{"id": "pubmed23n0039_0", "title": "Reaching the hard-to-reach: illicit drug use among high school absentees.", "content": "As part of a large-scale survey of adolescent drug use in the State of New York, two absentee studies were carried out to estimate levels of drug use among school absentees. Students interviewed in households reported very little drug use. By contrast, absentees self-selecting themselves to participate in a group-administered questionnaire reported much higher illicit drug use than regular students from the same schools. However, comparison of students in the absentee sample with the total target absentee population, and the reverse association between drug use and selected background factors among absentees, suggest that most chronic absentees and heavy users, especially blacks and males, did not participate in the self-selected absentee sample. Attempts to identify factors related to higher drug use among absentees were unsuccessful. While poor school performance brings levels of illicit drug use among regular students to levels comparable to those of the absentees, poor school performances per se does not explain the higher rates of illicit drug use among the absentees. It is clear that school absentees who are generally excluded from school surveys are extremely hard to reach for research purposes.", "contents": "Reaching the hard-to-reach: illicit drug use among high school absentees. As part of a large-scale survey of adolescent drug use in the State of New York, two absentee studies were carried out to estimate levels of drug use among school absentees. Students interviewed in households reported very little drug use. By contrast, absentees self-selecting themselves to participate in a group-administered questionnaire reported much higher illicit drug use than regular students from the same schools. However, comparison of students in the absentee sample with the total target absentee population, and the reverse association between drug use and selected background factors among absentees, suggest that most chronic absentees and heavy users, especially blacks and males, did not participate in the self-selected absentee sample. Attempts to identify factors related to higher drug use among absentees were unsuccessful. While poor school performance brings levels of illicit drug use among regular students to levels comparable to those of the absentees, poor school performances per se does not explain the higher rates of illicit drug use among the absentees. It is clear that school absentees who are generally excluded from school surveys are extremely hard to reach for research purposes.", "PMID": 1163351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1", "title": "Biomedical applications of vapor phase analysis.", "content": "Recent investigations of physiological systems have demonstrated that even minor chemical constituents can play a major role in mediating physiological responses. Recognizing this, the investigator seeks to isolate or selectively quantify the concentration of a specific drug or hormone that is available to target tissue. Today, as drugs are developed which are more and more potent, greater demands are made on analytical methodology for ever more sensitive yet specific techniques of quanification. The techniques of vapor phase analysis such as gas chromatography, especially in combination with mass spectrometry, offer great promise to investigative pharmacology/toxicology. Some of the potentials and limitations of vapor phase analysis will be described. More detailed descriptions of basic gas chromatography (McNair and Bonelli, 1969; Ettre and McFadden, 1969) and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (McFadden, 1973) can be found elsewhere.", "contents": "Biomedical applications of vapor phase analysis. Recent investigations of physiological systems have demonstrated that even minor chemical constituents can play a major role in mediating physiological responses. Recognizing this, the investigator seeks to isolate or selectively quantify the concentration of a specific drug or hormone that is available to target tissue. Today, as drugs are developed which are more and more potent, greater demands are made on analytical methodology for ever more sensitive yet specific techniques of quanification. The techniques of vapor phase analysis such as gas chromatography, especially in combination with mass spectrometry, offer great promise to investigative pharmacology/toxicology. Some of the potentials and limitations of vapor phase analysis will be described. More detailed descriptions of basic gas chromatography (McNair and Bonelli, 1969; Ettre and McFadden, 1969) and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (McFadden, 1973) can be found elsewhere.", "PMID": 1163357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2", "title": "Neonatal abstinence syndrome: assessment and management.", "content": "A scoring system for the neonatal abstinence syndrome has been devised and implemented as both a clinical and investigative tool. The score monitors the passively addicted infant in a more comprehensive and objective fashion, and facilitates a more precise evaluation of the clinical status of the infant undergoing withdrawal. In addition, the scoring system has been applied in research designed to test the comparative usefulness of various pharmacologic agents currently recommended for the neonatal abstinence syndrome, and has been found useful in following the progression and diminution of withdrawal symptomatology before, during, and after therapy. Furthermore, the scoring system provides a basis ofr developing uniform criteria for the assessment and treatment of the neonate born to the addicted mother.", "contents": "Neonatal abstinence syndrome: assessment and management. A scoring system for the neonatal abstinence syndrome has been devised and implemented as both a clinical and investigative tool. The score monitors the passively addicted infant in a more comprehensive and objective fashion, and facilitates a more precise evaluation of the clinical status of the infant undergoing withdrawal. In addition, the scoring system has been applied in research designed to test the comparative usefulness of various pharmacologic agents currently recommended for the neonatal abstinence syndrome, and has been found useful in following the progression and diminution of withdrawal symptomatology before, during, and after therapy. Furthermore, the scoring system provides a basis ofr developing uniform criteria for the assessment and treatment of the neonate born to the addicted mother.", "PMID": 1163358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3", "title": "Disposition of methadone and its relationship to severity of withdrawal in the newborn.", "content": "We studied the placental transfer of methadone, the relationship of neonatal plasma methadone concentrations to withdrawal symptomatology, and the relationship between maternal methadone dose and severity of neonatal withdrawal in 31 methadone-maintained mothers and their neonates. Methadone concentrations in maternal, cord and neonatal plasma were measured using a gas chromatographic micromethod. Neonatal plasma was assayed on days 0-5 of life. Urine methadone levels were measured for the first 3 days of neonatal life, using a similar assay. Twenty-five of the neonates experienced mild to severe withdrawal symptoms. There was no consistent relationship between the maternal methadone dose and the severity of neonatal symptoms. However, when neonatal withdrawal did occur, it began after plasma methadone levels fell below .06 mug/ml. The neonatal plasma methadone levels were consistently lower than those of the mother. Maternal methadone is transferred across the placenta and can induce significant withdrawal symptomatology in the newborn.", "contents": "Disposition of methadone and its relationship to severity of withdrawal in the newborn. We studied the placental transfer of methadone, the relationship of neonatal plasma methadone concentrations to withdrawal symptomatology, and the relationship between maternal methadone dose and severity of neonatal withdrawal in 31 methadone-maintained mothers and their neonates. Methadone concentrations in maternal, cord and neonatal plasma were measured using a gas chromatographic micromethod. Neonatal plasma was assayed on days 0-5 of life. Urine methadone levels were measured for the first 3 days of neonatal life, using a similar assay. Twenty-five of the neonates experienced mild to severe withdrawal symptoms. There was no consistent relationship between the maternal methadone dose and the severity of neonatal symptoms. However, when neonatal withdrawal did occur, it began after plasma methadone levels fell below .06 mug/ml. The neonatal plasma methadone levels were consistently lower than those of the mother. Maternal methadone is transferred across the placenta and can induce significant withdrawal symptomatology in the newborn.", "PMID": 1163360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4", "title": "Phenobarbital disposition in the neonate.", "content": "The disposition of phenobarbital in premature infants was assessed by repeated measurement of the serum concentration of unmetabolized drug and the urinary excretion of both phenobarbital and its metabolite, p-hydroxyphenobarbital. Serum elimination rates did not adequately reflect the elimination of total body phenobarbital. A prolonged distributive phase is postulated. The elimination rate of p-hydroxyphenobarbital was constant, suggesting capacity limited kinetics. Slow elimination in serum concentrations which remained in the therapeutic range for several days suggests that short courses of therapy may have prolonged effect in the newborn premature infant.", "contents": "Phenobarbital disposition in the neonate. The disposition of phenobarbital in premature infants was assessed by repeated measurement of the serum concentration of unmetabolized drug and the urinary excretion of both phenobarbital and its metabolite, p-hydroxyphenobarbital. Serum elimination rates did not adequately reflect the elimination of total body phenobarbital. A prolonged distributive phase is postulated. The elimination rate of p-hydroxyphenobarbital was constant, suggesting capacity limited kinetics. Slow elimination in serum concentrations which remained in the therapeutic range for several days suggests that short courses of therapy may have prolonged effect in the newborn premature infant.", "PMID": 1163361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5", "title": "A study of factors that influence the severity of neonatal narcotic withdrawal.", "content": "1. History is unreliable in assessing maternal drug habit. Morphine was detected in significant amounts in maternal and fetal urine regardless of whether the mother was on a methadone program or whether she denied any use of heroin during the last trimester of pregnancy. 2. Infants born to drug-addicted mothers were, in general, of birthweight normal and appropriate for gestational age (i.e., greater that 10th percentile). The infants born to mothers on a methadone clinic program had a higher birthweight compared to those whose mothers were not on any methadone program. 3. In order of frequency, the signs and symptoms of withdrawal were: central nervous system manifestations-fist sucking, irritability, tremors, sneezing, high-pitch cry, hypertonia; vasomotor in the form of stuffy nose; and gastrointestinal in the form of sweating, diarrhea, vomiting and yawning. Convulsions were not noted. No death occurred. 4. The severity of neonatal narcotic withdrawal did not correlate with the infant's gestational age, APGAR, sex or race; nor with maternal age, parity, duration of heroin addiction or duration of methadone intake. Also, it did not correlate with the total morphine level measured either in infant's or mother's urine or in cord blood. The serum levels of calcium and glucose were normal and identical in either mild or severe withdrawal. 5. The severity of neonatal withdrawal correlated significantly with the methadone dose per day of the mother (in initial, final or average dose). A maternal methadone dose of more than 20 mg per day was associated with a higher incidence of moderate to severe withdrawal in their babies. As a corollary, it was also noted that infants whose mothers were on a high methadone dose (i.e., greater than 20 mg per day) had a greater postnatal weight loss despite a significantly higher birthweight initially, and stayed in the hospital longer. 6. Finally, the modification of the environment to reduce external stimuli to the infant born to a drug-dependent mother, does not prevent or diminish the severity of neonatal narcotic withdrawal. Thus, there is no need to manage these infants in a special nursery.", "contents": "A study of factors that influence the severity of neonatal narcotic withdrawal. 1. History is unreliable in assessing maternal drug habit. Morphine was detected in significant amounts in maternal and fetal urine regardless of whether the mother was on a methadone program or whether she denied any use of heroin during the last trimester of pregnancy. 2. Infants born to drug-addicted mothers were, in general, of birthweight normal and appropriate for gestational age (i.e., greater that 10th percentile). The infants born to mothers on a methadone clinic program had a higher birthweight compared to those whose mothers were not on any methadone program. 3. In order of frequency, the signs and symptoms of withdrawal were: central nervous system manifestations-fist sucking, irritability, tremors, sneezing, high-pitch cry, hypertonia; vasomotor in the form of stuffy nose; and gastrointestinal in the form of sweating, diarrhea, vomiting and yawning. Convulsions were not noted. No death occurred. 4. The severity of neonatal narcotic withdrawal did not correlate with the infant's gestational age, APGAR, sex or race; nor with maternal age, parity, duration of heroin addiction or duration of methadone intake. Also, it did not correlate with the total morphine level measured either in infant's or mother's urine or in cord blood. The serum levels of calcium and glucose were normal and identical in either mild or severe withdrawal. 5. The severity of neonatal withdrawal correlated significantly with the methadone dose per day of the mother (in initial, final or average dose). A maternal methadone dose of more than 20 mg per day was associated with a higher incidence of moderate to severe withdrawal in their babies. As a corollary, it was also noted that infants whose mothers were on a high methadone dose (i.e., greater than 20 mg per day) had a greater postnatal weight loss despite a significantly higher birthweight initially, and stayed in the hospital longer. 6. Finally, the modification of the environment to reduce external stimuli to the infant born to a drug-dependent mother, does not prevent or diminish the severity of neonatal narcotic withdrawal. Thus, there is no need to manage these infants in a special nursery.", "PMID": 1163362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6", "title": "Neurological aspects of perinatal narcotic addiction and methadone treatment.", "content": "The semeiology and significance of neonatal \"minor withdrawal\" are developed. Its treatment and the consequent prevention of rebound, late, or classical withdrawal are proposed. Basic research implications are formulated.", "contents": "Neurological aspects of perinatal narcotic addiction and methadone treatment. The semeiology and significance of neonatal \"minor withdrawal\" are developed. Its treatment and the consequent prevention of rebound, late, or classical withdrawal are proposed. Basic research implications are formulated.", "PMID": 1163365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7", "title": "Neonatal addiction: a two-year study. Part I. Clinical and developmental characteristics of infants of mothers on methadone maintenance.", "content": "Thirty-five infants born over a two-year period to mothers participating in a methadone-maintenance treatment program were studied The average birthweight was normal (3240 gms) for infants born to mothers who conceived while taking methadone, and 465 gms less (2775 gms) for infants conceived while their mothers were taking heroin (p less than .01). Sixty percent of the infants demonstrated mild or no symptoms and 40% developed moderate or severe symptoms. The infants whose symptoms were most severe were born to mothers who had documented histories of polydrug abuse. Many infants were slow to gain weight in the neonatal period. Thereafter growth and development have remained generally within the normal range.", "contents": "Neonatal addiction: a two-year study. Part I. Clinical and developmental characteristics of infants of mothers on methadone maintenance. Thirty-five infants born over a two-year period to mothers participating in a methadone-maintenance treatment program were studied The average birthweight was normal (3240 gms) for infants born to mothers who conceived while taking methadone, and 465 gms less (2775 gms) for infants conceived while their mothers were taking heroin (p less than .01). Sixty percent of the infants demonstrated mild or no symptoms and 40% developed moderate or severe symptoms. The infants whose symptoms were most severe were born to mothers who had documented histories of polydrug abuse. Many infants were slow to gain weight in the neonatal period. Thereafter growth and development have remained generally within the normal range.", "PMID": 1163366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8", "title": "Part II. Behavioral and electrophysiological characteristics of the addicted neonate.", "content": "The neonatal withdrawal period was characterized by heightened auditory responsiveness and orientation, lowered overall alertness and poor attentiveness to and following of visual stimuli. Electroencephalographic recordings revealed high-frequency dysynchronous activity suggestive of cns irritability. Analysis of evoked response data further corroborated the behavioral findings with evidence for low arousal value of visual stimulation in the vertex frequency characteristics and poorly defined occipital responses. Auditory evoked responses appeared better integrated, and a significant correlation was found between auditory orienting ability and latency of the P2 component. The long-range developmental significance of these neonatal characteristics awaits further follow-up investigation.", "contents": "Part II. Behavioral and electrophysiological characteristics of the addicted neonate. The neonatal withdrawal period was characterized by heightened auditory responsiveness and orientation, lowered overall alertness and poor attentiveness to and following of visual stimuli. Electroencephalographic recordings revealed high-frequency dysynchronous activity suggestive of cns irritability. Analysis of evoked response data further corroborated the behavioral findings with evidence for low arousal value of visual stimulation in the vertex frequency characteristics and poorly defined occipital responses. Auditory evoked responses appeared better integrated, and a significant correlation was found between auditory orienting ability and latency of the P2 component. The long-range developmental significance of these neonatal characteristics awaits further follow-up investigation.", "PMID": 1163367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9", "title": "The assessment of behavioral change in infants undergoing narcotic withdrawal: comparative data from clinical and objective methods.", "content": "Studies comparing objective measures of sucking with data from finegrained clinical assessments of the neonate have shown significant correlations between painstaking and time-comsuming clinical methods which may only be reliably applied by highly trained clinician-investigators, and the data generated by a simple technique which can be rapidly and precisely administered in the nursery by nurses or technicians. Within a few minutes the sucking instrument can generate data that explain 50% or more of the variance in certain relevant factors of the Brazelton neonatal neurobehavioral assessment scale, which in our hands requires the participation of two trained clinician-investigators for a period of almost one hour for each test and recording session. There are certain limitations to the information directly available from the sucking measures. Clinical observations must be made in order to correctly interpret some of the findings such as the biphasic relationship between irritability and sucking. For example, an infant may not suck at all because it is obtunded, or it may not suck because it is overexcited. In the case of irritability, sucking performance provides a measure of the magnitude, but not of the polarity of the CNS arousal sucking correlates directly and gives a good estimate of both polarity as well as amount of these behaviors. Objective measures of sucking behavior are a convenient and reliable means for measuring drug effects in the nursery and may be useful in regulating therapy of the newborn.", "contents": "The assessment of behavioral change in infants undergoing narcotic withdrawal: comparative data from clinical and objective methods. Studies comparing objective measures of sucking with data from finegrained clinical assessments of the neonate have shown significant correlations between painstaking and time-comsuming clinical methods which may only be reliably applied by highly trained clinician-investigators, and the data generated by a simple technique which can be rapidly and precisely administered in the nursery by nurses or technicians. Within a few minutes the sucking instrument can generate data that explain 50% or more of the variance in certain relevant factors of the Brazelton neonatal neurobehavioral assessment scale, which in our hands requires the participation of two trained clinician-investigators for a period of almost one hour for each test and recording session. There are certain limitations to the information directly available from the sucking measures. Clinical observations must be made in order to correctly interpret some of the findings such as the biphasic relationship between irritability and sucking. For example, an infant may not suck at all because it is obtunded, or it may not suck because it is overexcited. In the case of irritability, sucking performance provides a measure of the magnitude, but not of the polarity of the CNS arousal sucking correlates directly and gives a good estimate of both polarity as well as amount of these behaviors. Objective measures of sucking behavior are a convenient and reliable means for measuring drug effects in the nursery and may be useful in regulating therapy of the newborn.", "PMID": 1163368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10", "title": "Some effects of prenatal exposure to d-amphetamine sulfate and phenobarbital on developmental neurochemistry and on behavior.", "content": "Amphetamine. Prenatal intraperitoneal injection of d-amphetamine sulfate (5 mg/kg) produces decreases in the levels of catecholamines in the brain the day of birth and increases on day 30. Open-field activity from days 12 to 31 was higher for the group of animals injected with amphetamine or saline if scores were totaled across all test days. At day 75 the offspring of amphetamine-injected mothers exhibited altered open-field behavior. The effects were not observed with subcutaneous injection regardless of the dose used (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg). The lowest subcutaneous dose decreases neonatal viability. Phenobarbital. Prenatal intraperitoneal injection of phenobarbital (80 mg/kg) resulted in decreased litter size, increases mortality, and decreased amounts of nucleic acid and protein in the brains of surviving offspring. Behavioral deficits associated with response perseveration could be demonstrated at 60 days in the mice prenatally exposed to this dosage. Subcutaneous injections of phenobarbital to pregnant mice at 80 and 40 mg/kg, but not 20 mg/kg, doses increased neonatal mortality. Mature animals prenatally exposed to 40 mg/kg phenobarbital have altered open-field behavior and differ from control animals on a passive avoidance task. Mature offspring prenatally exposed to the 20 or 40 mg/kg dose also responded less than controls on an operant task requiring an increasing number of responses per reinforcement. These studies suggest that prenatal exposure to phenobarbital has in some way altered the animals' reactivity to stimualtion.", "contents": "Some effects of prenatal exposure to d-amphetamine sulfate and phenobarbital on developmental neurochemistry and on behavior. Amphetamine. Prenatal intraperitoneal injection of d-amphetamine sulfate (5 mg/kg) produces decreases in the levels of catecholamines in the brain the day of birth and increases on day 30. Open-field activity from days 12 to 31 was higher for the group of animals injected with amphetamine or saline if scores were totaled across all test days. At day 75 the offspring of amphetamine-injected mothers exhibited altered open-field behavior. The effects were not observed with subcutaneous injection regardless of the dose used (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg). The lowest subcutaneous dose decreases neonatal viability. Phenobarbital. Prenatal intraperitoneal injection of phenobarbital (80 mg/kg) resulted in decreased litter size, increases mortality, and decreased amounts of nucleic acid and protein in the brains of surviving offspring. Behavioral deficits associated with response perseveration could be demonstrated at 60 days in the mice prenatally exposed to this dosage. Subcutaneous injections of phenobarbital to pregnant mice at 80 and 40 mg/kg, but not 20 mg/kg, doses increased neonatal mortality. Mature animals prenatally exposed to 40 mg/kg phenobarbital have altered open-field behavior and differ from control animals on a passive avoidance task. Mature offspring prenatally exposed to the 20 or 40 mg/kg dose also responded less than controls on an operant task requiring an increasing number of responses per reinforcement. These studies suggest that prenatal exposure to phenobarbital has in some way altered the animals' reactivity to stimualtion.", "PMID": 1163369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11", "title": "Somatic growth effects of perinatal addiction.", "content": "Intrauterine growth retardation occurs in a large percentage of infants born to mothers addicted to heroin during pregnancy. This is seen less often in infants of mothers who faithfully attended methadone programs. Postnatally, a decline in linear growth and head circumference is seen during the first year in both heroin- and methadone-exposed infants. The basis for this postnatal growth retardation requires further investigation. The birth weights, lengths and head circumferences were appropriate for gestational age in 28 of 29 infants delivered to mothers participating in methadone-maintenance programs three months or longer during pregnancy. Absence of intrauterine growth retardation seens to reflect the addict's improved lifestyle. Postnatally, growth distrubance occurred in 35% of infants exposed to heroin and 25% of infants exposed to methadone during gestation. Several cases of chronic unsuspected infections in addicts' infants are reported, raising the question of the significance of undiagnosed infection as it affects growth.", "contents": "Somatic growth effects of perinatal addiction. Intrauterine growth retardation occurs in a large percentage of infants born to mothers addicted to heroin during pregnancy. This is seen less often in infants of mothers who faithfully attended methadone programs. Postnatally, a decline in linear growth and head circumference is seen during the first year in both heroin- and methadone-exposed infants. The basis for this postnatal growth retardation requires further investigation. The birth weights, lengths and head circumferences were appropriate for gestational age in 28 of 29 infants delivered to mothers participating in methadone-maintenance programs three months or longer during pregnancy. Absence of intrauterine growth retardation seens to reflect the addict's improved lifestyle. Postnatally, growth distrubance occurred in 35% of infants exposed to heroin and 25% of infants exposed to methadone during gestation. Several cases of chronic unsuspected infections in addicts' infants are reported, raising the question of the significance of undiagnosed infection as it affects growth.", "PMID": 1163370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12", "title": "Adaptive changes in behavior after repeated administration of various psychoactive drugs.", "content": "Evidence has been presented that d-amphetamine interacts with various types of behavior in the context of a conditioning paradigm. Rats exposed simultaneously to a locomotor activity measurement and three dose levels of d-amphetamine on repeated occasions gradually developed dose-related enhancement of drug-stimulated activity, which persisted after discontinuation of the drug. Rats trained in FR-operant chambers with food reinforcement showed a decrease in the rate of lever pressing after administration of d-amphetamine. Tolerance to this effect required varying numbers of daily drug injections, according to the subject's degree of prior drug experience. In both situations the drug administrations were coupled with the behavioral measure to allow for conditioning effects. In a continuous avoidance procedure the initial dose of d-amphetamine did not enhance response rate, although subsequent doses did produce significant stimulation. Even when the initial doses were administered out of temporal phase with the avoidance measurement, the simultaneous administration of the drug and the behavioral procedure on a subsequent day resulted in a significant drug-induced stimulation of response rate. Thus, in this particular instance, the conditioning influence of the earlier doses was apparent whether or not the drug effect occurred in contiguity with the avoidance measurement. Other reports in the literature (16) suggest that hallucinogenic drug action may be characterized by the peculiar \"pause\" in an FR pattern of responding for food reinforcement. This proposal was substantiated and extended to a number of representative hallucinogenic agents. d-Amphetamine or chlorpormazine reduced the rate of FR responding without provoking an obvious pause. Examination of tolerance and cross-tolerance to the hallucinogenic pause in the FR pattern after LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, DOM, and DMT generally indicated interactions between the drugs, although this was not entirely consistent. It follows that the mechanisms of action of these drugs probably have elements in common, though they are not necessarily identical. In doses as small as 10 mg/kg, cinanserin, a serotonergic receptor-blocking agent, completely reversed the pause in FR pattern induced by the various hallucinogenic drugs.", "contents": "Adaptive changes in behavior after repeated administration of various psychoactive drugs. Evidence has been presented that d-amphetamine interacts with various types of behavior in the context of a conditioning paradigm. Rats exposed simultaneously to a locomotor activity measurement and three dose levels of d-amphetamine on repeated occasions gradually developed dose-related enhancement of drug-stimulated activity, which persisted after discontinuation of the drug. Rats trained in FR-operant chambers with food reinforcement showed a decrease in the rate of lever pressing after administration of d-amphetamine. Tolerance to this effect required varying numbers of daily drug injections, according to the subject's degree of prior drug experience. In both situations the drug administrations were coupled with the behavioral measure to allow for conditioning effects. In a continuous avoidance procedure the initial dose of d-amphetamine did not enhance response rate, although subsequent doses did produce significant stimulation. Even when the initial doses were administered out of temporal phase with the avoidance measurement, the simultaneous administration of the drug and the behavioral procedure on a subsequent day resulted in a significant drug-induced stimulation of response rate. Thus, in this particular instance, the conditioning influence of the earlier doses was apparent whether or not the drug effect occurred in contiguity with the avoidance measurement. Other reports in the literature (16) suggest that hallucinogenic drug action may be characterized by the peculiar \"pause\" in an FR pattern of responding for food reinforcement. This proposal was substantiated and extended to a number of representative hallucinogenic agents. d-Amphetamine or chlorpormazine reduced the rate of FR responding without provoking an obvious pause. Examination of tolerance and cross-tolerance to the hallucinogenic pause in the FR pattern after LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, DOM, and DMT generally indicated interactions between the drugs, although this was not entirely consistent. It follows that the mechanisms of action of these drugs probably have elements in common, though they are not necessarily identical. In doses as small as 10 mg/kg, cinanserin, a serotonergic receptor-blocking agent, completely reversed the pause in FR pattern induced by the various hallucinogenic drugs.", "PMID": 1163377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13", "title": "Studbook of Pan paniscus Schwarz, 1929.", "content": "On the basis of information provided by various zoos who have, or used to have, Pan paniscus in their collections, as well as information in the International Zoo Yearbook or in the literature, an approximate outline has been given of our knowledge of this animal since the description given in 1929 by Schwarz. The status of species is preferred to that of subspecies. The question whether the bonobo should be regarded as a true dwarf form is considered. It is, however, emphasized that the majority of researchers - and for different reasons - consider the species to be the primate closest to man.", "contents": "Studbook of Pan paniscus Schwarz, 1929. On the basis of information provided by various zoos who have, or used to have, Pan paniscus in their collections, as well as information in the International Zoo Yearbook or in the literature, an approximate outline has been given of our knowledge of this animal since the description given in 1929 by Schwarz. The status of species is preferred to that of subspecies. The question whether the bonobo should be regarded as a true dwarf form is considered. It is, however, emphasized that the majority of researchers - and for different reasons - consider the species to be the primate closest to man.", "PMID": 1163394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_14", "title": "[Case of mange in zoo buffaloes caused by a new psoroptic acarina].", "content": "The authors describe six cases of mange in buffalos of the Zoo, produced by a new species of a mite Choriopsoroptes syncerus n. sp. (Psoroptidae). The lesions were located on the back, extending from the base of the tail to the withers. The lesions were cured with a combinationn of organophosphor derivatives locally and orally.", "contents": "[Case of mange in zoo buffaloes caused by a new psoroptic acarina]. The authors describe six cases of mange in buffalos of the Zoo, produced by a new species of a mite Choriopsoroptes syncerus n. sp. (Psoroptidae). The lesions were located on the back, extending from the base of the tail to the withers. The lesions were cured with a combinationn of organophosphor derivatives locally and orally.", "PMID": 1163395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_15", "title": "[New taxa in Psoroptinae. Hypothesis on the origin of the group (Acarina, Sarcoptiformes, Psoroptidae)].", "content": "The author describes three new species and one new genus in the family Psoroptidae, subfamily Psoroptinae. A key is given to all the known genera of this subfamily. The fact that amongst the 16 species known from Africa South of the Sahara, 9 are endemic incites the author to believe that this group has a Centro-african origin.", "contents": "[New taxa in Psoroptinae. Hypothesis on the origin of the group (Acarina, Sarcoptiformes, Psoroptidae)]. The author describes three new species and one new genus in the family Psoroptidae, subfamily Psoroptinae. A key is given to all the known genera of this subfamily. The fact that amongst the 16 species known from Africa South of the Sahara, 9 are endemic incites the author to believe that this group has a Centro-african origin.", "PMID": 1163396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_16", "title": "Chemotherapy of helminthiasis among wild mammals. I. Lungworm infection of Felis (lynx) canadensis (Kerr).", "content": "Lungworm infection of Canada lynx, Felis (Lynx) canadensis, presumably due to Troglostrongylus wilsoni (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae), was successfully cured with the use of Mebendazole.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of helminthiasis among wild mammals. I. Lungworm infection of Felis (lynx) canadensis (Kerr). Lungworm infection of Canada lynx, Felis (Lynx) canadensis, presumably due to Troglostrongylus wilsoni (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae), was successfully cured with the use of Mebendazole.", "PMID": 1163397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_17", "title": "Parasitic mites of Surinam. XXX, New observations on the Genera Chirnyssoides and Notoedres from bats (Sarcoptiformes: Sarcoptidae).", "content": "The authors describle 5 new species of mites of the family Sarcoptidae. Among these psecies 4 belong to the genus Chirnyssoides and one to the genus Notoedres, subgenus Bakeracarus. They correct and complete their previous observations on these genera of mites.", "contents": "Parasitic mites of Surinam. XXX, New observations on the Genera Chirnyssoides and Notoedres from bats (Sarcoptiformes: Sarcoptidae). The authors describle 5 new species of mites of the family Sarcoptidae. Among these psecies 4 belong to the genus Chirnyssoides and one to the genus Notoedres, subgenus Bakeracarus. They correct and complete their previous observations on these genera of mites.", "PMID": 1163398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_18", "title": "Sinus node re-entrant tachycardia in man.", "content": "Sinus node re-entry (SNR) usually appears as a single beat. Tachycardias (SNRT) consistent with sustained SNR were seen in six patients and were initiated by premature stimulation of the high right atrium (six patients) and coronary sinus (four patients), and after continuous pacing from the high right atrium (four patients) or right ventricle (one patient) at rates of 130 to 200 per minute. During SNRT: (1) atrial beats exhibited a high-to-low atrial activation sequence, (2) the P-waves were similar in morphology to P-waves during sinus rhythm, and (3) re-entry in the A-V node or at the site of stimulation could be excluded. The cycle length of SNRT ranged from 625 to 320 msec. and SNRT either terminated spontaneously (six patients) or after premature atrial capture and/or vagal maneuvers (two patients). The electrophysiologic characteristics of SNRT and differentiation of SNRT from A-V nodal re-entry are discussed.", "contents": "Sinus node re-entrant tachycardia in man. Sinus node re-entry (SNR) usually appears as a single beat. Tachycardias (SNRT) consistent with sustained SNR were seen in six patients and were initiated by premature stimulation of the high right atrium (six patients) and coronary sinus (four patients), and after continuous pacing from the high right atrium (four patients) or right ventricle (one patient) at rates of 130 to 200 per minute. During SNRT: (1) atrial beats exhibited a high-to-low atrial activation sequence, (2) the P-waves were similar in morphology to P-waves during sinus rhythm, and (3) re-entry in the A-V node or at the site of stimulation could be excluded. The cycle length of SNRT ranged from 625 to 320 msec. and SNRT either terminated spontaneously (six patients) or after premature atrial capture and/or vagal maneuvers (two patients). The electrophysiologic characteristics of SNRT and differentiation of SNRT from A-V nodal re-entry are discussed.", "PMID": 1163421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_19", "title": "Sinus node re-entry and sinus node tachycardia.", "content": "Five patients are reported with SN echoes which could be produced by the technique of APD. The RA was paced at the basic rate and the SEI was measured repeatedly. SN echoes were diagnosed on the basis of: (1) A1A3 interval shorter than the SEI; (2) upright P-waves in Leads II and III; (3) activation of high RA preceding the activation of low RA; (4) lack relation to critical delay in the A-V node or HPS; (5) definite echo zone. In one of the cases, attacks of reciprocating tachycardia through the SN occurred spontaneously and also could be initiated by an SN echo. These were terminated by a single APD or by atrial pacing.", "contents": "Sinus node re-entry and sinus node tachycardia. Five patients are reported with SN echoes which could be produced by the technique of APD. The RA was paced at the basic rate and the SEI was measured repeatedly. SN echoes were diagnosed on the basis of: (1) A1A3 interval shorter than the SEI; (2) upright P-waves in Leads II and III; (3) activation of high RA preceding the activation of low RA; (4) lack relation to critical delay in the A-V node or HPS; (5) definite echo zone. In one of the cases, attacks of reciprocating tachycardia through the SN occurred spontaneously and also could be initiated by an SN echo. These were terminated by a single APD or by atrial pacing.", "PMID": 1163422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_20", "title": "The natural history of uncomplicated valvular pulmonic stenosis.", "content": "Sixty-eight patients with isolated valvular pulmonic stenosis with intact ventricular septum diagnosed by cardiac catheterization underwent a repeat study one to twelve years later which documented the progression of the lesion. These 68 patients were classified into two groups according to age. Group I comprised 37 patients who were less than one year of age at the initial study, and Group II comprised 31 patients who were older than one year of age at the time of the initial study. These 68 patients were divided into three groups according to their systolic right ventricular pressure and classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Increasing severity of the lesion was noted much more frequently in Group I, even with patients who were noted to have mild stenosis at initial cardiac catheterization. This was not as marked in Group II. The incidence of patent foramen ovale was noted to be much higher in Group I as compared with Group II. A much greater number of patients required surgery after repeat cardiac catheterization in Group I as compared with Group II. Our data indicate that mild cases of pulmonic stenosis in Group I can become severe at a later date, whereas this was less likely in Group II. Those with moderate and severe stenosis can remain the same or become more severe as age advances in both groups.", "contents": "The natural history of uncomplicated valvular pulmonic stenosis. Sixty-eight patients with isolated valvular pulmonic stenosis with intact ventricular septum diagnosed by cardiac catheterization underwent a repeat study one to twelve years later which documented the progression of the lesion. These 68 patients were classified into two groups according to age. Group I comprised 37 patients who were less than one year of age at the initial study, and Group II comprised 31 patients who were older than one year of age at the time of the initial study. These 68 patients were divided into three groups according to their systolic right ventricular pressure and classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Increasing severity of the lesion was noted much more frequently in Group I, even with patients who were noted to have mild stenosis at initial cardiac catheterization. This was not as marked in Group II. The incidence of patent foramen ovale was noted to be much higher in Group I as compared with Group II. A much greater number of patients required surgery after repeat cardiac catheterization in Group I as compared with Group II. Our data indicate that mild cases of pulmonic stenosis in Group I can become severe at a later date, whereas this was less likely in Group II. Those with moderate and severe stenosis can remain the same or become more severe as age advances in both groups.", "PMID": 1163423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_21", "title": "Changes associated with quitting cigarette smoking: the Framingham Study.", "content": "During the first 18 years of the Framingham Study there was a substantial decrease (39 per cent ) in the number of men smoking cigarettes and a moderate decrease (22 per cent) in the number of women smoking cigarettes. Except for a greater tendency of diabetic patients to quit smoking, there were no significant differences at baseline between smokers who quit and smokers who continued smoking. After quitting there was a short-term rise in weight for men. This rise led only to trivial changes in blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels. There was a beneficial impact on long-term vital capacity trends from quitting smoking.", "contents": "Changes associated with quitting cigarette smoking: the Framingham Study. During the first 18 years of the Framingham Study there was a substantial decrease (39 per cent ) in the number of men smoking cigarettes and a moderate decrease (22 per cent) in the number of women smoking cigarettes. Except for a greater tendency of diabetic patients to quit smoking, there were no significant differences at baseline between smokers who quit and smokers who continued smoking. After quitting there was a short-term rise in weight for men. This rise led only to trivial changes in blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels. There was a beneficial impact on long-term vital capacity trends from quitting smoking.", "PMID": 1163424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_22", "title": "The effect of congestive heart failure on quinidine pharmacokinetics.", "content": "Quinidine is an effective antiarrhythmic agent whose therapeutic effects and toxicity have been related to its serum concentrations. Many patients with cardiac arrhythmias also suffer from congestive heart failure. It is well documented that congestive heart failure can reduce blood perfusion to many regions of the body, and could conceivably alter drug pharmacokinetics. A pharmacokinetic evaluation of two sets of quinidine data in congestive heart failure patients indicates that congestive heart failure reduced the rate of absorption and volume of distribution following oral or intramuscular administration of quinidine. Furthermore, the amount of quinidine absorbed following oral administration is reduced, but congestive heart failure does not appear to alter the elimination rate of quinidine. The interpretation of the data presented herein strongly suggests that the site of administration, extent of distribution, and rate of absorption must be considered when determining dosage regimens in congestive heart failure patients since normal dosages in these patients result in abnormally high serum quinidine concentrations.", "contents": "The effect of congestive heart failure on quinidine pharmacokinetics. Quinidine is an effective antiarrhythmic agent whose therapeutic effects and toxicity have been related to its serum concentrations. Many patients with cardiac arrhythmias also suffer from congestive heart failure. It is well documented that congestive heart failure can reduce blood perfusion to many regions of the body, and could conceivably alter drug pharmacokinetics. A pharmacokinetic evaluation of two sets of quinidine data in congestive heart failure patients indicates that congestive heart failure reduced the rate of absorption and volume of distribution following oral or intramuscular administration of quinidine. Furthermore, the amount of quinidine absorbed following oral administration is reduced, but congestive heart failure does not appear to alter the elimination rate of quinidine. The interpretation of the data presented herein strongly suggests that the site of administration, extent of distribution, and rate of absorption must be considered when determining dosage regimens in congestive heart failure patients since normal dosages in these patients result in abnormally high serum quinidine concentrations.", "PMID": 1163425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_23", "title": "Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of isosorbide dinitrate in chronic congestive heart failure.", "content": "To assess the potential beneficial effects of a nonparenteral vasodilator, sublingual isosorbide dinitrate (5 to 15 mg.) was administered in 12 patients with chronic congestive heart failure refractory to conventional therapy. Hemodynamic measurements were performed before and at 15 minute intervals after drug administration for 90 minutes. Venous capacitance was measured at 5 minute intervals. Myocardial metabolism was also studied in five patients before and after drug administration. Hemodynamic effects were characterized by a modest decrease in mean arterial pressure (85 +/- 3 to 78 +/- 2 [S.E.M.] mm. Hg) and substantial decrease in right atrial (10 +/- 1 to 6 +/- 1), pulmonary arterial (39 +/- 4 to 30 +/- 4) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (28 +/- 2 to 21 +h- 2). These changes were accompanied by an increase in venous capacitance (2.46 +/- 0.16 to 3.99 +/- 0.24 c.c./100 c.c. of tissue). Along with a decrease in left ventricular filling pressure, cardiac index increased (1.99 +/- 0.13 to 2.37 +/- 0.15 L./min/M.2). No significant effect on heart rate was seen. Delta P/delta t, an index related to left ventricular dp/dt, increased in all but one patient (253 +/- 31 to 298 +/- 39 mm. Hg/sec.) (p less than 0.02 for all changes) in the face of decreased preload and afterload and unchanged heart rate, suggesting improved contractile state. A decrease in coronary blood flow (165 +/- 13 to 131 +/- 15 c.c./min.) and myocardial oxygen consumption (18.1 +/- 1.6 to 14.5 +/- 1.6 c.c./min.) was noted (p less than 0.02). No change in arterial-coronary sinus oxygen difference or lactate extraction was observed. These data demonstrate that the objectives of therapy in congestive heart failure, namely improved forward output and decreased ventricular filling pressures, can be achieved without metabolic deterioration by using sublingual isosorbide. The mechanisms responsible are related to diminished impedence to ventricular ejection and peripheral pooling of blood. Since the duration of action does not usually exceed 90 minutes, frequent drug administration may be a source of patient inconvience.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of isosorbide dinitrate in chronic congestive heart failure. To assess the potential beneficial effects of a nonparenteral vasodilator, sublingual isosorbide dinitrate (5 to 15 mg.) was administered in 12 patients with chronic congestive heart failure refractory to conventional therapy. Hemodynamic measurements were performed before and at 15 minute intervals after drug administration for 90 minutes. Venous capacitance was measured at 5 minute intervals. Myocardial metabolism was also studied in five patients before and after drug administration. Hemodynamic effects were characterized by a modest decrease in mean arterial pressure (85 +/- 3 to 78 +/- 2 [S.E.M.] mm. Hg) and substantial decrease in right atrial (10 +/- 1 to 6 +/- 1), pulmonary arterial (39 +/- 4 to 30 +/- 4) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (28 +/- 2 to 21 +h- 2). These changes were accompanied by an increase in venous capacitance (2.46 +/- 0.16 to 3.99 +/- 0.24 c.c./100 c.c. of tissue). Along with a decrease in left ventricular filling pressure, cardiac index increased (1.99 +/- 0.13 to 2.37 +/- 0.15 L./min/M.2). No significant effect on heart rate was seen. Delta P/delta t, an index related to left ventricular dp/dt, increased in all but one patient (253 +/- 31 to 298 +/- 39 mm. Hg/sec.) (p less than 0.02 for all changes) in the face of decreased preload and afterload and unchanged heart rate, suggesting improved contractile state. A decrease in coronary blood flow (165 +/- 13 to 131 +/- 15 c.c./min.) and myocardial oxygen consumption (18.1 +/- 1.6 to 14.5 +/- 1.6 c.c./min.) was noted (p less than 0.02). No change in arterial-coronary sinus oxygen difference or lactate extraction was observed. These data demonstrate that the objectives of therapy in congestive heart failure, namely improved forward output and decreased ventricular filling pressures, can be achieved without metabolic deterioration by using sublingual isosorbide. The mechanisms responsible are related to diminished impedence to ventricular ejection and peripheral pooling of blood. Since the duration of action does not usually exceed 90 minutes, frequent drug administration may be a source of patient inconvience.", "PMID": 1163426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_24", "title": "Complications of selective coronary arteriography by the Judkins technique and their prevention.", "content": "Complications encountered during 351 selective coronary artery and coronary artery bypass examinations performed by the Judkins technique are reviewed. The over-all incidence of cardiac and peripheral vascular complications was 3.13 per cent. The cardiac complications included four ventricular fibrillations and one acute myocardial infarction. Peripheral vascular complications included three femoral artery thromboses, two peripheral emboli, and one probable cerebral embolus. There was one death. The incidence of cardiac complications was not significantly different from that reported in the literature with the Sones technique and local arterial complications were significantly lower than those reported with the Sones technique. The causes of individual complications are analyzed and measures to minimize these complications are described. The Judkins technique is a simple, reliable, quick, and safe method of selective coronary arteriography. The incidence of complications can be kept at an acceptably low level by stringent observation of every minor detail of the technique.", "contents": "Complications of selective coronary arteriography by the Judkins technique and their prevention. Complications encountered during 351 selective coronary artery and coronary artery bypass examinations performed by the Judkins technique are reviewed. The over-all incidence of cardiac and peripheral vascular complications was 3.13 per cent. The cardiac complications included four ventricular fibrillations and one acute myocardial infarction. Peripheral vascular complications included three femoral artery thromboses, two peripheral emboli, and one probable cerebral embolus. There was one death. The incidence of cardiac complications was not significantly different from that reported in the literature with the Sones technique and local arterial complications were significantly lower than those reported with the Sones technique. The causes of individual complications are analyzed and measures to minimize these complications are described. The Judkins technique is a simple, reliable, quick, and safe method of selective coronary arteriography. The incidence of complications can be kept at an acceptably low level by stringent observation of every minor detail of the technique.", "PMID": 1163427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_25", "title": "Minoxidil in severe hypertension: value when conventional drugs have failed.", "content": "Twenty-six patients were selected for treatment with minoxidil on the basis of hypertension which could not be controlled either because of (1) drug failures and/or (2) side effects of drugs. Sixteen out of the 26 had had one or more previous episodes of malignant hypertension. Reduced renal function was present in the majority; eight patients were on dialysis. Average preminoxidil blood pressure was 202/127 mm. Hg supine and 162/106 upright which fell to 154/87 supine and 143/86 upright after minoxidil. Propranolol or methyldopa was given to control the reflex increase in heart rate. Edema and congestive heart failure refractory to large doses of potent diuretics necessitated discontinuation of the drug in two patients. Minoxidil proved highly efficacious regardless of initial level of blood pressure, etiology, or supine or upright posture.", "contents": "Minoxidil in severe hypertension: value when conventional drugs have failed. Twenty-six patients were selected for treatment with minoxidil on the basis of hypertension which could not be controlled either because of (1) drug failures and/or (2) side effects of drugs. Sixteen out of the 26 had had one or more previous episodes of malignant hypertension. Reduced renal function was present in the majority; eight patients were on dialysis. Average preminoxidil blood pressure was 202/127 mm. Hg supine and 162/106 upright which fell to 154/87 supine and 143/86 upright after minoxidil. Propranolol or methyldopa was given to control the reflex increase in heart rate. Edema and congestive heart failure refractory to large doses of potent diuretics necessitated discontinuation of the drug in two patients. Minoxidil proved highly efficacious regardless of initial level of blood pressure, etiology, or supine or upright posture.", "PMID": 1163428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_26", "title": "Flow murmur associated with partial occlusion of the right pulmonary artery.", "content": "An 18-year-old male student presented with a brief history of syncope followed by shortness of breath with exertion, and the development of murmur over the right chest. The symptoms and murmurs were related to a pulmonary embolus which partially occluded the right pulmonary artery and its major branches. The murmur gradually diminished and disappeared when right pulmonary perfusion had almost returned to normal as determined by lung scan. The association of pulmonic flow murmurs and pulmonary emboli is reviewed.", "contents": "Flow murmur associated with partial occlusion of the right pulmonary artery. An 18-year-old male student presented with a brief history of syncope followed by shortness of breath with exertion, and the development of murmur over the right chest. The symptoms and murmurs were related to a pulmonary embolus which partially occluded the right pulmonary artery and its major branches. The murmur gradually diminished and disappeared when right pulmonary perfusion had almost returned to normal as determined by lung scan. The association of pulmonic flow murmurs and pulmonary emboli is reviewed.", "PMID": 1163429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_27", "title": "Heart disease mortality among black migrants: a study of Ohio residents (1960-1967).", "content": "In a demographic study, the black Ohio residents were characterized by those born in Ohio and those born in other regions of the United States, and comparisons were made of rates for all deaths (1960-1967) for coronary heart disease (420), endocarditis and myocardial degeneration (421-422), hypertensive cardiovascular diseases (440-447), cerebrovascular diseases (300-334), cardiovascular diseases (400-468), and total diseases of the cardiovascular system (300-334) (400-468). The division of the total United States-born Ohio residents by region of birth provided marked differences in the age-adjusted rates in the relative comparisons. The black males and females born in the South had a markedly higher age-adjusted death rate (ages 45 to 64) than those born in Ohio in each of the categories of cardiovascular diseases studied. For coronary heart disease, the age-adjusted death rate for the black males showed a marked excess over the black females, for each region of birth, whereas for hypertensive cardiovascular diseases the black males and females had similar age-adjusted rates for each region of birth. The findings indicate a carry-over among the black of a higher cardiovascular risk among those born in the South and lend support to the concept of the influence of the endemic factors in the early years of life. In the prospective study of black steelworkers, it was observed that migrant and nonmigrant workers had approximately the same mortality for cardiovascular disease overall, and when specific work areas were considered. Selective factors of employment, of medical screening, and capability of continued employment in strenuous environments, were considered the most likely basis for the similar mortality experience.", "contents": "Heart disease mortality among black migrants: a study of Ohio residents (1960-1967). In a demographic study, the black Ohio residents were characterized by those born in Ohio and those born in other regions of the United States, and comparisons were made of rates for all deaths (1960-1967) for coronary heart disease (420), endocarditis and myocardial degeneration (421-422), hypertensive cardiovascular diseases (440-447), cerebrovascular diseases (300-334), cardiovascular diseases (400-468), and total diseases of the cardiovascular system (300-334) (400-468). The division of the total United States-born Ohio residents by region of birth provided marked differences in the age-adjusted rates in the relative comparisons. The black males and females born in the South had a markedly higher age-adjusted death rate (ages 45 to 64) than those born in Ohio in each of the categories of cardiovascular diseases studied. For coronary heart disease, the age-adjusted death rate for the black males showed a marked excess over the black females, for each region of birth, whereas for hypertensive cardiovascular diseases the black males and females had similar age-adjusted rates for each region of birth. The findings indicate a carry-over among the black of a higher cardiovascular risk among those born in the South and lend support to the concept of the influence of the endemic factors in the early years of life. In the prospective study of black steelworkers, it was observed that migrant and nonmigrant workers had approximately the same mortality for cardiovascular disease overall, and when specific work areas were considered. Selective factors of employment, of medical screening, and capability of continued employment in strenuous environments, were considered the most likely basis for the similar mortality experience.", "PMID": 1163430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_28", "title": "Wenckebach A-V block: a frequent feature following heavy physical training.", "content": "Among 126 top Israeli athletes, in whom an ECG was obtained during a random survey, 11 had first-degree heart block (P-R greater than or equal 0.21 sec.) and in three of them Wenckebach's phenomenon was found. The latter could be demonstrated only after 15 minutes' rest in a recumbent position and was abolished by sitting, standing, and the administration of atropine. This subjects with Wenckebach's phenomenon were followed for 6 years. The heart block was found to be present only during seasons of intensive training and could not be demonstrated a few weeks after the training was reduced in intensity or stopped. No heart disease or diminution of performance developed during 6 years of follow-up. Transient second-degree heart block in top athletes is probably much more frequent than hitherto suspected, but it can be demonstrated only if the athlete is examined during rest and in the recumbent position. It is assumed to be a physiological phenomenon related to heavy physical training.", "contents": "Wenckebach A-V block: a frequent feature following heavy physical training. Among 126 top Israeli athletes, in whom an ECG was obtained during a random survey, 11 had first-degree heart block (P-R greater than or equal 0.21 sec.) and in three of them Wenckebach's phenomenon was found. The latter could be demonstrated only after 15 minutes' rest in a recumbent position and was abolished by sitting, standing, and the administration of atropine. This subjects with Wenckebach's phenomenon were followed for 6 years. The heart block was found to be present only during seasons of intensive training and could not be demonstrated a few weeks after the training was reduced in intensity or stopped. No heart disease or diminution of performance developed during 6 years of follow-up. Transient second-degree heart block in top athletes is probably much more frequent than hitherto suspected, but it can be demonstrated only if the athlete is examined during rest and in the recumbent position. It is assumed to be a physiological phenomenon related to heavy physical training.", "PMID": 1163436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_29", "title": "ST-segment isolation and quantification as a means of improving diagnostic accuracy in treadmill stress testing.", "content": "A new method of ST-segment analysis utilizing computer-analytic techniques has been employed in treadmill exercise testing, with the aim of enhancing diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. One hundred thirty-three individuals were studied, including 62 normal subjects (Group I), 29 patients with coronary disease and clear, \"ischemic\" ST-segment responses to exercise testing (Group II), and 42 patients with coronary disease but normal or nondiagnostic exercise tests (Group III). The techniques used included: computer averaging, to minimize motion artifact and baseline drift; a means of isolating the ST-segment from the T-wave and quantifying ST-amplitude and slope (the isolated ST integral, IST); and the relating of the IST to a given heart rate, thus taking cognizance of the dependency of ST-depression on heart rate and level of exercise. These methods resulted in a test specificity exceeding 90 per cent and a sensitivity of over 85 per cent. Further evidence of the improved sensitivity achieved using these techniques included a 79 per cent (33 of 42) recognition of abnormalities in Group III, patients having normal or nondiagnostic visually interpreted treadmill stress tests (i.e., no flat or downsloping ST-segments of 1 mm. or greater). Moreover, 15 of 29 patients in Group II (52 per cent) manifested abnormal IST's before development of a typical \"ischemic\" ST, and in 17 patients (59 per cent), the IST continued to remain positive after disappearance of the characteristic flat or downsloping ST-segment. It is concluded that this type of computation analysis adds appreciable diagnostic sensitivity and specificity to treadmill stress testing.", "contents": "ST-segment isolation and quantification as a means of improving diagnostic accuracy in treadmill stress testing. A new method of ST-segment analysis utilizing computer-analytic techniques has been employed in treadmill exercise testing, with the aim of enhancing diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. One hundred thirty-three individuals were studied, including 62 normal subjects (Group I), 29 patients with coronary disease and clear, \"ischemic\" ST-segment responses to exercise testing (Group II), and 42 patients with coronary disease but normal or nondiagnostic exercise tests (Group III). The techniques used included: computer averaging, to minimize motion artifact and baseline drift; a means of isolating the ST-segment from the T-wave and quantifying ST-amplitude and slope (the isolated ST integral, IST); and the relating of the IST to a given heart rate, thus taking cognizance of the dependency of ST-depression on heart rate and level of exercise. These methods resulted in a test specificity exceeding 90 per cent and a sensitivity of over 85 per cent. Further evidence of the improved sensitivity achieved using these techniques included a 79 per cent (33 of 42) recognition of abnormalities in Group III, patients having normal or nondiagnostic visually interpreted treadmill stress tests (i.e., no flat or downsloping ST-segments of 1 mm. or greater). Moreover, 15 of 29 patients in Group II (52 per cent) manifested abnormal IST's before development of a typical \"ischemic\" ST, and in 17 patients (59 per cent), the IST continued to remain positive after disappearance of the characteristic flat or downsloping ST-segment. It is concluded that this type of computation analysis adds appreciable diagnostic sensitivity and specificity to treadmill stress testing.", "PMID": 1163437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_30", "title": "The significance of bundle branch block during acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Analysis of the course of 71 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by bundle branch block (BBB) confirms a high incidence of atrioventricular (A-V) block (42 per cent) and severe pump failure (35 per cent) in these patients. Hospital mortality was not correlated with BBB per se, but rather with the associated development of second or third degree A-V block (57 per cent with A-V block vs. 12 per cent without A-V block; p less than .0005) or severe pump failure (35 per cent with vs. 11 per cent without severe pump failure; p less than .001). However, late mortality was high and not significantly different among those surviving hospitalization whether transient A-V block was present or absent. Eight of 11 late deaths were sudden. Temporary pacing could not be shown to alter hospital survival statistically, but made the onset of complete heart block a hemodynamically smooth and clinically undetectable event in several patients who later survived. The place of permanent pacing in these patients cannot be clearly determined on the basis of this study or in the available literature. More data obtained either by pooling the experience of several centers or from a prospective randomized study are needed to determine the indications for permanent pacemakers.", "contents": "The significance of bundle branch block during acute myocardial infarction. Analysis of the course of 71 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by bundle branch block (BBB) confirms a high incidence of atrioventricular (A-V) block (42 per cent) and severe pump failure (35 per cent) in these patients. Hospital mortality was not correlated with BBB per se, but rather with the associated development of second or third degree A-V block (57 per cent with A-V block vs. 12 per cent without A-V block; p less than .0005) or severe pump failure (35 per cent with vs. 11 per cent without severe pump failure; p less than .001). However, late mortality was high and not significantly different among those surviving hospitalization whether transient A-V block was present or absent. Eight of 11 late deaths were sudden. Temporary pacing could not be shown to alter hospital survival statistically, but made the onset of complete heart block a hemodynamically smooth and clinically undetectable event in several patients who later survived. The place of permanent pacing in these patients cannot be clearly determined on the basis of this study or in the available literature. More data obtained either by pooling the experience of several centers or from a prospective randomized study are needed to determine the indications for permanent pacemakers.", "PMID": 1163438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_31", "title": "Influence of variations in blood flow on renal A-V oxygen difference and renal oxygen consumption in heart failure. A clinical study.", "content": "In the present study, renal A-V oxygen difference and renal blood flow were measured in 18 patients with mitral valvular disease. The renal sodium reabsorption and oxygen consumption have also been measured. The renal A-V oxygen difference was small and remained within the normal range despite large reductions in renal blood flow. Only when flow fell to between 400 and 500 ml. per minute there was a rise in A-V oxygen difference. The renal oxygen consumption was in general reduced compared with normal subjects, but tended to increase in those patients who also had the greatest values for A-V oxygen difference. The renal oxygen consumption was found to vary independently of the sodium reabsorption. Our results indicate a shift to a more aerobic renal metabolism in advanced heart failure when renal blood flow is drastically reduced. It is possible that the variations in oxygen demand may reflect changes in substrate requirements for transport of sodium in different circulatory situations. Redistribution of flow within the kidney at low renal blood flow as well as the possibility of passive transport of sodium in the proximal tubules might also account for the changing relationship between A-V difference and renal blood flow.", "contents": "Influence of variations in blood flow on renal A-V oxygen difference and renal oxygen consumption in heart failure. A clinical study. In the present study, renal A-V oxygen difference and renal blood flow were measured in 18 patients with mitral valvular disease. The renal sodium reabsorption and oxygen consumption have also been measured. The renal A-V oxygen difference was small and remained within the normal range despite large reductions in renal blood flow. Only when flow fell to between 400 and 500 ml. per minute there was a rise in A-V oxygen difference. The renal oxygen consumption was in general reduced compared with normal subjects, but tended to increase in those patients who also had the greatest values for A-V oxygen difference. The renal oxygen consumption was found to vary independently of the sodium reabsorption. Our results indicate a shift to a more aerobic renal metabolism in advanced heart failure when renal blood flow is drastically reduced. It is possible that the variations in oxygen demand may reflect changes in substrate requirements for transport of sodium in different circulatory situations. Redistribution of flow within the kidney at low renal blood flow as well as the possibility of passive transport of sodium in the proximal tubules might also account for the changing relationship between A-V difference and renal blood flow.", "PMID": 1163439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_32", "title": "Correlation of abnormal Q waves, coronary pathology, and ventricular contractility.", "content": "Four hundred and ninety-two patients with coronary artery disease underwent analysis of their electrocardiograms, coronary arteriograms, and ventriculograms. Significant Q-waves were correlated with critical coronary occlusions (greater than or equal 75 per cent obstruction) and ventricular contractility. It was found that Q-waves correlate equally well with ventriculographic abnormalities and critical coronary occlusions. The Q-wave correlation varied from 77 to 87 per cent, depending on the area of myocardium under consideration, except for true posterior myocardial infarction, which correlated 55 per cent with ventriculographic abnormalities and 55 per cent with critical coronary occlusions. Significant Q-waves in Leads II, III, and aVF are better indicators of ventriculographic abnormality than in Leads III and aVF alone, whereas Q-waves in the latter two leads are more definitive than in Lead III alone. Patients who have critical coronary occlusions and normal electrocardiograms have normal ventriculograms in 71 to 78 per cent of the cases, again depending on the area of the myocardium under consideration. Thus, the normal electrocardiogram correlates better with the ventriculogram than with coronary pathology. The abnormal electrocardiogram correlates equally well with both.", "contents": "Correlation of abnormal Q waves, coronary pathology, and ventricular contractility. Four hundred and ninety-two patients with coronary artery disease underwent analysis of their electrocardiograms, coronary arteriograms, and ventriculograms. Significant Q-waves were correlated with critical coronary occlusions (greater than or equal 75 per cent obstruction) and ventricular contractility. It was found that Q-waves correlate equally well with ventriculographic abnormalities and critical coronary occlusions. The Q-wave correlation varied from 77 to 87 per cent, depending on the area of myocardium under consideration, except for true posterior myocardial infarction, which correlated 55 per cent with ventriculographic abnormalities and 55 per cent with critical coronary occlusions. Significant Q-waves in Leads II, III, and aVF are better indicators of ventriculographic abnormality than in Leads III and aVF alone, whereas Q-waves in the latter two leads are more definitive than in Lead III alone. Patients who have critical coronary occlusions and normal electrocardiograms have normal ventriculograms in 71 to 78 per cent of the cases, again depending on the area of the myocardium under consideration. Thus, the normal electrocardiogram correlates better with the ventriculogram than with coronary pathology. The abnormal electrocardiogram correlates equally well with both.", "PMID": 1163440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_33", "title": "Effects of dobutamine on atrioventricular conduction.", "content": "Dobutamine, a new beta-stimulating catecholamine, has been investigated in terms of its effect upon atrioventricular conduction. Bundle of His recordings were obtained on six patients in basal conditions and with right atrial pacing at rates of 100, 120, and 140 per minute. Recordings were repeated following intravenous administration of Dobutamine in doses of 5, 10, and 15 mug per kilogram per minute. Dose-response curves were thus obtained for A-H and H-V intervals. Heart rate increased only moderately with progressive concentrations of the drug. Very significant facilitation of A-H conduction was demonstrated with doses of 10 and 15 mug per kilogram per minute, with no effect upon H-V times. Dobutamine may be a clinically useful inotropic agent in conditions associated with A-V conduction disturbances.", "contents": "Effects of dobutamine on atrioventricular conduction. Dobutamine, a new beta-stimulating catecholamine, has been investigated in terms of its effect upon atrioventricular conduction. Bundle of His recordings were obtained on six patients in basal conditions and with right atrial pacing at rates of 100, 120, and 140 per minute. Recordings were repeated following intravenous administration of Dobutamine in doses of 5, 10, and 15 mug per kilogram per minute. Dose-response curves were thus obtained for A-H and H-V intervals. Heart rate increased only moderately with progressive concentrations of the drug. Very significant facilitation of A-H conduction was demonstrated with doses of 10 and 15 mug per kilogram per minute, with no effect upon H-V times. Dobutamine may be a clinically useful inotropic agent in conditions associated with A-V conduction disturbances.", "PMID": 1163441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_34", "title": "Effects of intravenous verapamil on cardiac arrhythmias and on the electrocardiogram.", "content": "The effects of intravenous verapamil on the electrocardiogram in 15 patients with heart disease in sinus rhythm and in 44 patients with supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias were evaluated. Verapamil prolonged the P-R interval without effect on the QRS duration or the Q-Tc interval. In patients with atrial flutter and fibrillation, A-V block was increased, with slowing of the ventricular rate, in almost all cases but sinus rhythm was restored in only 1 of 12 patients in atrial fibrillation and in 2 of the 11 patients with flutter. Verapamil had no effect in 3 patients with atrial fibrillation complicating WPW syndrome; in 1 of 5 patients with ventricular tachycardia it caused reversion to sinus rhythm. Sinus rhythm was restored promptly by verapamil in 13 of 17 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias; in 2 others, sinus rhythm became established 1 to 2 hours after administration of the drug. Transient hypotension, not requiring treatment, was the only side effect noted but not in the patients with supraventricular tachycardias, in whom blood pressure generally increased after reversion to sinus rhythm by verapamil.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous verapamil on cardiac arrhythmias and on the electrocardiogram. The effects of intravenous verapamil on the electrocardiogram in 15 patients with heart disease in sinus rhythm and in 44 patients with supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias were evaluated. Verapamil prolonged the P-R interval without effect on the QRS duration or the Q-Tc interval. In patients with atrial flutter and fibrillation, A-V block was increased, with slowing of the ventricular rate, in almost all cases but sinus rhythm was restored in only 1 of 12 patients in atrial fibrillation and in 2 of the 11 patients with flutter. Verapamil had no effect in 3 patients with atrial fibrillation complicating WPW syndrome; in 1 of 5 patients with ventricular tachycardia it caused reversion to sinus rhythm. Sinus rhythm was restored promptly by verapamil in 13 of 17 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias; in 2 others, sinus rhythm became established 1 to 2 hours after administration of the drug. Transient hypotension, not requiring treatment, was the only side effect noted but not in the patients with supraventricular tachycardias, in whom blood pressure generally increased after reversion to sinus rhythm by verapamil.", "PMID": 1163442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_35", "title": "Systolic prolapse of the mitral valve in Noonan's syndrome.", "content": "A thirty-five-year-old woman with Noonan's syndrome (Turner phenotype with normal chromosome pattern) had mitral valve prolapse and mitral insufficiency associated with the auscultatory findings of a midsystolic click and late systolic murmur. Selective left-ventricular angiocardiography also showed eccentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle. To our knowledge, this is the first reported instance of mitral valve prolapse occurring in association with Noonan's syndrome.", "contents": "Systolic prolapse of the mitral valve in Noonan's syndrome. A thirty-five-year-old woman with Noonan's syndrome (Turner phenotype with normal chromosome pattern) had mitral valve prolapse and mitral insufficiency associated with the auscultatory findings of a midsystolic click and late systolic murmur. Selective left-ventricular angiocardiography also showed eccentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle. To our knowledge, this is the first reported instance of mitral valve prolapse occurring in association with Noonan's syndrome.", "PMID": 1163443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_36", "title": "Idiopathic calcified apical aneurysm of the left ventricle in an asymptomatic child.", "content": "To our knowledge, this is the eighth reported case of isolated, idiopathic, noncontractile apical left-ventricular aneurysm in the child. Referral to the physician is likely to be made because of a systolic murmur, unusual cardiac contour, cardiomegaly, or apical calcification on chest x-ray or, rarely, a systemic embolus. Heart failure is uncommon. The electrocardiogram shows abnormal Q-waves and/or inferior and lateral ST-T changes. Careful image intensification fluoroscopy will demonstrate apical calcification in one-half of the cases.", "contents": "Idiopathic calcified apical aneurysm of the left ventricle in an asymptomatic child. To our knowledge, this is the eighth reported case of isolated, idiopathic, noncontractile apical left-ventricular aneurysm in the child. Referral to the physician is likely to be made because of a systolic murmur, unusual cardiac contour, cardiomegaly, or apical calcification on chest x-ray or, rarely, a systemic embolus. Heart failure is uncommon. The electrocardiogram shows abnormal Q-waves and/or inferior and lateral ST-T changes. Careful image intensification fluoroscopy will demonstrate apical calcification in one-half of the cases.", "PMID": 1163444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_37", "title": "Comparison of the nutritional status of pregnant adolescents with adult pregnant women. I. Biochemical findings.", "content": "Biochemical findings on blood samples from 102 pregnant women in four age groups, 12-17, 18-19, 20-24, and 25-32, are reported. Samples represent 8 antepartum periods of 4 weeks each and 3 postpartum periods over 6 weeks. Blood analyses were carried out for hemoglobin, plasma iron, plasma total protein, glucose, plasma alkaline phosphatase, plasma ascorbic acid, plasma vitamin A and carotene, erythrocyte transketolase as a measure of thiamine status, plasma cholesterol, plasma lipid phosphorus, plasma total fatty acids, and triglyceride fatty acids. For the most part, means of these nutrients were in acceptable ranges for all age groups. Although adolescents had better levels than anticipated, the two younger groups on several occasions had means significantly lower than those of the two older groups, indicating that they needed greater nutritional support during pregnancy than older women.", "contents": "Comparison of the nutritional status of pregnant adolescents with adult pregnant women. I. Biochemical findings. Biochemical findings on blood samples from 102 pregnant women in four age groups, 12-17, 18-19, 20-24, and 25-32, are reported. Samples represent 8 antepartum periods of 4 weeks each and 3 postpartum periods over 6 weeks. Blood analyses were carried out for hemoglobin, plasma iron, plasma total protein, glucose, plasma alkaline phosphatase, plasma ascorbic acid, plasma vitamin A and carotene, erythrocyte transketolase as a measure of thiamine status, plasma cholesterol, plasma lipid phosphorus, plasma total fatty acids, and triglyceride fatty acids. For the most part, means of these nutrients were in acceptable ranges for all age groups. Although adolescents had better levels than anticipated, the two younger groups on several occasions had means significantly lower than those of the two older groups, indicating that they needed greater nutritional support during pregnancy than older women.", "PMID": 1163467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_38", "title": "Comparative bioavailability of folate and vitamin C from a synthetic and a natural source.", "content": "Intraluminal perfusion of the human small intestine has not been used extensively to study comparative bioavailability of vitamins. In this study a triple lumen tube with a 30-cm study segment was used to measure absorption of water-soluble vitamins from the human proximal jejunum. Fifteen normal subjects served as their own controls to quantitate absorption of folic acid and vitamin C from an orange juice solution and from a solution of synthetic vitamins. Despite a predictably greater water absorption from the glucose containing orange juice solution, the absorption of the two water-soluble vitamins did not differ significantly from the two solutions. Natural and synthetic ascorbate and folate were avidly absorbed in the first 30 cm of jejunum and with the exception of synthetic folate correlated positively with water absorption. This method, previously applied to the absorption of sugars, amino acids, and electrolytes, can be reliably applied to the study of comparative bioavailability of nutrients from food sources. The advantages of triple lumen perfusion over previous methods are: 1) it overcomes the necessity for urine collections in metabolic studies, 2) it can be used to study sites and mechanism of absorption, and 3) it is a direct measurement of absorption capacity.", "contents": "Comparative bioavailability of folate and vitamin C from a synthetic and a natural source. Intraluminal perfusion of the human small intestine has not been used extensively to study comparative bioavailability of vitamins. In this study a triple lumen tube with a 30-cm study segment was used to measure absorption of water-soluble vitamins from the human proximal jejunum. Fifteen normal subjects served as their own controls to quantitate absorption of folic acid and vitamin C from an orange juice solution and from a solution of synthetic vitamins. Despite a predictably greater water absorption from the glucose containing orange juice solution, the absorption of the two water-soluble vitamins did not differ significantly from the two solutions. Natural and synthetic ascorbate and folate were avidly absorbed in the first 30 cm of jejunum and with the exception of synthetic folate correlated positively with water absorption. This method, previously applied to the absorption of sugars, amino acids, and electrolytes, can be reliably applied to the study of comparative bioavailability of nutrients from food sources. The advantages of triple lumen perfusion over previous methods are: 1) it overcomes the necessity for urine collections in metabolic studies, 2) it can be used to study sites and mechanism of absorption, and 3) it is a direct measurement of absorption capacity.", "PMID": 1163468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_39", "title": "Studies in calcium metabolism. II. Effects of low calcium and variable protein intake on human calcium metabolism.", "content": "Six healthy males consumed diets containing about 0.1 g calcium/day at three levels of protein intake: 0.9, 12, and 24 g nitrogen/day. Daily urinary calcium excretion on the 0.9 nitrogen diet was 51 mg, 99 mg on the 12 g nitrogen diet, and 161 mg on the 24 g nitrogen diet. A calcium supplement of 0.9 g for four subjects on the 12 g nitrogen diet caused an increase in urinary calcium from 68 to 160 mg/day. Varying the calcium and protein intake had no effect on dermal calcium loss or serum calcium. Five subjects had the least negative calcium balance on the 12 g nitrogen diet. Increase in urinary calcium is not likely to result solely from enhancement of intestinal calcium absorption. Our data suggest that increased glomerular filtration with possible inhibition of renal tubular reabsorption of calcium may be an additional mechanism responsible for the calciuretic effect during high-protein intake.", "contents": "Studies in calcium metabolism. II. Effects of low calcium and variable protein intake on human calcium metabolism. Six healthy males consumed diets containing about 0.1 g calcium/day at three levels of protein intake: 0.9, 12, and 24 g nitrogen/day. Daily urinary calcium excretion on the 0.9 nitrogen diet was 51 mg, 99 mg on the 12 g nitrogen diet, and 161 mg on the 24 g nitrogen diet. A calcium supplement of 0.9 g for four subjects on the 12 g nitrogen diet caused an increase in urinary calcium from 68 to 160 mg/day. Varying the calcium and protein intake had no effect on dermal calcium loss or serum calcium. Five subjects had the least negative calcium balance on the 12 g nitrogen diet. Increase in urinary calcium is not likely to result solely from enhancement of intestinal calcium absorption. Our data suggest that increased glomerular filtration with possible inhibition of renal tubular reabsorption of calcium may be an additional mechanism responsible for the calciuretic effect during high-protein intake.", "PMID": 1163469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_40", "title": "Hypertriglyceridemia in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.", "content": "The development of hypertiglyceridemia was studied in 38 patients who were at different deteriorative stages of chronic renal insufficiency, as measured by corrected creatinine clearance. Patients in the mild stages of chronic renal insufficiency showed a 53% decrease in postheparin lipolytic activity, and no change in plasma triglyceride levels. In the moderate and severe stages, plasmia triglycerides were significantly elevated but there was no further decrease in PHLA. Those patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis showed a further increase in plasma triglycerides and postheparin lipolytic activity decreased to near zero. Serum electrophoretic studies indicated that in the moderate and severe stages of chronic renal insufficiency, prior to initiating hemodialysis, the chylomicron and very low density lipoprotein fraction were elevated. In those patients receiving chronic hemodialysis hyperchylomicronemia was the predominant finding.", "contents": "Hypertriglyceridemia in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. The development of hypertiglyceridemia was studied in 38 patients who were at different deteriorative stages of chronic renal insufficiency, as measured by corrected creatinine clearance. Patients in the mild stages of chronic renal insufficiency showed a 53% decrease in postheparin lipolytic activity, and no change in plasma triglyceride levels. In the moderate and severe stages, plasmia triglycerides were significantly elevated but there was no further decrease in PHLA. Those patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis showed a further increase in plasma triglycerides and postheparin lipolytic activity decreased to near zero. Serum electrophoretic studies indicated that in the moderate and severe stages of chronic renal insufficiency, prior to initiating hemodialysis, the chylomicron and very low density lipoprotein fraction were elevated. In those patients receiving chronic hemodialysis hyperchylomicronemia was the predominant finding.", "PMID": 1163470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_41", "title": "Effect of mild infectious illness on nitrogen metabolism in patients on a modified fast.", "content": "To assess the catabolic effects of mild infectious illness on protein metabolism, the metabolic responses to incidental infections were studied in four obese patients undergoing a modified fast consisting of a low calorie diet essentially free of carbohydrate but meeting protein needs. In six infectious episodes investigated, there was no change in urinary nitrogen excretion. Nitrogen balance was positive when protein intake was maintained at 0.8-1 g/kg body weight in four of five episodes, despite intakes of less than 700 kcal. These preliminary data from patients experiencing infections under these conditions suggest possibilities for significant reduction in catabolic losses in other stress situations.", "contents": "Effect of mild infectious illness on nitrogen metabolism in patients on a modified fast. To assess the catabolic effects of mild infectious illness on protein metabolism, the metabolic responses to incidental infections were studied in four obese patients undergoing a modified fast consisting of a low calorie diet essentially free of carbohydrate but meeting protein needs. In six infectious episodes investigated, there was no change in urinary nitrogen excretion. Nitrogen balance was positive when protein intake was maintained at 0.8-1 g/kg body weight in four of five episodes, despite intakes of less than 700 kcal. These preliminary data from patients experiencing infections under these conditions suggest possibilities for significant reduction in catabolic losses in other stress situations.", "PMID": 1163471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_42", "title": "A dietary method for an epidemiologic study of gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "The validity of a dietary recall questionnaire was tested among 50 men of Japanese ancestry, participating in a prospective epidemiologic study of gastrointestinal cancer in Honolulu. The questionnaire included 33 food items consumed in Hawaii and suggested as possibly carcinogenic or possibly protective. Estimated intakes of frequencies and amounts during the previous day and previous 7 days were obtained. The validity study consisted of a comparison of a 7 day diary of the frequencies and amounts of the 33 items with a subsequent recall of the same items. The sensitivity (proportion of men recording an item who subsequently recalled it) was better for 24 of the 33 items during the 7-day period than the 1-day period. The overall agreement between the two methods on whether the item was eaten or not was only marginally less for the 7 days than for the 1 day. Estimated intakes tended to be higher for the diary than the recall method. The Spearman rank correlation coefficients among persons recording the items generally were good (greater than 0.7) for items eaten habitually and for those associated with specific events. Further, rank order correlations for quantitative recell of particular food items has considerable validity and is a reasonable choice of method for studies of large groups concerning the role of particular food items in the etiology of cancer.", "contents": "A dietary method for an epidemiologic study of gastrointestinal cancer. The validity of a dietary recall questionnaire was tested among 50 men of Japanese ancestry, participating in a prospective epidemiologic study of gastrointestinal cancer in Honolulu. The questionnaire included 33 food items consumed in Hawaii and suggested as possibly carcinogenic or possibly protective. Estimated intakes of frequencies and amounts during the previous day and previous 7 days were obtained. The validity study consisted of a comparison of a 7 day diary of the frequencies and amounts of the 33 items with a subsequent recall of the same items. The sensitivity (proportion of men recording an item who subsequently recalled it) was better for 24 of the 33 items during the 7-day period than the 1-day period. The overall agreement between the two methods on whether the item was eaten or not was only marginally less for the 7 days than for the 1 day. Estimated intakes tended to be higher for the diary than the recall method. The Spearman rank correlation coefficients among persons recording the items generally were good (greater than 0.7) for items eaten habitually and for those associated with specific events. Further, rank order correlations for quantitative recell of particular food items has considerable validity and is a reasonable choice of method for studies of large groups concerning the role of particular food items in the etiology of cancer.", "PMID": 1163473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_43", "title": "Head and chest circumferences in rural Guatemalan Ladino children, birth to seven years of age.", "content": "Growth patterns in head and chest circumferences are reported for a mixed-longitudinal sample of rural Guatemalan Ladino children from birth to 7 years of age. The sample is representative of a population with suboptimal nutrition. Both circumferences show similar rapid growth from birth through 9 months, after which chest circumference continues to increase more rapidly, while head circumference increases at a slower rate. Chest circumference provides nutritional information apparently not contained in length and weight. Compared to a sample of well-nourished children from Denver, the head circumferences of Guatemalan children are consistently smaller. Differences are relatively small at birth, are well established by 6 months, and become progressively greater through 24 months. After 2 years the mean smaller head circumference of the Guatemalan children also reflects stunted growth during the first 2 years of life. Similarly, among 5-year-old Guatemalan children of similar stature, head circumference at 5 years of age indicates which of these children were more stunted in stature at 2 years of age.", "contents": "Head and chest circumferences in rural Guatemalan Ladino children, birth to seven years of age. Growth patterns in head and chest circumferences are reported for a mixed-longitudinal sample of rural Guatemalan Ladino children from birth to 7 years of age. The sample is representative of a population with suboptimal nutrition. Both circumferences show similar rapid growth from birth through 9 months, after which chest circumference continues to increase more rapidly, while head circumference increases at a slower rate. Chest circumference provides nutritional information apparently not contained in length and weight. Compared to a sample of well-nourished children from Denver, the head circumferences of Guatemalan children are consistently smaller. Differences are relatively small at birth, are well established by 6 months, and become progressively greater through 24 months. After 2 years the mean smaller head circumference of the Guatemalan children also reflects stunted growth during the first 2 years of life. Similarly, among 5-year-old Guatemalan children of similar stature, head circumference at 5 years of age indicates which of these children were more stunted in stature at 2 years of age.", "PMID": 1163474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_44", "title": "Addition of leucine precursors to the diet of leucine-starved mice.", "content": "Leucine-starved mice placed on a diet supplemented with the immediate precursor of leucine, alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, regain lost weight. This weight gain is similar to that observed when the leucine-starved mice are provided with leucine in their diet. Mice on a leucine-free diet supplemented with alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, the first compound in the leucine biosynthetic pathway, continued to lose weight as quickly as mice on leucine-deficient diets.", "contents": "Addition of leucine precursors to the diet of leucine-starved mice. Leucine-starved mice placed on a diet supplemented with the immediate precursor of leucine, alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, regain lost weight. This weight gain is similar to that observed when the leucine-starved mice are provided with leucine in their diet. Mice on a leucine-free diet supplemented with alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, the first compound in the leucine biosynthetic pathway, continued to lose weight as quickly as mice on leucine-deficient diets.", "PMID": 1163478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_45", "title": "Vitamin B6 deficiency in uremia.", "content": "Significant decreases in plasma pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP), plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (PGOT) and erythrocyte glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (EGOT) were found in 29 uremic patients including 14 who had been on hemodialysis an average of 15.8 months. The mean PLP values of the uremic patients (5.39 +/- 0.37 ng/ml) were clearly lower than the values obtained for the normal group (9.30 +/- 0.80 mg/ml). The mean PGOT values of the uremic patients (dialyzed 4.07 +/- 0.29 U/liter, undialyzed 5.31 +/- 0.49 U/liter) were significantly lower than the normal group (6.57 +/- 0.39 U/liter). The mean EGOT value of the uremic patients (325 +/- 17 U/liter) was also lower than normal subjects (416 +/-21 U/liter). Stimulation of the EGOT by exogenous PLP (EGOT index) was less in dialyzed patients (1.60) than normal subjects (1.80) while the undialyzed uremic subjects had a greater than normal stimulation (2.12). All of these results indicate that uremic patients are vitamin B6 deficient and that those undergoing hemodialysis may have decreased amounts of the EGOT apoenzyme.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 deficiency in uremia. Significant decreases in plasma pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP), plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (PGOT) and erythrocyte glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (EGOT) were found in 29 uremic patients including 14 who had been on hemodialysis an average of 15.8 months. The mean PLP values of the uremic patients (5.39 +/- 0.37 ng/ml) were clearly lower than the values obtained for the normal group (9.30 +/- 0.80 mg/ml). The mean PGOT values of the uremic patients (dialyzed 4.07 +/- 0.29 U/liter, undialyzed 5.31 +/- 0.49 U/liter) were significantly lower than the normal group (6.57 +/- 0.39 U/liter). The mean EGOT value of the uremic patients (325 +/- 17 U/liter) was also lower than normal subjects (416 +/-21 U/liter). Stimulation of the EGOT by exogenous PLP (EGOT index) was less in dialyzed patients (1.60) than normal subjects (1.80) while the undialyzed uremic subjects had a greater than normal stimulation (2.12). All of these results indicate that uremic patients are vitamin B6 deficient and that those undergoing hemodialysis may have decreased amounts of the EGOT apoenzyme.", "PMID": 1163479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_46", "title": "Fatty acid composition of the plasma lipids in Greenland Eskimos.", "content": "Gas-liquid chromatography analyses have been carried out to investigate the composition of esterified fatty acids in the plasma lipids in 130 Greenland Eskimos, compared with those of 32 Greenland Eskimos living in Denmark and of 31 Caucasian Danes in Denmark. While the Eskimos living in Denmark did not differ substantially from other persons living in Denmark and, from what is found in other studies in Western communities, the Greenland Eskimos showed a completely different pattern. They demonstrated a much higher proportion of palmitic, palmitoleic, and timnodonic acids, while they had a markedly lower concentration of linoleic acid. The total concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids was lower in Greenland Eskimos than in the other groups. These findings are discussed in the light of the generally accepted opinion of the beneficial effect on plasma lipid levels and on the morbidity of coronary atherosclerosis of a high dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids. As plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in Greenland Eskimos in a previous study were found markedly lower than those found in Western populations, and as coronary atherosclerosis seems to occur far less commonly among Eskimos in Greenland than among peoples in industrialized countries, it was found difficult to combine these observations with the results from the present study. If dietary differences are the main reason for the differences in plasma lipid concentrations, the results from the present study point more toward qualitative than toward quantitative differences in respect of fatty acid composition of the food.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of the plasma lipids in Greenland Eskimos. Gas-liquid chromatography analyses have been carried out to investigate the composition of esterified fatty acids in the plasma lipids in 130 Greenland Eskimos, compared with those of 32 Greenland Eskimos living in Denmark and of 31 Caucasian Danes in Denmark. While the Eskimos living in Denmark did not differ substantially from other persons living in Denmark and, from what is found in other studies in Western communities, the Greenland Eskimos showed a completely different pattern. They demonstrated a much higher proportion of palmitic, palmitoleic, and timnodonic acids, while they had a markedly lower concentration of linoleic acid. The total concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids was lower in Greenland Eskimos than in the other groups. These findings are discussed in the light of the generally accepted opinion of the beneficial effect on plasma lipid levels and on the morbidity of coronary atherosclerosis of a high dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids. As plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in Greenland Eskimos in a previous study were found markedly lower than those found in Western populations, and as coronary atherosclerosis seems to occur far less commonly among Eskimos in Greenland than among peoples in industrialized countries, it was found difficult to combine these observations with the results from the present study. If dietary differences are the main reason for the differences in plasma lipid concentrations, the results from the present study point more toward qualitative than toward quantitative differences in respect of fatty acid composition of the food.", "PMID": 1163480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_47", "title": "Protein deprivation in primates. V. Fetal mortality and neonatal status of infant monkeys born of deprived mothers.", "content": "Seventy-four pregnancies were followed in 45 rhesus monkeys. While pregnant the mothers were fed a semisynthetic diet affording 1, 2, or 4 g protein/kg per day. The poorer diets tended to produce excess fetal mortality, but liveborn infants born to 1-g and 2-g mothers averaged as large as those in the 4-g group. No differences existed in total protein concentration and albumin-globulin ratios in the sera of newborn infants.", "contents": "Protein deprivation in primates. V. Fetal mortality and neonatal status of infant monkeys born of deprived mothers. Seventy-four pregnancies were followed in 45 rhesus monkeys. While pregnant the mothers were fed a semisynthetic diet affording 1, 2, or 4 g protein/kg per day. The poorer diets tended to produce excess fetal mortality, but liveborn infants born to 1-g and 2-g mothers averaged as large as those in the 4-g group. No differences existed in total protein concentration and albumin-globulin ratios in the sera of newborn infants.", "PMID": 1163481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_48", "title": "Barbital overdose and abuse.", "content": "Bailey, David N., and Jatlow, Peter I.: Barbital overdose and abuse. A new problem. Am J Clin Pathol 64:291-296, 1975. The unusual epidemiology and toxicology of barbital overdose and abuse are demonstrated by eight recent cases. Since barbital is used primarily in laboratory buffers and is not available as a prescription or over-the-counter drug in the United States, barbital overdose and abuse have until recently been rare. In several instances the barbital was stolen from a clinical or research laboratory. Serum concentrations were often \"astronomically\" high compared with those of other barbiturates, including phenobarbital. Concentrations severalfold greater than would be considered lethal for other barbiturates were consistent with survival, and all patients, including one with a serum concentration of 120.2 mg per dl. (higher than any previously reported), recovered with only conservative therapy (no peritoneal or hemodialysis). Patients could be awakened when the concentration was less than 16.0 mg per dl. Serum barbiturate concentrations greater than 20.0 mg. per dl. in a living patient should warrant serious consideration of barbital ingestion. In addition to the eight overdoses, 16 abusers of barbital were detected during 1974 by drug-abuse screening of urine.", "contents": "Barbital overdose and abuse. Bailey, David N., and Jatlow, Peter I.: Barbital overdose and abuse. A new problem. Am J Clin Pathol 64:291-296, 1975. The unusual epidemiology and toxicology of barbital overdose and abuse are demonstrated by eight recent cases. Since barbital is used primarily in laboratory buffers and is not available as a prescription or over-the-counter drug in the United States, barbital overdose and abuse have until recently been rare. In several instances the barbital was stolen from a clinical or research laboratory. Serum concentrations were often \"astronomically\" high compared with those of other barbiturates, including phenobarbital. Concentrations severalfold greater than would be considered lethal for other barbiturates were consistent with survival, and all patients, including one with a serum concentration of 120.2 mg per dl. (higher than any previously reported), recovered with only conservative therapy (no peritoneal or hemodialysis). Patients could be awakened when the concentration was less than 16.0 mg per dl. Serum barbiturate concentrations greater than 20.0 mg. per dl. in a living patient should warrant serious consideration of barbital ingestion. In addition to the eight overdoses, 16 abusers of barbital were detected during 1974 by drug-abuse screening of urine.", "PMID": 1163482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_49", "title": "The effect of sodium bisulfite on the removal of drugs and their metabolites interfering with the Porter-Silber reaction in the determination of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids.", "content": "In the determination of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, the urine is saturated with NaHSO3 after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and then extracted with methylene chloride. Sodium bisfulfite removes almost all non-steroidal impurities in the urines from patients medicated with acetylspiramycin, leucomycin, erythromycin, triacetylolenadomycin, rifampicin and tranquilizers such as chlorpromazine, which interfere with the absorption at 410 nm. in the subsquent Porter-Silber reaction. In order to increase the specificity of a routine method, a procedure conducted by Allen has been often employed: The sum of 370- and 450-nm. absorbances is subtracted from twice absorbance at 410 nm. However, the procedure could not be used in the medicated urines mentioned above, because the spectral absorption curve of these drugs and their metabolites in the Porter-Silber reaction was not a straight but a strongly convex or concave line in the 370-450-nm. range. Using the present method, interference with the Porter-Silber reaction was not found in the urines from patients medicated with chloramphenicol, minocycline, chlordiazepoxide, meprobamate, methyprylon, nitrazepam, synthetic penicillins such as hetacillin, oxacillin and cloxacillin, or cephalosporins such as cephalexin and cephalothin. However, to obtain correct values in urines from patients medicated with spironolactone, it was necessary to subject the urines to treatment with methylene chloride before enzyme hydrolysis.", "contents": "The effect of sodium bisulfite on the removal of drugs and their metabolites interfering with the Porter-Silber reaction in the determination of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. In the determination of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, the urine is saturated with NaHSO3 after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and then extracted with methylene chloride. Sodium bisfulfite removes almost all non-steroidal impurities in the urines from patients medicated with acetylspiramycin, leucomycin, erythromycin, triacetylolenadomycin, rifampicin and tranquilizers such as chlorpromazine, which interfere with the absorption at 410 nm. in the subsquent Porter-Silber reaction. In order to increase the specificity of a routine method, a procedure conducted by Allen has been often employed: The sum of 370- and 450-nm. absorbances is subtracted from twice absorbance at 410 nm. However, the procedure could not be used in the medicated urines mentioned above, because the spectral absorption curve of these drugs and their metabolites in the Porter-Silber reaction was not a straight but a strongly convex or concave line in the 370-450-nm. range. Using the present method, interference with the Porter-Silber reaction was not found in the urines from patients medicated with chloramphenicol, minocycline, chlordiazepoxide, meprobamate, methyprylon, nitrazepam, synthetic penicillins such as hetacillin, oxacillin and cloxacillin, or cephalosporins such as cephalexin and cephalothin. However, to obtain correct values in urines from patients medicated with spironolactone, it was necessary to subject the urines to treatment with methylene chloride before enzyme hydrolysis.", "PMID": 1163483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_50", "title": "An algorithm for the selection of proper group intervals for histograms representing clinical laboratory data.", "content": "Although numerous statistical methods are available, proper definitive technics to deal with the determination of normal values or ranges in clinical chemistry are unresolved and ill-defined. Initially, the ability to the analyst to define a mathematical function that can be used to best fit the random distribution of generated laboratory values still depends on proper grouping of the data. Herein is proposed a method for grouping data, in order to select the proper class interval to be used. Arbitrariness is removed and maximum information about the population being tested can be achieved. The concepts of \"regrouping\" and \"sign reversal\" are utilized, and the validity of this technic for constructing the \"best\" frequency histogram is verified by a general computer algorithm.", "contents": "An algorithm for the selection of proper group intervals for histograms representing clinical laboratory data. Although numerous statistical methods are available, proper definitive technics to deal with the determination of normal values or ranges in clinical chemistry are unresolved and ill-defined. Initially, the ability to the analyst to define a mathematical function that can be used to best fit the random distribution of generated laboratory values still depends on proper grouping of the data. Herein is proposed a method for grouping data, in order to select the proper class interval to be used. Arbitrariness is removed and maximum information about the population being tested can be achieved. The concepts of \"regrouping\" and \"sign reversal\" are utilized, and the validity of this technic for constructing the \"best\" frequency histogram is verified by a general computer algorithm.", "PMID": 1163484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_51", "title": "The pathologic findings in rickettsial pneumonia.", "content": "A fatal case of Q fever pneumonia with demonstration of the organisms in the lungs is presented. The disease clinically simulates bacterial lobar pneumonia. Neutrophils were conspicuously absent in the inflammatory process. Histiocytes predominated in the alveolar septal spaces and produced both radiologically and pathologically an alevolar infiltrate. Histiocytic hyperplasia and focal necrosis were present. Histiocytes similar to those seen in the alveolar spaces of the lungs distorted the normal architecture of the lymph nodes. In scattered areas necrosis with histiocytes palisading in the periphery simulating the lesions of cat-scratch disease and tularemia were seen.", "contents": "The pathologic findings in rickettsial pneumonia. A fatal case of Q fever pneumonia with demonstration of the organisms in the lungs is presented. The disease clinically simulates bacterial lobar pneumonia. Neutrophils were conspicuously absent in the inflammatory process. Histiocytes predominated in the alveolar septal spaces and produced both radiologically and pathologically an alevolar infiltrate. Histiocytic hyperplasia and focal necrosis were present. Histiocytes similar to those seen in the alveolar spaces of the lungs distorted the normal architecture of the lymph nodes. In scattered areas necrosis with histiocytes palisading in the periphery simulating the lesions of cat-scratch disease and tularemia were seen.", "PMID": 1163485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_52", "title": "Granulomatous synovitis and osteitis caused by Sporothrix schenckii.", "content": "Sporotrichosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of granulomatous inflammation involving bones and joints. The organisms are difficult to demonstrate in direct smears and in histiologic sections, but they grow readily on routine fungal culture media. The cases of two patients, one with sporothrix arthritis and one with sporothrix arthritis and osteitis, are presented. The latter patient underwent ten surgical procedures over a period of 6 1/2 years and was treated for tuberculous arthritis without a definite diagnosis before fungal cultures were obtained and Sporothrix schenckii isolated.", "contents": "Granulomatous synovitis and osteitis caused by Sporothrix schenckii. Sporotrichosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of granulomatous inflammation involving bones and joints. The organisms are difficult to demonstrate in direct smears and in histiologic sections, but they grow readily on routine fungal culture media. The cases of two patients, one with sporothrix arthritis and one with sporothrix arthritis and osteitis, are presented. The latter patient underwent ten surgical procedures over a period of 6 1/2 years and was treated for tuberculous arthritis without a definite diagnosis before fungal cultures were obtained and Sporothrix schenckii isolated.", "PMID": 1163487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_53", "title": "Frequency and some properties of clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Of 420 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 3.1% were methicillin resistant. Most of the 13 isolates were from the flora of hospitalized patients. The organisms were also resistant to nafcillin and cephalothin. They shared many of the properties with methicillin-resistant staphylococci accumulated from other sources except for the lack of lysozyme-like activity.", "contents": "Frequency and some properties of clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Of 420 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 3.1% were methicillin resistant. Most of the 13 isolates were from the flora of hospitalized patients. The organisms were also resistant to nafcillin and cephalothin. They shared many of the properties with methicillin-resistant staphylococci accumulated from other sources except for the lack of lysozyme-like activity.", "PMID": 1163488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_54", "title": "Respiratory colonization with Pseudomonas putrefaciens after near-drowning in salt water.", "content": "Pseudomonas putrefaciens, a marine organism infrequently found in human culture material, was repeatedly isolated from the sputum of a patient with pneumonia during a three-week period following a salt-water drowning accident. Similar organisms were found in the water at the site of the accident in Boston, and at ocean bathing beaches on nearby Martha's Vineyard.", "contents": "Respiratory colonization with Pseudomonas putrefaciens after near-drowning in salt water. Pseudomonas putrefaciens, a marine organism infrequently found in human culture material, was repeatedly isolated from the sputum of a patient with pneumonia during a three-week period following a salt-water drowning accident. Similar organisms were found in the water at the site of the accident in Boston, and at ocean bathing beaches on nearby Martha's Vineyard.", "PMID": 1163489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_55", "title": "Primary osteomyelitis due to an anaerobic microorganism.", "content": "Primary osteomyelitis in a teen-aged boy that mimicked Ewing's tumor radiologically showed small Gram-negative rods on the original smear. The organism isolated was an obligately anaerobic bacterium, finally identified as Clostridium sphenoides. This finding underlines the need for microbiologic analysis of orthopedic lesions.", "contents": "Primary osteomyelitis due to an anaerobic microorganism. Primary osteomyelitis in a teen-aged boy that mimicked Ewing's tumor radiologically showed small Gram-negative rods on the original smear. The organism isolated was an obligately anaerobic bacterium, finally identified as Clostridium sphenoides. This finding underlines the need for microbiologic analysis of orthopedic lesions.", "PMID": 1163490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_56", "title": "Comparative evaluation of desoxycholate citrate medium and xylose lysine desoxycholate medium in the isolation of shigellae.", "content": "Studies of the relative efficacies of different modes of transport of fecal specimens intended for culture for the isolation of Shigellae have been carried out. When the delay between collection and culture was long, transportation in liquid nitrogen was slightly but not significantly better than transportation on ice. When the delay was short (10 hours or less) transportation at ambient temperature was as satisfactory as that on ice. A comparative study of the efficacies of three media for the isolation of Shigellae was also carried out. A total of 75 stool specimens containing Shigellae was studied. Isolation rates were highest with xylose lysine desoxycholate medium (XLD) and desoxycholate citrate medium (DCA). XLD was superior to DCA in that the Shigella colonies were clearly visible after overnight incubation, whereas use of DCA necessitated 48 hours of incubation. Also, colonial morphology on XLD was more specific. It is recommended that both XLD and DCA be employed, but if only one medium is to be used, XLD is the medium of choice.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of desoxycholate citrate medium and xylose lysine desoxycholate medium in the isolation of shigellae. Studies of the relative efficacies of different modes of transport of fecal specimens intended for culture for the isolation of Shigellae have been carried out. When the delay between collection and culture was long, transportation in liquid nitrogen was slightly but not significantly better than transportation on ice. When the delay was short (10 hours or less) transportation at ambient temperature was as satisfactory as that on ice. A comparative study of the efficacies of three media for the isolation of Shigellae was also carried out. A total of 75 stool specimens containing Shigellae was studied. Isolation rates were highest with xylose lysine desoxycholate medium (XLD) and desoxycholate citrate medium (DCA). XLD was superior to DCA in that the Shigella colonies were clearly visible after overnight incubation, whereas use of DCA necessitated 48 hours of incubation. Also, colonial morphology on XLD was more specific. It is recommended that both XLD and DCA be employed, but if only one medium is to be used, XLD is the medium of choice.", "PMID": 1163491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_57", "title": "Hyposplenic, coagulopathic, cryptogenetic pneumococcemia.", "content": "An unusual case of sudden, fulminant pneumococcemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation occurred in a woman who had had incidental splenectomy 8 months previously, at the time of gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer. Similar cases in which there is constant relationship of splenectomy, pneumococcal sepsis, and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome have been documented. Other similarities which are notable are a tendency for the disease to occur in women, lack of a nidus of infection, and proliferation of diplococci to numbers great enough to be seen easily on the peripheral blood smear.", "contents": "Hyposplenic, coagulopathic, cryptogenetic pneumococcemia. An unusual case of sudden, fulminant pneumococcemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation occurred in a woman who had had incidental splenectomy 8 months previously, at the time of gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer. Similar cases in which there is constant relationship of splenectomy, pneumococcal sepsis, and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome have been documented. Other similarities which are notable are a tendency for the disease to occur in women, lack of a nidus of infection, and proliferation of diplococci to numbers great enough to be seen easily on the peripheral blood smear.", "PMID": 1163492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_58", "title": "A double heterozygous hemoglobin. Hemoglobin OIndonesia and hemoglobin DPunjab in an individual.", "content": "During surveys for abnormal hemoglobins in Iran, an individual was found to have four electrophoretically distinct hemoglobins. The abnormality was found only in the father of the propositus, in two of the father's sisters, and in three brothers and sisters of the propositus. Investigations revealed that the four hemoglobin components are the result of a double heterozygosity between an alpha-chain variant (Hb OIndonesia) and a beta-chain variant (Hb DPunjab). The presence of the abnormal hemoglobins was not associated with hemolytic disorders or obvious clinical symptoms.", "contents": "A double heterozygous hemoglobin. Hemoglobin OIndonesia and hemoglobin DPunjab in an individual. During surveys for abnormal hemoglobins in Iran, an individual was found to have four electrophoretically distinct hemoglobins. The abnormality was found only in the father of the propositus, in two of the father's sisters, and in three brothers and sisters of the propositus. Investigations revealed that the four hemoglobin components are the result of a double heterozygosity between an alpha-chain variant (Hb OIndonesia) and a beta-chain variant (Hb DPunjab). The presence of the abnormal hemoglobins was not associated with hemolytic disorders or obvious clinical symptoms.", "PMID": 1163493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_59", "title": "Consultee-centered consultation with a teacher as a technique in behavior management.", "content": "Client-centered consultation was effective in helping a teacher to decrease one child's disruptive classroom behavior, and consultee-centered consultation helped the teacher improve her control of the class as a whole. Initially, a client-centered reinforcement program effectively decreased the disruptive behavior of one target child. Later, attention to the teacher's feelings about being the authority figure in the classroom was used in an attempt to modify the behavior of the entire class. The data describing the behavior of a second child in the classroom suggested that this consultee-centered consultation was followed by less classroom disruption. In addition, anecdotal observations indicated that consultee-centered consultation was effective in modifying the behavior of both the teacher and the rest of the class.", "contents": "Consultee-centered consultation with a teacher as a technique in behavior management. Client-centered consultation was effective in helping a teacher to decrease one child's disruptive classroom behavior, and consultee-centered consultation helped the teacher improve her control of the class as a whole. Initially, a client-centered reinforcement program effectively decreased the disruptive behavior of one target child. Later, attention to the teacher's feelings about being the authority figure in the classroom was used in an attempt to modify the behavior of the entire class. The data describing the behavior of a second child in the classroom suggested that this consultee-centered consultation was followed by less classroom disruption. In addition, anecdotal observations indicated that consultee-centered consultation was effective in modifying the behavior of both the teacher and the rest of the class.", "PMID": 1163496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_60", "title": "The training of telephone crisis intervention volunteers.", "content": "Telephone crisis intervention services are growing at a very rapid rate. A review of the literature reveals that there are very few references to this new phenomenon and even fewer that deal with evaluating the effectiveness of telephone crisis training. Herein 7 articles are reviewed which deal with volunteer selection and training. These articles demonstrate that no consistent rationale for volunteer selection or training exists. Selection of volunteers typically consists of a gross screening to eliminate any obviously unsuitable persons, with training serving as a further sorting procedure where volunteers who are uncomfortable with the role of a crisis interventionist can be encouraged to drop out. The authors suggest that a training model be built around crisis intervention theory using principles of social learning as the methodology for training.", "contents": "The training of telephone crisis intervention volunteers. Telephone crisis intervention services are growing at a very rapid rate. A review of the literature reveals that there are very few references to this new phenomenon and even fewer that deal with evaluating the effectiveness of telephone crisis training. Herein 7 articles are reviewed which deal with volunteer selection and training. These articles demonstrate that no consistent rationale for volunteer selection or training exists. Selection of volunteers typically consists of a gross screening to eliminate any obviously unsuitable persons, with training serving as a further sorting procedure where volunteers who are uncomfortable with the role of a crisis interventionist can be encouraged to drop out. The authors suggest that a training model be built around crisis intervention theory using principles of social learning as the methodology for training.", "PMID": 1163497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_61", "title": "A conceptual overview of selected consultation models.", "content": "Because of their current popularity and utility 4 consultation models have been selected for analysis: consultee centered, group process, social action, and ecological (exemplified by Gerald Caplan, Ronald Lippitt, Saul Alinsky, and James Kelly, respectively). The process of consultation as outlined by these models is described along the following dimensions: definitions of consultation, self-perceptions of the consultant, target populations, motivation of the client system, entry, goals, diagnosis, techniques, termination, and evaluation. The discussion focuses on criteria for selecting an appropriate consultation model.", "contents": "A conceptual overview of selected consultation models. Because of their current popularity and utility 4 consultation models have been selected for analysis: consultee centered, group process, social action, and ecological (exemplified by Gerald Caplan, Ronald Lippitt, Saul Alinsky, and James Kelly, respectively). The process of consultation as outlined by these models is described along the following dimensions: definitions of consultation, self-perceptions of the consultant, target populations, motivation of the client system, entry, goals, diagnosis, techniques, termination, and evaluation. The discussion focuses on criteria for selecting an appropriate consultation model.", "PMID": 1163498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_62", "title": "Strens, traumas, and trauma resolution.", "content": "With both primary and early secondary prevention in mind, this investigation sought to answer several basic questions regarding the resolution of traumas and their conversion into strens - growth-potentiating experiences. College volunteers (N = 40) described in detail their significant positive and negative experiences. The results indicate that many people did experience a trauma that was converted into a stren, and the resolution appeared to be primarily a cognitive process, usually done by the subject himself, and it most frequently occurred between 2 weeks and 4 months after the precipitating event.", "contents": "Strens, traumas, and trauma resolution. With both primary and early secondary prevention in mind, this investigation sought to answer several basic questions regarding the resolution of traumas and their conversion into strens - growth-potentiating experiences. College volunteers (N = 40) described in detail their significant positive and negative experiences. The results indicate that many people did experience a trauma that was converted into a stren, and the resolution appeared to be primarily a cognitive process, usually done by the subject himself, and it most frequently occurred between 2 weeks and 4 months after the precipitating event.", "PMID": 1163499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_63", "title": "The Papago psychology service: a community mental health program on an American Indian reservation.", "content": "A community psychology service run by the Papago Indian tribe and staffed largely by Papago Indians who have been trained as mental health workers is described. This service is unique among mental health services for Indians in that the tribe has complete control of the funds for the service and sets its own policies. It was developed for a rather traditional Indian group, and the culture, the traditions, and the wishes of the Papago community were respected. Consultation with medicine men was built into the program from the start, and adaptation of mental health techniques to fit the culture is stressed. Before this clinic was established, few mental health resources were directly available to the reservation. Similar to other Indian tribes, the Papagos are economically disadvantaged, with an unemployment rate of over 50%, low educational attainment, and very high rates of alcoholism, suicide, and vehicular accidents. The topics covered are the tribe's view of health programs for its people, the present Papago community and traditional means of treatment, traditional psychotherapy adapted to Papago culture, the indigenous Papago mental health worker, and the non-Indian professional consultant.", "contents": "The Papago psychology service: a community mental health program on an American Indian reservation. A community psychology service run by the Papago Indian tribe and staffed largely by Papago Indians who have been trained as mental health workers is described. This service is unique among mental health services for Indians in that the tribe has complete control of the funds for the service and sets its own policies. It was developed for a rather traditional Indian group, and the culture, the traditions, and the wishes of the Papago community were respected. Consultation with medicine men was built into the program from the start, and adaptation of mental health techniques to fit the culture is stressed. Before this clinic was established, few mental health resources were directly available to the reservation. Similar to other Indian tribes, the Papagos are economically disadvantaged, with an unemployment rate of over 50%, low educational attainment, and very high rates of alcoholism, suicide, and vehicular accidents. The topics covered are the tribe's view of health programs for its people, the present Papago community and traditional means of treatment, traditional psychotherapy adapted to Papago culture, the indigenous Papago mental health worker, and the non-Indian professional consultant.", "PMID": 1163500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_64", "title": "Assessing nonprofessional mental health workers with the GAIT. An evaluation of peer ratings.", "content": "Coed groups of undergraduates took the Group Assessment of Interpersonal Traits (GAIT) twice with either a 3-week or a 9-week interval. Peer ratings of the nine GAIT scales were unrelated to sex. Test-retest correlations were significantly positive for the short-interim Ss (N = 41) but were generally low for the long-interim Ss (N = 29). Peer-rated GAIT Therapeutic Talent variables (Understand, Accepting-Warm, Open) were significantly correlated with the self-reported Comrey Personality Scale of Empathy, and GAIT Open was significantly correlated with Comrey Activity. GAIT Open, Accepting-Warm, and Best Counselor ratings were significantly correlated with total verbal responses (as counted from audiotapes of the GAIT interactions). The highly intercorrelated GAIT Therapeutic Talent variables may not be discriminated by peer raters. It is suggested that peer GAIT Therapeutic Talent ratings may be tapping an underlying global dimension, Help-Oriented Activity. Attention is called to the need for standardizing Gait ratings and for retaining the economy and ease of the GAIT.", "contents": "Assessing nonprofessional mental health workers with the GAIT. An evaluation of peer ratings. Coed groups of undergraduates took the Group Assessment of Interpersonal Traits (GAIT) twice with either a 3-week or a 9-week interval. Peer ratings of the nine GAIT scales were unrelated to sex. Test-retest correlations were significantly positive for the short-interim Ss (N = 41) but were generally low for the long-interim Ss (N = 29). Peer-rated GAIT Therapeutic Talent variables (Understand, Accepting-Warm, Open) were significantly correlated with the self-reported Comrey Personality Scale of Empathy, and GAIT Open was significantly correlated with Comrey Activity. GAIT Open, Accepting-Warm, and Best Counselor ratings were significantly correlated with total verbal responses (as counted from audiotapes of the GAIT interactions). The highly intercorrelated GAIT Therapeutic Talent variables may not be discriminated by peer raters. It is suggested that peer GAIT Therapeutic Talent ratings may be tapping an underlying global dimension, Help-Oriented Activity. Attention is called to the need for standardizing Gait ratings and for retaining the economy and ease of the GAIT.", "PMID": 1163501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_65", "title": "Electroencephalographic findings in children with phenylketonuria.", "content": "The electroencephalographic findings of 90 patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) who were observed in one clinic were critically reviewed. Seventy-three percent of patients with classical PKU that was diagnosed and treated early (group 1) were found to have normal EEGs, 23% had mild background abnormalities, and 4% had paroxysmal discharges. Only 31% of the patients in whom PKU was diagnosed after 6 months of age (group 2) had normal EEGs, while 24% had background abnormalities and 45% had paroxysmal discharges. Of the patients with atypical PKU (group 3), 62% had normal EEGs and 38% showed background abnormalities. No major changes in EEG patterns were noted with initiation or termination of the low phenylalanine diet. There was no correlation between the degree of dietary control, EEG findings, and intellectual performance in group 1.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic findings in children with phenylketonuria. The electroencephalographic findings of 90 patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) who were observed in one clinic were critically reviewed. Seventy-three percent of patients with classical PKU that was diagnosed and treated early (group 1) were found to have normal EEGs, 23% had mild background abnormalities, and 4% had paroxysmal discharges. Only 31% of the patients in whom PKU was diagnosed after 6 months of age (group 2) had normal EEGs, while 24% had background abnormalities and 45% had paroxysmal discharges. Of the patients with atypical PKU (group 3), 62% had normal EEGs and 38% showed background abnormalities. No major changes in EEG patterns were noted with initiation or termination of the low phenylalanine diet. There was no correlation between the degree of dietary control, EEG findings, and intellectual performance in group 1.", "PMID": 1163503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_66", "title": "Pubertal gynecomastia and transient elevation of serum estradiol level.", "content": "Serum levels of testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone were measured in 16 boys with pubertal gynecomastia. Six patients had elevated serum estradiol concentrations, and four of these six also had elevated progesterone levels. Serum estradiol/testosterone ratios were high for the stage of puberty in 11 of the 16 patients. In five patients who had two or more determinations, the steroid concentrations returned toward or into the normal range. Transient increases in serum estradiol concentration or an abnormally high estradiol/testosterone ratio may be causally related to the development of  gynecomastia in adolescent boys.", "contents": "Pubertal gynecomastia and transient elevation of serum estradiol level. Serum levels of testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone were measured in 16 boys with pubertal gynecomastia. Six patients had elevated serum estradiol concentrations, and four of these six also had elevated progesterone levels. Serum estradiol/testosterone ratios were high for the stage of puberty in 11 of the 16 patients. In five patients who had two or more determinations, the steroid concentrations returned toward or into the normal range. Transient increases in serum estradiol concentration or an abnormally high estradiol/testosterone ratio may be causally related to the development of  gynecomastia in adolescent boys.", "PMID": 1163504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_67", "title": "Increased circulating basophils in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A preliminary report.", "content": "Basophil counts were done in children with rheumatoid arthritis, using a special staining method. Basophils were increased in absolute number and in percentage in 11 of 16 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. This increase was particularly significant in children with active polyarticular arthritis.", "contents": "Increased circulating basophils in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A preliminary report. Basophil counts were done in children with rheumatoid arthritis, using a special staining method. Basophils were increased in absolute number and in percentage in 11 of 16 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. This increase was particularly significant in children with active polyarticular arthritis.", "PMID": 1163505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_68", "title": "Are 1974-1975 automotive belt systems hazardous to children?", "content": "The 1974 and early-1975 model automobiles are equipped with belt interlock systems that require front outboard seat occupants who weigh more than 21.5 kg (47.3 lb) to wear threepoint lap and diagonal upper-torso belts (or wear the lap belt and position upper-torso belt behind them), assuming that the interlock has not been circumvented. Recent legislation has eliminated the interlock requirement, but new models are still likely to be fitted with three-point restraints for the front outboard seating positions. These restraint systems were designed and tested for adult use. Thus, based on the different structure of a younger child and the fact that there is a wide variation of belt orientation, child size, and seating environments, there is legitimate concern that the upper diagonal belt might contribute to injury of the child under certain impact conditions.", "contents": "Are 1974-1975 automotive belt systems hazardous to children? The 1974 and early-1975 model automobiles are equipped with belt interlock systems that require front outboard seat occupants who weigh more than 21.5 kg (47.3 lb) to wear threepoint lap and diagonal upper-torso belts (or wear the lap belt and position upper-torso belt behind them), assuming that the interlock has not been circumvented. Recent legislation has eliminated the interlock requirement, but new models are still likely to be fitted with three-point restraints for the front outboard seating positions. These restraint systems were designed and tested for adult use. Thus, based on the different structure of a younger child and the fact that there is a wide variation of belt orientation, child size, and seating environments, there is legitimate concern that the upper diagonal belt might contribute to injury of the child under certain impact conditions.", "PMID": 1163506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_69", "title": "Born in a caul. Remarkable survival.", "content": "An infant born in a complete caul survived 25 minutes of extrauterine life inside the intract sac of membranes. Up to three years later, no ill effects from this unusual birth have been demonstrated.", "contents": "Born in a caul. Remarkable survival. An infant born in a complete caul survived 25 minutes of extrauterine life inside the intract sac of membranes. Up to three years later, no ill effects from this unusual birth have been demonstrated.", "PMID": 1163509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_70", "title": "Mediastinitis in a child caused by perforation of pharynx.", "content": "Mediastinitis in infants and children secondary to trauma is rarely reported as evidenced by a literature search. A case of mediastinitis occurred following perforation of the pharynx by a pencil. In neonates, traumatic perforation may mimic esophageal atresia. In older children with a history of trauma to the mouth or pharynx by a sharp object, the possibility of secondary mediastinitis exists.", "contents": "Mediastinitis in a child caused by perforation of pharynx. Mediastinitis in infants and children secondary to trauma is rarely reported as evidenced by a literature search. A case of mediastinitis occurred following perforation of the pharynx by a pencil. In neonates, traumatic perforation may mimic esophageal atresia. In older children with a history of trauma to the mouth or pharynx by a sharp object, the possibility of secondary mediastinitis exists.", "PMID": 1163510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_71", "title": "Vitamin D deficiency rickets. Two cases with faulty infant feeding practices.", "content": "Two cases of vitamin D deficiency rickets verify the occurrence of deficiency rickets in the United States in 1973. The two cases demonstrate the need for periodic reviews of feeding practices, especically when the possibility of so-called milk allergy is postulated. This may lead to avoidance of milk products. Fortification of various kinds of food with vitamin D does not ensure the protection from nutritional rickets of all children with peculiar feeding habits.", "contents": "Vitamin D deficiency rickets. Two cases with faulty infant feeding practices. Two cases of vitamin D deficiency rickets verify the occurrence of deficiency rickets in the United States in 1973. The two cases demonstrate the need for periodic reviews of feeding practices, especically when the possibility of so-called milk allergy is postulated. This may lead to avoidance of milk products. Fortification of various kinds of food with vitamin D does not ensure the protection from nutritional rickets of all children with peculiar feeding habits.", "PMID": 1163511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_72", "title": "Complete spondylolisthesis in an infant. Treatment with decompression and fusion.", "content": "A grade 4 spondylolisthesis at the level of L-4 and L-5 was detected in a 3-year-old girl who had a spastic gait and focal sensory deficit. There was no history or objective evidence of substantial spinal trauma. A deformity over the lower part of the spine had been noted at 1 year of age and the radiological lesion was more extensive than that found in classical spondylolysis. Consquently, a diagnosis of congenital spondylolisthesis is most acceptable. Treatment via combined posterior and posterolateral fusion following anterior decompression has yielded gratifying results.", "contents": "Complete spondylolisthesis in an infant. Treatment with decompression and fusion. A grade 4 spondylolisthesis at the level of L-4 and L-5 was detected in a 3-year-old girl who had a spastic gait and focal sensory deficit. There was no history or objective evidence of substantial spinal trauma. A deformity over the lower part of the spine had been noted at 1 year of age and the radiological lesion was more extensive than that found in classical spondylolysis. Consquently, a diagnosis of congenital spondylolisthesis is most acceptable. Treatment via combined posterior and posterolateral fusion following anterior decompression has yielded gratifying results.", "PMID": 1163512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_73", "title": "An unusual case of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome in an infant.", "content": "An 11-month-old girl had an unusual history of colocolonic intussusception associated with polyps that prolapsed through the rectum. Several months thereafter, characteristic brownish-black pigment spots of the lips were noted. The histologic appearance of the polyps was consistent with that of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. To our knowledge, this is the youngest reported case of symptomatic Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.", "contents": "An unusual case of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome in an infant. An 11-month-old girl had an unusual history of colocolonic intussusception associated with polyps that prolapsed through the rectum. Several months thereafter, characteristic brownish-black pigment spots of the lips were noted. The histologic appearance of the polyps was consistent with that of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. To our knowledge, this is the youngest reported case of symptomatic Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.", "PMID": 1163513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_74", "title": "Pneumococcal endocarditis in a 7-week-old infant. A case complicated by congenital heart malformation with mitral valve perforation.", "content": "A 7-week-old girl had pneumococcal endocarditis and perforation of the mitral valve. Pneumococcal endocarditis in children under 2 years of age is extremely rare, and is a prototype for endocarditis in general in infants less than 2 years of age. To our knowledge, this is the youngest reported patients with pneumococcal endocarditis in the penicillin era.", "contents": "Pneumococcal endocarditis in a 7-week-old infant. A case complicated by congenital heart malformation with mitral valve perforation. A 7-week-old girl had pneumococcal endocarditis and perforation of the mitral valve. Pneumococcal endocarditis in children under 2 years of age is extremely rare, and is a prototype for endocarditis in general in infants less than 2 years of age. To our knowledge, this is the youngest reported patients with pneumococcal endocarditis in the penicillin era.", "PMID": 1163514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_75", "title": "Familial pseudomembranous colitis and its relation to lincomycin therapy.", "content": "Severe pseudomembranous colitis was observed in 3 members of a single family: the father and 2 of his children. 2 of the affected family members received the antibiotic lincomycin prior to the onset of their symptoms. The findings in this family raise the possibility that antibiotic-induced pseudomembranous colitis in some patients may be the result of a pharmacogenetic interaction.", "contents": "Familial pseudomembranous colitis and its relation to lincomycin therapy. Severe pseudomembranous colitis was observed in 3 members of a single family: the father and 2 of his children. 2 of the affected family members received the antibiotic lincomycin prior to the onset of their symptoms. The findings in this family raise the possibility that antibiotic-induced pseudomembranous colitis in some patients may be the result of a pharmacogenetic interaction.", "PMID": 1163517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_76", "title": "Experimental chronic gastric ulcer due to ischemia in rats.", "content": "Ligation of the left gastric and right gastroepiploic arteries and veins resulted in chronic gastric ulcer formation in the rat. Linear mucosal corpus hemorrhages appeared within 8 hr of ligation. By 2 days large corpus hemorrhagic erosions were present. A single, large ulcer involving nearly the entire corpus was present at 3-5 days. In the ulcerated area the mucosa and muscularis mucosae were destroyed, thick granulation tissue filled the submucosa and the muscularis propria was severely damaged. Progressive healing occurred thereafter and 75% of the ulcers healed completely grossly in 2-8 weeks. Histologic studies showed that healing and mucosal regeneration occurred by the outgrowth of a layer of cells from the adjacent intact epithelium extending over the surface of the ulcer. Invaginations from this covering layer of cells formed a glandular mucosa composed of mucous cells. Later parietal and chief cells appeared, and eventually (6 months) a normal corpus-type mucosa covered the entire corpus. With time smooth-muscle fibers appeared in the outer half of the dense submucosal granulation tissue and eventually a normal muscularis mucosae, submucosa, and muscularis propria were present (6-12 months). These studies show that: (1) ischemia can give rise to chronic gastric ulcer, and (2) all elements of the gastric wall, including the mucosa, the muscularis mucosae, and the muscularis propria can fully regenerate.", "contents": "Experimental chronic gastric ulcer due to ischemia in rats. Ligation of the left gastric and right gastroepiploic arteries and veins resulted in chronic gastric ulcer formation in the rat. Linear mucosal corpus hemorrhages appeared within 8 hr of ligation. By 2 days large corpus hemorrhagic erosions were present. A single, large ulcer involving nearly the entire corpus was present at 3-5 days. In the ulcerated area the mucosa and muscularis mucosae were destroyed, thick granulation tissue filled the submucosa and the muscularis propria was severely damaged. Progressive healing occurred thereafter and 75% of the ulcers healed completely grossly in 2-8 weeks. Histologic studies showed that healing and mucosal regeneration occurred by the outgrowth of a layer of cells from the adjacent intact epithelium extending over the surface of the ulcer. Invaginations from this covering layer of cells formed a glandular mucosa composed of mucous cells. Later parietal and chief cells appeared, and eventually (6 months) a normal corpus-type mucosa covered the entire corpus. With time smooth-muscle fibers appeared in the outer half of the dense submucosal granulation tissue and eventually a normal muscularis mucosae, submucosa, and muscularis propria were present (6-12 months). These studies show that: (1) ischemia can give rise to chronic gastric ulcer, and (2) all elements of the gastric wall, including the mucosa, the muscularis mucosae, and the muscularis propria can fully regenerate.", "PMID": 1163518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_77", "title": "Achalasia of the esophagus. A reappraisal of esophagomyotomy vs forceful pneumatic dilation.", "content": "56 patients with achalasia of the esophagus were reviewed in a retrospective study to compare the results of a forceful pneumatic dilation with those of a Heller esophagomyotomy. 22 of 33 patients treated with forceful dilation (67%), showed relief of dysphagia and reduction in the average esophageal diameter by barium swallow during the follow-up period (mean = 6.5 years). In 2 patients (6%), forceful dilation was complicated by esophageal perforation, promptly diagnosed, and successfully treated at surgery in both patients. 21 out of 23 patients who underwent esophagomyotomy (91%) showed permanent relief of symptoms and improvement by endoscopic and radiographic criteria. There were no significant postoperative complications during the follow-up period ranging between 1.5 and 10.0 years. The results of this study indicate that esophagomyotomy constitutes a more effective therapeutic modality than forceful dilation (P less than 0.05). Although esophageal dilation has a place in the treatment of early achalasia, esophagomyotomy appears to be a safer and a more successful form of treatment, of particular value in advanced esophageal disease and in those instances where pneumatic dilation fails to result in immediate clinical improvement.", "contents": "Achalasia of the esophagus. A reappraisal of esophagomyotomy vs forceful pneumatic dilation. 56 patients with achalasia of the esophagus were reviewed in a retrospective study to compare the results of a forceful pneumatic dilation with those of a Heller esophagomyotomy. 22 of 33 patients treated with forceful dilation (67%), showed relief of dysphagia and reduction in the average esophageal diameter by barium swallow during the follow-up period (mean = 6.5 years). In 2 patients (6%), forceful dilation was complicated by esophageal perforation, promptly diagnosed, and successfully treated at surgery in both patients. 21 out of 23 patients who underwent esophagomyotomy (91%) showed permanent relief of symptoms and improvement by endoscopic and radiographic criteria. There were no significant postoperative complications during the follow-up period ranging between 1.5 and 10.0 years. The results of this study indicate that esophagomyotomy constitutes a more effective therapeutic modality than forceful dilation (P less than 0.05). Although esophageal dilation has a place in the treatment of early achalasia, esophagomyotomy appears to be a safer and a more successful form of treatment, of particular value in advanced esophageal disease and in those instances where pneumatic dilation fails to result in immediate clinical improvement.", "PMID": 1163519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_78", "title": "Inhibitory action of antidiuretic hormone on canine pancreatic exocrine flow.", "content": "A direct relationship was observed between the percentage inhibition of secretin-stimulated pancreatic exocrine flow and the dose of antidiuretic hormone administered with the minimal effective concentration being 0.75 m units/kg or 0.012 m units/ml. An alteration in the molecular configuration of the antidiuretic hormone modified its ability to inhibit secretin-stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion.", "contents": "Inhibitory action of antidiuretic hormone on canine pancreatic exocrine flow. A direct relationship was observed between the percentage inhibition of secretin-stimulated pancreatic exocrine flow and the dose of antidiuretic hormone administered with the minimal effective concentration being 0.75 m units/kg or 0.012 m units/ml. An alteration in the molecular configuration of the antidiuretic hormone modified its ability to inhibit secretin-stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion.", "PMID": 1163520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_79", "title": "The effect of fasting on the rate of intestinal drug absorption in rats: preliminary studies.", "content": "The absorption rates of two model drugs, salicylate and antipyrine, from the small intestines of rats deprived of food for various periods of time were compared with rats fed ad libitum. Fasting reduced the absorption rate constants for both drugs with the salicylate rates being depressed more severely than the rates for antipyrine. Intestinal mass studies showed that the weight/length ratio of the rat intestine is progressively decreased as fasting is prolonged up to 96 hr. The intestinal weight loss was much more pronounced than the total body weight loss. The loss in intestinal weight and the observed decrease in drug absorption rate are believed to be related to the inhibition of intestinal cell proliferation due to fasting, resulting in a decreased absorptive surface and reduced mucosal cell viability.", "contents": "The effect of fasting on the rate of intestinal drug absorption in rats: preliminary studies. The absorption rates of two model drugs, salicylate and antipyrine, from the small intestines of rats deprived of food for various periods of time were compared with rats fed ad libitum. Fasting reduced the absorption rate constants for both drugs with the salicylate rates being depressed more severely than the rates for antipyrine. Intestinal mass studies showed that the weight/length ratio of the rat intestine is progressively decreased as fasting is prolonged up to 96 hr. The intestinal weight loss was much more pronounced than the total body weight loss. The loss in intestinal weight and the observed decrease in drug absorption rate are believed to be related to the inhibition of intestinal cell proliferation due to fasting, resulting in a decreased absorptive surface and reduced mucosal cell viability.", "PMID": 1163521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_80", "title": "Surfactants and bioelectric properties of rat jejunum.", "content": "The effects of surfactants on bioelectric properties of rat jejunum were determined. Tween 80 (nonionic) and sodium dodecylsulfate (anionic) increased transmural potential differences 20-34% over values in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer. Short-circuit currents increased 66-112% and net tissue resistance decreased 19-30%. The cationic surfactant cetrimide decreased transmural potential 23%; short-circuit current decreased 32%, and resistance increased 22%. When sulfate replaced chloride in buffer, surfactant effects were minimized or reversed suggesting a role of Cl- flux in the bioelectric effects. Cationic surfactant effects on current and resistance were in the same direction as, but of greater and lesser magnitude, respectively, than alterations observed with bile salts. The current increase was of greater magnitude and resistance decrease less marked. Surfactant molecules may interact specifically with membranes in a more complex manner than simple \"detergency\".", "contents": "Surfactants and bioelectric properties of rat jejunum. The effects of surfactants on bioelectric properties of rat jejunum were determined. Tween 80 (nonionic) and sodium dodecylsulfate (anionic) increased transmural potential differences 20-34% over values in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer. Short-circuit currents increased 66-112% and net tissue resistance decreased 19-30%. The cationic surfactant cetrimide decreased transmural potential 23%; short-circuit current decreased 32%, and resistance increased 22%. When sulfate replaced chloride in buffer, surfactant effects were minimized or reversed suggesting a role of Cl- flux in the bioelectric effects. Cationic surfactant effects on current and resistance were in the same direction as, but of greater and lesser magnitude, respectively, than alterations observed with bile salts. The current increase was of greater magnitude and resistance decrease less marked. Surfactant molecules may interact specifically with membranes in a more complex manner than simple \"detergency\".", "PMID": 1163522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_81", "title": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the duodenum with sinus tract formation into the gastric wall, visualized by gastroduodenoscopy.", "content": "Fiberoptic instruments have improved the accuracy of diagnosis of lesions of the upper digestive tract, particularly since the capability to perform biopsy under direct vision has been developed. Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the upper gastrointestinal tract is an extremely rare entity. A literature search has revealed only 10 instances of rhabdomyosarcoma involving the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum (1-5). In this report, we describe the use of fiberoptic diagnosis and gastroduodenoscopic biopsy in a patient with rhabdomyosarcoma of the stomach and duodenum.", "contents": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the duodenum with sinus tract formation into the gastric wall, visualized by gastroduodenoscopy. Fiberoptic instruments have improved the accuracy of diagnosis of lesions of the upper digestive tract, particularly since the capability to perform biopsy under direct vision has been developed. Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the upper gastrointestinal tract is an extremely rare entity. A literature search has revealed only 10 instances of rhabdomyosarcoma involving the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum (1-5). In this report, we describe the use of fiberoptic diagnosis and gastroduodenoscopic biopsy in a patient with rhabdomyosarcoma of the stomach and duodenum.", "PMID": 1163523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_82", "title": "Thrombosis with low-estrogen oral contraceptives.", "content": "A retrospective study of the relationship of oral contraception to thrombosis was made in 104 idiopathic cases, 357 other thrombotic cases (exclusive of cerebrovascular thrombosis), and 1302 matched controls. The relative risk for idiopathic case users was 7.2 times that for non-users; for the whole series it was 1.9. The apparent low risk for non-idiopathic cases is considered to be due to selective prescription of this method of contraception. The risk for women using formulations containing 100 mug or more of estrogen was higher than that for users of lower doses. Among the controls, the risk of gallbladder surgery was twice as high for users as non-users. Several theoretical sources of bias were searched for and shown not to be present. Histories of oral contraceptive use were found to be accurate. A definite risk of thrombosis exists even with the low-estrogen dosage currently employed in oral contraceptive steroids.", "contents": "Thrombosis with low-estrogen oral contraceptives. A retrospective study of the relationship of oral contraception to thrombosis was made in 104 idiopathic cases, 357 other thrombotic cases (exclusive of cerebrovascular thrombosis), and 1302 matched controls. The relative risk for idiopathic case users was 7.2 times that for non-users; for the whole series it was 1.9. The apparent low risk for non-idiopathic cases is considered to be due to selective prescription of this method of contraception. The risk for women using formulations containing 100 mug or more of estrogen was higher than that for users of lower doses. Among the controls, the risk of gallbladder surgery was twice as high for users as non-users. Several theoretical sources of bias were searched for and shown not to be present. Histories of oral contraceptive use were found to be accurate. A definite risk of thrombosis exists even with the low-estrogen dosage currently employed in oral contraceptive steroids.", "PMID": 1163525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_83", "title": "Characteristics of menopausal women: a survey of King and Pierce counties in Washington, 1973-2974.", "content": "Age-specific menopause rates, frequency and duration of menopausal estrogen use, and characteristics of users and non-users of menopausal estrogen therapy are presented for the population of King and Pierce counties in the state of Washington from 1973-1974 survey data. Age-specific menopause rates do not differ substantially from rates derived from data from the 1960-1962 US Health Examination Survey, although women over 50 years of age were more likely to report operative menopause in the present study than in the Health Examination Survey. The estimated frequency of menopausal estrogen use of over 3 months' duration in the population was 51%; this is in contrast to an estimated 26% rate of severe menopausal symptoms. Median use of menopausal estrogen therapy was over 10 years. Estrogen users were younger than non-users and reported more formal education. More users had had difficulty with severe menopausal symptoms and more had had a hysterectomy.", "contents": "Characteristics of menopausal women: a survey of King and Pierce counties in Washington, 1973-2974. Age-specific menopause rates, frequency and duration of menopausal estrogen use, and characteristics of users and non-users of menopausal estrogen therapy are presented for the population of King and Pierce counties in the state of Washington from 1973-1974 survey data. Age-specific menopause rates do not differ substantially from rates derived from data from the 1960-1962 US Health Examination Survey, although women over 50 years of age were more likely to report operative menopause in the present study than in the Health Examination Survey. The estimated frequency of menopausal estrogen use of over 3 months' duration in the population was 51%; this is in contrast to an estimated 26% rate of severe menopausal symptoms. Median use of menopausal estrogen therapy was over 10 years. Estrogen users were younger than non-users and reported more formal education. More users had had difficulty with severe menopausal symptoms and more had had a hysterectomy.", "PMID": 1163526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_84", "title": "Late sequelae of induced abortion: complications and outcome of pregnancy and labor.", "content": "The effects of previous induced abortion on pregnancy, labor and outcome of pregnancy were measured in a prospective study of 11,057 pregnancies to West Jerusalem mothers who were interviewed during pregnancy and who subsequently delivered a single live or stillborn infant. The 752 mothers who reported one or more induced abortions in the past were more likely, at the same interview, to report bleeding in each of the first 3 months of the present pregnancy. They were subsequently less likely to have a normal delivery and more of them needed a manual removal of the placenta or other intervention in the third stage of labor. In births following induced abortions, the relative risk of early neonatal death was doubled, while late neonatal deaths showed a 3- to 4-fold increase. There was a significant increase in the frequency of low birthweight, compared to births in which there was no history of previous abortion. There were increases in major and minor congenital malformations, but no significant changes in stillbirth or post-neonatal death rates, nor in mean birthweight or sex ratio. When the effects of other variables were taken into account, there were no significant changes in frequency following an induced abortion as to: ABO and rhesus isoimmunization, toxemia, hydramnios, premature rupture of membranes, induction of labor, breech or vacuum delivery, cesarean section, breech presentation, placenta previa, placental abruption, cord prolapse, cord anomalies, fetal distress or asphyxia, post-partum hemorrhage.", "contents": "Late sequelae of induced abortion: complications and outcome of pregnancy and labor. The effects of previous induced abortion on pregnancy, labor and outcome of pregnancy were measured in a prospective study of 11,057 pregnancies to West Jerusalem mothers who were interviewed during pregnancy and who subsequently delivered a single live or stillborn infant. The 752 mothers who reported one or more induced abortions in the past were more likely, at the same interview, to report bleeding in each of the first 3 months of the present pregnancy. They were subsequently less likely to have a normal delivery and more of them needed a manual removal of the placenta or other intervention in the third stage of labor. In births following induced abortions, the relative risk of early neonatal death was doubled, while late neonatal deaths showed a 3- to 4-fold increase. There was a significant increase in the frequency of low birthweight, compared to births in which there was no history of previous abortion. There were increases in major and minor congenital malformations, but no significant changes in stillbirth or post-neonatal death rates, nor in mean birthweight or sex ratio. When the effects of other variables were taken into account, there were no significant changes in frequency following an induced abortion as to: ABO and rhesus isoimmunization, toxemia, hydramnios, premature rupture of membranes, induction of labor, breech or vacuum delivery, cesarean section, breech presentation, placenta previa, placental abruption, cord prolapse, cord anomalies, fetal distress or asphyxia, post-partum hemorrhage.", "PMID": 1163527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_85", "title": "Influenza surveillance in the United States 1972-1974.", "content": "Individual cases of influenza are not reported nationally to the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Other methods of surveillance, therefore, must be used to estimate the extent and impact of influenza in the country. In the past, CDC has performed telephone surveys during the respiratory season and tabulated mortality due to pneumonia and influenza from 121 cities. The telephone data vary considerably from state to state and are only a general assessment of influenza activity. Tabulation of influenza-pneumonia deaths reflects more accurately the extent and impact of influenza but suffers from a 3-4 week-lag behind the actual clinical events. To improve influenza surveillance over the past 2 years, CDC obtained weekly numbers of emergency room visits to large community hospitals, school and industrial absenteeism, numbers of specimens submitted and numbers positive for influenza isolation from laboratories throughout the United States. Surveillance was most effective in large urban areas of the US where community hospital emergency rooms function as private physicians. Where people are more likely to consult a private physician than utilize a hospital emergency room, the correlation between private physician visits and influenza was good. Furthermore, school and industrial absenteeism are not very sensitive indicators of influenza-A activity; however, school absenteeism was a good index of influenza-B activity.", "contents": "Influenza surveillance in the United States 1972-1974. Individual cases of influenza are not reported nationally to the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Other methods of surveillance, therefore, must be used to estimate the extent and impact of influenza in the country. In the past, CDC has performed telephone surveys during the respiratory season and tabulated mortality due to pneumonia and influenza from 121 cities. The telephone data vary considerably from state to state and are only a general assessment of influenza activity. Tabulation of influenza-pneumonia deaths reflects more accurately the extent and impact of influenza but suffers from a 3-4 week-lag behind the actual clinical events. To improve influenza surveillance over the past 2 years, CDC obtained weekly numbers of emergency room visits to large community hospitals, school and industrial absenteeism, numbers of specimens submitted and numbers positive for influenza isolation from laboratories throughout the United States. Surveillance was most effective in large urban areas of the US where community hospital emergency rooms function as private physicians. Where people are more likely to consult a private physician than utilize a hospital emergency room, the correlation between private physician visits and influenza was good. Furthermore, school and industrial absenteeism are not very sensitive indicators of influenza-A activity; however, school absenteeism was a good index of influenza-B activity.", "PMID": 1163528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_86", "title": "Laboratory studies of a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus outbreak in man and laboratory animals.", "content": "Investigation of an outbreak of prolonged febrile illness in medical center personnel at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry revealed lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus to be the causative agent. Syrian or golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were found to be the only animals involved in maintaining the virus and were the source of human infections. Isolations of LCM virus were made from autopsy specimens of 13 of 46 (28%) golden hamsters. Virus isolations were made from 22 of 28 (79%) frozen specimens of 11 tumor lines transplanted repeatedly in golden hamster cheek pouches. No virus isolations were made from 86 autopsied laboratory mice, laboratory rats, Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus), or laboratory rabbits or from 10 tumor cell lines transplanted in laboratory mice. Complement-fixation testing of 301 animal sera from the vivarium also revealed involvement primarily of golden hamsters. The probable source of virus introduction into the Rochester facilities was found to be two LCM-contaminated tumor lines sent from a biological supplier to Rochester in 1969.", "contents": "Laboratory studies of a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus outbreak in man and laboratory animals. Investigation of an outbreak of prolonged febrile illness in medical center personnel at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry revealed lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus to be the causative agent. Syrian or golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were found to be the only animals involved in maintaining the virus and were the source of human infections. Isolations of LCM virus were made from autopsy specimens of 13 of 46 (28%) golden hamsters. Virus isolations were made from 22 of 28 (79%) frozen specimens of 11 tumor lines transplanted repeatedly in golden hamster cheek pouches. No virus isolations were made from 86 autopsied laboratory mice, laboratory rats, Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus), or laboratory rabbits or from 10 tumor cell lines transplanted in laboratory mice. Complement-fixation testing of 301 animal sera from the vivarium also revealed involvement primarily of golden hamsters. The probable source of virus introduction into the Rochester facilities was found to be two LCM-contaminated tumor lines sent from a biological supplier to Rochester in 1969.", "PMID": 1163529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_87", "title": "Epidemic acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis at the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital.", "content": "During the period from September 8 to October 2, 1970, 44 of the 120 children and 78 of 141 adults questioned at the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital experienced gastroenteritis characterized by nausea, vomiting, and fever and/or chills. Diarrhea was rare in children (4.5%) and common in adults (74%). The median duration of illness for children, 18 hours, was significantly shorter than the 48 hours for adults. All viral and bacterial cultures of 30 stool specimens were negative for viruses and bacterial pathogens. A retrospective survey of 28 ill employees revealed a secondary attach rate of 46% of 76 family contacts. A bacteria-free filtrate prepared from stool swab specimens of 2 ill adults by a team at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases was administered orally to 3 adult volunteers. One of the 3 vomited and had 4 watery diarrheal stools on the third post-inoculation day. Diarrheal stool filtrates from this person were then given orally to 8 others; 1 became ill. Although the epidemiologic features point to the respiratory route of infection, the probably successful serial transmission of disease via bacteria-free stool filtrates through 2 generations of volunteers also suggests that the \"Denver agent\" is a virus-sized particle that replicates in the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Epidemic acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis at the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital. During the period from September 8 to October 2, 1970, 44 of the 120 children and 78 of 141 adults questioned at the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital experienced gastroenteritis characterized by nausea, vomiting, and fever and/or chills. Diarrhea was rare in children (4.5%) and common in adults (74%). The median duration of illness for children, 18 hours, was significantly shorter than the 48 hours for adults. All viral and bacterial cultures of 30 stool specimens were negative for viruses and bacterial pathogens. A retrospective survey of 28 ill employees revealed a secondary attach rate of 46% of 76 family contacts. A bacteria-free filtrate prepared from stool swab specimens of 2 ill adults by a team at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases was administered orally to 3 adult volunteers. One of the 3 vomited and had 4 watery diarrheal stools on the third post-inoculation day. Diarrheal stool filtrates from this person were then given orally to 8 others; 1 became ill. Although the epidemiologic features point to the respiratory route of infection, the probably successful serial transmission of disease via bacteria-free stool filtrates through 2 generations of volunteers also suggests that the \"Denver agent\" is a virus-sized particle that replicates in the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 1163530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_88", "title": "Inheritance of very low serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity.", "content": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylas (DBH) activity was measured in blood samples obtained from 841 children ages 6-12, 277 adults subjects, and 114 relatives of children with serum DBH activity of less than 50 units. Approximately 4% of the children and 3% of the adult subjects tested had very low sweum DBH activity (50 units or less). Because these subjects appeared to make up a separate subgroup within the population and because of a striking familial aggregation of subjects with very low enzyme activity, serum DBH activity was measured in blood obtained from members of 22 families of probands with very low serum enzyme activity. The results of sibship and pedigree analyses of the data were compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance of very low serum DBH activity. Unaffected parents of probands had serum DBH activity intermediate between that found in affected individuals and in control population. No significant correlation of serum DBH activity with either systolic or diastolic blood pressure was found in this randomly selected population of children.", "contents": "Inheritance of very low serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity. Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylas (DBH) activity was measured in blood samples obtained from 841 children ages 6-12, 277 adults subjects, and 114 relatives of children with serum DBH activity of less than 50 units. Approximately 4% of the children and 3% of the adult subjects tested had very low sweum DBH activity (50 units or less). Because these subjects appeared to make up a separate subgroup within the population and because of a striking familial aggregation of subjects with very low enzyme activity, serum DBH activity was measured in blood obtained from members of 22 families of probands with very low serum enzyme activity. The results of sibship and pedigree analyses of the data were compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance of very low serum DBH activity. Unaffected parents of probands had serum DBH activity intermediate between that found in affected individuals and in control population. No significant correlation of serum DBH activity with either systolic or diastolic blood pressure was found in this randomly selected population of children.", "PMID": 1163533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_89", "title": "Localization of spherocytosis to chromosome 8 or 12 and report of a family with spherocytosis and a reciprocal translocation.", "content": "Significant linkage was found between spherocytosis and a translocation involving the short arms of chromosomes 8 and 12. The gene for spherocytosis, therefore, is likely either very close to the centromere of chromosome 8 or on 12p. The unusually high frequency of spontaneous abortion in this family was probably due to this translocation and was unrelated to the spherocytosis.", "contents": "Localization of spherocytosis to chromosome 8 or 12 and report of a family with spherocytosis and a reciprocal translocation. Significant linkage was found between spherocytosis and a translocation involving the short arms of chromosomes 8 and 12. The gene for spherocytosis, therefore, is likely either very close to the centromere of chromosome 8 or on 12p. The unusually high frequency of spontaneous abortion in this family was probably due to this translocation and was unrelated to the spherocytosis.", "PMID": 1163534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_90", "title": "X-linked recessive inheritance of sensorineural hearing loss expressed during adolescence.", "content": "Eight males in 4 generations with hearing impairment were observed in a kindred; family transmission suggested X-linked recessive inheritance. In previously reported cases of X-linked sensorineural hearing loss, hearing impairment was usually severe to profound and was either present at birth or manifested by 5 years of age. In the present cases, rapid onset of a bilateral sensorineural hearing loss occurred during adolescence and did not generally progress beyond moderate impairment. Significant deterioration in seech production did not usually result.", "contents": "X-linked recessive inheritance of sensorineural hearing loss expressed during adolescence. Eight males in 4 generations with hearing impairment were observed in a kindred; family transmission suggested X-linked recessive inheritance. In previously reported cases of X-linked sensorineural hearing loss, hearing impairment was usually severe to profound and was either present at birth or manifested by 5 years of age. In the present cases, rapid onset of a bilateral sensorineural hearing loss occurred during adolescence and did not generally progress beyond moderate impairment. Significant deterioration in seech production did not usually result.", "PMID": 1163535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_91", "title": "Effects of various medical and social pracitices on the frequency of genetic disorders.", "content": "The effects of a number of new medical and social practices on the incidence of genetic diseases and gene frequency have been studied. The results deal with short-term effects, since these are of most practical importance, and with the combined effects of several factors acting together. The size of any effects depends on the feasibility of the different practices and on the extent to which they are adopted by the population. Most of the practices reduce the incidence of the diseases in the next generation, but some may be dysgenic. For example, improved treatment of affected individuals in dominant and X-linked diseases could lead to improved reproductive fitness, higher gene frequencies, and to an increased incidence in future generations. However, such deleterious effects may be avoided by genetic counseling or offset by other preventive practices. In recessive disorders, a small reduction in the average fitness of carfiers detected by population screening would outweigh any deleterious effects of other practices. In general there seems to be little cause for alarm about the deleteious effects of the new medical and social practices being adopted.", "contents": "Effects of various medical and social pracitices on the frequency of genetic disorders. The effects of a number of new medical and social practices on the incidence of genetic diseases and gene frequency have been studied. The results deal with short-term effects, since these are of most practical importance, and with the combined effects of several factors acting together. The size of any effects depends on the feasibility of the different practices and on the extent to which they are adopted by the population. Most of the practices reduce the incidence of the diseases in the next generation, but some may be dysgenic. For example, improved treatment of affected individuals in dominant and X-linked diseases could lead to improved reproductive fitness, higher gene frequencies, and to an increased incidence in future generations. However, such deleterious effects may be avoided by genetic counseling or offset by other preventive practices. In recessive disorders, a small reduction in the average fitness of carfiers detected by population screening would outweigh any deleterious effects of other practices. In general there seems to be little cause for alarm about the deleteious effects of the new medical and social practices being adopted.", "PMID": 1163536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_92", "title": "Polymorphism of human alpha fucosidase.", "content": "A common polymorphism of human alpha fucosidase has been detected by the technique of isoelectric focusing on thin layer acrylamide gel. Family studies have shown that the three common phenotypes Fu 1, Fu 2, and Fu 2-1 represent homozygosity or heterozygosity for two autosomal codominat alleles, Fu1 and Fu2. Frequencies of the Fu1 and Fu2 alleles in the New York populations studied were .753 and .247 among whites and .926 and .074 among blacks, respectively.", "contents": "Polymorphism of human alpha fucosidase. A common polymorphism of human alpha fucosidase has been detected by the technique of isoelectric focusing on thin layer acrylamide gel. Family studies have shown that the three common phenotypes Fu 1, Fu 2, and Fu 2-1 represent homozygosity or heterozygosity for two autosomal codominat alleles, Fu1 and Fu2. Frequencies of the Fu1 and Fu2 alleles in the New York populations studied were .753 and .247 among whites and .926 and .074 among blacks, respectively.", "PMID": 1163537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_93", "title": "Recessive inheritance of the adult type of intestinal lactase deficiency.", "content": "In order to investigate the genetic control of the adult type of intestinal lactase deficiency, 61 families with 177 children over 6 years of age were investigated. The results strongly suggest that this deficiency is inherited as a simple Mendelian recessive trait.", "contents": "Recessive inheritance of the adult type of intestinal lactase deficiency. In order to investigate the genetic control of the adult type of intestinal lactase deficiency, 61 families with 177 children over 6 years of age were investigated. The results strongly suggest that this deficiency is inherited as a simple Mendelian recessive trait.", "PMID": 1163538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_94", "title": "Genetics of acheiropodia (the handless and footless families of Brazil). VII. Population dynamics.", "content": "Since carriers of the acheiropodia gene cannot be distinguished from noncarriers, parents and normal sibs of affected individuals have been used to estimate the fitness of heterozygotes. No significant difference in biologic fitness (viability and fertility) between normal sibs and the general population could be detected. A comparison between acheiropods and their normal sibs showed the following: (1) a nonsignificant difference in stillbirth rate; (2) a higher mortality rate of acheiropods in the first 5 years of life; (3) a relative viability not larger than .7; (4) a relative fertility no greater than .14, due to \"cosmetic effects\"; and (5) a fitness of .10 or lower. The total number of acheiropodia genes in Brazil has been calculated as 25,000 in the 1970s. The data are compatible with an extremely low mutation rate and a very stable locus. It is suggested that all Brazilian acheiropods can be traced to a single mutation. A conservative estimate of the number of acheiropods to appear in the future in Brazil is 14,000 with an extinction time of no less than 2,300 generations or almost 70,000 years. A variety of other parameters have been calculated.", "contents": "Genetics of acheiropodia (the handless and footless families of Brazil). VII. Population dynamics. Since carriers of the acheiropodia gene cannot be distinguished from noncarriers, parents and normal sibs of affected individuals have been used to estimate the fitness of heterozygotes. No significant difference in biologic fitness (viability and fertility) between normal sibs and the general population could be detected. A comparison between acheiropods and their normal sibs showed the following: (1) a nonsignificant difference in stillbirth rate; (2) a higher mortality rate of acheiropods in the first 5 years of life; (3) a relative viability not larger than .7; (4) a relative fertility no greater than .14, due to \"cosmetic effects\"; and (5) a fitness of .10 or lower. The total number of acheiropodia genes in Brazil has been calculated as 25,000 in the 1970s. The data are compatible with an extremely low mutation rate and a very stable locus. It is suggested that all Brazilian acheiropods can be traced to a single mutation. A conservative estimate of the number of acheiropods to appear in the future in Brazil is 14,000 with an extinction time of no less than 2,300 generations or almost 70,000 years. A variety of other parameters have been calculated.", "PMID": 1163539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_95", "title": "Acute eosinophilic interstitial nephritis and renal failure with bone marrow-lymph node granulomas and anterior uveitis. A new syndrome.", "content": "We describe two patients with a unique granulomatous syndrome who presented with renal failure secondary to diffuse eosinophilic interstitial nephritis. Both had bilateral anterior uveitis, bone marrow granulomas, hypergammaglobulinemia and an increased sedimentation rate. One patient had lymph node granulomas and an immunoglobulin G (IgG) rheumatoid factor. An extensive investigation for an etiologic agent was unrewarding, and neither patient could be placed into any existing diagnostic category. Over a period of 2 years both patients have experienced improved renal function and dissolution of their bone marrow granulomas.", "contents": "Acute eosinophilic interstitial nephritis and renal failure with bone marrow-lymph node granulomas and anterior uveitis. A new syndrome. We describe two patients with a unique granulomatous syndrome who presented with renal failure secondary to diffuse eosinophilic interstitial nephritis. Both had bilateral anterior uveitis, bone marrow granulomas, hypergammaglobulinemia and an increased sedimentation rate. One patient had lymph node granulomas and an immunoglobulin G (IgG) rheumatoid factor. An extensive investigation for an etiologic agent was unrewarding, and neither patient could be placed into any existing diagnostic category. Over a period of 2 years both patients have experienced improved renal function and dissolution of their bone marrow granulomas.", "PMID": 1163543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_96", "title": "Decreased hypoxic ventilatory drive in the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome.", "content": "Most patients with extreme obesity do not exhibit alveolar hypoventilation, but an intriguing minority do. The mechanism(s) of this phenomenon remain unknown. A disorder in ventilatory control has been suggested as a major factor in the pathogenesis of the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. Accordingly, hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory drives were measured in 10 patients with the typical symptoms of the syndrome: obesity, hypersomnolence, hypercapnia, hypoxemia, polycythemia and cor pulmonale. Hypoxic ventilatory drive, measured as the shape parameter A, averaged 21.9 +/- 5.35, approximately one-sixth that in normal controls, A = 126 +/- 8.6 (P less than 0.01). The ventilatory response to hypercapnia also was markedly reduced, the slope of the response averaging 0.51 +/- 0.005, or about one-third the normal value of 1.83 +/- 0.13 (P less than 0.01). This decreased responsiveness in hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory drive was consistent throughout the group. The depression in ventilatory drive found in the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome may be causally related to the alveolar hypoventilation manifested by these patients.", "contents": "Decreased hypoxic ventilatory drive in the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. Most patients with extreme obesity do not exhibit alveolar hypoventilation, but an intriguing minority do. The mechanism(s) of this phenomenon remain unknown. A disorder in ventilatory control has been suggested as a major factor in the pathogenesis of the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. Accordingly, hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory drives were measured in 10 patients with the typical symptoms of the syndrome: obesity, hypersomnolence, hypercapnia, hypoxemia, polycythemia and cor pulmonale. Hypoxic ventilatory drive, measured as the shape parameter A, averaged 21.9 +/- 5.35, approximately one-sixth that in normal controls, A = 126 +/- 8.6 (P less than 0.01). The ventilatory response to hypercapnia also was markedly reduced, the slope of the response averaging 0.51 +/- 0.005, or about one-third the normal value of 1.83 +/- 0.13 (P less than 0.01). This decreased responsiveness in hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory drive was consistent throughout the group. The depression in ventilatory drive found in the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome may be causally related to the alveolar hypoventilation manifested by these patients.", "PMID": 1163544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_97", "title": "Defects of taste and smell in patients with hypothyroidism.", "content": "Taste and smell functions were measured in 18 unselected patients with untreated primary hypothyroidism, and in 15 of the 18 patients after treatment with thyroid hormones. Before treatment, 9 of the 18 patients (50 per cent) were aware of some alteration in their sense of taste, and 7 of the 18 patients (39 per cent) were aware of some alteration in their sense of smell. Distoritions of tase (dysgeusia) and smell (dysosmia) were frequent complaints among the untreated patients; dysgeusia was observed by 7 patients (39 per cent) and dysosmia by 3 patients (17 per cent). Median detection and recognition thresholds for four taste stimuli salt (sodium chloride), sweet (sucrose), sour (hydrochloric acid) and bitter (urea), and for two smell stimuli (pyridine and nitrobenzene), were determined in each patient before and after treatment with thyroid hormones. Before treatment, decreased taste acuity (hypogeusia) for at least one stimulus was observed in 14 of the patients (83 per cent); the most common abnormalities were in the detection and recognition of bitter stimuli. Median detection thresholds for both smell stimuli were also markedly elevated (hyposmia) before therapy. Treatment with throid hormones largely reversed both the taste and smell defects. In one patient, taste and smell abnormalities were completely corrected after 16 days of treatment with thyroxine. This study indicates that taste and smell defects are common clinical abnormalities in primary hypothyroidism, and suggests that these defects may contribute to the anorexia and lack of interest in eating which are frequently observed.", "contents": "Defects of taste and smell in patients with hypothyroidism. Taste and smell functions were measured in 18 unselected patients with untreated primary hypothyroidism, and in 15 of the 18 patients after treatment with thyroid hormones. Before treatment, 9 of the 18 patients (50 per cent) were aware of some alteration in their sense of taste, and 7 of the 18 patients (39 per cent) were aware of some alteration in their sense of smell. Distoritions of tase (dysgeusia) and smell (dysosmia) were frequent complaints among the untreated patients; dysgeusia was observed by 7 patients (39 per cent) and dysosmia by 3 patients (17 per cent). Median detection and recognition thresholds for four taste stimuli salt (sodium chloride), sweet (sucrose), sour (hydrochloric acid) and bitter (urea), and for two smell stimuli (pyridine and nitrobenzene), were determined in each patient before and after treatment with thyroid hormones. Before treatment, decreased taste acuity (hypogeusia) for at least one stimulus was observed in 14 of the patients (83 per cent); the most common abnormalities were in the detection and recognition of bitter stimuli. Median detection thresholds for both smell stimuli were also markedly elevated (hyposmia) before therapy. Treatment with throid hormones largely reversed both the taste and smell defects. In one patient, taste and smell abnormalities were completely corrected after 16 days of treatment with thyroxine. This study indicates that taste and smell defects are common clinical abnormalities in primary hypothyroidism, and suggests that these defects may contribute to the anorexia and lack of interest in eating which are frequently observed.", "PMID": 1163545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_98", "title": "Chronic intrahepatic cholestasis of sarcoidosis.", "content": "The development of the syndrome of chronic intrahepatic cholestasis in five young, black men who had systemic granulomatous disease and clinical features consistent with those of sarcoidosis is described. Clinical and biochemical aspects, similar to those of primary biliary cirrhosis, included pruritus, jaundice, hepatomegaly and striking elevations of serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol. (One patient had skin xanthomas.) Mitochondrial antibodies were not found; and survival of the patients (7 to 18 years) exceeded the usual survival of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. The histologic abnormalities included noncaseating granulomas, chronic intrahepatic cholestasis, increased copper in hepatocytes, progressive diminution in number of interiobular bile ducts, periportal fibrosis and the eventual development of a micronodular \"biliary\" cirrhosis. The histologic evolution of the disease suggests a slow, progressive destruction of the bile ducts by granulomas. Although the end stage of this syndrome resembles primary biliary cirrhosis, the characteristic nonsuppurative, destructive cholangitis of primary biliary cirrhosis was not present.", "contents": "Chronic intrahepatic cholestasis of sarcoidosis. The development of the syndrome of chronic intrahepatic cholestasis in five young, black men who had systemic granulomatous disease and clinical features consistent with those of sarcoidosis is described. Clinical and biochemical aspects, similar to those of primary biliary cirrhosis, included pruritus, jaundice, hepatomegaly and striking elevations of serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol. (One patient had skin xanthomas.) Mitochondrial antibodies were not found; and survival of the patients (7 to 18 years) exceeded the usual survival of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. The histologic abnormalities included noncaseating granulomas, chronic intrahepatic cholestasis, increased copper in hepatocytes, progressive diminution in number of interiobular bile ducts, periportal fibrosis and the eventual development of a micronodular \"biliary\" cirrhosis. The histologic evolution of the disease suggests a slow, progressive destruction of the bile ducts by granulomas. Although the end stage of this syndrome resembles primary biliary cirrhosis, the characteristic nonsuppurative, destructive cholangitis of primary biliary cirrhosis was not present.", "PMID": 1163546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_99", "title": "Effect of procainamide and lidocaine on total electrical systole of ventricular premature depolarizations.", "content": "The effect of lidocaine and procainamide on the electrocardiogram of a patient with coupled ventricular premature depolarizations was observed after continuous electrocardiographic monitoring during a control period and drug therapy. First lidocaine, 100 mug/kg/min, and 3 1/2 hours later procainamide, 200 mug/kg/min, were infused until the arrhythmia was completely suppressed. In each drug study, blood samples were taken every 5 minutes for determining plasma drug concentration. In addition to important differences between the two drugs on the standard electrocardiographic intervals, a new electrocardiographic phenomenon was recognized: a change in the total electrical systole of the ventricular premature depolarization (ventricular premature depolarization-Q-T interval). These observations are discussed and related to the electrophysiologic properties reported for each of these agents.", "contents": "Effect of procainamide and lidocaine on total electrical systole of ventricular premature depolarizations. The effect of lidocaine and procainamide on the electrocardiogram of a patient with coupled ventricular premature depolarizations was observed after continuous electrocardiographic monitoring during a control period and drug therapy. First lidocaine, 100 mug/kg/min, and 3 1/2 hours later procainamide, 200 mug/kg/min, were infused until the arrhythmia was completely suppressed. In each drug study, blood samples were taken every 5 minutes for determining plasma drug concentration. In addition to important differences between the two drugs on the standard electrocardiographic intervals, a new electrocardiographic phenomenon was recognized: a change in the total electrical systole of the ventricular premature depolarization (ventricular premature depolarization-Q-T interval). These observations are discussed and related to the electrophysiologic properties reported for each of these agents.", "PMID": 1163548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_100", "title": "Ventriculojugular shunt nephritis with Corynebacterium bovis. Successful therapy with antibiotics.", "content": "A patient with hydrocephalus and a ventriculojugular shunt presented with acute nephritis, nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria 10 g/24 hours), decreased complement levels, circulating immune complexes and diminished creatinine clearance (41 ml/min). Seven blood cultures grew Corynebacterium bovis. A renal biopsy specimen revealed mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis by light microscopy, and thickened glomerular basement membranes with areas of increased granular density by electron microscopy. Immunofluorescent examination of the biopsy specimen demonstrated 2+ granular glomerular basement membrane deposits of immunoglobulin M (IgM), with trace third component of complement (C-3), fourth component of complement (C-4) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Rabbits immunized with C. bovis produced a line of partial identity in agar with patient serum against a sonicate of C. bovis. Indirect fluorescein staining of the biopsy specimen with the rabbit antiserum demonstrated 1+ granular glomerular basement membrane deposits. Potassium thiocyanate microelution of sections prior to examination markedly diminished staining with antihuman antiserum, but did not affect staining with rabbit antiserum. Following initial therapy with intravenous penicillin for six weeks the bacteremia cleared, serum complement levels returned to normal, proteinuria decreased and creatinine clearance increased. A relapse occured four weeks later with decreased complement levels, increased proteinuria and decreased creatinine clearance. Blood cultures were again positive for C. bovis. Following therapy with erythromycin and rifampin, the bacteremia cleared and there was a sustained improvement of all parameters. To our knowledge, this is the first time an association has been noted between C. bovis ventriculojugular shunt infection and glomerulonephritis. These findings support the potential role of C. bovis as an etiologic agent in human renal disease and further define the immune complex nature of shunt nephritis.", "contents": "Ventriculojugular shunt nephritis with Corynebacterium bovis. Successful therapy with antibiotics. A patient with hydrocephalus and a ventriculojugular shunt presented with acute nephritis, nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria 10 g/24 hours), decreased complement levels, circulating immune complexes and diminished creatinine clearance (41 ml/min). Seven blood cultures grew Corynebacterium bovis. A renal biopsy specimen revealed mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis by light microscopy, and thickened glomerular basement membranes with areas of increased granular density by electron microscopy. Immunofluorescent examination of the biopsy specimen demonstrated 2+ granular glomerular basement membrane deposits of immunoglobulin M (IgM), with trace third component of complement (C-3), fourth component of complement (C-4) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Rabbits immunized with C. bovis produced a line of partial identity in agar with patient serum against a sonicate of C. bovis. Indirect fluorescein staining of the biopsy specimen with the rabbit antiserum demonstrated 1+ granular glomerular basement membrane deposits. Potassium thiocyanate microelution of sections prior to examination markedly diminished staining with antihuman antiserum, but did not affect staining with rabbit antiserum. Following initial therapy with intravenous penicillin for six weeks the bacteremia cleared, serum complement levels returned to normal, proteinuria decreased and creatinine clearance increased. A relapse occured four weeks later with decreased complement levels, increased proteinuria and decreased creatinine clearance. Blood cultures were again positive for C. bovis. Following therapy with erythromycin and rifampin, the bacteremia cleared and there was a sustained improvement of all parameters. To our knowledge, this is the first time an association has been noted between C. bovis ventriculojugular shunt infection and glomerulonephritis. These findings support the potential role of C. bovis as an etiologic agent in human renal disease and further define the immune complex nature of shunt nephritis.", "PMID": 1163549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_101", "title": "Brucella canis. A cause of undulant fever.", "content": "Brucella canis, recognized in 1967 as a cause of canine abortion, is an uncommonly recognized human pathogen. Our patient, a 48 year old man, probably acquired his infection by contact with an infected dog. His clinical course was characterized by intermittent fever and bacteremia over a 4 month interval. His course, which expands the clinical spectrum of human infections due to Br. canis, is discussed in the context of the other reported instances of community and laboratory acquired cases.", "contents": "Brucella canis. A cause of undulant fever. Brucella canis, recognized in 1967 as a cause of canine abortion, is an uncommonly recognized human pathogen. Our patient, a 48 year old man, probably acquired his infection by contact with an infected dog. His clinical course was characterized by intermittent fever and bacteremia over a 4 month interval. His course, which expands the clinical spectrum of human infections due to Br. canis, is discussed in the context of the other reported instances of community and laboratory acquired cases.", "PMID": 1163550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_102", "title": "Observations on the electrocardiographic changes associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage with special reference to their genesis.", "content": "A 36 year old man presented with bizarre behavior and had abnormal electrocardiograms on two occasions. Because of ST-T wave changes, he was treated both times for a possible subendocardial infarction. A more complete evaluation during the second admission revealed a basilar artery aneurysm with subarachnoid hemorrhage as the cause of the central nervous system symptoms. While the aneurysm was successfully clipped, the patient's electrocardiogram was recorded. Several electrocardiographic changes characteristic of intracranial disease were observed during the procedure. These changes developed with distortion of the circle of Willis and reverted when such distortion stopped. We review the spectrum of the electrocardiographic changes associated with intracranial disease. This list of abnormalities was compiled from observations obtained by the impatient tracings of persons with various central nervous system pathology. The mechanisms used to explain the changes are based solely on work performed on laboratory animals. The results of our findings in our patient link electrocardiographic abnormalities directly with a central nervous system lesion.", "contents": "Observations on the electrocardiographic changes associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage with special reference to their genesis. A 36 year old man presented with bizarre behavior and had abnormal electrocardiograms on two occasions. Because of ST-T wave changes, he was treated both times for a possible subendocardial infarction. A more complete evaluation during the second admission revealed a basilar artery aneurysm with subarachnoid hemorrhage as the cause of the central nervous system symptoms. While the aneurysm was successfully clipped, the patient's electrocardiogram was recorded. Several electrocardiographic changes characteristic of intracranial disease were observed during the procedure. These changes developed with distortion of the circle of Willis and reverted when such distortion stopped. We review the spectrum of the electrocardiographic changes associated with intracranial disease. This list of abnormalities was compiled from observations obtained by the impatient tracings of persons with various central nervous system pathology. The mechanisms used to explain the changes are based solely on work performed on laboratory animals. The results of our findings in our patient link electrocardiographic abnormalities directly with a central nervous system lesion.", "PMID": 1163551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_103", "title": "Spontaneous remission of the nephrotic syndrome in diabetic nephropathy.", "content": "A 28 year old woman, with diabetes since age 18, had the nephrotic syndrome, hypertension and renal insufficiency. The initial renal biopsy specimen revealed diffuse glomerulosclerosis with early nodular changes. After an initial decline in renal function, her creatinine clearance progressively improved and has remained normal. Within 2 years she had a spontaneous remission of the nephrotic syndrome despite the presence of more pronounced nodular glomerular lesions. Although the renal hemodynamic functions were normal, certain tubular functions were impaired. Since we found no etiology for the nephrotic syndrome other than diabetic glomerulopathy, the complete remission of the nephrotic syndrome and improvement in renal function were very unusual events.", "contents": "Spontaneous remission of the nephrotic syndrome in diabetic nephropathy. A 28 year old woman, with diabetes since age 18, had the nephrotic syndrome, hypertension and renal insufficiency. The initial renal biopsy specimen revealed diffuse glomerulosclerosis with early nodular changes. After an initial decline in renal function, her creatinine clearance progressively improved and has remained normal. Within 2 years she had a spontaneous remission of the nephrotic syndrome despite the presence of more pronounced nodular glomerular lesions. Although the renal hemodynamic functions were normal, certain tubular functions were impaired. Since we found no etiology for the nephrotic syndrome other than diabetic glomerulopathy, the complete remission of the nephrotic syndrome and improvement in renal function were very unusual events.", "PMID": 1163552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_104", "title": "Imported mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in New York City. Report of a patient treated with amphotericin B.", "content": "A case of mococutaneous leishmaniasis in a patient referred to Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, with a presumptive diagnosis of lethal mid-line granuloma is described. The patient had lived in Bolivia and had been treated with antimony during and after which his mucosal lesions progressed. These lesions completely healed with 971 mg of amphotericin B. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in many areas of Central and South America and may occur in patients in the United States who have lived in or traveled to these areas. Organisms may be difficult to identify, and multiple biopsies and cultures may be necessary. The use of amphotericin B for the treatment of leishmaniasis is reviewed. It is an effective alternative to antimony therapy, and in some cases resistant to antimony, it may be the drug of choice.", "contents": "Imported mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in New York City. Report of a patient treated with amphotericin B. A case of mococutaneous leishmaniasis in a patient referred to Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, with a presumptive diagnosis of lethal mid-line granuloma is described. The patient had lived in Bolivia and had been treated with antimony during and after which his mucosal lesions progressed. These lesions completely healed with 971 mg of amphotericin B. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in many areas of Central and South America and may occur in patients in the United States who have lived in or traveled to these areas. Organisms may be difficult to identify, and multiple biopsies and cultures may be necessary. The use of amphotericin B for the treatment of leishmaniasis is reviewed. It is an effective alternative to antimony therapy, and in some cases resistant to antimony, it may be the drug of choice.", "PMID": 1163553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_105", "title": "PACP regional quality control program: a general survey.", "content": "A regional quality control program operated by the Pennsylvania Association of Clinical Pathologists is described. About 120 laboratories in Pennsylvania and a few neighboring states participated in the program. Two 1000-liter lots of pooled normal and abnormal sera meeting or exceeding the specifications of the National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards and the College of American Pathologists were prepared and lyophilized. Participating laboratories determined each constituent in the sera every day for a year, from March 1973 to March 1974. The data was processed by a computer. The inter- and intra-laboratory reports containing the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, Youden plots, etc. for each constituent were made available to all the participating laboratories. Practical applications of these statistical parameters in evaluating the quality of the performance of the laboratories are discussed.", "contents": "PACP regional quality control program: a general survey. A regional quality control program operated by the Pennsylvania Association of Clinical Pathologists is described. About 120 laboratories in Pennsylvania and a few neighboring states participated in the program. Two 1000-liter lots of pooled normal and abnormal sera meeting or exceeding the specifications of the National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards and the College of American Pathologists were prepared and lyophilized. Participating laboratories determined each constituent in the sera every day for a year, from March 1973 to March 1974. The data was processed by a computer. The inter- and intra-laboratory reports containing the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, Youden plots, etc. for each constituent were made available to all the participating laboratories. Practical applications of these statistical parameters in evaluating the quality of the performance of the laboratories are discussed.", "PMID": 1163554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_106", "title": "Positive irregular antibody screen due to leukocyte antibody.", "content": "A case is described of a multi-transfused, multiparous woman whose serum gave positive results in routine screening for irregular antibodies. No red cell antibodies could be identified, however, and apparently compatible units were crossmatched for this patient. Upon administration of a unit of whole blood, the patient exhibited severe chills and fever. Her serum was found to contain a strong anti-HLA 17, and possibly other white cell antibodies, as well. It is suggested that the positive irregular antibody screen detected the leukocyte antibody, because of expression of HLA antigens on the screening cells.", "contents": "Positive irregular antibody screen due to leukocyte antibody. A case is described of a multi-transfused, multiparous woman whose serum gave positive results in routine screening for irregular antibodies. No red cell antibodies could be identified, however, and apparently compatible units were crossmatched for this patient. Upon administration of a unit of whole blood, the patient exhibited severe chills and fever. Her serum was found to contain a strong anti-HLA 17, and possibly other white cell antibodies, as well. It is suggested that the positive irregular antibody screen detected the leukocyte antibody, because of expression of HLA antigens on the screening cells.", "PMID": 1163555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_107", "title": "Red cell freezing by the American National Red Cross.", "content": "Red cells, frozen in the presence of glycerol, can be stored for years at -80C with excellent post-thaw recovery and in vivo survival. In addition to the benefits of long-term storage, the extensive washing associated with deglycerolizing removes essentially all platelets, plasma, microaggregates of cells and cell debris and there is some evidence of a reduction in the incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis. The majority of the white cells are lost during the processing. Three deglycerolizing methods, based on the Haemonetics Cell Washer, the IBM Cell Processor and the Fenwal Elutramatic, have been evaluated and data on comparative performance and costs are provided. The experience of the Red Cross Blood Program in processing over 90,000 units of frozen red cells is summarized.", "contents": "Red cell freezing by the American National Red Cross. Red cells, frozen in the presence of glycerol, can be stored for years at -80C with excellent post-thaw recovery and in vivo survival. In addition to the benefits of long-term storage, the extensive washing associated with deglycerolizing removes essentially all platelets, plasma, microaggregates of cells and cell debris and there is some evidence of a reduction in the incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis. The majority of the white cells are lost during the processing. Three deglycerolizing methods, based on the Haemonetics Cell Washer, the IBM Cell Processor and the Fenwal Elutramatic, have been evaluated and data on comparative performance and costs are provided. The experience of the Red Cross Blood Program in processing over 90,000 units of frozen red cells is summarized.", "PMID": 1163557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_108", "title": "Severely retarded children as impulsive responders: improved performance with response delay.", "content": "A community school-project class of 15 severely retarded children showed a high negative relationship between errors and response latency (r = -.92) when tested on a task which required selection of the one of six line drawings that matched a standard. Fast incorrect (impulsive) responders on the matching task had previously been unsuccessful in receptive-language color discrimination training while slow correct (reflective) responders had been successful on the same task. The four most impulsive responders were given additional color discrimination training for an extended period under conditions where (a) a response could be made immediately (no-delay) or (b) a 5-second delay was imposed between presentation of the stimuli and the opportunity to respond (delay). Performance of all four children was at chance levels during periods of no-delay trials, but high performance levels (80 to 90 percent correct) were achieved when delay trials were given. Upon changing from delay to no-delay, subjects' performance again fell to chance levels. Implications for training programs were discussed.", "contents": "Severely retarded children as impulsive responders: improved performance with response delay. A community school-project class of 15 severely retarded children showed a high negative relationship between errors and response latency (r = -.92) when tested on a task which required selection of the one of six line drawings that matched a standard. Fast incorrect (impulsive) responders on the matching task had previously been unsuccessful in receptive-language color discrimination training while slow correct (reflective) responders had been successful on the same task. The four most impulsive responders were given additional color discrimination training for an extended period under conditions where (a) a response could be made immediately (no-delay) or (b) a 5-second delay was imposed between presentation of the stimuli and the opportunity to respond (delay). Performance of all four children was at chance levels during periods of no-delay trials, but high performance levels (80 to 90 percent correct) were achieved when delay trials were given. Upon changing from delay to no-delay, subjects' performance again fell to chance levels. Implications for training programs were discussed.", "PMID": 1163558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_109", "title": "Ethological approach to delayed language acquistion.", "content": "Language is initially a social or communicative event that develops from the nonverbal communication system existing between caretaker and child. While language in an adult speaker is used for reasons other than social communication, the communication function is the primary source for language acquistion, other language functions being derivatives of this basic function. A few studies were cited which suggest that the normal process of language acquisition may be conceived heuristically in terms of an ethological or psychosoical framework. This ethological approach to language acquisition suggests that noncognitive, interpersonal factors may be major contributors to the slow pace of language development among mentally retarded and autistic children. The implications of this approach were discussed in terms of the design of language-intervention programs.", "contents": "Ethological approach to delayed language acquistion. Language is initially a social or communicative event that develops from the nonverbal communication system existing between caretaker and child. While language in an adult speaker is used for reasons other than social communication, the communication function is the primary source for language acquistion, other language functions being derivatives of this basic function. A few studies were cited which suggest that the normal process of language acquisition may be conceived heuristically in terms of an ethological or psychosoical framework. This ethological approach to language acquisition suggests that noncognitive, interpersonal factors may be major contributors to the slow pace of language development among mentally retarded and autistic children. The implications of this approach were discussed in terms of the design of language-intervention programs.", "PMID": 1163559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_110", "title": "Diets of handicapped children: physical, psychological, and socioeconomic correlations.", "content": "Diets of patients at the University Affiliated Cincinnati Center for Developmental Disorders were evaluated in order to identify relationships between nutritional deficiencies and selected physical, psychological, and socioeconomic factors. Results showed primary nutritional and feeding problems to be: low ascorbic acid and iron intakes, lack of a daily source of fluorid, protein intake of borderline biological quality, and mechanical and postnatal feeding difficulties. Nutritional and feeding problems were correlated with various hematological, psychological, anatomical, and social factors.", "contents": "Diets of handicapped children: physical, psychological, and socioeconomic correlations. Diets of patients at the University Affiliated Cincinnati Center for Developmental Disorders were evaluated in order to identify relationships between nutritional deficiencies and selected physical, psychological, and socioeconomic factors. Results showed primary nutritional and feeding problems to be: low ascorbic acid and iron intakes, lack of a daily source of fluorid, protein intake of borderline biological quality, and mechanical and postnatal feeding difficulties. Nutritional and feeding problems were correlated with various hematological, psychological, anatomical, and social factors.", "PMID": 1163560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_111", "title": "Communication in retarded adolescents: response to listener feedback.", "content": "Retarded adolescents' response to listener feedback was studied using an interpersonal description task. Thirty-six adolescent retarded speakers were asked to describe nonsense line figures for a confederate adult listener so that the listerner could select the same stimuli from an array. The listener responded to the descriptions with a predetermined random order of success and failure. Communication failure was reported to the speaker by three methods: gestural, implicit, and explicit feedback. Redescriptions given by the speaker following each type of listener feedback were counted and analyzed as to type of redescription. Significant differences were found among intelligence level groups for number of redescriptions after communication failure and also for type of redescription.", "contents": "Communication in retarded adolescents: response to listener feedback. Retarded adolescents' response to listener feedback was studied using an interpersonal description task. Thirty-six adolescent retarded speakers were asked to describe nonsense line figures for a confederate adult listener so that the listerner could select the same stimuli from an array. The listener responded to the descriptions with a predetermined random order of success and failure. Communication failure was reported to the speaker by three methods: gestural, implicit, and explicit feedback. Redescriptions given by the speaker following each type of listener feedback were counted and analyzed as to type of redescription. Significant differences were found among intelligence level groups for number of redescriptions after communication failure and also for type of redescription.", "PMID": 1163561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_112", "title": "Differentials in characteristics between city and suburban admissions to a state clinic for retarded children.", "content": "Characteristics of city and suburban admissions to a state-operated outpatient clinic for mentally retarded children were reported. City admissions tended to be overrepresented among lower socioeconomic groups and minorities. Suburban admissions tended to approximate the characteristics of the population of suburbia as a whole. A stepwise discriminant-function analysis between city and suburban admissions showed race to be the best predictor. Employment and occupational status, type of family structure, and certain referral agents also discriminated city and suburban admissions to varying degrees.", "contents": "Differentials in characteristics between city and suburban admissions to a state clinic for retarded children. Characteristics of city and suburban admissions to a state-operated outpatient clinic for mentally retarded children were reported. City admissions tended to be overrepresented among lower socioeconomic groups and minorities. Suburban admissions tended to approximate the characteristics of the population of suburbia as a whole. A stepwise discriminant-function analysis between city and suburban admissions showed race to be the best predictor. Employment and occupational status, type of family structure, and certain referral agents also discriminated city and suburban admissions to varying degrees.", "PMID": 1163562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_113", "title": "Sex knowledge and attitudes of moderately retarded males.", "content": "In semistructured interview sessions, 18 moderately retarded men undergoing deinstitutional training, were questioned to determine their understanding of pictures of homosexual embrace, masturbation, dating, marriage, intercourse, pregnancy, childbirth, drunkenness, and their knowledge of anatomical terminology. The frequencies of various response categories revealed a range of comprehension, the lowest answering only 10 percent correctly, the median consisting of 28 percent correct, and only 1 subject correctly answering as many as one-half of the items. Correct conceptual responses significantly correlated with WAIS Full Scale and Verbal IQs and were also significantly related to the Adaptive Behavior Scale domains of Language, Socialization, and Responsibility. Serious errors of fact and conceptual confusion, though most prevalent in responses by the low comprehenders, were found in at least some responses by all of the men.", "contents": "Sex knowledge and attitudes of moderately retarded males. In semistructured interview sessions, 18 moderately retarded men undergoing deinstitutional training, were questioned to determine their understanding of pictures of homosexual embrace, masturbation, dating, marriage, intercourse, pregnancy, childbirth, drunkenness, and their knowledge of anatomical terminology. The frequencies of various response categories revealed a range of comprehension, the lowest answering only 10 percent correctly, the median consisting of 28 percent correct, and only 1 subject correctly answering as many as one-half of the items. Correct conceptual responses significantly correlated with WAIS Full Scale and Verbal IQs and were also significantly related to the Adaptive Behavior Scale domains of Language, Socialization, and Responsibility. Serious errors of fact and conceptual confusion, though most prevalent in responses by the low comprehenders, were found in at least some responses by all of the men.", "PMID": 1163563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_114", "title": "Relational meaning and the facilitation of slow-learnign children's language.", "content": "Through a modeling procedure, 24 slow-learning children acquired the use of two-word subject-verb utterances. The children were assigned to conditions designed to examine the effects of two variables: (a) the number of different semantic relations theoretically underlying the subject-verb utterances on which the children were trained and (b) the extent to which these semantic relations were associated with nonlinguistic events. Stimuli in the form of situational events proved facilitative in the children's subject-verb usage. Apparently, situational evidence may provide the child with useful relational information about his environment. Implications for intervention were discussed.", "contents": "Relational meaning and the facilitation of slow-learnign children's language. Through a modeling procedure, 24 slow-learning children acquired the use of two-word subject-verb utterances. The children were assigned to conditions designed to examine the effects of two variables: (a) the number of different semantic relations theoretically underlying the subject-verb utterances on which the children were trained and (b) the extent to which these semantic relations were associated with nonlinguistic events. Stimuli in the form of situational events proved facilitative in the children's subject-verb usage. Apparently, situational evidence may provide the child with useful relational information about his environment. Implications for intervention were discussed.", "PMID": 1163564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_115", "title": "Identification by retarded and nonretarded children of stimuli varying along one, two, or three dimensions.", "content": "The effects of number and type of dimension of stimulus variation, type of dimensional combination, and delay of response upon the identification performance of retarded and nonretarded children were examined. A retarded-nonretarded subject difference in identification ability and delay effects found in an earlier study (Smith & Kaufman, 1972) was replicated, and a developmental effect for nonretarded children was found as well. A retarded-nonretarded subject interaction was indicated for the effects of increasing number of dimensions of variation and for the effects of type of dimensional combination (figure-figure combinations as opposed to figure-ground combinations).", "contents": "Identification by retarded and nonretarded children of stimuli varying along one, two, or three dimensions. The effects of number and type of dimension of stimulus variation, type of dimensional combination, and delay of response upon the identification performance of retarded and nonretarded children were examined. A retarded-nonretarded subject difference in identification ability and delay effects found in an earlier study (Smith & Kaufman, 1972) was replicated, and a developmental effect for nonretarded children was found as well. A retarded-nonretarded subject interaction was indicated for the effects of increasing number of dimensions of variation and for the effects of type of dimensional combination (figure-figure combinations as opposed to figure-ground combinations).", "PMID": 1163565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_116", "title": "Utilization of redundant information by EMR and nonretarded adults.", "content": "When stimuli differed on two dimensions (size and shape), either of which furnished enough information for a correct response, retarded subjects were faster to discriminate than when stimuli differed on only one dimension. This result was also found with nonretarded subjects, and the data were taken to support the argument that both populations process information in this type of speeded visual discrimination in similar ways; whatever feature-testing model accommodates the data from nonretarded subjects also describes the data from retarded subjects.", "contents": "Utilization of redundant information by EMR and nonretarded adults. When stimuli differed on two dimensions (size and shape), either of which furnished enough information for a correct response, retarded subjects were faster to discriminate than when stimuli differed on only one dimension. This result was also found with nonretarded subjects, and the data were taken to support the argument that both populations process information in this type of speeded visual discrimination in similar ways; whatever feature-testing model accommodates the data from nonretarded subjects also describes the data from retarded subjects.", "PMID": 1163566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_117", "title": "Effects of distinctive-feature training and instructional technique on letter and form discrimination.", "content": "Techniques for facilitating alphabet letter discrimination were investigated within the framework of distinctive feature and attention theory. To compare the effectiveness of three instructional procedures for emphasizing distinctive features, experimenters gave separate groups of children either distinctive-feature training, high-lighting of the features, or distinctive-feature training plus fading-in of the letter forms, along with a control, for each of three dimensions. The horizontal-slant, open-close, and straight-curve dimensions were chosen for study. Training effects were assessed by presenting corresponding alphabet letter pairs (H-N, C-O, U-V) and two sets of generalization forms. Results indicated that the three experimental groups perfomed better than the control, but did not differ from each other. All groups except fade-in readily generalized to other forms. These findings were discussed in terms of the educational value of distinctive feature analyses and the use of instructional methods.", "contents": "Effects of distinctive-feature training and instructional technique on letter and form discrimination. Techniques for facilitating alphabet letter discrimination were investigated within the framework of distinctive feature and attention theory. To compare the effectiveness of three instructional procedures for emphasizing distinctive features, experimenters gave separate groups of children either distinctive-feature training, high-lighting of the features, or distinctive-feature training plus fading-in of the letter forms, along with a control, for each of three dimensions. The horizontal-slant, open-close, and straight-curve dimensions were chosen for study. Training effects were assessed by presenting corresponding alphabet letter pairs (H-N, C-O, U-V) and two sets of generalization forms. Results indicated that the three experimental groups perfomed better than the control, but did not differ from each other. All groups except fade-in readily generalized to other forms. These findings were discussed in terms of the educational value of distinctive feature analyses and the use of instructional methods.", "PMID": 1163567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_118", "title": "Effect of chronological age and mental age on the understanding of rules of logic.", "content": "The relative difficulty of understanding the logical rules of conjunction and disjunction was studied. Because rules of logic must be viewed in the context of the attributes of information to which they refer, three attribute dimensions were also investigated: (a) positive-negative, (b) quantitative-nonquantitative, and (c) concrete-abstract. A further issue relevant to this research was the effect of CA and MA on the understanding of rules of logic. Subjects included four groups, one group of children with average IQs, one learning-disability group, and two mentally handicapped groups. The learning disability group was matched with the average group on MA and CA. The older mentally handicapped group matched the aveage and learning-disability groups on MA. The younger mentally handicapped group matched the average and learning-disability groups for CA and the older mentally handicapped group for IQ. A test was constructed to assess rule and attribute understanding. Results indicated that all groups perfomed similarly on the concrete level. On the abstract level, the average group performed significantly higher than the other groups. The results support a developmental interpretation of rule learning which maintains that once logical rules are learned, attributes of information acquire meaning within the context of those rules.", "contents": "Effect of chronological age and mental age on the understanding of rules of logic. The relative difficulty of understanding the logical rules of conjunction and disjunction was studied. Because rules of logic must be viewed in the context of the attributes of information to which they refer, three attribute dimensions were also investigated: (a) positive-negative, (b) quantitative-nonquantitative, and (c) concrete-abstract. A further issue relevant to this research was the effect of CA and MA on the understanding of rules of logic. Subjects included four groups, one group of children with average IQs, one learning-disability group, and two mentally handicapped groups. The learning disability group was matched with the average group on MA and CA. The older mentally handicapped group matched the aveage and learning-disability groups on MA. The younger mentally handicapped group matched the average and learning-disability groups for CA and the older mentally handicapped group for IQ. A test was constructed to assess rule and attribute understanding. Results indicated that all groups perfomed similarly on the concrete level. On the abstract level, the average group performed significantly higher than the other groups. The results support a developmental interpretation of rule learning which maintains that once logical rules are learned, attributes of information acquire meaning within the context of those rules.", "PMID": 1163568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_119", "title": "Comparison of speech discrimination in nonretarded and retarded listeners.", "content": "An adaptive psychophysical procedure was used to determine the articulation functions for nonretarded and retarded subjects using Kindergarten Phonetically Balanced stimulus words. Merits of this procedure are: (a) it is efficient since stimulus intensity levels are well-placed with respect to the measures being obtained, and (b) estimates of intrasubject variability can be obtained from one test session. The slope of the articulation function based on the pooled data from the nonretarded subject (3.5 percent/dB) was greater than the slope of the function from the retarded subjects (2.1 percent/dB). No significant differences in intrasubject variability between the two groups were discovered. It is not clear whether the reduced slope of the articulation function from the retarded subjects was due to a familiarity factor and/or to a basic difference in auditory processing characteristics. Work is continuing in an attempt to clarify this issue.", "contents": "Comparison of speech discrimination in nonretarded and retarded listeners. An adaptive psychophysical procedure was used to determine the articulation functions for nonretarded and retarded subjects using Kindergarten Phonetically Balanced stimulus words. Merits of this procedure are: (a) it is efficient since stimulus intensity levels are well-placed with respect to the measures being obtained, and (b) estimates of intrasubject variability can be obtained from one test session. The slope of the articulation function based on the pooled data from the nonretarded subject (3.5 percent/dB) was greater than the slope of the function from the retarded subjects (2.1 percent/dB). No significant differences in intrasubject variability between the two groups were discovered. It is not clear whether the reduced slope of the articulation function from the retarded subjects was due to a familiarity factor and/or to a basic difference in auditory processing characteristics. Work is continuing in an attempt to clarify this issue.", "PMID": 1163569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_120", "title": "Food satiation as a procedure to decelerate vomiting.", "content": "A food satiation procedure was used in two experiments to decelerate the frequency of vomiting responses in two profoundly retarded adults who exhibited well-defined vomiting-ruminatory response chains. For several years prior to this study, the subjects had exhibited a history of vomiting behavior. Satiation was accomplished during regular meals and consisted of allowing the subjects to eat until a satiation criterion of food refusal was achieved. The results revealed a 94 percent reduction of vomiting in Experiment 1 and a 50 percent response reduction in Experiment 2. Ten-day follow-up sessions indicated that the response reduction was maintained in both experiments. In Experiment 1 the subject exhibited a 4.99 kg weight gain at the 10-day follow-up with a total of 13.61 kg weight gain at a 4-week posttreatment weight check.", "contents": "Food satiation as a procedure to decelerate vomiting. A food satiation procedure was used in two experiments to decelerate the frequency of vomiting responses in two profoundly retarded adults who exhibited well-defined vomiting-ruminatory response chains. For several years prior to this study, the subjects had exhibited a history of vomiting behavior. Satiation was accomplished during regular meals and consisted of allowing the subjects to eat until a satiation criterion of food refusal was achieved. The results revealed a 94 percent reduction of vomiting in Experiment 1 and a 50 percent response reduction in Experiment 2. Ten-day follow-up sessions indicated that the response reduction was maintained in both experiments. In Experiment 1 the subject exhibited a 4.99 kg weight gain at the 10-day follow-up with a total of 13.61 kg weight gain at a 4-week posttreatment weight check.", "PMID": 1163570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_121", "title": "Preinstitutional social deprivation, responsiveness to social reinforcement, and IQ change in institutionalized retarded individuals.", "content": "Mentally retarded individuals who had been examined on a task measuring responsiveness to social reinforcement after 3 weeks and after 3 years of institutionalization were examined after 6 years of institutionalization. IQ changes were also examined. For familially retarded subjects, a linear decrease in responsiveness to social reinforcement and a linear increase in IQ was found from the 1st to the 6th year of institutional life. No changes in responsiveness to social reinforcement or IQ were found over the 6 years for nonfamilially retarded subjects.", "contents": "Preinstitutional social deprivation, responsiveness to social reinforcement, and IQ change in institutionalized retarded individuals. Mentally retarded individuals who had been examined on a task measuring responsiveness to social reinforcement after 3 weeks and after 3 years of institutionalization were examined after 6 years of institutionalization. IQ changes were also examined. For familially retarded subjects, a linear decrease in responsiveness to social reinforcement and a linear increase in IQ was found from the 1st to the 6th year of institutional life. No changes in responsiveness to social reinforcement or IQ were found over the 6 years for nonfamilially retarded subjects.", "PMID": 1163571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_122", "title": "Sound-induced frive, prior motion restraint, and reduced sensory stimulation effects on rocking behavior in retarded persons.", "content": "Sound-induced drive, prior motion restaint, and reduced sensory stimulation effects on body-rocking rate were assessed in a group of 16 retarded subjects. Significant rate increases were associated with the presentation of high intensity sound and short periods of reduced sensory stimulation. Increases were not associated with prior motion restraint. The results suggest that reduced sensory stimulation operates as a drive variable, summating with other operationally defined sources of drive, e.g., high intensity sound.", "contents": "Sound-induced frive, prior motion restraint, and reduced sensory stimulation effects on rocking behavior in retarded persons. Sound-induced drive, prior motion restaint, and reduced sensory stimulation effects on body-rocking rate were assessed in a group of 16 retarded subjects. Significant rate increases were associated with the presentation of high intensity sound and short periods of reduced sensory stimulation. Increases were not associated with prior motion restraint. The results suggest that reduced sensory stimulation operates as a drive variable, summating with other operationally defined sources of drive, e.g., high intensity sound.", "PMID": 1163572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_123", "title": "Role-taking ability and interpersonal conflict resolution among retarded young adults.", "content": "Observers of the interpersonal deficiencies of mentally retarded persons have failed to consider the role of social cognition in interpersonal behavioral repertoires. In the present study, the relationship between role-taking ability and interpersonal conflict resolution among 16 moderately and mildly retarded young adults was examined. Feffer's Role-Taking Task and the Role-Playing Assessment Technique were used as experimental measures. With IQ held constant the correlations between role-taking scores and interpersonal problem-solving assessments were positive and significant.", "contents": "Role-taking ability and interpersonal conflict resolution among retarded young adults. Observers of the interpersonal deficiencies of mentally retarded persons have failed to consider the role of social cognition in interpersonal behavioral repertoires. In the present study, the relationship between role-taking ability and interpersonal conflict resolution among 16 moderately and mildly retarded young adults was examined. Feffer's Role-Taking Task and the Role-Playing Assessment Technique were used as experimental measures. With IQ held constant the correlations between role-taking scores and interpersonal problem-solving assessments were positive and significant.", "PMID": 1163573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_124", "title": "Changes in carbohydrate tolerance during long-term oral contraception.", "content": "An intravenous glucose tolerance test (GTT) was given to 116 women--82 nondiabetic subjects (NDS) and 34 diabetes suspects--before they received Ovulen for oral contraception. Subjects were followed for 1 to 4 years during Ovulen therapy. Twenty women using an intrauterine device showed no changes in glucose tolerance. Prompt, significant decline in tolerance was noted in NDS, persisting for the duration of the study. At least one abnormal test, indicating chemical diabetes, was noted in 13 per cent of the NDS. Similarly, prompt decline in tolerance, although not statistically significant, was observed in the suspect group. Fifteen per cent of suspects had at least one abnormal test. Chemical diabetes persisted during Ovulen therapy in suspects but not in NDS. No overt diabetes occurred. Based on greater concern regarding suspects, a procedure for monitoring carbohydrate tolerance is proposed for this group.", "contents": "Changes in carbohydrate tolerance during long-term oral contraception. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (GTT) was given to 116 women--82 nondiabetic subjects (NDS) and 34 diabetes suspects--before they received Ovulen for oral contraception. Subjects were followed for 1 to 4 years during Ovulen therapy. Twenty women using an intrauterine device showed no changes in glucose tolerance. Prompt, significant decline in tolerance was noted in NDS, persisting for the duration of the study. At least one abnormal test, indicating chemical diabetes, was noted in 13 per cent of the NDS. Similarly, prompt decline in tolerance, although not statistically significant, was observed in the suspect group. Fifteen per cent of suspects had at least one abnormal test. Chemical diabetes persisted during Ovulen therapy in suspects but not in NDS. No overt diabetes occurred. Based on greater concern regarding suspects, a procedure for monitoring carbohydrate tolerance is proposed for this group.", "PMID": 1163574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_125", "title": "Oral contraceptives and human cervical mucus lipids.", "content": "Oral contraceptives containing estrogenic and progestational components caused a consistent increase in human cervical mucus lipids during the menstrual cycle. Cyclic variations in cervical mucus lipids occur during the normal cycle. Phospholipids, free cholesterol, and triglycerides in cervical mucus increase with the use or oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and human cervical mucus lipids. Oral contraceptives containing estrogenic and progestational components caused a consistent increase in human cervical mucus lipids during the menstrual cycle. Cyclic variations in cervical mucus lipids occur during the normal cycle. Phospholipids, free cholesterol, and triglycerides in cervical mucus increase with the use or oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 1163575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_126", "title": "D-norgestrel slow-releasing T device as an intrauterine contraceptive.", "content": "A D-norgestrel slow-releasing T device was tried as an IUD in 100 fertile multiparous women for 6 months. The preliminary results were very encouraging. Not a single case of unintended pregnancy or removal due to excessive pain and bleeding was reported. The menstrual patterns and amounts of blood loss during menses did not reveal any marked variations. 3-H-D-norgestrel was used to study the in vitro release rate of D-norgestrel. The in vivo release rate was studied with the use of horseshoe-shaped silicone rubber capsules loaded with D-norgestrel as a temporary device. The uptake of intrauterine H-D-norgestrel in the circulation and genital tissues was estimated in two women.", "contents": "D-norgestrel slow-releasing T device as an intrauterine contraceptive. A D-norgestrel slow-releasing T device was tried as an IUD in 100 fertile multiparous women for 6 months. The preliminary results were very encouraging. Not a single case of unintended pregnancy or removal due to excessive pain and bleeding was reported. The menstrual patterns and amounts of blood loss during menses did not reveal any marked variations. 3-H-D-norgestrel was used to study the in vitro release rate of D-norgestrel. The in vivo release rate was studied with the use of horseshoe-shaped silicone rubber capsules loaded with D-norgestrel as a temporary device. The uptake of intrauterine H-D-norgestrel in the circulation and genital tissues was estimated in two women.", "PMID": 1163576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_127", "title": "Antibodies to spermatozoa. VI. Comparative studies of sperm-agglutinating activity in groups of infertile and fertile women.", "content": "In order to evaluate the significance of sperm antibodies in relation to infertility, studies have been made on both infertile and fertile populations. The infertile population consisted of about 150 couples with long-standing infertility, predominantly of the unexplained type. The fertile population consisted of 78 antepartum women and 35 postpartum women. In all these individuals, sperm antibody was sought by two methods of serum testing, namely, the Kibrick (K-B-M) and the F-D methods of sperm agglutination. In the infertile group, the Kibrich test was positive for 23.1 per cent of the women and 9.6 per cent of the men, whereas the F-D test was positive in 16.4 per cent of the women and 5.0 per cent of the men. In contrast to these values, it was found in the fertile group that the Kibrick test was positive in 2.7 per cent of these women and the F-D test was also positive in 2.7 per cent of them. A number of technical details and precautions have also been emphasized. These principles are intended to minimize the occurence of nonspecific and false-positive results.", "contents": "Antibodies to spermatozoa. VI. Comparative studies of sperm-agglutinating activity in groups of infertile and fertile women. In order to evaluate the significance of sperm antibodies in relation to infertility, studies have been made on both infertile and fertile populations. The infertile population consisted of about 150 couples with long-standing infertility, predominantly of the unexplained type. The fertile population consisted of 78 antepartum women and 35 postpartum women. In all these individuals, sperm antibody was sought by two methods of serum testing, namely, the Kibrick (K-B-M) and the F-D methods of sperm agglutination. In the infertile group, the Kibrich test was positive for 23.1 per cent of the women and 9.6 per cent of the men, whereas the F-D test was positive in 16.4 per cent of the women and 5.0 per cent of the men. In contrast to these values, it was found in the fertile group that the Kibrick test was positive in 2.7 per cent of these women and the F-D test was also positive in 2.7 per cent of them. A number of technical details and precautions have also been emphasized. These principles are intended to minimize the occurence of nonspecific and false-positive results.", "PMID": 1163577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_128", "title": "The ultrastructure of a feminizing granulosa-theca tumor.", "content": "A 13-year-old girl with evidence of hyperestrinism had a right ovarian tumor removed. This neoplasm was composed predominantly of granulosa cells and exhibited some changes of luteinization. The neoplastic cells displayed an investment of basement membrane material which was closely related to fibrillar collagen within the tumor. Scattered throughout the neoplasms were small numbers of cells with charcteristics of the theca and a few cells had cytoplasmic features suggestive of smooth muscle. The ultrastructural findings of eight similar tumors have been described. In none is the basement membrane material fully appreciated; nevertheless, the production of this extracellular material is a major and distinctive feature of granulosa-theca tumors.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of a feminizing granulosa-theca tumor. A 13-year-old girl with evidence of hyperestrinism had a right ovarian tumor removed. This neoplasm was composed predominantly of granulosa cells and exhibited some changes of luteinization. The neoplastic cells displayed an investment of basement membrane material which was closely related to fibrillar collagen within the tumor. Scattered throughout the neoplasms were small numbers of cells with charcteristics of the theca and a few cells had cytoplasmic features suggestive of smooth muscle. The ultrastructural findings of eight similar tumors have been described. In none is the basement membrane material fully appreciated; nevertheless, the production of this extracellular material is a major and distinctive feature of granulosa-theca tumors.", "PMID": 1163578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_129", "title": "The ultrastructure of acute atherosis in hypertensive pregnancy.", "content": "Acute atherosis of the myometrial segments of the uteroplacental arteries from pre-eclamptic pregnancies was studied by electron microscopy. The lesions in their early stages are characterized by endothelial damage, insudation of plasma constituents into the vessel wall, proliferation of myointimal cells, and medial necrosis. Fat acculumation is seen first in myointimal cells and, later, macrophages engulf the lipid-rich debris released from disintegrating myogenic foam cells. Gross endothelial damage, massive intramural fibrin deposition, luminal thrombosis, and vessel rupture with hemorrhage are epiphenomena.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of acute atherosis in hypertensive pregnancy. Acute atherosis of the myometrial segments of the uteroplacental arteries from pre-eclamptic pregnancies was studied by electron microscopy. The lesions in their early stages are characterized by endothelial damage, insudation of plasma constituents into the vessel wall, proliferation of myointimal cells, and medial necrosis. Fat acculumation is seen first in myointimal cells and, later, macrophages engulf the lipid-rich debris released from disintegrating myogenic foam cells. Gross endothelial damage, massive intramural fibrin deposition, luminal thrombosis, and vessel rupture with hemorrhage are epiphenomena.", "PMID": 1163579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_130", "title": "Folic acid deficiency in the United States: folate assays in a prenatal clinic.", "content": "Tissue deficiency of folic acid, as measured by a red cell folate level below 150 ng. per milliliter, was present in 16 per cent of 110 sequential pregnant women at the time of their first prenatal visit to a municipal clinic. A further 14 per cent of subjects had red cell folate levels in the range \"suggestive but not conclusive for tissue folate depletion\" (150 to 199 ng. per milliliter). All of the subjects were from low-income families in New York City and most were black or of Puerto Rican origin. Serum folate levels showed good general correlation with red cell folate but were of less value as a diagnostic test, since they were below the lower limit of normal in 64 per cent of subjects, including many subjects who did not yet have low tissue folate. In contrast to their value in other folate deficiency states, neutrophil lobe counts showed no correlation with serum or red cell folate levels in pregnancy and thus appeared of little diagnostic value in pregnancy. It is suggested that surveys of folate deficiency in other pregnant population groups in the United States be carried out. These results support the recommendations of the Committee on Maternal Nutrition and the Committee on Dietary Allowances of the Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council (U.S.A.)  that folic acid supplements (200 to 400 mug per day) should be taken throughout pregnancy.", "contents": "Folic acid deficiency in the United States: folate assays in a prenatal clinic. Tissue deficiency of folic acid, as measured by a red cell folate level below 150 ng. per milliliter, was present in 16 per cent of 110 sequential pregnant women at the time of their first prenatal visit to a municipal clinic. A further 14 per cent of subjects had red cell folate levels in the range \"suggestive but not conclusive for tissue folate depletion\" (150 to 199 ng. per milliliter). All of the subjects were from low-income families in New York City and most were black or of Puerto Rican origin. Serum folate levels showed good general correlation with red cell folate but were of less value as a diagnostic test, since they were below the lower limit of normal in 64 per cent of subjects, including many subjects who did not yet have low tissue folate. In contrast to their value in other folate deficiency states, neutrophil lobe counts showed no correlation with serum or red cell folate levels in pregnancy and thus appeared of little diagnostic value in pregnancy. It is suggested that surveys of folate deficiency in other pregnant population groups in the United States be carried out. These results support the recommendations of the Committee on Maternal Nutrition and the Committee on Dietary Allowances of the Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council (U.S.A.)  that folic acid supplements (200 to 400 mug per day) should be taken throughout pregnancy.", "PMID": 1163580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_131", "title": "Decreased carbohydrate tolerance in pregnant patients with an early menarche.", "content": "Carbohydrate tolerance was studied in pregnant patients with no personal or family history suggestive of diabetes, but with a menarche before 12 years of age. The mean disappearance rate constant for glucose (k) in the intravenous glucose tolerance test was 1.68 in the group of patients with an early menarche. This value is essentially the same as that found in patients with the usual criteria for screening for gestational diabetes, where k equaled 1.61. Both values are significantly different from the remaining patients studied, where k was 1.94. The mean fasting blood sugars and the mean 2 hours past-100 Gm. glucose meal blood sugars in patients with a menarche before 12 years of age and the patients with the usual criteria for screening for gestational diabetes were also the same when compared to each other, and significantly different from those of remaining patients studied. There were no apparent reasons for the early menarche group  to have a decreased tolerance to glucose except their early menarche.", "contents": "Decreased carbohydrate tolerance in pregnant patients with an early menarche. Carbohydrate tolerance was studied in pregnant patients with no personal or family history suggestive of diabetes, but with a menarche before 12 years of age. The mean disappearance rate constant for glucose (k) in the intravenous glucose tolerance test was 1.68 in the group of patients with an early menarche. This value is essentially the same as that found in patients with the usual criteria for screening for gestational diabetes, where k equaled 1.61. Both values are significantly different from the remaining patients studied, where k was 1.94. The mean fasting blood sugars and the mean 2 hours past-100 Gm. glucose meal blood sugars in patients with a menarche before 12 years of age and the patients with the usual criteria for screening for gestational diabetes were also the same when compared to each other, and significantly different from those of remaining patients studied. There were no apparent reasons for the early menarche group  to have a decreased tolerance to glucose except their early menarche.", "PMID": 1163581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_132", "title": "Childbirth education, maternal attitudes, and delivery.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a childbirth education program (patterned after the Lamaze procedure) on maternal attitudes and the delivery process. Dependent variables included axniety as measured by the anxiety scale of the IPAT, scores on the Maternal Attitudes to Pregnancy Inventory (MAPI), the duration of labor, and the amounts of premedication and anesthesia administered during delivery. Three groups of pregnant women were used as subjects: 70 primiparous and 48 multiparous women taking a 6 week childbirth education course and 41 multiparous women delivery at the same hospitals but not taking the course. In addition the data on labor duration and amount of medication administered to 1,400 multiparous and 1,015 primiparous patients delivery at one of the same hospitals as the other three groups were examined for comparison purposes. No differences were found between groups on the anxiety measure or on duration of labor. Some differences favoring women who had the childbirth education course were found on the MAPI and the medication and anesthesia measures. It was concluded that the childbirth education course had some beneficial effects.", "contents": "Childbirth education, maternal attitudes, and delivery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a childbirth education program (patterned after the Lamaze procedure) on maternal attitudes and the delivery process. Dependent variables included axniety as measured by the anxiety scale of the IPAT, scores on the Maternal Attitudes to Pregnancy Inventory (MAPI), the duration of labor, and the amounts of premedication and anesthesia administered during delivery. Three groups of pregnant women were used as subjects: 70 primiparous and 48 multiparous women taking a 6 week childbirth education course and 41 multiparous women delivery at the same hospitals but not taking the course. In addition the data on labor duration and amount of medication administered to 1,400 multiparous and 1,015 primiparous patients delivery at one of the same hospitals as the other three groups were examined for comparison purposes. No differences were found between groups on the anxiety measure or on duration of labor. Some differences favoring women who had the childbirth education course were found on the MAPI and the medication and anesthesia measures. It was concluded that the childbirth education course had some beneficial effects.", "PMID": 1163582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_133", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on the placental progesterone level in midtrimester abortion.", "content": "A gas chromatograph method has been used for the determination of placental progesterone levels in 14 patients aborted at midtrimester by intra-amniotic instillation of prostaglandin F1alpha, also from a control group (five patients) aborted surgically by dilatation and suction. The results showed that the mean %/- S.E. of placental progesterone in the prostaglandin group was 1.45 mug +/- 0.09 per 1 Gm. of placental tissue, whereas the mean +/- S.E. of the placental progesterone in the surgically aborted group was 5.22 +/- 0.31 mug per 1 Gm. of placental tissue. The difference between the two groups was significant: P EQUALS 0.0001. This low level of placental progesterone in the prostaglandin abortion group could explain the sharp decline of the progesterone levels in the peripheral blood during abortion by intra-amniotic instillation of prostaglandin F2alpha, as observed by our group1, 2 and others.3(-5)", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on the placental progesterone level in midtrimester abortion. A gas chromatograph method has been used for the determination of placental progesterone levels in 14 patients aborted at midtrimester by intra-amniotic instillation of prostaglandin F1alpha, also from a control group (five patients) aborted surgically by dilatation and suction. The results showed that the mean %/- S.E. of placental progesterone in the prostaglandin group was 1.45 mug +/- 0.09 per 1 Gm. of placental tissue, whereas the mean +/- S.E. of the placental progesterone in the surgically aborted group was 5.22 +/- 0.31 mug per 1 Gm. of placental tissue. The difference between the two groups was significant: P EQUALS 0.0001. This low level of placental progesterone in the prostaglandin abortion group could explain the sharp decline of the progesterone levels in the peripheral blood during abortion by intra-amniotic instillation of prostaglandin F2alpha, as observed by our group1, 2 and others.3(-5)", "PMID": 1163583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_134", "title": "Acetazolamide, metabolic acidosis, and intraocular pressure.", "content": "In order to investigate whether or not there is a causal relationship between the metabolic acidosis and the ocular hypotension induced by acetazolamide, we undertook to correlate over a period of time the blood-acidifying and ocular-hypotonizing effects of administering the lowest intravenous effective dose of acetazolamide; to treat the metabolic acidosis induced by acetazolamide by means of the intravenous introduction of bases, and pulmonary hyperventilation (respiratory alkalosis); to evaluate the effects on the intraocular pressure (IOP) by neutralizing the acetazolamide-induced metabolic acidosis by means of a continuous infusion of sodium bicarbonate; to determine the relationship between the metabolic acidosis induced by blood-acidifying agents, which do not inhibit carbonic anhydrase, and the IOP; and to determine the changes in the acid-base status of the aqueous humor induced by acetazolamide and other blood-acidifying drugs. We found that the hypertonic buffering solution of sodium bicarbonate could reduce the IOP by itself through an osmotic mechanism. On the basis of our results, we believe that a causal relationship exists between the metabolic acidosis induced by acetazolamide, and by other drugs that have a blood-acidifying effect as the result of other mechanisms, and ocular hypotension, bothin the animal and in the glaucomatous patient.", "contents": "Acetazolamide, metabolic acidosis, and intraocular pressure. In order to investigate whether or not there is a causal relationship between the metabolic acidosis and the ocular hypotension induced by acetazolamide, we undertook to correlate over a period of time the blood-acidifying and ocular-hypotonizing effects of administering the lowest intravenous effective dose of acetazolamide; to treat the metabolic acidosis induced by acetazolamide by means of the intravenous introduction of bases, and pulmonary hyperventilation (respiratory alkalosis); to evaluate the effects on the intraocular pressure (IOP) by neutralizing the acetazolamide-induced metabolic acidosis by means of a continuous infusion of sodium bicarbonate; to determine the relationship between the metabolic acidosis induced by blood-acidifying agents, which do not inhibit carbonic anhydrase, and the IOP; and to determine the changes in the acid-base status of the aqueous humor induced by acetazolamide and other blood-acidifying drugs. We found that the hypertonic buffering solution of sodium bicarbonate could reduce the IOP by itself through an osmotic mechanism. On the basis of our results, we believe that a causal relationship exists between the metabolic acidosis induced by acetazolamide, and by other drugs that have a blood-acidifying effect as the result of other mechanisms, and ocular hypotension, bothin the animal and in the glaucomatous patient.", "PMID": 1163584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_135", "title": "Cystoid macular edema associated with topically applied epinephrine in aphakic eyes.", "content": "A 69-year-old man with bilateral open-angle glaucoma and nonfiltering iridencleisis scars underwent combined cataract extraction and glaucoma filtering operations in each eye. Later, he again required intensive medical therapy including topically applied echothiophate iodide, epinephrine, and acetazolamide to control his glaucoma. Topical instillation of epinephrine repeatedly resulted in reversible cystoid macular edema in each eye. The macular changes were documented by fluorescein angiography. The clinical and angiographic features of the macular edema in this patient did not differ from cystoid macular edema seen in other ocular conditions.", "contents": "Cystoid macular edema associated with topically applied epinephrine in aphakic eyes. A 69-year-old man with bilateral open-angle glaucoma and nonfiltering iridencleisis scars underwent combined cataract extraction and glaucoma filtering operations in each eye. Later, he again required intensive medical therapy including topically applied echothiophate iodide, epinephrine, and acetazolamide to control his glaucoma. Topical instillation of epinephrine repeatedly resulted in reversible cystoid macular edema in each eye. The macular changes were documented by fluorescein angiography. The clinical and angiographic features of the macular edema in this patient did not differ from cystoid macular edema seen in other ocular conditions.", "PMID": 1163585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_136", "title": "Ocular melanocytosis and melanoma.", "content": "The hypothesis that ocular melanocytosis is a precancerous condition that may lead to a choroidal melanoma should be seriously questioned for the following reasons: The incidence of malignant degeneration in a hyperpigmented eye is unknown and overreported. If the hypothesis were correct a bilateral melanoma would occasionally occur in patients with bilateral melanosis. No such case has been reported. In patients with unilateral melanosis the blue, unaffected eye may also develop a melanoma. A 67-year-old white woman with one dark and one blue eye provided the first such instance, although previous cases may not have been reported if their histologic picture was not unusual. The incidence of melanoma in our patients with unilateral melanosis was rare compared with the many melanomas developing in normal pigmented eyes (4/418). I found no statistically significant difference in the incidence of choroidal melanomas originating in the hyperpigmented or in the blue eye in patients with unilateral ocular melanocytosis.", "contents": "Ocular melanocytosis and melanoma. The hypothesis that ocular melanocytosis is a precancerous condition that may lead to a choroidal melanoma should be seriously questioned for the following reasons: The incidence of malignant degeneration in a hyperpigmented eye is unknown and overreported. If the hypothesis were correct a bilateral melanoma would occasionally occur in patients with bilateral melanosis. No such case has been reported. In patients with unilateral melanosis the blue, unaffected eye may also develop a melanoma. A 67-year-old white woman with one dark and one blue eye provided the first such instance, although previous cases may not have been reported if their histologic picture was not unusual. The incidence of melanoma in our patients with unilateral melanosis was rare compared with the many melanomas developing in normal pigmented eyes (4/418). I found no statistically significant difference in the incidence of choroidal melanomas originating in the hyperpigmented or in the blue eye in patients with unilateral ocular melanocytosis.", "PMID": 1163586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_137", "title": "Vascular occlusions in the eye from cardiac myxomas.", "content": "Vascular occlusion in the eyes from cardiac myxomas was diagnosed in two cases, belatedly in one and not until after death in the other. Suspicion of a myxomatous origin should be aroused by the combination of unexplained retinal (or choroidal) vascular disease occurring with multifocal neurological symptoms and with systemic symptoms suggesting atypical subacute bacterial endocarditis. The first patient had unilateral retinal artery occlusion by embolic material believed to have been myxomatous. Removal of the cardiac myxoma resulted in disappearance of this material (although the eye remained blind). The second patient who had had evidence of retinal artery occlusion in the clinical course of her multisystemic disease was found at autopsy to have extensive myxomatous involvement of the posterior ciliary arteries and of the choroidal arteries of both eyes and of the retinal artery in one eye.", "contents": "Vascular occlusions in the eye from cardiac myxomas. Vascular occlusion in the eyes from cardiac myxomas was diagnosed in two cases, belatedly in one and not until after death in the other. Suspicion of a myxomatous origin should be aroused by the combination of unexplained retinal (or choroidal) vascular disease occurring with multifocal neurological symptoms and with systemic symptoms suggesting atypical subacute bacterial endocarditis. The first patient had unilateral retinal artery occlusion by embolic material believed to have been myxomatous. Removal of the cardiac myxoma resulted in disappearance of this material (although the eye remained blind). The second patient who had had evidence of retinal artery occlusion in the clinical course of her multisystemic disease was found at autopsy to have extensive myxomatous involvement of the posterior ciliary arteries and of the choroidal arteries of both eyes and of the retinal artery in one eye.", "PMID": 1163587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_138", "title": "30-year observation of patients with Eale's disease.", "content": "Of 135 patients with Eale's disease, two thirds of the patients were men around 20 years of age at the onset, while the women were older. The disease continued from six months to 51 years. Several patients were followed for 40 years. The prognosis for useful vision was good as only one patient became blind in both eyes.", "contents": "30-year observation of patients with Eale's disease. Of 135 patients with Eale's disease, two thirds of the patients were men around 20 years of age at the onset, while the women were older. The disease continued from six months to 51 years. Several patients were followed for 40 years. The prognosis for useful vision was good as only one patient became blind in both eyes.", "PMID": 1163588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_139", "title": "The art of perimetry.", "content": "There is no single method of perimetric examination which is applicable to all types of visual field defects. Perimetry is a subjective psychophysical sensory examination. It is not an exact science unless one includes the objective measurement of visual evoked response in the optic cortex. Until such a method becomes clinically available it will be necessary for the perimetrist to determine which techniques to use in a given case and to apply these techniques with sympathetic understanding. This is the art of perimetry.", "contents": "The art of perimetry. There is no single method of perimetric examination which is applicable to all types of visual field defects. Perimetry is a subjective psychophysical sensory examination. It is not an exact science unless one includes the objective measurement of visual evoked response in the optic cortex. Until such a method becomes clinically available it will be necessary for the perimetrist to determine which techniques to use in a given case and to apply these techniques with sympathetic understanding. This is the art of perimetry.", "PMID": 1163590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_140", "title": "Ocular involvement in benign botulism B.", "content": "In nine cases of botulism B infection due to food poisoning acute onset of accommodation paresis, mydriasis, and dry-eye symptoms were the prominent clinical findings. Impairment of salivary secretion as a further effect upon cholinergic autonomic innervation was detectable for months. Guanidine treatment had a beneficial effect, whereas administration of antitoxin in the late and benign form was not effective.", "contents": "Ocular involvement in benign botulism B. In nine cases of botulism B infection due to food poisoning acute onset of accommodation paresis, mydriasis, and dry-eye symptoms were the prominent clinical findings. Impairment of salivary secretion as a further effect upon cholinergic autonomic innervation was detectable for months. Guanidine treatment had a beneficial effect, whereas administration of antitoxin in the late and benign form was not effective.", "PMID": 1163591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_141", "title": "Optic nerve extension of intraocular neoplasms.", "content": "Histologic examination of ten intraocular melanomas (eight choroidal and two of the iris and ciliary body) with dispersion of tumor cells into the vitreous body showed optic nerve invasion ranging from only a few collections of tumor cells lying in the anterior portion of the nerve, to invasion of the entire nerve and possibly the chiasm. Nine of the ten melanomas were partially necrotic. Orbital recurrence developed in four cases in which the tumors extended to the surgically cut margin of the excised optic nerve. All of the eyes had no light perception and had angle-closure glaucoma. In a companion retrospective study of 38 endophytic retinoblastomas with optic nerve invasion, 29 had angle-closure glaucoma. The posterior dispersion of tumor cells, and possibly their optic nerve head invasion, may have been enhanced by the obstruction of the normal anterior segment aqueous outflow channels and the associated glaucoma.", "contents": "Optic nerve extension of intraocular neoplasms. Histologic examination of ten intraocular melanomas (eight choroidal and two of the iris and ciliary body) with dispersion of tumor cells into the vitreous body showed optic nerve invasion ranging from only a few collections of tumor cells lying in the anterior portion of the nerve, to invasion of the entire nerve and possibly the chiasm. Nine of the ten melanomas were partially necrotic. Orbital recurrence developed in four cases in which the tumors extended to the surgically cut margin of the excised optic nerve. All of the eyes had no light perception and had angle-closure glaucoma. In a companion retrospective study of 38 endophytic retinoblastomas with optic nerve invasion, 29 had angle-closure glaucoma. The posterior dispersion of tumor cells, and possibly their optic nerve head invasion, may have been enhanced by the obstruction of the normal anterior segment aqueous outflow channels and the associated glaucoma.", "PMID": 1163593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_142", "title": "Comparison of in vitro corticosteroid response in pigmentary glaucoma and primary open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "We used an in vitro assay utilizing corticosteroids to inhibit transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes to evaluate a group of 20 patients with pigmentary glaucoma. The pigmentary glaucoma patient group did not manifest the markedly increased cellular sensitivity to corticosteroids associated with primary open-angle glaucoma. If increased sensitivity to corticosteroids plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma, then pigmentary glaucoma appears to be etiologically, as well as clinically, a separate entity.", "contents": "Comparison of in vitro corticosteroid response in pigmentary glaucoma and primary open-angle glaucoma. We used an in vitro assay utilizing corticosteroids to inhibit transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes to evaluate a group of 20 patients with pigmentary glaucoma. The pigmentary glaucoma patient group did not manifest the markedly increased cellular sensitivity to corticosteroids associated with primary open-angle glaucoma. If increased sensitivity to corticosteroids plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma, then pigmentary glaucoma appears to be etiologically, as well as clinically, a separate entity.", "PMID": 1163594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_143", "title": "Comparative changes in the error of refraction between fixing and amblyopic eyes during growth and development.", "content": "Measurements of the refractive errors in 55 strabismic patients--one eye with visual acuity of 0.8 or better and the other with reduced vision, 0.4 or less due to amblyopia, and performed at roughly two-year intervals during growth and development to approximately age 25 years--showed that the eye with normal visual acuity was significantly more myopic with age, whereas there was no appreciable change in the average refractive error of the amblyopic eye. Both eyes of a control group of patients of similar age having normal distant vision and orthophoria were more myopic with age. In this group there was an insignificant difference in the change in refractive error of one eye compared with its fellow during comparable periods of time.", "contents": "Comparative changes in the error of refraction between fixing and amblyopic eyes during growth and development. Measurements of the refractive errors in 55 strabismic patients--one eye with visual acuity of 0.8 or better and the other with reduced vision, 0.4 or less due to amblyopia, and performed at roughly two-year intervals during growth and development to approximately age 25 years--showed that the eye with normal visual acuity was significantly more myopic with age, whereas there was no appreciable change in the average refractive error of the amblyopic eye. Both eyes of a control group of patients of similar age having normal distant vision and orthophoria were more myopic with age. In this group there was an insignificant difference in the change in refractive error of one eye compared with its fellow during comparable periods of time.", "PMID": 1163595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_144", "title": "Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma combined with malignant lymphoma.", "content": "A 31-year-old white woman with a poorly differentiated malignant lymphoma and a compromised immune system atypically contracted squamous cell carcinoma. Data obtained after her death indicate that her immune system was severely altered by either the primary disease or the chemotherapeutic regimen, or both.", "contents": "Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma combined with malignant lymphoma. A 31-year-old white woman with a poorly differentiated malignant lymphoma and a compromised immune system atypically contracted squamous cell carcinoma. Data obtained after her death indicate that her immune system was severely altered by either the primary disease or the chemotherapeutic regimen, or both.", "PMID": 1163596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_145", "title": "The effect of corticosteroids in the treatment of experimental bacterial endophthalmitis.", "content": "We evaluated the effects of the addition of corticosteroids to antibiotic therapy in the treatment of staphylococcal endophthalmitis in rabbits. Twenty-four hours after the induction of infection with Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin G, penicillin G and dexamethasone or prednisolone, or saline was injected retrobulbarly for ten days. Afterward, there was no ophthalmoscopic difference between the penicillin and corticosteroid-treated group and those animals receiving only penicillin G. At day 60, however, the fundus was visible in 64% of eyes treated with penicillin G with corticosteroids in contrast to 39% of those eyes treated only with penicillin G (P less than .025). The results between dexamethasone and prednisolone use were not significant. Retrobulbar corticosteroids in combination with effective antibiotic therapy effectively treated experimental bacterial endophthalmitis.", "contents": "The effect of corticosteroids in the treatment of experimental bacterial endophthalmitis. We evaluated the effects of the addition of corticosteroids to antibiotic therapy in the treatment of staphylococcal endophthalmitis in rabbits. Twenty-four hours after the induction of infection with Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin G, penicillin G and dexamethasone or prednisolone, or saline was injected retrobulbarly for ten days. Afterward, there was no ophthalmoscopic difference between the penicillin and corticosteroid-treated group and those animals receiving only penicillin G. At day 60, however, the fundus was visible in 64% of eyes treated with penicillin G with corticosteroids in contrast to 39% of those eyes treated only with penicillin G (P less than .025). The results between dexamethasone and prednisolone use were not significant. Retrobulbar corticosteroids in combination with effective antibiotic therapy effectively treated experimental bacterial endophthalmitis.", "PMID": 1163598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_146", "title": "Modifications of the conjunctivodacryocystostomy procedure.", "content": "I modified the conjunctivodacryocystostomy procedure in 36 patients (43 eyes) by directly threading the pre-flanged PE-190 polyethylene tubing over a No. 3 or 4 Bowman probe into and through the nasolacrimal duct, contrary to the original intranasal maneuvers. This simplified the procedure but caused minor amenable complications such as shortening the tubing postoperatively. In eight of 43 eyes, replacement or shortening the tubing was easily done in the office over a handleless Bowman probe. In three of the 43 eyes, polyethylene tubing was occasionally plugged, requiring cleansing or replacement. Of the 43 tubes inserted, 42 are still in place and functioning.", "contents": "Modifications of the conjunctivodacryocystostomy procedure. I modified the conjunctivodacryocystostomy procedure in 36 patients (43 eyes) by directly threading the pre-flanged PE-190 polyethylene tubing over a No. 3 or 4 Bowman probe into and through the nasolacrimal duct, contrary to the original intranasal maneuvers. This simplified the procedure but caused minor amenable complications such as shortening the tubing postoperatively. In eight of 43 eyes, replacement or shortening the tubing was easily done in the office over a handleless Bowman probe. In three of the 43 eyes, polyethylene tubing was occasionally plugged, requiring cleansing or replacement. Of the 43 tubes inserted, 42 are still in place and functioning.", "PMID": 1163599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_147", "title": "Brief hospital admissions for pediatric strabismus surgery.", "content": "We performed strabismus surgery on 170 children on an outpatient basis. Endotracheal intubation was utilized in all cases as the means of delivery of the anesthetic agent. Atropine used alone as a preoperative medication reduced the incidence of postoperative vomiting. Parental acceptance of this method of surgery was best when the child was discharged from the hospital awake and alert in the shortest possible time.", "contents": "Brief hospital admissions for pediatric strabismus surgery. We performed strabismus surgery on 170 children on an outpatient basis. Endotracheal intubation was utilized in all cases as the means of delivery of the anesthetic agent. Atropine used alone as a preoperative medication reduced the incidence of postoperative vomiting. Parental acceptance of this method of surgery was best when the child was discharged from the hospital awake and alert in the shortest possible time.", "PMID": 1163600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_148", "title": "Autotransplantation of retinal pigment epithelium in intravitreal diffusion chamber.", "content": "Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells were autotransplanted intravitreally in diffusion chambers in rabbit eyes. The RPE cells underwent transformation; first into macrophages, later into spindle-shaped cells with collagen production having epithelial cell characteristics. DNA replication, shown by autoradiography, and loss of pigment granules indicated proliferation of these cells. These results support the hypothesis that RPE proliferation and transformation play a major role in the formation of collagen containing membranes, such as are found in massive periretinal proliferation.", "contents": "Autotransplantation of retinal pigment epithelium in intravitreal diffusion chamber. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells were autotransplanted intravitreally in diffusion chambers in rabbit eyes. The RPE cells underwent transformation; first into macrophages, later into spindle-shaped cells with collagen production having epithelial cell characteristics. DNA replication, shown by autoradiography, and loss of pigment granules indicated proliferation of these cells. These results support the hypothesis that RPE proliferation and transformation play a major role in the formation of collagen containing membranes, such as are found in massive periretinal proliferation.", "PMID": 1163601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_149", "title": "The effect of aspirin on rebleeding in traumatic hyphema.", "content": "Often used as an oral analgesic in the management of pain associated with traumatic hyphema, aspirin has an inhibitory effect on the blood clotting mechamism by its action on platelets. We carried out a retrospective study of patients with traumatic hyphema treated with aspirin and showed that the incidence of rebleeding significantly increased with aspirin administration.", "contents": "The effect of aspirin on rebleeding in traumatic hyphema. Often used as an oral analgesic in the management of pain associated with traumatic hyphema, aspirin has an inhibitory effect on the blood clotting mechamism by its action on platelets. We carried out a retrospective study of patients with traumatic hyphema treated with aspirin and showed that the incidence of rebleeding significantly increased with aspirin administration.", "PMID": 1163602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_150", "title": "A laboratory animal model for phacoemulsification practice.", "content": "A human cataract, removed in its capsule, and implanted in either the anterior or posterior aqueous chamber of a rabbit eye, provided a model system that simulated a clinical case of human senile cataract. Such a model can be used for practice surgery or for evaluation of an instrument designed to remove a cataract through a small incision.", "contents": "A laboratory animal model for phacoemulsification practice. A human cataract, removed in its capsule, and implanted in either the anterior or posterior aqueous chamber of a rabbit eye, provided a model system that simulated a clinical case of human senile cataract. Such a model can be used for practice surgery or for evaluation of an instrument designed to remove a cataract through a small incision.", "PMID": 1163603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_151", "title": "A new portable applanation tonometer.", "content": "A portable applanation tonometer consisted of a Goldmann applanation doubling prism mounted on a dynamometer. Results obtained on 100 consecutive eyes showed a good correlation with the standard slit-lamp mounted applanation tonometer. This portable tonometer is small and easy to use, utilizing the same end point as the standard Goldmann tonometer. In addition, the patient may assume almost any position.", "contents": "A new portable applanation tonometer. A portable applanation tonometer consisted of a Goldmann applanation doubling prism mounted on a dynamometer. Results obtained on 100 consecutive eyes showed a good correlation with the standard slit-lamp mounted applanation tonometer. This portable tonometer is small and easy to use, utilizing the same end point as the standard Goldmann tonometer. In addition, the patient may assume almost any position.", "PMID": 1163605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_152", "title": "Treatment of band keratopathy.", "content": "Band keratopathy, caused by a variety of chronic ocular or systemic diseases, produces pain, photophobia, and decreased vision. A simple method for treating band keratopathy consists of scraping the cornea vigorously with a No. 15 scalped blade until the superficial calcium has been removed.", "contents": "Treatment of band keratopathy. Band keratopathy, caused by a variety of chronic ocular or systemic diseases, produces pain, photophobia, and decreased vision. A simple method for treating band keratopathy consists of scraping the cornea vigorously with a No. 15 scalped blade until the superficial calcium has been removed.", "PMID": 1163606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_153", "title": "The asymmetrical tonic neck reflex in normal first and third grade children.", "content": "Diminished inhibition of the asymmetrical tonic neck reflux (ATNR) is frequently used as a clinical tool when evaluating children with maturational lags, sensory integration deficits, and learning and behavioral dysfunction.  However, limited observations are available on the degree of integration of this primitive reflex in normal children at different age levels.  In this study, 44 first grade and 36 third grade normal children were tested in the quadrupedal position by right and left lateral rotation of the head both actively and passively.  Varying degrees of elbow flexion or muscle tone changes were elicited in all.  First grade children displayed significantly more evidence of this reflex, especially when the head was rotated to the left.  The results of this study indicate that frequent, visible muscle tone changes or elbow flexion to 30% in the arm ipsilateral to the skull position could be considered normal in children through the third grade.", "contents": "The asymmetrical tonic neck reflex in normal first and third grade children. Diminished inhibition of the asymmetrical tonic neck reflux (ATNR) is frequently used as a clinical tool when evaluating children with maturational lags, sensory integration deficits, and learning and behavioral dysfunction.  However, limited observations are available on the degree of integration of this primitive reflex in normal children at different age levels.  In this study, 44 first grade and 36 third grade normal children were tested in the quadrupedal position by right and left lateral rotation of the head both actively and passively.  Varying degrees of elbow flexion or muscle tone changes were elicited in all.  First grade children displayed significantly more evidence of this reflex, especially when the head was rotated to the left.  The results of this study indicate that frequent, visible muscle tone changes or elbow flexion to 30% in the arm ipsilateral to the skull position could be considered normal in children through the third grade.", "PMID": 1163609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_154", "title": "A preliminary report: biofeedback training for early finger joint mobilization.", "content": "Using a newly developed, small, portable EMG biofeedback device for facilitating training, restoration of finger function after surgical repair of tendons was quickly achieved in three patients.  Their case reports are discussed and are offered to encourage wider use of biofeedback in the therapy of such patients.", "contents": "A preliminary report: biofeedback training for early finger joint mobilization. Using a newly developed, small, portable EMG biofeedback device for facilitating training, restoration of finger function after surgical repair of tendons was quickly achieved in three patients.  Their case reports are discussed and are offered to encourage wider use of biofeedback in the therapy of such patients.", "PMID": 1163610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_155", "title": "Feeding program for the institutionalized mentally retarded.", "content": "A program using techniques from behavior modification and motivation theories was initiated to improve dining room behavior in a large residential center for the mentally retarded.  The program was graduated into three levels to deal with behaviors ranging from normal eating habits to total lack of self-feeding skills.  The effectiveness of this program, indicated by behavioral ratings taken both before the program began and eight weeks after the program was in operation, was shown in significantly improved eating habits.", "contents": "Feeding program for the institutionalized mentally retarded. A program using techniques from behavior modification and motivation theories was initiated to improve dining room behavior in a large residential center for the mentally retarded.  The program was graduated into three levels to deal with behaviors ranging from normal eating habits to total lack of self-feeding skills.  The effectiveness of this program, indicated by behavioral ratings taken both before the program began and eight weeks after the program was in operation, was shown in significantly improved eating habits.", "PMID": 1163611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_156", "title": "A preliminary prosthesis for the partially amputated hand.", "content": "The temporary preliminary prosthesis for the partially amputated hand is recommended to maintain hand function and independence in self-care for the patient and to assure patient acceptance of a permanent prosthesis.  The construction of an Orthoplast partial hand prosthesis is discussed and illustrated.", "contents": "A preliminary prosthesis for the partially amputated hand. The temporary preliminary prosthesis for the partially amputated hand is recommended to maintain hand function and independence in self-care for the patient and to assure patient acceptance of a permanent prosthesis.  The construction of an Orthoplast partial hand prosthesis is discussed and illustrated.", "PMID": 1163612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_157", "title": "Student selectron of field work experience.", "content": "This paper describes a survey administered to 78 junior and senior level occupational therapy students to determine their rationale for the selection of field work experiences.  On the 67 correct returns the major considerations for selection, by priority, were the geographical location, the reputation of the center, and the stipends offered.", "contents": "Student selectron of field work experience. This paper describes a survey administered to 78 junior and senior level occupational therapy students to determine their rationale for the selection of field work experiences.  On the 67 correct returns the major considerations for selection, by priority, were the geographical location, the reputation of the center, and the stipends offered.", "PMID": 1163614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_158", "title": "Children's lateralizations of images of the self, others, and objects.", "content": "Each of 90 kindergarten, second, and fourth graders was shown photographs of himself, another person, and a symmetrical television set. He was asked to point to one side of the image as specified, on himself, the person, and the object. When the three pointing tasks were made nearly equivalent by providing on example for each task, by not requiring verbal labels, and by requiring roughly the same cognitive level of relational judgment, there was a significant difference among school grades and image responses. The response of pointing to the side of the image diagonally across from the side of the example occurred more often in older children and most often for the object in all three school grades.", "contents": "Children's lateralizations of images of the self, others, and objects. Each of 90 kindergarten, second, and fourth graders was shown photographs of himself, another person, and a symmetrical television set. He was asked to point to one side of the image as specified, on himself, the person, and the object. When the three pointing tasks were made nearly equivalent by providing on example for each task, by not requiring verbal labels, and by requiring roughly the same cognitive level of relational judgment, there was a significant difference among school grades and image responses. The response of pointing to the side of the image diagonally across from the side of the example occurred more often in older children and most often for the object in all three school grades.", "PMID": 1163616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_159", "title": "Behavioral skills for employment of the intellectually handicapped.", "content": "Parents, teachers, and supervisors in competitive industry and sheltered workshops ranked the same behavioral items. Each group followed different directions. The items, thought to be basic requirements for successful employment of the intellectually handicapped, were sorted into four categories corroborated by university students. Chi-square analysis showed many significant differences in ranking among samples at p less than .0005. Parents and teachers emphasized items in the job-task category significantly less than did industry and workshop supervisors. Parents stressed basic reading skills more than other samples. Occupational therapists aware of the handicapped person's potential for employment could take the role of providing experiences stressing behaviors sought by employers.", "contents": "Behavioral skills for employment of the intellectually handicapped. Parents, teachers, and supervisors in competitive industry and sheltered workshops ranked the same behavioral items. Each group followed different directions. The items, thought to be basic requirements for successful employment of the intellectually handicapped, were sorted into four categories corroborated by university students. Chi-square analysis showed many significant differences in ranking among samples at p less than .0005. Parents and teachers emphasized items in the job-task category significantly less than did industry and workshop supervisors. Parents stressed basic reading skills more than other samples. Occupational therapists aware of the handicapped person's potential for employment could take the role of providing experiences stressing behaviors sought by employers.", "PMID": 1163617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_160", "title": "Bilateral lower extremity dressing frame.", "content": "Completely independent application of lower extremity prostheses and clothing is essential but often difficult to accomplish in optimal rehabilitation of the bilateral above-knee amputee. This paper suggests an occupational therapy treatment plan for above-knee amputations, discusses reasons for dependency and decreased use of lower extremity prostheses and clothing, and describes a bilateral lower extremity dressing frame designed for independent application of prostheses and lower extremity clothing. The cost of rehabilitation can be justified once independence in application of prostheses and clothing is accomplished and functional ambulation is achieved.", "contents": "Bilateral lower extremity dressing frame. Completely independent application of lower extremity prostheses and clothing is essential but often difficult to accomplish in optimal rehabilitation of the bilateral above-knee amputee. This paper suggests an occupational therapy treatment plan for above-knee amputations, discusses reasons for dependency and decreased use of lower extremity prostheses and clothing, and describes a bilateral lower extremity dressing frame designed for independent application of prostheses and lower extremity clothing. The cost of rehabilitation can be justified once independence in application of prostheses and clothing is accomplished and functional ambulation is achieved.", "PMID": 1163618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_161", "title": "Marked accommodation, retinal stretch, monocular space perception and retinal receptor orientation.", "content": "In recent years we have come to recognize that retinal receptors are probably aligned with the center of the exit pupil of the eye. It becomes crucial to define those factors influencing and determining photoreceptor alignment. Here, the effect of retinal stretch associated with marked accommodation has been considered. Assuming that a sense of direction is associated with a given retinal locus, we have used a classical monocular bisection test technique in order to see if marked accommodation altered bisection settings. Substantial changes in bisection settings were found when testing in the region of the posterior pole. These could be localized most probably in the retina and choroid. In separate studies, the effect of anterior retinal stretch upon cone receptor orientation in the region of the fovea was evaluated. Marked accommodation caused a transient nasal displacement of the peak of the Stiles-Crawford directional sensitivity function. These studies suggest that the posterior pole of the eye is routinely subject to stresses and strains. This point is of clinical significance. Our studies suggest that the presence of the blind spot influences the magnitude of change of measured parameters. We have only begun the important task of evaluating the nature of recovery processes following marked accommodation. Lastly, in order to obtain the necessary responses, we have had to train our young observers to voluntarily utilize nearly their entire accommodative capability.", "contents": "Marked accommodation, retinal stretch, monocular space perception and retinal receptor orientation. In recent years we have come to recognize that retinal receptors are probably aligned with the center of the exit pupil of the eye. It becomes crucial to define those factors influencing and determining photoreceptor alignment. Here, the effect of retinal stretch associated with marked accommodation has been considered. Assuming that a sense of direction is associated with a given retinal locus, we have used a classical monocular bisection test technique in order to see if marked accommodation altered bisection settings. Substantial changes in bisection settings were found when testing in the region of the posterior pole. These could be localized most probably in the retina and choroid. In separate studies, the effect of anterior retinal stretch upon cone receptor orientation in the region of the fovea was evaluated. Marked accommodation caused a transient nasal displacement of the peak of the Stiles-Crawford directional sensitivity function. These studies suggest that the posterior pole of the eye is routinely subject to stresses and strains. This point is of clinical significance. Our studies suggest that the presence of the blind spot influences the magnitude of change of measured parameters. We have only begun the important task of evaluating the nature of recovery processes following marked accommodation. Lastly, in order to obtain the necessary responses, we have had to train our young observers to voluntarily utilize nearly their entire accommodative capability.", "PMID": 1163623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_162", "title": "Central and peripheral corneal swelling accompanying the wearing of Bausch and Lomb SOFLENS contact lenses.", "content": "Central and peripheral corneal thickness was monitored during the wearing of Bausch and Lomb SOFLENS contact Lenses. The results showed that a generalized and equal swelling occurred in the central and peripheral cornea. This generalized swelling explains the absence of significant spectacle blue and/or changes in corneal curvature.", "contents": "Central and peripheral corneal swelling accompanying the wearing of Bausch and Lomb SOFLENS contact lenses. Central and peripheral corneal thickness was monitored during the wearing of Bausch and Lomb SOFLENS contact Lenses. The results showed that a generalized and equal swelling occurred in the central and peripheral cornea. This generalized swelling explains the absence of significant spectacle blue and/or changes in corneal curvature.", "PMID": 1163624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_163", "title": "Changes in corneal curvature and subjective refraction of soft contact lens wearers.", "content": "Changes in corneal curvature and subjective refraction were found to occur in some wearers of N & N lathe-cut soft contact lenses. These changes appear to be the result of any one of a number of factors, including a relatively steep lens-cornea relationship, over-wearing of lenses and inadequate blinking habits.", "contents": "Changes in corneal curvature and subjective refraction of soft contact lens wearers. Changes in corneal curvature and subjective refraction were found to occur in some wearers of N & N lathe-cut soft contact lenses. These changes appear to be the result of any one of a number of factors, including a relatively steep lens-cornea relationship, over-wearing of lenses and inadequate blinking habits.", "PMID": 1163625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_164", "title": "Clinical tonometric measurements comparing three non-contact tonometers.", "content": "Three American Optical Non-contact Tonometers were used to compare readings against each other. The attempt was to determine if all three tonometers were measuring the same IOP over a wide range of pressures. The assumption in practice is that all Non-contact Tonometers are manufactured within tolerance that should allow the examiner to find that same IOP on a patient regardless of the Non-contact Tonometer used. A preliminary study found no significant difference between the instruments.", "contents": "Clinical tonometric measurements comparing three non-contact tonometers. Three American Optical Non-contact Tonometers were used to compare readings against each other. The attempt was to determine if all three tonometers were measuring the same IOP over a wide range of pressures. The assumption in practice is that all Non-contact Tonometers are manufactured within tolerance that should allow the examiner to find that same IOP on a patient regardless of the Non-contact Tonometer used. A preliminary study found no significant difference between the instruments.", "PMID": 1163626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_165", "title": "Geriatric ophthalmic dispensing.", "content": "The aged have many problems peculiar to their longevity. One is the need for a visual correction. Often the prescription is high in power and needs special consideration, especially for low vision and aphakie patients. Always the materials supplied must provide comfort and whenever possible, cosmesis. This paper covers these aspects in detail.", "contents": "Geriatric ophthalmic dispensing. The aged have many problems peculiar to their longevity. One is the need for a visual correction. Often the prescription is high in power and needs special consideration, especially for low vision and aphakie patients. Always the materials supplied must provide comfort and whenever possible, cosmesis. This paper covers these aspects in detail.", "PMID": 1163628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_166", "title": "Experimental Lassa virus infection in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "Experimental Lassa virus infection was investigated in a nonhuman primate in order to elucidate the target organs of the viral infection and the course of pathologic events. Four squirrel monkeys (Saimiri scirreus) were inoculated intramuscularly with Lassa virus and sacrificed for organ titrations and histopathology, one each day, on Days 7, 12, 14, and 28 after inoculation. The animals showed a variable clinical course, with an incubation period of 8 to 18 days. The virus was demonstrated to be virtually pantropic; however, lymph node, liver, and kidney were key early targets. After the onset of overt disease, patterns of lymphoreticulotropism, hepatotropism, nephrotropism, adrenotropism, and persistent viremia were evident. Complement-fixing antibody failed to develop after 28 days of infection. Histopathologic findings included germinal center necrosis in spleen and lymph node; myocarditis; acute arteritis; renal tubular necrosis and regeneration; hepatocytic regeneration; chronic inflammation of choroid plexus, ependyma, and meninges; and cerebral perivascular cuffing. There is a relationship between many of these lesions and certain features of other arenavirus infections. The model offers the opportunity to pursue investigations of experimental pathogenesis, transmissibility, and efficacy of immunotherapy.", "contents": "Experimental Lassa virus infection in the squirrel monkey. Experimental Lassa virus infection was investigated in a nonhuman primate in order to elucidate the target organs of the viral infection and the course of pathologic events. Four squirrel monkeys (Saimiri scirreus) were inoculated intramuscularly with Lassa virus and sacrificed for organ titrations and histopathology, one each day, on Days 7, 12, 14, and 28 after inoculation. The animals showed a variable clinical course, with an incubation period of 8 to 18 days. The virus was demonstrated to be virtually pantropic; however, lymph node, liver, and kidney were key early targets. After the onset of overt disease, patterns of lymphoreticulotropism, hepatotropism, nephrotropism, adrenotropism, and persistent viremia were evident. Complement-fixing antibody failed to develop after 28 days of infection. Histopathologic findings included germinal center necrosis in spleen and lymph node; myocarditis; acute arteritis; renal tubular necrosis and regeneration; hepatocytic regeneration; chronic inflammation of choroid plexus, ependyma, and meninges; and cerebral perivascular cuffing. There is a relationship between many of these lesions and certain features of other arenavirus infections. The model offers the opportunity to pursue investigations of experimental pathogenesis, transmissibility, and efficacy of immunotherapy.", "PMID": 1163630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_167", "title": "The Schistosoma japonicum egg granuloma.", "content": "Although Schistosoma japonicum egg granulomas are generally considered to be similar to those of S. mansoni (which are largely immunologic reactions of the delayed hypersensitivity type) there are suggestions that the histopathology and perhaps the etiology of the lesions are different. In mice with light S. japonicum infections, at 5 weeks after infection (2 weeks after egg production began), the livers contained 36,000 eggs each, but there was no reaction to the eggs, nor any evidence of hepatosplenic disease. By 6 weeks, large abscesses replete with cosinophils occurred around some of the eggs, and there was periportal inflammation consisting predominantly of plasma cells. From this time on, major lesions occurred mainly around large aggregates of eggs, and there was hepatosplenomegaly and portal hypertension. Living S. japonicum eggs injected into the pulmonary microvasculature of mice did not evoke significant granulomatous reactions on either primary or secondary exposure. Even when the eggs were injected into the lungs of infected animals, which had large granulomas around egg aggregates in the liver, little or no inflammatory reaction was seen around the eggs distributed singly throughout the pulmonary vessels. When the priming dose of eggs or soluble egg antigens was injected subcutaneously with or without complete Freund's adjuvant, significant granuloma formation occurred around eggs subsequently injected into the lungs. On the basis, therefore, of differences in the parasite factor (eggs) and host factors (histopathology and responses to routes of injection) it is suggested that the immunologic factors responsible for granuloma formation around S. mansoni and S. japonicum eggs may differ significantly.", "contents": "The Schistosoma japonicum egg granuloma. Although Schistosoma japonicum egg granulomas are generally considered to be similar to those of S. mansoni (which are largely immunologic reactions of the delayed hypersensitivity type) there are suggestions that the histopathology and perhaps the etiology of the lesions are different. In mice with light S. japonicum infections, at 5 weeks after infection (2 weeks after egg production began), the livers contained 36,000 eggs each, but there was no reaction to the eggs, nor any evidence of hepatosplenic disease. By 6 weeks, large abscesses replete with cosinophils occurred around some of the eggs, and there was periportal inflammation consisting predominantly of plasma cells. From this time on, major lesions occurred mainly around large aggregates of eggs, and there was hepatosplenomegaly and portal hypertension. Living S. japonicum eggs injected into the pulmonary microvasculature of mice did not evoke significant granulomatous reactions on either primary or secondary exposure. Even when the eggs were injected into the lungs of infected animals, which had large granulomas around egg aggregates in the liver, little or no inflammatory reaction was seen around the eggs distributed singly throughout the pulmonary vessels. When the priming dose of eggs or soluble egg antigens was injected subcutaneously with or without complete Freund's adjuvant, significant granuloma formation occurred around eggs subsequently injected into the lungs. On the basis, therefore, of differences in the parasite factor (eggs) and host factors (histopathology and responses to routes of injection) it is suggested that the immunologic factors responsible for granuloma formation around S. mansoni and S. japonicum eggs may differ significantly.", "PMID": 1163631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_168", "title": "Studies on the synthesis of plasma membrane proteins of fibroblasts from patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The characteristic increased salinity of sweat and other abnormalities of exocrine secretions in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) suggest the possibility of a disturbed functioning of the plasma membrane in this disease. Several lines of evidence indicate that fibroblasts express the presence of the CF genotype. Therefore these cells were used in an in vitro study directed at determining whether the manifestations of CF might be related to an alteration of one or more of the protein components of the plasma membrane. In order to evaluate the synthesis of these components, growing fibrosblasts from patients with CF and normal subjects were briefly exposed to either 14C- or 3-H-leucine. Their plasma membrances were then isolated and subjected to analysis in a nondetergent acrylamide gel system. Coelectrophoresis of differentially labeled preparations revealed the absence of a detectable abnormality in the synthetic rates of any of the more than 30 resolved protein species.", "contents": "Studies on the synthesis of plasma membrane proteins of fibroblasts from patients with cystic fibrosis. The characteristic increased salinity of sweat and other abnormalities of exocrine secretions in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) suggest the possibility of a disturbed functioning of the plasma membrane in this disease. Several lines of evidence indicate that fibroblasts express the presence of the CF genotype. Therefore these cells were used in an in vitro study directed at determining whether the manifestations of CF might be related to an alteration of one or more of the protein components of the plasma membrane. In order to evaluate the synthesis of these components, growing fibrosblasts from patients with CF and normal subjects were briefly exposed to either 14C- or 3-H-leucine. Their plasma membrances were then isolated and subjected to analysis in a nondetergent acrylamide gel system. Coelectrophoresis of differentially labeled preparations revealed the absence of a detectable abnormality in the synthetic rates of any of the more than 30 resolved protein species.", "PMID": 1163632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_169", "title": "Proliferation of mononuclear phagocytes (Kupffer cells) and endothelial cells in regenerating rat liver. A light and electron microscopic cytochemical study.", "content": "The proliferation of littoral cells in regenerating rat liver after partial hepatectomy has been investigated using endogenous peroxidase and uptake of large (0.8-mu) latex particles as markers of Kupffer cells. Female rats were subjected to 2/3 partial hepatectomy and sacrificed at intervals up to 11 days. Prior to sacrifice, animals were injected with latex and their livers were fixed by perfusion and were processed for cytochemical localization of peroxidase. The sinusoidal cells exhibited a marked regenerative response after partial hepatectomy. Peroxidase activity persisted in endoplasmic reticulum of Kupffer cells during mitosis. Furthermore, latex particles were exclusively localized in such peroxidase-positive cells, thus confirming their identity as Kupffer cells. Quantitative counts revealed that the peak mitotic activity of Kupffer cells occurred at 48 hours, whereas that of endothelial cells was at 96 hours after partial hepatectomy. Our findings indicate that Kupffer cells are capable of dividing locally in the liver; no morphologic evidence of transformation of endothelial cells or monocytes to Kupffer cells was found. The significance of these observations concerning the origin of Kupffer cells is discussed, and it is concluded that in the model of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy the Kupffer cells are formed predominantly by local cell division.", "contents": "Proliferation of mononuclear phagocytes (Kupffer cells) and endothelial cells in regenerating rat liver. A light and electron microscopic cytochemical study. The proliferation of littoral cells in regenerating rat liver after partial hepatectomy has been investigated using endogenous peroxidase and uptake of large (0.8-mu) latex particles as markers of Kupffer cells. Female rats were subjected to 2/3 partial hepatectomy and sacrificed at intervals up to 11 days. Prior to sacrifice, animals were injected with latex and their livers were fixed by perfusion and were processed for cytochemical localization of peroxidase. The sinusoidal cells exhibited a marked regenerative response after partial hepatectomy. Peroxidase activity persisted in endoplasmic reticulum of Kupffer cells during mitosis. Furthermore, latex particles were exclusively localized in such peroxidase-positive cells, thus confirming their identity as Kupffer cells. Quantitative counts revealed that the peak mitotic activity of Kupffer cells occurred at 48 hours, whereas that of endothelial cells was at 96 hours after partial hepatectomy. Our findings indicate that Kupffer cells are capable of dividing locally in the liver; no morphologic evidence of transformation of endothelial cells or monocytes to Kupffer cells was found. The significance of these observations concerning the origin of Kupffer cells is discussed, and it is concluded that in the model of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy the Kupffer cells are formed predominantly by local cell division.", "PMID": 1163635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_170", "title": "Studies on the structure and permeability of the microvasculature in normal rat lymph nodes.", "content": "The structure and permeability of the microvasculature in normal rat lymph nodes was studied by regional perfusion techniques. The results indicated that characteristic vascular units supplied each cortical lobule of lymphatic tissue. Numerous arteriovenous communications and venous sphincters innervated by unmyelinated nerve fibers were found in this vascular bed. These specialized vascular structures permitted regional control of blood flow through high endothelial venules. Lymphocytes migrated across these venular walls by moving through intercellular spaces in the endothelium and between gaps in the laminated, reticular sheath. No direct anastomoses between blood vessels and lymphatics were seen, but tracer studies with horseradish peroxidase suggested that functional lymph node-venous communications were present in the walls of high endothelial venules.", "contents": "Studies on the structure and permeability of the microvasculature in normal rat lymph nodes. The structure and permeability of the microvasculature in normal rat lymph nodes was studied by regional perfusion techniques. The results indicated that characteristic vascular units supplied each cortical lobule of lymphatic tissue. Numerous arteriovenous communications and venous sphincters innervated by unmyelinated nerve fibers were found in this vascular bed. These specialized vascular structures permitted regional control of blood flow through high endothelial venules. Lymphocytes migrated across these venular walls by moving through intercellular spaces in the endothelium and between gaps in the laminated, reticular sheath. No direct anastomoses between blood vessels and lymphatics were seen, but tracer studies with horseradish peroxidase suggested that functional lymph node-venous communications were present in the walls of high endothelial venules.", "PMID": 1163637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_171", "title": "Concerning the role of mitochondria in cryptobiosis.", "content": "The metabolic characteristics of the mitochondria of Agaricus bisporus are altered in the zygote by specific inhibitors that permit them to retain structural integrity in the dormant spore and enable them to initiate energy production, with apparent protein synthesis and replication during the initial phase of germination. The insensitivity of the earliest events of germination to selective cytoplasmic and nuclear inhibitors characterizes this as a transient period of unusual mitochondrial autonomy. To define the intrinsic metabolic potentials of the organelle and its role in cryptobiosis, mitochondria were fractionated aseptically from presporulating zygotes and were placed in dialysis chambers surrounded by nutrient media at 15 C. For periods through 48 hours, the isolated mitochondria manifested the capacity to incorporate labeled amino acids linearly into proteins and retained stable electrophoretic protein profiles for more than 5 days. They maintained fine structural integrity for at least 10 days, some developed septational membranes, and they increased numerically. These metabolic activities were dependent upon a nutrient substrate.", "contents": "Concerning the role of mitochondria in cryptobiosis. The metabolic characteristics of the mitochondria of Agaricus bisporus are altered in the zygote by specific inhibitors that permit them to retain structural integrity in the dormant spore and enable them to initiate energy production, with apparent protein synthesis and replication during the initial phase of germination. The insensitivity of the earliest events of germination to selective cytoplasmic and nuclear inhibitors characterizes this as a transient period of unusual mitochondrial autonomy. To define the intrinsic metabolic potentials of the organelle and its role in cryptobiosis, mitochondria were fractionated aseptically from presporulating zygotes and were placed in dialysis chambers surrounded by nutrient media at 15 C. For periods through 48 hours, the isolated mitochondria manifested the capacity to incorporate labeled amino acids linearly into proteins and retained stable electrophoretic protein profiles for more than 5 days. They maintained fine structural integrity for at least 10 days, some developed septational membranes, and they increased numerically. These metabolic activities were dependent upon a nutrient substrate.", "PMID": 1163641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_172", "title": "Critique of the \"critical mass\" hypothesis of the regeneration of liver cells.", "content": "The hypothesis that the regulation of liver cell regeneration is triggered by the critical mass of the cells has been examined. However, examination of the steps in the mathematical formulation of this hypothesis as well as the experimental work performed in our laboratory and elsewhere concerning the proliferation and the volume of hepatocytes following partial hepatectomy does not support this hypothesis.", "contents": "Critique of the \"critical mass\" hypothesis of the regeneration of liver cells. The hypothesis that the regulation of liver cell regeneration is triggered by the critical mass of the cells has been examined. However, examination of the steps in the mathematical formulation of this hypothesis as well as the experimental work performed in our laboratory and elsewhere concerning the proliferation and the volume of hepatocytes following partial hepatectomy does not support this hypothesis.", "PMID": 1163642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_173", "title": "Effects of a diphophonate on calcium metabolism in calcium-deprived rats.", "content": "Calcium metabolism was studied in growing rats, submitted to calcium deprivation ofvarious intensity.  A decreased intake resulted in decreased net absorption of calcium(V'na), no change in bone formation (V'o+), and an increase in bone resorption (V'o -).  In animals given dichloromethylene disphosphate (Cl'2MDP), a compoundknown to inhibit bone resorption, V'o+ was less than in the controls but again the same at all calcium intakes; V'na was below V'o+, V'o- still increased as the calcium intake was reduced.  The various kinetic parameters in rats receiving Cl'2MDPwere indistinguishable from published data in parathyroidectomized (PTX) animals, yetblood calcium was low in PTX rats but normal in Cl'2MDP-atreated rats.  It appears that the rat has an efficient mechanism for increasing bone resorption which is not inhibited by Cl'2MDP and does not require parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "Effects of a diphophonate on calcium metabolism in calcium-deprived rats. Calcium metabolism was studied in growing rats, submitted to calcium deprivation ofvarious intensity.  A decreased intake resulted in decreased net absorption of calcium(V'na), no change in bone formation (V'o+), and an increase in bone resorption (V'o -).  In animals given dichloromethylene disphosphate (Cl'2MDP), a compoundknown to inhibit bone resorption, V'o+ was less than in the controls but again the same at all calcium intakes; V'na was below V'o+, V'o- still increased as the calcium intake was reduced.  The various kinetic parameters in rats receiving Cl'2MDPwere indistinguishable from published data in parathyroidectomized (PTX) animals, yetblood calcium was low in PTX rats but normal in Cl'2MDP-atreated rats.  It appears that the rat has an efficient mechanism for increasing bone resorption which is not inhibited by Cl'2MDP and does not require parathyroid hormone.", "PMID": 1163653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_174", "title": "Uptake of lactate by dog skeletal muscle in vivo and the effect of free fatty acids.", "content": "These experiments were designed to determine: 1) if lactate can be extracted from the arterial blood and utilized by resting skeletal muscle of the dog, and 2) if lactate uptake or production by skeletal muscle is influenced by the level of circulating free fatty acids. Skeletal muscle arteriovenous differences in lactate were measured at several arterial lactate and free fatty acid concentrations. With sodium pentobarbital anesthesia and a low concentration of free fatty acids, arterial lactate concentrations of 1-2 mM were associated with extraction of lactate; however, when circulating free fatty acids were elevated (greater than 1 mM), no extraction of lactate occurred at these lactate concentrations. The relationship between arterial free fatty acids and uptake or release of lactate demonstrated in these in vivo studies suggest that the inhibition of free fatty acid release from adipose tissue that occurs when the arterial lactate concentration increases may function facilitate the metabolism of lactate by skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Uptake of lactate by dog skeletal muscle in vivo and the effect of free fatty acids. These experiments were designed to determine: 1) if lactate can be extracted from the arterial blood and utilized by resting skeletal muscle of the dog, and 2) if lactate uptake or production by skeletal muscle is influenced by the level of circulating free fatty acids. Skeletal muscle arteriovenous differences in lactate were measured at several arterial lactate and free fatty acid concentrations. With sodium pentobarbital anesthesia and a low concentration of free fatty acids, arterial lactate concentrations of 1-2 mM were associated with extraction of lactate; however, when circulating free fatty acids were elevated (greater than 1 mM), no extraction of lactate occurred at these lactate concentrations. The relationship between arterial free fatty acids and uptake or release of lactate demonstrated in these in vivo studies suggest that the inhibition of free fatty acid release from adipose tissue that occurs when the arterial lactate concentration increases may function facilitate the metabolism of lactate by skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 1163654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_175", "title": "Thyroid hormone-induced changes in body temperature and metabolism during exercise in dogs.", "content": "Changes in serum total thyroxine concentration (TT4) and the effects of thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) injection on plasma free fatty acid (FFA) level and rectal temperature (Tre) responses were measured in six dogs at rest and during 1 h of submaximal treadmill exercise. At rest there were no increases in FFA level or Tre up to 72 h after thyroid hormone treatment. During exercise, 5 h after a single T4 injection (0.1 mg/kg), there was a) a significant increase in TT4, although the resting level was markedly elevated, and b) a significant increase in FFA concentration and Tre above control values. Seventy-two hours after T4 injection there was a similar increase in TT4 during exercise and both FFA and Tre levels were greater than 5-h values. The elevated Tre was not associated with increased plasma Na+, K+, or osmotic concentrations. Compared with T4 data, T3 injection (0.1 mg/kg) resulted in greater increases in FFA level and Tre during exercise; two animals reached 43.1 degrees C. There were no significant differences in the respiratory exchange ratio (R) or O2 uptake between the control and T3 experiments. It was concluded that thyroid hormones markedly enhance FFA mobilization and elevated Tre during exercise, but not a rest. The hyperthermic response appears to be due to an increase in the level of regulated body temperature rather than to a depression of heat dissipation.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone-induced changes in body temperature and metabolism during exercise in dogs. Changes in serum total thyroxine concentration (TT4) and the effects of thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) injection on plasma free fatty acid (FFA) level and rectal temperature (Tre) responses were measured in six dogs at rest and during 1 h of submaximal treadmill exercise. At rest there were no increases in FFA level or Tre up to 72 h after thyroid hormone treatment. During exercise, 5 h after a single T4 injection (0.1 mg/kg), there was a) a significant increase in TT4, although the resting level was markedly elevated, and b) a significant increase in FFA concentration and Tre above control values. Seventy-two hours after T4 injection there was a similar increase in TT4 during exercise and both FFA and Tre levels were greater than 5-h values. The elevated Tre was not associated with increased plasma Na+, K+, or osmotic concentrations. Compared with T4 data, T3 injection (0.1 mg/kg) resulted in greater increases in FFA level and Tre during exercise; two animals reached 43.1 degrees C. There were no significant differences in the respiratory exchange ratio (R) or O2 uptake between the control and T3 experiments. It was concluded that thyroid hormones markedly enhance FFA mobilization and elevated Tre during exercise, but not a rest. The hyperthermic response appears to be due to an increase in the level of regulated body temperature rather than to a depression of heat dissipation.", "PMID": 1163655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_176", "title": "Major and collateral components of blood flow to pregnant sheep uterus.", "content": "In vivo measurements of vessel diameter, latex injections, and acrylic-cast studies indentified the middle uterine arteries as the main source of blood supply to the pregnant sheep uterus. Collateral circulation stemmed from the dorsal uterine arteries, and the ovarian arteries, and small cervical branches derived from the external iliac arteries (in decreasing order of importance). These morphological observations were related to estimates of collateral flow obtained during isolated, in situ perfusion of the pregnant sheep uterus carried out through the cannulated middle uterine arteries. Collateral blood flow was estimated from the shift of the flow-pressure curve produced by inflation of a balloon catheter advanced into the aorta below the renal arteries. Middle uterine artery flow to one horn increased from 162 +/- 23 ml/min in midgestation to 323 +/- 44 ml/min near term. Collateral uterine blood flow did not change significantly: 82 +/- 15 ml/min in midterm, 74 +/- 9 ml/min near term. Collateral flow consituted a larger fraction of inflow to the horn containing the fetus in 9 of 10 single pregnancies.", "contents": "Major and collateral components of blood flow to pregnant sheep uterus. In vivo measurements of vessel diameter, latex injections, and acrylic-cast studies indentified the middle uterine arteries as the main source of blood supply to the pregnant sheep uterus. Collateral circulation stemmed from the dorsal uterine arteries, and the ovarian arteries, and small cervical branches derived from the external iliac arteries (in decreasing order of importance). These morphological observations were related to estimates of collateral flow obtained during isolated, in situ perfusion of the pregnant sheep uterus carried out through the cannulated middle uterine arteries. Collateral blood flow was estimated from the shift of the flow-pressure curve produced by inflation of a balloon catheter advanced into the aorta below the renal arteries. Middle uterine artery flow to one horn increased from 162 +/- 23 ml/min in midgestation to 323 +/- 44 ml/min near term. Collateral uterine blood flow did not change significantly: 82 +/- 15 ml/min in midterm, 74 +/- 9 ml/min near term. Collateral flow consituted a larger fraction of inflow to the horn containing the fetus in 9 of 10 single pregnancies.", "PMID": 1163656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_177", "title": "Reflex sympathetic changes in aortic diastolic pressure-diameter relationship.", "content": "In anesthetized vagotomized cats with the chest opened and artificially ventilated, aortic blood pressure (AP) and external diameter (AD; ultrasound technique) were measured in the proximal third of the descending thoracic aorta. Slow sinusoidal oscillations (0.2-0.3 Hz in aortic volume were produced by a piston pump connected to a femoral artery. Diastolic pressure-diameter relationship (PDR) curves were obtained during control conditions and during stimulation of either the cut central end of the left inferior cardiac nerve (ICN) or the decentralized thoracic sympathetic chain (SC). In six cats with both carotid arteries occluded ICN stimulation reflexly shifted the PDR curves to lower diameters for any given pressure (mean deltaAD 3.2% at control AP). A smaller response to ICN stimulation was obtained in five cats with one patent carotid artery (mean deltaAD 2.3% at control AP). Stimulation of sympathetic efferents to the aorta (SC) caused similar responses in five animals (mean deltaAD 3.4% at control AP). This reflex control of the thoracic aorta may be involved in cardioaortic coupling and may influence the sensitivity of aortic mechanoreceptors.", "contents": "Reflex sympathetic changes in aortic diastolic pressure-diameter relationship. In anesthetized vagotomized cats with the chest opened and artificially ventilated, aortic blood pressure (AP) and external diameter (AD; ultrasound technique) were measured in the proximal third of the descending thoracic aorta. Slow sinusoidal oscillations (0.2-0.3 Hz in aortic volume were produced by a piston pump connected to a femoral artery. Diastolic pressure-diameter relationship (PDR) curves were obtained during control conditions and during stimulation of either the cut central end of the left inferior cardiac nerve (ICN) or the decentralized thoracic sympathetic chain (SC). In six cats with both carotid arteries occluded ICN stimulation reflexly shifted the PDR curves to lower diameters for any given pressure (mean deltaAD 3.2% at control AP). A smaller response to ICN stimulation was obtained in five cats with one patent carotid artery (mean deltaAD 2.3% at control AP). Stimulation of sympathetic efferents to the aorta (SC) caused similar responses in five animals (mean deltaAD 3.4% at control AP). This reflex control of the thoracic aorta may be involved in cardioaortic coupling and may influence the sensitivity of aortic mechanoreceptors.", "PMID": 1163657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_178", "title": "Hepatic bile acid transport: effect of conjugation and position of hydroxyl groups.", "content": "The hepatic transport of five bile acids was studied in the bile-fistula rat. Pairs of labeled bile acids were injected simultaneously into the portal vein as a sharp pulse and the secretion of radiolabel in bile was measured over the nex 15 min. Six bile acid pairs were tested, and it was found that both conjugation and the number and disposition of hydroxyl groups influenced hepatic transport. Taurocholic acid was transported most efficiently, followed in order by glycocholic acid, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and chenodeoxycholic acid. Sampling aortic blood immediately after portal vein injection of labeled bile acid pairs demonstrated differential rates of hepatic extraction. In every comparison, the bile acid that was more efficiently extracted by the liver had a faster overall transport rate. This suggests that the differing rates of biliary secretion are, at least in part, determined by the efficiency of hepatic uptake.", "contents": "Hepatic bile acid transport: effect of conjugation and position of hydroxyl groups. The hepatic transport of five bile acids was studied in the bile-fistula rat. Pairs of labeled bile acids were injected simultaneously into the portal vein as a sharp pulse and the secretion of radiolabel in bile was measured over the nex 15 min. Six bile acid pairs were tested, and it was found that both conjugation and the number and disposition of hydroxyl groups influenced hepatic transport. Taurocholic acid was transported most efficiently, followed in order by glycocholic acid, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and chenodeoxycholic acid. Sampling aortic blood immediately after portal vein injection of labeled bile acid pairs demonstrated differential rates of hepatic extraction. In every comparison, the bile acid that was more efficiently extracted by the liver had a faster overall transport rate. This suggests that the differing rates of biliary secretion are, at least in part, determined by the efficiency of hepatic uptake.", "PMID": 1163658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_179", "title": "Lack of a direct effect of efferent cardiac vagal nerve activity on atrial receptor activity.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to determine the extent to which the efferent cardiac vagus may modulate the discharge from atrial receptors when heart rate was not controlled. Stimulation of the vagus increased atrial pressure and the discharge from type-B atrial receptors. In order to determine the extent to which the increase in atrial receptor discharge was the result of the associated hemodynamic changes, studies were done in which the vagus was stimulated while heart rate was maintained constant using atrioventricular pacing, as atrial pressure was varied over a wide range by volume expansion. In paced hearts vagal stimulation depressed atrial contractile force but did not alter atrial receptor discharge when compared to paced hearts without vagal stimulation. These results indicate that the effect of vagal stimulation on atrial receptor discharge is an indirect one mediated through the rise in atrial pressure due to cardiac slowing rather than a direct effect on the atrial stretch receptor itself.", "contents": "Lack of a direct effect of efferent cardiac vagal nerve activity on atrial receptor activity. Experiments were carried out to determine the extent to which the efferent cardiac vagus may modulate the discharge from atrial receptors when heart rate was not controlled. Stimulation of the vagus increased atrial pressure and the discharge from type-B atrial receptors. In order to determine the extent to which the increase in atrial receptor discharge was the result of the associated hemodynamic changes, studies were done in which the vagus was stimulated while heart rate was maintained constant using atrioventricular pacing, as atrial pressure was varied over a wide range by volume expansion. In paced hearts vagal stimulation depressed atrial contractile force but did not alter atrial receptor discharge when compared to paced hearts without vagal stimulation. These results indicate that the effect of vagal stimulation on atrial receptor discharge is an indirect one mediated through the rise in atrial pressure due to cardiac slowing rather than a direct effect on the atrial stretch receptor itself.", "PMID": 1163659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_180", "title": "Influence of poststimulation potentiation and heart rate on the fetal lamb heart.", "content": "Isolated cardiac muscle techniques and studies of the chronically instrumented fetal lamb heart were employed to evaluate the ability of fetal myocardium to exhibit poststimulation potentiation. Isometric tension development and the response to paired electrical stimulation were significantly reduced in isolated fetal ventricular myocardium when compared to the adult (P less than 0.001). As in the adult, increasing stimulation frequency raised fetal isometric tension via an increase in the rate of rise of tension development in the presence of reduction in time-to-peak tension. In seven fetal lambs the left ventricle was chronically instrumented with endocardial ultrasonic crystals and a high-fidelity micromanometer. After a 2-wk recovery period, heart rate was increased by atrial pacing from an average control level of 150 to 300 beats/min. Left ventricular dP/dt increased progressively and then fell beyond a heart rate of 270/min. When comparable pre- and immediate postpacing beats were analyzed, a step-wise increase in the velocity of left ventricular shortening and the mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening was observed in association with an increase in the extent of shortening. Thus, increases in the frequency of contraction exert a significant positive inotropic effect on the fetal heart.", "contents": "Influence of poststimulation potentiation and heart rate on the fetal lamb heart. Isolated cardiac muscle techniques and studies of the chronically instrumented fetal lamb heart were employed to evaluate the ability of fetal myocardium to exhibit poststimulation potentiation. Isometric tension development and the response to paired electrical stimulation were significantly reduced in isolated fetal ventricular myocardium when compared to the adult (P less than 0.001). As in the adult, increasing stimulation frequency raised fetal isometric tension via an increase in the rate of rise of tension development in the presence of reduction in time-to-peak tension. In seven fetal lambs the left ventricle was chronically instrumented with endocardial ultrasonic crystals and a high-fidelity micromanometer. After a 2-wk recovery period, heart rate was increased by atrial pacing from an average control level of 150 to 300 beats/min. Left ventricular dP/dt increased progressively and then fell beyond a heart rate of 270/min. When comparable pre- and immediate postpacing beats were analyzed, a step-wise increase in the velocity of left ventricular shortening and the mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening was observed in association with an increase in the extent of shortening. Thus, increases in the frequency of contraction exert a significant positive inotropic effect on the fetal heart.", "PMID": 1163660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_181", "title": "Reversibility of mechanical and biochemical changes in smooth muscle due to anoxia and substrate depletion.", "content": "The effect of temporary glucose and oxygen deprivation on isometric tension as well as content of glycogen, creatine phosphate (CP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and adenylate pool (AP) were  studied in potassium-contracted guinea pig isolated taenia coli. Under aerobic conditions glucose removal caused a decrease in tension, glycogen, CP, ATP, and energy charge; ADP and AMP increased, keeping the adenylate pool size unchanged. During rigor caused by additional anoxia, there was an increase in tension associated with further decrease in ATP and marked reduction of adenylate pool. Restoration of oxygen supply caused only a small increase in ATP that, though sufficient for abolishing rigor, was insufficient to support potassium contraction. Restoration of both glucose and oxygen did not restore tension even though ATP stores were increased further. Elevation of extracellular calcium caused partial restoration of tension, suggesting that the defect was in calcium metabolism rather than energy metabolism. During recovery AP remained low, possibly due to deamination of AMP. Anoxia in the presence of glucose reduced ATP to a concentration similar to that due to aerobic glucose deprivation but tension decreased much less. This result is consistent with different degrees of ATP depletion in various functional (Ca pump vs. contractile mechanism) compartments.", "contents": "Reversibility of mechanical and biochemical changes in smooth muscle due to anoxia and substrate depletion. The effect of temporary glucose and oxygen deprivation on isometric tension as well as content of glycogen, creatine phosphate (CP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and adenylate pool (AP) were  studied in potassium-contracted guinea pig isolated taenia coli. Under aerobic conditions glucose removal caused a decrease in tension, glycogen, CP, ATP, and energy charge; ADP and AMP increased, keeping the adenylate pool size unchanged. During rigor caused by additional anoxia, there was an increase in tension associated with further decrease in ATP and marked reduction of adenylate pool. Restoration of oxygen supply caused only a small increase in ATP that, though sufficient for abolishing rigor, was insufficient to support potassium contraction. Restoration of both glucose and oxygen did not restore tension even though ATP stores were increased further. Elevation of extracellular calcium caused partial restoration of tension, suggesting that the defect was in calcium metabolism rather than energy metabolism. During recovery AP remained low, possibly due to deamination of AMP. Anoxia in the presence of glucose reduced ATP to a concentration similar to that due to aerobic glucose deprivation but tension decreased much less. This result is consistent with different degrees of ATP depletion in various functional (Ca pump vs. contractile mechanism) compartments.", "PMID": 1163661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_182", "title": "Effect of KCl infusion on renin secretory rates and aldosterone excretion in dogs.", "content": "The effects of unilateral intrarenal arterial KCl infusion in dogs (12 mueq/kg per min) on bilateral renal function, renin secretory rates, and aldosterone excretion were studied. During KCl infusion, infused-side renal arterial plasma [K+] increased by 2.2 +/- 0.6 meq/liter. Systemic plasma [K+] simultaneously rose by 0.6 +/- 0.1 meq/liter. Plasma renin activity decreased 29 +/- 9%, and the decrease correlated with the increases in plasma [K+]. Renin secretory rate decreased bilaterally, the decrease being greater in each experiment on the infused side. Aldosterone excretion increased during KCl infusion by 72 +/- 17%, despite a decrease in plasma renin activity. With KCl infusion there was a bilateral increase in K+ excretion, and a positive correlation was observed between the net alterations in K+ and Na+ excretion. No significant alterations in systemic blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, total renal blood flow, or intracortical renal blood flow distribution were observed. These studies suggest that K+ inhibits the release of renin by an intrarenal mechanism, which may be related to a K+-induced alteration in Na+ absorption.", "contents": "Effect of KCl infusion on renin secretory rates and aldosterone excretion in dogs. The effects of unilateral intrarenal arterial KCl infusion in dogs (12 mueq/kg per min) on bilateral renal function, renin secretory rates, and aldosterone excretion were studied. During KCl infusion, infused-side renal arterial plasma [K+] increased by 2.2 +/- 0.6 meq/liter. Systemic plasma [K+] simultaneously rose by 0.6 +/- 0.1 meq/liter. Plasma renin activity decreased 29 +/- 9%, and the decrease correlated with the increases in plasma [K+]. Renin secretory rate decreased bilaterally, the decrease being greater in each experiment on the infused side. Aldosterone excretion increased during KCl infusion by 72 +/- 17%, despite a decrease in plasma renin activity. With KCl infusion there was a bilateral increase in K+ excretion, and a positive correlation was observed between the net alterations in K+ and Na+ excretion. No significant alterations in systemic blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, total renal blood flow, or intracortical renal blood flow distribution were observed. These studies suggest that K+ inhibits the release of renin by an intrarenal mechanism, which may be related to a K+-induced alteration in Na+ absorption.", "PMID": 1163662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_183", "title": "Catecholamines and exercise-induced glucagon and fatty acid mobilization in the rat.", "content": "Physical exercise in rats provokes an increase in plasma glucagon and free fatty acid concentrations. The persistence of exercise-induced glucagon stimulation in adrenodemedullated animals and conversely, its inhibition by immunosympathectomy, (-)-ropranolol, and pindolol substantiate the conclusion that stimulation of the alpha2 cells in exercise involves sympathetic stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptors. The reduction of free fatty acid mobilization by immunosympathectomy and (-)-propranolol and its persistence after adrenodemedullation suggest that it is similarly mediated, at least in part, by adipose cell beta-sympathetic receptors.", "contents": "Catecholamines and exercise-induced glucagon and fatty acid mobilization in the rat. Physical exercise in rats provokes an increase in plasma glucagon and free fatty acid concentrations. The persistence of exercise-induced glucagon stimulation in adrenodemedullated animals and conversely, its inhibition by immunosympathectomy, (-)-ropranolol, and pindolol substantiate the conclusion that stimulation of the alpha2 cells in exercise involves sympathetic stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptors. The reduction of free fatty acid mobilization by immunosympathectomy and (-)-propranolol and its persistence after adrenodemedullation suggest that it is similarly mediated, at least in part, by adipose cell beta-sympathetic receptors.", "PMID": 1163663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_184", "title": "A linked oscillator model of electrical activity of human small intestine.", "content": "The electrical slow-wave activity of the human small intestine has been simulated by a chain of 64 coupled electronic relaxation oscillators. The model simulates the frequency gradient of recorded patoentials in the human small intestine and when transected, behaves in a similar way to the transected canine small intestine. The model exhibits a spontaneous effect whereby several adjacent oscillators periodically are in the same state. This effect travels down the model in the time of 20-30 min.", "contents": "A linked oscillator model of electrical activity of human small intestine. The electrical slow-wave activity of the human small intestine has been simulated by a chain of 64 coupled electronic relaxation oscillators. The model simulates the frequency gradient of recorded patoentials in the human small intestine and when transected, behaves in a similar way to the transected canine small intestine. The model exhibits a spontaneous effect whereby several adjacent oscillators periodically are in the same state. This effect travels down the model in the time of 20-30 min.", "PMID": 1163664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_185", "title": "Kidney and urinary bladder functions of the rainbow trout in Mg and Na excretion.", "content": "Magnesium concentration in the urinary bladder of marine teleosts is high and [Na] is low. The inverse relationship may be due to the coupling of Mg secretion to Na reabsorption through a common tubular transport system or coupling may be indirect. Unanesthetized sea-water-adapted Salmo gairdneri were infused with saline or MgCl2, and ureteral urine was collected. Over a wide range of Mg excretion rates, tubular Mg secretion and Na reabsorption show no clear correlation as might be expected from an obligatory tubular Mg/Na exchange. Instead ureteral Mg and Na concentrations and excretion rates are positively correlated. These data are not consistent with the presence of a tubular exchange system. When ureteral urine was allowed to remain in the urinary bladder before being analyzed the inverse relationship between [Mg] and [Na] developed because the bladder reabsorbed Na and H2O, thereby concentrating Mg. Hence, tubular Mg/Na exchanges do not produce the inverse Mg/Na relationship in bladder urine. Instead, Mg is secreted in the nephron, while Na and H2O are reabsorbed from the bladder.", "contents": "Kidney and urinary bladder functions of the rainbow trout in Mg and Na excretion. Magnesium concentration in the urinary bladder of marine teleosts is high and [Na] is low. The inverse relationship may be due to the coupling of Mg secretion to Na reabsorption through a common tubular transport system or coupling may be indirect. Unanesthetized sea-water-adapted Salmo gairdneri were infused with saline or MgCl2, and ureteral urine was collected. Over a wide range of Mg excretion rates, tubular Mg secretion and Na reabsorption show no clear correlation as might be expected from an obligatory tubular Mg/Na exchange. Instead ureteral Mg and Na concentrations and excretion rates are positively correlated. These data are not consistent with the presence of a tubular exchange system. When ureteral urine was allowed to remain in the urinary bladder before being analyzed the inverse relationship between [Mg] and [Na] developed because the bladder reabsorbed Na and H2O, thereby concentrating Mg. Hence, tubular Mg/Na exchanges do not produce the inverse Mg/Na relationship in bladder urine. Instead, Mg is secreted in the nephron, while Na and H2O are reabsorbed from the bladder.", "PMID": 1163665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_186", "title": "Effect of exercise on lipoprotein lipase activity in rat heart and skeletal muscle.", "content": "Lipoprotein lipase activity was measured in the three skeletal muscle fiber types of untrained rats and in those of rats subjected to a 12-wk program of treadmill running. Lipoprotein lipase activity in slow-twitch red fibers was approximately 14- to 20-fold higher (P less than 0.001) than that in fast-twitch white and approximately 2-fold higher (P less than 0.001) than that in fast-twitch red fibers in the untrained animals. These results suggest that, in sedentary animals, mainly slow-twitch red and fast-twitch red fibers are capable of taking up plasma triglyceride fatty acids. Regularly performed endurance exercise resulted in significant increase (2- to 4.5-fold) in lipoprotein lipase activity in the three muscle fiber types examined. The increase in lipoprotein lipase activity in response to treadmill running suggests that exercise increases the capacity of these fibers to take up and oxidize plasma triglyceride fatty acids. Cardiac muscle did not undergo an exercise-induced increase in the levels of activity of lipoprotein lipase similar to that seen in skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on lipoprotein lipase activity in rat heart and skeletal muscle. Lipoprotein lipase activity was measured in the three skeletal muscle fiber types of untrained rats and in those of rats subjected to a 12-wk program of treadmill running. Lipoprotein lipase activity in slow-twitch red fibers was approximately 14- to 20-fold higher (P less than 0.001) than that in fast-twitch white and approximately 2-fold higher (P less than 0.001) than that in fast-twitch red fibers in the untrained animals. These results suggest that, in sedentary animals, mainly slow-twitch red and fast-twitch red fibers are capable of taking up plasma triglyceride fatty acids. Regularly performed endurance exercise resulted in significant increase (2- to 4.5-fold) in lipoprotein lipase activity in the three muscle fiber types examined. The increase in lipoprotein lipase activity in response to treadmill running suggests that exercise increases the capacity of these fibers to take up and oxidize plasma triglyceride fatty acids. Cardiac muscle did not undergo an exercise-induced increase in the levels of activity of lipoprotein lipase similar to that seen in skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 1163666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_187", "title": "Comparison of hilar and capsular renal lymph.", "content": "The sites of origin of renal lymph were studied by analysis of simultaneously collected samples of lymph and plasma. The samples included renal hilar (HL) and capsular lymph (CL), thoracic duct lymph (TD), renal venous (RVP) and arterial plasma (AP), and were analyzed for Na+, Cl-, K+, urea, glucose, inulin, and PAH concentrations. The glucose concentrations of HL (76 mg/100 ml, SE +/- 1.9), and CL (92 mg/100 ml, SE +/- 2.5) were significantly different (P less than 0.01) from that of RVP (86 mg/100 ml, SE +/- 2.2). Concentrations of both inulin and PAH in CL and HL fell between the AP and RVP values. The concentration of inulin in CL (CL/RVP = 1.27) exceeded that in HL (HL/RVP = 1.10), but no such difference was detected for PAH. The Na+ (152 meq/liter) and Cl- (129 meq/liter) concentrations in HL were significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than those in CL (Na+ = 148 meq/liter; Cl- = 120 meq/liter), in TD (Na+ = 146 meq/liter; Cl- = 121 meq/liter), and in RVP (Na+ = 144 meq/liter; Cl- = 114 meq/liter. These differences remained highly significant when the electrolyte concentrations were converted to milliequivalents per kilogram H2O. In contrast, no significant differences were detected between the concentrations of urea in the various fluids sampled. It is concluded that CL and HL do not drain a perfectly homogeneous intrarenal pool, and that they do not equilibrate with RVP or AP within the kidney. The results also indicate that CL and HL derive a small component from tubular reabsorbate; that for CL stemming from the cortex, and that for HL from the deeper cortex and outer medulla.", "contents": "Comparison of hilar and capsular renal lymph. The sites of origin of renal lymph were studied by analysis of simultaneously collected samples of lymph and plasma. The samples included renal hilar (HL) and capsular lymph (CL), thoracic duct lymph (TD), renal venous (RVP) and arterial plasma (AP), and were analyzed for Na+, Cl-, K+, urea, glucose, inulin, and PAH concentrations. The glucose concentrations of HL (76 mg/100 ml, SE +/- 1.9), and CL (92 mg/100 ml, SE +/- 2.5) were significantly different (P less than 0.01) from that of RVP (86 mg/100 ml, SE +/- 2.2). Concentrations of both inulin and PAH in CL and HL fell between the AP and RVP values. The concentration of inulin in CL (CL/RVP = 1.27) exceeded that in HL (HL/RVP = 1.10), but no such difference was detected for PAH. The Na+ (152 meq/liter) and Cl- (129 meq/liter) concentrations in HL were significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than those in CL (Na+ = 148 meq/liter; Cl- = 120 meq/liter), in TD (Na+ = 146 meq/liter; Cl- = 121 meq/liter), and in RVP (Na+ = 144 meq/liter; Cl- = 114 meq/liter. These differences remained highly significant when the electrolyte concentrations were converted to milliequivalents per kilogram H2O. In contrast, no significant differences were detected between the concentrations of urea in the various fluids sampled. It is concluded that CL and HL do not drain a perfectly homogeneous intrarenal pool, and that they do not equilibrate with RVP or AP within the kidney. The results also indicate that CL and HL derive a small component from tubular reabsorbate; that for CL stemming from the cortex, and that for HL from the deeper cortex and outer medulla.", "PMID": 1163667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_188", "title": "Rates of lactic acid permeation and utilization in the isolated dog brain.", "content": "The rate of lactic acid (LA) permeation from brain tissue to venous blood and utilization in brain tissue was investigated in 13 isolated dog brains before and after an ischemic period of 3 min. LA concentration in the brain, cerebral blood flow, as well as the arteriovenous differneces of LA, glucose, and O2 were determined. LA concentration in cerebral tissue increased from a control value of 254 +/- 42 to 1,606 +/- 177 mumol/100 g brain tissue in the 2nd min after ischemia (mean values +/- SE). Before ischemia no release of LA was found, whereas in the 2nd min after ischemia LA permeation rate had increased to 25.1 +/- 8.5 mumol/100 g brain tissue per minute (P less than 0.005). Up to the 4th min after ischemia no net LA utilization was observed. Thereafter LA utilization increased rapidly and exceeded the LA permeation rate by a ratio of maximally 10:1 between the 12th and 21st min after ischemia. The O2 equivalent of the cerebral metabolic rate for lactate maximally amounted to 2.82 +/- 0.42 mumol-min-1-g-1 or 181 +/- 28%. LA output may be limited by passage of LA across the brain cell and the blood-brain barrier.", "contents": "Rates of lactic acid permeation and utilization in the isolated dog brain. The rate of lactic acid (LA) permeation from brain tissue to venous blood and utilization in brain tissue was investigated in 13 isolated dog brains before and after an ischemic period of 3 min. LA concentration in the brain, cerebral blood flow, as well as the arteriovenous differneces of LA, glucose, and O2 were determined. LA concentration in cerebral tissue increased from a control value of 254 +/- 42 to 1,606 +/- 177 mumol/100 g brain tissue in the 2nd min after ischemia (mean values +/- SE). Before ischemia no release of LA was found, whereas in the 2nd min after ischemia LA permeation rate had increased to 25.1 +/- 8.5 mumol/100 g brain tissue per minute (P less than 0.005). Up to the 4th min after ischemia no net LA utilization was observed. Thereafter LA utilization increased rapidly and exceeded the LA permeation rate by a ratio of maximally 10:1 between the 12th and 21st min after ischemia. The O2 equivalent of the cerebral metabolic rate for lactate maximally amounted to 2.82 +/- 0.42 mumol-min-1-g-1 or 181 +/- 28%. LA output may be limited by passage of LA across the brain cell and the blood-brain barrier.", "PMID": 1163668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_189", "title": "Water and electrolyte transport by rabbit esophagus.", "content": "The nature of the transmural electrical potential difference and the characteristics of water and electrolyte transport by rabbit esophagus were determined with in vivo and in vitro studies. The potential difference of the perfused esophagus in vivo was -28 +/- 3 mV (lumen negative). In vitro the potential difference was -17.9 +/- 0.6 mV, the short-circuit current 12.9 +/- 0.6 muA/cm2, and the resistance 1,466 +/- 43 ohm-cm2. Net mucosal-to-serosal sodium transport from Ringer solution in the short-circuited esophagus in vitro accounted for 77% of the simultaneously measured short-circuit current and net serosal-to-mucosal chloride transport for 14%. Studies with bicarbonate-free, chloride-free, and bicarbonate-chloride-free solutions suggested that the net serosal-to mucosal transport of these two anions accounts for the short-circuit current not due to sodium absorption. The potential difference and short-circuit current were saturating functions of bathing solution sodium concentration and were inhibited by serosal ouabain and by amiloride. Thus active mucosal-to-serosal sodium transport is the major determinant of the potential difference and short-circuit current in this epithelium.", "contents": "Water and electrolyte transport by rabbit esophagus. The nature of the transmural electrical potential difference and the characteristics of water and electrolyte transport by rabbit esophagus were determined with in vivo and in vitro studies. The potential difference of the perfused esophagus in vivo was -28 +/- 3 mV (lumen negative). In vitro the potential difference was -17.9 +/- 0.6 mV, the short-circuit current 12.9 +/- 0.6 muA/cm2, and the resistance 1,466 +/- 43 ohm-cm2. Net mucosal-to-serosal sodium transport from Ringer solution in the short-circuited esophagus in vitro accounted for 77% of the simultaneously measured short-circuit current and net serosal-to-mucosal chloride transport for 14%. Studies with bicarbonate-free, chloride-free, and bicarbonate-chloride-free solutions suggested that the net serosal-to mucosal transport of these two anions accounts for the short-circuit current not due to sodium absorption. The potential difference and short-circuit current were saturating functions of bathing solution sodium concentration and were inhibited by serosal ouabain and by amiloride. Thus active mucosal-to-serosal sodium transport is the major determinant of the potential difference and short-circuit current in this epithelium.", "PMID": 1163669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_190", "title": "Interaction of O2 diffusion and O2 metabolism in cat urinary bladder tissue.", "content": "We measured oxygen exchange across the inside surface of excised urinary bladders that were inflated with gas mixtures. By using a range of Po2 differences between the two sides of the tissue and relatively simple mathematical models, we could infer the exchanges across the outside surface and the total O2 economy of the tissue so that we could evaluate the interaction between diffusion and metabolic O2 consumption. The estimate of the Krogh diffusion constant or permeation coefficient with this preparation avoids errors due to O2 consumption and unstirred layers. At 37 degrees C, the value of bladder tissue O2 consumption was 4.4 times 10(-3) min-1 and the value of the Krogh constant for O2 was 2.22 times 10(-5)cm2min-1atm-1.", "contents": "Interaction of O2 diffusion and O2 metabolism in cat urinary bladder tissue. We measured oxygen exchange across the inside surface of excised urinary bladders that were inflated with gas mixtures. By using a range of Po2 differences between the two sides of the tissue and relatively simple mathematical models, we could infer the exchanges across the outside surface and the total O2 economy of the tissue so that we could evaluate the interaction between diffusion and metabolic O2 consumption. The estimate of the Krogh diffusion constant or permeation coefficient with this preparation avoids errors due to O2 consumption and unstirred layers. At 37 degrees C, the value of bladder tissue O2 consumption was 4.4 times 10(-3) min-1 and the value of the Krogh constant for O2 was 2.22 times 10(-5)cm2min-1atm-1.", "PMID": 1163670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_191", "title": "Effect of heparin on chronically induced intravascular coagulation in dogs.", "content": "When intermediate-strength thromboplastin was continuously infused into dogs for 10 days or more, platelet counts decreased sharply and factor VIII concentrations decreased by more than 50%. There was little change in plasma fibrinogen, prothrombin, factor V, antithrombin III, plasminogen, prothrombin time, and thrombin time values. When heparin was infused (25-50 U/kg per h) along with the same thromboplastin, there was no change in onset or degree of thrombocytopenia. However, the decrease in factor VIII was abolished and there were significant increases in fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factor V. The absolute concentrations of the various clotting factors seemed to give no indication of their turnover rates. Unexplained is the remarkable heparin tolerance that developed in these dogs.", "contents": "Effect of heparin on chronically induced intravascular coagulation in dogs. When intermediate-strength thromboplastin was continuously infused into dogs for 10 days or more, platelet counts decreased sharply and factor VIII concentrations decreased by more than 50%. There was little change in plasma fibrinogen, prothrombin, factor V, antithrombin III, plasminogen, prothrombin time, and thrombin time values. When heparin was infused (25-50 U/kg per h) along with the same thromboplastin, there was no change in onset or degree of thrombocytopenia. However, the decrease in factor VIII was abolished and there were significant increases in fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factor V. The absolute concentrations of the various clotting factors seemed to give no indication of their turnover rates. Unexplained is the remarkable heparin tolerance that developed in these dogs.", "PMID": 1163671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_192", "title": "Graded activation in rabbit mesotubarium smooth muscle.", "content": "The outer margin of the mesotubarium superius, an accessory ligament from the femal rabbit reproductive system, contains a long and slender bundle of smooth muscle fibers well aligned with the long axis of the tissue. Very little connective tissue is present. Massive alternating-current electrical field stimuli (variable in frequency, amplitude, and duration) applied to isolated mesotubaria from mature, nonpregnant animals produced contractions in which isometric force (P) and its first derivative (dP/dt) could be continuously graded; an optimum existed for stimulus frequency and amplitude, but not for its duration. Twitchlike contractions could not be produced. Isometric contractions in which P was plotted against dP/dt to generate a phase-plane trajectory were used to predict the ultimate (time = infinity) force (Po) in graded contractions; this value agreed with the Po derived from isotonic force-velocity curves fitted to the Hill equation. Quick stretches applied during the rise of contractile force revealed a slow onset of the ability to bear the Po force.", "contents": "Graded activation in rabbit mesotubarium smooth muscle. The outer margin of the mesotubarium superius, an accessory ligament from the femal rabbit reproductive system, contains a long and slender bundle of smooth muscle fibers well aligned with the long axis of the tissue. Very little connective tissue is present. Massive alternating-current electrical field stimuli (variable in frequency, amplitude, and duration) applied to isolated mesotubaria from mature, nonpregnant animals produced contractions in which isometric force (P) and its first derivative (dP/dt) could be continuously graded; an optimum existed for stimulus frequency and amplitude, but not for its duration. Twitchlike contractions could not be produced. Isometric contractions in which P was plotted against dP/dt to generate a phase-plane trajectory were used to predict the ultimate (time = infinity) force (Po) in graded contractions; this value agreed with the Po derived from isotonic force-velocity curves fitted to the Hill equation. Quick stretches applied during the rise of contractile force revealed a slow onset of the ability to bear the Po force.", "PMID": 1163672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_193", "title": "Plasma amino acid levels and development of hepatic gluconeogenesis in the newborn rat.", "content": "The metabolism of endogenous and exogenous amino acids has been characterized during a 16-h fast after birth in the rat. Eighteen of 22 amino acids showed a decrease in plasma concentration up to 16 h, the most profound and sustained changes affecting those quantitatively important in gluconeogenesis. The hepatic accumulation of injected [14C]aminoisobutyric acid showed a progressive rise after birth. The in vivo conversion of 14C-labeled lactate, alanine, serine, and glutamine to [14C]glucose increased for 6 h, but all except glutamine showed a decline by 16 h. The in vitro conversion of several gluconeogenic substrates (10mM), however, increased with time in each instance. These data confirm that the capacity for hepatic gluconeogenesis and maintenance of blood glucose concentration appears immediately after birth. Nevertheless, profound hypoglycemia recurs at 16 h and responds only minimally and transiently to exogenous gluconeogenic substrate loads. In contrast, the fed newborn maintains normoglycemia, higher endogenous amino acid levels, and the capacity for substrate conversion at this time. The mechanism for stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenic pathways thus is present in both fasted and fed neonatal rats. However, owing to insufficient energy sources to sustain gluconeogenesis and to inadequate gluconeogenic substrate, the rat is unable to maintain normoglycemia if fasted 16 h.", "contents": "Plasma amino acid levels and development of hepatic gluconeogenesis in the newborn rat. The metabolism of endogenous and exogenous amino acids has been characterized during a 16-h fast after birth in the rat. Eighteen of 22 amino acids showed a decrease in plasma concentration up to 16 h, the most profound and sustained changes affecting those quantitatively important in gluconeogenesis. The hepatic accumulation of injected [14C]aminoisobutyric acid showed a progressive rise after birth. The in vivo conversion of 14C-labeled lactate, alanine, serine, and glutamine to [14C]glucose increased for 6 h, but all except glutamine showed a decline by 16 h. The in vitro conversion of several gluconeogenic substrates (10mM), however, increased with time in each instance. These data confirm that the capacity for hepatic gluconeogenesis and maintenance of blood glucose concentration appears immediately after birth. Nevertheless, profound hypoglycemia recurs at 16 h and responds only minimally and transiently to exogenous gluconeogenic substrate loads. In contrast, the fed newborn maintains normoglycemia, higher endogenous amino acid levels, and the capacity for substrate conversion at this time. The mechanism for stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenic pathways thus is present in both fasted and fed neonatal rats. However, owing to insufficient energy sources to sustain gluconeogenesis and to inadequate gluconeogenic substrate, the rat is unable to maintain normoglycemia if fasted 16 h.", "PMID": 1163673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_194", "title": "High-output heart failure in the dog: systemic and intrarenal role of angiotensin II.", "content": "Dogs with experimental high-output heart failure (HOF) exhibit marked retention of salt and water secondary to hypersecretion of both renin and aldosterone. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the systemic and intrarenal arteriolar action of angiotensin II (AII) in dogs with HOF and to provide additional information about the role of AII in low-output states. The intravenous infusion of a specific AII antagonist, [Sar1, Ala8]AII (6 mug/kg min-1), into conscious dogs with HOF decreased the mean arterial pressure (AP) from 101 +/- 7 to 83 +/- 7 mmHg (P less than 0.01) after 45 min of infusion. Intrarenal arterial infusion of the AII antagonist (0.2 and 2.0 mug/kg min-1) into anesthetized dogs with HOF also decreased AP and produced a marked increase in renal blood flow (RBF) with no changes in either creatinine clearance or sodium excretion. Similar results were obtained during the intrarenal infusion of the antagonist into sodium-depleted dogs and dogs with thoracic vena caval constriction, but not in normal dogs. The data demonstrate an important role for AII in the regulation of AP and RBF in high- and low-output states.", "contents": "High-output heart failure in the dog: systemic and intrarenal role of angiotensin II. Dogs with experimental high-output heart failure (HOF) exhibit marked retention of salt and water secondary to hypersecretion of both renin and aldosterone. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the systemic and intrarenal arteriolar action of angiotensin II (AII) in dogs with HOF and to provide additional information about the role of AII in low-output states. The intravenous infusion of a specific AII antagonist, [Sar1, Ala8]AII (6 mug/kg min-1), into conscious dogs with HOF decreased the mean arterial pressure (AP) from 101 +/- 7 to 83 +/- 7 mmHg (P less than 0.01) after 45 min of infusion. Intrarenal arterial infusion of the AII antagonist (0.2 and 2.0 mug/kg min-1) into anesthetized dogs with HOF also decreased AP and produced a marked increase in renal blood flow (RBF) with no changes in either creatinine clearance or sodium excretion. Similar results were obtained during the intrarenal infusion of the antagonist into sodium-depleted dogs and dogs with thoracic vena caval constriction, but not in normal dogs. The data demonstrate an important role for AII in the regulation of AP and RBF in high- and low-output states.", "PMID": 1163674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_195", "title": "Effect of secretin on electrical activity of small intestine.", "content": "The effect of intravenously administered secretin (0.5, 2.0, 6.0 U/kg-h) and intraduodenal acidification (13.2 meq/h HCl) on the electrical activity of the small bowel of three conscious dogs with gastric and duodenal cannulas was observed. Electrical activity was recorded in fasted as well as fed conditions through silver wire electrodes implanted along the entire length of the small bowel. Intravenous infusion of secretin in all dosages and in all dogs delayed the onset of the interdigestive myoelectric complex and reduced the total percentage of slow waves with superimposed spike potentials. Intraduodenal acidification also inhibited the interdigestive myoelectric complex, which developed incompletely with fewer action potentials on slow waves. Secretin did not produce any alteration in the fed pattern of activity, slow-wave frequency, or the caudal migration of the interdigestive myoelectric complex. The present study indicates that the nuerohumoral mechanisms responsible for initiation of the interdigestive myoelectric complex may be different from those responsible for its caudal migration.", "contents": "Effect of secretin on electrical activity of small intestine. The effect of intravenously administered secretin (0.5, 2.0, 6.0 U/kg-h) and intraduodenal acidification (13.2 meq/h HCl) on the electrical activity of the small bowel of three conscious dogs with gastric and duodenal cannulas was observed. Electrical activity was recorded in fasted as well as fed conditions through silver wire electrodes implanted along the entire length of the small bowel. Intravenous infusion of secretin in all dosages and in all dogs delayed the onset of the interdigestive myoelectric complex and reduced the total percentage of slow waves with superimposed spike potentials. Intraduodenal acidification also inhibited the interdigestive myoelectric complex, which developed incompletely with fewer action potentials on slow waves. Secretin did not produce any alteration in the fed pattern of activity, slow-wave frequency, or the caudal migration of the interdigestive myoelectric complex. The present study indicates that the nuerohumoral mechanisms responsible for initiation of the interdigestive myoelectric complex may be different from those responsible for its caudal migration.", "PMID": 1163675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_196", "title": "Phosphatemic action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "The action of a single intraperitoneal injection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) was investigated in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) vitamin D-deficient phosphate-depleted rats. After 14 h, plasma inorganic phosphorus (Pi) was significantly greater in animals receiving 1,25(OH)2D3 than in D-deficient controls, but urinary Pi excretion was very low in both groups and not significantly different in the rats given 1,25(OH)2D3. Clearance studies indicated that the D-deficient controls reabsorbed more than 99% of their filtered Pi. Avid Pi reabsorption continued even after the infusion of sufficient phosphate to raise the plasma and filtered Pi to approximately 3 times normal. Fractional calcium excretion (FECa) exceeded fractional sodium excretion (FENa) by severalfold, but FECa decreased strikingly during phosphate infusion. In animals that manifested a substantial elevation of plasma Pi after 1,25(OH)2D3, FECa was significantly less than in D-deficient controls. Therefore, the increase in plasma Pi following 1,25(OH)2D3 administration occurs independently of any effect on renal Pi reabsorption and may be responsible, at least in part, for the amelioration of hypercalciuria after 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment.", "contents": "Phosphatemic action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The action of a single intraperitoneal injection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) was investigated in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) vitamin D-deficient phosphate-depleted rats. After 14 h, plasma inorganic phosphorus (Pi) was significantly greater in animals receiving 1,25(OH)2D3 than in D-deficient controls, but urinary Pi excretion was very low in both groups and not significantly different in the rats given 1,25(OH)2D3. Clearance studies indicated that the D-deficient controls reabsorbed more than 99% of their filtered Pi. Avid Pi reabsorption continued even after the infusion of sufficient phosphate to raise the plasma and filtered Pi to approximately 3 times normal. Fractional calcium excretion (FECa) exceeded fractional sodium excretion (FENa) by severalfold, but FECa decreased strikingly during phosphate infusion. In animals that manifested a substantial elevation of plasma Pi after 1,25(OH)2D3, FECa was significantly less than in D-deficient controls. Therefore, the increase in plasma Pi following 1,25(OH)2D3 administration occurs independently of any effect on renal Pi reabsorption and may be responsible, at least in part, for the amelioration of hypercalciuria after 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment.", "PMID": 1163676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_197", "title": "Hydrogen ion transport in the rabbit esophagus.", "content": "The lumen of the rabbit esophagus was perfused in vivo with solutions (one solution per esophagus) containing 0-160 mM HCl by a constant circulation technique for 5 h. During the 1st h, net H+ flux out of the lumen (efflux) was minimal at H+ concentrations of 80 mM or less, but increased linearly with increase in luminal H+ concentrations above 80 mM. After 3 h, the net H+ efflux increased proprtionately to increasing H+ concentrations above a threshold of 20 mM. At the 5th h a linear relationship between net H+ efflux and luminal concentration was seen at all concentrations. Histological damage accompanied increase in H+ efflux and correlated with luminal acid concentrations and duration of exposure. We conclude that the rabbit esophageal mucosa is essentially impermeable to H+ below a threshold concentration of 80 mM for up to 1 h of exposure. When exposure is prolonged, this threshold steadily decreases with time. The occurrence of passive H+ diffusion above threshold concentrations most probably results from an increase in mucosal permeability, possibly an initiating event in the genesis of esophagitis.", "contents": "Hydrogen ion transport in the rabbit esophagus. The lumen of the rabbit esophagus was perfused in vivo with solutions (one solution per esophagus) containing 0-160 mM HCl by a constant circulation technique for 5 h. During the 1st h, net H+ flux out of the lumen (efflux) was minimal at H+ concentrations of 80 mM or less, but increased linearly with increase in luminal H+ concentrations above 80 mM. After 3 h, the net H+ efflux increased proprtionately to increasing H+ concentrations above a threshold of 20 mM. At the 5th h a linear relationship between net H+ efflux and luminal concentration was seen at all concentrations. Histological damage accompanied increase in H+ efflux and correlated with luminal acid concentrations and duration of exposure. We conclude that the rabbit esophageal mucosa is essentially impermeable to H+ below a threshold concentration of 80 mM for up to 1 h of exposure. When exposure is prolonged, this threshold steadily decreases with time. The occurrence of passive H+ diffusion above threshold concentrations most probably results from an increase in mucosal permeability, possibly an initiating event in the genesis of esophagitis.", "PMID": 1163677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_198", "title": "Hyporesponsiveness to glucoprivation during postnatal period in the rat.", "content": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a glucose analogue, blocks glycolysis and induces intracellular glucoprivation. In the adult rat intraperitoneal administration of 2-DG or its injection into the lateral ventricle (IVT) of the brain induces hyperglycemia which is divorced from a rise in plasma insulin (IRI). In the present study, responsiveness to 2-DG-induced glucoprivation, after central or intraperitoneal injection of the drug, was studied in rats of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of age and compared to that of the adult rat (50 days old). In 7-, 14-, 21-, and 28-day-old rats, the overall blood glucose (BG) response to IVT-injected 2-DG was equivalent to 4, 3.3, 17, and 33%, respectively, of the BG response present in the adult rat. Following intraperitoneal injection of 2-DG , the BG response evoked in the same age groups corresponded to 27, 31, 41, and 93%, respectively, of the adult response. Base-line plasma IRI levels were significantly lower in pups than in adults and increased progressively with age, but no difference was present in IRI levels between 2-DG-treated and control pups whether the 2-DG was given via the laterl ventricle or intraperitoneally. These results demonstrate the presence in the infant rat of clear-cut hyporesponsiveness to 2-DG-induced glucoprivation. The different response pattern between experiments involving central and peripheral 2-DG administration supports the existence of separate peripheral glucoreceptors for 2-DG and their earlier ontogenic activation. Since the infant mammal glucose is of minor relevance as an energy substrate, an interrelationship appears to be present between requirements for fuel(s) and homeostatic response to fuel deprivation.", "contents": "Hyporesponsiveness to glucoprivation during postnatal period in the rat. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a glucose analogue, blocks glycolysis and induces intracellular glucoprivation. In the adult rat intraperitoneal administration of 2-DG or its injection into the lateral ventricle (IVT) of the brain induces hyperglycemia which is divorced from a rise in plasma insulin (IRI). In the present study, responsiveness to 2-DG-induced glucoprivation, after central or intraperitoneal injection of the drug, was studied in rats of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of age and compared to that of the adult rat (50 days old). In 7-, 14-, 21-, and 28-day-old rats, the overall blood glucose (BG) response to IVT-injected 2-DG was equivalent to 4, 3.3, 17, and 33%, respectively, of the BG response present in the adult rat. Following intraperitoneal injection of 2-DG , the BG response evoked in the same age groups corresponded to 27, 31, 41, and 93%, respectively, of the adult response. Base-line plasma IRI levels were significantly lower in pups than in adults and increased progressively with age, but no difference was present in IRI levels between 2-DG-treated and control pups whether the 2-DG was given via the laterl ventricle or intraperitoneally. These results demonstrate the presence in the infant rat of clear-cut hyporesponsiveness to 2-DG-induced glucoprivation. The different response pattern between experiments involving central and peripheral 2-DG administration supports the existence of separate peripheral glucoreceptors for 2-DG and their earlier ontogenic activation. Since the infant mammal glucose is of minor relevance as an energy substrate, an interrelationship appears to be present between requirements for fuel(s) and homeostatic response to fuel deprivation.", "PMID": 1163678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_199", "title": "Effect of bile salts on amino acid transport by rabbit intestine.", "content": "The effect of bile salts on alanine absorption across four regional sites of rabbit intestine was examined using an in vivo single-pass perfusion technique. Na-deoxycholate at a concentration of 3 mM reduced alanine absorption across all levels of the intestine, and a higher concentration (10 mM) of Na-taurodeoxycholate (TDC) caused only a minimal reduction of alanine absorption in the jejunum. TDC, however, was more effective in in vitro experiments, causing an incrase in transmural serosal-to-mucosal flux of alanine and phenylalanine, particularly when present in both the mucosal and serosal media. It also reduced the mucosal-to-serosal alanine flux rate when present only in the mucosal medium. The influx of these amino acids across the mucosal brush border membrane was also decreased by TDC. These amino acid transport changes correlated fairly well with some observed histological changes of the intestinal epithelium. This suggests that bile salt inhibition of amino acid absorption is nonspecific in type and can be mainly explained as being the result of an injurious action of these surface-active agents on the rabbit intestine.", "contents": "Effect of bile salts on amino acid transport by rabbit intestine. The effect of bile salts on alanine absorption across four regional sites of rabbit intestine was examined using an in vivo single-pass perfusion technique. Na-deoxycholate at a concentration of 3 mM reduced alanine absorption across all levels of the intestine, and a higher concentration (10 mM) of Na-taurodeoxycholate (TDC) caused only a minimal reduction of alanine absorption in the jejunum. TDC, however, was more effective in in vitro experiments, causing an incrase in transmural serosal-to-mucosal flux of alanine and phenylalanine, particularly when present in both the mucosal and serosal media. It also reduced the mucosal-to-serosal alanine flux rate when present only in the mucosal medium. The influx of these amino acids across the mucosal brush border membrane was also decreased by TDC. These amino acid transport changes correlated fairly well with some observed histological changes of the intestinal epithelium. This suggests that bile salt inhibition of amino acid absorption is nonspecific in type and can be mainly explained as being the result of an injurious action of these surface-active agents on the rabbit intestine.", "PMID": 1163679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_200", "title": "Fifteenth Emil A. Gutheil Memorial Conference. The range of therapies in the treatment of severely depressed suicidal patients.", "content": "The treatment of patients with suicidal drives and ideas is often less than adequate due to theoretic and technical prejudices. This paper describes the requirements that one who treats suicidal patients should meet. The phases of treatment and aims of each phase are outlined. Finally the combined antidepressant drug-psychotherapy thechnique and electroshock procedures are described in detail.", "contents": "Fifteenth Emil A. Gutheil Memorial Conference. The range of therapies in the treatment of severely depressed suicidal patients. The treatment of patients with suicidal drives and ideas is often less than adequate due to theoretic and technical prejudices. This paper describes the requirements that one who treats suicidal patients should meet. The phases of treatment and aims of each phase are outlined. Finally the combined antidepressant drug-psychotherapy thechnique and electroshock procedures are described in detail.", "PMID": 1163686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_201", "title": "Growing up dead: student suicide.", "content": "This article discusses the psychodynamic significance of suicide in the young, the family constellations that produce such suicides, the psychosocial forces contributing to the dramatic rise in the suicide rate of young people, and the special problems in the treatment of the severely suicidal young person.", "contents": "Growing up dead: student suicide. This article discusses the psychodynamic significance of suicide in the young, the family constellations that produce such suicides, the psychosocial forces contributing to the dramatic rise in the suicide rate of young people, and the special problems in the treatment of the severely suicidal young person.", "PMID": 1163687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_202", "title": "Suicide in children and adolescents.", "content": "Suicide figures are generally underestimated, more so for children and adolescents than for adults. Yet suicide among adolescents has shown the greates rise for any age group. Every youngster who attempts or threatens suicide should have a thorough psychiatric evaluation. Most of them require intense therapy, either individually or in a group.", "contents": "Suicide in children and adolescents. Suicide figures are generally underestimated, more so for children and adolescents than for adults. Yet suicide among adolescents has shown the greates rise for any age group. Every youngster who attempts or threatens suicide should have a thorough psychiatric evaluation. Most of them require intense therapy, either individually or in a group.", "PMID": 1163688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_203", "title": "Psychotherapeutic strategies in the management of depressed and suicidal patients.", "content": "This paper examines the Crisis Intervention Therapy developed by Dr. Kiev's Cornell Program, for the management of depressed and suicidal patients. Combining chemotherapy with supportive psychotherapy, he emphasizes the acquisition of Life Strategy Skills, using motivational audiotaped material. The therapeutic rationale is also explored and related to the explosive and unpredictable interpersonal world of suicidal patients and attiudes of patients and significant others toward the sick role.", "contents": "Psychotherapeutic strategies in the management of depressed and suicidal patients. This paper examines the Crisis Intervention Therapy developed by Dr. Kiev's Cornell Program, for the management of depressed and suicidal patients. Combining chemotherapy with supportive psychotherapy, he emphasizes the acquisition of Life Strategy Skills, using motivational audiotaped material. The therapeutic rationale is also explored and related to the explosive and unpredictable interpersonal world of suicidal patients and attiudes of patients and significant others toward the sick role.", "PMID": 1163689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_204", "title": "The phenomenology of depression.", "content": "The article attempts to identify the basic mechanism of depression as implied by various clinical formulation of depression. In this context, depression appears to result from a faulty system of thinking, developed during the individual's formative years. The depressed person perceives reality based on either absoluted social moral values or distorted evaluations of his limitations and expectations.", "contents": "The phenomenology of depression. The article attempts to identify the basic mechanism of depression as implied by various clinical formulation of depression. In this context, depression appears to result from a faulty system of thinking, developed during the individual's formative years. The depressed person perceives reality based on either absoluted social moral values or distorted evaluations of his limitations and expectations.", "PMID": 1163690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_205", "title": "The use of suicidal motives in the psychotherapy of attempted suicides.", "content": "Patients' reasons for their suicide attempts were categorized and related to levels of hopelessness and depression. The findings are discussed in the light of the psychotherapy of suicidal individuals.", "contents": "The use of suicidal motives in the psychotherapy of attempted suicides. Patients' reasons for their suicide attempts were categorized and related to levels of hopelessness and depression. The findings are discussed in the light of the psychotherapy of suicidal individuals.", "PMID": 1163691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_206", "title": "Psychiatry and psychotherapy as political processes.", "content": "Therapy is applied politics. From hospitalizing a patient to offering psychoanalytic insight, a therapist's every action reflects his own attitudes toward political issues, including individual freedom vs. state control, or capitalism versus socialism. Ultimately every therapy implements some utopian political vision against which the client will measure his own success and failure in the therapy.", "contents": "Psychiatry and psychotherapy as political processes. Therapy is applied politics. From hospitalizing a patient to offering psychoanalytic insight, a therapist's every action reflects his own attitudes toward political issues, including individual freedom vs. state control, or capitalism versus socialism. Ultimately every therapy implements some utopian political vision against which the client will measure his own success and failure in the therapy.", "PMID": 1163692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_207", "title": "Interaction in hospitalized patient-led and staff-led psychotherapy groups.", "content": "Psychotic patients' participation in two kinds of inpatient group therapy, one staff-led, and the other patient-led with staff observing, revealed that patients talked more in the patient-led group than in the traditional staff-led group. Discussion explored the importance of peer, self-help influences in groups for stimulating psychotic patients to take more responsibility for themselves and other patients.", "contents": "Interaction in hospitalized patient-led and staff-led psychotherapy groups. Psychotic patients' participation in two kinds of inpatient group therapy, one staff-led, and the other patient-led with staff observing, revealed that patients talked more in the patient-led group than in the traditional staff-led group. Discussion explored the importance of peer, self-help influences in groups for stimulating psychotic patients to take more responsibility for themselves and other patients.", "PMID": 1163693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_208", "title": "Management of unethical behavior in a psychiatric hospital staff.", "content": "Several interrelated instances of unethical conduct in mental health professionals, occurring at a psychiatric hospital, serve to highlight the importance of the traditional ethical canons in our field. The impact of ethical breaches upon psychotherapy are exemplified and discussed; suggestions for appropriate administrative measures in dealing with such incidents are outlined.", "contents": "Management of unethical behavior in a psychiatric hospital staff. Several interrelated instances of unethical conduct in mental health professionals, occurring at a psychiatric hospital, serve to highlight the importance of the traditional ethical canons in our field. The impact of ethical breaches upon psychotherapy are exemplified and discussed; suggestions for appropriate administrative measures in dealing with such incidents are outlined.", "PMID": 1163694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_209", "title": "Implications of the behavioral approach to hypnosis.", "content": "The findings of behaviorally oriented research regarding the importance of cognitive-motivational variables in hypnosis are examined and some clinical and theoretical implications are explored. Hypnosis seems usefully conceptualized as a complex configuration or gestalt of interacting variables on several different levels, for example, cognitive, motivational, social, physiologic.", "contents": "Implications of the behavioral approach to hypnosis. The findings of behaviorally oriented research regarding the importance of cognitive-motivational variables in hypnosis are examined and some clinical and theoretical implications are explored. Hypnosis seems usefully conceptualized as a complex configuration or gestalt of interacting variables on several different levels, for example, cognitive, motivational, social, physiologic.", "PMID": 1163695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_210", "title": "Interpretation and working through.", "content": "The function of insight is independent of content. Insight is the result of the assignment of meaning as distinct from finding meaning. Interpretation leads to insight which binds anxiety and lifts repression, thus providing relief of symptoms. Working is learning to apply the assigned meaning to new situations.", "contents": "Interpretation and working through. The function of insight is independent of content. Insight is the result of the assignment of meaning as distinct from finding meaning. Interpretation leads to insight which binds anxiety and lifts repression, thus providing relief of symptoms. Working is learning to apply the assigned meaning to new situations.", "PMID": 1163696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_211", "title": "Angiography of retroperitoneal tumors. A review.", "content": "Abdominal aortography and selective angiography of the branches, large and small, of the abdominal aorta were used systematically to establish the diagnosis in 45 consecutive cases of primary retroperitoneal tumor. No angiographic features peculiar to tumor types were elicited, probably because of the great variety of histologic material encountered. Angiography, nonetheless, proved most helpful for the surgical approach, whether radical removal or an exploratory operation with biopsy was contemplated. In 80 per cent of cases the tumor margins were demarcated, the details of the blood supply defined, and the nature, benign or malignant, correctly diagnosed.", "contents": "Angiography of retroperitoneal tumors. A review. Abdominal aortography and selective angiography of the branches, large and small, of the abdominal aorta were used systematically to establish the diagnosis in 45 consecutive cases of primary retroperitoneal tumor. No angiographic features peculiar to tumor types were elicited, probably because of the great variety of histologic material encountered. Angiography, nonetheless, proved most helpful for the surgical approach, whether radical removal or an exploratory operation with biopsy was contemplated. In 80 per cent of cases the tumor margins were demarcated, the details of the blood supply defined, and the nature, benign or malignant, correctly diagnosed.", "PMID": 1163718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_212", "title": "Radionuclide bone images in hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy.", "content": "Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy (HPO) can be differentiated from osseous metastasis on conventional bone images using technetium 99m radiopharmaceuticals. Periosteal new bone formation appears as symmetric circumferential deposition of radionuclide in the diaphyseal cortex of tubular bones. In contrast, asymmetrical deposits in the medullary canal are indicative of metastatic disease. The etiologies of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy are discussed.", "contents": "Radionuclide bone images in hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy (HPO) can be differentiated from osseous metastasis on conventional bone images using technetium 99m radiopharmaceuticals. Periosteal new bone formation appears as symmetric circumferential deposition of radionuclide in the diaphyseal cortex of tubular bones. In contrast, asymmetrical deposits in the medullary canal are indicative of metastatic disease. The etiologies of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy are discussed.", "PMID": 1163719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_213", "title": "Brain scan in cerebrovascular \"Moyamoya\" disease.", "content": "Brain scans were abnormal in 2 of 6 patients with cerebral \"Moyamoya\" disease. The spatial and temporal scan patterns were analogous to those described in conventional cerebral infarction. Cerebral infarction due to emboli resulting from mural thrombi may explain  the uptake of radioisotope. None of the scans was abnormal in 4 adult patients in which the disease was complicated by subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "contents": "Brain scan in cerebrovascular \"Moyamoya\" disease. Brain scans were abnormal in 2 of 6 patients with cerebral \"Moyamoya\" disease. The spatial and temporal scan patterns were analogous to those described in conventional cerebral infarction. Cerebral infarction due to emboli resulting from mural thrombi may explain  the uptake of radioisotope. None of the scans was abnormal in 4 adult patients in which the disease was complicated by subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "PMID": 1163721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_214", "title": "Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (lipoid dermato-arthritis). An erosive polyarthritis with distinctive clinical, roentgenographic and pathologic features.", "content": "Detailed analysis of the progressive roentgenographic changes found in complete serial skeletal surveys of 2 men with multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MR) have been correlated with pathologic finds and compared to features preivously reported. The lesions of MR predominate in skin and synovium and result in the following characteristic features: (1) sharply circumscribed, rapidly progressive, strikingly bilaterally symmetric erosions spreading from joint margins to articular surfaces; (2) interphalangeal joint predominance; (3) early and severe atlanto-axial involvement; (4) disproportion between severity of joint destruction and mildness of symptoms; (5) absent or minimal periosteal reaction; (6) absent or disproportionately mild osteoporosis compared to the severity of erosions; and (7) prominent, uncalcified soft tissue nodules. Since arthritis often  precedes cutaneous manifestations, careful roentgenologic evaluation may play key role in early diagnosis.", "contents": "Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (lipoid dermato-arthritis). An erosive polyarthritis with distinctive clinical, roentgenographic and pathologic features. Detailed analysis of the progressive roentgenographic changes found in complete serial skeletal surveys of 2 men with multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MR) have been correlated with pathologic finds and compared to features preivously reported. The lesions of MR predominate in skin and synovium and result in the following characteristic features: (1) sharply circumscribed, rapidly progressive, strikingly bilaterally symmetric erosions spreading from joint margins to articular surfaces; (2) interphalangeal joint predominance; (3) early and severe atlanto-axial involvement; (4) disproportion between severity of joint destruction and mildness of symptoms; (5) absent or minimal periosteal reaction; (6) absent or disproportionately mild osteoporosis compared to the severity of erosions; and (7) prominent, uncalcified soft tissue nodules. Since arthritis often  precedes cutaneous manifestations, careful roentgenologic evaluation may play key role in early diagnosis.", "PMID": 1163724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_215", "title": "Anatomical and neurohistological observation of the heart of the jungle bush quail, Perdicula asiatica (Latham.).", "content": "Anatomy, histology and innervation of the heart of the jungle bush quail, Perdicula asiatica have been described. The cardiac conducting system is well developed except the atrioventricular node. The sinuatrial node is located at the cephalic end of the interatrial septum and comprised of a large number of specialised muscle fibres enclosing a few small nodal arteries. A few syncytial cells could also be observed. The atrioventricular node is small, rounded and compact mass present at the ventrocaudal end of the interatrial septum. The node is not enclosed by any connective tissue sheath. Atrioventricular bundle is quite conspicuous and a special left bundle branch descends from it and extending to the left ventricle. The presence of special left bundle branch probably helps in pumping the pure blood of left ventricle with a great force. The heart of the jungle bush quail is richly innervated. Large number of nerve fibres and ganglion cells are present at the sulcus terminalis and atrioventricular sulcus. Fine nerve fibres are also present in the mass of sinuatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle and its branches. Nerve cells are found to be absent in the conducting system. A nervous connection exists between the sinuatrial node and atrioventricular node. Nerve fibres are also seen in the ventricular myocardium and at the sites of aortic arches.", "contents": "Anatomical and neurohistological observation of the heart of the jungle bush quail, Perdicula asiatica (Latham.). Anatomy, histology and innervation of the heart of the jungle bush quail, Perdicula asiatica have been described. The cardiac conducting system is well developed except the atrioventricular node. The sinuatrial node is located at the cephalic end of the interatrial septum and comprised of a large number of specialised muscle fibres enclosing a few small nodal arteries. A few syncytial cells could also be observed. The atrioventricular node is small, rounded and compact mass present at the ventrocaudal end of the interatrial septum. The node is not enclosed by any connective tissue sheath. Atrioventricular bundle is quite conspicuous and a special left bundle branch descends from it and extending to the left ventricle. The presence of special left bundle branch probably helps in pumping the pure blood of left ventricle with a great force. The heart of the jungle bush quail is richly innervated. Large number of nerve fibres and ganglion cells are present at the sulcus terminalis and atrioventricular sulcus. Fine nerve fibres are also present in the mass of sinuatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle and its branches. Nerve cells are found to be absent in the conducting system. A nervous connection exists between the sinuatrial node and atrioventricular node. Nerve fibres are also seen in the ventricular myocardium and at the sites of aortic arches.", "PMID": 1163801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_216", "title": "Arteria intercarotica caudalis and its homologue in the domestic animals.", "content": "The arteria intercarotica caudalis was observed to be present in the dog, horse and cat but was reticulated in the case of cattle, sheep, goat, and pig. The latter structure was a homologue of the former and represented an important intercarotid communication present in most of vertebrate.", "contents": "Arteria intercarotica caudalis and its homologue in the domestic animals. The arteria intercarotica caudalis was observed to be present in the dog, horse and cat but was reticulated in the case of cattle, sheep, goat, and pig. The latter structure was a homologue of the former and represented an important intercarotid communication present in most of vertebrate.", "PMID": 1163802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_217", "title": "Presence of the arteria caroticobasilaris in the horse.", "content": "The consistent presence of the caroticobasilar artery was observed and discussed in view of the anatomical normalities in the horse. The persistence of the above vessel was correlated with the developmental changes in the cranial and cerebral arteries.", "contents": "Presence of the arteria caroticobasilaris in the horse. The consistent presence of the caroticobasilar artery was observed and discussed in view of the anatomical normalities in the horse. The persistence of the above vessel was correlated with the developmental changes in the cranial and cerebral arteries.", "PMID": 1163803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_218", "title": "The morphological and functional differentiation of the alimentary canal of the pig during ontogeny. I. Development and differentiation of the fundic portion of the stomach.", "content": "Several periods of intensive growth are observed in the development of the fundus of pig's stomach: at the end of the 2nd and the beginning of the 3rd month of embryogenesis, the periods shortly prior to and after birth, and between the 10th and 20th day following birth. The gastric pits are formed at about the 45th day of embriogenesis. At the beginning of the third month the fundic glands are formed. The parietal cells first differentiate and are found in 60-day old embryos. The mucous neck cells are differentiated at the beginning of the 3rd month but secretion of mucoid substance starts on about the 45th to 50th day of the prenatal development. With increasing age of the pigs the quantity of PAS-positive substances in the surface epithelium, as well as in the mucous neck cells gradually increases. The differentiation of the chief cells rich in RNA occurs approximately on the 90th day of the prenatal development.", "contents": "The morphological and functional differentiation of the alimentary canal of the pig during ontogeny. I. Development and differentiation of the fundic portion of the stomach. Several periods of intensive growth are observed in the development of the fundus of pig's stomach: at the end of the 2nd and the beginning of the 3rd month of embryogenesis, the periods shortly prior to and after birth, and between the 10th and 20th day following birth. The gastric pits are formed at about the 45th day of embriogenesis. At the beginning of the third month the fundic glands are formed. The parietal cells first differentiate and are found in 60-day old embryos. The mucous neck cells are differentiated at the beginning of the 3rd month but secretion of mucoid substance starts on about the 45th to 50th day of the prenatal development. With increasing age of the pigs the quantity of PAS-positive substances in the surface epithelium, as well as in the mucous neck cells gradually increases. The differentiation of the chief cells rich in RNA occurs approximately on the 90th day of the prenatal development.", "PMID": 1163804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_219", "title": "[Lymph flow following ligation of the ductus thoracicus in dogs].", "content": "Already few hours after artificial occlusion of the thoracic duct of dogs different communications appear between the lymphatic and the venous system: 1. Lymphovenous communications in the cervical area leading to the right venous angle. 2. Lymphovenous communications at heart level leading to the right venous angle. These lymphovenous communications seem to be preformed anastomoses, which are opened by an increase of the intralymphatic pressure.", "contents": "[Lymph flow following ligation of the ductus thoracicus in dogs]. Already few hours after artificial occlusion of the thoracic duct of dogs different communications appear between the lymphatic and the venous system: 1. Lymphovenous communications in the cervical area leading to the right venous angle. 2. Lymphovenous communications at heart level leading to the right venous angle. These lymphovenous communications seem to be preformed anastomoses, which are opened by an increase of the intralymphatic pressure.", "PMID": 1163805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_220", "title": "Coronary arterial predominance or balance on the surface of the human cardiac ventricles.", "content": "Normal hearts obtained from suicide victims were studied after injection of gelatin containing red or blue pigment and a radiopaque substance into each coronary artery. Schlesinger's types of coronary artery unilateral predominance or bilateral balance were identified and their incidence determined. The relation to general factors of anatomical variation was also pointed out. Physiologic and clinical features were discussed on the basis of the morphologic pattern, diverse results recorded in the literature were pointed out, and some discrepancies explained. Hearts with right coronary artery predominance (73.5%) prevailed over left predominance (19.4%) and over the balanced hearts (7.1%). An evaluation of both the blood supply and drainage of the heart as a whole, not restricted to the superficial parietal arteries of the ventricles, would better meet the requirements of clinical cardiology.", "contents": "Coronary arterial predominance or balance on the surface of the human cardiac ventricles. Normal hearts obtained from suicide victims were studied after injection of gelatin containing red or blue pigment and a radiopaque substance into each coronary artery. Schlesinger's types of coronary artery unilateral predominance or bilateral balance were identified and their incidence determined. The relation to general factors of anatomical variation was also pointed out. Physiologic and clinical features were discussed on the basis of the morphologic pattern, diverse results recorded in the literature were pointed out, and some discrepancies explained. Hearts with right coronary artery predominance (73.5%) prevailed over left predominance (19.4%) and over the balanced hearts (7.1%). An evaluation of both the blood supply and drainage of the heart as a whole, not restricted to the superficial parietal arteries of the ventricles, would better meet the requirements of clinical cardiology.", "PMID": 1163806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_221", "title": "Alkaline and acid phosphatase in the digestive system of two teleost fishes.", "content": "Alkaline and acid phosphatases are distributed in the stomach, intestine, liver and pancreas of Heteropneustes fossilis and Cirrhinus reba. In oesophagus and rectum they are found in traces only. In the stomach of Heteropneustes, the phosphatases are confined to the mucosa and gastric glands. In the omnivorous fish, Heteropneustes the intestine is shorter and the activity of the enzymes is higher where as in the herbivorous form Cirrhinus with long and coiled intestine, the enzymes are comparatively weak and distributed from the intestinal bulb to the posterior portion of the intestine. In Heteropneustes the enzymes are concentrated in the duodenum and anterior region of the intestine only. This regional difference in the distribution pattern may be correlated to the site of absorption of the metabolites.", "contents": "Alkaline and acid phosphatase in the digestive system of two teleost fishes. Alkaline and acid phosphatases are distributed in the stomach, intestine, liver and pancreas of Heteropneustes fossilis and Cirrhinus reba. In oesophagus and rectum they are found in traces only. In the stomach of Heteropneustes, the phosphatases are confined to the mucosa and gastric glands. In the omnivorous fish, Heteropneustes the intestine is shorter and the activity of the enzymes is higher where as in the herbivorous form Cirrhinus with long and coiled intestine, the enzymes are comparatively weak and distributed from the intestinal bulb to the posterior portion of the intestine. In Heteropneustes the enzymes are concentrated in the duodenum and anterior region of the intestine only. This regional difference in the distribution pattern may be correlated to the site of absorption of the metabolites.", "PMID": 1163807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_222", "title": "The morphological and functional differentiation of the alimentary canal of the pig during ontogeny. II. Development and differentiation of the jejunum.", "content": "Morphological development and differentiation of the pig's jejunum during ontogenesis were studied. It was found that villi intestinalis are formed on about the 40th day of embryogenesis. The differentiation of absorptive epithelium, goblet cells and argentaffine cells as well as the formation of the Lieberk\u00fchn's crypts, and muscularis mucosae, occur by the end of the 2nd and at the beginning of the 3rd month of the prenatal development. The Paneth cells are found in the period around birth. After birth there is an adaptive rearrangement of the mucosa of jejunum affecting both the epithelium and the propria: the rearrangement is conditionally divided into two periods - from birth to the 3rd day, and from the 10th to the 20th day.", "contents": "The morphological and functional differentiation of the alimentary canal of the pig during ontogeny. II. Development and differentiation of the jejunum. Morphological development and differentiation of the pig's jejunum during ontogenesis were studied. It was found that villi intestinalis are formed on about the 40th day of embryogenesis. The differentiation of absorptive epithelium, goblet cells and argentaffine cells as well as the formation of the Lieberk\u00fchn's crypts, and muscularis mucosae, occur by the end of the 2nd and at the beginning of the 3rd month of the prenatal development. The Paneth cells are found in the period around birth. After birth there is an adaptive rearrangement of the mucosa of jejunum affecting both the epithelium and the propria: the rearrangement is conditionally divided into two periods - from birth to the 3rd day, and from the 10th to the 20th day.", "PMID": 1163808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_223", "title": "[Studies on the development of the albino-rat notochord (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of the notochord of the albino-rat takes place in the period between 8 days 10 hours and 9 days 3 hours. The notochord appears as a thickness of the entoderm in the ventrally region of the antimesometrial cavity. At the stage of 8 days 10 to 14 hours p. c. there are observed differenciated processes of the primitive flattened entodermal epithelium to high cylindrical cells which form a plate. The closed structure of the basement membranes round the notochord of the rat, as it is observed lightmicroscopically reveals new aspects in connection of the frequent discussed supposition the notochord possibly to be a factor for the origin of other structures e.g. the somites. The developmental mode of the notochord of the albino-rat differs from that of the mouse.", "contents": "[Studies on the development of the albino-rat notochord (author's transl)]. The development of the notochord of the albino-rat takes place in the period between 8 days 10 hours and 9 days 3 hours. The notochord appears as a thickness of the entoderm in the ventrally region of the antimesometrial cavity. At the stage of 8 days 10 to 14 hours p. c. there are observed differenciated processes of the primitive flattened entodermal epithelium to high cylindrical cells which form a plate. The closed structure of the basement membranes round the notochord of the rat, as it is observed lightmicroscopically reveals new aspects in connection of the frequent discussed supposition the notochord possibly to be a factor for the origin of other structures e.g. the somites. The developmental mode of the notochord of the albino-rat differs from that of the mouse.", "PMID": 1163809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_224", "title": "[Experience with the written examination (multiple choice test) in the teaching of anatomy].", "content": "All students (400 each winter-term) receive extensive information at the beginning of the course \"anatomical propedeutics\": a timetable with recommendations for learning, a list of instructional objectives and of terminology and an instruction for that type of test, the students never had experienced before. Feed-back is given by computer-output containing comments on the objective related to a wrong answer and indicating sub-test scores. Correlation of scores with results in the following dissection course seems to be acceptable. Questions of the multiple-choice test were compared by pairs with questions asked for in confrontation with the anatomical object. A strong coherence was found in answering correctly the multiple choice questions and the related oral exam. Over-all experience with a multiple choice test administered in Austria for the first time was rather encouraging.", "contents": "[Experience with the written examination (multiple choice test) in the teaching of anatomy]. All students (400 each winter-term) receive extensive information at the beginning of the course \"anatomical propedeutics\": a timetable with recommendations for learning, a list of instructional objectives and of terminology and an instruction for that type of test, the students never had experienced before. Feed-back is given by computer-output containing comments on the objective related to a wrong answer and indicating sub-test scores. Correlation of scores with results in the following dissection course seems to be acceptable. Questions of the multiple-choice test were compared by pairs with questions asked for in confrontation with the anatomical object. A strong coherence was found in answering correctly the multiple choice questions and the related oral exam. Over-all experience with a multiple choice test administered in Austria for the first time was rather encouraging.", "PMID": 1163811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_225", "title": "A comparative study of the intestinal anatomy of deer.", "content": "The intestinal anatomy of fallow deer (Dama dama), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), and elk (Alces alces) was studied. Special attention was given to the spiral loop of the ascending colon and the proportional length of the small and large intestines. The spiral loop of the ascending colon is wound 3-3 1/2 turns in the fallow deer, 2-3 turns in the white-tailed deer, 5 1/2-7 turns in the reindeer and 3-4 turns in the elk. The distal half of the last centrifugal turn of the spiral loop, regularly has one additional loop in the ventro-caudal quadrant of the mesenterial disc in the white-tailed deer, and one, or sometimes two such loops in the reindeer. In the elk this part of the gut usually constitutes a greater part of the spiral loop than the coil proper, and runs in several irregular loops and small coils between the coil proper and the jejunal attachment. Irregular patterns of the coil proper are common, and occur in all four species. The mean relative length of the large intestine was about 52% of the small intestine in the reindeer and 55-57% in the other species, which indicates, that significant differences in gut proportions do not exist in the deer species studied, perhaps with an exception for the reindeer.", "contents": "A comparative study of the intestinal anatomy of deer. The intestinal anatomy of fallow deer (Dama dama), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), and elk (Alces alces) was studied. Special attention was given to the spiral loop of the ascending colon and the proportional length of the small and large intestines. The spiral loop of the ascending colon is wound 3-3 1/2 turns in the fallow deer, 2-3 turns in the white-tailed deer, 5 1/2-7 turns in the reindeer and 3-4 turns in the elk. The distal half of the last centrifugal turn of the spiral loop, regularly has one additional loop in the ventro-caudal quadrant of the mesenterial disc in the white-tailed deer, and one, or sometimes two such loops in the reindeer. In the elk this part of the gut usually constitutes a greater part of the spiral loop than the coil proper, and runs in several irregular loops and small coils between the coil proper and the jejunal attachment. Irregular patterns of the coil proper are common, and occur in all four species. The mean relative length of the large intestine was about 52% of the small intestine in the reindeer and 55-57% in the other species, which indicates, that significant differences in gut proportions do not exist in the deer species studied, perhaps with an exception for the reindeer.", "PMID": 1163814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_226", "title": "[A special form of double vena cava inferior].", "content": "In 231 cases the frequency of double inferior Cava in postrenal part is determined at 0.5%. The importance of double inferior Cava is discussed. This variation is the most frequent of V. cava inferior. The genesis is by persistence of left sacro-cardinal-vein (supracardinal-vein) over the six embryonical week. The casus, here mentioned, has an anastomosis overmore. This anastomosis cross Aorta and A. mesenterica inferior ventral, combines both inferior Cavae and must be interpreted as a second inferior Anastomosis intersubcardinalis.", "contents": "[A special form of double vena cava inferior]. In 231 cases the frequency of double inferior Cava in postrenal part is determined at 0.5%. The importance of double inferior Cava is discussed. This variation is the most frequent of V. cava inferior. The genesis is by persistence of left sacro-cardinal-vein (supracardinal-vein) over the six embryonical week. The casus, here mentioned, has an anastomosis overmore. This anastomosis cross Aorta and A. mesenterica inferior ventral, combines both inferior Cavae and must be interpreted as a second inferior Anastomosis intersubcardinalis.", "PMID": 1163815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_227", "title": "[The primary optical projection in albino and pigmented rats].", "content": "1. We have studied by silver degeneration methods in transversal and horizontal brain series the pathways and the terminal nuclei of the primary optic system in albino and pigmented rats. 2. About 90% of the retinal axons are crossing in the Chiasma opticum. Differences between albino and pigmented rats are small. At the level of the lateral geniculate body (l.g.b.) the axons ramify. One branch is going in the optic tract or in the transversalsystem to the pretectum and tectum. The other branch goes as a collateral in the longitudinal system of the dorsal l.g.b. and ends here. 3. The optic fibers project--especially contralateral--to the following nuclei: veutral l.g.b. (lateral half), dorsal l.g.b., nucleus of the optic tract, Nc. olivaris praetectalis, Ncc. praetectales anterior et posterior and superior colliculus (laminae I-III). In the nuclei of the pretectal region are ipsilateral only a few degenerating fibers. 4. Especially in the dorsal l.g.b. but also in the superior colliculus the pigmented rats show ipsilateral an larger retinal input. 5. The ipsilateral fibers project to a special region in the dorsal l.g.b. This region is also innervated by contralateral axons. 6. In both the albino and pigmented rats the dorsal l.g.b. shows no lamination in the cytoarchitectonical picture and the ipsi- and contralateral input regions overlap. Therefore in the rat we can not speak from a laminated dorsal l.g.b. We have here--prepoperantly functional caused--a simple form of l.g.b. 7. The accessory optic system is only decussated. It includes the Fasciculus inferior tr. opt. accessorius, who projects only and direct to the median terminal nucleus and the Fasciculus superior tr. opticus accessorius. The last goes off from the optic tract at the level of the pretectal region and innervates all the 3 accessory optic nuclei. 8. In a few preparates we found references for a direct retino-hypothalamic connection (Nc. suprachiasmaticus and Nc. arcuatus hypothalami).", "contents": "[The primary optical projection in albino and pigmented rats]. 1. We have studied by silver degeneration methods in transversal and horizontal brain series the pathways and the terminal nuclei of the primary optic system in albino and pigmented rats. 2. About 90% of the retinal axons are crossing in the Chiasma opticum. Differences between albino and pigmented rats are small. At the level of the lateral geniculate body (l.g.b.) the axons ramify. One branch is going in the optic tract or in the transversalsystem to the pretectum and tectum. The other branch goes as a collateral in the longitudinal system of the dorsal l.g.b. and ends here. 3. The optic fibers project--especially contralateral--to the following nuclei: veutral l.g.b. (lateral half), dorsal l.g.b., nucleus of the optic tract, Nc. olivaris praetectalis, Ncc. praetectales anterior et posterior and superior colliculus (laminae I-III). In the nuclei of the pretectal region are ipsilateral only a few degenerating fibers. 4. Especially in the dorsal l.g.b. but also in the superior colliculus the pigmented rats show ipsilateral an larger retinal input. 5. The ipsilateral fibers project to a special region in the dorsal l.g.b. This region is also innervated by contralateral axons. 6. In both the albino and pigmented rats the dorsal l.g.b. shows no lamination in the cytoarchitectonical picture and the ipsi- and contralateral input regions overlap. Therefore in the rat we can not speak from a laminated dorsal l.g.b. We have here--prepoperantly functional caused--a simple form of l.g.b. 7. The accessory optic system is only decussated. It includes the Fasciculus inferior tr. opt. accessorius, who projects only and direct to the median terminal nucleus and the Fasciculus superior tr. opticus accessorius. The last goes off from the optic tract at the level of the pretectal region and innervates all the 3 accessory optic nuclei. 8. In a few preparates we found references for a direct retino-hypothalamic connection (Nc. suprachiasmaticus and Nc. arcuatus hypothalami).", "PMID": 1163816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_228", "title": "Contribution to the clinical anatomy of the vertebral column. Considerations on the stability and the instability at the height of the \"vertebral units\".", "content": "Based on the findings with human cadaver material and the literature data, the concept of \"vertebral unit\" is discussed as a basic morphofunctional and pathogenic unit of the vertebral column. The vertebral structures collaborating to the stabilization of the vertebral units are described and a review is made of the possibilities of installation of a vertebral instability. An attempt is made to define the vertebral stability and instability.", "contents": "Contribution to the clinical anatomy of the vertebral column. Considerations on the stability and the instability at the height of the \"vertebral units\". Based on the findings with human cadaver material and the literature data, the concept of \"vertebral unit\" is discussed as a basic morphofunctional and pathogenic unit of the vertebral column. The vertebral structures collaborating to the stabilization of the vertebral units are described and a review is made of the possibilities of installation of a vertebral instability. An attempt is made to define the vertebral stability and instability.", "PMID": 1163817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_229", "title": "An experimental study concerning the accessory nerve in the chicken and turkey.", "content": "The retrograde degeneration consecutive to accessory nerve transection proved that the real origin of this nerve in the chicken and turkey is represented exclusively by the ipsilateral dorso-central motor column described by BECCARI (1943). This nucleus, with a moniliform aspect, extends into the first two cervical neuromeres and enters the bulb, where it is continuous with the alpha subdivision of the hypoglossal nucleus. The accessory nerve of the two species of birds is homologous with the external ramus of the same nerve in mammals. An internal ramus is absent in birds.", "contents": "An experimental study concerning the accessory nerve in the chicken and turkey. The retrograde degeneration consecutive to accessory nerve transection proved that the real origin of this nerve in the chicken and turkey is represented exclusively by the ipsilateral dorso-central motor column described by BECCARI (1943). This nucleus, with a moniliform aspect, extends into the first two cervical neuromeres and enters the bulb, where it is continuous with the alpha subdivision of the hypoglossal nucleus. The accessory nerve of the two species of birds is homologous with the external ramus of the same nerve in mammals. An internal ramus is absent in birds.", "PMID": 1163818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_230", "title": "The ligation of the male reproductive organs and the role of the spermatic cyst.", "content": "The effects of ligation of the vas deferens, the corpus epididymis and the vasa efferentia on spermatozoa and testicular morphology were studied in sexually mature rats. Following the ligation of the vas deferens, headless and immotile spermatozoa were observed on the second day in the vas deferens. Decapitation occured in more than ninty per cent of the spermatozoa on the sixth day and the motility became almost zero. On the contrary, in the epididymis normal spermatozoa were observed for a relatively long period. Even three weeks after the vas ligation, more than ninty per cent of spermatozoa showed normal morphology. Spermatic cyst formation was observed so early as four days following ligation of the vas. By the third week cysts were observed in most rats, either unilaterally or bilaterally. In addition, ligation of the corpus epididymis resulted also in the formation of a spermatic cyst on the proximal site of the ligature. A strong correlation was observed between spermatic cyst formation and the occurrence of morphological changes in the testis, as well as the motility and the normality of spermatozoa. When the spermatic cyst was formed, the testis showed almost normal morphology for a long period as well as spermatozoa in the ductal system. When a spermatic cyst was not formed, degenerative changes took place promptly and abnormal spermatozoa were observed in the ductal system. These observations suggest that the seminiferous tubules may be very sensitivie to the increase in intratubular pressure and in such instances the spermatic cyst acts as a \"shock absorber\" to prevent the abnormal increase of pressure within the ductal system, especially the seminiferous tubules. In addition, the result suggests further that a need for caution and careful follow-up are necessary in the vasectomized man.", "contents": "The ligation of the male reproductive organs and the role of the spermatic cyst. The effects of ligation of the vas deferens, the corpus epididymis and the vasa efferentia on spermatozoa and testicular morphology were studied in sexually mature rats. Following the ligation of the vas deferens, headless and immotile spermatozoa were observed on the second day in the vas deferens. Decapitation occured in more than ninty per cent of the spermatozoa on the sixth day and the motility became almost zero. On the contrary, in the epididymis normal spermatozoa were observed for a relatively long period. Even three weeks after the vas ligation, more than ninty per cent of spermatozoa showed normal morphology. Spermatic cyst formation was observed so early as four days following ligation of the vas. By the third week cysts were observed in most rats, either unilaterally or bilaterally. In addition, ligation of the corpus epididymis resulted also in the formation of a spermatic cyst on the proximal site of the ligature. A strong correlation was observed between spermatic cyst formation and the occurrence of morphological changes in the testis, as well as the motility and the normality of spermatozoa. When the spermatic cyst was formed, the testis showed almost normal morphology for a long period as well as spermatozoa in the ductal system. When a spermatic cyst was not formed, degenerative changes took place promptly and abnormal spermatozoa were observed in the ductal system. These observations suggest that the seminiferous tubules may be very sensitivie to the increase in intratubular pressure and in such instances the spermatic cyst acts as a \"shock absorber\" to prevent the abnormal increase of pressure within the ductal system, especially the seminiferous tubules. In addition, the result suggests further that a need for caution and careful follow-up are necessary in the vasectomized man.", "PMID": 1163819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_231", "title": "Sterility of three brothers in connection with a disturbed carbohydrate metabolism in semen.", "content": "Sterile semen of three brothers was investigated biochemically. Most strikingly was the strong similarity of both the amino acid and the carbohydrate composition of the semen. Inside the spermatozoa much more fructose and glucose was present than normally is found. It could be shown that in the seminal plasma peptides and proteins were present all containing more or less beta-alanine and all able to bind glucose and fructose. After incubation with labelled glucose it was evident that inside the spermatozoa enzymes requried for formation of lactic acid were lacking or inactive. Moreover labelled tyrosine and serine was found. Treatment with proviron did not improve carbohydrate metabolism but the amounts of present glucose and fructose inside the spermatozoa had strongly decreased. It is supposed that the sterility of the men is due to a disturbance in spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Sterility of three brothers in connection with a disturbed carbohydrate metabolism in semen. Sterile semen of three brothers was investigated biochemically. Most strikingly was the strong similarity of both the amino acid and the carbohydrate composition of the semen. Inside the spermatozoa much more fructose and glucose was present than normally is found. It could be shown that in the seminal plasma peptides and proteins were present all containing more or less beta-alanine and all able to bind glucose and fructose. After incubation with labelled glucose it was evident that inside the spermatozoa enzymes requried for formation of lactic acid were lacking or inactive. Moreover labelled tyrosine and serine was found. Treatment with proviron did not improve carbohydrate metabolism but the amounts of present glucose and fructose inside the spermatozoa had strongly decreased. It is supposed that the sterility of the men is due to a disturbance in spermatogenesis.", "PMID": 1163820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_232", "title": "Fertility and post-thawing characteristics of deep frozen boar spermatozoa.", "content": "Eight-nine gilts were inseminated with deep frozen boar spermatozoa thawed in seminal plasma, filtrate of seminal plasma, skimmed milk and isotonic glucose solution. The most favourable fertility results were obtained when seminal plasma was used as thawing diluent. It was shown that a relationship exists between the post thawing acrosome morphology, the post thawing GOT-release and the fertility of frozen spermatozoa.", "contents": "Fertility and post-thawing characteristics of deep frozen boar spermatozoa. Eight-nine gilts were inseminated with deep frozen boar spermatozoa thawed in seminal plasma, filtrate of seminal plasma, skimmed milk and isotonic glucose solution. The most favourable fertility results were obtained when seminal plasma was used as thawing diluent. It was shown that a relationship exists between the post thawing acrosome morphology, the post thawing GOT-release and the fertility of frozen spermatozoa.", "PMID": 1163821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_233", "title": "Increased serum FSH levels correlated with low and high sperm counts in male infertile patients.", "content": "Serum FSH, LH and testosterone were measured in 57 (42) normal men and in 80 male infertile patients. In the former, mean (x) FSH was found to be 2.5 ng/ml with a range (x +/- 2 SD) from 0.25 ng/ml to 5.3 ng/ml, mean LH was 2.2 ng/ml with a range from 0.5 ng/ml to 5.6 ng/ml, and mean testosterone was 540 ng/100 ml with a range from 190 mg/ml to 890 ng/100 ml. Immunoassayable FSH was found to be elevated in 17 out of 42 presumably infertile males with sperm counts below 20 million/ml, and in 5 out of 12 men with sperm counts above 120 million/ml. There was no correlation between testosterone and sperm number, motility, and seminal fructose content. The concurrence of depressed spermatogenesis and elevated FSH levels seems to be a relatively good indicator for the presence of organic disorders of the testis.", "contents": "Increased serum FSH levels correlated with low and high sperm counts in male infertile patients. Serum FSH, LH and testosterone were measured in 57 (42) normal men and in 80 male infertile patients. In the former, mean (x) FSH was found to be 2.5 ng/ml with a range (x +/- 2 SD) from 0.25 ng/ml to 5.3 ng/ml, mean LH was 2.2 ng/ml with a range from 0.5 ng/ml to 5.6 ng/ml, and mean testosterone was 540 ng/100 ml with a range from 190 mg/ml to 890 ng/100 ml. Immunoassayable FSH was found to be elevated in 17 out of 42 presumably infertile males with sperm counts below 20 million/ml, and in 5 out of 12 men with sperm counts above 120 million/ml. There was no correlation between testosterone and sperm number, motility, and seminal fructose content. The concurrence of depressed spermatogenesis and elevated FSH levels seems to be a relatively good indicator for the presence of organic disorders of the testis.", "PMID": 1163822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_234", "title": "Changes in areolar size in boys during the growth phase and pubertal development.", "content": "The areolar size was measured in a group of 755 school boys, aged 7 to 20 yrs. At the onset of puberty a sudden increase in areolar size has been noted, with a gradual increase in areolar size as pubertal development proceeds. The increase in areolar size must be seen as a pubertal phenomenon, resulting from a peripheral influence of sexual hormones, but a significant positive relationship to body size during this period of life must also be taken into account.", "contents": "Changes in areolar size in boys during the growth phase and pubertal development. The areolar size was measured in a group of 755 school boys, aged 7 to 20 yrs. At the onset of puberty a sudden increase in areolar size has been noted, with a gradual increase in areolar size as pubertal development proceeds. The increase in areolar size must be seen as a pubertal phenomenon, resulting from a peripheral influence of sexual hormones, but a significant positive relationship to body size during this period of life must also be taken into account.", "PMID": 1163823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_235", "title": "On the transportation of spermatozoa in the vas deferens.", "content": "In this report the intraluminal pressure of the vas deferens was measured in vivo in male cross-bred dogs. The measurement of the pressure elucidated that the vas deferens repeated autonomic contraction. This contraction was not the so-called peristalsis but the entire portion of the vas deferens contracted simultaneously. Stimulation of the hypogastric nerves resulted in a prominent elevation of the pressure in the proximal portion of the vas deferens, i.e., the portion approximate to the epididymis, followed 5-10 seconds later by a rise in the distal portion, i.e., the portion approximate to the prostate. These results suggest that the spermatozoa present near the proximal end of the vas deferens are transported littly by little by the autonomic movements of the vas deferens and that on ejaculation the spermatozoa are pressed forward from the proximal end of the vas deferens to its peripheral end by the stimuli through the hypogastric nerves.", "contents": "On the transportation of spermatozoa in the vas deferens. In this report the intraluminal pressure of the vas deferens was measured in vivo in male cross-bred dogs. The measurement of the pressure elucidated that the vas deferens repeated autonomic contraction. This contraction was not the so-called peristalsis but the entire portion of the vas deferens contracted simultaneously. Stimulation of the hypogastric nerves resulted in a prominent elevation of the pressure in the proximal portion of the vas deferens, i.e., the portion approximate to the epididymis, followed 5-10 seconds later by a rise in the distal portion, i.e., the portion approximate to the prostate. These results suggest that the spermatozoa present near the proximal end of the vas deferens are transported littly by little by the autonomic movements of the vas deferens and that on ejaculation the spermatozoa are pressed forward from the proximal end of the vas deferens to its peripheral end by the stimuli through the hypogastric nerves.", "PMID": 1163824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_236", "title": "Impermeability of sertoli cell junctions to prolonged exposure to peroxidase.", "content": "The competence of the occluding junctional complexes between Sertoli cell has been studied after continuous exposure of the testis to a high concentration of peroxidase for periods of 30 minutes to 4 hours. Horseradish peroxidase in buffered saline solution (10 mg/ml) infused through an indwelling polyethelene tube implanted interstitially in the testis becomes widely distributed throughout the organ via the extensive system of lymphatic sinusoids. All the components of the testicular interstitium become heavily infiltrated. A large amount of peroxidase accumulates in the acellular layers of the lamina propria of the seminiferous tubules. Some traverses patent intercellular clefts between myoid cells and enters the interspaces of the basal compartment of the epithelium. The Sertoli cell junctions effectively prevent any further penetration of peroxidase toward the adluminal compartment and in no case was the tracer observed in the tubular lumen. The present study extends previous observations based on brief exposure to tracers and confirms the conclusion that the occluding Sertoli cell junctions are highly impermeable to small tracers and constitute the main structural component of the blood-testis barrier.", "contents": "Impermeability of sertoli cell junctions to prolonged exposure to peroxidase. The competence of the occluding junctional complexes between Sertoli cell has been studied after continuous exposure of the testis to a high concentration of peroxidase for periods of 30 minutes to 4 hours. Horseradish peroxidase in buffered saline solution (10 mg/ml) infused through an indwelling polyethelene tube implanted interstitially in the testis becomes widely distributed throughout the organ via the extensive system of lymphatic sinusoids. All the components of the testicular interstitium become heavily infiltrated. A large amount of peroxidase accumulates in the acellular layers of the lamina propria of the seminiferous tubules. Some traverses patent intercellular clefts between myoid cells and enters the interspaces of the basal compartment of the epithelium. The Sertoli cell junctions effectively prevent any further penetration of peroxidase toward the adluminal compartment and in no case was the tracer observed in the tubular lumen. The present study extends previous observations based on brief exposure to tracers and confirms the conclusion that the occluding Sertoli cell junctions are highly impermeable to small tracers and constitute the main structural component of the blood-testis barrier.", "PMID": 1163825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_237", "title": "Plasmatic testosterone values in 105 Klinefelters.", "content": "Clinical, spermiologic and karyologic examinations and determinations of plasmatic testosterone were performed in a group of 105 chromatin-positive patients aged 16 to 45 years. A comparison with a control group of 108 somatosexually well developed and fertile men at the age of 21 to 55 years has established that in the Klinefelter's syndrome the male sex hormone level in the blood was highly significantly lower. Whereas in the control group the male sex hormone values in the blood were dependent on age, it was not possible to prove any dynamic changes in the process of ageing between 21 and 45 years in chromatin-positive patients. A comparison of some phenotypical and laboratory findings in the various chromosomal variants of Klinefelter's syndrome shows that comparatively the least changes were found in patients with a mosaic of 46,XY/47,XXY.", "contents": "Plasmatic testosterone values in 105 Klinefelters. Clinical, spermiologic and karyologic examinations and determinations of plasmatic testosterone were performed in a group of 105 chromatin-positive patients aged 16 to 45 years. A comparison with a control group of 108 somatosexually well developed and fertile men at the age of 21 to 55 years has established that in the Klinefelter's syndrome the male sex hormone level in the blood was highly significantly lower. Whereas in the control group the male sex hormone values in the blood were dependent on age, it was not possible to prove any dynamic changes in the process of ageing between 21 and 45 years in chromatin-positive patients. A comparison of some phenotypical and laboratory findings in the various chromosomal variants of Klinefelter's syndrome shows that comparatively the least changes were found in patients with a mosaic of 46,XY/47,XXY.", "PMID": 1163826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_238", "title": "Recovery and simulated driving after intravenous anesthesia with thiopental, methohexital, propanidid, or alphadione.", "content": "Recovery from anesthesia was assessed in a double-bind manner in 40 healthy volunteer students after intravenous anesthesia with thiopental (6.0 mg/kg), methohexital (2.0 mg/kg), propanidid (6.6 mg/kg), or alphadione (Althesin), 85 mul/kg using a driving simulator 2,4, 6, and 8 hours after injection of the drugs. Clinical recovery was faster after propanidid and methohexital than after thiopental or alphadione. Driving performances remained significantly (P less than 0.05) worse than in a control group for 6 hours after thiopental and for 8 hours after methohexital, and reaction times 8 hours after thiopental remained worse than in the control subjects. After alphadione driving skills were impaired at 6 hours only. Propanidid produced no impairment in driving skills at any time during the experiment. It is concluded that after the doses used in this study patients should not drive or operate machinery for at least 2 hours after propanidid and for at least 8 hours after alphadione. After methohexital and thiopental patients should probably not drive for 24 hours because of the severity of the disturbances at 8 hours.", "contents": "Recovery and simulated driving after intravenous anesthesia with thiopental, methohexital, propanidid, or alphadione. Recovery from anesthesia was assessed in a double-bind manner in 40 healthy volunteer students after intravenous anesthesia with thiopental (6.0 mg/kg), methohexital (2.0 mg/kg), propanidid (6.6 mg/kg), or alphadione (Althesin), 85 mul/kg using a driving simulator 2,4, 6, and 8 hours after injection of the drugs. Clinical recovery was faster after propanidid and methohexital than after thiopental or alphadione. Driving performances remained significantly (P less than 0.05) worse than in a control group for 6 hours after thiopental and for 8 hours after methohexital, and reaction times 8 hours after thiopental remained worse than in the control subjects. After alphadione driving skills were impaired at 6 hours only. Propanidid produced no impairment in driving skills at any time during the experiment. It is concluded that after the doses used in this study patients should not drive or operate machinery for at least 2 hours after propanidid and for at least 8 hours after alphadione. After methohexital and thiopental patients should probably not drive for 24 hours because of the severity of the disturbances at 8 hours.", "PMID": 1163829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_239", "title": "Interaction between sedative premedicants and ketamine in man in isolated perfused rat livers.", "content": "Premedication with diazepam, hydroxyzine or secobarbital significantly increased ketamine-induced sleep time (137 +/- 3.5 min, 135 +/- 9.2 min, 128 +/- 4.7 min) over that of unpremedicated controls (98.5 +/- 4.4 min) in man. The corresponding mean plasma half-lives (t1/2) of ketamine were longer in patients premedicated with diazepam or seconbarbital (57.8 +/- 4.9 min, 46 +/- 3.2 min) than in controls (36 +/- 1.8 min). Ketamine t1/2 in the perfusate of isolated, perfused rat livers was prolonged 30 to 50 per cent by addition of diazepam, secobarbital, or hydroxyzine. The data suggest that these commonly used premedicants decrease the rate of ketamine metabolism.", "contents": "Interaction between sedative premedicants and ketamine in man in isolated perfused rat livers. Premedication with diazepam, hydroxyzine or secobarbital significantly increased ketamine-induced sleep time (137 +/- 3.5 min, 135 +/- 9.2 min, 128 +/- 4.7 min) over that of unpremedicated controls (98.5 +/- 4.4 min) in man. The corresponding mean plasma half-lives (t1/2) of ketamine were longer in patients premedicated with diazepam or seconbarbital (57.8 +/- 4.9 min, 46 +/- 3.2 min) than in controls (36 +/- 1.8 min). Ketamine t1/2 in the perfusate of isolated, perfused rat livers was prolonged 30 to 50 per cent by addition of diazepam, secobarbital, or hydroxyzine. The data suggest that these commonly used premedicants decrease the rate of ketamine metabolism.", "PMID": 1163830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_240", "title": "Psychological eff-cts of halothane and isoflurane anesthesia.", "content": "Psychological effects of halothane (16 subjects) and isoflurane (24 subjects) anesthesia on healthy young men were assessed prior to and 2,3,4,6,8, and 30 days after anesthesia. The results with each agent were compared with each other and with the results for 41 unanesthetized controls. Both agents altered psychological function. Changes in function were greatest 2 days after anesthesia; function had returned to near preanesthesia values 8 days after anesthesia. Only slight symptom and mood effects and no intellectual effect attributable to anesthesia remained 30 days after anesthesia. Halothane produced greater negative effects on moodds and symptoms and tended to produce greater negative effects on intellectural function than did isoflurane. The differences between the two anesthetics are consistent with differences in their solubilities and metabolism.", "contents": "Psychological eff-cts of halothane and isoflurane anesthesia. Psychological effects of halothane (16 subjects) and isoflurane (24 subjects) anesthesia on healthy young men were assessed prior to and 2,3,4,6,8, and 30 days after anesthesia. The results with each agent were compared with each other and with the results for 41 unanesthetized controls. Both agents altered psychological function. Changes in function were greatest 2 days after anesthesia; function had returned to near preanesthesia values 8 days after anesthesia. Only slight symptom and mood effects and no intellectual effect attributable to anesthesia remained 30 days after anesthesia. Halothane produced greater negative effects on moodds and symptoms and tended to produce greater negative effects on intellectural function than did isoflurane. The differences between the two anesthetics are consistent with differences in their solubilities and metabolism.", "PMID": 1163831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_241", "title": "Resistance of isoflurane to biotransformation in man.", "content": "Pulmonary and renal excretion of isoflurane and its metabolites was studied in nine surgical patients following administration of known quantitities of isoflurane. Uptake and pulmonary washout were predictable by a mathematical model for inert vapors. The agreement between predicted and experimental data supports the view that isoflurane is subject to little or no biotransformation. The average recovery in exhaled air was 95 per cent, SE 7 per cent. The postoperative increase of urinary excretion of fluoride and organic fluorine accounted for less than 0.2 per cent of fluorine administered as isoflurane. This small extent of biotransformation is probably biologically insignificant, but only after extensive clinical experience can the hazard of delayed toxic response be conclusively evaluated.", "contents": "Resistance of isoflurane to biotransformation in man. Pulmonary and renal excretion of isoflurane and its metabolites was studied in nine surgical patients following administration of known quantitities of isoflurane. Uptake and pulmonary washout were predictable by a mathematical model for inert vapors. The agreement between predicted and experimental data supports the view that isoflurane is subject to little or no biotransformation. The average recovery in exhaled air was 95 per cent, SE 7 per cent. The postoperative increase of urinary excretion of fluoride and organic fluorine accounted for less than 0.2 per cent of fluorine administered as isoflurane. This small extent of biotransformation is probably biologically insignificant, but only after extensive clinical experience can the hazard of delayed toxic response be conclusively evaluated.", "PMID": 1163832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_242", "title": "Alteration of warfarin kinetics in man associated with exposure to an operating-room environment.", "content": "The plasma half-life of warfarin (mean +/- SE) in five normal, nonmedicated control subjects given a single 40 mg/m2 oral dose of warfarin was 38.8 +/- 4.1 hours. It was essentially the same (37.7 +/- 2.6 hours) in these subjects when determined again four months later. The effect of the single dose of warfarin on prothrombin complex activity (prothrombin response) was determined by calculating the area under the curve obtained by plotting prothrombin time (seconds) versus time after the warfarin dose (hours). The prothrombin response in control subjects was 1670 +/- 64 sec-hr initially and essentially the same at the end of the four-month interval (1730 +/- 96 sec-hr). Plasma warfarin half-life and prothrombin response in seven anesthesiology residents were 32.1 +/- 3.6 hours and 1337 +/- 78 sec-hr at the start of their training period, i.e., before working in the operating room. Four months later, their plasma warfarin half-lives were significantly prolonged (49.3 +/- 4.8 hours) and the prothrombin responses were significantly greater (1552 +/- 22 sec-hr) compared with their initial values. The alteration of warfarin kinetics appeared to be due mainly to inhibition of warfarin metabolism, presumably related to the repeated exposure of these subjects to an operating room environment.", "contents": "Alteration of warfarin kinetics in man associated with exposure to an operating-room environment. The plasma half-life of warfarin (mean +/- SE) in five normal, nonmedicated control subjects given a single 40 mg/m2 oral dose of warfarin was 38.8 +/- 4.1 hours. It was essentially the same (37.7 +/- 2.6 hours) in these subjects when determined again four months later. The effect of the single dose of warfarin on prothrombin complex activity (prothrombin response) was determined by calculating the area under the curve obtained by plotting prothrombin time (seconds) versus time after the warfarin dose (hours). The prothrombin response in control subjects was 1670 +/- 64 sec-hr initially and essentially the same at the end of the four-month interval (1730 +/- 96 sec-hr). Plasma warfarin half-life and prothrombin response in seven anesthesiology residents were 32.1 +/- 3.6 hours and 1337 +/- 78 sec-hr at the start of their training period, i.e., before working in the operating room. Four months later, their plasma warfarin half-lives were significantly prolonged (49.3 +/- 4.8 hours) and the prothrombin responses were significantly greater (1552 +/- 22 sec-hr) compared with their initial values. The alteration of warfarin kinetics appeared to be due mainly to inhibition of warfarin metabolism, presumably related to the repeated exposure of these subjects to an operating room environment.", "PMID": 1163833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_243", "title": "Evaluation of tests used to monitor heparin therapy during extracorporeal circulation.", "content": "Two tests, the activated coagulation time test (ACT), and the quantitative protamine titration test (QPT), were examined in detail as representative of a large number of tests potentially useful in determining dose of heparin needed during cardiopulmonary bypass and the dose of protamine needed for reversal of heparin. The variability introduced by the test methods (ACT 6 percent, QPT 8 per cent) was insignificant comparen (greater than 25 per cent) and the variation in plasma volume (14 per cent). Both of these variables affected not only QPT but also any modification of it that measures the level of heparin by titration with protamine solutions. Tests that measure the effect of heparin on the clotting time, of which the ACT is an example, were unaffected by either population variable when used in conjunction with a simply constructed dose-response curve.", "contents": "Evaluation of tests used to monitor heparin therapy during extracorporeal circulation. Two tests, the activated coagulation time test (ACT), and the quantitative protamine titration test (QPT), were examined in detail as representative of a large number of tests potentially useful in determining dose of heparin needed during cardiopulmonary bypass and the dose of protamine needed for reversal of heparin. The variability introduced by the test methods (ACT 6 percent, QPT 8 per cent) was insignificant comparen (greater than 25 per cent) and the variation in plasma volume (14 per cent). Both of these variables affected not only QPT but also any modification of it that measures the level of heparin by titration with protamine solutions. Tests that measure the effect of heparin on the clotting time, of which the ACT is an example, were unaffected by either population variable when used in conjunction with a simply constructed dose-response curve.", "PMID": 1163834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_244", "title": "The effects of differential prenatal and postnatal social enviroments on sexual maturation of young prairie deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii).", "content": "We compared the influence of different social enviroments on sexual maturation of young prairie deermice.  Between 12 and 48 hr after parturition, one-half of a litter from a population was exchanged with one-half of a litter from a bisexual pair.  In each situation the remaining half-litter served as controls for the exchange procedure.  The testes and vesicular weights of population-reared males were significantly larger than those of males reared by bisexual pairs, irrespective of prenatal enviroment.  Generally, population-reared females also had larger reproductive organs than those reared by bisexual pairs, although these differences were not statistically significant.  There were no significant differences in the adrenal weights of males or females, but females reared by bisexual pairs had larger absolute and relative adrenals than females reared in populations.", "contents": "The effects of differential prenatal and postnatal social enviroments on sexual maturation of young prairie deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii). We compared the influence of different social enviroments on sexual maturation of young prairie deermice.  Between 12 and 48 hr after parturition, one-half of a litter from a population was exchanged with one-half of a litter from a bisexual pair.  In each situation the remaining half-litter served as controls for the exchange procedure.  The testes and vesicular weights of population-reared males were significantly larger than those of males reared by bisexual pairs, irrespective of prenatal enviroment.  Generally, population-reared females also had larger reproductive organs than those reared by bisexual pairs, although these differences were not statistically significant.  There were no significant differences in the adrenal weights of males or females, but females reared by bisexual pairs had larger absolute and relative adrenals than females reared in populations.", "PMID": 1163849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_245", "title": "Relationship between effective intensity of auditory stimulation and directional eye turns in the human newborn.", "content": "To examine Schneirla's biphasic hypothesis that effectively weak stimulation results in approach-type responses and effectively strong stimulation results in withdrawal-type responses, 90 dB white noise stimuli were presented to twenty-five, 2-day-old female infants.  Based on prior investigation this stimulus was expected to be effectively strong when presented at the right ear and effectively weak when presented at the left ear.  Results obtained from electro-oculargraphic recording of the infants' eye movements supported this hypothesis in that significant towards-turning occurred when the stimulus was presented at the left ear and significant away-turning occurred when the stimulus was presented at the right ear.", "contents": "Relationship between effective intensity of auditory stimulation and directional eye turns in the human newborn. To examine Schneirla's biphasic hypothesis that effectively weak stimulation results in approach-type responses and effectively strong stimulation results in withdrawal-type responses, 90 dB white noise stimuli were presented to twenty-five, 2-day-old female infants.  Based on prior investigation this stimulus was expected to be effectively strong when presented at the right ear and effectively weak when presented at the left ear.  Results obtained from electro-oculargraphic recording of the infants' eye movements supported this hypothesis in that significant towards-turning occurred when the stimulus was presented at the left ear and significant away-turning occurred when the stimulus was presented at the right ear.", "PMID": 1163850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_246", "title": "Investigation of genetic factors influencing duration of copulation in \"eastern\" and \"western\" Drosophila athabasca.", "content": "Observations of mating behaviour were made on \"eastern\" and \"western\" Drosophila athabasca and on flies of mixed genetic background.  Duration of copulation in mixed combinations of D. athabasca is determined by the male.  In F1 males the source of X-chromosome, whether eastern or western, partly determined suration of copulation.  However, durations of copulation of backcross males suggest autosomal influence, in that males derived from an eastern backcross demonstrate significantly shorter durations than males derived from a western backcross.  In addition, durations of copulation from F2 combinations exhibit greater variance than the F1 and thereby represent evidence of F2 segregation.", "contents": "Investigation of genetic factors influencing duration of copulation in \"eastern\" and \"western\" Drosophila athabasca. Observations of mating behaviour were made on \"eastern\" and \"western\" Drosophila athabasca and on flies of mixed genetic background.  Duration of copulation in mixed combinations of D. athabasca is determined by the male.  In F1 males the source of X-chromosome, whether eastern or western, partly determined suration of copulation.  However, durations of copulation of backcross males suggest autosomal influence, in that males derived from an eastern backcross demonstrate significantly shorter durations than males derived from a western backcross.  In addition, durations of copulation from F2 combinations exhibit greater variance than the F1 and thereby represent evidence of F2 segregation.", "PMID": 1163851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_247", "title": "Binary assessment of early approach-behaviour in the Japanese quail.", "content": "Visually-elicited early approach-behaviour was studied in 1013 Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica) by a newly developed, binary assessment procedure.  This procedure was shown to be highly effective for identifying approach preferences and related indivisual differences in early approach-behaviour.  Experimental results show that quail chicks exhibit approach-responses to a flashing light.  Within various paired intensity-combinations of the tested intensity-range of approximately two log units, they consistently preferred the higher intensity stimulus.", "contents": "Binary assessment of early approach-behaviour in the Japanese quail. Visually-elicited early approach-behaviour was studied in 1013 Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica) by a newly developed, binary assessment procedure.  This procedure was shown to be highly effective for identifying approach preferences and related indivisual differences in early approach-behaviour.  Experimental results show that quail chicks exhibit approach-responses to a flashing light.  Within various paired intensity-combinations of the tested intensity-range of approximately two log units, they consistently preferred the higher intensity stimulus.", "PMID": 1163852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_248", "title": "The meaning of the term \"klinokinesis\".", "content": "The original definition of the term klinokinesis was based on an account by Ullyott (1936) of the behaviour of the flatworm, Dendrocoelum lacteum, an account recently shown to be unsound.  Recently, the behaviour of Escherichia coli and of Salmonella typhimutium in chemical gradients has been found to conform to the definition, so the term can continue in use.  But no uncomplicated case has been found in metazoans, though the manoeuvres of klinokinesis may make large contributions to the behaviour of some of them, even though it may be complicated and obscured by other types of reaction, such as orthokinesis.  What is needed is mathematical treatment sufficiently thorough to enable the existence of the reaction in metazoans to be ascertained.  There may well be other systems of manoeurvres using random changes of direction and these should be sought and investigated.", "contents": "The meaning of the term \"klinokinesis\". The original definition of the term klinokinesis was based on an account by Ullyott (1936) of the behaviour of the flatworm, Dendrocoelum lacteum, an account recently shown to be unsound.  Recently, the behaviour of Escherichia coli and of Salmonella typhimutium in chemical gradients has been found to conform to the definition, so the term can continue in use.  But no uncomplicated case has been found in metazoans, though the manoeuvres of klinokinesis may make large contributions to the behaviour of some of them, even though it may be complicated and obscured by other types of reaction, such as orthokinesis.  What is needed is mathematical treatment sufficiently thorough to enable the existence of the reaction in metazoans to be ascertained.  There may well be other systems of manoeurvres using random changes of direction and these should be sought and investigated.", "PMID": 1163853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_249", "title": "Location by odour and turn selection as two stages in the spontaneous alternation of rats.", "content": "Rats were given two free unrewarded trials per day in different T-mazes, oriented at 90 degrees to each other, and wiped with either Cajuput or Anise, which produced distinctive odours.  The rate of spontaneous alternation was 82.8 per cent when the same odour was present on both trials, 62.5 per cent when the odour was changed between trials.  This result was taken to support the hypothesis that alternation is a two-stage process, involving location then turn selection, and that odour is one of the stimuli used by the rat in locating itself.", "contents": "Location by odour and turn selection as two stages in the spontaneous alternation of rats. Rats were given two free unrewarded trials per day in different T-mazes, oriented at 90 degrees to each other, and wiped with either Cajuput or Anise, which produced distinctive odours.  The rate of spontaneous alternation was 82.8 per cent when the same odour was present on both trials, 62.5 per cent when the odour was changed between trials.  This result was taken to support the hypothesis that alternation is a two-stage process, involving location then turn selection, and that odour is one of the stimuli used by the rat in locating itself.", "PMID": 1163854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_250", "title": "Chemo-klino-kinesis in planarian food location.", "content": "The effects of a homologous series of buffered fatty acid solutions on planarian behaviour were measured as the change in klino-kinetic activity.  On the basis of the results obtained a model demonstrating the function of this behaviour pattern in the food-locating response was proposed.  The model suggested that qualitative rather than quantitative gradients were effective in stimulating klino-kinetic orientation.", "contents": "Chemo-klino-kinesis in planarian food location. The effects of a homologous series of buffered fatty acid solutions on planarian behaviour were measured as the change in klino-kinetic activity.  On the basis of the results obtained a model demonstrating the function of this behaviour pattern in the food-locating response was proposed.  The model suggested that qualitative rather than quantitative gradients were effective in stimulating klino-kinetic orientation.", "PMID": 1163855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_251", "title": "The size and demographic composition of social groups of wild orang-utans.", "content": "Mackinnon (1974) observed social sub-groups of wild orang-utans. The groups' distribution of size and age-sex composition can test mathematical models of group formation. As predicted by models published previously, a truncated Poisson distribution describes the group sizes well. The inferred parameters governing group formation conform to a pattern in other primate species. A simple model for the demographic composition of a sub-group assumes that an individual joins a sub-group with a probability independent of his age-sex class and of other members of the sub-group. This model's predictions, which agree poorly with observation, offer a quantitative baseline against which one can infer when a demographic combination occurs with a non-random frequency.", "contents": "The size and demographic composition of social groups of wild orang-utans. Mackinnon (1974) observed social sub-groups of wild orang-utans. The groups' distribution of size and age-sex composition can test mathematical models of group formation. As predicted by models published previously, a truncated Poisson distribution describes the group sizes well. The inferred parameters governing group formation conform to a pattern in other primate species. A simple model for the demographic composition of a sub-group assumes that an individual joins a sub-group with a probability independent of his age-sex class and of other members of the sub-group. This model's predictions, which agree poorly with observation, offer a quantitative baseline against which one can infer when a demographic combination occurs with a non-random frequency.", "PMID": 1163856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_252", "title": "A study of Western Red Cedar sensitivity: workers' allergy reactions and symptoms.", "content": "In 154 individuals who work with Western Red Cedar in Japanese wooden frame factories a high incidence (24.7%) of bronchial asthma was observed. A positive intradermal test was found in 89% of the asthmatics and in 56% of all. A highly positive inhalation test was obtained only in the asthmatic group. It is suggested that other symptoms in addition to bronchial asthma might be caused by Western Red Cedar because of the frequency of positive skin reactions to the Western Red Cedar antigen.", "contents": "A study of Western Red Cedar sensitivity: workers' allergy reactions and symptoms. In 154 individuals who work with Western Red Cedar in Japanese wooden frame factories a high incidence (24.7%) of bronchial asthma was observed. A positive intradermal test was found in 89% of the asthmatics and in 56% of all. A highly positive inhalation test was obtained only in the asthmatic group. It is suggested that other symptoms in addition to bronchial asthma might be caused by Western Red Cedar because of the frequency of positive skin reactions to the Western Red Cedar antigen.", "PMID": 1163857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_253", "title": "Tryptophane metabolism in bronchial asthma.", "content": "Seventeen out of 21 children with severe asthma had an abnormal increase in urinary Kynurenic (KA) and Xanthurenic (XA) acid following oral tryptophane administration. In a second study 11 asthmatic children had significantly greater increases in XA and KA than nine normal healthy children. A micro-assay of KA and XA by column chromatography was performed. The data suggest the presence of a partial block in the metabolism of tryptophane in some children with bronchial asthma.", "contents": "Tryptophane metabolism in bronchial asthma. Seventeen out of 21 children with severe asthma had an abnormal increase in urinary Kynurenic (KA) and Xanthurenic (XA) acid following oral tryptophane administration. In a second study 11 asthmatic children had significantly greater increases in XA and KA than nine normal healthy children. A micro-assay of KA and XA by column chromatography was performed. The data suggest the presence of a partial block in the metabolism of tryptophane in some children with bronchial asthma.", "PMID": 1163858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_254", "title": "Hypersensitivity dermatitis from American weeds other than poison ivy.", "content": "Although poison ivy is the most common cause of plant dermatitis, other weeds and plants can be incriminated. The lipid soluble plant material known as oleoresins has proved useful both for diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity dermatitis from American weeds other than poison ivy. Although poison ivy is the most common cause of plant dermatitis, other weeds and plants can be incriminated. The lipid soluble plant material known as oleoresins has proved useful both for diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 1163859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_255", "title": "Adrenalin treatment for hereditary angioneurotic edema.", "content": "In two patients studied with HAE the repeated use of 1.0 cc of 1:1000 epinephrine every hour for episodes threatening the upper airway resulted in both subjective and objective improvement of signs and symptoms in a manner we interpret as helpful. No harmful side effects have been encountered in these two young, otherwise healthy, people. Until a more definite therapy is found, we believe repeated high doses of adrenalin should be considered in young patients with HAE presenting with symptoms and signs of airway involvement.", "contents": "Adrenalin treatment for hereditary angioneurotic edema. In two patients studied with HAE the repeated use of 1.0 cc of 1:1000 epinephrine every hour for episodes threatening the upper airway resulted in both subjective and objective improvement of signs and symptoms in a manner we interpret as helpful. No harmful side effects have been encountered in these two young, otherwise healthy, people. Until a more definite therapy is found, we believe repeated high doses of adrenalin should be considered in young patients with HAE presenting with symptoms and signs of airway involvement.", "PMID": 1163861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_256", "title": "Allergy epidemiology in the St. Louis, Missouri, area. IV. weeds.", "content": "Weeds elicit two levels of allergenicity, a high level by the Ragweeds and other members of the Asteraceae, and a much lower level by members of the families Amaranthaceae (Pigweed, Western Water Hemp), Chenopodiaceae (Lamb's Quarters, Kochia, and Russian Thistle), and Plantaginaceae (Plantain) in the St. Louis, Missouri area. The frequency of reaction among both adults and children as well as the cross-reactivity values are similarly divided.", "contents": "Allergy epidemiology in the St. Louis, Missouri, area. IV. weeds. Weeds elicit two levels of allergenicity, a high level by the Ragweeds and other members of the Asteraceae, and a much lower level by members of the families Amaranthaceae (Pigweed, Western Water Hemp), Chenopodiaceae (Lamb's Quarters, Kochia, and Russian Thistle), and Plantaginaceae (Plantain) in the St. Louis, Missouri area. The frequency of reaction among both adults and children as well as the cross-reactivity values are similarly divided.", "PMID": 1163862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_257", "title": "An animal model for the XXY Klinefelter's syndrome in man: tortoiseshell and calico male cats.", "content": "A review of the chromosome findings in 25 male tortoiseshell or calico (T-C) cats showed a variety of aneuploidy, polyploidy, mosaicism, and chimerism. An XXY-complement was included in the chromosome makeup of 16 of the 25 cats. Almost all of these cats were sterile. Testicular pathologic changes, when recorded, appeared comparable with that of human XXY Klinefelter's syndrome. The findings in 2 male T-C cats were presented as representative models of XXY Klinefelter's syndrome in man. Other findings in human Klinefelter's syndrome have not been looked for in the feline models, but a plan for this is underway. A review also was made of the historical steps leading to our present understanding of the Klinefelter syndrome including the role of Felis catus. An explanation of cat coat-color genetics clarified why \"black\" and sex-linked \"orange\" coloration can appear together normally in XX females and in rare males with 2 different X chromosomes. Thus, male T-C cats were only convenient indicators of underlying sex-chromosome aberrations which were occurring completely independent of coloration.", "contents": "An animal model for the XXY Klinefelter's syndrome in man: tortoiseshell and calico male cats. A review of the chromosome findings in 25 male tortoiseshell or calico (T-C) cats showed a variety of aneuploidy, polyploidy, mosaicism, and chimerism. An XXY-complement was included in the chromosome makeup of 16 of the 25 cats. Almost all of these cats were sterile. Testicular pathologic changes, when recorded, appeared comparable with that of human XXY Klinefelter's syndrome. The findings in 2 male T-C cats were presented as representative models of XXY Klinefelter's syndrome in man. Other findings in human Klinefelter's syndrome have not been looked for in the feline models, but a plan for this is underway. A review also was made of the historical steps leading to our present understanding of the Klinefelter syndrome including the role of Felis catus. An explanation of cat coat-color genetics clarified why \"black\" and sex-linked \"orange\" coloration can appear together normally in XX females and in rare males with 2 different X chromosomes. Thus, male T-C cats were only convenient indicators of underlying sex-chromosome aberrations which were occurring completely independent of coloration.", "PMID": 1163864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_258", "title": "Insecticidal activity of temephos against Ctenocephalides felis on dogs and cats.", "content": "Dogs and cats were treated with 2% temephos [0,0'-(thiodi-p-phenylene) 0,0',0'-tetramethyl bis (phosphorothioate)] powder to evaluate its insecticidal activity against the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis). Dogs and cats were infested each week with approximately 100 unfed, unsexed fleas less than 14 days old. Live-flea counts were made each day. The experiment was terminated when all dogs and cats retained live fleas for 6 days or more. The 2% temephos powder resulted in excellent flea control on dogs and cats for 2 weeks, partial control for 3 to 4 weeks, and no effective control beyond 4 weeks.", "contents": "Insecticidal activity of temephos against Ctenocephalides felis on dogs and cats. Dogs and cats were treated with 2% temephos [0,0'-(thiodi-p-phenylene) 0,0',0'-tetramethyl bis (phosphorothioate)] powder to evaluate its insecticidal activity against the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis). Dogs and cats were infested each week with approximately 100 unfed, unsexed fleas less than 14 days old. Live-flea counts were made each day. The experiment was terminated when all dogs and cats retained live fleas for 6 days or more. The 2% temephos powder resulted in excellent flea control on dogs and cats for 2 weeks, partial control for 3 to 4 weeks, and no effective control beyond 4 weeks.", "PMID": 1163865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_259", "title": "Effect of dobutamine in postperfusion cardiac failure in the dog.", "content": "The effect of dobutamine on cardiac function of dogs was investigated. Sixteen dogs were submitted to cardiopulmonary bypass. The aorta of each dog was cross-clamped for 1 hour; attempt was not made to perfuse the heart. After 1 hour, 8 of the 16 dogs were randomly selected and treated with dobutamine (5 mug/kg/min). The other 8 dogs were designated the control group and were given placebo. Postperfusion failure and death were used as end point criteria. Dogs given dobutamine responded remarkably well, with significantly decreased postperfusion low output syndrome. Evidence of cardiac function 5 minutes after the removal of the bypass was the criterion used to determine survival of the surgical cross-clamp procedure; however, this did not necessarily indicate survival of the dog. Of the 8 dogs given dobutamine, 6 (75%) survived the surgical cross-clamp, whereas of the 8 dogs not given dobutamine, 3 (37.5%) survived the surgical procedure. Seemingly, the effect of dobutamine is not mainly chronotropic, but is rather a direct aid to myocardial strength.", "contents": "Effect of dobutamine in postperfusion cardiac failure in the dog. The effect of dobutamine on cardiac function of dogs was investigated. Sixteen dogs were submitted to cardiopulmonary bypass. The aorta of each dog was cross-clamped for 1 hour; attempt was not made to perfuse the heart. After 1 hour, 8 of the 16 dogs were randomly selected and treated with dobutamine (5 mug/kg/min). The other 8 dogs were designated the control group and were given placebo. Postperfusion failure and death were used as end point criteria. Dogs given dobutamine responded remarkably well, with significantly decreased postperfusion low output syndrome. Evidence of cardiac function 5 minutes after the removal of the bypass was the criterion used to determine survival of the surgical cross-clamp procedure; however, this did not necessarily indicate survival of the dog. Of the 8 dogs given dobutamine, 6 (75%) survived the surgical cross-clamp, whereas of the 8 dogs not given dobutamine, 3 (37.5%) survived the surgical procedure. Seemingly, the effect of dobutamine is not mainly chronotropic, but is rather a direct aid to myocardial strength.", "PMID": 1163866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_260", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of pancuronium bromide in mongrel dogs.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of a new nondepolarizing muscle relaxant, pancuronium bromide, were studied in mongrel dogs. Small, but significant, increases in mean arterial blood pressure were observed after each of 2 intravenous doses (0.01 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg) were given. Heart rate increased significantly in dogs administered the larger dosage, and indexes of ventricular functions demonstrated a trend toward positive cardiac inotrophy after either the large or the small dose.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of pancuronium bromide in mongrel dogs. The cardiovascular effects of a new nondepolarizing muscle relaxant, pancuronium bromide, were studied in mongrel dogs. Small, but significant, increases in mean arterial blood pressure were observed after each of 2 intravenous doses (0.01 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg) were given. Heart rate increased significantly in dogs administered the larger dosage, and indexes of ventricular functions demonstrated a trend toward positive cardiac inotrophy after either the large or the small dose.", "PMID": 1163867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_261", "title": "Pathologie changes in endocrine glands and certain other tissues of lambs implanted with the synthetic growth promotant zeranol.", "content": "As doses of zeranol implants (0 (control), 12, 24, 48, and 96 mg) were increased, there were increased reaction and activity in target organs (such as urogenital tract and mammary, adrenal, hypophyseal, and thyroid glands) of castrated male sheep (wethers). Hyperplasia and transitional and squamous transformation in the prostate were mild (1+) in the wethers given 12- and 24-mg doses, moderate to marked (2.5+) in the wethers given 48-mg doses, and severe (4+) in the wethers given 96-mg doses. Papillary proliferation and fibrosis increased correspondingly in the seminal vesicle. Changes in the distal penile urethra increased from papillary hyperplasia in the wethers given a 24-mg dose to 100% squamous transformation in the wethers given a 96-mg dose. Mammary gland development was noticeable in the wethers given a 24-mg dose and increased thereafter to progressive alveolar growth and secretory activity in the wethers given 48- and 96-mg doses. Along with a progressive increase of adrenal gland weight and adrenal gland/thyroid gland ratios over the controls, the principals had hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex. Mean adrenal cortex widths for control wethers and wethers given 24-, 48-, and 96-mg doses were 2,089, 2,140 (adjusted value, 2,194), 2,416, and 2,425 mum, respectively. Mean adrenal gland weights for control wethers and wethers given 12-, 24-, 48-, and 96-mg doses were 2.50, 2.61, 2.53, 2.70, and 2.78 g. respectively. Hyperplasia (nodule formation) plus exhaustive and pyknotic changes of the adrenal cortex increased similarly with increasing zeranol dose. After the thyroid gland weights decreased (2.19, 2.04, 2.00, and 1.72 g, respectively, for control wethers and wethers given 12-, 48-, and 96-mg doses), secretory activity of thyroid epithelial cells decreased. In the glandular portion of the hypophysis, secretory activity and proliferation of eosinophilic cells increased with the larger zeranol doses (48 and 96 mg). There was a corresponding decrease in the number of basophils. These changes are consistent with increased somatotropin and adrenocorticotropin secretion and decreased thyrotropin secretion. Muscle and ligament structures appeared looser and widened in the wethers given the 96-mg dose, and fat cell formation was increased in the muscles along ligament muscle junctions.", "contents": "Pathologie changes in endocrine glands and certain other tissues of lambs implanted with the synthetic growth promotant zeranol. As doses of zeranol implants (0 (control), 12, 24, 48, and 96 mg) were increased, there were increased reaction and activity in target organs (such as urogenital tract and mammary, adrenal, hypophyseal, and thyroid glands) of castrated male sheep (wethers). Hyperplasia and transitional and squamous transformation in the prostate were mild (1+) in the wethers given 12- and 24-mg doses, moderate to marked (2.5+) in the wethers given 48-mg doses, and severe (4+) in the wethers given 96-mg doses. Papillary proliferation and fibrosis increased correspondingly in the seminal vesicle. Changes in the distal penile urethra increased from papillary hyperplasia in the wethers given a 24-mg dose to 100% squamous transformation in the wethers given a 96-mg dose. Mammary gland development was noticeable in the wethers given a 24-mg dose and increased thereafter to progressive alveolar growth and secretory activity in the wethers given 48- and 96-mg doses. Along with a progressive increase of adrenal gland weight and adrenal gland/thyroid gland ratios over the controls, the principals had hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex. Mean adrenal cortex widths for control wethers and wethers given 24-, 48-, and 96-mg doses were 2,089, 2,140 (adjusted value, 2,194), 2,416, and 2,425 mum, respectively. Mean adrenal gland weights for control wethers and wethers given 12-, 24-, 48-, and 96-mg doses were 2.50, 2.61, 2.53, 2.70, and 2.78 g. respectively. Hyperplasia (nodule formation) plus exhaustive and pyknotic changes of the adrenal cortex increased similarly with increasing zeranol dose. After the thyroid gland weights decreased (2.19, 2.04, 2.00, and 1.72 g, respectively, for control wethers and wethers given 12-, 48-, and 96-mg doses), secretory activity of thyroid epithelial cells decreased. In the glandular portion of the hypophysis, secretory activity and proliferation of eosinophilic cells increased with the larger zeranol doses (48 and 96 mg). There was a corresponding decrease in the number of basophils. These changes are consistent with increased somatotropin and adrenocorticotropin secretion and decreased thyrotropin secretion. Muscle and ligament structures appeared looser and widened in the wethers given the 96-mg dose, and fat cell formation was increased in the muscles along ligament muscle junctions.", "PMID": 1163868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_262", "title": "An indirect hemagglutination test for the diagnosis of Eperythrozoon suis infection in swine.", "content": "An indirect hemagglutination test was developed to detect naturally occurring eperythrozoonosis in swine and to follow experimentally induced infections serologically. The antigen used was prepared from the plasma of acutely infected, splenectomized pigs. The test was specific and reliable in detecting swine latently infected with the disease.", "contents": "An indirect hemagglutination test for the diagnosis of Eperythrozoon suis infection in swine. An indirect hemagglutination test was developed to detect naturally occurring eperythrozoonosis in swine and to follow experimentally induced infections serologically. The antigen used was prepared from the plasma of acutely infected, splenectomized pigs. The test was specific and reliable in detecting swine latently infected with the disease.", "PMID": 1163869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_263", "title": "Plasma concentrations of pepsinogen and corticosteroid in relation to gastric lesions in swine.", "content": "Plasma pepsinogen and plasma corticosteroid concentrations were found to be unrelated to the presence or severity of gastric lesions in swine. Mean plasma pepsinogen and corticosteroid concentrations were significantly different between collection periods, with significantly higher values occurring during cold weather. Seemingly, plasma pepsinogen and corticosteroid values are neither indicative of susceptibility to, nor of the presence of, gastric erosions or ulcers in swine. However, plasma pepsinogen concentration may be a potential indicator of stress.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of pepsinogen and corticosteroid in relation to gastric lesions in swine. Plasma pepsinogen and plasma corticosteroid concentrations were found to be unrelated to the presence or severity of gastric lesions in swine. Mean plasma pepsinogen and corticosteroid concentrations were significantly different between collection periods, with significantly higher values occurring during cold weather. Seemingly, plasma pepsinogen and corticosteroid values are neither indicative of susceptibility to, nor of the presence of, gastric erosions or ulcers in swine. However, plasma pepsinogen concentration may be a potential indicator of stress.", "PMID": 1163870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_264", "title": "Effects of parasympathominetics on porcine stillbirth.", "content": "To study the effect of 2 parasympathomimetic drugs in reduction of incidence of stillborn pigs, 84 sows and gilts were randomly allotted to 3 treatment groups. Single 1-ml injections of isotonic saline solution, carbachol (2 mg/ml), or neostigmine bromide (5 mg/ml) were subcutaneously administered to pigs of groups A, B, and C, respectively. Injections were given midway through parturition in an attempt to hasten the delivery of the last pigs in the litter, where the corresponding incidence of stillbirth is greatest. The mean time of injection was after the birth of 3.5 pigs. Total stillbirths/litter for carbachol-treated (0.23) and neostigmine-treated (0.21) pies were significantly different (P greater than 0.0001) from those for control pigs (0.88). Before injection, stillbirths/litter for control pigs (0.23) were not significantly different from those for carbachol-treated (0.18) or neostigmine-treated (0.12) pigs. After treatment, stillbirths/litter for carbachol-treated (0.06) and neostigmine-treated (0.09) pigs were both significantly different (P greater than 0.0001) from those for saline solution-treated control pigs (0.65). When injected midway through parturition, carbachol and neostigmine reduced stillbirth rate by reducing stillbirths which occur late in farrowing.", "contents": "Effects of parasympathominetics on porcine stillbirth. To study the effect of 2 parasympathomimetic drugs in reduction of incidence of stillborn pigs, 84 sows and gilts were randomly allotted to 3 treatment groups. Single 1-ml injections of isotonic saline solution, carbachol (2 mg/ml), or neostigmine bromide (5 mg/ml) were subcutaneously administered to pigs of groups A, B, and C, respectively. Injections were given midway through parturition in an attempt to hasten the delivery of the last pigs in the litter, where the corresponding incidence of stillbirth is greatest. The mean time of injection was after the birth of 3.5 pigs. Total stillbirths/litter for carbachol-treated (0.23) and neostigmine-treated (0.21) pies were significantly different (P greater than 0.0001) from those for control pigs (0.88). Before injection, stillbirths/litter for control pigs (0.23) were not significantly different from those for carbachol-treated (0.18) or neostigmine-treated (0.12) pigs. After treatment, stillbirths/litter for carbachol-treated (0.06) and neostigmine-treated (0.09) pigs were both significantly different (P greater than 0.0001) from those for saline solution-treated control pigs (0.65). When injected midway through parturition, carbachol and neostigmine reduced stillbirth rate by reducing stillbirths which occur late in farrowing.", "PMID": 1163871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_265", "title": "Retention of selenium in tissues of calves, lambs, and pigs after parenteral injection of a selenium-vitamin E preparation.", "content": "Four each healthy weaned calves, lambs, and pigs raised in Indiana without selenium supplementation were killed, and their tissues were fluorometrically analyzed to establish base line selenium concentrations. The following mean selenium content (in ppm, wet weight) was found in calves, lambs, and pigs, respectively: liver, 0.12, 0.16, and 0.19; renal cortex, 0.63, 0.89, and 0.70; muscle, 0.05, 0.05, and 0.06. Eight each additional healthy weaned calves, lambs, and pigs were injected with a commercial selenium-vitamin E preparation at dose levels of 0.0825, 0.055, or 0.06 mg of Se (as selenite) per kilogram of body weight, respectively. Selenium content of tissues was measured in animals killed at 1, 7, 14, and 23 days after injection. In calves, concentrations in liver and kidney rapidly increased to moderate values and then slowly decreased, with mean concentrations after 23 days still somewhat greater than base line values. Concentrations for injection site tissue also rapidly increased to moderate values, but had decreased to base line values by 23 days after injection. In lambs, selenium content of liver was moderately increased after injection, but had decreased to base line values after 14 days; kidney and injection site did not have increased selenium content after injection. In pigs, liver and kidney had moderate initial increases in concentration of selenium, but these were at base line values after 14 days, and increase did not occur at injection sites.", "contents": "Retention of selenium in tissues of calves, lambs, and pigs after parenteral injection of a selenium-vitamin E preparation. Four each healthy weaned calves, lambs, and pigs raised in Indiana without selenium supplementation were killed, and their tissues were fluorometrically analyzed to establish base line selenium concentrations. The following mean selenium content (in ppm, wet weight) was found in calves, lambs, and pigs, respectively: liver, 0.12, 0.16, and 0.19; renal cortex, 0.63, 0.89, and 0.70; muscle, 0.05, 0.05, and 0.06. Eight each additional healthy weaned calves, lambs, and pigs were injected with a commercial selenium-vitamin E preparation at dose levels of 0.0825, 0.055, or 0.06 mg of Se (as selenite) per kilogram of body weight, respectively. Selenium content of tissues was measured in animals killed at 1, 7, 14, and 23 days after injection. In calves, concentrations in liver and kidney rapidly increased to moderate values and then slowly decreased, with mean concentrations after 23 days still somewhat greater than base line values. Concentrations for injection site tissue also rapidly increased to moderate values, but had decreased to base line values by 23 days after injection. In lambs, selenium content of liver was moderately increased after injection, but had decreased to base line values after 14 days; kidney and injection site did not have increased selenium content after injection. In pigs, liver and kidney had moderate initial increases in concentration of selenium, but these were at base line values after 14 days, and increase did not occur at injection sites.", "PMID": 1163872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_266", "title": "Pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle after intraruminal and intravenous administration of 3-methylindole.", "content": "Intraruminal and intravenous administration of 3-methylindole (3MI; skatole) caused interstitial pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle. In 3 adult heifers given the intraruminal dose of 0.2 g of 3 MI per kilogram of body weight, clinical signs of respiratory disease appeared between 6 and 12 hours after dosing, and death due to pulmonary edema and emphysema occurred at 33, 69, and 72 hours. The mean plasma concentration of 3MI became maximal (18.5 mug/ml) at 3 hours and then decreased to low concentrations by 48 hours. In 2 heifers given an intraruminal dose of 0.1 g of 3MI/kg, clinical signs developed, but they did not die during the 96-hour experiment. The mean plasma concentration of 3 MI became maximal (16.8 mug/ml) at 3 hours and decreased to 1.6 and 0.4 mug/ml at 12 and 36 hours, respectively. At necropsy of the heifers, the lung were large, firm, dark red, and heavier than normal. Diffuse pulmonary edema was the predominant change in cattle which died early, and interstitial emphysema was more severe at later stages of the disease. During the early stages, alveoli were overdistended, and a few more ruptured. Most alveolar spaces were filled with proteinaceous residue, but the alveolar septums were smooth and of normal thickness. At later stages, proliferation of alveolar cells was observed, and alveolar septums were thickened. In 3 cows given 0.06 g of 3MI/kg by jugular infusion, clinical signs appeared in all cows, and 1 cow died of pulmonary edema and emphysema 56 hours after the infusion was started. Severe pulmonary lesions seen in all of the cows given a 3MI infusion were similar to those in the cows given an intraruminal dose of 3MI. The mean plasma concentration of 3MI increased to 10.7 mug/ml at 9 hours after starting the infusion and decreased to 0.5 mug/ml at 18 hours. The results indicate that 3MI, a product of ruminal tryptophan fermentation, can cause pulmonary edema and interstitial emphysema in cattle and support the hypothesis that 3MI is the causative agent in tryptophan-induced pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle after intraruminal and intravenous administration of 3-methylindole. Intraruminal and intravenous administration of 3-methylindole (3MI; skatole) caused interstitial pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle. In 3 adult heifers given the intraruminal dose of 0.2 g of 3 MI per kilogram of body weight, clinical signs of respiratory disease appeared between 6 and 12 hours after dosing, and death due to pulmonary edema and emphysema occurred at 33, 69, and 72 hours. The mean plasma concentration of 3MI became maximal (18.5 mug/ml) at 3 hours and then decreased to low concentrations by 48 hours. In 2 heifers given an intraruminal dose of 0.1 g of 3MI/kg, clinical signs developed, but they did not die during the 96-hour experiment. The mean plasma concentration of 3 MI became maximal (16.8 mug/ml) at 3 hours and decreased to 1.6 and 0.4 mug/ml at 12 and 36 hours, respectively. At necropsy of the heifers, the lung were large, firm, dark red, and heavier than normal. Diffuse pulmonary edema was the predominant change in cattle which died early, and interstitial emphysema was more severe at later stages of the disease. During the early stages, alveoli were overdistended, and a few more ruptured. Most alveolar spaces were filled with proteinaceous residue, but the alveolar septums were smooth and of normal thickness. At later stages, proliferation of alveolar cells was observed, and alveolar septums were thickened. In 3 cows given 0.06 g of 3MI/kg by jugular infusion, clinical signs appeared in all cows, and 1 cow died of pulmonary edema and emphysema 56 hours after the infusion was started. Severe pulmonary lesions seen in all of the cows given a 3MI infusion were similar to those in the cows given an intraruminal dose of 3MI. The mean plasma concentration of 3MI increased to 10.7 mug/ml at 9 hours after starting the infusion and decreased to 0.5 mug/ml at 18 hours. The results indicate that 3MI, a product of ruminal tryptophan fermentation, can cause pulmonary edema and interstitial emphysema in cattle and support the hypothesis that 3MI is the causative agent in tryptophan-induced pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 1163873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_267", "title": "Ruminal and plasma concentrations of 3-methylindole associated with tryptophan-induced pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle.", "content": "Five Hereford cows were given an intraruminal dose of L-tryptophan (0.35 g/kg of body weight), and 2 cows were used as controls. Of the 5 treated cows, 3 developed clinical signs of interstitial pul  monary edema, and emphysema and severe pulmonary lesions were seen at necropsy after 96 hours. Another cow developed moderate clinical signs and pulmonary lesions, and the remaining cow had few clinical signs and mild pulmonary lesions. The severity of clinical signs in each cow was related to the severity of pulmonary lesions at necropsy. The 3-methylindole (3MI) was present in ruminal fluid and plasma within 6 hours after administration of tryptophan, and the concentrations increased to 3.0 and 9.0 mug/ml within 12 to 24 hours. Severity of pulmonary lesions was related to maximal concentration and duration of 3MI in the plasma. At necropsy, gross lesions were characterized by diffuse, pulmonary edema and interstital emphysema; and the lungs were dark red, firm, and heavier than normal. Predominant microscopic changes included accumulation of proteinaceous residue, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of alveolar lining epithelium, thickening of alveolar septums, and emphysematous thickening of interstitial tissues. These changes were similar to previously reported 3MI-induced pulmonary lesions. The presence of 3MI in ruminal fluid and plasma after administration of tryptophan and the relationship between concentration of 3MI and severity of clinical signs indicate that 3MI is the principal metabolite of ruminal fermentation which leads to the development of acute pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle given tryptophan.", "contents": "Ruminal and plasma concentrations of 3-methylindole associated with tryptophan-induced pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle. Five Hereford cows were given an intraruminal dose of L-tryptophan (0.35 g/kg of body weight), and 2 cows were used as controls. Of the 5 treated cows, 3 developed clinical signs of interstitial pul  monary edema, and emphysema and severe pulmonary lesions were seen at necropsy after 96 hours. Another cow developed moderate clinical signs and pulmonary lesions, and the remaining cow had few clinical signs and mild pulmonary lesions. The severity of clinical signs in each cow was related to the severity of pulmonary lesions at necropsy. The 3-methylindole (3MI) was present in ruminal fluid and plasma within 6 hours after administration of tryptophan, and the concentrations increased to 3.0 and 9.0 mug/ml within 12 to 24 hours. Severity of pulmonary lesions was related to maximal concentration and duration of 3MI in the plasma. At necropsy, gross lesions were characterized by diffuse, pulmonary edema and interstital emphysema; and the lungs were dark red, firm, and heavier than normal. Predominant microscopic changes included accumulation of proteinaceous residue, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of alveolar lining epithelium, thickening of alveolar septums, and emphysematous thickening of interstitial tissues. These changes were similar to previously reported 3MI-induced pulmonary lesions. The presence of 3MI in ruminal fluid and plasma after administration of tryptophan and the relationship between concentration of 3MI and severity of clinical signs indicate that 3MI is the principal metabolite of ruminal fermentation which leads to the development of acute pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle given tryptophan.", "PMID": 1163874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_268", "title": "Induction of fescue foot syndrome in cattle by fractionated extracts of toxic fescue hay.", "content": "Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb) hay from a source known to cause \"fescue foot\" in grazing cattle was extracted with 80% ethanol. The ethanolic extract was further refined and fractionated into cation,nion, and neutral f fractions by ion-exchange chromatography. The cation fraction was partitioned with alkaline-chloroform to give chloroform-extractable cation and residual cation fractions. All fractions plus the crude ethanolic extract were assayed for toxic activity by intraperitoneal injection into 12 calves (weighting 152.4 to 241.3 kg each) over a 14-day period. Clinical signs of fescue foot were observed on the 5th day in calves given the anion and crude ethanolic extracts. Lameness, swelling, and reddening of the rear coronary bands, discoloration of the tip of the tail, and other signs of fescue foot were seen. Microscopically, coronary bands and tail tips of affected calves had blood vessels with thick walls and small lumens.", "contents": "Induction of fescue foot syndrome in cattle by fractionated extracts of toxic fescue hay. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb) hay from a source known to cause \"fescue foot\" in grazing cattle was extracted with 80% ethanol. The ethanolic extract was further refined and fractionated into cation,nion, and neutral f fractions by ion-exchange chromatography. The cation fraction was partitioned with alkaline-chloroform to give chloroform-extractable cation and residual cation fractions. All fractions plus the crude ethanolic extract were assayed for toxic activity by intraperitoneal injection into 12 calves (weighting 152.4 to 241.3 kg each) over a 14-day period. Clinical signs of fescue foot were observed on the 5th day in calves given the anion and crude ethanolic extracts. Lameness, swelling, and reddening of the rear coronary bands, discoloration of the tip of the tail, and other signs of fescue foot were seen. Microscopically, coronary bands and tail tips of affected calves had blood vessels with thick walls and small lumens.", "PMID": 1163875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_269", "title": "Periovulatory changes in peripheral plasma progesterone and estrogen concentrations in the mare.", "content": "Concentrations of progesterone and estrogen were measured in peripheral blood plasma samples from mares around the time of ovulation. Samples were collected every 2 hours from 36 hours before, to 26 hours after, ovulation and assayed by radioimmunoassay. Progesterone concentrations were between 60 and 100 pg/ml for the period 24 hours before ovulation through 8 hours after ovulation. By 10 hours after ovulation, concentrations increased to 140 pg/ml and, by 26 hours after ovulation, reached 346 pg/ml. Plasma estrogen concentrations did not change significantly throughout the same period.", "contents": "Periovulatory changes in peripheral plasma progesterone and estrogen concentrations in the mare. Concentrations of progesterone and estrogen were measured in peripheral blood plasma samples from mares around the time of ovulation. Samples were collected every 2 hours from 36 hours before, to 26 hours after, ovulation and assayed by radioimmunoassay. Progesterone concentrations were between 60 and 100 pg/ml for the period 24 hours before ovulation through 8 hours after ovulation. By 10 hours after ovulation, concentrations increased to 140 pg/ml and, by 26 hours after ovulation, reached 346 pg/ml. Plasma estrogen concentrations did not change significantly throughout the same period.", "PMID": 1163876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_270", "title": "Leptospirosis in wildlife in Brazil: isolation of a new serotype in the pyrogenes group.", "content": "A new leptospiral serotype in the serogroup Pyrogenes is described. The strain was isolated from one gray \"four-eyed\" opossum (Philander opossum). It is proposed that the serotype be designated guaratuba, strain An-7705. The isolations of serotypes ballum from the South American field mouse (Akodon arviculoides), szwajizak and icterohaemorrhagiae from the North American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), and grippotyphosa from many other wild animal species as well as domesticated animals are also described.", "contents": "Leptospirosis in wildlife in Brazil: isolation of a new serotype in the pyrogenes group. A new leptospiral serotype in the serogroup Pyrogenes is described. The strain was isolated from one gray \"four-eyed\" opossum (Philander opossum). It is proposed that the serotype be designated guaratuba, strain An-7705. The isolations of serotypes ballum from the South American field mouse (Akodon arviculoides), szwajizak and icterohaemorrhagiae from the North American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), and grippotyphosa from many other wild animal species as well as domesticated animals are also described.", "PMID": 1163877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_271", "title": "Leptospiral antibodies in serum from cattle, swine, horses, deer, sheep, and goats: 1973 and 1974.", "content": "During 2 years (fiscal years 1973 and 1974), microscopic agglutination tests were performed on 12,565 serums from cattle, swine, horses, deer, sheep, and goats for the detection of leptospiral antibodies. The most frequent presumptive infecting serogroups were Hebdomadis, Pomona, Autumnalis, Ballum, Australis, and Canicola.", "contents": "Leptospiral antibodies in serum from cattle, swine, horses, deer, sheep, and goats: 1973 and 1974. During 2 years (fiscal years 1973 and 1974), microscopic agglutination tests were performed on 12,565 serums from cattle, swine, horses, deer, sheep, and goats for the detection of leptospiral antibodies. The most frequent presumptive infecting serogroups were Hebdomadis, Pomona, Autumnalis, Ballum, Australis, and Canicola.", "PMID": 1163878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_272", "title": "Bovine pheochromocytoma: case report and review of literature.", "content": "A pheochromocytoma had partially replaced the left adrenal gland of a mature, grade Hereford cow and had penetrated the caval wall with resultant production of an intravascular nodule having a diameter of 2 cm. A few small neoplastic emboli were in thin-walled capsular and trabecular blood vessels. Metastasis to other tissues was not demonstrated.", "contents": "Bovine pheochromocytoma: case report and review of literature. A pheochromocytoma had partially replaced the left adrenal gland of a mature, grade Hereford cow and had penetrated the caval wall with resultant production of an intravascular nodule having a diameter of 2 cm. A few small neoplastic emboli were in thin-walled capsular and trabecular blood vessels. Metastasis to other tissues was not demonstrated.", "PMID": 1163879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_273", "title": "Surgical procedure for intraamnionic inoculation of the bovine fetus.", "content": "A surgical procedure that ensures intraamnionic inoculation of the bovine fetus is described. Right flank surgical operation was performed, using a \"grid\"-type entry though the abdominal muscles. A portion of the uterus containing 1 fetal leg was presented for inoculating the test material between the hooves. The procedure was rapid and simple to do and was safe for both the dam and the fetus.", "contents": "Surgical procedure for intraamnionic inoculation of the bovine fetus. A surgical procedure that ensures intraamnionic inoculation of the bovine fetus is described. Right flank surgical operation was performed, using a \"grid\"-type entry though the abdominal muscles. A portion of the uterus containing 1 fetal leg was presented for inoculating the test material between the hooves. The procedure was rapid and simple to do and was safe for both the dam and the fetus.", "PMID": 1163880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_274", "title": "Salmonella and Erysipelothrix infection in swine: a laboratory summary.", "content": "The occurrence of salmonellas and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in tissues of swine was determined by bacteriologic and fluorscent antibody examination of 5,297 specimens from herds investigated for hog cholera. Of the specimens examined, 35.5% were positive for salmonellas, 21.1% were positive for E rhusiopathiae, and 8.3% were positive for both salmonellas and E rhusiopathiae.", "contents": "Salmonella and Erysipelothrix infection in swine: a laboratory summary. The occurrence of salmonellas and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in tissues of swine was determined by bacteriologic and fluorscent antibody examination of 5,297 specimens from herds investigated for hog cholera. Of the specimens examined, 35.5% were positive for salmonellas, 21.1% were positive for E rhusiopathiae, and 8.3% were positive for both salmonellas and E rhusiopathiae.", "PMID": 1163881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_275", "title": "Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antibodies in porcine serum by complement-fixation test.", "content": "A total of 660 porcine serum samples from 35 herds in 6 states were tested for complement-fixing antibodies against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Samples were prepared from blood collected from swine herds suspected of having mycoplasmal pneumonia because of clinical signs or lesions or both. Only 56 serums from 10 herds gave positive test results.", "contents": "Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antibodies in porcine serum by complement-fixation test. A total of 660 porcine serum samples from 35 herds in 6 states were tested for complement-fixing antibodies against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Samples were prepared from blood collected from swine herds suspected of having mycoplasmal pneumonia because of clinical signs or lesions or both. Only 56 serums from 10 herds gave positive test results.", "PMID": 1163882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_276", "title": "Comparative study of Mycoplasma pulmonis and Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in turkey sinus.", "content": "Infraorbital sinuses of young turkeys were injected with virulent strains of Mycoplasma pulmonis and Mycoplasma gallisepticum to compare the diseases caused by the 2 agents. Mycoplasma pulmonis did not cause visible swelling from large quantities of mucous exudate  in the sinuses, such as occurs with M gallisepticum, and it could not be recovered by bacteriologic culture technique after 3 weeks. However, slight exudate did accompany the M pulmonis infection. Similarities between the disease caused by M pulmonis and that caused by M gallisepticum included lymphocytic infiltration in the submucosa, swollen epithelial cells, and loss of cilia from sinus epithelial cell surfaces. This strain of M pulmonis, which is pathogenic for rats, was only mildly pathogenic for turkeys and the infection did not persist for long.", "contents": "Comparative study of Mycoplasma pulmonis and Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in turkey sinus. Infraorbital sinuses of young turkeys were injected with virulent strains of Mycoplasma pulmonis and Mycoplasma gallisepticum to compare the diseases caused by the 2 agents. Mycoplasma pulmonis did not cause visible swelling from large quantities of mucous exudate  in the sinuses, such as occurs with M gallisepticum, and it could not be recovered by bacteriologic culture technique after 3 weeks. However, slight exudate did accompany the M pulmonis infection. Similarities between the disease caused by M pulmonis and that caused by M gallisepticum included lymphocytic infiltration in the submucosa, swollen epithelial cells, and loss of cilia from sinus epithelial cell surfaces. This strain of M pulmonis, which is pathogenic for rats, was only mildly pathogenic for turkeys and the infection did not persist for long.", "PMID": 1163884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_277", "title": "A micromethod for evaluating turkey lymphocyte response to phytomitogens.", "content": "A microculture system used in conjunction with a semiautomatic sample harvester is described to determine the in vitro properties of turkey peripheral blood lymphocytes. By this new procedure, multiple tests were done rapidly, relatively few cells were used, and results were highly reproducible. Analysis indicated that the conditions for optimal concanavalin A (con A) stimulation, as measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) included (a) 2 times 10(6) cells per culture in RPMI 1640 medium in the absence of any serum; (b) 0.4 mug of con A per culture, incubated in flat-bottom microtitration wells for 72 hours at 37 C; and (c) 1 muCi of 3H-TdR per culture added 12 to 24 hours before termination. Conditions for optimal stimulation with pokeweed mitogen were similar to those used for con A. The exceptions were that 1 times 10(6) cells per culture were incubated in round-bottom microtitration wells. The pokeweed mitogen gave the highest degree of stimulation when used at a concentration of 80 mug per culture.", "contents": "A micromethod for evaluating turkey lymphocyte response to phytomitogens. A microculture system used in conjunction with a semiautomatic sample harvester is described to determine the in vitro properties of turkey peripheral blood lymphocytes. By this new procedure, multiple tests were done rapidly, relatively few cells were used, and results were highly reproducible. Analysis indicated that the conditions for optimal concanavalin A (con A) stimulation, as measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) included (a) 2 times 10(6) cells per culture in RPMI 1640 medium in the absence of any serum; (b) 0.4 mug of con A per culture, incubated in flat-bottom microtitration wells for 72 hours at 37 C; and (c) 1 muCi of 3H-TdR per culture added 12 to 24 hours before termination. Conditions for optimal stimulation with pokeweed mitogen were similar to those used for con A. The exceptions were that 1 times 10(6) cells per culture were incubated in round-bottom microtitration wells. The pokeweed mitogen gave the highest degree of stimulation when used at a concentration of 80 mug per culture.", "PMID": 1163883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_278", "title": "Pulmonary melioidosis. Observations in thirty-nine cases.", "content": "During the 6-year period from 1965 through 1970, 39 patients with pulmonary melioidosis were treated at Fitzsimons Army Medical Center. Although this is a disease with a well-defined endemic area that does not include the United States, cases will no doubt continue to be seen in this country. These cases may result from acute infection in the endemic area, with subsequent travel to this country, or from delayed reactivation of a latent infection acquired months or years earlier. Given the potential for occurrence of this disease in the United States, continued awareness by the medical profession is important. The typical patient with subacute or chronic pulmonary melioidosis presents with fever, productive cough, weight loss, and a history of visiting an endemic area sometime in the past. Chest radiographs disclose upper lobe infiltrates and/or cavitation, suggesting granulomatous disease. With careful bacteriologic examination, sputum cultures are positive for Pseudomonas pseudomallei, which is susceptible to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and kanamycin. The titer of the indirect hemagglutinating antibodies will almost always be greater than 1:40. Most patients respond to therapy with tetracycline alone of in combination with chloramphenicol. Occasionally, a patient may require surgical intervention; if so, ideally the sputum should be negative, and a lobectomy, rather than segmentectomy, should be performed.", "contents": "Pulmonary melioidosis. Observations in thirty-nine cases. During the 6-year period from 1965 through 1970, 39 patients with pulmonary melioidosis were treated at Fitzsimons Army Medical Center. Although this is a disease with a well-defined endemic area that does not include the United States, cases will no doubt continue to be seen in this country. These cases may result from acute infection in the endemic area, with subsequent travel to this country, or from delayed reactivation of a latent infection acquired months or years earlier. Given the potential for occurrence of this disease in the United States, continued awareness by the medical profession is important. The typical patient with subacute or chronic pulmonary melioidosis presents with fever, productive cough, weight loss, and a history of visiting an endemic area sometime in the past. Chest radiographs disclose upper lobe infiltrates and/or cavitation, suggesting granulomatous disease. With careful bacteriologic examination, sputum cultures are positive for Pseudomonas pseudomallei, which is susceptible to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and kanamycin. The titer of the indirect hemagglutinating antibodies will almost always be greater than 1:40. Most patients respond to therapy with tetracycline alone of in combination with chloramphenicol. Occasionally, a patient may require surgical intervention; if so, ideally the sputum should be negative, and a lobectomy, rather than segmentectomy, should be performed.", "PMID": 1163890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_279", "title": "Protein biosynthesis by the pulmonary alveolar macrophage. Comparison of synthetic activity of suspended cells and cells on surfaces.", "content": "An effort to optimize conditions for studying protein biosynthesis by the pulmonary alveolar macrophage in vitro has led to a comparative analysis of the activity of suspended and adherent cells. A number of differences were observed. (1) Suspended cells synthesized protein for only a limited period of time, after which they responded only partially to incubation in fresh medium. This was true even under reincubation conditions in which the cells were allowed to adhere to a surface. Adherent cells, however, synthesized protein during a longer period of time and were fully capable of responding to new medium within the time periods examined. (2) Analyses of the radioactive proteins synthesized using a dual-isotope technique suggested that, during a period of 2 hours, suspended cells synthesized relatively smaller quantities of high molecular weight proteins than adherent cells. (3) The administration of a phagocytic load (zymosan; particle to cell ratio, 10:1) inhibited by 20 per cent the incorporation of isotopic amino acid into protein during a period of 3 hours. The same phagocytic load, however, stimulated incorporation by 20 per cent in adherent cells. (4) The rate of particle uptake measured using oil red O-albumin complexes decreased by approximately 50 per cent in suspended cells preincubated for 2 hours, but was maintained in similarly preincubated adherent cells. It was concluded that pulmonary alveolar macrophages incubated adhered to a surface are more appropriate for metabolic studies than are pulmonary alveolar macrophages incubated in suspension.", "contents": "Protein biosynthesis by the pulmonary alveolar macrophage. Comparison of synthetic activity of suspended cells and cells on surfaces. An effort to optimize conditions for studying protein biosynthesis by the pulmonary alveolar macrophage in vitro has led to a comparative analysis of the activity of suspended and adherent cells. A number of differences were observed. (1) Suspended cells synthesized protein for only a limited period of time, after which they responded only partially to incubation in fresh medium. This was true even under reincubation conditions in which the cells were allowed to adhere to a surface. Adherent cells, however, synthesized protein during a longer period of time and were fully capable of responding to new medium within the time periods examined. (2) Analyses of the radioactive proteins synthesized using a dual-isotope technique suggested that, during a period of 2 hours, suspended cells synthesized relatively smaller quantities of high molecular weight proteins than adherent cells. (3) The administration of a phagocytic load (zymosan; particle to cell ratio, 10:1) inhibited by 20 per cent the incorporation of isotopic amino acid into protein during a period of 3 hours. The same phagocytic load, however, stimulated incorporation by 20 per cent in adherent cells. (4) The rate of particle uptake measured using oil red O-albumin complexes decreased by approximately 50 per cent in suspended cells preincubated for 2 hours, but was maintained in similarly preincubated adherent cells. It was concluded that pulmonary alveolar macrophages incubated adhered to a surface are more appropriate for metabolic studies than are pulmonary alveolar macrophages incubated in suspension.", "PMID": 1163891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_280", "title": "Characteristics of chronic bronchitis in a warm, dry region.", "content": "Subjects residing in the warm, dry climate of Tucson, Arizona showed the same relationship of productive cough to smoking as noted elsewhere, but they less regularly reported seasonal or diurnal exacerbations of their symptoms and they less regularly reported phlegm production along with chronic cough. In this locale, even nonchronic dry cough was associated with an increased frequency of other respiratory symptoms and of ventilatory impairment. In comparing characteristics of subjects with a clinical diagnosis of chronic bronchitis with characteristics of subjects who had only questionnaire-detected chronic productive cough, it was found that smoking habits were more closely related to the presence of chronic cough than to the clinical diagnosis. The clinical diagnosis was associated with other features, such as wheezing, at least as often as with productive cough. This was especially true in children, in whom a suprisingly high prevalence of both chronic cough and clinically confirmed chronic bronchitis was noted. These observations led to questions concerning the appropriateness of using a common clinical term such as chronic bronchitis to describe subjects whose only known abnormality is an affirmative answer to a direct question concerning phlegm production.", "contents": "Characteristics of chronic bronchitis in a warm, dry region. Subjects residing in the warm, dry climate of Tucson, Arizona showed the same relationship of productive cough to smoking as noted elsewhere, but they less regularly reported seasonal or diurnal exacerbations of their symptoms and they less regularly reported phlegm production along with chronic cough. In this locale, even nonchronic dry cough was associated with an increased frequency of other respiratory symptoms and of ventilatory impairment. In comparing characteristics of subjects with a clinical diagnosis of chronic bronchitis with characteristics of subjects who had only questionnaire-detected chronic productive cough, it was found that smoking habits were more closely related to the presence of chronic cough than to the clinical diagnosis. The clinical diagnosis was associated with other features, such as wheezing, at least as often as with productive cough. This was especially true in children, in whom a suprisingly high prevalence of both chronic cough and clinically confirmed chronic bronchitis was noted. These observations led to questions concerning the appropriateness of using a common clinical term such as chronic bronchitis to describe subjects whose only known abnormality is an affirmative answer to a direct question concerning phlegm production.", "PMID": 1163892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_281", "title": "Sensitivity of volume of isoflow in the detection of mild airway obstruction.", "content": "The relative sensitivity of volume of isoflow test for detecting obstruction was compared to that of other tests, including flow at 60 per cent of total lung capacity, closing volumes, and frequency dependence of dynamic lung compliance. The volume of isoflow was measured in a waterless spirometer after 3 vital capacity inspirations of a mixture of 80 per cent oxygen. We studied 22 asymptomatic, healthy smokers (18 men and 4 women, 32.5 +/- 7.2 years of age, who smoked 5 to 20 pack-years). Thirteen smokers had an abnormal volume of isoflow, yet only 4 had an abnormal flow at 60 per cent of total lung capacity and 2 had an abnormal closing volume. Abnormal frequency dependence of dynamic lung compliance was demonstrated in 3 of 7 smokers tested with an abnormal volume of isoflow; none was detected in 7 smokers tested with normal volume of isoflow. Static pressure-volume curves and diffusing capacity were normal in all smokers with an abnormal volume of isoflow, and after bronchodilator inhalation, volume of isoflow improved in one half of the subjects. These results suggest reversible, intrinsic airway obstruction in the presence of normal flow at 60 per cent of total lung capacity and closing volume. Furthermore, volume of isoflow was a more sensitive test that flow at 60 per cent total lung capacity, closing volume, or frequency dependence of dynamic lung compliance.", "contents": "Sensitivity of volume of isoflow in the detection of mild airway obstruction. The relative sensitivity of volume of isoflow test for detecting obstruction was compared to that of other tests, including flow at 60 per cent of total lung capacity, closing volumes, and frequency dependence of dynamic lung compliance. The volume of isoflow was measured in a waterless spirometer after 3 vital capacity inspirations of a mixture of 80 per cent oxygen. We studied 22 asymptomatic, healthy smokers (18 men and 4 women, 32.5 +/- 7.2 years of age, who smoked 5 to 20 pack-years). Thirteen smokers had an abnormal volume of isoflow, yet only 4 had an abnormal flow at 60 per cent of total lung capacity and 2 had an abnormal closing volume. Abnormal frequency dependence of dynamic lung compliance was demonstrated in 3 of 7 smokers tested with an abnormal volume of isoflow; none was detected in 7 smokers tested with normal volume of isoflow. Static pressure-volume curves and diffusing capacity were normal in all smokers with an abnormal volume of isoflow, and after bronchodilator inhalation, volume of isoflow improved in one half of the subjects. These results suggest reversible, intrinsic airway obstruction in the presence of normal flow at 60 per cent of total lung capacity and closing volume. Furthermore, volume of isoflow was a more sensitive test that flow at 60 per cent total lung capacity, closing volume, or frequency dependence of dynamic lung compliance.", "PMID": 1163893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_282", "title": "Intraindividual variability in maximal expiratory flow-volume and closing volume in asymptomatic subjects.", "content": "The variability of the parameters derived from analysis of the forced vital capacity and the expired nitrogen trace after a vital capacity inhalation of oxygen (closing volume) within a day, from day to day, and from week to week, has been determined. Effort-dependent tests as vital capacity and peak expiratory flow showed the least variability. The greatest variability was seen in effort-independent tests of function such as the maximal expiratory flow rate at 25 per cent (75 per cent of expired vital capacity) and 50 per cent of vital capacity, as well as closing volume. The degree of variability in the tests used was uninfluenced by the periodicity of the tests or the age or smoking habits of the subjects tested. It is suggested that variability of tests of respiratory function should be taken into account in their interpretation.", "contents": "Intraindividual variability in maximal expiratory flow-volume and closing volume in asymptomatic subjects. The variability of the parameters derived from analysis of the forced vital capacity and the expired nitrogen trace after a vital capacity inhalation of oxygen (closing volume) within a day, from day to day, and from week to week, has been determined. Effort-dependent tests as vital capacity and peak expiratory flow showed the least variability. The greatest variability was seen in effort-independent tests of function such as the maximal expiratory flow rate at 25 per cent (75 per cent of expired vital capacity) and 50 per cent of vital capacity, as well as closing volume. The degree of variability in the tests used was uninfluenced by the periodicity of the tests or the age or smoking habits of the subjects tested. It is suggested that variability of tests of respiratory function should be taken into account in their interpretation.", "PMID": 1163894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_283", "title": "Change in the respiratory response to coarse cotton dust over a ten-year period.", "content": "Changes in respiratory function during a 10-year period were studied in a group of 34 men and 19 women exposed to coarse cotton dust. The prevalence of byssinosis increased significantly in the 10-year period both in men and women; in addition, there was an increase in the prevalence of all other chronic respiratory symptoms in 1973 compared to 1963. There was a significant decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec and forced vital capacity over the Monday shift both in 1963 and 1973. In subjects who were without byssinosis in 1963 but who had developed it by 1973, there was a considerable decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec in 1973. The mean annual decline of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (70 ml) during the 10-year period in the men was much greater than expected on the basis of the prediction equation for normal males, and it was most pronounced in those with byssinosis at the time of both surveys (111 ml).", "contents": "Change in the respiratory response to coarse cotton dust over a ten-year period. Changes in respiratory function during a 10-year period were studied in a group of 34 men and 19 women exposed to coarse cotton dust. The prevalence of byssinosis increased significantly in the 10-year period both in men and women; in addition, there was an increase in the prevalence of all other chronic respiratory symptoms in 1973 compared to 1963. There was a significant decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec and forced vital capacity over the Monday shift both in 1963 and 1973. In subjects who were without byssinosis in 1963 but who had developed it by 1973, there was a considerable decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec in 1973. The mean annual decline of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (70 ml) during the 10-year period in the men was much greater than expected on the basis of the prediction equation for normal males, and it was most pronounced in those with byssinosis at the time of both surveys (111 ml).", "PMID": 1163895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_284", "title": "Human pulmonary dirofilariasis. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of pulmonary dirofilariasis in a 48-year-old woman is presented. This rare pulmonary disorder is caused by Dirofilaria immitis, the canine heartworm. A review of the literature revealed 40 documented cases, most of which have occurred in the United States within the past 10 years. The incidence of pulmonary dirofilariasis appears to be increasing; thus, this entity represents an important zoonosis and indicates a need for familiarity with the pathologic features of the lesions and the morphologic characteristics of the worm.", "contents": "Human pulmonary dirofilariasis. A case report and review of the literature. A case of pulmonary dirofilariasis in a 48-year-old woman is presented. This rare pulmonary disorder is caused by Dirofilaria immitis, the canine heartworm. A review of the literature revealed 40 documented cases, most of which have occurred in the United States within the past 10 years. The incidence of pulmonary dirofilariasis appears to be increasing; thus, this entity represents an important zoonosis and indicates a need for familiarity with the pathologic features of the lesions and the morphologic characteristics of the worm.", "PMID": 1163896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_285", "title": "Use of the productive cough test to confirm presence of respiratory symptoms in school-age children.", "content": "We assessed the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and loose cough in 622 school-age children from an urban town in Connecticut. A higher prevalence of chronic symptoms was reported by black children, but the prevalence of recent symptoms and of loose cough in black children was similar to that in white children. The relationship between prevalence of recent symptoms and loose cough suggests that the observed racial differences in prevalence of chronic symptoms were unlikely to be due to racial differences in responses to a respiratory symptom questionnaire.", "contents": "Use of the productive cough test to confirm presence of respiratory symptoms in school-age children. We assessed the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and loose cough in 622 school-age children from an urban town in Connecticut. A higher prevalence of chronic symptoms was reported by black children, but the prevalence of recent symptoms and of loose cough in black children was similar to that in white children. The relationship between prevalence of recent symptoms and loose cough suggests that the observed racial differences in prevalence of chronic symptoms were unlikely to be due to racial differences in responses to a respiratory symptom questionnaire.", "PMID": 1163898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_286", "title": "An improvement in whole body plethysmography.", "content": "A simple method for greatly reducing thermal drift and acoustic noise in constant-volume, whole body plethysmography is described. Evaluation and adjustment for any particular clinical application can be carried out in a few moments. The device itself consists of a 20- to 25-gauge needle, a \"Y\" tube, and a 1-liter or more vessel, and may be assembled in 30 minutes from parts readily available in any hospital laboratory.", "contents": "An improvement in whole body plethysmography. A simple method for greatly reducing thermal drift and acoustic noise in constant-volume, whole body plethysmography is described. Evaluation and adjustment for any particular clinical application can be carried out in a few moments. The device itself consists of a 20- to 25-gauge needle, a \"Y\" tube, and a 1-liter or more vessel, and may be assembled in 30 minutes from parts readily available in any hospital laboratory.", "PMID": 1163899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_287", "title": "Management of post-traumatic pain syndromes (causalgia).", "content": "A number of post-traumatic pain syndromes may be grouped under the two headings: causalgia and mimocausalgia states. Our concern is the early recognition of patients whose complaints have a real organic basis but whose physical signs are not of sufficient degree to make this fact readily apparent. These patients are all too often mismanaged or neglected for sufficiently long periods of time to permit the underlying pathologic physiology to secure supremacy over normal function. Recognized and treated properly by means of sympathetic ablation, either medical or surgical, the vast majority can be relieved of their symptoms. The extremities can then be rehabilitated by appropriate measures.", "contents": "Management of post-traumatic pain syndromes (causalgia). A number of post-traumatic pain syndromes may be grouped under the two headings: causalgia and mimocausalgia states. Our concern is the early recognition of patients whose complaints have a real organic basis but whose physical signs are not of sufficient degree to make this fact readily apparent. These patients are all too often mismanaged or neglected for sufficiently long periods of time to permit the underlying pathologic physiology to secure supremacy over normal function. Recognized and treated properly by means of sympathetic ablation, either medical or surgical, the vast majority can be relieved of their symptoms. The extremities can then be rehabilitated by appropriate measures.", "PMID": 1163901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_288", "title": "Operative assessment of carotid endarterectomy: Internal carotid arterial back pressure, carotid arterial blood flow, and carotid arteriography.", "content": "Determination of ICA back pressure, electromagnetic measurement of internal carotid arterial blood flow, and performance of operative carotid arteriography have been assessed in a series of elective carotid endarterectomies. If ICA back pressure is used to determine the need for an internal shunt, our data suggest that a minimal pressure of 60-70 mmHg is required to insure adequacy of collateral cerebral blood flow in all patients. Internal carotid arterial blood flow was not significantly increased after endarterectomy. Although flow measurements are of some interest, their routine measurement does not appear to have significant clinical usefulness. Operative carotid arteriography is a valuable technique in identifying unsuspected technical errors at the site of endarterectomy and should be used routinely.", "contents": "Operative assessment of carotid endarterectomy: Internal carotid arterial back pressure, carotid arterial blood flow, and carotid arteriography. Determination of ICA back pressure, electromagnetic measurement of internal carotid arterial blood flow, and performance of operative carotid arteriography have been assessed in a series of elective carotid endarterectomies. If ICA back pressure is used to determine the need for an internal shunt, our data suggest that a minimal pressure of 60-70 mmHg is required to insure adequacy of collateral cerebral blood flow in all patients. Internal carotid arterial blood flow was not significantly increased after endarterectomy. Although flow measurements are of some interest, their routine measurement does not appear to have significant clinical usefulness. Operative carotid arteriography is a valuable technique in identifying unsuspected technical errors at the site of endarterectomy and should be used routinely.", "PMID": 1163902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_289", "title": "A new technique for resection of thoracoabdominal aneurysms.", "content": "This report describes a temporary bypass shunt as a simple and effective method of reducing stasis time to the visceral arteries when resecting thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.", "contents": "A new technique for resection of thoracoabdominal aneurysms. This report describes a temporary bypass shunt as a simple and effective method of reducing stasis time to the visceral arteries when resecting thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.", "PMID": 1163903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_290", "title": "Proximal jejunal reversal procedure without interposition for management of dumping syndrome.", "content": "For control of disabling dumping syndrome, a short jejunal reversal interposition between the gastric remnant and the duodenum or between the gastric remnant and the jejunum with or without a second jejunal reversal is in current use. A new procedure, proximal jejunal reversal based on a modified antiperistaltic Roux-en-Y without interposition of the jejunal loop is presented and three cases are reported.", "contents": "Proximal jejunal reversal procedure without interposition for management of dumping syndrome. For control of disabling dumping syndrome, a short jejunal reversal interposition between the gastric remnant and the duodenum or between the gastric remnant and the jejunum with or without a second jejunal reversal is in current use. A new procedure, proximal jejunal reversal based on a modified antiperistaltic Roux-en-Y without interposition of the jejunal loop is presented and three cases are reported.", "PMID": 1163905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_291", "title": "Cystic lymphangioma of the cecum with ileocecal intussusception: Case report.", "content": "A rare case of cystic lymphangioma of the cecum presenting as a leading point for ileocecal intussusception is described. Local resection is recommended.", "contents": "Cystic lymphangioma of the cecum with ileocecal intussusception: Case report. A rare case of cystic lymphangioma of the cecum presenting as a leading point for ileocecal intussusception is described. Local resection is recommended.", "PMID": 1163907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_292", "title": "Giant cell lesion of the mandible in coincidental hyperparathyroidism and hyperthyroidism.", "content": "A patient with hyperparathyroidism, thyrotoxicosis and a giant cell lesion of the mandible is reported. The hyperparathyroidism was secondary to renal hypoplasia and/or thyrotoxicosis. A review of the literature revealed other cases with giant cell lesions and secondary hyperparathyroidism. This study indicates that giant cell lesions are not specific for primary hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Giant cell lesion of the mandible in coincidental hyperparathyroidism and hyperthyroidism. A patient with hyperparathyroidism, thyrotoxicosis and a giant cell lesion of the mandible is reported. The hyperparathyroidism was secondary to renal hypoplasia and/or thyrotoxicosis. A review of the literature revealed other cases with giant cell lesions and secondary hyperparathyroidism. This study indicates that giant cell lesions are not specific for primary hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 1163908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_293", "title": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of submaxillary gland metastatic to great toe.", "content": "A case of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the submaxillary gland metastatic to the left great toe in a 52-year-old man is reported. The patient survived 10 months after diagnosis of the metastasis to the hallux. The well-documented cases of four other patients, two each with pulmonary and renal-cell carcinoma metastatic to the toe, are reviewed. Metastatic carcinoma to the toe as well as the finger typically mimics an inflammatory process. An osteolytic lesion of the phalanx of a toe or finger resembling an inflammatory process without a history of injury or infection should suggest the possibility of malignancy.", "contents": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of submaxillary gland metastatic to great toe. A case of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the submaxillary gland metastatic to the left great toe in a 52-year-old man is reported. The patient survived 10 months after diagnosis of the metastasis to the hallux. The well-documented cases of four other patients, two each with pulmonary and renal-cell carcinoma metastatic to the toe, are reviewed. Metastatic carcinoma to the toe as well as the finger typically mimics an inflammatory process. An osteolytic lesion of the phalanx of a toe or finger resembling an inflammatory process without a history of injury or infection should suggest the possibility of malignancy.", "PMID": 1163909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_294", "title": "Transrectal needle method for biopsy of the prostate: review of 90 cases.", "content": "Eighty-three patients undergoing a total of 90 transrectal procedures for obtaining prostatic tissue for biopsy were reported. All were done without preparation or later use of retention catheter. Tetracycline was administered for two or three days before the procedure and continued for a total of five days after. Most patients were hospitalized for this procedure, but we do not think this is necessary or ideal. A complication rate of 9.3 per cent-5.4 per cent for sepsis and 3.9 per cent hematuria-was encountered. Only four false negative results were obtained. We believe that the transrectal procedure is a safe and accurate method for diagnosis carcinoma of the prostate. We would also recommend use of a broad-spectrum antibiotic, preferably before and after operation, but at least after for a minimum of five days.", "contents": "Transrectal needle method for biopsy of the prostate: review of 90 cases. Eighty-three patients undergoing a total of 90 transrectal procedures for obtaining prostatic tissue for biopsy were reported. All were done without preparation or later use of retention catheter. Tetracycline was administered for two or three days before the procedure and continued for a total of five days after. Most patients were hospitalized for this procedure, but we do not think this is necessary or ideal. A complication rate of 9.3 per cent-5.4 per cent for sepsis and 3.9 per cent hematuria-was encountered. Only four false negative results were obtained. We believe that the transrectal procedure is a safe and accurate method for diagnosis carcinoma of the prostate. We would also recommend use of a broad-spectrum antibiotic, preferably before and after operation, but at least after for a minimum of five days.", "PMID": 1163910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_295", "title": "[A religious sect, its mental ill patients, its physician and its psychiatrists].", "content": "A religious Sect (J\u00e9hovah witness), its mental patients, its doctor and its psychiatrists. The authors study religious sects, specially J\u00e9hovoah witness. Such 15 mentally ill patients among this group have been treated at the psychiatric clinic. The fact that they are members of a community, sharing the same religious faith, and having in common severe rules of life, is considered as having a pathogenic or beneficial effect. One of them, physician, explain their opinion of mental illness : they believe in biological factors and discard any psychotherapeutic mean.", "contents": "[A religious sect, its mental ill patients, its physician and its psychiatrists]. A religious Sect (J\u00e9hovah witness), its mental patients, its doctor and its psychiatrists. The authors study religious sects, specially J\u00e9hovoah witness. Such 15 mentally ill patients among this group have been treated at the psychiatric clinic. The fact that they are members of a community, sharing the same religious faith, and having in common severe rules of life, is considered as having a pathogenic or beneficial effect. One of them, physician, explain their opinion of mental illness : they believe in biological factors and discard any psychotherapeutic mean.", "PMID": 1163915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_296", "title": "[Psychiatry in French Guiana (formal, institutional and statistical aspects)].", "content": "Psychiatry in French Guyana. The authors describe Psychiatric hospital and psychiatric practice in French Guyana, with special attention to clinical and statistical datas.", "contents": "[Psychiatry in French Guiana (formal, institutional and statistical aspects)]. Psychiatry in French Guyana. The authors describe Psychiatric hospital and psychiatric practice in French Guyana, with special attention to clinical and statistical datas.", "PMID": 1163916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_297", "title": "[The psychiatrist and the functioning of the penitentiary system].", "content": "The psychiatrist and the functioning of the penitentiary system. A group of psychiatrists working at different points of the penal and psychiatric circuits have met to discuss about the working conditions of the psychiatrists inside the penitentiary institution. Rapidely it appeared to them that their discussions should extend to the penal system considered in its entirity. Concrete propositions were addressed to the Minister of Justice and the Minister of Health. Reforms are possible at every step of the penal circuit. Some improvements only need the application of laws and reglementations which already exist: others require changes in the laws. For the reforms to become fully effective, the spirit in which the penal sanction is elaborated and applied should change in the prisions, in the judicary institution and in the public opinion.", "contents": "[The psychiatrist and the functioning of the penitentiary system]. The psychiatrist and the functioning of the penitentiary system. A group of psychiatrists working at different points of the penal and psychiatric circuits have met to discuss about the working conditions of the psychiatrists inside the penitentiary institution. Rapidely it appeared to them that their discussions should extend to the penal system considered in its entirity. Concrete propositions were addressed to the Minister of Justice and the Minister of Health. Reforms are possible at every step of the penal circuit. Some improvements only need the application of laws and reglementations which already exist: others require changes in the laws. For the reforms to become fully effective, the spirit in which the penal sanction is elaborated and applied should change in the prisions, in the judicary institution and in the public opinion.", "PMID": 1163918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_298", "title": "Initial treatment of descemetocele with hydrophilic contact lenses.", "content": "A hydrophilic contact lens was used as the initial mode of therapy in 5 cases of descemetocele. The lens was left in place over the descemetocele continuously for periods ranging from 2 to 15 months. Corneal perforation did not occur, and the anterior chamber remained formed in all cases. The device seemingly provides sufficient structural reinforcement to Descemet's membrane to prevent its distension by the intraocular pressure. It also maintains Descemet's membrane in a moist state and protects the descemetocele from the trauma of the lid margins during blinking. This series of cases indicates that a hydrophilic contact lens can be a very effective temporizing measure for the treatment of descemetocele, enabling the surgeon initially to cope with an ocular emergency in a very simple manner, and to convert the ultimate surgical repair to a scheduled, carefully planned procedure with a much greater potential for success.", "contents": "Initial treatment of descemetocele with hydrophilic contact lenses. A hydrophilic contact lens was used as the initial mode of therapy in 5 cases of descemetocele. The lens was left in place over the descemetocele continuously for periods ranging from 2 to 15 months. Corneal perforation did not occur, and the anterior chamber remained formed in all cases. The device seemingly provides sufficient structural reinforcement to Descemet's membrane to prevent its distension by the intraocular pressure. It also maintains Descemet's membrane in a moist state and protects the descemetocele from the trauma of the lid margins during blinking. This series of cases indicates that a hydrophilic contact lens can be a very effective temporizing measure for the treatment of descemetocele, enabling the surgeon initially to cope with an ocular emergency in a very simple manner, and to convert the ultimate surgical repair to a scheduled, carefully planned procedure with a much greater potential for success.", "PMID": 1163924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_299", "title": "Ophthalmic presentations of cluster headache.", "content": "Cluster headache is frequently characterized by pain localized to the orbital area. There is often associated ipsilateral oculosympathetic paresis with varying degrees of blepharoptosis and miosis. The ophthalmologist is often confronted with such cases; however, the atypical presentations and the subtle clinical findings may obscure the diagnosis. As cluster headache is a benign condition, accurate recognition is essential to spare the patient potentially harmful diagnostic studies.", "contents": "Ophthalmic presentations of cluster headache. Cluster headache is frequently characterized by pain localized to the orbital area. There is often associated ipsilateral oculosympathetic paresis with varying degrees of blepharoptosis and miosis. The ophthalmologist is often confronted with such cases; however, the atypical presentations and the subtle clinical findings may obscure the diagnosis. As cluster headache is a benign condition, accurate recognition is essential to spare the patient potentially harmful diagnostic studies.", "PMID": 1163926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_300", "title": "Drug delivery systems for topical ophthalmic medication.", "content": "Two new topical ophthalmic delivery systems are described. The modes of delivery were compared with conventionally administered eyedrops on the basis of intraocular pressure lowering effect, dependability in delivery of prescribed dosage, and patient acceptance of the system. Pilocarpine delivered by each of the systems was found to control IOP as well as conventional pilocarpine drops. Although some patients took a longer time than others to adjust to a new mode of delivery, patient acceptance of the systems was high.", "contents": "Drug delivery systems for topical ophthalmic medication. Two new topical ophthalmic delivery systems are described. The modes of delivery were compared with conventionally administered eyedrops on the basis of intraocular pressure lowering effect, dependability in delivery of prescribed dosage, and patient acceptance of the system. Pilocarpine delivered by each of the systems was found to control IOP as well as conventional pilocarpine drops. Although some patients took a longer time than others to adjust to a new mode of delivery, patient acceptance of the systems was high.", "PMID": 1163927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_301", "title": "Cavernous hemangioma of the retina: report of four cases.", "content": "Four patients had cavernous hemangiomas of the retina. The lesions, which usually occur in asymptomatic individuals, are unusual hamartomas comprised of saccular aneurysms containing venous blood and located on the surface of the retina or at the optic nervehead. Two patients had photocoagulation to destroy the lesions. In one patient, the lesion was totally destroyed after treatment to it and to the surrounding retina; in the second patient, a portion of the lesion had enlarged greatly when examined 5 years after photocoagulation. The hemangiomas of the other 2 patients have been observed without therapeutic intervention--the course we prefer for the majority of cases.", "contents": "Cavernous hemangioma of the retina: report of four cases. Four patients had cavernous hemangiomas of the retina. The lesions, which usually occur in asymptomatic individuals, are unusual hamartomas comprised of saccular aneurysms containing venous blood and located on the surface of the retina or at the optic nervehead. Two patients had photocoagulation to destroy the lesions. In one patient, the lesion was totally destroyed after treatment to it and to the surrounding retina; in the second patient, a portion of the lesion had enlarged greatly when examined 5 years after photocoagulation. The hemangiomas of the other 2 patients have been observed without therapeutic intervention--the course we prefer for the majority of cases.", "PMID": 1163928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_302", "title": "Cleaning hydrophilic contact lenses: an overview.", "content": "The composition of the major, critical component of the amorphous deposits forming on hydrophilic lenses during wear was identified and reported by Karageozian as basically proteinaceous in nature. The research surrounding the identification has produced animal and laboratory models for testing the parameteres involved in the protein deposition, as well as in its removal. A standardized system for classifying the protein deposits during and after formation, along with the experimental animal and laboratory models allows a relatively complete development of the predictive tests required for a compound or a product intended for use as a cleaner of hydrophilic lenses. These predictive tests have been run on several available cleaning systems as well as on a new one; the results indicate clearly that, unlike the available systems, the new system will safely remove deposits from hydrophilic lenses. The laboratory predictive test results have been borne out by clinical trial; the clinical results indicate the suitability of the new formulation and the predictive capability of the test models developed.", "contents": "Cleaning hydrophilic contact lenses: an overview. The composition of the major, critical component of the amorphous deposits forming on hydrophilic lenses during wear was identified and reported by Karageozian as basically proteinaceous in nature. The research surrounding the identification has produced animal and laboratory models for testing the parameteres involved in the protein deposition, as well as in its removal. A standardized system for classifying the protein deposits during and after formation, along with the experimental animal and laboratory models allows a relatively complete development of the predictive tests required for a compound or a product intended for use as a cleaner of hydrophilic lenses. These predictive tests have been run on several available cleaning systems as well as on a new one; the results indicate clearly that, unlike the available systems, the new system will safely remove deposits from hydrophilic lenses. The laboratory predictive test results have been borne out by clinical trial; the clinical results indicate the suitability of the new formulation and the predictive capability of the test models developed.", "PMID": 1163929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_303", "title": "Cryoextraction of dislocated lenses.", "content": "Twenty-two dislocated lenses were removed using cryoextraction. They occurred in a consecutive series of 1,800 planned intracapsulars. Included in the complete series were 16 dislocated lenses in 3 groups: Marfan's syndrome, homocystinuria and congenital types of dislocations. None of these were removed since the patient's vision was adequate in each case. These patients are still under observation. In one case, we used the Hagler-Calhoun double pronged needle. We think this procedure is entirely too traumatic. In 21 cases, the dislocated lenses were removed intracapsularly. In one instance, the lens nucleus had been dislocated in an earlier operation, and there was advanced secondary glaucoma. The lens was removed with cryosurgery, resulting in a useful eye with no pain. Cryoextraction of dislocated lenses is the least traumatic surgical approach and is the method of choice.", "contents": "Cryoextraction of dislocated lenses. Twenty-two dislocated lenses were removed using cryoextraction. They occurred in a consecutive series of 1,800 planned intracapsulars. Included in the complete series were 16 dislocated lenses in 3 groups: Marfan's syndrome, homocystinuria and congenital types of dislocations. None of these were removed since the patient's vision was adequate in each case. These patients are still under observation. In one case, we used the Hagler-Calhoun double pronged needle. We think this procedure is entirely too traumatic. In 21 cases, the dislocated lenses were removed intracapsularly. In one instance, the lens nucleus had been dislocated in an earlier operation, and there was advanced secondary glaucoma. The lens was removed with cryosurgery, resulting in a useful eye with no pain. Cryoextraction of dislocated lenses is the least traumatic surgical approach and is the method of choice.", "PMID": 1163931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_304", "title": "Surgical technique of cyclodialysis lens extraction.", "content": "Cyclodialysis lens extraction is a safe, predictable procedure for simultaneous surgery of cataract and glaucoma. A few maneuvers outlined in this paper which differ from the cyclodialysis approach to the aphakic eye significantly reduce the problem of hyphema and corneal damage.", "contents": "Surgical technique of cyclodialysis lens extraction. Cyclodialysis lens extraction is a safe, predictable procedure for simultaneous surgery of cataract and glaucoma. A few maneuvers outlined in this paper which differ from the cyclodialysis approach to the aphakic eye significantly reduce the problem of hyphema and corneal damage.", "PMID": 1163932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_305", "title": "[The chetotaxy of the swimming larvas of the European Polystomes (Monogenea)].", "content": "The sensillae of the swimming larvae of the Mongeneans of the Polystoma genus can be classified into groups and transversal cycles. The study of three european species shows that the two generations of larvae, one of them coming from the adult, the other one from the neotenic, have the same chetotaxy, that there are very few individual differences from one larva to the next, and that closely related species can sometimes be distinguished by minor variations within a fundamental pattern.", "contents": "[The chetotaxy of the swimming larvas of the European Polystomes (Monogenea)]. The sensillae of the swimming larvae of the Mongeneans of the Polystoma genus can be classified into groups and transversal cycles. The study of three european species shows that the two generations of larvae, one of them coming from the adult, the other one from the neotenic, have the same chetotaxy, that there are very few individual differences from one larva to the next, and that closely related species can sometimes be distinguished by minor variations within a fundamental pattern.", "PMID": 1163936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_306", "title": "Further surgical management of gastric ulcer with unsuspected malignant change.", "content": "This paper considers the further surgical management of patients who have had a gastric ulcer removed which was apparently benign but which on subsequent histological examination has proved to be a carcinoma. A retrospective review of 59 such patients has been undertaken. A non-radical partial gastrectomy was performed in the first instance on all these patients; 24 of them had a second operation once the correct diagnosis had been reached and 35 had no further surgery. These two groups are compared. The overall 5-year survival in the non-revisional group was only 23% compared with 56% in those treated by a second operation. It is thought that revisional surgery should be undertaken within 6-8 weeks, provided the age and general condition of the patient are satisfactory. Since 1970 the routine use of fibreoptic endoscopy and biopsy has virtually eliminated the problem.", "contents": "Further surgical management of gastric ulcer with unsuspected malignant change. This paper considers the further surgical management of patients who have had a gastric ulcer removed which was apparently benign but which on subsequent histological examination has proved to be a carcinoma. A retrospective review of 59 such patients has been undertaken. A non-radical partial gastrectomy was performed in the first instance on all these patients; 24 of them had a second operation once the correct diagnosis had been reached and 35 had no further surgery. These two groups are compared. The overall 5-year survival in the non-revisional group was only 23% compared with 56% in those treated by a second operation. It is thought that revisional surgery should be undertaken within 6-8 weeks, provided the age and general condition of the patient are satisfactory. Since 1970 the routine use of fibreoptic endoscopy and biopsy has virtually eliminated the problem.", "PMID": 1163948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_307", "title": "Myocardial function following cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Twenty-one patients have been studied in the 48 h after valve replacement to determine the possible contribution of abnormalities of left ventricular myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption to the impaired cardiac performance which is sometimes evident in such patients. In the 14 patients making an uneventful recovery (Group A) the mean values for blood flow and oxygen consumption were both higher than in resting man, while the arterio-coronary sinus oxygen content difference was narrowed, with a high coronary sinus oxygen tension. Five patients had a low cardiac output (Group B) and had similar levels of blood flow and oxygen consumption to Group A, while the coronary sinus oxygen content and tension were reduced. When the heart rate was increased by pacing (Group C) myocardial oxygen consumption increased but coronary blood flow failed to rise, while the arterio-coronary sinus oxygen content difference widened slightly. It is concluded that the low postoperative cardiac output is not due to low coronary blood flow or myocardial oxygen supply, but these patients have a limited ability to increase their already high coronary blood flow. Therefore any increase in oxygen demand may be met by the potentially detrimental mechanism of widening the arterio-coronary sinus difference, with lower coronary sinus and tissue oxygen tension.", "contents": "Myocardial function following cardiopulmonary bypass. Twenty-one patients have been studied in the 48 h after valve replacement to determine the possible contribution of abnormalities of left ventricular myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption to the impaired cardiac performance which is sometimes evident in such patients. In the 14 patients making an uneventful recovery (Group A) the mean values for blood flow and oxygen consumption were both higher than in resting man, while the arterio-coronary sinus oxygen content difference was narrowed, with a high coronary sinus oxygen tension. Five patients had a low cardiac output (Group B) and had similar levels of blood flow and oxygen consumption to Group A, while the coronary sinus oxygen content and tension were reduced. When the heart rate was increased by pacing (Group C) myocardial oxygen consumption increased but coronary blood flow failed to rise, while the arterio-coronary sinus oxygen content difference widened slightly. It is concluded that the low postoperative cardiac output is not due to low coronary blood flow or myocardial oxygen supply, but these patients have a limited ability to increase their already high coronary blood flow. Therefore any increase in oxygen demand may be met by the potentially detrimental mechanism of widening the arterio-coronary sinus difference, with lower coronary sinus and tissue oxygen tension.", "PMID": 1163950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_308", "title": "Articular cartilage studies and osteoarthrosis.", "content": "Osteoarthrosis is characterized in the early stages by degradation of articular cartilage matrix. Clinical, radiological, and pathological studies have failed to reveal the factors which initiate the breakdown of cartilage and are not applicable to detailed sequential studies of the affected tissues at all stages in the disease. Therefore animal experiments have been employed to provide more information on degradation and repair process in cartilage. These studies have demonstrated: 1) Matrix protection and induced repair of mature articular cartilage by the use of oral aspirin after lacerative injury. 2) Establishment by the intra-articular injection of the plant enzyme papain of a model of osteoarthrosis in the rabbit hip which mimics human osteoarthrosis and is suitable for further experimental studies. 3) A proliferation of mature articular cartilage chondrocytes in response to loss of matrix, which indicates a latent repair capacity. 4) Repair of extensively damaged hip joints after femoral osteotomy by increased formation of subchondral new bone and formation of fibrocartilage on the articulating surfaces. These tissue repair processes are associated with an increase in vascularity of the femoral head and acetabulum produced by the osteotomy. 5) Succesful transplantation as allografts in both normal and arthrotic rabbit knees of aggregates of epiphysial chondrocytes isolated from their matrix. This method of joint surface replacement may have clinical applications.", "contents": "Articular cartilage studies and osteoarthrosis. Osteoarthrosis is characterized in the early stages by degradation of articular cartilage matrix. Clinical, radiological, and pathological studies have failed to reveal the factors which initiate the breakdown of cartilage and are not applicable to detailed sequential studies of the affected tissues at all stages in the disease. Therefore animal experiments have been employed to provide more information on degradation and repair process in cartilage. These studies have demonstrated: 1) Matrix protection and induced repair of mature articular cartilage by the use of oral aspirin after lacerative injury. 2) Establishment by the intra-articular injection of the plant enzyme papain of a model of osteoarthrosis in the rabbit hip which mimics human osteoarthrosis and is suitable for further experimental studies. 3) A proliferation of mature articular cartilage chondrocytes in response to loss of matrix, which indicates a latent repair capacity. 4) Repair of extensively damaged hip joints after femoral osteotomy by increased formation of subchondral new bone and formation of fibrocartilage on the articulating surfaces. These tissue repair processes are associated with an increase in vascularity of the femoral head and acetabulum produced by the osteotomy. 5) Succesful transplantation as allografts in both normal and arthrotic rabbit knees of aggregates of epiphysial chondrocytes isolated from their matrix. This method of joint surface replacement may have clinical applications.", "PMID": 1163951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_309", "title": "[Effect of tranquilizer doping on the muscular activity on the sport horse. I. -- Acepromazine (author's transl)].", "content": "Doping with tranquilizers has appeared recently in horse-back riding sports. In this paper we study the effects of acepromazine, one of the main tranquilizers used, on various physiological and biochemical aspects of muscular activity (cardiac and respiratory rhythms, seric rates of glucose, urea, protein, creatine phosphokinase, glutamate oxalacetate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase). A low dose (0.02 mg/kg) of acepromazine is injected; the evolution of the variables is studied before and after a standardized effort. After the effort and during recuperation, acepromazine administration causes: -- a decrease of respiratory rhythm and seric protein rats, -- an increase of creatine phosphokinase rate. A discussion of these results suggests that acepromazine depresses the respiratory centers and has a possible toxic effect on the muscle cell.", "contents": "[Effect of tranquilizer doping on the muscular activity on the sport horse. I. -- Acepromazine (author's transl)]. Doping with tranquilizers has appeared recently in horse-back riding sports. In this paper we study the effects of acepromazine, one of the main tranquilizers used, on various physiological and biochemical aspects of muscular activity (cardiac and respiratory rhythms, seric rates of glucose, urea, protein, creatine phosphokinase, glutamate oxalacetate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase). A low dose (0.02 mg/kg) of acepromazine is injected; the evolution of the variables is studied before and after a standardized effort. After the effort and during recuperation, acepromazine administration causes: -- a decrease of respiratory rhythm and seric protein rats, -- an increase of creatine phosphokinase rate. A discussion of these results suggests that acepromazine depresses the respiratory centers and has a possible toxic effect on the muscle cell.", "PMID": 1163957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_310", "title": "[Effect of tranquilizer doping on the muscular activity of the sport horse. II. -- Diazepam (author's transl)].", "content": "The practise of repeated doping of the sport horse led us to examine its effects on the health of the animal, and particularly on muscular activity. The main doping agent used at present (acepromazine) has already been studied (COURTOT et al., 1974). In this paper, we study the secondary effects of diazepam, a derivative of the benzodiazepine series, which is being used more and more frequently on horses. In treated animals as compared to controls, we observe: -- a slight respiratory depression related solely to effort, -- an increase in seric creatine phosphokinase rate with no apparent relation to effort. A discussion of these results leads to the conclusion that the secondary effects of diazepam are: -- a punctual effect on respiration as related to decreasing effort intensity, -- a toxic effect on muscle.", "contents": "[Effect of tranquilizer doping on the muscular activity of the sport horse. II. -- Diazepam (author's transl)]. The practise of repeated doping of the sport horse led us to examine its effects on the health of the animal, and particularly on muscular activity. The main doping agent used at present (acepromazine) has already been studied (COURTOT et al., 1974). In this paper, we study the secondary effects of diazepam, a derivative of the benzodiazepine series, which is being used more and more frequently on horses. In treated animals as compared to controls, we observe: -- a slight respiratory depression related solely to effort, -- an increase in seric creatine phosphokinase rate with no apparent relation to effort. A discussion of these results leads to the conclusion that the secondary effects of diazepam are: -- a punctual effect on respiration as related to decreasing effort intensity, -- a toxic effect on muscle.", "PMID": 1163958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_311", "title": "[Comparative evolution of blood antibodies in cattle infested with hypodermosis and treated with different insecticides (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunological response to hypodermosis is studied by a passive hemagglutination method in three groups of cattle naturally infested during the spring of 1972. In the autumn, one group was treated with fenthion and another with niclofolan, a drug generally used for distomatosis, but also efficient in hypodermosis and free from side-effects. The third group served as a control. Two kinds of immunological response are observed after use of the insecticide. In the group treated with fenthion, there is a rapid drop in antibodies during the 3 days following treatment; this increases for the next 2 months up to a very low level, which is stable for 3 months (fig. 3, 4, 5). During the same period, antibodies in the control group increase regularly to reach a maximum in April or May (fig. 1, 2). The immunological response of the host is closely related to the antigenic stimulation of the larvae. In the group treated with niclofolan, the slow drop in antibodies suggests that there is a parallel drop in the number of larvae during the month following treatment. A study of the other group shows that larvae are affected in the 24 hours following fenthion administration. This agent, as well as all organophosphorous compounds, are well-known to act efficiently on larvae and have anaphylactic-type side-effects on the host. The massive degradation of larvae should have induced an important antigenic reaction, but no increase in the antibodies of the host is observed; there is a even rapid drop in the number of larvae immediately after treatment. This fact is investigated further by experiments on guinea pig: the role of antigen-antibody complexes is studied by passive anaphylaxis. It appears that shock reactions, following use of organophosphorous insecticides, have a true-hyper-sensitivity origin, and are increased by the intrinsic toxicity of the first instar larvae.", "contents": "[Comparative evolution of blood antibodies in cattle infested with hypodermosis and treated with different insecticides (author's transl)]. Immunological response to hypodermosis is studied by a passive hemagglutination method in three groups of cattle naturally infested during the spring of 1972. In the autumn, one group was treated with fenthion and another with niclofolan, a drug generally used for distomatosis, but also efficient in hypodermosis and free from side-effects. The third group served as a control. Two kinds of immunological response are observed after use of the insecticide. In the group treated with fenthion, there is a rapid drop in antibodies during the 3 days following treatment; this increases for the next 2 months up to a very low level, which is stable for 3 months (fig. 3, 4, 5). During the same period, antibodies in the control group increase regularly to reach a maximum in April or May (fig. 1, 2). The immunological response of the host is closely related to the antigenic stimulation of the larvae. In the group treated with niclofolan, the slow drop in antibodies suggests that there is a parallel drop in the number of larvae during the month following treatment. A study of the other group shows that larvae are affected in the 24 hours following fenthion administration. This agent, as well as all organophosphorous compounds, are well-known to act efficiently on larvae and have anaphylactic-type side-effects on the host. The massive degradation of larvae should have induced an important antigenic reaction, but no increase in the antibodies of the host is observed; there is a even rapid drop in the number of larvae immediately after treatment. This fact is investigated further by experiments on guinea pig: the role of antigen-antibody complexes is studied by passive anaphylaxis. It appears that shock reactions, following use of organophosphorous insecticides, have a true-hyper-sensitivity origin, and are increased by the intrinsic toxicity of the first instar larvae.", "PMID": 1163959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_312", "title": "[Toxinogenic moulds in silage. II. -- In vitro kinetics of patulin and byssochlamic acid biosynthesis by Byssochlamys nivea Westling in liquid medium (author's transl)].", "content": "A strain of Byssochlamys nivea (E 70), isolated from an silage and in pure culture, produces two mycotoxins (patulin and byssochlamic acid). A comparison of the toxinogenesis of this fungic species on eight culture media (table I) shows that maximal patulin concentration (816 p.p.m.) is obtained on Czapek's liquid medium (Difco) enriched with yeast extract (2 p. 1000) and glucose (8 p. 1 000) ; maximal byssochlamic acid concentration (390 p.p.m.) is obtained on wet corn grains (80 p. 100 of water). The lowest amounts are found on soya meal (patulin : 30 p.p.m.; byssochamic acid : 15.2 p.p.m.). Study of patulin and byssochlamic acid biosynthesis kinetics on liquid medium at 26 degrees C reveals that maximum patulin is obtained on day 9 of culture. It precedes maximum growth of the mould, and appears to coincide with phialospores formation. Maximum production of byssochlamic acid is obtained after 60 days of culture, that is, during mould autolysis phase. Kinetics of these mycotoxin productions should be studied in silage storage conditions.", "contents": "[Toxinogenic moulds in silage. II. -- In vitro kinetics of patulin and byssochlamic acid biosynthesis by Byssochlamys nivea Westling in liquid medium (author's transl)]. A strain of Byssochlamys nivea (E 70), isolated from an silage and in pure culture, produces two mycotoxins (patulin and byssochlamic acid). A comparison of the toxinogenesis of this fungic species on eight culture media (table I) shows that maximal patulin concentration (816 p.p.m.) is obtained on Czapek's liquid medium (Difco) enriched with yeast extract (2 p. 1000) and glucose (8 p. 1 000) ; maximal byssochlamic acid concentration (390 p.p.m.) is obtained on wet corn grains (80 p. 100 of water). The lowest amounts are found on soya meal (patulin : 30 p.p.m.; byssochamic acid : 15.2 p.p.m.). Study of patulin and byssochlamic acid biosynthesis kinetics on liquid medium at 26 degrees C reveals that maximum patulin is obtained on day 9 of culture. It precedes maximum growth of the mould, and appears to coincide with phialospores formation. Maximum production of byssochlamic acid is obtained after 60 days of culture, that is, during mould autolysis phase. Kinetics of these mycotoxin productions should be studied in silage storage conditions.", "PMID": 1163960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_313", "title": "Titration of a brucella protein allergen in sheep sensitized with Brucella melitensis.", "content": "A protein allergen extracted from a rough strain of B. melitensis was titrated in sheep sensitized by vaccination with the attenuated B. melitensis strain Rev. I. Single doses of allergen were given per animal by the intradermal or palpebral routes. Doses over a 100-fold range produced delayed hypersensitivity reactions of similar magnitude by both routes. The most suitable method for application in the field was a dose of 50 mug given by the palpebral route (0.5 ml subcutaneously in the upper eyelid) with readings taken 48 hours after inoculation. Sheep vaccinated with H 38 adjuvant vaccine for 6 to 9 months showed positive reaction to the allergic test, whereas non-vaccinated non-infected sheep showed no reactions. No increase in agglutinations titers following allergic test was observed in either Rev. I or H 38 vaccinated sheep.", "contents": "Titration of a brucella protein allergen in sheep sensitized with Brucella melitensis. A protein allergen extracted from a rough strain of B. melitensis was titrated in sheep sensitized by vaccination with the attenuated B. melitensis strain Rev. I. Single doses of allergen were given per animal by the intradermal or palpebral routes. Doses over a 100-fold range produced delayed hypersensitivity reactions of similar magnitude by both routes. The most suitable method for application in the field was a dose of 50 mug given by the palpebral route (0.5 ml subcutaneously in the upper eyelid) with readings taken 48 hours after inoculation. Sheep vaccinated with H 38 adjuvant vaccine for 6 to 9 months showed positive reaction to the allergic test, whereas non-vaccinated non-infected sheep showed no reactions. No increase in agglutinations titers following allergic test was observed in either Rev. I or H 38 vaccinated sheep.", "PMID": 1163961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_314", "title": "[Swine vesicular disease: pathological study (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy-eight pigs inoculated with swine vesicular disease virus are autopsied at reaction times staged from day I to day 44. Two viral strains of different pathogenicity are studied. Non pathognomonic histological lesions of this disease are identical to those observed in foot and mouth disease. This confirms the relationship of the two viruses.", "contents": "[Swine vesicular disease: pathological study (author's transl)]. Seventy-eight pigs inoculated with swine vesicular disease virus are autopsied at reaction times staged from day I to day 44. Two viral strains of different pathogenicity are studied. Non pathognomonic histological lesions of this disease are identical to those observed in foot and mouth disease. This confirms the relationship of the two viruses.", "PMID": 1163962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_315", "title": "[Aspergillus ochraceus Wilhelm toxins. IV. -- Toxicity in rat by prolonged oral administration of ochratoxin A (author's transl)].", "content": "Adult male and female rats are given oral doses of 0.25 to 8 mg/kg of ochratoxin A daily for 10 days. This study confirms the intoxication symptomatology and weight loss observed in rat and mouse after sole administration of toxins. Estimation of the DL C50 and the calculation of the detoxication coefficient show accumulation of ochratoxin A in the organism. Microscopic lesions emphasize ochratoxin A aggression on hepatocytes, nephrocytes and megacaryocytes. Serious renal failure may cause the appearance of digestive ulcerating lesions; their association to eventual coagulation factor deficiency, related to toxic action on liver or blood platelets, may be at the origin of the hemorrhagic syndrome observed.", "contents": "[Aspergillus ochraceus Wilhelm toxins. IV. -- Toxicity in rat by prolonged oral administration of ochratoxin A (author's transl)]. Adult male and female rats are given oral doses of 0.25 to 8 mg/kg of ochratoxin A daily for 10 days. This study confirms the intoxication symptomatology and weight loss observed in rat and mouse after sole administration of toxins. Estimation of the DL C50 and the calculation of the detoxication coefficient show accumulation of ochratoxin A in the organism. Microscopic lesions emphasize ochratoxin A aggression on hepatocytes, nephrocytes and megacaryocytes. Serious renal failure may cause the appearance of digestive ulcerating lesions; their association to eventual coagulation factor deficiency, related to toxic action on liver or blood platelets, may be at the origin of the hemorrhagic syndrome observed.", "PMID": 1163963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_316", "title": "[Toxinogenic moulds of silage. III. -- Patulin and byssochlamic acid production by Byssochlamys nivea Westling on a laboratory silage model (author's transl)].", "content": "Growth of Byssochlamys nivea in anaerobiosis and in pure culture on sterilized standing forage, or in ecological conditions very similar to ensilaging, is accompanied by the production of patulin and byssochlamic acid. In pure culture and in anaerobiosis (Trial E.ana), Byssochlamys nivea produces 42.5 p.p.m. of patulin on day 40 of storage and 34.25 p.p.m. of byssochlamic acid on day 82. In competition with other moulds (Trial E.ster.) or in presence of the complex microflora of silages (Trial E.f.), Byssochlamys nivea toxin production is irregular and less than found in Trial E.ana. A maximum of patulin is obtained on day 45 and day 82 of culture, respectively. Irregularity of the curves may express random competition between various micro-organisms or fixation of patulin on sulfhydryl radicals. Production kinetics of the two mycotoxins indicate that silage pollution risks will be high after three months of storage.", "contents": "[Toxinogenic moulds of silage. III. -- Patulin and byssochlamic acid production by Byssochlamys nivea Westling on a laboratory silage model (author's transl)]. Growth of Byssochlamys nivea in anaerobiosis and in pure culture on sterilized standing forage, or in ecological conditions very similar to ensilaging, is accompanied by the production of patulin and byssochlamic acid. In pure culture and in anaerobiosis (Trial E.ana), Byssochlamys nivea produces 42.5 p.p.m. of patulin on day 40 of storage and 34.25 p.p.m. of byssochlamic acid on day 82. In competition with other moulds (Trial E.ster.) or in presence of the complex microflora of silages (Trial E.f.), Byssochlamys nivea toxin production is irregular and less than found in Trial E.ana. A maximum of patulin is obtained on day 45 and day 82 of culture, respectively. Irregularity of the curves may express random competition between various micro-organisms or fixation of patulin on sulfhydryl radicals. Production kinetics of the two mycotoxins indicate that silage pollution risks will be high after three months of storage.", "PMID": 1163964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_317", "title": "[Influence of protein intake on plasma and hair leachable urea in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Three groups of 13 adult female rats received daily for two months 23 g per rat of three synthetic isoenergetic feeds containing respectively 5, 15, 25 p. 100 casein. Plasma urea was measured weekly. Hair leachable urea and soluble dry matter were measured, at the end of the experiment, on hairs regrown after an initial clipping, in a solution obtained by washing 1 g of hair in 50 ml of HCl 0,01 N under mechanical shaking. Mean plasma urea values for the whole experiment for the three groups were 0.27, 0.38, 0.45 g per liter; differences between all groups were highly significant; however differences for the 15 and 25 p. 100 casein groups were not significant for the last three weeks. Hair leachable urea and hair soluble dry matter values were respectively 0.35, 0.80, 1.02 mg/g of hair and 20.4, 24.0, 26.0 mg/g of hair. A positive correlation links hair urea to hair dry matter (r=0.76, p less than 0.001). When hair urea is expressed in per cent of soluble dry matter, the respective values for the three groups are 1.90, 3.42, 3.95. Differences between the 5 p. 100 casein group on the one hand and the 15 and 25 p. 100 casein groups on the other are highly significant (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "[Influence of protein intake on plasma and hair leachable urea in the rat (author's transl)]. Three groups of 13 adult female rats received daily for two months 23 g per rat of three synthetic isoenergetic feeds containing respectively 5, 15, 25 p. 100 casein. Plasma urea was measured weekly. Hair leachable urea and soluble dry matter were measured, at the end of the experiment, on hairs regrown after an initial clipping, in a solution obtained by washing 1 g of hair in 50 ml of HCl 0,01 N under mechanical shaking. Mean plasma urea values for the whole experiment for the three groups were 0.27, 0.38, 0.45 g per liter; differences between all groups were highly significant; however differences for the 15 and 25 p. 100 casein groups were not significant for the last three weeks. Hair leachable urea and hair soluble dry matter values were respectively 0.35, 0.80, 1.02 mg/g of hair and 20.4, 24.0, 26.0 mg/g of hair. A positive correlation links hair urea to hair dry matter (r=0.76, p less than 0.001). When hair urea is expressed in per cent of soluble dry matter, the respective values for the three groups are 1.90, 3.42, 3.95. Differences between the 5 p. 100 casein group on the one hand and the 15 and 25 p. 100 casein groups on the other are highly significant (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 1163965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_318", "title": "[Time and level of response of plasma, liver bone, leachable and stable hair fractions to copper deficiency and loading in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "One group of 20 adult female rats was fed ad libitum for four months with a synthetic regime containing less than 1 p.p.m. Cu. A second group received the same regime, supplemented with Cu and containing 87 p.p.m. on the 1st month, 109 p.p.m. in the 2nd and 3rd and 158 p.p.m. in the 4th month. Hairs were not clipped at the beginning of the experiment. Five rats of both groups were killed at the end of each month and Cu was determined in blood, liver, femur, and hair. Hair was washed with a water-ethanol (I/I/I) solution for 30 minutes under mechanical shaking, and Cu was determined in the washing solution (leachable copper) and in hair (stable copper). No clinical symptoms of Cu deficiency were observed. However there was an early and important drop (p less than 0.001) in blood and liver copper as early as the first month, which continued until the end of the experiment. Stable hair Cu dropped slightly on the first month (p less than 0.005) and continued to do so on the following three months (p less than 0.001). Hair leachable Cu and bone Cu were unaffected by the deficiency. Liver Cu increased at the 158 p.p.m. level of intake on the fourth month.", "contents": "[Time and level of response of plasma, liver bone, leachable and stable hair fractions to copper deficiency and loading in the rat (author's transl)]. One group of 20 adult female rats was fed ad libitum for four months with a synthetic regime containing less than 1 p.p.m. Cu. A second group received the same regime, supplemented with Cu and containing 87 p.p.m. on the 1st month, 109 p.p.m. in the 2nd and 3rd and 158 p.p.m. in the 4th month. Hairs were not clipped at the beginning of the experiment. Five rats of both groups were killed at the end of each month and Cu was determined in blood, liver, femur, and hair. Hair was washed with a water-ethanol (I/I/I) solution for 30 minutes under mechanical shaking, and Cu was determined in the washing solution (leachable copper) and in hair (stable copper). No clinical symptoms of Cu deficiency were observed. However there was an early and important drop (p less than 0.001) in blood and liver copper as early as the first month, which continued until the end of the experiment. Stable hair Cu dropped slightly on the first month (p less than 0.005) and continued to do so on the following three months (p less than 0.001). Hair leachable Cu and bone Cu were unaffected by the deficiency. Liver Cu increased at the 158 p.p.m. level of intake on the fourth month.", "PMID": 1163966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_319", "title": "Cerebral blood flow in patients undergoing microanastomosis for modification for prevention of stroke.", "content": "The high incidence of stroke has been considered and the importance of measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients with transient ischemic attacks has been emphasized. A brief description has been given of the non-invasive method of measuring CBF using a brief bolus injection of 133xenon into any convenient arm vein. The values of CBFg = 75 +/- 8 and CBFw = 24 +/- 2 in ml per 100 g per M compared closely to those obtained by the internal carotid method of measurement. Cerebral blood flow in the gray matter, CBFg is the more sensitive measurement and is used almost exclusively to evaluate patients undergoing microneurosurgical anastomosis for cerebral ischemia in an attempt to prevent or modify stroke. The post operative studies in patients who had a pre operative depression of CBFg greater than 2 S.D. showed improvement in both the frontal and parietal regions. The latter was more significant with p less than 0.04 using paired t-tests.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow in patients undergoing microanastomosis for modification for prevention of stroke. The high incidence of stroke has been considered and the importance of measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients with transient ischemic attacks has been emphasized. A brief description has been given of the non-invasive method of measuring CBF using a brief bolus injection of 133xenon into any convenient arm vein. The values of CBFg = 75 +/- 8 and CBFw = 24 +/- 2 in ml per 100 g per M compared closely to those obtained by the internal carotid method of measurement. Cerebral blood flow in the gray matter, CBFg is the more sensitive measurement and is used almost exclusively to evaluate patients undergoing microneurosurgical anastomosis for cerebral ischemia in an attempt to prevent or modify stroke. The post operative studies in patients who had a pre operative depression of CBFg greater than 2 S.D. showed improvement in both the frontal and parietal regions. The latter was more significant with p less than 0.04 using paired t-tests.", "PMID": 1163989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_320", "title": "The ultrastructure of bone.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the three specialized bone cells are described in relation to their function. Osteoblasts are the bone forming cells with an abundance of RER and a large Golgi area. Osteoblasts and osteocytes form an integrated cell system connected with each other by cell processes filled with actin-like filaments and joined by specialized cell junctions, probably gap junctions. Osteoclasts resorb bone. Characteristics are multiple nuclei, and abundance of mitochondria, a sparcity of RER and clusters of ribosomes. Lysosomes and vesicles contain hydrolytic enzymes. The resorbing area consists of a ruffled border completely encircled by a clear zone.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of bone. The ultrastructure of the three specialized bone cells are described in relation to their function. Osteoblasts are the bone forming cells with an abundance of RER and a large Golgi area. Osteoblasts and osteocytes form an integrated cell system connected with each other by cell processes filled with actin-like filaments and joined by specialized cell junctions, probably gap junctions. Osteoclasts resorb bone. Characteristics are multiple nuclei, and abundance of mitochondria, a sparcity of RER and clusters of ribosomes. Lysosomes and vesicles contain hydrolytic enzymes. The resorbing area consists of a ruffled border completely encircled by a clear zone.", "PMID": 1163991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_321", "title": "Laboratory diagnosis of degenerative joint disease.", "content": "Degenerative joint disease (DJD) is characterized by pain on use. X-rays show cartilage narrowing and osteophytes. Synovial effusions are non-inflammatory, i.e. clear wiht good viscosity and less than 2000 WBC per mm. 3 Cartilage fragments may be seen in the joint fluid. Important systemic diseases that can cause degenerative joint disease include ochronosis, hemochromatosis, hyperparathyroidism, acromegaly, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, diabetes and syphilis with their neuropathic joints, Wilson's disease and hypothyroidism. The late results of other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and aseptic necrosis may resemble DJD.", "contents": "Laboratory diagnosis of degenerative joint disease. Degenerative joint disease (DJD) is characterized by pain on use. X-rays show cartilage narrowing and osteophytes. Synovial effusions are non-inflammatory, i.e. clear wiht good viscosity and less than 2000 WBC per mm. 3 Cartilage fragments may be seen in the joint fluid. Important systemic diseases that can cause degenerative joint disease include ochronosis, hemochromatosis, hyperparathyroidism, acromegaly, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, diabetes and syphilis with their neuropathic joints, Wilson's disease and hypothyroidism. The late results of other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and aseptic necrosis may resemble DJD.", "PMID": 1163990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_322", "title": "The diagnosis of bone infarction.", "content": "The radiographic diagnosis of bone infarction is discussed based on the pathological changes that occur. The differences in radiographic density and their significance are emphasized. Bone infarctions are divided into diaphysomethaphyseal and epiphyso-metaphyseal lesions and the radiographic appearance described. Etiologic considerations are outlined.", "contents": "The diagnosis of bone infarction. The radiographic diagnosis of bone infarction is discussed based on the pathological changes that occur. The differences in radiographic density and their significance are emphasized. Bone infarctions are divided into diaphysomethaphyseal and epiphyso-metaphyseal lesions and the radiographic appearance described. Etiologic considerations are outlined.", "PMID": 1163992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_323", "title": "The potential role of prostaglandins in skeletal and muscular disorders.", "content": "Musculoskeletal diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and polymyositis are characterized by chronic inflammation. There is evidence to suggest that prostaglandins participate in the production of the inflammatory response. In several tissues, the production of inflammation has been associated with the release of prostaglandins. The inhibitory effect of some anti-inflammatory agents on prostaglandin synthesis further suggests a prostaglandin role in inflammation. Reduction by prostaglandins of release from cells of mediators of inflammation has been described. Prostaglandin treatment also suppresses acute and chronic inflammation in several experimental models. Thus, prostaglandins may serve to regulate the inflammatory response.", "contents": "The potential role of prostaglandins in skeletal and muscular disorders. Musculoskeletal diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and polymyositis are characterized by chronic inflammation. There is evidence to suggest that prostaglandins participate in the production of the inflammatory response. In several tissues, the production of inflammation has been associated with the release of prostaglandins. The inhibitory effect of some anti-inflammatory agents on prostaglandin synthesis further suggests a prostaglandin role in inflammation. Reduction by prostaglandins of release from cells of mediators of inflammation has been described. Prostaglandin treatment also suppresses acute and chronic inflammation in several experimental models. Thus, prostaglandins may serve to regulate the inflammatory response.", "PMID": 1163993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_324", "title": "Proline biosynthesis and degradation in mammalian cells and tissue.", "content": "Radioisotopic assays have been developed for the enzymes of proline metabolism. These assays are specific and sensitive enough to measure enzyme activities in cultured cells and biopsy specimens. Measurements of these enzymes in tissues and cultured cells suggest that endogenous biosynthesis of proline may be an important source of this amino acid.", "contents": "Proline biosynthesis and degradation in mammalian cells and tissue. Radioisotopic assays have been developed for the enzymes of proline metabolism. These assays are specific and sensitive enough to measure enzyme activities in cultured cells and biopsy specimens. Measurements of these enzymes in tissues and cultured cells suggest that endogenous biosynthesis of proline may be an important source of this amino acid.", "PMID": 1163994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_325", "title": "Effect of probenecid on penetration of oxacillin into fibrin clots in vitro.", "content": "Probenecid significantly enhanced the in vitro penetration of oxacillin into fibrin clots suspended in rabbit serum or normal saline.", "contents": "Effect of probenecid on penetration of oxacillin into fibrin clots in vitro. Probenecid significantly enhanced the in vitro penetration of oxacillin into fibrin clots suspended in rabbit serum or normal saline.", "PMID": 1164003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_326", "title": "New method for susceptibility testing with antifungal agents.", "content": "A new method for the determination of minimal inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of antifungal agents for filamentous fungi is described. 5-Fluorocytosine (5-FC) was used as a representative agent and was tested against the following genera: Allescheria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fonsecaea, and Phialophora. 5-FC was found to be inhibitory but not fungicidal for many of the fungi tested, including eight of clinical origin.", "contents": "New method for susceptibility testing with antifungal agents. A new method for the determination of minimal inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of antifungal agents for filamentous fungi is described. 5-Fluorocytosine (5-FC) was used as a representative agent and was tested against the following genera: Allescheria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fonsecaea, and Phialophora. 5-FC was found to be inhibitory but not fungicidal for many of the fungi tested, including eight of clinical origin.", "PMID": 1164004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_327", "title": "Modified method for analysis of serum iron.", "content": "An improved method for analysis of serum iron is described which is simple, rapid, precise and convenient for routine use in clinical laboratories. Serum proteins are precipitated with trichloroacetic acid-hydrochloric acid solution, with simultaneous release of Fe(III) from transferrin. Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II) by sodium ascorbate, and Fe(II) is reacted with ferrozine to form a lavender complex, which is measured by spectrophotometry at 562 nm. Measurements of iron in 183 serum samples by this method were compared with measurements by a \"direct\" spectrophotometric method without without deproteinization, as previously described. Close agreement was obtained in 171 of these 183 pairs of analyses (93.5 percent). Discrepancies (greater than 12 mug per dl) were noted in the remaining 12 serums, which were attributed to interference in direct spectrophotometric analyses of iron, owing to (1) hemolysis, (2) lipemia, (3) jaundice, (4) protracted storage or (5) repeated freezing and thawing of the serums.", "contents": "Modified method for analysis of serum iron. An improved method for analysis of serum iron is described which is simple, rapid, precise and convenient for routine use in clinical laboratories. Serum proteins are precipitated with trichloroacetic acid-hydrochloric acid solution, with simultaneous release of Fe(III) from transferrin. Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II) by sodium ascorbate, and Fe(II) is reacted with ferrozine to form a lavender complex, which is measured by spectrophotometry at 562 nm. Measurements of iron in 183 serum samples by this method were compared with measurements by a \"direct\" spectrophotometric method without without deproteinization, as previously described. Close agreement was obtained in 171 of these 183 pairs of analyses (93.5 percent). Discrepancies (greater than 12 mug per dl) were noted in the remaining 12 serums, which were attributed to interference in direct spectrophotometric analyses of iron, owing to (1) hemolysis, (2) lipemia, (3) jaundice, (4) protracted storage or (5) repeated freezing and thawing of the serums.", "PMID": 1163995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_328", "title": "Absorption of pivampicillin in postoperative patients.", "content": "The absorption of orally administered pivampicillin was studied in nine postoperative patients and compared with that of intravenously administered ampicillin. The absorption of pivampicillin was calculated on the basis of comparison of the areas under the serum concentration curves for both modes of administration. After an oral dose of 700 mg the absorption ranged from 40 to 95% (mean, 60%).", "contents": "Absorption of pivampicillin in postoperative patients. The absorption of orally administered pivampicillin was studied in nine postoperative patients and compared with that of intravenously administered ampicillin. The absorption of pivampicillin was calculated on the basis of comparison of the areas under the serum concentration curves for both modes of administration. After an oral dose of 700 mg the absorption ranged from 40 to 95% (mean, 60%).", "PMID": 1164005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_329", "title": "Inhibitory effects of citrates in the determination of trace amounts of penicillin.", "content": "In the microbiological assay for the determination of trace amounts of penicillin, it has been shown that sodium citrate and penicillin act synergistically against Sarcina lutea. The inhibitory action of citrate appears to involve a sequestering of divalent cations essential to the growth of the organism as shown by minimal inhibitory concentration and agar diffusion studies. The addition of calcium or magnesium to broth or agar at various concentrations overcomes this inhibition, and 0.02 M magnesium was found to be the most effective concentration. On agar supplemented with magnesium chloride, penicillin dose-response curves with and without citrate present were practically superimposable, and larger inhibition zones against a greater amount to total growth resulted in improved assay susceptibility and an interference-free method. Misleading results can be obtained when pharmaceutical products containing citrates are tested by conventional methods for penicillin cross-contamination.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of citrates in the determination of trace amounts of penicillin. In the microbiological assay for the determination of trace amounts of penicillin, it has been shown that sodium citrate and penicillin act synergistically against Sarcina lutea. The inhibitory action of citrate appears to involve a sequestering of divalent cations essential to the growth of the organism as shown by minimal inhibitory concentration and agar diffusion studies. The addition of calcium or magnesium to broth or agar at various concentrations overcomes this inhibition, and 0.02 M magnesium was found to be the most effective concentration. On agar supplemented with magnesium chloride, penicillin dose-response curves with and without citrate present were practically superimposable, and larger inhibition zones against a greater amount to total growth resulted in improved assay susceptibility and an interference-free method. Misleading results can be obtained when pharmaceutical products containing citrates are tested by conventional methods for penicillin cross-contamination.", "PMID": 1164006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_330", "title": "Gentamicin blood levels: a guide to nephrotoxicity.", "content": "Gentamicin blood levels were monitored in 86 patients. Twenty-one patients had valley levels over 2 mug/ml and 36% of these patients developed abnormal serum creatinine or a further rise in creatinine. No patient had a rise in creatinine without a valley level over 2. The peak levels in patients with valleys over 2 were above 10 mug/ml in only one case, whereas four patients had peaks over 10 mug/ml without nephrotoxicity. The mean peak blood levels in patients with a normal creatinine were dose related. An initial dose of 2.0, 1.5, and 1.3 or less mpk (mg/kg) yielded mean peak blood levels of 5.2, 4.7, and 3.7, respectively. To assure an initial peak blood level over 4 mug/ml a loading dose of 2 mpk was required. A rise in peak and valley levels during therapy appeared dose related, being observed in all patients treated with 4.5 mpk daily but not in those receiving 3.0 mpk daily. A radioenzymatic assay was used to validate the standard agar diffusion assay method. The results from the two assays were statistically identical. Valley blood levels of gentamicin may be useful for predicting accumulation of gentamicin which in turn may be correlated with early renal impairment before potentially toxic serum levels of gentamicin develop.", "contents": "Gentamicin blood levels: a guide to nephrotoxicity. Gentamicin blood levels were monitored in 86 patients. Twenty-one patients had valley levels over 2 mug/ml and 36% of these patients developed abnormal serum creatinine or a further rise in creatinine. No patient had a rise in creatinine without a valley level over 2. The peak levels in patients with valleys over 2 were above 10 mug/ml in only one case, whereas four patients had peaks over 10 mug/ml without nephrotoxicity. The mean peak blood levels in patients with a normal creatinine were dose related. An initial dose of 2.0, 1.5, and 1.3 or less mpk (mg/kg) yielded mean peak blood levels of 5.2, 4.7, and 3.7, respectively. To assure an initial peak blood level over 4 mug/ml a loading dose of 2 mpk was required. A rise in peak and valley levels during therapy appeared dose related, being observed in all patients treated with 4.5 mpk daily but not in those receiving 3.0 mpk daily. A radioenzymatic assay was used to validate the standard agar diffusion assay method. The results from the two assays were statistically identical. Valley blood levels of gentamicin may be useful for predicting accumulation of gentamicin which in turn may be correlated with early renal impairment before potentially toxic serum levels of gentamicin develop.", "PMID": 1164007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_331", "title": "Effects of renal failure and dialysis on cefazolin pharmacokinetics.", "content": "Serum and urinary levels of cefazolin were determined after a 500-mg parenteral dose in eight azotemic volunteers. The mean peak serum concentration was 1.5 to 5 times the levels obtained in nonazotemic patients. The serum half-life of cefazolin was increased significantly. In patients on dialysis, the mean serum half-life of cefazolin was 4.05 h during (or after) hemodialysis, and 32.1 h during (or after) peritoneal dialysis. There was a significant decrease in cefazolin removal when dialysate flow or membrane surface area of the dialyzer were decreased. It was also shown that one circuit through the dialysis unit caused measurable decrease in cefazolin concentration. These data and previously published reports suggest: (i) the maintenance dose of cefazolin can be decreased in azotemic patients; (ii) patients on hemodialysis will require an additional half dose after dialysis because of efficient removal during hemodialysis; and (iii) patients on peritoneal dialysis do not require an extra dose.", "contents": "Effects of renal failure and dialysis on cefazolin pharmacokinetics. Serum and urinary levels of cefazolin were determined after a 500-mg parenteral dose in eight azotemic volunteers. The mean peak serum concentration was 1.5 to 5 times the levels obtained in nonazotemic patients. The serum half-life of cefazolin was increased significantly. In patients on dialysis, the mean serum half-life of cefazolin was 4.05 h during (or after) hemodialysis, and 32.1 h during (or after) peritoneal dialysis. There was a significant decrease in cefazolin removal when dialysate flow or membrane surface area of the dialyzer were decreased. It was also shown that one circuit through the dialysis unit caused measurable decrease in cefazolin concentration. These data and previously published reports suggest: (i) the maintenance dose of cefazolin can be decreased in azotemic patients; (ii) patients on hemodialysis will require an additional half dose after dialysis because of efficient removal during hemodialysis; and (iii) patients on peritoneal dialysis do not require an extra dose.", "PMID": 1164008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_332", "title": "Pharmacological evaluation of amikacin in neonates.", "content": "The in vitro bacterial susceptibilities and pharmacokinetic properties of amikacin (BB-K8) were studied in newborn infants. Gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from neonates were uniformly susceptible to 10 mug or less of amikacin per ml, and five Escherichia coli strains resistant to kanamycin were inhibited and killed by 5 mug or less of amikacin per ml. Mean peak serum concentrations of 17 to 20 mug/ml were observed 30 min after 7.5-mg/kg amikacin doses, and accumulation of drug in serum was not detected after repeated doses for 5 to 7 days. Intravenous infusion of amikacin over a 20-min period resulted in extremely low peak serum levels in four of eight infants studied. Serum half-life values were correlated inversely with postnatal age and renal clearances of amikacin. The volumes of drug distribution indicate that amikacin remains primarily in the extracellular fluid space of neonates. The lack of efficacy and safety data preclude the use of amikacin in neonates at this time.", "contents": "Pharmacological evaluation of amikacin in neonates. The in vitro bacterial susceptibilities and pharmacokinetic properties of amikacin (BB-K8) were studied in newborn infants. Gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from neonates were uniformly susceptible to 10 mug or less of amikacin per ml, and five Escherichia coli strains resistant to kanamycin were inhibited and killed by 5 mug or less of amikacin per ml. Mean peak serum concentrations of 17 to 20 mug/ml were observed 30 min after 7.5-mg/kg amikacin doses, and accumulation of drug in serum was not detected after repeated doses for 5 to 7 days. Intravenous infusion of amikacin over a 20-min period resulted in extremely low peak serum levels in four of eight infants studied. Serum half-life values were correlated inversely with postnatal age and renal clearances of amikacin. The volumes of drug distribution indicate that amikacin remains primarily in the extracellular fluid space of neonates. The lack of efficacy and safety data preclude the use of amikacin in neonates at this time.", "PMID": 1164009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_333", "title": "Microwave sanitization of color additives used in cosmetics: feasibility study.", "content": "Microwave exposure has been explored as a method of microbiologically sanitizing color additives used in cosmetic products. Selected microbiologically unacceptable cosmetic color additives, D&C red no. 7 Ca lake (certified synthetic organic color), carmine (natural organic color not subject to certification), and chromium hydroxide green (inorganic color not subject to certification), were submitted to microwave exposure. Gram-negative bacteria were eliminated, as verified by enrichment procedures, and levels of gram-positive bacteria were reduced. Generally, analytical and dermal safety studies indicated no significant alterations in physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of the colors. Sanitization was also successfully performed on other colors (D&C red no. 9 Ba lake, D&C red no. 12 Ba lake, D&C green no. 5, and FD&C red no. 4); initial physical and chemical tests were satisfactory. Results indicated that this method of sanitization is feasible and warrants further investigation.", "contents": "Microwave sanitization of color additives used in cosmetics: feasibility study. Microwave exposure has been explored as a method of microbiologically sanitizing color additives used in cosmetic products. Selected microbiologically unacceptable cosmetic color additives, D&C red no. 7 Ca lake (certified synthetic organic color), carmine (natural organic color not subject to certification), and chromium hydroxide green (inorganic color not subject to certification), were submitted to microwave exposure. Gram-negative bacteria were eliminated, as verified by enrichment procedures, and levels of gram-positive bacteria were reduced. Generally, analytical and dermal safety studies indicated no significant alterations in physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of the colors. Sanitization was also successfully performed on other colors (D&C red no. 9 Ba lake, D&C red no. 12 Ba lake, D&C green no. 5, and FD&C red no. 4); initial physical and chemical tests were satisfactory. Results indicated that this method of sanitization is feasible and warrants further investigation.", "PMID": 1164010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_334", "title": "Characterization of radiation-resistant vegetative bacteria in beef.", "content": "Ground beef contains numerous microorganisms of various types. The commonly recognized bacteria are associated with current problems of spoilage. Irradiation, however, contributes a new factor through selective destruction of the microflora. The residual microorganisms surviving a nonsterilizing dose are predominantly gram-negative coccobacilli. Various classifications have been given, e.g., Moraxella, Acinetobacter, Achromobacter, etc. For a more detailed study of these radiation-resistant bacteria occurring in ground beef, an enrichment procedure was used for isolation. By means of morphological and biochemical tests, most of the isolates were found to be Moraxella, based on current classifications. The range of growth temperatures was from 2 to 50 C. These bacteria were relatively heat sensitive, e.g., D10 of 5.4 min at 70 C or less. The radiation resistance ranged from D10 values of 273 to 2,039 krad. Thus, some were more resistant than any presently recognized spores. A reference culture of Moraxella osloensis was irradiated under conditions comparable to the enrichment procedure used with the ground beef. The only apparent changes were in morphology and penicillin sensitivity. However, after a few subcultures these bacteria reverted to the characteristics of the parent strain. Thus, it is apparent that these isolates are a part of the normal flora of ground beef and not aberrant forms arising from the irradiation procedure. The significance, if any, of these bacteria is not presently recognized.", "contents": "Characterization of radiation-resistant vegetative bacteria in beef. Ground beef contains numerous microorganisms of various types. The commonly recognized bacteria are associated with current problems of spoilage. Irradiation, however, contributes a new factor through selective destruction of the microflora. The residual microorganisms surviving a nonsterilizing dose are predominantly gram-negative coccobacilli. Various classifications have been given, e.g., Moraxella, Acinetobacter, Achromobacter, etc. For a more detailed study of these radiation-resistant bacteria occurring in ground beef, an enrichment procedure was used for isolation. By means of morphological and biochemical tests, most of the isolates were found to be Moraxella, based on current classifications. The range of growth temperatures was from 2 to 50 C. These bacteria were relatively heat sensitive, e.g., D10 of 5.4 min at 70 C or less. The radiation resistance ranged from D10 values of 273 to 2,039 krad. Thus, some were more resistant than any presently recognized spores. A reference culture of Moraxella osloensis was irradiated under conditions comparable to the enrichment procedure used with the ground beef. The only apparent changes were in morphology and penicillin sensitivity. However, after a few subcultures these bacteria reverted to the characteristics of the parent strain. Thus, it is apparent that these isolates are a part of the normal flora of ground beef and not aberrant forms arising from the irradiation procedure. The significance, if any, of these bacteria is not presently recognized.", "PMID": 1164011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_335", "title": "Incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay.", "content": "A Bay-wide survey of the distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was carried out in Chesapeake Bay during May 1972, to determine whether the annual cycle of V. parahaemolyticus which was observed to occur in the Rhode River subestuary of Chesapeake Bay took place in other parts of Chesapeake Bay. In an earlier study, April to early June, when the water temperature rises from 14 to 19 C, was found to be a critical period in the annual cycle of the organism in the Rhode River, since this is the time period when the annual cycle is initiated. Results of this study, however, revealed that V. parahaemolyticus could not be found in the water column during May 1972. Nevertheless, several samples of sediment and plankton yielded V. parahaemolyticus isolates. Comparison of data with those for the Rhode River area examined in the earlier studies of the annual cycle of V. parahaemolyticus suggests that the time of initiation of the annual cycle of V. parahaemolyticus in the open Bay proper may be influenced by various factors such as temperature and salinity, i.e., deeper water locations may show initiation of the V. parahaemolyticus annual cycle later than shallow areas. Confirmation of the presence of the organisms in the samples studied was accomplished using numerical taxonomy with 19 reference strains also included in the analyses.", "contents": "Incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay. A Bay-wide survey of the distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was carried out in Chesapeake Bay during May 1972, to determine whether the annual cycle of V. parahaemolyticus which was observed to occur in the Rhode River subestuary of Chesapeake Bay took place in other parts of Chesapeake Bay. In an earlier study, April to early June, when the water temperature rises from 14 to 19 C, was found to be a critical period in the annual cycle of the organism in the Rhode River, since this is the time period when the annual cycle is initiated. Results of this study, however, revealed that V. parahaemolyticus could not be found in the water column during May 1972. Nevertheless, several samples of sediment and plankton yielded V. parahaemolyticus isolates. Comparison of data with those for the Rhode River area examined in the earlier studies of the annual cycle of V. parahaemolyticus suggests that the time of initiation of the annual cycle of V. parahaemolyticus in the open Bay proper may be influenced by various factors such as temperature and salinity, i.e., deeper water locations may show initiation of the V. parahaemolyticus annual cycle later than shallow areas. Confirmation of the presence of the organisms in the samples studied was accomplished using numerical taxonomy with 19 reference strains also included in the analyses.", "PMID": 1164012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_336", "title": "Estimate of the genome size by renaturation studies in Streptomyces.", "content": "The genome sizes of Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces rimosus as calculated by deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation kinetics are approximately 10.5 X 10(6) nucelotide pairs.", "contents": "Estimate of the genome size by renaturation studies in Streptomyces. The genome sizes of Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces rimosus as calculated by deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation kinetics are approximately 10.5 X 10(6) nucelotide pairs.", "PMID": 1164013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_337", "title": "Reduction of endotoxin levels in influenza virus vaccines by barium sulfate adsorption-elution.", "content": "The level of endotoxin in influenza virus vaccine lots was reduced 10- to 20-fold after barium sulfate adsorption-elution. The amount of viral antigen lost was negligible.", "contents": "Reduction of endotoxin levels in influenza virus vaccines by barium sulfate adsorption-elution. The level of endotoxin in influenza virus vaccine lots was reduced 10- to 20-fold after barium sulfate adsorption-elution. The amount of viral antigen lost was negligible.", "PMID": 1164014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_338", "title": "Lymphatic transport and phagocytosis of melanosomes in blue nevus.", "content": "The present paper describes ultrastructural aspect of lymphatic transport of dermal melanosomes in blue nevus. At least two processes may be responsible for the transport across the lymphatic endothelial wall in vivo; one is the passage of melanophages through the intercellular junctions and the another of free melanosomes. Phagocytosis of melanosomes by lymphatic endothelial cells is discussed.", "contents": "Lymphatic transport and phagocytosis of melanosomes in blue nevus. The present paper describes ultrastructural aspect of lymphatic transport of dermal melanosomes in blue nevus. At least two processes may be responsible for the transport across the lymphatic endothelial wall in vivo; one is the passage of melanophages through the intercellular junctions and the another of free melanosomes. Phagocytosis of melanosomes by lymphatic endothelial cells is discussed.", "PMID": 1164037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_339", "title": "[Penetration of radioactive hydrocortisone in human skin from various ointment bases. II. In vivo-experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "Absolute concentrations in the horny layer, epidermis, and dermis of therapeutical doses of topically applied hydrocortisone to human skin (in vivo) are reported. Using vaseline as vehicle 2-10(-4) molar concentrations are found in the epidermis and 3-10(-5) molar concentrations in the dermis. Further, three vehicles revealed minor concentrations. Comparison of the results with similar in vitro-investigations, reported earlier, allow to judge the resorption rate by the intact capillary system. Uptake of hydrocortisone by the vessels is observed. With high rates of penetration vasoconstriction seems to limit the resorption, while this is not the case with low rates, for instance with polyethyleneglycol as vehicle. Thus a differing drug liberation from the vehicle causes qualitatively different permeation kinetics. The elimination by urine, however, was practically the same. It is concluded that different vehicles may cause different therapeutic concentrations of the drug in the skin, but equal systemic side effects.", "contents": "[Penetration of radioactive hydrocortisone in human skin from various ointment bases. II. In vivo-experiments (author's transl)]. Absolute concentrations in the horny layer, epidermis, and dermis of therapeutical doses of topically applied hydrocortisone to human skin (in vivo) are reported. Using vaseline as vehicle 2-10(-4) molar concentrations are found in the epidermis and 3-10(-5) molar concentrations in the dermis. Further, three vehicles revealed minor concentrations. Comparison of the results with similar in vitro-investigations, reported earlier, allow to judge the resorption rate by the intact capillary system. Uptake of hydrocortisone by the vessels is observed. With high rates of penetration vasoconstriction seems to limit the resorption, while this is not the case with low rates, for instance with polyethyleneglycol as vehicle. Thus a differing drug liberation from the vehicle causes qualitatively different permeation kinetics. The elimination by urine, however, was practically the same. It is concluded that different vehicles may cause different therapeutic concentrations of the drug in the skin, but equal systemic side effects.", "PMID": 1164038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_340", "title": "[Isolation and amino acid composition of two pathologically augmented proteins from psoriatic scales (author's transl)].", "content": "Two protein bands of water soluble extracts of psoriatic scales, which appear intensified in disc-electrophoretical separation, were isolated and their amino acid compositions were determined. It could be demonstrated that band 9 was rich of glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, leucine, and serine and that band 10 was rich of glycine, threonine, and serine. Both proteins contained an amino-sugar (galactosamine).", "contents": "[Isolation and amino acid composition of two pathologically augmented proteins from psoriatic scales (author's transl)]. Two protein bands of water soluble extracts of psoriatic scales, which appear intensified in disc-electrophoretical separation, were isolated and their amino acid compositions were determined. It could be demonstrated that band 9 was rich of glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, leucine, and serine and that band 10 was rich of glycine, threonine, and serine. Both proteins contained an amino-sugar (galactosamine).", "PMID": 1164040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_341", "title": "Fine structure and x-ray microanalysis of melanosomes in pigmented nevi and melanomas.", "content": "Further finestructural characteristics of melanosomes in pigmented nevi and melanomas are described. The differences in the calcium, iron and surphur content of melanosomes derived from melanocytes, nevocytes and malignant melanoma cells are pointed out.", "contents": "Fine structure and x-ray microanalysis of melanosomes in pigmented nevi and melanomas. Further finestructural characteristics of melanosomes in pigmented nevi and melanomas are described. The differences in the calcium, iron and surphur content of melanosomes derived from melanocytes, nevocytes and malignant melanoma cells are pointed out.", "PMID": 1164039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_342", "title": "Fluorescence microscopy test in porphyrias, photodermatoses and lead exposed persons.", "content": "Fluorescence microscopy tests were carried out in different groups of patients Peripheral blood diluted with saline was used and 200 high power fields were inspected in every case. The results were presented as the number of fluorescing erythrocytes (FE) per 100000 red blood cells (or 200 fields). In the controls, porphyria cutanea tarda patients and patients with photodermatoses other than erythopoietic protoporphyria and pellagra almost no FE were detected. In erythropoietic protoporphyria the mean value was 10600, in lead poisoning 1032, in patients exposed to lead 48.2, in sideropenic anaemia 123 and in patients with pellagra 8.1 FE/100000 red blood cells. The conclusion is made that one has to take care, when using this test for detection of latent carriers in genetic studies of the relatives of patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria. The test is useful for the confirmation of the diagnosis of erythropoietic protoporphyria.", "contents": "Fluorescence microscopy test in porphyrias, photodermatoses and lead exposed persons. Fluorescence microscopy tests were carried out in different groups of patients Peripheral blood diluted with saline was used and 200 high power fields were inspected in every case. The results were presented as the number of fluorescing erythrocytes (FE) per 100000 red blood cells (or 200 fields). In the controls, porphyria cutanea tarda patients and patients with photodermatoses other than erythopoietic protoporphyria and pellagra almost no FE were detected. In erythropoietic protoporphyria the mean value was 10600, in lead poisoning 1032, in patients exposed to lead 48.2, in sideropenic anaemia 123 and in patients with pellagra 8.1 FE/100000 red blood cells. The conclusion is made that one has to take care, when using this test for detection of latent carriers in genetic studies of the relatives of patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria. The test is useful for the confirmation of the diagnosis of erythropoietic protoporphyria.", "PMID": 1164041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_343", "title": "Experimental studies on human health effects of air pollutants: I. Design considerations.", "content": "Because of the possible threat to public health posed by photochemical air pollution, a need exists for experimental studies of short-term respiratory effects of air pollutant exposure in humans. Such studies require rigorous control and comprehensive documentation of the experimental air environment and exposure conditions to ensure that results are both reliable and relevant to public health questions. In addition to biochemical, behavioral, and clinical evaluations, comprehensive pulmonary testing is required to assure that effects at different levels of the respiratory tract are detected. An experimental design based on these principles is described. Studies using this design have shown a wide range of sensitivity to the pollutant ozone and important adverse health effects in sensitive individuals under exposure conditions similar to those experienced during ambient pollution episodes.", "contents": "Experimental studies on human health effects of air pollutants: I. Design considerations. Because of the possible threat to public health posed by photochemical air pollution, a need exists for experimental studies of short-term respiratory effects of air pollutant exposure in humans. Such studies require rigorous control and comprehensive documentation of the experimental air environment and exposure conditions to ensure that results are both reliable and relevant to public health questions. In addition to biochemical, behavioral, and clinical evaluations, comprehensive pulmonary testing is required to assure that effects at different levels of the respiratory tract are detected. An experimental design based on these principles is described. Studies using this design have shown a wide range of sensitivity to the pollutant ozone and important adverse health effects in sensitive individuals under exposure conditions similar to those experienced during ambient pollution episodes.", "PMID": 1164043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_344", "title": "Biochemical and physiological parameters on the skin surface of healthy test persons: a contribution towards the interpretation of the results obtained by a screening program.", "content": "Biochemical and physiological examinations were carried out on the skin surface of a total of 115 healthy persons ranging from the age of 7-79 years. In these investigations the following striking findings were made: 1. There is a significant correlation between the results obtained by the ferricyanide, the phenol sulfuric acid and the ninhydrin methods in the so called water solubles. 2. The relationship between the fraction of wax and cholesterol esters and the squalene fraction in the skin surface lipids influences the release of free fatty acids by bacterial lipases. 3. With regards to most parameters tested there are great differences between the 8-12 year age group and the older age groups. 4. There are significant differences in the 8-12 year age group between the male and female test persons. 5. With regards to the parameters tested there are also significant differences between the various test areas.", "contents": "Biochemical and physiological parameters on the skin surface of healthy test persons: a contribution towards the interpretation of the results obtained by a screening program. Biochemical and physiological examinations were carried out on the skin surface of a total of 115 healthy persons ranging from the age of 7-79 years. In these investigations the following striking findings were made: 1. There is a significant correlation between the results obtained by the ferricyanide, the phenol sulfuric acid and the ninhydrin methods in the so called water solubles. 2. The relationship between the fraction of wax and cholesterol esters and the squalene fraction in the skin surface lipids influences the release of free fatty acids by bacterial lipases. 3. With regards to most parameters tested there are great differences between the 8-12 year age group and the older age groups. 4. There are significant differences in the 8-12 year age group between the male and female test persons. 5. With regards to the parameters tested there are also significant differences between the various test areas.", "PMID": 1164042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_345", "title": "The role of carbon monoxide in cigarette smoking. I. Carbon monoxide yield from cigarettes.", "content": "The carbon monoxide deliveries of 20 major Canadian brands of cigarettes, determined by gas chromatography and using standard smoking conditions, were estimated and found to vary by a factor of about two. The CO yields were found to increase with puff volume and tobacco moisture, decrease with increased paper porosity, but remain essentially constant with puff duration. The data suggest that reduced CO deliveries can be achieved by increasing the cigarette paper porosity. Combustion temperature presumably also influences CO deliveries, but the relative role ascribed to dilution and combustion is not clear. It may be concluded that smokers can lower their CO exposure by reducing their puff volume, smoking cigarettes manufactured from high porosity paper, by taking fewer puffs, and decreasing their tendency to inhale. Since CO and tar deliveries are correlated, these measures would also tend to decrease a smoker's exposure to tar.", "contents": "The role of carbon monoxide in cigarette smoking. I. Carbon monoxide yield from cigarettes. The carbon monoxide deliveries of 20 major Canadian brands of cigarettes, determined by gas chromatography and using standard smoking conditions, were estimated and found to vary by a factor of about two. The CO yields were found to increase with puff volume and tobacco moisture, decrease with increased paper porosity, but remain essentially constant with puff duration. The data suggest that reduced CO deliveries can be achieved by increasing the cigarette paper porosity. Combustion temperature presumably also influences CO deliveries, but the relative role ascribed to dilution and combustion is not clear. It may be concluded that smokers can lower their CO exposure by reducing their puff volume, smoking cigarettes manufactured from high porosity paper, by taking fewer puffs, and decreasing their tendency to inhale. Since CO and tar deliveries are correlated, these measures would also tend to decrease a smoker's exposure to tar.", "PMID": 1164044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_346", "title": "Ghetto hiring.", "content": "A review was conducted of the medical charts of random samples of \"hard-core unemployed\" hired in 1968 and of \"ghetto hires\" in 1972. No unusual medical problems were found. The attendance pattern appears worse than that of the general employee population but seems unrelated to underlying medical problems. A very high rate of on-duty accidents was found in both groups. The explanation is not immediately apparent, but will be pursued further.", "contents": "Ghetto hiring. A review was conducted of the medical charts of random samples of \"hard-core unemployed\" hired in 1968 and of \"ghetto hires\" in 1972. No unusual medical problems were found. The attendance pattern appears worse than that of the general employee population but seems unrelated to underlying medical problems. A very high rate of on-duty accidents was found in both groups. The explanation is not immediately apparent, but will be pursued further.", "PMID": 1164046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_347", "title": "Repeated exposure to acetaldehyde vapor. Studies in Syrian golden hamsters.", "content": "The subacute inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde was examined with four groups of 20 hamsters each, exposed repeatedly to acetaldehyde vapor at concentrations of 0, 390, 1,340, and 4,560 ppm (six hr day, five days/week) for a 90-day period. The highest level induced growth retardation, ocular and nasal irritation, increased numbers of erythrocytes, increased weights of heart and kidneys, and severe histopathological changes in the respiratory tract that mainly consisted of necrosis, inflammatory changes, and hyper- and metaplasia of the epithelium. The upper segments of the respiratory tract were much more severely injured than the lower parts. At 1,340 ppm treatment-releated changes included increased kidney weights in males and slight hyper- and metaplastic changes of the tracheal epithelium; 390 ppm was considered a no toxic effect level.", "contents": "Repeated exposure to acetaldehyde vapor. Studies in Syrian golden hamsters. The subacute inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde was examined with four groups of 20 hamsters each, exposed repeatedly to acetaldehyde vapor at concentrations of 0, 390, 1,340, and 4,560 ppm (six hr day, five days/week) for a 90-day period. The highest level induced growth retardation, ocular and nasal irritation, increased numbers of erythrocytes, increased weights of heart and kidneys, and severe histopathological changes in the respiratory tract that mainly consisted of necrosis, inflammatory changes, and hyper- and metaplasia of the epithelium. The upper segments of the respiratory tract were much more severely injured than the lower parts. At 1,340 ppm treatment-releated changes included increased kidney weights in males and slight hyper- and metaplastic changes of the tracheal epithelium; 390 ppm was considered a no toxic effect level.", "PMID": 1164047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_348", "title": "Octabromobiphemyl-induced ultrastructural changes in rat liver.", "content": "Single oral administration of octabromobiphenyls at 1,000 mg/kg, or two consecutive doses of 3,000 mg/kg, to rats produced liver enlargement. Light microscopic examination revealed hepatocellular hyperplasia, margination of basophillic cytoplasm, and foamy cytoplasmic alteration on the third day posttreatment. Laminated cytoplasmic inclusions developed seven days after treatment and subsequently disappeared about one week later. Under electron microscopy, the cytoplasmic margination corresponded to peripherally displaced granular reticulum and the foamy cytoplasm was recognizable as proliferating agranular reticulum with depletion of particualte glycogen. The cytoplasmic inclusions were identified as myelin configurations enclosing lipid bodies, membrane-bound vacuoles with whorled figures, and vesicular agranular reticulum. In the early developmental stages, the myelin figures were studded with ribosomes and associated with the granular reticulum.", "contents": "Octabromobiphemyl-induced ultrastructural changes in rat liver. Single oral administration of octabromobiphenyls at 1,000 mg/kg, or two consecutive doses of 3,000 mg/kg, to rats produced liver enlargement. Light microscopic examination revealed hepatocellular hyperplasia, margination of basophillic cytoplasm, and foamy cytoplasmic alteration on the third day posttreatment. Laminated cytoplasmic inclusions developed seven days after treatment and subsequently disappeared about one week later. Under electron microscopy, the cytoplasmic margination corresponded to peripherally displaced granular reticulum and the foamy cytoplasm was recognizable as proliferating agranular reticulum with depletion of particualte glycogen. The cytoplasmic inclusions were identified as myelin configurations enclosing lipid bodies, membrane-bound vacuoles with whorled figures, and vesicular agranular reticulum. In the early developmental stages, the myelin figures were studded with ribosomes and associated with the granular reticulum.", "PMID": 1164048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_349", "title": "Oral inhalation system for exposing rabbits to cigarette smoke.", "content": "An oral inhalation system for exposing rabbits to cigarette smoke has been developed. The essential components of the system comprise a smoke delivery device that adapts to the oral cavity, a molded face mask, and a sealable body enclosure. The functional capability of the system has been validated by detecting the presence of nicotine in plasma and by measuring the deposition of dotricontane labeled with radioactive carbon (14C) in lungs after exposure to cigarette smoke.", "contents": "Oral inhalation system for exposing rabbits to cigarette smoke. An oral inhalation system for exposing rabbits to cigarette smoke has been developed. The essential components of the system comprise a smoke delivery device that adapts to the oral cavity, a molded face mask, and a sealable body enclosure. The functional capability of the system has been validated by detecting the presence of nicotine in plasma and by measuring the deposition of dotricontane labeled with radioactive carbon (14C) in lungs after exposure to cigarette smoke.", "PMID": 1164049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_350", "title": "The treatment and postoperative complications of congenital megacolon: A 25 year followup.", "content": "In 1948 one of us (O.S.) proposed a new method of treatment, abdominoperineal resection, for patients with congential megacolon. Since then, 483 patients have been treated by 13 pediatric surgeons in Chicago and Boston using this technique. Two hundred and eight-two of the patients were last interviewed and examined more than 5 years after the resection. There were 16 postoperative deaths (3.3%) and 6 late deaths (1.2%) from enterocolitis. Both early and late complications were infrequent and are discussed in detail. Almost 90% of the patients reported that they now have normal bowel habits. None of the patients developed urinary incontinence or impotence, although ten patients (2.1%) reported permanent fecal soiling. This is the first large group of patients treated for congenital megacolon who have been followed to adulthood. The low incidence of postoperative complications and minimal frequency of long-term complications indicate that the abdominoperineal resection is a safe, effective method of treatment for congenital megacolon.", "contents": "The treatment and postoperative complications of congenital megacolon: A 25 year followup. In 1948 one of us (O.S.) proposed a new method of treatment, abdominoperineal resection, for patients with congential megacolon. Since then, 483 patients have been treated by 13 pediatric surgeons in Chicago and Boston using this technique. Two hundred and eight-two of the patients were last interviewed and examined more than 5 years after the resection. There were 16 postoperative deaths (3.3%) and 6 late deaths (1.2%) from enterocolitis. Both early and late complications were infrequent and are discussed in detail. Almost 90% of the patients reported that they now have normal bowel habits. None of the patients developed urinary incontinence or impotence, although ten patients (2.1%) reported permanent fecal soiling. This is the first large group of patients treated for congenital megacolon who have been followed to adulthood. The low incidence of postoperative complications and minimal frequency of long-term complications indicate that the abdominoperineal resection is a safe, effective method of treatment for congenital megacolon.", "PMID": 1164055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_351", "title": "Necrotizing enterocolitis in the newborn: operative indications.", "content": "Fifty-two premature, low birth weight infants presented mainly in the first week of life with sudden manifestations of intestinal ileus and an x-ray picture of pneumatosis intestinalis. Twenty-two of 32 patients treated with gastric decompression, antibiotics, intensive supportive therapy and intravenous hyperalimentation survived. Twenty other patients had progression of their disease and required operation. Twelve of these patients survived. Review of this material indicated that some medically treated patients might have survived if they had been operated upon. Indications for operation included free perforation and clinical signs of deterioration. Abdominal physical findings and x-rays were not reliable except as signs of far advanced pathology. Confirmation of ascites by paracentesis and gram stain of fluid was helpful when present. If patients were adequately treated and then developed sudden hyponatremia or progressive acidosis, they invariably had gangrenous bowel and required operation. The most striking finding was that a sudden, profound drop in the platelet count to levels below 100,000 reliably predicted the presence of gangrenous bowel and the need for operation. Other clotting studies indicated that disseminated intravascular coagulation is an important accompaniment of NNE with the complication of bowel gangrene prior to perforation. Gastrostomy and resection of involved bowel with staged anastomosis proved to be the most successful form of surgical management. Overall suvival was 66 per cent.", "contents": "Necrotizing enterocolitis in the newborn: operative indications. Fifty-two premature, low birth weight infants presented mainly in the first week of life with sudden manifestations of intestinal ileus and an x-ray picture of pneumatosis intestinalis. Twenty-two of 32 patients treated with gastric decompression, antibiotics, intensive supportive therapy and intravenous hyperalimentation survived. Twenty other patients had progression of their disease and required operation. Twelve of these patients survived. Review of this material indicated that some medically treated patients might have survived if they had been operated upon. Indications for operation included free perforation and clinical signs of deterioration. Abdominal physical findings and x-rays were not reliable except as signs of far advanced pathology. Confirmation of ascites by paracentesis and gram stain of fluid was helpful when present. If patients were adequately treated and then developed sudden hyponatremia or progressive acidosis, they invariably had gangrenous bowel and required operation. The most striking finding was that a sudden, profound drop in the platelet count to levels below 100,000 reliably predicted the presence of gangrenous bowel and the need for operation. Other clotting studies indicated that disseminated intravascular coagulation is an important accompaniment of NNE with the complication of bowel gangrene prior to perforation. Gastrostomy and resection of involved bowel with staged anastomosis proved to be the most successful form of surgical management. Overall suvival was 66 per cent.", "PMID": 1164056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_352", "title": "Coronary revascularization in \"high\" versus \"low-risk\" patients: The role of myocardial protection.", "content": "Postoperative mortality, infarction, and need for inotropic support are reportedly increased following myocardial revascularization in \"high-risk\" patients. We believe these complications result from inadequate protection of the compromised myocardium and should not occur with greater frequency in \"high-risk\" than \"Low-risk\" patients if the heart is optimally protected during the entire course of the operative procedure. Results following revascularization in 50 consecutive \"low-risk\" and 50 consecutive \"high-risk\" patients were analyzed. One or more of the followin factors were present in the \"high-risk\" group: ventricular dysfunction--ejection fraction less than 0.4, preinfarction angina, evolving infarction, recent infarction (less than 2 weeks), and refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmia. The following principles were used in all patients to minimize ischemic injury: 1) avoidance of pre-bypass hypo- or hypertension, 2) limitation of ischemic arrest to less than 12 minutes, 3) avoidance of ventricular fibrillation, and 4) prolongation of total bypass as necessary to repay the myocardial oxygen debt. Postoperative inotropic support was required in 10% of \"high\" and 10% of \"low-risk\" patients, new postoperative infarction developed in 10% of \"high\" vs. 10% \"low-risk\" patients; death occurred in 2% of \"high\" vs. 4% \"low-risk\" patients. These results are comparable and indicate that optimum myocardial protection allows safe revascularization in the \"high-risk\" patient.", "contents": "Coronary revascularization in \"high\" versus \"low-risk\" patients: The role of myocardial protection. Postoperative mortality, infarction, and need for inotropic support are reportedly increased following myocardial revascularization in \"high-risk\" patients. We believe these complications result from inadequate protection of the compromised myocardium and should not occur with greater frequency in \"high-risk\" than \"Low-risk\" patients if the heart is optimally protected during the entire course of the operative procedure. Results following revascularization in 50 consecutive \"low-risk\" and 50 consecutive \"high-risk\" patients were analyzed. One or more of the followin factors were present in the \"high-risk\" group: ventricular dysfunction--ejection fraction less than 0.4, preinfarction angina, evolving infarction, recent infarction (less than 2 weeks), and refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmia. The following principles were used in all patients to minimize ischemic injury: 1) avoidance of pre-bypass hypo- or hypertension, 2) limitation of ischemic arrest to less than 12 minutes, 3) avoidance of ventricular fibrillation, and 4) prolongation of total bypass as necessary to repay the myocardial oxygen debt. Postoperative inotropic support was required in 10% of \"high\" and 10% of \"low-risk\" patients, new postoperative infarction developed in 10% of \"high\" vs. 10% \"low-risk\" patients; death occurred in 2% of \"high\" vs. 4% \"low-risk\" patients. These results are comparable and indicate that optimum myocardial protection allows safe revascularization in the \"high-risk\" patient.", "PMID": 1164057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_353", "title": "Selection of the optimum surgical treatment of stage I melanoma by depth of microinvasion: Use of the combined microstage technique (Clark-Breslow).", "content": "The methods of histologic staging of primary Stage I melanoma and the relation to lymph node metastases and survival after surgery was evaluated in 151 patients with extremity melanoma only. Microstaging by depth of invasion showed a better prognostic correlation than by histologic typing (into superficial spreading, or nodular melanoma). A correlation existed between depth of invasion (Clark's levels) and incidence of nodal metastases at elective node dissection. This incidence was 5% at Level II, 4% at Level III, 25% at Level IV and 75% at Level V. The measured depth of invasion added prognostic insight to each Clark's level; the minimal invasion at which nodal metastases occurred was 0.6 mm for Level II, 0.9 mm for Level III, 1.5 mm for Level IV and over 4 mm for Level V. The 5 year disease-free survival after surgery was 100% for Clark Level II, 88% for Level III, 66% for Level VI and 15% for Level V. There was a direct relation between the measured depth of invasion and survival and mortality from disease at 5 years. Mortality from disease at 5 years could be directly equated with 10 times microinvasion in mm. Microstaging by direct measurement gave a better prognostic correlation than was found using Clark's levels for more deeply invading melanoma. At this time there is suggestive evidence that patients with certain higher risk lesions may do significantly better with wide excision and elective node dissection than with wide excision alone. These high risk lesions include Clark Level III to V, lesions measuring 0.9 mm or greater and all nodular melanomas.", "contents": "Selection of the optimum surgical treatment of stage I melanoma by depth of microinvasion: Use of the combined microstage technique (Clark-Breslow). The methods of histologic staging of primary Stage I melanoma and the relation to lymph node metastases and survival after surgery was evaluated in 151 patients with extremity melanoma only. Microstaging by depth of invasion showed a better prognostic correlation than by histologic typing (into superficial spreading, or nodular melanoma). A correlation existed between depth of invasion (Clark's levels) and incidence of nodal metastases at elective node dissection. This incidence was 5% at Level II, 4% at Level III, 25% at Level IV and 75% at Level V. The measured depth of invasion added prognostic insight to each Clark's level; the minimal invasion at which nodal metastases occurred was 0.6 mm for Level II, 0.9 mm for Level III, 1.5 mm for Level IV and over 4 mm for Level V. The 5 year disease-free survival after surgery was 100% for Clark Level II, 88% for Level III, 66% for Level VI and 15% for Level V. There was a direct relation between the measured depth of invasion and survival and mortality from disease at 5 years. Mortality from disease at 5 years could be directly equated with 10 times microinvasion in mm. Microstaging by direct measurement gave a better prognostic correlation than was found using Clark's levels for more deeply invading melanoma. At this time there is suggestive evidence that patients with certain higher risk lesions may do significantly better with wide excision and elective node dissection than with wide excision alone. These high risk lesions include Clark Level III to V, lesions measuring 0.9 mm or greater and all nodular melanomas.", "PMID": 1164058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_354", "title": "Prophylactic isolation-perfusion as the primary therapy for invasive malignant melanoma of the limbs.", "content": "The most common causes of treatment failure in patients with malignant melanoma treated by surgical therapy alone are local or regional recurrences. These are presumed to be due to occult metastasis present at the time of the initial treatment. In an effort to control this occult regional disease, 202 patients with Stage I malignant melanoma underwent isolation-perfusion with 1-phenylalanine mustard between the years 1960 and 1970. The 2-5 and 10-year determinate survival rates were 98%, 86% and 83%, respectively. In these patients, 2% developed local recurrences, 3% developed intransit metastasis, 18% developed positive regional lymph nodes and 6% developed disseminated disease, as their first evidence of recurrence. Over 40% of these patients were benefitted by further therapy. When regional perfusion is used, the question of prophylactic lymph node dissection need not arise. There was one surgical death in this series and only a few patients had symptomatology referable to their limbs beyond 3 months.", "contents": "Prophylactic isolation-perfusion as the primary therapy for invasive malignant melanoma of the limbs. The most common causes of treatment failure in patients with malignant melanoma treated by surgical therapy alone are local or regional recurrences. These are presumed to be due to occult metastasis present at the time of the initial treatment. In an effort to control this occult regional disease, 202 patients with Stage I malignant melanoma underwent isolation-perfusion with 1-phenylalanine mustard between the years 1960 and 1970. The 2-5 and 10-year determinate survival rates were 98%, 86% and 83%, respectively. In these patients, 2% developed local recurrences, 3% developed intransit metastasis, 18% developed positive regional lymph nodes and 6% developed disseminated disease, as their first evidence of recurrence. Over 40% of these patients were benefitted by further therapy. When regional perfusion is used, the question of prophylactic lymph node dissection need not arise. There was one surgical death in this series and only a few patients had symptomatology referable to their limbs beyond 3 months.", "PMID": 1164059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_355", "title": "Secundum atrial septal defect and mitral valve incompetence.", "content": "Mitral regurgitation associated with secundum atrial septal defect is described in 4 patients, each with a different mitral lesion: rheumatic valvular disease, congenitally cleft valve, subacute bacterial endocarditis with disruption of the chordae tendineae, and traumatic valve rupture. The pathological spectrum of mitral valve disease associated with atrial septal defect is reviewed, and it is suggested that structural abnormality of the mitral valve may accompany the atrial septal defect. More general awareness of this association will allow the surgeon more accuracy in defining and repairing this rather unusual combination of lesions.", "contents": "Secundum atrial septal defect and mitral valve incompetence. Mitral regurgitation associated with secundum atrial septal defect is described in 4 patients, each with a different mitral lesion: rheumatic valvular disease, congenitally cleft valve, subacute bacterial endocarditis with disruption of the chordae tendineae, and traumatic valve rupture. The pathological spectrum of mitral valve disease associated with atrial septal defect is reviewed, and it is suggested that structural abnormality of the mitral valve may accompany the atrial septal defect. More general awareness of this association will allow the surgeon more accuracy in defining and repairing this rather unusual combination of lesions.", "PMID": 1164060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_356", "title": "Tracheostomy and endotracheal tube cuff volume and pressure changes during thoracic operations.", "content": "The effects of oxygen and 60% nitrous oxide and oxygen on the pressure and volume of Portex low-pressure (LP) and high-pressure (HP) endotracheal tube cuffs were determined in 120 intubated patients undergoing thoracic surgical procedures. Cuffs were filled with either room air or a sample of the inspired gases. All cuffs had sustained significant increases in cuff volume and pressure by the end of the procedure except those filled with inspired gases. LP cuffs had lower initial and final cuff pressures than HP cuffs, but pressure and volume changes were similar with both types. Cuff gas analysis revealed that cuff volume changes were due to diffusion of oxygen and nitrous oxide into the cuff and failure of nitrogen to diffuse out. These findings suggest that cuff overexpansion during anesthesia or prolonged ventilation may be an important cause of tracheal trauma.", "contents": "Tracheostomy and endotracheal tube cuff volume and pressure changes during thoracic operations. The effects of oxygen and 60% nitrous oxide and oxygen on the pressure and volume of Portex low-pressure (LP) and high-pressure (HP) endotracheal tube cuffs were determined in 120 intubated patients undergoing thoracic surgical procedures. Cuffs were filled with either room air or a sample of the inspired gases. All cuffs had sustained significant increases in cuff volume and pressure by the end of the procedure except those filled with inspired gases. LP cuffs had lower initial and final cuff pressures than HP cuffs, but pressure and volume changes were similar with both types. Cuff gas analysis revealed that cuff volume changes were due to diffusion of oxygen and nitrous oxide into the cuff and failure of nitrogen to diffuse out. These findings suggest that cuff overexpansion during anesthesia or prolonged ventilation may be an important cause of tracheal trauma.", "PMID": 1164061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_357", "title": "The effects of preoperative irradiation on primary tracheal anastomosis.", "content": "Preoperative radiotherapy was used in the management of selected patients with cancer of the lung or trachea who might subsequently require segmental resection of bronchus or trachea and reconstruction by primary anastomosis. This study was designed to determine the effects of varying dosages of preoperative irradiation on anastomotic healing. Two rings were resected from the cervical trachea of 20 dogs following irradiation with varying doses of cesium. There were no important adverse effects on healing of the trachea or adjacent organs in dogs receiving up to 3,500 rads. All dogs receiving a higher dose than this developed some anastomotic stenosis, which was severe in 6 of 8 animals. Similar adverse effects were observed in 2 patients managed by preoperative radiotherapy (4,000 rads in three weeks) and tracheal resection with primary anastomosis.", "contents": "The effects of preoperative irradiation on primary tracheal anastomosis. Preoperative radiotherapy was used in the management of selected patients with cancer of the lung or trachea who might subsequently require segmental resection of bronchus or trachea and reconstruction by primary anastomosis. This study was designed to determine the effects of varying dosages of preoperative irradiation on anastomotic healing. Two rings were resected from the cervical trachea of 20 dogs following irradiation with varying doses of cesium. There were no important adverse effects on healing of the trachea or adjacent organs in dogs receiving up to 3,500 rads. All dogs receiving a higher dose than this developed some anastomotic stenosis, which was severe in 6 of 8 animals. Similar adverse effects were observed in 2 patients managed by preoperative radiotherapy (4,000 rads in three weeks) and tracheal resection with primary anastomosis.", "PMID": 1164062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_358", "title": "Pulmonary sequestration. A broad spectrum of bronchopulmonary foregut abnormalities.", "content": "We believe the broad clinical, embryological, and radiological spectrum of pulmonary sequestration has not been adequately emphasized. In order to gain clearer understanding of these foregut abnormalities, all cases from the files of three Army Medical Centers were reviewed. Thirty-two patients, the largest single series in the literature, met the criteria for a diagnosis of bronchopulmonary sequestration. Clinical manifestations varied from no symptoms to recurrent pulmonary infection, hemoptysis, and intrapleural hemorrhage. The presence of symptoms strongly correlated (23/32) with air-containing cystic sequestrations. The embryological and radiological spectra as well as appropriate operative therapy are reviewed.", "contents": "Pulmonary sequestration. A broad spectrum of bronchopulmonary foregut abnormalities. We believe the broad clinical, embryological, and radiological spectrum of pulmonary sequestration has not been adequately emphasized. In order to gain clearer understanding of these foregut abnormalities, all cases from the files of three Army Medical Centers were reviewed. Thirty-two patients, the largest single series in the literature, met the criteria for a diagnosis of bronchopulmonary sequestration. Clinical manifestations varied from no symptoms to recurrent pulmonary infection, hemoptysis, and intrapleural hemorrhage. The presence of symptoms strongly correlated (23/32) with air-containing cystic sequestrations. The embryological and radiological spectra as well as appropriate operative therapy are reviewed.", "PMID": 1164063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_359", "title": "Clinical effects of membrane lung support for acute respiratory failure.", "content": "Extrapulmonary support in respiratory failure has become possible for prolonged periods with clinical application of the membrane lung oxygenator. The membrane lung may be perfused in a venovenous circuit, in which case it functions by prepulmonary venous oxygenation, or it may be pumped in venoarterial perfusion as partial or total cardiopulmonary bypass. Four patients were placed on venovenous membrane lung (GE-Peirce) perfusion for periods ranging from 6 to 112 hours. In oxygenating blood flows of less than 50% of the cardiac output, a viable PaO2 (mean, 52 mm Hg) was obtained in 2 patients with 60% FIO2, including 1 survivor who was weaned from the membrane lung. The remaining 2 patients had heart failure and insufficient venovenous membrane lung flows to improve systemic oxygenation (mean PaO2, 45 mm Hg on 100% FIO2). Four other patients were placed on venoarterial membrane lung (GE-DuaLung) bypass for 18 to 110 hours. With 40 to 85% of the cardiac output bypassed through the membrane oxygenator, immediate improvement was seen in systemic oxygenation (mean PaO2, 75 mm Hg), effective compliance (mean increase of 75%), and reduction in pulmonary hypertension (mean decrease, 15 mm Hg). These changes during bypass allowed the lungs to be put at rest with a decrease in FIO2 and positive end-expiratory pressures. This clinical experience indicates that venoarterial membrane lung bypass may be both supportive and therapeutic, decompressing the pulmonary circuit and maintaining systemic oxygenation. Membrane lung supported by either mode of perfusion has been shown to be clinically effective in patients suffering acute respiratory failure.", "contents": "Clinical effects of membrane lung support for acute respiratory failure. Extrapulmonary support in respiratory failure has become possible for prolonged periods with clinical application of the membrane lung oxygenator. The membrane lung may be perfused in a venovenous circuit, in which case it functions by prepulmonary venous oxygenation, or it may be pumped in venoarterial perfusion as partial or total cardiopulmonary bypass. Four patients were placed on venovenous membrane lung (GE-Peirce) perfusion for periods ranging from 6 to 112 hours. In oxygenating blood flows of less than 50% of the cardiac output, a viable PaO2 (mean, 52 mm Hg) was obtained in 2 patients with 60% FIO2, including 1 survivor who was weaned from the membrane lung. The remaining 2 patients had heart failure and insufficient venovenous membrane lung flows to improve systemic oxygenation (mean PaO2, 45 mm Hg on 100% FIO2). Four other patients were placed on venoarterial membrane lung (GE-DuaLung) bypass for 18 to 110 hours. With 40 to 85% of the cardiac output bypassed through the membrane oxygenator, immediate improvement was seen in systemic oxygenation (mean PaO2, 75 mm Hg), effective compliance (mean increase of 75%), and reduction in pulmonary hypertension (mean decrease, 15 mm Hg). These changes during bypass allowed the lungs to be put at rest with a decrease in FIO2 and positive end-expiratory pressures. This clinical experience indicates that venoarterial membrane lung bypass may be both supportive and therapeutic, decompressing the pulmonary circuit and maintaining systemic oxygenation. Membrane lung supported by either mode of perfusion has been shown to be clinically effective in patients suffering acute respiratory failure.", "PMID": 1164064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_360", "title": "Food-choking and drowning deaths prevented by external subdiaphragmatic compression. Physiological basis.", "content": "Applying subdiaphragmatic compression has been successful in saving victims of food-choking and drowning by expelling the asphyxiating bolus or aspirated water. Sudden elevation of the diaphragm compresses the lungs, which explosively forces air out through the trachea, ejecting the obstructing object. The flow rate, pressure, and volume of air expelled were determined in 10 subjects and found to be substantial, providing confirmation of the effectiveness of the procedure.", "contents": "Food-choking and drowning deaths prevented by external subdiaphragmatic compression. Physiological basis. Applying subdiaphragmatic compression has been successful in saving victims of food-choking and drowning by expelling the asphyxiating bolus or aspirated water. Sudden elevation of the diaphragm compresses the lungs, which explosively forces air out through the trachea, ejecting the obstructing object. The flow rate, pressure, and volume of air expelled were determined in 10 subjects and found to be substantial, providing confirmation of the effectiveness of the procedure.", "PMID": 1164065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_361", "title": "Pulmonary aspergilloma. A report of its occurrence in 2 patients with cyanotic heart disease.", "content": "This is an account of our experience with 2 patients with congenital cyanotic heart disease who developed pulmonary aspergillomas. Neither patient had a demonstrable cavity in the lung before the appearance of the fungus ball. Both patients had pulmonary artery-to-superior vena cava shunts, but the aspergilloma was in the ipsilateral lung in one and the contralateral lung in the other. Repeated life-threatening hemoptyses made excision of the lung containing the cavity and fungus ball necessary in both patients.", "contents": "Pulmonary aspergilloma. A report of its occurrence in 2 patients with cyanotic heart disease. This is an account of our experience with 2 patients with congenital cyanotic heart disease who developed pulmonary aspergillomas. Neither patient had a demonstrable cavity in the lung before the appearance of the fungus ball. Both patients had pulmonary artery-to-superior vena cava shunts, but the aspergilloma was in the ipsilateral lung in one and the contralateral lung in the other. Repeated life-threatening hemoptyses made excision of the lung containing the cavity and fungus ball necessary in both patients.", "PMID": 1164066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_362", "title": "Aortic and mitral valve replacement with cloth-covered Braunwald-Cutter prosthesis. A three-year follow-up.", "content": "From February, 1971, through February, 1974, heart valves of 510 patients were replaced with cloth-covered Braunwald-Cutter prostheses. The data indicate that cloth encapsulation of the prosthetic cage is associated with a reduction in thromboembolic complications, particularly for mitral valves. Cloth wear on the distal strut, however, is not prevented by use of a Silastic poppet and appears to be a typical finding in aortic valves recovered or inspected after 3 months. Excessive poppet wear has also been noted in the aortic position; poppet embolization has occurred on 2 occasions, and a third patient was found, at the time of reoperation for periprosthetic leak, to have opppet wear sufficient to permit embolization. Although there have been no reports of clinical malfunction of the mitral prosthesis at the time of this writing, further long-term observation of these patients appears warranted.", "contents": "Aortic and mitral valve replacement with cloth-covered Braunwald-Cutter prosthesis. A three-year follow-up. From February, 1971, through February, 1974, heart valves of 510 patients were replaced with cloth-covered Braunwald-Cutter prostheses. The data indicate that cloth encapsulation of the prosthetic cage is associated with a reduction in thromboembolic complications, particularly for mitral valves. Cloth wear on the distal strut, however, is not prevented by use of a Silastic poppet and appears to be a typical finding in aortic valves recovered or inspected after 3 months. Excessive poppet wear has also been noted in the aortic position; poppet embolization has occurred on 2 occasions, and a third patient was found, at the time of reoperation for periprosthetic leak, to have opppet wear sufficient to permit embolization. Although there have been no reports of clinical malfunction of the mitral prosthesis at the time of this writing, further long-term observation of these patients appears warranted.", "PMID": 1164068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_363", "title": "Late stenosis of Starr-Edwards cloth-covered prostheses.", "content": "During a two-year period (August, 1971, to July, 1973) 1 Starr-Edwards Model 2400 and 135 Starr-Edwards Model 2320 aortic prostheses were inserted without postoperative antiocagulant therapy. Seven of these valves (including the Model 2400 prosthesis) have been replaced because of substantial transvalvular gradients resulting from fibrous overgrowth of the valve orifice. Symptoms associated with aortic stenosis occurred an average of nine months after  the initial operation. Six patients had severe anemia (packed cell volume less than 30%) and hemolysis (serum lactic dehydrogenase greater than 900 units). Gradients across the prostheses ranged from 66 to 105 mm Hg with a mean of 87 mm Hg. One valve was size 8A, 3 were 10A, and 1 was 12A. Fibrous ingrowth was not observed in an earlier group of 23 patients receiving the Model 2310 or Model 2320 prosthesis who were placed on long-term anticoagulant therapy. These findings, coupled with a 9% incidence of thromboembolism at one year, indicate that patients having these prostheses inserted should receive long-term anticoagulant therapy.", "contents": "Late stenosis of Starr-Edwards cloth-covered prostheses. During a two-year period (August, 1971, to July, 1973) 1 Starr-Edwards Model 2400 and 135 Starr-Edwards Model 2320 aortic prostheses were inserted without postoperative antiocagulant therapy. Seven of these valves (including the Model 2400 prosthesis) have been replaced because of substantial transvalvular gradients resulting from fibrous overgrowth of the valve orifice. Symptoms associated with aortic stenosis occurred an average of nine months after  the initial operation. Six patients had severe anemia (packed cell volume less than 30%) and hemolysis (serum lactic dehydrogenase greater than 900 units). Gradients across the prostheses ranged from 66 to 105 mm Hg with a mean of 87 mm Hg. One valve was size 8A, 3 were 10A, and 1 was 12A. Fibrous ingrowth was not observed in an earlier group of 23 patients receiving the Model 2310 or Model 2320 prosthesis who were placed on long-term anticoagulant therapy. These findings, coupled with a 9% incidence of thromboembolism at one year, indicate that patients having these prostheses inserted should receive long-term anticoagulant therapy.", "PMID": 1164069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_364", "title": "Occluder disruption of Wada-Cutter valve prosthesis.", "content": "Total detachment and embolization of the hinged, tilting occluder of the Wada-Cutter prosthetic heart valve was the proved cause of death in 2 of 25 patients who had these devices implanted at the University of California, San Francisco, Medical Center in 1969-70. In addition, there were 8 late deaths without postmortem examination, 2 of which were sudden and 4 of which followed rapidly progressive congestive heart failure over a period of hours to days. Prosthetic malfunction appears to be a possible mechanism of death in the majority of these patients. The 2 additional late deaths were unrelated to valve malfunction. Regurgitant murmurs have been identified during follow-up examination in 17 patients. Two patients had prosthetic replacement for hemodynamically significant leaks through the valve mechanism and were found to have no perivalvular leak. Six additional patients had prophylactic replacement of the Wada-Cutter valve. Measurements on 7 available occluders that were removed showed variable degrees of material movement at the hinge. This experience has caused us to recommend elective replacement of remaining Wada-Cutter valves.", "contents": "Occluder disruption of Wada-Cutter valve prosthesis. Total detachment and embolization of the hinged, tilting occluder of the Wada-Cutter prosthetic heart valve was the proved cause of death in 2 of 25 patients who had these devices implanted at the University of California, San Francisco, Medical Center in 1969-70. In addition, there were 8 late deaths without postmortem examination, 2 of which were sudden and 4 of which followed rapidly progressive congestive heart failure over a period of hours to days. Prosthetic malfunction appears to be a possible mechanism of death in the majority of these patients. The 2 additional late deaths were unrelated to valve malfunction. Regurgitant murmurs have been identified during follow-up examination in 17 patients. Two patients had prosthetic replacement for hemodynamically significant leaks through the valve mechanism and were found to have no perivalvular leak. Six additional patients had prophylactic replacement of the Wada-Cutter valve. Measurements on 7 available occluders that were removed showed variable degrees of material movement at the hinge. This experience has caused us to recommend elective replacement of remaining Wada-Cutter valves.", "PMID": 1164070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_365", "title": "Long-term results of \"simple\" thrombectomy for thrombosed Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prostheses.", "content": "During the past two years 8 patients were seen with thrombosis of their Bjork-Shiley aortic valves. Six patients were from our series, an incidence of 4% and 2 patients had their original valve implanted at another institution. All patients had substantial problems with anticoagulation therapy. Three died prior to operation. Early detection and emergency surgical intervention is mandatory for survival. At operation debridement of all thrombotic material from the valve provided satisfactory immediate hemodynamic improvements as well as freedom from complications for up to two years. Therapeutic levels of anticoagulation with warfarin are the only apparent protection from thrombosis of the Bjork-Shiley aortic valve.", "contents": "Long-term results of \"simple\" thrombectomy for thrombosed Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prostheses. During the past two years 8 patients were seen with thrombosis of their Bjork-Shiley aortic valves. Six patients were from our series, an incidence of 4% and 2 patients had their original valve implanted at another institution. All patients had substantial problems with anticoagulation therapy. Three died prior to operation. Early detection and emergency surgical intervention is mandatory for survival. At operation debridement of all thrombotic material from the valve provided satisfactory immediate hemodynamic improvements as well as freedom from complications for up to two years. Therapeutic levels of anticoagulation with warfarin are the only apparent protection from thrombosis of the Bjork-Shiley aortic valve.", "PMID": 1164071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_366", "title": "Analysis of homograft valve failure in 311 patients followed up to 10 years.", "content": "Homograft aortic valve replacement was performed in 311 patients at the tnational Heart thospital, London, between 1964 and 1973. Valve failure has occurred in 61 patients (20%), 32 of whom survived reoperation. From 1963 through 1967, 156 valves were freeze-dried and account for 56 of the valve failures. From 1968 to 1973, 118 fresh or fresh-frozen valves resulted in only 5 failures. Six general types of failure have been identified: calcification (13), dehiscence (15), infective endocarditis (17), prolapse (6), cusp degeneration (5), and tear or perforation (5). Valve failure may be due to surgical technical error resulting in dehiscence or valve incompetence, or it may be related to degenerative changes in the homograft. The clinical results, supported by gross and histological examination and viability testing, enable us to conclude that fresh or fresh-frozen valves are superior to freeze-dried valves, having resulted in only 4% valve failure over the past five years.", "contents": "Analysis of homograft valve failure in 311 patients followed up to 10 years. Homograft aortic valve replacement was performed in 311 patients at the tnational Heart thospital, London, between 1964 and 1973. Valve failure has occurred in 61 patients (20%), 32 of whom survived reoperation. From 1963 through 1967, 156 valves were freeze-dried and account for 56 of the valve failures. From 1968 to 1973, 118 fresh or fresh-frozen valves resulted in only 5 failures. Six general types of failure have been identified: calcification (13), dehiscence (15), infective endocarditis (17), prolapse (6), cusp degeneration (5), and tear or perforation (5). Valve failure may be due to surgical technical error resulting in dehiscence or valve incompetence, or it may be related to degenerative changes in the homograft. The clinical results, supported by gross and histological examination and viability testing, enable us to conclude that fresh or fresh-frozen valves are superior to freeze-dried valves, having resulted in only 4% valve failure over the past five years.", "PMID": 1164072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_367", "title": "Aortic valve replacement in the anephric patient.", "content": "A 30-year-old anephric patient on a home dialysis program developed bacterial endocarditis, aortic insufficiency, and severe hear failure. After a period of intensive medical management she underwent aortic valve replacement successfully. One year following operation she continues to do well and is again managed by home dialysis without further complication.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement in the anephric patient. A 30-year-old anephric patient on a home dialysis program developed bacterial endocarditis, aortic insufficiency, and severe hear failure. After a period of intensive medical management she underwent aortic valve replacement successfully. One year following operation she continues to do well and is again managed by home dialysis without further complication.", "PMID": 1164073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_368", "title": "An improved statistical method for assessing the results of operation.", "content": "The advantages of the acturarial method of analyzing postoperative survival are now widely accepted. In evaluating the late results of heart valve replacement operations, however, certain nonfatal complications must also be considered. The use of individual event-free rates does not portray individual risk, since some valves have multiple complications. By using cummulative complication-free rates, however, it is possible to estimate the percentage of valves active and free from certain major complications for each postoperative interval. A series of actuarial curves is used, each of which represents a different major complication. These curves are subtracted progressively from the total of valves at risk, and an acturial representation of complication-free survival results.", "contents": "An improved statistical method for assessing the results of operation. The advantages of the acturarial method of analyzing postoperative survival are now widely accepted. In evaluating the late results of heart valve replacement operations, however, certain nonfatal complications must also be considered. The use of individual event-free rates does not portray individual risk, since some valves have multiple complications. By using cummulative complication-free rates, however, it is possible to estimate the percentage of valves active and free from certain major complications for each postoperative interval. A series of actuarial curves is used, each of which represents a different major complication. These curves are subtracted progressively from the total of valves at risk, and an acturial representation of complication-free survival results.", "PMID": 1164074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_369", "title": "Congenital cardiac anomalies: one-stage repair in infancy.", "content": "A proposed preferred treatment plan consisting of one-stage operative repair of congenital cardiac anomalies whenever complete correction was feasible and operative intervention required was tested during the period February 1, 1972, to September 15, 1974. Experience with 74 patients aged 14 hours to 24 months allows some conclusions to be made regarding the advisability of this approach. For patients with ventricular defect and tetralogy of Fallot, this approach has quite acceptable results and certainly is more direct than palliative operations and second-stage repair. The hypothesis is more difficult to justify in patients with transposition of the great arteries. By avoiding repair in patients under 4 months of age and using a better technique for placement of the intraatrial partition, improved results are anticipated. In the miscellaneous group of anomalies, results depend upon the complexity of the defect and the ability to achieve accurate anatomical correction. After an early mortality of 20% and some late deaths, survival and improvement resulted in 51 of these babies. These results justify persistence in the choice of one-stage correction when operative intervention is required.", "contents": "Congenital cardiac anomalies: one-stage repair in infancy. A proposed preferred treatment plan consisting of one-stage operative repair of congenital cardiac anomalies whenever complete correction was feasible and operative intervention required was tested during the period February 1, 1972, to September 15, 1974. Experience with 74 patients aged 14 hours to 24 months allows some conclusions to be made regarding the advisability of this approach. For patients with ventricular defect and tetralogy of Fallot, this approach has quite acceptable results and certainly is more direct than palliative operations and second-stage repair. The hypothesis is more difficult to justify in patients with transposition of the great arteries. By avoiding repair in patients under 4 months of age and using a better technique for placement of the intraatrial partition, improved results are anticipated. In the miscellaneous group of anomalies, results depend upon the complexity of the defect and the ability to achieve accurate anatomical correction. After an early mortality of 20% and some late deaths, survival and improvement resulted in 51 of these babies. These results justify persistence in the choice of one-stage correction when operative intervention is required.", "PMID": 1164075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_370", "title": "Transtelephone pacemaker monitoring: five years later.", "content": "Six hundred nineteen patients have been followed by remote monitoring of pacemaker function using ECG and rate or rate alone; 278 of 280 have had battery exhaustion or electronic failure demonstrated. Ten percent of exhausted pacemakers failed prior to the average longevity of the particular model, and 32% (89 of 280) exceeded 36 months' longevity; of these, 13% (37 of 280) lasted more than 40 months and 4.6% (13 of 280) exceeded 50 months. The error rate is 0.7% (2 of 280). With pulse generator longevity increasing, monitoring is done less frequently during the first 2 years, then calls are made weekly after 24 months.", "contents": "Transtelephone pacemaker monitoring: five years later. Six hundred nineteen patients have been followed by remote monitoring of pacemaker function using ECG and rate or rate alone; 278 of 280 have had battery exhaustion or electronic failure demonstrated. Ten percent of exhausted pacemakers failed prior to the average longevity of the particular model, and 32% (89 of 280) exceeded 36 months' longevity; of these, 13% (37 of 280) lasted more than 40 months and 4.6% (13 of 280) exceeded 50 months. The error rate is 0.7% (2 of 280). With pulse generator longevity increasing, monitoring is done less frequently during the first 2 years, then calls are made weekly after 24 months.", "PMID": 1164076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_371", "title": "Spontaneous closure of a traumatic ventricular septal defect following a penetrating injury.", "content": "A ventricular septal defect acquired from a penetrating injury to the membranous septum closed spontaneously, as documented by repeat cardiac catheterization. The patient was asymptomatic from the time the lesion was discovered until the present. We advise observation of these lesions for a period of time, provided that no evidence of cardiac decompensation or pulmonary hypertension is noted as determined by hemodynamic studies and clinical observation. Cardiac catheterization is mandatory to confirm the diagnosis, measure the magnitude of the shunt, and rule out associated intracardiac injuries. We believe the lesion should be closed on an elective basis, regardless of the absence of symptoms, if after a reasonable time there is no evidence that the ventricular septal defect is closing and a significant shunt is demonstrated.", "contents": "Spontaneous closure of a traumatic ventricular septal defect following a penetrating injury. A ventricular septal defect acquired from a penetrating injury to the membranous septum closed spontaneously, as documented by repeat cardiac catheterization. The patient was asymptomatic from the time the lesion was discovered until the present. We advise observation of these lesions for a period of time, provided that no evidence of cardiac decompensation or pulmonary hypertension is noted as determined by hemodynamic studies and clinical observation. Cardiac catheterization is mandatory to confirm the diagnosis, measure the magnitude of the shunt, and rule out associated intracardiac injuries. We believe the lesion should be closed on an elective basis, regardless of the absence of symptoms, if after a reasonable time there is no evidence that the ventricular septal defect is closing and a significant shunt is demonstrated.", "PMID": 1164077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_372", "title": "A possible hazard with the use of pressurized constant-infusion systems.", "content": "We have observed small bubbles in lines used to monitor left atrial pressure. The source of these bubbles may be gas from a supersaturated infusate solution. Personnel responsible for the maintenance of atrial pressure lines should be alerted to this possible hazard.", "contents": "A possible hazard with the use of pressurized constant-infusion systems. We have observed small bubbles in lines used to monitor left atrial pressure. The source of these bubbles may be gas from a supersaturated infusate solution. Personnel responsible for the maintenance of atrial pressure lines should be alerted to this possible hazard.", "PMID": 1164078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_373", "title": "Superior vena cava obstruction: a review of the literature and report of 2 cases due to benign intrathoracic tumors.", "content": "A review of the literature shows an increaseing number of cases of superior vena cava obstruction associated with malignancy and a marked decrease in the number of patients with caval obstruction of benign origin. In contrast to granulomatous diseases and aneurysms of the ascending thoracic aorta, which have decreased, the incidence of benign tumors is essentially unchanged. Clinical features of superior vena cava obstruction in relation to the anatomical site of obstruction and collateral pathways are correlated. Diagnostic approaches, including angiography and technetium scanning are usually definitive in outlining the site of obstruction. Experimental data and the numerous available techniques for surgical correction indicate that an entirely satisfactory procedure is not available for all patients. Methods include the use of venous bypass or Teflon prostheses and the addition of a small arteriovenous fistula proximally. Two new cases of superior caval obstruction due to benign tumor are reported. In 1 patient, who had intrapericardial bronchogenic cyst with fibrotic caval obstruction and thrombosis, a method for caval reconstruction while maintaining venous return to the right atrium is described. The second patient had an intrathoracic thyroid adenoma and caval obstruction without thrombosis.", "contents": "Superior vena cava obstruction: a review of the literature and report of 2 cases due to benign intrathoracic tumors. A review of the literature shows an increaseing number of cases of superior vena cava obstruction associated with malignancy and a marked decrease in the number of patients with caval obstruction of benign origin. In contrast to granulomatous diseases and aneurysms of the ascending thoracic aorta, which have decreased, the incidence of benign tumors is essentially unchanged. Clinical features of superior vena cava obstruction in relation to the anatomical site of obstruction and collateral pathways are correlated. Diagnostic approaches, including angiography and technetium scanning are usually definitive in outlining the site of obstruction. Experimental data and the numerous available techniques for surgical correction indicate that an entirely satisfactory procedure is not available for all patients. Methods include the use of venous bypass or Teflon prostheses and the addition of a small arteriovenous fistula proximally. Two new cases of superior caval obstruction due to benign tumor are reported. In 1 patient, who had intrapericardial bronchogenic cyst with fibrotic caval obstruction and thrombosis, a method for caval reconstruction while maintaining venous return to the right atrium is described. The second patient had an intrathoracic thyroid adenoma and caval obstruction without thrombosis.", "PMID": 1164079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_374", "title": "[Anti-arrhythmic effects of derivatives of metoclopramide].", "content": "The antiarrhythmic effect of Metoclopramide and its analogs, sultopride and thiapride, were studied. In the dog arrhythmias were induced by epinephrine, ouabain and coronary artery ligation. In the guinea-pig the effect of each compound was determined on the ouabain-induced arrhythmias as well as on the refractoriness of the electrically stimulated isolated atria. In the dog sultropide and thiapride were less active than metoclopramide. However, metoclopramide and thiapride depressed auriculo-ventricular conduction. None of these agents exerted a protective antiarrhythmic effect in the guinea-pig. Metoclopramide increased the refractoriness while sultropide and thiapride were almost inactive. Unlike metoclopramide, the two analogs have no local anesthetic activity.", "contents": "[Anti-arrhythmic effects of derivatives of metoclopramide]. The antiarrhythmic effect of Metoclopramide and its analogs, sultopride and thiapride, were studied. In the dog arrhythmias were induced by epinephrine, ouabain and coronary artery ligation. In the guinea-pig the effect of each compound was determined on the ouabain-induced arrhythmias as well as on the refractoriness of the electrically stimulated isolated atria. In the dog sultropide and thiapride were less active than metoclopramide. However, metoclopramide and thiapride depressed auriculo-ventricular conduction. None of these agents exerted a protective antiarrhythmic effect in the guinea-pig. Metoclopramide increased the refractoriness while sultropide and thiapride were almost inactive. Unlike metoclopramide, the two analogs have no local anesthetic activity.", "PMID": 1164083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_375", "title": "[Blood-brain barrier. II. Kinetics of distribution of 3H-parahydroxyamphetamine in brain structures after intravenous administration in the rat].", "content": "Intravenously injected parahydroxyamphetamine hardly penetrates into the Central Nervous System, since, 5 minutes after injection, the tissue to plamsa concentration ratio for brain and cerebrospinal fluid amounts to 0,67 and 0,35 respectively. Its concentration in muscle is 5 times higher than in plasma. In the brain, the molecule is preferentialy taken up by the corpus striatum and the hypothalamus. Thus, parahydroxylation of amphetamine inhibits the penetration of the molecule into the brain and suppresses its cortical fixation. These characteristics could explain why this parahydroxylated amine has no psychotropic action.", "contents": "[Blood-brain barrier. II. Kinetics of distribution of 3H-parahydroxyamphetamine in brain structures after intravenous administration in the rat]. Intravenously injected parahydroxyamphetamine hardly penetrates into the Central Nervous System, since, 5 minutes after injection, the tissue to plamsa concentration ratio for brain and cerebrospinal fluid amounts to 0,67 and 0,35 respectively. Its concentration in muscle is 5 times higher than in plasma. In the brain, the molecule is preferentialy taken up by the corpus striatum and the hypothalamus. Thus, parahydroxylation of amphetamine inhibits the penetration of the molecule into the brain and suppresses its cortical fixation. These characteristics could explain why this parahydroxylated amine has no psychotropic action.", "PMID": 1164084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_376", "title": "Cooperativity in classical receptor theory.", "content": "Classical receptor-theory presents models of the relation between drug concentration and biological effect, also in the case where more than one binding site on a receptor must be occupied by the agonist to evoke a response. These models have considered only the possibility that none or all of these sites on the receptor are occupied by drug molecules; the possibility that receptors might by only partly occupied was disregarded. The present paper considers the consequences of this last possibility. It is concluded that the relation between concentration and effect, represented in different types of plots, is not determined only by the order of the reaction between the drugs and their receptors, but also by the ratios of the dissociation constants for the different steps of dissociation of the drug-receptor complex. This may make it almost impossible to make statements about the order of the reaction between drugs and receptors based on experimental data, and to discriminate between allosteric and classical receptor-theories.", "contents": "Cooperativity in classical receptor theory. Classical receptor-theory presents models of the relation between drug concentration and biological effect, also in the case where more than one binding site on a receptor must be occupied by the agonist to evoke a response. These models have considered only the possibility that none or all of these sites on the receptor are occupied by drug molecules; the possibility that receptors might by only partly occupied was disregarded. The present paper considers the consequences of this last possibility. It is concluded that the relation between concentration and effect, represented in different types of plots, is not determined only by the order of the reaction between the drugs and their receptors, but also by the ratios of the dissociation constants for the different steps of dissociation of the drug-receptor complex. This may make it almost impossible to make statements about the order of the reaction between drugs and receptors based on experimental data, and to discriminate between allosteric and classical receptor-theories.", "PMID": 1164085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_377", "title": "A comparison of the discriminable CNS effects of ketamine, phencyclidine and pentobarbital.", "content": "In a shock-escape T-maze task, rats were required to learn drug discriminations involving various doses of pentobarbital, phencyclidine and ketamine. Repeated training sessions were administered. Typically a right turn in the maze was required during drug sessions and a left turn was required during alternate no drug sessions. Results were as follows: 1. Linear dose effect curves relating discriminability (sessions to criterion) to dosage were obtained with all three drugs. 2. Phencyclidine and ketamine produced much more 'response randomization' than did pentobarbital at doses matched for discriminability. 3. Phencyclidine and ketamine tended to mimic each other's discriminable effects, but neither mimicked or was mimicked by pentobarbital. 4. Drug vs drug training demonstrated that phencyclidine and ketamine differed discriminably from each other.", "contents": "A comparison of the discriminable CNS effects of ketamine, phencyclidine and pentobarbital. In a shock-escape T-maze task, rats were required to learn drug discriminations involving various doses of pentobarbital, phencyclidine and ketamine. Repeated training sessions were administered. Typically a right turn in the maze was required during drug sessions and a left turn was required during alternate no drug sessions. Results were as follows: 1. Linear dose effect curves relating discriminability (sessions to criterion) to dosage were obtained with all three drugs. 2. Phencyclidine and ketamine produced much more 'response randomization' than did pentobarbital at doses matched for discriminability. 3. Phencyclidine and ketamine tended to mimic each other's discriminable effects, but neither mimicked or was mimicked by pentobarbital. 4. Drug vs drug training demonstrated that phencyclidine and ketamine differed discriminably from each other.", "PMID": 1164086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_378", "title": "Elevation of amphetamine levels in rat brain after administration of the choline acetyltransferase inhibitor 4-(1-Naphthylvinyl) pyridine (NVP).", "content": "Following amphetamine administration both NVP and SKF-525A cause elevations in whole brain levels of amphetamine compared with saline treated controls. NVP was found to be about 3 times more active than SKF-525A; significant effects were obtained after doses of 0.625mg/kg and above. NVP also inhibited brain choline acetyltransferase in vitro (I50 of 4.0 x 10-5 M). Following the administration of NVP (20-200 MG/KG, I.P), there was a dose-dependent inhibition of this enzyme in brain. These results suggest that potentiation of the behavioral effects of amphetamine by NVP, which occur after doses of 5 mg/kg of NVP, are probably related to its inhibitory effects on amphetamine metabolism.", "contents": "Elevation of amphetamine levels in rat brain after administration of the choline acetyltransferase inhibitor 4-(1-Naphthylvinyl) pyridine (NVP). Following amphetamine administration both NVP and SKF-525A cause elevations in whole brain levels of amphetamine compared with saline treated controls. NVP was found to be about 3 times more active than SKF-525A; significant effects were obtained after doses of 0.625mg/kg and above. NVP also inhibited brain choline acetyltransferase in vitro (I50 of 4.0 x 10-5 M). Following the administration of NVP (20-200 MG/KG, I.P), there was a dose-dependent inhibition of this enzyme in brain. These results suggest that potentiation of the behavioral effects of amphetamine by NVP, which occur after doses of 5 mg/kg of NVP, are probably related to its inhibitory effects on amphetamine metabolism.", "PMID": 1164087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_379", "title": "Changes in rat brain monoamine metabolism following the acute administration of lithium chloride in combination with antidepressant drugs.", "content": "The acute administration of lithium chloride resulted in a decrease in the concentration of serotonin, tyrosine, dopamine and noradrenaline in the rat brain. The antidepressant drugs imipramine, amitriptyline and Org GB94 did not reverse or potentiate the effect of lithium chloride on these monoamines or tyrosine. It is concluded that the ability of lithium salts to enhance the effect of antidepressant drugs in the treatment of endogenous depression cannot readily be explained by their synergistic action on brain monoamine metabolism.", "contents": "Changes in rat brain monoamine metabolism following the acute administration of lithium chloride in combination with antidepressant drugs. The acute administration of lithium chloride resulted in a decrease in the concentration of serotonin, tyrosine, dopamine and noradrenaline in the rat brain. The antidepressant drugs imipramine, amitriptyline and Org GB94 did not reverse or potentiate the effect of lithium chloride on these monoamines or tyrosine. It is concluded that the ability of lithium salts to enhance the effect of antidepressant drugs in the treatment of endogenous depression cannot readily be explained by their synergistic action on brain monoamine metabolism.", "PMID": 1164088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_380", "title": "Effects of hydroxylamine on the consequences of long-lasting administration of morphine in mice. II. Time course of the hydroxylamine effect on morphine tolerance.", "content": "Mice injected for 35 days with morphine sulfate in increasing doses did not show tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine if injected intracranially with 0.3 M hydroxylamine. The excitatory action of morphine was unaffected. The interference with tolerance lasted for at least six weeks following the hydroxylamine injection. There were no apparent histological changes in the brains of treated mice as well as no differences in the composition of water-soluble brain proteins.", "contents": "Effects of hydroxylamine on the consequences of long-lasting administration of morphine in mice. II. Time course of the hydroxylamine effect on morphine tolerance. Mice injected for 35 days with morphine sulfate in increasing doses did not show tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine if injected intracranially with 0.3 M hydroxylamine. The excitatory action of morphine was unaffected. The interference with tolerance lasted for at least six weeks following the hydroxylamine injection. There were no apparent histological changes in the brains of treated mice as well as no differences in the composition of water-soluble brain proteins.", "PMID": 1164089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_381", "title": "Effect of hydroxylamine on the consequences of long-lasting administration of morphine in mice. III. Effect on preferred drinking of morphine solution.", "content": "C57BL/6J mice were periodically required to drink a morphine solution for one, ten or sixteen weeks and then injected intracranially with the mutagens hydroxylamine or sodium nitrite. Whereas before the injection of the drugs the mice demonstrated a definite preference for morphine, after hydroxylamine this preference disappeared. Sodium nitrite had no such effect on the consumption of morphine solution.", "contents": "Effect of hydroxylamine on the consequences of long-lasting administration of morphine in mice. III. Effect on preferred drinking of morphine solution. C57BL/6J mice were periodically required to drink a morphine solution for one, ten or sixteen weeks and then injected intracranially with the mutagens hydroxylamine or sodium nitrite. Whereas before the injection of the drugs the mice demonstrated a definite preference for morphine, after hydroxylamine this preference disappeared. Sodium nitrite had no such effect on the consumption of morphine solution.", "PMID": 1164090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_382", "title": "Effect of subpressor infusions of angiotensin on cardiovascular reactivity in the conscious rat.", "content": "Cardiovascular reactivity before and after 30 minutes and 20 hr Angiotensin infusions (40 ng/kg/min) has been studied in 26 male Wistar rats. Control responses to Tyramine (T) (0.05, 0.1 MG). Angiotensin (A) 10, 40, 160 ng), Norepinephrine (NE)(25, 100, 400 ng) and Renin (R)(0.05 G.U.) were obtained in the conscious animals with chronic cannulas in the aorta and jugular vein. Pressor responses to the same vasoactive agents were obtained immediately after A infusions. Similar 5% dextrose infusions were performed as controls. Results showed that pressor responses to T and A were significantly increased after 30 minutes A infusion and even more after 20 h infusion. Pressor responses to NE increase significantly only at the intermediate dose (100 ng) after 20 hr infusion. Response to R was potentiated by A infusion after 30 minutes and 20 hr. Dextrose infusions did not produce any significant changes in pressor responses.", "contents": "Effect of subpressor infusions of angiotensin on cardiovascular reactivity in the conscious rat. Cardiovascular reactivity before and after 30 minutes and 20 hr Angiotensin infusions (40 ng/kg/min) has been studied in 26 male Wistar rats. Control responses to Tyramine (T) (0.05, 0.1 MG). Angiotensin (A) 10, 40, 160 ng), Norepinephrine (NE)(25, 100, 400 ng) and Renin (R)(0.05 G.U.) were obtained in the conscious animals with chronic cannulas in the aorta and jugular vein. Pressor responses to the same vasoactive agents were obtained immediately after A infusions. Similar 5% dextrose infusions were performed as controls. Results showed that pressor responses to T and A were significantly increased after 30 minutes A infusion and even more after 20 h infusion. Pressor responses to NE increase significantly only at the intermediate dose (100 ng) after 20 hr infusion. Response to R was potentiated by A infusion after 30 minutes and 20 hr. Dextrose infusions did not produce any significant changes in pressor responses.", "PMID": 1164091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_383", "title": "The negative inotropic effect of secobarbital on the heart of reserpinised newborn and adult guinea pigs.", "content": "The negative inotropic effect of different concentrations of secobarbital was studied on isolated hearts of reserpinised newborn and adult guinea pigs. This effect was expressed as the percentage reduction of contraction height, from which the sensitivity of the heart was obtained as the reciprocal of the secobarbital concentration X1/2 needed to yield a 50% reduction (i.e. 1/X1/2). It was found that in adults depletion of catecholamines increased this sensitivity, but not in newborns. Possible interpretations are discussed and it is concluded that the age effects are not due to an effect of reserpine on contractility.", "contents": "The negative inotropic effect of secobarbital on the heart of reserpinised newborn and adult guinea pigs. The negative inotropic effect of different concentrations of secobarbital was studied on isolated hearts of reserpinised newborn and adult guinea pigs. This effect was expressed as the percentage reduction of contraction height, from which the sensitivity of the heart was obtained as the reciprocal of the secobarbital concentration X1/2 needed to yield a 50% reduction (i.e. 1/X1/2). It was found that in adults depletion of catecholamines increased this sensitivity, but not in newborns. Possible interpretations are discussed and it is concluded that the age effects are not due to an effect of reserpine on contractility.", "PMID": 1164092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_384", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and Eigenvector decomposition. Two-compartment open system after rapid intravenous administration.", "content": "The theroetical background of linear pharmacokinetics is presented in terms of elementary mathematical operations while preserving the important aspects of eigenvector decomposition. The discussion is limited to two-compartment open models with rapid intravenous administration. Eigenvector decomposition allows to extend the theory in a straightforward manner to models of higher order and to other ways of administration. A computational scheme is included that can be carried out on a desk-calculator in a small number of steps.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and Eigenvector decomposition. Two-compartment open system after rapid intravenous administration. The theroetical background of linear pharmacokinetics is presented in terms of elementary mathematical operations while preserving the important aspects of eigenvector decomposition. The discussion is limited to two-compartment open models with rapid intravenous administration. Eigenvector decomposition allows to extend the theory in a straightforward manner to models of higher order and to other ways of administration. A computational scheme is included that can be carried out on a desk-calculator in a small number of steps.", "PMID": 1164093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_385", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of secobarbital in rabbit.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic study of secobarbital in the rabbit utilizing gas chromatography (GC) indicated a correlation between blood levels and brain tissue levels; and that the distribution of the drug appears to be more complex than a first order process is suggested by the compartmental simulation midel. The liver and kidney which eliminate the drug into bile and urine, respectively, tend to follow first order elimination kinetics more closely than those which act as depots for drug storage such as muscle and fat. The two dose levels of secobarbital indicate the same relationship with blood and tissues, therefore an increase or decrease in the dosage has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of secobarbital. The termination of action of secobarbital is due to the combination of rapid uptake by liver and its disposition there and a slower uptake by muscle. Computer simulation of secobarbital distribution has strongly suggested the elimination of this drug in bile and that the rebound rise in liver amy be due to enterohepatic circulation.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of secobarbital in rabbit. The pharmacokinetic study of secobarbital in the rabbit utilizing gas chromatography (GC) indicated a correlation between blood levels and brain tissue levels; and that the distribution of the drug appears to be more complex than a first order process is suggested by the compartmental simulation midel. The liver and kidney which eliminate the drug into bile and urine, respectively, tend to follow first order elimination kinetics more closely than those which act as depots for drug storage such as muscle and fat. The two dose levels of secobarbital indicate the same relationship with blood and tissues, therefore an increase or decrease in the dosage has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of secobarbital. The termination of action of secobarbital is due to the combination of rapid uptake by liver and its disposition there and a slower uptake by muscle. Computer simulation of secobarbital distribution has strongly suggested the elimination of this drug in bile and that the rebound rise in liver amy be due to enterohepatic circulation.", "PMID": 1164094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_386", "title": "Absorption, distribution and excretion of trifluoperazine in rats.", "content": "In rats receiving a low oral dose (0.35 mg/kg p.o.) of trifluoperazine (TFP), a potent neuroleptic phenothiazine, the parent drug distribution was separate from that of its metabolite trifluoperazine sulfoxide (TFP-SO). This was not seen after intraperitoneal administration (i.p.) of the same or high dose (5mg/kg). TFP-SO was not detected in the brain, wheras TFP was significantly associated with microsomes when its brain level was highest. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and dose dependent excretion procedded rapidly with 97% of a dose recovered 24 hr after p.o. treatment, only 6% in the urine and the remainder in feces with 87% of this metabolized to compounds other than TFP-SO. TFP and its metabolites arrived in feces via two pathways, largely the bile plus another route. The excretion pattern was unchanges with other drugs or after treatment for 3 wk, although excretion differed on the first day after i.p. and p.o. administration.", "contents": "Absorption, distribution and excretion of trifluoperazine in rats. In rats receiving a low oral dose (0.35 mg/kg p.o.) of trifluoperazine (TFP), a potent neuroleptic phenothiazine, the parent drug distribution was separate from that of its metabolite trifluoperazine sulfoxide (TFP-SO). This was not seen after intraperitoneal administration (i.p.) of the same or high dose (5mg/kg). TFP-SO was not detected in the brain, wheras TFP was significantly associated with microsomes when its brain level was highest. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and dose dependent excretion procedded rapidly with 97% of a dose recovered 24 hr after p.o. treatment, only 6% in the urine and the remainder in feces with 87% of this metabolized to compounds other than TFP-SO. TFP and its metabolites arrived in feces via two pathways, largely the bile plus another route. The excretion pattern was unchanges with other drugs or after treatment for 3 wk, although excretion differed on the first day after i.p. and p.o. administration.", "PMID": 1164095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_387", "title": "Uptake and release of 3H-metaraminol by rat lung. The influence of various drugs.", "content": "Uptake and release of 3H-metaraminol was measured in vitro incubating rat lung tissue in the presence of ouabain (1.5-45 mug/ml), cocaine (1-30 mug/ml), tyramine (0.1-3 mug/ml, reserpine (0.05-1.5 mug/ml), imipramine (0.1-3 mug/ml) and desipramine (0.3-10 mug/ml. All drugs significantly inhibited uptake and release of 3H-metaraminol from lung tissue. This blockade most probably occurs at membrane levels of both neuronal uptake-1 sites and extraneuronal uptake-2 sites. These results further emphasize the importance of the lung in the fate of drugs and endogenous substances.", "contents": "Uptake and release of 3H-metaraminol by rat lung. The influence of various drugs. Uptake and release of 3H-metaraminol was measured in vitro incubating rat lung tissue in the presence of ouabain (1.5-45 mug/ml), cocaine (1-30 mug/ml), tyramine (0.1-3 mug/ml, reserpine (0.05-1.5 mug/ml), imipramine (0.1-3 mug/ml) and desipramine (0.3-10 mug/ml. All drugs significantly inhibited uptake and release of 3H-metaraminol from lung tissue. This blockade most probably occurs at membrane levels of both neuronal uptake-1 sites and extraneuronal uptake-2 sites. These results further emphasize the importance of the lung in the fate of drugs and endogenous substances.", "PMID": 1164096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_388", "title": "Catecholamines and the actions of morphine on the guinea-pig ileum.", "content": "The effects of catecholamines in modifying the response to some analgesic drugs of the guinea-pig ileum, electrically stimulated in vitro, were studied. Pre-treatment with reserpine reduced the potency of morphine in depressing twitches of the preparation. Noradrenaline and especially dopamine mimicked with stricking similarity the effects of morphine in producing 'chronic tolerance' and stimulating twitch height at high concentrations, and reversed 'acute tolerance' produced by repeated administration of 10 ng/ml of morphine. No phase of the response of the preparation to morphine was affected by phentolamine and propranolol, haloperidol or droperidol. The efflux of catecholamines from the preparations was depressed by morphine but output in the various phases of the response did not differ significantly from each other.", "contents": "Catecholamines and the actions of morphine on the guinea-pig ileum. The effects of catecholamines in modifying the response to some analgesic drugs of the guinea-pig ileum, electrically stimulated in vitro, were studied. Pre-treatment with reserpine reduced the potency of morphine in depressing twitches of the preparation. Noradrenaline and especially dopamine mimicked with stricking similarity the effects of morphine in producing 'chronic tolerance' and stimulating twitch height at high concentrations, and reversed 'acute tolerance' produced by repeated administration of 10 ng/ml of morphine. No phase of the response of the preparation to morphine was affected by phentolamine and propranolol, haloperidol or droperidol. The efflux of catecholamines from the preparations was depressed by morphine but output in the various phases of the response did not differ significantly from each other.", "PMID": 1164097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_389", "title": "Distribution, metabolism and excretion of etomidate, a short-acting hypnotic drug, in the rat. Comparative study of (R)-(+)-(--)-Etomidate.", "content": "Tritium-labelled (R)-(+) and (S)-(--)-etomidate was injected intravenously in male Wistar rats at four dose levels. Initial plasma clearance was high and the largest part of etomidate was rapidly distributed over those tissues, that had entered in equilibrium with plasma, such as brain, erythrocytes, heart, spleen, lung, kidney, muscle and intestines. Only in subcutaneous fat, testicles and stomach peak levels appeared after 28 minutes. The levels of etomidate, observed in all these tissues varied proportionally with the dose. Although the contents in brain of thw two isomers were comparable, only (R)-(+)-etomidate possesses hypnotic activity. The concentration in brain of (R)-(+)-etomidate, producing hypnotic activity in rats, was 1.50 +/- 0.35 mug/g tissues. Peak levels in liver appeared shortly after administration. Capacity-limited ester hydrolysis in the liver was the main metabolic pathway, yielding a single amphoteric metabolite. The rate of metabolization of (R)-(+)-etomidate was higher than that of the (S)-(--)-isomer. Excretion of the metabolite was mainly with the urine.", "contents": "Distribution, metabolism and excretion of etomidate, a short-acting hypnotic drug, in the rat. Comparative study of (R)-(+)-(--)-Etomidate. Tritium-labelled (R)-(+) and (S)-(--)-etomidate was injected intravenously in male Wistar rats at four dose levels. Initial plasma clearance was high and the largest part of etomidate was rapidly distributed over those tissues, that had entered in equilibrium with plasma, such as brain, erythrocytes, heart, spleen, lung, kidney, muscle and intestines. Only in subcutaneous fat, testicles and stomach peak levels appeared after 28 minutes. The levels of etomidate, observed in all these tissues varied proportionally with the dose. Although the contents in brain of thw two isomers were comparable, only (R)-(+)-etomidate possesses hypnotic activity. The concentration in brain of (R)-(+)-etomidate, producing hypnotic activity in rats, was 1.50 +/- 0.35 mug/g tissues. Peak levels in liver appeared shortly after administration. Capacity-limited ester hydrolysis in the liver was the main metabolic pathway, yielding a single amphoteric metabolite. The rate of metabolization of (R)-(+)-etomidate was higher than that of the (S)-(--)-isomer. Excretion of the metabolite was mainly with the urine.", "PMID": 1164098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_390", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics and action of digitoxin and ouabain in the isolated hearts of guinea pigs and rats].", "content": "Isolated guinea pig and rat hearts were perfused with 3H-digitoxin and 3H-ouabain. After varying perfusion periods (3-90 min) the glycoside content in the tissue was determined. With digitoxin the tissue/medium-ratio at equilibrium was found to be 14 in guinea pigs and 8 in rats, with ouabain the corresponding values were 2 and 1. In further experiments the efflux of radioactivity from isolated perfused hearts preloaded with 3H-glycosides was measured in 3 min intervals. A compartmental analysis was carried out. The efflux could be described by the sum of two exponentials indicating the existence of two compartments. The half lives of compartment 1 (2.1-4.0 min) and those of compartment 2 (16.8-20.6 min) were similar with both glycosides and both species. The development and decline of the positive inotropic effect in guinea pig hearts exhibited a time course similar to that of the glycoside content in compartment 1: the time for reaching the half maximum effect was 3-4 min with ouabain and 5-6 min with digitoxin. It is suggested that compartment 1 represents the site of the positive inotropic action of cardiac glycosides.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics and action of digitoxin and ouabain in the isolated hearts of guinea pigs and rats]. Isolated guinea pig and rat hearts were perfused with 3H-digitoxin and 3H-ouabain. After varying perfusion periods (3-90 min) the glycoside content in the tissue was determined. With digitoxin the tissue/medium-ratio at equilibrium was found to be 14 in guinea pigs and 8 in rats, with ouabain the corresponding values were 2 and 1. In further experiments the efflux of radioactivity from isolated perfused hearts preloaded with 3H-glycosides was measured in 3 min intervals. A compartmental analysis was carried out. The efflux could be described by the sum of two exponentials indicating the existence of two compartments. The half lives of compartment 1 (2.1-4.0 min) and those of compartment 2 (16.8-20.6 min) were similar with both glycosides and both species. The development and decline of the positive inotropic effect in guinea pig hearts exhibited a time course similar to that of the glycoside content in compartment 1: the time for reaching the half maximum effect was 3-4 min with ouabain and 5-6 min with digitoxin. It is suggested that compartment 1 represents the site of the positive inotropic action of cardiac glycosides.", "PMID": 1164099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_391", "title": "[Effect of antihypertensive agents on the in vitro biosynthesis of prostaglandin E and F2 alpha in the rabbit kidney medulla].", "content": "This report describes the influence of antihypertensive drugs on the biosynthesis of prostaglandins from endogenous precursors in the homogenates of rabbit kidney medulla. Dihydralazine and reserpine inhibited, alpha-methyldopa on the contrary stimulated the in vitro biosynthesis of prostaglandins E and F2alpha. Clonidin was without effect. The effects of noradrenaline and indomethacine as standard substances were determined.", "contents": "[Effect of antihypertensive agents on the in vitro biosynthesis of prostaglandin E and F2 alpha in the rabbit kidney medulla]. This report describes the influence of antihypertensive drugs on the biosynthesis of prostaglandins from endogenous precursors in the homogenates of rabbit kidney medulla. Dihydralazine and reserpine inhibited, alpha-methyldopa on the contrary stimulated the in vitro biosynthesis of prostaglandins E and F2alpha. Clonidin was without effect. The effects of noradrenaline and indomethacine as standard substances were determined.", "PMID": 1164100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_392", "title": "[Electrophysiological analysis of the effects of 4-amino-pyridine in the isolated heart ventricle of the guniea pig].", "content": "The effects of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on guinea pig myocardial ventricular isolated strips were studied by means of intracellular microelectrodes. 4-AP increased the maximal depolarization velocity and decreased the effects of quinidine. In contrast to adrenaline, 4-AP antagonized the effects of MnCl1, but was ineffective against the alterations induced by a sodium poor solution. These findings support the suggestion that 4-AP modifies the electrophysiological membrane properties probably by increasing the Na+ inward current.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological analysis of the effects of 4-amino-pyridine in the isolated heart ventricle of the guniea pig]. The effects of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on guinea pig myocardial ventricular isolated strips were studied by means of intracellular microelectrodes. 4-AP increased the maximal depolarization velocity and decreased the effects of quinidine. In contrast to adrenaline, 4-AP antagonized the effects of MnCl1, but was ineffective against the alterations induced by a sodium poor solution. These findings support the suggestion that 4-AP modifies the electrophysiological membrane properties probably by increasing the Na+ inward current.", "PMID": 1164101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_393", "title": "The influence of serotonin on insulin-stimulated gastric secretion, blood glucose and serum electrolyte levels in the unanesthetized rat.", "content": "The effect of various doses of serotonin (5-HT) on the basal or insulin-stimulated gastric secretion was studied, for 4 hr after the injection, in unanesthetized rats with chronic gastric fistulas. The blood glucose and serum Na, K and Ca ions concentrations were also determined. Insulin produced hypoglycemia and hypokalemia, most pronounced in the first hr, and increased HCl and pepsin output, with a maximum at 2 hr after the injection. 5-HT significantly inhibited both basal and insulin-stimulated gastric secretion. The amine produced transient hyperglycemia, which was less pronounced in rats simultaneously receiving insulin. The inhibition of insulin-stimulated gastric secretion by 5-HT lasted for a longer period than the prevention of the biochemical changes brought about by insulin. The prevention by 5-HT of insulin hypoglycemia and hypokalemia may be of significant importance in the mechanism of the depression of insulin-stimulated gastric secretion.", "contents": "The influence of serotonin on insulin-stimulated gastric secretion, blood glucose and serum electrolyte levels in the unanesthetized rat. The effect of various doses of serotonin (5-HT) on the basal or insulin-stimulated gastric secretion was studied, for 4 hr after the injection, in unanesthetized rats with chronic gastric fistulas. The blood glucose and serum Na, K and Ca ions concentrations were also determined. Insulin produced hypoglycemia and hypokalemia, most pronounced in the first hr, and increased HCl and pepsin output, with a maximum at 2 hr after the injection. 5-HT significantly inhibited both basal and insulin-stimulated gastric secretion. The amine produced transient hyperglycemia, which was less pronounced in rats simultaneously receiving insulin. The inhibition of insulin-stimulated gastric secretion by 5-HT lasted for a longer period than the prevention of the biochemical changes brought about by insulin. The prevention by 5-HT of insulin hypoglycemia and hypokalemia may be of significant importance in the mechanism of the depression of insulin-stimulated gastric secretion.", "PMID": 1164102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_394", "title": "Inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system by dopamine.", "content": "If the right postganglionic cardioaccelerator nerves of cats are stimulated (2 Hz), dopamine, in the presence of cocaine, inhibits transmission. This inhibitory response is prevented by low doses of haloperidol. Phentolamine produces some antagonism and phenoxy-benzamine produces no antagonism to the dopamine-induced inhibition. It is postulated that dopamine receptors on the adrenergic nerve terminals modulate norepinephrine release.", "contents": "Inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system by dopamine. If the right postganglionic cardioaccelerator nerves of cats are stimulated (2 Hz), dopamine, in the presence of cocaine, inhibits transmission. This inhibitory response is prevented by low doses of haloperidol. Phentolamine produces some antagonism and phenoxy-benzamine produces no antagonism to the dopamine-induced inhibition. It is postulated that dopamine receptors on the adrenergic nerve terminals modulate norepinephrine release.", "PMID": 1164103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_395", "title": "The effect of ergotamine and methysergide on serotonin metabolism in the rat brain.", "content": "Ergotamine tartrate and methysergide maleate each significantly altered serotonin (5-HT) metabolism in the rat brain. Whole brain levels of 5-HT were markedly reduced in a dose-related manner, with peak activity observed 30 minutes after I.P. administration and persisting through four hours after dosing. In addition, turnover rate of 5-HT was significantly increased. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsions were not inhibited by either ergotamine or methysergide but each drug interacted with PTZ to induce lethality, which is suggestive evidence of central 5-HT antagonist activity. Moreover, regional distribution of 5-HT in the rat brain was altered by these drugs in such a way to suggest that neihter was a \"universally acting\" central 5-HT antagonist.", "contents": "The effect of ergotamine and methysergide on serotonin metabolism in the rat brain. Ergotamine tartrate and methysergide maleate each significantly altered serotonin (5-HT) metabolism in the rat brain. Whole brain levels of 5-HT were markedly reduced in a dose-related manner, with peak activity observed 30 minutes after I.P. administration and persisting through four hours after dosing. In addition, turnover rate of 5-HT was significantly increased. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsions were not inhibited by either ergotamine or methysergide but each drug interacted with PTZ to induce lethality, which is suggestive evidence of central 5-HT antagonist activity. Moreover, regional distribution of 5-HT in the rat brain was altered by these drugs in such a way to suggest that neihter was a \"universally acting\" central 5-HT antagonist.", "PMID": 1164104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_396", "title": "5-Hydroxytryptamine-14C and dexamphetamine-14C uptake by fundal sarcolemma preparations: effect of thermal and chemical alterations as indirect approach to the problem of the common receptor.", "content": "By submitting a sarcolemma preparation from gastric fundus to thermal (47 degrees C) and chemical (2 M urea) alterations, a significant decrease of the binding of labelled serotonin and dexamphetamine, 40% and 30% respectively, is observed. This finding suggests that the receptors for these two drugs contain a protein moiety, which undergoes a structural and functional modification upon the thermal or chemical procedure employed. The strictly similar behaviour of the binding properties of serotonin and dexamphetamine, in our experimental conditions, gives a strong indirect support to the hypothesis of a common receptor for these two drugs.", "contents": "5-Hydroxytryptamine-14C and dexamphetamine-14C uptake by fundal sarcolemma preparations: effect of thermal and chemical alterations as indirect approach to the problem of the common receptor. By submitting a sarcolemma preparation from gastric fundus to thermal (47 degrees C) and chemical (2 M urea) alterations, a significant decrease of the binding of labelled serotonin and dexamphetamine, 40% and 30% respectively, is observed. This finding suggests that the receptors for these two drugs contain a protein moiety, which undergoes a structural and functional modification upon the thermal or chemical procedure employed. The strictly similar behaviour of the binding properties of serotonin and dexamphetamine, in our experimental conditions, gives a strong indirect support to the hypothesis of a common receptor for these two drugs.", "PMID": 1164105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_397", "title": "Further experimental evidence for a smooth muscle depressant effect of ketamine.", "content": "The effect of ketamine on the rat uterus in oestrus and the guinea pig ileum was investigated to determine whether the drug has smooth muscle relaxant properties dependent upon beta adrenergic stimulation or an anticholinergic effect. The results with the rat uterus clearly showed that relaxation was not due to action at the beta adrenergic receptors. On this muscle preparation ketamine depressed carbachol-induced contractions. This anticholinergic action of ketamine was investigated on the guinea pig ileum. Dose response curves were obtained for acetylcholine, histamine and barium chloride in the presence of ketamine. The results showed that ketamine effectively reduced contractions elicited by the three agonists. It is concluded that ketamine is not a beta receptor agonist and it is unlikely that the drug is a specific cholinergic antagonist.", "contents": "Further experimental evidence for a smooth muscle depressant effect of ketamine. The effect of ketamine on the rat uterus in oestrus and the guinea pig ileum was investigated to determine whether the drug has smooth muscle relaxant properties dependent upon beta adrenergic stimulation or an anticholinergic effect. The results with the rat uterus clearly showed that relaxation was not due to action at the beta adrenergic receptors. On this muscle preparation ketamine depressed carbachol-induced contractions. This anticholinergic action of ketamine was investigated on the guinea pig ileum. Dose response curves were obtained for acetylcholine, histamine and barium chloride in the presence of ketamine. The results showed that ketamine effectively reduced contractions elicited by the three agonists. It is concluded that ketamine is not a beta receptor agonist and it is unlikely that the drug is a specific cholinergic antagonist.", "PMID": 1164106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_398", "title": "Cardiovascular effects and blood concentrations of ajmaline and its 17-monochloroacetate ester in cats.", "content": "The antiarrhythmic drugs ajmaline and its 17-monochloroacetate ester (MCAA; Rtimos-Elle) were studied in cats. MCAA was less than half as toxic as ajmaline. Non-lethal doses of MCAA decreased blood pressure before heart rate, whereas ajmaline initially decreased heart rate. Both drugs prolonged the PR, QRS and QT intervals of the EKG. Recovery of these effects was within one hr. MCAA (10 mg/kg) and ajmaline (4.05 mg/kg) were studied separately by a one and 10 min infusion in the same cat. The dose of MCAA was ten times the usual dose in man and that of ajmaline four times the usual clinical dose. More marked effects were observed with the one min infusion. Arrhythmias were usually observed with ajmaline, but not with MCAA, even though it was rapidly converted to ajmaline. Maximal cardiovascular effects of MCAA and ajmaline were observed within 3 min of the end of infusion, which was also the time of peak blood levels. The elimination of MCAA resembled the kinetics of a multi-compartment system after a one min infusion. Peak blood levels declined by one-half in 3 min. Ajmaline blood levels declined  linearly, with a half-life of 100 min, after a one min infusion. The peak blood level of MCAA after an intraduodenal dose of 25 mg/kg occurred at 20 min, whereas the peak blood level of the ajmaline formed occurred at 4 hr. In conclusion, MCAA has some different pharmacological properties and different kinetics of elimination than ajmaline.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects and blood concentrations of ajmaline and its 17-monochloroacetate ester in cats. The antiarrhythmic drugs ajmaline and its 17-monochloroacetate ester (MCAA; Rtimos-Elle) were studied in cats. MCAA was less than half as toxic as ajmaline. Non-lethal doses of MCAA decreased blood pressure before heart rate, whereas ajmaline initially decreased heart rate. Both drugs prolonged the PR, QRS and QT intervals of the EKG. Recovery of these effects was within one hr. MCAA (10 mg/kg) and ajmaline (4.05 mg/kg) were studied separately by a one and 10 min infusion in the same cat. The dose of MCAA was ten times the usual dose in man and that of ajmaline four times the usual clinical dose. More marked effects were observed with the one min infusion. Arrhythmias were usually observed with ajmaline, but not with MCAA, even though it was rapidly converted to ajmaline. Maximal cardiovascular effects of MCAA and ajmaline were observed within 3 min of the end of infusion, which was also the time of peak blood levels. The elimination of MCAA resembled the kinetics of a multi-compartment system after a one min infusion. Peak blood levels declined by one-half in 3 min. Ajmaline blood levels declined  linearly, with a half-life of 100 min, after a one min infusion. The peak blood level of MCAA after an intraduodenal dose of 25 mg/kg occurred at 20 min, whereas the peak blood level of the ajmaline formed occurred at 4 hr. In conclusion, MCAA has some different pharmacological properties and different kinetics of elimination than ajmaline.", "PMID": 1164107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_399", "title": "Lung enzymes in emphysematous rats: effects of progestagens, antiphlogistics and metabolic inhibitors.", "content": "Chronic exposure of rats to 10% aerosols of papain or trypsin resulted in marked increases in lung weights and lung beta-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase activities. Destruction of alveolar walls was demonstrated microscopically as a decrease in the number of air spaces touching a line of known length. The pregnenes, progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate, but not the 19-nortestosterone derivative norethindrone, partially prevented the papain-induced breakdown of alveolar septa and elevation of beta-glucuronidase. The steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, paramethasone, completely inhibited the rise in lung weight and beta-glucuronidase activity, but did not prevent destruction of alveolar walls. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, indomethacin, afforded little or no protection. Limited prophylaxis against both histological and enzymatic changes was observed in rats treated with the anti-metabolite, cyclophosphamide, and the proteolytic enzyme inhibitor, aprotinin. The various lung abnormalities resulting from papain inhalation may thus be individually influenced by specific pharmacologic agents.", "contents": "Lung enzymes in emphysematous rats: effects of progestagens, antiphlogistics and metabolic inhibitors. Chronic exposure of rats to 10% aerosols of papain or trypsin resulted in marked increases in lung weights and lung beta-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase activities. Destruction of alveolar walls was demonstrated microscopically as a decrease in the number of air spaces touching a line of known length. The pregnenes, progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate, but not the 19-nortestosterone derivative norethindrone, partially prevented the papain-induced breakdown of alveolar septa and elevation of beta-glucuronidase. The steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, paramethasone, completely inhibited the rise in lung weight and beta-glucuronidase activity, but did not prevent destruction of alveolar walls. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, indomethacin, afforded little or no protection. Limited prophylaxis against both histological and enzymatic changes was observed in rats treated with the anti-metabolite, cyclophosphamide, and the proteolytic enzyme inhibitor, aprotinin. The various lung abnormalities resulting from papain inhalation may thus be individually influenced by specific pharmacologic agents.", "PMID": 1164108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_400", "title": "Floctafenine, a new non-narcotic analgesic.", "content": "Floctafenine has been studied in comparison with acetyl-salicylic acid, indomethacin and d-propoxyphene in a series of tests for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. It is very active in the acetic acid-induced writhing test and on the inflamed paw in the Randall and Selitto test. Furthermore, like acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin, but unlike d-propoxyphene, it has no effect on the non-inflamed paw, and similarly it is inactive in the tail flick and in the hot plate test. Floctafenine is also very effective in some acute inflammations such as naphtoylheparamine-induced oedema or in UV erythema, but it is distinctly less active in carrageenin-induced oedema or in adjuvant arthritis. In rat gastric and intestinal mucosa its tolerance is excellent. It has no action on the central and autonomous nervous systems. The pharmacological profile of this compound thus places it amongst the non-narcotic analgesics. It has an exceptionally high therapeutic index, much higher than that of acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin.", "contents": "Floctafenine, a new non-narcotic analgesic. Floctafenine has been studied in comparison with acetyl-salicylic acid, indomethacin and d-propoxyphene in a series of tests for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. It is very active in the acetic acid-induced writhing test and on the inflamed paw in the Randall and Selitto test. Furthermore, like acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin, but unlike d-propoxyphene, it has no effect on the non-inflamed paw, and similarly it is inactive in the tail flick and in the hot plate test. Floctafenine is also very effective in some acute inflammations such as naphtoylheparamine-induced oedema or in UV erythema, but it is distinctly less active in carrageenin-induced oedema or in adjuvant arthritis. In rat gastric and intestinal mucosa its tolerance is excellent. It has no action on the central and autonomous nervous systems. The pharmacological profile of this compound thus places it amongst the non-narcotic analgesics. It has an exceptionally high therapeutic index, much higher than that of acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin.", "PMID": 1164109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_401", "title": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia.", "content": "Warm-type autoantibodies of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) are usually IgG but may be IgM or IgA. They are usual Rh specific. Cold-type antibodies are IgM or IgG  (Donath-Landsteiner [DL] antibody). IgM antibodies are usually anit-l (occasionally anti-i) and DL antibodies anti-P. The warm IgG antibodies do not fix complement (C); they cause red blood cell (RBC) destruction predominantly in the spleen as the result of interaction between fixing; they cause RBC destruction either by intravascular lysis (complement sequence completed) or by interaction between C3-coated RBCs and phagocytes in liver and spleen. Gentic factors, immunoglobulin deficiency, somatic mutation, viral infections and drugs, and failure of T-lymphocyte function, all probably play a part in breaking immunological tolerance and the development of AIHA.", "contents": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Warm-type autoantibodies of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) are usually IgG but may be IgM or IgA. They are usual Rh specific. Cold-type antibodies are IgM or IgG  (Donath-Landsteiner [DL] antibody). IgM antibodies are usually anit-l (occasionally anti-i) and DL antibodies anti-P. The warm IgG antibodies do not fix complement (C); they cause red blood cell (RBC) destruction predominantly in the spleen as the result of interaction between fixing; they cause RBC destruction either by intravascular lysis (complement sequence completed) or by interaction between C3-coated RBCs and phagocytes in liver and spleen. Gentic factors, immunoglobulin deficiency, somatic mutation, viral infections and drugs, and failure of T-lymphocyte function, all probably play a part in breaking immunological tolerance and the development of AIHA.", "PMID": 1164110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_402", "title": "Metabolism of human erythrocytes. Studies in health and disease.", "content": "Deficiency states have been well established in nine enzymes of anaerobic glycolysis and suggested, but inadequantely confirmed, in others. In additon, hemolytic anemia has been defined in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, in certain enzymes glutathione metabolism of importance to the function of the oxidative hexsemonophosphate shunt, and in certain enzymes of nucleotide metabolism. In heterogeneous dyserythropoietic states with ineffective erythropoiesis, enzyme ratios are grossly distorted and differ greatly from those of either normal or reticullocyte-rich blood. Red blood cell (RBC) enzyme deficiencies show noticeable genetic polymorphism, most apparently recessively transmitted anemias actually resulting from inheritance of two different mutant, allelic genes. In addition to causing hemolytic syndromes in selected instances, deficiencies of enzymes more important to other tissues than to the RBC itself are detectable by assay of hemolystates.", "contents": "Metabolism of human erythrocytes. Studies in health and disease. Deficiency states have been well established in nine enzymes of anaerobic glycolysis and suggested, but inadequantely confirmed, in others. In additon, hemolytic anemia has been defined in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, in certain enzymes glutathione metabolism of importance to the function of the oxidative hexsemonophosphate shunt, and in certain enzymes of nucleotide metabolism. In heterogeneous dyserythropoietic states with ineffective erythropoiesis, enzyme ratios are grossly distorted and differ greatly from those of either normal or reticullocyte-rich blood. Red blood cell (RBC) enzyme deficiencies show noticeable genetic polymorphism, most apparently recessively transmitted anemias actually resulting from inheritance of two different mutant, allelic genes. In addition to causing hemolytic syndromes in selected instances, deficiencies of enzymes more important to other tissues than to the RBC itself are detectable by assay of hemolystates.", "PMID": 1164111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_403", "title": "Herediatary spherocytosis. A review.", "content": "Studies of the clinical features of hereditary spherocytosis since 1871 and laboratory investigation of the cellular abnormalities since 1940 have led to the characterization of hereditary spherocytosis as a prime example of a Mendelian dominant, genetically determined disorder of the erythrocyte membrane. This review of hereditary spherocytosis emphasizes the contributions of Dr. Lawrence Young and many others of out present understanding of the disease and discusses current studies of the protein abnormality in the membrane of hereditary spherocytes.", "contents": "Herediatary spherocytosis. A review. Studies of the clinical features of hereditary spherocytosis since 1871 and laboratory investigation of the cellular abnormalities since 1940 have led to the characterization of hereditary spherocytosis as a prime example of a Mendelian dominant, genetically determined disorder of the erythrocyte membrane. This review of hereditary spherocytosis emphasizes the contributions of Dr. Lawrence Young and many others of out present understanding of the disease and discusses current studies of the protein abnormality in the membrane of hereditary spherocytes.", "PMID": 1164112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_404", "title": "Hematology and the Derivation of Psychosomatic Concepts.", "content": "During the past 25 years, Dr. Lawrence Young has played a major role in the evolution of the Medical-Psychatric Liaison Unit at the University of Rochester and in development of new psychsomatic concepts. Investigations of patients with leukemia and lymphoma highlighted the occurrence of separation and loss in the prodromal period of the illness, perphaps serving as precipitating role in its manifest development. Study of these fatally ill patients required scrutiny and clarification of the dying process through the past two decades. Similarly, consideration of accompanying emotional distress in patients' family members necessitated attention to the manifestations of grief.", "contents": "Hematology and the Derivation of Psychosomatic Concepts. During the past 25 years, Dr. Lawrence Young has played a major role in the evolution of the Medical-Psychatric Liaison Unit at the University of Rochester and in development of new psychsomatic concepts. Investigations of patients with leukemia and lymphoma highlighted the occurrence of separation and loss in the prodromal period of the illness, perphaps serving as precipitating role in its manifest development. Study of these fatally ill patients required scrutiny and clarification of the dying process through the past two decades. Similarly, consideration of accompanying emotional distress in patients' family members necessitated attention to the manifestations of grief.", "PMID": 1164114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_405", "title": "Multiple expanded roles for nurses in urban emergency rooms. 'Emergency room nurse-practitioner'.", "content": "The increasing number of patients seeking general medical care in the emergency rooms of urban teaching hospitals creates substantial volume loads, especially in triage and in delivery of primary care. Interns perform these tasks unethusiastically and inefficiently, session physicians indifferently. Selected experienced nurses, after brief but intensive and targeted training, can successfully assume these full responsibilities with a high degree of job satisfaction.", "contents": "Multiple expanded roles for nurses in urban emergency rooms. 'Emergency room nurse-practitioner'. The increasing number of patients seeking general medical care in the emergency rooms of urban teaching hospitals creates substantial volume loads, especially in triage and in delivery of primary care. Interns perform these tasks unethusiastically and inefficiently, session physicians indifferently. Selected experienced nurses, after brief but intensive and targeted training, can successfully assume these full responsibilities with a high degree of job satisfaction.", "PMID": 1164119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_406", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction diagnosed by myoglobinuria.", "content": "Myoglobin can be found in excess in the urines of some patients with acute myocardial infarction. To test the specificity of this finding, urine specimens were analyzed from 39 patients with provisional diagnosis of myocardial infarction by means of a hemagglutination-inhibition technique with prepared antisera to monkey myoglobin. Of 24 patients with subsequently documented myocardial infarction, 15 had at least one positive determination. None of the 15 patients without infarction had positive tests. Ten of 13 patients with infarction studied within 24 hours of the initial event had positive reactions. The percentage of positive reactions in the infarct group decreased sharply after the first 24 hours. This technique may be of value in rapid screening of patients with possible acute myocardial infarction during early stage of symptoms.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction diagnosed by myoglobinuria. Myoglobin can be found in excess in the urines of some patients with acute myocardial infarction. To test the specificity of this finding, urine specimens were analyzed from 39 patients with provisional diagnosis of myocardial infarction by means of a hemagglutination-inhibition technique with prepared antisera to monkey myoglobin. Of 24 patients with subsequently documented myocardial infarction, 15 had at least one positive determination. None of the 15 patients without infarction had positive tests. Ten of 13 patients with infarction studied within 24 hours of the initial event had positive reactions. The percentage of positive reactions in the infarct group decreased sharply after the first 24 hours. This technique may be of value in rapid screening of patients with possible acute myocardial infarction during early stage of symptoms.", "PMID": 1164121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_407", "title": "Immunopathologic findings in idiopathic renal hematuria.", "content": "Eighty patients had idiopathic renal hematuria and normal renal function. Renal biopsy showed minimal changes or focal glomerulonephritis in two thirds of the patients. The remainder exhibited diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis and included nine patients with segmental glomerular sclerosis. Electron microscopy disclosed alterations of the capillary loop in 23 biopsy specimens and electron-dense deposits in 11. Immunofluorescent microscopy identified glomerular-bound immunoglobulins, C3, or fibrinogen in 58% in a generalized distribution. IgG was the immunoglobulin seen most commonly. IgA and IgM were present in 14 and 13 biopsy specimens, respectively. These findings suggest that idiopathic renal hematuria is a clinical syndrome rather than a single disease with varying underlying renal findings. Both immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms may be involved, and the prognosis is favorable even in patients followed up for 11 years.", "contents": "Immunopathologic findings in idiopathic renal hematuria. Eighty patients had idiopathic renal hematuria and normal renal function. Renal biopsy showed minimal changes or focal glomerulonephritis in two thirds of the patients. The remainder exhibited diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis and included nine patients with segmental glomerular sclerosis. Electron microscopy disclosed alterations of the capillary loop in 23 biopsy specimens and electron-dense deposits in 11. Immunofluorescent microscopy identified glomerular-bound immunoglobulins, C3, or fibrinogen in 58% in a generalized distribution. IgG was the immunoglobulin seen most commonly. IgA and IgM were present in 14 and 13 biopsy specimens, respectively. These findings suggest that idiopathic renal hematuria is a clinical syndrome rather than a single disease with varying underlying renal findings. Both immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms may be involved, and the prognosis is favorable even in patients followed up for 11 years.", "PMID": 1164122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_408", "title": "Immunoglobulin A nephropathy.", "content": "Of 475 renal biopsles examined by immunofluorescence, IgA was seen located selectively in the glomerular mesangium of 18 patients. These patients were generally young men and had hematuria, only minimal proteinuria, and normal renal function. Glomerular lesions consisted of focal segmental capillary hypercellularity or sclerosis and mesangial thickening due to an increase in mesangial cells, matrix, and electron-dense deposits. Both IgG and C3 were frequently seen with IgA in the mesangium as was properdin in five of six cases, but C4, a component of the classical pathway of complement activation, was seen only infrequently. Serum IgA levels were elevated in many patients, but serum complement components were normal. These findings suggest a possible unusual immune pathogenesis with local mesangial binding and alternate pathway activation of complement.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Of 475 renal biopsles examined by immunofluorescence, IgA was seen located selectively in the glomerular mesangium of 18 patients. These patients were generally young men and had hematuria, only minimal proteinuria, and normal renal function. Glomerular lesions consisted of focal segmental capillary hypercellularity or sclerosis and mesangial thickening due to an increase in mesangial cells, matrix, and electron-dense deposits. Both IgG and C3 were frequently seen with IgA in the mesangium as was properdin in five of six cases, but C4, a component of the classical pathway of complement activation, was seen only infrequently. Serum IgA levels were elevated in many patients, but serum complement components were normal. These findings suggest a possible unusual immune pathogenesis with local mesangial binding and alternate pathway activation of complement.", "PMID": 1164123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_409", "title": "Glucagon-blood catecholamine test: use in isolated and familial pheochromocytoma.", "content": "In 149 cases, blood pressure response to glucagon test did not exceed 20/10 mm Hg more than the response in the cold pressor test control and was considered negative. Plasma catecholamine level increases may be seen in 95% of patients without pheochromocytomas. Among six patients with pheochromocytomas, urinary metanephrine levels were of diagnostic importance in two with isolated pheochromocytoma and in one with the multiple endocrine neoplasia of type 2 (MEN-type 2). Urinary metanephrine determinations yielded false-negative results in three patients with MEN-type 2, while vanilmandelic acid level was normal in one and nephrotomograms were positive in two of these three. These results suggest that the early diagnosis of pheochromocytoma in patients with MEN-type 2 may be difficult and may require multiple biochemical and roentgenographic investigations.", "contents": "Glucagon-blood catecholamine test: use in isolated and familial pheochromocytoma. In 149 cases, blood pressure response to glucagon test did not exceed 20/10 mm Hg more than the response in the cold pressor test control and was considered negative. Plasma catecholamine level increases may be seen in 95% of patients without pheochromocytomas. Among six patients with pheochromocytomas, urinary metanephrine levels were of diagnostic importance in two with isolated pheochromocytoma and in one with the multiple endocrine neoplasia of type 2 (MEN-type 2). Urinary metanephrine determinations yielded false-negative results in three patients with MEN-type 2, while vanilmandelic acid level was normal in one and nephrotomograms were positive in two of these three. These results suggest that the early diagnosis of pheochromocytoma in patients with MEN-type 2 may be difficult and may require multiple biochemical and roentgenographic investigations.", "PMID": 1164124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_410", "title": "Combined clonidine-chlorthalidone therapy in hypertension. Two years' experience in 30 patients.", "content": "The efficacy and safety of the antihypertensive drug, clonidine, were tested by open-label trial in 30 ambulatory, hypertensive patients who were concomitantly receiving the diuretic, chlorthalidone. This combined treatment followed several weeks of base line treatment with the diuretic alone. In both the recumbent and the upright position, clonidine potentiated the blood pressure-lowering effect of chlorthalidone to a noticeable degree; with combined treatment, the reductions in systolic and diastolic pressures were from 12.9% to 16.4% greater. Side-effects, consisting mostly of drowsiness and dryness of mouth, were mild and were observed mainly at the beginning of clonidine therapy. Orthostatic hypotension or weakness was experienced by 3 patients, but it subsided after dose adjustment in two of them. The drug combination was well suited for long-term management of patients with hypertension of all degrees of severity.", "contents": "Combined clonidine-chlorthalidone therapy in hypertension. Two years' experience in 30 patients. The efficacy and safety of the antihypertensive drug, clonidine, were tested by open-label trial in 30 ambulatory, hypertensive patients who were concomitantly receiving the diuretic, chlorthalidone. This combined treatment followed several weeks of base line treatment with the diuretic alone. In both the recumbent and the upright position, clonidine potentiated the blood pressure-lowering effect of chlorthalidone to a noticeable degree; with combined treatment, the reductions in systolic and diastolic pressures were from 12.9% to 16.4% greater. Side-effects, consisting mostly of drowsiness and dryness of mouth, were mild and were observed mainly at the beginning of clonidine therapy. Orthostatic hypotension or weakness was experienced by 3 patients, but it subsided after dose adjustment in two of them. The drug combination was well suited for long-term management of patients with hypertension of all degrees of severity.", "PMID": 1164125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_411", "title": "Plasma cells in urine: occurrence in multiple myeloma.", "content": "Numerous plasma cells were transiently found in the urine of a patient with multiple myeloma. The patient was in acute renal failure, and she had K-type Bence-Jones proteinemia and proteinuria. A slide of stained urine sediment showed cells with freatures characteristic of plasma cells. Their cytoplasm was highly reactive with anti-K antiserum on immunofluorescence, suggesting that these were myeloma cells.", "contents": "Plasma cells in urine: occurrence in multiple myeloma. Numerous plasma cells were transiently found in the urine of a patient with multiple myeloma. The patient was in acute renal failure, and she had K-type Bence-Jones proteinemia and proteinuria. A slide of stained urine sediment showed cells with freatures characteristic of plasma cells. Their cytoplasm was highly reactive with anti-K antiserum on immunofluorescence, suggesting that these were myeloma cells.", "PMID": 1164126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_412", "title": "Metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma. Documented cure with combined chemotherapy.", "content": "In 1966, we published the case report of a patient with adrenal carcinoma and wide spread metatasis who, after treatment with mitotane (o,p-DDD) and fluorouracil, developed Addison disease accompanied by a clinical remission. The patient's unexpected death from an unrelated cause now allows us to verify what to our knowledge is the first cure of metastatic adrenal carcinoma by chemotherapy.", "contents": "Metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma. Documented cure with combined chemotherapy. In 1966, we published the case report of a patient with adrenal carcinoma and wide spread metatasis who, after treatment with mitotane (o,p-DDD) and fluorouracil, developed Addison disease accompanied by a clinical remission. The patient's unexpected death from an unrelated cause now allows us to verify what to our knowledge is the first cure of metastatic adrenal carcinoma by chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1164127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_413", "title": "Rupture of the spleen in infective endocarditis.", "content": "A patient had delayed spontaneous rupture of the spleen complicating infective endocarditis. In 20 other cases reported through 1973, the most common presentation was found to be left upper quadrant pain followed by signs of peritoneal irritation and cardiovascular collapse. Abdominal paracentesis consistently yields free blood or pus in the peritoneal cavity; blood replacement and emergency splenectomy may be lifesaving. The basic pathological mechanisms may be (1) rupture of a mycotic aneurysm into the splenic substance (2) rupture of a splenic abscess, and (3) rupture of a suppurating intrasplenic vessel with hematoma formation, subcapsular dissection, and delayed capsular tear.", "contents": "Rupture of the spleen in infective endocarditis. A patient had delayed spontaneous rupture of the spleen complicating infective endocarditis. In 20 other cases reported through 1973, the most common presentation was found to be left upper quadrant pain followed by signs of peritoneal irritation and cardiovascular collapse. Abdominal paracentesis consistently yields free blood or pus in the peritoneal cavity; blood replacement and emergency splenectomy may be lifesaving. The basic pathological mechanisms may be (1) rupture of a mycotic aneurysm into the splenic substance (2) rupture of a splenic abscess, and (3) rupture of a suppurating intrasplenic vessel with hematoma formation, subcapsular dissection, and delayed capsular tear.", "PMID": 1164128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_414", "title": "Reduction of oxidized inorganic nitrogen compounds by a new strain of Thiobacillus denitrificans.", "content": "Denitrification by Thiobacillus denitrificans \"RT\" strain was investigated using manometry and gas chromatography. 1. From nitrate, resting cells produced only nitrogen anaerobically with thiosulfate as the electron donor. The data suggest that nitrate was assimilated and dissimilated by the same nitrate reductase, assayed with benzyl-viologen as the electron donor. 2. From nitrite, whole cells produced nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and nitrogen, using thiosulfate as the electron donor; nitrogen was the final product of the reduction. Crude extract reduced nitrite to nitrogen with p-phenylene-diamine and dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine as the electron donors, and produced nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and nitrogen with tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine as the electron donor. Nitrite was reduced to nitric oxide and nitrous oxide by crude extract using ascorbate-phenazine methosulfate as the electron donor. 3. From nitric oxide, whole cells produced nitrous oxide and nitrogen using thiosulfate as the electron donor, nitrogen was the final reduction product. Nitric oxide was reduced to nitrous oxide by crude extract with the ascorbate-phenazine methosulfate system. 4. Whole cells reduced nitrous oxide to nitrogen with thiosulfate as the electron donor. It was not possible to detect any nitrous oxide reductase activity in crude extract. 5. A scheme was of denitrification by Thiobacillus denitrificans \"RT\" strain.", "contents": "Reduction of oxidized inorganic nitrogen compounds by a new strain of Thiobacillus denitrificans. Denitrification by Thiobacillus denitrificans \"RT\" strain was investigated using manometry and gas chromatography. 1. From nitrate, resting cells produced only nitrogen anaerobically with thiosulfate as the electron donor. The data suggest that nitrate was assimilated and dissimilated by the same nitrate reductase, assayed with benzyl-viologen as the electron donor. 2. From nitrite, whole cells produced nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and nitrogen, using thiosulfate as the electron donor; nitrogen was the final product of the reduction. Crude extract reduced nitrite to nitrogen with p-phenylene-diamine and dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine as the electron donors, and produced nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and nitrogen with tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine as the electron donor. Nitrite was reduced to nitric oxide and nitrous oxide by crude extract using ascorbate-phenazine methosulfate as the electron donor. 3. From nitric oxide, whole cells produced nitrous oxide and nitrogen using thiosulfate as the electron donor, nitrogen was the final reduction product. Nitric oxide was reduced to nitrous oxide by crude extract with the ascorbate-phenazine methosulfate system. 4. Whole cells reduced nitrous oxide to nitrogen with thiosulfate as the electron donor. It was not possible to detect any nitrous oxide reductase activity in crude extract. 5. A scheme was of denitrification by Thiobacillus denitrificans \"RT\" strain.", "PMID": 1164140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_415", "title": "Subcellular distribution of yeast invertase isoenzymes.", "content": "Homogenates from yeast cells contain 1% or less of sedimentable invertase activity. Sedimentability is equally low in homogenates from cells repressed or derepressed with regard to invertase secretion. Intracellulary, the mannanprotein form of invertase is largely localized in vacuoles whereas the small isoenzyme is largely present in the soluble cell fraction. These findings indicate that vesicles are not involved in the secretion of invertase. A soluble mode of invertase secretion is discussed.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of yeast invertase isoenzymes. Homogenates from yeast cells contain 1% or less of sedimentable invertase activity. Sedimentability is equally low in homogenates from cells repressed or derepressed with regard to invertase secretion. Intracellulary, the mannanprotein form of invertase is largely localized in vacuoles whereas the small isoenzyme is largely present in the soluble cell fraction. These findings indicate that vesicles are not involved in the secretion of invertase. A soluble mode of invertase secretion is discussed.", "PMID": 1164141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_416", "title": "[Ataxia and deafness secondary to meningitis in children: the role of labyrinth diseases].", "content": "A study is made of post meningitic ataxia from 9 purulent meningitis observations in children. This ataxia is accompanied by a bilateral vestibular destruction syndrome in 6 of the 7 patients examined. The labyrinthic origin of the ataxia accounts for its pure static aspect, its regressive evolution and the frequency of associated deafness. The study of sightless walking on unstable ground (mattress) gives a clinical sight of the vestibular impairment long after the acute phase. In the same way, the study of post-meningitis deafness shows that, most of the time, it is accompanied by an impairment or the suppression of the vestibular reactions. The frequency of the inner ear impairment, after purulent meningitis is certainly underestimated for two reasons: on the one hand, the ataxia remains unknown most of the time because of the excellent vestibular compensation; on the other hand, the deafness can be slight or localized only on one side. Consequently it seems important to undertake in each purulent meningitis convalescent, a clinical examination of standing and walking positions, together with an examination of the hearing and vestibular functions, as soon as age allows it. Lastly, with regard to a pathogenic theory of purulent meningitis, the role of a possible viral component of the infection in the cochleo-vestibular impairment is called into question.", "contents": "[Ataxia and deafness secondary to meningitis in children: the role of labyrinth diseases]. A study is made of post meningitic ataxia from 9 purulent meningitis observations in children. This ataxia is accompanied by a bilateral vestibular destruction syndrome in 6 of the 7 patients examined. The labyrinthic origin of the ataxia accounts for its pure static aspect, its regressive evolution and the frequency of associated deafness. The study of sightless walking on unstable ground (mattress) gives a clinical sight of the vestibular impairment long after the acute phase. In the same way, the study of post-meningitis deafness shows that, most of the time, it is accompanied by an impairment or the suppression of the vestibular reactions. The frequency of the inner ear impairment, after purulent meningitis is certainly underestimated for two reasons: on the one hand, the ataxia remains unknown most of the time because of the excellent vestibular compensation; on the other hand, the deafness can be slight or localized only on one side. Consequently it seems important to undertake in each purulent meningitis convalescent, a clinical examination of standing and walking positions, together with an examination of the hearing and vestibular functions, as soon as age allows it. Lastly, with regard to a pathogenic theory of purulent meningitis, the role of a possible viral component of the infection in the cochleo-vestibular impairment is called into question.", "PMID": 1164146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_417", "title": "[Congenital aplastic anemia, type I].", "content": "Case report of a 7 year old girl, anaemic since birth. The anaemia, of variable intensity, is associated with a moderate reticulocytosis. Bone marrow films, show a marked erythroblastosis with conspicuous morphological abnormalities and internuclear chromatin bridges. The erythrocinetic pattern is that of ineffective erythropoiesis. The morphologic features are those of Heimpel and Wendt's type I congenital dyserythropoiesis. The erythrocytes are lysed by some acidified sera, thus showing a membrane anomaly which is unusual in type I. However the characteristics of the lysis are different from those of type II (HEMPAS) erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Congenital aplastic anemia, type I]. Case report of a 7 year old girl, anaemic since birth. The anaemia, of variable intensity, is associated with a moderate reticulocytosis. Bone marrow films, show a marked erythroblastosis with conspicuous morphological abnormalities and internuclear chromatin bridges. The erythrocinetic pattern is that of ineffective erythropoiesis. The morphologic features are those of Heimpel and Wendt's type I congenital dyserythropoiesis. The erythrocytes are lysed by some acidified sera, thus showing a membrane anomaly which is unusual in type I. However the characteristics of the lysis are different from those of type II (HEMPAS) erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1164147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_418", "title": "[Bartter's disease associated with hypercorticism, phosphate and magnesium deficiencies and familial renal tubular disease].", "content": "A new case of Bartter's syndrome is described. There is a context of other cases of familial renal tubular disease with a sex-linked heredity. In this case, the Bartter's syndrome is associated with magnesium deficiency and hypomagnesemia, with a ricket and severe phosphate deficiency, and finally with an hypercorticism. The basal secretion rate of cortisol agree with a Cushing's syndrome. This hypercorticism is corrected by aminogluthetimide. The influence of the hyperreninism on the hypercorticism is discussed.", "contents": "[Bartter's disease associated with hypercorticism, phosphate and magnesium deficiencies and familial renal tubular disease]. A new case of Bartter's syndrome is described. There is a context of other cases of familial renal tubular disease with a sex-linked heredity. In this case, the Bartter's syndrome is associated with magnesium deficiency and hypomagnesemia, with a ricket and severe phosphate deficiency, and finally with an hypercorticism. The basal secretion rate of cortisol agree with a Cushing's syndrome. This hypercorticism is corrected by aminogluthetimide. The influence of the hyperreninism on the hypercorticism is discussed.", "PMID": 1164148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_419", "title": "[Renal vein thrombosis in the newborn infant].", "content": "In a child born with traumatism to a diabetic mother, an acute thrombosis of the left renal vein occurred. An arteriography performed at the acute stage, established the diagnosis. The newborn received urokinase and heparin administered through an arterial catheterism. An arteriography, repeated at the 3rd day, showed an improvement in the vascularization of the kidney, which returned to normal functions. The radiological symptons of renal vein thrombosis are reviewed including the arteriography which is never used for the diagnosis in newborns. The interest of the use of urokinase and its efficiency in this disorder are discussed. This therapy harmless and efficient seems of interest. Such a therapy has to be tried because of the failure of isolated heparin-therapy and of the sequellae which may be observed after spontaneous recovery or after anticoagulant treatment.", "contents": "[Renal vein thrombosis in the newborn infant]. In a child born with traumatism to a diabetic mother, an acute thrombosis of the left renal vein occurred. An arteriography performed at the acute stage, established the diagnosis. The newborn received urokinase and heparin administered through an arterial catheterism. An arteriography, repeated at the 3rd day, showed an improvement in the vascularization of the kidney, which returned to normal functions. The radiological symptons of renal vein thrombosis are reviewed including the arteriography which is never used for the diagnosis in newborns. The interest of the use of urokinase and its efficiency in this disorder are discussed. This therapy harmless and efficient seems of interest. Such a therapy has to be tried because of the failure of isolated heparin-therapy and of the sequellae which may be observed after spontaneous recovery or after anticoagulant treatment.", "PMID": 1164149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_420", "title": "Rate of learning of the conditioned avoidance reflex in rats with various exploratory activity.", "content": "Rate of learning of the conditioned avoidance reflex in rats with various spontaneous exploratory activity was studied. Rats with low activity learned more quickly, and the most active rats slowly.", "contents": "Rate of learning of the conditioned avoidance reflex in rats with various exploratory activity. Rate of learning of the conditioned avoidance reflex in rats with various spontaneous exploratory activity was studied. Rats with low activity learned more quickly, and the most active rats slowly.", "PMID": 1164150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_421", "title": "Central action of drugs acting on the cholinergic muscarinic receptor. IV. Influence of cholinomimetics and cholinolytics injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle in the rat on concentrations of 5-HT and 5-HIAA.", "content": "The influence of cholinomimetics (carbachol--CCh, physostigmine--Pht, pilocarpine--Pil) and cholinolytics (atropine--At, scopolamine--Sc) injected into the lateral ventricle of the brain (ivtr) in rats on metabolism of 5-HT was studied by assaying levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA. In several comparative experiments cholinomimetics were injected i.p. CCh had no influence on levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA when injected i.p., but raised levels of 5-HIAA injected ivtr. Pht had no influence on concentrations of both substances by either route of administration. Pil raised levels of 5-HIAA when injected i.p. (and by this route of administration also raised levels of 5-HT) as well as ivtr, Both cholinolytics injected ivtr had no influence on concentrations of 5-HT or 5-HIAA.", "contents": "Central action of drugs acting on the cholinergic muscarinic receptor. IV. Influence of cholinomimetics and cholinolytics injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle in the rat on concentrations of 5-HT and 5-HIAA. The influence of cholinomimetics (carbachol--CCh, physostigmine--Pht, pilocarpine--Pil) and cholinolytics (atropine--At, scopolamine--Sc) injected into the lateral ventricle of the brain (ivtr) in rats on metabolism of 5-HT was studied by assaying levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA. In several comparative experiments cholinomimetics were injected i.p. CCh had no influence on levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA when injected i.p., but raised levels of 5-HIAA injected ivtr. Pht had no influence on concentrations of both substances by either route of administration. Pil raised levels of 5-HIAA when injected i.p. (and by this route of administration also raised levels of 5-HT) as well as ivtr, Both cholinolytics injected ivtr had no influence on concentrations of 5-HT or 5-HIAA.", "PMID": 1164151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_422", "title": "Influence of NBTI on metabolism of brain-HT.", "content": "The influence of NBTI, an agent which stimulated dopamine receptor in the central nervous system, on concentrations of serotonin and its metabolic, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the brain of rats was studied. Turnover rate of serotonin in the brain after administration of NBTI to normal rats and those pretreated with spiroperidol, a factor which blocks central dopamine receptors, was evaluated. The changes in metabolism of brain serotonin under the influence of NBTI are similar to those produced by another factor which stimulates central dopamine receptors, namely apomorphine. NBTI causes transient increase in exploratory activity of rats and lowers body temperature.", "contents": "Influence of NBTI on metabolism of brain-HT. The influence of NBTI, an agent which stimulated dopamine receptor in the central nervous system, on concentrations of serotonin and its metabolic, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the brain of rats was studied. Turnover rate of serotonin in the brain after administration of NBTI to normal rats and those pretreated with spiroperidol, a factor which blocks central dopamine receptors, was evaluated. The changes in metabolism of brain serotonin under the influence of NBTI are similar to those produced by another factor which stimulates central dopamine receptors, namely apomorphine. NBTI causes transient increase in exploratory activity of rats and lowers body temperature.", "PMID": 1164152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_423", "title": "Influence of bovine somatotropin on the liver experimentally damaged with carbon tetrachloride.", "content": "The influence of bovine somatotropin in acute CCl4 poisoning was studied in rabbits. Somatotropin was injected subcutaneously in doses of 2.5 mg/kg. Liver damage was assessed on the basis of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase and aldolase activities. STH injected during 10 experimental days or 5 days preceding experimental poisoning with CCl4 did not increase the degree of liver damage in comparison with the group of animals injected only with carbon tetrachloride.", "contents": "Influence of bovine somatotropin on the liver experimentally damaged with carbon tetrachloride. The influence of bovine somatotropin in acute CCl4 poisoning was studied in rabbits. Somatotropin was injected subcutaneously in doses of 2.5 mg/kg. Liver damage was assessed on the basis of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase and aldolase activities. STH injected during 10 experimental days or 5 days preceding experimental poisoning with CCl4 did not increase the degree of liver damage in comparison with the group of animals injected only with carbon tetrachloride.", "PMID": 1164153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_424", "title": "Influence of tricyclic antidepressant drugs on experimental arterial hypertension.", "content": "The tricyclic antidepressant drugs: imipramine, opipramol, amitryptiline and nortryptiline inhibit development of experimental arterial hypertension in rats.", "contents": "Influence of tricyclic antidepressant drugs on experimental arterial hypertension. The tricyclic antidepressant drugs: imipramine, opipramol, amitryptiline and nortryptiline inhibit development of experimental arterial hypertension in rats.", "PMID": 1164154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_425", "title": "Changes of certain pharmacological and biochemical indices in acute methylglyoxal poisoning.", "content": "Methylglyoxal in doses over 25 mg/kg injected intravenously in cats and rabbits produces distinct changes in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, but has no effect on respiration or circulation when injected intraperitoneally even in doses up to 1 g/kg. The effect of MG on blood pressure depends on the species of the animal. The effects of MG are dose-related and dependent on the route of its administration. Biochemical studies showed a significant rise in serum activities of creatine kinase (EC 2-7-3-2), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1-1-1-27) and aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2-6-1-1-) after intraperitoneal injection of MG in the dose of 200 mg/kg in rabbits and 500 mg/kg in rats. The observed changes probably indicate damage of muscle tissue by MG, presumably as a result of low content of one of the glyoxalases in the muscles of the experimental animals. Elevation of glucose levels by MG was probably an adrenergic effect. These biochemical changes can serve to evaluate toxicity of MG preparations, which exhibit variations probably owing to varying degree of polymerization.", "contents": "Changes of certain pharmacological and biochemical indices in acute methylglyoxal poisoning. Methylglyoxal in doses over 25 mg/kg injected intravenously in cats and rabbits produces distinct changes in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, but has no effect on respiration or circulation when injected intraperitoneally even in doses up to 1 g/kg. The effect of MG on blood pressure depends on the species of the animal. The effects of MG are dose-related and dependent on the route of its administration. Biochemical studies showed a significant rise in serum activities of creatine kinase (EC 2-7-3-2), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1-1-1-27) and aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2-6-1-1-) after intraperitoneal injection of MG in the dose of 200 mg/kg in rabbits and 500 mg/kg in rats. The observed changes probably indicate damage of muscle tissue by MG, presumably as a result of low content of one of the glyoxalases in the muscles of the experimental animals. Elevation of glucose levels by MG was probably an adrenergic effect. These biochemical changes can serve to evaluate toxicity of MG preparations, which exhibit variations probably owing to varying degree of polymerization.", "PMID": 1164155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_426", "title": "Influence of the vaccine Polyvaccinum mite on the nasal mucosa.", "content": "The necessity of prolonged administration of the vaccine Polyvaccinum prompted this study on the effect of the preserving agent on the nasal mucosa. Buffered physiologic saline solution containing 0.1--0.4% phenol, and the vaccine containing 0.1--0.4% phenol or 0.01% merthiolate were applied for 12 weeks on the nasal mucosa of rabbits. The nasal mucosa, parenchymal organs and adrenals were studied macroscopically and histologically, and immunologic studies were made. On the basis of the results, preservation of Polyvaccinum mite with 0.4% phenol is suggested.", "contents": "Influence of the vaccine Polyvaccinum mite on the nasal mucosa. The necessity of prolonged administration of the vaccine Polyvaccinum prompted this study on the effect of the preserving agent on the nasal mucosa. Buffered physiologic saline solution containing 0.1--0.4% phenol, and the vaccine containing 0.1--0.4% phenol or 0.01% merthiolate were applied for 12 weeks on the nasal mucosa of rabbits. The nasal mucosa, parenchymal organs and adrenals were studied macroscopically and histologically, and immunologic studies were made. On the basis of the results, preservation of Polyvaccinum mite with 0.4% phenol is suggested.", "PMID": 1164156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_427", "title": "Central action of 2-amino- and 2-amino-5-aryltetrahydropyrimidinediones-4,6.", "content": "The influence on the central nervous system of five 2-amino- and 2 amino-5-aryltetrahydropyrimidinedione-4,6 derivatives was studied. The most favorable action was exerted by benzylamine-tetrahydropyrimidinedione, which inhibited spontaneous and amphetamine-induced motility most strongly, acted synergistically with hexobarbital, was the only one of the studied group of compound which delayed convulsions induced with pentamethylenetetrazole and amphetamine, and potentiated most strongly the central action of DOPA in mice with inhibited MAO activity. The weakest effects were produced by methylpiperazinephenyl-tetrahydropyrimidinedione.", "contents": "Central action of 2-amino- and 2-amino-5-aryltetrahydropyrimidinediones-4,6. The influence on the central nervous system of five 2-amino- and 2 amino-5-aryltetrahydropyrimidinedione-4,6 derivatives was studied. The most favorable action was exerted by benzylamine-tetrahydropyrimidinedione, which inhibited spontaneous and amphetamine-induced motility most strongly, acted synergistically with hexobarbital, was the only one of the studied group of compound which delayed convulsions induced with pentamethylenetetrazole and amphetamine, and potentiated most strongly the central action of DOPA in mice with inhibited MAO activity. The weakest effects were produced by methylpiperazinephenyl-tetrahydropyrimidinedione.", "PMID": 1164157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_428", "title": "Synthesis and preliminary pharmacologic studies on 1-(4-pyridyl)- and 6-methoxy-1-(4-pyridyl)-beta-carboline.", "content": "1-(4-pyridyl) and 6-methoxy-1-(4-pyridyl)-beta-carboline were synthesized by dehydrogenation of 1-(4-pyridyl)-1,2-3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline and 6-methoxy-1-(4-pyridyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline, and their central action was studied pharmacologically. In the doses employed neither preparation showed significant sedative, analgesic or antidepressant activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and preliminary pharmacologic studies on 1-(4-pyridyl)- and 6-methoxy-1-(4-pyridyl)-beta-carboline. 1-(4-pyridyl) and 6-methoxy-1-(4-pyridyl)-beta-carboline were synthesized by dehydrogenation of 1-(4-pyridyl)-1,2-3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline and 6-methoxy-1-(4-pyridyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline, and their central action was studied pharmacologically. In the doses employed neither preparation showed significant sedative, analgesic or antidepressant activity.", "PMID": 1164158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_429", "title": "Semi-flexible sockets for amputation below the knee.", "content": "A semi-flexible socket fitted to a series of 47 consecutive below-knee amputees is evaluated, and the problems in assessing prosthetic components and appropriate methodology are discussed. The results suggest that this type of socket deserves wider use and further evaluation in active amputees, where comfort, perspiration control or the condition of the skin is interfering with the patient's function.", "contents": "Semi-flexible sockets for amputation below the knee. A semi-flexible socket fitted to a series of 47 consecutive below-knee amputees is evaluated, and the problems in assessing prosthetic components and appropriate methodology are discussed. The results suggest that this type of socket deserves wider use and further evaluation in active amputees, where comfort, perspiration control or the condition of the skin is interfering with the patient's function.", "PMID": 1164180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_430", "title": "Abdominal problems in patients with spinal cord lesions.", "content": "The physiatrist faces two major difficulties when dealing with abdominal problems in spinal cord-injured patients: (1) realizing when there is a serious problem; and (2) determining the etiology of the problem. Patients are presented which demonstrate these difficulties. One patient with a ruptured appendix and the periappendicial abscess had only mild symptoms whereas another patient with severe abdominal pain, rigidity and rebound tenderness had a viral enteritis. The neurologic innervations of the abdomen and the various signs and symptoms appearing in cord-injured patients with abdominal problems are described. A methodical evaluation procedure for acute problems in paraplegic patients is presented.", "contents": "Abdominal problems in patients with spinal cord lesions. The physiatrist faces two major difficulties when dealing with abdominal problems in spinal cord-injured patients: (1) realizing when there is a serious problem; and (2) determining the etiology of the problem. Patients are presented which demonstrate these difficulties. One patient with a ruptured appendix and the periappendicial abscess had only mild symptoms whereas another patient with severe abdominal pain, rigidity and rebound tenderness had a viral enteritis. The neurologic innervations of the abdomen and the various signs and symptoms appearing in cord-injured patients with abdominal problems are described. A methodical evaluation procedure for acute problems in paraplegic patients is presented.", "PMID": 1164181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_431", "title": "Inferior vena cava interruption: a new indication?", "content": "Propagating illofemoral venous thrombosis that occurs despite adequate anticoagulation can be detected by the serial fibrinogen uptake test. Twenty-three patients who were receiving heparin sodium for confirmed iliofemoral thrombophlebitis underwent the serial fibrinogen uptake test. There was an increasing percentage of isotope uptake at the groin and the upper part of the thigh in eight of these patients, three of whom subsequently developed clinical signs, perfusion, and ventiliation lung scan findings compatible with the occurrence of pulmonary embolism. The remaining 15 patients had decreasing serial fibrinogen uptake during heparin therapy and no sequelas indicative of pulmonary embolism. Progressive thrombosis in adequately heparinized patients indicates failure of anticoagulation therapy and, when this occurs, we believe that interior vena cava interruption should be considered before a first, but potentially lethal, pulmonary embolus develops.", "contents": "Inferior vena cava interruption: a new indication? Propagating illofemoral venous thrombosis that occurs despite adequate anticoagulation can be detected by the serial fibrinogen uptake test. Twenty-three patients who were receiving heparin sodium for confirmed iliofemoral thrombophlebitis underwent the serial fibrinogen uptake test. There was an increasing percentage of isotope uptake at the groin and the upper part of the thigh in eight of these patients, three of whom subsequently developed clinical signs, perfusion, and ventiliation lung scan findings compatible with the occurrence of pulmonary embolism. The remaining 15 patients had decreasing serial fibrinogen uptake during heparin therapy and no sequelas indicative of pulmonary embolism. Progressive thrombosis in adequately heparinized patients indicates failure of anticoagulation therapy and, when this occurs, we believe that interior vena cava interruption should be considered before a first, but potentially lethal, pulmonary embolus develops.", "PMID": 1164184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_432", "title": "The role of definitive surgery in the management of perforated duodenal ulcer disease.", "content": "From 1970 to 1973, 147 patients were treated at Wayne State University Affiliated Hospitals for perforated duodenal ulcer disease. One hundred thirteen were observed for at least 18 months and findings showed that (1) mortality was dependent on the condition of the patient rather than on the choice of operation, (2) current indications (previous ulcer history, degree of peritoneal contamination, and time interval between performation and surgery) were not reliable in choosing the initial operation or in predicting the need for subsequent surgery, and (3) morbidity was high following simple closure. Therefore, we recommend vagotomy and pyloroplasty as the procedure of choice for a perforated duodenal ulcer, unless the patient is in septic shock at admission.", "contents": "The role of definitive surgery in the management of perforated duodenal ulcer disease. From 1970 to 1973, 147 patients were treated at Wayne State University Affiliated Hospitals for perforated duodenal ulcer disease. One hundred thirteen were observed for at least 18 months and findings showed that (1) mortality was dependent on the condition of the patient rather than on the choice of operation, (2) current indications (previous ulcer history, degree of peritoneal contamination, and time interval between performation and surgery) were not reliable in choosing the initial operation or in predicting the need for subsequent surgery, and (3) morbidity was high following simple closure. Therefore, we recommend vagotomy and pyloroplasty as the procedure of choice for a perforated duodenal ulcer, unless the patient is in septic shock at admission.", "PMID": 1164185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_433", "title": "Isolation and purification of mediators of cell proliferation.", "content": "An attempt was made to isolate and purify the important biological mediators that cause an increase in proliferative activity of fibroblasts following tissue injury. DNA synthesis and cellular growth, using cultured WI-38 fibroblasts, and DNA synthesis in an in vitro assay, using purified DNA polymerase, were stimulated by factors extracted from the lysosomal-mitochondrial fraction of normal guinea pig liver. These factors precipitated in 45 percent to 60 percent ethanol. They were insensitive to treatment with RNase, DNase and heating to 56 C for 30 minutes, but were inactivated at 100 C. isoelectric focusing of the active ethanol-precipitate resolved activity into five discrete fractions, one of which has been purified, using ion-exchange chromatography. The presence of these factors in normal tissue may explain the increase in proliferative activity of fibroblasts and other cells in the early stages of wound healing, via release caused by injury.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of mediators of cell proliferation. An attempt was made to isolate and purify the important biological mediators that cause an increase in proliferative activity of fibroblasts following tissue injury. DNA synthesis and cellular growth, using cultured WI-38 fibroblasts, and DNA synthesis in an in vitro assay, using purified DNA polymerase, were stimulated by factors extracted from the lysosomal-mitochondrial fraction of normal guinea pig liver. These factors precipitated in 45 percent to 60 percent ethanol. They were insensitive to treatment with RNase, DNase and heating to 56 C for 30 minutes, but were inactivated at 100 C. isoelectric focusing of the active ethanol-precipitate resolved activity into five discrete fractions, one of which has been purified, using ion-exchange chromatography. The presence of these factors in normal tissue may explain the increase in proliferative activity of fibroblasts and other cells in the early stages of wound healing, via release caused by injury.", "PMID": 1164187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_434", "title": "Hepatic reticuloendothelial host defense failure following surgical trauma.", "content": "We evaluated potential pituitary-adrenal influences on postoperative reticuloendothelial (RE) function. Male dogs, 13 to 18 kg (28.6 to 39.6 lb), were used and the operative procedure was hemicolectomy. The RE function was evaluated by a colloid clearance technique and circulating opsonin levels were quantified by bioassay. Normal animals manifested RE depression three hours following incision (49 percent decline in the global phagocytic index K and an associated 30 percent decline in the circulating opsonic activity). Dexamethasone sodium phosphate pretreatment over a three-day preoperative period prevented the postoperative RE clearance failure (control K = 0.69; postoperative k = 0.79) however, a slight (18 percent) but not significant decrease in opsonic activity occurred. Cortisone acetate or adrenocorticotropic hormone over a wide-dosage range manifested no depressing effect on in vitro phagocytosis. These studies, in conjunction with our previous findings of Kupffer cell activation following adrenalectomy, as well as the demonstration of opsonin depletion and RE phagocytic depression following surgery in the absence of the adrenal glands suggest that the pituitary-adrenal system modulates postoperative RE phagocytosis.", "contents": "Hepatic reticuloendothelial host defense failure following surgical trauma. We evaluated potential pituitary-adrenal influences on postoperative reticuloendothelial (RE) function. Male dogs, 13 to 18 kg (28.6 to 39.6 lb), were used and the operative procedure was hemicolectomy. The RE function was evaluated by a colloid clearance technique and circulating opsonin levels were quantified by bioassay. Normal animals manifested RE depression three hours following incision (49 percent decline in the global phagocytic index K and an associated 30 percent decline in the circulating opsonic activity). Dexamethasone sodium phosphate pretreatment over a three-day preoperative period prevented the postoperative RE clearance failure (control K = 0.69; postoperative k = 0.79) however, a slight (18 percent) but not significant decrease in opsonic activity occurred. Cortisone acetate or adrenocorticotropic hormone over a wide-dosage range manifested no depressing effect on in vitro phagocytosis. These studies, in conjunction with our previous findings of Kupffer cell activation following adrenalectomy, as well as the demonstration of opsonin depletion and RE phagocytic depression following surgery in the absence of the adrenal glands suggest that the pituitary-adrenal system modulates postoperative RE phagocytosis.", "PMID": 1164188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_435", "title": "Congenital heart disease in adults: surgical management.", "content": "Fifty patients between 17 and 62 years of age who had been operated on in the past five years were reviewed. Of 24 patients with atrial septal defects, pulmonary hypertension and dysarrhythmia, which occurred more frequently in the older patients, contributed to marked disability in 54 percent and congestive heart failure in 25 percent. Correction carried minimal risk. All seven patients with coarctation of the aorta were previously hypertensive, and two remain moderately hypertensive after repair. Three patients with Ebstein anomaly were severely disabled but have improved after plastic repairs, although mild tricuspid insufficiency persists. The eight patients with ventricular septal defect were asymptomatic, but the rest, treated for tetralogy, pulmonic stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, and coronary artery fistula, were moderately symptomatic. Clinical improvement has been achieved and sustained in all patients following repair. The results confirm that congenital heart malformations can be corrected with a good outcome in adults.", "contents": "Congenital heart disease in adults: surgical management. Fifty patients between 17 and 62 years of age who had been operated on in the past five years were reviewed. Of 24 patients with atrial septal defects, pulmonary hypertension and dysarrhythmia, which occurred more frequently in the older patients, contributed to marked disability in 54 percent and congestive heart failure in 25 percent. Correction carried minimal risk. All seven patients with coarctation of the aorta were previously hypertensive, and two remain moderately hypertensive after repair. Three patients with Ebstein anomaly were severely disabled but have improved after plastic repairs, although mild tricuspid insufficiency persists. The eight patients with ventricular septal defect were asymptomatic, but the rest, treated for tetralogy, pulmonic stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, and coronary artery fistula, were moderately symptomatic. Clinical improvement has been achieved and sustained in all patients following repair. The results confirm that congenital heart malformations can be corrected with a good outcome in adults.", "PMID": 1164189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_436", "title": "Massive spontaneous portal-systemic shunting without varices.", "content": "Using umbilical vein portal phlebography, a group of patients, often with previously unsuspected liver disease or portal hypertension, have been identified with massive spontaneous portal-systemic shunts. In all cases, the collateral circulation was a single large vessel. The splenoadrenorenal, umbilical vein, or inferior mesenteric vein routes were the common pathways. These natural shunts were functional and effective in the alleviation of portal hypertension without evidence of esophageal varices or other collaterals. Portal flow was usually retrograde, perhaps contributing to the small atrophic liver seen in all patients. Six such patients were seen in the last 40 studied. This phenomenon may be more common than suspected in the cirrhotic population and account in part for differences in natural history, complications, and results of surgical therapy.", "contents": "Massive spontaneous portal-systemic shunting without varices. Using umbilical vein portal phlebography, a group of patients, often with previously unsuspected liver disease or portal hypertension, have been identified with massive spontaneous portal-systemic shunts. In all cases, the collateral circulation was a single large vessel. The splenoadrenorenal, umbilical vein, or inferior mesenteric vein routes were the common pathways. These natural shunts were functional and effective in the alleviation of portal hypertension without evidence of esophageal varices or other collaterals. Portal flow was usually retrograde, perhaps contributing to the small atrophic liver seen in all patients. Six such patients were seen in the last 40 studied. This phenomenon may be more common than suspected in the cirrhotic population and account in part for differences in natural history, complications, and results of surgical therapy.", "PMID": 1164190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_437", "title": "[Vincamine in patients with cerebral vascular insufficiency].", "content": "The effects of the treatment with vincamine in 20 patients with cerebral vascular insufficiency are reported. The patients were previously submitted to the following tests: neurologic examination, electroencephalography, laboratory tests, psychometry (memory, intellective capability, concentrated attention, abstract reasoning and personality tests). Patients were medicated with vincamin in a 40 mg dose within 24 hours during approximately a 150 days period, after which were again submitted to an identical analysis. The results obtained revealed that in a reasonable percentage of the cases vincamin is an useful medication in controlling the clinical manifestations of the cerebral vascular insufficiency, an improvement being demonstrated in the retrograde and anterograde deficit rate observed in objective tests. An improvement was also noticed in the electroencephalograpric pattern of a few patients.", "contents": "[Vincamine in patients with cerebral vascular insufficiency]. The effects of the treatment with vincamine in 20 patients with cerebral vascular insufficiency are reported. The patients were previously submitted to the following tests: neurologic examination, electroencephalography, laboratory tests, psychometry (memory, intellective capability, concentrated attention, abstract reasoning and personality tests). Patients were medicated with vincamin in a 40 mg dose within 24 hours during approximately a 150 days period, after which were again submitted to an identical analysis. The results obtained revealed that in a reasonable percentage of the cases vincamin is an useful medication in controlling the clinical manifestations of the cerebral vascular insufficiency, an improvement being demonstrated in the retrograde and anterograde deficit rate observed in objective tests. An improvement was also noticed in the electroencephalograpric pattern of a few patients.", "PMID": 1164205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_438", "title": "[Corticosteroids in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Study of 12 cases with review of the literature].", "content": "The results of treatment of myasthenia gravis in 12 patients are reported. There were 10 cases with severe generalized form and two cases with moderate generalized form, one of which associated with polymyositis. Seven patients had prior thymectomy and one of them had a thymoma. All the patients were receiving anticholinesterase drugs with poor response or without any response. One patient received a short, intensive course of dexametazone, and other patient used prednisone after a more prolonged dexametazone course. The remaining patients received prednisone, always beginning with high (100 mg) alternate day oral single-doses. This therapy has been maintained for a period thought to be sufficient to suppress the symptoms, as well as to allow remission or an improvement for remaining even when prednisone had been slowly decreased, after a scheduled of one to two years of treatment.", "contents": "[Corticosteroids in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Study of 12 cases with review of the literature]. The results of treatment of myasthenia gravis in 12 patients are reported. There were 10 cases with severe generalized form and two cases with moderate generalized form, one of which associated with polymyositis. Seven patients had prior thymectomy and one of them had a thymoma. All the patients were receiving anticholinesterase drugs with poor response or without any response. One patient received a short, intensive course of dexametazone, and other patient used prednisone after a more prolonged dexametazone course. The remaining patients received prednisone, always beginning with high (100 mg) alternate day oral single-doses. This therapy has been maintained for a period thought to be sufficient to suppress the symptoms, as well as to allow remission or an improvement for remaining even when prednisone had been slowly decreased, after a scheduled of one to two years of treatment.", "PMID": 1164206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_439", "title": "[Comparative radiological study between spasmodic torticollis and Parkinson's disease. Notes on the etiology of spasmodic torticollis].", "content": "The comparative clinic-radiological study between 45 patients with spasmodic torticollis and the same amount of patients with either essential Parkinsonism or tremor is reported. The study was based mainly on the alterations verified by plain roentgenograms and pneumoencephalography. The comparison between the findings obtained on both groups led the authors to conclude that neuroradiological aspects have statiscally no value in clarifying the etiology of the spasmodic torticollis.", "contents": "[Comparative radiological study between spasmodic torticollis and Parkinson's disease. Notes on the etiology of spasmodic torticollis]. The comparative clinic-radiological study between 45 patients with spasmodic torticollis and the same amount of patients with either essential Parkinsonism or tremor is reported. The study was based mainly on the alterations verified by plain roentgenograms and pneumoencephalography. The comparison between the findings obtained on both groups led the authors to conclude that neuroradiological aspects have statiscally no value in clarifying the etiology of the spasmodic torticollis.", "PMID": 1164207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_440", "title": "[Developmental Gerstmann syndrome associated with cerebellar neoplasm. Report of a case and review of the literature].", "content": "A Developmental Gerstmann syndrome in a 7 years-old-boy with hyperactivity, short attention span, acalculia, agraphia, right-left confusion, finger agnosia and constructional apraxia is reported. An initial trial with methylphenidate was done with good improvement regarding hyperactivity, attention span and constructional apraxia. In the clinical course developed a cerebellar syndrome and intracranial hypertension. Surgical exploration of the cerebellum discovered a medulloblastoma. The author believes that this is the first described association of Developmental Gerstmann syndrome and cerebellar neoplasia. The clinical findings, the etiology and the topography of the Gerstmann syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "[Developmental Gerstmann syndrome associated with cerebellar neoplasm. Report of a case and review of the literature]. A Developmental Gerstmann syndrome in a 7 years-old-boy with hyperactivity, short attention span, acalculia, agraphia, right-left confusion, finger agnosia and constructional apraxia is reported. An initial trial with methylphenidate was done with good improvement regarding hyperactivity, attention span and constructional apraxia. In the clinical course developed a cerebellar syndrome and intracranial hypertension. Surgical exploration of the cerebellum discovered a medulloblastoma. The author believes that this is the first described association of Developmental Gerstmann syndrome and cerebellar neoplasia. The clinical findings, the etiology and the topography of the Gerstmann syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 1164210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_441", "title": "Globoid leukidystrophy. I. Clinical and enzymatic studies.", "content": "In a complementary clinical and biochemical study of patients with globoid leukodystrophy (GLD), cases differed from the classic phenotype of Krabbe disease and suggested a broader spectrum of clinical presentations. In terms of pathogenesis, the advanced development achieved before symptom onset suggested normal early maturation and myelination. Enzyme studies were carried out on white blood cells from the patients, their siblings, parents, and normal agematched controls. These studies utilized galactosyl ceramide of brain origin and a new assay technique. We found a specific deficit in cerebrosidase activity in leukocyte preparations from patients with GLD and intermediate levels of activity in their parents. These findings confirm prior reports and indicate an autosomal recessive mode of genetic expression.", "contents": "Globoid leukidystrophy. I. Clinical and enzymatic studies. In a complementary clinical and biochemical study of patients with globoid leukodystrophy (GLD), cases differed from the classic phenotype of Krabbe disease and suggested a broader spectrum of clinical presentations. In terms of pathogenesis, the advanced development achieved before symptom onset suggested normal early maturation and myelination. Enzyme studies were carried out on white blood cells from the patients, their siblings, parents, and normal agematched controls. These studies utilized galactosyl ceramide of brain origin and a new assay technique. We found a specific deficit in cerebrosidase activity in leukocyte preparations from patients with GLD and intermediate levels of activity in their parents. These findings confirm prior reports and indicate an autosomal recessive mode of genetic expression.", "PMID": 1164212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_442", "title": "Globid leukodystrophy. II. Ultrastructure and chemical pathology.", "content": "A chemical-pathoologic study of globoid leukodystrophy (GLD) was made that compared myelin isolated from maximally involved central white matter with myelin from noninvolved U fiber areas. The results were compared to analyses of myelin from normal, age-matched control human brains. Myelin from U fiber areas contained relatively greater amounts of a lighter myelin fraction and this lighter myelin differed in protein and lipid composition from the heavier myelin fraction. The data have been interpreted to suggest that the metabolic error in GLD results in the formation of an unstable compact or heavier myelin and that a subsequent process of disintegration selectively affects this component.", "contents": "Globid leukodystrophy. II. Ultrastructure and chemical pathology. A chemical-pathoologic study of globoid leukodystrophy (GLD) was made that compared myelin isolated from maximally involved central white matter with myelin from noninvolved U fiber areas. The results were compared to analyses of myelin from normal, age-matched control human brains. Myelin from U fiber areas contained relatively greater amounts of a lighter myelin fraction and this lighter myelin differed in protein and lipid composition from the heavier myelin fraction. The data have been interpreted to suggest that the metabolic error in GLD results in the formation of an unstable compact or heavier myelin and that a subsequent process of disintegration selectively affects this component.", "PMID": 1164213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_443", "title": "Viral antibodies in the CSF after acute CNS infections.", "content": "Viral antibodies were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from 25 patients having acute viral central nervous system (CNS) infections, and from 39 control patients. The results, collected two weeks after the clinical onset, revealed the presence of antibodies in nine of 13 (69%) CSF specimens from patients suffering from encephalitis of myelitis, and in only one of nine (11%) of the CSF samples of those presenting a viral meningitis infection. This difference was statistically significant and suggests that the titration of viral antibodies in the CSF can be helpful in establishing the diagnosis of viral CNS infection. Our data also suggest that localized production of antibodies occurs during the course of acute CNS infections, and that the respiratory syncytial virus can be associated with CNS infections in man.", "contents": "Viral antibodies in the CSF after acute CNS infections. Viral antibodies were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from 25 patients having acute viral central nervous system (CNS) infections, and from 39 control patients. The results, collected two weeks after the clinical onset, revealed the presence of antibodies in nine of 13 (69%) CSF specimens from patients suffering from encephalitis of myelitis, and in only one of nine (11%) of the CSF samples of those presenting a viral meningitis infection. This difference was statistically significant and suggests that the titration of viral antibodies in the CSF can be helpful in establishing the diagnosis of viral CNS infection. Our data also suggest that localized production of antibodies occurs during the course of acute CNS infections, and that the respiratory syncytial virus can be associated with CNS infections in man.", "PMID": 1164214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_444", "title": "Cerebral blood flow in dementia.", "content": "Twenty-four patients of comparable age, blood pressure, and degree of dementia were classified by an \"Ischemic Score\" based on clinical features into \"multi-infarct\" and \"primary degenerative\" dementia. Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by the intracarotid xenon 133 method. Both groups showed a decreased proportion of rapidly clearing brain tissue (largely gray matter). Cerebral blood flow per 100 gm brain per minute was normal in the primary degenerative group but low in the multi-infarct group. This suggests the blood flow is adequate for metabolic needs of the brain in patients with primary degenerative dementia but inadequate for those with multi-infarct dementia. There was no correlation between degree of dementia and CBF in the primary degenerative group but an inverse relationship existed in the multi-infarct group. Reactivity of blood vessels to reduction of arterial carbon dioxide pressure was normal in both groups.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Twenty-four patients of comparable age, blood pressure, and degree of dementia were classified by an \"Ischemic Score\" based on clinical features into \"multi-infarct\" and \"primary degenerative\" dementia. Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by the intracarotid xenon 133 method. Both groups showed a decreased proportion of rapidly clearing brain tissue (largely gray matter). Cerebral blood flow per 100 gm brain per minute was normal in the primary degenerative group but low in the multi-infarct group. This suggests the blood flow is adequate for metabolic needs of the brain in patients with primary degenerative dementia but inadequate for those with multi-infarct dementia. There was no correlation between degree of dementia and CBF in the primary degenerative group but an inverse relationship existed in the multi-infarct group. Reactivity of blood vessels to reduction of arterial carbon dioxide pressure was normal in both groups.", "PMID": 1164215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_445", "title": "Cerebellular calcification in tuberous sclerosis.", "content": "A rarely observed pattern of cerebellar calcification was noted in the skull roentgenograms of a child with tuberous sclerosis in the absence of cerebellar dysfunction. The computerized tomographic brain scan was useful in defining the extent of the cerebellar lesion and in detecting two additional foci of calcification that were not detected by standard roentgenographic methods.", "contents": "Cerebellular calcification in tuberous sclerosis. A rarely observed pattern of cerebellar calcification was noted in the skull roentgenograms of a child with tuberous sclerosis in the absence of cerebellar dysfunction. The computerized tomographic brain scan was useful in defining the extent of the cerebellar lesion and in detecting two additional foci of calcification that were not detected by standard roentgenographic methods.", "PMID": 1164216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_446", "title": "Pure motor hemiplegia due to pyramidal infarction.", "content": "A 77-year-old man suddenly developed left hemiplegia without sensory impairment, visual or speech difficulties, loss of consciousness, or ataxia. He died one month later of pulmonary embolism, and a cystic infarction in the right medullary pyramid was the only lesion in the corticospinal system.", "contents": "Pure motor hemiplegia due to pyramidal infarction. A 77-year-old man suddenly developed left hemiplegia without sensory impairment, visual or speech difficulties, loss of consciousness, or ataxia. He died one month later of pulmonary embolism, and a cystic infarction in the right medullary pyramid was the only lesion in the corticospinal system.", "PMID": 1164217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_447", "title": "Pilocarpine ocusert system for sustained control of ocular hypertension.", "content": "A pilocarpine-containing, polymermembrane unit (Ocusert) was evaluated in 29 patients with open-angle glaucoma. Patients placed the system in the cul-desac once a week; they retained it well and tolerated its continuing use without appreciable difficulty. Intraocular pressure was controlled satisfactorily by the use of systems releasing either 20mug/hr or 40mug/hr of pilocarpine; concomitant medications were used where indicated. Side-effects from the ocular therapeutic system were minimal or absent. An attempt to correlate eyedrop strength required for ocular pressure control with the release rate of the Ocusert system required was generally unsuccessful. All the data on pressure response to the system, however, indicate that it provides control comparable to that achieved with the commonly used pilocarpine eyedrop concentrations.", "contents": "Pilocarpine ocusert system for sustained control of ocular hypertension. A pilocarpine-containing, polymermembrane unit (Ocusert) was evaluated in 29 patients with open-angle glaucoma. Patients placed the system in the cul-desac once a week; they retained it well and tolerated its continuing use without appreciable difficulty. Intraocular pressure was controlled satisfactorily by the use of systems releasing either 20mug/hr or 40mug/hr of pilocarpine; concomitant medications were used where indicated. Side-effects from the ocular therapeutic system were minimal or absent. An attempt to correlate eyedrop strength required for ocular pressure control with the release rate of the Ocusert system required was generally unsuccessful. All the data on pressure response to the system, however, indicate that it provides control comparable to that achieved with the commonly used pilocarpine eyedrop concentrations.", "PMID": 1164218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_448", "title": "Repair of DNA in xeroderma pigmentosum conjunctiva.", "content": "Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive disease with tumor formation on sun-exposed areas of the skin and eyes. Cells from most XP patients are deficient in repairing DNA damaged by ultraviolet (UV) light as shown by a reduced rate of tritiated thymidine (3HTdR) incorporation during their DNA repair synthesis. We have studied such repair synthesis in conjunctival cells from an XP patient with a conjunctival epithelioma and from normal cadaver conjunctiva. Cultured conjunctival cells were irradiated with UV light and then incubated with 3HTdR. Autoradiograms were prepared and showed that UV radiation induced a considerably slower rate of DNA repair synthesis in the XP cells than in normal cells. Many of the ocular abnormalities of XP, including tumor formation, may be the result of this defective DNA repair process.", "contents": "Repair of DNA in xeroderma pigmentosum conjunctiva. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive disease with tumor formation on sun-exposed areas of the skin and eyes. Cells from most XP patients are deficient in repairing DNA damaged by ultraviolet (UV) light as shown by a reduced rate of tritiated thymidine (3HTdR) incorporation during their DNA repair synthesis. We have studied such repair synthesis in conjunctival cells from an XP patient with a conjunctival epithelioma and from normal cadaver conjunctiva. Cultured conjunctival cells were irradiated with UV light and then incubated with 3HTdR. Autoradiograms were prepared and showed that UV radiation induced a considerably slower rate of DNA repair synthesis in the XP cells than in normal cells. Many of the ocular abnormalities of XP, including tumor formation, may be the result of this defective DNA repair process.", "PMID": 1164219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_449", "title": "The psychosomatic aspects of children with vocal nodules.", "content": "Psychological and emotional aspects of voice disorders have long received attention from otolaryngologits and speech clinicians. The literature contains frequent reports of such problems, but there are few studies on the full importance of these aspects. The cause of vocal nodules in children has been attributed to vocal abuse, and therapy has consisted of the elimination of this abuse. Reports of long-term follow-up are few, lending suspicion to both the proposed causes and the therapeutic approaches. Seventy-seven prepuberal children with vocal nodules are studies from the social, medical, and physical aspects. The incidence of vocal nodules approaches 1% of all children. Boys predominate this amount by ratios greater than 3:1, with incidence peaks between ages 5 and 10. Conventional modes of therapy have been unsuccessful because of the lack of recognition of psychosomatic factors. New approaches for therapy are suggested including parental involvement, counseling, group therapy, and drug therapy. Though emotional problems may persist, the somatic aspect of this disease disappears at puberty.", "contents": "The psychosomatic aspects of children with vocal nodules. Psychological and emotional aspects of voice disorders have long received attention from otolaryngologits and speech clinicians. The literature contains frequent reports of such problems, but there are few studies on the full importance of these aspects. The cause of vocal nodules in children has been attributed to vocal abuse, and therapy has consisted of the elimination of this abuse. Reports of long-term follow-up are few, lending suspicion to both the proposed causes and the therapeutic approaches. Seventy-seven prepuberal children with vocal nodules are studies from the social, medical, and physical aspects. The incidence of vocal nodules approaches 1% of all children. Boys predominate this amount by ratios greater than 3:1, with incidence peaks between ages 5 and 10. Conventional modes of therapy have been unsuccessful because of the lack of recognition of psychosomatic factors. New approaches for therapy are suggested including parental involvement, counseling, group therapy, and drug therapy. Though emotional problems may persist, the somatic aspect of this disease disappears at puberty.", "PMID": 1164221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_450", "title": "Mediastinal anatomy for the mediastinoscopist.", "content": "Mediastinal dissections were performed on 20 fresh cadavers to determine the anatomical relationships of special importance to the mediastinoscopist. In all specimens, the right and left upper lobe bronchi as well as the left atrium were found to be within reach of the 14.5-cm mediastinoscope. The average interpleural distance in the tracheal plane was greater in heavier cadavers and increased from the thoracic inlet to the carina. The ease of identification of major paratracheal and parabronchial structures by blunt dissection was estimated. An average of 31 nodes were grossly available for biopsy in the mediastinoscopic field.", "contents": "Mediastinal anatomy for the mediastinoscopist. Mediastinal dissections were performed on 20 fresh cadavers to determine the anatomical relationships of special importance to the mediastinoscopist. In all specimens, the right and left upper lobe bronchi as well as the left atrium were found to be within reach of the 14.5-cm mediastinoscope. The average interpleural distance in the tracheal plane was greater in heavier cadavers and increased from the thoracic inlet to the carina. The ease of identification of major paratracheal and parabronchial structures by blunt dissection was estimated. An average of 31 nodes were grossly available for biopsy in the mediastinoscopic field.", "PMID": 1164222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_451", "title": "Pathologic features of the inner ear in congenital deafness.", "content": "We present the morphologic findings of the temporal bones and brain of a patient with congenital deafness. We discuss these findings in relation to pathologic observations in other reported cases of congenital deafness. Morphologic abnormalities in the patient were mainly in the pars inferior of the membranous labyrinths. The osseous labyrinths were well developed. There was severe dilation of the cochlear duct with herniation of the Reissner membrane, extensive atrophy of the stria vascularis that was associated with calcified thrombi to the strial vessels, encasement of the tectorial membrane in a syncytium, and dyspiastic or regressive degeneration of the organ of Corti. Absence of spiral ganglion cells and their fibers was a prominent feature. The extensive and varied pathologic changes that were present in our patient simultaneously suggest a congenital abnormality in endolymph production and raise the possibility of anomalous development of the labyrinthine vasculature.", "contents": "Pathologic features of the inner ear in congenital deafness. We present the morphologic findings of the temporal bones and brain of a patient with congenital deafness. We discuss these findings in relation to pathologic observations in other reported cases of congenital deafness. Morphologic abnormalities in the patient were mainly in the pars inferior of the membranous labyrinths. The osseous labyrinths were well developed. There was severe dilation of the cochlear duct with herniation of the Reissner membrane, extensive atrophy of the stria vascularis that was associated with calcified thrombi to the strial vessels, encasement of the tectorial membrane in a syncytium, and dyspiastic or regressive degeneration of the organ of Corti. Absence of spiral ganglion cells and their fibers was a prominent feature. The extensive and varied pathologic changes that were present in our patient simultaneously suggest a congenital abnormality in endolymph production and raise the possibility of anomalous development of the labyrinthine vasculature.", "PMID": 1164223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_452", "title": "Long-term otologic features of cleft palate patients.", "content": "In 113 patients, 58 with both a cleft lip and a cleft palate, and 55 with a cleft palate, the otopathologic features and hearing impairments have been examined to evaluate the long-term results. Chronic otitis media was found in only 3% of the ears, and cholesteatoma was found in only 1%. A hearing loss of more than 30 dB was found in 6% of 6-year-old patients, but the frequency was reduced to 2% in 15-year-old patients. These results are favorable in comparison with the recent reports of serous otitis media in other groups of patients.", "contents": "Long-term otologic features of cleft palate patients. In 113 patients, 58 with both a cleft lip and a cleft palate, and 55 with a cleft palate, the otopathologic features and hearing impairments have been examined to evaluate the long-term results. Chronic otitis media was found in only 3% of the ears, and cholesteatoma was found in only 1%. A hearing loss of more than 30 dB was found in 6% of 6-year-old patients, but the frequency was reduced to 2% in 15-year-old patients. These results are favorable in comparison with the recent reports of serous otitis media in other groups of patients.", "PMID": 1164224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_453", "title": "The contralateral ear in M\u00e9ni\u00e9re disease.", "content": "We conducted a survey of 292 patients who had Meniere disease to determine whether there was either some subjective complaint like tinnitus or hearing impairment or an objective symptom like hearing loss or recruitment of the contralateral ear. In 212 (73%) patients, signs of disturbed hearing in the second ear were present. If only the combination of sensorineural hearing loss, recruitment, and tinnitus is accepted as a definite proof of the diagnosis of Meniere disease, at least 10% of the patients we studied suffer from bilateral Meniere disease. Usually, there is an interval between the onset of the impairment in the first and in the second ear; an involvement of both ears from the first onset of the disease has been found in only six patients. We believe that involvement of the second ear in so many of the patients suggest that a conservative method of treatment should always be considered.", "contents": "The contralateral ear in M\u00e9ni\u00e9re disease. We conducted a survey of 292 patients who had Meniere disease to determine whether there was either some subjective complaint like tinnitus or hearing impairment or an objective symptom like hearing loss or recruitment of the contralateral ear. In 212 (73%) patients, signs of disturbed hearing in the second ear were present. If only the combination of sensorineural hearing loss, recruitment, and tinnitus is accepted as a definite proof of the diagnosis of Meniere disease, at least 10% of the patients we studied suffer from bilateral Meniere disease. Usually, there is an interval between the onset of the impairment in the first and in the second ear; an involvement of both ears from the first onset of the disease has been found in only six patients. We believe that involvement of the second ear in so many of the patients suggest that a conservative method of treatment should always be considered.", "PMID": 1164225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_454", "title": "Odontogenic keratocysts and nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.", "content": "Odontogenic keratocysts and their association with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma synd-ome have become increasingly important to the head and neck surgeon, primarily because of their \"aggressive\" clinical behavior and high recurrence rate. Microscopically, keratocysts consist of a thin stratified squamous epithelium that is usually six to eight cells thick and parakeratotic. The cyst wall is thin and usually not inflamed. In contrast to the benign histologic appearnce, the recurrence rate has ranged as high as 60%, with a spectrum of treatment from enucleation to radiotherapy. We report three cases, in order to expand the small number of reports now in the otolaryngologic literature.", "contents": "Odontogenic keratocysts and nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Odontogenic keratocysts and their association with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma synd-ome have become increasingly important to the head and neck surgeon, primarily because of their \"aggressive\" clinical behavior and high recurrence rate. Microscopically, keratocysts consist of a thin stratified squamous epithelium that is usually six to eight cells thick and parakeratotic. The cyst wall is thin and usually not inflamed. In contrast to the benign histologic appearnce, the recurrence rate has ranged as high as 60%, with a spectrum of treatment from enucleation to radiotherapy. We report three cases, in order to expand the small number of reports now in the otolaryngologic literature.", "PMID": 1164226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_455", "title": "Acoustic reflex relaxation in sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "This study examined stapedial reflex recordings of pulsed pure tones (500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 Hz) in 26 subjects with normal hearing and 18 with sensorineural impairment. The stapedial reflex tracings clearly differentiated the two groups of subjects. Like many of our special audiometric procedures, this test was least effective in those with mild hearing loss. The test also appeared to be useful in identifying high-frequency hearing losses. Although this reflex measurement appears to have potential as a clinical tool, additional field study appears necessary.", "contents": "Acoustic reflex relaxation in sensorineural hearing loss. This study examined stapedial reflex recordings of pulsed pure tones (500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 Hz) in 26 subjects with normal hearing and 18 with sensorineural impairment. The stapedial reflex tracings clearly differentiated the two groups of subjects. Like many of our special audiometric procedures, this test was least effective in those with mild hearing loss. The test also appeared to be useful in identifying high-frequency hearing losses. Although this reflex measurement appears to have potential as a clinical tool, additional field study appears necessary.", "PMID": 1164227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_456", "title": "Acoustic reflex and reflex decay. Occurrence in patients with cochlear and eighth nerve lesions.", "content": "Acoustic reflex and reflex decay tests were administered to 50 normal ears, 50 ears with hearing loss due to noise trauma, 50 ears that had Meniere disease, and 28 ears that had involvement of the eighth nerve. In one normal ear, ten noise trauma ears, 11 Meniere disease ears, and 24 eighth nerve lesion ears to reflexes or reflex decay that were suggestive or retrocochlear lesions were observed. Acoustic reflex and reflex decay results are also compared to tone decay results for these patients.", "contents": "Acoustic reflex and reflex decay. Occurrence in patients with cochlear and eighth nerve lesions. Acoustic reflex and reflex decay tests were administered to 50 normal ears, 50 ears with hearing loss due to noise trauma, 50 ears that had Meniere disease, and 28 ears that had involvement of the eighth nerve. In one normal ear, ten noise trauma ears, 11 Meniere disease ears, and 24 eighth nerve lesion ears to reflexes or reflex decay that were suggestive or retrocochlear lesions were observed. Acoustic reflex and reflex decay results are also compared to tone decay results for these patients.", "PMID": 1164228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_457", "title": "Central perforations-safe or unsafe?", "content": "An analysis of 227 consecutive tympanomastoldectomies was undertaken to compare the types and degree of middle ear pathologic features that are found behind central perforations as compared with attic or marginal perforations. In this series, little difference was found between the two groups. A great deal of disease occurred behind all types of tympanic membrane perforations. Near-normal audiogram results did not guarantee a normal middle ear. Central perforations are not necessarily safe and should be treated with the same caution as attic or marginal perforations.", "contents": "Central perforations-safe or unsafe? An analysis of 227 consecutive tympanomastoldectomies was undertaken to compare the types and degree of middle ear pathologic features that are found behind central perforations as compared with attic or marginal perforations. In this series, little difference was found between the two groups. A great deal of disease occurred behind all types of tympanic membrane perforations. Near-normal audiogram results did not guarantee a normal middle ear. Central perforations are not necessarily safe and should be treated with the same caution as attic or marginal perforations.", "PMID": 1164229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_458", "title": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia. Report of a case.", "content": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia occurred in a 46-year-old woman. This is an uncommon benign disease that typically begins with an ulcerated lesion on the hard palate and surrounding tissues. Clinical and microscopic findings show obvious similarity with a malignant neoplasm. Necrotizing sialometapiasis is a benign minor salivary gland disease. It is important since it may easily be confused with squamous cell carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.", "contents": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia. Report of a case. Necrotizing sialometaplasia occurred in a 46-year-old woman. This is an uncommon benign disease that typically begins with an ulcerated lesion on the hard palate and surrounding tissues. Clinical and microscopic findings show obvious similarity with a malignant neoplasm. Necrotizing sialometapiasis is a benign minor salivary gland disease. It is important since it may easily be confused with squamous cell carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.", "PMID": 1164230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_459", "title": "Parotid branchial cleft cyst with facial paralysis. Report of a case.", "content": "Cysts of branchlogenic origin are an extremely unusual source of parotid swelling. I describe the clinical course of a patient with a branchiogenic cyst that initially developed as a rapidly enlarging parotid mass associated with a partial facial paralysis.", "contents": "Parotid branchial cleft cyst with facial paralysis. Report of a case. Cysts of branchlogenic origin are an extremely unusual source of parotid swelling. I describe the clinical course of a patient with a branchiogenic cyst that initially developed as a rapidly enlarging parotid mass associated with a partial facial paralysis.", "PMID": 1164231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_460", "title": "Use of silicone injections in facial defects.", "content": "For more than ten years, the judicious use of intracutaneous injections of relatively small quantities of pure liquid silicone for amelioration of certain deep lines, wrinkles, and atrophic lesions of the face has given gratifying results. Pure liquid silcone meets all the criteria for an ideal injectable fluid prosthesis except one-it is not currently readily available to all qualified practitioners. I discuss the use of silicone for cosmetic purposes.", "contents": "Use of silicone injections in facial defects. For more than ten years, the judicious use of intracutaneous injections of relatively small quantities of pure liquid silicone for amelioration of certain deep lines, wrinkles, and atrophic lesions of the face has given gratifying results. Pure liquid silcone meets all the criteria for an ideal injectable fluid prosthesis except one-it is not currently readily available to all qualified practitioners. I discuss the use of silicone for cosmetic purposes.", "PMID": 1164234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_461", "title": "Tracheostomy in children.", "content": "Tracheostomies were performed on 47 children, using the flap technique. Thirteen patients (28%) died of their basic disease and two (4%) died of complications resulting from the tracheostomy. Decannulation was difficult in four patients, and there was one case each of bleeding, infection, and tracheocutaneous fistula. Thus, the primary complication rate was 19%, including the two deaths. Clinical reexamination with tracheography was made on 20 patients after a follow-up period varying from four to ten years (average, eight years). One small stenotic ring in the area of the distal end of the cannula site and two slight depressions in the tracheal forewall were found. According to these results, the flap technique, if properly performed, is safe also in children.", "contents": "Tracheostomy in children. Tracheostomies were performed on 47 children, using the flap technique. Thirteen patients (28%) died of their basic disease and two (4%) died of complications resulting from the tracheostomy. Decannulation was difficult in four patients, and there was one case each of bleeding, infection, and tracheocutaneous fistula. Thus, the primary complication rate was 19%, including the two deaths. Clinical reexamination with tracheography was made on 20 patients after a follow-up period varying from four to ten years (average, eight years). One small stenotic ring in the area of the distal end of the cannula site and two slight depressions in the tracheal forewall were found. According to these results, the flap technique, if properly performed, is safe also in children.", "PMID": 1164235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_462", "title": "Tobramycin ototoxicity: a second look.", "content": "Tobramycin was administered intravenously to guinea pigs and was shown to produce an impairment of the alternating current cochlear potential. This effect is temporary and occurs only when the blood pressure has been severely lowered. We conclude that these data do not represent the onset of ototoxicity of tobramycin as reported by others, but only represents the cochlear effect of the pronounced fall in blood pressure that is produced by the tobramycin.", "contents": "Tobramycin ototoxicity: a second look. Tobramycin was administered intravenously to guinea pigs and was shown to produce an impairment of the alternating current cochlear potential. This effect is temporary and occurs only when the blood pressure has been severely lowered. We conclude that these data do not represent the onset of ototoxicity of tobramycin as reported by others, but only represents the cochlear effect of the pronounced fall in blood pressure that is produced by the tobramycin.", "PMID": 1164236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_463", "title": "Human stapes crura. Normal ultrastructure, scanning electron microscopical findings.", "content": "The crura of normal human stapes were studied with the scanning electron microscope. Three definite layers were seen: mucosal, periosteal, and bone. The appearance of each layer, as well as of the transition zones, has been presented. Familiarization with the scanning electron microscopic features of the normal human stapes crura should make identification and interpretation of abnormal features of diseased states apparent.", "contents": "Human stapes crura. Normal ultrastructure, scanning electron microscopical findings. The crura of normal human stapes were studied with the scanning electron microscope. Three definite layers were seen: mucosal, periosteal, and bone. The appearance of each layer, as well as of the transition zones, has been presented. Familiarization with the scanning electron microscopic features of the normal human stapes crura should make identification and interpretation of abnormal features of diseased states apparent.", "PMID": 1164237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_464", "title": "Parotid area swelling caused by a prominent transverse process of atlas.", "content": "Among 1,500 parotid sialography examinations, the diagnosis of a parotid mass caused by a prominent transverse process of the atlas was made in 18 patients. The diagnosis was confirmed in one patient who insisted on surgical exploration. The remaining 17 patients required no surgical procedure. Many head and neck surgeons have unwittingly operated on such cases with frustrating results. Hopefully, roentgenographic findings will assist in the confirmation of the diagnosis and eliminate the need for such operations.", "contents": "Parotid area swelling caused by a prominent transverse process of atlas. Among 1,500 parotid sialography examinations, the diagnosis of a parotid mass caused by a prominent transverse process of the atlas was made in 18 patients. The diagnosis was confirmed in one patient who insisted on surgical exploration. The remaining 17 patients required no surgical procedure. Many head and neck surgeons have unwittingly operated on such cases with frustrating results. Hopefully, roentgenographic findings will assist in the confirmation of the diagnosis and eliminate the need for such operations.", "PMID": 1164238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_465", "title": "The jugular bulb. Its anatomic and clinical considerations in contemporary otology.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to bring together in a comprehensive, up-to-date, and relevant manner knowledge of the jugular bulb and sigmoid sinus. The gross and microscopic anatomy of the jugular bulb is discussed, and selected illustrations of temporal bone sections show the varying locations of the jugular bulb. Considerations in differential diagnosis are presented, and examples of surgical procedures are delineated wherein the jugular bulb was encountered, and the methods of management in these instances are detailed.", "contents": "The jugular bulb. Its anatomic and clinical considerations in contemporary otology. The purpose of this paper is to bring together in a comprehensive, up-to-date, and relevant manner knowledge of the jugular bulb and sigmoid sinus. The gross and microscopic anatomy of the jugular bulb is discussed, and selected illustrations of temporal bone sections show the varying locations of the jugular bulb. Considerations in differential diagnosis are presented, and examples of surgical procedures are delineated wherein the jugular bulb was encountered, and the methods of management in these instances are detailed.", "PMID": 1164239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_466", "title": "Retropharyngeal hematoma. A complication of therapy with anticoagulants.", "content": "The retropharyngeal space is a rare site of spontaneous hemorrhage and the formation of a hematoma in this location is a rarer complication of therapy with anticoagulants. Nineteen cases of retropharyngeal hematoma have been reported in the literature, only two of which have been associated with anticoagulation therapy. In the case reported here, a retropharyngeal hematoma developed in a 61-year-old man who had been receiving anticoagulants. The complication was associated with a violent tussive episode. Airway obstruction necessitated a tracheostomy, and the persistent hematoma required external drainage.", "contents": "Retropharyngeal hematoma. A complication of therapy with anticoagulants. The retropharyngeal space is a rare site of spontaneous hemorrhage and the formation of a hematoma in this location is a rarer complication of therapy with anticoagulants. Nineteen cases of retropharyngeal hematoma have been reported in the literature, only two of which have been associated with anticoagulation therapy. In the case reported here, a retropharyngeal hematoma developed in a 61-year-old man who had been receiving anticoagulants. The complication was associated with a violent tussive episode. Airway obstruction necessitated a tracheostomy, and the persistent hematoma required external drainage.", "PMID": 1164240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_467", "title": "Myasthenia gravis focal to the larynx. Report of a case.", "content": "Myasthenia gravis, focal to the larynx, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intermittent breathy dysphonia and aponia. A 20-year-old woman had intermittent breathy dysphonia and aphonia as the sole manifestation of myasthenia gravis. The vocal cords were flaccid, and adducted to the paramedian position for phonation. Improvement of laryngeal function was demonstrated with edrophonium and neostigmine bromide. Therapy with pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon) maintained normal phonation.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis focal to the larynx. Report of a case. Myasthenia gravis, focal to the larynx, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intermittent breathy dysphonia and aponia. A 20-year-old woman had intermittent breathy dysphonia and aphonia as the sole manifestation of myasthenia gravis. The vocal cords were flaccid, and adducted to the paramedian position for phonation. Improvement of laryngeal function was demonstrated with edrophonium and neostigmine bromide. Therapy with pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon) maintained normal phonation.", "PMID": 1164241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_468", "title": "Odontoma of the middle ear. A case presentation.", "content": "We report a case of an odontoma of the middle ear cavity. A brief description of odontomas and their development is given with an embryologic account of middle ear cleft development. The developmental relationships of a nasopharyngeal odontoma, an odontogenic craniopharyngioma, and an otic odontoma are presented.", "contents": "Odontoma of the middle ear. A case presentation. We report a case of an odontoma of the middle ear cavity. A brief description of odontomas and their development is given with an embryologic account of middle ear cleft development. The developmental relationships of a nasopharyngeal odontoma, an odontogenic craniopharyngioma, and an otic odontoma are presented.", "PMID": 1164242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_469", "title": "Lingual thyroid. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "We review the world literature on lingual thyroid. One of our cases of lingual thyroid is added to this body of information specifically because of the patient's unusual lack of any response to hormonal suppression treatment. This behavior was suggestive of a malignant neoplasm and was, in our opinion, indication for excisional biopsy, even without any of the usual symptoms associated with lingual thyroid. To our knowledge, this behavior has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Lingual thyroid. Case report and review of the literature. We review the world literature on lingual thyroid. One of our cases of lingual thyroid is added to this body of information specifically because of the patient's unusual lack of any response to hormonal suppression treatment. This behavior was suggestive of a malignant neoplasm and was, in our opinion, indication for excisional biopsy, even without any of the usual symptoms associated with lingual thyroid. To our knowledge, this behavior has not been previously reported.", "PMID": 1164243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_470", "title": "Squamous carcinoma of bladder with pseudosarcomatous stroma.", "content": "A polypoid squamous cell carcinoma with pseudosarcomatous stroma of the urinary bladder was studied electron microscopically. The epithelial component was a typical squamous carcinoma that consisted of cells with abundant bundles of tonofilaments that converged toward well-developed desmosomes; keratohyalin granules were also seen. The stroma consisted of fusiform cells with dilated rough endoplasmic-reticulum cisternae and irregular cytoplasmic projections that were suggestive of active fibroblasts. No structures suggestive of an epithelial origin or of advanced mesenchymal differentiation were recognized. These observations are consistent with the notion that the pseudosarcomatous stroma represents a reactive process that is probably related to the growth of the epithelial neoplasm. Given the differences in behavior and prognosis between carcinomas with pseudosarcomatous stroma and true carcinosarcomas, efforts at separation of these entities are warranted.", "contents": "Squamous carcinoma of bladder with pseudosarcomatous stroma. A polypoid squamous cell carcinoma with pseudosarcomatous stroma of the urinary bladder was studied electron microscopically. The epithelial component was a typical squamous carcinoma that consisted of cells with abundant bundles of tonofilaments that converged toward well-developed desmosomes; keratohyalin granules were also seen. The stroma consisted of fusiform cells with dilated rough endoplasmic-reticulum cisternae and irregular cytoplasmic projections that were suggestive of active fibroblasts. No structures suggestive of an epithelial origin or of advanced mesenchymal differentiation were recognized. These observations are consistent with the notion that the pseudosarcomatous stroma represents a reactive process that is probably related to the growth of the epithelial neoplasm. Given the differences in behavior and prognosis between carcinomas with pseudosarcomatous stroma and true carcinosarcomas, efforts at separation of these entities are warranted.", "PMID": 1164247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_471", "title": "Urinary bladder effects of levodopa in hamsters.", "content": "Levodopa (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine) was fed at 1.0% of the diet to 60 male weanling Syrian golden hamsters for 48 weeks, followed by control diet for an additional 38 weeks. The incidence of tumors were: three of 60 hamsters with forestomach squamous cell papillomas, one of 60 with leiomyosarcoma of the skin, and one of 60 with cortical adrenal adenoma. Two of 30 control animals developed adrenal adenomas. Hyperplasia of the urinary bladder epithelium occurred in 33 of the treated group, and hyperplasia was not found in the bladders of the control group.", "contents": "Urinary bladder effects of levodopa in hamsters. Levodopa (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine) was fed at 1.0% of the diet to 60 male weanling Syrian golden hamsters for 48 weeks, followed by control diet for an additional 38 weeks. The incidence of tumors were: three of 60 hamsters with forestomach squamous cell papillomas, one of 60 with leiomyosarcoma of the skin, and one of 60 with cortical adrenal adenoma. Two of 30 control animals developed adrenal adenomas. Hyperplasia of the urinary bladder epithelium occurred in 33 of the treated group, and hyperplasia was not found in the bladders of the control group.", "PMID": 1164248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_472", "title": "Ureteral obstruction from metastatic breast carcinoma.", "content": "Metastases from carcinoma of the breast may involve one or both ureters, and may be a clinically important phenomenon. Two cases are presented and the autopsy experience with 181 cases of metastatic breast carcinoma is reviewed. Ureteral involvement was demonstrated in 8.3% of the cases. Bilateral metastases were common.", "contents": "Ureteral obstruction from metastatic breast carcinoma. Metastases from carcinoma of the breast may involve one or both ureters, and may be a clinically important phenomenon. Two cases are presented and the autopsy experience with 181 cases of metastatic breast carcinoma is reviewed. Ureteral involvement was demonstrated in 8.3% of the cases. Bilateral metastases were common.", "PMID": 1164249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_473", "title": "Effects of fluoride on bone in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Fluoride is concentrated in the bones of patients with chronic renal failure when fluoridated water is used during hemodialysis. Excessive osteoid is produced that is not normally mineralized and severe osteomalacia occurs. Electron microscopical examination of iliac crest bone biopsy specimens from four patients suggests that fluoride induces the synthesis of disarrayed collagen by the activated osteoblasts. Collagen fibers were found to be normal in size and in axial periodicity.", "contents": "Effects of fluoride on bone in chronic renal failure. Fluoride is concentrated in the bones of patients with chronic renal failure when fluoridated water is used during hemodialysis. Excessive osteoid is produced that is not normally mineralized and severe osteomalacia occurs. Electron microscopical examination of iliac crest bone biopsy specimens from four patients suggests that fluoride induces the synthesis of disarrayed collagen by the activated osteoblasts. Collagen fibers were found to be normal in size and in axial periodicity.", "PMID": 1164250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_474", "title": "Ovarian giant cell tumor with cystadenocarcinoma.", "content": "A 25-year-old woman had a malignant ovarian tumor with two distinct tumor patterns: pseudomucinous cystadenocarcinoma and malignant giant cell tumor of bone. One area of the tumor had a lining of tall columnar epithelium with abundant mucin production; however, another area of the same tumor had a number of large multinucleated giant cells that resembled osteoclasts, intermingled with mononuclear stromal cells. There was no blending of the two tumor patterns. Mitoses were frequent in both areas. A probable histogenesis of the tumor from a malignant teratoma is suggested.", "contents": "Ovarian giant cell tumor with cystadenocarcinoma. A 25-year-old woman had a malignant ovarian tumor with two distinct tumor patterns: pseudomucinous cystadenocarcinoma and malignant giant cell tumor of bone. One area of the tumor had a lining of tall columnar epithelium with abundant mucin production; however, another area of the same tumor had a number of large multinucleated giant cells that resembled osteoclasts, intermingled with mononuclear stromal cells. There was no blending of the two tumor patterns. Mitoses were frequent in both areas. A probable histogenesis of the tumor from a malignant teratoma is suggested.", "PMID": 1164251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_475", "title": "Bilirubin as a cholestatic agent. III. Prevention of bilirubin-related cholestasis by sulfobromophthalein.", "content": "The administration of sulfobromophthalein sodium (BSP) to manganese-loaded animals had been found to prevent effectively the cholestasis normally created by bilirubin infusion following manganese loading. Measurement of bilirubin levels in blood, liver, and bile in manganese-bilirubin animals with and without BSP fails to provide convincing evidence for a BSP-induced shift in site or magnitude of total bilirubin concentration as an explanation for this anticholestatic action of BSP. Nevertheless, increasing the dose of bilirubin partially reinstitutes the cholestasis. The results are important in that they demonstrate (1) that under certain circumstances intrahepatic cholestasis can be immediately and directly prevented by a pharmacologic agent (by a means not as yet defined) and (2) that the cholestatic activity of bilirubin is, to some extent or under some circumstances, separable from its concentration in blood, liver, and bile.", "contents": "Bilirubin as a cholestatic agent. III. Prevention of bilirubin-related cholestasis by sulfobromophthalein. The administration of sulfobromophthalein sodium (BSP) to manganese-loaded animals had been found to prevent effectively the cholestasis normally created by bilirubin infusion following manganese loading. Measurement of bilirubin levels in blood, liver, and bile in manganese-bilirubin animals with and without BSP fails to provide convincing evidence for a BSP-induced shift in site or magnitude of total bilirubin concentration as an explanation for this anticholestatic action of BSP. Nevertheless, increasing the dose of bilirubin partially reinstitutes the cholestasis. The results are important in that they demonstrate (1) that under certain circumstances intrahepatic cholestasis can be immediately and directly prevented by a pharmacologic agent (by a means not as yet defined) and (2) that the cholestatic activity of bilirubin is, to some extent or under some circumstances, separable from its concentration in blood, liver, and bile.", "PMID": 1164252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_476", "title": "Bilirubin as a cholestatic agent. IV. Effect of bilirubin and sulfobromophthalein (BSP) on biliary manganese excretion.", "content": "These experiments demonstrate that the adminstration of bilirubin does not significantly alter biliary manganese excretion in manganese-loaded animals. Sulfobromophthalein sodium (BSP), which has been shown to afford prophylaxis against manganese-bilirubin cholestasis, significantly increases the biliary excretion of manganese. These results are meaningful in that they indicate that the amount of manganese per se in the bile is not critical in this cholestasis, and suggest that intracanalicular reactions are probably not etiologically critical in this model. They point to the conclusion that the critical cholestatic events are occurring within the hepatocyte. The results also indicate that the biliary excretion of manganese is obligate, and to some extent independent of bile flow. The critical cholestatic events are presumably mediated through the biochemical effects of either a manganese-bilirubin complex or of manganese and bilirubin acting separately but synergistically.", "contents": "Bilirubin as a cholestatic agent. IV. Effect of bilirubin and sulfobromophthalein (BSP) on biliary manganese excretion. These experiments demonstrate that the adminstration of bilirubin does not significantly alter biliary manganese excretion in manganese-loaded animals. Sulfobromophthalein sodium (BSP), which has been shown to afford prophylaxis against manganese-bilirubin cholestasis, significantly increases the biliary excretion of manganese. These results are meaningful in that they indicate that the amount of manganese per se in the bile is not critical in this cholestasis, and suggest that intracanalicular reactions are probably not etiologically critical in this model. They point to the conclusion that the critical cholestatic events are occurring within the hepatocyte. The results also indicate that the biliary excretion of manganese is obligate, and to some extent independent of bile flow. The critical cholestatic events are presumably mediated through the biochemical effects of either a manganese-bilirubin complex or of manganese and bilirubin acting separately but synergistically.", "PMID": 1164253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_477", "title": "Bone marrow granulomas and infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Multiple discrete granulomas were found in bone marrow sections of a young woman who had the typical symptoms and laboratory evidence of infectious mononucleosis. I present a review of findings in this case, together with reports of experimentally induced granulomas mediated by an immunologic mechanism.", "contents": "Bone marrow granulomas and infectious mononucleosis. Multiple discrete granulomas were found in bone marrow sections of a young woman who had the typical symptoms and laboratory evidence of infectious mononucleosis. I present a review of findings in this case, together with reports of experimentally induced granulomas mediated by an immunologic mechanism.", "PMID": 1164254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_478", "title": "The influence of cage bedding on the metabolism of sulphobromophthalein sodium by an hepatic cytosol-located enzyme system.", "content": "The use of cage bedding prepared from pinewood shavings has been shown to be associated with an increase in the activity of sulphobromophthalein sodium (BSP) S-aryltransferase in the hepatic cytosol in rats houses on this substance. This increase was associated with enhanced secretion rates of dye into the bile due to an elevation in the biliary excretion rate of conjugated BSP. Analysis of the hepatic dye content at the time of maximal excretion of BSP into the bile indicated that this phenomenon was due to increased intrahepatic conjugation of BSP. This observation emphasizes the importance of considering environmental factors that may influence results when designing experiments on hepatic metabolism.", "contents": "The influence of cage bedding on the metabolism of sulphobromophthalein sodium by an hepatic cytosol-located enzyme system. The use of cage bedding prepared from pinewood shavings has been shown to be associated with an increase in the activity of sulphobromophthalein sodium (BSP) S-aryltransferase in the hepatic cytosol in rats houses on this substance. This increase was associated with enhanced secretion rates of dye into the bile due to an elevation in the biliary excretion rate of conjugated BSP. Analysis of the hepatic dye content at the time of maximal excretion of BSP into the bile indicated that this phenomenon was due to increased intrahepatic conjugation of BSP. This observation emphasizes the importance of considering environmental factors that may influence results when designing experiments on hepatic metabolism.", "PMID": 1164255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_479", "title": "Changes in the jugular haematocrit of sheep during feeding.", "content": "Intact and splenectomized sheep with and without a rumen fistula were used to investigate changes in the jugular blood haematocrit and plasma osmolality during hourly and once-daily feeding regimes. Osmolality was also estimated in the ruminal fluid of fistulated sheep with spleens. Haematocrit decreased in sheep with spleens before they were given a once-daily feed; it increased when these sheep started to feed, reaching a maximum increase of 13% after 30 min of feeding; it decreased during the remaining 45 min of feeding time and usually continued to decrease after feeding stopped. These changes were not due to diurnal influences. Splenectomized sheep fed once daily showed only small decreases in haematocrit before they were fed. Increases occurred with the onset of eating but they were smaller (7%) than in intact sheep and were of shorter duration. In hourly fed sheep with spleens, haematocrit decreased in the early stages of sampling in a manner similar to that for sheep fed once daily. The changes in haematocrit that did occur were not related in any obvious manner to the feeding regime. The haematocrit in splenectomized sheep fed hourly was stable throughout feeding. Variations in the haematocrit in splenectomized sheep, equivalent to a range of 13% in one of them, were observed in a series of blood samples obtained during a 5-h period remote from the feeding time. Large increases occurred in osmolality of ruminal fluid when sheep were fed daily and this was abolished by hourly feeding. Plasma osmolality in sheep fed once daily increased slowly. Maxima occurred after 100 min from the start of eating and were 7% greater than prefeeding values. Only minor changes were observed when these sheep were fed hourly.", "contents": "Changes in the jugular haematocrit of sheep during feeding. Intact and splenectomized sheep with and without a rumen fistula were used to investigate changes in the jugular blood haematocrit and plasma osmolality during hourly and once-daily feeding regimes. Osmolality was also estimated in the ruminal fluid of fistulated sheep with spleens. Haematocrit decreased in sheep with spleens before they were given a once-daily feed; it increased when these sheep started to feed, reaching a maximum increase of 13% after 30 min of feeding; it decreased during the remaining 45 min of feeding time and usually continued to decrease after feeding stopped. These changes were not due to diurnal influences. Splenectomized sheep fed once daily showed only small decreases in haematocrit before they were fed. Increases occurred with the onset of eating but they were smaller (7%) than in intact sheep and were of shorter duration. In hourly fed sheep with spleens, haematocrit decreased in the early stages of sampling in a manner similar to that for sheep fed once daily. The changes in haematocrit that did occur were not related in any obvious manner to the feeding regime. The haematocrit in splenectomized sheep fed hourly was stable throughout feeding. Variations in the haematocrit in splenectomized sheep, equivalent to a range of 13% in one of them, were observed in a series of blood samples obtained during a 5-h period remote from the feeding time. Large increases occurred in osmolality of ruminal fluid when sheep were fed daily and this was abolished by hourly feeding. Plasma osmolality in sheep fed once daily increased slowly. Maxima occurred after 100 min from the start of eating and were 7% greater than prefeeding values. Only minor changes were observed when these sheep were fed hourly.", "PMID": 1164256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_480", "title": "The sweat glands and hair follicles of different species of bovidae.", "content": "Measurements were made of hairs and sweat glands in the skins of a number of different Bovidae. The principal differences between the Bovinae and the one member of the Cephalophinae (the duiker) studied were in the dimensions of the skin and its component organs and in hair density; secondary hairs were not present, although in the American bison small primary follicles which appeared to provide a woolly undercoat were seen. In contrast, secondary hair follicles were found in the skins of all the Caprinae, Antilopinae and most of the Hippotraginae studied. The sweat glands of the Bovidae varied in shape from simple sacs as seen in the oryx to the coiled tubes of the wildebeest, and different markedly in size, the largest being found in the wisent.", "contents": "The sweat glands and hair follicles of different species of bovidae. Measurements were made of hairs and sweat glands in the skins of a number of different Bovidae. The principal differences between the Bovinae and the one member of the Cephalophinae (the duiker) studied were in the dimensions of the skin and its component organs and in hair density; secondary hairs were not present, although in the American bison small primary follicles which appeared to provide a woolly undercoat were seen. In contrast, secondary hair follicles were found in the skins of all the Caprinae, Antilopinae and most of the Hippotraginae studied. The sweat glands of the Bovidae varied in shape from simple sacs as seen in the oryx to the coiled tubes of the wildebeest, and different markedly in size, the largest being found in the wisent.", "PMID": 1164257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_481", "title": "Chromosomal evolution in the lizard genus Varanus (reptilia).", "content": "The karyotypes have been determined of 16 of the 32 species of the genus Varanus, including animals from Africa, Israel, Malaya and Australia. A constant chromosome number of 2n = 40 was observed. The karyotype is divided into eight pairs of large chromosomes and 12 paris of microchromosomes. A series of chromosomal rearrangements have become established in both size groups of the karyotype and are restricted to centromers shifts, probably caused by pericentric inversion. Species could be placed in one of six distinct karyotype groups which are differentiated by these rearrangements and whose grouping does not always correspond with the current taxonomy. An unusual sex chromosome system of the ZZ/ZW type was present in a number of the species examined. The evolutionary significance of these chromosomal rearrangements, their origin and their mode of establishment are discussed and related to the current taxonomic groupings. The most likely phylogenetic model based on chromosome morphology, fossil evidence and the current distribution of the genus Varanus is presented.", "contents": "Chromosomal evolution in the lizard genus Varanus (reptilia). The karyotypes have been determined of 16 of the 32 species of the genus Varanus, including animals from Africa, Israel, Malaya and Australia. A constant chromosome number of 2n = 40 was observed. The karyotype is divided into eight pairs of large chromosomes and 12 paris of microchromosomes. A series of chromosomal rearrangements have become established in both size groups of the karyotype and are restricted to centromers shifts, probably caused by pericentric inversion. Species could be placed in one of six distinct karyotype groups which are differentiated by these rearrangements and whose grouping does not always correspond with the current taxonomy. An unusual sex chromosome system of the ZZ/ZW type was present in a number of the species examined. The evolutionary significance of these chromosomal rearrangements, their origin and their mode of establishment are discussed and related to the current taxonomic groupings. The most likely phylogenetic model based on chromosome morphology, fossil evidence and the current distribution of the genus Varanus is presented.", "PMID": 1164258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_482", "title": "Isolation of Murray Valley encephalitis virus from sentinel chickens.", "content": "Sentinel chickens were established in 3 centres along the Murray Valley on 20 December 1973. The demonstration of antibody in the serum of chickens in the Mildura and Kerang areas indicated Sindbis virus activity late in December 1973 and early in January 1974. Tests for antibody to MVE virus were negative until blood collected from one chicken at Echuca on 27 February 1974 and several chickens at Mildura and Kerang on 14 March 1974, showed positive HI reactions. Murray Valley encephalitis virus was isolated from blood collected from chickens at Echuca and Kerang respectively on 31 January 1974 and 27 February 1974.", "contents": "Isolation of Murray Valley encephalitis virus from sentinel chickens. Sentinel chickens were established in 3 centres along the Murray Valley on 20 December 1973. The demonstration of antibody in the serum of chickens in the Mildura and Kerang areas indicated Sindbis virus activity late in December 1973 and early in January 1974. Tests for antibody to MVE virus were negative until blood collected from one chicken at Echuca on 27 February 1974 and several chickens at Mildura and Kerang on 14 March 1974, showed positive HI reactions. Murray Valley encephalitis virus was isolated from blood collected from chickens at Echuca and Kerang respectively on 31 January 1974 and 27 February 1974.", "PMID": 1164265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_483", "title": "Perinatal lamb mortality in Western Australia: 5. Vibrionic infection.", "content": "Vibrionic abortion was diagnosed in sheep on 48 occasions between 1963-65 and 3 of these were associated with other major abortion pathogens. The outbreaks were scattered throughout the agricultural area of Western Australia. Time-of-death of 91 infected lambs was: ante-parturient death 50.5%, parturient death 13.2% and post-parturient death 36.3% (deaths occurring immediately after death 28.6%, deaths delayed after death 2.2%, and late post-parturient death 5.5%). The majority of lambs had gross lesions, mainly subcutaneous oedema and excess fluid and fibrin in the serous cavities. The characteristic gross liver foci were present in 37.4% of the infected lambs examined. Seven lambs with signs of starvation had liver lesions: necrotic foci (6) and hepatomegaly (1); Campylobacter fetus subsp. intestinalis was recovered from the liver and/or gall bladder of each of the lambs. Epizootiological observations were reported including outbreaks under hot semi-arid conditions.", "contents": "Perinatal lamb mortality in Western Australia: 5. Vibrionic infection. Vibrionic abortion was diagnosed in sheep on 48 occasions between 1963-65 and 3 of these were associated with other major abortion pathogens. The outbreaks were scattered throughout the agricultural area of Western Australia. Time-of-death of 91 infected lambs was: ante-parturient death 50.5%, parturient death 13.2% and post-parturient death 36.3% (deaths occurring immediately after death 28.6%, deaths delayed after death 2.2%, and late post-parturient death 5.5%). The majority of lambs had gross lesions, mainly subcutaneous oedema and excess fluid and fibrin in the serous cavities. The characteristic gross liver foci were present in 37.4% of the infected lambs examined. Seven lambs with signs of starvation had liver lesions: necrotic foci (6) and hepatomegaly (1); Campylobacter fetus subsp. intestinalis was recovered from the liver and/or gall bladder of each of the lambs. Epizootiological observations were reported including outbreaks under hot semi-arid conditions.", "PMID": 1164266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_484", "title": "Isolation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and its association with pneumonia of pigs in Australia.", "content": "Nine strains of mycoplasmas were isolated from the lungs of 5 pigs with clinical signs of naturally acquired enzootic pneumonia. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was isolated from the lungs of 1 pig and M. hyorhinis from the lungs of 4. An unidentified mycoplasma, which utilized arginine, grew rapidly in broth culture and produced centred colonies on solid medium, was isolated from the lungs of 4 pigs. The pathogenicity of the isolated strain of M. hyopneumoniae was determined by inoculation of pigs from an enzootic pneumonia-free herd. Enzootic pneumonia was produced in the lungs of all 5 pigs inoculated intranasally and intratracheally with broth cultures of the organism isolatied by limit dilution techniques. Enzootic pneumonia was produced in 3 of 6 pigs inoculated intranasally and intratracheally with M. hyopneumoniae purified by the passage of colonies on agar blocks. M. hyopneumoniae was isolated in pure culture from the lungs of all pigs with induced pneumonic lesions.", "contents": "Isolation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and its association with pneumonia of pigs in Australia. Nine strains of mycoplasmas were isolated from the lungs of 5 pigs with clinical signs of naturally acquired enzootic pneumonia. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was isolated from the lungs of 1 pig and M. hyorhinis from the lungs of 4. An unidentified mycoplasma, which utilized arginine, grew rapidly in broth culture and produced centred colonies on solid medium, was isolated from the lungs of 4 pigs. The pathogenicity of the isolated strain of M. hyopneumoniae was determined by inoculation of pigs from an enzootic pneumonia-free herd. Enzootic pneumonia was produced in the lungs of all 5 pigs inoculated intranasally and intratracheally with broth cultures of the organism isolatied by limit dilution techniques. Enzootic pneumonia was produced in 3 of 6 pigs inoculated intranasally and intratracheally with M. hyopneumoniae purified by the passage of colonies on agar blocks. M. hyopneumoniae was isolated in pure culture from the lungs of all pigs with induced pneumonic lesions.", "PMID": 1164268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_485", "title": "A new method of closed circuit anaesthesia utilising halothane and methoxyflurane.", "content": "Experiences with a new technique of closed circuit anaesthesia used for 1003 surgical cases involving cats and dogs are described. The technique utilises the combined vapors of methoxyflurane and halothane from dual, low-resistance vaporisers situated in series, and supported by low flow rates of 100% oxygen in the inspiratory limb of the anaesthetic machine. This anaesthetic circuit can be adapted for many surgical procedures involving both controlled and spontaneous ventilation techniques and for young and old animals. The technique is considered safe, economical and easily managed and pollution of the operating theatre is eliminated by the use of the completely closed circuit.", "contents": "A new method of closed circuit anaesthesia utilising halothane and methoxyflurane. Experiences with a new technique of closed circuit anaesthesia used for 1003 surgical cases involving cats and dogs are described. The technique utilises the combined vapors of methoxyflurane and halothane from dual, low-resistance vaporisers situated in series, and supported by low flow rates of 100% oxygen in the inspiratory limb of the anaesthetic machine. This anaesthetic circuit can be adapted for many surgical procedures involving both controlled and spontaneous ventilation techniques and for young and old animals. The technique is considered safe, economical and easily managed and pollution of the operating theatre is eliminated by the use of the completely closed circuit.", "PMID": 1164269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_486", "title": "Snakebite in the horse.", "content": "Four cases of snakebite in horses are presented. Diagnosis was made on clinical signs in all, plus fang punctures in 2 cases. Tiger snake antivenene was used in the treatment of 2 patients and these recovered rapidly. Of the 2 in which antivenene was not used, 1 severely affected horse died. The clinical signs which were observed were those of progressive general paralysis and were entirely referable to the neurotoxic component of the venom.", "contents": "Snakebite in the horse. Four cases of snakebite in horses are presented. Diagnosis was made on clinical signs in all, plus fang punctures in 2 cases. Tiger snake antivenene was used in the treatment of 2 patients and these recovered rapidly. Of the 2 in which antivenene was not used, 1 severely affected horse died. The clinical signs which were observed were those of progressive general paralysis and were entirely referable to the neurotoxic component of the venom.", "PMID": 1164270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_487", "title": "Observations on the pathology of bent leg of lambs in South-Western Queensland.", "content": "This paper presents the first radiological and pathological description of bent leg, a disease of lambs occurring in the mulga country of south-western Queensland and thought to be caused by plants of the genus Trachymene. In the 5 field cases studied, the deformed limbs were characterised by abnormal diaphyseal curvatures and altered angulation of articular surfaces. There was both radiological and pathological evidence of irregular retardation of growth of epiphyseal plates. It was suggested that ingestion of toxic plant by the ewe interferes with normal endochondral ossification in the foetus. It was further suggested that more severely affected lambs probably occur but do not survive until marking.", "contents": "Observations on the pathology of bent leg of lambs in South-Western Queensland. This paper presents the first radiological and pathological description of bent leg, a disease of lambs occurring in the mulga country of south-western Queensland and thought to be caused by plants of the genus Trachymene. In the 5 field cases studied, the deformed limbs were characterised by abnormal diaphyseal curvatures and altered angulation of articular surfaces. There was both radiological and pathological evidence of irregular retardation of growth of epiphyseal plates. It was suggested that ingestion of toxic plant by the ewe interferes with normal endochondral ossification in the foetus. It was further suggested that more severely affected lambs probably occur but do not survive until marking.", "PMID": 1164271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_488", "title": "Malignant schwannoma of the brachial plexus in a dog.", "content": "A 4-year-old Labrador bitch was presented for veterinary examination with a history of lameness and muscle atrophy of the left forelimb. On clinical examination a painful mass was detected medial to the left shoulder joint. Radiographs of the shoulder showed mineralisation of this mass. Exploratory surgery revealed a tumour involving the radial nerve, axillary nerve and the trunk of the median and ulnar nerves. Histopathologic diagnosis was a malignant Schwannoma.", "contents": "Malignant schwannoma of the brachial plexus in a dog. A 4-year-old Labrador bitch was presented for veterinary examination with a history of lameness and muscle atrophy of the left forelimb. On clinical examination a painful mass was detected medial to the left shoulder joint. Radiographs of the shoulder showed mineralisation of this mass. Exploratory surgery revealed a tumour involving the radial nerve, axillary nerve and the trunk of the median and ulnar nerves. Histopathologic diagnosis was a malignant Schwannoma.", "PMID": 1164272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_489", "title": "The effect of bovine ephemeral fever virus on the bovine foetus.", "content": "Six pregnant heifers that were experimentally infected with bovine ephemeral fever virus produced normal calves. Foetuses of 8 heifers that were immune to bovine ephemeral fever were inoculated with bovine ephemeral fever virus. One was aborted after 36 days, but the cause of abortion could not be determined. One was sacrificed after 28 days. The foetus and its membranes were normal and neither virus nor antibody was demonstrated. The other 6 heifers produced normal calves. One calf, 501, inoculated after 160 days gestation, contained high levels of neutralising antibody in serum before ingestion of colostrum. The others, inoculated at gestational ages of 52 days to 157 days showed no evidence of neutralising antibody in blood samples collected at birth.", "contents": "The effect of bovine ephemeral fever virus on the bovine foetus. Six pregnant heifers that were experimentally infected with bovine ephemeral fever virus produced normal calves. Foetuses of 8 heifers that were immune to bovine ephemeral fever were inoculated with bovine ephemeral fever virus. One was aborted after 36 days, but the cause of abortion could not be determined. One was sacrificed after 28 days. The foetus and its membranes were normal and neither virus nor antibody was demonstrated. The other 6 heifers produced normal calves. One calf, 501, inoculated after 160 days gestation, contained high levels of neutralising antibody in serum before ingestion of colostrum. The others, inoculated at gestational ages of 52 days to 157 days showed no evidence of neutralising antibody in blood samples collected at birth.", "PMID": 1164277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_490", "title": "Effects of bodyweight and PMS administration on reproduction rate in Merino ewes.", "content": "Data are presented on the effects of the use of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMS) and of increased liverweight on the number of lambs born, or in utero, in mature fine-woolled Merino ewes. The primary effect of increased bodyweight was to reduce the number of barren ewes whereas the main effect of PMS treatment was to increase the level of twinning among those ewes which conceived. The 2 effects appeared to be additive but it is pointed out that the survival rate of the lambs will be an important consideration in assessing the relative merits of the 2 treatments.", "contents": "Effects of bodyweight and PMS administration on reproduction rate in Merino ewes. Data are presented on the effects of the use of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMS) and of increased liverweight on the number of lambs born, or in utero, in mature fine-woolled Merino ewes. The primary effect of increased bodyweight was to reduce the number of barren ewes whereas the main effect of PMS treatment was to increase the level of twinning among those ewes which conceived. The 2 effects appeared to be additive but it is pointed out that the survival rate of the lambs will be an important consideration in assessing the relative merits of the 2 treatments.", "PMID": 1164278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_491", "title": "An assessment of the vaginal biopsy technique of pregnancy diagnosis in sows.", "content": "Vaginal biopsies were taken from 450 sows in 2 commercial herds, 20 to 22 days after mating or artificial insemination. On histological examination, 96% of sows which subsequently farrowed were correctly diagnosed as pregnant, whereas only 21% and 50% of non-pregnant sows were identified. In 1 herd, 31 of 33 non-pregnant sows showed a delay in returning to oestrus (less than 42 days). Twenty-four of these sows were incorrectly diagnosed as pregnant on the basis of their vaginal cytology.", "contents": "An assessment of the vaginal biopsy technique of pregnancy diagnosis in sows. Vaginal biopsies were taken from 450 sows in 2 commercial herds, 20 to 22 days after mating or artificial insemination. On histological examination, 96% of sows which subsequently farrowed were correctly diagnosed as pregnant, whereas only 21% and 50% of non-pregnant sows were identified. In 1 herd, 31 of 33 non-pregnant sows showed a delay in returning to oestrus (less than 42 days). Twenty-four of these sows were incorrectly diagnosed as pregnant on the basis of their vaginal cytology.", "PMID": 1164279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_492", "title": "Erythrocyte aplasia in a dog.", "content": "Erythrocyte aplasia was diagnosed in a 6-year-old dog which had severe non-regenerative anaemia with depletion of erythroid cells in the bone marrow but normal production of granulocytes and platelets. Treatment with blood transfusions, testosterone and dexamethasone was unsuccessful. The dog died 46 days after initial examination as a result of anaemia, transfusion reactions, and toxaemia from an ascending urinary tract infection.", "contents": "Erythrocyte aplasia in a dog. Erythrocyte aplasia was diagnosed in a 6-year-old dog which had severe non-regenerative anaemia with depletion of erythroid cells in the bone marrow but normal production of granulocytes and platelets. Treatment with blood transfusions, testosterone and dexamethasone was unsuccessful. The dog died 46 days after initial examination as a result of anaemia, transfusion reactions, and toxaemia from an ascending urinary tract infection.", "PMID": 1164280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_493", "title": "The use of decision analysis to evaluate the economic effects of heat mount detectors in two dairy herds.", "content": "This paper reports a decrease in the interval from calving to conception in two commercial dairy herds, associated with the use of KaMaR Heat Mount Detectors. An economic analysis of the results uses a neoclassical decision theory approach to demonstrate that the use of heat mount detectors is likely to be profitable, with an expected net return of $154.18 per 100 calvings. The analysis demonstrates the suitability of a decision-theoretic approach to the analysis of applied research, and illustrates some of the weaknesses of \"Classical\" statistical analysis in such circumstances.", "contents": "The use of decision analysis to evaluate the economic effects of heat mount detectors in two dairy herds. This paper reports a decrease in the interval from calving to conception in two commercial dairy herds, associated with the use of KaMaR Heat Mount Detectors. An economic analysis of the results uses a neoclassical decision theory approach to demonstrate that the use of heat mount detectors is likely to be profitable, with an expected net return of $154.18 per 100 calvings. The analysis demonstrates the suitability of a decision-theoretic approach to the analysis of applied research, and illustrates some of the weaknesses of \"Classical\" statistical analysis in such circumstances.", "PMID": 1164281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_494", "title": "Semen wastage at a bovine artificial breeding centre.", "content": "The consequences of the use of swirl assessment at a bovine artificial breeding centre were studied. Data relating to the amount of semen discarded, fertility of accepted semen, the relationship between discard rates and age of bull and ejaculate number have been presented. The overall differences in fertility between semen with swirl ratings, 5, 6 and 7 were very small. About 50% of all ejaculates collected in the period considered were discarded at the first inspection. The discard rate tended to be greater in young and in older bulls. The discard rate was significantly greater (P less than or greater to 0.001) for second ejaculates. It was considered that a proportion of rejected semen may have been of good fertility. Semen wastage after freezing was low.", "contents": "Semen wastage at a bovine artificial breeding centre. The consequences of the use of swirl assessment at a bovine artificial breeding centre were studied. Data relating to the amount of semen discarded, fertility of accepted semen, the relationship between discard rates and age of bull and ejaculate number have been presented. The overall differences in fertility between semen with swirl ratings, 5, 6 and 7 were very small. About 50% of all ejaculates collected in the period considered were discarded at the first inspection. The discard rate tended to be greater in young and in older bulls. The discard rate was significantly greater (P less than or greater to 0.001) for second ejaculates. It was considered that a proportion of rejected semen may have been of good fertility. Semen wastage after freezing was low.", "PMID": 1164282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_495", "title": "The insertion of re-entrant cannulae in young calves and their maintenance for long periods.", "content": "Re-entrant duodenal cannulae were established in 8 calves 2 to 7 days of age and 1 calf at 11 weeks of age. They have been maintained for up to 12 months and collections of digesta from the calves are still in progress. Most difficulty in the maintenance of the cannulae in the calves was encountered when the calves were weaned from milk, due to repeated blockages of digesta in the elbows connecting the re-entrant system. It was found essential that calves were checked at 12 hour intervals or less so that blockages could be cleared and the fluid balance restored by the infusion of Ringer's solution into the connecting tubes of the cannulae.", "contents": "The insertion of re-entrant cannulae in young calves and their maintenance for long periods. Re-entrant duodenal cannulae were established in 8 calves 2 to 7 days of age and 1 calf at 11 weeks of age. They have been maintained for up to 12 months and collections of digesta from the calves are still in progress. Most difficulty in the maintenance of the cannulae in the calves was encountered when the calves were weaned from milk, due to repeated blockages of digesta in the elbows connecting the re-entrant system. It was found essential that calves were checked at 12 hour intervals or less so that blockages could be cleared and the fluid balance restored by the infusion of Ringer's solution into the connecting tubes of the cannulae.", "PMID": 1164283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_496", "title": "Perosomus elumbis in sheep.", "content": "Eight lambs affected with perosomus elumbis were examined during a 3-year investigation; one died during birth, six died soon after birth without rising, and one died at two days. Typically, the affected lambs had an infantile pelvis, thinner and smaller femurs, tibias and metatarsal bones, muscular atrophy, arthrogryposis involving most joints of the hindlimbs, and five had tail malformations. Associated malformations were multiple and included atresia ani (5), unilateral renal agenesis (4), cryptorchidism (4), perineal and diaphragmatic hernias (1), synophthalmia (1), high septal defect (1), cerebellar hypoplasis (1), and hydrocephalus (1). Five of the affected lambs were males and three were females. The incidence of 0.18% in 4,417 lambs examined from a large sheep population over a 3-year period suggests that perosomus elumbis is not an uncommon congenital defect of sheep.", "contents": "Perosomus elumbis in sheep. Eight lambs affected with perosomus elumbis were examined during a 3-year investigation; one died during birth, six died soon after birth without rising, and one died at two days. Typically, the affected lambs had an infantile pelvis, thinner and smaller femurs, tibias and metatarsal bones, muscular atrophy, arthrogryposis involving most joints of the hindlimbs, and five had tail malformations. Associated malformations were multiple and included atresia ani (5), unilateral renal agenesis (4), cryptorchidism (4), perineal and diaphragmatic hernias (1), synophthalmia (1), high septal defect (1), cerebellar hypoplasis (1), and hydrocephalus (1). Five of the affected lambs were males and three were females. The incidence of 0.18% in 4,417 lambs examined from a large sheep population over a 3-year period suggests that perosomus elumbis is not an uncommon congenital defect of sheep.", "PMID": 1164284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_497", "title": "Mandibulofacial defects in lambs from two flocks.", "content": "Mandibulofacial defects occurring in two flocks during an autumn lambing season are described. The defects were micrognathia with microtia, brachycephalus, perocephaly, bilateral oro-auricular cleft, and aprosopia. As only early lambing ewes were involved, teratogenic plant(s) were suspected as the cause.", "contents": "Mandibulofacial defects in lambs from two flocks. Mandibulofacial defects occurring in two flocks during an autumn lambing season are described. The defects were micrognathia with microtia, brachycephalus, perocephaly, bilateral oro-auricular cleft, and aprosopia. As only early lambing ewes were involved, teratogenic plant(s) were suspected as the cause.", "PMID": 1164285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_498", "title": "Selenium-responsive myopathy in broiler breeder hens in Queensland.", "content": "A syndrome characterised by bilateral paralysis and associated with degenerative changes in skeletal musculature, has been noted in adult breeder hens, and their progeny broilers, in a commercial poultry organisation in Queensland. Paralysis occurred between the ages of 24 to 63 weeks in broiler breeder hens and at approximately 6 weeks in the broiler chickens. Onset is slow, taking up to 2-3 days from the time leg weakness if first noticed until paralysis was complete. Other than the paralysis the birds appeared normal. Histopathological and experimental observations indicate that the muscular dystrophy is caused by a selenium deficiency. Supplementation of the diet with selenium at a level of 0.1 ppm completely alleviated the symptoms such that the birds may be returned to the mating pens.", "contents": "Selenium-responsive myopathy in broiler breeder hens in Queensland. A syndrome characterised by bilateral paralysis and associated with degenerative changes in skeletal musculature, has been noted in adult breeder hens, and their progeny broilers, in a commercial poultry organisation in Queensland. Paralysis occurred between the ages of 24 to 63 weeks in broiler breeder hens and at approximately 6 weeks in the broiler chickens. Onset is slow, taking up to 2-3 days from the time leg weakness if first noticed until paralysis was complete. Other than the paralysis the birds appeared normal. Histopathological and experimental observations indicate that the muscular dystrophy is caused by a selenium deficiency. Supplementation of the diet with selenium at a level of 0.1 ppm completely alleviated the symptoms such that the birds may be returned to the mating pens.", "PMID": 1164286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_499", "title": "Haematology and blood chemistry of the red kangaroo Megaleia rufa in captivity.", "content": "Haematology and biochemistry was performed to establish base line values on not less than 30 samples of blood and serum from 10 red kangaroos Megaleia rufa held in captivity. The kangaroos were apparently healthy. Ranges for results were: Haemoglobin 16-18 gm/100 ml, PCV 46-51%, erythrocytes 4.9 - 5.7 times 10(6)/mm3. MCV 86-98 mum3, MCH 30-34 pg, MCHC 34-36%, leucocytes 3.8 - 7.1 times 10(3)/mm3, neutrophils 2.0 - 4.7 times 10(3)/mm3, lymphocytes 1.2 - 2.4 times 10(3)/mm3, monocytes 0.1 - 0.3 times 10(3)/mm3, eosinophils 0.06 - 0.013 times 10(3)/mm3, SGOT 36-43 u/l, SGPT 30-41 u/l, LDH 30-85 u/l, protein 6.0-6.8 g/100 ml, albumin 2.8 - 3.4 g/100 ml, alpha globulin 0.3 - 0.7 g/100 ml, beta globulin 0.7 - 0.9 g/100 ml, gamma globulin 1.7 - 2.3 g/100 ml, albumin/globulin 0.8 - 1.1, Na+ 146-152 mEq/l, K+ 4.6 - 5.6 mEq/l. Rectal temperature was 36.8 +/- 0.3. High haemoglobin may be characteristic of wild animals and of animals which have a high level of muscular activity and large erythrocytes may be representative of marsupials. Haematology as a tool of ecological investigation and its role in future research is briefly discussed. A modified staining technique for performing differential blood cell counts is described.", "contents": "Haematology and blood chemistry of the red kangaroo Megaleia rufa in captivity. Haematology and biochemistry was performed to establish base line values on not less than 30 samples of blood and serum from 10 red kangaroos Megaleia rufa held in captivity. The kangaroos were apparently healthy. Ranges for results were: Haemoglobin 16-18 gm/100 ml, PCV 46-51%, erythrocytes 4.9 - 5.7 times 10(6)/mm3. MCV 86-98 mum3, MCH 30-34 pg, MCHC 34-36%, leucocytes 3.8 - 7.1 times 10(3)/mm3, neutrophils 2.0 - 4.7 times 10(3)/mm3, lymphocytes 1.2 - 2.4 times 10(3)/mm3, monocytes 0.1 - 0.3 times 10(3)/mm3, eosinophils 0.06 - 0.013 times 10(3)/mm3, SGOT 36-43 u/l, SGPT 30-41 u/l, LDH 30-85 u/l, protein 6.0-6.8 g/100 ml, albumin 2.8 - 3.4 g/100 ml, alpha globulin 0.3 - 0.7 g/100 ml, beta globulin 0.7 - 0.9 g/100 ml, gamma globulin 1.7 - 2.3 g/100 ml, albumin/globulin 0.8 - 1.1, Na+ 146-152 mEq/l, K+ 4.6 - 5.6 mEq/l. Rectal temperature was 36.8 +/- 0.3. High haemoglobin may be characteristic of wild animals and of animals which have a high level of muscular activity and large erythrocytes may be representative of marsupials. Haematology as a tool of ecological investigation and its role in future research is briefly discussed. A modified staining technique for performing differential blood cell counts is described.", "PMID": 1164287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_500", "title": "Myeloid neoplasia in a dog.", "content": "A 4-year-old Scotch Collie bitch was presented for examination because of hyperthermia and anaemia. Haematological examination and bone marrow biopsy led to a diagnosis of myeloid neoplasia. At autopsy there was slight enlargement of the liver, spleen and some lymph nodes. Microscopic examination revealed extensive infiltration of these tissues by neoplastic myeloid cells.", "contents": "Myeloid neoplasia in a dog. A 4-year-old Scotch Collie bitch was presented for examination because of hyperthermia and anaemia. Haematological examination and bone marrow biopsy led to a diagnosis of myeloid neoplasia. At autopsy there was slight enlargement of the liver, spleen and some lymph nodes. Microscopic examination revealed extensive infiltration of these tissues by neoplastic myeloid cells.", "PMID": 1164288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_501", "title": "The pathology and haematological changes in experimental Pimelea spp. poisoning in cattle (\"St. George disease\").", "content": "Six young cattle were intoxicated with either stem or extracts of stem of Pimelea trichostachya or P. continua. Oral dosage with whole plant or alcoholic extracts was shown to reproduce all the clinical and pathological features of the various field syndromes known collectively as \"St. George disease\". Subacute intoxication resulted from relatively high oral dose rates, of the order of 60 mg of whole stem/kg body weight/day, maintained for about 2 weeks. Diarrhoea, weakness and anaemia were the predominant features of this sundrome. Lower dose rates, regulated according to the severity of diarrhoea, eventually produced signs of circulatory failure (subcutaneous oedema, hydrothorax and cardiac dilatation) in addition to anaemia and diarrhoea. It did not prove easier to produce circulatory failure by intranasal insufflation of powdered plant. Although the bone marrow of most affected calves did not react to the anaemia there was some evidence that erythropoietic tissue was not directly damaged during the intoxication.", "contents": "The pathology and haematological changes in experimental Pimelea spp. poisoning in cattle (\"St. George disease\"). Six young cattle were intoxicated with either stem or extracts of stem of Pimelea trichostachya or P. continua. Oral dosage with whole plant or alcoholic extracts was shown to reproduce all the clinical and pathological features of the various field syndromes known collectively as \"St. George disease\". Subacute intoxication resulted from relatively high oral dose rates, of the order of 60 mg of whole stem/kg body weight/day, maintained for about 2 weeks. Diarrhoea, weakness and anaemia were the predominant features of this sundrome. Lower dose rates, regulated according to the severity of diarrhoea, eventually produced signs of circulatory failure (subcutaneous oedema, hydrothorax and cardiac dilatation) in addition to anaemia and diarrhoea. It did not prove easier to produce circulatory failure by intranasal insufflation of powdered plant. Although the bone marrow of most affected calves did not react to the anaemia there was some evidence that erythropoietic tissue was not directly damaged during the intoxication.", "PMID": 1164290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_502", "title": "The susceptibility of young and newborn calves to bovine ephemeral fever virus.", "content": "The pathogenicity of a field strain, 417, of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus for newborn and young calves was investigated. Three colostrum-deprived newborn calves inoculated intravenously developed severe clinical disease and viraemia, and produced long-lasting neutralising antibody. The incubation period in these animals was 10 and 11 days, compared with 5 to 7 days for older calves. Two newborn calves which received colostrum from immune dams and 2 which received colostrum from non-immune dams failed to respond clinically to intravenous inoculation with strain 417. The neutralising antibody response of these calves was of short duration. Four calves, 7 to 8 weeks old and lacking detectable neutralising antibody to BEF virus, or having low levels of antibody, did not develop clinical disease when inoculated intravenously. Four calves 12 to 14 weeks of age and free of detectable neutralising antibody to BEF virus developed clinical disease when inoculated with strain 417.", "contents": "The susceptibility of young and newborn calves to bovine ephemeral fever virus. The pathogenicity of a field strain, 417, of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus for newborn and young calves was investigated. Three colostrum-deprived newborn calves inoculated intravenously developed severe clinical disease and viraemia, and produced long-lasting neutralising antibody. The incubation period in these animals was 10 and 11 days, compared with 5 to 7 days for older calves. Two newborn calves which received colostrum from immune dams and 2 which received colostrum from non-immune dams failed to respond clinically to intravenous inoculation with strain 417. The neutralising antibody response of these calves was of short duration. Four calves, 7 to 8 weeks old and lacking detectable neutralising antibody to BEF virus, or having low levels of antibody, did not develop clinical disease when inoculated intravenously. Four calves 12 to 14 weeks of age and free of detectable neutralising antibody to BEF virus developed clinical disease when inoculated with strain 417.", "PMID": 1164291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_503", "title": "The incidence of dystocia in fine-wool Merino ewes.", "content": "The mean incidence of dystocia in 1,510 fine-wool Merino ewes over a ten-year period was 4.1% of ewes lambing. In the 10 year period, 10% of all neonatal mortality was attributed to dystocia and in only 23% of dystocias was lamb presentation abnormal. The incidence of dystocia was not related to age of ewe. Significantly more ewes experienced dystocia at spring than winter (P less than 0.05) or summer (P less than 0.01) lambings. The mean birth weights of dystocic single and twin born lambs were 4.19 and 3.38 kg respectively. The corresponding birth weights of lambs that did not experience dystocia were 3.69 and 3.00 kg. More ewes experienced dystocia when stocked at 12 or 16 per ha than at 8 per ha (P less than 0.05). Fifty per cent of recorded dystocias occurred in ewes stocked at 16 per ha, 40 per cent at 12 per ha and 10 per cent at 8 per ha. Ewe body weight pre-lambing was not related to the incidence of dystocia but it would appear that weaker ewes are more likely to have a difficult birth than ewes that are stronger and in better condition.", "contents": "The incidence of dystocia in fine-wool Merino ewes. The mean incidence of dystocia in 1,510 fine-wool Merino ewes over a ten-year period was 4.1% of ewes lambing. In the 10 year period, 10% of all neonatal mortality was attributed to dystocia and in only 23% of dystocias was lamb presentation abnormal. The incidence of dystocia was not related to age of ewe. Significantly more ewes experienced dystocia at spring than winter (P less than 0.05) or summer (P less than 0.01) lambings. The mean birth weights of dystocic single and twin born lambs were 4.19 and 3.38 kg respectively. The corresponding birth weights of lambs that did not experience dystocia were 3.69 and 3.00 kg. More ewes experienced dystocia when stocked at 12 or 16 per ha than at 8 per ha (P less than 0.05). Fifty per cent of recorded dystocias occurred in ewes stocked at 16 per ha, 40 per cent at 12 per ha and 10 per cent at 8 per ha. Ewe body weight pre-lambing was not related to the incidence of dystocia but it would appear that weaker ewes are more likely to have a difficult birth than ewes that are stronger and in better condition.", "PMID": 1164293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_504", "title": "The susceptibility of calves to infection with a strain of bovine ephemeral fever virus inoculated intracerebrally.", "content": "Three newborn calves were inoculated intracerebrally with bovine ephemeral fever virus strain 525. The 2 that lacked detectable neutralising antibody to bovine ephemeral fever vaccine developed fatal encephalitis after 4 and 7 days respectively. The third calf which had a low level of maternal antibody remained healthy and developed antibody that became undetectable after 6 months. Bovine ephemeral fever virus strain 525 was reisolated from the brains of both dead calves by intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice. Homogenates that were prepared from the brains of the calves failed to produce disease or to induce antibody formation in susceptible calves when inoculated intravenously. Strain 525 of BEF virus has been shown to possess a degree of neurovirulence for laboratory animals that has not been reported for other strains (Tzipori and Spradbrow 1974). Although this strain is unable to produce viraemia in calves after I/V inoculation, the present study shows that strain 525 can multiply in the brain tissues of calves and cause death after I/C inoculation.", "contents": "The susceptibility of calves to infection with a strain of bovine ephemeral fever virus inoculated intracerebrally. Three newborn calves were inoculated intracerebrally with bovine ephemeral fever virus strain 525. The 2 that lacked detectable neutralising antibody to bovine ephemeral fever vaccine developed fatal encephalitis after 4 and 7 days respectively. The third calf which had a low level of maternal antibody remained healthy and developed antibody that became undetectable after 6 months. Bovine ephemeral fever virus strain 525 was reisolated from the brains of both dead calves by intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice. Homogenates that were prepared from the brains of the calves failed to produce disease or to induce antibody formation in susceptible calves when inoculated intravenously. Strain 525 of BEF virus has been shown to possess a degree of neurovirulence for laboratory animals that has not been reported for other strains (Tzipori and Spradbrow 1974). Although this strain is unable to produce viraemia in calves after I/V inoculation, the present study shows that strain 525 can multiply in the brain tissues of calves and cause death after I/C inoculation.", "PMID": 1164292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_505", "title": "Antibody responses of turkeys experimentally exposed to Mycoplasma synoviae.", "content": "The antibody response of turkeys exposed to Mycoplasma synoviae intravenously and by way of air sacs was determined by tube agglutination, plate agglutination, hemagglutination-inhibition (HI), and gel diffusion precipitin tests. The results suggested that continued antigenic stimulation was lacking in most turkeys and that the response was due mostly to IgM-type immunoglobulin. Under those conditions, both types of agglutination tests were effective and were more sensitive indicators of exposure than the HI test. The gel diffusion precipitin test was not considered effective under the conditions of this study. HI activity occurred in serums of intravenously exposed turkeys within 4 days of exposure. The sensitivity of this activity to 2-mercaptoethanol treatment suggested that IgM was responsible.", "contents": "Antibody responses of turkeys experimentally exposed to Mycoplasma synoviae. The antibody response of turkeys exposed to Mycoplasma synoviae intravenously and by way of air sacs was determined by tube agglutination, plate agglutination, hemagglutination-inhibition (HI), and gel diffusion precipitin tests. The results suggested that continued antigenic stimulation was lacking in most turkeys and that the response was due mostly to IgM-type immunoglobulin. Under those conditions, both types of agglutination tests were effective and were more sensitive indicators of exposure than the HI test. The gel diffusion precipitin test was not considered effective under the conditions of this study. HI activity occurred in serums of intravenously exposed turkeys within 4 days of exposure. The sensitivity of this activity to 2-mercaptoethanol treatment suggested that IgM was responsible.", "PMID": 1164312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_506", "title": "The development of tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chickens.", "content": "Two strains of broiler chickens selected for a high and a low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia were fed a standard broiler starter ration with and without added chloride. Development of tibial dyschondroplasia was studied by radiography and serial necropsies. Lesions of tibial dyschondroplasia were mild in the low-incidence strain, regardless of ratio. The defect was more severe in the high-incidence strain and most severe in those birds fed the high-chloride ration. An abnormal thickening of the growth plate was apparent in the high-incidence strain as early as 2 weeks of age and became progressively more severe with age. No significant differences were noted in serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, pCO2, or bone ash between strains of birds or between birds of the same strain fed different rations. Birds fed the high-chloride ration had a higher serum chloride and a lower serum bicarbonate and blood pH than birds on the standard ration.", "contents": "The development of tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chickens. Two strains of broiler chickens selected for a high and a low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia were fed a standard broiler starter ration with and without added chloride. Development of tibial dyschondroplasia was studied by radiography and serial necropsies. Lesions of tibial dyschondroplasia were mild in the low-incidence strain, regardless of ratio. The defect was more severe in the high-incidence strain and most severe in those birds fed the high-chloride ration. An abnormal thickening of the growth plate was apparent in the high-incidence strain as early as 2 weeks of age and became progressively more severe with age. No significant differences were noted in serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, pCO2, or bone ash between strains of birds or between birds of the same strain fed different rations. Birds fed the high-chloride ration had a higher serum chloride and a lower serum bicarbonate and blood pH than birds on the standard ration.", "PMID": 1164313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_507", "title": "Sequential use of coccidiostats: effect on development by Eimeria tenella of resistance to amprolium, nicarbazin, Unistat, and zoalene.", "content": "A strain of the cecal coccidian of chickens, Eimeria tenella, was propagated serially in chickens fed mash containing amprolium, nicarbazin, Unistat, or zoalene. Each group of chickens received a different coccidiostat on a rotating basis. The strain was propagated through 40 groups of chickens; thus, the strain was intermittently exposed 10 times to each coccidiostat. The end product of this simulated shuttle program of prophylactic anticoccidial medication was a strain resistant to three of the four coccidiostats involved. Resistance to nicarbazin was not evident.", "contents": "Sequential use of coccidiostats: effect on development by Eimeria tenella of resistance to amprolium, nicarbazin, Unistat, and zoalene. A strain of the cecal coccidian of chickens, Eimeria tenella, was propagated serially in chickens fed mash containing amprolium, nicarbazin, Unistat, or zoalene. Each group of chickens received a different coccidiostat on a rotating basis. The strain was propagated through 40 groups of chickens; thus, the strain was intermittently exposed 10 times to each coccidiostat. The end product of this simulated shuttle program of prophylactic anticoccidial medication was a strain resistant to three of the four coccidiostats involved. Resistance to nicarbazin was not evident.", "PMID": 1164311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_508", "title": "Teratogenic activity of Arasan fed to broiler breeder hens.", "content": "Tetramethylthiuramdisulfide (TMTD), the active ingredient in Arasan, fed to broiler breeder hens at 10, 20, or 40 ppm depressed egg production, reduced hatchability, and resulted in soft-shelled eggs. The progeny of these hens had anomalies manifested by bilaternal medial deviation of the toes, exophthalmia, and shortened femurs. Broiler breeder hens that consumed a ration containing 80 ppm of TMTD produced only soft-shelled eggs.", "contents": "Teratogenic activity of Arasan fed to broiler breeder hens. Tetramethylthiuramdisulfide (TMTD), the active ingredient in Arasan, fed to broiler breeder hens at 10, 20, or 40 ppm depressed egg production, reduced hatchability, and resulted in soft-shelled eggs. The progeny of these hens had anomalies manifested by bilaternal medial deviation of the toes, exophthalmia, and shortened femurs. Broiler breeder hens that consumed a ration containing 80 ppm of TMTD produced only soft-shelled eggs.", "PMID": 1164314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_509", "title": "Pathology of velogenic Newcastle Disease virus infection in turkeys.", "content": "Twenty-four 4-week-old poults, free from Mycoplasma meleagridis and M. gallisepticum, were inoculated with a velogenic viscerotropic strain of Newcastle disease virus. Clinical signs (gasping, coughing, and dyspnea) developed 4-5 days postinoculation, continued until nervous derangement appeared, and then (usually 3 days after initial clinical signs appeared) declined in severity. Prominent nervous signs were paresis and paralysis of the extremities, with pronounced head-shaking. The most constant gross lesions detected involved the airsacs. The abdominal sacs of a few poults contained a large accumulation of yellowish, cheesy exudate and there was cloudiness of the thoracic airsacs of all inoculated poults. A few turkeys had tracheitis with some catarrhal exudates and casts in the lower part of the tracheal lumen. Congestion of lepto-meningeal vessels usually correlated with the severity of the nervous signs. The histologic lesions were characterized by both degenerative and proliferative changes with predominantly mononuclear cell and heterophil infiltrations throughout the body. The obvious lesion seen in the recovery stage of the disease was proliferation of lymphofollicular nodules in the parenchymatous organs.", "contents": "Pathology of velogenic Newcastle Disease virus infection in turkeys. Twenty-four 4-week-old poults, free from Mycoplasma meleagridis and M. gallisepticum, were inoculated with a velogenic viscerotropic strain of Newcastle disease virus. Clinical signs (gasping, coughing, and dyspnea) developed 4-5 days postinoculation, continued until nervous derangement appeared, and then (usually 3 days after initial clinical signs appeared) declined in severity. Prominent nervous signs were paresis and paralysis of the extremities, with pronounced head-shaking. The most constant gross lesions detected involved the airsacs. The abdominal sacs of a few poults contained a large accumulation of yellowish, cheesy exudate and there was cloudiness of the thoracic airsacs of all inoculated poults. A few turkeys had tracheitis with some catarrhal exudates and casts in the lower part of the tracheal lumen. Congestion of lepto-meningeal vessels usually correlated with the severity of the nervous signs. The histologic lesions were characterized by both degenerative and proliferative changes with predominantly mononuclear cell and heterophil infiltrations throughout the body. The obvious lesion seen in the recovery stage of the disease was proliferation of lymphofollicular nodules in the parenchymatous organs.", "PMID": 1164310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_510", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens. I. Production of a similar defect by surgical interference.", "content": "The prehypertrophic cartilage in the proximal growth plate of the tibiotarsus in chickens persisted after surgical destruction of the metaphyseal blood supply. The persistent cartilage was grossly and histologically similar to abnormal cartilage from natural cases of tibial dyschondroplasia.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens. I. Production of a similar defect by surgical interference. The prehypertrophic cartilage in the proximal growth plate of the tibiotarsus in chickens persisted after surgical destruction of the metaphyseal blood supply. The persistent cartilage was grossly and histologically similar to abnormal cartilage from natural cases of tibial dyschondroplasia.", "PMID": 1164315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_511", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens. III. Effect of body weight.", "content": "Surgical severance of the gastrocnemius and flexor tendons on the posterior aspect of the tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal joint in one leg resulted in unilateral lameness in chickens that were susceptible to tibial dyschondroplasia. Perotic-like deformation developed in the operated leg, while the tibiotarsus in the unoperated leg was thicker and bowed in an anterior direction. In nine of 43 chickens with tibial dyschondroplasia the severity of the lesion differed markedly between the operated and unoperated legs. The more severe lesion was in the operated leg in 6 birds, and in the unoperated leg in 3 birds. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that weight-bearing may be important in the pathogenesis of tibial dyschondroplasia.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens. III. Effect of body weight. Surgical severance of the gastrocnemius and flexor tendons on the posterior aspect of the tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal joint in one leg resulted in unilateral lameness in chickens that were susceptible to tibial dyschondroplasia. Perotic-like deformation developed in the operated leg, while the tibiotarsus in the unoperated leg was thicker and bowed in an anterior direction. In nine of 43 chickens with tibial dyschondroplasia the severity of the lesion differed markedly between the operated and unoperated legs. The more severe lesion was in the operated leg in 6 birds, and in the unoperated leg in 3 birds. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that weight-bearing may be important in the pathogenesis of tibial dyschondroplasia.", "PMID": 1164317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_512", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens. II. Growth rate of long bones.", "content": "The growth rate of the tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus, and humerus was studied in two strains of chickens selected for a high and low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. The proximal growth plates grew more rapidly than the distal growth plates. The proximal growth plate of the tibiotarsus grew fastest, while those of the tarsometatarsus and humerus had growth rates that were respectively 4 and 33% slower. The bones averaged slightly faster growth in the high-incidence strain than in the low-incidence strain. A slowed growth decreased the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. However, lack of correlation between growth rate and the development of tibial dyschondroplasia in individual chickens suggested that growth rate may be no more than a contributing factor.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens. II. Growth rate of long bones. The growth rate of the tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus, and humerus was studied in two strains of chickens selected for a high and low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. The proximal growth plates grew more rapidly than the distal growth plates. The proximal growth plate of the tibiotarsus grew fastest, while those of the tarsometatarsus and humerus had growth rates that were respectively 4 and 33% slower. The bones averaged slightly faster growth in the high-incidence strain than in the low-incidence strain. A slowed growth decreased the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. However, lack of correlation between growth rate and the development of tibial dyschondroplasia in individual chickens suggested that growth rate may be no more than a contributing factor.", "PMID": 1164316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_513", "title": "A comparison of the efficacy against Marek's disease of cell-free and cell-associated turkey herpesvirus vaccine.", "content": "One-day-old White Leghorn and broiler chicks with maternal antibody to turkey herpesvirus (HVT) were vaccinated with 300 or 1,000 plaque-forming units (PFU) of cell-free or cell-associated HVT vaccine and challenged with virulent Marek's disease virus (MDV) by contact exposure. Broiler chicks receiving 300 PFU of cell-associated HVT had a 3.3% incidence of MD lesions, whereas only 2.0% of those receiving 1,000 PFU had macroscopic lesions. Broiler chicks vaccinated with 300 PFU of cell-free vaccine had 6.8% gross lesions, and 0.67% of the birds receiving 1,000 PFU had MD lesions. Unvaccinated broiler chickens had a 28.3% incidence of MD lesions. Unvaccinated White Leghorn chickens had a 48.9% incidence of macroscopic lesions, whereas 5.4% of the birds receiving 300 PFU of cell-associated HVT had gross lesions, and 8.3% of the birds vaccinated with 1,000 PFU had lesions. In contrast, 6.7% of the chicks vaccinated with 300 PFU of cell-free HVT had MD lesions, and only 4.0% of those receiving 1,000 PFU of cell-free HVT had macroscopic lesions.", "contents": "A comparison of the efficacy against Marek's disease of cell-free and cell-associated turkey herpesvirus vaccine. One-day-old White Leghorn and broiler chicks with maternal antibody to turkey herpesvirus (HVT) were vaccinated with 300 or 1,000 plaque-forming units (PFU) of cell-free or cell-associated HVT vaccine and challenged with virulent Marek's disease virus (MDV) by contact exposure. Broiler chicks receiving 300 PFU of cell-associated HVT had a 3.3% incidence of MD lesions, whereas only 2.0% of those receiving 1,000 PFU had macroscopic lesions. Broiler chicks vaccinated with 300 PFU of cell-free vaccine had 6.8% gross lesions, and 0.67% of the birds receiving 1,000 PFU had MD lesions. Unvaccinated broiler chickens had a 28.3% incidence of MD lesions. Unvaccinated White Leghorn chickens had a 48.9% incidence of macroscopic lesions, whereas 5.4% of the birds receiving 300 PFU of cell-associated HVT had gross lesions, and 8.3% of the birds vaccinated with 1,000 PFU had lesions. In contrast, 6.7% of the chicks vaccinated with 300 PFU of cell-free HVT had MD lesions, and only 4.0% of those receiving 1,000 PFU of cell-free HVT had macroscopic lesions.", "PMID": 1164319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_514", "title": "Injecting antibiotics into turkey hatching eggs to eliminate Mycoplasma meleagridis infection.", "content": "Hatching eggs from a commercial strain of turkeys infected naturally with Mycoplasma meleagridis were injected before incubation with various doses of tylosin, gentamicin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol, individually and in combination. The antibiotics were inoculated into the albumen through a hole made in the small end of the egg. Gentamicin was the only drug consistently effective in reducing infection. With inoculation by the procedure described, the embryos tolerated several dose levels of gentamicin, tylosin, and erythromycin well.", "contents": "Injecting antibiotics into turkey hatching eggs to eliminate Mycoplasma meleagridis infection. Hatching eggs from a commercial strain of turkeys infected naturally with Mycoplasma meleagridis were injected before incubation with various doses of tylosin, gentamicin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol, individually and in combination. The antibiotics were inoculated into the albumen through a hole made in the small end of the egg. Gentamicin was the only drug consistently effective in reducing infection. With inoculation by the procedure described, the embryos tolerated several dose levels of gentamicin, tylosin, and erythromycin well.", "PMID": 1164318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_515", "title": "Efficacy of a commercial Newcastle vaccine against velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "Effects of parental immunity and method of vaccination were studied in broiler chickens vaccinated with a commercial LaSota vaccine and challenged with the Fontana strain of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease (VVND). Immunity was satisfactory from all methods of vaccination used.", "contents": "Efficacy of a commercial Newcastle vaccine against velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus. Effects of parental immunity and method of vaccination were studied in broiler chickens vaccinated with a commercial LaSota vaccine and challenged with the Fontana strain of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease (VVND). Immunity was satisfactory from all methods of vaccination used.", "PMID": 1164321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_516", "title": "Epizootiology of Newcastle disease in waterfowl.", "content": "Antibodies to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as measured by hemagglutination-inhibition and virus-neutralization tests were detected in 40/236 Canada geese captured while in their southward migration or in their wintering grounds. Antibodies were also found in 37/267 wild ducks and in 20/31 domestic geese. Adult geese were readily infected by several routes. Inapparent disease usually resulted, and only 1/13 cases were fatal. Goose embryos responded differently to inoculation with selected NDV strains than did chicken embryos of comparative developmental stages. Some goslings that hatched from inoculated embryos died and were found to have virus, whereas others survived and developed active antibodies. Four strains of virus isolated from migratory ducks of the Pacific flyway were characterized. All 4 strains were lentogenic but differed from lentogenic strains prevalent in chickens by being thermostable. It is proposed that wild waterfowl neither receive their ND infection from domestic poultry nor pass their disease to poultry. The virus reservoir probably exists in nature.", "contents": "Epizootiology of Newcastle disease in waterfowl. Antibodies to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as measured by hemagglutination-inhibition and virus-neutralization tests were detected in 40/236 Canada geese captured while in their southward migration or in their wintering grounds. Antibodies were also found in 37/267 wild ducks and in 20/31 domestic geese. Adult geese were readily infected by several routes. Inapparent disease usually resulted, and only 1/13 cases were fatal. Goose embryos responded differently to inoculation with selected NDV strains than did chicken embryos of comparative developmental stages. Some goslings that hatched from inoculated embryos died and were found to have virus, whereas others survived and developed active antibodies. Four strains of virus isolated from migratory ducks of the Pacific flyway were characterized. All 4 strains were lentogenic but differed from lentogenic strains prevalent in chickens by being thermostable. It is proposed that wild waterfowl neither receive their ND infection from domestic poultry nor pass their disease to poultry. The virus reservoir probably exists in nature.", "PMID": 1164322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_517", "title": "Effects of hypoxia on early pregnancy and embryonic development in the mouse.", "content": "The efficacy of gestation during early pregnancy was investigated in mice exposed to either 14% or 7% oxygen environments. At Day 8 postinsemination, animals were killed and reproductive tracts were examined. Embryonic development was decelerated and an increased frequency of embryo death and resorption was apparent. At the 7% oxygen level, implantation was almost always blocked as evidenced by free blastocysts and uterine debris of embryonic origin. This blockage of nidation is attributed to altered progestational support due to ovarian luteolysis as demonstrated by decreased uterine volumes. These studies indicate that reproduction is impaired by hypoxia during preplacental stages. Abnormal gestation may be attributed to the direct effects of hypoxia on the conceptus and to its indirect effects which alter the tropic and endocrine support provided by the maternal system.", "contents": "Effects of hypoxia on early pregnancy and embryonic development in the mouse. The efficacy of gestation during early pregnancy was investigated in mice exposed to either 14% or 7% oxygen environments. At Day 8 postinsemination, animals were killed and reproductive tracts were examined. Embryonic development was decelerated and an increased frequency of embryo death and resorption was apparent. At the 7% oxygen level, implantation was almost always blocked as evidenced by free blastocysts and uterine debris of embryonic origin. This blockage of nidation is attributed to altered progestational support due to ovarian luteolysis as demonstrated by decreased uterine volumes. These studies indicate that reproduction is impaired by hypoxia during preplacental stages. Abnormal gestation may be attributed to the direct effects of hypoxia on the conceptus and to its indirect effects which alter the tropic and endocrine support provided by the maternal system.", "PMID": 1164330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_518", "title": "In vitro characterization of field isolants of Pasteurella multocida from Georgia turkeys.", "content": "Field isolants of Pasteurella multocida from fowl cholera outbreaks in Georgia turkeys were characterized by three sets of criteria: differential biochemical reactions, in vitro drug sensitivity, and serology. Of the 30 isolants studied, 28 exhibited identical biochemical patterns. These were similar to previously described patterns for turkey isolants of P. multocida. The two exceptions were isolants recovered from the same farm at different times. They differed only in ability to ferment arabinose. The isolants were generally sensitive to broad-spectrum antibiotics in vitro. The majority were also sensitive to the sulfonamides tested. Variation was sufficient, however, to warrant recommending in vitro sensitivity testing as a guide to selection of the proper therapeutic regimen in individual cases. Of the 30 isolants tested, 57% were of Heddleston's serotype 3, 3% were of his type 4, and 40% precipitated with antisera against both types 3 and 4. The large proportion of cross-reactors is unique to Georgia isolants. The biochemical patterns, drug sensitivities, and serological types had no apparent relationship to each other.", "contents": "In vitro characterization of field isolants of Pasteurella multocida from Georgia turkeys. Field isolants of Pasteurella multocida from fowl cholera outbreaks in Georgia turkeys were characterized by three sets of criteria: differential biochemical reactions, in vitro drug sensitivity, and serology. Of the 30 isolants studied, 28 exhibited identical biochemical patterns. These were similar to previously described patterns for turkey isolants of P. multocida. The two exceptions were isolants recovered from the same farm at different times. They differed only in ability to ferment arabinose. The isolants were generally sensitive to broad-spectrum antibiotics in vitro. The majority were also sensitive to the sulfonamides tested. Variation was sufficient, however, to warrant recommending in vitro sensitivity testing as a guide to selection of the proper therapeutic regimen in individual cases. Of the 30 isolants tested, 57% were of Heddleston's serotype 3, 3% were of his type 4, and 40% precipitated with antisera against both types 3 and 4. The large proportion of cross-reactors is unique to Georgia isolants. The biochemical patterns, drug sensitivities, and serological types had no apparent relationship to each other.", "PMID": 1164320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_519", "title": "Electroencephalography in naval divers.", "content": "EEG studies were conducted on 98 naval divers to ascertain the incidence of abnormal paroxysmal activity in them and to correlate it with their performance in diving. Nine of the 98 showed EEG abnormality in the form of a buildup of high-voltage, low-frequency activity after hyperventilation. None of them showed sporadic bursts of sharp waves from any region on intermittent photic stimulation. A 5-year follow-up did not show any association between the EEG response and the diver's professional capabilities. Nine divers were also examined after a 30-min simulated exposure at 2.5 ATA breathing air. This simulated dive had no effect on the existing EEG pattern. It has been concluded that a routine EEG examination is not useful in selection of divers.", "contents": "Electroencephalography in naval divers. EEG studies were conducted on 98 naval divers to ascertain the incidence of abnormal paroxysmal activity in them and to correlate it with their performance in diving. Nine of the 98 showed EEG abnormality in the form of a buildup of high-voltage, low-frequency activity after hyperventilation. None of them showed sporadic bursts of sharp waves from any region on intermittent photic stimulation. A 5-year follow-up did not show any association between the EEG response and the diver's professional capabilities. Nine divers were also examined after a 30-min simulated exposure at 2.5 ATA breathing air. This simulated dive had no effect on the existing EEG pattern. It has been concluded that a routine EEG examination is not useful in selection of divers.", "PMID": 1164331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_520", "title": "Persistence of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus in litter.", "content": "Litter in a room which had housed chickens and turkeys actively infected with velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease was no longer infectious for susceptible chickens placed there 10 to 14 days later.", "contents": "Persistence of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus in litter. Litter in a room which had housed chickens and turkeys actively infected with velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease was no longer infectious for susceptible chickens placed there 10 to 14 days later.", "PMID": 1164325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_521", "title": "Use of the invariant method of speech analysis to discern the emotional state of announcers.", "content": "An improved method of discerning emotional colouring of speech on the frequency of main tone and average number of intersections at zero level within the range of first formant frequencies is described. Vowels from words pronounced by announcers in different emotional states served as material for experiments. The method elaborated in the experiments with actors and drama school undergraduates was then tested in natural conditions on amateur parachute jumpers.", "contents": "Use of the invariant method of speech analysis to discern the emotional state of announcers. An improved method of discerning emotional colouring of speech on the frequency of main tone and average number of intersections at zero level within the range of first formant frequencies is described. Vowels from words pronounced by announcers in different emotional states served as material for experiments. The method elaborated in the experiments with actors and drama school undergraduates was then tested in natural conditions on amateur parachute jumpers.", "PMID": 1164332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_522", "title": "Nonspecific reactions to Mycoplasma antigens caused in turkeys sera by Erysipelothrix insidiosa bacterin.", "content": "Nonspecific reactions to Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM) and M. gallisepticum antigens were found in the sera of turkeys vaccinated with Erysipelothrix insidiosa (EI) bacterin, but they could be removed by adsorption with EI bacterin. True reactions to MM could not be so removed.", "contents": "Nonspecific reactions to Mycoplasma antigens caused in turkeys sera by Erysipelothrix insidiosa bacterin. Nonspecific reactions to Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM) and M. gallisepticum antigens were found in the sera of turkeys vaccinated with Erysipelothrix insidiosa (EI) bacterin, but they could be removed by adsorption with EI bacterin. True reactions to MM could not be so removed.", "PMID": 1164326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_523", "title": "Investigation of human cerebral circulation in spaceflight conditions.", "content": "The effective control of the main physiological systems during spaceflight and investigation of the mechanisms involved is a difficult problem, but the success of manned space missions greatly depends on the solution of these problems. In this respect, the cerebral circulation system is of particular importance for control and research. The large amount of experimental evidence concerning the functional peculiarities of the cerebral circulation system gives us every reason to suggest that this part of the circulatory system could be readily affected by spaceflight dynamic factor-accelerations and weightlessness.", "contents": "Investigation of human cerebral circulation in spaceflight conditions. The effective control of the main physiological systems during spaceflight and investigation of the mechanisms involved is a difficult problem, but the success of manned space missions greatly depends on the solution of these problems. In this respect, the cerebral circulation system is of particular importance for control and research. The large amount of experimental evidence concerning the functional peculiarities of the cerebral circulation system gives us every reason to suggest that this part of the circulatory system could be readily affected by spaceflight dynamic factor-accelerations and weightlessness.", "PMID": 1164333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_524", "title": "Traumatic ventriculitis in chickens.", "content": "Nine cases of traumatic ventriculitis in chickens, with associated complications, are reported. The findings suggest that chickens with traumatic ventriculitis may die either from extreme emaciation or from toxemia.", "contents": "Traumatic ventriculitis in chickens. Nine cases of traumatic ventriculitis in chickens, with associated complications, are reported. The findings suggest that chickens with traumatic ventriculitis may die either from extreme emaciation or from toxemia.", "PMID": 1164327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_525", "title": "Differences between seated and recumbent resting measurements of auscultative blood pressure.", "content": "Clinical blood pressure measurements conventionally have been taken while subjects are seated and at rest. FFA aviation medical examiners are required to measure blood pressure while the airman is in a recumbent position. Concern for possible positional differences in blood pressure values generated this study. Calibrated apparatus and objective methodology were used to record and measure blood pressure. Subjects consisted of 100 males between 20 and 60 years of age. Three blood pressure measurements were obtained for each body position. Measurement accuracy was to 2 mm Hg. Body-position order of measurement was randomized. Age and body-position order of measurement had no significant effect on body-position differences in systolic and diastolic pressure. For the total group, the average systolic and diastolic pressure were 6.6 and 0.8 mm Hg higher, repectively, in the recumbent position than in the sitting position. Although the former value was statistically significant, its practical application is obviated by the usual error of clinical measurement.", "contents": "Differences between seated and recumbent resting measurements of auscultative blood pressure. Clinical blood pressure measurements conventionally have been taken while subjects are seated and at rest. FFA aviation medical examiners are required to measure blood pressure while the airman is in a recumbent position. Concern for possible positional differences in blood pressure values generated this study. Calibrated apparatus and objective methodology were used to record and measure blood pressure. Subjects consisted of 100 males between 20 and 60 years of age. Three blood pressure measurements were obtained for each body position. Measurement accuracy was to 2 mm Hg. Body-position order of measurement was randomized. Age and body-position order of measurement had no significant effect on body-position differences in systolic and diastolic pressure. For the total group, the average systolic and diastolic pressure were 6.6 and 0.8 mm Hg higher, repectively, in the recumbent position than in the sitting position. Although the former value was statistically significant, its practical application is obviated by the usual error of clinical measurement.", "PMID": 1164334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_526", "title": "Toxicological findings in fatal civil aviation accidents, fiscal years 1968-1974.", "content": "Toxicological findings in 1,345 fatal general aviation accidents from fiscal year 1968 through 1974 are summarized. Methods used in examination of specimens for alcohol, drugs, carbon monoxide, cyanide, and cholinesterase activity are described. Blood ethanol levels in excess of 0.050% were found in 117 of the 1,345 pilots (8.7%). Drugs were found in 16 cases (1.2%). These and other toxicological findings indicate that in more than 40% of the cases, information worthy of consideration in developing the human-factors history of an accident or the cause of death from survivable crashes was obtained.", "contents": "Toxicological findings in fatal civil aviation accidents, fiscal years 1968-1974. Toxicological findings in 1,345 fatal general aviation accidents from fiscal year 1968 through 1974 are summarized. Methods used in examination of specimens for alcohol, drugs, carbon monoxide, cyanide, and cholinesterase activity are described. Blood ethanol levels in excess of 0.050% were found in 117 of the 1,345 pilots (8.7%). Drugs were found in 16 cases (1.2%). These and other toxicological findings indicate that in more than 40% of the cases, information worthy of consideration in developing the human-factors history of an accident or the cause of death from survivable crashes was obtained.", "PMID": 1164335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_527", "title": "Cryptosporidiosis of the bursa of Fabricius of chickens.", "content": "Light-microscope and electron-microscope studies of a coccidial organism found in the bursa of Fabricius from 3 chickens clearly established the parasite as belonging to the family Cryptosporiidae. Hyperplasia and heterophil infiltration were associated with the presence of organisms attached to the microvillus border of epithelial cells lining the plicae of the bursa of Fabricius. Although there were no clinical signs or gross lesions common to the 3 cases described, all had similar histologic lesions in the epithelium lining the bursa of Fabricius.", "contents": "Cryptosporidiosis of the bursa of Fabricius of chickens. Light-microscope and electron-microscope studies of a coccidial organism found in the bursa of Fabricius from 3 chickens clearly established the parasite as belonging to the family Cryptosporiidae. Hyperplasia and heterophil infiltration were associated with the presence of organisms attached to the microvillus border of epithelial cells lining the plicae of the bursa of Fabricius. Although there were no clinical signs or gross lesions common to the 3 cases described, all had similar histologic lesions in the epithelium lining the bursa of Fabricius.", "PMID": 1164328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_528", "title": "Levels of whole-body vibration affecting human vision.", "content": "A visual task was devised to determine the minimum levels of whole-body vibration that affect human vision. This task was the perception of the blur-due to eye motion-of an image of a stationary point source of light and is considered to be as sensitive as any alternative measure of the effects of vibration on visual acuity. Minimum levels of sinusoidal vertical vibration required to produce blur have been determined in a group of 12 subjects seated in a posture that maximised the sensation of vibration at their heads. The effect of vibration frequency (from 7 to 75 Hz) differed between subjects and there was a large individual variability in the levels of both head and seat vibration required to produce blur at any frequency. This intersubject variability has been compared with the potentially large intrasubject variability due to changes in body posture. The experimental results have led to the tentative recommendation of vibration levels below which vibration is not normally expected to reduce visual acuity.", "contents": "Levels of whole-body vibration affecting human vision. A visual task was devised to determine the minimum levels of whole-body vibration that affect human vision. This task was the perception of the blur-due to eye motion-of an image of a stationary point source of light and is considered to be as sensitive as any alternative measure of the effects of vibration on visual acuity. Minimum levels of sinusoidal vertical vibration required to produce blur have been determined in a group of 12 subjects seated in a posture that maximised the sensation of vibration at their heads. The effect of vibration frequency (from 7 to 75 Hz) differed between subjects and there was a large individual variability in the levels of both head and seat vibration required to produce blur at any frequency. This intersubject variability has been compared with the potentially large intrasubject variability due to changes in body posture. The experimental results have led to the tentative recommendation of vibration levels below which vibration is not normally expected to reduce visual acuity.", "PMID": 1164336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_529", "title": "Association of aircraft noise stress to periodontal disease in aircrew members.", "content": "A review of the literature reveals a multitude of effects that noise may contribute to periodontal disease, including cardiovascular disease, angiospasm of peripheral vessels, hypertension, and an increase in inflammatory cells with concurrent inhibition of healing. Three groups of 25 men were selected from the Pennsylvania Air National Guard for study. Group 1 consisted of F-102 jet fighter pilots; Group 2, pilots and crew of a four-engine, propeller-driven C-121 aircraft; and Group 3, enlisted men not exposed to aircraft noise, as a control. The degree of alveolar, intraceptal bone loss for each subject was measured from full-mouth radiographs of all groups. The greatest amount of bone loss occurred in crew members of propeller-driven aircraft. Jet pilots had considerably less bone loss while the average number of millimeters of bone lost per tooth revealed a difference between the three groups to the 0.01 significance level (F=24.7). The data suggests there is a degree of alveolar bone loss over a period of years associated with exposure to propeller aircraft noise and vibration, and negligible loss for jet aircraft noise.", "contents": "Association of aircraft noise stress to periodontal disease in aircrew members. A review of the literature reveals a multitude of effects that noise may contribute to periodontal disease, including cardiovascular disease, angiospasm of peripheral vessels, hypertension, and an increase in inflammatory cells with concurrent inhibition of healing. Three groups of 25 men were selected from the Pennsylvania Air National Guard for study. Group 1 consisted of F-102 jet fighter pilots; Group 2, pilots and crew of a four-engine, propeller-driven C-121 aircraft; and Group 3, enlisted men not exposed to aircraft noise, as a control. The degree of alveolar, intraceptal bone loss for each subject was measured from full-mouth radiographs of all groups. The greatest amount of bone loss occurred in crew members of propeller-driven aircraft. Jet pilots had considerably less bone loss while the average number of millimeters of bone lost per tooth revealed a difference between the three groups to the 0.01 significance level (F=24.7). The data suggests there is a degree of alveolar bone loss over a period of years associated with exposure to propeller aircraft noise and vibration, and negligible loss for jet aircraft noise.", "PMID": 1164337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_530", "title": "Serum urate and cholesterol levels in Air Force Academy cadets.", "content": "Serum cholesterol and urate levels were measured in 150 young men at 2- to 4-month intervals during their first 18 months at the U.S. Air Force Academy. During the first week of cadet training, mean serum urate levels rose as high as 9.5 mg/100 m/, but decreased after a Sunday break. During this week, urate levels in excess of 8.49 mg/100 m/ were found in 44% of the subjects. Such levels, while definitely exceeding normal limits, were attributed to acute psychosocial stress rather than to an abnormal or pathological process. One month after the completion of basic military training, mean serum urate levels were within normal limits, as were all subsequent mean urate levels. Mean serum cholesterol levels were elevated at three times - during the first week of training, after the first month of the first academic year, and during a week of intense military training in the following spring. Apparently, urate and cholesterol levels were elevated by different aspects of stress. Elevations of uric acid level appeared to reflect stress that excited fear or insecurity. Elevations of cholesterol levels apeared to reflect a stress which the individual perceived as requiring a sustained increase in physical and/or mental performance.", "contents": "Serum urate and cholesterol levels in Air Force Academy cadets. Serum cholesterol and urate levels were measured in 150 young men at 2- to 4-month intervals during their first 18 months at the U.S. Air Force Academy. During the first week of cadet training, mean serum urate levels rose as high as 9.5 mg/100 m/, but decreased after a Sunday break. During this week, urate levels in excess of 8.49 mg/100 m/ were found in 44% of the subjects. Such levels, while definitely exceeding normal limits, were attributed to acute psychosocial stress rather than to an abnormal or pathological process. One month after the completion of basic military training, mean serum urate levels were within normal limits, as were all subsequent mean urate levels. Mean serum cholesterol levels were elevated at three times - during the first week of training, after the first month of the first academic year, and during a week of intense military training in the following spring. Apparently, urate and cholesterol levels were elevated by different aspects of stress. Elevations of uric acid level appeared to reflect stress that excited fear or insecurity. Elevations of cholesterol levels apeared to reflect a stress which the individual perceived as requiring a sustained increase in physical and/or mental performance.", "PMID": 1164338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_531", "title": "Normal values and commonly used echocardiographic formulae for adults.", "content": "Echocardiography is a valuable and widespread clinical and research tool. The normal parameters and formulae for adults are widely dispersed throughout the medical literature. The purpose of this paper is to present, in a single source, the already acquired normal values and formulae used in the field.", "contents": "Normal values and commonly used echocardiographic formulae for adults. Echocardiography is a valuable and widespread clinical and research tool. The normal parameters and formulae for adults are widely dispersed throughout the medical literature. The purpose of this paper is to present, in a single source, the already acquired normal values and formulae used in the field.", "PMID": 1164340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_532", "title": "Management of severe decompression sickness with treatment ancillary to recompression: case report.", "content": "Recompression remains the primary form of treatment in decompression sickness, but severe cases require ancillary treatment. The case of a compressed air worker with decompression sickness is presented who, in addition to recompression, required 5.5 of I.V. fluids in the first 8 h, heparin, digitalis, steroids, and respiratory support, to prevent death. The report includes a description of the precipitation causes, the course during recompression, the drugs and dosages used, and comments on respirator treatment.", "contents": "Management of severe decompression sickness with treatment ancillary to recompression: case report. Recompression remains the primary form of treatment in decompression sickness, but severe cases require ancillary treatment. The case of a compressed air worker with decompression sickness is presented who, in addition to recompression, required 5.5 of I.V. fluids in the first 8 h, heparin, digitalis, steroids, and respiratory support, to prevent death. The report includes a description of the precipitation causes, the course during recompression, the drugs and dosages used, and comments on respirator treatment.", "PMID": 1164341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_533", "title": "Factors in 171 navy diving decompression accidents occurring between 1960-1969.", "content": "Comparisons were made between the incidence of specific factors in U.S. Navy decompression accidents and the incidence of these factors in routine (nonexperimental) U.S. Navy operational dives. It was found that decompression accidents are disproportionately high among a) air dives less than 140 ft which have bottom times of 30 min or less and air dives greater than 140 ft which have bottom times of more than 15 min, b) Divers First Class, c) older divers, and d) dives which do not involve work or divers which require heavy work. Repetitive dives have a lower decompression accident rate than expected. Decompression accidents were not disproportionately high for any category of body build. These results indicate that the present U.S. Navy decompression tables are extremely safe (5 decompression accidents/10,000 dives), and do not appear to require modification. Future decompression research may be directed toward analyzing the relationship of work and aging to physiological processes involved in decompression. In addition, the present findings should be cross-validated using more recent accident and operational diving data.", "contents": "Factors in 171 navy diving decompression accidents occurring between 1960-1969. Comparisons were made between the incidence of specific factors in U.S. Navy decompression accidents and the incidence of these factors in routine (nonexperimental) U.S. Navy operational dives. It was found that decompression accidents are disproportionately high among a) air dives less than 140 ft which have bottom times of 30 min or less and air dives greater than 140 ft which have bottom times of more than 15 min, b) Divers First Class, c) older divers, and d) dives which do not involve work or divers which require heavy work. Repetitive dives have a lower decompression accident rate than expected. Decompression accidents were not disproportionately high for any category of body build. These results indicate that the present U.S. Navy decompression tables are extremely safe (5 decompression accidents/10,000 dives), and do not appear to require modification. Future decompression research may be directed toward analyzing the relationship of work and aging to physiological processes involved in decompression. In addition, the present findings should be cross-validated using more recent accident and operational diving data.", "PMID": 1164342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_534", "title": "Medical aspects of supersonic travel.", "content": "During the 1950s, military aircraft in France and the United Kingdom developed along almost identical lines in that supersonic fighters were developed together with delta-plan research aircraft capable of speeds twice the speed of sound (Mach 2). At the end of the decade, discussions between the British Aircraft Corp. (BAC) and Sub-Aviation of France (SUD) resulted in suggested designs for a supersonic transport (SST) aircraft. With official backing from both governments, the Anglo-French Concorde Agreement was signed in 1962. At first, the development costs were estimated to be between 150 and 170 million, the costs to be equally divided between both nations. The total costs for research and development are now expected to exceed 1065 million!", "contents": "Medical aspects of supersonic travel. During the 1950s, military aircraft in France and the United Kingdom developed along almost identical lines in that supersonic fighters were developed together with delta-plan research aircraft capable of speeds twice the speed of sound (Mach 2). At the end of the decade, discussions between the British Aircraft Corp. (BAC) and Sub-Aviation of France (SUD) resulted in suggested designs for a supersonic transport (SST) aircraft. With official backing from both governments, the Anglo-French Concorde Agreement was signed in 1962. At first, the development costs were estimated to be between 150 and 170 million, the costs to be equally divided between both nations. The total costs for research and development are now expected to exceed 1065 million!", "PMID": 1164343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_535", "title": "Head movement induced by angular oscillation of the body in the pitch and roll axes.", "content": "The transmission of angular acceleration to the head of the human subject has been investigated during sinusoidal angular oscillation of the body in either pitch or roll about an axis through the upper lumbar vertebrae. The results indicated that angular acceleration of the skull was induced in all three axes of the head by both pitch and by roll motion. At frequencies below 1-2 Hz the head moved with the body, but in the frequency range 2-8 Hz the amplitude of head acceleration was augmented indicating that oscillation about a centre of rotation low in the body may induce large angular movements in this frequency range because of the linear component of acceleration delivered at the cervical vertebrae. At higher frequencies, the acceleration at the head was attenuated with an associated increase in phase lag, probably due to the absorption of input acceleration by the upper torso.", "contents": "Head movement induced by angular oscillation of the body in the pitch and roll axes. The transmission of angular acceleration to the head of the human subject has been investigated during sinusoidal angular oscillation of the body in either pitch or roll about an axis through the upper lumbar vertebrae. The results indicated that angular acceleration of the skull was induced in all three axes of the head by both pitch and by roll motion. At frequencies below 1-2 Hz the head moved with the body, but in the frequency range 2-8 Hz the amplitude of head acceleration was augmented indicating that oscillation about a centre of rotation low in the body may induce large angular movements in this frequency range because of the linear component of acceleration delivered at the cervical vertebrae. At higher frequencies, the acceleration at the head was attenuated with an associated increase in phase lag, probably due to the absorption of input acceleration by the upper torso.", "PMID": 1164344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_536", "title": "Considerations of vision and cerebral function during hypotension.", "content": "The currently held theory of preserved consciousness with impaired vision during positive acceleration is based on a maintained intraocular pressure and selective impairment of conduction in the peripheral visual pathway, though the experimental evidence does not wholly support this theory. During hypotension, intraocular pressure follows closely the arterial pressure, and conduction along the optic nerve is preserved as long as the electroretinogram persists. It is proposed that, though the mechanism of visual impairment during hypotension is related to events in the peripheral visual pathway, there are likely to be active forebrain events which preserve consciousness.", "contents": "Considerations of vision and cerebral function during hypotension. The currently held theory of preserved consciousness with impaired vision during positive acceleration is based on a maintained intraocular pressure and selective impairment of conduction in the peripheral visual pathway, though the experimental evidence does not wholly support this theory. During hypotension, intraocular pressure follows closely the arterial pressure, and conduction along the optic nerve is preserved as long as the electroretinogram persists. It is proposed that, though the mechanism of visual impairment during hypotension is related to events in the peripheral visual pathway, there are likely to be active forebrain events which preserve consciousness.", "PMID": 1164345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_537", "title": "Quantitative cyto- and histochemical studies of the Deiter's nucleus and nodular cortex of cerebellum in rats exposed to weightlessness.", "content": "Spaceflight aboard the \"Cosmos-605\" artificial satellite during 22 d does not have a substantial effect upon the activity of enzymes involved in energy metabolism--lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase--in cytoplasm of the giant neurons of the dorsocaudal part of the Deiters' nucleus and cortex layers of the cerebellar nodulus in rats. At the same time, on the second postflight day, in the molecular layer of cerebellar nodulus in rats flown for 22 d in space, some increase in lipid content was noted, probably connected with quantitative or qualitative changes in afferent impulses from the vestibular apparatus to the nodulus. On the 27th postflight day, lipid content in the molecular layer returned to the level observed in rats during ground-based experiments.", "contents": "Quantitative cyto- and histochemical studies of the Deiter's nucleus and nodular cortex of cerebellum in rats exposed to weightlessness. Spaceflight aboard the \"Cosmos-605\" artificial satellite during 22 d does not have a substantial effect upon the activity of enzymes involved in energy metabolism--lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase--in cytoplasm of the giant neurons of the dorsocaudal part of the Deiters' nucleus and cortex layers of the cerebellar nodulus in rats. At the same time, on the second postflight day, in the molecular layer of cerebellar nodulus in rats flown for 22 d in space, some increase in lipid content was noted, probably connected with quantitative or qualitative changes in afferent impulses from the vestibular apparatus to the nodulus. On the 27th postflight day, lipid content in the molecular layer returned to the level observed in rats during ground-based experiments.", "PMID": 1164346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_538", "title": "Ethanol-induced lowering of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation during hypoxia.", "content": "Nine fasting, healthy, adult male volunteers were given oral carbohydrate before exposures to normoxia (PIO2 = 149 torr) and mild hypoxia (PIO2 = 98 torr). Following recovery, they were given oral ethanol before similar exposure to normoxia and mild hypoxia. Repeated measures of arterial blood and expired gases were made. Ethanol diminished respiratory gas exchange (R), causing lower alveolar and arterial oxygen pressures during normoxia and mild hypoxia and a reduction in arterial oxygen saturation from 89.9 to 87.4% during mild hypoxia. It is suggested that carbohydrates are preferable to ethanol and fats as nutrients during limited oxygen transport situations, such as high-altitude, carbon monoxide exposure, or during heavy exertion, and for patients with cardiovascular or pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Ethanol-induced lowering of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation during hypoxia. Nine fasting, healthy, adult male volunteers were given oral carbohydrate before exposures to normoxia (PIO2 = 149 torr) and mild hypoxia (PIO2 = 98 torr). Following recovery, they were given oral ethanol before similar exposure to normoxia and mild hypoxia. Repeated measures of arterial blood and expired gases were made. Ethanol diminished respiratory gas exchange (R), causing lower alveolar and arterial oxygen pressures during normoxia and mild hypoxia and a reduction in arterial oxygen saturation from 89.9 to 87.4% during mild hypoxia. It is suggested that carbohydrates are preferable to ethanol and fats as nutrients during limited oxygen transport situations, such as high-altitude, carbon monoxide exposure, or during heavy exertion, and for patients with cardiovascular or pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 1164347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_539", "title": "Vision in the water without a facemask.", "content": "Distance and size estimates and stereoacuity judgments were made in water by divers, both with and without facemasks. Without the mask, only stereoacuity was markedly degraded. Distance estimates were slightly more accurate, despite a great decrease in the range of visibility. Size estimates were slightly too small. Divers with refractive errors did not appear to be more handicapped than those with normal vision.", "contents": "Vision in the water without a facemask. Distance and size estimates and stereoacuity judgments were made in water by divers, both with and without facemasks. Without the mask, only stereoacuity was markedly degraded. Distance estimates were slightly more accurate, despite a great decrease in the range of visibility. Size estimates were slightly too small. Divers with refractive errors did not appear to be more handicapped than those with normal vision.", "PMID": 1164348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_540", "title": "Comparative analysis of mimical and autonomic components of man's emotional state.", "content": "In experiments on 35 subjects--actors and representatives of other skills--activity of the facial mimical muscles (EMG, videotape recordings) was compared to changes in heart rate during reproduction of emotionally coloured situations according to the method of K. S. Stanislavskiy. At the first stage of experiments, the subject experienced emotion and expressed it; at the second he experienced emotion but impeded its facial expression; at the third he gave facial expression but remained calm. It was shown that the combined method of diagnosing human emotional state is the most effective one because changes in heart rate reveal emotional stress and contraction of specific groups of muscles helps to identify the nature of the emotion; joy, anger, fear or sadness.", "contents": "Comparative analysis of mimical and autonomic components of man's emotional state. In experiments on 35 subjects--actors and representatives of other skills--activity of the facial mimical muscles (EMG, videotape recordings) was compared to changes in heart rate during reproduction of emotionally coloured situations according to the method of K. S. Stanislavskiy. At the first stage of experiments, the subject experienced emotion and expressed it; at the second he experienced emotion but impeded its facial expression; at the third he gave facial expression but remained calm. It was shown that the combined method of diagnosing human emotional state is the most effective one because changes in heart rate reveal emotional stress and contraction of specific groups of muscles helps to identify the nature of the emotion; joy, anger, fear or sadness.", "PMID": 1164349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_541", "title": "Infrasound: a short review of effects on man.", "content": "The amount of natural and man-made infrasound that man is subjected to is larger than is generally realized. The few studies that have concerned themselves uniquely with the physiologic effects of moderate-to-high levels of infrasound exposure (as opposed to audible sound or vibrational exposures) have failed to demonstrate significant effects on man other than those concerning the inner ear and balance control. But the existing studies indicate that inner ear symptomatology due to moderate-to-high levels of infrasound may be more common than is generally appreciated. At very high sound pressure levels (greater than 140 dB), ear pain and pressure become the limiting factors. Ear muffs and ear plugs appear to offer slight protection from the effects of infrasound, but quantification of this is still lacking. Direct evidence of adverse effects of exposure to low-intensity signals (less than 90 dB) is lacking. The need for further research in this field is clearly indicated.", "contents": "Infrasound: a short review of effects on man. The amount of natural and man-made infrasound that man is subjected to is larger than is generally realized. The few studies that have concerned themselves uniquely with the physiologic effects of moderate-to-high levels of infrasound exposure (as opposed to audible sound or vibrational exposures) have failed to demonstrate significant effects on man other than those concerning the inner ear and balance control. But the existing studies indicate that inner ear symptomatology due to moderate-to-high levels of infrasound may be more common than is generally appreciated. At very high sound pressure levels (greater than 140 dB), ear pain and pressure become the limiting factors. Ear muffs and ear plugs appear to offer slight protection from the effects of infrasound, but quantification of this is still lacking. Direct evidence of adverse effects of exposure to low-intensity signals (less than 90 dB) is lacking. The need for further research in this field is clearly indicated.", "PMID": 1164350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_542", "title": "Smoke toxicity of common aircraft carpets.", "content": "The smoke toxicity of three carpets commonly available for use in commercial aircraft was determined by ignition in a specially designed smoke apparatus. Rats were exposed for 15 min to three different fuel loads, on a weight-to-volume basis. Evaluation was by mortality, time of useful function (TUF), and unconsciousness. No deaths were noted with carpets A or C at 64 mg/l or 128 mg/l fuel load concentration; at 256 mg/l, 42% mortality resulted from carpet A and 4.5% with carpet C. Exposure to carpet B resulted in a mortality of 4.3%, 72.5%, and 100% at the three concentrations. The TUF data and time of unconsciousness correlated closely with the results of the mortality, but were much more sensitive. These studies indicate that a potential severe hazard exists with some types of carpet, and further research is needed to identify and eliminate these materials from aircraft interiors.", "contents": "Smoke toxicity of common aircraft carpets. The smoke toxicity of three carpets commonly available for use in commercial aircraft was determined by ignition in a specially designed smoke apparatus. Rats were exposed for 15 min to three different fuel loads, on a weight-to-volume basis. Evaluation was by mortality, time of useful function (TUF), and unconsciousness. No deaths were noted with carpets A or C at 64 mg/l or 128 mg/l fuel load concentration; at 256 mg/l, 42% mortality resulted from carpet A and 4.5% with carpet C. Exposure to carpet B resulted in a mortality of 4.3%, 72.5%, and 100% at the three concentrations. The TUF data and time of unconsciousness correlated closely with the results of the mortality, but were much more sensitive. These studies indicate that a potential severe hazard exists with some types of carpet, and further research is needed to identify and eliminate these materials from aircraft interiors.", "PMID": 1164351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_543", "title": "Circulo-respiratory fitness in United States Air Force Academy cadets.", "content": "A sample of 79 United States Air Force Academy cadets was used to determine mean maximal oxygen consumption and percent body fat values for the cadet wing. The individuals selected represented all four classes and included no intercollegiate athletes. Maximal oxygen consumption testing was completed on a bicycle ergometer and percent body fat measurements were accomplished by the Wright-Wilmore method. The average max VO2 for these cadets was 47.91 (S.D.=4.58). This value compares very favorably with established norms by this age group. The mean percent body fat of 12.07 also depicts a highly fit population. The effect of altitude and the conversion for use with treadmill values is discussed. The USAFA cadet appears to have an excellent level of circulo-respiratory fitness, especially when compared with other military samples within the same age span.", "contents": "Circulo-respiratory fitness in United States Air Force Academy cadets. A sample of 79 United States Air Force Academy cadets was used to determine mean maximal oxygen consumption and percent body fat values for the cadet wing. The individuals selected represented all four classes and included no intercollegiate athletes. Maximal oxygen consumption testing was completed on a bicycle ergometer and percent body fat measurements were accomplished by the Wright-Wilmore method. The average max VO2 for these cadets was 47.91 (S.D.=4.58). This value compares very favorably with established norms by this age group. The mean percent body fat of 12.07 also depicts a highly fit population. The effect of altitude and the conversion for use with treadmill values is discussed. The USAFA cadet appears to have an excellent level of circulo-respiratory fitness, especially when compared with other military samples within the same age span.", "PMID": 1164352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_544", "title": "Hematologic changes in mice during and after exposure to severe hypobaric hypoxia.", "content": "Exposing mice to an atmospheric pressure of 300 mm Hg for 16 d caused a variety of hematologic effects. Hematocrit increased rapidly in the first 8 d of exposure and slowly in the second 8 d. Reticulocyte counts rose above normal, peaked on Day 8, and then fell rapidly toward the control level. Macrocytic erythrocytes, formed during exposure, remained macrocytic after the termination of exposure and after the loss of their reticulum. The posthypoxic mice proved sensitive for erythropoietin bioassay. Mice injected with normal dog serum showed a significantly higher incorporation of 59Fe than control mice injected with physiologic saline. A reduction of the duration of exposure to 10 d resulted in only a slight decrease in the sensitivity of the mouse bioassay system. However, a 16-d exposure at a pressure of 360 mm Hg resulted in considerably less sensitive bioassay animals.", "contents": "Hematologic changes in mice during and after exposure to severe hypobaric hypoxia. Exposing mice to an atmospheric pressure of 300 mm Hg for 16 d caused a variety of hematologic effects. Hematocrit increased rapidly in the first 8 d of exposure and slowly in the second 8 d. Reticulocyte counts rose above normal, peaked on Day 8, and then fell rapidly toward the control level. Macrocytic erythrocytes, formed during exposure, remained macrocytic after the termination of exposure and after the loss of their reticulum. The posthypoxic mice proved sensitive for erythropoietin bioassay. Mice injected with normal dog serum showed a significantly higher incorporation of 59Fe than control mice injected with physiologic saline. A reduction of the duration of exposure to 10 d resulted in only a slight decrease in the sensitivity of the mouse bioassay system. However, a 16-d exposure at a pressure of 360 mm Hg resulted in considerably less sensitive bioassay animals.", "PMID": 1164353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_545", "title": "Sensitivity of GABA synthesis in human brain to oxygen poisoning.", "content": "Homogenates were prepared from the basal ganglia and frontal cortex of human brain and incubated for 20 min of 25 degrees C under either 1 ATA N2 or 3 ATA O2 (OHP). Exposure of the homogenates to OHP caused a significant inhibition in the activity of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesising enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase. This finding, together with previously published data on animal experiments, suggests that a deranged GABA metabolism must be given serious consideration as a possible mechanism for OHP-induced seizures in man.", "contents": "Sensitivity of GABA synthesis in human brain to oxygen poisoning. Homogenates were prepared from the basal ganglia and frontal cortex of human brain and incubated for 20 min of 25 degrees C under either 1 ATA N2 or 3 ATA O2 (OHP). Exposure of the homogenates to OHP caused a significant inhibition in the activity of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesising enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase. This finding, together with previously published data on animal experiments, suggests that a deranged GABA metabolism must be given serious consideration as a possible mechanism for OHP-induced seizures in man.", "PMID": 1164354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_546", "title": "Aircraft-type crash injury investigation of a commuter train collision.", "content": "Until recently, the investigation of crash injuries and their causes in railroad crashes has been relatively nonexistent. Now, however, with the trend toward a more balanced transportation system, the number of railroad passengers is increasing and there is a concurrent demand for new, rebuilt, or refurbished passenger cars. Most railroad passenger cars in service today appear to have been designed primarily for longevity and easy servicing with secondary emphasis on passenger comfort and little emphasis on passenger safety. It is unlikely that these priorities will be reversed unless crash injury investigations can demonstrate a specific need for improvements in crashworthiness. In line with this objective, techniques developed in aircraft crash investigations were used to collect and evaluate crash injury and escape data from the collision of two commuter trains.", "contents": "Aircraft-type crash injury investigation of a commuter train collision. Until recently, the investigation of crash injuries and their causes in railroad crashes has been relatively nonexistent. Now, however, with the trend toward a more balanced transportation system, the number of railroad passengers is increasing and there is a concurrent demand for new, rebuilt, or refurbished passenger cars. Most railroad passenger cars in service today appear to have been designed primarily for longevity and easy servicing with secondary emphasis on passenger comfort and little emphasis on passenger safety. It is unlikely that these priorities will be reversed unless crash injury investigations can demonstrate a specific need for improvements in crashworthiness. In line with this objective, techniques developed in aircraft crash investigations were used to collect and evaluate crash injury and escape data from the collision of two commuter trains.", "PMID": 1164355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_547", "title": "Effects in rodents of a 1-month exposure to magnetic fields (200-1200 Gauss).", "content": "Under the conditions of the present study, magnetic fields ranging from 200 to 2000 Gauss strength have no toxic or histopathological effects on rats. The in vivo study and the histopathological results show no alterations of the vascular tissues, except for a nonpathological congestion of the spleen, and no intravascular thrombosis related to the experimental conditions. An unexpected observation was that the increase in body and organ weight of young rats was significantly greater in the groups exposed to magnetic fields. Therefore, no undesirable effects should be expected when magnetic fields within the prescribed safety limits of 200 to 2000 Gauss are applied to human subjects for several hours.", "contents": "Effects in rodents of a 1-month exposure to magnetic fields (200-1200 Gauss). Under the conditions of the present study, magnetic fields ranging from 200 to 2000 Gauss strength have no toxic or histopathological effects on rats. The in vivo study and the histopathological results show no alterations of the vascular tissues, except for a nonpathological congestion of the spleen, and no intravascular thrombosis related to the experimental conditions. An unexpected observation was that the increase in body and organ weight of young rats was significantly greater in the groups exposed to magnetic fields. Therefore, no undesirable effects should be expected when magnetic fields within the prescribed safety limits of 200 to 2000 Gauss are applied to human subjects for several hours.", "PMID": 1164356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_548", "title": "Cardiorespiratory responses to orthostasis and the effects of propranolol.", "content": "Cardiac output and gas exchange were determined serially using the single-breath method of Kim et al. before, during, and after orthostasis on six subjects after beta-adrenergic blockade and in duplicate controls. In the latter, heart rate increased and pulse pressure dropped immediately on tilting to 60 degrees and remained stable while cardiac output and stroke volume declined gradually over 21 min upright. On propranolol, heart rate was 10 bpm lower supine and 20 bpm less at 60 degrees but cardiac output was only slightly lower before and following tilt-up. However, after 15 min upright, stroke volume and cardiac output recovered on propranolol exceeding the controls after 21 min without change in heart rate. Returning to supine, heart rate dropped in all tests with a transitory increase in stroke volume, cardiac output and arterio-venous O2 difference. At the same time, apparent O2 uptake increased temporarily, reflecting the return of pooled venous blood to the lungs. Orthostatic tolerance did not appear to be affected by beta-adrenergic blockade.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory responses to orthostasis and the effects of propranolol. Cardiac output and gas exchange were determined serially using the single-breath method of Kim et al. before, during, and after orthostasis on six subjects after beta-adrenergic blockade and in duplicate controls. In the latter, heart rate increased and pulse pressure dropped immediately on tilting to 60 degrees and remained stable while cardiac output and stroke volume declined gradually over 21 min upright. On propranolol, heart rate was 10 bpm lower supine and 20 bpm less at 60 degrees but cardiac output was only slightly lower before and following tilt-up. However, after 15 min upright, stroke volume and cardiac output recovered on propranolol exceeding the controls after 21 min without change in heart rate. Returning to supine, heart rate dropped in all tests with a transitory increase in stroke volume, cardiac output and arterio-venous O2 difference. At the same time, apparent O2 uptake increased temporarily, reflecting the return of pooled venous blood to the lungs. Orthostatic tolerance did not appear to be affected by beta-adrenergic blockade.", "PMID": 1164357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_549", "title": "Final report of the Advisory Committee for Radiation Biology Aspects of the SST: cosmic radiation exposure in supersonic and subsonic flight.", "content": "The main body of this document consists of four major sections: A) An introduction describing the scope of Committee operations and providing a brief exposition of the concepts of radiation protection; B) A survey of experimental and theoretical data on cosmic radiations that have been obtained in individual research projects with emphasis on investigations that were performed under the sponsorship of the Committee. The studies evaluate galactic and solar radiation as a function of altitude and magnetic latitude; C) Best current estimates of cosmic radiation levels in the atmosphere; and D) Radiation protection recommendations dealing with maximum permissible doses and operational aspects covering satellite warning systems, on-board instrumentation, and forecasting. Nine annexes submitted by individual authors cover various of these subjects in greater detail.", "contents": "Final report of the Advisory Committee for Radiation Biology Aspects of the SST: cosmic radiation exposure in supersonic and subsonic flight. The main body of this document consists of four major sections: A) An introduction describing the scope of Committee operations and providing a brief exposition of the concepts of radiation protection; B) A survey of experimental and theoretical data on cosmic radiations that have been obtained in individual research projects with emphasis on investigations that were performed under the sponsorship of the Committee. The studies evaluate galactic and solar radiation as a function of altitude and magnetic latitude; C) Best current estimates of cosmic radiation levels in the atmosphere; and D) Radiation protection recommendations dealing with maximum permissible doses and operational aspects covering satellite warning systems, on-board instrumentation, and forecasting. Nine annexes submitted by individual authors cover various of these subjects in greater detail.", "PMID": 1164358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_550", "title": "Central nervous system involvement following type I aviator's bends complicated by complacency.", "content": "A false sense of security surrounds the possibility of post-flight complications resulting from \"aviator's bends.\" The accepted clinical clue that a patient is at risk for serious complications is the presence of some form of dysbarism at altitude. This principle has been inappropriately extended to imply that serious post-flight complications of the evolved gas syndrome only follow serious in-flight symptoms. This paper, in addition to reporting the occurrence of post-flight neurologic signs in a patient after Type I pain-only bends during an altitude chamber flight, also identifies a broader subtle complacency in the professional community that routinely deals with hypobarics.", "contents": "Central nervous system involvement following type I aviator's bends complicated by complacency. A false sense of security surrounds the possibility of post-flight complications resulting from \"aviator's bends.\" The accepted clinical clue that a patient is at risk for serious complications is the presence of some form of dysbarism at altitude. This principle has been inappropriately extended to imply that serious post-flight complications of the evolved gas syndrome only follow serious in-flight symptoms. This paper, in addition to reporting the occurrence of post-flight neurologic signs in a patient after Type I pain-only bends during an altitude chamber flight, also identifies a broader subtle complacency in the professional community that routinely deals with hypobarics.", "PMID": 1164359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_551", "title": "Soft hydrophilic contact lenses in civil and military aviation.", "content": "This study was undertaken to evaluate that possible acceptability of the hydrophilic contact lenses, both in military and civil aviation. Twelve volunteers, senior pilots of both military and civilian aircraft, were accepted for the first phase of this study. Hydrophilic contact lenses were evaluated in different flights conditions, including different altitudes, pressures and humidities, as well as the effects of light and glare and the special tasks of military flight. Although the series investigated is small, the results obtained indicate that hydrophilic contact lenses may favorably replace regular spectacles worn by pilots of military or civilian aircraft.", "contents": "Soft hydrophilic contact lenses in civil and military aviation. This study was undertaken to evaluate that possible acceptability of the hydrophilic contact lenses, both in military and civil aviation. Twelve volunteers, senior pilots of both military and civilian aircraft, were accepted for the first phase of this study. Hydrophilic contact lenses were evaluated in different flights conditions, including different altitudes, pressures and humidities, as well as the effects of light and glare and the special tasks of military flight. Although the series investigated is small, the results obtained indicate that hydrophilic contact lenses may favorably replace regular spectacles worn by pilots of military or civilian aircraft.", "PMID": 1164360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_552", "title": "Public health aspects of rabies.", "content": "Environmental Health Services personnel are responsible for communicable disease surveillance and control, which includes rabies. They conduct contact investigation on all rabid animals reported by Veterinary Services. A patient admitted to USAF Hospital Clark with a clinical diagnosis of rabies (confirmed on autopsy) presented a more complex investigation problem. Identification of hospital personnel who had significant contact with the patient was relatively easy. There were 21 hospital personnel identified as requiring antirabies prophylaxis. Social contacts of the patient were more difficult to identify. Numerous friends and co-workers were interviewed. Only one person was determined to need prophylaxis as a result of the investigation. One of the most important aspects of any rabies investigation is coordination between all involved personnel. These personnel represent various disciplines including veterinary, medical, and public health (both military and civilian). If all individuals are to be identified, evaluated, and given complete, correct information, there must be open lines of communication between the various disciplines.", "contents": "Public health aspects of rabies. Environmental Health Services personnel are responsible for communicable disease surveillance and control, which includes rabies. They conduct contact investigation on all rabid animals reported by Veterinary Services. A patient admitted to USAF Hospital Clark with a clinical diagnosis of rabies (confirmed on autopsy) presented a more complex investigation problem. Identification of hospital personnel who had significant contact with the patient was relatively easy. There were 21 hospital personnel identified as requiring antirabies prophylaxis. Social contacts of the patient were more difficult to identify. Numerous friends and co-workers were interviewed. Only one person was determined to need prophylaxis as a result of the investigation. One of the most important aspects of any rabies investigation is coordination between all involved personnel. These personnel represent various disciplines including veterinary, medical, and public health (both military and civilian). If all individuals are to be identified, evaluated, and given complete, correct information, there must be open lines of communication between the various disciplines.", "PMID": 1164361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_553", "title": "Molecular mechanism of in vitro transformation of mammalian cells by chemical carcinogens.", "content": "BHK21 clone 13 cells transformed by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) or nitrosomethylurea (NMU) (\"alkylating\" chemical carcinogens) appear to be restricted by temperature in the expression of their transformed phenotype. When grown at 38.5 degrees C, they exhibit a transformed phenotype (clonal morphology and ability to plate in agar), when grown at 32 degrees C, their phenotype is normal. Conversion from the normal to the transformed phenotype and the reverse is possible by temperature shifts. Conversely of the BHK21 clone 13 cells, of the rat fibroblasts (R111) transformed by 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (NQN), some exhibit a transformed phenotype restricted by temperature while others are not restricted by temperature in the expression of transformation. A working hypothesis is proposed suggesting that the phenotype of cells transformed by chemical carcinogens may be determined by the nature of the chemical reaction with the cell DNA. \"Alkylating\" carcinogens cause prevalently point mutation in bacteria (of the base substitution kind); in the case of transformation of mammalian cells temperature-sensitive phenotypes will be obtained. \"Frameshift\" carcinogens cause frameshift mutation in bacteria and cells transformed by this class of carcinogens will exhibit a transformed phenotype unrestricted by temperature.", "contents": "Molecular mechanism of in vitro transformation of mammalian cells by chemical carcinogens. BHK21 clone 13 cells transformed by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) or nitrosomethylurea (NMU) (\"alkylating\" chemical carcinogens) appear to be restricted by temperature in the expression of their transformed phenotype. When grown at 38.5 degrees C, they exhibit a transformed phenotype (clonal morphology and ability to plate in agar), when grown at 32 degrees C, their phenotype is normal. Conversion from the normal to the transformed phenotype and the reverse is possible by temperature shifts. Conversely of the BHK21 clone 13 cells, of the rat fibroblasts (R111) transformed by 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (NQN), some exhibit a transformed phenotype restricted by temperature while others are not restricted by temperature in the expression of transformation. A working hypothesis is proposed suggesting that the phenotype of cells transformed by chemical carcinogens may be determined by the nature of the chemical reaction with the cell DNA. \"Alkylating\" carcinogens cause prevalently point mutation in bacteria (of the base substitution kind); in the case of transformation of mammalian cells temperature-sensitive phenotypes will be obtained. \"Frameshift\" carcinogens cause frameshift mutation in bacteria and cells transformed by this class of carcinogens will exhibit a transformed phenotype unrestricted by temperature.", "PMID": 1164396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_554", "title": "Differentiation of Friend virus-induced leukemia cells.", "content": "A long-term cultured Friend leukemia cell is able to differentiate along the erythrocytic series following treatment with some substances and that can be demonstrated by a conjugated erythrocyte membrane-specific antibody technique. Differentiation is induced by inhibition of DNA synthesis and by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), erythropoietin (EP) and Vitamin B12 (B12), and other agents. The effective substances were divided into 2 groups by the mode of differentiation of Friend cells. A differentiated state continues for several days when cells are re-cultured in the medium without substances. The decreased tumorigenecity of differentiated cells is proved by back transplantation to mice.", "contents": "Differentiation of Friend virus-induced leukemia cells. A long-term cultured Friend leukemia cell is able to differentiate along the erythrocytic series following treatment with some substances and that can be demonstrated by a conjugated erythrocyte membrane-specific antibody technique. Differentiation is induced by inhibition of DNA synthesis and by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), erythropoietin (EP) and Vitamin B12 (B12), and other agents. The effective substances were divided into 2 groups by the mode of differentiation of Friend cells. A differentiated state continues for several days when cells are re-cultured in the medium without substances. The decreased tumorigenecity of differentiated cells is proved by back transplantation to mice.", "PMID": 1164397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_555", "title": "Enhancement of host immune response to cell surface antigens by a preparation of Streptococcus hemolyticus.", "content": "A preparation (OK-432) of a low virulence strain, Su, of Streptococcus hemolyticus (Group A) has been found to possess 2 different effects on tumor cells: a) A direct pharmacological effect like other antitumor drugs, and b) an indirect effect through the enhancement of the host immune response. In order to examine the second effect, 2 different antigen systems were used, Gross (G) cell surface antigens (GCSAs) and the cell surface differentiation antigen PCl. At certain ages, untreated C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice occasionally produce natural antibodies to GCSAs and PCl, respectively. When the mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with OK-432 at 2 months of age, they produced natural antibodies to GCSAs or to PCl antigen, unlike untreated mice of the same strains at the same ages (negative controls), which produced no antibodies. The specificity of the antibodies was carefully examined by cytotoxicity tests. In addition, the activity of the natural antibodies was not neutralized with OK-432 itself. We have proven that OK-432 enhances the production of natural antibodies to specific cell-surface antigens.", "contents": "Enhancement of host immune response to cell surface antigens by a preparation of Streptococcus hemolyticus. A preparation (OK-432) of a low virulence strain, Su, of Streptococcus hemolyticus (Group A) has been found to possess 2 different effects on tumor cells: a) A direct pharmacological effect like other antitumor drugs, and b) an indirect effect through the enhancement of the host immune response. In order to examine the second effect, 2 different antigen systems were used, Gross (G) cell surface antigens (GCSAs) and the cell surface differentiation antigen PCl. At certain ages, untreated C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice occasionally produce natural antibodies to GCSAs and PCl, respectively. When the mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with OK-432 at 2 months of age, they produced natural antibodies to GCSAs or to PCl antigen, unlike untreated mice of the same strains at the same ages (negative controls), which produced no antibodies. The specificity of the antibodies was carefully examined by cytotoxicity tests. In addition, the activity of the natural antibodies was not neutralized with OK-432 itself. We have proven that OK-432 enhances the production of natural antibodies to specific cell-surface antigens.", "PMID": 1164398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_556", "title": "Mouse fetal antigens in Rauscher leukemia.", "content": "Recently, various reports on fetal antigens associated with the plasma membranes of virus-induced tumor cells have appeared. Hanna et al. also suggested the presence of a fetal antigen on the cell membrane of Rauscher virus-induced leukemia cells. We were able to demonstrate the presence of cross-reacting antibodies against embryonic cells and Rauscher leukemia cells in the sera collected from C57BL/6 mice immunized with Rauscher leukemia cells, employing the indirect immunofluorescence test. Such cross-reacting antigenicity was also found in AKR lymphoma cells by the absorption test. The antibody was completely absorbed with embryonic cells, but not with adult spleen cells or adult C57BL/6 thymocytes. The absorption test showed that this antigen was different from Gross and Friend-Moloney-Rauscher antigens. The antigen detectable by the serum first appeared in 12-day-old embryos. It was found abundantly in the cells from the digestive tract and lungs, but not in the cells from the liver or brain. A natural antibody against the fetal antigen was also found to exist in the sera from a few aged C57BL/6 mice. The presence of the natural antibody, however, could not be related to the history of pregnancy of the mouse.", "contents": "Mouse fetal antigens in Rauscher leukemia. Recently, various reports on fetal antigens associated with the plasma membranes of virus-induced tumor cells have appeared. Hanna et al. also suggested the presence of a fetal antigen on the cell membrane of Rauscher virus-induced leukemia cells. We were able to demonstrate the presence of cross-reacting antibodies against embryonic cells and Rauscher leukemia cells in the sera collected from C57BL/6 mice immunized with Rauscher leukemia cells, employing the indirect immunofluorescence test. Such cross-reacting antigenicity was also found in AKR lymphoma cells by the absorption test. The antibody was completely absorbed with embryonic cells, but not with adult spleen cells or adult C57BL/6 thymocytes. The absorption test showed that this antigen was different from Gross and Friend-Moloney-Rauscher antigens. The antigen detectable by the serum first appeared in 12-day-old embryos. It was found abundantly in the cells from the digestive tract and lungs, but not in the cells from the liver or brain. A natural antibody against the fetal antigen was also found to exist in the sera from a few aged C57BL/6 mice. The presence of the natural antibody, however, could not be related to the history of pregnancy of the mouse.", "PMID": 1164400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_557", "title": "Nonviral helper factors for leukemia virus expression in mice.", "content": "Nonviral helper factors as well as murine leukemia viruses (MuLV) can increase the infectivity of Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) in mice which restrict its natural helper virus. Such factors have been isolated from cell-free extracts of human leukemic spleens, bacteria, and mycoplasmata. Unlike immunodepressants and target cell stimulators (which can also increase the pathogenicity of SFFV if applied before infection), nonviral helper factors are most efficient when they are injected with SFFV into helper virus-restrictive mice. In these respects the nonviral factors resemble MuLV. However, helper factors differ from MuLV by their inability to replicate in neonatal mice and by their greater stability to heat. Although the human leukemic helper (HuLV) extracts examined lack detectable mycoplasma or bacterial contamination, the helper assay in mice will be of limited value as a possible detection system for human leukemogenic viruses until a unique marker is found by which to distinguish HuLH activity from that of prokaryotic origin. This makes a systematic comparison among the nonviral helper factors all the more important.", "contents": "Nonviral helper factors for leukemia virus expression in mice. Nonviral helper factors as well as murine leukemia viruses (MuLV) can increase the infectivity of Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) in mice which restrict its natural helper virus. Such factors have been isolated from cell-free extracts of human leukemic spleens, bacteria, and mycoplasmata. Unlike immunodepressants and target cell stimulators (which can also increase the pathogenicity of SFFV if applied before infection), nonviral helper factors are most efficient when they are injected with SFFV into helper virus-restrictive mice. In these respects the nonviral factors resemble MuLV. However, helper factors differ from MuLV by their inability to replicate in neonatal mice and by their greater stability to heat. Although the human leukemic helper (HuLV) extracts examined lack detectable mycoplasma or bacterial contamination, the helper assay in mice will be of limited value as a possible detection system for human leukemogenic viruses until a unique marker is found by which to distinguish HuLH activity from that of prokaryotic origin. This makes a systematic comparison among the nonviral helper factors all the more important.", "PMID": 1164401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_558", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in human acute leukemia.", "content": "The general cell-mediated immunological reactivity of patients with acute leukemia has been found to be intact, although it may be depressed by extensive disease or by chemotherapy. Patients with acute leukemia also have cellular immune reactivity against tumor associated antigens, as measured by skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity, lymphocyte stimulation, and 51Cr release cytotoxicity. Skin reactions to autologous and allogeneic crude membrane extracts of blast cells correlated with disease state, positive in many patients in remission and negative in most patients in relapse. Extracts of human lymphoid tissue culture cell lines derived from lymphomas or leukemia also gave positive reactions in patients with acute leukemia, and also in patients with lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The antigens detected in the skin tests with the lymphoid cell lines appear to be different from those associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and from those detected in the 51Cr release assay. Evidence is presented which suggests a complex variety of antigens on blast cells and on the cell lines. Although leukemia associated antigens were also detected by lymphocyte stimulation and by cytotoxicity assays, the results did not correlate with the skin tests nor with each other. The possible use of these assays for monitoring the chemotherapy and immunotherapy of acute leukemia patients is discussed.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in human acute leukemia. The general cell-mediated immunological reactivity of patients with acute leukemia has been found to be intact, although it may be depressed by extensive disease or by chemotherapy. Patients with acute leukemia also have cellular immune reactivity against tumor associated antigens, as measured by skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity, lymphocyte stimulation, and 51Cr release cytotoxicity. Skin reactions to autologous and allogeneic crude membrane extracts of blast cells correlated with disease state, positive in many patients in remission and negative in most patients in relapse. Extracts of human lymphoid tissue culture cell lines derived from lymphomas or leukemia also gave positive reactions in patients with acute leukemia, and also in patients with lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The antigens detected in the skin tests with the lymphoid cell lines appear to be different from those associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and from those detected in the 51Cr release assay. Evidence is presented which suggests a complex variety of antigens on blast cells and on the cell lines. Although leukemia associated antigens were also detected by lymphocyte stimulation and by cytotoxicity assays, the results did not correlate with the skin tests nor with each other. The possible use of these assays for monitoring the chemotherapy and immunotherapy of acute leukemia patients is discussed.", "PMID": 1164404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_559", "title": "L-1210 and human acute leukemia kinetics as related to therapy.", "content": "Comparative considerations are made between human acute leukemia (AL) and mouse transplantable L-1210 leukemia. The main kinetic parameters, such as the growth fraction (GF), growth rate, and cell cycle times, of both human and mouse diseases, are compared. The striking differences in cell kinetics and in response to treatment may be viewed as depending on different leukemogenesis mechanisms. Therefore, some improvement in human AL chemotherapy is considered possible both by researching a more rational employment of cytostatic drugs, and studying other animal models quite similar to the human disease, such as AKR leukemia.", "contents": "L-1210 and human acute leukemia kinetics as related to therapy. Comparative considerations are made between human acute leukemia (AL) and mouse transplantable L-1210 leukemia. The main kinetic parameters, such as the growth fraction (GF), growth rate, and cell cycle times, of both human and mouse diseases, are compared. The striking differences in cell kinetics and in response to treatment may be viewed as depending on different leukemogenesis mechanisms. Therefore, some improvement in human AL chemotherapy is considered possible both by researching a more rational employment of cytostatic drugs, and studying other animal models quite similar to the human disease, such as AKR leukemia.", "PMID": 1164406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_560", "title": "Combination chemotherapy in Hodgkin's disease: relation to radiotherapy.", "content": "The results of modern radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease are correlated to the stage of the disease. Five-year disease-free survival for pathologically staged patients can be estimated as follows: PS I & II A...90%, PS III A & IIIsA...60%, PS I & II B ...75%, PS III B & IIIsB ...40%. Combination chemotherapy of the MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) type can be successfully employed for patients who develop recurrent disease after total lymphoid irradiation. There have been several randomized clinical trials attempting to improve the curative potential of radiotherapy by combining modern chemotherapy with the irradiation as an adjuvant. The tolerance of patients to total lymphoid irradiation and chemotherapy will be presented. The Stanford trial, initiated 5 years ago (1968), has demonstrated prolonged disease free survival when both forms of treatment are used initially in certain stages of the disease. However, actual survival has not yet improved, probably because the chemotherapy is successful in inducing durable remissions for patients who recur after irradiation.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy in Hodgkin's disease: relation to radiotherapy. The results of modern radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease are correlated to the stage of the disease. Five-year disease-free survival for pathologically staged patients can be estimated as follows: PS I & II A...90%, PS III A & IIIsA...60%, PS I & II B ...75%, PS III B & IIIsB ...40%. Combination chemotherapy of the MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) type can be successfully employed for patients who develop recurrent disease after total lymphoid irradiation. There have been several randomized clinical trials attempting to improve the curative potential of radiotherapy by combining modern chemotherapy with the irradiation as an adjuvant. The tolerance of patients to total lymphoid irradiation and chemotherapy will be presented. The Stanford trial, initiated 5 years ago (1968), has demonstrated prolonged disease free survival when both forms of treatment are used initially in certain stages of the disease. However, actual survival has not yet improved, probably because the chemotherapy is successful in inducing durable remissions for patients who recur after irradiation.", "PMID": 1164407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_561", "title": "Virus infections in laboratories in Japan.", "content": "Virus infections in laboratories in Japan from 1967 to 1972 were studied. Major causative agents were influenza virus, Australian antigen, Rickettsia, and vaccinia virus. The cases reported were neither severe, nor lethal. It was suggested that these infections were caused either by aerosol or contact. Measures to prevent infection in laboratories are discussed.", "contents": "Virus infections in laboratories in Japan. Virus infections in laboratories in Japan from 1967 to 1972 were studied. Major causative agents were influenza virus, Australian antigen, Rickettsia, and vaccinia virus. The cases reported were neither severe, nor lethal. It was suggested that these infections were caused either by aerosol or contact. Measures to prevent infection in laboratories are discussed.", "PMID": 1164409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_562", "title": "Recent advances in the physiology of cardiovascular reflexes, with special reference to hypotension.", "content": "The basic response of the carotid and aortic baroreceptor areas to pressure stimuli has been known for some years (Heymans and Neil, 1958); stimulation of these areas (acute hypertension) leads mainly to bradycardia and hypotension; reduction in receptor activity (acute hypertension) results in an increase in heart rate and an increase in arterial pressure. In this review, comments have been made on the inadequacy of the \"control theory\" approach in describing the details of such mechanisms. Some recent evidence is presented of the differences between the effects from stimulation of the carotid and aortic areas, of the modifying influences of efferent sympathetic nerves to the two receptor areas, and of some evidence for central nervous \"control\" of the reflexes. The responses of the reflexes in the complex situation of haemorrhage, together with possible reflex actions from the ventricles, are discussed.", "contents": "Recent advances in the physiology of cardiovascular reflexes, with special reference to hypotension. The basic response of the carotid and aortic baroreceptor areas to pressure stimuli has been known for some years (Heymans and Neil, 1958); stimulation of these areas (acute hypertension) leads mainly to bradycardia and hypotension; reduction in receptor activity (acute hypertension) results in an increase in heart rate and an increase in arterial pressure. In this review, comments have been made on the inadequacy of the \"control theory\" approach in describing the details of such mechanisms. Some recent evidence is presented of the differences between the effects from stimulation of the carotid and aortic areas, of the modifying influences of efferent sympathetic nerves to the two receptor areas, and of some evidence for central nervous \"control\" of the reflexes. The responses of the reflexes in the complex situation of haemorrhage, together with possible reflex actions from the ventricles, are discussed.", "PMID": 1164451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_563", "title": "Urinary carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-like molecules and urothelial malignancy: a clinical appraisal.", "content": "A total of 190 patients being treated or followed up for urothelial carcinoma have been studied by the serial estimation of their urinary and plasma CEA levels. Only 46% of patients with a urothelial neoplasm present have a raised urinary CEA level. Infection or ileal conduit urine vitiate the result as they produce high CEA levels in the urine in the absence of any neoplastic disease. The accuracy of urinary CEA estimations is compared with that of cytology. Plasma CEA levels do not serve as a useful guide to the presence of extra-urinary tract tumour spread if taken as isolated readings. However, serial plasma CEA estimations may indicate that metastatic disease is present several months before its detection by the more usual clinical methods in a minority of patients.", "contents": "Urinary carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-like molecules and urothelial malignancy: a clinical appraisal. A total of 190 patients being treated or followed up for urothelial carcinoma have been studied by the serial estimation of their urinary and plasma CEA levels. Only 46% of patients with a urothelial neoplasm present have a raised urinary CEA level. Infection or ileal conduit urine vitiate the result as they produce high CEA levels in the urine in the absence of any neoplastic disease. The accuracy of urinary CEA estimations is compared with that of cytology. Plasma CEA levels do not serve as a useful guide to the presence of extra-urinary tract tumour spread if taken as isolated readings. However, serial plasma CEA estimations may indicate that metastatic disease is present several months before its detection by the more usual clinical methods in a minority of patients.", "PMID": 1164465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_564", "title": "Active immunotherapy as an adjunct to chemotherapy in the treatment of disseminated malignant melanoma: a pilot study.", "content": "In patients with disseminated malignant melanoma an optimal method of immunization with irradiated tumour cells was developed by reference to an in vitro assay for circulating specific serum inhibitors of cell mediated cytotoxicity. This immunization protocol consisted of the intradermal inoculation of 2 times 10(7) irradiated allogeneic melanoma cells admixed with 50 mug of percutaneous BCG. This method of immunization induced a significant but transient fall in the specific inhibitory effects of the sera on tumour directed cytotoxic activity of the patients' lymphocytes. In a pilot group of 30 patients with disseminated malignant melanoma being treated with chemotherapy (DTIC and vincristine) the immunotherapy was given midway between courses of the cytotoxic drugs. There was a correlation between the effects on circulating inhibitor and clinical outcome. The number of objective regressions occurring in this small pilot group was surprisingly high (17/30) and these clinical effects, although obtained in a series without concurrent controls, are presented for discussion. We suggest that the approach illustrated by this study, employing in vitro assays of tumour directed immune responses, may provide a suitable rational basis for the use of active immunotherapy as an adjunct to chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant disease.", "contents": "Active immunotherapy as an adjunct to chemotherapy in the treatment of disseminated malignant melanoma: a pilot study. In patients with disseminated malignant melanoma an optimal method of immunization with irradiated tumour cells was developed by reference to an in vitro assay for circulating specific serum inhibitors of cell mediated cytotoxicity. This immunization protocol consisted of the intradermal inoculation of 2 times 10(7) irradiated allogeneic melanoma cells admixed with 50 mug of percutaneous BCG. This method of immunization induced a significant but transient fall in the specific inhibitory effects of the sera on tumour directed cytotoxic activity of the patients' lymphocytes. In a pilot group of 30 patients with disseminated malignant melanoma being treated with chemotherapy (DTIC and vincristine) the immunotherapy was given midway between courses of the cytotoxic drugs. There was a correlation between the effects on circulating inhibitor and clinical outcome. The number of objective regressions occurring in this small pilot group was surprisingly high (17/30) and these clinical effects, although obtained in a series without concurrent controls, are presented for discussion. We suggest that the approach illustrated by this study, employing in vitro assays of tumour directed immune responses, may provide a suitable rational basis for the use of active immunotherapy as an adjunct to chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant disease.", "PMID": 1164466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_565", "title": "Changes in host immunity following excision of a murine melanoma.", "content": "Changes in cell mediated and humoral immunity following the excision of a transplantable melanoma growing in the footpad of its syngeneic host, as measured by an in vitro cytotoxicity test, were assessed. Spleen cell cytotoxicity did not change significantly. Cells from the regional lymph nodes stimulated tumour growth before tumour excision. Three days following tumour excision this stimulatory effect was undetectable. Loss of serum factors capable of blocking the cytotoxicity of spleen cells occurred 24 h after tumour excision. Serum cytotoxicity increased after tumour excision to a maximum of the third day. Following tumour excision the rise in serum cytotoxicity and loss of regional lymph node tumour stimulation were concomitant with the loss of blocking activity.", "contents": "Changes in host immunity following excision of a murine melanoma. Changes in cell mediated and humoral immunity following the excision of a transplantable melanoma growing in the footpad of its syngeneic host, as measured by an in vitro cytotoxicity test, were assessed. Spleen cell cytotoxicity did not change significantly. Cells from the regional lymph nodes stimulated tumour growth before tumour excision. Three days following tumour excision this stimulatory effect was undetectable. Loss of serum factors capable of blocking the cytotoxicity of spleen cells occurred 24 h after tumour excision. Serum cytotoxicity increased after tumour excision to a maximum of the third day. Following tumour excision the rise in serum cytotoxicity and loss of regional lymph node tumour stimulation were concomitant with the loss of blocking activity.", "PMID": 1164467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_566", "title": "The carcinogenicity of polycyclic hydrocarbon epoxides in newborn mice.", "content": "Benz(a)anthracene injected subcutaneously during the first 3 days of life caused a dose related increase in the incidence of liver and lung tumours in Swiss mice but over a similar dose range, the K region epoxide of benz(a)anthracene was less effective. Neonatally injected 7-methylbenz(a) was considerably more active than its K region epoxide in increasing the incidence of liver tumours in males. Both the parent compound and the epoxide slightly raised the incidence of lung tumours. Both chrysene and its K region epoxide increased liver tumour incidence but not lung tumour incidence. The K region epoxides of dibenz(a,h)-anthracene and 3-methylcholanthrene were without apparent effect on the incidence of liver, lung or other tumours despite indications from previously reported studies that the parent hydrocarbons are active at the same dose levels. The K region epoxide of phenanthrene had no effect on the incidence of any kind of neoplasm.", "contents": "The carcinogenicity of polycyclic hydrocarbon epoxides in newborn mice. Benz(a)anthracene injected subcutaneously during the first 3 days of life caused a dose related increase in the incidence of liver and lung tumours in Swiss mice but over a similar dose range, the K region epoxide of benz(a)anthracene was less effective. Neonatally injected 7-methylbenz(a) was considerably more active than its K region epoxide in increasing the incidence of liver tumours in males. Both the parent compound and the epoxide slightly raised the incidence of lung tumours. Both chrysene and its K region epoxide increased liver tumour incidence but not lung tumour incidence. The K region epoxides of dibenz(a,h)-anthracene and 3-methylcholanthrene were without apparent effect on the incidence of liver, lung or other tumours despite indications from previously reported studies that the parent hydrocarbons are active at the same dose levels. The K region epoxide of phenanthrene had no effect on the incidence of any kind of neoplasm.", "PMID": 1164468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_567", "title": "The spatial distribution of oesophageal carcinoma in the Transkei, South Africa.", "content": "Data on the incidence of cancer of the oesophagus in the Transkei for years 1965-69 are presented, age specific rates for the sexes discussed and the spatial relationship of well-defined regions of the high and low incidence demonstrated.", "contents": "The spatial distribution of oesophageal carcinoma in the Transkei, South Africa. Data on the incidence of cancer of the oesophagus in the Transkei for years 1965-69 are presented, age specific rates for the sexes discussed and the spatial relationship of well-defined regions of the high and low incidence demonstrated.", "PMID": 1164469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_568", "title": "Photodynamic destruction of human bladder carcinoma.", "content": "Eleven human bladder carcinomata of different degrees of differentiation were implanted in mice immunosuppressed by thymectomy, anti-thymocyte serum and x-rays. Seven carcinomata grew well and one poorly and 3 produced mainly fibrous nodules in the mice. Normal human bladder tissues were grown from 4 other patients. The administration of a haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD), followed 24 h later by exposure to white light, caused marked destruction of tumours but little or none of normal bladder tissues. HpD or light alone caused no damage to tumours or normal tissues. It is suggested that photodynamic therapy may be applicable in the treatment of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.", "contents": "Photodynamic destruction of human bladder carcinoma. Eleven human bladder carcinomata of different degrees of differentiation were implanted in mice immunosuppressed by thymectomy, anti-thymocyte serum and x-rays. Seven carcinomata grew well and one poorly and 3 produced mainly fibrous nodules in the mice. Normal human bladder tissues were grown from 4 other patients. The administration of a haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD), followed 24 h later by exposure to white light, caused marked destruction of tumours but little or none of normal bladder tissues. HpD or light alone caused no damage to tumours or normal tissues. It is suggested that photodynamic therapy may be applicable in the treatment of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.", "PMID": 1164470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_569", "title": "Two polypeptide chain constituents of the major protein of the cornified layer of newborn rat epidermis.", "content": "The insoluble component of stratum corneum of rat epidermis yields two major bands after extraction with 8 M urea-mercaptoethanol-dithiothreitol. The ratio of these two bands is about 1:1 in terms of protein stain intensity and S-[14C]carboxymethyl label. Both polypeptides were purified to homogeneity by DE-52-cellulose, sodium dodecyl sulfate hydroxylapatite C column chromatography, and preparative DodSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The heavier polypeptide contains 30% alpha helix and the lighter contains 27% alpha helix as determined by circular dichroism studies. Both are sensitive to Pronase and resistant to trypsin, collagenase, and elastase. The lighter chain is stable to pepsin but the heavier can be partially degraded to a smaller polypeptide with a molecular weight similar to that of light chain. Amino acid analysis shows that the light chain contains 12 more tyrosine residues than does the heavy chain, suggesting that the light chain is not generated from the heavy chain. However, the two chains may have a common peptide region. Antiserum prepared against the heavier polypeptide can be completely absorbed by purified lighter polypeptide and vice versa indicating that both chains have some common antigenic determinants. Antibody against either chain can cross-react with the stratum corneum and keratohyalin granules in the epidermis of newborn rat as indicated by fluorescent microscopic observation. Similarly, this antibody also cross-reacts with the cell surface or the contents of spinous and granular cells, and very weakly with basal cells, indicating that the two proteins may be present in the lower strata as well as the stratum corneum.", "contents": "Two polypeptide chain constituents of the major protein of the cornified layer of newborn rat epidermis. The insoluble component of stratum corneum of rat epidermis yields two major bands after extraction with 8 M urea-mercaptoethanol-dithiothreitol. The ratio of these two bands is about 1:1 in terms of protein stain intensity and S-[14C]carboxymethyl label. Both polypeptides were purified to homogeneity by DE-52-cellulose, sodium dodecyl sulfate hydroxylapatite C column chromatography, and preparative DodSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The heavier polypeptide contains 30% alpha helix and the lighter contains 27% alpha helix as determined by circular dichroism studies. Both are sensitive to Pronase and resistant to trypsin, collagenase, and elastase. The lighter chain is stable to pepsin but the heavier can be partially degraded to a smaller polypeptide with a molecular weight similar to that of light chain. Amino acid analysis shows that the light chain contains 12 more tyrosine residues than does the heavy chain, suggesting that the light chain is not generated from the heavy chain. However, the two chains may have a common peptide region. Antiserum prepared against the heavier polypeptide can be completely absorbed by purified lighter polypeptide and vice versa indicating that both chains have some common antigenic determinants. Antibody against either chain can cross-react with the stratum corneum and keratohyalin granules in the epidermis of newborn rat as indicated by fluorescent microscopic observation. Similarly, this antibody also cross-reacts with the cell surface or the contents of spinous and granular cells, and very weakly with basal cells, indicating that the two proteins may be present in the lower strata as well as the stratum corneum.", "PMID": 1164497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_570", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I and II from kidney. Effect of polyamines on the in vitro transcription of DNA and chromatin.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I and II were purified from pig kidney nuclei by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and phosphocellulose. When nonlimiting amounts of double-stranded DNA were used as the template, the in vitro transcription was markedly stimulated by spermidine and spermine. Maximal stimulation of RNA polymerase I occurred at 2-5 mM spermidine and 0.5-2 mM spermine, whereas optimal polyamine concentrations for RNA polymerase II were 5-10 and 1-5 mM for spermidine and spermine, respectively. DNA transcription by polymerase II was stimulated to a greater extent than that of polymerase I. Higher spermine (5-10 mM) concentrations were strong inhibitors of both polymerases under these conditions. The apparent Km of RNA polymerases I and II for UTP was unchanged at optimal polyamine concentration; under the same conditions the maximal reaction velocity was increased two- to three-fold and was essentially due to an increase in the rate of chain elongation. Thus, in a typical experiment the average chain length as determined by the UMP/uridine ratio increased from 570 to 1330 and the chain elongation rate increased from 0.64 to 1.44 nucleotides times sec-1 in the presence of spermine. When limiting quantities of native DNA were employed as the template, both RNA polymerases I and II were inhibited by 1-2 mM spermine. Kidney chromatin could be transcribed by homologous RNA polymerases with an efficiency ranging from 2 to 10% of that with native DNA. When chromatin was used in nonlimiting amounts instead of DNA, RNA polymerase II activity was again stimulated about two-fold at 2 mM spermine. Under these conditions, RNA polymerase I activity was inhibited by spermine. The inhibition of RNA synthesis in vitro at limiting quantities of templates (DNA or chromatin) could be overcome by preincubation of the enzyme with templates before polyamines were added. This inhibition thus appears to be due to a block in the initiation of RNA chains. Similar inhibition of transcription by RNA polymerase II was also observed with limiting quantities of chromatin as the template.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I and II from kidney. Effect of polyamines on the in vitro transcription of DNA and chromatin. DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I and II were purified from pig kidney nuclei by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and phosphocellulose. When nonlimiting amounts of double-stranded DNA were used as the template, the in vitro transcription was markedly stimulated by spermidine and spermine. Maximal stimulation of RNA polymerase I occurred at 2-5 mM spermidine and 0.5-2 mM spermine, whereas optimal polyamine concentrations for RNA polymerase II were 5-10 and 1-5 mM for spermidine and spermine, respectively. DNA transcription by polymerase II was stimulated to a greater extent than that of polymerase I. Higher spermine (5-10 mM) concentrations were strong inhibitors of both polymerases under these conditions. The apparent Km of RNA polymerases I and II for UTP was unchanged at optimal polyamine concentration; under the same conditions the maximal reaction velocity was increased two- to three-fold and was essentially due to an increase in the rate of chain elongation. Thus, in a typical experiment the average chain length as determined by the UMP/uridine ratio increased from 570 to 1330 and the chain elongation rate increased from 0.64 to 1.44 nucleotides times sec-1 in the presence of spermine. When limiting quantities of native DNA were employed as the template, both RNA polymerases I and II were inhibited by 1-2 mM spermine. Kidney chromatin could be transcribed by homologous RNA polymerases with an efficiency ranging from 2 to 10% of that with native DNA. When chromatin was used in nonlimiting amounts instead of DNA, RNA polymerase II activity was again stimulated about two-fold at 2 mM spermine. Under these conditions, RNA polymerase I activity was inhibited by spermine. The inhibition of RNA synthesis in vitro at limiting quantities of templates (DNA or chromatin) could be overcome by preincubation of the enzyme with templates before polyamines were added. This inhibition thus appears to be due to a block in the initiation of RNA chains. Similar inhibition of transcription by RNA polymerase II was also observed with limiting quantities of chromatin as the template.", "PMID": 1164498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_571", "title": "Mechanism of inhibition of RNA polymerase II and poly(adenylic acid) polymerase by the O-n-octyloxime of 3-formylrifamycin SV.", "content": "Factors affecting the inhibition of RNA polymerase II from rat liver by the O-n-octyloxime of 3-formylrifamycin SV (AF/013) were investigated. Using either native or denatured calf-thymus DNA as template, almost complete inhibition of RNA polymerase II was observed when AF/013 was added directly to the enzyme. Considerable resistance to AF/013 was observed when RNA polymerase II was preincubated with denatured DNA at either 0 or 37 degrees. However, under similar conditions, no resistance was observed when enzyme was preincubated with native DNA. Only when AF/013 was added to the ongoing reaction using native DNA did a resistance to AF/013 occur. The inhibition of RNA polymerase II by AF/013 was competitive with respect to all four nucleoside triphosphate substrates. The inhibition by AF/013 remaining after enzyme-DNA complex formation also appeared competitive with nucleoside triphosphate levels. The effect of exogenous protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) on the inhibition of RNA polymerase II was also investigated. BSA reduced the extent of inhibition by AF/013, but did not alter the competitive nature of inhibition. Concurrently, the inhibition of highly purified nuclear poly(A) polymerase from rat liver, a template independent enzyme which incorporates AMP in a chain elongation reaction, was examined. As in the case of RNA polymerase, poly(A) polymerase was inhibited by AF/013 in a manner competitive with the nucleoside triphosphate substrate. The competitive nature of inhibition of RNA polymerase by AF/013 with respect to all four nucleoside triphosphate substrates, before and after enzyme-DNA complex formation, as well as the competitive nature of inhibition of poly(A) polymerase with respect to ATP tend to indicate that the major effect of AF/013 on RNA polymerase II is at the level of the substrate binding as opposed to a specific inhibition of initiation.", "contents": "Mechanism of inhibition of RNA polymerase II and poly(adenylic acid) polymerase by the O-n-octyloxime of 3-formylrifamycin SV. Factors affecting the inhibition of RNA polymerase II from rat liver by the O-n-octyloxime of 3-formylrifamycin SV (AF/013) were investigated. Using either native or denatured calf-thymus DNA as template, almost complete inhibition of RNA polymerase II was observed when AF/013 was added directly to the enzyme. Considerable resistance to AF/013 was observed when RNA polymerase II was preincubated with denatured DNA at either 0 or 37 degrees. However, under similar conditions, no resistance was observed when enzyme was preincubated with native DNA. Only when AF/013 was added to the ongoing reaction using native DNA did a resistance to AF/013 occur. The inhibition of RNA polymerase II by AF/013 was competitive with respect to all four nucleoside triphosphate substrates. The inhibition by AF/013 remaining after enzyme-DNA complex formation also appeared competitive with nucleoside triphosphate levels. The effect of exogenous protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) on the inhibition of RNA polymerase II was also investigated. BSA reduced the extent of inhibition by AF/013, but did not alter the competitive nature of inhibition. Concurrently, the inhibition of highly purified nuclear poly(A) polymerase from rat liver, a template independent enzyme which incorporates AMP in a chain elongation reaction, was examined. As in the case of RNA polymerase, poly(A) polymerase was inhibited by AF/013 in a manner competitive with the nucleoside triphosphate substrate. The competitive nature of inhibition of RNA polymerase by AF/013 with respect to all four nucleoside triphosphate substrates, before and after enzyme-DNA complex formation, as well as the competitive nature of inhibition of poly(A) polymerase with respect to ATP tend to indicate that the major effect of AF/013 on RNA polymerase II is at the level of the substrate binding as opposed to a specific inhibition of initiation.", "PMID": 1164499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_572", "title": "Porcine proparathyroid hormone. Identification, biosynthesis, and partial amino acid sequence.", "content": "Porcine parathyroid gland slices were incubated with 3H-labeled amino acids in order to label tissue proteins. After incubation a crude hormonal extract was prepared and analyzed by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose. Among the three radioactive peaks which were detected in the eluate, two were identified as parathyroid hormone and proparathyroid hormone. Based on thin layer gel filtration in the presence of 6 M guanidine-HCl, the proparathyroid hormone had a molecular weight of 11,500 compared to about 9600 for parathyroid hormone. Radioisotope sequence analysis of the proparathyroid hormone revealed a partial sequence of: Lys1-Pro2-Ile3-Lys4-Lys5-Arg6-Ser7-Val8-Ser9--Ile11--Met14--Gly18--Ser22--Ser23---. Thus, from position 7 onward the relative position of each amino acid tested in this molecule corresponded exactly to that in the porcine parathyroid hormone sequence. The conservation of a similar, though not identical, basic hexapeptide grouping Lys-X-Y-Lys-Lys-Arg- at the amino terminal region of the prohormone in all species examined thus far (porcine, human, and bovine) suggests that this segment of the molecule may play an important role in the conversion of the prohormone to the hormone.", "contents": "Porcine proparathyroid hormone. Identification, biosynthesis, and partial amino acid sequence. Porcine parathyroid gland slices were incubated with 3H-labeled amino acids in order to label tissue proteins. After incubation a crude hormonal extract was prepared and analyzed by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose. Among the three radioactive peaks which were detected in the eluate, two were identified as parathyroid hormone and proparathyroid hormone. Based on thin layer gel filtration in the presence of 6 M guanidine-HCl, the proparathyroid hormone had a molecular weight of 11,500 compared to about 9600 for parathyroid hormone. Radioisotope sequence analysis of the proparathyroid hormone revealed a partial sequence of: Lys1-Pro2-Ile3-Lys4-Lys5-Arg6-Ser7-Val8-Ser9--Ile11--Met14--Gly18--Ser22--Ser23---. Thus, from position 7 onward the relative position of each amino acid tested in this molecule corresponded exactly to that in the porcine parathyroid hormone sequence. The conservation of a similar, though not identical, basic hexapeptide grouping Lys-X-Y-Lys-Lys-Arg- at the amino terminal region of the prohormone in all species examined thus far (porcine, human, and bovine) suggests that this segment of the molecule may play an important role in the conversion of the prohormone to the hormone.", "PMID": 1164500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_573", "title": "Replacement of acyl and alk-1-enyl groups in Clostridium butyricum phospholipids by exogenous fatty acids.", "content": "The effect of exogenous unsaturated fatty acids on the acyl and alk-1-enyl group composition of the phospholipids of Clostridium butyricum has been examined. Unsaturated fatty acids support the growth of this organism in the absence of biotin. When cells were grown at 37 degrees in media containing oleate or linoleate and a Casamino acid mixture containing traces of biotin, the exogenous fatty acids were found mainly in the alk-1-enyl chains of the plasmalogens with less pronounced incorporation into the acyl chains. However, at 25 degrees in this medium, both the acyl and alk-1-enyl chains contained substantial amounts of the 18:1 supplement plus the C19-cyclopropane chains derived from it. Ak-1-enyl chains in all the major phosphatide classes showed a uniformly high substitution by the oleate supplement in cells grown at 37 degrees. The oleate and C19-cyclopropane content of the acyl chains was more variable among the phosphatide classes. At 37 degrees, trans-9-octadecenoic acid (elaidic acid) also supported growth and was incorporated into both acyl and alk-1-enyl chains at a high level. When cells were grown on oleate at 37 degrees in media containing biotin-free Casamino acids, both the acyl and alk-1-enyl chains had a high level of 18:1 plus C19-cyclopropane chains. In the cells grown at 37 degrees with oleate substantial changes were seen in the phospholipid class composition. There was a large decrease in the ethanolamine plus N-methylethanolamine plasmalogens with a corresponding increase in the glycerol acetals of these plasmalogens. The glycerol phosphoglycerides were also significantly lower with the appearance of an unknown, relatively nonpolar phospholipid fraction.", "contents": "Replacement of acyl and alk-1-enyl groups in Clostridium butyricum phospholipids by exogenous fatty acids. The effect of exogenous unsaturated fatty acids on the acyl and alk-1-enyl group composition of the phospholipids of Clostridium butyricum has been examined. Unsaturated fatty acids support the growth of this organism in the absence of biotin. When cells were grown at 37 degrees in media containing oleate or linoleate and a Casamino acid mixture containing traces of biotin, the exogenous fatty acids were found mainly in the alk-1-enyl chains of the plasmalogens with less pronounced incorporation into the acyl chains. However, at 25 degrees in this medium, both the acyl and alk-1-enyl chains contained substantial amounts of the 18:1 supplement plus the C19-cyclopropane chains derived from it. Ak-1-enyl chains in all the major phosphatide classes showed a uniformly high substitution by the oleate supplement in cells grown at 37 degrees. The oleate and C19-cyclopropane content of the acyl chains was more variable among the phosphatide classes. At 37 degrees, trans-9-octadecenoic acid (elaidic acid) also supported growth and was incorporated into both acyl and alk-1-enyl chains at a high level. When cells were grown on oleate at 37 degrees in media containing biotin-free Casamino acids, both the acyl and alk-1-enyl chains had a high level of 18:1 plus C19-cyclopropane chains. In the cells grown at 37 degrees with oleate substantial changes were seen in the phospholipid class composition. There was a large decrease in the ethanolamine plus N-methylethanolamine plasmalogens with a corresponding increase in the glycerol acetals of these plasmalogens. The glycerol phosphoglycerides were also significantly lower with the appearance of an unknown, relatively nonpolar phospholipid fraction.", "PMID": 1164501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_574", "title": "Bromopyruvate inactivation of 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate aldolase of Pseudomonas saccharophila. Kinetics and stereochemistry.", "content": "The enzyme 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate aldolase of Pseudomonas saccharophila is inactivated by the substrate analog beta-bromopyruvate, which satisfies several criteria of being an active site directed reagent. The inactivation exhibits saturation kinetics, and both bromopyruvate and pyruvate (substrate) compete for free enzyme. Upon prolonged incubation, inactivation is virtually complete. The Kinact for bromopyruvate is 12 mM and the minimum inactivation half-time is 16 min with a k of 0.0433 min minus 1. Bromopyruvate is also a substrate for the enzyme in that 3(R,S)-[3-3H2]bromopyruvate is asymmetrically detritiated by the enzyme yielding 3(S)-[3-3H,H]bromopyruvate concomitant with inactivation. At various concentrations of bromopyruvate which affect the inactivation rate, the ratio of nanomoles of bromopyruvate turned over/unit of enzyme inactivated remains constant averaging 12:1, consistent with both inactivation and catalysis occurring at a single protein site, the catalytic site. The above value does not take into account a possible hydrogen isotope effect and is not thus an absolute value. The stereochemistry of bromopyruvate turnover catalyzed by this enzyme is the same as that for 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase of P. putida. This fact provides the first evidence that the pyruvate-specific portions of the two active sites may have evolved from a common precursor.", "contents": "Bromopyruvate inactivation of 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate aldolase of Pseudomonas saccharophila. Kinetics and stereochemistry. The enzyme 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate aldolase of Pseudomonas saccharophila is inactivated by the substrate analog beta-bromopyruvate, which satisfies several criteria of being an active site directed reagent. The inactivation exhibits saturation kinetics, and both bromopyruvate and pyruvate (substrate) compete for free enzyme. Upon prolonged incubation, inactivation is virtually complete. The Kinact for bromopyruvate is 12 mM and the minimum inactivation half-time is 16 min with a k of 0.0433 min minus 1. Bromopyruvate is also a substrate for the enzyme in that 3(R,S)-[3-3H2]bromopyruvate is asymmetrically detritiated by the enzyme yielding 3(S)-[3-3H,H]bromopyruvate concomitant with inactivation. At various concentrations of bromopyruvate which affect the inactivation rate, the ratio of nanomoles of bromopyruvate turned over/unit of enzyme inactivated remains constant averaging 12:1, consistent with both inactivation and catalysis occurring at a single protein site, the catalytic site. The above value does not take into account a possible hydrogen isotope effect and is not thus an absolute value. The stereochemistry of bromopyruvate turnover catalyzed by this enzyme is the same as that for 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase of P. putida. This fact provides the first evidence that the pyruvate-specific portions of the two active sites may have evolved from a common precursor.", "PMID": 1164502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_575", "title": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of adenosylcobalamin and alkylcorrinoids, selectively enriched with carbon-13.", "content": "The carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of a series of alkylcorrinoids, selectively enriched with 13C in the alkyl ligand, were recorded at 25.2 MHz and 25 degrees. The nature of the axial ligands markedly affects the chemical shift of the labeled alkyl moiety (trans effect) as well as the 13C resonances of selected carbon atoms of the corrin ring (cis effect). Although a number of factors appear to influence the trans effect on the chemical shift of the alkyl ligand (important among them being electric field effects), the cis effect appears to be dominated by changes in charge density (at the methine bridge carbon atoms, C-5, C-10, C-15) and by steric effects (at the methyl groups at C-1, C-5, and C-15) accompanying axial ligation. Spin-latice relaxation times of several organocorrinoids, selectively labeled with 13C in the ligands attached to cobalt, were also measured. The T1 values of the methylene carbons of [5'-13C]adenosylcobalamin and [2-13C]carboxymethylcobalamin are very similar to that of the methine bridge carbon atom C-10 of the corrin ring, indicating that rotation about the carbon-cobalt bond of these two corrinoids is severely restricted. On the other hand, internal rotation about the carbon-cobalt bond of methylcobalamin is rapid.", "contents": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of adenosylcobalamin and alkylcorrinoids, selectively enriched with carbon-13. The carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of a series of alkylcorrinoids, selectively enriched with 13C in the alkyl ligand, were recorded at 25.2 MHz and 25 degrees. The nature of the axial ligands markedly affects the chemical shift of the labeled alkyl moiety (trans effect) as well as the 13C resonances of selected carbon atoms of the corrin ring (cis effect). Although a number of factors appear to influence the trans effect on the chemical shift of the alkyl ligand (important among them being electric field effects), the cis effect appears to be dominated by changes in charge density (at the methine bridge carbon atoms, C-5, C-10, C-15) and by steric effects (at the methyl groups at C-1, C-5, and C-15) accompanying axial ligation. Spin-latice relaxation times of several organocorrinoids, selectively labeled with 13C in the ligands attached to cobalt, were also measured. The T1 values of the methylene carbons of [5'-13C]adenosylcobalamin and [2-13C]carboxymethylcobalamin are very similar to that of the methine bridge carbon atom C-10 of the corrin ring, indicating that rotation about the carbon-cobalt bond of these two corrinoids is severely restricted. On the other hand, internal rotation about the carbon-cobalt bond of methylcobalamin is rapid.", "PMID": 1164503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_576", "title": "Partial purification of a morphological transforming factor from pig brain.", "content": "A protein that changes one type of embryonic rat brain cell in culture from a primitive morphology to one resembling mature glial cell has been purified 400-fold from pig brain. The procedure includes differential centrifugation, ethanol treatment, trypsin digestion and column chromatography with Sephadex G-200 and Sepharose 4B. Although not completely homogeneous, the protein is biologically active at a concentration of 1-10(-8) M. It has a molecular weight of 350 000 and is heat labile. It is inactivated by the extremes of pH and by 8 M urea. The isoionic point is lower than neutrality. The activity is resistant to DNAase, RNAase, periodate and trypsin, but is susceptible to pronase digestion.", "contents": "Partial purification of a morphological transforming factor from pig brain. A protein that changes one type of embryonic rat brain cell in culture from a primitive morphology to one resembling mature glial cell has been purified 400-fold from pig brain. The procedure includes differential centrifugation, ethanol treatment, trypsin digestion and column chromatography with Sephadex G-200 and Sepharose 4B. Although not completely homogeneous, the protein is biologically active at a concentration of 1-10(-8) M. It has a molecular weight of 350 000 and is heat labile. It is inactivated by the extremes of pH and by 8 M urea. The isoionic point is lower than neutrality. The activity is resistant to DNAase, RNAase, periodate and trypsin, but is susceptible to pronase digestion.", "PMID": 1164504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_577", "title": "Physical properties and subunits of DNA dubia erythrocruorin.", "content": "The erythrocruorin of the freshwater leech Dina dubia possessed an S20,w of 61 S and exhibited a slightly sigmoid oxygenation curve with n congruent to 1.6 and P50 = 2.4 mm at pH 7.4. A minimum mol. wt of 23 000 +/- 2100 per heme group was determined from the iron and heme contents, 0.22 +/- 0.02 and 2.92 +/- 0.35 weight %. The subunit composition of this erythrocruorin was investigated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration in sodium dodecyl sulfate at neutral pH and gel filtration at pH 9. Sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis of Dina erythrocruorin revealed the presence of five subunits (1-5) with mol. wts of about 13 000, 21 000, 23 000, 25 000 and 31 000, respectively. When the erythrocruorin was reduced with mercaptoethanol prior to dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis, three subunits (I-III) were observed, two possessing molecular weights in the range 12 000-14 000 (I and II) and one possessing a molecular weight of about 28 000. One of the subunits I, II, was provided by the dissociation of the 31 000 subunit. Subunit III (28 000) consisted of subunits 2, 3, and 4. It is likely that not all of the polypeptide chains constituting Dina erythrocruorin are associated each with a heme group.", "contents": "Physical properties and subunits of DNA dubia erythrocruorin. The erythrocruorin of the freshwater leech Dina dubia possessed an S20,w of 61 S and exhibited a slightly sigmoid oxygenation curve with n congruent to 1.6 and P50 = 2.4 mm at pH 7.4. A minimum mol. wt of 23 000 +/- 2100 per heme group was determined from the iron and heme contents, 0.22 +/- 0.02 and 2.92 +/- 0.35 weight %. The subunit composition of this erythrocruorin was investigated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration in sodium dodecyl sulfate at neutral pH and gel filtration at pH 9. Sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis of Dina erythrocruorin revealed the presence of five subunits (1-5) with mol. wts of about 13 000, 21 000, 23 000, 25 000 and 31 000, respectively. When the erythrocruorin was reduced with mercaptoethanol prior to dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis, three subunits (I-III) were observed, two possessing molecular weights in the range 12 000-14 000 (I and II) and one possessing a molecular weight of about 28 000. One of the subunits I, II, was provided by the dissociation of the 31 000 subunit. Subunit III (28 000) consisted of subunits 2, 3, and 4. It is likely that not all of the polypeptide chains constituting Dina erythrocruorin are associated each with a heme group.", "PMID": 1164505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_578", "title": "Structural deterioration of tendon collagen in genetic muscular dystrophy.", "content": "The structure of gastrocnemius tendons from chickens with genetically induced muscular dystrophy has been studied by low-angle X-ray diffraction. Compared with normal samples there is poor alignment of collagen within the tendons. This difference is quite pronounced at eight weeks when the affected birds are still in comparatively good physical condition. Similar changes have been reported for birds with nutritionally induced muscular dystrophy (Bartlett, M. W., Egelstaff, P. A., Holden, T. M., Stinson, R. H. and Sweeny, P. R. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 328, 213-220).", "contents": "Structural deterioration of tendon collagen in genetic muscular dystrophy. The structure of gastrocnemius tendons from chickens with genetically induced muscular dystrophy has been studied by low-angle X-ray diffraction. Compared with normal samples there is poor alignment of collagen within the tendons. This difference is quite pronounced at eight weeks when the affected birds are still in comparatively good physical condition. Similar changes have been reported for birds with nutritionally induced muscular dystrophy (Bartlett, M. W., Egelstaff, P. A., Holden, T. M., Stinson, R. H. and Sweeny, P. R. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 328, 213-220).", "PMID": 1164506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_579", "title": "Kinetic analysis of the polymerization process of actin.", "content": "The polymerization process of actin was examined by measuring the amount of flow birefringence and by analyzing release of labeled inorganic phosphate from the bound [gamma-32P]ATP upon polymerization of G-actin to F-actin. Comparison of the above experimental results with the electron microscopic data of Kawamura and Maruyama (J. Biochem., 67, 437-457, 1970) suggested that growth and redistribution steps occurred simultaneously during polymerization. Attempt was made to simulate the polymerization process of actin by calculating the kinetic equations numerically. The results of simulation suggested that it was necessary to take into consideration the association and dissociation between F-actin particles as well as the association and dissociation between F-actin and G-actin.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of the polymerization process of actin. The polymerization process of actin was examined by measuring the amount of flow birefringence and by analyzing release of labeled inorganic phosphate from the bound [gamma-32P]ATP upon polymerization of G-actin to F-actin. Comparison of the above experimental results with the electron microscopic data of Kawamura and Maruyama (J. Biochem., 67, 437-457, 1970) suggested that growth and redistribution steps occurred simultaneously during polymerization. Attempt was made to simulate the polymerization process of actin by calculating the kinetic equations numerically. The results of simulation suggested that it was necessary to take into consideration the association and dissociation between F-actin particles as well as the association and dissociation between F-actin and G-actin.", "PMID": 1164507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_580", "title": "Molecular weight of Eudistylia vancouveri chlorocruorin and its subunits.", "content": "The chlorocruorin of the marine polychaete Eudistylia vancouveri has a molecular weight of 3.1-10(6) and a sedimentation coefficient (S020, w) of about 57 S at pH 8.0 in the presence of 0.01 M Mg2+. The quaternary structure of this pigment is unaffected by pH between 6.0 and 11.5 in the presence of 0.01 M Mg2+ whereas in 0l01 M EDTA, the pigment begins to dissociate above pH 9.0 into smaller submultiples. The chlorocruorin can be converted into subunits with molecular weights of about 14 000-15 000 and 30 000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and 14 000-15 000 as measured by gel chromatography of the carboxy-methylated derivative in 8 M urea, 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol, or by sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M guanidine-HCl and 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol. The pigment contains 0.212 +/- 0.008% iron corresponding to 1 g atom iron per 26 300 g chlorocruorin. The amino acid composition of this pigment is reported. The subunit structure of Eudistylia chlorocruorin and the polymeric annelid hemoglobins are similar in many respects.", "contents": "Molecular weight of Eudistylia vancouveri chlorocruorin and its subunits. The chlorocruorin of the marine polychaete Eudistylia vancouveri has a molecular weight of 3.1-10(6) and a sedimentation coefficient (S020, w) of about 57 S at pH 8.0 in the presence of 0.01 M Mg2+. The quaternary structure of this pigment is unaffected by pH between 6.0 and 11.5 in the presence of 0.01 M Mg2+ whereas in 0l01 M EDTA, the pigment begins to dissociate above pH 9.0 into smaller submultiples. The chlorocruorin can be converted into subunits with molecular weights of about 14 000-15 000 and 30 000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and 14 000-15 000 as measured by gel chromatography of the carboxy-methylated derivative in 8 M urea, 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol, or by sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M guanidine-HCl and 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol. The pigment contains 0.212 +/- 0.008% iron corresponding to 1 g atom iron per 26 300 g chlorocruorin. The amino acid composition of this pigment is reported. The subunit structure of Eudistylia chlorocruorin and the polymeric annelid hemoglobins are similar in many respects.", "PMID": 1164508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_581", "title": "Snake venom toxins. The primary structure of protein S4C11. A neurotoxin homologue from the venom of forest cobra (Naja melanoleuca).", "content": "Six minor protein constituents (S4C10-S4C15) have been isolated from the venom of Naja melanoleuca. The complete amino acid sequence of S4C11 has been established and indicates that it is a homologue of the neurotoxins which are found in elapid venoms. The other proteins appear from the amino acid compositions to be homologues of the cyto- or cardiotoxins found in cobra venoms. Protein S4C11 has a low toxicity, failing to kill mice at an intravenous dose of 20 mug/g body weight. The sequence of the first 25 residues out of the total of 65, was determined using the automatic sequenator. The remainder of the sequence was derived with the aid of tryptic and chymotryptic peptides. The sequence showed the unusual feature of having 65 amino acid residues including 10 half-cystine residues.", "contents": "Snake venom toxins. The primary structure of protein S4C11. A neurotoxin homologue from the venom of forest cobra (Naja melanoleuca). Six minor protein constituents (S4C10-S4C15) have been isolated from the venom of Naja melanoleuca. The complete amino acid sequence of S4C11 has been established and indicates that it is a homologue of the neurotoxins which are found in elapid venoms. The other proteins appear from the amino acid compositions to be homologues of the cyto- or cardiotoxins found in cobra venoms. Protein S4C11 has a low toxicity, failing to kill mice at an intravenous dose of 20 mug/g body weight. The sequence of the first 25 residues out of the total of 65, was determined using the automatic sequenator. The remainder of the sequence was derived with the aid of tryptic and chymotryptic peptides. The sequence showed the unusual feature of having 65 amino acid residues including 10 half-cystine residues.", "PMID": 1164509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_582", "title": "Hemoglobin Fort Gordon or alpha2beta2145 Tyr replaced by Asp, a new high-oxygen-affinity hemoglobin variant.", "content": "Hemoglobin Fort Gordon, alpha2beta2145 Tyr replaced by Asp (HC2), has been observed in a 20-year-old black male with compensatory erythrocytosis. The variant was readily identified by electrophoresis and chromatography, and comprised about 30% of the red cell hemoglobin. The substitution was identified through analyses of tryptic peptides of various digests of the isolated beta chain. The oxygen affinity of whole blood was increased; two components were observed one of which had a greatly increased affinity for oxygen and a markedly reduced subunit cooperativity. It appears that the Tyr replaced by Asp substitution resembles the Tyr replaced by His substitution in hemoglobin Bethesda (Bunn, H. F. et al. (1972) J. Clin. Invest. 51, 2299-2309; Olson, J. S. and Gibson, G. H. (1972) J Biol. Chem. 247, 3662-3670; Adamson et al. (1972) J. Clin. Invest. 51, 2883-2888) in that both inhibit the quarternary change of the oxy to the deoxy conformation, resulting in greatly altered functional properties. Studies of a few members of the family were negative.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Fort Gordon or alpha2beta2145 Tyr replaced by Asp, a new high-oxygen-affinity hemoglobin variant. Hemoglobin Fort Gordon, alpha2beta2145 Tyr replaced by Asp (HC2), has been observed in a 20-year-old black male with compensatory erythrocytosis. The variant was readily identified by electrophoresis and chromatography, and comprised about 30% of the red cell hemoglobin. The substitution was identified through analyses of tryptic peptides of various digests of the isolated beta chain. The oxygen affinity of whole blood was increased; two components were observed one of which had a greatly increased affinity for oxygen and a markedly reduced subunit cooperativity. It appears that the Tyr replaced by Asp substitution resembles the Tyr replaced by His substitution in hemoglobin Bethesda (Bunn, H. F. et al. (1972) J. Clin. Invest. 51, 2299-2309; Olson, J. S. and Gibson, G. H. (1972) J Biol. Chem. 247, 3662-3670; Adamson et al. (1972) J. Clin. Invest. 51, 2883-2888) in that both inhibit the quarternary change of the oxy to the deoxy conformation, resulting in greatly altered functional properties. Studies of a few members of the family were negative.", "PMID": 1164510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_583", "title": "Hemoglobin Wood beta97(FG4) His replaced by Leu. A new high-oxygen-affinity hemoglobin associated with familial erythrocytosis.", "content": "The characterization of hemoglobin Wood (beta97(FG4) His replaced by Leu), a high oxygen affinity hemoglobin with reduced Hill constant is described. The amino acid substitution occurs at the alpha1beta2 interface, in the same position as in hemoglobin Malm\u00f6 (beta97(FG4) His replaced by Gln) and in an homologous position when compared with hemoglobins Chesapeake (alpha92(FG4) Arg replaced by Leu) and J. Capetown (alpha92(fg4) arg replaced by Gln).", "contents": "Hemoglobin Wood beta97(FG4) His replaced by Leu. A new high-oxygen-affinity hemoglobin associated with familial erythrocytosis. The characterization of hemoglobin Wood (beta97(FG4) His replaced by Leu), a high oxygen affinity hemoglobin with reduced Hill constant is described. The amino acid substitution occurs at the alpha1beta2 interface, in the same position as in hemoglobin Malm\u00f6 (beta97(FG4) His replaced by Gln) and in an homologous position when compared with hemoglobins Chesapeake (alpha92(FG4) Arg replaced by Leu) and J. Capetown (alpha92(fg4) arg replaced by Gln).", "PMID": 1164511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_584", "title": "Haemoglobin Titusville: alpha94 Asp replaced by Asn. A new haemoglobin with a lowered affinity for oxygen.", "content": "A new haemoglobin variant with a decreased oxygen affinity is described, in which the substitution, alpha 94 (G1) Asp replaced by Asn, affects the alpha1beta2 contact alpha1G1-beta2G4. The relevance of this variant to our understanding of the importance of the hydrogen bond between alpha1G1 and beta2G4 in Perutz's model of oxyhaemoglobin A is discussed.", "contents": "Haemoglobin Titusville: alpha94 Asp replaced by Asn. A new haemoglobin with a lowered affinity for oxygen. A new haemoglobin variant with a decreased oxygen affinity is described, in which the substitution, alpha 94 (G1) Asp replaced by Asn, affects the alpha1beta2 contact alpha1G1-beta2G4. The relevance of this variant to our understanding of the importance of the hydrogen bond between alpha1G1 and beta2G4 in Perutz's model of oxyhaemoglobin A is discussed.", "PMID": 1164512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_585", "title": "Studies on phytohemagglutinins. XXV. Isolation and characterization of hemagglutinins of the spindle tree seeds (Evonymus europaea L.).", "content": "A mixture of isophytohemagglutinins has been isolated from the fleshy arils of the spindle tree seeds (Evonymus europaea L.) by fractional precipitation of the saline extract of the arils by (NH4)2SO4 at a 0.40% saturation. Successive preparative disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel affords separation of one slower moving component, phytohemagglutinin I, from the mixture of other isophytohemagglutinins that have a very similar electrophoretic mobility. Phytohemagglutinin I has a sedimentation coefficient Sw,20 of 7.1 S and an approximate mol. wt of 127 000. Amino acid analysis shows a high amount of aspartic acid, alanine and glycine but also significant amounts of serine, threonine, cysteine and methionine. Aspartic acid is the only N-terminal amino acid found by the dansylation technique. Phytohemagglutinin I contains glucosamine and 4.7% neutral sugar. Its approximate pI in citrate/phosphate buffer is 4.4-4.5. The metal content amounts to 0.250% Ca, 0.019% Mg, 0.034% Zn and 0.026% Cu. Mn is not present. Ultracentrifugation analysis reveals homogeneity in the sedimentation behavior of the mixture of isophytohemagglutinin, an Sw,20 of 7.1 S and an approximate mol. wt of 119 000. The mixture has an amino acid composition closely resembling that of phytohemagglutinin I and an identical pI but contains only 1.9% neutral sugar. Two N-terminal amino acids were shown to be present, aspartic acid and tyrosine. With the exception of Cu which is absent, the metal content is almost the same as that of phytohemagglutinin I. Both phytohemagglutinin I and the mixture are devoid of anti-A1 activity and show detectable anti-H, anti-B and anti-A2 erythroagglutinating activity in approximate limit concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 10 mug/ml, respectively. This activity is not influenced by the presence of EDTA, Ca2+ or Mg2+, but is stimulated by Zn2+. Mn2+ and Co2+ have an inhibitory effect. None of the simple sugars tested inhibited the hemagglutination reactions.", "contents": "Studies on phytohemagglutinins. XXV. Isolation and characterization of hemagglutinins of the spindle tree seeds (Evonymus europaea L.). A mixture of isophytohemagglutinins has been isolated from the fleshy arils of the spindle tree seeds (Evonymus europaea L.) by fractional precipitation of the saline extract of the arils by (NH4)2SO4 at a 0.40% saturation. Successive preparative disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel affords separation of one slower moving component, phytohemagglutinin I, from the mixture of other isophytohemagglutinins that have a very similar electrophoretic mobility. Phytohemagglutinin I has a sedimentation coefficient Sw,20 of 7.1 S and an approximate mol. wt of 127 000. Amino acid analysis shows a high amount of aspartic acid, alanine and glycine but also significant amounts of serine, threonine, cysteine and methionine. Aspartic acid is the only N-terminal amino acid found by the dansylation technique. Phytohemagglutinin I contains glucosamine and 4.7% neutral sugar. Its approximate pI in citrate/phosphate buffer is 4.4-4.5. The metal content amounts to 0.250% Ca, 0.019% Mg, 0.034% Zn and 0.026% Cu. Mn is not present. Ultracentrifugation analysis reveals homogeneity in the sedimentation behavior of the mixture of isophytohemagglutinin, an Sw,20 of 7.1 S and an approximate mol. wt of 119 000. The mixture has an amino acid composition closely resembling that of phytohemagglutinin I and an identical pI but contains only 1.9% neutral sugar. Two N-terminal amino acids were shown to be present, aspartic acid and tyrosine. With the exception of Cu which is absent, the metal content is almost the same as that of phytohemagglutinin I. Both phytohemagglutinin I and the mixture are devoid of anti-A1 activity and show detectable anti-H, anti-B and anti-A2 erythroagglutinating activity in approximate limit concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 10 mug/ml, respectively. This activity is not influenced by the presence of EDTA, Ca2+ or Mg2+, but is stimulated by Zn2+. Mn2+ and Co2+ have an inhibitory effect. None of the simple sugars tested inhibited the hemagglutination reactions.", "PMID": 1164513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_586", "title": "Interaction of rabbit hemoplexin with copro- and uroporphyrins.", "content": "Rabbit hemopexin forms equimolar complexes in vitro with the I and III isomers of both coproporphyrin and uroporphyrin. The apparent dissociation constants (Kd) of these complexes are estimated to be 4-10(-7) M for coproporphyrin-hemopexin and 10(-6) M for uroporphyrin-hemopexin by equilibrium dialysis and quenching of protein fluorescence. Results of competitive binding experiments suggest that all four porphyrins bind at the heme-binding site of hemopexin, and that the relative affinity of rabbit hemopexin for these porphyrins is: deuteroheme greater than coproporphyrin I or III greater than uroporphyrin I or III. These findings provide further evidence that hemopexin may function as a transport protein for circulating coproporphyrins as well as for heme.", "contents": "Interaction of rabbit hemoplexin with copro- and uroporphyrins. Rabbit hemopexin forms equimolar complexes in vitro with the I and III isomers of both coproporphyrin and uroporphyrin. The apparent dissociation constants (Kd) of these complexes are estimated to be 4-10(-7) M for coproporphyrin-hemopexin and 10(-6) M for uroporphyrin-hemopexin by equilibrium dialysis and quenching of protein fluorescence. Results of competitive binding experiments suggest that all four porphyrins bind at the heme-binding site of hemopexin, and that the relative affinity of rabbit hemopexin for these porphyrins is: deuteroheme greater than coproporphyrin I or III greater than uroporphyrin I or III. These findings provide further evidence that hemopexin may function as a transport protein for circulating coproporphyrins as well as for heme.", "PMID": 1164515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_587", "title": "Enzymic and immunochemical properties of lysozyme. IX. Conformation and immunochemistry of derivatives succinylated at certain lysine residues.", "content": "Succinylation of lysozyme in the presence of 7 molar excess of [1,4-14C2]-succinic anhydride gave a reaction product which showed at least six components by disc electrophoresis. Chromatography on CM-cellulose enabled the isolation of six homogeneous derivatives. The derivatives were succinylated at the following locations: derivative I, lysines-1 (alpha- and epsilon-NH2), -13, -97 and -116 and the OH group at position 43 (or 36 or 40); derivative II, lysines-1 (alpha- and epsilon-NH2), -13, -96, -116; derivative III, lysines-1 (alpha-and epsilon-NH2), -13, -97, -116; derivative IV, lysines-1 (alpha-NH2), -33, -96 and -116; derivative V, lysines-1 (alpha-NH2), -33 and -96; derivative VI, lysines-33 and -116. Conformational changes were detectable in derivative I by ORD and CD measurements and by accessibility of the disulfide bonds to reduction. On the other hand, the other five succinyl derivatives showed no conformational changes by ORD and CD measurements. However, their disulfide bonds were slightly more accessible to reduction than lysozyme, with the increase being somewhat higher in derivatives I, II and III. Enzymic activity measurements showed that only derivative VI possessed some (10%) enzymic activity. Immunochemical studies with antisera to lysozyme showed that the reactivity of each of the derivatives was lower than the homologous reaction. Correlation of the extent of decrease in immunochemical reaction with the locations of modification and with the results of conformational analysis, led to the conclusion that lysines 33, 96 and 116 are part of antigenic reactive regions in lysozyme. The modification results are also discussed in relation to the three-dimensional structure of lysozyme in solution.", "contents": "Enzymic and immunochemical properties of lysozyme. IX. Conformation and immunochemistry of derivatives succinylated at certain lysine residues. Succinylation of lysozyme in the presence of 7 molar excess of [1,4-14C2]-succinic anhydride gave a reaction product which showed at least six components by disc electrophoresis. Chromatography on CM-cellulose enabled the isolation of six homogeneous derivatives. The derivatives were succinylated at the following locations: derivative I, lysines-1 (alpha- and epsilon-NH2), -13, -97 and -116 and the OH group at position 43 (or 36 or 40); derivative II, lysines-1 (alpha- and epsilon-NH2), -13, -96, -116; derivative III, lysines-1 (alpha-and epsilon-NH2), -13, -97, -116; derivative IV, lysines-1 (alpha-NH2), -33, -96 and -116; derivative V, lysines-1 (alpha-NH2), -33 and -96; derivative VI, lysines-33 and -116. Conformational changes were detectable in derivative I by ORD and CD measurements and by accessibility of the disulfide bonds to reduction. On the other hand, the other five succinyl derivatives showed no conformational changes by ORD and CD measurements. However, their disulfide bonds were slightly more accessible to reduction than lysozyme, with the increase being somewhat higher in derivatives I, II and III. Enzymic activity measurements showed that only derivative VI possessed some (10%) enzymic activity. Immunochemical studies with antisera to lysozyme showed that the reactivity of each of the derivatives was lower than the homologous reaction. Correlation of the extent of decrease in immunochemical reaction with the locations of modification and with the results of conformational analysis, led to the conclusion that lysines 33, 96 and 116 are part of antigenic reactive regions in lysozyme. The modification results are also discussed in relation to the three-dimensional structure of lysozyme in solution.", "PMID": 1164516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_588", "title": "The essential histidine residues of bovine plasma amine oxidase.", "content": "Ethoxyformic acid anhydride and photooxidation have been used to study the function of histidine residues in bovine plasma amine oxidase. Ethoxyformic acid anhydride at pH 6.1 reacted with nearly all of the histidine residues in the enzyme in 15 min but complete enzyme inactivation occurred in several minutes. The concentration of the reagent which caused 50% inhibition was 2.2-10(-5) M under the conditions of the experiment. The diamine oxidases, Aspergillus niger and pea seedling amine oxidases were also inhibited by ethoxyformic acid anhydride. The concentrations of reagent required for 50% inhibition were 6.6-10(-5) and 3.3-10(-4) M, respectively, for the two enzymes. NH2OH could not be used to regenerate the reacted histidine residues since NH2OH itself inhibited the enzyme. Photooxidation in the presence of 0.001% Rose Bengal at pH 7.0 also inactivated bovine plasma amine oxidase. Histidine was the only amino acid destroyed by photooxidation. About six histidine residues were destroyed but in the presence of the substrate kynuramine, two less histidine residues were destroyed. Since lysine which is neither a substrate nor inhibitor of the enzyme did not protect the enzyme from photooxidation, it was concluded that two histidine residues, one in each sub-unit of the enzyme are essential for activity.", "contents": "The essential histidine residues of bovine plasma amine oxidase. Ethoxyformic acid anhydride and photooxidation have been used to study the function of histidine residues in bovine plasma amine oxidase. Ethoxyformic acid anhydride at pH 6.1 reacted with nearly all of the histidine residues in the enzyme in 15 min but complete enzyme inactivation occurred in several minutes. The concentration of the reagent which caused 50% inhibition was 2.2-10(-5) M under the conditions of the experiment. The diamine oxidases, Aspergillus niger and pea seedling amine oxidases were also inhibited by ethoxyformic acid anhydride. The concentrations of reagent required for 50% inhibition were 6.6-10(-5) and 3.3-10(-4) M, respectively, for the two enzymes. NH2OH could not be used to regenerate the reacted histidine residues since NH2OH itself inhibited the enzyme. Photooxidation in the presence of 0.001% Rose Bengal at pH 7.0 also inactivated bovine plasma amine oxidase. Histidine was the only amino acid destroyed by photooxidation. About six histidine residues were destroyed but in the presence of the substrate kynuramine, two less histidine residues were destroyed. Since lysine which is neither a substrate nor inhibitor of the enzyme did not protect the enzyme from photooxidation, it was concluded that two histidine residues, one in each sub-unit of the enzyme are essential for activity.", "PMID": 1164517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_589", "title": "An evolutionary comparison of plant histones.", "content": "Histones were extracted from chromatin of the following: a moss (Polytrichum juniperinum); the primitive vascular plants Psilotum nudum and Equisetum arvense; a fern (Polypodium vulgare); the gymnosperms fir (Abies concolor), yew (Taxus canadensis) and Gingko biloba; the dicotyledonous angiosperms tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and maple (Acer saccharinum); and the monocotyledonous angiosperms corn (Zea mays) and lily (Lilium longiflorum). The histones were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and compared to standard histones of pea (Pisum sativum) and cow (Bos taurus). All species have histones of the exact electrophoretic mobility of histones F2a1 and F3 of cow and pea. All species have histones of low electrophoretic mobility assumed to be F1 histones. None of the plant histones displayed electrophoretic mobility between F3 and F2a1 while animal histone fractions F2b and F2a2 do migrate to this position. No animal histone fraction was found to migrate between F3 and F1 while a major plant fraction, designated \"F2b-like\" was found to migrate to this position in all plant species studied except for the moss and Psilotum. A band of similar mobility was strikingly absent from the histones of these two species.", "contents": "An evolutionary comparison of plant histones. Histones were extracted from chromatin of the following: a moss (Polytrichum juniperinum); the primitive vascular plants Psilotum nudum and Equisetum arvense; a fern (Polypodium vulgare); the gymnosperms fir (Abies concolor), yew (Taxus canadensis) and Gingko biloba; the dicotyledonous angiosperms tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and maple (Acer saccharinum); and the monocotyledonous angiosperms corn (Zea mays) and lily (Lilium longiflorum). The histones were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and compared to standard histones of pea (Pisum sativum) and cow (Bos taurus). All species have histones of the exact electrophoretic mobility of histones F2a1 and F3 of cow and pea. All species have histones of low electrophoretic mobility assumed to be F1 histones. None of the plant histones displayed electrophoretic mobility between F3 and F2a1 while animal histone fractions F2b and F2a2 do migrate to this position. No animal histone fraction was found to migrate between F3 and F1 while a major plant fraction, designated \"F2b-like\" was found to migrate to this position in all plant species studied except for the moss and Psilotum. A band of similar mobility was strikingly absent from the histones of these two species.", "PMID": 1164518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_590", "title": "Free and membrane-bound chloroplast polyribosomes Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.", "content": "Over half of the chloroplast ribosomes isolated from growing cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are bound to chloroplast thylakoid membranes if completion of nascent polypeptide chains is prevented by chloramphenicol. The free chloroplast ribosomes are recovered in homogenate supernatants, and presumably originate from the chloroplast stroma. Only about 10% of these free chloroplast ribosomes are polyribosomes, even under conditions when 70% of free cytoplasm ribosomes are recovered as polyribosomes. The nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40 liberates atypical polyribosomes (Type I), from membranes, which require both ribonuclease and proteases for complete conversion to monomeric ribosomes. Thus Type I particles are held together by mRNA but are also held together by peptide bonds. These Type I polyribosomes probably are not bound to intact membrane, but might be bound to some protein-containing sub-membrane particle. The Type I polyribosomes are dissociated to ribosomal subunits by puromycin and high salt, and contained 0.2 to 1 nascent chain per ribosome. If membranes are treated with Nonidet and proteases at the same time, polyribosomes which are digested to monomeric ribosomes by ribonuclease alone (Type II) are obtained. Type II polyribosomes are smaller than Type I, and probably represent the true size distribution of polyribosomes on the membranes. At least 50% of the membrane-bound ribosomes are polyribosomes, since that much membrane bound chloroplast RNA is recovered as Type I or Type II polyribosomes.", "contents": "Free and membrane-bound chloroplast polyribosomes Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Over half of the chloroplast ribosomes isolated from growing cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are bound to chloroplast thylakoid membranes if completion of nascent polypeptide chains is prevented by chloramphenicol. The free chloroplast ribosomes are recovered in homogenate supernatants, and presumably originate from the chloroplast stroma. Only about 10% of these free chloroplast ribosomes are polyribosomes, even under conditions when 70% of free cytoplasm ribosomes are recovered as polyribosomes. The nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40 liberates atypical polyribosomes (Type I), from membranes, which require both ribonuclease and proteases for complete conversion to monomeric ribosomes. Thus Type I particles are held together by mRNA but are also held together by peptide bonds. These Type I polyribosomes probably are not bound to intact membrane, but might be bound to some protein-containing sub-membrane particle. The Type I polyribosomes are dissociated to ribosomal subunits by puromycin and high salt, and contained 0.2 to 1 nascent chain per ribosome. If membranes are treated with Nonidet and proteases at the same time, polyribosomes which are digested to monomeric ribosomes by ribonuclease alone (Type II) are obtained. Type II polyribosomes are smaller than Type I, and probably represent the true size distribution of polyribosomes on the membranes. At least 50% of the membrane-bound ribosomes are polyribosomes, since that much membrane bound chloroplast RNA is recovered as Type I or Type II polyribosomes.", "PMID": 1164519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_591", "title": "The effect of a mammalian repair endonuclease on x-irradiated DNA.", "content": "DNA was extracted from rat liver of non-irradiated animals, and was irradiated in vitro, and from animals which received whole body doses of X-radiation. Sedimentation on neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients as well as measurements of 32P release after sequential treatment with endonuclease and alkaline phosphatase and determination of triphosphate incorporation after the sequential treatment with endonuclease, alkaline phosphatase and DNA polymerase indicated that DNA irradiated in vivo and in vitro were effective substrates for the mammalian repair endonuclease. The experiments suggest that in addition to strand breaks, X-radiation causes base damage and they have provided a plausible explanation for the formation of double strand breaks in DNA irradiated in vivo.", "contents": "The effect of a mammalian repair endonuclease on x-irradiated DNA. DNA was extracted from rat liver of non-irradiated animals, and was irradiated in vitro, and from animals which received whole body doses of X-radiation. Sedimentation on neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients as well as measurements of 32P release after sequential treatment with endonuclease and alkaline phosphatase and determination of triphosphate incorporation after the sequential treatment with endonuclease, alkaline phosphatase and DNA polymerase indicated that DNA irradiated in vivo and in vitro were effective substrates for the mammalian repair endonuclease. The experiments suggest that in addition to strand breaks, X-radiation causes base damage and they have provided a plausible explanation for the formation of double strand breaks in DNA irradiated in vivo.", "PMID": 1164520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_592", "title": "Abnormal synthesis of mitochondrial DNA in the presence of N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in vitro.", "content": "1. The in vitro effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) on mtDNA synthesis was studied using isolated newborn rat liver mitochondria. 2. From the kinetics of the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the acid-insoluble material, MNNG neither stimulated nor inhibited the DNA synthesizing activity of mitochondria. The activity observed in the presence of MNNG was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and actinomycin D. 3. By the band velocity sedimentation in CsCl/ethidium bromide, the properties of the nascent mtDNA formed in the presence of MNNG were analyzed. The nascent DNA-containing molecule was not found in the closed-circle fraction, and essentially detected in the open-circle fraction. This change of the template was blocked by N-ethylmaleimide but not by actinomycin D, suggesting a conversion of the closed-circular template to the open-circular one by single-strand cleavage(s). From the band sedimentation in alkaline CsCl, the number of nascent higher molecular DNAs was increased but the molecules were all of relatively lower molecular weight. On the other hand, the formation of nascent fragments was inhibited. 4. The alkaline CsCl equilibrium centrifugation analysis revealed that the nascent DNA synthesized in the presence of MNNG consisted of both light and heavy components. 5. Present results suggest that MNNG exerts its effect on the mtDNA synthesis by modifying the intrinsic mechanism of discontinuous synthesis, since the conversion of the template DNA molecule from the closed- to open-circular form and the continuous polymerization of the nascent higher-molecular DNA on such a relaxed template were characteristic events in vivo.", "contents": "Abnormal synthesis of mitochondrial DNA in the presence of N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in vitro. 1. The in vitro effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) on mtDNA synthesis was studied using isolated newborn rat liver mitochondria. 2. From the kinetics of the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the acid-insoluble material, MNNG neither stimulated nor inhibited the DNA synthesizing activity of mitochondria. The activity observed in the presence of MNNG was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and actinomycin D. 3. By the band velocity sedimentation in CsCl/ethidium bromide, the properties of the nascent mtDNA formed in the presence of MNNG were analyzed. The nascent DNA-containing molecule was not found in the closed-circle fraction, and essentially detected in the open-circle fraction. This change of the template was blocked by N-ethylmaleimide but not by actinomycin D, suggesting a conversion of the closed-circular template to the open-circular one by single-strand cleavage(s). From the band sedimentation in alkaline CsCl, the number of nascent higher molecular DNAs was increased but the molecules were all of relatively lower molecular weight. On the other hand, the formation of nascent fragments was inhibited. 4. The alkaline CsCl equilibrium centrifugation analysis revealed that the nascent DNA synthesized in the presence of MNNG consisted of both light and heavy components. 5. Present results suggest that MNNG exerts its effect on the mtDNA synthesis by modifying the intrinsic mechanism of discontinuous synthesis, since the conversion of the template DNA molecule from the closed- to open-circular form and the continuous polymerization of the nascent higher-molecular DNA on such a relaxed template were characteristic events in vivo.", "PMID": 1164521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_593", "title": "The molecular size and conformation of the chloroplast DNA from higher plants.", "content": "Covalently closed circular choloroplast DNA (ctDNA) molecules have been isolated from pea, bean, spinach, lettuce, corn and oat plants by ethidium bromide/cesium choloride density-gradient entrifugation. As much as 30-40% of the total ctDNA could be isolated as closed circular DNA molecules and up to 80% of the total ctDNA was found in the form of circular molecules. The size of pea, spinach, lettuce, corn and oat ctDNA relative to an internal standard (phiX174 replicative form II monomer DNA) was determined by electron microscopy. The ctDNAs showed significant differences in their sizes, and their molecular weights ranged from 85.4 - 10(6) for corn ctDNA to 96.7 - 10(6) for lettuce ctDNA. Each of these ctDNAs contained 3-4% of the circular molecules as circular dimers and 1-2% of the circular molecules as catenated dimes. The molecular complexity of these ctDNAs was studied by renaturation kinetics using T4 DNA as a standard. The molecular weights of the unique sequences of the ctDNAs ranged from 83.7 - 10(6) for oat ctDNA to 93.1 - 10(6) for lettuce ctDNA, which are in excellent agreement with the sizes of the circular ctDNA molecules...", "contents": "The molecular size and conformation of the chloroplast DNA from higher plants. Covalently closed circular choloroplast DNA (ctDNA) molecules have been isolated from pea, bean, spinach, lettuce, corn and oat plants by ethidium bromide/cesium choloride density-gradient entrifugation. As much as 30-40% of the total ctDNA could be isolated as closed circular DNA molecules and up to 80% of the total ctDNA was found in the form of circular molecules. The size of pea, spinach, lettuce, corn and oat ctDNA relative to an internal standard (phiX174 replicative form II monomer DNA) was determined by electron microscopy. The ctDNAs showed significant differences in their sizes, and their molecular weights ranged from 85.4 - 10(6) for corn ctDNA to 96.7 - 10(6) for lettuce ctDNA. Each of these ctDNAs contained 3-4% of the circular molecules as circular dimers and 1-2% of the circular molecules as catenated dimes. The molecular complexity of these ctDNAs was studied by renaturation kinetics using T4 DNA as a standard. The molecular weights of the unique sequences of the ctDNAs ranged from 83.7 - 10(6) for oat ctDNA to 93.1 - 10(6) for lettuce ctDNA, which are in excellent agreement with the sizes of the circular ctDNA molecules...", "PMID": 1164522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_594", "title": "Hormonal control of transcription in higher plants.", "content": "1. Nucleolar RNA polymerase Ib obtained from auxin-treated lentil roots exhibits a higher transcriptional activity than the enzyme obtained from control roots. This difference is due to a change in the enzyme properties after auxin treatment. It is suggested that the hormonal effect is mediated by a factor that changes the molecular properties of nucleolar RNA polymerase. 2. Four fractions, alpha, beta, gamma and delta, that stimulate the activity of RNA polymerase Ib, have been extracted from lentil roots. Two of them, gamma and delta have been studied. Factor delta can stimulate nucleolar polymerase Ib and the nucleoplasmic enzyme II equally well, while factor gamma is specific for polymerase Ib. 3. The curve of UMP incorporation in vitro, with and without factors gamma or delta suggests that they are initiation factors. This conclusion is reinforced by the analysis of simultaneous incorporation of [gamma-32P]ATP and [3H]UMP in the RNAs synthesized in vitro. 4. Although the level of factor delta is independent of auxin treatment, that of factor gamma is doubled in auxin-treated roots. These results suggest that factor gamma is an auxin-induced protein that modulates the specific activity of the nucleolar RNA polymerase. 5. A general model of the mode of action of auxins at the molecular level is proposed. It integrates into a unified scheme the above results as well as those obtained by other workers.", "contents": "Hormonal control of transcription in higher plants. 1. Nucleolar RNA polymerase Ib obtained from auxin-treated lentil roots exhibits a higher transcriptional activity than the enzyme obtained from control roots. This difference is due to a change in the enzyme properties after auxin treatment. It is suggested that the hormonal effect is mediated by a factor that changes the molecular properties of nucleolar RNA polymerase. 2. Four fractions, alpha, beta, gamma and delta, that stimulate the activity of RNA polymerase Ib, have been extracted from lentil roots. Two of them, gamma and delta have been studied. Factor delta can stimulate nucleolar polymerase Ib and the nucleoplasmic enzyme II equally well, while factor gamma is specific for polymerase Ib. 3. The curve of UMP incorporation in vitro, with and without factors gamma or delta suggests that they are initiation factors. This conclusion is reinforced by the analysis of simultaneous incorporation of [gamma-32P]ATP and [3H]UMP in the RNAs synthesized in vitro. 4. Although the level of factor delta is independent of auxin treatment, that of factor gamma is doubled in auxin-treated roots. These results suggest that factor gamma is an auxin-induced protein that modulates the specific activity of the nucleolar RNA polymerase. 5. A general model of the mode of action of auxins at the molecular level is proposed. It integrates into a unified scheme the above results as well as those obtained by other workers.", "PMID": 1164523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_595", "title": "13C magnetic resonance investigation of mercury (II) binding to nucleosides and thiolated nucleosides in dimethyl sulfoxide.", "content": "Natural abundance, proton-decoupled 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy is shown to be a useful technique for identifying the mercury (II) binding sites on nucleosides and especially thiolated nucleosides. Measurements made on dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 solutions, 0.5 M in nucleoside and 0.15 M in mercury, reveal that both CH3 HgCl and HgCl2 bind principally to the sulfur atoms of s6 Guo and s8 Guo. The 13C NMR spectra of the unthiolated nucleosides in the presence of excess (4:1) mercury reveal that HgCl2 binds to N-3 of cytidine, to more than one site on adenosine and guanosine, but not strongly to uridine. Excess HgCl2 shifts the thiocarbonyl carbon atoms in s6 Guo and s8 Guo approx. 16 ppm upfield compared to the free nucleosides, and there is evidence for additional coordination to N-7 of s6 Guo. Binding to the ribose hydroxyl groups is clearly ruled out. At least in these instances, 13C NMR proves to be useful for assigning the mercury (II) binding sites, complementing the results of proton magnetic resonance studies. Proton NMR data for the binding of CH3 HgCl and HgCl2 to s6 Guo and s8 Guo are also presented.", "contents": "13C magnetic resonance investigation of mercury (II) binding to nucleosides and thiolated nucleosides in dimethyl sulfoxide. Natural abundance, proton-decoupled 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy is shown to be a useful technique for identifying the mercury (II) binding sites on nucleosides and especially thiolated nucleosides. Measurements made on dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 solutions, 0.5 M in nucleoside and 0.15 M in mercury, reveal that both CH3 HgCl and HgCl2 bind principally to the sulfur atoms of s6 Guo and s8 Guo. The 13C NMR spectra of the unthiolated nucleosides in the presence of excess (4:1) mercury reveal that HgCl2 binds to N-3 of cytidine, to more than one site on adenosine and guanosine, but not strongly to uridine. Excess HgCl2 shifts the thiocarbonyl carbon atoms in s6 Guo and s8 Guo approx. 16 ppm upfield compared to the free nucleosides, and there is evidence for additional coordination to N-7 of s6 Guo. Binding to the ribose hydroxyl groups is clearly ruled out. At least in these instances, 13C NMR proves to be useful for assigning the mercury (II) binding sites, complementing the results of proton magnetic resonance studies. Proton NMR data for the binding of CH3 HgCl and HgCl2 to s6 Guo and s8 Guo are also presented.", "PMID": 1164524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_596", "title": "A procedure for the detection of pollution by fish movements.", "content": "An \"alarm\" system using fish movements has recently been developed to provide rapid information about accidental spills of pollutants. The data are the realization of a non-stationary stochastic process which takes on discrete values. By the use of the Camp-Paulson approximation, the process is transformed to a strictly stationary one for which calculations are tractable. A procedure is then presented to detect the presence of pollutants. Tests with real data indicate that it detects them sooner than the method used previously.", "contents": "A procedure for the detection of pollution by fish movements. An \"alarm\" system using fish movements has recently been developed to provide rapid information about accidental spills of pollutants. The data are the realization of a non-stationary stochastic process which takes on discrete values. By the use of the Camp-Paulson approximation, the process is transformed to a strictly stationary one for which calculations are tractable. A procedure is then presented to detect the presence of pollutants. Tests with real data indicate that it detects them sooner than the method used previously.", "PMID": 1164526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_597", "title": "Transition densities for neutral multi-allele diffusion models.", "content": "Kimura [1955, 1956] partially solved the problem of finding the transition density function which describes the behavior of a diffusion model for evolution at one genetic locus with many neutral alleles. We complete the solution using a system of polynomials biorthogonal to polynomials suggested by Appell [1881] as generalizations of Jacobi polynomials.", "contents": "Transition densities for neutral multi-allele diffusion models. Kimura [1955, 1956] partially solved the problem of finding the transition density function which describes the behavior of a diffusion model for evolution at one genetic locus with many neutral alleles. We complete the solution using a system of polynomials biorthogonal to polynomials suggested by Appell [1881] as generalizations of Jacobi polynomials.", "PMID": 1164527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_598", "title": "Variances of selection differentials in normal samples.", "content": "Standardized variances of selection differentials are defined in general and then considered in detail for the case of directional selection on the basis of normally distributed test scores. Symmetry properties, bounds and asymptotic values for the variances are derived. The results are used to investigate the variance of response to selection.", "contents": "Variances of selection differentials in normal samples. Standardized variances of selection differentials are defined in general and then considered in detail for the case of directional selection on the basis of normally distributed test scores. Symmetry properties, bounds and asymptotic values for the variances are derived. The results are used to investigate the variance of response to selection.", "PMID": 1164528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_599", "title": "The effect of incomplete follow-up.", "content": "By generating sampling distributions for each of three commonly used estimators for qz, the conditional probability of death in an interval, it is shown that the inclusion of subjects due for withdrawal introduces bias in all three, especially the \"actuarial estimator\" (Berkson and Gage [1950]). The bias is shown to depend on the proportion due for withdrawal and on the level of qz. Some practical suggestions are made for dealing with the bias.", "contents": "The effect of incomplete follow-up. By generating sampling distributions for each of three commonly used estimators for qz, the conditional probability of death in an interval, it is shown that the inclusion of subjects due for withdrawal introduces bias in all three, especially the \"actuarial estimator\" (Berkson and Gage [1950]). The bias is shown to depend on the proportion due for withdrawal and on the level of qz. Some practical suggestions are made for dealing with the bias.", "PMID": 1164529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_600", "title": "Confidence intervals for the conditional probability of misallocation in discriminant analysis.", "content": "In this study we are concerned with the construction of confidence intervals for the conditional probability of misallocation associated with Anderson's classification statistics, W. The available methods of computing confidence intervals for the conditional probability are not satisfactory in practice, mainly because the intervals obtained are fairly inaccurate. A new method is presented which enables intervals with almost the desired level of confidence to be easily computed from the initial samples on which W is based.", "contents": "Confidence intervals for the conditional probability of misallocation in discriminant analysis. In this study we are concerned with the construction of confidence intervals for the conditional probability of misallocation associated with Anderson's classification statistics, W. The available methods of computing confidence intervals for the conditional probability are not satisfactory in practice, mainly because the intervals obtained are fairly inaccurate. A new method is presented which enables intervals with almost the desired level of confidence to be easily computed from the initial samples on which W is based.", "PMID": 1164530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_601", "title": "Theory of inbreeding and covariances between relatives under full-sib mating in diploids.", "content": "A generation matrix theory of full-sib mating is developed in which 13 mating \"classes\" are distinguished according to identity of genes in individuals mated and identity of genotypes as belonging to homozygous, parental, or offspring sets. The 13 times 13 matrix reveals some properties of the full-sib mating system not shown by previous work. The eigenvalues and a set of eigenvectors for the generation matrix, and the general solution for the frequencies of mating classes among descendants of an original mating of genotypes ab times cd, are given. The genotypic array of descendants in an arbitrary generation is also given. A new formula is derived for the coefficient of inbreeding in generation n + m in terms of coefficients of inbreeding in earlier generations. An algorithm is presented for calculating the probability of a given situation of identity of alleles carried by two individuals given only the indices of their own respective generations and the generation of their most recent common ancestor. The application of such probabilities to obtaining covariances between relatives in a full-sib mating system, under the assumptions of independence and non-interaction among loci, is illustrated. All results are shown to agree with previous work in special cases. All possible full sib, generation n - 1 parent-generation n + m offspring, and generation n uncle-generation n + m nephew covariances for 1 less than n + m less than or equal to 8 are obtained using the given algorithm.", "contents": "Theory of inbreeding and covariances between relatives under full-sib mating in diploids. A generation matrix theory of full-sib mating is developed in which 13 mating \"classes\" are distinguished according to identity of genes in individuals mated and identity of genotypes as belonging to homozygous, parental, or offspring sets. The 13 times 13 matrix reveals some properties of the full-sib mating system not shown by previous work. The eigenvalues and a set of eigenvectors for the generation matrix, and the general solution for the frequencies of mating classes among descendants of an original mating of genotypes ab times cd, are given. The genotypic array of descendants in an arbitrary generation is also given. A new formula is derived for the coefficient of inbreeding in generation n + m in terms of coefficients of inbreeding in earlier generations. An algorithm is presented for calculating the probability of a given situation of identity of alleles carried by two individuals given only the indices of their own respective generations and the generation of their most recent common ancestor. The application of such probabilities to obtaining covariances between relatives in a full-sib mating system, under the assumptions of independence and non-interaction among loci, is illustrated. All results are shown to agree with previous work in special cases. All possible full sib, generation n - 1 parent-generation n + m offspring, and generation n uncle-generation n + m nephew covariances for 1 less than n + m less than or equal to 8 are obtained using the given algorithm.", "PMID": 1164531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_602", "title": "The coverage of a random sample from a biological community.", "content": "A taxonomic group will frequently have a large number of species with small abundances. When a sample is drawn at random from this group, one is therefore faced with the problem that a large proportion of the species will not be discovered. A general definition of quantitative measures of \"sample coverage\" is proposed, and the problem of statistical inference is considered for two special cases, (1) the actual total relative abundance of those species that are represented in the sample, and (2) their relative contribution to the information index of diversity. The analysis is based on a extended version of the negative binomial species frequency model. The results are tabulated.", "contents": "The coverage of a random sample from a biological community. A taxonomic group will frequently have a large number of species with small abundances. When a sample is drawn at random from this group, one is therefore faced with the problem that a large proportion of the species will not be discovered. A general definition of quantitative measures of \"sample coverage\" is proposed, and the problem of statistical inference is considered for two special cases, (1) the actual total relative abundance of those species that are represented in the sample, and (2) their relative contribution to the information index of diversity. The analysis is based on a extended version of the negative binomial species frequency model. The results are tabulated.", "PMID": 1164532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_603", "title": "A review and critique of some models used in competing risk analysis.", "content": "We have introduced a notation which allows one to define competing risk models easily and to examine underlying assumptions. We have treated the actuarial model for competing risk in detail, comparing it with other models and giving useful variance formulae both for the case when times of death are available and for the case when they are not. The generality of these methods is illustrated by an example treating two dependent competing risks.", "contents": "A review and critique of some models used in competing risk analysis. We have introduced a notation which allows one to define competing risk models easily and to examine underlying assumptions. We have treated the actuarial model for competing risk in detail, comparing it with other models and giving useful variance formulae both for the case when times of death are available and for the case when they are not. The generality of these methods is illustrated by an example treating two dependent competing risks.", "PMID": 1164533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_604", "title": "Index selection with proportionality constraints.", "content": "Tallis [1962] formulated and solved the problem of constructing a selection index whose use will produce changes in the means of genotypic values of various traits that are proportional to ultimately desired changes. Several meaningful variations of this problem are described, and their solutions are presented in a common framework.", "contents": "Index selection with proportionality constraints. Tallis [1962] formulated and solved the problem of constructing a selection index whose use will produce changes in the means of genotypic values of various traits that are proportional to ultimately desired changes. Several meaningful variations of this problem are described, and their solutions are presented in a common framework.", "PMID": 1164534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_605", "title": "Quasi-independent triangular contingency tables.", "content": "The model of quasi-independence in a triangular contingency table is parametrised in a way which is both easy to interpret probabilistically, and easy to analyse.", "contents": "Quasi-independent triangular contingency tables. The model of quasi-independence in a triangular contingency table is parametrised in a way which is both easy to interpret probabilistically, and easy to analyse.", "PMID": 1164535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_606", "title": "On the construction of the population projection matrix for a population grouped in unequal stages.", "content": "It is shown how it is possible to construct a projection matrix for a population grouped in unequal stages directly from a known projection matrix for the population grouped in equal age intervals.", "contents": "On the construction of the population projection matrix for a population grouped in unequal stages. It is shown how it is possible to construct a projection matrix for a population grouped in unequal stages directly from a known projection matrix for the population grouped in equal age intervals.", "PMID": 1164536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_607", "title": "A multiple range procedure for correlated variances in a two-way classification.", "content": "A multiple range procedure is proposed for specifying homogeneous subsets of variances in a two-way classification. Appropriate critical values are specified and an example is provided for illustrative purposes.", "contents": "A multiple range procedure for correlated variances in a two-way classification. A multiple range procedure is proposed for specifying homogeneous subsets of variances in a two-way classification. Appropriate critical values are specified and an example is provided for illustrative purposes.", "PMID": 1164537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_608", "title": "A step-up procedure for selecting variables associated with survival.", "content": "Multivariate concomitant information on a subject's condition usually accompanies survival time data. Using a model in which each subject's lifetime is exponentially distributed, this paper suggests a method which utilizes a step-up procedure for choosing the most important variables associated with survival. Maximum likelihood (ML) estimates are utilized, and the likelihood ratio is employed as the criterion for adding significant concomitant variables. An example using multiple myeloma survival data and sixteen concomitant variables is discussed in which three variables are chosen to predict survival.", "contents": "A step-up procedure for selecting variables associated with survival. Multivariate concomitant information on a subject's condition usually accompanies survival time data. Using a model in which each subject's lifetime is exponentially distributed, this paper suggests a method which utilizes a step-up procedure for choosing the most important variables associated with survival. Maximum likelihood (ML) estimates are utilized, and the likelihood ratio is employed as the criterion for adding significant concomitant variables. An example using multiple myeloma survival data and sixteen concomitant variables is discussed in which three variables are chosen to predict survival.", "PMID": 1164538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_609", "title": "Effect of sex hormones on rabbit arterial subendothelial connective tissue.", "content": "The effect of sex hormones on subendothelial connective tissue in rabbit arteries was sought, and striking morphological alterations were noted after prolonged treatment. Depot preparations of testosterone cypionate, 100 mg/week, or estradiol cypionate, 200 mug/week, were injected intramuscularly into intact adult New Zealand male rabbits for 8-16 weeks. The iliac arteries were prepared for electron-microscopic examination from five rabbits in each treatment group and in four normal male rabbits. Thin sections were prepared from three randomly selected cross-sectional tissue blocks for each animal. A minimum of 7 mum of vessel circumference was studied in each block. Selection of an area for electron-microscopic examination was random, except that those sites in which the internal elastic lamina showed fragmentation were discarded. Electron micrographs at a single final magnification were evaluated 'blind' by several observers for qualitative difference in subendothelial constituents. In the control group, the subendothelium contained moderate numbers of elastin-associated microfibrils (MF); all the rabbits given testosterone consistently showed significantly fewer MF than the control. In contrast, rabbits given estradiol all had significantly greater numbers of MF. Statistical analysis of variance showed these difference to be significant at p less than 0.001.", "contents": "Effect of sex hormones on rabbit arterial subendothelial connective tissue. The effect of sex hormones on subendothelial connective tissue in rabbit arteries was sought, and striking morphological alterations were noted after prolonged treatment. Depot preparations of testosterone cypionate, 100 mg/week, or estradiol cypionate, 200 mug/week, were injected intramuscularly into intact adult New Zealand male rabbits for 8-16 weeks. The iliac arteries were prepared for electron-microscopic examination from five rabbits in each treatment group and in four normal male rabbits. Thin sections were prepared from three randomly selected cross-sectional tissue blocks for each animal. A minimum of 7 mum of vessel circumference was studied in each block. Selection of an area for electron-microscopic examination was random, except that those sites in which the internal elastic lamina showed fragmentation were discarded. Electron micrographs at a single final magnification were evaluated 'blind' by several observers for qualitative difference in subendothelial constituents. In the control group, the subendothelium contained moderate numbers of elastin-associated microfibrils (MF); all the rabbits given testosterone consistently showed significantly fewer MF than the control. In contrast, rabbits given estradiol all had significantly greater numbers of MF. Statistical analysis of variance showed these difference to be significant at p less than 0.001.", "PMID": 1164561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_610", "title": "Concerning the role of the amine pump of the adrenergic innervation of rabbit aorta in sustaining the neuron blockade produced by bethanindine and bretylium.", "content": "Adrenergic neuron blockade produced in rabbit aortic strips by bretylium and bethanidine has been studied. Differences were noted in the characteristics of approximately equal, strong neuron blockade produced by bretylium was readily reversed by washout of the drug from the tissue bath whereas blockade produced by bethanidine was slowly reversed. Desmethylimipramine prevented the onset of blockade from bretylium whereas it only delayed the onset of blockade due to bretylium but only slightly antagonized an established blockade due to bethanidine. It is suggested that the differences observed between these two neuron blocking agents are the result of their differential retention inside the neuron: bretylium is not firmly bound, leaks out of the neuron and goes through a process of recycling across the cell membrane, while bethanidine is more firmly bound inside the neuron than bretylium, only slowly leaks out of the neuron and is not recycled back across the cell membranes.", "contents": "Concerning the role of the amine pump of the adrenergic innervation of rabbit aorta in sustaining the neuron blockade produced by bethanindine and bretylium. Adrenergic neuron blockade produced in rabbit aortic strips by bretylium and bethanidine has been studied. Differences were noted in the characteristics of approximately equal, strong neuron blockade produced by bretylium was readily reversed by washout of the drug from the tissue bath whereas blockade produced by bethanidine was slowly reversed. Desmethylimipramine prevented the onset of blockade from bretylium whereas it only delayed the onset of blockade due to bretylium but only slightly antagonized an established blockade due to bethanidine. It is suggested that the differences observed between these two neuron blocking agents are the result of their differential retention inside the neuron: bretylium is not firmly bound, leaks out of the neuron and goes through a process of recycling across the cell membrane, while bethanidine is more firmly bound inside the neuron than bretylium, only slowly leaks out of the neuron and is not recycled back across the cell membranes.", "PMID": 1164562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_611", "title": "Evidence for non-mast cell histamine in the vascular wall.", "content": "Histamine has been found biochemically in the mammalian vascular wall. This study was undertaken in an effort to identify the presence of specific histamine-containing cells inwalls of large blood vessels such as femoral artery and vein, brachial artery and vein, mesenteric artery and vein, renal artery and vein, and aorta. Segments of vessels from rats,  cats, dogs, sheep, cows, humans and chickens were examined. Sections were prepared from fresh tissue by vibratome, from frozen tissue by cryostat and from freeze-dried and fixed tissues. Mast cells were visualized by staining with acidic toluidine blue and by reaction with orthophthaladehyde to develop histamine fluorescence. Although mast cells were easily identified in preparations such as canine liver, ear  and scrotal skin and rat tongue, no such cells were found in any species (except the cow) in any part of the vascular wall. The results indicate that in most species histamine is stored in the vascular wall in a non-mast cell pool which may well be in the smooth muscle cells themselves.", "contents": "Evidence for non-mast cell histamine in the vascular wall. Histamine has been found biochemically in the mammalian vascular wall. This study was undertaken in an effort to identify the presence of specific histamine-containing cells inwalls of large blood vessels such as femoral artery and vein, brachial artery and vein, mesenteric artery and vein, renal artery and vein, and aorta. Segments of vessels from rats,  cats, dogs, sheep, cows, humans and chickens were examined. Sections were prepared from fresh tissue by vibratome, from frozen tissue by cryostat and from freeze-dried and fixed tissues. Mast cells were visualized by staining with acidic toluidine blue and by reaction with orthophthaladehyde to develop histamine fluorescence. Although mast cells were easily identified in preparations such as canine liver, ear  and scrotal skin and rat tongue, no such cells were found in any species (except the cow) in any part of the vascular wall. The results indicate that in most species histamine is stored in the vascular wall in a non-mast cell pool which may well be in the smooth muscle cells themselves.", "PMID": 1164563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_612", "title": "Failure of ellagic acid to affect platelet aggregation in normal and in factor XII deficient plasma.", "content": "Ellagic acid solutions, regardless of the concentration, failed to alter platelet aggregation induced by ADP, Adrenalin, Collagen, Thrombofax and Ristocetin in normal and in factor XII deficient plasma. A moderate inhibition was noted after addition of ADP both in normal and in factor XII deficient plasma but this was present also in the control systems and was therefore due to the buffer-dextrose solution and not to ellagic acid. These data indicate that Hageman factor plays on role in platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Failure of ellagic acid to affect platelet aggregation in normal and in factor XII deficient plasma. Ellagic acid solutions, regardless of the concentration, failed to alter platelet aggregation induced by ADP, Adrenalin, Collagen, Thrombofax and Ristocetin in normal and in factor XII deficient plasma. A moderate inhibition was noted after addition of ADP both in normal and in factor XII deficient plasma but this was present also in the control systems and was therefore due to the buffer-dextrose solution and not to ellagic acid. These data indicate that Hageman factor plays on role in platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 1164564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_613", "title": "A Swiss family with hemoglobin P Galveston beta117His leads to Arg, including two patients with hb P/beta thalassemia.", "content": "The mutant Hb P Galveston (beta117His leads to Arg) is observed in two heterozygotes for beta thalassemia and by itself does not cause clinical symptoms. Some of the physico-chemical properties of Hb P Galveston are identical to the onemical properties of Hb P Galveston are identical to the ones hemoglobin Zurich (beta 63 His leads to Arg) so that only a detailed analysis led to its proper identification.", "contents": "A Swiss family with hemoglobin P Galveston beta117His leads to Arg, including two patients with hb P/beta thalassemia. The mutant Hb P Galveston (beta117His leads to Arg) is observed in two heterozygotes for beta thalassemia and by itself does not cause clinical symptoms. Some of the physico-chemical properties of Hb P Galveston are identical to the onemical properties of Hb P Galveston are identical to the ones hemoglobin Zurich (beta 63 His leads to Arg) so that only a detailed analysis led to its proper identification.", "PMID": 1164567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_614", "title": "Assessment of the value of prednisone test in differential diagnosis of neutropenic state.", "content": "The prednisone test revealed normal bone marrow reserve of neutrophils (BMR) in subjects with innocent neutropenias e.g. neutropenias not associated with  any other disturbances in haemopoiesis or with increased incidence of infections, assumed to be an individual anomaly of the subject. On the other hand, diminution or absence of MBR in chronic hypoplastic neutropenias, transient post-chemotherapeutic neutropenias and neutropenias with increased destruction of neutrophils were observed. The magnitude of that diminution was not dependent of the cause of neutropenia. It is suggested, that the prednisone test (and probably tests with other BMR mobilizing agents) may serve as screening tests for exclusion (or confirmation) of relative granulopoietic insufficiency as the cause of neutropenia. Only after confirmation of reduced BMR another explanations of neutropenia should be sought using other method as muramidase level, adrenaline test or granulocyte kinetics with DF32P, 3HDFP, or 51Cr.", "contents": "Assessment of the value of prednisone test in differential diagnosis of neutropenic state. The prednisone test revealed normal bone marrow reserve of neutrophils (BMR) in subjects with innocent neutropenias e.g. neutropenias not associated with  any other disturbances in haemopoiesis or with increased incidence of infections, assumed to be an individual anomaly of the subject. On the other hand, diminution or absence of MBR in chronic hypoplastic neutropenias, transient post-chemotherapeutic neutropenias and neutropenias with increased destruction of neutrophils were observed. The magnitude of that diminution was not dependent of the cause of neutropenia. It is suggested, that the prednisone test (and probably tests with other BMR mobilizing agents) may serve as screening tests for exclusion (or confirmation) of relative granulopoietic insufficiency as the cause of neutropenia. Only after confirmation of reduced BMR another explanations of neutropenia should be sought using other method as muramidase level, adrenaline test or granulocyte kinetics with DF32P, 3HDFP, or 51Cr.", "PMID": 1164568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_615", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of the total number and distribution of lymphocytes in young pigs.", "content": "In young pigs, the spleen, thymus and all lymph nodes were dissected out and weighed. The relative content of lymphoid cells was determined from histological sections. The number of nucleated cells was evaluated by two different methods: firstly, by measuring the DNA content of samples of lymphoid tissue and dividing by the DNA content of a single nucleus; and, secondly, by counting all lymphoid cells in histological sections of defined volumes of these organs. The number of lymphoid cells in tonsils, gut, bone marrow and lung were determined using histological evaluations and the volumes or weights of these organs. The resulting average number of lymphocytes was 321 times 10 (9) for a pig of 26 kg body weight. The lymphocytes showed the following distribution in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs: thymus 44%, spleen 9%, mesenteric lymph nodes 17%, cervical lymph nodes 9%, other peripheral lymph nodes 3%, gut-associated lymphocytes 5%, tonsils 2%, bone marrow 5%, blood 3%, lung 0.2% and an estimated figure of 3% for all other tissues.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of the total number and distribution of lymphocytes in young pigs. In young pigs, the spleen, thymus and all lymph nodes were dissected out and weighed. The relative content of lymphoid cells was determined from histological sections. The number of nucleated cells was evaluated by two different methods: firstly, by measuring the DNA content of samples of lymphoid tissue and dividing by the DNA content of a single nucleus; and, secondly, by counting all lymphoid cells in histological sections of defined volumes of these organs. The number of lymphoid cells in tonsils, gut, bone marrow and lung were determined using histological evaluations and the volumes or weights of these organs. The resulting average number of lymphocytes was 321 times 10 (9) for a pig of 26 kg body weight. The lymphocytes showed the following distribution in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs: thymus 44%, spleen 9%, mesenteric lymph nodes 17%, cervical lymph nodes 9%, other peripheral lymph nodes 3%, gut-associated lymphocytes 5%, tonsils 2%, bone marrow 5%, blood 3%, lung 0.2% and an estimated figure of 3% for all other tissues.", "PMID": 1164569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_616", "title": "[Stimulating effect of collagen and collagen derivatives on the propregation and adhesion of thrombocytes in defibrinogenated human citrate plasma and in animal citrate plasma].", "content": "Collagen type I form calf skin, collagen modified by pepsin, methylation, succinylation or deamidation and alpha1-chains or cyanogen bromide peptides were studied for their effect on adhesion and spreading of platelets. Some of the proteins increased platelet activity and indicated that the following structural parameters are of importance: 1. triple-helical conformation, 2. non-triple-helical regions, 3. charged amino acid side chains, 4. some activity was also detected for cyanogen bromide peptides of collagen alpha1-chain. The activity of collagen when used in a firbrinogen-free system is comparable to that of fibrinogen and potentiates platelet spreading caused by animal plasma.", "contents": "[Stimulating effect of collagen and collagen derivatives on the propregation and adhesion of thrombocytes in defibrinogenated human citrate plasma and in animal citrate plasma]. Collagen type I form calf skin, collagen modified by pepsin, methylation, succinylation or deamidation and alpha1-chains or cyanogen bromide peptides were studied for their effect on adhesion and spreading of platelets. Some of the proteins increased platelet activity and indicated that the following structural parameters are of importance: 1. triple-helical conformation, 2. non-triple-helical regions, 3. charged amino acid side chains, 4. some activity was also detected for cyanogen bromide peptides of collagen alpha1-chain. The activity of collagen when used in a firbrinogen-free system is comparable to that of fibrinogen and potentiates platelet spreading caused by animal plasma.", "PMID": 1164570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_617", "title": "A study of the flexor digitorium superficialis tendon in flexion and extension at the proximal interphalangeal joint.", "content": "Using a physical model to represent the detailed morphology of the flexor digitorium superficial tendon, the functions of the fibrous arrangement of this tendon in the human fingers were studied for flexion and extension of the proximal interphalangeal joint. In extension of the joint, the fibrous pattern acted as a dynamic ligament for the joint. In flexion, the arrangement of fiber bundles of the tendon contributed to the balanced distribution of forces across the joint's surfaces and for mechanical interplay with the deep long flexor tendon in the region of the joint.", "contents": "A study of the flexor digitorium superficialis tendon in flexion and extension at the proximal interphalangeal joint. Using a physical model to represent the detailed morphology of the flexor digitorium superficial tendon, the functions of the fibrous arrangement of this tendon in the human fingers were studied for flexion and extension of the proximal interphalangeal joint. In extension of the joint, the fibrous pattern acted as a dynamic ligament for the joint. In flexion, the arrangement of fiber bundles of the tendon contributed to the balanced distribution of forces across the joint's surfaces and for mechanical interplay with the deep long flexor tendon in the region of the joint.", "PMID": 1164583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_618", "title": "Effects of desipramine on neuronal responses to dopamine, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and acetylcholine in the caudate nucleus of the rat.", "content": "1 The sensitivity of single neurones to microelectrophoretically applied dopamine, noradrenaline (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and acetylcholing (ACh) was investigated in the caudate nucleus of the rat, anaesthetized with halothane. Both excitatory and depressant responses could be observed to each of the agonists. There was a high correlation between the direction of responses to dopamine and noradrenaline, whereas there was no significant correlation between the direction of responses to dopamine and ACh. 2 The effect of desipramine was studied on both excitatory and depressant responses to dopamine, NA and 5-HT, and on excitatory responses to ACh. Both potentiation and antagonism of neuronal responses to monoamines and ACh could be observed after a brief application of desipramine. 3 Excitatory responses to glutamate were not affected by desipramine. 4 The observation that responses to dopamine and NA can be potentiated by desipramine in the caudate nucleus suggests that uptake blockade is not a prerequisite for potentiation. 5 It is suggested that the potentiation of neuronal responses to dopamine by desipramine may be responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of desipramine in Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Effects of desipramine on neuronal responses to dopamine, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and acetylcholine in the caudate nucleus of the rat. 1 The sensitivity of single neurones to microelectrophoretically applied dopamine, noradrenaline (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and acetylcholing (ACh) was investigated in the caudate nucleus of the rat, anaesthetized with halothane. Both excitatory and depressant responses could be observed to each of the agonists. There was a high correlation between the direction of responses to dopamine and noradrenaline, whereas there was no significant correlation between the direction of responses to dopamine and ACh. 2 The effect of desipramine was studied on both excitatory and depressant responses to dopamine, NA and 5-HT, and on excitatory responses to ACh. Both potentiation and antagonism of neuronal responses to monoamines and ACh could be observed after a brief application of desipramine. 3 Excitatory responses to glutamate were not affected by desipramine. 4 The observation that responses to dopamine and NA can be potentiated by desipramine in the caudate nucleus suggests that uptake blockade is not a prerequisite for potentiation. 5 It is suggested that the potentiation of neuronal responses to dopamine by desipramine may be responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of desipramine in Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 1164588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_619", "title": "Indomethacin-induced increase in noradrenaline turnover in some rat organs.", "content": "1 The effect of a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, on noradrenaline turnover rate in various rat tissues was determined from the product of the endogenous noradrenaline concentration and of the rate constant of (-)-[3H]-noradrenaline decline after injection of the labelled amine in tracer doses. 2 Treatment of the rats with indomethacin (5 mg/kg p.o. five times during 2.5 days) increased noradrenaline turnover rate 32-36% in submandibular gland, spleen and heart, and 4-17% in epididymal and subcutaneous adipose tissue. 3 The extrapolated [3H]-noradrenaline content at time 0 was greater in heart and adipose tissue of indomethacin-treated animals than in controls, while it was not significantly changed in spleen and salivary gland. 4 There was no apparent relationship between tissue concentrations of intravenously injected [14C]-indomethacin and the effect of indomethacin on noradrenaline uptake and turnover rate in the different tissues. 5 Indomethacin treatment did not affect monoamine oxidase and catechol O-methyl-transferase activities in the different tissues. 6 The results are consistent with the hypothesis that indomethacin increases noradrenaline turnover in the rat by blockade of a locally operating feed back inhibition of transmitter release by prostaglandins. However, additional effects, such as an increased impulse traffic, cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Indomethacin-induced increase in noradrenaline turnover in some rat organs. 1 The effect of a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, on noradrenaline turnover rate in various rat tissues was determined from the product of the endogenous noradrenaline concentration and of the rate constant of (-)-[3H]-noradrenaline decline after injection of the labelled amine in tracer doses. 2 Treatment of the rats with indomethacin (5 mg/kg p.o. five times during 2.5 days) increased noradrenaline turnover rate 32-36% in submandibular gland, spleen and heart, and 4-17% in epididymal and subcutaneous adipose tissue. 3 The extrapolated [3H]-noradrenaline content at time 0 was greater in heart and adipose tissue of indomethacin-treated animals than in controls, while it was not significantly changed in spleen and salivary gland. 4 There was no apparent relationship between tissue concentrations of intravenously injected [14C]-indomethacin and the effect of indomethacin on noradrenaline uptake and turnover rate in the different tissues. 5 Indomethacin treatment did not affect monoamine oxidase and catechol O-methyl-transferase activities in the different tissues. 6 The results are consistent with the hypothesis that indomethacin increases noradrenaline turnover in the rat by blockade of a locally operating feed back inhibition of transmitter release by prostaglandins. However, additional effects, such as an increased impulse traffic, cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 1164589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_620", "title": "Inhibition of the pulmonary inactivation of prostaglandins in vivo by di-4-phloretin phosphate.", "content": "1 Inactivation of prostaglandin E2 in the pulmonary circulation of rabbits in vivo was measured by comparing the hypotensive effects of doses given intravenously and intra-arterially. 2 Di-4-phloretin phosphate (DPP) 25-100 mug kg-1 min-1 inhibited the inactivation of prostaglandin E2 in the pulmonary circulation. 3 These doses of DPP caused a marked shift to the left of the dose-response curve to prostaglandin E2 given intravenously but did not affect the dose-response curve to prostaglandin E2 given intra-arterially. 4 Inhibition of pulmonary inactivation of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha caused marked potentiation of their gastrointestinal effects. 5 At these doses antagonism of the hypotensive action of prostaglandin E2 by DPP was seldom seen but the gastrointestinal effect of prostaglandin F2alpha was sometimes antagonized. 6 After treatment with DPP 100 mug kg-1 min-1, high doses of prostaglandin were sometimes lethal.", "contents": "Inhibition of the pulmonary inactivation of prostaglandins in vivo by di-4-phloretin phosphate. 1 Inactivation of prostaglandin E2 in the pulmonary circulation of rabbits in vivo was measured by comparing the hypotensive effects of doses given intravenously and intra-arterially. 2 Di-4-phloretin phosphate (DPP) 25-100 mug kg-1 min-1 inhibited the inactivation of prostaglandin E2 in the pulmonary circulation. 3 These doses of DPP caused a marked shift to the left of the dose-response curve to prostaglandin E2 given intravenously but did not affect the dose-response curve to prostaglandin E2 given intra-arterially. 4 Inhibition of pulmonary inactivation of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha caused marked potentiation of their gastrointestinal effects. 5 At these doses antagonism of the hypotensive action of prostaglandin E2 by DPP was seldom seen but the gastrointestinal effect of prostaglandin F2alpha was sometimes antagonized. 6 After treatment with DPP 100 mug kg-1 min-1, high doses of prostaglandin were sometimes lethal.", "PMID": 1164590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_621", "title": "Potency and selectivity of methyl analogues of prostaglandin E2 on rat gastrointestinal function.", "content": "1 The potency and selectivity of action of prostaglandin E2 and its (15S)- or (15R)-15 methyl and 16, 16 dimethyl analogues on gastrointestinal function have been studied in the rat. 2 The (15S)-15 methyl and 16, 16 dimethyl analogues were 40 times as active as prostaglandin E2 in inhibiting pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion on intravenous administration to the anaesthetized rat, and 100 times as active on subcutaneous injection to the chronic fistula rat. 3 In antisecretory doses, the analogues, like prostaglandin E2, caused bile reflux and, in higher doses, profuse diarrhoea. 4 The (15S)-15 methyl and 16, 16 dimethyl analogues were at least 30 times as active as prostaglandin E2 in causing changes in intestinal intraluminal pressure in vivo, but were equipotent on isolated smooth muscle. 5 In equivalent antisecretory doses, the methyl analogues had little effect on systemic arterial blood pressure and resting mucosal blood flow compared with prostaglandin E2. 6 The (15R) methyl epimer administered parenterally had little effect on gastrointestinal function but brief acid incubation greatly increased its activity.", "contents": "Potency and selectivity of methyl analogues of prostaglandin E2 on rat gastrointestinal function. 1 The potency and selectivity of action of prostaglandin E2 and its (15S)- or (15R)-15 methyl and 16, 16 dimethyl analogues on gastrointestinal function have been studied in the rat. 2 The (15S)-15 methyl and 16, 16 dimethyl analogues were 40 times as active as prostaglandin E2 in inhibiting pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion on intravenous administration to the anaesthetized rat, and 100 times as active on subcutaneous injection to the chronic fistula rat. 3 In antisecretory doses, the analogues, like prostaglandin E2, caused bile reflux and, in higher doses, profuse diarrhoea. 4 The (15S)-15 methyl and 16, 16 dimethyl analogues were at least 30 times as active as prostaglandin E2 in causing changes in intestinal intraluminal pressure in vivo, but were equipotent on isolated smooth muscle. 5 In equivalent antisecretory doses, the methyl analogues had little effect on systemic arterial blood pressure and resting mucosal blood flow compared with prostaglandin E2. 6 The (15R) methyl epimer administered parenterally had little effect on gastrointestinal function but brief acid incubation greatly increased its activity.", "PMID": 1164591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_622", "title": "An analysis of the depressor responses to histamine in the cat and dog: involvement of both H1- and H2-receptors.", "content": "1 The depressor responses to histamine, in anaesthetized cats and dogs, have been shown to involve both histamine H1- and H2-receptors. 2 In both species, histamine caused dose-dependent falls in blood pressure. The dose-response curve could be displaced to the right by administration of mepyramine 2.5 times 10(-6) mol/kg i.v. The displacement was maximal with a dose-ratio of less than ten. 3 Metiamide alone, up to 2 times 10(-6) mol kg-1 min-1, had no significant effect on the histamine dose-response curve. 4 When administered in the presence of mepyramine, metiamide, 4 times 10(-7) and 2 times 10(-6) mol kg-1 min-1, caused dose-dependent displacements to the right, of the histamine dose-response curve greater than could be achieved with mepyramine alone. 5 The results indicate the presence of both histamine H1- and H2-receptors in the cardiovascular system of the cat and dog. Both receptors produce a common response, i.e. a fall in blood pressure.", "contents": "An analysis of the depressor responses to histamine in the cat and dog: involvement of both H1- and H2-receptors. 1 The depressor responses to histamine, in anaesthetized cats and dogs, have been shown to involve both histamine H1- and H2-receptors. 2 In both species, histamine caused dose-dependent falls in blood pressure. The dose-response curve could be displaced to the right by administration of mepyramine 2.5 times 10(-6) mol/kg i.v. The displacement was maximal with a dose-ratio of less than ten. 3 Metiamide alone, up to 2 times 10(-6) mol kg-1 min-1, had no significant effect on the histamine dose-response curve. 4 When administered in the presence of mepyramine, metiamide, 4 times 10(-7) and 2 times 10(-6) mol kg-1 min-1, caused dose-dependent displacements to the right, of the histamine dose-response curve greater than could be achieved with mepyramine alone. 5 The results indicate the presence of both histamine H1- and H2-receptors in the cardiovascular system of the cat and dog. Both receptors produce a common response, i.e. a fall in blood pressure.", "PMID": 1164592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_623", "title": "Innervation both of peri-orbital structures and of the heart by the cervical sympathetic nerves in mouse, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit and cat.", "content": "1 In anaesthetized rats electrical stimulation of the intact cervical sympathetic nerve produced frequency-dependent lower eyelid contractions and tachycardia. 2 The tachycardia was caused by excitation of efferent fibres since it was equally evident in the pithed rat preparation, and the right nerve was more effective than the left. By contrast, no differences were seen between the responses to right and left vagal stimulation in either rats or rabbits. 3 Guanethidine inhibited both cardiac and eyelid responses, propranolol only the former and phentolamine only the latter, therby revealing the adrenergic nature of the nerves. Hexamethonium caused partial inhibition and the block was intensified by atropine. 4 The inferior eyelid of mice, guinea-pigs and rabbits as well as the nictitating membrane of rabbits and cats were contracted by cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation. In these species too, tachycardia occurred; this was more pronounced with the right than the left sympathetic nerve. The order of cardiac responsiveness was mouse greater than rat greater than guinea-pig greater than rabbit greater than cat. 5 In guinea-pigs histamine-induced bronchoconstriction was reduced by cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation. 6 That discrete cardiac pathways exist in the cervical sympathetic nerves is suggested by the reproducibility of the effects within any one species. The accessibility of the nerves greatly simplifies the examination of drugs in vivo on two different structures innervated by the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "Innervation both of peri-orbital structures and of the heart by the cervical sympathetic nerves in mouse, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit and cat. 1 In anaesthetized rats electrical stimulation of the intact cervical sympathetic nerve produced frequency-dependent lower eyelid contractions and tachycardia. 2 The tachycardia was caused by excitation of efferent fibres since it was equally evident in the pithed rat preparation, and the right nerve was more effective than the left. By contrast, no differences were seen between the responses to right and left vagal stimulation in either rats or rabbits. 3 Guanethidine inhibited both cardiac and eyelid responses, propranolol only the former and phentolamine only the latter, therby revealing the adrenergic nature of the nerves. Hexamethonium caused partial inhibition and the block was intensified by atropine. 4 The inferior eyelid of mice, guinea-pigs and rabbits as well as the nictitating membrane of rabbits and cats were contracted by cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation. In these species too, tachycardia occurred; this was more pronounced with the right than the left sympathetic nerve. The order of cardiac responsiveness was mouse greater than rat greater than guinea-pig greater than rabbit greater than cat. 5 In guinea-pigs histamine-induced bronchoconstriction was reduced by cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation. 6 That discrete cardiac pathways exist in the cervical sympathetic nerves is suggested by the reproducibility of the effects within any one species. The accessibility of the nerves greatly simplifies the examination of drugs in vivo on two different structures innervated by the sympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 1164593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_624", "title": "Decamethonium in the perfused and immersed rat diaphragm.", "content": "1 The water content and mannitol space of rat diaphragms which were perfused through the inferior vena cava was increased compared with immersed diaphragms. The potassium content of both preparations, when expressed in terms of dry weight, was maintained at similar values to that found in vivo. 2 Despite the application of a constant concentration of decamethonium, a steady level of neuromuscular block was not obtained in either the perfused or immersed rat diaphragm. The immersed preparation differed from the perfused preparation in that recovery from paralysis occurred despite the continued presence of the drug. 3 The rate of uptake of labelled decamethonium (100 muM) at the end-plate region was similar in the perfused and immersed diaphragm. The slopes of the regressions were 0.059 and 0.054 mul mg-1 min-1 (based on dry weight) respectively which were not significantly different. This implies that the rate of uptake of the drug at the end-plate is slow and limited by the rate of entry into the fibre rather than by diffusion to the site of entry.", "contents": "Decamethonium in the perfused and immersed rat diaphragm. 1 The water content and mannitol space of rat diaphragms which were perfused through the inferior vena cava was increased compared with immersed diaphragms. The potassium content of both preparations, when expressed in terms of dry weight, was maintained at similar values to that found in vivo. 2 Despite the application of a constant concentration of decamethonium, a steady level of neuromuscular block was not obtained in either the perfused or immersed rat diaphragm. The immersed preparation differed from the perfused preparation in that recovery from paralysis occurred despite the continued presence of the drug. 3 The rate of uptake of labelled decamethonium (100 muM) at the end-plate region was similar in the perfused and immersed diaphragm. The slopes of the regressions were 0.059 and 0.054 mul mg-1 min-1 (based on dry weight) respectively which were not significantly different. This implies that the rate of uptake of the drug at the end-plate is slow and limited by the rate of entry into the fibre rather than by diffusion to the site of entry.", "PMID": 1164594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_625", "title": "Rapid effects of environmental disturbance on rat plasma unesterified fatty acid and tryptophan concentrations and their prevention by antilopolytic drugs.", "content": "1 Changes of plasma unesterified fatty acid (UFA) and tryptophan concentration in group-housed rats following removal of their cage-mates and the effects of antilipolytic drugs on these changes were investigated. 2 Removal of group-housed 24 h fasted rats but not fed rats from cages resulted in increased plasma UFA concentration in the remaining rats which was associated with significant increases of the proportion of free tryptophan but significant falls of total tryptophan concentration. These rapid changes were not associated with brain tryptophan changes. Plasma tyrosine concentration was unaffected. 3 The fall of plasma tryptophan did not appear to be due to passage into red cells as erythrocyte tryptophan concentration remained unchanged. 4 Plasma UFA concentrations correlated positively and significantly with corticosterone concentrations which were also increased following removal of cage-mates. 5 Plasma UFA increases and tryptophan changes in the fasting rats were both prevented by nicotinic acid or propranolol. Corticosterone concentration was increased by nicotinic acid but unaffected by propranolol. 6 The possible importance of these rapid changes of plasma tryptophan and of their prevention by antilipolytic drugs is discussed.", "contents": "Rapid effects of environmental disturbance on rat plasma unesterified fatty acid and tryptophan concentrations and their prevention by antilopolytic drugs. 1 Changes of plasma unesterified fatty acid (UFA) and tryptophan concentration in group-housed rats following removal of their cage-mates and the effects of antilipolytic drugs on these changes were investigated. 2 Removal of group-housed 24 h fasted rats but not fed rats from cages resulted in increased plasma UFA concentration in the remaining rats which was associated with significant increases of the proportion of free tryptophan but significant falls of total tryptophan concentration. These rapid changes were not associated with brain tryptophan changes. Plasma tyrosine concentration was unaffected. 3 The fall of plasma tryptophan did not appear to be due to passage into red cells as erythrocyte tryptophan concentration remained unchanged. 4 Plasma UFA concentrations correlated positively and significantly with corticosterone concentrations which were also increased following removal of cage-mates. 5 Plasma UFA increases and tryptophan changes in the fasting rats were both prevented by nicotinic acid or propranolol. Corticosterone concentration was increased by nicotinic acid but unaffected by propranolol. 6 The possible importance of these rapid changes of plasma tryptophan and of their prevention by antilipolytic drugs is discussed.", "PMID": 1164595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_626", "title": "Comparative bioassay of prostaglandin E2 and its three pulmonary metabolites.", "content": "The relative potencies of prostaglandin E2 and its metabolites 15-keto PGE2, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 and 13,14,dihydro-PGE2 were investigated on isolated smooth muscle preparations. These were rat stomach strip, colon and uterus, chick rectum, guinea-pig ileum, trachea and pulmonary artery and rabbit aorta and pulmonary artery. 15-keto PGE2 was equiactive or 1-1.8 times more potent than prostaglandin E2 in relaxing guinea-pig trachea but otherwise the three metabolites were less active than prostaglandin E2 on all preparations.", "contents": "Comparative bioassay of prostaglandin E2 and its three pulmonary metabolites. The relative potencies of prostaglandin E2 and its metabolites 15-keto PGE2, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 and 13,14,dihydro-PGE2 were investigated on isolated smooth muscle preparations. These were rat stomach strip, colon and uterus, chick rectum, guinea-pig ileum, trachea and pulmonary artery and rabbit aorta and pulmonary artery. 15-keto PGE2 was equiactive or 1-1.8 times more potent than prostaglandin E2 in relaxing guinea-pig trachea but otherwise the three metabolites were less active than prostaglandin E2 on all preparations.", "PMID": 1164596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_627", "title": "In vitro inhibition of brain mitochondrial monoamine oxidase by 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) inhibits rat brain mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) when kynuramine or dopamine are used as substrates. The effect is competitive and reversible giving Ki values of 74 and 176 muM with the respective substrates. At high concentrations (5 mM) of each substrate, inhibition of MAO was not observed.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of brain mitochondrial monoamine oxidase by 6-hydroxydopamine. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) inhibits rat brain mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) when kynuramine or dopamine are used as substrates. The effect is competitive and reversible giving Ki values of 74 and 176 muM with the respective substrates. At high concentrations (5 mM) of each substrate, inhibition of MAO was not observed.", "PMID": 1164597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_628", "title": "Study of coronary risk factors related to physical activity in 15 171 men.", "content": "Physical activity, both at work and during leisure, was assessed in 15 171 men aged 25-74 years. Heavy leisure activity was associated with lower mean serum cholesterol levels and blood pressure. In men under 60 years the same negative association was also noted between leisure activity and relative weight and cigarette smoking. Different degrees of physical activity at work were not associated with any differences in these risk factors, nor did the level of exercise at work seem to influence the negative association between leisure activity and risk factors. Heavy leisure activity in young and middle-aged men is associated with lower levels of certain coronary risk factors and, therefore, a lower risk of coronary heart disease. The often-reported reduction in coronary morbidity and mortality with physical exercise may not be the direct effect of the exercise itself.", "contents": "Study of coronary risk factors related to physical activity in 15 171 men. Physical activity, both at work and during leisure, was assessed in 15 171 men aged 25-74 years. Heavy leisure activity was associated with lower mean serum cholesterol levels and blood pressure. In men under 60 years the same negative association was also noted between leisure activity and relative weight and cigarette smoking. Different degrees of physical activity at work were not associated with any differences in these risk factors, nor did the level of exercise at work seem to influence the negative association between leisure activity and risk factors. Heavy leisure activity in young and middle-aged men is associated with lower levels of certain coronary risk factors and, therefore, a lower risk of coronary heart disease. The often-reported reduction in coronary morbidity and mortality with physical exercise may not be the direct effect of the exercise itself.", "PMID": 1164610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_629", "title": "Thalassaemia, iron, and pregnancy.", "content": "Haematological values of 35 pregnant women with beta-thalassaemia trait were followed during pregnancy. The discriminant function, calculated from haematological indices, was of no value in diagnosing beta-thalassaemia trait during pregnancy. Initially patients were given iron supplements only if the serum iron and total iron binding capacity levels indicated iron deficiency, but bone marrow biopsies performed in the first 22 patients at 32 weeks indicated deficient iron stores. These patients were therefore given iron irrespective of their serum iron level. All subsequent patients with beta-thalassaemia were also put on iron routinely at booking. Retrospectively the patients were divided into two groups. Patients in group 1 (18 patients) had received iron for less than 12 weeks, and their haemoglobin levels fell significantly during pregnancy (P less than 0-001). Haemoglobin levels in 16 patients who had received iron for more than 12 weeks (group 2), however, did not fall significantly during pregnancy (P less than 0-6). It is suggested (contrary to common practice) that patients with beta-thalassaemia trait should be given iron supplements during pregnancy. Serum folate and vitamin B12 levels did not change significantly in these patients and there was no increase in the incidence of maternal or fetal complications.", "contents": "Thalassaemia, iron, and pregnancy. Haematological values of 35 pregnant women with beta-thalassaemia trait were followed during pregnancy. The discriminant function, calculated from haematological indices, was of no value in diagnosing beta-thalassaemia trait during pregnancy. Initially patients were given iron supplements only if the serum iron and total iron binding capacity levels indicated iron deficiency, but bone marrow biopsies performed in the first 22 patients at 32 weeks indicated deficient iron stores. These patients were therefore given iron irrespective of their serum iron level. All subsequent patients with beta-thalassaemia were also put on iron routinely at booking. Retrospectively the patients were divided into two groups. Patients in group 1 (18 patients) had received iron for less than 12 weeks, and their haemoglobin levels fell significantly during pregnancy (P less than 0-001). Haemoglobin levels in 16 patients who had received iron for more than 12 weeks (group 2), however, did not fall significantly during pregnancy (P less than 0-6). It is suggested (contrary to common practice) that patients with beta-thalassaemia trait should be given iron supplements during pregnancy. Serum folate and vitamin B12 levels did not change significantly in these patients and there was no increase in the incidence of maternal or fetal complications.", "PMID": 1164611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_630", "title": "Evaluation of creatinine phosphokinase in screening patients for malignant hyperpyrexia.", "content": "Evidence is presented that serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) activity is of no direct value in screening patients for susceptibility to malignant hyperpyrexia and does not correlate with halothane-induced muscle contracture or the presence of myopathy. Widely differing CPK values were found at different times in the same people. In most \"malignant hyperpyrexia\" families the susceptible patients had either normal or inconsistently raised CPK values.", "contents": "Evaluation of creatinine phosphokinase in screening patients for malignant hyperpyrexia. Evidence is presented that serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) activity is of no direct value in screening patients for susceptibility to malignant hyperpyrexia and does not correlate with halothane-induced muscle contracture or the presence of myopathy. Widely differing CPK values were found at different times in the same people. In most \"malignant hyperpyrexia\" families the susceptible patients had either normal or inconsistently raised CPK values.", "PMID": 1164612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_631", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid gamma aminobutyric acid levels in migraine.", "content": "Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in cerebrospinal fluid were measured in seven patients with tension headache and 12 patients with migraine. GABA was detected only during the migraine attack. The results suggest disordered GABA metabolism in migraine.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid gamma aminobutyric acid levels in migraine. Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in cerebrospinal fluid were measured in seven patients with tension headache and 12 patients with migraine. GABA was detected only during the migraine attack. The results suggest disordered GABA metabolism in migraine.", "PMID": 1164613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_632", "title": "Self-inflicted injury: a follow-up study of 43 patients.", "content": "Forty-three patients, 38 women and 5 men, with self-inflicted skin lesions were studied. Thirty-three were followed up for up to 22 years. In most cases dermatitis artefacta was only one incident in a long history of psychogenic illness. Of the 43 patients, 13 (30%), 12 women and one man, continued to produce lesions or were disabled with other psychiatric disorders more than 12 years after the onset of symptoms. Prognosis was difficult but recovery seemed to occur when the patient's life circumstances changed rather than as a result of treatment.", "contents": "Self-inflicted injury: a follow-up study of 43 patients. Forty-three patients, 38 women and 5 men, with self-inflicted skin lesions were studied. Thirty-three were followed up for up to 22 years. In most cases dermatitis artefacta was only one incident in a long history of psychogenic illness. Of the 43 patients, 13 (30%), 12 women and one man, continued to produce lesions or were disabled with other psychiatric disorders more than 12 years after the onset of symptoms. Prognosis was difficult but recovery seemed to occur when the patient's life circumstances changed rather than as a result of treatment.", "PMID": 1164617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_633", "title": "Isolated glomerulonephritis with mesangial IgA deposits.", "content": "Mesangial deposits of IgA, occurring in the absence of systemic disease known to be associated with nephritis, were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy in renal biopsy specimens from 25 patients (4% of 630 specimens studied). Associated deposits of C3 were always present, usually with IgG, but IgM deposits were less common and C1q was never seen. On light microscopy most of the biopsy specimens showed mesangial of focal nuclear proliferation though some were normal. Fifteen of the 25 patients presented with macroscopic haematuria, which was usually recurrent and preceded by a sore throat, whereas the remaining, and usually older, patients presented with persistent proteinuria and were more likely to have impaired renal function. This incidence of \"mesangial IgA disease\" is less than that reported by French workers. There was a significantly high incidence of familial renal disease among these patients. No abnormalities of serum complement or IgA concentration were found.", "contents": "Isolated glomerulonephritis with mesangial IgA deposits. Mesangial deposits of IgA, occurring in the absence of systemic disease known to be associated with nephritis, were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy in renal biopsy specimens from 25 patients (4% of 630 specimens studied). Associated deposits of C3 were always present, usually with IgG, but IgM deposits were less common and C1q was never seen. On light microscopy most of the biopsy specimens showed mesangial of focal nuclear proliferation though some were normal. Fifteen of the 25 patients presented with macroscopic haematuria, which was usually recurrent and preceded by a sore throat, whereas the remaining, and usually older, patients presented with persistent proteinuria and were more likely to have impaired renal function. This incidence of \"mesangial IgA disease\" is less than that reported by French workers. There was a significantly high incidence of familial renal disease among these patients. No abnormalities of serum complement or IgA concentration were found.", "PMID": 1164637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_634", "title": "Erythropoietic uroporphyria of Gunther first presenting at 58 years with positive family studies.", "content": "Erythropoietic uroporphyria of Gunther was seen in a 58-year-old man who presented with photosensitivity, haemolytic anaemia, and classical laboratory findings. Family studies showed five asymptomatic relatives with erythrocyte uroporphyrin concentrations in the probable latent heterozygote range.", "contents": "Erythropoietic uroporphyria of Gunther first presenting at 58 years with positive family studies. Erythropoietic uroporphyria of Gunther was seen in a 58-year-old man who presented with photosensitivity, haemolytic anaemia, and classical laboratory findings. Family studies showed five asymptomatic relatives with erythrocyte uroporphyrin concentrations in the probable latent heterozygote range.", "PMID": 1164638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_635", "title": "Clobetasone butyrate, a new topical corticosteroid: clinical activity and effects on pituitary-adrenal axis function and model of epidermal atrophy.", "content": "Clobetasone butyrate is a new corticosteroid, selected for study because of its combination of good activity in the vasoconstriction test and low systemic activity in animals. Formulated as an 0.05% ointment and cream (Molivate) it was clinically effective in patients with eczema, its activity being significantly greater than that of hydrocortisone 1% or fluocortolone 0.2% (Ultradil). Under conditions that predispose to maximal percutaneous absorption clobetasone butyrate ointment had minimal effect on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function. In an animal model of cutaneous atrophy it caused less thinning of the epidermis than steroids other than hydrocortisone. Clobetasone butyrate 0.05% ointment and cream gave every indication of offering clinically effective topical anti-inflammatory activity with a wide margin of safety.", "contents": "Clobetasone butyrate, a new topical corticosteroid: clinical activity and effects on pituitary-adrenal axis function and model of epidermal atrophy. Clobetasone butyrate is a new corticosteroid, selected for study because of its combination of good activity in the vasoconstriction test and low systemic activity in animals. Formulated as an 0.05% ointment and cream (Molivate) it was clinically effective in patients with eczema, its activity being significantly greater than that of hydrocortisone 1% or fluocortolone 0.2% (Ultradil). Under conditions that predispose to maximal percutaneous absorption clobetasone butyrate ointment had minimal effect on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function. In an animal model of cutaneous atrophy it caused less thinning of the epidermis than steroids other than hydrocortisone. Clobetasone butyrate 0.05% ointment and cream gave every indication of offering clinically effective topical anti-inflammatory activity with a wide margin of safety.", "PMID": 1164639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_636", "title": "The motor units of cat medial gastrocnemius: speed-size relations and their significance for the recruitment order of mortor units.", "content": "The interrelationships between axonal conduction velocity, tetanic tension, twitch contraction time and rate of force development during a tetanus have been studied in 126 motor units from 12 cat medial gastrocnemius muscles. While the range of axonal conduction velocities for slow- (contraction time greater than 45 msec) and fast-twitch units overlapped, the mean conduction velocity for the slow-twitch group was significantly lower. No difference could be found between the axonal conduction velocities of the fast non-fatiguing and fast fatiguing units. Within individual experiments, few significant correlations were found between conduction velocity and tetanic tension or contraction time for the fast- and slow-twitch units. Some correlations did appear when data from these populations were pooled, but such results are shown to be misleading. Some weak correlations were found between motor unit contraction strength and twitch contraction time. The rate of rise of isometric force development was found to be most strongly related to tetanic tension and only weakly related to contraction time. The ordering of motor units according to contraction strength reveals the association of motor unit mechnical properties to be ideally suited for the dual role of medial gastrocnemius as a postural and powerful phasic muscle.", "contents": "The motor units of cat medial gastrocnemius: speed-size relations and their significance for the recruitment order of mortor units. The interrelationships between axonal conduction velocity, tetanic tension, twitch contraction time and rate of force development during a tetanus have been studied in 126 motor units from 12 cat medial gastrocnemius muscles. While the range of axonal conduction velocities for slow- (contraction time greater than 45 msec) and fast-twitch units overlapped, the mean conduction velocity for the slow-twitch group was significantly lower. No difference could be found between the axonal conduction velocities of the fast non-fatiguing and fast fatiguing units. Within individual experiments, few significant correlations were found between conduction velocity and tetanic tension or contraction time for the fast- and slow-twitch units. Some correlations did appear when data from these populations were pooled, but such results are shown to be misleading. Some weak correlations were found between motor unit contraction strength and twitch contraction time. The rate of rise of isometric force development was found to be most strongly related to tetanic tension and only weakly related to contraction time. The ordering of motor units according to contraction strength reveals the association of motor unit mechnical properties to be ideally suited for the dual role of medial gastrocnemius as a postural and powerful phasic muscle.", "PMID": 1164670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_637", "title": "Ageing and dopamine uptake by subcellular fractions of the C57BL/6J male mouse brain.", "content": "The uptake of dopamine (DA) by synaptosomes from the hypothalamus and striatum was reduced in healthy ageing mice at DA concentrations below 10(-7) M. Kinectic analysis indicates that ageing increases the Km of high affinity DA uptake processes by about 35%, but does not alter alter Vmax. l-Tyrosine and serotonin uptake at low concentrations was unaltered by ageing in the striatum and hypothalamus; no changes of L-norepinephrine uptake were found in the hypothalamus. We conclude that ageing may selectively affect DA uptake processes by neuronal membranes.", "contents": "Ageing and dopamine uptake by subcellular fractions of the C57BL/6J male mouse brain. The uptake of dopamine (DA) by synaptosomes from the hypothalamus and striatum was reduced in healthy ageing mice at DA concentrations below 10(-7) M. Kinectic analysis indicates that ageing increases the Km of high affinity DA uptake processes by about 35%, but does not alter alter Vmax. l-Tyrosine and serotonin uptake at low concentrations was unaltered by ageing in the striatum and hypothalamus; no changes of L-norepinephrine uptake were found in the hypothalamus. We conclude that ageing may selectively affect DA uptake processes by neuronal membranes.", "PMID": 1164671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_638", "title": "Coordination of movements of the kindlimbs and forelimbs in different forms of locomotion in normal and decerebrate cats.", "content": "The coupling of movements of the hindlimbs and forelimbs has been analysed in intact cats stepping overground and on a treadmill and during swimming, and in decerebrate cats stepping on a treadmill, immersed in water('swimming') and stepping suspended in the air. In the different preparations, and under different types of locomotion, two basic patterns of coupling have been observed. Both concern the hindlimb and forelimb of the same side of the body. The first pattern is found in the pacing gait where flexion of the forelimb precedes extension of the hindlimb, measured at the elbow and knee, respectively. The second pattern is typically found in the trot where flexion of the forelimb follows extension of the hindlimb. In decerebrate cats both patterns of coupling remain after bilateral deafferentation of the hindlimbs. In the alternate form of locomotion these patterns of coupling occurs symmetrically on both sides. In the rotatory and transverse gallop (examples of the in-phase form of locomotion) the coupling is asymmetrical: on one side it is comparable to pacing (forelimb flexion precedes hindlimb extension), and on the other side to trotting (forelimb flexion follows extension). These basic patterns of interlimb coordination simplify considerably the problem of neural control of the limbs in locomotion. Obersations of EMGs during the alternative forms of locomotion show that in the pacing type of coupling the extensor EMGs of forelimb and hindlimb overlap, with the hindlimb leading the forelimb by about 10% of a step cycle, while in the trotting type of coupling the forelimb flexor EMGs overlap the hindlimb extensor EMGs, the forelimb flexors leading the hindlimb extensors by about 10% of a step cycle. During acceleration the transition between the two forms of EMG occurs within one or two step cycles, and at some intermediate velocities the EMG coupling springs back and forth between the two different forms. These results further support the hypotesis of two basic forms of interlimb coupling in which long propriospinal pathways probably play a role.", "contents": "Coordination of movements of the kindlimbs and forelimbs in different forms of locomotion in normal and decerebrate cats. The coupling of movements of the hindlimbs and forelimbs has been analysed in intact cats stepping overground and on a treadmill and during swimming, and in decerebrate cats stepping on a treadmill, immersed in water('swimming') and stepping suspended in the air. In the different preparations, and under different types of locomotion, two basic patterns of coupling have been observed. Both concern the hindlimb and forelimb of the same side of the body. The first pattern is found in the pacing gait where flexion of the forelimb precedes extension of the hindlimb, measured at the elbow and knee, respectively. The second pattern is typically found in the trot where flexion of the forelimb follows extension of the hindlimb. In decerebrate cats both patterns of coupling remain after bilateral deafferentation of the hindlimbs. In the alternate form of locomotion these patterns of coupling occurs symmetrically on both sides. In the rotatory and transverse gallop (examples of the in-phase form of locomotion) the coupling is asymmetrical: on one side it is comparable to pacing (forelimb flexion precedes hindlimb extension), and on the other side to trotting (forelimb flexion follows extension). These basic patterns of interlimb coordination simplify considerably the problem of neural control of the limbs in locomotion. Obersations of EMGs during the alternative forms of locomotion show that in the pacing type of coupling the extensor EMGs of forelimb and hindlimb overlap, with the hindlimb leading the forelimb by about 10% of a step cycle, while in the trotting type of coupling the forelimb flexor EMGs overlap the hindlimb extensor EMGs, the forelimb flexors leading the hindlimb extensors by about 10% of a step cycle. During acceleration the transition between the two forms of EMG occurs within one or two step cycles, and at some intermediate velocities the EMG coupling springs back and forth between the two different forms. These results further support the hypotesis of two basic forms of interlimb coupling in which long propriospinal pathways probably play a role.", "PMID": 1164672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_639", "title": "Movements of the forelimbs of the cat during stepping on a treadmill.", "content": "In normal cats stepping on a treadmill an analysis has been made of movements of the scapula, shoulder, elbow, wrist and digits. The scapula is capable of making large and complicated movements over the rib cage. In locomotion they may be resolved into a cyclical, similunar movement of the glenoid cavity in the parasagittal plane of the cat's body. The movements of the scapula are rather constant over a wide range of velocities. They most resemble those of the hip which also shows a delay in the onset of extension and no yield phase. It is suggested that movements of the scapula have a high priority in the execution of locomotion in the forelimbs. The movements at the shoulder tend to parallel those of the elbow. The terms of palmar flexion and dorsiflexion are retained for the movements at the wrist and digits. The rapid phase of palmar flexion corresponds with the flexion phase at the elbow, and the phase of dorsiflexion with the first extension phase at the elbow. Palmar flexion during the second and third extension phases of the more proximal joints would appear to be initiated by contact of the foot with the ground. The sequences of movement at the wrist and digits allow a comparison of the roles of flexor and extensor muscles of the forearm during locomotion and the flexion reflex, which is compatible with the functional and anatomical organization of cervicothoracic segments. With exception of extension at the scapula the movements of the elbow provide an index of the onsets of flexion and extension at the other joints of the forelimb. Modifications are suggested for the Phillippson step cycle of both forelimbs and hindlimbs to include the delayed onset of extension at the scapula and hip and the particular movements of the wrist, digits and toes.", "contents": "Movements of the forelimbs of the cat during stepping on a treadmill. In normal cats stepping on a treadmill an analysis has been made of movements of the scapula, shoulder, elbow, wrist and digits. The scapula is capable of making large and complicated movements over the rib cage. In locomotion they may be resolved into a cyclical, similunar movement of the glenoid cavity in the parasagittal plane of the cat's body. The movements of the scapula are rather constant over a wide range of velocities. They most resemble those of the hip which also shows a delay in the onset of extension and no yield phase. It is suggested that movements of the scapula have a high priority in the execution of locomotion in the forelimbs. The movements at the shoulder tend to parallel those of the elbow. The terms of palmar flexion and dorsiflexion are retained for the movements at the wrist and digits. The rapid phase of palmar flexion corresponds with the flexion phase at the elbow, and the phase of dorsiflexion with the first extension phase at the elbow. Palmar flexion during the second and third extension phases of the more proximal joints would appear to be initiated by contact of the foot with the ground. The sequences of movement at the wrist and digits allow a comparison of the roles of flexor and extensor muscles of the forearm during locomotion and the flexion reflex, which is compatible with the functional and anatomical organization of cervicothoracic segments. With exception of extension at the scapula the movements of the elbow provide an index of the onsets of flexion and extension at the other joints of the forelimb. Modifications are suggested for the Phillippson step cycle of both forelimbs and hindlimbs to include the delayed onset of extension at the scapula and hip and the particular movements of the wrist, digits and toes.", "PMID": 1164673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_640", "title": "Genetic recombination in a chloramphenicol-producing strain of Streptomyces species 3022a.", "content": "Mutation with ultraviolet light and chemical mutagens yielded strains with auxotrophic and streptomycin-resistance markers. These were used to show the existence of genetic recombination in Streptomyces species 3022a and to construct a linkage map for 17 marker loci.", "contents": "Genetic recombination in a chloramphenicol-producing strain of Streptomyces species 3022a. Mutation with ultraviolet light and chemical mutagens yielded strains with auxotrophic and streptomycin-resistance markers. These were used to show the existence of genetic recombination in Streptomyces species 3022a and to construct a linkage map for 17 marker loci.", "PMID": 1164694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_641", "title": "Interactions between Azotobacter and \"phosphobacteria\" and their establishment in the rhizosphere as affected by soil fertility.", "content": "The effects on plant growth of \"bacterial fertilizers\" prepared from Azotobacter spp. and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (\"phosphobacteria\") have been the subject of much controversy. Cases where no plant-growth stimulation occurred may often be accounted for by the failure to establish the bacterial inocula in the rhizosphere. Three factors that may influence inocula establishment, i.e. soil fertility, manuring, and interactions between Azotobacter and \"phosphobacteria,\" were examined in pot experiments, designed for statistical analysis, in two neutral-alkaline soils, using lavender plants (Lavandula spica L.). During the experiments the numbers of Azotobacter and \"phosphobacteria\" were counted. Dry weights of roots and shoots were recorded after 16 weeks of growth. At the end of the experiments there were always more Azotobacter and \"phosphobacteria\" in the rhizospheres when plants were inoculated with both groups of organisms together than when they were inoculated singly. Addition of 2% farmyard manure to the richer soil enhanced this effect. Plant growth was greatest when seedlings were inoculated with both Azotobacter and the \"phosphobacteria\".", "contents": "Interactions between Azotobacter and \"phosphobacteria\" and their establishment in the rhizosphere as affected by soil fertility. The effects on plant growth of \"bacterial fertilizers\" prepared from Azotobacter spp. and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (\"phosphobacteria\") have been the subject of much controversy. Cases where no plant-growth stimulation occurred may often be accounted for by the failure to establish the bacterial inocula in the rhizosphere. Three factors that may influence inocula establishment, i.e. soil fertility, manuring, and interactions between Azotobacter and \"phosphobacteria,\" were examined in pot experiments, designed for statistical analysis, in two neutral-alkaline soils, using lavender plants (Lavandula spica L.). During the experiments the numbers of Azotobacter and \"phosphobacteria\" were counted. Dry weights of roots and shoots were recorded after 16 weeks of growth. At the end of the experiments there were always more Azotobacter and \"phosphobacteria\" in the rhizospheres when plants were inoculated with both groups of organisms together than when they were inoculated singly. Addition of 2% farmyard manure to the richer soil enhanced this effect. Plant growth was greatest when seedlings were inoculated with both Azotobacter and the \"phosphobacteria\".", "PMID": 1164695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_642", "title": "Nutritional requirements of some non-pathogenic Neisseria grown in simple synthetic media.", "content": "Ten species of non-pathogenic Neisseria were grown in simple defined liquid media containing amino acids, biotin, nicotinic acid, calcium pantothenate, ferrous sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and potassium phosphate. Two of these Neisseria were induced to grow with glutamic acid as the carbon and nitrogen source. The remaining eight Neisseria grew in glutamic acid medium supplemented with from one to four additional amino acids, lactate, or lactate and glucose. A strain of N. flavescens grew in the absence of added growth factors whereas the remaining nine species of Neisseria required either biotin or nicotinic acid; pantothenate was required by two and was stimulatory for three of these species. Use of carbohydrates by the non-pathogenic Neisseria in synthetic medium was tested. Two strains failed to use any of the 14 carbohydrates tested; one strain used only glucose; the remaining seven strains used fructose, glucose, maltose, and sucrose to varying degrees.", "contents": "Nutritional requirements of some non-pathogenic Neisseria grown in simple synthetic media. Ten species of non-pathogenic Neisseria were grown in simple defined liquid media containing amino acids, biotin, nicotinic acid, calcium pantothenate, ferrous sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and potassium phosphate. Two of these Neisseria were induced to grow with glutamic acid as the carbon and nitrogen source. The remaining eight Neisseria grew in glutamic acid medium supplemented with from one to four additional amino acids, lactate, or lactate and glucose. A strain of N. flavescens grew in the absence of added growth factors whereas the remaining nine species of Neisseria required either biotin or nicotinic acid; pantothenate was required by two and was stimulatory for three of these species. Use of carbohydrates by the non-pathogenic Neisseria in synthetic medium was tested. Two strains failed to use any of the 14 carbohydrates tested; one strain used only glucose; the remaining seven strains used fructose, glucose, maltose, and sucrose to varying degrees.", "PMID": 1164696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_643", "title": "Soil bacteriostasis: inhibition of spore germination and microcolony development in agar discs incubated on nonsterile soils.", "content": "An agar-disc method showed that bacterial spores were subject to a bacteriostatic effect exerted by soil. Soil either inhibited spore germination or reduced microcolony development of the six Bacillus strains tested. Bacteriostasis was relieved by the addition of nutrients to soil-exposed discs after they had been removed from the soil.", "contents": "Soil bacteriostasis: inhibition of spore germination and microcolony development in agar discs incubated on nonsterile soils. An agar-disc method showed that bacterial spores were subject to a bacteriostatic effect exerted by soil. Soil either inhibited spore germination or reduced microcolony development of the six Bacillus strains tested. Bacteriostasis was relieved by the addition of nutrients to soil-exposed discs after they had been removed from the soil.", "PMID": 1164697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_644", "title": "Characterization of the factors responsible for death of fish infected with Vibrio anguillarum.", "content": "Vibrio anguillarum produced substances toxic for goldfish (Crassius auretus) that are released from living bacteria and associated with heat-killed bacteria. Heating (100 degrees C) enhances the potency of the extracellular toxin.", "contents": "Characterization of the factors responsible for death of fish infected with Vibrio anguillarum. Vibrio anguillarum produced substances toxic for goldfish (Crassius auretus) that are released from living bacteria and associated with heat-killed bacteria. Heating (100 degrees C) enhances the potency of the extracellular toxin.", "PMID": 1164698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_645", "title": "[Family psychiatry, transactional systems, and the frontiers of child psychiatry].", "content": "Family therapists, seen as emphasizing interventions leading to change in family structure and in sequences of behaviour, have been searching for an integrated concept which transactional systems theory seems to offer. It takes into account small group theory, social role theory, communications theory, and general system theory, which are linked to psychic, somatic, socio-cultural, politico-economic, and ecological factors. This idea of interlinked, open systems which influence each other is used as a viewpoint for examining the frontiers of child psychiatry. Adult patients often have children who are affected by their parents' treatment, and child psychiatrists often intervene with adults. Similarly, the boundaries between psychiatry and the para-medical professions have grown less distinct as we have become aware of more elements to assess in each case, and as the number of therapeutic techniques and possible interventions increase. The problem of defining child psychiatry is discussed, as is psychiatric training, in terms of the difficulty in integrating the many theoretical and practical levels.", "contents": "[Family psychiatry, transactional systems, and the frontiers of child psychiatry]. Family therapists, seen as emphasizing interventions leading to change in family structure and in sequences of behaviour, have been searching for an integrated concept which transactional systems theory seems to offer. It takes into account small group theory, social role theory, communications theory, and general system theory, which are linked to psychic, somatic, socio-cultural, politico-economic, and ecological factors. This idea of interlinked, open systems which influence each other is used as a viewpoint for examining the frontiers of child psychiatry. Adult patients often have children who are affected by their parents' treatment, and child psychiatrists often intervene with adults. Similarly, the boundaries between psychiatry and the para-medical professions have grown less distinct as we have become aware of more elements to assess in each case, and as the number of therapeutic techniques and possible interventions increase. The problem of defining child psychiatry is discussed, as is psychiatric training, in terms of the difficulty in integrating the many theoretical and practical levels.", "PMID": 1164701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_646", "title": "Ultrastructure and fluorescence histochemistry of endocrine (APUD-type) cells in tracheal mucosa of human and various animal species.", "content": "This study describes distrinctive cells with ultrastructural and histochemical features of APUD-type endocrine cells within the tracheal epithelium of human fetuses, newborns and children as well as different animal species. These cells referred to as Kultschitzky cells (K cells) were found to be argyrophilic, but not argentaffin, and are considered analogous to the same type of cells in lung and gastro-intestinal tract. Fluorescence histochemistry demonstrated the presence of intracellular amine within tracheal K cells, but only after in-vitro or in-vivo administration of amine precursor (L-DOPA). Ultrastructurally, these cells are characterized by the presence of numerous cytoplasmic granules (dense core vesicles) which show species related morphologic variations. Two different types of K cells were found in trachea of lamb and armadillo, each type possessing morphologically different dense core vesicles. In human and rabbit tracheas, only one type of K cell was identified. K cells in the trachea are distributed as single cells between other epithelial cells; neuroepithelial bodies such as those found in bronchial mucosa were not identified. Well differentiated K cells were found in tracheas of early human fetuses and throughout gestation, infancy, and childhood. Preservation of K cells in human autopsy material and widespread occurence of these cells in various laboratory animals will permit further studies into the nature and function of tracheobronchial endocrine cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and fluorescence histochemistry of endocrine (APUD-type) cells in tracheal mucosa of human and various animal species. This study describes distrinctive cells with ultrastructural and histochemical features of APUD-type endocrine cells within the tracheal epithelium of human fetuses, newborns and children as well as different animal species. These cells referred to as Kultschitzky cells (K cells) were found to be argyrophilic, but not argentaffin, and are considered analogous to the same type of cells in lung and gastro-intestinal tract. Fluorescence histochemistry demonstrated the presence of intracellular amine within tracheal K cells, but only after in-vitro or in-vivo administration of amine precursor (L-DOPA). Ultrastructurally, these cells are characterized by the presence of numerous cytoplasmic granules (dense core vesicles) which show species related morphologic variations. Two different types of K cells were found in trachea of lamb and armadillo, each type possessing morphologically different dense core vesicles. In human and rabbit tracheas, only one type of K cell was identified. K cells in the trachea are distributed as single cells between other epithelial cells; neuroepithelial bodies such as those found in bronchial mucosa were not identified. Well differentiated K cells were found in tracheas of early human fetuses and throughout gestation, infancy, and childhood. Preservation of K cells in human autopsy material and widespread occurence of these cells in various laboratory animals will permit further studies into the nature and function of tracheobronchial endocrine cells.", "PMID": 1164721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_647", "title": "The kinetics of 35S-labelled cysteine in the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal neurosecretory system of the dehydrated rat.", "content": "Thirst stimulation of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was induced in rats by withholding all fluids during three days. 35S-cysteine was then intraperitoneally administered and the rats were killed at predetermined times and examined by autoradiography, applying the authors' previously described method. This experimental series totalling 51 animals was compared with a control series of 70 rats, similarly treated, who had had free access to water. The kinetic phenomena in SON and PVN were analysed in terms of the two-compartment model previously used, which gives an estimate of the neurosecretory material (NSM) secretion parameters and of those of the lumped structural cell protein turnover in the nuclei. The kinetics of the precursor amino acids after administration of labelled cysteine were also assessed. Determinations of the label uptake at two specific times in the experiment, in the infundibular nucleus, ventromedial nucleus and optic nerve tissue in both series served as a check on the specifity of the structural protein turnover changes observed. Compared with the controls, the turnover rate of the slow compartment was more than tripled in the dehydrated rats, while that of the fast compartment had gone down to about one-third; both effects very nearly equal in SON and PVN. These results are compatible with the concept according to which thirst stimulates the SON and PVN equally. A distinct, and strikingly equal, hump was observed (2 hours after label administration) in all specific activity curves, also in the precursor serum concentration, and it is probably due to recycling of 35s from cysteine to methionine. This and other circumstances render the phenomena rather too complex for a straight-forward evaluation by the two-compartment model. Even so, the observations are believed to furnish good evidence of the biological verity of this model as well as the thirst-induced changes elicited.", "contents": "The kinetics of 35S-labelled cysteine in the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal neurosecretory system of the dehydrated rat. Thirst stimulation of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was induced in rats by withholding all fluids during three days. 35S-cysteine was then intraperitoneally administered and the rats were killed at predetermined times and examined by autoradiography, applying the authors' previously described method. This experimental series totalling 51 animals was compared with a control series of 70 rats, similarly treated, who had had free access to water. The kinetic phenomena in SON and PVN were analysed in terms of the two-compartment model previously used, which gives an estimate of the neurosecretory material (NSM) secretion parameters and of those of the lumped structural cell protein turnover in the nuclei. The kinetics of the precursor amino acids after administration of labelled cysteine were also assessed. Determinations of the label uptake at two specific times in the experiment, in the infundibular nucleus, ventromedial nucleus and optic nerve tissue in both series served as a check on the specifity of the structural protein turnover changes observed. Compared with the controls, the turnover rate of the slow compartment was more than tripled in the dehydrated rats, while that of the fast compartment had gone down to about one-third; both effects very nearly equal in SON and PVN. These results are compatible with the concept according to which thirst stimulates the SON and PVN equally. A distinct, and strikingly equal, hump was observed (2 hours after label administration) in all specific activity curves, also in the precursor serum concentration, and it is probably due to recycling of 35s from cysteine to methionine. This and other circumstances render the phenomena rather too complex for a straight-forward evaluation by the two-compartment model. Even so, the observations are believed to furnish good evidence of the biological verity of this model as well as the thirst-induced changes elicited.", "PMID": 1164722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_648", "title": "Presence of a pineal nerve in sheep and rabbit fetuses.", "content": "The presence of a nerve located just caudal to the pineal gland in the midsagittal plane is demonstrated in sheep and rabbit fetuses. This nerve lies freely in the subarachnoid space and extends from the pineal gland to a region of the CNS located dorsal to the rostralmost part of the subcommissural organ (SCO). In rabbit fetuses the nerve is obsered on days 23 and 24 of gestation; we suggest that it is an ontogenetic equivalent to the pineal nerve of anuran amphibians. The developmental fate of the mammalian fetal pineal nerve is dicussed.", "contents": "Presence of a pineal nerve in sheep and rabbit fetuses. The presence of a nerve located just caudal to the pineal gland in the midsagittal plane is demonstrated in sheep and rabbit fetuses. This nerve lies freely in the subarachnoid space and extends from the pineal gland to a region of the CNS located dorsal to the rostralmost part of the subcommissural organ (SCO). In rabbit fetuses the nerve is obsered on days 23 and 24 of gestation; we suggest that it is an ontogenetic equivalent to the pineal nerve of anuran amphibians. The developmental fate of the mammalian fetal pineal nerve is dicussed.", "PMID": 1164723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_649", "title": "Fine structure of the gastric epithelium of the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Mucous, endocrine and plicated cells.", "content": "The following five cell types have been recognized and defined on the basis of their fine structure in the gastric epithelium of B. schlosseri: vacuolated and zymogenic cells (described in a previous paper); ciliated mucous, endocrine and plicated cells. The ciliated mucous cells are distributed at the apex and the bottom of the gastric folds and along the dorsal groove. The mucus droplets appear to form from the Golgi complex as secretory granules of variable density and texture, which are released from the cell after fusion of their membranes with the apical plasma membrane. Holocrine or apocrine secretion has not been observed. The endocrine cells are scattered and are characterized by electron dense granules, especially numerous in the basal region of the cell. Finally, the plicated cells, present in the pyloric caecum, show rod-like microvilli, a well developed Golgi complex and abundant, deep infoldings of the basal plasma membrane, which are associated with numerous mitochondria. The possible role of the gastric cell types is discussed taking into account information concerning morphologically similar cells in other animals, as well as previously reported data on the biochemistry and physiology of digestion and excretion in ascidians.", "contents": "Fine structure of the gastric epithelium of the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Mucous, endocrine and plicated cells. The following five cell types have been recognized and defined on the basis of their fine structure in the gastric epithelium of B. schlosseri: vacuolated and zymogenic cells (described in a previous paper); ciliated mucous, endocrine and plicated cells. The ciliated mucous cells are distributed at the apex and the bottom of the gastric folds and along the dorsal groove. The mucus droplets appear to form from the Golgi complex as secretory granules of variable density and texture, which are released from the cell after fusion of their membranes with the apical plasma membrane. Holocrine or apocrine secretion has not been observed. The endocrine cells are scattered and are characterized by electron dense granules, especially numerous in the basal region of the cell. Finally, the plicated cells, present in the pyloric caecum, show rod-like microvilli, a well developed Golgi complex and abundant, deep infoldings of the basal plasma membrane, which are associated with numerous mitochondria. The possible role of the gastric cell types is discussed taking into account information concerning morphologically similar cells in other animals, as well as previously reported data on the biochemistry and physiology of digestion and excretion in ascidians.", "PMID": 1164724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_650", "title": "Prolactin and growth hormone cells in the human hypophysis: a study with immunoenzyme histochemistry and differential staining.", "content": "Growth hormone and prolactin cells were immunostained in human hypophyses with antibody against rat growth hormone or prolactin and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex. Growth hormone cells were round and, in normal pituitaries, arranged in sizable groups. Prolactin cells occurred singly and were less numerous; they were often extensively branched. Only a few prolactin cells stained with carmoisine. Incubation of the antibody with an excess of the appropriate antigen greatly diminished or abolished immunostaining; absorption of anti-prolactin with growth hormone often enhanced it. Prolactin cells were somewhat hypertrophied and hyperplastic in a neonate. Many of them stained with carmoisine. An even greater hypertrophy and hyperplasia of these cells (which pushed apart the growth hormone cells) was found in a lactating woman. Immunostained giant prolactin cells were also observed. Staining of the prolactin cells with carmoisine was extensive. Upon prolonged exposure to anti-growth hormone antibody, ACTH/MSH cells also showed immunostaining which was abolished by absorption of the antiserum with growth hormone but not with synthetic 1-24ACTH. Growth hormone cells evidently correspond to the alpha acidophils of Romeis, prolactin cells in lactation to his eta cells; the relation of his epsilon cells to the pleomorphic \"resting\" prolactin cells is not clear.", "contents": "Prolactin and growth hormone cells in the human hypophysis: a study with immunoenzyme histochemistry and differential staining. Growth hormone and prolactin cells were immunostained in human hypophyses with antibody against rat growth hormone or prolactin and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex. Growth hormone cells were round and, in normal pituitaries, arranged in sizable groups. Prolactin cells occurred singly and were less numerous; they were often extensively branched. Only a few prolactin cells stained with carmoisine. Incubation of the antibody with an excess of the appropriate antigen greatly diminished or abolished immunostaining; absorption of anti-prolactin with growth hormone often enhanced it. Prolactin cells were somewhat hypertrophied and hyperplastic in a neonate. Many of them stained with carmoisine. An even greater hypertrophy and hyperplasia of these cells (which pushed apart the growth hormone cells) was found in a lactating woman. Immunostained giant prolactin cells were also observed. Staining of the prolactin cells with carmoisine was extensive. Upon prolonged exposure to anti-growth hormone antibody, ACTH/MSH cells also showed immunostaining which was abolished by absorption of the antiserum with growth hormone but not with synthetic 1-24ACTH. Growth hormone cells evidently correspond to the alpha acidophils of Romeis, prolactin cells in lactation to his eta cells; the relation of his epsilon cells to the pleomorphic \"resting\" prolactin cells is not clear.", "PMID": 1164725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_651", "title": "Identification of separate vasopressin-neurophysin II and oxytocin-neurophysin I containing nerve fibres in the external region of the bovine median eminence.", "content": "Immuno-enzyme histochemical investigations showed the presence, in the external region of the bovine median eminence, of accumulations of vasopressin-neurophysin II- and oxytocin-neurophysin I-complexes. These two hormone-neurophysin complexes are located in separate fine varicose nerve fibres. The results strongly plead against an important role of tanycytes in the transport of vasopressin, oxytocin and neurophysins from the cerebrospinal fluid to the hypophysial portal blood-vessels.", "contents": "Identification of separate vasopressin-neurophysin II and oxytocin-neurophysin I containing nerve fibres in the external region of the bovine median eminence. Immuno-enzyme histochemical investigations showed the presence, in the external region of the bovine median eminence, of accumulations of vasopressin-neurophysin II- and oxytocin-neurophysin I-complexes. These two hormone-neurophysin complexes are located in separate fine varicose nerve fibres. The results strongly plead against an important role of tanycytes in the transport of vasopressin, oxytocin and neurophysins from the cerebrospinal fluid to the hypophysial portal blood-vessels.", "PMID": 1164726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_652", "title": "Pericytes and perivascular microglial cells in the basal forebrain of the neonatal rabbit.", "content": "Three types of pericytes outline the vascular bed in Golgi preparations of the newborn rabbit brain. Elongate cells (Type I) are restricted to capillaries, elements resembling smooth muscle cells (Type II) surround vessels of intermediate size, and large flat forms (Type III) cover the surface of arterioles and venules. Electron microscopy shows all types to be located within a well defined perivascular basement membrane. It also reveals the presence of filaments in the cytoplasm of some pericytes resembling the myofilaments of smooth muscle cells. It suggests the possibility that some pericytes are capable of contraction and may participate in regulating blood flow in small vessels. Microglia cells bear no resemblance to pericytes in terms of their shape, distribution or staining characteristics. Microglia cells are located outside the vascular basement membrane (external basal lamina) in the brain parenchyma, and they vary in form according to their location and the character of the surrounding extracellular space. This study does not support the hypothesis that microglia cells arise from pericytes but indicates that they originate either by in situ division or from hematogenous elements that enter the brain by crossing the vessel wall.", "contents": "Pericytes and perivascular microglial cells in the basal forebrain of the neonatal rabbit. Three types of pericytes outline the vascular bed in Golgi preparations of the newborn rabbit brain. Elongate cells (Type I) are restricted to capillaries, elements resembling smooth muscle cells (Type II) surround vessels of intermediate size, and large flat forms (Type III) cover the surface of arterioles and venules. Electron microscopy shows all types to be located within a well defined perivascular basement membrane. It also reveals the presence of filaments in the cytoplasm of some pericytes resembling the myofilaments of smooth muscle cells. It suggests the possibility that some pericytes are capable of contraction and may participate in regulating blood flow in small vessels. Microglia cells bear no resemblance to pericytes in terms of their shape, distribution or staining characteristics. Microglia cells are located outside the vascular basement membrane (external basal lamina) in the brain parenchyma, and they vary in form according to their location and the character of the surrounding extracellular space. This study does not support the hypothesis that microglia cells arise from pericytes but indicates that they originate either by in situ division or from hematogenous elements that enter the brain by crossing the vessel wall.", "PMID": 1164727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_653", "title": "Early effects of nerve growth factor on adrenergic neurons: an electron microscopic morphometric study of the rat superior cervical ganglion.", "content": "Nerve cells of the superior cervical ganglion of young rats (20 g body weight) were investigated electron microscopically 6 h, 24 h, 48 h and 5 days after subcutaneous injection of nerve growth factor (10 mug/g body weight every 24 h). By means of a planimetric method with high accuracy significant changes of the Nissl substance and the Golgi apparatus could be demonstrated as early as 6 h after injection. Within the Nissl bodies both the density of bound ribosomes on the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the density of free ribosomes and polysomes decreased in a given field. This finding reflects a rearrangement of the Nissl substance and a spreading over larger areas of the cytoplasm, indicating an activation of the ribosomal system. The Golgi apparatus, in particular its outer part, increases in volume with time of nerve growth factor treatment. On the other hand, the total cell volume does not show significant changes before 48 h of nerve growth factor treatment. At this time an increase in the cytoplasmic volume can be seen, whereas the nuclear volume remains unchanged. The possibility of correlations of the present findings with data from biochemical studies done under similar experimental conditions is discussed.", "contents": "Early effects of nerve growth factor on adrenergic neurons: an electron microscopic morphometric study of the rat superior cervical ganglion. Nerve cells of the superior cervical ganglion of young rats (20 g body weight) were investigated electron microscopically 6 h, 24 h, 48 h and 5 days after subcutaneous injection of nerve growth factor (10 mug/g body weight every 24 h). By means of a planimetric method with high accuracy significant changes of the Nissl substance and the Golgi apparatus could be demonstrated as early as 6 h after injection. Within the Nissl bodies both the density of bound ribosomes on the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the density of free ribosomes and polysomes decreased in a given field. This finding reflects a rearrangement of the Nissl substance and a spreading over larger areas of the cytoplasm, indicating an activation of the ribosomal system. The Golgi apparatus, in particular its outer part, increases in volume with time of nerve growth factor treatment. On the other hand, the total cell volume does not show significant changes before 48 h of nerve growth factor treatment. At this time an increase in the cytoplasmic volume can be seen, whereas the nuclear volume remains unchanged. The possibility of correlations of the present findings with data from biochemical studies done under similar experimental conditions is discussed.", "PMID": 1164728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_654", "title": "Data on protein synthesis of deafferented hypothalamic arcuate neurons.", "content": "Protein synthesizing activity of the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus following partial or total deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus was studied by light and electron microscopic autoradiography when administering tritiated leucine into the lateral ventricle. There were significantly more grains over the arcuate nucleus 21 days after disconnection of this hypothalamic region than over the intact nucleus. Isolation of a temporal cortical region induced similar changes in the isolated area, although this effect was not so pronounced as in the arcuate region. Data suggest that the protein synthesizing activity of arcuate neurons increases significantly after interruption of neural connections of the medial basal hypothalamus. It is assumed that the effect is primarily due to transneuronal alteration and/or interruption of inhibitory afferents.", "contents": "Data on protein synthesis of deafferented hypothalamic arcuate neurons. Protein synthesizing activity of the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus following partial or total deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus was studied by light and electron microscopic autoradiography when administering tritiated leucine into the lateral ventricle. There were significantly more grains over the arcuate nucleus 21 days after disconnection of this hypothalamic region than over the intact nucleus. Isolation of a temporal cortical region induced similar changes in the isolated area, although this effect was not so pronounced as in the arcuate region. Data suggest that the protein synthesizing activity of arcuate neurons increases significantly after interruption of neural connections of the medial basal hypothalamus. It is assumed that the effect is primarily due to transneuronal alteration and/or interruption of inhibitory afferents.", "PMID": 1164729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_655", "title": "Location of sequences on the adenovirus genome coding for the 5.5S RNA.", "content": "The origin of a low molecular weight virus-associated RNA (VA-RNA) was mapped by hybridization of VA-RNA to specific fragments of adenovirus type 2 DNA, obtained after cleavage with three different restriction endonucleases. VA-RNA was found to hybridize exculsively to the l-strand [strand with low buoyant density in CsCl when complexed with poly(U,G)] of a segment of the viral DNA which is located between positions 0.27 and 0.32 on the unit map of the adenovirus type 2 genome.", "contents": "Location of sequences on the adenovirus genome coding for the 5.5S RNA. The origin of a low molecular weight virus-associated RNA (VA-RNA) was mapped by hybridization of VA-RNA to specific fragments of adenovirus type 2 DNA, obtained after cleavage with three different restriction endonucleases. VA-RNA was found to hybridize exculsively to the l-strand [strand with low buoyant density in CsCl when complexed with poly(U,G)] of a segment of the viral DNA which is located between positions 0.27 and 0.32 on the unit map of the adenovirus type 2 genome.", "PMID": 1164730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_656", "title": "Methylated constituents of heterogeneous nuclear RNA: presence in blocked 5' terminal structures.", "content": "A substantial portion of the hnRNA of mouse L cells contains internal residues of N6-methyl adenylate and blocked 5' terminal sequences which are apparently of the type m7G5' ppp5' YmpZp..., in which 7-methyl guanosine is joined by a 5'-5' pyrophosphate linkage to a 2'-0-methylated residue, Ym. These sequences are indistinguishable from those comprising one of the two classes of blocked 5' sequences found in mRNA, and are quite distinct from those comprising the other class. The remarkable similarity in 5' terminal methylated sequences of hnRNA and a major fraction of mRNA appears to extend even to the relative occurrence of each of the four 2'-0-methylated species in position Ym.", "contents": "Methylated constituents of heterogeneous nuclear RNA: presence in blocked 5' terminal structures. A substantial portion of the hnRNA of mouse L cells contains internal residues of N6-methyl adenylate and blocked 5' terminal sequences which are apparently of the type m7G5' ppp5' YmpZp..., in which 7-methyl guanosine is joined by a 5'-5' pyrophosphate linkage to a 2'-0-methylated residue, Ym. These sequences are indistinguishable from those comprising one of the two classes of blocked 5' sequences found in mRNA, and are quite distinct from those comprising the other class. The remarkable similarity in 5' terminal methylated sequences of hnRNA and a major fraction of mRNA appears to extend even to the relative occurrence of each of the four 2'-0-methylated species in position Ym.", "PMID": 1164731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_657", "title": "Detection in HeLa cell extracts of a 7-methyl guanosine specific enzyme activity that cleaves m7GpppNm.", "content": "Extracts prepared from HeLa cells contain an enzymatic activity which cleaves m7G(5')ppp(5')Gm to m7pG and ppGm. The activity exhibits a high degree of substrate specificity and does not cleave G(5')ppp(5')G or the ring opened derivative of m7GpppGm which has lost the positive charge from the N7 position of m7G. m7GpppGm as the 5' terminal structure of intact reovirus mRNA is resistant to attack by the pyrophosphatase activity, but becomes partially sensitive in the 5' terminal fragment consisting of 7-10 nucleotides derived from the same mRNA by T1 RNAase digestion. m7G(5')ppp(5')GmpCp is completely sensitive to cleavage resulting in the release of m7pG without generation of m7GpppGm as an intermediate. These results establish the existence of a 7-methyl guanosine specific pyrophosphatase activity in HeLa cells.", "contents": "Detection in HeLa cell extracts of a 7-methyl guanosine specific enzyme activity that cleaves m7GpppNm. Extracts prepared from HeLa cells contain an enzymatic activity which cleaves m7G(5')ppp(5')Gm to m7pG and ppGm. The activity exhibits a high degree of substrate specificity and does not cleave G(5')ppp(5')G or the ring opened derivative of m7GpppGm which has lost the positive charge from the N7 position of m7G. m7GpppGm as the 5' terminal structure of intact reovirus mRNA is resistant to attack by the pyrophosphatase activity, but becomes partially sensitive in the 5' terminal fragment consisting of 7-10 nucleotides derived from the same mRNA by T1 RNAase digestion. m7G(5')ppp(5')GmpCp is completely sensitive to cleavage resulting in the release of m7pG without generation of m7GpppGm as an intermediate. These results establish the existence of a 7-methyl guanosine specific pyrophosphatase activity in HeLa cells.", "PMID": 1164732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_658", "title": "DNA sequence organization in the mollusc Aplysia californica.", "content": "The sequence organization of the DNA of the mollusc Aplysia californica has been examined by a combination of techniques. Close-spaced interspersion of repetitive and single copy sequences occurs throughout the majority of the genome. Detailed examination of the DNA of this protostome reveals great similarities to the pattern observed in the two deuterostome organisms previously examined in detail in this laboratory, Xenopus laevis and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Labeled and unlabeled Aplysia DNA were prepared from developing embryos and sheared to a fragment length of 400 nucleotides. The kinetics of reassociation were studied by means of hydroxyapatite chromatography, single-strand-specific S1 nuclease, and optical methods of assay. Aplysia DNA of this fragment length contains at least five resolvable kinetic fractions. One classification of these fractions, listed with their reassociation rate constants (l M-1 sec-1) is: single copy (0.00057), slow (0.047), fast (2.58), very fast (4000), and foldback (greater than 10(5)). Sequence arrangement was deduced from: the kinetics of reassociation of DNA fragments of length 400 or 2000 nucleotides; the hyperchromicity of reassociated fragments containing duplex regions; the size of duplex regions resistant to S1 nuclease; and the reassociation of labeled fragments of various lengths with short driver fragments. More than 80% of the single copy DNA sequences are interspersed with repetitive sequences. The maximum spacing of the repeats is about 2000 nucleotides, and the average less than 1000. The very fast fraction does not show interspersion with single copy sequences or with other kinetic fractions. The foldback fraction sequences are fairly widely interspersed. The slow fraction sequences are interspersed with the fast fraction, and possibly also with the single copy DNA. The fast fraction is the dominant interspersed repetitive fraction. Its sequences are adjacent to the great majority of the single copy sequences and have an average length of about 300 nucleotides.", "contents": "DNA sequence organization in the mollusc Aplysia californica. The sequence organization of the DNA of the mollusc Aplysia californica has been examined by a combination of techniques. Close-spaced interspersion of repetitive and single copy sequences occurs throughout the majority of the genome. Detailed examination of the DNA of this protostome reveals great similarities to the pattern observed in the two deuterostome organisms previously examined in detail in this laboratory, Xenopus laevis and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Labeled and unlabeled Aplysia DNA were prepared from developing embryos and sheared to a fragment length of 400 nucleotides. The kinetics of reassociation were studied by means of hydroxyapatite chromatography, single-strand-specific S1 nuclease, and optical methods of assay. Aplysia DNA of this fragment length contains at least five resolvable kinetic fractions. One classification of these fractions, listed with their reassociation rate constants (l M-1 sec-1) is: single copy (0.00057), slow (0.047), fast (2.58), very fast (4000), and foldback (greater than 10(5)). Sequence arrangement was deduced from: the kinetics of reassociation of DNA fragments of length 400 or 2000 nucleotides; the hyperchromicity of reassociated fragments containing duplex regions; the size of duplex regions resistant to S1 nuclease; and the reassociation of labeled fragments of various lengths with short driver fragments. More than 80% of the single copy DNA sequences are interspersed with repetitive sequences. The maximum spacing of the repeats is about 2000 nucleotides, and the average less than 1000. The very fast fraction does not show interspersion with single copy sequences or with other kinetic fractions. The foldback fraction sequences are fairly widely interspersed. The slow fraction sequences are interspersed with the fast fraction, and possibly also with the single copy DNA. The fast fraction is the dominant interspersed repetitive fraction. Its sequences are adjacent to the great majority of the single copy sequences and have an average length of about 300 nucleotides.", "PMID": 1164733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_659", "title": "A rapid rise in cell variants during the senescence of populations of human fibroblasts.", "content": "An attempt has been made to measure the frequency of mutations throughout the lifespan of human fibroblast strain MRC-5. A novel procedure has been used which involves staining individual cells for high levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Evidence is presented that this phenotype is due to mutation. The frequency of variants was scored from passage 16 until the final phase of senescence (passage 60). There is an exponential increase of stained cells throughout this period. The results are in agreement with the general error theory, which proposes that aging is due to a breakdown in the fidelity of information transfer between macromolecules.", "contents": "A rapid rise in cell variants during the senescence of populations of human fibroblasts. An attempt has been made to measure the frequency of mutations throughout the lifespan of human fibroblast strain MRC-5. A novel procedure has been used which involves staining individual cells for high levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Evidence is presented that this phenotype is due to mutation. The frequency of variants was scored from passage 16 until the final phase of senescence (passage 60). There is an exponential increase of stained cells throughout this period. The results are in agreement with the general error theory, which proposes that aging is due to a breakdown in the fidelity of information transfer between macromolecules.", "PMID": 1164734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_660", "title": "Histones H2a, H2b, H3, and H4 form a tetrameric complex in solutions of high salt.", "content": "In 2 M NaCl, histones H2b, H2a, H3, and H4 form a heterotypic tetrameric complex made up of one chain of each histone. This complex has been analyzed by hydrodynamic techniques. It is indistinguishable from histones in chromatin by its resistance to trypsin, pattern of reactivity with 125I. and ability to form specific crosslinked products after treatment with formaldehyde. It is proposed that this complex is responsible for protecting the small DNA fragments produced by exhausting nuclease digestion of nuclei and that on the average two of these complexes protect the larger 180-200 base pair unit produced by partial treatment of nuclei with nuclease.", "contents": "Histones H2a, H2b, H3, and H4 form a tetrameric complex in solutions of high salt. In 2 M NaCl, histones H2b, H2a, H3, and H4 form a heterotypic tetrameric complex made up of one chain of each histone. This complex has been analyzed by hydrodynamic techniques. It is indistinguishable from histones in chromatin by its resistance to trypsin, pattern of reactivity with 125I. and ability to form specific crosslinked products after treatment with formaldehyde. It is proposed that this complex is responsible for protecting the small DNA fragments produced by exhausting nuclease digestion of nuclei and that on the average two of these complexes protect the larger 180-200 base pair unit produced by partial treatment of nuclei with nuclease.", "PMID": 1164735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_661", "title": "Single-channel autoanalyzer adpated for multiple tests without manifold changes.", "content": "A different approach to continuous-flow analysis is described, in which the initial reagent concentration is adjusted to fit a prefixed manifold while still providing optimum concentrations of the reactants in the mixing coils. A single-channel AutoAnalyzer so designed can perform multiple tests without the need to change manifolds. The system was assembled from a Technicon Sampler II and Pump II, a gilford 300 N spectrophotometer, and a Varian recorder. Results for calcium, uric acid, glucose, phosphorus, chloride, urea nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, analyzed on this instrument at a speed of 60 samples/h, compare favorably with those obtained with the AutoAnalyzer 12/60 and 6/60. The instrument is not restricted to certain methodologies and, in addition, can be used manually or for kinetic reactions.", "contents": "Single-channel autoanalyzer adpated for multiple tests without manifold changes. A different approach to continuous-flow analysis is described, in which the initial reagent concentration is adjusted to fit a prefixed manifold while still providing optimum concentrations of the reactants in the mixing coils. A single-channel AutoAnalyzer so designed can perform multiple tests without the need to change manifolds. The system was assembled from a Technicon Sampler II and Pump II, a gilford 300 N spectrophotometer, and a Varian recorder. Results for calcium, uric acid, glucose, phosphorus, chloride, urea nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, analyzed on this instrument at a speed of 60 samples/h, compare favorably with those obtained with the AutoAnalyzer 12/60 and 6/60. The instrument is not restricted to certain methodologies and, in addition, can be used manually or for kinetic reactions.", "PMID": 1164783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_662", "title": "Determination of Na+ and K+ in urine with ion-selective electrodes in an automated analyzer.", "content": "We applied an automatic potentiometric electrolyte analyzer (STAT/ION) to the routine determination of Na+ and K+ in urine samples, and found a high correlation with results obtained by flame photometry. The electrodes were selective and no obvious interferences were encountered in the limited number of samples available in this study.", "contents": "Determination of Na+ and K+ in urine with ion-selective electrodes in an automated analyzer. We applied an automatic potentiometric electrolyte analyzer (STAT/ION) to the routine determination of Na+ and K+ in urine samples, and found a high correlation with results obtained by flame photometry. The electrodes were selective and no obvious interferences were encountered in the limited number of samples available in this study.", "PMID": 1164784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_663", "title": "Manual and semi-automated procedures for measurements of triglycerides in serum.", "content": "We describe manual and semi-automated procedures for serum triglyceride determinations, in which lipids are partitioned between a water/isopropanol phase and a nonane phase. More than 99% of the triglyceride is extracted into the nonane phase, as determined by recovery of 3H-labeled triolein. Studies with 14C-labeled lecithin demonstrate that less than 1.3% is extracted into the nonane phase at concentrations up to 2.5 g/liter. A novel feature of the method is that glycerol can be liberated from triglyceride by sodium hydroxide at room temperature in less than 5 min. Glycerol is oxidized by periodate in 1-2 min at 25 degrees C; the formaldehyde produced is reacted with 2,4-pentanedione to yield 3,5-diacetyl-1,3-dihydrolutidine. The manual procedure requires less than 20 min; the semi-automated method requires 7 min from sampling to readout. The procedure may be run at 30-40 samples/h, with stable baseline and less than 2.0% carryover. Both methods are linear to 0.50 g (5.6 mol) of triolein per liter. Analytical recoveries at several concentrations ranged from 97-101% (mean, 100%).", "contents": "Manual and semi-automated procedures for measurements of triglycerides in serum. We describe manual and semi-automated procedures for serum triglyceride determinations, in which lipids are partitioned between a water/isopropanol phase and a nonane phase. More than 99% of the triglyceride is extracted into the nonane phase, as determined by recovery of 3H-labeled triolein. Studies with 14C-labeled lecithin demonstrate that less than 1.3% is extracted into the nonane phase at concentrations up to 2.5 g/liter. A novel feature of the method is that glycerol can be liberated from triglyceride by sodium hydroxide at room temperature in less than 5 min. Glycerol is oxidized by periodate in 1-2 min at 25 degrees C; the formaldehyde produced is reacted with 2,4-pentanedione to yield 3,5-diacetyl-1,3-dihydrolutidine. The manual procedure requires less than 20 min; the semi-automated method requires 7 min from sampling to readout. The procedure may be run at 30-40 samples/h, with stable baseline and less than 2.0% carryover. Both methods are linear to 0.50 g (5.6 mol) of triolein per liter. Analytical recoveries at several concentrations ranged from 97-101% (mean, 100%).", "PMID": 1164785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_664", "title": "Measurement of spectral bandwidth, as exemplified with the Beckman \"Enzyme Analyzer System TR spectrophotometer\".", "content": "This paper describes simple methods for determining spectral bandwidth by measurement and by calculation. We measured the spectral bandwidth of the monochromator from the Beckman Enzyme Analyzer TR, and found it to be 3.5-4.0 nm (av 3.8) by two different methods. We visually estimated it to be 4 nm. Using the specifications for the diffraction grafting, focal length, and fixed slit width, we calculated the theoretical spectral bandwidth to be 3.6 nm.", "contents": "Measurement of spectral bandwidth, as exemplified with the Beckman \"Enzyme Analyzer System TR spectrophotometer\". This paper describes simple methods for determining spectral bandwidth by measurement and by calculation. We measured the spectral bandwidth of the monochromator from the Beckman Enzyme Analyzer TR, and found it to be 3.5-4.0 nm (av 3.8) by two different methods. We visually estimated it to be 4 nm. Using the specifications for the diffraction grafting, focal length, and fixed slit width, we calculated the theoretical spectral bandwidth to be 3.6 nm.", "PMID": 1164786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_665", "title": "Correlation of selected serum constituents: 1. Inter-individual variation and analytical error.", "content": "The intra-subject correlations of three clinically meaningful combinations of serum constituents--(a) potassium, calcium, and albumin; (b) urea, creatinine, and uric acid; and (c) aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase--were studied in 11 healthy men. Duplicate serum samples were obtained at 800 h, 1100 h, and 1400 h on five different days. All assays were performed on the AutoChemist Multichannel Analyzer. Correlation coefficients differed significantly among the subjects for the following six pairs of serum constituents: urea and creatinine, urea and uric acid, creatinine and uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. Nonbiological positive correlation between analytical errors (i.e., errors of two different assays performed on the same specimen) was demonstrated for two of the pairs: potassium and calcium, and aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase. The error correlations of these two pairs of constituents comprised a significant component of the observed intra-subject correlations. Probable reasons for these analytical error correlations are discussed.", "contents": "Correlation of selected serum constituents: 1. Inter-individual variation and analytical error. The intra-subject correlations of three clinically meaningful combinations of serum constituents--(a) potassium, calcium, and albumin; (b) urea, creatinine, and uric acid; and (c) aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase--were studied in 11 healthy men. Duplicate serum samples were obtained at 800 h, 1100 h, and 1400 h on five different days. All assays were performed on the AutoChemist Multichannel Analyzer. Correlation coefficients differed significantly among the subjects for the following six pairs of serum constituents: urea and creatinine, urea and uric acid, creatinine and uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. Nonbiological positive correlation between analytical errors (i.e., errors of two different assays performed on the same specimen) was demonstrated for two of the pairs: potassium and calcium, and aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase. The error correlations of these two pairs of constituents comprised a significant component of the observed intra-subject correlations. Probable reasons for these analytical error correlations are discussed.", "PMID": 1164787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_666", "title": "Chromatographic and electrophoretic separation of creatine kinase isoenzymes compared.", "content": "We compared two techniques for separating and evaluating serum creatine kinase isoenzymes--fluorometric agarose electrophoresis and Sephadex chromatography--in 50 patients, 25 of whom had confirmed acute myocardial infarction. In every case isoenzyme MB (heart isoenzyme) was detected with equal sensitivity by either procedure. Evidently, only the presence or absence of MB is clinically significant; none of the 25 patients without infarction had detectable MB activity in their serum. Columns connected to a continuous-flow sample line for analyses of the eluting stream without further modification produced satisfactory results.", "contents": "Chromatographic and electrophoretic separation of creatine kinase isoenzymes compared. We compared two techniques for separating and evaluating serum creatine kinase isoenzymes--fluorometric agarose electrophoresis and Sephadex chromatography--in 50 patients, 25 of whom had confirmed acute myocardial infarction. In every case isoenzyme MB (heart isoenzyme) was detected with equal sensitivity by either procedure. Evidently, only the presence or absence of MB is clinically significant; none of the 25 patients without infarction had detectable MB activity in their serum. Columns connected to a continuous-flow sample line for analyses of the eluting stream without further modification produced satisfactory results.", "PMID": 1164788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_667", "title": "Simple, highly selective screening method for barbiturates in urine.", "content": "I present a new, simple colorimetric method for detecting and estimating barbiturates in urine. After the barbiturates are extracted with ether, an aliquot of the washed ether phase is added to the color reagent (a bivalent mercury/dithizone chelate in chloroform). On addition of diluted pyridine and shaking, a pinkish-violet color appears if a barbiturate is present. The overall sensitivity of the above method was evaluated by probit analysis in the case of sodium phenobarbital. The concentration of sodium phenobarbital in urine detectable at least 99% of the time was 6.72 mg/liter, with 95% confidence limits of 5.37 to 10.36 mg/liter. Sodium phenobarbital, 10 mg/liter, can be detected in the presence of phenytoin (50 mg/liter), glutethimide (100 mg/liter), or bemegride (100 mg/liter). The whole procedure requires less than 10 min. An excretion study illustrates application of the procedure.", "contents": "Simple, highly selective screening method for barbiturates in urine. I present a new, simple colorimetric method for detecting and estimating barbiturates in urine. After the barbiturates are extracted with ether, an aliquot of the washed ether phase is added to the color reagent (a bivalent mercury/dithizone chelate in chloroform). On addition of diluted pyridine and shaking, a pinkish-violet color appears if a barbiturate is present. The overall sensitivity of the above method was evaluated by probit analysis in the case of sodium phenobarbital. The concentration of sodium phenobarbital in urine detectable at least 99% of the time was 6.72 mg/liter, with 95% confidence limits of 5.37 to 10.36 mg/liter. Sodium phenobarbital, 10 mg/liter, can be detected in the presence of phenytoin (50 mg/liter), glutethimide (100 mg/liter), or bemegride (100 mg/liter). The whole procedure requires less than 10 min. An excretion study illustrates application of the procedure.", "PMID": 1164789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_668", "title": "New manual and automated method for determining activity of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB, by use of dithiothreitol: clinical applications.", "content": "The method is based on the selective activating capacity of dithiothreitol on creatine kinase isoenzyme MB, after isoenzyme MM is activated by glutathione. Isolated isoenzymes MM and MB of human and canine origin were assayed individually and in mixtures of known activities. When glutathione was present in the assay medium the activity of each isoenzyme could be measured individually, but glutathione did not activate isoenzyme MB if it was present in a mixture with MM. Dithiothreitol, added to the serum before assay, activated the isoenzyme MB in the mixture. Values for MB activities obtained for isolated isoenzyme MB and for the isoenzyme mixture after dithiothreitol was added averaged 110 and 111 U/liter, respectively (r = 0.998; y = 1.007 x + 0.298; n = 10). In the serum of 40 patients with documented acute transmural myocardial infarction, the mean proportion of isoenzyme MB activity measured in this way was 5.5% (coefficient of variation, 7.7%). Isoenzyme MB activities measured by use of dithiothreitol compared well with those obtained by conventional electrophoresis/spectrophotometry (r = 0.998; y = 1.09x -0.65) and spectrofluorometry (r = 0.996; y = 1.10 x + 0.80). The assay of MB activity by the dithiothreitol method was automated, by use of an Abbott Bichromatic Analyser and a Calbiochem Super-Stat Pack Kit. In 60 isoenzyme MB determinations the manual and automated method correlated well (r = 0.990; y = 1.0x -1.36). The simplicity of isoenzyme MB determination by use of dithiothreitol and its ease of automation allow routine monitoring of the isoenzyme activity in patients with ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "New manual and automated method for determining activity of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB, by use of dithiothreitol: clinical applications. The method is based on the selective activating capacity of dithiothreitol on creatine kinase isoenzyme MB, after isoenzyme MM is activated by glutathione. Isolated isoenzymes MM and MB of human and canine origin were assayed individually and in mixtures of known activities. When glutathione was present in the assay medium the activity of each isoenzyme could be measured individually, but glutathione did not activate isoenzyme MB if it was present in a mixture with MM. Dithiothreitol, added to the serum before assay, activated the isoenzyme MB in the mixture. Values for MB activities obtained for isolated isoenzyme MB and for the isoenzyme mixture after dithiothreitol was added averaged 110 and 111 U/liter, respectively (r = 0.998; y = 1.007 x + 0.298; n = 10). In the serum of 40 patients with documented acute transmural myocardial infarction, the mean proportion of isoenzyme MB activity measured in this way was 5.5% (coefficient of variation, 7.7%). Isoenzyme MB activities measured by use of dithiothreitol compared well with those obtained by conventional electrophoresis/spectrophotometry (r = 0.998; y = 1.09x -0.65) and spectrofluorometry (r = 0.996; y = 1.10 x + 0.80). The assay of MB activity by the dithiothreitol method was automated, by use of an Abbott Bichromatic Analyser and a Calbiochem Super-Stat Pack Kit. In 60 isoenzyme MB determinations the manual and automated method correlated well (r = 0.990; y = 1.0x -1.36). The simplicity of isoenzyme MB determination by use of dithiothreitol and its ease of automation allow routine monitoring of the isoenzyme activity in patients with ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 1164790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_669", "title": "Improved method for enzymatic determination of serum triglycerides.", "content": "I describe an enzymatic method for determing serum triglycerides (triacylglycerols). The triglycerides are hydrolyzed by a mixture of lipase and esterase. The glycerol released is determined by kinetic fixed-time analysis, with use of glycerol kinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Through addition of the competitive inhibitor ATP the Michaelis constant of pyruvate kinase is apparently increased, considerably extending the linearity of the assay. There is no need for serum blanks or reagent blanks. The method has been adapted to a centrifugal analyzer (the ENI GEMSAEC). It yields satisfactory results with regard to precision, accuracy, and insensitivity to interferences.", "contents": "Improved method for enzymatic determination of serum triglycerides. I describe an enzymatic method for determing serum triglycerides (triacylglycerols). The triglycerides are hydrolyzed by a mixture of lipase and esterase. The glycerol released is determined by kinetic fixed-time analysis, with use of glycerol kinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Through addition of the competitive inhibitor ATP the Michaelis constant of pyruvate kinase is apparently increased, considerably extending the linearity of the assay. There is no need for serum blanks or reagent blanks. The method has been adapted to a centrifugal analyzer (the ENI GEMSAEC). It yields satisfactory results with regard to precision, accuracy, and insensitivity to interferences.", "PMID": 1164791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_670", "title": "Specificity of oxidation of bile-salt hydroxyl groups by crude extracts of Pseudomonas testosteroni (ATCC 11996) used in determining bile salts.", "content": "Recent experimental evidence suggests that, presumably as a recent of mutation, crude extracts of Pseudomonas testosteroni (ATCC 11996) no contain amounts of 7alpha- and 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenate activity that invalidate the results of bile-salt determinations. To confirm or deny this, we studied the specificity of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase contained in crude extracts of currently available samples of this bacterium in the oxidation of bile-salt hydroxyl groups. The dehydrogenases in these extracts specifically oxidized 3alpha-hydroxyl groups of cholate, chenodeoxycholate, and deoxycholate anions. No significant amount of 12alpha- or 7alpha-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase activity was detected. Currently available crude extracts of Pseudomonas testosteroni (ATCC 11996) are therefore suitable for bile-salt quantification.", "contents": "Specificity of oxidation of bile-salt hydroxyl groups by crude extracts of Pseudomonas testosteroni (ATCC 11996) used in determining bile salts. Recent experimental evidence suggests that, presumably as a recent of mutation, crude extracts of Pseudomonas testosteroni (ATCC 11996) no contain amounts of 7alpha- and 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenate activity that invalidate the results of bile-salt determinations. To confirm or deny this, we studied the specificity of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase contained in crude extracts of currently available samples of this bacterium in the oxidation of bile-salt hydroxyl groups. The dehydrogenases in these extracts specifically oxidized 3alpha-hydroxyl groups of cholate, chenodeoxycholate, and deoxycholate anions. No significant amount of 12alpha- or 7alpha-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase activity was detected. Currently available crude extracts of Pseudomonas testosteroni (ATCC 11996) are therefore suitable for bile-salt quantification.", "PMID": 1164792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_671", "title": "Fluorometric determination of \"albumin-titratable bilirubin\" in the jaundiced neonate.", "content": "We report a fluorometric technique for determination of albumin-titratable bilirubin in the jaundiced neonate. Although bilirubin alone has very little native fluorescence, considerable emission is observed in the presence of albumin under acid conditions. Analysis of the plasma sample alone and in the presence of excess human serum albumin solution appears to reflect the bilirubin tightly bound to albumin and the total serum bilirubin, respectively. The difference between these two values has been designated as \"albumin-titratable bilirubin\". Where the concentration of albumin-titratable bilirubin is considerable, a typical saturation effect is observed. In samples where the circulating bilirubin is strongly bound to endogenous alumin, no change in fluorescence is seen when exogenous albumin is added. Results correlate well with the clinical picture.", "contents": "Fluorometric determination of \"albumin-titratable bilirubin\" in the jaundiced neonate. We report a fluorometric technique for determination of albumin-titratable bilirubin in the jaundiced neonate. Although bilirubin alone has very little native fluorescence, considerable emission is observed in the presence of albumin under acid conditions. Analysis of the plasma sample alone and in the presence of excess human serum albumin solution appears to reflect the bilirubin tightly bound to albumin and the total serum bilirubin, respectively. The difference between these two values has been designated as \"albumin-titratable bilirubin\". Where the concentration of albumin-titratable bilirubin is considerable, a typical saturation effect is observed. In samples where the circulating bilirubin is strongly bound to endogenous alumin, no change in fluorescence is seen when exogenous albumin is added. Results correlate well with the clinical picture.", "PMID": 1164793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_672", "title": "Parallel radioimmunoassay for plasma cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol.", "content": "We describe a direct, rapid, and specific procedure for the parallel radioimmunoassay for cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol in plasma. The plasma sample is used directly, after heat inactivation of the natural cortisol-binding protein. The radioimmunoassay utilizes antibodies generated in rabbits by steroids congugated at their 3-oxo position to thyroglobulin. Ammonium sulfate is used to separate bound and free steroids. Our cortisol antibody and an 11-deoxycortisol antibody obtained elsewhere cross reacted negligibly with each other or with other steroids that might be present in plasma. Radioimmunoassays were therefore developed for both steroids in only 1.25 mul of plasma. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation for both steroids were less than 10%, with a sensitivyt of 4 mug/liter. Steroid values obtained by a competitive protein binding method were consistently higher than those of the present method, suggesting that the former is measuring total corticosteroids. This simple approach requires only 4 h for the specific measurement of both cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol in 20 samples of plasma.", "contents": "Parallel radioimmunoassay for plasma cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol. We describe a direct, rapid, and specific procedure for the parallel radioimmunoassay for cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol in plasma. The plasma sample is used directly, after heat inactivation of the natural cortisol-binding protein. The radioimmunoassay utilizes antibodies generated in rabbits by steroids congugated at their 3-oxo position to thyroglobulin. Ammonium sulfate is used to separate bound and free steroids. Our cortisol antibody and an 11-deoxycortisol antibody obtained elsewhere cross reacted negligibly with each other or with other steroids that might be present in plasma. Radioimmunoassays were therefore developed for both steroids in only 1.25 mul of plasma. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation for both steroids were less than 10%, with a sensitivyt of 4 mug/liter. Steroid values obtained by a competitive protein binding method were consistently higher than those of the present method, suggesting that the former is measuring total corticosteroids. This simple approach requires only 4 h for the specific measurement of both cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol in 20 samples of plasma.", "PMID": 1164794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_673", "title": "Patients as their own controls: use of the computer to identify \"laboratory error\".", "content": "I describe a system of quality control based on computer detection of changes in individual patient test results. This system, called \"delta check,\" was used to follow all the tests performed by the clinical chemistry laboratory in a 1200-bed hospital. Analysis of 22 months' experience indicates that specimen misidentification is a serious problem in the clinical chemistry laboratory. Over a nine-month period, errors were most frequent in the results for total thyroxine, total calcium, and total protein. Instances of laboratory error detectable by the delta check system are not detected by other currently used methods of quality control. This system therefore appears to be a valuable asset to the clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Patients as their own controls: use of the computer to identify \"laboratory error\". I describe a system of quality control based on computer detection of changes in individual patient test results. This system, called \"delta check,\" was used to follow all the tests performed by the clinical chemistry laboratory in a 1200-bed hospital. Analysis of 22 months' experience indicates that specimen misidentification is a serious problem in the clinical chemistry laboratory. Over a nine-month period, errors were most frequent in the results for total thyroxine, total calcium, and total protein. Instances of laboratory error detectable by the delta check system are not detected by other currently used methods of quality control. This system therefore appears to be a valuable asset to the clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 1164795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_674", "title": "Therapeutic monitoring of anticonvulsant drugs: gas-chromatographic simultaneous determination of primidone, phenylethylmalonamide, carbamazepine, and diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "We describe a sensitive and precise gas-chromatographic method in which benzylmalonate methylester monoamide is used as the internal standard for the simultaneous determination of primidone, phenylethylmalonamide, carbamazepine, and diphenylhydantoin. The trimethylsilyl derivatives of the anticonvulsants are well separated from each other and from normal serum constituents. The lower limit of detection for each drug is 0.5 mg/liter when 1 ml of serum is analyzed. Within-run precision (CV), established by analysis of 10 replicates, was as follows: primidone (5.4 mg/liter), 2.6%; phenylethylmalonamide (5.5 mg/liter), diphenylhydantoin (6.6 mg/liter), 3.8%; and carbamazepine (10.4 mg/liter), 3.2%. Fifty specimens were analyzed for primidone and 35 for diphenylhydantoin by a standard gas-chromatographic method involving on-column methylation and by the procedure we have developed. The mean value observed for primidone with the on-column alkylation procedure was 9.3 mg/liter and with our procedure was 9.6 mg/liter. When values for our assay were regressed against values for the standard method, the slope of the least-squares line was 0.936, the intercept was 1.00 mg/liter, and r was 0.939. The mean values observed for diphenylhydantoin by on-column methylation and with our procedure were both 12.6 mg/liter. When values for our assay were regressed against the standard method, the slope of the least-squares line was 0.944, the intercept was 0.3 mg/liter, and r was 0.988.", "contents": "Therapeutic monitoring of anticonvulsant drugs: gas-chromatographic simultaneous determination of primidone, phenylethylmalonamide, carbamazepine, and diphenylhydantoin. We describe a sensitive and precise gas-chromatographic method in which benzylmalonate methylester monoamide is used as the internal standard for the simultaneous determination of primidone, phenylethylmalonamide, carbamazepine, and diphenylhydantoin. The trimethylsilyl derivatives of the anticonvulsants are well separated from each other and from normal serum constituents. The lower limit of detection for each drug is 0.5 mg/liter when 1 ml of serum is analyzed. Within-run precision (CV), established by analysis of 10 replicates, was as follows: primidone (5.4 mg/liter), 2.6%; phenylethylmalonamide (5.5 mg/liter), diphenylhydantoin (6.6 mg/liter), 3.8%; and carbamazepine (10.4 mg/liter), 3.2%. Fifty specimens were analyzed for primidone and 35 for diphenylhydantoin by a standard gas-chromatographic method involving on-column methylation and by the procedure we have developed. The mean value observed for primidone with the on-column alkylation procedure was 9.3 mg/liter and with our procedure was 9.6 mg/liter. When values for our assay were regressed against values for the standard method, the slope of the least-squares line was 0.936, the intercept was 1.00 mg/liter, and r was 0.939. The mean values observed for diphenylhydantoin by on-column methylation and with our procedure were both 12.6 mg/liter. When values for our assay were regressed against the standard method, the slope of the least-squares line was 0.944, the intercept was 0.3 mg/liter, and r was 0.988.", "PMID": 1164796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_675", "title": "Device for more economical standby operation of continuous-flow analyzers.", "content": "To decrease the reagent-consumption rate of continuous-flow analyzers, I constructed a device that allows standby operation. The device, when actuated by switching off the sampler, decreases the effective pumping rate to less than 1/15 normal. The bubble pattern remains virtually undisturbed, and the system can be immediately restarted for emergency use. During five months of use in our laboratory with a Technicon platelet counter, the device was decreased reagent consumption by 60%, while allowing 24-hour-a-day operation. There have been no analytical errors traceable to the device, and no mechanical problems have arisen. I describe the use of the device in a continuous-flow system for determination of creatinine.", "contents": "Device for more economical standby operation of continuous-flow analyzers. To decrease the reagent-consumption rate of continuous-flow analyzers, I constructed a device that allows standby operation. The device, when actuated by switching off the sampler, decreases the effective pumping rate to less than 1/15 normal. The bubble pattern remains virtually undisturbed, and the system can be immediately restarted for emergency use. During five months of use in our laboratory with a Technicon platelet counter, the device was decreased reagent consumption by 60%, while allowing 24-hour-a-day operation. There have been no analytical errors traceable to the device, and no mechanical problems have arisen. I describe the use of the device in a continuous-flow system for determination of creatinine.", "PMID": 1164798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_676", "title": "Laboratory diagnosis of Bence Jones proteinuria in a patient with plasma cell leukemia.", "content": "Kappa Bence Jones proteinuria was found by immunoelectrophoretic techniques in a patient with plasma cell leukemia, who presented with no M-proteins either in serum or urine. However, a significant decrease in normal immunoglobulins was observed. On microscopic examination of kidney sections obtained a autopsy, protein casts were seen in the distal tubules. Bence Jones protein was not detected by the conventional heat test.", "contents": "Laboratory diagnosis of Bence Jones proteinuria in a patient with plasma cell leukemia. Kappa Bence Jones proteinuria was found by immunoelectrophoretic techniques in a patient with plasma cell leukemia, who presented with no M-proteins either in serum or urine. However, a significant decrease in normal immunoglobulins was observed. On microscopic examination of kidney sections obtained a autopsy, protein casts were seen in the distal tubules. Bence Jones protein was not detected by the conventional heat test.", "PMID": 1164800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_677", "title": "A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic determination of serum levels of phenobarbital and diphenyllhydantoin.", "content": "This report describes a simple gas-liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin in serum or plasma. The procedure involves a simple extraction with an isobutylmethyl ketone/n-hexane mixture, on-column ethylation with a methanolic solution of tetraethylammonium hydroxide, and analysis on a flame ionisation chromatograph. This method offers advantages of accuracy, sensitivity and rapidity. No interference from other constituents of blood was found. This reliable technique is well adapted to the routine monitoring of epileptic patients.", "contents": "A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic determination of serum levels of phenobarbital and diphenyllhydantoin. This report describes a simple gas-liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin in serum or plasma. The procedure involves a simple extraction with an isobutylmethyl ketone/n-hexane mixture, on-column ethylation with a methanolic solution of tetraethylammonium hydroxide, and analysis on a flame ionisation chromatograph. This method offers advantages of accuracy, sensitivity and rapidity. No interference from other constituents of blood was found. This reliable technique is well adapted to the routine monitoring of epileptic patients.", "PMID": 1164805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_678", "title": "The use of microfilters as an alternative to centrifugation in radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A microfilter was designed, together with a mechanical filtration apparatus for the separation of \"antibody-bound\" and \"free\" antigen in radioimmunoassay. A comparison of the results obtained using both filtration and centrifugation was carried out and the optimum incubation times, reaction conditions and washing volume for use with the microfilter were studied. The use of microfilters in radioimmunoassay gave reproducible results and offered a convenient means of automating the separation procedure.", "contents": "The use of microfilters as an alternative to centrifugation in radioimmunoassay. A microfilter was designed, together with a mechanical filtration apparatus for the separation of \"antibody-bound\" and \"free\" antigen in radioimmunoassay. A comparison of the results obtained using both filtration and centrifugation was carried out and the optimum incubation times, reaction conditions and washing volume for use with the microfilter were studied. The use of microfilters in radioimmunoassay gave reproducible results and offered a convenient means of automating the separation procedure.", "PMID": 1164806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_679", "title": "Validation of methods for determination of urinary estriol during pregnancy using mass fragmentography.", "content": "A specific and accurate method for determination of urinary estriol during pregnancy is described. After acid hydrolysis of 1 ml urine, a fixed amount of [2,4-2H2] estriol (usually 15 mug) is added and the mixture is extracted with diethyl ether. The extracted estriol is converted into the tri-trimethylsily derivative and the amount of unlabeled estriol is determined from the ratio between the recordings at m/e 504 and m/e 506 obtained after analysis with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer equipped with an MID (multiple ion detector). The two ions used correspond to the molecular peak in the mass spectrum of unlabeled and (2,4-2H2)-labeled tri-trimethylsilyl derivative, respectively. The relative standard deviation of the method was about 6%. The method was compared with a photometric method using the Kober reaction and the gas liquid chromatographic method used in routine analysis. There was a good correlation in both cases and the regression coefficient was 1.5 and 1.3, respectively.", "contents": "Validation of methods for determination of urinary estriol during pregnancy using mass fragmentography. A specific and accurate method for determination of urinary estriol during pregnancy is described. After acid hydrolysis of 1 ml urine, a fixed amount of [2,4-2H2] estriol (usually 15 mug) is added and the mixture is extracted with diethyl ether. The extracted estriol is converted into the tri-trimethylsily derivative and the amount of unlabeled estriol is determined from the ratio between the recordings at m/e 504 and m/e 506 obtained after analysis with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer equipped with an MID (multiple ion detector). The two ions used correspond to the molecular peak in the mass spectrum of unlabeled and (2,4-2H2)-labeled tri-trimethylsilyl derivative, respectively. The relative standard deviation of the method was about 6%. The method was compared with a photometric method using the Kober reaction and the gas liquid chromatographic method used in routine analysis. There was a good correlation in both cases and the regression coefficient was 1.5 and 1.3, respectively.", "PMID": 1164807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_680", "title": "A sensitive non-isotopic assay for monoamine oxidase activity in human blood platelets.", "content": "A sensitive and specific procedure for measuring monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in human platelets is described. Serotonin is used as substrate and formed 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is separated by a double microcolumn technique on Sephadex G-10 and Amberlite CG-50 and measured fluorimetrically. MAO activities were 5.11 +/- 1.32 (mean +/- S.D.) nmol/mg protein/hour in male and 7.85 +/- 1.58 in female healthy adults (p less than 0.001). MAO activity measured in 32 depressed patients was in a range of 3.20-10.62 nmol/mg protein/hour, the value not differing from that in the normal subjects. No significant difference was established between three subtypes of depression, in bipolar, unipolar and involutional patients, while significantly higher values were evident in female than in male patients (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "A sensitive non-isotopic assay for monoamine oxidase activity in human blood platelets. A sensitive and specific procedure for measuring monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in human platelets is described. Serotonin is used as substrate and formed 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is separated by a double microcolumn technique on Sephadex G-10 and Amberlite CG-50 and measured fluorimetrically. MAO activities were 5.11 +/- 1.32 (mean +/- S.D.) nmol/mg protein/hour in male and 7.85 +/- 1.58 in female healthy adults (p less than 0.001). MAO activity measured in 32 depressed patients was in a range of 3.20-10.62 nmol/mg protein/hour, the value not differing from that in the normal subjects. No significant difference was established between three subtypes of depression, in bipolar, unipolar and involutional patients, while significantly higher values were evident in female than in male patients (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 1164808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_681", "title": "Elimination of antipyrine from saliva as a measure of metabolism in man.", "content": "The salivary half-life of antipyrine was used as a convenient procedure for estimating the relative rates of drug metabolism in man. The concentration ratio of antipyrine in plasma and saliva was one over a 24-hr period following the oral or parenteral administration of the drug to man and rat. Phenobarbital, a known stimulator of drug metabolism in animals and man, increased markedly the elimination of antipyrine from saliva of rats, while SKF-525A, a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism, prolonged the elimination of antipyrine from rat saliva. In addition, the known sex difference in the metabolism of drugs in the rat was detected by measuring the elimination rate of antipyrine from saliva of male and female rats. The clinical application of the procedure indicated that a group of epileptic patients treated with anticonvulsants for more than 2 mo had a mean antipyrine salivary half-life of 4 hr, whereas a mean half-life of 13 hr was found in a group of normal volunteers. The results show that the elimination rate of antipyrine from saliva is a useful index of drug metabolism in animals and man.", "contents": "Elimination of antipyrine from saliva as a measure of metabolism in man. The salivary half-life of antipyrine was used as a convenient procedure for estimating the relative rates of drug metabolism in man. The concentration ratio of antipyrine in plasma and saliva was one over a 24-hr period following the oral or parenteral administration of the drug to man and rat. Phenobarbital, a known stimulator of drug metabolism in animals and man, increased markedly the elimination of antipyrine from saliva of rats, while SKF-525A, a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism, prolonged the elimination of antipyrine from rat saliva. In addition, the known sex difference in the metabolism of drugs in the rat was detected by measuring the elimination rate of antipyrine from saliva of male and female rats. The clinical application of the procedure indicated that a group of epileptic patients treated with anticonvulsants for more than 2 mo had a mean antipyrine salivary half-life of 4 hr, whereas a mean half-life of 13 hr was found in a group of normal volunteers. The results show that the elimination rate of antipyrine from saliva is a useful index of drug metabolism in animals and man.", "PMID": 1164815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_682", "title": "Studies on the disposition of antipyrine, aminopyrine, and phenacetin using plasma, saliva, and urine.", "content": "In normal male subjects, the half-lives of antipyrine, aminopyrine, or phenacetin were not significantly different from the half-lives of each drug in saliva. Apparent volumes of distribution (aVd) in plasma and saliva differed by the extent to which each drug has been reported to bind to plasma proteins. Thus, the aVd of antipyrine in plasma and saliva was similar; there were significant differences in aVd for aminopyrine; even greater differences were observed for penacetin. The expression (see article) equals the fraction of the drug bound to plasma proteins. Rates of appearance in the urine of metabolites of antipyrine and aminopyrine were measured. General equations were used to show the relationship between half-life for elimination of the parent drug from the body and rate of excretion of metabolites. There were significant correlations between the half-life for elimination of antipyrine from the body and the half-life for production of 4-OH antipyrine (r equal 0.90), as well as between the plasma half-life of aminopyrine and the half-life of 4-aminoantipyrine (r equal 0.95). No significant correlation was observed in the same individual between the plasma half-lives of antipyrine and phenacetin (r equal 0.05, p greater than 0.05), of aminopyrine and phenacetin (r equal 0.11, p greater than 0.05), or of antipyrine and aminopyrine (r equal 0.50, p greater than 0.05).", "contents": "Studies on the disposition of antipyrine, aminopyrine, and phenacetin using plasma, saliva, and urine. In normal male subjects, the half-lives of antipyrine, aminopyrine, or phenacetin were not significantly different from the half-lives of each drug in saliva. Apparent volumes of distribution (aVd) in plasma and saliva differed by the extent to which each drug has been reported to bind to plasma proteins. Thus, the aVd of antipyrine in plasma and saliva was similar; there were significant differences in aVd for aminopyrine; even greater differences were observed for penacetin. The expression (see article) equals the fraction of the drug bound to plasma proteins. Rates of appearance in the urine of metabolites of antipyrine and aminopyrine were measured. General equations were used to show the relationship between half-life for elimination of the parent drug from the body and rate of excretion of metabolites. There were significant correlations between the half-life for elimination of antipyrine from the body and the half-life for production of 4-OH antipyrine (r equal 0.90), as well as between the plasma half-life of aminopyrine and the half-life of 4-aminoantipyrine (r equal 0.95). No significant correlation was observed in the same individual between the plasma half-lives of antipyrine and phenacetin (r equal 0.05, p greater than 0.05), of aminopyrine and phenacetin (r equal 0.11, p greater than 0.05), or of antipyrine and aminopyrine (r equal 0.50, p greater than 0.05).", "PMID": 1164816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_683", "title": "Interactions of levodopa with inhibitors of monoamine oxidase and L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase.", "content": "Drug interactions between levodopa, tranylcypromine, and carbidopa have been studied in 4 patients with idiopathic parkinsonism. Pressor responses were induced by a combination of levodopa and tranylcypromine. These hypertensive reactions were inhibited by carbidopa, indicating that they are mediated at the periphery. Very small doses of levodopa induced an improvement in parkinsonism when patients were concomitantly taking carbidopa and tranylcypromine, but adverse reactions were prominent.", "contents": "Interactions of levodopa with inhibitors of monoamine oxidase and L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. Drug interactions between levodopa, tranylcypromine, and carbidopa have been studied in 4 patients with idiopathic parkinsonism. Pressor responses were induced by a combination of levodopa and tranylcypromine. These hypertensive reactions were inhibited by carbidopa, indicating that they are mediated at the periphery. Very small doses of levodopa induced an improvement in parkinsonism when patients were concomitantly taking carbidopa and tranylcypromine, but adverse reactions were prominent.", "PMID": 1164817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_684", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of prolonged delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ingestion.", "content": "In contrast to the tachycardia and unchanged or increased blood pressure seen after single doses, prolonged delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) ingestion produced significant heart rate slowing and blood pressure lowering in hospitalized volunteers. Impaired circulatory responses to standing, exercise, Valsalva maneuver, and cold pressor testing suggest a state of sympathetic insufficiency. Marked weight gain was observed in all subjects, which has been shown to be related to fluid retention and plasma volume expansion. Tolerance developed to orthostatic hypotension, possibly related to plasma volume expansion, but did not develop to the supine hypotensive effects. Nearly complete tolerance developed to the tachycardia and psychological effects produced by smoked marijuana while ingesting THC. Electrocardiographic changes were minimal despite the large cumulative dose of THC. The hypothesis that THC has a biphasic effect on the sympathetic nervous system in man, producing excitation with single doses and inhibition with prolonged administration, is discussed.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of prolonged delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ingestion. In contrast to the tachycardia and unchanged or increased blood pressure seen after single doses, prolonged delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) ingestion produced significant heart rate slowing and blood pressure lowering in hospitalized volunteers. Impaired circulatory responses to standing, exercise, Valsalva maneuver, and cold pressor testing suggest a state of sympathetic insufficiency. Marked weight gain was observed in all subjects, which has been shown to be related to fluid retention and plasma volume expansion. Tolerance developed to orthostatic hypotension, possibly related to plasma volume expansion, but did not develop to the supine hypotensive effects. Nearly complete tolerance developed to the tachycardia and psychological effects produced by smoked marijuana while ingesting THC. Electrocardiographic changes were minimal despite the large cumulative dose of THC. The hypothesis that THC has a biphasic effect on the sympathetic nervous system in man, producing excitation with single doses and inhibition with prolonged administration, is discussed.", "PMID": 1164818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_685", "title": "First-pass metabolism of nortriptyline in man.", "content": "The kinetics of nortriptyline were studied after oral and intravenous (iv) administration of test doses of 50 mg 14C-nortriptyline. The systemic availability of orally administered nortriptyline varied from 0.46 to 0.59 in 6 subjects. The decrease in availability was due to metabolism after administration. Systemic clearance varied from 0.31 to 0.66 L/min. From these measurements indirect estimates of the hepatic blood flow could be made, and a variation from 0.6 to 1.5 L/min was found. Quantitative measurements of first-pass metabolism could also be obtained from urinary metabolite excretion data when the kinetics of metabolite formation and elimination were taken into account. From the second or third day after the test dose, the urinary excretion rate of total radioactivity declined monoexponentially with half-lives closely corresponding to the plasma half-lives of unchanged nortriptyline. Analysis of the data from the iv test according to a 2-compartment open model showed that there was a close correlation between the rate constant of distribution from central to peripheral compartment (k12) and the elimination rate constant in the central compartment (kel). Still, there was some variation in the kel/k12-ratio, and this variation corresponded to the variation of the estimated hepatic blood flow.", "contents": "First-pass metabolism of nortriptyline in man. The kinetics of nortriptyline were studied after oral and intravenous (iv) administration of test doses of 50 mg 14C-nortriptyline. The systemic availability of orally administered nortriptyline varied from 0.46 to 0.59 in 6 subjects. The decrease in availability was due to metabolism after administration. Systemic clearance varied from 0.31 to 0.66 L/min. From these measurements indirect estimates of the hepatic blood flow could be made, and a variation from 0.6 to 1.5 L/min was found. Quantitative measurements of first-pass metabolism could also be obtained from urinary metabolite excretion data when the kinetics of metabolite formation and elimination were taken into account. From the second or third day after the test dose, the urinary excretion rate of total radioactivity declined monoexponentially with half-lives closely corresponding to the plasma half-lives of unchanged nortriptyline. Analysis of the data from the iv test according to a 2-compartment open model showed that there was a close correlation between the rate constant of distribution from central to peripheral compartment (k12) and the elimination rate constant in the central compartment (kel). Still, there was some variation in the kel/k12-ratio, and this variation corresponded to the variation of the estimated hepatic blood flow.", "PMID": 1164819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_686", "title": "Commentary: a physiological approach to hepatic drug clearance.", "content": "A physiological approach has been developed recognizing that hepatic blood flow, the activity of the overall elimination process (intrinsic clearance), drug binding in the blood, and the anatomical arrangement of the hepatic circulation are the major biological determinants of hepatic drug clearance. This approach permits quantitative prediction of both the unbound and total drug concentration/time relationships in the blood after intravenous and oral administration, and any changes that may occur as a result of alterations in the above biological parameters. These considerations have led to a classification of drug metabolism based on the hepatic extraction ratio. The proposed classification allows prediction and interpretation of the effects of individual variations in drug-metabolizing activity, route of administration, pharmacokinetic interactions, and disease states on hepatic drug elimination.", "contents": "Commentary: a physiological approach to hepatic drug clearance. A physiological approach has been developed recognizing that hepatic blood flow, the activity of the overall elimination process (intrinsic clearance), drug binding in the blood, and the anatomical arrangement of the hepatic circulation are the major biological determinants of hepatic drug clearance. This approach permits quantitative prediction of both the unbound and total drug concentration/time relationships in the blood after intravenous and oral administration, and any changes that may occur as a result of alterations in the above biological parameters. These considerations have led to a classification of drug metabolism based on the hepatic extraction ratio. The proposed classification allows prediction and interpretation of the effects of individual variations in drug-metabolizing activity, route of administration, pharmacokinetic interactions, and disease states on hepatic drug elimination.", "PMID": 1164821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_687", "title": "Effect of intravenous diazepam on renal function.", "content": "The effect of intravenous diazepam on glomerular filtration rate (inulin clearance) and effective renal plasma flow (PAH clearance) was investigated in 6 children and 12 anesthetized rabbits. A transient decrease in inulin and PAH clearances was observed in 6 children given 4 mg of diazepam intravenously, without measurable change in blood pressure. A similar renal effect was observed in anesthetized rabbits, together with a transient drop in systemic arterial pressure. Continuous infusion of diazepam (5 mg/kg/hr) did not affect renal function in rabbits. We suggest that this effect of diazepam should be borne in mind when the drug is administered to patients undergoing renal clearance studies or to patients with preexistent renal insufficiency.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous diazepam on renal function. The effect of intravenous diazepam on glomerular filtration rate (inulin clearance) and effective renal plasma flow (PAH clearance) was investigated in 6 children and 12 anesthetized rabbits. A transient decrease in inulin and PAH clearances was observed in 6 children given 4 mg of diazepam intravenously, without measurable change in blood pressure. A similar renal effect was observed in anesthetized rabbits, together with a transient drop in systemic arterial pressure. Continuous infusion of diazepam (5 mg/kg/hr) did not affect renal function in rabbits. We suggest that this effect of diazepam should be borne in mind when the drug is administered to patients undergoing renal clearance studies or to patients with preexistent renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 1164822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_688", "title": "Total body potassium and 24-hour creatinine excretion in healthy males.", "content": "Total body potassium may be predicted from height, weight, and age by TBKmmol = 30.83 Hcm + 18.05 Wkg - 11 (ageyr - 20) - 3034. This equation, based on measurements of 31 men, has been compared with others in the literature. Prediction of 24-hr creatinine (CR), excretion derived from 33 control adults whose excretion rates gave a coefficient of variation less than 13%, may be made from the equation: CRgm = 0.0143 Hcm + 0.00975 Wkg - 0.00734 (ageyr -20) -1.391. For 31 chronic schizophrenics, the corresponding equation CRgm = 0.0122 Hcm + 0.0145 Wkg - 1.611 contained no age correction. The relationship between CR and TBK is expressed by CRgm = 0.000403 TBKmmol + 0.278. Discussion of significance of these equations in the light of extensive literature suggests that about half of the error variance in predicting CR may be explained by the lack of suitable data on somatotype and much of the residual variance, including the day-to-day variation in CR, relate to factors altering basal O2 consumption. The predictors given should prove generally satisfactory for many metabolic and drug studies.", "contents": "Total body potassium and 24-hour creatinine excretion in healthy males. Total body potassium may be predicted from height, weight, and age by TBKmmol = 30.83 Hcm + 18.05 Wkg - 11 (ageyr - 20) - 3034. This equation, based on measurements of 31 men, has been compared with others in the literature. Prediction of 24-hr creatinine (CR), excretion derived from 33 control adults whose excretion rates gave a coefficient of variation less than 13%, may be made from the equation: CRgm = 0.0143 Hcm + 0.00975 Wkg - 0.00734 (ageyr -20) -1.391. For 31 chronic schizophrenics, the corresponding equation CRgm = 0.0122 Hcm + 0.0145 Wkg - 1.611 contained no age correction. The relationship between CR and TBK is expressed by CRgm = 0.000403 TBKmmol + 0.278. Discussion of significance of these equations in the light of extensive literature suggests that about half of the error variance in predicting CR may be explained by the lack of suitable data on somatotype and much of the residual variance, including the day-to-day variation in CR, relate to factors altering basal O2 consumption. The predictors given should prove generally satisfactory for many metabolic and drug studies.", "PMID": 1164823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_689", "title": "Antipyrine metabolism in man: influence of age, alcohol, caffeine, and smoking.", "content": "Age has been shown to influence drug metabolism but effects of aging could be due to other variables that influence metabolism and differ with age. Plasma half-life and metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine were studied in 307 healthy male subjects, aged 18 to 92. Half-life was 16.5% longer and metabolic clearance rate was 18.5% less in a group of the older than in the younger subjects. Both caffeine and cigarette use were positively correlated with the rate of antipyrine metabolism. Multiple regression analysis showed that the effect of smoking was partially responsible for the age differences in antipyrine metabolism. Smoking explained 12% of the variance in metabolic clearance rate and age explained 3%. Our results suggest that studies attempting to quantify the effects of aging on drug metabolism must also take into account other factors that differ with age.", "contents": "Antipyrine metabolism in man: influence of age, alcohol, caffeine, and smoking. Age has been shown to influence drug metabolism but effects of aging could be due to other variables that influence metabolism and differ with age. Plasma half-life and metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine were studied in 307 healthy male subjects, aged 18 to 92. Half-life was 16.5% longer and metabolic clearance rate was 18.5% less in a group of the older than in the younger subjects. Both caffeine and cigarette use were positively correlated with the rate of antipyrine metabolism. Multiple regression analysis showed that the effect of smoking was partially responsible for the age differences in antipyrine metabolism. Smoking explained 12% of the variance in metabolic clearance rate and age explained 3%. Our results suggest that studies attempting to quantify the effects of aging on drug metabolism must also take into account other factors that differ with age.", "PMID": 1164824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_690", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of hexobarbital in acute hepatitis and after apparent recovery.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of hexobarbital were studied in 13 patients with acute hepatitis. Hexobarbital sodium was administered by zero order intravenous (iv) infusion, and plasma concentrations were determined regularly by gas chromatography. For each patient the data were fitted according to 2-compartment kinetics. The results were compared to those obtained for 14 healthy volunteers. The elimination half-life of hexobarbital was 490 +/- 186 min in the hepatitis patients and 261 +/- 69 min in the control group. Clearance was significantly reduced in the hepatitis group, whereas the volume of distribution at steady state was not significantly altered. For some patients the initial distribution volume was reduced. In 6 patients the experiment with hexobarbital was repeated after apparent recovery from hepatitis as judged by normal transaminase and bilirubin levels. Generally the half-life of hexobarbital was shorter and the clearance value was higher than during the acute illness, but the values had not yet returned to normal. Clinical recovery from liver disease is not accompanied by corresponding recovery of drug-metabolizing capability.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of hexobarbital in acute hepatitis and after apparent recovery. The pharmacokinetics of hexobarbital were studied in 13 patients with acute hepatitis. Hexobarbital sodium was administered by zero order intravenous (iv) infusion, and plasma concentrations were determined regularly by gas chromatography. For each patient the data were fitted according to 2-compartment kinetics. The results were compared to those obtained for 14 healthy volunteers. The elimination half-life of hexobarbital was 490 +/- 186 min in the hepatitis patients and 261 +/- 69 min in the control group. Clearance was significantly reduced in the hepatitis group, whereas the volume of distribution at steady state was not significantly altered. For some patients the initial distribution volume was reduced. In 6 patients the experiment with hexobarbital was repeated after apparent recovery from hepatitis as judged by normal transaminase and bilirubin levels. Generally the half-life of hexobarbital was shorter and the clearance value was higher than during the acute illness, but the values had not yet returned to normal. Clinical recovery from liver disease is not accompanied by corresponding recovery of drug-metabolizing capability.", "PMID": 1164825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_691", "title": "Biopharmaceutic influences on the anticholinergic effects of propantheline.", "content": "With reduction of salivary flow rates as an index of anticholinergic response, 3 subjects manifested demonstrable effects shortly after ingestion of 15-mg doses of propantheline in conventional tablets. Ingestion of this dose i-mediately after a standardized breakfast substantially reduced the anticholinergic effects. In 1 subject, a dose-response relationship was noted after 15 mg and 30 mg doses under both fasting and fed conditions, but at each dose level the influence of food was clear. Administration of a 30-mg dose of propantheline in a commercially available \"prolonged-acting\" tablet induced little if any anticholinergic effects; in 2 subjects, marginal but fleeting indications of salivary suppression were noted about 4 hr after ingestion, while no effects were observed in the third subject (even after 2 \"prolonged-acting\" tablets).", "contents": "Biopharmaceutic influences on the anticholinergic effects of propantheline. With reduction of salivary flow rates as an index of anticholinergic response, 3 subjects manifested demonstrable effects shortly after ingestion of 15-mg doses of propantheline in conventional tablets. Ingestion of this dose i-mediately after a standardized breakfast substantially reduced the anticholinergic effects. In 1 subject, a dose-response relationship was noted after 15 mg and 30 mg doses under both fasting and fed conditions, but at each dose level the influence of food was clear. Administration of a 30-mg dose of propantheline in a commercially available \"prolonged-acting\" tablet induced little if any anticholinergic effects; in 2 subjects, marginal but fleeting indications of salivary suppression were noted about 4 hr after ingestion, while no effects were observed in the third subject (even after 2 \"prolonged-acting\" tablets).", "PMID": 1164826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_692", "title": "In vitro and in vivo transport of lithium by human erythrocytes.", "content": "An in vitro system that can be used to measure both uptake and efflux of lithium by erythrocytes (RBCs) is described. Using this system, RBC lithium accumulation in vitro was compared with in vivo RBC lithium concentrations observed in 6 normal volunteers. A significant correlation was demonstrated between in vitro RBC lithium accumulation after 48-hr incubation and in vivo RBC lithium concentration at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr following the beginning of lithium ingestion. In addition, when efflux of lithium from RBCs in vitro was studied, a significant correlation was observed between residual lithium in RBCs and in vitro RBC lithium accumulation. Finally, it has been demonstrated that storage of blood in ice for 5 hr prior to incubation with lithium results in increased RBC lithium accumulation. A potential role for this in vitro incubation system as a model for in vivo RBC lithium accumulation is suggested.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo transport of lithium by human erythrocytes. An in vitro system that can be used to measure both uptake and efflux of lithium by erythrocytes (RBCs) is described. Using this system, RBC lithium accumulation in vitro was compared with in vivo RBC lithium concentrations observed in 6 normal volunteers. A significant correlation was demonstrated between in vitro RBC lithium accumulation after 48-hr incubation and in vivo RBC lithium concentration at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr following the beginning of lithium ingestion. In addition, when efflux of lithium from RBCs in vitro was studied, a significant correlation was observed between residual lithium in RBCs and in vitro RBC lithium accumulation. Finally, it has been demonstrated that storage of blood in ice for 5 hr prior to incubation with lithium results in increased RBC lithium accumulation. A potential role for this in vitro incubation system as a model for in vivo RBC lithium accumulation is suggested.", "PMID": 1164827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_693", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in cirrhosis.", "content": "Ampicillin pharmacokinetics was studied in 9 cirrhotic patients and in 8 healthy subjects to assess liver disease-related differences in distribution, elimination, and bioavailability of ampicillin. Plasma, urine, and ascites fluid samples were analyzed microbiologically. After intravenous doses, the cirrhotic patients have lower initial plasma concentrations of ampicillin because of the larger volume of distribution. Such patients usually have diminished renal function, which, because renal tubular secretion is the main route of excretion of ampicillin, causes prolonged retention of ampicillin. Metabolic-biliary clearance of ampicillin, normally accounting for removal of only 10% of the dose in normal subjects, is three times as great in cirrhotic patients. Peak ascites fluid concentrations of ampicillin ranged from 2 to 7 mcg/ml after 600 mg iv doses, and very slow clearance of ampicillin from the peritoneal cavity results in persistence in this compartment. Though absorption of ampicillin from capsules was often erratic, its bioavailability was similar in normal and cirrhotic subjects. These findings suggest that the usual course of ampicillin therapy of infections should not be altered in cirrhotic patients. On the other hand, reduction in dosage may be called for when there is renal impairment.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in cirrhosis. Ampicillin pharmacokinetics was studied in 9 cirrhotic patients and in 8 healthy subjects to assess liver disease-related differences in distribution, elimination, and bioavailability of ampicillin. Plasma, urine, and ascites fluid samples were analyzed microbiologically. After intravenous doses, the cirrhotic patients have lower initial plasma concentrations of ampicillin because of the larger volume of distribution. Such patients usually have diminished renal function, which, because renal tubular secretion is the main route of excretion of ampicillin, causes prolonged retention of ampicillin. Metabolic-biliary clearance of ampicillin, normally accounting for removal of only 10% of the dose in normal subjects, is three times as great in cirrhotic patients. Peak ascites fluid concentrations of ampicillin ranged from 2 to 7 mcg/ml after 600 mg iv doses, and very slow clearance of ampicillin from the peritoneal cavity results in persistence in this compartment. Though absorption of ampicillin from capsules was often erratic, its bioavailability was similar in normal and cirrhotic subjects. These findings suggest that the usual course of ampicillin therapy of infections should not be altered in cirrhotic patients. On the other hand, reduction in dosage may be called for when there is renal impairment.", "PMID": 1164828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_694", "title": "A computer program for the graphical and iterative fitting of probability density functions to biological data.", "content": "A tutorially-assisted, interactive program, written for a Digital Equipment Corporation LAB-11 minicomputer (PDP-11/20, is described which allows a user to fit (with or without automatic estimation of initial parameter values), by a method of nonlinear least squres, any one of seven different types of probability density functions (p.d.f.'s) to an empirical frequency distribution; the latter of which may be input to the program or formed by the program whenever it is furnished a series of times between events. The iteratively-obtained, \"best fit\" p.d.f. is displayed on a two color, point-plot display against the background of a point-plot histogram. By selecting any one of nine output modes, the user is allowed: (1) to view histograms successively on the point-plot display, (2) to generate selected p.d.f.'s (3) to \"force\" p.d.f.'s having known parameters through the histogram data, (4) to obtain Chi-square (x2) and Kolmogorov-Smionov estimates of the goodness of fit to the data, and (5) to apply a special test [Williams and Kloot, 1953] in order to determine whether the least squares estimates of two candidate models are statistically different. The resident driver program and the four overlayable program segments are written in standard FORTRAN IV; except for two plot routines, which are written in PDP-11 assembly language.", "contents": "A computer program for the graphical and iterative fitting of probability density functions to biological data. A tutorially-assisted, interactive program, written for a Digital Equipment Corporation LAB-11 minicomputer (PDP-11/20, is described which allows a user to fit (with or without automatic estimation of initial parameter values), by a method of nonlinear least squres, any one of seven different types of probability density functions (p.d.f.'s) to an empirical frequency distribution; the latter of which may be input to the program or formed by the program whenever it is furnished a series of times between events. The iteratively-obtained, \"best fit\" p.d.f. is displayed on a two color, point-plot display against the background of a point-plot histogram. By selecting any one of nine output modes, the user is allowed: (1) to view histograms successively on the point-plot display, (2) to generate selected p.d.f.'s (3) to \"force\" p.d.f.'s having known parameters through the histogram data, (4) to obtain Chi-square (x2) and Kolmogorov-Smionov estimates of the goodness of fit to the data, and (5) to apply a special test [Williams and Kloot, 1953] in order to determine whether the least squares estimates of two candidate models are statistically different. The resident driver program and the four overlayable program segments are written in standard FORTRAN IV; except for two plot routines, which are written in PDP-11 assembly language.", "PMID": 1164838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_695", "title": "A computer analysis of electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation patterns.", "content": "A program DIANA is designed to fit the scanning curves of electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation patterns with 10-15 overlapping peaks by a sum of Gaussian-like distribitions. The parameters of the distributions are adjusted by minimizing x, using a problem oriented minimizing procedure. The number of molecular components as well as starting values of the positions and the widths of the peaks must be choosen as input for each type of pattern. Programs are written in FORTRAN IV.", "contents": "A computer analysis of electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation patterns. A program DIANA is designed to fit the scanning curves of electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation patterns with 10-15 overlapping peaks by a sum of Gaussian-like distribitions. The parameters of the distributions are adjusted by minimizing x, using a problem oriented minimizing procedure. The number of molecular components as well as starting values of the positions and the widths of the peaks must be choosen as input for each type of pattern. Programs are written in FORTRAN IV.", "PMID": 1164839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_696", "title": "Smiss, stoichiometric matrix inversion for steady state metabolic networks.", "content": "A program is described for the reduction of the stoichiometric matrices associated with steady state metabolic networks. The program generates a set of independent and dependent reactions and gives the dependent reactions as functions of the independent reactions. The program can also be used to generate all possible alternative sets of independent reactions.", "contents": "Smiss, stoichiometric matrix inversion for steady state metabolic networks. A program is described for the reduction of the stoichiometric matrices associated with steady state metabolic networks. The program generates a set of independent and dependent reactions and gives the dependent reactions as functions of the independent reactions. The program can also be used to generate all possible alternative sets of independent reactions.", "PMID": 1164840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_697", "title": "Statistical analysis and graphical representation the temporal and distributive properties of urodynamic data.", "content": "A collection of programs are described to analyze and display urodynamic data on a digital plotter. Utilizing a small programmable calculator, routines have been written to characterize the temporal and distributive properties of experimentally observed ureteral peristalses and associated urine output. The encoding pricipals used are designed to optimally use limited calculator memory.", "contents": "Statistical analysis and graphical representation the temporal and distributive properties of urodynamic data. A collection of programs are described to analyze and display urodynamic data on a digital plotter. Utilizing a small programmable calculator, routines have been written to characterize the temporal and distributive properties of experimentally observed ureteral peristalses and associated urine output. The encoding pricipals used are designed to optimally use limited calculator memory.", "PMID": 1164841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_698", "title": "A subroutine to represent tridimensional surfaces on a printer.", "content": "To get a better idea of the shape of a function, it is often desirable to represent it by a relief map. The representation of tridimensional surfaces is generally obtained with a plotter, tracing the level curves step by step. We are describing here a subrouting allowing the diagrammatic representation of surfaces directly with a line pinter using a blackening whose intensity is proportional to the values of the function.", "contents": "A subroutine to represent tridimensional surfaces on a printer. To get a better idea of the shape of a function, it is often desirable to represent it by a relief map. The representation of tridimensional surfaces is generally obtained with a plotter, tracing the level curves step by step. We are describing here a subrouting allowing the diagrammatic representation of surfaces directly with a line pinter using a blackening whose intensity is proportional to the values of the function.", "PMID": 1164842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_699", "title": "Operant conditioning and behavioral analyses using a minicomputer.", "content": "An operant conditioning and data analysis software system was developed for use on a PDP-12A minicomputer. The operant software functions in quasi time-sharing fashion to control and acquire data from any peripheral device that operates in the binary mode. In addition to independently running different experiments in near simultaneous fashion, the program also provides information on the current status of each experiment using a cathode ray-tube display. Response data from each experimental subject is stored on magnetic tape and analyzed, off-line, by the data analysis portion of the software system. A discussion of the operation of this system is given for one possible application: visual discrimination training.", "contents": "Operant conditioning and behavioral analyses using a minicomputer. An operant conditioning and data analysis software system was developed for use on a PDP-12A minicomputer. The operant software functions in quasi time-sharing fashion to control and acquire data from any peripheral device that operates in the binary mode. In addition to independently running different experiments in near simultaneous fashion, the program also provides information on the current status of each experiment using a cathode ray-tube display. Response data from each experimental subject is stored on magnetic tape and analyzed, off-line, by the data analysis portion of the software system. A discussion of the operation of this system is given for one possible application: visual discrimination training.", "PMID": 1164843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_700", "title": "A minicomputer interface for realtime operations: an application to operant conditioning.", "content": "A PDP-12 interface was designed, constructed, and tested for realtime imput and output of binary information. Within limits this interface can be used with any peripheral device which operates in the binary mode. In addition to its generality of application the interface features include ease of expansion and low cost. A description of its design and operation is give here is terms of a typical application: the control of behavioral equipment (i.e. \"Skinner Boxes\") for operant conditioning.", "contents": "A minicomputer interface for realtime operations: an application to operant conditioning. A PDP-12 interface was designed, constructed, and tested for realtime imput and output of binary information. Within limits this interface can be used with any peripheral device which operates in the binary mode. In addition to its generality of application the interface features include ease of expansion and low cost. A description of its design and operation is give here is terms of a typical application: the control of behavioral equipment (i.e. \"Skinner Boxes\") for operant conditioning.", "PMID": 1164844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_701", "title": "\"Individual\" versus conjoint therapy.", "content": "The pragmatic test of whether a troubled couple should be treated by an approach oriented toward intrapsychic problems or by an approach with an interpersonal focus lies in the couple's perception of their difficulties. If intrapsychic difficulties are ego-syntonic and experienced primarily at an interpersonal level, that is the level at which treatment must be done. To the extent that each of the marital partners has a differing goal for treatment, different levels of treatment, including individual therapy for both, must be available after an adequate trial of dealing with the couple as a unit.", "contents": "\"Individual\" versus conjoint therapy. The pragmatic test of whether a troubled couple should be treated by an approach oriented toward intrapsychic problems or by an approach with an interpersonal focus lies in the couple's perception of their difficulties. If intrapsychic difficulties are ego-syntonic and experienced primarily at an interpersonal level, that is the level at which treatment must be done. To the extent that each of the marital partners has a differing goal for treatment, different levels of treatment, including individual therapy for both, must be available after an adequate trial of dealing with the couple as a unit.", "PMID": 1164856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_702", "title": "Technique of fluphenazine decanoate therapy in acute schizophrenic illnesses.", "content": "F.D. can be safely used as the phenothiazine of first choice in the management of acute schizophrenic illness, either alone or in combination with other neuroleptics if necessary for additional sedation. Usually 2 - 5 ccs im are needed to effect remission. Striopallidal symptoms are the major problem but these are usually manageable. The advantages of this regime are discussed.", "contents": "Technique of fluphenazine decanoate therapy in acute schizophrenic illnesses. F.D. can be safely used as the phenothiazine of first choice in the management of acute schizophrenic illness, either alone or in combination with other neuroleptics if necessary for additional sedation. Usually 2 - 5 ccs im are needed to effect remission. Striopallidal symptoms are the major problem but these are usually manageable. The advantages of this regime are discussed.", "PMID": 1164860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_703", "title": "Prognostic significance of episodic low amplitude or relatively isoelectric EEG patterns.", "content": "Electroencephalograms demonstrating episodes of relative iso-electric activity in 14 comatose patients are divided into three patterns. The first, Type I, showed brief low amplitude or relatively iso-electric episodes intermixed with slow activity. The second, Type II, showed epileptogenic activity with episodes of relative iso-electricity. The third, Type III, showed burst suppression in which iso-electric intervals were of greater duration than periodic slow activity. All patients expired, indicating grave prognostic implications for all three patterns.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of episodic low amplitude or relatively isoelectric EEG patterns. Electroencephalograms demonstrating episodes of relative iso-electric activity in 14 comatose patients are divided into three patterns. The first, Type I, showed brief low amplitude or relatively iso-electric episodes intermixed with slow activity. The second, Type II, showed epileptogenic activity with episodes of relative iso-electricity. The third, Type III, showed burst suppression in which iso-electric intervals were of greater duration than periodic slow activity. All patients expired, indicating grave prognostic implications for all three patterns.", "PMID": 1164861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_704", "title": "A total community approach to the treatment of alcoholism.", "content": "A review of psychopathology and withdrawal in alcoholics is presented. The use of disulfiram, milieu and half-way houses in the treatment of alcoholic patients is described. The role of the Community Mental Health Center is outlined. An extensive description of Palm Beach County's approach to the treatment of alcoholism is then explained. This heterogeneous county offers facilities for all types of patients, from the lowest to highest socioeconomic backgrounds. Detoxification in the Palm Beach Community Mental Health Center is fully described. The half-way houses, Alcoholics Anonymous programs, and other outpatient and inpatient treatment facilities are depicted.", "contents": "A total community approach to the treatment of alcoholism. A review of psychopathology and withdrawal in alcoholics is presented. The use of disulfiram, milieu and half-way houses in the treatment of alcoholic patients is described. The role of the Community Mental Health Center is outlined. An extensive description of Palm Beach County's approach to the treatment of alcoholism is then explained. This heterogeneous county offers facilities for all types of patients, from the lowest to highest socioeconomic backgrounds. Detoxification in the Palm Beach Community Mental Health Center is fully described. The half-way houses, Alcoholics Anonymous programs, and other outpatient and inpatient treatment facilities are depicted.", "PMID": 1164862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_705", "title": "Seizures following burns of the skin. III. Electroencephalographic recordings.", "content": "1. EEGs were recorded on 40 burned (acute) patients during their hospitalization. Abnormal records were seen in 88% of the 49 records, all showing slow waves and nearly 10% with epileptiform activity. EEG abnormality seems related to the combination of total body surface burned and time after burn and is maximal not immediately after the burn, but within 3-11 days after the trauma when hyperventilation, hypopotassemia and deaths tend to occur. 2. EEGs were also recorded on 27 (chronic) patients, 17 with seizures and 10 others with cognitive-behavior disorders. All showed an abnormal EEG. Patients with seizures showed slow waves in 82% of cases, often diffuse, usually more marked than those seen in the cognitive-behavior disorders; 41% of patients with seizures showed epiliptiform activity. Patients with cognitive-behavior disorders showed slow waves abnormalities, usually mild in degree of severity; positive spikes were found in patients specifically with a behavior disorder.", "contents": "Seizures following burns of the skin. III. Electroencephalographic recordings. 1. EEGs were recorded on 40 burned (acute) patients during their hospitalization. Abnormal records were seen in 88% of the 49 records, all showing slow waves and nearly 10% with epileptiform activity. EEG abnormality seems related to the combination of total body surface burned and time after burn and is maximal not immediately after the burn, but within 3-11 days after the trauma when hyperventilation, hypopotassemia and deaths tend to occur. 2. EEGs were also recorded on 27 (chronic) patients, 17 with seizures and 10 others with cognitive-behavior disorders. All showed an abnormal EEG. Patients with seizures showed slow waves in 82% of cases, often diffuse, usually more marked than those seen in the cognitive-behavior disorders; 41% of patients with seizures showed epiliptiform activity. Patients with cognitive-behavior disorders showed slow waves abnormalities, usually mild in degree of severity; positive spikes were found in patients specifically with a behavior disorder.", "PMID": 1164866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_706", "title": "Stimulant drug treatment of hyperactive adolescents.", "content": "The characteristics and classroom behavior changes of hyperactive (HA) school children treated with stimulants during the years, 1969-1974, were evaluated in relation to the age of the child. Fourteen children who began taking stimulants before age 8 were compared to 11 who were initiated on stimulant treatment at age 13-16. Next, 13 children who continued on stimulants into their teens were studied to compare their pre-teen with their teenage drug response. The major findings were: 1) The therapeutic response of stimulants for hyperactivity did not significantly change from age 6 to age 16. 2) Pre-treatment teacher ratings indicated that as a group, teenage HA children were as inattentive as younger HA children, but less aggressive and overactive. 3) The mean dose of stimulant medication to achieve a successful classroom response for school age HA children did not significantly increase with age. 4) Parental resistances to stimulants were not related to the age of the HA child, but behavioral resistances by the child increased significantly during the teens. 5) There were no reports of abuse of stimulants by HA teenagers.", "contents": "Stimulant drug treatment of hyperactive adolescents. The characteristics and classroom behavior changes of hyperactive (HA) school children treated with stimulants during the years, 1969-1974, were evaluated in relation to the age of the child. Fourteen children who began taking stimulants before age 8 were compared to 11 who were initiated on stimulant treatment at age 13-16. Next, 13 children who continued on stimulants into their teens were studied to compare their pre-teen with their teenage drug response. The major findings were: 1) The therapeutic response of stimulants for hyperactivity did not significantly change from age 6 to age 16. 2) Pre-treatment teacher ratings indicated that as a group, teenage HA children were as inattentive as younger HA children, but less aggressive and overactive. 3) The mean dose of stimulant medication to achieve a successful classroom response for school age HA children did not significantly increase with age. 4) Parental resistances to stimulants were not related to the age of the HA child, but behavioral resistances by the child increased significantly during the teens. 5) There were no reports of abuse of stimulants by HA teenagers.", "PMID": 1164867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_707", "title": "Latent tetany and anxiety, marginal magnesium deficit, and normocalcemia.", "content": "The identification of marginal magnesium deficit, such as we have detected in a patient with anxiety, depression, and psychomatic complaints, is a difficult diagnostic problem. Electromyography of a limb, rendered acutely ischemic either just before or after hyperventilation, can elicit latent tetany in this condition, as well as in calcium deficiency. We have demonstrated iterative electrical activity in our patient, whose magnesium deficit is attributable to renal wasting of magnesium. We have elicited similar patterns in several other patients, who had marginally low serum magnesium and who also exhibited weakness, anxiety, and psychosomatic disorders. This preliminary report suggests the need for further consideration of the possibility that chronic magnesium-deficit may contribute to the syndrome of latent tetany, psychosomatic complaints, and weakness.", "contents": "Latent tetany and anxiety, marginal magnesium deficit, and normocalcemia. The identification of marginal magnesium deficit, such as we have detected in a patient with anxiety, depression, and psychomatic complaints, is a difficult diagnostic problem. Electromyography of a limb, rendered acutely ischemic either just before or after hyperventilation, can elicit latent tetany in this condition, as well as in calcium deficiency. We have demonstrated iterative electrical activity in our patient, whose magnesium deficit is attributable to renal wasting of magnesium. We have elicited similar patterns in several other patients, who had marginally low serum magnesium and who also exhibited weakness, anxiety, and psychosomatic disorders. This preliminary report suggests the need for further consideration of the possibility that chronic magnesium-deficit may contribute to the syndrome of latent tetany, psychosomatic complaints, and weakness.", "PMID": 1164868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_708", "title": "[Prevention of postoperative thrombo-embolism using a new principle of drug treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Slowing of venous return is, in addition to endothelial damage and hypercoagulability, one of the decisive factors in the development of thrombi. This is especially so in operated patients with loss of vessel tone caused by general anaesthesia. The radiofibrinogen test was used on a group of 106 patients to check whether the administration of dihydroergotamine, which produces vasoconstriction particularly of the venous channels, can bring about a reduction in the incidence of postoperative thrombo-embolism. There was a statistically (variance analysis) highly significant difference in the average thrombosis rate between treated (8.8%) and untreated (34.7%) patients. In patients especially at risk, the rate was more than three times as high in the untreated group (39.5% and 12.9%, respectively). In low-risk patients the rate actually dropped to zero (from 20%).", "contents": "[Prevention of postoperative thrombo-embolism using a new principle of drug treatment (author's transl)]. Slowing of venous return is, in addition to endothelial damage and hypercoagulability, one of the decisive factors in the development of thrombi. This is especially so in operated patients with loss of vessel tone caused by general anaesthesia. The radiofibrinogen test was used on a group of 106 patients to check whether the administration of dihydroergotamine, which produces vasoconstriction particularly of the venous channels, can bring about a reduction in the incidence of postoperative thrombo-embolism. There was a statistically (variance analysis) highly significant difference in the average thrombosis rate between treated (8.8%) and untreated (34.7%) patients. In patients especially at risk, the rate was more than three times as high in the untreated group (39.5% and 12.9%, respectively). In low-risk patients the rate actually dropped to zero (from 20%).", "PMID": 1164876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_709", "title": "[Pacemaker implantation for heart failure with bradycardia (author's transl)].", "content": "The long-term effect of pacemakers in the management of bradycardic heart failure with or without syncope was tested on 337 patients. The cumulative survival rate of patients with Adams-Stokes attacks without heart failure (group I) was 91% at the end of one year, 73% at the end of three and 35% at the end of eight years. Among patients with Adams-Stokes attacks and accompanying heart failure (group II) 81% survived one year, 64% three and 46% five years, but only 25% eight years. Among patients in whom heart failure was the only indication for pacemaker implantation (group III), 70% were still alive after one year, 56% after three and 17% after five years. Related to the severity of heart failure before and after pacemaker implantation, most of the patients of group II (mild or moderately severe failure) had definite improvement, while of those in group III (mainly severe failure) only about half had less cardiac failure. In patients with severe heart failure and bradycardia (without syncope) long-term results are not likely to be very good, as regards both duration of survival and physical capacity.", "contents": "[Pacemaker implantation for heart failure with bradycardia (author's transl)]. The long-term effect of pacemakers in the management of bradycardic heart failure with or without syncope was tested on 337 patients. The cumulative survival rate of patients with Adams-Stokes attacks without heart failure (group I) was 91% at the end of one year, 73% at the end of three and 35% at the end of eight years. Among patients with Adams-Stokes attacks and accompanying heart failure (group II) 81% survived one year, 64% three and 46% five years, but only 25% eight years. Among patients in whom heart failure was the only indication for pacemaker implantation (group III), 70% were still alive after one year, 56% after three and 17% after five years. Related to the severity of heart failure before and after pacemaker implantation, most of the patients of group II (mild or moderately severe failure) had definite improvement, while of those in group III (mainly severe failure) only about half had less cardiac failure. In patients with severe heart failure and bradycardia (without syncope) long-term results are not likely to be very good, as regards both duration of survival and physical capacity.", "PMID": 1164877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_710", "title": "[Controlled study of the therapeutic effect of B vitamins and an anabolic steroid in  chronic hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 66 patients with chronic active hepatitis and chronic fatty liver hepatitis of predominantly alcoholic aetiology the effect of B vitamins and the anabolic steroid clostebol (Steranabol) was tested during an eight-week period, using 12-biochemical parameters of liver function, histological findings and the activity of 14 enzymes. In chronic active hepatitis there was no demonstrable difference in effect between the treated and untreated subjects. In those with chronic fatty liver hepatitis, the marked greater therapeutic effect among the untreated group during hospitalization is thought to have been due largely to an accompanying reduction of alcohol intake.", "contents": "[Controlled study of the therapeutic effect of B vitamins and an anabolic steroid in  chronic hepatitis (author's transl)]. In 66 patients with chronic active hepatitis and chronic fatty liver hepatitis of predominantly alcoholic aetiology the effect of B vitamins and the anabolic steroid clostebol (Steranabol) was tested during an eight-week period, using 12-biochemical parameters of liver function, histological findings and the activity of 14 enzymes. In chronic active hepatitis there was no demonstrable difference in effect between the treated and untreated subjects. In those with chronic fatty liver hepatitis, the marked greater therapeutic effect among the untreated group during hospitalization is thought to have been due largely to an accompanying reduction of alcohol intake.", "PMID": 1164878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_711", "title": "[Eosinophilic leukaemia with chloroacetate-esterase-positive granules in a child (author's transl)].", "content": "Eosinophilic leukaemia was diagnosed in a 13-year-old boy with clinical and haematological signs of acute leukaemia. A positive naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase reaction was present in 93% of bone marrow eosinophils. This confirms earlier findings for this sub-group of leukaemia in adultsmcharcot-Leyden's crystals were found in bone marrow, and the eosinophils were further characterized by other cytochemical and electronmicroscopic studies. Only short remission periods were achieved, the patient dying 53 weeks after diagnosis. Attacks of cardiac arrhythmias, thought to be due to adriamycin treatment, were probably related to thrombi in the coronary arteries as a result of disseminated intravascular coagulation. It is thought that eosinophilic leukaemia with a positive naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase reaction is a variant of acute myeloid leukaemia.", "contents": "[Eosinophilic leukaemia with chloroacetate-esterase-positive granules in a child (author's transl)]. Eosinophilic leukaemia was diagnosed in a 13-year-old boy with clinical and haematological signs of acute leukaemia. A positive naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase reaction was present in 93% of bone marrow eosinophils. This confirms earlier findings for this sub-group of leukaemia in adultsmcharcot-Leyden's crystals were found in bone marrow, and the eosinophils were further characterized by other cytochemical and electronmicroscopic studies. Only short remission periods were achieved, the patient dying 53 weeks after diagnosis. Attacks of cardiac arrhythmias, thought to be due to adriamycin treatment, were probably related to thrombi in the coronary arteries as a result of disseminated intravascular coagulation. It is thought that eosinophilic leukaemia with a positive naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase reaction is a variant of acute myeloid leukaemia.", "PMID": 1164879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_712", "title": "[Acute bilateral pulmonary infiltration as a complication of cytostatic treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "In three patients on cytostatic drugs acute bilaterally symmetrical pulmonary infiltrates developed. Bacterial, viral or mycotic infections were excluded. The histological findings in the lungs of two had died were those of nonspecific alveolitis. Clinical and radiological findings, as well as the rapid regression of the infiltrates after stopping the cytostatic drugs in the third patient and the marked similarity of the X-ray picture to some similar cases reported in the literature, suggest that these infiltrates resulted from an acute allergic reaction to the cytostatic drugs.", "contents": "[Acute bilateral pulmonary infiltration as a complication of cytostatic treatment (author's transl)]. In three patients on cytostatic drugs acute bilaterally symmetrical pulmonary infiltrates developed. Bacterial, viral or mycotic infections were excluded. The histological findings in the lungs of two had died were those of nonspecific alveolitis. Clinical and radiological findings, as well as the rapid regression of the infiltrates after stopping the cytostatic drugs in the third patient and the marked similarity of the X-ray picture to some similar cases reported in the literature, suggest that these infiltrates resulted from an acute allergic reaction to the cytostatic drugs.", "PMID": 1164880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_713", "title": "[Failure to partial synchronization with hydroxyurea to improve results of chemotherapy of solid neurosarcoma in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Partial synchronization of the slow-growing cell of solid neurosarcoma in the rat can be achieved by blocking DNA synthesis with hydroxyurea. Possible augmentation after synchronization of the therapeutic effects achieved with various cytostatics was tested. The substances were administered to tumour-bearing rats at various times after synchronization (at the transition from G1 to S phase; at maximal DNA synthesis; at the transition from the S to the G2 phases; at mitosis) and therapeutic effects on tumour gs. Cyclophosphamide and adriamycin reduced tumour size, the effect being dose-dependent. No differences were noted between synchronized and non-synchronized cells. Hydroxyurea and vincristine had significantly less effect on the tumour cells, this minimal effect not being enhanced by synchronization. The reported results were obtained in tests on 360 rats and are statistically significant (double variance analysis).", "contents": "[Failure to partial synchronization with hydroxyurea to improve results of chemotherapy of solid neurosarcoma in the rat (author's transl)]. Partial synchronization of the slow-growing cell of solid neurosarcoma in the rat can be achieved by blocking DNA synthesis with hydroxyurea. Possible augmentation after synchronization of the therapeutic effects achieved with various cytostatics was tested. The substances were administered to tumour-bearing rats at various times after synchronization (at the transition from G1 to S phase; at maximal DNA synthesis; at the transition from the S to the G2 phases; at mitosis) and therapeutic effects on tumour gs. Cyclophosphamide and adriamycin reduced tumour size, the effect being dose-dependent. No differences were noted between synchronized and non-synchronized cells. Hydroxyurea and vincristine had significantly less effect on the tumour cells, this minimal effect not being enhanced by synchronization. The reported results were obtained in tests on 360 rats and are statistically significant (double variance analysis).", "PMID": 1164881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_714", "title": "[Clinical course and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction in the elderly (author's transl)].", "content": "71 of 840 patients admitted to an intensive care unit (I.C.U.) between 1970 and 1974 because of acute myocardial infarction were aged over 80 years. Age was thus an important determinant of infarction and the death-rate rose steeply with age, the hospital death-rate being 61% in those over 80 but only 8.4% in those under 50 years. The high incidence and severity of haemodynamic complications (pulmonary oedema, generalized heart failure, cardiogenic shock) were the main cause of the high death-rate. Supraventricular arrhythmias (atrial flutter and fibrillation) were frequent. Early treatment in an I.C.U. improved prognosis even in the elderly patient, by control of conduction disturbances and other arrhythmias but also by early recognition and treatment of haemodynamic complications.", "contents": "[Clinical course and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction in the elderly (author's transl)]. 71 of 840 patients admitted to an intensive care unit (I.C.U.) between 1970 and 1974 because of acute myocardial infarction were aged over 80 years. Age was thus an important determinant of infarction and the death-rate rose steeply with age, the hospital death-rate being 61% in those over 80 but only 8.4% in those under 50 years. The high incidence and severity of haemodynamic complications (pulmonary oedema, generalized heart failure, cardiogenic shock) were the main cause of the high death-rate. Supraventricular arrhythmias (atrial flutter and fibrillation) were frequent. Early treatment in an I.C.U. improved prognosis even in the elderly patient, by control of conduction disturbances and other arrhythmias but also by early recognition and treatment of haemodynamic complications.", "PMID": 1164888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_715", "title": "[Cardiomyopathy in uncomplicated systemic lupus erythematosus (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemodynamic functions, myocardial contractility, and coronary blood flow were measured in five young women with systemic lupus erythematosus. There had been no signs of cardiac involvement. Left and right heart catherterisation excluded abnormal pressure gradients and valvar regurgitation. But left ventricular end-diastolic pressures were considerably raised while cardiac output, stroke volume, ejection fraction, and left ventricular compliance were decreased. Isovolumic indices of myocardial contractility were altered, corresponding to a decreased contractile state of the myocardium. Coronary blood flow was moderately increased at rest, but pharmacologically induced coronary vascular reserve was markedly reduced. It is concluded that in young women with this disease there may be, in the absence of clinical signs of cardiac involvement, haemodynamic abnormalities which must be ascribed to the consequences of a lupus cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "[Cardiomyopathy in uncomplicated systemic lupus erythematosus (author's transl)]. Haemodynamic functions, myocardial contractility, and coronary blood flow were measured in five young women with systemic lupus erythematosus. There had been no signs of cardiac involvement. Left and right heart catherterisation excluded abnormal pressure gradients and valvar regurgitation. But left ventricular end-diastolic pressures were considerably raised while cardiac output, stroke volume, ejection fraction, and left ventricular compliance were decreased. Isovolumic indices of myocardial contractility were altered, corresponding to a decreased contractile state of the myocardium. Coronary blood flow was moderately increased at rest, but pharmacologically induced coronary vascular reserve was markedly reduced. It is concluded that in young women with this disease there may be, in the absence of clinical signs of cardiac involvement, haemodynamic abnormalities which must be ascribed to the consequences of a lupus cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 1164889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_716", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics and clinical observations of sisomicin, a newly developed aminoglycoside derivative (author's transl)].", "content": "In a randomized study of 12 healthy subjects the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin, sisomicin and tobramycin were determined after a one-hour infusion of each drug (1.0 mg/kg body-weight) four weeks apart. There were no pharmacokinetic differences of therapeutic significance between the three drugs. The mean serum concentrations at the end of infusion were 3.85 mug/ml for gentamicin and 4.66 mug/ml for sisomicin, falling to 0.12 and 0.26 mug/ml, respectively, after eight hours. The biological half-life varied between 96 and 122 min and the apparent volumes of distribution corresponded closely tothe size of the extracellular space. The antibacterial effectiveness, tolerance and modes of application were studied in 24 patients, most of them with urinary infection, at a dosage of 1.0 mg per kg body-weight two to three times daily. Good clinical results were achieved in 15, satisfactory ones in three, and in 16 the causative bacteria were eradicated. Sisomicin was well tolerated, except for minor and reversible renal (2 patients), hepatic (3 patients), and hearing (1 patient) disturbances.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics and clinical observations of sisomicin, a newly developed aminoglycoside derivative (author's transl)]. In a randomized study of 12 healthy subjects the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin, sisomicin and tobramycin were determined after a one-hour infusion of each drug (1.0 mg/kg body-weight) four weeks apart. There were no pharmacokinetic differences of therapeutic significance between the three drugs. The mean serum concentrations at the end of infusion were 3.85 mug/ml for gentamicin and 4.66 mug/ml for sisomicin, falling to 0.12 and 0.26 mug/ml, respectively, after eight hours. The biological half-life varied between 96 and 122 min and the apparent volumes of distribution corresponded closely tothe size of the extracellular space. The antibacterial effectiveness, tolerance and modes of application were studied in 24 patients, most of them with urinary infection, at a dosage of 1.0 mg per kg body-weight two to three times daily. Good clinical results were achieved in 15, satisfactory ones in three, and in 16 the causative bacteria were eradicated. Sisomicin was well tolerated, except for minor and reversible renal (2 patients), hepatic (3 patients), and hearing (1 patient) disturbances.", "PMID": 1164890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_717", "title": "[Stimulation thresholds of implanted cardiac pacemakers (author's transl)].", "content": "The Vario-pacemaker EM 169 makes it possible, without additional equipment, to determine stimulation thresholds after implantation. A study on 149 patients with implanted pacemakers demonstrated characteristic temporal changes in stimulation threshold: starting with a mean value of 0.57 +/- 0.18 V on implantation, a maximal value of 1.93 +/- 0.66 V to 2.00 +/- 0.58 V was reached between the eighth and fourteenth days. The threshold remained constant at this level for a time and then oscillated downwards from the third month onward to values of about 1.55 to 1.70 V. However, when the electrode was dislodged or dislocated, there was in most instances an increased threshold and, during the same test, variations in threshold values. In general, electrode dislocation could be diagnosed in time with the vario-principle, before failure of stimulation at maximal voltage of 5.2 V. In 17 of 140 cases of implantation (12%) the electrode position had to be revised: in 13 electrode dislodgement was diagnosed even before failure of stimulation at full voltage of 5.2 V. The reported results suggest that occurrence of an exit block is always due to electrode dislodgement. In addition, it is clear retrospectively that in most cases of dislocation primary fixation of the electrode in the trabeculations of the right ventricle had been unsatisfactory.", "contents": "[Stimulation thresholds of implanted cardiac pacemakers (author's transl)]. The Vario-pacemaker EM 169 makes it possible, without additional equipment, to determine stimulation thresholds after implantation. A study on 149 patients with implanted pacemakers demonstrated characteristic temporal changes in stimulation threshold: starting with a mean value of 0.57 +/- 0.18 V on implantation, a maximal value of 1.93 +/- 0.66 V to 2.00 +/- 0.58 V was reached between the eighth and fourteenth days. The threshold remained constant at this level for a time and then oscillated downwards from the third month onward to values of about 1.55 to 1.70 V. However, when the electrode was dislodged or dislocated, there was in most instances an increased threshold and, during the same test, variations in threshold values. In general, electrode dislocation could be diagnosed in time with the vario-principle, before failure of stimulation at maximal voltage of 5.2 V. In 17 of 140 cases of implantation (12%) the electrode position had to be revised: in 13 electrode dislodgement was diagnosed even before failure of stimulation at full voltage of 5.2 V. The reported results suggest that occurrence of an exit block is always due to electrode dislodgement. In addition, it is clear retrospectively that in most cases of dislocation primary fixation of the electrode in the trabeculations of the right ventricle had been unsatisfactory.", "PMID": 1164891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_718", "title": "Diaminobenzidine an electron donor to photosystem 1 and to photosystem 2 in chloroplasts.", "content": "1. 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine was shown to serve as an electron donor to photosystem 1 in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. In Tris-treated chloroplasts diaminobenzidine serves as an electron donor to photosystem 1 and to photosystem 2; the latter is sensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. 2. Addition of diaminobenzidine to Tris-treated chloroplasts causes an increase in fluorescence yield. 3. Diaminobenzidine-dependent electron transport mediated by photosystem 2 is coupled to synthesis of ATP even in the absence of an electron acceptor. This phosphorylation which is presumably supported by cyclic electron flow, is sensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. 4. Diaminobenzidine-dependent ATP formation, in Tris-treated chloroplasts exhibits the red-drop phenomenon. 5. The diaminobenzidine-induced cyclic photophosphorylation (mediated by photosystem 2) is resistant to a large extent to KCN-treatment which is known to inhibit reactions catalyzed by photosystem 1. On the other hand ATP formation supported by electron transport from diaminobenzidine to methyl viologen [in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] is largely inhibited by KCN-treatment. This observation suggests that there are two coupling sites of ATP formation, one catalyzed by diaminobenzidine as a donor to photosystem 1 (in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea), and the other supported by diaminobenzidine which acts both as a donor to photosystem 2 (in Tris-treated chloroplasts) and as an acceptor (in its oxidized form) from a carrier located between the two photosystems.", "contents": "Diaminobenzidine an electron donor to photosystem 1 and to photosystem 2 in chloroplasts. 1. 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine was shown to serve as an electron donor to photosystem 1 in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. In Tris-treated chloroplasts diaminobenzidine serves as an electron donor to photosystem 1 and to photosystem 2; the latter is sensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. 2. Addition of diaminobenzidine to Tris-treated chloroplasts causes an increase in fluorescence yield. 3. Diaminobenzidine-dependent electron transport mediated by photosystem 2 is coupled to synthesis of ATP even in the absence of an electron acceptor. This phosphorylation which is presumably supported by cyclic electron flow, is sensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. 4. Diaminobenzidine-dependent ATP formation, in Tris-treated chloroplasts exhibits the red-drop phenomenon. 5. The diaminobenzidine-induced cyclic photophosphorylation (mediated by photosystem 2) is resistant to a large extent to KCN-treatment which is known to inhibit reactions catalyzed by photosystem 1. On the other hand ATP formation supported by electron transport from diaminobenzidine to methyl viologen [in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] is largely inhibited by KCN-treatment. This observation suggests that there are two coupling sites of ATP formation, one catalyzed by diaminobenzidine as a donor to photosystem 1 (in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea), and the other supported by diaminobenzidine which acts both as a donor to photosystem 2 (in Tris-treated chloroplasts) and as an acceptor (in its oxidized form) from a carrier located between the two photosystems.", "PMID": 1164910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_719", "title": "Lens glycoproteins: biosynthesis in cultured epithelial cells of bovine lens.", "content": "1. Radioactivity from [3H]glucosamine is rapidly incorporated into cellular fractions of lens epithelial cells cultured in vitro. The incorporated isotope appears largely in glycoproteins of the cell surface that are exposed to trypsin and are released into a soluble form by proteolysis of intact cells. Glycoproteins are also secreted by cultured cells and can be recovered in the culture fluids. Sodium dodecysulphate-polyacrylamide gell electrophoresis shows that a range of glycoproteins with apparent molecular weights from approximately 14000 to 120000 are present. The relationships of these glycoproteins to collagen and the non-collagenous glycoproteins of lens basement membranes are discussed. 2. A plasma membrane fraction obtained from non-trypsinised lens epithelial cells contains one major glycoprotein of apparent molecular weight 120000. A major non-glycosylated polypeptide of molecular weight about 38000 detectable by Bloemendal et al. (1972) in plasma membranes of differentiated lens fibre cells was not prominent in lens epithelial cell membranes. 3. Examination of lens basement membranes extracted in various ways failed to reveal major glycoproteins of low molecular weight. Higher molecular weight glycoproteins, some of them related to collagen, were present.", "contents": "Lens glycoproteins: biosynthesis in cultured epithelial cells of bovine lens. 1. Radioactivity from [3H]glucosamine is rapidly incorporated into cellular fractions of lens epithelial cells cultured in vitro. The incorporated isotope appears largely in glycoproteins of the cell surface that are exposed to trypsin and are released into a soluble form by proteolysis of intact cells. Glycoproteins are also secreted by cultured cells and can be recovered in the culture fluids. Sodium dodecysulphate-polyacrylamide gell electrophoresis shows that a range of glycoproteins with apparent molecular weights from approximately 14000 to 120000 are present. The relationships of these glycoproteins to collagen and the non-collagenous glycoproteins of lens basement membranes are discussed. 2. A plasma membrane fraction obtained from non-trypsinised lens epithelial cells contains one major glycoprotein of apparent molecular weight 120000. A major non-glycosylated polypeptide of molecular weight about 38000 detectable by Bloemendal et al. (1972) in plasma membranes of differentiated lens fibre cells was not prominent in lens epithelial cell membranes. 3. Examination of lens basement membranes extracted in various ways failed to reveal major glycoproteins of low molecular weight. Higher molecular weight glycoproteins, some of them related to collagen, were present.", "PMID": 1164911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_720", "title": "Purification and studies on some properties of the 4-aminobutyrate : 2-oxoglutarate transaminase from rat brain.", "content": "Using various chromatographic procedures, 4-aminobutyrate : 2-oxoglutarate transaminase from rat brain has been purified 2400 times with respect to the initial brain homogenate. The purified protein, which has a specific activity of 10 mumol times min -1, x mg-1 gave a single band by acrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. It has a molecular weight of 105000 +/- 5000 and an isoelectric point of 6.8. In the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecylsulphate, a single protein band is seen on polyacrylamide gel, corresponding to a molecular weight of 57000 +/- 5000. N-terminal analysis reveals two chains with the same N-terminal amino acid, thus the enzyme may be considered as a dimer consisting of two identical subunits. The pH optimum for enzyme activity is 8.5. Studies of the enzymic reaction show that the general mechanism is of the ping-pong bi-bi model. The Km for 2-oxoglutarate at saturating 4-aminobutyrate extrapolated to saturating 2-oxoglutarate concentration is 4 mM. 2-Oxoglutarate competitively inhibits the enzyme with respect to 4-aminobutyrate, with a Ki of 1.8 times 10(-4) M. The same phenomenon is seen for the reverse reaction where the Ki is 6.6 times 10(-4) M for succinic semi-aldehyde.", "contents": "Purification and studies on some properties of the 4-aminobutyrate : 2-oxoglutarate transaminase from rat brain. Using various chromatographic procedures, 4-aminobutyrate : 2-oxoglutarate transaminase from rat brain has been purified 2400 times with respect to the initial brain homogenate. The purified protein, which has a specific activity of 10 mumol times min -1, x mg-1 gave a single band by acrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. It has a molecular weight of 105000 +/- 5000 and an isoelectric point of 6.8. In the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecylsulphate, a single protein band is seen on polyacrylamide gel, corresponding to a molecular weight of 57000 +/- 5000. N-terminal analysis reveals two chains with the same N-terminal amino acid, thus the enzyme may be considered as a dimer consisting of two identical subunits. The pH optimum for enzyme activity is 8.5. Studies of the enzymic reaction show that the general mechanism is of the ping-pong bi-bi model. The Km for 2-oxoglutarate at saturating 4-aminobutyrate extrapolated to saturating 2-oxoglutarate concentration is 4 mM. 2-Oxoglutarate competitively inhibits the enzyme with respect to 4-aminobutyrate, with a Ki of 1.8 times 10(-4) M. The same phenomenon is seen for the reverse reaction where the Ki is 6.6 times 10(-4) M for succinic semi-aldehyde.", "PMID": 1164912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_721", "title": "Studies on new intracellular proteases in various organs of rat. 1. Purification and comparison of their properties.", "content": "1. Specific proteases which inactivate the apo-proteins of many pyridoxal enzymes were found in skeletal muscle, liver and small intestine of rats. The protease from these three organs were purified and their properties were compared. 2. The purified proteases from liver and skeletal muscle appeared homogeneous on acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two different proteases were separated from small intestine. A homogeneous, crystalline enzyme was obtained from the muscle layer while enzyme from the mucosa was partially purified. 3. They showed substrate specificity for pyridoxal enzymes. Their pH optima were in an alkaline region. They showed activity with the substrate of chymotrypsin, N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester, but not with that of trypsin, p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine ethyl ester. They were inhibited by pyridoxal phosphate or pyridoxamine phosphate and seryl residues were involved in their active center. 4. The four enzymes differed in the following characters: (a) molecular weights; (b) patterns of elution from a CM-Sephadex column; (c) rates of inactivation of substrate enzymes; (d) rates of cleavage of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester; (e) reactivities with antiserum against the enzyme from the muscle layer of small intestine; (f) specific activities. 5. The amino acid composition and effect of chemical modifications of the crystalline enzyme from the muscle layer of small intestine were examined to elucidate its active sites and mode of action. Serine and histidine residues were found to be essential for protease activity. A tyrosine residue was also necessary for activity. Modifications of its sulfhydryl group, amino residues and carboxyl group had no effect on its activity.", "contents": "Studies on new intracellular proteases in various organs of rat. 1. Purification and comparison of their properties. 1. Specific proteases which inactivate the apo-proteins of many pyridoxal enzymes were found in skeletal muscle, liver and small intestine of rats. The protease from these three organs were purified and their properties were compared. 2. The purified proteases from liver and skeletal muscle appeared homogeneous on acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two different proteases were separated from small intestine. A homogeneous, crystalline enzyme was obtained from the muscle layer while enzyme from the mucosa was partially purified. 3. They showed substrate specificity for pyridoxal enzymes. Their pH optima were in an alkaline region. They showed activity with the substrate of chymotrypsin, N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester, but not with that of trypsin, p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine ethyl ester. They were inhibited by pyridoxal phosphate or pyridoxamine phosphate and seryl residues were involved in their active center. 4. The four enzymes differed in the following characters: (a) molecular weights; (b) patterns of elution from a CM-Sephadex column; (c) rates of inactivation of substrate enzymes; (d) rates of cleavage of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester; (e) reactivities with antiserum against the enzyme from the muscle layer of small intestine; (f) specific activities. 5. The amino acid composition and effect of chemical modifications of the crystalline enzyme from the muscle layer of small intestine were examined to elucidate its active sites and mode of action. Serine and histidine residues were found to be essential for protease activity. A tyrosine residue was also necessary for activity. Modifications of its sulfhydryl group, amino residues and carboxyl group had no effect on its activity.", "PMID": 1164913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_722", "title": "Studies on new intracellular proteases in various organs of rat. 2. Mode of limited proteolysis.", "content": "1. The mechanism of proteolysis of ornithine transaminase apoenzyme II by group-specific protease and the relation between the confirmations of ornithine transaminase and its susceptibility to group-specific protease were studied to elucidate the mode of action of the protease. 2. Differences in the conformations of ornithine transaminase apoenzyme II, molecular weight 67000, and ornithine transaminase holoenzyme, molecular weight 140000, were shown by studies on difference spectra produced by various concentrations of ethylene glycol. Increase of the titratable sulfhydryl groups on resolution of the coenzyme from ornithine transaminase also supports this finding. These results are consistent with the facts that the apoenzyme was sensitive to group-specific protease, while the holoenzyme was not. 3. Kinetics studies showed that ornithine transaminase apoenzyme II was degraded by limited proteolysis. Reaction of the native enzyme with group-specific protease resulted in a nick in the enzyme molecule with formation of one homogeneous large product and small peptides. The large product was not degraded further. The large product was indistinguishable from native ornithine transaminase apoenzyme II in various properties including its elution volume on gel filtration, its mobility on disc electrophoresis, its antigenicity, its estimated number of exposed tryptophan residues, and its titratable number of sulfhydryl groups. But unlike the apoenzyme the product did not show tetramerization with coenzyme or catalytic activity, although it retained the ability to bind with coenzyme and had the same number of bound pyridoxal phosphate as the native ornithine transaminase molecule. Thus, native ornithine transaminase apoenzyme II was degraded by limited proteolysis. Unfolded enzyme, denatured by 8 M urea, was degraded extensively. 4. The initial step of intracellular proteins degradation is discussed on the basis of these results.", "contents": "Studies on new intracellular proteases in various organs of rat. 2. Mode of limited proteolysis. 1. The mechanism of proteolysis of ornithine transaminase apoenzyme II by group-specific protease and the relation between the confirmations of ornithine transaminase and its susceptibility to group-specific protease were studied to elucidate the mode of action of the protease. 2. Differences in the conformations of ornithine transaminase apoenzyme II, molecular weight 67000, and ornithine transaminase holoenzyme, molecular weight 140000, were shown by studies on difference spectra produced by various concentrations of ethylene glycol. Increase of the titratable sulfhydryl groups on resolution of the coenzyme from ornithine transaminase also supports this finding. These results are consistent with the facts that the apoenzyme was sensitive to group-specific protease, while the holoenzyme was not. 3. Kinetics studies showed that ornithine transaminase apoenzyme II was degraded by limited proteolysis. Reaction of the native enzyme with group-specific protease resulted in a nick in the enzyme molecule with formation of one homogeneous large product and small peptides. The large product was not degraded further. The large product was indistinguishable from native ornithine transaminase apoenzyme II in various properties including its elution volume on gel filtration, its mobility on disc electrophoresis, its antigenicity, its estimated number of exposed tryptophan residues, and its titratable number of sulfhydryl groups. But unlike the apoenzyme the product did not show tetramerization with coenzyme or catalytic activity, although it retained the ability to bind with coenzyme and had the same number of bound pyridoxal phosphate as the native ornithine transaminase molecule. Thus, native ornithine transaminase apoenzyme II was degraded by limited proteolysis. Unfolded enzyme, denatured by 8 M urea, was degraded extensively. 4. The initial step of intracellular proteins degradation is discussed on the basis of these results.", "PMID": 1164914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_723", "title": "Studies on new intracellular proteases in various organs of rat. 3. Control of group-specific protease under physiological conditions.", "content": "1. To study the role of group-specific protease in enzyme degradation, alternation of its activity under various physiological conditions was examined. 2. Studies on the distribution of group-specific protease in various organs of rats showed high activity in skeletal muscle and the muscle layer of small intestine, and rather low activity in liver. The activity varied in different muscles, but red muscle tended to have higher activity than white muscle. Activity was much lower in the muscles of the stomach and colon than in those of the small intestine. 3. Group-specific protease in skeletal muscle increased under various dietary conditions (starvation, protein-free diet or high protein diet), but the activities in the muscle layer of the small intestine and liver were not greatly influenced by dietary conditions. None of the hormones tested (i.e. hydrocortisone, glucagon, insulin, growth hormone and estrogen) influenced the activity of group-specific protease in liver. 4. The level of group-specific protease in skeletal muscle was increased markedly fifteen days after denervation, with a reciprocal decrease in the level of muscle phosphorylase, which is a good substrate of the protease. 5. Liver protease activity appeared in the late suckling period. The activity in skeletal muscle was high at the time of birth and attained the adult level 3 weeks after birth. The activity in the muscle layer of the small intestine did not change after birth. Thus the mechanism for evoking these three specific proteases during development are apparently different. The activity of liver protease began to decrease approximately 12 h after partial hepatectomy and reached a minimum after about 72 h. Recovery of the protease activity was very slow and activity had not returned to the normal value 7 days after the operation. This observation seems to be consistent with the fact that there is little or no protease activity in liver in the neonatal period.", "contents": "Studies on new intracellular proteases in various organs of rat. 3. Control of group-specific protease under physiological conditions. 1. To study the role of group-specific protease in enzyme degradation, alternation of its activity under various physiological conditions was examined. 2. Studies on the distribution of group-specific protease in various organs of rats showed high activity in skeletal muscle and the muscle layer of small intestine, and rather low activity in liver. The activity varied in different muscles, but red muscle tended to have higher activity than white muscle. Activity was much lower in the muscles of the stomach and colon than in those of the small intestine. 3. Group-specific protease in skeletal muscle increased under various dietary conditions (starvation, protein-free diet or high protein diet), but the activities in the muscle layer of the small intestine and liver were not greatly influenced by dietary conditions. None of the hormones tested (i.e. hydrocortisone, glucagon, insulin, growth hormone and estrogen) influenced the activity of group-specific protease in liver. 4. The level of group-specific protease in skeletal muscle was increased markedly fifteen days after denervation, with a reciprocal decrease in the level of muscle phosphorylase, which is a good substrate of the protease. 5. Liver protease activity appeared in the late suckling period. The activity in skeletal muscle was high at the time of birth and attained the adult level 3 weeks after birth. The activity in the muscle layer of the small intestine did not change after birth. Thus the mechanism for evoking these three specific proteases during development are apparently different. The activity of liver protease began to decrease approximately 12 h after partial hepatectomy and reached a minimum after about 72 h. Recovery of the protease activity was very slow and activity had not returned to the normal value 7 days after the operation. This observation seems to be consistent with the fact that there is little or no protease activity in liver in the neonatal period.", "PMID": 1164915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_724", "title": "The covalent structure of collagen: amino-acid sequence of the cyanogen-bromide peptides alpha1-CB2, alpha1-CB4 and alpha1-CB5 from calf-skin collagen.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of 120 residues in the N-terminal region of the alpha1-chain of calf skin collagen (comprising the cyanogen-bromide-derived peptides alpha1-CB2, alpha1-CB4 and alpha1-CB5) has been determined by automated Edman degradation. The lysyl residue in position 87 is completely hydroxylated, while those in positions 99 and 108 partially hydroxylated. Two substitutions are found with respect to the homologous region of the alpha1-chain from rat skin collagen. Positions 101 and 102 of calf skin collagen are occupied by Asp-Ala, in rat skin collagen by Asn-Thr. The extensive homology in this region is remarkable and is not found in other regions of the alpha1 and alpha2-chain.", "contents": "The covalent structure of collagen: amino-acid sequence of the cyanogen-bromide peptides alpha1-CB2, alpha1-CB4 and alpha1-CB5 from calf-skin collagen. The amino acid sequence of 120 residues in the N-terminal region of the alpha1-chain of calf skin collagen (comprising the cyanogen-bromide-derived peptides alpha1-CB2, alpha1-CB4 and alpha1-CB5) has been determined by automated Edman degradation. The lysyl residue in position 87 is completely hydroxylated, while those in positions 99 and 108 partially hydroxylated. Two substitutions are found with respect to the homologous region of the alpha1-chain from rat skin collagen. Positions 101 and 102 of calf skin collagen are occupied by Asp-Ala, in rat skin collagen by Asn-Thr. The extensive homology in this region is remarkable and is not found in other regions of the alpha1 and alpha2-chain.", "PMID": 1164916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_725", "title": "First-generation effects on second-generation fertility.", "content": "The number of children born to the second generation is shown to be inversely related to the predicted income of the first generation (father's father) and to the number of siblings in the second generation. This is true even when second-generation characteristics are taken account of. This long-term effect may be the result of parental influences on the tastes, opportunities or genes of their children. They do get an empirical expression because of the imperfect and partial measurement of second-generation characteristics.", "contents": "First-generation effects on second-generation fertility. The number of children born to the second generation is shown to be inversely related to the predicted income of the first generation (father's father) and to the number of siblings in the second generation. This is true even when second-generation characteristics are taken account of. This long-term effect may be the result of parental influences on the tastes, opportunities or genes of their children. They do get an empirical expression because of the imperfect and partial measurement of second-generation characteristics.", "PMID": 1164935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_726", "title": "Do statements about desired family size predict fertility? The case of Taiwan, 1967-1970.", "content": "The predictive accuracy of respondents' statements about their future fertility is examined, using interview data from a longitudinal study conducted in Taiwan. Two measures of preference are found to be highly intercorrelated; and regardless of which one is used, Taiwanese women are shown to predict their subsequent fertility at least as well as U.S. women. The preference measures are also predictive of rates of contraceptive use and abortion. While demographic and social characteristics are correlated with fertility in expected directions, statements about wanting more children prove to be highly predictive of subsequent fertility for both modern and less advanced segments of the population.", "contents": "Do statements about desired family size predict fertility? The case of Taiwan, 1967-1970. The predictive accuracy of respondents' statements about their future fertility is examined, using interview data from a longitudinal study conducted in Taiwan. Two measures of preference are found to be highly intercorrelated; and regardless of which one is used, Taiwanese women are shown to predict their subsequent fertility at least as well as U.S. women. The preference measures are also predictive of rates of contraceptive use and abortion. While demographic and social characteristics are correlated with fertility in expected directions, statements about wanting more children prove to be highly predictive of subsequent fertility for both modern and less advanced segments of the population.", "PMID": 1164936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_727", "title": "Socioeconomic status, value orientations, and fertility behavior in India.", "content": "This paper examines the role assumed by value orientations in the explanation of fertility behavior. Specifically the concern is with the extent to which value orientations intervene between, or mediate, the relationship between socioeconomic status and fertility behavior. The relationships between socioeconomic status, four types of value orientations and three aspects of fertility behavior are examined among males in India. In most instances value orientations provide neither the sole nor the partial interpretations of the relationship between socioeconomic status and fertility. The results of this investigation suggest once again the inadequacy of value orientations as predictors of fertility behavior.", "contents": "Socioeconomic status, value orientations, and fertility behavior in India. This paper examines the role assumed by value orientations in the explanation of fertility behavior. Specifically the concern is with the extent to which value orientations intervene between, or mediate, the relationship between socioeconomic status and fertility behavior. The relationships between socioeconomic status, four types of value orientations and three aspects of fertility behavior are examined among males in India. In most instances value orientations provide neither the sole nor the partial interpretations of the relationship between socioeconomic status and fertility. The results of this investigation suggest once again the inadequacy of value orientations as predictors of fertility behavior.", "PMID": 1164937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_728", "title": "Emigration and fertility decline: the case of Barbados.", "content": "This paper examines the role of emigration in the recent fertility declines which have occurred on the island of Barbados. Barbados with a history of over two centuries of out-migration has experienced in the period 1951-1970 very significant migration loss. In the period 1960-1970 and up to the present fertility has been declining. An important question is what part has this net migration loss of 32,600 had on the reduction of the crude birth rate from 33.6 in 1960 or from 31.5 in 1956 to 20.5 in 1970? Using officially published net migration loss figures and supplementing them with data on Barbadians living overseas, we calculated the crude birth rates which would have occurred had there been no migration loss. We also calculated the numbers of births to be expected if certain age-specific fertility rates were maintained and compared these with the births to residents plus the calculated births to Barbadians overseas. We conclude that in both cases emigration is a very significant contributor to the fertility declines which have occurred and are still underway.", "contents": "Emigration and fertility decline: the case of Barbados. This paper examines the role of emigration in the recent fertility declines which have occurred on the island of Barbados. Barbados with a history of over two centuries of out-migration has experienced in the period 1951-1970 very significant migration loss. In the period 1960-1970 and up to the present fertility has been declining. An important question is what part has this net migration loss of 32,600 had on the reduction of the crude birth rate from 33.6 in 1960 or from 31.5 in 1956 to 20.5 in 1970? Using officially published net migration loss figures and supplementing them with data on Barbadians living overseas, we calculated the crude birth rates which would have occurred had there been no migration loss. We also calculated the numbers of births to be expected if certain age-specific fertility rates were maintained and compared these with the births to residents plus the calculated births to Barbadians overseas. We conclude that in both cases emigration is a very significant contributor to the fertility declines which have occurred and are still underway.", "PMID": 1164938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_729", "title": "Birth trajectory under changing fertility conditions.", "content": "An initially stable population of women is assumed to shift its reproductive behavior to a different level either abruptly or in a prescribed gradual fashion. A closed-form solution which is exact up to about 30 years after the reproductive adjustment is found for the resulting birth trajectory. Exact expressions are also found for the long-time asymptotic behavior of both the birth trajectory and the total population size when the shift in reproductive behavior is to bare replacement level. Accurate approximations to these asymptotic results are then derived and used to illustrate why a growing population continues to grow even after shifting to bare replacement reproductive behavior.", "contents": "Birth trajectory under changing fertility conditions. An initially stable population of women is assumed to shift its reproductive behavior to a different level either abruptly or in a prescribed gradual fashion. A closed-form solution which is exact up to about 30 years after the reproductive adjustment is found for the resulting birth trajectory. Exact expressions are also found for the long-time asymptotic behavior of both the birth trajectory and the total population size when the shift in reproductive behavior is to bare replacement level. Accurate approximations to these asymptotic results are then derived and used to illustrate why a growing population continues to grow even after shifting to bare replacement reproductive behavior.", "PMID": 1164939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_730", "title": "Open and closed birth intervals for once-married spouse-present white women.", "content": "Using the 1970 1/1,000 Public Use Sample of the U.S. population, the relationships of the closed and open birth intervals with parity and mother's age, with parity and marital duration, and with children ever born/marital duration and mother's age are analyzed. These findings both replicate and expand on Srinivasan's earlier research on the open interval. The open interval is more sensitive as an index of marital fertility when marital duration and parity are controlled than when mother's age and parity are controlled.", "contents": "Open and closed birth intervals for once-married spouse-present white women. Using the 1970 1/1,000 Public Use Sample of the U.S. population, the relationships of the closed and open birth intervals with parity and mother's age, with parity and marital duration, and with children ever born/marital duration and mother's age are analyzed. These findings both replicate and expand on Srinivasan's earlier research on the open interval. The open interval is more sensitive as an index of marital fertility when marital duration and parity are controlled than when mother's age and parity are controlled.", "PMID": 1164940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_731", "title": "Standardization of cumulative failure rates.", "content": "A method is proposed for standardizing life table cumulative failure rates for various cohorts so that they are adjusted to the distribution of exposure by age group for a particular cohort. An approximate standard error for the standardized cumulative failure rate is presented. Application of the methodology is illustrated by a numerical example.", "contents": "Standardization of cumulative failure rates. A method is proposed for standardizing life table cumulative failure rates for various cohorts so that they are adjusted to the distribution of exposure by age group for a particular cohort. An approximate standard error for the standardized cumulative failure rate is presented. Application of the methodology is illustrated by a numerical example.", "PMID": 1164941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_732", "title": "Contraceptive practice required to meet a prescribed crude birth rate target: a proposed macro-model (TABRAP) and hypothetical illustrations.", "content": "TABRAP (TArget Birth Rate Acceptor Program) is a computer programmed model that provides a direct solution to the problem of determining the total annual numbers of contraceptive acceptors required to achieve a prescribed crude birth rate target path. Applied to an initial population for which age structure, the fertility schedule, and expected trends in life expectancy and age-specific proportions of females married are known, TABRAP incorporates the following factors: age at acceptance, with acceptors drawn from currently married nonusers; age-method-specific attrition rates of users; a potential fertility schedule of acceptors that allows for aging and sterility; and allowance both for postpartum anovulation and nine months for gestation to time properly the averted births. TABRAP generates annual data on acceptors, couple-years of use, births averted and age-specific fertility rates that meet the crude birth rate target. Resulting changes in population size, age structure and crude vital rates, also yielded, are invariant with respect to acceptor age and method mix. Assuming a target to reduce the crude birth rate from 45 to 30 in ten years, TABRAP is illustrated for seven mixes of acceptor age-method combinations applied to a population approximately that of Thailand, circa 1965.", "contents": "Contraceptive practice required to meet a prescribed crude birth rate target: a proposed macro-model (TABRAP) and hypothetical illustrations. TABRAP (TArget Birth Rate Acceptor Program) is a computer programmed model that provides a direct solution to the problem of determining the total annual numbers of contraceptive acceptors required to achieve a prescribed crude birth rate target path. Applied to an initial population for which age structure, the fertility schedule, and expected trends in life expectancy and age-specific proportions of females married are known, TABRAP incorporates the following factors: age at acceptance, with acceptors drawn from currently married nonusers; age-method-specific attrition rates of users; a potential fertility schedule of acceptors that allows for aging and sterility; and allowance both for postpartum anovulation and nine months for gestation to time properly the averted births. TABRAP generates annual data on acceptors, couple-years of use, births averted and age-specific fertility rates that meet the crude birth rate target. Resulting changes in population size, age structure and crude vital rates, also yielded, are invariant with respect to acceptor age and method mix. Assuming a target to reduce the crude birth rate from 45 to 30 in ten years, TABRAP is illustrated for seven mixes of acceptor age-method combinations applied to a population approximately that of Thailand, circa 1965.", "PMID": 1164942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_733", "title": "Residential preferences and population distribution.", "content": "Public opinion research has revealed decided preferences for living in rural areas and small towns, and proponents of population deconcentration have interpreted this as support for their policies. This study, based on a national sample, yielded similar results, but when we introduced the additional possibility of a preference for proximity to a larger city, then the rural areas preferred were found, for most respondents, to be those within the commuting range of a metropolitan central city. Although persons wishing to live near large cities were found to be looking for the same qualities of living sought by those who prefer a more remote location, these findings are not, in general, consistent with the argument that public preferences support strategies of population dispersal into nonmetropolitan areas. Instead they indicate that most of those who wish to live in a different location favor the peripheral metropolitan ring areas that have, in fact, been growing rapidly by in-migration.", "contents": "Residential preferences and population distribution. Public opinion research has revealed decided preferences for living in rural areas and small towns, and proponents of population deconcentration have interpreted this as support for their policies. This study, based on a national sample, yielded similar results, but when we introduced the additional possibility of a preference for proximity to a larger city, then the rural areas preferred were found, for most respondents, to be those within the commuting range of a metropolitan central city. Although persons wishing to live near large cities were found to be looking for the same qualities of living sought by those who prefer a more remote location, these findings are not, in general, consistent with the argument that public preferences support strategies of population dispersal into nonmetropolitan areas. Instead they indicate that most of those who wish to live in a different location favor the peripheral metropolitan ring areas that have, in fact, been growing rapidly by in-migration.", "PMID": 1164943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_734", "title": "Living arrangements of widows in the United States and Israel, 1960 and 1961.", "content": "One of the neglected areas in the study of the social structure of the family is that of widowhood, the last stage in the family life cycle. A study of living arrangements of the widowed provides an opportunity to examine the kinship solidarity of a society and to point up in bold relief the influence of a variety of factors that contribute to the residential patterns of the widowed. The data in this study were drawn from the 1960 Census of the United States and the 1961 Census of Israel, the latest which offer comparable data. Five ethnic-religious groups are examined in Israel and eight in the United States. Goode and others have stated that family modernization is a universal trend, and this is borne out by the results of this study. The small family system shows that age and children ever born are the most important predictors of living alone among the widowed in both countries. Otherwise, among the 13 ethnic-religious and ethnic-racial groups there is a general similarity of the importance of the variables in the total prediction scheme.", "contents": "Living arrangements of widows in the United States and Israel, 1960 and 1961. One of the neglected areas in the study of the social structure of the family is that of widowhood, the last stage in the family life cycle. A study of living arrangements of the widowed provides an opportunity to examine the kinship solidarity of a society and to point up in bold relief the influence of a variety of factors that contribute to the residential patterns of the widowed. The data in this study were drawn from the 1960 Census of the United States and the 1961 Census of Israel, the latest which offer comparable data. Five ethnic-religious groups are examined in Israel and eight in the United States. Goode and others have stated that family modernization is a universal trend, and this is borne out by the results of this study. The small family system shows that age and children ever born are the most important predictors of living alone among the widowed in both countries. Otherwise, among the 13 ethnic-religious and ethnic-racial groups there is a general similarity of the importance of the variables in the total prediction scheme.", "PMID": 1164944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_735", "title": "Simultaneity bias in migration models: an empirical examination.", "content": "A number of migration studies have attempted to explain migration that occurred over a given time interval by means of variables defined for the end of the period and/or variables relating to changes that occurred over the period. Since migration may influence end-of-period levels of explanatory variables by influencing the behavior of these variables over the period of migration, simultaneous-equations bias may be inherent in the parameter estimates of the many single-equation, multiple-regression analyses. This study constitutes an empirical examination of qualitative differences in the parameter estimates of five different types of migration models estimated for two different time periods, 1960 and 1970.", "contents": "Simultaneity bias in migration models: an empirical examination. A number of migration studies have attempted to explain migration that occurred over a given time interval by means of variables defined for the end of the period and/or variables relating to changes that occurred over the period. Since migration may influence end-of-period levels of explanatory variables by influencing the behavior of these variables over the period of migration, simultaneous-equations bias may be inherent in the parameter estimates of the many single-equation, multiple-regression analyses. This study constitutes an empirical examination of qualitative differences in the parameter estimates of five different types of migration models estimated for two different time periods, 1960 and 1970.", "PMID": 1164945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_736", "title": "The demography of the Kuwaiti population of Kuwait.", "content": "Kuwait has experienced a dramatic rise in national income since 1945, and its material standard of living is as high as that of any country in the world. The national population (Kuwaitis) is a stable and almost closed population comprising 45 percent of the total population of the state. The Kuwaitis, readily separable from the immigrant population, both de facto and de jure, have a very low level of mortality but retain their traditionally high level of fertility. It is suggested that this largely unaltered pattern of fertility is a function of the peculiar form of economic development to which Kuwait has been subjected and of the strongly pro-natalist pressures associated with Arabic Islam.", "contents": "The demography of the Kuwaiti population of Kuwait. Kuwait has experienced a dramatic rise in national income since 1945, and its material standard of living is as high as that of any country in the world. The national population (Kuwaitis) is a stable and almost closed population comprising 45 percent of the total population of the state. The Kuwaitis, readily separable from the immigrant population, both de facto and de jure, have a very low level of mortality but retain their traditionally high level of fertility. It is suggested that this largely unaltered pattern of fertility is a function of the peculiar form of economic development to which Kuwait has been subjected and of the strongly pro-natalist pressures associated with Arabic Islam.", "PMID": 1164946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_737", "title": "A biophysicist's view of ovum transport.", "content": "Experimental evidence justifying the selection of primary variables in ovum isthmic transport is evaluated. Peristaltic pumping alone cannot account for the observed ovum motions, however, the theory of pressure forcing of pellets through narrow tubes when combined with the dynamic and motile properties of the mucosal and muscular layers of the isthmus, appears capable of modeling the physiological mechanism. In this model the hormonally dependent tubal compliance is a controlling element of transport rate. The contractile activity statistically distributed both spatially and temporally, provides a persistent though irregular directionality to the movement.", "contents": "A biophysicist's view of ovum transport. Experimental evidence justifying the selection of primary variables in ovum isthmic transport is evaluated. Peristaltic pumping alone cannot account for the observed ovum motions, however, the theory of pressure forcing of pellets through narrow tubes when combined with the dynamic and motile properties of the mucosal and muscular layers of the isthmus, appears capable of modeling the physiological mechanism. In this model the hormonally dependent tubal compliance is a controlling element of transport rate. The contractile activity statistically distributed both spatially and temporally, provides a persistent though irregular directionality to the movement.", "PMID": 1165065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_738", "title": "Feeding ecology and nutrition of an eastern gorilla group in the Mt. Kahuzi Region (R\u00e9publique du Za\u00efre).", "content": "An eastern gorilla group of the Mt. Kahuzi region (R\u00e9publique du Za\u00efre) was studied over 15 months. Its migration route was determined, and the various biotopes it visited are described. A record was made of its main food plants, and of the plant parts eaten. For nine important food plants the protein content, the concentration of the individual amino acids and the water content were measured for the plant parts eaten and for those not eaten. For some of these plant parts the Na, K, Ca and Mg content were also determined. No general correlation between food selection and one or several of these factors could be found. The development and value of a traditionally determined mixed diet is discussed.", "contents": "Feeding ecology and nutrition of an eastern gorilla group in the Mt. Kahuzi Region (R\u00e9publique du Za\u00efre). An eastern gorilla group of the Mt. Kahuzi region (R\u00e9publique du Za\u00efre) was studied over 15 months. Its migration route was determined, and the various biotopes it visited are described. A record was made of its main food plants, and of the plant parts eaten. For nine important food plants the protein content, the concentration of the individual amino acids and the water content were measured for the plant parts eaten and for those not eaten. For some of these plant parts the Na, K, Ca and Mg content were also determined. No general correlation between food selection and one or several of these factors could be found. The development and value of a traditionally determined mixed diet is discussed.", "PMID": 1165081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_739", "title": "Family mental health maintenance: a new approach to primary prevention.", "content": "The authors describe an approach to primary prevention in which indirect services are redefined to include community services aimed at promoting mental health and preventing emotional and mental disorders. At the Peninsula Hospital Community Mental Health Center such services are family-focused and include consultation, education, collaboration with other agencies, and early intervention with children and families with special needs. The authors describe some of the programs that have been developed and discuss how mental health Centers can conceivably, under contract, develop such community services for health maintenance organizations and other prepayment plans that provide comprehensive health maintenance and medical care.", "contents": "Family mental health maintenance: a new approach to primary prevention. The authors describe an approach to primary prevention in which indirect services are redefined to include community services aimed at promoting mental health and preventing emotional and mental disorders. At the Peninsula Hospital Community Mental Health Center such services are family-focused and include consultation, education, collaboration with other agencies, and early intervention with children and families with special needs. The authors describe some of the programs that have been developed and discuss how mental health Centers can conceivably, under contract, develop such community services for health maintenance organizations and other prepayment plans that provide comprehensive health maintenance and medical care.", "PMID": 1165084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_740", "title": "Psychiatric consultation and teaching in a home for the aged.", "content": "An outpatient psychiatric department of a medical center was organized as a community psychiatry team to provide direct services, consultation and education, and preventive programs for high-risk groups. By successfully handling requests for service from a home for the aged, the team established a consultative relationship and then a six-month teaching program centered on problems presented by the home's staff in group sessions. Results included a drop in requests for direct service, the establishment of group programs for residents, and an increase in the home's willingness to accept and deal with disturbed behavior without resort to hospitalization.", "contents": "Psychiatric consultation and teaching in a home for the aged. An outpatient psychiatric department of a medical center was organized as a community psychiatry team to provide direct services, consultation and education, and preventive programs for high-risk groups. By successfully handling requests for service from a home for the aged, the team established a consultative relationship and then a six-month teaching program centered on problems presented by the home's staff in group sessions. Results included a drop in requests for direct service, the establishment of group programs for residents, and an increase in the home's willingness to accept and deal with disturbed behavior without resort to hospitalization.", "PMID": 1165085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_741", "title": "Measuring consumer satisfaction in a mental health center.", "content": "In this age of consumerism, the degree of patient satisfaction should be considered when evaluating mental health services, according to the authors. They attempted to measure consumer satisfaction of mental health center patients by correlating it with various demographic and therapeutic parameters such as length of treatment, age, socioeconomic status, and previous expectations. One surprising finding was that patients treated by the approach least popular with the therapists, extended intake, rated the services higher than those treated by approaches considered more acceptable.", "contents": "Measuring consumer satisfaction in a mental health center. In this age of consumerism, the degree of patient satisfaction should be considered when evaluating mental health services, according to the authors. They attempted to measure consumer satisfaction of mental health center patients by correlating it with various demographic and therapeutic parameters such as length of treatment, age, socioeconomic status, and previous expectations. One surprising finding was that patients treated by the approach least popular with the therapists, extended intake, rated the services higher than those treated by approaches considered more acceptable.", "PMID": 1165086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_742", "title": "Factors determining effective psychiatric outpatient treatment for Mexican-Americans.", "content": "A mental health center offering outpatient services to Mexican-Americans should be centrally located in the Mexican-American community, should have a bicultural and bilingual staff, and should have an informal atmosphere with a minimum number of bureaucratic procedures. The center's services must be publicized in a way that minimizes the stigmatization of mental illness, promotes preventive care, and indicates that staff understand Mexican-Americans' problems. La Frontera, a mental health outpatient clinic serving the Tucson area, operates under those guidelines. Clinic records in March 1973 showed that Mexican-Americans accounted for 61 per cent of the active cases.", "contents": "Factors determining effective psychiatric outpatient treatment for Mexican-Americans. A mental health center offering outpatient services to Mexican-Americans should be centrally located in the Mexican-American community, should have a bicultural and bilingual staff, and should have an informal atmosphere with a minimum number of bureaucratic procedures. The center's services must be publicized in a way that minimizes the stigmatization of mental illness, promotes preventive care, and indicates that staff understand Mexican-Americans' problems. La Frontera, a mental health outpatient clinic serving the Tucson area, operates under those guidelines. Clinic records in March 1973 showed that Mexican-Americans accounted for 61 per cent of the active cases.", "PMID": 1165087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_743", "title": "Emergency services: status categorization is dynamic.", "content": "If hospitals do not categorize themselves, it is very possible that categorization of emergency capabilities will be imposed by some local, state, or federal agency, probably using the rigid guidelines. The use of status categorization could be an alternative method of evaluating hospital emergency capabilities, especially when consideration is given to the ability to handle medical problems and to the shifting capabilities at different times of the day and night. Ignoring the problem or downgrading the rigid guidelines to include all hospitals are ineffective.", "contents": "Emergency services: status categorization is dynamic. If hospitals do not categorize themselves, it is very possible that categorization of emergency capabilities will be imposed by some local, state, or federal agency, probably using the rigid guidelines. The use of status categorization could be an alternative method of evaluating hospital emergency capabilities, especially when consideration is given to the ability to handle medical problems and to the shifting capabilities at different times of the day and night. Ignoring the problem or downgrading the rigid guidelines to include all hospitals are ineffective.", "PMID": 1165091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_744", "title": "Chromosomal damage in chronic alcohol users.", "content": "First in vitro mitoses were analysed from the peripheral leukocytes of 22 chronic alcohol users and of 18 controls. The frequency of exchange aberrations of the chromatid and chromosome type were significantly higher in the alcohol as compared with the control group. The results indicate an indirect or direct mutagenic activity of alcohol in vivo.", "contents": "Chromosomal damage in chronic alcohol users. First in vitro mitoses were analysed from the peripheral leukocytes of 22 chronic alcohol users and of 18 controls. The frequency of exchange aberrations of the chromatid and chromosome type were significantly higher in the alcohol as compared with the control group. The results indicate an indirect or direct mutagenic activity of alcohol in vivo.", "PMID": 1165099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_745", "title": "The rate of sister chromatid exchanges parallel to spontaneous chromosome breakage in Fanconi's anemia and to trenimon-induced aberrations in human lymphocytes and fibroblasts.", "content": "The incidence of structural chromosome aberrations and the rate of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) was investigated in lymphocyte cultures from a patient with typical Fanconi's anemia and his parents. The rate of SCEs was found to be normal. In experiments with the alkylating agent Trenimon the SCE rates proved to be a sensitive indicator for the induction of structural aberrations: in presence of an induced aberration rate half as high as the spontaneous rate in the Fanconi's anemia case, the rate of SCEs was found to be quintupled. Dose-effect relationships for the induction of SCE rates by Trenimon were studied over a wide dose range in lymphocyte and fibroblast cultures. The results reflect the same difference in sensitivity earlier observed in the induction of structural chromosome aberrations, fibroblasts being far more sensitive.", "contents": "The rate of sister chromatid exchanges parallel to spontaneous chromosome breakage in Fanconi's anemia and to trenimon-induced aberrations in human lymphocytes and fibroblasts. The incidence of structural chromosome aberrations and the rate of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) was investigated in lymphocyte cultures from a patient with typical Fanconi's anemia and his parents. The rate of SCEs was found to be normal. In experiments with the alkylating agent Trenimon the SCE rates proved to be a sensitive indicator for the induction of structural aberrations: in presence of an induced aberration rate half as high as the spontaneous rate in the Fanconi's anemia case, the rate of SCEs was found to be quintupled. Dose-effect relationships for the induction of SCE rates by Trenimon were studied over a wide dose range in lymphocyte and fibroblast cultures. The results reflect the same difference in sensitivity earlier observed in the induction of structural chromosome aberrations, fibroblasts being far more sensitive.", "PMID": 1165100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_746", "title": "Power of assaying inbreeding through sampling of phenotypes and mating types.", "content": "Power of detecting inbreeding coefficient through a phenotype or mating type bioassay is evaluated as a function of sample size and level of inbreeding. Efficiency of a mating bioassay over a phenotypic one is then defined as the ratio of the two power functions for a given sample size while surveying the same population (i.e., with the same F). Empirical analysis of this efficiency function indicates that efficiency depends largely on n and F apart from the gene frequencies at the locus.", "contents": "Power of assaying inbreeding through sampling of phenotypes and mating types. Power of detecting inbreeding coefficient through a phenotype or mating type bioassay is evaluated as a function of sample size and level of inbreeding. Efficiency of a mating bioassay over a phenotypic one is then defined as the ratio of the two power functions for a given sample size while surveying the same population (i.e., with the same F). Empirical analysis of this efficiency function indicates that efficiency depends largely on n and F apart from the gene frequencies at the locus.", "PMID": 1165101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_747", "title": "Partial trisomy 9q: a new syndrome.", "content": "Two unrelated patients with a strikingly similar phenotype (low birth weight and poor thriving; mental retardation; dolichocephaly; beaked nose; deeply set eyes; prominent maxilla and receding small chin; long fingers with a peculiar clench) were partially trisomic for two different segments of 9q. The segment found to be trisomic in both patients is small and corresponds to the q31q32 region. This new syndrome is compared to observations of trisomy 9 reported in the literature.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 9q: a new syndrome. Two unrelated patients with a strikingly similar phenotype (low birth weight and poor thriving; mental retardation; dolichocephaly; beaked nose; deeply set eyes; prominent maxilla and receding small chin; long fingers with a peculiar clench) were partially trisomic for two different segments of 9q. The segment found to be trisomic in both patients is small and corresponds to the q31q32 region. This new syndrome is compared to observations of trisomy 9 reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1165102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_748", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 9.", "content": "A male karyotype with trisomy 9 (47,XY,+9) was identified in amniotic fluid cells from a 40-year-old pregnant woman. After termination of the pregnancy by saline abortion, the cytogenetic diagnosis was confirmed in a cell line grown from placental tissue. Microscopic and gross pathological findings in the fetus were compared to 1 case with trisomy 9 and 3 with trisomy 9 mosaicism reported in the literature. A distinct clinical syndrome appears to be associated with this rare autosomal trisomy.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 9. A male karyotype with trisomy 9 (47,XY,+9) was identified in amniotic fluid cells from a 40-year-old pregnant woman. After termination of the pregnancy by saline abortion, the cytogenetic diagnosis was confirmed in a cell line grown from placental tissue. Microscopic and gross pathological findings in the fetus were compared to 1 case with trisomy 9 and 3 with trisomy 9 mosaicism reported in the literature. A distinct clinical syndrome appears to be associated with this rare autosomal trisomy.", "PMID": 1165103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_749", "title": "Enrichment of memory cells carrying receptors for a protein antigen (HSA). II. Improved enrichment technique, using BSA density gradient separation.", "content": "Mice primed to human serum albumin (HSA) by means of an HSA--sheep red cell conjugate, developed a high level of memory to HSA, with little concomitant antibody production ('pure priming'). The proportion of HSA-specific antigen-binding cells was determined in the spleens of the primed mice by means of a rosette technique, using an HSA-donkey red cell conjugate. The specificity of the rosette-forming cells (RFC) was confirmed by the ability of soluble HSA to inhibit rosette formation. Highly enriched rosette suspensions (up to 40-fold enrichment) were prepared by bovine serum albumin density gradient centrifugation. The enriched suspensions could transfer adoptively memory to HSA, whereas the rosette-depleted fractions were totally inactive. It was thus confirmed that memory cells are included in the antigen-binding cells. A detectable level of memory could be transferred with 3000 rosettes. RFC similarly isolated from spleens of non-primed mice could also transfer a low level of responsiveness to HSA, but only when large numbers (70,000) were injected, together with primed, RFC-depleted spleen cells.", "contents": "Enrichment of memory cells carrying receptors for a protein antigen (HSA). II. Improved enrichment technique, using BSA density gradient separation. Mice primed to human serum albumin (HSA) by means of an HSA--sheep red cell conjugate, developed a high level of memory to HSA, with little concomitant antibody production ('pure priming'). The proportion of HSA-specific antigen-binding cells was determined in the spleens of the primed mice by means of a rosette technique, using an HSA-donkey red cell conjugate. The specificity of the rosette-forming cells (RFC) was confirmed by the ability of soluble HSA to inhibit rosette formation. Highly enriched rosette suspensions (up to 40-fold enrichment) were prepared by bovine serum albumin density gradient centrifugation. The enriched suspensions could transfer adoptively memory to HSA, whereas the rosette-depleted fractions were totally inactive. It was thus confirmed that memory cells are included in the antigen-binding cells. A detectable level of memory could be transferred with 3000 rosettes. RFC similarly isolated from spleens of non-primed mice could also transfer a low level of responsiveness to HSA, but only when large numbers (70,000) were injected, together with primed, RFC-depleted spleen cells.", "PMID": 1165105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_750", "title": "The labelling of peripheral blood lymphocytes of the mouse with [3H]thymidine.", "content": "The labelling of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of mice following a single injection of [3H]thymidine was studied in autoradiographs exposed for 185 days before processing. The proportion of labelled cells was found to be greater than could be accounted for by new lymphocyte production. In addition, stimulation by sheep red cells 2 hours after giving [3H]thymidine resulted in the appearance of more labelled lymphocytes in the blood, but the greatest differences from control mice occurred relatively late in the immune response after cell proliferation in the responding lymphoid organ had reverted to control levels. The results are discussed on the basis that they indicate synthesis of DNA and reutilization of label by lymphocytes, which then circulate in the blood, these processes possibly occurring in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues.", "contents": "The labelling of peripheral blood lymphocytes of the mouse with [3H]thymidine. The labelling of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of mice following a single injection of [3H]thymidine was studied in autoradiographs exposed for 185 days before processing. The proportion of labelled cells was found to be greater than could be accounted for by new lymphocyte production. In addition, stimulation by sheep red cells 2 hours after giving [3H]thymidine resulted in the appearance of more labelled lymphocytes in the blood, but the greatest differences from control mice occurred relatively late in the immune response after cell proliferation in the responding lymphoid organ had reverted to control levels. The results are discussed on the basis that they indicate synthesis of DNA and reutilization of label by lymphocytes, which then circulate in the blood, these processes possibly occurring in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues.", "PMID": 1165106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_751", "title": "Immunological capacity of the chicken embryo. I. Relationship between the maturation of lymphoid tissues and the occurrence of cell-mediated immunity in the developing chicken embryo.", "content": "In an investigation of the ontogeny of lymphoid tissue in chick embryos to relate maturation of lymphocytes with immunological competence, the numbers and sizes of lymphocytes were determined in the thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen, femoral marrow and peripheral blood of embryos from the 12th to 21st day of incubation, and in 6-day-old chicks. Results showed the thymus to be the first fully developed and most active lymphocytopoietic organ, followed by the bursa. The bone marrow was not lymphocytopoietic; the spleen and bone marrow were mainly granulocytopoietic and erythropoietic; some morphological differences between thymic and bursal lymphocytes were shown by light microscopy. It appears that in embryos and young chicks the lymphocytes are derived from the thymus and bursa, but not the bone marrow. In tests of immunological competency, cells of the thymus, bursa, spleen, bone marrow and peripheral blood from 12--21-day-old embryos and 6-day-old chicks were transferred to chorioallantoic membranes of 12-day-old recipient embryos. There were distinct differences between the ability of various lymphoid tissues to induce formation of chorioallantoic pocks or splenic enlargement. The thymus, spleen and peripheral blood elicited both lymphocytic pocks and splenomegaly, the bursa elicited splenomegaly only, and the bone marrow was ineffective. The bone marrow, however, induced formation of nonlymphocytic pocks. It is concluded that the immunological activity of the chicken embryo is primarily effected by the thymus and bursa and that cell-mediated immunity appears in the 2nd week of incubation.", "contents": "Immunological capacity of the chicken embryo. I. Relationship between the maturation of lymphoid tissues and the occurrence of cell-mediated immunity in the developing chicken embryo. In an investigation of the ontogeny of lymphoid tissue in chick embryos to relate maturation of lymphocytes with immunological competence, the numbers and sizes of lymphocytes were determined in the thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen, femoral marrow and peripheral blood of embryos from the 12th to 21st day of incubation, and in 6-day-old chicks. Results showed the thymus to be the first fully developed and most active lymphocytopoietic organ, followed by the bursa. The bone marrow was not lymphocytopoietic; the spleen and bone marrow were mainly granulocytopoietic and erythropoietic; some morphological differences between thymic and bursal lymphocytes were shown by light microscopy. It appears that in embryos and young chicks the lymphocytes are derived from the thymus and bursa, but not the bone marrow. In tests of immunological competency, cells of the thymus, bursa, spleen, bone marrow and peripheral blood from 12--21-day-old embryos and 6-day-old chicks were transferred to chorioallantoic membranes of 12-day-old recipient embryos. There were distinct differences between the ability of various lymphoid tissues to induce formation of chorioallantoic pocks or splenic enlargement. The thymus, spleen and peripheral blood elicited both lymphocytic pocks and splenomegaly, the bursa elicited splenomegaly only, and the bone marrow was ineffective. The bone marrow, however, induced formation of nonlymphocytic pocks. It is concluded that the immunological activity of the chicken embryo is primarily effected by the thymus and bursa and that cell-mediated immunity appears in the 2nd week of incubation.", "PMID": 1165107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_752", "title": "Human chorionic gonadotropin. Its inhibitory effect on cell-mediated immunity in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "An inhibitory effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on delayed hypersensitivity skin test responses in guinea-pigs given 4000 i.u. of HCG intraperitoneally, 1--7 days prior to skin testing, is presented. The effect of HCG on skin test responses lasted for at least 3 weeks. Inhibition of lymphocyte response to PHA or PPD in the HCG-treated guinea-pigs was also observed. Guinea-pig peripheral blood lymphocyte response to mitogen or antigen is unequivocally inhibited by HCG in vitro. The effect of this hormone is not due to direct cytotoxicity, and its inhibitory effect seems to be dose related. These observations support the hypothesis that the HCG and possibly other placental hormones might play an important role in protecting the foetus against maternal rejection.", "contents": "Human chorionic gonadotropin. Its inhibitory effect on cell-mediated immunity in vivo and in vitro. An inhibitory effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on delayed hypersensitivity skin test responses in guinea-pigs given 4000 i.u. of HCG intraperitoneally, 1--7 days prior to skin testing, is presented. The effect of HCG on skin test responses lasted for at least 3 weeks. Inhibition of lymphocyte response to PHA or PPD in the HCG-treated guinea-pigs was also observed. Guinea-pig peripheral blood lymphocyte response to mitogen or antigen is unequivocally inhibited by HCG in vitro. The effect of this hormone is not due to direct cytotoxicity, and its inhibitory effect seems to be dose related. These observations support the hypothesis that the HCG and possibly other placental hormones might play an important role in protecting the foetus against maternal rejection.", "PMID": 1165108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_753", "title": "Correlation of anaphylactic bronchoconstriction with circulating reaginic antibody level and active cutaneous anaphylaxis in the rat.", "content": "The interrelationships of anaphylactic bronchoconstriction, active cutaneous anaphylaxis and circulating reaginic antibody level in rats sensitized with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis have been studied. The mean rise in bronchial reactivity during the 5-week sensitization period was correlated with the rise in circulating reaginic antibody level in groups of rats, although weak bronchial reactivity was observed before circulating reagin was demonstrable. In individual animals bronchial reactivity did not significantly correlate with circulating reaginic antibody level or cutaneous reactivity. Bronchial and cutaneous reactivity on challenge may be transferred to non-sensitized rats by passive sensitization with reaginic serum. It is concluded that the ability of a tissue to respond to antigen challenge is multifactorial and may not be reliably predicted from a knowledge of circulating reaginic antibody level or the response of another tissue in the same animal.", "contents": "Correlation of anaphylactic bronchoconstriction with circulating reaginic antibody level and active cutaneous anaphylaxis in the rat. The interrelationships of anaphylactic bronchoconstriction, active cutaneous anaphylaxis and circulating reaginic antibody level in rats sensitized with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis have been studied. The mean rise in bronchial reactivity during the 5-week sensitization period was correlated with the rise in circulating reaginic antibody level in groups of rats, although weak bronchial reactivity was observed before circulating reagin was demonstrable. In individual animals bronchial reactivity did not significantly correlate with circulating reaginic antibody level or cutaneous reactivity. Bronchial and cutaneous reactivity on challenge may be transferred to non-sensitized rats by passive sensitization with reaginic serum. It is concluded that the ability of a tissue to respond to antigen challenge is multifactorial and may not be reliably predicted from a knowledge of circulating reaginic antibody level or the response of another tissue in the same animal.", "PMID": 1165109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_754", "title": "The genetic control of antibody affinity in mice.", "content": "Random-bred TO mice have been selectively bred into two lines on the basis of the relative affinity (KR) of antibody produced to protein antigens, one line producing high and the other low KR antibody. After four generations of selective breeding the difference in KR between the two lines was highly significant (P less than 0-001). The selection on the basis of KR did not result in a corresponding selection for antibody levels (Abt), which were not significantly different in the two lines. These results indicate that antibody affinity is a genetically controlled parameter of the immune response. Furthermore, this control appears to be expressed by a mechanism which is independent of the amount of antibody produced.", "contents": "The genetic control of antibody affinity in mice. Random-bred TO mice have been selectively bred into two lines on the basis of the relative affinity (KR) of antibody produced to protein antigens, one line producing high and the other low KR antibody. After four generations of selective breeding the difference in KR between the two lines was highly significant (P less than 0-001). The selection on the basis of KR did not result in a corresponding selection for antibody levels (Abt), which were not significantly different in the two lines. These results indicate that antibody affinity is a genetically controlled parameter of the immune response. Furthermore, this control appears to be expressed by a mechanism which is independent of the amount of antibody produced.", "PMID": 1165110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_755", "title": "Organ distribution of sheep red blood cells in ALS-treated rats.", "content": "The inter-organ distribution of radioactivity in rats injected with 51Cr-labelled SRBC is altered after treatment with ALS absorbed with this antigen. The alteration is due to the presence of soluble SRBC antigens in the serum and subsequent immunization of the tested animals. The 51Cr distribution does not correspond to the uptake of antigenic material in immunized rats.", "contents": "Organ distribution of sheep red blood cells in ALS-treated rats. The inter-organ distribution of radioactivity in rats injected with 51Cr-labelled SRBC is altered after treatment with ALS absorbed with this antigen. The alteration is due to the presence of soluble SRBC antigens in the serum and subsequent immunization of the tested animals. The 51Cr distribution does not correspond to the uptake of antigenic material in immunized rats.", "PMID": 1165111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_756", "title": "Computer simulation of immunochemical interactions.", "content": "A computer model for simulation of the interactions between a macromolecular antigen and its corresponding IgG has been developed. The model takes all possible immune complexes into account, and it calculates the most probable immune complex distribution patterns on the basis of basic thermodynamic principles from the valences and initial concentrations of antigen and antibody, respectively, together with an association constant assumed to be common to all mutual interactions. In antigen excess small antigen-rich complexes are predicted. At or near equivalence a rich variety of relatively small complexes is predicted, while in antibody excess complexes of the type AgAbn are found to be the most probable. By further assuming that the precipitate consists of antibody excess complexes, a precipitin curve can be calculated. The agreement between calculated results and experimentally obtained data is found to be good. It is of special interest that this theory implies that the outcome of immunochemical interactions depend equally well on the concentrations of antigen and of antibody.", "contents": "Computer simulation of immunochemical interactions. A computer model for simulation of the interactions between a macromolecular antigen and its corresponding IgG has been developed. The model takes all possible immune complexes into account, and it calculates the most probable immune complex distribution patterns on the basis of basic thermodynamic principles from the valences and initial concentrations of antigen and antibody, respectively, together with an association constant assumed to be common to all mutual interactions. In antigen excess small antigen-rich complexes are predicted. At or near equivalence a rich variety of relatively small complexes is predicted, while in antibody excess complexes of the type AgAbn are found to be the most probable. By further assuming that the precipitate consists of antibody excess complexes, a precipitin curve can be calculated. The agreement between calculated results and experimentally obtained data is found to be good. It is of special interest that this theory implies that the outcome of immunochemical interactions depend equally well on the concentrations of antigen and of antibody.", "PMID": 1165112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_757", "title": "Characterization of the temperature-dependent inactivating factor of the thermostable direct hemolysin in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "content": "The termostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus is inactivated by heating at around 55 C with an inactivating factor isolated from culture filtrates of V. parahaemolyticus. The characteristics of the temperature-dependent inactivating factor were studied by using polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. It was found that when heated with the hemolysin, the inactivating factor destroyed the hemolysin and thus inactivated the hemolytic activity, suggesting that the inactivating factor has proteolytic activity. It was also demonstrated that the inactivating factor itself is heat labile, losing its activity on heating with the hemolysin at 95 C for 15 min. The inactivating factor was stimulated by the presence of NaCl or MgCl2 and showed maximal activity at around pH 8.0. The results support our previous hypothesis that the Arrhenius effect observed with crude hemolysin of V. parahaemolyticus is due to the presence of a temperature-dependent inactivating factor. The fact that the factor is activated on heating at 50 to 60 C but is inactivated on heating at 70 to 100 C explains the Arrheius effect of crude hemolysin of V. parahaemolyticus.", "contents": "Characterization of the temperature-dependent inactivating factor of the thermostable direct hemolysin in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The termostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus is inactivated by heating at around 55 C with an inactivating factor isolated from culture filtrates of V. parahaemolyticus. The characteristics of the temperature-dependent inactivating factor were studied by using polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. It was found that when heated with the hemolysin, the inactivating factor destroyed the hemolysin and thus inactivated the hemolytic activity, suggesting that the inactivating factor has proteolytic activity. It was also demonstrated that the inactivating factor itself is heat labile, losing its activity on heating with the hemolysin at 95 C for 15 min. The inactivating factor was stimulated by the presence of NaCl or MgCl2 and showed maximal activity at around pH 8.0. The results support our previous hypothesis that the Arrhenius effect observed with crude hemolysin of V. parahaemolyticus is due to the presence of a temperature-dependent inactivating factor. The fact that the factor is activated on heating at 50 to 60 C but is inactivated on heating at 70 to 100 C explains the Arrheius effect of crude hemolysin of V. parahaemolyticus.", "PMID": 1165117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_758", "title": "Experimental in utero infection of fetal pigs with a porcine parvovirus.", "content": "In utero infection of fetuses of six specific-pathogen-free large white sows at 35, 48, 55, 72, 99, and 105 days was studied. The fetuses were infected by direct inoculation of porcine parvovirus into the amniotic sac. The inoculation consisted of 0.25 ml of tissue culture fluid containing 10(5.5) mean tissue culture infective doses per ml of porcine parvovirus strain G10/1. Fetuses of one uterus horn were infected, whereas fetuses in the opposite horn were given 0.25 ml of noninfected cell culture material. No clinical signs of infection were observed; however, all sows developed antibodies 7 to 9 days postinfection. A total of 24 virus-inoculated fetuses and 20 control fetuses were studied. Fetuses infected at 35, 48, and 55 days of gestation died between about 5 and 22 days after infection. Virus was isolated from their organs and fetal blood. Virus spread to control fetuses but did not cause death and mummification or stimulate antibody production. Fetuses from sows infected at 72, 99, and 105 days of gestation survived. They developed high antibody titer in utero. Control piglets remained antibody free.", "contents": "Experimental in utero infection of fetal pigs with a porcine parvovirus. In utero infection of fetuses of six specific-pathogen-free large white sows at 35, 48, 55, 72, 99, and 105 days was studied. The fetuses were infected by direct inoculation of porcine parvovirus into the amniotic sac. The inoculation consisted of 0.25 ml of tissue culture fluid containing 10(5.5) mean tissue culture infective doses per ml of porcine parvovirus strain G10/1. Fetuses of one uterus horn were infected, whereas fetuses in the opposite horn were given 0.25 ml of noninfected cell culture material. No clinical signs of infection were observed; however, all sows developed antibodies 7 to 9 days postinfection. A total of 24 virus-inoculated fetuses and 20 control fetuses were studied. Fetuses infected at 35, 48, and 55 days of gestation died between about 5 and 22 days after infection. Virus was isolated from their organs and fetal blood. Virus spread to control fetuses but did not cause death and mummification or stimulate antibody production. Fetuses from sows infected at 72, 99, and 105 days of gestation survived. They developed high antibody titer in utero. Control piglets remained antibody free.", "PMID": 1165118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_759", "title": "Binding of cholera toxin by various tissues.", "content": "Under certain conditions, it is possible to confirm the observation by Peterson (1974) that the cholera toxin-binding capacities of tissues from brain and colon mucosa, and from liver and small intestine mucosa, are comparable. Binding of toxin by all tissues except brain is very variable, but is roughtly proportional to their content of the toxin-binding ganglioside galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl (sialosyl) lactosyl ceramide. It appears that some toxin-binding sites of the mucosa of the small intestin and colon may be masked. It has also been confirmed that there may be some solubilization of toxin-binding material from brain on standing a few days at 4 C, but this is comparatively slight. Some disadvantages of measuring toxin binding by adding small amounts of radioactive toxin to compartively large amounts of tissue are discussed.", "contents": "Binding of cholera toxin by various tissues. Under certain conditions, it is possible to confirm the observation by Peterson (1974) that the cholera toxin-binding capacities of tissues from brain and colon mucosa, and from liver and small intestine mucosa, are comparable. Binding of toxin by all tissues except brain is very variable, but is roughtly proportional to their content of the toxin-binding ganglioside galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl (sialosyl) lactosyl ceramide. It appears that some toxin-binding sites of the mucosa of the small intestin and colon may be masked. It has also been confirmed that there may be some solubilization of toxin-binding material from brain on standing a few days at 4 C, but this is comparatively slight. Some disadvantages of measuring toxin binding by adding small amounts of radioactive toxin to compartively large amounts of tissue are discussed.", "PMID": 1165119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_760", "title": "Oxygen consumption by trachea organ cultures infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "Hamster trachea organ cultres were shown to consume measurable amounts of oxygen when incubated in a closed micro-chamber. Several simple and complex media were evaluated, and the optimal system involved incubating 2 to 4 mg of tracheal tissue in Tyrodes balanced salt solution at 37 C for 60 min, with oxygen activity measured with a Clark electrode. Tracheas infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae showed a significantly lower oxygen utilitzation than did uninfected controls. The effect was dose dependent when levels of 105 to 107 colony-forming units per ml were used to infect the tracheal rings. Virulent mycoplasmas caused significant decreases in relative ciliary activity and oxygen utilization, whereas attenuated mycoplasmas reduced ciliary activity and oxygen utilization levels to a lesser extent.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption by trachea organ cultures infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Hamster trachea organ cultres were shown to consume measurable amounts of oxygen when incubated in a closed micro-chamber. Several simple and complex media were evaluated, and the optimal system involved incubating 2 to 4 mg of tracheal tissue in Tyrodes balanced salt solution at 37 C for 60 min, with oxygen activity measured with a Clark electrode. Tracheas infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae showed a significantly lower oxygen utilitzation than did uninfected controls. The effect was dose dependent when levels of 105 to 107 colony-forming units per ml were used to infect the tracheal rings. Virulent mycoplasmas caused significant decreases in relative ciliary activity and oxygen utilization, whereas attenuated mycoplasmas reduced ciliary activity and oxygen utilization levels to a lesser extent.", "PMID": 1165120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_761", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in guinea pigs to subunits derived from hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "Guinea pigs immunized wit- hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg), types adw and ayw, and with two polypeptides (400,000 and 24,000 molecular weight) developed cell-mediated immunity (CMI), as determined by radioimmunoassay. Peritoneal exudate (PE) cells from guinea pigs immunized with the 40,000-molecular-weight polypeptide migrated poorly (30 to 88% inhibition) after challenge with the immunizing subunit or with purified HBSAg, type gdw or ayw. Response of the same PE cells to the 24,000-molecular-weight subunit was significantly reduced. Similar but less striking evidence for CMI was observed was PE cells derived from guinea pigs inoculated with purified type-specific HBSAg or with the 24,000-molecular-weight polypeptide. Humoral responses were predictable and showed a reasonable degree of correlation with the CMI response. PE cells from control animals inoculated with normal human serum or polyacrylamide gel were not inhibited after challenge with purified preparations of HBSAg or with the 400,000-molecular-weight polypeptide, but did show CMI with their respective immunogens. In addition, PE cells from guinea pigs inoculated with normal human serum were inhibited from migrating after challenge with the 24,000-molecular-weight subunit, suggesting that the latter may contain an antigenic determinant related to a human serum protein.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in guinea pigs to subunits derived from hepatitis B surface antigen. Guinea pigs immunized wit- hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg), types adw and ayw, and with two polypeptides (400,000 and 24,000 molecular weight) developed cell-mediated immunity (CMI), as determined by radioimmunoassay. Peritoneal exudate (PE) cells from guinea pigs immunized with the 40,000-molecular-weight polypeptide migrated poorly (30 to 88% inhibition) after challenge with the immunizing subunit or with purified HBSAg, type gdw or ayw. Response of the same PE cells to the 24,000-molecular-weight subunit was significantly reduced. Similar but less striking evidence for CMI was observed was PE cells derived from guinea pigs inoculated with purified type-specific HBSAg or with the 24,000-molecular-weight polypeptide. Humoral responses were predictable and showed a reasonable degree of correlation with the CMI response. PE cells from control animals inoculated with normal human serum or polyacrylamide gel were not inhibited after challenge with purified preparations of HBSAg or with the 400,000-molecular-weight polypeptide, but did show CMI with their respective immunogens. In addition, PE cells from guinea pigs inoculated with normal human serum were inhibited from migrating after challenge with the 24,000-molecular-weight subunit, suggesting that the latter may contain an antigenic determinant related to a human serum protein.", "PMID": 1165121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_762", "title": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on the growth of Rickettsia sennetsu in experimentally infected mice.", "content": "The growth rate of Rickettsia sennetsu, the etiological agent of sennetsu rickettsiosis, a special type of infectious mononucleosis found in western Japan, is very low when the ordinary experimental methods used for other members of the rickettsiae are employed. Attempts have been made to increase its growth the rickettsiae are employed. Attempts have been made to increase its growth rate in cells and animals. By treating mice with cyclophosphamide, considerable enhancement of growth of the rickettsia was observed. In the drug-treated mice, infective titers expressed as mean lethal dose in the spleens reached 10(8,5) in animals treated by the intraperitoneal route three times at 5-day intervals with 0.33 mg/g (body weight). Infective titers in drug-treated mice were more than 100-fold above those of the infected non-drug-treated mice. In peritoneal cells of drug-treated mice rickettsial particles were observed in great abundance. The numbers of cells containing rickettsiae almost paralleled the infective titers of the spleens in each group in mice. Lymph nodes and spleens of the drug-treated mice diminished in size during infection.", "contents": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on the growth of Rickettsia sennetsu in experimentally infected mice. The growth rate of Rickettsia sennetsu, the etiological agent of sennetsu rickettsiosis, a special type of infectious mononucleosis found in western Japan, is very low when the ordinary experimental methods used for other members of the rickettsiae are employed. Attempts have been made to increase its growth the rickettsiae are employed. Attempts have been made to increase its growth rate in cells and animals. By treating mice with cyclophosphamide, considerable enhancement of growth of the rickettsia was observed. In the drug-treated mice, infective titers expressed as mean lethal dose in the spleens reached 10(8,5) in animals treated by the intraperitoneal route three times at 5-day intervals with 0.33 mg/g (body weight). Infective titers in drug-treated mice were more than 100-fold above those of the infected non-drug-treated mice. In peritoneal cells of drug-treated mice rickettsial particles were observed in great abundance. The numbers of cells containing rickettsiae almost paralleled the infective titers of the spleens in each group in mice. Lymph nodes and spleens of the drug-treated mice diminished in size during infection.", "PMID": 1165122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_763", "title": "A comparison of the diuretic effects of prostaglandin A1, sodium ethacrynate, and placebo.", "content": "The comparative diuretic activity of prostaglandin A1 (PGA1), sodium ethacrynate, and placebo was assessed in healthy volunteers. Known active dosages of the various agents were administered as intravenous infusions. In the first four hours after the start of the infusion, the ratio of urine output to liquid intake was higher for sodium ethacrynate than either PGA1 or placebo. Sodium ethacrynate was the only treatment which significantly changed urinary electrolyte excretion. At the doses administered in this study, sodium ethacrynate was more effective as a diuretic than either PGA1 or placebo. PGA1 and placebo exerted nearly identical effects upon the variables studied. This study suggests that PGA1 may be effective only in the presence of altered distribution of blood flow in renal disturbances where tubular functions are involved in maintaining electrolyte excretion.", "contents": "A comparison of the diuretic effects of prostaglandin A1, sodium ethacrynate, and placebo. The comparative diuretic activity of prostaglandin A1 (PGA1), sodium ethacrynate, and placebo was assessed in healthy volunteers. Known active dosages of the various agents were administered as intravenous infusions. In the first four hours after the start of the infusion, the ratio of urine output to liquid intake was higher for sodium ethacrynate than either PGA1 or placebo. Sodium ethacrynate was the only treatment which significantly changed urinary electrolyte excretion. At the doses administered in this study, sodium ethacrynate was more effective as a diuretic than either PGA1 or placebo. PGA1 and placebo exerted nearly identical effects upon the variables studied. This study suggests that PGA1 may be effective only in the presence of altered distribution of blood flow in renal disturbances where tubular functions are involved in maintaining electrolyte excretion.", "PMID": 1165130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_764", "title": "Changing world patterns of drug abuse, 1945-1974.", "content": "New patterns of drug abuse have rapidly appeared in the Western world since the Second World War. These patterns are characterized by the rapid introduction and spread of manufactured substances adopted from medicine. Interest has been sustained among illicit users by the search for new mood altering drugs. Both recreational use and multiple drug patterns are becoming increasingly predominant. Western youth has taken the forefront in the new patterns, especially in the rise of marijuana. Sex differentials are rapidly decreasing as more females are smoking. In the United States, hallucinogens have also been abused in large amounts. This reveals an important difference from Europe, where hallucinogen abuse has been low, but amphetamine abuse has been as high or higher than in the United States. Spread has been rapid throughout the populations studied, both from the colleges to the secondary schools, and from country to country, based on current rapid methods of communication and transportation. These data are important in formulating hypotheses for study and control of both epidemic and endemic drug abuse.", "contents": "Changing world patterns of drug abuse, 1945-1974. New patterns of drug abuse have rapidly appeared in the Western world since the Second World War. These patterns are characterized by the rapid introduction and spread of manufactured substances adopted from medicine. Interest has been sustained among illicit users by the search for new mood altering drugs. Both recreational use and multiple drug patterns are becoming increasingly predominant. Western youth has taken the forefront in the new patterns, especially in the rise of marijuana. Sex differentials are rapidly decreasing as more females are smoking. In the United States, hallucinogens have also been abused in large amounts. This reveals an important difference from Europe, where hallucinogen abuse has been low, but amphetamine abuse has been as high or higher than in the United States. Spread has been rapid throughout the populations studied, both from the colleges to the secondary schools, and from country to country, based on current rapid methods of communication and transportation. These data are important in formulating hypotheses for study and control of both epidemic and endemic drug abuse.", "PMID": 1165131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_765", "title": "Studies on the CNS-availability of amphetamine from amphetaminil.", "content": "The biotransformation of amphetaminil to amphetamine was confirmed using 3H- and 14C-labelled ampehtaminil. The metabolites were isolated, identified and quantified from blood, brain, adipose tissue and urine. These studies showed that the intact molecule of amphetaminil passes into the circulation only to a very small extent. The time spent by the amphetaminil in the alimentary canal does not appear to be a critical factor in the stability and degradation of this substance. The proportion of unchanged amphetaminil represents no more than 2% of the total radioactivity in the blood. The amphetamine, which results from the cleavage of amphetaminil, enters the CNS and is excreted in the urine after hydroxylation and glucuronidation. The other cleavage product, benzaldehyde, seems to be rapidly converted into hippuric acid, which is excreted. Amphetaminil is enriched in adipose tissue, especially after i.p. injection; but this fraction will be cleaved upon re-entering the blood, and it can only enter the brain as amphetamine.", "contents": "Studies on the CNS-availability of amphetamine from amphetaminil. The biotransformation of amphetaminil to amphetamine was confirmed using 3H- and 14C-labelled ampehtaminil. The metabolites were isolated, identified and quantified from blood, brain, adipose tissue and urine. These studies showed that the intact molecule of amphetaminil passes into the circulation only to a very small extent. The time spent by the amphetaminil in the alimentary canal does not appear to be a critical factor in the stability and degradation of this substance. The proportion of unchanged amphetaminil represents no more than 2% of the total radioactivity in the blood. The amphetamine, which results from the cleavage of amphetaminil, enters the CNS and is excreted in the urine after hydroxylation and glucuronidation. The other cleavage product, benzaldehyde, seems to be rapidly converted into hippuric acid, which is excreted. Amphetaminil is enriched in adipose tissue, especially after i.p. injection; but this fraction will be cleaved upon re-entering the blood, and it can only enter the brain as amphetamine.", "PMID": 1165132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_766", "title": "Toxicity of marijuana and tobacco smoking in the beagle.", "content": "Four cigarettes of marijuana or tobacco in the form of smoke inhaled into the trachea were administered to dogs daily over a period of nine months. Marijuana caused a slowing of body weight gain. Food consumption increased at first and was accompanied by diarrhea; then it decreased. This suggests a malabsorption of food or a more fundamental metabolic disturbance. The tobacco smoking group consumed much less food without showing any significant change in body weight gain in 3 and 6 months, but it did in 9 months only. In marijuana smoking dog, blood pressure remained unchanged. The resting heart rate was increased (by 32% at 3, 30% at 6, and 15% at 9 months). Alpha1-globulin, eosinophils and lymphocyte count were significantly decreased. A decrease in serum triglycerides was noted. In addition, a behavioral study permitted us to note a general perturbation in the behaviour of the marijuana smoking dogs. The dogs showed impairment of learning, probably due to these behavioral perturbations.", "contents": "Toxicity of marijuana and tobacco smoking in the beagle. Four cigarettes of marijuana or tobacco in the form of smoke inhaled into the trachea were administered to dogs daily over a period of nine months. Marijuana caused a slowing of body weight gain. Food consumption increased at first and was accompanied by diarrhea; then it decreased. This suggests a malabsorption of food or a more fundamental metabolic disturbance. The tobacco smoking group consumed much less food without showing any significant change in body weight gain in 3 and 6 months, but it did in 9 months only. In marijuana smoking dog, blood pressure remained unchanged. The resting heart rate was increased (by 32% at 3, 30% at 6, and 15% at 9 months). Alpha1-globulin, eosinophils and lymphocyte count were significantly decreased. A decrease in serum triglycerides was noted. In addition, a behavioral study permitted us to note a general perturbation in the behaviour of the marijuana smoking dogs. The dogs showed impairment of learning, probably due to these behavioral perturbations.", "PMID": 1165134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_767", "title": "L-dopa, growth hormone and adipokinesis in the lean and the obese.", "content": "Fourteen human volunteers (5 lean of both sexes, 4 grossly obese male, 4 grossly obese female, and one patient suffering from hypopituitarism) were given 500 mg of L-dopa orally, and growth hormone (HGH), cortisol, prolactin (hPRL), insulin, FSH, LH, free fatty acids (FFA) and blood glucose were determined up to 300 minutes following the drug. The lean group showed a uniformly marked increase in HGH followed by a significant FFA rise. The obese females exhibited blunted HGH and a somewhat reduced FFA response. In the obese male, there were no HGH und FFA increments. Unstimulated levels of HGH were lower and FFA markedly higher in both obese male and female vs the lean group. The patient with hypopituitarism showed no significant HGH and FFA response. In all groups, hPRL decreased, while Cortisol, LH, FSH, and blood glucose levels remained uninfluenced.", "contents": "L-dopa, growth hormone and adipokinesis in the lean and the obese. Fourteen human volunteers (5 lean of both sexes, 4 grossly obese male, 4 grossly obese female, and one patient suffering from hypopituitarism) were given 500 mg of L-dopa orally, and growth hormone (HGH), cortisol, prolactin (hPRL), insulin, FSH, LH, free fatty acids (FFA) and blood glucose were determined up to 300 minutes following the drug. The lean group showed a uniformly marked increase in HGH followed by a significant FFA rise. The obese females exhibited blunted HGH and a somewhat reduced FFA response. In the obese male, there were no HGH und FFA increments. Unstimulated levels of HGH were lower and FFA markedly higher in both obese male and female vs the lean group. The patient with hypopituitarism showed no significant HGH and FFA response. In all groups, hPRL decreased, while Cortisol, LH, FSH, and blood glucose levels remained uninfluenced.", "PMID": 1165135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_768", "title": "The acute effect of 2-bromo-a-ergocryptine (CB-154) on anterior pituitary hormones and free fatty acids in man.", "content": "CB-154 was administered to six healthy subjects in three different single doses - 1 mg, 2,5 mg, and 3 mg. Growth hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, cortisol, blood sugar and free fatty acids were determined. 2.5 and 3 mg doses of CB-154 induced a significant rise in growth hormone and free fatty acids, while prolactin decreased. In addition, CB-154 prevented the circadian fall of plasma cortisol. There were no changes in follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone or blood sugar levels.", "contents": "The acute effect of 2-bromo-a-ergocryptine (CB-154) on anterior pituitary hormones and free fatty acids in man. CB-154 was administered to six healthy subjects in three different single doses - 1 mg, 2,5 mg, and 3 mg. Growth hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, cortisol, blood sugar and free fatty acids were determined. 2.5 and 3 mg doses of CB-154 induced a significant rise in growth hormone and free fatty acids, while prolactin decreased. In addition, CB-154 prevented the circadian fall of plasma cortisol. There were no changes in follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone or blood sugar levels.", "PMID": 1165136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_769", "title": "Effects of chronic administration of delta 9-transtetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) in guinea-pigs.", "content": "The guinea-pigs were divided into three groups: (1) absolute control, (2) solvent control (tween 4%), and (3) delta9-THC group (3 mg/kg). The selected dose of delta9-THC corresponds to the minim amount producing physiological effects in acute administration and was given for six months at the rate of five injections/week. The results showed that THC produced no changes on these parameters: serum glucose, urea nitrogen, total proteins, Mg, Ca, Na, and K. However, the fatty acids and alpha1 globulin were significantly decreased. There was a significant increase in gamma globulin. The body weight gain of delta9-THC treated animals was lower than of the two controls. Delta9-THC decreased the relative weight of liver and spleen; however, it did not significantly affect the relative weight of heart, adrenals, and kidneys. Similarly, the morphological examinations showed no alteration in these tissues, except in the liver tissue, where a perturbation of the autodigestion of glycogen was noted. These observations suggest that the toxic effect of the drug is caused by its accumulation in the liver, which provokes an inhibition of certain liver enzymatic systems.", "contents": "Effects of chronic administration of delta 9-transtetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) in guinea-pigs. The guinea-pigs were divided into three groups: (1) absolute control, (2) solvent control (tween 4%), and (3) delta9-THC group (3 mg/kg). The selected dose of delta9-THC corresponds to the minim amount producing physiological effects in acute administration and was given for six months at the rate of five injections/week. The results showed that THC produced no changes on these parameters: serum glucose, urea nitrogen, total proteins, Mg, Ca, Na, and K. However, the fatty acids and alpha1 globulin were significantly decreased. There was a significant increase in gamma globulin. The body weight gain of delta9-THC treated animals was lower than of the two controls. Delta9-THC decreased the relative weight of liver and spleen; however, it did not significantly affect the relative weight of heart, adrenals, and kidneys. Similarly, the morphological examinations showed no alteration in these tissues, except in the liver tissue, where a perturbation of the autodigestion of glycogen was noted. These observations suggest that the toxic effect of the drug is caused by its accumulation in the liver, which provokes an inhibition of certain liver enzymatic systems.", "PMID": 1165137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_770", "title": "Phenacetin abuse and renal pelvic carcinoma.", "content": "This work is a review of 62 patients with abuse of phenacetin containing drugs and uroepithelial tumours of the renal pelvis, all of them carcinomas. Most of the patients had a pre-existing nephropathy with papillary necrosis as a prominent feature. Renal impairment contributed to the poor prognosis. On the basis of present knowledge of urinary tract carcinogens and phenacetin metabolites, it is assumed that phenacetin is the crucial factor for development of the tumours.", "contents": "Phenacetin abuse and renal pelvic carcinoma. This work is a review of 62 patients with abuse of phenacetin containing drugs and uroepithelial tumours of the renal pelvis, all of them carcinomas. Most of the patients had a pre-existing nephropathy with papillary necrosis as a prominent feature. Renal impairment contributed to the poor prognosis. On the basis of present knowledge of urinary tract carcinogens and phenacetin metabolites, it is assumed that phenacetin is the crucial factor for development of the tumours.", "PMID": 1165138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_771", "title": "Problems and solutions to single-dose testing of analgesics: comparison of propoxyphene, codeine, and fenoprofen.", "content": "Discrepancies exist between reports arising from single-dose and multiple-dose studies intended to compare the efficacy of oral analgesics. D Differences in the pharmacokinetic characteristics of these drugs account for much of the discord. Codeine and fenoprofen rapidly achieve their ultimate plasma equilibrium levels (on a q. 6h. schedule), whereas, propoxyphene requires a longer period, doubtless due to its longer half-life and proportionately smaller maintenance dose. If the drugs are not to be compared during the steady state, then administration of appropriate loading doses permits satisfactory single dose comparisons at steady-state concentrations.", "contents": "Problems and solutions to single-dose testing of analgesics: comparison of propoxyphene, codeine, and fenoprofen. Discrepancies exist between reports arising from single-dose and multiple-dose studies intended to compare the efficacy of oral analgesics. D Differences in the pharmacokinetic characteristics of these drugs account for much of the discord. Codeine and fenoprofen rapidly achieve their ultimate plasma equilibrium levels (on a q. 6h. schedule), whereas, propoxyphene requires a longer period, doubtless due to its longer half-life and proportionately smaller maintenance dose. If the drugs are not to be compared during the steady state, then administration of appropriate loading doses permits satisfactory single dose comparisons at steady-state concentrations.", "PMID": 1165140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_772", "title": "Recent progress in the long-term pharmacological research on cannabis.", "content": "Rapid increase in our knowledge of acute biological effects of cannabis and its biologically active components is contrasted with the slow rate of progress achieved in the area of effects of long-term use of cannabis in man. Such studies belong to the difficult category of long-term clinical pharmacological studies, that are time-consuming, require large population samples, and considerable expertise of staff. Recently published epidemiological studies on effects of long-term cannabis use, although still not yet conclusive, supply increasing evidence of harmful effects of such use. Recently, the World Health Organization has sponsored several research projects of this nature in countries with easy access to long-term heavy cannabis users.", "contents": "Recent progress in the long-term pharmacological research on cannabis. Rapid increase in our knowledge of acute biological effects of cannabis and its biologically active components is contrasted with the slow rate of progress achieved in the area of effects of long-term use of cannabis in man. Such studies belong to the difficult category of long-term clinical pharmacological studies, that are time-consuming, require large population samples, and considerable expertise of staff. Recently published epidemiological studies on effects of long-term cannabis use, although still not yet conclusive, supply increasing evidence of harmful effects of such use. Recently, the World Health Organization has sponsored several research projects of this nature in countries with easy access to long-term heavy cannabis users.", "PMID": 1165142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_773", "title": "Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of morphine-type dependence.", "content": "Of the two pharmacologically different possibilities of interfering with the processes of either tolerance or dependence of the morphine type, the so-called maintenance method commonly using methadone is predominantly a matter of tolerance, whereas the blockade with specific opiate antagonists such as cyclazocine intervenes in processes underlying dependence and withdrawal. The experimental evidence for these mechanisms is described.", "contents": "Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of morphine-type dependence. Of the two pharmacologically different possibilities of interfering with the processes of either tolerance or dependence of the morphine type, the so-called maintenance method commonly using methadone is predominantly a matter of tolerance, whereas the blockade with specific opiate antagonists such as cyclazocine intervenes in processes underlying dependence and withdrawal. The experimental evidence for these mechanisms is described.", "PMID": 1165143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_774", "title": "The danger of fixed drug combinations.", "content": "After the second world war a number of pharmaceutical firms which were not able to create new therapeutic substances by their own research, put a great number of fixed drug combinations on the market. Their number quickly increased, as the efficiency of these compounds required no legal proof and as, with appropriate propaganda, large profits could be earned. The number of firms doing this sort of production also increased, and in West Germany, for instance, more than 3/4 of all drugs on the official list are now fixed combinations. Our task is, therefore, to ask for regulations which limit fixed combinations to such preparation the efficiency of which has been shown and whose advantages more than outweigh their disadvantages. The advantages of these preparations are convenience to the patient, avoidance of potential mistakes made possible by too many drugs given on the same day and, perhaps, lower prices. The disadvantages are: 1. The individual optimum dose for a patient cannot be achieved, because in case of a change of dosis all components are changed. 2. Different components may have different duration of action. 3. Different components may have a different bioavailability. 4. Different components may interact. 5. Some components may create tolerance, others not. In many cases fixed combinations have been used to make drugs with poor efficiency financially viable by combining them with very efficient drugs. The existence of thousands of fixed combinations makes the drug market indiscernible and useless. They obscure the relatively few essential drugs and make it difficult for the doctor to find his way amongst the mass of offered medicaments. Few fixed combinations are justifiable. These are well known and they should be permitted as before. All others should be banned until it has been shown that their advantages are greater than their disadvantages.", "contents": "The danger of fixed drug combinations. After the second world war a number of pharmaceutical firms which were not able to create new therapeutic substances by their own research, put a great number of fixed drug combinations on the market. Their number quickly increased, as the efficiency of these compounds required no legal proof and as, with appropriate propaganda, large profits could be earned. The number of firms doing this sort of production also increased, and in West Germany, for instance, more than 3/4 of all drugs on the official list are now fixed combinations. Our task is, therefore, to ask for regulations which limit fixed combinations to such preparation the efficiency of which has been shown and whose advantages more than outweigh their disadvantages. The advantages of these preparations are convenience to the patient, avoidance of potential mistakes made possible by too many drugs given on the same day and, perhaps, lower prices. The disadvantages are: 1. The individual optimum dose for a patient cannot be achieved, because in case of a change of dosis all components are changed. 2. Different components may have different duration of action. 3. Different components may have a different bioavailability. 4. Different components may interact. 5. Some components may create tolerance, others not. In many cases fixed combinations have been used to make drugs with poor efficiency financially viable by combining them with very efficient drugs. The existence of thousands of fixed combinations makes the drug market indiscernible and useless. They obscure the relatively few essential drugs and make it difficult for the doctor to find his way amongst the mass of offered medicaments. Few fixed combinations are justifiable. These are well known and they should be permitted as before. All others should be banned until it has been shown that their advantages are greater than their disadvantages.", "PMID": 1165144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_775", "title": "A study of practolol elimination in all grades of chronic renal failure.", "content": "Plasma and renal elimination of practolol have been studied in 12 patients with varying degrees of stable chronic renal failure and 14 normal volunteers. Each individual received 200 mg of oral practolol. The mean time to peak plasma level in the group of patients with renal failure was later than in the normal group, the difference between the two being significant. There were significant correlations between plasma practolol clearance and creatinine clearance, and also between renal practolol clearance and creatinine clearance. Total clearance of practolol from plasma was slightly higher than its renal clearance, the difference being significant, which suggested a small non-renal component to elimination. Renal practolol clearances tended to exceed creatinine clearances, the difference being significant, suggesting some renal tubular secretion of the drug. It is suggested that--in patients with chronic renal failure--the maintenance dose of practolol be reduced roughly in proportion to the reduction in creatinine clearance from normal. If effective plasma practolol concentrations are required quickly, the need for giving a loading dose becomes important under such circumstances.", "contents": "A study of practolol elimination in all grades of chronic renal failure. Plasma and renal elimination of practolol have been studied in 12 patients with varying degrees of stable chronic renal failure and 14 normal volunteers. Each individual received 200 mg of oral practolol. The mean time to peak plasma level in the group of patients with renal failure was later than in the normal group, the difference between the two being significant. There were significant correlations between plasma practolol clearance and creatinine clearance, and also between renal practolol clearance and creatinine clearance. Total clearance of practolol from plasma was slightly higher than its renal clearance, the difference being significant, which suggested a small non-renal component to elimination. Renal practolol clearances tended to exceed creatinine clearances, the difference being significant, suggesting some renal tubular secretion of the drug. It is suggested that--in patients with chronic renal failure--the maintenance dose of practolol be reduced roughly in proportion to the reduction in creatinine clearance from normal. If effective plasma practolol concentrations are required quickly, the need for giving a loading dose becomes important under such circumstances.", "PMID": 1165145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_776", "title": "Tritiated digoxin metabolism after prior treatment with propranolol or diphenylhydantoin sodium.", "content": "Digitalis-induced arrhythmias can be suppressed by intravenous potassium, diphenylhydantoin sodium and propranolol. As it is known that hyperkalemia can interfere with the myocardial uptake of digoxin, this study was performed to determine whether diphenylhydantoin sodium or propranolol could exert any antiarrhythmic effect by altering the metabolism of 3H-digoxin and, in particular, the accumulation of the glycoside by cardiac muscle. Three groups of anesthetized dogs were given 6 muCi 3H-digoxin per kilogram intravenously, and in two groups 15 mg/kg diphenylhydantoin sodium or 3 mg/kg propranolol were injected intravenously 15 minutes prior to the glycoside. The concentration of labelled digoxin was measured in plasma up to one hour, and then tissues were removed and analyzed for digoxin content. Diphenylhydantoin sodium did not influence myocardial uptake of digoxin. It is considered its suppressant action on digitalis-induced arrhythmias is not due to any effect on the cardiac accumulation of digoxin. Propranolol did reduce the myocardial uptake of digoxin, but this was not considered of sufficient magnitude to be the main factor in suppressing arrhythmias induced by digitalis. These studies provide evidence that both diphenylhydantoin sodium and propranolol do not have a suppressant effect on digitalis-induced arrhythmias by virtue of any significant interference with the uptake of digoxin by myocardial tissue.", "contents": "Tritiated digoxin metabolism after prior treatment with propranolol or diphenylhydantoin sodium. Digitalis-induced arrhythmias can be suppressed by intravenous potassium, diphenylhydantoin sodium and propranolol. As it is known that hyperkalemia can interfere with the myocardial uptake of digoxin, this study was performed to determine whether diphenylhydantoin sodium or propranolol could exert any antiarrhythmic effect by altering the metabolism of 3H-digoxin and, in particular, the accumulation of the glycoside by cardiac muscle. Three groups of anesthetized dogs were given 6 muCi 3H-digoxin per kilogram intravenously, and in two groups 15 mg/kg diphenylhydantoin sodium or 3 mg/kg propranolol were injected intravenously 15 minutes prior to the glycoside. The concentration of labelled digoxin was measured in plasma up to one hour, and then tissues were removed and analyzed for digoxin content. Diphenylhydantoin sodium did not influence myocardial uptake of digoxin. It is considered its suppressant action on digitalis-induced arrhythmias is not due to any effect on the cardiac accumulation of digoxin. Propranolol did reduce the myocardial uptake of digoxin, but this was not considered of sufficient magnitude to be the main factor in suppressing arrhythmias induced by digitalis. These studies provide evidence that both diphenylhydantoin sodium and propranolol do not have a suppressant effect on digitalis-induced arrhythmias by virtue of any significant interference with the uptake of digoxin by myocardial tissue.", "PMID": 1165146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_777", "title": "The changing distribution of disease in Regionville.", "content": "This survey is a partial replication study of a community with the fictitious name of Regionville which was first studied by Koos in the period 1946-50 (1). In the present paper, we are concerned only with that part having to do with the distribution of disease. Though differences in methods do not allow for a true replication, the indications are that social classes are much more similar in their reported experience of disability now than they were a generation ago. Sources of bias are examined, and it is suggested that differential perceptions of appropriate sick role behaviour may contaminate the findings. Moreover, the sample probably did not include a large enough number of the poverty-stricken population--which is a rather small proportion of the total population--to discover such differences as might in fact exist. It is concluded, however, that the findings do represent a real change in the distribution of disability in the population of Regionville.", "contents": "The changing distribution of disease in Regionville. This survey is a partial replication study of a community with the fictitious name of Regionville which was first studied by Koos in the period 1946-50 (1). In the present paper, we are concerned only with that part having to do with the distribution of disease. Though differences in methods do not allow for a true replication, the indications are that social classes are much more similar in their reported experience of disability now than they were a generation ago. Sources of bias are examined, and it is suggested that differential perceptions of appropriate sick role behaviour may contaminate the findings. Moreover, the sample probably did not include a large enough number of the poverty-stricken population--which is a rather small proportion of the total population--to discover such differences as might in fact exist. It is concluded, however, that the findings do represent a real change in the distribution of disability in the population of Regionville.", "PMID": 1165147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_778", "title": "Model of transition between causes of death.", "content": "This paper describes an attempt to estimate the probabilities of transition between various major causes of death during the period 1954-1962. The regression coefficients have been estimated from French d\u00e9partement death rates for ten main or typical causes of death, assessed by sex for the age group 45-64 years.", "contents": "Model of transition between causes of death. This paper describes an attempt to estimate the probabilities of transition between various major causes of death during the period 1954-1962. The regression coefficients have been estimated from French d\u00e9partement death rates for ten main or typical causes of death, assessed by sex for the age group 45-64 years.", "PMID": 1165148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_779", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis in the Pima Indians of Arizona: an assessment of the clinical components of the New York criteria.", "content": "When a prevalence study of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) was made in the adult Pima Indian population living on the Gila River Reservation, a high prevalence was found using the New York criteria (5-9 per cent). This was mainly due to the high frequency of limitation of motion which brought in many undesirable subjects. After excluding it as a component of New York criteria we found a prevalence for RA of 3 per cent with a predominance among the females (3-8 as against 2-0 per cent in males). The group so defined fulfilled the requirements of the Rome criteria, showed a higher concordance with serological or radiological evidence of RA, and appeared to identify subjects in whom the experienced clinical rheumatologist would more often agree with the diagnosis.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritis in the Pima Indians of Arizona: an assessment of the clinical components of the New York criteria. When a prevalence study of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) was made in the adult Pima Indian population living on the Gila River Reservation, a high prevalence was found using the New York criteria (5-9 per cent). This was mainly due to the high frequency of limitation of motion which brought in many undesirable subjects. After excluding it as a component of New York criteria we found a prevalence for RA of 3 per cent with a predominance among the females (3-8 as against 2-0 per cent in males). The group so defined fulfilled the requirements of the Rome criteria, showed a higher concordance with serological or radiological evidence of RA, and appeared to identify subjects in whom the experienced clinical rheumatologist would more often agree with the diagnosis.", "PMID": 1165149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_780", "title": "Serum HI antibody and protection against influenza: a follow-up survey at community level of three epidemics caused by different H3N2-variants.", "content": "Serial blood specimens from Rh-negative pregnant women sent to laboratory for Rh antibody testing were stored and used for influenza investigations. The study period covered three epidemics, each caused by a different variant of influenza A (H3N2) virus. The relationship between pre-epidemic haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibody level against the epidemic virus and serological evidence of infection was analysed. Titre associated with protection was very similar in the three epidemics. In 1973-74 the influenza A epidemic had an exceptional course characterized by prolonged duration. The study revealed data on the rate of infection in one age and sex category that are difficult to obtain using standard indicators of influenza epidemiology.", "contents": "Serum HI antibody and protection against influenza: a follow-up survey at community level of three epidemics caused by different H3N2-variants. Serial blood specimens from Rh-negative pregnant women sent to laboratory for Rh antibody testing were stored and used for influenza investigations. The study period covered three epidemics, each caused by a different variant of influenza A (H3N2) virus. The relationship between pre-epidemic haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibody level against the epidemic virus and serological evidence of infection was analysed. Titre associated with protection was very similar in the three epidemics. In 1973-74 the influenza A epidemic had an exceptional course characterized by prolonged duration. The study revealed data on the rate of infection in one age and sex category that are difficult to obtain using standard indicators of influenza epidemiology.", "PMID": 1165150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_781", "title": "Sequelae of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in humans: a four year follow-up.", "content": "The purpose of this study was the identification of possible sequelae of the infection of human individuals with Virus of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE). Special emphasis was laid on exploring neurological, psychological and behavioural aspects and particularly on the search for a possible association of the disease with epileptic phenomena, brain damage and/or mental deficiency. A four-year period of observation was conducted on a sample of children from El Carmelo (Colombia) where an epidemic of VEE took place in 1967. A group of seven children who presented the encephalitic type of the illness and were hospitalized with symptoms of CNS involvement and a confirmed diagnosis of VEE constituted the index group. This group was compared with four control groups of children with matched demographic characteristics but separated according to whether they were ill at the time of the epidemic and whether they presented serological evidence of having been infected with VEE Virus. Evaluations were conducted at three points in time during the follow-up period and they included the following procedures: (1) Survey on personal background and behaviour (through a standard questionnaire dealing with all areas of functioning); (2) Complete paediatric examination, including a careful neurological check-up; (3) Psychological examination using intelligence tests; (4) Electro-encephalographic examination according to standard techniques, with the patient awake, asleep and under photic stimulation; (5) Bi-weekly home visits to keep a record on intercurrent illness throughout the observation period. Statistical analysis of results shows significant differences between the groups in regard to the distribution of abnormalities.", "contents": "Sequelae of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in humans: a four year follow-up. The purpose of this study was the identification of possible sequelae of the infection of human individuals with Virus of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE). Special emphasis was laid on exploring neurological, psychological and behavioural aspects and particularly on the search for a possible association of the disease with epileptic phenomena, brain damage and/or mental deficiency. A four-year period of observation was conducted on a sample of children from El Carmelo (Colombia) where an epidemic of VEE took place in 1967. A group of seven children who presented the encephalitic type of the illness and were hospitalized with symptoms of CNS involvement and a confirmed diagnosis of VEE constituted the index group. This group was compared with four control groups of children with matched demographic characteristics but separated according to whether they were ill at the time of the epidemic and whether they presented serological evidence of having been infected with VEE Virus. Evaluations were conducted at three points in time during the follow-up period and they included the following procedures: (1) Survey on personal background and behaviour (through a standard questionnaire dealing with all areas of functioning); (2) Complete paediatric examination, including a careful neurological check-up; (3) Psychological examination using intelligence tests; (4) Electro-encephalographic examination according to standard techniques, with the patient awake, asleep and under photic stimulation; (5) Bi-weekly home visits to keep a record on intercurrent illness throughout the observation period. Statistical analysis of results shows significant differences between the groups in regard to the distribution of abnormalities.", "PMID": 1165151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_782", "title": "Aggregated physiological measures of individual and group health status.", "content": "Two health status indices applicable to individuals and groups are presented for research and health programme evaluation purposes. Both indices are functions of distances from cultural or group norms of the healthy state on a number of physiological dimensions that are theoretically or empirically related to health. Ways of deriving group norms are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Aggregated physiological measures of individual and group health status. Two health status indices applicable to individuals and groups are presented for research and health programme evaluation purposes. Both indices are functions of distances from cultural or group norms of the healthy state on a number of physiological dimensions that are theoretically or empirically related to health. Ways of deriving group norms are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1165155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_783", "title": "An epidemiological model of the natural history of a disease within a multilevel care system.", "content": "Detailed epidemiological data on the entire course and treatment of illnesses requiring a variety of forms of management and various levels of institutionalization are scarce, probably due to the difficulty of assembling such data from a multiplicity of sources, particularly within complex and fragmented health care delivery systems. This paper described several analytic approaches to, and applications of, such a body of data, taken from a retrospective cohort study of 552 fractured hip cases incident in one year in an upstate New York county. Examples of six analytic applications of the data are presented, and emphasis is placed on the potential for practical use of some of the results.", "contents": "An epidemiological model of the natural history of a disease within a multilevel care system. Detailed epidemiological data on the entire course and treatment of illnesses requiring a variety of forms of management and various levels of institutionalization are scarce, probably due to the difficulty of assembling such data from a multiplicity of sources, particularly within complex and fragmented health care delivery systems. This paper described several analytic approaches to, and applications of, such a body of data, taken from a retrospective cohort study of 552 fractured hip cases incident in one year in an upstate New York county. Examples of six analytic applications of the data are presented, and emphasis is placed on the potential for practical use of some of the results.", "PMID": 1165156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_784", "title": "Upake of plasma lipids by extrahepatic tissues of vitamin A fed rats.", "content": "The uptake of newly synthesized plasma lipids from intraportally injected palmitate 1(-14)C by heart, kidney and adipose tissues of rats fed 33 mg retinol for 2 days have been studied. The uptake of plasma lipids by adipose tissues and heart was decreased and that by kidney increased in rats fed retinol as compared to the controls.", "contents": "Upake of plasma lipids by extrahepatic tissues of vitamin A fed rats. The uptake of newly synthesized plasma lipids from intraportally injected palmitate 1(-14)C by heart, kidney and adipose tissues of rats fed 33 mg retinol for 2 days have been studied. The uptake of plasma lipids by adipose tissues and heart was decreased and that by kidney increased in rats fed retinol as compared to the controls.", "PMID": 1165157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_785", "title": "RNA synthesis in liver nuclei of young rats fed varying amounts of vitamin A.", "content": "Twenty five days old male rats were feed 5000, 20000 and 40000 I.U. of vitamin A for two days and its effects studied on RNA contents and its synthesis from orotic acid-6(-14)C in liver and its nuclear and mitochondrial fractions. RNA contents and its synthesis from orotic acid-6(-14)C in liver, its nuclear and mitochondrial fractions was not affected in rats 5000 I.U. of vitamin A, but these were reduced in rats fed 20000 and 40000 I.U. of vitamin A. The turnover rate of nuclear RNA was significantly greater in rats fed 5000 I.U. of vitamin A as compared to the controls.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in liver nuclei of young rats fed varying amounts of vitamin A. Twenty five days old male rats were feed 5000, 20000 and 40000 I.U. of vitamin A for two days and its effects studied on RNA contents and its synthesis from orotic acid-6(-14)C in liver and its nuclear and mitochondrial fractions. RNA contents and its synthesis from orotic acid-6(-14)C in liver, its nuclear and mitochondrial fractions was not affected in rats 5000 I.U. of vitamin A, but these were reduced in rats fed 20000 and 40000 I.U. of vitamin A. The turnover rate of nuclear RNA was significantly greater in rats fed 5000 I.U. of vitamin A as compared to the controls.", "PMID": 1165159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_786", "title": "Effect of Ovral, a combination type oral contraceptive agent, on vitamin A metabolism in rats.", "content": "When a typical combination-type oral contraceptive agent (Ovral, which contains 0.5 mg norgestrel and 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol per tablet), is given to young female rats at 50 x the human dosage for an extended period, plasma vitamin A levels are elevated about 50%. The increase is mainly due to a higher steadystate level of retinol binding protein, and not to the presence of more lipoprotein-bound retinyl ester. In Ovral treated rats, the depletion of vitamin A from the liver, calculated as a linear rate, as a linear rate per unit body weight, or as a half-life, tends to be greater, although the differences are only marginally significant. The absorption, storage and short-term excretion patterns of a dose of radioactive vitamin A are not demonstrably affected by Ovral treatment.", "contents": "Effect of Ovral, a combination type oral contraceptive agent, on vitamin A metabolism in rats. When a typical combination-type oral contraceptive agent (Ovral, which contains 0.5 mg norgestrel and 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol per tablet), is given to young female rats at 50 x the human dosage for an extended period, plasma vitamin A levels are elevated about 50%. The increase is mainly due to a higher steadystate level of retinol binding protein, and not to the presence of more lipoprotein-bound retinyl ester. In Ovral treated rats, the depletion of vitamin A from the liver, calculated as a linear rate, as a linear rate per unit body weight, or as a half-life, tends to be greater, although the differences are only marginally significant. The absorption, storage and short-term excretion patterns of a dose of radioactive vitamin A are not demonstrably affected by Ovral treatment.", "PMID": 1165158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_787", "title": "[Effect of prolonged ingestion of tannic acid, potassium metabisulfite and ethanol, administered alone or in combination, on the liver vitamin A concentration in the rat].", "content": "Young male rats were alloted to 23 factorial arrangement to dietary treatments. The eight dietary treatments were: 1) standard semi-synthetic diet (R); 2) stand diet with 1 p. 100 potassium bisulfite (S); 3) standard diet with 3,2 p. 100 tannic acid (T); 4) standard diet with sulfite and tannic acid (ST); 5) standard diet in which ethanol took place of 30 p. 100 of the carbohydrate calories (E); 6) standard diet with sulfite and ethanol (SE); 7) standard diet with tannic and ethanol (TE); 8) standard diet with sulfite, tannic acid and ethanol (STE). After two and six months, the hepatic levels of vitamin A were determined. Factorial analysis of variance was employed in evaluating main effects of the three compounds and their interactions. Tannic acid, alone or associated with sulfite and/or ethanol caused a marked decrease of the concentration of vitamin A after two months, and still more important after six months. The influence of tannic acid on the absorption of vitamin A is discussed. An interaction between sulfite and tannic acid is observed: without tannic acid, sulfite caused a slight but significative increase of vitamin A, but with tannic acid sulfite caused a non-significative decrease of vitamin A. Ethanol had no effect on the store of hepatic vitamin A, but a slight and significative main effect in increasing the concentration.", "contents": "[Effect of prolonged ingestion of tannic acid, potassium metabisulfite and ethanol, administered alone or in combination, on the liver vitamin A concentration in the rat]. Young male rats were alloted to 23 factorial arrangement to dietary treatments. The eight dietary treatments were: 1) standard semi-synthetic diet (R); 2) stand diet with 1 p. 100 potassium bisulfite (S); 3) standard diet with 3,2 p. 100 tannic acid (T); 4) standard diet with sulfite and tannic acid (ST); 5) standard diet in which ethanol took place of 30 p. 100 of the carbohydrate calories (E); 6) standard diet with sulfite and ethanol (SE); 7) standard diet with tannic and ethanol (TE); 8) standard diet with sulfite, tannic acid and ethanol (STE). After two and six months, the hepatic levels of vitamin A were determined. Factorial analysis of variance was employed in evaluating main effects of the three compounds and their interactions. Tannic acid, alone or associated with sulfite and/or ethanol caused a marked decrease of the concentration of vitamin A after two months, and still more important after six months. The influence of tannic acid on the absorption of vitamin A is discussed. An interaction between sulfite and tannic acid is observed: without tannic acid, sulfite caused a slight but significative increase of vitamin A, but with tannic acid sulfite caused a non-significative decrease of vitamin A. Ethanol had no effect on the store of hepatic vitamin A, but a slight and significative main effect in increasing the concentration.", "PMID": 1165160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_788", "title": "Thiamine absorption in the rat. III. Effect of ethyl alcohol on active absorption of thiamine in-vitro.", "content": "The effect of ethanol on active thiamine absorption in-vitro was studied in everted sacs of rat small intestines. Non-adapted, normally fed rats were used which had not previously been treated with alcohol. It was found that ethanol at 1% final concentration significantly increased active transport of thiamine to approximately fourfold. It is suggested that increased permeability of the intestinal wall plays a major role in phenomenon.", "contents": "Thiamine absorption in the rat. III. Effect of ethyl alcohol on active absorption of thiamine in-vitro. The effect of ethanol on active thiamine absorption in-vitro was studied in everted sacs of rat small intestines. Non-adapted, normally fed rats were used which had not previously been treated with alcohol. It was found that ethanol at 1% final concentration significantly increased active transport of thiamine to approximately fourfold. It is suggested that increased permeability of the intestinal wall plays a major role in phenomenon.", "PMID": 1165161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_789", "title": "Effects of pyridoxal phosphate N-oxide and 2'-hydroxy pyridoxal phosphate on L-aspartate beta-decarboxylase.", "content": "Pyridoxal phosphate N-oxide and 2'-hydroxypyridoxal phosphate served as the coenzyme for aspartate beta-decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.12) from Pseudomonas dacunhae. Reconstituted enzymes with those pyridoxal phosphate analogues exhibited an absorption band near 370 nm. Close to 1 mole of vitamin B6 derivative is bound per minimal catalytic unit with high affinity. The decarboxylase, desulfinase, and transaminase activites of the both pyridoxal phosphate derivate-enzymes are relatively low. But the Km values for aspartate and cysteine sulfinate are not affected.", "contents": "Effects of pyridoxal phosphate N-oxide and 2'-hydroxy pyridoxal phosphate on L-aspartate beta-decarboxylase. Pyridoxal phosphate N-oxide and 2'-hydroxypyridoxal phosphate served as the coenzyme for aspartate beta-decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.12) from Pseudomonas dacunhae. Reconstituted enzymes with those pyridoxal phosphate analogues exhibited an absorption band near 370 nm. Close to 1 mole of vitamin B6 derivative is bound per minimal catalytic unit with high affinity. The decarboxylase, desulfinase, and transaminase activites of the both pyridoxal phosphate derivate-enzymes are relatively low. But the Km values for aspartate and cysteine sulfinate are not affected.", "PMID": 1165162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_790", "title": "[Urinary excretion of pantothenic acid as a measurement of nutritional requirements].", "content": "Several groups of male Wistar-Rats were fed for 15 month with a purified diet containing different amounts of pantothenic acid. The groups received 150, 100, 25 and 0% pantothenic acid of the requirement respectively. A further group was fed without pantothenic acid in the diet but administered with the antagonist omega-methyl-pantothenic acid. The excretion of pantothenic acid in the urine was measured at different times, and a groups specific level of excretion could be established for the different groups. Differences to the controls were highly significant in the test groups after 2-18 weeks. Studies of this type were conducted in order to obtain basic informations for later experiments in human beings.", "contents": "[Urinary excretion of pantothenic acid as a measurement of nutritional requirements]. Several groups of male Wistar-Rats were fed for 15 month with a purified diet containing different amounts of pantothenic acid. The groups received 150, 100, 25 and 0% pantothenic acid of the requirement respectively. A further group was fed without pantothenic acid in the diet but administered with the antagonist omega-methyl-pantothenic acid. The excretion of pantothenic acid in the urine was measured at different times, and a groups specific level of excretion could be established for the different groups. Differences to the controls were highly significant in the test groups after 2-18 weeks. Studies of this type were conducted in order to obtain basic informations for later experiments in human beings.", "PMID": 1165163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_791", "title": "Mechanisms of reversed flavonoid action on blood cells: significance in thromboembolism.", "content": "An investigation was conducted on reversal of flavonoid action on erythrocyte aggregation and sedimentation (ESR) in blood from hospitalized patients. Nine compounds were tested. The flavonoids inhibited the ESR in some patients, showed no effect in others and accelerated the ESR in still other patients. With normal ratios of plasma proteins and packed cell volumes (PCV) of 40 vol % or lower the flavonoids inhibited the ESR, but they reversed their action and accelerated the ESR with increased PCV, alteration of plasma proteins, increased calcium and decreased phosphorus; conditions which apparently decreased intercellular distance enabling flavonoids to bridge between erythrocytes similar to antibodies and increase aggregation and sedimentation. The PCV of 156 patients, 60 males and 96 females, average 42 vol % for males and 39 vol % for females. Among these patients 27 had PCV's above 45 vol % and 63.9% of this group (ac PCV 49.5) had experiencedrecent thrombotic episodes compared to only 3.4% for patients with PCV's below 45 vol % (av PCV 41.0). These data point to hazards of PCV's that are considerably above the range of maximum oxygen transport of 40 to 42 vol %. Since the liver and spleen remove clumped cells from the circulation, present evidence indicates flavonoids via their aggregating action at high PCV's may function as regulators acting to maintain tissue perfusion via their antiadhesive action on blood cells and adjustment of ratio of cells to fluid volume of the blood.", "contents": "Mechanisms of reversed flavonoid action on blood cells: significance in thromboembolism. An investigation was conducted on reversal of flavonoid action on erythrocyte aggregation and sedimentation (ESR) in blood from hospitalized patients. Nine compounds were tested. The flavonoids inhibited the ESR in some patients, showed no effect in others and accelerated the ESR in still other patients. With normal ratios of plasma proteins and packed cell volumes (PCV) of 40 vol % or lower the flavonoids inhibited the ESR, but they reversed their action and accelerated the ESR with increased PCV, alteration of plasma proteins, increased calcium and decreased phosphorus; conditions which apparently decreased intercellular distance enabling flavonoids to bridge between erythrocytes similar to antibodies and increase aggregation and sedimentation. The PCV of 156 patients, 60 males and 96 females, average 42 vol % for males and 39 vol % for females. Among these patients 27 had PCV's above 45 vol % and 63.9% of this group (ac PCV 49.5) had experiencedrecent thrombotic episodes compared to only 3.4% for patients with PCV's below 45 vol % (av PCV 41.0). These data point to hazards of PCV's that are considerably above the range of maximum oxygen transport of 40 to 42 vol %. Since the liver and spleen remove clumped cells from the circulation, present evidence indicates flavonoids via their aggregating action at high PCV's may function as regulators acting to maintain tissue perfusion via their antiadhesive action on blood cells and adjustment of ratio of cells to fluid volume of the blood.", "PMID": 1165164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_792", "title": "[Serum and plasma insulin levels in zinc-deficient rats following glucose stimulation].", "content": "In three experiments male Sprague-Dawley rats depleted in zinc (2 ppm dietary zinc) for 30 to 35 days had greatly reduced serum insulin levels when compared to ad libitum-fed control animals (100 ppm dietary zinc) but in only one of the experiments when compared to pair-fed control animals (100 ppm dietary zinc) which also had reduced insulin levels. Similarly, in a following study the plasma insulin levels of zinc-deficient animals depleted for 20 days were not different from those of pair-weight control animals (100 ppm dietary zinc). Fifteen minutes after one i.m. glucose injection and 15 minutes after two glucose injections, two hours apart, the zinc-deficient rats showed a higher blood glucose level than the pair-weight controls. The plasma insulin contents also increased after the glucose stimulation but were not significantly different between the zinc-deficient and the zinc-supplemented groups. It is assumed that zinc deficiency lowers the physiological potency of insulin and thereby effects a reduced glucose homeostasis of zinc-deficient rats. This could also be demonstrated by additional studies with zinc-deficient rats which secreted 76 per cent more insulin after a Rastinon injection than control animals though they showed about the same bloodglucose levels.", "contents": "[Serum and plasma insulin levels in zinc-deficient rats following glucose stimulation]. In three experiments male Sprague-Dawley rats depleted in zinc (2 ppm dietary zinc) for 30 to 35 days had greatly reduced serum insulin levels when compared to ad libitum-fed control animals (100 ppm dietary zinc) but in only one of the experiments when compared to pair-fed control animals (100 ppm dietary zinc) which also had reduced insulin levels. Similarly, in a following study the plasma insulin levels of zinc-deficient animals depleted for 20 days were not different from those of pair-weight control animals (100 ppm dietary zinc). Fifteen minutes after one i.m. glucose injection and 15 minutes after two glucose injections, two hours apart, the zinc-deficient rats showed a higher blood glucose level than the pair-weight controls. The plasma insulin contents also increased after the glucose stimulation but were not significantly different between the zinc-deficient and the zinc-supplemented groups. It is assumed that zinc deficiency lowers the physiological potency of insulin and thereby effects a reduced glucose homeostasis of zinc-deficient rats. This could also be demonstrated by additional studies with zinc-deficient rats which secreted 76 per cent more insulin after a Rastinon injection than control animals though they showed about the same bloodglucose levels.", "PMID": 1165165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_793", "title": "[Influence of protein-enriched food on tissue vitamin content in pregnant and lactating rats].", "content": "Two groups of female rats were fed, during gestation and until weaning of their pups, diets containing respectively 18% (normal protein diet) and 27% (high protein diet) by weight of casein. Two control groups of female rats were fed the same diet. Thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin B6 contents were measured in: - liver and carcass of the mothers before and immediately after delivery or at weaning (21st day), - whole body of the new born rats or in liver and carcass of 21 days old pups. - liver and carcass of the control animals. The high protein diet, as compared to the normal diet, gives the following results: 1) There is no variation of the thiamin content in control animals, female rats at delivery, new born rats. However, at weaning, carcasses of mothers and pups (mainly liver) are enriched in thiamin. 2) On the other hand, riboflavin content in tissues increases in control animals (liver and carcass), in mothers before and after delivery (carcass) but particularly in mothers at the end of lactation (liver and carcass) and it is also the case with pups at weaning (carcass). Only in new born rats do both diets have the same effect. 3)The influence of the high protein diet on vitamin B6 content in tissues is complex. The content is not modified in control animals, in mothers at delivery and in new born rats. At the end of lactation (mothers) and at weaning (pups), the vitamin B6 content increases in liver but strongly decreases in carcass.", "contents": "[Influence of protein-enriched food on tissue vitamin content in pregnant and lactating rats]. Two groups of female rats were fed, during gestation and until weaning of their pups, diets containing respectively 18% (normal protein diet) and 27% (high protein diet) by weight of casein. Two control groups of female rats were fed the same diet. Thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin B6 contents were measured in: - liver and carcass of the mothers before and immediately after delivery or at weaning (21st day), - whole body of the new born rats or in liver and carcass of 21 days old pups. - liver and carcass of the control animals. The high protein diet, as compared to the normal diet, gives the following results: 1) There is no variation of the thiamin content in control animals, female rats at delivery, new born rats. However, at weaning, carcasses of mothers and pups (mainly liver) are enriched in thiamin. 2) On the other hand, riboflavin content in tissues increases in control animals (liver and carcass), in mothers before and after delivery (carcass) but particularly in mothers at the end of lactation (liver and carcass) and it is also the case with pups at weaning (carcass). Only in new born rats do both diets have the same effect. 3)The influence of the high protein diet on vitamin B6 content in tissues is complex. The content is not modified in control animals, in mothers at delivery and in new born rats. At the end of lactation (mothers) and at weaning (pups), the vitamin B6 content increases in liver but strongly decreases in carcass.", "PMID": 1165166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_794", "title": "Effect of feeding diets lacking various essential amino acids on body composition of rats.", "content": "The effect of amino acid deficiency on the change of body composition in adult rats has been investigated. Six experimentaldiets, lysine-, methionine-, threonine-, tryptophan-, and protein-free, as well as the lactalbumin diet were prepared. The rats fed the lysine-free diet lost the least body weight while the rats fed threonine-, or protein-free diets lost body weight very rapidly. Themean weight loss in the methionine-, or tryptophan-free rats was between that of the lysine-, and threonine-free rats. The water contents in rats adequately reflected the weight loss. The rats that lost the least body weight showed the lowest water contents in their bodies and vice versa. Total body nitrogen contents in rats fed diets devoid of lysine, methionine, or tryptophan were not significantly different from the group fed the lactalbumin diet, whereas total body nitrogen contents in the group fed a threonine-, or protein-free diet were the lowest. Deficiency of lysine resulted in an accumulation of larger amounts of fat in the body as well as in the liver of the rats.", "contents": "Effect of feeding diets lacking various essential amino acids on body composition of rats. The effect of amino acid deficiency on the change of body composition in adult rats has been investigated. Six experimentaldiets, lysine-, methionine-, threonine-, tryptophan-, and protein-free, as well as the lactalbumin diet were prepared. The rats fed the lysine-free diet lost the least body weight while the rats fed threonine-, or protein-free diets lost body weight very rapidly. Themean weight loss in the methionine-, or tryptophan-free rats was between that of the lysine-, and threonine-free rats. The water contents in rats adequately reflected the weight loss. The rats that lost the least body weight showed the lowest water contents in their bodies and vice versa. Total body nitrogen contents in rats fed diets devoid of lysine, methionine, or tryptophan were not significantly different from the group fed the lactalbumin diet, whereas total body nitrogen contents in the group fed a threonine-, or protein-free diet were the lowest. Deficiency of lysine resulted in an accumulation of larger amounts of fat in the body as well as in the liver of the rats.", "PMID": 1165167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_795", "title": "Effect of oral administration of large quantities of ascorbic acid on blood levels and urinary excretion of ascorbic acid in healthy men.", "content": "The influence of the daily ingestion of 1, 2, 3, and 5 grams of ascorbic acid on whole blood and plasma ascorbic acid levels and on the urinary excretion of ascorbic acid has been investigated. The ingestion of one gram of ascorbic acid per day for one week significantly increases plasma and whole blood levels over presupplementation levels, but larger amounts of ascorbic acid do not further increase plasma and whole blood ascorbic acid levels. Urinary excretion increases with intake, up to intakes of 3 grams per day but does not increase further when 5 grams of ascorbic acid is ingested per day. Upon discontinuing ascorbic acid supplementation the plasma and whole blood levels decline rapidly and the urinary excretion of ascorbic acid falls to presupplementation values within a few days. The results suggest that there is need for a detailed study of the routes of excretion of ascorbic acid at high levels of intake and that the safety of ingesting large quantities of ascorbic acid may be questioned.", "contents": "Effect of oral administration of large quantities of ascorbic acid on blood levels and urinary excretion of ascorbic acid in healthy men. The influence of the daily ingestion of 1, 2, 3, and 5 grams of ascorbic acid on whole blood and plasma ascorbic acid levels and on the urinary excretion of ascorbic acid has been investigated. The ingestion of one gram of ascorbic acid per day for one week significantly increases plasma and whole blood levels over presupplementation levels, but larger amounts of ascorbic acid do not further increase plasma and whole blood ascorbic acid levels. Urinary excretion increases with intake, up to intakes of 3 grams per day but does not increase further when 5 grams of ascorbic acid is ingested per day. Upon discontinuing ascorbic acid supplementation the plasma and whole blood levels decline rapidly and the urinary excretion of ascorbic acid falls to presupplementation values within a few days. The results suggest that there is need for a detailed study of the routes of excretion of ascorbic acid at high levels of intake and that the safety of ingesting large quantities of ascorbic acid may be questioned.", "PMID": 1165168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_796", "title": "Prevalence of hepatitis B antigen among army inductees.", "content": "Eighteen thousand eight hundred and thirty-three consecutive army inductees from the Tel Aviv and Central Districts in Israel were examined for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG) by the counterelectrophoresis technique. The overall prevalence was 1.36%, with a higher rate for males (1.84%) than for females (0.78%). The highest rates were observed among Jews of North African and Yemenite origin (4.14 and 3.97%, respectively) and the lowest rates was found among Jews of European origin (0.31%). There was a negative correlation between the prevalence of HBsAg and the level of education. If we assume that the prevalence of HBsAg in a population reflects the rate of infection with hepatitis B virus interacting with host factors, the results of this study support the hypothesis that infections with type B hepatitis in Israel occur mainly during childhood, more frequently among the lower socioeconomic classes, and with a predilection of either the infection or of the chronic carrier state for males and certain ethnic groups.", "contents": "Prevalence of hepatitis B antigen among army inductees. Eighteen thousand eight hundred and thirty-three consecutive army inductees from the Tel Aviv and Central Districts in Israel were examined for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG) by the counterelectrophoresis technique. The overall prevalence was 1.36%, with a higher rate for males (1.84%) than for females (0.78%). The highest rates were observed among Jews of North African and Yemenite origin (4.14 and 3.97%, respectively) and the lowest rates was found among Jews of European origin (0.31%). There was a negative correlation between the prevalence of HBsAg and the level of education. If we assume that the prevalence of HBsAg in a population reflects the rate of infection with hepatitis B virus interacting with host factors, the results of this study support the hypothesis that infections with type B hepatitis in Israel occur mainly during childhood, more frequently among the lower socioeconomic classes, and with a predilection of either the infection or of the chronic carrier state for males and certain ethnic groups.", "PMID": 1165174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_797", "title": "Polyamine excretion in the urine of cancer patients.", "content": "In the human body, the production of three polyamines--putrescine, spermidine and spermine--is largely associated with tissue growth, while that of a fourth--cadaverine--seems to be the result of bacterial action. In 37 (88%) of 42 cancer patients and in 24 (44%) of 54 patients with various nonmalignant diseases, increased amounts of polyamines were found in the urine. In the nonmalignant group, which served as a control group, the increased polyamine excretion was especially evident in patients with infections. There were, however, differences in the excretion patterns of the cancer and control groups: combinations of elevated levels of putrescine, spermidine and spermine were seen exclusively in the cancer patients; spermine was not found in the urine of women in the control group. The determination of urinary polyamines appears to hold promise as an aid in the diagnosis of malignant disease and in following up the results of therapy.", "contents": "Polyamine excretion in the urine of cancer patients. In the human body, the production of three polyamines--putrescine, spermidine and spermine--is largely associated with tissue growth, while that of a fourth--cadaverine--seems to be the result of bacterial action. In 37 (88%) of 42 cancer patients and in 24 (44%) of 54 patients with various nonmalignant diseases, increased amounts of polyamines were found in the urine. In the nonmalignant group, which served as a control group, the increased polyamine excretion was especially evident in patients with infections. There were, however, differences in the excretion patterns of the cancer and control groups: combinations of elevated levels of putrescine, spermidine and spermine were seen exclusively in the cancer patients; spermine was not found in the urine of women in the control group. The determination of urinary polyamines appears to hold promise as an aid in the diagnosis of malignant disease and in following up the results of therapy.", "PMID": 1165175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_798", "title": "Maple syrup urine disease. Two cases in Israel.", "content": "The first two patients in Israel in whom the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease was confirmed are reported. The clinical course of the disease and therapeutic procedures during the first months of life are described. The age on onset and the severity of neurological symptomatology were different in the two patients. In the first, blood leucine levels were extremely high, and drastic procedures, such as peritoneal dialysis, were employed in addition to dietary treatment to lower the leucine levels to normal and to improve the patient's clinical condition. In the second infant, blood leucine levels were moderately elevated and the disease was controlled by dietary treatment alone. Neither of the patients responded to thiamine hydrochloride treatment. The two infants probably represent examples of different genotypes of the classic form of maple syrup urine disease.", "contents": "Maple syrup urine disease. Two cases in Israel. The first two patients in Israel in whom the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease was confirmed are reported. The clinical course of the disease and therapeutic procedures during the first months of life are described. The age on onset and the severity of neurological symptomatology were different in the two patients. In the first, blood leucine levels were extremely high, and drastic procedures, such as peritoneal dialysis, were employed in addition to dietary treatment to lower the leucine levels to normal and to improve the patient's clinical condition. In the second infant, blood leucine levels were moderately elevated and the disease was controlled by dietary treatment alone. Neither of the patients responded to thiamine hydrochloride treatment. The two infants probably represent examples of different genotypes of the classic form of maple syrup urine disease.", "PMID": 1165176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_799", "title": "Drug hoarding in a rural community in Israel. Results of a pilot epidemiologic investigation.", "content": "The total quantity of drugs hoarded in a rural village in Israel was established as a result of a comprehensive house-to-house search. In 43 of the 44 houses in the village, hoarded drugs were found. The average number of different drugs found per household was 15.5 and the median number, 9.5. Analgesic and antipyretic drugs, topical skin preparations and antibiotics were found most frequently among a total of 166 identifiable medicines. The drugs found included 5,998 tablets and capsules, 3,327 ml of liquid preparations, 1,290 g of creams and powders and 369 suppositories and pessaries. These findings are discussed in relation to the drug expenditure of the largest Israel health insurance fund, the serious health hazards which they present, and their possible relevance to the total Israel population. The possibility of a \"hoarding-prone\" personality is raised.", "contents": "Drug hoarding in a rural community in Israel. Results of a pilot epidemiologic investigation. The total quantity of drugs hoarded in a rural village in Israel was established as a result of a comprehensive house-to-house search. In 43 of the 44 houses in the village, hoarded drugs were found. The average number of different drugs found per household was 15.5 and the median number, 9.5. Analgesic and antipyretic drugs, topical skin preparations and antibiotics were found most frequently among a total of 166 identifiable medicines. The drugs found included 5,998 tablets and capsules, 3,327 ml of liquid preparations, 1,290 g of creams and powders and 369 suppositories and pessaries. These findings are discussed in relation to the drug expenditure of the largest Israel health insurance fund, the serious health hazards which they present, and their possible relevance to the total Israel population. The possibility of a \"hoarding-prone\" personality is raised.", "PMID": 1165177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_800", "title": "Acute transient monocular disequilibrium (Halpern's syndrome).", "content": "An acute transient form of monocular disequilibrium (Halpern's syndrome) was found in two patients. Misjudgement of verticality and motion was induced by looking with one eye and was alleviated by use of the fellow eye. This symptomatology is discussed in the light of recent concepts of oculovestibulocerebellar integration.", "contents": "Acute transient monocular disequilibrium (Halpern's syndrome). An acute transient form of monocular disequilibrium (Halpern's syndrome) was found in two patients. Misjudgement of verticality and motion was induced by looking with one eye and was alleviated by use of the fellow eye. This symptomatology is discussed in the light of recent concepts of oculovestibulocerebellar integration.", "PMID": 1165178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_801", "title": "Obstructive jaundice associated with carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "An unusual case of prostatic carcinoma presenting as severe obstructive jaundice is reported. After treatment with stilbestrol and bilateral orchidectomy, liver function tests became normal and lung metastases disappeared. During a second episode of jaundice due to serum hepatitis, liver function deteriorated following stilbestrol administration, and the drug was temporarily discontinued. The patient has been followed up for three years and liver function tests remain normal.", "contents": "Obstructive jaundice associated with carcinoma of the prostate. An unusual case of prostatic carcinoma presenting as severe obstructive jaundice is reported. After treatment with stilbestrol and bilateral orchidectomy, liver function tests became normal and lung metastases disappeared. During a second episode of jaundice due to serum hepatitis, liver function deteriorated following stilbestrol administration, and the drug was temporarily discontinued. The patient has been followed up for three years and liver function tests remain normal.", "PMID": 1165179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_802", "title": "[Vitality evaluation of malignant melanoma metastases following endolymphatic radionuclide therapy using the Falck-Hillarp method].", "content": "A case of malignant melanoma involving the regional lymphnodes was treated by endolymphatic isotope therapy. Because of the great diameter the radiation of some metastases was not completely sufficient. Fluorescent and living cells of malignant melanoma between damaged cells could be seen in the center of these metastases. Melanophages surrounded concentrically the central part of the metastases enclosing the melanoma cells. It is shown that in the search and identification for pigment producing melanoma cells the fluorescent histochemical method of Falck-Hillarp is superior to usual light microscopical methods. Beyond of this, the phenomenon of fluorescence in malignant melanoma cells probably is an indication for the vitality of these cells.", "contents": "[Vitality evaluation of malignant melanoma metastases following endolymphatic radionuclide therapy using the Falck-Hillarp method]. A case of malignant melanoma involving the regional lymphnodes was treated by endolymphatic isotope therapy. Because of the great diameter the radiation of some metastases was not completely sufficient. Fluorescent and living cells of malignant melanoma between damaged cells could be seen in the center of these metastases. Melanophages surrounded concentrically the central part of the metastases enclosing the melanoma cells. It is shown that in the search and identification for pigment producing melanoma cells the fluorescent histochemical method of Falck-Hillarp is superior to usual light microscopical methods. Beyond of this, the phenomenon of fluorescence in malignant melanoma cells probably is an indication for the vitality of these cells.", "PMID": 1165195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_803", "title": "Granuloma inguinale in Vietnam: successful therapy with ampicillin and lincomycin.", "content": "Thirty-six patients having granuloma inguinale were treated at the 483 USAF Hospital, Cam Ranh Bay, Republic of South Vietnam between October 1970 and September 1971. In 24 cases biopsy of the genital ulcerations revealed Donovan bodies pathognomonic for the disorder. The lesions generally did not heal during tetracycline therapy. All but 2 of the 31 cases treated primarily with ampicillin responded with complete healing of the local lesions which occurred primarily on the penis or in the groin. Of the remaining 2 patients, one responded to a second course of ampicillin and the other patient responded to a two week course of lincomycin after dorsal slit had been performed for partial phimosis and balanoposthitis. The 5 patients who were allergic to penicillin were treated primarily with lincomycin and all responded with complete healing. No previous reference could be found in the literature for the successful use of lincomycin in patients with granuloma inguinale. Further clinical trials with this medication are indicated.", "contents": "Granuloma inguinale in Vietnam: successful therapy with ampicillin and lincomycin. Thirty-six patients having granuloma inguinale were treated at the 483 USAF Hospital, Cam Ranh Bay, Republic of South Vietnam between October 1970 and September 1971. In 24 cases biopsy of the genital ulcerations revealed Donovan bodies pathognomonic for the disorder. The lesions generally did not heal during tetracycline therapy. All but 2 of the 31 cases treated primarily with ampicillin responded with complete healing of the local lesions which occurred primarily on the penis or in the groin. Of the remaining 2 patients, one responded to a second course of ampicillin and the other patient responded to a two week course of lincomycin after dorsal slit had been performed for partial phimosis and balanoposthitis. The 5 patients who were allergic to penicillin were treated primarily with lincomycin and all responded with complete healing. No previous reference could be found in the literature for the successful use of lincomycin in patients with granuloma inguinale. Further clinical trials with this medication are indicated.", "PMID": 1165215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_804", "title": "Plate fixation of iliac shaft fractures in the dog.", "content": "In a series of 20 dogs, 23 fractured ilia were reduced and stabilized with a variety of bone plates. The results indicated that fixation was rigid enough for fracture healing and for  the patient to be ambulatory soon after surgery. Plate fixation can therefore be recommended as a reliable method of repair in selected fractures of the canine ilium.", "contents": "Plate fixation of iliac shaft fractures in the dog. In a series of 20 dogs, 23 fractured ilia were reduced and stabilized with a variety of bone plates. The results indicated that fixation was rigid enough for fracture healing and for  the patient to be ambulatory soon after surgery. Plate fixation can therefore be recommended as a reliable method of repair in selected fractures of the canine ilium.", "PMID": 1165219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_805", "title": "Familial canine diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A 10-year-old male Miniature Poodle was found to have clinical diabetes mellitus. The patient's dam had died from diabetes. Two 4-year-old dogs, produced from a mating between the patient and its dam, were examined and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed on each. One dog had striking glucose intolerance and was considered to be prediabetic.", "contents": "Familial canine diabetes mellitus. A 10-year-old male Miniature Poodle was found to have clinical diabetes mellitus. The patient's dam had died from diabetes. Two 4-year-old dogs, produced from a mating between the patient and its dam, were examined and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed on each. One dog had striking glucose intolerance and was considered to be prediabetic.", "PMID": 1165220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_806", "title": "Grisorixin, an ionophorous antibiotic of the nigericin group. II. Chemical and structural study of grisorixin and some derivatives.", "content": "Grisorixin, a polycyclic polyether antibiotic of the nigericin group, showed ionophorous properties. The conformations of crystallized grisorixin and its metallic salts are very similar and are compared in this paper. The physico-chemical properties of the salts are described. The chemical oxidation of grisorixin methyl ester allowed us to isolate several oxidation products whose structures are described.", "contents": "Grisorixin, an ionophorous antibiotic of the nigericin group. II. Chemical and structural study of grisorixin and some derivatives. Grisorixin, a polycyclic polyether antibiotic of the nigericin group, showed ionophorous properties. The conformations of crystallized grisorixin and its metallic salts are very similar and are compared in this paper. The physico-chemical properties of the salts are described. The chemical oxidation of grisorixin methyl ester allowed us to isolate several oxidation products whose structures are described.", "PMID": 1165221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_807", "title": "A new antibiotic victomycin (XK 49-1-B-2). I. Taxonomy and production of the producing organism.", "content": "A new antibiotic designated as victomycin which belongs to the phleomycin-bleomycin group antibiotics was isolated from a sporangia-forming actinomycete. From taxonomic studies, the producing strain was classified as Streptosporangium violaceochromogenes nov., sp. Kawamoto et Nara 1974. Fermentative production of antibiotic complex XK 49 is described.", "contents": "A new antibiotic victomycin (XK 49-1-B-2). I. Taxonomy and production of the producing organism. A new antibiotic designated as victomycin which belongs to the phleomycin-bleomycin group antibiotics was isolated from a sporangia-forming actinomycete. From taxonomic studies, the producing strain was classified as Streptosporangium violaceochromogenes nov., sp. Kawamoto et Nara 1974. Fermentative production of antibiotic complex XK 49 is described.", "PMID": 1165222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_808", "title": "A new antibiotic victomycin (XK 49-1-B-2). II. Isolation, purification and physicochemical and biological properties.", "content": "A new antibiotic, victomycin, is active against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and also has in vivo activity against solid Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. It belongs to the phleomycin-bleomycin group of antibiotics and has been differentiated from all known phleomycins and bleomycins by its physicochemical properties and thin-layer chromatograms.", "contents": "A new antibiotic victomycin (XK 49-1-B-2). II. Isolation, purification and physicochemical and biological properties. A new antibiotic, victomycin, is active against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and also has in vivo activity against solid Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. It belongs to the phleomycin-bleomycin group of antibiotics and has been differentiated from all known phleomycins and bleomycins by its physicochemical properties and thin-layer chromatograms.", "PMID": 1165223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_809", "title": "Time course of termination of the glucose transport action of insulin in adipocytes.", "content": "Rapid sequence measures of changes in the rate of 14CO2 production from [14C]glucose bathing the cells was abruptly reduced from 20 to 4 microunits/ml. Interpretation of the data in terms of glucose transport was based on calibration experiments that described the time course of change in 14CO2 production when [14C]glucose entry  into adipocytes was slowed by reducing the specific activity of [14C]glucose in the incubation medium. All experiments were performed at 37 degrees in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer at pH 7.4. Termination of the glucose transport action of insulin (which includes insulin-receptor disassociation and all other steps leading to decelerated glucose entry) began within 2 min and was complete within 30 min. The transition from one steady state rate of glucose transport to the other could be approximated by an exponential process occurring with a half-time of 14 min. For comparison, the time course of initiation of the glucose transport action of insulin was measured under the same conditions. The transition curve was virtually identical.", "contents": "Time course of termination of the glucose transport action of insulin in adipocytes. Rapid sequence measures of changes in the rate of 14CO2 production from [14C]glucose bathing the cells was abruptly reduced from 20 to 4 microunits/ml. Interpretation of the data in terms of glucose transport was based on calibration experiments that described the time course of change in 14CO2 production when [14C]glucose entry  into adipocytes was slowed by reducing the specific activity of [14C]glucose in the incubation medium. All experiments were performed at 37 degrees in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer at pH 7.4. Termination of the glucose transport action of insulin (which includes insulin-receptor disassociation and all other steps leading to decelerated glucose entry) began within 2 min and was complete within 30 min. The transition from one steady state rate of glucose transport to the other could be approximated by an exponential process occurring with a half-time of 14 min. For comparison, the time course of initiation of the glucose transport action of insulin was measured under the same conditions. The transition curve was virtually identical.", "PMID": 1165235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_810", "title": "Thermodynamical studies of oxygen equilibrium of hemoglobin. Nonuniform heats and entropy changes for the individual oxygenation steps and enthalpy-entropy compensation.", "content": "Precise oxygen equilibrium curves of human adult hemoglobin were determined by the automatic recording method at several temperatures in the presence and absence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) with 0.05 M 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2',2''-nitrolotriethanol (bis-tris) buffers (pH 7.4) containing 0.1 M Cl-. The equilibrium data were analyzed according to the Adair scheme, and the heats, deltaHi (i = 1,2,3,4) and the entropy changes, deltaSi (i = 1,2,3,4), for the individual oxygenation steps were obtained. The shape of the equilibrium curve varies on temperature changes whether DPG or IHP is present or absent. In consequence, the deltaHi value depends on i and on the presence of DPG and IHP. Behavior of deltaSi is similar to that of deltaHi. The similar behavior of deltaHi and deltaSi resulted in a compensation phenomenon. The contribution of T cdeltaSi to the free energy change is compensated by the contribution of deltaHi at the first three oxygenation steps but not at the fourth step, and for i = 1,2, and 3 changes of T cdeltaSi value upon the addition of DPG and IHP are compensated by accompanied changes of deltaHi value, where T c (= 260 K) is the compensation temperature. A major part of both the enthalpy-entropy compensation and nonuniformity of deltaHi and deltaSi appears to be attributable to contributions of the oxygen-linked binding of Cl-, DPG and IHP, by hemoglobin. The present results do not necessarily support the earlier idea of Wyman that the cooperative oxygenbinding is essentially an entropy effect.", "contents": "Thermodynamical studies of oxygen equilibrium of hemoglobin. Nonuniform heats and entropy changes for the individual oxygenation steps and enthalpy-entropy compensation. Precise oxygen equilibrium curves of human adult hemoglobin were determined by the automatic recording method at several temperatures in the presence and absence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) with 0.05 M 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2',2''-nitrolotriethanol (bis-tris) buffers (pH 7.4) containing 0.1 M Cl-. The equilibrium data were analyzed according to the Adair scheme, and the heats, deltaHi (i = 1,2,3,4) and the entropy changes, deltaSi (i = 1,2,3,4), for the individual oxygenation steps were obtained. The shape of the equilibrium curve varies on temperature changes whether DPG or IHP is present or absent. In consequence, the deltaHi value depends on i and on the presence of DPG and IHP. Behavior of deltaSi is similar to that of deltaHi. The similar behavior of deltaHi and deltaSi resulted in a compensation phenomenon. The contribution of T cdeltaSi to the free energy change is compensated by the contribution of deltaHi at the first three oxygenation steps but not at the fourth step, and for i = 1,2, and 3 changes of T cdeltaSi value upon the addition of DPG and IHP are compensated by accompanied changes of deltaHi value, where T c (= 260 K) is the compensation temperature. A major part of both the enthalpy-entropy compensation and nonuniformity of deltaHi and deltaSi appears to be attributable to contributions of the oxygen-linked binding of Cl-, DPG and IHP, by hemoglobin. The present results do not necessarily support the earlier idea of Wyman that the cooperative oxygenbinding is essentially an entropy effect.", "PMID": 1165236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_811", "title": "X-ray crystallographic study of boronic acid adducts with subtilisin BPN' (Novo). A model for the catalytic transition state.", "content": "We have studied the structures of adducts formed between subtilisin BPN' and both benzeneboronic acid and 2-phenylethaneboronic acid by x-ray diffraction techniques. Electron density and difference maps at 2.5 A resolution were computed with phases calculated from a partially refined structure of the native enzyme (R = 0.23 at 2.0 A). Both adducts contain a covalent bond between Ogamma of the catalytic Ser-221 and the inhibitor boron atom. The boron atom is coordinated tetrahedrally, with one of the two additional boronic acid oxygen atoms lying in the \"oxyanion hole\" and the other at the leaving group site identified in previous studies (ROBERTUS, J.D., Kraut, J. ALDEN, R.A., and BIRKTOFT, J.J. (1972) Biochemistry 11, 4293-4303). Moreover, the previously postulated structure of the tetrahedral intermediate for substrate hydrolysis is isosteric with these boronic acid adducts, which can therefore be considered good models for the transition state complex (KOEHLER, K.K., and LIENHARD, G.E. (1972) Biochemistry 10, 2477-2483). These observations further support the suggestion that an important contribution to stabilization of this transition state complex, relative to both the Michaelis complex and the acyl intermediate, occurs as a consequence of hydrogen bond donation to the substrate carbonyl oxygen atom from the side chain amido group of Asn-155 and from the backbone amido group of Ser-221.", "contents": "X-ray crystallographic study of boronic acid adducts with subtilisin BPN' (Novo). A model for the catalytic transition state. We have studied the structures of adducts formed between subtilisin BPN' and both benzeneboronic acid and 2-phenylethaneboronic acid by x-ray diffraction techniques. Electron density and difference maps at 2.5 A resolution were computed with phases calculated from a partially refined structure of the native enzyme (R = 0.23 at 2.0 A). Both adducts contain a covalent bond between Ogamma of the catalytic Ser-221 and the inhibitor boron atom. The boron atom is coordinated tetrahedrally, with one of the two additional boronic acid oxygen atoms lying in the \"oxyanion hole\" and the other at the leaving group site identified in previous studies (ROBERTUS, J.D., Kraut, J. ALDEN, R.A., and BIRKTOFT, J.J. (1972) Biochemistry 11, 4293-4303). Moreover, the previously postulated structure of the tetrahedral intermediate for substrate hydrolysis is isosteric with these boronic acid adducts, which can therefore be considered good models for the transition state complex (KOEHLER, K.K., and LIENHARD, G.E. (1972) Biochemistry 10, 2477-2483). These observations further support the suggestion that an important contribution to stabilization of this transition state complex, relative to both the Michaelis complex and the acyl intermediate, occurs as a consequence of hydrogen bond donation to the substrate carbonyl oxygen atom from the side chain amido group of Asn-155 and from the backbone amido group of Ser-221.", "PMID": 1165237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_812", "title": "A possible involvement of sulfhydryl groups in the conversion of lysine monooxygenase to an oxidase.", "content": "Lysine monooxygenase catalyzes the oxygenation of lysine and arginine, and produces delta-amino-n-valeramide and gamma-guanidinobutyramide, respectively, concomitant with decarboxylation. In a preliminary communication, treatment of the native enzyme with p-chloromercuribenzoate was shown to inactivate the oxygenase and to induce an oxidase activity. The modified enzyme catalyzed predominantly the oxidative deamination of lysine and arginine resulting in the formation of the corresponding alpha-keto acid, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide (YAMAUCHI, T., YAMAMOTO, S., and HAYAISHI, O.(1973) J. Biol. Chem. 2j8, 3750-3752). Paper electrophoresis, cellulose thin layer chromatography, and chemical degradation of the reaction products from lysine and arginine, provided further evidence for their identity with alpha-keto-epsilon-aminocaproate and alpha-keto-delta-guanidinovalerate, respectively. Further studies were carried out to establish the involvement of sulfhydryl groups in this conversion of the enzyme activities. Various sulfhydryl reagents including certain mercurials, alkylating, and oxidizing reagents, showed essentially identical effects on the enzyme. Dithiothreitol treatment reversed the conversion produced by various mercurials; the oxidase activity disappeared and the oxygenase activity was recovered. When p-chloromercuribenzoate was added to the enzyme and the increase in the absorbance at 250 nm was followed, 3.6 of the 6.5 half-cystine residues present per enzyme-bound FAD were readily titrated within 3 to 4 min. The inactivation of the oxygenase and the induction of the oxidase activity were almost maximal with 4 to 5 mol of p-chloromercuribenzoate/mol of enzyme, and these effects occurred within 3 to 4 min. These results together with other properties of the modified enzyme provided evidence for a possible involvement of these reactive sulfhydryl groups during the conversion of the oxygenase to an oxidase.", "contents": "A possible involvement of sulfhydryl groups in the conversion of lysine monooxygenase to an oxidase. Lysine monooxygenase catalyzes the oxygenation of lysine and arginine, and produces delta-amino-n-valeramide and gamma-guanidinobutyramide, respectively, concomitant with decarboxylation. In a preliminary communication, treatment of the native enzyme with p-chloromercuribenzoate was shown to inactivate the oxygenase and to induce an oxidase activity. The modified enzyme catalyzed predominantly the oxidative deamination of lysine and arginine resulting in the formation of the corresponding alpha-keto acid, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide (YAMAUCHI, T., YAMAMOTO, S., and HAYAISHI, O.(1973) J. Biol. Chem. 2j8, 3750-3752). Paper electrophoresis, cellulose thin layer chromatography, and chemical degradation of the reaction products from lysine and arginine, provided further evidence for their identity with alpha-keto-epsilon-aminocaproate and alpha-keto-delta-guanidinovalerate, respectively. Further studies were carried out to establish the involvement of sulfhydryl groups in this conversion of the enzyme activities. Various sulfhydryl reagents including certain mercurials, alkylating, and oxidizing reagents, showed essentially identical effects on the enzyme. Dithiothreitol treatment reversed the conversion produced by various mercurials; the oxidase activity disappeared and the oxygenase activity was recovered. When p-chloromercuribenzoate was added to the enzyme and the increase in the absorbance at 250 nm was followed, 3.6 of the 6.5 half-cystine residues present per enzyme-bound FAD were readily titrated within 3 to 4 min. The inactivation of the oxygenase and the induction of the oxidase activity were almost maximal with 4 to 5 mol of p-chloromercuribenzoate/mol of enzyme, and these effects occurred within 3 to 4 min. These results together with other properties of the modified enzyme provided evidence for a possible involvement of these reactive sulfhydryl groups during the conversion of the oxygenase to an oxidase.", "PMID": 1165238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_813", "title": "Isolation and characterization of protein A24, a \"histone-like\" non-histone chromosomal protein.", "content": "In earlier studies, the nucleolar levels of protein A24 were found to be markedly decreased in the nucleolar hypertrophy induced by thioacetamide or during liver regeneration (Ballal, N.R., Goldknopf, I.L., Goldberg, D.A., and Busch, H. (1974) Life Sci. 14, 1835-1845; Ballal, N.R., Kang, Y.-J., Olson, M.O.-J., and Busch, H.J. Biol. Chem. 250, 5921-5925). To determine the role of protein A24, methods were developed for its isolation in highly purified form. Milligram quantities of highly purified protein A24 were isolated from the 0.4 N H2SO4-soluble proteins of calf thymus chromatin by exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-100, followed by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Protein A24 was highly purified as shown by its migration as a single spot on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, its single NH2-terminal amino acid, methionine, and the production of approximately 50 peptides by tryptic digestion. Like histones 2A, 2B, 3, and 4. A24 was extractable from chromatin with 0.4 N H2SO4 or 3 M NaCl/7 M urea, but unlike most non-histone proteins or histone 1, protein A24 was not extracted with 0.35 M NaCl, 0.5 M HClO4, or 0.6 M NaCl. Protein A24 was present in only 1.9% of the total amount of histones 2A, 2B, 3 and 4; its molecular weight is 27,000.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of protein A24, a \"histone-like\" non-histone chromosomal protein. In earlier studies, the nucleolar levels of protein A24 were found to be markedly decreased in the nucleolar hypertrophy induced by thioacetamide or during liver regeneration (Ballal, N.R., Goldknopf, I.L., Goldberg, D.A., and Busch, H. (1974) Life Sci. 14, 1835-1845; Ballal, N.R., Kang, Y.-J., Olson, M.O.-J., and Busch, H.J. Biol. Chem. 250, 5921-5925). To determine the role of protein A24, methods were developed for its isolation in highly purified form. Milligram quantities of highly purified protein A24 were isolated from the 0.4 N H2SO4-soluble proteins of calf thymus chromatin by exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-100, followed by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Protein A24 was highly purified as shown by its migration as a single spot on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, its single NH2-terminal amino acid, methionine, and the production of approximately 50 peptides by tryptic digestion. Like histones 2A, 2B, 3, and 4. A24 was extractable from chromatin with 0.4 N H2SO4 or 3 M NaCl/7 M urea, but unlike most non-histone proteins or histone 1, protein A24 was not extracted with 0.35 M NaCl, 0.5 M HClO4, or 0.6 M NaCl. Protein A24 was present in only 1.9% of the total amount of histones 2A, 2B, 3 and 4; its molecular weight is 27,000.", "PMID": 1165239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_814", "title": "On the role of substrate and GTP in the regulation of argininosuccinase activity.", "content": "As determined by equilibrium dialysis, bovine liver argininosuccinase of molecular weight 202,000 binds 4 mol of argininosuccinate or arginine/mol of enzyme. Negative homotropic interactions occur in the binding of both ligands at 0.15 ionic strength in the presence of phosphate. Argininosuccinate binds to two sites (Kdiss 1.6 times 10(-5) M) and four sites (Kdiss 2.9 times 10(-4) M) at low and high substrate concentration. Similarly, arginine binds to two sites (Kdiss 4.9 times 10(-4) M), and four sites (Kdiss 1.6 times 10(-3) M). At 0.05 ionic strength in Tris-HCl buffer, the four enzyme sites bind argininosuccinate independently and arginine binding remains negatively cooperative. Kinetic analysis gave double reciprocal plots that showed negative cooperatively also. The changes in Km were analogous to changes in Kdiss, thus indicating that the substrate binding sites correspond to catalytic sites. Since the catalytically active enzyme is a tetramer composed of four identical or closely similar subunits (Lusty, C.J., and Ratner, S. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 7010-7022), the present results show that each subunit contains one catalytic site. Ionic strength, phosphate ions, and GTP have each been found to influence negative cooperatively through a change in the affinity for argininosuccinate. The significance of the negative homotropic interactions and of the specific stimulation of activity by GTP is discussed with respect to different conformational forms of the enzyme and the in vivo regulation of argininosuccinase activity.", "contents": "On the role of substrate and GTP in the regulation of argininosuccinase activity. As determined by equilibrium dialysis, bovine liver argininosuccinase of molecular weight 202,000 binds 4 mol of argininosuccinate or arginine/mol of enzyme. Negative homotropic interactions occur in the binding of both ligands at 0.15 ionic strength in the presence of phosphate. Argininosuccinate binds to two sites (Kdiss 1.6 times 10(-5) M) and four sites (Kdiss 2.9 times 10(-4) M) at low and high substrate concentration. Similarly, arginine binds to two sites (Kdiss 4.9 times 10(-4) M), and four sites (Kdiss 1.6 times 10(-3) M). At 0.05 ionic strength in Tris-HCl buffer, the four enzyme sites bind argininosuccinate independently and arginine binding remains negatively cooperative. Kinetic analysis gave double reciprocal plots that showed negative cooperatively also. The changes in Km were analogous to changes in Kdiss, thus indicating that the substrate binding sites correspond to catalytic sites. Since the catalytically active enzyme is a tetramer composed of four identical or closely similar subunits (Lusty, C.J., and Ratner, S. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 7010-7022), the present results show that each subunit contains one catalytic site. Ionic strength, phosphate ions, and GTP have each been found to influence negative cooperatively through a change in the affinity for argininosuccinate. The significance of the negative homotropic interactions and of the specific stimulation of activity by GTP is discussed with respect to different conformational forms of the enzyme and the in vivo regulation of argininosuccinase activity.", "PMID": 1165240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_815", "title": "Evidence for specific binding sites for guanine nucleotides in adipocyte and hepatocyte plasma membranes. A difference in fate of GTP and guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imino) triphosphate.", "content": "Binding and degradation of GTP and guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imino)triphosphate (Gpp(NH)p by plasma membranes from rat liver and fat cells were investigated. Gpp(NH)p is hydrolyzed predominantly by nucleotide pyrophosphohydrolases in the membranes, whereas GTP is hydrolyzed primarily by nucleotide phosphohydrolases. These enzymes are not specific for the guanine nucleotides since co-addition of the analogous adenine nucleotides spares their hydrolysis. Both Gpp(NH)p and GTP are taken up by the membranes at sites which, to the extent that high concentrations of the corresponding adenine nucleotides fail to inhibit uptake, appear to be specific for guanine nucleotides. Gpp(NH)p taken up at these sites remains essentially intact irrespective of the degree of hydrolysis of unbound Gpp(NH)p by nucleotide pyrophosphohydrolases, indicating that the binding siteis incapable of degrading Gpp(NH)p. GTP and GDP inhibit competitively the binding of Gpp(NH)p; the binding constants for the three nucleotides are similar (0.1 to 0.4 muM) and are in the same range required for their effects on adenylate cyclase activity. Binding of the nucleotides is inhibited by sulfhydryl agents, suggesting that a sulfhydryl group is involved in the binding process. In contrast to binding of Gpp(NH)p, uptake of GTP is accompanied by substantial hydrolysis, primarily to GDP, under incubation conditions (high [ATP] plus ATP regenerating system) in which [GTP] in the medium remains essentially constant. GDP bound to the membranes is progressively hydrolyzed to 5'-GMP. Thus, GTP and Gpp(NH)p, although binding to the same specific sites, are differentially susceptible to hydrolysis at their terminal phosphates when bound to these sites. These findings are discussed in terms of the markedly different potencies of GTP and Gpp(NH)p as activators of adenylate cyclase systems.", "contents": "Evidence for specific binding sites for guanine nucleotides in adipocyte and hepatocyte plasma membranes. A difference in fate of GTP and guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imino) triphosphate. Binding and degradation of GTP and guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imino)triphosphate (Gpp(NH)p by plasma membranes from rat liver and fat cells were investigated. Gpp(NH)p is hydrolyzed predominantly by nucleotide pyrophosphohydrolases in the membranes, whereas GTP is hydrolyzed primarily by nucleotide phosphohydrolases. These enzymes are not specific for the guanine nucleotides since co-addition of the analogous adenine nucleotides spares their hydrolysis. Both Gpp(NH)p and GTP are taken up by the membranes at sites which, to the extent that high concentrations of the corresponding adenine nucleotides fail to inhibit uptake, appear to be specific for guanine nucleotides. Gpp(NH)p taken up at these sites remains essentially intact irrespective of the degree of hydrolysis of unbound Gpp(NH)p by nucleotide pyrophosphohydrolases, indicating that the binding siteis incapable of degrading Gpp(NH)p. GTP and GDP inhibit competitively the binding of Gpp(NH)p; the binding constants for the three nucleotides are similar (0.1 to 0.4 muM) and are in the same range required for their effects on adenylate cyclase activity. Binding of the nucleotides is inhibited by sulfhydryl agents, suggesting that a sulfhydryl group is involved in the binding process. In contrast to binding of Gpp(NH)p, uptake of GTP is accompanied by substantial hydrolysis, primarily to GDP, under incubation conditions (high [ATP] plus ATP regenerating system) in which [GTP] in the medium remains essentially constant. GDP bound to the membranes is progressively hydrolyzed to 5'-GMP. Thus, GTP and Gpp(NH)p, although binding to the same specific sites, are differentially susceptible to hydrolysis at their terminal phosphates when bound to these sites. These findings are discussed in terms of the markedly different potencies of GTP and Gpp(NH)p as activators of adenylate cyclase systems.", "PMID": 1165241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_816", "title": "Elementary chain composition of guinea pig thyroglobulin.", "content": "Thyroglobulin obtained from guinea pigs was examined by Na dodecyl-SO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after reduction and alkylation. In contrast to thyroglobulin from other mammalian sources, only three groups of polypeptide chains accounted for 95% or more of the protein. Determinations of the molecular weights of these purified proteins by equilibrium centrifugation in 6 M guanidine HCl gave values of 295,000 (species A), 210,000 (species B), and 110,000 (species C). Molecular weights determined by gel filtration in 6 M guanidine HCl gave similar results. Due to the large size of the polypeptides, satisfactory molecular weights could not be obtained from Na dodecyl-SO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amino acid analysis of the three species was similar to that of whole thyroglobulin. Only slightly higher level of lysine and histidine and a lower level of glutamic acid were seen in species C. The iodine contents were found to range from 0.07 to 0.12 to 0.20% for species A, B, and C, respectively.", "contents": "Elementary chain composition of guinea pig thyroglobulin. Thyroglobulin obtained from guinea pigs was examined by Na dodecyl-SO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after reduction and alkylation. In contrast to thyroglobulin from other mammalian sources, only three groups of polypeptide chains accounted for 95% or more of the protein. Determinations of the molecular weights of these purified proteins by equilibrium centrifugation in 6 M guanidine HCl gave values of 295,000 (species A), 210,000 (species B), and 110,000 (species C). Molecular weights determined by gel filtration in 6 M guanidine HCl gave similar results. Due to the large size of the polypeptides, satisfactory molecular weights could not be obtained from Na dodecyl-SO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amino acid analysis of the three species was similar to that of whole thyroglobulin. Only slightly higher level of lysine and histidine and a lower level of glutamic acid were seen in species C. The iodine contents were found to range from 0.07 to 0.12 to 0.20% for species A, B, and C, respectively.", "PMID": 1165242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_817", "title": "Characterization of cell-free synthesis of collagen by lung polysomes in a heterologous system.", "content": "In normal lung growth, post-pneumonectomy lung growth, and in possibly several lung disorders, there are marked alterations in the density of collagen and changes in the rate of synthesis of collagen relative to the synthesis of other lung proteins. To provide a technology to begin to understand these changes at the molecular level, polysomes were prepared from rabbit lung and translated in a heterologous cell-free system including rabbit reticulocyte 0.5 M KCl ribosomal wash fraction and liver tRNA. Collagen was shown in the cell-free product by collagenase sensitivity, hydroxylation of incorporated proline by peptidyl prolyl hydroxylase, agarose gel chromatography, and sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The cell-free system was optimized with respect to K+, Mg2+, amino acids, and ribosomal wash fraction and used under conditions where total protein synthesis and collagen synthesis are linear with respect to time and amount of polysomes. Under these conditions, collagen synthesis was directed almost entirely by polysomes derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. Polysomes isolated from late fetal lung directed collagen synthesis at twice the rate (per polysome) as those polysomes isolated from adult lung. Similar changes were seen if lung tRNA replaced liver tRNA and if lung ribosomal wash fraction replaced reticulocyte wash fraction. Although these changes in cell-free lung collagen synthesis with tissue explants, further studies will have to be carried out to determine whether, in fact, age-related alterations in control of lung collagen synthesis are truly explained by these findings.", "contents": "Characterization of cell-free synthesis of collagen by lung polysomes in a heterologous system. In normal lung growth, post-pneumonectomy lung growth, and in possibly several lung disorders, there are marked alterations in the density of collagen and changes in the rate of synthesis of collagen relative to the synthesis of other lung proteins. To provide a technology to begin to understand these changes at the molecular level, polysomes were prepared from rabbit lung and translated in a heterologous cell-free system including rabbit reticulocyte 0.5 M KCl ribosomal wash fraction and liver tRNA. Collagen was shown in the cell-free product by collagenase sensitivity, hydroxylation of incorporated proline by peptidyl prolyl hydroxylase, agarose gel chromatography, and sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The cell-free system was optimized with respect to K+, Mg2+, amino acids, and ribosomal wash fraction and used under conditions where total protein synthesis and collagen synthesis are linear with respect to time and amount of polysomes. Under these conditions, collagen synthesis was directed almost entirely by polysomes derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. Polysomes isolated from late fetal lung directed collagen synthesis at twice the rate (per polysome) as those polysomes isolated from adult lung. Similar changes were seen if lung tRNA replaced liver tRNA and if lung ribosomal wash fraction replaced reticulocyte wash fraction. Although these changes in cell-free lung collagen synthesis with tissue explants, further studies will have to be carried out to determine whether, in fact, age-related alterations in control of lung collagen synthesis are truly explained by these findings.", "PMID": 1165243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_818", "title": "On the \"activation\" of cytokinins.", "content": "A number of cytokinin analogs containing modifications in the heterocyclic moiety were prepared. These compounds were tested for activity as cytokinins and anticytokinins in the tabacco bioassay and the results were used to determine whether any position(s) of the heterocyclic nucleus of cytokinins may require derivatization as part of an over-all \"activation\" process. 3-substituted 4-alkylaminopyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidines and 4-alkylaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines, for example, have (substituted) carbon rather than nitrogen atoms at positions 3 and 5, respectively (analogous to position 7 in purines) and would be predicted to be metabolically stable at these positions. The finding that these compounds had cytokinin activity suggested that modification at the metabolically stable positions. The finding that these compounds had cytokinin activity suggested that modification at the metabolically stable position, and by extension at position 7 in cytokinin analogues which are purines, is not a prerequisite for the expression of cytokinin activity. Similar consideration of other heterocyclic analogs which have cytokinin activity suggests that the active form of a cytokinin can be the exogenous compound itself. Certain structural analogs of cytokinins were found to inhibit the growth of tobacco callus promoted by 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)purine. These compounds were studied as potential cytokinin antagonists, i.e. having activity analogous to the 7-alkylamino-3-methylpyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines (Hecht, S. M., 2068-2610; Skoog, F., Schmitz, R.Y., Hecht, S.M., and Bock, R. M. (1973) Phytochemistry 12, 25-37). The activity of these compounds is discussed and criteria are proposed to distinguish between those species which are specific anticytokinins and those which otherwise inhibit growth.", "contents": "On the \"activation\" of cytokinins. A number of cytokinin analogs containing modifications in the heterocyclic moiety were prepared. These compounds were tested for activity as cytokinins and anticytokinins in the tabacco bioassay and the results were used to determine whether any position(s) of the heterocyclic nucleus of cytokinins may require derivatization as part of an over-all \"activation\" process. 3-substituted 4-alkylaminopyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidines and 4-alkylaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines, for example, have (substituted) carbon rather than nitrogen atoms at positions 3 and 5, respectively (analogous to position 7 in purines) and would be predicted to be metabolically stable at these positions. The finding that these compounds had cytokinin activity suggested that modification at the metabolically stable positions. The finding that these compounds had cytokinin activity suggested that modification at the metabolically stable position, and by extension at position 7 in cytokinin analogues which are purines, is not a prerequisite for the expression of cytokinin activity. Similar consideration of other heterocyclic analogs which have cytokinin activity suggests that the active form of a cytokinin can be the exogenous compound itself. Certain structural analogs of cytokinins were found to inhibit the growth of tobacco callus promoted by 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)purine. These compounds were studied as potential cytokinin antagonists, i.e. having activity analogous to the 7-alkylamino-3-methylpyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines (Hecht, S. M., 2068-2610; Skoog, F., Schmitz, R.Y., Hecht, S.M., and Bock, R. M. (1973) Phytochemistry 12, 25-37). The activity of these compounds is discussed and criteria are proposed to distinguish between those species which are specific anticytokinins and those which otherwise inhibit growth.", "PMID": 1165244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_819", "title": "Interconversion of different molecular weight forms of human erythrocyte orotidylate decarboxylase.", "content": "Orotidylate decarboxylase has been purified approximately 300-fold from human erythrocytes. It was shown to exist in three molecular weight forms, a probable monomer of molecular weight 62,000, a dimer, and a tetramer. Conversion of the monomer to higher molecular weight forms was associated with increased stability to thermal inactivation and was promoted by a number of low molecular weight compounds, including orotic acid and competitive inhibitors of the enzyme. Orotic acid phosphoribosyltransferase co-purified with the decarboxylase but was much more susceptible to inactivation. The partially purified orotidylate decarboxylase showed a triphasic Lineweaver-Burk plot when examined over a wide range of substrate concentrations. The separated molecular weight forms gave linear double reciprocal plots with Km values corresponding to the three values obtained with the erythrocyte enzyme preparation. The values obtained were 25, 3, and 0.6 muM for the monomer, dimer, and tetramer forms, respectively.", "contents": "Interconversion of different molecular weight forms of human erythrocyte orotidylate decarboxylase. Orotidylate decarboxylase has been purified approximately 300-fold from human erythrocytes. It was shown to exist in three molecular weight forms, a probable monomer of molecular weight 62,000, a dimer, and a tetramer. Conversion of the monomer to higher molecular weight forms was associated with increased stability to thermal inactivation and was promoted by a number of low molecular weight compounds, including orotic acid and competitive inhibitors of the enzyme. Orotic acid phosphoribosyltransferase co-purified with the decarboxylase but was much more susceptible to inactivation. The partially purified orotidylate decarboxylase showed a triphasic Lineweaver-Burk plot when examined over a wide range of substrate concentrations. The separated molecular weight forms gave linear double reciprocal plots with Km values corresponding to the three values obtained with the erythrocyte enzyme preparation. The values obtained were 25, 3, and 0.6 muM for the monomer, dimer, and tetramer forms, respectively.", "PMID": 1165245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_820", "title": "Evidence for the lack of subunit exchange between aldolase tetramers in vivo.", "content": "The results of a double isotope experiment using 3H- and 14C-labeled leucine as precursors of protein synthesis demonstrated that the aldolase C to A subunit transition which is associated with chick skeletal muscle development involves the preferential synthesis of different aldolase isoenzymes. This developmental system was used to test for subunit exchange between aldolase tetramers in vivo. In a second double isotope experiment, it was found that the 14C:3H ratios of A and C subunits derived from the same heterotetramer were essentially identical, while the isotope ratios of the same subunit type derived from different isoenzymes were considerably different. Had subunit exchange between the isoenzymes occurred, A subunits of a given heterotetramer would have been expected to have higher isotope ratios than the corresponding C subunits. Therefore, these data suggest that subunit exchange between aldolase tetramers does not occur in vivo, at least not in skeletal muscle to an appreciable extent. The results of the present study suggest that all aldolase tetramers are constructed at the time of the initial assembly of newly synthesized subunits, that is, \"new\" tetramers would not be generated by subunit exchange between already constructed tetramers. In addition, the present work suggests that the degradation of all four subunits of an aldolase tetramer are coupled inasmuch as the subunits would not be reincorporated into other tetramers. Thus, in contrast to some other proteins, it appears that the subunits of the aldolase tetramer turn over coordinately.", "contents": "Evidence for the lack of subunit exchange between aldolase tetramers in vivo. The results of a double isotope experiment using 3H- and 14C-labeled leucine as precursors of protein synthesis demonstrated that the aldolase C to A subunit transition which is associated with chick skeletal muscle development involves the preferential synthesis of different aldolase isoenzymes. This developmental system was used to test for subunit exchange between aldolase tetramers in vivo. In a second double isotope experiment, it was found that the 14C:3H ratios of A and C subunits derived from the same heterotetramer were essentially identical, while the isotope ratios of the same subunit type derived from different isoenzymes were considerably different. Had subunit exchange between the isoenzymes occurred, A subunits of a given heterotetramer would have been expected to have higher isotope ratios than the corresponding C subunits. Therefore, these data suggest that subunit exchange between aldolase tetramers does not occur in vivo, at least not in skeletal muscle to an appreciable extent. The results of the present study suggest that all aldolase tetramers are constructed at the time of the initial assembly of newly synthesized subunits, that is, \"new\" tetramers would not be generated by subunit exchange between already constructed tetramers. In addition, the present work suggests that the degradation of all four subunits of an aldolase tetramer are coupled inasmuch as the subunits would not be reincorporated into other tetramers. Thus, in contrast to some other proteins, it appears that the subunits of the aldolase tetramer turn over coordinately.", "PMID": 1165246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_821", "title": "Purified liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. Electron-accepting properties and oxidation-reduction potential.", "content": "The reduction of highly purified cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver microsomes under anaerobic conditions requires 2 electrons per molecule. Similar results were obtained with dithionite, NADPH in the presence of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, or a photochemical system as the electron donor, with CO or other ligands, with substrate or phosphatidylcholine present, after denaturation to form cytochrome P-420, or with cytochrome P-450 partially purified from rat or mouse liver microsomes. The reduced cytochrome P-450 donates 2 electrons to dichlorophenolindophenol or to cytochrome c. Reoxidation of reduced cytochrome P-450 by molecular oxygen restores a state where 2 electrons from dithionite are required for re-reduction. Although these unexpected findings indicate the presence of an electron acceptor in addition to the heme iron atom, significant amounts of non-heme iron, other metals or cofactors, or disulfide bonds were not found, and free radicals were not detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry. Resolution of the cytochrome with acetone and acid yielded the apoenzyme, which did not accept electrons, and ferriprotoporphyrin IX, which accepted a single electron. A reconstituted hemoprotein preparation with the spectral characteristics of cytochrome P-420 accepted as much as 0.7 extra electron equivalent per heme. The midpoint oxidation-reduction potential of purified cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver microsomes at pH 7.0 is -330 mv, and with CO present this value is changed to about -150 mv. The oxidation-reduction potential is unaffected by the presence of phosphatidylcholine or benzphetamine, a typical substrate. Laurate, aminopyrine, and benzphetamine undergo hydroxylation in the presence of chemically reduced cytochrome P-450 and molecular oxygen. Neither NADPH nor the reductase is required for substrate hydroxylation under these conditions.", "contents": "Purified liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. Electron-accepting properties and oxidation-reduction potential. The reduction of highly purified cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver microsomes under anaerobic conditions requires 2 electrons per molecule. Similar results were obtained with dithionite, NADPH in the presence of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, or a photochemical system as the electron donor, with CO or other ligands, with substrate or phosphatidylcholine present, after denaturation to form cytochrome P-420, or with cytochrome P-450 partially purified from rat or mouse liver microsomes. The reduced cytochrome P-450 donates 2 electrons to dichlorophenolindophenol or to cytochrome c. Reoxidation of reduced cytochrome P-450 by molecular oxygen restores a state where 2 electrons from dithionite are required for re-reduction. Although these unexpected findings indicate the presence of an electron acceptor in addition to the heme iron atom, significant amounts of non-heme iron, other metals or cofactors, or disulfide bonds were not found, and free radicals were not detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry. Resolution of the cytochrome with acetone and acid yielded the apoenzyme, which did not accept electrons, and ferriprotoporphyrin IX, which accepted a single electron. A reconstituted hemoprotein preparation with the spectral characteristics of cytochrome P-420 accepted as much as 0.7 extra electron equivalent per heme. The midpoint oxidation-reduction potential of purified cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver microsomes at pH 7.0 is -330 mv, and with CO present this value is changed to about -150 mv. The oxidation-reduction potential is unaffected by the presence of phosphatidylcholine or benzphetamine, a typical substrate. Laurate, aminopyrine, and benzphetamine undergo hydroxylation in the presence of chemically reduced cytochrome P-450 and molecular oxygen. Neither NADPH nor the reductase is required for substrate hydroxylation under these conditions.", "PMID": 1165247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_822", "title": "The covalent structure of collagen. Amino acid sequence of alpha1-CB5 glycopeptide and alpha1-CB4 from chick skin collagen.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of chick skin alpha1-CB4 and alpha1-CB5 have been determined by automated Edman degradation of the intact peptides and of their tryptic and chymotryptic peptides. The two peptides contain 47 and 37 residues and comprise residues 56 to 102 and 103 to 139, respectively, of the alpha1(I) chain. In addition, alpha1-CB5 is the major hexose-containing peptide, previously reported to be active in mediating platelet aggregation. A comparison of the sequence with previously reported data on the homologous region of the rat skin alpha1(I) chain indicates that there are only three interspecies differences, or a sequence identity of 96%.", "contents": "The covalent structure of collagen. Amino acid sequence of alpha1-CB5 glycopeptide and alpha1-CB4 from chick skin collagen. The amino acid sequences of chick skin alpha1-CB4 and alpha1-CB5 have been determined by automated Edman degradation of the intact peptides and of their tryptic and chymotryptic peptides. The two peptides contain 47 and 37 residues and comprise residues 56 to 102 and 103 to 139, respectively, of the alpha1(I) chain. In addition, alpha1-CB5 is the major hexose-containing peptide, previously reported to be active in mediating platelet aggregation. A comparison of the sequence with previously reported data on the homologous region of the rat skin alpha1(I) chain indicates that there are only three interspecies differences, or a sequence identity of 96%.", "PMID": 1165248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_823", "title": "Separation of a protein factor necessary for the oxidative desaturation of fatty acids in the rat.", "content": "Microsomes from rat liver were extracted by low ionic strength solutions. Extracted microsomes lost most of the linoleic acid desaturation activity. The addition of the extract back into the extracted microsomes was necessary to restore full desaturation activity. The soluble fraction had no desaturation activity. The existence of a soluble factor loosely bound to the microsomes, stable to sonication, and unstable to heat and trypsin digestion was recognized. This protein could not be replaced by albumin. The factor was also essential for the oxidative desaturation of palmitic, stearic, linoleic, and gamma-linolenic acid. The present experiment suggests that the protein factor is not NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, cytochrome b5, or the cyanide-sensitive factor.", "contents": "Separation of a protein factor necessary for the oxidative desaturation of fatty acids in the rat. Microsomes from rat liver were extracted by low ionic strength solutions. Extracted microsomes lost most of the linoleic acid desaturation activity. The addition of the extract back into the extracted microsomes was necessary to restore full desaturation activity. The soluble fraction had no desaturation activity. The existence of a soluble factor loosely bound to the microsomes, stable to sonication, and unstable to heat and trypsin digestion was recognized. This protein could not be replaced by albumin. The factor was also essential for the oxidative desaturation of palmitic, stearic, linoleic, and gamma-linolenic acid. The present experiment suggests that the protein factor is not NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, cytochrome b5, or the cyanide-sensitive factor.", "PMID": 1165249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_824", "title": "Passive Ca2+ permeability of phospholipid vesicles and sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes.", "content": "During the excitation of muscle the estimated rate of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum may increase 10(3)- to 10(4)-fold compared with relaxed muscle or isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum in vitro, implying a major change in the calcium permeability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. As a first step in the assessment of the role of various membrane constituents in the regulation of calcium fluxes, the contribution of phospholipids to the definition of calcium permeability was studied in model systems. The rate of calcium release from vesicles prepared from pure phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositides, cardiolipin, and extracted microsomal lipids is in the range of 10(-15) to 10(18) mol of calcium/cm2/s. This rate is several orders of magnitude lower than the passive calcium outflux from isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. The permeability to Ca2+ is influenced by fatty acid composition and net charge and it is markedly increased with increasing temperature or after the addition of local anesthetics.", "contents": "Passive Ca2+ permeability of phospholipid vesicles and sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. During the excitation of muscle the estimated rate of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum may increase 10(3)- to 10(4)-fold compared with relaxed muscle or isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum in vitro, implying a major change in the calcium permeability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. As a first step in the assessment of the role of various membrane constituents in the regulation of calcium fluxes, the contribution of phospholipids to the definition of calcium permeability was studied in model systems. The rate of calcium release from vesicles prepared from pure phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositides, cardiolipin, and extracted microsomal lipids is in the range of 10(-15) to 10(18) mol of calcium/cm2/s. This rate is several orders of magnitude lower than the passive calcium outflux from isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. The permeability to Ca2+ is influenced by fatty acid composition and net charge and it is markedly increased with increasing temperature or after the addition of local anesthetics.", "PMID": 1165250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_825", "title": "A comparison of the heme binding pocket in globins and cytochrome b5.", "content": "Of the 85 three-dimensionally characterized residues of cytochrome b5, 51 are found to be structurally and topologically equivalent to the globin fold. When these proteins have been superimposed, the heme irons are found to be less than 1.4 A separated and the heme normals are inclined by less than 9.5 degrees. The proximal histidine of the globins and two adjacent helices are equivalent to the sixth iron ligand and adjacent helices of cytochrome b5. Larger differences in structure are observed on the distal side of the heme, coincident with the most changeable part of the globin structures. The heme itself is rotated by 53 degrees about its normal but such a change is energetically minimal and conservative as the heme side groups are not directly involved in the function of the molecules. The beta-sheet of cytochrome b5 is inserted into a corresponding cavity of the globins forming an additional lining to the heme pocket. The roughly 50 residues missing at the carboxy end of the known cytochrome b5 fragment could correspond in part to the H helix in the globins. While it would seem probable that these similarities represent divergent evolution from a primordial heme-binding protein, the possibility of structural convergence to a functionally satisfactory protein cannot be excluded.", "contents": "A comparison of the heme binding pocket in globins and cytochrome b5. Of the 85 three-dimensionally characterized residues of cytochrome b5, 51 are found to be structurally and topologically equivalent to the globin fold. When these proteins have been superimposed, the heme irons are found to be less than 1.4 A separated and the heme normals are inclined by less than 9.5 degrees. The proximal histidine of the globins and two adjacent helices are equivalent to the sixth iron ligand and adjacent helices of cytochrome b5. Larger differences in structure are observed on the distal side of the heme, coincident with the most changeable part of the globin structures. The heme itself is rotated by 53 degrees about its normal but such a change is energetically minimal and conservative as the heme side groups are not directly involved in the function of the molecules. The beta-sheet of cytochrome b5 is inserted into a corresponding cavity of the globins forming an additional lining to the heme pocket. The roughly 50 residues missing at the carboxy end of the known cytochrome b5 fragment could correspond in part to the H helix in the globins. While it would seem probable that these similarities represent divergent evolution from a primordial heme-binding protein, the possibility of structural convergence to a functionally satisfactory protein cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 1165251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_826", "title": "Isolation of lectins of different specificities on a single affinity adsorbent.", "content": "Affinity chromatography on Sepharose-fetuin columns was used in a single step procedure to isolate the lectins concanavalin A, Favin, phytohemagglutinin, wheat germ agglutinin, and Limulus hemagglutinin. New lectins with unknown binding specificities were also purified by the same procedure from extracts of small California white beans, Idaho red beans, and white pea beans. The purified lectins exhibited different cell surface mapping properties on erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and sperm cells. It was particularly striking that neither 131I-labeled concanavalin nor 125I-labeled wheat germ agglutinin had any effect on the binding of the other to mouse spleen cells. In accord with this observation, gel electrophoretic analysis of radiolabeled lymphocyte receptors for these two lecithins yielded different patterns. These results indicate that highly purified lectins prepared by affinity chromatography on the same adsorbent can possess strikingly different binding specificities for cell surface receptors.", "contents": "Isolation of lectins of different specificities on a single affinity adsorbent. Affinity chromatography on Sepharose-fetuin columns was used in a single step procedure to isolate the lectins concanavalin A, Favin, phytohemagglutinin, wheat germ agglutinin, and Limulus hemagglutinin. New lectins with unknown binding specificities were also purified by the same procedure from extracts of small California white beans, Idaho red beans, and white pea beans. The purified lectins exhibited different cell surface mapping properties on erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and sperm cells. It was particularly striking that neither 131I-labeled concanavalin nor 125I-labeled wheat germ agglutinin had any effect on the binding of the other to mouse spleen cells. In accord with this observation, gel electrophoretic analysis of radiolabeled lymphocyte receptors for these two lecithins yielded different patterns. These results indicate that highly purified lectins prepared by affinity chromatography on the same adsorbent can possess strikingly different binding specificities for cell surface receptors.", "PMID": 1165252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_827", "title": "Conformity and psychopathology: a comparative study of conformity behaviors in manic-depressive, paranoid schizophrenic and normal populations.", "content": "Several theorists have speculated that schizophrenia constitutes a disorder in which there is minimal motivation to conform to social pressures, while manic-depressive psychoses represent disorders in which there is maximal motivation to conform to social pressures. However, there have been few experimental tests of these speculations, and those that have been conducted generally have yielded conflicting results because of methodological inconsistencies and limitations. The present investigation examined conformity behavior of male and female manic-depressives (MD), paranoid schizophrenics (PS), and normals (N) on two conformity tasks: attitude change and perceptual judgment. It was hypothesized that manic depressives would conform more than normals, who would conform more than paranoid schizophrenics (MD less than N less than PS). Results indicated that manic-depressives and normals conformed significantly more than paranoid schizophrenics, but did not differ from each other on either of the conformity tasks. Thus, the hypothesis was supported only partially. The results do not support the view that manic-depressive psychoses constitute disorders in which there is maximal motivation to conform to social pressures; however, the results do support the view that schizophrenia represents a disorder in which there is minimum motivation to conform. The results are discussed in terms of their implication for the uses of interpersonal psychotherapy forms.", "contents": "Conformity and psychopathology: a comparative study of conformity behaviors in manic-depressive, paranoid schizophrenic and normal populations. Several theorists have speculated that schizophrenia constitutes a disorder in which there is minimal motivation to conform to social pressures, while manic-depressive psychoses represent disorders in which there is maximal motivation to conform to social pressures. However, there have been few experimental tests of these speculations, and those that have been conducted generally have yielded conflicting results because of methodological inconsistencies and limitations. The present investigation examined conformity behavior of male and female manic-depressives (MD), paranoid schizophrenics (PS), and normals (N) on two conformity tasks: attitude change and perceptual judgment. It was hypothesized that manic depressives would conform more than normals, who would conform more than paranoid schizophrenics (MD less than N less than PS). Results indicated that manic-depressives and normals conformed significantly more than paranoid schizophrenics, but did not differ from each other on either of the conformity tasks. Thus, the hypothesis was supported only partially. The results do not support the view that manic-depressive psychoses constitute disorders in which there is maximal motivation to conform to social pressures; however, the results do support the view that schizophrenia represents a disorder in which there is minimum motivation to conform. The results are discussed in terms of their implication for the uses of interpersonal psychotherapy forms.", "PMID": 1165256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_828", "title": "Sex differences as related to measurement of emotional arousal.", "content": "This study examined two categories of stress as a possible factor in previously mixed findings with regard to sex differences. Imagined physical stress and mental stress were induced by having Ss listen to tape-recorded descriptions of a car accident or taking a final exam. A self-report checklist was used to obtain ratings of anxiety, hostility and depression, and a Likert-type scale was employed to get Ss' estimates of their own emotional reactions. All Ss showed marked increase in emotionality scores after scene presentations. The results did not support the view that there are sex differences in responding due to different stressful conditions. However, females tended to express more emotionality than males to the stressful scenes. These differences were discussed in view of in vivo vs. in vitro presentation of stressful stimuli and the obtainment of sex differences as a function of where the measurement instrument falls on a subtle-obvious dimension.", "contents": "Sex differences as related to measurement of emotional arousal. This study examined two categories of stress as a possible factor in previously mixed findings with regard to sex differences. Imagined physical stress and mental stress were induced by having Ss listen to tape-recorded descriptions of a car accident or taking a final exam. A self-report checklist was used to obtain ratings of anxiety, hostility and depression, and a Likert-type scale was employed to get Ss' estimates of their own emotional reactions. All Ss showed marked increase in emotionality scores after scene presentations. The results did not support the view that there are sex differences in responding due to different stressful conditions. However, females tended to express more emotionality than males to the stressful scenes. These differences were discussed in view of in vivo vs. in vitro presentation of stressful stimuli and the obtainment of sex differences as a function of where the measurement instrument falls on a subtle-obvious dimension.", "PMID": 1165257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_829", "title": "The effects of vicarious reinforcement on modeling by schizophrenic hospital patients.", "content": "Adult male schizophrenic Ss were exposed to a peer model under conditions of positive vicarious reinforcement, negative vicarious reinforcement, and no vicarious reinforcement. The degree to which the Ss imitated the behaviors of the model was not affected by the vicarious reinforcement, although the Ss did emit significantly more of the dependent measure behaviors than did a group of control Ss who had seen no model. The failure of the Ss to respond to the vicarious reinforcement was seen in terms of the inability of schizophrenics to attend to relevant detail.", "contents": "The effects of vicarious reinforcement on modeling by schizophrenic hospital patients. Adult male schizophrenic Ss were exposed to a peer model under conditions of positive vicarious reinforcement, negative vicarious reinforcement, and no vicarious reinforcement. The degree to which the Ss imitated the behaviors of the model was not affected by the vicarious reinforcement, although the Ss did emit significantly more of the dependent measure behaviors than did a group of control Ss who had seen no model. The failure of the Ss to respond to the vicarious reinforcement was seen in terms of the inability of schizophrenics to attend to relevant detail.", "PMID": 1165258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_830", "title": "The relationship between self-actualization and psychosocial maturity.", "content": "Similarities were noted between Maslow's notion of self-actualization (SA) and Erikson's notion of psychosocial maturity. Previous research by Simmons has shown a significant relationship between identity achievement status and the degree of SA as measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). Results of the present study extend these findings to include one's total level of psychosocial maturity as measured by Constantinople's Inventory of Psychosocial Development (IPD). Highly significant positive correlations were obtained between one's overall score on the IPD and the two major dimensions of the POI. Implications of this relationship were discussed.", "contents": "The relationship between self-actualization and psychosocial maturity. Similarities were noted between Maslow's notion of self-actualization (SA) and Erikson's notion of psychosocial maturity. Previous research by Simmons has shown a significant relationship between identity achievement status and the degree of SA as measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). Results of the present study extend these findings to include one's total level of psychosocial maturity as measured by Constantinople's Inventory of Psychosocial Development (IPD). Highly significant positive correlations were obtained between one's overall score on the IPD and the two major dimensions of the POI. Implications of this relationship were discussed.", "PMID": 1165259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_831", "title": "Parental factors as reported by patient groups.", "content": "A cluster analysis was performed on data collected from six different groups, one of controls and five of various patient groups. The analysis produced two clusters of items that differentiated groups at significant levels. The schizophrenic group, in particular, showed very high levels of significance when compared with all other groups on a factor that consisted of items that cover situations that involve consideration and respect for the rights of others. Schizophrenics reported their parents as significantly less concerned with these behaviors than all other groups. A second factor, which consisted of items related to sex, differentiated the depressive group from most others.", "contents": "Parental factors as reported by patient groups. A cluster analysis was performed on data collected from six different groups, one of controls and five of various patient groups. The analysis produced two clusters of items that differentiated groups at significant levels. The schizophrenic group, in particular, showed very high levels of significance when compared with all other groups on a factor that consisted of items that cover situations that involve consideration and respect for the rights of others. Schizophrenics reported their parents as significantly less concerned with these behaviors than all other groups. A second factor, which consisted of items related to sex, differentiated the depressive group from most others.", "PMID": 1165260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_832", "title": "Introversion-extraversion and psychiatric diagnoses: a test of Eysenck's hypothesis.", "content": "Eysenck has stated that dysthymics were introverted and psychopaths were extraverted This study tested this hypothesis. The Ss were 28 male and 7 female inpatients from a state mental hospital. Twenty were diagnosed as neurotics, 15 as psychopaths. The sample was divided into extravert-introvert groups on the basis of scores on the Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator. Chi-square analysis revealed no significant differences in patient distribution by type and diagnosis. It was concluded that extraversion-introversion scores would not aid in the diagnosis of neurosis or psychopathy.", "contents": "Introversion-extraversion and psychiatric diagnoses: a test of Eysenck's hypothesis. Eysenck has stated that dysthymics were introverted and psychopaths were extraverted This study tested this hypothesis. The Ss were 28 male and 7 female inpatients from a state mental hospital. Twenty were diagnosed as neurotics, 15 as psychopaths. The sample was divided into extravert-introvert groups on the basis of scores on the Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator. Chi-square analysis revealed no significant differences in patient distribution by type and diagnosis. It was concluded that extraversion-introversion scores would not aid in the diagnosis of neurosis or psychopathy.", "PMID": 1165261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_833", "title": "The relationship of aerobic physical fitness to selected personality traits.", "content": "The relationships between aerobic physical fitness and selected personality traits measured by the MMPI were investigated for college males engaged in an aerobic conditioning class. Results indicated that physical fitness scores and selected scales on the MMPI are related in college males and that changes in aerobic physical fitness are related to score changes on selected scales of the MMPI for college males who participated in an aerobic exercise program.", "contents": "The relationship of aerobic physical fitness to selected personality traits. The relationships between aerobic physical fitness and selected personality traits measured by the MMPI were investigated for college males engaged in an aerobic conditioning class. Results indicated that physical fitness scores and selected scales on the MMPI are related in college males and that changes in aerobic physical fitness are related to score changes on selected scales of the MMPI for college males who participated in an aerobic exercise program.", "PMID": 1165262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_834", "title": "The relationships among the Hoffer-Osmond Diagnostic Test, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and independent clinical diagnoses.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the relationship between two tests in the detection of schizophrenia. One of the tests used was the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the other, a less familiar test, was the Hoffer-Osmond Diagnostic Test (HOD). Also investigated was the difference between the MMPI and the HOD when compared to independently made clinical diagnoses. Of 100 outpatients examined, 75 with valid test results were used. It was hypothesized that the correlation between HOD scores and the Schizophrenia and Paranoia t-scores on the MMPI would be significant. Also, no difference between the two tests and comparable clinical diagnoses was expected. The predicted effects were found. Possible preference for the HOD under certain circumstances was discussed.", "contents": "The relationships among the Hoffer-Osmond Diagnostic Test, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and independent clinical diagnoses. A study was conducted to determine the relationship between two tests in the detection of schizophrenia. One of the tests used was the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the other, a less familiar test, was the Hoffer-Osmond Diagnostic Test (HOD). Also investigated was the difference between the MMPI and the HOD when compared to independently made clinical diagnoses. Of 100 outpatients examined, 75 with valid test results were used. It was hypothesized that the correlation between HOD scores and the Schizophrenia and Paranoia t-scores on the MMPI would be significant. Also, no difference between the two tests and comparable clinical diagnoses was expected. The predicted effects were found. Possible preference for the HOD under certain circumstances was discussed.", "PMID": 1165263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_835", "title": "Personality characteristics of long and short sleepers.", "content": "College students categorized as either long sleepers (mean = 9.25 hours per day) or short sleepers (mean = 6.2 hours per day) were administered a variety of personality tests. With a multiple regression analysis the patterns on the MMPI of higher MA and F with a lowered PD and CI (number of critical items) most significantly differentiated the short from the long sleepers. Also of relevance was the finding that long sleepers were more likely to score in the pathological direction on most of the MMPI clinical scales.", "contents": "Personality characteristics of long and short sleepers. College students categorized as either long sleepers (mean = 9.25 hours per day) or short sleepers (mean = 6.2 hours per day) were administered a variety of personality tests. With a multiple regression analysis the patterns on the MMPI of higher MA and F with a lowered PD and CI (number of critical items) most significantly differentiated the short from the long sleepers. Also of relevance was the finding that long sleepers were more likely to score in the pathological direction on most of the MMPI clinical scales.", "PMID": 1165264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_836", "title": "Cluster analysis of preference ratings of pictorial stimuli.", "content": "The present research attempted to utilize cluster analysis to develop a comprehensive array of objective pictorial scales that could be used to identify the distinguishing perceptual and personality characteristics of various medical and psychiatric hospital populations. A cluster analysis of individuals' preference ratings of a large number of picture stimuli was described.", "contents": "Cluster analysis of preference ratings of pictorial stimuli. The present research attempted to utilize cluster analysis to develop a comprehensive array of objective pictorial scales that could be used to identify the distinguishing perceptual and personality characteristics of various medical and psychiatric hospital populations. A cluster analysis of individuals' preference ratings of a large number of picture stimuli was described.", "PMID": 1165265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_837", "title": "The conceptual congruence inventory (CCI): an experimental tool for the investigation and measurement of 22 common affective concepts.", "content": "This paper describes a prototype of the Conceptual Congruence Inventory (CCI), designed to assess the degree of overinclusion and underinclusion of 22 of a person's affective concepts with respect to a standard group. The CCI, the text of which is 15 short descriptions of characters' behavior evaluated for certain \"traits\" by the testee, was standardized for scale means and SDs with a group of 125 college students. An additional sample of 20 students was used to establish test-retest reliability over a period of 6 months, the correlation coefficient of which was .899.", "contents": "The conceptual congruence inventory (CCI): an experimental tool for the investigation and measurement of 22 common affective concepts. This paper describes a prototype of the Conceptual Congruence Inventory (CCI), designed to assess the degree of overinclusion and underinclusion of 22 of a person's affective concepts with respect to a standard group. The CCI, the text of which is 15 short descriptions of characters' behavior evaluated for certain \"traits\" by the testee, was standardized for scale means and SDs with a group of 125 college students. An additional sample of 20 students was used to establish test-retest reliability over a period of 6 months, the correlation coefficient of which was .899.", "PMID": 1165266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_838", "title": "Level of education, diagnosis and race-related differences in MMPI performance.", "content": "MMPIs were obtained from eight groups of black and white, schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic, and highly educated and poorly educated psychiatric patients. Profiles were classified blindly by use of two rules (Sc greater than 70; Sc greater than PT). All but poorly educated blacks were classified correctly beyond a chance level. Almost half of the poorly educated black nonschizophrenics were misclassified as schizophrenic. Implications for diagnostic work were discussed.", "contents": "Level of education, diagnosis and race-related differences in MMPI performance. MMPIs were obtained from eight groups of black and white, schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic, and highly educated and poorly educated psychiatric patients. Profiles were classified blindly by use of two rules (Sc greater than 70; Sc greater than PT). All but poorly educated blacks were classified correctly beyond a chance level. Almost half of the poorly educated black nonschizophrenics were misclassified as schizophrenic. Implications for diagnostic work were discussed.", "PMID": 1165267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_839", "title": "Repression-sensitization and MMPI correlates of retrospective reports of parental child-rearing behaviors.", "content": "Relationships were sought between college students' retrospective reports of parental behavior and their R-S scores and MMPI profiles. In general, reports of greater parental rejection and greater covert parental control were found to be associated significantly with higher R-S scores and higher scores on a number of MMPI scales as well as greater overall elevation of MMPI profiles. Implications for clinical history taking were noted, and caution was urged in consideration of an individual's reports of past events and relationships.", "contents": "Repression-sensitization and MMPI correlates of retrospective reports of parental child-rearing behaviors. Relationships were sought between college students' retrospective reports of parental behavior and their R-S scores and MMPI profiles. In general, reports of greater parental rejection and greater covert parental control were found to be associated significantly with higher R-S scores and higher scores on a number of MMPI scales as well as greater overall elevation of MMPI profiles. Implications for clinical history taking were noted, and caution was urged in consideration of an individual's reports of past events and relationships.", "PMID": 1165268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_840", "title": "Factor analysis of the MMPI-STAI.", "content": "Since MMPI measures of anxiety do not differentiate situational from chronic anxiety, an attempt was made to factor analyze the MMPI-STAI scores of 311 psychiatric inpatients. Four factors emerged that were labeled Adjustment, Passivity, Somatic Concern and Anxiety Proneness. The results were compared with other MMPI factor-analytic studies. Evidence supported Welsh's A as a measure of chronic anxiety.", "contents": "Factor analysis of the MMPI-STAI. Since MMPI measures of anxiety do not differentiate situational from chronic anxiety, an attempt was made to factor analyze the MMPI-STAI scores of 311 psychiatric inpatients. Four factors emerged that were labeled Adjustment, Passivity, Somatic Concern and Anxiety Proneness. The results were compared with other MMPI factor-analytic studies. Evidence supported Welsh's A as a measure of chronic anxiety.", "PMID": 1165269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_841", "title": "Use of estimated CPI factor scores to formulate personality types.", "content": "CPI scale scores were correlated with specially-scored CPI factor scales, and the results indicated that such factor scores could be estimated reasonably by the standard scales. By the use of CPI scales as measures of the two major factors of that instrument, the incidence of profile types in a normal sample was tabulated. For both males and females, six types accounted for 80% of the protocols: the first three types accounted for over 50% of the individuals. It was suggested that this type of analysis might contribute to interpretation of CPI protocols.", "contents": "Use of estimated CPI factor scores to formulate personality types. CPI scale scores were correlated with specially-scored CPI factor scales, and the results indicated that such factor scores could be estimated reasonably by the standard scales. By the use of CPI scales as measures of the two major factors of that instrument, the incidence of profile types in a normal sample was tabulated. For both males and females, six types accounted for 80% of the protocols: the first three types accounted for over 50% of the individuals. It was suggested that this type of analysis might contribute to interpretation of CPI protocols.", "PMID": 1165270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_842", "title": "Tangible reinforcement and feedback effects on the IQ scores of college students.", "content": "College students who retook an intelligence test under conditions that informed the student of each correct answer made significantly higher gains than a control group that retook the test under standard conditions. A group that retook the test under feedback and reward conditions did not differ significantly from the control group.", "contents": "Tangible reinforcement and feedback effects on the IQ scores of college students. College students who retook an intelligence test under conditions that informed the student of each correct answer made significantly higher gains than a control group that retook the test under standard conditions. A group that retook the test under feedback and reward conditions did not differ significantly from the control group.", "PMID": 1165271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_843", "title": "Comparison of Bender-Gestalt and WISC correlations for Puerto Rican, White and Negro children.", "content": "Correlations between Bender-Gestalt scores and WISC IQs were obtained for three ethnic groups of 123 Puerto Rican, 82 white, and 61 Negro children in the first grade. The Bender-Gestalt test did not show any significant relationship with the WISC scores of the Puerto Rican children. Significant correlations (p less than .01) between the Bender and all the WISC scores were found for the Negro group. For the white Ss, the WISC-Bender relationship was significant (p less than .01) only for the Performance and Full Scale scores. The absence of a significant correlation between the Bender and the WISC Verbal IQ in these children was attributed to the relative superiority of their Verbal scores.", "contents": "Comparison of Bender-Gestalt and WISC correlations for Puerto Rican, White and Negro children. Correlations between Bender-Gestalt scores and WISC IQs were obtained for three ethnic groups of 123 Puerto Rican, 82 white, and 61 Negro children in the first grade. The Bender-Gestalt test did not show any significant relationship with the WISC scores of the Puerto Rican children. Significant correlations (p less than .01) between the Bender and all the WISC scores were found for the Negro group. For the white Ss, the WISC-Bender relationship was significant (p less than .01) only for the Performance and Full Scale scores. The absence of a significant correlation between the Bender and the WISC Verbal IQ in these children was attributed to the relative superiority of their Verbal scores.", "PMID": 1165272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_844", "title": "WAIS performance differences of male and female psychiatric patients.", "content": "This study compared the WAIS IQ and subtest scores of 167 male and 112 female patients of a heterogeneous psychiatric population. Males obtained significantly higher Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores than did females, and significantly more male than female patients obtained Full Scale scores above the Average classification of intelligence (IQ is greater than or equal to 110). These data suggest that relatively high intelligence levels and, in particular, IQ scores above the Average classification are more effective to reduce the observed incidence of behavioral disorders among females than among males, perhaps because differing societal demands result in less effective coping behaviors at given levels of intelligence for males than for females. This explanation also is consistent with the significant overrepresentation of males in this clinic sample relative to their proportion in the general population. Further work at other facilities would help to determine the generality of these findings and to clarify their interpretation.", "contents": "WAIS performance differences of male and female psychiatric patients. This study compared the WAIS IQ and subtest scores of 167 male and 112 female patients of a heterogeneous psychiatric population. Males obtained significantly higher Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores than did females, and significantly more male than female patients obtained Full Scale scores above the Average classification of intelligence (IQ is greater than or equal to 110). These data suggest that relatively high intelligence levels and, in particular, IQ scores above the Average classification are more effective to reduce the observed incidence of behavioral disorders among females than among males, perhaps because differing societal demands result in less effective coping behaviors at given levels of intelligence for males than for females. This explanation also is consistent with the significant overrepresentation of males in this clinic sample relative to their proportion in the general population. Further work at other facilities would help to determine the generality of these findings and to clarify their interpretation.", "PMID": 1165273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_845", "title": "What patients want from counseling and psychotherapy.", "content": "In order to determine why individuals apply for help to a university counseling center, a parallel-response questionnaire was administered to the patients and therapists of the Kent State University psychological clinic immediately after each intake interview. Analysis focused on the frequency, structure, and patient-therapist agreement of reported wants. Eight of the 14 surveyed wants were endorsed by over 80% of the 57 patients surveyed. The items most frequently endorsed by patients were: \"Get help in talking about what is really troubling me\" (95%) and \"Have someone respond to me on a person-to person basis\" (91%). Although patients exceed therapists in the frequency of endorsement of nearly all of the items, both were in high agreement about the underlying dimensions of patient wants. Three major themes predominated for both the patients and therapist samples: Self-exploration, Catharsis, and Encouragement. The results underscore the importance of clarifying patient wants in the initial interview.", "contents": "What patients want from counseling and psychotherapy. In order to determine why individuals apply for help to a university counseling center, a parallel-response questionnaire was administered to the patients and therapists of the Kent State University psychological clinic immediately after each intake interview. Analysis focused on the frequency, structure, and patient-therapist agreement of reported wants. Eight of the 14 surveyed wants were endorsed by over 80% of the 57 patients surveyed. The items most frequently endorsed by patients were: \"Get help in talking about what is really troubling me\" (95%) and \"Have someone respond to me on a person-to person basis\" (91%). Although patients exceed therapists in the frequency of endorsement of nearly all of the items, both were in high agreement about the underlying dimensions of patient wants. Three major themes predominated for both the patients and therapist samples: Self-exploration, Catharsis, and Encouragement. The results underscore the importance of clarifying patient wants in the initial interview.", "PMID": 1165274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_846", "title": "Moral judgment and parental identification among children.", "content": "The relationship of moral judgment and parental identification was studied in 50 boys and 50 girls, all of whom were white, lower-middle-class children, aged 9 1/2 to 11 1/2 years. Two hypotheses were proposed: (1) that within each sex group, children with a higher-level parental identification attain a higher stage of moral judgment than children with a lower level of parental identification; and (2) that there are no sex differences in the stage of moral judgment attained by Ss from similar socioeconomic backgrounds. Ss were screened for socioeconomic status and age. Moral judgment was defined in terms of Piaget's \"two moralities\" of the child and measured by a structured interview that consisted of five subtests taken from Piaget. Parental identification was measured by means of a semantic space and differential technique, and Ss were grouped on the basis of low, medium and high levels of paternal and maternal identification. Results indicate that there are no significant sex differences in moral judgment. Within each sex group there is a clear positive relationship between high-level identification and a higher stage of moral judgment.", "contents": "Moral judgment and parental identification among children. The relationship of moral judgment and parental identification was studied in 50 boys and 50 girls, all of whom were white, lower-middle-class children, aged 9 1/2 to 11 1/2 years. Two hypotheses were proposed: (1) that within each sex group, children with a higher-level parental identification attain a higher stage of moral judgment than children with a lower level of parental identification; and (2) that there are no sex differences in the stage of moral judgment attained by Ss from similar socioeconomic backgrounds. Ss were screened for socioeconomic status and age. Moral judgment was defined in terms of Piaget's \"two moralities\" of the child and measured by a structured interview that consisted of five subtests taken from Piaget. Parental identification was measured by means of a semantic space and differential technique, and Ss were grouped on the basis of low, medium and high levels of paternal and maternal identification. Results indicate that there are no significant sex differences in moral judgment. Within each sex group there is a clear positive relationship between high-level identification and a higher stage of moral judgment.", "PMID": 1165275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_847", "title": "A scale for the measurement of client and therapist expressiveness.", "content": "In light of recent theoretical and empirical work that stresses the importance of both the client's and therapist's expressiveness for productive therapeutic process, an ordinal scale was developed and presented to assess levels of client and therapist expressiveness in the ongoing therapy interaction. Scale points were constructed on the basis of face validity and empirical findings with nominal classification systems for client and therapist expressiveness; they were defined in terms of stylistic features of language and voice quality. In addition to presenting reliability data that indicate that the scale can be used with considerable interrater agreement, a number of important questions were posed for future research on the client-therapist interaction.", "contents": "A scale for the measurement of client and therapist expressiveness. In light of recent theoretical and empirical work that stresses the importance of both the client's and therapist's expressiveness for productive therapeutic process, an ordinal scale was developed and presented to assess levels of client and therapist expressiveness in the ongoing therapy interaction. Scale points were constructed on the basis of face validity and empirical findings with nominal classification systems for client and therapist expressiveness; they were defined in terms of stylistic features of language and voice quality. In addition to presenting reliability data that indicate that the scale can be used with considerable interrater agreement, a number of important questions were posed for future research on the client-therapist interaction.", "PMID": 1165276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_848", "title": "Effect of induced locus of control on change in field independence.", "content": "Three groups, alike in Rod and Frame Test (RFT) scores on pretesting, were given different instructions for Rotter's Locus of Control scale. Thirty-two Ss were told to fake internal or external answers. Another 16 Ss were instructed to answer the scale according to their own actual beliefs. Analysis of RFT pretest-posttest changes revealed that in both experimental conditions initially field-dependent Ss changed in the direction of higher field independence, and field-independent Ss shifted toward higher field dependence. The total amount of change manifested by field-dependent Ss in both conditions was in excess of the change by field-independent Ss. Standard test-taking instructions raised the level of field independence for field-dependent and field-independent Ss, with the magnitude of change greater among field-independent Ss. When Ss given internal and external instructions filled out the Locus of Control scale again at the end of the experiment, field-independent Ss professed to hold significantly more beliefs than field-dependent Ss that were coincident with beliefs of their previously simulated role. The findings were discussed primarily in terms of the relationship between role-playing and development of identity.", "contents": "Effect of induced locus of control on change in field independence. Three groups, alike in Rod and Frame Test (RFT) scores on pretesting, were given different instructions for Rotter's Locus of Control scale. Thirty-two Ss were told to fake internal or external answers. Another 16 Ss were instructed to answer the scale according to their own actual beliefs. Analysis of RFT pretest-posttest changes revealed that in both experimental conditions initially field-dependent Ss changed in the direction of higher field independence, and field-independent Ss shifted toward higher field dependence. The total amount of change manifested by field-dependent Ss in both conditions was in excess of the change by field-independent Ss. Standard test-taking instructions raised the level of field independence for field-dependent and field-independent Ss, with the magnitude of change greater among field-independent Ss. When Ss given internal and external instructions filled out the Locus of Control scale again at the end of the experiment, field-independent Ss professed to hold significantly more beliefs than field-dependent Ss that were coincident with beliefs of their previously simulated role. The findings were discussed primarily in terms of the relationship between role-playing and development of identity.", "PMID": 1165277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_849", "title": "The effects of hypnotic susceptibility on reducing smoking behavior treated by an hypnotic technique.", "content": "This study sought to obtain empirical data on the issue of whether susceptibility to hypnosis influences the outcome of an hypnotic therapy. At the first of two sessions, Ss had their susceptibility evaluated unobtrusively. At the second session, they learned Spiegel's self-hypnotic method to stop smoking. At the end of 3 months' follow-up 7 of 54 volunteers were completely abstinent (13%), while 31% had reduced smoking by 50% or more. Of the 7 totally abstaining Ss, 1 was high, 1 was low and 5 were medium susceptible, which is not unlike the distribution of hypnotic susceptibility in the general population. However, it was found that significantly more Ss of higher susceptibility reduced by 50% or more than did less susceptible Ss.", "contents": "The effects of hypnotic susceptibility on reducing smoking behavior treated by an hypnotic technique. This study sought to obtain empirical data on the issue of whether susceptibility to hypnosis influences the outcome of an hypnotic therapy. At the first of two sessions, Ss had their susceptibility evaluated unobtrusively. At the second session, they learned Spiegel's self-hypnotic method to stop smoking. At the end of 3 months' follow-up 7 of 54 volunteers were completely abstinent (13%), while 31% had reduced smoking by 50% or more. Of the 7 totally abstaining Ss, 1 was high, 1 was low and 5 were medium susceptible, which is not unlike the distribution of hypnotic susceptibility in the general population. However, it was found that significantly more Ss of higher susceptibility reduced by 50% or more than did less susceptible Ss.", "PMID": 1165278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_850", "title": "Repression-sensitization and response to the implicit cue requirements of a social situation.", "content": "It was hypothesized that in an experiment that used verbal recall of threatening statements, repressors would reproduce significantly more of the threatening statements than would sensitizers when the implicit social cue requirement implied the desirability of attending to such statements. SSs were 20 female repressors, as defined by scores on the Repression-Sensitization scale. Ss first heard and then reproduced from memory either a control paragraph or a paragraph intended to imply the desirability of attending to the threatening stimuli. Next, all Ss wer read 20 statements, half of which were intended to be threatening and half of which were nonthreatening. After the Ss had heard all 20 statements, they reproduced from memory as many as they could. Results indicated that when the implicit social cue requirements implied the desirability of attending to the threatening statements, male repressors reproduced more of the statements than did other Ss in accord with predictions. In contrast, female repressors who were exposed to the implicit social due requirements that implied the desirability of attending to the threatening statements reproduced fewer of the statements than did other Ss.", "contents": "Repression-sensitization and response to the implicit cue requirements of a social situation. It was hypothesized that in an experiment that used verbal recall of threatening statements, repressors would reproduce significantly more of the threatening statements than would sensitizers when the implicit social cue requirement implied the desirability of attending to such statements. SSs were 20 female repressors, as defined by scores on the Repression-Sensitization scale. Ss first heard and then reproduced from memory either a control paragraph or a paragraph intended to imply the desirability of attending to the threatening stimuli. Next, all Ss wer read 20 statements, half of which were intended to be threatening and half of which were nonthreatening. After the Ss had heard all 20 statements, they reproduced from memory as many as they could. Results indicated that when the implicit social cue requirements implied the desirability of attending to the threatening statements, male repressors reproduced more of the statements than did other Ss in accord with predictions. In contrast, female repressors who were exposed to the implicit social due requirements that implied the desirability of attending to the threatening statements reproduced fewer of the statements than did other Ss.", "PMID": 1165279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_851", "title": "Therapy with eight schizophrenic and borderline patients: summary of a therapy approach that employs a semi-symbiotic bond between patient and therapist.", "content": "In conclusion, it appears to this therapist that working through a semi-symbiotic union is a useful and perhaps essential therapy technique with both schizophrenic and borderline patients. The essential ingredients of this technique include: (1) open expression of feelings by the therapist; (2) consistency and reliability by the therapist; (3) understanding and acceptance of schizophrenic jargon; (4) acceptance of the patient's ambivalent feelings about closeness and distance and allowing distancing tactics; (5) interpreting and working through distancing needs as an on-going process -- understanding that they generally indicate both fear of rejection and of incorporation; (6) acceptance of a long-term semi-symbiotic responsibility to the patient; (7) expression of the therapist's own legitimate limits and of his inability to meet all the patient's needs; (8) allowing and encouraging the patient the freedom to grow toward increasing independence with security.", "contents": "Therapy with eight schizophrenic and borderline patients: summary of a therapy approach that employs a semi-symbiotic bond between patient and therapist. In conclusion, it appears to this therapist that working through a semi-symbiotic union is a useful and perhaps essential therapy technique with both schizophrenic and borderline patients. The essential ingredients of this technique include: (1) open expression of feelings by the therapist; (2) consistency and reliability by the therapist; (3) understanding and acceptance of schizophrenic jargon; (4) acceptance of the patient's ambivalent feelings about closeness and distance and allowing distancing tactics; (5) interpreting and working through distancing needs as an on-going process -- understanding that they generally indicate both fear of rejection and of incorporation; (6) acceptance of a long-term semi-symbiotic responsibility to the patient; (7) expression of the therapist's own legitimate limits and of his inability to meet all the patient's needs; (8) allowing and encouraging the patient the freedom to grow toward increasing independence with security.", "PMID": 1165281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_852", "title": "An experimental investigation of the effectiveness of complementary projection for reducing anxiety.", "content": "The present study was designed to determine whether complementary projection is effective to reduce anxiety. To test this, Ss in two experimental groups were threatened with electric shocks. Ss in one threat group then were encouraged to project malevolence onto E. Ss' subjective reports, pulse rates, and skin resistances indicated that the threat of shock significantly increased the anxiety levels of threat as compared to control Ss. Neither the subjective reports nor physiological measures revealed a differential decrease in anxiety in threat Ss as a function of whether Ss projected a justifiable cause for anxiety, i.e., malevolence, onto E. These results raise serious questions as to whether complementary projection serves an anxiety-reducing or defensive function.", "contents": "An experimental investigation of the effectiveness of complementary projection for reducing anxiety. The present study was designed to determine whether complementary projection is effective to reduce anxiety. To test this, Ss in two experimental groups were threatened with electric shocks. Ss in one threat group then were encouraged to project malevolence onto E. Ss' subjective reports, pulse rates, and skin resistances indicated that the threat of shock significantly increased the anxiety levels of threat as compared to control Ss. Neither the subjective reports nor physiological measures revealed a differential decrease in anxiety in threat Ss as a function of whether Ss projected a justifiable cause for anxiety, i.e., malevolence, onto E. These results raise serious questions as to whether complementary projection serves an anxiety-reducing or defensive function.", "PMID": 1165282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_853", "title": "Personality dimensions as assessed by projective and verbal instruments.", "content": "An attempt was made to explore personality dimensions with projective and verbal tests. The Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT), the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale (RDS) were administered to 161 college students of both sexes. A description of the canonical correlations between the two subsets of projective and verbal instruments is presented, as well as three separate factor analyses, one of the HIT, another of the CPI-RDS and the third of the HIT and CPI-RDS together. The results support the conclusion that, with the exception of one factor that includes HIT and CPI-RDS variables, the HIT factors have no relationship with the CPI-RDS factors. Furthermore, of the 19 canonical correlations only the first is significant.", "contents": "Personality dimensions as assessed by projective and verbal instruments. An attempt was made to explore personality dimensions with projective and verbal tests. The Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT), the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale (RDS) were administered to 161 college students of both sexes. A description of the canonical correlations between the two subsets of projective and verbal instruments is presented, as well as three separate factor analyses, one of the HIT, another of the CPI-RDS and the third of the HIT and CPI-RDS together. The results support the conclusion that, with the exception of one factor that includes HIT and CPI-RDS variables, the HIT factors have no relationship with the CPI-RDS factors. Furthermore, of the 19 canonical correlations only the first is significant.", "PMID": 1165283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_854", "title": "Administrator's gender and sexual content in projective test protocols.", "content": "The present data for the TAT and previous results for the word-association test and Rorschach support the hypothesis that the E-S gender combinations affect sexual responsivity on projective tests. The evidence indicates that like-gender combinations are more sexually responsive than opposite-gender pairs on projective tests. Further, there may be an overall rank-ordering of gender pairs in the degree of sexual responsivity, with the male E-female S combination resulting in the lowest sex content scores. The extent of generality of the phenomena on Ss other than a \"normal\" population remains to be investigated.", "contents": "Administrator's gender and sexual content in projective test protocols. The present data for the TAT and previous results for the word-association test and Rorschach support the hypothesis that the E-S gender combinations affect sexual responsivity on projective tests. The evidence indicates that like-gender combinations are more sexually responsive than opposite-gender pairs on projective tests. Further, there may be an overall rank-ordering of gender pairs in the degree of sexual responsivity, with the male E-female S combination resulting in the lowest sex content scores. The extent of generality of the phenomena on Ss other than a \"normal\" population remains to be investigated.", "PMID": 1165284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_855", "title": "Prediction of locus of control orientation from the Thematic Apperception Test.", "content": "This study attempted to predict locus of control orientation from responses to the Thematic Apperception Test. Forty male and 40 female undergraduates who scored at the extremes on the Rotter Locus of Control Scale responded to TAT cards. By use of Dies' rating procedure; two judges predicted Ss' locus of control orientation with 70% accuracy. Because an external orientation was predicted with much greater efficiency than an internal orientation, it was suggested that the TAT cards may elicit more external than internal responses.", "contents": "Prediction of locus of control orientation from the Thematic Apperception Test. This study attempted to predict locus of control orientation from responses to the Thematic Apperception Test. Forty male and 40 female undergraduates who scored at the extremes on the Rotter Locus of Control Scale responded to TAT cards. By use of Dies' rating procedure; two judges predicted Ss' locus of control orientation with 70% accuracy. Because an external orientation was predicted with much greater efficiency than an internal orientation, it was suggested that the TAT cards may elicit more external than internal responses.", "PMID": 1165285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_856", "title": "Effects of drinking on the power and affiliation needs of middle-aged females.", "content": "Power and affiliation motivation was measured among 37 middle-aged females before and after consumption of alcohol in a familiar social setting. The results indicated that, contrary to the findings reported for males, n power and personal power motives declined significantly among moderate-drinking female Ss. Although social power needs increased at all tested levels of alcohol consumption, these increases did not reach statistical significance. Contrary to expectation, affiliation needs declined significantly after only moderate drinking. These results cast some doubt upon the applicability to females of the McClelland, et al. approach for treatment of alcoholism.", "contents": "Effects of drinking on the power and affiliation needs of middle-aged females. Power and affiliation motivation was measured among 37 middle-aged females before and after consumption of alcohol in a familiar social setting. The results indicated that, contrary to the findings reported for males, n power and personal power motives declined significantly among moderate-drinking female Ss. Although social power needs increased at all tested levels of alcohol consumption, these increases did not reach statistical significance. Contrary to expectation, affiliation needs declined significantly after only moderate drinking. These results cast some doubt upon the applicability to females of the McClelland, et al. approach for treatment of alcoholism.", "PMID": 1165286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_857", "title": "The personal values of alcoholics and addicts.", "content": "In a comparison of the personal values of male alcoholics and addicts, the major findings were: (a) the values of the two groups are quite similar; and (b) the combined values of the two groups are quite different from a sample of males from the general population. Further research to determine how many of the reported differences are a function of the Ss' drug abuse and how many are a function of their particular social background is suggested.", "contents": "The personal values of alcoholics and addicts. In a comparison of the personal values of male alcoholics and addicts, the major findings were: (a) the values of the two groups are quite similar; and (b) the combined values of the two groups are quite different from a sample of males from the general population. Further research to determine how many of the reported differences are a function of the Ss' drug abuse and how many are a function of their particular social background is suggested.", "PMID": 1165287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_858", "title": "Alterations in future time perspective in heroin addicts.", "content": "Changes in the future time perspective of 31 narcotic addicts who were participating in a methadone maintenance treatment program were studied by a 9-week test-retest design that used a matched control group of waiting list addicts. Significant changes were obtained on the dimension of extension, but not on four other future time dimensions, which reflects the change in the personal and social status of the addict in a comprehensive treatment program.", "contents": "Alterations in future time perspective in heroin addicts. Changes in the future time perspective of 31 narcotic addicts who were participating in a methadone maintenance treatment program were studied by a 9-week test-retest design that used a matched control group of waiting list addicts. Significant changes were obtained on the dimension of extension, but not on four other future time dimensions, which reflects the change in the personal and social status of the addict in a comprehensive treatment program.", "PMID": 1165288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_859", "title": "Shifts in perceptual differentiation and defense mechanisms in alcoholics.", "content": "The Group Embedded Figures Test and the Defense Mechanism Inventory were administered to 50 alcoholics approximately 10 days after admission and again after about 6 weeks of treatment. The posttreatment scores on the embedded figures test were significantly higher, more field independent, than initial scores. Ss also had significantly higher scores on the defense of turning against an object and lower scores on reversal when compared to pretreatment scores on the defense inventory. The changes in defensive style were not related to the initial level of or changes in perceptual differentiation.", "contents": "Shifts in perceptual differentiation and defense mechanisms in alcoholics. The Group Embedded Figures Test and the Defense Mechanism Inventory were administered to 50 alcoholics approximately 10 days after admission and again after about 6 weeks of treatment. The posttreatment scores on the embedded figures test were significantly higher, more field independent, than initial scores. Ss also had significantly higher scores on the defense of turning against an object and lower scores on reversal when compared to pretreatment scores on the defense inventory. The changes in defensive style were not related to the initial level of or changes in perceptual differentiation.", "PMID": 1165289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_860", "title": "A factor-analytic examination of sexual behaviors and attitudes and marihuana usage.", "content": "A questionnaire that pertains to sexual attitudes and behaviors, family relationships, and marihuana usage was administered to 358 undergraduates at Wichita State University. A factor analysis performed upon the results yielded 12 factors related to sexual behavior: (1) Liberal vs. Conservative Attitudes; (2) Age-Experience; (3) Symbolic Sexual Preoccupation; (4) Romantic Love vs. Cynicism; (5) Experience-linked Drug Effects; (6) Affectual Dependence; (7) Mature Satisfaction; (8) Conservative vs. Liberal Sexual Practices; (9) High vs. Low Sexual Activity; (10) Sexual Revolution; (11) Sex; (12) Traditional vs. Cynical Love Roles.", "contents": "A factor-analytic examination of sexual behaviors and attitudes and marihuana usage. A questionnaire that pertains to sexual attitudes and behaviors, family relationships, and marihuana usage was administered to 358 undergraduates at Wichita State University. A factor analysis performed upon the results yielded 12 factors related to sexual behavior: (1) Liberal vs. Conservative Attitudes; (2) Age-Experience; (3) Symbolic Sexual Preoccupation; (4) Romantic Love vs. Cynicism; (5) Experience-linked Drug Effects; (6) Affectual Dependence; (7) Mature Satisfaction; (8) Conservative vs. Liberal Sexual Practices; (9) High vs. Low Sexual Activity; (10) Sexual Revolution; (11) Sex; (12) Traditional vs. Cynical Love Roles.", "PMID": 1165290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_861", "title": "Altitude quotient - IQ Discrepancy as an index of personality disorganization among drug offenders.", "content": "Twenty-five inmates of the Petersburg Federal Reformatory Drug Abuse Program, Petersburg, Virginia were selected as Ss in this study. Intercorrelations among AQ-IQ discrepancies, MMPI scales and behavioral adjustment ratings were computed. The results suggested that the AQ-IQ discrepancy is of questionable efficacy as an index of personality disorganization.", "contents": "Altitude quotient - IQ Discrepancy as an index of personality disorganization among drug offenders. Twenty-five inmates of the Petersburg Federal Reformatory Drug Abuse Program, Petersburg, Virginia were selected as Ss in this study. Intercorrelations among AQ-IQ discrepancies, MMPI scales and behavioral adjustment ratings were computed. The results suggested that the AQ-IQ discrepancy is of questionable efficacy as an index of personality disorganization.", "PMID": 1165292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_862", "title": "Intellectual functioning in a sample of institutionalized narcotic addicts.", "content": "The Shipley-Hartford scales were given to 1,980 institutionalized addicts. Overall, results showed that addict IQs are about normal. Of all demographic variables analyzed, only education explained an appreciable proportion of the variance in scores (12%). There were indications that a relatively high number of addicts may have some intellectual impairment (41%). The latter results await further verification.", "contents": "Intellectual functioning in a sample of institutionalized narcotic addicts. The Shipley-Hartford scales were given to 1,980 institutionalized addicts. Overall, results showed that addict IQs are about normal. Of all demographic variables analyzed, only education explained an appreciable proportion of the variance in scores (12%). There were indications that a relatively high number of addicts may have some intellectual impairment (41%). The latter results await further verification.", "PMID": 1165293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_863", "title": "A five-year study of a haemophilia reference centre.", "content": "Attendances at the Regional Haemophilia Reference Centre in the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary have been analysed over a period of five years from 1969 to 1973. Of 77 patients registered in 1969, 64 had haemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) and 13 had haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency). In 1973 the numbers were 68 and 14 respectively. An increased attendance at the Centre from 123 in 1969 to 624 in 1973 was noted. This was due to patients reporting earlier and more frequently for outpatient treatment of haemarthroses which occurred with the greater availability of supplies of factor VIII. The number of admissions for inpatient treatment did not change significantly over the period. Haemarthrosis of the knee was the commonest dominant lesion. The amount of replacement therapy in the form of fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, antihaemophilic fraction, and factors II, IX, and X concentrate used in the Centre (ie, excluding that used for elective procedures) increased from 2704 donor units in 1969 to 8778 donor units in 1973, the main increase being in cryoprecipitate. The number of factor VIII units used per patient attending per year, for both elective and emergency treatment in haemophiliacs, is recorded and discussed as are its effects on the treatment patterns of patients and the implications for the future.", "contents": "A five-year study of a haemophilia reference centre. Attendances at the Regional Haemophilia Reference Centre in the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary have been analysed over a period of five years from 1969 to 1973. Of 77 patients registered in 1969, 64 had haemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) and 13 had haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency). In 1973 the numbers were 68 and 14 respectively. An increased attendance at the Centre from 123 in 1969 to 624 in 1973 was noted. This was due to patients reporting earlier and more frequently for outpatient treatment of haemarthroses which occurred with the greater availability of supplies of factor VIII. The number of admissions for inpatient treatment did not change significantly over the period. Haemarthrosis of the knee was the commonest dominant lesion. The amount of replacement therapy in the form of fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, antihaemophilic fraction, and factors II, IX, and X concentrate used in the Centre (ie, excluding that used for elective procedures) increased from 2704 donor units in 1969 to 8778 donor units in 1973, the main increase being in cryoprecipitate. The number of factor VIII units used per patient attending per year, for both elective and emergency treatment in haemophiliacs, is recorded and discussed as are its effects on the treatment patterns of patients and the implications for the future.", "PMID": 1165294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_864", "title": "Meningitis caused by Pseudomonas maltophilia.", "content": "A case of meningitis caused by Pseudomonas maltophilia is described, which was unusual in that it appeared to lack the predisposing factors commonly associated with this organism. Attention is drawn to the difficulties which may be encountered in the identification of Ps. maltophilia.", "contents": "Meningitis caused by Pseudomonas maltophilia. A case of meningitis caused by Pseudomonas maltophilia is described, which was unusual in that it appeared to lack the predisposing factors commonly associated with this organism. Attention is drawn to the difficulties which may be encountered in the identification of Ps. maltophilia.", "PMID": 1165296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_865", "title": "Morphological features in a neutral lipid storage disease.", "content": "The morphological changes in a patient with a generalized storage disease characterized by the intracellular deposition of neutral lipid are described. There is widespread accumulation of lipid in the cytoplasm of many cells and in occasional nuclei. Diagnosis may be facilitated by the recognition of clear vacuoles in the cytoplasm of granulocytes in blood films. In jejunal biopsies vacuolation of the epithelial cells may simulate the appearances of a-betalipoproteinaemia. The lipid inclusions consist largely of normal triglycerides and are free in the cytoplasm, unassociated with any organelle. The biochemical basis of the lesions is uncertain. Although there are lipoprotein abnormalities the primary defect appears to be intrinsic to the cell and may involve either a defective cytoplasmic lipase or an impaired uptake and utilization of fatty acids by mitochondria.", "contents": "Morphological features in a neutral lipid storage disease. The morphological changes in a patient with a generalized storage disease characterized by the intracellular deposition of neutral lipid are described. There is widespread accumulation of lipid in the cytoplasm of many cells and in occasional nuclei. Diagnosis may be facilitated by the recognition of clear vacuoles in the cytoplasm of granulocytes in blood films. In jejunal biopsies vacuolation of the epithelial cells may simulate the appearances of a-betalipoproteinaemia. The lipid inclusions consist largely of normal triglycerides and are free in the cytoplasm, unassociated with any organelle. The biochemical basis of the lesions is uncertain. Although there are lipoprotein abnormalities the primary defect appears to be intrinsic to the cell and may involve either a defective cytoplasmic lipase or an impaired uptake and utilization of fatty acids by mitochondria.", "PMID": 1165295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_866", "title": "A practical system of bacterial nomenclature.", "content": "It is unlikely that any serious attempt will be made to standardize bacterial nomenclature on a national or international scale until the implementation of the proposed revision of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria on 1 January 1980. In the meantime, the lack of such standardization poses major problems in communication between the laboratory and the clinican and also causes difficulties in the latter's reading of the bacteriology literature. The present communication proposes interim regional voluntary standardization of bacterial nomenclature as a solution, and outlines a system of nomenclature which could be used on such a regional basis. The system is specifically designed to demonstrate clearly the relationships between bacteria.", "contents": "A practical system of bacterial nomenclature. It is unlikely that any serious attempt will be made to standardize bacterial nomenclature on a national or international scale until the implementation of the proposed revision of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria on 1 January 1980. In the meantime, the lack of such standardization poses major problems in communication between the laboratory and the clinican and also causes difficulties in the latter's reading of the bacteriology literature. The present communication proposes interim regional voluntary standardization of bacterial nomenclature as a solution, and outlines a system of nomenclature which could be used on such a regional basis. The system is specifically designed to demonstrate clearly the relationships between bacteria.", "PMID": 1165297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_867", "title": "A cytoarchitectonic analysis of the spinal cord of the pigeon (Columba livia).", "content": "The spinal gray of the pigeon is described cytoarchitectonically to establish a foundation for anatomical and physiological studies of the pigeon spinal cord. The material includes segments from the high cervical cord through the lumbosacral enlargement, and nine cellular layers are described. In addition to this laminar organization, various distinct cell groups such as the dorsal magnocellular column, column of Terni, marginal cells and lobes of Lachi are described. Layers I-IV occupy the head of the dorsal horn, are apparent at all spinal levels examined, and represent the clearest case of laminar organization of the spinal gray of the pigeon. Layer V occupies the full extent of the neck of the dorsal horn at all segmental levels investigated. Also, the dorsal magnocellular column is situated in the central region of this layer from the rostral pole of the cervical enlargement through the lumbosacral enlargement, and arguments are advanced that this cell column is homologous to the column of Clarke. In the intermediate zone a Layer IV is defined, but it is apparent only at the enlargements. Layers VII-IX constitute the ventral horn, Layer IX being the motoneuronal cell groups. With the exception of the motoneuronal groups, the boundaries of the ventral horn layers are considerably less distinct than those of the dorsal horn, and no attempt is made to distinguish Layers VII and VIII at lumbosacral levels. At the enlargements there is a prominent lateral motoneuronal cell group consisting of large cells. It is generally concluded that the cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal gray of the pigeon bears a rather close resemblance to that described for various mammalian species, particularly with respect to the dorsal horn.", "contents": "A cytoarchitectonic analysis of the spinal cord of the pigeon (Columba livia). The spinal gray of the pigeon is described cytoarchitectonically to establish a foundation for anatomical and physiological studies of the pigeon spinal cord. The material includes segments from the high cervical cord through the lumbosacral enlargement, and nine cellular layers are described. In addition to this laminar organization, various distinct cell groups such as the dorsal magnocellular column, column of Terni, marginal cells and lobes of Lachi are described. Layers I-IV occupy the head of the dorsal horn, are apparent at all spinal levels examined, and represent the clearest case of laminar organization of the spinal gray of the pigeon. Layer V occupies the full extent of the neck of the dorsal horn at all segmental levels investigated. Also, the dorsal magnocellular column is situated in the central region of this layer from the rostral pole of the cervical enlargement through the lumbosacral enlargement, and arguments are advanced that this cell column is homologous to the column of Clarke. In the intermediate zone a Layer IV is defined, but it is apparent only at the enlargements. Layers VII-IX constitute the ventral horn, Layer IX being the motoneuronal cell groups. With the exception of the motoneuronal groups, the boundaries of the ventral horn layers are considerably less distinct than those of the dorsal horn, and no attempt is made to distinguish Layers VII and VIII at lumbosacral levels. At the enlargements there is a prominent lateral motoneuronal cell group consisting of large cells. It is generally concluded that the cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal gray of the pigeon bears a rather close resemblance to that described for various mammalian species, particularly with respect to the dorsal horn.", "PMID": 1165324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_868", "title": "Spinal terminal fields of dorsal root fibers in the pigeon (Columba livia).", "content": "This paper describes the spinal pattern of brachial and lumbosacral dorsal root terminations in the pigeon. These are presented within the framework of the cytoarchitectonic analysis of the preceding report (Leonard and Cohen, '75). At the level of dorsal root section and immediately adjacent sections dense terminal fields were evident throughout the ipsilateral dorsal horn (Layers I-V), including the substantia gelatinosa. However, degeneration in the substantia gelatinosa was prominent only with short survival times. There were mediolateral differences in the density of degenerating material in the dorsal horn, as well as variations between the patterns at the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements. The general pattern of degeneration in the dorsal horn extended approximately three segments rostral and two segments caudal to the level of root section, becoming progressively less dense with distance from the level of rhizotomy. An exception to this was degeneration in the dorsal magnocellular (Clarke's) column where, following section of either brachial or lumbosacral roots, degeneration could be traced into the thoracic spinal cord. However, these ascending and descending projections upon column at thoracic levels overlap minimally if at all. Degeneration was sparse in the intermediate zone and ventral horn (Layers VI-IX). It tended to concentrate centrally in Layer VI at the enlargements, and much of the degeneration ventral to this was interpreted as fibers en passage to the motoneuronal cell groups, Layer IX. Terminal fields in Layer IX were evident at both cervical and lumbosacral enlargements. They were largely restricted to the lateral motoneuronal cell group and were more prominent at cervical levels where degeneration was commonly observed around cell bodies and their proximal dendrites. As with the cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal gray in the pigeon, the terminal fields of brachial and lumbosacral dorsal root fibers appear to have a pattern similar to that reported in mammalian literature.", "contents": "Spinal terminal fields of dorsal root fibers in the pigeon (Columba livia). This paper describes the spinal pattern of brachial and lumbosacral dorsal root terminations in the pigeon. These are presented within the framework of the cytoarchitectonic analysis of the preceding report (Leonard and Cohen, '75). At the level of dorsal root section and immediately adjacent sections dense terminal fields were evident throughout the ipsilateral dorsal horn (Layers I-V), including the substantia gelatinosa. However, degeneration in the substantia gelatinosa was prominent only with short survival times. There were mediolateral differences in the density of degenerating material in the dorsal horn, as well as variations between the patterns at the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements. The general pattern of degeneration in the dorsal horn extended approximately three segments rostral and two segments caudal to the level of root section, becoming progressively less dense with distance from the level of rhizotomy. An exception to this was degeneration in the dorsal magnocellular (Clarke's) column where, following section of either brachial or lumbosacral roots, degeneration could be traced into the thoracic spinal cord. However, these ascending and descending projections upon column at thoracic levels overlap minimally if at all. Degeneration was sparse in the intermediate zone and ventral horn (Layers VI-IX). It tended to concentrate centrally in Layer VI at the enlargements, and much of the degeneration ventral to this was interpreted as fibers en passage to the motoneuronal cell groups, Layer IX. Terminal fields in Layer IX were evident at both cervical and lumbosacral enlargements. They were largely restricted to the lateral motoneuronal cell group and were more prominent at cervical levels where degeneration was commonly observed around cell bodies and their proximal dendrites. As with the cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal gray in the pigeon, the terminal fields of brachial and lumbosacral dorsal root fibers appear to have a pattern similar to that reported in mammalian literature.", "PMID": 1165325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_869", "title": "Teacher race, student race, and the Behavior Problem Checklist.", "content": "The ratings of 458 fourth- and fifth-grade boys were investigated to determine whether or not scores on the Behavior Problem Checklist vary systematically with teacher or student race. Analyses of the data for conduct problems, inadequacy-immaturity, and socialized delinquency indicated that white teachers demonstrate a strong tendency to rate black children as more deviant and white children as less deviant when contrasted with the ratings of black teachers. The ratings of black teachers were found not to vary with student race. No differences among any of the variables were found with regard to personality problems. Possible explanations for the results are discussed, along with implications for the use of the Behavior Problem Checklist in the field.", "contents": "Teacher race, student race, and the Behavior Problem Checklist. The ratings of 458 fourth- and fifth-grade boys were investigated to determine whether or not scores on the Behavior Problem Checklist vary systematically with teacher or student race. Analyses of the data for conduct problems, inadequacy-immaturity, and socialized delinquency indicated that white teachers demonstrate a strong tendency to rate black children as more deviant and white children as less deviant when contrasted with the ratings of black teachers. The ratings of black teachers were found not to vary with student race. No differences among any of the variables were found with regard to personality problems. Possible explanations for the results are discussed, along with implications for the use of the Behavior Problem Checklist in the field.", "PMID": 1165332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_870", "title": "The effect of a teacher's presence on the classroom behavior of conduct-problem children.", "content": "Six institutionalized conduct-problem children performed in a classroom under three reinforcement conditions: (1) noncontingent reinforcement: (2) reinforcement for being on task and (3) reinforcement for the accuracy and rate fo their academic behavior. Within each of these conditions, the teacher was either present throughout the class session or absent for a portion of the session. In the teacher's absence, on-task behavior was markedly reduced and disruption was markedly increased, regardless of the reinforcement condition in operation. In contrast, the teacher's absence had no effect on academic accuracy and had a major effect on academic rate only when reinforcement was delivered noncontingently. Furthermore, the extent to which the children became disruptive in the teacher's absence was reduced when reinforcement was contingent upon academic accuracy and rate, instead of being contingent upon being on task or delivered noncontingently. It is suggested that the reinforcement of academic behavior, rather than on-task behavior or classroom social behavior, not only will improve the latter behaviors as well, but possibly also make them less dependent upon the presence and continued surveillance of the teacher.", "contents": "The effect of a teacher's presence on the classroom behavior of conduct-problem children. Six institutionalized conduct-problem children performed in a classroom under three reinforcement conditions: (1) noncontingent reinforcement: (2) reinforcement for being on task and (3) reinforcement for the accuracy and rate fo their academic behavior. Within each of these conditions, the teacher was either present throughout the class session or absent for a portion of the session. In the teacher's absence, on-task behavior was markedly reduced and disruption was markedly increased, regardless of the reinforcement condition in operation. In contrast, the teacher's absence had no effect on academic accuracy and had a major effect on academic rate only when reinforcement was delivered noncontingently. Furthermore, the extent to which the children became disruptive in the teacher's absence was reduced when reinforcement was contingent upon academic accuracy and rate, instead of being contingent upon being on task or delivered noncontingently. It is suggested that the reinforcement of academic behavior, rather than on-task behavior or classroom social behavior, not only will improve the latter behaviors as well, but possibly also make them less dependent upon the presence and continued surveillance of the teacher.", "PMID": 1165333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_871", "title": "An analysis of children's oppositional behavior.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between children's oppositional behavior and the following two variables: number of commands issued and time from command presentation. Twenty-four five-year-old children and their mothers served as subjects. The results indicated an increase in oppositional behavior as the number of commands increased. Furthermore, most oppositional behavior occurred immediately following the presentation of a command.", "contents": "An analysis of children's oppositional behavior. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between children's oppositional behavior and the following two variables: number of commands issued and time from command presentation. Twenty-four five-year-old children and their mothers served as subjects. The results indicated an increase in oppositional behavior as the number of commands increased. Furthermore, most oppositional behavior occurred immediately following the presentation of a command.", "PMID": 1165334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_872", "title": "Psychological correlates of the course of Sydenham's chorea. Repeat evaluations of a case.", "content": "Published reports provide contradictory evidence concerning the cause, nature, and course of Syndeham's chorea: physiological, psychological, and interractional hypotheses have been advanced. Reports supporting any of these views suffer from lack of detail, objective observations, and/or longitudinal behavioral sampling. This case was studied longitudinally with numerous psychological tests. They revealed acute encephalopathy and severe personality disturbance in the acute stage, followed by rapid and lasting clearing of both symptoms. Thus, this case provided evidence consistent with virtually all published reports and with each hypothesis about Sydenham's chorea, suggesting the need for more careful longitudinal studies and a conceptual framework which can more fully embrace all the data.", "contents": "Psychological correlates of the course of Sydenham's chorea. Repeat evaluations of a case. Published reports provide contradictory evidence concerning the cause, nature, and course of Syndeham's chorea: physiological, psychological, and interractional hypotheses have been advanced. Reports supporting any of these views suffer from lack of detail, objective observations, and/or longitudinal behavioral sampling. This case was studied longitudinally with numerous psychological tests. They revealed acute encephalopathy and severe personality disturbance in the acute stage, followed by rapid and lasting clearing of both symptoms. Thus, this case provided evidence consistent with virtually all published reports and with each hypothesis about Sydenham's chorea, suggesting the need for more careful longitudinal studies and a conceptual framework which can more fully embrace all the data.", "PMID": 1165335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_873", "title": "Are children reliable reporters?", "content": "Fifty children, ranging in age from 6 to 16 years, and their mothers were interviewed using the same structured interview, which in its content follows the usual psychiatric examination of a child. Their answers were compared and it was found that there was an 80% average agreement on all questions. The agreement (between child and parent) was highest on questions relating to factual information (84%) and the agreement (between child's interviewer and parent) was lowest in the section dealing with mental status (69%). Girls were more reliable informants than boys.", "contents": "Are children reliable reporters? Fifty children, ranging in age from 6 to 16 years, and their mothers were interviewed using the same structured interview, which in its content follows the usual psychiatric examination of a child. Their answers were compared and it was found that there was an 80% average agreement on all questions. The agreement (between child and parent) was highest on questions relating to factual information (84%) and the agreement (between child's interviewer and parent) was lowest in the section dealing with mental status (69%). Girls were more reliable informants than boys.", "PMID": 1165336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_874", "title": "Modification of an impulsive cognitive tempo in emotionally disturbed boys.", "content": "In order to determine the relative effectiveness of verbal self-instructions and training to delay before responding in modifying an impulsive cognitive style, 15 impulsive emotionally disturbed boys were assigned to one of three groups. The cognitive-training group was given practice in verbal self-instructions, the delay-training group received practice in delaying before responding, and the control group received no training. Posttreatment scores on the Matching Familiar Figures Test showed a significant increase in latencies for both the cognitive and delay-training groups. However, only the cognitive-training group, which had received practice in verbal self-instructions, made fewer errors following training. Implications for future research and potential treatment strategies for verbal self-instructions are discussed.", "contents": "Modification of an impulsive cognitive tempo in emotionally disturbed boys. In order to determine the relative effectiveness of verbal self-instructions and training to delay before responding in modifying an impulsive cognitive style, 15 impulsive emotionally disturbed boys were assigned to one of three groups. The cognitive-training group was given practice in verbal self-instructions, the delay-training group received practice in delaying before responding, and the control group received no training. Posttreatment scores on the Matching Familiar Figures Test showed a significant increase in latencies for both the cognitive and delay-training groups. However, only the cognitive-training group, which had received practice in verbal self-instructions, made fewer errors following training. Implications for future research and potential treatment strategies for verbal self-instructions are discussed.", "PMID": 1165337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_875", "title": "Effects of immediacy of feedback and level of aspiration statements on learning tasks for delinquent youngsters.", "content": "The performance of institutionalized delinquent youngsters on paired associate learning tasks was investigated to determine whether level of aspiration (LOA) statements were associated with improved performance under varying feedback conditions. The effects of the feedback conditions were also examined. Forty-eight male adolescents were randomly assigned to the following six treatment conditions: (1) Delayed Feedback, (2) Delayed Feedback with LOA, (3) Immediate Feedback, (4) Immediate Feedback with LOA, (5) No Feedback, (6) No Feedback with LOA. The LOA conditions produced significantly better performance than did the no-LOA conditions. Implications for curricular intervention are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of immediacy of feedback and level of aspiration statements on learning tasks for delinquent youngsters. The performance of institutionalized delinquent youngsters on paired associate learning tasks was investigated to determine whether level of aspiration (LOA) statements were associated with improved performance under varying feedback conditions. The effects of the feedback conditions were also examined. Forty-eight male adolescents were randomly assigned to the following six treatment conditions: (1) Delayed Feedback, (2) Delayed Feedback with LOA, (3) Immediate Feedback, (4) Immediate Feedback with LOA, (5) No Feedback, (6) No Feedback with LOA. The LOA conditions produced significantly better performance than did the no-LOA conditions. Implications for curricular intervention are discussed.", "PMID": 1165338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_876", "title": "The social play of two behaviorally disordered preschool children during four activities. A multiple baseline study.", "content": "The effect of contingent teacher attention on the social play of two behaviorally disordered preschool children was investigated. Using a multiple baseline design with reversal conditions, social play was measured on four activities: pegs and pegboard, athletic ball, blocks, and water pail. Baseline data indicated considerable variability in the amount of social play across the four activities. The initiation of the experimental contingency produced a dramatic increase in percentage of time in which the subjects engaged in social play. The implications of these results for the remediation of isolate behavior in young children with multiple behavioral deficits are discussed.", "contents": "The social play of two behaviorally disordered preschool children during four activities. A multiple baseline study. The effect of contingent teacher attention on the social play of two behaviorally disordered preschool children was investigated. Using a multiple baseline design with reversal conditions, social play was measured on four activities: pegs and pegboard, athletic ball, blocks, and water pail. Baseline data indicated considerable variability in the amount of social play across the four activities. The initiation of the experimental contingency produced a dramatic increase in percentage of time in which the subjects engaged in social play. The implications of these results for the remediation of isolate behavior in young children with multiple behavioral deficits are discussed.", "PMID": 1165339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_877", "title": "Discriminators of clinically defined emotional maladjustment. Predictive validity of the Behavior Problem Checklist and Devereux scales.", "content": "From a population of 130 boys between 7 and 14 years of age who had been clinically diagnosed as aggressive, hyperactive, or withdrawn, 32, 31, and 32 Ss, respectively, were randomly selected. All Ss were rated on the Behavior Problem Checklist (BPC) and the Devereux Elementary School Behavior rating scales (DESB) during the 1971-72 academic year. A descriptive intercorrelation matrix was generated for the 4 BPC scales and the 14 DESB scales. Three stepwise discriminant analyses were run: (a) BPC scales only, (b) DESB scales only, and (c) BPC and DESB scales combined. In terms of statistical and practical considerations, the four BPC subscales by themselves attained the optimal predictive accuracy (65%, or 62 of 95 children correctly identified).", "contents": "Discriminators of clinically defined emotional maladjustment. Predictive validity of the Behavior Problem Checklist and Devereux scales. From a population of 130 boys between 7 and 14 years of age who had been clinically diagnosed as aggressive, hyperactive, or withdrawn, 32, 31, and 32 Ss, respectively, were randomly selected. All Ss were rated on the Behavior Problem Checklist (BPC) and the Devereux Elementary School Behavior rating scales (DESB) during the 1971-72 academic year. A descriptive intercorrelation matrix was generated for the 4 BPC scales and the 14 DESB scales. Three stepwise discriminant analyses were run: (a) BPC scales only, (b) DESB scales only, and (c) BPC and DESB scales combined. In terms of statistical and practical considerations, the four BPC subscales by themselves attained the optimal predictive accuracy (65%, or 62 of 95 children correctly identified).", "PMID": 1165340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_878", "title": "Distractibility and hypersensitivity. Two behavior factors in elementary school children.", "content": "The present paper reports on the development of a modified problem checklist for use in normal samples of elementary school children. The two factors, Hypersensitivity and Distractibility, replicated over male and female samples. Hypersensitivity showed a significant grade effect, with a decrease between the first and second grade for both boys and girls. In contrast, boys scored higher than girls on Distractibility and there were no grade differences. Convergent validitiy data from peer judgments, in-class activity level, physical fitness measures, standardized achievement scores, and a comparison with another teacher judgment are presented. In addition, three Behavioral Problem Checklist (Quay & Peterson, 1967) dimensions, Conduct Problem, Personality Problem, and Inadequacy--Immaturity, were developed and their relationships to the independent measures, as well as to the new dimensions, are presented. The pattern of correlations of Distractibility was quite similar for boys and girls, with both being rated as Mean-Noisy by their peers. The findings for Hypersensitivity were somewhat weaker. Distractibility and Conduct Problem scores reflected a similar pattern of correlations with other variables; in a like manner, Hypersensitivity and Personality Problem scores reflected a similar pattern of correlations with other variables. Distractibility was related to an increased activity level and Hypersensitivity was related to a decreased activity level in young boys. The total number of behavior problems was related to a decrease in activity level for young girls. Older Distractible and Hypersensitive girls showed different patterns of activity level. It is proposed that problem behavior is more complex for older children and that Distractibility may be less influenced by the usual socialization process of school than is Hypersensitivity and may have some congenital antecedents.", "contents": "Distractibility and hypersensitivity. Two behavior factors in elementary school children. The present paper reports on the development of a modified problem checklist for use in normal samples of elementary school children. The two factors, Hypersensitivity and Distractibility, replicated over male and female samples. Hypersensitivity showed a significant grade effect, with a decrease between the first and second grade for both boys and girls. In contrast, boys scored higher than girls on Distractibility and there were no grade differences. Convergent validitiy data from peer judgments, in-class activity level, physical fitness measures, standardized achievement scores, and a comparison with another teacher judgment are presented. In addition, three Behavioral Problem Checklist (Quay & Peterson, 1967) dimensions, Conduct Problem, Personality Problem, and Inadequacy--Immaturity, were developed and their relationships to the independent measures, as well as to the new dimensions, are presented. The pattern of correlations of Distractibility was quite similar for boys and girls, with both being rated as Mean-Noisy by their peers. The findings for Hypersensitivity were somewhat weaker. Distractibility and Conduct Problem scores reflected a similar pattern of correlations with other variables; in a like manner, Hypersensitivity and Personality Problem scores reflected a similar pattern of correlations with other variables. Distractibility was related to an increased activity level and Hypersensitivity was related to a decreased activity level in young boys. The total number of behavior problems was related to a decrease in activity level for young girls. Older Distractible and Hypersensitive girls showed different patterns of activity level. It is proposed that problem behavior is more complex for older children and that Distractibility may be less influenced by the usual socialization process of school than is Hypersensitivity and may have some congenital antecedents.", "PMID": 1165341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_879", "title": "Population genetics of Mexican Drosophila. I. Chromosomal variation in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura from Central Mexico.", "content": "Drosophila pseudoobscura populations of Central Mexico are chromosomally highly polymorphic. Five gene arangements in the third chromosome are endemic, including the two newly described in the present article. The phylogenetic tree of the gene arrangements known in the species is shown in Figure 1. The ones found in Central Mexico all belong to the Santa Cruz \"phylad\", while in the northern part of the species area both Santa Cruz and Standard phylads are widespread. Some inferences concerning the evolutionary history of the species are presented.", "contents": "Population genetics of Mexican Drosophila. I. Chromosomal variation in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura from Central Mexico. Drosophila pseudoobscura populations of Central Mexico are chromosomally highly polymorphic. Five gene arangements in the third chromosome are endemic, including the two newly described in the present article. The phylogenetic tree of the gene arrangements known in the species is shown in Figure 1. The ones found in Central Mexico all belong to the Santa Cruz \"phylad\", while in the northern part of the species area both Santa Cruz and Standard phylads are widespread. Some inferences concerning the evolutionary history of the species are presented.", "PMID": 1165399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_880", "title": "DNA homologies among Drosophila species and a related genus.", "content": "Deoxyribonucleic acids of members of the family Drosophilidae; e.g., D. melanogaster, D. robusta, D. pellewae, D, immigrans, D. mcclintockae, D. calloptera, C. procnemis and from a tissue culture cells of D. melanogaster have been compared with respect to base composition, heterogenecity, and nucleotide sequence homology. Considerable heterogeneity exists in DNA's from 3rd instar larvae and tissue culture cells. The DNA base composition of adult species ranges from 33-42 moles percent GC; in addition a polydAT component is apparent in larval DNA's. There are about 21 and 29 percent intragenomic homology in DNA's of D. melanogaster and D. immigrans, respectively. Relatively large differences were revealed in the nucleotide sequences of several species by DNA hybridization and thermal stability studies.", "contents": "DNA homologies among Drosophila species and a related genus. Deoxyribonucleic acids of members of the family Drosophilidae; e.g., D. melanogaster, D. robusta, D. pellewae, D, immigrans, D. mcclintockae, D. calloptera, C. procnemis and from a tissue culture cells of D. melanogaster have been compared with respect to base composition, heterogenecity, and nucleotide sequence homology. Considerable heterogeneity exists in DNA's from 3rd instar larvae and tissue culture cells. The DNA base composition of adult species ranges from 33-42 moles percent GC; in addition a polydAT component is apparent in larval DNA's. There are about 21 and 29 percent intragenomic homology in DNA's of D. melanogaster and D. immigrans, respectively. Relatively large differences were revealed in the nucleotide sequences of several species by DNA hybridization and thermal stability studies.", "PMID": 1165401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_881", "title": "Cortex weight: a genetic analysis in the mouse.", "content": "Differences in forebrain weight, forebrain weight/body weight ratios, and body weight were examined for the RI strains, their progenitor strains, and reciprocal F1 hybrids. The experiment was done in two widely separated laboratories with identical procedures for feeding, watering, and removal of brain tissue. The resulting strain distribution patterns suggested the influence of two or more loci in each laboratory. However, brain weights differed in the two laboratories. Some of the strains examined exhibited increased weights for the variables under consideration, while others exhibited decreased weights or no change at all. Implications for generalizations drawn from observations obtained in any single laboratory were discussed.", "contents": "Cortex weight: a genetic analysis in the mouse. Differences in forebrain weight, forebrain weight/body weight ratios, and body weight were examined for the RI strains, their progenitor strains, and reciprocal F1 hybrids. The experiment was done in two widely separated laboratories with identical procedures for feeding, watering, and removal of brain tissue. The resulting strain distribution patterns suggested the influence of two or more loci in each laboratory. However, brain weights differed in the two laboratories. Some of the strains examined exhibited increased weights for the variables under consideration, while others exhibited decreased weights or no change at all. Implications for generalizations drawn from observations obtained in any single laboratory were discussed.", "PMID": 1165400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_882", "title": "Polymorphisms and inheritance patterns of tetrazolium oxidase and octanol dehydrogenase in the house fly.", "content": "Zymogram analyses suggested the existence of two autosomal codominant alleles each at loci controlling the production of tetrazolium oxidase (To1) and octanol dehydrogenase (Odh1) in Texas house flies; an additional variant of the To1 locus was detected in a population from South Dakota. The allozymes of both systems may be dimeric as indicated by the presence of possible heteropolymers in flies heterozygous for To1 and Odh1 allels. Apparent nonsegregating isozymes of To and Odh (To2 and Odh2) were also noted in the zymograms of Texas flies. Some banding forms in the Odh gels could not be interpreted genetically.", "contents": "Polymorphisms and inheritance patterns of tetrazolium oxidase and octanol dehydrogenase in the house fly. Zymogram analyses suggested the existence of two autosomal codominant alleles each at loci controlling the production of tetrazolium oxidase (To1) and octanol dehydrogenase (Odh1) in Texas house flies; an additional variant of the To1 locus was detected in a population from South Dakota. The allozymes of both systems may be dimeric as indicated by the presence of possible heteropolymers in flies heterozygous for To1 and Odh1 allels. Apparent nonsegregating isozymes of To and Odh (To2 and Odh2) were also noted in the zymograms of Texas flies. Some banding forms in the Odh gels could not be interpreted genetically.", "PMID": 1165402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_883", "title": "Further studies on the afferent path of the milk-ejection reflex in the brain stem of the rabbit.", "content": "When the afferent pathway of the milk-ejection reflex, which we had previously reported, was surgically severed bilaterally in the mid-brain of the lactating rabbit, the reflex release of oxytocin in response to suckling was blocked for up to 11 days; unilateral severance did not block the reflex. The position and discrete nature of the pathway were also further substained by electrical stimulation experiments in acute studies in the anaesthetized rabbit. Some animals, however, did not release oxytocin in response to stimulation of the pathway. Furthermore, whereas stimulation of this reflex pathway in the guinea-pig brain at intervals of a few minutes evokes release of oxytocin after each stimulation, in the present study the release of oxytocin in the rabbit in response to repeated electrical stimulation was either progressively attenuated or did not occur at all after the initial release. There appears, therefore, to be a powerful overriding central inhibitory mechanism in the rabbit which can prevent release of oxytocin, even when the appropriate stimulus for release is applied.", "contents": "Further studies on the afferent path of the milk-ejection reflex in the brain stem of the rabbit. When the afferent pathway of the milk-ejection reflex, which we had previously reported, was surgically severed bilaterally in the mid-brain of the lactating rabbit, the reflex release of oxytocin in response to suckling was blocked for up to 11 days; unilateral severance did not block the reflex. The position and discrete nature of the pathway were also further substained by electrical stimulation experiments in acute studies in the anaesthetized rabbit. Some animals, however, did not release oxytocin in response to stimulation of the pathway. Furthermore, whereas stimulation of this reflex pathway in the guinea-pig brain at intervals of a few minutes evokes release of oxytocin after each stimulation, in the present study the release of oxytocin in the rabbit in response to repeated electrical stimulation was either progressively attenuated or did not occur at all after the initial release. There appears, therefore, to be a powerful overriding central inhibitory mechanism in the rabbit which can prevent release of oxytocin, even when the appropriate stimulus for release is applied.", "PMID": 1165431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_884", "title": "Effects of lesions of the pituitary stalk on lactation in the rabbit.", "content": "The daily milk yields and the yields of fat, lactose and protein in milk were studied in New Zealand White rabbits in which the pituitary stalk and its portal vessels had been interrupted by a radiofrequency lesion placed during the second or third weeks of lactation. In comparison with yields from control rabbits i.e. animals in which the lesion did not completely interrupt the stalk, the yields of milk anf of milk constituents were depressed after interruption of the stalk on day 11 or day 15 of lactation. When the lesion was placed on day 19 of lactation the molk yield was depressed whether or not the stalk was completely disrupted; the decline in yield exaggerated the normal decline of yield that occurs at this stage of lactation. After interruption of the pituitary stalk changes in milk composition were associated with changes in milk production, not evidence being obtained to support anearlier suggestion that section of the pituitary stalk in the rabbit alters the milk compostion whilst leaving milk output unaffected.", "contents": "Effects of lesions of the pituitary stalk on lactation in the rabbit. The daily milk yields and the yields of fat, lactose and protein in milk were studied in New Zealand White rabbits in which the pituitary stalk and its portal vessels had been interrupted by a radiofrequency lesion placed during the second or third weeks of lactation. In comparison with yields from control rabbits i.e. animals in which the lesion did not completely interrupt the stalk, the yields of milk anf of milk constituents were depressed after interruption of the stalk on day 11 or day 15 of lactation. When the lesion was placed on day 19 of lactation the molk yield was depressed whether or not the stalk was completely disrupted; the decline in yield exaggerated the normal decline of yield that occurs at this stage of lactation. After interruption of the pituitary stalk changes in milk composition were associated with changes in milk production, not evidence being obtained to support anearlier suggestion that section of the pituitary stalk in the rabbit alters the milk compostion whilst leaving milk output unaffected.", "PMID": 1165432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_885", "title": "Inhibitory effect of progesterone on the lactogenic and abortive action of prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "The effect of ovariectomy, progesterone and prolactin treatment on the action of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) was determined in pregnant rats. PGF2alpha (150 mug times 2) injected i.p. on day 1. or 18 of pregnancy induced lactogenesis about 25 h later and abortion on days 20 and 21 of pregnancy. Treatment with PGF2alpha (100 mug times 2 or 50 mug times 2) on day 19 induced lactogenesis around 22 or 38 h later, respectively, and abortion on day 21. PHF2alpha treatment on day 17 was less effective. Unilateral ovariectomy on day 17 of pregnancy induced lactogenesis 32 h later but not abortion. PGF2alpha (150 mug times 2) given on the day of surgery advanced lactogenesis 12 h and rats aborted on day 19. Bilateral overiectomy on day 17 induced abortion between days 20 to 21, but if a single dose of PGF2alpha (300 mug) was injected on day 18. all the ovariectomized rats aborted on day 19. Progesterone (10 mg) injected into rats treated with PGF2alpha (150 mug times 2) on day 18, prevented abortion and delayed lactogenesis. Prolactin (1 mg times 4) treatment delayed only abortion. Serum prolactin levels were significantly higher 12 h after the last dose of PGF2alpha (150 mug times 2) in rats treated on days 17, 18 or 19 of pregnancy. Pretreatment with progesterone prevented the rise in prolactin concentration. These result suggest that the lactogenic and abortive action of PGF2alpha may be dependent on the uterine and plasma concentration of progesterone.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of progesterone on the lactogenic and abortive action of prostaglandin F2alpha. The effect of ovariectomy, progesterone and prolactin treatment on the action of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) was determined in pregnant rats. PGF2alpha (150 mug times 2) injected i.p. on day 1. or 18 of pregnancy induced lactogenesis about 25 h later and abortion on days 20 and 21 of pregnancy. Treatment with PGF2alpha (100 mug times 2 or 50 mug times 2) on day 19 induced lactogenesis around 22 or 38 h later, respectively, and abortion on day 21. PHF2alpha treatment on day 17 was less effective. Unilateral ovariectomy on day 17 of pregnancy induced lactogenesis 32 h later but not abortion. PGF2alpha (150 mug times 2) given on the day of surgery advanced lactogenesis 12 h and rats aborted on day 19. Bilateral overiectomy on day 17 induced abortion between days 20 to 21, but if a single dose of PGF2alpha (300 mug) was injected on day 18. all the ovariectomized rats aborted on day 19. Progesterone (10 mg) injected into rats treated with PGF2alpha (150 mug times 2) on day 18, prevented abortion and delayed lactogenesis. Prolactin (1 mg times 4) treatment delayed only abortion. Serum prolactin levels were significantly higher 12 h after the last dose of PGF2alpha (150 mug times 2) in rats treated on days 17, 18 or 19 of pregnancy. Pretreatment with progesterone prevented the rise in prolactin concentration. These result suggest that the lactogenic and abortive action of PGF2alpha may be dependent on the uterine and plasma concentration of progesterone.", "PMID": 1165437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_886", "title": "Effect of thyroidectomy on the activity of alpha-glucosidases and acid hydrolases in the small intestine of rats during weaning.", "content": "Adrenalectomy performed on 14-day-old rats delayed the usual increase of sucrase and maltase activity as well as the decrease of acid beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuroindase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity during the third postnatal week. Since these changes were only delayed, the role of the thyroid was explored. Thyroidectomy performed simultaneously with adrenalectomy on 14-day-old rats did not influence the increase in body weight and growth of the small intestine (already slowed down by adrenalectomy), but caused a further substantial delay in the maturation of  the enzyme profile of the small intestine. Our results indicate that the thyroid is involved in regulation of the hydrolases studied.", "contents": "Effect of thyroidectomy on the activity of alpha-glucosidases and acid hydrolases in the small intestine of rats during weaning. Adrenalectomy performed on 14-day-old rats delayed the usual increase of sucrase and maltase activity as well as the decrease of acid beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuroindase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity during the third postnatal week. Since these changes were only delayed, the role of the thyroid was explored. Thyroidectomy performed simultaneously with adrenalectomy on 14-day-old rats did not influence the increase in body weight and growth of the small intestine (already slowed down by adrenalectomy), but caused a further substantial delay in the maturation of  the enzyme profile of the small intestine. Our results indicate that the thyroid is involved in regulation of the hydrolases studied.", "PMID": 1165438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_887", "title": "Calcitonin production by rat thyroid tumours.", "content": "Immunolocalization techniques have been used to study 16 rat thyroids containing C cell tumours and ten rat thyroids in which no tumours or hyperplasias were found. All rats in these groups were at least 2 years old. An indirect ('sandwich') technique was used which involved rabbit or goat anti-human calcitonin antiserum and either fluorescein or peroxidase-labelled anti-rabbit or anti-goat IgG. Plasma calcitonin levels were measured in these animals and ina further group of ten young normal rats by means of an immunoradiometric assay using goat antiserum against synthetic human calcitonin. Both normal C cells and C cell tumours showed either apple-green fluorescence or positive peroxidase staining. The intensity of staining in the tumours vaired from one cell to another but was ingeneral less than that found for normal C cells. Calcitonin in the blood was detectable in most animals. The mean concentration found in young normal animals was 265 pg/ml (range less than 100-600 pg/ml), in old normal animals 160 pg/ml (range less than 100-400 pg/ml) and in rats with small C cell tumours 470 pg/ml (range 100-1200 pg/ml). The mean concentration in this latter group differed significantly from those of both normal groups (P less than 0-05). One animal with an invasive C cell tumour had a greatly increased calcitonin concentration (greater than 5 ng/ml) in the circulation. The results showed that calcitonin was present in normal rat C cells and that C cell tumours both contained and secreted calcitonin, underlining the similarity between these tumours and human medullary carcinomata.", "contents": "Calcitonin production by rat thyroid tumours. Immunolocalization techniques have been used to study 16 rat thyroids containing C cell tumours and ten rat thyroids in which no tumours or hyperplasias were found. All rats in these groups were at least 2 years old. An indirect ('sandwich') technique was used which involved rabbit or goat anti-human calcitonin antiserum and either fluorescein or peroxidase-labelled anti-rabbit or anti-goat IgG. Plasma calcitonin levels were measured in these animals and ina further group of ten young normal rats by means of an immunoradiometric assay using goat antiserum against synthetic human calcitonin. Both normal C cells and C cell tumours showed either apple-green fluorescence or positive peroxidase staining. The intensity of staining in the tumours vaired from one cell to another but was ingeneral less than that found for normal C cells. Calcitonin in the blood was detectable in most animals. The mean concentration found in young normal animals was 265 pg/ml (range less than 100-600 pg/ml), in old normal animals 160 pg/ml (range less than 100-400 pg/ml) and in rats with small C cell tumours 470 pg/ml (range 100-1200 pg/ml). The mean concentration in this latter group differed significantly from those of both normal groups (P less than 0-05). One animal with an invasive C cell tumour had a greatly increased calcitonin concentration (greater than 5 ng/ml) in the circulation. The results showed that calcitonin was present in normal rat C cells and that C cell tumours both contained and secreted calcitonin, underlining the similarity between these tumours and human medullary carcinomata.", "PMID": 1165439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_888", "title": "Effects of castration and gonadal steroids on serum luteinizing hormone and prolactin in old and young rats.", "content": "Changes in serum LH and prolactin concentrations in response to bilateral gonadectomy and gonadal steroid replacement were measured in mature young (4-6 months) and old (23-30 months) female and male Long-Evans rats. On day 13 after gonadectomy, female rats were injected with oestradiol benzoate (OB) and male rats with testosterone propionate (TP) for a period of 12 days. They were then permitted a recovery period of 6 weeks. Serum prolactin and LH concentrations were measured by radioimmunassay in single blood samples taken at various intervals before and after gonadectomy and during and after steroid treatment. Serum LH levels were about the same in intact young old female rats, but after ovariectomy LH rose several fold higher in young than in old remale rats. In male rats, after orchidetomy the increase in serum LH was greater in young than in old rats. Oestradiol benzoate and TP injections into female and male young and old rats produced variable effects on LH release. Serum prolactin concentrations were approximately six times higher in old intact than in young intact female rats, and after ovariectomy showed a much greater percentage reduction in old than in young female rats. Administration OB produced a greater absolute increase in serum prolactin in old than in young female rats. Serum prolactin values were about the same in old and young male rats, and the effects of castration and TP administration on serum prolactin  were not markedly different in the two age groups. These results indicate that old female and male rats are less capable of releasing LH than young rats of both sexes, but old females release more prolactin than young females.", "contents": "Effects of castration and gonadal steroids on serum luteinizing hormone and prolactin in old and young rats. Changes in serum LH and prolactin concentrations in response to bilateral gonadectomy and gonadal steroid replacement were measured in mature young (4-6 months) and old (23-30 months) female and male Long-Evans rats. On day 13 after gonadectomy, female rats were injected with oestradiol benzoate (OB) and male rats with testosterone propionate (TP) for a period of 12 days. They were then permitted a recovery period of 6 weeks. Serum prolactin and LH concentrations were measured by radioimmunassay in single blood samples taken at various intervals before and after gonadectomy and during and after steroid treatment. Serum LH levels were about the same in intact young old female rats, but after ovariectomy LH rose several fold higher in young than in old remale rats. In male rats, after orchidetomy the increase in serum LH was greater in young than in old rats. Oestradiol benzoate and TP injections into female and male young and old rats produced variable effects on LH release. Serum prolactin concentrations were approximately six times higher in old intact than in young intact female rats, and after ovariectomy showed a much greater percentage reduction in old than in young female rats. Administration OB produced a greater absolute increase in serum prolactin in old than in young female rats. Serum prolactin values were about the same in old and young male rats, and the effects of castration and TP administration on serum prolactin  were not markedly different in the two age groups. These results indicate that old female and male rats are less capable of releasing LH than young rats of both sexes, but old females release more prolactin than young females.", "PMID": 1165440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_889", "title": "Response of isoalted rabbit articular and epiphyseal chondrocytes to rat liver somatomedin.", "content": "Isolated rat liver, when perfused with medium containing bovine growth homone produced somatomedin-like activity (liver somatomedin). Liver somatomedin is useful in studies of the hormonal control of the cartilage plate in vitro, since unlike serum it is not contaminated with other hormones or growth factors (apart from growth hormone). Chondrocytes isolated from various regions of the growth cartiage responded differently to liver s-omatomedin; proliferative chondrocytes, like those isolated from the articular cartilage, showed increased [3H]thymidine uptake in response to liver somatomedin, whereas hypertrophic chondrocytes did not respond. It is suggested that there is a reduction in the response to somatomedin by growth plate chondrocytes as they pass from the proliferative to the hypertrophic state. Thyroxine, thought to be involved in thr processes of hypertrophy and new bone formation, did not directly affect [3H]thymidine uptake by proliferative chondrocytes, but inhibited stimulation of both their activity by liver somatomedin. Mesurement of [3H]thymidine uptake by isolated articular chondrocytes may provide a useful assay for both liver and serum somatomedin. The graded response of chondrocytes to increasing concentrations of liver somatomedin paralleled the response to increasing levels of serum somatomedin.", "contents": "Response of isoalted rabbit articular and epiphyseal chondrocytes to rat liver somatomedin. Isolated rat liver, when perfused with medium containing bovine growth homone produced somatomedin-like activity (liver somatomedin). Liver somatomedin is useful in studies of the hormonal control of the cartilage plate in vitro, since unlike serum it is not contaminated with other hormones or growth factors (apart from growth hormone). Chondrocytes isolated from various regions of the growth cartiage responded differently to liver s-omatomedin; proliferative chondrocytes, like those isolated from the articular cartilage, showed increased [3H]thymidine uptake in response to liver somatomedin, whereas hypertrophic chondrocytes did not respond. It is suggested that there is a reduction in the response to somatomedin by growth plate chondrocytes as they pass from the proliferative to the hypertrophic state. Thyroxine, thought to be involved in thr processes of hypertrophy and new bone formation, did not directly affect [3H]thymidine uptake by proliferative chondrocytes, but inhibited stimulation of both their activity by liver somatomedin. Mesurement of [3H]thymidine uptake by isolated articular chondrocytes may provide a useful assay for both liver and serum somatomedin. The graded response of chondrocytes to increasing concentrations of liver somatomedin paralleled the response to increasing levels of serum somatomedin.", "PMID": 1165441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_890", "title": "Androgenization: alterations in the mechansim of oestrogen action.", "content": "Total nuclear uptake of oestradiol, specific nuclear binding of oestradiol and oestrogen-induced proteins were studied in the uterus of femal Sprague-Dawley rats injected on postnatal day 3 with sesame oil or with 1-25 mg of testosterone propionate in sesame oil (androgenization). Total uptake of radioactivity was lower than normal in nuclei from uterine homogenates of androgenized females but was increased by the addition of excess cytosol from normal uterus. These data suggest that androgenization increases the uterine cytosol proteins which inhibit translocation of oestradiol to the cellnucleus. Androgenization also reduced specific (5 S) nuclear binding of oestradiol and the formation of estrogen-induced proteins.", "contents": "Androgenization: alterations in the mechansim of oestrogen action. Total nuclear uptake of oestradiol, specific nuclear binding of oestradiol and oestrogen-induced proteins were studied in the uterus of femal Sprague-Dawley rats injected on postnatal day 3 with sesame oil or with 1-25 mg of testosterone propionate in sesame oil (androgenization). Total uptake of radioactivity was lower than normal in nuclei from uterine homogenates of androgenized females but was increased by the addition of excess cytosol from normal uterus. These data suggest that androgenization increases the uterine cytosol proteins which inhibit translocation of oestradiol to the cellnucleus. Androgenization also reduced specific (5 S) nuclear binding of oestradiol and the formation of estrogen-induced proteins.", "PMID": 1165442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_891", "title": "Effect of intravenous and intracarotid injections of hypertonic fluids on the release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone from the rat posterior pituitary lobe incubated in situ.", "content": "The posterior pituitary lobe of male rats under urethane anaesthesia was incubated in situ. The pituitary gland was exposed by thr transpharyngeal apprach. The posterior lobe remained in neural and partial vascular connexion with the hypothalamus, whereas the anterior lobe was entirely remobed. Incubation fluid was collected and its melanophore-stimulating activity was assayed in hypophysectomized frogs. No effect was observed after the i.v. injection of 1 ml 120 muM-NaC1 with 60 muM-CaC12 or isotonic NcC1 solution. Hypertonic solutions of 5% NaC1 and 25% glucose injected intravenously to the limit of 0-5% of the body weight, transiently enhanced the release of MSH from the posterior pituitary lobe by 66% (significant) and 15% (not significant) respectively. Intracarotid injection of 0-3 ml 5% NaC1 solution resulted in the highest increase (95%) of MSH release.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous and intracarotid injections of hypertonic fluids on the release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone from the rat posterior pituitary lobe incubated in situ. The posterior pituitary lobe of male rats under urethane anaesthesia was incubated in situ. The pituitary gland was exposed by thr transpharyngeal apprach. The posterior lobe remained in neural and partial vascular connexion with the hypothalamus, whereas the anterior lobe was entirely remobed. Incubation fluid was collected and its melanophore-stimulating activity was assayed in hypophysectomized frogs. No effect was observed after the i.v. injection of 1 ml 120 muM-NaC1 with 60 muM-CaC12 or isotonic NcC1 solution. Hypertonic solutions of 5% NaC1 and 25% glucose injected intravenously to the limit of 0-5% of the body weight, transiently enhanced the release of MSH from the posterior pituitary lobe by 66% (significant) and 15% (not significant) respectively. Intracarotid injection of 0-3 ml 5% NaC1 solution resulted in the highest increase (95%) of MSH release.", "PMID": 1165443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_892", "title": "Effects of acute and chronic stress on plasma corticosterone levels in the pregnant and non-pregnant mouse.", "content": "Plasma corticosterone levels were measured in the pregnant and non-pregnant mouse after acute and chronic stress. Acute surgical stress in the non-pregnant mouse increased plasma corticosterone from a mean resting level of 2-3 to 50-6 mug/100 ml 1 h after operation. By 24 h after operation, levels had fallen back to 7-6 mug/100 ml. In the pregnant mouse an acute surgical stress on day 14 or pregnancy increased plasma corticosterone levels to 525 mug/100 ml 1 h after surgery from a resting value of 80 mug/100 ml, with a return to resting levels by 24 h. During the chronic stress of 24 h restraint, plasma corticosterone levels in the non-pregnant mouse reached a peak (81-0 mug/100ml) 1 h after the start of restrain and were still raised (mean 24-0 mug/100 ml) after 24 h. In the pregnant restrained mouse a peak value of 733 mug/100 ml was seen at 1 h, with levels maintained at around 500-600 mug/100 ml during the next 16 h of restraint. Increased levels of 268 mug/100 ml were still present at 24 h. After the chronic stress of 24 h food deprivation, plasma corticosterone levels in the non-pregnant and pregnant mice were raised after 7 h to levels slightly lower than those observed in the restrained groups, and at 24 h levels in the respective restrained and food-deprived groups were similar, suggesting that food deprivation is a powerful chronic stressor in the mouse. During chronic stress in the pregnant mouse where plasma corticosterone levels of around 600 mug/100 ml were maintained fro some hours, protein binding studies indicated that 10 mug/100 ml was free, unbound corticosterone. The physiological and pathological consequences of such high levels of free corticosterone during stress in pregnancy are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of acute and chronic stress on plasma corticosterone levels in the pregnant and non-pregnant mouse. Plasma corticosterone levels were measured in the pregnant and non-pregnant mouse after acute and chronic stress. Acute surgical stress in the non-pregnant mouse increased plasma corticosterone from a mean resting level of 2-3 to 50-6 mug/100 ml 1 h after operation. By 24 h after operation, levels had fallen back to 7-6 mug/100 ml. In the pregnant mouse an acute surgical stress on day 14 or pregnancy increased plasma corticosterone levels to 525 mug/100 ml 1 h after surgery from a resting value of 80 mug/100 ml, with a return to resting levels by 24 h. During the chronic stress of 24 h restraint, plasma corticosterone levels in the non-pregnant mouse reached a peak (81-0 mug/100ml) 1 h after the start of restrain and were still raised (mean 24-0 mug/100 ml) after 24 h. In the pregnant restrained mouse a peak value of 733 mug/100 ml was seen at 1 h, with levels maintained at around 500-600 mug/100 ml during the next 16 h of restraint. Increased levels of 268 mug/100 ml were still present at 24 h. After the chronic stress of 24 h food deprivation, plasma corticosterone levels in the non-pregnant and pregnant mice were raised after 7 h to levels slightly lower than those observed in the restrained groups, and at 24 h levels in the respective restrained and food-deprived groups were similar, suggesting that food deprivation is a powerful chronic stressor in the mouse. During chronic stress in the pregnant mouse where plasma corticosterone levels of around 600 mug/100 ml were maintained fro some hours, protein binding studies indicated that 10 mug/100 ml was free, unbound corticosterone. The physiological and pathological consequences of such high levels of free corticosterone during stress in pregnancy are discussed.", "PMID": 1165444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_893", "title": "Genetic differences in the cortisol concentration of the adrenal and other tissues of white and coloured guinea-pigs.", "content": "The effect of genetic difference (white v. coloured) on the cortisol content of ten different organs and tissues, including the adrenals, of white and coloured guinea-pigs of both sexes and of different ages was studied by protein-binding techniques. Tissue cortisol concentration was significantly higher in all the tissues and adrenals of white animals of both sexes compared with coloured animals. The difference in tissue cortisol content between white and coloured animals was higher before (range 41-5-134-1%) than after puberty (range 10-1--82-5%). The age-dependent decrease of cortisol concentration in different tissues and adrenals in adults was more marked in white guinea-pigs of both sexes (mean 30-6%, range 0-0--71-5%) than in coloured (mean 16-9%, range 0-0--63-1%. In adult animals the liver contained significantly (11-8--36-4%) more cortisol than in prepubertal animals. This pattern was the same in white and coloured guinea-pigs of both sexes.", "contents": "Genetic differences in the cortisol concentration of the adrenal and other tissues of white and coloured guinea-pigs. The effect of genetic difference (white v. coloured) on the cortisol content of ten different organs and tissues, including the adrenals, of white and coloured guinea-pigs of both sexes and of different ages was studied by protein-binding techniques. Tissue cortisol concentration was significantly higher in all the tissues and adrenals of white animals of both sexes compared with coloured animals. The difference in tissue cortisol content between white and coloured animals was higher before (range 41-5-134-1%) than after puberty (range 10-1--82-5%). The age-dependent decrease of cortisol concentration in different tissues and adrenals in adults was more marked in white guinea-pigs of both sexes (mean 30-6%, range 0-0--71-5%) than in coloured (mean 16-9%, range 0-0--63-1%. In adult animals the liver contained significantly (11-8--36-4%) more cortisol than in prepubertal animals. This pattern was the same in white and coloured guinea-pigs of both sexes.", "PMID": 1165447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_894", "title": "Effects of steroid hormones on developing mouse skin in vitro.", "content": "Pieces of skin from 13-5- to 15-day-old foetal mice were grown in organ culture in a biological medium with or without the addition of hormonal steroidsmcortisol (7-5 mug/ml) caused thinning of the non-cornified epidermis and flattening of the stratum granulosum after 3 days. By 6 days the epidermis was thinner and hair follicles were regressing, and these changes continued up to 12 days. Administration of corticosterone (5 mug/ml) also produced thinning of the epidermis and regression of the follicles after 6 days. Good differentiation of epidermis and hair follicles was obtained when testosterone (100 mug/ml) was added to the medium. The non-cornified epidermal layers were similar to those of control cultures at 3 days but less than half as thick at 6 days. Hair follicles differentiated as rapidly in medium containing testosterone as in normal medium, but, unlike in the latter medium, also developed sebaceous gland anlagen at 6 days. Some explants in testosterone medium showed signs of sebaceous cell differentiation at 9 days.", "contents": "Effects of steroid hormones on developing mouse skin in vitro. Pieces of skin from 13-5- to 15-day-old foetal mice were grown in organ culture in a biological medium with or without the addition of hormonal steroidsmcortisol (7-5 mug/ml) caused thinning of the non-cornified epidermis and flattening of the stratum granulosum after 3 days. By 6 days the epidermis was thinner and hair follicles were regressing, and these changes continued up to 12 days. Administration of corticosterone (5 mug/ml) also produced thinning of the epidermis and regression of the follicles after 6 days. Good differentiation of epidermis and hair follicles was obtained when testosterone (100 mug/ml) was added to the medium. The non-cornified epidermal layers were similar to those of control cultures at 3 days but less than half as thick at 6 days. Hair follicles differentiated as rapidly in medium containing testosterone as in normal medium, but, unlike in the latter medium, also developed sebaceous gland anlagen at 6 days. Some explants in testosterone medium showed signs of sebaceous cell differentiation at 9 days.", "PMID": 1165448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_895", "title": "Calcitonin, parathyroidectomy and modelling of bones in the growing rat.", "content": "After calcitonin injection, parathyroidectomy, or both, in young growing rats, broadening of the proximal femoral metaphysis with lack of normal concavity of the medial and lateral contours was observed radiographically. Histologically, this abnormal modelling was associated with retarded osteocytic osteolysis. Further manifestations of decelerated resorption included retention and extension of the chondroid core in the secondary spongiosa, retention of cartilage in the cortex and a large increase in the number of cementing lines.", "contents": "Calcitonin, parathyroidectomy and modelling of bones in the growing rat. After calcitonin injection, parathyroidectomy, or both, in young growing rats, broadening of the proximal femoral metaphysis with lack of normal concavity of the medial and lateral contours was observed radiographically. Histologically, this abnormal modelling was associated with retarded osteocytic osteolysis. Further manifestations of decelerated resorption included retention and extension of the chondroid core in the secondary spongiosa, retention of cartilage in the cortex and a large increase in the number of cementing lines.", "PMID": 1165449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_896", "title": "Gonadotrophic stimulation of oestrogen synthesis by cultured immature mouse ovaries.", "content": "The amount of oestrogen produced by immature mouse ovaries cultured with purified gonadotrophins was measured by means of a radioimmunoassay. Small quantities were released in response to FSH or LH alone, but when both were provided production was greatly enhanced after an initial lag phase of 2-3 days. The lowest concentrations required to produce this synergistic effect were between 0-02 and 0-13 i.u. FSH/ml and between 0-01 and 0-1 i.u. LH/ml. After prolonged exposure to 0-4 i.u. FSH/ml plus 1-0 i.u. LH/ml, oestrogen output continued to rise until, on the ninth day of culture, it reached 2-6-7-3 ng/ovary/day. Pre-treatment with 0-4 i.u. FSH/ml for 3 days enhanced the subsequent response to combined gonadotrophins but the simultaneous presence of FSH and LH was essential for inducing the delayed synergistic effect. Although both gonadotropins also stimulated follicle growth there was no evidence suggesting any simple correlation between that response and oestrogen synthesis. Maximal oestrogen production coincided with very low follicular mitotic activity.", "contents": "Gonadotrophic stimulation of oestrogen synthesis by cultured immature mouse ovaries. The amount of oestrogen produced by immature mouse ovaries cultured with purified gonadotrophins was measured by means of a radioimmunoassay. Small quantities were released in response to FSH or LH alone, but when both were provided production was greatly enhanced after an initial lag phase of 2-3 days. The lowest concentrations required to produce this synergistic effect were between 0-02 and 0-13 i.u. FSH/ml and between 0-01 and 0-1 i.u. LH/ml. After prolonged exposure to 0-4 i.u. FSH/ml plus 1-0 i.u. LH/ml, oestrogen output continued to rise until, on the ninth day of culture, it reached 2-6-7-3 ng/ovary/day. Pre-treatment with 0-4 i.u. FSH/ml for 3 days enhanced the subsequent response to combined gonadotrophins but the simultaneous presence of FSH and LH was essential for inducing the delayed synergistic effect. Although both gonadotropins also stimulated follicle growth there was no evidence suggesting any simple correlation between that response and oestrogen synthesis. Maximal oestrogen production coincided with very low follicular mitotic activity.", "PMID": 1165450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_897", "title": "Metabolic clearance rate, production rate, and mammary uptake and metabolism of progesterone in cows.", "content": "Tracer kinetic techniques have been used to measure the production rate, metabolic clearance rate and mammary uptake of progesterone in six experiments on two Jersey cowsmthe cows were surgically prepared so that the carotid artery, jugular vein and mammary vein concentrations of progesterone, and udder blood flow, could be determined in conscious animals without anaesthesia or stress. The mean production rate of progesterone was 173 +/- 23-3 (S.ET) mug/min, with values ranging from 80 to 276 mug/min in pregnancy. The metabolic clearance rate was 22-5 +/- 2-0 1/min, or 0-21 +/- 0-025 1/min/kg metabolic body weight. The mammary uptake of progesterone was low, 3-1 +/- mug/min, and udder uptake accounted for about 3% of progesterone production rate. During [3H]A1progesterone infusion, radioactivity was transferred from blood to milk, probably by diffusion down a concentration gradient. Progesterone accounted for more than 88% of the ether-soluble radioactivity recovered from milk.", "contents": "Metabolic clearance rate, production rate, and mammary uptake and metabolism of progesterone in cows. Tracer kinetic techniques have been used to measure the production rate, metabolic clearance rate and mammary uptake of progesterone in six experiments on two Jersey cowsmthe cows were surgically prepared so that the carotid artery, jugular vein and mammary vein concentrations of progesterone, and udder blood flow, could be determined in conscious animals without anaesthesia or stress. The mean production rate of progesterone was 173 +/- 23-3 (S.ET) mug/min, with values ranging from 80 to 276 mug/min in pregnancy. The metabolic clearance rate was 22-5 +/- 2-0 1/min, or 0-21 +/- 0-025 1/min/kg metabolic body weight. The mammary uptake of progesterone was low, 3-1 +/- mug/min, and udder uptake accounted for about 3% of progesterone production rate. During [3H]A1progesterone infusion, radioactivity was transferred from blood to milk, probably by diffusion down a concentration gradient. Progesterone accounted for more than 88% of the ether-soluble radioactivity recovered from milk.", "PMID": 1165451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_898", "title": "Serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin and progesterone concentrations and follicular development in the pseudopregnant rat after unilateral ovariectomy.", "content": "Serum LH, FSH, prolactin and progesterone concentrations and follicular size were measured in rats during pseudopregnancy after unilateral ovariectomy (ULO) on day 1. This operation did not affect the duration of pseudopregnancy. Following pseudopregnancy compensatory ovulation occurred. After ULO progesterone concentrations remained low as compared with control values but the progesterone secretion per ovary was increased slightly. After ULO, LH concentrations were significantly increased on days 3 and 4 of pseudopregnancy. FSH concentrations were increased 5 h after the operation and again on day 4-7 of pseudopregnancy when compared with sham-operated control animals. During pseudopregnancy prolactin secretion increased each night. Increased prolactin levels were observed 18 and 36 h after ULO. The number of medium-sized follicles had increased 24 h after ULO. From the present study it is concluded that progesterone secretion by the corpora lutea can be increased to a limited degree by the increased release of gonadotrophins. Furthermore, it is concluded that a rapid increase in FSH concentrations after ULO is responsible for the initiation of the compensatory follicular growth.", "contents": "Serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin and progesterone concentrations and follicular development in the pseudopregnant rat after unilateral ovariectomy. Serum LH, FSH, prolactin and progesterone concentrations and follicular size were measured in rats during pseudopregnancy after unilateral ovariectomy (ULO) on day 1. This operation did not affect the duration of pseudopregnancy. Following pseudopregnancy compensatory ovulation occurred. After ULO progesterone concentrations remained low as compared with control values but the progesterone secretion per ovary was increased slightly. After ULO, LH concentrations were significantly increased on days 3 and 4 of pseudopregnancy. FSH concentrations were increased 5 h after the operation and again on day 4-7 of pseudopregnancy when compared with sham-operated control animals. During pseudopregnancy prolactin secretion increased each night. Increased prolactin levels were observed 18 and 36 h after ULO. The number of medium-sized follicles had increased 24 h after ULO. From the present study it is concluded that progesterone secretion by the corpora lutea can be increased to a limited degree by the increased release of gonadotrophins. Furthermore, it is concluded that a rapid increase in FSH concentrations after ULO is responsible for the initiation of the compensatory follicular growth.", "PMID": 1165452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_899", "title": "Maintenance of male sexual behavior by combined treatment with oestrogen and dihydrotestosterone in CD-1 mice.", "content": "After castration, adult male sexually experienced CD-1 strain mice were treated with dihydrotestosterone (200 mug/day, DHT), oestradiol benzoate (1 mug/day, OB) or DHT (200 mug/day) plus OB (1 mug/day). Oestradiol benzoate and the combined treatment DHT + OB maintained male sexual behaviour at levels comparable to a group of intact control mice, while DHT m maintained behaviour at a lower level. Having all hormone dosages resulted in a decrease in the number of OB-treated animals mating and a complete loss of mating in the DHT-treated animals. The decrease in dosage did not result in any change in the behavior of the mice receiving both hormones. Adrenalectomy was found to have no effect on the mating behaviour of the OB-treated and untreated animals, but it did reduce the number of DHT+ OB-treated animals mating. Thus, both OB alone and combined DHT+OB treatment can maintain male mating behaviour in castrated CD-1 strain mice and these effects do not appear to be due to the effects of oestradiol on the adrenal.", "contents": "Maintenance of male sexual behavior by combined treatment with oestrogen and dihydrotestosterone in CD-1 mice. After castration, adult male sexually experienced CD-1 strain mice were treated with dihydrotestosterone (200 mug/day, DHT), oestradiol benzoate (1 mug/day, OB) or DHT (200 mug/day) plus OB (1 mug/day). Oestradiol benzoate and the combined treatment DHT + OB maintained male sexual behaviour at levels comparable to a group of intact control mice, while DHT m maintained behaviour at a lower level. Having all hormone dosages resulted in a decrease in the number of OB-treated animals mating and a complete loss of mating in the DHT-treated animals. The decrease in dosage did not result in any change in the behavior of the mice receiving both hormones. Adrenalectomy was found to have no effect on the mating behaviour of the OB-treated and untreated animals, but it did reduce the number of DHT+ OB-treated animals mating. Thus, both OB alone and combined DHT+OB treatment can maintain male mating behaviour in castrated CD-1 strain mice and these effects do not appear to be due to the effects of oestradiol on the adrenal.", "PMID": 1165453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_900", "title": "Antieosinophil serum and the kinetics of eosinophilia in Schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "Mice were exposed to different intensities of infection with Schistosoma mansoni (10, 50, or 200 cercariae) and the kinetics of peripheral and bone marrow eosinophilia was followed for as long as 20 wk. When the schistosomula (immature worms) were migrating from the lungs to the liver there was a mild, transient eosinophilia, but soon after the onset of egg laying by the schistosomes, a major and prolonged increase in eosinophils occurred. This was terminated in the heavier infections by the death of the animals, but showed a spontaneous decline beginning at 18 wk in the lightly infected mice. The effect of S. mansoni eggs on eosinophilia in the blood, bone marrow, and granulomatous lesions was then examined by injecting schistosome eggs into mice intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, and intravenously. While the host response was dependent on the route by which eggs were administered, primary peripheral and bone marrow responses were seen on intravenous injection, and secondary responses occurred on intravenous and subcutaneous injection. In unsensitized and egg-sensitized mice, eosinophils were first seen around eggs injected into the pulmonary microvasculature at 96 and 24 h respectively. When the granulomas were maximal in size eosinophils made up at least 50% of the lesions. Administration of antieosinophil serum profoundly suppressed eosinophils in the peripheral blood, eliminated mature eosinophils and markedly increased eosinophil precursors in the bone marrow, and ablated eosinophils from the tissue lesions, considerably reducing their area.", "contents": "Antieosinophil serum and the kinetics of eosinophilia in Schistosomiasis mansoni. Mice were exposed to different intensities of infection with Schistosoma mansoni (10, 50, or 200 cercariae) and the kinetics of peripheral and bone marrow eosinophilia was followed for as long as 20 wk. When the schistosomula (immature worms) were migrating from the lungs to the liver there was a mild, transient eosinophilia, but soon after the onset of egg laying by the schistosomes, a major and prolonged increase in eosinophils occurred. This was terminated in the heavier infections by the death of the animals, but showed a spontaneous decline beginning at 18 wk in the lightly infected mice. The effect of S. mansoni eggs on eosinophilia in the blood, bone marrow, and granulomatous lesions was then examined by injecting schistosome eggs into mice intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, and intravenously. While the host response was dependent on the route by which eggs were administered, primary peripheral and bone marrow responses were seen on intravenous injection, and secondary responses occurred on intravenous and subcutaneous injection. In unsensitized and egg-sensitized mice, eosinophils were first seen around eggs injected into the pulmonary microvasculature at 96 and 24 h respectively. When the granulomas were maximal in size eosinophils made up at least 50% of the lesions. Administration of antieosinophil serum profoundly suppressed eosinophils in the peripheral blood, eliminated mature eosinophils and markedly increased eosinophil precursors in the bone marrow, and ablated eosinophils from the tissue lesions, considerably reducing their area.", "PMID": 1165468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_901", "title": "Synthesis and degradation of ribosomal RNA in regenerating liver.", "content": "A simple double-isotope method is described which permits precise determination of both synthetic and degradative rates of liver cell constituents during the course of regeneration after partial hepatectomy. By employing animals which have previously received both tritiated thymidine and an appropriate 14C-labeled precursor it is possible to obtain precise turnover data in individual animals by comparing the concentration and the total isotope content of the 14C-labeled component in the initially excised and regenerating portions of liver. The presence of a 3H marker in the liver DNA makes it possible in addition to calculate the exact size of the initial liver remnant and hence to interpret the observed 14C turnover data in terms of specific rates of synthesis and degradation. As an illustration of its usefulness this method has been employed to study changes in cell proliferation rate after partial hepatectomy, and to determine the day-to-day rates of synthesis and degradation of ribosomal RNA, the major component of rat liver RNA. It is shown that during the first 24 h after a 70% hepatectomy ribosomal RNA synthesis undergoes a nearly fourfold stimulation to a rate of approximately 53% per unit mass per day. This accelerated rate of synthesis is sustained for an additional 2 days and is accompanied by exponential DNA synthesis until the hepatic remnant has more than tripled its initial DNA and ribosomal RNA content to attain values identical to those in the initial intact liver; the rates of DNA and RNA synthesis then fall abruptly. In striking contrast to the marked fluctuations in its rate of synthesis, ribosomal RNA continues to be degraded throughout the course of regeneration at a constant rate of 12% per day, a rate virtually identical to that observed in normal liver. The approach described here permits the accurate determination of turnover rates over intervals considerably shorter than even one half-life, and should be applicable to the study of the specific rates of synthesis and degradation of other cell components as well.", "contents": "Synthesis and degradation of ribosomal RNA in regenerating liver. A simple double-isotope method is described which permits precise determination of both synthetic and degradative rates of liver cell constituents during the course of regeneration after partial hepatectomy. By employing animals which have previously received both tritiated thymidine and an appropriate 14C-labeled precursor it is possible to obtain precise turnover data in individual animals by comparing the concentration and the total isotope content of the 14C-labeled component in the initially excised and regenerating portions of liver. The presence of a 3H marker in the liver DNA makes it possible in addition to calculate the exact size of the initial liver remnant and hence to interpret the observed 14C turnover data in terms of specific rates of synthesis and degradation. As an illustration of its usefulness this method has been employed to study changes in cell proliferation rate after partial hepatectomy, and to determine the day-to-day rates of synthesis and degradation of ribosomal RNA, the major component of rat liver RNA. It is shown that during the first 24 h after a 70% hepatectomy ribosomal RNA synthesis undergoes a nearly fourfold stimulation to a rate of approximately 53% per unit mass per day. This accelerated rate of synthesis is sustained for an additional 2 days and is accompanied by exponential DNA synthesis until the hepatic remnant has more than tripled its initial DNA and ribosomal RNA content to attain values identical to those in the initial intact liver; the rates of DNA and RNA synthesis then fall abruptly. In striking contrast to the marked fluctuations in its rate of synthesis, ribosomal RNA continues to be degraded throughout the course of regeneration at a constant rate of 12% per day, a rate virtually identical to that observed in normal liver. The approach described here permits the accurate determination of turnover rates over intervals considerably shorter than even one half-life, and should be applicable to the study of the specific rates of synthesis and degradation of other cell components as well.", "PMID": 1165469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_902", "title": "In vivo suppression of delayed hypersensitivity: prolongation of desensitization in guinea pigs.", "content": "Administering moderate (milligram) amounts of antigen to a guinea pig immunized with thatntigen leads to a transient loss of all delayed hypersensitivity (DH) responses in that animal. In this study, we demonstrate that this \"desentization\" can be prolonged for 10 days by repeated injection of antigen. At this time, tolerance to the desensitizing antigen develops in both the humoral and cellular systems of the immune response and DH responsiveness to other antigens returns. Repeated cycles of sensitization and desensitization produce repeated episodes of generalized anergy. Neither cells nor serum from desensitized animals could be shown to exert a suppressor effect when transferred to immunized animals and the cells responded normally to antigen and mitogen in tissue culture. The best generalized depression of DH was seen in those animals producing the best DH before desensitization. The inability of antigen to react with tolerant cells to produce desensitization suggests that this phenomenon is an active rather than a passive one and may represent an exaggeration of a normal regulatory mechanism for DH triggered by a regimen of antigen administration that activates suppressor cells to produce a systemic effect.", "contents": "In vivo suppression of delayed hypersensitivity: prolongation of desensitization in guinea pigs. Administering moderate (milligram) amounts of antigen to a guinea pig immunized with thatntigen leads to a transient loss of all delayed hypersensitivity (DH) responses in that animal. In this study, we demonstrate that this \"desentization\" can be prolonged for 10 days by repeated injection of antigen. At this time, tolerance to the desensitizing antigen develops in both the humoral and cellular systems of the immune response and DH responsiveness to other antigens returns. Repeated cycles of sensitization and desensitization produce repeated episodes of generalized anergy. Neither cells nor serum from desensitized animals could be shown to exert a suppressor effect when transferred to immunized animals and the cells responded normally to antigen and mitogen in tissue culture. The best generalized depression of DH was seen in those animals producing the best DH before desensitization. The inability of antigen to react with tolerant cells to produce desensitization suggests that this phenomenon is an active rather than a passive one and may represent an exaggeration of a normal regulatory mechanism for DH triggered by a regimen of antigen administration that activates suppressor cells to produce a systemic effect.", "PMID": 1165470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_903", "title": "Mapping of the immune response genes in the major histocompatibility complex of the Rhesus monkey.", "content": "Interest in the Ir genes of rheus monkeys stems from their phylogenetic relationship to man and the extensive data already available on the major histocompatibility complex of the monkey. At least two independent dominant H-linked Ir genes have been identified in the rhesus. These genes control the ability of monkeys to respond to the random linear copolymer of glutamyl alanine (GA), or the dinitrophenyl conjugate of glutamyl lysine (DNP-GL). These synthetic polymers can elicit weak delayed-type skin reactions and strong humoral responses in some monkeys. In a series of unrelated monkeys phenotyped for the serologically defined RhL-A specificities of both segregant series, there were no correlations between any RhL-A specificity and responder status to the GA or DNP-GL polymers. However, segregation analysis of 21 rhesus families sired by 3 fathers indicated the capacity of the offspring to form antibodies was associated with genes coded for in the RhL-A complex. In three monkeys, verified recombination within the RhL-A complex between the genes coding for the serologically defined determinants (SD loci) and the gene(s) controlling the lymphocyte-activating determinants (Lad loci) responsible for mixed lymphocyte reactivity was established. In two of these monkeys the immune response genes controlling the DNP-GL response segregated with the Lad genes, while in the third case the Ir-GL gene segregated with the SD loci, tentatively localizing the Ir-GL gene between the SD and Lad loci. In addition, we have shown that genetically distinct genes control responsiveness to DNP-GL and GA. These genes were separated by recombination, thus one monkey inherited the Lad, Ir-GL, and SD loci from one paternal haplotype and by crossing over inherited the gene controlling GA responsiveness from the other paternal haplotype. The fine structure mapping of the RhL-A gene complex is compared with the H-2 and HL-A gene complexes. Several striking similarities were noted.", "contents": "Mapping of the immune response genes in the major histocompatibility complex of the Rhesus monkey. Interest in the Ir genes of rheus monkeys stems from their phylogenetic relationship to man and the extensive data already available on the major histocompatibility complex of the monkey. At least two independent dominant H-linked Ir genes have been identified in the rhesus. These genes control the ability of monkeys to respond to the random linear copolymer of glutamyl alanine (GA), or the dinitrophenyl conjugate of glutamyl lysine (DNP-GL). These synthetic polymers can elicit weak delayed-type skin reactions and strong humoral responses in some monkeys. In a series of unrelated monkeys phenotyped for the serologically defined RhL-A specificities of both segregant series, there were no correlations between any RhL-A specificity and responder status to the GA or DNP-GL polymers. However, segregation analysis of 21 rhesus families sired by 3 fathers indicated the capacity of the offspring to form antibodies was associated with genes coded for in the RhL-A complex. In three monkeys, verified recombination within the RhL-A complex between the genes coding for the serologically defined determinants (SD loci) and the gene(s) controlling the lymphocyte-activating determinants (Lad loci) responsible for mixed lymphocyte reactivity was established. In two of these monkeys the immune response genes controlling the DNP-GL response segregated with the Lad genes, while in the third case the Ir-GL gene segregated with the SD loci, tentatively localizing the Ir-GL gene between the SD and Lad loci. In addition, we have shown that genetically distinct genes control responsiveness to DNP-GL and GA. These genes were separated by recombination, thus one monkey inherited the Lad, Ir-GL, and SD loci from one paternal haplotype and by crossing over inherited the gene controlling GA responsiveness from the other paternal haplotype. The fine structure mapping of the RhL-A gene complex is compared with the H-2 and HL-A gene complexes. Several striking similarities were noted.", "PMID": 1165471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_904", "title": "Studies in porphyria. IV. Expression of the gene defect of acute intermittent porphyria in cultured human skin fibroblasts and amniotic cells: prenatal diagnosis of the porphyric trait.", "content": "The gene lesion of the porphyrin-heme synthetic pathway in acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is reflected in a deficient level of activity of the cytosol enzyme uroporphyrinogen I synthetase (URO-S). A marked URO-S deficiency has been demonstrated in the liver and in circulating erythrocytes of individuals with both active and latent AIP. This enzymic abnormality accounts for the excessive production and excretion into urine of the porphyrin precursors, lamda-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG) in AIP subjects. In this study, utilizing cell culture techniques, a marked URO-S deficiency has also been demonstrated in skin fibroblasts from AIP patients and in cells derived through aminocentesis from an approximately 17-wk old fetus. The prenatal diagnosis of the AIP trait in this fetus was confirmed postnatally by the demonstration in the child of a deficient level of erythrocyte URO-S activity which was comparable to those found in her AIP mother and affected sibling and which was approximately one-half the levels characterizing her normal father and aunt and a second unaffected sibling. The identification of the URO-S deficiency in cultured human fibroblasts from AIP patients was facilitated by a newly developed, sensitive assay for the enzyme activity. In this assay, the ability of such cells to convert ALA to protoporphyrin was quantitated; in the sequence of reactions involved in this transformation, URO-S is limiting so that the gene defect of AIP could be simply and precisely determined by appropriate spectrofluorometry of cell extracts. The technique described has distinct advantages over the direct enzymatic assay for URO-S activity in cultured human skin fibroblasts and permits clear differentiation of AIP carrier from normal individuals.", "contents": "Studies in porphyria. IV. Expression of the gene defect of acute intermittent porphyria in cultured human skin fibroblasts and amniotic cells: prenatal diagnosis of the porphyric trait. The gene lesion of the porphyrin-heme synthetic pathway in acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is reflected in a deficient level of activity of the cytosol enzyme uroporphyrinogen I synthetase (URO-S). A marked URO-S deficiency has been demonstrated in the liver and in circulating erythrocytes of individuals with both active and latent AIP. This enzymic abnormality accounts for the excessive production and excretion into urine of the porphyrin precursors, lamda-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG) in AIP subjects. In this study, utilizing cell culture techniques, a marked URO-S deficiency has also been demonstrated in skin fibroblasts from AIP patients and in cells derived through aminocentesis from an approximately 17-wk old fetus. The prenatal diagnosis of the AIP trait in this fetus was confirmed postnatally by the demonstration in the child of a deficient level of erythrocyte URO-S activity which was comparable to those found in her AIP mother and affected sibling and which was approximately one-half the levels characterizing her normal father and aunt and a second unaffected sibling. The identification of the URO-S deficiency in cultured human fibroblasts from AIP patients was facilitated by a newly developed, sensitive assay for the enzyme activity. In this assay, the ability of such cells to convert ALA to protoporphyrin was quantitated; in the sequence of reactions involved in this transformation, URO-S is limiting so that the gene defect of AIP could be simply and precisely determined by appropriate spectrofluorometry of cell extracts. The technique described has distinct advantages over the direct enzymatic assay for URO-S activity in cultured human skin fibroblasts and permits clear differentiation of AIP carrier from normal individuals.", "PMID": 1165472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_905", "title": "Requirement for vasoactive amines for production of delayed-type hypersensitvity skin reactions.", "content": "The skin sites of the mouse where delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions are most easily elicited (foot pads and ears) are particularly rich in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-containing mast cells. Since mice are deficient in circulating basophils, which play a role in at least some DTH reactions, we investigated the possibility that the mast cells were playing an important role in the evolution of the skin reactions of DTH in mice. We found that reserpine, a drug which depletes mast cells of 5-HT, abolished the ability of the mouse to make DTH reactions in the skin. The suppressive effect of reserpine could be partially blocked by monoamine oxidase inhibitors which prevent the degradation of 5-HT in the cytosol of the mast cell. Spleen cells of immune, reserpine-treated mice transferred DTH reactions to nonimmune mice normally, indicating that the reserpine treatment did not affect immune T cells. DTH reactions could not be transferred into reserpine-treated mice. We suggest that T cells are continually emigrating from the blood, through postcapillary venule endothelium, by a mechanism which does not depend on vasoactive amines. If they are appropriately immune and meet the homologous antigen in the tissue, they induce mast cells to release vasoactive amines which cause postcapillary venule endothelial cells to separate, allowing the egress from the blood of cells which ordinarily do not recirculate. The secondarily arriving vasoactive amine-dependent cells are responsible for the micro- and macroscopic lesions of DTH reactions. Chemotactic factors may also be involved in bringing cells to the DTH reaction sites but we propose that T-cell regulation of vasoactive amine-containing cells allows the effector cells to pass through the endothelial gates after they are called.", "contents": "Requirement for vasoactive amines for production of delayed-type hypersensitvity skin reactions. The skin sites of the mouse where delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions are most easily elicited (foot pads and ears) are particularly rich in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-containing mast cells. Since mice are deficient in circulating basophils, which play a role in at least some DTH reactions, we investigated the possibility that the mast cells were playing an important role in the evolution of the skin reactions of DTH in mice. We found that reserpine, a drug which depletes mast cells of 5-HT, abolished the ability of the mouse to make DTH reactions in the skin. The suppressive effect of reserpine could be partially blocked by monoamine oxidase inhibitors which prevent the degradation of 5-HT in the cytosol of the mast cell. Spleen cells of immune, reserpine-treated mice transferred DTH reactions to nonimmune mice normally, indicating that the reserpine treatment did not affect immune T cells. DTH reactions could not be transferred into reserpine-treated mice. We suggest that T cells are continually emigrating from the blood, through postcapillary venule endothelium, by a mechanism which does not depend on vasoactive amines. If they are appropriately immune and meet the homologous antigen in the tissue, they induce mast cells to release vasoactive amines which cause postcapillary venule endothelial cells to separate, allowing the egress from the blood of cells which ordinarily do not recirculate. The secondarily arriving vasoactive amine-dependent cells are responsible for the micro- and macroscopic lesions of DTH reactions. Chemotactic factors may also be involved in bringing cells to the DTH reaction sites but we propose that T-cell regulation of vasoactive amine-containing cells allows the effector cells to pass through the endothelial gates after they are called.", "PMID": 1165473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_906", "title": "Role of the gonads in hypertension-prone rats.", "content": "In a genetically hypertension-prone (S) strain of rats it was observed previously that males generally developed hypertension more rapidly on a high salt diet than did females although final pressure ultimately were similar in both sexes. A genetic study had shown that there was no sex-linkage involved in setting blood pressure levels, so it was thought that the gonads might be involved. In the present work, castration of males had no effect on blood pressure but in the females it caused a rise in pressure that could not be distinguished from that in males, both on a high and low salt diet. Castration resulted in greater growth in females than in controls, whereas it had the opposite effect in males. It was speculated that these changes were due to influences on pituitary growth hormone with castration increasing the net output of growth hormone (or enhancing receptor sensitivity to it) in the female and the opposite in the male. From the work of others, there are some data compatible with such an interpretation. Experimentally, growth hormone will induce hypertension in rats. Therefore, it is conceivable that growth hormone is involved in the increment in hypertension observed in these castrate females. Because the effect on blood pressure was observed in castrate females on both high and low NaCl diets, it was considered unlikely that the blood pressure effect was simply due to increased NaCl intake in the food associated with greater growth. It was suggested that this rise in blood pressure with cessation of ovarian function might bear on the unsettled question of \"menopausal\" hypertension in women: in the genetically susceptible individual an increase in growth hormone associated with declining ovarian funtion in the menopause could provide the stimulus for the appearance of hypertension some years earlier than would otherwise have been the case.", "contents": "Role of the gonads in hypertension-prone rats. In a genetically hypertension-prone (S) strain of rats it was observed previously that males generally developed hypertension more rapidly on a high salt diet than did females although final pressure ultimately were similar in both sexes. A genetic study had shown that there was no sex-linkage involved in setting blood pressure levels, so it was thought that the gonads might be involved. In the present work, castration of males had no effect on blood pressure but in the females it caused a rise in pressure that could not be distinguished from that in males, both on a high and low salt diet. Castration resulted in greater growth in females than in controls, whereas it had the opposite effect in males. It was speculated that these changes were due to influences on pituitary growth hormone with castration increasing the net output of growth hormone (or enhancing receptor sensitivity to it) in the female and the opposite in the male. From the work of others, there are some data compatible with such an interpretation. Experimentally, growth hormone will induce hypertension in rats. Therefore, it is conceivable that growth hormone is involved in the increment in hypertension observed in these castrate females. Because the effect on blood pressure was observed in castrate females on both high and low NaCl diets, it was considered unlikely that the blood pressure effect was simply due to increased NaCl intake in the food associated with greater growth. It was suggested that this rise in blood pressure with cessation of ovarian function might bear on the unsettled question of \"menopausal\" hypertension in women: in the genetically susceptible individual an increase in growth hormone associated with declining ovarian funtion in the menopause could provide the stimulus for the appearance of hypertension some years earlier than would otherwise have been the case.", "PMID": 1165474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_907", "title": "Properdin- and nephritic factor-dependent C3 convertases: requirement of native C3 for enzyme formation and the function of bound C3b as properdin receptor.", "content": "Two complex enzymes were assembled that both converted C3 to C3b, one consisting of activated properdin (P), native C3, proactivator (PA) and proactivator convertase (PAase), and the other of nephritic factor (NF) and the same three cofactors. By maintaining a critical concentration of PAase, the P-C3 convertase and the NF-C3 convertase were shown to function efficiently without formation of the C3b-feedback enzyme. The former two enzymes are distinct from the C3b-dependent C3 convertase in that they utilize native C3 instead of C3b and PA in an apparently uncleaved form. The P- and NF-C3 convertase express maximal activity within approximately 10 min at 37 degrees C and decay with a half-life of 35 min at 37 degrees C, which is in contradistinction to the reported lability of the C3b-feedback enzyme. P- and NF-C3 convertases are inhibited by their product C3b, which may constitute a heretofore unknown control of the alternative pathway. A direct physical interaction of P with native C3 and C3b was demonstrated by agglutination of C3b-bearing erythrocytes and by agglutination inhibition. Bound C3b thus constitutes the only known receptor of P and may fulfill an important localizing function for P and the P-C3 convertase in vivo. Although P and NF form functionally similar enzymes, they act independently of each other and are apparently immunochemically unrelated proteins.", "contents": "Properdin- and nephritic factor-dependent C3 convertases: requirement of native C3 for enzyme formation and the function of bound C3b as properdin receptor. Two complex enzymes were assembled that both converted C3 to C3b, one consisting of activated properdin (P), native C3, proactivator (PA) and proactivator convertase (PAase), and the other of nephritic factor (NF) and the same three cofactors. By maintaining a critical concentration of PAase, the P-C3 convertase and the NF-C3 convertase were shown to function efficiently without formation of the C3b-feedback enzyme. The former two enzymes are distinct from the C3b-dependent C3 convertase in that they utilize native C3 instead of C3b and PA in an apparently uncleaved form. The P- and NF-C3 convertase express maximal activity within approximately 10 min at 37 degrees C and decay with a half-life of 35 min at 37 degrees C, which is in contradistinction to the reported lability of the C3b-feedback enzyme. P- and NF-C3 convertases are inhibited by their product C3b, which may constitute a heretofore unknown control of the alternative pathway. A direct physical interaction of P with native C3 and C3b was demonstrated by agglutination of C3b-bearing erythrocytes and by agglutination inhibition. Bound C3b thus constitutes the only known receptor of P and may fulfill an important localizing function for P and the P-C3 convertase in vivo. Although P and NF form functionally similar enzymes, they act independently of each other and are apparently immunochemically unrelated proteins.", "PMID": 1165475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_908", "title": "Passive transfer of experimental autoimmune myasthenia by lymph node cells in inbred guinea pigs.", "content": "Passive transfer of experimental autoimmune myasthenia (EAM) was performed with lymph node cells from donor guinea pigs immunized with purified acetylcholine receptor (AChR) from Torpedo californica. Recipient animals revealed the same clinical signs and electromyographic patterns as observed in actively challenged animals. These phenomena are parallel to the clinical manifestations of the human disease myasthenia gravis, in which cellular response to AChR was recently demonstrated.", "contents": "Passive transfer of experimental autoimmune myasthenia by lymph node cells in inbred guinea pigs. Passive transfer of experimental autoimmune myasthenia (EAM) was performed with lymph node cells from donor guinea pigs immunized with purified acetylcholine receptor (AChR) from Torpedo californica. Recipient animals revealed the same clinical signs and electromyographic patterns as observed in actively challenged animals. These phenomena are parallel to the clinical manifestations of the human disease myasthenia gravis, in which cellular response to AChR was recently demonstrated.", "PMID": 1165476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_909", "title": "Trisomy 13 with a 13q14q translocation.", "content": "A sporadic case of Patau syndrome with 46,XY,14-,t(13q14q)+ karyotype is reported in a 2-month-old child. Dermatoglyphic and cytogenetic findings of the propositus and cytogenetic study of his parents are presented.", "contents": "Trisomy 13 with a 13q14q translocation. A sporadic case of Patau syndrome with 46,XY,14-,t(13q14q)+ karyotype is reported in a 2-month-old child. Dermatoglyphic and cytogenetic findings of the propositus and cytogenetic study of his parents are presented.", "PMID": 1165477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_910", "title": "[2 unusual cases of myotonic dystrophy, the first presenting as Thomsen's disease, the second with pharyngoesophageal motility disorders leading to broncho-pulmonary complications].", "content": "Two rather special cases of myotonic dystrophy are described. The first concerns a 35-year-old woman, in whom the generalized myotonia and the early commencement of the disease (at the age of 2 years) led to the diagnosis of Thomsen's disease until a specific myotonic cataract was discovered at the age of 26. The consanguinity of the patient's parents may partly explain the \"intermediary\" nature of the clinical picture and suggests, in this case, an autosomal recessive heredity. The second patient, a 27-year-old man, suffered, in addition, from changes in the pharyngo-esophageal motility, leading to a deviation of the alimentary flux which was disclosed by cineradiography and which was responsible for repeated broncho-pulmonary infections. The authors discuss the problem of the differential diagnosis between Thomsen's disease and Steinert's disease and emphasize the importance of a biomicroscopic examination of the lenses to detect the abortive and pre-clinical forms of myotonic dystrophy. They point out that digestive troubles are sometimes the first symptoms of which the patient complains, and stress, in this connexion, the plurisymptomatic nature of Steinert's disease.", "contents": "[2 unusual cases of myotonic dystrophy, the first presenting as Thomsen's disease, the second with pharyngoesophageal motility disorders leading to broncho-pulmonary complications]. Two rather special cases of myotonic dystrophy are described. The first concerns a 35-year-old woman, in whom the generalized myotonia and the early commencement of the disease (at the age of 2 years) led to the diagnosis of Thomsen's disease until a specific myotonic cataract was discovered at the age of 26. The consanguinity of the patient's parents may partly explain the \"intermediary\" nature of the clinical picture and suggests, in this case, an autosomal recessive heredity. The second patient, a 27-year-old man, suffered, in addition, from changes in the pharyngo-esophageal motility, leading to a deviation of the alimentary flux which was disclosed by cineradiography and which was responsible for repeated broncho-pulmonary infections. The authors discuss the problem of the differential diagnosis between Thomsen's disease and Steinert's disease and emphasize the importance of a biomicroscopic examination of the lenses to detect the abortive and pre-clinical forms of myotonic dystrophy. They point out that digestive troubles are sometimes the first symptoms of which the patient complains, and stress, in this connexion, the plurisymptomatic nature of Steinert's disease.", "PMID": 1165478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_911", "title": "[Estimation of the frequency of recessive X-chromosome-associated traits among females].", "content": "We have demonstrated a method for the estimation of the frequency, in any population, of female carriers of recessive conditions associated with the X chromosome. This estimation is possible, independently of the fertility (f) of carriers of the gene, when the frequency of the affection among men is known. (See article) The expected proportions under various conditions are shown in the formulae.", "contents": "[Estimation of the frequency of recessive X-chromosome-associated traits among females]. We have demonstrated a method for the estimation of the frequency, in any population, of female carriers of recessive conditions associated with the X chromosome. This estimation is possible, independently of the fertility (f) of carriers of the gene, when the frequency of the affection among men is known. (See article) The expected proportions under various conditions are shown in the formulae.", "PMID": 1165479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_912", "title": "Trisomy 22.", "content": "The existence of a trisomy 22 has been definitely established by newer methods of karyotype analysis which permit distinction between the acrocentric chromosomes of group G. Trisomy 22 is much rarer than trisomy 21. This report presents presumptive evidence that the cat eye syndrome (CES), the so-called \"trisomy 22\" (T22), the intermediate cases (IM) with cardinal symptoms of CES and T22, and some cases of mental retardation with rather unspecific symptoms are variants of the same disease entity. For T22, CES and one abortive case the extra chromosome was clearly identified as number 22 chromosome with or without partial deletion of the long arm. An interesting and presently not fully understood feature of trisomy 22 is its frequent familial incidence.", "contents": "Trisomy 22. The existence of a trisomy 22 has been definitely established by newer methods of karyotype analysis which permit distinction between the acrocentric chromosomes of group G. Trisomy 22 is much rarer than trisomy 21. This report presents presumptive evidence that the cat eye syndrome (CES), the so-called \"trisomy 22\" (T22), the intermediate cases (IM) with cardinal symptoms of CES and T22, and some cases of mental retardation with rather unspecific symptoms are variants of the same disease entity. For T22, CES and one abortive case the extra chromosome was clearly identified as number 22 chromosome with or without partial deletion of the long arm. An interesting and presently not fully understood feature of trisomy 22 is its frequent familial incidence.", "PMID": 1165480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_913", "title": "[Cytogenetic study of a case of Fanconi's syndrome with a familial pericentric inversion].", "content": "The cytogenetic study of a case of Fanconi syndrome in a 16-year-old boy revealed besides chromosomal breakages, quadriradials and dicentric chromosomes, a pericentric inversion of chromosome No. 1. An uncle and an aunt on the paternal side presented likewise this pericentric inversion, however without breakages or clinical signs of Fanconi syndrome. Another paternal aunt showed short thumbs, but without chromosomal anomalies. The authors point to possible genetic repercussions of this familial pericentric inversion.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic study of a case of Fanconi's syndrome with a familial pericentric inversion]. The cytogenetic study of a case of Fanconi syndrome in a 16-year-old boy revealed besides chromosomal breakages, quadriradials and dicentric chromosomes, a pericentric inversion of chromosome No. 1. An uncle and an aunt on the paternal side presented likewise this pericentric inversion, however without breakages or clinical signs of Fanconi syndrome. Another paternal aunt showed short thumbs, but without chromosomal anomalies. The authors point to possible genetic repercussions of this familial pericentric inversion.", "PMID": 1165481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_914", "title": "Assessing treatment outcome. I. Adjustment in the community.", "content": "In recent years, the re-examination of treatment outcome has substantially advanced the sophistication with which the issues involved have been conceptualized. This study is directed toward the empirical elaboration of four of these issues as they relate to adjustment in the community. They may be stated briefly as the extent to which a) a common outcome pattern exists across different dimensions of adjustment; b) the vantage point of the observer influences adjustment ratings; c) judgments of overall improvement encompass the major dimensions of adjustment; and d) judgments of overall improvement represent changes in adjustment levels. With regard to the first issue, the data indicate that each major dimension of adjustment has a somewhat different pattern over time. Secondly, a substantial consensus exists between patients and their significant others concerning patients' adjustment relative to the adjustment of other patients as described by them and their significant others, although not in terms of the actual magnitude of their adjustment. Third, global improvement ratings are related to two dimensions of adjustment primarily (symptomatology and social involvement), and they are virtually unrelated to other major dimensions. Finally, global improvement ratings are highly reflective of the current level of adjustment. The relevance of these findings to outcome assessment is discussed and some suggestions are offered.", "contents": "Assessing treatment outcome. I. Adjustment in the community. In recent years, the re-examination of treatment outcome has substantially advanced the sophistication with which the issues involved have been conceptualized. This study is directed toward the empirical elaboration of four of these issues as they relate to adjustment in the community. They may be stated briefly as the extent to which a) a common outcome pattern exists across different dimensions of adjustment; b) the vantage point of the observer influences adjustment ratings; c) judgments of overall improvement encompass the major dimensions of adjustment; and d) judgments of overall improvement represent changes in adjustment levels. With regard to the first issue, the data indicate that each major dimension of adjustment has a somewhat different pattern over time. Secondly, a substantial consensus exists between patients and their significant others concerning patients' adjustment relative to the adjustment of other patients as described by them and their significant others, although not in terms of the actual magnitude of their adjustment. Third, global improvement ratings are related to two dimensions of adjustment primarily (symptomatology and social involvement), and they are virtually unrelated to other major dimensions. Finally, global improvement ratings are highly reflective of the current level of adjustment. The relevance of these findings to outcome assessment is discussed and some suggestions are offered.", "PMID": 1165482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_915", "title": "Assessing treatment outcome. II. The prediction of rehospitalization.", "content": "Many of the previous studies of rehospitalization are surveyed and those findings are abstracted that are relevant to three basic methodological issues: the selection of predictor content, the source of predictor information, and the length of the follow-up interval. An empirical examination is made of several questions surrounding each issue, including the relative predictive power of a) patients' background characteristics vs. their behavior; b) symptomatic behavior vs. instrumental role behavior; c) patients' own reports vs. others' reports; d) hospital behavior vs. community behavior; and e) each domain of predictor content at a 6-month vs. a 1-year follow-up interval. Finally, individual predictors are selected from each domain to produce a composite picture of the person who is at high risk for rehospitalization.", "contents": "Assessing treatment outcome. II. The prediction of rehospitalization. Many of the previous studies of rehospitalization are surveyed and those findings are abstracted that are relevant to three basic methodological issues: the selection of predictor content, the source of predictor information, and the length of the follow-up interval. An empirical examination is made of several questions surrounding each issue, including the relative predictive power of a) patients' background characteristics vs. their behavior; b) symptomatic behavior vs. instrumental role behavior; c) patients' own reports vs. others' reports; d) hospital behavior vs. community behavior; and e) each domain of predictor content at a 6-month vs. a 1-year follow-up interval. Finally, individual predictors are selected from each domain to produce a composite picture of the person who is at high risk for rehospitalization.", "PMID": 1165483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_916", "title": "Spontaneous remission of emotional disorder in a general medical practice.", "content": "Patients in a general medical practice who had scored above a cut off point on the Cornell Medical Index Health Questionnaire indicating emotional disorder were contacted for a retest. The 59 respondents who had had no formal psychotherapy were grouped according to length of time lapsed since their first questionnaire: less than 12 months (8 patients), 12 to 23 months (9 patients), 24 to 35 months (12 patients), 36 to 47 months (21 patients), and 48 or more months (9 patients). An analysis of variance showed no significant test-retest differences for length of time elapsed. A further analysis eliminating older patients showed a test-retest difference (regression artifact?) but no effect of length of time elapsed.", "contents": "Spontaneous remission of emotional disorder in a general medical practice. Patients in a general medical practice who had scored above a cut off point on the Cornell Medical Index Health Questionnaire indicating emotional disorder were contacted for a retest. The 59 respondents who had had no formal psychotherapy were grouped according to length of time lapsed since their first questionnaire: less than 12 months (8 patients), 12 to 23 months (9 patients), 24 to 35 months (12 patients), 36 to 47 months (21 patients), and 48 or more months (9 patients). An analysis of variance showed no significant test-retest differences for length of time elapsed. A further analysis eliminating older patients showed a test-retest difference (regression artifact?) but no effect of length of time elapsed.", "PMID": 1165484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_917", "title": "The self-esteem motive and change in self-attitudes.", "content": "The theoretical significance of the postulate of the self-esteem motive and related empirical findings are reviewed. Two hypotheses implied by the postulate are tested by way of further consideration of its justification. Hypotheses were tested using questionnaire data from 3148 junior high school students collected annually at three points in time. It was hypothesized and observed that a) mean self-derogation scores of the population would decrease significantly over time; and b) individuals with initially more negative self-attitudes relative to those with initially more positive self-attitudes would display significantly greater decreases in self-derogation over time. The findings are interpreted as support for the prevalence of the self-esteem motive. The observed increase in self-derogation over a 1-year period in persons with initially positive self-attitudes is discussed with regard to the literature on developmental disturbances in self-image; differential volunerability to self-devaluing experiences; and the relationship between change in, and level of, self-acceptance.", "contents": "The self-esteem motive and change in self-attitudes. The theoretical significance of the postulate of the self-esteem motive and related empirical findings are reviewed. Two hypotheses implied by the postulate are tested by way of further consideration of its justification. Hypotheses were tested using questionnaire data from 3148 junior high school students collected annually at three points in time. It was hypothesized and observed that a) mean self-derogation scores of the population would decrease significantly over time; and b) individuals with initially more negative self-attitudes relative to those with initially more positive self-attitudes would display significantly greater decreases in self-derogation over time. The findings are interpreted as support for the prevalence of the self-esteem motive. The observed increase in self-derogation over a 1-year period in persons with initially positive self-attitudes is discussed with regard to the literature on developmental disturbances in self-image; differential volunerability to self-devaluing experiences; and the relationship between change in, and level of, self-acceptance.", "PMID": 1165485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_918", "title": "The ultrastructure of the rabbit pineal gland after sympathectomy, parasympathectomy, continuous illumination, and continuous darkness.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the rabbit pineal gland was investigated after sympathectomy (extirpation of decentralization of the superior cervical ganglia), parasympathectomy, continuous illumination and continuous darkness. The similarity of the ultrastructural changes in the light pinealocytes occuring after sympathectomy and after continuous illumination was striking. It is supposed that these changes have a common cause, viz. the lack of free noradrenaline, the pinealotropic neurotransmitter. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum present in the terminals of the offshoots of the light pinealocytes is possibly involved in pineal indoleamine synthesis.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the rabbit pineal gland after sympathectomy, parasympathectomy, continuous illumination, and continuous darkness. The ultrastructure of the rabbit pineal gland was investigated after sympathectomy (extirpation of decentralization of the superior cervical ganglia), parasympathectomy, continuous illumination and continuous darkness. The similarity of the ultrastructural changes in the light pinealocytes occuring after sympathectomy and after continuous illumination was striking. It is supposed that these changes have a common cause, viz. the lack of free noradrenaline, the pinealotropic neurotransmitter. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum present in the terminals of the offshoots of the light pinealocytes is possibly involved in pineal indoleamine synthesis.", "PMID": 1165486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_919", "title": "Effect of gonadotropic hormones on the rat pineal gland A fluorescence histochemical and biochemical study.", "content": "Changes in the number of autofluorescent and serotonin-containing pinealocytes have been studied after gonadotropic hormone administration using fluorescence histochemistry. Moreover, the 5-HT levels in the pineal gland were determined biochemically under the same experimental conditions. The results suggests that pineal 5-HT levels are not influenced by increased gonadotropin levels, while the amount of autofluorescent pinealocytes increases after gonadotropin injections. It has been postulated that differences in androgenic hormone levels could not cause the changes in the number of autofluorescent pinealocytes. The reaction of the pineal gland to increased gonadotropin levels seemed important in view of the regulatory function of the epiphysis on the hypothalamo-hypophyseo-gonadal axis.", "contents": "Effect of gonadotropic hormones on the rat pineal gland A fluorescence histochemical and biochemical study. Changes in the number of autofluorescent and serotonin-containing pinealocytes have been studied after gonadotropic hormone administration using fluorescence histochemistry. Moreover, the 5-HT levels in the pineal gland were determined biochemically under the same experimental conditions. The results suggests that pineal 5-HT levels are not influenced by increased gonadotropin levels, while the amount of autofluorescent pinealocytes increases after gonadotropin injections. It has been postulated that differences in androgenic hormone levels could not cause the changes in the number of autofluorescent pinealocytes. The reaction of the pineal gland to increased gonadotropin levels seemed important in view of the regulatory function of the epiphysis on the hypothalamo-hypophyseo-gonadal axis.", "PMID": 1165487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_920", "title": "The pineal gland of the mole (Talpa europaea L.). II. Ultrastructural variations observed in the pinealocytes during different parts of the sexual cycle.", "content": "Changes of some ultrastructural parameters (paracrystalline structures, Golgi apparatus, secretory granules) in mole pinealocytes were quantitatively studied during the various phases of the sexual cycle. An increase in quantity of paracrystalline structures and of the Golgi appratuses was demonstrated during the period of high sexual activity in male pinealocytes and during oestrus, gestation and lactation in female pinealocytes. Moreover, the appearance of vacuoles in female pinealocytes was observed during pro-oestrus. These results seemto demonstrate close relationship between the endocrine activity of the hypophyseo-gonadal axis and the synthesis of some compounds by the pinealocytes. No increase in the quantity of secretory granules was observed during the various phases of the sexual cycle studied. Key words: pinealocytes, mole, sexual cycle, ultrastructure, paracrystalline structure.", "contents": "The pineal gland of the mole (Talpa europaea L.). II. Ultrastructural variations observed in the pinealocytes during different parts of the sexual cycle. Changes of some ultrastructural parameters (paracrystalline structures, Golgi apparatus, secretory granules) in mole pinealocytes were quantitatively studied during the various phases of the sexual cycle. An increase in quantity of paracrystalline structures and of the Golgi appratuses was demonstrated during the period of high sexual activity in male pinealocytes and during oestrus, gestation and lactation in female pinealocytes. Moreover, the appearance of vacuoles in female pinealocytes was observed during pro-oestrus. These results seemto demonstrate close relationship between the endocrine activity of the hypophyseo-gonadal axis and the synthesis of some compounds by the pinealocytes. No increase in the quantity of secretory granules was observed during the various phases of the sexual cycle studied. Key words: pinealocytes, mole, sexual cycle, ultrastructure, paracrystalline structure.", "PMID": 1165488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_921", "title": "Separation of pineal extracts by gelfiltration. III. Sheep pineal factors acting either on the hypothalamus, or on the anterior hypophysis of mice and rats in in vitro experiments.", "content": "Some compounds, other than melatonin, can be detected in aqueous extracts of sheep pineals, using in vitro bioassays. Mild and simple separation methods are used such as gelfiltration on Sephadex G-25, ultrafiltration through Amicon ultramembranes UM-2and UM-05, followed by gelfiltration on Sephadex G-10 and paper electrophoresis. Some fractions are acting on the hypothalamus, others on the anterior hypophysis of mice and rats. The results are compared with those obtained previously with different extraction and separation methods. Key words: Pineal extract, pineal activities in vitro experiments, hypothalamus, anterior hypophysis, paper electrophoresis.", "contents": "Separation of pineal extracts by gelfiltration. III. Sheep pineal factors acting either on the hypothalamus, or on the anterior hypophysis of mice and rats in in vitro experiments. Some compounds, other than melatonin, can be detected in aqueous extracts of sheep pineals, using in vitro bioassays. Mild and simple separation methods are used such as gelfiltration on Sephadex G-25, ultrafiltration through Amicon ultramembranes UM-2and UM-05, followed by gelfiltration on Sephadex G-10 and paper electrophoresis. Some fractions are acting on the hypothalamus, others on the anterior hypophysis of mice and rats. The results are compared with those obtained previously with different extraction and separation methods. Key words: Pineal extract, pineal activities in vitro experiments, hypothalamus, anterior hypophysis, paper electrophoresis.", "PMID": 1165489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_922", "title": "Antagonism by baclophen of the d-amphetamine-induced disruption of a successive discrimination in the rat.", "content": "Male rats were trained to performa conditioned avoidance response combined with a successive discrimination in a shuttle-box. The administration of -amphetamine, 4 mg/kg i.p., caused a disruption of the discriminative but not thee avoidance behavior. Baclophen (beta-[-4-clorophenyl]-psi-aminobutyric acid), a GBA-derivative, given in a dose (4 mg/kg i.p.) that had no effect per se on the behavior in this test situation antagonized the -amphetamine-induced hypermotility. The present findins that baclophen antagonized a biochemically induced abnormal behaviour point to an \"antipsychotic\" action of baclophen in a successive discrimination avoidance test.", "contents": "Antagonism by baclophen of the d-amphetamine-induced disruption of a successive discrimination in the rat. Male rats were trained to performa conditioned avoidance response combined with a successive discrimination in a shuttle-box. The administration of -amphetamine, 4 mg/kg i.p., caused a disruption of the discriminative but not thee avoidance behavior. Baclophen (beta-[-4-clorophenyl]-psi-aminobutyric acid), a GBA-derivative, given in a dose (4 mg/kg i.p.) that had no effect per se on the behavior in this test situation antagonized the -amphetamine-induced hypermotility. The present findins that baclophen antagonized a biochemically induced abnormal behaviour point to an \"antipsychotic\" action of baclophen in a successive discrimination avoidance test.", "PMID": 1165490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_923", "title": "The effectiveness of hearing protective devices.", "content": "The effectiveness of a hearing conservation program, and specifically the effectiveness of hearing protection devices (muffs in this case), was investigated over a five-year period, since the inception of the program at a major plant of the Ingersoll-Rand Company. The study concentrated on three groups (Class I, II, and III) of 213 employees whose noise level exposure did not change during the five-year study period. A hearing conservation criterion of 90dBA was utilized. One group consisted of office workers in which the level was well below this, a second group from a machine shop in which the level was slightly below the criterion, and a third group from foundry areas in which the levels were considerably above the 90dBA level. Personal ear protection was worn during the study period only by the last group. The mean differences in hearing levels were insignificant and were essentially the same in the three groups, at each frequency, and regardless of the baseline hearing thresholds. It is apparent that there were no significant changes in hearing threshodls during the study period among a non-noise exposed group; a mild to moderate noise-exposed group; and a group exposed to high levels of steady state noise, but wearing ear protectors. These results indicate that a hearing conservation program which includes audiometric testing and personal ear protection, utilizing a hearing conservation criterion of approximately 90dBA, does adequately protect the hearing of noise-exposed workers.", "contents": "The effectiveness of hearing protective devices. The effectiveness of a hearing conservation program, and specifically the effectiveness of hearing protection devices (muffs in this case), was investigated over a five-year period, since the inception of the program at a major plant of the Ingersoll-Rand Company. The study concentrated on three groups (Class I, II, and III) of 213 employees whose noise level exposure did not change during the five-year study period. A hearing conservation criterion of 90dBA was utilized. One group consisted of office workers in which the level was well below this, a second group from a machine shop in which the level was slightly below the criterion, and a third group from foundry areas in which the levels were considerably above the 90dBA level. Personal ear protection was worn during the study period only by the last group. The mean differences in hearing levels were insignificant and were essentially the same in the three groups, at each frequency, and regardless of the baseline hearing thresholds. It is apparent that there were no significant changes in hearing threshodls during the study period among a non-noise exposed group; a mild to moderate noise-exposed group; and a group exposed to high levels of steady state noise, but wearing ear protectors. These results indicate that a hearing conservation program which includes audiometric testing and personal ear protection, utilizing a hearing conservation criterion of approximately 90dBA, does adequately protect the hearing of noise-exposed workers.", "PMID": 1165499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_924", "title": "Permanent disability evaluation in terms of dynamic function.", "content": "This article reviews the concepts of impairment and disability. It is argued that traditional methods of disability assessment based on passive function do not adequately reflect actual loss of function and that it is possible to arrive at a much fairer assessment of residual abilities. The techniques suggested are derived from those already established in the rehabilitation field by the proponents of the GULHEMP System. It is suggested that raditional methods are falling into disrepute because of thier inadequacy and that this reflects on the profession as a whole.", "contents": "Permanent disability evaluation in terms of dynamic function. This article reviews the concepts of impairment and disability. It is argued that traditional methods of disability assessment based on passive function do not adequately reflect actual loss of function and that it is possible to arrive at a much fairer assessment of residual abilities. The techniques suggested are derived from those already established in the rehabilitation field by the proponents of the GULHEMP System. It is suggested that raditional methods are falling into disrepute because of thier inadequacy and that this reflects on the profession as a whole.", "PMID": 1165501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_925", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen in the serum of infants after deliver from asymptomatic carrier mothers.", "content": "A survey of sera of 5,993 pregnant women for hepatitis B surface antigen in Tokyo revealed 139 asymptomatic carriers (2.3%), essentially the same as that of a control population of comparable age group (2.2%). None of 59 specimens of cord blood of their newborn infants was positive for HBsAg according to an immune adherence hemagglutination assay. In 11 mother-child pairs in whom follow-up was possible for more than seven months, HBsAg was detected in the sera of eight infants within the first six months, after birth, with antigenemia persisting throughout the observation period, while antigenemia was not detected in the remaining three. The subtype of HBsAg was identical for each mother-child pair. The antigen was detected in sera of two of the infants after appropriate incubation periods of 123 and 133 days, respectively, whereas in others it was detected as early as 5 and 13 days after delivery.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen in the serum of infants after deliver from asymptomatic carrier mothers. A survey of sera of 5,993 pregnant women for hepatitis B surface antigen in Tokyo revealed 139 asymptomatic carriers (2.3%), essentially the same as that of a control population of comparable age group (2.2%). None of 59 specimens of cord blood of their newborn infants was positive for HBsAg according to an immune adherence hemagglutination assay. In 11 mother-child pairs in whom follow-up was possible for more than seven months, HBsAg was detected in the sera of eight infants within the first six months, after birth, with antigenemia persisting throughout the observation period, while antigenemia was not detected in the remaining three. The subtype of HBsAg was identical for each mother-child pair. The antigen was detected in sera of two of the infants after appropriate incubation periods of 123 and 133 days, respectively, whereas in others it was detected as early as 5 and 13 days after delivery.", "PMID": 1165515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_926", "title": "Minimal-lesion nephrotic syndrome with early resistance to steroid therapy.", "content": "The initial and long-term clinical course of six children with steroid-resistant, minimal-lesion nephrotic syndrome was evaluated. All children experienced remission after two to five weeks of combined cyclophosphamide-prednisone therapy. Following cyclophosphamide treatment, three patients have relapsed and have become steroid sensitive. The clinical outcome was quite favorable. These data suggest: (1) cyclophosphamide may induce a prompt remission in patients with minimal glomerular lesions who have early resistance to corticosteroids; (2) relapses which occur after cyclophosphamide should be treated with prednisone alone, even though the patient was previously steroid resistant; (3) the ultimate outcome is related more to the nature of the histopathologic lesion than to a lack of steroid responsiveness.", "contents": "Minimal-lesion nephrotic syndrome with early resistance to steroid therapy. The initial and long-term clinical course of six children with steroid-resistant, minimal-lesion nephrotic syndrome was evaluated. All children experienced remission after two to five weeks of combined cyclophosphamide-prednisone therapy. Following cyclophosphamide treatment, three patients have relapsed and have become steroid sensitive. The clinical outcome was quite favorable. These data suggest: (1) cyclophosphamide may induce a prompt remission in patients with minimal glomerular lesions who have early resistance to corticosteroids; (2) relapses which occur after cyclophosphamide should be treated with prednisone alone, even though the patient was previously steroid resistant; (3) the ultimate outcome is related more to the nature of the histopathologic lesion than to a lack of steroid responsiveness.", "PMID": 1165516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_927", "title": "Acute renal failure: an important complication of cardiac surgery in infants.", "content": "Acute renal failure occurred in association with cardiac surgery in 20 of 248 infants (8%). Hypotension, poor tissue perfusion, and hypoglycemia were the most important factors recognized in the pathogenesis and outcome of the ARF. However, many infants were extremely ill preoperatively. The most frequent operative procedures performed in the 20 patients were open-heart surgery with total correction under deep hypothermia and repair of coarctation of the aorta. Thirteen of the 20 infants with ARF died. The combination of a major operative procedure, cardiac failure, hypoglycemia, hypotension, and compromised renal function imposes important constraints in the treatment of hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, correction of acid-base distrubances, and the administration of fluids.", "contents": "Acute renal failure: an important complication of cardiac surgery in infants. Acute renal failure occurred in association with cardiac surgery in 20 of 248 infants (8%). Hypotension, poor tissue perfusion, and hypoglycemia were the most important factors recognized in the pathogenesis and outcome of the ARF. However, many infants were extremely ill preoperatively. The most frequent operative procedures performed in the 20 patients were open-heart surgery with total correction under deep hypothermia and repair of coarctation of the aorta. Thirteen of the 20 infants with ARF died. The combination of a major operative procedure, cardiac failure, hypoglycemia, hypotension, and compromised renal function imposes important constraints in the treatment of hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, correction of acid-base distrubances, and the administration of fluids.", "PMID": 1165517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_928", "title": "Electrolyte metabolism of muscle in the salt-losing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "The study of metabolism of muscle electrolyte in children with the salt-losing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia reveals two types of alterations. After admission and during initial therapy with salt and desoxycorticosterone, the changes are typical of those seen in experimental animals with adrenalectomy and excessive replacement therapy. Discontinuation of the sodium supplement after three months of therapy resulted in a return of muscle electrolyte values to normal. During the period of poor growth common to these patients a different pattern was observed. Sodium and water accumulated without alteration in tissue potassium. The mechanism of this alteration is not clear; however, it is consistent with the known effects of excess cortisone on muscle composition. These observations permit the conclusion that at least two fractions of sodium are present in muscle fibers, that which exchanges potassium and that which is independent of potassium metabolism.", "contents": "Electrolyte metabolism of muscle in the salt-losing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The study of metabolism of muscle electrolyte in children with the salt-losing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia reveals two types of alterations. After admission and during initial therapy with salt and desoxycorticosterone, the changes are typical of those seen in experimental animals with adrenalectomy and excessive replacement therapy. Discontinuation of the sodium supplement after three months of therapy resulted in a return of muscle electrolyte values to normal. During the period of poor growth common to these patients a different pattern was observed. Sodium and water accumulated without alteration in tissue potassium. The mechanism of this alteration is not clear; however, it is consistent with the known effects of excess cortisone on muscle composition. These observations permit the conclusion that at least two fractions of sodium are present in muscle fibers, that which exchanges potassium and that which is independent of potassium metabolism.", "PMID": 1165518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_929", "title": "Hyperaminoacidemia due to the accumulation of gluconeogenic amino acid precursors in hypoglycemic small-for-gestational age infants.", "content": "The postnatal (3 to 12 hours) plasma amino acid patterns of normal full-term, nonhypoglycemic, and hypoglycemic small-for-gestational age infants were compared. Seventeen amino acid were separated by automatic column chromatography. It was found that hypoglycemia in SGA newborn infants was associated with a marked increase in total serum amino acid concentrations. This hyperaminoacidemia, which was mainly due to the increase in concentrations of alanine, glycine, proline, and valine, apparently reflected a decreased heapatic gluconeogenic capacity. A significant inverse correlation was observed between concentration of blood glucose and the accumulation of gluconeogenic amino acids. The proportionate accumulation of alanine, glycine, proline, and valine suggests a closely interrelated production and release of these amino acids from the peripheral pools. It is concluded that the changes in concentrations of plasma amino acids occurring in hypoglycemic SGA infants can be helpful in understanding the relative contribution of individual amino acids to gluconeogenesis in the human infant.", "contents": "Hyperaminoacidemia due to the accumulation of gluconeogenic amino acid precursors in hypoglycemic small-for-gestational age infants. The postnatal (3 to 12 hours) plasma amino acid patterns of normal full-term, nonhypoglycemic, and hypoglycemic small-for-gestational age infants were compared. Seventeen amino acid were separated by automatic column chromatography. It was found that hypoglycemia in SGA newborn infants was associated with a marked increase in total serum amino acid concentrations. This hyperaminoacidemia, which was mainly due to the increase in concentrations of alanine, glycine, proline, and valine, apparently reflected a decreased heapatic gluconeogenic capacity. A significant inverse correlation was observed between concentration of blood glucose and the accumulation of gluconeogenic amino acids. The proportionate accumulation of alanine, glycine, proline, and valine suggests a closely interrelated production and release of these amino acids from the peripheral pools. It is concluded that the changes in concentrations of plasma amino acids occurring in hypoglycemic SGA infants can be helpful in understanding the relative contribution of individual amino acids to gluconeogenesis in the human infant.", "PMID": 1165519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_930", "title": "Neonatal hyperthyroidism following intrauterine hypothyroidism.", "content": "An infant, whose mother was treated for thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy, appeared normal at birth, but laboratory data were indicative of hypothyroidism. On the sixth day of life the infant had clinical and laboratory evidence of hyperthyroidism. A plan of management is proposed for infants born to thyrotoxic mothers.", "contents": "Neonatal hyperthyroidism following intrauterine hypothyroidism. An infant, whose mother was treated for thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy, appeared normal at birth, but laboratory data were indicative of hypothyroidism. On the sixth day of life the infant had clinical and laboratory evidence of hyperthyroidism. A plan of management is proposed for infants born to thyrotoxic mothers.", "PMID": 1165528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_931", "title": "Dislocation of the triangular cartilage of the nasal septum.", "content": "Triangular nasal septal dislocation is a rare injury of the newborn infant; it is the result of pressure during deliver. It must be differentiated from transient flattening of the nose. Soon after diagnosis, a rhinologist should elevate the cartilage into the vomerine groove.", "contents": "Dislocation of the triangular cartilage of the nasal septum. Triangular nasal septal dislocation is a rare injury of the newborn infant; it is the result of pressure during deliver. It must be differentiated from transient flattening of the nose. Soon after diagnosis, a rhinologist should elevate the cartilage into the vomerine groove.", "PMID": 1165529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_932", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of ticarcillin in the newborn infant: relation to age, gestational age, and weight.", "content": "Ticarcillin, a new penicillin derivative with greater in vitro activity against Pseudomonas than carbenicillin, was given as a single dose of 50 mg/kg intramuscularly on 61 occasions to 54 neonates and young infants. The serum concentrations and rate of elimination varied considerably depending upon gestational age, chronological age, and body weight. Peak serum concentrations depended principally upon the volume of distribution which approximated the extracellular fluid volume of the neonate. The plasma clearance and serum half-life of the drug were determined. From these pharmacokinetic data appropriate groupings according to age and body weight were made and dosages and intervals of administration predicted for clinical trials of efficacy with repeated doses.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of ticarcillin in the newborn infant: relation to age, gestational age, and weight. Ticarcillin, a new penicillin derivative with greater in vitro activity against Pseudomonas than carbenicillin, was given as a single dose of 50 mg/kg intramuscularly on 61 occasions to 54 neonates and young infants. The serum concentrations and rate of elimination varied considerably depending upon gestational age, chronological age, and body weight. Peak serum concentrations depended principally upon the volume of distribution which approximated the extracellular fluid volume of the neonate. The plasma clearance and serum half-life of the drug were determined. From these pharmacokinetic data appropriate groupings according to age and body weight were made and dosages and intervals of administration predicted for clinical trials of efficacy with repeated doses.", "PMID": 1165530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_933", "title": "Drug interaction: diazoxide and diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "In two children treated for hypoglycemia and convulsions with diazoxide and diphenylhydantoin, therapeutic serum diphenylhydantoin levels were not achieved despite doses of diphenylhydantoin of 17 and 29 mg/kg/day, respectively. After diazoxide was discontinued, serum diphenylhydantoin levels were within the therapeutic range in each patient with doses of 6.6 and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively. Serum diphenylhydantoin fell to undetectable levels within four days after experimental reinitiation of diazoxide administration in one patient. Although the mechanism for the effect of diazoxide on serum concentrations of diphenylhydantoin is uncertain, an increased rate of metabolism of diphenylhydantoin is suggested by our findings. Decreased plasma protein binding of diphenylhydantoin, induced by diazoxide, was observed and may play a role.", "contents": "Drug interaction: diazoxide and diphenylhydantoin. In two children treated for hypoglycemia and convulsions with diazoxide and diphenylhydantoin, therapeutic serum diphenylhydantoin levels were not achieved despite doses of diphenylhydantoin of 17 and 29 mg/kg/day, respectively. After diazoxide was discontinued, serum diphenylhydantoin levels were within the therapeutic range in each patient with doses of 6.6 and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively. Serum diphenylhydantoin fell to undetectable levels within four days after experimental reinitiation of diazoxide administration in one patient. Although the mechanism for the effect of diazoxide on serum concentrations of diphenylhydantoin is uncertain, an increased rate of metabolism of diphenylhydantoin is suggested by our findings. Decreased plasma protein binding of diphenylhydantoin, induced by diazoxide, was observed and may play a role.", "PMID": 1165531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_934", "title": "Ultrastructure of developing Ascaris larvae undergoing lipid to carbohydrate interconversion.", "content": "Triglyceride utilization is correlated with glycogen resynthesis in developing Ascaris suum larvae. Glycogen content, determined by amyloglucosidase hydrolysis at 2-day intervals, decreases sharply during embryonation from 15% (per mg dry weight) at day 4 to 2% at day 12. Thereafter glycogen increases 3-fold through day 20, marking the resynthesis period. Triglyceride lipid droplets are confirmed primarily to the posterior half of the larvae and mark the site of the interconversion. Although they serve as precursors to glycogen, only a small diminution was observed ultrastructurally. Glycogen accumulation, on the other hand, correlates well with increases determined biochemically. alpha-glycogen builds up among lipid droplets, while beta-glycogen concentrates in the cytoplasm of somatic muscle cells paralleling myofibril development. Dense granules, restricted to the lipid body region, are considered as the possible subcellular site for the enzymatic conversion.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of developing Ascaris larvae undergoing lipid to carbohydrate interconversion. Triglyceride utilization is correlated with glycogen resynthesis in developing Ascaris suum larvae. Glycogen content, determined by amyloglucosidase hydrolysis at 2-day intervals, decreases sharply during embryonation from 15% (per mg dry weight) at day 4 to 2% at day 12. Thereafter glycogen increases 3-fold through day 20, marking the resynthesis period. Triglyceride lipid droplets are confirmed primarily to the posterior half of the larvae and mark the site of the interconversion. Although they serve as precursors to glycogen, only a small diminution was observed ultrastructurally. Glycogen accumulation, on the other hand, correlates well with increases determined biochemically. alpha-glycogen builds up among lipid droplets, while beta-glycogen concentrates in the cytoplasm of somatic muscle cells paralleling myofibril development. Dense granules, restricted to the lipid body region, are considered as the possible subcellular site for the enzymatic conversion.", "PMID": 1165542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_935", "title": "Ackertia globulosa sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from rodents in Kenya.", "content": "Ackertia globulosa sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) is described from the pulmonary arteries of the striped mouse, Lemniscomys striatus striatus (L.), in Kenya. Distinguishing features are the small size of the adults; the short left spicule and arrangement of the caudal papillae (3 pairs preanal, 4 pairs postanal) of the male; small projecting lobes on the tail of the females; and 10 to 12 refractile globules in the microfilarial sheath. The microfilariae are found in the skin, mostly of the ear. The probable intermediate host is a hard tick, Haemaphysalis leachi.", "contents": "Ackertia globulosa sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from rodents in Kenya. Ackertia globulosa sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) is described from the pulmonary arteries of the striped mouse, Lemniscomys striatus striatus (L.), in Kenya. Distinguishing features are the small size of the adults; the short left spicule and arrangement of the caudal papillae (3 pairs preanal, 4 pairs postanal) of the male; small projecting lobes on the tail of the females; and 10 to 12 refractile globules in the microfilarial sheath. The microfilariae are found in the skin, mostly of the ear. The probable intermediate host is a hard tick, Haemaphysalis leachi.", "PMID": 1165543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_936", "title": "Distribution and development of Brugia malayi in reinfected cats.", "content": "At various time periods after an initial exposure to 50 Brugia malayi larvae on one hind foot cats were reexposed to an additional 50 larvae in one of 3 ways: on the previously infected limb only, on the contralateral, uninfected limb only, or on both hind limbs simultaneously. At the time of reexposure uninfected controls were exposed to 50 larvae on one hind foot in a similar manner. From 2 to 4 weeks after reexposure to larvae, the cats were necropsied and the appropriate lymph nodes and vessels examined for adult or developing worms. An existing infection in one limb did not influence early migration or development of larvae introduced into the contralateral leg. Previous infection in the same limb did not consistently result in decreases in the number of developing larvae from the second exposure but did alter the distrubution of larvae. In repeat infections, larvae were consistently located in a moe distal area of the limb than were larvae from an initial infection at a comparable time.", "contents": "Distribution and development of Brugia malayi in reinfected cats. At various time periods after an initial exposure to 50 Brugia malayi larvae on one hind foot cats were reexposed to an additional 50 larvae in one of 3 ways: on the previously infected limb only, on the contralateral, uninfected limb only, or on both hind limbs simultaneously. At the time of reexposure uninfected controls were exposed to 50 larvae on one hind foot in a similar manner. From 2 to 4 weeks after reexposure to larvae, the cats were necropsied and the appropriate lymph nodes and vessels examined for adult or developing worms. An existing infection in one limb did not influence early migration or development of larvae introduced into the contralateral leg. Previous infection in the same limb did not consistently result in decreases in the number of developing larvae from the second exposure but did alter the distrubution of larvae. In repeat infections, larvae were consistently located in a moe distal area of the limb than were larvae from an initial infection at a comparable time.", "PMID": 1165544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_937", "title": "Andracantha, a new genus of Acanthocephala (Polymorphidae) from fish-eating birds, with descriptions of three species.", "content": "Problems in taxonomy of the Polymorphidae are discussed, with particular reference to trunk spines. Andracantha gen. n. is proposed for species with genital spines and 2 fields of trunk spines. Corynosoma gravida Alegret 1941, C. mergi Lundstro\u00f6m 1941 and C. phalacrocoracis Yamaguti 1939 are redescribed and placed in Andracantha, with A. gravida (Alegret, 1941) comb. n. designated as type species.", "contents": "Andracantha, a new genus of Acanthocephala (Polymorphidae) from fish-eating birds, with descriptions of three species. Problems in taxonomy of the Polymorphidae are discussed, with particular reference to trunk spines. Andracantha gen. n. is proposed for species with genital spines and 2 fields of trunk spines. Corynosoma gravida Alegret 1941, C. mergi Lundstro\u00f6m 1941 and C. phalacrocoracis Yamaguti 1939 are redescribed and placed in Andracantha, with A. gravida (Alegret, 1941) comb. n. designated as type species.", "PMID": 1165545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_938", "title": "Cytochemical localization of peroxidase activity in the miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Distribution of peroxidase activity in the mitochondria of the miracidium of the blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni, was investigated cytochemically using the diaminobenzidine (DAB) technique. Re-action product was localized in the mitochondria of this larvae stage at pH 7.4 and 9.7. The reaction was peroxide-dependent and insensitive to either potassium cyanide, sodium azide, or 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole at the concentrations used. The reaction was inactivated by heat and by pretreatment with methanol-nitro-ferricyanide, and inhibitor of peroxidase. A perioxide-independent reaction was also observed in the mitochondria. This latter reaction was sensitive to potassium cyanide and sodium azide. It is hypothesized that the peroxidase either may act where peroxide is an electron acceptor in a flavoprotein-linked system or may be a vestige of a more primitive pathway. No peroxidase activity was observed in the mitochondria of other stages of the life cycle of the worm.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of peroxidase activity in the miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni. Distribution of peroxidase activity in the mitochondria of the miracidium of the blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni, was investigated cytochemically using the diaminobenzidine (DAB) technique. Re-action product was localized in the mitochondria of this larvae stage at pH 7.4 and 9.7. The reaction was peroxide-dependent and insensitive to either potassium cyanide, sodium azide, or 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole at the concentrations used. The reaction was inactivated by heat and by pretreatment with methanol-nitro-ferricyanide, and inhibitor of peroxidase. A perioxide-independent reaction was also observed in the mitochondria. This latter reaction was sensitive to potassium cyanide and sodium azide. It is hypothesized that the peroxidase either may act where peroxide is an electron acceptor in a flavoprotein-linked system or may be a vestige of a more primitive pathway. No peroxidase activity was observed in the mitochondria of other stages of the life cycle of the worm.", "PMID": 1165546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_939", "title": "Purine and pyrimidine transport in Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "The uptake of purines and pyrimidines by adults of Schistosoma mansoni was studied. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil entered the worms entirely by diffusion. Adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, and the nucleosides adenosine and uridine were absorbed in part by mediated systems. The results of inhibitor studies suggest the presence of 5 distinct transport sites for these latter compounds. The interaction of adenosine monophosphate with these sites was also studied.", "contents": "Purine and pyrimidine transport in Schistosoma mansoni. The uptake of purines and pyrimidines by adults of Schistosoma mansoni was studied. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil entered the worms entirely by diffusion. Adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, and the nucleosides adenosine and uridine were absorbed in part by mediated systems. The results of inhibitor studies suggest the presence of 5 distinct transport sites for these latter compounds. The interaction of adenosine monophosphate with these sites was also studied.", "PMID": 1165547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_940", "title": "Abyssotrema pritchardae gen. et sp. n. (Digenea: Fellodistomidae) from the deep-sea fish, Alepocephalus agassizi Goode and Bean 1883.", "content": "Abyssotrema pritchardae gen. et sp. n. is described from the benthic teleost, Alepocephalus agassizi Goode and Bean 1883 (Alepocephalidae), taken from Hudson Canyon in the western North Atlantic. The new genus is placed in the subfamily Monascinae Dollfus 1947 and relationships among Abyssotrema, Elopsium Fischthal and Thomas 1972, and Monascus Looss 1907 are discussed.", "contents": "Abyssotrema pritchardae gen. et sp. n. (Digenea: Fellodistomidae) from the deep-sea fish, Alepocephalus agassizi Goode and Bean 1883. Abyssotrema pritchardae gen. et sp. n. is described from the benthic teleost, Alepocephalus agassizi Goode and Bean 1883 (Alepocephalidae), taken from Hudson Canyon in the western North Atlantic. The new genus is placed in the subfamily Monascinae Dollfus 1947 and relationships among Abyssotrema, Elopsium Fischthal and Thomas 1972, and Monascus Looss 1907 are discussed.", "PMID": 1165549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_941", "title": "Cytochemical characterization of tegument membrane-associated carbohydrates in Taenia crassiceps larvae.", "content": "The tegument of larval Taenia crassiceps possesses a surface coat rich in both neutral and acidic carbohydrates. Neutral glycans were detected in Golgi vesicles of the tegument perikarya, vesicles of the distal tegument, and on the surface of the plasma membrane. Autoradiographs indicated the tegument perikarya as major sites of 3H-galactose incorporation into acid-insoluble macromolecules. The labeled material is subsequently translocated to more superficial regions of the tegument, then concentrated in the brush border. Loss of radioactivity is appreciable within 6 hr of the synthesis of this material, indicating continual replacement of this tegument surface component.", "contents": "Cytochemical characterization of tegument membrane-associated carbohydrates in Taenia crassiceps larvae. The tegument of larval Taenia crassiceps possesses a surface coat rich in both neutral and acidic carbohydrates. Neutral glycans were detected in Golgi vesicles of the tegument perikarya, vesicles of the distal tegument, and on the surface of the plasma membrane. Autoradiographs indicated the tegument perikarya as major sites of 3H-galactose incorporation into acid-insoluble macromolecules. The labeled material is subsequently translocated to more superficial regions of the tegument, then concentrated in the brush border. Loss of radioactivity is appreciable within 6 hr of the synthesis of this material, indicating continual replacement of this tegument surface component.", "PMID": 1165550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_942", "title": "The life cycle in vitro of Hymenolepis microstoma (Cestoda).", "content": "The cestode Hymenolepis microstoma was grown axenically from oncosphere to infective cysticercoid. Reducing agents were not essential for development and produced structural abnormalities in the organisms. Cysticercoids grown in vitro were excysted, placed in culture, and developed into adults containing gravid segments, thus completing the life cycle in vitro.", "contents": "The life cycle in vitro of Hymenolepis microstoma (Cestoda). The cestode Hymenolepis microstoma was grown axenically from oncosphere to infective cysticercoid. Reducing agents were not essential for development and produced structural abnormalities in the organisms. Cysticercoids grown in vitro were excysted, placed in culture, and developed into adults containing gravid segments, thus completing the life cycle in vitro.", "PMID": 1165551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_943", "title": "Experimental infections with pathogenic free-living amebae in laboratory primate hosts: I. (B) A study on susceptibility to Acanthamoeba culbertsoni.", "content": "Susceptibility to A. culbertsoni was studied in 15 Old World monkeys by intranasal, intravenous, or intrathecal inoculation of trophozoites. No clinically detectable disease resulted from either intranasal or intravenous inoculation, but 4 of 7 monkeys inoculated intrathecally succumbed to acutely fatal meningoencephalitis. Virulence of the ameba varied with cultural age of the inoculum. Size of inoculum, passages through animal tissues, and host-immune competence were other factors of consideration in pathogenicity of the ameba.", "contents": "Experimental infections with pathogenic free-living amebae in laboratory primate hosts: I. (B) A study on susceptibility to Acanthamoeba culbertsoni. Susceptibility to A. culbertsoni was studied in 15 Old World monkeys by intranasal, intravenous, or intrathecal inoculation of trophozoites. No clinically detectable disease resulted from either intranasal or intravenous inoculation, but 4 of 7 monkeys inoculated intrathecally succumbed to acutely fatal meningoencephalitis. Virulence of the ameba varied with cultural age of the inoculum. Size of inoculum, passages through animal tissues, and host-immune competence were other factors of consideration in pathogenicity of the ameba.", "PMID": 1165552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_944", "title": "Preparation and purification of merozoites of Eimeria tenella.", "content": "Second-generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella were obtained from both infected cecal tissue and infected chorioallantoic membranes of embryonated eggs. The merozoites were harvested from the tissue by incubation with hyaluronidase, yielding approximately 4 times 10(7) merozoites per cecum and 3 times 10(6) merozoites per chorioallantoic membrane. Subsequent purification of the merozoites by density centrifugation and glass bead filtration resulted in a 54% overall yield and a final preparation of approximately 95% purity. The viability of such preparations was established by inoculation of the merozoites to the ceca of chickens, resulting in oocyst production by 48 hr. This purification procedure allows for a rapid preparation of E. tenella during its second asexual stage in sufficient quantity and purity for biochemical study.", "contents": "Preparation and purification of merozoites of Eimeria tenella. Second-generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella were obtained from both infected cecal tissue and infected chorioallantoic membranes of embryonated eggs. The merozoites were harvested from the tissue by incubation with hyaluronidase, yielding approximately 4 times 10(7) merozoites per cecum and 3 times 10(6) merozoites per chorioallantoic membrane. Subsequent purification of the merozoites by density centrifugation and glass bead filtration resulted in a 54% overall yield and a final preparation of approximately 95% purity. The viability of such preparations was established by inoculation of the merozoites to the ceca of chickens, resulting in oocyst production by 48 hr. This purification procedure allows for a rapid preparation of E. tenella during its second asexual stage in sufficient quantity and purity for biochemical study.", "PMID": 1165553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_945", "title": "Effect of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine on the fine structure and multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii in cell cultures.", "content": "Rhesus monkey kidney cell cultures were inoculated with Toxoplasma gondii organisms obtained from peritoneal fluid of mice infected with the RH strain. Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine were added either singly or in combination to the cultures 4 hr after inoculation. Twenty-four hours later the effect of the drugs on the parasites were studied by light and electron microscopy. Pyrimethamine (1.0 mug/ml) inhibited multiplication of the parasites and caused striking morphological changes. Organisms were rounded and often had a fragmented nucleus. Division was inhibited as indicated by abnormal daughter membrane formation during endodyogeny. No effect was evident in sulfadiazine-treated parasites when concentrations up to 50 mug/ml were used. However, combination of ineffective levels of pyrimethamine (0.1 mug/ml) and sulfadiazine (0.5 mug/ml) produced effects similar to those seen at a higher concentration of pyrimethamine indicating a synergistic action of the 2 drugs.", "contents": "Effect of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine on the fine structure and multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii in cell cultures. Rhesus monkey kidney cell cultures were inoculated with Toxoplasma gondii organisms obtained from peritoneal fluid of mice infected with the RH strain. Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine were added either singly or in combination to the cultures 4 hr after inoculation. Twenty-four hours later the effect of the drugs on the parasites were studied by light and electron microscopy. Pyrimethamine (1.0 mug/ml) inhibited multiplication of the parasites and caused striking morphological changes. Organisms were rounded and often had a fragmented nucleus. Division was inhibited as indicated by abnormal daughter membrane formation during endodyogeny. No effect was evident in sulfadiazine-treated parasites when concentrations up to 50 mug/ml were used. However, combination of ineffective levels of pyrimethamine (0.1 mug/ml) and sulfadiazine (0.5 mug/ml) produced effects similar to those seen at a higher concentration of pyrimethamine indicating a synergistic action of the 2 drugs.", "PMID": 1165554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_946", "title": "Studies on the transmission of simian malaria. VI. Mosquito infection and sporozoite transmission of Plasmodium fragile.", "content": "Anopheles b. balabacensis mosquitoes were infected with Plasmodium fragile when fed upon splenectomized Macaca mulatta monkeys. Highest level mosquito infections were obtained when feedings were made from 2 to 4 days prior to the peak in the parasitemia. Transmission to M. mulatta monkeys was obtained via mosquito bite on 2 occasions and via intrahepatic and intravenous inoculation of dissected infected salivary glands on 9 occasions. The prepatent periods ranged from 12 to 17 days with a median of 15 days.", "contents": "Studies on the transmission of simian malaria. VI. Mosquito infection and sporozoite transmission of Plasmodium fragile. Anopheles b. balabacensis mosquitoes were infected with Plasmodium fragile when fed upon splenectomized Macaca mulatta monkeys. Highest level mosquito infections were obtained when feedings were made from 2 to 4 days prior to the peak in the parasitemia. Transmission to M. mulatta monkeys was obtained via mosquito bite on 2 occasions and via intrahepatic and intravenous inoculation of dissected infected salivary glands on 9 occasions. The prepatent periods ranged from 12 to 17 days with a median of 15 days.", "PMID": 1165555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_947", "title": "Notoedres (Bakeracarus) coreanus sp. n. (Acari: Sarcoptidae), a new intranasal sarcoptid mite from Pipistrellus savii (Ognev) from Korea.", "content": "Notoedres (Bakeracarus) coreanus sp. n. from the mucosa of the nasal cavity of the swift bat, Pipistrellus savii (Ognev), is described. This sarcoptid mite is the third species of the subgenus Bakeracarus and is distinguished from other previously recognized species in having markedly reduced terminal setae on legs III and IV and in the presence of the sclerotized anal area. Unlike other members of this genus and the family Sarcoptidae, which are characteristically skin parasites, the new species is an intranasal parasite. The presence of greatly reduced whiplike terminal setae on legs III and IV and the general configuration of the body suggests the possibility of adaptive changes in structure to adjust to an intranasal mode of parasitism.", "contents": "Notoedres (Bakeracarus) coreanus sp. n. (Acari: Sarcoptidae), a new intranasal sarcoptid mite from Pipistrellus savii (Ognev) from Korea. Notoedres (Bakeracarus) coreanus sp. n. from the mucosa of the nasal cavity of the swift bat, Pipistrellus savii (Ognev), is described. This sarcoptid mite is the third species of the subgenus Bakeracarus and is distinguished from other previously recognized species in having markedly reduced terminal setae on legs III and IV and in the presence of the sclerotized anal area. Unlike other members of this genus and the family Sarcoptidae, which are characteristically skin parasites, the new species is an intranasal parasite. The presence of greatly reduced whiplike terminal setae on legs III and IV and the general configuration of the body suggests the possibility of adaptive changes in structure to adjust to an intranasal mode of parasitism.", "PMID": 1165556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_948", "title": "Studies on the ecology of Haemaphysalis silacea Robinson 1912 (Acarina: Ixodidae).", "content": "Haemaphysalis silacea Robinson is known to be established only in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, in localized areas of Fish River Bush in the river valleys and in the coastal bush complex. In the Kowie River valley, it was shown that the distribution of larvae is limited by microclimatic conditions. The humid leaf litter zone in the dense vegetation on the river banks and along minor tributaries is the focus of the larval population. Nymphs are most numerous in drier microhabitats on the wooded, river floodplain. Larvae are active during the humid conditions of autumn and early winter, nymphs during late winter and spring, and adults during the hot, dry summer months. The main hosts of H. silacea are artiodactyls, which are numerous in the dense Fish River Bush. The host/tick interaction occurs as a result of the daily movements and feeding habits of the hosts.", "contents": "Studies on the ecology of Haemaphysalis silacea Robinson 1912 (Acarina: Ixodidae). Haemaphysalis silacea Robinson is known to be established only in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, in localized areas of Fish River Bush in the river valleys and in the coastal bush complex. In the Kowie River valley, it was shown that the distribution of larvae is limited by microclimatic conditions. The humid leaf litter zone in the dense vegetation on the river banks and along minor tributaries is the focus of the larval population. Nymphs are most numerous in drier microhabitats on the wooded, river floodplain. Larvae are active during the humid conditions of autumn and early winter, nymphs during late winter and spring, and adults during the hot, dry summer months. The main hosts of H. silacea are artiodactyls, which are numerous in the dense Fish River Bush. The host/tick interaction occurs as a result of the daily movements and feeding habits of the hosts.", "PMID": 1165557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_949", "title": "Studies on the ecology of Amblyomma marmoreum Koch 1844 (Acarnia: Ixodidae).", "content": "In the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, larvae and nymphs of Ablyomma marmoreum Koch occur in habitats in which there is tree cover and herbaceous ground cover. Immatures of A. marmoreum are parasitic on reptiles, birds, and mammals. Adults occur only on reptiles. The major host for all stages is the moutain tortoise (Geochelone pardalis), and in the home areas of tortoises the density of ticks is high. Larvae are active in late summer and autumn. The rate of feeding is temperature-dependent, and some larvae which attach on tortoises in late autumn do not complete feeding until the following spring. Nymphs which occur in the home area of a tortoise become active in response to CO2 in early spring. Adults, and nymphs which occur outside the home area of a tortoise, become active in summer in response to rising temperatures. In nymphs which feed in spring, and hence develop into adults in midsummer, the life cycle is completed in 1 year. In nymphs which fed in midsummer, the life cycle is completed in 2 years.", "contents": "Studies on the ecology of Amblyomma marmoreum Koch 1844 (Acarnia: Ixodidae). In the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, larvae and nymphs of Ablyomma marmoreum Koch occur in habitats in which there is tree cover and herbaceous ground cover. Immatures of A. marmoreum are parasitic on reptiles, birds, and mammals. Adults occur only on reptiles. The major host for all stages is the moutain tortoise (Geochelone pardalis), and in the home areas of tortoises the density of ticks is high. Larvae are active in late summer and autumn. The rate of feeding is temperature-dependent, and some larvae which attach on tortoises in late autumn do not complete feeding until the following spring. Nymphs which occur in the home area of a tortoise become active in response to CO2 in early spring. Adults, and nymphs which occur outside the home area of a tortoise, become active in summer in response to rising temperatures. In nymphs which feed in spring, and hence develop into adults in midsummer, the life cycle is completed in 1 year. In nymphs which fed in midsummer, the life cycle is completed in 2 years.", "PMID": 1165558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_950", "title": "The subgenus Persicargas (Ixodoidea: Argasidae: Argas). 23. Fine structure of the salivary glands of unfed A. (P.) Arboreus Kaiser, Hoogstraal, and Kohls.", "content": "Salivary glands of the unfed adult Argas (Persicargas) arboreus (family Argasidae) contain 2 types of alveoli, one nongranular and one granule-secreting. The fine structure of the nongranular alveolus is similar to that of the family Ixodidae. In the granule-secreting alveolus, the presence of 3 types of secretory cells, each with morphologically distinct granular inclusions, confirms histological and histochemical observations on argasid salivary glands. Epithelial cells with numerous membranous infoldings, mitochondria, microtubules, and a complex canalicular system probably concerned with fluid regulation and secretion are located between granule-secreting cells and form caps over their basal regions. The luminal border of both secretory and epithelial cells is microvillate. The alveolar lumen leads into the chitinous alveolar duct which lacks the complex valvular structure of ixodid alveoli. Axons containing neurosecretory material occur in both nongranular and granule-secreting alveoli and probably control salivary secretion.", "contents": "The subgenus Persicargas (Ixodoidea: Argasidae: Argas). 23. Fine structure of the salivary glands of unfed A. (P.) Arboreus Kaiser, Hoogstraal, and Kohls. Salivary glands of the unfed adult Argas (Persicargas) arboreus (family Argasidae) contain 2 types of alveoli, one nongranular and one granule-secreting. The fine structure of the nongranular alveolus is similar to that of the family Ixodidae. In the granule-secreting alveolus, the presence of 3 types of secretory cells, each with morphologically distinct granular inclusions, confirms histological and histochemical observations on argasid salivary glands. Epithelial cells with numerous membranous infoldings, mitochondria, microtubules, and a complex canalicular system probably concerned with fluid regulation and secretion are located between granule-secreting cells and form caps over their basal regions. The luminal border of both secretory and epithelial cells is microvillate. The alveolar lumen leads into the chitinous alveolar duct which lacks the complex valvular structure of ixodid alveoli. Axons containing neurosecretory material occur in both nongranular and granule-secreting alveoli and probably control salivary secretion.", "PMID": 1165559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_951", "title": "Ultrastructure of Porocephalus crotali (Pentastomida) cuticle with phylogenetic implications.", "content": "The cuticle of P. crotali is pro-arthropodan, composed of an epi-, exo-, and endocuticle. The exo- and endocuticles are separated by a 600-A intermediate cuticular zone. The epicuticle is homogeneous and varies from 100 to 350 A in thickness. The exocuticle varies from 2 to eight mu in thickness and is divided into superficial and deep exocuticular zones. The endocuticle is lamellate and varies from 8 to 30 mu in thickness. Lamellae result from ordered parabolic orientations of 40-A chitin fibrils. Underlying cells lack a basement membrane. Subcuticular muscle cells insert tonofibrils directly into the adjacent endocuticle. No apodemes or apophyses occur.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Porocephalus crotali (Pentastomida) cuticle with phylogenetic implications. The cuticle of P. crotali is pro-arthropodan, composed of an epi-, exo-, and endocuticle. The exo- and endocuticles are separated by a 600-A intermediate cuticular zone. The epicuticle is homogeneous and varies from 100 to 350 A in thickness. The exocuticle varies from 2 to eight mu in thickness and is divided into superficial and deep exocuticular zones. The endocuticle is lamellate and varies from 8 to 30 mu in thickness. Lamellae result from ordered parabolic orientations of 40-A chitin fibrils. Underlying cells lack a basement membrane. Subcuticular muscle cells insert tonofibrils directly into the adjacent endocuticle. No apodemes or apophyses occur.", "PMID": 1165560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_952", "title": "Effects of dung beetle activity on the number of nematode parasites acquired by grazing cattle.", "content": "Parasitized steers were used to contaminate 3 pastures containing dung beetle populations of different densities. Six parasite-free calves were then allowed to graze the pastures for 43 to 45 days. Two calves that grazed a pasture with dung beetle population rendered lower than normal by screening and trapping acquired 9 times more parasites than 2 calves that grazed a pasture which captured beetles were released. Two calves that grazed a pasture with a natural dung beetle population acquired 4 times more worms than the calves on pasture with the increased beetle population. The results indicated that the 2 major genera of nematodes present (Ostertagia and Cooperia) were significantly reduced in number by dung beetle activity.", "contents": "Effects of dung beetle activity on the number of nematode parasites acquired by grazing cattle. Parasitized steers were used to contaminate 3 pastures containing dung beetle populations of different densities. Six parasite-free calves were then allowed to graze the pastures for 43 to 45 days. Two calves that grazed a pasture with dung beetle population rendered lower than normal by screening and trapping acquired 9 times more parasites than 2 calves that grazed a pasture which captured beetles were released. Two calves that grazed a pasture with a natural dung beetle population acquired 4 times more worms than the calves on pasture with the increased beetle population. The results indicated that the 2 major genera of nematodes present (Ostertagia and Cooperia) were significantly reduced in number by dung beetle activity.", "PMID": 1165561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_953", "title": "Calcium-binding of synaptosomes isolated from rat brain cortex, III. Binding with some divalent heavy metal ions and calcium-binding sites.", "content": "Free ion concentration of some divalent heavy metal ions such as Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ in the synaptosomal suspension was measured to determine binding with synaptosomes isolated from rat brain cortex. A dual wavelength spectrophotometer was utilized to monitor the absorbance changes of murexide raised by stepwise addition of these ions (as chloride salts). Such titration experiments of the synaptosomal suspension revealed that a part of the added divalent cation such as Mn2+, Co2+ or Ni2+ was almost instantaneously bound to synaptosomes in isotonic NaCl media. Our previous study (Kamino, Uyesaka & Inouye, J. Membrane Biol. 17:13, 1974) demonstrated that raised external K+ resulted in a specific noncompetitive inhibition of synaptosomal Ca-binding. Just like the Ca-binding, Mn-, Co- or Ni-binding was almost completely depressed by high external K+ or ruthenium red when the free concentration of the cations was 10 mum or less, while at higher concentrations the binding was not affected. The present results indicate that tested divalent cations bind with both \"Ca-binding sites\" and \"non-Ca-binding sites\" of synaptosomal membrane, the nature of the binding sites of both being quite different: the former is sensitive to high external K+ and to ruthenium red but the latter is not.", "contents": "Calcium-binding of synaptosomes isolated from rat brain cortex, III. Binding with some divalent heavy metal ions and calcium-binding sites. Free ion concentration of some divalent heavy metal ions such as Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ in the synaptosomal suspension was measured to determine binding with synaptosomes isolated from rat brain cortex. A dual wavelength spectrophotometer was utilized to monitor the absorbance changes of murexide raised by stepwise addition of these ions (as chloride salts). Such titration experiments of the synaptosomal suspension revealed that a part of the added divalent cation such as Mn2+, Co2+ or Ni2+ was almost instantaneously bound to synaptosomes in isotonic NaCl media. Our previous study (Kamino, Uyesaka & Inouye, J. Membrane Biol. 17:13, 1974) demonstrated that raised external K+ resulted in a specific noncompetitive inhibition of synaptosomal Ca-binding. Just like the Ca-binding, Mn-, Co- or Ni-binding was almost completely depressed by high external K+ or ruthenium red when the free concentration of the cations was 10 mum or less, while at higher concentrations the binding was not affected. The present results indicate that tested divalent cations bind with both \"Ca-binding sites\" and \"non-Ca-binding sites\" of synaptosomal membrane, the nature of the binding sites of both being quite different: the former is sensitive to high external K+ and to ruthenium red but the latter is not.", "PMID": 1165579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_954", "title": "A Na+-independent, phloretin-sensitive monosaccharide transport system in isolated intestinal epithelial cells.", "content": "A monosaccharide transport system in addition to the active Na+-dependent system characteristic of the brush border surface of vertebrate intestinal tissue has been identified in isolated chick intestinal epithelial cells. The newly described system differs in several characteristics from the Na+-dependent process, including function in the absence of Na+; a high sensitivity to phloretin, relative insensitivity to phlorizin; different substrate specificity; and a very high KT and Vmax. The system apparently functions only in a facilitated diffusion manner so that it serves to move monosaccharide across the cell membrane down its chemical gradient. An appreciable fraction of total sugar efflux occurs via the Na+-independent carrier from cells which have accumulated sugar to a steady state. Phloretin selectively blocks this efflux so that a normal steady-state sugar gradient of seven- to eightfold is transformed to a new steady-state gradient which is greater than 14-fold. Locus of the new system is tentatively ascribed to the serosal cell surface where it would serve for monosaccharide transfer between enterocyte and lamina propria of the villus.", "contents": "A Na+-independent, phloretin-sensitive monosaccharide transport system in isolated intestinal epithelial cells. A monosaccharide transport system in addition to the active Na+-dependent system characteristic of the brush border surface of vertebrate intestinal tissue has been identified in isolated chick intestinal epithelial cells. The newly described system differs in several characteristics from the Na+-dependent process, including function in the absence of Na+; a high sensitivity to phloretin, relative insensitivity to phlorizin; different substrate specificity; and a very high KT and Vmax. The system apparently functions only in a facilitated diffusion manner so that it serves to move monosaccharide across the cell membrane down its chemical gradient. An appreciable fraction of total sugar efflux occurs via the Na+-independent carrier from cells which have accumulated sugar to a steady state. Phloretin selectively blocks this efflux so that a normal steady-state sugar gradient of seven- to eightfold is transformed to a new steady-state gradient which is greater than 14-fold. Locus of the new system is tentatively ascribed to the serosal cell surface where it would serve for monosaccharide transfer between enterocyte and lamina propria of the villus.", "PMID": 1165580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_955", "title": "Membrane effects of cytochalasin B. Competitive inhibition of facilitated diffusion processes in rat hepatoma cells and other cell lines and effect on formation of functional transport sites.", "content": "Cytochalasin B competitively inhibits the transport of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and thymidine in a number of different cell lines (Novikoff rat hepatoma cells, mouse L, S180 and Ki-MSV-transformed BALB/3T3 cells, and human HeLa cells). The apparent Km values for the transport of these substrates as well as the  apparent Ki values for the inhibition by cytochalasin B are very similar for the various cell lines, and the effect is readily and completely reversed by removal of the chemical. Thymidine transport by Chinese hamster ovary cells however, is little affected by cytochalasin B, whereas the transport of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, uridine and guanine by these cells is competitively inhibited to about the same extent as in other cell lines. In addition and concomitant with the inhibition of cytokinesis and an alteration in cell shape, cytochalasin B also impairs and delays the formation of functional transport sites for thymidine,  guanine and choline in synchronized populations of Novikoff cells without affecting the apparent affinities of the transport systems for their substrates. This effect is unrelated to the direct inhibition of the transport processes, since the drug does not directly inhibit choline transport and has no effect on the formation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport sites in spite of the fact that it strongly inhibits the transport of this substrate. The inhibition of functional transport sites may be due to the induction of a structural alteration in the membrane by cytochalasin B which impairs the insertion of new proteins of certain but not all transport systems into the membrane.", "contents": "Membrane effects of cytochalasin B. Competitive inhibition of facilitated diffusion processes in rat hepatoma cells and other cell lines and effect on formation of functional transport sites. Cytochalasin B competitively inhibits the transport of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and thymidine in a number of different cell lines (Novikoff rat hepatoma cells, mouse L, S180 and Ki-MSV-transformed BALB/3T3 cells, and human HeLa cells). The apparent Km values for the transport of these substrates as well as the  apparent Ki values for the inhibition by cytochalasin B are very similar for the various cell lines, and the effect is readily and completely reversed by removal of the chemical. Thymidine transport by Chinese hamster ovary cells however, is little affected by cytochalasin B, whereas the transport of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, uridine and guanine by these cells is competitively inhibited to about the same extent as in other cell lines. In addition and concomitant with the inhibition of cytokinesis and an alteration in cell shape, cytochalasin B also impairs and delays the formation of functional transport sites for thymidine,  guanine and choline in synchronized populations of Novikoff cells without affecting the apparent affinities of the transport systems for their substrates. This effect is unrelated to the direct inhibition of the transport processes, since the drug does not directly inhibit choline transport and has no effect on the formation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport sites in spite of the fact that it strongly inhibits the transport of this substrate. The inhibition of functional transport sites may be due to the induction of a structural alteration in the membrane by cytochalasin B which impairs the insertion of new proteins of certain but not all transport systems into the membrane.", "PMID": 1165581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_956", "title": "Evidence that alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II does not bind to the sodium gate.", "content": "The basis for the ability of alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II (alpha-2HG-II) to promote Na+ conductance in axons was sought. The apparent binding of tritiated alpha-2HG-II to neural and other preparations was studied, using equilibrium dialysis, with lobster axon membranes, Torpedo electroplax, housefly head, and rat brain, liver and kidney. In every case the \"binding\" was nonsaturating and was suggested to involve nonspecific partitioning into the tissue. Supporting evidence was the similarity of extent of \"binding\" in all tissues and its relative insensitivity to neuropharmacological agents. Alpha-2HG-II did not affect the Na+ conductance of phospholipid bilayers, nor did it permit transport of 22Na into a bulk organic phase. It was concluded that alpha-2HG-II did not bind to the sodium gate, but possibly to a sodium permease present at a frequency of less than one per mu2 of cell membrane.", "contents": "Evidence that alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II does not bind to the sodium gate. The basis for the ability of alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II (alpha-2HG-II) to promote Na+ conductance in axons was sought. The apparent binding of tritiated alpha-2HG-II to neural and other preparations was studied, using equilibrium dialysis, with lobster axon membranes, Torpedo electroplax, housefly head, and rat brain, liver and kidney. In every case the \"binding\" was nonsaturating and was suggested to involve nonspecific partitioning into the tissue. Supporting evidence was the similarity of extent of \"binding\" in all tissues and its relative insensitivity to neuropharmacological agents. Alpha-2HG-II did not affect the Na+ conductance of phospholipid bilayers, nor did it permit transport of 22Na into a bulk organic phase. It was concluded that alpha-2HG-II did not bind to the sodium gate, but possibly to a sodium permease present at a frequency of less than one per mu2 of cell membrane.", "PMID": 1165582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_957", "title": "Epidemiological and clinical aspects echinococcosis in East Iran.", "content": "Three hundred and fifty two cases of hydatid disease were diagnosed in a three year study in Eas Iran, where the disease is found frequently in rural areas. Camel meat is consumed in this region. The offal is given to domestic carnivorous animals, for example sheep dogs, and in these circumstances camels could contribute to the cyclozoonotic spread of the disease. Clinical symptoms are briefly mentioned.", "contents": "Epidemiological and clinical aspects echinococcosis in East Iran. Three hundred and fifty two cases of hydatid disease were diagnosed in a three year study in Eas Iran, where the disease is found frequently in rural areas. Camel meat is consumed in this region. The offal is given to domestic carnivorous animals, for example sheep dogs, and in these circumstances camels could contribute to the cyclozoonotic spread of the disease. Clinical symptoms are briefly mentioned.", "PMID": 1165584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_958", "title": "Dengue virus-induced modifications of host cell membranes.", "content": "Enzymatic markers and electron microscopy were utilized to determine the cellular origin of the membrane types isolated from type 2 dengue virus-infected BHK cells by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. The results showed an apparent separation of plasma membrane, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum with increasing density. Virus-induced protein and RNA synthesis, as indicated by the incorporation of radiolabled precursors, was localized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Glycosylation, measured by the incorporation of radiolabeled glucosamine into membrane-associated proteins, was most active in the bands of intermediate and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of isolated membrane bands, radiolabeled in the presence of actinomycin D, after pulse inhibition by cycloheximide, revealed seven virus-specific proteins associated with all membrane fractions. Viral structural protein V-3, and nonstructural proteins NV-3 and NV-2, increased with decreasing density, whereas NV-5 and NV-4 remained constant. The viral capsid protein V-2 was depleted in the intermediate and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that these membranes may serve as the sites for viral maturation. NV-3 was the most prominent virus-specified protein found in the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Dengue virus-induced modifications of host cell membranes. Enzymatic markers and electron microscopy were utilized to determine the cellular origin of the membrane types isolated from type 2 dengue virus-infected BHK cells by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. The results showed an apparent separation of plasma membrane, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum with increasing density. Virus-induced protein and RNA synthesis, as indicated by the incorporation of radiolabled precursors, was localized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Glycosylation, measured by the incorporation of radiolabeled glucosamine into membrane-associated proteins, was most active in the bands of intermediate and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of isolated membrane bands, radiolabeled in the presence of actinomycin D, after pulse inhibition by cycloheximide, revealed seven virus-specific proteins associated with all membrane fractions. Viral structural protein V-3, and nonstructural proteins NV-3 and NV-2, increased with decreasing density, whereas NV-5 and NV-4 remained constant. The viral capsid protein V-2 was depleted in the intermediate and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that these membranes may serve as the sites for viral maturation. NV-3 was the most prominent virus-specified protein found in the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 1165590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_959", "title": "R17 bacteriophage replicase: association with the inhibition of Qbeta, fd bacteriophage and beta-galactosidase production.", "content": "Superinfection of Escherichia coli with amber mutants of R17 phage which produce R17 replicase inhibits production of the RNA phage Qbeta, the DNA phage fd, and the host enzyme beta-galactosidase. Inhibition required R17 replicase production and was related to the amount of replicase produced.", "contents": "R17 bacteriophage replicase: association with the inhibition of Qbeta, fd bacteriophage and beta-galactosidase production. Superinfection of Escherichia coli with amber mutants of R17 phage which produce R17 replicase inhibits production of the RNA phage Qbeta, the DNA phage fd, and the host enzyme beta-galactosidase. Inhibition required R17 replicase production and was related to the amount of replicase produced.", "PMID": 1165591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_960", "title": "Termination sites for adenovirus type 2 DNA replication.", "content": "Termination sites for replication of adenovirus type 2 DNA have been demonstrated at both ends of the viral chromosome by the procedure of Danna and Nathans (1972). Single-stranded DNA from replicating intermediates was also characterized by hybridization with separated strands of viral DNA. The results indicate that both strands are exposed during replication.", "contents": "Termination sites for adenovirus type 2 DNA replication. Termination sites for replication of adenovirus type 2 DNA have been demonstrated at both ends of the viral chromosome by the procedure of Danna and Nathans (1972). Single-stranded DNA from replicating intermediates was also characterized by hybridization with separated strands of viral DNA. The results indicate that both strands are exposed during replication.", "PMID": 1165592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_961", "title": "Adenovirus type 2 DNA replication. II. Termini of DNA replication.", "content": "Complete, mature adenovirus type 2 DNA molecules were isolated from virus-infected HeLa cells, pulse-labeled at 20 h postinfection in [3H]thymidine pulses shorter than the time necessary for one round of viral DNA replication. After digestion with the restriction endonucleases Eco RI, Hpa I, and Hind III, a temporal order of synthesis of different regions of the viral genome was established from the relative specific radioactivities in the restriction enzyme fragments. A comparison with the physical order of these fragments revealed the existence of two termini of DNA replication towards both the molecular right and left ends, respectively, of the viral chromosome.", "contents": "Adenovirus type 2 DNA replication. II. Termini of DNA replication. Complete, mature adenovirus type 2 DNA molecules were isolated from virus-infected HeLa cells, pulse-labeled at 20 h postinfection in [3H]thymidine pulses shorter than the time necessary for one round of viral DNA replication. After digestion with the restriction endonucleases Eco RI, Hpa I, and Hind III, a temporal order of synthesis of different regions of the viral genome was established from the relative specific radioactivities in the restriction enzyme fragments. A comparison with the physical order of these fragments revealed the existence of two termini of DNA replication towards both the molecular right and left ends, respectively, of the viral chromosome.", "PMID": 1165593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_962", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of single-stranded adenoviral DNA produced during synthesis of adenovirus type 2 DNA.", "content": "Single-stranded fragments of adenovirus type 2 DNA were isolated from infected KB cells under conditions which retarded reassociation of complementary sequences but did not denature native viral DNA. Of the total intracellular, virus-specific DNA labeled during a 1-h pulse with tritiated thymidine begining 15 h after infection, about 20% was single stranded when fractionated on hydroxylapatite. This DNA shifted predominantly to the double-stranded fraction on hydroxylapatite during an extended chase incubation, suggesting that it may represent single-stranded DNA in replicating intermediates. Furthermore, the single-stranded DNA annealed nearly equally to both strands of the adenovirus genome. These findings indicate that at least portions of both complementary strands of adenovirus type 2 DNA are exposed as single strands during the period of viral DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of single-stranded adenoviral DNA produced during synthesis of adenovirus type 2 DNA. Single-stranded fragments of adenovirus type 2 DNA were isolated from infected KB cells under conditions which retarded reassociation of complementary sequences but did not denature native viral DNA. Of the total intracellular, virus-specific DNA labeled during a 1-h pulse with tritiated thymidine begining 15 h after infection, about 20% was single stranded when fractionated on hydroxylapatite. This DNA shifted predominantly to the double-stranded fraction on hydroxylapatite during an extended chase incubation, suggesting that it may represent single-stranded DNA in replicating intermediates. Furthermore, the single-stranded DNA annealed nearly equally to both strands of the adenovirus genome. These findings indicate that at least portions of both complementary strands of adenovirus type 2 DNA are exposed as single strands during the period of viral DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1165594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_963", "title": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza WSN virus defective in virus-specific RNA synthesis.", "content": "Influenza WSN virus temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants were examined for defects in viral complementary RNA (cRNA) synthesis. The synthesis of viral cRNA was determined by hybridizing RNA from infected cells to radiolabeled virion RNA of known specific activity. Mutants in complementation groups I and III synthesized little, or no, cRNA at the nonpermissive temperature (39.5 C). When cells infected by these mutants were incubated for 5 h at the permissive temperature (33 C) and were then shifted to 39.5 C, net synthesis of cRNA ceased. This strongly suggests that mutants in these two complementation groups possess a ts defect in the transciptase complex. Mutants in group II and group V synthesize reduced amounts of cRNA at 39.5 C. In contrast to the group I and group III mutants, cRNA synthesis in cells infected by a group II or a group V mutant continues after a shift-up. This indicated that these mutants do not possess a ts transcriptase complex and that these mutants are most probably defective in some step in the amplification of cRNA synthesis. As will be discussed, the most likely defect in these mutants is in the synthesis of virion-type RNA. These results suggest that there are two influenza viral gene functions required for transcription and most likely two additional gene functions required for RNA replication.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza WSN virus defective in virus-specific RNA synthesis. Influenza WSN virus temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants were examined for defects in viral complementary RNA (cRNA) synthesis. The synthesis of viral cRNA was determined by hybridizing RNA from infected cells to radiolabeled virion RNA of known specific activity. Mutants in complementation groups I and III synthesized little, or no, cRNA at the nonpermissive temperature (39.5 C). When cells infected by these mutants were incubated for 5 h at the permissive temperature (33 C) and were then shifted to 39.5 C, net synthesis of cRNA ceased. This strongly suggests that mutants in these two complementation groups possess a ts defect in the transciptase complex. Mutants in group II and group V synthesize reduced amounts of cRNA at 39.5 C. In contrast to the group I and group III mutants, cRNA synthesis in cells infected by a group II or a group V mutant continues after a shift-up. This indicated that these mutants do not possess a ts transcriptase complex and that these mutants are most probably defective in some step in the amplification of cRNA synthesis. As will be discussed, the most likely defect in these mutants is in the synthesis of virion-type RNA. These results suggest that there are two influenza viral gene functions required for transcription and most likely two additional gene functions required for RNA replication.", "PMID": 1165595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_964", "title": "Adenovirus gene function required for induction of nuclear acidic protein synthesis: binding of these proteins to adenovirus DNA.", "content": "Two different viral DNA-defective temperature-sensitive mutants of adenovirus 12 (H 12) were defective in their ability to induce the synthesis of various molecular weight classes of nuclear acidic proteins, both virion and nonvirion components, after lytic infection of human embryo kidney (HEK) cells at the restrictive temperature. This finding indicates that the induction of nuclear acidic protein synthesis is an adenovirus gene function(s). Treatment of infected cells with actinomycin D at an early stage of virus maturation suppressed the synthesis of an acidic virion protein (hexon), but allowed the synthesis of other classes of nuclear nonvirion acidic proteins during the subsequent late maturation period, suggesting that different mechanisms control virion and nonvirion polypeptide synthesis. The interaction of the nuclear acidic proteins isolated from H 12-infected cells with native-labeled H 12 DNA was studied using the membrane filter technique. Measurements of the ability of different DNA preparations to inhibit the H 12 DNA-acidic protein complex formation suggest that the nuclear acidic proteins bound to native H 12 or HEK cell DNA with much higher affinity than to native calf thymus DNA. Moreover, native H 12 DNA was able to bind the acidic proteins more efficiently than did denatured H 12 DNA. The acidic proteins isolated from the cytoplasm of H 12-infected cells bound approximately 100-fold less to native H 12 DNA than did the nuclear proteins. Furthermore, the H 12 DNA binding affinity of the nuclear acidic proteins from uninfected cells, or from H 12-infected and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-treated cells, was somewhat lower than that of the nuclear proteins from infected (untreated) cells.", "contents": "Adenovirus gene function required for induction of nuclear acidic protein synthesis: binding of these proteins to adenovirus DNA. Two different viral DNA-defective temperature-sensitive mutants of adenovirus 12 (H 12) were defective in their ability to induce the synthesis of various molecular weight classes of nuclear acidic proteins, both virion and nonvirion components, after lytic infection of human embryo kidney (HEK) cells at the restrictive temperature. This finding indicates that the induction of nuclear acidic protein synthesis is an adenovirus gene function(s). Treatment of infected cells with actinomycin D at an early stage of virus maturation suppressed the synthesis of an acidic virion protein (hexon), but allowed the synthesis of other classes of nuclear nonvirion acidic proteins during the subsequent late maturation period, suggesting that different mechanisms control virion and nonvirion polypeptide synthesis. The interaction of the nuclear acidic proteins isolated from H 12-infected cells with native-labeled H 12 DNA was studied using the membrane filter technique. Measurements of the ability of different DNA preparations to inhibit the H 12 DNA-acidic protein complex formation suggest that the nuclear acidic proteins bound to native H 12 or HEK cell DNA with much higher affinity than to native calf thymus DNA. Moreover, native H 12 DNA was able to bind the acidic proteins more efficiently than did denatured H 12 DNA. The acidic proteins isolated from the cytoplasm of H 12-infected cells bound approximately 100-fold less to native H 12 DNA than did the nuclear proteins. Furthermore, the H 12 DNA binding affinity of the nuclear acidic proteins from uninfected cells, or from H 12-infected and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-treated cells, was somewhat lower than that of the nuclear proteins from infected (untreated) cells.", "PMID": 1165596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_965", "title": "Identification of early adenovirus type 2 RNA species transcribed from the left-hand end of the genome.", "content": "Unique fragments of adenovirus type 2 DNA generated by cleavage with endonuclease R-Eco RI or endonuclease R-Hsu I (Hin dIII) were used to map cytoplasmic viral RNAs transcribed early in productive infection. Radioactive early viral RNA was first fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eluted viral RNAs were then tested for hybrid formation with DNA fragments. The Eco RI DNA fragment (Eco RI-A) which contains the left-hand 58% of the genome hybridized 13S and 11S RNAs. More detailed mapping of these RNAs was achieved by hybridization to the seven Hsu I fragments of Eco RI-A. The early RNA annealed only to Hsu I-G and C, two fragments which comprise the extreme left-hand 17% of the genome. Viral RNA migrating as 13S and 11S annealed to Hsu I-G, and 13S RNA annealed to Hsu I-C. A 13S RNA is transcribed from Eco RI-A late in infection (18 h). Hybridization-inhibition studies with Eco RI-A DNA, early cytoplasmic RNA, and 3H-labeled 13S late RNA demonstrated that this RNA synthesized at late times is an early RNA species which continues to be synthesized in large amounts at 18 h. This 13S RNA synthesized at 18 h hybridized to Hsu I-C but not to Hsu I-G DNA. These results establish that the 13S RNAs transcribed from Hsu I-G and C at early times must be different species.", "contents": "Identification of early adenovirus type 2 RNA species transcribed from the left-hand end of the genome. Unique fragments of adenovirus type 2 DNA generated by cleavage with endonuclease R-Eco RI or endonuclease R-Hsu I (Hin dIII) were used to map cytoplasmic viral RNAs transcribed early in productive infection. Radioactive early viral RNA was first fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eluted viral RNAs were then tested for hybrid formation with DNA fragments. The Eco RI DNA fragment (Eco RI-A) which contains the left-hand 58% of the genome hybridized 13S and 11S RNAs. More detailed mapping of these RNAs was achieved by hybridization to the seven Hsu I fragments of Eco RI-A. The early RNA annealed only to Hsu I-G and C, two fragments which comprise the extreme left-hand 17% of the genome. Viral RNA migrating as 13S and 11S annealed to Hsu I-G, and 13S RNA annealed to Hsu I-C. A 13S RNA is transcribed from Eco RI-A late in infection (18 h). Hybridization-inhibition studies with Eco RI-A DNA, early cytoplasmic RNA, and 3H-labeled 13S late RNA demonstrated that this RNA synthesized at late times is an early RNA species which continues to be synthesized in large amounts at 18 h. This 13S RNA synthesized at 18 h hybridized to Hsu I-C but not to Hsu I-G DNA. These results establish that the 13S RNAs transcribed from Hsu I-G and C at early times must be different species.", "PMID": 1165597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_966", "title": "Infantile enteritis viruses: morphogenesis and morphology.", "content": "A new virus was found to be associated with acute gastroenteritis in children. In duodenal biopsies, it was observed infecting only intestinal epithelial cells, and it resembled orbiviruses in its morphogenesis. For diagnsotic purposes the virus was readily demonstrated by negative staining of fecal extracts. Two forms of particles were seen: double-sheeled particles (70 to 75 nm in diameter) resembling those of reovirus with a sharper outline, and single-shelled particles (60 nm in diameter) with obvious capsomer structure and resembling those of orbiviruses. The morphological resemblance of this human virus to the viruses of \"Nebraska\" calf scours and epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice is emphasized.", "contents": "Infantile enteritis viruses: morphogenesis and morphology. A new virus was found to be associated with acute gastroenteritis in children. In duodenal biopsies, it was observed infecting only intestinal epithelial cells, and it resembled orbiviruses in its morphogenesis. For diagnsotic purposes the virus was readily demonstrated by negative staining of fecal extracts. Two forms of particles were seen: double-sheeled particles (70 to 75 nm in diameter) resembling those of reovirus with a sharper outline, and single-shelled particles (60 nm in diameter) with obvious capsomer structure and resembling those of orbiviruses. The morphological resemblance of this human virus to the viruses of \"Nebraska\" calf scours and epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice is emphasized.", "PMID": 1165598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_967", "title": "Interfering passages of Sindbis virus: concomitant appearance of interference, morphological variants, and trucated viral RNA.", "content": "Serial passage of Sindbis at high multiplicities of infection resulted in cyclical variations in virus titer. Decreases in virus titer were correlated with the appearance of smaller-sized virions, interference and truncated viral RNA. The smaller particles were 37 nm in diameter, exclusive of the hemagglutinin spikes as compared with a diameter of 50 nm for standard virions. Passages which contained 37-nm partilces also interfered with infectious center formation by standard, plaque-purified virus. Polyacrylamide gel analysis of RNA isolated from virions present in interfering passages demonstrated the sequential appearance of three RNA species smaller than standard RNA with approximate molecular weights of 3.3 X 106, 2.7 X 106, and 2.2 X 106. The 3.3 X 106 RNA was evident in passage 5, by passage 8 both the 3.3 X 106 and 2.7 X 106 RNAs were present, and by passage 13 all three were present with the 2.2 X 106 RNA predominating.", "contents": "Interfering passages of Sindbis virus: concomitant appearance of interference, morphological variants, and trucated viral RNA. Serial passage of Sindbis at high multiplicities of infection resulted in cyclical variations in virus titer. Decreases in virus titer were correlated with the appearance of smaller-sized virions, interference and truncated viral RNA. The smaller particles were 37 nm in diameter, exclusive of the hemagglutinin spikes as compared with a diameter of 50 nm for standard virions. Passages which contained 37-nm partilces also interfered with infectious center formation by standard, plaque-purified virus. Polyacrylamide gel analysis of RNA isolated from virions present in interfering passages demonstrated the sequential appearance of three RNA species smaller than standard RNA with approximate molecular weights of 3.3 X 106, 2.7 X 106, and 2.2 X 106. The 3.3 X 106 RNA was evident in passage 5, by passage 8 both the 3.3 X 106 and 2.7 X 106 RNAs were present, and by passage 13 all three were present with the 2.2 X 106 RNA predominating.", "PMID": 1165599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_968", "title": "Analysis of expression of the rII gene function of bacteriophage T4.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of the T4 phage rII gene were islated and used in temperature shift experiments that revelaed two different expressions for the normal rII (rII+) gene function in vivo: (i) an early expression (0 to 12 min postinfection at 30 C) that prevents restriction of T4 growth in Escherichia coli hosts lysogenic for gamma phage, and (ii) a later expression (12 to 18 min postinfection at 30 C) that results in restriction of T4 growth when the phage DNA ligase (gene 30) is missing. The earlier expression appeared to coincide with the period of synthesis of the protein product of the T4 rIIA cistron, whereas the later expression occurred after rIIA protein synthesis had stopped. The synthesis of the protein product of the rIIB cistron continues for several minutes after rIIA protein synthesis ceases (O'Farrell and Gold, 1973). The two rII+ gene expressions might require different molar ratios of the rIIA and rIIB proteins. It is possible that the separate expressions of rII+ gene function are manifestations of different associations between the two rII proteins and other T4-induced proteins that are synthesized or activated at different times after phage infection.", "contents": "Analysis of expression of the rII gene function of bacteriophage T4. Temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of the T4 phage rII gene were islated and used in temperature shift experiments that revelaed two different expressions for the normal rII (rII+) gene function in vivo: (i) an early expression (0 to 12 min postinfection at 30 C) that prevents restriction of T4 growth in Escherichia coli hosts lysogenic for gamma phage, and (ii) a later expression (12 to 18 min postinfection at 30 C) that results in restriction of T4 growth when the phage DNA ligase (gene 30) is missing. The earlier expression appeared to coincide with the period of synthesis of the protein product of the T4 rIIA cistron, whereas the later expression occurred after rIIA protein synthesis had stopped. The synthesis of the protein product of the rIIB cistron continues for several minutes after rIIA protein synthesis ceases (O'Farrell and Gold, 1973). The two rII+ gene expressions might require different molar ratios of the rIIA and rIIB proteins. It is possible that the separate expressions of rII+ gene function are manifestations of different associations between the two rII proteins and other T4-induced proteins that are synthesized or activated at different times after phage infection.", "PMID": 1165600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_969", "title": "Population distribution of Frank-vectorcardiographic measurements of healthy Japanese men.", "content": "For elucidation of the type of population distribution of Frank-vectorcardiographic items of normal Japanese population, forty-eight measurements were obtained from 364 healthy Japanese men in the fourth decade. These measurements were studied with Fisher's g test of normality of population distribution, which showed that normal population distribution could be assumed in only six items (12.5%)-the maximal QRS vector angle and the directional QRS-T angle in the frontal plane, RX and TZ height, OZ duration, and anteorior accession time. The frontal maximal T vector angle was regarded to have an approximately normal population distribution. In the remaining forty-one items logarithmic normalization of distribution was attempted with a transformation formula, Y=Log10 (kX+c). Being applied to Y's, the variate logarithm-transformed with an appropriate value of c, Fisher's g test accepted the null hypothesis of normality of population distribution in 27 items (56.3%); in other words, the population distribution of 27 items was lognormal. These included the magnitudes of maximal QRS and T vectors and T/QRS ratios in the three projection planes, and some of vector angles. The population distribution was usually lognormal in scalar amplitudes and ratios except for items related to Q and S waves in leads X and Y. Bimodality of distribution was seen in six items (12.5%), which consisted of the maximal QRS vector angle and the QRS-T angles in the horizontal and left sagittal planes. In these planes the maximal QRS vector and the directional QRS-T angles showed biomodality attributed to combination of two normal distributions. Three of the four QRS-T angles in these planes and also the horizontal maximal QRS vector angle were lognormalized, although a lesser degree of bimodality still remained after seemingly successful logarithmic transformation in respect to the tg statistics. Chi-square test accepted the null hypothesis of exponential population distribution in four items (8.4%), which included the depth of QX, SX, and SY, and S/(S+R) ratio in lead Y. Exponential approximation appeared much better than normal one in the rest of measurements related to Q and S waves in leads X and Y. The following conclusions were drawn from the present study: i) statistical tests based on normal population distribution should be carefully applied to Frank-vectorcardiographic measurements of healthy Japanese men in the fourth decade and, presumably, of healthy Japanese adults regardless of age and sex; and ii) logarithmic transformation is an efficient means to normalize a skewed distribution in the majority of measurements.", "contents": "Population distribution of Frank-vectorcardiographic measurements of healthy Japanese men. For elucidation of the type of population distribution of Frank-vectorcardiographic items of normal Japanese population, forty-eight measurements were obtained from 364 healthy Japanese men in the fourth decade. These measurements were studied with Fisher's g test of normality of population distribution, which showed that normal population distribution could be assumed in only six items (12.5%)-the maximal QRS vector angle and the directional QRS-T angle in the frontal plane, RX and TZ height, OZ duration, and anteorior accession time. The frontal maximal T vector angle was regarded to have an approximately normal population distribution. In the remaining forty-one items logarithmic normalization of distribution was attempted with a transformation formula, Y=Log10 (kX+c). Being applied to Y's, the variate logarithm-transformed with an appropriate value of c, Fisher's g test accepted the null hypothesis of normality of population distribution in 27 items (56.3%); in other words, the population distribution of 27 items was lognormal. These included the magnitudes of maximal QRS and T vectors and T/QRS ratios in the three projection planes, and some of vector angles. The population distribution was usually lognormal in scalar amplitudes and ratios except for items related to Q and S waves in leads X and Y. Bimodality of distribution was seen in six items (12.5%), which consisted of the maximal QRS vector angle and the QRS-T angles in the horizontal and left sagittal planes. In these planes the maximal QRS vector and the directional QRS-T angles showed biomodality attributed to combination of two normal distributions. Three of the four QRS-T angles in these planes and also the horizontal maximal QRS vector angle were lognormalized, although a lesser degree of bimodality still remained after seemingly successful logarithmic transformation in respect to the tg statistics. Chi-square test accepted the null hypothesis of exponential population distribution in four items (8.4%), which included the depth of QX, SX, and SY, and S/(S+R) ratio in lead Y. Exponential approximation appeared much better than normal one in the rest of measurements related to Q and S waves in leads X and Y. The following conclusions were drawn from the present study: i) statistical tests based on normal population distribution should be carefully applied to Frank-vectorcardiographic measurements of healthy Japanese men in the fourth decade and, presumably, of healthy Japanese adults regardless of age and sex; and ii) logarithmic transformation is an efficient means to normalize a skewed distribution in the majority of measurements.", "PMID": 1165601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_970", "title": "Evaluation of the significance of scintillation angiocardiography for determination of the left ventricular volume.", "content": "A method for the determination of the left ventricular volume by scintillation angiocardiography following a peripheral venous injection of a radioactive isotope was described. Salient points in its methodology were as follows: 1. This volume study was composed of non-gated scintillation angiocardiography and cumulative gated scintiphotography. 2. The non-gated scintillation data were stored into video recording system. 3. The gated scintiphotography was performed during a play-back of non-gated scintillation data, opening the gate at desired points of time during a cardiac cycle. 4. The left ventricular scintillation image was photographied in life-size on x-ray film by superimposing, 10-20 times, the gated image of the several consecutive heart beats during the \"left ventricular phase\" of the dilution of intravenously injected radionuclide. For validation of this method, the stroke volume obtained with this method was compared with that obtained by precordial radionuclide dilution curve recordable during the non-gated scintillation angiocardiography, and also with that obtained by non-simultaneous radiocardiography. It was concluded that the present method may be sufficiently accurate for clinical use.", "contents": "Evaluation of the significance of scintillation angiocardiography for determination of the left ventricular volume. A method for the determination of the left ventricular volume by scintillation angiocardiography following a peripheral venous injection of a radioactive isotope was described. Salient points in its methodology were as follows: 1. This volume study was composed of non-gated scintillation angiocardiography and cumulative gated scintiphotography. 2. The non-gated scintillation data were stored into video recording system. 3. The gated scintiphotography was performed during a play-back of non-gated scintillation data, opening the gate at desired points of time during a cardiac cycle. 4. The left ventricular scintillation image was photographied in life-size on x-ray film by superimposing, 10-20 times, the gated image of the several consecutive heart beats during the \"left ventricular phase\" of the dilution of intravenously injected radionuclide. For validation of this method, the stroke volume obtained with this method was compared with that obtained by precordial radionuclide dilution curve recordable during the non-gated scintillation angiocardiography, and also with that obtained by non-simultaneous radiocardiography. It was concluded that the present method may be sufficiently accurate for clinical use.", "PMID": 1165602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_971", "title": "Effects of verapamil on SA and AV nodal action potentials in the isolated rabbit heart.", "content": "In the isolated rabbit heart, it was shown that verapamil suppressed the electrical activities of the SA and AV nodes without preventing regenerative responses in atrial muscle fibers. It was concluded that the different effects of verapamil on SA and AV nodal action potentials resulted from the operation of a different ionic channel (slow channel) from that of ordinary atrial muscle.", "contents": "Effects of verapamil on SA and AV nodal action potentials in the isolated rabbit heart. In the isolated rabbit heart, it was shown that verapamil suppressed the electrical activities of the SA and AV nodes without preventing regenerative responses in atrial muscle fibers. It was concluded that the different effects of verapamil on SA and AV nodal action potentials resulted from the operation of a different ionic channel (slow channel) from that of ordinary atrial muscle.", "PMID": 1165603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_972", "title": "Zymogram analyses of various organs, glands and tissues from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and DOCA hypertensive rats.", "content": "Esterase and Acid phosphatase isozymes were examined in a number of organs, glands and tissues from Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) and kidney and liver from DOCA hypertensive rats at various stages in comparison with those of normotensive rats (CR). In  SHR, the abnormalities in the patterns of esterase isozyme were demonstrated in endocrine glands and respiratory tracts as well as in the kidney, liver and digestive tracts throughout the whole life span, and abnormalities in the patterns of acid phosphatase isozyme was also demonstrated in the liver after seven days of age. Moreover, in DOCA hypertensive Rats, minute alterations in esterase isozyme were demonstrated in the kidney and liver after seventh month of the duration of hypertension.", "contents": "Zymogram analyses of various organs, glands and tissues from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and DOCA hypertensive rats. Esterase and Acid phosphatase isozymes were examined in a number of organs, glands and tissues from Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) and kidney and liver from DOCA hypertensive rats at various stages in comparison with those of normotensive rats (CR). In  SHR, the abnormalities in the patterns of esterase isozyme were demonstrated in endocrine glands and respiratory tracts as well as in the kidney, liver and digestive tracts throughout the whole life span, and abnormalities in the patterns of acid phosphatase isozyme was also demonstrated in the liver after seven days of age. Moreover, in DOCA hypertensive Rats, minute alterations in esterase isozyme were demonstrated in the kidney and liver after seventh month of the duration of hypertension.", "PMID": 1165604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_973", "title": "HIS bundle electrogram in rheumatic mitral valve disease with special reference to Bachmann's bundle block in P mitrale.", "content": "HBEs were recorded from either the right or left ventricle or simultaneously from both in 26 patients with chronic rheumatic mitral stenosis alone or in association with other mild valvular lesions during the diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Eleven of the patients had auricular fibrillation. Of the remaining 15 patients with sinus mechanism and P mitrale in the surface electrocardiogram, 12 were noted to have H potential preceded the termination of P wave and gave P2H interval of negative value- so-called \"Bachmann's bundle block\". Among these, double atrial activities (A and A' waves) could be identified on the HBE recorded from the left ventricular endocardial surface with catheter electrodes positioned at the subarotic region in 7 patients studied. Interatrial conduction time (P1A' interval) measured in these patients was prolonged in all and ranged from 47 to 82 with an average of 66 msec. Prolongation of intraatrial (or internodal) conduction time was noted in only one patient who also had first degree A-V block and prolonged A-H interval. There was no correlation of either P1P2 or P2H interval to the degree of left atrial enlargement. The P1P2 or P2H interval also had no correlation with hemodynamic parameters. In patients with auricular fibrillation, all impulses unable to conduct to the ventricle were blocked proximal to the His bundle and concealed conduction was not observed distal to it.", "contents": "HIS bundle electrogram in rheumatic mitral valve disease with special reference to Bachmann's bundle block in P mitrale. HBEs were recorded from either the right or left ventricle or simultaneously from both in 26 patients with chronic rheumatic mitral stenosis alone or in association with other mild valvular lesions during the diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Eleven of the patients had auricular fibrillation. Of the remaining 15 patients with sinus mechanism and P mitrale in the surface electrocardiogram, 12 were noted to have H potential preceded the termination of P wave and gave P2H interval of negative value- so-called \"Bachmann's bundle block\". Among these, double atrial activities (A and A' waves) could be identified on the HBE recorded from the left ventricular endocardial surface with catheter electrodes positioned at the subarotic region in 7 patients studied. Interatrial conduction time (P1A' interval) measured in these patients was prolonged in all and ranged from 47 to 82 with an average of 66 msec. Prolongation of intraatrial (or internodal) conduction time was noted in only one patient who also had first degree A-V block and prolonged A-H interval. There was no correlation of either P1P2 or P2H interval to the degree of left atrial enlargement. The P1P2 or P2H interval also had no correlation with hemodynamic parameters. In patients with auricular fibrillation, all impulses unable to conduct to the ventricle were blocked proximal to the His bundle and concealed conduction was not observed distal to it.", "PMID": 1165605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_974", "title": "Tables for estimating the mean of distribution of logarithms of titers based on data with a pooled serum sample.", "content": "A table was constructed for use in estimating the mean of distribution of logarithms of titers based on data obtained with a pooled material instead of those with individuals in a sample. A table of standard errors of the estimator was also constructed. Examples showing the utility and applicability of the tables were presented. Several relating problems were discussed.", "contents": "Tables for estimating the mean of distribution of logarithms of titers based on data with a pooled serum sample. A table was constructed for use in estimating the mean of distribution of logarithms of titers based on data obtained with a pooled material instead of those with individuals in a sample. A table of standard errors of the estimator was also constructed. Examples showing the utility and applicability of the tables were presented. Several relating problems were discussed.", "PMID": 1165607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_975", "title": "Growth of measles virus in nervous tissues. III. Neurovirulence of SSPE virus in ferrets.", "content": "The Niigata-1 strain isolated from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) was inoculated intracerebrally into ferrets. Neurological signs developed in about 1 week in most of the animals. Histopathological examinations of the central nervous tissues revealed degenerative lesions in the parenchyma of the brains and inflammatory reactions predominantly in the meninges and choroid plexus. Virus antigen was demonstrated mainly in the nerve cells by immunofluorescent staining. The results indicated high affinity of the Niigata-1 strain to the nerve cells. In contrast, the Mantooth strain of SSPE virus in cell-free state did not exhibit neurovirulence in ferrets.", "contents": "Growth of measles virus in nervous tissues. III. Neurovirulence of SSPE virus in ferrets. The Niigata-1 strain isolated from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) was inoculated intracerebrally into ferrets. Neurological signs developed in about 1 week in most of the animals. Histopathological examinations of the central nervous tissues revealed degenerative lesions in the parenchyma of the brains and inflammatory reactions predominantly in the meninges and choroid plexus. Virus antigen was demonstrated mainly in the nerve cells by immunofluorescent staining. The results indicated high affinity of the Niigata-1 strain to the nerve cells. In contrast, the Mantooth strain of SSPE virus in cell-free state did not exhibit neurovirulence in ferrets.", "PMID": 1165608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_976", "title": "Titration of tetanus antitoxin by passive hemagglutination. I. Titration of guinea-pig antitoxins at various periods of immunization.", "content": "An improved technique for passive hemagglutination (HA) for titration of tetanus antitoxin was described. The use of highly purified tetanus toxoid and of improved diluent increased the specificity and reproducibility of the test. Several hundreds of specimens of guinea-pig serum taken at various stages of immunization were titrated by HA and toxin neutralization (NT) in mice. The ratio of HA to NT titers varied significantly depending on the immunization stage; higher at early stages and lower at later stages. The high HA/NT ratio was not due to the IgM antitoxin, which is very rare in guinea pigs. The variation in discrepancy between HA and NT titers decreased considerably by grouping the serum specimens with respect to the stage of immunization. Thus, it is possible to predict the in vivo titer of a tetanus antitoxin accurately enough for clinical study. The HA test may be useful as an alternative method for titrating tetanus antitoxin in the field trials. Moreover, it can be used for the study of characteristics of antitoxins.", "contents": "Titration of tetanus antitoxin by passive hemagglutination. I. Titration of guinea-pig antitoxins at various periods of immunization. An improved technique for passive hemagglutination (HA) for titration of tetanus antitoxin was described. The use of highly purified tetanus toxoid and of improved diluent increased the specificity and reproducibility of the test. Several hundreds of specimens of guinea-pig serum taken at various stages of immunization were titrated by HA and toxin neutralization (NT) in mice. The ratio of HA to NT titers varied significantly depending on the immunization stage; higher at early stages and lower at later stages. The high HA/NT ratio was not due to the IgM antitoxin, which is very rare in guinea pigs. The variation in discrepancy between HA and NT titers decreased considerably by grouping the serum specimens with respect to the stage of immunization. Thus, it is possible to predict the in vivo titer of a tetanus antitoxin accurately enough for clinical study. The HA test may be useful as an alternative method for titrating tetanus antitoxin in the field trials. Moreover, it can be used for the study of characteristics of antitoxins.", "PMID": 1165609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_977", "title": "Separation of Dirofilaria immitis allergen from the IgG-inducing antigens.", "content": "Allergen in crude extract of Dirofilaria immitis was purified and separated from the IgG-inducing antigens by a combination of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The molecular weight of the purified preparation was estimated to be approximately 20,000 by gel filtration. The carbohydrate content of the preparation was apparently low, about 2%. Rats immunized with the allergenic fraction developed only a homocytotropic antibody and no hemagglutination antibody.", "contents": "Separation of Dirofilaria immitis allergen from the IgG-inducing antigens. Allergen in crude extract of Dirofilaria immitis was purified and separated from the IgG-inducing antigens by a combination of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The molecular weight of the purified preparation was estimated to be approximately 20,000 by gel filtration. The carbohydrate content of the preparation was apparently low, about 2%. Rats immunized with the allergenic fraction developed only a homocytotropic antibody and no hemagglutination antibody.", "PMID": 1165610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_978", "title": "Studies on complement-fixation reaction in equine infectious anemia. II. Identification of complement-fixing inhibitors.", "content": "The substances responsible for inhibiting complement-fixation (CF) reaction of the late-stage serum of an equine infectious anemia (EIA)-infected horse were investigated. It was found that the IgG and IgG(T) classes in the late-stage serum were responsible for the CF inhibition. IgA could not be detected in partially purified IgG(T) by an immunodiffusion test using rabbit anti-human IgA serum. Other serum components could not be demonstrated in purified IgG by immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit anti-horse serum. The IgG class simultaneously showed CF and CF-inhibiting (CFI) activities, whereas the IgG(T) class showed only CFI activity. The IgG(T) class could exert CFI activity only when it had been reacted with the EIA antigen before addition of the reference CF serum and complement. In contrast, the IgG class converted the CF-active reference serum into a non-CF-reactive one irrespective of whether it was simultaneously reacted with the EIA antigen and the reference CF serum, whether it was added to the reaction mixture of the EIA antigen and the reference CF serum, or whether it was sensitized with the EIA antigen before addition of the reference CF serum. Inhibitory activities of the IgG and IgG(T) classes seemed to be different from each other in their reaction pattern as far as tested under our experimental conditions. Their CFI activities seemed to be specific for EIA, being negative in CFI activity in reaction with other antigens.", "contents": "Studies on complement-fixation reaction in equine infectious anemia. II. Identification of complement-fixing inhibitors. The substances responsible for inhibiting complement-fixation (CF) reaction of the late-stage serum of an equine infectious anemia (EIA)-infected horse were investigated. It was found that the IgG and IgG(T) classes in the late-stage serum were responsible for the CF inhibition. IgA could not be detected in partially purified IgG(T) by an immunodiffusion test using rabbit anti-human IgA serum. Other serum components could not be demonstrated in purified IgG by immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit anti-horse serum. The IgG class simultaneously showed CF and CF-inhibiting (CFI) activities, whereas the IgG(T) class showed only CFI activity. The IgG(T) class could exert CFI activity only when it had been reacted with the EIA antigen before addition of the reference CF serum and complement. In contrast, the IgG class converted the CF-active reference serum into a non-CF-reactive one irrespective of whether it was simultaneously reacted with the EIA antigen and the reference CF serum, whether it was added to the reaction mixture of the EIA antigen and the reference CF serum, or whether it was sensitized with the EIA antigen before addition of the reference CF serum. Inhibitory activities of the IgG and IgG(T) classes seemed to be different from each other in their reaction pattern as far as tested under our experimental conditions. Their CFI activities seemed to be specific for EIA, being negative in CFI activity in reaction with other antigens.", "PMID": 1165611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_979", "title": "Changes of ultrastructure in spore coat of Bacillus thiaminolyticus during germination and outgrowth.", "content": "Electron microscopic observation showed that the spore coat of Bacillus thiaminolyticus consisted of at least four layers; a high electron dense outer spore coat layer with five prominent ridges, a middle spore coat layer including two layers of a high and a low electron density, and an inner spore coat layer composing six to seven laminated layers. Rapid breakdown of the cortex and swelling of the core occurred in spores which were allowed to germinate by L-alanine for 45 min, whereas no change of surface feature was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Germination and outgrowth of spores in nutrient broth proceeded, being accompanied by morphological changes, in three steps; the first is a rapid breakdown of the cortex and swelling of the core, the second degradation of the inner layer at prominent region of the spore coat, and the last rupture of the spore coat and emergence of a young vegetative cell.", "contents": "Changes of ultrastructure in spore coat of Bacillus thiaminolyticus during germination and outgrowth. Electron microscopic observation showed that the spore coat of Bacillus thiaminolyticus consisted of at least four layers; a high electron dense outer spore coat layer with five prominent ridges, a middle spore coat layer including two layers of a high and a low electron density, and an inner spore coat layer composing six to seven laminated layers. Rapid breakdown of the cortex and swelling of the core occurred in spores which were allowed to germinate by L-alanine for 45 min, whereas no change of surface feature was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Germination and outgrowth of spores in nutrient broth proceeded, being accompanied by morphological changes, in three steps; the first is a rapid breakdown of the cortex and swelling of the core, the second degradation of the inner layer at prominent region of the spore coat, and the last rupture of the spore coat and emergence of a young vegetative cell.", "PMID": 1165612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_980", "title": "Ecology of enteroviruses in tropics. I. Circulation of enteroviruses in healthy infants in tropical urban area.", "content": "A continuing surveillance on enterovirus infection in healthy infants was conducted from October 1971 through February 1973 in urban areas in Ghana, West Africa. About 40 infants were visited in every two months for collection of faecal specimens and examined for infection. Enteroviruses were recovered in tissue culture. The overall isolation rate of enteroviruses was approximately 44%, and there was no seasonal difference between rainy and dry seasons. The rate of virus isolation in urban areas was significantly higher than in rural areas. Within the urban areas, however, no difference in the rate of virus isolation was detected between densely populated and sparsely populated areas. The results of virus identification revealed that all three types of Poliovirus, many types of Echovirus and a few Coxsackieviruses were isolated during the course of the study. It was observed that improvement of sanitary facilities decreased the frequency of virus infection among infants, but the condition of water supply did not influence the virus infection rate. Neither the age of infants nor the size of siblings showed any relation to the virus isolation rate. It was suggested from the results that many types of enteroviruses have been circulation continuously in the tropical urban community throughout the year.", "contents": "Ecology of enteroviruses in tropics. I. Circulation of enteroviruses in healthy infants in tropical urban area. A continuing surveillance on enterovirus infection in healthy infants was conducted from October 1971 through February 1973 in urban areas in Ghana, West Africa. About 40 infants were visited in every two months for collection of faecal specimens and examined for infection. Enteroviruses were recovered in tissue culture. The overall isolation rate of enteroviruses was approximately 44%, and there was no seasonal difference between rainy and dry seasons. The rate of virus isolation in urban areas was significantly higher than in rural areas. Within the urban areas, however, no difference in the rate of virus isolation was detected between densely populated and sparsely populated areas. The results of virus identification revealed that all three types of Poliovirus, many types of Echovirus and a few Coxsackieviruses were isolated during the course of the study. It was observed that improvement of sanitary facilities decreased the frequency of virus infection among infants, but the condition of water supply did not influence the virus infection rate. Neither the age of infants nor the size of siblings showed any relation to the virus isolation rate. It was suggested from the results that many types of enteroviruses have been circulation continuously in the tropical urban community throughout the year.", "PMID": 1165613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_981", "title": "[Influence of a streptokinase-induced fibrinolysis on the extent of the acute experimental myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "In 17 unaesthetized dogs several side branches of the left descending coronary artery were ligated. The ST-segment elevation in the epicardial ECG ascended to 22 mV after 5 min and to 19 mV after 20 min. Aortic pressure, left ventricular enddiastolic pressure, heart rate and hemostasiological parameters (thrombin-time, thrombin-coagulase-time, reptilase-time, plasma-fibrinogen, staphylococcal clumping test) did not change significantly. 20 min after the beginning of coronary occlusion, the vessels were reopened. When ST-segment elevation had disappeared, a controlled fibrinolytic therapy (Streptokinase 1.5 Mega I.E. in 30 min, later on 0.75 Mega I.E./h) was induced. When an effective fibrinolysis could be demonstrated by the hemostasiological parameters, the same vessels were occluded again. Now the hemodynamic parameters too did not change significantly, but the ST-segment elevation was significantly diminished for more than 50% compared with simple ligation. A control group, which only got the solvent of the streptokinase, showed the same ST-segment elevation. This effect, induced by streptokinase is ascribed to fibrinogen degradation products and a diminution in the amount of fibrinogen which cause an improvement of microcirculation.", "contents": "[Influence of a streptokinase-induced fibrinolysis on the extent of the acute experimental myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. In 17 unaesthetized dogs several side branches of the left descending coronary artery were ligated. The ST-segment elevation in the epicardial ECG ascended to 22 mV after 5 min and to 19 mV after 20 min. Aortic pressure, left ventricular enddiastolic pressure, heart rate and hemostasiological parameters (thrombin-time, thrombin-coagulase-time, reptilase-time, plasma-fibrinogen, staphylococcal clumping test) did not change significantly. 20 min after the beginning of coronary occlusion, the vessels were reopened. When ST-segment elevation had disappeared, a controlled fibrinolytic therapy (Streptokinase 1.5 Mega I.E. in 30 min, later on 0.75 Mega I.E./h) was induced. When an effective fibrinolysis could be demonstrated by the hemostasiological parameters, the same vessels were occluded again. Now the hemodynamic parameters too did not change significantly, but the ST-segment elevation was significantly diminished for more than 50% compared with simple ligation. A control group, which only got the solvent of the streptokinase, showed the same ST-segment elevation. This effect, induced by streptokinase is ascribed to fibrinogen degradation products and a diminution in the amount of fibrinogen which cause an improvement of microcirculation.", "PMID": 1165621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_982", "title": "[Effect of higher molecular urine metabolites on lymphocyte transformation and autohemolysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Possible toxic effects of lyophilised not dialysable residue from urine of healthy persons obtained by 4 days dialysing against water were investigated. Therefore, the substance dissolved at a concentration of 2.22 mg/ml in Medium TC 199 respectively in physiological saline solution was added with increasing quantities (0.1 to 1.0 ml) to lymphocyte cultures (3 x 10(6) cells in 4 ml medium) and to erythrocytes (3 ml of blood after separation of granulocytes) from healthy persons. Spontaneous 3H-thymidine uptake of the lymphocytes ascertained 5 days after beginning of incubation was markedly depressed with dependence upon the doses up to 30.4% of the control value, whereas only 65.2% was reached after stimulation with 400 mug PHA. In both cases LDH activity in the supernatant culture medium measured as a parameter of cell destruction showed a dose-dependent increase with inverse trend as compared to 3H-thymidine uptake levels. This negative correlation may be due to impaired cell viability as the main cause for depressed lymphocyte transformation. The autohemolysis of the erythrocytes was diminished with dependence upon the doses until to 59.3% of the control value. Therefore, only cytotoxic effects of uremic serum on the lymphocytes may be due to higher molecular urine metabolites retained in uremia whereas increased autohemolysis will be induced by toxins of lower molecular weight.", "contents": "[Effect of higher molecular urine metabolites on lymphocyte transformation and autohemolysis (author's transl)]. Possible toxic effects of lyophilised not dialysable residue from urine of healthy persons obtained by 4 days dialysing against water were investigated. Therefore, the substance dissolved at a concentration of 2.22 mg/ml in Medium TC 199 respectively in physiological saline solution was added with increasing quantities (0.1 to 1.0 ml) to lymphocyte cultures (3 x 10(6) cells in 4 ml medium) and to erythrocytes (3 ml of blood after separation of granulocytes) from healthy persons. Spontaneous 3H-thymidine uptake of the lymphocytes ascertained 5 days after beginning of incubation was markedly depressed with dependence upon the doses up to 30.4% of the control value, whereas only 65.2% was reached after stimulation with 400 mug PHA. In both cases LDH activity in the supernatant culture medium measured as a parameter of cell destruction showed a dose-dependent increase with inverse trend as compared to 3H-thymidine uptake levels. This negative correlation may be due to impaired cell viability as the main cause for depressed lymphocyte transformation. The autohemolysis of the erythrocytes was diminished with dependence upon the doses until to 59.3% of the control value. Therefore, only cytotoxic effects of uremic serum on the lymphocytes may be due to higher molecular urine metabolites retained in uremia whereas increased autohemolysis will be induced by toxins of lower molecular weight.", "PMID": 1165622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_983", "title": "[Diurnal variation of glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The present investigation was designed to determine whether the circadian rhythm of glucose utilization is based on a quantitatively different release of insulin and/or on changing secretory dynamics of the hormone. 22 healthy men received three oral glucose tolerance tests in the morning, afternoon and evening of the same day. The blood sugar levels in the afternoon and evening tests were significantly higher than those found in the morning tests. Also the plasma insulin response was higher in the afternoon than in the evening, but it showed a delayed rise and late peak response. In the evening the normal subjects responded as mild diabetics.", "contents": "[Diurnal variation of glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in man (author's transl)]. The present investigation was designed to determine whether the circadian rhythm of glucose utilization is based on a quantitatively different release of insulin and/or on changing secretory dynamics of the hormone. 22 healthy men received three oral glucose tolerance tests in the morning, afternoon and evening of the same day. The blood sugar levels in the afternoon and evening tests were significantly higher than those found in the morning tests. Also the plasma insulin response was higher in the afternoon than in the evening, but it showed a delayed rise and late peak response. In the evening the normal subjects responded as mild diabetics.", "PMID": 1165623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_984", "title": "[Familial progressive dystonia with diurnal fluctuation. Case report. Remarkable therapeutic effect of 1-dopa (author's transl)].", "content": "The present report discusses two patients of a same family who have \"familial progressive dystonia with diurnal fluctuation\" (Segawa). One of them, a severely handicapped nine year-old girl was successfully treated with L-Dopa.", "contents": "[Familial progressive dystonia with diurnal fluctuation. Case report. Remarkable therapeutic effect of 1-dopa (author's transl)]. The present report discusses two patients of a same family who have \"familial progressive dystonia with diurnal fluctuation\" (Segawa). One of them, a severely handicapped nine year-old girl was successfully treated with L-Dopa.", "PMID": 1165624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_985", "title": "[Granulocyte dysfunction. Part II. Secondary defects. (authors transl)].", "content": "In the first part we reviewed both the molecular basis of granulocyte function and the inborn defects. The present chapter summarizes our knowledge of the secondary defects of chemotaxis, opsonisation, phagocytosis and intracellular microbicidal activity.", "contents": "[Granulocyte dysfunction. Part II. Secondary defects. (authors transl)]. In the first part we reviewed both the molecular basis of granulocyte function and the inborn defects. The present chapter summarizes our knowledge of the secondary defects of chemotaxis, opsonisation, phagocytosis and intracellular microbicidal activity.", "PMID": 1165620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_986", "title": "[Hypodysfibrinogenemia: fibrinogen giessen II (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of facultative hemorrhagic diathesis is described in a 19 year old female and the coagulatory anomaly examined. The experiments show that the coagulatory disturbance should be ascribed to a defective aggregation of fibrin monomers associated with hypofibrinogenemia. Some of its characteristics are the markedly prolonged thrombin-, reptilase-time as well prolonged prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time. The plasma fibrinogen concentration measured by the immunologic method is reduced. The streptokinase induced digestion of fibrinogen Giessen II plasma occurred at a slower rate than normal plasma with persistence of the large fibrinogen degradation products. Fibrinogen Giessen II appears to be a congenital hypodysfibrinogenemia with abnormality of fibrinogen resulting in delayed coagulation and a retarded fibrinogenolysis rate.", "contents": "[Hypodysfibrinogenemia: fibrinogen giessen II (author's transl)]. A new case of facultative hemorrhagic diathesis is described in a 19 year old female and the coagulatory anomaly examined. The experiments show that the coagulatory disturbance should be ascribed to a defective aggregation of fibrin monomers associated with hypofibrinogenemia. Some of its characteristics are the markedly prolonged thrombin-, reptilase-time as well prolonged prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time. The plasma fibrinogen concentration measured by the immunologic method is reduced. The streptokinase induced digestion of fibrinogen Giessen II plasma occurred at a slower rate than normal plasma with persistence of the large fibrinogen degradation products. Fibrinogen Giessen II appears to be a congenital hypodysfibrinogenemia with abnormality of fibrinogen resulting in delayed coagulation and a retarded fibrinogenolysis rate.", "PMID": 1165625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_987", "title": "[Quantitative determination of fragment erythrocytes (schistocytes) in healthy subjects and patients after surgery].", "content": "Fragmented erythrocytes (schistocytes) were counted in blood subjects and from 50 patients who underwent various surgical procedures. The results showed to be as follows: 1. The average number of schistocytes in healthy controls of both sexes was 1-20/00 (medium in Thoma chamber 1.4%0/00, in blood smears 2.030/00, with a range from 0-50/00 and 0-60/00, respectively). 2. There was an increase in the number of schistocytes two hours after a surgical procedure (average 60/00), the degree of which correlated with the extent of the operation. Higher values of fragmented erythrocytes were counted after intraoperative blood transfusion (average 100/00). In most cases schistocyte values returned to normal at about 24 hours after surgery. 3. The highest schistocyte counts (18-350/00) were observed in two patients undergoing splenectomy with persistence of elevated counts for a longer period. 4. The average schistocyte number in stored blood of various age was 2.50/00. 5. Both counting of schistocytes in Thoma chambers and in blood smears are applicable, though the values obtained with the latter technique are slightly higher. Quantitative estimtion of schistocytes proves a useful method for evaluating disturbances in microcirculation.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of fragment erythrocytes (schistocytes) in healthy subjects and patients after surgery]. Fragmented erythrocytes (schistocytes) were counted in blood subjects and from 50 patients who underwent various surgical procedures. The results showed to be as follows: 1. The average number of schistocytes in healthy controls of both sexes was 1-20/00 (medium in Thoma chamber 1.4%0/00, in blood smears 2.030/00, with a range from 0-50/00 and 0-60/00, respectively). 2. There was an increase in the number of schistocytes two hours after a surgical procedure (average 60/00), the degree of which correlated with the extent of the operation. Higher values of fragmented erythrocytes were counted after intraoperative blood transfusion (average 100/00). In most cases schistocyte values returned to normal at about 24 hours after surgery. 3. The highest schistocyte counts (18-350/00) were observed in two patients undergoing splenectomy with persistence of elevated counts for a longer period. 4. The average schistocyte number in stored blood of various age was 2.50/00. 5. Both counting of schistocytes in Thoma chambers and in blood smears are applicable, though the values obtained with the latter technique are slightly higher. Quantitative estimtion of schistocytes proves a useful method for evaluating disturbances in microcirculation.", "PMID": 1165626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_988", "title": "[Insulin and proinsulin secretion under contraceptive steroid administration (author's transl)].", "content": "An ivestigation has been performed in 49 women about the influence exerted on the glucose-tolerance, insulin and proinsulin secretion by hormonal contraceptives of different types and compositions. A disturbed dynamics of the insulin secretion with elevated values in the OGTT at two and three hours has been proven at a nearly equal degree using combined preparations (Anacyclin, Eugynon, Neogynon, Mikrogynon) or sequential preparations (Kombiquens, Ovanon). Though there has been interference with the glucose tolerance, the serum proinsulin in the OGTT showed increased levels too. When a combined preparation was applied, the proinsulin values were significantyl higher compared to a sequential type contraceptive. The observed disturbance of the insulin and proinsulin secretion is explained by a decreased sensitivity to insulin in the peripheral fat tissue. The actual dose of the estrogen-gestagen components has no influence on the described changes. Elevated insulin levels are demonstrable already during the first treatment cycle. The degree of the disturbance is independent of the duration of the medicamentous application during the first 6 contraceptive months. After withdrawal of the respective contraceptive steroid the insulin secretion showed nearly normal dynamics during the subseqeunt menstrual cycle.", "contents": "[Insulin and proinsulin secretion under contraceptive steroid administration (author's transl)]. An ivestigation has been performed in 49 women about the influence exerted on the glucose-tolerance, insulin and proinsulin secretion by hormonal contraceptives of different types and compositions. A disturbed dynamics of the insulin secretion with elevated values in the OGTT at two and three hours has been proven at a nearly equal degree using combined preparations (Anacyclin, Eugynon, Neogynon, Mikrogynon) or sequential preparations (Kombiquens, Ovanon). Though there has been interference with the glucose tolerance, the serum proinsulin in the OGTT showed increased levels too. When a combined preparation was applied, the proinsulin values were significantyl higher compared to a sequential type contraceptive. The observed disturbance of the insulin and proinsulin secretion is explained by a decreased sensitivity to insulin in the peripheral fat tissue. The actual dose of the estrogen-gestagen components has no influence on the described changes. Elevated insulin levels are demonstrable already during the first treatment cycle. The degree of the disturbance is independent of the duration of the medicamentous application during the first 6 contraceptive months. After withdrawal of the respective contraceptive steroid the insulin secretion showed nearly normal dynamics during the subseqeunt menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 1165627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_989", "title": "[Glucose-assimilation and dynamics of insulin secretion. Measurements after intra-abdominal operations (author's transl)].", "content": "Insulin concentrations in peripheral venous blood and portal venous blood were measured in 18 patients after intraabdominal operations during 20 standardised glucose-infusion-tests (GIT). The conclusion is as follows: 1. In spite of similar preoperative situations and operative traumatisation the islets reactivity to a constant hyperglycemia and the glucose assimilation is individually ver different. 2. Measurements of insulin concentrations in the portal venous blood in man show a significant correlation between the profile of the insulin concentration curve and the k-value; the measurement of the insulin concentrations in peripheral venous blood fails to demonstrate a significant difference. 3. In patients with a pathologic glucose assimilation it is not the insulin secretion that is delayed but the insulin regression (disappearance rate) in portal venous blood. 4. In patients with a normal glucose assimilation the insulin concentrations curve in portal venous blood shows an oscillating course during the first 30 min. These oscillations registered for the first time in humans indicate an insulin-induced feedback mechanism of insulin secretion.", "contents": "[Glucose-assimilation and dynamics of insulin secretion. Measurements after intra-abdominal operations (author's transl)]. Insulin concentrations in peripheral venous blood and portal venous blood were measured in 18 patients after intraabdominal operations during 20 standardised glucose-infusion-tests (GIT). The conclusion is as follows: 1. In spite of similar preoperative situations and operative traumatisation the islets reactivity to a constant hyperglycemia and the glucose assimilation is individually ver different. 2. Measurements of insulin concentrations in the portal venous blood in man show a significant correlation between the profile of the insulin concentration curve and the k-value; the measurement of the insulin concentrations in peripheral venous blood fails to demonstrate a significant difference. 3. In patients with a pathologic glucose assimilation it is not the insulin secretion that is delayed but the insulin regression (disappearance rate) in portal venous blood. 4. In patients with a normal glucose assimilation the insulin concentrations curve in portal venous blood shows an oscillating course during the first 30 min. These oscillations registered for the first time in humans indicate an insulin-induced feedback mechanism of insulin secretion.", "PMID": 1165628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_990", "title": "[The activity of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase in chronic renal failure (author's transl)].", "content": "In 18 patients with terminal chronic renal failure on twice weekly maintenance hemodialysis, the predialysis activity of glutathione peroxidase was not impaired but rather slightly but slightly elevated when compared with healthy controls (2.7 versus 2.1 units/p less than 0.01). This was attributed to the reduced mean cell age.", "contents": "[The activity of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase in chronic renal failure (author's transl)]. In 18 patients with terminal chronic renal failure on twice weekly maintenance hemodialysis, the predialysis activity of glutathione peroxidase was not impaired but rather slightly but slightly elevated when compared with healthy controls (2.7 versus 2.1 units/p less than 0.01). This was attributed to the reduced mean cell age.", "PMID": 1165629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_991", "title": "The parachute mitral valve complex. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A 10-month-old infant, the youngest patient thus far reported to have undergone successful correction of the developmental complex known as \"parachute mitral valve,\" is presented. Severe mitral incompetence and aortic coarctation led to recurrent cardiac failure. Both anomalies were corrected in a one-stage procedure wherein the coarctation was resected under normothermia and the mitral valve replaced thereafter by a prosthesis employing deep hypothermia and total circulatory arrest. He made an uneventful recovery. Forty-two reported cases in the literature are reviewed and the pathologic and clinical features, diagnosis, natural history, and management briefly summarized.", "contents": "The parachute mitral valve complex. Case report and review of the literature. A 10-month-old infant, the youngest patient thus far reported to have undergone successful correction of the developmental complex known as \"parachute mitral valve,\" is presented. Severe mitral incompetence and aortic coarctation led to recurrent cardiac failure. Both anomalies were corrected in a one-stage procedure wherein the coarctation was resected under normothermia and the mitral valve replaced thereafter by a prosthesis employing deep hypothermia and total circulatory arrest. He made an uneventful recovery. Forty-two reported cases in the literature are reviewed and the pathologic and clinical features, diagnosis, natural history, and management briefly summarized.", "PMID": 1165637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_992", "title": "Effects of myocardial ischemia on ventricular compliance. Protective role of hydrocortisone.", "content": "The effects of hydrocortisone on left ventricular force-velocity relations, systolic length-tension curves, and diastolic pressure-volume curves (compliance) were determined before and 30 and 60 minutes after a 1 hour period of normothermic ischemic cardioplegia. Five dogs were given no hydrocortisone, 5 dogs 150 mg. per kilogram of hydrocortisone immediately after aortic unclamping, and 5 dogs 150 mg. per kilogram of hydrocortisone 20 minutes before clamping. Thirty minutes after unclamping, there was a 45 per cent decrease in contractility (p less than 0.005). At 60 minutes, there was a significant improvement (p less than 0.025), although a 32 per cent depression persisted. There were no differences among the three groups (p less than 0.05). Dogs not given hydrocortisone before clamping, compliance decreased 18 per cent (p less than 0.05), and in those given hydrocortisone immediately after unclamping, compliance decreased 28 per cent (p less than 0.025). The decreases in compliance in the hydrocortisone-treated dogs were significantly less (p less than 0.05) than the decreases observed in the dogs not given hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Effects of myocardial ischemia on ventricular compliance. Protective role of hydrocortisone. The effects of hydrocortisone on left ventricular force-velocity relations, systolic length-tension curves, and diastolic pressure-volume curves (compliance) were determined before and 30 and 60 minutes after a 1 hour period of normothermic ischemic cardioplegia. Five dogs were given no hydrocortisone, 5 dogs 150 mg. per kilogram of hydrocortisone immediately after aortic unclamping, and 5 dogs 150 mg. per kilogram of hydrocortisone 20 minutes before clamping. Thirty minutes after unclamping, there was a 45 per cent decrease in contractility (p less than 0.005). At 60 minutes, there was a significant improvement (p less than 0.025), although a 32 per cent depression persisted. There were no differences among the three groups (p less than 0.05). Dogs not given hydrocortisone before clamping, compliance decreased 18 per cent (p less than 0.05), and in those given hydrocortisone immediately after unclamping, compliance decreased 28 per cent (p less than 0.025). The decreases in compliance in the hydrocortisone-treated dogs were significantly less (p less than 0.05) than the decreases observed in the dogs not given hydrocortisone.", "PMID": 1165638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_993", "title": "Experimental mitral regurgitation: effects on left ventricular function before and after elimination of chronic regurgitation in the dog.", "content": "Chronic left ventricular-atrial regurgitation (LVAR) was created in 8 dogs by means of an external conduit so that the effects of acute correction of regurgitation on the mechanics of left ventricular performance could be studied in detail. LVAR of 46 to 77 per cent of the total left ventricular (LV) output was associated with a depression of the LV inotropic state (downward displacement of the stress-velocity relationship, reduction in V max), reduced forward flow, and signs of cardiac failure. Acute occlusion of the shunt (analogous to return of mitral valvular competence) in the anesthetized, open-chest animal resulted in a statistically significant increase in the integrated LV systolic wall stress (afterload), which averaged 18 per cent. In the dog with greatest depression of the LV inotropic state, the increase in afterload was associated with a decrease in forward flow. Occlusion of the shunt had no significant effect on the inotropic state. This model of mitral regurgitation appears to be useful in assessing the effect of chronic LVAR on cardiac performance and may explain the hemodynamic deterioration observed in some patients with severe mitral regurgitation following valve replacement.", "contents": "Experimental mitral regurgitation: effects on left ventricular function before and after elimination of chronic regurgitation in the dog. Chronic left ventricular-atrial regurgitation (LVAR) was created in 8 dogs by means of an external conduit so that the effects of acute correction of regurgitation on the mechanics of left ventricular performance could be studied in detail. LVAR of 46 to 77 per cent of the total left ventricular (LV) output was associated with a depression of the LV inotropic state (downward displacement of the stress-velocity relationship, reduction in V max), reduced forward flow, and signs of cardiac failure. Acute occlusion of the shunt (analogous to return of mitral valvular competence) in the anesthetized, open-chest animal resulted in a statistically significant increase in the integrated LV systolic wall stress (afterload), which averaged 18 per cent. In the dog with greatest depression of the LV inotropic state, the increase in afterload was associated with a decrease in forward flow. Occlusion of the shunt had no significant effect on the inotropic state. This model of mitral regurgitation appears to be useful in assessing the effect of chronic LVAR on cardiac performance and may explain the hemodynamic deterioration observed in some patients with severe mitral regurgitation following valve replacement.", "PMID": 1165639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_994", "title": "Traumatic rupture of the pericardium with luxation of the heart. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A report is made of a case of left diaphragmatic and pericardial rupture with luxation of the heart from the pericardial sac, resulting from a steering wheel injury. The patient was successfully treated surgically. In the treatment of this injury, correcting the hemodynamic derangement caused by incarceration and torsion of the heart is stressed. A review of the literature on pericardial ruptures is presented.", "contents": "Traumatic rupture of the pericardium with luxation of the heart. Case report and review of the literature. A report is made of a case of left diaphragmatic and pericardial rupture with luxation of the heart from the pericardial sac, resulting from a steering wheel injury. The patient was successfully treated surgically. In the treatment of this injury, correcting the hemodynamic derangement caused by incarceration and torsion of the heart is stressed. A review of the literature on pericardial ruptures is presented.", "PMID": 1165640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_995", "title": "The case for early surgical treatment of left-sided primary infective endocarditis. A collective review.", "content": "Sixteen cases of infective endocarditis requiring valve replacement with a prosthesis are described. The indication for surgery was intractable congestive heart failure in all. Fourteen patients underwent aortic valve replacement, with five hospital deaths secondary to cardiac decompensation and one late death related to recurrent periprosthetic insufficiency. Two patients who required mitral valve replacement did well, with no early or late deaths. A collected review of 293 cases of left-sided primary infective endocarditis reported in the English literature confirms the feasibility, advisability, and life-saving potential of urgent surgical intervention in patients with persistent or progressive congestive heart failure, irrespective of the activity of the infective process or the duration of antibiotic therapy. All infected tissue should be resected, and Teflon bolsters should be used to minimize the incidence of periprosthetic leaks. The incidence of prosthetic infection is minimal, contrasted with the fatal potential of procrastination to achieve microbial cure.", "contents": "The case for early surgical treatment of left-sided primary infective endocarditis. A collective review. Sixteen cases of infective endocarditis requiring valve replacement with a prosthesis are described. The indication for surgery was intractable congestive heart failure in all. Fourteen patients underwent aortic valve replacement, with five hospital deaths secondary to cardiac decompensation and one late death related to recurrent periprosthetic insufficiency. Two patients who required mitral valve replacement did well, with no early or late deaths. A collected review of 293 cases of left-sided primary infective endocarditis reported in the English literature confirms the feasibility, advisability, and life-saving potential of urgent surgical intervention in patients with persistent or progressive congestive heart failure, irrespective of the activity of the infective process or the duration of antibiotic therapy. All infected tissue should be resected, and Teflon bolsters should be used to minimize the incidence of periprosthetic leaks. The incidence of prosthetic infection is minimal, contrasted with the fatal potential of procrastination to achieve microbial cure.", "PMID": 1165641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_996", "title": "The effect on blood coagulation of the exclusive use of transfusions of frozen red cells during and after cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "The essentially indefinite storage life of previously frozen erythrocytes (PFE), combined with the virtual freedom from hepatitis, high 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) content, and low level of HL-A antigens, should make its use in open-heart surgery attractive. However, since the suspension medium for PFE is usually saline, the potential exists for creating a hemorrhagic diathesis by accentuating the dilution of plasma procoagulants by the pump prime. To test this possibility, we used PFE exclusively in transfusing a group of 13 open-heart surgery patients; they were given no plasma or platelets. A control group of 12 open-heart surgery patients were transfused with only shelf blood. Determination of prothrombin times (PT), partial thromboplastin times (PTT), platelets, and fibrinogen were done at various intervals. No clinically significant differences between the two groups were seen in any of these parameters at any interval, and there was no significant difference between the groups in amount of chest tube drainage or transfusions in the first 24 hours. It is concluded that most open-heart surgery can be safely performed exclusively with frozen blood.", "contents": "The effect on blood coagulation of the exclusive use of transfusions of frozen red cells during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. The essentially indefinite storage life of previously frozen erythrocytes (PFE), combined with the virtual freedom from hepatitis, high 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) content, and low level of HL-A antigens, should make its use in open-heart surgery attractive. However, since the suspension medium for PFE is usually saline, the potential exists for creating a hemorrhagic diathesis by accentuating the dilution of plasma procoagulants by the pump prime. To test this possibility, we used PFE exclusively in transfusing a group of 13 open-heart surgery patients; they were given no plasma or platelets. A control group of 12 open-heart surgery patients were transfused with only shelf blood. Determination of prothrombin times (PT), partial thromboplastin times (PTT), platelets, and fibrinogen were done at various intervals. No clinically significant differences between the two groups were seen in any of these parameters at any interval, and there was no significant difference between the groups in amount of chest tube drainage or transfusions in the first 24 hours. It is concluded that most open-heart surgery can be safely performed exclusively with frozen blood.", "PMID": 1165642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_997", "title": "Aspirin and gastric ulcer.", "content": "Although acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) can cause acute damage to human gastric mucosa, its relationship to chronic gastric ulcer has been less documented. A study of the aspirin intake of 61 patients with gastric ulcer revealed that 32 (52%) took 15 or more aspirins each week, compared to 6 (10%) age- and sex-matched controls who took such amounts (P less than 0.001). This difference remained significant when patients who took aspirin for relief of alimentary symptoms or when patients whose symptoms preceded aspirin use were excluded. The regular use of aspirin was especially associated with ulcers in the prepyloric region of the stomach. Fewer patients who had combined gastric and duodenal ulcers were regular users of aspirin when compared with patients who had gastric ulcer alone. The findings suggest that aspirin may be a common cause of gastric ulcer in man.", "contents": "Aspirin and gastric ulcer. Although acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) can cause acute damage to human gastric mucosa, its relationship to chronic gastric ulcer has been less documented. A study of the aspirin intake of 61 patients with gastric ulcer revealed that 32 (52%) took 15 or more aspirins each week, compared to 6 (10%) age- and sex-matched controls who took such amounts (P less than 0.001). This difference remained significant when patients who took aspirin for relief of alimentary symptoms or when patients whose symptoms preceded aspirin use were excluded. The regular use of aspirin was especially associated with ulcers in the prepyloric region of the stomach. Fewer patients who had combined gastric and duodenal ulcers were regular users of aspirin when compared with patients who had gastric ulcer alone. The findings suggest that aspirin may be a common cause of gastric ulcer in man.", "PMID": 1165647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_998", "title": "The value of cells in the pleural fluid in the differential diagnosis.", "content": "Fifty samples of pleural fluid, collected from consecutive patients in a thoracic clinic who had diagnostic thoracentesis, were studied prospectively. Pleural fluid protein was of value in differentiating transudates from exudates. Pleural fluid red cell counts, white blood cell counts, and differential white blood cell counts have no specificity and no usefulness in the differential diagnosis of the origin of the effusion. Pleural fluid cytology was positive in 60% of all the malignancies studied in this series; for the group with metastatic breast carcinoma, there was a 78% positive pleural fluid cytology. Differential white cell counts revealed tumor cells in 45% of malignant effusions. In our experience, the finding of tumor cells is the only useful finding in differential cell counts of the pleural fluid.", "contents": "The value of cells in the pleural fluid in the differential diagnosis. Fifty samples of pleural fluid, collected from consecutive patients in a thoracic clinic who had diagnostic thoracentesis, were studied prospectively. Pleural fluid protein was of value in differentiating transudates from exudates. Pleural fluid red cell counts, white blood cell counts, and differential white blood cell counts have no specificity and no usefulness in the differential diagnosis of the origin of the effusion. Pleural fluid cytology was positive in 60% of all the malignancies studied in this series; for the group with metastatic breast carcinoma, there was a 78% positive pleural fluid cytology. Differential white cell counts revealed tumor cells in 45% of malignant effusions. In our experience, the finding of tumor cells is the only useful finding in differential cell counts of the pleural fluid.", "PMID": 1165648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_999", "title": "Deficient cytochrome b5 reductase activity in nontoxic goiter with iodide organification defect.", "content": "A 37-yr-old woman with nontoxic goiter is presented. The thyroid 131I uptake at 3 and  24 hr were, respectively, 77.1% and 81.4% dose. Thiocyanate discharged 65.5% of the accumulated 131I in 30 min. In vitro organification of iodine in the thyroid homogenate from the patient was impaired and it was restored to normal by the addition of H2O2, glucose, and glucose oxidase system, FAD, or reduced cytochrome b5. Riboflavin, FMN, oxidized cytochrome b5, oxidized or reduced cytochrome c, NAD(H), and NADP(H) were ineffective in the reaction. The microsomal NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase activity was definitely low in the patient's thyroid. It was augmented to a normal level by incubation of the microsomes with FAD for 30 min or more. The activities of thyroid peroxidase, G6-PD, 6-PGD, catalase, protease, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase were within normal limits. The major thyroid protein was normal thyroglobulin which could be readily iodinated in the presence of H2O2 and horse radish peroxidase. These findings suggest the correlation of an iodide organification defect with a cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency. Administration of high doses of FAD led to the restoration of thyroidal iodide organification mechanism associated with an increased thyroid hormone production and to a marked decrease of the goiter. Riboflavin was given without effect even at a high dosage level. Consequently, it seems likely that the deficient cytochrome b5 reductase activity in this patient is due to a defect in the biosynthesis of FAD, the coenzyme of the reductase, from riboflavin.", "contents": "Deficient cytochrome b5 reductase activity in nontoxic goiter with iodide organification defect. A 37-yr-old woman with nontoxic goiter is presented. The thyroid 131I uptake at 3 and  24 hr were, respectively, 77.1% and 81.4% dose. Thiocyanate discharged 65.5% of the accumulated 131I in 30 min. In vitro organification of iodine in the thyroid homogenate from the patient was impaired and it was restored to normal by the addition of H2O2, glucose, and glucose oxidase system, FAD, or reduced cytochrome b5. Riboflavin, FMN, oxidized cytochrome b5, oxidized or reduced cytochrome c, NAD(H), and NADP(H) were ineffective in the reaction. The microsomal NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase activity was definitely low in the patient's thyroid. It was augmented to a normal level by incubation of the microsomes with FAD for 30 min or more. The activities of thyroid peroxidase, G6-PD, 6-PGD, catalase, protease, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase were within normal limits. The major thyroid protein was normal thyroglobulin which could be readily iodinated in the presence of H2O2 and horse radish peroxidase. These findings suggest the correlation of an iodide organification defect with a cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency. Administration of high doses of FAD led to the restoration of thyroidal iodide organification mechanism associated with an increased thyroid hormone production and to a marked decrease of the goiter. Riboflavin was given without effect even at a high dosage level. Consequently, it seems likely that the deficient cytochrome b5 reductase activity in this patient is due to a defect in the biosynthesis of FAD, the coenzyme of the reductase, from riboflavin.", "PMID": 1165726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1000", "title": "Evidence for diabetes mellitus and genetic forms of hypertriglyceridemia as independent entities.", "content": "Among 91 index cases whose diagnosis of a genetic type of hypertriglyceridemia was based on family studies, 27% had diabetes. To determine whether the familial forms of hypertriglyceridemia and genetic diabetes mellitus are inherited together or independently, the adult first degree relatives of these propositi were investigated for the presence of diabetes. Frequency of diabetes in first degree relatives of the 25 diabetic patients with a familial form of hypertriglyceridemia was identical whether such relatives were hyperlipidemic or not (13% versus 14.7%). The frequency of diabetes in both the hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic relatives of the 66 nondiabetic hypertriglyceridemic index cases also was not significantly different from each other (6.2% versus 4.0%). These results indicate that while diabetes is frequently associated with hypertriglyceridemia, genetic hypertriglyceridemia, per se, does not carry an increased risk of diabetes. Following treatment of diabetes, elevated triglyceride levels in index cases with both familial hypertriglyceridemia and untreated diabetes returned to lower but still elevated levels resembling those of affected (hypertriglyceridemic) relatives. Thus, the interaction of untreated diabetes and a familial form of hypertriglyceridemia determines the level of plasma triglyceride in a patient with both disorders.", "contents": "Evidence for diabetes mellitus and genetic forms of hypertriglyceridemia as independent entities. Among 91 index cases whose diagnosis of a genetic type of hypertriglyceridemia was based on family studies, 27% had diabetes. To determine whether the familial forms of hypertriglyceridemia and genetic diabetes mellitus are inherited together or independently, the adult first degree relatives of these propositi were investigated for the presence of diabetes. Frequency of diabetes in first degree relatives of the 25 diabetic patients with a familial form of hypertriglyceridemia was identical whether such relatives were hyperlipidemic or not (13% versus 14.7%). The frequency of diabetes in both the hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic relatives of the 66 nondiabetic hypertriglyceridemic index cases also was not significantly different from each other (6.2% versus 4.0%). These results indicate that while diabetes is frequently associated with hypertriglyceridemia, genetic hypertriglyceridemia, per se, does not carry an increased risk of diabetes. Following treatment of diabetes, elevated triglyceride levels in index cases with both familial hypertriglyceridemia and untreated diabetes returned to lower but still elevated levels resembling those of affected (hypertriglyceridemic) relatives. Thus, the interaction of untreated diabetes and a familial form of hypertriglyceridemia determines the level of plasma triglyceride in a patient with both disorders.", "PMID": 1165727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1001", "title": "Reversible abnormalities in postheparin lipolytic activity during the late phase of release in diabetes mellitus (postheparin lipolytic activity in diabetes).", "content": "To test whether abnormalities in multiphasic release of lipoprotein lipase are associated with hypertriglyceridemia in diabetes mellitus, postheparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) was measured during a high-dose, constant heparin infusion in 20 diabetic subjects with hypertriglyceridemia, 25 nondiabetic hypertriglyceridemic subjects and 7 normal subjects. The standard low heparin dose PHLA and the PHLa during the early phase of the heparin infusion were the same in all groups. In constrast, the PHLA during the late phase of the heparin infusion was lower in the 12 untreated diabetic subjects than in the 25 nondiabetic hypertriglyceridemic and the 7 normal subjects (p less than 0.001). An abnormality in late phase PHLA in the untreated diabetic subjects was more apparent when it was compared to the level of PHLA attained during the early phase of the heparin infusion (Equilibrium PHLA/60 min PHLA). The relative PHLA in the late phase of the infusion was lower in the untreated diabetic subjects (0.671 +/- 0.147) than in the nondiabetic hypertriglyceridemic subjects (0.847 +/- 0.019, p less than 0.001), or in the chronically treated diabetic subjects (0.823 +/- 0.108, p less than 0.05). Among the untreated diabetic subjects, increasing fasting glucose levels were associated with both decreasing absolute PHLA levels at the late phase of the infusion (r = 0.61, p less than 0.02) and greater decreases in relative PHLA during the infusion (r = -0.80, p less than 0.001). Treatment of the diabetes with long-term oral sulfonylurea or insulin therapy corrected the abnormality in the late phase PHLA with an associated decrease in plasma triglyceride levels (p less than 0.001). In five subjects with a deficient PHLA response to a standard, low dose of heparin, the PHLA response was low throughout the heparin infusion. With treatment, the PHLA response to the low heparin dose corrected rapidly toward normal in those two diabetic subjects with PHLa deficiency, and the early PHLA response during the heparin infusion increased. However, the late phase abnormality in all untreated diabetic subjects did not correct to normal until after several months of antihyperglycemic therapy. In the untreated diabetic subjects the degree of elevation of the plasma triglyceride level appeared to result from the interaction of the abnormality in PHLA with the presence or absence of an inherited familial lipid disorder.", "contents": "Reversible abnormalities in postheparin lipolytic activity during the late phase of release in diabetes mellitus (postheparin lipolytic activity in diabetes). To test whether abnormalities in multiphasic release of lipoprotein lipase are associated with hypertriglyceridemia in diabetes mellitus, postheparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) was measured during a high-dose, constant heparin infusion in 20 diabetic subjects with hypertriglyceridemia, 25 nondiabetic hypertriglyceridemic subjects and 7 normal subjects. The standard low heparin dose PHLA and the PHLa during the early phase of the heparin infusion were the same in all groups. In constrast, the PHLA during the late phase of the heparin infusion was lower in the 12 untreated diabetic subjects than in the 25 nondiabetic hypertriglyceridemic and the 7 normal subjects (p less than 0.001). An abnormality in late phase PHLA in the untreated diabetic subjects was more apparent when it was compared to the level of PHLA attained during the early phase of the heparin infusion (Equilibrium PHLA/60 min PHLA). The relative PHLA in the late phase of the infusion was lower in the untreated diabetic subjects (0.671 +/- 0.147) than in the nondiabetic hypertriglyceridemic subjects (0.847 +/- 0.019, p less than 0.001), or in the chronically treated diabetic subjects (0.823 +/- 0.108, p less than 0.05). Among the untreated diabetic subjects, increasing fasting glucose levels were associated with both decreasing absolute PHLA levels at the late phase of the infusion (r = 0.61, p less than 0.02) and greater decreases in relative PHLA during the infusion (r = -0.80, p less than 0.001). Treatment of the diabetes with long-term oral sulfonylurea or insulin therapy corrected the abnormality in the late phase PHLA with an associated decrease in plasma triglyceride levels (p less than 0.001). In five subjects with a deficient PHLA response to a standard, low dose of heparin, the PHLA response was low throughout the heparin infusion. With treatment, the PHLA response to the low heparin dose corrected rapidly toward normal in those two diabetic subjects with PHLa deficiency, and the early PHLA response during the heparin infusion increased. However, the late phase abnormality in all untreated diabetic subjects did not correct to normal until after several months of antihyperglycemic therapy. In the untreated diabetic subjects the degree of elevation of the plasma triglyceride level appeared to result from the interaction of the abnormality in PHLA with the presence or absence of an inherited familial lipid disorder.", "PMID": 1165728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1002", "title": "Absence of facilitated glucose disposal (Staub-Traugott effect) in subjects with hypopituitarism.", "content": "Improved glucose tolerance follows glucose challenges given in rapid succession, the Staub-Traugott effect. The cause for this facilitated glucose disposal is not clear. Augmented insulin release, prior \"insulinization\" of cells, and suppression of a pituitary factor or free fatty acids (FFA) are previously suggested mechanisms. For information bearing on the role of the pituitary in this phenomenon, study of the Staub effect was undertaken in hypopituitary patients receiving replacement thyroid, cortisone, and sex-steroid therapy and in normal untreated controls. All subjects received three intravenous injections of glucose (0.5 g/kg) at hourly intervals. Plasma glucose, FFA, and insulin were measured. Whereas a definite Staub effect was seen in each control subject, this phenomenon was conspicuously absent in seven hypopituitary patients similarly studied. Patterns of peripheral insulin response were similar for both groups: FFA levels fell more slowly in the hypopituitary subjects. Normal pituitary function appears to be required for the Staub effect. Incremental peripheral insulin levels do not explain the effect. Subnormal suppression of free fatty acids and impaired induction of key glycolytic and glycogenic enzymes are alternative explantations for the absence of the  Staub effect in hypopituitary subjects.", "contents": "Absence of facilitated glucose disposal (Staub-Traugott effect) in subjects with hypopituitarism. Improved glucose tolerance follows glucose challenges given in rapid succession, the Staub-Traugott effect. The cause for this facilitated glucose disposal is not clear. Augmented insulin release, prior \"insulinization\" of cells, and suppression of a pituitary factor or free fatty acids (FFA) are previously suggested mechanisms. For information bearing on the role of the pituitary in this phenomenon, study of the Staub effect was undertaken in hypopituitary patients receiving replacement thyroid, cortisone, and sex-steroid therapy and in normal untreated controls. All subjects received three intravenous injections of glucose (0.5 g/kg) at hourly intervals. Plasma glucose, FFA, and insulin were measured. Whereas a definite Staub effect was seen in each control subject, this phenomenon was conspicuously absent in seven hypopituitary patients similarly studied. Patterns of peripheral insulin response were similar for both groups: FFA levels fell more slowly in the hypopituitary subjects. Normal pituitary function appears to be required for the Staub effect. Incremental peripheral insulin levels do not explain the effect. Subnormal suppression of free fatty acids and impaired induction of key glycolytic and glycogenic enzymes are alternative explantations for the absence of the  Staub effect in hypopituitary subjects.", "PMID": 1165729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1003", "title": "Effects of portacaval anastomosis on glucose tolerance in the dog: evidence of an interaction between the gut and the liver in oral glucose dosposal.", "content": "Continuous infusions of glucose (90 min duration) were given into the duodenum (ID), or the portal vein (IP), or a peripheral vein (IV) in conscious dogs, intact dogs, or dogs with portacaval anastomoses. In intact animals ID glucose tolerance was better than IV glucose tolerance, but IP glucose tolerance was not significantly different from IV glucose tolerance. Thus, the superiority of tolerance to ID glucose was not accounted for by relatively high levels of glucose in portal blood. IV glucose tolerance was not significantly affected by protacaval anastomosis with ligation of the portal vein, but ID glucose tolerance was markedly impaired. Disproportionate impairment in tolerance to enterically administered glucose in dogs with portacaval shunts, and the similarity of IP and IV glucose tolerance in intact dogs, suggest that both liver and the gut are important in determination of oral glucose tolerance through mechanisms that have little or no effect on responses to parenterally administered glucose. The results also suggest that the hepatic contribution is not dependent upon portal venous perfusion of the liver, and that a humoral interaction between the gut and the liver is involved which is not simply dependent on endocrine responses of the pancreas.", "contents": "Effects of portacaval anastomosis on glucose tolerance in the dog: evidence of an interaction between the gut and the liver in oral glucose dosposal. Continuous infusions of glucose (90 min duration) were given into the duodenum (ID), or the portal vein (IP), or a peripheral vein (IV) in conscious dogs, intact dogs, or dogs with portacaval anastomoses. In intact animals ID glucose tolerance was better than IV glucose tolerance, but IP glucose tolerance was not significantly different from IV glucose tolerance. Thus, the superiority of tolerance to ID glucose was not accounted for by relatively high levels of glucose in portal blood. IV glucose tolerance was not significantly affected by protacaval anastomosis with ligation of the portal vein, but ID glucose tolerance was markedly impaired. Disproportionate impairment in tolerance to enterically administered glucose in dogs with portacaval shunts, and the similarity of IP and IV glucose tolerance in intact dogs, suggest that both liver and the gut are important in determination of oral glucose tolerance through mechanisms that have little or no effect on responses to parenterally administered glucose. The results also suggest that the hepatic contribution is not dependent upon portal venous perfusion of the liver, and that a humoral interaction between the gut and the liver is involved which is not simply dependent on endocrine responses of the pancreas.", "PMID": 1165730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1004", "title": "Effect of acute kidney exclusion by ligation of renal arteries on peripheral plasma glucagon levels and pancreatic glucagon production in the anesthetized dog.", "content": "Bilateral kidney exclusion in the anesthetized dog resulted in an immediate and important increase in arterial plasma glucagon. Forty minutes after ligation of the renal arteries, plasma glucagon averaged 200% of the basal values and 90 min after ligation, mean plasma glucagon averaged 357% of the mean basal value. Comparable changes were observed when basal plasma glucagon was markedly suppressed by intravenous infusion of glucose. The rate of production of glucagon by the pancreas was not significantly increased by kidney exclusion. Since the uptake of glucagon by the kidney was previously shown to be quantitatively important, the present findings suggest that abrupt cessation of kidney glucagon uptake is the major factor responsible for the rise in peripheral plasma glucagon levels observed after ligation of renal arteries.", "contents": "Effect of acute kidney exclusion by ligation of renal arteries on peripheral plasma glucagon levels and pancreatic glucagon production in the anesthetized dog. Bilateral kidney exclusion in the anesthetized dog resulted in an immediate and important increase in arterial plasma glucagon. Forty minutes after ligation of the renal arteries, plasma glucagon averaged 200% of the basal values and 90 min after ligation, mean plasma glucagon averaged 357% of the mean basal value. Comparable changes were observed when basal plasma glucagon was markedly suppressed by intravenous infusion of glucose. The rate of production of glucagon by the pancreas was not significantly increased by kidney exclusion. Since the uptake of glucagon by the kidney was previously shown to be quantitatively important, the present findings suggest that abrupt cessation of kidney glucagon uptake is the major factor responsible for the rise in peripheral plasma glucagon levels observed after ligation of renal arteries.", "PMID": 1165731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1005", "title": "Effect of thyroid hormone on metabolic adaptation to fasting.", "content": "The acute effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on mobilization of fat and protein energy stores has been measured in five fasting, normal men. Fasting subjects were chosen for this study to amplify catabolic effects occurring during brief thyroid hormone treatment. Subjects were fasted for 72 hr on two occasions with admintration of T3, 150 mug every 12 hr, for 72 hr before and during the second fast. Plasma beta hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and free fatty acid levels as well as ketone, creatine, and urea excretion were measured during control and T3 fasts. T3 enhances catabolism of protein stores as indicated by the doubling of urea excretion during the T3 fasts. Likewise, creatine excretion is increased six to ninefold during the T3 fasts. Catabolism of fat stores is enhanced during the T3 fasts as shown by increased plasma free fatty acid and ketone levels, and increased ketone excretion. Brief T3 treatment for 3 days augments the expected protein and fat catabolism of starvation without causing subjective changes of hyperthyroidism. Much of the catabolic expression of hyperthyroidism may simply reflect inadequate caloric intake to fuel energy requiring processes stimulated by thyroid hormone such as cell membrane sodium pumping and protein synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of thyroid hormone on metabolic adaptation to fasting. The acute effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on mobilization of fat and protein energy stores has been measured in five fasting, normal men. Fasting subjects were chosen for this study to amplify catabolic effects occurring during brief thyroid hormone treatment. Subjects were fasted for 72 hr on two occasions with admintration of T3, 150 mug every 12 hr, for 72 hr before and during the second fast. Plasma beta hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and free fatty acid levels as well as ketone, creatine, and urea excretion were measured during control and T3 fasts. T3 enhances catabolism of protein stores as indicated by the doubling of urea excretion during the T3 fasts. Likewise, creatine excretion is increased six to ninefold during the T3 fasts. Catabolism of fat stores is enhanced during the T3 fasts as shown by increased plasma free fatty acid and ketone levels, and increased ketone excretion. Brief T3 treatment for 3 days augments the expected protein and fat catabolism of starvation without causing subjective changes of hyperthyroidism. Much of the catabolic expression of hyperthyroidism may simply reflect inadequate caloric intake to fuel energy requiring processes stimulated by thyroid hormone such as cell membrane sodium pumping and protein synthesis.", "PMID": 1165732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1006", "title": "Alanine-induced amino acid interrelationships.", "content": "Six normal subjects received 10 g of alanine both orally and as a 60-min intravenous infusion. In both studies blood samples for hormones and substrates were obtained every thirty minutes for 2 1/2 hour. Significant increases in whole blood levels of threonine, serine, glutamine, proline, glycine, and alpha-amino-n-butyric acid were found, which were mainly due to increases of these amino acids in the plasma compartment. In contrast, whole blood levels of leucine, valine, and isoleucine declined, mainly due to increases in the cell compartment. Plasma glucagon levels increased in both studies while insulin levels rose significantly only during the oral study. Plasma free fatty acids and blood glycerol levels declined while lactate and pyruvate increased. Glucose concentration did not change during both tests. These data suggest that the administration of large quantities of alanine is capable of inducing significant alterations in levels of other amino acids and substrates as well as changing hormone levels.", "contents": "Alanine-induced amino acid interrelationships. Six normal subjects received 10 g of alanine both orally and as a 60-min intravenous infusion. In both studies blood samples for hormones and substrates were obtained every thirty minutes for 2 1/2 hour. Significant increases in whole blood levels of threonine, serine, glutamine, proline, glycine, and alpha-amino-n-butyric acid were found, which were mainly due to increases of these amino acids in the plasma compartment. In contrast, whole blood levels of leucine, valine, and isoleucine declined, mainly due to increases in the cell compartment. Plasma glucagon levels increased in both studies while insulin levels rose significantly only during the oral study. Plasma free fatty acids and blood glycerol levels declined while lactate and pyruvate increased. Glucose concentration did not change during both tests. These data suggest that the administration of large quantities of alanine is capable of inducing significant alterations in levels of other amino acids and substrates as well as changing hormone levels.", "PMID": 1165733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1007", "title": "Reactive hypoglycemia.", "content": "The hypoglycemoses include a large category of distinctly unique entities. Guidelines for a clinical, physiological approach to these disorders is presented. Within this diagnostic spectrum of hypoglycemia lies the reactive hypoglycemic disorders that are characterized by their postprandial onset, adrenergic mediated symptoms, and relatively benign causes. The spectrum of reactive hypoglycemia includes early alimentary-reactive hypoglycemia, late diabetic-reactive hypoglycemia, hormonal deficiency states, and idiopathic hypoglycemia. A new postprandial hypoglycemic disorder, fructose 1-6 diphosphatase, can be added to this list. The frequent sampling of blood-glucose values in the postprandial state will frequently lead to the finding of a biochemically low blood-glucose value of below 50 ml/100 ml, and these individuals show no hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress to the low blood sugar and do not manifest adrenergic symptoms. Their low blood-glucose value simply reflects the transition in intermediary metabolism between the fed and fasting state and provides a biochemical marker of this event. We refer to this asymptomatic biochemical event as transitional low blood-glucose state. It has no clinical implication and may frequently be confused with the bona fide reactive hypoglycemic disorders. Using a symptomatic, counter-regulatory model to define hypoglycemia as a bona fide disorder, findings are presented in patients with the varying types of reactive hypoglycemia, and their results are compared to normal controls and to a weight-matched and disease patient controls. Abnormalities in insulin secretion are discussed as relating to the pathophysiology causal in the hypoglycemia. An approach to therapy is presented based upon the classification of the patient as to the type of hypoglycemia and their abnormalities in insulin secretion.", "contents": "Reactive hypoglycemia. The hypoglycemoses include a large category of distinctly unique entities. Guidelines for a clinical, physiological approach to these disorders is presented. Within this diagnostic spectrum of hypoglycemia lies the reactive hypoglycemic disorders that are characterized by their postprandial onset, adrenergic mediated symptoms, and relatively benign causes. The spectrum of reactive hypoglycemia includes early alimentary-reactive hypoglycemia, late diabetic-reactive hypoglycemia, hormonal deficiency states, and idiopathic hypoglycemia. A new postprandial hypoglycemic disorder, fructose 1-6 diphosphatase, can be added to this list. The frequent sampling of blood-glucose values in the postprandial state will frequently lead to the finding of a biochemically low blood-glucose value of below 50 ml/100 ml, and these individuals show no hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress to the low blood sugar and do not manifest adrenergic symptoms. Their low blood-glucose value simply reflects the transition in intermediary metabolism between the fed and fasting state and provides a biochemical marker of this event. We refer to this asymptomatic biochemical event as transitional low blood-glucose state. It has no clinical implication and may frequently be confused with the bona fide reactive hypoglycemic disorders. Using a symptomatic, counter-regulatory model to define hypoglycemia as a bona fide disorder, findings are presented in patients with the varying types of reactive hypoglycemia, and their results are compared to normal controls and to a weight-matched and disease patient controls. Abnormalities in insulin secretion are discussed as relating to the pathophysiology causal in the hypoglycemia. An approach to therapy is presented based upon the classification of the patient as to the type of hypoglycemia and their abnormalities in insulin secretion.", "PMID": 1165734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1008", "title": "Evaluation of copper-7 intrauterine device in Malaysian women.", "content": "A study of 300 Malaysian women who were fitted with the Copper-7 intrauterine device is presented. Two per cent of the acceptors were nulliparous. Insertion was easy in 97-7% of the cases and the side effects were minimal. In a study of over 4,634 women-months a low cumulative expulsion rate, at 12 and 24 months of use, of 3-1 and 3-6 respectively, was observed. However, relatively high cumulative rates of pregnancy of 4-3 and 9-2 occurred at 12 and 24 months of use respectively. Out of a total of 19 pregnancies, in 12 cases the device was found to have descended, a finding not commonly reported. One woman experienced translocation of the device five months after insertion, and in this instance, the device was removed by laparotomy. The findings in this study and their implications are discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of copper-7 intrauterine device in Malaysian women. A study of 300 Malaysian women who were fitted with the Copper-7 intrauterine device is presented. Two per cent of the acceptors were nulliparous. Insertion was easy in 97-7% of the cases and the side effects were minimal. In a study of over 4,634 women-months a low cumulative expulsion rate, at 12 and 24 months of use, of 3-1 and 3-6 respectively, was observed. However, relatively high cumulative rates of pregnancy of 4-3 and 9-2 occurred at 12 and 24 months of use respectively. Out of a total of 19 pregnancies, in 12 cases the device was found to have descended, a finding not commonly reported. One woman experienced translocation of the device five months after insertion, and in this instance, the device was removed by laparotomy. The findings in this study and their implications are discussed.", "PMID": 1165736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1009", "title": "Tetracycline-induced tooth changes. Part 5. Incidence in extracted first permanent molar teeth: a resurvey after four years.", "content": "First permanent molar teeth extracted during 1972 from patients aged 6 to 18 years attending the Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne were sectioned sagittally and examined under ultraviolet light for fluorescent tetracycline deposits. The prevalence of fluorescent teeth increased with decreasing age to 84% in patients aged 10 to 11 years, then decreased in the younger children until only 67% were affected at six to seven years of age. Detailed analysis of the distribution of antibiotic in teeth demonstrated a marked decline in tetracycline experience since 1962-1964, i.e., fewer children received courses of the antibiotic, and confirms the trend demonstrated in a similar survey four years age. This trend is associated with a lower incidence and severity of crown discoloration and accompanying enamel hypoplasia in the youngest children examined.", "contents": "Tetracycline-induced tooth changes. Part 5. Incidence in extracted first permanent molar teeth: a resurvey after four years. First permanent molar teeth extracted during 1972 from patients aged 6 to 18 years attending the Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne were sectioned sagittally and examined under ultraviolet light for fluorescent tetracycline deposits. The prevalence of fluorescent teeth increased with decreasing age to 84% in patients aged 10 to 11 years, then decreased in the younger children until only 67% were affected at six to seven years of age. Detailed analysis of the distribution of antibiotic in teeth demonstrated a marked decline in tetracycline experience since 1962-1964, i.e., fewer children received courses of the antibiotic, and confirms the trend demonstrated in a similar survey four years age. This trend is associated with a lower incidence and severity of crown discoloration and accompanying enamel hypoplasia in the youngest children examined.", "PMID": 1165737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1010", "title": "Squamous papilloma of the cervix uteri. A two year prospective cytological study.", "content": "Squamous papilloma of the cervix uteri were found in 27 patients from 147,813 consecutive cervical smears, an incidence of 1 : 5,475. These were young women (16 to 35 years of age), 17 (63%) of whom were pregnant. When this group was compared with a matched control group, a statistically significant increase in trichomonad infections and a reduction in fungal infections were observed. Smears from every patient with cervical papilloma showed dysplasia of squamous cells which, with one exception, regressed to a lesion of lesser severity, or reverted to normal. The role of cytology, histology and clinical history in the diagnosis and management of this lesion is discussed.", "contents": "Squamous papilloma of the cervix uteri. A two year prospective cytological study. Squamous papilloma of the cervix uteri were found in 27 patients from 147,813 consecutive cervical smears, an incidence of 1 : 5,475. These were young women (16 to 35 years of age), 17 (63%) of whom were pregnant. When this group was compared with a matched control group, a statistically significant increase in trichomonad infections and a reduction in fungal infections were observed. Smears from every patient with cervical papilloma showed dysplasia of squamous cells which, with one exception, regressed to a lesion of lesser severity, or reverted to normal. The role of cytology, histology and clinical history in the diagnosis and management of this lesion is discussed.", "PMID": 1165738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1011", "title": "A fundal cyst of the gallbladder: An unusual abdominal mass.", "content": "A female, aged 80 years, presenting with a large abdominal mass causing distension and right-sided hydronephrosis, is presented. The mass proved to be a unilocular cyst attached to the fundus of a thick-walled gallbladder. Histological examination demonstrated invasive adenocarcinoma in the gallbladder. The cyst was lined by gallbladder type epithelium which showed the appearances of carcinoma-in-situ. The aetiology of this cystic lesion is discussed. It seems most likely that it is an acquired lesion caused by occlusion of the communication into a fundal diverticulum. This lesion is unusual, but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of obscure intraabdominal masses.", "contents": "A fundal cyst of the gallbladder: An unusual abdominal mass. A female, aged 80 years, presenting with a large abdominal mass causing distension and right-sided hydronephrosis, is presented. The mass proved to be a unilocular cyst attached to the fundus of a thick-walled gallbladder. Histological examination demonstrated invasive adenocarcinoma in the gallbladder. The cyst was lined by gallbladder type epithelium which showed the appearances of carcinoma-in-situ. The aetiology of this cystic lesion is discussed. It seems most likely that it is an acquired lesion caused by occlusion of the communication into a fundal diverticulum. This lesion is unusual, but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of obscure intraabdominal masses.", "PMID": 1165739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1012", "title": "Fifteen years on.", "content": "Sixty students who graduated from the University of Queensland in 1958 were traced 15 years later. Sixty per cent were in private practice and 40% were in full-time salaried jobs. Those who ultimately became physicians had the best average course performance. After specialization, there appeared to be a tendency for the less academically able students to take on full-time salaried jobs rather than to enter private practice. Seventy per cent of women were still in substantially full-time practice.", "contents": "Fifteen years on. Sixty students who graduated from the University of Queensland in 1958 were traced 15 years later. Sixty per cent were in private practice and 40% were in full-time salaried jobs. Those who ultimately became physicians had the best average course performance. After specialization, there appeared to be a tendency for the less academically able students to take on full-time salaried jobs rather than to enter private practice. Seventy per cent of women were still in substantially full-time practice.", "PMID": 1165741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1013", "title": "Hydroxyproline-2-epimerase of Pseudomonas: active-site peptides.", "content": "Hydroxyproline-2-epimerase was treated with 14C-iodoacetate under conditions that produced almost complete inactivation of the enzyme and concomitant incorporation of almost one molar equivalent of iodoacetate. Both processes were prevented by saturating concentrations of substrate. From reaction mixtures in which both incorporation and inactivation were 85 to 90% complete, two radioactive tryptic peptides were isolated by paper chromatography-electrophoresis. The incorporated radioactivity was divided between the peptides in an approximately 2:1 ratio. Analysis of the isolated peptides suggested that they both contained 9 amino acids and had similar composition; one appeared to be a lysine, the second an arginine peptide. Attempts to sequence each peptide failed, apparently because of the conversion of the S-carboxymethylcysteine to S-carboxymethylcysteine sulfone, indicating that the cysteine residue was N-terminal in each peptide.", "contents": "Hydroxyproline-2-epimerase of Pseudomonas: active-site peptides. Hydroxyproline-2-epimerase was treated with 14C-iodoacetate under conditions that produced almost complete inactivation of the enzyme and concomitant incorporation of almost one molar equivalent of iodoacetate. Both processes were prevented by saturating concentrations of substrate. From reaction mixtures in which both incorporation and inactivation were 85 to 90% complete, two radioactive tryptic peptides were isolated by paper chromatography-electrophoresis. The incorporated radioactivity was divided between the peptides in an approximately 2:1 ratio. Analysis of the isolated peptides suggested that they both contained 9 amino acids and had similar composition; one appeared to be a lysine, the second an arginine peptide. Attempts to sequence each peptide failed, apparently because of the conversion of the S-carboxymethylcysteine to S-carboxymethylcysteine sulfone, indicating that the cysteine residue was N-terminal in each peptide.", "PMID": 1165763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1014", "title": "Labelling kinetics of RNA containg poly(A) in liver subcellular fractions.", "content": "Kinetics of incorporation of (3H) uridine into cytoplasmic RNA fractions of rat liver is investigated. The fractions include free and membrane bound polysomes, rough membranes sedimenting with mitochondria and free cytoplasmic RNA particles. (1) Poly(A) containing RNA, isolated by oligo-dT cellulose, amounts to 0.4% of the total RNA in the homogenate, 0.5% in bound polysomes, 3.4% in free polysomes and 16% in free cytoplasmic RNA particles. (2) The rate of (3H) uridine incorporation into RNA lacking poly(A) proceeds uniformly in all subcellular fractions except for free cytoplasmic RNA particles, which accumulate negligible amounts of radioactivity. (3) The initial labelling of RNA containing poly(A) is most active in free cytoplasmic RNA particles supporting their identity as mRNA en route to polysomes. The initial specific radioactivities decrease in the following order: homogenate, bound polysomes, rough membranes sedimenting with mitochondria, free polysomes. The data suggest that mRNA is supplied to free and membrane-bound polysomes via different routes. The kinetic analysis indicates that free cytoplasmic RNA particles may be a precursor of mRNA of free polysomes rather than that of bound polysomes. (4) The kinetic differences of free and membrane bound polysomes are also demonstrated by comparing the radioactivity of RNA containing poly(A) to the total radioactivity at various incorporation times. In bound polysomes this decreases from 31% at 1 h to 10% at 25 h, whereas in free polysomes the corresponding ratio increases from 10 to 13%. RNA containing poly(A) of free cytoplasmic RNA particles represents 64% of the total radioactivity throughout the experiment.", "contents": "Labelling kinetics of RNA containg poly(A) in liver subcellular fractions. Kinetics of incorporation of (3H) uridine into cytoplasmic RNA fractions of rat liver is investigated. The fractions include free and membrane bound polysomes, rough membranes sedimenting with mitochondria and free cytoplasmic RNA particles. (1) Poly(A) containing RNA, isolated by oligo-dT cellulose, amounts to 0.4% of the total RNA in the homogenate, 0.5% in bound polysomes, 3.4% in free polysomes and 16% in free cytoplasmic RNA particles. (2) The rate of (3H) uridine incorporation into RNA lacking poly(A) proceeds uniformly in all subcellular fractions except for free cytoplasmic RNA particles, which accumulate negligible amounts of radioactivity. (3) The initial labelling of RNA containing poly(A) is most active in free cytoplasmic RNA particles supporting their identity as mRNA en route to polysomes. The initial specific radioactivities decrease in the following order: homogenate, bound polysomes, rough membranes sedimenting with mitochondria, free polysomes. The data suggest that mRNA is supplied to free and membrane-bound polysomes via different routes. The kinetic analysis indicates that free cytoplasmic RNA particles may be a precursor of mRNA of free polysomes rather than that of bound polysomes. (4) The kinetic differences of free and membrane bound polysomes are also demonstrated by comparing the radioactivity of RNA containing poly(A) to the total radioactivity at various incorporation times. In bound polysomes this decreases from 31% at 1 h to 10% at 25 h, whereas in free polysomes the corresponding ratio increases from 10 to 13%. RNA containing poly(A) of free cytoplasmic RNA particles represents 64% of the total radioactivity throughout the experiment.", "PMID": 1165764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1015", "title": "Diversity of cross-bridge configurations in invertebrate muscles.", "content": "X-ray diffraction patterns from relaxed invertebrate muscles reveal the thick filament symmetries and cross-bridge configurations. The cross bridges are substantially angled to the filament axes. The results on symmetry are generally consistent with Squire's model.", "contents": "Diversity of cross-bridge configurations in invertebrate muscles. X-ray diffraction patterns from relaxed invertebrate muscles reveal the thick filament symmetries and cross-bridge configurations. The cross bridges are substantially angled to the filament axes. The results on symmetry are generally consistent with Squire's model.", "PMID": 1165781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1016", "title": "Frequency-force relationship in guinea-pig ventricular myocardium as influenced by magnesium.", "content": "1. In guinea-pig papillary muscle, the characteristic relation between force of contraction and frequency is changed by the sithdrawal of magnesium from the incubation medium. In magnesium-free solution, reduction of contraction frequency below 0.1 Hz leads to an increase in force of contraction which reaches its maximum at a frequency of 0.00166 Hz (i.e., one contraction every 10 min). After magnesium withdrawal, the frequency-force relationship in guinea-pig ventricular muscle resembles that of guinea-pig atrial muscle in magnesium-containing solution. 2. The increase by magnesium withdrawal in contractile force of guinea-pig papillary muscles contracting at low frequencies is the result of an increase in contraction velocity. The time to peak force is shortened and the relaxation time is prolonged. 3. After obtaining steady-state values of contractile force at 1 Hz contraction frequency, stimulation was terminated and the time course of changes in the inherent contractile activity of the muscle was determined by eliciting single contractions at time intervals of between 0.5 and 10 min duration. After cessation of stimulation, the contractile activity declines exponentially in solution containing 1.2 mM Mg2+; in magnesium-free solution an initial decline is followed by a slowly developing increase. This rise in contractile activity is reduced at 3.2 mM Ca2+ by the presence of 0.075 mM Mg2+ and is prevented by 0.3 mM Mg2+. 4. The increase in contractile activity obtained in the papillary muscle during rest by magnesium withdrawal depends in its magnitude on [Ca2+]0. 5. The rested-state contractile activity of ventricular muscle in magnesium-free solution is reduced by 75% with the first and by 90% with the second contraction after onset of 1 Hz stimulation. 6. Possible mechanisms are discussed by which Mg2+ inhibits the development of rested-state contractile activity in the guinea-pig ventricular myocardium.", "contents": "Frequency-force relationship in guinea-pig ventricular myocardium as influenced by magnesium. 1. In guinea-pig papillary muscle, the characteristic relation between force of contraction and frequency is changed by the sithdrawal of magnesium from the incubation medium. In magnesium-free solution, reduction of contraction frequency below 0.1 Hz leads to an increase in force of contraction which reaches its maximum at a frequency of 0.00166 Hz (i.e., one contraction every 10 min). After magnesium withdrawal, the frequency-force relationship in guinea-pig ventricular muscle resembles that of guinea-pig atrial muscle in magnesium-containing solution. 2. The increase by magnesium withdrawal in contractile force of guinea-pig papillary muscles contracting at low frequencies is the result of an increase in contraction velocity. The time to peak force is shortened and the relaxation time is prolonged. 3. After obtaining steady-state values of contractile force at 1 Hz contraction frequency, stimulation was terminated and the time course of changes in the inherent contractile activity of the muscle was determined by eliciting single contractions at time intervals of between 0.5 and 10 min duration. After cessation of stimulation, the contractile activity declines exponentially in solution containing 1.2 mM Mg2+; in magnesium-free solution an initial decline is followed by a slowly developing increase. This rise in contractile activity is reduced at 3.2 mM Ca2+ by the presence of 0.075 mM Mg2+ and is prevented by 0.3 mM Mg2+. 4. The increase in contractile activity obtained in the papillary muscle during rest by magnesium withdrawal depends in its magnitude on [Ca2+]0. 5. The rested-state contractile activity of ventricular muscle in magnesium-free solution is reduced by 75% with the first and by 90% with the second contraction after onset of 1 Hz stimulation. 6. Possible mechanisms are discussed by which Mg2+ inhibits the development of rested-state contractile activity in the guinea-pig ventricular myocardium.", "PMID": 1165789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1017", "title": "Nitrosobenzene-induced ferrihemoglobin formation in Japanese quail erythrocytes. The significance of ferrihemoglobin reduction.", "content": "Quantitative aspects of nitrosobenzene-induced ferrihemoglobin formation were studied in quail erythrocytes in comparison to goat red cells. Many similarities exist with the mechanism in mammalian red cells such as a NADPH-dependent enzymatic recycling of phenylhydroxylamine from nitrosobenzene. Also the mechanism of ferrihemoglobin reduction is similar in both species, it is a NADH-dependent process. However, the reducing activity of quail red cells exceeds by far the activity of the majority of mammalian erythrocytes.", "contents": "Nitrosobenzene-induced ferrihemoglobin formation in Japanese quail erythrocytes. The significance of ferrihemoglobin reduction. Quantitative aspects of nitrosobenzene-induced ferrihemoglobin formation were studied in quail erythrocytes in comparison to goat red cells. Many similarities exist with the mechanism in mammalian red cells such as a NADPH-dependent enzymatic recycling of phenylhydroxylamine from nitrosobenzene. Also the mechanism of ferrihemoglobin reduction is similar in both species, it is a NADH-dependent process. However, the reducing activity of quail red cells exceeds by far the activity of the majority of mammalian erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1165790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1018", "title": "Effect of mercuric chloride on contractility and transmembrane potential of the guinea-pig myocardium.", "content": "1. The effect of HgCl2 in concentrations from 1 times 10(-4) to 4 times 10(-3) M on the force of contraction of the guinea-pig papillary muscles was investigated. A rapidly developing negative inotropic effect was found to be interrupted by a transient increase in contractile force. 2. In papillary muscles from reserpine-pretreated animals only the decrease of force of contraction was observed. Thus the positive inotropic effect is due to an indirect sympathomimetic action of HgCl2. 3. Mercuric chloride in concentrations above 1 times 10(-3) M raised the threshold of stimulation in more than half the muscles. 4. HgCl2 shortened the time to peak force (t1) and the relaxation time (t2); in muscles of animals pretreated with reserpine, however, t2 increased above the control value. 5. When exposed to HgCl2 all muscles developed a contracture beginning during the 5th min. 6. The time course of membrane resting potential, overshoot, and duration of action potential gradually decreased under the influence of mercuric chloride. The direct negative inotropic effect had a slightly faster onset than had the changes of the electrical parameters.", "contents": "Effect of mercuric chloride on contractility and transmembrane potential of the guinea-pig myocardium. 1. The effect of HgCl2 in concentrations from 1 times 10(-4) to 4 times 10(-3) M on the force of contraction of the guinea-pig papillary muscles was investigated. A rapidly developing negative inotropic effect was found to be interrupted by a transient increase in contractile force. 2. In papillary muscles from reserpine-pretreated animals only the decrease of force of contraction was observed. Thus the positive inotropic effect is due to an indirect sympathomimetic action of HgCl2. 3. Mercuric chloride in concentrations above 1 times 10(-3) M raised the threshold of stimulation in more than half the muscles. 4. HgCl2 shortened the time to peak force (t1) and the relaxation time (t2); in muscles of animals pretreated with reserpine, however, t2 increased above the control value. 5. When exposed to HgCl2 all muscles developed a contracture beginning during the 5th min. 6. The time course of membrane resting potential, overshoot, and duration of action potential gradually decreased under the influence of mercuric chloride. The direct negative inotropic effect had a slightly faster onset than had the changes of the electrical parameters.", "PMID": 1165791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1019", "title": "Action of bombesin on the motility of the stomach.", "content": "1. The tetradecapeptide bombesin was tested for its activity on the stomach in rats, dogs and men. On the rat stomach bombesin displayed a striking spasmogenic activity apparently independent from the autonomic nervous system. 2. In the dog the peptide was spasmogenic on the denervated Heidenhain pouch and the antrum. The inhibitory activity predominated on the innervated stomach and body fundus. 3. In man the peptide exerted a contracting effect on the antrum and the pylorus and an inhibitory effect on the stomach body and the fundus. In vitro studies performed on human stomach isolated strips showed a constant stimulant effect. 4. Apparently bombesin has a direct effect on the in situ rat stomach and on the isolated preparations, whereas it has an indirect effect on the other in situ innervated preparations.", "contents": "Action of bombesin on the motility of the stomach. 1. The tetradecapeptide bombesin was tested for its activity on the stomach in rats, dogs and men. On the rat stomach bombesin displayed a striking spasmogenic activity apparently independent from the autonomic nervous system. 2. In the dog the peptide was spasmogenic on the denervated Heidenhain pouch and the antrum. The inhibitory activity predominated on the innervated stomach and body fundus. 3. In man the peptide exerted a contracting effect on the antrum and the pylorus and an inhibitory effect on the stomach body and the fundus. In vitro studies performed on human stomach isolated strips showed a constant stimulant effect. 4. Apparently bombesin has a direct effect on the in situ rat stomach and on the isolated preparations, whereas it has an indirect effect on the other in situ innervated preparations.", "PMID": 1165792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1020", "title": "Effects of concanavalin A on the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "In the isolated perfused liver, Concanavalin A provoked a significant decrease of flow rate within 2 to 4 min. which was dose-dependent and could be partly inhibited by specific antagonists. Furthermore it was found that the lectin led to a decline of the respiration, an increase of the lactate/pyruvate ratio and a release of the transaminases into the medium. It was suggested that Concanavalin A displaced endothelial cells in the liver capillaries, which occluded the vessels and decreased the flow rate. The decreased respiration was considered to be secondary to this effect.", "contents": "Effects of concanavalin A on the isolated perfused rat liver. In the isolated perfused liver, Concanavalin A provoked a significant decrease of flow rate within 2 to 4 min. which was dose-dependent and could be partly inhibited by specific antagonists. Furthermore it was found that the lectin led to a decline of the respiration, an increase of the lactate/pyruvate ratio and a release of the transaminases into the medium. It was suggested that Concanavalin A displaced endothelial cells in the liver capillaries, which occluded the vessels and decreased the flow rate. The decreased respiration was considered to be secondary to this effect.", "PMID": 1165794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1021", "title": "Inhibition by dopamine of 3H-noradrenaline release elicited by nerve stimulation in the isolated cat's nictitating membrane.", "content": "After loading the isolated nerve muscle preparation of the cat nictitating membrane with 3H-(+/-) -noradrenaline the effects of exogenous dopamine and (-)- noradrenaline were determined on 3H-transmitter overflow elicited by nerve stimulation in the presence of cocaine, 29 muM. Dopamine, 0.20 muM, and (-)- noradrenaline, 0.18 muM, inhibited 3H-noradrenaline release elicited by nerve stimulation at 4 or 10 Hz. Similar results were obtained with apomorphine 0.03 or 0.1 muM. Chlorpromazine, 1 muM, or pimozide, 1 muM, antagonized selectively the reduction in 3H-noradrenaline release obtained with dopamine or apomorphine, without affecting the inhibition obtained with (-)-noradrenaline. Phentolamine, 1 muM, antagonized more effectively the inhibitory effects of (-)-noradrenaline than those of dopamine. Phenoxybenzamine, 0.29 muM, prevented the inhibition of 3H-transmitter overflow obtained with (-)-noradrenaline, dopamine or apomorphine. In the absence of cocaine neither chlorpromazine nor pimozide were able to increase 3H-transmitter overflow during nerve stimulation. Inhibition by dopamine probably located in the outer surface of adrenergic nerve endings. These dopamine receptors differ from the prejunctional alpha-noradrenaline release by nerve stimulation. The prejunctional inhibitory dopamine receptors are not involved in an endogenously mediated regulatory mechanism for noradrenaline release by nerve stimulation under normal conditions. The possibility that these dopamine receptors are involved in the hypotension commonly observed in patients with chronic L-Dopa treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition by dopamine of 3H-noradrenaline release elicited by nerve stimulation in the isolated cat's nictitating membrane. After loading the isolated nerve muscle preparation of the cat nictitating membrane with 3H-(+/-) -noradrenaline the effects of exogenous dopamine and (-)- noradrenaline were determined on 3H-transmitter overflow elicited by nerve stimulation in the presence of cocaine, 29 muM. Dopamine, 0.20 muM, and (-)- noradrenaline, 0.18 muM, inhibited 3H-noradrenaline release elicited by nerve stimulation at 4 or 10 Hz. Similar results were obtained with apomorphine 0.03 or 0.1 muM. Chlorpromazine, 1 muM, or pimozide, 1 muM, antagonized selectively the reduction in 3H-noradrenaline release obtained with dopamine or apomorphine, without affecting the inhibition obtained with (-)-noradrenaline. Phentolamine, 1 muM, antagonized more effectively the inhibitory effects of (-)-noradrenaline than those of dopamine. Phenoxybenzamine, 0.29 muM, prevented the inhibition of 3H-transmitter overflow obtained with (-)-noradrenaline, dopamine or apomorphine. In the absence of cocaine neither chlorpromazine nor pimozide were able to increase 3H-transmitter overflow during nerve stimulation. Inhibition by dopamine probably located in the outer surface of adrenergic nerve endings. These dopamine receptors differ from the prejunctional alpha-noradrenaline release by nerve stimulation. The prejunctional inhibitory dopamine receptors are not involved in an endogenously mediated regulatory mechanism for noradrenaline release by nerve stimulation under normal conditions. The possibility that these dopamine receptors are involved in the hypotension commonly observed in patients with chronic L-Dopa treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 1165793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1022", "title": "[Recordings of spinal cord bioelectric currents in man].", "content": "The method of recording of bioelectric currents in the spinal cord used by the author in patients demonstrated similarities between the spinal and the cerebral bioelectric rhythms. In certain pathological processes, especially in spinal tumours, ESG changes were observed, particularly evident at the level of the lesion. The method of bioelectric activity recording in the spinal cord may be useful for early recognition and localization of spinal diseases.", "contents": "[Recordings of spinal cord bioelectric currents in man]. The method of recording of bioelectric currents in the spinal cord used by the author in patients demonstrated similarities between the spinal and the cerebral bioelectric rhythms. In certain pathological processes, especially in spinal tumours, ESG changes were observed, particularly evident at the level of the lesion. The method of bioelectric activity recording in the spinal cord may be useful for early recognition and localization of spinal diseases.", "PMID": 1165831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1023", "title": "[Electromyographic studies of nape and temporal muscles in headaches of various etiology].", "content": "The author reports the results of electromyographic investigations of the muscles of the nape and temporal muscles in 132 patients with headaches of different aetiology (migraine, cervical migraine, vasomotor headache, symptomatic headaches) and in 51 controls who had never had headaches. In the healthy subjects no bioelectric activity was observed when the patients relaxed completely. On the other hand, in most patients with headaches continuous bioelectric activity was observed at rest in these muscles indicating their involuntary contraction. This phenomenon is called by the author \"cephalalgic\" spasm of head and neck muscles, which is rather characteristic of various headaches.", "contents": "[Electromyographic studies of nape and temporal muscles in headaches of various etiology]. The author reports the results of electromyographic investigations of the muscles of the nape and temporal muscles in 132 patients with headaches of different aetiology (migraine, cervical migraine, vasomotor headache, symptomatic headaches) and in 51 controls who had never had headaches. In the healthy subjects no bioelectric activity was observed when the patients relaxed completely. On the other hand, in most patients with headaches continuous bioelectric activity was observed at rest in these muscles indicating their involuntary contraction. This phenomenon is called by the author \"cephalalgic\" spasm of head and neck muscles, which is rather characteristic of various headaches.", "PMID": 1165832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1024", "title": "[Allergologic aspects of epilepsy].", "content": "The author describes 6 cases in which an unquestionable temporal correlation was observed between the appearance of epileptic seizures and the action of certain allergens. Allergy is considered only rarely as a cause of epileptic seizures. The pathological mechanisms of such seizures seems to be a complex one. In some cases there is probably a direct influence of allergens or biochemical agents released by them on the central nervous system. Data from the literature and own observations show that not infrequently partial complex seisures appear in connection with allergy, besides generalized attacks. The former are frequently a response to the action of chemical and pharmaceutical allergens. Sometimes, anticonvulsants are the agents releasing epileptic seizures. The diagnosis of allergic epilepsy is facilitated by coexistence of local or systemic signs of allergy. The prognosis depends on early recognition of the cause of attacks and appropriate therapeutic management.", "contents": "[Allergologic aspects of epilepsy]. The author describes 6 cases in which an unquestionable temporal correlation was observed between the appearance of epileptic seizures and the action of certain allergens. Allergy is considered only rarely as a cause of epileptic seizures. The pathological mechanisms of such seizures seems to be a complex one. In some cases there is probably a direct influence of allergens or biochemical agents released by them on the central nervous system. Data from the literature and own observations show that not infrequently partial complex seisures appear in connection with allergy, besides generalized attacks. The former are frequently a response to the action of chemical and pharmaceutical allergens. Sometimes, anticonvulsants are the agents releasing epileptic seizures. The diagnosis of allergic epilepsy is facilitated by coexistence of local or systemic signs of allergy. The prognosis depends on early recognition of the cause of attacks and appropriate therapeutic management.", "PMID": 1165833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1025", "title": "[Electrocardiographic changes in acute and past cerebral stroke].", "content": "An analysis of 617 cases of cerebral strokes was done, including 534 acute and 83 past ones treated in the years 1966-1972. The patients were divided into 4 groups: I -- cerebral haemorrhage, II -- cerebral embolism, III -- cerebral arterial thrombosis, IV -- failure of cerebral circulation. The classification was based on clinical criteria and in dying patients also on autopsy findings. ECG changes were analysed in all patients. In the acute period of stroke the greatest proportion of cases were cerebral arterial thrombosis (197 cases --37%) and in this group acute myocardial infarctions were most frequent. This group was followed by cases of acute cerebral circulatory failure (191 cases -- 35%). The electrocardiographic correlate of the cerebral changes were in this group signs of myocardial ischaemia (84 cases -- 15%). Cerebral embolism (134 cases -- 24%) was associated with arrhythmia (109 cases --19) of various origin. In the group of cerebral haemorrhages (95 cases -- 17%) no unequivocal ECG changes were observed. In all patients with myocardial infarction during cerebral stroke atheromatous changes of coronary arteries were present. No correlation was observed between the location of the cerebral focus and the type of electrocardiographic changes.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic changes in acute and past cerebral stroke]. An analysis of 617 cases of cerebral strokes was done, including 534 acute and 83 past ones treated in the years 1966-1972. The patients were divided into 4 groups: I -- cerebral haemorrhage, II -- cerebral embolism, III -- cerebral arterial thrombosis, IV -- failure of cerebral circulation. The classification was based on clinical criteria and in dying patients also on autopsy findings. ECG changes were analysed in all patients. In the acute period of stroke the greatest proportion of cases were cerebral arterial thrombosis (197 cases --37%) and in this group acute myocardial infarctions were most frequent. This group was followed by cases of acute cerebral circulatory failure (191 cases -- 35%). The electrocardiographic correlate of the cerebral changes were in this group signs of myocardial ischaemia (84 cases -- 15%). Cerebral embolism (134 cases -- 24%) was associated with arrhythmia (109 cases --19) of various origin. In the group of cerebral haemorrhages (95 cases -- 17%) no unequivocal ECG changes were observed. In all patients with myocardial infarction during cerebral stroke atheromatous changes of coronary arteries were present. No correlation was observed between the location of the cerebral focus and the type of electrocardiographic changes.", "PMID": 1165834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1026", "title": "[Childhood myasthenia. Clinical picture and therapeutic results].", "content": "The paper contains an analysis of 37 cases of myasthenia beginning in childhood, including 3 cases of congenital myasthenia and 34 cases of infantile myasthenia. The cases of transient myasthenia of newborns, were excluded. The age of patients at the onset of the disease, diagnostic difficulties, clinical course and therapeutic results are discussed. Surgical treatment (thymectomy) was performed in 24 cases with severe clinical course and improvement was achieved in 17 cases (72%). In 13 cases conservative treatment was applied. The weights and the histological findings in exised thymus are presented.", "contents": "[Childhood myasthenia. Clinical picture and therapeutic results]. The paper contains an analysis of 37 cases of myasthenia beginning in childhood, including 3 cases of congenital myasthenia and 34 cases of infantile myasthenia. The cases of transient myasthenia of newborns, were excluded. The age of patients at the onset of the disease, diagnostic difficulties, clinical course and therapeutic results are discussed. Surgical treatment (thymectomy) was performed in 24 cases with severe clinical course and improvement was achieved in 17 cases (72%). In 13 cases conservative treatment was applied. The weights and the histological findings in exised thymus are presented.", "PMID": 1165835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1027", "title": "[Treatment of parkinsonism with L-dopa and peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor].", "content": "In 38 patients with Parkinson's syndrome Madopar preparation was used (L-dopa with peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor) in 33 cases as the main drug and in 5 cases as an addition to L-dopa. In the group of 33 patients 39 could complete the treatment, one patient died suddenly, three had the treatment withdrawn in view of side effects. The effectiveness of Madopar was assessed by means of five-rate scoring systems NUDS and ART. Clinical improvement was found in 22 cases (about 67%). The improvement included mainly bradykinesia and rigidity, while tremor was only slightly improved. Side effects developed in about 40% of patients and were slight and transient (apart from 3 cases). The main contraindications seem to be psychotic disturbances. In the group of 5 cases treated with Madopar as an additional drug in low doses improved the result of long-term treatment with L-dopa.", "contents": "[Treatment of parkinsonism with L-dopa and peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor]. In 38 patients with Parkinson's syndrome Madopar preparation was used (L-dopa with peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor) in 33 cases as the main drug and in 5 cases as an addition to L-dopa. In the group of 33 patients 39 could complete the treatment, one patient died suddenly, three had the treatment withdrawn in view of side effects. The effectiveness of Madopar was assessed by means of five-rate scoring systems NUDS and ART. Clinical improvement was found in 22 cases (about 67%). The improvement included mainly bradykinesia and rigidity, while tremor was only slightly improved. Side effects developed in about 40% of patients and were slight and transient (apart from 3 cases). The main contraindications seem to be psychotic disturbances. In the group of 5 cases treated with Madopar as an additional drug in low doses improved the result of long-term treatment with L-dopa.", "PMID": 1165836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1028", "title": "[Epidemiology of vascular headache and migraine in the population of Warsaw].", "content": "An inquiry investigation carried out in a randomly selected group of adult population of Warsaw comprising 3 518 subjects showed that 37% of men and 68% of women (54% of the whole group) had headaches. The index of migraine prevalence (Mg) and vascular-tension headaches prevalence (Nbg) estimated on the basis of medical examination of 10% of the sample was 4% and 13% respectively in women and 2% and 6% respectively in men. For the whole sample this index was 3% and 10% respectively. The percent prevalence of Mg and Nbg among patients complaining spontaneously of headaches was 12% and 39% respectively, and among patients answering to questions about headaches this index was 6% and 19% respectively. On the basis of these results the prevalence of Mg and Nbg in the general population was calculated. No greater prevalence of Mg was found among epileptics and first-degree relatives of epileptics.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of vascular headache and migraine in the population of Warsaw]. An inquiry investigation carried out in a randomly selected group of adult population of Warsaw comprising 3 518 subjects showed that 37% of men and 68% of women (54% of the whole group) had headaches. The index of migraine prevalence (Mg) and vascular-tension headaches prevalence (Nbg) estimated on the basis of medical examination of 10% of the sample was 4% and 13% respectively in women and 2% and 6% respectively in men. For the whole sample this index was 3% and 10% respectively. The percent prevalence of Mg and Nbg among patients complaining spontaneously of headaches was 12% and 39% respectively, and among patients answering to questions about headaches this index was 6% and 19% respectively. On the basis of these results the prevalence of Mg and Nbg in the general population was calculated. No greater prevalence of Mg was found among epileptics and first-degree relatives of epileptics.", "PMID": 1165837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1029", "title": "[Early complications following intracranial surgery].", "content": "The authors discuss early non-inflammatory postoperative complications developing in the first week after operations. The reported material comprised 97 patients from among 1 815 cases treated surgically in the years 1971--1973 at the Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, Medical Academy in Cracow. The most frequent causes of reoperations were brain oedema, epidural haematoma and haematoma in the empty space left after evacuation of lesion. In the group of reoperated patients the percent of fatal cases increased to 56,7%.", "contents": "[Early complications following intracranial surgery]. The authors discuss early non-inflammatory postoperative complications developing in the first week after operations. The reported material comprised 97 patients from among 1 815 cases treated surgically in the years 1971--1973 at the Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, Medical Academy in Cracow. The most frequent causes of reoperations were brain oedema, epidural haematoma and haematoma in the empty space left after evacuation of lesion. In the group of reoperated patients the percent of fatal cases increased to 56,7%.", "PMID": 1165838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1030", "title": "[Pathogenesis of syringomyelia in the light of our observations].", "content": "The author treated surgically 10 patients with syringomyelia. In 6 cases Arnold--Chiari syndrome was found, in 2 cases platybasia with basilar impression, besides that 2 patients had complete or partial occlusion of Maganide's foramen and in 4 cases a persisting central canal communicated widely with the 4th ventricle. In 3 cases these findings were associated with postinflammatory changes. In only one case the changes in the atlanto-occipital area could not have been defined clearly. The author compares his observation with those reported by others reaching the conclusion that they confirm the hydrodynanic mechanism of syringomyelia. In most cases syringomyelial  is a result of congenital or congenital and acquired malformations in the medullo-bulbar area leading to distrubances in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of syringomyelia in the light of our observations]. The author treated surgically 10 patients with syringomyelia. In 6 cases Arnold--Chiari syndrome was found, in 2 cases platybasia with basilar impression, besides that 2 patients had complete or partial occlusion of Maganide's foramen and in 4 cases a persisting central canal communicated widely with the 4th ventricle. In 3 cases these findings were associated with postinflammatory changes. In only one case the changes in the atlanto-occipital area could not have been defined clearly. The author compares his observation with those reported by others reaching the conclusion that they confirm the hydrodynanic mechanism of syringomyelia. In most cases syringomyelial  is a result of congenital or congenital and acquired malformations in the medullo-bulbar area leading to distrubances in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 1165839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1031", "title": "[Acid-base equilibrium in cerebrospinal fluid following intracranial surgery].", "content": "In 48 patients the acid-base equilibrium in the CSF and blood was determined on the 2nd day after intracranial operation. In the postopertive period various disturbances of this equilibrium were found which were probably various stages of metabolic acidosis compensation in the CSF which was a reflection of metabolic (lactate) acidosis developing primarily in the damaged brain area. On the basis of determinations it was found that changes in the CSF of the type of metabolic acidosis (21 cases) corresponded most frequently to respiratory alkalosis in the blood (11 cases). Changes of the type of respiratory acidosis in the CSF(13 cases) corresponded usually to metabolic alkalosis in the blood (7 cases). The development of metabolic acidosis in patients in severe and moderately severe condition (19 cases) was associated with poor prognosis as to survival since the mortality in this group was 10 (about 53%). The favourable effect of dehydrating treatment may be due also to facilitation of passage of bicarbonates from the blood into the cerebral tissue and CSF since their level is increased in the blood during metabolic alkalosis (during a decrease in the extracellular space) resulting from dehydration.", "contents": "[Acid-base equilibrium in cerebrospinal fluid following intracranial surgery]. In 48 patients the acid-base equilibrium in the CSF and blood was determined on the 2nd day after intracranial operation. In the postopertive period various disturbances of this equilibrium were found which were probably various stages of metabolic acidosis compensation in the CSF which was a reflection of metabolic (lactate) acidosis developing primarily in the damaged brain area. On the basis of determinations it was found that changes in the CSF of the type of metabolic acidosis (21 cases) corresponded most frequently to respiratory alkalosis in the blood (11 cases). Changes of the type of respiratory acidosis in the CSF(13 cases) corresponded usually to metabolic alkalosis in the blood (7 cases). The development of metabolic acidosis in patients in severe and moderately severe condition (19 cases) was associated with poor prognosis as to survival since the mortality in this group was 10 (about 53%). The favourable effect of dehydrating treatment may be due also to facilitation of passage of bicarbonates from the blood into the cerebral tissue and CSF since their level is increased in the blood during metabolic alkalosis (during a decrease in the extracellular space) resulting from dehydration.", "PMID": 1165840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1032", "title": "The pineal gland and the effect of neonatal administration of androgen upon the development of spontaneous salt and water intake in female rats.", "content": "The effect of pinealectomy (PX) and sham-pinealectomy (SPX) on the calculated concentration of NaCl in the total volume of fluid drunk per day ([NaCl]I) in female rats offered a free choice between water and 3% NaCl solution was measured. In normal rats the [NaCl]I increases after attainment of sexual maturity. The increase can be accelerated by neonatal PX. Neonatal 'masculinization' of female rats by testosterone propionate (TP2) removes the increase of [NaCl]I in adult females and suppresses the acceleration due to PX. Neonatal SPX interferes with this decreasing effect of TP2 in adult female rats. The role of the pineal gland in the regulation of water and salt intake is discussed in relation to sex differences, sexual maturation and neonatal stress.", "contents": "The pineal gland and the effect of neonatal administration of androgen upon the development of spontaneous salt and water intake in female rats. The effect of pinealectomy (PX) and sham-pinealectomy (SPX) on the calculated concentration of NaCl in the total volume of fluid drunk per day ([NaCl]I) in female rats offered a free choice between water and 3% NaCl solution was measured. In normal rats the [NaCl]I increases after attainment of sexual maturity. The increase can be accelerated by neonatal PX. Neonatal 'masculinization' of female rats by testosterone propionate (TP2) removes the increase of [NaCl]I in adult females and suppresses the acceleration due to PX. Neonatal SPX interferes with this decreasing effect of TP2 in adult female rats. The role of the pineal gland in the regulation of water and salt intake is discussed in relation to sex differences, sexual maturation and neonatal stress.", "PMID": 1165847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1033", "title": "Effects of drugs influencing brain catecholamines on GH release in rats with hypothalamic surgery.", "content": "The effect of pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT) on the basal levels of plasma growth hormone (GH) and the responses to chlorpromazine (CPZ) were investigated in urethane-anesthetized rats with either complete hypothalamic deafferentation (c.d.), hypothalamic ablation (H.A.) or sham operation (Sham). Basal GH levels were high in C.D. rats, intermediate in H.A. rats, and low in Sham rats without any pretreatment. Pretreatment with alpha-MT caused a significant increase in basal GH levels in both C.D. and Sham rats, but not in H.A. rats. GH release following the intravenous injection of CPZ, which was observed in C.D. and Sham rats without alpha-MT pretreatment, was blunted by treatment with alpha-MT. In H.A. rats CPZ failed to stimulate the secretion of GH regardless of alpha-MT pretreatment. Neither the injection of L-DOPA nor DL-DOPS affected basal GH levels in non-alpha-MT pretreated C.D. rats. However, plasma GH levels significantly decreased following the injection of L-DOPA, but not DL-DOPS, in C.D. rats pretreated with alpha-MT. These findings suggest that the injection of CPZ causes an enhancement of GH release by inhibiting the catecholaminergic (dopaminergic) mechanism, which is active within the basal medial hypothalamus (BMH) and plays an inhibitory role in GH secretion. They also suggest that the extrahypothalamic inhibitory neural pathway, which is connected to the BMH and is interrupted by hypothalamic deafferentation, is not catecholaminergic.", "contents": "Effects of drugs influencing brain catecholamines on GH release in rats with hypothalamic surgery. The effect of pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT) on the basal levels of plasma growth hormone (GH) and the responses to chlorpromazine (CPZ) were investigated in urethane-anesthetized rats with either complete hypothalamic deafferentation (c.d.), hypothalamic ablation (H.A.) or sham operation (Sham). Basal GH levels were high in C.D. rats, intermediate in H.A. rats, and low in Sham rats without any pretreatment. Pretreatment with alpha-MT caused a significant increase in basal GH levels in both C.D. and Sham rats, but not in H.A. rats. GH release following the intravenous injection of CPZ, which was observed in C.D. and Sham rats without alpha-MT pretreatment, was blunted by treatment with alpha-MT. In H.A. rats CPZ failed to stimulate the secretion of GH regardless of alpha-MT pretreatment. Neither the injection of L-DOPA nor DL-DOPS affected basal GH levels in non-alpha-MT pretreated C.D. rats. However, plasma GH levels significantly decreased following the injection of L-DOPA, but not DL-DOPS, in C.D. rats pretreated with alpha-MT. These findings suggest that the injection of CPZ causes an enhancement of GH release by inhibiting the catecholaminergic (dopaminergic) mechanism, which is active within the basal medial hypothalamus (BMH) and plays an inhibitory role in GH secretion. They also suggest that the extrahypothalamic inhibitory neural pathway, which is connected to the BMH and is interrupted by hypothalamic deafferentation, is not catecholaminergic.", "PMID": 1165848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1034", "title": "[Dermoid fistula of the nasal root complicated by frontal lobe abscess].", "content": "The authors describe a case of dermoid fistula of the nasal root reaching to the dura in the anterior cranial fossa and complicated by development of frontal lobe abscess. Cure was obtained after administration of antibiotics and complete removal of the walls of the fistula with radical intracranial removal of the abscess.", "contents": "[Dermoid fistula of the nasal root complicated by frontal lobe abscess]. The authors describe a case of dermoid fistula of the nasal root reaching to the dura in the anterior cranial fossa and complicated by development of frontal lobe abscess. Cure was obtained after administration of antibiotics and complete removal of the walls of the fistula with radical intracranial removal of the abscess.", "PMID": 1165843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1035", "title": "Unilateral dilatation of the internal auditory canal.", "content": "An unusual and functionally insignificant variant of the internal auditory canal is presented. Marked dilatation of one canal was demonstrated by petrous bone tomography. Pantopaque cisternography revealed a large intracanalicular extension of the subarachnoid space with no evidence of tumor. No patients should undergo exploration of this region without prior Pantopaque studies.", "contents": "Unilateral dilatation of the internal auditory canal. An unusual and functionally insignificant variant of the internal auditory canal is presented. Marked dilatation of one canal was demonstrated by petrous bone tomography. Pantopaque cisternography revealed a large intracanalicular extension of the subarachnoid space with no evidence of tumor. No patients should undergo exploration of this region without prior Pantopaque studies.", "PMID": 1165849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1036", "title": "[Connection between severe perivenous retinitis with retinovitreal hemorrhage and disseminated sclerosis].", "content": "In a 49-year-old man with temporal pallor of the left optic nerve papilla and increasing spastic paraparesis and with slight lymphocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid perivenous retinitis was diagnosed. The peripheral retinal veins were covered with characteristic white sheaths, focal formation of new blood vessels, retinal microscopic haemorrhages and residues after vitreal haemorrhage were found. The authors discuss the possibility of a connection between disseminated sclerosis and perivenous retinitis and their possible common aetiology.", "contents": "[Connection between severe perivenous retinitis with retinovitreal hemorrhage and disseminated sclerosis]. In a 49-year-old man with temporal pallor of the left optic nerve papilla and increasing spastic paraparesis and with slight lymphocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid perivenous retinitis was diagnosed. The peripheral retinal veins were covered with characteristic white sheaths, focal formation of new blood vessels, retinal microscopic haemorrhages and residues after vitreal haemorrhage were found. The authors discuss the possibility of a connection between disseminated sclerosis and perivenous retinitis and their possible common aetiology.", "PMID": 1165842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1037", "title": "The osseous and angiographic features of vertebral chordomas.", "content": "Eight cases of vertebral chordoma, exclusive of the sacrococcygeus, are presented. The conventional radiographic signs in descending order of importance in differential diagnosis are: destruction of multiple adjacent vertebral bodies; a paravertebral or precervical soft tissue mass; osteosclerosis, seen mainly at the periphery of the destructive lesion; and involvement of the intervening intervertebral disc space. All eight patients had a demonstrable intraspinal extension of chordoma on myelography. Four patients had complete blocks, two epidural in configuration, and two intradural in appearance - indicative of dural invasion by the neoplasm. Four patients had angiographic evaluation. Two demonstrated angiographic features usually associated with soft tissue malignant tumors. Angiography in all four cases was helpful in determining the full extent of the lesion, more so than either conventional radiography or myelography.", "contents": "The osseous and angiographic features of vertebral chordomas. Eight cases of vertebral chordoma, exclusive of the sacrococcygeus, are presented. The conventional radiographic signs in descending order of importance in differential diagnosis are: destruction of multiple adjacent vertebral bodies; a paravertebral or precervical soft tissue mass; osteosclerosis, seen mainly at the periphery of the destructive lesion; and involvement of the intervening intervertebral disc space. All eight patients had a demonstrable intraspinal extension of chordoma on myelography. Four patients had complete blocks, two epidural in configuration, and two intradural in appearance - indicative of dural invasion by the neoplasm. Four patients had angiographic evaluation. Two demonstrated angiographic features usually associated with soft tissue malignant tumors. Angiography in all four cases was helpful in determining the full extent of the lesion, more so than either conventional radiography or myelography.", "PMID": 1165850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1038", "title": "Inflatable and released balloon technique experimentation in dog -- application in man.", "content": "Experimental carotid jugular fistulas have been created in dogs and at a later time obstructed with an inflatable and released balloon. Experimental carotid aneurysms in dogs have also been obstructed with the same procedure. This new technique allows the inflation and release of a balloon in an arteriovenous fistula or in an aneurysm. The present case concerns a human vertebral fistula treated by this technique.", "contents": "Inflatable and released balloon technique experimentation in dog -- application in man. Experimental carotid jugular fistulas have been created in dogs and at a later time obstructed with an inflatable and released balloon. Experimental carotid aneurysms in dogs have also been obstructed with the same procedure. This new technique allows the inflation and release of a balloon in an arteriovenous fistula or in an aneurysm. The present case concerns a human vertebral fistula treated by this technique.", "PMID": 1165852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1039", "title": "A triad of airencephalographic findings in patients with mental impairment: a controlled prospective study.", "content": "A controlled prospective study of 82 patients examined consecutively during one year by airencephalography was made. Care was taken to excude bias and to assess observer error. A close correlation was found between mental impairment (as a sign of \"organic brain syndrome\", resulting from various cerebral diseases), and three airencephalographic findings, namely 1) lack of air filling over the parietal convexities (parietal air block), 2) widening of the lateral and third ventricles and 3) widening of the Sylvian and interhemispheric fissures. Of these, parietal air block was found to be the most sensitive sign. In addition to the patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus, the majority of patients with presenile dementia and alcoholic encephalopathy had parietal air block. The results are in agreement with those reported in an earlier retrospective study. Leptomeningeal changes may account for the finding of parietal air block in certain patients, but in the majority of cases there is no complete obstruction of the subarachnoid space, as judged from the results of isotope cisternography. Organic changes in the brain and leptomeninges may create special physical conditions for the appearance of convexity air block at airencephalography. Recognition of convexity air blocks seems to have considerable diagnostic and therapeutic implications, since it contributes appreciably to the judgment whether a patient's condition is basically determined by an organic brain syndrome or constitutes a functional mental disorder. The possible pathophysiological association between mental impairment and parietal air block warrants attention.", "contents": "A triad of airencephalographic findings in patients with mental impairment: a controlled prospective study. A controlled prospective study of 82 patients examined consecutively during one year by airencephalography was made. Care was taken to excude bias and to assess observer error. A close correlation was found between mental impairment (as a sign of \"organic brain syndrome\", resulting from various cerebral diseases), and three airencephalographic findings, namely 1) lack of air filling over the parietal convexities (parietal air block), 2) widening of the lateral and third ventricles and 3) widening of the Sylvian and interhemispheric fissures. Of these, parietal air block was found to be the most sensitive sign. In addition to the patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus, the majority of patients with presenile dementia and alcoholic encephalopathy had parietal air block. The results are in agreement with those reported in an earlier retrospective study. Leptomeningeal changes may account for the finding of parietal air block in certain patients, but in the majority of cases there is no complete obstruction of the subarachnoid space, as judged from the results of isotope cisternography. Organic changes in the brain and leptomeninges may create special physical conditions for the appearance of convexity air block at airencephalography. Recognition of convexity air blocks seems to have considerable diagnostic and therapeutic implications, since it contributes appreciably to the judgment whether a patient's condition is basically determined by an organic brain syndrome or constitutes a functional mental disorder. The possible pathophysiological association between mental impairment and parietal air block warrants attention.", "PMID": 1165851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1040", "title": "[Current status of the treatment of purulent bacterial meningitis].", "content": "There are several stages in the management of purulent bacterial meningitis: anti-infective measures, respiratory resuscitation, treatment of mechanical neurological complications, sepsis and shock. The way in which ordinary antibiotics cross the blood-brain barrier is described, together with the anti-infective treatment of choice applicable to different aetiologies. A series of cases is presented. It is felt that, in spite of the positive influence exerted by antibiotics, the treatment of purulent bacterial meningitis is still a complex matter. In addition to careful selection of a drug against infection, rational use must be made of various forms of treatment to prevent respiratory infufficiency, neurological complications, sepsis and shock.", "contents": "[Current status of the treatment of purulent bacterial meningitis]. There are several stages in the management of purulent bacterial meningitis: anti-infective measures, respiratory resuscitation, treatment of mechanical neurological complications, sepsis and shock. The way in which ordinary antibiotics cross the blood-brain barrier is described, together with the anti-infective treatment of choice applicable to different aetiologies. A series of cases is presented. It is felt that, in spite of the positive influence exerted by antibiotics, the treatment of purulent bacterial meningitis is still a complex matter. In addition to careful selection of a drug against infection, rational use must be made of various forms of treatment to prevent respiratory infufficiency, neurological complications, sepsis and shock.", "PMID": 1165853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1041", "title": "Human intestinal specificity toward dietary sterols studied by balance methods.", "content": "Human intestinal specificity toward sterols was studied by a balance method in 10 hyperlipoproteinemic patients fed plant sterol mixture with chromium sesquioxide as fecal flow marker. The mean fecal recovery of campesterol (C28) was 20% less than that of beta-sitosterol (C29). This difference persisted when corrected for fecal flow (by marker recovery), indicating differences in their intestinal uptake (C28 greater than C29). The ratio of fecal cholesterol to its 5beta-reduction products was lower than that of beta-sitosterol in all patients; in vitro, 5beta-reduction of both sterols was similar. The recovery of sterols from patients was unrelated to their 5beta-reduction in the intestine.", "contents": "Human intestinal specificity toward dietary sterols studied by balance methods. Human intestinal specificity toward sterols was studied by a balance method in 10 hyperlipoproteinemic patients fed plant sterol mixture with chromium sesquioxide as fecal flow marker. The mean fecal recovery of campesterol (C28) was 20% less than that of beta-sitosterol (C29). This difference persisted when corrected for fecal flow (by marker recovery), indicating differences in their intestinal uptake (C28 greater than C29). The ratio of fecal cholesterol to its 5beta-reduction products was lower than that of beta-sitosterol in all patients; in vitro, 5beta-reduction of both sterols was similar. The recovery of sterols from patients was unrelated to their 5beta-reduction in the intestine.", "PMID": 1165855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1042", "title": "Protein-energy interrelationships during dietary restriction: effects on tissue nitrogen and protein turnover.", "content": "Young adult female rats were fed diets containing either 50 or 0% lactalbumin at levels of 2, 4 or 6 g diet/day for 2, 8, and 16 days. There was no other protein in the diet. Tissue nitrogen and loss of radioactivity from tissues labeled with 14C- and 3H-glutamate were measured. In a second study, similar rats were fed graded levels of lactalbumin at food intake levels of 3, 5, or 7 g/day. Change in tissue nitrogen varied with the tissue, the time of observation, and the severity of the food restriction. After 8 days, animals fed high levels of protein at the most severe food restriction showed increases in gastrocnemius nitrogen and losses in liver nitrogen, while after 16 days both tissues had marked nitrogen losses. Nitrogen losses at the lowest level of food intake increased with the dietary protein level, whereas dietary protein was protective of tissue nitrogen at higher food intakes. Severity of energy restriction had no effect on loss of tissue radioactivity and the apparently longer tissue protein half-lives from animals fed protein-free diets are attributed to increased amino acid recycling. Such results indicate that short-term studies and overall nitrogen balance experiments will fail to identify changes occurring in different tissues and may yield misleading results.", "contents": "Protein-energy interrelationships during dietary restriction: effects on tissue nitrogen and protein turnover. Young adult female rats were fed diets containing either 50 or 0% lactalbumin at levels of 2, 4 or 6 g diet/day for 2, 8, and 16 days. There was no other protein in the diet. Tissue nitrogen and loss of radioactivity from tissues labeled with 14C- and 3H-glutamate were measured. In a second study, similar rats were fed graded levels of lactalbumin at food intake levels of 3, 5, or 7 g/day. Change in tissue nitrogen varied with the tissue, the time of observation, and the severity of the food restriction. After 8 days, animals fed high levels of protein at the most severe food restriction showed increases in gastrocnemius nitrogen and losses in liver nitrogen, while after 16 days both tissues had marked nitrogen losses. Nitrogen losses at the lowest level of food intake increased with the dietary protein level, whereas dietary protein was protective of tissue nitrogen at higher food intakes. Severity of energy restriction had no effect on loss of tissue radioactivity and the apparently longer tissue protein half-lives from animals fed protein-free diets are attributed to increased amino acid recycling. Such results indicate that short-term studies and overall nitrogen balance experiments will fail to identify changes occurring in different tissues and may yield misleading results.", "PMID": 1165856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1043", "title": "Effect of protein/energy nutrition on rat plasma corticosteroids and liver microsomal hydroxylase activity.", "content": "Three groups of 24-day-old male Wistar rats were fed (a) a control diet containing 210 g/kg protein ad libitum (control) (b) a low protein diet consisting of the stock diet diluted with starch to contain 70 g/kg protein ad libitum (protein deficient) or (c) an amount of stock diet containing the same amount of protein as eaten by (b) but without starch (energy deficient). The low protein diet did not affect the ability of the animals to metabolize biphenyl and excrete it as 4-hydroxybiphenyl, or reduce the total activity of 4-hydroxylase per liver, whereas this was reduced by restricted amounts of the high protein diet. The low protein diet resulted in raised levels of corticosteroids in the plasma. It is concluded that the raised specific activity, and unchanged total amount of biphenyl 4-hydroxylase per liver of the low protein animals is an adaptation to the diet mediated by corticosteroids as exogenous corticosteroids were also found to increase the activity of this enzyme in normal animals.", "contents": "Effect of protein/energy nutrition on rat plasma corticosteroids and liver microsomal hydroxylase activity. Three groups of 24-day-old male Wistar rats were fed (a) a control diet containing 210 g/kg protein ad libitum (control) (b) a low protein diet consisting of the stock diet diluted with starch to contain 70 g/kg protein ad libitum (protein deficient) or (c) an amount of stock diet containing the same amount of protein as eaten by (b) but without starch (energy deficient). The low protein diet did not affect the ability of the animals to metabolize biphenyl and excrete it as 4-hydroxybiphenyl, or reduce the total activity of 4-hydroxylase per liver, whereas this was reduced by restricted amounts of the high protein diet. The low protein diet resulted in raised levels of corticosteroids in the plasma. It is concluded that the raised specific activity, and unchanged total amount of biphenyl 4-hydroxylase per liver of the low protein animals is an adaptation to the diet mediated by corticosteroids as exogenous corticosteroids were also found to increase the activity of this enzyme in normal animals.", "PMID": 1165857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1044", "title": "Effects of orciprenaline on uterine contractility and maternal heart rate. A quantitative study.", "content": "Amniotic pressure and maternal heart rate were recorded continuously and simultaneously in 15 women in labor or prelabor. Orciprenaline (Alupent) was administered through an intravenous infusion pump at the rate of 10 and 20 mug/min. Uterine contractility and maternal and fetal heart rate were measured before its onset and during the infusion. The development and stabilization of the effects were studied. Continuous intravenous infusions of orciprenaline at rates of 10 and 20 mug/min are recommended. They proved to be very useful in obtaining uterine inhibition with a minimum of undesirable side effects.", "contents": "Effects of orciprenaline on uterine contractility and maternal heart rate. A quantitative study. Amniotic pressure and maternal heart rate were recorded continuously and simultaneously in 15 women in labor or prelabor. Orciprenaline (Alupent) was administered through an intravenous infusion pump at the rate of 10 and 20 mug/min. Uterine contractility and maternal and fetal heart rate were measured before its onset and during the infusion. The development and stabilization of the effects were studied. Continuous intravenous infusions of orciprenaline at rates of 10 and 20 mug/min are recommended. They proved to be very useful in obtaining uterine inhibition with a minimum of undesirable side effects.", "PMID": 1165871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1045", "title": "Risks of fetomaternal hemorrhage resulting from amniocentesis with and without ultrasound placental localization.", "content": "The incidence of multiple abdominal punctures, blood-stained aspirates, and fetomaternal transfusion was compared in patients undergoin amniocentesis at various stages of pregnancy with and without prior placental localization by ultrasound. A lower incidence of complications was found in those on whom ultrasound examination had been performed.", "contents": "Risks of fetomaternal hemorrhage resulting from amniocentesis with and without ultrasound placental localization. The incidence of multiple abdominal punctures, blood-stained aspirates, and fetomaternal transfusion was compared in patients undergoin amniocentesis at various stages of pregnancy with and without prior placental localization by ultrasound. A lower incidence of complications was found in those on whom ultrasound examination had been performed.", "PMID": 1165872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1046", "title": "Ovarian tumors in pregnancy. An ovarian tumor registry review.", "content": "Among the 2300 cases accumulated in the Emil Novak Tumor Registry between the years 1942 and 1972, there were 100 examples of ovarian neoplasia associated with gestation. Lutein cysts or luteomas were excluded since such lesions usually represent physiologic responses of the gonad to increased levels of chorionic gonadotropin. Only 10 cases of dermoids (benign cystic teratomas) were reviewed. We believe this to be the largest series reported in conjunction with pregnancy. There was a total 5-year salvage rate of 76%, which is obviously much greater than with ovarian tumors in general, although there are certain patients alive with a late recurrence. This excellent survival rate seemingly reflects the low-grade malignant potential of many of the neoplasms encountered during pregnancy. However, certain cases of extremely aggressive and advanced ovarian tumors as noted at operation seemed to do surprisingly well following termination of pregnancy, and one must speculate whether gestation impairs antibody response with an apparent immunologic rebound postpartum.", "contents": "Ovarian tumors in pregnancy. An ovarian tumor registry review. Among the 2300 cases accumulated in the Emil Novak Tumor Registry between the years 1942 and 1972, there were 100 examples of ovarian neoplasia associated with gestation. Lutein cysts or luteomas were excluded since such lesions usually represent physiologic responses of the gonad to increased levels of chorionic gonadotropin. Only 10 cases of dermoids (benign cystic teratomas) were reviewed. We believe this to be the largest series reported in conjunction with pregnancy. There was a total 5-year salvage rate of 76%, which is obviously much greater than with ovarian tumors in general, although there are certain patients alive with a late recurrence. This excellent survival rate seemingly reflects the low-grade malignant potential of many of the neoplasms encountered during pregnancy. However, certain cases of extremely aggressive and advanced ovarian tumors as noted at operation seemed to do surprisingly well following termination of pregnancy, and one must speculate whether gestation impairs antibody response with an apparent immunologic rebound postpartum.", "PMID": 1165873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1047", "title": "Congenital absence of the vagina. Clinical and psychologic aspects.", "content": "Seventeen patients with congenital absence of the the vagina are presented. The clinical results of conservative and surgical treatment are briefly described. Psychologic problems produced in the patients by knowledge of the anomaly and following the operative procedure were studied by a retrospective interview technique and are discussed. It is concluded that the gynecologist and psychologist must together undertake psychologic preparation of the patient for the operation--and its mental aftermath--as early as possible if the best clinical and psychologic results are to be obtained.", "contents": "Congenital absence of the vagina. Clinical and psychologic aspects. Seventeen patients with congenital absence of the the vagina are presented. The clinical results of conservative and surgical treatment are briefly described. Psychologic problems produced in the patients by knowledge of the anomaly and following the operative procedure were studied by a retrospective interview technique and are discussed. It is concluded that the gynecologist and psychologist must together undertake psychologic preparation of the patient for the operation--and its mental aftermath--as early as possible if the best clinical and psychologic results are to be obtained.", "PMID": 1165874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1048", "title": "Urologic and genital anomalies in patients with congenital absence of the vagina.", "content": "Forty-three patients with primary amenorrhea secondary to congenital absence of the vagina have been seen at this institution over the past 25 years. Associated urologic anomalies were present in 47% of patients in whom evaluation of the urinary tract was performed. Two patients recently presented with the rare combination of vaginal agenesis and solitary pelvic kidney, and one other such patient was found in a retrospective study of these records. A review of the literature concerning the associations of these conditions is presented with reference to frequency, embryology, pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, and various surgical procedures for correction of vaginal agenesis. The results of surgical correction using simple techniques in this institution have been comparable to those of other authors. The need for thorough preoperative evaluation of patients with genital malformations to include complete urologic studies is stressed.", "contents": "Urologic and genital anomalies in patients with congenital absence of the vagina. Forty-three patients with primary amenorrhea secondary to congenital absence of the vagina have been seen at this institution over the past 25 years. Associated urologic anomalies were present in 47% of patients in whom evaluation of the urinary tract was performed. Two patients recently presented with the rare combination of vaginal agenesis and solitary pelvic kidney, and one other such patient was found in a retrospective study of these records. A review of the literature concerning the associations of these conditions is presented with reference to frequency, embryology, pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, and various surgical procedures for correction of vaginal agenesis. The results of surgical correction using simple techniques in this institution have been comparable to those of other authors. The need for thorough preoperative evaluation of patients with genital malformations to include complete urologic studies is stressed.", "PMID": 1165875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1049", "title": "Olfactory, auditory, and gustatory function in patients with bonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "The olfactory, auditory, and gustatory functions of 20 women with gonadal dysgenesis were studied. Various abnormalities of these functions were found, and they occurred principally in patients with mosaicism of the sex chromosomes. This is further evidence of the increased likelihood of various somatic abnormalities among women with gonadal dysgenesis, and particularly among those who carry more than one line of sex chromosomes.", "contents": "Olfactory, auditory, and gustatory function in patients with bonadal dysgenesis. The olfactory, auditory, and gustatory functions of 20 women with gonadal dysgenesis were studied. Various abnormalities of these functions were found, and they occurred principally in patients with mosaicism of the sex chromosomes. This is further evidence of the increased likelihood of various somatic abnormalities among women with gonadal dysgenesis, and particularly among those who carry more than one line of sex chromosomes.", "PMID": 1165876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1050", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of cervical mucus crystallization.", "content": "The crystallization phenomenon of human cervical mucus was studied with the scanning electron microscope. Changes in the conformation of the crystals, crystal conglomerates, and ferning patterns occurred almost daily. During the very early and late stages of the cycle two types of crystals could be found, one columnar and the other flat. At the other times, the columnar crystals were absent and the flat crystals changed their shape to cuboidal. During the follicular phase, these cuboidal crystals were initially located in small groups, then in parallel rows, and finally in three types of ferning patterns, one seemingly typical for the time of ovulation. These patterns reversed during the luteal phase of the cycle. The scanning electron microscope appears to be an extremely useful instrument for the evaluation of these phenomena.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of cervical mucus crystallization. The crystallization phenomenon of human cervical mucus was studied with the scanning electron microscope. Changes in the conformation of the crystals, crystal conglomerates, and ferning patterns occurred almost daily. During the very early and late stages of the cycle two types of crystals could be found, one columnar and the other flat. At the other times, the columnar crystals were absent and the flat crystals changed their shape to cuboidal. During the follicular phase, these cuboidal crystals were initially located in small groups, then in parallel rows, and finally in three types of ferning patterns, one seemingly typical for the time of ovulation. These patterns reversed during the luteal phase of the cycle. The scanning electron microscope appears to be an extremely useful instrument for the evaluation of these phenomena.", "PMID": 1165877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1051", "title": "Unilateral tubo-ovarian abscess and intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "The association of unilateral tubo-ovarian abscess and the presence or use of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) appears to be a definite clinical entity. Four cases of unilateral tubo-ovarian abscess in patients using the IUD are presented. Three patients had a Dalkon Shield IUD and one had a Lippes Loop. Two patients had unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy while the other 2 had total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The differential diagnosis, possible etiology, route and mode of infection, and management are discussed.", "contents": "Unilateral tubo-ovarian abscess and intrauterine contraceptive devices. The association of unilateral tubo-ovarian abscess and the presence or use of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) appears to be a definite clinical entity. Four cases of unilateral tubo-ovarian abscess in patients using the IUD are presented. Three patients had a Dalkon Shield IUD and one had a Lippes Loop. Two patients had unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy while the other 2 had total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The differential diagnosis, possible etiology, route and mode of infection, and management are discussed.", "PMID": 1165878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1052", "title": "Therapy of advanced epidermoid carcinoma of vulva. Report of 13 patients, with review of recent literature.", "content": "Exenteration for Stage IV cancer of the vulva is feasible and desirable, with expected 5-year survival rates of 34-57%. A team of gynecologic oncologists operating simultaneously has the cohesion to reduce operating time, surgical fatigue, and perhaps morbidity and mortality. Data indicate that ultraradical surgery in the 71-year and over age group is nonproductive of salvage and should be individualized critically. Patient selection, attention to detail, and use of the proper surgical procedure are all important in improving results.", "contents": "Therapy of advanced epidermoid carcinoma of vulva. Report of 13 patients, with review of recent literature. Exenteration for Stage IV cancer of the vulva is feasible and desirable, with expected 5-year survival rates of 34-57%. A team of gynecologic oncologists operating simultaneously has the cohesion to reduce operating time, surgical fatigue, and perhaps morbidity and mortality. Data indicate that ultraradical surgery in the 71-year and over age group is nonproductive of salvage and should be individualized critically. Patient selection, attention to detail, and use of the proper surgical procedure are all important in improving results.", "PMID": 1165879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1053", "title": "Factors affecting survival in stage I and state II carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "Eighty-eight cases of Stage I and Stage II carcinoma of the cervix treated with radiotherapy at the University of North Carolina Memorial Hospital between April 1969 and July 1971 are reviewed. The question of whether the radiation time-dose-fraction relationship can be applied to the combination of external beam and intracavitary therapy used in the treatment of cervical carcinoma is studied. Formulas are outlined which enable one to calculate a total Rad Equivalent Therapy (RET) value, including the contribution from both the fractionated external beam and intracavitary therapy. Both the calculated RET value and the rad dose to Point A show good correlation with control of local disease in this retrospective analysis; however, the RET value may be more applicable when deviations from the standard time-dose-fraction relationship have occurred.", "contents": "Factors affecting survival in stage I and state II carcinoma of the cervix. Eighty-eight cases of Stage I and Stage II carcinoma of the cervix treated with radiotherapy at the University of North Carolina Memorial Hospital between April 1969 and July 1971 are reviewed. The question of whether the radiation time-dose-fraction relationship can be applied to the combination of external beam and intracavitary therapy used in the treatment of cervical carcinoma is studied. Formulas are outlined which enable one to calculate a total Rad Equivalent Therapy (RET) value, including the contribution from both the fractionated external beam and intracavitary therapy. Both the calculated RET value and the rad dose to Point A show good correlation with control of local disease in this retrospective analysis; however, the RET value may be more applicable when deviations from the standard time-dose-fraction relationship have occurred.", "PMID": 1165880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1054", "title": "Progesterone and estradiol patterns in women using an intrauterine contraceptive device.", "content": "Levels of progesterone, estradiol, LH, and FSH were measured in daily serum samples obtained from 4 subjects during a control cycle and during the first and fourth menstrual cycles after insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD). In addition, progesterone and estradiol were measured in serum samples obtained from 6 women 3, 4, or 5 months after IUD insertion, and from 6 women more than 1 year after IUD insertion. These measurements were compared to the data obtained from study of a large group of normal cycles. The results indicated that the IUD does not influence follicular maturation, time of ovulation, or corpus luteum function. The IUD did exert a local effect on the endometrium, causing the onset of menses to take place when steroid levels were higher than in control cycles.", "contents": "Progesterone and estradiol patterns in women using an intrauterine contraceptive device. Levels of progesterone, estradiol, LH, and FSH were measured in daily serum samples obtained from 4 subjects during a control cycle and during the first and fourth menstrual cycles after insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD). In addition, progesterone and estradiol were measured in serum samples obtained from 6 women 3, 4, or 5 months after IUD insertion, and from 6 women more than 1 year after IUD insertion. These measurements were compared to the data obtained from study of a large group of normal cycles. The results indicated that the IUD does not influence follicular maturation, time of ovulation, or corpus luteum function. The IUD did exert a local effect on the endometrium, causing the onset of menses to take place when steroid levels were higher than in control cycles.", "PMID": 1165881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1055", "title": "Liver tumors and oral contraceptives.", "content": "Benign hepatocellular neoplasia has been found in 23 patients receiving oral contraceptives of various types. Because primary liver tumors are rare, this marked increase in incidence within 5 years suggests a cause-and-effect relationship. Since progestogens are enzyme inducers it is possible that they accelerate oncogenesis by increasing toxic metabolites which cannot be excreted due to the cholestatic effect of estrogens. Vascular changes and the hypercoagulation state of pill users may act synergistically to produce hemorrhagic necrosis and tumor rupture. Liver scans, celiac arteriography, and standard liver function tests are impractical and ineffective in the identification of the patient at risk. Management of the suspect patient with an intact liver should consist of biopsy at laparotomy so that the entire liver can be inspected. Observation, discontinuance of oral contraceptives, avoidance of similar steroids, and pregnancy should provide adequate prophylaxis against liver rupture. However, if a large blood-filled sinus lake or an area of coagulation necrosis is encountered, resection is imperative to prevent later rupture.", "contents": "Liver tumors and oral contraceptives. Benign hepatocellular neoplasia has been found in 23 patients receiving oral contraceptives of various types. Because primary liver tumors are rare, this marked increase in incidence within 5 years suggests a cause-and-effect relationship. Since progestogens are enzyme inducers it is possible that they accelerate oncogenesis by increasing toxic metabolites which cannot be excreted due to the cholestatic effect of estrogens. Vascular changes and the hypercoagulation state of pill users may act synergistically to produce hemorrhagic necrosis and tumor rupture. Liver scans, celiac arteriography, and standard liver function tests are impractical and ineffective in the identification of the patient at risk. Management of the suspect patient with an intact liver should consist of biopsy at laparotomy so that the entire liver can be inspected. Observation, discontinuance of oral contraceptives, avoidance of similar steroids, and pregnancy should provide adequate prophylaxis against liver rupture. However, if a large blood-filled sinus lake or an area of coagulation necrosis is encountered, resection is imperative to prevent later rupture.", "PMID": 1165882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1056", "title": "Intramuscular (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha for midtrimester and missed abortions.", "content": "The efficacy of intramuscular 15-me-PGF2alpha as an abortifacient was evaluated in 40 women between 14 and 20 weeks of gestation and 6 patients with missed abortions. Pregnancy was successfully terminated in all the cases. The injection-abortion interval was significantly lower in 20 patients (Group II) who had intracervical laminaria insertion prior to treatment with 15-me-PGF2alpha than in 10 women (Group I) without laminaria insertion (t = 7.2; P less than .001). Abortion was also accomplished in 10 women with ruptured membranes and 6 patients with missed abortions. Gastrointestinal side effects were minimal and acceptable when premedication with antiemetics and an antidiarrheal was used. This study demonstrates the availability of the intramuscular route--a simple, safe, reliable means of terminating pregnancy, especially during the early midtrimester period.", "contents": "Intramuscular (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha for midtrimester and missed abortions. The efficacy of intramuscular 15-me-PGF2alpha as an abortifacient was evaluated in 40 women between 14 and 20 weeks of gestation and 6 patients with missed abortions. Pregnancy was successfully terminated in all the cases. The injection-abortion interval was significantly lower in 20 patients (Group II) who had intracervical laminaria insertion prior to treatment with 15-me-PGF2alpha than in 10 women (Group I) without laminaria insertion (t = 7.2; P less than .001). Abortion was also accomplished in 10 women with ruptured membranes and 6 patients with missed abortions. Gastrointestinal side effects were minimal and acceptable when premedication with antiemetics and an antidiarrheal was used. This study demonstrates the availability of the intramuscular route--a simple, safe, reliable means of terminating pregnancy, especially during the early midtrimester period.", "PMID": 1165883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1057", "title": "Oral contraceptives, ABO blood groups, and in vitro fibrin formation.", "content": "The relation between oral contraceptive (OC) use, ABO blood groups, and in vitro fibrin formation, as measured by thromboelastography, was investigated in 4315 women. The thromboelastogram (TEG) measures the speed of fibrin formation (R, K) and clot firmness (Ma). More rapid fibrin formation and increased clot firmness were associated with current OC use, but not to the extent seen in pathologic states. This relation was not related to dose, estrogen-progestin type, or duration of exposure. Past and \"never\" OC users had similar TEG values, suggesting reversibility, and noncontraceptive estrogens had a minimal effect on the TEG. ABO blood groups were found to have only a slight association with TEG values. Subjects with blood group O showed a somewhat prolonged speed of fibrin formation as compared to all other subjects. A decreased clot firmness was found in AB subjects, but this did not persist among OC users.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives, ABO blood groups, and in vitro fibrin formation. The relation between oral contraceptive (OC) use, ABO blood groups, and in vitro fibrin formation, as measured by thromboelastography, was investigated in 4315 women. The thromboelastogram (TEG) measures the speed of fibrin formation (R, K) and clot firmness (Ma). More rapid fibrin formation and increased clot firmness were associated with current OC use, but not to the extent seen in pathologic states. This relation was not related to dose, estrogen-progestin type, or duration of exposure. Past and \"never\" OC users had similar TEG values, suggesting reversibility, and noncontraceptive estrogens had a minimal effect on the TEG. ABO blood groups were found to have only a slight association with TEG values. Subjects with blood group O showed a somewhat prolonged speed of fibrin formation as compared to all other subjects. A decreased clot firmness was found in AB subjects, but this did not persist among OC users.", "PMID": 1165884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1058", "title": "Cancer of the colon during pregnancy. A review of the literature and report of a case associated with ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The first case of adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon and splenic flexture during pregnancy associated with ulcerative colitis is reported. The patient presented with perforation and widespread metastatic disease. After 10 years' duration of symptoms of ulcerative colitis, the risk of coexisting cancer of the colon is 3 to 5% each year. As ulcerative colitis frequently coexists with pregnancy, the obstetrician needs to be alert to the potential for malignant changes in these patients. With the addition of this patient, there are now 18 reported cases of cancer of the colon during pregnancy. These 18 cases are reviewed especially as to management, outcome of the pregnancy, and prognosis.", "contents": "Cancer of the colon during pregnancy. A review of the literature and report of a case associated with ulcerative colitis. The first case of adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon and splenic flexture during pregnancy associated with ulcerative colitis is reported. The patient presented with perforation and widespread metastatic disease. After 10 years' duration of symptoms of ulcerative colitis, the risk of coexisting cancer of the colon is 3 to 5% each year. As ulcerative colitis frequently coexists with pregnancy, the obstetrician needs to be alert to the potential for malignant changes in these patients. With the addition of this patient, there are now 18 reported cases of cancer of the colon during pregnancy. These 18 cases are reviewed especially as to management, outcome of the pregnancy, and prognosis.", "PMID": 1165885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1059", "title": "Pregnancy and delivery in a woman with hemophilia B.", "content": "Hemophilia B (Factor IX deficiency, Christmas disease) may cause excessive bleeding in women. The obstetric and hematologic management of the pregnancy and delivery of a woman with a Factor IX level of 4% is presented and discussed.", "contents": "Pregnancy and delivery in a woman with hemophilia B. Hemophilia B (Factor IX deficiency, Christmas disease) may cause excessive bleeding in women. The obstetric and hematologic management of the pregnancy and delivery of a woman with a Factor IX level of 4% is presented and discussed.", "PMID": 1165886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1060", "title": "Improved epidural needle.", "content": "The standard Weiss epidural needls is well known to many obstetricians. Its principal advantage is easy manipulation, especially with the \"hanging drop\" sign. Among its disadvantages are the sharp Huber point, the difficulty of keeping the point in the midline using the conventional technic, and the possibility of dural puncture when the needle must be rotated. The modified needle overcomes these objections because the point is blunt and the elliptical flange soldered to the hub is rotated 90 degrees about the shaft. The resulting instrument is easier to use and is associated with a very low incidence of accidental dural puncture.", "contents": "Improved epidural needle. The standard Weiss epidural needls is well known to many obstetricians. Its principal advantage is easy manipulation, especially with the \"hanging drop\" sign. Among its disadvantages are the sharp Huber point, the difficulty of keeping the point in the midline using the conventional technic, and the possibility of dural puncture when the needle must be rotated. The modified needle overcomes these objections because the point is blunt and the elliptical flange soldered to the hub is rotated 90 degrees about the shaft. The resulting instrument is easier to use and is associated with a very low incidence of accidental dural puncture.", "PMID": 1165887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1061", "title": "Immunization activities of private-practice physicians: a record audit.", "content": "A record audit of the office immunization records of 13 private-practice Idaho physicians included 813 2-year-old children. Thirty-six percent had completed all the Public Health Service recommended immunizations for a 2-year-old child. Forty-four percent of the \"active\" patients (those seen by the physician within the previous 12 months) were complete as opposed to 8% of the \"inactive\" patients. In general, the children who received immunizations exclusively from their private physician were better immunized (38% complete) than those who received immunizations from both their private physicians and the health department clinics (22% complete). Despite the low percentage of overall completeness, the vaccine-specific immunization levels were at least as high as the levels computed from the National Immunization Survey. While the limitations of the study prevent application of the results to physicians in general, the data suggest that the inability to complete an immunization schedule, once begun, is a major weakness in the immunization activities of private-practice physicians.", "contents": "Immunization activities of private-practice physicians: a record audit. A record audit of the office immunization records of 13 private-practice Idaho physicians included 813 2-year-old children. Thirty-six percent had completed all the Public Health Service recommended immunizations for a 2-year-old child. Forty-four percent of the \"active\" patients (those seen by the physician within the previous 12 months) were complete as opposed to 8% of the \"inactive\" patients. In general, the children who received immunizations exclusively from their private physician were better immunized (38% complete) than those who received immunizations from both their private physicians and the health department clinics (22% complete). Despite the low percentage of overall completeness, the vaccine-specific immunization levels were at least as high as the levels computed from the National Immunization Survey. While the limitations of the study prevent application of the results to physicians in general, the data suggest that the inability to complete an immunization schedule, once begun, is a major weakness in the immunization activities of private-practice physicians.", "PMID": 1165954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1062", "title": "Effect of food supplementation during pregnancy on birthweight.", "content": "The high prevalence of low-birthweight (less than or equal to 2,500 gm) babies in many poor communities is a major public health problem. Studies in humans in situations of acute starvation suggest an effect of maternal nutrition on birthweight, but less clear results appear under situations of moderate maternal malnutrition. We studied the effects of food supplementation during pregnancy on birthweight in four rural villages of Guatemala, in which two types of supplements were distributed: protein-caloric and caloric. The caloric supplementation increased the total caloric intake during pregnancy. In both supplements, the amount of calories supplemented during pregnancy showed a consistent association with birthweight. In the combined sample the proportion of low-birthweight babies in the high-supplement group (G greater than or equal to 20,000 supplemented calories during pregnancy) was 9% compared with 19% in the low-supplement group (less than 20,000 supplemented calories during pregnancy). The relationship between caloric supplementation and birthweight (29 gm of birthweight per 10,000 supplemented calories) was basically unchanged after controlling for the maternal home diet, height, head circumference, parity, gestational age, duration of disease during pregnancy, socioeconomic status, and different rates of missing data. Moreover, a similar association was found in consecutive pregnancies of the same mother. We concluded that caloric supplementation during pregnancy produced the observed increase in birthweight.", "contents": "Effect of food supplementation during pregnancy on birthweight. The high prevalence of low-birthweight (less than or equal to 2,500 gm) babies in many poor communities is a major public health problem. Studies in humans in situations of acute starvation suggest an effect of maternal nutrition on birthweight, but less clear results appear under situations of moderate maternal malnutrition. We studied the effects of food supplementation during pregnancy on birthweight in four rural villages of Guatemala, in which two types of supplements were distributed: protein-caloric and caloric. The caloric supplementation increased the total caloric intake during pregnancy. In both supplements, the amount of calories supplemented during pregnancy showed a consistent association with birthweight. In the combined sample the proportion of low-birthweight babies in the high-supplement group (G greater than or equal to 20,000 supplemented calories during pregnancy) was 9% compared with 19% in the low-supplement group (less than 20,000 supplemented calories during pregnancy). The relationship between caloric supplementation and birthweight (29 gm of birthweight per 10,000 supplemented calories) was basically unchanged after controlling for the maternal home diet, height, head circumference, parity, gestational age, duration of disease during pregnancy, socioeconomic status, and different rates of missing data. Moreover, a similar association was found in consecutive pregnancies of the same mother. We concluded that caloric supplementation during pregnancy produced the observed increase in birthweight.", "PMID": 1165955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1063", "title": "Obesity and leanness at birth and their relationship to body habitus in later childhood.", "content": "Prospectively collected data concerning a large group of children were analyzed to determine whether extremes of body habitus at birth were predictive of obesity and leanness at 4 and 7 years of age. A ratio of weight to height (ratio index) was used to determine relative fatness. Neonates who were extremely lean (0 to 5th percentile) or extremely obese (95th to 100th percentile) showed a tendency to persist, albeit at a decreasing rate, in their original habitus at 4 and 7 years of age. This tendency was slightly more marked in the extremely lean than it was in the extremely obese children at 4 and 7 years of age. Children who were extremely lean or obese at 4 years of age seldom abandon that status by 7 years of age. Similarly, most children at the extremes of body habitus at 7 years of age had already attained that status by 4 years of age. In addition to these postnatal trends, a positive correlation was found between the maternal ratio index and pregnancy weight gain, on the one hand, and the ratio index of the children in the extreme categories at each age, on the other.", "contents": "Obesity and leanness at birth and their relationship to body habitus in later childhood. Prospectively collected data concerning a large group of children were analyzed to determine whether extremes of body habitus at birth were predictive of obesity and leanness at 4 and 7 years of age. A ratio of weight to height (ratio index) was used to determine relative fatness. Neonates who were extremely lean (0 to 5th percentile) or extremely obese (95th to 100th percentile) showed a tendency to persist, albeit at a decreasing rate, in their original habitus at 4 and 7 years of age. This tendency was slightly more marked in the extremely lean than it was in the extremely obese children at 4 and 7 years of age. Children who were extremely lean or obese at 4 years of age seldom abandon that status by 7 years of age. Similarly, most children at the extremes of body habitus at 7 years of age had already attained that status by 4 years of age. In addition to these postnatal trends, a positive correlation was found between the maternal ratio index and pregnancy weight gain, on the one hand, and the ratio index of the children in the extreme categories at each age, on the other.", "PMID": 1165956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1064", "title": "Visual following and pattern discrimination of face-like stimuli by newborn infants.", "content": "Forty newborn infants, median age 9 minutes, turned their eyes and heads to follow a series of moving stimuli. Responsiveness was significantly greater to a proper face pattern than to either of two scrambled versions of the same stimulus or to a blank. The demonstration of such consistent response differences suggests that visual discriminations are being made at this early age. These results imply that organized visual perception is an unlearned capacity of the human organism. The preference for the proper face stimulus by infants who had not seen a real face prior to testing suggests that an unlearned or \"evolved\" responsiveness to faces may be present in human neonates.", "contents": "Visual following and pattern discrimination of face-like stimuli by newborn infants. Forty newborn infants, median age 9 minutes, turned their eyes and heads to follow a series of moving stimuli. Responsiveness was significantly greater to a proper face pattern than to either of two scrambled versions of the same stimulus or to a blank. The demonstration of such consistent response differences suggests that visual discriminations are being made at this early age. These results imply that organized visual perception is an unlearned capacity of the human organism. The preference for the proper face stimulus by infants who had not seen a real face prior to testing suggests that an unlearned or \"evolved\" responsiveness to faces may be present in human neonates.", "PMID": 1165958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1065", "title": "Association between gestational and environmental events and central nervous system function in 7-year-old children.", "content": "The prevalence of variables frequently associated with low birthweight was compared in samples of low-birthweight (LBW) infants and normal-birthweight infants (single births of the white race) drawn from the Boston component of the Collaborative Perinatal Research Project. Then the association between these exposure variables and central nervous system function at 7 years was examined in the LBW infants. Finally the interrelationships of the five variables having the strongest association with abnormal or suspect CNS function were examined with regard to their joint predictive utility. A high-risk subgroup (10%) of the total LBW group having a greater than 50:50 chance of falling into an adverse category at age 7 was identified by various combinations of the factors: gestational age of 33 weeks or less, premature rupture of membranes, low Apgar score, and respiratory distress. Small subgroups thus defined should receive special attention in follow-up, particularly in relation to the new regional perinatal care centers. They might also be selected for special study of the mechanisms of interference with central nervous system development. In a population of 7-year-old children with abnormal or suspect CNS function as defined by the protocol of this study, 80% will have a history of normal birthweight.", "contents": "Association between gestational and environmental events and central nervous system function in 7-year-old children. The prevalence of variables frequently associated with low birthweight was compared in samples of low-birthweight (LBW) infants and normal-birthweight infants (single births of the white race) drawn from the Boston component of the Collaborative Perinatal Research Project. Then the association between these exposure variables and central nervous system function at 7 years was examined in the LBW infants. Finally the interrelationships of the five variables having the strongest association with abnormal or suspect CNS function were examined with regard to their joint predictive utility. A high-risk subgroup (10%) of the total LBW group having a greater than 50:50 chance of falling into an adverse category at age 7 was identified by various combinations of the factors: gestational age of 33 weeks or less, premature rupture of membranes, low Apgar score, and respiratory distress. Small subgroups thus defined should receive special attention in follow-up, particularly in relation to the new regional perinatal care centers. They might also be selected for special study of the mechanisms of interference with central nervous system development. In a population of 7-year-old children with abnormal or suspect CNS function as defined by the protocol of this study, 80% will have a history of normal birthweight.", "PMID": 1165957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1066", "title": "Comparison of the effectiveness of single-direction and double-direction phototherapy for neonatal jaundice.", "content": "Two matched groups of Chinese infants with \"idiopathic\" jaundice were subjected to phototherapy, one group to \"single-direction\" phototherapy and the other to \"double-direction\" phototherapy. The total energy output on the skin of the infants was similar in both groups. The 24-hour fall in bilirubin levels was almost identical in the two groups; the number of infants in each group achieving bilirubin levels less than 11 mg/100 ml at 24, 48, and 72 hours was statistically very similar too. Where the energy output can be adjusted to supply a constant dose on the infant (by varying the energy output in inverse proportion to the skin area exposed), the effect of varying the skin area under phototherapy is minimal. However, the total area of skin exposed to phototherapy under uniform lighting conditions is important because it determines the dose of energy output acting on it, and hence the effectiveness of the procedure.", "contents": "Comparison of the effectiveness of single-direction and double-direction phototherapy for neonatal jaundice. Two matched groups of Chinese infants with \"idiopathic\" jaundice were subjected to phototherapy, one group to \"single-direction\" phototherapy and the other to \"double-direction\" phototherapy. The total energy output on the skin of the infants was similar in both groups. The 24-hour fall in bilirubin levels was almost identical in the two groups; the number of infants in each group achieving bilirubin levels less than 11 mg/100 ml at 24, 48, and 72 hours was statistically very similar too. Where the energy output can be adjusted to supply a constant dose on the infant (by varying the energy output in inverse proportion to the skin area exposed), the effect of varying the skin area under phototherapy is minimal. However, the total area of skin exposed to phototherapy under uniform lighting conditions is important because it determines the dose of energy output acting on it, and hence the effectiveness of the procedure.", "PMID": 1165959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1067", "title": "Postnatal development of obstruction in coarctation of the aorta: role of the ductus arteriosus.", "content": "The sequence of events leading to the development of acute obstruction in two infants with coarctation has been defined by clinical, hemodynamic, and angiographic studies. One infant had normally related great arteries and an isolated coarctation, while the other infant had transposition with a hypoplastic right ventricle, a ventricular septal deffect, narrowing of the aortic isthmus, and a localized site of coarctation. In each instance, a posterior aortic shelf--the basic pathologic lesion in coarctation--could be observed angiographically. Signs of aortic obstruction were absent, however, as long as the ductus arteriosus was widely patent. Following ductal obliteration, femoral pulsations diminished, a peak systolic pressure difference was recorded between the ascending and descending aorta, and a discrete area of juxtaductal coarctation was seen. The basic malformation (posterior aortic curtain) would appear to exist in utero, possibly as an aortic branch point. This lesion is nonobstructive as long as blood can traverse the aortic isthmus through the aortic end of the ductus into the descending aorta. Postnatally, as the ductus arteriosus undergoes constriction at its aortic insertion, signs of acute aortic obstruction may b  =ecome apparent. Normal femoral arterial pulsations during the newborn examination do not definitively exclude coarctation. Pediatricians should recheck at 2 weeks of age if the infant is asymptomatic or sooner if there are signs of cardiac failure to establish the presence or absence of this defect.", "contents": "Postnatal development of obstruction in coarctation of the aorta: role of the ductus arteriosus. The sequence of events leading to the development of acute obstruction in two infants with coarctation has been defined by clinical, hemodynamic, and angiographic studies. One infant had normally related great arteries and an isolated coarctation, while the other infant had transposition with a hypoplastic right ventricle, a ventricular septal deffect, narrowing of the aortic isthmus, and a localized site of coarctation. In each instance, a posterior aortic shelf--the basic pathologic lesion in coarctation--could be observed angiographically. Signs of aortic obstruction were absent, however, as long as the ductus arteriosus was widely patent. Following ductal obliteration, femoral pulsations diminished, a peak systolic pressure difference was recorded between the ascending and descending aorta, and a discrete area of juxtaductal coarctation was seen. The basic malformation (posterior aortic curtain) would appear to exist in utero, possibly as an aortic branch point. This lesion is nonobstructive as long as blood can traverse the aortic isthmus through the aortic end of the ductus into the descending aorta. Postnatally, as the ductus arteriosus undergoes constriction at its aortic insertion, signs of acute aortic obstruction may b  =ecome apparent. Normal femoral arterial pulsations during the newborn examination do not definitively exclude coarctation. Pediatricians should recheck at 2 weeks of age if the infant is asymptomatic or sooner if there are signs of cardiac failure to establish the presence or absence of this defect.", "PMID": 1165960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1068", "title": "\"Streaking leukocyte factor,\" arthritis, and pyoderma gangrenosum.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy with a 12-year history of episodes of sterile pyarthrosis and cutaneous inflammation and ulceration was found to possess a serum factor which enhanced the random migration of leukocytes in vitro. The serum factor was isolated by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and found to have a molecular weight of approximately 160,000. This partially purified principle enhanced the random migration of purified normal human neutrophils or mononuclear leukocytes by up to 200% without influencing chemotaxis. Trauma or other stimuli may lead to an accumulation of this serum factor in some tissues of the patient with resultant excessive leukocyte influx and heightened local activity of the leukocytes in the inflammatory exudate.", "contents": "\"Streaking leukocyte factor,\" arthritis, and pyoderma gangrenosum. A 14-year-old boy with a 12-year history of episodes of sterile pyarthrosis and cutaneous inflammation and ulceration was found to possess a serum factor which enhanced the random migration of leukocytes in vitro. The serum factor was isolated by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and found to have a molecular weight of approximately 160,000. This partially purified principle enhanced the random migration of purified normal human neutrophils or mononuclear leukocytes by up to 200% without influencing chemotaxis. Trauma or other stimuli may lead to an accumulation of this serum factor in some tissues of the patient with resultant excessive leukocyte influx and heightened local activity of the leukocytes in the inflammatory exudate.", "PMID": 1165961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1069", "title": "Adaptation and affect: toward a synthesis of Piagetian and psychoanalytic psychologies.", "content": "In this model, we have assumed that Type I processes (assimilation) and Type II processes (accommodation) are theoretically independent, although of course no real system would ever demonstrate one without some of the other. This assumption permits a final elaboration: since there are eight states in Type I and eight in Type II, and if we assume these to be independent, the model predicts a minimum of 64 theoretically possible states of the organism. (While we have used three separate components of the feedback loop, this is not a maximum, since the feedback loop can be further subdivided. A further division would of course yield a larger number of states.) If these 64 states can be identified, and if rules of transformation can be found determining the transitions between these states, a theoretical basis for a general description of human behavior will have been achieved.", "contents": "Adaptation and affect: toward a synthesis of Piagetian and psychoanalytic psychologies. In this model, we have assumed that Type I processes (assimilation) and Type II processes (accommodation) are theoretically independent, although of course no real system would ever demonstrate one without some of the other. This assumption permits a final elaboration: since there are eight states in Type I and eight in Type II, and if we assume these to be independent, the model predicts a minimum of 64 theoretically possible states of the organism. (While we have used three separate components of the feedback loop, this is not a maximum, since the feedback loop can be further subdivided. A further division would of course yield a larger number of states.) If these 64 states can be identified, and if rules of transformation can be found determining the transitions between these states, a theoretical basis for a general description of human behavior will have been achieved.", "PMID": 1165978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1070", "title": "[Scandinavian world record in physician manpower].", "content": "If Denmark, Finland, and Sweden continue to train new doctors at the same rate as they do now, these countries will stand a good chance of holding the world record in the doctor-patient ratio before the year 2000. Then, around 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively, they will pass the milestones of 20, 30, and 40 doctors per 10,000 population. This means a two-fold increase in the number of doctors in 20 years, the number of doctors in the three countries increasing by between 50 and 100 per cent in the 1970s. In Scandinavia as a whole, there would in the year 2000 be about 95,000 doctors serving a population of just under 24,000,000. What does the situation look like in the global perspective? Calculating optimistically with \"only\" a twofold increase in the world population over the 30-year period 1970-2000, there would be a need of: 2,000,000 more doctors just to maintain the doctor/patient ratio of 1970, i.e. 7.9 doctors per 10,000 population, a ratio that Finland exceeded in the early sixties; 4,200,000 more doctors so as to keep up the same increase as in the 1960s. End result: 12 doctors per 10,000 population in the year 2000, a level that Iceland, Norway, and Sweden reached in the mid sixties -- in Denmark the doctor-patient ratio was then 14 per 10,000 population. It is most realistic, however, to count on an increase of 3,300,000 doctors in 30 years, which will mean a total number of 10.5 doctors per 10,000 population in the year 2000.", "contents": "[Scandinavian world record in physician manpower]. If Denmark, Finland, and Sweden continue to train new doctors at the same rate as they do now, these countries will stand a good chance of holding the world record in the doctor-patient ratio before the year 2000. Then, around 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively, they will pass the milestones of 20, 30, and 40 doctors per 10,000 population. This means a two-fold increase in the number of doctors in 20 years, the number of doctors in the three countries increasing by between 50 and 100 per cent in the 1970s. In Scandinavia as a whole, there would in the year 2000 be about 95,000 doctors serving a population of just under 24,000,000. What does the situation look like in the global perspective? Calculating optimistically with \"only\" a twofold increase in the world population over the 30-year period 1970-2000, there would be a need of: 2,000,000 more doctors just to maintain the doctor/patient ratio of 1970, i.e. 7.9 doctors per 10,000 population, a ratio that Finland exceeded in the early sixties; 4,200,000 more doctors so as to keep up the same increase as in the 1960s. End result: 12 doctors per 10,000 population in the year 2000, a level that Iceland, Norway, and Sweden reached in the mid sixties -- in Denmark the doctor-patient ratio was then 14 per 10,000 population. It is most realistic, however, to count on an increase of 3,300,000 doctors in 30 years, which will mean a total number of 10.5 doctors per 10,000 population in the year 2000.", "PMID": 1165983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1071", "title": "[Medical education at the university of Trondheim].", "content": "In January 1975, medical education was started at the University of Trondheim, the fourth medical school in Norway. The educational planning committee for medicine has presented a complete curriculum comprising a two-year pre-clinical and a four-year clinical course. Working in co-operation with the Norwegian Institute for Hospital Research and the school of Social Work and Public Administration as well as with the faculties of social science, biology, and technology at the University of Trondheim, the medical faculty will have unique possibilities of development. This holds true for, e.g., occupational medicine, industrial hygiene, health administration, environmental protection, toxicology, biophysics, and medical technology.", "contents": "[Medical education at the university of Trondheim]. In January 1975, medical education was started at the University of Trondheim, the fourth medical school in Norway. The educational planning committee for medicine has presented a complete curriculum comprising a two-year pre-clinical and a four-year clinical course. Working in co-operation with the Norwegian Institute for Hospital Research and the school of Social Work and Public Administration as well as with the faculties of social science, biology, and technology at the University of Trondheim, the medical faculty will have unique possibilities of development. This holds true for, e.g., occupational medicine, industrial hygiene, health administration, environmental protection, toxicology, biophysics, and medical technology.", "PMID": 1165984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1072", "title": "[Education and research in industrial medicine in Scandinavia].", "content": "A review is given of the requirements for training of occupational-health doctors and factory doctors in the Nordic countries and of the present prognosis for the future organisation, extent, and functions of the industrial-health service.", "contents": "[Education and research in industrial medicine in Scandinavia]. A review is given of the requirements for training of occupational-health doctors and factory doctors in the Nordic countries and of the present prognosis for the future organisation, extent, and functions of the industrial-health service.", "PMID": 1165987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1073", "title": "Pharmacology of new ethylenediamine derivatives (ROM-126, ROM-131, MK-142) with antiarrhythmic action. Part II. Antiarrhythmic properties, the influence on heart and some hemodynamic parameters.", "content": "ROM-126, ROM-131, MK-142 prevent arrhythmias: in digoxin-induced arrhythmia MK-142 in a lower dose and ROM-126 in a higher dose are most effective; MK-142 antagonizes most powerfully the aconitine arrhythmia. MK-142, contrary to ROM-126 and ROM-131 weakens also the toxic action of CaCl2 on heart. All tested drugs, however, antagonize adrenaline-induced arrhythmia to a similar degree. MK-142 did not influence the coronary blood flow in guinea pig or rabbit isolated hearts while ROM-126 and ROM-131 increased it. In the experiments performed on dogs \"in situ\" the decrease in sinus outflow was stated after all the three drugs. Arterio-coronary-oxygen difference did not undergo any significant changes. The calculated values of cardiac muscle oxygen usage showed tendency to decrease. All the three drugs induced transient hypotension, decrease in heart rate and cardiac muscle contractility, increase in outflow index and also, after MK-142, in minute volume.", "contents": "Pharmacology of new ethylenediamine derivatives (ROM-126, ROM-131, MK-142) with antiarrhythmic action. Part II. Antiarrhythmic properties, the influence on heart and some hemodynamic parameters. ROM-126, ROM-131, MK-142 prevent arrhythmias: in digoxin-induced arrhythmia MK-142 in a lower dose and ROM-126 in a higher dose are most effective; MK-142 antagonizes most powerfully the aconitine arrhythmia. MK-142, contrary to ROM-126 and ROM-131 weakens also the toxic action of CaCl2 on heart. All tested drugs, however, antagonize adrenaline-induced arrhythmia to a similar degree. MK-142 did not influence the coronary blood flow in guinea pig or rabbit isolated hearts while ROM-126 and ROM-131 increased it. In the experiments performed on dogs \"in situ\" the decrease in sinus outflow was stated after all the three drugs. Arterio-coronary-oxygen difference did not undergo any significant changes. The calculated values of cardiac muscle oxygen usage showed tendency to decrease. All the three drugs induced transient hypotension, decrease in heart rate and cardiac muscle contractility, increase in outflow index and also, after MK-142, in minute volume.", "PMID": 1166019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1074", "title": "Acute toxicity and the influence of some undecane, cyclopentylpentane and pyridine alpha- and beta-carboxylic acid derivatives on the increased hyperlipemia in rats.", "content": "Acute toxicity and hypolipaemic properties of 17 new compounds were studied in the tyloxapol test. Out of these, sodium salts of 1-chloro-2,6,10-trimethylundecane-1-carboxylic acid (I-2) and of 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-5 (2(2),2(2),3(2)-trimethylcyclopenten-3(2)yl)-pent-3-en-1-carboxylic acid (V) have hypolipemic activity.", "contents": "Acute toxicity and the influence of some undecane, cyclopentylpentane and pyridine alpha- and beta-carboxylic acid derivatives on the increased hyperlipemia in rats. Acute toxicity and hypolipaemic properties of 17 new compounds were studied in the tyloxapol test. Out of these, sodium salts of 1-chloro-2,6,10-trimethylundecane-1-carboxylic acid (I-2) and of 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-5 (2(2),2(2),3(2)-trimethylcyclopenten-3(2)yl)-pent-3-en-1-carboxylic acid (V) have hypolipemic activity.", "PMID": 1166020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1075", "title": "Effects of oxotremorine after nigrostriatal lesions in rats.", "content": "Bilateral injection of 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OH-DA) (8mug/4mul) into the substantia nigra causes a significant decrease of the dopamine content in the nucleus caudatus. The intraventricular application of 6-OH-DA (250 mug/10 mul) induces a considerable decrease of dopamine in the caudate nucleus as well as in the globus pallidus and in the medial septal region. Simultaneous changes in norepinephrine content are less spezific. It has to be assumed that there are dopaminergic nerve endings in the glubus pallidus not originating in the substantia nigra. Only after intraventricular applications of 6-OH-DA s short-term and reversible reduction of oxotremorin-induced tremor has been observed. Lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway cause an impairment of motility, probably elicited by rigidity and akinesia. These symptoms correlate better than the tremor to biochemical changes following nigro-striatal pathway lesions.", "contents": "Effects of oxotremorine after nigrostriatal lesions in rats. Bilateral injection of 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OH-DA) (8mug/4mul) into the substantia nigra causes a significant decrease of the dopamine content in the nucleus caudatus. The intraventricular application of 6-OH-DA (250 mug/10 mul) induces a considerable decrease of dopamine in the caudate nucleus as well as in the globus pallidus and in the medial septal region. Simultaneous changes in norepinephrine content are less spezific. It has to be assumed that there are dopaminergic nerve endings in the glubus pallidus not originating in the substantia nigra. Only after intraventricular applications of 6-OH-DA s short-term and reversible reduction of oxotremorin-induced tremor has been observed. Lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway cause an impairment of motility, probably elicited by rigidity and akinesia. These symptoms correlate better than the tremor to biochemical changes following nigro-striatal pathway lesions.", "PMID": 1166022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1076", "title": "The influence of carathane and toxaphene on the activity of some enzymes in rat's tissues in the studies in vivo.", "content": "Administration of pesticides to the experimental animals bring changes in the activity of enzymes: 3.1.3.1. alkaline phosphatase (AP), 3.1.3.2. acid phosphatase (AcP), 1.4.1.2. glutamin dehydrogenase (GDH), 1.1.1.27. lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 2.6.1.1. glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), and 2.6.1.2. glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), determined in blood serum, liver, and kidneys. In the majority of cases these changes are statistically significant.", "contents": "The influence of carathane and toxaphene on the activity of some enzymes in rat's tissues in the studies in vivo. Administration of pesticides to the experimental animals bring changes in the activity of enzymes: 3.1.3.1. alkaline phosphatase (AP), 3.1.3.2. acid phosphatase (AcP), 1.4.1.2. glutamin dehydrogenase (GDH), 1.1.1.27. lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 2.6.1.1. glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), and 2.6.1.2. glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), determined in blood serum, liver, and kidneys. In the majority of cases these changes are statistically significant.", "PMID": 1166018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1077", "title": "Central effects of certain drugs and allergic encephalomyelitis in the circumstances of increased or decreased histamine in CNS.", "content": "The significance of the effect of histamine (Hi) in CNS has been demonstrated. By way of the inhibition of imidazol-N-methyltranspherase the amount of Hi in the brain can be increased, whereas by means of decaborane or thiazolil-metoxamine it can be lowered. It has been shown that Hi sensitizes the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) in CNS and, consequently, intensifies or weakens certain pharmacological reactions associated with ACh. It has been noted, as the most important result of the decreased Hi in CNS, that certain symptoms of motion sickness (such as vomiting, nistagmus etc.) disappear. Similarly, the increase of Hi in CNS prevents the development of the allergic encephalomyelitis in rats.", "contents": "Central effects of certain drugs and allergic encephalomyelitis in the circumstances of increased or decreased histamine in CNS. The significance of the effect of histamine (Hi) in CNS has been demonstrated. By way of the inhibition of imidazol-N-methyltranspherase the amount of Hi in the brain can be increased, whereas by means of decaborane or thiazolil-metoxamine it can be lowered. It has been shown that Hi sensitizes the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) in CNS and, consequently, intensifies or weakens certain pharmacological reactions associated with ACh. It has been noted, as the most important result of the decreased Hi in CNS, that certain symptoms of motion sickness (such as vomiting, nistagmus etc.) disappear. Similarly, the increase of Hi in CNS prevents the development of the allergic encephalomyelitis in rats.", "PMID": 1166023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1078", "title": "A search for radioprotective agents. Part XXXIX. Synthesis of some sulfenamides.", "content": "4-(2'-, 4'-nitro- and 2',4'-dinitrobenzenesulfenamido)-quinaldines (I--III) as well as 2-(2'-,3'-nitro and 2',4'-dinitrobenzensulfenamido)-46-oimethylpyrimidines (IV--VI) were obtained. These compounds show a very weak radioprotective activity.", "contents": "A search for radioprotective agents. Part XXXIX. Synthesis of some sulfenamides. 4-(2'-, 4'-nitro- and 2',4'-dinitrobenzenesulfenamido)-quinaldines (I--III) as well as 2-(2'-,3'-nitro and 2',4'-dinitrobenzensulfenamido)-46-oimethylpyrimidines (IV--VI) were obtained. These compounds show a very weak radioprotective activity.", "PMID": 1166024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1079", "title": "Cardenolides of Trachomitum sarmatiense Woodson.", "content": "From the roots of Trachomitum sarmatiense Woodson (Apocynaceae) 5 cardial glycosides were isolated. Among them 4 substances were identified: cymarin and k-strophanthin-beta, and two derivatives of cannogen: apocannosid and apobiosid. In the overground part of the plant, the cardenolides were not found.", "contents": "Cardenolides of Trachomitum sarmatiense Woodson. From the roots of Trachomitum sarmatiense Woodson (Apocynaceae) 5 cardial glycosides were isolated. Among them 4 substances were identified: cymarin and k-strophanthin-beta, and two derivatives of cannogen: apocannosid and apobiosid. In the overground part of the plant, the cardenolides were not found.", "PMID": 1166025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1080", "title": "Phytochemical investigations of Vernonia flexuosa Sims. Part II. Vernoflexuoside and vernoflexin--new sesquiterpene lactones.", "content": "The isolation and structural elucidation of two new sesquiterpene lactones from the roots of Vernonia fexuosa Sims. were described. Vernoflexuoside and vernoflexin have been identified as guianolides with the structure I and V respectively.", "contents": "Phytochemical investigations of Vernonia flexuosa Sims. Part II. Vernoflexuoside and vernoflexin--new sesquiterpene lactones. The isolation and structural elucidation of two new sesquiterpene lactones from the roots of Vernonia fexuosa Sims. were described. Vernoflexuoside and vernoflexin have been identified as guianolides with the structure I and V respectively.", "PMID": 1166026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1081", "title": "The central action of intraventricularly (ivc) administered propranolol and phentolamine in rat.", "content": "Propranolol (100mug) ivc together with phentolamine (60 mug) decreased spontaneous locomotor activity and weakened post-nialamide locomotor activity in rat. When applied separately in the above doses, neither of the two compounds had this action. Depression of amphetamine-induced locomotor activity was observed after propranolol (250 mug) together with phetolamine (60 mug). Phentolamine alone, had hypothermic action but when applied together with propranolol, it increased after 4 hrs body temperature. The tested compounds prolonged hexobarbital-induced sleeping time but did not affect noradrenaline or dopamine levels in rat's brain.", "contents": "The central action of intraventricularly (ivc) administered propranolol and phentolamine in rat. Propranolol (100mug) ivc together with phentolamine (60 mug) decreased spontaneous locomotor activity and weakened post-nialamide locomotor activity in rat. When applied separately in the above doses, neither of the two compounds had this action. Depression of amphetamine-induced locomotor activity was observed after propranolol (250 mug) together with phetolamine (60 mug). Phentolamine alone, had hypothermic action but when applied together with propranolol, it increased after 4 hrs body temperature. The tested compounds prolonged hexobarbital-induced sleeping time but did not affect noradrenaline or dopamine levels in rat's brain.", "PMID": 1166021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1082", "title": "The management of cervical lymph nodes in head and neck cencer.", "content": "It is suggested that the last major improvement in the surgical treatment of head and neck cancer was Crile's description of radical neck dissection in 1906, and that modifications of this procedure, including extended surgery, have made little or no difference to survival rates. It is hoped that some means may soon be found of identifying those patients with head and neck cancer who do badly--the majority. As a start, it is proposed that patients with an antral carcinoma and a gland in the neck, and patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma and bilateral neck glands should not be treated by surgery. A retrospective analysis is made of matched pairs drawn from a personal series, one patient in each pair having had a prophylactic neck dissection, and one having been submitted to a policy of 'wait and see'. The survival rate for patients undergoing prophylactic neck dissection was worse than that of the wait and see group; this difference was statistically significant.", "contents": "The management of cervical lymph nodes in head and neck cencer. It is suggested that the last major improvement in the surgical treatment of head and neck cancer was Crile's description of radical neck dissection in 1906, and that modifications of this procedure, including extended surgery, have made little or no difference to survival rates. It is hoped that some means may soon be found of identifying those patients with head and neck cancer who do badly--the majority. As a start, it is proposed that patients with an antral carcinoma and a gland in the neck, and patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma and bilateral neck glands should not be treated by surgery. A retrospective analysis is made of matched pairs drawn from a personal series, one patient in each pair having had a prophylactic neck dissection, and one having been submitted to a policy of 'wait and see'. The survival rate for patients undergoing prophylactic neck dissection was worse than that of the wait and see group; this difference was statistically significant.", "PMID": 1166043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1083", "title": "A strategy for the control of endometrial cancer.", "content": "Epidemiologic studies can provide us with etiological clues and help us recognize high risk factors. The definition of high risk factors, especially in the perimenopausal years can lead to prophylactic measures that may aid in the control of endometrial cancer. Recognition of the high risk patient in the perimenopausal years by aspiration curettage of ambulatory women may offer a significant strategy of surveillance. The advent of modern steroid metabolic technology promises to help us clarify the problems of hormone sensitivity of this tumor so that we may properly translate these data into therapeutic action. Virulence scales can help the choice of treatment for invasive carcinoma so that patients with tumors of low virulence do not suffer from an excess of complications nor those with tumors of high virulence an excess of failure to control. In this manner we can define the role of radiotherapy and surgery, elect combined treatment when indicated and select radical surgery as indicated. There is evidence to suggest that the developmental concept of this tumor may lead to its control in a manner similar to that occurring with cervix cancer.", "contents": "A strategy for the control of endometrial cancer. Epidemiologic studies can provide us with etiological clues and help us recognize high risk factors. The definition of high risk factors, especially in the perimenopausal years can lead to prophylactic measures that may aid in the control of endometrial cancer. Recognition of the high risk patient in the perimenopausal years by aspiration curettage of ambulatory women may offer a significant strategy of surveillance. The advent of modern steroid metabolic technology promises to help us clarify the problems of hormone sensitivity of this tumor so that we may properly translate these data into therapeutic action. Virulence scales can help the choice of treatment for invasive carcinoma so that patients with tumors of low virulence do not suffer from an excess of complications nor those with tumors of high virulence an excess of failure to control. In this manner we can define the role of radiotherapy and surgery, elect combined treatment when indicated and select radical surgery as indicated. There is evidence to suggest that the developmental concept of this tumor may lead to its control in a manner similar to that occurring with cervix cancer.", "PMID": 1166055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1084", "title": "The effect of bile and of sodium taurocholate on the epithelial cell dynamics of the rat small intestine.", "content": "The absence of bile from the intestinal lumen of rats for a period of 48 hr led to: a decreased proliferative cell pool, reduced cell shedding, and a 50% decrease of the labeling index in the ileum. The constant duodenal perfusion of Na taurocholate for periods of 48, 60, 72, and 96 hr in animals with a biliary diversion was associated with: deepening of crypts and decreased crypt/villus ratios as well as with acceleration of the epithelial cell migration rate on the crypt-villus units. The data suggest that bile and bile acids constitute important regulatory factors influencing enterocyte proliferation, migration and loss.", "contents": "The effect of bile and of sodium taurocholate on the epithelial cell dynamics of the rat small intestine. The absence of bile from the intestinal lumen of rats for a period of 48 hr led to: a decreased proliferative cell pool, reduced cell shedding, and a 50% decrease of the labeling index in the ileum. The constant duodenal perfusion of Na taurocholate for periods of 48, 60, 72, and 96 hr in animals with a biliary diversion was associated with: deepening of crypts and decreased crypt/villus ratios as well as with acceleration of the epithelial cell migration rate on the crypt-villus units. The data suggest that bile and bile acids constitute important regulatory factors influencing enterocyte proliferation, migration and loss.", "PMID": 1166064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1085", "title": "The influence of exogenous PMS and HCG on the arachidonic acid content of the immature rat ovary.", "content": "The influence of exogenous PMS and/or HCG, on the arachidonic acid (C 20:4omega6) content of the immature rat ovary was examined. Changes in ovarian arachidonate content associated with hormone administration were assessed in total lipid extracts, and in several neutral and phospholipid fractions. Both relative percentage and absolute amounts of arachidonic acid in several lipids were measured as well as uptake of radioactivity into total lipid resulting from the administration of 3H-labeled arachidonic acid in vivo. On the basis of these studies, we conclude (1) PMS, with or without HCG promotes increased uptake of exogenous arachidonic acid into ovarian total lipids; (2) Arachidonic acid is a mojor fatty acid constituent from noncholine containing phosphatides at the onset of normal estrous (ca. 38 days) even in the animals which received no PMS or HCG; (3) Changes in ovarian arachidonic acid levels following gonadotropin administration are more striking in the two phospholipid fractions than in the two neutral lips examined; (4) PMS is associated with a rapid outpouring of ovarian lipid, accompanied by a high turnover of arachidonic acid which is enhanced or modified temporally by added HCG in vivo. These results provide the first quantitative evidence that gonadotropins may regulate prostaglandin biosynthesis in the ovary by their effects on the uptake, storage, or release of arachidonic acid, a major PG precursor, from specific ovarian lipids. While the data strongly suggest that the regulation of one or more ovarian esterases (cholesterol esterase, lipase, phospholipase) is the mechanism by which gonadotropins regulate PG biosynthesis, a direct action on PG synthetase is not ruled out.", "contents": "The influence of exogenous PMS and HCG on the arachidonic acid content of the immature rat ovary. The influence of exogenous PMS and/or HCG, on the arachidonic acid (C 20:4omega6) content of the immature rat ovary was examined. Changes in ovarian arachidonate content associated with hormone administration were assessed in total lipid extracts, and in several neutral and phospholipid fractions. Both relative percentage and absolute amounts of arachidonic acid in several lipids were measured as well as uptake of radioactivity into total lipid resulting from the administration of 3H-labeled arachidonic acid in vivo. On the basis of these studies, we conclude (1) PMS, with or without HCG promotes increased uptake of exogenous arachidonic acid into ovarian total lipids; (2) Arachidonic acid is a mojor fatty acid constituent from noncholine containing phosphatides at the onset of normal estrous (ca. 38 days) even in the animals which received no PMS or HCG; (3) Changes in ovarian arachidonic acid levels following gonadotropin administration are more striking in the two phospholipid fractions than in the two neutral lips examined; (4) PMS is associated with a rapid outpouring of ovarian lipid, accompanied by a high turnover of arachidonic acid which is enhanced or modified temporally by added HCG in vivo. These results provide the first quantitative evidence that gonadotropins may regulate prostaglandin biosynthesis in the ovary by their effects on the uptake, storage, or release of arachidonic acid, a major PG precursor, from specific ovarian lipids. While the data strongly suggest that the regulation of one or more ovarian esterases (cholesterol esterase, lipase, phospholipase) is the mechanism by which gonadotropins regulate PG biosynthesis, a direct action on PG synthetase is not ruled out.", "PMID": 1166065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1086", "title": "Effect of coitus on serum levels of testosterone and LH in male and female rabbits.", "content": "Levels of testosterone (T) and LH in the peripheral serum of male and female rabbits were measured and compared following coitus. Blood was collected by heart puncture from restrained, unanesthetized animals of both sexes. In male rabbits, basal serum T levels were highly variable, ranging from 131 to 12,149 pg/ml, and if low preceding coitus they tended to rise; whereas, if high, they usually dropped as they did in nonmated males subjected to repeated heart punctures. In contrast, basal serum LH levels in males were quite constant (mean +/- SE, 1993 +/- 152 pg/ml) and were not significantly altered after coitus unless blood T levels had been drastically lowered by two priming doses of estradiol benzoate. In intact does, on the other hand, copulation which resulted in ovulation induced an approximately 20-fold increase in serum LH concentration which was sustained for about 4 hr. Postcoital elevations in serum LH also occurred in estrogen-primed intact and estrogen-primed ovariectomized does. Under the conditions of our experiments, the parallel elevations in serum LH and T observed postcoitally in the female rabbit could not be demonstrated in the male.", "contents": "Effect of coitus on serum levels of testosterone and LH in male and female rabbits. Levels of testosterone (T) and LH in the peripheral serum of male and female rabbits were measured and compared following coitus. Blood was collected by heart puncture from restrained, unanesthetized animals of both sexes. In male rabbits, basal serum T levels were highly variable, ranging from 131 to 12,149 pg/ml, and if low preceding coitus they tended to rise; whereas, if high, they usually dropped as they did in nonmated males subjected to repeated heart punctures. In contrast, basal serum LH levels in males were quite constant (mean +/- SE, 1993 +/- 152 pg/ml) and were not significantly altered after coitus unless blood T levels had been drastically lowered by two priming doses of estradiol benzoate. In intact does, on the other hand, copulation which resulted in ovulation induced an approximately 20-fold increase in serum LH concentration which was sustained for about 4 hr. Postcoital elevations in serum LH also occurred in estrogen-primed intact and estrogen-primed ovariectomized does. Under the conditions of our experiments, the parallel elevations in serum LH and T observed postcoitally in the female rabbit could not be demonstrated in the male.", "PMID": 1166066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1087", "title": "Aminoisobutyric acid transport in primary cultures of normal adult rat hepatocytes.", "content": "In contrast to suspensions of freshly isolated hepatic parenchymal cells (HPC), short-term monolayer cultures of HPC displayed properties of active transport for the amino acid analog aminoisobutyric acid (AIB). The uptake of AIB was inhibited by KCN and iodoacetate, failed to occur at 4 degrees, and was stimulated by glucagon. The apparent Km for AIB uptake by cultured HPC was approximately 19 mM. Glucagon did not alter the apparent Km but did increase V.", "contents": "Aminoisobutyric acid transport in primary cultures of normal adult rat hepatocytes. In contrast to suspensions of freshly isolated hepatic parenchymal cells (HPC), short-term monolayer cultures of HPC displayed properties of active transport for the amino acid analog aminoisobutyric acid (AIB). The uptake of AIB was inhibited by KCN and iodoacetate, failed to occur at 4 degrees, and was stimulated by glucagon. The apparent Km for AIB uptake by cultured HPC was approximately 19 mM. Glucagon did not alter the apparent Km but did increase V.", "PMID": 1166067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1088", "title": "Heat denaturation of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Heat denaturation of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase occurred at 47 degrees with loss of enzyme activity and formation of inactive, insoluble protein. Fractional loss of catalytic activity coincided with alteration in protein fluorescence and solubility for a corresponding percentage of protein molecules. Operationally, at 50% denaturation, one-half of the total population of enzyme molecules is fully active catalytically and soluble and the other half of the protein molecule population is completely inactive catalytically and insoluble.", "contents": "Heat denaturation of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase. Heat denaturation of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase occurred at 47 degrees with loss of enzyme activity and formation of inactive, insoluble protein. Fractional loss of catalytic activity coincided with alteration in protein fluorescence and solubility for a corresponding percentage of protein molecules. Operationally, at 50% denaturation, one-half of the total population of enzyme molecules is fully active catalytically and soluble and the other half of the protein molecule population is completely inactive catalytically and insoluble.", "PMID": 1166068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1089", "title": "Suppression of lymphocyte transformation by 16, (16) dimethyl prostaglandin E2 and unsaturated fatty acids.", "content": "A new synthetic prostaglandin (16, 16-PGE2) and unsaturated fatty acids have been shown to inhibit the incorporation of [3H]thymidine in the lymphocyte transformation reaction in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). This inhibition was not due to toxicity of these substances, for the lymphocytes remained intact and capable of excluding trypan blue.", "contents": "Suppression of lymphocyte transformation by 16, (16) dimethyl prostaglandin E2 and unsaturated fatty acids. A new synthetic prostaglandin (16, 16-PGE2) and unsaturated fatty acids have been shown to inhibit the incorporation of [3H]thymidine in the lymphocyte transformation reaction in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). This inhibition was not due to toxicity of these substances, for the lymphocytes remained intact and capable of excluding trypan blue.", "PMID": 1166069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1090", "title": "Changes in plasma levels of lysosomal and non lysosomal enzymes during hemorrhagic hypotension.", "content": "In a study of 4-hr hemorrhagic hypotension in dogs, the plasma levels of the lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin (CATH) and acid phosphatase (AP) showed early and progressive increases in activity. The plasma levels of the intestinal fraction of alkaline phosphatase (IAkP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) were increased after 2 hr of hypotension and the liver specific enzyme, ornithine carbamyltransferase (OCT), and creatine phosphokinase (CPK), after 3 hr. All of the enzymes showed large increases after 4 hr of hypotension. The plasma levels of CATH showed the earliest and largest relative increase indicating that with the shock model used, this enzyme was the most sensitive indicator of shock severity. The increase in plasma enzyme levels was probably the result of tissue damage in the splanchnic region but the elevation of plasma CPK, a muscle specific enzyme, indicates some muscle cell damage as well. While the increase in the plasma enzyme activity is probably due, in large part, to cellular damage, it is likely that a decreased enzyme removal rate--resulting from a hypofunctional RES--also contributes to the elevated plasma enzyme levels during hemorrhagic hypotension.", "contents": "Changes in plasma levels of lysosomal and non lysosomal enzymes during hemorrhagic hypotension. In a study of 4-hr hemorrhagic hypotension in dogs, the plasma levels of the lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin (CATH) and acid phosphatase (AP) showed early and progressive increases in activity. The plasma levels of the intestinal fraction of alkaline phosphatase (IAkP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) were increased after 2 hr of hypotension and the liver specific enzyme, ornithine carbamyltransferase (OCT), and creatine phosphokinase (CPK), after 3 hr. All of the enzymes showed large increases after 4 hr of hypotension. The plasma levels of CATH showed the earliest and largest relative increase indicating that with the shock model used, this enzyme was the most sensitive indicator of shock severity. The increase in plasma enzyme levels was probably the result of tissue damage in the splanchnic region but the elevation of plasma CPK, a muscle specific enzyme, indicates some muscle cell damage as well. While the increase in the plasma enzyme activity is probably due, in large part, to cellular damage, it is likely that a decreased enzyme removal rate--resulting from a hypofunctional RES--also contributes to the elevated plasma enzyme levels during hemorrhagic hypotension.", "PMID": 1166070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1091", "title": "The role of the adrenal in relapses of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "Adrenalectomy shortly after onset of clinical signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was uniformly lethal to rats within 2 days. If adrenalectomy was postponed until the third to fifth day of signs, most of the rats survived and experienced a complete or incomplete remission followed by a relapse. The success of adrenalectomy in inducing relapses suggests that spontaneous relapses in EAE are related to adrenal homeostatic mechanisms whereby paralysis, nonspecific stress, increased corticosteroids, immunosuppression, recovery from paralysis, decreased stress, corticosteroids and reimmunization follow each other in logical order. However, the failure of adrenalectomy to induce relapses in EAE produced with aqueous inoculum or by passive transfer with lymphoid cells suggests that relapses are related to the persistent antigenic depot from water-in-oil inocula, rather than being an inherent part of the immunopathologic process.", "contents": "The role of the adrenal in relapses of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Adrenalectomy shortly after onset of clinical signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was uniformly lethal to rats within 2 days. If adrenalectomy was postponed until the third to fifth day of signs, most of the rats survived and experienced a complete or incomplete remission followed by a relapse. The success of adrenalectomy in inducing relapses suggests that spontaneous relapses in EAE are related to adrenal homeostatic mechanisms whereby paralysis, nonspecific stress, increased corticosteroids, immunosuppression, recovery from paralysis, decreased stress, corticosteroids and reimmunization follow each other in logical order. However, the failure of adrenalectomy to induce relapses in EAE produced with aqueous inoculum or by passive transfer with lymphoid cells suggests that relapses are related to the persistent antigenic depot from water-in-oil inocula, rather than being an inherent part of the immunopathologic process.", "PMID": 1166071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1092", "title": "Hemoglobin levels in persons of tibetan ancestry living at high altitude.", "content": "The mean hemoglobin level of persons of Tibetan ancestry living at 4000 m in the Nepal Himalayas was found similar to that expected at an altitude of 2300 m and an arterial O2 saturation of 92%. Plasma volumes were normal, and deficiency states and hemoglobinopathies were not significant. Possible reasons for this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Hemoglobin levels in persons of tibetan ancestry living at high altitude. The mean hemoglobin level of persons of Tibetan ancestry living at 4000 m in the Nepal Himalayas was found similar to that expected at an altitude of 2300 m and an arterial O2 saturation of 92%. Plasma volumes were normal, and deficiency states and hemoglobinopathies were not significant. Possible reasons for this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 1166072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1093", "title": "A comparison of recovery times from exercise and ischemic dilations at constant pressure and flow.", "content": "Recovery times from exercise and ischemic dilation in gracilis muscle were compared during constant pressure (natural flow) and constant flow perfusion. Recovery times were longer at constant flow. This finding provides additional support for the metabolic hypothesis for the regulation of blood flow in skeletal muscle.", "contents": "A comparison of recovery times from exercise and ischemic dilations at constant pressure and flow. Recovery times from exercise and ischemic dilation in gracilis muscle were compared during constant pressure (natural flow) and constant flow perfusion. Recovery times were longer at constant flow. This finding provides additional support for the metabolic hypothesis for the regulation of blood flow in skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 1166073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1094", "title": "Hydroxyurea-induced erythroid differentiation.", "content": "Hydroxyurea, a cytotoxic agent which destroys cells in DNA synthesis, has been shown to evoke the differentiation of a small number of hemopoietic precursor cells in the erythroid series of erythropoietically suppressed hypertransfused mice. This effect does not appear to be mediated by erythropoietin (EP) since the simultaneous injection of anti-EP did not alter this response.", "contents": "Hydroxyurea-induced erythroid differentiation. Hydroxyurea, a cytotoxic agent which destroys cells in DNA synthesis, has been shown to evoke the differentiation of a small number of hemopoietic precursor cells in the erythroid series of erythropoietically suppressed hypertransfused mice. This effect does not appear to be mediated by erythropoietin (EP) since the simultaneous injection of anti-EP did not alter this response.", "PMID": 1166074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1095", "title": "Ethacrynic acid induced inotropism.", "content": "Ethacrynic acid (ECA), a sulfhydryl group inhibiting diuretic was examined for positive inotropic effects. These were found to be present in isolated guinea pig left atria studied in 0.9 and 1.8 mM Ca bathing solutions and were partially dependent upon adrenergic mechanisms (presumably secondary to norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerve endings) and partly independent of such mechanisms as demonstrated by propranolol induced beta-blockade and reserpine-induced catecholamine depletion. The mechanism of the non-beta adrenergic inotropism is unclear but may relate to the ability of ECA to inhibit the sarcolemmal Na-K-Mg-dependent ATPase. ECA-induced premature contractile failure occurred in all atria as well as a late increase in diastolic tension, the latter being comparable to that described for toxic doses of cardiac glycosides in similar preparations.", "contents": "Ethacrynic acid induced inotropism. Ethacrynic acid (ECA), a sulfhydryl group inhibiting diuretic was examined for positive inotropic effects. These were found to be present in isolated guinea pig left atria studied in 0.9 and 1.8 mM Ca bathing solutions and were partially dependent upon adrenergic mechanisms (presumably secondary to norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerve endings) and partly independent of such mechanisms as demonstrated by propranolol induced beta-blockade and reserpine-induced catecholamine depletion. The mechanism of the non-beta adrenergic inotropism is unclear but may relate to the ability of ECA to inhibit the sarcolemmal Na-K-Mg-dependent ATPase. ECA-induced premature contractile failure occurred in all atria as well as a late increase in diastolic tension, the latter being comparable to that described for toxic doses of cardiac glycosides in similar preparations.", "PMID": 1166075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1096", "title": "The uptake of 14C-labeled hydroxyanthranilic acid and enantiomers of tryptophan, kynurenine, and hydroxykynurenine in human blood.", "content": "Labeled enantiomers of tryptophan, kynurenine, and hydroxykynurenine were given to five patients with scleroderma. Blood samples were drawn periodically over a 24-hr period. When the D-isomers were given, peak blood levels of radioactivity did not appear until 8 hr, whereas with the natural L-isomers peak levels were reached in 2 hr Considerable radioactivity was found firmly bound to the precipitated plasma proteins from both the L- and D-isomers. Incubation studies confirmed the binding of the D-isomers to the serum proteins. These experiments show that the use of pure labeled L-isomers is required, when studying the metabolism of amino acids in man, and that compounds other than L-tryptophan are bound to serum proteins in significant quantities.", "contents": "The uptake of 14C-labeled hydroxyanthranilic acid and enantiomers of tryptophan, kynurenine, and hydroxykynurenine in human blood. Labeled enantiomers of tryptophan, kynurenine, and hydroxykynurenine were given to five patients with scleroderma. Blood samples were drawn periodically over a 24-hr period. When the D-isomers were given, peak blood levels of radioactivity did not appear until 8 hr, whereas with the natural L-isomers peak levels were reached in 2 hr Considerable radioactivity was found firmly bound to the precipitated plasma proteins from both the L- and D-isomers. Incubation studies confirmed the binding of the D-isomers to the serum proteins. These experiments show that the use of pure labeled L-isomers is required, when studying the metabolism of amino acids in man, and that compounds other than L-tryptophan are bound to serum proteins in significant quantities.", "PMID": 1166076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1097", "title": "Effect of the interferon inducer, dextran phosphate, on influenza virus infection in mice.", "content": "Intraperitoneal administration of dextran phosphate (MW 40,000) or DP 40, an interferon inducer, was shown to increase the survival rate of mice infected with 10 LD50 dose of influenza A2 virus (H2N2). In the treated mice, a 1-day delay was evident in the virus growth in lung, and production of HAI antibody, when compared to the nontreated or dextran-treated controls. More significant was the 2-day delay in the development of lung consolidation, which leads to 40% survival of the treated mice. Mediation of the protection by the interferon induced by DP 40 was indicated.", "contents": "Effect of the interferon inducer, dextran phosphate, on influenza virus infection in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of dextran phosphate (MW 40,000) or DP 40, an interferon inducer, was shown to increase the survival rate of mice infected with 10 LD50 dose of influenza A2 virus (H2N2). In the treated mice, a 1-day delay was evident in the virus growth in lung, and production of HAI antibody, when compared to the nontreated or dextran-treated controls. More significant was the 2-day delay in the development of lung consolidation, which leads to 40% survival of the treated mice. Mediation of the protection by the interferon induced by DP 40 was indicated.", "PMID": 1166077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1098", "title": "Demonstration of lag phase in the sol-gel transformation of deoxygenated S hemoglobin without temperature alteration.", "content": "1). During the sol to gel transformation of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin, a time-dependent process preceding gel formation (lag phase) was demonstrated that was inversely proportional to a function of the hemoglobin concentration and that occurred without alteration in temperature, pH, or oxygen tension. 2). As determined by the Schachman modification of the capillary viscometer, preparations of oxyhemoglobin S and A and deoxyhemoglobin A were indistinguishable when compared over a wide range of concentrations. Up to the concentration at which gelling occurred, deoxyhemoglobin S exhibited the same viscosity behavior. The viscosity of deoxygenated hemoglobin S within the lower gelling concentration range was normal during the lag phase and became abnormally high only at the time of gelation.", "contents": "Demonstration of lag phase in the sol-gel transformation of deoxygenated S hemoglobin without temperature alteration. 1). During the sol to gel transformation of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin, a time-dependent process preceding gel formation (lag phase) was demonstrated that was inversely proportional to a function of the hemoglobin concentration and that occurred without alteration in temperature, pH, or oxygen tension. 2). As determined by the Schachman modification of the capillary viscometer, preparations of oxyhemoglobin S and A and deoxyhemoglobin A were indistinguishable when compared over a wide range of concentrations. Up to the concentration at which gelling occurred, deoxyhemoglobin S exhibited the same viscosity behavior. The viscosity of deoxygenated hemoglobin S within the lower gelling concentration range was normal during the lag phase and became abnormally high only at the time of gelation.", "PMID": 1166078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1099", "title": "Amelioration by copper supplementation of mutant gene effects in the crinkled mouse.", "content": "The possibility of a relationship between the autosomal recessive mutant gene crinkled in mice and copper metabolism was investigated by examining the effect of copper supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on the expression of the gene in homozygous mutant young. Survival of mutant mice to 30 days of age was doubled by feeding their mothers a high copper diet (500 ppm copper) during pregnancy and lactation, as compared with controls (6-11 ppm dietary copper). High dietary copper also prevented the lag in pigment development characteristic of the mutants. Furthermore, skin and epidermal thickness and hair bulb development were nearly normal in the high copper group, in contrast to thin skin and paucity of hairs in controls. Supplementation with manganese did not have these effects. Scanning electron micrographs showed the presence of three types of hair abnormalities in crinkled mutants, monilethrix, pili torti, and possibly trichorrhexis nodosa. The results show that increased availability of copper favorably altered the expression of the mutant gene, and demonstrate the interaction of a gene and a trace metal in development.", "contents": "Amelioration by copper supplementation of mutant gene effects in the crinkled mouse. The possibility of a relationship between the autosomal recessive mutant gene crinkled in mice and copper metabolism was investigated by examining the effect of copper supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on the expression of the gene in homozygous mutant young. Survival of mutant mice to 30 days of age was doubled by feeding their mothers a high copper diet (500 ppm copper) during pregnancy and lactation, as compared with controls (6-11 ppm dietary copper). High dietary copper also prevented the lag in pigment development characteristic of the mutants. Furthermore, skin and epidermal thickness and hair bulb development were nearly normal in the high copper group, in contrast to thin skin and paucity of hairs in controls. Supplementation with manganese did not have these effects. Scanning electron micrographs showed the presence of three types of hair abnormalities in crinkled mutants, monilethrix, pili torti, and possibly trichorrhexis nodosa. The results show that increased availability of copper favorably altered the expression of the mutant gene, and demonstrate the interaction of a gene and a trace metal in development.", "PMID": 1166079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1100", "title": "Control of cell division in the cornea of rats. III. Mitogenic effect of isoproterenol and theophylline.", "content": "The effects of isoproterenol, theophylline and the combination of the two drugs were studied on the circadian mitotic rhythm in rat corneal epithelium. The drugs induced profound alterations in the normal circadian mitotic pattern. The alterations included an initial suppression of cell division, followed by two distinct rises above control; the first immediately following suppression, the second 12-16 hr following drug administration. The second peak of cell division occurred at the circadian trough in controls. The simultaneous administration of isoproterenol and theophylline greatly magnified the effects seen with either drug alone.", "contents": "Control of cell division in the cornea of rats. III. Mitogenic effect of isoproterenol and theophylline. The effects of isoproterenol, theophylline and the combination of the two drugs were studied on the circadian mitotic rhythm in rat corneal epithelium. The drugs induced profound alterations in the normal circadian mitotic pattern. The alterations included an initial suppression of cell division, followed by two distinct rises above control; the first immediately following suppression, the second 12-16 hr following drug administration. The second peak of cell division occurred at the circadian trough in controls. The simultaneous administration of isoproterenol and theophylline greatly magnified the effects seen with either drug alone.", "PMID": 1166080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1101", "title": "Relationship of blood concentrations of calcium, phosphate, gastrin and calcitonin to the onset of feeding in the rat.", "content": "Daily fluctuations in plasma calcium concentrations in rats trained to a closely regulated feeding pattern have been compared to corresponding plasma gastrin and calcitonin concentrations. The time period studied was that extending from 4 hr prior to the start of the feeding. Both plasma calcium and phosphate levels fedd prior to the start of the feeding period and remained low at least for the first 2 hr of feeding. This pattern was also observed in rats in which food was withheld for 2 hr past the regular feeding time. Plasma 45Ca and 32P concentrations (radionuclide injected at least one week prior to sampling) did not follow the pattern of their stable counterparts. Instead, these values rose or remained constant until after feeding had commenced, after which they fell precipitously. Both plasma calcitonin and gastrin levels rose rapidly after the start of the feeding period. The primary point of emphasis is that calcitonin secretion was produced in these rats by an intestinal related stimulus and not by a rise in plasma calcium concentration.", "contents": "Relationship of blood concentrations of calcium, phosphate, gastrin and calcitonin to the onset of feeding in the rat. Daily fluctuations in plasma calcium concentrations in rats trained to a closely regulated feeding pattern have been compared to corresponding plasma gastrin and calcitonin concentrations. The time period studied was that extending from 4 hr prior to the start of the feeding. Both plasma calcium and phosphate levels fedd prior to the start of the feeding period and remained low at least for the first 2 hr of feeding. This pattern was also observed in rats in which food was withheld for 2 hr past the regular feeding time. Plasma 45Ca and 32P concentrations (radionuclide injected at least one week prior to sampling) did not follow the pattern of their stable counterparts. Instead, these values rose or remained constant until after feeding had commenced, after which they fell precipitously. Both plasma calcitonin and gastrin levels rose rapidly after the start of the feeding period. The primary point of emphasis is that calcitonin secretion was produced in these rats by an intestinal related stimulus and not by a rise in plasma calcium concentration.", "PMID": 1166081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1102", "title": "Effects of diet, age, strain and anatomical site on fat depot triglyceride and fatty acid content in rats.", "content": "OM rats fed a high fat ration were heavier, fatter and had fat depots which weighed at least three times as much as those fed a low fat (grain) ration. S rats fed a high fat ration showed slight increase in fat depot weights and no increase in body weight or fat when compared to rats of the same strain fed grain. For both strains of rats fed either diet for 4, 10 or 20 wk following weaning, there was a lower percentage of TG in the inguinal depot than in the epididymal or perirenal-retroperitoneal fat depots. There was a tendency for rats fed a high fat ration to have a higher percentage of TG in adipose tissues than rats fed grain, but the differences were not significant as long as age, anatomical site and strain were constant. Strain and age had no significant effect on the percentage of TG in fat depots. The fatty acid composition of the fat depots was effected by ration, but not by age, strain or anatomical site of the fat depot.", "contents": "Effects of diet, age, strain and anatomical site on fat depot triglyceride and fatty acid content in rats. OM rats fed a high fat ration were heavier, fatter and had fat depots which weighed at least three times as much as those fed a low fat (grain) ration. S rats fed a high fat ration showed slight increase in fat depot weights and no increase in body weight or fat when compared to rats of the same strain fed grain. For both strains of rats fed either diet for 4, 10 or 20 wk following weaning, there was a lower percentage of TG in the inguinal depot than in the epididymal or perirenal-retroperitoneal fat depots. There was a tendency for rats fed a high fat ration to have a higher percentage of TG in adipose tissues than rats fed grain, but the differences were not significant as long as age, anatomical site and strain were constant. Strain and age had no significant effect on the percentage of TG in fat depots. The fatty acid composition of the fat depots was effected by ration, but not by age, strain or anatomical site of the fat depot.", "PMID": 1166082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1103", "title": "Effects of indomethacin on local blood flow regulation in canine heart and kidney.", "content": "In two series of experiments we studied the effects of indomethacin on (a) coronary reactive hyperemia and, (b) renal blood flow, autoregulation, and reactive dilation. Coronary blood flow was measured in closed-chest dogs. Reactive hyperemia was induced by coronary occlusion for 5 and 15 sec. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, was infused intra-arterially in doses of 90-200 mg over periods ranging from 30-120 min. Coronary reactive hyperemia was not affected by indomethacin. The canine renal vascular bed was studied under conditions of natural flow, controlled flow, and controlled pressure. Intra-arterial infusion of 90 mg of indomethacin over a 30- to 60- min period caused increased renal vascular resistance and an attenuation of reactive dilation (induced by stopping renal blood flow for 90 sec). Indomethacin slightly attenuated the autoregulatory response to decreasing perfusion pressures, but did not affect the respone to increasing pressures. Thus the study fails to provide evidence for participation of the prostaglandins in regulation of coronary blood flow and suggests only minimal participation of prostaglandings in renal blood flow regulation.", "contents": "Effects of indomethacin on local blood flow regulation in canine heart and kidney. In two series of experiments we studied the effects of indomethacin on (a) coronary reactive hyperemia and, (b) renal blood flow, autoregulation, and reactive dilation. Coronary blood flow was measured in closed-chest dogs. Reactive hyperemia was induced by coronary occlusion for 5 and 15 sec. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, was infused intra-arterially in doses of 90-200 mg over periods ranging from 30-120 min. Coronary reactive hyperemia was not affected by indomethacin. The canine renal vascular bed was studied under conditions of natural flow, controlled flow, and controlled pressure. Intra-arterial infusion of 90 mg of indomethacin over a 30- to 60- min period caused increased renal vascular resistance and an attenuation of reactive dilation (induced by stopping renal blood flow for 90 sec). Indomethacin slightly attenuated the autoregulatory response to decreasing perfusion pressures, but did not affect the respone to increasing pressures. Thus the study fails to provide evidence for participation of the prostaglandins in regulation of coronary blood flow and suggests only minimal participation of prostaglandings in renal blood flow regulation.", "PMID": 1166083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1104", "title": "Comparison of radioimmunoassay and gas-liquid chromatography analyses of progesterone concentrations in cow's milk.", "content": "Progesterone concentrations in milk were not significantly different when quantitated by different methods (RIA vs. GLC). There was a significant day effect (P less than 0.05) on milk progesterone level due apparently to gradually decreasing values as pregnancy advanced over days 30, 120 and 210. The means for the percent fat content were different (P less than 0.05) for all comparisons among four times of collection (immediately premilking, milking pool, immediately postmilking, and 3 hr postmilking). For progesterone concentration, the main effect of time and the three-way interaction (time times antiserum times purification method) were significant (P less than 0.005); all other main effects and interactions were not significant. Within each of 4 assay groups (2 antisera times 2 purifications), the concentration of progesterone was greater (P less than 0.05) for the samples which were collected immediately postmilking than for any of the other times of collection. The three-way interaction seemed due primarily to difference in progesterone determinations among the four assay groups in the samples which were taken immediately postmilking. Over all milk samples within each assay group, the percent fat content and the concentration of progesterone were positively correlated (r = 0.71, P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Comparison of radioimmunoassay and gas-liquid chromatography analyses of progesterone concentrations in cow's milk. Progesterone concentrations in milk were not significantly different when quantitated by different methods (RIA vs. GLC). There was a significant day effect (P less than 0.05) on milk progesterone level due apparently to gradually decreasing values as pregnancy advanced over days 30, 120 and 210. The means for the percent fat content were different (P less than 0.05) for all comparisons among four times of collection (immediately premilking, milking pool, immediately postmilking, and 3 hr postmilking). For progesterone concentration, the main effect of time and the three-way interaction (time times antiserum times purification method) were significant (P less than 0.005); all other main effects and interactions were not significant. Within each of 4 assay groups (2 antisera times 2 purifications), the concentration of progesterone was greater (P less than 0.05) for the samples which were collected immediately postmilking than for any of the other times of collection. The three-way interaction seemed due primarily to difference in progesterone determinations among the four assay groups in the samples which were taken immediately postmilking. Over all milk samples within each assay group, the percent fat content and the concentration of progesterone were positively correlated (r = 0.71, P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 1166084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1105", "title": "Coxsackie B4 virus crystal formation in mouse pancreas.", "content": "For the first time, Coxsackie B4 virus crystals are demonstrated in tissues of animals inoculated with the virus. Until this report, Coxsackie B4 virus had never been found to form crystalline aggregates in tissues of any kind. The viral crystals which were located in the pancreas of newborn mice were associated with ultrastructural damage to the pancreas not observed in control animals, thereby indicating that viruses directly invade and damage these tissues. Thus, this virus must be considered among etiologic factors in pancreatic disease.", "contents": "Coxsackie B4 virus crystal formation in mouse pancreas. For the first time, Coxsackie B4 virus crystals are demonstrated in tissues of animals inoculated with the virus. Until this report, Coxsackie B4 virus had never been found to form crystalline aggregates in tissues of any kind. The viral crystals which were located in the pancreas of newborn mice were associated with ultrastructural damage to the pancreas not observed in control animals, thereby indicating that viruses directly invade and damage these tissues. Thus, this virus must be considered among etiologic factors in pancreatic disease.", "PMID": 1166085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1106", "title": "Induced adrenal and ovarian enlargement in nursing mothers by a single mug injection to their pups of a 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid oxidoreductase inhibitor.", "content": "Isoxazole-14C, a potent inhibitor of 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid oxidoreductase, injected into nursing pups is naturally transferred to their mother where it is retained, for at least a month, in ng quantities in the adrenals and ovaries and results in adrenal, ovarian, preputial and pituitary enlargement.", "contents": "Induced adrenal and ovarian enlargement in nursing mothers by a single mug injection to their pups of a 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid oxidoreductase inhibitor. Isoxazole-14C, a potent inhibitor of 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid oxidoreductase, injected into nursing pups is naturally transferred to their mother where it is retained, for at least a month, in ng quantities in the adrenals and ovaries and results in adrenal, ovarian, preputial and pituitary enlargement.", "PMID": 1166086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1107", "title": "Potentiation of the hepatotoxic responses to chemicals in alloxan-diabetic rats.", "content": "Alloxan diabetes enhances the hepatotoxic response of male rats to chloroform and 1, 1, 2-trichloroethane, but not to trichloroethylene nor 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane. Insulin treatment partially protects the animals against the alloxan-induced enhancement of chloroform hepatotoxicity. Alloxan diabetes also enhances the hepatotoxic response to galactosamine but not to beryllium nor alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate.", "contents": "Potentiation of the hepatotoxic responses to chemicals in alloxan-diabetic rats. Alloxan diabetes enhances the hepatotoxic response of male rats to chloroform and 1, 1, 2-trichloroethane, but not to trichloroethylene nor 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane. Insulin treatment partially protects the animals against the alloxan-induced enhancement of chloroform hepatotoxicity. Alloxan diabetes also enhances the hepatotoxic response to galactosamine but not to beryllium nor alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate.", "PMID": 1166087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1108", "title": "NaCl intake and preference threshold of spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Both male and female spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats have an appetite for NaCl solution. The appetite is present when a choice is offered between distilled water and either isotonic or hypertonic (0.25 M) NaCl solution to drink. Total fluid intake (water plus NaCl solution) was greater for SH rats than for controls while food intakes (g/100 g body wt/day) of SH rats were not different from controls. Mean body weight of SH rats was always less than that of controls. The appetite for NaCl solution was accompanied by a significant reduction in preference (detection) threshold. SH rats could detect the difference between distilled water and NaCl solution when the concentration of the latter was 12 mEq/liter compared to a control threshold of 30 mEq/liter. The NaCl appetite and reduced NaCl preference threshold induced by spontaneous hypertension is in marked contrast to the NaCl aversion induced by other types of experimentally induced hypertension in rats. The mechanism or mechanisms responsible for these differences remain for further study.", "contents": "NaCl intake and preference threshold of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Both male and female spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats have an appetite for NaCl solution. The appetite is present when a choice is offered between distilled water and either isotonic or hypertonic (0.25 M) NaCl solution to drink. Total fluid intake (water plus NaCl solution) was greater for SH rats than for controls while food intakes (g/100 g body wt/day) of SH rats were not different from controls. Mean body weight of SH rats was always less than that of controls. The appetite for NaCl solution was accompanied by a significant reduction in preference (detection) threshold. SH rats could detect the difference between distilled water and NaCl solution when the concentration of the latter was 12 mEq/liter compared to a control threshold of 30 mEq/liter. The NaCl appetite and reduced NaCl preference threshold induced by spontaneous hypertension is in marked contrast to the NaCl aversion induced by other types of experimentally induced hypertension in rats. The mechanism or mechanisms responsible for these differences remain for further study.", "PMID": 1166088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1109", "title": "Circulatory turnover of pancreatic amylase.", "content": "Radiolabeled amylase and unlabeled pancreatic amylase were infused into pigs in order to determine the plasma half-life of the enzyme. Regardless of the parameter measured (radioactivity, enzyme activity or concentration), the plasma removal curves could be resolved into three components when subjected to tracer analysis. The plasma half-life was estimated to be approximately 3 hr. Through the use of a recently developed radioimmunoassay specific for porcine pancreatic amylase, the plasma concentration of amylase was calculated at 2.4 mug/ml. Knowing the plasma concentration and half-life of amylase we determined the circulatory turnover of the enzyme. Over a 2.4-hr period, 9.6 mug of pancreatic amylase/ml of plasma must re-enter the circulation to maintain the enzyme at constant levels.", "contents": "Circulatory turnover of pancreatic amylase. Radiolabeled amylase and unlabeled pancreatic amylase were infused into pigs in order to determine the plasma half-life of the enzyme. Regardless of the parameter measured (radioactivity, enzyme activity or concentration), the plasma removal curves could be resolved into three components when subjected to tracer analysis. The plasma half-life was estimated to be approximately 3 hr. Through the use of a recently developed radioimmunoassay specific for porcine pancreatic amylase, the plasma concentration of amylase was calculated at 2.4 mug/ml. Knowing the plasma concentration and half-life of amylase we determined the circulatory turnover of the enzyme. Over a 2.4-hr period, 9.6 mug of pancreatic amylase/ml of plasma must re-enter the circulation to maintain the enzyme at constant levels.", "PMID": 1166089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1110", "title": "The anemia of chronic renal failure: in vitro response of bone marrow to erythropoietin.", "content": "Bone marrow cells of patients with chronic renal failure were studied in short-term in vitro cultures to determine erythropietin responsiveness. Seven normals and fourtheen patients on hemodialysis were studied. Bone marrow cells of normal subjects and of patients with chronic renal failure responded similarly to erythropoietin. Total heme synthesis was significantly lower in cultures prepared with uremic serum than normal serum. We conclude that there is a substance in the serum of uremic patients which suppresses general heme synthesis and that this \"uremic toxin\" may be responsible, in part, for the clinically severe anemia seen in these patients.", "contents": "The anemia of chronic renal failure: in vitro response of bone marrow to erythropoietin. Bone marrow cells of patients with chronic renal failure were studied in short-term in vitro cultures to determine erythropietin responsiveness. Seven normals and fourtheen patients on hemodialysis were studied. Bone marrow cells of normal subjects and of patients with chronic renal failure responded similarly to erythropoietin. Total heme synthesis was significantly lower in cultures prepared with uremic serum than normal serum. We conclude that there is a substance in the serum of uremic patients which suppresses general heme synthesis and that this \"uremic toxin\" may be responsible, in part, for the clinically severe anemia seen in these patients.", "PMID": 1166090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1111", "title": "Rapid assessment of ventricular fibrillation thresholds during experimental infarction in the canine heart.", "content": "Sophisticated instrumentation is described which allows the rapid estimation of vulnerability of the ventricle to multiple responses and fibrillation with the classical technique described by Wiggers and Wegria. It seems particularly pertinent to the assessment of the significance of \"R on T\" type of ventricular extrasystoles in myocardial infarction. The thresholds to tachyarrhythmia were decreased by about 64% within 10 min of coronary occlusion and persisted at that level for 60-90 min, suggesting the usefulness of this model in assessing anti-fibrillatory drug regimes during the early evolutionary stage of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Rapid assessment of ventricular fibrillation thresholds during experimental infarction in the canine heart. Sophisticated instrumentation is described which allows the rapid estimation of vulnerability of the ventricle to multiple responses and fibrillation with the classical technique described by Wiggers and Wegria. It seems particularly pertinent to the assessment of the significance of \"R on T\" type of ventricular extrasystoles in myocardial infarction. The thresholds to tachyarrhythmia were decreased by about 64% within 10 min of coronary occlusion and persisted at that level for 60-90 min, suggesting the usefulness of this model in assessing anti-fibrillatory drug regimes during the early evolutionary stage of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1166091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1112", "title": "Effect of papain-induced emphysema on permeability of rat lung to drugs.", "content": "To investigate the effect of a papain-induced emphysema-like condition on pulmonary absorption of drugs, rats were exposed to either papain aerosol or distilled water aerosol (control) intermittently for 2 wk, and rates of drug absorption from damaged and control lungs were compared. To measure absorption rates, 0.1 ml of drug solution (0.1-10 mM) was administered through a tracheal cannula to anesthetized animals, and after various times lungs were assayed for unabsorbed compound. In absorption experiments with the lipoid-insoluble compounds, mannitol, p-aminohippuric acid, and procaine amide ethobromide, all three drugs were absorbed from the lungs about twice as rapidly in papain-treated rats as in control. In contrast, procaine amide, a relatively lipoid-soluble drug, was absorbed at the same rate in both control and papain-treated animals. The results suggest that papain-induced lung damage increases the porosity of the pulmonary epithelium.", "contents": "Effect of papain-induced emphysema on permeability of rat lung to drugs. To investigate the effect of a papain-induced emphysema-like condition on pulmonary absorption of drugs, rats were exposed to either papain aerosol or distilled water aerosol (control) intermittently for 2 wk, and rates of drug absorption from damaged and control lungs were compared. To measure absorption rates, 0.1 ml of drug solution (0.1-10 mM) was administered through a tracheal cannula to anesthetized animals, and after various times lungs were assayed for unabsorbed compound. In absorption experiments with the lipoid-insoluble compounds, mannitol, p-aminohippuric acid, and procaine amide ethobromide, all three drugs were absorbed from the lungs about twice as rapidly in papain-treated rats as in control. In contrast, procaine amide, a relatively lipoid-soluble drug, was absorbed at the same rate in both control and papain-treated animals. The results suggest that papain-induced lung damage increases the porosity of the pulmonary epithelium.", "PMID": 1166092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1113", "title": "Urinary kallikrein excretion in a spontaneously hypertensive strain of rats.", "content": "Concentration and 24-hr excretion of urinary kallikrein in spontaneous hypertensive Wistar strain rats of both sexes obtained by selected inbreeding (25th generation) are significantly decreased as compared with the excretion in normotensive inbred rats (24th generation) descending from common ancestors. Apparently in these hypertensive rats there is an abnormal capacity of the kidneys to produce or release kallikrein, but more studies will be necessary to correlate this findings with blood pressure increase.", "contents": "Urinary kallikrein excretion in a spontaneously hypertensive strain of rats. Concentration and 24-hr excretion of urinary kallikrein in spontaneous hypertensive Wistar strain rats of both sexes obtained by selected inbreeding (25th generation) are significantly decreased as compared with the excretion in normotensive inbred rats (24th generation) descending from common ancestors. Apparently in these hypertensive rats there is an abnormal capacity of the kidneys to produce or release kallikrein, but more studies will be necessary to correlate this findings with blood pressure increase.", "PMID": 1166093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1114", "title": "Effect of 3,4-toluenediamine on output from in situ rat Brunner's glands pouches.", "content": "Duodenal and gastric glandular mucosal damage have been observed 24 hr following single subcutaneous doses of 3,4-TDA in fed, unrestrained rats. 3,4-TDA significantly reduced secretion from in situ Brunner's glands pouches in pentobarbital anesthetized rats. The reduction in volume output with a definitely duodenal ulcerogenic dose of this compound was more than twice that observed with a minimally ulcerogenic dose, suggesting a correlation between the duodenal ulcerogenic and duodenal anti-secretory activities of this compound. The animal model described in this communication should facilitate experimentation to establish the inhibitory effect of compounds on the output of protective fluids from the proximal duodenum.", "contents": "Effect of 3,4-toluenediamine on output from in situ rat Brunner's glands pouches. Duodenal and gastric glandular mucosal damage have been observed 24 hr following single subcutaneous doses of 3,4-TDA in fed, unrestrained rats. 3,4-TDA significantly reduced secretion from in situ Brunner's glands pouches in pentobarbital anesthetized rats. The reduction in volume output with a definitely duodenal ulcerogenic dose of this compound was more than twice that observed with a minimally ulcerogenic dose, suggesting a correlation between the duodenal ulcerogenic and duodenal anti-secretory activities of this compound. The animal model described in this communication should facilitate experimentation to establish the inhibitory effect of compounds on the output of protective fluids from the proximal duodenum.", "PMID": 1166094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1115", "title": "The evolutionary origin of feathers.", "content": "Previous theories relating the origin of feathers to flight or to heat conservation are considered to be inadequate. There is need for a model of feather evolution that gives attention to the function and adaptive advantage of intermediate structures. The present model attempts to reveal and to deal with, the spectrum of complex questions that must be considered. In several genera of modern lizards, scales are elongated in warm climates. It is argued that these scales act as small shields to solar radiation. Experiments are reported that tend to confirm this. Using lizards as a conceptual model, it is argued that feathers likewise arose as adaptations to intense solar radiation. Elongated scales are assumed to have subdivided into finely branched structures that produced a heat-shield, flexible as well as long and broad. Associated muscles had the function of allowing the organism fine control over rates of heat gain and loss: the specialized scales or early feathers could be moved to allow basking in cool weather or protection in hot weather. Subdivision of the scales also allowed a close fit between the elements of the insulative integument. There would have been mechanical and thermal advantages to having branches that interlocked into a pennaceous structure early in evolution, so the first feathers may have been pennaceous. A versatile insulation of movable, branched scales would have been a preadaptation for endothermy. As birds took to the air they faced cooling problems despite their insulative covering because of high convective heat loss. Short glides may have initially been advantageous in cooling an animal under heat stress, but at some point the problem may have shifted from one of heat exclusion to one of heat retention. Endothermy probably evolved in conjunction with flight. If so, it is an unnecessary assumption to postulate that the climate cooled and made endothermy advantageous. The development of feathers is complex and a model is proposed that gives attention to the fundamental problems of deriving a branched structure with a cylindrical base from an elongated scale.", "contents": "The evolutionary origin of feathers. Previous theories relating the origin of feathers to flight or to heat conservation are considered to be inadequate. There is need for a model of feather evolution that gives attention to the function and adaptive advantage of intermediate structures. The present model attempts to reveal and to deal with, the spectrum of complex questions that must be considered. In several genera of modern lizards, scales are elongated in warm climates. It is argued that these scales act as small shields to solar radiation. Experiments are reported that tend to confirm this. Using lizards as a conceptual model, it is argued that feathers likewise arose as adaptations to intense solar radiation. Elongated scales are assumed to have subdivided into finely branched structures that produced a heat-shield, flexible as well as long and broad. Associated muscles had the function of allowing the organism fine control over rates of heat gain and loss: the specialized scales or early feathers could be moved to allow basking in cool weather or protection in hot weather. Subdivision of the scales also allowed a close fit between the elements of the insulative integument. There would have been mechanical and thermal advantages to having branches that interlocked into a pennaceous structure early in evolution, so the first feathers may have been pennaceous. A versatile insulation of movable, branched scales would have been a preadaptation for endothermy. As birds took to the air they faced cooling problems despite their insulative covering because of high convective heat loss. Short glides may have initially been advantageous in cooling an animal under heat stress, but at some point the problem may have shifted from one of heat exclusion to one of heat retention. Endothermy probably evolved in conjunction with flight. If so, it is an unnecessary assumption to postulate that the climate cooled and made endothermy advantageous. The development of feathers is complex and a model is proposed that gives attention to the fundamental problems of deriving a branched structure with a cylindrical base from an elongated scale.", "PMID": 1166095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1116", "title": "Studies in atypical Streptococcus equi.", "content": "An atypical variety of Streptococcus equi is described. It was shown to be deficient in capsular material, to be very virulent for mice and to possess a cell-wall protein similar to the M-like protein of classical Str equi. Antiserum prepared against classical Str equi effectively opsonised the atypical strains, and induced the formation of long chains by these atypical strains. It is possible that this variant of Str equi can be used to overcome many of the current problems associated with the manufacture and use of strangles vaccines.", "contents": "Studies in atypical Streptococcus equi. An atypical variety of Streptococcus equi is described. It was shown to be deficient in capsular material, to be very virulent for mice and to possess a cell-wall protein similar to the M-like protein of classical Str equi. Antiserum prepared against classical Str equi effectively opsonised the atypical strains, and induced the formation of long chains by these atypical strains. It is possible that this variant of Str equi can be used to overcome many of the current problems associated with the manufacture and use of strangles vaccines.", "PMID": 1166115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1117", "title": "Isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in serum of lambs and ewes.", "content": "Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels was used to identify isoenzymes of serum alkaline phosphatase in sheep. Skeletal isoenzyme predominated in the serum of lambs and liver, skeletal and intestinal isoenzymes were found in the serum of adult ewes. In r ewes (R-r-i blood group system) intestinal isoenzyme activity was 67 per cent of total serum activity; in R ewes intestinal activity was only 36 per cent of total activity. Relative activities of the three isoenzymes differed greatly within individual ewes and between individual ewes during pregnancy and lactation.", "contents": "Isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in serum of lambs and ewes. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels was used to identify isoenzymes of serum alkaline phosphatase in sheep. Skeletal isoenzyme predominated in the serum of lambs and liver, skeletal and intestinal isoenzymes were found in the serum of adult ewes. In r ewes (R-r-i blood group system) intestinal isoenzyme activity was 67 per cent of total serum activity; in R ewes intestinal activity was only 36 per cent of total activity. Relative activities of the three isoenzymes differed greatly within individual ewes and between individual ewes during pregnancy and lactation.", "PMID": 1166116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1118", "title": "Isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in serum of newly born lambs.", "content": "In the serum of lambs at birth most of the circulating alkaline phosphatase, identified by electrophoretic analysis, was of skeletal origin. Suckling was associated with a rapid increase in activity of intestinal alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum. There was a coincidental increase in level of circulating gamma globulin. Activity of the intestinal isoenzymes in serum began to fall between 15 and 21 h after birth and this fall preceded a fall in serum gamma globulin concentration. The electrophoretic characteristics of the intestinal isoenzymes in serum changed as activity of these isoenzymes increased and then decreased.", "contents": "Isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in serum of newly born lambs. In the serum of lambs at birth most of the circulating alkaline phosphatase, identified by electrophoretic analysis, was of skeletal origin. Suckling was associated with a rapid increase in activity of intestinal alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum. There was a coincidental increase in level of circulating gamma globulin. Activity of the intestinal isoenzymes in serum began to fall between 15 and 21 h after birth and this fall preceded a fall in serum gamma globulin concentration. The electrophoretic characteristics of the intestinal isoenzymes in serum changed as activity of these isoenzymes increased and then decreased.", "PMID": 1166117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1119", "title": "A quantitative histological study of changes in the bovine testis and epididymis associated with age.", "content": "Quantitative histological studies were performed on the testis and epididymis of 80 normal bulls from beef herds in tropical Australia. Four age groups, ranging from nine months to over 10 years were established. Volumetric proportions of parenchymal and collagenous tissues, and tubular or duct surface to tissue volume ratios were determined at the dorsal, middle and ventral testicular regions and at the head, body and tail of the epididymis for each group. Detailed volumetric analyses of the relative volumes of particular parenchymal and stromal elements were made a the middle testicular region. Lymphoid and plasma cell populations were compared in all regions, including the efferent ducts. Differences in the distribution of testicular parenchyma and collagen were found; the dorsal region had more parenchyma and less collagen than the middle and ventral areas. Progressive intertubular fibrosis attributed to age was quantified; it was most marked ventrally. Reductions in the relative volumes of germinal cells, Sertoli cells, tubular cytoplasm and parenchyma, and in tubular surface to testis volume ratios with advancing age, indicated a decrease in the capacity per unit volume of testis to produce sperm. Increased immunocyte populations in the efferent duct region in young bulls were attributed to initial antigenic exposure. Increased antigenic exposure, in association with senile degenerative changes of the genitalia, might have caused the increased immunocyte populations seen in very old bulls.", "contents": "A quantitative histological study of changes in the bovine testis and epididymis associated with age. Quantitative histological studies were performed on the testis and epididymis of 80 normal bulls from beef herds in tropical Australia. Four age groups, ranging from nine months to over 10 years were established. Volumetric proportions of parenchymal and collagenous tissues, and tubular or duct surface to tissue volume ratios were determined at the dorsal, middle and ventral testicular regions and at the head, body and tail of the epididymis for each group. Detailed volumetric analyses of the relative volumes of particular parenchymal and stromal elements were made a the middle testicular region. Lymphoid and plasma cell populations were compared in all regions, including the efferent ducts. Differences in the distribution of testicular parenchyma and collagen were found; the dorsal region had more parenchyma and less collagen than the middle and ventral areas. Progressive intertubular fibrosis attributed to age was quantified; it was most marked ventrally. Reductions in the relative volumes of germinal cells, Sertoli cells, tubular cytoplasm and parenchyma, and in tubular surface to testis volume ratios with advancing age, indicated a decrease in the capacity per unit volume of testis to produce sperm. Increased immunocyte populations in the efferent duct region in young bulls were attributed to initial antigenic exposure. Increased antigenic exposure, in association with senile degenerative changes of the genitalia, might have caused the increased immunocyte populations seen in very old bulls.", "PMID": 1166118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1120", "title": "The effect of intramuscular and intramammary vaccination of cows on antibody levels and resistance to intramammary infection by Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Cows were vaccinated simultaneously by the intramuscular and intramammary route with formolised Staphylococcus aureus cells of strains BB, Mexi and 3528. Vaccination resulted in slight increases in serum agglutinin titres, but the levels of the agglutinins in milk and colostrum were not higher in vaccinated cows than in the unvaccinated controls. Vaccination did not result in higher levels of IgM, IgG1, IgG2 or IgA immunoglobulins in serum, colostrum or milk as compared with controls. Vaccinated cows, particularly those in which strain 3528 was used, showed some resistance to infection following challenge with low numbers of viable S aureus Mexi, but there was no resistance to infection when similar numbers of the virulent BB strain were used for challenge. It is concluded that vaccination is unlikely to prevent infection of the bovine udder by S aureus.", "contents": "The effect of intramuscular and intramammary vaccination of cows on antibody levels and resistance to intramammary infection by Staphylococcus aureus. Cows were vaccinated simultaneously by the intramuscular and intramammary route with formolised Staphylococcus aureus cells of strains BB, Mexi and 3528. Vaccination resulted in slight increases in serum agglutinin titres, but the levels of the agglutinins in milk and colostrum were not higher in vaccinated cows than in the unvaccinated controls. Vaccination did not result in higher levels of IgM, IgG1, IgG2 or IgA immunoglobulins in serum, colostrum or milk as compared with controls. Vaccinated cows, particularly those in which strain 3528 was used, showed some resistance to infection following challenge with low numbers of viable S aureus Mexi, but there was no resistance to infection when similar numbers of the virulent BB strain were used for challenge. It is concluded that vaccination is unlikely to prevent infection of the bovine udder by S aureus.", "PMID": 1166119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1121", "title": "Immunisation of cattle against the herpesvirus of malignant catarrhal fever: failure of inactivated culture vaccines with adjuvant.", "content": "Attempts were made to immunise cattle against the herpesvirus of malignant catarrhal fever by inoculating living or formalinised preparations of the agent, propagated in cell cultures and combined with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. High and persistent levels of virus-neutralising antibody were regularly demonstrable, especially following two intramuscular inoculations at an interval of six to eight weeks. In spite of this no protection was demonstrable against parenteral challenge with virulent virus, whether in cell-free or cell-associated form. In a controlled field trial vaccinated cattle showed no evidence of protection against natural challenge by exposure to wildebeest herds. It was concluded that humoral mechanisms are probably not important in determining resistance to infection with virulent MCFV.", "contents": "Immunisation of cattle against the herpesvirus of malignant catarrhal fever: failure of inactivated culture vaccines with adjuvant. Attempts were made to immunise cattle against the herpesvirus of malignant catarrhal fever by inoculating living or formalinised preparations of the agent, propagated in cell cultures and combined with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. High and persistent levels of virus-neutralising antibody were regularly demonstrable, especially following two intramuscular inoculations at an interval of six to eight weeks. In spite of this no protection was demonstrable against parenteral challenge with virulent virus, whether in cell-free or cell-associated form. In a controlled field trial vaccinated cattle showed no evidence of protection against natural challenge by exposure to wildebeest herds. It was concluded that humoral mechanisms are probably not important in determining resistance to infection with virulent MCFV.", "PMID": 1166120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1122", "title": "Morphological studies of the canine intervertebral disc. The assignment of the beagle to the achondroplastic classification.", "content": "The morphological development of the epiphyseal growth plate and intervertebral discs of newborn and nine-month-old beagles, greyhounds and dachshunds have been studied. On the basis of the cellular and matrix development of these canine tissues together with the known characteristics associated with achondroplasia it is concluded that the beagle should be assigned to the chondrodystroid breed classification.", "contents": "Morphological studies of the canine intervertebral disc. The assignment of the beagle to the achondroplastic classification. The morphological development of the epiphyseal growth plate and intervertebral discs of newborn and nine-month-old beagles, greyhounds and dachshunds have been studied. On the basis of the cellular and matrix development of these canine tissues together with the known characteristics associated with achondroplasia it is concluded that the beagle should be assigned to the chondrodystroid breed classification.", "PMID": 1166121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1123", "title": "The histopathology of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks.", "content": "Studies of the general histopathology of the fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chickens have shown abnormal accumulations of the lipid in a variety of organs but no degenerative or inflammatory reactions. Lipid was found in some skeletal muscles, alimentary tract, autonomic ganglia, central nervous system and pineal gland as well as in the liver, kidney and heart. Small amounts of lipid were sometimes seen in the exocrine pancreas, adrenal medulla and epithelium of the thyroid follicles. Lipid deposits in the liver were primarily associated with the hepatic structural unit. The glycogen content of the hepatic cell was reduced. The lipid-metabolising gastrocnemius muscle contained abnormal amounts of lipid but this did not apply to the carbohydrate-metabolising pectoralis major muscle. The thymus did not contain excessive lipid but was significantly smaller in affected than in control birds of similar ages. There was loss of tinctorial distinction between the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland associated with decreased basophilia of the latter region. Many of these morphological changes can be correlated with previously reported biochemical findings and they are discussed in relation to the hyperlipaemia and hypoglycaemia which characterise the disease.", "contents": "The histopathology of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks. Studies of the general histopathology of the fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chickens have shown abnormal accumulations of the lipid in a variety of organs but no degenerative or inflammatory reactions. Lipid was found in some skeletal muscles, alimentary tract, autonomic ganglia, central nervous system and pineal gland as well as in the liver, kidney and heart. Small amounts of lipid were sometimes seen in the exocrine pancreas, adrenal medulla and epithelium of the thyroid follicles. Lipid deposits in the liver were primarily associated with the hepatic structural unit. The glycogen content of the hepatic cell was reduced. The lipid-metabolising gastrocnemius muscle contained abnormal amounts of lipid but this did not apply to the carbohydrate-metabolising pectoralis major muscle. The thymus did not contain excessive lipid but was significantly smaller in affected than in control birds of similar ages. There was loss of tinctorial distinction between the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland associated with decreased basophilia of the latter region. Many of these morphological changes can be correlated with previously reported biochemical findings and they are discussed in relation to the hyperlipaemia and hypoglycaemia which characterise the disease.", "PMID": 1166122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1124", "title": "Immunoglobulin concentrations in ovine body fluids.", "content": "Ovine IgG, IgM and IgA and antisera specific for these immunoglobulins were prepared. The specific antisera were used to estimate the immunoglobulin concentrations in certain sheep body fluids. IgA was shown to be the major immunoglobulin in saliva, lung and lachrymal fluid, tracheobronchial and nasal secretions while IgG was the predominant immunoglobulin in colostrum, milk, bile and serum.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin concentrations in ovine body fluids. Ovine IgG, IgM and IgA and antisera specific for these immunoglobulins were prepared. The specific antisera were used to estimate the immunoglobulin concentrations in certain sheep body fluids. IgA was shown to be the major immunoglobulin in saliva, lung and lachrymal fluid, tracheobronchial and nasal secretions while IgG was the predominant immunoglobulin in colostrum, milk, bile and serum.", "PMID": 1166123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1125", "title": "In vitro response of lymphocytes to Micropolyspora faeni extract in cattle.", "content": "The in vitro stimulation of small lymphocytes to blast formation, measured by the rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation, was used to study the occurrence of cells sensitive to antigens of Micropolyspora faeni in cattle. M faeni extract induced a significant stimulation index in lymphocytes from the peripheral blood cells of cattle from an endemic area in autumn but rarely in spring. Blood lymphocytes from animals from a non-endemic area tested during the winter period rarely showed a positive reaction or only a relatively weak one. On the other hand, lymph node cells, particularly from bronchial lymph nodes, showed positive results in all investigated animals and even in those from non-endemic areas. In three-months-old calves, positive results were obtained mainly with cells from bronchial lymph nodes. It seems therfore that sensitisation to M faeni antigen is a widespread phenomenon but additional circumstances seem to be required for the clinical manifestation of farmer's lung disease in cattle. The most important factor is probably strong and repeated exposure to the M faeni organism. Whether or not existing reactive lymphocytes against M faeni antigen are directly involved in the pathogenesis of farmer's lung disease in cattle by producing a delayed type reaction remains to be clarified.", "contents": "In vitro response of lymphocytes to Micropolyspora faeni extract in cattle. The in vitro stimulation of small lymphocytes to blast formation, measured by the rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation, was used to study the occurrence of cells sensitive to antigens of Micropolyspora faeni in cattle. M faeni extract induced a significant stimulation index in lymphocytes from the peripheral blood cells of cattle from an endemic area in autumn but rarely in spring. Blood lymphocytes from animals from a non-endemic area tested during the winter period rarely showed a positive reaction or only a relatively weak one. On the other hand, lymph node cells, particularly from bronchial lymph nodes, showed positive results in all investigated animals and even in those from non-endemic areas. In three-months-old calves, positive results were obtained mainly with cells from bronchial lymph nodes. It seems therfore that sensitisation to M faeni antigen is a widespread phenomenon but additional circumstances seem to be required for the clinical manifestation of farmer's lung disease in cattle. The most important factor is probably strong and repeated exposure to the M faeni organism. Whether or not existing reactive lymphocytes against M faeni antigen are directly involved in the pathogenesis of farmer's lung disease in cattle by producing a delayed type reaction remains to be clarified.", "PMID": 1166124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1126", "title": "Experimental reproduction of turkey syndrome 65 with Mycoplasma meleagridis and M gallisepticum and associated changes in serum protein characteristics.", "content": "Groups of one-day-old turkeys were infected with two isolates of Mycoplasma meleagridis and one of M gallisepticum. The experiment was terminated at three weeks of age when the incidence of TS65 in the three groups were 32, 24 and 82 per cent respectively. The development of TS65 in the M meleagridis-infected groups was not accompanied by dramatic falls of serum albumin levels thus invalidating the hypothesis that low serum albumin concentration is a primary factor in the development of TS65.", "contents": "Experimental reproduction of turkey syndrome 65 with Mycoplasma meleagridis and M gallisepticum and associated changes in serum protein characteristics. Groups of one-day-old turkeys were infected with two isolates of Mycoplasma meleagridis and one of M gallisepticum. The experiment was terminated at three weeks of age when the incidence of TS65 in the three groups were 32, 24 and 82 per cent respectively. The development of TS65 in the M meleagridis-infected groups was not accompanied by dramatic falls of serum albumin levels thus invalidating the hypothesis that low serum albumin concentration is a primary factor in the development of TS65.", "PMID": 1166125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1127", "title": "The development of the lesions caused by second generation schizonts of Eimeria necatrix.", "content": "First generation merozoites of Eimeria necatrix were found in epithelial cells of the crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn of chicks cells appeared to migrate into the lamina propria, forming nests of second generation schizonts that extended from the external muscularis to the lamina propria of the mid-villus. On the fourth and fifth days the mature schizonts, usually still within the infected cells were dishcarged into adjacent crypts. The muscularis mucosa appeared to be repaired by the formation of new, smooth muscle cells that spliced the broken ends of the ruptured muscle. 'Ghosts' of schizonts were found in the lamina propria on the sixth day after infection.", "contents": "The development of the lesions caused by second generation schizonts of Eimeria necatrix. First generation merozoites of Eimeria necatrix were found in epithelial cells of the crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn of chicks cells appeared to migrate into the lamina propria, forming nests of second generation schizonts that extended from the external muscularis to the lamina propria of the mid-villus. On the fourth and fifth days the mature schizonts, usually still within the infected cells were dishcarged into adjacent crypts. The muscularis mucosa appeared to be repaired by the formation of new, smooth muscle cells that spliced the broken ends of the ruptured muscle. 'Ghosts' of schizonts were found in the lamina propria on the sixth day after infection.", "PMID": 1166126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1128", "title": "Diminished antibody response to rinderpest vaccination in cattle undergoing experimental East Coast fever.", "content": "The immunocompetence of cattle undergoing East Coast Fever (ECF) reactions of varying degrees of intensity was evaluated using the neutralising antibody response of these cattle to the vaccine response was found in animals undergoing severe ECF reactions. The results suggest that the massive lymphoid cell involvement of such severe ECF reactions diminishes the immune responsiveness of cattle to rinderpest vaccine.", "contents": "Diminished antibody response to rinderpest vaccination in cattle undergoing experimental East Coast fever. The immunocompetence of cattle undergoing East Coast Fever (ECF) reactions of varying degrees of intensity was evaluated using the neutralising antibody response of these cattle to the vaccine response was found in animals undergoing severe ECF reactions. The results suggest that the massive lymphoid cell involvement of such severe ECF reactions diminishes the immune responsiveness of cattle to rinderpest vaccine.", "PMID": 1166127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1129", "title": "Fragility of the skin in a cat.", "content": "Skin that showed abnormal fragility was investigated by histochemical and other methods. There was a reduction in the amount of acid glycosaminoglycan but collagen cross-linkage and electron microscopic appearance of the fibres was normal. This differs from the condition of dermatosparaxis noted in other species.", "contents": "Fragility of the skin in a cat. Skin that showed abnormal fragility was investigated by histochemical and other methods. There was a reduction in the amount of acid glycosaminoglycan but collagen cross-linkage and electron microscopic appearance of the fibres was normal. This differs from the condition of dermatosparaxis noted in other species.", "PMID": 1166128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1130", "title": "The effect of fospirate on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.", "content": "Trials with fospirate carried out with 170 dogs infected with either Echinococcus granulosus or Taenia hydatigena indicated that a dose rate of 40 mg/kg given on three occasions and 10 mg/kg given on one occasion eliminated each species, respectively. Increasing the dose rat substantially above 40 mg/kg did not reduce the number of treatments required to eliminate all hydatid organisms. Vomiting was observed in some dogs.", "contents": "The effect of fospirate on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs. Trials with fospirate carried out with 170 dogs infected with either Echinococcus granulosus or Taenia hydatigena indicated that a dose rate of 40 mg/kg given on three occasions and 10 mg/kg given on one occasion eliminated each species, respectively. Increasing the dose rat substantially above 40 mg/kg did not reduce the number of treatments required to eliminate all hydatid organisms. Vomiting was observed in some dogs.", "PMID": 1166129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1131", "title": "Preliminary characterisation of paramyxovirus isolated from a parrot.", "content": "A virus, designated 0121, which was isolated from a parrot, was shown to be a paramyxovirus, which was serologically related to the paramyxoviruses Bangor/flinch/N. Ireland/73 (Bangor) and Yucaipa/chicken/California/60(PMY). However, the 0121 virus differed in several properties from both the PMY and the Bangor viruses. The virus was not pathogenic for chickens. I was designated Paramyxovirus: Parrot/England/0121/74.", "contents": "Preliminary characterisation of paramyxovirus isolated from a parrot. A virus, designated 0121, which was isolated from a parrot, was shown to be a paramyxovirus, which was serologically related to the paramyxoviruses Bangor/flinch/N. Ireland/73 (Bangor) and Yucaipa/chicken/California/60(PMY). However, the 0121 virus differed in several properties from both the PMY and the Bangor viruses. The virus was not pathogenic for chickens. I was designated Paramyxovirus: Parrot/England/0121/74.", "PMID": 1166130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1132", "title": "The role of colostrum in glomerulonephritis of Finnish Landrace lambs: effect of cross-fostering newly born Finnish Landrace and Cheviot lambs.", "content": "Newly-born Finnish Landrace and Cheviot lambs were cross-fostered to determine the role of colostrum in the development of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis of the Finnish Landrace breed. Severe glomerulonephritis occurred in four Finnish Landrace lambs reared by their own dams. One of six siblings of affected lambs, all reared by Cheviot foster mothers, developed a milder focal form of the disease. No glomerulonephritis occurred in three Cheviot lambs reared by Finnish Landrace foster mothers whose own naturally reared lambs died of the disease. An artificially reared colostrum-free Finnish Landrace lamb became severely affected, though its naturally reared sibling had no renal disease in sequential biopsies. It is concluded that colostrum has no primary role in the development of the disease.", "contents": "The role of colostrum in glomerulonephritis of Finnish Landrace lambs: effect of cross-fostering newly born Finnish Landrace and Cheviot lambs. Newly-born Finnish Landrace and Cheviot lambs were cross-fostered to determine the role of colostrum in the development of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis of the Finnish Landrace breed. Severe glomerulonephritis occurred in four Finnish Landrace lambs reared by their own dams. One of six siblings of affected lambs, all reared by Cheviot foster mothers, developed a milder focal form of the disease. No glomerulonephritis occurred in three Cheviot lambs reared by Finnish Landrace foster mothers whose own naturally reared lambs died of the disease. An artificially reared colostrum-free Finnish Landrace lamb became severely affected, though its naturally reared sibling had no renal disease in sequential biopsies. It is concluded that colostrum has no primary role in the development of the disease.", "PMID": 1166131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1133", "title": "Functional recovery from spinal cord trauma following normothermic irrigation in dogs.", "content": "The spinal cords of 16 normal dogs were exposed via dorsal laminectomies and damaged with a known impact force. In eight dogs the injured portions of the spinal cords were irrigated, without durotomy, for 2 h with normothermic saline. The remaining eight dogs were used as controls and were not irrigated. The results showed that normothemic irrigation of damaged spinal cords, immediately after impact trauma, had a significant beneficial effect on the functional recovery of the spinal cords.", "contents": "Functional recovery from spinal cord trauma following normothermic irrigation in dogs. The spinal cords of 16 normal dogs were exposed via dorsal laminectomies and damaged with a known impact force. In eight dogs the injured portions of the spinal cords were irrigated, without durotomy, for 2 h with normothermic saline. The remaining eight dogs were used as controls and were not irrigated. The results showed that normothemic irrigation of damaged spinal cords, immediately after impact trauma, had a significant beneficial effect on the functional recovery of the spinal cords.", "PMID": 1166132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1134", "title": "Pasture levels of tryptophan in relation to outbreaks of fog fever.", "content": "Oral administration of tryptophan induces in cattle clinical signs and lung lesions similar to those of fog fever. Tryptophan assays were performed by a microbiological method on various herbage samples. There was no significant difference in tryptophan content between herbage from two normal pastures and from three pastures in which outbreaks of fog fever occurred.", "contents": "Pasture levels of tryptophan in relation to outbreaks of fog fever. Oral administration of tryptophan induces in cattle clinical signs and lung lesions similar to those of fog fever. Tryptophan assays were performed by a microbiological method on various herbage samples. There was no significant difference in tryptophan content between herbage from two normal pastures and from three pastures in which outbreaks of fog fever occurred.", "PMID": 1166133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1135", "title": "The effect of mebendazole on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.", "content": "The effect of micronised mebendazole on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydratigena has been investigated in a trial involving 175 dogs. The hydatid organism was eliminated from the dogs at dose rates of either 160 mg/kg given on one occasion or 20 mg/kg given on two occasions. A single dose of 20 mg/kg eliminated T hydratigena. The drug was readily accepted when given in food and there were no untoward sequelae.", "contents": "The effect of mebendazole on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs. The effect of micronised mebendazole on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydratigena has been investigated in a trial involving 175 dogs. The hydatid organism was eliminated from the dogs at dose rates of either 160 mg/kg given on one occasion or 20 mg/kg given on two occasions. A single dose of 20 mg/kg eliminated T hydratigena. The drug was readily accepted when given in food and there were no untoward sequelae.", "PMID": 1166134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1136", "title": "The composition of the liver lipids of the ewe during pregnancy and lactation.", "content": "During late pregnancy and early lactation there were significant increases in the concentrations of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters in the liver lipids of the ewe. These changes were accompanied by higher concentrations of oleic acid and lower concentrations of stearic acid in both fractions, and may be related to an increased mobilisation of fatty acids from adipose tissue.", "contents": "The composition of the liver lipids of the ewe during pregnancy and lactation. During late pregnancy and early lactation there were significant increases in the concentrations of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters in the liver lipids of the ewe. These changes were accompanied by higher concentrations of oleic acid and lower concentrations of stearic acid in both fractions, and may be related to an increased mobilisation of fatty acids from adipose tissue.", "PMID": 1166135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1137", "title": "The use of disophenol in studies of the pathogenicity of the arrested fourth-stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus in the sheep.", "content": "Disphenol was administered to sheep infected with Haemonchus contortus in order to prevent the development of populations of adult worms, and studies were made of the pathogenicity of the arrested fourth-stage larvae which remained. The treated sheep showed elevated plasma pepsinogen and abomasal pH, predominantly negative dry-matter balance, and evidence of greater fluid loss, including plasma, into the gastro-intestinal tract. It was concluded that arrested larvae may cause damage to the abomasal mucosa.", "contents": "The use of disophenol in studies of the pathogenicity of the arrested fourth-stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus in the sheep. Disphenol was administered to sheep infected with Haemonchus contortus in order to prevent the development of populations of adult worms, and studies were made of the pathogenicity of the arrested fourth-stage larvae which remained. The treated sheep showed elevated plasma pepsinogen and abomasal pH, predominantly negative dry-matter balance, and evidence of greater fluid loss, including plasma, into the gastro-intestinal tract. It was concluded that arrested larvae may cause damage to the abomasal mucosa.", "PMID": 1166136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1138", "title": "Clinical significance of the measurement of membrane diffusing capacity and pulmonary cappillary blood volume.", "content": "The results of 64 membranes diffusing capacity (Dm) and pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) estimations were analysed to assess the clinical significance of these measurements. These estimations were performed on 18 healthy subjects, 19 patients with mitral valvular involvement of rheumatic aetiology, 15 patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema, 8 patients with chronic bronchitis alone, and 4 patients with pulmonary embolism. It was observed that Dm correlated very well with the pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) measured during the inhalation of room air in all the groups of subjects. In patients with rheumatic heart disease, the DLCO was affected little by even large changes in Vc, whereas it ran closely parallel to the Dm in these subjects. In the past Dm has been considered to be an unreliable estimation, varying greatly as a result of small errors in the measurement of DLCO. This appears to be relatively true only in normal subjects having low Vc/Dm ratio. In a majority of diverse clinical conditions where the Vc/Dm ratio is increased, the Dm becomes a more reliable estimation. In these patients the DLCO itself is a good index of the membrane diffusing capacity.", "contents": "Clinical significance of the measurement of membrane diffusing capacity and pulmonary cappillary blood volume. The results of 64 membranes diffusing capacity (Dm) and pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) estimations were analysed to assess the clinical significance of these measurements. These estimations were performed on 18 healthy subjects, 19 patients with mitral valvular involvement of rheumatic aetiology, 15 patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema, 8 patients with chronic bronchitis alone, and 4 patients with pulmonary embolism. It was observed that Dm correlated very well with the pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) measured during the inhalation of room air in all the groups of subjects. In patients with rheumatic heart disease, the DLCO was affected little by even large changes in Vc, whereas it ran closely parallel to the Dm in these subjects. In the past Dm has been considered to be an unreliable estimation, varying greatly as a result of small errors in the measurement of DLCO. This appears to be relatively true only in normal subjects having low Vc/Dm ratio. In a majority of diverse clinical conditions where the Vc/Dm ratio is increased, the Dm becomes a more reliable estimation. In these patients the DLCO itself is a good index of the membrane diffusing capacity.", "PMID": 1166137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1139", "title": "Static recoil of the lungs and static compliance in healthy children.", "content": "The static lung compliance was studied in 57 healthy children, 6 to 14 years old. A new method called ' end-expiratory-compliane' (C1 EE) has been developed and the results were compared to the data obtained from ZAPLETAL et al. with the 'static pressure-volume' curves technique. The advantages of the method are discussed. The static lung compliance of children increases with height. Static lung compliance value is greater than dynamic lung compliance. This difference is discussed. Static recoil pressure of the lung was measured by the oesophageal baloon technique at so-called 'zero volume' of air in the balloon. At functional residual capacity (FRC), i.e. 41-44% total lung capacity (TLC), static recoil pressure is negative in all children, according to this technique. The taller the child, the more negative is the intrathoracic pressure at the same lung volume in percent of TLC, the slopes of the P/V curve being significantly different in younger and in older children. These data are compared to those observed in adults. The elastic properties of the lungs in younger children seem to be similar to those in older adults as a result of lung growth and aging, which successively influence the elastic behaviour of the lung tissue. The influence of the experimental conditions (intra-oesophageal ballon) on the data collected in children is emphasized.", "contents": "Static recoil of the lungs and static compliance in healthy children. The static lung compliance was studied in 57 healthy children, 6 to 14 years old. A new method called ' end-expiratory-compliane' (C1 EE) has been developed and the results were compared to the data obtained from ZAPLETAL et al. with the 'static pressure-volume' curves technique. The advantages of the method are discussed. The static lung compliance of children increases with height. Static lung compliance value is greater than dynamic lung compliance. This difference is discussed. Static recoil pressure of the lung was measured by the oesophageal baloon technique at so-called 'zero volume' of air in the balloon. At functional residual capacity (FRC), i.e. 41-44% total lung capacity (TLC), static recoil pressure is negative in all children, according to this technique. The taller the child, the more negative is the intrathoracic pressure at the same lung volume in percent of TLC, the slopes of the P/V curve being significantly different in younger and in older children. These data are compared to those observed in adults. The elastic properties of the lungs in younger children seem to be similar to those in older adults as a result of lung growth and aging, which successively influence the elastic behaviour of the lung tissue. The influence of the experimental conditions (intra-oesophageal ballon) on the data collected in children is emphasized.", "PMID": 1166138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1140", "title": "Pulmonary function in metastatic carcinoma to the lung.", "content": "Pulmonary function tests, at rest and during exercise, were performed in nine patients with metastatic carcinoma to the lung. The results are compared to the usual characteristics of diffuse interstitial fibrosis. Differences also occur between the pure multiple metastases pattern and the lymphangitic one. Literature on this topic is reviewed.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in metastatic carcinoma to the lung. Pulmonary function tests, at rest and during exercise, were performed in nine patients with metastatic carcinoma to the lung. The results are compared to the usual characteristics of diffuse interstitial fibrosis. Differences also occur between the pure multiple metastases pattern and the lymphangitic one. Literature on this topic is reviewed.", "PMID": 1166139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1141", "title": "Effect of isosorbide dinitrate on hemodynamics and respiration of patients with coronary artery disease and of patients with chronic cor pulmonale.", "content": "The influence of isosorbide dinitrate on hemodynamics and gas exchange was studied in 10 patients with coronary artery disease and 10 patients with chronic cor pulmonale. A significant decrease in total pulmonary vascular resistance was found in both groups. This effect seemed mainly to be due to improved conditions for the left ventricle in the patients with coronary heart disease, while it could be explained by vasodilatation of the precapillary pulmonary resistive vessels in the patients with cor pulmonale. In the latter group, there was also a significant increase in the alveolo-arterial PO-2 gradient.", "contents": "Effect of isosorbide dinitrate on hemodynamics and respiration of patients with coronary artery disease and of patients with chronic cor pulmonale. The influence of isosorbide dinitrate on hemodynamics and gas exchange was studied in 10 patients with coronary artery disease and 10 patients with chronic cor pulmonale. A significant decrease in total pulmonary vascular resistance was found in both groups. This effect seemed mainly to be due to improved conditions for the left ventricle in the patients with coronary heart disease, while it could be explained by vasodilatation of the precapillary pulmonary resistive vessels in the patients with cor pulmonale. In the latter group, there was also a significant increase in the alveolo-arterial PO-2 gradient.", "PMID": 1166140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1142", "title": "On the theory of base excess curve in the Siggaard-Andersen nomogram.", "content": "Two definitions of the base excess (BE) curve are known. The first definition is a geometrical one. We call the second definition the physicochemical one. These definitions are only valid if the water shift between red blood cells and plasma caused by pH alteration is neglected. We show that under this condition the BE curve cannot be calculated according to the mentioned definition. On the contrary we get a well-defined BE curve by calculation only if water shift is taken into account. In that case we must modify the physicochemical definition. The modified equations redefining the BE curve are derived. Furthermore the equivalence of both the geometrical definition and the modified physicochemical definition is shown. Using the modified definition the BE curve is calculated and compared to the curve measured by SIGGARD-ANDERSEN.", "contents": "On the theory of base excess curve in the Siggaard-Andersen nomogram. Two definitions of the base excess (BE) curve are known. The first definition is a geometrical one. We call the second definition the physicochemical one. These definitions are only valid if the water shift between red blood cells and plasma caused by pH alteration is neglected. We show that under this condition the BE curve cannot be calculated according to the mentioned definition. On the contrary we get a well-defined BE curve by calculation only if water shift is taken into account. In that case we must modify the physicochemical definition. The modified equations redefining the BE curve are derived. Furthermore the equivalence of both the geometrical definition and the modified physicochemical definition is shown. Using the modified definition the BE curve is calculated and compared to the curve measured by SIGGARD-ANDERSEN.", "PMID": 1166141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1143", "title": "Two new pulmonary functional indexes suggested by a simple mathematical model.", "content": "We propose a new experiment consisting of several 'single-breath' tests made during different stages of nitrogen (or other inert gas) washouts and then measuring the slope of the alveolar plateau divided by the mean expiratory nitrogen concentration (normalized slope). A simple mathematical analysis predicts that: (a) The normalized slope should grow in function of the breath number n (after the beginning of the washout) chosen to perform the single breath test. It should reach an asymptotic value which is an index of the asynchroism of the expiratory movement (sequential ventilation): Isv. (b) The index of the distribution of the ventilation (IDV) is not the slope of the alveolar plateau as usually considered, but the slope of the normalized slope of the alveolar plateau plotted in function of n and divided by ISV.", "contents": "Two new pulmonary functional indexes suggested by a simple mathematical model. We propose a new experiment consisting of several 'single-breath' tests made during different stages of nitrogen (or other inert gas) washouts and then measuring the slope of the alveolar plateau divided by the mean expiratory nitrogen concentration (normalized slope). A simple mathematical analysis predicts that: (a) The normalized slope should grow in function of the breath number n (after the beginning of the washout) chosen to perform the single breath test. It should reach an asymptotic value which is an index of the asynchroism of the expiratory movement (sequential ventilation): Isv. (b) The index of the distribution of the ventilation (IDV) is not the slope of the alveolar plateau as usually considered, but the slope of the normalized slope of the alveolar plateau plotted in function of n and divided by ISV.", "PMID": 1166142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1144", "title": "[Stenosis of the cervical spinal canal: acquired? congenital].", "content": "The authors show that it is impossible to describe congenital stenosis of the cervical rachidian canal with a particular morphology that would make it possible to recognize the condition before the appearance of neurological signs. They do not deny its existence, but at the moment there is no proof, and hope of a prophylaxis for the neuropathy is not justified. On the other hand, there is clearly a possibility of an acquired stenosis. The term arthrosis is so generalized that it has lost nearly all its meaning. The rheumatologist knows the complex lesions comprise osteophytes and thickening of the soft parts next to the bone, and can be accompanied by hypertrophy of the neighbouring bone tissue; projection of the disc, proceeding from a soft hernia to diffuse protrusion and to ossification, is one aspect among others. It is useful to analyse these factors and those concerning the vessels and nerve tissues both in the study of individual cases and in general studies.", "contents": "[Stenosis of the cervical spinal canal: acquired? congenital]. The authors show that it is impossible to describe congenital stenosis of the cervical rachidian canal with a particular morphology that would make it possible to recognize the condition before the appearance of neurological signs. They do not deny its existence, but at the moment there is no proof, and hope of a prophylaxis for the neuropathy is not justified. On the other hand, there is clearly a possibility of an acquired stenosis. The term arthrosis is so generalized that it has lost nearly all its meaning. The rheumatologist knows the complex lesions comprise osteophytes and thickening of the soft parts next to the bone, and can be accompanied by hypertrophy of the neighbouring bone tissue; projection of the disc, proceeding from a soft hernia to diffuse protrusion and to ossification, is one aspect among others. It is useful to analyse these factors and those concerning the vessels and nerve tissues both in the study of individual cases and in general studies.", "PMID": 1166268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1145", "title": "[Necrosis and ischemia of the femoral head during arteritis of the lower extremities. Survey of 138 patients with arteritis and 159 aortographies].", "content": "Among 138 subjects suffering form arteritis of the lower limbs, the authors found clinical signs of lesions in one or both hips in 47.6 percent of cases and radiological signs in one or both hips in 42.8 percent of cases. Five patients presented a distinct flattening of the femoral head indicating necrosis at stage III, 19 showed voluminous or multiple dense islets in the femoral collar or head indicating necrotic lesions at stage II, and 26 showed narrowing of the superior joint space mostly on the internal side. The authors think ihat the latter sign indicates ischaemic chondropathy. Eleven of the 138 patients had undergone pertrochanteric phlebography : this was abnormal in all 11 cases. At the same time the authors studied the coxofemorals on 159 aortograms and found, among other anomalies, 2 cases of advanced necrosis at the stage of rupture (stage III). This study tends to confirm the occurrence of necrotic lesions of the femur that are secondary to arteriopathies.", "contents": "[Necrosis and ischemia of the femoral head during arteritis of the lower extremities. Survey of 138 patients with arteritis and 159 aortographies]. Among 138 subjects suffering form arteritis of the lower limbs, the authors found clinical signs of lesions in one or both hips in 47.6 percent of cases and radiological signs in one or both hips in 42.8 percent of cases. Five patients presented a distinct flattening of the femoral head indicating necrosis at stage III, 19 showed voluminous or multiple dense islets in the femoral collar or head indicating necrotic lesions at stage II, and 26 showed narrowing of the superior joint space mostly on the internal side. The authors think ihat the latter sign indicates ischaemic chondropathy. Eleven of the 138 patients had undergone pertrochanteric phlebography : this was abnormal in all 11 cases. At the same time the authors studied the coxofemorals on 159 aortograms and found, among other anomalies, 2 cases of advanced necrosis at the stage of rupture (stage III). This study tends to confirm the occurrence of necrotic lesions of the femur that are secondary to arteriopathies.", "PMID": 1166269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1146", "title": "[Lymphoblast transformation test in osteoarticular tuberculosis].", "content": "Bacteriological proof of an osteoarticular tuberculous lesion is difficult to obtain, notably in Pott's disease. The authors, on the basis of earlier work in the field of pulmonary pathology, wished to assess the value of the lymphocyte transformation test in the diagnosis of this disease. Old tuberculin from the Pasteur Institute and LP48 tuberoulin were used at different concentrations. Out of 10 tuberculous patients (8 with Pott's disease and 2 with white tumours), 9 had positive tests, of which 7 were strongly positive ; the average transformation value was 13 percent. This positiveness was a function of the condition of the patient, of the extent of the lesions, and of the treatment. Of the 25 control patients affected by an infectious, nonmicrobial or other osteoarticular process, 17 gave negative results in the test, and 8 were positive, two of whom had high values. The average transformation value was 4 percent. From this study it seems that a negative result in the LTT is a valuable argument against the diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculois ; a weak positive result indicates tuberculin hypersensitivity without absolutely defining evolution of tuberculois ; a strongly positive test may be encountered in hyperergic states connected with prolonged infectious conditions in bones or joints.", "contents": "[Lymphoblast transformation test in osteoarticular tuberculosis]. Bacteriological proof of an osteoarticular tuberculous lesion is difficult to obtain, notably in Pott's disease. The authors, on the basis of earlier work in the field of pulmonary pathology, wished to assess the value of the lymphocyte transformation test in the diagnosis of this disease. Old tuberculin from the Pasteur Institute and LP48 tuberoulin were used at different concentrations. Out of 10 tuberculous patients (8 with Pott's disease and 2 with white tumours), 9 had positive tests, of which 7 were strongly positive ; the average transformation value was 13 percent. This positiveness was a function of the condition of the patient, of the extent of the lesions, and of the treatment. Of the 25 control patients affected by an infectious, nonmicrobial or other osteoarticular process, 17 gave negative results in the test, and 8 were positive, two of whom had high values. The average transformation value was 4 percent. From this study it seems that a negative result in the LTT is a valuable argument against the diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculois ; a weak positive result indicates tuberculin hypersensitivity without absolutely defining evolution of tuberculois ; a strongly positive test may be encountered in hyperergic states connected with prolonged infectious conditions in bones or joints.", "PMID": 1166270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1147", "title": "Intra-articular triamcinolone hexacetonide and osmic acid in persistent synovitis of the knee.", "content": "43 rheumatoid knees with persistent effusion were treated by intra-articular injections of triamcinolone hexacetonide (40 mg) or combined triamcinolone - osmic acid. Both treatments produced long-lasting improvements in the treated knees. Osmic acid seemed to potentiate the effect of the steroid. This demonstrated by measurement of joint circumference and local 99mTc uptake. In the general clinical evaluation the difference between the treatments was not noticeable. The percentage of 'excellent' and 'good' improvements was 36 at 12 months in the steroid-group and 44 in the steroid-osmic acid group.", "contents": "Intra-articular triamcinolone hexacetonide and osmic acid in persistent synovitis of the knee. 43 rheumatoid knees with persistent effusion were treated by intra-articular injections of triamcinolone hexacetonide (40 mg) or combined triamcinolone - osmic acid. Both treatments produced long-lasting improvements in the treated knees. Osmic acid seemed to potentiate the effect of the steroid. This demonstrated by measurement of joint circumference and local 99mTc uptake. In the general clinical evaluation the difference between the treatments was not noticeable. The percentage of 'excellent' and 'good' improvements was 36 at 12 months in the steroid-group and 44 in the steroid-osmic acid group.", "PMID": 1166278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1148", "title": "Response of synovial immunocytes to intra-articular agents in experimental arthritis.", "content": "In rabbits with immune arthritis the numbers of lymphoid aggregates and pyroninophilic and non-pyroninophilic cells per unit area of synovium were calculated from sections taken at various intervals after intra-articular drug injections. A model of immune arthritis based on the results is presented. In the active phase of the arthritis, plasma cells, plasmablasts and lymphoid aggregates proliferate, while the number of lymphocytes decreases. In the inactive phase after treatment, the cell pattern is the reverse. The ratio of pyroninophilic to non-pyroninophilic cells proved to be a good measure of the activity of the arthritis. A favourable therapeutic effect was achieved with triamcinolone hexacetonide and combined steroid-osmic acid, but not with osmic acid alone.", "contents": "Response of synovial immunocytes to intra-articular agents in experimental arthritis. In rabbits with immune arthritis the numbers of lymphoid aggregates and pyroninophilic and non-pyroninophilic cells per unit area of synovium were calculated from sections taken at various intervals after intra-articular drug injections. A model of immune arthritis based on the results is presented. In the active phase of the arthritis, plasma cells, plasmablasts and lymphoid aggregates proliferate, while the number of lymphocytes decreases. In the inactive phase after treatment, the cell pattern is the reverse. The ratio of pyroninophilic to non-pyroninophilic cells proved to be a good measure of the activity of the arthritis. A favourable therapeutic effect was achieved with triamcinolone hexacetonide and combined steroid-osmic acid, but not with osmic acid alone.", "PMID": 1166279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1149", "title": "Thermographic evaluation of intra-articular treatment with radioactive yttrium (90Y) in 62 rheumatoid knee joints.", "content": "A total of 62 rheumatoid knee joints were treated with intra-articular 90Y. Results were assessed by clinical, roentgenologic and thermographic examination after a six-month follow-up. The majority of the joints had moderate roentgenologic manifestations of RA before treatment. The roentgenologic stage of the disease did not change during the follow-up period. The thermographic heat emission pattern was pathologic in all cases prior to treatment. The clinical cure and improvement in the thermographic pattern were in agreement in 44 of 50 completely examined cases (88%). The thermographic pattern was unchanged or worse in six knees with a clinically satisfactory anti-inflammatory response. This is probably due to remaining deeper inflammatory activity or to the relatively short observation period of six months, during which time only the clinical symptoms disappeared, while hyperthermy based on increased vascularity remained. The thermographic pattern remained pathologic in all knees without a clinical response to 90Y. Thermography is a safe and reliable complementary method for recording the anti-inflammatory effect of irradiation synovectomy on rheumatoid knees.", "contents": "Thermographic evaluation of intra-articular treatment with radioactive yttrium (90Y) in 62 rheumatoid knee joints. A total of 62 rheumatoid knee joints were treated with intra-articular 90Y. Results were assessed by clinical, roentgenologic and thermographic examination after a six-month follow-up. The majority of the joints had moderate roentgenologic manifestations of RA before treatment. The roentgenologic stage of the disease did not change during the follow-up period. The thermographic heat emission pattern was pathologic in all cases prior to treatment. The clinical cure and improvement in the thermographic pattern were in agreement in 44 of 50 completely examined cases (88%). The thermographic pattern was unchanged or worse in six knees with a clinically satisfactory anti-inflammatory response. This is probably due to remaining deeper inflammatory activity or to the relatively short observation period of six months, during which time only the clinical symptoms disappeared, while hyperthermy based on increased vascularity remained. The thermographic pattern remained pathologic in all knees without a clinical response to 90Y. Thermography is a safe and reliable complementary method for recording the anti-inflammatory effect of irradiation synovectomy on rheumatoid knees.", "PMID": 1166280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1150", "title": "The influence of social factors in expectations of pain associated with osteoarthritis.", "content": "A survey was conducted on a sample of 113 individuals who might not be under medical care at the time of the study. A stratified random sample was drawn from two lists; one from a population of college teaching faculty who for purposes of the study were defined as upper class, and a second from individuals interviewed in various lower class neighbourhoods in a large metropolitan area. Among other questions the respondents were asked about the amount of pain they would expect to have with arthritis. Lower class, Blacks, and women respondents expect greater amounts of pain than do upper class, Whites, and men. Age, religion, and whether or not a person is married and living with a spouse do not appear to be important factors in an individual's expectations of the amount of pain associated with arthritis.", "contents": "The influence of social factors in expectations of pain associated with osteoarthritis. A survey was conducted on a sample of 113 individuals who might not be under medical care at the time of the study. A stratified random sample was drawn from two lists; one from a population of college teaching faculty who for purposes of the study were defined as upper class, and a second from individuals interviewed in various lower class neighbourhoods in a large metropolitan area. Among other questions the respondents were asked about the amount of pain they would expect to have with arthritis. Lower class, Blacks, and women respondents expect greater amounts of pain than do upper class, Whites, and men. Age, religion, and whether or not a person is married and living with a spouse do not appear to be important factors in an individual's expectations of the amount of pain associated with arthritis.", "PMID": 1166281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1151", "title": "Rheumatic fever and Yersinia arthritis. Criteria and diagnostic problems in a changing disease pattern.", "content": "A study of rheumatic fever (RF) in Finland and Sweden was carried out by examining (a) the patients with RF in two hospitals in Helsinki, Finland during the years 1969-72, (b) the case reports of RF patients in Uppsals hospital region (UHR) in Sweden during the years 1968-69. In Helsinki there were 22 and 2n UHR 16 patients with an acceptably certain diagnosis of RF. Of the five \"major manifestations\" according to Jones' revised criteria (Circulation, 32: 664, 1965), carditis and polyarthritis were the most valuable diagnostic criteria, whereas only 8 cases of the whole material had erythema marginatum. The two remaining criteria, chorea and subcutaneous nodules, have lost their diagnostic value, since they are extremely rare nowadays. The diagnosis of RF was substantially influenced by arthritis associated with Yersinia enterocolitica infection. Some of the patients with YA met completely the Jones revised criteria for the diagnosis of RF. The symptomatology of Yersinia arthritis (YA) and that of RF are similar in some cases it is impossible to separate then even on the basis of serological tests. Diagnostic criteria should therefore be viewed against the geographical distribution of the disease. In addition to the required Jones' criteria, we concluded that at least in Sweden and Finland, in order to be categorized under RF, a patient must demonstrate clinical and serological evidence of acute streptococcal infection and, furthermore, Yersinia infection must be excluded.", "contents": "Rheumatic fever and Yersinia arthritis. Criteria and diagnostic problems in a changing disease pattern. A study of rheumatic fever (RF) in Finland and Sweden was carried out by examining (a) the patients with RF in two hospitals in Helsinki, Finland during the years 1969-72, (b) the case reports of RF patients in Uppsals hospital region (UHR) in Sweden during the years 1968-69. In Helsinki there were 22 and 2n UHR 16 patients with an acceptably certain diagnosis of RF. Of the five \"major manifestations\" according to Jones' revised criteria (Circulation, 32: 664, 1965), carditis and polyarthritis were the most valuable diagnostic criteria, whereas only 8 cases of the whole material had erythema marginatum. The two remaining criteria, chorea and subcutaneous nodules, have lost their diagnostic value, since they are extremely rare nowadays. The diagnosis of RF was substantially influenced by arthritis associated with Yersinia enterocolitica infection. Some of the patients with YA met completely the Jones revised criteria for the diagnosis of RF. The symptomatology of Yersinia arthritis (YA) and that of RF are similar in some cases it is impossible to separate then even on the basis of serological tests. Diagnostic criteria should therefore be viewed against the geographical distribution of the disease. In addition to the required Jones' criteria, we concluded that at least in Sweden and Finland, in order to be categorized under RF, a patient must demonstrate clinical and serological evidence of acute streptococcal infection and, furthermore, Yersinia infection must be excluded.", "PMID": 1166282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1152", "title": "Mycoplasma antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Sera of 100 patients under examination at the Outpatient Department of the Rheumatism Foundation Hospital were studied by the indirect hemagglutination technique, using both mycoplasma reference strains, and isolates from RA and SLE as antigens. The series consisted of five groups: I, definite RA (49 patients); II, probable RA (11); III, possible RA or nonspecific inflammatory arthritis (34); IV, osteoarthrosis (2); V, Reiter's disease (4). Mycoplasma antibodies in titres of 16 or higher were encountered in groups I-IV in 26, 8, 19, and one case respectively. Twenty-one out of 106 blood donors had antibodies against an isolate from RA and/or M. arthritidis strain PG 6. The titres found were 16 or 32, except in two cases, 128. In the definite RA group, 21 out of 26 patients possessing mycoplasma antibodies, showed titres of 16 or higher against isolates from RA and/or SLE, 12 against M. arthritidis strain PG 6 and/or Campo, 8 against M. fermentans, and 6 against a T-strain from NGU. Antibodies against M. arthritidis strain Campo were found more often than against strain PG 6. The longer the duration of the arthritic symptoms was, the more frequent seemed also to be the occurrence of mycoplasma antibodies.", "contents": "Mycoplasma antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Sera of 100 patients under examination at the Outpatient Department of the Rheumatism Foundation Hospital were studied by the indirect hemagglutination technique, using both mycoplasma reference strains, and isolates from RA and SLE as antigens. The series consisted of five groups: I, definite RA (49 patients); II, probable RA (11); III, possible RA or nonspecific inflammatory arthritis (34); IV, osteoarthrosis (2); V, Reiter's disease (4). Mycoplasma antibodies in titres of 16 or higher were encountered in groups I-IV in 26, 8, 19, and one case respectively. Twenty-one out of 106 blood donors had antibodies against an isolate from RA and/or M. arthritidis strain PG 6. The titres found were 16 or 32, except in two cases, 128. In the definite RA group, 21 out of 26 patients possessing mycoplasma antibodies, showed titres of 16 or higher against isolates from RA and/or SLE, 12 against M. arthritidis strain PG 6 and/or Campo, 8 against M. fermentans, and 6 against a T-strain from NGU. Antibodies against M. arthritidis strain Campo were found more often than against strain PG 6. The longer the duration of the arthritic symptoms was, the more frequent seemed also to be the occurrence of mycoplasma antibodies.", "PMID": 1166283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1153", "title": "Effect of an intravenously administered bile acid (chenodeoxycholic acid) on rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "On the basis of the earlier observations of an ameliorating effect of jaundice on rheumatoid arthritis, the purpose of the present study was to confirm the influence of bile acids on rheumatoid arthritis. Ten patients were treated with intravenous infusions of chenodeoxycholic acid in single doses of 1-2 g, given over 5-8 hours on 1-4 consecutive days. The concentration of serum bile acids during the infusions were determined. The effect of the treatment was evaluated by means of the subjective experience of the patients, together with the ESR and Lansbury's clinical index. In 6 of the patients, pain relief was obtained for periods of up to 14 days after the last infusion, whereas the symptoms in the remaining 4 patients were unchanged. Where the ESR and the clinical index were concerned, it was characteristic that the course rose and fell, most often with an increase in initial values followed by a cecrease to below the pre-treatment level. In relation to the bile acid infusions, a brief rise, in most cases marked, was observed in the rheuma factors (Waaler-Rose). The serum bile acid concentrations registered during the infusions varied widely. However, no relation was observed between the concentrations and the effect. In all patients, phlebitis occurred in conjunction with each of the infusions. Transient, slight signs of liver injury were recorded in 3 patients, and, in 1 further patient, these signs were more pronounced and accompanied by fever together with deterioration of the joint condition. In all cases, the symptoms had disappeared within 1 week. It is concluded that a certain effect of the bile acid infusions on the clinical condition of rheumatoid arthritis and its related parameters was established. However, the effect was both temporary and inadequate, and especially because of the inevitable occurrence of phlebitis treatment cannot be recommended in tis present form.", "contents": "Effect of an intravenously administered bile acid (chenodeoxycholic acid) on rheumatoid arthritis. On the basis of the earlier observations of an ameliorating effect of jaundice on rheumatoid arthritis, the purpose of the present study was to confirm the influence of bile acids on rheumatoid arthritis. Ten patients were treated with intravenous infusions of chenodeoxycholic acid in single doses of 1-2 g, given over 5-8 hours on 1-4 consecutive days. The concentration of serum bile acids during the infusions were determined. The effect of the treatment was evaluated by means of the subjective experience of the patients, together with the ESR and Lansbury's clinical index. In 6 of the patients, pain relief was obtained for periods of up to 14 days after the last infusion, whereas the symptoms in the remaining 4 patients were unchanged. Where the ESR and the clinical index were concerned, it was characteristic that the course rose and fell, most often with an increase in initial values followed by a cecrease to below the pre-treatment level. In relation to the bile acid infusions, a brief rise, in most cases marked, was observed in the rheuma factors (Waaler-Rose). The serum bile acid concentrations registered during the infusions varied widely. However, no relation was observed between the concentrations and the effect. In all patients, phlebitis occurred in conjunction with each of the infusions. Transient, slight signs of liver injury were recorded in 3 patients, and, in 1 further patient, these signs were more pronounced and accompanied by fever together with deterioration of the joint condition. In all cases, the symptoms had disappeared within 1 week. It is concluded that a certain effect of the bile acid infusions on the clinical condition of rheumatoid arthritis and its related parameters was established. However, the effect was both temporary and inadequate, and especially because of the inevitable occurrence of phlebitis treatment cannot be recommended in tis present form.", "PMID": 1166284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1154", "title": "Prognostic factors in rehabilitation after severe head injury. Assessment six months after trauma.", "content": "After initial neurosurgical treatment, 40 patients who regained consciousness 1 to 90 days after major cerebral trauma, were admitted for rehabilitation. Six months after their injury they were assessed in terms of: 1) Locomotor function, 2) Intellectual performance, 3) Communication disorder, and 4) behaviour disturbances. The usefulness of these parameters as prognostic factors in rehabilitation is discussed. Eight patients without significant disabilities in all 4 parameters returned to normal life. Patients who showed locomotor, communicative and behaviour impairment but no gross intellectual deficits, were considered capable of being retrained. The poorest prospects for social and vocational rehabilitation were found in 15 patients with cognitive defects.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in rehabilitation after severe head injury. Assessment six months after trauma. After initial neurosurgical treatment, 40 patients who regained consciousness 1 to 90 days after major cerebral trauma, were admitted for rehabilitation. Six months after their injury they were assessed in terms of: 1) Locomotor function, 2) Intellectual performance, 3) Communication disorder, and 4) behaviour disturbances. The usefulness of these parameters as prognostic factors in rehabilitation is discussed. Eight patients without significant disabilities in all 4 parameters returned to normal life. Patients who showed locomotor, communicative and behaviour impairment but no gross intellectual deficits, were considered capable of being retrained. The poorest prospects for social and vocational rehabilitation were found in 15 patients with cognitive defects.", "PMID": 1166285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1155", "title": "Ergonomic studies of standardized domestic work in patients with neuromuscular handicap.", "content": "A model for ergonomic studies of domestic work in varying patient groups has been constructed. A control group of 15 healthy women, 30-59 years of age, 9 female patients with hemiplegia and 13 with multiple sclerosis (MS) were studied with exercise test on a bicycle ergometer. Recordings of time consumption, heart rate and subjectively perceived exertion were made during a 4.5-5 hour domestic work program. Four of the more strenuous work elements were restudied also with respect to oxygen uptake. The hemiplegic patients required more time and had higher perceived exertion, but lower heart rate and oxygen uptake for the same work tasks than did the controls. The MS-patients also had higher perceived exertion. There was a rather poor relationship between determined and indirectly estimated energy expenditure. Various explanations are discussed. The results demonstrate the importance of the perceived exertion in choosing the work intensity.", "contents": "Ergonomic studies of standardized domestic work in patients with neuromuscular handicap. A model for ergonomic studies of domestic work in varying patient groups has been constructed. A control group of 15 healthy women, 30-59 years of age, 9 female patients with hemiplegia and 13 with multiple sclerosis (MS) were studied with exercise test on a bicycle ergometer. Recordings of time consumption, heart rate and subjectively perceived exertion were made during a 4.5-5 hour domestic work program. Four of the more strenuous work elements were restudied also with respect to oxygen uptake. The hemiplegic patients required more time and had higher perceived exertion, but lower heart rate and oxygen uptake for the same work tasks than did the controls. The MS-patients also had higher perceived exertion. There was a rather poor relationship between determined and indirectly estimated energy expenditure. Various explanations are discussed. The results demonstrate the importance of the perceived exertion in choosing the work intensity.", "PMID": 1166286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1156", "title": "Treatment of cervical syndrome by acupuncture.", "content": "Sixty patients suffering from the cervical syndrome were treated with acupuncture three times at one-week intervals. No electric stimulators were used. According to the physician's evaluation, 68% of the patients displayed good primary results (complete cure or moderate improvement). According to postal inquiries made 6 months after the last treatment session, 33% of the patients still reported moderate improvement or complete cure. No improvement was reported by 10 patients. The results are well in agreement with those obtained with physical therapy or B-vitamin treatment, suggesting that the improvement might be associated with the natural course of the disease. All controlled clinical acupuncture investigations have proved difficult to conduct due to the essential differences between acupuncture and any other form of treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of cervical syndrome by acupuncture. Sixty patients suffering from the cervical syndrome were treated with acupuncture three times at one-week intervals. No electric stimulators were used. According to the physician's evaluation, 68% of the patients displayed good primary results (complete cure or moderate improvement). According to postal inquiries made 6 months after the last treatment session, 33% of the patients still reported moderate improvement or complete cure. No improvement was reported by 10 patients. The results are well in agreement with those obtained with physical therapy or B-vitamin treatment, suggesting that the improvement might be associated with the natural course of the disease. All controlled clinical acupuncture investigations have proved difficult to conduct due to the essential differences between acupuncture and any other form of treatment.", "PMID": 1166287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1157", "title": "Factors related to long-term prognosis following acute myocardial infarction. Importance of left ventricular function.", "content": "Factors related to 2-year and 4-year prognosis after acute myocardial infarction were studied in a series of 158 men. Stepwise multiple discriminant analysis was applied to findings recorded during hospital admission and to results of an exercise test carried out 6-8 weeks after the infarction. The best indicators for predicting a poor prognosis in the course of the following 2 years were a low systolic blood pressure on exercise and a palpable paradoxical cardiac pulsation. During the 4-year follow-up an abnormality of P terminal force in the ECG, which reflects left atrial overload, was the main predictor of poor prognosis.", "contents": "Factors related to long-term prognosis following acute myocardial infarction. Importance of left ventricular function. Factors related to 2-year and 4-year prognosis after acute myocardial infarction were studied in a series of 158 men. Stepwise multiple discriminant analysis was applied to findings recorded during hospital admission and to results of an exercise test carried out 6-8 weeks after the infarction. The best indicators for predicting a poor prognosis in the course of the following 2 years were a low systolic blood pressure on exercise and a palpable paradoxical cardiac pulsation. During the 4-year follow-up an abnormality of P terminal force in the ECG, which reflects left atrial overload, was the main predictor of poor prognosis.", "PMID": 1166288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1158", "title": "A basic aphasia examination: description with discussion of first results.", "content": "A new basic aphasia test (Grunntest for Afasi) constructed for use with a Norwegian patient population is briefly described. This test follows the principles established by Goodglass and Kaplan in the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination. Results with the first 43 patients examined are presented. Three alternative methods for utilizing the basic results in classifying types of aphasic disorder are considered. The classical method, as formalized by Goodglass and Kaplan, which emphasizes an evaluation of patients' speech characteristics was found to employ dimensions with the lowest intercorrelations. While this method provided the better dimensions, the description of disorder in terms of classical syndromes defined by impairment along these dimensions could not classify a majority of the patients. However, the dimensions on which such classification is based (Fluency, Comprehension, Naming, Repetition) form a useable descriptive system.", "contents": "A basic aphasia examination: description with discussion of first results. A new basic aphasia test (Grunntest for Afasi) constructed for use with a Norwegian patient population is briefly described. This test follows the principles established by Goodglass and Kaplan in the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination. Results with the first 43 patients examined are presented. Three alternative methods for utilizing the basic results in classifying types of aphasic disorder are considered. The classical method, as formalized by Goodglass and Kaplan, which emphasizes an evaluation of patients' speech characteristics was found to employ dimensions with the lowest intercorrelations. While this method provided the better dimensions, the description of disorder in terms of classical syndromes defined by impairment along these dimensions could not classify a majority of the patients. However, the dimensions on which such classification is based (Fluency, Comprehension, Naming, Repetition) form a useable descriptive system.", "PMID": 1166289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1159", "title": "Recovery of children after severe head injury. Psychoreactive superimpositions.", "content": "After the regaining of consciousness and awareness in the strange environment of an intensive care unit, an injured child is exposed to a situation of extreme psychological impact. This situation, in addition to a probably organically changed reactivity, is liable to provoke a particular, abnormal psychic response. The abnormal reaction can follow the pattern of a feigned-death response and thus mimic an organic coma vigile (apallic state). The resulting psychoreactive stuporous state (\"Sleeping Beauty syndrome\") may lead to a misjudgement of the recovery degree and may delay early rehabilitation. With the help of a representative case, the clinical manifestation, course, and treatment of this reactive juvenile syndrome are presented. The interaction of physiogenic and psychogenic factors responsible for some psychiatric sequelae during the early period after head injury is emphasized.", "contents": "Recovery of children after severe head injury. Psychoreactive superimpositions. After the regaining of consciousness and awareness in the strange environment of an intensive care unit, an injured child is exposed to a situation of extreme psychological impact. This situation, in addition to a probably organically changed reactivity, is liable to provoke a particular, abnormal psychic response. The abnormal reaction can follow the pattern of a feigned-death response and thus mimic an organic coma vigile (apallic state). The resulting psychoreactive stuporous state (\"Sleeping Beauty syndrome\") may lead to a misjudgement of the recovery degree and may delay early rehabilitation. With the help of a representative case, the clinical manifestation, course, and treatment of this reactive juvenile syndrome are presented. The interaction of physiogenic and psychogenic factors responsible for some psychiatric sequelae during the early period after head injury is emphasized.", "PMID": 1166290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1160", "title": "The late neurological, psychological, and social aspects of severe traumatic coma.", "content": "Thirty patients who had survived a heavy head trauma and a post-traumatic coma, lasting for more than one week, were investigated 8 to 14 years after the trauma. The patients have been followed up from a social, psychological, and neurological point of view. Fifty per cent of these patients are considered to be well rehabilitated. All the investigated patients showed slight to severe reduction in mental capacity. Eighty per cent of the patients had neurological defects which were not as important with respect to social rehabilitation as was the mental capacity reduction.", "contents": "The late neurological, psychological, and social aspects of severe traumatic coma. Thirty patients who had survived a heavy head trauma and a post-traumatic coma, lasting for more than one week, were investigated 8 to 14 years after the trauma. The patients have been followed up from a social, psychological, and neurological point of view. Fifty per cent of these patients are considered to be well rehabilitated. All the investigated patients showed slight to severe reduction in mental capacity. Eighty per cent of the patients had neurological defects which were not as important with respect to social rehabilitation as was the mental capacity reduction.", "PMID": 1166291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1161", "title": "Ventilatory capacity, working capacity and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in a population sample of subjects with bronchial asthma or chronic bronchitis.", "content": "We have studied a representative population sample comprising 185 persons, aged 35-54 years, having certain respiratory symptoms and considered to have chronic bronchitis and/or bronchial asthma. There were 86 with bronchial asthma (without chronic bronchitis), 69 with chronic bronchitis (without asthma) and 30 with both chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma. Fifty-one of the 116 asthmatics had reaginic bronchial allergy. In the groups with chronic bronchitis or bronchial asthma, the mean ventilatory capacities were slightly below the normal, being 89 and 91%, respectively, of the predicted values for FEV1 and 85 and 87% of those for MVV40. In the group of persons with both diseases, the mean FEV1 was 77% and the mean MVV40 84% of that predicted. Of the 21 persons with a mean FEV1 below 70% of that predicted 10 had both asthma and bronchitis. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, defined as a 15% fall of PEF after exercise, occurred in 22 of the 116 asthmatics and in one of the 69 persons with chronic bronchitis without bronchial asthma. In the asthmatics there was a significant correlation between resting PEF or the difference in PEF before and after orciprenaline inhalation on the one hand, and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction on the other hand. This was taken as an indication of increased bronchial hyperreactivity.", "contents": "Ventilatory capacity, working capacity and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in a population sample of subjects with bronchial asthma or chronic bronchitis. We have studied a representative population sample comprising 185 persons, aged 35-54 years, having certain respiratory symptoms and considered to have chronic bronchitis and/or bronchial asthma. There were 86 with bronchial asthma (without chronic bronchitis), 69 with chronic bronchitis (without asthma) and 30 with both chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma. Fifty-one of the 116 asthmatics had reaginic bronchial allergy. In the groups with chronic bronchitis or bronchial asthma, the mean ventilatory capacities were slightly below the normal, being 89 and 91%, respectively, of the predicted values for FEV1 and 85 and 87% of those for MVV40. In the group of persons with both diseases, the mean FEV1 was 77% and the mean MVV40 84% of that predicted. Of the 21 persons with a mean FEV1 below 70% of that predicted 10 had both asthma and bronchitis. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, defined as a 15% fall of PEF after exercise, occurred in 22 of the 116 asthmatics and in one of the 69 persons with chronic bronchitis without bronchial asthma. In the asthmatics there was a significant correlation between resting PEF or the difference in PEF before and after orciprenaline inhalation on the one hand, and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction on the other hand. This was taken as an indication of increased bronchial hyperreactivity.", "PMID": 1166292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1162", "title": "Evaluation of skeletal muscle tremor due to bronchodilator agents.", "content": "Two methods of measuring skeletal muscle tremor when evaluating this side-effect of treatment with bronchodilator agents are described. The first method, involving drawing a line between two sinus curves, is simple and requires no special equipment. Each time that the line crosses one of the sinus curves this is registered as an error. The large variation in results is a disadvantage but this drawing method can be used when more sophisticated devices are not available. Skeletal muscle tremor recorded with a Grass accelerometer gives accurate results provided the method is carefully standardized and the resting period adequate. The dose-response curves obtained during infusions of beta-adrenergic-stimulating drugs are linearly related to the dose given and are highly reproducible. The tremor ratio has the advantage over absolute values of smaller variations. The first of three 30-s periods registered gives the lowest tremor value and least variation, so this is the period used for analysis. Subjective experience of tremor is related to the Grass recording. In some cases, however, there is marked discrepancy between subjective and objective evaluation of tremor, which may be explained by the masking effect of concomitant heart stimulation. When tremor is related to heart rate in a single experiment a regression line is obtained. Another drug may give a different slope. The two slopes demonstrate the different selectivity of the drugs for the beta-receptors in the heart and skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Evaluation of skeletal muscle tremor due to bronchodilator agents. Two methods of measuring skeletal muscle tremor when evaluating this side-effect of treatment with bronchodilator agents are described. The first method, involving drawing a line between two sinus curves, is simple and requires no special equipment. Each time that the line crosses one of the sinus curves this is registered as an error. The large variation in results is a disadvantage but this drawing method can be used when more sophisticated devices are not available. Skeletal muscle tremor recorded with a Grass accelerometer gives accurate results provided the method is carefully standardized and the resting period adequate. The dose-response curves obtained during infusions of beta-adrenergic-stimulating drugs are linearly related to the dose given and are highly reproducible. The tremor ratio has the advantage over absolute values of smaller variations. The first of three 30-s periods registered gives the lowest tremor value and least variation, so this is the period used for analysis. Subjective experience of tremor is related to the Grass recording. In some cases, however, there is marked discrepancy between subjective and objective evaluation of tremor, which may be explained by the masking effect of concomitant heart stimulation. When tremor is related to heart rate in a single experiment a regression line is obtained. Another drug may give a different slope. The two slopes demonstrate the different selectivity of the drugs for the beta-receptors in the heart and skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 1166293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1163", "title": "[Drug allergy damage to the blood ].", "content": "Drug induced blood dyscrasias, leukocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia were observed in 7% of 643 adverse drug reactions registered by drug monitoring in Bern, Switzerland, in the period 1970-1973. Life threatening reactions were consistently more frequent in hematological side effects (22%) than in the total of adverse drug reactions (6%). Blood dyscrasias induced by drug allergy are generally believed to belong to the allergic reactions of type II. Antigen-antibody reaction evolves in connection with cells of the blood, either by fixation of the drug itself or a metabolite on the cell surface, or by adsorption of primarily formed antigen-antibody complexes on the cell. In drug induced immune hemolytic anemia three types may be distinguished: 1. the innocent bystander type, caused by quinine, PAS, rifampicin and others, 2. the penicillin-type, caused by penicillins and cephalosporins, and 3. the autoimmune type caused by alpha-methyl-dopa etc. Agranulocytosis in Europe is most frequently due to pyrazolones, while phenothiazines play the leading role in the USA. In pyrazolone agranulocytosis an allergic pathogenesis is very probable, whereas phenothiazines probably induce agranulocytosis by a direct toxic effect on bone marrow cells. The clinical course in pyrazolone agranulocytosis is acute, whereas it is rather insidious in the phenothiazine type. The main drugs causing allergic thrombocytopenia are thiazide diuretics, quinine, quinidine and sulfonamides. Clinical aspects and therapy of drug induced blood dyscrasias are discussed.", "contents": "[Drug allergy damage to the blood ]. Drug induced blood dyscrasias, leukocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia were observed in 7% of 643 adverse drug reactions registered by drug monitoring in Bern, Switzerland, in the period 1970-1973. Life threatening reactions were consistently more frequent in hematological side effects (22%) than in the total of adverse drug reactions (6%). Blood dyscrasias induced by drug allergy are generally believed to belong to the allergic reactions of type II. Antigen-antibody reaction evolves in connection with cells of the blood, either by fixation of the drug itself or a metabolite on the cell surface, or by adsorption of primarily formed antigen-antibody complexes on the cell. In drug induced immune hemolytic anemia three types may be distinguished: 1. the innocent bystander type, caused by quinine, PAS, rifampicin and others, 2. the penicillin-type, caused by penicillins and cephalosporins, and 3. the autoimmune type caused by alpha-methyl-dopa etc. Agranulocytosis in Europe is most frequently due to pyrazolones, while phenothiazines play the leading role in the USA. In pyrazolone agranulocytosis an allergic pathogenesis is very probable, whereas phenothiazines probably induce agranulocytosis by a direct toxic effect on bone marrow cells. The clinical course in pyrazolone agranulocytosis is acute, whereas it is rather insidious in the phenothiazine type. The main drugs causing allergic thrombocytopenia are thiazide diuretics, quinine, quinidine and sulfonamides. Clinical aspects and therapy of drug induced blood dyscrasias are discussed.", "PMID": 1166294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1164", "title": "[Effects of alcohol on the blood].", "content": "Acute alcohol intoxication, particularly in chronic alcohol abusers, leads to qualitative and quantitative changes in all three hemopoietic systems. In addition to a hemolytic effect through various possible mechanisms, functional abnormalities of granulocytes, immunocytes and marcophages and qualitative anomalies of platelets, alcohol exerts a toxic effect on cell production which cannot, or can only partially, be prevented by correction of the frequently demonstrable folic acid deficiency.", "contents": "[Effects of alcohol on the blood]. Acute alcohol intoxication, particularly in chronic alcohol abusers, leads to qualitative and quantitative changes in all three hemopoietic systems. In addition to a hemolytic effect through various possible mechanisms, functional abnormalities of granulocytes, immunocytes and marcophages and qualitative anomalies of platelets, alcohol exerts a toxic effect on cell production which cannot, or can only partially, be prevented by correction of the frequently demonstrable folic acid deficiency.", "PMID": 1166295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1165", "title": "[Blood damage due to chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol].", "content": "Dose-related blood dyscrasias during treatment with either chloramphenicol or thiamphenicol chiefly include erythroid suppression and may be recognized at an early stage by observation of reticulocytopenia and an increased serum iron concentration. Ferrokinetic studies show the typical features of sideroblastic anemia. Whilst chloramphenicol is conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver, thiamphenicol is predominantly eliminated by the kidney in its unmodified form. Sensitization  against both drugs has been described and may, following reexposure, lead to dangerous granulocytopenia. Potentially the most dangerous late complication after chloramphenicol treatment, i.e. aplastic anemia, has not thus far been observed in patients treated with thiamphenicol.", "contents": "[Blood damage due to chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol]. Dose-related blood dyscrasias during treatment with either chloramphenicol or thiamphenicol chiefly include erythroid suppression and may be recognized at an early stage by observation of reticulocytopenia and an increased serum iron concentration. Ferrokinetic studies show the typical features of sideroblastic anemia. Whilst chloramphenicol is conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver, thiamphenicol is predominantly eliminated by the kidney in its unmodified form. Sensitization  against both drugs has been described and may, following reexposure, lead to dangerous granulocytopenia. Potentially the most dangerous late complication after chloramphenicol treatment, i.e. aplastic anemia, has not thus far been observed in patients treated with thiamphenicol.", "PMID": 1166296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1166", "title": "[Mesenteric infarct during digitalis poisoning].", "content": "So-called nonocclusive or spastic mesenteric infarction is a well-known complication of severe circulatory failure with low cardiac output and hypotension. In recent years, acute mesenteric insufficiency has been described in connection with certain drugs. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests a relationship between digitalis therapy, especially overdigitalization, and nonocclusive mesenteric infarction. Two cases are presented in support of this hypothesis. Both patients had digitalis intoxication and died from nonocclusive mesenteric infarction proven by surgery, autopsy and, in one case, arteriography. No cause other than digitalis intoxication (shock, severe cardiac failure or other drugs) could be found. Despite the frequent occurrence of digitalis intoxication, nonocclusive mesenteric infarction is a rare event. Interruption of digitalis therapy does not alter the usually fatal outcome. Experimental data with glucagon and phenoxybenzamine suggest that a therapeutic trial with these drugs might be worth while. Digitalis should be used with caution in shocked patients, since in these the splanchnic circulation is usually critical.", "contents": "[Mesenteric infarct during digitalis poisoning]. So-called nonocclusive or spastic mesenteric infarction is a well-known complication of severe circulatory failure with low cardiac output and hypotension. In recent years, acute mesenteric insufficiency has been described in connection with certain drugs. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests a relationship between digitalis therapy, especially overdigitalization, and nonocclusive mesenteric infarction. Two cases are presented in support of this hypothesis. Both patients had digitalis intoxication and died from nonocclusive mesenteric infarction proven by surgery, autopsy and, in one case, arteriography. No cause other than digitalis intoxication (shock, severe cardiac failure or other drugs) could be found. Despite the frequent occurrence of digitalis intoxication, nonocclusive mesenteric infarction is a rare event. Interruption of digitalis therapy does not alter the usually fatal outcome. Experimental data with glucagon and phenoxybenzamine suggest that a therapeutic trial with these drugs might be worth while. Digitalis should be used with caution in shocked patients, since in these the splanchnic circulation is usually critical.", "PMID": 1166297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1167", "title": "[Angiography in acute ischemia of the small intestine].", "content": "Diagnostic accuracy in the prediction of acute mesenteric ischemia from clinical symptoms and radiologic examinations (conventional radiography and angiography) has been analyzed in a retrospective study of 17 cases. The findings suggest that arteriography should always be performed if acute mesenteric ischemia is suspected on clinical grounds and from conventional radiography.", "contents": "[Angiography in acute ischemia of the small intestine]. Diagnostic accuracy in the prediction of acute mesenteric ischemia from clinical symptoms and radiologic examinations (conventional radiography and angiography) has been analyzed in a retrospective study of 17 cases. The findings suggest that arteriography should always be performed if acute mesenteric ischemia is suspected on clinical grounds and from conventional radiography.", "PMID": 1166298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1168", "title": "Speech perception by the chinchilla: voiced-voiceless distinction in alveolar plosive consonants.", "content": "Four chinchillas were trained to respond differently to /t/ and /d/ consonant-vowel syllables produced by four talkers in three vowel contexts. This training generalized to novel instances, including synthetically produced /da/ and /ta/ (voice-on-set times of 0 and +80 milliseconds, respectively). In a second experiment, synthetic stimuli with voice-onset times between 0 and +80 milliseconds were presented for identification. The form of the labeling functions and the \"phonetic boundaries\" for chinchillas and English-speaking adults were similar.", "contents": "Speech perception by the chinchilla: voiced-voiceless distinction in alveolar plosive consonants. Four chinchillas were trained to respond differently to /t/ and /d/ consonant-vowel syllables produced by four talkers in three vowel contexts. This training generalized to novel instances, including synthetically produced /da/ and /ta/ (voice-on-set times of 0 and +80 milliseconds, respectively). In a second experiment, synthetic stimuli with voice-onset times between 0 and +80 milliseconds were presented for identification. The form of the labeling functions and the \"phonetic boundaries\" for chinchillas and English-speaking adults were similar.", "PMID": 1166301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1169", "title": "Ventricular obstruction: effect on drinking induced by intracranial injection of angiotensin.", "content": "Lesions of the subfornical organ (SFO) severely attenuated drinking induced by injections of angiotensin II into the lateral ventricles, but a few days (4 to 14) later a recovery of the drinking response is observed. A possible explanation for this is that other dipsogenic sites are involved which are beyond the interventricular foramen and that SFO lesions produce an obstruction by edema or debris at the foramen which blocks access of cerebrospinal fluid-borne angiotensin to those sites. This hypothesis is supported by tracer studies and by direct injection into the third ventricle of SFO-lesioned animals. Other studies reported implicate the anteroventral third ventricle as a likely site for angiotensin receptors.", "contents": "Ventricular obstruction: effect on drinking induced by intracranial injection of angiotensin. Lesions of the subfornical organ (SFO) severely attenuated drinking induced by injections of angiotensin II into the lateral ventricles, but a few days (4 to 14) later a recovery of the drinking response is observed. A possible explanation for this is that other dipsogenic sites are involved which are beyond the interventricular foramen and that SFO lesions produce an obstruction by edema or debris at the foramen which blocks access of cerebrospinal fluid-borne angiotensin to those sites. This hypothesis is supported by tracer studies and by direct injection into the third ventricle of SFO-lesioned animals. Other studies reported implicate the anteroventral third ventricle as a likely site for angiotensin receptors.", "PMID": 1166302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1170", "title": "Hyperbaric hydrogen therapy: a possible treatment for cancer.", "content": "Hairless albino mice with squamous cell carcinoma were exposed to a mixture of 2.5 percent oxygen and 97.5 percent hydrogen at a total pressure of 8 atmospheres for periods up to 2 weeks in order to see if a free radical decay catalyzer, such as hydrogen, would cause a regression of the skin tumors. Marked aggression of the tumors was found, leading to the possibility that hyperbaric hydrogen therapy might also prove to be of significance in the treatment of other types of cancer.", "contents": "Hyperbaric hydrogen therapy: a possible treatment for cancer. Hairless albino mice with squamous cell carcinoma were exposed to a mixture of 2.5 percent oxygen and 97.5 percent hydrogen at a total pressure of 8 atmospheres for periods up to 2 weeks in order to see if a free radical decay catalyzer, such as hydrogen, would cause a regression of the skin tumors. Marked aggression of the tumors was found, leading to the possibility that hyperbaric hydrogen therapy might also prove to be of significance in the treatment of other types of cancer.", "PMID": 1166304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1171", "title": "Delivery of a quaternary pyridinium salt across the blood-brain barrier by its dihydropyridine derivative.", "content": "A dihydropyridine-pyridine type redox system was successfully applied for delivering a quaternary pyridinium salt, N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime chloride (2-PAM), through the blood-brain barrier. The dihydropyridine derivative of 2-PAM was quickly oxidized to 2-PAM after crossing the blood-brain barrier. As a result of this approach, the brain cholinesterase blocked by organophosphates could be reactivated. The new method should be useful in delivering numerous drugs which are otherwise inaccessible to the brain because of their polar ionic character.", "contents": "Delivery of a quaternary pyridinium salt across the blood-brain barrier by its dihydropyridine derivative. A dihydropyridine-pyridine type redox system was successfully applied for delivering a quaternary pyridinium salt, N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime chloride (2-PAM), through the blood-brain barrier. The dihydropyridine derivative of 2-PAM was quickly oxidized to 2-PAM after crossing the blood-brain barrier. As a result of this approach, the brain cholinesterase blocked by organophosphates could be reactivated. The new method should be useful in delivering numerous drugs which are otherwise inaccessible to the brain because of their polar ionic character.", "PMID": 1166305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1172", "title": "Genetic control of chloroform toxicity in mice.", "content": "Mouse strain differences suggest intermediate or multifactorial gentic control of chloroform-induced renal toxicity and death. The chloroform dose lethal to 50 percent of animals was four times higher in C57BL/6J males than in DBA/2J males. Twice as much chloroform accumulated in the kidneys of the sensitive as the resistant strain. First generation offspring were midway between parental strains for both parameters.", "contents": "Genetic control of chloroform toxicity in mice. Mouse strain differences suggest intermediate or multifactorial gentic control of chloroform-induced renal toxicity and death. The chloroform dose lethal to 50 percent of animals was four times higher in C57BL/6J males than in DBA/2J males. Twice as much chloroform accumulated in the kidneys of the sensitive as the resistant strain. First generation offspring were midway between parental strains for both parameters.", "PMID": 1166306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1173", "title": "Monthly gonadotropin cycles in premenarcheal girls.", "content": "Patterns of nocturnal excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were investigated in 11 girls. Autoregressive digital filtering of low- and high-frequency variations was used to make patterns more apparent. Coincident FSH and LH surges, separated by an interval of 20 to 40 days, were seen in specimens from three of six postmenarcheal girls and three to five premenarcheal girls. This suggests that cyclic hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian interactions occur before menarche.", "contents": "Monthly gonadotropin cycles in premenarcheal girls. Patterns of nocturnal excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were investigated in 11 girls. Autoregressive digital filtering of low- and high-frequency variations was used to make patterns more apparent. Coincident FSH and LH surges, separated by an interval of 20 to 40 days, were seen in specimens from three of six postmenarcheal girls and three to five premenarcheal girls. This suggests that cyclic hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian interactions occur before menarche.", "PMID": 1166307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1174", "title": "Somatostatin suppresses secretin and pancreatic exocrine secretion.", "content": "Somatostatin, a hypothalamic peptide, suppresses hydrochloric acid-stimulated release of secretin, pancreatic flow rate, and bicarbonate and protein secretion in fasted, conscious dogs. It also reduces nonstimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion but does not affect basal secretin concentrations. Suppression of HCl-stimulated secretin release is complete, whereas pancreatic flow rate and bicarbonate and protein secretions are only partially inhibited. The action of somatostatin is rapid in onset and quickly reversible.", "contents": "Somatostatin suppresses secretin and pancreatic exocrine secretion. Somatostatin, a hypothalamic peptide, suppresses hydrochloric acid-stimulated release of secretin, pancreatic flow rate, and bicarbonate and protein secretion in fasted, conscious dogs. It also reduces nonstimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion but does not affect basal secretin concentrations. Suppression of HCl-stimulated secretin release is complete, whereas pancreatic flow rate and bicarbonate and protein secretions are only partially inhibited. The action of somatostatin is rapid in onset and quickly reversible.", "PMID": 1166308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1175", "title": "Satiety: a graded behavioural phenomenon regulating caloric intake.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys inhibited their feeding in response to intragastric nutrient preloads, so as to maintain a constant caloric intake. There is a definite dose- response relationship to calories which does not depend on the volume, caloric concentration, or nature of the nutrient. This accurate control is accomplished even though some of the preload remains in the stomach throughout the feeding period.", "contents": "Satiety: a graded behavioural phenomenon regulating caloric intake. Rhesus monkeys inhibited their feeding in response to intragastric nutrient preloads, so as to maintain a constant caloric intake. There is a definite dose- response relationship to calories which does not depend on the volume, caloric concentration, or nature of the nutrient. This accurate control is accomplished even though some of the preload remains in the stomach throughout the feeding period.", "PMID": 1166310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1176", "title": "Sexual inhibition is reduced by rostral midbrain lesions in the male rat.", "content": "Electrolytic lesions in a circumscribed area of the rostral midbrain of rats shortened the inhibitory period following ejaculation, thereby increasing the number of ejaculations achieved in 1-hour tests. These lesions also interrupted the dorsal norepinephrine bundle as reflected in a 63 percent reduction in telencephalic or cortical norepinephrine.", "contents": "Sexual inhibition is reduced by rostral midbrain lesions in the male rat. Electrolytic lesions in a circumscribed area of the rostral midbrain of rats shortened the inhibitory period following ejaculation, thereby increasing the number of ejaculations achieved in 1-hour tests. These lesions also interrupted the dorsal norepinephrine bundle as reflected in a 63 percent reduction in telencephalic or cortical norepinephrine.", "PMID": 1166311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1177", "title": "Vibrational states of the biopolymer polyglycine II: theory and experiment.", "content": "The density of vibrational states, and hence the heat capacity, has been calculated for the parallel-chain hexagonal lattice of 3(1) helical polyglycine. The agreement with experimental results in the temperature range from 1 to 20 K, including an anomaly near 8 K, is the best obtained thus far for homopolypeptides.", "contents": "Vibrational states of the biopolymer polyglycine II: theory and experiment. The density of vibrational states, and hence the heat capacity, has been calculated for the parallel-chain hexagonal lattice of 3(1) helical polyglycine. The agreement with experimental results in the temperature range from 1 to 20 K, including an anomaly near 8 K, is the best obtained thus far for homopolypeptides.", "PMID": 1166312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1178", "title": "Tetrahymena: growth without phagocytosis.", "content": "We have succeeded in growing a Tetrahymena mutant without food vacuoles in growth media supplemented with vitamins and heavy-metal salts. This finding implies the existence of adequate alternative routes of entry for every required nutrient, and clearly indicates that the food vacuole in Tetrahymena is a dispensable cellular organelle. The growth of the mutant without food vacuoles makes available a valuable experimental tool.", "contents": "Tetrahymena: growth without phagocytosis. We have succeeded in growing a Tetrahymena mutant without food vacuoles in growth media supplemented with vitamins and heavy-metal salts. This finding implies the existence of adequate alternative routes of entry for every required nutrient, and clearly indicates that the food vacuole in Tetrahymena is a dispensable cellular organelle. The growth of the mutant without food vacuoles makes available a valuable experimental tool.", "PMID": 1166313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1179", "title": "Insular biogeography: of mice and mites.", "content": "The number of mite species using cricetid rodents in North America is related to the host distributional areas. The age and latitude of the distributional areas have unimportant effects on the number of mite species using a rodent species. The relation between species and areas is analogous to species equilibrium numbers of island faunas.", "contents": "Insular biogeography: of mice and mites. The number of mite species using cricetid rodents in North America is related to the host distributional areas. The age and latitude of the distributional areas have unimportant effects on the number of mite species using a rodent species. The relation between species and areas is analogous to species equilibrium numbers of island faunas.", "PMID": 1166314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1180", "title": "Leukemia virus-induced immunosuppression: scanning electron microscopy of infected spleen cells.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice infected with Friend leukemia virus were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Whereas splenocytes from normal noninfected animals showed the expected morphologic classes of lymphocytes, including those with smooth surfaces and with numerous villous projections, an alteration of cell type was evident within a few days after infection. Friend leukemia virus caused a rapid decrease in the number of villous cells, with a concomitant increase in the number of cells with smoother surfaces. By the end of the first 1 to 12 weeks after infection the majority of cells were smooth, many showing distinct morphologic changes, including \"holes\" and a spongy appearance. Nearly all of the splenocytes were abnormal in appearance by days 17 to 30 after infection, with most showing a spongy topography. These changes paralleled the marked immunosuppression induced by Friend leukemia virus infection, as well as the appearance of virus-associated surface antigen on individual splenocytes. Topographic changes evident by examination with scanning electron microscopy were not readily apparent by either standard histology or transmission electron microscopy.", "contents": "Leukemia virus-induced immunosuppression: scanning electron microscopy of infected spleen cells. Spleen cells from mice infected with Friend leukemia virus were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Whereas splenocytes from normal noninfected animals showed the expected morphologic classes of lymphocytes, including those with smooth surfaces and with numerous villous projections, an alteration of cell type was evident within a few days after infection. Friend leukemia virus caused a rapid decrease in the number of villous cells, with a concomitant increase in the number of cells with smoother surfaces. By the end of the first 1 to 12 weeks after infection the majority of cells were smooth, many showing distinct morphologic changes, including \"holes\" and a spongy appearance. Nearly all of the splenocytes were abnormal in appearance by days 17 to 30 after infection, with most showing a spongy topography. These changes paralleled the marked immunosuppression induced by Friend leukemia virus infection, as well as the appearance of virus-associated surface antigen on individual splenocytes. Topographic changes evident by examination with scanning electron microscopy were not readily apparent by either standard histology or transmission electron microscopy.", "PMID": 1166315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1181", "title": "Parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3: synergistic and antagonistic effects on renal phosphate transport.", "content": "The effect on phosphate excretion of graded doses of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the biologically active vitamin D3 metabolite, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC), administered singly and in combination, were studied in the nonexpanded, vitamin D-depleted thyroparathyroidectomized rat. Infusion of 1 unit of 25-HCC per hour for 6 hours induced an antiphosphaturia only when administered with 0.2 units of PTH per hour, while neither agent alone changed phosphate excretion. A dose of 2.0 units of PTH per hour did not cause phosphaturia unless given with 1 unit of 25-HCC per hour. In pharmacologic dosage (5 units per hour), PTH produced phosphaturia in the absence of the metabolite.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3: synergistic and antagonistic effects on renal phosphate transport. The effect on phosphate excretion of graded doses of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the biologically active vitamin D3 metabolite, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC), administered singly and in combination, were studied in the nonexpanded, vitamin D-depleted thyroparathyroidectomized rat. Infusion of 1 unit of 25-HCC per hour for 6 hours induced an antiphosphaturia only when administered with 0.2 units of PTH per hour, while neither agent alone changed phosphate excretion. A dose of 2.0 units of PTH per hour did not cause phosphaturia unless given with 1 unit of 25-HCC per hour. In pharmacologic dosage (5 units per hour), PTH produced phosphaturia in the absence of the metabolite.", "PMID": 1166316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1182", "title": "Behavioral characterization of d- and l-amphetamine: neurochemical implications.", "content": "Various doses of d- and l-amphetamine affect the temporal pattern of rat behavior in the following ways: First, the patterns of activity produced by d- and l-amphetamine are similar but out of phase; that is, the response to d-amphetamine has a relatively shorter latency whereas the effects of l-amphetamine persist for longer periods of time. Second, d-amphetamine is approximately five times as potent as l-amphetamine in its effects on both the total amount of locomotor activity and the duration of stereotypy. Both amphetamine-induced locomotion and stereotypy may be mediated by the same neurochemical mechanisms.", "contents": "Behavioral characterization of d- and l-amphetamine: neurochemical implications. Various doses of d- and l-amphetamine affect the temporal pattern of rat behavior in the following ways: First, the patterns of activity produced by d- and l-amphetamine are similar but out of phase; that is, the response to d-amphetamine has a relatively shorter latency whereas the effects of l-amphetamine persist for longer periods of time. Second, d-amphetamine is approximately five times as potent as l-amphetamine in its effects on both the total amount of locomotor activity and the duration of stereotypy. Both amphetamine-induced locomotion and stereotypy may be mediated by the same neurochemical mechanisms.", "PMID": 1166317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1183", "title": "Neural connections of sparrow pineal: role in circadian control of activity.", "content": "Surgical and chemical interference with the neural connections of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) pineal does not abolish the free-running rhythm in constant darkness, unlike pinealectomy. Pineals transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye are capable of restoring rhythmicity to pinealectomized birds in constant darkness. The avian pineal does not appear to be neurally coupled to other components of the circadian system.", "contents": "Neural connections of sparrow pineal: role in circadian control of activity. Surgical and chemical interference with the neural connections of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) pineal does not abolish the free-running rhythm in constant darkness, unlike pinealectomy. Pineals transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye are capable of restoring rhythmicity to pinealectomized birds in constant darkness. The avian pineal does not appear to be neurally coupled to other components of the circadian system.", "PMID": 1166318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1184", "title": "The M\u00fcller-Lyer figure and the fly.", "content": "In the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion two horizontal line segments of equal length are perceived by humans as unequal. The gaze of a fly presented with M\u00fcller-Lyer figures corresponds to human eye movements and human (illusionary) evaluations of the segment lengths. It is suggested that a theory similar to the phenomenological theory which accounts for the fly's gaze may account for the human eye's movement during an observation of M\u00fcller-Lyer figures.", "contents": "The M\u00fcller-Lyer figure and the fly. In the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion two horizontal line segments of equal length are perceived by humans as unequal. The gaze of a fly presented with M\u00fcller-Lyer figures corresponds to human eye movements and human (illusionary) evaluations of the segment lengths. It is suggested that a theory similar to the phenomenological theory which accounts for the fly's gaze may account for the human eye's movement during an observation of M\u00fcller-Lyer figures.", "PMID": 1166319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1185", "title": "Auditory fatigue: retrocochlear components.", "content": "Changes in auditory sensitivity were measured at the VII nerve, cochlear nucleus, and inferior colliculus after a fatiguing sound exposure. Losses in sensitivity progressively increased from peripheral to central auditory sites. The results suggest that there is a retrocochlear component to auditory fatigue when it is induced by low-level sounds of short duration.", "contents": "Auditory fatigue: retrocochlear components. Changes in auditory sensitivity were measured at the VII nerve, cochlear nucleus, and inferior colliculus after a fatiguing sound exposure. Losses in sensitivity progressively increased from peripheral to central auditory sites. The results suggest that there is a retrocochlear component to auditory fatigue when it is induced by low-level sounds of short duration.", "PMID": 1166320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1186", "title": "Time-dependent effects of phenothiazines on dopamine turnover in psychiatric patients.", "content": "Psychiatric patients studied early during treatment with chlorpromazine and thioridazine demonstrated elevated probenecid-induced accumulations of homovanillic acid, a major dopamine metabolite, in cerebrospinal fluid. In those studied after longer periods of treatment with phenothiazines, homovanillic acid values were not elevated. This suggests that there are time-dependent effects of phenothiazines on dopamine turn-over that may be relevant to the time course of antipsychotic efficacy.", "contents": "Time-dependent effects of phenothiazines on dopamine turnover in psychiatric patients. Psychiatric patients studied early during treatment with chlorpromazine and thioridazine demonstrated elevated probenecid-induced accumulations of homovanillic acid, a major dopamine metabolite, in cerebrospinal fluid. In those studied after longer periods of treatment with phenothiazines, homovanillic acid values were not elevated. This suggests that there are time-dependent effects of phenothiazines on dopamine turn-over that may be relevant to the time course of antipsychotic efficacy.", "PMID": 1166321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1187", "title": "Experience with renal vein renin ratios in the identification of a pressor kidney.", "content": "The positive, preoperative recognition of a pressor kidney has many important ramifications, the most important being the ability to predict a reduction in blood pressure following surgical reconstruction or nephrectomy. One hundred forty hypertensive patients were selected for study for renal artery stenosis by measuring the differential plasma renin activity by either radioimmunoassay or bioassay. Bilateral renal vein renin determinations and renal arteriography were made consecutively in supine position and without stimulation of renin secretion. Unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis was found in 55 patients (39%). Twenty-eight of the 55 patients (51%) were treated surgically. Eighteen patients (64%) were cured of hypertension and seven (25%) were improved. All but one of the surgically treated patients had renal vein renin ratios of greater than 1.3 on the affected side over the unaffected or less-affected side. Increasing the ratio to greater than 1.5 or greater than 2.0 as a criterion for selection of patients for operation would not have decreased the failure rate. If used as the only criterion, increasing the ratios would have resulted in nonsurgical treatment of up to 50% of the patients cured or improved by surgery. Stimulation of renin secretion, although not used in this study, has been shown by others to more accurately identify a pressor kidney by increasing differential renal vein renin ratios. Although a combination of renin activity with renal plasma flow may lead to more accurate diagnosis, a careful clinical evaluation has not yet been replaced as the best method of selection of the patients for operation.", "contents": "Experience with renal vein renin ratios in the identification of a pressor kidney. The positive, preoperative recognition of a pressor kidney has many important ramifications, the most important being the ability to predict a reduction in blood pressure following surgical reconstruction or nephrectomy. One hundred forty hypertensive patients were selected for study for renal artery stenosis by measuring the differential plasma renin activity by either radioimmunoassay or bioassay. Bilateral renal vein renin determinations and renal arteriography were made consecutively in supine position and without stimulation of renin secretion. Unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis was found in 55 patients (39%). Twenty-eight of the 55 patients (51%) were treated surgically. Eighteen patients (64%) were cured of hypertension and seven (25%) were improved. All but one of the surgically treated patients had renal vein renin ratios of greater than 1.3 on the affected side over the unaffected or less-affected side. Increasing the ratio to greater than 1.5 or greater than 2.0 as a criterion for selection of patients for operation would not have decreased the failure rate. If used as the only criterion, increasing the ratios would have resulted in nonsurgical treatment of up to 50% of the patients cured or improved by surgery. Stimulation of renin secretion, although not used in this study, has been shown by others to more accurately identify a pressor kidney by increasing differential renal vein renin ratios. Although a combination of renin activity with renal plasma flow may lead to more accurate diagnosis, a careful clinical evaluation has not yet been replaced as the best method of selection of the patients for operation.", "PMID": 1166327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1188", "title": "Psychiatric illness associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Estimates of the frequency of mental changes associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) range from 3% to 65%. Variations in classifying and reporting symptoms account for much of the difficulty in determining the true incidence. Other problems in study design also make it difficult to compare results of various studies, although it appears that psychiatric illness associated with SLE falls into two categories: organic and functional disorders. The former occur in 22% to 29% of patients having SLE and rheumatoid arthritis and are associated with a poorer prognosis and higher mortality. The latter occur in 18% to 35% of SLE patients and slightly less in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Several possible causes for mental changes of SLE have been proposed. The case of a patient with SLE having an acute psychotic episode illustrates the possible roles of premorbid personality, mental and environmental stress, and steroid therapy in precipitating psychiatric illness in SLE.", "contents": "Psychiatric illness associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Estimates of the frequency of mental changes associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) range from 3% to 65%. Variations in classifying and reporting symptoms account for much of the difficulty in determining the true incidence. Other problems in study design also make it difficult to compare results of various studies, although it appears that psychiatric illness associated with SLE falls into two categories: organic and functional disorders. The former occur in 22% to 29% of patients having SLE and rheumatoid arthritis and are associated with a poorer prognosis and higher mortality. The latter occur in 18% to 35% of SLE patients and slightly less in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Several possible causes for mental changes of SLE have been proposed. The case of a patient with SLE having an acute psychotic episode illustrates the possible roles of premorbid personality, mental and environmental stress, and steroid therapy in precipitating psychiatric illness in SLE.", "PMID": 1166328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1189", "title": "Total urinary estrogens in complicated pregnancies.", "content": "One hundred fifty-seven pregnancies complicated by different degrees of diabetes, toxemia, and hypertension were studied with serial urinary placental estrogen determinations. A simple and fast method for total placental estrogen determination was used. The level of total estrogen excretion was related to Apgar score in cases of class B diabetes, severe toxemia, and also in moderate toxemia when estrogen excretion was falling. Mean estrogen levels did not differ as a function of severity of diabetes. Levels did differ with severity of toxemia; however, only the difference in mean estrogen excretion between mild and severe toxemia was significant. Estrogen excretion was very low in hypertension but was not related to Apgar score. This study concludes that total urinary estrogens constitute only a single parameter necessary in the management of high-risk pregnancies.", "contents": "Total urinary estrogens in complicated pregnancies. One hundred fifty-seven pregnancies complicated by different degrees of diabetes, toxemia, and hypertension were studied with serial urinary placental estrogen determinations. A simple and fast method for total placental estrogen determination was used. The level of total estrogen excretion was related to Apgar score in cases of class B diabetes, severe toxemia, and also in moderate toxemia when estrogen excretion was falling. Mean estrogen levels did not differ as a function of severity of diabetes. Levels did differ with severity of toxemia; however, only the difference in mean estrogen excretion between mild and severe toxemia was significant. Estrogen excretion was very low in hypertension but was not related to Apgar score. This study concludes that total urinary estrogens constitute only a single parameter necessary in the management of high-risk pregnancies.", "PMID": 1166330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1190", "title": "The role of interstitial sources in radiotherapy.", "content": "Interstitial sources of radiation are a useful and sometimes essential modality for achieving optimal dose distribution in radiotherapy. This paper presents examples of various applications of this technic. The essential advantage is not that survival statistics can be improved, but rather that whatever can be accomplished by ionizing radiation may be accomplished at a lesser cost in time, effort, and morbidity by judicious use of an interstitial radiation component.", "contents": "The role of interstitial sources in radiotherapy. Interstitial sources of radiation are a useful and sometimes essential modality for achieving optimal dose distribution in radiotherapy. This paper presents examples of various applications of this technic. The essential advantage is not that survival statistics can be improved, but rather that whatever can be accomplished by ionizing radiation may be accomplished at a lesser cost in time, effort, and morbidity by judicious use of an interstitial radiation component.", "PMID": 1166331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1191", "title": "Management of pancreatic ascites.", "content": "Two patients with persistent pancreatic ascites are presented. Both were managed successfully by internal drainage. A trial of nonoperative treatment with nasogastric intubation and intravenous hyperalimentation is advocated for patients with pancreatic ascites. Patients who fail to improve usually have a pancreatic duct disruption and should have internal drainage operation and/or distal pancreatic resection.", "contents": "Management of pancreatic ascites. Two patients with persistent pancreatic ascites are presented. Both were managed successfully by internal drainage. A trial of nonoperative treatment with nasogastric intubation and intravenous hyperalimentation is advocated for patients with pancreatic ascites. Patients who fail to improve usually have a pancreatic duct disruption and should have internal drainage operation and/or distal pancreatic resection.", "PMID": 1166332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1192", "title": "Cancer of the vagina.", "content": "Carcinoma of the vagina may be found in association with carcinoma of the vulva and cervix. Patients with neoplasms in any of these locations should have careful inspection of the entire anogenital tract. As in all malignancies, early diagnosis and prompt, adequate treatment offers the best opportunity for cure.", "contents": "Cancer of the vagina. Carcinoma of the vagina may be found in association with carcinoma of the vulva and cervix. Patients with neoplasms in any of these locations should have careful inspection of the entire anogenital tract. As in all malignancies, early diagnosis and prompt, adequate treatment offers the best opportunity for cure.", "PMID": 1166333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1193", "title": "Delayed open reduction of isolated fractures of the femoral shaft.", "content": "Twenty-five isolated fractures of the femoral shaft treated by delayed open reduction and internal fixation are reported. On the average, operation was done 13.4 days after fracture. Several early postfracture complications, including fat embolism in 20% of the cases, were resolved before operation. There were no nonunions, refractures, or deep infections. Delaying operation until revascularization and callus formation are under way ultimately produces less tissue destruction and ischemia and may partially explain the decreased incidence of infection seen in this series.", "contents": "Delayed open reduction of isolated fractures of the femoral shaft. Twenty-five isolated fractures of the femoral shaft treated by delayed open reduction and internal fixation are reported. On the average, operation was done 13.4 days after fracture. Several early postfracture complications, including fat embolism in 20% of the cases, were resolved before operation. There were no nonunions, refractures, or deep infections. Delaying operation until revascularization and callus formation are under way ultimately produces less tissue destruction and ischemia and may partially explain the decreased incidence of infection seen in this series.", "PMID": 1166334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1194", "title": "Further observations on 85Sr scintimetry in intracapsular fracture of the hip.", "content": "Sixty-seven hip joints with intracapsular fracture and the 67 opposite, normal hip joints were studied with 85Sr scintimetry from two weeks to six years after fracture. Consistently, fractures that developed osteonecrosis showed extremely high counts at the fracture site and the femoral head; fractures that failed to unite also showed extremely high counts at the fracture site and somewhat lower counts in the femoral head; fractures that were healing normally showed counts at the fracture site that were higher than those of the normal, uninjured hip but lower than those at fracture sites where osteonecrosis or nonunion was present. Prediction of complications by 85Sr scintimetry is not reliable within the first few months on injury; thereafter, however, the procedure has definite diagnostic value, particularly for osteonecrosis.", "contents": "Further observations on 85Sr scintimetry in intracapsular fracture of the hip. Sixty-seven hip joints with intracapsular fracture and the 67 opposite, normal hip joints were studied with 85Sr scintimetry from two weeks to six years after fracture. Consistently, fractures that developed osteonecrosis showed extremely high counts at the fracture site and the femoral head; fractures that failed to unite also showed extremely high counts at the fracture site and somewhat lower counts in the femoral head; fractures that were healing normally showed counts at the fracture site that were higher than those of the normal, uninjured hip but lower than those at fracture sites where osteonecrosis or nonunion was present. Prediction of complications by 85Sr scintimetry is not reliable within the first few months on injury; thereafter, however, the procedure has definite diagnostic value, particularly for osteonecrosis.", "PMID": 1166335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1195", "title": "Differential diagnosis of midline facial granulomas.", "content": "The list of differential diagnoses in the case of midline facial granulomatous lesions is long. Intensive investigation into the true origin of disease must be done before definitive treatment can be begun. Extensive and repeated biopsies are necessary. The diagnosis may narrow down to the nonspecific midline lethal granuloma. Evidence in the literature coupled with our experience strongly indicates that this disease does not exist as a pathologic entity but merely as a clinical syndrome which upon further evaluation will reveal either Wegener's granulomatosis or a reticulum cell neoplasm. Treatment of the syndrome consists of corticosteroid drugs, irradiation, and chemotherapy until a definitive diagnosis is made. Midline granulomas have been and will continue to be a challenging diagnostic and therapeutic problem for the otolaryngologist.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of midline facial granulomas. The list of differential diagnoses in the case of midline facial granulomatous lesions is long. Intensive investigation into the true origin of disease must be done before definitive treatment can be begun. Extensive and repeated biopsies are necessary. The diagnosis may narrow down to the nonspecific midline lethal granuloma. Evidence in the literature coupled with our experience strongly indicates that this disease does not exist as a pathologic entity but merely as a clinical syndrome which upon further evaluation will reveal either Wegener's granulomatosis or a reticulum cell neoplasm. Treatment of the syndrome consists of corticosteroid drugs, irradiation, and chemotherapy until a definitive diagnosis is made. Midline granulomas have been and will continue to be a challenging diagnostic and therapeutic problem for the otolaryngologist.", "PMID": 1166336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1196", "title": "Serologic study of toxoplasmosis in Taiwan.", "content": "Toxoplasma gondii antibody titers as determined by either the indirect hemagglutination test or the methylene blue dye test were determined for a group of aborigines and for Chinese as well as for swine, cats, rats, dogs and one bovine, all resident on the island of Taiwan. None of the 194 aborigines and  only 3 (1.97%) of the 152 Chinese were found to be positive. Of 433 swine tested 132 (30.5%) were positive. Thirteen (27.7%) of 47 domestic pet cats were positive while none of 11 feral cats were positive. None of the 29 rats, 3 dogs or the one bovine were positive. Possible reasons for the lack of infection in Chinese is discussed.", "contents": "Serologic study of toxoplasmosis in Taiwan. Toxoplasma gondii antibody titers as determined by either the indirect hemagglutination test or the methylene blue dye test were determined for a group of aborigines and for Chinese as well as for swine, cats, rats, dogs and one bovine, all resident on the island of Taiwan. None of the 194 aborigines and  only 3 (1.97%) of the 152 Chinese were found to be positive. Of 433 swine tested 132 (30.5%) were positive. Thirteen (27.7%) of 47 domestic pet cats were positive while none of 11 feral cats were positive. None of the 29 rats, 3 dogs or the one bovine were positive. Possible reasons for the lack of infection in Chinese is discussed.", "PMID": 1166342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1197", "title": "Studies on filariasis in the Pacific. 4. The application of the membrane filter concentration technique to a survey of Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis in Kepu district, Jakarta, Indonesia.", "content": "A blood survey for filariasis was carried out in the Kepu District of Jakarta. Examination of stained 20 c.mm finger-prick blood thick films and membrane filter concentration (MFC) of 1 ml venous blood. The youngest age group examined, 5-9 years old revealed a mf rate of 17% of which 71% were of a low density character detected by MFC only. The mf rate appears to remain relatively constant from the 10-14 year old group onward, approximately 35%, but at all age groups at least half the infections were of low density. The highest mf rate and density was observed present in the 15-20 year old group.", "contents": "Studies on filariasis in the Pacific. 4. The application of the membrane filter concentration technique to a survey of Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis in Kepu district, Jakarta, Indonesia. A blood survey for filariasis was carried out in the Kepu District of Jakarta. Examination of stained 20 c.mm finger-prick blood thick films and membrane filter concentration (MFC) of 1 ml venous blood. The youngest age group examined, 5-9 years old revealed a mf rate of 17% of which 71% were of a low density character detected by MFC only. The mf rate appears to remain relatively constant from the 10-14 year old group onward, approximately 35%, but at all age groups at least half the infections were of low density. The highest mf rate and density was observed present in the 15-20 year old group.", "PMID": 1166343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1198", "title": "Repeated infections of Brugia pahangi in the jird, Meriones unguiculatus.", "content": "Male jirds, Meriones unguiculatus, were subcutaneously inoculated in the groin with 1 to 5 doses of infective-stage larvae of Brugia pahangi at weekly or monthly intervals. When a dose of either 25 or 75 larvae or 4 weekly doses of 25 larvae were given, 15-16% of the larvae were recovered as adults approximately 4 to 7 months post inoculation. Only 8-10% of the larvae were recovered if 4 weekly or 5 monthly doses of 75 larvae each were given. After an inoculation of 75 larvae, 25% of the worms were recovered at 30 days. The 30 day-old population consisted of an average of 10 female and 8.8 male worms. Jirds previously inoculated with 4 weekly or 5 monthly doses were challenged with an additional 75 larvae 30 days prior to necropsy. An average of only 4.5 thirty day-old female worms were recovered in these cases, presenting a 55% decrease as compared to the single inoculation situation. There was some decrease in the mean length of female worms in multiply-inoculated jirds, but no difference in the mean lengths of the male worm population from singly or multiply-inoculated jirds was observed. No differences in prepatent periods or in patterns of microfilaraemia were observed in singly or multiply-inoculated jirds.", "contents": "Repeated infections of Brugia pahangi in the jird, Meriones unguiculatus. Male jirds, Meriones unguiculatus, were subcutaneously inoculated in the groin with 1 to 5 doses of infective-stage larvae of Brugia pahangi at weekly or monthly intervals. When a dose of either 25 or 75 larvae or 4 weekly doses of 25 larvae were given, 15-16% of the larvae were recovered as adults approximately 4 to 7 months post inoculation. Only 8-10% of the larvae were recovered if 4 weekly or 5 monthly doses of 75 larvae each were given. After an inoculation of 75 larvae, 25% of the worms were recovered at 30 days. The 30 day-old population consisted of an average of 10 female and 8.8 male worms. Jirds previously inoculated with 4 weekly or 5 monthly doses were challenged with an additional 75 larvae 30 days prior to necropsy. An average of only 4.5 thirty day-old female worms were recovered in these cases, presenting a 55% decrease as compared to the single inoculation situation. There was some decrease in the mean length of female worms in multiply-inoculated jirds, but no difference in the mean lengths of the male worm population from singly or multiply-inoculated jirds was observed. No differences in prepatent periods or in patterns of microfilaraemia were observed in singly or multiply-inoculated jirds.", "PMID": 1166345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1199", "title": "Studies on filariasis in the Pacific. 5. Brugia malayi filariasis in treated and untreated populations of South Borneo.", "content": "A blood survey employing membrane filter concentration (MFC) and examination of stained 20 c.mm thick blood films as diagnostic methods was carried out in Banjar Regency of South Borneo, an area of endemic B. malayi filariasis. In untreated populations the mf rate, as revealed by MFC, ranged from 23.2% for the 5-9 year old group to 43.7% for the greater than 50 year old group. For all age groups approximately one half of the microfilaraemias were of a low grade nature, diagnosed by MFC only. In a population that had been subjected to mass DEC administration 1 1/2 years prior to this survey, the MFC-diagnosed rate was 15%. Approximately two thirds of these infections were of very low density, the average density being 2.2 mf/ml.", "contents": "Studies on filariasis in the Pacific. 5. Brugia malayi filariasis in treated and untreated populations of South Borneo. A blood survey employing membrane filter concentration (MFC) and examination of stained 20 c.mm thick blood films as diagnostic methods was carried out in Banjar Regency of South Borneo, an area of endemic B. malayi filariasis. In untreated populations the mf rate, as revealed by MFC, ranged from 23.2% for the 5-9 year old group to 43.7% for the greater than 50 year old group. For all age groups approximately one half of the microfilaraemias were of a low grade nature, diagnosed by MFC only. In a population that had been subjected to mass DEC administration 1 1/2 years prior to this survey, the MFC-diagnosed rate was 15%. Approximately two thirds of these infections were of very low density, the average density being 2.2 mf/ml.", "PMID": 1166344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1200", "title": "Studies with Brugia pahangi. 11. Measurement of lymph flow in infected cats.", "content": "Rates of lymph flow in cats were measured by calculating the disappearance of radioactive colloidal gold (198Au) from the feet of (1) uninfected cats, (2) cats infected for various periods after primary infection with Brugia pahangi, and (3) cats repeatedly challenged with B. pahangi infective larvae over long periods. The results of the study showed that (1) there is great variation in gold disappearance rates in different cats in all 3 groups above, (2) the cat lymphatic system is functionally highly efficient, and (3) in a cat with lymphoedema and early elephantiasis, there was a significant impairment of gold removal from the affected foot. The study proved useful in finding lymph drainage rates in the various animals but did not, as hoped, show any pattern of lymph flow decrease which might have enabled the use of the technique as a diagnostic tool for lymphatic pathology prior to the occurrence of external clinical manifestations of filariasis.", "contents": "Studies with Brugia pahangi. 11. Measurement of lymph flow in infected cats. Rates of lymph flow in cats were measured by calculating the disappearance of radioactive colloidal gold (198Au) from the feet of (1) uninfected cats, (2) cats infected for various periods after primary infection with Brugia pahangi, and (3) cats repeatedly challenged with B. pahangi infective larvae over long periods. The results of the study showed that (1) there is great variation in gold disappearance rates in different cats in all 3 groups above, (2) the cat lymphatic system is functionally highly efficient, and (3) in a cat with lymphoedema and early elephantiasis, there was a significant impairment of gold removal from the affected foot. The study proved useful in finding lymph drainage rates in the various animals but did not, as hoped, show any pattern of lymph flow decrease which might have enabled the use of the technique as a diagnostic tool for lymphatic pathology prior to the occurrence of external clinical manifestations of filariasis.", "PMID": 1166346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1201", "title": "Distribution of Oncomelania hupensis in the Napu Valley of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.", "content": "Fifteen colonies of Oncomelania hupensis were found near trails transecting the North Lore District, Napu Valley, Central Sulawesi. Habitats were in abandoned rice fields, uncultivated grazing areas for livestock, roadside ditches and, in one case, an actively worked rice field. Marsh grasses, Ischaemum barbatum and Laersia hexandra, were the most common plants in oncomelanid habitats. Other mollusks found in association with O. hupensis were Radix sp., Melanoides sp., Gyraulus sp., Idiopoma sp., Thiara sp., Opeas sp. and Indopyrgus sp. in that order of frequency. Schistosoma japonicum cercariae, as determined by mouse exposures, were shed from snails collected at four foci. In Sulawesi, O. hupensis and S. japonicum were found in high mountain valleys near, or above, 1,000 meters in elevation. Oncomelania hupensis, however, were not found in what appeared to be suitable habitats at lower elevations in the same drainage systems.", "contents": "Distribution of Oncomelania hupensis in the Napu Valley of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fifteen colonies of Oncomelania hupensis were found near trails transecting the North Lore District, Napu Valley, Central Sulawesi. Habitats were in abandoned rice fields, uncultivated grazing areas for livestock, roadside ditches and, in one case, an actively worked rice field. Marsh grasses, Ischaemum barbatum and Laersia hexandra, were the most common plants in oncomelanid habitats. Other mollusks found in association with O. hupensis were Radix sp., Melanoides sp., Gyraulus sp., Idiopoma sp., Thiara sp., Opeas sp. and Indopyrgus sp. in that order of frequency. Schistosoma japonicum cercariae, as determined by mouse exposures, were shed from snails collected at four foci. In Sulawesi, O. hupensis and S. japonicum were found in high mountain valleys near, or above, 1,000 meters in elevation. Oncomelania hupensis, however, were not found in what appeared to be suitable habitats at lower elevations in the same drainage systems.", "PMID": 1166348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1202", "title": "Mekong schistosomiasis. 4. A parasitological survey of wild rodents, domestic pigs and cattle on Khong Island, Laos.", "content": "No evidence of infection with the Mekong Schistosoma was found in 12 Rattus exulans, 81 R. r. molliculus, and 10 Bandicota savilei caught in the vicinity of and downstream from the schistosomiasis transmission focus on Khong Island, South Laos, and examined by dissection and portal perfusion. Likewise, no eggs of the Mekong Schistosoma were detected in faeces of 15 domestic pigs or 43 domestic cattle examined on Khong Island both by merthiolate-iodine-formalin concentration and by the hatching technique. These results suggested that the wild rodents listed above, as well as pigs and cattle in the vicinity of Khong Town, may not contribute significantly to the transmission of the Mekong Schistosoma under present conditions.", "contents": "Mekong schistosomiasis. 4. A parasitological survey of wild rodents, domestic pigs and cattle on Khong Island, Laos. No evidence of infection with the Mekong Schistosoma was found in 12 Rattus exulans, 81 R. r. molliculus, and 10 Bandicota savilei caught in the vicinity of and downstream from the schistosomiasis transmission focus on Khong Island, South Laos, and examined by dissection and portal perfusion. Likewise, no eggs of the Mekong Schistosoma were detected in faeces of 15 domestic pigs or 43 domestic cattle examined on Khong Island both by merthiolate-iodine-formalin concentration and by the hatching technique. These results suggested that the wild rodents listed above, as well as pigs and cattle in the vicinity of Khong Town, may not contribute significantly to the transmission of the Mekong Schistosoma under present conditions.", "PMID": 1166350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1203", "title": "Comparative morphology of genital cones of genus Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843.", "content": "Male worms of Ancylostoma braziliense, A. ceylanicum, A. kusimaense, A. malayanum, A. duodenale, A. caninum, A. tubaeforme, Agriostomum vryburgi and Cyclodontostomum purvisi have the external appendages beside the anogenital aperture. These anogenital structures are morphologically similar and are assumed to be homologous among the species with three pairs of teeth or more. In hookworms with two pairs of teeth, the anogenital structures are complex. Anogenital features can be used as a taxonomic character in separating the species.", "contents": "Comparative morphology of genital cones of genus Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843. Male worms of Ancylostoma braziliense, A. ceylanicum, A. kusimaense, A. malayanum, A. duodenale, A. caninum, A. tubaeforme, Agriostomum vryburgi and Cyclodontostomum purvisi have the external appendages beside the anogenital aperture. These anogenital structures are morphologically similar and are assumed to be homologous among the species with three pairs of teeth or more. In hookworms with two pairs of teeth, the anogenital structures are complex. Anogenital features can be used as a taxonomic character in separating the species.", "PMID": 1166351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1204", "title": "Distribution and ecological consideration of Breinlia booliati infecting wild rodents in Malaysia.", "content": "Seven of the 18 species of lowland forest terrestrial and semi-arboreal murids were found naturally infected with Breinlia booliati. Of these, two species, Rattus sabanus and R. cremoriventer, were found to be the most preferred hosts. None of the murids from the highland, field or human-inhabited areas was infected. This could have been due more to the greater scarcity of the vectors in these habitats than to the susceptibility of the hosts. The absence of this parasite in the squirrels examined may be attributed either to host specificity or to the normal activity cycles or vertical stratification of the vectors, separating them in space and/or time from the squirrels. The pattern of dispersion of the parasite is influenced by the wide distribution of suitable hosts, and the hypothesis that the parasite is of forest origin is discussed.", "contents": "Distribution and ecological consideration of Breinlia booliati infecting wild rodents in Malaysia. Seven of the 18 species of lowland forest terrestrial and semi-arboreal murids were found naturally infected with Breinlia booliati. Of these, two species, Rattus sabanus and R. cremoriventer, were found to be the most preferred hosts. None of the murids from the highland, field or human-inhabited areas was infected. This could have been due more to the greater scarcity of the vectors in these habitats than to the susceptibility of the hosts. The absence of this parasite in the squirrels examined may be attributed either to host specificity or to the normal activity cycles or vertical stratification of the vectors, separating them in space and/or time from the squirrels. The pattern of dispersion of the parasite is influenced by the wide distribution of suitable hosts, and the hypothesis that the parasite is of forest origin is discussed.", "PMID": 1166352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1205", "title": "Fluoride studies in Malaysia.", "content": "Twenty-four-hour urine samples and whole deciduous teeth from fluoridated (0.71 ppm) and non-fluoridated (0.14 ppm) areas together with some selected local food items were analysed for their fluoride content. The mean values for urinary fluoride were 0.90 ppm or 0.77 mg per day for the fluoridated area and 0.50 ppm or 0.52 mg per day for the non-fluoridated area. Assuming that half of all the fluoride ingested is excreted in the urine, this study suggests that the average daily fluoride intakes by adults in the fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas were about 1.5 mg and 1 mg respectively. The mean fluoride content of non-carious deciduous teeth from the fluoridated area was 416.89 ppm compared to 178.45 ppm in the low fluoride area.", "contents": "Fluoride studies in Malaysia. Twenty-four-hour urine samples and whole deciduous teeth from fluoridated (0.71 ppm) and non-fluoridated (0.14 ppm) areas together with some selected local food items were analysed for their fluoride content. The mean values for urinary fluoride were 0.90 ppm or 0.77 mg per day for the fluoridated area and 0.50 ppm or 0.52 mg per day for the non-fluoridated area. Assuming that half of all the fluoride ingested is excreted in the urine, this study suggests that the average daily fluoride intakes by adults in the fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas were about 1.5 mg and 1 mg respectively. The mean fluoride content of non-carious deciduous teeth from the fluoridated area was 416.89 ppm compared to 178.45 ppm in the low fluoride area.", "PMID": 1166355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1206", "title": "Clinical classification of perinatal deaths.", "content": "The purpose of classifying perinatal mortality is to assist in its prevention. A clinical classification has been devised an applied to 506 perinatal deaths which occurred among 15 251 deliveries in the Peninsula Maternity Services in Cape Town during 1972. Prematurity, accidental haemorrhage and fetoplacental inadequacy are the three main causes of perinatal loss. There appears to be a lower incidence of congenital abnormalities in the Cape Cape Coloured community. Detection of the premature labour group, the aplication of prevention and the early delivery of the fetus which is unable to withstand the stress of intra-uterine life will lower the perinatal mortality rate.", "contents": "Clinical classification of perinatal deaths. The purpose of classifying perinatal mortality is to assist in its prevention. A clinical classification has been devised an applied to 506 perinatal deaths which occurred among 15 251 deliveries in the Peninsula Maternity Services in Cape Town during 1972. Prematurity, accidental haemorrhage and fetoplacental inadequacy are the three main causes of perinatal loss. There appears to be a lower incidence of congenital abnormalities in the Cape Cape Coloured community. Detection of the premature labour group, the aplication of prevention and the early delivery of the fetus which is unable to withstand the stress of intra-uterine life will lower the perinatal mortality rate.", "PMID": 1166361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1207", "title": "Dermatitis and keratoconjunctivitis caused by a prickly pear (Opuntia microdasys).", "content": "Two patients were affected by the barbed bristles of the ornamental cactus Opuntia microdasys, a small prickly pear plant. Dermatitis occurred in both patients and consisted of itchy papules produced by implantation of the glochids. One patient developed a severe keratoconjunctivitis in the right eye, which cleared after a glochid had been located in the palpebral conjunctiva, and removed. The glochids were studied under light and scanning electron microscopes and their structral details are described.", "contents": "Dermatitis and keratoconjunctivitis caused by a prickly pear (Opuntia microdasys). Two patients were affected by the barbed bristles of the ornamental cactus Opuntia microdasys, a small prickly pear plant. Dermatitis occurred in both patients and consisted of itchy papules produced by implantation of the glochids. One patient developed a severe keratoconjunctivitis in the right eye, which cleared after a glochid had been located in the palpebral conjunctiva, and removed. The glochids were studied under light and scanning electron microscopes and their structral details are described.", "PMID": 1166362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1208", "title": "The trace elements: A new chapter in nutrition.", "content": "Formerly reported by analysts as being present as \"traces\", the minute amounts of many elements present in plant and animal materials can now be detected and estimated with a remarkable degree of sensitivity and accuracy. Some of this heterogenous group of metals and nonmetals have been shown to be essential for life or for the well-being of animals, including man; others possess toxic properties, while yet others are probably there as contaminants. Although present in such extremely small quantities, those known to be essential play highly individualistic as well as astonishingly varied roles in our metabolic processes; they must, therefore, take their place with the other nutrients needed in our diet.", "contents": "The trace elements: A new chapter in nutrition. Formerly reported by analysts as being present as \"traces\", the minute amounts of many elements present in plant and animal materials can now be detected and estimated with a remarkable degree of sensitivity and accuracy. Some of this heterogenous group of metals and nonmetals have been shown to be essential for life or for the well-being of animals, including man; others possess toxic properties, while yet others are probably there as contaminants. Although present in such extremely small quantities, those known to be essential play highly individualistic as well as astonishingly varied roles in our metabolic processes; they must, therefore, take their place with the other nutrients needed in our diet.", "PMID": 1166364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1209", "title": "The irritable bowel syndrome in the urban South African Negro.", "content": "The 'irritable bowel syndrome' is a disorder of civilisation, in which a low-residue fibre-deficient diet is probably the major aetiological factor. This is illustrated by the first 2 Black patients presenting with this syndrome. They represent a population which has only recently changed from a rural to an urban way of life.", "contents": "The irritable bowel syndrome in the urban South African Negro. The 'irritable bowel syndrome' is a disorder of civilisation, in which a low-residue fibre-deficient diet is probably the major aetiological factor. This is illustrated by the first 2 Black patients presenting with this syndrome. They represent a population which has only recently changed from a rural to an urban way of life.", "PMID": 1166365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1210", "title": "Digestibility of protein and dry matter in caecectomised and intact rats.", "content": "The dry matter digestibility (DMD) of sifted granulated maize meal and the digestibility of the protein in yellow haricot beans were determined in intact and caecectomised rats. The experiments were done to ascertain whether microbial activity in the caecum has an effect on the digestibility. Removal of the caecum resulted in a decrease of 9 percentage units in the DMD value but had no appreciable effect on the protein digestibity data.", "contents": "Digestibility of protein and dry matter in caecectomised and intact rats. The dry matter digestibility (DMD) of sifted granulated maize meal and the digestibility of the protein in yellow haricot beans were determined in intact and caecectomised rats. The experiments were done to ascertain whether microbial activity in the caecum has an effect on the digestibility. Removal of the caecum resulted in a decrease of 9 percentage units in the DMD value but had no appreciable effect on the protein digestibity data.", "PMID": 1166366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1211", "title": "Biological assessment of protein quality. Essential amino acid requirements of young rats in certain states of nitrogen balance.", "content": "The nutritive value of dietary proteins depends on, inter alia the degree of correspondence between the essential amino acid (EAA) content of the protein and the EAA requirements of the animal in question. In the present study the EAA requirements of the young male rat for the maintenance of nitrogen balance equal to 0; + 100; + 200; or + 300 mg N/100 g body mass/8 days were estimated. It was found that, probably because of time-dependent adaptive changes, there are differences, mainly between the EAA pattern for maintenance of N balance = 100 mg and higher. This finding is discussed with reference to its bearing on the methodology of protein evaluation and on the assessment of EAA requirements in general.", "contents": "Biological assessment of protein quality. Essential amino acid requirements of young rats in certain states of nitrogen balance. The nutritive value of dietary proteins depends on, inter alia the degree of correspondence between the essential amino acid (EAA) content of the protein and the EAA requirements of the animal in question. In the present study the EAA requirements of the young male rat for the maintenance of nitrogen balance equal to 0; + 100; + 200; or + 300 mg N/100 g body mass/8 days were estimated. It was found that, probably because of time-dependent adaptive changes, there are differences, mainly between the EAA pattern for maintenance of N balance = 100 mg and higher. This finding is discussed with reference to its bearing on the methodology of protein evaluation and on the assessment of EAA requirements in general.", "PMID": 1166367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1212", "title": "Staging laparotomy with splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Staging laparotomy, consisting of splenectomy and biopsies of liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, is a very useful adjunct in the workup of a patient with Hodgkin's disease. In this series of 400 patients, 1 percent required reoperations for complication, 3.7 percent had major complications, and 14 percent had minor complications from the operation. Further evidence of Hodgkin's disease was discovered in 42 percent of the cases and a change from the clinical to the pathologic stage occurred in 27.5 percent of these cases. The surgeon's task in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and other malignant diseases is to document and mark the areas of involvement so that accurate and appropriate therapy can be given, while minimizing morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Staging laparotomy with splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease. Staging laparotomy, consisting of splenectomy and biopsies of liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, is a very useful adjunct in the workup of a patient with Hodgkin's disease. In this series of 400 patients, 1 percent required reoperations for complication, 3.7 percent had major complications, and 14 percent had minor complications from the operation. Further evidence of Hodgkin's disease was discovered in 42 percent of the cases and a change from the clinical to the pathologic stage occurred in 27.5 percent of these cases. The surgeon's task in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and other malignant diseases is to document and mark the areas of involvement so that accurate and appropriate therapy can be given, while minimizing morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 1166368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1213", "title": "Regionalization of trauma patient care: the Illinois experience.", "content": "1. A program of regionalization of critically injured trauma patients has been ongoing in Illinois since July 1, 1973. 2. The Illinois trauma system was initiated with the functional categorization of some 47 local, areawide, and regional and three special regional hospital trauma centers strategically located across the state, and established a frame-work for a statewide comprehensive emergency medical services program. 3. Program concepts, subsystems components, and trauma registry clinical data have been presented to describe the dynamics of this trauma-EMS care system. 4. Trauma patient care, because of its complex requirements, provides an excellent model from which to design a basic emergency health care delivery system, and one that can be expanded to include all types of emergency medical problems. 5. Because of the obvious demanding clinical needs of critically injured trauma patients for comprehensive care and the necessity for consolidation of medical resources for these patients at all community levels, surgeons should take a leadership role in regional and areawide trauma-EMS planning and implementation in their local communities.", "contents": "Regionalization of trauma patient care: the Illinois experience. 1. A program of regionalization of critically injured trauma patients has been ongoing in Illinois since July 1, 1973. 2. The Illinois trauma system was initiated with the functional categorization of some 47 local, areawide, and regional and three special regional hospital trauma centers strategically located across the state, and established a frame-work for a statewide comprehensive emergency medical services program. 3. Program concepts, subsystems components, and trauma registry clinical data have been presented to describe the dynamics of this trauma-EMS care system. 4. Trauma patient care, because of its complex requirements, provides an excellent model from which to design a basic emergency health care delivery system, and one that can be expanded to include all types of emergency medical problems. 5. Because of the obvious demanding clinical needs of critically injured trauma patients for comprehensive care and the necessity for consolidation of medical resources for these patients at all community levels, surgeons should take a leadership role in regional and areawide trauma-EMS planning and implementation in their local communities.", "PMID": 1166369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1214", "title": "Effects of anesthetics on the kidney.", "content": "All general anesthetics employed clinically have significant and reversible effects on renal hemodynamics, water, and electrolyte excretion at concentrations in which they are usually employed for surgical anesthesia. Some of the mechanisms by which these effects are produced are discussed. The minmal depressant effect on renal function of epidural anesthesia is possibly related to local anesthetic effects on the central system and/or the kidney. Methoxyflurane has been demonstrated to produce renal dysfunction when administered in high concentrations for prolonged periods of time to obese patients. Metabolites of methosyflurane including fluoride and/or oxalate appear to be the cause of this problem. Problems of anesthetic management in patients with renal failure have been briefly summarized with specific attention to the undersirable effects of some neuromuscular blocking drugs.", "contents": "Effects of anesthetics on the kidney. All general anesthetics employed clinically have significant and reversible effects on renal hemodynamics, water, and electrolyte excretion at concentrations in which they are usually employed for surgical anesthesia. Some of the mechanisms by which these effects are produced are discussed. The minmal depressant effect on renal function of epidural anesthesia is possibly related to local anesthetic effects on the central system and/or the kidney. Methoxyflurane has been demonstrated to produce renal dysfunction when administered in high concentrations for prolonged periods of time to obese patients. Metabolites of methosyflurane including fluoride and/or oxalate appear to be the cause of this problem. Problems of anesthetic management in patients with renal failure have been briefly summarized with specific attention to the undersirable effects of some neuromuscular blocking drugs.", "PMID": 1166370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1215", "title": "Primary and adjunctive therapy in carcinoma of the adrenal cortex.", "content": "The absence of a clinically useful staging system for carcinoma of the adrenal cortex has permitted undue pessimism to develop and prevented effective evaluation of postoperative adjunctive therapy. The records of 15 patients undergoing operation for carcinoma of the adrenal gland were studied, and a staging system is proposed. The correlation between the proposed clinical stages and a patient's survival time was highly significant. An aggressive surgical approach toward both the primary tumor and the isolated metastatic lesion appears warranted. In those patients with functioning tumors, determination of urinary steroid levels provides early evidence of recurrence.", "contents": "Primary and adjunctive therapy in carcinoma of the adrenal cortex. The absence of a clinically useful staging system for carcinoma of the adrenal cortex has permitted undue pessimism to develop and prevented effective evaluation of postoperative adjunctive therapy. The records of 15 patients undergoing operation for carcinoma of the adrenal gland were studied, and a staging system is proposed. The correlation between the proposed clinical stages and a patient's survival time was highly significant. An aggressive surgical approach toward both the primary tumor and the isolated metastatic lesion appears warranted. In those patients with functioning tumors, determination of urinary steroid levels provides early evidence of recurrence.", "PMID": 1166374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1216", "title": "Family studies of malignant melanoma and associated cancer.", "content": "This study comprises five cancer prone families with one or more occurrences of melanoma in context with a variety of other histologic types of cancer, including an excess of multiple primary malignant tumors. The genetic mode of transmission of cancer in each family was consistent with a dominant factor which has seemingly predisposed these patients to a general cancer diatheses. The tumor spectrum included malignant melanoma and cancers of the breast, gastrointestinal tract, lung and lymphoproliferative system. Recently, S1 and S2 antigens were noted to occur with malignant melanoma and the same variety of tumors which have occured in these five families.", "contents": "Family studies of malignant melanoma and associated cancer. This study comprises five cancer prone families with one or more occurrences of melanoma in context with a variety of other histologic types of cancer, including an excess of multiple primary malignant tumors. The genetic mode of transmission of cancer in each family was consistent with a dominant factor which has seemingly predisposed these patients to a general cancer diatheses. The tumor spectrum included malignant melanoma and cancers of the breast, gastrointestinal tract, lung and lymphoproliferative system. Recently, S1 and S2 antigens were noted to occur with malignant melanoma and the same variety of tumors which have occured in these five families.", "PMID": 1166375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1217", "title": "Hemopneumothorax following blunt trauma of the thorax.", "content": "Hemopneumothorax is a frequent sequel of blunt trauma of the thorax and is easily treated if it occurs without associated injury. As an isolated injury, it is accompanied by a low mortality rate, 2 per cent in this series of 330 patients. The principal treatment for hemopneumothorax was tube thoracostomy with large bore chest tubes. Initial thoracotomy was required for 3.3 per cent of the patients, and late thoracotomy for complications was necessary only in 1.2 per cent of the patients. The over-all mortality rate of 20.3 per cent reflected the many associated injuries. Extrathoracic trauma played a significant role in 44 of the 67 deaths.", "contents": "Hemopneumothorax following blunt trauma of the thorax. Hemopneumothorax is a frequent sequel of blunt trauma of the thorax and is easily treated if it occurs without associated injury. As an isolated injury, it is accompanied by a low mortality rate, 2 per cent in this series of 330 patients. The principal treatment for hemopneumothorax was tube thoracostomy with large bore chest tubes. Initial thoracotomy was required for 3.3 per cent of the patients, and late thoracotomy for complications was necessary only in 1.2 per cent of the patients. The over-all mortality rate of 20.3 per cent reflected the many associated injuries. Extrathoracic trauma played a significant role in 44 of the 67 deaths.", "PMID": 1166378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1218", "title": "Radiothelemetric monitoring of hydrogen ion levels of the small intestine.", "content": "A radiotelemetric technique was used to document the pH level within the intact small intestine of the dog. It was found that the pH in the area of the upper part of the jejunum ranged in a neutral zone between 6 to 7 in the fasting dog. Stimulation of the Thiry-Vella loop in these dogs, with either acid or alkaline solution, always resulted in the pH rising toward a higher level, the highest pH level being recorded as 8.2. All dogs demonstrated a lowering of this pH level toward a neutral range of 6 to 7 within three hours after Thiry-Vella loop challenge.", "contents": "Radiothelemetric monitoring of hydrogen ion levels of the small intestine. A radiotelemetric technique was used to document the pH level within the intact small intestine of the dog. It was found that the pH in the area of the upper part of the jejunum ranged in a neutral zone between 6 to 7 in the fasting dog. Stimulation of the Thiry-Vella loop in these dogs, with either acid or alkaline solution, always resulted in the pH rising toward a higher level, the highest pH level being recorded as 8.2. All dogs demonstrated a lowering of this pH level toward a neutral range of 6 to 7 within three hours after Thiry-Vella loop challenge.", "PMID": 1166379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1219", "title": "Experimental evidence for a significant impairment of host defense for gram-negative organisms by a specific cutaneous toxin produced by severe burn injuries.", "content": "Dry heat forms a specific burn toxin in mouse and human skin from a naturally occurring precursor by a polymerization process and not by producing breakdown products. Precursor and toxin are both macromolecular lipid-protein complexes with similar chemical composition and physical structure both occurring in mouse and human skin as well as in serum of burned patients. Specific toxicity resides only in the apoprotein of the polymeric toxic form which also has new specific artificially produced antigenic site or sites. This phenomenon makes it possible to jump the species from man to mouse, shown by the success of specific immunotherapy. Neutral apolar lipids of the coat are contributing in an unspecific but significant manner to the toxic effect. Bacteria are not involved in toxin production nor in toxin activity. The target systems of the toxin are the cell wall membranes of all parenchymal cells of paractically all organs. The toxin apparently causes severe damage of the membrane verified by an increased permeability for compounds which otherwise do not penetrate. This basic cell damage itself is able to kill the animal, depending on the ratio of intact to damaged cells. Sublethal doses of toxin, however, prepare the background upon which bacteremia in burn injuries leads to a lethal sepsis. Finally, the direct toxic action as well as the enhancement of the susceptibility for gram-negative organisms both leading to the lethal outcome can be counteracted by specific passive antitoxic immunotherapy.", "contents": "Experimental evidence for a significant impairment of host defense for gram-negative organisms by a specific cutaneous toxin produced by severe burn injuries. Dry heat forms a specific burn toxin in mouse and human skin from a naturally occurring precursor by a polymerization process and not by producing breakdown products. Precursor and toxin are both macromolecular lipid-protein complexes with similar chemical composition and physical structure both occurring in mouse and human skin as well as in serum of burned patients. Specific toxicity resides only in the apoprotein of the polymeric toxic form which also has new specific artificially produced antigenic site or sites. This phenomenon makes it possible to jump the species from man to mouse, shown by the success of specific immunotherapy. Neutral apolar lipids of the coat are contributing in an unspecific but significant manner to the toxic effect. Bacteria are not involved in toxin production nor in toxin activity. The target systems of the toxin are the cell wall membranes of all parenchymal cells of paractically all organs. The toxin apparently causes severe damage of the membrane verified by an increased permeability for compounds which otherwise do not penetrate. This basic cell damage itself is able to kill the animal, depending on the ratio of intact to damaged cells. Sublethal doses of toxin, however, prepare the background upon which bacteremia in burn injuries leads to a lethal sepsis. Finally, the direct toxic action as well as the enhancement of the susceptibility for gram-negative organisms both leading to the lethal outcome can be counteracted by specific passive antitoxic immunotherapy.", "PMID": 1166380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1220", "title": "Treatment of carcinoma of the rectum by intracavitary irradiation.", "content": "Intracavitary direct contact irradiation can be used in the treatment of carefully selected patients with carcinoma of the rectum. The treatments last three minutes and are adminstered on an out-patient basis for three to five treatments with no limitation of activity. The treatments are given two weeks apart. In 25 patients, there has been no morbidity or mortality as a result of the treatments. In two patients, poorly differentiated carcinomas were not controlled, and subsequent abdominoperineal resection was required. This method of treatment should be available to more radiotherapists so the actual potential of this modality can be ascertained.", "contents": "Treatment of carcinoma of the rectum by intracavitary irradiation. Intracavitary direct contact irradiation can be used in the treatment of carefully selected patients with carcinoma of the rectum. The treatments last three minutes and are adminstered on an out-patient basis for three to five treatments with no limitation of activity. The treatments are given two weeks apart. In 25 patients, there has been no morbidity or mortality as a result of the treatments. In two patients, poorly differentiated carcinomas were not controlled, and subsequent abdominoperineal resection was required. This method of treatment should be available to more radiotherapists so the actual potential of this modality can be ascertained.", "PMID": 1166381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1221", "title": "Symptomatic lipomas of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Eleven patients with symptomatic lipomas of the gastrointestinal tract have been observed. The lipomas generally are relatively large, and the signs and symptoms consist mainly of abdominal pain and chronic blood loss. These lesions most commonly are seen in the colon and in the region of the ileocecal valve and less commonly in the small intestine, stomach and esophagus. Distinguishing thest tumors from carcinomas or sarcomas may be difficult, and patients are generally in the same age range as those with cancer. Roentgenologic contrast studies are helphful in localizing the tumors, but accurate tissue diagnosis usually is not made until the lesions are excised. Operative management by either local excision or segmental resection is required, and the prognosis is excellent.", "contents": "Symptomatic lipomas of the gastrointestinal tract. Eleven patients with symptomatic lipomas of the gastrointestinal tract have been observed. The lipomas generally are relatively large, and the signs and symptoms consist mainly of abdominal pain and chronic blood loss. These lesions most commonly are seen in the colon and in the region of the ileocecal valve and less commonly in the small intestine, stomach and esophagus. Distinguishing thest tumors from carcinomas or sarcomas may be difficult, and patients are generally in the same age range as those with cancer. Roentgenologic contrast studies are helphful in localizing the tumors, but accurate tissue diagnosis usually is not made until the lesions are excised. Operative management by either local excision or segmental resection is required, and the prognosis is excellent.", "PMID": 1166382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1222", "title": "Oophorectomy for advanced carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "From 1960 to 1972, 639 patients have undergone bilateral oophorectomy for carcinoma of the breast. The over-all regression rate was 29.5 per cent; regressions lasted on an average of 16 months, and 19 per cent of the patients who responded to surgical castration survived five years or longer. The best results were achieved when the patients were premenopausal and over 35 years of age or not more than one year menopausal, if the free interval was longer than two years or if the patient had primary advanced carcinoma and when the lesions were localized to the soft tissues, bones, lung and pleura. Attempts to demonstrate the hormone-dependence of the tumor by correlating the response rate to preoperative urinary steroid determination or by cytologic examination of the vaginal smear were inconclusive.", "contents": "Oophorectomy for advanced carcinoma of the breast. From 1960 to 1972, 639 patients have undergone bilateral oophorectomy for carcinoma of the breast. The over-all regression rate was 29.5 per cent; regressions lasted on an average of 16 months, and 19 per cent of the patients who responded to surgical castration survived five years or longer. The best results were achieved when the patients were premenopausal and over 35 years of age or not more than one year menopausal, if the free interval was longer than two years or if the patient had primary advanced carcinoma and when the lesions were localized to the soft tissues, bones, lung and pleura. Attempts to demonstrate the hormone-dependence of the tumor by correlating the response rate to preoperative urinary steroid determination or by cytologic examination of the vaginal smear were inconclusive.", "PMID": 1166383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1223", "title": "Evaluation of the effect of fundoplication on the incompetent lower esophageal sphincter.", "content": "The increase in tension of the gastroesophageal high pressure zone after fundoplication and hiatal hernia repair could represent either a mechanical effect or enhanced smooth muscle tone of the lower esophageal sphincter. Determination of the response of this high pressure zone to cholinergic stimulation, a protein meal and deglutition before and after Belsey Mark IV fundoplasty in seven patients with intractable reflux indicates the latter. Fundoplication resulted in a resting tension of the high pressure zone significantly greater than that found preoperatively but similar to that of controls. This normotensive postoperative high pressure zone had properties of a physiologic lower esophageal sphincter, that is, normal relaxation to deglutition, a response to a protein meal and a response to cholinergic stimulation with edrophonium. In response to edrophonium, evidence of a partial improvement in lower esophageal sphincter smooth muscle function was found postoperatively when compared with the response of controls and in patients preoperatively. The response to a protein meal postoperatively remained similar to that noted preoperatively, which was significantly less than the response of controls. Therefore, the increase in tension of the high pressure zone after fundoplication and hiatal hernia repair appears to result from improved function of the lower esophageal sphincteric smooth muscle.", "contents": "Evaluation of the effect of fundoplication on the incompetent lower esophageal sphincter. The increase in tension of the gastroesophageal high pressure zone after fundoplication and hiatal hernia repair could represent either a mechanical effect or enhanced smooth muscle tone of the lower esophageal sphincter. Determination of the response of this high pressure zone to cholinergic stimulation, a protein meal and deglutition before and after Belsey Mark IV fundoplasty in seven patients with intractable reflux indicates the latter. Fundoplication resulted in a resting tension of the high pressure zone significantly greater than that found preoperatively but similar to that of controls. This normotensive postoperative high pressure zone had properties of a physiologic lower esophageal sphincter, that is, normal relaxation to deglutition, a response to a protein meal and a response to cholinergic stimulation with edrophonium. In response to edrophonium, evidence of a partial improvement in lower esophageal sphincter smooth muscle function was found postoperatively when compared with the response of controls and in patients preoperatively. The response to a protein meal postoperatively remained similar to that noted preoperatively, which was significantly less than the response of controls. Therefore, the increase in tension of the high pressure zone after fundoplication and hiatal hernia repair appears to result from improved function of the lower esophageal sphincteric smooth muscle.", "PMID": 1166384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1224", "title": "A new probe for measurement of muscle pO2 and its use during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Results of recent studies have shown that skeletal muscle pO2 measurements provide an excellent index of peripheral tissue perfusion. Until recently, equipment required was large and difficult to operate. A small new disposable sensor was used upon ten patients during an open-heart bypass operation. Preliminary results clearly indicate a significant decrease in oxygen delivery to peripheral muscle tissue during nonpulsatile bypass. The miniature oxygen probe used in this study functioned well in providing continuous muscle pO2 levels. Not only can it be used to monitor muscle pO2 during total body bypass but also could be used readily in other areas, such as monitoring changes in tissue pO2 during surgical revascularization or during other clinical situations requiring critical care.", "contents": "A new probe for measurement of muscle pO2 and its use during cardiopulmonary bypass. Results of recent studies have shown that skeletal muscle pO2 measurements provide an excellent index of peripheral tissue perfusion. Until recently, equipment required was large and difficult to operate. A small new disposable sensor was used upon ten patients during an open-heart bypass operation. Preliminary results clearly indicate a significant decrease in oxygen delivery to peripheral muscle tissue during nonpulsatile bypass. The miniature oxygen probe used in this study functioned well in providing continuous muscle pO2 levels. Not only can it be used to monitor muscle pO2 during total body bypass but also could be used readily in other areas, such as monitoring changes in tissue pO2 during surgical revascularization or during other clinical situations requiring critical care.", "PMID": 1166386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1225", "title": "Fibrinolytic treatment of postoperative deep venous thrombosis.", "content": "Eleven patients with deep venous thrombosis were treated with streptokinase. Lysis of thrombi and prevention of pulmonay embolism were achieved in eight patients. Bleeding from the operative wound necessitated transfusions in seven patients. Fibrinolytic treatment of deep venous thrombosis lyses the floating portion of the thrombi. Protection against pulmonary embolism may be expected. The fibrinolytic effect of streptokinase is rapid; its value can be answered only by follow-up examinations.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic treatment of postoperative deep venous thrombosis. Eleven patients with deep venous thrombosis were treated with streptokinase. Lysis of thrombi and prevention of pulmonay embolism were achieved in eight patients. Bleeding from the operative wound necessitated transfusions in seven patients. Fibrinolytic treatment of deep venous thrombosis lyses the floating portion of the thrombi. Protection against pulmonary embolism may be expected. The fibrinolytic effect of streptokinase is rapid; its value can be answered only by follow-up examinations.", "PMID": 1166385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1226", "title": "The source and removal of microaggregates in aged human blood and human blood components.", "content": "Microaggregates are formed during the storage of human blood and are composed largely of platelets and leukocytes. These microparticles reside in the buffy coat fraction of blood. The formation of microaggregates can be successfully prevented by removal of the buffy coat or by treatment of blood with drugs which inhibit platelet function prior to storage. Once formed, the volumes of microaggregates in aged blood can be significantly reduced by washing, centrifugation or treatment with urokinase or streptokinase. Glycerol frozen red blood cells and blood components--packed red blood cells and plasma--are free of microaggregates, and they can be infused without fear of embolic consequence.", "contents": "The source and removal of microaggregates in aged human blood and human blood components. Microaggregates are formed during the storage of human blood and are composed largely of platelets and leukocytes. These microparticles reside in the buffy coat fraction of blood. The formation of microaggregates can be successfully prevented by removal of the buffy coat or by treatment of blood with drugs which inhibit platelet function prior to storage. Once formed, the volumes of microaggregates in aged blood can be significantly reduced by washing, centrifugation or treatment with urokinase or streptokinase. Glycerol frozen red blood cells and blood components--packed red blood cells and plasma--are free of microaggregates, and they can be infused without fear of embolic consequence.", "PMID": 1166387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1227", "title": "Stratification of bile in gallbladder and gallstone formation.", "content": "The essential role of the gallbladder in gallstone formation should not be underestimated, as cholesterol stones originate in the gallbladder. The possible significance of stratification of bile in the gallbladder has been studied using recently proposed lithogenic parameters, such as triangular co-ordinates, lithogenic index and cholesterol saturation index. Bile becomes less lithogenic as the concentrating process in the gallbladder progresses. The concentrating activity of the gallbladder seems to differ considerably for each bile constituent. Bile salts are most concentrated in the gallbladder, followed by phospholipids and cholesterol. The presence of a selective absorption process in the gallbladder is suggested. As the gallbladder diminishes the lithogenicity of bile during storage, its role probably lies in its ability to interrupt the enterohepatic circulation leading to the production of lithogenic bile as well as providing a recess to ensure continuous growth of stones.", "contents": "Stratification of bile in gallbladder and gallstone formation. The essential role of the gallbladder in gallstone formation should not be underestimated, as cholesterol stones originate in the gallbladder. The possible significance of stratification of bile in the gallbladder has been studied using recently proposed lithogenic parameters, such as triangular co-ordinates, lithogenic index and cholesterol saturation index. Bile becomes less lithogenic as the concentrating process in the gallbladder progresses. The concentrating activity of the gallbladder seems to differ considerably for each bile constituent. Bile salts are most concentrated in the gallbladder, followed by phospholipids and cholesterol. The presence of a selective absorption process in the gallbladder is suggested. As the gallbladder diminishes the lithogenicity of bile during storage, its role probably lies in its ability to interrupt the enterohepatic circulation leading to the production of lithogenic bile as well as providing a recess to ensure continuous growth of stones.", "PMID": 1166388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1228", "title": "Breast biopsies on outpatients.", "content": "One hundred and three excisional biopsies of breast masses were done on an outpatient basis under local anesthesia. The criteria for selecting patients were such that only two malignant tumors were found, and 101 unnecessary hospital admissions were avoided. A large majority of patients responding to our survey accepted or even preferred the outpatient, local anesthetic technique. Thirteen of 16 patients who had previous inpatient biopsies under general anesthesia preferred biopsy as an outpatient under local anesthesia. This idea is not new, but new economic and social conditions as well as developing diagnostic techniques now increase its potential value.", "contents": "Breast biopsies on outpatients. One hundred and three excisional biopsies of breast masses were done on an outpatient basis under local anesthesia. The criteria for selecting patients were such that only two malignant tumors were found, and 101 unnecessary hospital admissions were avoided. A large majority of patients responding to our survey accepted or even preferred the outpatient, local anesthetic technique. Thirteen of 16 patients who had previous inpatient biopsies under general anesthesia preferred biopsy as an outpatient under local anesthesia. This idea is not new, but new economic and social conditions as well as developing diagnostic techniques now increase its potential value.", "PMID": 1166389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1229", "title": "A technique for drainage through the bed of the twelfth rib.", "content": "Operations in the upper part of the abdomen with anticipated large postoperative collections are best drained through the most direct and dependent route. An effective method through the bed of the twelfth rib, which uses intra-abdominal resection of the rib and a wire suture for locating the drains, has proved satisfactory without compromising dependency or directness. It can be used for the insertion of Penrose drains or a sump catheter with equal effectiveness.", "contents": "A technique for drainage through the bed of the twelfth rib. Operations in the upper part of the abdomen with anticipated large postoperative collections are best drained through the most direct and dependent route. An effective method through the bed of the twelfth rib, which uses intra-abdominal resection of the rib and a wire suture for locating the drains, has proved satisfactory without compromising dependency or directness. It can be used for the insertion of Penrose drains or a sump catheter with equal effectiveness.", "PMID": 1166392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1230", "title": "Levator ani as substitute puborectalis sling in treatment of anal incontinence.", "content": "For anal incontinence caused by destroyed or absent sphincter mechanism, a levator sling serving as a substitute puborectalis sling was used in five patients with incontinence of varied causes with good to excellent results. This sling was constructed bu freeing the insertion of the pubococcygeus and the ileococcygeus muscles from the coccyx. By further freeing the arcus tendineus from the lateral wall of the pelvis, the sling is made to arise from the pubis, thus theoretically giving the sling the potential of greater traction.", "contents": "Levator ani as substitute puborectalis sling in treatment of anal incontinence. For anal incontinence caused by destroyed or absent sphincter mechanism, a levator sling serving as a substitute puborectalis sling was used in five patients with incontinence of varied causes with good to excellent results. This sling was constructed bu freeing the insertion of the pubococcygeus and the ileococcygeus muscles from the coccyx. By further freeing the arcus tendineus from the lateral wall of the pelvis, the sling is made to arise from the pubis, thus theoretically giving the sling the potential of greater traction.", "PMID": 1166394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1231", "title": "Topical lidocaine in treatment of cerebral vasospasm.", "content": "Relief of segmental spasm in monkeys was obtained using topical lidocaine after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Dilatation of spastic vessels was also observed in patients following lidocaine application during operations. The segments of arteries approximating the clipped aneurysm were noted to be dilated angiographically in certain cases.", "contents": "Topical lidocaine in treatment of cerebral vasospasm. Relief of segmental spasm in monkeys was obtained using topical lidocaine after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Dilatation of spastic vessels was also observed in patients following lidocaine application during operations. The segments of arteries approximating the clipped aneurysm were noted to be dilated angiographically in certain cases.", "PMID": 1166396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1232", "title": "Epidural hematoma.", "content": "A report is given on 80 consecutive patients with epidural hematoma. The mortality was 16%. The rate of disability among the survivors was 20%. The classical clinical course with a lucid interval was seen in five patients only. The classical neurological signs of an epidural hematoma, contralateral hemiparesis, and ipsilateral third nerve palsy were seen in 15 patients, i.e., 19%. The main factors associated with increased mortality and morbidity were concomitant brain injury, rapid development of the hematoma and unconsciousness at the time of operation. In almost half of the fatal and disabled cases there was a delay in the diagnosis and operation. Consequently better results are possible with better organization of the supervision and treatment of brain injured patients.", "contents": "Epidural hematoma. A report is given on 80 consecutive patients with epidural hematoma. The mortality was 16%. The rate of disability among the survivors was 20%. The classical clinical course with a lucid interval was seen in five patients only. The classical neurological signs of an epidural hematoma, contralateral hemiparesis, and ipsilateral third nerve palsy were seen in 15 patients, i.e., 19%. The main factors associated with increased mortality and morbidity were concomitant brain injury, rapid development of the hematoma and unconsciousness at the time of operation. In almost half of the fatal and disabled cases there was a delay in the diagnosis and operation. Consequently better results are possible with better organization of the supervision and treatment of brain injured patients.", "PMID": 1166398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1233", "title": "Giant aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery: angiographic analysis of blood flow.", "content": "The authors report a giant aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery with subarachnoid hemorrhage and without intraluminal thrombosis; by serial angiography, the turbulent blood flow within the aneurysm was demonstrated. The aneurysm was clipped successfully.", "contents": "Giant aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery: angiographic analysis of blood flow. The authors report a giant aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery with subarachnoid hemorrhage and without intraluminal thrombosis; by serial angiography, the turbulent blood flow within the aneurysm was demonstrated. The aneurysm was clipped successfully.", "PMID": 1166399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1234", "title": "Intraperitoneal pseudocyst: treatment by aspiration.", "content": "Abdominal pseudocysts have been recorded infrequently as a complication of intraperitoneal shunting and the diagnosis and treatment of this problem in the past have been made of laparotomy. The management of this complication of peritoneal bypass was successfully undertaken at the time of conversion to a vascular system in a patient where an enlarging abdominal mass was associated with the signs and symptoms of shunt malfunction. It is felt in view of past recorded cases and our present experience, that the diagnosis of this complication can be made clinically and the condition treated without resorting to a major abdominal exploratory procedure.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal pseudocyst: treatment by aspiration. Abdominal pseudocysts have been recorded infrequently as a complication of intraperitoneal shunting and the diagnosis and treatment of this problem in the past have been made of laparotomy. The management of this complication of peritoneal bypass was successfully undertaken at the time of conversion to a vascular system in a patient where an enlarging abdominal mass was associated with the signs and symptoms of shunt malfunction. It is felt in view of past recorded cases and our present experience, that the diagnosis of this complication can be made clinically and the condition treated without resorting to a major abdominal exploratory procedure.", "PMID": 1166401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1235", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the brain. I. Electrodes and electrode arrays.", "content": "Investigators engaged in studying the effects of electrical stimulation on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain usually find it necessary to fabricate the electrodes and electrode arrays required in their acute and chronic experiments. Techniques for fabricating spring-mounted, concentric and salt-bridge electrodes and electrode arrays are described in this report.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of the brain. I. Electrodes and electrode arrays. Investigators engaged in studying the effects of electrical stimulation on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain usually find it necessary to fabricate the electrodes and electrode arrays required in their acute and chronic experiments. Techniques for fabricating spring-mounted, concentric and salt-bridge electrodes and electrode arrays are described in this report.", "PMID": 1166402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1236", "title": "Steroid treatment of brain edema.", "content": "Experimental brain edema due to extradural compression was studied in rats, and the beneficial effect of a steroid, betamethasone, on this was tested. Immediately following extradural compression, betamethasone therapy was begun by intraperitoneal injection. Three groups of animals received eight divided doses of betamethasone over 48 hours: total doses were 64 mg, 6.4 mg, and 0.64 mg/kg, respectively. Two other groups received doses at zero and 24 hours only, with total doses of 64 mg and 6.4 mg/kg. Water and sodium content of the brain were reduced depending upon dosage. Administration every 6 hours was superior to every 24 hours. Potassium content was not consistently altered. After injection of radioactive steroid, a significant increase in uptake of the drug was observed in the edematous brain.", "contents": "Steroid treatment of brain edema. Experimental brain edema due to extradural compression was studied in rats, and the beneficial effect of a steroid, betamethasone, on this was tested. Immediately following extradural compression, betamethasone therapy was begun by intraperitoneal injection. Three groups of animals received eight divided doses of betamethasone over 48 hours: total doses were 64 mg, 6.4 mg, and 0.64 mg/kg, respectively. Two other groups received doses at zero and 24 hours only, with total doses of 64 mg and 6.4 mg/kg. Water and sodium content of the brain were reduced depending upon dosage. Administration every 6 hours was superior to every 24 hours. Potassium content was not consistently altered. After injection of radioactive steroid, a significant increase in uptake of the drug was observed in the edematous brain.", "PMID": 1166403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1237", "title": "Venous lakes in the suboccipital dura mater and falx cerebelli of infants: surgical significance.", "content": "At birth, 25% of infants have relatively large venous channels coursing in the mid-line of the suboccipital dura mater. They connect the confluence of sinuses with the marginal sinuses. These are limited to the midline suboccipital dura mater in some, whereas in others they implicate the contiguous falx cerebelli as well. These fetal channels gradually shrink, dwindle, or otherwise disappear, and are absent in adolescents and adults. When performing a bilateral suboccipital craniectomy on an infant, one usually divides these venous channels. This may present technical difficulties. Vinylite casts have been made of a series of occipital sinuses. These demonstrated the size, variations, course, and connections of the occipital sinuses and these venous pathways.", "contents": "Venous lakes in the suboccipital dura mater and falx cerebelli of infants: surgical significance. At birth, 25% of infants have relatively large venous channels coursing in the mid-line of the suboccipital dura mater. They connect the confluence of sinuses with the marginal sinuses. These are limited to the midline suboccipital dura mater in some, whereas in others they implicate the contiguous falx cerebelli as well. These fetal channels gradually shrink, dwindle, or otherwise disappear, and are absent in adolescents and adults. When performing a bilateral suboccipital craniectomy on an infant, one usually divides these venous channels. This may present technical difficulties. Vinylite casts have been made of a series of occipital sinuses. These demonstrated the size, variations, course, and connections of the occipital sinuses and these venous pathways.", "PMID": 1166404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1238", "title": "\"Missing tube\" of peritoneal shunt: migration of the whole system into ventricle.", "content": "Migration of the whole shunting system of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt into the lateral ventricle  of a three-month-old male infant is presented. This is a very rare complication of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt.", "contents": "\"Missing tube\" of peritoneal shunt: migration of the whole system into ventricle. Migration of the whole shunting system of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt into the lateral ventricle  of a three-month-old male infant is presented. This is a very rare complication of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt.", "PMID": 1166405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1239", "title": "Electrical neurological stimulation systems: a review of contemporary methodology.", "content": "An analysis of the essentials of both external and implantable neurologic stimulation devices is presented. Specific system requirements have been extracted from clinical experience with neurologic hardware for pain inhibition. Application of these devices includes dorsal column stimulation, transcutaneous nerve stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation. The electrode, an essential component of any neuro-stimulation system, is examined critically, with particular attention to unanswered questions regarding the electrode tissue interface.", "contents": "Electrical neurological stimulation systems: a review of contemporary methodology. An analysis of the essentials of both external and implantable neurologic stimulation devices is presented. Specific system requirements have been extracted from clinical experience with neurologic hardware for pain inhibition. Application of these devices includes dorsal column stimulation, transcutaneous nerve stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation. The electrode, an essential component of any neuro-stimulation system, is examined critically, with particular attention to unanswered questions regarding the electrode tissue interface.", "PMID": 1166406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1240", "title": "Papillary muscle ischemia with patent coronary arteries.", "content": "Intermittent murmurs of insufficiency (MI) associated with left atrial \"V waves\" often are ascribed to papillary muscle (PM) ischemia in coronary artery disease but their cause is not clear with unobstructed coronary arteries. In 49 open-chest dogs, left atrial, left ventricular, and aortic pressures and regional coronary flow (microsphere method) were measured. Subendocardial (SE) ischemia (endocardial/epicardial flow ratios less than 1.0, ischemic intracavitary electrocardiograms) was produced by lowering the SE supply/demand ratio (diastolic pressure time index times O2 content per tension time index) to below 12 with either arteriovenous fistulas, anemia, or aortic stenosis. In nonischemic hearts, O2 delivery to the PM was 20 percent more than to the SE (P less than 0.01) and rose with increasing demands. When ischemia occurred, O2 delivery per unit demand fell 35 percent (p less than 0.01) to the SE muscle, and PM O2 delivery decreased more strikingly (55 percent, p less than 0.01). This reduction in PM and SE O2 delivery often was associated with a \"V wave\" in the left atrium which disappeared when the intervention impairing the adequacy of O2 delivery was discontinued. We conclude that PM ischemia (1) is the probable cause of intermittent MI, and (2) can be predicted from readily obtained measurements of blood pressure and O2 content.", "contents": "Papillary muscle ischemia with patent coronary arteries. Intermittent murmurs of insufficiency (MI) associated with left atrial \"V waves\" often are ascribed to papillary muscle (PM) ischemia in coronary artery disease but their cause is not clear with unobstructed coronary arteries. In 49 open-chest dogs, left atrial, left ventricular, and aortic pressures and regional coronary flow (microsphere method) were measured. Subendocardial (SE) ischemia (endocardial/epicardial flow ratios less than 1.0, ischemic intracavitary electrocardiograms) was produced by lowering the SE supply/demand ratio (diastolic pressure time index times O2 content per tension time index) to below 12 with either arteriovenous fistulas, anemia, or aortic stenosis. In nonischemic hearts, O2 delivery to the PM was 20 percent more than to the SE (P less than 0.01) and rose with increasing demands. When ischemia occurred, O2 delivery per unit demand fell 35 percent (p less than 0.01) to the SE muscle, and PM O2 delivery decreased more strikingly (55 percent, p less than 0.01). This reduction in PM and SE O2 delivery often was associated with a \"V wave\" in the left atrium which disappeared when the intervention impairing the adequacy of O2 delivery was discontinued. We conclude that PM ischemia (1) is the probable cause of intermittent MI, and (2) can be predicted from readily obtained measurements of blood pressure and O2 content.", "PMID": 1166409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1241", "title": "Postoperative metabolic alkalosis and acute renal failure: rationale for the use of hydrochloric acid.", "content": "Metabolic alkalosis secondary to chloride depletion, especially following gastrointestinal surgery and associated with acute renal failure, is a frequent clinical occurrence. Management of the resultant acid-base disturbance mandates chloride replacement. The presence of oliguria limits the choice of accompanying cation. The use of intravenous hydrochloric acid to correct and maintain proper chloride balance, secondary to external gastric fluid losses, is recommended as a straightforward approach. Two brief case synopses are presented. Both patients, florid examples of profound chloride depletion, required large amounts of intravenous hydrochloric acid. The options regarding the choice of chloride solution, hazards involved, and a simplified schema of replacement therapy are presented. Combined gastrointestinal and renal dysfunction create unusual biochemical and clinical alterations and may result in a complex management problem.", "contents": "Postoperative metabolic alkalosis and acute renal failure: rationale for the use of hydrochloric acid. Metabolic alkalosis secondary to chloride depletion, especially following gastrointestinal surgery and associated with acute renal failure, is a frequent clinical occurrence. Management of the resultant acid-base disturbance mandates chloride replacement. The presence of oliguria limits the choice of accompanying cation. The use of intravenous hydrochloric acid to correct and maintain proper chloride balance, secondary to external gastric fluid losses, is recommended as a straightforward approach. Two brief case synopses are presented. Both patients, florid examples of profound chloride depletion, required large amounts of intravenous hydrochloric acid. The options regarding the choice of chloride solution, hazards involved, and a simplified schema of replacement therapy are presented. Combined gastrointestinal and renal dysfunction create unusual biochemical and clinical alterations and may result in a complex management problem.", "PMID": 1166410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1242", "title": "Foot vascular resistance index: a noninvasive method to assess foot vasomotor tone.", "content": "A new objective hemodynamic technique has been evaluated to assess foot vasomotor tone pre- and postoperatively in patients undergoing lumbar sympathectomy alone or as an adjunct to vascular reconstructive surgery. A foot vascular resistance index at rest (FVRIR) and after reactive hyperemia (FVRIHT) was determined with a noninvasive plethysmographic method. The ankle-to-toe systolic pressure gradient and foot blood flow were measured with strain gauge plethysmorgraphy and were combined in a ratio to provide an index of vascular resistance. The indices were measured in patients without vascular disease who were used as controls and in patients undergoing lumbar sympathectomy alone or in conjunction with aortic reconstructions. Patients who underwent reconstructive procedures alone had a mean FVRIR which approximated the control value. In contrast, those patients who, in addition, had a lumbar sympathectomy had a significant reduction in the mean postoperative FVRIR which equalled the mean preoperative FVRIHT. Three of five patients undergoing lumbar sympathectomy alone had excellent preoperative hyperemic responses and benefited from the operation, whereas two patients with poor hyperemia had no benefit and had subsequent amputations. Our studies suggest that this technique is of value in the pre- and postoperative assessment of foot vasomotor tone and also may be useful in the preoperative prediction of response to lumbar sympathectomy.", "contents": "Foot vascular resistance index: a noninvasive method to assess foot vasomotor tone. A new objective hemodynamic technique has been evaluated to assess foot vasomotor tone pre- and postoperatively in patients undergoing lumbar sympathectomy alone or as an adjunct to vascular reconstructive surgery. A foot vascular resistance index at rest (FVRIR) and after reactive hyperemia (FVRIHT) was determined with a noninvasive plethysmographic method. The ankle-to-toe systolic pressure gradient and foot blood flow were measured with strain gauge plethysmorgraphy and were combined in a ratio to provide an index of vascular resistance. The indices were measured in patients without vascular disease who were used as controls and in patients undergoing lumbar sympathectomy alone or in conjunction with aortic reconstructions. Patients who underwent reconstructive procedures alone had a mean FVRIR which approximated the control value. In contrast, those patients who, in addition, had a lumbar sympathectomy had a significant reduction in the mean postoperative FVRIR which equalled the mean preoperative FVRIHT. Three of five patients undergoing lumbar sympathectomy alone had excellent preoperative hyperemic responses and benefited from the operation, whereas two patients with poor hyperemia had no benefit and had subsequent amputations. Our studies suggest that this technique is of value in the pre- and postoperative assessment of foot vasomotor tone and also may be useful in the preoperative prediction of response to lumbar sympathectomy.", "PMID": 1166411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1243", "title": "Rapid reversal of compensatory renal hypertrophy after withdrawal of the stimulus.", "content": "The permanence of the early phases of compensatory renal hypertrophy was tested by interrupting vascular parabiosis between an anephric rat and a normal rat after 48 hours. At the time of interruption, the weights and the ratio of ribonucleic acid (RNA) content to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content of the kidneys were the same as those of the remaining kidney in a single rat subjected to unilateral nephrectomy, previously reported. Within 12 hours after parabiosis was stopped, renal mass and nucleic acid concentrations returned to normal. Compensatory hypertrophy could be produced again by unilateral nephrectomy. Regression of the early phase of compensatory hypertrophy appears to be faster than muscular atrophy produced by disuse or denervation. Compensatory hypertrophy can be activated at least twice.", "contents": "Rapid reversal of compensatory renal hypertrophy after withdrawal of the stimulus. The permanence of the early phases of compensatory renal hypertrophy was tested by interrupting vascular parabiosis between an anephric rat and a normal rat after 48 hours. At the time of interruption, the weights and the ratio of ribonucleic acid (RNA) content to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content of the kidneys were the same as those of the remaining kidney in a single rat subjected to unilateral nephrectomy, previously reported. Within 12 hours after parabiosis was stopped, renal mass and nucleic acid concentrations returned to normal. Compensatory hypertrophy could be produced again by unilateral nephrectomy. Regression of the early phase of compensatory hypertrophy appears to be faster than muscular atrophy produced by disuse or denervation. Compensatory hypertrophy can be activated at least twice.", "PMID": 1166412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1244", "title": "Quantitative tracheal cultures in surgical patients requiring mechanical ventilatory assistance.", "content": "The efficacy of respiratory support devices has been compromised by respiratory infection possibly related to the support mechanism itself. Differentiation between airway contamination (tracheobronchitis) and parenchymal infection (pneumonitis) is clinically significant, as is the differentiation of respiratory infection from other foci of sepsis in the complicated surgical patient. Serial quantitative tracheal cultures provide excellent objective measures of the presence, progression, and/or resolution of respiratory infection with few false positive or negative observations. Indeed, such observations often allow earlier definitive diagnosis of infection than can be achieved with conventional clinical, chemical, or roentgenographic studies. The method represents a useful supplement to the care of the patient requiring respiratory support when infection is a realistic possibility.", "contents": "Quantitative tracheal cultures in surgical patients requiring mechanical ventilatory assistance. The efficacy of respiratory support devices has been compromised by respiratory infection possibly related to the support mechanism itself. Differentiation between airway contamination (tracheobronchitis) and parenchymal infection (pneumonitis) is clinically significant, as is the differentiation of respiratory infection from other foci of sepsis in the complicated surgical patient. Serial quantitative tracheal cultures provide excellent objective measures of the presence, progression, and/or resolution of respiratory infection with few false positive or negative observations. Indeed, such observations often allow earlier definitive diagnosis of infection than can be achieved with conventional clinical, chemical, or roentgenographic studies. The method represents a useful supplement to the care of the patient requiring respiratory support when infection is a realistic possibility.", "PMID": 1166413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1245", "title": "Evaluation of ventilatory therapy for acid aspiration.", "content": "Aspiration of hydrochloric acid in experimental animals results in severe, progressive hypoxia which is due to intrapulmonary shunting and depressed cardiac output. This preparation is useful therefore in studying the therapy of hypoxia. Mongrel dogs were subjected to acid aspiration and the effects of several ventilatory patterns on intrapulmonary shunt fractions and lung water accumulation observed. The combination of large tidal volumes (30 c.c. per kilogram) with positive end-expiratory pressure was effective in preventing intrapulmonary shunting and other ventilatory patterns were ineffective. Pulmonary edema uniformly followed acid aspiration and was not affected by ventilatory therapy. When ventilatory therapy was delayed for 4 hours, the progression of shunting apparently was limited, but the existing shunt was not reduced.", "contents": "Evaluation of ventilatory therapy for acid aspiration. Aspiration of hydrochloric acid in experimental animals results in severe, progressive hypoxia which is due to intrapulmonary shunting and depressed cardiac output. This preparation is useful therefore in studying the therapy of hypoxia. Mongrel dogs were subjected to acid aspiration and the effects of several ventilatory patterns on intrapulmonary shunt fractions and lung water accumulation observed. The combination of large tidal volumes (30 c.c. per kilogram) with positive end-expiratory pressure was effective in preventing intrapulmonary shunting and other ventilatory patterns were ineffective. Pulmonary edema uniformly followed acid aspiration and was not affected by ventilatory therapy. When ventilatory therapy was delayed for 4 hours, the progression of shunting apparently was limited, but the existing shunt was not reduced.", "PMID": 1166414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1246", "title": "An evaluation of segmental gastrectomy for gastric ulcer: one to ten year follow-up.", "content": "Of 61 patients with gastric ulcer subjected to an improved technique of segmental gastrectomy, 26 were available for follow-up study for 1 to 10 years; evaluations were made mainly on the postoperative reduction of gastric acid secretion and motor function of the gastric remnant. (1) x-ray observation revealed the gastric remnant to be larger than usually seen following Billroth I or II gastrectomy, with no dilatation or remarkable deformity; sphincteric function of the pylorus and peristaltic activity of the gastric remnant were satisfactory; (2) gastric emptying was usually complete in 60 to 180 minutes in 73 percent of the patients, similar to control patients; (3) no instance of dumping syndrome was recognized; (4) average rates of postoperative acid reduction were 58.3 percent for maximal acid concentration, 67.1 percent for maximal acid output, and 67.6 percent for peak acid output, indicating the reduction of gastric acid secretion to be fairly satisfactory. In none of the patients available for follow-up was identified a recurrence of ulcer. These follow-up results suggest the use of segmental gastrectomy for gastric ulcer and for other benign lesions in the mid portion of the stomach.", "contents": "An evaluation of segmental gastrectomy for gastric ulcer: one to ten year follow-up. Of 61 patients with gastric ulcer subjected to an improved technique of segmental gastrectomy, 26 were available for follow-up study for 1 to 10 years; evaluations were made mainly on the postoperative reduction of gastric acid secretion and motor function of the gastric remnant. (1) x-ray observation revealed the gastric remnant to be larger than usually seen following Billroth I or II gastrectomy, with no dilatation or remarkable deformity; sphincteric function of the pylorus and peristaltic activity of the gastric remnant were satisfactory; (2) gastric emptying was usually complete in 60 to 180 minutes in 73 percent of the patients, similar to control patients; (3) no instance of dumping syndrome was recognized; (4) average rates of postoperative acid reduction were 58.3 percent for maximal acid concentration, 67.1 percent for maximal acid output, and 67.6 percent for peak acid output, indicating the reduction of gastric acid secretion to be fairly satisfactory. In none of the patients available for follow-up was identified a recurrence of ulcer. These follow-up results suggest the use of segmental gastrectomy for gastric ulcer and for other benign lesions in the mid portion of the stomach.", "PMID": 1166415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1247", "title": "Pharmacologic effects of gastrointestinal hormones on intestinal oxygen consumption and blood flow.", "content": "The vasoactive effects of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP), pentagastrin, synthetic secretin, glucagon, and acetylcholine were assessed in the intestinal circulation of the dog. In pharmacologic doses of glucagon, CCK-OP, and, to a lesser degree, pentagastrin significantly increased blood flow and oxygen consumption. Atropine blocked the vasodilator effects of CCK-OP, pentagastrin, and acetylcholine but did not block those of glucagon. Neither the alpha-adrenergic blocker, phenoxybenzamine, nor the beta-adrenergic blocker, propranolol, blocked the vasodilator response to pentagastrin. Synthetic secretin had no significant effect on either blood flow or oxygen consumption in the intestinal segment. The vasodilator response to CCK-OP and pentagastrin appears to be mediated specifically through cholinergic receptors.", "contents": "Pharmacologic effects of gastrointestinal hormones on intestinal oxygen consumption and blood flow. The vasoactive effects of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP), pentagastrin, synthetic secretin, glucagon, and acetylcholine were assessed in the intestinal circulation of the dog. In pharmacologic doses of glucagon, CCK-OP, and, to a lesser degree, pentagastrin significantly increased blood flow and oxygen consumption. Atropine blocked the vasodilator effects of CCK-OP, pentagastrin, and acetylcholine but did not block those of glucagon. Neither the alpha-adrenergic blocker, phenoxybenzamine, nor the beta-adrenergic blocker, propranolol, blocked the vasodilator response to pentagastrin. Synthetic secretin had no significant effect on either blood flow or oxygen consumption in the intestinal segment. The vasodilator response to CCK-OP and pentagastrin appears to be mediated specifically through cholinergic receptors.", "PMID": 1166416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1248", "title": "Distribution of blood flow in the intestine with hypertonic glucose in the lumen.", "content": "The effects of luminal placement of 50 percent glucose solution on distribution of blood flow within the jejunal wall were studied with radioactive microspheres. Two types of spheres, 15 +/- 5 mu in diameter, were used. One was labeled with cerium- 141 (Ce- 141) and the other with strontium-85 (Sr-85). They were injected sequentially to test for reproducibility of the results. These two types of spheres gave similar results qualitatively and quantitatively. Luminal placement of 50 percent glucose increased total blood flow to the jejunal wall but the increase occurred mainly in the mucosal layer. The flow to the submucosa or muscularis-serosa was not altered. This increased mucosal flow was attenuated by prior exposure of the mucosa to a local anesthetic, dibucaine. It is suggested that the increased intestinal blood flow that occurs in the experimental dumping syndrome is confined to the mucosa of the intestine and is mediated by mechanisms that can be inhibited by exposing the mucosa to a local anesthetic.", "contents": "Distribution of blood flow in the intestine with hypertonic glucose in the lumen. The effects of luminal placement of 50 percent glucose solution on distribution of blood flow within the jejunal wall were studied with radioactive microspheres. Two types of spheres, 15 +/- 5 mu in diameter, were used. One was labeled with cerium- 141 (Ce- 141) and the other with strontium-85 (Sr-85). They were injected sequentially to test for reproducibility of the results. These two types of spheres gave similar results qualitatively and quantitatively. Luminal placement of 50 percent glucose increased total blood flow to the jejunal wall but the increase occurred mainly in the mucosal layer. The flow to the submucosa or muscularis-serosa was not altered. This increased mucosal flow was attenuated by prior exposure of the mucosa to a local anesthetic, dibucaine. It is suggested that the increased intestinal blood flow that occurs in the experimental dumping syndrome is confined to the mucosa of the intestine and is mediated by mechanisms that can be inhibited by exposing the mucosa to a local anesthetic.", "PMID": 1166417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1249", "title": "Surgical anatomy of the mesocaval shunt.", "content": "Having encountered wide variations in the surgical trunk of the superior mesenteric vein and its arterial relationships during the performance of mesocaval shunts, we believed it would be rewarding to evaluate this vessel in a series of 36 cadavers. In two of these 36 instances, we determined that the anatomic findings precluded the performance of a mesocaval shunt. In ten other instances, even though a shunt could be performed, a knowledge of these variations could prevent operative complications. The most common variation was a bifurcation of the superior mesenteric vein at or proximal to the site of the surgical trunk. Another variation which could cause operative difficulties was unusual positions of the superior mesenteric artery and its major branches in relation to the vein at the level of the surgical trunk. A knowledge of these variations in the surgical anatomy of the superior mesenteric vein should make mesocaval shunts easier and safer to perform.", "contents": "Surgical anatomy of the mesocaval shunt. Having encountered wide variations in the surgical trunk of the superior mesenteric vein and its arterial relationships during the performance of mesocaval shunts, we believed it would be rewarding to evaluate this vessel in a series of 36 cadavers. In two of these 36 instances, we determined that the anatomic findings precluded the performance of a mesocaval shunt. In ten other instances, even though a shunt could be performed, a knowledge of these variations could prevent operative complications. The most common variation was a bifurcation of the superior mesenteric vein at or proximal to the site of the surgical trunk. Another variation which could cause operative difficulties was unusual positions of the superior mesenteric artery and its major branches in relation to the vein at the level of the surgical trunk. A knowledge of these variations in the surgical anatomy of the superior mesenteric vein should make mesocaval shunts easier and safer to perform.", "PMID": 1166418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1250", "title": "Rate of breaking strength loss of absorbable sutures in the stomach.", "content": "Plain and chromic catgut, Dexon, and Vicryl were exposed to the acid-pepsin secretions of the stomach in vivo in dogs. No plain gut was recovered in 24 hours; chromic was found as long as 48 hours after implantation but the breaking strength was reduced markedly. Dexon and Vicryl lost strength slowly in a curve similar to the loss after implantation in other tissues.", "contents": "Rate of breaking strength loss of absorbable sutures in the stomach. Plain and chromic catgut, Dexon, and Vicryl were exposed to the acid-pepsin secretions of the stomach in vivo in dogs. No plain gut was recovered in 24 hours; chromic was found as long as 48 hours after implantation but the breaking strength was reduced markedly. Dexon and Vicryl lost strength slowly in a curve similar to the loss after implantation in other tissues.", "PMID": 1166419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1251", "title": "Multifocal colonic carcinoma and Crohn's disease.", "content": "Multifocal colonic carcinoma occurred in a 65-year-old man with a 13 year history of colonic Crohn's disease. The relationship between solitary and multiple colonic cancer and Crohn's disease is discussed.", "contents": "Multifocal colonic carcinoma and Crohn's disease. Multifocal colonic carcinoma occurred in a 65-year-old man with a 13 year history of colonic Crohn's disease. The relationship between solitary and multiple colonic cancer and Crohn's disease is discussed.", "PMID": 1166420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1252", "title": "Acute post-traumatic coarctation of the abdominal aorta.", "content": "An unusual case of coarctation of the abdominal aorta following trauma in reported. The resultant supratenal aortic constriction was associated with severe hypertension and elevated plasma renin concentration. Gradual aortic dilation at the suture site was accompanied by remission of hypertension and return of plasma renin concentration to normal. Correlation of laboratory and hemodynamic changes resulting from this unusual case of abdominal coarctation is discussed.", "contents": "Acute post-traumatic coarctation of the abdominal aorta. An unusual case of coarctation of the abdominal aorta following trauma in reported. The resultant supratenal aortic constriction was associated with severe hypertension and elevated plasma renin concentration. Gradual aortic dilation at the suture site was accompanied by remission of hypertension and return of plasma renin concentration to normal. Correlation of laboratory and hemodynamic changes resulting from this unusual case of abdominal coarctation is discussed.", "PMID": 1166421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1253", "title": "[Fractures of the scapula in pigs intended for slaughter (author's transl)].", "content": "Fractures may be observed in the scapulae of those pigs intended for slaughter, which have undergone electrical stunning. These fractures may be classified into three types. That type in which the fracture is localized in the glenoid cavity is the most injurious one as it is accompanied by haemorrhage and therefore will result in loss of meat. This is liable to cause injuries to the employees engaged in boning out. It was concluded from an inquiry as well as from experimental exposure to stress that fractures of the shoulder are due to the marked tonic contractions of mainly antagonistic muscles, resulting in excessive strain on the shoulder blade and its joints. It is a striking fact that fractures of the shoulder were not observed in pigs stunned electrically while they were in a restraining apparatus.", "contents": "[Fractures of the scapula in pigs intended for slaughter (author's transl)]. Fractures may be observed in the scapulae of those pigs intended for slaughter, which have undergone electrical stunning. These fractures may be classified into three types. That type in which the fracture is localized in the glenoid cavity is the most injurious one as it is accompanied by haemorrhage and therefore will result in loss of meat. This is liable to cause injuries to the employees engaged in boning out. It was concluded from an inquiry as well as from experimental exposure to stress that fractures of the shoulder are due to the marked tonic contractions of mainly antagonistic muscles, resulting in excessive strain on the shoulder blade and its joints. It is a striking fact that fractures of the shoulder were not observed in pigs stunned electrically while they were in a restraining apparatus.", "PMID": 1166436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1254", "title": "[ A case of avian tuberculosis with exudative characteristics in a horse (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of avian tuberculosis in a horse, with fatal course, is reported. The animal was imported from Poland and became ill after some weeks, in the beginning showing non-specific symptoms which became more severe until death supervened. Post-mortem examination showed a generalised form of tuberculosis. The most important lesions were seen in the lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, intestinal tract, bones, bone marrow, and the internal lymph nodes. Beside chronic proliferative tuberculosis of the organs, many exudative foci were found with remarkably abundant acid fast bacilli. Mixed lesions were seen, too. Mycobacterium avium was isolated in microbiological examination. The pathogenesis of the infection, the predisposing factors leading to this generalised and open form of tuberculosis and the increasing importance of avian tuberculosis for animals and man are discussed.", "contents": "[ A case of avian tuberculosis with exudative characteristics in a horse (author's transl)]. A case of avian tuberculosis in a horse, with fatal course, is reported. The animal was imported from Poland and became ill after some weeks, in the beginning showing non-specific symptoms which became more severe until death supervened. Post-mortem examination showed a generalised form of tuberculosis. The most important lesions were seen in the lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, intestinal tract, bones, bone marrow, and the internal lymph nodes. Beside chronic proliferative tuberculosis of the organs, many exudative foci were found with remarkably abundant acid fast bacilli. Mixed lesions were seen, too. Mycobacterium avium was isolated in microbiological examination. The pathogenesis of the infection, the predisposing factors leading to this generalised and open form of tuberculosis and the increasing importance of avian tuberculosis for animals and man are discussed.", "PMID": 1166437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1255", "title": "[Meningo-encephalitis in mink caused by NCD virus (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1970-1972 a great number of mink died of a meningo-encephalitis in the Netherlands. The results of the detailed microbiological and histopathological examination pointed to infection by NCD virus as the cause of the mortality. During the isolation of the NCD virus in embryonated hen eggs the haemagglutinating properties were extremely weak and incomplete; the normal haemagglutination of the NCD virus was not found until the mink isolates had been passed through chickens. Transmission experiments revealed that the pathogenicity of the NCD virus was relatively low in mink after i.c. and i.m. infection, very young mink being the most susceptible. The mink were doubtlessly infected with the NCD virus bij feeding with offal of infected poultry. There was in fact quite a high incidence of Newcastle disease on Dutch chicken farms in 1970-1972.", "contents": "[Meningo-encephalitis in mink caused by NCD virus (author's transl)]. In 1970-1972 a great number of mink died of a meningo-encephalitis in the Netherlands. The results of the detailed microbiological and histopathological examination pointed to infection by NCD virus as the cause of the mortality. During the isolation of the NCD virus in embryonated hen eggs the haemagglutinating properties were extremely weak and incomplete; the normal haemagglutination of the NCD virus was not found until the mink isolates had been passed through chickens. Transmission experiments revealed that the pathogenicity of the NCD virus was relatively low in mink after i.c. and i.m. infection, very young mink being the most susceptible. The mink were doubtlessly infected with the NCD virus bij feeding with offal of infected poultry. There was in fact quite a high incidence of Newcastle disease on Dutch chicken farms in 1970-1972.", "PMID": 1166439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1256", "title": "[Quantitative studies for the presence of Salmonellae in deep frozen broiler chickens (author's transl)].", "content": "When poultry carcasses were examined immediately prior to deep freezing those which were contaminated with salmonellae were generally found to contain about 17/100 g skin. In two instances more than 1400 salmonellae/100 g skin were found to be present. After deep freezing and thawing a 5 fold reduction had occurred in the numbers of salmonellae present. A high positive correlation was found between the number of Salmonella organisms on the skin and that in the thaw water.", "contents": "[Quantitative studies for the presence of Salmonellae in deep frozen broiler chickens (author's transl)]. When poultry carcasses were examined immediately prior to deep freezing those which were contaminated with salmonellae were generally found to contain about 17/100 g skin. In two instances more than 1400 salmonellae/100 g skin were found to be present. After deep freezing and thawing a 5 fold reduction had occurred in the numbers of salmonellae present. A high positive correlation was found between the number of Salmonella organisms on the skin and that in the thaw water.", "PMID": 1166440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1257", "title": "[The animal in the environment of man(author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of the content of the terms \"man\", \"animal\" and \"environment\" provides the framework within which the difference between animals and man is defined. Animals have their place in the environment of man. Man has the ethical duty of giving them full value. Animals also are values but they are not persons. Therefore they do not have any rights. Certain rules of conduct to be observed by man in his treatment of animals may be deduced from the above.", "contents": "[The animal in the environment of man(author's transl)]. An analysis of the content of the terms \"man\", \"animal\" and \"environment\" provides the framework within which the difference between animals and man is defined. Animals have their place in the environment of man. Man has the ethical duty of giving them full value. Animals also are values but they are not persons. Therefore they do not have any rights. Certain rules of conduct to be observed by man in his treatment of animals may be deduced from the above.", "PMID": 1166443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1258", "title": "[Protection of animals and legislation(author's transl)].", "content": "In an introductory part, a number of aspects in the attitude of man towards animals and nature are distinguished, such as an economic, a knowledge, an emotional, a moral, a religious and an ethical aspect. Shifts in the intensity and priorities of these aspects, in the emphasis put on them during various cultural periods, are plainly perceptible and have been so particularly during the past few years: increasing exploitation of animals and nature on the one hand and an increase in sensitivity on the other. Various protective movements have emerged and become active in this sphere during the past 150 years: first, protection of animals, then conservation of nature and, more recently, environmental protection. A special aspect of the exploitation of animals consists in intensive livestock production which has grown considerably during the last few decades. Strong objections to certain features of this system have not only been raised by national and international societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals but also by ethologists. Admittedly, it is difficult to lay down exact criteria of animal welfare (which, for that matter, also is true of criteria of human welfare) but it is essential to a systeem of values which is becoming increasingly sensitive that efforts should be made to alter the current system of intensive livestock production with the aid of the various sciences closely associated with this system as well as by enlightenment of consumers. The question as to what we are allowed to do with animals and that of where the shifting limits of necessity lie are becoming increasingly relevant from the points of view of ethics and science.", "contents": "[Protection of animals and legislation(author's transl)]. In an introductory part, a number of aspects in the attitude of man towards animals and nature are distinguished, such as an economic, a knowledge, an emotional, a moral, a religious and an ethical aspect. Shifts in the intensity and priorities of these aspects, in the emphasis put on them during various cultural periods, are plainly perceptible and have been so particularly during the past few years: increasing exploitation of animals and nature on the one hand and an increase in sensitivity on the other. Various protective movements have emerged and become active in this sphere during the past 150 years: first, protection of animals, then conservation of nature and, more recently, environmental protection. A special aspect of the exploitation of animals consists in intensive livestock production which has grown considerably during the last few decades. Strong objections to certain features of this system have not only been raised by national and international societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals but also by ethologists. Admittedly, it is difficult to lay down exact criteria of animal welfare (which, for that matter, also is true of criteria of human welfare) but it is essential to a systeem of values which is becoming increasingly sensitive that efforts should be made to alter the current system of intensive livestock production with the aid of the various sciences closely associated with this system as well as by enlightenment of consumers. The question as to what we are allowed to do with animals and that of where the shifting limits of necessity lie are becoming increasingly relevant from the points of view of ethics and science.", "PMID": 1166444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1259", "title": "[Ethics in veterinary medicine. Welfare, production and profit].", "content": "The welfare of animals does not invariably coincide with efficient agricultural production. Lack of welfare is the result of maladjustment of the animal to its environment. Maladjustment causing lack of welfare relates to physiology, veterinary medicine and/or ethology. Physiological and veterinary maladjustment may be, but does not necessarily have to be, associated with diminished welfare. Ethological maladjustment resulting in diminshed welfare prevents an action from being performed or being performed satisfactorily, although the animal is prompted to do so. Failure to perform an action or to perform it satisfactorily is due to: (1) absence of specific stimuli (deprivation), (2) obstruction of a particular activity (frustration), (3) absence of satisfaction when the action has been performed. Welfare is a relative concept. Profit is a matter related to welfare. Determining the relationship between welfare and profit is a scientific matter. The choice between welfare and profit is an ethical matter.", "contents": "[Ethics in veterinary medicine. Welfare, production and profit]. The welfare of animals does not invariably coincide with efficient agricultural production. Lack of welfare is the result of maladjustment of the animal to its environment. Maladjustment causing lack of welfare relates to physiology, veterinary medicine and/or ethology. Physiological and veterinary maladjustment may be, but does not necessarily have to be, associated with diminished welfare. Ethological maladjustment resulting in diminshed welfare prevents an action from being performed or being performed satisfactorily, although the animal is prompted to do so. Failure to perform an action or to perform it satisfactorily is due to: (1) absence of specific stimuli (deprivation), (2) obstruction of a particular activity (frustration), (3) absence of satisfaction when the action has been performed. Welfare is a relative concept. Profit is a matter related to welfare. Determining the relationship between welfare and profit is a scientific matter. The choice between welfare and profit is an ethical matter.", "PMID": 1166445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1260", "title": "[Considerations of the farmer in intensive livestock husbandry on choosing his system of management(author's transl)].", "content": "Modern intensive livestock husbandry constitutes an economically inevitable development essential to stock farmers. The decreasing profit margin per unit of produce is inherent in this development. As a result, the income of pig and poultry farmers is very sensitive to fluctuations in prices and, on the other hand, it is considerably affected by seemingly slight rises in cost. The systems of management adopted are therefore designed to keep down the fixed cost of labour and premises as much as possible and reduce the risk. This accounts for intensive livestock husbandry in its current form. This is illustrated in a number of examples. In view of the wide variety of systems within the branches of stock farming and because of the marked variations from year to year and the resulting differences in the importance of measures to be adopted, thorough preliminary studies will be required.", "contents": "[Considerations of the farmer in intensive livestock husbandry on choosing his system of management(author's transl)]. Modern intensive livestock husbandry constitutes an economically inevitable development essential to stock farmers. The decreasing profit margin per unit of produce is inherent in this development. As a result, the income of pig and poultry farmers is very sensitive to fluctuations in prices and, on the other hand, it is considerably affected by seemingly slight rises in cost. The systems of management adopted are therefore designed to keep down the fixed cost of labour and premises as much as possible and reduce the risk. This accounts for intensive livestock husbandry in its current form. This is illustrated in a number of examples. In view of the wide variety of systems within the branches of stock farming and because of the marked variations from year to year and the resulting differences in the importance of measures to be adopted, thorough preliminary studies will be required.", "PMID": 1166446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1261", "title": "[Do veterinarians have obligations (author's transl)].", "content": "In a brief introductory part the reasons are stated for which reflection on the ethics of livestock husbandry and veterinary medicine is necessary today. A sharp distinction should be made between facts and standards. The veterinarian has a considerable responsibility in defining the attitude of man towards animals. In addition to consultative curative work, the possibilities of prevention require and active approach. As regards the mainly surgical procedures, the opinion or attitude of the veterinarian will have to be determined by his view (a common view of possible) of his responsibility to himself, the owner of the animal and the animal as an individual or species. Because of longterm effects, equal importance should be attached to these three approaches.", "contents": "[Do veterinarians have obligations (author's transl)]. In a brief introductory part the reasons are stated for which reflection on the ethics of livestock husbandry and veterinary medicine is necessary today. A sharp distinction should be made between facts and standards. The veterinarian has a considerable responsibility in defining the attitude of man towards animals. In addition to consultative curative work, the possibilities of prevention require and active approach. As regards the mainly surgical procedures, the opinion or attitude of the veterinarian will have to be determined by his view (a common view of possible) of his responsibility to himself, the owner of the animal and the animal as an individual or species. Because of longterm effects, equal importance should be attached to these three approaches.", "PMID": 1166447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1262", "title": "[Amputation of half a tip of the tongue in cattle, to prevent sucking(author's transl)].", "content": "A surgical therapy is described for the prevention of sucking in cattle.", "contents": "[Amputation of half a tip of the tongue in cattle, to prevent sucking(author's transl)]. A surgical therapy is described for the prevention of sucking in cattle.", "PMID": 1166449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1263", "title": "[Autofertilisation in the chicken (Gallus domesticus)(author's transl)].", "content": "It is a well known fact that after removal of the left ovary in the young chicken, the right gonad starts growing and assumes the structure of an immature testis. In the cases reported in the literature active spermatogenesis rarely occurred. To bring autofertilisation of the hen closer to reality, we used ten day-old female embryos, whose gonads were divided between two gonadectomized young animals of different sex. In this way the left ovary became functional in an ovariectomized hen, whereas the right ovary from the same embryo was masculinized into a fertile \"testicle\" in a castrated male host. If these animals, whose germ cells come from one and the same embryo, are mated one can speak of autofertilisation, and inbred lines can be bred within a few generations. A quarter of the ova (ZW chromosomal pattern) fertilised with sperm of the right ovary (with also a ZW chromosomal pattern) will produce \"WW-hens\". After mating of these hens with normal cocks (ZZ), the offspring will be exclusively female (ZW).", "contents": "[Autofertilisation in the chicken (Gallus domesticus)(author's transl)]. It is a well known fact that after removal of the left ovary in the young chicken, the right gonad starts growing and assumes the structure of an immature testis. In the cases reported in the literature active spermatogenesis rarely occurred. To bring autofertilisation of the hen closer to reality, we used ten day-old female embryos, whose gonads were divided between two gonadectomized young animals of different sex. In this way the left ovary became functional in an ovariectomized hen, whereas the right ovary from the same embryo was masculinized into a fertile \"testicle\" in a castrated male host. If these animals, whose germ cells come from one and the same embryo, are mated one can speak of autofertilisation, and inbred lines can be bred within a few generations. A quarter of the ova (ZW chromosomal pattern) fertilised with sperm of the right ovary (with also a ZW chromosomal pattern) will produce \"WW-hens\". After mating of these hens with normal cocks (ZZ), the offspring will be exclusively female (ZW).", "PMID": 1166451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1264", "title": "[Possible chloralose poisoning in buzzards (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of alpha-chloralose in poisoned eggs is conditionally permitted in the control of Corvidae. Chloralose does not have a selective action. Poisoning occurs in other egg-eating animals (hedgehogs) and, indirectly, in carrion-eating predators which prey on these unintended victims. A tentative diagnosis of alpha-chloralose poisoning in three buzzards (Buteo buteo) was based on the history, the clinical picture (identical with that in magpies with known chloralose poisoning), the complete recovery and the exclusion of other diseases. Other methods for the control of Corvidae are advocated.", "contents": "[Possible chloralose poisoning in buzzards (author's transl)]. The use of alpha-chloralose in poisoned eggs is conditionally permitted in the control of Corvidae. Chloralose does not have a selective action. Poisoning occurs in other egg-eating animals (hedgehogs) and, indirectly, in carrion-eating predators which prey on these unintended victims. A tentative diagnosis of alpha-chloralose poisoning in three buzzards (Buteo buteo) was based on the history, the clinical picture (identical with that in magpies with known chloralose poisoning), the complete recovery and the exclusion of other diseases. Other methods for the control of Corvidae are advocated.", "PMID": 1166457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1265", "title": "[Some aspects of fertility following artificial insemination and natural service in dairy cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "The difference between the non-return percentage (60-90 days) following 17,086 first inseminations and that after 9,776 first matings in Dutch-Friesian cattle was studied in a random sample of the Netherlands Herd Book records in 1969. The effects of the following factors on this difference in the cases studied are discussed: -- age of bulls and cows, -- frequency of natural service and artificial insemination during each oestrus, -- use of deep-frozen semem --housing and grazing periods. The difference having been corrected for these factors, it was estimated at not more than 9 per cent of non-return 60-90 days in favour of natural service.", "contents": "[Some aspects of fertility following artificial insemination and natural service in dairy cattle (author's transl)]. The difference between the non-return percentage (60-90 days) following 17,086 first inseminations and that after 9,776 first matings in Dutch-Friesian cattle was studied in a random sample of the Netherlands Herd Book records in 1969. The effects of the following factors on this difference in the cases studied are discussed: -- age of bulls and cows, -- frequency of natural service and artificial insemination during each oestrus, -- use of deep-frozen semem --housing and grazing periods. The difference having been corrected for these factors, it was estimated at not more than 9 per cent of non-return 60-90 days in favour of natural service.", "PMID": 1166458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1266", "title": "[Carcass composition of newborn (Dutch-Friesian and Meuse-Rhine-Yssel) bull calves (author's transl)].", "content": "The quantitative aspects of the composition of the carcases of newborn bull calves were studied. Fifty bull calves of the Dutch-Friesian and fify of the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed, all of which were third calves of pedigree cows, were purchased, slaughtered and anatomically dissected. Several of the muscles which are of interest to retailers have been identified both by their Dutch and by their Latin names. At an age of nearly five days, calves of the Dutch-Friesian breed weighed 39.5 kg., those of the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed weighing 42.5 kg. The height at withers of calves of the Dutch-Friesian breed was 70 cm. and that of calves of the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed was 68.7 cm. The carcass dressing percentage was identical in the two breeds, being 61.2 per cent. The composition of the muscles of the fore-quarters as well as that of the muscles of the hind-quarters showed slight significant differences between the two breeds. This is a striking feature, the more so these breeds were not separated until the early part of the present century. Coefficients of correlation are given for many of the magnitudes studied. Moreover, bilateral dissection was carried out in eighty-eight carcases. This showed that, on an average, the left half of the carcass was heavier than the right half. Those components of the weight, which were mainly involved, are stated. The literature was studied with special reference to the following subjects: aspects affecting the birth weight, the relationship between birth weight and meat production and the ratio between the weight of muscles within the carcases.", "contents": "[Carcass composition of newborn (Dutch-Friesian and Meuse-Rhine-Yssel) bull calves (author's transl)]. The quantitative aspects of the composition of the carcases of newborn bull calves were studied. Fifty bull calves of the Dutch-Friesian and fify of the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed, all of which were third calves of pedigree cows, were purchased, slaughtered and anatomically dissected. Several of the muscles which are of interest to retailers have been identified both by their Dutch and by their Latin names. At an age of nearly five days, calves of the Dutch-Friesian breed weighed 39.5 kg., those of the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed weighing 42.5 kg. The height at withers of calves of the Dutch-Friesian breed was 70 cm. and that of calves of the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed was 68.7 cm. The carcass dressing percentage was identical in the two breeds, being 61.2 per cent. The composition of the muscles of the fore-quarters as well as that of the muscles of the hind-quarters showed slight significant differences between the two breeds. This is a striking feature, the more so these breeds were not separated until the early part of the present century. Coefficients of correlation are given for many of the magnitudes studied. Moreover, bilateral dissection was carried out in eighty-eight carcases. This showed that, on an average, the left half of the carcass was heavier than the right half. Those components of the weight, which were mainly involved, are stated. The literature was studied with special reference to the following subjects: aspects affecting the birth weight, the relationship between birth weight and meat production and the ratio between the weight of muscles within the carcases.", "PMID": 1166459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1267", "title": "Investigations on the relations between the biochemical changes in the brain and behaviour of irradiated rats.", "content": "The behaviour of irradiated rats and biochemical changes in the brain tissue were investigated in the early period after whole-body irradiation with the dose of 800 R. It was found that after exposition to X-ray psychomotoric activity undergoes phasic modifications. Within the first day the behavioural activation was stated, which was accompanied by the increase of hydroproteolytic and MAO, activity in the brain. Simultaneously a decrease of serotonin and noradrenalin content in the brain stem was found in irradiated rats. On the second and third day of postirradiation syndrome the behavioural inhibition was observed.", "contents": "Investigations on the relations between the biochemical changes in the brain and behaviour of irradiated rats. The behaviour of irradiated rats and biochemical changes in the brain tissue were investigated in the early period after whole-body irradiation with the dose of 800 R. It was found that after exposition to X-ray psychomotoric activity undergoes phasic modifications. Within the first day the behavioural activation was stated, which was accompanied by the increase of hydroproteolytic and MAO, activity in the brain. Simultaneously a decrease of serotonin and noradrenalin content in the brain stem was found in irradiated rats. On the second and third day of postirradiation syndrome the behavioural inhibition was observed.", "PMID": 1166469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1268", "title": "[Radiological check-up examinations for the assessment of therapeutic response in malignant bone diseases].", "content": "Results of the improved treatment in radiation therapy of malignant bone lesions demand regular check-up examinations in order to assess the therapeutic response. For this purpose roentgenographic verifications are recommended before the beginning of treatment and after finishing radiation therapy and furthermore two or three months later. Follow-up by radionuclide scanning is suggested. An initially possible increase of a bone lesion in the course of radiotherapeutic treatment does not justify to stop radiation therapy.", "contents": "[Radiological check-up examinations for the assessment of therapeutic response in malignant bone diseases]. Results of the improved treatment in radiation therapy of malignant bone lesions demand regular check-up examinations in order to assess the therapeutic response. For this purpose roentgenographic verifications are recommended before the beginning of treatment and after finishing radiation therapy and furthermore two or three months later. Follow-up by radionuclide scanning is suggested. An initially possible increase of a bone lesion in the course of radiotherapeutic treatment does not justify to stop radiation therapy.", "PMID": 1166470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1269", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of struma maligue].", "content": "With reference to a case in which the scintigram showed an autonomous adenoma with a cold area that histologically, however, turned out to be a carcinoma of the thyroid gland, the diagnostical problems of thyroid cancer and the various possibilities in the differential diagnosis are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of struma maligue]. With reference to a case in which the scintigram showed an autonomous adenoma with a cold area that histologically, however, turned out to be a carcinoma of the thyroid gland, the diagnostical problems of thyroid cancer and the various possibilities in the differential diagnosis are demonstrated.", "PMID": 1166471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1270", "title": "Leucoerythroblastic anaemia in carcinoma of ovary.", "content": "The survey of cases of ovarian carcinoma referred to the Radiotherapy Centre at Sheffield between 1956 and 1965 was undertaken, which revealed one case of leucoerythroblastic anaemia as a complication. This patient also had a demonstrable bony metastases, which appeared eight years after the apparent cure of the diasease-a most unusual feature of carcinoma of ovary.", "contents": "Leucoerythroblastic anaemia in carcinoma of ovary. The survey of cases of ovarian carcinoma referred to the Radiotherapy Centre at Sheffield between 1956 and 1965 was undertaken, which revealed one case of leucoerythroblastic anaemia as a complication. This patient also had a demonstrable bony metastases, which appeared eight years after the apparent cure of the diasease-a most unusual feature of carcinoma of ovary.", "PMID": 1166472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1271", "title": "[Dose distribution in cobalt-60 irradiation of the axillary efferent lymphatic area in breast cancer].", "content": "A method of postoperative irradiation of breast cancer is reported using high dosage in the area of the axillary and subclavicular efferent lymphatic ducts. Within opposite fixed fields it was possible to modify the dose distribution by means of wedges, thus obtaining a maximum value of axillary and clavicular doses, together with a small radiation load on the lymphatic vessels which drain the region of the arm. The dose distributions in the depth of the shoulder are discussed on the basis of measurements at a phantom using different adjustments of the wedge filter. The most favorable dose distribution was noted with 17.5 degree lead wedges whereas, however, the angular aperture in the axillary and clavicular region was reduced to 2.5 degrees. This method is now being tested clinically.", "contents": "[Dose distribution in cobalt-60 irradiation of the axillary efferent lymphatic area in breast cancer]. A method of postoperative irradiation of breast cancer is reported using high dosage in the area of the axillary and subclavicular efferent lymphatic ducts. Within opposite fixed fields it was possible to modify the dose distribution by means of wedges, thus obtaining a maximum value of axillary and clavicular doses, together with a small radiation load on the lymphatic vessels which drain the region of the arm. The dose distributions in the depth of the shoulder are discussed on the basis of measurements at a phantom using different adjustments of the wedge filter. The most favorable dose distribution was noted with 17.5 degree lead wedges whereas, however, the angular aperture in the axillary and clavicular region was reduced to 2.5 degrees. This method is now being tested clinically.", "PMID": 1166473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1272", "title": "[Bone calcium metabolism following local x-irradiation. XIII. Effect of castration and estrogens on the general response of male rats].", "content": "The course of local and general deviations in osseous tissue of locally irradiated male white rats is different in hormonally not influenced and in castrated animals. By castration, both the intensity and the variations of this response are inhibited whereas especially the second osseous tissue shows a great deal more sensitivity. The male sex hormones thus lead to a certain instability and intensity of the defence reactions against local radiation damage which derail more easily than in females.", "contents": "[Bone calcium metabolism following local x-irradiation. XIII. Effect of castration and estrogens on the general response of male rats]. The course of local and general deviations in osseous tissue of locally irradiated male white rats is different in hormonally not influenced and in castrated animals. By castration, both the intensity and the variations of this response are inhibited whereas especially the second osseous tissue shows a great deal more sensitivity. The male sex hormones thus lead to a certain instability and intensity of the defence reactions against local radiation damage which derail more easily than in females.", "PMID": 1166474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1273", "title": "[Effect of aminopropyl-aminoethylthiphosphate on radio-iron utilization following whole-body irradiation of mice in the sublethal dose range].", "content": "The effectiveness of the thiophosphate compound WR 2721 was investigated with regard to the radiosensitivity of X-irradiated female mice in the sublethal dose range of 50 to 150 R using the radioiron test (59Fe). An increase of the radioresistance with regard to the radioiron uptake in young erythrocyte populations was obtained only beyond radiation doses of 75 R. In lower dose ranges the animals treated with thiophosphate became even more radiosensitive. At dose values of 100 R and 150 R dose reduction factors (DRF) of 1.3 and 1.5 respectively were obtained. These factors are considerably smaller than the DRF-values found for the survival rate at LD 50/30. A possible mechanism for this result may be due to the different dephosphorylation rate of the thiophosphate in various tissues, as described in literature.", "contents": "[Effect of aminopropyl-aminoethylthiphosphate on radio-iron utilization following whole-body irradiation of mice in the sublethal dose range]. The effectiveness of the thiophosphate compound WR 2721 was investigated with regard to the radiosensitivity of X-irradiated female mice in the sublethal dose range of 50 to 150 R using the radioiron test (59Fe). An increase of the radioresistance with regard to the radioiron uptake in young erythrocyte populations was obtained only beyond radiation doses of 75 R. In lower dose ranges the animals treated with thiophosphate became even more radiosensitive. At dose values of 100 R and 150 R dose reduction factors (DRF) of 1.3 and 1.5 respectively were obtained. These factors are considerably smaller than the DRF-values found for the survival rate at LD 50/30. A possible mechanism for this result may be due to the different dephosphorylation rate of the thiophosphate in various tissues, as described in literature.", "PMID": 1166475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1274", "title": "[Effect of 5-fluorouracil and irradiation of the cell kinetics of Walker carcinoma and the small intestine in rats].", "content": "A therapeutic schedule of synchronizing cytostatical-radiological treatment often used in human medicine is applied to rats carrying a Walker tumor. The effect of this treatment on the kinetics of tumor cells and epithelium of small intestine is investigated. 1. 5-Fluorouracil, i.p. during 18 and 12 hours, brings about no changes in the mitotic index; however, in the curve of marked mitoses a small fraction of cells is represented which is considered to be a consequence of the synchronization of a very small portion of tumor cells. 2. If ten hours after 5-FU-injection the cells are irradiated with a single dose of 300 rd, there occurs a distinct G2-block and a lengthening of the S-phase. These changes are found both in the 5-FU ground and in the controls. 3. 5-FU-injection thrice alternated with irradiation likewise causes a G2-block. After solution of the block a delayed increase of mitoses in the controls is going on which cannot be detected in the 5-FU group. These findings are interpreted as an effect of 5-FU on the proliferation rate of tumor tissues.", "contents": "[Effect of 5-fluorouracil and irradiation of the cell kinetics of Walker carcinoma and the small intestine in rats]. A therapeutic schedule of synchronizing cytostatical-radiological treatment often used in human medicine is applied to rats carrying a Walker tumor. The effect of this treatment on the kinetics of tumor cells and epithelium of small intestine is investigated. 1. 5-Fluorouracil, i.p. during 18 and 12 hours, brings about no changes in the mitotic index; however, in the curve of marked mitoses a small fraction of cells is represented which is considered to be a consequence of the synchronization of a very small portion of tumor cells. 2. If ten hours after 5-FU-injection the cells are irradiated with a single dose of 300 rd, there occurs a distinct G2-block and a lengthening of the S-phase. These changes are found both in the 5-FU ground and in the controls. 3. 5-FU-injection thrice alternated with irradiation likewise causes a G2-block. After solution of the block a delayed increase of mitoses in the controls is going on which cannot be detected in the 5-FU group. These findings are interpreted as an effect of 5-FU on the proliferation rate of tumor tissues.", "PMID": 1166476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1275", "title": "Different radiosensitivity of hematopoietic cells in chick-embryos.", "content": "Embryos of different ages from 24th to 120th hour of incubation were irradiated with a dose of 700 R gamma rays at a rate of 50 R/min. After irradiation peripheral blood was taken every 24 hours in order to control proliferation dynamics of megaloblastic and normoblastic cells. The results have shown that the cells of megaloblastic strain reduce much more the mitotic activity that those of normoblastic line. Although the cells of both strains after irradiation show depression in the proliferative activity, in transfer to polychromatophilic forms, megaloblasts disappear almost completely until normoblasts recover spontaneously. The nature of different radiosensitivity in these cell strains has been discussed.", "contents": "Different radiosensitivity of hematopoietic cells in chick-embryos. Embryos of different ages from 24th to 120th hour of incubation were irradiated with a dose of 700 R gamma rays at a rate of 50 R/min. After irradiation peripheral blood was taken every 24 hours in order to control proliferation dynamics of megaloblastic and normoblastic cells. The results have shown that the cells of megaloblastic strain reduce much more the mitotic activity that those of normoblastic line. Although the cells of both strains after irradiation show depression in the proliferative activity, in transfer to polychromatophilic forms, megaloblasts disappear almost completely until normoblasts recover spontaneously. The nature of different radiosensitivity in these cell strains has been discussed.", "PMID": 1166477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1276", "title": "Quantitative cytochemical studies of the RNA in the spinal cord of gamma-irradiated mice.", "content": "Quantitative analysis of RNA content was carried out in the oligodendroglia apposed to motor neurons and oligodendrocytes located far from the perikaryons in the spinal cord of mice subjected to 630 rd of whole body gamma irradiation. Decrease of relative RNA content in the glial cells apposed to the neuronal body in the irradiated animals 30 min to one hour after irradiation and the increase of RNA content in these cells two to eight hours after radiation was found. Glia located far from the perikaryons of motor neurons reacted with increase of RNA content 30 min after irradiation and its sharp decrease one hour later. This difference in the reaction of glia to whole body irradiation may be due to different metabolic patterns between glia linked to neurons in neuroglial unit and glia located far from perikaryons.", "contents": "Quantitative cytochemical studies of the RNA in the spinal cord of gamma-irradiated mice. Quantitative analysis of RNA content was carried out in the oligodendroglia apposed to motor neurons and oligodendrocytes located far from the perikaryons in the spinal cord of mice subjected to 630 rd of whole body gamma irradiation. Decrease of relative RNA content in the glial cells apposed to the neuronal body in the irradiated animals 30 min to one hour after irradiation and the increase of RNA content in these cells two to eight hours after radiation was found. Glia located far from the perikaryons of motor neurons reacted with increase of RNA content 30 min after irradiation and its sharp decrease one hour later. This difference in the reaction of glia to whole body irradiation may be due to different metabolic patterns between glia linked to neurons in neuroglial unit and glia located far from perikaryons.", "PMID": 1166478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1277", "title": "In vivo metabolism of 3H-testosterone in adult male rats: effects of estrogen administration.", "content": "The metabolism of testosterone (T) was studied in normal adult male rats using a constant infusion of trace amounts of the 3H-steroid into a tail vein for 3 h in order to attain a state of equilibrium. Samples of plasma, liver, kidney, prostate, seminal vesicles and muscle were analysed for 3H-testosterone, 3H-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alphaDHT) and 3H-5alpha-androstanediol (Adiol). When compared to the 3H-T level in plasma there were high levels of 3H-T in kidney and of 3H-5alphaDHT in prostate and seminal vesicles. Intraperitoneal estradiol valerate administration (100 mug/day) for 4 days decreased and 3H-5alphaDHT levels in the prostate and seminal vesicles. The estrogen administration increased the T metabolic clearance rate from 17.5 1/24 h/100 g body wt to 22.6 1/24 h/100 g body wt.", "contents": "In vivo metabolism of 3H-testosterone in adult male rats: effects of estrogen administration. The metabolism of testosterone (T) was studied in normal adult male rats using a constant infusion of trace amounts of the 3H-steroid into a tail vein for 3 h in order to attain a state of equilibrium. Samples of plasma, liver, kidney, prostate, seminal vesicles and muscle were analysed for 3H-testosterone, 3H-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alphaDHT) and 3H-5alpha-androstanediol (Adiol). When compared to the 3H-T level in plasma there were high levels of 3H-T in kidney and of 3H-5alphaDHT in prostate and seminal vesicles. Intraperitoneal estradiol valerate administration (100 mug/day) for 4 days decreased and 3H-5alphaDHT levels in the prostate and seminal vesicles. The estrogen administration increased the T metabolic clearance rate from 17.5 1/24 h/100 g body wt to 22.6 1/24 h/100 g body wt.", "PMID": 1166480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1278", "title": "Quantitation of deoxycorticosterone and its relationship to progesterone in the prepartum bovine.", "content": "A method and its validation is described for the radioimmunological measurement of deoxycorticosterone (DOC) in bovine serum. Levels of DOC and progesterone were determined in six pregnant heifers from one to three weeks before and during parturition. Levels of these steroids fluctuated widely from day to day and tended to be inversely related (r = -0.24). High levels of DOC in conjunction with low levels of progesterone at or near parturition are suggestive that DOC is involved in the parturition process.", "contents": "Quantitation of deoxycorticosterone and its relationship to progesterone in the prepartum bovine. A method and its validation is described for the radioimmunological measurement of deoxycorticosterone (DOC) in bovine serum. Levels of DOC and progesterone were determined in six pregnant heifers from one to three weeks before and during parturition. Levels of these steroids fluctuated widely from day to day and tended to be inversely related (r = -0.24). High levels of DOC in conjunction with low levels of progesterone at or near parturition are suggestive that DOC is involved in the parturition process.", "PMID": 1166481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1279", "title": "Steroid cyclicsulfites. III. Conformational and configurational aspects of steroid 3,5-cyclicsulfites.", "content": "The reaction of 3beta, 5beta-dihydroxy cholestanes with thionyl chloride is shown to yield cyclicsulfite esters containing boat heterocyclic rings with the S=O oxygen axial or equatorial, depending upon the mode of formation. Treatment of a diol in pyridine at low temperature favors an equatorial S=O conformation while higher reaction temperatures in chloroform solution yield a mixture of axial and equatorial epimers. In the case of a 7alpha-bromo-6-oxo 3,5-sulfite, it has been shown that the S=O equatorial isomer may be converted to the axial isomer upon treatment with acid.", "contents": "Steroid cyclicsulfites. III. Conformational and configurational aspects of steroid 3,5-cyclicsulfites. The reaction of 3beta, 5beta-dihydroxy cholestanes with thionyl chloride is shown to yield cyclicsulfite esters containing boat heterocyclic rings with the S=O oxygen axial or equatorial, depending upon the mode of formation. Treatment of a diol in pyridine at low temperature favors an equatorial S=O conformation while higher reaction temperatures in chloroform solution yield a mixture of axial and equatorial epimers. In the case of a 7alpha-bromo-6-oxo 3,5-sulfite, it has been shown that the S=O equatorial isomer may be converted to the axial isomer upon treatment with acid.", "PMID": 1166482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1280", "title": "Estrogen metabolism in hyperthyroidism and in cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "Estrogen metabolism was studied in spontaneous hyperthyroidism (Graves disease) and in alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver. The plasma concentration of estradiol-17beta (PCE2) was increased in men with hyperthyroidism. Although the metabolic clearance rate of estradiol-17beta (MCRE2) was reduced, the production rate (PR) of the steroid was increased above normal. The MCRE2 was also decreased in women with hyperthyroidism but the PCE2 and PRE2 was unchanged from normal. The conversion ratio of estradiol-17beta (CRE2E1) was increased in both hyperthyroid men and women. The PCE2 was significantly increased in men with cirrhosis of the liver. The MCRE2 was normal and this resulted in an increase in the PRE2 in this disorder. The CRE2E1 was significantly higher than normal. The plasma concentration of estrone (E1) was elevated in men with both disorders.", "contents": "Estrogen metabolism in hyperthyroidism and in cirrhosis of the liver. Estrogen metabolism was studied in spontaneous hyperthyroidism (Graves disease) and in alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver. The plasma concentration of estradiol-17beta (PCE2) was increased in men with hyperthyroidism. Although the metabolic clearance rate of estradiol-17beta (MCRE2) was reduced, the production rate (PR) of the steroid was increased above normal. The MCRE2 was also decreased in women with hyperthyroidism but the PCE2 and PRE2 was unchanged from normal. The conversion ratio of estradiol-17beta (CRE2E1) was increased in both hyperthyroid men and women. The PCE2 was significantly increased in men with cirrhosis of the liver. The MCRE2 was normal and this resulted in an increase in the PRE2 in this disorder. The CRE2E1 was significantly higher than normal. The plasma concentration of estrone (E1) was elevated in men with both disorders.", "PMID": 1166483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1281", "title": "Properties and subcellular distribution of delta4-steroid (progesterone) 5alpha-reductase in rat anterior pituitary.", "content": "The properties and subcellular distribution of anterior pituitary delta4-steroid (progesterone) 5alpha-reductase, which stimulates the conversion of progesterone to 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, have been investigated utilizing 3H-substrate and a reverse isotopic dilution assay system. The enzymic activity was stimulated by NADPH but not NADH and exhibited a Km of 2.7+/-0.9 times 10(-7) M for progesterone. The substrate specificity of the enzyme for other delta4-3-ketosteroids and the effect of estradiol-17beta were also studied. 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one was more reactive than progesterone, while testosterone was less reactive. Estradiol-17beta in vitro had an inhibitory effect on the 5alpha-reduction of progesterone. Studies on the subcellular distribution of the 5alpha-reductase activity indicate that the bulk of the activity was widely distributed amongst particulates sedimenting at 1,000, 15,000 and 100,000xg; with the 15,000xg pellet containing the most enzymic activity. The 100,000xg supernatant possessed only a small fraction of the total activity. After further fractionation of the 1,000xg pellet, the activity was distributed equally between the purified nuclear and cell debris-membranes fractions.", "contents": "Properties and subcellular distribution of delta4-steroid (progesterone) 5alpha-reductase in rat anterior pituitary. The properties and subcellular distribution of anterior pituitary delta4-steroid (progesterone) 5alpha-reductase, which stimulates the conversion of progesterone to 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, have been investigated utilizing 3H-substrate and a reverse isotopic dilution assay system. The enzymic activity was stimulated by NADPH but not NADH and exhibited a Km of 2.7+/-0.9 times 10(-7) M for progesterone. The substrate specificity of the enzyme for other delta4-3-ketosteroids and the effect of estradiol-17beta were also studied. 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one was more reactive than progesterone, while testosterone was less reactive. Estradiol-17beta in vitro had an inhibitory effect on the 5alpha-reduction of progesterone. Studies on the subcellular distribution of the 5alpha-reductase activity indicate that the bulk of the activity was widely distributed amongst particulates sedimenting at 1,000, 15,000 and 100,000xg; with the 15,000xg pellet containing the most enzymic activity. The 100,000xg supernatant possessed only a small fraction of the total activity. After further fractionation of the 1,000xg pellet, the activity was distributed equally between the purified nuclear and cell debris-membranes fractions.", "PMID": 1166484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1282", "title": "Gas chromatographic differentiation of 4-desmethyl-, 4-monomethyl- and 4,4-dimethyl-sterols. Part II : differentiation of sterols based on deltaRAc-values on four stationary phases.", "content": "The deltaRAc-values, i.e., ratios of retention data for sterol acetates to those for the corresponding free sterols, were determined for fourteen 4-desmethylsterols, seven 4-monomethylsterols and twenty-two 4,4-dimethylsterols on SE-30, OV-17, QF-1 and HiEFF-8B stationary phases. The QF-1 phase is found sperior to the others in affording the values which are the most effective for differentiation between the three sterol groups. Within the same sterol group, the values for individual sterol members on any of the stationary phases differ to some extent due to minor variations in their skeletal structure. These differences are useful for distinguishing individual members of the same sterol group differing in their skeletal structure, particularly in the position of double bond. The relative deltaRAc-values, i.e., ratios of deltaRAc-values of individual sterols to the deltaRAc-value of a standard sterol, are found almost independent upon the operating conditions of gas liquid chromatography and may be regarded as a characteristic value of sterols on one and the same stationary phase.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic differentiation of 4-desmethyl-, 4-monomethyl- and 4,4-dimethyl-sterols. Part II : differentiation of sterols based on deltaRAc-values on four stationary phases. The deltaRAc-values, i.e., ratios of retention data for sterol acetates to those for the corresponding free sterols, were determined for fourteen 4-desmethylsterols, seven 4-monomethylsterols and twenty-two 4,4-dimethylsterols on SE-30, OV-17, QF-1 and HiEFF-8B stationary phases. The QF-1 phase is found sperior to the others in affording the values which are the most effective for differentiation between the three sterol groups. Within the same sterol group, the values for individual sterol members on any of the stationary phases differ to some extent due to minor variations in their skeletal structure. These differences are useful for distinguishing individual members of the same sterol group differing in their skeletal structure, particularly in the position of double bond. The relative deltaRAc-values, i.e., ratios of deltaRAc-values of individual sterols to the deltaRAc-value of a standard sterol, are found almost independent upon the operating conditions of gas liquid chromatography and may be regarded as a characteristic value of sterols on one and the same stationary phase.", "PMID": 1166485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1283", "title": "Thyrotoxicosis in Ugandan Africans.", "content": "A retrospective 5 year study of thyrotoxicosis at Mulago Hospital, Uganda is presented. 30 cases were analysed and features pertaining to the clinical pattern are described. Comment is made on 5 cases which had associated cardiovascular abnormalities. The increased incidence of the condition in Uganda and other parts of Africa is noted. It is suggested that this may provide the opportunity for workers to follow up larger series, and assess the clinical, epidemiological and immunological aspects of the disease which could provide important clues as regards the genesis of thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "Thyrotoxicosis in Ugandan Africans. A retrospective 5 year study of thyrotoxicosis at Mulago Hospital, Uganda is presented. 30 cases were analysed and features pertaining to the clinical pattern are described. Comment is made on 5 cases which had associated cardiovascular abnormalities. The increased incidence of the condition in Uganda and other parts of Africa is noted. It is suggested that this may provide the opportunity for workers to follow up larger series, and assess the clinical, epidemiological and immunological aspects of the disease which could provide important clues as regards the genesis of thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 1166491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1284", "title": "The r\u00f4le of plasma proteins in chronic expansion of plasma volume in tropical splenomegaly syndrome. III. The interrelationships of albumin, immunoglobulins and plasma volume.", "content": "The effect of alterations in serum protein levels on plasma volume in tropical splenomegaly syndrome has been investigated by determining plasma volume, serum albumin, globulin and immunoglobulin levels in 64 adult New Guineans suffering from this disease. Plasma volumes ranged from 51-2 to 129 ml./kg. Significant positive correlations were found between plasma volume and intravascular pools of albumin, IgG and IgM. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that 70% of the variance in plasma volume in this series was attributable to increases in these three pools, IgM and IgG accounting for 42% of the total and albumin for 28%. It is probable that the unexplained 30% of plasma volume expansion arises through a splenic arterio-venous shunt effect. It is suggested that initially in tropical splenomegaly syndrome the splenic shunt and immunoglobulin overproduction combine to produce expansion of plasma volume and a fall in intravascular colloid osmotic pressure; that the latter provides the stimulus to increased albumin synthesis, and that this further aggravates the plasma volume expansion and the consequent dilutional anaemia commonly seen in this disease.", "contents": "The r\u00f4le of plasma proteins in chronic expansion of plasma volume in tropical splenomegaly syndrome. III. The interrelationships of albumin, immunoglobulins and plasma volume. The effect of alterations in serum protein levels on plasma volume in tropical splenomegaly syndrome has been investigated by determining plasma volume, serum albumin, globulin and immunoglobulin levels in 64 adult New Guineans suffering from this disease. Plasma volumes ranged from 51-2 to 129 ml./kg. Significant positive correlations were found between plasma volume and intravascular pools of albumin, IgG and IgM. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that 70% of the variance in plasma volume in this series was attributable to increases in these three pools, IgM and IgG accounting for 42% of the total and albumin for 28%. It is probable that the unexplained 30% of plasma volume expansion arises through a splenic arterio-venous shunt effect. It is suggested that initially in tropical splenomegaly syndrome the splenic shunt and immunoglobulin overproduction combine to produce expansion of plasma volume and a fall in intravascular colloid osmotic pressure; that the latter provides the stimulus to increased albumin synthesis, and that this further aggravates the plasma volume expansion and the consequent dilutional anaemia commonly seen in this disease.", "PMID": 1166493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1285", "title": "A technique for isolating and concentrating microfilariae from peripheral blood by gradient centrifugation.", "content": "A method for isolating microfilariae from blood cells by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation, followed by concentration by conventional centrifugation, is described. A 30 fold concentration and quantitative recovery of parasites was achieved. This technique should be of value for documenting low levels of parasitaemia, and for obtaining relatively pure suspensions of microfilariae for metabolic studies and antigen analysis.", "contents": "A technique for isolating and concentrating microfilariae from peripheral blood by gradient centrifugation. A method for isolating microfilariae from blood cells by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation, followed by concentration by conventional centrifugation, is described. A 30 fold concentration and quantitative recovery of parasites was achieved. This technique should be of value for documenting low levels of parasitaemia, and for obtaining relatively pure suspensions of microfilariae for metabolic studies and antigen analysis.", "PMID": 1166495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1286", "title": "A protocol for cryoprecipitate production.", "content": "A three-year contract research program to study the production of cryoprecipitate has been completed. The investigators have collaborated to propose changes in the methods of production of cryoprecipitate. The investigators believe that the problem of low and variable yield of cryoprecipitate can be overcome and cryoprecipitate can be produced which contains, on an average, at least 100 Factor VIII units in nearly every bag. It is emphasized that breaches of technique and time delays in cryoprecipitate processing must be scrupulously avoided to achieve optimum, standardized yields.", "contents": "A protocol for cryoprecipitate production. A three-year contract research program to study the production of cryoprecipitate has been completed. The investigators have collaborated to propose changes in the methods of production of cryoprecipitate. The investigators believe that the problem of low and variable yield of cryoprecipitate can be overcome and cryoprecipitate can be produced which contains, on an average, at least 100 Factor VIII units in nearly every bag. It is emphasized that breaches of technique and time delays in cryoprecipitate processing must be scrupulously avoided to achieve optimum, standardized yields.", "PMID": 1166503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1287", "title": "Determinants of factor VIII recovery in cryoprecipitate.", "content": "Many aspects of the production of cryoprecipitate were studied to determine which methods resulted in the greatest recovery of Factor VIII. The following recommendations resulted: 1) blood should be mixed with anticoagulant throughout phlebotomy; 2) blood should be centrifuged within a few hours of collection; 3) larger satellite bags should be used to contain the usual volume of plasma, for example, 200 ml of plasma should be frozen in a 600-ml capacity bag; 4) plasma should be centrifuged as soon as thawing is complete; 5) cryoprecipitate should be refrozen on dry ice; 6) cryoprecipitate should be stored at or below -30 C.; and 7) prolonged storage of frozen plasma or cryoprecipitate should be avoided. Variations in Factor VIII content from one bag of cryoprecipitate to another, under uniform production conditions, depends largely on two donor-specific attributes which tend to remain constant from time to time, namely, the donor's plasma Factor VIII level and the cryoprecipitability of his Factor VIII.", "contents": "Determinants of factor VIII recovery in cryoprecipitate. Many aspects of the production of cryoprecipitate were studied to determine which methods resulted in the greatest recovery of Factor VIII. The following recommendations resulted: 1) blood should be mixed with anticoagulant throughout phlebotomy; 2) blood should be centrifuged within a few hours of collection; 3) larger satellite bags should be used to contain the usual volume of plasma, for example, 200 ml of plasma should be frozen in a 600-ml capacity bag; 4) plasma should be centrifuged as soon as thawing is complete; 5) cryoprecipitate should be refrozen on dry ice; 6) cryoprecipitate should be stored at or below -30 C.; and 7) prolonged storage of frozen plasma or cryoprecipitate should be avoided. Variations in Factor VIII content from one bag of cryoprecipitate to another, under uniform production conditions, depends largely on two donor-specific attributes which tend to remain constant from time to time, namely, the donor's plasma Factor VIII level and the cryoprecipitability of his Factor VIII.", "PMID": 1166504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1288", "title": "The influence of donor characteristics and preparation methods on the potency of human cryoprecipitate.", "content": "An investigation of the influence of donor characteristics and preparative procedural variation on the potency of human cryoprecipitate was carried out on 30 whole blood and 139 plasmapheresis donors. Recovery of plasma Factor VIII in cryoprecipitate ranged from 11.2 to 89.4 per cent (average, 38 +/- 18%). The Factor VIII content of bags of cryoprecipitate ranged from 29 to 379 units (average, 111 +/- 77 units). No difference existed between whole blood donors and regular plasmapheresis donors. The only donor characteristic which was related to the potency of cryoprecipitate was the plasma concentration of Factor VIII which varied as much as sixfold on repeated visits of the same donor. The findings indicate that, within the limitations imposed by the regulations of the American Association of Blood Banks and the practicalities of an ordinary blood bank workload, no donor characteristic or variation in preparative procedures was of predictive value in obtaining cryoprecipitate of high potency. The potency of cryoprecipitate from individual donors appears to be related to factors inherent in the donor plasma itself.", "contents": "The influence of donor characteristics and preparation methods on the potency of human cryoprecipitate. An investigation of the influence of donor characteristics and preparative procedural variation on the potency of human cryoprecipitate was carried out on 30 whole blood and 139 plasmapheresis donors. Recovery of plasma Factor VIII in cryoprecipitate ranged from 11.2 to 89.4 per cent (average, 38 +/- 18%). The Factor VIII content of bags of cryoprecipitate ranged from 29 to 379 units (average, 111 +/- 77 units). No difference existed between whole blood donors and regular plasmapheresis donors. The only donor characteristic which was related to the potency of cryoprecipitate was the plasma concentration of Factor VIII which varied as much as sixfold on repeated visits of the same donor. The findings indicate that, within the limitations imposed by the regulations of the American Association of Blood Banks and the practicalities of an ordinary blood bank workload, no donor characteristic or variation in preparative procedures was of predictive value in obtaining cryoprecipitate of high potency. The potency of cryoprecipitate from individual donors appears to be related to factors inherent in the donor plasma itself.", "PMID": 1166505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1289", "title": "Severe hemolytic anemia in an adult associated with anti-T.", "content": "An adult woman hospitalized because of a stab wound suffered a severe hemolytic crisis during which she was found to be profoundly anemic. There was evidence of increased red blood cell fragility and extravascular hemolysis. Her cells, which were T-activated, were agglutinated spontaneously in vitro by anti-T in her own plasma. They were also agglutinated by some, but not all, human anti-M and anti-N sera, and were mildly aggregated by protamine sulphate. A normal amount of H antigen was present and no agglutination occurred in saline by incomplete Rh antibodies. The findings indicate that T-activation was incomplete. It is suggested that the patient experienced a short episode of acquired autohemolytic anemia caused by the activity of her own anti-T during a period when her normal enzyme-inhibiting substances were either not present or had been rendered temporarily inactive.", "contents": "Severe hemolytic anemia in an adult associated with anti-T. An adult woman hospitalized because of a stab wound suffered a severe hemolytic crisis during which she was found to be profoundly anemic. There was evidence of increased red blood cell fragility and extravascular hemolysis. Her cells, which were T-activated, were agglutinated spontaneously in vitro by anti-T in her own plasma. They were also agglutinated by some, but not all, human anti-M and anti-N sera, and were mildly aggregated by protamine sulphate. A normal amount of H antigen was present and no agglutination occurred in saline by incomplete Rh antibodies. The findings indicate that T-activation was incomplete. It is suggested that the patient experienced a short episode of acquired autohemolytic anemia caused by the activity of her own anti-T during a period when her normal enzyme-inhibiting substances were either not present or had been rendered temporarily inactive.", "PMID": 1166506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1290", "title": "Differences in the sensitivity of tumor cells and normal lymphocytes toward lysis by alloantibodies and guinea pig or rabbit complement.", "content": "Antisera produced against sarcoma I (SaI) cells in C57BL/6 and CBA mice tested for their cytotoxic activity against normal A lymphocytes and SaI tumor cells, using guinea pig or rabbit complement. Whereas high levels of cytotoxic activity against normal A lymphocytes were revealed with both antisera using either complement, only rabbit complement produced significant lysis of tumor cells under the standard conditions of the cytotoxic test (30 min, 37 C). However, upon prolonged incubation, guinea pig complement also produced high levels of lysis of SaI cells with the C57BL anti-SaI, but not with the CBA anti-SaI serum. Because these two antisera contain antibodies directed mainly against the H-2K and H-2D specificities, respectively, these results seemed to suggest that SaI cells are lysed in the presence of guinea pig complement with anti-H-2K antibodies but not with anti-H-2D antibodies. This conclusion was further supported by the use of antisera of restricted specificity prepared by selective absorption of the C57BL anti-SaI serum with CBA or DBA/2 cells. However, a C57BL anti-A serum which did not contain antibodies capable of lysing SaI target cells on prolonged incubation with guinea pig complement did not inhibit their subsequent lysis with the C57BL anti-SaI serum. These findings might suggest that under these modified conditions, mainly tumor-specific antigen-antibody systems are revealed with guinea pig complement, whereas with rabbit complement, under the standard conditions of the cytotoxic test, all antigen-antibody systems are detected.", "contents": "Differences in the sensitivity of tumor cells and normal lymphocytes toward lysis by alloantibodies and guinea pig or rabbit complement. Antisera produced against sarcoma I (SaI) cells in C57BL/6 and CBA mice tested for their cytotoxic activity against normal A lymphocytes and SaI tumor cells, using guinea pig or rabbit complement. Whereas high levels of cytotoxic activity against normal A lymphocytes were revealed with both antisera using either complement, only rabbit complement produced significant lysis of tumor cells under the standard conditions of the cytotoxic test (30 min, 37 C). However, upon prolonged incubation, guinea pig complement also produced high levels of lysis of SaI cells with the C57BL anti-SaI, but not with the CBA anti-SaI serum. Because these two antisera contain antibodies directed mainly against the H-2K and H-2D specificities, respectively, these results seemed to suggest that SaI cells are lysed in the presence of guinea pig complement with anti-H-2K antibodies but not with anti-H-2D antibodies. This conclusion was further supported by the use of antisera of restricted specificity prepared by selective absorption of the C57BL anti-SaI serum with CBA or DBA/2 cells. However, a C57BL anti-A serum which did not contain antibodies capable of lysing SaI target cells on prolonged incubation with guinea pig complement did not inhibit their subsequent lysis with the C57BL anti-SaI serum. These findings might suggest that under these modified conditions, mainly tumor-specific antigen-antibody systems are revealed with guinea pig complement, whereas with rabbit complement, under the standard conditions of the cytotoxic test, all antigen-antibody systems are detected.", "PMID": 1166513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1291", "title": "Restoration of hematopoiesis in dogs by infusion of cryopreserved autologous peripheral white cells following busulfan-cyclophosphamide treatment.", "content": "Canine cryopreserved autologous peripheral buffy coat cells were infused after an otherwise lethal regime of busulfan and cyclophosphamide. In seven dogs so treated, restoration of hematopoiesis occurred within 7 days, and six dogs recovered completely. Comparable colony-forming unit in agar activity was present in freshly processed and cryopreserved buffy coat cells and proved to correlate with in vivo marrow recovery. It was concluded that the peripheral blood is a convenient source for obtaining cells for autologous marrow reconstitution in canines.", "contents": "Restoration of hematopoiesis in dogs by infusion of cryopreserved autologous peripheral white cells following busulfan-cyclophosphamide treatment. Canine cryopreserved autologous peripheral buffy coat cells were infused after an otherwise lethal regime of busulfan and cyclophosphamide. In seven dogs so treated, restoration of hematopoiesis occurred within 7 days, and six dogs recovered completely. Comparable colony-forming unit in agar activity was present in freshly processed and cryopreserved buffy coat cells and proved to correlate with in vivo marrow recovery. It was concluded that the peripheral blood is a convenient source for obtaining cells for autologous marrow reconstitution in canines.", "PMID": 1166514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1292", "title": "The Kidd minus-minus phenotype in a Caucasian.", "content": "This is the reported example in a Caucasian with the phenotype Jk(a-b-). A strongly reacting antibody was present which was of a single specificity and which could be completely absorbed by either Jk(a+b-) or Jk(a-b+) cells. Since no compatible donors could be found, autotransfusion was done. Family study failed to reveal any other members with the Jk(a-b-) phenotype. The question of a third allele at the Kidd locus is considered.", "contents": "The Kidd minus-minus phenotype in a Caucasian. This is the reported example in a Caucasian with the phenotype Jk(a-b-). A strongly reacting antibody was present which was of a single specificity and which could be completely absorbed by either Jk(a+b-) or Jk(a-b+) cells. Since no compatible donors could be found, autotransfusion was done. Family study failed to reveal any other members with the Jk(a-b-) phenotype. The question of a third allele at the Kidd locus is considered.", "PMID": 1166509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1293", "title": "An autoantibody with anti-Wrb specificity in a patient with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia.", "content": "A patient with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) has been found to possess an autoantibody with Wrb specificity. While this is the first known description of Wrb specificity in this disease, additional studies on the Wrb status of En(a-) cells indicate that autoantibodies previously thought to be anti-Ena are in reality also anti-Wrb. Autoantibodies with Wrb specificity may thus be a rather common finding in patients with AIHA who have been thought to have \"panagglutinins\" on their red blood cells. Since anti-Wra alloantibodies are found frequently in patients with AIHA, it seems possible that the Wright system holds some clue to the pathogenesis of this disease.", "contents": "An autoantibody with anti-Wrb specificity in a patient with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. A patient with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) has been found to possess an autoantibody with Wrb specificity. While this is the first known description of Wrb specificity in this disease, additional studies on the Wrb status of En(a-) cells indicate that autoantibodies previously thought to be anti-Ena are in reality also anti-Wrb. Autoantibodies with Wrb specificity may thus be a rather common finding in patients with AIHA who have been thought to have \"panagglutinins\" on their red blood cells. Since anti-Wra alloantibodies are found frequently in patients with AIHA, it seems possible that the Wright system holds some clue to the pathogenesis of this disease.", "PMID": 1166507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1294", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the plastids of 3 types of Chlamydomonas reinhardi mutants phenotypically yellow in the light or in darkness].", "content": "A study was made of the ultrastructure of plastids of three mutant types of Chlamydomonas reinhardi which are phenotypically revealed either in the light or in the darkness as yellow mutants. Characteristics of pigments for each mutant have been given. Mutant Y-4 unable to synthesize chlorophyll either in the light or in the darkness shows a complete reduction of photosynthesizing membranes. Mutant Y-1 capable of synthesizing chlorophyll develops a normal system of photosynthesizing membranes. The dark synthesis of chlorophyll in this mutant is broken, the mutant accumulates only carotenoids, the membrane system of its plastid being reduced. On the contrary, mutant Y-3 has in the darkness a complete set of pigments and a well developed membrane system. In the light this mutant yellows due to chlorophyll photodestruction that is followed by destruction of the membrane system of chloroplasts.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the plastids of 3 types of Chlamydomonas reinhardi mutants phenotypically yellow in the light or in darkness]. A study was made of the ultrastructure of plastids of three mutant types of Chlamydomonas reinhardi which are phenotypically revealed either in the light or in the darkness as yellow mutants. Characteristics of pigments for each mutant have been given. Mutant Y-4 unable to synthesize chlorophyll either in the light or in the darkness shows a complete reduction of photosynthesizing membranes. Mutant Y-1 capable of synthesizing chlorophyll develops a normal system of photosynthesizing membranes. The dark synthesis of chlorophyll in this mutant is broken, the mutant accumulates only carotenoids, the membrane system of its plastid being reduced. On the contrary, mutant Y-3 has in the darkness a complete set of pigments and a well developed membrane system. In the light this mutant yellows due to chlorophyll photodestruction that is followed by destruction of the membrane system of chloroplasts.", "PMID": 1166516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1295", "title": "An En(a-) red cell sample that types as Wr(a-b-).", "content": "In the course of investigating a patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia in which the causative autoantibody had anti-Wrb specificity, it was demonstrated that an En(a-) red blood cell sample typed as Wr(a-b-). The only known example of Wr(a+b-) blood typed as En(a+) so that anti-Wrb and anti-Ena do not have the same specificity.", "contents": "An En(a-) red cell sample that types as Wr(a-b-). In the course of investigating a patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia in which the causative autoantibody had anti-Wrb specificity, it was demonstrated that an En(a-) red blood cell sample typed as Wr(a-b-). The only known example of Wr(a+b-) blood typed as En(a+) so that anti-Wrb and anti-Ena do not have the same specificity.", "PMID": 1166508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1296", "title": "Factor VIII preservation following collection into commercial plasmapheresis systems.", "content": "The two-stage method of Pool and Robinson was used in determining plasma Factor VIII activity following contact with four commercially available plastic blood and pooling bag films. Employing a two-arm double plasmapheresis technique, it was shown that Factor VIII activity in whole blood initially drawn into BB-69 and PL-130 blood bags decreased only slightly from in vivo levels for activity in PL-130 blood bags (t equal 3.2317, p. less than 0.01). Factor VIII activity fell to 98 and 90 per cent preservation levels from an initial 104 per cent in vivo activity, for BB-69 and PL-130 respectively. Factor VIII activity in plasma collected in Ellay and PL-146 pooling bags, both decreased significantly to 85 and 86 per cent, respectively, after three hours storage at room temperature (24 to 25.5 C). Following five weeks storage (-30 C) in Ellay and PL-146 pooling bags, Factor VIII activity significantly (p less than 0.005) fell to 79 and 77 per cent, respectively. No significant differences were observed when Factor VIII activity levels were compared in BB-69 versus PL-130 or Ellay versus PL-146 plastic film systems.", "contents": "Factor VIII preservation following collection into commercial plasmapheresis systems. The two-stage method of Pool and Robinson was used in determining plasma Factor VIII activity following contact with four commercially available plastic blood and pooling bag films. Employing a two-arm double plasmapheresis technique, it was shown that Factor VIII activity in whole blood initially drawn into BB-69 and PL-130 blood bags decreased only slightly from in vivo levels for activity in PL-130 blood bags (t equal 3.2317, p. less than 0.01). Factor VIII activity fell to 98 and 90 per cent preservation levels from an initial 104 per cent in vivo activity, for BB-69 and PL-130 respectively. Factor VIII activity in plasma collected in Ellay and PL-146 pooling bags, both decreased significantly to 85 and 86 per cent, respectively, after three hours storage at room temperature (24 to 25.5 C). Following five weeks storage (-30 C) in Ellay and PL-146 pooling bags, Factor VIII activity significantly (p less than 0.005) fell to 79 and 77 per cent, respectively. No significant differences were observed when Factor VIII activity levels were compared in BB-69 versus PL-130 or Ellay versus PL-146 plastic film systems.", "PMID": 1166510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1297", "title": "[Effect of pilocarpine on the puffing of polytene chromosomes in the salivary glands of Chironomus thummi].", "content": "Under the influence of pylocarpine on polytene chromosomes of the salivary glands of Chironomus thummi at the end of the 4th age, the puff size increased in the region 3-A5cd, 3-C3ghi, 4-KB1 and 4-KB2, in parallel with the increase of the amount of secrete in the central reservoire. In this connection, the above indicated puff may be considered as closely correated in their function with the secretory process of salivary gland cells.", "contents": "[Effect of pilocarpine on the puffing of polytene chromosomes in the salivary glands of Chironomus thummi]. Under the influence of pylocarpine on polytene chromosomes of the salivary glands of Chironomus thummi at the end of the 4th age, the puff size increased in the region 3-A5cd, 3-C3ghi, 4-KB1 and 4-KB2, in parallel with the increase of the amount of secrete in the central reservoire. In this connection, the above indicated puff may be considered as closely correated in their function with the secretory process of salivary gland cells.", "PMID": 1166517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1298", "title": "[Effect of stretching on the resting potential of isolated frog muscle fibers].", "content": "The resting potentials of single muscle fibers of the frog increased under a 30% stretching over the rest length (sarcomere length being about 3.2 microns). If the resting potential was increased during the resting state, no augmentation of the resting potential occurs under stretching. The stretching of fibres by 60% over the rest length (sacomere length about 3.9 microns) was accompanied, as a rule, by depolarization.", "contents": "[Effect of stretching on the resting potential of isolated frog muscle fibers]. The resting potentials of single muscle fibers of the frog increased under a 30% stretching over the rest length (sarcomere length being about 3.2 microns). If the resting potential was increased during the resting state, no augmentation of the resting potential occurs under stretching. The stretching of fibres by 60% over the rest length (sacomere length about 3.9 microns) was accompanied, as a rule, by depolarization.", "PMID": 1166518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1299", "title": "A computer-based interactive planning system for scheduling blood collections.", "content": "Seasonal imbalances between supply and demand for blood products are common. This paper describes a planning system which utilizes conversational computer facilities to assist the manager of a regional or communitywide blood agency in scheduling bloodmobiles and fixed facility collections from one to 18 months in advance. The benefits from changes to only one day of a collection schedule recover the annual costs of using the system, estimated at at $600 for a blood service which collects 65,000 units annually.", "contents": "A computer-based interactive planning system for scheduling blood collections. Seasonal imbalances between supply and demand for blood products are common. This paper describes a planning system which utilizes conversational computer facilities to assist the manager of a regional or communitywide blood agency in scheduling bloodmobiles and fixed facility collections from one to 18 months in advance. The benefits from changes to only one day of a collection schedule recover the annual costs of using the system, estimated at at $600 for a blood service which collects 65,000 units annually.", "PMID": 1166512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1300", "title": "[Stimulation of DNA synthesis and mitoses in the rat liver in experimental galactosemia caused by the prolonged administration of galactose].", "content": "Feeding of rats with galactose-rich ration results in the activation of galactoso-1-phosphate-uridililtransferase in the liver after 2--4 days. By days 5--13, the activity of the enzyme decreased to the control level in spite of continued feeding of rats with galactose-rich ration. The activation of galactoso-1-phosphate-uridililtransferase occurred on the first 5 days of the experiment, whereas all proliferative activity in the liver increased from days 12--60, and the maximum mitotic was attained by the 20th and 50th days of feeding with galactose-rich diet. DNA synthesis also increased considerably, and this evidenced the increased H3-thymidine incorporation in hepatocyte nuclei. If one accept that the induction of enzyme transforming galactose to glucose is an adaptive response of cells (organism) to galactose in the diet, then the subsequent stage of adaptation would be hepatocyte proliferation.", "contents": "[Stimulation of DNA synthesis and mitoses in the rat liver in experimental galactosemia caused by the prolonged administration of galactose]. Feeding of rats with galactose-rich ration results in the activation of galactoso-1-phosphate-uridililtransferase in the liver after 2--4 days. By days 5--13, the activity of the enzyme decreased to the control level in spite of continued feeding of rats with galactose-rich ration. The activation of galactoso-1-phosphate-uridililtransferase occurred on the first 5 days of the experiment, whereas all proliferative activity in the liver increased from days 12--60, and the maximum mitotic was attained by the 20th and 50th days of feeding with galactose-rich diet. DNA synthesis also increased considerably, and this evidenced the increased H3-thymidine incorporation in hepatocyte nuclei. If one accept that the induction of enzyme transforming galactose to glucose is an adaptive response of cells (organism) to galactose in the diet, then the subsequent stage of adaptation would be hepatocyte proliferation.", "PMID": 1166519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1301", "title": "[5-Methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine (melatonin) in enterochromaffin cells].", "content": "As evidenced from the action of acetone extracts of the mucous layer of the human appendix, these extracts contain a substance capable of bleaching the frog's skin. Model experiments with 0.1% adrenaline, 0.2% noradrenaline, 2.5% hydrocortisone and solutions of various concentrations of synthesized melatonin permitted to identify the above substance as melatonin. The bleaching aciton dependence on the number of enterochromaffin cells (Ec-cells) in the mucous layer of the appendix, and the presence of serotonin in Ec-cells reveal a connection between melatonin and Ec-cells. An average content of 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine in the human appendix amounts to 0.004 mg per 100 Ec-cells. It is suggested that the epiphysis and enterochromaffin cells compose a common functional neuroendocrine system playing a definite role in maintaining the homeostasis of the organism.", "contents": "[5-Methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine (melatonin) in enterochromaffin cells]. As evidenced from the action of acetone extracts of the mucous layer of the human appendix, these extracts contain a substance capable of bleaching the frog's skin. Model experiments with 0.1% adrenaline, 0.2% noradrenaline, 2.5% hydrocortisone and solutions of various concentrations of synthesized melatonin permitted to identify the above substance as melatonin. The bleaching aciton dependence on the number of enterochromaffin cells (Ec-cells) in the mucous layer of the appendix, and the presence of serotonin in Ec-cells reveal a connection between melatonin and Ec-cells. An average content of 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine in the human appendix amounts to 0.004 mg per 100 Ec-cells. It is suggested that the epiphysis and enterochromaffin cells compose a common functional neuroendocrine system playing a definite role in maintaining the homeostasis of the organism.", "PMID": 1166520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1302", "title": "[Effect of methotrexate on the leukemic cell cycle in mouse ascitic leukemia L1210].", "content": "In cells of L1210 ascite leukemia cells, methotrexate inhibited H3-thymidine incorporation, blocked shortly (during 4 hours) the G1 leads to S transition, and did not affect cells in G2-phase or in the late S phase. Almost half a cell population was degenerated and cells in S- and G1-phases were affected in equal proportion. This may suggest that methotrexate is not S-phase specific for cells of leukemia L1210. A simultaneous administration of vinblastine increases the antitumour effect of methotrexate. Cells in G2-phase constitute, presumably, a significant proportion of cells recovered after methotrexate administration. A comparison of the data obtained with literature evidence shows that in the sensitive (leukemia L1210) and resistant (acute mieloid leukemia of man) forms of leukemia, methotrexate affects cells that are in S-phase, whereas cells being in G1-phase are affected only when the sensitive tumours are treated.", "contents": "[Effect of methotrexate on the leukemic cell cycle in mouse ascitic leukemia L1210]. In cells of L1210 ascite leukemia cells, methotrexate inhibited H3-thymidine incorporation, blocked shortly (during 4 hours) the G1 leads to S transition, and did not affect cells in G2-phase or in the late S phase. Almost half a cell population was degenerated and cells in S- and G1-phases were affected in equal proportion. This may suggest that methotrexate is not S-phase specific for cells of leukemia L1210. A simultaneous administration of vinblastine increases the antitumour effect of methotrexate. Cells in G2-phase constitute, presumably, a significant proportion of cells recovered after methotrexate administration. A comparison of the data obtained with literature evidence shows that in the sensitive (leukemia L1210) and resistant (acute mieloid leukemia of man) forms of leukemia, methotrexate affects cells that are in S-phase, whereas cells being in G1-phase are affected only when the sensitive tumours are treated.", "PMID": 1166521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1303", "title": "[Heterogeneity of a peripheral blood lymphocyte population stimulated by phytohemagglutinin].", "content": "Lymphocytes of human peripheral blood treated with PHA in short-living cultures can be divided into two subpopulations of cells according to their capacity to bind acridine orange. Cells of the first subpopulation are similar to unincubated ones, whereas the second subpopulation contains cells with higher dye-binding properties.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of a peripheral blood lymphocyte population stimulated by phytohemagglutinin]. Lymphocytes of human peripheral blood treated with PHA in short-living cultures can be divided into two subpopulations of cells according to their capacity to bind acridine orange. Cells of the first subpopulation are similar to unincubated ones, whereas the second subpopulation contains cells with higher dye-binding properties.", "PMID": 1166522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1304", "title": "[Effect of ectopic transplantations on the cytological structure of mouse rhabdomyosarcomas].", "content": "12 mouse rhabdomyosarcomas from V--XI transplant generations were investigated at their growing in the anterior chamber of the eye, in the testis, lungs and subcutaneous fibrous tissue. With these modes of transplantation rhabdomyosarcomas were seen differentiating to different levels and differed in their cell populations. The most differentiated rhabdomyosarcomas were in the anterior chamber of the eye: they formed myotubes with cross-striated myofibrilles; the least differentiated ones occurring in lungs. Rhabdomyosarcomas, inoculated in testes, intensively dessiminated in the lymph-nodes and in the organs of abdomen. It is concluded that the degree of tumor autonomy depends on the tumor--organism interactions.", "contents": "[Effect of ectopic transplantations on the cytological structure of mouse rhabdomyosarcomas]. 12 mouse rhabdomyosarcomas from V--XI transplant generations were investigated at their growing in the anterior chamber of the eye, in the testis, lungs and subcutaneous fibrous tissue. With these modes of transplantation rhabdomyosarcomas were seen differentiating to different levels and differed in their cell populations. The most differentiated rhabdomyosarcomas were in the anterior chamber of the eye: they formed myotubes with cross-striated myofibrilles; the least differentiated ones occurring in lungs. Rhabdomyosarcomas, inoculated in testes, intensively dessiminated in the lymph-nodes and in the organs of abdomen. It is concluded that the degree of tumor autonomy depends on the tumor--organism interactions.", "PMID": 1166523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1305", "title": "[Effect of local UV microirradiation on the nuclear apparatus and cytoplasm of the infusorian Paramecium caudatum].", "content": "The work is the first attempt to study nuclear dualism of ciliates with ultraviolet microbeam (UV-beam), which was not applied earlier for these purposes. The special advantage of the UV-beam is that it allow to inactivate selectively of the particular elements of nuclear apparatus of living ciliates is to observe consequences of operation on distant descendants of irradiated cell. On Paramecium caudatum the ways of UV-beam have been devised specifically. The original rotocompression chamber was employed for immobilization of cell in space of irradiation. The effective UV-doses were selected, the relative resistance of cytoplasm, macro-, micronucleus (Mi), and symbiotic bacteria of Mi -- omega particles -- was detected. The \"pure\" and infected cells were irradiated, in some different variants. The effect of UV-beam depends on dose and consists in a reduction the effectiveness of cell cloning, the loss of omega-particles from Mi, the appearance of the cells with 2--3 Mi, and, possibly, of amicronucleate cells. The injuries due to UV-beam are restored by photoreactivation of visible light.", "contents": "[Effect of local UV microirradiation on the nuclear apparatus and cytoplasm of the infusorian Paramecium caudatum]. The work is the first attempt to study nuclear dualism of ciliates with ultraviolet microbeam (UV-beam), which was not applied earlier for these purposes. The special advantage of the UV-beam is that it allow to inactivate selectively of the particular elements of nuclear apparatus of living ciliates is to observe consequences of operation on distant descendants of irradiated cell. On Paramecium caudatum the ways of UV-beam have been devised specifically. The original rotocompression chamber was employed for immobilization of cell in space of irradiation. The effective UV-doses were selected, the relative resistance of cytoplasm, macro-, micronucleus (Mi), and symbiotic bacteria of Mi -- omega particles -- was detected. The \"pure\" and infected cells were irradiated, in some different variants. The effect of UV-beam depends on dose and consists in a reduction the effectiveness of cell cloning, the loss of omega-particles from Mi, the appearance of the cells with 2--3 Mi, and, possibly, of amicronucleate cells. The injuries due to UV-beam are restored by photoreactivation of visible light.", "PMID": 1166524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1306", "title": "[DNA reproduction in the organism of planarians in post-injury recovery].", "content": "No mitotic figures were found during histological observations of intact as well as transsected planarians Dendrocoelum lacteum within 15 days after the operation. DNA content in intact and regenerating worms was measured. It has been shown, that the posttraumatic repair in planarians does not involve DNA synthesis or cell reproduction.", "contents": "[DNA reproduction in the organism of planarians in post-injury recovery]. No mitotic figures were found during histological observations of intact as well as transsected planarians Dendrocoelum lacteum within 15 days after the operation. DNA content in intact and regenerating worms was measured. It has been shown, that the posttraumatic repair in planarians does not involve DNA synthesis or cell reproduction.", "PMID": 1166525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1307", "title": "[Effect of a varying concentration of boron on the tempo of Paramecium caudatum multiplication depending on the temperature of the medium].", "content": "The rate of multiplication of Paramecium caudatum was studied using individual cultures with media containing 0.001, 0.005, 0.008 and 0.01% borate, resp. At room temperature (20--21 degrees C) with two first concentrations of boron, the ciliates multiply normally over 4 months often surpassing the multiplication rate of the control line. With the increase of boron concentration up to 0.008%, the division rate in paramecia decreases significantly, reaching the control rate only by the end of the 3rd month. At high temperature (26--27 degrees) with 0.001 and 0.005% of boron in the media, P. caudatum was also seen to multiply normally. At lower temperature (15--17 degrees) all the test concentrations of borate used decreased the rate of division, and the higher the concentration of boron the more pronounced was the depressing effect.", "contents": "[Effect of a varying concentration of boron on the tempo of Paramecium caudatum multiplication depending on the temperature of the medium]. The rate of multiplication of Paramecium caudatum was studied using individual cultures with media containing 0.001, 0.005, 0.008 and 0.01% borate, resp. At room temperature (20--21 degrees C) with two first concentrations of boron, the ciliates multiply normally over 4 months often surpassing the multiplication rate of the control line. With the increase of boron concentration up to 0.008%, the division rate in paramecia decreases significantly, reaching the control rate only by the end of the 3rd month. At high temperature (26--27 degrees) with 0.001 and 0.005% of boron in the media, P. caudatum was also seen to multiply normally. At lower temperature (15--17 degrees) all the test concentrations of borate used decreased the rate of division, and the higher the concentration of boron the more pronounced was the depressing effect.", "PMID": 1166527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1308", "title": "[Modified method of ultramicroelectrophoretic protein fractionation].", "content": "A modification is described for the method of ultramicroelectrophoretic fractioning of proteins in polyacrylamide gel in capillaries 400--100 microns in diameter. The original construction of the assembly of apparatuses is offered which can be assembled from details made in the USSR. The operation of dosed filling of capillaries is significantly facilitated. The optimal quantity of protein in one sample reaches 1.5--0.1 mkg (depending on the capillary diameter). The reproducability and sharpness of protein fractions by the offered method are not worse compared with the generally accepted method of macro-disc electrophoresis.", "contents": "[Modified method of ultramicroelectrophoretic protein fractionation]. A modification is described for the method of ultramicroelectrophoretic fractioning of proteins in polyacrylamide gel in capillaries 400--100 microns in diameter. The original construction of the assembly of apparatuses is offered which can be assembled from details made in the USSR. The operation of dosed filling of capillaries is significantly facilitated. The optimal quantity of protein in one sample reaches 1.5--0.1 mkg (depending on the capillary diameter). The reproducability and sharpness of protein fractions by the offered method are not worse compared with the generally accepted method of macro-disc electrophoresis.", "PMID": 1166528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1309", "title": "Evaluation of chromatin clumping and myelination of the spinal cord of pigs with congential tremor.", "content": "Clumps of chromatin in the spinal cord of 2- to 10-day-old pigs with congenital tremor were of no diagnostic value since they were present also in unaffected pigs of the same age. No difference in shape, size, number, location, and staining characteristics of the clumps were found. The clumps were thought to be evidence of cellular necrobiosis. The cords of pigs with tremor had distinctly less myelin than those of normal pigs.", "contents": "Evaluation of chromatin clumping and myelination of the spinal cord of pigs with congential tremor. Clumps of chromatin in the spinal cord of 2- to 10-day-old pigs with congenital tremor were of no diagnostic value since they were present also in unaffected pigs of the same age. No difference in shape, size, number, location, and staining characteristics of the clumps were found. The clumps were thought to be evidence of cellular necrobiosis. The cords of pigs with tremor had distinctly less myelin than those of normal pigs.", "PMID": 1166569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1310", "title": "Torsion of the caudate lobe of the liver in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus).", "content": "Torsion of the caudate lobe was an incidental necropsy finding in three livers of 984 rabbits. The affected rabbits were mature (18-24 months), without a common background, and did not have clinical signs related to hepatic torsion. No lesions secondary to lobar torsion were seen.", "contents": "Torsion of the caudate lobe of the liver in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus). Torsion of the caudate lobe was an incidental necropsy finding in three livers of 984 rabbits. The affected rabbits were mature (18-24 months), without a common background, and did not have clinical signs related to hepatic torsion. No lesions secondary to lobar torsion were seen.", "PMID": 1166570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1311", "title": "Endometrial stromal tumor in a chimpanzee.", "content": "A 25-year-old female chimpanzee with disseminated tuberculosis also had two uterine tumors. One a typical leiomyoma and the other, which occluded the uterine lumen, was composed of cells resembling normal endometrial stroma in its proliferative phase. It was diagnosed as an endometrial stromal tumor and was similar to that which occurs in the human female. This is the first report of this lesion in a nonhuman primate.", "contents": "Endometrial stromal tumor in a chimpanzee. A 25-year-old female chimpanzee with disseminated tuberculosis also had two uterine tumors. One a typical leiomyoma and the other, which occluded the uterine lumen, was composed of cells resembling normal endometrial stroma in its proliferative phase. It was diagnosed as an endometrial stromal tumor and was similar to that which occurs in the human female. This is the first report of this lesion in a nonhuman primate.", "PMID": 1166571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1312", "title": "Spontaneous lesions in the aorta of the common brown hare (Lepus europaeus).", "content": "The intimal surface of the aortic arch of 16 of 20 male common brown hares and 10 of 14 females had raised pale yellow to grey-white plaques up to 6 mm in diameter. These lesions were characterised by necrosis and calcification mainly in the tunica media and were not related to the age of the hares. In the hare this vascular disease may develop after injury to the connective tissue during obliteration of the ductus arteriosus. Although these aortic lesions were not the 'spontaneous' atherosclerotic variety they were morphologically similar to those in rabbits.", "contents": "Spontaneous lesions in the aorta of the common brown hare (Lepus europaeus). The intimal surface of the aortic arch of 16 of 20 male common brown hares and 10 of 14 females had raised pale yellow to grey-white plaques up to 6 mm in diameter. These lesions were characterised by necrosis and calcification mainly in the tunica media and were not related to the age of the hares. In the hare this vascular disease may develop after injury to the connective tissue during obliteration of the ductus arteriosus. Although these aortic lesions were not the 'spontaneous' atherosclerotic variety they were morphologically similar to those in rabbits.", "PMID": 1166572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1313", "title": "Pesticides and domestic animals.", "content": "Domestic animals are quite often poisoned by pesticides despite the considerable effort made through legislation and Ministry recommendations to provide adequate safeguards for the use of agricultural chemicals. All pesticides have to be registered and recommendations and restrictions for use are printed on the labels. But a number of cases involving the misuse of certain poisons as bait for vermin has caused concern recently to both Government and industry. Special problems face the veterinary surgeon who has to treat a pet animal with suspected esticide poisoning. This paper provides possible sources of information from which the veterinary surgeon may obtain help with diagnosis, advice on treatment and laboratory aid.", "contents": "Pesticides and domestic animals. Domestic animals are quite often poisoned by pesticides despite the considerable effort made through legislation and Ministry recommendations to provide adequate safeguards for the use of agricultural chemicals. All pesticides have to be registered and recommendations and restrictions for use are printed on the labels. But a number of cases involving the misuse of certain poisons as bait for vermin has caused concern recently to both Government and industry. Special problems face the veterinary surgeon who has to treat a pet animal with suspected esticide poisoning. This paper provides possible sources of information from which the veterinary surgeon may obtain help with diagnosis, advice on treatment and laboratory aid.", "PMID": 1166591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1314", "title": "[Function of external respiration and hemodynamics of the lesser blood circulation circuit in lung cancer patients].", "content": "Bronchospirometric studies of the ventilatory function in 200 patients with pulmonary cancer inducated a dependence between functional losses in the involved lung and tumor localization, and the functional importance of the bronchus involved. A central localization of the tumor results in more pronounced functional losses in gas metabolism, in particular, that, as evidenced by rheographic findings, is conditioned by both the reduced ventilation and blood flow in the affected lung. The results of investigations have indicated that in 80% of patients the rate of functional losses and their distribution between the involved and intact lung allowed an accomplishment of an operative intervention such as pneumonectomy.", "contents": "[Function of external respiration and hemodynamics of the lesser blood circulation circuit in lung cancer patients]. Bronchospirometric studies of the ventilatory function in 200 patients with pulmonary cancer inducated a dependence between functional losses in the involved lung and tumor localization, and the functional importance of the bronchus involved. A central localization of the tumor results in more pronounced functional losses in gas metabolism, in particular, that, as evidenced by rheographic findings, is conditioned by both the reduced ventilation and blood flow in the affected lung. The results of investigations have indicated that in 80% of patients the rate of functional losses and their distribution between the involved and intact lung allowed an accomplishment of an operative intervention such as pneumonectomy.", "PMID": 1166648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1315", "title": "[Separation bronchospirography in the evaluation of the operability of patients with lung cancer].", "content": "Ventilatory function of the lung was studied in 184 patients with cancer by means of the method of general and separate spirography. The investigation has evidenced that separate bronchospirography rendered it possible in 51.1% of cases to solve with greater differentiation the problem of feasibility of radical surgery in cancer of the lung and extent of the resection.", "contents": "[Separation bronchospirography in the evaluation of the operability of patients with lung cancer]. Ventilatory function of the lung was studied in 184 patients with cancer by means of the method of general and separate spirography. The investigation has evidenced that separate bronchospirography rendered it possible in 51.1% of cases to solve with greater differentiation the problem of feasibility of radical surgery in cancer of the lung and extent of the resection.", "PMID": 1166649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1316", "title": "[Classification of gallbladder cancer according to the TNM system].", "content": "Based on their personal experience (27 observations) and study of the literature data the authors give their considerations of the classification of the gallbladder cancer according to the TNM system. Twenty six patients were operated upon. In five cases hepatic resection together with the removal of the gallbladder was performed. One of these patients survived for over 6 years, 2 - over 1 year, two patients died during the first postoperative year.", "contents": "[Classification of gallbladder cancer according to the TNM system]. Based on their personal experience (27 observations) and study of the literature data the authors give their considerations of the classification of the gallbladder cancer according to the TNM system. Twenty six patients were operated upon. In five cases hepatic resection together with the removal of the gallbladder was performed. One of these patients survived for over 6 years, 2 - over 1 year, two patients died during the first postoperative year.", "PMID": 1166651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1317", "title": "[Integration and expression of the oncornavirus type D genome in transplantable cells].", "content": "The authors investigated five cell cultures producing oncornaviruses type D by the method of molecular hybridization of viral nucleic acids with cell nucleic acids. It was shown that nuclear DNA of the cell lines under study contained scores and hundreds of viral RNA genome-equivalents, while cytoplasmatic RNA contained hundreds and thousands of viral genomes. Viruses produced by the cultures involved are found to be identical or highly similar to nucleotid sequences of their nucleic acids.", "contents": "[Integration and expression of the oncornavirus type D genome in transplantable cells]. The authors investigated five cell cultures producing oncornaviruses type D by the method of molecular hybridization of viral nucleic acids with cell nucleic acids. It was shown that nuclear DNA of the cell lines under study contained scores and hundreds of viral RNA genome-equivalents, while cytoplasmatic RNA contained hundreds and thousands of viral genomes. Viruses produced by the cultures involved are found to be identical or highly similar to nucleotid sequences of their nucleic acids.", "PMID": 1166653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1318", "title": "[Reaction of the seedlings of flowering plants to the effects of imino-di-(paradimethylaminophenyl)-methane-aurine-00].", "content": "The influence of auramine-00 on seedlings of three species of plants - Cucurbita pepo L., Helianthus annuus L., Zea mays L.-was investigated. Auramine was added in agar-agar, on which the seedlings were growing. Two concentrations of auramine were used--0.001%. Besides the delay in growth, also the formation of local overgrowth of cotyledons and hypocotyl of C. pepo, the base of cotyledons of H. annuus and mezocotyl of Z. mays were observed. The histological analysis has shown these swellings to arise on the grounds of two processes: pathological proliferation and hypertrophy.", "contents": "[Reaction of the seedlings of flowering plants to the effects of imino-di-(paradimethylaminophenyl)-methane-aurine-00]. The influence of auramine-00 on seedlings of three species of plants - Cucurbita pepo L., Helianthus annuus L., Zea mays L.-was investigated. Auramine was added in agar-agar, on which the seedlings were growing. Two concentrations of auramine were used--0.001%. Besides the delay in growth, also the formation of local overgrowth of cotyledons and hypocotyl of C. pepo, the base of cotyledons of H. annuus and mezocotyl of Z. mays were observed. The histological analysis has shown these swellings to arise on the grounds of two processes: pathological proliferation and hypertrophy.", "PMID": 1166654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1319", "title": "Incorporation into endogenous metabolic pathways of small fragments derived from I.C.I, 58,834(vioxazine).", "content": "1. Metabolic degradation of the tetrahydro-oxazine ring of 2-(2-ethoxyphenoxymethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (I.C.I. 58,834) gives rise to one- or two-carbon fragments which are utilized by endogenous metabolic pathways. 2. Evidence of this in dogs is shown by the 14C-labelled residues in tissues, 14C-labelled material in blood which has a half-life of three weeks, and elimination of [14C]urea in urine. 3. The same phenomenon occurs in rat, mouse and man, but to a smaller extent than in the dog. 4. Intravenous administration of [14C]ethanolamine to a dog gave rise to residual 14C blood levels with a half-life comparable to that produced by metabolic incorporation of 14C from 14C-I.C.I. 58,834.", "contents": "Incorporation into endogenous metabolic pathways of small fragments derived from I.C.I, 58,834(vioxazine). 1. Metabolic degradation of the tetrahydro-oxazine ring of 2-(2-ethoxyphenoxymethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (I.C.I. 58,834) gives rise to one- or two-carbon fragments which are utilized by endogenous metabolic pathways. 2. Evidence of this in dogs is shown by the 14C-labelled residues in tissues, 14C-labelled material in blood which has a half-life of three weeks, and elimination of [14C]urea in urine. 3. The same phenomenon occurs in rat, mouse and man, but to a smaller extent than in the dog. 4. Intravenous administration of [14C]ethanolamine to a dog gave rise to residual 14C blood levels with a half-life comparable to that produced by metabolic incorporation of 14C from 14C-I.C.I. 58,834.", "PMID": 1166661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1320", "title": "Metabolism of methocarbamol (robaxin) in the isolated perfused rat liver and identification of glucuronides.", "content": "1. Permethylation and g.l.c.-mass spectrometric analysis of bile from an isolated rat liver perfusion to which methocarmol was added showed seven components not present in control bile: methocarbamol, glucuronides of methocarbamol and desmethyl-methocarbamol, and four glucuronides of hydroxylated methocarbamol metabolites. 2. An interesting rearrangement of a methyl group has been found in the mass spectrum of 3-(2-methoxyphenyloxy)-1,2-dimethoxypropane, the permethylation product from methocarbamol.", "contents": "Metabolism of methocarbamol (robaxin) in the isolated perfused rat liver and identification of glucuronides. 1. Permethylation and g.l.c.-mass spectrometric analysis of bile from an isolated rat liver perfusion to which methocarmol was added showed seven components not present in control bile: methocarbamol, glucuronides of methocarbamol and desmethyl-methocarbamol, and four glucuronides of hydroxylated methocarbamol metabolites. 2. An interesting rearrangement of a methyl group has been found in the mass spectrum of 3-(2-methoxyphenyloxy)-1,2-dimethoxypropane, the permethylation product from methocarbamol.", "PMID": 1166662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1321", "title": "The metabolism of 3-chloro,- 3-bromo- and 3-iodoprpan-1,2-diol in rats and mice.", "content": "1. The metabolism of the 3-halopropan-1,2-diols (alpha-halohydrins) has been investigated in rats and mice. Apart from 3-chloropropan-1,2-diol (I), of which some 10% is excreted unchanged by both species, the compounds are completely degraded following intraperitoneal administration. 2. The alpha-halohydrins are detoxicated by conjugation with glutathione and produce two urinary metabolites, isolated and identified as S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cysteine (VII) and the corresponding mercapturic acid N-acetyl-S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cysteine (VIII). 3. When incubated with rat liver supernatant, the compounds do not conjugate with glutathione and their general chemical reactivity suggests that they react via a common intermediate proposed to be glycidol (2,3-epoxypropanol, IV). As the epoxide produces the same urinary metabolites as the alpha-halo-hydrins, and conjugates with glutathione either with or without liver supernatant to form the primary metabolite S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)glutathione (VI), glycidol is also proposed to be the reactive intermediate in vivo. 4. The role of epoxides in intermediary metabolism is discussed.", "contents": "The metabolism of 3-chloro,- 3-bromo- and 3-iodoprpan-1,2-diol in rats and mice. 1. The metabolism of the 3-halopropan-1,2-diols (alpha-halohydrins) has been investigated in rats and mice. Apart from 3-chloropropan-1,2-diol (I), of which some 10% is excreted unchanged by both species, the compounds are completely degraded following intraperitoneal administration. 2. The alpha-halohydrins are detoxicated by conjugation with glutathione and produce two urinary metabolites, isolated and identified as S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cysteine (VII) and the corresponding mercapturic acid N-acetyl-S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cysteine (VIII). 3. When incubated with rat liver supernatant, the compounds do not conjugate with glutathione and their general chemical reactivity suggests that they react via a common intermediate proposed to be glycidol (2,3-epoxypropanol, IV). As the epoxide produces the same urinary metabolites as the alpha-halo-hydrins, and conjugates with glutathione either with or without liver supernatant to form the primary metabolite S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)glutathione (VI), glycidol is also proposed to be the reactive intermediate in vivo. 4. The role of epoxides in intermediary metabolism is discussed.", "PMID": 1166663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1322", "title": "Metabolism of sulphadiazine in goats.", "content": "1. Following intravenous administration of sulphadiazine (2-sulphailamido-pyrimidine) to goats, unchanged sulphadiazine comprised the major part of the total sulphonamide in blood plasma, milk and urine samples. 2. Relatively small amounts of N4-acetysulphadiazine were excreted in milk and urine. The amount of conjugated metabolites in urine was small, but was comparatively large in the milk samples. 3. A new metabolite, 2-sulphanilamido-4-hydroxyprimidine, which comprised about 15% of the total sulphonamide in urine was isolated.", "contents": "Metabolism of sulphadiazine in goats. 1. Following intravenous administration of sulphadiazine (2-sulphailamido-pyrimidine) to goats, unchanged sulphadiazine comprised the major part of the total sulphonamide in blood plasma, milk and urine samples. 2. Relatively small amounts of N4-acetysulphadiazine were excreted in milk and urine. The amount of conjugated metabolites in urine was small, but was comparatively large in the milk samples. 3. A new metabolite, 2-sulphanilamido-4-hydroxyprimidine, which comprised about 15% of the total sulphonamide in urine was isolated.", "PMID": 1166664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1323", "title": "The rate of aniline metabolism in vivo in rats exposed to aniline and drugs.", "content": "1. The rates of aniline metabolism have been studied in vitro using rat liver homogenates, and in vivo by determination of the unchanged aniline remaining in the cadaver. 2. Metabolism of aniline in vivo is stimulated by phenobarbital and 3,4-benzpyrene, and inhibited by SKF 525-A. 3. Cyclobarbital and phenacetin stimulate aniline metabolism both in vitro and in vivo. 4. Pre-treatment with aniline impaired the metabolism of aniline in vivo but increased the in vitro metabolism to p-aminophenol. Pre-treatment of rats with phenobarbital and aniline did not accelerate metabolism of aniline in vivo but the stimulating effect of phenobarbital on protein synthesis in microsomes was maintained. In contrast, pre-treatment with 3,4-benzpyrene and aniline stimulated metabolism of aniline in vivo. The possible mechanism of changes in aniline metabolism due to previous exposure to aniline is discussed.", "contents": "The rate of aniline metabolism in vivo in rats exposed to aniline and drugs. 1. The rates of aniline metabolism have been studied in vitro using rat liver homogenates, and in vivo by determination of the unchanged aniline remaining in the cadaver. 2. Metabolism of aniline in vivo is stimulated by phenobarbital and 3,4-benzpyrene, and inhibited by SKF 525-A. 3. Cyclobarbital and phenacetin stimulate aniline metabolism both in vitro and in vivo. 4. Pre-treatment with aniline impaired the metabolism of aniline in vivo but increased the in vitro metabolism to p-aminophenol. Pre-treatment of rats with phenobarbital and aniline did not accelerate metabolism of aniline in vivo but the stimulating effect of phenobarbital on protein synthesis in microsomes was maintained. In contrast, pre-treatment with 3,4-benzpyrene and aniline stimulated metabolism of aniline in vivo. The possible mechanism of changes in aniline metabolism due to previous exposure to aniline is discussed.", "PMID": 1166665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1324", "title": "The crystal structure of acetylcholine beta-resorcylate.", "content": "Acetylcholine beta-resorcylate, C14H21NO6, crystallizes in space group P21/c with a unit cell having dimensions a=14.562(6), b=14.109(4), c=15.096(6) A, and beta=106.90(3) degrees. Z=8. The structure was determined by direct methods from diffractometer collected three-dimensional X-ray data and refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques to an R index of 0.078. Layers of beta-resorcylate ions alternate with layers of acetylcholine ions. The beta-resorcylate ions are linked together in infinite chains by strong hydrogen bonds while no hydrogen bonds involve the acetylcholine ions.", "contents": "The crystal structure of acetylcholine beta-resorcylate. Acetylcholine beta-resorcylate, C14H21NO6, crystallizes in space group P21/c with a unit cell having dimensions a=14.562(6), b=14.109(4), c=15.096(6) A, and beta=106.90(3) degrees. Z=8. The structure was determined by direct methods from diffractometer collected three-dimensional X-ray data and refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques to an R index of 0.078. Layers of beta-resorcylate ions alternate with layers of acetylcholine ions. The beta-resorcylate ions are linked together in infinite chains by strong hydrogen bonds while no hydrogen bonds involve the acetylcholine ions.", "PMID": 1166722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1325", "title": "Crystal structures of synthetic analgetics. IV. Dextropropoxyphene.", "content": "The molecular and cystal structure of dextropropoxyphene has been determined by X-ray methods. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21, with unit cell dimensions a=9.257(2) A; b=9.048(3) A; c=12.074(7) A; beta=93.01(4)degrees. The phase problem was solved by direct methods and the model refined to an R-value of 0.038 for 1799 observed reflections. E.s.d's are, in average, 0.004 A and O.3 degrees in interatomic distances and angles, respectively. The propylamine chain in nearly fully extended, the dihedral angel C4-C5-C7-N being -174.2 degrees. The conformation of this side chain is similar to that in the hydrochloride of the title compound. Thus the proposed bioactive conformation is not preferred by propoxyphene in the crystalline state, as was the case for the free base of methadone.", "contents": "Crystal structures of synthetic analgetics. IV. Dextropropoxyphene. The molecular and cystal structure of dextropropoxyphene has been determined by X-ray methods. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21, with unit cell dimensions a=9.257(2) A; b=9.048(3) A; c=12.074(7) A; beta=93.01(4)degrees. The phase problem was solved by direct methods and the model refined to an R-value of 0.038 for 1799 observed reflections. E.s.d's are, in average, 0.004 A and O.3 degrees in interatomic distances and angles, respectively. The propylamine chain in nearly fully extended, the dihedral angel C4-C5-C7-N being -174.2 degrees. The conformation of this side chain is similar to that in the hydrochloride of the title compound. Thus the proposed bioactive conformation is not preferred by propoxyphene in the crystalline state, as was the case for the free base of methadone.", "PMID": 1166723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1326", "title": "Tobacco chemistry. 27. The structures of four stereoisomeric 8, 12x1-epoxylabd-14-en-13xl-ols isolated from Greek Nicotiana tabacum L.", "content": "The structures of four stereoisomeric 8,12x1-expoxylabd-14-en-13x1-ols** obtained from Greek tobacco were determinedby spectroscopic means and by conversion to 12-norambreinolide. Plausible routes for the formation of the new labdanols and related tobacco constituents from a common precursor, abienol, are discussed.", "contents": "Tobacco chemistry. 27. The structures of four stereoisomeric 8, 12x1-epoxylabd-14-en-13xl-ols isolated from Greek Nicotiana tabacum L. The structures of four stereoisomeric 8,12x1-expoxylabd-14-en-13x1-ols** obtained from Greek tobacco were determinedby spectroscopic means and by conversion to 12-norambreinolide. Plausible routes for the formation of the new labdanols and related tobacco constituents from a common precursor, abienol, are discussed.", "PMID": 1166724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1327", "title": "Structural studies of the Klebsiella type 57 capsular polysaccharide.", "content": "The structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella type 57 has been investigated. Methylation analysis, uronic acid degradation, modified Smith degradation and graded acid hydrolysis were the principle methods used. Pure oligomeric fragments were isolated using the three methods of degradation and characterized by chemical and physical methods. These studies show the structure to consist of a tetrasaccharide repeating unit (all sugar residues have the D-configuration and are pyranosidic).", "contents": "Structural studies of the Klebsiella type 57 capsular polysaccharide. The structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella type 57 has been investigated. Methylation analysis, uronic acid degradation, modified Smith degradation and graded acid hydrolysis were the principle methods used. Pure oligomeric fragments were isolated using the three methods of degradation and characterized by chemical and physical methods. These studies show the structure to consist of a tetrasaccharide repeating unit (all sugar residues have the D-configuration and are pyranosidic).", "PMID": 1166725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1328", "title": "Renal vascular resistance changes following thrombin-induced intravascular coagulation: role of platelet and fibrin emboli.", "content": "The renal vasculature in the dog reacts to thrombin-induced intravascular coagulation with increasedd resistance. A constant rate infusion of 75 NIHu thrombin/kg b.w. reduced renal blood flow by approximately 55% in 30 min. Renal blood flow had almost regained preinfusion values within 30 min after the end of the infusion. Marked reduction in renal blood flow was not associated with increment of renal regional radioactivity in dogs pretreated with Cr-51 labeled platelets. The renal a-v difference in platelet counts did not contrast with other regions subjected to identical doses of thrombin. It is therefore unlikely that the flow changes are caused by vascular blockage by platelets. The flow decrease was accompanied by increase renal radioactivity in dogs pretreated with I-125 fibrinogen. This may imply renal accumulation of fibrin with obstruction to flow. Substantial renal blood flow reduction occurred with no or insignificant consumption of fibrinogen or changes in renal radioactivity after defibrinogenation. It is concluded that thrombin also induces a humoral vasoconstriction in the kidney.", "contents": "Renal vascular resistance changes following thrombin-induced intravascular coagulation: role of platelet and fibrin emboli. The renal vasculature in the dog reacts to thrombin-induced intravascular coagulation with increasedd resistance. A constant rate infusion of 75 NIHu thrombin/kg b.w. reduced renal blood flow by approximately 55% in 30 min. Renal blood flow had almost regained preinfusion values within 30 min after the end of the infusion. Marked reduction in renal blood flow was not associated with increment of renal regional radioactivity in dogs pretreated with Cr-51 labeled platelets. The renal a-v difference in platelet counts did not contrast with other regions subjected to identical doses of thrombin. It is therefore unlikely that the flow changes are caused by vascular blockage by platelets. The flow decrease was accompanied by increase renal radioactivity in dogs pretreated with I-125 fibrinogen. This may imply renal accumulation of fibrin with obstruction to flow. Substantial renal blood flow reduction occurred with no or insignificant consumption of fibrinogen or changes in renal radioactivity after defibrinogenation. It is concluded that thrombin also induces a humoral vasoconstriction in the kidney.", "PMID": 1166740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1329", "title": "The value of reinforcing intracranial aneurysms with plastic coating.", "content": "Plastic coating of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm is a surgical measure which may be considered if, for anatomical or technical reasons, ligation of the base of the aneurysm is not possible. After the coating operation, there is still some risk of recurrent haemorrhage. Thus, the late results in a series of 35 patients subjected to this operation have been compared with those in patients treated conservatively. The mean observation period was 3.5 years and the surgical measure was found to reduce the natural mortality by 15%. The results are so satisfactory that this method may be regarded as an acceptable alternative in cases where definitive occlusion of the aneurysm is not possible. Qualitatively, the survival conditions are the same after surgical as after conservative therapy.", "contents": "The value of reinforcing intracranial aneurysms with plastic coating. Plastic coating of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm is a surgical measure which may be considered if, for anatomical or technical reasons, ligation of the base of the aneurysm is not possible. After the coating operation, there is still some risk of recurrent haemorrhage. Thus, the late results in a series of 35 patients subjected to this operation have been compared with those in patients treated conservatively. The mean observation period was 3.5 years and the surgical measure was found to reduce the natural mortality by 15%. The results are so satisfactory that this method may be regarded as an acceptable alternative in cases where definitive occlusion of the aneurysm is not possible. Qualitatively, the survival conditions are the same after surgical as after conservative therapy.", "PMID": 1166741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1330", "title": "Superior mesenteric blood flow during experimentally induced dumping in man.", "content": "The superior mesenteric circulation was studied with a dye-dilution technique after catheterization of the superior mesenteric artery and vein during provoked dumping in 5 patients. Dumping was provoked by intrajejunal instillation of 150 ml 50% glucose. A marked increase of, on the average, 157% was recorded in the superior mesenteric blood flow  within a few minutes of the installation of glucose. The maximal increase in the flow was, on the average, 223% and occurred about 40 minutes after provocation. The instillation of glucose was promptly followed by a reduction in vascular resistance of the superior mesenteric vessels by 63% which decreased further to a mean maximal reduction of 76% below the resting level. The increase in the ratio between the superior mesenteric blood flow and cardiac output from 12 to 27% following instillation of glucose further underlines the pronounced vasodilatation of the small intestine. Superior mesenteric angiography at different intervals after provocation of dumping showed that the increased superior mesenteric blood flow is due to a local increase in the flow.", "contents": "Superior mesenteric blood flow during experimentally induced dumping in man. The superior mesenteric circulation was studied with a dye-dilution technique after catheterization of the superior mesenteric artery and vein during provoked dumping in 5 patients. Dumping was provoked by intrajejunal instillation of 150 ml 50% glucose. A marked increase of, on the average, 157% was recorded in the superior mesenteric blood flow  within a few minutes of the installation of glucose. The maximal increase in the flow was, on the average, 223% and occurred about 40 minutes after provocation. The instillation of glucose was promptly followed by a reduction in vascular resistance of the superior mesenteric vessels by 63% which decreased further to a mean maximal reduction of 76% below the resting level. The increase in the ratio between the superior mesenteric blood flow and cardiac output from 12 to 27% following instillation of glucose further underlines the pronounced vasodilatation of the small intestine. Superior mesenteric angiography at different intervals after provocation of dumping showed that the increased superior mesenteric blood flow is due to a local increase in the flow.", "PMID": 1166742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1331", "title": "Superior mesenteric blood flow during digestion in man.", "content": "The superior mesenteric blood flow was studied with a dye-dilution technique after catheterization of the superior mesenteric artery and vein during the digestive phase after intake of a mixed meal (700 kcal). The material consisted of 5 patients. Within 5 minutes of the end of the meal the superior mesenteric blood flow, on the average, was increased by 60%. The largest increase was 113% and was noted one hour after the meal. The vascular resistance of the superior mesenteric vessles had by then fallen to a mean value of 55% below the prefeed value. The portal venous pressure was only slightly increased. The cardiac output was increased in 2 but slightly decreased in the remaining 3 patients. The pulse rate, blood pressure and haemoglobin concentration were largely unchanged. The ratio of the superior mesenteric blood flow to the cardiac output increased from 12 to 22% during the digestive period. The findings suggest the occurrence of a redistribution of blood after a meal with an increase in the superior mesenteric blood flow.", "contents": "Superior mesenteric blood flow during digestion in man. The superior mesenteric blood flow was studied with a dye-dilution technique after catheterization of the superior mesenteric artery and vein during the digestive phase after intake of a mixed meal (700 kcal). The material consisted of 5 patients. Within 5 minutes of the end of the meal the superior mesenteric blood flow, on the average, was increased by 60%. The largest increase was 113% and was noted one hour after the meal. The vascular resistance of the superior mesenteric vessles had by then fallen to a mean value of 55% below the prefeed value. The portal venous pressure was only slightly increased. The cardiac output was increased in 2 but slightly decreased in the remaining 3 patients. The pulse rate, blood pressure and haemoglobin concentration were largely unchanged. The ratio of the superior mesenteric blood flow to the cardiac output increased from 12 to 22% during the digestive period. The findings suggest the occurrence of a redistribution of blood after a meal with an increase in the superior mesenteric blood flow.", "PMID": 1166743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1332", "title": "Clinical, secretory and motor effects of selective proximal vagotomy. A three-year follow-up.", "content": "Sixty-three patients with duodenal ulcer were operated upon with selective proximal vagotomy (SPV). In 34 patients the vagotomy was combined with a pyloroplasty (PP). Before and after operation the acid secretion was investigated after Histalog (50 mg) stimulation. Insulin tests were performed 4-6 weeks, 1 year, and 3 years after operation. One and 3 years after operation ESR, Hb, SeFe, Protein, Albumin, Calcium, and Alkaline phosphatases were determined. One patient developed gastric retention and 3 got relapses during the first year. At reoperation, overlooked vagal branches in the region of the cardia were found. Five patients developed a minor anemia and 2 sideropenia, which is less than after truncal vagotomy and PP. The operation caused a highly significant reduction in acid output after Histalog stimulation. The postoperative insulin test was graded according to Bachrach: 49 were complete, 12 extensive but incomplete, and 2 incomplete. During the second hour after stimulation a probably significant increase was noted in the acid output between the postoperative and the one-year investigation. Between the one- and the three-years tests a significant increase was found during the first hour after insulin stimulation and a probably significant increase during the second hour. The gastric emptying of a composite fluid test meal was significantly faster after operation than before in patients where the insulin stimulation did not give rise to any acid production.", "contents": "Clinical, secretory and motor effects of selective proximal vagotomy. A three-year follow-up. Sixty-three patients with duodenal ulcer were operated upon with selective proximal vagotomy (SPV). In 34 patients the vagotomy was combined with a pyloroplasty (PP). Before and after operation the acid secretion was investigated after Histalog (50 mg) stimulation. Insulin tests were performed 4-6 weeks, 1 year, and 3 years after operation. One and 3 years after operation ESR, Hb, SeFe, Protein, Albumin, Calcium, and Alkaline phosphatases were determined. One patient developed gastric retention and 3 got relapses during the first year. At reoperation, overlooked vagal branches in the region of the cardia were found. Five patients developed a minor anemia and 2 sideropenia, which is less than after truncal vagotomy and PP. The operation caused a highly significant reduction in acid output after Histalog stimulation. The postoperative insulin test was graded according to Bachrach: 49 were complete, 12 extensive but incomplete, and 2 incomplete. During the second hour after stimulation a probably significant increase was noted in the acid output between the postoperative and the one-year investigation. Between the one- and the three-years tests a significant increase was found during the first hour after insulin stimulation and a probably significant increase during the second hour. The gastric emptying of a composite fluid test meal was significantly faster after operation than before in patients where the insulin stimulation did not give rise to any acid production.", "PMID": 1166744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1333", "title": "Morphological studies of the rat small intestine after jejuno-ileal transposition.", "content": "The small intestine of the rat was studied by light, fluorescence, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy after jejuno-ileal transposition. No systematic cell damage in the wall layers of the transposed intestine was observed. Two and 12 weeks postoperatively the villi of the transposed ileum were significantly higher than in the ileum of both sham-operated animals and intact controls. In corresponding comparisons the transposed jejunum also exhibited slightly higher villi 2 weeks postoperatively, but this difference had decreased 10 weeks later. The length and breadth of the villi appeared to be less affected by the operation. In comparison with corresponding sham-operated and intact animals the epithelial cells along the villi in the transposed ileum were initially increased in number per mm basement membrane, but later decreased.", "contents": "Morphological studies of the rat small intestine after jejuno-ileal transposition. The small intestine of the rat was studied by light, fluorescence, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy after jejuno-ileal transposition. No systematic cell damage in the wall layers of the transposed intestine was observed. Two and 12 weeks postoperatively the villi of the transposed ileum were significantly higher than in the ileum of both sham-operated animals and intact controls. In corresponding comparisons the transposed jejunum also exhibited slightly higher villi 2 weeks postoperatively, but this difference had decreased 10 weeks later. The length and breadth of the villi appeared to be less affected by the operation. In comparison with corresponding sham-operated and intact animals the epithelial cells along the villi in the transposed ileum were initially increased in number per mm basement membrane, but later decreased.", "PMID": 1166745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1334", "title": "Surgical treatment of hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum in Sweden during the last 20 years. Part I. Introduction. Surgical procedures used. Pre-and postoperative measures. Arrangement of follow-up. Propositi group, primary and late results.", "content": "An investigation of the prevalence of hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (ACR) in Sweden was started in 1959. Up to the end of 1972, 97 families were traced and 80 of them were more fully investigated. In 56 of the latter families there were at least 2 affected members; in the other 24, only one. In all, 340 affected individuals were found, 150 of whom were operated upon with the aim of cure. Of the operated patients 82 had presented with symptoms, the propositi group, while 68 affected individuals were detected during the family investigations and underwent prophylactic operations, the call-up group. A comparison was made between the two groups of the primary and long-term results after operation. Major surgery with total proctocolectomy and ileostomy (PCI) or colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) was performed in 135 cases, 67 propositi and 68 call-up patients; minor surgery with segmental resection (SR) in 15 propositi. The propositi group is presented in detail in this paper, the call-up group in a following paper. In the propositi group there were 3 surgical deaths (3.7%). At the time of operation 48 patients (58.5%), had already developed cancer. Up to the end of the period of observation 16 of them died from metastases, 2 of other malignancies, and 3 of nonmalignant disease.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum in Sweden during the last 20 years. Part I. Introduction. Surgical procedures used. Pre-and postoperative measures. Arrangement of follow-up. Propositi group, primary and late results. An investigation of the prevalence of hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (ACR) in Sweden was started in 1959. Up to the end of 1972, 97 families were traced and 80 of them were more fully investigated. In 56 of the latter families there were at least 2 affected members; in the other 24, only one. In all, 340 affected individuals were found, 150 of whom were operated upon with the aim of cure. Of the operated patients 82 had presented with symptoms, the propositi group, while 68 affected individuals were detected during the family investigations and underwent prophylactic operations, the call-up group. A comparison was made between the two groups of the primary and long-term results after operation. Major surgery with total proctocolectomy and ileostomy (PCI) or colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) was performed in 135 cases, 67 propositi and 68 call-up patients; minor surgery with segmental resection (SR) in 15 propositi. The propositi group is presented in detail in this paper, the call-up group in a following paper. In the propositi group there were 3 surgical deaths (3.7%). At the time of operation 48 patients (58.5%), had already developed cancer. Up to the end of the period of observation 16 of them died from metastases, 2 of other malignancies, and 3 of nonmalignant disease.", "PMID": 1166746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1335", "title": "Surgical treatment of hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum in Sweden during the last 20 years. Part II. Patients with prophylactic operations, primary and late results. Discussion and summary.", "content": "During the investigation, started in 1959, of Swedish families with hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (ACR), 68 affected, but symptom-free, individuals were detected and referred for surgical treatment. In all of them major surgery was performed, total proctocolectomy and ileostomy (PCI) in 10 cases, colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) in 58. The surgical mortality was 4.4%. Six patients had cancer at the time of operation, and another 2 patients were operated on for colonic cancer many years prior to the diagnosis of ACR. One of those 8 patients died from metastases. Primary malignant kidney tumour was responsible for the only additional late death in this group. In a preceding paper the primary and long-term results after surgery in a group of patients who presented with symptoms, the propositi group, were reported in detail. In this group cancer was found in 48 patients, 16 of whom died from metastases. The most suitable time for operation, and the choice of operative method are discussed. The need for future supervision of affected families is stressed, and the arrangement of follow-up is outlined.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum in Sweden during the last 20 years. Part II. Patients with prophylactic operations, primary and late results. Discussion and summary. During the investigation, started in 1959, of Swedish families with hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (ACR), 68 affected, but symptom-free, individuals were detected and referred for surgical treatment. In all of them major surgery was performed, total proctocolectomy and ileostomy (PCI) in 10 cases, colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) in 58. The surgical mortality was 4.4%. Six patients had cancer at the time of operation, and another 2 patients were operated on for colonic cancer many years prior to the diagnosis of ACR. One of those 8 patients died from metastases. Primary malignant kidney tumour was responsible for the only additional late death in this group. In a preceding paper the primary and long-term results after surgery in a group of patients who presented with symptoms, the propositi group, were reported in detail. In this group cancer was found in 48 patients, 16 of whom died from metastases. The most suitable time for operation, and the choice of operative method are discussed. The need for future supervision of affected families is stressed, and the arrangement of follow-up is outlined.", "PMID": 1166747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1336", "title": "Ectopic liver lobule with portal cirrhosis.", "content": "A patient who had an ectopic liver attached to the gallbladder is reported. Angiography, scintiscanning, and routine palpation at laparotomy did not reveal the ectopic liver. Advanced liver cirrhosis was found in autopsy and the same changes were seen in the ectopic liver. The embryology, localization, symptoms and incidence of ectopic liver lobules are discussed.", "contents": "Ectopic liver lobule with portal cirrhosis. A patient who had an ectopic liver attached to the gallbladder is reported. Angiography, scintiscanning, and routine palpation at laparotomy did not reveal the ectopic liver. Advanced liver cirrhosis was found in autopsy and the same changes were seen in the ectopic liver. The embryology, localization, symptoms and incidence of ectopic liver lobules are discussed.", "PMID": 1166748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1337", "title": "The use of tantalum clips in general surgery.", "content": "Two and a half years' experience of a new type of tantalum clip for ligation and indication in general surgery is reported. 200 cholecystectomies were followed up without noting any complications due to the use of the clips. Other indications for the use of tantalum clips are discussed.", "contents": "The use of tantalum clips in general surgery. Two and a half years' experience of a new type of tantalum clip for ligation and indication in general surgery is reported. 200 cholecystectomies were followed up without noting any complications due to the use of the clips. Other indications for the use of tantalum clips are discussed.", "PMID": 1166749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1338", "title": "Evoked potential correlates of early conditioning in the rat ontogeny.", "content": "In rats aged 2-8 weeks cortical EP to CS (20 flash - tone combinations, 0,9/sec, reinforced since the 10th application by electric shocks to the hind leg) were studied within different kinds of behavioral responses during avoidance learning and extinguishing. In contrast to our results in freely moving rats no developmental trend was found in this kind of avoidance (lifting of the hind leg). Average EP within reinforced trials (with escape or no reactions) differed in isolated application of CS from those when both CS and US were acting together. In younger animals the EP to CS combined with US were characterized by an evident late negative wave which shifted later (5-6 weeks toward the early negative complex. The EP changes in the auditory cortex were more pronounced, whereas visual EP with CS-US combination were rather decreased. In the youngest animals (2 weeks) the auditory EP within trials with avoidance were characterized by a distinct short latency deflection of the first positive wave, whereas in EP to extinguished CS the second deflection of the first positive wave prevailed. Also in these phenomena, the typical changes were clearly revealed in the auditory cortex. At later developmental stages (starting the 3rd, more prominently the 4th and 5th week) the wave following primary positive - negative complex was shifted toward the negativity if the animal responded by an avoidance; on the contrary an ample positive, often a double-peak wave arose if the response was extinguished. The stimulus and reaction dependence in the cortical EP showed the role of not yet fully mature cerebral cortex in avoidance learning. Both, fast as well as with some delay running processes participated in the observed phenomena during the ontogenetical development.", "contents": "Evoked potential correlates of early conditioning in the rat ontogeny. In rats aged 2-8 weeks cortical EP to CS (20 flash - tone combinations, 0,9/sec, reinforced since the 10th application by electric shocks to the hind leg) were studied within different kinds of behavioral responses during avoidance learning and extinguishing. In contrast to our results in freely moving rats no developmental trend was found in this kind of avoidance (lifting of the hind leg). Average EP within reinforced trials (with escape or no reactions) differed in isolated application of CS from those when both CS and US were acting together. In younger animals the EP to CS combined with US were characterized by an evident late negative wave which shifted later (5-6 weeks toward the early negative complex. The EP changes in the auditory cortex were more pronounced, whereas visual EP with CS-US combination were rather decreased. In the youngest animals (2 weeks) the auditory EP within trials with avoidance were characterized by a distinct short latency deflection of the first positive wave, whereas in EP to extinguished CS the second deflection of the first positive wave prevailed. Also in these phenomena, the typical changes were clearly revealed in the auditory cortex. At later developmental stages (starting the 3rd, more prominently the 4th and 5th week) the wave following primary positive - negative complex was shifted toward the negativity if the animal responded by an avoidance; on the contrary an ample positive, often a double-peak wave arose if the response was extinguished. The stimulus and reaction dependence in the cortical EP showed the role of not yet fully mature cerebral cortex in avoidance learning. Both, fast as well as with some delay running processes participated in the observed phenomena during the ontogenetical development.", "PMID": 1166754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1339", "title": "Driving activity. A quantitative study.", "content": "A comparative study of driving activity between normal subjects and neurological patients was performed. Driving activity was considered as the energy of the visual evoked potentials filtered at the same frequency of stimulation (1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 12 and 15 cps) using a CAT 400 C computer as a digital filter. The hemispheric symmetry of the responses was measured by the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and the signal energy ratio. Each symmetry measure for every patient was compared with the normal values and considered abnormal when differences were greater than 3 SD from the normal mean. Of 25 patients 14 of them with a normal EEG, 23 presented severe alterations in the symmetry of the filtered visual evoked responses. Each patient showed a peculiar pattern of abnormality. It is concluded that the procedure described is a very powerful method in the discrimination of brain lesions.", "contents": "Driving activity. A quantitative study. A comparative study of driving activity between normal subjects and neurological patients was performed. Driving activity was considered as the energy of the visual evoked potentials filtered at the same frequency of stimulation (1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 12 and 15 cps) using a CAT 400 C computer as a digital filter. The hemispheric symmetry of the responses was measured by the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and the signal energy ratio. Each symmetry measure for every patient was compared with the normal values and considered abnormal when differences were greater than 3 SD from the normal mean. Of 25 patients 14 of them with a normal EEG, 23 presented severe alterations in the symmetry of the filtered visual evoked responses. Each patient showed a peculiar pattern of abnormality. It is concluded that the procedure described is a very powerful method in the discrimination of brain lesions.", "PMID": 1166755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1340", "title": "Polarity coincidence correlation coefficient and signal energy ratio of the ongoing EEG activity. II. Brain tumors.", "content": "The asymmetry of the EEG in 35 patients with brain tumor was analyzed using a special purpose computer which provided two measures: Polarity Coincidence Correlation Coefficient (PCC) and Signal Energy Ration (SER). Significant differences were found between this group and a control group of normal subjects. A discriminant function was calculated using both measures and gave an overall separation accuracy of 87% in the sample studied. It was concluded that the method described offers great utility in routine screening and diagnosis of brain tumors.", "contents": "Polarity coincidence correlation coefficient and signal energy ratio of the ongoing EEG activity. II. Brain tumors. The asymmetry of the EEG in 35 patients with brain tumor was analyzed using a special purpose computer which provided two measures: Polarity Coincidence Correlation Coefficient (PCC) and Signal Energy Ration (SER). Significant differences were found between this group and a control group of normal subjects. A discriminant function was calculated using both measures and gave an overall separation accuracy of 87% in the sample studied. It was concluded that the method described offers great utility in routine screening and diagnosis of brain tumors.", "PMID": 1166756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1341", "title": "Polarity coincidence correlation coefficient and signal energy ratio of the ongoing EEG activity. III. Cerebral vascular lesions.", "content": "The EEG symmetry of 65 patients with different kinds of cerebrovascular disorders was analyzed using the Polarity Coincidence Correlation Coefficient (PCC) and the Signal Energy Ratio (SER) measurements. Significant differences were found between the pathology group and a control group of normal subjects for both measures. A discriminant function was applied for both values with an overall accuracy of 80%. It is concluded that since the method does not require an experienced electroencephalographer it may be useful for the diagnosis of cerebrovascular pathology and for screening purposes.", "contents": "Polarity coincidence correlation coefficient and signal energy ratio of the ongoing EEG activity. III. Cerebral vascular lesions. The EEG symmetry of 65 patients with different kinds of cerebrovascular disorders was analyzed using the Polarity Coincidence Correlation Coefficient (PCC) and the Signal Energy Ratio (SER) measurements. Significant differences were found between the pathology group and a control group of normal subjects for both measures. A discriminant function was applied for both values with an overall accuracy of 80%. It is concluded that since the method does not require an experienced electroencephalographer it may be useful for the diagnosis of cerebrovascular pathology and for screening purposes.", "PMID": 1166757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1342", "title": "Correlation of spike intervals and amplitudes in hypersynchronous EEG episodes in rat with cobalt focus.", "content": "EEG activity was recorded from rats with chronic cobalt foci and implanted electrodes. Within this activity, hypersynchronous rhythmic spike episodes (and those of waves) of mean frequency of 8-9/sec were studied. The spike amplitude-interval relationship was assessed, using correlation analysis method. A positive correlation of an exponential nature was found to be growing in line with temporal development of episode.", "contents": "Correlation of spike intervals and amplitudes in hypersynchronous EEG episodes in rat with cobalt focus. EEG activity was recorded from rats with chronic cobalt foci and implanted electrodes. Within this activity, hypersynchronous rhythmic spike episodes (and those of waves) of mean frequency of 8-9/sec were studied. The spike amplitude-interval relationship was assessed, using correlation analysis method. A positive correlation of an exponential nature was found to be growing in line with temporal development of episode.", "PMID": 1166758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1343", "title": "Factor analysis of EEG in healthy and diseased subjects.", "content": "Factor analysis was applied to EEG recordings of healthy and diseased subjects to be analyzed by an \"on line\" broad-band frequency analyser. Differences between the healthy and the diseased as to the number of given factors were established by means of the Lawly test. Up to 6 factors were determined for patients, up to 3 for the healthy. On medication, the number of factors rose in the delta and beta bands, remaining unchanged in the alpha band dropping the theta band. The patients manifested a sort of interindividual uniformity and intraindividual simplification. Except for different sites of pathological foci, the patients' EEG recordings were more like each other than those of healthy subjects. The latter might have undergone a similar process on medication. This enabled to establish more factors in the patients, moreover in such a way as to expose some general laws of cortical electric activity, such as unified cortical activity despite its various facets, hemispheral specificity, and finally also a relative autonomy of the frontal lobes.", "contents": "Factor analysis of EEG in healthy and diseased subjects. Factor analysis was applied to EEG recordings of healthy and diseased subjects to be analyzed by an \"on line\" broad-band frequency analyser. Differences between the healthy and the diseased as to the number of given factors were established by means of the Lawly test. Up to 6 factors were determined for patients, up to 3 for the healthy. On medication, the number of factors rose in the delta and beta bands, remaining unchanged in the alpha band dropping the theta band. The patients manifested a sort of interindividual uniformity and intraindividual simplification. Except for different sites of pathological foci, the patients' EEG recordings were more like each other than those of healthy subjects. The latter might have undergone a similar process on medication. This enabled to establish more factors in the patients, moreover in such a way as to expose some general laws of cortical electric activity, such as unified cortical activity despite its various facets, hemispheral specificity, and finally also a relative autonomy of the frontal lobes.", "PMID": 1166759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1344", "title": "[Analysis of variance delimitation of factors influencing studies of acoustic evoked potentials].", "content": "The effect of the variables \"stimulus intensity\", \"residual effect of previous stimulus intensity\", \"period effect\" and \"subject effect\" on the amplitudes and on the peak latencies of the N1 and P1 components of the acoustical EEG evoked potentials was studied in human subjects with the use of an orthogonal experimental design. The stimulus intensity (30, 50 and 80 dB) accounts for the greatest part of the total variance of the amplitudes and of the peak latencies of N1.-The existence of a totalvariance component due to differences between the subjects is also statistically significant (P equals 5%), As far as the period effect (habituation effect) is concerned, only its effect on the amplitude of N1 - P2 is statistically significant. - The residual effect of the stimulus intensity used in the previous series was not significant.", "contents": "[Analysis of variance delimitation of factors influencing studies of acoustic evoked potentials]. The effect of the variables \"stimulus intensity\", \"residual effect of previous stimulus intensity\", \"period effect\" and \"subject effect\" on the amplitudes and on the peak latencies of the N1 and P1 components of the acoustical EEG evoked potentials was studied in human subjects with the use of an orthogonal experimental design. The stimulus intensity (30, 50 and 80 dB) accounts for the greatest part of the total variance of the amplitudes and of the peak latencies of N1.-The existence of a totalvariance component due to differences between the subjects is also statistically significant (P equals 5%), As far as the period effect (habituation effect) is concerned, only its effect on the amplitude of N1 - P2 is statistically significant. - The residual effect of the stimulus intensity used in the previous series was not significant.", "PMID": 1166760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1345", "title": "The discrimination in time series analysis - a working procedure.", "content": "A linear filter model can be differentiated into an autoregressive, a moving average and into a mixed autoregressive-moving average model of order k. In this paper is given a working procedure for the discrimination of short time series in its order.", "contents": "The discrimination in time series analysis - a working procedure. A linear filter model can be differentiated into an autoregressive, a moving average and into a mixed autoregressive-moving average model of order k. In this paper is given a working procedure for the discrimination of short time series in its order.", "PMID": 1166761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1346", "title": "Human evoked responses to potentially noxious tactile stimulation, II.", "content": "Signal summation and minimally adapting tactile stimulation techniques permit the resolution of a critical time domain of the somatosensory evoked response, recorded from human scalp, which is sensitive to the stimulus variables represented by the sensations of tapping and pinprick respectively. The variation of this time-domain suggests the influence of myelinated mechanical nociceptors in the Group III range.", "contents": "Human evoked responses to potentially noxious tactile stimulation, II. Signal summation and minimally adapting tactile stimulation techniques permit the resolution of a critical time domain of the somatosensory evoked response, recorded from human scalp, which is sensitive to the stimulus variables represented by the sensations of tapping and pinprick respectively. The variation of this time-domain suggests the influence of myelinated mechanical nociceptors in the Group III range.", "PMID": 1166764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1347", "title": "Some effects of methyl mercury salts on the rabbit nervous system.", "content": "Young adult rabbits have been given methyl mercury salts by subcutaneous injections or by gastric intubation. After 3 daily doses of 7.5 mg/kg by the 8th day moderate to severe ataxia developed, and after 4 doses, severe ataxia. Some of these latter animals might die. This species, therefore, seems to be about twice as sensitive to the neurotoxic properties of methyl mercury salts as the laboratory rat. With the light microscope extensive degenerative changes were seen in primary sensory ganglion cells, in both Purkinje and granule cells of the cerebellum, and in certain cells in several regions of the forebrain. The earliest changes became visible microscopically about the fourth day after commencing dosing, and reached a maximum of severity from the 7th to 10th day. The pattern of neuronal damage more closely resembled that found in the cat and in man than that seen in the rat. No evidence of changes vascular permeability was detected.", "contents": "Some effects of methyl mercury salts on the rabbit nervous system. Young adult rabbits have been given methyl mercury salts by subcutaneous injections or by gastric intubation. After 3 daily doses of 7.5 mg/kg by the 8th day moderate to severe ataxia developed, and after 4 doses, severe ataxia. Some of these latter animals might die. This species, therefore, seems to be about twice as sensitive to the neurotoxic properties of methyl mercury salts as the laboratory rat. With the light microscope extensive degenerative changes were seen in primary sensory ganglion cells, in both Purkinje and granule cells of the cerebellum, and in certain cells in several regions of the forebrain. The earliest changes became visible microscopically about the fourth day after commencing dosing, and reached a maximum of severity from the 7th to 10th day. The pattern of neuronal damage more closely resembled that found in the cat and in man than that seen in the rat. No evidence of changes vascular permeability was detected.", "PMID": 1166765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1348", "title": "The effect of serum from ALS patients on organotypic nerve and muscle tissue cultures.", "content": "Serum from 11 ALS patients was assayed for cytotoxic activity using several different organ culture models. No specific neurotoxic activity was found. Slight myelinotoxic activity was present in 2 sera. (A total of 415 cultures were examined).", "contents": "The effect of serum from ALS patients on organotypic nerve and muscle tissue cultures. Serum from 11 ALS patients was assayed for cytotoxic activity using several different organ culture models. No specific neurotoxic activity was found. Slight myelinotoxic activity was present in 2 sera. (A total of 415 cultures were examined).", "PMID": 1166766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1349", "title": "[Malignant granular-cell tumor of the cerebral white matter: morphological, cytophotometrical and neurochemical studies (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report of the second known case of a primary malignant granular-cell tumor of the cerebral hemispherical white matter. Two cell types may be distinguished apparently representing different developmental stages of otherwise identical tumor cells. Quantitative histochemical and biochemical studies have shown that tumor cells were containing markedly elevated levels of DNA and RNA. Only few ribosomes and polysomes could be detected, however, by electron microscopy. While cytophotometry disclosed only slightly elevated cytoplasmic proteins, there was a distinct increase in total protein concentration of tumor tissue per unit weight, as measured by conventional techniques. It is suggested that this increase is mainly attributable to structural proteins of cellular and subcellular elements of multiplicating malignant cells. A ratio of RNA to DNA in excess of 1 was found for white matter derived from the central tumor, while the ratios of control tissue were lowered to values far below one due to postmortem changes greatly reducing tissue concentrations of RNA. No detailed characterization of RNA was attempted. The nuclear DNA content of tumor cells reached values equivalent to chromosomal hexadekaploidy. This was in sharp contrast to control data from an Abrikossoff tumor of the oral cavity and from a neurohypophyseal tumorette (\"choristoma\"), respectively, displaying diploidy only associated with a much lesser increase of cytoplasmic RNA and proteins. Qualitative lipid studies were consistent with a marked active demyelination of the tumor centre as indicated by a severe reduction of cerebrosides and sulfatides and the presence of cholesterol esters. In addition there was a striking loss of phosphatidylethanolamine and a lesser one of sphingomyelin of white matter of both the tumor-stricken and the contralateral unaffected hemispherical regions, possibly suggesting a generally disturbed metabolism of myelin. It is not clear whether these general changes were resulting from the presence of the unilateral tumor or from precocious cerebral involution.", "contents": "[Malignant granular-cell tumor of the cerebral white matter: morphological, cytophotometrical and neurochemical studies (author's transl)]. This is a report of the second known case of a primary malignant granular-cell tumor of the cerebral hemispherical white matter. Two cell types may be distinguished apparently representing different developmental stages of otherwise identical tumor cells. Quantitative histochemical and biochemical studies have shown that tumor cells were containing markedly elevated levels of DNA and RNA. Only few ribosomes and polysomes could be detected, however, by electron microscopy. While cytophotometry disclosed only slightly elevated cytoplasmic proteins, there was a distinct increase in total protein concentration of tumor tissue per unit weight, as measured by conventional techniques. It is suggested that this increase is mainly attributable to structural proteins of cellular and subcellular elements of multiplicating malignant cells. A ratio of RNA to DNA in excess of 1 was found for white matter derived from the central tumor, while the ratios of control tissue were lowered to values far below one due to postmortem changes greatly reducing tissue concentrations of RNA. No detailed characterization of RNA was attempted. The nuclear DNA content of tumor cells reached values equivalent to chromosomal hexadekaploidy. This was in sharp contrast to control data from an Abrikossoff tumor of the oral cavity and from a neurohypophyseal tumorette (\"choristoma\"), respectively, displaying diploidy only associated with a much lesser increase of cytoplasmic RNA and proteins. Qualitative lipid studies were consistent with a marked active demyelination of the tumor centre as indicated by a severe reduction of cerebrosides and sulfatides and the presence of cholesterol esters. In addition there was a striking loss of phosphatidylethanolamine and a lesser one of sphingomyelin of white matter of both the tumor-stricken and the contralateral unaffected hemispherical regions, possibly suggesting a generally disturbed metabolism of myelin. It is not clear whether these general changes were resulting from the presence of the unilateral tumor or from precocious cerebral involution.", "PMID": 1166767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1350", "title": "[Polyneuritis in chronic lymphoid leukemia. Ultrastructural study of the peripheral nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "A 75 years old man had a chronic lymphoid leukemia for 5 years. Within a period of three months he developed a polyneuritis. The biopsy of a peripheral nerve showed a large cellular infiltration by lymphocytes. The ultrastructural study shows in some Schwann cells disruption of the myelin. Their cytoplasm is invaded by a lymphocyte process as in Guillain-Barr\u00e9. But in this case some of these invading lymphocytes show polygonal structures in their cytoplasm; that is sometimes seen in the proliferating cells of the chronic lymphoid leukemia.", "contents": "[Polyneuritis in chronic lymphoid leukemia. Ultrastructural study of the peripheral nerve (author's transl)]. A 75 years old man had a chronic lymphoid leukemia for 5 years. Within a period of three months he developed a polyneuritis. The biopsy of a peripheral nerve showed a large cellular infiltration by lymphocytes. The ultrastructural study shows in some Schwann cells disruption of the myelin. Their cytoplasm is invaded by a lymphocyte process as in Guillain-Barr\u00e9. But in this case some of these invading lymphocytes show polygonal structures in their cytoplasm; that is sometimes seen in the proliferating cells of the chronic lymphoid leukemia.", "PMID": 1166768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1351", "title": "An evoked response study of the first-order difference tone in man.", "content": "The amplitude of the N1-P2 component of a response evoked by a 250 Hz test stimulus presented once each 5 sec was measured. Interposed at a rate of one per sec were either 1) a 4000 Hz tone, 2) a 4000 Hz and a 4250 Hz tone presented simultaneously which generated within the ear an audible 250 Hz difference tone, or 3) a 250 Hz tone. The results indicated that the N1-P2 component when preceded by the 4000 Hz plus 4250 Hz stimulus pair was larger than when preceded by a 250 Hz tone, but smaller than when preceded by a 4000 Hz tome. Apparently the processing of the difference tone is unlike that of a sinusoid of the same frequency or that of a high frequency sinusoid which participated in the generation of the difference tone. Parallel electrophysiological data from cochlear recordings are discussed.", "contents": "An evoked response study of the first-order difference tone in man. The amplitude of the N1-P2 component of a response evoked by a 250 Hz test stimulus presented once each 5 sec was measured. Interposed at a rate of one per sec were either 1) a 4000 Hz tone, 2) a 4000 Hz and a 4250 Hz tone presented simultaneously which generated within the ear an audible 250 Hz difference tone, or 3) a 250 Hz tone. The results indicated that the N1-P2 component when preceded by the 4000 Hz plus 4250 Hz stimulus pair was larger than when preceded by a 250 Hz tone, but smaller than when preceded by a 4000 Hz tome. Apparently the processing of the difference tone is unlike that of a sinusoid of the same frequency or that of a high frequency sinusoid which participated in the generation of the difference tone. Parallel electrophysiological data from cochlear recordings are discussed.", "PMID": 1166769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1352", "title": "Analysis of curves Na-24 efflux from membrane labyrinth containing stria vascularis.", "content": "The efflux of Na-24 was investigated in isolated labyrinths from a membrane section containing stria vascularis and spiral ligament in artificial endolymph medium. The efflux curves were calculated and compartmental analyses were made. The theoretical possibility of a exchange of sodium between compartments connected in different ways was considered. The calculated values of rate constant of transmembranal sodium fluxes are 0.0282+/-0.0052 min-1 and the half-time of the exchange of sodium between intracellular compartments is 24.27+/-4.53 min. The distribution of sodium in tissue with a commonly applied simplification gives 90% Na+ in the extracellular compartment and 3% Na+ in the intracellular compartment of the total tissue sodium content. The possibility of measuring the rate constant of transmembranal electrolyte fluxes in this tissue seems encouraging for future investigation of the mechanism by which they are transported.", "contents": "Analysis of curves Na-24 efflux from membrane labyrinth containing stria vascularis. The efflux of Na-24 was investigated in isolated labyrinths from a membrane section containing stria vascularis and spiral ligament in artificial endolymph medium. The efflux curves were calculated and compartmental analyses were made. The theoretical possibility of a exchange of sodium between compartments connected in different ways was considered. The calculated values of rate constant of transmembranal sodium fluxes are 0.0282+/-0.0052 min-1 and the half-time of the exchange of sodium between intracellular compartments is 24.27+/-4.53 min. The distribution of sodium in tissue with a commonly applied simplification gives 90% Na+ in the extracellular compartment and 3% Na+ in the intracellular compartment of the total tissue sodium content. The possibility of measuring the rate constant of transmembranal electrolyte fluxes in this tissue seems encouraging for future investigation of the mechanism by which they are transported.", "PMID": 1166770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1353", "title": "Surgical anatomy of the Geniculate ganglion.", "content": "The position and the average dimensions of the geniculate ganglion have been measured with the Zeiss screw micrometer in 24 temporal bones obtained from the histological collection of the ENT department of the University of Zurich. The geniculate ganglion has been found to lie like a cup over the anterior portion of the genu of the VII nerve. Its dimensions have shown only minimal variations (standard deviation of average length, height and width less than 10%). Surgical resection of the anterior third of the genu of VII nerve has been shown to include 90% of the ganglion cells but not to endanger the motor fibres. These surgical measurements are the basis for performing a resection of the geniculate ganglion in cases of geniculate neuralgia.", "contents": "Surgical anatomy of the Geniculate ganglion. The position and the average dimensions of the geniculate ganglion have been measured with the Zeiss screw micrometer in 24 temporal bones obtained from the histological collection of the ENT department of the University of Zurich. The geniculate ganglion has been found to lie like a cup over the anterior portion of the genu of the VII nerve. Its dimensions have shown only minimal variations (standard deviation of average length, height and width less than 10%). Surgical resection of the anterior third of the genu of VII nerve has been shown to include 90% of the ganglion cells but not to endanger the motor fibres. These surgical measurements are the basis for performing a resection of the geniculate ganglion in cases of geniculate neuralgia.", "PMID": 1166771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1354", "title": "Ultrastructural features of human juvenile laryngeal papillomas.", "content": "The ultrastructural organization of 12 juvenile laryngeal papillomas was investigated. Four patients were more than 40 years old but had carried the disease since childhood. The other 8 patients were 2-10 years old and had carried the disease from 1-5 years. There is regularly observed a discontinuity of the basement membrane and the basal cells of ten exhibit abundant cytoplasmic processes. In the stratum spinosum there is often found glycogen-like inclusions as well as Odland bodies and keratohyalin granules. In the superficial layers there are nuclear remnants as in parakeratosis. Virus-like particles of a diameter around 330 A have been demonstrated in a disintegrated superficial cell. The scarcity of such particles is discussed with possible regard to a transformation occurring in the superficial layers of the papilloma and to the high shedding rate of the surface cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of human juvenile laryngeal papillomas. The ultrastructural organization of 12 juvenile laryngeal papillomas was investigated. Four patients were more than 40 years old but had carried the disease since childhood. The other 8 patients were 2-10 years old and had carried the disease from 1-5 years. There is regularly observed a discontinuity of the basement membrane and the basal cells of ten exhibit abundant cytoplasmic processes. In the stratum spinosum there is often found glycogen-like inclusions as well as Odland bodies and keratohyalin granules. In the superficial layers there are nuclear remnants as in parakeratosis. Virus-like particles of a diameter around 330 A have been demonstrated in a disintegrated superficial cell. The scarcity of such particles is discussed with possible regard to a transformation occurring in the superficial layers of the papilloma and to the high shedding rate of the surface cells.", "PMID": 1166772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1355", "title": "Hyperplasia of the parotid gland U.N.S. A stress phenomenon?", "content": "The secretory function of the parotid glands, as represented by the salivary secretion rate, has been examined in 10 patients with parotid hyperplasia U.N.S. Different levels of gustatory stimulation were used. The secretion rate was reduced in 8 out of 10 of the patients at a moderately high level of stimulation but normal at submaximum levels in all the 10 patients. The results suggest that the cause of the parotid hyperplasia may be an elevated sympathetic influence, possibly due to stress.", "contents": "Hyperplasia of the parotid gland U.N.S. A stress phenomenon? The secretory function of the parotid glands, as represented by the salivary secretion rate, has been examined in 10 patients with parotid hyperplasia U.N.S. Different levels of gustatory stimulation were used. The secretion rate was reduced in 8 out of 10 of the patients at a moderately high level of stimulation but normal at submaximum levels in all the 10 patients. The results suggest that the cause of the parotid hyperplasia may be an elevated sympathetic influence, possibly due to stress.", "PMID": 1166773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1356", "title": "Recent advances in microsurgery of the maxillary antrum.", "content": "A new and more detailed approach to the maxillary sinus is described. It has the advantage of avoiding the canine fossa and potential dental trauma. This procedure is performed intranasally and is accompanied by less morbidity than with the Caldwell-Luc operation. The opening into the sinus is small, thus minimizing bone removal. However, the interior of the antrum can be visualized sufficiently well to justify the procedure. A sinuscope and operating microscope compensate for the diminished exposure. In the majority of cases antral surgery is carried out for chronic sinus disease, and this procedure conforms to basic principles of adequate drainage and exteriorization of the sinus into the nasal cavity.", "contents": "Recent advances in microsurgery of the maxillary antrum. A new and more detailed approach to the maxillary sinus is described. It has the advantage of avoiding the canine fossa and potential dental trauma. This procedure is performed intranasally and is accompanied by less morbidity than with the Caldwell-Luc operation. The opening into the sinus is small, thus minimizing bone removal. However, the interior of the antrum can be visualized sufficiently well to justify the procedure. A sinuscope and operating microscope compensate for the diminished exposure. In the majority of cases antral surgery is carried out for chronic sinus disease, and this procedure conforms to basic principles of adequate drainage and exteriorization of the sinus into the nasal cavity.", "PMID": 1166774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1357", "title": "Macromolecular transport by the middle ear and its lymphatic system.", "content": "The macromolecular transport in the middle ear mucosa of the guinea pig was investigated by means of light and electron microscopy using tracer substances such as Evans blue, India ink, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP particles were readily taken up by the middle ear mucosa and Eustachian tube. They were absorbed by all cell types, including ciliated, secretory and nonsecretory cells. The particles were first taken up by the pinocytotic vesicles and then transported into the intercellular spaces by reverse pinocytosis. These particles were transported toward the connective tissue through the basilar membrane. Some of the tracer particles were engulfed by the tissue histiocytes, but most of the particles entered into lymphatic and blood capillaries. By Evans blue instillation of the bulla, the retroauricular and junctional lymph nodes were positively identified as those draining the middle ear and the Eustachian tube. When HRP was used, the tracer particles were detected in the ipsilateral retroauricular and junctional lymph nodes as early as 5 minutes following the tympanic instillation. HRP in these lymph nodes were mainly found in the specific granules of the macrophages.", "contents": "Macromolecular transport by the middle ear and its lymphatic system. The macromolecular transport in the middle ear mucosa of the guinea pig was investigated by means of light and electron microscopy using tracer substances such as Evans blue, India ink, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP particles were readily taken up by the middle ear mucosa and Eustachian tube. They were absorbed by all cell types, including ciliated, secretory and nonsecretory cells. The particles were first taken up by the pinocytotic vesicles and then transported into the intercellular spaces by reverse pinocytosis. These particles were transported toward the connective tissue through the basilar membrane. Some of the tracer particles were engulfed by the tissue histiocytes, but most of the particles entered into lymphatic and blood capillaries. By Evans blue instillation of the bulla, the retroauricular and junctional lymph nodes were positively identified as those draining the middle ear and the Eustachian tube. When HRP was used, the tracer particles were detected in the ipsilateral retroauricular and junctional lymph nodes as early as 5 minutes following the tympanic instillation. HRP in these lymph nodes were mainly found in the specific granules of the macrophages.", "PMID": 1166775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1358", "title": "An electron microscopic study of the otolithic maculae of the lamprey (Entosphenus japonicus).", "content": "The sensory epithelium of the otolithic maculae from the inner ear of the lamprey (Entosphenus japonicus) was studied under the scanning and transmission electron microscope. Two different types of sensory hair cells were discerned and each had a patterned distribution over the various maculae. One type of hair cell had 20-30 short stereocilia and one long kinocilium on its surface. The other type exhibited much longer stereocilia which were arranged in graded heights (organ-pipe configuration) from one side of the cell to the other. So-called striated organelles were found in the cytoplasm of both types of sensory cells. These striated organelles exhibited periodic electron-dense and less dense striations of 170 mum extending from the cuticular plate down to the basal portion of the cell. Generally, this organelle was found in profusion in the sensory cells with long hair bundles but rarely found in the other type of cells.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of the otolithic maculae of the lamprey (Entosphenus japonicus). The sensory epithelium of the otolithic maculae from the inner ear of the lamprey (Entosphenus japonicus) was studied under the scanning and transmission electron microscope. Two different types of sensory hair cells were discerned and each had a patterned distribution over the various maculae. One type of hair cell had 20-30 short stereocilia and one long kinocilium on its surface. The other type exhibited much longer stereocilia which were arranged in graded heights (organ-pipe configuration) from one side of the cell to the other. So-called striated organelles were found in the cytoplasm of both types of sensory cells. These striated organelles exhibited periodic electron-dense and less dense striations of 170 mum extending from the cuticular plate down to the basal portion of the cell. Generally, this organelle was found in profusion in the sensory cells with long hair bundles but rarely found in the other type of cells.", "PMID": 1166777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1359", "title": "Methodologic observations on tympanometry with regard to the probe tone frequency.", "content": "Changes in the tympanogram shape in the frequency range from 200 to 2000 Hz have been investigated. The tympanogram undergoes, as the probe tone frequency rises, characteristic morphologic modifications which are consistently observed both in normals and in some middle ear disorders. The only exception to this regular behavior is the pathological picture in which the structure or the dynamic of the tympano-ossicular system is remarkably anomalous (cholesteatoma and otitis media) where there are flat tympanograms. It is suggested that the frequency interval at which one of the characteristic tympanometric configurations appears in the element capable of furnishing a diagnostic tool for differentiating pathophysiologic conditions of the middle ear.", "contents": "Methodologic observations on tympanometry with regard to the probe tone frequency. Changes in the tympanogram shape in the frequency range from 200 to 2000 Hz have been investigated. The tympanogram undergoes, as the probe tone frequency rises, characteristic morphologic modifications which are consistently observed both in normals and in some middle ear disorders. The only exception to this regular behavior is the pathological picture in which the structure or the dynamic of the tympano-ossicular system is remarkably anomalous (cholesteatoma and otitis media) where there are flat tympanograms. It is suggested that the frequency interval at which one of the characteristic tympanometric configurations appears in the element capable of furnishing a diagnostic tool for differentiating pathophysiologic conditions of the middle ear.", "PMID": 1166778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1360", "title": "[Connection complex on the cells of Reissner's membrane in freeze-fractured preparations].", "content": "The Reissner membrane of the chinchilla inner ear was studied with the freeze-fracture method. Zonulae occludentes, composed of 2 to 8 strands, seal the intercellular space close to the endolymphatic surface. They are morphologically simialr to those seen between the marginal cells of the stri vascularis, but much less developed than those between the basal strial cells.", "contents": "[Connection complex on the cells of Reissner's membrane in freeze-fractured preparations]. The Reissner membrane of the chinchilla inner ear was studied with the freeze-fracture method. Zonulae occludentes, composed of 2 to 8 strands, seal the intercellular space close to the endolymphatic surface. They are morphologically simialr to those seen between the marginal cells of the stri vascularis, but much less developed than those between the basal strial cells.", "PMID": 1166776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1361", "title": "SISI test and adaptation. II. Subjects with conductive hearing defects.", "content": "The effect of adaptation of the ear on the SISI test was studied at 500 Hz and 2000 Hz in 43 patients with chronic otitis and in 20 patients with otosclerosis. The mean adaptation was slightly over 10 dB, except in the otosclerosis group at 2000 Hz, for which the value was nearly 20 dB after continuous stimulation at 20 dB SL for 3 min. The mean SISI values ranged from 15% to 31% in the preadaptation tests and from 9% to 31% in the postadaptation tests. The scatter of the pre-and postadaptation SISI scores was wide, making statistical treatment of the results difficult. In the total material 22% of the values at 2000 Hz were positive according to Jerger's classification, and 32% were questionable. Adaptation slightly reduced the proportion of positive values, but there were changes towards both higher and lower levels in the cases of chronic otitis, while all the otosclerosis changes were diminutions.", "contents": "SISI test and adaptation. II. Subjects with conductive hearing defects. The effect of adaptation of the ear on the SISI test was studied at 500 Hz and 2000 Hz in 43 patients with chronic otitis and in 20 patients with otosclerosis. The mean adaptation was slightly over 10 dB, except in the otosclerosis group at 2000 Hz, for which the value was nearly 20 dB after continuous stimulation at 20 dB SL for 3 min. The mean SISI values ranged from 15% to 31% in the preadaptation tests and from 9% to 31% in the postadaptation tests. The scatter of the pre-and postadaptation SISI scores was wide, making statistical treatment of the results difficult. In the total material 22% of the values at 2000 Hz were positive according to Jerger's classification, and 32% were questionable. Adaptation slightly reduced the proportion of positive values, but there were changes towards both higher and lower levels in the cases of chronic otitis, while all the otosclerosis changes were diminutions.", "PMID": 1166780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1362", "title": "Measurement of systolic blood pressure in fingers of newborn infants.", "content": "The systolic blood pressure in the index finger was measured using a minicuff and a strain gauge both placed around the finger. 122 measurements in four newborn infants were performed during monitoring in an incubator and the systolic blood pressure values obtained were compared with the simultaneously recorded intra-arterial blood pressure in the aorta. Good correlation between direct and indirect pressure values was found. An important advantage is that the measurements do not arouse the infants nor disturb their sleep. The procedure seems suited for further technical development and automatic measurements.", "contents": "Measurement of systolic blood pressure in fingers of newborn infants. The systolic blood pressure in the index finger was measured using a minicuff and a strain gauge both placed around the finger. 122 measurements in four newborn infants were performed during monitoring in an incubator and the systolic blood pressure values obtained were compared with the simultaneously recorded intra-arterial blood pressure in the aorta. Good correlation between direct and indirect pressure values was found. An important advantage is that the measurements do not arouse the infants nor disturb their sleep. The procedure seems suited for further technical development and automatic measurements.", "PMID": 1166786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1363", "title": "Control of respiration in newborn babies. III. Developmental changes of respiratory depth and rate responses to CO2.", "content": "Thirteen healthy babies with PM ages varying between 32 and 43 weeks were investigated with regard to respiratory depth and rate changes on exposure to 4% CO2 in air. Two different types of responses were seen: above 37 weeks of postmenstrual age, the changes of depth and rate corresponded mostly to what is known in the adult human with a rate increase appearing only when the tidal volume had increased markedly (\"Type A\" responses). The preterm babies (i.e. under 37 weeks of PM age) responded mostly with a prompt rate increase without any preceding increase of the tidal volume (\"Type B\" response). The results indicate that the preterm baby in contrast to fullterm babies and adults may be dependent on the pulmonary vagal mechanoreceptor system for the regulation of the breathing in eupnoe.", "contents": "Control of respiration in newborn babies. III. Developmental changes of respiratory depth and rate responses to CO2. Thirteen healthy babies with PM ages varying between 32 and 43 weeks were investigated with regard to respiratory depth and rate changes on exposure to 4% CO2 in air. Two different types of responses were seen: above 37 weeks of postmenstrual age, the changes of depth and rate corresponded mostly to what is known in the adult human with a rate increase appearing only when the tidal volume had increased markedly (\"Type A\" responses). The preterm babies (i.e. under 37 weeks of PM age) responded mostly with a prompt rate increase without any preceding increase of the tidal volume (\"Type B\" response). The results indicate that the preterm baby in contrast to fullterm babies and adults may be dependent on the pulmonary vagal mechanoreceptor system for the regulation of the breathing in eupnoe.", "PMID": 1166788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1364", "title": "The use of the drill in ear surgery.", "content": "The surgeon of today has at his disposal a large arsenal of technical aids. For the ear surgeon it is primarily the rotating drill which has helped him in the operating theatre. In spite of the fact that the drill is such an important tool in daily operative procedures, the problems concerning drills have been accorded surprisingly little attention in the medical press. It is also noticeable when visiting various clinics in different parts of the world that there appears to be little correlation between surgical standards obtained and the quality of the technical equipment used. The object of this article is to illustrate some of those problems which exist concerning the use of the drill in oto-surgery.", "contents": "The use of the drill in ear surgery. The surgeon of today has at his disposal a large arsenal of technical aids. For the ear surgeon it is primarily the rotating drill which has helped him in the operating theatre. In spite of the fact that the drill is such an important tool in daily operative procedures, the problems concerning drills have been accorded surprisingly little attention in the medical press. It is also noticeable when visiting various clinics in different parts of the world that there appears to be little correlation between surgical standards obtained and the quality of the technical equipment used. The object of this article is to illustrate some of those problems which exist concerning the use of the drill in oto-surgery.", "PMID": 1166783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1365", "title": "Modifications of the stapedius muscle reflex under spontaneous and experimental brain-stem impairment.", "content": "An oscilloscopic plus a graphic method of recording of the stapedius muscle reflex has revealed peculiar modifications in the latency, threshold, and shape of development of the reflex in cases of brain-stem impairment. Many subjects have been examined who were affected by nucleo-reticular vestibular syndrome, vascular insufficiency, disseminated sclerosis, tumours, etc. and a comparison has also been made in normal subjects and in the same subjects during a temporary impairment of the brain-stem structures following barbiturate administration. The greatest semeiological value is attributed to the modifications in the shape of the reflex.", "contents": "Modifications of the stapedius muscle reflex under spontaneous and experimental brain-stem impairment. An oscilloscopic plus a graphic method of recording of the stapedius muscle reflex has revealed peculiar modifications in the latency, threshold, and shape of development of the reflex in cases of brain-stem impairment. Many subjects have been examined who were affected by nucleo-reticular vestibular syndrome, vascular insufficiency, disseminated sclerosis, tumours, etc. and a comparison has also been made in normal subjects and in the same subjects during a temporary impairment of the brain-stem structures following barbiturate administration. The greatest semeiological value is attributed to the modifications in the shape of the reflex.", "PMID": 1166779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1366", "title": "Diagnostic value of disaccharide tolerance tests in children.", "content": "Diagnostic value of disaccharide tolerance tests in children. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:693, 1975.--The diagnostic value of oral lactose and sucrose tolerance tests was investigated in 61 children. A total of 105 oral disaccharide tests were carried out. When the rise in blood sugar was low, the same disaccharide was, as a control measure, instilled directly into the small intestine through a tube. This was carried out in 40 cases. In 21 patients the rise in blood sugar following the two forms of administration was correlated with the disaccharidase activity in a peroral small-intestine biopsy. The incidence of false-positive oral lactose tests was between 23 and 30%, that of false-positive oral sucrose tests between 24 and 33%. A border value of 20 mg per 100 ml in the rise of blood glucose within the first hour following a direct intra-intestinal administration affords a very satisfactory distinction between patients with and without disaccharide malabsorption. Blood glucose determinations exceeding one hour were found to be without diagnostic value.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of disaccharide tolerance tests in children. Diagnostic value of disaccharide tolerance tests in children. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:693, 1975.--The diagnostic value of oral lactose and sucrose tolerance tests was investigated in 61 children. A total of 105 oral disaccharide tests were carried out. When the rise in blood sugar was low, the same disaccharide was, as a control measure, instilled directly into the small intestine through a tube. This was carried out in 40 cases. In 21 patients the rise in blood sugar following the two forms of administration was correlated with the disaccharidase activity in a peroral small-intestine biopsy. The incidence of false-positive oral lactose tests was between 23 and 30%, that of false-positive oral sucrose tests between 24 and 33%. A border value of 20 mg per 100 ml in the rise of blood glucose within the first hour following a direct intra-intestinal administration affords a very satisfactory distinction between patients with and without disaccharide malabsorption. Blood glucose determinations exceeding one hour were found to be without diagnostic value.", "PMID": 1166789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1367", "title": "Studies on the effect of orally administered agar on the serum bilirubin level of premature infants and mature newborns.", "content": "The effect of orally administered agar on the serum concentration of bilirubin was tested in 366 premature and newborn infants. For this purpose two different concentrations of agar were added to the milk for 8-10 days. On none of the groups tested did the serum level of bilirubin show a significant decrease after administration of agar. Therefore the attempt to lower the level of serum bilirubin in premature and newborn infants by inhibiting enteric reabsorption by means of adsorbents must be considered a failure.", "contents": "Studies on the effect of orally administered agar on the serum bilirubin level of premature infants and mature newborns. The effect of orally administered agar on the serum concentration of bilirubin was tested in 366 premature and newborn infants. For this purpose two different concentrations of agar were added to the milk for 8-10 days. On none of the groups tested did the serum level of bilirubin show a significant decrease after administration of agar. Therefore the attempt to lower the level of serum bilirubin in premature and newborn infants by inhibiting enteric reabsorption by means of adsorbents must be considered a failure.", "PMID": 1166790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1368", "title": "Immediate restoration of basal sensorineural hearing (Mb Meniere) using a pressure chamber.", "content": "A new technique for the restoration of basal sensorineural hearing loss in Mb Meniere was described. Three cases with unilateral basal sensorineural hearing loss, fullness of the ear, and tinnitus were reported. In the acute stage of their disease the patients were treated in a pressure chamber where it was possible to increase or decrease the air pressure within the range +/- 110 cm H2O. The equilibration of middle ear pressures to surrounding air pressures was checked. Exposure to underpressure resulted in a rise of the hearing thresholds at low frequencies and relief of subjective symptoms. When the air pressure was increased the hearing thresholds were lowered and the sensation of tinnitus and fullness of the ear was accentuated. Changes in air pressure did not affect the healthy ears or the high frequencies in the diseased ear. Hearing improvement attained at exposure to underpressure seemed to remain at atmospheric pressure level. The investigation was performed on the hypothesis that a distended membranous labyrinth might cause a venous congestion of the vestibular aqueduct, resulting in impaired endolymph absorption in the endolymphatic sac. Possible effects of changes in environmental air pressure on the inner ear were discussed.", "contents": "Immediate restoration of basal sensorineural hearing (Mb Meniere) using a pressure chamber. A new technique for the restoration of basal sensorineural hearing loss in Mb Meniere was described. Three cases with unilateral basal sensorineural hearing loss, fullness of the ear, and tinnitus were reported. In the acute stage of their disease the patients were treated in a pressure chamber where it was possible to increase or decrease the air pressure within the range +/- 110 cm H2O. The equilibration of middle ear pressures to surrounding air pressures was checked. Exposure to underpressure resulted in a rise of the hearing thresholds at low frequencies and relief of subjective symptoms. When the air pressure was increased the hearing thresholds were lowered and the sensation of tinnitus and fullness of the ear was accentuated. Changes in air pressure did not affect the healthy ears or the high frequencies in the diseased ear. Hearing improvement attained at exposure to underpressure seemed to remain at atmospheric pressure level. The investigation was performed on the hypothesis that a distended membranous labyrinth might cause a venous congestion of the vestibular aqueduct, resulting in impaired endolymph absorption in the endolymphatic sac. Possible effects of changes in environmental air pressure on the inner ear were discussed.", "PMID": 1166785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1369", "title": "Cortical evoked potentials recorded from the guinea pig without averaging.", "content": "Potentials evoked by tonal pulses and recorded with a monopolar electrode on the pial surface over the auditory cortex of the guinea pig are presented. These potentials are compared with average potentials recorded in previous studies with an electrode on the dura. The potentials recorded by these two techniques have similar waveforms, peak latencies and thresholds. They appear to be generated within the same region of the cerebral cortex. As can be expected, the amplitude of the evoked potentials recorded from the pial surface is larger than that recorded from the dura. Consequently, averaging is not needed to extract the evoked potential once the dura is removed. The thresholds for the evoked cortical potential are similar to behavioral thresholds for the guinea pig at high frequencies; however, evoked potential thresholds are eleveate over behavioral thresholds at low frequencies. The removal of the dura and the direct recording of the evoked potential appears most appropriate for acute experiments. The recording of an evoked potential with dura electrodes empploying averaging procedures appears most appropriate for chronic studies.", "contents": "Cortical evoked potentials recorded from the guinea pig without averaging. Potentials evoked by tonal pulses and recorded with a monopolar electrode on the pial surface over the auditory cortex of the guinea pig are presented. These potentials are compared with average potentials recorded in previous studies with an electrode on the dura. The potentials recorded by these two techniques have similar waveforms, peak latencies and thresholds. They appear to be generated within the same region of the cerebral cortex. As can be expected, the amplitude of the evoked potentials recorded from the pial surface is larger than that recorded from the dura. Consequently, averaging is not needed to extract the evoked potential once the dura is removed. The thresholds for the evoked cortical potential are similar to behavioral thresholds for the guinea pig at high frequencies; however, evoked potential thresholds are eleveate over behavioral thresholds at low frequencies. The removal of the dura and the direct recording of the evoked potential appears most appropriate for acute experiments. The recording of an evoked potential with dura electrodes empploying averaging procedures appears most appropriate for chronic studies.", "PMID": 1166781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1370", "title": "The effect of calcium infusions on renal handling of amino acids in hypophosphatemic vitamin D resistant rickets.", "content": "Amino acid clearances were studied in four patients with hypophosphatemic vitamin D resistant rickets. T,e clearances of the single amino acids in the patients did not differ from that of control individuals for all amino acids tested. The reabsorption of amino acids and phosphate was further investigated with the use of calcium infusions. Under these conditions there was a significant decrease in the filtered fraction of phosphate and amino acid excreted in the vitamin D resistant group suggesting a depression of parathyroid hormone secretion. It seems likely, as demonstrated in the vitamin D resistant group, that in this disorder the renal tubule is particularly sensitive to changes in parathyroid hormone secretion in respect to amino acid reabsorption.", "contents": "The effect of calcium infusions on renal handling of amino acids in hypophosphatemic vitamin D resistant rickets. Amino acid clearances were studied in four patients with hypophosphatemic vitamin D resistant rickets. T,e clearances of the single amino acids in the patients did not differ from that of control individuals for all amino acids tested. The reabsorption of amino acids and phosphate was further investigated with the use of calcium infusions. Under these conditions there was a significant decrease in the filtered fraction of phosphate and amino acid excreted in the vitamin D resistant group suggesting a depression of parathyroid hormone secretion. It seems likely, as demonstrated in the vitamin D resistant group, that in this disorder the renal tubule is particularly sensitive to changes in parathyroid hormone secretion in respect to amino acid reabsorption.", "PMID": 1166791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1371", "title": "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in school girls. V. The clinical course and response to treatment.", "content": "The short-term prognosis of 116 school girls with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) treated or left untreated is reported. In untreated girls a spontaneous remission was obtained in 11% within one year. A short course of nitrofurantoin eliminated the bacteriuria in 93% of the girls in the treatment group. The recurrence rate was 30% in one year in the patients that became abacteriuric spontaneously, after a bladder washout test or after treatment with penicillin or nitrofurantoin. The first recurrence occurred withn 3 months in 79% (19/24). Nineteen of the 24 patients with recurrences (79%) had a third infection within 9 months. In patients with parenchymal reduction or reflux the renal concentrating capacity increased significantly after treatment of the bacteriuria. All the girls left untreated had normal renal concentrating capacity on detection and this remained unchanged during the year of follow-up. One of 28 untreated girls attracted a symptomatic pyelonephritis caused by a strain different from that at detection of ABU. Of 81 girls cured from the bacteriuria 24 recurred, 5 with a symptomatic pyelonephritis and 3 with cystitis. It is concluded that strains isolated from girls with ABU do not commonly cause symptomatic pyelonephritis.", "contents": "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in school girls. V. The clinical course and response to treatment. The short-term prognosis of 116 school girls with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) treated or left untreated is reported. In untreated girls a spontaneous remission was obtained in 11% within one year. A short course of nitrofurantoin eliminated the bacteriuria in 93% of the girls in the treatment group. The recurrence rate was 30% in one year in the patients that became abacteriuric spontaneously, after a bladder washout test or after treatment with penicillin or nitrofurantoin. The first recurrence occurred withn 3 months in 79% (19/24). Nineteen of the 24 patients with recurrences (79%) had a third infection within 9 months. In patients with parenchymal reduction or reflux the renal concentrating capacity increased significantly after treatment of the bacteriuria. All the girls left untreated had normal renal concentrating capacity on detection and this remained unchanged during the year of follow-up. One of 28 untreated girls attracted a symptomatic pyelonephritis caused by a strain different from that at detection of ABU. Of 81 girls cured from the bacteriuria 24 recurred, 5 with a symptomatic pyelonephritis and 3 with cystitis. It is concluded that strains isolated from girls with ABU do not commonly cause symptomatic pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 1166792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1372", "title": "SISI test and adaptation. III. Subjects with perceptive hearing defects.", "content": "The effect of the adaptation of the ear on the SISI test was studied in 60 completely and 18 incompletely recuriting patients and in 5 patients with a verified acoustic neurinoma at 500 and 2000 Hz. The subjective suprathreshold adaptation to a 3 min tone of 20 dB (SL) ranged from 10 dB to over 20 dB, depending on the frequency and type of defect. The pre-adaptation mean SISI values in the recruiting groups ranged from 38 to 51% and the post-adaptation means from 38 to 49%. In retrocochlear lesions only one SISI value was questionable before and after adaptation, the others being 0%. The dispersion of the SISI scores was considerable, a fact that made statistical treatment difficult. Adaptation did not significantly affect the SISI value. It could be ascertained that high SISI values did not reliably distinguish between the hearing defect types, but if the SISI was low the possibility of a retrocochlear lesion should always be borne in mind.", "contents": "SISI test and adaptation. III. Subjects with perceptive hearing defects. The effect of the adaptation of the ear on the SISI test was studied in 60 completely and 18 incompletely recuriting patients and in 5 patients with a verified acoustic neurinoma at 500 and 2000 Hz. The subjective suprathreshold adaptation to a 3 min tone of 20 dB (SL) ranged from 10 dB to over 20 dB, depending on the frequency and type of defect. The pre-adaptation mean SISI values in the recruiting groups ranged from 38 to 51% and the post-adaptation means from 38 to 49%. In retrocochlear lesions only one SISI value was questionable before and after adaptation, the others being 0%. The dispersion of the SISI scores was considerable, a fact that made statistical treatment difficult. Adaptation did not significantly affect the SISI value. It could be ascertained that high SISI values did not reliably distinguish between the hearing defect types, but if the SISI was low the possibility of a retrocochlear lesion should always be borne in mind.", "PMID": 1166782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1373", "title": "Cochlear damage resulting from kanamycin and furosemide.", "content": "Permanent cochlear damage has been shown to occur in guinea pigs following the combined administration of kanamycin and furosemide. At the doses used, only a transient effect was measured with furosemide alone and no effect was detectable with kanamycin alone. This interaction results when a single subcutaneous dose of 400 mg/kg of kanamycin is followed in 2 hours by a single intravenous dose of furosemide. The dosage range for furosemide was 50 mg/kg for a just-detectable effect to 100 mg/kg for a very severe effect. Damage to the cochlea was ascertained by measures of the a.c. cochlear potential as well as surface preparation histology.", "contents": "Cochlear damage resulting from kanamycin and furosemide. Permanent cochlear damage has been shown to occur in guinea pigs following the combined administration of kanamycin and furosemide. At the doses used, only a transient effect was measured with furosemide alone and no effect was detectable with kanamycin alone. This interaction results when a single subcutaneous dose of 400 mg/kg of kanamycin is followed in 2 hours by a single intravenous dose of furosemide. The dosage range for furosemide was 50 mg/kg for a just-detectable effect to 100 mg/kg for a very severe effect. Damage to the cochlea was ascertained by measures of the a.c. cochlear potential as well as surface preparation histology.", "PMID": 1166784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1374", "title": "Renal control of sodium and fluid balance in newborn infants during intravenous maintenance therapy.", "content": "Changes in accumulated fluid and sodium balance during intravenous maintenance fluid therapy has been studied in 38 newborn infants with different clinical disorders and gestational ages 28-42 weeks. The results from the infants born before 36 weeks of gestation (preterm) have been compared with the result from infants born after 36 weeks. Three different saline infusions 10, 20 and 40 mEq Na1/2/1000 ml 5.5% glucose have been given. The infusion rate has in preterm neonates been 3.3 ml/kg and hour and in the more full-term neonates been 3.6 ml/kg and hour. The study lasted for 5-8 hours. Urine was collected by spontaneous voidings in plastic bags. The balances were calculated as the difference between the amount given intravenously, and the amount excreted in the urine. In the more full-term neonates Na1/2 balance became increasingly negative with the 10 mEq solution, just balanced with the 20 mEq solution and increasingly positive with the 40 mEq solution. A different response was found in the preterm neonates. The natriuresis was higher and the sodium balances were increasingly negative with both the 10 and 20 mEq solutions. With the 40 mEq solution the negative balance tended to level off. The fluid balances were fairly well maintained in all infants regardless of the sodium concentration in the infusate.", "contents": "Renal control of sodium and fluid balance in newborn infants during intravenous maintenance therapy. Changes in accumulated fluid and sodium balance during intravenous maintenance fluid therapy has been studied in 38 newborn infants with different clinical disorders and gestational ages 28-42 weeks. The results from the infants born before 36 weeks of gestation (preterm) have been compared with the result from infants born after 36 weeks. Three different saline infusions 10, 20 and 40 mEq Na1/2/1000 ml 5.5% glucose have been given. The infusion rate has in preterm neonates been 3.3 ml/kg and hour and in the more full-term neonates been 3.6 ml/kg and hour. The study lasted for 5-8 hours. Urine was collected by spontaneous voidings in plastic bags. The balances were calculated as the difference between the amount given intravenously, and the amount excreted in the urine. In the more full-term neonates Na1/2 balance became increasingly negative with the 10 mEq solution, just balanced with the 20 mEq solution and increasingly positive with the 40 mEq solution. A different response was found in the preterm neonates. The natriuresis was higher and the sodium balances were increasingly negative with both the 10 and 20 mEq solutions. With the 40 mEq solution the negative balance tended to level off. The fluid balances were fairly well maintained in all infants regardless of the sodium concentration in the infusate.", "PMID": 1166793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1375", "title": "Muscular exertion: a test of pituitary function in children.", "content": "The elevated level of growth hormone after moderate standardized physical exercise was compared with that induced by intravenous arginine infusion and by insulin induced hypoglycemia in children with normal pituitary function. Tests were performed on 49 prepubertal children (34 boys and 15 girls); in 42 cases the increase was significant for all three tests, in 5 cases the response was minimal after insulin stimulation but normal after arginine and physical exertion; in 1 case arginine produced no response but the other tests were positive; in 1 case there was a response to arginine but none to insulin or physical exertion. The results indicate that frequently more than one test is necessary for the diagnosis of normal pituitary function; physical exertion being a physiologic test, is simple to perform, acceptable to the children and without side effects. It appears the test of first choice because it can be used in patients seen ambulatorily, other tests being performed in case of doubt or negative response.", "contents": "Muscular exertion: a test of pituitary function in children. The elevated level of growth hormone after moderate standardized physical exercise was compared with that induced by intravenous arginine infusion and by insulin induced hypoglycemia in children with normal pituitary function. Tests were performed on 49 prepubertal children (34 boys and 15 girls); in 42 cases the increase was significant for all three tests, in 5 cases the response was minimal after insulin stimulation but normal after arginine and physical exertion; in 1 case arginine produced no response but the other tests were positive; in 1 case there was a response to arginine but none to insulin or physical exertion. The results indicate that frequently more than one test is necessary for the diagnosis of normal pituitary function; physical exertion being a physiologic test, is simple to perform, acceptable to the children and without side effects. It appears the test of first choice because it can be used in patients seen ambulatorily, other tests being performed in case of doubt or negative response.", "PMID": 1166794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1376", "title": "Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy. Clinical, ultrastructural, biochemical and therapeutic studies in an infant.", "content": "Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (SNE) has been observed in an infant with regressing psychomotor development. The concentrations of alanine, pyruvate and lactate were increased in the serum and blood as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid. Pyruvate carboxylase activity was reduced in the liver tissue. An inhibitor of thiamine-pyrophosphate-ATP-phosphotransferase was present in the urine. Thiamine treatment was followed by a decrease of serum alanine and blood pyruvate and lactate, but there was no clinical improvement during a period of 17 months. Ultrastructural investigations revealed high glycogen levels in liver tissue and skeletal muscle. These findings contrast with decreased gluconeogenesis, which is suggested by the diminished pyruvate carboxylase activity. Therefore it is concluded that reduced hepatic pyruvate carboxylase activity is not the primary cause of SNE.", "contents": "Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy. Clinical, ultrastructural, biochemical and therapeutic studies in an infant. Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (SNE) has been observed in an infant with regressing psychomotor development. The concentrations of alanine, pyruvate and lactate were increased in the serum and blood as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid. Pyruvate carboxylase activity was reduced in the liver tissue. An inhibitor of thiamine-pyrophosphate-ATP-phosphotransferase was present in the urine. Thiamine treatment was followed by a decrease of serum alanine and blood pyruvate and lactate, but there was no clinical improvement during a period of 17 months. Ultrastructural investigations revealed high glycogen levels in liver tissue and skeletal muscle. These findings contrast with decreased gluconeogenesis, which is suggested by the diminished pyruvate carboxylase activity. Therefore it is concluded that reduced hepatic pyruvate carboxylase activity is not the primary cause of SNE.", "PMID": 1166795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1377", "title": "Systemic allergic reaction to initial insulin therapy in a juvenile diabetic. Enhanced blast transformation to insulin.", "content": "A 14-year-old girl with recent onset of diabetes developed a severe systemic allergic reaction to beef-pork insulin on the third day of insulin therapy. The same reaction developed following the injection of pork insulin and monocomponent insulin. The patient was induced to tolerate pork insulin by systemic desensitization to this insulin over an interval of 6 days. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from the patient cultured in the presence of insulin responded by increased blast cell transformation, as compared with controls, who either had previously presented local allergic reactions to insulin or never had manifested insulin allergy.", "contents": "Systemic allergic reaction to initial insulin therapy in a juvenile diabetic. Enhanced blast transformation to insulin. A 14-year-old girl with recent onset of diabetes developed a severe systemic allergic reaction to beef-pork insulin on the third day of insulin therapy. The same reaction developed following the injection of pork insulin and monocomponent insulin. The patient was induced to tolerate pork insulin by systemic desensitization to this insulin over an interval of 6 days. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from the patient cultured in the presence of insulin responded by increased blast cell transformation, as compared with controls, who either had previously presented local allergic reactions to insulin or never had manifested insulin allergy.", "PMID": 1166797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1378", "title": "Familial qt prolongation and risk of sudden death.", "content": "Two sisters with the syndrome of familial QT prolongation in the ECG and syncope are presented. A recently suggested mechanism of the syndrome is presented and preventive measures to reduce the risk of sudden death associated with it are proposed.", "contents": "Familial qt prolongation and risk of sudden death. Two sisters with the syndrome of familial QT prolongation in the ECG and syncope are presented. A recently suggested mechanism of the syndrome is presented and preventive measures to reduce the risk of sudden death associated with it are proposed.", "PMID": 1166798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1379", "title": "Experimental studies on the effect of aging and endocrine control on collagen formation in various organs.", "content": "Physiological changes with advancing age of collagen content, fiber and fibril sizes in some connective tissues, the morphological profiles and enzyme histochemical activities of fibroblasts in different organs. and the effect of gonadectomy, adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy and their hormone replacement on the collagen and fibroblasts were studied using DDD, C57BL/6J, A/Jax, DW/J mice and Wistar rats. It was suggested that connective tissue in these organs was under the specific control of endocrine organs such as gonads, adrenals and the pituitary and that these controls might be effected through their hormonal effects on the specifically differentiated fibroblast localized in different organs and tissue.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the effect of aging and endocrine control on collagen formation in various organs. Physiological changes with advancing age of collagen content, fiber and fibril sizes in some connective tissues, the morphological profiles and enzyme histochemical activities of fibroblasts in different organs. and the effect of gonadectomy, adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy and their hormone replacement on the collagen and fibroblasts were studied using DDD, C57BL/6J, A/Jax, DW/J mice and Wistar rats. It was suggested that connective tissue in these organs was under the specific control of endocrine organs such as gonads, adrenals and the pituitary and that these controls might be effected through their hormonal effects on the specifically differentiated fibroblast localized in different organs and tissue.", "PMID": 1166799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1380", "title": "Metastatic carcinoma in cirrhotic liver--Statistical survey of autopsies in Japan.", "content": "Autopsy records for the period of 1958-1972 in Japan as listed in 'The Annual of the Pathological Autopsy Cases' were reviewed and the incidence of metastatic neoplasms in the cirrhotic liver was surveyed. This included data from 240,377 patients of which 8,798 cases (3.66%) had liver cirrhosis excluding biliary and cardiac types. Those who had coexistent liver cirrhosis and extrahepatic malignant neoplasm totalled 737 (8.4% of the cirrhotics). Of these 737 patients, 194 had metastatic neoplasms to the cirrhotic liver (26.3% of those who had cirrhosis and neoplasms). The incidence of hepatic matastases in the non-cirrhotics was 38.3% during the period 1958-1959, and 43.2% in 1967-1968. The difference in incidence of metastasis to the cirrhotic as opposed to the non-cirrhotic liver is statistically significant. This finding supports the claim that metastatic neoplasms to the cirrhotic liver are less frequent than metastasis to the non-cirrhotic liver. However, they are by no means rare. These results may be due to that the patients with both cirrhosis and neoplasms can not live long enough for metastasis to develop.", "contents": "Metastatic carcinoma in cirrhotic liver--Statistical survey of autopsies in Japan. Autopsy records for the period of 1958-1972 in Japan as listed in 'The Annual of the Pathological Autopsy Cases' were reviewed and the incidence of metastatic neoplasms in the cirrhotic liver was surveyed. This included data from 240,377 patients of which 8,798 cases (3.66%) had liver cirrhosis excluding biliary and cardiac types. Those who had coexistent liver cirrhosis and extrahepatic malignant neoplasm totalled 737 (8.4% of the cirrhotics). Of these 737 patients, 194 had metastatic neoplasms to the cirrhotic liver (26.3% of those who had cirrhosis and neoplasms). The incidence of hepatic matastases in the non-cirrhotics was 38.3% during the period 1958-1959, and 43.2% in 1967-1968. The difference in incidence of metastasis to the cirrhotic as opposed to the non-cirrhotic liver is statistically significant. This finding supports the claim that metastatic neoplasms to the cirrhotic liver are less frequent than metastasis to the non-cirrhotic liver. However, they are by no means rare. These results may be due to that the patients with both cirrhosis and neoplasms can not live long enough for metastasis to develop.", "PMID": 1166800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1381", "title": "Coronary heart disease in familiar hypercholesterolemia.", "content": "Autopsy findings of a 36-year-old male with familiar hypercholesterolemia were reported and discussed. Hyperlipoproteinemia found in this case might belong to the type IIa in the classification of hyperlipoproteinemia while there was no skin lesion such as xanthoma and hypertension. Remarkable strictures due to atherosclerotic plaques in the lumens of the right and left coronary arteries and wide-spread myocardial infarction in the left ventricle were found. In the aorta just above the aortic valve there were atherosclerotic plaques in which foam cells could be seen. From the histological findings of the aortic valve the possibility that the thickening of the valve might have been induced by a similar mechanism as that of aorta and coronary arteries was suggested.", "contents": "Coronary heart disease in familiar hypercholesterolemia. Autopsy findings of a 36-year-old male with familiar hypercholesterolemia were reported and discussed. Hyperlipoproteinemia found in this case might belong to the type IIa in the classification of hyperlipoproteinemia while there was no skin lesion such as xanthoma and hypertension. Remarkable strictures due to atherosclerotic plaques in the lumens of the right and left coronary arteries and wide-spread myocardial infarction in the left ventricle were found. In the aorta just above the aortic valve there were atherosclerotic plaques in which foam cells could be seen. From the histological findings of the aortic valve the possibility that the thickening of the valve might have been induced by a similar mechanism as that of aorta and coronary arteries was suggested.", "PMID": 1166801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1382", "title": "Malignant mesenchymoma of the heart.", "content": "An autopsy case of malignant cardiac mesenchymoma, which arose in the atrial septum was presented. This tumor contained fibrosarcomatous, rhabdomyosarcomatous, chondrosarcomatous and osseous elements. A small metastatic lesion was found in the lung. Histogenesis of this tumor was also considered with a survey of literature.", "contents": "Malignant mesenchymoma of the heart. An autopsy case of malignant cardiac mesenchymoma, which arose in the atrial septum was presented. This tumor contained fibrosarcomatous, rhabdomyosarcomatous, chondrosarcomatous and osseous elements. A small metastatic lesion was found in the lung. Histogenesis of this tumor was also considered with a survey of literature.", "PMID": 1166802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1383", "title": "The cranial index according to Cronqvist compared to echo-ventriculography for determination of hydrocephalus.", "content": "The Cronqvist cranial index with the normal values for different age groups according to Austin & Gooding is compared with the ventricular index estimated by ultrasound in a series of 166 neuropaediatric subjects aged 0 to 5 years. A large number of hydrocephalic patients has a normal cranial index. The cranial index alone is thus an unreliable method for the screening of hydrocephalus.", "contents": "The cranial index according to Cronqvist compared to echo-ventriculography for determination of hydrocephalus. The Cronqvist cranial index with the normal values for different age groups according to Austin & Gooding is compared with the ventricular index estimated by ultrasound in a series of 166 neuropaediatric subjects aged 0 to 5 years. A large number of hydrocephalic patients has a normal cranial index. The cranial index alone is thus an unreliable method for the screening of hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 1166803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1384", "title": "Cisternography with the non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium metrizamide. A preliminary report.", "content": "In 11 patients the basal cisterns in the posterior cranial fossa were examined with the new water-soluble compound metrizamide. Promising results were obtained when the medium was administered suboccipitally or through the foramen ovale but less favourable after lumbar administration. The clinical tolerance of the compound with regard to short term effects was good.", "contents": "Cisternography with the non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium metrizamide. A preliminary report. In 11 patients the basal cisterns in the posterior cranial fossa were examined with the new water-soluble compound metrizamide. Promising results were obtained when the medium was administered suboccipitally or through the foramen ovale but less favourable after lumbar administration. The clinical tolerance of the compound with regard to short term effects was good.", "PMID": 1166804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1385", "title": "A tomographic test object.", "content": "Testing of the tomographic and photographic system is a prerequisite for successful reproduction of minor details particularly in tomography of the temporal bone. A test phantom has been developed, consisting of a single layer of small metal balls which can be adjusted to varying inclinations to the tomographic plane. It involves a simple procedure for examining the homogeneity and stability of the tomographic layer at wide movement angles and may also be used for calculating the layer thickness.", "contents": "A tomographic test object. Testing of the tomographic and photographic system is a prerequisite for successful reproduction of minor details particularly in tomography of the temporal bone. A test phantom has been developed, consisting of a single layer of small metal balls which can be adjusted to varying inclinations to the tomographic plane. It involves a simple procedure for examining the homogeneity and stability of the tomographic layer at wide movement angles and may also be used for calculating the layer thickness.", "PMID": 1166805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1386", "title": "Circulatory disturbances after experimental fracture.", "content": "Early hemodynamic and angiographic effects after fracture with a minimum of soft tissue injury were investigated in anesthetized dogs. A close relation between hemodynamic and angiographic findings was observed. The fracture procedure did not change the regional blood flow in the soft tissues outside the bone in the injured extremity.", "contents": "Circulatory disturbances after experimental fracture. Early hemodynamic and angiographic effects after fracture with a minimum of soft tissue injury were investigated in anesthetized dogs. A close relation between hemodynamic and angiographic findings was observed. The fracture procedure did not change the regional blood flow in the soft tissues outside the bone in the injured extremity.", "PMID": 1166806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1387", "title": "Angiography in vascular injuries of the extremities.", "content": "Angiographic findings in 31 cases of vascular injuries of the extremities sustained to a variety of traumas are reported. Angiography will usually demonstrate the type and site of the lesion as well as the presence and extent of collaterals. Its value in cases with obscure clinical findings as well as its importance for the therapeutic approach is stressed.", "contents": "Angiography in vascular injuries of the extremities. Angiographic findings in 31 cases of vascular injuries of the extremities sustained to a variety of traumas are reported. Angiography will usually demonstrate the type and site of the lesion as well as the presence and extent of collaterals. Its value in cases with obscure clinical findings as well as its importance for the therapeutic approach is stressed.", "PMID": 1166807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1388", "title": "Projection difference index in lymphographic diagnosis of lymph node metastases.", "content": "The Projection Difference Index (Px%) of Wiljasalo for lymphographic diagnosis based on the hypothesis that normal nodes are flat while metastatic nodes are globular or grape-like was investigated in a material of 220 removed lymph nodes. The transverse diameters were measured on films exposed in four projections. The metastatic lymph nodes as a rule deviated from the globular or grape-like shape and doubt is therefore expressed about the diagnostic value of the Px%.", "contents": "Projection difference index in lymphographic diagnosis of lymph node metastases. The Projection Difference Index (Px%) of Wiljasalo for lymphographic diagnosis based on the hypothesis that normal nodes are flat while metastatic nodes are globular or grape-like was investigated in a material of 220 removed lymph nodes. The transverse diameters were measured on films exposed in four projections. The metastatic lymph nodes as a rule deviated from the globular or grape-like shape and doubt is therefore expressed about the diagnostic value of the Px%.", "PMID": 1166808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1389", "title": "Turnover of 65Zn and 82Sr in growing rats. A comparative investigation.", "content": "Analysis of bone retention data using 2- or 3-compartment models gives nearly equal relative accretion rates for zinc and calcium (85Sr) in endochondral bone and calcifying cartilage. The rate for zinc in cortical bone is 70% of that for calcium. As the existence in cortical bone of large, slowly exchanging compartments limitating accretion is consistent with the data, the relative accretion rate for zinc may more closely reflect the relative accretion rate of cortical bone.", "contents": "Turnover of 65Zn and 82Sr in growing rats. A comparative investigation. Analysis of bone retention data using 2- or 3-compartment models gives nearly equal relative accretion rates for zinc and calcium (85Sr) in endochondral bone and calcifying cartilage. The rate for zinc in cortical bone is 70% of that for calcium. As the existence in cortical bone of large, slowly exchanging compartments limitating accretion is consistent with the data, the relative accretion rate for zinc may more closely reflect the relative accretion rate of cortical bone.", "PMID": 1166809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1390", "title": "Combined surgery and radiation therapy versus surgery alone in primary mammary carcinoma. I. The effect of orthovoltage radiation.", "content": "The effect of routine postoperative irradiation in the treatment of carcinoma of the breast has been evaluated. Postoperative irradiation had no effect on the proportion of patients free of disease nor on the survival rate, but the incidence of local recurrence and homolateral supraclavicular lymph node metastasis was reduced. In stage II patients homolateral axillary lymph node metastases were also encountered less frequently in the irradiated group. Distant metastases occurred either in stage II patients with postoperative irradiation as compared with controls.", "contents": "Combined surgery and radiation therapy versus surgery alone in primary mammary carcinoma. I. The effect of orthovoltage radiation. The effect of routine postoperative irradiation in the treatment of carcinoma of the breast has been evaluated. Postoperative irradiation had no effect on the proportion of patients free of disease nor on the survival rate, but the incidence of local recurrence and homolateral supraclavicular lymph node metastasis was reduced. In stage II patients homolateral axillary lymph node metastases were also encountered less frequently in the irradiated group. Distant metastases occurred either in stage II patients with postoperative irradiation as compared with controls.", "PMID": 1166810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1391", "title": "Frequency of severe complications after radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma.", "content": "An analysis of a material of 265 patients treated by radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma was performed with respect to severe complications. The complication rate in patients free of recurrence was 1.9 per cent and in those with recurrence 23 per cent, which indicates that severe complications are often caused by recurrence of the tumour.", "contents": "Frequency of severe complications after radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma. An analysis of a material of 265 patients treated by radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma was performed with respect to severe complications. The complication rate in patients free of recurrence was 1.9 per cent and in those with recurrence 23 per cent, which indicates that severe complications are often caused by recurrence of the tumour.", "PMID": 1166811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1392", "title": "Carcinoma of the larynx. IV. Recurrences more than 5 years after primary treatment.", "content": "The annual frequency of recurrences appearing during the 5th to 10th year of observation was a little more than 1 per cent a year. A formula is described for calculating this frequency. Apart from one case all 12 late recurrences were ordinary recurrences and not new independent tumours. Mortality was almost exclusively attributable to causes other than carcinoma of the larynx.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the larynx. IV. Recurrences more than 5 years after primary treatment. The annual frequency of recurrences appearing during the 5th to 10th year of observation was a little more than 1 per cent a year. A formula is described for calculating this frequency. Apart from one case all 12 late recurrences were ordinary recurrences and not new independent tumours. Mortality was almost exclusively attributable to causes other than carcinoma of the larynx.", "PMID": 1166812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1393", "title": "Cell kinetic approach to optimising dose distribution in radiation therapy.", "content": "A simple tumour-cell radiation-response model was coupled to a dose-calculation routine and applied to a clinical situation in radiation therapy. The dose distributions resulting from various settings of two radiation fields, as well as the tumour response under various assumptions regarding sensitivity and distribution of tumour cells, were calculated automatically. The probability of zero surviving tumour cells after 30 fractions was taken as a measure of goodness of the dose distributions and was found to vary rather smoothly over the parameter intervals considered. For some parameters a distinct optimum was found, rather insensitive to different assumptions regarding cell response. A tolerance factor for healthy tissue, based on a dose-volume relationship, was also considered. It is concluded that a cell kinetic approach to automatic optimisation of field parameters in external radiation therapy might be realistic both from computional and economic points of view.", "contents": "Cell kinetic approach to optimising dose distribution in radiation therapy. A simple tumour-cell radiation-response model was coupled to a dose-calculation routine and applied to a clinical situation in radiation therapy. The dose distributions resulting from various settings of two radiation fields, as well as the tumour response under various assumptions regarding sensitivity and distribution of tumour cells, were calculated automatically. The probability of zero surviving tumour cells after 30 fractions was taken as a measure of goodness of the dose distributions and was found to vary rather smoothly over the parameter intervals considered. For some parameters a distinct optimum was found, rather insensitive to different assumptions regarding cell response. A tolerance factor for healthy tissue, based on a dose-volume relationship, was also considered. It is concluded that a cell kinetic approach to automatic optimisation of field parameters in external radiation therapy might be realistic both from computional and economic points of view.", "PMID": 1166813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1394", "title": "Objective symmetry detector method for gammaencephalography. I. Physical characteristics.", "content": "A symmetry detector method for gammanecephalography is described. It is based on two detectors, collimated by square tubes with large apertures. Increase ratios and side difference ratios should be used as evaluation parameters in clinical applications and are therefore analysed theoretically and experimentally from measurements on a phantom system. The effect of energy discrimination is analyzed and found to be small over a wide range of the lower discrimination level setting. The chosen performance of the measuring routine used made errors caused by the electronic devices negligible in relation to the loss of precision occurring from counting statistics.", "contents": "Objective symmetry detector method for gammaencephalography. I. Physical characteristics. A symmetry detector method for gammanecephalography is described. It is based on two detectors, collimated by square tubes with large apertures. Increase ratios and side difference ratios should be used as evaluation parameters in clinical applications and are therefore analysed theoretically and experimentally from measurements on a phantom system. The effect of energy discrimination is analyzed and found to be small over a wide range of the lower discrimination level setting. The chosen performance of the measuring routine used made errors caused by the electronic devices negligible in relation to the loss of precision occurring from counting statistics.", "PMID": 1166814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1395", "title": "Phenformin and ethyloestrenol in recurrent venous thrombosis.", "content": "Altogether 75 patients, 60 of whom had recurrent idiopathic deep venous thrombosis, 10 recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis and 5 retinal venous thrombosis, were given a combination of 100 mg phenformin and 8 mg ethyloestrenol a day for periods varying between 3 and 48 months (mean 16.2). Initially, all the patients had an abnormally low plasminogen activator content in the walls of superficial veins and/or a decreased capacity to release plasminogen activator from the vein walls on venous occlusion of the arms. The combination elicited a significant increase in the spontaneous fibrinolytic activity and in the local fibrinolytic activity during standardized venous occlusion of the arms (assayed on fibrin plates) after treatment for 3 months (p less than 0.001). These activities then remained normal throughout the observation period. In 65 of the 75 patients studied, the plasminogen activator level in the vein wall (histochemically assayed by the method of Pandolfi) was abnormally low intitially. The level had increased significantly after treatment for 3 months (p less than 0.001). After treatment for 12 months all the patients except 2 were normal. The patients in this material had had 2-20 episodes of venous thrombosis, the most recent 5 years before the institution of treatment, in spite of dicoumarol treatment. During treatment 9 thrombotic episodes occurred; in 5 of these patients the fibrinolytic activity of the vessel wall was not normal at the time of the recurrence. Except in 1 patient, who developed lactic acidosis, the side-effects were not severe.", "contents": "Phenformin and ethyloestrenol in recurrent venous thrombosis. Altogether 75 patients, 60 of whom had recurrent idiopathic deep venous thrombosis, 10 recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis and 5 retinal venous thrombosis, were given a combination of 100 mg phenformin and 8 mg ethyloestrenol a day for periods varying between 3 and 48 months (mean 16.2). Initially, all the patients had an abnormally low plasminogen activator content in the walls of superficial veins and/or a decreased capacity to release plasminogen activator from the vein walls on venous occlusion of the arms. The combination elicited a significant increase in the spontaneous fibrinolytic activity and in the local fibrinolytic activity during standardized venous occlusion of the arms (assayed on fibrin plates) after treatment for 3 months (p less than 0.001). These activities then remained normal throughout the observation period. In 65 of the 75 patients studied, the plasminogen activator level in the vein wall (histochemically assayed by the method of Pandolfi) was abnormally low intitially. The level had increased significantly after treatment for 3 months (p less than 0.001). After treatment for 12 months all the patients except 2 were normal. The patients in this material had had 2-20 episodes of venous thrombosis, the most recent 5 years before the institution of treatment, in spite of dicoumarol treatment. During treatment 9 thrombotic episodes occurred; in 5 of these patients the fibrinolytic activity of the vessel wall was not normal at the time of the recurrence. Except in 1 patient, who developed lactic acidosis, the side-effects were not severe.", "PMID": 1166815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1396", "title": "Effects of medium chain triglycerides on portal and arterial levels of insulin, FFA and glucose in patients with pancreatic disease.", "content": "Trioctanoin has been given orally to six patients with pancreatic disease and the effects on the portal and arterial levels of insulin, free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose have been investigated. The serum levels of insulin and FFA rose significantly in portal blood but not in arterial blood after trioctanoin. The glucose level in portal as well as in arterial blood remained unaffected by the fat ingestion. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of medium chain triglycerides on portal and arterial levels of insulin, FFA and glucose in patients with pancreatic disease. Trioctanoin has been given orally to six patients with pancreatic disease and the effects on the portal and arterial levels of insulin, free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose have been investigated. The serum levels of insulin and FFA rose significantly in portal blood but not in arterial blood after trioctanoin. The glucose level in portal as well as in arterial blood remained unaffected by the fat ingestion. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1166816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1397", "title": "The role of lymphography in the investigation of patients with fever of unknown origin.", "content": "Lymphography has been performed in 21 patients with fever of unknown origin. In 8 of the patients, lymphography was positive, demonstrating retroperitoneal lymphoma. The value of lymphography before planning a laparotomy is stressed.", "contents": "The role of lymphography in the investigation of patients with fever of unknown origin. Lymphography has been performed in 21 patients with fever of unknown origin. In 8 of the patients, lymphography was positive, demonstrating retroperitoneal lymphoma. The value of lymphography before planning a laparotomy is stressed.", "PMID": 1166818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1398", "title": "Hypothyroidism with subacute pseudomyotonia--an early form of Hoffmann's syndrome? Report of a case.", "content": "A 25-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of painful muscle cramps and action myospams of subacute onset and 6 weeks' duration. No myotonia could be demonstrated objectively and his deep tendon reflexes showed no prolongation of the relaxation phase. Serum creatinine was raised but creatinine clearance was normal. Serum levels of aldose, CPK, ASAT and ALAT were increased but ordinary light microscopy revealed no histological signs of muscle disease in a quadriceps biopsy. ECG showed a prolonged PQ interval and flat T waves in the left precordial leads. Laboratory tests of thyroid function revealed intensive hypothyroidism, and high titers of circulating thyroid antibodies were demonstrated. During 2 1/2 months of thyroid therapy, the muscle symptoms gradually disappeared completely and the patient could return to work. By that time the serum enzymes and the ECG had normalized. Despite the lack of objective signs of myotonia, we consider that the very dominant subjective muscle symptoms, severe enough to prevent the patient from performing his ordinary manual work and completely reversible on thyroid therapy, justify the designation of hypothyroid myopathy. The question is raised whether the case represents an early form of Hoffmann's syndrome.", "contents": "Hypothyroidism with subacute pseudomyotonia--an early form of Hoffmann's syndrome? Report of a case. A 25-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of painful muscle cramps and action myospams of subacute onset and 6 weeks' duration. No myotonia could be demonstrated objectively and his deep tendon reflexes showed no prolongation of the relaxation phase. Serum creatinine was raised but creatinine clearance was normal. Serum levels of aldose, CPK, ASAT and ALAT were increased but ordinary light microscopy revealed no histological signs of muscle disease in a quadriceps biopsy. ECG showed a prolonged PQ interval and flat T waves in the left precordial leads. Laboratory tests of thyroid function revealed intensive hypothyroidism, and high titers of circulating thyroid antibodies were demonstrated. During 2 1/2 months of thyroid therapy, the muscle symptoms gradually disappeared completely and the patient could return to work. By that time the serum enzymes and the ECG had normalized. Despite the lack of objective signs of myotonia, we consider that the very dominant subjective muscle symptoms, severe enough to prevent the patient from performing his ordinary manual work and completely reversible on thyroid therapy, justify the designation of hypothyroid myopathy. The question is raised whether the case represents an early form of Hoffmann's syndrome.", "PMID": 1166819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1399", "title": "Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations of Finns and Finnish Lapps. I. Basic data.", "content": "Serum cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) concentrations have been studied in six Finnish population groups in South and East Finland and in one group of Finnish Lapps in North Finland. Altogether 11626 Finns, aged 15 or above and 828 Lapps of all ages were studied. Serum cholesterol and TG concentrations of the Lapp children were higher in the age group 0--4 than in the age groups 5-9 and 10-14. Mean serum cholesterol of girls aged 0-9 was higher than that of the boys. The sex and age dependence of mean lipid values in the adults were in several respect similar to those observed in other industrialized populations. The serum cholesterol mean rose with age to reach a maximum in age group 50-59 in men, in age group 60-69 in women. Among the adults, women had lower cholesterol means than men only in age groups 30-39 and 40-49. The serum TG distribution was markedly skewed, and logarithmic transformation brought it closer to normal. Maximal log(TG) values (greater than 12 hours' fast) were attained by men aged 30-39 and by women aged 60-69. Men had considerably higher TG levels than women in middle-aged groups. Of all the sex and age groups studied, the men aged 30-39 had the most skewed cholesterol frequency distribution. Up to this age variability in men's cholesterol values were also increased, as reflected by an increasing S.D. As to women the cholesterol S.D. increased until the age of 60-69. In all the age groups above 14 years, the variability of TG values was larger in men than in women, but it was not age dependent.", "contents": "Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations of Finns and Finnish Lapps. I. Basic data. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) concentrations have been studied in six Finnish population groups in South and East Finland and in one group of Finnish Lapps in North Finland. Altogether 11626 Finns, aged 15 or above and 828 Lapps of all ages were studied. Serum cholesterol and TG concentrations of the Lapp children were higher in the age group 0--4 than in the age groups 5-9 and 10-14. Mean serum cholesterol of girls aged 0-9 was higher than that of the boys. The sex and age dependence of mean lipid values in the adults were in several respect similar to those observed in other industrialized populations. The serum cholesterol mean rose with age to reach a maximum in age group 50-59 in men, in age group 60-69 in women. Among the adults, women had lower cholesterol means than men only in age groups 30-39 and 40-49. The serum TG distribution was markedly skewed, and logarithmic transformation brought it closer to normal. Maximal log(TG) values (greater than 12 hours' fast) were attained by men aged 30-39 and by women aged 60-69. Men had considerably higher TG levels than women in middle-aged groups. Of all the sex and age groups studied, the men aged 30-39 had the most skewed cholesterol frequency distribution. Up to this age variability in men's cholesterol values were also increased, as reflected by an increasing S.D. As to women the cholesterol S.D. increased until the age of 60-69. In all the age groups above 14 years, the variability of TG values was larger in men than in women, but it was not age dependent.", "PMID": 1166817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1400", "title": "Auscultatory measurement of blood pressure performed by the doctor on duty.", "content": "A review is presented of the measurements of blood pressure on admission of 600 patients to the wards in a department of general medicine. Three doctors each examined 200 patients, distributed over two periods with an interval of one year. Large differences were found between the doctors as regards the distribution of the BPs, particularly the diastolic pressures. On the other hand, no differences were observed in the distributions during the two periods as far as the individual doctors were concerned. Great preference was shown for zero as the terminal digit and also for certain BP values. It is concluded that the observer introduces a considerable subjective factor in measuring the BP by auscultation. Correct performance of this simple procedure requires meticulous instruction.", "contents": "Auscultatory measurement of blood pressure performed by the doctor on duty. A review is presented of the measurements of blood pressure on admission of 600 patients to the wards in a department of general medicine. Three doctors each examined 200 patients, distributed over two periods with an interval of one year. Large differences were found between the doctors as regards the distribution of the BPs, particularly the diastolic pressures. On the other hand, no differences were observed in the distributions during the two periods as far as the individual doctors were concerned. Great preference was shown for zero as the terminal digit and also for certain BP values. It is concluded that the observer introduces a considerable subjective factor in measuring the BP by auscultation. Correct performance of this simple procedure requires meticulous instruction.", "PMID": 1166821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1401", "title": "On the use of renal angiography and intravenous urography in the investigation of renovascular hypertension.", "content": "The value of renal angiography for revealing renovascular changes has been investigated in 126 patients with hypertension, and in 102 of them a comparison was made with i.v. urography. It was concluded that i.v. urography does not reveal renovascular changes and thus the primary investigation should be renal angiography, in some cases followed by urography in the same session.", "contents": "On the use of renal angiography and intravenous urography in the investigation of renovascular hypertension. The value of renal angiography for revealing renovascular changes has been investigated in 126 patients with hypertension, and in 102 of them a comparison was made with i.v. urography. It was concluded that i.v. urography does not reveal renovascular changes and thus the primary investigation should be renal angiography, in some cases followed by urography in the same session.", "PMID": 1166822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1402", "title": "Changes in plasma and extracellular fluid volume during long-term treatment with alpha-methyldopa in 11 thiazide-treated patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "In eleven patients with essential hypertension, plasma volume (T-1824) (PV), extracellular fluid volume (82Br-distribution space) (ECFV), blood pressure (BP) and the ratio plasma to interstitial fluid volume (PV/IF) have been determined three times before treatment, after more than two months of thiazide treatment and after three and six months of combined thiazide-alpha-methyldopa (AMD) therapy. During combined treatment, PV/IF showed a significant increase, whereas PV and ECFV did not change significantly. Compared to values during thiazide therapy, PV and PV/IF increased, whereas ECFV was unchanged. BP was reduced significantly after thiazide treatment and showed a further significant fall when AMD was added. Based on the results and a review of the literature, it is concluded that AMD acts by interfering with the normal sympathetic activity, thereby producing a reduced venomotor tone and increased venous capacity. The concomitant reduced venous return of blood to the heart is suggested to contribute to the antihypertensive effect of AMD by means of a decreased cardiac output.", "contents": "Changes in plasma and extracellular fluid volume during long-term treatment with alpha-methyldopa in 11 thiazide-treated patients with essential hypertension. In eleven patients with essential hypertension, plasma volume (T-1824) (PV), extracellular fluid volume (82Br-distribution space) (ECFV), blood pressure (BP) and the ratio plasma to interstitial fluid volume (PV/IF) have been determined three times before treatment, after more than two months of thiazide treatment and after three and six months of combined thiazide-alpha-methyldopa (AMD) therapy. During combined treatment, PV/IF showed a significant increase, whereas PV and ECFV did not change significantly. Compared to values during thiazide therapy, PV and PV/IF increased, whereas ECFV was unchanged. BP was reduced significantly after thiazide treatment and showed a further significant fall when AMD was added. Based on the results and a review of the literature, it is concluded that AMD acts by interfering with the normal sympathetic activity, thereby producing a reduced venomotor tone and increased venous capacity. The concomitant reduced venous return of blood to the heart is suggested to contribute to the antihypertensive effect of AMD by means of a decreased cardiac output.", "PMID": 1166823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1403", "title": "Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations of Finns and Finnish Lapps. II. Interpopulation comparisons and occurrence of hyperlipidemia.", "content": "Only small differences in serum cholesterol means and somewhat larger, but still modest differences in log(TG) means were observed, when seven Finnish population groups were compared. Semiurban and industrial groups had the highest triglyceride levels. Cholesterol levels tended to be lower in South Finland than in East or North Finland and lowest in semiurban population groups. Between 15-59 years of age, rural Finns of both sexes had higher and after this age lower cholesterol means than the Finns in the other population groups. The highest cholesterol levels below the age of 60 were observed in a rural population group in East Finland. The Finnish Lapps and the rural Finns had nearly identical serum lipid levels in spite of the differences in genetic background and way of life. The serum lipid concentration means were quite similar to those reported from the other Nordic countries, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The differences between the populations of the Nordic countries are no larger than those observed between the Finnish population groups. However, no population in Scandinavia or elsewhere can confidently be said to have higher serum lipid levels than the Finns. The similarity of the lipid levels observed in different areas in Finland and in the larger Nordic area is remarkable in view of the large differences in the incidence of coronary heart disease and in mortality rates. It is conceivable that part of the variations in disease rates is attributable to differences in the prevalence of hyperlipidemias, although the present study does not prove this hypothesis. Such differences could occur in spite of similarities in the lipid concentration means. Prevalences of hyperlipidemias in Finland are given.", "contents": "Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations of Finns and Finnish Lapps. II. Interpopulation comparisons and occurrence of hyperlipidemia. Only small differences in serum cholesterol means and somewhat larger, but still modest differences in log(TG) means were observed, when seven Finnish population groups were compared. Semiurban and industrial groups had the highest triglyceride levels. Cholesterol levels tended to be lower in South Finland than in East or North Finland and lowest in semiurban population groups. Between 15-59 years of age, rural Finns of both sexes had higher and after this age lower cholesterol means than the Finns in the other population groups. The highest cholesterol levels below the age of 60 were observed in a rural population group in East Finland. The Finnish Lapps and the rural Finns had nearly identical serum lipid levels in spite of the differences in genetic background and way of life. The serum lipid concentration means were quite similar to those reported from the other Nordic countries, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The differences between the populations of the Nordic countries are no larger than those observed between the Finnish population groups. However, no population in Scandinavia or elsewhere can confidently be said to have higher serum lipid levels than the Finns. The similarity of the lipid levels observed in different areas in Finland and in the larger Nordic area is remarkable in view of the large differences in the incidence of coronary heart disease and in mortality rates. It is conceivable that part of the variations in disease rates is attributable to differences in the prevalence of hyperlipidemias, although the present study does not prove this hypothesis. Such differences could occur in spite of similarities in the lipid concentration means. Prevalences of hyperlipidemias in Finland are given.", "PMID": 1166820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1404", "title": "A trial of a new adrenergic beta-receptor blocker, ICI 66.082, in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "From a survey of 1250 males, 40-60 years of age, 25 mildly to moderately hypertensive patients have been offered treatment with the new beta-blocker ICI 66.082. Before and during the trial, data were obtained on resting BP and pulse rate, BP, pulse rate and ECGs during near maximal exercise, and various ventilatory function tests. In 15 patients, satisfactory BP control was obtained with ICI 66.082 alone, 25-100 mg twice daily. In 5 patients, the addition of hydralazine or a diuretic was necessary for satisfactory response. In 2 patients satisfactory control was not achieved and 3 patients were excluded for various reasons. Although BP and maximal pulse rate fell markedly during exercise, the total work capacity was not significantly reduced. No deleterious effect on ventilatory function was noted.", "contents": "A trial of a new adrenergic beta-receptor blocker, ICI 66.082, in the treatment of hypertension. From a survey of 1250 males, 40-60 years of age, 25 mildly to moderately hypertensive patients have been offered treatment with the new beta-blocker ICI 66.082. Before and during the trial, data were obtained on resting BP and pulse rate, BP, pulse rate and ECGs during near maximal exercise, and various ventilatory function tests. In 15 patients, satisfactory BP control was obtained with ICI 66.082 alone, 25-100 mg twice daily. In 5 patients, the addition of hydralazine or a diuretic was necessary for satisfactory response. In 2 patients satisfactory control was not achieved and 3 patients were excluded for various reasons. Although BP and maximal pulse rate fell markedly during exercise, the total work capacity was not significantly reduced. No deleterious effect on ventilatory function was noted.", "PMID": 1166824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1405", "title": "Production of auxins by bacteria isolated from the roots of pine seedlings (Pinus silvestris L.).", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative studies were carried out on the production of auxins by Coryneform bacteria, the only bacterial types isolated from roots of pine seedlings. Almost all isolates were capable of producing auxins in tryptophan containing media. In media without this amino acid only trace or no auxins were produced. Most of the bacteria studied synthesized auxins located on the chromatograms run with isopropanol, ammonia, water (10:1:1 v/v) at Rf 0.3--0.5. Moreover substances with Rf values 0.05--0.2 and 0.8--1.0 were produced by some strains. No plant growth inhibitors detected with the Avena coleoptiles biotest were produced by the bacteria studied.", "contents": "Production of auxins by bacteria isolated from the roots of pine seedlings (Pinus silvestris L.). Qualitative and quantitative studies were carried out on the production of auxins by Coryneform bacteria, the only bacterial types isolated from roots of pine seedlings. Almost all isolates were capable of producing auxins in tryptophan containing media. In media without this amino acid only trace or no auxins were produced. Most of the bacteria studied synthesized auxins located on the chromatograms run with isopropanol, ammonia, water (10:1:1 v/v) at Rf 0.3--0.5. Moreover substances with Rf values 0.05--0.2 and 0.8--1.0 were produced by some strains. No plant growth inhibitors detected with the Avena coleoptiles biotest were produced by the bacteria studied.", "PMID": 1166831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1406", "title": "Prospective study among male employees in industry. I. Prevalence of hyperlipoproteinemia.", "content": "In a primary prevention study performed in an industrial preventive health center in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden, 676 male employees, aged 40-67 years, have been screened for the presence of elevated serum lipid/lipoprotein values, and the estimated prevalence of hyperlipoproteinemia (according to the cut points) was 25.8%. The hyperlipoproteinemias were distributed among the three major types, II A, II B and IV, as 12.8, 1.9 and 11.1%, respectively. The incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) (n = 13), pathologic ECG at rest (n = 42), elevated systolic or diastolic BP, and overweight were compared between 128 males with hyperlipoproteinemia and 100 matched normolipidemic controls from the same population. Hyperlipoproteinemia type IV was most common in males aged 50 (48-52) years. In type IV the mean systolic BP was higher (p less than 0.05) than in the controls and overweight was more frequent, particularly in males aged 50 (p less than 0.05). There were, however, no statistically significant correlations among the variables, serum lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides), BP (systolic or diastolic) and body weight (expressed in relation to height) in type IV. CHD (p less than 0.01) were more common among males with hyperlipoproteinemia than in the controls. The data from the present and earlier studies suggest that hyperlipoproteinemia should be looked for in particular among males aged 50, among males with elevated systolic BP and/or overweight, as well as among males already presenting signs or symptoms of CHD or a pathologic ECG.", "contents": "Prospective study among male employees in industry. I. Prevalence of hyperlipoproteinemia. In a primary prevention study performed in an industrial preventive health center in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden, 676 male employees, aged 40-67 years, have been screened for the presence of elevated serum lipid/lipoprotein values, and the estimated prevalence of hyperlipoproteinemia (according to the cut points) was 25.8%. The hyperlipoproteinemias were distributed among the three major types, II A, II B and IV, as 12.8, 1.9 and 11.1%, respectively. The incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) (n = 13), pathologic ECG at rest (n = 42), elevated systolic or diastolic BP, and overweight were compared between 128 males with hyperlipoproteinemia and 100 matched normolipidemic controls from the same population. Hyperlipoproteinemia type IV was most common in males aged 50 (48-52) years. In type IV the mean systolic BP was higher (p less than 0.05) than in the controls and overweight was more frequent, particularly in males aged 50 (p less than 0.05). There were, however, no statistically significant correlations among the variables, serum lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides), BP (systolic or diastolic) and body weight (expressed in relation to height) in type IV. CHD (p less than 0.01) were more common among males with hyperlipoproteinemia than in the controls. The data from the present and earlier studies suggest that hyperlipoproteinemia should be looked for in particular among males aged 50, among males with elevated systolic BP and/or overweight, as well as among males already presenting signs or symptoms of CHD or a pathologic ECG.", "PMID": 1166825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1407", "title": "Induction of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia after atropine. Report of five cases.", "content": "After intravenous administration of 0.5 mg of atropine sustained atrioventricular (A-V) nodal reentrant tachycardia could be produced in five patients who had no prior historical or electrocardiographic evidence of supraventricular tachycardia. During the control period single atrial echo beats could be demonstrated in four of the five patients, but no instance of sustained tachycardia occurred. Atropine, known to enhance A-V nodal conduction, allowed achievement of longer A-H intervals (Case 1) and provided the necessary balance of conduction and refractoriness within the A-V nodal reentrant pathways (Cases 1 to 5) to sustain A-V nodal reentry in these patients.", "contents": "Induction of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia after atropine. Report of five cases. After intravenous administration of 0.5 mg of atropine sustained atrioventricular (A-V) nodal reentrant tachycardia could be produced in five patients who had no prior historical or electrocardiographic evidence of supraventricular tachycardia. During the control period single atrial echo beats could be demonstrated in four of the five patients, but no instance of sustained tachycardia occurred. Atropine, known to enhance A-V nodal conduction, allowed achievement of longer A-H intervals (Case 1) and provided the necessary balance of conduction and refractoriness within the A-V nodal reentrant pathways (Cases 1 to 5) to sustain A-V nodal reentry in these patients.", "PMID": 1166832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1408", "title": "Progression of coronary artery disease in patients with stable angina pectoris. Arteriographic, ventriculographic and other correlation studies.", "content": "Left ventriculography and selective coronary angiography with determination of resting left ventricular end-diastolic pressures and ejection fraction have been carried out twice on 25 patients with stable angina pectoris. The interval between the two angiographic studies varied between 7 and 16 months (mean 12.3). Progression of obstruction amounting to occlusion was found in 4 of 73 arteries studied (5%). No new lesions occurred. Resting end-diastolic pressures before and after ventriculography did not change during the observation period. Values for ejection fraction were also unchanged, but there was a tendency for them to decrease in patients in whom this parameter had been abnormal at the first catheterization.", "contents": "Progression of coronary artery disease in patients with stable angina pectoris. Arteriographic, ventriculographic and other correlation studies. Left ventriculography and selective coronary angiography with determination of resting left ventricular end-diastolic pressures and ejection fraction have been carried out twice on 25 patients with stable angina pectoris. The interval between the two angiographic studies varied between 7 and 16 months (mean 12.3). Progression of obstruction amounting to occlusion was found in 4 of 73 arteries studied (5%). No new lesions occurred. Resting end-diastolic pressures before and after ventriculography did not change during the observation period. Values for ejection fraction were also unchanged, but there was a tendency for them to decrease in patients in whom this parameter had been abnormal at the first catheterization.", "PMID": 1166826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1409", "title": "Quantitative study of the supernormal phase of ventricular excitability in man.", "content": "The supernormal phase of excitability of the human heart was studied by means of fixed rate endocardial pacing in 11 patients with acute and chronic bradyarrhythmias. Ten of the eleven patients manifested a supernormal phase. The duration of the phase increased with increasing intensity of subthreshold stimuli and ranged from 91 to 148 percent of the Q-T interval. Subthreshold stimuli of a wide range of intensity could elicit a full response. Two types of supernormal phase, early and late in relation to the cardiac cycle, were observed. The latter was attributed to the summation of subthreshold stimuli with either spontaneous phase 4 depolarization of a ventricular ectopic pacemaker or atrial depolarization potentials. Its possible connection with Wedensky facillitation was suggested. The ventricle was less excitable after an ectopic beat than after a normally conducted beat.", "contents": "Quantitative study of the supernormal phase of ventricular excitability in man. The supernormal phase of excitability of the human heart was studied by means of fixed rate endocardial pacing in 11 patients with acute and chronic bradyarrhythmias. Ten of the eleven patients manifested a supernormal phase. The duration of the phase increased with increasing intensity of subthreshold stimuli and ranged from 91 to 148 percent of the Q-T interval. Subthreshold stimuli of a wide range of intensity could elicit a full response. Two types of supernormal phase, early and late in relation to the cardiac cycle, were observed. The latter was attributed to the summation of subthreshold stimuli with either spontaneous phase 4 depolarization of a ventricular ectopic pacemaker or atrial depolarization potentials. Its possible connection with Wedensky facillitation was suggested. The ventricle was less excitable after an ectopic beat than after a normally conducted beat.", "PMID": 1166833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1410", "title": "Long-term treatment with methenamine hippurate in recurrent urinary tract infection.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with a history of recurrent urinary tract infection and in whom residual urine was considered to be a factor of importance for chronicity, have been treated for an average of 16 months with 1 g methenamine hippurate morning and evening. No patient had urinary calculus at the commencement of treatment and neither did any patient have an indwelling catheter. In patients without urinary tract infection or in whom abacteriuria was achieved with methenamine hippurate, the number of reinfections was reduced by approximately two thirds compared to periods prior to treatment. No patient was completely free from infection throughout the whole treatment period. However, in no case did bacteria with extensive resistance appear. When urinary tract infection was treated with methenamine hippurate, abacteriuria was achieved in only 6 of 14 patients. It would therefore seem that this agent is only of limited value for treatment of established infection. In the event of manifest infection it would appear appropriate to treat the infection primarily with antibiotics and to use methenamine hippurate for prophylaxis when abacteriuria has been achieved. No patient developed urinary calculus during treatment with methenamine hippurate and no deterioration of renal function or haematological change was observed.", "contents": "Long-term treatment with methenamine hippurate in recurrent urinary tract infection. Twenty-four patients with a history of recurrent urinary tract infection and in whom residual urine was considered to be a factor of importance for chronicity, have been treated for an average of 16 months with 1 g methenamine hippurate morning and evening. No patient had urinary calculus at the commencement of treatment and neither did any patient have an indwelling catheter. In patients without urinary tract infection or in whom abacteriuria was achieved with methenamine hippurate, the number of reinfections was reduced by approximately two thirds compared to periods prior to treatment. No patient was completely free from infection throughout the whole treatment period. However, in no case did bacteria with extensive resistance appear. When urinary tract infection was treated with methenamine hippurate, abacteriuria was achieved in only 6 of 14 patients. It would therefore seem that this agent is only of limited value for treatment of established infection. In the event of manifest infection it would appear appropriate to treat the infection primarily with antibiotics and to use methenamine hippurate for prophylaxis when abacteriuria has been achieved. No patient developed urinary calculus during treatment with methenamine hippurate and no deterioration of renal function or haematological change was observed.", "PMID": 1166827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1411", "title": "Myxoedema coma.", "content": "Myxoedema coma is a medical emergency, which must be treated immediately. Otherwise the mortality is high. It is important to administer L-triiodothyronine and corticosteroids early. If hypoventilation occurs, artificial respiration may be necessary. In the two cases of described here the outcome was successful, probably owing to quick substitution. The causes of myxoedema and the symptomatology are discussed.", "contents": "Myxoedema coma. Myxoedema coma is a medical emergency, which must be treated immediately. Otherwise the mortality is high. It is important to administer L-triiodothyronine and corticosteroids early. If hypoventilation occurs, artificial respiration may be necessary. In the two cases of described here the outcome was successful, probably owing to quick substitution. The causes of myxoedema and the symptomatology are discussed.", "PMID": 1166828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1412", "title": "Hereditary progressive atrioventricular conduction defect.", "content": "New data on genetics, including an extensive pedigree and certain aspects of natural history, have been compiled on Family S, which is characterized by a hereditary progressive atrioventricular (A-V) conduction defect. Concordance analysis of heart block in affected parents and their offspring suggests as a working hypothesis transmission of diathesis for the defect by means of a Mendelian autosomal dominant factor. Regression of the defect in several relatives, including reversion from first degree heart block to normal A-V conduction, defies explanation at this time. However, rapport established with the unusually large (1,067 members) and cooperative kindred will permit longitudinal evaluation of these findings.", "contents": "Hereditary progressive atrioventricular conduction defect. New data on genetics, including an extensive pedigree and certain aspects of natural history, have been compiled on Family S, which is characterized by a hereditary progressive atrioventricular (A-V) conduction defect. Concordance analysis of heart block in affected parents and their offspring suggests as a working hypothesis transmission of diathesis for the defect by means of a Mendelian autosomal dominant factor. Regression of the defect in several relatives, including reversion from first degree heart block to normal A-V conduction, defies explanation at this time. However, rapport established with the unusually large (1,067 members) and cooperative kindred will permit longitudinal evaluation of these findings.", "PMID": 1166834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1413", "title": "The degree of bone mineralization in chronic renal failure estimated from phosphorus/hydroxyproline ratio in bone biopsies.", "content": "The degree of bone mineralization is the proportion between the contents of mineral and collagen in bone. As phosphorus (P) and hydroxyproline (Hypro) constitute a constant fraction of bone mineral and collagen, respectively, the P/Hypro ratio in bone tissue provides an estimate of the degree of mineralization. The P/Hydro ratio has been studied in bone biopsies from 42 patients with severe chronic renal failure. A few of them had a subnormal P/Hypro ratio and these patients corresponded to the diagnosis of classical osteomalacia or probably hyperparathyroidism. However, the mean bone P/Hypro ratio was significantly higher than normal, indicating a general tendency towards a higher degree of bone mineralization in patients with chronic renal failure.", "contents": "The degree of bone mineralization in chronic renal failure estimated from phosphorus/hydroxyproline ratio in bone biopsies. The degree of bone mineralization is the proportion between the contents of mineral and collagen in bone. As phosphorus (P) and hydroxyproline (Hypro) constitute a constant fraction of bone mineral and collagen, respectively, the P/Hypro ratio in bone tissue provides an estimate of the degree of mineralization. The P/Hydro ratio has been studied in bone biopsies from 42 patients with severe chronic renal failure. A few of them had a subnormal P/Hypro ratio and these patients corresponded to the diagnosis of classical osteomalacia or probably hyperparathyroidism. However, the mean bone P/Hypro ratio was significantly higher than normal, indicating a general tendency towards a higher degree of bone mineralization in patients with chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 1166829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1414", "title": "Abnormalities of left ventricular function and geometry in adults with an atrial septal defect. Ventriculographic, hemodynamic and echocardiographic studies.", "content": "Left ventricular function and motion in 12 adults with an ostium secundum atrial septal defect were analyzed utilizing biplane cineangiography. Values for left ventricular end-diastolic volume index, stroke volume index, ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening were compared with values in an age-matched group of 11 normal subjects. Comparisons of ventriculographic and echocardiographic data were also made in 5 patients and 10 control subjects. Cardiac index was smaller in patients than in the normal subjects (3.6 vs. 4.5 liters/min per m2, P less than 0.01). Although left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was similar (8 mm Hg in both groups), the end-diastolic volume index was significantly smaller in patients than in normal subjects (56 vs. 76 ml/m2, P less than 0.05). Stroke volume index was also significantly smaller in patients (40 vs. 52 ml/m2, P less than 0.01). The two groups had similar values for ejection fraction (65 +/- 2 percent [standard error of the mean] in patients vs. 68 +/- 2 percent in normal subjects), circumferential fiber shortening velocity (1.67 +/- 0.13 vs. 1.81 +/- 0.15 circumferences/sec.), heart rate (91 +/- 7 vs. 90 +/- 5 beats/min) and mean systemic arterial pressure (92 +/- 5 vs. 87 +/- 3 mm Hg). Early systolic bulging of the upper ventricular septum toward the right ventricle was seen in 10 of 12 patients with an atrial septal defect but in no normal subject. Echocardiographic data supported these findings. No other abnormalities of motion were consistently noted. It is concluded that the left ventricle of patients with an atrial septal defect is subnormal in volume and abnormal in sequence of contraction of the septum and is characterized by apparent decreased distensibility.", "contents": "Abnormalities of left ventricular function and geometry in adults with an atrial septal defect. Ventriculographic, hemodynamic and echocardiographic studies. Left ventricular function and motion in 12 adults with an ostium secundum atrial septal defect were analyzed utilizing biplane cineangiography. Values for left ventricular end-diastolic volume index, stroke volume index, ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening were compared with values in an age-matched group of 11 normal subjects. Comparisons of ventriculographic and echocardiographic data were also made in 5 patients and 10 control subjects. Cardiac index was smaller in patients than in the normal subjects (3.6 vs. 4.5 liters/min per m2, P less than 0.01). Although left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was similar (8 mm Hg in both groups), the end-diastolic volume index was significantly smaller in patients than in normal subjects (56 vs. 76 ml/m2, P less than 0.05). Stroke volume index was also significantly smaller in patients (40 vs. 52 ml/m2, P less than 0.01). The two groups had similar values for ejection fraction (65 +/- 2 percent [standard error of the mean] in patients vs. 68 +/- 2 percent in normal subjects), circumferential fiber shortening velocity (1.67 +/- 0.13 vs. 1.81 +/- 0.15 circumferences/sec.), heart rate (91 +/- 7 vs. 90 +/- 5 beats/min) and mean systemic arterial pressure (92 +/- 5 vs. 87 +/- 3 mm Hg). Early systolic bulging of the upper ventricular septum toward the right ventricle was seen in 10 of 12 patients with an atrial septal defect but in no normal subject. Echocardiographic data supported these findings. No other abnormalities of motion were consistently noted. It is concluded that the left ventricle of patients with an atrial septal defect is subnormal in volume and abnormal in sequence of contraction of the septum and is characterized by apparent decreased distensibility.", "PMID": 1166835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1415", "title": "Phasic left ventricular blood velocity alternans in man.", "content": "With the use of the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter catheter, phasic instantaneous left ventricular blood flow velocity was measured by radiotelemetry in 28 subjects during pacemaker-evoked pulsus alternans. Blood velocity alternation was more manifest at faster pacing rates. Four patients demonstrated diastolic blood velocity alternans at the mitral valve. Discordant right heart pressure and left ventricular blood velocity alternation was recorded in three subjects. In one such patient, rate-related shifts of concordant and discordant left ventricular blood velocity alternans occurred. Intermediate or variant forms of alternation, comprising weak and strong beats in a ratio of 2:1, were noted in two subjects. This study provides the first comprehensive description of left ventricular blood velocity alternans in man. The observed phenomena may be related to an altered inotropic state or to beat to beat variations in end-diastolic fiber length.", "contents": "Phasic left ventricular blood velocity alternans in man. With the use of the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter catheter, phasic instantaneous left ventricular blood flow velocity was measured by radiotelemetry in 28 subjects during pacemaker-evoked pulsus alternans. Blood velocity alternation was more manifest at faster pacing rates. Four patients demonstrated diastolic blood velocity alternans at the mitral valve. Discordant right heart pressure and left ventricular blood velocity alternation was recorded in three subjects. In one such patient, rate-related shifts of concordant and discordant left ventricular blood velocity alternans occurred. Intermediate or variant forms of alternation, comprising weak and strong beats in a ratio of 2:1, were noted in two subjects. This study provides the first comprehensive description of left ventricular blood velocity alternans in man. The observed phenomena may be related to an altered inotropic state or to beat to beat variations in end-diastolic fiber length.", "PMID": 1166836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1416", "title": "Iron metabolism in porphyria cutanea tarda.", "content": "The iron metabolism has been studied in 11 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. Despite significantly increased amounts of iron in the serum and liver, the porphyria patients absorb not less but significantly more radioiron than normal controls. Whereas phlebotomy-induced iron deficiency stimulates the absorption in controls, no further stimulation is found in the porphyria patients. The plasma iron turnover is high in the porphyria patients, and some of this iron is probably deposited in the liver. The relationship between the high iron absorption, high plasma iron turnover, high liver iron, liver damage and uroporphyrin production in the liver is discussed. It is suggested that two concurrent genetic defects may cause porphyria cutanea tarda, one in iron absorption and one in porphyrin synthesis by damaged liver cells. The absorption of inorganic iron was higher than that of hemaglobin iron. The possible damage which fortification with inorganic iron could cause to the very small group of porphyria patients is discussed.", "contents": "Iron metabolism in porphyria cutanea tarda. The iron metabolism has been studied in 11 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. Despite significantly increased amounts of iron in the serum and liver, the porphyria patients absorb not less but significantly more radioiron than normal controls. Whereas phlebotomy-induced iron deficiency stimulates the absorption in controls, no further stimulation is found in the porphyria patients. The plasma iron turnover is high in the porphyria patients, and some of this iron is probably deposited in the liver. The relationship between the high iron absorption, high plasma iron turnover, high liver iron, liver damage and uroporphyrin production in the liver is discussed. It is suggested that two concurrent genetic defects may cause porphyria cutanea tarda, one in iron absorption and one in porphyrin synthesis by damaged liver cells. The absorption of inorganic iron was higher than that of hemaglobin iron. The possible damage which fortification with inorganic iron could cause to the very small group of porphyria patients is discussed.", "PMID": 1166830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1417", "title": "Clinical applications of the threshold tracking pacemaker.", "content": "The concept of automatic threshold tracking is the most recent adaptation of artificial cardiac pacemakers to physiologic needs. Earlier pacemaker innovations were primarily in the area of timing of impulse delivery, whereas more recent changes have focused on alteration of the amplitude and duration of the pacemaker stimulus. Matching of this stimulus to the cardiac excitation threshold is important because a stimulus greater than necessary is wasteful of battery energy and may produce arrhythmias, whereas a stimulus of less than threshold intensity fails to pace the heart. Because of the wide range of clinically encountered threshold levels it is impossible to design a fixed output pacer that is efficient and safe for all patients at all times. The threshold tracking pacemaker searches for and finds the threshold level, and adjusts its stimulus to just above this level. The device ensures an adequate safety margin of stimulation, but reduces the stimulus level to the lowest safe level possible. It is fully automatic, adjusts immediately to any threshold changes and is not dependent on manual alteration.", "contents": "Clinical applications of the threshold tracking pacemaker. The concept of automatic threshold tracking is the most recent adaptation of artificial cardiac pacemakers to physiologic needs. Earlier pacemaker innovations were primarily in the area of timing of impulse delivery, whereas more recent changes have focused on alteration of the amplitude and duration of the pacemaker stimulus. Matching of this stimulus to the cardiac excitation threshold is important because a stimulus greater than necessary is wasteful of battery energy and may produce arrhythmias, whereas a stimulus of less than threshold intensity fails to pace the heart. Because of the wide range of clinically encountered threshold levels it is impossible to design a fixed output pacer that is efficient and safe for all patients at all times. The threshold tracking pacemaker searches for and finds the threshold level, and adjusts its stimulus to just above this level. The device ensures an adequate safety margin of stimulation, but reduces the stimulus level to the lowest safe level possible. It is fully automatic, adjusts immediately to any threshold changes and is not dependent on manual alteration.", "PMID": 1166837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1418", "title": "Surgical experience in patients with Marfan's syndrome, ascending aortic aneurysm and aortic regurgitation.", "content": "Surgical treatment of cardiovascular complications in patients with Marfan's syndrome is usually recommended with apprehension since the systemic nature of the disease predisposes to early and late complications. To define the incidence of these complications, 30 patients were evaluated after surgical treatment of aortic insufficiency and ascending aortic aneurysm at the Texas Heart Institute. To provide a minimal follow-up period of 5 years, only patients operated upon during of before 1968 were included in this series. There were 9 female and 21 male patients aged 4 to 80 years (mean 44 years). Aortic insufficiency was treated by valvuloplasty in 3 patients and by aortic valve replacement in 27. Graft replacement of the ascending aorta was required in 23 patients, and the aneurysm was excised and the aorta repaired by direct anastomosis in 7. Two patients were lost to follow-up study; 12 of the remaining 28 (42.8 percent) lived 5 years or more. The hospital mortality rate was 20 percent (6 of 30); the causes of death included dissection or rupture of the aorta in three patients, congestive heart failure in two and pulmonary embolism in one. The 24 survivors lived from 5 weeks to 9 years. Follow-up data were available on 22 of these patients. Ten of these (45.4 percent) died of late complications. Seven died suddenly, four of these had redissection, one patient had occlusion of the right coronary artery, and two had ventricular fibrillation of no apparent cause. The remaining three died of noncardiac causes. Although the risk of ascending aortic and aortic valve surgery in patients with Marfan's syndrome is high, 42.8 percent of the patients in our series survived 5 years or more. We believe that surgery should be recommended for patients with Marfan's disease who have dissection of the aorta or severe aortic regurgitation, or both.", "contents": "Surgical experience in patients with Marfan's syndrome, ascending aortic aneurysm and aortic regurgitation. Surgical treatment of cardiovascular complications in patients with Marfan's syndrome is usually recommended with apprehension since the systemic nature of the disease predisposes to early and late complications. To define the incidence of these complications, 30 patients were evaluated after surgical treatment of aortic insufficiency and ascending aortic aneurysm at the Texas Heart Institute. To provide a minimal follow-up period of 5 years, only patients operated upon during of before 1968 were included in this series. There were 9 female and 21 male patients aged 4 to 80 years (mean 44 years). Aortic insufficiency was treated by valvuloplasty in 3 patients and by aortic valve replacement in 27. Graft replacement of the ascending aorta was required in 23 patients, and the aneurysm was excised and the aorta repaired by direct anastomosis in 7. Two patients were lost to follow-up study; 12 of the remaining 28 (42.8 percent) lived 5 years or more. The hospital mortality rate was 20 percent (6 of 30); the causes of death included dissection or rupture of the aorta in three patients, congestive heart failure in two and pulmonary embolism in one. The 24 survivors lived from 5 weeks to 9 years. Follow-up data were available on 22 of these patients. Ten of these (45.4 percent) died of late complications. Seven died suddenly, four of these had redissection, one patient had occlusion of the right coronary artery, and two had ventricular fibrillation of no apparent cause. The remaining three died of noncardiac causes. Although the risk of ascending aortic and aortic valve surgery in patients with Marfan's syndrome is high, 42.8 percent of the patients in our series survived 5 years or more. We believe that surgery should be recommended for patients with Marfan's disease who have dissection of the aorta or severe aortic regurgitation, or both.", "PMID": 1166838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1419", "title": "Echocardiographic findings of ventricular septal rupture in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Echocardiograms were recorded both before and after the clinical appearance of an autopsy-confirmed interventricular septal rupture in a patient with an acute myocardial infarction. The major findings were related to the upper portion of the interventricular septum. Before rupture, this portion of the septum was relatively akinetic with a slight anterior motion during systole, whereas after rupture there was a marked increase in the amplitude of septal motion with abrupt posterior motion occurring with the onset of ventricular diastole.", "contents": "Echocardiographic findings of ventricular septal rupture in acute myocardial infarction. Echocardiograms were recorded both before and after the clinical appearance of an autopsy-confirmed interventricular septal rupture in a patient with an acute myocardial infarction. The major findings were related to the upper portion of the interventricular septum. Before rupture, this portion of the septum was relatively akinetic with a slight anterior motion during systole, whereas after rupture there was a marked increase in the amplitude of septal motion with abrupt posterior motion occurring with the onset of ventricular diastole.", "PMID": 1166839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1420", "title": "Echocardiographic findings in Uhl's anomaly. Demonstration of diastolic pulmonary valve opening.", "content": "The echocardiographic findings in a case of Uhl's anomaly, or congenital hypoplasia of the right ventricular myocardium, are reported. Diastolic opening of the pulmonary valve is described. Comparison is made with echocardiograms in Ebstein's disease of the tricuspid valve, and it is suggested that echocardiography can help in differentiating these two entities. In addition to the pulmonary valve finding, increased right ventricular dimension, delayed tricuspid closure and abnormality (prolapse) of the mitral valve were noted. The echocardiographic findings are compared with cardiac catheterization data.", "contents": "Echocardiographic findings in Uhl's anomaly. Demonstration of diastolic pulmonary valve opening. The echocardiographic findings in a case of Uhl's anomaly, or congenital hypoplasia of the right ventricular myocardium, are reported. Diastolic opening of the pulmonary valve is described. Comparison is made with echocardiograms in Ebstein's disease of the tricuspid valve, and it is suggested that echocardiography can help in differentiating these two entities. In addition to the pulmonary valve finding, increased right ventricular dimension, delayed tricuspid closure and abnormality (prolapse) of the mitral valve were noted. The echocardiographic findings are compared with cardiac catheterization data.", "PMID": 1166840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1421", "title": "Revascularization after 3 hours of coronary arterial occlusion: effects on regional cardiac metabolic function and infarct size.", "content": "Two experimental series of closed chest dogs were compared: Group A (five dogs with 7 days of continuous occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery); and Group B (six dogs with 7 days of reperfusion after 3 hours of acute occlusion of the same artery). Hemodynamic measurements, ventricular wall motion, coronary sinus blood flow and regional metabolism in both coronary occluded and nonoccluded segments of the left ventricle were measured sequentially. The infarct size was characterized by detailed histopathologic analysis. In the control dogs (Group A), mechanical and metabolic function remained severely depressed after 7 days of occlusion, and mean infarct size was 31.6 percent. In Group B, significant mechanical and metabolic dysfunction developed during 3 hours of occlusion and did not improve during the 1st hour of reperfusion. However, after 7 days of reperfusion, function returned to near preocclusion level. Mean infarct size was 14.2 percent, but in two of the six dogs infarct size was 43 percent and 23 percent, respectively. The study confirmed the unstable character of the early phase of reperfusion, attributed to cell swelling, edema and hemorrhages that resulted in inadequate coronary reflow, arrhythmias and functional derangements. Prolonged reperfusion for 7 days reduced mean infarct size and improved cardiac function.", "contents": "Revascularization after 3 hours of coronary arterial occlusion: effects on regional cardiac metabolic function and infarct size. Two experimental series of closed chest dogs were compared: Group A (five dogs with 7 days of continuous occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery); and Group B (six dogs with 7 days of reperfusion after 3 hours of acute occlusion of the same artery). Hemodynamic measurements, ventricular wall motion, coronary sinus blood flow and regional metabolism in both coronary occluded and nonoccluded segments of the left ventricle were measured sequentially. The infarct size was characterized by detailed histopathologic analysis. In the control dogs (Group A), mechanical and metabolic function remained severely depressed after 7 days of occlusion, and mean infarct size was 31.6 percent. In Group B, significant mechanical and metabolic dysfunction developed during 3 hours of occlusion and did not improve during the 1st hour of reperfusion. However, after 7 days of reperfusion, function returned to near preocclusion level. Mean infarct size was 14.2 percent, but in two of the six dogs infarct size was 43 percent and 23 percent, respectively. The study confirmed the unstable character of the early phase of reperfusion, attributed to cell swelling, edema and hemorrhages that resulted in inadequate coronary reflow, arrhythmias and functional derangements. Prolonged reperfusion for 7 days reduced mean infarct size and improved cardiac function.", "PMID": 1166842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1422", "title": "Consequences of coronary arterial occlusion on remote myocardium: effects of occlusion and reperfusion.", "content": "Focal necrosis (microinfarcts) and regional lactate derangements were observed in closed chest dogs in the nonoccluded (remote) posterior segments of the left and right ventricles after acute occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. Focal infarcts in the remote areas were observed in five of the six dogs with 7 days of occlusion of the left anterior descending artery and in six of seven dogs with 7 days of reperfusion after 3 hours of occlusion. There was a good correlation between the finding of microinfarcts and myocardial lactate derangements in the corresponding remote myocardium. No significant lactate derangements or microinfarcts were found in sham experiments. These findings suggest that ischemia of the remote myocardium frequently accompanies an acute coronary occlusion and may result in irreversible focal lesions.", "contents": "Consequences of coronary arterial occlusion on remote myocardium: effects of occlusion and reperfusion. Focal necrosis (microinfarcts) and regional lactate derangements were observed in closed chest dogs in the nonoccluded (remote) posterior segments of the left and right ventricles after acute occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. Focal infarcts in the remote areas were observed in five of the six dogs with 7 days of occlusion of the left anterior descending artery and in six of seven dogs with 7 days of reperfusion after 3 hours of occlusion. There was a good correlation between the finding of microinfarcts and myocardial lactate derangements in the corresponding remote myocardium. No significant lactate derangements or microinfarcts were found in sham experiments. These findings suggest that ischemia of the remote myocardium frequently accompanies an acute coronary occlusion and may result in irreversible focal lesions.", "PMID": 1166843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1423", "title": "The origin of the follicular capillaries in the human spleen.", "content": "The major arteries which supply the follicular capillaries in the human spleen do not arise as they do in most mammals as lateral or radial branches from the central artery but come from penicillar arteries which penetrate the marginal zone and enter the follicle at various points around its circumference. Such arteries may have a very short course through the red pulp or they may pursue very long courses. Upon entering the follicle, these arteries branch a number of times, the branches remaining together in a tight array of parallel arterioles along with capillaries formed from them, the whole bundle being enveloped by a reticular fiber sheath. There is thus formed an arteriolar-capillary bundle. The whole bundle may branch. From the sides, especially from its central end, arterioles and capillaries radiate out to all parts of the follicle to terminate in the marginal zone or in the follicle itself.", "contents": "The origin of the follicular capillaries in the human spleen. The major arteries which supply the follicular capillaries in the human spleen do not arise as they do in most mammals as lateral or radial branches from the central artery but come from penicillar arteries which penetrate the marginal zone and enter the follicle at various points around its circumference. Such arteries may have a very short course through the red pulp or they may pursue very long courses. Upon entering the follicle, these arteries branch a number of times, the branches remaining together in a tight array of parallel arterioles along with capillaries formed from them, the whole bundle being enveloped by a reticular fiber sheath. There is thus formed an arteriolar-capillary bundle. The whole bundle may branch. From the sides, especially from its central end, arterioles and capillaries radiate out to all parts of the follicle to terminate in the marginal zone or in the follicle itself.", "PMID": 1166852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1424", "title": "An unusual type of cilium.", "content": "The connective tissue cells of the dentinal pulp of unerupted dog teeth possess occasional cilia. Internally there are 4 to 8 peripheral doublets and one central doublet. Nine peripheral doublets are observed only close to or near the basal body.", "contents": "An unusual type of cilium. The connective tissue cells of the dentinal pulp of unerupted dog teeth possess occasional cilia. Internally there are 4 to 8 peripheral doublets and one central doublet. Nine peripheral doublets are observed only close to or near the basal body.", "PMID": 1166853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1425", "title": "Creatine kinase isoenzymes. Predictive value in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "This is a prospective study of the value of the creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme determination in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. The presence or absence of the MB isoenzyme was correlated with electrocardiogram and standard enzymes. The frequency of falsely positive and falsely negative results for CK-MB, electrocardiogram and each standard enzyme was calculated and, using the elements of conditional probability theory, their predictive values for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction were determined. Results indicate that CK-MB combines the best attributes of the electrocardiogram and standard enzyme tests: detectable MB isoenzyme activity by acrylamide slab electrophoresis has a predictive value for the diagnosis if acute myocardial infarction comparable to that of a positive electrocardiogram; absence of MB isoenzyme activity, in the 24 hour period following the onset of symptoms, excludes the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction with a probability equivalent to that provided by normal standard enzyme results.", "contents": "Creatine kinase isoenzymes. Predictive value in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. This is a prospective study of the value of the creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme determination in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. The presence or absence of the MB isoenzyme was correlated with electrocardiogram and standard enzymes. The frequency of falsely positive and falsely negative results for CK-MB, electrocardiogram and each standard enzyme was calculated and, using the elements of conditional probability theory, their predictive values for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction were determined. Results indicate that CK-MB combines the best attributes of the electrocardiogram and standard enzyme tests: detectable MB isoenzyme activity by acrylamide slab electrophoresis has a predictive value for the diagnosis if acute myocardial infarction comparable to that of a positive electrocardiogram; absence of MB isoenzyme activity, in the 24 hour period following the onset of symptoms, excludes the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction with a probability equivalent to that provided by normal standard enzyme results.", "PMID": 1166854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1426", "title": "Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia. An intracardiac electrical, hemodynamic and angiographic assessment of six patients.", "content": "Six patients with idiopathic paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia were investigated by external electrocardiography, intracardiac electrography and pacing, exercise testing, cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography.  All had normal hemodynamics and coronary arteries. His bundle electrography proved ventricular origin in five; one had no paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia during His bundle electrography. Treatment with diphenylhydantoin, 4.2 to 8.0 mg/kg/day, and propranolol, 0.8 to 2.7 mg/kg/day, appeared effective, well tolerated therapy in three, and procainamide and propranolol in one requiring medical treatment. Abstinence from tobacco and coffee abolished paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia in one of two who required no medication. The other has no recurrence of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia since study.", "contents": "Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia. An intracardiac electrical, hemodynamic and angiographic assessment of six patients. Six patients with idiopathic paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia were investigated by external electrocardiography, intracardiac electrography and pacing, exercise testing, cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography.  All had normal hemodynamics and coronary arteries. His bundle electrography proved ventricular origin in five; one had no paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia during His bundle electrography. Treatment with diphenylhydantoin, 4.2 to 8.0 mg/kg/day, and propranolol, 0.8 to 2.7 mg/kg/day, appeared effective, well tolerated therapy in three, and procainamide and propranolol in one requiring medical treatment. Abstinence from tobacco and coffee abolished paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia in one of two who required no medication. The other has no recurrence of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia since study.", "PMID": 1166855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1427", "title": "Waterborne typhoid fever in Dade County, Florida. Clinical and therapeutic evaluation of 105 bacteremic patients.", "content": "An extensive outbreak of waterborne typhoid fever occurred in 1973 at a migrant labor camp in Dade County, Florida. Blood cultures from 105 of the 188 patients with proved or presumptive cases of typhoid fever grew Salmonella typhi. The clinical and laboratory findings in these patients were reviewed. Fever, usually with temperatures above 38.8 degrees C and of the sustained type, was a primary manifestation of disease, although a majority of the patients also complained of headache and gastroenteric symptoms. Hepatic or splenic enlargement was present in 52 per cent and 42 per cent, respectively, whereas rose spots were detected in only 13 per cent. The total leukocyte count was normal in 74 per cent, but serum levels of liver and muscle enzymes were frequently elevated. Gastrointestinal, pulmonary and neurologic complications were infrequent; circulatory failure was not observed. Defervescence in response to antibiotic therapy was variable; however, the median response among 68 patients who received chloramphenicol was two days less than that in 34 patients treated with ampicillin. There was one possible treatment failure with ampicillin. The relapse rate of 10 per cent in chloramphenicol-treated patients was not significantly greater than the 3 per cent rate among those treated with ampicillin. Serologic studies for typhoid fever were of limited diagnostic value since the titer of agglutinins was 1:160 or higher in 49 per cent of the serums obtained before treatment, and a fourfold rise in titer occurred in only 24 per cent of 57 patients studied. The serologic response to chloramphenicol treatment did not differ from that to ampicillin.", "contents": "Waterborne typhoid fever in Dade County, Florida. Clinical and therapeutic evaluation of 105 bacteremic patients. An extensive outbreak of waterborne typhoid fever occurred in 1973 at a migrant labor camp in Dade County, Florida. Blood cultures from 105 of the 188 patients with proved or presumptive cases of typhoid fever grew Salmonella typhi. The clinical and laboratory findings in these patients were reviewed. Fever, usually with temperatures above 38.8 degrees C and of the sustained type, was a primary manifestation of disease, although a majority of the patients also complained of headache and gastroenteric symptoms. Hepatic or splenic enlargement was present in 52 per cent and 42 per cent, respectively, whereas rose spots were detected in only 13 per cent. The total leukocyte count was normal in 74 per cent, but serum levels of liver and muscle enzymes were frequently elevated. Gastrointestinal, pulmonary and neurologic complications were infrequent; circulatory failure was not observed. Defervescence in response to antibiotic therapy was variable; however, the median response among 68 patients who received chloramphenicol was two days less than that in 34 patients treated with ampicillin. There was one possible treatment failure with ampicillin. The relapse rate of 10 per cent in chloramphenicol-treated patients was not significantly greater than the 3 per cent rate among those treated with ampicillin. Serologic studies for typhoid fever were of limited diagnostic value since the titer of agglutinins was 1:160 or higher in 49 per cent of the serums obtained before treatment, and a fourfold rise in titer occurred in only 24 per cent of 57 patients studied. The serologic response to chloramphenicol treatment did not differ from that to ampicillin.", "PMID": 1166856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1428", "title": "Lung biopsy in immunocompromised hosts.", "content": "Ninety-five lung biopsy procedures in 78 immunocompromised patients yielded treatable diagnoses in 35 per cent of the needle aspirates, 46 per cent of the cutting needle biopsies and 65 per cent of the open thoracotomies. Complication rates of bleeding or pneumothorax were comparable to those previously described in nonimmunocompromised patients. In patients with coagulation defects, the risk of having bleeding complications was high. Among 44 patients with primary lymphoma, 22 (50 per cent) had a lymphomatous infiltrate in the lung. Twenty-two patients with severe hypoxemia were studied and their mortality, although significantly greater than in the patients without hypoxemia, was marginally improved when a treatable lung lesion was found. The over-all recovery rate was 70 per cent when a treatable diagnosis was made in contrast to 25 per cent when there was no specific diagnosis. Hence lung biopsy, particularly by thoracotomy, appears to be a valuable procedure in immunocompromised patients who have otherwise undiagnosable lung lesions.", "contents": "Lung biopsy in immunocompromised hosts. Ninety-five lung biopsy procedures in 78 immunocompromised patients yielded treatable diagnoses in 35 per cent of the needle aspirates, 46 per cent of the cutting needle biopsies and 65 per cent of the open thoracotomies. Complication rates of bleeding or pneumothorax were comparable to those previously described in nonimmunocompromised patients. In patients with coagulation defects, the risk of having bleeding complications was high. Among 44 patients with primary lymphoma, 22 (50 per cent) had a lymphomatous infiltrate in the lung. Twenty-two patients with severe hypoxemia were studied and their mortality, although significantly greater than in the patients without hypoxemia, was marginally improved when a treatable lung lesion was found. The over-all recovery rate was 70 per cent when a treatable diagnosis was made in contrast to 25 per cent when there was no specific diagnosis. Hence lung biopsy, particularly by thoracotomy, appears to be a valuable procedure in immunocompromised patients who have otherwise undiagnosable lung lesions.", "PMID": 1166857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1429", "title": "The prognostic and therapeutic implications of DNA:anti-DNA immune complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).", "content": "Serum samples serially obtained from 50 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were studied for antibody to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and circulating DNA:anti-DNA complexes during the active and inactive phases of their disease. The patients were divided into four categories: Group I: six patients without clinical evidence of central nervous system (CNS) or renal involvement. Group II: three patients with CNS lupus. Group III: nine patients with normal urinalyses and glomerular filtration rates, but morphologic evidence of glomerular disease. Group IV: 32 patients with overt lupus nephritis. Elevated anti-DNA levels were observed in 16 of 18 patients (88 per cent) in groups I, II and III during active disease. This persisted in 14 (77 per cent) during remission. DNA:anti-DNA complexes were demonstrated in four of 18 (22 per cent) during active disease and disappeared in all but one patient with progressive disease. In 30 of the 32 patients (94 per cent) in group IV, DNA binding was increased during active disease; this persisted in 21 (70 per cent) despite remission. Complexes were observed in 25 of the patients in group IV (78 per cent) with active disease. In six of these patients, complexes have persisted; two have died, one has progressed to renal failure and the remaining three patients continue to manifest active disease. This study suggests that measurement of DNA:anti-DNA complexes provides a valuable additional index of disease activity and prognosis in SLE.", "contents": "The prognostic and therapeutic implications of DNA:anti-DNA immune complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Serum samples serially obtained from 50 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were studied for antibody to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and circulating DNA:anti-DNA complexes during the active and inactive phases of their disease. The patients were divided into four categories: Group I: six patients without clinical evidence of central nervous system (CNS) or renal involvement. Group II: three patients with CNS lupus. Group III: nine patients with normal urinalyses and glomerular filtration rates, but morphologic evidence of glomerular disease. Group IV: 32 patients with overt lupus nephritis. Elevated anti-DNA levels were observed in 16 of 18 patients (88 per cent) in groups I, II and III during active disease. This persisted in 14 (77 per cent) during remission. DNA:anti-DNA complexes were demonstrated in four of 18 (22 per cent) during active disease and disappeared in all but one patient with progressive disease. In 30 of the 32 patients (94 per cent) in group IV, DNA binding was increased during active disease; this persisted in 21 (70 per cent) despite remission. Complexes were observed in 25 of the patients in group IV (78 per cent) with active disease. In six of these patients, complexes have persisted; two have died, one has progressed to renal failure and the remaining three patients continue to manifest active disease. This study suggests that measurement of DNA:anti-DNA complexes provides a valuable additional index of disease activity and prognosis in SLE.", "PMID": 1166858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1430", "title": "Bartter's syndrome. New insights into pathogenesis and treatment.", "content": "Discussed here is a patient with normotension, hypokalemic alkalosis, hyperreninemia, hyperaldosteronism, juxtaglomerular cell hyperplasia and insensitivity to the pressor effects of angiotensin (Bartter's syndrome). The hyperreninemia and hyperaldosteronism were both suppressible with volume expansion. Hypokalemia was correctible both short-term with potassium chloride infusions and long-term with spironolactone. Nevertheless, the abnormal pressor response to infused angiotensin could not be corrected by these maeuvers, suggesting that this defect is likely to be of primary pathophysiologic significance. We found that potassium loading markedly stimulated aldosterone excretion. This may explain the inadequacy of potassium supplementation alone to correct the hypokalemia and the observed \"escape\" from the potassium conserving effects of spironolactone seen in patients with Bartter's syndrome. The administration of propranolol in large doses only partially suppressed the marked hyperreniemia of our patient and failed to prevent a subsequent rise in the renin level which was associated with spironolactone therapy. In contrast, suppression of the renin level to normal was demonstrated by sodium loading. It is suggested that patients with Bartter's syndrome be treated simultaneously with large doses of spironolactone and a high sodium intake.", "contents": "Bartter's syndrome. New insights into pathogenesis and treatment. Discussed here is a patient with normotension, hypokalemic alkalosis, hyperreninemia, hyperaldosteronism, juxtaglomerular cell hyperplasia and insensitivity to the pressor effects of angiotensin (Bartter's syndrome). The hyperreninemia and hyperaldosteronism were both suppressible with volume expansion. Hypokalemia was correctible both short-term with potassium chloride infusions and long-term with spironolactone. Nevertheless, the abnormal pressor response to infused angiotensin could not be corrected by these maeuvers, suggesting that this defect is likely to be of primary pathophysiologic significance. We found that potassium loading markedly stimulated aldosterone excretion. This may explain the inadequacy of potassium supplementation alone to correct the hypokalemia and the observed \"escape\" from the potassium conserving effects of spironolactone seen in patients with Bartter's syndrome. The administration of propranolol in large doses only partially suppressed the marked hyperreniemia of our patient and failed to prevent a subsequent rise in the renin level which was associated with spironolactone therapy. In contrast, suppression of the renin level to normal was demonstrated by sodium loading. It is suggested that patients with Bartter's syndrome be treated simultaneously with large doses of spironolactone and a high sodium intake.", "PMID": 1166859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1431", "title": "Chromatin-positive Klinefelter's syndrome with undetectable peripheral FSH levels.", "content": "An 18 year old phenotypic man is described with chromatin-positive Klinefelter's syndrome and undetectable peripheral human follicle stimulating hormone levels. The subject manifested chromosomal mosaicism consisting of three stem cell lines (45X; 46XY; and 47XXY). Testicular biopsy specimen showed germinal cell aplasia: the tubules were lined by Sertoli cells only, whereas the Leydig cells appeared normal. Serum human follicle stimulating hormone levels were undetectable and rose to only 5 mIU/ml after the administration of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Serum human luteinizing hormone varied between normal and moderately elevated values, and serum testosterone was in the low normal range. We discuss the features which distinguish this syndrome from isolated gonadotropin deficiency and from classic germinal cell aplasia. We suggest that the patient represents a new variant of Klinefelter's syndrome, with failure of human follicle stimulating hormone release secondary to prolonged hypersecretion.", "contents": "Chromatin-positive Klinefelter's syndrome with undetectable peripheral FSH levels. An 18 year old phenotypic man is described with chromatin-positive Klinefelter's syndrome and undetectable peripheral human follicle stimulating hormone levels. The subject manifested chromosomal mosaicism consisting of three stem cell lines (45X; 46XY; and 47XXY). Testicular biopsy specimen showed germinal cell aplasia: the tubules were lined by Sertoli cells only, whereas the Leydig cells appeared normal. Serum human follicle stimulating hormone levels were undetectable and rose to only 5 mIU/ml after the administration of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Serum human luteinizing hormone varied between normal and moderately elevated values, and serum testosterone was in the low normal range. We discuss the features which distinguish this syndrome from isolated gonadotropin deficiency and from classic germinal cell aplasia. We suggest that the patient represents a new variant of Klinefelter's syndrome, with failure of human follicle stimulating hormone release secondary to prolonged hypersecretion.", "PMID": 1166860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1432", "title": "The intrauterine device and tubo-ovarian abscess.", "content": "During the past 4 years, 16 patients have been seen who developed a unilateral tubo-ovarian abscess while wearing, or soon after removal of, an IUD. None of the patients had gonorrhea. There appears to be a prodromal syndrome before abscess formation of 2 to 5 weeks during which the patient complains of vague lower abdominal pain, pelvic tenderness, and dyspareunia. A few patients had a rapid onset of symptoms. The device should be removed when prodromal symptoms arise and the patient should be treated with antibiotics. Should a tubo-ovarian abscess develop, surgical intervention is necessary.", "contents": "The intrauterine device and tubo-ovarian abscess. During the past 4 years, 16 patients have been seen who developed a unilateral tubo-ovarian abscess while wearing, or soon after removal of, an IUD. None of the patients had gonorrhea. There appears to be a prodromal syndrome before abscess formation of 2 to 5 weeks during which the patient complains of vague lower abdominal pain, pelvic tenderness, and dyspareunia. A few patients had a rapid onset of symptoms. The device should be removed when prodromal symptoms arise and the patient should be treated with antibiotics. Should a tubo-ovarian abscess develop, surgical intervention is necessary.", "PMID": 1166862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1433", "title": "Operative management of early invasive epidermoid carcinoma of the vulva.", "content": "The clinical records and surgical specimens of 60 patients with squamous cancers of the vulva less than 2 cm in size (TI) were studied. Fifty-eight patients had stromal invasion 5 mm. or less in depth. Three of the 60 patients (5 per cent) had pelvic lymph node metastases; two of these three showed invasion of vascular channels; the third patient's tumor showed cellular anaplasia. In an effort to reduce patient morbidity in radical surgery for vulvar carcinoma, while achieving comparable survival data, an operative approach less radical than radical vulvectomy, inguinal dissections, and/or pelvic lymphadenectomy is proposed for selected patients.", "contents": "Operative management of early invasive epidermoid carcinoma of the vulva. The clinical records and surgical specimens of 60 patients with squamous cancers of the vulva less than 2 cm in size (TI) were studied. Fifty-eight patients had stromal invasion 5 mm. or less in depth. Three of the 60 patients (5 per cent) had pelvic lymph node metastases; two of these three showed invasion of vascular channels; the third patient's tumor showed cellular anaplasia. In an effort to reduce patient morbidity in radical surgery for vulvar carcinoma, while achieving comparable survival data, an operative approach less radical than radical vulvectomy, inguinal dissections, and/or pelvic lymphadenectomy is proposed for selected patients.", "PMID": 1166863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1434", "title": "Multiple primaries and gynecologic malignancies.", "content": "An analysis was done on all gynecologic malignancies over a 13 year period to review the frequency and types of multiple primaries. A surprising spectrum of malignancy is seen and certain radiologic studies are of particular value. The time from occurrence of the various extragenital and genital tract cancers to the original gynecologic malignancy is shown. The per cent and types of malignancies that subsequently develop after a genital tract cancer are discussed.", "contents": "Multiple primaries and gynecologic malignancies. An analysis was done on all gynecologic malignancies over a 13 year period to review the frequency and types of multiple primaries. A surprising spectrum of malignancy is seen and certain radiologic studies are of particular value. The time from occurrence of the various extragenital and genital tract cancers to the original gynecologic malignancy is shown. The per cent and types of malignancies that subsequently develop after a genital tract cancer are discussed.", "PMID": 1166864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1435", "title": "Monitoring health care.", "content": "Health risk determinants in obstetrics and gynecology are readily obtainable from state birth records. This study demonstrates the manner in which these determinants may be used to assess health care delivery and monitor its progress. The over-all problem is quite complex. Some parameters are interrelated, while others are not. In addition, any specific parameter may be causally related to many different antecedents, acting singly or in combination. Hence, one must take care not to generalize about deficiencies in our health care systems and thereby propose simplistic, unworkable solutions. However, the study does clearly identify certain specific areas of risk which deserve greater attention than they have hitherto received from health care officials, physicians, and responsible citizens. We believe that the approach outlined in this paper offers a means to achieve unbiased, ongoing monitoring of health care, which may, in turn, be used in attempts to improve the delivery of health services.", "contents": "Monitoring health care. Health risk determinants in obstetrics and gynecology are readily obtainable from state birth records. This study demonstrates the manner in which these determinants may be used to assess health care delivery and monitor its progress. The over-all problem is quite complex. Some parameters are interrelated, while others are not. In addition, any specific parameter may be causally related to many different antecedents, acting singly or in combination. Hence, one must take care not to generalize about deficiencies in our health care systems and thereby propose simplistic, unworkable solutions. However, the study does clearly identify certain specific areas of risk which deserve greater attention than they have hitherto received from health care officials, physicians, and responsible citizens. We believe that the approach outlined in this paper offers a means to achieve unbiased, ongoing monitoring of health care, which may, in turn, be used in attempts to improve the delivery of health services.", "PMID": 1166865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1436", "title": "Preliminary evidence of a role for prostaglandin F in human follicular function.", "content": "Animal studies have shown that LH causes an increased synthesis of PGF by ovarian follicles both in vivo and in vitro. In lower animals, there is strong evidence that PGF acts as a mediator of certain LH effects, including maturation and extrusion of the ovum. Ovarian follicular tissue of 12 patients was halved or quartered and maintained in organ culture. Part of each follicle was exposed to gonadotropins throughout the culture period, while controls received no treatment. All tissues continued to synthesize PGF but in 11 cases the amount was greater in the gonadotropin-treated. It is concluded that PGF probably plays a role in human follicular function, including ovulation, and may act as a mediator of certain LH functions.", "contents": "Preliminary evidence of a role for prostaglandin F in human follicular function. Animal studies have shown that LH causes an increased synthesis of PGF by ovarian follicles both in vivo and in vitro. In lower animals, there is strong evidence that PGF acts as a mediator of certain LH effects, including maturation and extrusion of the ovum. Ovarian follicular tissue of 12 patients was halved or quartered and maintained in organ culture. Part of each follicle was exposed to gonadotropins throughout the culture period, while controls received no treatment. All tissues continued to synthesize PGF but in 11 cases the amount was greater in the gonadotropin-treated. It is concluded that PGF probably plays a role in human follicular function, including ovulation, and may act as a mediator of certain LH functions.", "PMID": 1166866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1437", "title": "Regional chemotherapy--a comparison of pelvic perfusion and intra-arterial infusion in patients with advanced gynecologic cancer.", "content": "Forty-patients with advanced gynecologic cancer were treated with two different regional chemotherapeutic techniques. They were divided into two comparable groups. Twenty were treated by isolated regional perfusion and 20 were treated by intra-arterial infusion. The simple technique of intra-arterial infusion had a much lower mortality rate and gave equally satisfactory results when compared with the more complicated \"closed\" pelvic perfusion method. This comparative study suggests that the further use of isolated pelvic perfusion should await improvements in techniques and the development of more rapidly acting drugs. Further efforts in the area of infusion should be directed toward the development of more rapidly acting drugs, the development of better tumor-cytotoxic drug sensitivity tests, better use of the newer knowledge of cellular kinetics, and improved techniques for accuracy in the placement of arterial infusion catheters. While it is felt that regional chemotherapy has a place in management, it is not being proposed as a substitute for surgery or radiotherapy in the patient who will benefit from orthodox treatment.", "contents": "Regional chemotherapy--a comparison of pelvic perfusion and intra-arterial infusion in patients with advanced gynecologic cancer. Forty-patients with advanced gynecologic cancer were treated with two different regional chemotherapeutic techniques. They were divided into two comparable groups. Twenty were treated by isolated regional perfusion and 20 were treated by intra-arterial infusion. The simple technique of intra-arterial infusion had a much lower mortality rate and gave equally satisfactory results when compared with the more complicated \"closed\" pelvic perfusion method. This comparative study suggests that the further use of isolated pelvic perfusion should await improvements in techniques and the development of more rapidly acting drugs. Further efforts in the area of infusion should be directed toward the development of more rapidly acting drugs, the development of better tumor-cytotoxic drug sensitivity tests, better use of the newer knowledge of cellular kinetics, and improved techniques for accuracy in the placement of arterial infusion catheters. While it is felt that regional chemotherapy has a place in management, it is not being proposed as a substitute for surgery or radiotherapy in the patient who will benefit from orthodox treatment.", "PMID": 1166867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1438", "title": "The madness of art.", "content": "The author finds a constant thread of what Benjamin Rush termed \"tristimania\" in works of great authors. The madness of art, Henry James's description of the need to transform and metamorphose personal experience by means of prose, poetry, or other artistic expression, is illustrated in the lives and works of many great writers. Psychotherapy as a means of dealing with depression in artists can be either rejected or used to advantage. The author posits that the most enduring works may be those of artists who have lived through their sadness to experience and control their rage against aging.", "contents": "The madness of art. The author finds a constant thread of what Benjamin Rush termed \"tristimania\" in works of great authors. The madness of art, Henry James's description of the need to transform and metamorphose personal experience by means of prose, poetry, or other artistic expression, is illustrated in the lives and works of many great writers. Psychotherapy as a means of dealing with depression in artists can be either rejected or used to advantage. The author posits that the most enduring works may be those of artists who have lived through their sadness to experience and control their rage against aging.", "PMID": 1166868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1439", "title": "Patterns of illicit drug use in the Army.", "content": "The authors collected detailed histories of illicit drug use in the Army in individual interviews with a stratified random sample of 262 enlisted men at six military posts across the United States. Approximately half of the sample (N equals 128) were classified as drug users; 90 of these individuals were identified as career multiple-drug users. Most of these subjects used a variety of drugs in frequently changing patterns. The authors emphasize the individualistic nature of drug use and question the appropriateness of an addiction model for most users of illicit drugs.", "contents": "Patterns of illicit drug use in the Army. The authors collected detailed histories of illicit drug use in the Army in individual interviews with a stratified random sample of 262 enlisted men at six military posts across the United States. Approximately half of the sample (N equals 128) were classified as drug users; 90 of these individuals were identified as career multiple-drug users. Most of these subjects used a variety of drugs in frequently changing patterns. The authors emphasize the individualistic nature of drug use and question the appropriateness of an addiction model for most users of illicit drugs.", "PMID": 1166869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1440", "title": "The lithium clinic: a new model for the delivery of psychiatric services.", "content": "Advances in the diagnosis of recurrent affective disorders and consistently high levels of lithium prophylaxis have made it possible to treat manic-depressive disorders on an outpatient basis. The author describes the experiences and organization of a lithium clinic that has operated for 15 years. Utilizing the services of trained paramedicals and a small medical staff, the clinic has efficiently served a large patient population. The author suggests that centers using this model could serve the community by increasing the availability of specialized psychiatric care.", "contents": "The lithium clinic: a new model for the delivery of psychiatric services. Advances in the diagnosis of recurrent affective disorders and consistently high levels of lithium prophylaxis have made it possible to treat manic-depressive disorders on an outpatient basis. The author describes the experiences and organization of a lithium clinic that has operated for 15 years. Utilizing the services of trained paramedicals and a small medical staff, the clinic has efficiently served a large patient population. The author suggests that centers using this model could serve the community by increasing the availability of specialized psychiatric care.", "PMID": 1166870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1441", "title": "Mood changes in an alcoholism treatment program based on drinking decisions.", "content": "The authors compared the amount of discomfort experienced by 18 alcoholic men who chose to drink and 43 alcoholic men who abstained from drinking during a 6-week treatment and research program. They found that the discomfort of the drinkers increased  but that the discomfort of the abstainers decreased. The increase in the drinkers' discomfort appeared to be more related to their having to make a decision about drinking than to the amount of alcohol actually consumed. This finding emphasizes the importance of the role played by environment in affecting the mood state of drinking alcoholics.", "contents": "Mood changes in an alcoholism treatment program based on drinking decisions. The authors compared the amount of discomfort experienced by 18 alcoholic men who chose to drink and 43 alcoholic men who abstained from drinking during a 6-week treatment and research program. They found that the discomfort of the drinkers increased  but that the discomfort of the abstainers decreased. The increase in the drinkers' discomfort appeared to be more related to their having to make a decision about drinking than to the amount of alcohol actually consumed. This finding emphasizes the importance of the role played by environment in affecting the mood state of drinking alcoholics.", "PMID": 1166871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1442", "title": "Persecutory delusions: a cybernetic model.", "content": "The authors propose a cybernetic model for the formation and maintenance of persecutory delusions. During the formation of persecutory ideation, the threat of loss of control over the self or others interacts with predictions of control from others. This interaction may result in feelings of alien control followed by persecutory explanations. Since the persecutory explanations provide the individual with a new goal of resisting others' influence in order to prevent being controlled, they reduce the threat of loss of self-control. This is how persecutory delusions are maintained.", "contents": "Persecutory delusions: a cybernetic model. The authors propose a cybernetic model for the formation and maintenance of persecutory delusions. During the formation of persecutory ideation, the threat of loss of control over the self or others interacts with predictions of control from others. This interaction may result in feelings of alien control followed by persecutory explanations. Since the persecutory explanations provide the individual with a new goal of resisting others' influence in order to prevent being controlled, they reduce the threat of loss of self-control. This is how persecutory delusions are maintained.", "PMID": 1166872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1443", "title": "Basic concepts in family therapy: a differential comparison with individual treatment.", "content": "The author presents basic differences between the approaches of family therapy and of the individual therapies on three dimensions: personality development, symptom formation, and the approach to producing therapeutic change. Family therapy bases its view of these factors in psychotherapy on the idea that they are determined by the family's functioning as an interderdependent transactional unit; the individual therapies base their views of these factors on the idea that they are determined by the dynamic intrapsychic functioning of the individual alone.", "contents": "Basic concepts in family therapy: a differential comparison with individual treatment. The author presents basic differences between the approaches of family therapy and of the individual therapies on three dimensions: personality development, symptom formation, and the approach to producing therapeutic change. Family therapy bases its view of these factors in psychotherapy on the idea that they are determined by the family's functioning as an interderdependent transactional unit; the individual therapies base their views of these factors on the idea that they are determined by the dynamic intrapsychic functioning of the individual alone.", "PMID": 1166873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1444", "title": "Psychotherapy of borderline patients: the influence of theory on technique.", "content": "Although the treatment of borderline patients has attracted increased attention, there is little agreement on the basic nature of the disorder or the proper techniques for its treatment by analytically oriented psychotherapy. The author states that treatment based on the idea that the borderline patient achieves therapeutic gains by raging against an accepting therapist for a prolonged period of time is not so effective as treatment based on the recognition of specific ego defects as the core pathology. He suggests that the therapist be active in the treatment of borderline patients and not permit gross and unproductive distortions of the therapeutic relationship.", "contents": "Psychotherapy of borderline patients: the influence of theory on technique. Although the treatment of borderline patients has attracted increased attention, there is little agreement on the basic nature of the disorder or the proper techniques for its treatment by analytically oriented psychotherapy. The author states that treatment based on the idea that the borderline patient achieves therapeutic gains by raging against an accepting therapist for a prolonged period of time is not so effective as treatment based on the recognition of specific ego defects as the core pathology. He suggests that the therapist be active in the treatment of borderline patients and not permit gross and unproductive distortions of the therapeutic relationship.", "PMID": 1166874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1445", "title": "Patients' and observers' assessments of process and outcome in group therapy: a follow-up study.", "content": "A six-month follow-up investigation of process and outcome in group therapy was conducted by the authors and patients in two therapy groups. The results indicated that although there were discrete stages in the therapeutic sequence, acceptance was the most beneficial process variable for both groups.", "contents": "Patients' and observers' assessments of process and outcome in group therapy: a follow-up study. A six-month follow-up investigation of process and outcome in group therapy was conducted by the authors and patients in two therapy groups. The results indicated that although there were discrete stages in the therapeutic sequence, acceptance was the most beneficial process variable for both groups.", "PMID": 1166875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1446", "title": "The use of a written summary in group psychotherapy supervision.", "content": "Clinical supervision is an important feature of the education of the group therapist. The authors describe the application of a summary written by trainee cotherapists in their supervision. They found that the summary, which is supplied to the patients as well as to the supervisor, serves several functions that contribute to improved quality of clinical supervision and training of group therapists.", "contents": "The use of a written summary in group psychotherapy supervision. Clinical supervision is an important feature of the education of the group therapist. The authors describe the application of a summary written by trainee cotherapists in their supervision. They found that the summary, which is supplied to the patients as well as to the supervisor, serves several functions that contribute to improved quality of clinical supervision and training of group therapists.", "PMID": 1166876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1447", "title": "Psychotherapy patient transfer: secondhand rose.", "content": "The author uses the analogy of the marketplace to examine the dynamics of the transfer of psychotherapy patients in university clinic settings. The outgoing therapist is the seller, the prospective therapist the buyer, and the patient the commodity--the secondhand Rose. Marketing techniques that are used in this buyers' market allow no active patient participation and are therefore antithetical to the tenets of psychotherapy. The author suggests early clarification of therapeutic goals, assignment of therapists on the basis of patient choice, and explanation of time frames and limits as means for ameliorating the problems he describes.", "contents": "Psychotherapy patient transfer: secondhand rose. The author uses the analogy of the marketplace to examine the dynamics of the transfer of psychotherapy patients in university clinic settings. The outgoing therapist is the seller, the prospective therapist the buyer, and the patient the commodity--the secondhand Rose. Marketing techniques that are used in this buyers' market allow no active patient participation and are therefore antithetical to the tenets of psychotherapy. The author suggests early clarification of therapeutic goals, assignment of therapists on the basis of patient choice, and explanation of time frames and limits as means for ameliorating the problems he describes.", "PMID": 1166877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1448", "title": "Issues in developing psychotherapy groups for preschool children in outpatient clinics.", "content": "A survey of 10 randomly selected clinics indicated that only 1 offered group psychotherapy for preschool children. Reasons given for the lack of such programs resembled the resistances encountered in the authors' clinic. The authors describe the solutions they found in creating and running therapy groups for preschool children and in integrating parent counseling with this treatment. It is suggested that professional groups provide in-service training opportunities in this area to counteract resistances resulting from clinic staffs' perceived lack of experience and expertise.", "contents": "Issues in developing psychotherapy groups for preschool children in outpatient clinics. A survey of 10 randomly selected clinics indicated that only 1 offered group psychotherapy for preschool children. Reasons given for the lack of such programs resembled the resistances encountered in the authors' clinic. The authors describe the solutions they found in creating and running therapy groups for preschool children and in integrating parent counseling with this treatment. It is suggested that professional groups provide in-service training opportunities in this area to counteract resistances resulting from clinic staffs' perceived lack of experience and expertise.", "PMID": 1166878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1449", "title": "Controversy in medicine and psychiatry.", "content": "Factual and ethical controversies confront physicians in medicine as well as in psychiatry. If psychiatrists can impart a perspective on these controversies and their growth-stimulating quality to medical students and thereby increase their tolerance for uncertainty, they will aid them in becoming better physicians and will perhaps also remove one reason for their disinterest in psychiatry.", "contents": "Controversy in medicine and psychiatry. Factual and ethical controversies confront physicians in medicine as well as in psychiatry. If psychiatrists can impart a perspective on these controversies and their growth-stimulating quality to medical students and thereby increase their tolerance for uncertainty, they will aid them in becoming better physicians and will perhaps also remove one reason for their disinterest in psychiatry.", "PMID": 1166879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1450", "title": "Positive therapeutic response to lithium in hypomania secondary to organic brain syndrome.", "content": "A 57-year-old man with no personal or family history of manic-depressive disease developed symptoms of hypomania after a cerebrovascular accident and surgical trauma to the brain. The patient responded well to lithium carbonate treatment over a 2-year period. Although this therapy is contraindicated in cases of organic brain syndrome, the authors suggest that it should be considered in the management of hypomanic behavior following organic brain dysfunction.", "contents": "Positive therapeutic response to lithium in hypomania secondary to organic brain syndrome. A 57-year-old man with no personal or family history of manic-depressive disease developed symptoms of hypomania after a cerebrovascular accident and surgical trauma to the brain. The patient responded well to lithium carbonate treatment over a 2-year period. Although this therapy is contraindicated in cases of organic brain syndrome, the authors suggest that it should be considered in the management of hypomanic behavior following organic brain dysfunction.", "PMID": 1166880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1451", "title": "Prolonged psychosis attributed to phencyclidine: report of three cases.", "content": "After ingesting street drugs sold as \"PCP,\" \"THC,\" and \"methadone,\" three young men developed schizophreniform psychoses, analgesia, anesthesia, and amnesia for the psychotic state. Except for their unusually long duration of 2 to 4 weeks, these reactions resembled phencyclidine psychoses. The authors are aware of other phencyclidine-related hospital admissions but could find no information on phencyclidine in recently published handbooks on drug abuse.", "contents": "Prolonged psychosis attributed to phencyclidine: report of three cases. After ingesting street drugs sold as \"PCP,\" \"THC,\" and \"methadone,\" three young men developed schizophreniform psychoses, analgesia, anesthesia, and amnesia for the psychotic state. Except for their unusually long duration of 2 to 4 weeks, these reactions resembled phencyclidine psychoses. The authors are aware of other phencyclidine-related hospital admissions but could find no information on phencyclidine in recently published handbooks on drug abuse.", "PMID": 1166881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1452", "title": "The chief resident as reluctant staff therapist.", "content": "The author discusses the interactional process between the chief resident and ward staff, with reference to Bion's theory of group functioning. He concludes that the primary task of the chief resident is to serve as psychotherapist to the staff, and that this in not a chosen role but derives from the staff's wish for such a leader.", "contents": "The chief resident as reluctant staff therapist. The author discusses the interactional process between the chief resident and ward staff, with reference to Bion's theory of group functioning. He concludes that the primary task of the chief resident is to serve as psychotherapist to the staff, and that this in not a chosen role but derives from the staff's wish for such a leader.", "PMID": 1166882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1453", "title": "Overview: the right to treatment--comments on the law and its impact.", "content": "The constitutional right to treatment has now become an accepted premise of litigation in the United States. It lacks only the imprimatur of the Supreme Court. The author presents a brief description of the history of right to treatment cases and comments on the problems and possibilities the law holds for psychiatry. He warns that psychiatric institutions must be aware of the costs and benefits of such litigation and must obtain skilled legal counsel to advise them of their rights and obligations. He calls on psychiatry as a profession to participate in right to treatment litigation and to attempt to shape legal standards so that future generations of psychiatrists can provide appropriate care to patients.", "contents": "Overview: the right to treatment--comments on the law and its impact. The constitutional right to treatment has now become an accepted premise of litigation in the United States. It lacks only the imprimatur of the Supreme Court. The author presents a brief description of the history of right to treatment cases and comments on the problems and possibilities the law holds for psychiatry. He warns that psychiatric institutions must be aware of the costs and benefits of such litigation and must obtain skilled legal counsel to advise them of their rights and obligations. He calls on psychiatry as a profession to participate in right to treatment litigation and to attempt to shape legal standards so that future generations of psychiatrists can provide appropriate care to patients.", "PMID": 1166888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1454", "title": "The phasing out of mental hospitals in the United States.", "content": "The authors view the current wave of closing state mental hospitals against the background of trends in mental health services during the past 20 years. Although a small number of hospitals has been totally closed, the overall number of institutions has remained stable due to the opening of new hospitals, and many states will be forced to consider phasing out additional hospitals in the immediate future. The closing of hospitals is a social phenomenon that involves the lives and welfare of patients, personnel, families, and the community and poses a substantial political and logistical challenge. The authors make a few suggestions for those who are contemplating closing hospitals in the future.", "contents": "The phasing out of mental hospitals in the United States. The authors view the current wave of closing state mental hospitals against the background of trends in mental health services during the past 20 years. Although a small number of hospitals has been totally closed, the overall number of institutions has remained stable due to the opening of new hospitals, and many states will be forced to consider phasing out additional hospitals in the immediate future. The closing of hospitals is a social phenomenon that involves the lives and welfare of patients, personnel, families, and the community and poses a substantial political and logistical challenge. The authors make a few suggestions for those who are contemplating closing hospitals in the future.", "PMID": 1166889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1455", "title": "Diagnostic subgroups of affective disorders and their urinary excretion of catecholamine metabolities.", "content": "Previous reports have indicated that some depressed patients excrete less than normal quantities of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG). The authors present data indicating that a subgroup of depressed patients who excrete less than normal quantities of MHPG may be identified by the application of explicit clinical criteria. They found no significant difference in the excretion of normetanephrine (NM), metanephrine (M), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) among any of the diagnostic subgroups or between each patient group and a healthy comparison group. However, depressed patients diagnosed as having primary affective disorder and bipolar illness excreted significantly less MHPG than did the healthy comparison group.", "contents": "Diagnostic subgroups of affective disorders and their urinary excretion of catecholamine metabolities. Previous reports have indicated that some depressed patients excrete less than normal quantities of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG). The authors present data indicating that a subgroup of depressed patients who excrete less than normal quantities of MHPG may be identified by the application of explicit clinical criteria. They found no significant difference in the excretion of normetanephrine (NM), metanephrine (M), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) among any of the diagnostic subgroups or between each patient group and a healthy comparison group. However, depressed patients diagnosed as having primary affective disorder and bipolar illness excreted significantly less MHPG than did the healthy comparison group.", "PMID": 1166890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1456", "title": "Growth hormone catecholamines in affective disease.", "content": "The authors studied growth hormone (GH) release after insulin-induced hypoglycemia (HI) in relation to urinary MHPG, the major metabolite of central norepinephrine. There was a significant linear correlation of urinary MHPG levels and GH peaks after HI in unipolar depressed patients and in manic patients; however, GH peaks in manic patients shifted downward on the GH axis in comparison to the unipolar depressive patients. The authors suggest that such shifts in the GH response may occur as a result of abnormalities of other neurotransmitter systems also known to facilitate GH release.", "contents": "Growth hormone catecholamines in affective disease. The authors studied growth hormone (GH) release after insulin-induced hypoglycemia (HI) in relation to urinary MHPG, the major metabolite of central norepinephrine. There was a significant linear correlation of urinary MHPG levels and GH peaks after HI in unipolar depressed patients and in manic patients; however, GH peaks in manic patients shifted downward on the GH axis in comparison to the unipolar depressive patients. The authors suggest that such shifts in the GH response may occur as a result of abnormalities of other neurotransmitter systems also known to facilitate GH release.", "PMID": 1166891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1457", "title": "A hierarchy of drug use in adolescene: behavioral and attitudinal correlates of substantial drug use.", "content": "The authors studied drug use in a representative sample of suburban junior and senior high school students. They found high levels of drug use overall and a substantial amount of drug involvement among junior high school students. They also found that drugs were used in clusters, that there was a distinctive age-related pattern of drug use, and that the progressive-step therory of drug use was not confirmed. A number of behavioral and attitudinal variables correlated with a tendency toward a high level of drug use. The implications of these findings include the need for targeted drug education and prevention programs and a differentiated approach to the study of drug use among adolescents.", "contents": "A hierarchy of drug use in adolescene: behavioral and attitudinal correlates of substantial drug use. The authors studied drug use in a representative sample of suburban junior and senior high school students. They found high levels of drug use overall and a substantial amount of drug involvement among junior high school students. They also found that drugs were used in clusters, that there was a distinctive age-related pattern of drug use, and that the progressive-step therory of drug use was not confirmed. A number of behavioral and attitudinal variables correlated with a tendency toward a high level of drug use. The implications of these findings include the need for targeted drug education and prevention programs and a differentiated approach to the study of drug use among adolescents.", "PMID": 1166892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1458", "title": "History and analysis of a leaderless group of professional therapists.", "content": "The authors describe the experiences of a group of 11 psychiatrists and psychologists who met for 3 years with the initial purpose of providing peer supervision in group therapy. The group became a basic assumption dependency group in which all members had both realistic and magical expectations for help with their personal lives, and a resulting attempted transformation into a leaderless therapy group was a failure. The authors indicate that the experiences of this group illustrate some of the functions of group-leader interaction in allowing group and individual growth.", "contents": "History and analysis of a leaderless group of professional therapists. The authors describe the experiences of a group of 11 psychiatrists and psychologists who met for 3 years with the initial purpose of providing peer supervision in group therapy. The group became a basic assumption dependency group in which all members had both realistic and magical expectations for help with their personal lives, and a resulting attempted transformation into a leaderless therapy group was a failure. The authors indicate that the experiences of this group illustrate some of the functions of group-leader interaction in allowing group and individual growth.", "PMID": 1166893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1459", "title": "Season of birth in schizophrenia and neurosis.", "content": "National studies in Scandinavia and in England and Wales have shown that schizophrenic patients are born significantly more often in the early months of the year than would be expected from comparison with the general population. The author examines additional evidence from England and Wales and discusses possible sources of technical error. Although there is currently no evidence of a causal association between season of birth and schizophrenia, he suggests that this possibility should be given consideration.", "contents": "Season of birth in schizophrenia and neurosis. National studies in Scandinavia and in England and Wales have shown that schizophrenic patients are born significantly more often in the early months of the year than would be expected from comparison with the general population. The author examines additional evidence from England and Wales and discusses possible sources of technical error. Although there is currently no evidence of a causal association between season of birth and schizophrenia, he suggests that this possibility should be given consideration.", "PMID": 1166894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1460", "title": "Cortisol, growth hormone, free fatty acids, and experimentally evoked affective arousal.", "content": "Eight male volunteers who viewed selected control, suspense, and erotic films experienced significant changes in affect that were limited to fatigue, anxiety, and sexual arousal, respectively. All subjects showed free fatty acid elevations with the suspense and erotic films and those subjects with the most anxiety and sexual arousal showed cortisol elevation with the suspense and erotic films, respectively. Growth hormone elevations occurred independently of cortisol elevations and were not clearly related to film or affect. Thus, activation of the pituitary-adrenocortical and sympathetic nervous systems appears to occur not in relation to a specific dysphoric state but rather with nonspecific affective arousal.", "contents": "Cortisol, growth hormone, free fatty acids, and experimentally evoked affective arousal. Eight male volunteers who viewed selected control, suspense, and erotic films experienced significant changes in affect that were limited to fatigue, anxiety, and sexual arousal, respectively. All subjects showed free fatty acid elevations with the suspense and erotic films and those subjects with the most anxiety and sexual arousal showed cortisol elevation with the suspense and erotic films, respectively. Growth hormone elevations occurred independently of cortisol elevations and were not clearly related to film or affect. Thus, activation of the pituitary-adrenocortical and sympathetic nervous systems appears to occur not in relation to a specific dysphoric state but rather with nonspecific affective arousal.", "PMID": 1166895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1461", "title": "The coordination of mental health services at the neighborhood level.", "content": "The neighborhood health center is becoming a major locus of mental health care delivery. Because of their strategic position at the neighborhood level, mental health care systems in the comprehensive health center locus have been able to develop linkages with both general health and community mental health systems to provide a broad continuum of coordinated health and mental health care. Four models identified in a survey of 19 neighborhood mental health programs are described. The authors suggest that persistent problems in coordination of care between neighborhood mental health and other caregiving systems would be considerably alleviated by a fiscal reimbursement scheme that rewarded integration rather than fragmentation of care.", "contents": "The coordination of mental health services at the neighborhood level. The neighborhood health center is becoming a major locus of mental health care delivery. Because of their strategic position at the neighborhood level, mental health care systems in the comprehensive health center locus have been able to develop linkages with both general health and community mental health systems to provide a broad continuum of coordinated health and mental health care. Four models identified in a survey of 19 neighborhood mental health programs are described. The authors suggest that persistent problems in coordination of care between neighborhood mental health and other caregiving systems would be considerably alleviated by a fiscal reimbursement scheme that rewarded integration rather than fragmentation of care.", "PMID": 1166896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1462", "title": "A comparison of two methods of diagnosing hysteria.", "content": "The authors compare the syndrome of hysteria, defined as or indicated by a specified response to a 55-item symptom checklist previously used by Guze and other researchers, with the definition of hysterical personality in the second edition of APA's Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II). When 20 control subjects and 10 hysterical personalities (DSM-II) were given the Perley-Guze test, the results showed a close correlation between positive scores on the symptom checklist and the DMS-II diagnosis. The authors comment briefly on the theoretical usefulness and practicality of the test and note some difficulties in administration.", "contents": "A comparison of two methods of diagnosing hysteria. The authors compare the syndrome of hysteria, defined as or indicated by a specified response to a 55-item symptom checklist previously used by Guze and other researchers, with the definition of hysterical personality in the second edition of APA's Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II). When 20 control subjects and 10 hysterical personalities (DSM-II) were given the Perley-Guze test, the results showed a close correlation between positive scores on the symptom checklist and the DMS-II diagnosis. The authors comment briefly on the theoretical usefulness and practicality of the test and note some difficulties in administration.", "PMID": 1166897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1463", "title": "The use of bethanechol chloride with tricyclic antidepressants.", "content": "The author describes the use of bethanechol chloride to relieve side effects, including salivary inactivation, constipation, and bladder inhibition, which result from the anticholinergic action of tricyclic antidepressants. He suggests that the use of cholinergic medication during antidepressant therapy may extend the use of the tricyclics to patients who find anticholinergic side effects especially troublesome.", "contents": "The use of bethanechol chloride with tricyclic antidepressants. The author describes the use of bethanechol chloride to relieve side effects, including salivary inactivation, constipation, and bladder inhibition, which result from the anticholinergic action of tricyclic antidepressants. He suggests that the use of cholinergic medication during antidepressant therapy may extend the use of the tricyclics to patients who find anticholinergic side effects especially troublesome.", "PMID": 1166898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1464", "title": "Conspiracy of silence: psychiatric counseling with students at high risk for academic failure.", "content": "The authors examined the academic records and counseling histories of 132 freshman students at a state university who sought psychiatric counseling. They found that most students with poor previous academic performance were not helped academically by brief (crisis intervention) psychiatric counseling. They also found that many couselors resisted confronting such students with their academic inadequacies.", "contents": "Conspiracy of silence: psychiatric counseling with students at high risk for academic failure. The authors examined the academic records and counseling histories of 132 freshman students at a state university who sought psychiatric counseling. They found that most students with poor previous academic performance were not helped academically by brief (crisis intervention) psychiatric counseling. They also found that many couselors resisted confronting such students with their academic inadequacies.", "PMID": 1166899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1465", "title": "Delirium tremens in a nine-year-old child.", "content": "The authors report a case of delirium tremens in a 9-year-old American Indian boy, who was later found to have been drinking steadily for 3 years prior to his emergency admission for agitation and delirium. The authors suggest that the use of alcohol by children is an activity that may be more common than most physicians realize.", "contents": "Delirium tremens in a nine-year-old child. The authors report a case of delirium tremens in a 9-year-old American Indian boy, who was later found to have been drinking steadily for 3 years prior to his emergency admission for agitation and delirium. The authors suggest that the use of alcohol by children is an activity that may be more common than most physicians realize.", "PMID": 1166900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1466", "title": "Suicide rate of callers to a poison information service.", "content": "The authors assessed the frequency of suicide subsequent to calls to a poison information center in a follow-up study. The 8 confirmed suicides out of 2,177 calls yielded a rate of 66.8 per 100,000 population--significantly higher than that for the general population. In addition, 15 possible or probable suicides were identified. The authors note that poison center callers seem to constitute a pool of significantly suicidal persons and reaffirm the premise that poison centers and suicide centers should coordinate their efforts.", "contents": "Suicide rate of callers to a poison information service. The authors assessed the frequency of suicide subsequent to calls to a poison information center in a follow-up study. The 8 confirmed suicides out of 2,177 calls yielded a rate of 66.8 per 100,000 population--significantly higher than that for the general population. In addition, 15 possible or probable suicides were identified. The authors note that poison center callers seem to constitute a pool of significantly suicidal persons and reaffirm the premise that poison centers and suicide centers should coordinate their efforts.", "PMID": 1166901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1467", "title": "Affect, mood, emotion, and feeling: semantic considerations.", "content": "There is considerable variation in the use of words that describe emotional experience and expression. The author illustrates this semantic problem by reviewing the use and definitions of the terms \"affect,\" \"mood,\" \"emotion,\" and \"feeling\" in some classical and contemporary works of psychiatry and psychology. He concludes that these words refer to distinct pscychological phenomena and suggests that they be used clearly and carefully to facilitate communication about emotions.", "contents": "Affect, mood, emotion, and feeling: semantic considerations. There is considerable variation in the use of words that describe emotional experience and expression. The author illustrates this semantic problem by reviewing the use and definitions of the terms \"affect,\" \"mood,\" \"emotion,\" and \"feeling\" in some classical and contemporary works of psychiatry and psychology. He concludes that these words refer to distinct pscychological phenomena and suggests that they be used clearly and carefully to facilitate communication about emotions.", "PMID": 1166902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1468", "title": "Early and late obstruction of the small bowel after abdominoperineal resection.", "content": "A series of patients with early or late obstruction of the small bowel after abdominoperineal resection is studied. Immediate intervention is recommended in patients with early obstruction; adhesions and defects of the pelvic floor are the most common etiologic factors in this group. Recurrent pelvic carcinoma with associated obstruction of the small bowel is the primary etiologic factor in patients with late obstruction. Bypass operation provides the best palliation. Simple adhesions continue to be a significant etiologic factor. No obstruction related to spaces created by colostomy was encountered.", "contents": "Early and late obstruction of the small bowel after abdominoperineal resection. A series of patients with early or late obstruction of the small bowel after abdominoperineal resection is studied. Immediate intervention is recommended in patients with early obstruction; adhesions and defects of the pelvic floor are the most common etiologic factors in this group. Recurrent pelvic carcinoma with associated obstruction of the small bowel is the primary etiologic factor in patients with late obstruction. Bypass operation provides the best palliation. Simple adhesions continue to be a significant etiologic factor. No obstruction related to spaces created by colostomy was encountered.", "PMID": 1166913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1469", "title": "Colostomy. Intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal closure?", "content": "Forty-three patients who underwent intraperitoneal closure of colostomy are reported on. Complication rates of 4.6 per cent for wound infection and 4.6 per cent for fecal fistulas appear significantly lower than the 10 to 21 per cent complication rates reported for colostomy closure using other technics.", "contents": "Colostomy. Intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal closure? Forty-three patients who underwent intraperitoneal closure of colostomy are reported on. Complication rates of 4.6 per cent for wound infection and 4.6 per cent for fecal fistulas appear significantly lower than the 10 to 21 per cent complication rates reported for colostomy closure using other technics.", "PMID": 1166914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1470", "title": "Smooth muscle tumors of the stomach.", "content": "A series of fifty-one smooth muscle tumors of the stomach seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital over a twenty year period is reviewed. Virtually all benign tumors were asymptomatic and were discovered in the course of autopsy or an unrelated operation. Malignant tumors frequently caused symptoms. Contrast studies and endoscopy, although they confirmed the presence of the lesions, were of limited value in differentiating between benign and small malignant tumors preoperatively. Eighty-two per cent of the malignant lesions were well circumscribed, and 57 per cent of patients with gastric leiomyosarcomas survived at least five years after resection. Benign tumors may be treated by local resection, but malignant tumors should be resected widely, with involved adjacent organs if technically feasible.", "contents": "Smooth muscle tumors of the stomach. A series of fifty-one smooth muscle tumors of the stomach seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital over a twenty year period is reviewed. Virtually all benign tumors were asymptomatic and were discovered in the course of autopsy or an unrelated operation. Malignant tumors frequently caused symptoms. Contrast studies and endoscopy, although they confirmed the presence of the lesions, were of limited value in differentiating between benign and small malignant tumors preoperatively. Eighty-two per cent of the malignant lesions were well circumscribed, and 57 per cent of patients with gastric leiomyosarcomas survived at least five years after resection. Benign tumors may be treated by local resection, but malignant tumors should be resected widely, with involved adjacent organs if technically feasible.", "PMID": 1166915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1471", "title": "Current status of heparin dissolution of gallstones. Experimental and clinical observations.", "content": "Investigation of the use of heparin in bile indicates that it has the ability to disperse suspended particles. Clinical experience using a heparinized saline flush in forty-three patients with retained gallstones demonstrated disappearance of the stones in thirty-one of the patients. On this basis we would recommend this treatment for further clinical trials in patients with retained common duct stones.", "contents": "Current status of heparin dissolution of gallstones. Experimental and clinical observations. Investigation of the use of heparin in bile indicates that it has the ability to disperse suspended particles. Clinical experience using a heparinized saline flush in forty-three patients with retained gallstones demonstrated disappearance of the stones in thirty-one of the patients. On this basis we would recommend this treatment for further clinical trials in patients with retained common duct stones.", "PMID": 1166916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1472", "title": "Lumbar sympathectomy in the treatment of peripheral vascular occlusive disease. Ten year study.", "content": "A study of the results of lumbar sympathectomy in the treatment of peripheral vascular occlusive disease has been presented. Results continue to be encouraging in properly selected patients, as they have been since 1947.", "contents": "Lumbar sympathectomy in the treatment of peripheral vascular occlusive disease. Ten year study. A study of the results of lumbar sympathectomy in the treatment of peripheral vascular occlusive disease has been presented. Results continue to be encouraging in properly selected patients, as they have been since 1947.", "PMID": 1166917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1473", "title": "Iliofemoral thrombophlebitis associated with central nervous system pathology.", "content": "It is very uncommon for acute thrombophlebitis to develop in children without an identifiable predisposing cause. During a ten year period at a children's hospital, central nervous system disease was observed in four of eight children with iliofemoral thrombophlebitis. This association suggests that a thorough neurologic evaluation should be carried out in any child with acute thrombophlebitis.", "contents": "Iliofemoral thrombophlebitis associated with central nervous system pathology. It is very uncommon for acute thrombophlebitis to develop in children without an identifiable predisposing cause. During a ten year period at a children's hospital, central nervous system disease was observed in four of eight children with iliofemoral thrombophlebitis. This association suggests that a thorough neurologic evaluation should be carried out in any child with acute thrombophlebitis.", "PMID": 1166918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1474", "title": "Prevention of cerebral infarction in the dog by intact omentum.", "content": "Three groups of dogs underwent total occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery close to its junction with the internal carotid artery. Dogs that had omentum placed on the brain prior to occlusion of the middle cerebral arterial withstood this deprivation of normal cerebral blood flow in a statistically significant manner when compared with dogs that had no omental protection or had omental placement on the brain simultaneous with middle cerebral artery occlusion. These results raise the possibility that use of the intact omentum might be another technic for revascularization of the brain in patients with transient cerebral ischemic attacks or brain dysfunctions secondary to diminished cerebral blood flow who presently are not candidates for routine surgical procedures for cerebral revascularization.", "contents": "Prevention of cerebral infarction in the dog by intact omentum. Three groups of dogs underwent total occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery close to its junction with the internal carotid artery. Dogs that had omentum placed on the brain prior to occlusion of the middle cerebral arterial withstood this deprivation of normal cerebral blood flow in a statistically significant manner when compared with dogs that had no omental protection or had omental placement on the brain simultaneous with middle cerebral artery occlusion. These results raise the possibility that use of the intact omentum might be another technic for revascularization of the brain in patients with transient cerebral ischemic attacks or brain dysfunctions secondary to diminished cerebral blood flow who presently are not candidates for routine surgical procedures for cerebral revascularization.", "PMID": 1166919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1475", "title": "Inadequacy of steroids in the treatment of severe hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Massive doses of methylprednisolone were given to dogs prior to severe, lethal, hemorrhagic shock. An untreated group of dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock served as controls. No persistent significant differences were seen in cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure, superior mesenteric artery flow, and survival. Calculated total peripheral resistance tended to be lower in the treated dogs and was significantly lower after reinfusion of shed blood. Pretreatment with methylprednisolone did not prevent plasma elevations of the lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin D and beta-glucuronidase. Stabilization of hepatic lysosomes in treated dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock was not evident. The results failed to indicate significant salutary effects of methylprednisolone sodium succinate in this lethal hemorrhagic shock model.", "contents": "Inadequacy of steroids in the treatment of severe hemorrhagic shock. Massive doses of methylprednisolone were given to dogs prior to severe, lethal, hemorrhagic shock. An untreated group of dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock served as controls. No persistent significant differences were seen in cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure, superior mesenteric artery flow, and survival. Calculated total peripheral resistance tended to be lower in the treated dogs and was significantly lower after reinfusion of shed blood. Pretreatment with methylprednisolone did not prevent plasma elevations of the lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin D and beta-glucuronidase. Stabilization of hepatic lysosomes in treated dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock was not evident. The results failed to indicate significant salutary effects of methylprednisolone sodium succinate in this lethal hemorrhagic shock model.", "PMID": 1166920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1476", "title": "Moderate hemodilution technic in surgical procedures. Blood electrolyte balance in patients undergoing operation for gastric and duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Studies to determine selected blood electrolyte concentrations showed no disturbances in serum sodium, chloride, and copper concentrations during and after moderate hemodilution to 30 per cent of hematocrit. Sudden significant decreases in serum potassium, magnesium, and total calcium concentrations at ten minutes after hemodilution were the result of physical dilution only and did not have negative effects on organs, especially the heart. We observed a significant decrease in serum iron concentration with a gradual return to the control value; we cannot explain this phenomenon because it resulted neither from dilution nor blood loss. Our results require that caution be exercised and that the dilution fluid employed be changed when more significant hemodilution (below 30 per cent of hematocrit) is intended, so that suspected, more intensive sudden alterations in electrolyte concentration are prevented.", "contents": "Moderate hemodilution technic in surgical procedures. Blood electrolyte balance in patients undergoing operation for gastric and duodenal ulcer. Studies to determine selected blood electrolyte concentrations showed no disturbances in serum sodium, chloride, and copper concentrations during and after moderate hemodilution to 30 per cent of hematocrit. Sudden significant decreases in serum potassium, magnesium, and total calcium concentrations at ten minutes after hemodilution were the result of physical dilution only and did not have negative effects on organs, especially the heart. We observed a significant decrease in serum iron concentration with a gradual return to the control value; we cannot explain this phenomenon because it resulted neither from dilution nor blood loss. Our results require that caution be exercised and that the dilution fluid employed be changed when more significant hemodilution (below 30 per cent of hematocrit) is intended, so that suspected, more intensive sudden alterations in electrolyte concentration are prevented.", "PMID": 1166921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1477", "title": "Renal artery stenosis: a complication of needle puncture for manometry. Case of subintimal dissection with spontaneous resolution.", "content": "After aortorenal bypass for renovascular hypertension secondary to atherosclerosis of the renal artery of a solitary left kidney a high-grade stenosing lesion developed distal to the site of insertion of a Dacron graft. In the immediate postoperative period the blood pressure was restored to normal, but one week later hypertension recurred. An arteriogram disclosed an area of stenosis 1 cm distal to the site of insertion of the graft in the renal artery. During the next year, serial arteriograms were made, renal function remained normal, and hypertension gradually abated. One year after the discovery of the postbypass stenosis, an arteriogram showed disappearance of the constricting lesion. The postoperative stenosis was, in all probability, caused by subintimal dissection secondary to needle puncture for strain gauge manometry.", "contents": "Renal artery stenosis: a complication of needle puncture for manometry. Case of subintimal dissection with spontaneous resolution. After aortorenal bypass for renovascular hypertension secondary to atherosclerosis of the renal artery of a solitary left kidney a high-grade stenosing lesion developed distal to the site of insertion of a Dacron graft. In the immediate postoperative period the blood pressure was restored to normal, but one week later hypertension recurred. An arteriogram disclosed an area of stenosis 1 cm distal to the site of insertion of the graft in the renal artery. During the next year, serial arteriograms were made, renal function remained normal, and hypertension gradually abated. One year after the discovery of the postbypass stenosis, an arteriogram showed disappearance of the constricting lesion. The postoperative stenosis was, in all probability, caused by subintimal dissection secondary to needle puncture for strain gauge manometry.", "PMID": 1166922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1478", "title": "Gastric aneurysms: unusual lesions with lethal potential.", "content": "Extravisceral gastric aneurysms are rare lesions infrequently producing symptoms prior to life-threatening intraperitoneal rupture. Elective resection is indicated in those unusual cases diagnosed preoperatively. Ruptured visceral aneurysms should be included in the differential diagnosis of obscure intraperitoneal hemorrhage. In contrast, intramural gastric aneurysms produce massive hematemesis managed successfully in two cases by subtotal gastrectomy. Acknowledgment: I wish to thank Doctors Stephen A. Ockner and John Cacciamani for the kind referral of their patient and Doctor Edito Cabal, St. Louis Veterans Administration Hospital, who performed the arteriography.", "contents": "Gastric aneurysms: unusual lesions with lethal potential. Extravisceral gastric aneurysms are rare lesions infrequently producing symptoms prior to life-threatening intraperitoneal rupture. Elective resection is indicated in those unusual cases diagnosed preoperatively. Ruptured visceral aneurysms should be included in the differential diagnosis of obscure intraperitoneal hemorrhage. In contrast, intramural gastric aneurysms produce massive hematemesis managed successfully in two cases by subtotal gastrectomy. Acknowledgment: I wish to thank Doctors Stephen A. Ockner and John Cacciamani for the kind referral of their patient and Doctor Edito Cabal, St. Louis Veterans Administration Hospital, who performed the arteriography.", "PMID": 1166923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1479", "title": "Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland. Angiographic findings and review of the literature.", "content": "Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland is a rare tumor. It has been surgically excised in only five cases, including the one described in this report. However, review of the literature reveals a total of one hundred thirty cases. Although more than 96 per cent of these lesions were found incidentally at autopsy and more than half could be appreciated only microscopically, it is clear that these tumors can grow sufficiently to become symptomatic, undergo hemorrhage, and require operation. The clinical angiographic and pathologic features of myelolipoma are described. Although endocrine function of this tumor has never been demonstrated, related experimental evidence of others is summarized because it suggests that complete endocrinologic evaluation of patients with suspected myelolipoma is indicated. Despite the rarity of the tumor, we believe that the radiologic and clinical features of myelolipoma that we have described may allow preoperative diagnosis in the future.", "contents": "Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland. Angiographic findings and review of the literature. Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland is a rare tumor. It has been surgically excised in only five cases, including the one described in this report. However, review of the literature reveals a total of one hundred thirty cases. Although more than 96 per cent of these lesions were found incidentally at autopsy and more than half could be appreciated only microscopically, it is clear that these tumors can grow sufficiently to become symptomatic, undergo hemorrhage, and require operation. The clinical angiographic and pathologic features of myelolipoma are described. Although endocrine function of this tumor has never been demonstrated, related experimental evidence of others is summarized because it suggests that complete endocrinologic evaluation of patients with suspected myelolipoma is indicated. Despite the rarity of the tumor, we believe that the radiologic and clinical features of myelolipoma that we have described may allow preoperative diagnosis in the future.", "PMID": 1166924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1480", "title": "Unique case of mesenteric fibrosis in multiple polyposis.", "content": "A massive mesenteric fibroma in a patient who had had subtotal colectomy for familial polyposis necessitated resection of all but the proximal 3 to 4 feet of small bowel. The patient is alive and well with few stigmata of short bowel syndrome. Acknowledgment: We wish to thank CAPT Malcolm L. Cowen, USN, MC, Chief of the Department of Pathology, for histopathologic photomicrographic study and extensive laboratory data.", "contents": "Unique case of mesenteric fibrosis in multiple polyposis. A massive mesenteric fibroma in a patient who had had subtotal colectomy for familial polyposis necessitated resection of all but the proximal 3 to 4 feet of small bowel. The patient is alive and well with few stigmata of short bowel syndrome. Acknowledgment: We wish to thank CAPT Malcolm L. Cowen, USN, MC, Chief of the Department of Pathology, for histopathologic photomicrographic study and extensive laboratory data.", "PMID": 1166925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1481", "title": "Alternate technic for operative cholangiography.", "content": "Occasionally the cystic duct cannot be cannulated for cholangiography. A technic of cholangiography via a fine needle is described that allows similar injection of dye. The needle must be secured to prevent dislodgement during the procedure.", "contents": "Alternate technic for operative cholangiography. Occasionally the cystic duct cannot be cannulated for cholangiography. A technic of cholangiography via a fine needle is described that allows similar injection of dye. The needle must be secured to prevent dislodgement during the procedure.", "PMID": 1166926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1482", "title": "Improving the efficiency of wound drainage catheters.", "content": "We have modified the most commonly utilized wound drainage system to further reduce the incidence of postoperative accumulation of fluid under the skin flaps. This modification allows more efficient removal of debris, loose tissue fragments, and clots from the wound catheters and insures a constant negative pressure in the system. These maneuvers lengthen the usefulness and improve the efficiency of the catheters and have reduced the incidence of fluid accumulation.", "contents": "Improving the efficiency of wound drainage catheters. We have modified the most commonly utilized wound drainage system to further reduce the incidence of postoperative accumulation of fluid under the skin flaps. This modification allows more efficient removal of debris, loose tissue fragments, and clots from the wound catheters and insures a constant negative pressure in the system. These maneuvers lengthen the usefulness and improve the efficiency of the catheters and have reduced the incidence of fluid accumulation.", "PMID": 1166927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1483", "title": "H\u00fcrthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "Even though H\u00fcrthle cell carcinoma is a distinct histologic entity, the clinical course of these patients is similar to that of patients with follicular carcinoma of the thyroid and they should be so treated. This review covers a study of thirty-five previously untreated patients with H\u00fcrthle cell cancer of the thyroid.", "contents": "H\u00fcrthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid. Even though H\u00fcrthle cell carcinoma is a distinct histologic entity, the clinical course of these patients is similar to that of patients with follicular carcinoma of the thyroid and they should be so treated. This review covers a study of thirty-five previously untreated patients with H\u00fcrthle cell cancer of the thyroid.", "PMID": 1166928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1484", "title": "Carcinoma of the thyroid with description of a new scanning technic.", "content": "A statistical analysis of 193 patients with thyroid carcinoma encountered at Vanderbilt University Hospital from 1925 to 1974 is reported, from which the following conclusions are drawn: (1) Papillary thyroid carcinoma is an extremely favorable lesion that when grossly limited to one thyroid lobe can usually be managed successfully by ipsolateral total lobectomy. (2) Cervical lymph node enlargement in patients with papillary carcinoma requires lymph node dissection. When feasible, the spinal accessory nerve should be preserved. (3) Failure to cure papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma is influenced by advanced age, inadequate local extirpation, and unresectability of the carcinoma. (4) Prophylactic lymph node dissection is rarely indicated in the treatment of follicular carcinoma. A new isotope scanning procedure, developed at Vanderbilt University Hospital, promises to be helpful in preoperatively differentiating benign  from malignant solitary thyroid nodules.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the thyroid with description of a new scanning technic. A statistical analysis of 193 patients with thyroid carcinoma encountered at Vanderbilt University Hospital from 1925 to 1974 is reported, from which the following conclusions are drawn: (1) Papillary thyroid carcinoma is an extremely favorable lesion that when grossly limited to one thyroid lobe can usually be managed successfully by ipsolateral total lobectomy. (2) Cervical lymph node enlargement in patients with papillary carcinoma requires lymph node dissection. When feasible, the spinal accessory nerve should be preserved. (3) Failure to cure papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma is influenced by advanced age, inadequate local extirpation, and unresectability of the carcinoma. (4) Prophylactic lymph node dissection is rarely indicated in the treatment of follicular carcinoma. A new isotope scanning procedure, developed at Vanderbilt University Hospital, promises to be helpful in preoperatively differentiating benign  from malignant solitary thyroid nodules.", "PMID": 1166929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1485", "title": "Preservation of parathyroid glands during total thyroidectomy. Improved technic utilizing microsurgery.", "content": "An improved technic for total thyroidectomy, utilizing magnification, is described. A method of preservation of the parathyroid glands with intact blood supply has been developed. The completeness of total thyroidectomy has been confirmed in 91 per cent of patients studied by postoperative radioactive iodine scan.", "contents": "Preservation of parathyroid glands during total thyroidectomy. Improved technic utilizing microsurgery. An improved technic for total thyroidectomy, utilizing magnification, is described. A method of preservation of the parathyroid glands with intact blood supply has been developed. The completeness of total thyroidectomy has been confirmed in 91 per cent of patients studied by postoperative radioactive iodine scan.", "PMID": 1166930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1486", "title": "Metastasis of metastases.", "content": "Metastasis of metastases was demonstrated experimentally. Mice whose primary tumors were amputated after the development of pulmonary metastases were placed into parabiosis with normal syngeneic partners. Metastases were demonstrated in the nontumor-bearing partners despite their development of passive immunity. Immunizing the nontumor-bearing partner prior to joining into parabiosis was not protective against the formation of metastasis.", "contents": "Metastasis of metastases. Metastasis of metastases was demonstrated experimentally. Mice whose primary tumors were amputated after the development of pulmonary metastases were placed into parabiosis with normal syngeneic partners. Metastases were demonstrated in the nontumor-bearing partners despite their development of passive immunity. Immunizing the nontumor-bearing partner prior to joining into parabiosis was not protective against the formation of metastasis.", "PMID": 1166931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1487", "title": "Penetrating injuries to the neck. Pitfalls in management.", "content": "One hundred patients with penetrating injuries to the neck were evaluated. The safest, most expeditious method of managing a penetrating injury to the neck is still prompt surgical exploration. Patients with positive physical examination have definite indications for surgerymin our series, 93 per cent of these patients had significant injuries. Patients with negative physical examinations are still optimally treated with neck explorations. The mortality of this series was 2 per cent. In specific situations, nonoperative management of penetrating injuries to the neck may be useful. This modality, however; should not be construed as \"conservative\" management. Specific pitfalls noted include inadequate neck exploration, failure to completely examine the patient, and being unprepared for exploration outside the neck.", "contents": "Penetrating injuries to the neck. Pitfalls in management. One hundred patients with penetrating injuries to the neck were evaluated. The safest, most expeditious method of managing a penetrating injury to the neck is still prompt surgical exploration. Patients with positive physical examination have definite indications for surgerymin our series, 93 per cent of these patients had significant injuries. Patients with negative physical examinations are still optimally treated with neck explorations. The mortality of this series was 2 per cent. In specific situations, nonoperative management of penetrating injuries to the neck may be useful. This modality, however; should not be construed as \"conservative\" management. Specific pitfalls noted include inadequate neck exploration, failure to completely examine the patient, and being unprepared for exploration outside the neck.", "PMID": 1166933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1488", "title": "Tumors of the facial skeleton in children. Growth patterns after maxillectomy and mandibulectomy.", "content": "Thirteen children who had major extirpative surgery of the maxilla or the mandible were followed up an average of five years postoperatively. They ranged in age from three months to eleven years. Facial and oral photographs, cephalograms and cephalometric analysis, and plaster dental models were used to document longitudinal and cross-sectional growth patterns; Our experiences in this limited number of cases has indicated the following: (1) Extensive extirpation of facial bones may be performed in children without significantly jeopardizing function or growth. (2) The roots of healthy teeth may be resected without fear of their noneruption or early loss; loss of sensation with continued viability is the rule. (3) The use of an iliac bone crib with particulate grafts has proved a highly successful means of reconstruction of the mandible in children. (4) Particulate bone has proved to be an effective means of reconstructing large contour defects of the mandible caused by enucleating large tumors in children.", "contents": "Tumors of the facial skeleton in children. Growth patterns after maxillectomy and mandibulectomy. Thirteen children who had major extirpative surgery of the maxilla or the mandible were followed up an average of five years postoperatively. They ranged in age from three months to eleven years. Facial and oral photographs, cephalograms and cephalometric analysis, and plaster dental models were used to document longitudinal and cross-sectional growth patterns; Our experiences in this limited number of cases has indicated the following: (1) Extensive extirpation of facial bones may be performed in children without significantly jeopardizing function or growth. (2) The roots of healthy teeth may be resected without fear of their noneruption or early loss; loss of sensation with continued viability is the rule. (3) The use of an iliac bone crib with particulate grafts has proved a highly successful means of reconstruction of the mandible in children. (4) Particulate bone has proved to be an effective means of reconstructing large contour defects of the mandible caused by enucleating large tumors in children.", "PMID": 1166934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1489", "title": "Reoperative parathyroid surgery.", "content": "Reoperative parathyroid surgery is associated with a high mortality and morbidity. Morbidity consists of uncorrected hypercalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, and recurrent nerve injury. Initial operative failure is most frequently a result of not identifying four parathyroid glands. On reoperation, parathyroid glands are most often found in the neck and are usually hyperplastic. It is recommended that before attempting rexploration for parathyroid disease, all the patient's records especially the operative note and the previous pathology material should be reviewed. Preoperative localization by selective venous catheterization is of great use in the management of this type of patient.", "contents": "Reoperative parathyroid surgery. Reoperative parathyroid surgery is associated with a high mortality and morbidity. Morbidity consists of uncorrected hypercalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, and recurrent nerve injury. Initial operative failure is most frequently a result of not identifying four parathyroid glands. On reoperation, parathyroid glands are most often found in the neck and are usually hyperplastic. It is recommended that before attempting rexploration for parathyroid disease, all the patient's records especially the operative note and the previous pathology material should be reviewed. Preoperative localization by selective venous catheterization is of great use in the management of this type of patient.", "PMID": 1166935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1490", "title": "A medial approach to thyroidectomy.", "content": "Thyroidectomy initiated by transecting the isthmus and peeling the lobes laterally away from the midline exposes the three vital elements of thyroid anatomy, namely the vessels, the recurrent laryngeal nerves and the parathyroid glands, by an almost bloodless dissection conducted at a distance from these vital structures. Part or all of the lobe or lobes can be removed while the parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerves remain clearly under view at all times.", "contents": "A medial approach to thyroidectomy. Thyroidectomy initiated by transecting the isthmus and peeling the lobes laterally away from the midline exposes the three vital elements of thyroid anatomy, namely the vessels, the recurrent laryngeal nerves and the parathyroid glands, by an almost bloodless dissection conducted at a distance from these vital structures. Part or all of the lobe or lobes can be removed while the parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerves remain clearly under view at all times.", "PMID": 1166936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1491", "title": "Experience with 1,360 primary parotid tumors.", "content": "Experience with 1,360 primary parotid tumors seen at the Mayo Clinic during two fifteen year periods, 1940 through 1954 and 1955 through 1969, is reviewed. A comparison of histopathologic classification, type of treatment indicated, recurrence rates, and survival in the two periods reveals considerably greater understanding of all factors in the later fifteen year period. The relatively high mortality still encountered among patients with high grade malignant tumors of the parotid glands indicate the nature of the challenge still to be met. Based on the data in this study, it is our opinion that superficial or total conservative parotidectomy is best employed primarily for benign tumors and that the shift to more radical operative procedures should continue in the management of malignant tumors, especially those that are less well differentiated. For experienced surgeons, exceptions might be the small superficially located tumors or the tumors in the lower pole of the gland such as Warthin's tumors. Local excision with removal of a margin of parotid parenchyma might be justifiable in such cases.", "contents": "Experience with 1,360 primary parotid tumors. Experience with 1,360 primary parotid tumors seen at the Mayo Clinic during two fifteen year periods, 1940 through 1954 and 1955 through 1969, is reviewed. A comparison of histopathologic classification, type of treatment indicated, recurrence rates, and survival in the two periods reveals considerably greater understanding of all factors in the later fifteen year period. The relatively high mortality still encountered among patients with high grade malignant tumors of the parotid glands indicate the nature of the challenge still to be met. Based on the data in this study, it is our opinion that superficial or total conservative parotidectomy is best employed primarily for benign tumors and that the shift to more radical operative procedures should continue in the management of malignant tumors, especially those that are less well differentiated. For experienced surgeons, exceptions might be the small superficially located tumors or the tumors in the lower pole of the gland such as Warthin's tumors. Local excision with removal of a margin of parotid parenchyma might be justifiable in such cases.", "PMID": 1166937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1492", "title": "Combined craniofacial resection for malignant disease.", "content": "A combined craniofacial approach has been employed in nineteen patients with tumors involving the base of the skull. Monoblock resection of the temporal bone, anterior fossa, or anterior and middle fossa can be achieved with acceptable mortality, even in cases of advanced cancer that recurs after radiation. Immediate reconstruction with a full thickness flap was routinely employed to provide improved cosmesis and to minimize the risk of intracranial infection.", "contents": "Combined craniofacial resection for malignant disease. A combined craniofacial approach has been employed in nineteen patients with tumors involving the base of the skull. Monoblock resection of the temporal bone, anterior fossa, or anterior and middle fossa can be achieved with acceptable mortality, even in cases of advanced cancer that recurs after radiation. Immediate reconstruction with a full thickness flap was routinely employed to provide improved cosmesis and to minimize the risk of intracranial infection.", "PMID": 1166938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1493", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients less than thirty years of age.", "content": "Eleven patients less than thirty years of age who had squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue were treated at the M. D. Anderson Hospital from 1956 to 1973. The overall survival was 45 per cent. Many of the usual concomitant factors, such as heavy smoking, drinking, and poor dental hygiene were absent. Poorly differentiated, or grade III, squamous cell carcinoma was present in 48 per cent of the patients and indicated a poor prognosis regardless of the type of treatment. The primary lesion of the tongue was controlled in nine of the eleven patients. Recurrent cancer of the neck was observed in four patients. The selection of treatment in each case must be based on the various factors such as the size of the primary lesion, its histologic aspects, and the presence of nodal disease, and not on any emotional or subjective factors.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients less than thirty years of age. Eleven patients less than thirty years of age who had squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue were treated at the M. D. Anderson Hospital from 1956 to 1973. The overall survival was 45 per cent. Many of the usual concomitant factors, such as heavy smoking, drinking, and poor dental hygiene were absent. Poorly differentiated, or grade III, squamous cell carcinoma was present in 48 per cent of the patients and indicated a poor prognosis regardless of the type of treatment. The primary lesion of the tongue was controlled in nine of the eleven patients. Recurrent cancer of the neck was observed in four patients. The selection of treatment in each case must be based on the various factors such as the size of the primary lesion, its histologic aspects, and the presence of nodal disease, and not on any emotional or subjective factors.", "PMID": 1166939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1494", "title": "Preoperative irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Does it improve five year survival or control figures?", "content": "1. A well defined group of patients have been studied. 2. Composite operation resulted in a 56 per cent five year disease-free survival rate. 3. Treatment of recurrent disease with irradiation increased the five year survival to 61 per cent. 4. Preoperative irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the intraoral cavity, stage III, is unwarranted unless this treatment plan can produce five year end results better than 61 per cent.", "contents": "Preoperative irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Does it improve five year survival or control figures? 1. A well defined group of patients have been studied. 2. Composite operation resulted in a 56 per cent five year disease-free survival rate. 3. Treatment of recurrent disease with irradiation increased the five year survival to 61 per cent. 4. Preoperative irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the intraoral cavity, stage III, is unwarranted unless this treatment plan can produce five year end results better than 61 per cent.", "PMID": 1166940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1495", "title": "Carcinoma of the glottic larynx.", "content": "During the years 1955 through 1964, 535 patients with histologically proved squamous cell cancer of the glottic larynx were recorded in the Tumor Registry of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Of these 521 were treated and form the basis of this report. All were retrospectively staged. Possible etiologic factors were tabulated associated diseases recorded, and results of treatment evaluated. In this almost wholly surgically treated series, the determinate five and ten year survival rates for previously untreated patients were 81.5 and 80 per cent, respectively. The incidence of cervical lymph node metastases increased and the prognosis worsened with increasing stage of disease. The previously treated patients had a much worse prognosis than did the primary patientsmcancer of the glottic larynx is eminently curable if detected early and treated adequately.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the glottic larynx. During the years 1955 through 1964, 535 patients with histologically proved squamous cell cancer of the glottic larynx were recorded in the Tumor Registry of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Of these 521 were treated and form the basis of this report. All were retrospectively staged. Possible etiologic factors were tabulated associated diseases recorded, and results of treatment evaluated. In this almost wholly surgically treated series, the determinate five and ten year survival rates for previously untreated patients were 81.5 and 80 per cent, respectively. The incidence of cervical lymph node metastases increased and the prognosis worsened with increasing stage of disease. The previously treated patients had a much worse prognosis than did the primary patientsmcancer of the glottic larynx is eminently curable if detected early and treated adequately.", "PMID": 1166941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1496", "title": "Carcinoma of the pyriform sinus.", "content": "Ninety-one consecutive patients with carcinoma of the pyriform sinus were treated surgically during a ten year period from 1964 to 1973. Two of the ninety-one patients died postoperatively. The absolute five year survival was fifteen to fifty-nine patients or 25.4 per cent. One of the survivors had bilateral cervical metastases at the time of initial operation.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the pyriform sinus. Ninety-one consecutive patients with carcinoma of the pyriform sinus were treated surgically during a ten year period from 1964 to 1973. Two of the ninety-one patients died postoperatively. The absolute five year survival was fifteen to fifty-nine patients or 25.4 per cent. One of the survivors had bilateral cervical metastases at the time of initial operation.", "PMID": 1166942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1497", "title": "Cervicofacial actinomycosis.", "content": "Cervicofacial actinomycosis is a disease that is currently encountered as a pseudotumor entity or cold abscess. The frequent use of antibiotics in treatment of masses in the cervicofacial region may either delay its appearance or disguise the diagnosis. The surgeon must be highly suspicious when making the diagnosis since precautions in handling the biopsy specimens are necessary. Treatment consists of incision biopsy and drainage or aspiration to establish the diagnosis, followed by prolonged penicillin therapy. In those patients allergic to penicillin, clindamycin should be the initial drug of choice. Either medication must be administered for a prolonged period of time, even after the disease is clinically controlled.", "contents": "Cervicofacial actinomycosis. Cervicofacial actinomycosis is a disease that is currently encountered as a pseudotumor entity or cold abscess. The frequent use of antibiotics in treatment of masses in the cervicofacial region may either delay its appearance or disguise the diagnosis. The surgeon must be highly suspicious when making the diagnosis since precautions in handling the biopsy specimens are necessary. Treatment consists of incision biopsy and drainage or aspiration to establish the diagnosis, followed by prolonged penicillin therapy. In those patients allergic to penicillin, clindamycin should be the initial drug of choice. Either medication must be administered for a prolonged period of time, even after the disease is clinically controlled.", "PMID": 1166943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1498", "title": "Mucosal changes in the trachea and main bronchi of newborn infants after naso-tracheal intubation.", "content": "Permanent sequelae of nasotracheal intubation are uncommon, but acute ulceration and squamous metaplasia occur. Histological sections from the trachea and main bronchi were examined in 12 infants. A nasotracheal tube had been inserted during the first two weeks of life of these infants and had been in place for more than one week. In four cases the patient died some time (7 to 108 days) after extubation. Similar sections from patients who were not intubated, intubated only for attempted resuscitation, or intubated for several hours were studied for comparison. The sections were classified according to the degree of mucosal loss and metaplasia, and the extent of the lesions was estimated. Squamous change was seen in most sections from all 12 patients with the exception of one who died 57 days after extubation. Some respiratory epithelium was seen in all patients. In the eight patients who died while intubated, the changes were more marked in the right main bronchus than the left in seven, and more marked in the lower trachea than the upper in five. In the two patients intubated for several hours, in addition to mucosal loss, early metaplasia was seen. It is suggested that mucosal loss is replaced by the squamous metaplasia, and that trauma caused by suction catheters in the lower trachea and right main bronchus is more extensive than that due to the endotracheal tube itself.", "contents": "Mucosal changes in the trachea and main bronchi of newborn infants after naso-tracheal intubation. Permanent sequelae of nasotracheal intubation are uncommon, but acute ulceration and squamous metaplasia occur. Histological sections from the trachea and main bronchi were examined in 12 infants. A nasotracheal tube had been inserted during the first two weeks of life of these infants and had been in place for more than one week. In four cases the patient died some time (7 to 108 days) after extubation. Similar sections from patients who were not intubated, intubated only for attempted resuscitation, or intubated for several hours were studied for comparison. The sections were classified according to the degree of mucosal loss and metaplasia, and the extent of the lesions was estimated. Squamous change was seen in most sections from all 12 patients with the exception of one who died 57 days after extubation. Some respiratory epithelium was seen in all patients. In the eight patients who died while intubated, the changes were more marked in the right main bronchus than the left in seven, and more marked in the lower trachea than the upper in five. In the two patients intubated for several hours, in addition to mucosal loss, early metaplasia was seen. It is suggested that mucosal loss is replaced by the squamous metaplasia, and that trauma caused by suction catheters in the lower trachea and right main bronchus is more extensive than that due to the endotracheal tube itself.", "PMID": 1166944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1499", "title": "The final F.F.A.R.A.C.S. examination.", "content": "The development of the Final Examination of Fellowship of the Faculty of Anaesthetists of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons is described from its inception in 1956 to the present. A statistical analysis was made of the examinations in 1969 and 1970. The correlations between marks for essay questions, within the multiple choice examination and between clinical examinations were low, suggesting that the reliability of these tests was unsatisfactory. At this same time, applied anatomy was added to the subjects in this examination. The examination was restructured with more emphasis on the oral and multiple choice examination and the marking system was revised. Continuing analysis has shown higher correlations between and within most parts of the examination. The correlations for the essay marks have remained lower, but essays have been retained in an attempt to assess and encourage the skills involved. Feedback of teaching and learning information obtained from analysis of the examination is provided to Regional Education Officers and Supervisors of Training.", "contents": "The final F.F.A.R.A.C.S. examination. The development of the Final Examination of Fellowship of the Faculty of Anaesthetists of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons is described from its inception in 1956 to the present. A statistical analysis was made of the examinations in 1969 and 1970. The correlations between marks for essay questions, within the multiple choice examination and between clinical examinations were low, suggesting that the reliability of these tests was unsatisfactory. At this same time, applied anatomy was added to the subjects in this examination. The examination was restructured with more emphasis on the oral and multiple choice examination and the marking system was revised. Continuing analysis has shown higher correlations between and within most parts of the examination. The correlations for the essay marks have remained lower, but essays have been retained in an attempt to assess and encourage the skills involved. Feedback of teaching and learning information obtained from analysis of the examination is provided to Regional Education Officers and Supervisors of Training.", "PMID": 1166945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1500", "title": "Post operative pulmonary dysfunction: an historical review.", "content": "The development of current understanding of post operative pulmonary dysfunction is outlined and discussed.", "contents": "Post operative pulmonary dysfunction: an historical review. The development of current understanding of post operative pulmonary dysfunction is outlined and discussed.", "PMID": 1166946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1501", "title": "Acute respiratory failure in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "The respiratory complications of acute pancreatitis are discussed, with particular reference to the incidence, pathophysiology and management of acute respiratory distress.", "contents": "Acute respiratory failure in acute pancreatitis. The respiratory complications of acute pancreatitis are discussed, with particular reference to the incidence, pathophysiology and management of acute respiratory distress.", "PMID": 1166947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1502", "title": "Anaesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy.", "content": "The results of a prospective study of 3,500 Anaesthetics for electroconvulsive therapy is presented. Minimal differences were observed between thiopentone and methohexitone. Propanidid and Diazepam were found to be unsuitable induction agents. Other findings included minimal serum potassium elevation and a low incidence of post treatment muscle pains. The place of the single-handed operator and the place of unmodified electroconvulsive therapy is questioned as being unacceptable practice.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy. The results of a prospective study of 3,500 Anaesthetics for electroconvulsive therapy is presented. Minimal differences were observed between thiopentone and methohexitone. Propanidid and Diazepam were found to be unsuitable induction agents. Other findings included minimal serum potassium elevation and a low incidence of post treatment muscle pains. The place of the single-handed operator and the place of unmodified electroconvulsive therapy is questioned as being unacceptable practice.", "PMID": 1166948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1503", "title": "Thiopentone anaphylaxis--case report.", "content": "A case history is presented of a man who developed angioedema of his head and neck during anaesthesia for his 11th cystoscopy within four years. Thiopentone was always used to induce his general anaesthesia. An intradermal skin test with 1 : 100 dilution of 2-5 per cent thiopentone was positive and subsequent anaesthesia without thiopentone was straightforward.", "contents": "Thiopentone anaphylaxis--case report. A case history is presented of a man who developed angioedema of his head and neck during anaesthesia for his 11th cystoscopy within four years. Thiopentone was always used to induce his general anaesthesia. An intradermal skin test with 1 : 100 dilution of 2-5 per cent thiopentone was positive and subsequent anaesthesia without thiopentone was straightforward.", "PMID": 1166949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1504", "title": "Successful use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in the treatment of refractory intraoperative cardiogenic shock.", "content": "Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) has been used successfully in the treatment of shock following myocardial infarction. This report describes eight patients who developed medically refractory cardiogenic shock following cessation of cardiopulmonary bypass and who were treated with IABC. None of the eight became balloon dependent and seven of eight (87.5%) left the hospital doing well. The treatment of refractory intra-operative cardiogenic shock represents a new and additional indication for IABC.", "contents": "Successful use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in the treatment of refractory intraoperative cardiogenic shock. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) has been used successfully in the treatment of shock following myocardial infarction. This report describes eight patients who developed medically refractory cardiogenic shock following cessation of cardiopulmonary bypass and who were treated with IABC. None of the eight became balloon dependent and seven of eight (87.5%) left the hospital doing well. The treatment of refractory intra-operative cardiogenic shock represents a new and additional indication for IABC.", "PMID": 1166968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1505", "title": "Treatment of oral carcinoma with selective therapy for the individual patient.", "content": "A series of 121 patients with carcinoma of the lower oral cavity seen at the British Columbia Cancer Institute during the years 1963 to 1969 has been reviewed. We have evidence of improved treatment results over a previous series of patients treated between 1953 and 1962. The results are as satisfactory as other reported treatment policies in which either surgery or radiation is used exclusively. Careful follow-up of all patients is essential. When recurrence or metastatic disease is recognized early, further treatment can still result in cure. The criteria for case selection of the individual patients are outlined.", "contents": "Treatment of oral carcinoma with selective therapy for the individual patient. A series of 121 patients with carcinoma of the lower oral cavity seen at the British Columbia Cancer Institute during the years 1963 to 1969 has been reviewed. We have evidence of improved treatment results over a previous series of patients treated between 1953 and 1962. The results are as satisfactory as other reported treatment policies in which either surgery or radiation is used exclusively. Careful follow-up of all patients is essential. When recurrence or metastatic disease is recognized early, further treatment can still result in cure. The criteria for case selection of the individual patients are outlined.", "PMID": 1166969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1506", "title": "An alternative to routine operative cholangiography.", "content": "The use of the Fogarty biliary balloon catheter has added to the safety of common duct exploration. Review of our own series seems to support this concept. With this adjunct adn a careful anatomic dissection of the biliary system, one can decide to do cholangiography or common duct exploration based on carefully considered clinical factors when stones are suspected. Perhaps neither need to be done in many instances. Without trying to question the virtures of operative cholangiography, we believe that it can be used selectively rather than routinely.", "contents": "An alternative to routine operative cholangiography. The use of the Fogarty biliary balloon catheter has added to the safety of common duct exploration. Review of our own series seems to support this concept. With this adjunct adn a careful anatomic dissection of the biliary system, one can decide to do cholangiography or common duct exploration based on carefully considered clinical factors when stones are suspected. Perhaps neither need to be done in many instances. Without trying to question the virtures of operative cholangiography, we believe that it can be used selectively rather than routinely.", "PMID": 1166970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1507", "title": "Nonpenetrating trauma of the abdominal aorta with partial vessel occlusion: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of blunt trauma of the abdominal aorta are reported. In both there was lacreation of the intima and development of intimal flaps with only partial occlusion of the aorta. Immediate recognition in one allowed prompt repair of injured tissue. Delayed recognition in the other, while not life-threatening, did prolong disability  and did necessitate vascular tissue replacement with prosthetic graft. Audible bruit and palpable thrill are diagnostic signs that, if sought for in the emergency room and operating room examinations of the traumatized abdomen, will yield early recognition of this lesion.", "contents": "Nonpenetrating trauma of the abdominal aorta with partial vessel occlusion: report of two cases. Two cases of blunt trauma of the abdominal aorta are reported. In both there was lacreation of the intima and development of intimal flaps with only partial occlusion of the aorta. Immediate recognition in one allowed prompt repair of injured tissue. Delayed recognition in the other, while not life-threatening, did prolong disability  and did necessitate vascular tissue replacement with prosthetic graft. Audible bruit and palpable thrill are diagnostic signs that, if sought for in the emergency room and operating room examinations of the traumatized abdomen, will yield early recognition of this lesion.", "PMID": 1166972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1508", "title": "Hamartoma of the spleen: a manfestation of tuberous sclerosis.", "content": "An unusual case of tuberous sclerosis is presented in which splenomegaly and abdominal pain predominated. The clinical manifestations of the disease are discussed, and the generalized hamartonmatous nature of the diseases is emphasized.", "contents": "Hamartoma of the spleen: a manfestation of tuberous sclerosis. An unusual case of tuberous sclerosis is presented in which splenomegaly and abdominal pain predominated. The clinical manifestations of the disease are discussed, and the generalized hamartonmatous nature of the diseases is emphasized.", "PMID": 1166974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1509", "title": "Therapeutic splenectomy.", "content": "An eight-year experience at Charity Hosptial and Touro Infirmary indicates that 10 percent of splenectomies were performed for reasons other than trauma or malignancy. Fifty-nine per cent of therapeutic splenectomies were done for congenital spherocytosis or idiopathic thromboytopenic purpura. All patients having spherocytosis and 57 per cent having ITP had favorable response following splenctomy. Seven surgical death occurred following 69 splenectomies (mortality 10%). Three deaths were from pulmonary emboli, three from hemorrhagic disorders and one from peritonitis. Eighteen postopertive complications occurred, the most frequent being thromboembolic disease. Prophylactic anticoagulants were not used in any patient.", "contents": "Therapeutic splenectomy. An eight-year experience at Charity Hosptial and Touro Infirmary indicates that 10 percent of splenectomies were performed for reasons other than trauma or malignancy. Fifty-nine per cent of therapeutic splenectomies were done for congenital spherocytosis or idiopathic thromboytopenic purpura. All patients having spherocytosis and 57 per cent having ITP had favorable response following splenctomy. Seven surgical death occurred following 69 splenectomies (mortality 10%). Three deaths were from pulmonary emboli, three from hemorrhagic disorders and one from peritonitis. Eighteen postopertive complications occurred, the most frequent being thromboembolic disease. Prophylactic anticoagulants were not used in any patient.", "PMID": 1166975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1510", "title": "Intussusception in the adult.", "content": "Intussusception in the adult is an uncommon condition usually with a chronic history but it may occasionally present as an acute process. The clinical picture is most often that of a large or a small bowel obstruction. When the intussusception begins in the small bowel, a benign causative factor is found most frequently, whereas intussusception of the colon is most often secondary to a malignant lesion. Idiopathic causes occur rarely as compared to the pediatric age group. The treatment of adult intussusception is surgical.", "contents": "Intussusception in the adult. Intussusception in the adult is an uncommon condition usually with a chronic history but it may occasionally present as an acute process. The clinical picture is most often that of a large or a small bowel obstruction. When the intussusception begins in the small bowel, a benign causative factor is found most frequently, whereas intussusception of the colon is most often secondary to a malignant lesion. Idiopathic causes occur rarely as compared to the pediatric age group. The treatment of adult intussusception is surgical.", "PMID": 1166976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1511", "title": "Chicken bone herina: an unusual presentation of a Richter's hernia.", "content": "An unusual case of a perforated Richter's hernia in which is presented with abscess cavity contained a chicken bone. Richter's gernia is difficult to diagnose before strangulation occurs. The surgeon must be prepared to follow small bowel resection with a second operation for definitive repair of the hernia.", "contents": "Chicken bone herina: an unusual presentation of a Richter's hernia. An unusual case of a perforated Richter's hernia in which is presented with abscess cavity contained a chicken bone. Richter's gernia is difficult to diagnose before strangulation occurs. The surgeon must be prepared to follow small bowel resection with a second operation for definitive repair of the hernia.", "PMID": 1166977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1512", "title": "Five years' treatment of Parkinson's disease with levodopa. Therapeutic results and survival of 100 patients.", "content": "One hundred patients with Parkinson's disease, who started taking levodopa before the end of 1968, have been assessed after 5 years. Forty-seven patients are still being followed on levodopa, and half of them are at least 25% better than at their pretreatment evaluation. However, the average functional rating is returning toward baseline from its remarkable improvement at 1/2 to 2 years. Abnormal involuntary movements, rapid oscillations in motor performance, postural instability, and dementia have become the major adverse effects. Thirty-two of the 100 patients have died. Life-table analysis shows an excess mortality of 1.9 compared with the U.S. population, a figure that is lower than the 2.9 reported before levodopa's use. Despite its inability to cure Parkinson's disease, levodopa provides symptomatic relief for a prolonged time and it remains the single most effective medication for the illness.", "contents": "Five years' treatment of Parkinson's disease with levodopa. Therapeutic results and survival of 100 patients. One hundred patients with Parkinson's disease, who started taking levodopa before the end of 1968, have been assessed after 5 years. Forty-seven patients are still being followed on levodopa, and half of them are at least 25% better than at their pretreatment evaluation. However, the average functional rating is returning toward baseline from its remarkable improvement at 1/2 to 2 years. Abnormal involuntary movements, rapid oscillations in motor performance, postural instability, and dementia have become the major adverse effects. Thirty-two of the 100 patients have died. Life-table analysis shows an excess mortality of 1.9 compared with the U.S. population, a figure that is lower than the 2.9 reported before levodopa's use. Despite its inability to cure Parkinson's disease, levodopa provides symptomatic relief for a prolonged time and it remains the single most effective medication for the illness.", "PMID": 1166978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1513", "title": "On the role of sexual behavior in the spread of hepatitis B infection.", "content": "There is a significant excess of serologic evidence of hepatitis type B infection in two high-promiscuity populations: patients with venereal diseases and their unrelated sexual contacts (15% to 18%) and male, but not female, homosexuals (37% to 51%). Spouses of asymptomatic chronic carriers of antigen had a higher prevalence (26% to 28%) than spouses of noncarriers (10% to 11%); however, the prevalence in the former is relatively low when compared with rates seen in other relatives of carriers. Persons who had a higher-than-average probability of exposure to potentially infective partners or whose patterns of sexual behavior made such exposure more likely (large numbers of sexual partners, long duration of homosexuality, involvement in predominantly anal intercourse) were found to have serologic evidence of hepatitis B more frequently than those with other patterns of sexual behavior. This study showed a strong association between serologic evidence of type B hepatitis and patterns of sexual behavior. However, whether or not transmission of hepatitis type B virus occurs through vaginal intercourse could not be ascertained.", "contents": "On the role of sexual behavior in the spread of hepatitis B infection. There is a significant excess of serologic evidence of hepatitis type B infection in two high-promiscuity populations: patients with venereal diseases and their unrelated sexual contacts (15% to 18%) and male, but not female, homosexuals (37% to 51%). Spouses of asymptomatic chronic carriers of antigen had a higher prevalence (26% to 28%) than spouses of noncarriers (10% to 11%); however, the prevalence in the former is relatively low when compared with rates seen in other relatives of carriers. Persons who had a higher-than-average probability of exposure to potentially infective partners or whose patterns of sexual behavior made such exposure more likely (large numbers of sexual partners, long duration of homosexuality, involvement in predominantly anal intercourse) were found to have serologic evidence of hepatitis B more frequently than those with other patterns of sexual behavior. This study showed a strong association between serologic evidence of type B hepatitis and patterns of sexual behavior. However, whether or not transmission of hepatitis type B virus occurs through vaginal intercourse could not be ascertained.", "PMID": 1166979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1514", "title": "Absence of echocardiographic abnormalities of the anterior mitral valve leaflet in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Thirty-five consecutives patients with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis underwent echocardiography to evaluate the motion of the anterior mitral valve leaflet. Adequate echocardiograms were obtained in 31 patients. All 31 patients showed normal valve motion and a normal EF slope. If meticulous technique was not observed, a falsely low value for the EF slope was obtained and a normal slope was found when the method was improved. This study shows that echocardiographic abnormalities of the anterior mitral valve leaflet rarely, if ever, occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, provided that careful attention to recording method is observed.", "contents": "Absence of echocardiographic abnormalities of the anterior mitral valve leaflet in rheumatoid arthritis. Thirty-five consecutives patients with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis underwent echocardiography to evaluate the motion of the anterior mitral valve leaflet. Adequate echocardiograms were obtained in 31 patients. All 31 patients showed normal valve motion and a normal EF slope. If meticulous technique was not observed, a falsely low value for the EF slope was obtained and a normal slope was found when the method was improved. This study shows that echocardiographic abnormalities of the anterior mitral valve leaflet rarely, if ever, occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, provided that careful attention to recording method is observed.", "PMID": 1166980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1515", "title": "Echocardiographic manifestation of \"false\" mitral stenosis that was.", "content": "An unusual normal posterior direction of motion of the posterior mitral valve leaflet echo during diastole was detected in a patient whose clinical and hemodynamic data confirmed the presence of significant rheumatic mitral stenosis after other conditions causing echocardiographic pattern of \"false\" mitral stenosis were ruled out. The finding of normal direction of motion of the posterior mitral valve leaflet when associated with abnormal EF slope of the anterior mitral valve leaflet does not rule out the existence of significant mitral stenosis.", "contents": "Echocardiographic manifestation of \"false\" mitral stenosis that was. An unusual normal posterior direction of motion of the posterior mitral valve leaflet echo during diastole was detected in a patient whose clinical and hemodynamic data confirmed the presence of significant rheumatic mitral stenosis after other conditions causing echocardiographic pattern of \"false\" mitral stenosis were ruled out. The finding of normal direction of motion of the posterior mitral valve leaflet when associated with abnormal EF slope of the anterior mitral valve leaflet does not rule out the existence of significant mitral stenosis.", "PMID": 1166981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1516", "title": "Interaction of chronic daily warfarin therapy and rifampin.", "content": "To evaluate the interaction between the antibiotic rifampin and the anticoagulant warfarin during chronic therapy, eight normal subjects were given daily doses of warfarin for 21 days to achieve therapeutic hypoprothrombinemia. Daily blood samples were analyzed for one-stage prothrombin activity and for warfarin content spectrophotometrically and chromatographically. One month later, the same warfarin dose was repeated plus rifampin, 600 mg a day orally. For the last 10 days of every experiment, there was a highly significant lessening of both the hypoprothrombinemic effect (P less than 0.001) and the blood levels of warfarin (P less than 0.001). No significant difference in the warfarin levels was found between the spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. It is concluded that rifampin markedly decreases the hypoprothrombinemic effect of warfarin during long-term therapy by enhancing its elimination from plasma. This conclusion was reinforced by finding increased amounts of warfarin metabolites in urine and stool.", "contents": "Interaction of chronic daily warfarin therapy and rifampin. To evaluate the interaction between the antibiotic rifampin and the anticoagulant warfarin during chronic therapy, eight normal subjects were given daily doses of warfarin for 21 days to achieve therapeutic hypoprothrombinemia. Daily blood samples were analyzed for one-stage prothrombin activity and for warfarin content spectrophotometrically and chromatographically. One month later, the same warfarin dose was repeated plus rifampin, 600 mg a day orally. For the last 10 days of every experiment, there was a highly significant lessening of both the hypoprothrombinemic effect (P less than 0.001) and the blood levels of warfarin (P less than 0.001). No significant difference in the warfarin levels was found between the spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. It is concluded that rifampin markedly decreases the hypoprothrombinemic effect of warfarin during long-term therapy by enhancing its elimination from plasma. This conclusion was reinforced by finding increased amounts of warfarin metabolites in urine and stool.", "PMID": 1166982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1517", "title": "Aspirin and lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "Twelve healthy subjects were placed on aspirin in a dosage of 600 mg five times daily for 14 days. The capability of their lymphocytes in culture to incorporate 3H-thymidine in response to phytohemagglutinin and allogeneic lymphocytes (one-way mixed lymphocyte culture) was measured before and after the course of aspirin. The results were compared with those obtained simultaneously from non-aspirin-treated control subjects. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between lymphocyte response in the pretreatment and posttreatment periods or between aspirin-treated and non-aspirin-treated subjects. In contrast to previous reports of lymphocyte suppression resulting from addition of aspirin directly to lymphocyte culture and from orally administered aspirin, we conclude that comparable dose ranges in vivo do not suppress lymphocyte responsiveness to either phytohemagglutinin or allogeneic lymphocytes, at least within a 2-week period of treatment.", "contents": "Aspirin and lymphocyte transformation. Twelve healthy subjects were placed on aspirin in a dosage of 600 mg five times daily for 14 days. The capability of their lymphocytes in culture to incorporate 3H-thymidine in response to phytohemagglutinin and allogeneic lymphocytes (one-way mixed lymphocyte culture) was measured before and after the course of aspirin. The results were compared with those obtained simultaneously from non-aspirin-treated control subjects. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between lymphocyte response in the pretreatment and posttreatment periods or between aspirin-treated and non-aspirin-treated subjects. In contrast to previous reports of lymphocyte suppression resulting from addition of aspirin directly to lymphocyte culture and from orally administered aspirin, we conclude that comparable dose ranges in vivo do not suppress lymphocyte responsiveness to either phytohemagglutinin or allogeneic lymphocytes, at least within a 2-week period of treatment.", "PMID": 1166983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1518", "title": "Cyclic premenstrual unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two young women developed unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia that fluctuated with the menstrual cycle. They were otherwise healthy, and there was no evidence of hematologic or chronic liver disease. Serum unconjugated bilirubin rose concomitant with the rise of basal temperature during the premenstrual period, and it declined immediately after the end of menses. Administration of progesterone during the postmenstrual period elevated unconjugated bilirubin. A close relation of hyperbilirubinemia to female hormones was suggested. The condition may be called \"constitutional unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia with a menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Cyclic premenstrual unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Report of two cases. Two young women developed unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia that fluctuated with the menstrual cycle. They were otherwise healthy, and there was no evidence of hematologic or chronic liver disease. Serum unconjugated bilirubin rose concomitant with the rise of basal temperature during the premenstrual period, and it declined immediately after the end of menses. Administration of progesterone during the postmenstrual period elevated unconjugated bilirubin. A close relation of hyperbilirubinemia to female hormones was suggested. The condition may be called \"constitutional unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia with a menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 1166984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1519", "title": "Lithium salts: 1970-1975.", "content": "Lithium ion provides a useful and specific form of chemotherapy for manic and hypomanic episodes, although its antimanic effect may be delayed for as long as a week or more, requiring the use of an antipsychotic agent in the initial period to control the behavior of very disturbed patients. The mechanisms of action of lithium remain obscure, but probably involve effects on neuronal and hormone-target cell membranes. Lithium has interesting antithyroid and anti-antidiuretic hormone effects that are potentially useful medically. The main limitation of the use of lithium is its narrow therapeutic index and requirement of close medical supervision. The most promising aspects of the use of lithium are its encouragement of better psychiatric diagnosis and its \"prophylactic\" effectiveness in at least reducing the frequency and severity of manic and depressive attacks in manin-depressive illness.", "contents": "Lithium salts: 1970-1975. Lithium ion provides a useful and specific form of chemotherapy for manic and hypomanic episodes, although its antimanic effect may be delayed for as long as a week or more, requiring the use of an antipsychotic agent in the initial period to control the behavior of very disturbed patients. The mechanisms of action of lithium remain obscure, but probably involve effects on neuronal and hormone-target cell membranes. Lithium has interesting antithyroid and anti-antidiuretic hormone effects that are potentially useful medically. The main limitation of the use of lithium is its narrow therapeutic index and requirement of close medical supervision. The most promising aspects of the use of lithium are its encouragement of better psychiatric diagnosis and its \"prophylactic\" effectiveness in at least reducing the frequency and severity of manic and depressive attacks in manin-depressive illness.", "PMID": 1166989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1520", "title": "Paradoxical action of penicillin G on Staphylococcus aureus: a time study of the effect of a zonal antibiotic concentration gradient on bacterial growth.", "content": "The killing rate of a zonal concentration gradient of penicillin G on Staphylococcus aureus was studied by using a previously described triple-layer technique, enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic, and an automatic image analyzer. This gradient determines a target image, whose center is the reservoir of antibiotic (constituted by a paper disk containing 100 U of penicillin G) and whose successive concentric zones are: a zone of slow bactericidal activity (corresponding to high levels of penicillin G), a zone of maximal bactericidal activity (corresponding to optimal levels of penicillin G), and a zone of overgrowth situated in front of the antibiotic wave.", "contents": "Paradoxical action of penicillin G on Staphylococcus aureus: a time study of the effect of a zonal antibiotic concentration gradient on bacterial growth. The killing rate of a zonal concentration gradient of penicillin G on Staphylococcus aureus was studied by using a previously described triple-layer technique, enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic, and an automatic image analyzer. This gradient determines a target image, whose center is the reservoir of antibiotic (constituted by a paper disk containing 100 U of penicillin G) and whose successive concentric zones are: a zone of slow bactericidal activity (corresponding to high levels of penicillin G), a zone of maximal bactericidal activity (corresponding to optimal levels of penicillin G), and a zone of overgrowth situated in front of the antibiotic wave.", "PMID": 1167041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1521", "title": "In vitro evaluation of BL-S640, a new oral cephalosporin antibiotic.", "content": "BL-S640, a new oral cephalosporin analogue, was evaluated in vitro against 102 gram-negative and 80 gram-positive bacteria. The antimicrobial spectrum was similar to that of previous cephalosporin analogues. Good antimicrobial activity against strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, staphylococci, and streptococci was demonstrated. Relatively poor activity and/or resistance was noted among most strains of Proteus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, and Serratia. In comparative studies BL-S640 had better activity against strains of Hemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacteriaceae than many cephalosporin analogues. Variation of susceptibility results was dependent upon the type of media and inoculum size. Cross-resistance between BL-S640 cephalexin, cephalothin, and cefazolin was demonstrated. Among strains of Klebsiella the more rapid selection of resistance ot other cephalosporins was in contrast to BL-S640. Experience in vitro with BL-S640 has documented its antimicrobial activity,and further studies of pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy are indicated.", "contents": "In vitro evaluation of BL-S640, a new oral cephalosporin antibiotic. BL-S640, a new oral cephalosporin analogue, was evaluated in vitro against 102 gram-negative and 80 gram-positive bacteria. The antimicrobial spectrum was similar to that of previous cephalosporin analogues. Good antimicrobial activity against strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, staphylococci, and streptococci was demonstrated. Relatively poor activity and/or resistance was noted among most strains of Proteus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, and Serratia. In comparative studies BL-S640 had better activity against strains of Hemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacteriaceae than many cephalosporin analogues. Variation of susceptibility results was dependent upon the type of media and inoculum size. Cross-resistance between BL-S640 cephalexin, cephalothin, and cefazolin was demonstrated. Among strains of Klebsiella the more rapid selection of resistance ot other cephalosporins was in contrast to BL-S640. Experience in vitro with BL-S640 has documented its antimicrobial activity,and further studies of pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy are indicated.", "PMID": 1167042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1522", "title": "Effect of inoculum and of beta-lactamase on the anti-staphylococcal activity of thirteen penicillins and cephalosporins.", "content": "Because there are few persuasive data for selecting one semisynthetic penicillin or cephalosporin over another for treatment of serious staphylococcal infections, 118 recent clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were studied to determine to what extent the presence of beta-lactamase affected the relative anti-staphylococcal activity of six penicillins and seven cephalosporins. In addition, the effect of inoculum was studied for its possible effect on the anti-staphylococcal activity of the 13 beta-lactam antibiotics. By all criteria, methicillin and nafcillin were clearly more resistant to both the inoculum effect and the production of staphylococcal beta-lactamase, whereas benzylpenicillin and cephaloridine (especially benzyl-penicillin) were the most susceptible to these effects. Cephazolin was clearly more susceptible to staphylococcal beta-lactamase and heavy inocula than the other cephalosporins (with the exception of cephaloridine), whereas cephalothin was the most resistant cephalosporin to these factors. The minimal inhibitory concentration for benzylpenicillin for tests with undiluted inoculum, compared to results with inoculum diluted 10(-4), differed by a factor up to 16,384, whereas with methicillin and nafcillin the differences were rarely more than twofold. Ratios for the other 10 antibiotics fell between these extremes. These results suggest that methicillin or nafcillin is most stable to staphylococcal beta-lactamase, and that benzylpenicillin and cephaloridine are the most susceptible.", "contents": "Effect of inoculum and of beta-lactamase on the anti-staphylococcal activity of thirteen penicillins and cephalosporins. Because there are few persuasive data for selecting one semisynthetic penicillin or cephalosporin over another for treatment of serious staphylococcal infections, 118 recent clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were studied to determine to what extent the presence of beta-lactamase affected the relative anti-staphylococcal activity of six penicillins and seven cephalosporins. In addition, the effect of inoculum was studied for its possible effect on the anti-staphylococcal activity of the 13 beta-lactam antibiotics. By all criteria, methicillin and nafcillin were clearly more resistant to both the inoculum effect and the production of staphylococcal beta-lactamase, whereas benzylpenicillin and cephaloridine (especially benzyl-penicillin) were the most susceptible to these effects. Cephazolin was clearly more susceptible to staphylococcal beta-lactamase and heavy inocula than the other cephalosporins (with the exception of cephaloridine), whereas cephalothin was the most resistant cephalosporin to these factors. The minimal inhibitory concentration for benzylpenicillin for tests with undiluted inoculum, compared to results with inoculum diluted 10(-4), differed by a factor up to 16,384, whereas with methicillin and nafcillin the differences were rarely more than twofold. Ratios for the other 10 antibiotics fell between these extremes. These results suggest that methicillin or nafcillin is most stable to staphylococcal beta-lactamase, and that benzylpenicillin and cephaloridine are the most susceptible.", "PMID": 1167043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1523", "title": "Antibacterial activity of tropilidine and tropone.", "content": "The seven-membered ring compounds tropilidine and tropone were shown to be bacteriostatic and bactericidal for a wide range of bacterial species.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of tropilidine and tropone. The seven-membered ring compounds tropilidine and tropone were shown to be bacteriostatic and bactericidal for a wide range of bacterial species.", "PMID": 1167044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1524", "title": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis. A review of 75 cases in children.", "content": "From 1965 to 1973, 75 patients were admitted to the Children's Hospital of Buffalo, with toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). A review of their records show an equal ratio of males to females, with 73 whites and only 2 blacks. No patient was septic with staphylococci, and there was only one death. A comparison of treatments indicates that the disease is probably self-limited and not influenced by antibiotics or corticosteroids.", "contents": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis. A review of 75 cases in children. From 1965 to 1973, 75 patients were admitted to the Children's Hospital of Buffalo, with toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). A review of their records show an equal ratio of males to females, with 73 whites and only 2 blacks. No patient was septic with staphylococci, and there was only one death. A comparison of treatments indicates that the disease is probably self-limited and not influenced by antibiotics or corticosteroids.", "PMID": 1167045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1525", "title": "Complement component analysis in angiodema. Diagnostic value.", "content": "Complement component analysis is valuable for differentiating the various types of angioedema. Patients with hereditary angioedema have decreased levels of C1 esterase inhibitor and C4 in the presence of normal amounts of C3 and C1q. Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency secondary to malignant disease is also manifested by depressed C1 esterase inhibitor and C4, but decreased C1q levels distinguish it from hereditary angioedema. Normal values for these complement components are found in persons with allergic angioedema.", "contents": "Complement component analysis in angiodema. Diagnostic value. Complement component analysis is valuable for differentiating the various types of angioedema. Patients with hereditary angioedema have decreased levels of C1 esterase inhibitor and C4 in the presence of normal amounts of C3 and C1q. Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency secondary to malignant disease is also manifested by depressed C1 esterase inhibitor and C4, but decreased C1q levels distinguish it from hereditary angioedema. Normal values for these complement components are found in persons with allergic angioedema.", "PMID": 1167046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1526", "title": "Pustular patch test reactions in atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Pustular patch test reactions to 5% nickel sulfate were regularly produced in patients with atopic dermatitis when patches were placed over areas of skin with (a) follicular papules, (b) erythema, (c) lichenification, and (d) minimal trauma. The pustular patch test reactions seldom occurred in the normal-appearing skin of these patients. However, if the skin was traumatized prior to the patch test, the reaction was produced in the normal-appearing skin of atopic as well as control individuals. No pustular reactions occurred in the follicular lesions of keratosis pilaris, supporting the view that follicular lesions of atopic dermatitis differ from keratosis pilaris. It is suggested that pustular patch test reactions are caused by primary irritation.", "contents": "Pustular patch test reactions in atopic dermatitis. Pustular patch test reactions to 5% nickel sulfate were regularly produced in patients with atopic dermatitis when patches were placed over areas of skin with (a) follicular papules, (b) erythema, (c) lichenification, and (d) minimal trauma. The pustular patch test reactions seldom occurred in the normal-appearing skin of these patients. However, if the skin was traumatized prior to the patch test, the reaction was produced in the normal-appearing skin of atopic as well as control individuals. No pustular reactions occurred in the follicular lesions of keratosis pilaris, supporting the view that follicular lesions of atopic dermatitis differ from keratosis pilaris. It is suggested that pustular patch test reactions are caused by primary irritation.", "PMID": 1167047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1527", "title": "Topical methenamine therapy for hyperhidrosis.", "content": "Methenamine, in a gel stick formulation, effectively decreased palmar and plantar sweating in 24 of 26 individuals studied. All patients had essential hyperhidrosis and were evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Even though methenamine is believed to act by the slow release of formaldehyde, one patient, who had a formaldehyde sensitivity that was proved by a patch test, was able to use the methenamine gel stick without difficulty. Approximately one third of the patients experienced some continuing relief for one to three weeks after discontinuing the trial medication. I conclude that methenamine is a safe, effective addition to the available types of topical therapy for essential hyperhidrosis.", "contents": "Topical methenamine therapy for hyperhidrosis. Methenamine, in a gel stick formulation, effectively decreased palmar and plantar sweating in 24 of 26 individuals studied. All patients had essential hyperhidrosis and were evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Even though methenamine is believed to act by the slow release of formaldehyde, one patient, who had a formaldehyde sensitivity that was proved by a patch test, was able to use the methenamine gel stick without difficulty. Approximately one third of the patients experienced some continuing relief for one to three weeks after discontinuing the trial medication. I conclude that methenamine is a safe, effective addition to the available types of topical therapy for essential hyperhidrosis.", "PMID": 1167048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1528", "title": "Sea-blue histiocytes in mycosis fungoides.", "content": "A patient with tumor-stage mycosis fungoides and lymph node involvement had sea-blue (ceroid-containing) histiocytes in her bone marrow. Leukopenia, eosinophilia, and a mild type II beta-hyperlipoproteinemia were also features. Sea-blue histiocytes were demonstrated in the skin after the mycosis fungoides infiltrate had cleared with treatment. There is a possible interrelationship between the sea-blue histiocytes, the abnormal mycosis cells in the skin, and lipid metabolism.", "contents": "Sea-blue histiocytes in mycosis fungoides. A patient with tumor-stage mycosis fungoides and lymph node involvement had sea-blue (ceroid-containing) histiocytes in her bone marrow. Leukopenia, eosinophilia, and a mild type II beta-hyperlipoproteinemia were also features. Sea-blue histiocytes were demonstrated in the skin after the mycosis fungoides infiltrate had cleared with treatment. There is a possible interrelationship between the sea-blue histiocytes, the abnormal mycosis cells in the skin, and lipid metabolism.", "PMID": 1167049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1529", "title": "Photosensitivity reaction to vinblastine.", "content": "A photosensitivity reaction to vinblastine sulfate occurred in a patient receiving chemotherapy for Hodgkin disease. Ultraviolet light (UVL) testing revealed a decreased minimal erythema dose (MED), which returned to normal following discontinuation of the drug. Photoreactions to intradermal injections of vinblastine were produced in the patient and in five normal controls with a suberythema dose of UVL. Spectrophotometric studies confirmed absorption of vinblastine sulfate in the sunburn range. The clinical lesions and phototests could not be reproduced through window glass or aminobenzoic acid as sunscreens.", "contents": "Photosensitivity reaction to vinblastine. A photosensitivity reaction to vinblastine sulfate occurred in a patient receiving chemotherapy for Hodgkin disease. Ultraviolet light (UVL) testing revealed a decreased minimal erythema dose (MED), which returned to normal following discontinuation of the drug. Photoreactions to intradermal injections of vinblastine were produced in the patient and in five normal controls with a suberythema dose of UVL. Spectrophotometric studies confirmed absorption of vinblastine sulfate in the sunburn range. The clinical lesions and phototests could not be reproduced through window glass or aminobenzoic acid as sunscreens.", "PMID": 1167050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1530", "title": "Dermal duct tumor.", "content": "A dermal duct tumor occurred on the left leg of a 66-year-old man. The lesion first occurred as a solitary lobulated tumor of approximately 20 years' duration. This apparently brings the total number of recorded cases to 12. It is believed to be a benign tumor of the intradermal portion of the eccrine sweat duct and is distinctive and diagnostic histologically. The spectrum of benign tumors of the eccrine sweat duct epithelium includes hidroacanthoma simplex or intraepidermal eccrine poroma, eccrine poroma, and dermal duct tumor.", "contents": "Dermal duct tumor. A dermal duct tumor occurred on the left leg of a 66-year-old man. The lesion first occurred as a solitary lobulated tumor of approximately 20 years' duration. This apparently brings the total number of recorded cases to 12. It is believed to be a benign tumor of the intradermal portion of the eccrine sweat duct and is distinctive and diagnostic histologically. The spectrum of benign tumors of the eccrine sweat duct epithelium includes hidroacanthoma simplex or intraepidermal eccrine poroma, eccrine poroma, and dermal duct tumor.", "PMID": 1167051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1531", "title": "Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratoses.", "content": "A 56-year-old man had multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis. His clinical and histological findings are compatible with those of the only other case reported in the literature.", "contents": "Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratoses. A 56-year-old man had multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis. His clinical and histological findings are compatible with those of the only other case reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1167052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1532", "title": "Restoration of bones in mycetoma.", "content": "In a case of actinomycotic mycetoma caused by Streptomyces madurae with extensive destruction of the bone, the foot was saved from amputation by appropriate antibiotic therapy given for a period of 2 1/2 years. Periodic x-ray examinations gave a valuable guide to the progress of the patient. Chemotherapy and antibiotics play an important role in the present day management of mycetoma. Cutaneous amelioration is not the criteria for cure. The bone restoration that occurs much later should be the guide for the duration of therapy.", "contents": "Restoration of bones in mycetoma. In a case of actinomycotic mycetoma caused by Streptomyces madurae with extensive destruction of the bone, the foot was saved from amputation by appropriate antibiotic therapy given for a period of 2 1/2 years. Periodic x-ray examinations gave a valuable guide to the progress of the patient. Chemotherapy and antibiotics play an important role in the present day management of mycetoma. Cutaneous amelioration is not the criteria for cure. The bone restoration that occurs much later should be the guide for the duration of therapy.", "PMID": 1167053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1533", "title": "Effect of body position on gastric emptying in the neonate.", "content": "The effect of body position on gastric emptying was investigated in 48 neonates. The rate of gastric emptying is the same for healthy term, preterm, and small-for-dates infants. Infants with respiratory distress syndrome have delayed gastric emptying and a high incidence of abdominal distension and pooling of feeds in the stomach in the supine position. The stomach empties more rapidly in the prone and right lateral positions than in the supine and left lateral positions. These findings indicate that the prone or right lateral positions are to be preferred for nursing neonates, especially those in whom intolerance to the volume of feeds is likely to be a problem. Supine or left lateral positions have little merit in helping gastric emptying and should not be used routinely in hospital nurseries.", "contents": "Effect of body position on gastric emptying in the neonate. The effect of body position on gastric emptying was investigated in 48 neonates. The rate of gastric emptying is the same for healthy term, preterm, and small-for-dates infants. Infants with respiratory distress syndrome have delayed gastric emptying and a high incidence of abdominal distension and pooling of feeds in the stomach in the supine position. The stomach empties more rapidly in the prone and right lateral positions than in the supine and left lateral positions. These findings indicate that the prone or right lateral positions are to be preferred for nursing neonates, especially those in whom intolerance to the volume of feeds is likely to be a problem. Supine or left lateral positions have little merit in helping gastric emptying and should not be used routinely in hospital nurseries.", "PMID": 1167062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1534", "title": "Congenital myotonic dystrophy in Britain. II. Genetic basis.", "content": "Genetic analysis of 54 sibships containing 70 patients with congenital myotonic dystrophy has shown paternal transmission in only one case, the disorder being maternally transmitted in 51 sibships. No instance of new mutation was found. At least half the sibs were unaffected; 9 sibs were affected without definite congenital involvement. No evidence for genetic heterogeneity was found, most affected mothers having few or no symptoms. There was no disturbance of sex ratio for the affected grandparents, nor in the sibships of the affected parents. The genetic data from this study and from previous published reports support the clinic evidence that the congenital form of myotonic dystrophy results from a maternal intrauterine factor affecting those individuals carrying the myotonic dystrophy gene.", "contents": "Congenital myotonic dystrophy in Britain. II. Genetic basis. Genetic analysis of 54 sibships containing 70 patients with congenital myotonic dystrophy has shown paternal transmission in only one case, the disorder being maternally transmitted in 51 sibships. No instance of new mutation was found. At least half the sibs were unaffected; 9 sibs were affected without definite congenital involvement. No evidence for genetic heterogeneity was found, most affected mothers having few or no symptoms. There was no disturbance of sex ratio for the affected grandparents, nor in the sibships of the affected parents. The genetic data from this study and from previous published reports support the clinic evidence that the congenital form of myotonic dystrophy results from a maternal intrauterine factor affecting those individuals carrying the myotonic dystrophy gene.", "PMID": 1167063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1535", "title": "Food antibodies in malnutrition.", "content": "Antibodies to several food proteins were detected in the serum of 13 out of 20 malnourished children. Antibody activity was found mainly in the IgG and IgA classes. On ingestion of food items to which antibodies were demonstrated, no untoward symptom occurred nor was complement activation observed in vivo. It is suggested that food antibodies in malnourished children result from atrophied gut mucosa and reduced secretory immune response, which permit passage of intact or incompletely digested protein molecules, and impaired phagocytic function of hepatic reticuloendothelial system. Such antibodies do not appear to play any immediate immunopathological role.", "contents": "Food antibodies in malnutrition. Antibodies to several food proteins were detected in the serum of 13 out of 20 malnourished children. Antibody activity was found mainly in the IgG and IgA classes. On ingestion of food items to which antibodies were demonstrated, no untoward symptom occurred nor was complement activation observed in vivo. It is suggested that food antibodies in malnourished children result from atrophied gut mucosa and reduced secretory immune response, which permit passage of intact or incompletely digested protein molecules, and impaired phagocytic function of hepatic reticuloendothelial system. Such antibodies do not appear to play any immediate immunopathological role.", "PMID": 1167064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1536", "title": "Effect of salbutamol in infants with wheezy bronchitis.", "content": "Using the technique of whole body plethysmography, lung mechanics were measured in a group of infants with wheezy bronchitis. Compared with a group of normal infants previously studied, airway resistance and thoracic gas volume were found to be raised. Nebulized salbutamol was then administered and measurements were repeated when it was found that there was no objective improvement. It is concluded that salbutamol may not be an effective form of treatment of wheezy bronchitis in young infants and the reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of salbutamol in infants with wheezy bronchitis. Using the technique of whole body plethysmography, lung mechanics were measured in a group of infants with wheezy bronchitis. Compared with a group of normal infants previously studied, airway resistance and thoracic gas volume were found to be raised. Nebulized salbutamol was then administered and measurements were repeated when it was found that there was no objective improvement. It is concluded that salbutamol may not be an effective form of treatment of wheezy bronchitis in young infants and the reasons for this are discussed.", "PMID": 1167065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1537", "title": "Metabolic rate of neonates with congenital heart disease.", "content": "Seven infants under one month of age with controlled congestive heart failure showed a mean oxygen consumption of 9-4 +/- 1-6 SD ml/kg per min, a mean respiratory quotient of 0-71 +/- 0-05 SD, and a mean metabolic rate of 63 +/- 12 SD cal/kg per 24 h. This compares with a group of infants with congenital heart disease not in heart failure with Vo2 of 6-5 +/- 1-2 SD ml/min per kg, respiratory quotient of 0-80 +/- 0-11 SD, and basal metabolic rate of 45 +/- 8 SD cal/kg per 24 h. These differences are significant (P less than 0.001). The findings of a greater metabolic rate associated with congestive heart failure are thus extended to the newborn period.", "contents": "Metabolic rate of neonates with congenital heart disease. Seven infants under one month of age with controlled congestive heart failure showed a mean oxygen consumption of 9-4 +/- 1-6 SD ml/kg per min, a mean respiratory quotient of 0-71 +/- 0-05 SD, and a mean metabolic rate of 63 +/- 12 SD cal/kg per 24 h. This compares with a group of infants with congenital heart disease not in heart failure with Vo2 of 6-5 +/- 1-2 SD ml/min per kg, respiratory quotient of 0-80 +/- 0-11 SD, and basal metabolic rate of 45 +/- 8 SD cal/kg per 24 h. These differences are significant (P less than 0.001). The findings of a greater metabolic rate associated with congestive heart failure are thus extended to the newborn period.", "PMID": 1167066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1538", "title": "Assessment of Doppler ultrasound to measure systolic and diastolic blood pressures in infants and young children.", "content": "A recently developed instrument uses the Doppler shift technique to detect vessel wall movement, and it has been suggested that in conjunction with a conventional sphygmomanometer systolic and diastolic blood pressures can be measured. A controlled study was carried out in 20 children recovering from cardiac surgery where direct intra-arterial measurements (one observer) were compared with independent measurements using the Doppler instrument (2 observers). Systolic pressures measured directly and by Doppler technique correlated well and there was no significant difference between intra-arterial and indirect measurements whether the latter were taken by doctors or by nurses. In contrast, direct and indirect diastolic pressure measurements correlated poorly and were significantly overestimated with a mean difference of 6-25 mmHg (range +25 to -10) for doctors, and 4-25 mmHg (range +20 to -10) for nurses. Thus, the instrument adequately measured systolic blood pressure, but in our hands did not give precise measurements for diastolic blood pressure.", "contents": "Assessment of Doppler ultrasound to measure systolic and diastolic blood pressures in infants and young children. A recently developed instrument uses the Doppler shift technique to detect vessel wall movement, and it has been suggested that in conjunction with a conventional sphygmomanometer systolic and diastolic blood pressures can be measured. A controlled study was carried out in 20 children recovering from cardiac surgery where direct intra-arterial measurements (one observer) were compared with independent measurements using the Doppler instrument (2 observers). Systolic pressures measured directly and by Doppler technique correlated well and there was no significant difference between intra-arterial and indirect measurements whether the latter were taken by doctors or by nurses. In contrast, direct and indirect diastolic pressure measurements correlated poorly and were significantly overestimated with a mean difference of 6-25 mmHg (range +25 to -10) for doctors, and 4-25 mmHg (range +20 to -10) for nurses. Thus, the instrument adequately measured systolic blood pressure, but in our hands did not give precise measurements for diastolic blood pressure.", "PMID": 1167067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1539", "title": "Slipped epiphyses in renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "Clinical, biochemical, roentgenological, and histological features of slipped epiphyses (epiphysiolysis) in 11 out of 112 children with renal osteodystrophy have been analysed. Characteristic age-related patterns of involvement of different epiphyses are described. Quantitative measurements of iliac bone histology, serum parathyroid hormone levels, and clinical history show the presence of more advanced osteitis fibrosa in children with epiphysiolysis than in those without. A good correlation was found between serum parathormone levels and osteoclastic resorption, endosteal fibrosis as well as osteoid. Histological studies show that the radiolucent zone between the epiphyseal ossification centre and the metaphysis in x-rays is not caused by accumulation of cartilage and chondro-osteoid (as usually found in vitamin D deficiency rickets) but by the accumulation of woven bone and/or fibrous tissue. The response to vitamin D therapy in most cases was good. Parathyroidectomy was required in only one case.", "contents": "Slipped epiphyses in renal osteodystrophy. Clinical, biochemical, roentgenological, and histological features of slipped epiphyses (epiphysiolysis) in 11 out of 112 children with renal osteodystrophy have been analysed. Characteristic age-related patterns of involvement of different epiphyses are described. Quantitative measurements of iliac bone histology, serum parathyroid hormone levels, and clinical history show the presence of more advanced osteitis fibrosa in children with epiphysiolysis than in those without. A good correlation was found between serum parathormone levels and osteoclastic resorption, endosteal fibrosis as well as osteoid. Histological studies show that the radiolucent zone between the epiphyseal ossification centre and the metaphysis in x-rays is not caused by accumulation of cartilage and chondro-osteoid (as usually found in vitamin D deficiency rickets) but by the accumulation of woven bone and/or fibrous tissue. The response to vitamin D therapy in most cases was good. Parathyroidectomy was required in only one case.", "PMID": 1167068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1540", "title": "Acute lymphopenia, stress, and plasma cortisol.", "content": "Plasma cortisol levels were determined in 51 children on admission to hospital for a variety of acute illnesses which were associated with a lymphopenia, and again when the lymphocyte count had returned to normal. The ratio cortisol level/lymphocyte count was much higher in the acute phase of the illness than later when the lymphocyte count had returned to normal. It is concluded that the lymphocyte count is a useful means of detecting an acute stress condition, and the time of return of normal plasma cortisol levels.", "contents": "Acute lymphopenia, stress, and plasma cortisol. Plasma cortisol levels were determined in 51 children on admission to hospital for a variety of acute illnesses which were associated with a lymphopenia, and again when the lymphocyte count had returned to normal. The ratio cortisol level/lymphocyte count was much higher in the acute phase of the illness than later when the lymphocyte count had returned to normal. It is concluded that the lymphocyte count is a useful means of detecting an acute stress condition, and the time of return of normal plasma cortisol levels.", "PMID": 1167069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1541", "title": "Serum tri-iodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyrotrophin concentrations in newborns during the first 2 days of life.", "content": "The serum concentrations of tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyrotrophin (TSH) were measured in 10 term newborn infants between birth and the age of 2 days by radioimmunoassay. The mean concentration of T3 in maternal serum was 1.62 mug/l, and it increased from the low cord blood level of 0-63 mug/l to the peak value of 1-76 mug/l within the first 2 hours of life. Mean serum T4 concentrations increased from the cord blood level of 145 mug/l to the peak value of 205 mug/l within the first 24 hours of life. The postnatal increase of the mean serum TSH concentrations from the cord blood level of 5-7 mU/l to the peak value of 20-6 mU/l within 2 hours was similar to the increase of T3. These data confirm earlier reports which show that T3 secretion is low at birth and TSH secretion is stimulated strongly but transiently after birth, and that the low T3 secretion is rapidly normalized in 2 hours along with the TSH release. Because of these strong and rapid changes, we recommend screening of the function of the pituitary-thyroid axis in neonates after the age of 24 hours.", "contents": "Serum tri-iodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyrotrophin concentrations in newborns during the first 2 days of life. The serum concentrations of tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyrotrophin (TSH) were measured in 10 term newborn infants between birth and the age of 2 days by radioimmunoassay. The mean concentration of T3 in maternal serum was 1.62 mug/l, and it increased from the low cord blood level of 0-63 mug/l to the peak value of 1-76 mug/l within the first 2 hours of life. Mean serum T4 concentrations increased from the cord blood level of 145 mug/l to the peak value of 205 mug/l within the first 24 hours of life. The postnatal increase of the mean serum TSH concentrations from the cord blood level of 5-7 mU/l to the peak value of 20-6 mU/l within 2 hours was similar to the increase of T3. These data confirm earlier reports which show that T3 secretion is low at birth and TSH secretion is stimulated strongly but transiently after birth, and that the low T3 secretion is rapidly normalized in 2 hours along with the TSH release. Because of these strong and rapid changes, we recommend screening of the function of the pituitary-thyroid axis in neonates after the age of 24 hours.", "PMID": 1167070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1542", "title": "Raised serum TSH in hypothyroidism.", "content": "It is desirable to detect early hypothyroidism of the mildest degree even before conventional tests of thyroid function become abnormal. Serum TSH levels (normal: undetectable to 4 muU/ml) rise in patients with mild hypothyroidism long before serum T4 and T3 levels fall. In the patient described the serum TSH level was 310 muU/ml, while other tests of thyroid function gave normal results. After treatment with thyroxine, serum TSH returned to normal. It should now be accepted that patients with mild hypothyroidism have a raised serum TSH and that thyroid insufficiency can be confidently excluded if the serum TSH concentration is normal. It is thus important to assay serum TSH when suspicion of hypothyroidism is aroused.", "contents": "Raised serum TSH in hypothyroidism. It is desirable to detect early hypothyroidism of the mildest degree even before conventional tests of thyroid function become abnormal. Serum TSH levels (normal: undetectable to 4 muU/ml) rise in patients with mild hypothyroidism long before serum T4 and T3 levels fall. In the patient described the serum TSH level was 310 muU/ml, while other tests of thyroid function gave normal results. After treatment with thyroxine, serum TSH returned to normal. It should now be accepted that patients with mild hypothyroidism have a raised serum TSH and that thyroid insufficiency can be confidently excluded if the serum TSH concentration is normal. It is thus important to assay serum TSH when suspicion of hypothyroidism is aroused.", "PMID": 1167071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1543", "title": "Neonatal respiratory failure due to myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "Myotonic dystrophy should be included in the differential diagnosis of neonatal respiratory failure accompanied by hypotonia. The effect of this disorder in an infant who died from it 49 hours after birth is described, and the importance of examining the mother of a possible case is emphasized.", "contents": "Neonatal respiratory failure due to myotonic dystrophy. Myotonic dystrophy should be included in the differential diagnosis of neonatal respiratory failure accompanied by hypotonia. The effect of this disorder in an infant who died from it 49 hours after birth is described, and the importance of examining the mother of a possible case is emphasized.", "PMID": 1167072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1544", "title": "Effect of thermal environment and caloric intake on head growth of low birthweight infants during late neonatal period.", "content": "In order to assess the effects of ambient thermal conditions on postnatal head growth in low birth weight infants, 42 asymtomatic neonates were reared under 4 combinations of caloric intake and thermal environment after the first week of life. Exposure to a subthermoneutral temperature (abdominal skin temperature of 35 degrees C), together with a relatively low caloric intake (120 cal/kg per day), was associated with significant retardation of head growth over a 2-week study period.", "contents": "Effect of thermal environment and caloric intake on head growth of low birthweight infants during late neonatal period. In order to assess the effects of ambient thermal conditions on postnatal head growth in low birth weight infants, 42 asymtomatic neonates were reared under 4 combinations of caloric intake and thermal environment after the first week of life. Exposure to a subthermoneutral temperature (abdominal skin temperature of 35 degrees C), together with a relatively low caloric intake (120 cal/kg per day), was associated with significant retardation of head growth over a 2-week study period.", "PMID": 1167073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1545", "title": "[Alterative and repair processes in lymph nodes under the direct and mediated effects of radiation].", "content": "Under study were the popliteal lymph nodes of rats at different times after total irradiation of animals (the 1st series), total irradiation with screening the left node (the 2nd series) and local screening of other parts of the body (the 3rd series). X-ray irradiation in all experiments was performed under standard conditions in dosage of 800 r. The amount of mitoses (MC 0/00) in light centers and cortical substance was counted in addition to histological alterations. In shielded lymph nodes (2nd series) mediate effects of irradiation were observed characterized by a decrease of the MK amount and massive death of lymphocytes in later terms than after direct effects (1st series). In irradiated nodes (3rd series) the reparative process was more rapid than in the first series due to migration of lymphocytes from non-irradiated parts of the body. The mediate effect of radiation results also in increased amount of plasma cells in lymphatic nodes of animals subjected to total irradiation (1st and 2nd series). It is suggested by the absence of such increase of amount of plasma cells in locally irradiated lymphatic nodes when screening other parts of the body (3rd series). availability of individual distinctions in the character of the lymphoid tissue response to effects of ionizing radiation puts a question of division of experimental animals at least into 2 subgroups which have different indices of proliferative processes.", "contents": "[Alterative and repair processes in lymph nodes under the direct and mediated effects of radiation]. Under study were the popliteal lymph nodes of rats at different times after total irradiation of animals (the 1st series), total irradiation with screening the left node (the 2nd series) and local screening of other parts of the body (the 3rd series). X-ray irradiation in all experiments was performed under standard conditions in dosage of 800 r. The amount of mitoses (MC 0/00) in light centers and cortical substance was counted in addition to histological alterations. In shielded lymph nodes (2nd series) mediate effects of irradiation were observed characterized by a decrease of the MK amount and massive death of lymphocytes in later terms than after direct effects (1st series). In irradiated nodes (3rd series) the reparative process was more rapid than in the first series due to migration of lymphocytes from non-irradiated parts of the body. The mediate effect of radiation results also in increased amount of plasma cells in lymphatic nodes of animals subjected to total irradiation (1st and 2nd series). It is suggested by the absence of such increase of amount of plasma cells in locally irradiated lymphatic nodes when screening other parts of the body (3rd series). availability of individual distinctions in the character of the lymphoid tissue response to effects of ionizing radiation puts a question of division of experimental animals at least into 2 subgroups which have different indices of proliferative processes.", "PMID": 1167100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1546", "title": "[New findings on the structure of normal blood vessels according to rastral electron microscopy data].", "content": "Under rastral electron microscopic study were the internal surface of the aorta of 48 humans from 2 weeks to 75 years of age, the large cutaneous vein of the shank in 14 humans from 12 to 58 years of age, the femoral artery and vein in 8 mongrel dogs. It was established that the internal surface of blood vessels was not a smooth-walled cylinder but a structure with a complicated relief. The microrelief of the internal surface is formed of subendothelially disposed collagenous-elastic formations and configuration of the endothelial cells cytoplasm. It consists of folds of the first and second order, which make the internal square surface of the blood vessels 3-4 times larger. There are some peculiar features in the structure of the internal surface of arteries and veins which, to the author's opinion, might be due to differences in the structure of collagenous-elastic constructions of the wall of these vessels. Certain developmental changes of the internal surface of the aorta are described. The authors believe that the special microrelief of the internal surface of blood vessels is of particular significance for hemodynamics, the exchange of substances between the blood and vascular wall and for the thrombus formation. These new findings should be presented in manuals and textbooks on anatomy, histology and embryology.", "contents": "[New findings on the structure of normal blood vessels according to rastral electron microscopy data]. Under rastral electron microscopic study were the internal surface of the aorta of 48 humans from 2 weeks to 75 years of age, the large cutaneous vein of the shank in 14 humans from 12 to 58 years of age, the femoral artery and vein in 8 mongrel dogs. It was established that the internal surface of blood vessels was not a smooth-walled cylinder but a structure with a complicated relief. The microrelief of the internal surface is formed of subendothelially disposed collagenous-elastic formations and configuration of the endothelial cells cytoplasm. It consists of folds of the first and second order, which make the internal square surface of the blood vessels 3-4 times larger. There are some peculiar features in the structure of the internal surface of arteries and veins which, to the author's opinion, might be due to differences in the structure of collagenous-elastic constructions of the wall of these vessels. Certain developmental changes of the internal surface of the aorta are described. The authors believe that the special microrelief of the internal surface of blood vessels is of particular significance for hemodynamics, the exchange of substances between the blood and vascular wall and for the thrombus formation. These new findings should be presented in manuals and textbooks on anatomy, histology and embryology.", "PMID": 1167101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1547", "title": "[Lymphatic and blood vessels of the liver in acute and chronic cholecystitis].", "content": "Changes in lymph and blood vessels were studied in 110 dogs with acute and chronic cholecystitis. It was established that in the period of development of acute inflammatory processes in the gall bladder the monolayer network of hepatic capillaries was changed into bi-layer, took place the formation of plane networks at the side of the lobule and lacunary dilatations in the site of fusion of lymph capillaries, dilatation and deformation of lymph capillaries and vessels. Under conditions of chronic cholecystitis fibrosis and sclerosis of the portal tracts were accompanied by intensive growth (and reduction - in parallel) of lymph capillaries. Thick small-looped network was observed to develop around false lobules during development of cyrrhosis. A conclusion is made that early cholecystectomy is necessary in cases of inflammatory diseases of the gallbladder.", "contents": "[Lymphatic and blood vessels of the liver in acute and chronic cholecystitis]. Changes in lymph and blood vessels were studied in 110 dogs with acute and chronic cholecystitis. It was established that in the period of development of acute inflammatory processes in the gall bladder the monolayer network of hepatic capillaries was changed into bi-layer, took place the formation of plane networks at the side of the lobule and lacunary dilatations in the site of fusion of lymph capillaries, dilatation and deformation of lymph capillaries and vessels. Under conditions of chronic cholecystitis fibrosis and sclerosis of the portal tracts were accompanied by intensive growth (and reduction - in parallel) of lymph capillaries. Thick small-looped network was observed to develop around false lobules during development of cyrrhosis. A conclusion is made that early cholecystectomy is necessary in cases of inflammatory diseases of the gallbladder.", "PMID": 1167102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1548", "title": "[Structure of the circulatory bed in the walls of arteries of the elastic type in elderly and aged persons].", "content": "The work presents data on the structure of intramural blood vessels of the aorta arc and initial portions of common carotid arteries of men. It was shown that in elderly and old people there were clear manifestations of transformation of the microcirculatory bed and larger intramural arteries and veins, which might be due to altered conditions of metabolism.", "contents": "[Structure of the circulatory bed in the walls of arteries of the elastic type in elderly and aged persons]. The work presents data on the structure of intramural blood vessels of the aorta arc and initial portions of common carotid arteries of men. It was shown that in elderly and old people there were clear manifestations of transformation of the microcirculatory bed and larger intramural arteries and veins, which might be due to altered conditions of metabolism.", "PMID": 1167103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1549", "title": "[Adrenergic innervation of the extramedullary arteries of the spinal cord of cats].", "content": "The adrenergic nerves of the radical and longitudinal arteries and the dura mater at the level of cervical, thoracic and lumbar segments of the ventral and dorsal sides of the spinal cord were studied in 70 mature cats by methods of Falck and Glenner. The adrenergic fibres form developed plexuses different in the density of disposition of nerve conductors on the arteries of different segments of the spinal cord. The adrenergic fibres are also found in the pia mater tissue. Nerve fibres containing active monoaminoxidase are less in number than adrenergic ones found by Falck's method. It is probably due to activation of catecholamines being realized by other ways in addition to oxydative desamination.", "contents": "[Adrenergic innervation of the extramedullary arteries of the spinal cord of cats]. The adrenergic nerves of the radical and longitudinal arteries and the dura mater at the level of cervical, thoracic and lumbar segments of the ventral and dorsal sides of the spinal cord were studied in 70 mature cats by methods of Falck and Glenner. The adrenergic fibres form developed plexuses different in the density of disposition of nerve conductors on the arteries of different segments of the spinal cord. The adrenergic fibres are also found in the pia mater tissue. Nerve fibres containing active monoaminoxidase are less in number than adrenergic ones found by Falck's method. It is probably due to activation of catecholamines being realized by other ways in addition to oxydative desamination.", "PMID": 1167105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1550", "title": "[Luminescent-histochemical study of the sympathetic innervation of the large intestine in some mammals].", "content": "It has been established that specifically fluorescening fibres and their endings as well as neurons along the length of the large intestine and in the thick of its wall have uneven distribution in cats, albino rats and dogs. A considerable part of fibres are concentrated in the muscular-intestinal, submucose plexuses and in the circular muscular layer. The greatest amount of fibres can be found in the rectum wall. They form various synaptic contacts mainly with parasympathetic neurons. Such connections with the bundles of smooth muscles are not very numerous. An exclusion is the rectum because in its wall there are equally many endings of both kinds. Solitary fibres and their endings are referred to the neurons of intramural ganglia. Their amount here is not great, most frequently they are found in cranial portions of the large intestine.", "contents": "[Luminescent-histochemical study of the sympathetic innervation of the large intestine in some mammals]. It has been established that specifically fluorescening fibres and their endings as well as neurons along the length of the large intestine and in the thick of its wall have uneven distribution in cats, albino rats and dogs. A considerable part of fibres are concentrated in the muscular-intestinal, submucose plexuses and in the circular muscular layer. The greatest amount of fibres can be found in the rectum wall. They form various synaptic contacts mainly with parasympathetic neurons. Such connections with the bundles of smooth muscles are not very numerous. An exclusion is the rectum because in its wall there are equally many endings of both kinds. Solitary fibres and their endings are referred to the neurons of intramural ganglia. Their amount here is not great, most frequently they are found in cranial portions of the large intestine.", "PMID": 1167106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1551", "title": "[Changes in the spinal cord of rats following the effects of single and multiple gravitational overloads of the \"head-pelvis\" direction].", "content": "The state of the neurons of the spinal cord and intervertebral ganglia in rats was studied morphologically after effects of single (12 units) and repeated for ten days with increase (from 3 to 12 units) gravitation stresses of the head-pelvis direction. Single and repeated gravitation stresses caused both hemodiscirculatory and considerable dystrophic alterations in the spinal cord. These processes were of undulatory character and were better pronounced during a month after single stresses. After repeated stresses they were less pronounced.", "contents": "[Changes in the spinal cord of rats following the effects of single and multiple gravitational overloads of the \"head-pelvis\" direction]. The state of the neurons of the spinal cord and intervertebral ganglia in rats was studied morphologically after effects of single (12 units) and repeated for ten days with increase (from 3 to 12 units) gravitation stresses of the head-pelvis direction. Single and repeated gravitation stresses caused both hemodiscirculatory and considerable dystrophic alterations in the spinal cord. These processes were of undulatory character and were better pronounced during a month after single stresses. After repeated stresses they were less pronounced.", "PMID": 1167107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1552", "title": "[Structure of the osteon lamella].", "content": "The structure of osseous laminas of osteons was studied by methods of translucent and rastral electron microscopy. All laminas were shown to consist of collagenous fibrils and crystals of hydroxyapatite. The collagenous fibrils in the lamina are united into interwining bundles. The adjacent osseous laminas are different in orientation of fibrils and bundles in relation to the axis of the Haversian canal. The laminas are bound by bundles and solitary fibrils passing from one lamina into the other. In decalcificated sections of laminas of osteons have different relief. The laminas with longitudinally disposed fibrils project over the laminas with transversely disposed fibrils.", "contents": "[Structure of the osteon lamella]. The structure of osseous laminas of osteons was studied by methods of translucent and rastral electron microscopy. All laminas were shown to consist of collagenous fibrils and crystals of hydroxyapatite. The collagenous fibrils in the lamina are united into interwining bundles. The adjacent osseous laminas are different in orientation of fibrils and bundles in relation to the axis of the Haversian canal. The laminas are bound by bundles and solitary fibrils passing from one lamina into the other. In decalcificated sections of laminas of osteons have different relief. The laminas with longitudinally disposed fibrils project over the laminas with transversely disposed fibrils.", "PMID": 1167108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1553", "title": "[Seasonal morphological peculiarities of the structure of the adrenal cortex in ground squirrels (Citellus erythrogenys)].", "content": "The morphological state of the adrenal cortex was studied in Citellus erythogenus in different periods of their year cycle: May, July, January. The morphological criteria of Selye - Stone (1950) and the ratio between dark and light cells were used for estimation of the morphological state of the adrenal cortex. It was shown that a number of morphological parameters under study had distinct seasonal dynamics. The thickness of the glomerular zone and of all the adrenal cortex was maximal in the period of hibernation. It became thinner in the period of waking up and it was minimal in July. Light cells prevailed in the period of waking up, in July the amount of dark and light cells was approximately equal and in winter dark cells prevailed. The comparison of the character of morphological changes of the glomerular and bundle zones shows that the distinctions are pronounced only during deep winter hibernation.", "contents": "[Seasonal morphological peculiarities of the structure of the adrenal cortex in ground squirrels (Citellus erythrogenys)]. The morphological state of the adrenal cortex was studied in Citellus erythogenus in different periods of their year cycle: May, July, January. The morphological criteria of Selye - Stone (1950) and the ratio between dark and light cells were used for estimation of the morphological state of the adrenal cortex. It was shown that a number of morphological parameters under study had distinct seasonal dynamics. The thickness of the glomerular zone and of all the adrenal cortex was maximal in the period of hibernation. It became thinner in the period of waking up and it was minimal in July. Light cells prevailed in the period of waking up, in July the amount of dark and light cells was approximately equal and in winter dark cells prevailed. The comparison of the character of morphological changes of the glomerular and bundle zones shows that the distinctions are pronounced only during deep winter hibernation.", "PMID": 1167109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1554", "title": "[Blood vessels of the hypophysis].", "content": "The construction of the intraorganic vessels of the hypophysis was studied by different injectional methods in cats and partly in dogs. The obtained data confirmed the portal microcirculation in the hypophysis of the animals under investigation. Anatomical and some experimental data speak in favour of the blood flow direction in the portal system from the medial eminence towards the anterior part of the adenohypophysis. The capillaries of the portal system were demonstrated to anastomose with arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and with the caudal parts of the neurohypophysis. The experiments with intravital accumulation of the trypan blue revealed macrophagal activity of the perivascular connective tissue elements of the portal system. An attempt was made to objectively analyze the capillary architectonics of the hypophysis portal system. The obtained data on its peculiar features are discussed in connection with the capillary construction and peculiarities of the metabolism of the hypothalmic neurosecretory nuclei.", "contents": "[Blood vessels of the hypophysis]. The construction of the intraorganic vessels of the hypophysis was studied by different injectional methods in cats and partly in dogs. The obtained data confirmed the portal microcirculation in the hypophysis of the animals under investigation. Anatomical and some experimental data speak in favour of the blood flow direction in the portal system from the medial eminence towards the anterior part of the adenohypophysis. The capillaries of the portal system were demonstrated to anastomose with arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and with the caudal parts of the neurohypophysis. The experiments with intravital accumulation of the trypan blue revealed macrophagal activity of the perivascular connective tissue elements of the portal system. An attempt was made to objectively analyze the capillary architectonics of the hypophysis portal system. The obtained data on its peculiar features are discussed in connection with the capillary construction and peculiarities of the metabolism of the hypothalmic neurosecretory nuclei.", "PMID": 1167110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1555", "title": "[Neuronal organization of the inspiratory center (Baumgarten's nucleus)].", "content": "The inspiratory center or the Baumgarten's nucleus consists of large multipolar neurons and small reticular cells of the associative field. This nucleus is divided into a number of less populations with more close anatomical connections. In its turn each such population consists of groups of nerve cells characterized by the presence of large central (one or two) neurons surrounded by small reticular cells. Basing on available microelectrode studies and the personal investigations, the author puts forward a supposition that the group under study (the respiron) as the main part of the population represents the least structural unit on which the integrative activity of the inspiratory center is based.", "contents": "[Neuronal organization of the inspiratory center (Baumgarten's nucleus)]. The inspiratory center or the Baumgarten's nucleus consists of large multipolar neurons and small reticular cells of the associative field. This nucleus is divided into a number of less populations with more close anatomical connections. In its turn each such population consists of groups of nerve cells characterized by the presence of large central (one or two) neurons surrounded by small reticular cells. Basing on available microelectrode studies and the personal investigations, the author puts forward a supposition that the group under study (the respiron) as the main part of the population represents the least structural unit on which the integrative activity of the inspiratory center is based.", "PMID": 1167111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1556", "title": "[Morphology of the reparative processes in the early period following chemical burns of the esophagus].", "content": "Changes in 25 esophaguses following burns with cauterizing substances in patients treated with hormonal steroids and by bougienage were studied using histochemical methods. Effects of acids and alkalies were revealed at early stages of burn disease and consisted of lesions of a various depth of the esophagus wall. Formation of scars started from the first days after burns and led to the rearrangement of the esophagus wall. A year following the burn the healing of the damaged esophagus was not completed, and changes therein acquired a character of necrotic-ulcerative esophagitis. Hormonal treatment brought about a decrease in leucocytic infiltration in the esophagus wall. The periods of development of scars in the esophagus of patients treated with hormonal preparations according to the conventional scheme and treatment by bougienage coincided.", "contents": "[Morphology of the reparative processes in the early period following chemical burns of the esophagus]. Changes in 25 esophaguses following burns with cauterizing substances in patients treated with hormonal steroids and by bougienage were studied using histochemical methods. Effects of acids and alkalies were revealed at early stages of burn disease and consisted of lesions of a various depth of the esophagus wall. Formation of scars started from the first days after burns and led to the rearrangement of the esophagus wall. A year following the burn the healing of the damaged esophagus was not completed, and changes therein acquired a character of necrotic-ulcerative esophagitis. Hormonal treatment brought about a decrease in leucocytic infiltration in the esophagus wall. The periods of development of scars in the esophagus of patients treated with hormonal preparations according to the conventional scheme and treatment by bougienage coincided.", "PMID": 1167112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1557", "title": "[Surface structure of the macrophages and lymphocytes in their interaction under conditions of antigenic stimulation observed with the scanning electron microscope].", "content": "The surface structure of macrophages, lymphocytes of peritoneal exudate and lymphocytes from the lymphatic node of intact, stimulated with meat-pentone broth and induced with antigen mice was studied using raster electron microscopy. Lymphocytes outwardly did not differ from each other irrespective the source of their origin. Macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity of the stimulated mice morphologically differed from those isolated from intact mice. Antigenic stimulation of macrophages made it possible to investigate the dynamics of absorption and digestion of sheep corpuscles, as well as the morphology of this process. It was established that in combined cultivation of macrophages and lymphocytes under conditions of antigenic stimulation the number of contacts between lymphocytes and between lymphocytes and macrophages considerably increased. The cytoplasmic ponticulus connecting cells was formed mostly at the expense of a single finger-shaped growth of the lymphocyte membrane.", "contents": "[Surface structure of the macrophages and lymphocytes in their interaction under conditions of antigenic stimulation observed with the scanning electron microscope]. The surface structure of macrophages, lymphocytes of peritoneal exudate and lymphocytes from the lymphatic node of intact, stimulated with meat-pentone broth and induced with antigen mice was studied using raster electron microscopy. Lymphocytes outwardly did not differ from each other irrespective the source of their origin. Macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity of the stimulated mice morphologically differed from those isolated from intact mice. Antigenic stimulation of macrophages made it possible to investigate the dynamics of absorption and digestion of sheep corpuscles, as well as the morphology of this process. It was established that in combined cultivation of macrophages and lymphocytes under conditions of antigenic stimulation the number of contacts between lymphocytes and between lymphocytes and macrophages considerably increased. The cytoplasmic ponticulus connecting cells was formed mostly at the expense of a single finger-shaped growth of the lymphocyte membrane.", "PMID": 1167113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1558", "title": "[Morphological changes in the joint tissues and synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis and arthrosis deformans].", "content": "A simultaneous morphological investigation of bioptic material of the synovial sheath, articular cartilage, and synovial fluid from patients with various forms of rheumatoid arthritis (100 patients with a typical articular form, 10 with benign evolution, and 20 with lesions of visceral organs) was carried out. It was noted that in the usual articular form of rheumatoid arthritis the most common morphological component in the synovial sheath was lympho-plasmo-cellular infiltration. In the \"benign\" form of rheumatoid arthritis immunomorphological shifts were manifested but slightly, in the articular-visceral form in the immunocompetent cells there were observed karyopycnosis and plasmorrhexis. Cells and the main matter of the cartilage apparently underwent an enzymatic lysis, the intensity of which correlated with the degree of phagocytosis of the synovial fluid. In the deforming osteo-arthrosis (150 observations) in the synovial sheath there were usually noted drastic sclerosis and atrophy of organ-specific structures, impairmement of the production of the synovial fluid, and dystrophic falling into fibers of the articular cartilage with intensive proliferation of the cartilage cells. It is probable that distructiion of the cartilage in arthrosis depends upon an impairment of the function of the synovial sheath to produce synovial fluid.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the joint tissues and synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis and arthrosis deformans]. A simultaneous morphological investigation of bioptic material of the synovial sheath, articular cartilage, and synovial fluid from patients with various forms of rheumatoid arthritis (100 patients with a typical articular form, 10 with benign evolution, and 20 with lesions of visceral organs) was carried out. It was noted that in the usual articular form of rheumatoid arthritis the most common morphological component in the synovial sheath was lympho-plasmo-cellular infiltration. In the \"benign\" form of rheumatoid arthritis immunomorphological shifts were manifested but slightly, in the articular-visceral form in the immunocompetent cells there were observed karyopycnosis and plasmorrhexis. Cells and the main matter of the cartilage apparently underwent an enzymatic lysis, the intensity of which correlated with the degree of phagocytosis of the synovial fluid. In the deforming osteo-arthrosis (150 observations) in the synovial sheath there were usually noted drastic sclerosis and atrophy of organ-specific structures, impairmement of the production of the synovial fluid, and dystrophic falling into fibers of the articular cartilage with intensive proliferation of the cartilage cells. It is probable that distructiion of the cartilage in arthrosis depends upon an impairment of the function of the synovial sheath to produce synovial fluid.", "PMID": 1167114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1559", "title": "[Cytological variants of lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "It is shown that in the course of a cytological investigation it was possible not only to diagnose lymphogranulomatosis but in the overwhelming majority of cases to determine a morphological variant of the disease in accordance with Lukes et al. classification. Cytological pictures of the three histological variants of lymphogranulomatosis are described: mixed-cellular, reticular and nodular sclerosis. Cytological criteria for diagnosis of nodular sclerosis are identified.", "contents": "[Cytological variants of lymphogranulomatosis]. It is shown that in the course of a cytological investigation it was possible not only to diagnose lymphogranulomatosis but in the overwhelming majority of cases to determine a morphological variant of the disease in accordance with Lukes et al. classification. Cytological pictures of the three histological variants of lymphogranulomatosis are described: mixed-cellular, reticular and nodular sclerosis. Cytological criteria for diagnosis of nodular sclerosis are identified.", "PMID": 1167115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1560", "title": "[Morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the epithelial cells of the parathyroid glands].", "content": "Histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the main, oxyphilic and C-cells of 50 parathyroid glands of man and 105 ones of animals (rats) is presented. Types of the structure of the structure of the parathyroid glands (compact, retiform, lobular) are identified and their morphological changes under conditions of impairment of the phosphorus-calcium metabolism are described.", "contents": "[Morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the epithelial cells of the parathyroid glands]. Histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the main, oxyphilic and C-cells of 50 parathyroid glands of man and 105 ones of animals (rats) is presented. Types of the structure of the structure of the parathyroid glands (compact, retiform, lobular) are identified and their morphological changes under conditions of impairment of the phosphorus-calcium metabolism are described.", "PMID": 1167116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1561", "title": "[Method for the functional evaluation of contrasted vessels of the lungs with the aid of stereoroentgenogrammetry and morphometry].", "content": "A complex method for measuring vessels of the lungs is suggested; the method includes a number of successive procedures: contrasting of vessels under physiological pressure, stereoscopy of the preparation of the lung in a non-atelectatic and non-fixed state and obtaining of stereopaired angiograms, marking the levels of branching of vessels and determination of their lumen by means of stereocomparator, fixation of the lung, spot cutting and morphometry of the wall of the same segments of the lung vessels. The size of the lumen of the vessel approximating the intravital one, was combined with morphometric parametres of its wall and indices were calculated characterizing a morpho-functional state of the blood flow bed of the lungs.", "contents": "[Method for the functional evaluation of contrasted vessels of the lungs with the aid of stereoroentgenogrammetry and morphometry]. A complex method for measuring vessels of the lungs is suggested; the method includes a number of successive procedures: contrasting of vessels under physiological pressure, stereoscopy of the preparation of the lung in a non-atelectatic and non-fixed state and obtaining of stereopaired angiograms, marking the levels of branching of vessels and determination of their lumen by means of stereocomparator, fixation of the lung, spot cutting and morphometry of the wall of the same segments of the lung vessels. The size of the lumen of the vessel approximating the intravital one, was combined with morphometric parametres of its wall and indices were calculated characterizing a morpho-functional state of the blood flow bed of the lungs.", "PMID": 1167118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1562", "title": "[Results of the total hip replacement operations (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of the hip replacement operations performed by the department of orthopaedics of the University Hospital of Freiburg follows. The operation brought \"very good\" results for 14.4% of those operated upon, \"good\" results for 50.6% and satisfactory results for 29.7%. The results of the operation were unsatisfactory for 5.6% of the patients. In view of the possible complications, the results will be discussed.", "contents": "[Results of the total hip replacement operations (author's transl)]. A review of the hip replacement operations performed by the department of orthopaedics of the University Hospital of Freiburg follows. The operation brought \"very good\" results for 14.4% of those operated upon, \"good\" results for 50.6% and satisfactory results for 29.7%. The results of the operation were unsatisfactory for 5.6% of the patients. In view of the possible complications, the results will be discussed.", "PMID": 1167119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1563", "title": "[Clinical and experimental experiences of important factors concerning the permanent anchorage of hip-joint-prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "Amomg a lot of conditions influencing the permanent anchorage of hip-joint-prostheses the following factors are very important: form and surface conditions of the material, in addition to a valgus position of the prostheses. The importance of these parameters in changed biomechanics after arthroplastic replacement is confirmed by measurements of spherical shape, morphology of the surface and diameter of the material. Furthermore, the vectorial distribution of weight by the different varus and valgus positions were examined. The experimental results were confirmed by clinical studies on 1407 prostheses during the course of 5 years.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental experiences of important factors concerning the permanent anchorage of hip-joint-prostheses (author's transl)]. Amomg a lot of conditions influencing the permanent anchorage of hip-joint-prostheses the following factors are very important: form and surface conditions of the material, in addition to a valgus position of the prostheses. The importance of these parameters in changed biomechanics after arthroplastic replacement is confirmed by measurements of spherical shape, morphology of the surface and diameter of the material. Furthermore, the vectorial distribution of weight by the different varus and valgus positions were examined. The experimental results were confirmed by clinical studies on 1407 prostheses during the course of 5 years.", "PMID": 1167120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1564", "title": "[Investigations of strength of tibia osteosynthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Transverse strength of tibia osteosynthesis with wire bracings, nails, screws and self-tensed pressure plates was determined in biomechanical researches. The mechanical limits determined of the various kinds of osteosynthesis were compared with calculated transverse moments that are found at early mobilisation. The osteosynthesis with 3 single wire bracings shows neither sufficient rotary nor bending stability, however, the osteosynthesis with 3 twin wire bracings appears to be sufficient providing participation of medical guidance and possible inactive support is assured. The osteosynthesis with the modified K\u00fcntscher nail is only stable under additional utilization of bone weight and muscle power. The nailing is not stable without muscular guarantee. The osteosynthesis with screws and self-tensed pressure plates is sufficient stable, additional application of the broad plate is not necessary because of over dimension.", "contents": "[Investigations of strength of tibia osteosynthesis (author's transl)]. Transverse strength of tibia osteosynthesis with wire bracings, nails, screws and self-tensed pressure plates was determined in biomechanical researches. The mechanical limits determined of the various kinds of osteosynthesis were compared with calculated transverse moments that are found at early mobilisation. The osteosynthesis with 3 single wire bracings shows neither sufficient rotary nor bending stability, however, the osteosynthesis with 3 twin wire bracings appears to be sufficient providing participation of medical guidance and possible inactive support is assured. The osteosynthesis with the modified K\u00fcntscher nail is only stable under additional utilization of bone weight and muscle power. The nailing is not stable without muscular guarantee. The osteosynthesis with screws and self-tensed pressure plates is sufficient stable, additional application of the broad plate is not necessary because of over dimension.", "PMID": 1167121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1565", "title": "[Knee results of the treatment of traction contractures using the quadriceps plasty by Bennett (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors report on the results of 51 quadriceps-plasties according to Bennett in the treatment of the extension contracture of the knee. The result was influenced among others by the number of the functioning muscle fibers, by the grade of the preoperative muscular contracture and the postoperative physiotherapy and by the physical and mental development of the patients. In nearly two thirds of the cases very good and good results were achieved. Special questions of the operative technique and the postoperative function are discussed.", "contents": "[Knee results of the treatment of traction contractures using the quadriceps plasty by Bennett (author's transl)]. Authors report on the results of 51 quadriceps-plasties according to Bennett in the treatment of the extension contracture of the knee. The result was influenced among others by the number of the functioning muscle fibers, by the grade of the preoperative muscular contracture and the postoperative physiotherapy and by the physical and mental development of the patients. In nearly two thirds of the cases very good and good results were achieved. Special questions of the operative technique and the postoperative function are discussed.", "PMID": 1167122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1566", "title": "[Intertrochanteric displacement osteotomy. Is displacement useful (author's transl)].", "content": "When displacement intertrochanteric osteotomy is performed for osteoarthritis of the hip, the factor \"displacement\" does not affect at all the pressure exerted on the articular faces of the hip (basic aim in prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis). The good effect of osteotomy should be attributed to the factor \"biological stimulation\" or \"blood circulation\". Therefore displacement should be avoided because it causes complication (pseudarthrosis) and difficulties when eventually total arthroplasty has to be performed which is (sooner or later) necessary in most cases.", "contents": "[Intertrochanteric displacement osteotomy. Is displacement useful (author's transl)]. When displacement intertrochanteric osteotomy is performed for osteoarthritis of the hip, the factor \"displacement\" does not affect at all the pressure exerted on the articular faces of the hip (basic aim in prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis). The good effect of osteotomy should be attributed to the factor \"biological stimulation\" or \"blood circulation\". Therefore displacement should be avoided because it causes complication (pseudarthrosis) and difficulties when eventually total arthroplasty has to be performed which is (sooner or later) necessary in most cases.", "PMID": 1167123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1567", "title": "[Experiences with the dynamic compression plate (DCP) in 418 fresh fractures of the tibial shaft (author's transl)].", "content": "A consecutive series of 435 fresh fractures of the tibial shaft was internally fixed by the new dynamic compression plate (ASIF-DCP). All but 2 cases could be reviewed personally within 1--2 years postoperatively, while 15 patients had died. The functional results and postoperative complications are reported separately for the 334 closed and 101 open fractures. Inspite of a higher rate of complications in the open fractures, their functional results were about as good as in the closed cases. In our experience the new dynamic compression plate proved to be very satisfactory for internal fixation of fractures of the tibia.", "contents": "[Experiences with the dynamic compression plate (DCP) in 418 fresh fractures of the tibial shaft (author's transl)]. A consecutive series of 435 fresh fractures of the tibial shaft was internally fixed by the new dynamic compression plate (ASIF-DCP). All but 2 cases could be reviewed personally within 1--2 years postoperatively, while 15 patients had died. The functional results and postoperative complications are reported separately for the 334 closed and 101 open fractures. Inspite of a higher rate of complications in the open fractures, their functional results were about as good as in the closed cases. In our experience the new dynamic compression plate proved to be very satisfactory for internal fixation of fractures of the tibia.", "PMID": 1167124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1568", "title": "[Deterioration of the ileo-sacral joints through serious unilateral hip joint diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the clinical and radiological examinations of 95 patients with unilateral restricted movement of the hip, the deformities of ileosacral joint and symphysis are described. The pathological changes of ileosacral joints and symphysis could be demonstrated in cases with severe contractures of the hip. Low grade contractures under 15 degrees have been tolerated over many years.", "contents": "[Deterioration of the ileo-sacral joints through serious unilateral hip joint diseases (author's transl)]. Based on the clinical and radiological examinations of 95 patients with unilateral restricted movement of the hip, the deformities of ileosacral joint and symphysis are described. The pathological changes of ileosacral joints and symphysis could be demonstrated in cases with severe contractures of the hip. Low grade contractures under 15 degrees have been tolerated over many years.", "PMID": 1167125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1569", "title": "[Investigations of oxide layers on pure metals using ESCA technique (author's transl)].", "content": "The principals of the ESCA technique are described in details. Oxide layers on pure metals are investigated regarding composition and growth velocity. The valence state of a metal and the thickness of its oxid layer at the time of implantation into human body tissue are highly responsible for the corrosion resistance of this metal. Compared with Iron, Cobalt and Nickel and oxid layers of pure Titanium, Chromium and Molybdenum did not show further growth of thickness after several days in air. Immediately after removal of the passive layer only the stable and not the reactive oxids of the metal were restored.", "contents": "[Investigations of oxide layers on pure metals using ESCA technique (author's transl)]. The principals of the ESCA technique are described in details. Oxide layers on pure metals are investigated regarding composition and growth velocity. The valence state of a metal and the thickness of its oxid layer at the time of implantation into human body tissue are highly responsible for the corrosion resistance of this metal. Compared with Iron, Cobalt and Nickel and oxid layers of pure Titanium, Chromium and Molybdenum did not show further growth of thickness after several days in air. Immediately after removal of the passive layer only the stable and not the reactive oxids of the metal were restored.", "PMID": 1167126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1570", "title": "Studies on the apoproteins of the major lipoprotein of the yolk of hen's eggs. I. Isolation and properties of the low-molecular-weight apoproteins.", "content": "In a continuing study of protein-lipid interactions in egg yolk, the total apoprotein mixture (i.e. the 'apovitellenins') from the high-lipid, low-density lipoprotein (density 0.97 g/ml) of the yolk from hen's eggs has been isolated in a soluble form. By gel-filtration chromatography in 6M urea the mixture has been separated into several fractions from which three new low-molecular-weight proteins (I, Ia, and II), making up about 30% of the total, have been isolated. The most plentiful of these (I) consists of stable aggregates with several identical subunits each of molecular weight about 10 000. This protein is analogous to the principal protein from the corresponding lipoprotein of emu's egg yolk, i.e. emu's apovitellenin I. Hen's apovitellenin I has a slightly different amino acid composition from that of the emu; notably it contains a sulphydryl group. The hen's protein also forms more stable aggregates that are dissociated by detergent and by guanidine hydrochloride but are stable in urea. The molecular weight of Ia is similar to that of I and the amino acid composition is the same, with the exception that Ia has a higher proportion of amide groups. It aggregates less readily than I under the same conditions. The third new protein (II, 'hens's apovitellenin II') has a molecular weight of about 20 000. It has no tyrosine or methionine residues, but contains glucosamine and has several disulphide groups. It has been isolated in very small amount only.", "contents": "Studies on the apoproteins of the major lipoprotein of the yolk of hen's eggs. I. Isolation and properties of the low-molecular-weight apoproteins. In a continuing study of protein-lipid interactions in egg yolk, the total apoprotein mixture (i.e. the 'apovitellenins') from the high-lipid, low-density lipoprotein (density 0.97 g/ml) of the yolk from hen's eggs has been isolated in a soluble form. By gel-filtration chromatography in 6M urea the mixture has been separated into several fractions from which three new low-molecular-weight proteins (I, Ia, and II), making up about 30% of the total, have been isolated. The most plentiful of these (I) consists of stable aggregates with several identical subunits each of molecular weight about 10 000. This protein is analogous to the principal protein from the corresponding lipoprotein of emu's egg yolk, i.e. emu's apovitellenin I. Hen's apovitellenin I has a slightly different amino acid composition from that of the emu; notably it contains a sulphydryl group. The hen's protein also forms more stable aggregates that are dissociated by detergent and by guanidine hydrochloride but are stable in urea. The molecular weight of Ia is similar to that of I and the amino acid composition is the same, with the exception that Ia has a higher proportion of amide groups. It aggregates less readily than I under the same conditions. The third new protein (II, 'hens's apovitellenin II') has a molecular weight of about 20 000. It has no tyrosine or methionine residues, but contains glucosamine and has several disulphide groups. It has been isolated in very small amount only.", "PMID": 1167127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1571", "title": "Pole cells of Drosophila paulistorum: embryologic differentiation with symbionts.", "content": "The pole cells of young D. paulistorum embryos are destined to form the germinal cells of both male and female imagoes. In addition, specialized portions of the midgut may be derived from pole cell progenitors. In this initial study of their embryogenesis by means of electron microscopy, various stages of pole cell development are shown in both non-hybrid (potentially fertile) and intersemispecific hybrid (potentially sterile as males) materials. Originally, approximately 5 or 6 cells emerge to form the early polar cap and subsequently divide asynchronously until the 35-50 cells of the late polar cap are derived. Unlike other Drosophila species, however, mycoplasma-like symbionts, apparently an hereditary infection, have been traced to locations within the cytoplasm of these pole cells. They are depicted as arriving there after transmission via the egg cytoplasm, implicating this as their probable route of entry into the future germinal tissues of adult flies. It is postulated that these microorganisms function as an infectious reproductive isolating mechanism fostering hybrid male sterility between D. paulistorum semispecies.", "contents": "Pole cells of Drosophila paulistorum: embryologic differentiation with symbionts. The pole cells of young D. paulistorum embryos are destined to form the germinal cells of both male and female imagoes. In addition, specialized portions of the midgut may be derived from pole cell progenitors. In this initial study of their embryogenesis by means of electron microscopy, various stages of pole cell development are shown in both non-hybrid (potentially fertile) and intersemispecific hybrid (potentially sterile as males) materials. Originally, approximately 5 or 6 cells emerge to form the early polar cap and subsequently divide asynchronously until the 35-50 cells of the late polar cap are derived. Unlike other Drosophila species, however, mycoplasma-like symbionts, apparently an hereditary infection, have been traced to locations within the cytoplasm of these pole cells. They are depicted as arriving there after transmission via the egg cytoplasm, implicating this as their probable route of entry into the future germinal tissues of adult flies. It is postulated that these microorganisms function as an infectious reproductive isolating mechanism fostering hybrid male sterility between D. paulistorum semispecies.", "PMID": 1167128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1572", "title": "Rates of passage of digesta and water absorption along the larg intestines of sheep, cows and pigs.", "content": "In 5 cows, the mean length of the large intestine was only slightly greater than that of 21 sheep and 3 pigs. At about one-fifth of the way along the large intestine of the sheep and cows, corresponding to the end of the proximal colon and start of the spiral colon, there were marked reductions in the amount of digesta present and in the lumen diameter. In pigs these parameters decreased gradually along the large intestine. In all parts of the large intestine, the cows had more water in the digesta than did the sheep or the pigs. Nevertheless, the decrease in water content between the caecum and the rectum was similar for the cows and the sheep but less in the pigs. The rate of passage of digesta increased gradually along the large intestine of the pigs, but in the cows and sheep the rate was least in the caecum and proximal colon and greatest in the spiral colon. The total retention time for digesta in the large intestine was approximately 30, 20, and 9 h in the pigs, sheep, and cows respectively. The rate of water absorption from the large intestine was most rapid in the cows and slowest in the pigs. Differences in faecal water content between the species were not due to differences in retention times in the large intestine.", "contents": "Rates of passage of digesta and water absorption along the larg intestines of sheep, cows and pigs. In 5 cows, the mean length of the large intestine was only slightly greater than that of 21 sheep and 3 pigs. At about one-fifth of the way along the large intestine of the sheep and cows, corresponding to the end of the proximal colon and start of the spiral colon, there were marked reductions in the amount of digesta present and in the lumen diameter. In pigs these parameters decreased gradually along the large intestine. In all parts of the large intestine, the cows had more water in the digesta than did the sheep or the pigs. Nevertheless, the decrease in water content between the caecum and the rectum was similar for the cows and the sheep but less in the pigs. The rate of passage of digesta increased gradually along the large intestine of the pigs, but in the cows and sheep the rate was least in the caecum and proximal colon and greatest in the spiral colon. The total retention time for digesta in the large intestine was approximately 30, 20, and 9 h in the pigs, sheep, and cows respectively. The rate of water absorption from the large intestine was most rapid in the cows and slowest in the pigs. Differences in faecal water content between the species were not due to differences in retention times in the large intestine.", "PMID": 1167129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1573", "title": "Amino acid imbalance in the liquid-fed lamb.", "content": "Eleven Poll Dorset times Merino crossbred female lambs 4 weeks of age were trained to suck liquid diets from bottles. In three separate experiments liquid diets providing 14-2% (expt 1) 10-6% (expt 2) or 8-0% (expt 3) of gross energy as protein and amino acids were fed. Responses in voluntary intake, growth rate and changes in plasma amino acid concentrations were studied when complete or incomplete mixtures of amino acids were added to the liquid diet. These mixtures supplied either: (1) all amino acids in quantities to bring the total of protein plus amino acids to provide more than 20% of dietary gross energy, the amino acids being provided in proportions estimated to meet adequately the lamb's requirements ('complete'); or (2) as the same total amount of amino acids but with the amino acid supplement devoid of threonine ('low-threonine', expts 1 and 2) or isoleucine ('low isoleucine', expt 3). In experiment 1, there was no food intake or growth depression after feeding the amino acid mixture lacking threonine. In both experiments 2 and 3, voluntary food intake was depressed to about 50% of that observed in lambs fed the low protein diet, when the amino acid mixture devoid of threonine or of isoleucine, respectively, was fed. Addition of the missing amino acid to the low threonine and low isoleucine diets resulted in recovery of voluntary intake in experiments 2 and 3 respectively, but no significant improvement above that found after feeding the low protein (basal) diet. In experiments 1 and 2, after feeding the low threonine diet the threonine concentration in the blood plasma decreased markedly, while concentrations of total amino acids were elevated. Although there was no improvement in growth or food intake, the feeding of the diet containing the complete amino acid mixture resulted in an elevation of all essential amino acids including threonin. Similarly in experiment 3, plasma isoleucine concentration decreased in the lambs fed the isoleucine imbalanced diet. Results indicate that the suckled, preruminant lamb exhibits sensitivity to dietary amino acid imbalance, in a manner analogous to that found in simple-stomached animals. These results also clearly illustrate a depression in food intake associated with the deletion of a specific essential nutrient from the diet of the lamb.", "contents": "Amino acid imbalance in the liquid-fed lamb. Eleven Poll Dorset times Merino crossbred female lambs 4 weeks of age were trained to suck liquid diets from bottles. In three separate experiments liquid diets providing 14-2% (expt 1) 10-6% (expt 2) or 8-0% (expt 3) of gross energy as protein and amino acids were fed. Responses in voluntary intake, growth rate and changes in plasma amino acid concentrations were studied when complete or incomplete mixtures of amino acids were added to the liquid diet. These mixtures supplied either: (1) all amino acids in quantities to bring the total of protein plus amino acids to provide more than 20% of dietary gross energy, the amino acids being provided in proportions estimated to meet adequately the lamb's requirements ('complete'); or (2) as the same total amount of amino acids but with the amino acid supplement devoid of threonine ('low-threonine', expts 1 and 2) or isoleucine ('low isoleucine', expt 3). In experiment 1, there was no food intake or growth depression after feeding the amino acid mixture lacking threonine. In both experiments 2 and 3, voluntary food intake was depressed to about 50% of that observed in lambs fed the low protein diet, when the amino acid mixture devoid of threonine or of isoleucine, respectively, was fed. Addition of the missing amino acid to the low threonine and low isoleucine diets resulted in recovery of voluntary intake in experiments 2 and 3 respectively, but no significant improvement above that found after feeding the low protein (basal) diet. In experiments 1 and 2, after feeding the low threonine diet the threonine concentration in the blood plasma decreased markedly, while concentrations of total amino acids were elevated. Although there was no improvement in growth or food intake, the feeding of the diet containing the complete amino acid mixture resulted in an elevation of all essential amino acids including threonin. Similarly in experiment 3, plasma isoleucine concentration decreased in the lambs fed the isoleucine imbalanced diet. Results indicate that the suckled, preruminant lamb exhibits sensitivity to dietary amino acid imbalance, in a manner analogous to that found in simple-stomached animals. These results also clearly illustrate a depression in food intake associated with the deletion of a specific essential nutrient from the diet of the lamb.", "PMID": 1167130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1574", "title": "Artificial induction of lactation in cattle by use of dexamethasone trimethylacetate.", "content": "Injections of dexamethasone trimethylacetate initiated lactation in nulliparous Ayrshire heifers previously given a series of injections of oestradiol benzoate plus progesterone to develop mammary glands. Essentially normal lactation occurred following injection of 20 mg/day dexamethasone for 3 days, whereas injection of 40 mg/day for 4 days initiated secretion of smaller volumes of milk-like fluid containing relatively high levels of lipid. Milking alone failed to initiate lactation.", "contents": "Artificial induction of lactation in cattle by use of dexamethasone trimethylacetate. Injections of dexamethasone trimethylacetate initiated lactation in nulliparous Ayrshire heifers previously given a series of injections of oestradiol benzoate plus progesterone to develop mammary glands. Essentially normal lactation occurred following injection of 20 mg/day dexamethasone for 3 days, whereas injection of 40 mg/day for 4 days initiated secretion of smaller volumes of milk-like fluid containing relatively high levels of lipid. Milking alone failed to initiate lactation.", "PMID": 1167131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1575", "title": "Extracellular polysaccharides of some basidiomycetes.", "content": "Culture filtrates of four basidiomycete fungi, Stereum strigoso-zonatum, Fomes australis, Trametes lilacinogilva and Polyporus tumulosus were fractionated and examined for polysaccharide content. Acid hydrolysis showed the presence of galactose, mannose, xylose, fucose and glucose. Their relative amounts were estimated by gas chromatography of the corresponding alditol acetates. Galactose and mannose were the major constituent sugars, amounting to more than 50% of the total. One of the polysaccharides, a fucogalactomannan elaborated by P. tumulosus, was isolated in a purified form. It was shown to have [alpha]D +42 degrees and contained galactose, mannose, fucose and xylose in the relative proportions 2 : 1 : 1 : 0-2.", "contents": "Extracellular polysaccharides of some basidiomycetes. Culture filtrates of four basidiomycete fungi, Stereum strigoso-zonatum, Fomes australis, Trametes lilacinogilva and Polyporus tumulosus were fractionated and examined for polysaccharide content. Acid hydrolysis showed the presence of galactose, mannose, xylose, fucose and glucose. Their relative amounts were estimated by gas chromatography of the corresponding alditol acetates. Galactose and mannose were the major constituent sugars, amounting to more than 50% of the total. One of the polysaccharides, a fucogalactomannan elaborated by P. tumulosus, was isolated in a purified form. It was shown to have [alpha]D +42 degrees and contained galactose, mannose, fucose and xylose in the relative proportions 2 : 1 : 1 : 0-2.", "PMID": 1167132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1576", "title": "The isolation of Mycoplasm hyosynoviae and exposure of pigs to experimental infection.", "content": "Arginine-utilising mycoplasmas isolated from the pneumonic lungs of 4 pigs were identified as M. hyosynoviae by their growth characteristics, biochemical activity and serological similarity to each other and to 2 type strains of M. hyosynoviae in growth inhibition tests. A purified culture of one M. hyosynoviae isolate was inoculated intravenously into 3 pigs which were killed 9 days later. Although arthritis was not observed clinically, M. hyosynoviae was isolated from 8 of 9 joints cultured, the tonsils and retropharyngeal lymph nodes of all 3 pigs and the lungs of 2 pigs. No histopathological changes were observed in synovial membranes of the joints cultured or lungs but severe depletion of lymphocytes in the cortex of lymphoid follicles in lymph nodes and tonsils was observed.", "contents": "The isolation of Mycoplasm hyosynoviae and exposure of pigs to experimental infection. Arginine-utilising mycoplasmas isolated from the pneumonic lungs of 4 pigs were identified as M. hyosynoviae by their growth characteristics, biochemical activity and serological similarity to each other and to 2 type strains of M. hyosynoviae in growth inhibition tests. A purified culture of one M. hyosynoviae isolate was inoculated intravenously into 3 pigs which were killed 9 days later. Although arthritis was not observed clinically, M. hyosynoviae was isolated from 8 of 9 joints cultured, the tonsils and retropharyngeal lymph nodes of all 3 pigs and the lungs of 2 pigs. No histopathological changes were observed in synovial membranes of the joints cultured or lungs but severe depletion of lymphocytes in the cortex of lymphoid follicles in lymph nodes and tonsils was observed.", "PMID": 1167134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1577", "title": "The influence of age on the susceptibility of bulls to Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis.", "content": "Observations were carried out on 22 Hereford bulls to determine the age at which they bacame carriers of C. fetus. During preliminary investigations, 5 bulbs were repeatedly exposed to the organism by artificial or natural means from the age of 18 months. All animals became longterm carriers on reaching an age of between 40 and 70 months. Prior to this, a temporary carrier state lasting from 4 to 29 days was produced in 4 bulls. In a subsequent experiment, 17 bulls of 3 different age groups were artificially exposed to C. fetus on 5 occasions over a 2-year period. Thirteen bulls became long-term carriers, including 9 (53%) when less than 4 years old. A transient carrier state occurred in 4 bulls, 2 of which subsequently became long-term carriers. It usually lasted 1-2 weeks, although in 1 animal the organism persisted for 11 weeks. These results are discussed in relation to the findings of other workers and it is concluded that the use of young bulls to limit the spread of C. fetus in infected herds is of dubious value.", "contents": "The influence of age on the susceptibility of bulls to Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis. Observations were carried out on 22 Hereford bulls to determine the age at which they bacame carriers of C. fetus. During preliminary investigations, 5 bulbs were repeatedly exposed to the organism by artificial or natural means from the age of 18 months. All animals became longterm carriers on reaching an age of between 40 and 70 months. Prior to this, a temporary carrier state lasting from 4 to 29 days was produced in 4 bulls. In a subsequent experiment, 17 bulls of 3 different age groups were artificially exposed to C. fetus on 5 occasions over a 2-year period. Thirteen bulls became long-term carriers, including 9 (53%) when less than 4 years old. A transient carrier state occurred in 4 bulls, 2 of which subsequently became long-term carriers. It usually lasted 1-2 weeks, although in 1 animal the organism persisted for 11 weeks. These results are discussed in relation to the findings of other workers and it is concluded that the use of young bulls to limit the spread of C. fetus in infected herds is of dubious value.", "PMID": 1167135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1578", "title": "Wastage of ova in young Merino ewes.", "content": "Eight sub-flocks each of 48 to 51 Merino ewes were mated for 18 days with 1 ram to each subflock. Four of the sub-flocks were of non-parous 1.5-year-old ewes and the other 4 were of parous 2.5-year-old ewes. Fertilisation rates for the subflocks of 1.5-year-old ewes varied from 83 to 94%, and the sub-flocks of 2.5-year-old ewes ranged from 81 to 94%. By day 29 post coitum 42% and 56% of 1.5-year-old ewes in sub-flocks 1 and 2 respectively were no longer pregnant. Embryonic mortality was low in other sub-flocks of 1.5- and 2.5-year-old ewes. Virtually all embryonic death occurred after day 12 post coitum. The sporadic occurrence of high ova wastage in maiden 1.5-year-old ewes in this experiment and in others is discussed in relation to the short duration of oestrus in young ewes and the great variation in service activity of rams.", "contents": "Wastage of ova in young Merino ewes. Eight sub-flocks each of 48 to 51 Merino ewes were mated for 18 days with 1 ram to each subflock. Four of the sub-flocks were of non-parous 1.5-year-old ewes and the other 4 were of parous 2.5-year-old ewes. Fertilisation rates for the subflocks of 1.5-year-old ewes varied from 83 to 94%, and the sub-flocks of 2.5-year-old ewes ranged from 81 to 94%. By day 29 post coitum 42% and 56% of 1.5-year-old ewes in sub-flocks 1 and 2 respectively were no longer pregnant. Embryonic mortality was low in other sub-flocks of 1.5- and 2.5-year-old ewes. Virtually all embryonic death occurred after day 12 post coitum. The sporadic occurrence of high ova wastage in maiden 1.5-year-old ewes in this experiment and in others is discussed in relation to the short duration of oestrus in young ewes and the great variation in service activity of rams.", "PMID": 1167136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1579", "title": "Zamia palm (Macrozamia reidlei) poisoning of sheep.", "content": "Sheep mortalities caused by the ingestion of leaves of the zamia palm (Macrozamia reidlei) were recorded from 6 properties in Western Australia from 1966 to 1971. Deaths occurred in sheep less than 2 years of age and involved from 2 to 9% of the flock. The primary lesion was acute hepatic necrosis, neurological effects were not recorded. The condition was reproduced experimentally when crushed kernel, mascerated leaf or leaf extract was administered by stomach tube.", "contents": "Zamia palm (Macrozamia reidlei) poisoning of sheep. Sheep mortalities caused by the ingestion of leaves of the zamia palm (Macrozamia reidlei) were recorded from 6 properties in Western Australia from 1966 to 1971. Deaths occurred in sheep less than 2 years of age and involved from 2 to 9% of the flock. The primary lesion was acute hepatic necrosis, neurological effects were not recorded. The condition was reproduced experimentally when crushed kernel, mascerated leaf or leaf extract was administered by stomach tube.", "PMID": 1167137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1580", "title": "Levamisole as a microfilaricidal agent in the control of canine dirofilariasis.", "content": "The effectiveness of levamisole hydrochloride as a microfilaricidal agent when used 3 weeks after thiacetarsamide sodium therapy for canine dirofilariasis, was studied in 6 experimental dogs and 20 clinical cases. The drug, when administered orally in gelatine capsules daily, cleared microfilariae from the circulation in the experimental dogs in 7 to 11 days. A dose rate of 10mg/kg appeared as effective as 15mg/kg. In the clinical group 70% of dogs had zero microfilarial counts after 4 to 8 doses at 10mg/kg daily. Vomiting, diarrhoea and inappetence were observed in some animals, but were not a significant problem. Elevations in plasma GPT and AP levels were recorded during the administration of levamisole in some dogs while GOT levels rose in 1 dog only. Urea and creatinine levels were unaffected in all dogs. The only haematological parameter affected was the eosinophil count which rose during levamisole administration. All levamisole-treated animals, were successfully commenced on daily DEC, as a prophylactic measure, while an anaphylactic-type reaction occurred when this drug was administered to 1 of the 2 control animals.", "contents": "Levamisole as a microfilaricidal agent in the control of canine dirofilariasis. The effectiveness of levamisole hydrochloride as a microfilaricidal agent when used 3 weeks after thiacetarsamide sodium therapy for canine dirofilariasis, was studied in 6 experimental dogs and 20 clinical cases. The drug, when administered orally in gelatine capsules daily, cleared microfilariae from the circulation in the experimental dogs in 7 to 11 days. A dose rate of 10mg/kg appeared as effective as 15mg/kg. In the clinical group 70% of dogs had zero microfilarial counts after 4 to 8 doses at 10mg/kg daily. Vomiting, diarrhoea and inappetence were observed in some animals, but were not a significant problem. Elevations in plasma GPT and AP levels were recorded during the administration of levamisole in some dogs while GOT levels rose in 1 dog only. Urea and creatinine levels were unaffected in all dogs. The only haematological parameter affected was the eosinophil count which rose during levamisole administration. All levamisole-treated animals, were successfully commenced on daily DEC, as a prophylactic measure, while an anaphylactic-type reaction occurred when this drug was administered to 1 of the 2 control animals.", "PMID": 1167138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1581", "title": "Candida ingens as a potential fodder protein.", "content": "Pig wastes were fermented and the supernatant was inoculated at the surface with Candida ingens which grew as a pellicle. This was harvested, dried and incorporated with wheat into 2 rations of 20% and 17.9% crude protein as were 2 similar rations using casein and wheat. Using rats the rations were compared for 43 d. There was no significant difference in weight gain or feed conversion between the yeast and casein fed rats at 20% crude protein nor was there a difference in weight gain at 17.9% crude protein; there was a significant difference in feed conversion at 17.9% crude protein (P less than .05). Rats fed C. ingens showed no abnormality at autopsy.", "contents": "Candida ingens as a potential fodder protein. Pig wastes were fermented and the supernatant was inoculated at the surface with Candida ingens which grew as a pellicle. This was harvested, dried and incorporated with wheat into 2 rations of 20% and 17.9% crude protein as were 2 similar rations using casein and wheat. Using rats the rations were compared for 43 d. There was no significant difference in weight gain or feed conversion between the yeast and casein fed rats at 20% crude protein nor was there a difference in weight gain at 17.9% crude protein; there was a significant difference in feed conversion at 17.9% crude protein (P less than .05). Rats fed C. ingens showed no abnormality at autopsy.", "PMID": 1167139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1582", "title": "Sub-total cystectomy in a Santa Gertrudis bull.", "content": "A Santa Gertrudis bull developed hydroperitoneum due to multiple perforating lesions of the ventral urinary bladder wall. It was believed that the urinary bladder was beyond repair, so a sub-total cystectomy was performed in order to extirpate as much of this organ as possible. An uneventful recovery followed with fertility and libido unaffected.", "contents": "Sub-total cystectomy in a Santa Gertrudis bull. A Santa Gertrudis bull developed hydroperitoneum due to multiple perforating lesions of the ventral urinary bladder wall. It was believed that the urinary bladder was beyond repair, so a sub-total cystectomy was performed in order to extirpate as much of this organ as possible. An uneventful recovery followed with fertility and libido unaffected.", "PMID": 1167140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1583", "title": "The major human erythrocyte membrane protein. Evidence for an S-shaped structure which traverses the membrane twice and contains a duplicated set of sites.", "content": "The structure of the major human erythrocyte membrane protein (protein E) was investigated by studying the products of proteolysis of the native protein in the membrane. The distribution and location of the tyrosine residues labelled by radioiodination by lactoperoxidase was determined. Proteolysis of the extracellular region of the protein by thermolysin released four tyrosine-containing peptides, all of which were also found to remain in the major fragment that is retained in the membrane. The presence of these duplicated sites in the extracellular region of the protein was confirmed by limited trypsin digestion of the intracellular region of the protein. Two groups of fragments were obtained. Both groups contained a set of the extracellular labelled sites, but they differed in containing distinct groups of intracellular sites, showing that the two sets of extracellular sites are linked by an intracellular region of the protein. The polypeptide chain thus traverses the membrane twice. An S-shaped model which is consistent with these data is proposed.", "contents": "The major human erythrocyte membrane protein. Evidence for an S-shaped structure which traverses the membrane twice and contains a duplicated set of sites. The structure of the major human erythrocyte membrane protein (protein E) was investigated by studying the products of proteolysis of the native protein in the membrane. The distribution and location of the tyrosine residues labelled by radioiodination by lactoperoxidase was determined. Proteolysis of the extracellular region of the protein by thermolysin released four tyrosine-containing peptides, all of which were also found to remain in the major fragment that is retained in the membrane. The presence of these duplicated sites in the extracellular region of the protein was confirmed by limited trypsin digestion of the intracellular region of the protein. Two groups of fragments were obtained. Both groups contained a set of the extracellular labelled sites, but they differed in containing distinct groups of intracellular sites, showing that the two sets of extracellular sites are linked by an intracellular region of the protein. The polypeptide chain thus traverses the membrane twice. An S-shaped model which is consistent with these data is proposed.", "PMID": 1167151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1584", "title": "An allosteric model for ribonuclease.", "content": "Data from two assay systems show that the kinetics of the hydrolysis of cytidine 2':3'-cyclic monophosphate by bovine pancreatic RNAase (ribonuclease) is not consistent with conventional models. An allosteric model involving a substrate-dependent change in the equilibrium between two enzyme conformations is proposed. Such a model gives rise to a calculated curve of velocity versus substrate concentration which fits the experimental data. The model is also consistent with the results of an examination of the tryptic digestion of RNAase. Substrate analogues are able to protect RNAase against hydrolysis by trypsin and the percentage of RNAase activity which remains after digestion increases sigmoidally as the analogue concentration is increased. The model also explains the pattern seen in the Km values quoted in the literature and is consistent with strong physical evidence for a ligand-induced conformational change for RNAase reported in the literature.", "contents": "An allosteric model for ribonuclease. Data from two assay systems show that the kinetics of the hydrolysis of cytidine 2':3'-cyclic monophosphate by bovine pancreatic RNAase (ribonuclease) is not consistent with conventional models. An allosteric model involving a substrate-dependent change in the equilibrium between two enzyme conformations is proposed. Such a model gives rise to a calculated curve of velocity versus substrate concentration which fits the experimental data. The model is also consistent with the results of an examination of the tryptic digestion of RNAase. Substrate analogues are able to protect RNAase against hydrolysis by trypsin and the percentage of RNAase activity which remains after digestion increases sigmoidally as the analogue concentration is increased. The model also explains the pattern seen in the Km values quoted in the literature and is consistent with strong physical evidence for a ligand-induced conformational change for RNAase reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1167152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1585", "title": "Identification of amino acid thiohydantoins directly by thin-layer chromatography and indirectly by gas-liquid chromatography after hydrolysis.", "content": "A method is described for the identification of amino acid thiohydantoins by two-dimensional t.l.c. An indirect method for the determination of amino acid thiohydantoins is described which, after hydrolysis, the corresponding amino acids are determined by g.l.c.", "contents": "Identification of amino acid thiohydantoins directly by thin-layer chromatography and indirectly by gas-liquid chromatography after hydrolysis. A method is described for the identification of amino acid thiohydantoins by two-dimensional t.l.c. An indirect method for the determination of amino acid thiohydantoins is described which, after hydrolysis, the corresponding amino acids are determined by g.l.c.", "PMID": 1167153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1586", "title": "Ribosomal and informational ribonucleoprotein complexes of animal cells. Study on rat liver ribonucleic acids as constituents of ribonucleoprotein complexes by chromatography on nucleoprotein-celite columns.", "content": "A novel method of RNA fractionation has been developed. Nuclear and cytoplasmic rat liver RNA species were fractionated as constituents of corresponding ribonucleoprotein particles, which were previously adsorbed on a Celite-column by their protein component. The fractionation is based on a dissociation of the particles (linear concentration gradient of LiCl and urea with subsequent temperature gradient), which results in a gradual release of the RNA molecules from ribonucleoprotein complexes. Thus the fractionation is in accordance with the tightness of the RNA-protein bonds. A gradient elution of RNA from a nucleoprotein-Celite column permitted fractionation of both ribosomal and rapidly labelled non-ribosomal RNA. The latter, both nuclear and cytoplasmic, could be separated by chromatography on nucleoprotein-Celite columns into two main fractions (components I and V). In cytoplasmic RNA components I and V presumably correspond to mlRNA (messenger-like RNA of free cytoplasmic particles) and mRNA (template RNA associated with ribosomes) respectively.", "contents": "Ribosomal and informational ribonucleoprotein complexes of animal cells. Study on rat liver ribonucleic acids as constituents of ribonucleoprotein complexes by chromatography on nucleoprotein-celite columns. A novel method of RNA fractionation has been developed. Nuclear and cytoplasmic rat liver RNA species were fractionated as constituents of corresponding ribonucleoprotein particles, which were previously adsorbed on a Celite-column by their protein component. The fractionation is based on a dissociation of the particles (linear concentration gradient of LiCl and urea with subsequent temperature gradient), which results in a gradual release of the RNA molecules from ribonucleoprotein complexes. Thus the fractionation is in accordance with the tightness of the RNA-protein bonds. A gradient elution of RNA from a nucleoprotein-Celite column permitted fractionation of both ribosomal and rapidly labelled non-ribosomal RNA. The latter, both nuclear and cytoplasmic, could be separated by chromatography on nucleoprotein-Celite columns into two main fractions (components I and V). In cytoplasmic RNA components I and V presumably correspond to mlRNA (messenger-like RNA of free cytoplasmic particles) and mRNA (template RNA associated with ribosomes) respectively.", "PMID": 1167154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1587", "title": "Purification of multiple forms of the soluble 17alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase or rabbit liver.", "content": "Eight distinct forms of the soluble 17alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase of rabbit liver were resolved by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and isoelectric focusing. Five of these enzymes were homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Substrate-specificity studies carried out with oestradiol-17alpha and oestradiol-17alpha 3-glucuronide revealed a variation in activity toward these substrates among the different purified enzyme forms. Three forms of the 17alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase exhibited equal activity toward both oestrogen substrates, whereas three forms of the enzyme displayed a greater activity toward the glucuronide derivative of oestradiol-17alpha. One enzyme in particular is essentially specific for oestradiol-17alpha 3-glucuronide, its activity toward oestradiol-17alpha being only one-thirtieth that observed with the 3-glucuronide derivative.", "contents": "Purification of multiple forms of the soluble 17alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase or rabbit liver. Eight distinct forms of the soluble 17alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase of rabbit liver were resolved by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and isoelectric focusing. Five of these enzymes were homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Substrate-specificity studies carried out with oestradiol-17alpha and oestradiol-17alpha 3-glucuronide revealed a variation in activity toward these substrates among the different purified enzyme forms. Three forms of the 17alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase exhibited equal activity toward both oestrogen substrates, whereas three forms of the enzyme displayed a greater activity toward the glucuronide derivative of oestradiol-17alpha. One enzyme in particular is essentially specific for oestradiol-17alpha 3-glucuronide, its activity toward oestradiol-17alpha being only one-thirtieth that observed with the 3-glucuronide derivative.", "PMID": 1167155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1588", "title": "Glutamate decarboxylase from barley embryos and roots. General properties and the occurrence of three enzymic forms.", "content": "Glutamate decarboxylase in extracts of barley has a Km value for L-glutamate of 22 mM and is activated by the addition of pyridoxal phosphate by up to 3.5 times. Sucrose-density-gradient experiments indicate the presence of two enzyme forms with molecular weights 256000 and 120000. The lower-molecular-weight form appears to be relatively inactive and spontaneously associates to the higher-molecular-weight form on storage. The enzyme is inhibited by thiol reagents and the distribution of activity on density gradients is altered in favour of the lower-molecular-weight form by the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. After removal of the 2-mercaptoethanol spontaneous association to the higher-molecular-weight form occurs. The presence of oxygen in the extraction buffer and in the water during imbibition leads to a relative increase in the higher-molecular-weight form compared with situations where oxygen is excluded. In contrast, glutamate decarboxylase in extracts of 3-day-old barley roots has a Km value for L-glutamate of 3.1 mM and is activated up to 10% by addition of pyridoxal phosphate. The root enzyme occurs as a single species with molecular weight 310000 and this is unaffected by 2-mercaptoethanol although thiol reagents do act as weak inhibitors. The molecular weight is also unaffected by the presence or absence of oxygen in the extraction buffers.", "contents": "Glutamate decarboxylase from barley embryos and roots. General properties and the occurrence of three enzymic forms. Glutamate decarboxylase in extracts of barley has a Km value for L-glutamate of 22 mM and is activated by the addition of pyridoxal phosphate by up to 3.5 times. Sucrose-density-gradient experiments indicate the presence of two enzyme forms with molecular weights 256000 and 120000. The lower-molecular-weight form appears to be relatively inactive and spontaneously associates to the higher-molecular-weight form on storage. The enzyme is inhibited by thiol reagents and the distribution of activity on density gradients is altered in favour of the lower-molecular-weight form by the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. After removal of the 2-mercaptoethanol spontaneous association to the higher-molecular-weight form occurs. The presence of oxygen in the extraction buffer and in the water during imbibition leads to a relative increase in the higher-molecular-weight form compared with situations where oxygen is excluded. In contrast, glutamate decarboxylase in extracts of 3-day-old barley roots has a Km value for L-glutamate of 3.1 mM and is activated up to 10% by addition of pyridoxal phosphate. The root enzyme occurs as a single species with molecular weight 310000 and this is unaffected by 2-mercaptoethanol although thiol reagents do act as weak inhibitors. The molecular weight is also unaffected by the presence or absence of oxygen in the extraction buffers.", "PMID": 1167156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1589", "title": "The amino acid sequence of dromedary pancreatic ribonuclease.", "content": "Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) RNAase (ribonuclease) was isolated from pancreatic tissue by affinity chromatography. Peptides obtained by digestion with different proteolytic enzymes and CNBr were isolated by gel filtration, preparative high-voltage paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography. Peptides were sequenced by the dansyl-Edman method. All peptide bonds were overlapped by one or more peptides. The polypeptide chain consists of 123 amino acids. A deletion (position 39) was observed in an external loop of the polypeptide chain (residues 35-40), as was found earlier to horse RNAase (Scheffer & Beintema, 1974). A heterogeneity was found at position 103 (glutamine and lysine). Dromedary RNAase differs at 23-32% of the positions from all other pancreatic RNAases sequenced to date. In evolutionary terms this indicates that dromedary RNAase has evolved independently during the larger part of the evolution of the mammals. Detailed evidence for the sequence has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50046 (14 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 145, 5.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of dromedary pancreatic ribonuclease. Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) RNAase (ribonuclease) was isolated from pancreatic tissue by affinity chromatography. Peptides obtained by digestion with different proteolytic enzymes and CNBr were isolated by gel filtration, preparative high-voltage paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography. Peptides were sequenced by the dansyl-Edman method. All peptide bonds were overlapped by one or more peptides. The polypeptide chain consists of 123 amino acids. A deletion (position 39) was observed in an external loop of the polypeptide chain (residues 35-40), as was found earlier to horse RNAase (Scheffer & Beintema, 1974). A heterogeneity was found at position 103 (glutamine and lysine). Dromedary RNAase differs at 23-32% of the positions from all other pancreatic RNAases sequenced to date. In evolutionary terms this indicates that dromedary RNAase has evolved independently during the larger part of the evolution of the mammals. Detailed evidence for the sequence has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50046 (14 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 145, 5.", "PMID": 1167157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1590", "title": "Chemical and metabolic properties of adenosine diphosphate ribose derivatives of nuclear proteins.", "content": "1. ADP-ribose is found in rat liver nuclei covalently bound to histone F1, to a non-histone protein, and to a small peptide. 2. A single unit of ADP-ribose, covalently bound to phosphoserine, was isolated from an enzymic hydrolysate of histone F1. ADP-ribose-bearing peptides were isolated from a tryptic digest of the histone. 3. It is proposed that the 1'-hydroxyl group of ADP-ribose is linked to the phosphate group of phosphoserine in histone F1. 4. The incorporation of 32P into ADP-ribose on histone F1 a parallels the DNA content through the cell cycle. An increased incorporation of the nucleotide into the other derivatives is observed during S phase. 5. It is suggested that the ADP-ribose derivative of histone F1 has a role in maintaining the G0 state and that one or both of the other derivatives is concerned with control of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Chemical and metabolic properties of adenosine diphosphate ribose derivatives of nuclear proteins. 1. ADP-ribose is found in rat liver nuclei covalently bound to histone F1, to a non-histone protein, and to a small peptide. 2. A single unit of ADP-ribose, covalently bound to phosphoserine, was isolated from an enzymic hydrolysate of histone F1. ADP-ribose-bearing peptides were isolated from a tryptic digest of the histone. 3. It is proposed that the 1'-hydroxyl group of ADP-ribose is linked to the phosphate group of phosphoserine in histone F1. 4. The incorporation of 32P into ADP-ribose on histone F1 a parallels the DNA content through the cell cycle. An increased incorporation of the nucleotide into the other derivatives is observed during S phase. 5. It is suggested that the ADP-ribose derivative of histone F1 has a role in maintaining the G0 state and that one or both of the other derivatives is concerned with control of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1167158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1591", "title": "Quantitative interpretation of concentration-dependent migration in gel chromatography of reversibly polymerizing solutes.", "content": "A theoretical expression is derived for concentration dependence of elution volume in the gel chromatography of a non-interacting solute. Experimental results for bovine serum albumin on Sephadex G-100 are shown to be in good agreement with the predicted gel-chromatographic behaviour. The theoretical treatment of concentration dependence is extended to include a solute undergoing rapid reversible polymerization (nA in equilibrium C). Computer simulation of gel-chromatographic data for monomer-dimer systems on Sephadex G-100 is used to illustrate the deficiencies of earlier empirical approaches, and also the potential of the present treatment, of allowing for non-chemical concentration dependence in gel chromatography of polymerizing solutes.", "contents": "Quantitative interpretation of concentration-dependent migration in gel chromatography of reversibly polymerizing solutes. A theoretical expression is derived for concentration dependence of elution volume in the gel chromatography of a non-interacting solute. Experimental results for bovine serum albumin on Sephadex G-100 are shown to be in good agreement with the predicted gel-chromatographic behaviour. The theoretical treatment of concentration dependence is extended to include a solute undergoing rapid reversible polymerization (nA in equilibrium C). Computer simulation of gel-chromatographic data for monomer-dimer systems on Sephadex G-100 is used to illustrate the deficiencies of earlier empirical approaches, and also the potential of the present treatment, of allowing for non-chemical concentration dependence in gel chromatography of polymerizing solutes.", "PMID": 1167159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1592", "title": "Chemical structure of two fragments of human serum albumin and their location in the albumin molecule.", "content": "1. 'Inhibitor fragment' isolated from human serum albumin degraded by rabbit cathepsin D is composed of one peptide chain with two intrachain disulphide bonds. There are two kinds of inhibitor molecules having different N-terminal amino acids: one is threonine and the other glutamine. 2. Fragment F1, isolated from inhibitor degraded by trypsin, is composed of two chains linked by a disulphide bond. There are three kinds of fragment F1. All have one alpha chain in common, which has an intrachain disulphide bond. They differ by the nature of the chain, which is linked to the alpha chain by a disulphide bond. The epsilon chain is present in trace amounts. The two other chains, beta and gamma, differ by their C-terminal amino acid, which is respectively arginine and lysine. 3. Inhibitor is composed of the last 92 or 89 residues of the human albumin molecule and fragment F1 is composed of two parts of this C-terminal portion of the albumin molecule.", "contents": "Chemical structure of two fragments of human serum albumin and their location in the albumin molecule. 1. 'Inhibitor fragment' isolated from human serum albumin degraded by rabbit cathepsin D is composed of one peptide chain with two intrachain disulphide bonds. There are two kinds of inhibitor molecules having different N-terminal amino acids: one is threonine and the other glutamine. 2. Fragment F1, isolated from inhibitor degraded by trypsin, is composed of two chains linked by a disulphide bond. There are three kinds of fragment F1. All have one alpha chain in common, which has an intrachain disulphide bond. They differ by the nature of the chain, which is linked to the alpha chain by a disulphide bond. The epsilon chain is present in trace amounts. The two other chains, beta and gamma, differ by their C-terminal amino acid, which is respectively arginine and lysine. 3. Inhibitor is composed of the last 92 or 89 residues of the human albumin molecule and fragment F1 is composed of two parts of this C-terminal portion of the albumin molecule.", "PMID": 1167160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1593", "title": "The preparation of nylon-tube-supported hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the use of the co-immobilized enzymes in the automated determination of glucose.", "content": "Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate was used to O-alkylate nylon-tube thus producing the imidate salt of the nylon which was further made to react with 1,6-diaminohexane. 2. Hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) were immobilized on the amino-substituted nylon tube through glutaraldeyde and bisimidates. 3. The effect of varying the conditions of O-alkylation and the amount of enzyme immobilized on the activity of nylon tube-hexokinase derivatives was determined. 4. The effect of varying the amount of enzyme immobilized on the activity of nylon-tube-glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase derivatives was determined. 5. The thermal stability of nylon-tube-hexokinase and nylon-tube-glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase derivatives was studied. 6. Different ratios of hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were co-immobilized on nylon tube, and the rate of conversion of glucose into 6-phosphogluconolactone was compared with the individual activities of the immobilized enzymes. 7. Hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase co-immobilized on nylon tube were used in the automated analysis of glucose.", "contents": "The preparation of nylon-tube-supported hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the use of the co-immobilized enzymes in the automated determination of glucose. Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate was used to O-alkylate nylon-tube thus producing the imidate salt of the nylon which was further made to react with 1,6-diaminohexane. 2. Hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) were immobilized on the amino-substituted nylon tube through glutaraldeyde and bisimidates. 3. The effect of varying the conditions of O-alkylation and the amount of enzyme immobilized on the activity of nylon tube-hexokinase derivatives was determined. 4. The effect of varying the amount of enzyme immobilized on the activity of nylon-tube-glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase derivatives was determined. 5. The thermal stability of nylon-tube-hexokinase and nylon-tube-glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase derivatives was studied. 6. Different ratios of hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were co-immobilized on nylon tube, and the rate of conversion of glucose into 6-phosphogluconolactone was compared with the individual activities of the immobilized enzymes. 7. Hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase co-immobilized on nylon tube were used in the automated analysis of glucose.", "PMID": 1167161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1594", "title": "The effect of cortisone treatment and reoperation on reactive changes in the facial nucleus after axotomy.", "content": "The material, with few exceptions, consists of PAS-gallocyanin stained paraffin sections from 4- to 6-month-old male rabbits fixed by perfusion first with saline and then with Bouin's solution. (1) In animals treated with cortisone prior to and subsequent to axotomy, the neurons exhibit an accelerated dispersal and delayed reconstitution of Nissl substance (ribosomes). While mitotic activity is depressed at various sites, formation of new microglial cells is evident. Neuronal degeneration with karyorrhexis is occasionally noted in single neurons in the lateral parts of the facial nucleus. An increase in intraneuronal glycogen deposition is manifested by a greater number of glycogen-rich neurons; such neurons are depleted of their glycogen after axotomy. (2) In other animals, reoperation of the facial nerve on the 6th, 22nd, 60th and 120th day, followed by survival of 3 days, results in dispersal of restored Nissl substance and in increased extravascular mitotic activity which is of less intensity than in single-operated animals.", "contents": "The effect of cortisone treatment and reoperation on reactive changes in the facial nucleus after axotomy. The material, with few exceptions, consists of PAS-gallocyanin stained paraffin sections from 4- to 6-month-old male rabbits fixed by perfusion first with saline and then with Bouin's solution. (1) In animals treated with cortisone prior to and subsequent to axotomy, the neurons exhibit an accelerated dispersal and delayed reconstitution of Nissl substance (ribosomes). While mitotic activity is depressed at various sites, formation of new microglial cells is evident. Neuronal degeneration with karyorrhexis is occasionally noted in single neurons in the lateral parts of the facial nucleus. An increase in intraneuronal glycogen deposition is manifested by a greater number of glycogen-rich neurons; such neurons are depleted of their glycogen after axotomy. (2) In other animals, reoperation of the facial nerve on the 6th, 22nd, 60th and 120th day, followed by survival of 3 days, results in dispersal of restored Nissl substance and in increased extravascular mitotic activity which is of less intensity than in single-operated animals.", "PMID": 1167173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1595", "title": "The effects of althesin on arterial pressure, pulse rate preganglionic sympathetic activity and barostatic reflexes in cats.", "content": "We have studied the effects of Althesin on preganglionic cervical sympathetic nervous activity, arterial pressure, pulse rate and barostatic reflexes in cats. Normal, baroreceptor denervated and decerebrate animals were studied. On the basis of our finding it is concluded that Althesin severely depresses sympathetic nervous activity by action on the vasomotor centre. The depression of arterial pressure however was only moderate due to two compensatory mechanisms: a vagolytic action of Althesin and a peripheral vascular effect believed to be caused by an enhanced action of catecholamines caused by Althesin. Barostatic reflexes were found active under conditions where Althesin did not totally abolish sympathetic tone.", "contents": "The effects of althesin on arterial pressure, pulse rate preganglionic sympathetic activity and barostatic reflexes in cats. We have studied the effects of Althesin on preganglionic cervical sympathetic nervous activity, arterial pressure, pulse rate and barostatic reflexes in cats. Normal, baroreceptor denervated and decerebrate animals were studied. On the basis of our finding it is concluded that Althesin severely depresses sympathetic nervous activity by action on the vasomotor centre. The depression of arterial pressure however was only moderate due to two compensatory mechanisms: a vagolytic action of Althesin and a peripheral vascular effect believed to be caused by an enhanced action of catecholamines caused by Althesin. Barostatic reflexes were found active under conditions where Althesin did not totally abolish sympathetic tone.", "PMID": 1167175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1596", "title": "New system for automated extraction and simultaneous determination of serum cholesterol and triglycerides.", "content": "We describe an automated system for serum lipid extraction and simultaneous determination of cholesterol and triglycerides, with use of continuous-flow equipment. A sample volume of 100 mul of serum is required, and samples are processed at the rate of 20 per hour, which may be increased with slight loss in precision. Time from sample pickup to recorder readout is about 25 min. The system makes use of established colorimetric reactions, and the values obtained agree with ranges currently reported in the literature. Correlation coefficients for results of the automated and manual methods were 0.98 for cholesterol and 0.99 for triglycerides, and the day-to-day coefficients of variation were 1.8% for cholesterol (1 SD equal to 34 mg/liter) and 3.4% for triglycerides (1 SD equal to 37 mg/liter). The small sample volume, precision, accuracy, speed, and comparative economy of reagents make this system particularly suitable for multiphasic screening, pediatrics, and small-animal research.", "contents": "New system for automated extraction and simultaneous determination of serum cholesterol and triglycerides. We describe an automated system for serum lipid extraction and simultaneous determination of cholesterol and triglycerides, with use of continuous-flow equipment. A sample volume of 100 mul of serum is required, and samples are processed at the rate of 20 per hour, which may be increased with slight loss in precision. Time from sample pickup to recorder readout is about 25 min. The system makes use of established colorimetric reactions, and the values obtained agree with ranges currently reported in the literature. Correlation coefficients for results of the automated and manual methods were 0.98 for cholesterol and 0.99 for triglycerides, and the day-to-day coefficients of variation were 1.8% for cholesterol (1 SD equal to 34 mg/liter) and 3.4% for triglycerides (1 SD equal to 37 mg/liter). The small sample volume, precision, accuracy, speed, and comparative economy of reagents make this system particularly suitable for multiphasic screening, pediatrics, and small-animal research.", "PMID": 1167177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1597", "title": "The effects of vasectomy on spermatogenesis in the dog, Canis Familaris: a meiotic analysis.", "content": "It was observed (1) that reversible meiotic changes did in fact take place following vasectomy, as evidenced by the changing profile of the various stages of meiosis, resulting in a spermatogenic arrest accompanied by a drop in the frequency of mature spermatids and depletion of spermiocytes. (2) By 15 weeks postvasectomy, repair had progressed from the earlier meiotic stages, with a return to the normal, control, meiotic distribution. (3) The time from the observation of degenerative changes to the restoration of control values, according to our data, was approximately 100 days.", "contents": "The effects of vasectomy on spermatogenesis in the dog, Canis Familaris: a meiotic analysis. It was observed (1) that reversible meiotic changes did in fact take place following vasectomy, as evidenced by the changing profile of the various stages of meiosis, resulting in a spermatogenic arrest accompanied by a drop in the frequency of mature spermatids and depletion of spermiocytes. (2) By 15 weeks postvasectomy, repair had progressed from the earlier meiotic stages, with a return to the normal, control, meiotic distribution. (3) The time from the observation of degenerative changes to the restoration of control values, according to our data, was approximately 100 days.", "PMID": 1167178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1598", "title": "The Paneth cell: a source of intestinal lysozyme.", "content": "An antiserum prepared against lysozyme isolated from mucosal scrapings of mouse small intestine was used to stain sections of mouse small intestine with the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Mucosal fluorescence was confined to the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn, where Paneth cells are located. After the intravenous administration of 4 mg of pilocarpine fluorescence was no longer found in the Paneth cell but in the crypt lumen. Perfusion studies confirmed these findings. The basal lysozyme output of 0-1 to 0-4 mug/ml was raised to peak rates of 1-8 to 6-5 mug/ml after the intravenous administration of 1 mg of pilocarpine. Our results demonstrate that the lysozyme of the succus entericus is, at least in part, derived from the Paneth cell, and is probably present in the Paneth cell granules. Its secretion is stimulated by pilocarpine. Our model could be very useful for studying the function of the Paneth cell, which probably forms part of an intestinal defence system.", "contents": "The Paneth cell: a source of intestinal lysozyme. An antiserum prepared against lysozyme isolated from mucosal scrapings of mouse small intestine was used to stain sections of mouse small intestine with the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Mucosal fluorescence was confined to the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn, where Paneth cells are located. After the intravenous administration of 4 mg of pilocarpine fluorescence was no longer found in the Paneth cell but in the crypt lumen. Perfusion studies confirmed these findings. The basal lysozyme output of 0-1 to 0-4 mug/ml was raised to peak rates of 1-8 to 6-5 mug/ml after the intravenous administration of 1 mg of pilocarpine. Our results demonstrate that the lysozyme of the succus entericus is, at least in part, derived from the Paneth cell, and is probably present in the Paneth cell granules. Its secretion is stimulated by pilocarpine. Our model could be very useful for studying the function of the Paneth cell, which probably forms part of an intestinal defence system.", "PMID": 1167179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1599", "title": "Biochemical characterization of crystals from the dermal iridophores of a chameleon Anolis carolinensis.", "content": "The biochemical characteristics of dermal iridophore crystals from Anolis carolinensis have been investigated.  Iridophores isolated by collangenase-hyaluronidase treatment were sonicated and their contents fractionated through sucrose.  Pure iridophore crystals so obtained were examined by chromatography and electron diffraction.  They were found to be pure hydrated crystalline form.  The suggestion is made that the subcrystalline structure of this guanine does not play a role in color production by the iridophore.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of crystals from the dermal iridophores of a chameleon Anolis carolinensis. The biochemical characteristics of dermal iridophore crystals from Anolis carolinensis have been investigated.  Iridophores isolated by collangenase-hyaluronidase treatment were sonicated and their contents fractionated through sucrose.  Pure iridophore crystals so obtained were examined by chromatography and electron diffraction.  They were found to be pure hydrated crystalline form.  The suggestion is made that the subcrystalline structure of this guanine does not play a role in color production by the iridophore.", "PMID": 1167183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1600", "title": "Suppression of antidiuretic hormone secretion by clonidine in the anesthetized dog.", "content": "Studies were performed to determine the mechanism by which the antihypertensive agent clonidine increases urine flow (V). In 11 anesthetized, hydropenic dogs, i.v. administration of clonidine (30 mug/kg) increased arterial pressure from 128 +/- 4 to 142 +/- 3 mm Hg and slowed heart rate from 138 +/- 7 to 95 +/- 7 beats/min within 30 min of injection; blood pressure then fell to 121 +/- 5 mm Hg 30 to 60 min after injection, and 112 +/- 5 mm Hg in the next 30-min period. V increased from 0.36 +/- 0.09 to 0.93 +/- 0.13 Uosm ml/min and urine osmolality (Uopsm) decreased from 1378 +/- 140 to 488 +/- 82 mOsm/kg of H2O 30 to 60 min following injection (P less than 0.001). These changes were accompanied by a decrease in TcH20. This increased V was not associated with increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or solute excretion, and occurred in acutely denervated kidneys and kidneys protected from the initial increase in arterial pressure by constriction of a suprarenal aortic clamp. By contrast, V TcH2O and UOsm were not altered by clonidine administration in seven acutely hypophysectomized dogs receiving a constant infusion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (80 muU/kg/min), despite similar hemodynamic changes produced by the drug. The results suggest that clonidine increases V through inhibition of ADH release, possibly via an indirect pathway mediated by the drug's alpha-adrenergic on the circulation.", "contents": "Suppression of antidiuretic hormone secretion by clonidine in the anesthetized dog. Studies were performed to determine the mechanism by which the antihypertensive agent clonidine increases urine flow (V). In 11 anesthetized, hydropenic dogs, i.v. administration of clonidine (30 mug/kg) increased arterial pressure from 128 +/- 4 to 142 +/- 3 mm Hg and slowed heart rate from 138 +/- 7 to 95 +/- 7 beats/min within 30 min of injection; blood pressure then fell to 121 +/- 5 mm Hg 30 to 60 min after injection, and 112 +/- 5 mm Hg in the next 30-min period. V increased from 0.36 +/- 0.09 to 0.93 +/- 0.13 Uosm ml/min and urine osmolality (Uopsm) decreased from 1378 +/- 140 to 488 +/- 82 mOsm/kg of H2O 30 to 60 min following injection (P less than 0.001). These changes were accompanied by a decrease in TcH20. This increased V was not associated with increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or solute excretion, and occurred in acutely denervated kidneys and kidneys protected from the initial increase in arterial pressure by constriction of a suprarenal aortic clamp. By contrast, V TcH2O and UOsm were not altered by clonidine administration in seven acutely hypophysectomized dogs receiving a constant infusion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (80 muU/kg/min), despite similar hemodynamic changes produced by the drug. The results suggest that clonidine increases V through inhibition of ADH release, possibly via an indirect pathway mediated by the drug's alpha-adrenergic on the circulation.", "PMID": 1167185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1601", "title": "Depth perception in the rat (Rattus Norvegicus): prepotency of three-dimensional over two-dimensional surfaces.", "content": "The descent behavior to two- and three-dimensional surfaces in a depth situation was measured and compared for 45-50 days-old hooded rats. When depth differences between surfaces were controlled, significantly more descents were made to three-dimensional than to the two-dimensional surface. The results suggest that a three-dimensional surface--more representative of an animal's natural terrain--provides a more informative environment for motion parallax than does a two-dimensional one.", "contents": "Depth perception in the rat (Rattus Norvegicus): prepotency of three-dimensional over two-dimensional surfaces. The descent behavior to two- and three-dimensional surfaces in a depth situation was measured and compared for 45-50 days-old hooded rats. When depth differences between surfaces were controlled, significantly more descents were made to three-dimensional than to the two-dimensional surface. The results suggest that a three-dimensional surface--more representative of an animal's natural terrain--provides a more informative environment for motion parallax than does a two-dimensional one.", "PMID": 1167187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1602", "title": "Observations of possible thiaminase activity in scallop viscera fed in broiler diets. Case report.", "content": "Five-week-old broilers were submitted to the diagnostic laboratory showing sudden onset of incoordination, ataxia, anorexia, dehydration and coma. Groups of birds were being fed the New England Conference (NECC) broiler diets in which scallop viscera was added. Moribund birds receiving thiamine hydrochloride recovered without complications.", "contents": "Observations of possible thiaminase activity in scallop viscera fed in broiler diets. Case report. Five-week-old broilers were submitted to the diagnostic laboratory showing sudden onset of incoordination, ataxia, anorexia, dehydration and coma. Groups of birds were being fed the New England Conference (NECC) broiler diets in which scallop viscera was added. Moribund birds receiving thiamine hydrochloride recovered without complications.", "PMID": 1167188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1603", "title": "Effects of phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride on canine lower urinary tract: clinical implications.", "content": "The results of our study show that phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride, a potent long-acting alpha-adrenergic blocker, has clearly demonstrable effects on urethral function. In a dose of 0.5 mg. per kilogram of body weight it caused a significant lowering of the resting urethral pressure, a decrease in the arterial pressure, and no change in the intravesical pressure. Higher doses caused similar but more pronounced and prolonged effects. The combined use of phenoxybenzamine and bethanechol increased the intravesical pressure and decreased the urethral pressure. It appears that the predominant mechanism of urethral resistance is alpha-adrenergic activity in smooth muscle. A review of the medical literature, our experimental studies, and limited clinical application lead uo to conclude that phenoxybenzamine could be useful in treating neurogenic vesical dysfunction of various types, urethral syndrome, urgency incontinence, functional outlet obstruction with or without vesicoureteral reflux, drug-related obstructive urinary symptoms, partial prostatic obstruction, and ureteral colic. The combination of phenoxybenzamine and bethanechol could be used in managing patients with atony of the bladder of neuropathic or myopathic origin.", "contents": "Effects of phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride on canine lower urinary tract: clinical implications. The results of our study show that phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride, a potent long-acting alpha-adrenergic blocker, has clearly demonstrable effects on urethral function. In a dose of 0.5 mg. per kilogram of body weight it caused a significant lowering of the resting urethral pressure, a decrease in the arterial pressure, and no change in the intravesical pressure. Higher doses caused similar but more pronounced and prolonged effects. The combined use of phenoxybenzamine and bethanechol increased the intravesical pressure and decreased the urethral pressure. It appears that the predominant mechanism of urethral resistance is alpha-adrenergic activity in smooth muscle. A review of the medical literature, our experimental studies, and limited clinical application lead uo to conclude that phenoxybenzamine could be useful in treating neurogenic vesical dysfunction of various types, urethral syndrome, urgency incontinence, functional outlet obstruction with or without vesicoureteral reflux, drug-related obstructive urinary symptoms, partial prostatic obstruction, and ureteral colic. The combination of phenoxybenzamine and bethanechol could be used in managing patients with atony of the bladder of neuropathic or myopathic origin.", "PMID": 1167189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1604", "title": "Metabolism and temperature regulation in young harbor seals Phoca vitulina richardi.", "content": "Metabolism and the ability to regulate core and peripheral temperatures under a variety of ambient conditions were studied in five unrestrained pups (less than 5 wk old) and four 3- to 5-mo-old harbor seals. Pups born with nonlanugo (adultlike) hair and little fat were able to swim in 5 degrees C water for several hours without becoming hypothermic. They were also found to tolerate 5 degrees C air temperature with the fur wet and exposed to a 35-knot wind. Basal metabolism in pups averaged 0.8 ml O2 g-1 h-1, which is 2.6 times the predicted value for an adult mammal of the same weight. Lower critical temperature in air was about 3 degrees C. Oxygen uptake in 3- to 5-mo-old seals under basal conditions was 0.5 ml g-1 h-1. Minimal thermal conductance values were .02 and .015 ml O2 g-1 h-1 degrees C-1 in pumps and 3- to 5-month-old seals, respectively. Appendages, and to a lesser extent the skin on the torso, cooled appreciably at lower air temperatures, and the flippers were kept just above freezing in subzero air. Tissue insulation provided by low peripheral temperatures and a high resting metabolic rate enable newborn and developing harbor seals to tolerate the low temperatures encountered in their natural environment.", "contents": "Metabolism and temperature regulation in young harbor seals Phoca vitulina richardi. Metabolism and the ability to regulate core and peripheral temperatures under a variety of ambient conditions were studied in five unrestrained pups (less than 5 wk old) and four 3- to 5-mo-old harbor seals. Pups born with nonlanugo (adultlike) hair and little fat were able to swim in 5 degrees C water for several hours without becoming hypothermic. They were also found to tolerate 5 degrees C air temperature with the fur wet and exposed to a 35-knot wind. Basal metabolism in pups averaged 0.8 ml O2 g-1 h-1, which is 2.6 times the predicted value for an adult mammal of the same weight. Lower critical temperature in air was about 3 degrees C. Oxygen uptake in 3- to 5-mo-old seals under basal conditions was 0.5 ml g-1 h-1. Minimal thermal conductance values were .02 and .015 ml O2 g-1 h-1 degrees C-1 in pumps and 3- to 5-month-old seals, respectively. Appendages, and to a lesser extent the skin on the torso, cooled appreciably at lower air temperatures, and the flippers were kept just above freezing in subzero air. Tissue insulation provided by low peripheral temperatures and a high resting metabolic rate enable newborn and developing harbor seals to tolerate the low temperatures encountered in their natural environment.", "PMID": 1167192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1605", "title": "Sulphate recycling and metabolism in sheep and cattle.", "content": "Merino wethers and Brahman x Shorthorn steers, offered lucerne or spear grass hay, were used to study the movements of sulphate through pools in plasma and ruminal liquor. The irreversible loss of sulphate from ruminal liquor was 60 and 76% of sulphur ingested for both species fed lucerne and spear grass respectively. The irreversible loss of sulphate from the plasma averaged 67 and 56% of sulphur ingested for animals fed lucerne and spear grass respectively. Daily recycling of sulphate to the rumen of sheep was 98 mg sulphur on the lucerne diet and 3.9 mg sulphur on the spear grass diet. Sulphate recycling in cattle fed lucerne was 533 mg sulphur; in cattle fed spear grass the value was 234 mg sulphur. Over 6 days following an intravenous injection of [35S]sulphate into sheep and cattle fed lucerne, 5-10% of the dose was excreted in the faeces and c. 10% was retained. Corresponding values for animals fed spear grass were 23-31% in faeces and 40-51% of the dose retained. After intraruminal injections of [35S]sulphate, animals fed lucerne excreted 15-18% of the dose in the faeces and retained 25-30% of the dose over 6 days. Values for animals fed spear grass were 22-26% in faeces and 62-70% retained. It was concluded that sulphate recycling to the rumen is a limiting factor in microbial synthesis for sheep fed low-quality roughage, and that secretion of endogenous sulphur into the postruminal tract of ruminants is of importance in the metabolism of sulphate.", "contents": "Sulphate recycling and metabolism in sheep and cattle. Merino wethers and Brahman x Shorthorn steers, offered lucerne or spear grass hay, were used to study the movements of sulphate through pools in plasma and ruminal liquor. The irreversible loss of sulphate from ruminal liquor was 60 and 76% of sulphur ingested for both species fed lucerne and spear grass respectively. The irreversible loss of sulphate from the plasma averaged 67 and 56% of sulphur ingested for animals fed lucerne and spear grass respectively. Daily recycling of sulphate to the rumen of sheep was 98 mg sulphur on the lucerne diet and 3.9 mg sulphur on the spear grass diet. Sulphate recycling in cattle fed lucerne was 533 mg sulphur; in cattle fed spear grass the value was 234 mg sulphur. Over 6 days following an intravenous injection of [35S]sulphate into sheep and cattle fed lucerne, 5-10% of the dose was excreted in the faeces and c. 10% was retained. Corresponding values for animals fed spear grass were 23-31% in faeces and 40-51% of the dose retained. After intraruminal injections of [35S]sulphate, animals fed lucerne excreted 15-18% of the dose in the faeces and retained 25-30% of the dose over 6 days. Values for animals fed spear grass were 22-26% in faeces and 62-70% retained. It was concluded that sulphate recycling to the rumen is a limiting factor in microbial synthesis for sheep fed low-quality roughage, and that secretion of endogenous sulphur into the postruminal tract of ruminants is of importance in the metabolism of sulphate.", "PMID": 1167193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1606", "title": "Effects of mimosine, a potential chemical defleecing agent, on wool growth and the skin of sheep.", "content": "Twenty-two Merino sheep were dosed with various amounts of L-mimosine, given either as an intravenous or an intraperitoneal injection, or as a continuous intravenous infusion for periods of 1-4 days. Single injections of mimosine (1-16 g) had no effect on the strength of wool, and wool growth rates were not appreciably altered by injections of small amounts (4 g or less). Injections of larger amounts slightly reduced both length growth rate and diameter of tibres during the 4 days after dosing. The effects of intravenous infusions of mimosine depended on the rate and the duration of administration. Small amounts (0.5 or 1 g/day given for 4 days) has no effects on the strength of wool or on wool growth rates. Infusions of a total of 8 g, either at the rate of 2 or 8 g/day, weakened the wool but not sufficiently to allow the sheep to be defleeced. Both these treatments caused a temporary reduction in length growth rate and in diameter of fibres, and transient degenerative changes were observed in wool follicles. A region of the fibres representing 1-2 days' growth was constricted to about half the pre-infusion diameter when 8 g was given for 1 day. Infusions of at least 8 g mimosine over a period of 1 1/2-2 days were effective for defleecing all sheep dosed. This corresponded to a daily rate of infusion of about 80 mg/kg. No toxic effects were observed with infusions given for periods of 2 days. Defleecing was judged to be possible by 6-7 days after the start of infusion, and was readily carried out by about 14 days. Defleecing was associated with follicle retrogression and an abrupt cessation of wool growth within 2 days of the start of the infusions. It was estimated that fibre growth stopped for about 10 dyas; regrowth was first observed 17-18 days from the beginning of dosing. Low rates of infusion of mimosine (up to 2 g/day) resulted in plasma levels below 0.1 mmol/l. Infusion at the rate of 4 g/day or above, which produced defleecing, quickly resulted in levels of mimosine in plasma above 0.1 mmol/l; after 2 days the concentration was steady at aboug 0.2 mmol/l. Injections of 8 or 16 g mimosine resulted in very large, but transient, rises of the level in plasma.", "contents": "Effects of mimosine, a potential chemical defleecing agent, on wool growth and the skin of sheep. Twenty-two Merino sheep were dosed with various amounts of L-mimosine, given either as an intravenous or an intraperitoneal injection, or as a continuous intravenous infusion for periods of 1-4 days. Single injections of mimosine (1-16 g) had no effect on the strength of wool, and wool growth rates were not appreciably altered by injections of small amounts (4 g or less). Injections of larger amounts slightly reduced both length growth rate and diameter of tibres during the 4 days after dosing. The effects of intravenous infusions of mimosine depended on the rate and the duration of administration. Small amounts (0.5 or 1 g/day given for 4 days) has no effects on the strength of wool or on wool growth rates. Infusions of a total of 8 g, either at the rate of 2 or 8 g/day, weakened the wool but not sufficiently to allow the sheep to be defleeced. Both these treatments caused a temporary reduction in length growth rate and in diameter of fibres, and transient degenerative changes were observed in wool follicles. A region of the fibres representing 1-2 days' growth was constricted to about half the pre-infusion diameter when 8 g was given for 1 day. Infusions of at least 8 g mimosine over a period of 1 1/2-2 days were effective for defleecing all sheep dosed. This corresponded to a daily rate of infusion of about 80 mg/kg. No toxic effects were observed with infusions given for periods of 2 days. Defleecing was judged to be possible by 6-7 days after the start of infusion, and was readily carried out by about 14 days. Defleecing was associated with follicle retrogression and an abrupt cessation of wool growth within 2 days of the start of the infusions. It was estimated that fibre growth stopped for about 10 dyas; regrowth was first observed 17-18 days from the beginning of dosing. Low rates of infusion of mimosine (up to 2 g/day) resulted in plasma levels below 0.1 mmol/l. Infusion at the rate of 4 g/day or above, which produced defleecing, quickly resulted in levels of mimosine in plasma above 0.1 mmol/l; after 2 days the concentration was steady at aboug 0.2 mmol/l. Injections of 8 or 16 g mimosine resulted in very large, but transient, rises of the level in plasma.", "PMID": 1167194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1607", "title": "The etiology of swine dysentery. III. The role of selected gram-negative obligate anaerobes.", "content": "A disease resembling swinee dysentery occurred in gnotobiotic piglets previously colonized with Escherichia coli and given a mixture of five enteric anaerobes and spirochete B-78, orally. No disease occurred in germ-free piglets exposed to four Gram-negative obligate anaerobes or to the spirochete; however, if the four respective anaerobes were introduced into gnotobiotic pigs previously colonized with the spirochete, or when the spirochete was introduced into gnotobiotic pigs colonized with the anaerobes, a disease occurred that simulated swin dysentery. Swine dysentery is probably caused by the specific interaction of one or more enteric Gram-negative obligate anaerobes and a spirochete.", "contents": "The etiology of swine dysentery. III. The role of selected gram-negative obligate anaerobes. A disease resembling swinee dysentery occurred in gnotobiotic piglets previously colonized with Escherichia coli and given a mixture of five enteric anaerobes and spirochete B-78, orally. No disease occurred in germ-free piglets exposed to four Gram-negative obligate anaerobes or to the spirochete; however, if the four respective anaerobes were introduced into gnotobiotic pigs previously colonized with the spirochete, or when the spirochete was introduced into gnotobiotic pigs colonized with the anaerobes, a disease occurred that simulated swin dysentery. Swine dysentery is probably caused by the specific interaction of one or more enteric Gram-negative obligate anaerobes and a spirochete.", "PMID": 1167199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1608", "title": "The effect of different anamnesis during ontogeny on higher nervous activity in rats.", "content": "The consequences of malnutrition, experimental experience and sensory deprivation during early postnatal life were investigated in adult rats. The higher nervous activity of experimental animals was evaluated by means of a battery of tests (exploratory activity, avoidance reaction, preference of a small chamber and a water maze). Rats were divided into 5 groups, i. e. control, trained (with previous experimental experience), light deprived, malnourished naive (12-14 animals in the litter) and malnourished trained. From experimental data obtained it may be concluded that the level of nutrition as well as sensory deprivation or additional stimulation during development are important factors the influence of which persists and modifies the somatic development and the higher nervous activity in adult animals. Light deprived and malnourished rats showed retarded somatic development and worse parameters of higher nervous activity. The difference between groups could be altered by augmented stimulation. Previous experimental experience and intensive handling seems to be an important factor which influences the higher nervous activity of experimental animals.", "contents": "The effect of different anamnesis during ontogeny on higher nervous activity in rats. The consequences of malnutrition, experimental experience and sensory deprivation during early postnatal life were investigated in adult rats. The higher nervous activity of experimental animals was evaluated by means of a battery of tests (exploratory activity, avoidance reaction, preference of a small chamber and a water maze). Rats were divided into 5 groups, i. e. control, trained (with previous experimental experience), light deprived, malnourished naive (12-14 animals in the litter) and malnourished trained. From experimental data obtained it may be concluded that the level of nutrition as well as sensory deprivation or additional stimulation during development are important factors the influence of which persists and modifies the somatic development and the higher nervous activity in adult animals. Light deprived and malnourished rats showed retarded somatic development and worse parameters of higher nervous activity. The difference between groups could be altered by augmented stimulation. Previous experimental experience and intensive handling seems to be an important factor which influences the higher nervous activity of experimental animals.", "PMID": 1167202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1609", "title": "Seven-year follow-up study of rubella syndrome in Ryukyu with special reference to persistence of rubella hemagglutination inhibition antibodies.", "content": "Rubella hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies in 266 children with rubella syndrome born in 1965 in the Ryukyu Islands and their mothers were followed for seven years. Titers of rubella HI antibody in the mothers declined slowly, while those in the children declined rapidly up to 40 months of age. Thereafter decline of titers became extremely slow and only seven cases (three per cent) became seronegative for rubella HI antibody. Rubella HI antibody titers seemed to have no particular correlation to the severity of clinical manifestations.", "contents": "Seven-year follow-up study of rubella syndrome in Ryukyu with special reference to persistence of rubella hemagglutination inhibition antibodies. Rubella hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies in 266 children with rubella syndrome born in 1965 in the Ryukyu Islands and their mothers were followed for seven years. Titers of rubella HI antibody in the mothers declined slowly, while those in the children declined rapidly up to 40 months of age. Thereafter decline of titers became extremely slow and only seven cases (three per cent) became seronegative for rubella HI antibody. Rubella HI antibody titers seemed to have no particular correlation to the severity of clinical manifestations.", "PMID": 1167204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1610", "title": "Cerebral infarction diagnosis by computerized tomography. Analysis and evaluation of findings.", "content": "CT has been found to be of value in cerbrovascular disease. In acute infarcts, the CT (before anticoagulation) excludes intracerebral hemorrhage. The CT may not exclude small petechial hemorrhagic infarctions (with negative cerebrospinal fluid). Angiography, otherwise, is more informative, disclosing ulcerative, irregular plaques, senosis, emboli, etc. In old infarcts, the CT may differentiate an old infarct from a tumor in a patient with focal seizures. Angiography and radionuclide scans are less informative. CT is a valuable investigative agent for clinico-anatomic correlation in cerebrovascular disease.", "contents": "Cerebral infarction diagnosis by computerized tomography. Analysis and evaluation of findings. CT has been found to be of value in cerbrovascular disease. In acute infarcts, the CT (before anticoagulation) excludes intracerebral hemorrhage. The CT may not exclude small petechial hemorrhagic infarctions (with negative cerebrospinal fluid). Angiography, otherwise, is more informative, disclosing ulcerative, irregular plaques, senosis, emboli, etc. In old infarcts, the CT may differentiate an old infarct from a tumor in a patient with focal seizures. Angiography and radionuclide scans are less informative. CT is a valuable investigative agent for clinico-anatomic correlation in cerebrovascular disease.", "PMID": 1167205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1611", "title": "Bone marrow sinus cell packing: a determinant of cell release.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies of erythropoietin effects on the bone marrow of control and hypertransfused (65 hct) mice revealed a decrease in adventitial cell cover of the sinus apertures in erythropoietin-treated animals. A more striking finding, however, was the marked inhibition of erythropoietin-induced reticulocytosis by hypertransfusion itself. Hypertransfusion of the erythropoietin-treated animals appeared to decrease the reticulocyte response by inhibiting reticulocyte response by marrow cords in addition to inhibiting erythroid proliferation. This inhibition of reticulocyte response was associated with clustering of reticulocytes around the marrow sinuses which were packed with red cells. Acute lowering of the hematocrit of erythropoietin-treated, hypertransfused animals to normal at the time of maximal reticulocyte response in control animals resulted in more than a twofold increase in reticulocytosis with 2 hr. It is suggested that (1) elevated levels of erythropoietin are associated with a diminution of the normal marrow-peripheral blood barrier, thereby contributing to the premature release of marrow elements and (2) the hematocrit is an important determinant of cell release from the marrow into the peripheral circulation.", "contents": "Bone marrow sinus cell packing: a determinant of cell release. Ultrastructural studies of erythropoietin effects on the bone marrow of control and hypertransfused (65 hct) mice revealed a decrease in adventitial cell cover of the sinus apertures in erythropoietin-treated animals. A more striking finding, however, was the marked inhibition of erythropoietin-induced reticulocytosis by hypertransfusion itself. Hypertransfusion of the erythropoietin-treated animals appeared to decrease the reticulocyte response by inhibiting reticulocyte response by marrow cords in addition to inhibiting erythroid proliferation. This inhibition of reticulocyte response was associated with clustering of reticulocytes around the marrow sinuses which were packed with red cells. Acute lowering of the hematocrit of erythropoietin-treated, hypertransfused animals to normal at the time of maximal reticulocyte response in control animals resulted in more than a twofold increase in reticulocytosis with 2 hr. It is suggested that (1) elevated levels of erythropoietin are associated with a diminution of the normal marrow-peripheral blood barrier, thereby contributing to the premature release of marrow elements and (2) the hematocrit is an important determinant of cell release from the marrow into the peripheral circulation.", "PMID": 1167207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1612", "title": "Heterogeneity of in vitro colony- and cluster-forming cells in the mouse marrow: segregation by velocity sedimentation.", "content": "C57BL bone marrow cells were separated on the basis of their sedimentation velocity at unit gravity and cell fractions cultured in agar using three types of colony stimulating factor (CSF). Colony-forming cells separated as a single peak (s equal 4.4 mm/hr) in cultures stimulated by mouse lung conditioned medium (CSFMLCM) or endotoxin serum (CSFES). Cluster-forming cells were separable into two peaks and the majority were larger than colony-forming cells (s equal 5.7 mm/hr). Partial segregation of colony-forming cells was observed according to the morphological types of colonies generated, large cells tending to generate macrophage colonies and small cells, granulocytic colonies. Large colony-forming cells were more responsive to stimulation by CSF than small cells. Human urine (CSFHU) appeared unable to proliferation of most small colony-forming cells. Colony-forming cells appear to be a highly heterogeneous population with intrinsic differences in responsiveness to CSF and with differing capacities to generate colonies whose cells differentiate to granulocytes of macrophages.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of in vitro colony- and cluster-forming cells in the mouse marrow: segregation by velocity sedimentation. C57BL bone marrow cells were separated on the basis of their sedimentation velocity at unit gravity and cell fractions cultured in agar using three types of colony stimulating factor (CSF). Colony-forming cells separated as a single peak (s equal 4.4 mm/hr) in cultures stimulated by mouse lung conditioned medium (CSFMLCM) or endotoxin serum (CSFES). Cluster-forming cells were separable into two peaks and the majority were larger than colony-forming cells (s equal 5.7 mm/hr). Partial segregation of colony-forming cells was observed according to the morphological types of colonies generated, large cells tending to generate macrophage colonies and small cells, granulocytic colonies. Large colony-forming cells were more responsive to stimulation by CSF than small cells. Human urine (CSFHU) appeared unable to proliferation of most small colony-forming cells. Colony-forming cells appear to be a highly heterogeneous population with intrinsic differences in responsiveness to CSF and with differing capacities to generate colonies whose cells differentiate to granulocytes of macrophages.", "PMID": 1167208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1613", "title": "Enrichment of colony forming cells by methotrexate and isokinetic density gradient centrifugation.", "content": "Purification of target cells responsive to granulopoietic regulators would be of importance in understanding their mechanism of action. Previous studies have shown that mouse marrow could be enriched 3- to 7-fold with respect to agar colony forming cells (CFU-C) by appropriately scheduled doses of Methotrexate. To further increase this enrichment, such marrow has been subjected to centrifugation through an isokinetic gradient of Ficoll in culture medium. Under optimal conditions (17.5 min at 77.5 X g) the combination of chemotherapy and velocity sedimentation yielded a 17-fold enrichment of CFU-C's.", "contents": "Enrichment of colony forming cells by methotrexate and isokinetic density gradient centrifugation. Purification of target cells responsive to granulopoietic regulators would be of importance in understanding their mechanism of action. Previous studies have shown that mouse marrow could be enriched 3- to 7-fold with respect to agar colony forming cells (CFU-C) by appropriately scheduled doses of Methotrexate. To further increase this enrichment, such marrow has been subjected to centrifugation through an isokinetic gradient of Ficoll in culture medium. Under optimal conditions (17.5 min at 77.5 X g) the combination of chemotherapy and velocity sedimentation yielded a 17-fold enrichment of CFU-C's.", "PMID": 1167209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1614", "title": "The prognosis in aplastic anemia.", "content": "The biphasic shape of the survival curve of 99 patients with aplastic anemia suggested that there may be at least two subgroups of patients with this disease, one with a very short survival and another with a longer survival. Patients who survived for 4 mo or less after the first clinic visit (group A) were different from the patients who survived longer (group B) with respect to their modes of onset, sex, intervals from the onset of symptoms to first clinic visit, and initial hematologic values. These differences suggested that short survival could be predicted from data available at the first contact with the physician. From these measurements, a prognostic index could be calculated which was useful in identifying the patients in group A. Although this method of prognostication needs further testing, if validated, it may prove useful in selecting patients for therapeutic trials and could explain the divergent results in previous studies of androgen treatment of aplastic anemia. When our androgen-treated subjects were compared with subjects with a similar prognostic index who had not received androgens, a beneficial effect of androgen therapy on survival could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "The prognosis in aplastic anemia. The biphasic shape of the survival curve of 99 patients with aplastic anemia suggested that there may be at least two subgroups of patients with this disease, one with a very short survival and another with a longer survival. Patients who survived for 4 mo or less after the first clinic visit (group A) were different from the patients who survived longer (group B) with respect to their modes of onset, sex, intervals from the onset of symptoms to first clinic visit, and initial hematologic values. These differences suggested that short survival could be predicted from data available at the first contact with the physician. From these measurements, a prognostic index could be calculated which was useful in identifying the patients in group A. Although this method of prognostication needs further testing, if validated, it may prove useful in selecting patients for therapeutic trials and could explain the divergent results in previous studies of androgen treatment of aplastic anemia. When our androgen-treated subjects were compared with subjects with a similar prognostic index who had not received androgens, a beneficial effect of androgen therapy on survival could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1167211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1615", "title": "Receptors for C3 and IgG on macrophage, neutrophil and eosinophil colony cells grown in vitro.", "content": "Macrophage, neutrophil, and eosinophil colony cells from bone marrow culture in semisolid agar medium were studied for membrane C3 and IgG receptors. The capacity of these cells to bind either erythrocytes-19S antibody-complement (EAC) or erythrocyte-7S antibody (EA7S) complexes was measured using the rosette method. Whereas macrophage and neutrophil colony cells showed receptors for both C3 and IgG, eosinophil colony cells appear to bear only IgG receptors. Studies correlating colony age and the presence of receptors showed that 60 to 70% of the cells from 3-day-old macrophage colonies were reactive for EAC and EA7S contrasting with 80 to 90% of the cells from 6- to 12-day-old colonies. Neutrophils behaved somewhat differently: EAC and EA7S reactive cells were seen in colonies after 4 or 5 days in culture and comprised only 50 to 60% of the colony population. Eosinophilic colonies showed 50  to 60% EA7S reactive cells after 6 to 7 days in culture, but no EAC reactive cells were found among these colonies at any time. The characteristics and properties of the receptors detected on colony cells were similar to those on macrophages and neutrophils from normal peritoneal fluid or bone marrow. Most macrophage colony cells were actively phagocytic whereas neutrophils and eosinophilic colony cells failed to show phagocytosis under the same conditions.", "contents": "Receptors for C3 and IgG on macrophage, neutrophil and eosinophil colony cells grown in vitro. Macrophage, neutrophil, and eosinophil colony cells from bone marrow culture in semisolid agar medium were studied for membrane C3 and IgG receptors. The capacity of these cells to bind either erythrocytes-19S antibody-complement (EAC) or erythrocyte-7S antibody (EA7S) complexes was measured using the rosette method. Whereas macrophage and neutrophil colony cells showed receptors for both C3 and IgG, eosinophil colony cells appear to bear only IgG receptors. Studies correlating colony age and the presence of receptors showed that 60 to 70% of the cells from 3-day-old macrophage colonies were reactive for EAC and EA7S contrasting with 80 to 90% of the cells from 6- to 12-day-old colonies. Neutrophils behaved somewhat differently: EAC and EA7S reactive cells were seen in colonies after 4 or 5 days in culture and comprised only 50 to 60% of the colony population. Eosinophilic colonies showed 50  to 60% EA7S reactive cells after 6 to 7 days in culture, but no EAC reactive cells were found among these colonies at any time. The characteristics and properties of the receptors detected on colony cells were similar to those on macrophages and neutrophils from normal peritoneal fluid or bone marrow. Most macrophage colony cells were actively phagocytic whereas neutrophils and eosinophilic colony cells failed to show phagocytosis under the same conditions.", "PMID": 1167213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1616", "title": "Reactivity of mast cells to Mycoplasma salivarium.", "content": "Mice were sensitized to Mycoplasma salivarium and then challenged with heterologous and homologous antigens. The number of degranulating tissue mast cells was used to assess the degree of local tissue hyperactivity after antigenic challenge. Significant differences existed between homologous and heterologous antigenic challenges.", "contents": "Reactivity of mast cells to Mycoplasma salivarium. Mice were sensitized to Mycoplasma salivarium and then challenged with heterologous and homologous antigens. The number of degranulating tissue mast cells was used to assess the degree of local tissue hyperactivity after antigenic challenge. Significant differences existed between homologous and heterologous antigenic challenges.", "PMID": 1167214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1617", "title": "Ontogeny of human fetal lymph nodes.", "content": "Developing lymph nodes from 30 human embryos and fetuses with crown-rump lengths (CRL) of 18 mm (5.6 wk) to 245 mm (26 wk) were examined by light microscopy. The nodes were embedded in araldite, and the sections examined were approximately 1 mu in thickness. The development of nodes was divided into three stages: 1. the lymphatic plexus and connective tissue invagination (30 mm to 67 mm CRL); 2. the early fetal lymph node (43 mm to ,5 mm CRL); and 3. the late fetal lymph node (CRL greater than 75 mm). The lymphatic plexus was formed by connective tissue invaginations and bridges which divided a lymph sac into a meshwork of channels and spaces. Connective tissue invaginations were endothelially-lined and were surrounded by lymphatic space. Reticular cells, macrophages, and blood vessels were found in these invaginations. Early fetal lymph nodes were formed from invaginations when the cellular density and lymphocyte content increased. The lymphatic space surrounding the early node was the developing subcapsular sinus. With further development the early node became packed with lymphocytes, increasing the cellular density and size of the node. The connective tissue surrounding the subcapsular sinus condensed to form the capsule. Afferent lymphatic vessels pierced the capsule. Capillaries, veins, postcapillary venules, and occasional arteries were found in early and late nodes.", "contents": "Ontogeny of human fetal lymph nodes. Developing lymph nodes from 30 human embryos and fetuses with crown-rump lengths (CRL) of 18 mm (5.6 wk) to 245 mm (26 wk) were examined by light microscopy. The nodes were embedded in araldite, and the sections examined were approximately 1 mu in thickness. The development of nodes was divided into three stages: 1. the lymphatic plexus and connective tissue invagination (30 mm to 67 mm CRL); 2. the early fetal lymph node (43 mm to ,5 mm CRL); and 3. the late fetal lymph node (CRL greater than 75 mm). The lymphatic plexus was formed by connective tissue invaginations and bridges which divided a lymph sac into a meshwork of channels and spaces. Connective tissue invaginations were endothelially-lined and were surrounded by lymphatic space. Reticular cells, macrophages, and blood vessels were found in these invaginations. Early fetal lymph nodes were formed from invaginations when the cellular density and lymphocyte content increased. The lymphatic space surrounding the early node was the developing subcapsular sinus. With further development the early node became packed with lymphocytes, increasing the cellular density and size of the node. The connective tissue surrounding the subcapsular sinus condensed to form the capsule. Afferent lymphatic vessels pierced the capsule. Capillaries, veins, postcapillary venules, and occasional arteries were found in early and late nodes.", "PMID": 1167215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1618", "title": "The effect of vitamin A on growth and differentiation of human keratinocytes in vitro.", "content": "Epithelial outgrowths (keratinocytes) from normal human skin in vitro were exposed daily for 30 min to vitamin A alcohol for periods up to 5 weeks. There was a markedly decreased number of keratohyaline granules in treated cultures, indicating an effect on the differentiation process, but there was no evidence for mucous metaplasia. The area of vitamin A-treated outgrowths was greater than that of controls at all times. In addition, there was a higher mitotic index, higher labeling index, and larger growth fraction in treated cultures. The combination of altered differentiation and enhanced proliferation of keratinocytes would appear to account for the larger outgrowth area found in vitamin A-treated cultures.", "contents": "The effect of vitamin A on growth and differentiation of human keratinocytes in vitro. Epithelial outgrowths (keratinocytes) from normal human skin in vitro were exposed daily for 30 min to vitamin A alcohol for periods up to 5 weeks. There was a markedly decreased number of keratohyaline granules in treated cultures, indicating an effect on the differentiation process, but there was no evidence for mucous metaplasia. The area of vitamin A-treated outgrowths was greater than that of controls at all times. In addition, there was a higher mitotic index, higher labeling index, and larger growth fraction in treated cultures. The combination of altered differentiation and enhanced proliferation of keratinocytes would appear to account for the larger outgrowth area found in vitamin A-treated cultures.", "PMID": 1167216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1619", "title": "The normal surface of conjunctiva epithelium.  A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the cellular surface of the rabbit conjunctiva show the monotonous appearance of fine, finger-like cytoplasmic protrusions (microvilli) covering the polygonal cells.  Many of these surface cells contained a variety of intracytoplasmic vesicles, unroofed vesicles, and full-thickness holes of different sizes.  These surface changes were interpreted as occuring in a sequential pattern leading to cell destruction and exfoliation.  Interspersed among these light and dark polygonal cells were goblet cells representing various stages in their maturation.  Specialized filopodia were found between epithelial cells only in the area just proximal to the tarsi.  Duct openings of many glands were shown to enter onto the conjunctival surface.  The relation of these finding to the tear film is discussed.", "contents": "The normal surface of conjunctiva epithelium.  A scanning electron microscopic study. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the cellular surface of the rabbit conjunctiva show the monotonous appearance of fine, finger-like cytoplasmic protrusions (microvilli) covering the polygonal cells.  Many of these surface cells contained a variety of intracytoplasmic vesicles, unroofed vesicles, and full-thickness holes of different sizes.  These surface changes were interpreted as occuring in a sequential pattern leading to cell destruction and exfoliation.  Interspersed among these light and dark polygonal cells were goblet cells representing various stages in their maturation.  Specialized filopodia were found between epithelial cells only in the area just proximal to the tarsi.  Duct openings of many glands were shown to enter onto the conjunctival surface.  The relation of these finding to the tear film is discussed.", "PMID": 1167218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1620", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the kidney following chronic exposure to low levels of halothane.", "content": "Rats were subjected to chronic exposure to low levels of halothane (10 and 500 ppm for 8 and 4 weeks, respectively). The ultrastructural changes in the kidneys were studied. Animals exposed to 10 ppm halothane demonstrated chronic degenerative changes in the proximal convoluted tublues, including proliferation and membranous whirling of the basal infoldings of some epithelial cells and membranous degeneration of the mitochondria to form membranous bodies within the cellular cytoplasm. These pathologic changes were even more extensive and exaggerated in animals exposed to 500 ppm halothane. Fusion of the membranous bodies to form large membranous plaques and coalescence of lysosomes to form irregulary shaped cytoplasmic dense bodies were frequently found. Swelling of the mitochondria and areas of focal cytoplasmic degradation were also observed. Extrustions of large cytoplasmic masses containing mitochondria. clusters of smooth endoplasmic retriculum and ribosomes into the tubular lumen were frequently observed. Accumulation of spherical microparticles within the tubular basement membranes were also a prominent finding. The present investigation clearly indicated that halothane is nephrotoxic and may be considered as an occupational hazard.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the kidney following chronic exposure to low levels of halothane. Rats were subjected to chronic exposure to low levels of halothane (10 and 500 ppm for 8 and 4 weeks, respectively). The ultrastructural changes in the kidneys were studied. Animals exposed to 10 ppm halothane demonstrated chronic degenerative changes in the proximal convoluted tublues, including proliferation and membranous whirling of the basal infoldings of some epithelial cells and membranous degeneration of the mitochondria to form membranous bodies within the cellular cytoplasm. These pathologic changes were even more extensive and exaggerated in animals exposed to 500 ppm halothane. Fusion of the membranous bodies to form large membranous plaques and coalescence of lysosomes to form irregulary shaped cytoplasmic dense bodies were frequently found. Swelling of the mitochondria and areas of focal cytoplasmic degradation were also observed. Extrustions of large cytoplasmic masses containing mitochondria. clusters of smooth endoplasmic retriculum and ribosomes into the tubular lumen were frequently observed. Accumulation of spherical microparticles within the tubular basement membranes were also a prominent finding. The present investigation clearly indicated that halothane is nephrotoxic and may be considered as an occupational hazard.", "PMID": 1167217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1621", "title": "The anatomy of a compartment border. The intersegmental boundary in Oncopeltus.", "content": "In the insect Oncopeltus (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae), after blastoderm formation, labeled cells in one segment never give rise to cells in another; clones always respect a sharply defined line, the segmental boundary. Similarly, demarcation lines defining \"compartments\" have been recently found within the imaginal disks of Drosophila and promise to be of first importance in developmental genetics. In Oncopeltus the segmental border is a straight line in a smiple epithelial monolayer and is marked by a change in pigmentation that is visible in the electron microscope. Reconstructions from serial sections show that there is a change of cell shape at the boundary, but attachment desmosomes, septate junctions, and gap junctions link cells of different segments as well as cells of the same segment. The form of the epithelium at different stages of the molt cycle is described, and the possibility that there may be an abrupt change of cell adhesiveness at the segment boundary is discussed.", "contents": "The anatomy of a compartment border. The intersegmental boundary in Oncopeltus. In the insect Oncopeltus (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae), after blastoderm formation, labeled cells in one segment never give rise to cells in another; clones always respect a sharply defined line, the segmental boundary. Similarly, demarcation lines defining \"compartments\" have been recently found within the imaginal disks of Drosophila and promise to be of first importance in developmental genetics. In Oncopeltus the segmental border is a straight line in a smiple epithelial monolayer and is marked by a change in pigmentation that is visible in the electron microscope. Reconstructions from serial sections show that there is a change of cell shape at the boundary, but attachment desmosomes, septate junctions, and gap junctions link cells of different segments as well as cells of the same segment. The form of the epithelium at different stages of the molt cycle is described, and the possibility that there may be an abrupt change of cell adhesiveness at the segment boundary is discussed.", "PMID": 1167219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1622", "title": "The detection of aberrant DNA synthesis in a member of a high-risk cancer family.", "content": "Relatives of patients with multiple polyposis are among those at high risk for development of neoplasms in the colon. Examination of 4 siblings, 3 men and 1 woman, of a patient with multiple polyposis was conducted for the possible presence of colonic polyps. All patients were over 40 years of age and received barium enemas for the radiological detection of excrescences. Proctoscopic examinations were also carried out during which time a biopsy and colonic wash were obtained. Polyps were absent on films as well as on endoscopy, and colonic cytologies of all 4 subjects were within normal limits. However, isotopic incorporation studies revealed the presence of an abnormal labeling pattern in some crypts of the biopsy incubated with TdR-3H of 1 family member. Along with normal crypts with label in the lower two-thirds of the colonic crypts, some were seen to have cells labeled at the surface, a proliferative lesion thought to precede the apperarance of a polyp. Among the surface cells removed by the colonic wash, some were found to be isotopically labeled, that is, engaged in DNA synthesis. Thus, a defect in the regulation of colonic epithelial cell replication was found, suggesting the need for close surveillance in the interest of early colon cancer detection.", "contents": "The detection of aberrant DNA synthesis in a member of a high-risk cancer family. Relatives of patients with multiple polyposis are among those at high risk for development of neoplasms in the colon. Examination of 4 siblings, 3 men and 1 woman, of a patient with multiple polyposis was conducted for the possible presence of colonic polyps. All patients were over 40 years of age and received barium enemas for the radiological detection of excrescences. Proctoscopic examinations were also carried out during which time a biopsy and colonic wash were obtained. Polyps were absent on films as well as on endoscopy, and colonic cytologies of all 4 subjects were within normal limits. However, isotopic incorporation studies revealed the presence of an abnormal labeling pattern in some crypts of the biopsy incubated with TdR-3H of 1 family member. Along with normal crypts with label in the lower two-thirds of the colonic crypts, some were seen to have cells labeled at the surface, a proliferative lesion thought to precede the apperarance of a polyp. Among the surface cells removed by the colonic wash, some were found to be isotopically labeled, that is, engaged in DNA synthesis. Thus, a defect in the regulation of colonic epithelial cell replication was found, suggesting the need for close surveillance in the interest of early colon cancer detection.", "PMID": 1167221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1623", "title": "[The ultrastructure of papillae filiformes of human tongue (author's transl)].", "content": "The fine structural morphology of the filiform papillae of the human tongue is investigated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Separation of the epithelium from the connective tissue by treatment with trypsin allows the demonstration of the three-dimensional structure of the primary and secondary connective tissue papillae and of the papillary epithelium. The distal surface of each primary connective tissue papilla is studded with secondary connective tissue papillae. Their lamellated surface structure corresponds with a complex system of cytoplasmic processes of the basal epithelial cells. The complicated surface architecture of the epithelial-connective tissue junction may suggest a close structural and functional relationship between the two types of tissues. There are two distinct cell populations forming the epithelial papilla, which differ in ultrastructural morphology from the basal cell layer to the surface of the epithelium. A dual pattern of keratinization, phylogenetically analogous to the hard and soft keratinization in rodent tongues, is found also in filiform papillai of the human tongue. The final product of epithelial differentiation is a type of keratin different from that in epidermal keratinocytes and in other regions of the oral cavity. The variability in size, shape and association with other organelles suggests the heterogenous nature of lingual keratohyaline granules. The predominance of Odland bodies of lamellated or of spoke type varies with the degree of keratinization of different regions of the papillary epithelium.", "contents": "[The ultrastructure of papillae filiformes of human tongue (author's transl)]. The fine structural morphology of the filiform papillae of the human tongue is investigated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Separation of the epithelium from the connective tissue by treatment with trypsin allows the demonstration of the three-dimensional structure of the primary and secondary connective tissue papillae and of the papillary epithelium. The distal surface of each primary connective tissue papilla is studded with secondary connective tissue papillae. Their lamellated surface structure corresponds with a complex system of cytoplasmic processes of the basal epithelial cells. The complicated surface architecture of the epithelial-connective tissue junction may suggest a close structural and functional relationship between the two types of tissues. There are two distinct cell populations forming the epithelial papilla, which differ in ultrastructural morphology from the basal cell layer to the surface of the epithelium. A dual pattern of keratinization, phylogenetically analogous to the hard and soft keratinization in rodent tongues, is found also in filiform papillai of the human tongue. The final product of epithelial differentiation is a type of keratin different from that in epidermal keratinocytes and in other regions of the oral cavity. The variability in size, shape and association with other organelles suggests the heterogenous nature of lingual keratohyaline granules. The predominance of Odland bodies of lamellated or of spoke type varies with the degree of keratinization of different regions of the papillary epithelium.", "PMID": 1167222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1624", "title": "Vasodilating antihypertensive drug-induced aldosterone release--a study of endogenous angiotensin-mediated aldosterone release in the rat.", "content": "The vasodilatory drugs, minoxidil and hydralazine, induce renin release in the rat, man and the dog. Previous reports suggest that the rat adrenal cortex was insensitive to angiotensin stimulation. As a result these studies were designed to obtain evidence for or against the hypothesis that the control of aldosterone release in the rat is unique among mammalian species. Minoxidil and hydralazine induced a time-related increase in both serum renin activity and serum aldosterone. Minoxidil caused a dose-related, proportional increase in serum renin and aldosterone. This response was blocked by prior bilateral nephrectomy but was not affected by hypophysectomy. A competitive angiotensin antagonist, saralasin (1-Sar-8-Ala angiotensin II), impaired minoxidil-induced aldosterone release in a dose-related manner while potentiating minoxidil-induced renin release. Pretreatment with propranolol, a beta adrenergic blocking drug, impaired minoxidil-induced renin and aldosterone release. Only small changes in serum corticosterone occurred after minoxidil or hydralazine administration. These results indicate that minoxidil-induced aldosterone release was mediated by the endogenous angiotensin II formed from renin release. They also support the unanesthetized rat as an appropriate animal model for study of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis and its modification by drugs.", "contents": "Vasodilating antihypertensive drug-induced aldosterone release--a study of endogenous angiotensin-mediated aldosterone release in the rat. The vasodilatory drugs, minoxidil and hydralazine, induce renin release in the rat, man and the dog. Previous reports suggest that the rat adrenal cortex was insensitive to angiotensin stimulation. As a result these studies were designed to obtain evidence for or against the hypothesis that the control of aldosterone release in the rat is unique among mammalian species. Minoxidil and hydralazine induced a time-related increase in both serum renin activity and serum aldosterone. Minoxidil caused a dose-related, proportional increase in serum renin and aldosterone. This response was blocked by prior bilateral nephrectomy but was not affected by hypophysectomy. A competitive angiotensin antagonist, saralasin (1-Sar-8-Ala angiotensin II), impaired minoxidil-induced aldosterone release in a dose-related manner while potentiating minoxidil-induced renin release. Pretreatment with propranolol, a beta adrenergic blocking drug, impaired minoxidil-induced renin and aldosterone release. Only small changes in serum corticosterone occurred after minoxidil or hydralazine administration. These results indicate that minoxidil-induced aldosterone release was mediated by the endogenous angiotensin II formed from renin release. They also support the unanesthetized rat as an appropriate animal model for study of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis and its modification by drugs.", "PMID": 1167223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1625", "title": "Selective retrieving by maternal and nonmaternal female rats.", "content": "An earler study reported that nonpregnant females do not selectively retrieve a pup over a small plastic toy, while lactating mothers retrieve the pup more often than the toy. The present study was undertaken to see whether nonpregnant females made maternal by exposure to pups would act more like nonmaternal females than lactating mothers. The behavior toward a pup and a toy was studied in 1 group of nonmaternal virgins, 2 groups of maternal virgins, and 1 group of lactating mothers, during 7 daily 5-min. tests. Measures of the frequency and duration of retrieving-related behavior and analysis of behavioral sequences in relation to the pup and toy showed that pup-induced maternal virgins more closely resemble the lactating mothers than nonmaternal virgins.", "contents": "Selective retrieving by maternal and nonmaternal female rats. An earler study reported that nonpregnant females do not selectively retrieve a pup over a small plastic toy, while lactating mothers retrieve the pup more often than the toy. The present study was undertaken to see whether nonpregnant females made maternal by exposure to pups would act more like nonmaternal females than lactating mothers. The behavior toward a pup and a toy was studied in 1 group of nonmaternal virgins, 2 groups of maternal virgins, and 1 group of lactating mothers, during 7 daily 5-min. tests. Measures of the frequency and duration of retrieving-related behavior and analysis of behavioral sequences in relation to the pup and toy showed that pup-induced maternal virgins more closely resemble the lactating mothers than nonmaternal virgins.", "PMID": 1167224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1626", "title": "The relationship of internality-externality, self-acceptance, and self-ideal discrepancies.", "content": "Internals (n=35) and externals (n=38) responded to Rotter's (12) I-E scale under two sets of instructions: standard (as the kind of persons they really were) and ideal-self instructions (as if they were the types of persons they would like to be) and the self-acceptance questionnaire (4). Results indicated (a) on both instruments the discrepancy between real and ideal-self was significantly larger in externals: (b) the external ideal-self includes an internal locus of control; (c) a significant discriminatory factor between internals and externals is their perceived control over their own destiny and not social institutions. The results were discussed in terms of the relationship of externality to maladjustment, neuroticism, and possible causes for this relationship.", "contents": "The relationship of internality-externality, self-acceptance, and self-ideal discrepancies. Internals (n=35) and externals (n=38) responded to Rotter's (12) I-E scale under two sets of instructions: standard (as the kind of persons they really were) and ideal-self instructions (as if they were the types of persons they would like to be) and the self-acceptance questionnaire (4). Results indicated (a) on both instruments the discrepancy between real and ideal-self was significantly larger in externals: (b) the external ideal-self includes an internal locus of control; (c) a significant discriminatory factor between internals and externals is their perceived control over their own destiny and not social institutions. The results were discussed in terms of the relationship of externality to maladjustment, neuroticism, and possible causes for this relationship.", "PMID": 1167230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1627", "title": "Effect of training on the use of weight-bearing orthoses.", "content": "Weight-bearing orthoses have been disigned with the primary goal of reducing or eliminating weight bearing in skeletal structures.  In evaluating various designs and adjustments of these orthoses, we found that the training of the subject in the use of his orthosis was one of the most significant factors in controlling weight bearing.  Subjects fitted with instrumented ischial weight-bearing and patellar-tendon-bearing orthoses walked over a force plate which measured forces imparted to the floor.  The force data from the orthoses and force plate were computer-processed with single frame, multiple exposure photographic data to provide plots of axial loading in the orthosis and total axial loading imparted to the floor during the duration of the stance phase.  The difference between these two forces represents the load carried by the skeletal system.  Measurements were made first with subjects who had no specific instructions about the use of their orthoses.  The subjects were then instructed how to use their orthoses more efficiently.  In all cases, the effect of training produced a 30 to 50 percent increase in loading borne through the orthosis.", "contents": "Effect of training on the use of weight-bearing orthoses. Weight-bearing orthoses have been disigned with the primary goal of reducing or eliminating weight bearing in skeletal structures.  In evaluating various designs and adjustments of these orthoses, we found that the training of the subject in the use of his orthosis was one of the most significant factors in controlling weight bearing.  Subjects fitted with instrumented ischial weight-bearing and patellar-tendon-bearing orthoses walked over a force plate which measured forces imparted to the floor.  The force data from the orthoses and force plate were computer-processed with single frame, multiple exposure photographic data to provide plots of axial loading in the orthosis and total axial loading imparted to the floor during the duration of the stance phase.  The difference between these two forces represents the load carried by the skeletal system.  Measurements were made first with subjects who had no specific instructions about the use of their orthoses.  The subjects were then instructed how to use their orthoses more efficiently.  In all cases, the effect of training produced a 30 to 50 percent increase in loading borne through the orthosis.", "PMID": 1167233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1628", "title": "Postoperative ventilatory performance: dependence upon surgical incision.", "content": "Sixty-one patients undergoing elective surgery were evaluated in regard to the degree of depression in FVC and FEV1 that occurred in the postoperative period. Following a thoracotomy a reduction of about 75 per cent occurred, after a long midline incision 68 per cent, after an upper midline or paramedian incision 61 per cent, after a subcostal incision 53 per cent and after a lower midline incision 38 per cent. This information may be useful in determining which patients are at an increased risk for postoperative respiratory insufficiency.", "contents": "Postoperative ventilatory performance: dependence upon surgical incision. Sixty-one patients undergoing elective surgery were evaluated in regard to the degree of depression in FVC and FEV1 that occurred in the postoperative period. Following a thoracotomy a reduction of about 75 per cent occurred, after a long midline incision 68 per cent, after an upper midline or paramedian incision 61 per cent, after a subcostal incision 53 per cent and after a lower midline incision 38 per cent. This information may be useful in determining which patients are at an increased risk for postoperative respiratory insufficiency.", "PMID": 1167234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1629", "title": "Philadelphia's community based drug abuse program: broader medical and social concepts.", "content": "The rehabilitation of drug dependent people has undergone drastic changes since first attempts were made to curb the abuse of illegal drugs. The isolated law-enforcement model proved to be of no use in this area. So, too, the medical model, the psychological model and the public health model proved disappointingly low in their results. During the last ten years, a so-called \"metabolic replacement model\" has had its upsurge, creating a controversy still under discussion. The Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Programs of the West Philadelphia Community Mental Health Consortium, Inc. have been in the forefront with its treatment models. Established in 1968 as a purely methadone maintenance program, it has evolved into becoming a model, applying community mental health principles. This paper will explore this model further, describing the mechanics of its changes. From a municipal hospital-based methadone dispensing station, the program has developed into a multi-modality project. Three decentralized drug-free outpatient services are located in the midst of the community where the drug abuse problem is more accute. Outreach is emphasized and case-funding is applied. A possibly unique river-front motel was just acquired for the development of a community-based treatment modality. The 94 rooms were converted into a first-floor alcoholism program which also has a \"highway safety program\" and an intermediate care facility for alcoholics. The second floor of this facility contains outpatient services for the treatment of drug addicts, including a methadone maintenance program, counselling, family therapy and group therapy. The place where most of the emphasis has been placed is the Work Rehabilitation Center (a novel approach whereby patients will spend up to six hours in \"partial hospitalization\"). Clients will be tested for vocational aptitude and four workshops will be developed on the premises - carpentry, automotive, electricity and clerical. A huge cafeteria with a semi-automatic kitchen will allow further training in cooking and kitchen aids. The third floor of this renovated motel will include highly sophisticated clinical research area where computer utilization is already giving us very meaningful data. Clinical research is rapidly developing, and new drugs for the rehabilitation of drug addicts will be used. Further comments on the usefulness of methadone as a tool will be included in this paper and general comments as to the outcome of treatment further explored.", "contents": "Philadelphia's community based drug abuse program: broader medical and social concepts. The rehabilitation of drug dependent people has undergone drastic changes since first attempts were made to curb the abuse of illegal drugs. The isolated law-enforcement model proved to be of no use in this area. So, too, the medical model, the psychological model and the public health model proved disappointingly low in their results. During the last ten years, a so-called \"metabolic replacement model\" has had its upsurge, creating a controversy still under discussion. The Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Programs of the West Philadelphia Community Mental Health Consortium, Inc. have been in the forefront with its treatment models. Established in 1968 as a purely methadone maintenance program, it has evolved into becoming a model, applying community mental health principles. This paper will explore this model further, describing the mechanics of its changes. From a municipal hospital-based methadone dispensing station, the program has developed into a multi-modality project. Three decentralized drug-free outpatient services are located in the midst of the community where the drug abuse problem is more accute. Outreach is emphasized and case-funding is applied. A possibly unique river-front motel was just acquired for the development of a community-based treatment modality. The 94 rooms were converted into a first-floor alcoholism program which also has a \"highway safety program\" and an intermediate care facility for alcoholics. The second floor of this facility contains outpatient services for the treatment of drug addicts, including a methadone maintenance program, counselling, family therapy and group therapy. The place where most of the emphasis has been placed is the Work Rehabilitation Center (a novel approach whereby patients will spend up to six hours in \"partial hospitalization\"). Clients will be tested for vocational aptitude and four workshops will be developed on the premises - carpentry, automotive, electricity and clerical. A huge cafeteria with a semi-automatic kitchen will allow further training in cooking and kitchen aids. The third floor of this renovated motel will include highly sophisticated clinical research area where computer utilization is already giving us very meaningful data. Clinical research is rapidly developing, and new drugs for the rehabilitation of drug addicts will be used. Further comments on the usefulness of methadone as a tool will be included in this paper and general comments as to the outcome of treatment further explored.", "PMID": 1167235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1630", "title": "Effect of maternal heroin addiction on 67 liveborn neonates. Withdrawal symptoms, small body size, and small head circumference were frequent findings.", "content": "It is apparent that maternal addiction affects the fetus and causes serious problems in the neonatal period. Whether intrauterine exposure to heroin has far-reaching, long-term residual effects remains to be determined. We believe that prospective studies are indicated in order to evaluate the incidence of small head circumference, the pattern of intrauterine growth retardation, and the correlation of these findings with later neurologic and behavioral development.", "contents": "Effect of maternal heroin addiction on 67 liveborn neonates. Withdrawal symptoms, small body size, and small head circumference were frequent findings. It is apparent that maternal addiction affects the fetus and causes serious problems in the neonatal period. Whether intrauterine exposure to heroin has far-reaching, long-term residual effects remains to be determined. We believe that prospective studies are indicated in order to evaluate the incidence of small head circumference, the pattern of intrauterine growth retardation, and the correlation of these findings with later neurologic and behavioral development.", "PMID": 1167237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1631", "title": "Attempted suicide and suicide in functional psychoses.", "content": "A total of 2,243 first admissions to Gaustad Hospital between 1938 and 1961 diagnosed as functional psychotics were either followed up to the time of their death within 5 years, or observed over a period of 5 years, and then reexamined. Of these patients, 325 had attempted suicide prior to their admission. The frequency of attempted suicide was equal in both sexes. Men appeared to use more dangerous methods, and to have more serious intentions. The psychosis appears to have been of importance when considering whether, but not how the suicide should be attempted. The greatest risk of attempted suicide was to be found amongst patients with psychoses of a depressive nature. Twenty-eight of the 2,243 patients in this study committed suicide within 5 years following their discharge, and a further 20 took their own lives prior to the reexamination. A certain connection can be seen between attempted suicide and psychotic symptoms.", "contents": "Attempted suicide and suicide in functional psychoses. A total of 2,243 first admissions to Gaustad Hospital between 1938 and 1961 diagnosed as functional psychotics were either followed up to the time of their death within 5 years, or observed over a period of 5 years, and then reexamined. Of these patients, 325 had attempted suicide prior to their admission. The frequency of attempted suicide was equal in both sexes. Men appeared to use more dangerous methods, and to have more serious intentions. The psychosis appears to have been of importance when considering whether, but not how the suicide should be attempted. The greatest risk of attempted suicide was to be found amongst patients with psychoses of a depressive nature. Twenty-eight of the 2,243 patients in this study committed suicide within 5 years following their discharge, and a further 20 took their own lives prior to the reexamination. A certain connection can be seen between attempted suicide and psychotic symptoms.", "PMID": 1167239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1632", "title": "Methodology for a prospective study of suitability for psychoanalysis: the role of psychological tests.", "content": "A methodology for the use of psychological tests in the evaluation for suitability for psychoanalysis is described. Four variables--Reality Testing, Level and Quality of Object Relations, Affect Availability and Tolerance, and Motivation--were chosen for study and are discussed in detail. Data indicating a high degree of reliability between raters are presented.", "contents": "Methodology for a prospective study of suitability for psychoanalysis: the role of psychological tests. A methodology for the use of psychological tests in the evaluation for suitability for psychoanalysis is described. Four variables--Reality Testing, Level and Quality of Object Relations, Affect Availability and Tolerance, and Motivation--were chosen for study and are discussed in detail. Data indicating a high degree of reliability between raters are presented.", "PMID": 1167240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1633", "title": "The use of paraprofessionals in crisis intervention. Evaluation of an innovative program.", "content": "Single-session crisis services by paraprofessionals (graduate students and community volunteers) in the emergency room of a community hospital were offered to 293 clients. These clients were followed-up 6 to 12 months after their last contact and asked about: (1) the effectiveness of the service, (2) their use of referrals, (3) the major source of change in their crisis situation, and (4) their rating of improvement for their presenting problem. There were 104 clients who completed the follow-up. The results support the interpretation that timely intervention by paraprofessionals may have long-lasting results in specific problem areas. A model emphasizing the use of service deliverers as researchers is proposed.", "contents": "The use of paraprofessionals in crisis intervention. Evaluation of an innovative program. Single-session crisis services by paraprofessionals (graduate students and community volunteers) in the emergency room of a community hospital were offered to 293 clients. These clients were followed-up 6 to 12 months after their last contact and asked about: (1) the effectiveness of the service, (2) their use of referrals, (3) the major source of change in their crisis situation, and (4) their rating of improvement for their presenting problem. There were 104 clients who completed the follow-up. The results support the interpretation that timely intervention by paraprofessionals may have long-lasting results in specific problem areas. A model emphasizing the use of service deliverers as researchers is proposed.", "PMID": 1167241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1634", "title": "Ureteral substitute by fallopian tube. Experimental study.", "content": "Experimental substitution of a long segment of ureter by a fallopian tube was performed in dogs. Three different techniques of proximal and distal anastomosis for reconstruction of the urinary tract were used in three groups of animals. Based on this, it is believed that the fallopian tube, as a pedicle graft, could serve in female dogs as the most approximate ideal substitute for ureter because of (a) anatomic proximity to the ureter permitting blood supply to the tube, (b) the fallopian tube's mucosa lining is not affected by urinary excretions, (c) does not allow absorption of electrocytes, (d) has a muscular wall with peristaltic activity, and (e) avoids the problems of antigenicity and/or foreign body reaction.", "contents": "Ureteral substitute by fallopian tube. Experimental study. Experimental substitution of a long segment of ureter by a fallopian tube was performed in dogs. Three different techniques of proximal and distal anastomosis for reconstruction of the urinary tract were used in three groups of animals. Based on this, it is believed that the fallopian tube, as a pedicle graft, could serve in female dogs as the most approximate ideal substitute for ureter because of (a) anatomic proximity to the ureter permitting blood supply to the tube, (b) the fallopian tube's mucosa lining is not affected by urinary excretions, (c) does not allow absorption of electrocytes, (d) has a muscular wall with peristaltic activity, and (e) avoids the problems of antigenicity and/or foreign body reaction.", "PMID": 1167242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1635", "title": "Vascular diseases in employed males: a perspective on preventive and remedial programs in industry.", "content": "Simple morbidity and mortality surveillance procedures have been applied at a large steel mill for several years. Analyses arising from these data are presented demonstrating, as a case in point, that vascular diseases are among the leading causes of absenteeism and are the leading cause of death among male employees. Furthermore, the strong association of hypertension with vascular mortality is clearly displayed. Finally, attempts to initiate treatment for hypertensive employees through referral to their family physicians met with rather disappointing success as only 22 of 200 referrals resulted in patient-physician interactions. Several suggestions and conclusions can be drawn from this work. First, simple surveillance procedures can be easily implemented in occupational settings and meaningful results derived. Industrial sites offer unique opportunities for epidemiologic studies. Second, vascular diseases have a devastating effect on working age males and it would appear that hypertension, as a controllable \"risk factor\", is a logical target for intervention programs. Third, while our information is rather limited, it would seem that traditional referrals of patients \"at risk\" to their family physicians is not an effective way to arrange for their treatment. For much the same reasons that industrial sites may be useful in epidemiologic studies, they may also provide a base for intervention programs for certain disease conditions. Before such programs are undertaken, however, research into their feasibility and effectiveness is required and we are hopeful that our own studies, now underway, will provide some insight in this area.", "contents": "Vascular diseases in employed males: a perspective on preventive and remedial programs in industry. Simple morbidity and mortality surveillance procedures have been applied at a large steel mill for several years. Analyses arising from these data are presented demonstrating, as a case in point, that vascular diseases are among the leading causes of absenteeism and are the leading cause of death among male employees. Furthermore, the strong association of hypertension with vascular mortality is clearly displayed. Finally, attempts to initiate treatment for hypertensive employees through referral to their family physicians met with rather disappointing success as only 22 of 200 referrals resulted in patient-physician interactions. Several suggestions and conclusions can be drawn from this work. First, simple surveillance procedures can be easily implemented in occupational settings and meaningful results derived. Industrial sites offer unique opportunities for epidemiologic studies. Second, vascular diseases have a devastating effect on working age males and it would appear that hypertension, as a controllable \"risk factor\", is a logical target for intervention programs. Third, while our information is rather limited, it would seem that traditional referrals of patients \"at risk\" to their family physicians is not an effective way to arrange for their treatment. For much the same reasons that industrial sites may be useful in epidemiologic studies, they may also provide a base for intervention programs for certain disease conditions. Before such programs are undertaken, however, research into their feasibility and effectiveness is required and we are hopeful that our own studies, now underway, will provide some insight in this area.", "PMID": 1167247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1636", "title": "[Cerebral and cerebellar ependymomas in children].", "content": "Clinical analysis of 63 cerebral and cerebellar ependymomas in children aged up to 14 years showed that in the initial period of the disease the diagnosis based only on clinical manifestations may be difficult, before the appearance of signs of raised intracranial pressure eintraventricular or paraventricular ependymomas may cause attacks of vomiting, abdominal pains or signs of meningeal irritation. In every case with supposed brain tumour the child should be referred to a specialist since the results are better in earlier diagnosed and treated cases. Histological examination of biopsy material showed presence of 5 types of ependymonas: 1. with numerous cells (63%), 2 mixed (15%), 3 malignant (11%), 4 subependymal (4%), 5, epithelial (3%). In cases with subtotal removal of the tumour the mean survival is 12 months. After radical operation of the tumour the longest survival was 16 years.", "contents": "[Cerebral and cerebellar ependymomas in children]. Clinical analysis of 63 cerebral and cerebellar ependymomas in children aged up to 14 years showed that in the initial period of the disease the diagnosis based only on clinical manifestations may be difficult, before the appearance of signs of raised intracranial pressure eintraventricular or paraventricular ependymomas may cause attacks of vomiting, abdominal pains or signs of meningeal irritation. In every case with supposed brain tumour the child should be referred to a specialist since the results are better in earlier diagnosed and treated cases. Histological examination of biopsy material showed presence of 5 types of ependymonas: 1. with numerous cells (63%), 2 mixed (15%), 3 malignant (11%), 4 subependymal (4%), 5, epithelial (3%). In cases with subtotal removal of the tumour the mean survival is 12 months. After radical operation of the tumour the longest survival was 16 years.", "PMID": 1167243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1637", "title": "Medical education in the People's Republic of China.", "content": "Medical education in the People's Republic of China is described as it was seen on a 10-week trip in 1973. The information was collected from five medical schools which were visited personally as well as from practitioners and citizens. An overview of the health care system indicates the relationships between education and practice. The three-year medical curricula from the five medical schools are reasonably similar; and in the state-controlled system of health care they are integrated with postgraduate training and continuing education. Goals of the educational programs, entrance procedures, and the medical school experience are discussed. The literature on medical education and practice in China is reviewed and compared with the data available during this recent visit. The lessons which might be learned are the methods of offering health care to massive populations and the organization of health professionals and paraprofessionals for such programs.", "contents": "Medical education in the People's Republic of China. Medical education in the People's Republic of China is described as it was seen on a 10-week trip in 1973. The information was collected from five medical schools which were visited personally as well as from practitioners and citizens. An overview of the health care system indicates the relationships between education and practice. The three-year medical curricula from the five medical schools are reasonably similar; and in the state-controlled system of health care they are integrated with postgraduate training and continuing education. Goals of the educational programs, entrance procedures, and the medical school experience are discussed. The literature on medical education and practice in China is reviewed and compared with the data available during this recent visit. The lessons which might be learned are the methods of offering health care to massive populations and the organization of health professionals and paraprofessionals for such programs.", "PMID": 1167254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1638", "title": "Serum I-K (immunoconglutinins) in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "An increase of C'3 fraction, already observed in Hodgkin's disease has been confirmed, and is here described in a group of 33 patients at various clinical stages of Hodgkin's disease. It is consistently higher than those found in a group of 26 normal subjects. Conglutinins present in Hodgkin's disease patients, as far as their behaviour is concerned, may be considered as immunoconglutinins (I-K).", "contents": "Serum I-K (immunoconglutinins) in Hodgkin's disease. An increase of C'3 fraction, already observed in Hodgkin's disease has been confirmed, and is here described in a group of 33 patients at various clinical stages of Hodgkin's disease. It is consistently higher than those found in a group of 26 normal subjects. Conglutinins present in Hodgkin's disease patients, as far as their behaviour is concerned, may be considered as immunoconglutinins (I-K).", "PMID": 1167255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1639", "title": "Folate transport by the choroid plexus in vitro.", "content": "Reduced folates are transported from blood into cerebrospinal fluid against a concentration gradient. In vitro, folates were transported into and released by isolated rabbit choroid plexuses. The choroid plexus uptake mechanism was specific for folates, energy dependent, and depressed by cold temperatures. In vivo, the choroid plexus may transport folates from blood to cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Folate transport by the choroid plexus in vitro. Reduced folates are transported from blood into cerebrospinal fluid against a concentration gradient. In vitro, folates were transported into and released by isolated rabbit choroid plexuses. The choroid plexus uptake mechanism was specific for folates, energy dependent, and depressed by cold temperatures. In vivo, the choroid plexus may transport folates from blood to cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 1167256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1640", "title": "A new feeder system for quantitating actual toxicant consumption by mice during feeding studies.", "content": "A new mouse feeder system was described which enables mice to be utilized for long-or short-term feeding studies of chemical toxicants. Quantitative toxicant consumption can be obtained. The use of granulated feed of particle size, 500-1000 mu, prevents bridging, thus assuring a constant supply of diet to the experimental animals. Comparative weight gain in female BALB/c Nctr BR mice showed no significant differences between the groups fed 500 ppm 2-fluorenylacetamide, control granulated feed, or pellets.", "contents": "A new feeder system for quantitating actual toxicant consumption by mice during feeding studies. A new mouse feeder system was described which enables mice to be utilized for long-or short-term feeding studies of chemical toxicants. Quantitative toxicant consumption can be obtained. The use of granulated feed of particle size, 500-1000 mu, prevents bridging, thus assuring a constant supply of diet to the experimental animals. Comparative weight gain in female BALB/c Nctr BR mice showed no significant differences between the groups fed 500 ppm 2-fluorenylacetamide, control granulated feed, or pellets.", "PMID": 1167263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1641", "title": "The surface glycoproteins of a mouse melanoma growing in culture and as a solid tumor in vivo.", "content": "B16 melanotic tumors in various organs of mice were labeled with either [14C- or [3H]L-fucose or D-glucosamine. Glycopeptides derived from the membrane glycoproteins of these tumors were compared with those of normal tissues by double-label elution patterns from Sephadex G-50 columns. A marked increase of sialic acid-rich, fucose-containing glycopeptides (PEAK A) was found in the glycoproteins of the surface and internal membranes of melanotic cells. The glycopeptides from the melanoma cells could be reduced in size by treatment with neuraminidase. Comparison of the glycopeptide patterns of melanoma cells grown in culture and in mice revealed a greater complexity in in vivo material. Virtually all of the glycopeptides from melanoma cells grown in culture were of the larger type (Peak A) that correlates well with the malignant state. Comparison of two lines of B16 melanoma cells with greatly differing abilities to form tumors in lung revealed no significant, reproducible differences in their glycopeptide patterns.", "contents": "The surface glycoproteins of a mouse melanoma growing in culture and as a solid tumor in vivo. B16 melanotic tumors in various organs of mice were labeled with either [14C- or [3H]L-fucose or D-glucosamine. Glycopeptides derived from the membrane glycoproteins of these tumors were compared with those of normal tissues by double-label elution patterns from Sephadex G-50 columns. A marked increase of sialic acid-rich, fucose-containing glycopeptides (PEAK A) was found in the glycoproteins of the surface and internal membranes of melanotic cells. The glycopeptides from the melanoma cells could be reduced in size by treatment with neuraminidase. Comparison of the glycopeptide patterns of melanoma cells grown in culture and in mice revealed a greater complexity in in vivo material. Virtually all of the glycopeptides from melanoma cells grown in culture were of the larger type (Peak A) that correlates well with the malignant state. Comparison of two lines of B16 melanoma cells with greatly differing abilities to form tumors in lung revealed no significant, reproducible differences in their glycopeptide patterns.", "PMID": 1167267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1642", "title": "The effect of Rauscher and Moloney leukaemia virus on amyloid development in casein-treated CBA mice.", "content": "Infection of adult CBA mice with Rauscher or Moloney leukaemia virus concomitantly with caseination significantly accelerated spleen amyloid development in irradiated, bone-marrow protected mice, but had no effect on untreated, adult thymectomized or thymectomized irradiated mice. Spleen tissue of mice infected with Moloney virus had the highest titre in the mice with accelerated amyloid development.", "contents": "The effect of Rauscher and Moloney leukaemia virus on amyloid development in casein-treated CBA mice. Infection of adult CBA mice with Rauscher or Moloney leukaemia virus concomitantly with caseination significantly accelerated spleen amyloid development in irradiated, bone-marrow protected mice, but had no effect on untreated, adult thymectomized or thymectomized irradiated mice. Spleen tissue of mice infected with Moloney virus had the highest titre in the mice with accelerated amyloid development.", "PMID": 1167270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1643", "title": "A profile for managing sensory integrative test data.", "content": "A concise method for compiling a data profile from a general sensory integrative test battery has been presented. Subtests from each test used were categorized according to the sensory integrative and motor functions being tested. These categories have been defined and include: tactile-kinesthetic perception, visual perception-figure ground, visual perception-constancy, ocular control, gross motor control, fine motor control, integration of function-two sides of the body, orientation in space, body awareness, and auditory discrimination. A method for converting the various scores into descriptive terminology is provided in which the test results are reported as above age expectancy, appropriate for age, somewhat deficient for age, and markedly deficient for age. The clinical implications of the technique are discussed.", "contents": "A profile for managing sensory integrative test data. A concise method for compiling a data profile from a general sensory integrative test battery has been presented. Subtests from each test used were categorized according to the sensory integrative and motor functions being tested. These categories have been defined and include: tactile-kinesthetic perception, visual perception-figure ground, visual perception-constancy, ocular control, gross motor control, fine motor control, integration of function-two sides of the body, orientation in space, body awareness, and auditory discrimination. A method for converting the various scores into descriptive terminology is provided in which the test results are reported as above age expectancy, appropriate for age, somewhat deficient for age, and markedly deficient for age. The clinical implications of the technique are discussed.", "PMID": 1167273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1644", "title": "Nuclide angiography in Paget's disease of the skull: Case report.", "content": "Early-appearing and persistent uptake on nuclear angiography in a patient with early Paget's disease of the skull is described. The diagnosis of subdural hematoma may be ruled out at the time of brain scanning.", "contents": "Nuclide angiography in Paget's disease of the skull: Case report. Early-appearing and persistent uptake on nuclear angiography in a patient with early Paget's disease of the skull is described. The diagnosis of subdural hematoma may be ruled out at the time of brain scanning.", "PMID": 1167280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1645", "title": "[Studies on the influence of an artifically induced inflammatory reaction by creatinine, urea and guanidine injection (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of creatinine, urea and guanidine injection on the course of an artifically induced inflammatory reaction has been studied in rats. The formalin and bolus alba edema served as inflammatory models. It was shown that the inflammatory reaction was not significantly altered by urea. By creatinine, however, the inflammation was diminished. If urea and creatinine were given together the course of the inflammatory reaction was not altered significantly, suggesting an inhibitory interrelation between these two substances. Guanidines showed the strongest inhibiting effect on inflammation. It is discussed that guanidines influence energy availability by inhibition of oxydative phosphorylation.", "contents": "[Studies on the influence of an artifically induced inflammatory reaction by creatinine, urea and guanidine injection (author's transl)]. The influence of creatinine, urea and guanidine injection on the course of an artifically induced inflammatory reaction has been studied in rats. The formalin and bolus alba edema served as inflammatory models. It was shown that the inflammatory reaction was not significantly altered by urea. By creatinine, however, the inflammation was diminished. If urea and creatinine were given together the course of the inflammatory reaction was not altered significantly, suggesting an inhibitory interrelation between these two substances. Guanidines showed the strongest inhibiting effect on inflammation. It is discussed that guanidines influence energy availability by inhibition of oxydative phosphorylation.", "PMID": 1167293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1646", "title": "Histiocytosis X--comparison of three treatment regimens.", "content": "The three treatment regimens evaluated in this study (vinblastine alone versus prednisone and vinblastine versus prednisone and 6-mercaptopurine) proved to be about equally efficacious in children with histiocytosis x. Inasmuch as many physicians regard this disorder as one with a high mortality rate, it is worth emphasizing that 59 of the 83 patients (71% are living).", "contents": "Histiocytosis X--comparison of three treatment regimens. The three treatment regimens evaluated in this study (vinblastine alone versus prednisone and vinblastine versus prednisone and 6-mercaptopurine) proved to be about equally efficacious in children with histiocytosis x. Inasmuch as many physicians regard this disorder as one with a high mortality rate, it is worth emphasizing that 59 of the 83 patients (71% are living).", "PMID": 1167297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1647", "title": "Early embryology and implantation in the California leaf-nosed bat, Macrotus californicus.", "content": "Female reproductive tracts from 84 bats were examined by light and/or electron microscopy to electron microscopy to observe early embryology and implantation in Macrotus. The earliest pregnancy was observed in October and by the end of October all bats were pregnant. Implantation had begun in most specimens from late October. In late November females were carrying implanted blastocysts in which differentiation of endoderm was noted. Reichert's membrane was first observed in November. In early December the trophoblast had begun to differentiate into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast and by the end of January this differentiation was most evident. Reichert's membrane persisted until late January. Endoderm in the January sample completely surrounded the yolk sac cavity. By late February the embryos were at the embryonic disc stage had differenitated mesoderm. The uterine-fetal relationship was complex and an early placenta was recognized. In late March the embryos spanned a range of development from neural plate to limb-bud stages. Parturition occurred in June. This lengthy gestation period is characterized by an embryonic diapause of approximately four and one-half months. The roles of food supply and/or temperature in controlling this growth rate and the evolutionary implications of this development are discussed.", "contents": "Early embryology and implantation in the California leaf-nosed bat, Macrotus californicus. Female reproductive tracts from 84 bats were examined by light and/or electron microscopy to electron microscopy to observe early embryology and implantation in Macrotus. The earliest pregnancy was observed in October and by the end of October all bats were pregnant. Implantation had begun in most specimens from late October. In late November females were carrying implanted blastocysts in which differentiation of endoderm was noted. Reichert's membrane was first observed in November. In early December the trophoblast had begun to differentiate into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast and by the end of January this differentiation was most evident. Reichert's membrane persisted until late January. Endoderm in the January sample completely surrounded the yolk sac cavity. By late February the embryos were at the embryonic disc stage had differenitated mesoderm. The uterine-fetal relationship was complex and an early placenta was recognized. In late March the embryos spanned a range of development from neural plate to limb-bud stages. Parturition occurred in June. This lengthy gestation period is characterized by an embryonic diapause of approximately four and one-half months. The roles of food supply and/or temperature in controlling this growth rate and the evolutionary implications of this development are discussed.", "PMID": 1167300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1648", "title": "Sensitivity of DBLA-6 leukemia of rats to known antitumor agents in relation to their clinical effects.", "content": "Of 4 lines of myelogenous rat leukemias induced by N-nitrosobutylurea (NBU), DBLA-6 was selected as a screening model for antileukemic agents because of the following characteristics: a) High transplantability either by intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation; b) linear relationship between inoculum size and survival time; c) marked increase of leucocyte counts in the peripheral blood as the tumor progresses after intravenous inoculation. To investigate reliability in its predicting clinical efficacy, its sensitivity to known antileukemics was studied. To determine the effects, a change of leucocyte counts in the peripheral blood together with the prolongation of life span was checked in the following systems; i.v.-i.v. (i.v.-inoculation, i.v.-injection), i.v.-i.p., i.p.-i.p., i.p.-i.v. Fifty percent cure was obtained with Vincristine, Vinblastine, Daunorubicin, 6-Mercaptopurine, and alkylating agent 838D or 864T. The success of treatment was measured by decrease of leucocytes. Methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), and cyclophosphamide showed only poor effects, and Mitomycin C, L-asparaginase, and Bleomycin were ineffective. In addition, the chemotherapeutic effects of Vincristine and 864 on this leukemia were quite dependend both on the route of drug injection and on the site of tumor inoculation. Subsequently, our studies are being extended to cover the correlation between drug distribution and tumor localization or dissemination.", "contents": "Sensitivity of DBLA-6 leukemia of rats to known antitumor agents in relation to their clinical effects. Of 4 lines of myelogenous rat leukemias induced by N-nitrosobutylurea (NBU), DBLA-6 was selected as a screening model for antileukemic agents because of the following characteristics: a) High transplantability either by intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation; b) linear relationship between inoculum size and survival time; c) marked increase of leucocyte counts in the peripheral blood as the tumor progresses after intravenous inoculation. To investigate reliability in its predicting clinical efficacy, its sensitivity to known antileukemics was studied. To determine the effects, a change of leucocyte counts in the peripheral blood together with the prolongation of life span was checked in the following systems; i.v.-i.v. (i.v.-inoculation, i.v.-injection), i.v.-i.p., i.p.-i.p., i.p.-i.v. Fifty percent cure was obtained with Vincristine, Vinblastine, Daunorubicin, 6-Mercaptopurine, and alkylating agent 838D or 864T. The success of treatment was measured by decrease of leucocytes. Methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), and cyclophosphamide showed only poor effects, and Mitomycin C, L-asparaginase, and Bleomycin were ineffective. In addition, the chemotherapeutic effects of Vincristine and 864 on this leukemia were quite dependend both on the route of drug injection and on the site of tumor inoculation. Subsequently, our studies are being extended to cover the correlation between drug distribution and tumor localization or dissemination.", "PMID": 1167299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1649", "title": "Genetic antecedents of altruistic behavior in Passeriformes.", "content": "On the basis of a theory for the establishment and increase of altruistic genes in animal populations a relationship was hypothesized to exist in an avian order between clutch averages (which were considered an index of \"genetic investment\") and prosocial behavior. The order Passeriformes was used, as clutch sizes were found to vary from one to 11 among the species, and the number of caretakers was also found to vary, falling into four categories: female only, female and male, both plus intraspecies helpers, and interspecies altruists. The positive correlations found in this research tend to support this theory.", "contents": "Genetic antecedents of altruistic behavior in Passeriformes. On the basis of a theory for the establishment and increase of altruistic genes in animal populations a relationship was hypothesized to exist in an avian order between clutch averages (which were considered an index of \"genetic investment\") and prosocial behavior. The order Passeriformes was used, as clutch sizes were found to vary from one to 11 among the species, and the number of caretakers was also found to vary, falling into four categories: female only, female and male, both plus intraspecies helpers, and interspecies altruists. The positive correlations found in this research tend to support this theory.", "PMID": 1167303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1650", "title": "Changes in galvanic skin response as affected by musical selection, sex, and academic discipline.", "content": "The present paper tested hypotheses that (a) music can influence anxiety; (b) differences in response to music may be found between males and females; and (c) differences in response may be found between music and nonmusic majors. Subjects included 100 music majors, (50 male and 50 female) and 100 nonmusic majors, (50 male and 50 female) randomly selected from students at North Park College, Chicago, Illinois. Test instruments included a pencil-maze, blindfold goggles, GSR apparatus, and a musical recording. All three hypotheses were substantiated in terms of levels of significance ranging from .01 to .05 for different Ss.", "contents": "Changes in galvanic skin response as affected by musical selection, sex, and academic discipline. The present paper tested hypotheses that (a) music can influence anxiety; (b) differences in response to music may be found between males and females; and (c) differences in response may be found between music and nonmusic majors. Subjects included 100 music majors, (50 male and 50 female) and 100 nonmusic majors, (50 male and 50 female) randomly selected from students at North Park College, Chicago, Illinois. Test instruments included a pencil-maze, blindfold goggles, GSR apparatus, and a musical recording. All three hypotheses were substantiated in terms of levels of significance ranging from .01 to .05 for different Ss.", "PMID": 1167304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1651", "title": "Potassim-aldosterone-renin interrelationships.", "content": "The present study was performed to assess the sensitivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis to small changes in plasma potassium concentration within the physiologic range. Small increments in potassium levels were accomplished by graded constant infusions of potassium chloride over 2 h (0.17 meq/min; 0.33 meq/min; 0.5 meq/min) in 8 normal subjects on a 10 meq sodium-100 mgq potassium intake. Plasma levels of aldosterone, renin activity, angiotensin II, cortisol, potassium and sodium were measured at frequent intervals. There were no significant changes observed in plasma sodium, renin activity or angiotensin II levels while cortisol levels declined in the expected diurnal pattern. During the 0.17 meq/min (10 meq/h) infusion potassium levels did not increase significantly until 120 min while plasma aldosterone levels rose significantly at 30-60 min. The mean increment above control during the lowest infusion rate was 0.2 meq/liter (5%) for plasma potassium and 13 ng/100 ml (46%) for plasma aldostreone. Although there was a stepwise increase in the increments above control of both potassium and aldosterone levels as the rate of the infusion was increased, the most sensitive area of the dose response curve appears to be 0.1-0.5 meq/liter. in six normal subjects the potassium-lowering effect of glucose ingestion (0.25 g/kg/15 min over a 2-h period) was assessed. The mean maximal potassium decrement below control 0.3 meq/liter (8%) at 90 min was coincident with the mean plasma aldosterone decrement below control of 11 ng/100 ml (46%). Plasma aldosterone then rose to peak levels at 180 min (mean increment 22 ng/100 ml above nadir) while potassium levels remained below control. The rise in plasma aldosterone was associated with a parallel but more rapid rise in plasma renin activity, peaking at a level 108% above control. Ninety minutes after the termination of the glucose ingestion, plasma aldosterone returned to control levels but now in the setting of reduced levels of plasma potassium and elevated levels of plasma renin activity. The data support an important role for physiologic changes in extracellular potassium concentration in the control of aldosterone secretion and indicate that interpretation of studies assessing acute changes in plasma aldosterone must carefully consider minor simultaneous changes in plasma potassium levels. The data also document that acute changes in extracellular potassium concentration play a role in the regulation of renin secretion.", "contents": "Potassim-aldosterone-renin interrelationships. The present study was performed to assess the sensitivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis to small changes in plasma potassium concentration within the physiologic range. Small increments in potassium levels were accomplished by graded constant infusions of potassium chloride over 2 h (0.17 meq/min; 0.33 meq/min; 0.5 meq/min) in 8 normal subjects on a 10 meq sodium-100 mgq potassium intake. Plasma levels of aldosterone, renin activity, angiotensin II, cortisol, potassium and sodium were measured at frequent intervals. There were no significant changes observed in plasma sodium, renin activity or angiotensin II levels while cortisol levels declined in the expected diurnal pattern. During the 0.17 meq/min (10 meq/h) infusion potassium levels did not increase significantly until 120 min while plasma aldosterone levels rose significantly at 30-60 min. The mean increment above control during the lowest infusion rate was 0.2 meq/liter (5%) for plasma potassium and 13 ng/100 ml (46%) for plasma aldostreone. Although there was a stepwise increase in the increments above control of both potassium and aldosterone levels as the rate of the infusion was increased, the most sensitive area of the dose response curve appears to be 0.1-0.5 meq/liter. in six normal subjects the potassium-lowering effect of glucose ingestion (0.25 g/kg/15 min over a 2-h period) was assessed. The mean maximal potassium decrement below control 0.3 meq/liter (8%) at 90 min was coincident with the mean plasma aldosterone decrement below control of 11 ng/100 ml (46%). Plasma aldosterone then rose to peak levels at 180 min (mean increment 22 ng/100 ml above nadir) while potassium levels remained below control. The rise in plasma aldosterone was associated with a parallel but more rapid rise in plasma renin activity, peaking at a level 108% above control. Ninety minutes after the termination of the glucose ingestion, plasma aldosterone returned to control levels but now in the setting of reduced levels of plasma potassium and elevated levels of plasma renin activity. The data support an important role for physiologic changes in extracellular potassium concentration in the control of aldosterone secretion and indicate that interpretation of studies assessing acute changes in plasma aldosterone must carefully consider minor simultaneous changes in plasma potassium levels. The data also document that acute changes in extracellular potassium concentration play a role in the regulation of renin secretion.", "PMID": 1167307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1652", "title": "Influence of the hemodialysis on the half-life of practolol in patients with severe renal failure.", "content": "Practolol, a recent and more selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drug, was given orally as a single dose of 200 mg to seven healthy volunteers and to six patients suffering from severe renal impairment and submitted to the long-term hemodialysis program. The plasma drug decay was markedly slowed and the plasma half-life was prolonged sixfold in the uremic patients in comparison to healthy volunteers. Hemodialysis (8 hours) starting 48 hours after drug intake lowered plasma practolol significantly but transiently. The shorter half-life during hemodialysis and the detection of equally high values of practolol in the ultrafiltrates as in the plasma demonstrate that this drug is readily removable from the plasma. However, the ascending slope of the plasma drug concentration curve which appeared following hemodialysis is suggestive of an incomplete drug removal from the body.", "contents": "Influence of the hemodialysis on the half-life of practolol in patients with severe renal failure. Practolol, a recent and more selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drug, was given orally as a single dose of 200 mg to seven healthy volunteers and to six patients suffering from severe renal impairment and submitted to the long-term hemodialysis program. The plasma drug decay was markedly slowed and the plasma half-life was prolonged sixfold in the uremic patients in comparison to healthy volunteers. Hemodialysis (8 hours) starting 48 hours after drug intake lowered plasma practolol significantly but transiently. The shorter half-life during hemodialysis and the detection of equally high values of practolol in the ultrafiltrates as in the plasma demonstrate that this drug is readily removable from the plasma. However, the ascending slope of the plasma drug concentration curve which appeared following hemodialysis is suggestive of an incomplete drug removal from the body.", "PMID": 1167308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1653", "title": "Vinyl-chloride-induced liver disease. From idiopathic portal hypertension (Banti's syndrome) to Angiosarcomas.", "content": "Histologic examination of liver tissue (eight autopsy and 18 biopsy specimens) and five spleens from 20 workers with vinyl chloride polymerization showed hepatic angiosarcomas in 15. In addition, a peculiar pattern of progressive portal-tract, inconspicuous intralobular and conspicuous capsular fibrosis was observed in the five workers without angiosarconma, in all the seven patients with angiosarcoma from whom tumor-free portions of the liver were available, and in two tumor-free biopsies from patients subsequently found to have angiosarcoma. The fibrosis was accompanied by splenomegaly. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of both hepatocytes and hepatic and splenic mesenchymal cells were also seen. The histologic similarity to chronic inorganic arsenical poisoning, in which angiosarcomas also occur, and to idiopathic portal hypertension (Banti's syndrome) suggests that the latter syndrome at times results from unknown toxic, possible environmental, chemicals.", "contents": "Vinyl-chloride-induced liver disease. From idiopathic portal hypertension (Banti's syndrome) to Angiosarcomas. Histologic examination of liver tissue (eight autopsy and 18 biopsy specimens) and five spleens from 20 workers with vinyl chloride polymerization showed hepatic angiosarcomas in 15. In addition, a peculiar pattern of progressive portal-tract, inconspicuous intralobular and conspicuous capsular fibrosis was observed in the five workers without angiosarconma, in all the seven patients with angiosarcoma from whom tumor-free portions of the liver were available, and in two tumor-free biopsies from patients subsequently found to have angiosarcoma. The fibrosis was accompanied by splenomegaly. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of both hepatocytes and hepatic and splenic mesenchymal cells were also seen. The histologic similarity to chronic inorganic arsenical poisoning, in which angiosarcomas also occur, and to idiopathic portal hypertension (Banti's syndrome) suggests that the latter syndrome at times results from unknown toxic, possible environmental, chemicals.", "PMID": 1167315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1654", "title": "Polarizing fucoid eggs drive a calcium current through themselves.", "content": "Calcium ions enter the prospective growth pole of polarizing Pelvetia eggs faster than the opposite pole and leave this antipode faster than the growth pole. The calcium current is greatest when first measured at 6 hours after fertilization and decreases as the time of final commitment to growth in a particular direction approaches.", "contents": "Polarizing fucoid eggs drive a calcium current through themselves. Calcium ions enter the prospective growth pole of polarizing Pelvetia eggs faster than the opposite pole and leave this antipode faster than the growth pole. The calcium current is greatest when first measured at 6 hours after fertilization and decreases as the time of final commitment to growth in a particular direction approaches.", "PMID": 1167318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1655", "title": "Damage and repair of the peripheral myelin sheath and node of Ranvier after treatment with trypsin.", "content": "Cultures of whole fetal rat sensory ganglia which had matured and myelinated in culture were treated for 1-3 h with a pulse of 0.2% trypsin. The tissue was observed during the period of treatment and during subsequent weeks using both light and electron microscopy. Within minutes after trypsin addition the matrix of the culture was altered and the nerve fascicles loosened. Progressive changes included the retraction of Schwann cell processes from the nodal region the detachment of the myelin-related paranodal Schwann cell loops from the axon, and lengthening of the nodal region as the axon was bared. The retraction of myelin from nodal stabilized several hours after trypsin withdrawal. Breakdown of the altered myelin segments was rare. There were no discernable changes in neurons or their processes after this exposure to trypsin. The partial repair which occured over a period of several weeks included the reattachment of paranodal Schwann cell loops to the axolemma and the insertion of new myelin segments where a substantial length of axolemma had been bared. The significance of these observations to the characterization of the Schwann cell-axolemmal junctions on myelinated nerve fibers is discussed. The dramatic degree of myelin change that can occur without concomitant myelin breakdown is particularly noted, as is the observation that these altered myelin segments are, in part, repaired.", "contents": "Damage and repair of the peripheral myelin sheath and node of Ranvier after treatment with trypsin. Cultures of whole fetal rat sensory ganglia which had matured and myelinated in culture were treated for 1-3 h with a pulse of 0.2% trypsin. The tissue was observed during the period of treatment and during subsequent weeks using both light and electron microscopy. Within minutes after trypsin addition the matrix of the culture was altered and the nerve fascicles loosened. Progressive changes included the retraction of Schwann cell processes from the nodal region the detachment of the myelin-related paranodal Schwann cell loops from the axon, and lengthening of the nodal region as the axon was bared. The retraction of myelin from nodal stabilized several hours after trypsin withdrawal. Breakdown of the altered myelin segments was rare. There were no discernable changes in neurons or their processes after this exposure to trypsin. The partial repair which occured over a period of several weeks included the reattachment of paranodal Schwann cell loops to the axolemma and the insertion of new myelin segments where a substantial length of axolemma had been bared. The significance of these observations to the characterization of the Schwann cell-axolemmal junctions on myelinated nerve fibers is discussed. The dramatic degree of myelin change that can occur without concomitant myelin breakdown is particularly noted, as is the observation that these altered myelin segments are, in part, repaired.", "PMID": 1167319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1656", "title": "Growth of mammalian cells on substrates coated with cellular microexudates. I. Effect on cell growth at low population densities.", "content": "Mammalian and avian cells cultured on glass or plastic substrates produce microexudates of cellular macromolecules which remain bound to the substrate when the cells are detached. The gross macromolecular composition of microexudates from a range of diploid, heteroploid, and virus-transformed cells was determined with cells labeled with radioisotopes. Significant differences in the amounts of cellular glycoproteins, proteins, and RNA present in microexudates were found between different cell types and between cells of the same type at different stages of growth. Inoculation of cells onto substrates \"coated\" with microexudates altered their growth behavior. Microexudates from exponentially growing subconfluent homotypic and heterotypic cell populations enhanced the growth of mouse and chick embryo cells seeded at very low densities, but similar microexudates had no effect on the proliferation of cells seeded at higher densities. The enhanced growth of low-density cell populations seeded on microexudates was compared with the growth enhancement produced by feeder cell layers and conditioned medium.", "contents": "Growth of mammalian cells on substrates coated with cellular microexudates. I. Effect on cell growth at low population densities. Mammalian and avian cells cultured on glass or plastic substrates produce microexudates of cellular macromolecules which remain bound to the substrate when the cells are detached. The gross macromolecular composition of microexudates from a range of diploid, heteroploid, and virus-transformed cells was determined with cells labeled with radioisotopes. Significant differences in the amounts of cellular glycoproteins, proteins, and RNA present in microexudates were found between different cell types and between cells of the same type at different stages of growth. Inoculation of cells onto substrates \"coated\" with microexudates altered their growth behavior. Microexudates from exponentially growing subconfluent homotypic and heterotypic cell populations enhanced the growth of mouse and chick embryo cells seeded at very low densities, but similar microexudates had no effect on the proliferation of cells seeded at higher densities. The enhanced growth of low-density cell populations seeded on microexudates was compared with the growth enhancement produced by feeder cell layers and conditioned medium.", "PMID": 1167320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1657", "title": "Correlation of rhodopsin biogenesis with ultrastructural morphogenesis in the chick retina.", "content": "The developing chick retina from stages 39-45 has been examined by biochemical and electron microscope techniques. The levels of rhodopsin contained in the maturing chick retina were evaluated by detergent extraction and correlated with rod outer segment formation. It was found that the appearance of rhodopsin in significant levels preceded outer segment formation by at least 2 days, thus implying that rhodopsin is synthesized in the receptor cell inner segment and translocated to the outer limb when disk membrane biogenesis occurs. The level of rhodopsin continues to rise as the rod outer segment develops. Development of both rods and cones originates and proceeds most rapidly in the fundus or central region and proceeds toward the periphery. In general, rod outer segments were noted to develop far more rapidly than cone outer segments.", "contents": "Correlation of rhodopsin biogenesis with ultrastructural morphogenesis in the chick retina. The developing chick retina from stages 39-45 has been examined by biochemical and electron microscope techniques. The levels of rhodopsin contained in the maturing chick retina were evaluated by detergent extraction and correlated with rod outer segment formation. It was found that the appearance of rhodopsin in significant levels preceded outer segment formation by at least 2 days, thus implying that rhodopsin is synthesized in the receptor cell inner segment and translocated to the outer limb when disk membrane biogenesis occurs. The level of rhodopsin continues to rise as the rod outer segment develops. Development of both rods and cones originates and proceeds most rapidly in the fundus or central region and proceeds toward the periphery. In general, rod outer segments were noted to develop far more rapidly than cone outer segments.", "PMID": 1167321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1658", "title": "Regulation of DNA replication on subchromosomal units of mammalian cells.", "content": "The regulation of DNA replication at a subchromosomal level in mammalian cells has been investigated. DNA fiber autoradiographs were prepared from mouse L-929 cells pulse labeled with (3H)thymidine. Initiation events and subsequent chain growth occurring over short stretches (up to three replication units in length) of chromosomal DNA were analyzed. The results show that adjacent units usually initiate replication synchronously and that this synchrony is related to the proximity of initiation sites. In addition, adjacent units are of similar size and the rates of replication fork progression within units and on adjacent units are similar. The rate of fork progression increases with increasing replication unit size. Finally, no evidence for fixed termination sites for the units has been found. These observations suggest that despite large variations in size of replication units, timing of initiation events, and rates of fork progression found in chromosomal DNA as a whole, these processes are closely regulated within subchromosomal clusters of active replication units.", "contents": "Regulation of DNA replication on subchromosomal units of mammalian cells. The regulation of DNA replication at a subchromosomal level in mammalian cells has been investigated. DNA fiber autoradiographs were prepared from mouse L-929 cells pulse labeled with (3H)thymidine. Initiation events and subsequent chain growth occurring over short stretches (up to three replication units in length) of chromosomal DNA were analyzed. The results show that adjacent units usually initiate replication synchronously and that this synchrony is related to the proximity of initiation sites. In addition, adjacent units are of similar size and the rates of replication fork progression within units and on adjacent units are similar. The rate of fork progression increases with increasing replication unit size. Finally, no evidence for fixed termination sites for the units has been found. These observations suggest that despite large variations in size of replication units, timing of initiation events, and rates of fork progression found in chromosomal DNA as a whole, these processes are closely regulated within subchromosomal clusters of active replication units.", "PMID": 1167322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1659", "title": "Isolation of a concanavalin A receptor from mouse L cells.", "content": "A cell surface glycoprotein receptor for concanavalin A (Con A) has been isolated from mouse L cells. The isolation procedure involved dissolving whole L cells in 0.3 M lithium diiodosalicylate and extracting with aqueous phenol. The Con A receptor, which was found in the aqueous phase of this extract, was further purified by affinity chromatography on a column of Con A-Sepharose; the receptor was adsorbed to Con A-Sepharose and eluted with 0.1 M methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside or with 0.1 M methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, but not with other monosaccharides. The cell surface location of the Con A receptor purified in this way was confirmed by showing that it can be isolated from purified L cell plasma membranes and by demonstrating that it can be labeled from the exterior surface of intact L cells by the nonpenetrating galactose oxidase-KB3H4 system. Biochemical studies of the Con A receptor have shown that it migrates on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels as a single component having an apparent molecular weight of approximately 100,000. Its N-terminal amino acid is valine and it has carbohydrate attached at several (at least five) different sites along the polypeptide chain.", "contents": "Isolation of a concanavalin A receptor from mouse L cells. A cell surface glycoprotein receptor for concanavalin A (Con A) has been isolated from mouse L cells. The isolation procedure involved dissolving whole L cells in 0.3 M lithium diiodosalicylate and extracting with aqueous phenol. The Con A receptor, which was found in the aqueous phase of this extract, was further purified by affinity chromatography on a column of Con A-Sepharose; the receptor was adsorbed to Con A-Sepharose and eluted with 0.1 M methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside or with 0.1 M methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, but not with other monosaccharides. The cell surface location of the Con A receptor purified in this way was confirmed by showing that it can be isolated from purified L cell plasma membranes and by demonstrating that it can be labeled from the exterior surface of intact L cells by the nonpenetrating galactose oxidase-KB3H4 system. Biochemical studies of the Con A receptor have shown that it migrates on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels as a single component having an apparent molecular weight of approximately 100,000. Its N-terminal amino acid is valine and it has carbohydrate attached at several (at least five) different sites along the polypeptide chain.", "PMID": 1167332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1660", "title": "Inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport by hydroxy-substituted 1,4-quinones.", "content": "Mitochondrial electron transport from NADH, succinate, or duroquinol to oxygen is inhibited by 5-omega-cyclohexyl-n-pentyl-6-hydroxy-2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone and 2-omega-cyclohexyl-n-pentyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-napthoquinone. Assays of partial electron transport activities indicate a site of inhibition in the region between the site of duroquinol oxidation and cytochrome c reduction. Effects of the inhibitors on cytochrome spectra indicate the principle site of inhibition is between cytochromes of the b group and cytochrome c1. The quinones do not induce increased reduction of the b566 as does antimycin A. The benzoquinone can induce a partial antimycin insensitive bypass of the cytochromes b-c1 region. Uncoupling agents do not affect the extent of inhibition as has been reported for analogous naphthoquinone inhibitors.", "contents": "Inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport by hydroxy-substituted 1,4-quinones. Mitochondrial electron transport from NADH, succinate, or duroquinol to oxygen is inhibited by 5-omega-cyclohexyl-n-pentyl-6-hydroxy-2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone and 2-omega-cyclohexyl-n-pentyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-napthoquinone. Assays of partial electron transport activities indicate a site of inhibition in the region between the site of duroquinol oxidation and cytochrome c reduction. Effects of the inhibitors on cytochrome spectra indicate the principle site of inhibition is between cytochromes of the b group and cytochrome c1. The quinones do not induce increased reduction of the b566 as does antimycin A. The benzoquinone can induce a partial antimycin insensitive bypass of the cytochromes b-c1 region. Uncoupling agents do not affect the extent of inhibition as has been reported for analogous naphthoquinone inhibitors.", "PMID": 1167333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1661", "title": "Modification of histone binding in calf thymus chromatin by protamine.", "content": "When calf thymus chromatin is incubated with protamine, the protein binds to DNA, forming a chromatin-protamine complex. The binding reaches a saturating level at the weight ratio of protamine to DNA of approximately 0.5. Although the saturated binding of protamine to DNA does not cause major displacement of histones from calf thymus chromatin, examination of the dissociation profiles by salt in combination with urea of protamine-treated chromatin shows that the histone-DNA interactions are markedly altered by such binding. The dissociation of histones from the chromatin-protamine complex requires less NaCl but the same concentration of urea as that for untreated chromatin, suggesting that the electorstatic interactions between the histones and DNA are decreased as a result of protamine binding. When protamine concentration is increased beyond that required for saturated binding to DNA during in vitro exposure of calf thymus chromatin to protamine, lysine-rich histone is completely displaced.", "contents": "Modification of histone binding in calf thymus chromatin by protamine. When calf thymus chromatin is incubated with protamine, the protein binds to DNA, forming a chromatin-protamine complex. The binding reaches a saturating level at the weight ratio of protamine to DNA of approximately 0.5. Although the saturated binding of protamine to DNA does not cause major displacement of histones from calf thymus chromatin, examination of the dissociation profiles by salt in combination with urea of protamine-treated chromatin shows that the histone-DNA interactions are markedly altered by such binding. The dissociation of histones from the chromatin-protamine complex requires less NaCl but the same concentration of urea as that for untreated chromatin, suggesting that the electorstatic interactions between the histones and DNA are decreased as a result of protamine binding. When protamine concentration is increased beyond that required for saturated binding to DNA during in vitro exposure of calf thymus chromatin to protamine, lysine-rich histone is completely displaced.", "PMID": 1167334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1662", "title": "Alteration of fatty acid composition of LM cells by lipid supplementation and temperature.", "content": "Alteration of the fatty acid composition of monolayer cultures of LM cells grown in chemically defined medium was achieved by supplementation with fatty acids complexed to bovine serum albumin. Phospholipids containing up to 40% linoleate were found in cells grown in medium containing 20 mu g of linoleate/ml. Incorporation of linoleate into phospholipids reached a plateau after 12-24 hr, and cells remained viable for at least 3-4 days. Although linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids were incorporated into LM cells equally well, only the latter was elongated by these cells under these experimental conditions. Nonadecanoic acid was incorporated to a lesser extent than the polyunsaturated fatty acids. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine of LM cells had different fatty acid compositions; phosphatidylethanolamine contained more longer chain and unsaturated fatty acids. Cells were also grown in the absence of choline and presence of choline analogs such as N,N-dimethylethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, 3-amino-1-propanol, and 1-2-amino-1-butanol. The analog phospholipids in these cells had fatty acid compositions which were intermediate between those of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine of control cells grown in the presence of choline. Linoleate was found in both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine of cells supplemented with linoleate. The sphingolipid fraction of these cells, however, did not contain significant amounts of linoleate. When linoleate was present in the phospholipids, compensatory decreases in the oleate and palmitoleate content of phospholipids were observed. Lowering of the growth temperature to 28 degrees produced an increase in unsaturate fatty acid content of the phospholipids. When linoleate was supplied to cells grown at 28 degrees, there was no further increase in the unsaturated fatty acid composition of the phospholipids. Using both fatty acid supplementation and lowered growth temperature, LM cell membranes can be produced which have phospholipids with vastly different fatty acid compositions.", "contents": "Alteration of fatty acid composition of LM cells by lipid supplementation and temperature. Alteration of the fatty acid composition of monolayer cultures of LM cells grown in chemically defined medium was achieved by supplementation with fatty acids complexed to bovine serum albumin. Phospholipids containing up to 40% linoleate were found in cells grown in medium containing 20 mu g of linoleate/ml. Incorporation of linoleate into phospholipids reached a plateau after 12-24 hr, and cells remained viable for at least 3-4 days. Although linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids were incorporated into LM cells equally well, only the latter was elongated by these cells under these experimental conditions. Nonadecanoic acid was incorporated to a lesser extent than the polyunsaturated fatty acids. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine of LM cells had different fatty acid compositions; phosphatidylethanolamine contained more longer chain and unsaturated fatty acids. Cells were also grown in the absence of choline and presence of choline analogs such as N,N-dimethylethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, 3-amino-1-propanol, and 1-2-amino-1-butanol. The analog phospholipids in these cells had fatty acid compositions which were intermediate between those of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine of control cells grown in the presence of choline. Linoleate was found in both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine of cells supplemented with linoleate. The sphingolipid fraction of these cells, however, did not contain significant amounts of linoleate. When linoleate was present in the phospholipids, compensatory decreases in the oleate and palmitoleate content of phospholipids were observed. Lowering of the growth temperature to 28 degrees produced an increase in unsaturate fatty acid content of the phospholipids. When linoleate was supplied to cells grown at 28 degrees, there was no further increase in the unsaturated fatty acid composition of the phospholipids. Using both fatty acid supplementation and lowered growth temperature, LM cell membranes can be produced which have phospholipids with vastly different fatty acid compositions.", "PMID": 1167335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1663", "title": "The binding of tissue-specific adhesive molecules to the cell surface. A molecular basis for specificity.", "content": "Factors present in supernatants prepared from neural retina or cerebral lobe tissue cultures bind specifically to cells of the same type and promote cellular aggregation; the basis for the specificity of these factor-cell interactions has been investigated. Pronase digestion destroys binding of protein but not the carbohydrate portion of factors. Digestion with a mixture of protease-free glycosidases destroys both protein and carbohydrate binding. Purified beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase reduces binding of retina factor by 80%. The enzymatic activity which destroys binding of cerebral lobe factor to cerebral cells appears to be alpha-mannosidase activity. Further, paper chromatography of the enzymatic digestion products of the binding factors reveals that N-acetylgalactosamine residues are released from the retina factor while mannosamine residues are released from the cerebral lobe factor. Inhibition of binding of factors to cells by monosaccharides is consistent with the enzyme data. N-Acetylgalactosamine maximally inhibits binding of factor to retina cells while mannosamine inhibits factor binding to cerebral cells. These data suggest that the specificity of cellular adhesion is determined, at least in part, by the sequence of sugars in an oligosaccharide residue of a complex glycoprotein.", "contents": "The binding of tissue-specific adhesive molecules to the cell surface. A molecular basis for specificity. Factors present in supernatants prepared from neural retina or cerebral lobe tissue cultures bind specifically to cells of the same type and promote cellular aggregation; the basis for the specificity of these factor-cell interactions has been investigated. Pronase digestion destroys binding of protein but not the carbohydrate portion of factors. Digestion with a mixture of protease-free glycosidases destroys both protein and carbohydrate binding. Purified beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase reduces binding of retina factor by 80%. The enzymatic activity which destroys binding of cerebral lobe factor to cerebral cells appears to be alpha-mannosidase activity. Further, paper chromatography of the enzymatic digestion products of the binding factors reveals that N-acetylgalactosamine residues are released from the retina factor while mannosamine residues are released from the cerebral lobe factor. Inhibition of binding of factors to cells by monosaccharides is consistent with the enzyme data. N-Acetylgalactosamine maximally inhibits binding of factor to retina cells while mannosamine inhibits factor binding to cerebral cells. These data suggest that the specificity of cellular adhesion is determined, at least in part, by the sequence of sugars in an oligosaccharide residue of a complex glycoprotein.", "PMID": 1167336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1664", "title": "The activation of adrenal cortex mitochondrial malic enzyme by Ca2+ and Mg2+.", "content": "Adrenal cortex mitochondria prepared by a standard method do not exhibit malic enzyme activity. Addition of physiological concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ enables these mitochondria to reduce added NADP+ by malate to form free NADPH. Half-maximum activation of the mitochondrial malic enzyme requires 0.3 mM Ca2+ and 1 mM Mg2+. Solubilized mitochondrial malic enzymes is independent of Ca2+ and has a K M of 0.2 mM for Mg2+. The Ca2+ effect is dependent on an initial period of active Ca2+ uptake which also causes other changes in respiratory properties similar to those observed with mitochondria from other tissues. After Ca2+ accumulation has taken place, free Ca2+, but not additional accumulation, is still required for malic enzyme activity. The requirement for Mg2+ can be met by Mn2+ (1 mM). This concentration of Mn2+ alone yielded only a slight activation of mitochondrial malic enzyme while higher concentrations of Mn2+ alone gave good activation of the mitochondrial malic enzy.e The NADPH generated by the Ca2+-Mg2+ activated malic enzyme effectively supports the 11beta-hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone, whereas in the presence of malate, or malate plus Mg2+ but absence of Ca2+, the energy linked transhydrogenase supplies all the required NADPH. The activated malic enzyme appears to be more efficient than transhydrogenase in generating NADPH to support 11beta-hydroxylation. Cyanide and azide have been found to inhibit solubilized mitochondrial malic enzyme.", "contents": "The activation of adrenal cortex mitochondrial malic enzyme by Ca2+ and Mg2+. Adrenal cortex mitochondria prepared by a standard method do not exhibit malic enzyme activity. Addition of physiological concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ enables these mitochondria to reduce added NADP+ by malate to form free NADPH. Half-maximum activation of the mitochondrial malic enzyme requires 0.3 mM Ca2+ and 1 mM Mg2+. Solubilized mitochondrial malic enzymes is independent of Ca2+ and has a K M of 0.2 mM for Mg2+. The Ca2+ effect is dependent on an initial period of active Ca2+ uptake which also causes other changes in respiratory properties similar to those observed with mitochondria from other tissues. After Ca2+ accumulation has taken place, free Ca2+, but not additional accumulation, is still required for malic enzyme activity. The requirement for Mg2+ can be met by Mn2+ (1 mM). This concentration of Mn2+ alone yielded only a slight activation of mitochondrial malic enzyme while higher concentrations of Mn2+ alone gave good activation of the mitochondrial malic enzy.e The NADPH generated by the Ca2+-Mg2+ activated malic enzyme effectively supports the 11beta-hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone, whereas in the presence of malate, or malate plus Mg2+ but absence of Ca2+, the energy linked transhydrogenase supplies all the required NADPH. The activated malic enzyme appears to be more efficient than transhydrogenase in generating NADPH to support 11beta-hydroxylation. Cyanide and azide have been found to inhibit solubilized mitochondrial malic enzyme.", "PMID": 1167337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1665", "title": "Planned splenectomy in treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "The results of a policy of treatment in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura based on previous observations on the natural history of the disease and its response to corticosteroids are described. The results of splenectomy were better when the history was less than 100 days. Three patterns of response to splenectomy were observed: complete remission, symptomatic remission, and relapse. The prognosis can be determined by the level of the platelet count six weeks after splenectomy. Corticosteroid treatment for more than three weeks before splenectomy noticeably increased the incidence of complications after operation. Splenectomy can safely be performed in pregnancy. The decision to operate should be made on the maternal condition and its response to corticosteroids.", "contents": "Planned splenectomy in treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The results of a policy of treatment in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura based on previous observations on the natural history of the disease and its response to corticosteroids are described. The results of splenectomy were better when the history was less than 100 days. Three patterns of response to splenectomy were observed: complete remission, symptomatic remission, and relapse. The prognosis can be determined by the level of the platelet count six weeks after splenectomy. Corticosteroid treatment for more than three weeks before splenectomy noticeably increased the incidence of complications after operation. Splenectomy can safely be performed in pregnancy. The decision to operate should be made on the maternal condition and its response to corticosteroids.", "PMID": 1167338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1666", "title": "Teratogenic effects of diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "A child aged 24 months had multiple congenital abnormalities and delayed development. The 28-year-old mother had been treated since childhood with anticonvulsants. Her previous pregnancies had resulted in three early spontaneous abortions and one child with severe bilateral cleft lip and palate. This case report further suggests a relationship between maternal diphenylhydantoin use and fetal anomalies.", "contents": "Teratogenic effects of diphenylhydantoin. A child aged 24 months had multiple congenital abnormalities and delayed development. The 28-year-old mother had been treated since childhood with anticonvulsants. Her previous pregnancies had resulted in three early spontaneous abortions and one child with severe bilateral cleft lip and palate. This case report further suggests a relationship between maternal diphenylhydantoin use and fetal anomalies.", "PMID": 1167341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1667", "title": "Malignant histiocytosis (histiocytic medullary reticulosis). I. Clinicopatholigic study of 29 cases.", "content": "The clinical records and histologic material from 29 cases of malignant histiocytosis (MH) have been reviewed, as well as autopsy findings in 14 cases. The mean age was 31 years, with a 2.2:1 male to female preponderance. Major physical findings included temperature elevation, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and preterminal jaundice. Common laboratory findings were anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The median survival was 6 months, the mean 14 months, and the range from 1 month to 8 years. The histologic features observed in lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow have been emphasized, as well as features useful in differential diagnosis. In contrast to our experience with the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, bone marrow aspiration was superior to biopsy in assessing marrow involvement. Unusual manifestations included soft tissue infiltration in 5 cases; 2 of these patients presented with a soft tissue mass. The distinctive clinical as well as histologic findings warrant recognition and separation of MH from other hematopoietic disorders.", "contents": "Malignant histiocytosis (histiocytic medullary reticulosis). I. Clinicopatholigic study of 29 cases. The clinical records and histologic material from 29 cases of malignant histiocytosis (MH) have been reviewed, as well as autopsy findings in 14 cases. The mean age was 31 years, with a 2.2:1 male to female preponderance. Major physical findings included temperature elevation, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and preterminal jaundice. Common laboratory findings were anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The median survival was 6 months, the mean 14 months, and the range from 1 month to 8 years. The histologic features observed in lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow have been emphasized, as well as features useful in differential diagnosis. In contrast to our experience with the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, bone marrow aspiration was superior to biopsy in assessing marrow involvement. Unusual manifestations included soft tissue infiltration in 5 cases; 2 of these patients presented with a soft tissue mass. The distinctive clinical as well as histologic findings warrant recognition and separation of MH from other hematopoietic disorders.", "PMID": 1167345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1668", "title": "Comparison of the cellular DNA-bound products of benzo(alpha)pyrene with the products formed by the reaction of benzo(alpha)pyrene-4,5-oxide with DNA.", "content": "DNA isolated from mouse embryo cell cultures that had been treated with [3H]benzo(alpha)pyrene was degraded with enzymes to deoxyribonucleosides, and the hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside products were isolated by chromatography on a Sephadex LH20 column eluted with a water: methanol gradient. The hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside products were not identical to those found in similar chromatograms of enzyme digests of DNA that had been reacted with benzo(alpha)pyrene-4,5-oxide in aqueous ethanol solution. This finding suggests that the metabolic activation of benzo(alpha)pyrene that results in this hydrocarbon becoming covalently bound to DNA in mouse embryo cells in culture may be more complex than simply formation of a K-region epoxide and reaction of that compound with the cellular DNA.", "contents": "Comparison of the cellular DNA-bound products of benzo(alpha)pyrene with the products formed by the reaction of benzo(alpha)pyrene-4,5-oxide with DNA. DNA isolated from mouse embryo cell cultures that had been treated with [3H]benzo(alpha)pyrene was degraded with enzymes to deoxyribonucleosides, and the hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside products were isolated by chromatography on a Sephadex LH20 column eluted with a water: methanol gradient. The hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside products were not identical to those found in similar chromatograms of enzyme digests of DNA that had been reacted with benzo(alpha)pyrene-4,5-oxide in aqueous ethanol solution. This finding suggests that the metabolic activation of benzo(alpha)pyrene that results in this hydrocarbon becoming covalently bound to DNA in mouse embryo cells in culture may be more complex than simply formation of a K-region epoxide and reaction of that compound with the cellular DNA.", "PMID": 1167347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1669", "title": "A comparison of glycosyltransferase activities and malignant properties in normal and transformed cells derived from BALB/c mice.", "content": "The ability of suspensions of BALB/c cells to catalyze the incorporation of nucleotide sugars into complex polysaccharides has been compared. These cells have previously been characterized for concanavalin A-induced agglutinability, tumorigenicity, and malignancy. All of the cell lines tested catalyze transfer of the sugar moieties of cytosine 5-monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid, uridine 5-diphosphate galactose, uridine 5-diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine, uridine 5-diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine, uridine 5-diphosphate glucose, and guanidine 5-diphosphate monnose into glycoproteins and glycolipids. While some transformed lines exhibit alterations in transferase levels, others cannot be distinguished from normal cells. Normal cells, transformed cells that cause tumors that regress, and transformed cells that cause tumors that kill an immunologically competent host show growth-dependent changes in transferase activities. Determining the ability to catalyze carbohydrate transfer is insufficient for predicting the tumorigenic and malignant properties of a cell line.", "contents": "A comparison of glycosyltransferase activities and malignant properties in normal and transformed cells derived from BALB/c mice. The ability of suspensions of BALB/c cells to catalyze the incorporation of nucleotide sugars into complex polysaccharides has been compared. These cells have previously been characterized for concanavalin A-induced agglutinability, tumorigenicity, and malignancy. All of the cell lines tested catalyze transfer of the sugar moieties of cytosine 5-monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid, uridine 5-diphosphate galactose, uridine 5-diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine, uridine 5-diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine, uridine 5-diphosphate glucose, and guanidine 5-diphosphate monnose into glycoproteins and glycolipids. While some transformed lines exhibit alterations in transferase levels, others cannot be distinguished from normal cells. Normal cells, transformed cells that cause tumors that regress, and transformed cells that cause tumors that kill an immunologically competent host show growth-dependent changes in transferase activities. Determining the ability to catalyze carbohydrate transfer is insufficient for predicting the tumorigenic and malignant properties of a cell line.", "PMID": 1167348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1670", "title": "Comparative effects of three nitrosourea derivatives on mammalian cell cycle progression.", "content": "Three nitrosourea analogs, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, and 1-trans-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, were examined for effects on survival and cell cycle traverse capacity in exponentially growing (cycling) populations of line CHO Chinese hamster cells and in cultures arrested in G1 by isoleucine deprivation during treatment with drugs, then returned to the cycling mode by restoration of isoleucine (noncycling cells). Among parameters studied were survival, cell division, DNA initiation capacities, cell cycle distributions, and rates of cell cycle traverse in drug-treated cycling and noncycling cells utilizing a protocol combining autoradiography, cell number enumeration, and flow microfluorometry. The results obtained were in generally good agreement with results obtained in vivo in other studies and included the following. Cells treated with any of these agents accumulated preferentially in late S and G2, primarily the result of a gross increase in duration of these phases of the cell cycle. There was also a prolongation of doubling time during the early stages following drug treatment and return to the proliferating mode of cells which ultimately survived. All three drugs induced mitotic nondisjunction in cells capable of dividing and also induced polyploidy by allowing multiple rounds of progression through the cell cycle in the absence of an intervening cell division. In treated populations, the G2-arrested and polyploid cells were among the first cells to die. Treated, noncycling cells that were returned to cycle exhibited a lower survival capacity than did treated, cycling cells. Finally, 1-(2-chloroethyl-3-cyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea and 1-trans(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea induced a dramatic alteration in clonal morphology and growth patterns in surviving cells that persisted for at least a week after drug removal. The results obtained suggest that our model system may be useful as a predictive guide for determining response of susceptible tumor cells to treatment with chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Comparative effects of three nitrosourea derivatives on mammalian cell cycle progression. Three nitrosourea analogs, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, and 1-trans-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, were examined for effects on survival and cell cycle traverse capacity in exponentially growing (cycling) populations of line CHO Chinese hamster cells and in cultures arrested in G1 by isoleucine deprivation during treatment with drugs, then returned to the cycling mode by restoration of isoleucine (noncycling cells). Among parameters studied were survival, cell division, DNA initiation capacities, cell cycle distributions, and rates of cell cycle traverse in drug-treated cycling and noncycling cells utilizing a protocol combining autoradiography, cell number enumeration, and flow microfluorometry. The results obtained were in generally good agreement with results obtained in vivo in other studies and included the following. Cells treated with any of these agents accumulated preferentially in late S and G2, primarily the result of a gross increase in duration of these phases of the cell cycle. There was also a prolongation of doubling time during the early stages following drug treatment and return to the proliferating mode of cells which ultimately survived. All three drugs induced mitotic nondisjunction in cells capable of dividing and also induced polyploidy by allowing multiple rounds of progression through the cell cycle in the absence of an intervening cell division. In treated populations, the G2-arrested and polyploid cells were among the first cells to die. Treated, noncycling cells that were returned to cycle exhibited a lower survival capacity than did treated, cycling cells. Finally, 1-(2-chloroethyl-3-cyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea and 1-trans(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea induced a dramatic alteration in clonal morphology and growth patterns in surviving cells that persisted for at least a week after drug removal. The results obtained suggest that our model system may be useful as a predictive guide for determining response of susceptible tumor cells to treatment with chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 1167349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1671", "title": "The control of progesterone secretion during the estrous cycle and early pseudopregnancy in the rat: prolactin, gonadotropin and steroid levels associated with rescue of the corpus luteum of pseudopregnancy.", "content": "The hormonal factors associated with converting a corpus luteum of estrous cycle into a corpus luteum of pseudopregnancy were studied by measuring LH and FSH prolactin, estradiol and progesterone levels in decapitated rats during the 4-day estrous cycle and a comparable time of pseudopregnancy (lights on 0600-0800 hr.). During the estrous cycle, prolactin, LH and FSH remained low and unchanging except on the afternoon of proestrus, when typical proestrous surges were observed. In contrast, estradiol levels began to increase on D-1, from baseline values of 7 pg/ml to approximately 15-20 pg/ml. These levels were maintained until the afternoon of D-2 when estradiol further increased to reach peak levels of 40-50 pg/ml by 0900 hr on proestrus. Estradiol then declined in relation to the increase in LH secreation and had returned to baseline by estrus. Progesterone secretion by the corpora lutea of the cycle also increased on the afternoon of D-1 and reached a maximum value of 25-30 ng/ml early on the morning of D-2. At this time, a precipitious fall in progesterone occurred, returning to baseline values of 5-1- ng/ml by 0700 on D-2 signifying the regression of the corpora lutea of the cycle. Progesterone remained low thereafter until the afternoon of proestrus when levels increased in response to the proestrus when levels increased in response to the proestrous surge of LH. Following cervical stimulation at 1900 hr on proestrus, no differences were noted, with respect to the estrous cycle, in LH, FSH or estradiol secreation through the afternoon of D-2. Surprisingly, progesterone levels did not differ in the cycle and pseudopregnancy until the early morning of D-29 instead of progesterone levels falling to baseline as they had during the cycle, the corpora lutea of pseudopregnancy were rescused, progesterone increasing dramatically to reach levels of 45-50 ng/ml by 1700 hr on that same day. The only difference in hormone secretion that was noted which could account for this marked divergence in progesterone secretion was the pattern of prolactin secretion following cervical stimulation. In contrast to the low levels seen during the estrous cycle, biphasio surges of prolactin secretion occured each day, one being nocturnal (0100-0900 hr) and the other diurnal (1500-2100 hr). The rescue of the corpus luteum occured in association with the nocturnal surge on D-2. These results suggest that nocturnal surge on D-2, PROLACTIN IS THE MAJOR Luteotropic stimulus which transforms and estrous cycle into pseudopregnancy by prolonging progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum. Moreover, if LH is important for progesterone secretion, no changes were observed in the pattern of LH secretion which can account for the rescue of the corpus luteum.", "contents": "The control of progesterone secretion during the estrous cycle and early pseudopregnancy in the rat: prolactin, gonadotropin and steroid levels associated with rescue of the corpus luteum of pseudopregnancy. The hormonal factors associated with converting a corpus luteum of estrous cycle into a corpus luteum of pseudopregnancy were studied by measuring LH and FSH prolactin, estradiol and progesterone levels in decapitated rats during the 4-day estrous cycle and a comparable time of pseudopregnancy (lights on 0600-0800 hr.). During the estrous cycle, prolactin, LH and FSH remained low and unchanging except on the afternoon of proestrus, when typical proestrous surges were observed. In contrast, estradiol levels began to increase on D-1, from baseline values of 7 pg/ml to approximately 15-20 pg/ml. These levels were maintained until the afternoon of D-2 when estradiol further increased to reach peak levels of 40-50 pg/ml by 0900 hr on proestrus. Estradiol then declined in relation to the increase in LH secreation and had returned to baseline by estrus. Progesterone secretion by the corpora lutea of the cycle also increased on the afternoon of D-1 and reached a maximum value of 25-30 ng/ml early on the morning of D-2. At this time, a precipitious fall in progesterone occurred, returning to baseline values of 5-1- ng/ml by 0700 on D-2 signifying the regression of the corpora lutea of the cycle. Progesterone remained low thereafter until the afternoon of proestrus when levels increased in response to the proestrus when levels increased in response to the proestrous surge of LH. Following cervical stimulation at 1900 hr on proestrus, no differences were noted, with respect to the estrous cycle, in LH, FSH or estradiol secreation through the afternoon of D-2. Surprisingly, progesterone levels did not differ in the cycle and pseudopregnancy until the early morning of D-29 instead of progesterone levels falling to baseline as they had during the cycle, the corpora lutea of pseudopregnancy were rescused, progesterone increasing dramatically to reach levels of 45-50 ng/ml by 1700 hr on that same day. The only difference in hormone secretion that was noted which could account for this marked divergence in progesterone secretion was the pattern of prolactin secretion following cervical stimulation. In contrast to the low levels seen during the estrous cycle, biphasio surges of prolactin secretion occured each day, one being nocturnal (0100-0900 hr) and the other diurnal (1500-2100 hr). The rescue of the corpus luteum occured in association with the nocturnal surge on D-2. These results suggest that nocturnal surge on D-2, PROLACTIN IS THE MAJOR Luteotropic stimulus which transforms and estrous cycle into pseudopregnancy by prolonging progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum. Moreover, if LH is important for progesterone secretion, no changes were observed in the pattern of LH secretion which can account for the rescue of the corpus luteum.", "PMID": 1167352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1672", "title": "Observations on facilitation of the preovulatory rise of LH by estrogen.", "content": "Systemic levels of estradiol (E2) during the 4-day estrous cycle rise in a biphasic manner; slow elevations during diestrus II are followed by rapid increases during the early morning of proestrus (Kalra and Kalra, 1973). The relation of these alterations in systemic E2 levels to the proestrus surge of LH was investigated. Administration of progesterone (P 4 mg/rat) to rats at 2200 hr of diestrus II blocked ovulation and the surge of LH in the afternoon of proestrus. Injection of estradiol benzoate (EB, 5 mug/rat) 2 hr prior to, together with or following P treatment at 0300 hr of proestrus restored ovulation and the surge of LH. However, blockade of ovulation was not reversed if EB was administered at 0500 or 0800 hr of proestrus following P treatment on diestrus II. Similarly, bilateral ovariectomy at 2300 hr of diestrus II but not at 0300 hr or later on proestrus abolished the proestrus surge of LH. Apparently, the rapid rise in systemic E2 between 2300 hr of diestrus II and 0300 hrs of proestrus is crucial and serves to activate the neural \"trigger\" of preovulatory release of LH. The role of ovarian E2 secretion prior to 2300 hr of diestrus II in facilitation of neural \"trigger\" was studied. In the absence of endogenous E2 priming produced by ovariectomy at 0800 hr of diestrus II, EB injections at 2300 hr of the same day failed to restore the proestrus surge of LH. However, when ovariectomy was delayed to allow normal E2 priming through diestrus II, administration of EB shortly after ovariectomy at 2300 hr of diestrus II elicited the normal proestrus surge of LH. These results indicated that following the initial \"priming\" of central site(s) with low levels of circulating E2 during diestrus II, rapid elevations in ovarian estrogen secretion between 2300 hr of diestrus II and 0300 hr of proestrus facilitated the neural \"trigger\" of pituitary LH release during the critical period on proestrus.", "contents": "Observations on facilitation of the preovulatory rise of LH by estrogen. Systemic levels of estradiol (E2) during the 4-day estrous cycle rise in a biphasic manner; slow elevations during diestrus II are followed by rapid increases during the early morning of proestrus (Kalra and Kalra, 1973). The relation of these alterations in systemic E2 levels to the proestrus surge of LH was investigated. Administration of progesterone (P 4 mg/rat) to rats at 2200 hr of diestrus II blocked ovulation and the surge of LH in the afternoon of proestrus. Injection of estradiol benzoate (EB, 5 mug/rat) 2 hr prior to, together with or following P treatment at 0300 hr of proestrus restored ovulation and the surge of LH. However, blockade of ovulation was not reversed if EB was administered at 0500 or 0800 hr of proestrus following P treatment on diestrus II. Similarly, bilateral ovariectomy at 2300 hr of diestrus II but not at 0300 hr or later on proestrus abolished the proestrus surge of LH. Apparently, the rapid rise in systemic E2 between 2300 hr of diestrus II and 0300 hrs of proestrus is crucial and serves to activate the neural \"trigger\" of preovulatory release of LH. The role of ovarian E2 secretion prior to 2300 hr of diestrus II in facilitation of neural \"trigger\" was studied. In the absence of endogenous E2 priming produced by ovariectomy at 0800 hr of diestrus II, EB injections at 2300 hr of the same day failed to restore the proestrus surge of LH. However, when ovariectomy was delayed to allow normal E2 priming through diestrus II, administration of EB shortly after ovariectomy at 2300 hr of diestrus II elicited the normal proestrus surge of LH. These results indicated that following the initial \"priming\" of central site(s) with low levels of circulating E2 during diestrus II, rapid elevations in ovarian estrogen secretion between 2300 hr of diestrus II and 0300 hr of proestrus facilitated the neural \"trigger\" of pituitary LH release during the critical period on proestrus.", "PMID": 1167353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1673", "title": "Cytoplasmic glucocorticoid binding proteins in bone cells.", "content": "The binding of 3H-dexamethasone (3H-DM) was studied in the cytoplasmic fraction of bone cells isolated from fetal rat calvaria by enzymatic digestion. An high-affinity glucocorticoid binding protein resembling those described in other target tissues was demonstrated. Scatchard analysis revealed a single class of binding sites with an apparent dissociation constant for 3H-DM (0C) of 7 x 10-9M and a concentration of binding sites of 0.11 pmoles/mg cytosol protein. The number of cytoplasmic binding sites per cell was calculated at 6,000 which is probably an underestimate due to occupancy of some sites by endogenous steroids. The binding sites appeared protein in nature since incubation with pronase destroyed 100% of the binding. Nuclear transfer was demonstrated in a reconstituted system utilizing bone cytosol as donor and liver nuclei as the acceptor. Competitive binding analysis revealed corticosterone to be equivalent to DM in binding affinity; progesterone was 75% as potent as DM. Aldosterone and SC-26304 (a spirolactone analogue) had, respectively, 1", "contents": "Cytoplasmic glucocorticoid binding proteins in bone cells. The binding of 3H-dexamethasone (3H-DM) was studied in the cytoplasmic fraction of bone cells isolated from fetal rat calvaria by enzymatic digestion. An high-affinity glucocorticoid binding protein resembling those described in other target tissues was demonstrated. Scatchard analysis revealed a single class of binding sites with an apparent dissociation constant for 3H-DM (0C) of 7 x 10-9M and a concentration of binding sites of 0.11 pmoles/mg cytosol protein. The number of cytoplasmic binding sites per cell was calculated at 6,000 which is probably an underestimate due to occupancy of some sites by endogenous steroids. The binding sites appeared protein in nature since incubation with pronase destroyed 100% of the binding. Nuclear transfer was demonstrated in a reconstituted system utilizing bone cytosol as donor and liver nuclei as the acceptor. Competitive binding analysis revealed corticosterone to be equivalent to DM in binding affinity; progesterone was 75% as potent as DM. Aldosterone and SC-26304 (a spirolactone analogue) had, respectively, 1", "PMID": 1167354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1674", "title": "Adrenal and ovarian steroid secretion in the rat estrous cycle temporally related to gonadotropins and steroid levels found in peripheral plasma.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the patterns of estrogen and progestin secretion by the adrenal and the ovary and to relate these to the levels of steroids and gonadotropins found in peripheral plasma. A total of 70 rats were used in this study. Adrenal venous (ADVB) and ovarian venous blood (OVB) were collected by concurrent cannulation and peripheral blood (PB) was obtained from the abdominal aorta. Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), PROGESTERONE (P) and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17alpha-OHP) were measured by radioimmunoassay. The concentration of E2 in general was higher in ADVB than in OVB. Although increased levels of E2 in ADVB were found on the afternoon of proestrus (1527-2634 pg/ml), they were not significantly different from those recorded at other times. In contrast E2 in OVB was lowest at 1000-1200 hr of estrus (225 pg/ml) and highest at 1000-2000 hr of proestrus (1190-1605 pg/ml). The E2 in PB followed the pattern seen in OVB; the values ranged from 80-211 pg/ml. P concentration in general was higher in ADVB than in OVB. The lowest concentration of P in ADVB was between 0200-0400 hr of estrus (183 ng/ml) and the highest between 1400-1600 hr of proestrus (580 ng/ml) and 1000-1200 hr of estrus (591 ng/ml). The lowest concentration of P in the OVB was between 1600-1800 hr of diestrus (42 ng/ml) and the highest between 0200-0400 hr of estrus (466 ng/ml). In the PB, P reflected changes in adrenal as well as ovarian secretion; the values ranged fron 7-25 ng/ml. E1 in ADVB was in general lower than in OVB, and there were no significant changes at any stage of the cycle. In the OVB, however, E1 showed a pattern similar to that of E2. Levels of E1 in PB were very low and failed to show any significant changes. 17alpha-OHP was high in ADVB, although there were no significant changes during the cycle; PB levels also did not show any significant changes. In the OVB a peak of 17alpha-OHP was recorded between 0200-0400 hr on the day of estrus. The LH and FSH levels showed increases after 1600 hr on the day of proestrus and this was in agreement with earlier studies. Since the adrenal secretes all of the 4 steroids studied, it is reasonable to assume that it does exert some effect in the pituitary-gonadal axis. A role of adrenal P for the facilitation of the preovulatory LH release has been indicated and the increased secretion of adrenal P between 1400-1600 hr of proestrus supports this possibility.", "contents": "Adrenal and ovarian steroid secretion in the rat estrous cycle temporally related to gonadotropins and steroid levels found in peripheral plasma. This study was undertaken to determine the patterns of estrogen and progestin secretion by the adrenal and the ovary and to relate these to the levels of steroids and gonadotropins found in peripheral plasma. A total of 70 rats were used in this study. Adrenal venous (ADVB) and ovarian venous blood (OVB) were collected by concurrent cannulation and peripheral blood (PB) was obtained from the abdominal aorta. Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), PROGESTERONE (P) and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17alpha-OHP) were measured by radioimmunoassay. The concentration of E2 in general was higher in ADVB than in OVB. Although increased levels of E2 in ADVB were found on the afternoon of proestrus (1527-2634 pg/ml), they were not significantly different from those recorded at other times. In contrast E2 in OVB was lowest at 1000-1200 hr of estrus (225 pg/ml) and highest at 1000-2000 hr of proestrus (1190-1605 pg/ml). The E2 in PB followed the pattern seen in OVB; the values ranged from 80-211 pg/ml. P concentration in general was higher in ADVB than in OVB. The lowest concentration of P in ADVB was between 0200-0400 hr of estrus (183 ng/ml) and the highest between 1400-1600 hr of proestrus (580 ng/ml) and 1000-1200 hr of estrus (591 ng/ml). The lowest concentration of P in the OVB was between 1600-1800 hr of diestrus (42 ng/ml) and the highest between 0200-0400 hr of estrus (466 ng/ml). In the PB, P reflected changes in adrenal as well as ovarian secretion; the values ranged fron 7-25 ng/ml. E1 in ADVB was in general lower than in OVB, and there were no significant changes at any stage of the cycle. In the OVB, however, E1 showed a pattern similar to that of E2. Levels of E1 in PB were very low and failed to show any significant changes. 17alpha-OHP was high in ADVB, although there were no significant changes during the cycle; PB levels also did not show any significant changes. In the OVB a peak of 17alpha-OHP was recorded between 0200-0400 hr on the day of estrus. The LH and FSH levels showed increases after 1600 hr on the day of proestrus and this was in agreement with earlier studies. Since the adrenal secretes all of the 4 steroids studied, it is reasonable to assume that it does exert some effect in the pituitary-gonadal axis. A role of adrenal P for the facilitation of the preovulatory LH release has been indicated and the increased secretion of adrenal P between 1400-1600 hr of proestrus supports this possibility.", "PMID": 1167355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1675", "title": "A daily signal for the LH surge in the rat.", "content": "We have demonstrated that a brief step-like increment in circulating estradiol concentrations to approximately 100 pg/ml, achieved by SC insertion of Silastic capsules containing estradiol-17 beta and their withdrawal after 29 1/2 hr, elicited a daily LH surge on 4 consecutive afternoons in rats ovariectomized 2 weeks previously. Since the duration of this stimulus was similar to that of the preovulatory increment in serum estradiol concentrations, it was postulated that the endogenous estrogen signal in intact rats might also trigger repetitive LH surges if ovulation and formation of corpora lutea were prevented. To test this hypothesis, rats were ovariectomized at 10:00 AM on proestrus (day 1) and blood samples were obtained at 12:30 and 5:00 PM on days 1 to 4. Although an LH surge occurred on proestrus, no subsequent LH discharges were observed. The absence of an LH surge on consecutive days could not be attributed to a difference between the endogenous estradiol stimulus and the exogenous stimulus which elicited repetitive LH surges in long-term ovariectomized rats. Rather, it was determined that in recently ovariectomized rats, in contrast to long-term ovariectomized rats, a daily LH surge occurred only if elevated serum estradiol concentrations were maintained. Thus, by leaving implants in place, an LH discharge was elicited on 10 consecutive days. These results support the concept that a neural signal for the LH surge is emitted each day throughout the estrous cycle of the rat, and that prolonged maintenance of elevated circulating estradiol concentrations is essential for the expression of these signals.", "contents": "A daily signal for the LH surge in the rat. We have demonstrated that a brief step-like increment in circulating estradiol concentrations to approximately 100 pg/ml, achieved by SC insertion of Silastic capsules containing estradiol-17 beta and their withdrawal after 29 1/2 hr, elicited a daily LH surge on 4 consecutive afternoons in rats ovariectomized 2 weeks previously. Since the duration of this stimulus was similar to that of the preovulatory increment in serum estradiol concentrations, it was postulated that the endogenous estrogen signal in intact rats might also trigger repetitive LH surges if ovulation and formation of corpora lutea were prevented. To test this hypothesis, rats were ovariectomized at 10:00 AM on proestrus (day 1) and blood samples were obtained at 12:30 and 5:00 PM on days 1 to 4. Although an LH surge occurred on proestrus, no subsequent LH discharges were observed. The absence of an LH surge on consecutive days could not be attributed to a difference between the endogenous estradiol stimulus and the exogenous stimulus which elicited repetitive LH surges in long-term ovariectomized rats. Rather, it was determined that in recently ovariectomized rats, in contrast to long-term ovariectomized rats, a daily LH surge occurred only if elevated serum estradiol concentrations were maintained. Thus, by leaving implants in place, an LH discharge was elicited on 10 consecutive days. These results support the concept that a neural signal for the LH surge is emitted each day throughout the estrous cycle of the rat, and that prolonged maintenance of elevated circulating estradiol concentrations is essential for the expression of these signals.", "PMID": 1167356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1676", "title": "Micropuncture and microanalytic studies of the effect of vasectomy on the rat testis and epididymis.", "content": "Micropuncture techniques adapted for in vivo use in the male reproductive tract were used to study the effect of vasectomy on the concentration and morphology of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules and ductus epididymidis of the rat. Regardless of surgical technique, 85% of all rats which had previously under vasectomy developed a speratic granuloma at the proximal end of the ligated vas deferens. Vasectomy did not affect the weights of the ipsilateral (vasectomized) testes. Vasectomy without granuloma formation resulted in an elevation in the weight of the ipsilateral epididymis and an increase in the concentration of spermatozoa in the ipsilateral cauda. Vasectomy complicated by granuloma formation caused a significant increase in the ratio of the spermatocrit in the seminiferous tubule to that in the caput. In the vasectomized rat without granuloma, significantly more abnormal spermatozoa were in the caput than in the cauda; in the normal rat, the concentrations of abnormal spermatozoa in the two regions were not significantly different. Vasectomies with and without granuloma formation are distinct phenomena and should be investigated separately.", "contents": "Micropuncture and microanalytic studies of the effect of vasectomy on the rat testis and epididymis. Micropuncture techniques adapted for in vivo use in the male reproductive tract were used to study the effect of vasectomy on the concentration and morphology of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules and ductus epididymidis of the rat. Regardless of surgical technique, 85% of all rats which had previously under vasectomy developed a speratic granuloma at the proximal end of the ligated vas deferens. Vasectomy did not affect the weights of the ipsilateral (vasectomized) testes. Vasectomy without granuloma formation resulted in an elevation in the weight of the ipsilateral epididymis and an increase in the concentration of spermatozoa in the ipsilateral cauda. Vasectomy complicated by granuloma formation caused a significant increase in the ratio of the spermatocrit in the seminiferous tubule to that in the caput. In the vasectomized rat without granuloma, significantly more abnormal spermatozoa were in the caput than in the cauda; in the normal rat, the concentrations of abnormal spermatozoa in the two regions were not significantly different. Vasectomies with and without granuloma formation are distinct phenomena and should be investigated separately.", "PMID": 1167361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1677", "title": "A respiratory valve for rapid switching between two gas mixtures.", "content": "We have devised a respiratory valve that facilitates rapid and silent breath-to-breath switching between two gas mixtures, under remote control. It utilizes two inspiratory Loven-type valve elements, one for each gas mixture, either of which can be held closed with an electromagnet. Any type of valve element can serve as the expiratory valve. We have used a small respiratory valve with goats and a larger model for both goat and human use.", "contents": "A respiratory valve for rapid switching between two gas mixtures. We have devised a respiratory valve that facilitates rapid and silent breath-to-breath switching between two gas mixtures, under remote control. It utilizes two inspiratory Loven-type valve elements, one for each gas mixture, either of which can be held closed with an electromagnet. Any type of valve element can serve as the expiratory valve. We have used a small respiratory valve with goats and a larger model for both goat and human use.", "PMID": 1167366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1678", "title": "Synthesis of glycolipids and phospholipids in hamster cells: dependence on cell density and the cell cycle.", "content": "Sakiyama et al. ('72) reported the isolation of a line of hamster cells (NIL 1c1) which contains only three glycolipids, hematoside, ceramide monohexoside and ceramide dihexoside. The incorporation of radiolabeled palmitate into hematoside during 24 hours was three fold higher in normal confluent, non growing cells than sparse, growing ones. Polyoma transformed cells did not exhibit this effect. We have continued studies with the untransformed cell line and have found that the higher incorporation of radiolabeled palmitate into hematoside by normal confluent cells is not due to a higher rate of turnover of hematoside at confluence but represents a true chemical increase. We have also found that this increase is not a gradual process during cell growth but instead occurs only when the cells become confluent and stop growing. The increase of hematoside at confluence is not due to a higher rate of synthesis of hematoside during G1, relative to the other phases of the cell cycle. We found the rate of synthesis of hematoside to be constant throughout the cell cycle. The rate of synthesis of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol and sphingomyelin was also studied as a function of the cell cycle. We found no large differences in the synthetic rate of any given phospholipid species throughout the cell cycle although the rate of synthesis of the glycerophospholipids was somewhat higher during late G1 and S. We did, however, find major differences in the rates of synthesis of the different phospholipid species.", "contents": "Synthesis of glycolipids and phospholipids in hamster cells: dependence on cell density and the cell cycle. Sakiyama et al. ('72) reported the isolation of a line of hamster cells (NIL 1c1) which contains only three glycolipids, hematoside, ceramide monohexoside and ceramide dihexoside. The incorporation of radiolabeled palmitate into hematoside during 24 hours was three fold higher in normal confluent, non growing cells than sparse, growing ones. Polyoma transformed cells did not exhibit this effect. We have continued studies with the untransformed cell line and have found that the higher incorporation of radiolabeled palmitate into hematoside by normal confluent cells is not due to a higher rate of turnover of hematoside at confluence but represents a true chemical increase. We have also found that this increase is not a gradual process during cell growth but instead occurs only when the cells become confluent and stop growing. The increase of hematoside at confluence is not due to a higher rate of synthesis of hematoside during G1, relative to the other phases of the cell cycle. We found the rate of synthesis of hematoside to be constant throughout the cell cycle. The rate of synthesis of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol and sphingomyelin was also studied as a function of the cell cycle. We found no large differences in the synthetic rate of any given phospholipid species throughout the cell cycle although the rate of synthesis of the glycerophospholipids was somewhat higher during late G1 and S. We did, however, find major differences in the rates of synthesis of the different phospholipid species.", "PMID": 1167367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1679", "title": "An epidemic of echovirus 18 meningitis.", "content": "The first reported outbreak of echovirus 18 meningitis in the United States occurred during the summer of 1972 in Durham, North Carolina. One hundred three cases of aseptic meningitis were seen at Duke University Medical Center over a period of four months. Most of the patients were less than 25 years old, black, and residents of Durham County or nearby counties.. Symptoms included headache (92%), fever (76%), nuchal rigidity (67%), and nausea and/or vomiting (51%). In contrast to previously published reports of echovirus 18 infection, diarrhea and rash were infrequent (6% and 5%, respectively). There were no deaths. Counts of white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid ranged from 0 to 1,540 cells/mm-3, but 90% of the patients had less than 500 cells/mm-3. Echovirus 11 was recovered from the cerebrospinal fluid of 55 of 78 patients, and echovirus 11 was isolated from two patients. Virus was recovered from the cerebrospinal fluid of 12 patients despite white blood cell counts in cerebrospinal fluid of less than 10 cells/mm-3.", "contents": "An epidemic of echovirus 18 meningitis. The first reported outbreak of echovirus 18 meningitis in the United States occurred during the summer of 1972 in Durham, North Carolina. One hundred three cases of aseptic meningitis were seen at Duke University Medical Center over a period of four months. Most of the patients were less than 25 years old, black, and residents of Durham County or nearby counties.. Symptoms included headache (92%), fever (76%), nuchal rigidity (67%), and nausea and/or vomiting (51%). In contrast to previously published reports of echovirus 18 infection, diarrhea and rash were infrequent (6% and 5%, respectively). There were no deaths. Counts of white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid ranged from 0 to 1,540 cells/mm-3, but 90% of the patients had less than 500 cells/mm-3. Echovirus 11 was recovered from the cerebrospinal fluid of 55 of 78 patients, and echovirus 11 was isolated from two patients. Virus was recovered from the cerebrospinal fluid of 12 patients despite white blood cell counts in cerebrospinal fluid of less than 10 cells/mm-3.", "PMID": 1167369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1680", "title": "Isobaric titration of readine monolayers: kinetics of hydrolysis of glycerides by pancreatic lipase B.", "content": "The rate of lipolytic enzyme-catalyzed reactions yielding water-soluble products can be measured by isobaric titration. The method is based upon the measurement of the amount of substrate that must be added to a monalayer to maintain constant surface pressure during the course of the enzymatic reaction. The rate constants determined for the hydrolysis of trioctanion and 1,2-diotanoin by pancreatic lipase were identical with those determined by the variable surface pressure method and by a radioactive substrate technique. This direct titrimetric method has a wider dynamic range and more versatility for following surface reactions that previously described systems.", "contents": "Isobaric titration of readine monolayers: kinetics of hydrolysis of glycerides by pancreatic lipase B. The rate of lipolytic enzyme-catalyzed reactions yielding water-soluble products can be measured by isobaric titration. The method is based upon the measurement of the amount of substrate that must be added to a monalayer to maintain constant surface pressure during the course of the enzymatic reaction. The rate constants determined for the hydrolysis of trioctanion and 1,2-diotanoin by pancreatic lipase were identical with those determined by the variable surface pressure method and by a radioactive substrate technique. This direct titrimetric method has a wider dynamic range and more versatility for following surface reactions that previously described systems.", "PMID": 1167370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1681", "title": "Experimental studies on a lethal gene (1) in the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum.", "content": "1. Gene \u0142 is a recessive lethal factor found in the white strain of axolotls. Animals heterozygous for the gene are phenotypically normal. When mated with each other they give offspring 25% of which exhibit the lethal effects of the gene. 2. The \u0142/\u0142 homozygotes develop normally to an advanced embryonic stage (Harrison stage 40) before the effects of the gene are first manifested. They then come to display a characteristic combination of abnormalities, including a disproportionately small head, small and poorly developed eyes, abnormal poorly developed gills, undifferentiated limb buds, and reduced overall growth rate. They may feed briefly, but soon stop and invariably die within a few weeks of the time of hatching. 3. The action of gene \u0142 has been analyzed by parabiosing mutant and normal embryos, and by grafting various organ primordia reciprocally between mutant and normal embryos. Parabiosis to normal embryos fails to correct the abnormalities of the mutants, although their survival may be somewhat prolonged. Grafts of mutant organ primordia (eye, limb, gill, pronephros, gonad, head) also invariably fail to show improved development or to survive on normal hosts; normal organ primordia develop normally on mutant hosts so long as the mutant survives. These experiments indicate that gene \u0142 is a recessive autonomous cell lethal affecting all of the organ systems during late embryonic and early larval development.", "contents": "Experimental studies on a lethal gene (1) in the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. 1. Gene \u0142 is a recessive lethal factor found in the white strain of axolotls. Animals heterozygous for the gene are phenotypically normal. When mated with each other they give offspring 25% of which exhibit the lethal effects of the gene. 2. The \u0142/\u0142 homozygotes develop normally to an advanced embryonic stage (Harrison stage 40) before the effects of the gene are first manifested. They then come to display a characteristic combination of abnormalities, including a disproportionately small head, small and poorly developed eyes, abnormal poorly developed gills, undifferentiated limb buds, and reduced overall growth rate. They may feed briefly, but soon stop and invariably die within a few weeks of the time of hatching. 3. The action of gene \u0142 has been analyzed by parabiosing mutant and normal embryos, and by grafting various organ primordia reciprocally between mutant and normal embryos. Parabiosis to normal embryos fails to correct the abnormalities of the mutants, although their survival may be somewhat prolonged. Grafts of mutant organ primordia (eye, limb, gill, pronephros, gonad, head) also invariably fail to show improved development or to survive on normal hosts; normal organ primordia develop normally on mutant hosts so long as the mutant survives. These experiments indicate that gene \u0142 is a recessive autonomous cell lethal affecting all of the organ systems during late embryonic and early larval development.", "PMID": 1167371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1682", "title": "One-way fluxes of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Trans effects and effects of sodium and potassium.", "content": "One-way fluxes in the steady state and one-way influxes at zero intracellular concentrations were measured for alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells at 32 degrees C. The one-way fulxes show trans effects in the concentration of AIB and are dependent on sodium levels. The one-way fluxes for initial influx and for the steady state were fitted with the equations derived for the frequently used two-state carrier model. Estimates of the parameters of these equations were obtained with use of nonlinear least squares. These gave relatively good fits of the flux data and the data on steady-state distribution ratios. The two-state carrier model predicted a trans inhibition of one-way influx and a trans stimulation of one-way efflux. The former phenomenon has been demonstrated for AIB transport in Ehrlich ascites cells and there is evidence, through less firm, for the latter.", "contents": "One-way fluxes of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Trans effects and effects of sodium and potassium. One-way fluxes in the steady state and one-way influxes at zero intracellular concentrations were measured for alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells at 32 degrees C. The one-way fulxes show trans effects in the concentration of AIB and are dependent on sodium levels. The one-way fluxes for initial influx and for the steady state were fitted with the equations derived for the frequently used two-state carrier model. Estimates of the parameters of these equations were obtained with use of nonlinear least squares. These gave relatively good fits of the flux data and the data on steady-state distribution ratios. The two-state carrier model predicted a trans inhibition of one-way influx and a trans stimulation of one-way efflux. The former phenomenon has been demonstrated for AIB transport in Ehrlich ascites cells and there is evidence, through less firm, for the latter.", "PMID": 1167372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1683", "title": "Chronic subdural hematoma in adults. Influence of patient's age on symptoms, signs, and thickness of hematoma.", "content": "The relationship of age to clinical and pathological findings was analyzed in 109 adult patients operated on because of chronic subdural hematoma. A well-formed membrane on the inner and outer surface of the hematoma was used as the criterion for chronicity of the hematoma. Younger patients had more evidence of increased intracranial pressure; older patients had more evidence of mental deterioration and pyramidal tract lesions. The interval from trauma to operation was shorter in the young patients. The thickness of the hematoma as measured from angiograms increased with the age of the patient. The cause of this difference is discussed.", "contents": "Chronic subdural hematoma in adults. Influence of patient's age on symptoms, signs, and thickness of hematoma. The relationship of age to clinical and pathological findings was analyzed in 109 adult patients operated on because of chronic subdural hematoma. A well-formed membrane on the inner and outer surface of the hematoma was used as the criterion for chronicity of the hematoma. Younger patients had more evidence of increased intracranial pressure; older patients had more evidence of mental deterioration and pyramidal tract lesions. The interval from trauma to operation was shorter in the young patients. The thickness of the hematoma as measured from angiograms increased with the age of the patient. The cause of this difference is discussed.", "PMID": 1167376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1684", "title": "Digestibility of starches in infants and children.", "content": "The digestibility of various starches has been studied in normal infants of different ages. During balance periods of 3 days, while the infants were receiving known dietary quantities of the starch to be tested, the fecal content of lactic acid, glucose, dextrins, and starch was measured. After the first year of life, children were able to absorb almost completely 170 gm/m2 of body surface of cooked wheat starch given in the form of biscuit or macaroni. A lower absorption coefficient was found for potato starch given in the form of biscuit. Cooked wheat, tapioca, corn, rice, and potato starch in amounts of 45 and 85 gm/m2/day, respectively, for 1- and 3-mo-old infants, were almost completely absorbed. In 1-mo-old infants larger amounts (110 gm/m2/day) of cooked rice starch were well tolerated; it should therefore be possible to provide a large part of the carbohydrate requirements of infants from the first month of life with cooked starches.", "contents": "Digestibility of starches in infants and children. The digestibility of various starches has been studied in normal infants of different ages. During balance periods of 3 days, while the infants were receiving known dietary quantities of the starch to be tested, the fecal content of lactic acid, glucose, dextrins, and starch was measured. After the first year of life, children were able to absorb almost completely 170 gm/m2 of body surface of cooked wheat starch given in the form of biscuit or macaroni. A lower absorption coefficient was found for potato starch given in the form of biscuit. Cooked wheat, tapioca, corn, rice, and potato starch in amounts of 45 and 85 gm/m2/day, respectively, for 1- and 3-mo-old infants, were almost completely absorbed. In 1-mo-old infants larger amounts (110 gm/m2/day) of cooked rice starch were well tolerated; it should therefore be possible to provide a large part of the carbohydrate requirements of infants from the first month of life with cooked starches.", "PMID": 1167378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1685", "title": "Plasma membrane components of skin fibroblasts from normal individuals and patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Plasma membranes have been isolated without proteolytic modification from fibroblast lines derived from patients with CF, from heterozygous parents, and from normal children. The cells had been grown in the presence of 3H- OR 14C- labeled L-leucine, D-glucosamine, and L-fucose. Membranes were mixed in suitable combinations to allow comparisons to be made between the different cell types. No differences in the plasma membrane composition, as revealed by divergence in 3H- or 14C-profiles, could be detected after gel electrophoresis. Identical protein and glycoprotein components were present in approximately similar amounts in all groups of cells;", "contents": "Plasma membrane components of skin fibroblasts from normal individuals and patients with cystic fibrosis. Plasma membranes have been isolated without proteolytic modification from fibroblast lines derived from patients with CF, from heterozygous parents, and from normal children. The cells had been grown in the presence of 3H- OR 14C- labeled L-leucine, D-glucosamine, and L-fucose. Membranes were mixed in suitable combinations to allow comparisons to be made between the different cell types. No differences in the plasma membrane composition, as revealed by divergence in 3H- or 14C-profiles, could be detected after gel electrophoresis. Identical protein and glycoprotein components were present in approximately similar amounts in all groups of cells;", "PMID": 1167379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1686", "title": "The interaction of egg yolk and ram spermatozoa studied with a fluorescent probe.", "content": "The flourescent membrane marker, 1-anilinoaphtalene-8-sulphonate (ANS) was used to investigate the attachment of egg-yolk to the plasma membranes of ram spermatozoa. The degree of fluorescence was assessed using a subjective scoring system. It was found that egg yolk competes with ANS for sites on the plasma membrane. When the diluent contained 10% egg yolk, no ANS could be detected on the membranes. Egg yolk attached to the plasma membrane could be removed by washing twice with a yolk-free diluent. Loss of sperm motility in the presence of ANS was observed but some spermotozoa remained motile after incubation at 37 degrees C for 15 min with 2mM-ANS. Egg yolk protected spermatozoa against this loss of motility. It is suggested that egg yolk protects spermatozoa during chilling and freezing by its attachment to the sperm plasma membrane.", "contents": "The interaction of egg yolk and ram spermatozoa studied with a fluorescent probe. The flourescent membrane marker, 1-anilinoaphtalene-8-sulphonate (ANS) was used to investigate the attachment of egg-yolk to the plasma membranes of ram spermatozoa. The degree of fluorescence was assessed using a subjective scoring system. It was found that egg yolk competes with ANS for sites on the plasma membrane. When the diluent contained 10% egg yolk, no ANS could be detected on the membranes. Egg yolk attached to the plasma membrane could be removed by washing twice with a yolk-free diluent. Loss of sperm motility in the presence of ANS was observed but some spermotozoa remained motile after incubation at 37 degrees C for 15 min with 2mM-ANS. Egg yolk protected spermatozoa against this loss of motility. It is suggested that egg yolk protects spermatozoa during chilling and freezing by its attachment to the sperm plasma membrane.", "PMID": 1167381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1687", "title": "Production of carbon dioxide in vitro by blastocysts from intact and ovariectomized mice.", "content": "'Normal' and 'delayed implanting' mouse blastocysts were incubated in non-radioactive culture medium for various lengths of time (preincubation), and then placed in culture medium with (14-C)-glucose for 2 hr. The rate of embryonic CO-2 given off by the blastocysts. Normal embryos were unaffected by the length of preincubation. By contrast, 'delayed implantating' embryos had a low level of CO-2 production with short preincubations (i.e. less than 2 hr), but approached  the normal range with longer preincubations (i.e. more than 8 hr) and thus, were 'activated ' in vitro. Incubation of the 'delayed implanting' embryos with actinomycin D prevented the expected increase in CO-2 production, indicating that synthesis of new RNA  is necessary for their activation. Preincubation of normal and 'delayed implanting' blastocysts with oestradiol-17 beta and/ or progesterone had no effect on the level of CO-2 production, suggesting that the hormones do not directly stimulate or inhibit carbohydrate metabolism in the embryos.", "contents": "Production of carbon dioxide in vitro by blastocysts from intact and ovariectomized mice. 'Normal' and 'delayed implanting' mouse blastocysts were incubated in non-radioactive culture medium for various lengths of time (preincubation), and then placed in culture medium with (14-C)-glucose for 2 hr. The rate of embryonic CO-2 given off by the blastocysts. Normal embryos were unaffected by the length of preincubation. By contrast, 'delayed implantating' embryos had a low level of CO-2 production with short preincubations (i.e. less than 2 hr), but approached  the normal range with longer preincubations (i.e. more than 8 hr) and thus, were 'activated ' in vitro. Incubation of the 'delayed implanting' embryos with actinomycin D prevented the expected increase in CO-2 production, indicating that synthesis of new RNA  is necessary for their activation. Preincubation of normal and 'delayed implanting' blastocysts with oestradiol-17 beta and/ or progesterone had no effect on the level of CO-2 production, suggesting that the hormones do not directly stimulate or inhibit carbohydrate metabolism in the embryos.", "PMID": 1167385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1688", "title": "Decryptification of acid phosphatase in arthrospores of Geotrichum species treated with dimethyl sulfoxide and acetone.", "content": "Decryptification of acid phosphatase in Geotrichum sp. arthrospores was accomplished using acetone or dimethyl sulfoxide treatment. Both dimethyl sulfoxide and acetone irreversibly destroyed the integrity of the spore membranes without solubilizing acid phosphatase.", "contents": "Decryptification of acid phosphatase in arthrospores of Geotrichum species treated with dimethyl sulfoxide and acetone. Decryptification of acid phosphatase in Geotrichum sp. arthrospores was accomplished using acetone or dimethyl sulfoxide treatment. Both dimethyl sulfoxide and acetone irreversibly destroyed the integrity of the spore membranes without solubilizing acid phosphatase.", "PMID": 1167386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1689", "title": "Spoilage association of chicken breast muscle.", "content": "The ability of pure cultures of bacteria isolated from spoiling chicken breast muscle to produce strong off-odors was tested by using sterile breast muscle sections. The incidence of organisms capable of producing strong off-odors and changes in flora during storage of naturally spoiling muscle at 2 C was traced, and the relationship between bacterial type and off-odor production was noted.", "contents": "Spoilage association of chicken breast muscle. The ability of pure cultures of bacteria isolated from spoiling chicken breast muscle to produce strong off-odors was tested by using sterile breast muscle sections. The incidence of organisms capable of producing strong off-odors and changes in flora during storage of naturally spoiling muscle at 2 C was traced, and the relationship between bacterial type and off-odor production was noted.", "PMID": 1167387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1690", "title": "Nature of the surviving plaque-forming unit of reovirus in water containing bromine.", "content": "The initial inactivation of reovirus in water containing 3 to 7 microns M bromine as HOBr was very rapid. Electron microscopy revealed extensive physical damage to the virions in as little as 1 min, but none were degraded beyond recognition. As treatment time continued, the reaction rate decreased toward a plateau of resistance, usually at about the 10-4 survival level; still no particles were lost. Progeny grown from these resistant plaque-forming units (PFU) were no more resistant to HOBr than the parent cultures. Small-number aggregation (adhering groups of two to ten virions counted by electron microscopy) had no detectable effect on the level of persistant PFU. Large aggregates seemed to be involved. Sonic treatment at 20 kHz after bromine exposure increased survival PFU titer 10- to 43-fold. Virus exposed to light centrifugation prior to bromine treatment did not show the plateau of resistance. Surviving PFU sedimented faster in a shallow sucrose gradient than single virions. Large aggregates were apparently too few to be counted by electron microscopy, but their penetration and inactivation must be achieved by any disinfectant chosen to rid water of reovirus.", "contents": "Nature of the surviving plaque-forming unit of reovirus in water containing bromine. The initial inactivation of reovirus in water containing 3 to 7 microns M bromine as HOBr was very rapid. Electron microscopy revealed extensive physical damage to the virions in as little as 1 min, but none were degraded beyond recognition. As treatment time continued, the reaction rate decreased toward a plateau of resistance, usually at about the 10-4 survival level; still no particles were lost. Progeny grown from these resistant plaque-forming units (PFU) were no more resistant to HOBr than the parent cultures. Small-number aggregation (adhering groups of two to ten virions counted by electron microscopy) had no detectable effect on the level of persistant PFU. Large aggregates seemed to be involved. Sonic treatment at 20 kHz after bromine exposure increased survival PFU titer 10- to 43-fold. Virus exposed to light centrifugation prior to bromine treatment did not show the plateau of resistance. Surviving PFU sedimented faster in a shallow sucrose gradient than single virions. Large aggregates were apparently too few to be counted by electron microscopy, but their penetration and inactivation must be achieved by any disinfectant chosen to rid water of reovirus.", "PMID": 1167388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1691", "title": "Factors influencing the prognosis of vascular disease in insulin-deficient diabetes of long duration: a seven-year follow-up.", "content": "Fifty-one insulin-dependent nonobese diabetics with duration of disease from 15 to 40 yr were reassessed after 7 yr. Those presenting with clinical vascular disease, hypertension, or elevated fasting triglycerides initially were found to have a bad prognosis. Serum cholesterol fasting blood sugar, age, or duration of diabetes were not related to outcome, Acute insensitivity to intravenous insulin was correlated with presence of initial vascular disease and was significantly related to both death and clinical deterioration in either large or small vessels over the period of follow-up. Insulin sensitivity was reproducible and may be of value in predicting the progression of long-term vascular changes in the insulin-requiring diabetic.", "contents": "Factors influencing the prognosis of vascular disease in insulin-deficient diabetes of long duration: a seven-year follow-up. Fifty-one insulin-dependent nonobese diabetics with duration of disease from 15 to 40 yr were reassessed after 7 yr. Those presenting with clinical vascular disease, hypertension, or elevated fasting triglycerides initially were found to have a bad prognosis. Serum cholesterol fasting blood sugar, age, or duration of diabetes were not related to outcome, Acute insensitivity to intravenous insulin was correlated with presence of initial vascular disease and was significantly related to both death and clinical deterioration in either large or small vessels over the period of follow-up. Insulin sensitivity was reproducible and may be of value in predicting the progression of long-term vascular changes in the insulin-requiring diabetic.", "PMID": 1167391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1692", "title": "Psychologic and neurologic consequences of partial and complete cerebral commissurotomy.", "content": "Preliminary psychologic testing was carried out on four patients who had undergone surgical sectioning of a portion or all of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure as a treatment for uncontrollable seizures. Results confirm earlier findings indicating the importance of the forebrain commissures in the interhemispheric exchange of a variety of sensory and motor information, and demonstrate that particular portions of the commissural system are responsible for transferring the information of specific sensory modalities. The patients also showed surprising abilities in performing complex tasks assumed to require integration of information from both hemispheres.", "contents": "Psychologic and neurologic consequences of partial and complete cerebral commissurotomy. Preliminary psychologic testing was carried out on four patients who had undergone surgical sectioning of a portion or all of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure as a treatment for uncontrollable seizures. Results confirm earlier findings indicating the importance of the forebrain commissures in the interhemispheric exchange of a variety of sensory and motor information, and demonstrate that particular portions of the commissural system are responsible for transferring the information of specific sensory modalities. The patients also showed surprising abilities in performing complex tasks assumed to require integration of information from both hemispheres.", "PMID": 1167406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1693", "title": "The spinal evoked response in infants and children.", "content": "Summated responses to peroneal nerve stimulation were recorded from surface electrodes placed over the spine of 60 infants and children. These potentials generally were greater in amplitude in infants than in older children. Over the cauda equina and rostral cord, initially positive triphasic potentials were recorded. Over the caudal cord, complex potentials were recorded in children less than three years of age. The conduction velocity of the response from midlumbar to lower cervical recording sites was less in infants than in older children and progressively increased with age, reaching adult values after the fourth year.", "contents": "The spinal evoked response in infants and children. Summated responses to peroneal nerve stimulation were recorded from surface electrodes placed over the spine of 60 infants and children. These potentials generally were greater in amplitude in infants than in older children. Over the cauda equina and rostral cord, initially positive triphasic potentials were recorded. Over the caudal cord, complex potentials were recorded in children less than three years of age. The conduction velocity of the response from midlumbar to lower cervical recording sites was less in infants than in older children and progressively increased with age, reaching adult values after the fourth year.", "PMID": 1167407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1694", "title": "Judgment of the visual vertical and horizontal in patients with Parkinsonism.", "content": "Judgment of the visual vertical and horizontal in the upright body position was abnormal in 19 (29 percent) of 66 patients with Parkinson's disease. The magnitude of errors correlated with the degree of rigidity and of tremor in the limbs, but not with bradykinesia or other clinical features. The results suggest that the effect on visual perception of the vertical and horizontal coordinates in patients with parkinsonism is brought about by specific changes in the basal ganglia and is not, as in the case of other visual-motor tasks, determined merely by the overall severity of cerebral pathology.", "contents": "Judgment of the visual vertical and horizontal in patients with Parkinsonism. Judgment of the visual vertical and horizontal in the upright body position was abnormal in 19 (29 percent) of 66 patients with Parkinson's disease. The magnitude of errors correlated with the degree of rigidity and of tremor in the limbs, but not with bradykinesia or other clinical features. The results suggest that the effect on visual perception of the vertical and horizontal coordinates in patients with parkinsonism is brought about by specific changes in the basal ganglia and is not, as in the case of other visual-motor tasks, determined merely by the overall severity of cerebral pathology.", "PMID": 1167408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1695", "title": "Progressive nuclear ophthalmoplegia associated with mental deficiency, lingua scrotalis, and other neurologic and ophthalmologic signs in a family.", "content": "Six members of a family--the mother, three daughters, and two sons--have a unique syndrome consisting of congenital external ophthalmoplegia, bilateral facial weakness, lingua scrotalis, progressive chorioretinal sclerosis, and an intellectual deficit. Bilateral ptosis and almost complete ophthalmoplegia were found in three of the family members, bilateral facial weakness in two, and Parinaud's syndrome and convergence paresis in one. Electromyographically, a lesion of the lower motor neurons--\"nuclear ophthalmoplegia\"--was found. Three members of the family had different stages of progressive chorioretinal sclerosis and two had myopia. All the family members had lingua scrotalis, and all of those who had ophthalmoplegia had low IQs. Electroretinographic reactions were subnormal or absent in patients with chorioretinal degeneration. It was concluded that an extensive abiotrophic process, genetically conditioned, was a possibility.", "contents": "Progressive nuclear ophthalmoplegia associated with mental deficiency, lingua scrotalis, and other neurologic and ophthalmologic signs in a family. Six members of a family--the mother, three daughters, and two sons--have a unique syndrome consisting of congenital external ophthalmoplegia, bilateral facial weakness, lingua scrotalis, progressive chorioretinal sclerosis, and an intellectual deficit. Bilateral ptosis and almost complete ophthalmoplegia were found in three of the family members, bilateral facial weakness in two, and Parinaud's syndrome and convergence paresis in one. Electromyographically, a lesion of the lower motor neurons--\"nuclear ophthalmoplegia\"--was found. Three members of the family had different stages of progressive chorioretinal sclerosis and two had myopia. All the family members had lingua scrotalis, and all of those who had ophthalmoplegia had low IQs. Electroretinographic reactions were subnormal or absent in patients with chorioretinal degeneration. It was concluded that an extensive abiotrophic process, genetically conditioned, was a possibility.", "PMID": 1167409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1696", "title": "Myasthenia gravis with features of the myasthenic syndrome. An investigation with electrophysiologic methods including single-fiber electromyography.", "content": "A 47-year-old woman had myasthenia gravis with only moderate weakness and a consistently poor response to anticholinesterase medication. She was investigated with routine electrophysiologic studies and single-fiber electromyography. The studies showed a limited effect of anticholinesterase medication. There was a decrement to 2 Hz stimulation of not less than 25 percent regardless of medication and administration of edrophonium. With faster rates of stimulation (10 to 20 Hz), there was a facilitation up to 190 percent. In addition, with postcontractive or post-tetanic potentiation the action potential in the abductor digiti minimi muscle was increased from the initial value of 2.5 mv or less to up to 6 mv. Single-fiber electromyographic investigations showed increased jitter and blocking with little response to drugs, as well as facilitation in a large number of motor end-plates in association with both voluntary activity and repetitive stimulation. The findings indicated a mixture of phenomena seen in myasthenia gravis and the myasthenic syndrome.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis with features of the myasthenic syndrome. An investigation with electrophysiologic methods including single-fiber electromyography. A 47-year-old woman had myasthenia gravis with only moderate weakness and a consistently poor response to anticholinesterase medication. She was investigated with routine electrophysiologic studies and single-fiber electromyography. The studies showed a limited effect of anticholinesterase medication. There was a decrement to 2 Hz stimulation of not less than 25 percent regardless of medication and administration of edrophonium. With faster rates of stimulation (10 to 20 Hz), there was a facilitation up to 190 percent. In addition, with postcontractive or post-tetanic potentiation the action potential in the abductor digiti minimi muscle was increased from the initial value of 2.5 mv or less to up to 6 mv. Single-fiber electromyographic investigations showed increased jitter and blocking with little response to drugs, as well as facilitation in a large number of motor end-plates in association with both voluntary activity and repetitive stimulation. The findings indicated a mixture of phenomena seen in myasthenia gravis and the myasthenic syndrome.", "PMID": 1167410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1697", "title": "The syndrome of increased intracranial pressure without localizing signs: a reappraisal.", "content": "One hundred adult patients with headache, papilledema, and no localizing signs were evaluated prospectively and followed for up to 54 months. No patient with this syndrome who had a normal mental status, negative brain scan, and normal electroencephalogram was found subsequently to harbor a mass lesion. Benign intracranial hypertension was the final diagnosis in 71 percent of the patients studied. Lumbar puncture was a safe and helpful diagnostic procedure, and in no case was subsequent neurologic deterioration noted.", "contents": "The syndrome of increased intracranial pressure without localizing signs: a reappraisal. One hundred adult patients with headache, papilledema, and no localizing signs were evaluated prospectively and followed for up to 54 months. No patient with this syndrome who had a normal mental status, negative brain scan, and normal electroencephalogram was found subsequently to harbor a mass lesion. Benign intracranial hypertension was the final diagnosis in 71 percent of the patients studied. Lumbar puncture was a safe and helpful diagnostic procedure, and in no case was subsequent neurologic deterioration noted.", "PMID": 1167411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1698", "title": "Multiple sclerosis and elevation of cerebrospinal fluid vaccinia virus antibody.", "content": "Thirty percent of 33 patients with a clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and an elevation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulin G/albumin ratio greater than 2 standard deviations above the mean had elevation of the CSF vaccinia neutralizing antibody titer. Elevated titers were found in 1 of 23 patients with non-multiple sclerosis neurologic diseases and in none of the normal control patients. No linear correlation was found between the magnitude of the relative or absolute CSF immunoglobulin G concentration and the magnitude of the CSF vaccinia neutralizing antibody titers.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis and elevation of cerebrospinal fluid vaccinia virus antibody. Thirty percent of 33 patients with a clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and an elevation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulin G/albumin ratio greater than 2 standard deviations above the mean had elevation of the CSF vaccinia neutralizing antibody titer. Elevated titers were found in 1 of 23 patients with non-multiple sclerosis neurologic diseases and in none of the normal control patients. No linear correlation was found between the magnitude of the relative or absolute CSF immunoglobulin G concentration and the magnitude of the CSF vaccinia neutralizing antibody titers.", "PMID": 1167412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1699", "title": "Hydatidiform mole: diagnosis, management, and long-term followup of 347 patients.", "content": "This report concerns 347 patients with primary hydatidiform moles studied during the first 6 years (1966-1972) of operation of the Southeastern Regional Trophoblastic Disease Center. Aside from a decreased incidence, molar pregnancy in the United States follows a pattern similar to that elsewhere in the world. Abnormal bleeding is the key to early diagnosis, and the frequent use of sensitive HCG assays is the key to proper followup. Twenty percent of patients with hydatidiform moles can be expected to develop subsequent malignant sequelae. Bilateral ovarian enlargement and/or a large-for-dates- uterus should alert the physician to a greater potential for this outcome. Spontaneous elimination of HCG from the circulation following moler pregnancy, as indicated by sensitive assay, would predict a benign postmolar course; no patient in the current series who once achieved undetectable levels of HCG developed malignant trophoblastic disease.", "contents": "Hydatidiform mole: diagnosis, management, and long-term followup of 347 patients. This report concerns 347 patients with primary hydatidiform moles studied during the first 6 years (1966-1972) of operation of the Southeastern Regional Trophoblastic Disease Center. Aside from a decreased incidence, molar pregnancy in the United States follows a pattern similar to that elsewhere in the world. Abnormal bleeding is the key to early diagnosis, and the frequent use of sensitive HCG assays is the key to proper followup. Twenty percent of patients with hydatidiform moles can be expected to develop subsequent malignant sequelae. Bilateral ovarian enlargement and/or a large-for-dates- uterus should alert the physician to a greater potential for this outcome. Spontaneous elimination of HCG from the circulation following moler pregnancy, as indicated by sensitive assay, would predict a benign postmolar course; no patient in the current series who once achieved undetectable levels of HCG developed malignant trophoblastic disease.", "PMID": 1167413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1700", "title": "Ectopic endometrium in omentum. Uterine perforation by Lippes loop.", "content": "A case of ectopic endometrium in the omentum following perforation of the uterus by a Lippes Looptm is reported. Evidence is presented substantiating Sampson's theory of endometrial implantation.", "contents": "Ectopic endometrium in omentum. Uterine perforation by Lippes loop. A case of ectopic endometrium in the omentum following perforation of the uterus by a Lippes Looptm is reported. Evidence is presented substantiating Sampson's theory of endometrial implantation.", "PMID": 1167414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1701", "title": "Incidence of galactorrhea in ovulatory and anovulatory females.", "content": "The incidence of galactorrhea in 480 ovulatory females was compared to that in 383 anovulatory females. One percent of the ovulatory and 3.2% of the anovulatory patients had bilateral galactorrhea. The probability (P) of these two groups being from the same population was less than 0.02.", "contents": "Incidence of galactorrhea in ovulatory and anovulatory females. The incidence of galactorrhea in 480 ovulatory females was compared to that in 383 anovulatory females. One percent of the ovulatory and 3.2% of the anovulatory patients had bilateral galactorrhea. The probability (P) of these two groups being from the same population was less than 0.02.", "PMID": 1167416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1702", "title": "Radiological diagnosis of mass lesions within and adjacent to the foramen magnum.", "content": "Masses within or adjacent to the foramen magnum may present difficult clinical problems. They may sometimes be misdiagnosed as degenerative disease of the central nervous system, cervical spondylosis, or even cervical disk disease. In most cases, roentgenographyis necessary for proper diagnosis. The anatomy of the region of the foramen magnum is reviewed and 13 cases representing various diseases are presented. Alterations in the regional arterial and venous anatomy are emphasized.", "contents": "Radiological diagnosis of mass lesions within and adjacent to the foramen magnum. Masses within or adjacent to the foramen magnum may present difficult clinical problems. They may sometimes be misdiagnosed as degenerative disease of the central nervous system, cervical spondylosis, or even cervical disk disease. In most cases, roentgenographyis necessary for proper diagnosis. The anatomy of the region of the foramen magnum is reviewed and 13 cases representing various diseases are presented. Alterations in the regional arterial and venous anatomy are emphasized.", "PMID": 1167421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1703", "title": "Mercury levels in whole blood of Saskatchewan residents.", "content": "The study was undertaken to establish whole blood mercury levels in the Saskatchewan population and to identify characteristics of individuals with higher blood levels. The mean blood mercury level was 6.7 ng/ml, the median level 5 ng/ml and the range 1 to 42 ng/ml. Native persons living in northern Saskatchewan who had recently eaten local fresh-water fish had the higher levels. A greater consumption of fish and higher blood mercury levels were recorded during the fresh-water fishing season.", "contents": "Mercury levels in whole blood of Saskatchewan residents. The study was undertaken to establish whole blood mercury levels in the Saskatchewan population and to identify characteristics of individuals with higher blood levels. The mean blood mercury level was 6.7 ng/ml, the median level 5 ng/ml and the range 1 to 42 ng/ml. Native persons living in northern Saskatchewan who had recently eaten local fresh-water fish had the higher levels. A greater consumption of fish and higher blood mercury levels were recorded during the fresh-water fishing season.", "PMID": 1167423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1704", "title": "The relationship between mercury levels in maternal and cord blood.", "content": "The object of the study was to discover the relationship between mercury levels in maternal and cord blood. Paired whole blood samples, maternal and cord blood were analysed for total mercury content; 45 paired samples from non-fish-eating women in southern Saskatchewan demonstrated no significant differences in mercury levels between maternal and cord blood; 43 paired samples from fish-eating women in northern Saskatchewan demonstrated a significant difference, cord blood levels being higher. The significant is discussed.", "contents": "The relationship between mercury levels in maternal and cord blood. The object of the study was to discover the relationship between mercury levels in maternal and cord blood. Paired whole blood samples, maternal and cord blood were analysed for total mercury content; 45 paired samples from non-fish-eating women in southern Saskatchewan demonstrated no significant differences in mercury levels between maternal and cord blood; 43 paired samples from fish-eating women in northern Saskatchewan demonstrated a significant difference, cord blood levels being higher. The significant is discussed.", "PMID": 1167424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1705", "title": "Daily rhythm in human urinary melatonin.", "content": "The melatonin in urine samples from six healthy adult volunteers was concentrated on Amberlite XAD-2 resin, eluted with organic solvents, and quantitated by use of a bioassay technique (the dermal melanaphore response of larval anurans to melatonin in their bathing medium). The melatonin content of samples collected between 11 p.m. and 7 a.m. was, in each case, several times higher than that of samples collected between 7 a.m. and 3 p.m. or between 3 p.m. and 11 p.m.", "contents": "Daily rhythm in human urinary melatonin. The melatonin in urine samples from six healthy adult volunteers was concentrated on Amberlite XAD-2 resin, eluted with organic solvents, and quantitated by use of a bioassay technique (the dermal melanaphore response of larval anurans to melatonin in their bathing medium). The melatonin content of samples collected between 11 p.m. and 7 a.m. was, in each case, several times higher than that of samples collected between 7 a.m. and 3 p.m. or between 3 p.m. and 11 p.m.", "PMID": 1167425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1706", "title": "Growth, behavior, and brain catecholamines in lead-exposed neonatal rats: a reappraisal.", "content": "Daily oral administration of lead to newborn rats has no adverse effect on their body growth. Lead-treated rats were more active than age-matched controls. Endogenous levels of brain dopamine were unchanged, whereas norepinephrine was increased, suggesting a possible relationship between lead exposure during earliest developmental periods, increased motor activity, and brain norepinephrine, and not brain dopamine as previously postulated.", "contents": "Growth, behavior, and brain catecholamines in lead-exposed neonatal rats: a reappraisal. Daily oral administration of lead to newborn rats has no adverse effect on their body growth. Lead-treated rats were more active than age-matched controls. Endogenous levels of brain dopamine were unchanged, whereas norepinephrine was increased, suggesting a possible relationship between lead exposure during earliest developmental periods, increased motor activity, and brain norepinephrine, and not brain dopamine as previously postulated.", "PMID": 1167426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1707", "title": "Secretion of a nerve growth factor by primary chick fibroblast cultures.", "content": "Normal primary chick embryo fibroblast cultures product a nerve growth-promoting factor which cross-reacts with monospecfic antibody to pure male mouse submaxillary gland nerve growth factor (NGF). When taken together with the earlier demonstration that mouse L2 CELLS AND 3T3 cells also produce an NGF-like protein, these findings suggest that secretion of this factor may be a general property of fibroblast.", "contents": "Secretion of a nerve growth factor by primary chick fibroblast cultures. Normal primary chick embryo fibroblast cultures product a nerve growth-promoting factor which cross-reacts with monospecfic antibody to pure male mouse submaxillary gland nerve growth factor (NGF). When taken together with the earlier demonstration that mouse L2 CELLS AND 3T3 cells also produce an NGF-like protein, these findings suggest that secretion of this factor may be a general property of fibroblast.", "PMID": 1167427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1708", "title": "Morphine-dependent rats: blockade of precipitated abstinence by tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "Male rats were implanted subcutaneously with a pellet containg 75 milligrams of morphine base or placebo, and naloxone hydrochloride (4 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) was administered 72 hours later. Treatment with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (2, 5, or 10 milligrams per kilogram) 1 hour before maloxone administration significantly reduced the intensity of abstinence; the two higher doses blocked the appearance of wet shakes and escapes, diarrhea, and increased defecation. delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol did not induce abstinence itself, and prior treatment with cannabidiol was ineffective in reducing naloxoneprecipitated abstinence in animals with morphine pellets. These data suggest that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol may be of value in facilitating narcotic detoxification.", "contents": "Morphine-dependent rats: blockade of precipitated abstinence by tetrahydrocannabinol. Male rats were implanted subcutaneously with a pellet containg 75 milligrams of morphine base or placebo, and naloxone hydrochloride (4 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) was administered 72 hours later. Treatment with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (2, 5, or 10 milligrams per kilogram) 1 hour before maloxone administration significantly reduced the intensity of abstinence; the two higher doses blocked the appearance of wet shakes and escapes, diarrhea, and increased defecation. delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol did not induce abstinence itself, and prior treatment with cannabidiol was ineffective in reducing naloxoneprecipitated abstinence in animals with morphine pellets. These data suggest that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol may be of value in facilitating narcotic detoxification.", "PMID": 1167428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1709", "title": "The use of 6alpha-and 6beta-carboxymethyl testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugates in radioimmunoassay for testosterone.", "content": "The synthesis of 6alpha- and 6beta-testosterone-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates is described. 6beta-Carboxymethyl-4-androstene-3,17-dione was prepared by a route analogous to that described earlier for 6beta-carboxymethyl progesterone. Sodium borohydride reduction of the 3 and 17 keto groups and subsequent selective oxidation of the resulting 3beta, 17beta-diol using MnO2 provided 6 -carboxymethyl testosterone. Further acid catalyzed epimerization of the C-6 center gave the isomeric 6alpha-carboxymethyl testosterone. The 6alpha- and 6beta-testosterone derivatives were attached to BSA via a mixed anhydride coupling employing tributylamine and i minus-butylchlorocarbonate. For each molecule of BSA, the 6alpha- and 6beta-conjugates contained an average of 23 and 20 steroid residues, respectively. Antisera to the conjugates exhibited similar high specificities toward various steroids, the only incidence of serious cross-reaction being the expected case of dihydrotestosterone.", "contents": "The use of 6alpha-and 6beta-carboxymethyl testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugates in radioimmunoassay for testosterone. The synthesis of 6alpha- and 6beta-testosterone-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates is described. 6beta-Carboxymethyl-4-androstene-3,17-dione was prepared by a route analogous to that described earlier for 6beta-carboxymethyl progesterone. Sodium borohydride reduction of the 3 and 17 keto groups and subsequent selective oxidation of the resulting 3beta, 17beta-diol using MnO2 provided 6 -carboxymethyl testosterone. Further acid catalyzed epimerization of the C-6 center gave the isomeric 6alpha-carboxymethyl testosterone. The 6alpha- and 6beta-testosterone derivatives were attached to BSA via a mixed anhydride coupling employing tributylamine and i minus-butylchlorocarbonate. For each molecule of BSA, the 6alpha- and 6beta-conjugates contained an average of 23 and 20 steroid residues, respectively. Antisera to the conjugates exhibited similar high specificities toward various steroids, the only incidence of serious cross-reaction being the expected case of dihydrotestosterone.", "PMID": 1167430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1710", "title": "Considerations of delta 5-pregnenediol formation in ovarian tissue.", "content": "20Alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3-one (20alpha-DHP) in ovarian tissue could be formed directly from progesterone (Pathway 1) or from pregnenolone via a delta 5-intermediate, pregn-5-ene-3beta, 20alpha-diol (Pathway 2). The participation of Pathway 2 is demonstrated to the extent that pregnenediol can be formed from pregnenolone and that the delta 5-diol, in turn, can be a precursor to 20alpha-DH P in vitro, using ovarian tissue from cycling rats by both flask incubation and superfusion techniques. Pathway 2 would allow greater flexibility and local regulation with respect to potential steroid sulfate conjugates of delta 5-3beta-OH intermediates. The existence of two pathways leading to 20alpha-DH P could explain the occurrance of variable levels of this steroid without a necessary direct or inverse relationship to progesterone secretion levels at different stages of the estrous cycle.", "contents": "Considerations of delta 5-pregnenediol formation in ovarian tissue. 20Alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3-one (20alpha-DHP) in ovarian tissue could be formed directly from progesterone (Pathway 1) or from pregnenolone via a delta 5-intermediate, pregn-5-ene-3beta, 20alpha-diol (Pathway 2). The participation of Pathway 2 is demonstrated to the extent that pregnenediol can be formed from pregnenolone and that the delta 5-diol, in turn, can be a precursor to 20alpha-DH P in vitro, using ovarian tissue from cycling rats by both flask incubation and superfusion techniques. Pathway 2 would allow greater flexibility and local regulation with respect to potential steroid sulfate conjugates of delta 5-3beta-OH intermediates. The existence of two pathways leading to 20alpha-DH P could explain the occurrance of variable levels of this steroid without a necessary direct or inverse relationship to progesterone secretion levels at different stages of the estrous cycle.", "PMID": 1167431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1711", "title": "Direct isolation of mycoplasmas and acholeplasmas from sera and kidneys of calves.", "content": "Kidneys and sera of calves from various farms and primary kidney tissue cultures were tested for mycoplasma and acholeplasma contamination. Altogether 24 strains belonging to Mycoplasma arginini and Acholeplasma axanthum were isolated from tissue cultures, kidneys and sera. The same species were detected from lungs and peribronchial lymph nodes of calves, together with A. laidlawii, A. modicum and M. bovirhinis species. There was a close correlation between the mycoplasma content of tissue cultures, sera and kidneys and the clinical picture observed in the farm, as well as between the quality of tissue cultures and the mycoplasma content of organs, sera and tissue cultures.", "contents": "Direct isolation of mycoplasmas and acholeplasmas from sera and kidneys of calves. Kidneys and sera of calves from various farms and primary kidney tissue cultures were tested for mycoplasma and acholeplasma contamination. Altogether 24 strains belonging to Mycoplasma arginini and Acholeplasma axanthum were isolated from tissue cultures, kidneys and sera. The same species were detected from lungs and peribronchial lymph nodes of calves, together with A. laidlawii, A. modicum and M. bovirhinis species. There was a close correlation between the mycoplasma content of tissue cultures, sera and kidneys and the clinical picture observed in the farm, as well as between the quality of tissue cultures and the mycoplasma content of organs, sera and tissue cultures.", "PMID": 1167436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1712", "title": "Life strengths and life stresses: explorations in the measurement of the mental health of the Black aged.", "content": "A study of Asian American patients receiving care in community mental health facilities suggests that rates of psychopathology among Asain Americans have been underestimated and that treatment facilities are not responding to the needs of this group.", "contents": "Life strengths and life stresses: explorations in the measurement of the mental health of the Black aged. A study of Asian American patients receiving care in community mental health facilities suggests that rates of psychopathology among Asain Americans have been underestimated and that treatment facilities are not responding to the needs of this group.", "PMID": 1167437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1713", "title": "Certain physiochemical properties of uterine tubal fluid, follicular fluid, and blood plasma in the mare.", "content": "Uterine tubal fluids were collected twice a day from mares for 5 consecutive estrous cycles between March 15 and September 1. Follicular fluids were aspirated from the follicles of exteriorized ovaries of 3 mares between days 2 and 5 of estrus. Uterine tubal fluid and follicular fluid were analyzed for osmolarity, dry matter, total lipids, total free fatty acids, glucose, fructose, and lactic acid. Blood samples were collected (jugular venipuncture) throughout the estrous cycle, and the same physical and biochemical analyses were made on blood plasma. A difference (P less than 0.01) was found for osmolarity between uterine tubal fluids collected during estrus and those collected during anestrus. The osmolarity of uterine tubal fluid during anestrus was greater than that of blood plasma; follicular fluid was similar in osmolarity to blood plasma. The dry matter in blood plasma was greater (P less than 0.01) than that in either uterine tubal fluid or follicular fluid. Cyclic variations in dry matter content were not observed in uterine tubal fluid. Total lipids in blood plasma and follicular were greater (P less than 0.01) than those in uterine tubal bluid. The concentration of total lipid in uterine tubal fluid was similar during estrus and anestrus. Myristic acid (C14:0) in blood plasma and myristoleic acid (C14:1) in uterine tubal fluid were the only free fatty acids that had cyclic variation. The fatty acids in the greatest concentration in uterine tubal fluid and blood plasma were palmitic acid (C16:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2). Concentrations of linoleic acid and stearic acid (C18:0) were greater (P less 0.01) in follicular fluid than in uterine tubal fluid or blood plasma. Only trace amounts of glucose were detected in uterine tubal fluid, whereas a considerable amount of glucose was found in follicular fluid. Fructose was not detected in any of the fluids. Lactic acid concentrations did not differ between estrus and anestrus. Lactic acid concentration was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) in uterine tubal fluids and follicular fluids than in blood plasma.", "contents": "Certain physiochemical properties of uterine tubal fluid, follicular fluid, and blood plasma in the mare. Uterine tubal fluids were collected twice a day from mares for 5 consecutive estrous cycles between March 15 and September 1. Follicular fluids were aspirated from the follicles of exteriorized ovaries of 3 mares between days 2 and 5 of estrus. Uterine tubal fluid and follicular fluid were analyzed for osmolarity, dry matter, total lipids, total free fatty acids, glucose, fructose, and lactic acid. Blood samples were collected (jugular venipuncture) throughout the estrous cycle, and the same physical and biochemical analyses were made on blood plasma. A difference (P less than 0.01) was found for osmolarity between uterine tubal fluids collected during estrus and those collected during anestrus. The osmolarity of uterine tubal fluid during anestrus was greater than that of blood plasma; follicular fluid was similar in osmolarity to blood plasma. The dry matter in blood plasma was greater (P less than 0.01) than that in either uterine tubal fluid or follicular fluid. Cyclic variations in dry matter content were not observed in uterine tubal fluid. Total lipids in blood plasma and follicular were greater (P less than 0.01) than those in uterine tubal bluid. The concentration of total lipid in uterine tubal fluid was similar during estrus and anestrus. Myristic acid (C14:0) in blood plasma and myristoleic acid (C14:1) in uterine tubal fluid were the only free fatty acids that had cyclic variation. The fatty acids in the greatest concentration in uterine tubal fluid and blood plasma were palmitic acid (C16:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2). Concentrations of linoleic acid and stearic acid (C18:0) were greater (P less 0.01) in follicular fluid than in uterine tubal fluid or blood plasma. Only trace amounts of glucose were detected in uterine tubal fluid, whereas a considerable amount of glucose was found in follicular fluid. Fructose was not detected in any of the fluids. Lactic acid concentrations did not differ between estrus and anestrus. Lactic acid concentration was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) in uterine tubal fluids and follicular fluids than in blood plasma.", "PMID": 1167439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1714", "title": "Relationship between Mycobacterium simiae and Mycobacterium habana.", "content": "Strains of the species Mycobacterium simiae give a positive niacin test. On the basis of their cultural and biochemical characteristics and by seroagglutination they can be classified into 2 subspecies. (1) The strains of serotype M. simiae 1 hydrolyze urea regularly and nicotinamide and pyrazinamide irregularly. They are photochromogenic after prolonged exposure to light. (2) The strains of serotype M. simiae 2 hydrolyze urea only. Three of 4 strains are scotochromogenic; the fourth has a pale pink pigment. Two of these strains possess alpha- and beta-esterase activity. The other two are negative in this test. Strains of M. habana are culturally and biochemically identical with the serotype M. simiae 1 and show the same serologic specificity as M. simiae 1. M. habana sera, after having been absorbed by M. simiae 1, retain a small amount of agglutinins specific for M. habana. We believe that the M. habana strains belong to the species M. simiae and are closely related to the serotype M. simiae 1.", "contents": "Relationship between Mycobacterium simiae and Mycobacterium habana. Strains of the species Mycobacterium simiae give a positive niacin test. On the basis of their cultural and biochemical characteristics and by seroagglutination they can be classified into 2 subspecies. (1) The strains of serotype M. simiae 1 hydrolyze urea regularly and nicotinamide and pyrazinamide irregularly. They are photochromogenic after prolonged exposure to light. (2) The strains of serotype M. simiae 2 hydrolyze urea only. Three of 4 strains are scotochromogenic; the fourth has a pale pink pigment. Two of these strains possess alpha- and beta-esterase activity. The other two are negative in this test. Strains of M. habana are culturally and biochemically identical with the serotype M. simiae 1 and show the same serologic specificity as M. simiae 1. M. habana sera, after having been absorbed by M. simiae 1, retain a small amount of agglutinins specific for M. habana. We believe that the M. habana strains belong to the species M. simiae and are closely related to the serotype M. simiae 1.", "PMID": 1167440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1715", "title": "Human pulmonary adiospiromycosis.", "content": "Emmonsia crescens, a fungus that causes granulomatous pulmonary adiospiromycosis, is an uncommon human pathogen. Histopathologic and ultrastructural evaluation of a new case of human adiospiromycosis from Guatemaia showed pulmonary granulomatosis in respose  to the inhaled spores of the fungus. The wall of each spore consisted of three zones. A fenestrated layer was clearly demonstrated within the middle zone. Neither budding nor endosporulation was detected. Our findings support the pathogenetic view that E crescens produces local changes by progressive enlargement of the inhaled spores and surrounding granulomas. Characteristically, the fungus does not propagate or disseminate within the lung", "contents": "Human pulmonary adiospiromycosis. Emmonsia crescens, a fungus that causes granulomatous pulmonary adiospiromycosis, is an uncommon human pathogen. Histopathologic and ultrastructural evaluation of a new case of human adiospiromycosis from Guatemaia showed pulmonary granulomatosis in respose  to the inhaled spores of the fungus. The wall of each spore consisted of three zones. A fenestrated layer was clearly demonstrated within the middle zone. Neither budding nor endosporulation was detected. Our findings support the pathogenetic view that E crescens produces local changes by progressive enlargement of the inhaled spores and surrounding granulomas. Characteristically, the fungus does not propagate or disseminate within the lung", "PMID": 1167442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1716", "title": "Ultrastructure of gonadoblastoma.", "content": "We examined, ultrastructurally, gonadoblastomas from two phenotypic females with a 46,XY and 46,XY/45, XO genotype, respectively. Ultrastructurally, germ cells of gonadoblastoma resembled immature gonocytes; it was not possible to classify them into exact developmental stages given for normal fetal testes or ovaries. In the dysgerminomatous part of the first tumor, germ cells showed ultrastructural signs of differentiation comparable to abortive spermatogenesis as seen in testicular but not ovarian dysgerminosa. The  sex cord cells resembled either Sertoli, granulosa, or ovarian stromal cells. The stroma surrounding the epithelial nests resembled the ovarian stroma and contained interstitial cells like Leydig or ovarian hilar cells or both. The epithelial nests of gonadoblastoma were surrounded by laminar multilayered basement membranes. The hyaline masses inside the tumor nests were composed of the same material.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of gonadoblastoma. We examined, ultrastructurally, gonadoblastomas from two phenotypic females with a 46,XY and 46,XY/45, XO genotype, respectively. Ultrastructurally, germ cells of gonadoblastoma resembled immature gonocytes; it was not possible to classify them into exact developmental stages given for normal fetal testes or ovaries. In the dysgerminomatous part of the first tumor, germ cells showed ultrastructural signs of differentiation comparable to abortive spermatogenesis as seen in testicular but not ovarian dysgerminosa. The  sex cord cells resembled either Sertoli, granulosa, or ovarian stromal cells. The stroma surrounding the epithelial nests resembled the ovarian stroma and contained interstitial cells like Leydig or ovarian hilar cells or both. The epithelial nests of gonadoblastoma were surrounded by laminar multilayered basement membranes. The hyaline masses inside the tumor nests were composed of the same material.", "PMID": 1167443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1717", "title": "Chromium-51 release from human blood platelets by anti A antibody.", "content": "Platelets were obtained by differential centrifugation from Group A donors and were incubated with Na2-51Cr04. After washing to remove excess chromium, the platelets were exposed for one hour to Anti A antibody which showed agglutinating activity only. Chromium release was no greater than that of controls. Hemolytic Anti A in the presence of rabbit complement released 15 percent more chromium than controls. Anti P1A1, a platelet specific antibody, when incubated with platelets in the presence of rabbit complement released 45 percent more chromium than controls. It appears that Anti A antibody is not as destructive to platelets as a platelet specific antibody is, even when the Anti A antibody shows hemolytic activity with red cells. These observations are in agreement with previous in vivo studies of ABO incompatible platelets.", "contents": "Chromium-51 release from human blood platelets by anti A antibody. Platelets were obtained by differential centrifugation from Group A donors and were incubated with Na2-51Cr04. After washing to remove excess chromium, the platelets were exposed for one hour to Anti A antibody which showed agglutinating activity only. Chromium release was no greater than that of controls. Hemolytic Anti A in the presence of rabbit complement released 15 percent more chromium than controls. Anti P1A1, a platelet specific antibody, when incubated with platelets in the presence of rabbit complement released 45 percent more chromium than controls. It appears that Anti A antibody is not as destructive to platelets as a platelet specific antibody is, even when the Anti A antibody shows hemolytic activity with red cells. These observations are in agreement with previous in vivo studies of ABO incompatible platelets.", "PMID": 1167441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1718", "title": "Approach for an equation of state for adsorbed protein surfaces.", "content": "A surface equation of state for polymer interfaces is obtained by equating the chemical potentials of the solvent in the bulk and surface phases. This equation of state contains the fraction of the surface covered with polymer and the surface activity coefficient as parameters. These parameters may be obtained by measuring the thermodynamic modulus of elasticity. Moreover, if the amount of protein in the interface is known the degree of folding in the surface may be evaluated. The present theory was applied to adsorbed beta-lactoglobulin in surfaces. The results are in agreement with qualitative equations and results from other sources.", "contents": "Approach for an equation of state for adsorbed protein surfaces. A surface equation of state for polymer interfaces is obtained by equating the chemical potentials of the solvent in the bulk and surface phases. This equation of state contains the fraction of the surface covered with polymer and the surface activity coefficient as parameters. These parameters may be obtained by measuring the thermodynamic modulus of elasticity. Moreover, if the amount of protein in the interface is known the degree of folding in the surface may be evaluated. The present theory was applied to adsorbed beta-lactoglobulin in surfaces. The results are in agreement with qualitative equations and results from other sources.", "PMID": 1167463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1719", "title": "Hydrodynamic structure of bovine serum albumin determined by transient electric birefringence.", "content": "Birefringence relaxation studies on bovine serum albumin (BSA) reveal transient decay described by a double exponential process. The values of the relaxation times lead to estimation of the size of the equivalent ellipsoid of revolution for BSA. Previous measurements of transient birefringence for BSA have shown a single relaxation process, since the apparatus used in obtaining those data was not fast enough to detect the faster relaxation process.", "contents": "Hydrodynamic structure of bovine serum albumin determined by transient electric birefringence. Birefringence relaxation studies on bovine serum albumin (BSA) reveal transient decay described by a double exponential process. The values of the relaxation times lead to estimation of the size of the equivalent ellipsoid of revolution for BSA. Previous measurements of transient birefringence for BSA have shown a single relaxation process, since the apparatus used in obtaining those data was not fast enough to detect the faster relaxation process.", "PMID": 1167468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1720", "title": "[Frequency and gradient dispersion of viscosity of dna solutions].", "content": "Gradual and frequential dispersion of the viscosity of DNA solution in cattle splin was studied. Zimm--Crothers rotational viscosimeter was used for determining gradient relationship of viscosity eta (g). To determine frequential dispersion of viscosity a magnetelecttric vibrational viscosimeter with the working range of 16-100 Hz was produced. It was found that gradient relationship of specific viscosity coincides within the measuring error with the frequential relationship of actual component of specific viscosity at dynamic measurements. The influence of the alternating force with the frequency f is equivalent to the effect of stationary applied force producing the gradient g=k with f, where k=3,2 plus or minus 0,4.", "contents": "[Frequency and gradient dispersion of viscosity of dna solutions]. Gradual and frequential dispersion of the viscosity of DNA solution in cattle splin was studied. Zimm--Crothers rotational viscosimeter was used for determining gradient relationship of viscosity eta (g). To determine frequential dispersion of viscosity a magnetelecttric vibrational viscosimeter with the working range of 16-100 Hz was produced. It was found that gradient relationship of specific viscosity coincides within the measuring error with the frequential relationship of actual component of specific viscosity at dynamic measurements. The influence of the alternating force with the frequency f is equivalent to the effect of stationary applied force producing the gradient g=k with f, where k=3,2 plus or minus 0,4.", "PMID": 1167464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1721", "title": "[Letter: Mechanism of K+-dependent swelling of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells].", "content": "Limiting values of cell volume measured under the conditions of K+-dependent swelling of EAC cells decrease when the medium is hypertonized, the extent of the decrease depending more on the type of the agent applied than on the concentration gradient. According to the action efficiency the agents studied can be placed in the following sequence: Ca2+, succrose Na+,K+. It is concluded that Ca ions strengthen the cell membrane, while K+ ions produce a contrary effect.", "contents": "[Letter: Mechanism of K+-dependent swelling of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells]. Limiting values of cell volume measured under the conditions of K+-dependent swelling of EAC cells decrease when the medium is hypertonized, the extent of the decrease depending more on the type of the agent applied than on the concentration gradient. According to the action efficiency the agents studied can be placed in the following sequence: Ca2+, succrose Na+,K+. It is concluded that Ca ions strengthen the cell membrane, while K+ ions produce a contrary effect.", "PMID": 1167465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1722", "title": "[Application of the periodic action method to studying the kinetics of carbon monoxide binding by myoglobin].", "content": "To investigate the enzymatic and chemical reactions in a regime of forced oscillations an apparatus has been constructed which permits to observe amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics of objects in the range of frequencies 10-2-10-6 c/s. This apparatus offers a means of recording stationary and transition kinetics of reactions after the jump-perturbation. Reaction kinetics of CO-binding by whale myoglobin has been studied in the regime of forced oscillations. A phase-frequency characteristics of the system and frequency dependence of averaged (for many periods) myoglobin concentration is measured. Each of the two relationships permits to measure the relaxation times. This possibility has been theoretically predicted earlier by the author.", "contents": "[Application of the periodic action method to studying the kinetics of carbon monoxide binding by myoglobin]. To investigate the enzymatic and chemical reactions in a regime of forced oscillations an apparatus has been constructed which permits to observe amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics of objects in the range of frequencies 10-2-10-6 c/s. This apparatus offers a means of recording stationary and transition kinetics of reactions after the jump-perturbation. Reaction kinetics of CO-binding by whale myoglobin has been studied in the regime of forced oscillations. A phase-frequency characteristics of the system and frequency dependence of averaged (for many periods) myoglobin concentration is measured. Each of the two relationships permits to measure the relaxation times. This possibility has been theoretically predicted earlier by the author.", "PMID": 1167466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1723", "title": "Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of 100 consecutive cases of primary carcinoma of the gallbladder, treated by a single surgical unit, are described. Females out numbered males by 2 to 1. The maximum incidence was seen in the fifth decade. Pain and the presence of a mass were the two most common clinical features. Gallstones coexisted in 45 per cent of cases. Ancillary investigations were of little value in preoperative diagnosis. At laparotomy biopsy alone was possible in a large number of cases owing to the advanced disease process. Two patients were alive 5 years after surgery. Prophylactic cholecystectomy for all diseased gallbladders, whether symptomatic or not, is advocated.", "contents": "Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder. The clinical and pathological features of 100 consecutive cases of primary carcinoma of the gallbladder, treated by a single surgical unit, are described. Females out numbered males by 2 to 1. The maximum incidence was seen in the fifth decade. Pain and the presence of a mass were the two most common clinical features. Gallstones coexisted in 45 per cent of cases. Ancillary investigations were of little value in preoperative diagnosis. At laparotomy biopsy alone was possible in a large number of cases owing to the advanced disease process. Two patients were alive 5 years after surgery. Prophylactic cholecystectomy for all diseased gallbladders, whether symptomatic or not, is advocated.", "PMID": 1167471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1724", "title": "[Frequently recurring cyclic megakaryocytopenic-thrombopenic purpura].", "content": "An unusual case of acquired frequently remitting megakaryocytopenic-thrombocytopenic purpura in a 54 years old man is reported. The patient could be followed up anamnestically for 11 years. Regularly megakaryocytopenic-thrombocytopenic periods were followed by complete remissions. Platelet survival was normal in thrombocytopenic and in remission phases. No immune mechanism could be detected. The exceptional position of this disorder within the inhomogenous group of intermittent thrombocytopenic purpuras is discussed, and the common criteria with three other published cases are pointed out.", "contents": "[Frequently recurring cyclic megakaryocytopenic-thrombopenic purpura]. An unusual case of acquired frequently remitting megakaryocytopenic-thrombocytopenic purpura in a 54 years old man is reported. The patient could be followed up anamnestically for 11 years. Regularly megakaryocytopenic-thrombocytopenic periods were followed by complete remissions. Platelet survival was normal in thrombocytopenic and in remission phases. No immune mechanism could be detected. The exceptional position of this disorder within the inhomogenous group of intermittent thrombocytopenic purpuras is discussed, and the common criteria with three other published cases are pointed out.", "PMID": 1167470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1725", "title": "[Fluorimetric study of phospholipase A-induced efflux of Ca2+ from liposomes].", "content": "Artificial vesicles, liposomes, were prepared from the total fraction of phospholipids of rat liver mitochondria. Electron microscopy showed that the structure of liposomes depended on cation composition of the medium in which they were formed. Fluorescence of chlorotetracycline increased in the suspension of liposomes loaded with Ca+2 due to the formation of Ca+2-chlorotetracycline-phospholipid membrane complex. Incubation of liposome suspension with phospholipase A in the presence of EDTA resulted in a decrease of chlorotetracycline fluorescence indicating a break of the integrity of liposome membranes and Ca+2 efflux.", "contents": "[Fluorimetric study of phospholipase A-induced efflux of Ca2+ from liposomes]. Artificial vesicles, liposomes, were prepared from the total fraction of phospholipids of rat liver mitochondria. Electron microscopy showed that the structure of liposomes depended on cation composition of the medium in which they were formed. Fluorescence of chlorotetracycline increased in the suspension of liposomes loaded with Ca+2 due to the formation of Ca+2-chlorotetracycline-phospholipid membrane complex. Incubation of liposome suspension with phospholipase A in the presence of EDTA resulted in a decrease of chlorotetracycline fluorescence indicating a break of the integrity of liposome membranes and Ca+2 efflux.", "PMID": 1167467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1726", "title": "Hemangiosarcoma of spleen with spontaneous rupture.", "content": "A 76-year-old man with spontaneous rupture of a hemangiosarcoma of the spleen, together with a review of 49 previously reported patients with splenic hemangiosarcoma are presented. Twenty-three were women and 27 were men. All but 3 were adults. Fiften were 50-59 years of age. The symptomatology was nonspecific. Three patients developed microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Spontaneous rupture occurred in 17 cases (34%). Metastases occurred in 42 cases; they were primarily hematogenous and most often in the liver. Lymph node involvement, however, was present in 13 cases. The prognosis of untreated splenic hemangiosarcoma is poor. Three of 25 patients survived a year or more after the initial onset of symptoms. Splenectomy before rupture is advisable, since 5 of 19 patients survived at least 1-5 years. It is suggested that hemangiosarcoma be considered in patients with: 1) splenomegaly without evidence of malignant lymphoma or leukemia, 2) splenomegaly with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and 3) unexplained intraperitoneal hemorrhage.", "contents": "Hemangiosarcoma of spleen with spontaneous rupture. A 76-year-old man with spontaneous rupture of a hemangiosarcoma of the spleen, together with a review of 49 previously reported patients with splenic hemangiosarcoma are presented. Twenty-three were women and 27 were men. All but 3 were adults. Fiften were 50-59 years of age. The symptomatology was nonspecific. Three patients developed microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Spontaneous rupture occurred in 17 cases (34%). Metastases occurred in 42 cases; they were primarily hematogenous and most often in the liver. Lymph node involvement, however, was present in 13 cases. The prognosis of untreated splenic hemangiosarcoma is poor. Three of 25 patients survived a year or more after the initial onset of symptoms. Splenectomy before rupture is advisable, since 5 of 19 patients survived at least 1-5 years. It is suggested that hemangiosarcoma be considered in patients with: 1) splenomegaly without evidence of malignant lymphoma or leukemia, 2) splenomegaly with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and 3) unexplained intraperitoneal hemorrhage.", "PMID": 1167482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1727", "title": "Promotion of experimental breast carcinoma in rats treated with extract of liver from rats with portacaval shunt.", "content": "Liver homogenates or extracts of liver homogenates from rats in which portacaval shunt had been performed were found to have a significant growth-promoting effect on 7,12 dimethyl (a) benzanthracene (DMBA)-produced breast carcinoma in rats.  Tumor potentiation was manifested by increased incidence of animals developing tumors, increased number of tumors, and increased tumor size, when compared with animals receiving injections of shunted or control liver. These observations suggest the existence of a tumor-stimulating factor in liver from which portal blood has been completely and chronically diverted by portacaval shunt. The demonstration of tumor growth stimulating factor(s) present in shunted liver, together with previously reported observations of the modification of the growth of various types of tumors in animals with a portacaval shunt, suggests that the liver is capable of playing an important role in tumor-host interactions. The portacaval shunt appears to be useful as a technique in elucidating ways that liver function may influence tumor growth.", "contents": "Promotion of experimental breast carcinoma in rats treated with extract of liver from rats with portacaval shunt. Liver homogenates or extracts of liver homogenates from rats in which portacaval shunt had been performed were found to have a significant growth-promoting effect on 7,12 dimethyl (a) benzanthracene (DMBA)-produced breast carcinoma in rats.  Tumor potentiation was manifested by increased incidence of animals developing tumors, increased number of tumors, and increased tumor size, when compared with animals receiving injections of shunted or control liver. These observations suggest the existence of a tumor-stimulating factor in liver from which portal blood has been completely and chronically diverted by portacaval shunt. The demonstration of tumor growth stimulating factor(s) present in shunted liver, together with previously reported observations of the modification of the growth of various types of tumors in animals with a portacaval shunt, suggests that the liver is capable of playing an important role in tumor-host interactions. The portacaval shunt appears to be useful as a technique in elucidating ways that liver function may influence tumor growth.", "PMID": 1167483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1728", "title": "Complications and total care of a child with acute leukemia.", "content": "The complications which occur in a child with acute leukemia depend on the stage of the disease and the therapeutic regiman. Most children will present with some manifestation of marrow failure. An occasional child will have marked leukocytosis and disturbance of organ function due to massive leukemic infiltrates. Metabolic disturbances such as hyperuricemia and hyperphosphatemia-hypocalcemia may develop, expecially after therapy is initiated. The myelosuppression and immunosuppression due to drug toxicity may result in opportunistic infections. Other toxicities which can occur with a chemotherapeutic regimen are numerois and varied, and the physician must be cognizant of them in order to minimize damage. Therapy to the central nervous system, either for subclinical or clinical disease, has been associated with a variety of symptoms ranging from meningismus to paraplegia and death. To prevent the development of these complications, and to manage them effectively if they occur, the physician must be knowlegeable about their etiology, clinical and laboratory manifestations, and treatment.", "contents": "Complications and total care of a child with acute leukemia. The complications which occur in a child with acute leukemia depend on the stage of the disease and the therapeutic regiman. Most children will present with some manifestation of marrow failure. An occasional child will have marked leukocytosis and disturbance of organ function due to massive leukemic infiltrates. Metabolic disturbances such as hyperuricemia and hyperphosphatemia-hypocalcemia may develop, expecially after therapy is initiated. The myelosuppression and immunosuppression due to drug toxicity may result in opportunistic infections. Other toxicities which can occur with a chemotherapeutic regimen are numerois and varied, and the physician must be cognizant of them in order to minimize damage. Therapy to the central nervous system, either for subclinical or clinical disease, has been associated with a variety of symptoms ranging from meningismus to paraplegia and death. To prevent the development of these complications, and to manage them effectively if they occur, the physician must be knowlegeable about their etiology, clinical and laboratory manifestations, and treatment.", "PMID": 1167484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1729", "title": "Trends in surgery for childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.", "content": "Total excision remains the aim of surgical management for rhabdomyosarcomas in children, but effective adjunctive treatment for the majority of these tumors permits preservation of function and appearance in situations where formerly these were sacrificed. Control of residual tumor in microscopic quantity can now be achieved by chemotherapy in the majority of cases. The coordination of surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy has reduced the need for ultra-radical extirpative procedures. The following conservative trends have evolved: 1) Amputations are rarely indicated for tumors of the extremities. 2) Primary irradiation for orbital tumors may obviate exenteration and save the eye. 3) Multilating excisions for head and neck tumors can often be avoided. 4) Prophylactic regional lymph node dissections are usually not indicated. 5) Primary tumors of the bladder or prostate can usually be managed by anterior exenteration.", "contents": "Trends in surgery for childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Total excision remains the aim of surgical management for rhabdomyosarcomas in children, but effective adjunctive treatment for the majority of these tumors permits preservation of function and appearance in situations where formerly these were sacrificed. Control of residual tumor in microscopic quantity can now be achieved by chemotherapy in the majority of cases. The coordination of surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy has reduced the need for ultra-radical extirpative procedures. The following conservative trends have evolved: 1) Amputations are rarely indicated for tumors of the extremities. 2) Primary irradiation for orbital tumors may obviate exenteration and save the eye. 3) Multilating excisions for head and neck tumors can often be avoided. 4) Prophylactic regional lymph node dissections are usually not indicated. 5) Primary tumors of the bladder or prostate can usually be managed by anterior exenteration.", "PMID": 1167485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1730", "title": "Diagnosis and surgical treatment of childhood brain tumors.", "content": "As the most frequent solid tumor occurring in childhood, brain tumors constitute an important segment of pediatric oncology. Neurologic manifestations may be deceptively mild and easily overlooked or misinterpreted, particularly in the very young, because of the remarkable resiliency of the immature central nervous system and the skull's ability to expand throughout the pre-adolescent years. The majority of childhood tumors produce increased intracranial pressure, usually the consequence of obstructive hydrocephalus. Specific neurologic deficits correspond to the tumor's location. The posterior fossa harbors two-thirds of childhood tumors, and each of the four common tumors in this location produces a characteristic syndrome. Supratentorial tumors occupy the cerebral hemisphere, the suprasellar area, and the pineal gland. Diagnostic studies have reached a state of great sophistication and precise anatomical localization. Surgery, either alone or with adjuvant radiotherapy, cures no more than one-third of all tumors; for the remainder, it has a diagnostic and palliative role. The introduction of operative microsurgery has advanced the art, particularly in the surgical treatment of craniopharyngiomas and pinealomas, but any significant improvement in the treatment of brain tumors as a group seems unlikely to be achieved by surgery alone.", "contents": "Diagnosis and surgical treatment of childhood brain tumors. As the most frequent solid tumor occurring in childhood, brain tumors constitute an important segment of pediatric oncology. Neurologic manifestations may be deceptively mild and easily overlooked or misinterpreted, particularly in the very young, because of the remarkable resiliency of the immature central nervous system and the skull's ability to expand throughout the pre-adolescent years. The majority of childhood tumors produce increased intracranial pressure, usually the consequence of obstructive hydrocephalus. Specific neurologic deficits correspond to the tumor's location. The posterior fossa harbors two-thirds of childhood tumors, and each of the four common tumors in this location produces a characteristic syndrome. Supratentorial tumors occupy the cerebral hemisphere, the suprasellar area, and the pineal gland. Diagnostic studies have reached a state of great sophistication and precise anatomical localization. Surgery, either alone or with adjuvant radiotherapy, cures no more than one-third of all tumors; for the remainder, it has a diagnostic and palliative role. The introduction of operative microsurgery has advanced the art, particularly in the surgical treatment of craniopharyngiomas and pinealomas, but any significant improvement in the treatment of brain tumors as a group seems unlikely to be achieved by surgery alone.", "PMID": 1167486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1731", "title": "Examination of some factors affecting sensitivity and reproducibility in radioimmunoassay of thyrotropin.", "content": "Conditions for measuring human thyrotropin by radioimmunoassay have been investigated, to improve the sensitivity and reproducibility of the assay. The Chloramine-T method of iodination was used, the reaction time being 20 s. Doubling the iodination reaction volume from 55 to 95 mul did not affect the immunoreactivity. Purification of labeled hormone by use of anion-exchange resin followed by silica (Quso G-32) instead of Sephadex gel-filtration or anion exchange alone yielded a product that was the least (less than 4%) contaminated with Na125 I. Human serum albumin (2.5 g/liter) in phosphate-buffered saline, instead of bovine serum, should be used as diluent for unknowns; within-assay variance was 3% for the former, 62% for the latter. The assay worked equally well for both pregnant and nonpregnant patients, with use of 50 to 100 mul of serum per determination. A five-week-old labeled hormone yielded higher values than did two-week-old material. Use of sequential saturation techniques (tracer added on day 3) resulted in a greater than 50% drop in B/B-0 ratio in the standard curve between 0.39 and 50 microunits/ml. Somatotropin, choriomammotropin, and procine insulin did not cross react in this system. Human follitropin and lutropin did cross react, and this cross reaction could not be prevented with as much as 40 international units of human choriogonadotropin per tube. With a total reaction volume of 0.4 ml before addition of second antibody, 0.2 ml of 10-fold diluted second antibody yielded a standard curve with lower nonspecific binding and higher maximum precipitation than one constructed by using only 20 mul of second antibody. In 29 euthyroid patients the mean thyrotropin value was 5.7 microunits/ml (range 2.8-11); nine hypothyroid patients had a mean of 112 microunits/ml (range 38-267); and 13 hyperthyroid subjects showed suppressed thyrotropin with a mean of 3.1 microunits/ml (range 2.2-4.5). Following these suggestions, one can expect a more highly purified immunoreactive tracer and a more sensitive assay than is obtained with the procedure from the Pituitary Agency of the National Institutes of Health.", "contents": "Examination of some factors affecting sensitivity and reproducibility in radioimmunoassay of thyrotropin. Conditions for measuring human thyrotropin by radioimmunoassay have been investigated, to improve the sensitivity and reproducibility of the assay. The Chloramine-T method of iodination was used, the reaction time being 20 s. Doubling the iodination reaction volume from 55 to 95 mul did not affect the immunoreactivity. Purification of labeled hormone by use of anion-exchange resin followed by silica (Quso G-32) instead of Sephadex gel-filtration or anion exchange alone yielded a product that was the least (less than 4%) contaminated with Na125 I. Human serum albumin (2.5 g/liter) in phosphate-buffered saline, instead of bovine serum, should be used as diluent for unknowns; within-assay variance was 3% for the former, 62% for the latter. The assay worked equally well for both pregnant and nonpregnant patients, with use of 50 to 100 mul of serum per determination. A five-week-old labeled hormone yielded higher values than did two-week-old material. Use of sequential saturation techniques (tracer added on day 3) resulted in a greater than 50% drop in B/B-0 ratio in the standard curve between 0.39 and 50 microunits/ml. Somatotropin, choriomammotropin, and procine insulin did not cross react in this system. Human follitropin and lutropin did cross react, and this cross reaction could not be prevented with as much as 40 international units of human choriogonadotropin per tube. With a total reaction volume of 0.4 ml before addition of second antibody, 0.2 ml of 10-fold diluted second antibody yielded a standard curve with lower nonspecific binding and higher maximum precipitation than one constructed by using only 20 mul of second antibody. In 29 euthyroid patients the mean thyrotropin value was 5.7 microunits/ml (range 2.8-11); nine hypothyroid patients had a mean of 112 microunits/ml (range 38-267); and 13 hyperthyroid subjects showed suppressed thyrotropin with a mean of 3.1 microunits/ml (range 2.2-4.5). Following these suggestions, one can expect a more highly purified immunoreactive tracer and a more sensitive assay than is obtained with the procedure from the Pituitary Agency of the National Institutes of Health.", "PMID": 1167488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1732", "title": "Solid phase radioimmunossay for serum ferritin.", "content": "A solid-phase \"direct\" radio immunoassay which is highly sensitive (detecting less than 0.5 ng/ml) and reproducible is described for the assay of ferritin in human serum.  The method makes use of specific anti-ferritin antibody prepared using human liver ferritin;  It has the advantage that tubes coated with specific antiserum may be stored for later use and lends itself readily to an automated washing procedure.  The concentration of ferritin present in the serum of normal males in the population was 56,9 ng/ml (geometric mean) with a 95 percent confidence range of 18 to 180 ng/ml.  In normal females the concentration was 34.0 ng/ml (geometric mean) with a 95 percent condidence range of 10 to 143 ng/ml.", "contents": "Solid phase radioimmunossay for serum ferritin. A solid-phase \"direct\" radio immunoassay which is highly sensitive (detecting less than 0.5 ng/ml) and reproducible is described for the assay of ferritin in human serum.  The method makes use of specific anti-ferritin antibody prepared using human liver ferritin;  It has the advantage that tubes coated with specific antiserum may be stored for later use and lends itself readily to an automated washing procedure.  The concentration of ferritin present in the serum of normal males in the population was 56,9 ng/ml (geometric mean) with a 95 percent confidence range of 18 to 180 ng/ml.  In normal females the concentration was 34.0 ng/ml (geometric mean) with a 95 percent condidence range of 10 to 143 ng/ml.", "PMID": 1167489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1733", "title": "Measurement of deep body temperature from the urine.", "content": "1. The relation between urine and rectal temperatures has been studied under a variety of conditions by using the Uritemp bottle, which measures deep body temperature from the urine. 2. This device gives a reliable measurement of deep body temperature and has advantages over both rectal and oral techniques for many clinical applications. 3. The development of a new and more reliable device, the Uritemp meter, is described. Urine is voided through a specially designed and disposable unit, equipped with either a standard mercury-in-glass thermometer or any one of a range of commercially available electronic thermometers. Provision is made to collect a urine sample simultaneously if required.", "contents": "Measurement of deep body temperature from the urine. 1. The relation between urine and rectal temperatures has been studied under a variety of conditions by using the Uritemp bottle, which measures deep body temperature from the urine. 2. This device gives a reliable measurement of deep body temperature and has advantages over both rectal and oral techniques for many clinical applications. 3. The development of a new and more reliable device, the Uritemp meter, is described. Urine is voided through a specially designed and disposable unit, equipped with either a standard mercury-in-glass thermometer or any one of a range of commercially available electronic thermometers. Provision is made to collect a urine sample simultaneously if required.", "PMID": 1167490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1734", "title": "Changes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and in sodium and potassium balance during development of renal hypertension in rats.", "content": "1. The relationships between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sodium and potassium balance and systolic blood pressure were studied during development of moderate (160-180 mmHg; clip i.d. 0.25 mm) and severe (200-230 mmHg; clip i.d. 0.20 mm) renal hypertension in rats with an undisturbed contralateral kidney. 2. In severely hypertensive rats renin activity in the peripheral plasma increased from day 9, by which time the systolic blood pressure was elevated to 160-180 mmHg. The rate of total corticosteroid and aldosterone production in vitro increased from day 14 and plasma renin substrate concentration increased from day 24. In moderately hypertensive rats, none of these changes occurred. 3. During the first 10 days after the application of 0.25 and 0.20 mm clips, sodium and potassium retention/g gain in body weight were higher than in sham-operated controls. During the next 10 days, the positive balance stabilized in animals with a 0.25 mm clip whereas, in animals with a 0.20 mm clip, sodium and potassium balance returned to the level of the sham-operated controls through increased renal losses. Despite these changes the systolic pressure rose further in animals with a 0.20 mm clip. 4. The initial sodium retention could be a factor in the early rise of blood pressure and could account for the delay in the rise of peripheral plasma renin activity. The subsequent loss of the retained sodium and potassium during the development of severe hypertension could have facilitated the rise in peripheral plasma renin activity, but did not initiate this rise.", "contents": "Changes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and in sodium and potassium balance during development of renal hypertension in rats. 1. The relationships between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sodium and potassium balance and systolic blood pressure were studied during development of moderate (160-180 mmHg; clip i.d. 0.25 mm) and severe (200-230 mmHg; clip i.d. 0.20 mm) renal hypertension in rats with an undisturbed contralateral kidney. 2. In severely hypertensive rats renin activity in the peripheral plasma increased from day 9, by which time the systolic blood pressure was elevated to 160-180 mmHg. The rate of total corticosteroid and aldosterone production in vitro increased from day 14 and plasma renin substrate concentration increased from day 24. In moderately hypertensive rats, none of these changes occurred. 3. During the first 10 days after the application of 0.25 and 0.20 mm clips, sodium and potassium retention/g gain in body weight were higher than in sham-operated controls. During the next 10 days, the positive balance stabilized in animals with a 0.25 mm clip whereas, in animals with a 0.20 mm clip, sodium and potassium balance returned to the level of the sham-operated controls through increased renal losses. Despite these changes the systolic pressure rose further in animals with a 0.20 mm clip. 4. The initial sodium retention could be a factor in the early rise of blood pressure and could account for the delay in the rise of peripheral plasma renin activity. The subsequent loss of the retained sodium and potassium during the development of severe hypertension could have facilitated the rise in peripheral plasma renin activity, but did not initiate this rise.", "PMID": 1167491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1735", "title": "Collagen in the lung: development of a technology applicable to human lung disease.", "content": "Techniques have been developed to quantitate in vitro the types, rates and fates of collagen synthesized by animal and human lung. Studies are continuing in our laboratory to apply these techniques to investigate important lung disorders, including: (1) classification of the fibrotic lung disorders by the types of collagen synthesized; (2) development of an in vitro drug evaluation system to determine, in a lung biopsy, which drugs are useful in reducing the fibrotic process for a patient with interstitial disease; and (3) investigations of the influence of serum proteins on lung connective tissue synthesis and proteolysis.", "contents": "Collagen in the lung: development of a technology applicable to human lung disease. Techniques have been developed to quantitate in vitro the types, rates and fates of collagen synthesized by animal and human lung. Studies are continuing in our laboratory to apply these techniques to investigate important lung disorders, including: (1) classification of the fibrotic lung disorders by the types of collagen synthesized; (2) development of an in vitro drug evaluation system to determine, in a lung biopsy, which drugs are useful in reducing the fibrotic process for a patient with interstitial disease; and (3) investigations of the influence of serum proteins on lung connective tissue synthesis and proteolysis.", "PMID": 1167493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1736", "title": "Avian parathyroid glands in organ culture: secretion of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.", "content": "Parathyroid (PT) glands from 20-day-old embryonic chicks cultured in a chemically defined medium secreted a stimulator of in vitro bone resorption. This stimulator was presumed to be parathyroid hormone (PTH) because: 1) the in vitro dose response curve was parallel to that obtained with bovine PTH; 2) the activity was eluted on Sephadex G-1-- chromatography at a position similar to that for PTH; and 3) the material produced hypercalcemia in vivo in chicks. The amount of PTH-activity secreted was inversely proportional to the calcium concentration of the medium over the range of 0.75-2.25 mM. The chick PT glands also secreted an inhibitor of PTH-stimulated bone resorption in vitro. This inhibitor was presumed to be calcitonin (CT) because: 1) the in vitro dose-response curve was parallel to that obtained with synthetic salmon CT; 2) the activity was eluted on Sephadex G-50 chromatography at a position similar to that for salmon CT; and 3) the material produced hypocalcemia in vivo in rats. In contrast to what would be expected for CT secretion, the CT-activity was secreted by the PT glands in response to a low, not high calcium concentration. The data suggest that the secretion of avian PTH is similar to that of the mammalian hormone, and that the ultimobranchialectomized chick with an intact parathyroid gland may not be deficient in CT.", "contents": "Avian parathyroid glands in organ culture: secretion of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Parathyroid (PT) glands from 20-day-old embryonic chicks cultured in a chemically defined medium secreted a stimulator of in vitro bone resorption. This stimulator was presumed to be parathyroid hormone (PTH) because: 1) the in vitro dose response curve was parallel to that obtained with bovine PTH; 2) the activity was eluted on Sephadex G-1-- chromatography at a position similar to that for PTH; and 3) the material produced hypercalcemia in vivo in chicks. The amount of PTH-activity secreted was inversely proportional to the calcium concentration of the medium over the range of 0.75-2.25 mM. The chick PT glands also secreted an inhibitor of PTH-stimulated bone resorption in vitro. This inhibitor was presumed to be calcitonin (CT) because: 1) the in vitro dose-response curve was parallel to that obtained with synthetic salmon CT; 2) the activity was eluted on Sephadex G-50 chromatography at a position similar to that for salmon CT; and 3) the material produced hypocalcemia in vivo in rats. In contrast to what would be expected for CT secretion, the CT-activity was secreted by the PT glands in response to a low, not high calcium concentration. The data suggest that the secretion of avian PTH is similar to that of the mammalian hormone, and that the ultimobranchialectomized chick with an intact parathyroid gland may not be deficient in CT.", "PMID": 1167499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1737", "title": "Effects of ovarian steroids on plasma LH in normal and persistent estrous adult female rats.", "content": "The ability of ovarian steroids to influence the release of LH was examined after ovariectomy in regularly cycling adult female rats and two types of anovulatory persistent estrous rats: rats treated with 10 mug of testosterone propionate (TP) shortly after birth, and normal rats housed under constant illumination. Two months after ovariectomy the negative feedback effects of a single injection of 20 mug estradiol benzoate (EB) on plasma LH were measured in these three preparations. Ovariectomized (ovex) normal and TP-treated but not ovex constant light-exposed rats had reduced LH values 6 hr after EB treatment. However, LH levels were reduced by the next day in rats in constant light. Positive feedback was measured in similar EB-primed rats following a second injection of EB or progesterone (P). In ovex normal rats LH values remained low in the morning but increased in the afternoon following the second steroid injection. Ovex EB-primed androgenized rats failed to demonstrate this positive feedback. Similarly, in ovex EB-primed constant light-exposed rats, LH values did not increase after a second EB injection. However, high LH values were observed in the afternoon 6 hr after P administration and again 40 and 50 hr later. These results indicate that the lack of spontaneous ovulation in androgenized rats may be due to the absence of positive feedback to ovarian steroids. Constant light-exposed ovex rats do not respond to the positive feedback action of estrogen and show a different response to P than ovex normal rats, in that a regular diurnal peak in plasma LH is not observed.", "contents": "Effects of ovarian steroids on plasma LH in normal and persistent estrous adult female rats. The ability of ovarian steroids to influence the release of LH was examined after ovariectomy in regularly cycling adult female rats and two types of anovulatory persistent estrous rats: rats treated with 10 mug of testosterone propionate (TP) shortly after birth, and normal rats housed under constant illumination. Two months after ovariectomy the negative feedback effects of a single injection of 20 mug estradiol benzoate (EB) on plasma LH were measured in these three preparations. Ovariectomized (ovex) normal and TP-treated but not ovex constant light-exposed rats had reduced LH values 6 hr after EB treatment. However, LH levels were reduced by the next day in rats in constant light. Positive feedback was measured in similar EB-primed rats following a second injection of EB or progesterone (P). In ovex normal rats LH values remained low in the morning but increased in the afternoon following the second steroid injection. Ovex EB-primed androgenized rats failed to demonstrate this positive feedback. Similarly, in ovex EB-primed constant light-exposed rats, LH values did not increase after a second EB injection. However, high LH values were observed in the afternoon 6 hr after P administration and again 40 and 50 hr later. These results indicate that the lack of spontaneous ovulation in androgenized rats may be due to the absence of positive feedback to ovarian steroids. Constant light-exposed ovex rats do not respond to the positive feedback action of estrogen and show a different response to P than ovex normal rats, in that a regular diurnal peak in plasma LH is not observed.", "PMID": 1167500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1738", "title": "Similarity of plasma LH release in androgenized and normal rats following electrochemical stimulation of the basal forebrain.", "content": "Because of conflicting data in the literature, the ovulatory response to electrochemical stimulation (ECS) of the medial septal-preoptic complex was measured in pentobarbital-treated normal proestrous and androgenized female rets. Increasing the stimulus strength increases the incidence of ovulation in normal but not in androgenized rats. However, since the ovaries of androgenized rats are relatively insensitive to LH, whereas pituitary responsiveness to LH-releasing factor is normal, the response to ECS was further evaluated in terms of plasma LH. Immunoassayable plasma LH was significantly elevated 30 min after stimulation. Peak LH levels occurred 90 min after stimulation and were returning toward baseline after 120 min. There was no difference in mean plasma LH values in normal and androgenized rats at any time. Stimulation of the diagonal band of Broca, medial septum or medial preoptic area elicited similar plasma LH responses in both groups. These results indicate that the responsiveness of the medial septal-preoptic complex to ECS is not deleteriously affected by neonatal androgen treatment.", "contents": "Similarity of plasma LH release in androgenized and normal rats following electrochemical stimulation of the basal forebrain. Because of conflicting data in the literature, the ovulatory response to electrochemical stimulation (ECS) of the medial septal-preoptic complex was measured in pentobarbital-treated normal proestrous and androgenized female rets. Increasing the stimulus strength increases the incidence of ovulation in normal but not in androgenized rats. However, since the ovaries of androgenized rats are relatively insensitive to LH, whereas pituitary responsiveness to LH-releasing factor is normal, the response to ECS was further evaluated in terms of plasma LH. Immunoassayable plasma LH was significantly elevated 30 min after stimulation. Peak LH levels occurred 90 min after stimulation and were returning toward baseline after 120 min. There was no difference in mean plasma LH values in normal and androgenized rats at any time. Stimulation of the diagonal band of Broca, medial septum or medial preoptic area elicited similar plasma LH responses in both groups. These results indicate that the responsiveness of the medial septal-preoptic complex to ECS is not deleteriously affected by neonatal androgen treatment.", "PMID": 1167501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1739", "title": "A renin-like activity in pineal gland and hypophysis.", "content": "The presence and distribution of renin-like activity in hypophysis, pineal gland and some neural tissues were studies in both normal and salt-loaded rats. The Boucher micromethod was used to detect enzymatic activity. In normal rats both the pituitary and pineal glands contained significantly higher values of renin-like activity than did the other tissues examined. In salt-loaded animals there was a significant decrease of the renin-like activity of the glandular tissue while in the other brain areas the activity increased. The results are discussed in terms of the possible physiological role of the central renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance.", "contents": "A renin-like activity in pineal gland and hypophysis. The presence and distribution of renin-like activity in hypophysis, pineal gland and some neural tissues were studies in both normal and salt-loaded rats. The Boucher micromethod was used to detect enzymatic activity. In normal rats both the pituitary and pineal glands contained significantly higher values of renin-like activity than did the other tissues examined. In salt-loaded animals there was a significant decrease of the renin-like activity of the glandular tissue while in the other brain areas the activity increased. The results are discussed in terms of the possible physiological role of the central renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance.", "PMID": 1167502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1740", "title": "Plasma TSH levels, by radioimmunoassay, during the estrous cycle of the rat.", "content": "Between 1000 and 1200 hr on any given morning, female rats displaying regular 4-day estrous cycles were bled by decapitation. Plasma TSH concentrations were determined by homologous radioimmunoassay (RIA), in terms of NIAMDD-Rat-TSH-I-1 standards. Mean plasma TSH concentrations plus or minus SE were 1.2 plus or minus 0.1, 1.5 plus or minus 0.2, 2.3 plus or minus 0.6, and 1.1 plus or minus 0.1 ng/ml for rats killed at proestrus, estrus, diestrus-1, and diestrus-2, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among the TSH levels, except for the elevation at diestrus-1, which is of borderline significance at the 0.05 probability level. Our findings, based on RIA, are in contrast to previous reports, based on bioassays, of an elevation of plasma TSH at estrus.", "contents": "Plasma TSH levels, by radioimmunoassay, during the estrous cycle of the rat. Between 1000 and 1200 hr on any given morning, female rats displaying regular 4-day estrous cycles were bled by decapitation. Plasma TSH concentrations were determined by homologous radioimmunoassay (RIA), in terms of NIAMDD-Rat-TSH-I-1 standards. Mean plasma TSH concentrations plus or minus SE were 1.2 plus or minus 0.1, 1.5 plus or minus 0.2, 2.3 plus or minus 0.6, and 1.1 plus or minus 0.1 ng/ml for rats killed at proestrus, estrus, diestrus-1, and diestrus-2, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among the TSH levels, except for the elevation at diestrus-1, which is of borderline significance at the 0.05 probability level. Our findings, based on RIA, are in contrast to previous reports, based on bioassays, of an elevation of plasma TSH at estrus.", "PMID": 1167503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1741", "title": "Failure of injected growth hormone to increase plasma glucose and insulin concentration in the puppy.", "content": "The resistance of puppies to the diabetogenic effect of administered growth hormone is well known. The possibility that this involves an adaptive increase in insulin secretion was explored by determining the effect of injected growth hormone on plasma insulin concentration at various age periods. Bovine growth hormone (1 mg/kg per day for 4 days) administered to 5-month-old puppies had no effect on plasma glucose or insulin levels nor on the effectiveness of injected insulin to lower plasma glucose levels. At 8 and 12 months of age the growth hormone regimen increased plasma glucose and insulin levels and produced a resistance to the hypoglycemic effect of injected insulin. It is evident that the difference between the puppy and adult in response to growth hormone is not due to excessive secretion of insulin by the puppy.", "contents": "Failure of injected growth hormone to increase plasma glucose and insulin concentration in the puppy. The resistance of puppies to the diabetogenic effect of administered growth hormone is well known. The possibility that this involves an adaptive increase in insulin secretion was explored by determining the effect of injected growth hormone on plasma insulin concentration at various age periods. Bovine growth hormone (1 mg/kg per day for 4 days) administered to 5-month-old puppies had no effect on plasma glucose or insulin levels nor on the effectiveness of injected insulin to lower plasma glucose levels. At 8 and 12 months of age the growth hormone regimen increased plasma glucose and insulin levels and produced a resistance to the hypoglycemic effect of injected insulin. It is evident that the difference between the puppy and adult in response to growth hormone is not due to excessive secretion of insulin by the puppy.", "PMID": 1167504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1742", "title": "Synergism between Trichuris suis and the microbial flora of the large intestine causing dysentery in pigs.", "content": "The role of the microbial flora of the large intestine in experimental Trichuris suis infection was studied by comparing the clinical syndrome in conventionally reared (CR) pigs, specific pathogen-free pigs, and gnotobiotic pigs. Thedisease in CR pigs was characterized by a severe mucohemorrhagic enteritis; in contrast, a mild catarrhal enteritis was observed in specific pathogen-free and gnotobiotic pigs. Spirochaetes and vibrio-like organisms were observed only in CR pigs and increased during the clinical phase of the disease. The clinical syndrome was not transmitted by oral administration of intestinal or fecal material from infected CR pigs to CR pigs free of T. suis. Smaller numbers of T. suis produced diarrhea in CR pigs and significantly reduced the growth rates of infected animals; clinical signs and the reduction in growth rate was prevented by incorporating an antibacterial substance (dimetridazole) in the food. Although clinical trichuriasis closely resembles swin dysentery, the two syndromes seem to be distinct. The present results suggest that a microbial component acts synergistically with T. suis to produce the severe clinical syndrome in CR pigs, but identification of the microbial component and the mechanism by which clinical signs are produced await further studies of the bacterial flora of the large intestine of pigs.", "contents": "Synergism between Trichuris suis and the microbial flora of the large intestine causing dysentery in pigs. The role of the microbial flora of the large intestine in experimental Trichuris suis infection was studied by comparing the clinical syndrome in conventionally reared (CR) pigs, specific pathogen-free pigs, and gnotobiotic pigs. Thedisease in CR pigs was characterized by a severe mucohemorrhagic enteritis; in contrast, a mild catarrhal enteritis was observed in specific pathogen-free and gnotobiotic pigs. Spirochaetes and vibrio-like organisms were observed only in CR pigs and increased during the clinical phase of the disease. The clinical syndrome was not transmitted by oral administration of intestinal or fecal material from infected CR pigs to CR pigs free of T. suis. Smaller numbers of T. suis produced diarrhea in CR pigs and significantly reduced the growth rates of infected animals; clinical signs and the reduction in growth rate was prevented by incorporating an antibacterial substance (dimetridazole) in the food. Although clinical trichuriasis closely resembles swin dysentery, the two syndromes seem to be distinct. The present results suggest that a microbial component acts synergistically with T. suis to produce the severe clinical syndrome in CR pigs, but identification of the microbial component and the mechanism by which clinical signs are produced await further studies of the bacterial flora of the large intestine of pigs.", "PMID": 1167536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1743", "title": "Prostatic effects of a nonsteroidal antiandrogen.", "content": "The possible mechanisms for the antiprostatic effects of a nonsteroidal antiandrogen, SCH 13521 (4'-nitro-3'-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide), were investigated in rats and dogs. The influence of administered SCH 13521 on the deposition of the radioactivity associated with labeled testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estriol (E-3) in the prostate and other tissues of the dog, and rat was determined in short term experiments. SCH 13521 definitely interfered with the localization of the radioactivity of these steroids in the prostate and indicated a competitive situation between SCH 13521 and the steroids. Even though in vitro binding data were generally in accord with in vivo results, he descrepancies regarding E-3 and the more intense effects of SCH 13521 observed in vivo, as compared to those in vitro, lead us to suggest that a metabolite of the compound may also play an important competitive role in vivo. Of particular interest was the competition between SCH 13521 and estrogens in vitro (estradiol-17-beta) and in vivo (E-3). Sch 13521 greatly decreased the volume of prostatic secretion whereas id minor effects on prostatic 5-alpha-reductase and arginase activities. The latter is surprising, since both enzymes are very highly androgen-dependent. Thus, even though the mechanisms of action of SCH 13521 on the prostate may involve competition with androgens at the cellular level, we think that its competition with some estrogens points to a more complicated action than observed with other antiandrogens.", "contents": "Prostatic effects of a nonsteroidal antiandrogen. The possible mechanisms for the antiprostatic effects of a nonsteroidal antiandrogen, SCH 13521 (4'-nitro-3'-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide), were investigated in rats and dogs. The influence of administered SCH 13521 on the deposition of the radioactivity associated with labeled testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estriol (E-3) in the prostate and other tissues of the dog, and rat was determined in short term experiments. SCH 13521 definitely interfered with the localization of the radioactivity of these steroids in the prostate and indicated a competitive situation between SCH 13521 and the steroids. Even though in vitro binding data were generally in accord with in vivo results, he descrepancies regarding E-3 and the more intense effects of SCH 13521 observed in vivo, as compared to those in vitro, lead us to suggest that a metabolite of the compound may also play an important competitive role in vivo. Of particular interest was the competition between SCH 13521 and estrogens in vitro (estradiol-17-beta) and in vivo (E-3). Sch 13521 greatly decreased the volume of prostatic secretion whereas id minor effects on prostatic 5-alpha-reductase and arginase activities. The latter is surprising, since both enzymes are very highly androgen-dependent. Thus, even though the mechanisms of action of SCH 13521 on the prostate may involve competition with androgens at the cellular level, we think that its competition with some estrogens points to a more complicated action than observed with other antiandrogens.", "PMID": 1167537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1744", "title": "Studies on vesicourethral reflexes. I. Urethral sphincteric responses to detrusor stretch.", "content": "For the purpose of studies on vesicourethral reflexes, a model was established wherein the vesicosphincteric unit is divided into two separate compartments. In one group, the compartments were formed by single mucosal separation but muscular continuity was maintained. In the other, complete interruption of muscular continuity was performed by full bladder wall thickness separation. To maintain the proper nerve and blood supply to the upper compartment, the separation was made below the ureteral orifices and urinary diversion was accomplished through ureterosigmoidostomy. Postoperative cystographic studies demonstrated the complete separation. Detailed pre- and postoperative physiologic studies were done. Spontaneous contraction of the upper compartment excited contraction of the detrusor component of the lower compartment where muscular continuity was maintained. Contraction of the upper compartment induced reflex relaxation of the sphincteric element, regardless of whether the muscular continuity was maintained or interrupted. Flaxedil and Regitine both led to a drop in resting urethral pressure and abolished the drop in urethral pressure in response to contraction of the upper detrusor compartment. Although muscular contraction might be a contributory factor, it is clear that a nerve-mediated spinal reflex exists that induces drop in urethral resistance in response to detrusor contraction.", "contents": "Studies on vesicourethral reflexes. I. Urethral sphincteric responses to detrusor stretch. For the purpose of studies on vesicourethral reflexes, a model was established wherein the vesicosphincteric unit is divided into two separate compartments. In one group, the compartments were formed by single mucosal separation but muscular continuity was maintained. In the other, complete interruption of muscular continuity was performed by full bladder wall thickness separation. To maintain the proper nerve and blood supply to the upper compartment, the separation was made below the ureteral orifices and urinary diversion was accomplished through ureterosigmoidostomy. Postoperative cystographic studies demonstrated the complete separation. Detailed pre- and postoperative physiologic studies were done. Spontaneous contraction of the upper compartment excited contraction of the detrusor component of the lower compartment where muscular continuity was maintained. Contraction of the upper compartment induced reflex relaxation of the sphincteric element, regardless of whether the muscular continuity was maintained or interrupted. Flaxedil and Regitine both led to a drop in resting urethral pressure and abolished the drop in urethral pressure in response to contraction of the upper detrusor compartment. Although muscular contraction might be a contributory factor, it is clear that a nerve-mediated spinal reflex exists that induces drop in urethral resistance in response to detrusor contraction.", "PMID": 1167538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1745", "title": "New azasteroidal antifungal antibiotics from Geotrichum flavo-brunneum. II. Isolation and characterization.", "content": "A novel group of antibiotics, comprising microbiologically-active structurally-related factors A25822A, B, D, H, L, M and N, produced by culturing Geotrichum flavo-brunneum NRRL 3862 under submerged aerobic fermentation conditions was isolated by extraction. The individual factors were separated and purified by chromatography and crystallization. The major factor, A25822B, a 15-aza-24-methylene-D-homocholestadiene is a white crystalline compound, C25H45NO. The antibiotics are highly active against fungi and marginally active against bacteria.", "contents": "New azasteroidal antifungal antibiotics from Geotrichum flavo-brunneum. II. Isolation and characterization. A novel group of antibiotics, comprising microbiologically-active structurally-related factors A25822A, B, D, H, L, M and N, produced by culturing Geotrichum flavo-brunneum NRRL 3862 under submerged aerobic fermentation conditions was isolated by extraction. The individual factors were separated and purified by chromatography and crystallization. The major factor, A25822B, a 15-aza-24-methylene-D-homocholestadiene is a white crystalline compound, C25H45NO. The antibiotics are highly active against fungi and marginally active against bacteria.", "PMID": 1167541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1746", "title": "Induction of sugar transport in chick embryo fibroblasts by hexose starvation. Evidence for transcriptional regulation of transport.", "content": "Incubation of chick embryo fibroblasts in glucose-free medium resulted in a dramatic increase in the rate of 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport. The greatest increase in rate occurred during the first 20 hours of incubation in glucose-free medium and was blocked by actinomycin D, dordycepin, or cycloheximide. The conditions of 2-deoxy-D-glucose concentration and time of incubation with the sugar were determined where transport rather than phosphorylation was rate-limiting in sugar uptake. These studies demonstrated that the transport of 2-deoxy-D-glucose was rate-limiting for only 1 or 2 min when the concentration of sugar in the medium was near the Km for transport, i.e. 2mM. No difference was found in the level of hexokinase activity in homogenates prepared from cells incubated glucose-free medium or standard medium when either 2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose or D-glucose was used as substrate. A kinetic analysis of the initial rates of 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport by Lineweaver-Burk plots showed that the Vmax for sugar transport increased from 18 to 95 nmol per mg of protein per min when fibroblasts were incubated in glucose-free medium for 40 hours. The Km remained constant at 2 mM. Analysis of the initial rates of 3-omicron-methyl-D-glucose transport by Lineweaver-Burk plots further substantiated that the increase in sugar transport was due to an increase in the Vmax for transport with the Km remaining constant. The activation energy for the transport reaction calculated from an Arrhenius plot was 17.4 Cal per mol for cells cultured in the standard medium and 17.2 Cal per mol for cells cultured in the glucose-free medium. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the Vmax increase observed in hexose-starved cells is due to an increase in the number of transport sites.", "contents": "Induction of sugar transport in chick embryo fibroblasts by hexose starvation. Evidence for transcriptional regulation of transport. Incubation of chick embryo fibroblasts in glucose-free medium resulted in a dramatic increase in the rate of 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport. The greatest increase in rate occurred during the first 20 hours of incubation in glucose-free medium and was blocked by actinomycin D, dordycepin, or cycloheximide. The conditions of 2-deoxy-D-glucose concentration and time of incubation with the sugar were determined where transport rather than phosphorylation was rate-limiting in sugar uptake. These studies demonstrated that the transport of 2-deoxy-D-glucose was rate-limiting for only 1 or 2 min when the concentration of sugar in the medium was near the Km for transport, i.e. 2mM. No difference was found in the level of hexokinase activity in homogenates prepared from cells incubated glucose-free medium or standard medium when either 2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose or D-glucose was used as substrate. A kinetic analysis of the initial rates of 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport by Lineweaver-Burk plots showed that the Vmax for sugar transport increased from 18 to 95 nmol per mg of protein per min when fibroblasts were incubated in glucose-free medium for 40 hours. The Km remained constant at 2 mM. Analysis of the initial rates of 3-omicron-methyl-D-glucose transport by Lineweaver-Burk plots further substantiated that the increase in sugar transport was due to an increase in the Vmax for transport with the Km remaining constant. The activation energy for the transport reaction calculated from an Arrhenius plot was 17.4 Cal per mol for cells cultured in the standard medium and 17.2 Cal per mol for cells cultured in the glucose-free medium. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the Vmax increase observed in hexose-starved cells is due to an increase in the number of transport sites.", "PMID": 1167542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1747", "title": "Interaction of lanthanide ions with bovine factor X and their use in the affinity chromatography of the venom coagulant protein of Vipera russelli.", "content": "The substitution of trivalent lanthanide ions for Ca(II) in the Ca(II)-DEPENDENT ACTIVATION OF BOVINE Factor X by the coagulant protein of Russell's viper venom was studied at pH 6.8. Factor X contains two high affinity metal binding sites which bind Gd(III), Sm(III), and Yb(III) with a Kd of about 4 X 10-7 M and four to six lower affinity metal binding sites which bind Gd(III), Sm(III) with a Kd of about 1.5 X 10-5M. In comparison, 1 mol of Factor X binds 2 mol of Ca(II) with a Kd of 3 X 10-4M and weakly binds many additional Ca(II) ions. No binding of Gd(III) to the venom protein was observed. Dy(III), Yb(III), Tb(III), Gd(III), Eu(III), La(III), AND Nd(III) cannot substitute for Ca(II) in the Ca(II)-dependent activation of Factor X by the venom protein at pH 6.8. Kinetic data consistent with the models of competitive inhibition of Ca(II) by Nd(III) yielded a Ki of 1 to 4 X 10-6M. The substitution of lanthanide ions for Ca(II) to promote protein complex formation of Factor X-metal-venom protein without the activation of Factor X facilitated the purification of the coagulant protein from crude venom by affinity chromatography. Using a column containing Factor X covalently bound to agarose which was equilibrated in 10 mM Nd(III), Tb(III), Gd(III), or La(III), the coagulant protein was purified 10-fold in 40% yield from crude venom and migrated as a single band on gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. These data suggest that lanthanide ions complete with Ca(II) for the metal binding sites of Factor X and facilitate the formation of a nonproductive ternary complex of venom protein-Factor X-metal. Tb(III) fluorescence, with emission maxima at 490 and 545 nm, is enhanced 10,000-fold in the presence of Factor X. The study of the participation of an energy donor intrinsic to Factor X in energy transfer to Tb(III) may be useful in the characterization of the metal binding sites of Factor X.", "contents": "Interaction of lanthanide ions with bovine factor X and their use in the affinity chromatography of the venom coagulant protein of Vipera russelli. The substitution of trivalent lanthanide ions for Ca(II) in the Ca(II)-DEPENDENT ACTIVATION OF BOVINE Factor X by the coagulant protein of Russell's viper venom was studied at pH 6.8. Factor X contains two high affinity metal binding sites which bind Gd(III), Sm(III), and Yb(III) with a Kd of about 4 X 10-7 M and four to six lower affinity metal binding sites which bind Gd(III), Sm(III) with a Kd of about 1.5 X 10-5M. In comparison, 1 mol of Factor X binds 2 mol of Ca(II) with a Kd of 3 X 10-4M and weakly binds many additional Ca(II) ions. No binding of Gd(III) to the venom protein was observed. Dy(III), Yb(III), Tb(III), Gd(III), Eu(III), La(III), AND Nd(III) cannot substitute for Ca(II) in the Ca(II)-dependent activation of Factor X by the venom protein at pH 6.8. Kinetic data consistent with the models of competitive inhibition of Ca(II) by Nd(III) yielded a Ki of 1 to 4 X 10-6M. The substitution of lanthanide ions for Ca(II) to promote protein complex formation of Factor X-metal-venom protein without the activation of Factor X facilitated the purification of the coagulant protein from crude venom by affinity chromatography. Using a column containing Factor X covalently bound to agarose which was equilibrated in 10 mM Nd(III), Tb(III), Gd(III), or La(III), the coagulant protein was purified 10-fold in 40% yield from crude venom and migrated as a single band on gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. These data suggest that lanthanide ions complete with Ca(II) for the metal binding sites of Factor X and facilitate the formation of a nonproductive ternary complex of venom protein-Factor X-metal. Tb(III) fluorescence, with emission maxima at 490 and 545 nm, is enhanced 10,000-fold in the presence of Factor X. The study of the participation of an energy donor intrinsic to Factor X in energy transfer to Tb(III) may be useful in the characterization of the metal binding sites of Factor X.", "PMID": 1167543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1748", "title": "The structure of ferrocytochrome b5 at 2.8 A resolution.", "content": "Crystals of cytochrome b5 reduced by sodium dithionite are isomorphous with the oxidized form. An electron density difference map between the two forms was calculated at 2.8 A resolution. There are no changes in main chain conformation or internal side chain orientation upon reduction. However, an ion becomes attached at the entrance of the heme crevice causing displacement of a surface lysine side chain on an adjacent molecule. The ion, identified as a cation by the nature of its coordinating ligands, appears to neutralize one of the heme propionate groups which is partially buried. It is proposed that the negatively charged propionate serves to neutralize the net formal positive charge on the heme iron in the oxidized cytochrome and that the neutralization of the heme iron upon reduction then leads to binding of a cation to the propionate.", "contents": "The structure of ferrocytochrome b5 at 2.8 A resolution. Crystals of cytochrome b5 reduced by sodium dithionite are isomorphous with the oxidized form. An electron density difference map between the two forms was calculated at 2.8 A resolution. There are no changes in main chain conformation or internal side chain orientation upon reduction. However, an ion becomes attached at the entrance of the heme crevice causing displacement of a surface lysine side chain on an adjacent molecule. The ion, identified as a cation by the nature of its coordinating ligands, appears to neutralize one of the heme propionate groups which is partially buried. It is proposed that the negatively charged propionate serves to neutralize the net formal positive charge on the heme iron in the oxidized cytochrome and that the neutralization of the heme iron upon reduction then leads to binding of a cation to the propionate.", "PMID": 1167544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1749", "title": "Chemical modification of amino acid residues associated with the delta-4-3-ketosteroid-dependent photoinactivation of delta-5-3-ketosteroid isomerase.", "content": "The photoinactivation of the \u0394 (5)-3-ketosteroid isomerase of Pseudomonas testosteroni in the presence of 3-oxo-4-estren-17\u03b2-yl acetate and air is accompanied by destruction of histidine and aspartate (or asparagine). The first order rate constant of photoinactivation of the enzyme is equal, within experimental error, to the first order rate constant for the destruction of a single aspartate (or asparagine) residue and is considerably greater than the first order rate constant for the destruction of a single residue of histidine. When the photolysis is carried out under anaerobic conditions, only aspartic acid (or asparagine) is destroyed as enzyme is inactivated. Both inactivation and aspartate (or asparagine) destruction occur to a greater extent in the absence of oxygen than in its presence. The destruction of histidine, on the other hand, is found to be strictly oxygen-dependent. These results suggest that photochemical modification of a single residue of aspartate (or asparagine) is largely, if not entirely, responsible for photoinactivation of the enzyme under these conditions. When irradiated in the presence of 3-oxo-4-entren-17\u03b2-yl acetate, performic acid-oxidized bovine pancreatic ribonuclease does not suffer any detectable destruction of its aspartic or asparaginyl residues but does undergo significant destruction of its histidine residues. These observations suggest that the aspartate (or asparagine) residue modification found with isomerase is an active site-directed photochemical reaction, whereas the modification of histidine may not be.", "contents": "Chemical modification of amino acid residues associated with the delta-4-3-ketosteroid-dependent photoinactivation of delta-5-3-ketosteroid isomerase. The photoinactivation of the \u0394 (5)-3-ketosteroid isomerase of Pseudomonas testosteroni in the presence of 3-oxo-4-estren-17\u03b2-yl acetate and air is accompanied by destruction of histidine and aspartate (or asparagine). The first order rate constant of photoinactivation of the enzyme is equal, within experimental error, to the first order rate constant for the destruction of a single aspartate (or asparagine) residue and is considerably greater than the first order rate constant for the destruction of a single residue of histidine. When the photolysis is carried out under anaerobic conditions, only aspartic acid (or asparagine) is destroyed as enzyme is inactivated. Both inactivation and aspartate (or asparagine) destruction occur to a greater extent in the absence of oxygen than in its presence. The destruction of histidine, on the other hand, is found to be strictly oxygen-dependent. These results suggest that photochemical modification of a single residue of aspartate (or asparagine) is largely, if not entirely, responsible for photoinactivation of the enzyme under these conditions. When irradiated in the presence of 3-oxo-4-entren-17\u03b2-yl acetate, performic acid-oxidized bovine pancreatic ribonuclease does not suffer any detectable destruction of its aspartic or asparaginyl residues but does undergo significant destruction of its histidine residues. These observations suggest that the aspartate (or asparagine) residue modification found with isomerase is an active site-directed photochemical reaction, whereas the modification of histidine may not be.", "PMID": 1167545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1750", "title": "Sodium transport by the acetylcholine receptor of cultured muscle cells.", "content": "Activation of the acetylcholine receptors of cultured muscle cells by carbamylcholine increases the rate of passive 22-Na+ uptake into the muscle cells up to 20-fold. The Na+ transport activity of the receptor desensitizes during exposure to carbamylcholine. The rate and extent of desensitization is reduced by lowering the assay temperature from 36 degrees to 2 degrees, allowing accurate measurements of initial rates of Na+ transport by the receptor. Activation of the receptor by carbamylcholine and acetylcholine is significantly cooperative (Hill coefficients of 1.4 to 2.0). Inhibition by D-tubocurarine is not cooperative. The carbamylcholine-induced Na+ transport activity of the receptor is inhibited 50% by 4 muM D-tubocurarine, 100 muM atropine, or 1.6 nM diiodo-alpha-bungarotoxin but is not affected by tetrodotoxin. The initial rate of Na+ transport by the receptor is temperature-independent between 2 degrees and 36 degrees. Receptor Na+ transport is saturable by Na+ at 2 degrees with an apparent Km of 150 plus and minus 20 mM. Saturation by Na+ not observed at 36 degrees at the concentrations tested. Saturation by Na+ is observed at 2 degrees both under conditions of net Na+ influx and under conditions of isotopic exchange at equilibrium. The receptor does not catalyze obligatory exchange diffusion at a detectable rate. Comparison of binding of [125-I]diiodo-alpha-bungarotoxin with rates of Na+ transport indicates a turnover number of 2 times 10-7 ions per min per receptor. These results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of Na+ transport by the receptor.", "contents": "Sodium transport by the acetylcholine receptor of cultured muscle cells. Activation of the acetylcholine receptors of cultured muscle cells by carbamylcholine increases the rate of passive 22-Na+ uptake into the muscle cells up to 20-fold. The Na+ transport activity of the receptor desensitizes during exposure to carbamylcholine. The rate and extent of desensitization is reduced by lowering the assay temperature from 36 degrees to 2 degrees, allowing accurate measurements of initial rates of Na+ transport by the receptor. Activation of the receptor by carbamylcholine and acetylcholine is significantly cooperative (Hill coefficients of 1.4 to 2.0). Inhibition by D-tubocurarine is not cooperative. The carbamylcholine-induced Na+ transport activity of the receptor is inhibited 50% by 4 muM D-tubocurarine, 100 muM atropine, or 1.6 nM diiodo-alpha-bungarotoxin but is not affected by tetrodotoxin. The initial rate of Na+ transport by the receptor is temperature-independent between 2 degrees and 36 degrees. Receptor Na+ transport is saturable by Na+ at 2 degrees with an apparent Km of 150 plus and minus 20 mM. Saturation by Na+ not observed at 36 degrees at the concentrations tested. Saturation by Na+ is observed at 2 degrees both under conditions of net Na+ influx and under conditions of isotopic exchange at equilibrium. The receptor does not catalyze obligatory exchange diffusion at a detectable rate. Comparison of binding of [125-I]diiodo-alpha-bungarotoxin with rates of Na+ transport indicates a turnover number of 2 times 10-7 ions per min per receptor. These results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of Na+ transport by the receptor.", "PMID": 1167546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1751", "title": "Changes in adenylate energy charge in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells deprived of serum, glucose, or amino acids.", "content": "The adenylate energy charge in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells increases when cells are cultivated in serum-limiting medium and decreases when they are incubated in glucose- or amino acid-limited media. Protein synthetic rates decrease in cells deprived of serum, glucose, or amino acids. Supplementation of deprived cells with respective nutrients restores normal protein synthetic rates and adenylate energy charge values. Serum-deprived cells incubated in depleted serum media do not increase their rates of protein synthesis and their adenylate energy charge remains elevated. These results suggest that serum factors regulate protein synthetic rates by mechanisms other than those regulating the availability in cells of glucose or of amino acids. The increased rates of utilization of glucose and of amino acids following the addition of serum are probably due to increased biosynthetic requirements.", "contents": "Changes in adenylate energy charge in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells deprived of serum, glucose, or amino acids. The adenylate energy charge in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells increases when cells are cultivated in serum-limiting medium and decreases when they are incubated in glucose- or amino acid-limited media. Protein synthetic rates decrease in cells deprived of serum, glucose, or amino acids. Supplementation of deprived cells with respective nutrients restores normal protein synthetic rates and adenylate energy charge values. Serum-deprived cells incubated in depleted serum media do not increase their rates of protein synthesis and their adenylate energy charge remains elevated. These results suggest that serum factors regulate protein synthetic rates by mechanisms other than those regulating the availability in cells of glucose or of amino acids. The increased rates of utilization of glucose and of amino acids following the addition of serum are probably due to increased biosynthetic requirements.", "PMID": 1167547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1752", "title": "The pathway of adenylate catabolism in Azotobacter vinelandii. Evidence for adenosine monophosphate nucleosidase as the regulatory enzyme.", "content": "Cell-free, dialyzed extracts from Azotobacter vinelandii rapidly dephosphorylate [U-14C]ATP to labeled ADP and AMP, which is then degraded to hypoxanthine, the end product of AMP catabolism under the experimental conditions which were used. The intermediates of the pathway from ATP to hypoxanthine have been identified by thin layer chromatography and quantitated by the 14-C content. The concentrations of intermediates present during the production of hypoxanthine are consistent with AMP nucleosidase being responsible for AMP degradation in these extracts. This result was confirmed in experiments which utilized rabbit antibody prepared against purified AMP nucleosidase. The antibody inhibited AMP nucleosidase activity in cell-free extracts but did not inhibit adenine demanase or adenosine deaminase from the same extracts. In the presence of antibody prepared against purified AMP nucleosidase, the dialyzed extracts showed a marked reduction in the production of hypoxanthine from ATP. Other enzymes which could be responsible theoretically for the conversion of AMP to hypoxanthine were not detected by standard assay procedures. These results are consistent with AMP degradation proceeding by way of AMP nucleosidase to yield adenine and ribose 5-phosphate. The adenine is then converted to hypoxanthine by adenine deaminase. Both of these enzymes were present in sufficient quantities to account for the observed rates of hypoxanthine formation. The rate of hypoxanthine formation decreases during the time course of the [U-14-C]ATP degradation experiments, even though the concentration of AMP remains high. This decrease in the rate of hypoxanthine formation as a function of time is attributed to the decreasing ATP and increasing P0-4 concentrations, since ATP is an activator of AMP nucleosidase and P0-4 is an inhibitor. These observations suggest that the in vivo activity of AMP nucleosidase could also be regulated by changes in the relative ratios of ATP:AMP:P0-4.", "contents": "The pathway of adenylate catabolism in Azotobacter vinelandii. Evidence for adenosine monophosphate nucleosidase as the regulatory enzyme. Cell-free, dialyzed extracts from Azotobacter vinelandii rapidly dephosphorylate [U-14C]ATP to labeled ADP and AMP, which is then degraded to hypoxanthine, the end product of AMP catabolism under the experimental conditions which were used. The intermediates of the pathway from ATP to hypoxanthine have been identified by thin layer chromatography and quantitated by the 14-C content. The concentrations of intermediates present during the production of hypoxanthine are consistent with AMP nucleosidase being responsible for AMP degradation in these extracts. This result was confirmed in experiments which utilized rabbit antibody prepared against purified AMP nucleosidase. The antibody inhibited AMP nucleosidase activity in cell-free extracts but did not inhibit adenine demanase or adenosine deaminase from the same extracts. In the presence of antibody prepared against purified AMP nucleosidase, the dialyzed extracts showed a marked reduction in the production of hypoxanthine from ATP. Other enzymes which could be responsible theoretically for the conversion of AMP to hypoxanthine were not detected by standard assay procedures. These results are consistent with AMP degradation proceeding by way of AMP nucleosidase to yield adenine and ribose 5-phosphate. The adenine is then converted to hypoxanthine by adenine deaminase. Both of these enzymes were present in sufficient quantities to account for the observed rates of hypoxanthine formation. The rate of hypoxanthine formation decreases during the time course of the [U-14-C]ATP degradation experiments, even though the concentration of AMP remains high. This decrease in the rate of hypoxanthine formation as a function of time is attributed to the decreasing ATP and increasing P0-4 concentrations, since ATP is an activator of AMP nucleosidase and P0-4 is an inhibitor. These observations suggest that the in vivo activity of AMP nucleosidase could also be regulated by changes in the relative ratios of ATP:AMP:P0-4.", "PMID": 1167548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1753", "title": "The amino acid sequence of a hypothalamic peptide, neurotensin.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of neurotensin, a hypotensive peptide isolated from acid-acetone extracts of bovine hypothalami, has been established as less than Glu-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Asn-Lys-Pro-Arg-Arg-Pro-Tyr-Ile-Leu-Oh. (The nomenclature and symbols follow the suggestions of the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 977). This was accomplished by sequence analyses performed on the intact peptide as well as its isolated tryptic, chymotryptic, and papain-generated fragments. The results of enzymic hydrolyses were consistent with the specificities of the enzymes used and indicated that all of the amino acids are unsubstituted and in the L configuration. The absence of non-amino acid constituents was further supported by analyses of electrophoretic mobility-molecular weight relationships of neurotensin and its fragments.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of a hypothalamic peptide, neurotensin. The amino acid sequence of neurotensin, a hypotensive peptide isolated from acid-acetone extracts of bovine hypothalami, has been established as less than Glu-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Asn-Lys-Pro-Arg-Arg-Pro-Tyr-Ile-Leu-Oh. (The nomenclature and symbols follow the suggestions of the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 977). This was accomplished by sequence analyses performed on the intact peptide as well as its isolated tryptic, chymotryptic, and papain-generated fragments. The results of enzymic hydrolyses were consistent with the specificities of the enzymes used and indicated that all of the amino acids are unsubstituted and in the L configuration. The absence of non-amino acid constituents was further supported by analyses of electrophoretic mobility-molecular weight relationships of neurotensin and its fragments.", "PMID": 1167549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1754", "title": "Histone III. VI. Two forms of calf thymus histone III.", "content": "Microheterogeneity in the amino acid sequence of pea embryo histone III at residue 96 has been established previously. It has been indicated that calf-thymus contains two forms of histone III, with 1 or 2 residues of cysteine, respectively. Evidence is presented here that these two forms are also due to microheterogeneity at residue 96 with one form containing a cysteine residue and the other a serine residue.", "contents": "Histone III. VI. Two forms of calf thymus histone III. Microheterogeneity in the amino acid sequence of pea embryo histone III at residue 96 has been established previously. It has been indicated that calf-thymus contains two forms of histone III, with 1 or 2 residues of cysteine, respectively. Evidence is presented here that these two forms are also due to microheterogeneity at residue 96 with one form containing a cysteine residue and the other a serine residue.", "PMID": 1167550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1755", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of cell orientation in culture.", "content": "A quantitative method to assess mutual orientation of cells in cultures on a substrate includes the following operations: (1) the cellular groups to be evaluated are chosen; (2) position of the long axis for each nucleus of the group is determined; (3) the axis OX is arbitrary chosen for every group and the angles alphai between the long axis of every nucleus i and the axis OX are measured. Every nucleus i corresponds to a vector of unit length ei with the angles 2alpha. D, the mean of the vectors ei for every cell group is calculated. This value of D is compared with a set of values of D computed according to a model of mutual orientation studies in a simulation experiment. In this model the group of n vectors consists of a fraction of Kn parallel vectors (o less than or equal to K less than or equal to I) and of (I minus K)n randomly oriented vectors. K corresponding to the computed D which is equal to the experimental value of D is considered as an index of orientation for the group. Contact orientation with respect to the relief of the substrate may be evaluated as a root mean square deviation sigma0 to the angles between the long axes of cell nuclei and the direction of relief. Examples of the measurements of K and sigma0 in cell cultures are given.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of cell orientation in culture. A quantitative method to assess mutual orientation of cells in cultures on a substrate includes the following operations: (1) the cellular groups to be evaluated are chosen; (2) position of the long axis for each nucleus of the group is determined; (3) the axis OX is arbitrary chosen for every group and the angles alphai between the long axis of every nucleus i and the axis OX are measured. Every nucleus i corresponds to a vector of unit length ei with the angles 2alpha. D, the mean of the vectors ei for every cell group is calculated. This value of D is compared with a set of values of D computed according to a model of mutual orientation studies in a simulation experiment. In this model the group of n vectors consists of a fraction of Kn parallel vectors (o less than or equal to K less than or equal to I) and of (I minus K)n randomly oriented vectors. K corresponding to the computed D which is equal to the experimental value of D is considered as an index of orientation for the group. Contact orientation with respect to the relief of the substrate may be evaluated as a root mean square deviation sigma0 to the angles between the long axes of cell nuclei and the direction of relief. Examples of the measurements of K and sigma0 in cell cultures are given.", "PMID": 1167551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1756", "title": "Linkage of the loci for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and for inosinic acid pyrophosphorylase to the X chromosome of the field-vole Microtus agrestis.", "content": "It has been proposed that there are strong selective pressures which have acted during the evolution of mammals to conserve the linkage of genes on the X chromosome. If so, loci that are known to be X-linked in one mammalian species should be X-linked in others. The loci for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.49) and for inosinic acid pyrophosphorylase (E.C. 2.4.2.8) are known to be X-linked in a variety of mammals. The linkage of these loci to the X chromosome of the field-vole, Microtus agrestis, is indicated by the pattern of segregation of these loci in hybrid cells derived by fusion of mouse cells with vole lymphocytes.", "contents": "Linkage of the loci for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and for inosinic acid pyrophosphorylase to the X chromosome of the field-vole Microtus agrestis. It has been proposed that there are strong selective pressures which have acted during the evolution of mammals to conserve the linkage of genes on the X chromosome. If so, loci that are known to be X-linked in one mammalian species should be X-linked in others. The loci for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.49) and for inosinic acid pyrophosphorylase (E.C. 2.4.2.8) are known to be X-linked in a variety of mammals. The linkage of these loci to the X chromosome of the field-vole, Microtus agrestis, is indicated by the pattern of segregation of these loci in hybrid cells derived by fusion of mouse cells with vole lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1167552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1757", "title": "Effects of intraruminal and intra-abomasal additions of cod-liver oil on milk fat production in the cow.", "content": "Four Holstein cows were used in a modified switchback design to show the effect on milk-fat synthesis of (1) control diet, (2) 29.23, 3.92, 6.48, 30.65, 3.44 control diet plus 255 g/day of cod-liver oil in rumen, and (3) control diet plus 225 g/day of cod-liver oil in abomasum. Mean milk yield (kg/day), fat production (kg/day), and milk-fat percentage were (1) 21.87, .79, 3.63; (2) 22.99, .70, 3.05; and (3) 23.02, .75, 3.28. Compared to the post-treatment control period, only one cow decreased in milk-fat percentage on 3 while all cows decreased in milk-fat percentage on 2. Proportions of carbons 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, and trans-monoene fatty acids of the milk fat were (1) 30.31, 3.24, 10.15, 30.48, 2.59, 7.91; (2) 26.37; and (3) 26.30, 3.72, 10.56, 30.10, 2.96, 9.84. Proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids were not significantly affected by treatment. Proportions of carbons 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3 fatty acids in the rumen ingesta were (1) 17.28, 47.92, 21.71, 10.59, 2.46; (2) 19.55, 25.90, 37.21, 11.97, 5.39; and (3) 16.90, 50.80, 19.66, 9.11, and 3.23. Fatty acid composition of blood-serum phospholipids were affected by treatment.", "contents": "Effects of intraruminal and intra-abomasal additions of cod-liver oil on milk fat production in the cow. Four Holstein cows were used in a modified switchback design to show the effect on milk-fat synthesis of (1) control diet, (2) 29.23, 3.92, 6.48, 30.65, 3.44 control diet plus 255 g/day of cod-liver oil in rumen, and (3) control diet plus 225 g/day of cod-liver oil in abomasum. Mean milk yield (kg/day), fat production (kg/day), and milk-fat percentage were (1) 21.87, .79, 3.63; (2) 22.99, .70, 3.05; and (3) 23.02, .75, 3.28. Compared to the post-treatment control period, only one cow decreased in milk-fat percentage on 3 while all cows decreased in milk-fat percentage on 2. Proportions of carbons 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, and trans-monoene fatty acids of the milk fat were (1) 30.31, 3.24, 10.15, 30.48, 2.59, 7.91; (2) 26.37; and (3) 26.30, 3.72, 10.56, 30.10, 2.96, 9.84. Proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids were not significantly affected by treatment. Proportions of carbons 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3 fatty acids in the rumen ingesta were (1) 17.28, 47.92, 21.71, 10.59, 2.46; (2) 19.55, 25.90, 37.21, 11.97, 5.39; and (3) 16.90, 50.80, 19.66, 9.11, and 3.23. Fatty acid composition of blood-serum phospholipids were affected by treatment.", "PMID": 1167554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1758", "title": "Vitamin E adequacy of vegetable oils.", "content": "Young male rats were fed diets containing 20 per cent fat in the form of soybean oil, corn oil, safflower oil, or hydrogenated shortening, and their vitamin E status was assessed for twenty-seven weeks. On the basis of growth rate, in vitro red cell hemolysis, plasma creatine phosphokinase activity, and testicular development, soybean oil, corn oil, and shortening provided adequate vitamin E. Rats fed safflower oil had slight red cell hemolysis but were normal in other respects. When the tocopherols in corn oil were reduced by half, vitamin E status still appeared normal. Tissue levels of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols were determined in all groups, and the limitations of the dietary E:PUFA ratio are discussed.", "contents": "Vitamin E adequacy of vegetable oils. Young male rats were fed diets containing 20 per cent fat in the form of soybean oil, corn oil, safflower oil, or hydrogenated shortening, and their vitamin E status was assessed for twenty-seven weeks. On the basis of growth rate, in vitro red cell hemolysis, plasma creatine phosphokinase activity, and testicular development, soybean oil, corn oil, and shortening provided adequate vitamin E. Rats fed safflower oil had slight red cell hemolysis but were normal in other respects. When the tocopherols in corn oil were reduced by half, vitamin E status still appeared normal. Tissue levels of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols were determined in all groups, and the limitations of the dietary E:PUFA ratio are discussed.", "PMID": 1167555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1759", "title": "Host-derived antibody-forming cells in lethally irradiated mice.", "content": "The technique of adoptively transferring an immune response by injecting donor cells into irradiated recipient mice is based on the assumption that the host is rendered immunologically inert by irradiation. We present evidence that these mice are not inert; in the presence of donor cells of various types they mount a substantial immune response against both heterologous erythrocytes and dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin. This restoration of the host requires donor cells for its expression and can account for up to 100% of the total response. The problems associated with this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Host-derived antibody-forming cells in lethally irradiated mice. The technique of adoptively transferring an immune response by injecting donor cells into irradiated recipient mice is based on the assumption that the host is rendered immunologically inert by irradiation. We present evidence that these mice are not inert; in the presence of donor cells of various types they mount a substantial immune response against both heterologous erythrocytes and dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin. This restoration of the host requires donor cells for its expression and can account for up to 100% of the total response. The problems associated with this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 1167559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1760", "title": "Effects of human C 1 inhibitor on complement-mediated human leukocyte chemotaxis.", "content": "Human C1 inhibitor (C1 INH) enhances the chemotactic responsiveness of human leukocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), AgAb complex, and zymosan-activated plasma or serum when added to the compartment of the chemotaxis chamber containing the cells. It seems to affect cells directly and causes an increased number of leukocytes to respond to the chemotactic factors at early time intervals. Spontaneous motility does not appear to be affected. Results of studies employing anti-C3 and anti-C5 sera seem to indicate that the chemotactic factor derived from C5 is involved in the C1 INH induced enhancement of chemotaxis. In fact, preliminary experiments utilizing trypsinactivated C3 as a chemotactic source indicate that C1 INH causes inhibition of chemotactic response to C3a. C1 INH is the first naturally occurring plasma component reported to cause enhanced chemotactic responsiveness.", "contents": "Effects of human C 1 inhibitor on complement-mediated human leukocyte chemotaxis. Human C1 inhibitor (C1 INH) enhances the chemotactic responsiveness of human leukocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), AgAb complex, and zymosan-activated plasma or serum when added to the compartment of the chemotaxis chamber containing the cells. It seems to affect cells directly and causes an increased number of leukocytes to respond to the chemotactic factors at early time intervals. Spontaneous motility does not appear to be affected. Results of studies employing anti-C3 and anti-C5 sera seem to indicate that the chemotactic factor derived from C5 is involved in the C1 INH induced enhancement of chemotaxis. In fact, preliminary experiments utilizing trypsinactivated C3 as a chemotactic source indicate that C1 INH causes inhibition of chemotactic response to C3a. C1 INH is the first naturally occurring plasma component reported to cause enhanced chemotactic responsiveness.", "PMID": 1167560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1761", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for human antigen-antibody complexes in clinical material.", "content": "Soluble antigen-antibody complexes have been detected by a radioimmunoassay with rheumatoid factor as the primary antibody to bind 125-I immune complexes or heat aggregated IgG. Bound complexes are precipitated by rabbit anti-human IgM. The binding of the rheumatoid factor to the iodinated altered IgG can be inhibited by preincubation of the rheumatoid factor with human antigen-antibody complexes. The degree to which immune complexes inhibit the binding of rheumatoid factor to heat aggregated IgG has been shown to be dependent upon the antigen-antibody ratio of the complexes, with complexes formed at or near the point of equivalence exhibiting maximum inhibitory activity. Sera from individuals suffering from certain connective tissue disorders were found to inhibit the binding of rheumatoid factor to 125-I aggregrated IgG; sera from normal individuals did not inhibit this reaction when used at comparable dilutions. This procedure can be used as a relatively simple, reproducible means of detecting immune complexes in clinical specimens. The assay is sufficiently sensitive to detect 125 ng of soluble immune complexes.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for human antigen-antibody complexes in clinical material. Soluble antigen-antibody complexes have been detected by a radioimmunoassay with rheumatoid factor as the primary antibody to bind 125-I immune complexes or heat aggregated IgG. Bound complexes are precipitated by rabbit anti-human IgM. The binding of the rheumatoid factor to the iodinated altered IgG can be inhibited by preincubation of the rheumatoid factor with human antigen-antibody complexes. The degree to which immune complexes inhibit the binding of rheumatoid factor to heat aggregated IgG has been shown to be dependent upon the antigen-antibody ratio of the complexes, with complexes formed at or near the point of equivalence exhibiting maximum inhibitory activity. Sera from individuals suffering from certain connective tissue disorders were found to inhibit the binding of rheumatoid factor to 125-I aggregrated IgG; sera from normal individuals did not inhibit this reaction when used at comparable dilutions. This procedure can be used as a relatively simple, reproducible means of detecting immune complexes in clinical specimens. The assay is sufficiently sensitive to detect 125 ng of soluble immune complexes.", "PMID": 1167561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1762", "title": "Quantitative determination of allotypic and idiotypic markers with antisera coupled to N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated sepharose.", "content": "N-hydroxysuccinimide activated Sepharose beads (HAS) were used to immobilize allotypic and idiotypic antisera for use in radioimmunoassays. These HAS antisera were compared to antisera solidified with ethylchloroformate (ECF) with respect to their reactivity, specificity, and ability to detect subspecificities of the group a allotypes. The HAS antisera rated favorably in all comparisons with ECF antisera and are far superior with respect to ease of preparation and retention of antibody activity.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of allotypic and idiotypic markers with antisera coupled to N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated sepharose. N-hydroxysuccinimide activated Sepharose beads (HAS) were used to immobilize allotypic and idiotypic antisera for use in radioimmunoassays. These HAS antisera were compared to antisera solidified with ethylchloroformate (ECF) with respect to their reactivity, specificity, and ability to detect subspecificities of the group a allotypes. The HAS antisera rated favorably in all comparisons with ECF antisera and are far superior with respect to ease of preparation and retention of antibody activity.", "PMID": 1167562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1763", "title": "Antibody-dependent cytolysis of chicken erythrocytes by an in vitro-established line of mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "An in vitro-established line of mouse peritoneal macrophages (IC-21) was tested for its ability to mediate the cytolysis of 51chromiun-labeled chicken erythrocytes. In the presence of specific antibody, but independently of complement, the macrophages phagocytized and lysed labeled erythrocytes. The phagocytic process proved to be functionally distinct from the cytolytic reaction as demonstrated by enhanced cytolysis in the presence of iodoacetate, an inhibitor of phagocytosis. This cell line, because of its effector activity in antibody-dependent cell-mediated immune reactions, will be useful in characterizing the mechanism(s) involved in macrophage-mediated cytolysis.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cytolysis of chicken erythrocytes by an in vitro-established line of mouse peritoneal macrophages. An in vitro-established line of mouse peritoneal macrophages (IC-21) was tested for its ability to mediate the cytolysis of 51chromiun-labeled chicken erythrocytes. In the presence of specific antibody, but independently of complement, the macrophages phagocytized and lysed labeled erythrocytes. The phagocytic process proved to be functionally distinct from the cytolytic reaction as demonstrated by enhanced cytolysis in the presence of iodoacetate, an inhibitor of phagocytosis. This cell line, because of its effector activity in antibody-dependent cell-mediated immune reactions, will be useful in characterizing the mechanism(s) involved in macrophage-mediated cytolysis.", "PMID": 1167563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1764", "title": "Identification of macrophage-like characteristics in a cultured murine tumor line.", "content": "A mouse tumor line P388D1 passaged in tissue culture for many years has been characterized morphologically and functionally as a macrophage like cell. P388D1 cells phagocytize latex particles and firmly adhere to glass and plastics. In addition they have been shown to carry cellbound receptors for immunoglobulin (Fc) and complement (C3). They fail to stain with fluorescent anti-mouse Ig or heterologous anti-mouse. Functionally, these cells exhibited high effector activity in an antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxic system. The accessibility of well characterized and pure macrophage-like cell lines, such as P388D1, will facilitate studies where cell purity is essential.", "contents": "Identification of macrophage-like characteristics in a cultured murine tumor line. A mouse tumor line P388D1 passaged in tissue culture for many years has been characterized morphologically and functionally as a macrophage like cell. P388D1 cells phagocytize latex particles and firmly adhere to glass and plastics. In addition they have been shown to carry cellbound receptors for immunoglobulin (Fc) and complement (C3). They fail to stain with fluorescent anti-mouse Ig or heterologous anti-mouse. Functionally, these cells exhibited high effector activity in an antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxic system. The accessibility of well characterized and pure macrophage-like cell lines, such as P388D1, will facilitate studies where cell purity is essential.", "PMID": 1167564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1765", "title": "Polymorphonuclear leukocytes in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.", "content": "Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) lyse antibody-coated target cells in an immunologically specific fashion--antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). PMN-mediated cytolysis is independent of complement, de novo protein synthesis, and DNA replication. Cytolysis is rapid, detectable at low PMN:target cell ratios, and exceeds lymphocyte-mediated ADCC. The interaction appears to be mediated via an Fc receptor and is inhibited by aggregated gamma-globulin. A role for PMN in host tumor cell immunity is discussed.", "contents": "Polymorphonuclear leukocytes in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) lyse antibody-coated target cells in an immunologically specific fashion--antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). PMN-mediated cytolysis is independent of complement, de novo protein synthesis, and DNA replication. Cytolysis is rapid, detectable at low PMN:target cell ratios, and exceeds lymphocyte-mediated ADCC. The interaction appears to be mediated via an Fc receptor and is inhibited by aggregated gamma-globulin. A role for PMN in host tumor cell immunity is discussed.", "PMID": 1167565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1766", "title": "Antigenic analysis of three strains of Mycoplasma arginini by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "The occurrence of species-specific and strain-specific antigens in three strains of Mycoplasma arginini (G-230, leonis and 23243) was studied by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. Approximately 20 antigenic components could be detected in each strain. It was possible to analyze 6 to 7 major and distinct components from each strain by two techniques: \"enhancement\" where antigen to an additional strain is added to the first phase of the electrophoresis which increases the size of common peaks and \"suppression\" where antiserum to an additional strain is incorporated in the second phase whereby peak size of components to which both sera have antibody are decreased. A total of 10 distinct antigens were recognized. Electrophoretic mobilities relative to bovine albumin ranged from 0.2 to 1.08. Three components were common to all strains; two of these represented major amounts of material. Four components represented strain-specific components. Unique fast components were found both in strains 23243 and G-230. Three antigens were distributed into only two of the three strains. The electrophoretic mobilities of some common antigens were quite different between strains.", "contents": "Antigenic analysis of three strains of Mycoplasma arginini by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. The occurrence of species-specific and strain-specific antigens in three strains of Mycoplasma arginini (G-230, leonis and 23243) was studied by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. Approximately 20 antigenic components could be detected in each strain. It was possible to analyze 6 to 7 major and distinct components from each strain by two techniques: \"enhancement\" where antigen to an additional strain is added to the first phase of the electrophoresis which increases the size of common peaks and \"suppression\" where antiserum to an additional strain is incorporated in the second phase whereby peak size of components to which both sera have antibody are decreased. A total of 10 distinct antigens were recognized. Electrophoretic mobilities relative to bovine albumin ranged from 0.2 to 1.08. Three components were common to all strains; two of these represented major amounts of material. Four components represented strain-specific components. Unique fast components were found both in strains 23243 and G-230. Three antigens were distributed into only two of the three strains. The electrophoretic mobilities of some common antigens were quite different between strains.", "PMID": 1167566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1767", "title": "Inhibition by epsilon-aminocaproic acid of the activation of the first component of the complement system.", "content": "The influence of EACA on C1 in whole human serum and on C1 and C (see article) as isolated molecules was assessed hemolytically. There was selective inhibition of C1 without effect on the levels of C4, C2, C3, and C9 in whole human serum that was reversed by dialysis. EACA was found to inhibit the intrinsic activation of C1 without inhibiting the already active molecule. This was confirmed by the capacity of trypsin to uncover C1 activity in cellular intermediates formed by C1 treated with EACA that did not evolve in the absence of this extrinsic activating mechanism. Inasmuch as the trypsin-dependent recovery of C1 was incomplete, an effect on binding cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Inhibition by epsilon-aminocaproic acid of the activation of the first component of the complement system. The influence of EACA on C1 in whole human serum and on C1 and C (see article) as isolated molecules was assessed hemolytically. There was selective inhibition of C1 without effect on the levels of C4, C2, C3, and C9 in whole human serum that was reversed by dialysis. EACA was found to inhibit the intrinsic activation of C1 without inhibiting the already active molecule. This was confirmed by the capacity of trypsin to uncover C1 activity in cellular intermediates formed by C1 treated with EACA that did not evolve in the absence of this extrinsic activating mechanism. Inasmuch as the trypsin-dependent recovery of C1 was incomplete, an effect on binding cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 1167567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1768", "title": "Impaired macrophage function in Friend virus leukemia: restoration by statolon.", "content": "Phagocytic and migratory functions of peritoneal macrophages from Friend virus (FV) leukemic mice are significantly depressed as compared with normal controls. Leukemic macrophages exposed in vivo and in vitro to statolon, an extract of the mold Penicillium stoloniferum, shown previously to suppress FV erythroleukemia, regain normal function and release reduced amounts of FV. Statolon's in vivo restoration of leukemic macrophage function is paralleled by restoration of humoral immune competence. Statolon induces interferon in vitro but its effects on leukemic macrophages are probably direct, since restoration of macrophage function occurs at dosage levels far below those that induce interferon. These studies suggest that macrophages play an integral role in both the pathogenesis and the statolon-induced suppression of FV disease.", "contents": "Impaired macrophage function in Friend virus leukemia: restoration by statolon. Phagocytic and migratory functions of peritoneal macrophages from Friend virus (FV) leukemic mice are significantly depressed as compared with normal controls. Leukemic macrophages exposed in vivo and in vitro to statolon, an extract of the mold Penicillium stoloniferum, shown previously to suppress FV erythroleukemia, regain normal function and release reduced amounts of FV. Statolon's in vivo restoration of leukemic macrophage function is paralleled by restoration of humoral immune competence. Statolon induces interferon in vitro but its effects on leukemic macrophages are probably direct, since restoration of macrophage function occurs at dosage levels far below those that induce interferon. These studies suggest that macrophages play an integral role in both the pathogenesis and the statolon-induced suppression of FV disease.", "PMID": 1167568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1769", "title": "Cytolytic lymphocytic cells with complement receptor in human blood. Induction of cytolysis by IgG antibody but not by target cell-bound C3.", "content": "Human blood lymphocytes were fractionated on glass bead columns charged with sheep erythrocyte (Es) membranes-bearing human C3b (7,000-10,000 molecules/Es). In the passaged cells the proportion of C receptor lymphocytes was strongly reduced, in parallel with the capacity to lyse chicken erythrocytes (Ec) in the presence of IgG-rabbit anti-Ec antibody. In other experiments, lymphocytes forming rosettes with Es bearing activated rabbit complement [C(ra)] from C6-deficient rabbits were removed by centrifugation through human serum albumin-gelatine mixtures. This procedure also depleted the lymphocyte preparations of antibody-dependent cytolytic effector cells. The results suggest that rations of antibody-dependent cytolytic effector cells. The result suggest that such effector cells have receptors for human C as well as for C(ra). Lymphocytes were not able to lyse erythrocytes bearing either human C3b (similar to 30,000 molecules/Ec) or activated C(ra) in the absence if IgG antierythrocyte antibodies. Under the same experimental conditions these target cells were efficiently lysed in the presence of small amounts of IgG antitarget cell antibodies. This suggests that the interaction between the cellular Fcreceptors and the Fc part of the inducing antibodies is of special significance for the triggering of the cell-mediated lytic reaction. However, although target cell-bound C did not trigger cytolysis, it seemed to potentiate antibody-dependent cytolysis, probably by enhancing effector cell-target cell contacts.", "contents": "Cytolytic lymphocytic cells with complement receptor in human blood. Induction of cytolysis by IgG antibody but not by target cell-bound C3. Human blood lymphocytes were fractionated on glass bead columns charged with sheep erythrocyte (Es) membranes-bearing human C3b (7,000-10,000 molecules/Es). In the passaged cells the proportion of C receptor lymphocytes was strongly reduced, in parallel with the capacity to lyse chicken erythrocytes (Ec) in the presence of IgG-rabbit anti-Ec antibody. In other experiments, lymphocytes forming rosettes with Es bearing activated rabbit complement [C(ra)] from C6-deficient rabbits were removed by centrifugation through human serum albumin-gelatine mixtures. This procedure also depleted the lymphocyte preparations of antibody-dependent cytolytic effector cells. The results suggest that rations of antibody-dependent cytolytic effector cells. The result suggest that such effector cells have receptors for human C as well as for C(ra). Lymphocytes were not able to lyse erythrocytes bearing either human C3b (similar to 30,000 molecules/Ec) or activated C(ra) in the absence if IgG antierythrocyte antibodies. Under the same experimental conditions these target cells were efficiently lysed in the presence of small amounts of IgG antitarget cell antibodies. This suggests that the interaction between the cellular Fcreceptors and the Fc part of the inducing antibodies is of special significance for the triggering of the cell-mediated lytic reaction. However, although target cell-bound C did not trigger cytolysis, it seemed to potentiate antibody-dependent cytolysis, probably by enhancing effector cell-target cell contacts.", "PMID": 1167571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1770", "title": "Antibody-mediated inhibition of immune responsiveness in baby chicks.", "content": "An experimental model for the analysis of antibody-mediated regulation of specific immune responsiveness in chickens is described. Chick embryos and day-old chicks were passively administered homologous serum with high anti-mouse erythrocyte (MRBC) activity and then tested for immune responsiveness to MRBC several weeks later. Compared to the untreated controls, the hemagglutinin titers of experimental birds were obviously depressed for 2 to 3 weeks but near normal by the 4th week. The inhibitory property of homologous serum appeared directly related to the anit-MRBC activity; serum samples collected on day 1 and 2 after immunization were ineffective and low in specific activity, whereas those collected after the 3rd day were progressively more inhibitory as the anti-MRBC activity increased.", "contents": "Antibody-mediated inhibition of immune responsiveness in baby chicks. An experimental model for the analysis of antibody-mediated regulation of specific immune responsiveness in chickens is described. Chick embryos and day-old chicks were passively administered homologous serum with high anti-mouse erythrocyte (MRBC) activity and then tested for immune responsiveness to MRBC several weeks later. Compared to the untreated controls, the hemagglutinin titers of experimental birds were obviously depressed for 2 to 3 weeks but near normal by the 4th week. The inhibitory property of homologous serum appeared directly related to the anit-MRBC activity; serum samples collected on day 1 and 2 after immunization were ineffective and low in specific activity, whereas those collected after the 3rd day were progressively more inhibitory as the anti-MRBC activity increased.", "PMID": 1167572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1771", "title": "Biosynthesis of lysine in Rhodotorula glutinis: role of pipecolic acid.", "content": "Glutamate-alpha-ketoadipate transaminase, saccharopine reductase, and saccharopine dehydrogenase activities were demonstrated in extracts of Rhodotorula glutinis but alpha-aminoadipate reductase activity could not be measured in whole cells or in extracts. Lysine auxotroph lys1 grew in the presence of L-lysine or DL-alpha-aminoadipate and incorporated radioactivity from DL-alpha-amino-[I-14C]adipate into lysine during growth. Growing wild-type cells converted L-[U-14C]lysine into alpha-amino-[14C]adipate, suggesting both biosynthetic and degradative roles for alpha-aminoadipate. Lysine auxotrophs lys1, lys2 and lys3 of R. glutinis, unlike lysine auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, satisfied their growth requirement with L-pipecolate. Moreover, extracts of wild-type R. glutinis catalysed the conversion of L-pipecolate to alpha-aminoadipate-delta semialdehyde. These results suggest a biosynthetic role for L-pipecolate in R. glutinis but not in S. cerevisiae.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of lysine in Rhodotorula glutinis: role of pipecolic acid. Glutamate-alpha-ketoadipate transaminase, saccharopine reductase, and saccharopine dehydrogenase activities were demonstrated in extracts of Rhodotorula glutinis but alpha-aminoadipate reductase activity could not be measured in whole cells or in extracts. Lysine auxotroph lys1 grew in the presence of L-lysine or DL-alpha-aminoadipate and incorporated radioactivity from DL-alpha-amino-[I-14C]adipate into lysine during growth. Growing wild-type cells converted L-[U-14C]lysine into alpha-amino-[14C]adipate, suggesting both biosynthetic and degradative roles for alpha-aminoadipate. Lysine auxotrophs lys1, lys2 and lys3 of R. glutinis, unlike lysine auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, satisfied their growth requirement with L-pipecolate. Moreover, extracts of wild-type R. glutinis catalysed the conversion of L-pipecolate to alpha-aminoadipate-delta semialdehyde. These results suggest a biosynthetic role for L-pipecolate in R. glutinis but not in S. cerevisiae.", "PMID": 1167573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1772", "title": "Rapid onset of hyporesponsiveness to interferon induction on re-exposure to polyribonucleotide.", "content": "Only doses of complexed polyriboinosinic: polyribocytidylic acids sufficient to induce interferon, stimulated hyporesponsiveness to re-induction in rabbit kidney cells. Results of experiments designed to delineate the earliest time of appearance of hyporesponsiveness suggested the time of onset was less than i h after the end of a i h exposure to the inducer. The duration of hyporesponsiveness was about 24 h. Interferon itself did not produce hyporesponsiveness. Hence hyporesponsiveness must be related to an event or a substance synthesized before interferon production. The best candidate is a control protein inhibiting interferon production which is rapidly synthesized following exposure to an inducer.", "contents": "Rapid onset of hyporesponsiveness to interferon induction on re-exposure to polyribonucleotide. Only doses of complexed polyriboinosinic: polyribocytidylic acids sufficient to induce interferon, stimulated hyporesponsiveness to re-induction in rabbit kidney cells. Results of experiments designed to delineate the earliest time of appearance of hyporesponsiveness suggested the time of onset was less than i h after the end of a i h exposure to the inducer. The duration of hyporesponsiveness was about 24 h. Interferon itself did not produce hyporesponsiveness. Hence hyporesponsiveness must be related to an event or a substance synthesized before interferon production. The best candidate is a control protein inhibiting interferon production which is rapidly synthesized following exposure to an inducer.", "PMID": 1167574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1773", "title": "Micromethod for the titration of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in cell cultures.", "content": "A quantal microassay for the titration of LCM virus strains is described. It is based on the detection of virus-specific complement-fixing antigen in the medium of infected L cell microcultures.", "contents": "Micromethod for the titration of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in cell cultures. A quantal microassay for the titration of LCM virus strains is described. It is based on the detection of virus-specific complement-fixing antigen in the medium of infected L cell microcultures.", "PMID": 1167575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1774", "title": "Identification of self-complementary virus-specific ribonucleic acid in chick kidney cells infected with chicken embryo lethal orphan virus.", "content": "RNA was extracted from primary chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells infected with chicken embryo lethal orphan (CELO) virus and exposed to a pulse of (5-3H)-uridine late in infection. When this RNA was self-annealed, 4.5% became resistant to pancreatic ribonuclease digestion. The ribonuclease-resistant RNA was isolated by chromatography on Sephadex G-100, and the RNA was found to have the characteristics of a double-stranded molecule of sedimentation coefficient 8S. Half of the column-isolated RNA hybridized to CELO DNA with equal amounts of virus RNA binding to the heavy or light stands of the CELO DNA, indicating the presence of complementary RNA species late in the infectious cycle of CELO.", "contents": "Identification of self-complementary virus-specific ribonucleic acid in chick kidney cells infected with chicken embryo lethal orphan virus. RNA was extracted from primary chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells infected with chicken embryo lethal orphan (CELO) virus and exposed to a pulse of (5-3H)-uridine late in infection. When this RNA was self-annealed, 4.5% became resistant to pancreatic ribonuclease digestion. The ribonuclease-resistant RNA was isolated by chromatography on Sephadex G-100, and the RNA was found to have the characteristics of a double-stranded molecule of sedimentation coefficient 8S. Half of the column-isolated RNA hybridized to CELO DNA with equal amounts of virus RNA binding to the heavy or light stands of the CELO DNA, indicating the presence of complementary RNA species late in the infectious cycle of CELO.", "PMID": 1167576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1775", "title": "The relationship between emotionality and dominance in the hooded rat.", "content": "Hooded rodents were tested in an emotionality condition and two competitive \"dominance\" conditions. It was found that stable rankings of subjects within the test groups could be established for each of the three conditions. Significant negative correlations were also found between a subject's \"emotionality\" ranked in a group and his ranking in the group in relation to either condition of competitive dominance, while a significant positive correlation was found between a subject's ranking in both of the competitive dominance conditions. These data are taken as evidence for a debilitating effect of high emotionality on one's success in competition.", "contents": "The relationship between emotionality and dominance in the hooded rat. Hooded rodents were tested in an emotionality condition and two competitive \"dominance\" conditions. It was found that stable rankings of subjects within the test groups could be established for each of the three conditions. Significant negative correlations were also found between a subject's \"emotionality\" ranked in a group and his ranking in the group in relation to either condition of competitive dominance, while a significant positive correlation was found between a subject's ranking in both of the competitive dominance conditions. These data are taken as evidence for a debilitating effect of high emotionality on one's success in competition.", "PMID": 1167577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1776", "title": "Malignant metastasizing angioblastic meningiomas.", "content": "The authors report and discuss the unusual clinical and roentgenographical features of three cases of angioblastic meningioma with extracranial metastases. The primary lesions occurred in the cervical canal, the parasagittal region, and the posterior fossa. Metastases were to lungs, liver, pancreas, and kidneys.", "contents": "Malignant metastasizing angioblastic meningiomas. The authors report and discuss the unusual clinical and roentgenographical features of three cases of angioblastic meningioma with extracranial metastases. The primary lesions occurred in the cervical canal, the parasagittal region, and the posterior fossa. Metastases were to lungs, liver, pancreas, and kidneys.", "PMID": 1167579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1777", "title": "Maduromycosis of the brain. Case report.", "content": "A rare case of a gas-containing brain abscess due to verified maduromycosis is described. Blackish material over the abscess cavity revealed the fungal elements. The pus from the abscess contained Streptococcus hemolyticus and Klebsiella organisms.", "contents": "Maduromycosis of the brain. Case report. A rare case of a gas-containing brain abscess due to verified maduromycosis is described. Blackish material over the abscess cavity revealed the fungal elements. The pus from the abscess contained Streptococcus hemolyticus and Klebsiella organisms.", "PMID": 1167580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1778", "title": "Liver scan showing intense lung uptake in neoplasia and infection.", "content": "Two cases of intense lung activity uptake during routine liver imaging are presented. One patient died 6 days after uptake was seen, and had Kupffer cell tumor, or liver angiosarcoma, at autopsy. The second patient with an acute infection superimposed on alcholic hepatitis showed intense lung uptake on the tenth day of a sustained course of very high fever. A repeat liver scan after the patient became afebrile showed no lung uptake.", "contents": "Liver scan showing intense lung uptake in neoplasia and infection. Two cases of intense lung activity uptake during routine liver imaging are presented. One patient died 6 days after uptake was seen, and had Kupffer cell tumor, or liver angiosarcoma, at autopsy. The second patient with an acute infection superimposed on alcholic hepatitis showed intense lung uptake on the tenth day of a sustained course of very high fever. A repeat liver scan after the patient became afebrile showed no lung uptake.", "PMID": 1167582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1779", "title": "Computer-based method for calculation of the available energy of proteins.", "content": "An aspect of protein nutrition that has not been resolved in a satisfactory manner is the utilizable energy equivalence of proteins. The existing methods overestimate the utilizable energy of proteins. A more accurate method fo calculating the utilizable energy of proteins is to calculate the moles of adenosine triphosphate formed during the complete oxidation of a given amount of proteins. The moles of adenosine triphosphate formed can be calculated from knowledge of the amino acid composition and knowledge of the metabolic pathway for each amino acid. A computer program is described that provides the bookkeeping required for these calculations. The available energy of a protein is calculated in this computer-based method by adjusting the energy value of the proteins so that it is equivalent to that of carbohydrates and fats in providing the energy for adenosine triphosphate formation. The computer-based method was used to calculate the available energy of a group of proteins of known amino acid composition. The available energy varied from 3.02 keal/g for colagen to 3", "contents": "Computer-based method for calculation of the available energy of proteins. An aspect of protein nutrition that has not been resolved in a satisfactory manner is the utilizable energy equivalence of proteins. The existing methods overestimate the utilizable energy of proteins. A more accurate method fo calculating the utilizable energy of proteins is to calculate the moles of adenosine triphosphate formed during the complete oxidation of a given amount of proteins. The moles of adenosine triphosphate formed can be calculated from knowledge of the amino acid composition and knowledge of the metabolic pathway for each amino acid. A computer program is described that provides the bookkeeping required for these calculations. The available energy of a protein is calculated in this computer-based method by adjusting the energy value of the proteins so that it is equivalent to that of carbohydrates and fats in providing the energy for adenosine triphosphate formation. The computer-based method was used to calculate the available energy of a group of proteins of known amino acid composition. The available energy varied from 3.02 keal/g for colagen to 3", "PMID": 1167583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1780", "title": "Iron availability to rats from soybeans.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to determine the effects of endogenous phytic acid in soybean seeds (Glycine max, var. \"Amsoy\") on the bioavailability of 59Fe to iron-depleted rats. Soybean plants were grown in nutrient solutions labeled with 59Fe supplied at either 0.4 or 1.0 ppm iron in solution. Immature and mature soybean seeds were harvested and fed to male rats as a single dose. The phytic acid content of the immature and mature seeds averaged 0.61 and 1.71% dry weight, respectively. Varying the nutrient solution iron concentration in the mature soybean seeds. When the 59Fe-labeled seeds were fed to iron-deficient rats, 59Fe from the mature seeds was more available than that from immature seeds even though the mature seeds contained approximately three times as much phytic acid. Autoclaving the mature seeds did not affect the absorption of 59Fe by rats from the seeds. Immature soybean seeds contained much more insoluble 59Fe than did mature soybean seeds. It was concluded that the directly correlated to the phytate content of the seeds; also immature soybean seeds apparently contain a factor or factors (other than phytic acid) that depresses iron availability.", "contents": "Iron availability to rats from soybeans. Experiments were carried out to determine the effects of endogenous phytic acid in soybean seeds (Glycine max, var. \"Amsoy\") on the bioavailability of 59Fe to iron-depleted rats. Soybean plants were grown in nutrient solutions labeled with 59Fe supplied at either 0.4 or 1.0 ppm iron in solution. Immature and mature soybean seeds were harvested and fed to male rats as a single dose. The phytic acid content of the immature and mature seeds averaged 0.61 and 1.71% dry weight, respectively. Varying the nutrient solution iron concentration in the mature soybean seeds. When the 59Fe-labeled seeds were fed to iron-deficient rats, 59Fe from the mature seeds was more available than that from immature seeds even though the mature seeds contained approximately three times as much phytic acid. Autoclaving the mature seeds did not affect the absorption of 59Fe by rats from the seeds. Immature soybean seeds contained much more insoluble 59Fe than did mature soybean seeds. It was concluded that the directly correlated to the phytate content of the seeds; also immature soybean seeds apparently contain a factor or factors (other than phytic acid) that depresses iron availability.", "PMID": 1167584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1781", "title": "Role of hand contamination of personnel in the epidemiology of gram-negative nosocomial infections.", "content": "Gram-negative organisms, responsible for a high rate of colonization and infection in an intensive care nursery, were recovered frequently from hands of personnel, despite regular hand antisepsis. In sequential hand cultures contamination of hands by gram-negative organisms was transient in some nurses, but active multiplication of the organisms occurred on the hands of others and in a few nurses a temporary carrier state appeared to exist. The results of this study suggest that the hands of hospital personnel may serve not only as a passive vehicle in the nosocomial transmission of gran-negative bacteria, but also may constitute a reservoir of nosocomial organisms.", "contents": "Role of hand contamination of personnel in the epidemiology of gram-negative nosocomial infections. Gram-negative organisms, responsible for a high rate of colonization and infection in an intensive care nursery, were recovered frequently from hands of personnel, despite regular hand antisepsis. In sequential hand cultures contamination of hands by gram-negative organisms was transient in some nurses, but active multiplication of the organisms occurred on the hands of others and in a few nurses a temporary carrier state appeared to exist. The results of this study suggest that the hands of hospital personnel may serve not only as a passive vehicle in the nosocomial transmission of gran-negative bacteria, but also may constitute a reservoir of nosocomial organisms.", "PMID": 1167588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1782", "title": "Dystocia and broad ligament hematoma secondary to hip pinning.", "content": "A case of dystocia and broad ligament hematoma after hip pinning is presented. Abdominal section was performed after a secondary arrest of labor and failure of descent.", "contents": "Dystocia and broad ligament hematoma secondary to hip pinning. A case of dystocia and broad ligament hematoma after hip pinning is presented. Abdominal section was performed after a secondary arrest of labor and failure of descent.", "PMID": 1167590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1783", "title": "Intramitochondrial bodies in a human cell line carrying oncornavirus-like particles.", "content": "Electron-dense particles 80-100 nm in diameter were observed in electron micrographs of mitochondria in transformed mouse fibroblasts and in a human amnion cell line infected with supernatants of a human mammary carcinoma cell culture. Intramitochondrial particles were more numerous in the human cell cultures early after subculture. These particles were morphologically similar to those reported in mitochondria of Rous sarcoma virus-infected cells.", "contents": "Intramitochondrial bodies in a human cell line carrying oncornavirus-like particles. Electron-dense particles 80-100 nm in diameter were observed in electron micrographs of mitochondria in transformed mouse fibroblasts and in a human amnion cell line infected with supernatants of a human mammary carcinoma cell culture. Intramitochondrial particles were more numerous in the human cell cultures early after subculture. These particles were morphologically similar to those reported in mitochondria of Rous sarcoma virus-infected cells.", "PMID": 1167594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1784", "title": "Therapy with antibody-coated immune and hyperimmune peritoneal cells in a murine lymphoma system.", "content": "Goat-antimouse (DBA/2) SL2 lymphoma immunoglobulin was specifically cytotoxic to DBA/2-derived sl2 lymphoma cells. This anti-SL2 immunoglobulin, or a part of it, was cytophylic for peritoneal macrophages as shown by target cells adhering to macrophages incubated in vitro with the immunoglobulin. The target cells became free in the medium after incubation with 0.1% trypsin for 1 hour. In in vivo experiments, the incubation of immune or hyperimmune peritoneal cells with immunoglobulin from normal goat serum or from goat-anti-SL2 serum before use in immunotherapy decreased the number of DBA/2 mice surviving for more than 35 days an intraperitoneal injection with SL2 cells compared to the number of survivors inoculated with immune or hyperimmune cells only. These results show that, in immunotherapy with immune cells, we must consider the possibility that specific antitumor antibodies and antibodies not directed against the tumor cloud the therapeutic potnecy of the immune cells.", "contents": "Therapy with antibody-coated immune and hyperimmune peritoneal cells in a murine lymphoma system. Goat-antimouse (DBA/2) SL2 lymphoma immunoglobulin was specifically cytotoxic to DBA/2-derived sl2 lymphoma cells. This anti-SL2 immunoglobulin, or a part of it, was cytophylic for peritoneal macrophages as shown by target cells adhering to macrophages incubated in vitro with the immunoglobulin. The target cells became free in the medium after incubation with 0.1% trypsin for 1 hour. In in vivo experiments, the incubation of immune or hyperimmune peritoneal cells with immunoglobulin from normal goat serum or from goat-anti-SL2 serum before use in immunotherapy decreased the number of DBA/2 mice surviving for more than 35 days an intraperitoneal injection with SL2 cells compared to the number of survivors inoculated with immune or hyperimmune cells only. These results show that, in immunotherapy with immune cells, we must consider the possibility that specific antitumor antibodies and antibodies not directed against the tumor cloud the therapeutic potnecy of the immune cells.", "PMID": 1167595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1785", "title": "Differential oncogenic effects of methylnitrosourea.", "content": "We investigated differences in the oncogenic effects of methylnitrosourea (MNU) which were induced by varying dose schedules and changing administration routes. The nervous system represented the target organ when MNU was given intravenously to rats. Carcinogen by other routes resulted in decreased numbers of neurogenic tumors and the appearance of neoplasms at the injection site.  Increased oral doses of MNU caused shorter survival times, a decreased incidence of neuroglial tumors, and increased numbers of thymic lymphomas and mesenchymal tumors of the nervous system. The results suggest that many tissues are susceptible to the oncogenic effects of MNU, but the degree of exposure necessary for neoplastic transformation varies.", "contents": "Differential oncogenic effects of methylnitrosourea. We investigated differences in the oncogenic effects of methylnitrosourea (MNU) which were induced by varying dose schedules and changing administration routes. The nervous system represented the target organ when MNU was given intravenously to rats. Carcinogen by other routes resulted in decreased numbers of neurogenic tumors and the appearance of neoplasms at the injection site.  Increased oral doses of MNU caused shorter survival times, a decreased incidence of neuroglial tumors, and increased numbers of thymic lymphomas and mesenchymal tumors of the nervous system. The results suggest that many tissues are susceptible to the oncogenic effects of MNU, but the degree of exposure necessary for neoplastic transformation varies.", "PMID": 1167596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1786", "title": "1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-induced chromatid breakage: effect of inhibition of DNA synthesis.", "content": "The frequency of chromatid breakage induced by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine was decreased when hamster cell fibroblasts were treated with chemical agents that interferred with DNA synthesis immediately before addition of the analog. This phenomenon occurred in both the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle.", "contents": "1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-induced chromatid breakage: effect of inhibition of DNA synthesis. The frequency of chromatid breakage induced by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine was decreased when hamster cell fibroblasts were treated with chemical agents that interferred with DNA synthesis immediately before addition of the analog. This phenomenon occurred in both the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 1167597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1787", "title": "Host-cell antigen potentiated by incomplete growth cycle of influenza virus.", "content": "Lysis of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in mice was induced with the Hong Kong influenza A-strain HKH virus not previously adapted to the tumor. Despite high pathogenicity of HKH, mice not genetically resistant to the lethal action of myxoviruses survived the actue phase of oncolysis. Virus infection of tumor cells resulted in high titers of hemagglutinin with low infectivity which indicated incomplete virus growth. Serial passages of HKH in Ehrlich ascites tumors failed. HKH oncolysates induced solid antitumor immunity in several mouse strains, including those fully susceptible to the virus. The immunizing power of HKH oncolysates could be abolished by mouse antibody against egg-grown HKH (H3, N2) but not by antiserum raised aganist TUR virus (Havl, Nav3).", "contents": "Host-cell antigen potentiated by incomplete growth cycle of influenza virus. Lysis of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in mice was induced with the Hong Kong influenza A-strain HKH virus not previously adapted to the tumor. Despite high pathogenicity of HKH, mice not genetically resistant to the lethal action of myxoviruses survived the actue phase of oncolysis. Virus infection of tumor cells resulted in high titers of hemagglutinin with low infectivity which indicated incomplete virus growth. Serial passages of HKH in Ehrlich ascites tumors failed. HKH oncolysates induced solid antitumor immunity in several mouse strains, including those fully susceptible to the virus. The immunizing power of HKH oncolysates could be abolished by mouse antibody against egg-grown HKH (H3, N2) but not by antiserum raised aganist TUR virus (Havl, Nav3).", "PMID": 1167598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1788", "title": "Transcription of the genome of adenovirus type 12. I. Viral mRNA in abortively infected and transformed cells.", "content": "In baby hamster kidney (BKH-21) cells abortively infected with adenovirus type 12, polysome-associated, virus-specific RNA could be detected starting 5 to 7 h after infection. The amount of this RNA reached a maximum between 10 to 12 h after infection and continued to be synthesized at a reduced level until late in infection (48 to 50 h.). In BHK-21 cells transformed by adenovirus type 12 (HB cells), 0.26% of the polysome-associated mRNA was virus specific. The size of the virus-specific mRNA isolated from polysomes of BHK-21 cells abortively infected with, or transformed by adenovirus type 12 was determined by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in 98% formamide, i.e., under conditions which eliminated secondary structure or aggregation of RNA. In abortively infected hamster cells viral mRNA size classes of molecular weights 0.9 times 10-6 and 0.65 times 10-6 to 0.67 times 10-6 were predominant. A minor fraction of 1.5 times 10-6 daltons was consistently found and increased with time after infection. Late after infection (24 to 26 h), viral mRNA of 1.9 times 10-6 daltons was also observed. The size distribution of adenovirus type 12-specific mRNA from transformed hamster cells (HB line) was very similar to that in abortively infected cells, except that the relative amount of the viral mRNA fraction of 1.5 times 10-6 daltons was much higher. It is uncertain whether the viral mRNA of high-molecular-weight represents mixed transcripts derived from integrated viral genomes and adjacent host genes.", "contents": "Transcription of the genome of adenovirus type 12. I. Viral mRNA in abortively infected and transformed cells. In baby hamster kidney (BKH-21) cells abortively infected with adenovirus type 12, polysome-associated, virus-specific RNA could be detected starting 5 to 7 h after infection. The amount of this RNA reached a maximum between 10 to 12 h after infection and continued to be synthesized at a reduced level until late in infection (48 to 50 h.). In BHK-21 cells transformed by adenovirus type 12 (HB cells), 0.26% of the polysome-associated mRNA was virus specific. The size of the virus-specific mRNA isolated from polysomes of BHK-21 cells abortively infected with, or transformed by adenovirus type 12 was determined by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in 98% formamide, i.e., under conditions which eliminated secondary structure or aggregation of RNA. In abortively infected hamster cells viral mRNA size classes of molecular weights 0.9 times 10-6 and 0.65 times 10-6 to 0.67 times 10-6 were predominant. A minor fraction of 1.5 times 10-6 daltons was consistently found and increased with time after infection. Late after infection (24 to 26 h), viral mRNA of 1.9 times 10-6 daltons was also observed. The size distribution of adenovirus type 12-specific mRNA from transformed hamster cells (HB line) was very similar to that in abortively infected cells, except that the relative amount of the viral mRNA fraction of 1.5 times 10-6 daltons was much higher. It is uncertain whether the viral mRNA of high-molecular-weight represents mixed transcripts derived from integrated viral genomes and adjacent host genes.", "PMID": 1167602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1789", "title": "RNA polymerase associated with virions of pike fry rhabdovirus.", "content": "The association of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity with virions of pike fry rhabdovirus has been demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo studies. The temperature optimum for the in vitro assay is around 20 C, although enzyme activity can be observed at 4 C. Preparations of pike fry virus possess a glycoprotein, a membrane protein, a nucleoprotein, an L protein, and a phosphoprotein, as well as an RNA of about 3.8 times 10-6 mol wt. A protein kinase activity has been found associated with virus preparations. In vitro RNA product analyses indicate that the virus-associated enzyme functions principally as a transcriptase synthesizing viral-complementary, heteropolymeric RNA.", "contents": "RNA polymerase associated with virions of pike fry rhabdovirus. The association of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity with virions of pike fry rhabdovirus has been demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo studies. The temperature optimum for the in vitro assay is around 20 C, although enzyme activity can be observed at 4 C. Preparations of pike fry virus possess a glycoprotein, a membrane protein, a nucleoprotein, an L protein, and a phosphoprotein, as well as an RNA of about 3.8 times 10-6 mol wt. A protein kinase activity has been found associated with virus preparations. In vitro RNA product analyses indicate that the virus-associated enzyme functions principally as a transcriptase synthesizing viral-complementary, heteropolymeric RNA.", "PMID": 1167603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1790", "title": "Ribonucleoproteins of Uukuniemi virus are circular.", "content": "The internal ribonucleoprotein (RNP) of Uukuniemi virus was released with Triton X-100 and analyzed on sucrose gradients. Three species of RNP sedimenting at 140 to 150, 105 to 120, and 85 to 90S could be separated. All of them contained the same ratio of core polypeptide (mol wt, 25,000) to RNA. Eelctron microscopy using rotatory shadowing showed that all three species were circular. Free ends were rarely seen. Measurements of the strands revealed three distinct length classes of about 2.8, 1.4 and 0.7 mu m. Polyacrylamide-agarose gels showed that the largest RNP contained the L RNA, the medium-sized RNP the M RNA, and the smallest RNP the S RNA.", "contents": "Ribonucleoproteins of Uukuniemi virus are circular. The internal ribonucleoprotein (RNP) of Uukuniemi virus was released with Triton X-100 and analyzed on sucrose gradients. Three species of RNP sedimenting at 140 to 150, 105 to 120, and 85 to 90S could be separated. All of them contained the same ratio of core polypeptide (mol wt, 25,000) to RNA. Eelctron microscopy using rotatory shadowing showed that all three species were circular. Free ends were rarely seen. Measurements of the strands revealed three distinct length classes of about 2.8, 1.4 and 0.7 mu m. Polyacrylamide-agarose gels showed that the largest RNP contained the L RNA, the medium-sized RNP the M RNA, and the smallest RNP the S RNA.", "PMID": 1167604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1791", "title": "Alterations in Sindbis viral enbelope proteins by treating BHK cells with glucosamine.", "content": "Addition of d-glucosamine to BHK cells infected with Sindbis virus inhibited the formation of the E-2 viral envelope from its precursor PE-2. Release of virus was blocked, and two new viral protein bands replaced the normal envelope protein bands detected in SDS-gel electropherograms of infected cell extracts.", "contents": "Alterations in Sindbis viral enbelope proteins by treating BHK cells with glucosamine. Addition of d-glucosamine to BHK cells infected with Sindbis virus inhibited the formation of the E-2 viral envelope from its precursor PE-2. Release of virus was blocked, and two new viral protein bands replaced the normal envelope protein bands detected in SDS-gel electropherograms of infected cell extracts.", "PMID": 1167605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1792", "title": "Complementary strands of CELO virus DNA.", "content": "When alkali-denatured DNA from CELO virus (an avian adenovirus) was annealed for 15 min at 37 C in 0.1 M NaCl, 70% of the molecules formed single-stranded circles. This is probably due to base pairing of complementary sequences not more than 110 nucleotides long at the ends of the single strands and implies an inverted terminal repetition in the duplex DNA similar to that reported for the DNA from human adenoviruses. The circular molecules had a uniform length that was approximately the same as that of linear single-stranded molecules. The complementary strands of CELO virus DNA were separated on a preparative scale, and at least 40% of the heavy strands and 56% of the light strands were found to be intact as judged by the formation of single-stranded circles.", "contents": "Complementary strands of CELO virus DNA. When alkali-denatured DNA from CELO virus (an avian adenovirus) was annealed for 15 min at 37 C in 0.1 M NaCl, 70% of the molecules formed single-stranded circles. This is probably due to base pairing of complementary sequences not more than 110 nucleotides long at the ends of the single strands and implies an inverted terminal repetition in the duplex DNA similar to that reported for the DNA from human adenoviruses. The circular molecules had a uniform length that was approximately the same as that of linear single-stranded molecules. The complementary strands of CELO virus DNA were separated on a preparative scale, and at least 40% of the heavy strands and 56% of the light strands were found to be intact as judged by the formation of single-stranded circles.", "PMID": 1167606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1793", "title": "Effect of fatty acids on growth of Japanese encephalitis virus cultivated in BHK-21 cells and phospholipid metabolism of the infected cells.", "content": "Growth of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in BHK-21 cells was stimulated in the presence of 20 to 40 mug of the sodium salt of oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid, 9-18:1) per ml supplemented in Waymouth medium. The stimulatory effect of the salt was highest when 9-18:1 was added after adsorption of the virus. Study of the effect of other fatty acids on growth of JEV showed the following results: the longer the chain length of the saturated fatty acid salt, the higher the stimulatory effect on viral growth. In contrast, polyunsaturated fatty acids had an inhibitory effect on viral growth. The effect of isomeric cis-octadecenoic acids on viral growth was variable, depending upon the position of the double bond. The cis-6-octadecenoic acid had the highest inhibitory effect on growth of JEV compared to other isomeric octadecenoic acids. The sodium salt of (1-14C) cis-9-octadecenoic acid (9-18:1, 20 mug/ml) was rapidly incorporated into control and JEV-infected cells. Specific radioactivity in phosphatidylcholine dropped 12 to 24 h after virus inoculation, whereas synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine increased 12 to 24 h after virus inoculation in infected cells compared to uninfected cells. Results from these studies suggest that phospholipid metabolism of infected cells is markedly changed, which can be associated with altered fatty acid metabolism when using labeled 9-18:1 fatty acid as a marker.", "contents": "Effect of fatty acids on growth of Japanese encephalitis virus cultivated in BHK-21 cells and phospholipid metabolism of the infected cells. Growth of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in BHK-21 cells was stimulated in the presence of 20 to 40 mug of the sodium salt of oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid, 9-18:1) per ml supplemented in Waymouth medium. The stimulatory effect of the salt was highest when 9-18:1 was added after adsorption of the virus. Study of the effect of other fatty acids on growth of JEV showed the following results: the longer the chain length of the saturated fatty acid salt, the higher the stimulatory effect on viral growth. In contrast, polyunsaturated fatty acids had an inhibitory effect on viral growth. The effect of isomeric cis-octadecenoic acids on viral growth was variable, depending upon the position of the double bond. The cis-6-octadecenoic acid had the highest inhibitory effect on growth of JEV compared to other isomeric octadecenoic acids. The sodium salt of (1-14C) cis-9-octadecenoic acid (9-18:1, 20 mug/ml) was rapidly incorporated into control and JEV-infected cells. Specific radioactivity in phosphatidylcholine dropped 12 to 24 h after virus inoculation, whereas synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine increased 12 to 24 h after virus inoculation in infected cells compared to uninfected cells. Results from these studies suggest that phospholipid metabolism of infected cells is markedly changed, which can be associated with altered fatty acid metabolism when using labeled 9-18:1 fatty acid as a marker.", "PMID": 1167607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1794", "title": "Complete duplication of the urethra with vaginal stenosis.", "content": "Complete urethral duplication, clitoral hypertrophy and vaginal urethra in a girl with normal adrenal function are described. These anomalies caused severe micturitional disturbance by several mechanisms. Reported cases of complete duplication form a continuous spectrum of abnormalities and were classified according to anatomical pattern.", "contents": "Complete duplication of the urethra with vaginal stenosis. Complete urethral duplication, clitoral hypertrophy and vaginal urethra in a girl with normal adrenal function are described. These anomalies caused severe micturitional disturbance by several mechanisms. Reported cases of complete duplication form a continuous spectrum of abnormalities and were classified according to anatomical pattern.", "PMID": 1167608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1795", "title": "Genitourinary aspects of disseminated coccidioidomycosis.", "content": "Genitourinary involvement is common in disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Urologic evaluation should include careful examination, cultures and radiograms. The radiographic features of renal coccidioidomycosis parallel those of renal tuberculosis, with feathery, moth-eaten calices, infundibular constriction and caliceal ballooning, and eventual calcification of granulomas. Coccidioidal epididymitis may be chronic, with long asymptomatic intervals. A patient with a 15-year interval between episodes of right and left coccidioidal epipidymitis is described. Complement fixation titers should be used to determine the activity of genitourinary coccidioidomycosis. In 3 of 12 patients dissemination of coccidioidomycosis occurred during treatment with immunosuppressive medications. Renal transplant patients should be evaluated for active coccidioidomycosis prior to transplantation.", "contents": "Genitourinary aspects of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Genitourinary involvement is common in disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Urologic evaluation should include careful examination, cultures and radiograms. The radiographic features of renal coccidioidomycosis parallel those of renal tuberculosis, with feathery, moth-eaten calices, infundibular constriction and caliceal ballooning, and eventual calcification of granulomas. Coccidioidal epididymitis may be chronic, with long asymptomatic intervals. A patient with a 15-year interval between episodes of right and left coccidioidal epipidymitis is described. Complement fixation titers should be used to determine the activity of genitourinary coccidioidomycosis. In 3 of 12 patients dissemination of coccidioidomycosis occurred during treatment with immunosuppressive medications. Renal transplant patients should be evaluated for active coccidioidomycosis prior to transplantation.", "PMID": 1167609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1796", "title": "Lymphangiography in genitourinary cancer.", "content": "The rationale for pedal lymphangiography in the management  of genitourinary cancer is discussed. The comparative studies between lymphangiography and subsequent histologic section of the nodes in the literature and our own instituiion are reviewed. Itis concluded that while lymphangiography is a safe procedure, it is unlikely to play a major role in the management of cancer of the kidney and penis. If more such studies were performed in cases of prostatic, testicular and bladder malignancies, the diagnostic accuracy might be improved and the lymphangiogram could then help significantly in planning treatment for these patients.", "contents": "Lymphangiography in genitourinary cancer. The rationale for pedal lymphangiography in the management  of genitourinary cancer is discussed. The comparative studies between lymphangiography and subsequent histologic section of the nodes in the literature and our own instituiion are reviewed. Itis concluded that while lymphangiography is a safe procedure, it is unlikely to play a major role in the management of cancer of the kidney and penis. If more such studies were performed in cases of prostatic, testicular and bladder malignancies, the diagnostic accuracy might be improved and the lymphangiogram could then help significantly in planning treatment for these patients.", "PMID": 1167610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1797", "title": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord: report of 3 cases with review of the literature.", "content": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord is a rare, highly malignant lesion, for which the optimum treatment has yet to be ascertained. Results of treatment of 3 patients are presented, making the total reported experiences 53 cases. Two of our 3 patients are alive. One survivor underwent retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and the other received radical orchiectomy only. The third patient had metastasis at the time of diagnosis and subsequently died. Because of a paucity of knowledge concerning the disease, its propensity for youthful patients and its highly malignant characteristics, all treatment modalities must be considered and tailored to the needs of the individual patient.", "contents": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord: report of 3 cases with review of the literature. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord is a rare, highly malignant lesion, for which the optimum treatment has yet to be ascertained. Results of treatment of 3 patients are presented, making the total reported experiences 53 cases. Two of our 3 patients are alive. One survivor underwent retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and the other received radical orchiectomy only. The third patient had metastasis at the time of diagnosis and subsequently died. Because of a paucity of knowledge concerning the disease, its propensity for youthful patients and its highly malignant characteristics, all treatment modalities must be considered and tailored to the needs of the individual patient.", "PMID": 1167611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1798", "title": "Endoparasites of black-bellied whistling ducks in southern Texas.", "content": "Endoparasites detected in the black-bellied whistling duck (Dendrocygnaautumnalis) include one nasal mite, four nematodes, three trematodes, five cestodes, and two acanthocephalans. Each of these represents a new host record. Overall, 47% of the birds were parasitized with an average of 12 helminths per infected bird. Helminths were significantly more common in juveniles than in adults; more females than males were parasitized, but the difference was not statistically significant. No correlation existed between the parasite load and the physical condition of the host. Tissue damage in infected birds was minimal and limited to nematode cysts in the proventriculi. Parasite loads were light, apparently reflecting the food habits of the host.", "contents": "Endoparasites of black-bellied whistling ducks in southern Texas. Endoparasites detected in the black-bellied whistling duck (Dendrocygnaautumnalis) include one nasal mite, four nematodes, three trematodes, five cestodes, and two acanthocephalans. Each of these represents a new host record. Overall, 47% of the birds were parasitized with an average of 12 helminths per infected bird. Helminths were significantly more common in juveniles than in adults; more females than males were parasitized, but the difference was not statistically significant. No correlation existed between the parasite load and the physical condition of the host. Tissue damage in infected birds was minimal and limited to nematode cysts in the proventriculi. Parasite loads were light, apparently reflecting the food habits of the host.", "PMID": 1167612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1799", "title": "The role of valve replacement in the treatment of fungal endocarditis.", "content": "The role of valve replacement in the treatment of fungal endocarditis has not been defined. The diagnosis of fungal endocarditis was made in 11 patients, 8 before death and 3 at autopsy. Nine patients were infected with Candida species, one with Torulopsis glabrada and one with Aspergillus. None of the 8 patients whose disease was diagnosed during life was cured despite up to 160 days of amphotericin B therapy. All required valve replacement for heart failure (1 patient), emboli (1 patient, or both (6 patients). We recommend early valve replacement for fungal endocarditis before the onset of heart failure and emboli.", "contents": "The role of valve replacement in the treatment of fungal endocarditis. The role of valve replacement in the treatment of fungal endocarditis has not been defined. The diagnosis of fungal endocarditis was made in 11 patients, 8 before death and 3 at autopsy. Nine patients were infected with Candida species, one with Torulopsis glabrada and one with Aspergillus. None of the 8 patients whose disease was diagnosed during life was cured despite up to 160 days of amphotericin B therapy. All required valve replacement for heart failure (1 patient), emboli (1 patient, or both (6 patients). We recommend early valve replacement for fungal endocarditis before the onset of heart failure and emboli.", "PMID": 1167613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1800", "title": "Glucagon secretion in unaffected monozygotic twins of juvenile diabetics.", "content": "Glucagon secretion during a 50-g oral glucose tolerance test has been investigated in 16 nondiabetic monozygotic twins of juvenile diabetics and compared with the results in 10 normal controls and 10 untreated, newly diagnosed, maturity-onset diabetics. Normal subjects showed a significant mean fall in glucagon at 15, 30, and 60 min, with a return to the baseline at 120 min. Maturity-onset diabetics showed a significant mean rise 15 min after oral glucose. The mean of the twin group was intermediate between normals and diabetics, although there was considerable individual variation with some showing suppression and others stimulation of glucagon release. When the twins were divided according to the length of discordance it was found that the mean response in the 8 twins who had been discordant for a mean of 19 years was indistinguishable from that of normal subjects, whereas the mean response of twins discordant for a mean of only 4.5 years was similar to that of the diabetic patients. It is possible, therefore, that hypersecretion of glucagon may occur in some subjects predisposed to develop diabetes mellitus, and the finding of lack of suppression of glucagon in the identical twin of a juvenile diabetic may be of prognostic significance. Identical twins who have been discordant for over 10 years are thought on other grounds to be unlikely to develop diabetes, and the finding of a normal glucagon response is further confirmation of their normal metabolic status and reinforces the suggestion that they are not prediabetic.", "contents": "Glucagon secretion in unaffected monozygotic twins of juvenile diabetics. Glucagon secretion during a 50-g oral glucose tolerance test has been investigated in 16 nondiabetic monozygotic twins of juvenile diabetics and compared with the results in 10 normal controls and 10 untreated, newly diagnosed, maturity-onset diabetics. Normal subjects showed a significant mean fall in glucagon at 15, 30, and 60 min, with a return to the baseline at 120 min. Maturity-onset diabetics showed a significant mean rise 15 min after oral glucose. The mean of the twin group was intermediate between normals and diabetics, although there was considerable individual variation with some showing suppression and others stimulation of glucagon release. When the twins were divided according to the length of discordance it was found that the mean response in the 8 twins who had been discordant for a mean of 19 years was indistinguishable from that of normal subjects, whereas the mean response of twins discordant for a mean of only 4.5 years was similar to that of the diabetic patients. It is possible, therefore, that hypersecretion of glucagon may occur in some subjects predisposed to develop diabetes mellitus, and the finding of lack of suppression of glucagon in the identical twin of a juvenile diabetic may be of prognostic significance. Identical twins who have been discordant for over 10 years are thought on other grounds to be unlikely to develop diabetes, and the finding of a normal glucagon response is further confirmation of their normal metabolic status and reinforces the suggestion that they are not prediabetic.", "PMID": 1167615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1801", "title": "[The behavior of the hospitalized child awaiting a surgical operation].", "content": "The literature and personal experience are referred to in an assessment of psycho-affective situations in hospitalised children awaiting non-emergency surgery (appendicectomy, adenotonsillectomy, inguinal hernia, phymosis, hypospadias, cryptorchidism). Psychological and somatic damage resulting from an absence of preparation before hospitalisation and during admission immediately prior to surgery is described. A method whereby this may be avoided as far as possible with the aid of relatives is described.", "contents": "[The behavior of the hospitalized child awaiting a surgical operation]. The literature and personal experience are referred to in an assessment of psycho-affective situations in hospitalised children awaiting non-emergency surgery (appendicectomy, adenotonsillectomy, inguinal hernia, phymosis, hypospadias, cryptorchidism). Psychological and somatic damage resulting from an absence of preparation before hospitalisation and during admission immediately prior to surgery is described. A method whereby this may be avoided as far as possible with the aid of relatives is described.", "PMID": 1167618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1802", "title": "PSRO: an educational force for improving quality of care.", "content": "The major purpose of the PSRO program is to improve the quality of medical care.  Peer review is expected not only to detect problems but to analyze causes, and to develop, implement, and evaluate corrective programs.  Such peer-review efforts are in themselves educational.  In addition, educational programs focusing on identified deficiencies must be organihe educational efforts of local health facilities and organizations of all types is urged.  Although PSRO's will not specifically underwrite continuing health-care education, they should provide a community-wide means for integrating patient-care review with continuing medical education.", "contents": "PSRO: an educational force for improving quality of care. The major purpose of the PSRO program is to improve the quality of medical care.  Peer review is expected not only to detect problems but to analyze causes, and to develop, implement, and evaluate corrective programs.  Such peer-review efforts are in themselves educational.  In addition, educational programs focusing on identified deficiencies must be organihe educational efforts of local health facilities and organizations of all types is urged.  Although PSRO's will not specifically underwrite continuing health-care education, they should provide a community-wide means for integrating patient-care review with continuing medical education.", "PMID": 1167621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1803", "title": "The subunit structure of the eukaryotic chromosome.", "content": "New strucutral data have been obtained from neutron scattering studies of chromatin. The concentration-dependent meridional peak at 10-11 nm comes from the interparticle spacing of a subunit structure. Peaks at 5.5 and 3.7 nm have a different contrast behaviour to those at 11.0 and 3.7 nm showing that histones and DNA have a different spatial arrangement in the subunit. A globular model in which apolar segments of histones from the core surrounded by DNA complexed with the basic segments of histones agrees with the data.", "contents": "The subunit structure of the eukaryotic chromosome. New strucutral data have been obtained from neutron scattering studies of chromatin. The concentration-dependent meridional peak at 10-11 nm comes from the interparticle spacing of a subunit structure. Peaks at 5.5 and 3.7 nm have a different contrast behaviour to those at 11.0 and 3.7 nm showing that histones and DNA have a different spatial arrangement in the subunit. A globular model in which apolar segments of histones from the core surrounded by DNA complexed with the basic segments of histones agrees with the data.", "PMID": 1167623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1804", "title": "Computer simulation of protein folding.", "content": "A new and very simple representation of protein conformations has been used together with energy minimisation and thermalisation to simulate protein folding. Under certain conditions, the method succeeds in \"renaturing\" bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor from an open-chain conformation into a folded conformation close to that of the native molecule.", "contents": "Computer simulation of protein folding. A new and very simple representation of protein conformations has been used together with energy minimisation and thermalisation to simulate protein folding. Under certain conditions, the method succeeds in \"renaturing\" bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor from an open-chain conformation into a folded conformation close to that of the native molecule.", "PMID": 1167625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1805", "title": "Arteriographic correlates of handedness.", "content": "Bilateral intracranial arteriograms of 123 right-handed patients and 38 left-handed patients were evaluated for: (1) the angulation of the branches of the right and left middle cerebral arteries as they leave the Sylvian fissure, (2) the position of the posterior saggital sinus with respect to the anatomic saggital midline, and (3) the dominant right-sided and left-sided superficial cortical venous drainage (Labb\u00e9, Trolard, and Sylvian). Arteriographic evaluations of these points may prove useful in assessing cerebral dominance.", "contents": "Arteriographic correlates of handedness. Bilateral intracranial arteriograms of 123 right-handed patients and 38 left-handed patients were evaluated for: (1) the angulation of the branches of the right and left middle cerebral arteries as they leave the Sylvian fissure, (2) the position of the posterior saggital sinus with respect to the anatomic saggital midline, and (3) the dominant right-sided and left-sided superficial cortical venous drainage (Labb\u00e9, Trolard, and Sylvian). Arteriographic evaluations of these points may prove useful in assessing cerebral dominance.", "PMID": 1167629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1806", "title": "Estrogen-withdrawal migraine. I. Duration of exposure required and attempted prophylaxis by premenstrual estrogen administration.", "content": "The minimum exposure to estrogen required to cause estrogen-withdrawal migraine has been studied by giving long-acting estradiol valerate to four women and short-acting estradiol benzoate to two women. It was found that several days of exposure to high estrogen levels were needed to cause migraine on estrogen withdrawal. Oral administration of estrogen supplements in the form of estradiol valerate or as conjugated equine estrogens during the premenstrual phase in four women did not significantly affect plasma levels of estradiol, nor was it effective in preventing menstrual migraine.", "contents": "Estrogen-withdrawal migraine. I. Duration of exposure required and attempted prophylaxis by premenstrual estrogen administration. The minimum exposure to estrogen required to cause estrogen-withdrawal migraine has been studied by giving long-acting estradiol valerate to four women and short-acting estradiol benzoate to two women. It was found that several days of exposure to high estrogen levels were needed to cause migraine on estrogen withdrawal. Oral administration of estrogen supplements in the form of estradiol valerate or as conjugated equine estrogens during the premenstrual phase in four women did not significantly affect plasma levels of estradiol, nor was it effective in preventing menstrual migraine.", "PMID": 1167630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1807", "title": "Estrogen-withdrawal migraine. II. Attempted prophylaxis by continuous estradiol administration.", "content": "Prophylaxis of menstrual migraine was attempted in five women, using estradiol implants. The treatment was successful in suppressing ovulation and in producing high, although fluctuating, levels of estradiol in the plasma. Clinically this was associated with severe menstrual disturbance. The regular periodicity of the headaches was lost, but clinical benefit was unpredictable, with some patients actually experiencing more headaches than before the treatment. The administration of progesterone against a background of prolonged exposure to high estrogen levels did not provoke migraine, nor in any case did its subsequent withdrawal result in migraine. These findings cast further doubt on the importance of progesterone withdrawal in the etiology of menstrual migraine.", "contents": "Estrogen-withdrawal migraine. II. Attempted prophylaxis by continuous estradiol administration. Prophylaxis of menstrual migraine was attempted in five women, using estradiol implants. The treatment was successful in suppressing ovulation and in producing high, although fluctuating, levels of estradiol in the plasma. Clinically this was associated with severe menstrual disturbance. The regular periodicity of the headaches was lost, but clinical benefit was unpredictable, with some patients actually experiencing more headaches than before the treatment. The administration of progesterone against a background of prolonged exposure to high estrogen levels did not provoke migraine, nor in any case did its subsequent withdrawal result in migraine. These findings cast further doubt on the importance of progesterone withdrawal in the etiology of menstrual migraine.", "PMID": 1167631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1808", "title": "Leukocyte and lymphoid cell counts in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Serial leukocyte counts and lymphoid cell counts were compared before and after thymectomy via sternal-splitting incision in 50 patients with myasthenia gravis. Leukocyte counts and lymphoid cell counts of the thymectomized patients also were compared to those of 30 non-thymectomized myasthenic patients and 150 non-myasthenic patient controls. While mean leukocyte counts did not change significantly before and 5.5 plus or minus 5 years after thymectomy, mean lymphoid cell counts were slightly lower during this observation period post-thymectomy (t equals 1.918, p equals 0.03). Lower lymphoid cell counts appeared to correlate with a favorable response of myasthenia gravis in patients with thymic hyperplasia and mainly involuted thymus.", "contents": "Leukocyte and lymphoid cell counts in myasthenia gravis. Serial leukocyte counts and lymphoid cell counts were compared before and after thymectomy via sternal-splitting incision in 50 patients with myasthenia gravis. Leukocyte counts and lymphoid cell counts of the thymectomized patients also were compared to those of 30 non-thymectomized myasthenic patients and 150 non-myasthenic patient controls. While mean leukocyte counts did not change significantly before and 5.5 plus or minus 5 years after thymectomy, mean lymphoid cell counts were slightly lower during this observation period post-thymectomy (t equals 1.918, p equals 0.03). Lower lymphoid cell counts appeared to correlate with a favorable response of myasthenia gravis in patients with thymic hyperplasia and mainly involuted thymus.", "PMID": 1167632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1809", "title": "The effect of alcohol on essential tremor.", "content": "Five patients with essential tremor had a dramatic diminution in tremor amplitude within 15 minutes of ingesting small doses of ethyl alcohol. The same patients were given equivalent amounts of ethyl alcohol infused into a brachial artery, and there was no decrease in tremor amplitude in the perfused limb. It is concluded that, in patients with essential tremor, ethanol acts in a specific fashion on sensitive structures within the central nervous system and has no effect on peripheral tremorogenic mechanisms. This provides additional evidence for a central mechanism in essential tremor, distinguishing it from other tremors arising primarily from oscillation in peripheral servo-loops.", "contents": "The effect of alcohol on essential tremor. Five patients with essential tremor had a dramatic diminution in tremor amplitude within 15 minutes of ingesting small doses of ethyl alcohol. The same patients were given equivalent amounts of ethyl alcohol infused into a brachial artery, and there was no decrease in tremor amplitude in the perfused limb. It is concluded that, in patients with essential tremor, ethanol acts in a specific fashion on sensitive structures within the central nervous system and has no effect on peripheral tremorogenic mechanisms. This provides additional evidence for a central mechanism in essential tremor, distinguishing it from other tremors arising primarily from oscillation in peripheral servo-loops.", "PMID": 1167633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1810", "title": "Effect of chronic levodopa treatment on pyridoxine metabolism.", "content": "Pyridoxine metabolism was investigated in eight chronic levodopa-treated parkinsonian patients and in eight matched dopa-naive controls by measurement of plasma and erythrocyte pyridoxal-5-phosphate concentrations over a 24-hour period, following intravenous administration of pyridoxine. After both a 10 mg and 100 mg pyridoxine dosage, plasma and erythrocyte pyridoxal-5-phosphate concentrations were significantly higher in the chronic levodopa-treated group than in the controls. The percentage change in pyridoxal-5-phosphate concentrations as a function of the administered doses of pyridoxine was greater in the dopa-treated group. Chronic administration of levodopa may result in an adaptive alteration in the decarboxylase system with an increased cellular ability to synthesize pyridoxal-5-phosphate from pyridoxine, possibly through enzyme induction. This metabolic alteration would protect against pyridoxine deficiency states and may explain in part the progressive loss of levodopa effectiveness sometimes observed.", "contents": "Effect of chronic levodopa treatment on pyridoxine metabolism. Pyridoxine metabolism was investigated in eight chronic levodopa-treated parkinsonian patients and in eight matched dopa-naive controls by measurement of plasma and erythrocyte pyridoxal-5-phosphate concentrations over a 24-hour period, following intravenous administration of pyridoxine. After both a 10 mg and 100 mg pyridoxine dosage, plasma and erythrocyte pyridoxal-5-phosphate concentrations were significantly higher in the chronic levodopa-treated group than in the controls. The percentage change in pyridoxal-5-phosphate concentrations as a function of the administered doses of pyridoxine was greater in the dopa-treated group. Chronic administration of levodopa may result in an adaptive alteration in the decarboxylase system with an increased cellular ability to synthesize pyridoxal-5-phosphate from pyridoxine, possibly through enzyme induction. This metabolic alteration would protect against pyridoxine deficiency states and may explain in part the progressive loss of levodopa effectiveness sometimes observed.", "PMID": 1167634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1811", "title": "Downbeat nystagmus as a sign of brainstem involvement in acute meningoencephalitis.", "content": "Two cases of acute meningoencephalitis, presumably viral in origin, with brainstem involvement are reported. Common to both patients during the course of their illness was coma, downbeat nystagmus, and ataxia. Although both reached what appeared to be a terminal state, recovery began following treatment with corticosteroids. The significance of the neurologic signs, particularly the unusual occurrence of downbeat nystagmus, is discussed, as is the appropriate management of the disorder.", "contents": "Downbeat nystagmus as a sign of brainstem involvement in acute meningoencephalitis. Two cases of acute meningoencephalitis, presumably viral in origin, with brainstem involvement are reported. Common to both patients during the course of their illness was coma, downbeat nystagmus, and ataxia. Although both reached what appeared to be a terminal state, recovery began following treatment with corticosteroids. The significance of the neurologic signs, particularly the unusual occurrence of downbeat nystagmus, is discussed, as is the appropriate management of the disorder.", "PMID": 1167635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1812", "title": "Predicting the duration of Guam amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "During the years of study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on Guam we have observed a wide range in clinical signs and rate of progression of the disease. Some patients died within 6 months of onset, while others have lived for 20 years. It was our assumption that some aspects of the early neurologic involvement would be related to length of survival, and hence be of prognostic value. We found that an early age at onset and male sex were associated with longer survival. The detailed analysis of degree of involvement of four major neurologic components of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (progressive muscular atrophy, lateral sclerosis, bulbar paralysis, and pseudobulbar palsy) showed no meaningful pattern of association with duration of illness that could be useful in predicting the course.", "contents": "Predicting the duration of Guam amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. During the years of study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on Guam we have observed a wide range in clinical signs and rate of progression of the disease. Some patients died within 6 months of onset, while others have lived for 20 years. It was our assumption that some aspects of the early neurologic involvement would be related to length of survival, and hence be of prognostic value. We found that an early age at onset and male sex were associated with longer survival. The detailed analysis of degree of involvement of four major neurologic components of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (progressive muscular atrophy, lateral sclerosis, bulbar paralysis, and pseudobulbar palsy) showed no meaningful pattern of association with duration of illness that could be useful in predicting the course.", "PMID": 1167636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1813", "title": "Internuclear ophthalmoplegia and associated abnormalities in eye motion timing (differential delays).", "content": "Studies of the dynamic characteristics of horizontal saccadic eye motion give velocity, acceleration, and timing information. Average time differences between the motion of the eyes on left and right gaze, termed \"differential delays,\" are statistical measures of the average differences of right-going and left-going velocity waveforms, and can be determined to within 0.5 msec. These relative time measurements give information that is not necessarily apparent from the velocity or acceleration data, and provide a sensitive measure of early oculomotor dysfunction. Patients with internuclear ophthalmoplegia have been shown to give characteristic abnormal values, and two such patients are described in detail to illustrate how these measurements may be used both to help in diagnosis and to characterize the presumed lesions.", "contents": "Internuclear ophthalmoplegia and associated abnormalities in eye motion timing (differential delays). Studies of the dynamic characteristics of horizontal saccadic eye motion give velocity, acceleration, and timing information. Average time differences between the motion of the eyes on left and right gaze, termed \"differential delays,\" are statistical measures of the average differences of right-going and left-going velocity waveforms, and can be determined to within 0.5 msec. These relative time measurements give information that is not necessarily apparent from the velocity or acceleration data, and provide a sensitive measure of early oculomotor dysfunction. Patients with internuclear ophthalmoplegia have been shown to give characteristic abnormal values, and two such patients are described in detail to illustrate how these measurements may be used both to help in diagnosis and to characterize the presumed lesions.", "PMID": 1167637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1814", "title": "Midbrain deafness following head injury.", "content": "A patient is described who became deaf following a head injury. Postmortem examination revealed bilateral lesions of the lateral lemnisci and inferior colliculi. The clinical pattern of midbrain deafness is examined and compared with syndromes of cortical and peripheral auditory impairment.", "contents": "Midbrain deafness following head injury. A patient is described who became deaf following a head injury. Postmortem examination revealed bilateral lesions of the lateral lemnisci and inferior colliculi. The clinical pattern of midbrain deafness is examined and compared with syndromes of cortical and peripheral auditory impairment.", "PMID": 1167638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1815", "title": "Deanol in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias.", "content": "Levodopa-induced dyskinesias frequently limit the clinical efficacy of levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. Deanol recently has been reported to be of value in relieving the dyskinesias by acting through a central cholinergic mechanism. Seventeen outpatients with levodopa-induced dyskinesias were given deanol in dosages of 300 to 900 mg per day. The dyskinesias improved in four of the patients, remained unchanged in five, and worsened in eight. In all four patients who showed improvement after institution of deanol therapy, the improvement continued after the patients were switched to a placebo. One of these patients also demonstrated improvement in his parkinsonism, while two others experienced a worsening in their parkinsonism. Deanol does not appear to be effective in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias.", "contents": "Deanol in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias frequently limit the clinical efficacy of levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. Deanol recently has been reported to be of value in relieving the dyskinesias by acting through a central cholinergic mechanism. Seventeen outpatients with levodopa-induced dyskinesias were given deanol in dosages of 300 to 900 mg per day. The dyskinesias improved in four of the patients, remained unchanged in five, and worsened in eight. In all four patients who showed improvement after institution of deanol therapy, the improvement continued after the patients were switched to a placebo. One of these patients also demonstrated improvement in his parkinsonism, while two others experienced a worsening in their parkinsonism. Deanol does not appear to be effective in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias.", "PMID": 1167639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1816", "title": "The thymus gland in elderly patients with myasthenia gravis.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the amount and histologic appearance of the persistent thymic tissue removed post mortem from 20 patients over 60 years of age with myasthenia gravis. One patient died several days after thymectomy. No recognizable thymic tissue on gross examination was seen in any patient. On microscopic examination, 11 patients had no thymic tissue. The other nine patients, including the one with thymectomy, all showed marked involution of the thymus. No germinal centers were seen. The thymus glands of two additional patients, still alive after thymectomy at ages 62 and 70, showed similar findings. Marked involution of the thymus also was found in each of six elderly controls. Thymectomy is not likely to be effective treatment of the elderly myasthenic patient.", "contents": "The thymus gland in elderly patients with myasthenia gravis. This study was undertaken to determine the amount and histologic appearance of the persistent thymic tissue removed post mortem from 20 patients over 60 years of age with myasthenia gravis. One patient died several days after thymectomy. No recognizable thymic tissue on gross examination was seen in any patient. On microscopic examination, 11 patients had no thymic tissue. The other nine patients, including the one with thymectomy, all showed marked involution of the thymus. No germinal centers were seen. The thymus glands of two additional patients, still alive after thymectomy at ages 62 and 70, showed similar findings. Marked involution of the thymus also was found in each of six elderly controls. Thymectomy is not likely to be effective treatment of the elderly myasthenic patient.", "PMID": 1167640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1817", "title": "Short-chain organic acidemia and Reye's syndrome.", "content": "Short-chain fatty acids were determined prior to therapy in seven patients with Reye's syndrome. Elevated concentrations of propionate, butyrate, and isobutyrate were found in all patients. Isovalerate concentrations were high in three patients. In view of the fact that the administration of certain short-chain fatty acids to experimental animals results in coma, electroencephalographic changes, and fatty accumulation in the viscera, the elevations of short-chain fatty acid concentrations observed in the present study suggest that these fatty acids may play a role in the clinical manifestations of Reye's syndrome.", "contents": "Short-chain organic acidemia and Reye's syndrome. Short-chain fatty acids were determined prior to therapy in seven patients with Reye's syndrome. Elevated concentrations of propionate, butyrate, and isobutyrate were found in all patients. Isovalerate concentrations were high in three patients. In view of the fact that the administration of certain short-chain fatty acids to experimental animals results in coma, electroencephalographic changes, and fatty accumulation in the viscera, the elevations of short-chain fatty acid concentrations observed in the present study suggest that these fatty acids may play a role in the clinical manifestations of Reye's syndrome.", "PMID": 1167641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1818", "title": "Autonomic dysfunction in botulism B: a clinical report.", "content": "Nine cases of botulism B with preponderant effects upon cholinergic autonomic innervation are presented. Blurred vision and dry mouth were constant symptoms. Impairment of salivary and lacrimal secretion were detectable for months. In the absence of clinical signs, electromyographic studies did not reveal neuromuscular involvement. Administration of antitoxin in the late course of such cases is not recommended, but guanidine can be used. Doubt is cast upon a new clinical entity called \"acute autonomic neuropathy.\"", "contents": "Autonomic dysfunction in botulism B: a clinical report. Nine cases of botulism B with preponderant effects upon cholinergic autonomic innervation are presented. Blurred vision and dry mouth were constant symptoms. Impairment of salivary and lacrimal secretion were detectable for months. In the absence of clinical signs, electromyographic studies did not reveal neuromuscular involvement. Administration of antitoxin in the late course of such cases is not recommended, but guanidine can be used. Doubt is cast upon a new clinical entity called \"acute autonomic neuropathy.\"", "PMID": 1167643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1819", "title": "Effects of ketamine in epilepsy.", "content": "Ketamine, a rapid-acting general anesthetic, was administered intravenously to 26 epileptics. The effects of ketamine on the patients' clinical seizures and electroencephalograms were compared with similar periods during alert and sleep states. Epileptic discharges were present in the alert electroencephalogram of 17 (65 percent) of the patients. Epileptic discharges were precipitated or aggravated by sleep in 15 patients (58 percent) and by ketamine in eight patients (31 percent). No siezures were recorded during ketamine anesthesia. Ketamine neither precipitates nor aggravates seizures and is less effective than natural sleep as an activator of epileptic discharges.", "contents": "Effects of ketamine in epilepsy. Ketamine, a rapid-acting general anesthetic, was administered intravenously to 26 epileptics. The effects of ketamine on the patients' clinical seizures and electroencephalograms were compared with similar periods during alert and sleep states. Epileptic discharges were present in the alert electroencephalogram of 17 (65 percent) of the patients. Epileptic discharges were precipitated or aggravated by sleep in 15 patients (58 percent) and by ketamine in eight patients (31 percent). No siezures were recorded during ketamine anesthesia. Ketamine neither precipitates nor aggravates seizures and is less effective than natural sleep as an activator of epileptic discharges.", "PMID": 1167644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1820", "title": "Brief, small, abundant motor-unit action potentials. A further critique of electromyographic interpretation.", "content": "The concept that there is a constellation of electromyographic (EMG) findings diagnostic of myopathy is criticized. The EMG pattern generally referred to as \"myopathic\" is one of brief-duration, small-amplitude overly-abundant (for the amount of power being exerted) motor-unit action potentials on slight voluntary effort. For it, the author prefers the descriptive and diagnostically noncommittal acronym \"BSAP\". In addition to myopathy, three hypothetical neurogenic mechanisms could equally well cause a BSAP EMG pattern: (1) Acquired functional or structural loss of a fraction of the axonal twigs in many individual motor-unit trees, (2) congenital motor-unit hypoplasia (too few muscle fibers per motor unit), and (3) acquired (atrophic) or congenital (hypotrophic) smallness of many muscle fibers. The term and concept of a diagnostic \"myopathic EMG\" thus is considered invalid.", "contents": "Brief, small, abundant motor-unit action potentials. A further critique of electromyographic interpretation. The concept that there is a constellation of electromyographic (EMG) findings diagnostic of myopathy is criticized. The EMG pattern generally referred to as \"myopathic\" is one of brief-duration, small-amplitude overly-abundant (for the amount of power being exerted) motor-unit action potentials on slight voluntary effort. For it, the author prefers the descriptive and diagnostically noncommittal acronym \"BSAP\". In addition to myopathy, three hypothetical neurogenic mechanisms could equally well cause a BSAP EMG pattern: (1) Acquired functional or structural loss of a fraction of the axonal twigs in many individual motor-unit trees, (2) congenital motor-unit hypoplasia (too few muscle fibers per motor unit), and (3) acquired (atrophic) or congenital (hypotrophic) smallness of many muscle fibers. The term and concept of a diagnostic \"myopathic EMG\" thus is considered invalid.", "PMID": 1167645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1821", "title": "Patterns of clinical response and plasma dopa levels in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Serial determinations of plasma dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) in 16 Parkinson's disease patients receiving levodopa showed a negative correlation between plasma dopa levels and disability scores among patients who exhibited daily fluctuations of signs and symptoms. This suggests that the amount of levodopa delivered to the brain from the periphery is of major importance in the production of the \"on-off\" phenomenon. A close relationship between plasma dopa levels and abnormal involuntary movements was present in six patients. In three a striking dissociation between control of Parkinson's disease and abnormal involuntary movements was present, suggesting that in some patients these two effects are mediated through different underlying mechanisms. Administration of levodopa in such a way as to prevent both high and low levels of dopa in plasma minimizes disability in Parkinson's disease and may lessen abnormal involuntary movements in patients with the \"on-off\" effect.", "contents": "Patterns of clinical response and plasma dopa levels in Parkinson's disease. Serial determinations of plasma dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) in 16 Parkinson's disease patients receiving levodopa showed a negative correlation between plasma dopa levels and disability scores among patients who exhibited daily fluctuations of signs and symptoms. This suggests that the amount of levodopa delivered to the brain from the periphery is of major importance in the production of the \"on-off\" phenomenon. A close relationship between plasma dopa levels and abnormal involuntary movements was present in six patients. In three a striking dissociation between control of Parkinson's disease and abnormal involuntary movements was present, suggesting that in some patients these two effects are mediated through different underlying mechanisms. Administration of levodopa in such a way as to prevent both high and low levels of dopa in plasma minimizes disability in Parkinson's disease and may lessen abnormal involuntary movements in patients with the \"on-off\" effect.", "PMID": 1167646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1822", "title": "Cognitive and motor-sensory performances in toxic and nontoxic epileptic subjects.", "content": "Psychometric, adaptive ability, motor proficiency, and sensory discrimination measures were administered to adult seizure patients within 36 hours of blood serum determinations of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, and primidone. Thirty-five subjects in whom at least one of the three drug levels fell within stated mug per milliliter toxicity ranges were compared with 28 subjects of comparable age and IQ who were identified by the same procedure to be nontoxic. The toxic group consistently obtained poorer mean test scores, and significant intergroup differences were found on several measures of attention and concentration and on tests of motor coordination and static tremor.", "contents": "Cognitive and motor-sensory performances in toxic and nontoxic epileptic subjects. Psychometric, adaptive ability, motor proficiency, and sensory discrimination measures were administered to adult seizure patients within 36 hours of blood serum determinations of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, and primidone. Thirty-five subjects in whom at least one of the three drug levels fell within stated mug per milliliter toxicity ranges were compared with 28 subjects of comparable age and IQ who were identified by the same procedure to be nontoxic. The toxic group consistently obtained poorer mean test scores, and significant intergroup differences were found on several measures of attention and concentration and on tests of motor coordination and static tremor.", "PMID": 1167647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1823", "title": "Cerebrovasculopathy following irradiation in childhood.", "content": "Symptomatic intracranial vasculopathy developed in four patients following irradiation for central nervous system tumors. All the patients presented with a stroke-like picture from 2 to 22 years after the completion of radiotherapy. Two of the patients showed abnormalities on arteriography consisting of narrowing of the supraclinoid portion of the internal carotid artery and the adjacent proximal anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Although the risks of radiotherapy for central nervous system tumors of malignant potential are outweighed by potential benefit, the risks should be carefully considered in cases of tumors with little or no malignant potential.", "contents": "Cerebrovasculopathy following irradiation in childhood. Symptomatic intracranial vasculopathy developed in four patients following irradiation for central nervous system tumors. All the patients presented with a stroke-like picture from 2 to 22 years after the completion of radiotherapy. Two of the patients showed abnormalities on arteriography consisting of narrowing of the supraclinoid portion of the internal carotid artery and the adjacent proximal anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Although the risks of radiotherapy for central nervous system tumors of malignant potential are outweighed by potential benefit, the risks should be carefully considered in cases of tumors with little or no malignant potential.", "PMID": 1167648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1824", "title": "Infantile spasms associated with histidinemia.", "content": "A case of infantile spasms associated with histidinemia is presented. Histidinemia was well-documented through biochemical assays. The patient was treated with the standard anticonvulsant regimen for infantile spasms, as well as an elimination diet for histidinemia. Despite low levels of histidine and adequate anticonvulsant therapy, the child continues to have seizures and is markedly retarded. The natural history of infantile spasms and its possible association with histidinemia is discussed.", "contents": "Infantile spasms associated with histidinemia. A case of infantile spasms associated with histidinemia is presented. Histidinemia was well-documented through biochemical assays. The patient was treated with the standard anticonvulsant regimen for infantile spasms, as well as an elimination diet for histidinemia. Despite low levels of histidine and adequate anticonvulsant therapy, the child continues to have seizures and is markedly retarded. The natural history of infantile spasms and its possible association with histidinemia is discussed.", "PMID": 1167649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1825", "title": "Assessment of roentgenographic lucencies of the skull: a systematic approach.", "content": "A review of roentgenologic characteristics of cranial vault defects suggests these criteria as favoring benign etiology: solitariness and small size, parasagittal location, smooth edges, sclerosis of margin, peripheral vascularity, and presence of bone remnants within the lesion. The more of these criteria that are present, the greater is the likelihood of benignity. Conversely, the presence of multiple defects of large size or scores of defects of small size, ragged undermined edges, total bone penetration, lack of peripheral vascularity, of absence of marginal sclerosis is presuptive evidence of malignancy.", "contents": "Assessment of roentgenographic lucencies of the skull: a systematic approach. A review of roentgenologic characteristics of cranial vault defects suggests these criteria as favoring benign etiology: solitariness and small size, parasagittal location, smooth edges, sclerosis of margin, peripheral vascularity, and presence of bone remnants within the lesion. The more of these criteria that are present, the greater is the likelihood of benignity. Conversely, the presence of multiple defects of large size or scores of defects of small size, ragged undermined edges, total bone penetration, lack of peripheral vascularity, of absence of marginal sclerosis is presuptive evidence of malignancy.", "PMID": 1167651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1826", "title": "[Autogenic training in sexology].", "content": "The terapeutic role of A. T. in sexuology and the differences characterising it in regard to the psychoanalysis and the hypnositherapy are explained. The A. continues a discussion about the tecnical variations of A. T. which are utilised moreover and especially on the method of RAT relaxation. A method like this demonstrate itself particularly useful to the analysis of many cnetral, marginal and unspecific fantasies which accompany sexual manifestations. In the end the A. discusses about the utilisation of RAT relaxation in the group's dynamics.", "contents": "[Autogenic training in sexology]. The terapeutic role of A. T. in sexuology and the differences characterising it in regard to the psychoanalysis and the hypnositherapy are explained. The A. continues a discussion about the tecnical variations of A. T. which are utilised moreover and especially on the method of RAT relaxation. A method like this demonstrate itself particularly useful to the analysis of many cnetral, marginal and unspecific fantasies which accompany sexual manifestations. In the end the A. discusses about the utilisation of RAT relaxation in the group's dynamics.", "PMID": 1167652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1827", "title": "[Hodgkin's disease in the malignant lymphoma category atypical clinical aspects].", "content": "Various clinical and pathological features of Hodgkin's disease and its related disorders are discussed: a rare, benign form of Hodgkin's disease with skin loci only; unusual primary sites (bone, spleen, lungs and intestine---including alphs-chain disease): various paraneplastic syndromes caused by hyperparathyroidism and hypercorticism; idiopathic nephrotic syndromes of immunological origin. Reference is also made to possible relationships between lymphoma and leukaemia.", "contents": "[Hodgkin's disease in the malignant lymphoma category atypical clinical aspects]. Various clinical and pathological features of Hodgkin's disease and its related disorders are discussed: a rare, benign form of Hodgkin's disease with skin loci only; unusual primary sites (bone, spleen, lungs and intestine---including alphs-chain disease): various paraneplastic syndromes caused by hyperparathyroidism and hypercorticism; idiopathic nephrotic syndromes of immunological origin. Reference is also made to possible relationships between lymphoma and leukaemia.", "PMID": 1167653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1828", "title": "A focus on the occupational health needs of the non-white worker.", "content": "The nurse's understanding of the culture of the non-white workers is necessary if she is to work effectively with them. Her understanding of their language is vital. She must recognize the specific needs of each group. Some of these needs are psychosocial, economical, and physiological. The necessity for honesty, sincerity and humane respect is emphasized as important in successful working relationships with non-white workers. Once mutual respect has been achieved, an understanding of the cultural, physical, and psychological backgrounds of the workers will help the occupational health nurse provide the same high quality nursing care to all.", "contents": "A focus on the occupational health needs of the non-white worker. The nurse's understanding of the culture of the non-white workers is necessary if she is to work effectively with them. Her understanding of their language is vital. She must recognize the specific needs of each group. Some of these needs are psychosocial, economical, and physiological. The necessity for honesty, sincerity and humane respect is emphasized as important in successful working relationships with non-white workers. Once mutual respect has been achieved, an understanding of the cultural, physical, and psychological backgrounds of the workers will help the occupational health nurse provide the same high quality nursing care to all.", "PMID": 1167657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1829", "title": "Influence of intracranial osmotic stimuli on renal nerve activity in anaesthetized cats.", "content": "In baroreceptor denervated cats one internal carotid artery (ICA) or the cerebral ventricular system (CVS) was perfused with isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic sodium chloride solutions. Renal sympathetic activity (RSA) and blood pressure (BP) were recorded. ICA perfusion with isotonic sodium chloride (150 mM NaCl) produced no changes of RSA compared to control level,. RSA was increased from plus 30% to plus 350% in 44 tests out of 45 tests following hypertonic (425 mM NaCl) ICA perfusion. RSA was decreased following hypotonic (aqua dest.) ICA perfusion from minus 30% to minus 100% in 37 tests out of 50 tests. The degree of RSA changes was found to depend upon the osmolarity of the solutions. 425mM NaCl and aqua dest. produced greater RSA changes than 290 mM NaCl and 75 mM NaCl. CVS perfusion with isotonic sodium chloride produced a slight increase of RSA compared to control levels (plus 15%). Hypertonic sodium chloride produced a RSA increase from plus 15% to plus 135% in 10 tests out of 14 tests. Hypotonic sodium chloride produced a RSA decrease from minus 15% to minus 80% in 8 tests out of 14 tests. Changes of RSA following ICA perfusions and CVS perfusions were accompanied by changes of BP in the same direction. A quantitative correlation between delta RSA and delta BP could not be found. Results suggest that renal osmoregulatory response to osmotic stimuli in the carotid artery may not just arise in response to changing ADH levels but may also be induced by changes in RSA.", "contents": "Influence of intracranial osmotic stimuli on renal nerve activity in anaesthetized cats. In baroreceptor denervated cats one internal carotid artery (ICA) or the cerebral ventricular system (CVS) was perfused with isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic sodium chloride solutions. Renal sympathetic activity (RSA) and blood pressure (BP) were recorded. ICA perfusion with isotonic sodium chloride (150 mM NaCl) produced no changes of RSA compared to control level,. RSA was increased from plus 30% to plus 350% in 44 tests out of 45 tests following hypertonic (425 mM NaCl) ICA perfusion. RSA was decreased following hypotonic (aqua dest.) ICA perfusion from minus 30% to minus 100% in 37 tests out of 50 tests. The degree of RSA changes was found to depend upon the osmolarity of the solutions. 425mM NaCl and aqua dest. produced greater RSA changes than 290 mM NaCl and 75 mM NaCl. CVS perfusion with isotonic sodium chloride produced a slight increase of RSA compared to control levels (plus 15%). Hypertonic sodium chloride produced a RSA increase from plus 15% to plus 135% in 10 tests out of 14 tests. Hypotonic sodium chloride produced a RSA decrease from minus 15% to minus 80% in 8 tests out of 14 tests. Changes of RSA following ICA perfusions and CVS perfusions were accompanied by changes of BP in the same direction. A quantitative correlation between delta RSA and delta BP could not be found. Results suggest that renal osmoregulatory response to osmotic stimuli in the carotid artery may not just arise in response to changing ADH levels but may also be induced by changes in RSA.", "PMID": 1167665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1830", "title": "Serial observations of arterial and mixed-venous blood gases after step change in ventilation.", "content": "In 22 dogs, subjected to a step change in ventilation, serial changes in blood gas composition and lactate and pyruvate concentrations of arterial as well as mixed venous blood were studied. The change of PaCO2 was approximately 20 mm Hg both in hypo- and hyperventilation. During hypoventilation the difference in various forms of CO2 between arterial and mixed venous blood showed first a downward shift and then gradually increased, whereas during hyperventilation they progressively increased and reached a constant level within 10-20 min. This difference was assumed to be mainly due to more efficient CO2 elimination through lung ventilation in hyperventilation as compared with CO2 accumulation from tissue metabolism in hypoventilation. In vivo buffer slopes for CO2 during hypoventilation were about half those in vitro, whereas during hyperventilation both slopes were approximately the same. In vivo arterial buffer slope was higher during hypoventilation and lower during hyperventilation as compared to that of mixed venous blood in the respective state of ventilation.", "contents": "Serial observations of arterial and mixed-venous blood gases after step change in ventilation. In 22 dogs, subjected to a step change in ventilation, serial changes in blood gas composition and lactate and pyruvate concentrations of arterial as well as mixed venous blood were studied. The change of PaCO2 was approximately 20 mm Hg both in hypo- and hyperventilation. During hypoventilation the difference in various forms of CO2 between arterial and mixed venous blood showed first a downward shift and then gradually increased, whereas during hyperventilation they progressively increased and reached a constant level within 10-20 min. This difference was assumed to be mainly due to more efficient CO2 elimination through lung ventilation in hyperventilation as compared with CO2 accumulation from tissue metabolism in hypoventilation. In vivo buffer slopes for CO2 during hypoventilation were about half those in vitro, whereas during hyperventilation both slopes were approximately the same. In vivo arterial buffer slope was higher during hypoventilation and lower during hyperventilation as compared to that of mixed venous blood in the respective state of ventilation.", "PMID": 1167666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1831", "title": "The efficiency of operatnt thermoregulatory behavior in pigs as determined from the rate of oxygen consumption.", "content": "Pigs were trained to perform an operant response for a reinforcement of radiant heat and comparisons were made between oxygen consumption during sessions when extra heat was available and others when it was not. It was found that as judged by the rate of oxygen consumption the efficiency with which heat was obtained was very high when the radiation was allowed to increase air temperature, but declined when air temperature remained low. If the pig had to make several responses for a single reinforcement, there was no saving in oxygen consumption. Reducing the intensity of the heating led to a reduction in the frequency at which responses were made. When the reinforcement was a brief respite from a draught, the pigs performed a greater number of responses at low ambient temperatures, but this was not accompanied by any saving in the rate of oxygen consumption.", "contents": "The efficiency of operatnt thermoregulatory behavior in pigs as determined from the rate of oxygen consumption. Pigs were trained to perform an operant response for a reinforcement of radiant heat and comparisons were made between oxygen consumption during sessions when extra heat was available and others when it was not. It was found that as judged by the rate of oxygen consumption the efficiency with which heat was obtained was very high when the radiation was allowed to increase air temperature, but declined when air temperature remained low. If the pig had to make several responses for a single reinforcement, there was no saving in oxygen consumption. Reducing the intensity of the heating led to a reduction in the frequency at which responses were made. When the reinforcement was a brief respite from a draught, the pigs performed a greater number of responses at low ambient temperatures, but this was not accompanied by any saving in the rate of oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 1167667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1832", "title": "The effects of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, acetylcholine and secretin on the membrane potentials of mouse pancreatic cells in vitro.", "content": "Cell membrane potentials in an in vitro preparation of mouse pancreas have been measured and the effects of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, acetylcholine and secretin studied. The membrane potential-frequency histogram has four distinct peaks and was split into the sum of four Gaussian distributions with means of minus 14, minus 23, minus 32 and minus 41mV. The minus 32 mV peak is attributed to acinar cells which respond to cholecystokinin-pancreozymin or acetylcholine by depolarising to minus 15 to minus 20 mV, the response lasting up to 10 min. The minus 23 and minus 41 mV peaks are due to duct cells. A duct cell has a resting membrane potential of minus 23 mV and hyperpolarises to minus 41 mV in response to secretin stimulation, the response lasting for longer than 15 min. Duct cells regardless of their position in the duct system function electrophysiologically in identical fashion. The secretory sites for enzyme and electrolyte are distinct, the duct cells secrete only electrolyte while the acinar cells secrete only enzymes.", "contents": "The effects of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, acetylcholine and secretin on the membrane potentials of mouse pancreatic cells in vitro. Cell membrane potentials in an in vitro preparation of mouse pancreas have been measured and the effects of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, acetylcholine and secretin studied. The membrane potential-frequency histogram has four distinct peaks and was split into the sum of four Gaussian distributions with means of minus 14, minus 23, minus 32 and minus 41mV. The minus 32 mV peak is attributed to acinar cells which respond to cholecystokinin-pancreozymin or acetylcholine by depolarising to minus 15 to minus 20 mV, the response lasting up to 10 min. The minus 23 and minus 41 mV peaks are due to duct cells. A duct cell has a resting membrane potential of minus 23 mV and hyperpolarises to minus 41 mV in response to secretin stimulation, the response lasting for longer than 15 min. Duct cells regardless of their position in the duct system function electrophysiologically in identical fashion. The secretory sites for enzyme and electrolyte are distinct, the duct cells secrete only electrolyte while the acinar cells secrete only enzymes.", "PMID": 1167668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1833", "title": "Pancreatic enzyme secretion in the conscious rat. Method and application.", "content": "1. A method for collecting duodenal juice and gastric content separately, in conscious rats, is described. Metal cannulas were implanted into the stomach fundus. For the main experiment a double lumen tube was inserted through the cannula via the pylorus into the duodenum. 2. The following secretion patterns were observed: a) In the resting state there was a constant flow rate of duodenal volume, bicarbonate, trypsin and amylase. b) Cholinergic stimuli were capable of increasing enzyme secretion as much as fourfold for a period of 30 to 40 min when administered as a single subcutaneous injection. This effect was annulled by atropine. c) Secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin given together in a single injection s.c. or i.v., elicited a similarly strong response. d) Identical ranges of the secretion maxima were found with a tendency to decrease after the first hour, when the hormones were infused either s.c. or i.v. e) Doses from 0.5 to 25 U/100 g b.w. /hr showed identical responses. Doses below 0.2 U/100 g/hr were without effect. 3. Narcosis (pentobarbital) inhibited markedly the resting and stimulated enzyme secretion. 4. The method is suitable for examination of physiological and pharmacological effects on resting and stimulated enzyme secretion of the rat pancreas.", "contents": "Pancreatic enzyme secretion in the conscious rat. Method and application. 1. A method for collecting duodenal juice and gastric content separately, in conscious rats, is described. Metal cannulas were implanted into the stomach fundus. For the main experiment a double lumen tube was inserted through the cannula via the pylorus into the duodenum. 2. The following secretion patterns were observed: a) In the resting state there was a constant flow rate of duodenal volume, bicarbonate, trypsin and amylase. b) Cholinergic stimuli were capable of increasing enzyme secretion as much as fourfold for a period of 30 to 40 min when administered as a single subcutaneous injection. This effect was annulled by atropine. c) Secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin given together in a single injection s.c. or i.v., elicited a similarly strong response. d) Identical ranges of the secretion maxima were found with a tendency to decrease after the first hour, when the hormones were infused either s.c. or i.v. e) Doses from 0.5 to 25 U/100 g b.w. /hr showed identical responses. Doses below 0.2 U/100 g/hr were without effect. 3. Narcosis (pentobarbital) inhibited markedly the resting and stimulated enzyme secretion. 4. The method is suitable for examination of physiological and pharmacological effects on resting and stimulated enzyme secretion of the rat pancreas.", "PMID": 1167669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1834", "title": "The activity of respiratory neurons before and during panting in the cat.", "content": "The effects of heating the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) region on medullary respiratory neurons were studied in urethane-anesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats. The efferent phrenic nerve discharge or the pneumotachogram served as an indicator of central respiratory periodicity. In each animal, heating of the PO/AH area caused panting, defined as an increase of respiratory rate over 100 breaths per minute. During polypnea similar changes in the discharge patterns of both inspiratory and expiratory neurons were observed. There was a significant decrease in the duration of the discharge phase and the number of impulses per burst so that a reciprocal relationship existed between these parameters and respiratory rate. However, the average impulse frequency within a burst was higher during panting and could be shown to be a linear function of respiratory rate. Due to the concomitant decrease in inspiration and expiration times, the average discharge frequency per cycle time also increased in both inspiratory and expiratory medullary neurons. For continuously discharging neurons which displayed a higher frequency during the inspiration period (frequency modulated discharge), the phasic linkage remained unchanged during polypneic panting. From our results it is concluded that local heating of the PO/AH region shifts the entire respiratory system to a higher level of activity which can be correlated with ventilatory changes during panting.", "contents": "The activity of respiratory neurons before and during panting in the cat. The effects of heating the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) region on medullary respiratory neurons were studied in urethane-anesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats. The efferent phrenic nerve discharge or the pneumotachogram served as an indicator of central respiratory periodicity. In each animal, heating of the PO/AH area caused panting, defined as an increase of respiratory rate over 100 breaths per minute. During polypnea similar changes in the discharge patterns of both inspiratory and expiratory neurons were observed. There was a significant decrease in the duration of the discharge phase and the number of impulses per burst so that a reciprocal relationship existed between these parameters and respiratory rate. However, the average impulse frequency within a burst was higher during panting and could be shown to be a linear function of respiratory rate. Due to the concomitant decrease in inspiration and expiration times, the average discharge frequency per cycle time also increased in both inspiratory and expiratory medullary neurons. For continuously discharging neurons which displayed a higher frequency during the inspiration period (frequency modulated discharge), the phasic linkage remained unchanged during polypneic panting. From our results it is concluded that local heating of the PO/AH region shifts the entire respiratory system to a higher level of activity which can be correlated with ventilatory changes during panting.", "PMID": 1167670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1835", "title": "An isolated guinea pig heart preparation with in vivo like features.", "content": "Hemodynamic and metabolic characteristics of an isolated guinea pig heart preparation perfused with a pyruvate fortified Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate solution are described. The preparation is stable for more than 90 min with respect to coronary flow, heart rate, left ventricular pressure, dP/dt, oxygen consumption, and myocardial high energy phosphate levels. The changes in coronary flow induced by alterations of perfusion pressure, ischemia, and hypoxia resemble those seen under in vivo conditions. The preparation also exhibits concentration dependent and reproducible changes in coronary resistance upon administration of adenosine and papaverine. The in vivo like features of this preparation can be mainly attributed to the use of pyruvate as additional and preferentially utilized substrate. The preparation appears to be suitable for quantitative studies of myocardial metabolism and heart function as well as for investigations of the coronary system.", "contents": "An isolated guinea pig heart preparation with in vivo like features. Hemodynamic and metabolic characteristics of an isolated guinea pig heart preparation perfused with a pyruvate fortified Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate solution are described. The preparation is stable for more than 90 min with respect to coronary flow, heart rate, left ventricular pressure, dP/dt, oxygen consumption, and myocardial high energy phosphate levels. The changes in coronary flow induced by alterations of perfusion pressure, ischemia, and hypoxia resemble those seen under in vivo conditions. The preparation also exhibits concentration dependent and reproducible changes in coronary resistance upon administration of adenosine and papaverine. The in vivo like features of this preparation can be mainly attributed to the use of pyruvate as additional and preferentially utilized substrate. The preparation appears to be suitable for quantitative studies of myocardial metabolism and heart function as well as for investigations of the coronary system.", "PMID": 1167671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1836", "title": "The radioactive microsphere method for the assessment of regional myocardial blood flow after coronary artery occlusion. Inaccuracies due to variations in the diameter distribution of the spheres.", "content": "In this study, we have tried to determine the magnitude of the inaccuracy of the radioactive microsphere method - due to variations in the diameter distribution of the spheres - for measuring regional myocardial blood flow after coronary artery occlusion. In 5 mongrel dogs, three types of 15 mum microspheres, labelled with 125I, 141Ce or 85Sr, were injected simultaneously after the descending branch of the left coronary artery had been ligated. Myocardial samples wert taken from the left ventricle and divided into four groups according to the number of spheres per sample. The radioactivity of the various isotopes per gram tissue was expressed as percentage of their activity per milliliter of the reference sample. The diameter distribution of microspheres, labelled with each of the isotopes, was determined light-microscopically in suspensions belonging to three different batches. The relative error, as determined from the difference in relative radioactivity of the various types of microspheres in the tissue samples, was higher than the theoretical error for each of the number of spheres per sample. It is very likely that this discrepancy is caused by the differences in diameter distribution of the various types of microspheres, resulting in non-random error. The smaller spheres tended to go to low flow areas and the larger ones to high flow areas. Because of the non-randomness, the error due to diameter variations in the spheres can be diminished by randomizing the order of injection of the various isotopes. The present study indicates that the relatively high degree of accuracy of the microsphere method for the determination of blood flow to large parts of the myocardium with an unimpeded coronary circulation, as was described in literature, cannot be extrapolated to the determination of regional myocardial blood flow after coronary artery occlusion, when the combination of small tissue samples, variations in the diameter distribution of the spheres and an unevenly distributed myocardial blood flow unfavourably affect the accuracy of the method.", "contents": "The radioactive microsphere method for the assessment of regional myocardial blood flow after coronary artery occlusion. Inaccuracies due to variations in the diameter distribution of the spheres. In this study, we have tried to determine the magnitude of the inaccuracy of the radioactive microsphere method - due to variations in the diameter distribution of the spheres - for measuring regional myocardial blood flow after coronary artery occlusion. In 5 mongrel dogs, three types of 15 mum microspheres, labelled with 125I, 141Ce or 85Sr, were injected simultaneously after the descending branch of the left coronary artery had been ligated. Myocardial samples wert taken from the left ventricle and divided into four groups according to the number of spheres per sample. The radioactivity of the various isotopes per gram tissue was expressed as percentage of their activity per milliliter of the reference sample. The diameter distribution of microspheres, labelled with each of the isotopes, was determined light-microscopically in suspensions belonging to three different batches. The relative error, as determined from the difference in relative radioactivity of the various types of microspheres in the tissue samples, was higher than the theoretical error for each of the number of spheres per sample. It is very likely that this discrepancy is caused by the differences in diameter distribution of the various types of microspheres, resulting in non-random error. The smaller spheres tended to go to low flow areas and the larger ones to high flow areas. Because of the non-randomness, the error due to diameter variations in the spheres can be diminished by randomizing the order of injection of the various isotopes. The present study indicates that the relatively high degree of accuracy of the microsphere method for the determination of blood flow to large parts of the myocardium with an unimpeded coronary circulation, as was described in literature, cannot be extrapolated to the determination of regional myocardial blood flow after coronary artery occlusion, when the combination of small tissue samples, variations in the diameter distribution of the spheres and an unevenly distributed myocardial blood flow unfavourably affect the accuracy of the method.", "PMID": 1167672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1837", "title": "Urea and sodium in sheep kidneys during ethacrynic acid diuresis.", "content": "The possibility of uphill transport of urea from the collecting ducts of sheep fed diets containing 14% protein (HP) and 4.9% protein (LP) was explored by measuring cortex to papilla and urine to papilla gradients of urea during ethacrynic acid diuresis. Clearance studies were done on adult, unanesthetized, hydropenic, vasopressin infused sheep. Saline was given to compensate for urine loss during ethacrynic acid diuresis. Following a period of antidiuresis, ethacrynic acid administration caused and increase in fractional water excretion to 0.33 (HP) and 0.44 (LP), an increase in fractional sodium excretion to 0.28 (HP) and 0.41 (LP), and an average increase in glomerular filtration rate of 14.7%. Fractional potassium excretion showed no consistent change. Renal concentrating ability and medullary sodium accumulation were inhibited. Antidiuretic LP and HP medullary urea accumulation patterns were lost. However, identical but small ascending cortex to papilla urea gradients remained in the LP and HP animals. There was no significant difference between the urea concentration in urine and papilla tissue water. The results fail to provide support for the presence of active urea transport from the collecting ducts of sheep fed high or low protein diets.", "contents": "Urea and sodium in sheep kidneys during ethacrynic acid diuresis. The possibility of uphill transport of urea from the collecting ducts of sheep fed diets containing 14% protein (HP) and 4.9% protein (LP) was explored by measuring cortex to papilla and urine to papilla gradients of urea during ethacrynic acid diuresis. Clearance studies were done on adult, unanesthetized, hydropenic, vasopressin infused sheep. Saline was given to compensate for urine loss during ethacrynic acid diuresis. Following a period of antidiuresis, ethacrynic acid administration caused and increase in fractional water excretion to 0.33 (HP) and 0.44 (LP), an increase in fractional sodium excretion to 0.28 (HP) and 0.41 (LP), and an average increase in glomerular filtration rate of 14.7%. Fractional potassium excretion showed no consistent change. Renal concentrating ability and medullary sodium accumulation were inhibited. Antidiuretic LP and HP medullary urea accumulation patterns were lost. However, identical but small ascending cortex to papilla urea gradients remained in the LP and HP animals. There was no significant difference between the urea concentration in urine and papilla tissue water. The results fail to provide support for the presence of active urea transport from the collecting ducts of sheep fed high or low protein diets.", "PMID": 1167673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1838", "title": "3H-inulin and electrolyte concentrations in Bowman's capsule in rat kidney. Comparison with artificial ultrafiltration.", "content": "Micropuncture experiments were performed on Bowman's capsules in male and female non-diuretic Munich rats. 55 samples were collected and analysed for Na, Cl, K, Ca, P, Mg and 3H-inulin contents. Their electrolyte concentrations were compared to the corresponding concentrations obtained from plasma artificial ultrafiltrates. Compared to normal Wistar rats, our Munich rats had several special characteristics: high arterial pressure (115-155 mm Hg), high concentrating ability (phi equals 2684 mOsm/1) and high NaCl reabsorption capacity. Whole kidney GFR was low in males (0.361 ml/min/kidney/100 g B.W.). 3H-Inulin concentration was the same in plasma and glomerular ultrafiltrates (GF). The corresponding ratio (GF/P) in equals 1.03 plus or minus 0.01 (N equals 55) confirmed the lack of sieving effect for inulin. GF electrolyte concentrations were, for Na, Cl, K, Ca, P, Mg respectively 139 plus or minus 0.05, 1.46 plus or minus 0.07 and 0.52 plus or minus 0.04 ml/1 (N equals 23) in females and 141 plus or minus 2, 120 plus or minus 2, 3.84 plus or minus 0.07, 1.31 plus or minus 0.03, 1.78 plus or minus 0.05 and 0.48 plus or minus 0.01 mM/1 (N equals 32) in males. Comparison of ultrafiltration trough a cuprophan membrane and glomerular ultrafiltration led to the following conclusions: For Na, Cl and P artificial and glomerular ultrafiltration produced identical results. On the other hand, for Ca and to a lesser extent for Mg and K ions, artificial ultrafiltration did not accurately reflect the true glomerular ultrafiltrate composition. The reasons for these differences are discussed below.", "contents": "3H-inulin and electrolyte concentrations in Bowman's capsule in rat kidney. Comparison with artificial ultrafiltration. Micropuncture experiments were performed on Bowman's capsules in male and female non-diuretic Munich rats. 55 samples were collected and analysed for Na, Cl, K, Ca, P, Mg and 3H-inulin contents. Their electrolyte concentrations were compared to the corresponding concentrations obtained from plasma artificial ultrafiltrates. Compared to normal Wistar rats, our Munich rats had several special characteristics: high arterial pressure (115-155 mm Hg), high concentrating ability (phi equals 2684 mOsm/1) and high NaCl reabsorption capacity. Whole kidney GFR was low in males (0.361 ml/min/kidney/100 g B.W.). 3H-Inulin concentration was the same in plasma and glomerular ultrafiltrates (GF). The corresponding ratio (GF/P) in equals 1.03 plus or minus 0.01 (N equals 55) confirmed the lack of sieving effect for inulin. GF electrolyte concentrations were, for Na, Cl, K, Ca, P, Mg respectively 139 plus or minus 0.05, 1.46 plus or minus 0.07 and 0.52 plus or minus 0.04 ml/1 (N equals 23) in females and 141 plus or minus 2, 120 plus or minus 2, 3.84 plus or minus 0.07, 1.31 plus or minus 0.03, 1.78 plus or minus 0.05 and 0.48 plus or minus 0.01 mM/1 (N equals 32) in males. Comparison of ultrafiltration trough a cuprophan membrane and glomerular ultrafiltration led to the following conclusions: For Na, Cl and P artificial and glomerular ultrafiltration produced identical results. On the other hand, for Ca and to a lesser extent for Mg and K ions, artificial ultrafiltration did not accurately reflect the true glomerular ultrafiltrate composition. The reasons for these differences are discussed below.", "PMID": 1167674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1839", "title": "Micropuncture study along the proximal convoluted tubule. Electrolyte reabsorption in first convolutions.", "content": "126 micropunctures were performed on 40 Bowman's capsules as well as along the corresponding proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) on six nondiuretic rats. Capsular and tubular fluid samples (GF and TF) collected were analysed for Na, Cl, K, P, Ca Mg and 3H-Inulin concentrations by electron probe analysis and liquid scintillation. Electrolyte handling along the usually inaccessible part of the PCT, i.e. EPCT, was determined by selecting from the samples collected in the first two or three proximal loops, those having a (TF/GF) In value smaller than or equals to 1.15. Except for Na the concentration of electrolytes was significantly modified when the fluid flowed along the PCT: 1. In the EPCT, (TF/GF)Cl and K rose and (TF/GF)P dropped in correlation with (TF/GF)In. For (TF/GF)In = 1.15, (TF/GF) chloride, potassium and phosphate were respectively equal to 1.12, 1.10 and 0.72. These values were comparable to thoose obtained in the remaining length of PCT, indicating that the chemical gradient established in the first loops was maintained in the subsequent ones. Therefore proximal handling of these three ions differed depending on the PCT portion considered. The reasons for this difference are discussed further on. 2. Calcium concentration increased and reached a plateau corresponding to (TF/GF)Ca = 1.22 for (TF/GF)In values ranging from 1.31 to 1.45. 3. Magnesium was not reabsorbed for (TF/GF)In values below 1.90. Above this level slight Mg reabsorption occurred. 4. Significant correlations between (TF/GF)K, Ca and P and (TF/GF)Cl ratios were observed along the PCT, suggesting that proximal reabsorption of K, Ca and P was dependent on tubular fluid acidification.", "contents": "Micropuncture study along the proximal convoluted tubule. Electrolyte reabsorption in first convolutions. 126 micropunctures were performed on 40 Bowman's capsules as well as along the corresponding proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) on six nondiuretic rats. Capsular and tubular fluid samples (GF and TF) collected were analysed for Na, Cl, K, P, Ca Mg and 3H-Inulin concentrations by electron probe analysis and liquid scintillation. Electrolyte handling along the usually inaccessible part of the PCT, i.e. EPCT, was determined by selecting from the samples collected in the first two or three proximal loops, those having a (TF/GF) In value smaller than or equals to 1.15. Except for Na the concentration of electrolytes was significantly modified when the fluid flowed along the PCT: 1. In the EPCT, (TF/GF)Cl and K rose and (TF/GF)P dropped in correlation with (TF/GF)In. For (TF/GF)In = 1.15, (TF/GF) chloride, potassium and phosphate were respectively equal to 1.12, 1.10 and 0.72. These values were comparable to thoose obtained in the remaining length of PCT, indicating that the chemical gradient established in the first loops was maintained in the subsequent ones. Therefore proximal handling of these three ions differed depending on the PCT portion considered. The reasons for this difference are discussed further on. 2. Calcium concentration increased and reached a plateau corresponding to (TF/GF)Ca = 1.22 for (TF/GF)In values ranging from 1.31 to 1.45. 3. Magnesium was not reabsorbed for (TF/GF)In values below 1.90. Above this level slight Mg reabsorption occurred. 4. Significant correlations between (TF/GF)K, Ca and P and (TF/GF)Cl ratios were observed along the PCT, suggesting that proximal reabsorption of K, Ca and P was dependent on tubular fluid acidification.", "PMID": 1167675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1840", "title": "Electrical activity in embryonic heart cell aggregates. Pacemaker oscillations.", "content": "Aggregates were formed from dissociated heart cells of 7-day chick embryos. When spontaneous action potentials were blocked with 10-8 to 10-7 g/ml tetrodotoxin (TTX) oscillatory pacemaker potentials were sometimes seen. The emergence of these pacemaker potentials was critically dependent on the external potassium concentration. In 1.3 mM potassium medium TTX suppression of action potential generation always led to a stable resting potential close to the threshold level (-55 to -50 mV). In 4.3 mM potassium TTX suppression was followed by a train of pacemaker potentials which usually gave way to a stable resting potential of about -70 mV. Raising the calcium concentration from 1.8 to 5 mM often induced long lasting (3 hrs) pacemaker oscillations of 20 to 30 mV peak to peak amplitude. These were abolished by raising the potassium concentration to 8.3 mM or upon the addition of 1.5 mM Mn2 plus. The responses of TTX-treated aggregates are discussed in terms of Noble and Tsien's pacemaker theory for Purkinje fibers. The results are well described by assuming the existence of an ik2-like potassium current in embryonic heart cells. The role of calcium is unclear but it may help provide the inward current against which the outward potassium current can function.", "contents": "Electrical activity in embryonic heart cell aggregates. Pacemaker oscillations. Aggregates were formed from dissociated heart cells of 7-day chick embryos. When spontaneous action potentials were blocked with 10-8 to 10-7 g/ml tetrodotoxin (TTX) oscillatory pacemaker potentials were sometimes seen. The emergence of these pacemaker potentials was critically dependent on the external potassium concentration. In 1.3 mM potassium medium TTX suppression of action potential generation always led to a stable resting potential close to the threshold level (-55 to -50 mV). In 4.3 mM potassium TTX suppression was followed by a train of pacemaker potentials which usually gave way to a stable resting potential of about -70 mV. Raising the calcium concentration from 1.8 to 5 mM often induced long lasting (3 hrs) pacemaker oscillations of 20 to 30 mV peak to peak amplitude. These were abolished by raising the potassium concentration to 8.3 mM or upon the addition of 1.5 mM Mn2 plus. The responses of TTX-treated aggregates are discussed in terms of Noble and Tsien's pacemaker theory for Purkinje fibers. The results are well described by assuming the existence of an ik2-like potassium current in embryonic heart cells. The role of calcium is unclear but it may help provide the inward current against which the outward potassium current can function.", "PMID": 1167676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1841", "title": "A new method for intratubular blockade in micropuncture experiments.", "content": "Criteria for a reliable blockade of tubular flow are generally discussed and experimental evidence is presented that solid paraffin meets all the necessary criteria in rat kidney tubules when an immobile and tight sealing intratubular blockade is requested. A special microinjection apparatus for the application of paraffin is described. Furthermore, several alternative methods and materials have been tested and have been found to be inferior to solid paraffin.", "contents": "A new method for intratubular blockade in micropuncture experiments. Criteria for a reliable blockade of tubular flow are generally discussed and experimental evidence is presented that solid paraffin meets all the necessary criteria in rat kidney tubules when an immobile and tight sealing intratubular blockade is requested. A special microinjection apparatus for the application of paraffin is described. Furthermore, several alternative methods and materials have been tested and have been found to be inferior to solid paraffin.", "PMID": 1167677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1842", "title": "Depletion of muscle and liver glycogen during exercise. Protective effect of training.", "content": "Carbohydrate depletion during exercise was measured in the liver, in the three different types of skeletal muscle, and in the blood of exercise-trained and untrained rats. The acute exercise test consisted of 45 min of treadmill running of progressively increasing intensity. The training program consisted of 6 hrs of swimming per day, 5 days per week for 14 weeks; the training induced an increase of approximately 35 percent in the respiratory capacity of gastrocnemius muscle, and a 14 percent incrase in heart weight. Glycogen stores in fast-twitch red, fast-twitch white, and slow-twitch red types of skeletal muscle, were depleted significantly more slowly in the trained than in the untrained animals during the treadmill exercise test. Resting glycogen stores in the liver were higher and were depleted more slowly during exercise in the trained than the untrained animals. Blood lactate concentration was significantly lower in the trained than in the untrained rats at the end of the exercise test. These results provide evidence that endurance exercise training induces adaptation which protect against the depletion of glycogen from the liver and from the tree types of skeletal muscle during prolonged exercise.", "contents": "Depletion of muscle and liver glycogen during exercise. Protective effect of training. Carbohydrate depletion during exercise was measured in the liver, in the three different types of skeletal muscle, and in the blood of exercise-trained and untrained rats. The acute exercise test consisted of 45 min of treadmill running of progressively increasing intensity. The training program consisted of 6 hrs of swimming per day, 5 days per week for 14 weeks; the training induced an increase of approximately 35 percent in the respiratory capacity of gastrocnemius muscle, and a 14 percent incrase in heart weight. Glycogen stores in fast-twitch red, fast-twitch white, and slow-twitch red types of skeletal muscle, were depleted significantly more slowly in the trained than in the untrained animals during the treadmill exercise test. Resting glycogen stores in the liver were higher and were depleted more slowly during exercise in the trained than the untrained animals. Blood lactate concentration was significantly lower in the trained than in the untrained rats at the end of the exercise test. These results provide evidence that endurance exercise training induces adaptation which protect against the depletion of glycogen from the liver and from the tree types of skeletal muscle during prolonged exercise.", "PMID": 1167678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1843", "title": "The intrarenal distribution of 125I-albumin in the Syrian hamster.", "content": "The intrarenal distribution of radioiodinated human serum albumin (125RISA) after intravenous injection was studied in Syrian hamsters by scintillation counting and frozen section autoradiography. After 15, 30 and 60 min the virtual plasma albumin space in the renal cortex of the hamster represented 6.49, 7.13, and 8.06 percent respectively of the kidney tissue volume. From the cortex to the renal papilla the albumin space increased to about 30 percent of the tissue volume. In comparison to this the albumin space in the renal cortex of the rat was about 20% and in the renal papilla about 33% (11). Frozen section autoradiography indicated that the distribution of radioalbumin in the renal cortex of the Syrian hamster is limited mainly to the kidney vessels, being especially noticeable in the glomerular capillaries. Toward the papilla increasingly greater (mainly extratubular) activity could be observed not only intravascularly but also interstitially. In the cortex of the rat kidney, on the other hand, radioactive albumin was accumulated (probably by filtration and reabsorption) predominantly in the proximal tubular epithelium. Wtithin 30 min thekidneys of the rat excreted mor than 10 times as much 125I than the hamster kidneys. These results (substantially less cortical accumulation and urinary excretion of radioalbumin in the Syrian hamster) indicate that, in contrast to the rat, obviously much less albumin is filtered (and then accumulated by proximal reabsorption) by the Syrian hamster glomeruli. This suggests that the Syrian hamster kidney is more suitable than the rat kidney for determining the interstitial, cortical, albumin space.", "contents": "The intrarenal distribution of 125I-albumin in the Syrian hamster. The intrarenal distribution of radioiodinated human serum albumin (125RISA) after intravenous injection was studied in Syrian hamsters by scintillation counting and frozen section autoradiography. After 15, 30 and 60 min the virtual plasma albumin space in the renal cortex of the hamster represented 6.49, 7.13, and 8.06 percent respectively of the kidney tissue volume. From the cortex to the renal papilla the albumin space increased to about 30 percent of the tissue volume. In comparison to this the albumin space in the renal cortex of the rat was about 20% and in the renal papilla about 33% (11). Frozen section autoradiography indicated that the distribution of radioalbumin in the renal cortex of the Syrian hamster is limited mainly to the kidney vessels, being especially noticeable in the glomerular capillaries. Toward the papilla increasingly greater (mainly extratubular) activity could be observed not only intravascularly but also interstitially. In the cortex of the rat kidney, on the other hand, radioactive albumin was accumulated (probably by filtration and reabsorption) predominantly in the proximal tubular epithelium. Wtithin 30 min thekidneys of the rat excreted mor than 10 times as much 125I than the hamster kidneys. These results (substantially less cortical accumulation and urinary excretion of radioalbumin in the Syrian hamster) indicate that, in contrast to the rat, obviously much less albumin is filtered (and then accumulated by proximal reabsorption) by the Syrian hamster glomeruli. This suggests that the Syrian hamster kidney is more suitable than the rat kidney for determining the interstitial, cortical, albumin space.", "PMID": 1167679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1844", "title": "M. Quadriceps femoris of man, a muscle with an unusual enzyme activity pattern of energy supplying metabolism in mammals.", "content": "1. The following enzyme activities were estimated in needle-biopsy samples of the lateral part of the human quadriceps femoris muscle: triosephosphate dehydrogenase (TPDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), NAD : glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), hexokinase (HK), NAD: malate dehydrogenase (MDH), citrate synthase (CS) and hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. 2. Although the enzyme activities in muscles of women were lesser than in those of men, no difference was found in the calculated enzyme activity ratios. There is thus no sex-dependent metabolic type-differentiation in this muscle. 3. The human quadriceps femoris is a low-activity muscle, in comparison with muscles of homoiotherm laboratory animals. The enzyme activity ratio of TPDH to CS, characterizing the glycolytic pyruvate formation to aerobic oxidative capacities, shows this muscle to be of an intermediate type in this respect, similarly as the extensor digitorum longus of the rat. The relatively very high capacity of glucose phosphorylation (HK), the high aerobic regeneration of cytoplasmic dehydrogenated NAD (GPDH) and the very low anaerobic regeneration  (LDH), show the unusually high proportion of carbohydrates (glucose) which can be broken down aerobically.", "contents": "M. Quadriceps femoris of man, a muscle with an unusual enzyme activity pattern of energy supplying metabolism in mammals. 1. The following enzyme activities were estimated in needle-biopsy samples of the lateral part of the human quadriceps femoris muscle: triosephosphate dehydrogenase (TPDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), NAD : glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), hexokinase (HK), NAD: malate dehydrogenase (MDH), citrate synthase (CS) and hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. 2. Although the enzyme activities in muscles of women were lesser than in those of men, no difference was found in the calculated enzyme activity ratios. There is thus no sex-dependent metabolic type-differentiation in this muscle. 3. The human quadriceps femoris is a low-activity muscle, in comparison with muscles of homoiotherm laboratory animals. The enzyme activity ratio of TPDH to CS, characterizing the glycolytic pyruvate formation to aerobic oxidative capacities, shows this muscle to be of an intermediate type in this respect, similarly as the extensor digitorum longus of the rat. The relatively very high capacity of glucose phosphorylation (HK), the high aerobic regeneration of cytoplasmic dehydrogenated NAD (GPDH) and the very low anaerobic regeneration  (LDH), show the unusually high proportion of carbohydrates (glucose) which can be broken down aerobically.", "PMID": 1167680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1845", "title": "The role played by elasticity in an exercise involving movements of small amplitude.", "content": "In an exercise consisting of repetitive small jumps on both feet at a frequency of 116/min, the mechanical work performed and the O2 consumption at steady state were measured. Of the positive work performed in the jump only 40% appears to be due to the chemical transformations taking place in the contractile componenet of the muscle fibres; the remaining 60% appears to be due to the elastic energy accumulated in the elastic elements of the contracted stretched muscles of the lower limbs during the falling phase of the previous jump, when the body hits the ground.", "contents": "The role played by elasticity in an exercise involving movements of small amplitude. In an exercise consisting of repetitive small jumps on both feet at a frequency of 116/min, the mechanical work performed and the O2 consumption at steady state were measured. Of the positive work performed in the jump only 40% appears to be due to the chemical transformations taking place in the contractile componenet of the muscle fibres; the remaining 60% appears to be due to the elastic energy accumulated in the elastic elements of the contracted stretched muscles of the lower limbs during the falling phase of the previous jump, when the body hits the ground.", "PMID": 1167681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1846", "title": "Postprandial changes of renal blood flow. Studies on conscious dogs on a high and low sodium intake.", "content": "Postprandial renal blood flow was studied in 14 conscious dogs on a chronic high and low sodium intake on 72 days after implantation of an electromagnetic flow transducer around the left renal artery. Fasting renal blood flow was 11.7 plus or minus 3.2 ml/min with kg on high socium intake (43 days) and 11.5 plus or minus 3.3 ml/min with kg on low sodium intake (29 days). During ingestion no change of renal blood flow occurred; mean arterial pressure rose transiently. During digestion renal blood flow increased always and was, like the fasting renal blood flow of dogs on a high sodium intake was 41 plus or minus 23%, and of dogs on a low sodium intake 35 plus or minus 15% referring to fasting controls; peak increase mostly occurred between 60 and90 min postprandially and was due to a decrease of renal vascular resistance. Renal blood flow also increased after augmentation of intravascular volume by an intravenous infusion; volume receptors may be involved.", "contents": "Postprandial changes of renal blood flow. Studies on conscious dogs on a high and low sodium intake. Postprandial renal blood flow was studied in 14 conscious dogs on a chronic high and low sodium intake on 72 days after implantation of an electromagnetic flow transducer around the left renal artery. Fasting renal blood flow was 11.7 plus or minus 3.2 ml/min with kg on high socium intake (43 days) and 11.5 plus or minus 3.3 ml/min with kg on low sodium intake (29 days). During ingestion no change of renal blood flow occurred; mean arterial pressure rose transiently. During digestion renal blood flow increased always and was, like the fasting renal blood flow of dogs on a high sodium intake was 41 plus or minus 23%, and of dogs on a low sodium intake 35 plus or minus 15% referring to fasting controls; peak increase mostly occurred between 60 and90 min postprandially and was due to a decrease of renal vascular resistance. Renal blood flow also increased after augmentation of intravascular volume by an intravenous infusion; volume receptors may be involved.", "PMID": 1167682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1847", "title": "Microrheology and light transmission of blood. III. The velocity of red cell aggregate formation.", "content": "The formation of primary (rouleaux) and secondary (rouleaux networks) RCA was studied by microcinematography (12 frames/sec) and photometry in a counterrotating \"rheoscope\" chamber. The blood was first subjected to rapid viscometric flow (460 sec-1, all RBC dispersed and aligned in flow) and then brought abruptly to full stop. In normal human blood, primary and secondary RCA occurred simultaneously, and were completed within 8 to 10 sec after stop. Blood from pregnant women at term, known for its pronounced red cell aggregation, shows a dissociation between the formation of short primary rouleaux (initiated even before full stop and completed 1-2 see thereafter) and secondary RCA completed 3-5 see after stop. RCA increases the light transmission of blood (measured by an increase in photovoltage V), the process and its first derivative (dV/dt equals I) can be recorded. After flow stop, there is an exponential decay of I(I equals t-I-o with e-lambda-t). The half time of this decay is recorded and correlated to the kinetics of red cell aggregate formation In human blood the half time of this process varies between 1.0 and 6.0 sec. In suspensions of human RBC in artificial plasmas, t-1/2 decreases with increasing concentration of fibrinogen and/or Dextran 250000, the second component appearing at concentrations above 500 mg-%. The method lend sitself for the quantification of RCA in small blood samples (20 mul).", "contents": "Microrheology and light transmission of blood. III. The velocity of red cell aggregate formation. The formation of primary (rouleaux) and secondary (rouleaux networks) RCA was studied by microcinematography (12 frames/sec) and photometry in a counterrotating \"rheoscope\" chamber. The blood was first subjected to rapid viscometric flow (460 sec-1, all RBC dispersed and aligned in flow) and then brought abruptly to full stop. In normal human blood, primary and secondary RCA occurred simultaneously, and were completed within 8 to 10 sec after stop. Blood from pregnant women at term, known for its pronounced red cell aggregation, shows a dissociation between the formation of short primary rouleaux (initiated even before full stop and completed 1-2 see thereafter) and secondary RCA completed 3-5 see after stop. RCA increases the light transmission of blood (measured by an increase in photovoltage V), the process and its first derivative (dV/dt equals I) can be recorded. After flow stop, there is an exponential decay of I(I equals t-I-o with e-lambda-t). The half time of this decay is recorded and correlated to the kinetics of red cell aggregate formation In human blood the half time of this process varies between 1.0 and 6.0 sec. In suspensions of human RBC in artificial plasmas, t-1/2 decreases with increasing concentration of fibrinogen and/or Dextran 250000, the second component appearing at concentrations above 500 mg-%. The method lend sitself for the quantification of RCA in small blood samples (20 mul).", "PMID": 1167683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1848", "title": "Microrheology and light transmission of blood. IV. The kinetics of artificial red cell aggregation induced by Dextran.", "content": "Employing both microscopic and photometric methods the rheology of pathological red cell aggregation was studied in model experiments. Suspensions of washed human red blood cells in dextran solutions containing rising concentrations of dextrans (M.W. 40000, 70000, 110000, 250000, 500000) were used. At low concentrations (less than 500 mg-%) of high molecular weight dextrans (greater than 70000) red cell suspensions formed aggregates similar to the ones found in normal human blood. At higher concentrations, the aggregates were similar to those observed in pathological human blood. The aggregates were studied under the condition of stasis, slow flow and at shear rate of their hydrodynamic dispersion. Besides, the flow behavior of the dispersed cells at high shear rates was studied. We found: 1. In all samples the rate of spontaneous aggregate re-formation in stasis (following hydrodynamic desaggregation) rose with rising dextran concentration up to 5.0 g-%. 2. The shear resistance of the aggregates, as measured by the shear stress necessary to keep them dispersed, rose up to concentrations of 2.5g-%, but fell at higher concentrations. 3. Only with dextran of a molecular weight above 110000 coarse agglomerates could be produced at high concentrations. Loose elastic meshes were rapidly produced at high concentrations of Dx 70. 4. When subjected to steady state low shear (m sec-1) only the agglomerates, but not the meshes rapidly grew in size. Most of the aggregation kinetics recorded by photometry and microscopy evaded detection by viscometry.", "contents": "Microrheology and light transmission of blood. IV. The kinetics of artificial red cell aggregation induced by Dextran. Employing both microscopic and photometric methods the rheology of pathological red cell aggregation was studied in model experiments. Suspensions of washed human red blood cells in dextran solutions containing rising concentrations of dextrans (M.W. 40000, 70000, 110000, 250000, 500000) were used. At low concentrations (less than 500 mg-%) of high molecular weight dextrans (greater than 70000) red cell suspensions formed aggregates similar to the ones found in normal human blood. At higher concentrations, the aggregates were similar to those observed in pathological human blood. The aggregates were studied under the condition of stasis, slow flow and at shear rate of their hydrodynamic dispersion. Besides, the flow behavior of the dispersed cells at high shear rates was studied. We found: 1. In all samples the rate of spontaneous aggregate re-formation in stasis (following hydrodynamic desaggregation) rose with rising dextran concentration up to 5.0 g-%. 2. The shear resistance of the aggregates, as measured by the shear stress necessary to keep them dispersed, rose up to concentrations of 2.5g-%, but fell at higher concentrations. 3. Only with dextran of a molecular weight above 110000 coarse agglomerates could be produced at high concentrations. Loose elastic meshes were rapidly produced at high concentrations of Dx 70. 4. When subjected to steady state low shear (m sec-1) only the agglomerates, but not the meshes rapidly grew in size. Most of the aggregation kinetics recorded by photometry and microscopy evaded detection by viscometry.", "PMID": 1167684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1849", "title": "Time- and rate-dependence of the inotropic action of noradrenaline in the isolated guinea-pig's atrium.", "content": "The inotropic action of noradrenaline (10-6 mol/l)) was studied on a left guinea-pig's atrium which was isolated functionally by ligations and perfused during artificial stimulation (basal rhythm: 120/min) over a period of 5 to 10 hrs. Each half hour the rate was varied within a range from 60 to 300 imp/min. When modernaline is applied continuously throughout the experienment, contractility in terms of amplitude and rate of pressure development is almost maintained on the control level at the stimulation rates over at least 4 hrs of perfusion. When noradrenaline is applied at various stages of perfusion it compensates for the foregoing decay of contractility even after 8 hrs. Since contractility during normal perfusion decreases much more at a lower than at a higher rate the inotropic action of noradrenaline is minimal at a high rate in the fresh preparation (this means: under physiological conditions) and is fully developed only during later stages of perfusion at a low rate (which is far below the physiological range.", "contents": "Time- and rate-dependence of the inotropic action of noradrenaline in the isolated guinea-pig's atrium. The inotropic action of noradrenaline (10-6 mol/l)) was studied on a left guinea-pig's atrium which was isolated functionally by ligations and perfused during artificial stimulation (basal rhythm: 120/min) over a period of 5 to 10 hrs. Each half hour the rate was varied within a range from 60 to 300 imp/min. When modernaline is applied continuously throughout the experienment, contractility in terms of amplitude and rate of pressure development is almost maintained on the control level at the stimulation rates over at least 4 hrs of perfusion. When noradrenaline is applied at various stages of perfusion it compensates for the foregoing decay of contractility even after 8 hrs. Since contractility during normal perfusion decreases much more at a lower than at a higher rate the inotropic action of noradrenaline is minimal at a high rate in the fresh preparation (this means: under physiological conditions) and is fully developed only during later stages of perfusion at a low rate (which is far below the physiological range.", "PMID": 1167685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1850", "title": "The basic requirements for the function of the isolated cell free perfused rat kidney.", "content": "We have attempt to define experimental conditions which would overcome or minimize some of the well known functional limitations of isolated single pass kidney preparations. Rat kidneys were perfused with a Krebs-Henseleit solution containing the gelatine derivative Haemaccel as colloid. Perfusion was initiated in situ via the mesenteric artery. Arterial flow rate was measured continuously from the very onset of perfusion. Effective perfusion pressure was recorded distal to the perfusion capillary in the aorta. Aliquots of the venous effluate and of an arterial bypass solution were drawn through an O-2 electrode for the calculation of Q-o-2. First it was shown that the often observed initial vasoconstriction of the preparation which occurs immediately after cannulation of the kidney can be eliminated by rapid disconnection of the autonomic nerve supply. A more delayed gradual increase of renal resistance, which we observed after 30 min could be prevented by using sterile perfusion solutions. Using glucose as the only substrate fuel, fractional Na-reabsorption decreased to 65% 3 hrs after the onset of perfusion (T Na equals 27.3 muEq/g with min). When a substrate enriched sterile solution was used containing pyruvate, lactate, oxaloacetate, and glutamate, Na conservation of the isolated kidney could be maintained at a higher level. Fractional Na-reabsorption levelled off and was still 88% after 3 hrs (T Na equals 64.4 muEq/g with min). The results demonstrate that the transport function of the isolated kidney preparation critically depends on the supply with substrate hydrogen. Thus, the present system meets the basic requirements necessary for further micropuncture evaluation of renal function under the condition of isolated single pass perfusion.", "contents": "The basic requirements for the function of the isolated cell free perfused rat kidney. We have attempt to define experimental conditions which would overcome or minimize some of the well known functional limitations of isolated single pass kidney preparations. Rat kidneys were perfused with a Krebs-Henseleit solution containing the gelatine derivative Haemaccel as colloid. Perfusion was initiated in situ via the mesenteric artery. Arterial flow rate was measured continuously from the very onset of perfusion. Effective perfusion pressure was recorded distal to the perfusion capillary in the aorta. Aliquots of the venous effluate and of an arterial bypass solution were drawn through an O-2 electrode for the calculation of Q-o-2. First it was shown that the often observed initial vasoconstriction of the preparation which occurs immediately after cannulation of the kidney can be eliminated by rapid disconnection of the autonomic nerve supply. A more delayed gradual increase of renal resistance, which we observed after 30 min could be prevented by using sterile perfusion solutions. Using glucose as the only substrate fuel, fractional Na-reabsorption decreased to 65% 3 hrs after the onset of perfusion (T Na equals 27.3 muEq/g with min). When a substrate enriched sterile solution was used containing pyruvate, lactate, oxaloacetate, and glutamate, Na conservation of the isolated kidney could be maintained at a higher level. Fractional Na-reabsorption levelled off and was still 88% after 3 hrs (T Na equals 64.4 muEq/g with min). The results demonstrate that the transport function of the isolated kidney preparation critically depends on the supply with substrate hydrogen. Thus, the present system meets the basic requirements necessary for further micropuncture evaluation of renal function under the condition of isolated single pass perfusion.", "PMID": 1167686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1851", "title": "Ion conductance changes associated with spike adaptation in the rapidly adapting stretch receptor of the crayfish.", "content": "The time course of the repetitive impulse discharges has been investigated for two high intensities of maintained depolarizing currents, 30 nA and 50 nA, for which the receptor adaptation was complete within 70 msec. The changes in sodium and potassium conductance associated with the decline in spike activity have been analyzed at different instances of time by interrupting in successive experiments the various action potentials in the pulse trains either at the early phase by holding the potential at about -60 mV and recording the inward current (upstroke-gNa) or by evaluating the delayed outward current flowing as the result of a depolarizing voltage pulse which at the end of the action potential re-increased the membrane potential by  mV (after potentialgK). At the higher current intensity of 50 nA the discharge frequency was increased, while larger reductions in upstroke-gNa and after potential-gK during receptor adaptation became apparent. The progressive decrease in pulse amplitude from 99 mV to 63 or 55 mV is paralleled by a gradual reduction in upstroke-gNa from 97 mmho/cm-2 to 37 or 27.5 mmho/cm-2 and in after potential-gK from 11.5 mmho/cm-2 to about 7 mmho/cm-2. When under a stimulus of 30 nA the sodium conductance decreases to an average value of 37 mmho/cm-2 only a distorted spike can be elicited, while the spike activity was completely suppressed at upstroke-gNa equals 27.5 mmho/cm-2 was essentially the same under both conditions. The results have been interpreted in terms of the model for impulse generation formulated by Michaelis and Chaplain (1973). According to the model both sodium and potassium inactivation reduce the pulse amplitude. However, while Na-inactivation reduces the frequency of impulse discharge, the K-inactivation actually leads to an increase in spike frequency. As the frequency of the short train of pulses recorded under high-intensity current stimulation remained essentially unaltered, it is suggested that the coupling between Na- and K-inactivation actually leads to an increase in spike frequency. As the frequency of the short train of pulses recorded under high-intensity current stimulation remained essentially unaltered, it is suggested that the coupling between Na- and K-inactivation ensures a constancy of the information-carrying parameter, i.e. the average impulse density.", "contents": "Ion conductance changes associated with spike adaptation in the rapidly adapting stretch receptor of the crayfish. The time course of the repetitive impulse discharges has been investigated for two high intensities of maintained depolarizing currents, 30 nA and 50 nA, for which the receptor adaptation was complete within 70 msec. The changes in sodium and potassium conductance associated with the decline in spike activity have been analyzed at different instances of time by interrupting in successive experiments the various action potentials in the pulse trains either at the early phase by holding the potential at about -60 mV and recording the inward current (upstroke-gNa) or by evaluating the delayed outward current flowing as the result of a depolarizing voltage pulse which at the end of the action potential re-increased the membrane potential by  mV (after potentialgK). At the higher current intensity of 50 nA the discharge frequency was increased, while larger reductions in upstroke-gNa and after potential-gK during receptor adaptation became apparent. The progressive decrease in pulse amplitude from 99 mV to 63 or 55 mV is paralleled by a gradual reduction in upstroke-gNa from 97 mmho/cm-2 to 37 or 27.5 mmho/cm-2 and in after potential-gK from 11.5 mmho/cm-2 to about 7 mmho/cm-2. When under a stimulus of 30 nA the sodium conductance decreases to an average value of 37 mmho/cm-2 only a distorted spike can be elicited, while the spike activity was completely suppressed at upstroke-gNa equals 27.5 mmho/cm-2 was essentially the same under both conditions. The results have been interpreted in terms of the model for impulse generation formulated by Michaelis and Chaplain (1973). According to the model both sodium and potassium inactivation reduce the pulse amplitude. However, while Na-inactivation reduces the frequency of impulse discharge, the K-inactivation actually leads to an increase in spike frequency. As the frequency of the short train of pulses recorded under high-intensity current stimulation remained essentially unaltered, it is suggested that the coupling between Na- and K-inactivation actually leads to an increase in spike frequency. As the frequency of the short train of pulses recorded under high-intensity current stimulation remained essentially unaltered, it is suggested that the coupling between Na- and K-inactivation ensures a constancy of the information-carrying parameter, i.e. the average impulse density.", "PMID": 1167687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1852", "title": "Biological basis for management of benign disease of the breast. The case against subcutaneous mastectomy.", "content": "The biology of breast disease abnormalities which are primarily the result of hormonal imbalance, and the action of hormones upon breast tissue are discussed. An understanding of the basic biological principles makes it possible to manage these patients more accurately. An accurate diagnosis is necessary to predict what changes will occur with the progression of time. Our reservations about subcutaneous mastectomy are stated.", "contents": "Biological basis for management of benign disease of the breast. The case against subcutaneous mastectomy. The biology of breast disease abnormalities which are primarily the result of hormonal imbalance, and the action of hormones upon breast tissue are discussed. An understanding of the basic biological principles makes it possible to manage these patients more accurately. An accurate diagnosis is necessary to predict what changes will occur with the progression of time. Our reservations about subcutaneous mastectomy are stated.", "PMID": 1167695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1853", "title": "Pregnancy in cactus mice: effects of prolonged copulation.", "content": "The postejaculatory copulations of cactus mice are demonstrated to function in facilitating neuroendocrine responses necessary for pregnancy. Whereas estrous cycles were altered after just 10 percent of the tests terminated after one ejaculatory series, females became either pregnant or pseudopregnant after 80 percent of tests continued at least to sexual satiety (30 minutes with no copulations).", "contents": "Pregnancy in cactus mice: effects of prolonged copulation. The postejaculatory copulations of cactus mice are demonstrated to function in facilitating neuroendocrine responses necessary for pregnancy. Whereas estrous cycles were altered after just 10 percent of the tests terminated after one ejaculatory series, females became either pregnant or pseudopregnant after 80 percent of tests continued at least to sexual satiety (30 minutes with no copulations).", "PMID": 1167700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1854", "title": "Water recycling in lactation.", "content": "During lactation, female rodents, dingoes, and kangaroos consume urine and feces excreted by the young. Studies with tritiated water as a tracer for native water showed that roughly one-third of the water secreted as milk was returned to the mother. The results are cogent to studies of water balance of lactation and to current methods used for estimating milk production.", "contents": "Water recycling in lactation. During lactation, female rodents, dingoes, and kangaroos consume urine and feces excreted by the young. Studies with tritiated water as a tracer for native water showed that roughly one-third of the water secreted as milk was returned to the mother. The results are cogent to studies of water balance of lactation and to current methods used for estimating milk production.", "PMID": 1167701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1855", "title": "Chromosome-wide event accompanies the expression of recessive mutations in tetraploid cells.", "content": "Mutants resistant to 6-thioguanine were induced in pseudotetraploid hybrid Chinese hamster cells homozygous wild-type at the locus for hypoxanthine phophoribosyl transferase but heterozygous for the linked marker glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. About half of these mutants had concomitantly lost the wild-type allele for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, as expected if mutation plus chromosome segregation had occurred.", "contents": "Chromosome-wide event accompanies the expression of recessive mutations in tetraploid cells. Mutants resistant to 6-thioguanine were induced in pseudotetraploid hybrid Chinese hamster cells homozygous wild-type at the locus for hypoxanthine phophoribosyl transferase but heterozygous for the linked marker glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. About half of these mutants had concomitantly lost the wild-type allele for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, as expected if mutation plus chromosome segregation had occurred.", "PMID": 1167702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1856", "title": "Transforming potential of the anticancer drug adriamycin.", "content": "A Fischer rat embryo cell system in vitro, which had been shown to be highly accurate in identifying chemical carcinogens and to have application in the study of chemicals having anticancer properties, was used to study the anticancer drug adriamycin. At a nontoxic dose adriamycin not only did not protect the cells from transformation by the carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene, but was found in two separate experiments to act on its own as a transforming agent.", "contents": "Transforming potential of the anticancer drug adriamycin. A Fischer rat embryo cell system in vitro, which had been shown to be highly accurate in identifying chemical carcinogens and to have application in the study of chemicals having anticancer properties, was used to study the anticancer drug adriamycin. At a nontoxic dose adriamycin not only did not protect the cells from transformation by the carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene, but was found in two separate experiments to act on its own as a transforming agent.", "PMID": 1167703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1857", "title": "Relationship between respiration rate and weight of loach oocytes.", "content": "It is shown that the constant k in the equation QO2 equals apk and the constant b in the equation qo2 equals aP-b change during the oogenesis of the loach. Hence, the growth of oocytes differs considerably from the growth of animals, where the constants k and b do not change with increase in weight. It is suggested that the relationship between the respiration rate and weight of the oocytes is due to the change in the amount of mitochondria in the oocytes.", "contents": "Relationship between respiration rate and weight of loach oocytes. It is shown that the constant k in the equation QO2 equals apk and the constant b in the equation qo2 equals aP-b change during the oogenesis of the loach. Hence, the growth of oocytes differs considerably from the growth of animals, where the constants k and b do not change with increase in weight. It is suggested that the relationship between the respiration rate and weight of the oocytes is due to the change in the amount of mitochondria in the oocytes.", "PMID": 1167704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1858", "title": "The rodent ultrasound production mechanism.", "content": "Rodents produce two types of sounds, audible and ultrasonic, that differ markedly in physical structure. Studies of sound production in light gases show that whereas the audible cries appear to be produced, as in the case of most other mammals, by vibrating structures in the larynx, the ultrasonic cries are produced by a different mechanism, probably a whistle. 'Bird-call' whistles are shown to have all the properties of rodent ultrasonic cries and to mimic them in almost every detail. Thus it is concluded that rodents have two distinct sound production mechanisms, one for audible cries and one for ultrasonic cries.", "contents": "The rodent ultrasound production mechanism. Rodents produce two types of sounds, audible and ultrasonic, that differ markedly in physical structure. Studies of sound production in light gases show that whereas the audible cries appear to be produced, as in the case of most other mammals, by vibrating structures in the larynx, the ultrasonic cries are produced by a different mechanism, probably a whistle. 'Bird-call' whistles are shown to have all the properties of rodent ultrasonic cries and to mimic them in almost every detail. Thus it is concluded that rodents have two distinct sound production mechanisms, one for audible cries and one for ultrasonic cries.", "PMID": 1167711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1859", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen test in renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) determinations were performed on 203 blood and urine samples from 23 patients with renal cell carcinoma. Neither the blood nor the urine CEA test was able to confirm the diagnosis or predict the status of the disease in more than one half of these patients. As presently constituted, the CEA test is not accurate for the diagnosis or prognosis of renal cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen test in renal cell carcinoma. CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) determinations were performed on 203 blood and urine samples from 23 patients with renal cell carcinoma. Neither the blood nor the urine CEA test was able to confirm the diagnosis or predict the status of the disease in more than one half of these patients. As presently constituted, the CEA test is not accurate for the diagnosis or prognosis of renal cell carcinoma.", "PMID": 1167713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1860", "title": "Combined video/pressure/flow cystourethrography in female patients with voiding disturbances.", "content": "The urodynamic investigation of 152 female patients with symptoms of recurrent cystitis by synchronous video/pressure/flow cystourethrography is presented. The results fall into the following groups: (1) Normal: In 77 patients, no abnormality was found. (2) Bladder outflow obstruction: In 52 patients increased resistance to micturition was demonstrated at the level of the external sphincter. Levels of bladder pressure, flow rate, calculated urethral resistance, and cystographic appearance allow the degree of obstruction to be assessed and the urodynamic effect of treatment by dilation or urethrotomy to be appreciated. (3) Reflux: In 17 patients, reflux was demonstrated, 14 of whom showed no evidence of outflow obstruction. Postoperative assessment of reimplantation procedures are briefly discussed. (4) Systolic and unstable bladders: Six patients were in this group; the manifestations of instability are discussed together with the concept of sensory and motor urgency.", "contents": "Combined video/pressure/flow cystourethrography in female patients with voiding disturbances. The urodynamic investigation of 152 female patients with symptoms of recurrent cystitis by synchronous video/pressure/flow cystourethrography is presented. The results fall into the following groups: (1) Normal: In 77 patients, no abnormality was found. (2) Bladder outflow obstruction: In 52 patients increased resistance to micturition was demonstrated at the level of the external sphincter. Levels of bladder pressure, flow rate, calculated urethral resistance, and cystographic appearance allow the degree of obstruction to be assessed and the urodynamic effect of treatment by dilation or urethrotomy to be appreciated. (3) Reflux: In 17 patients, reflux was demonstrated, 14 of whom showed no evidence of outflow obstruction. Postoperative assessment of reimplantation procedures are briefly discussed. (4) Systolic and unstable bladders: Six patients were in this group; the manifestations of instability are discussed together with the concept of sensory and motor urgency.", "PMID": 1167714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1861", "title": "Physical growth of 5-year-old children with a low birth weight. Stature, weight, circumference of head and osseous development.", "content": "In a prospective investigation of the physical growth of children with a low birth weight, 143 unselected children who weighed less than 2500 g at birth were reviewed at 5 years of age. The children were grouped according to weight relative to gestational age. Stature and weight were compared with normal curves for Swedish children and with a control series. The circumference of the head was compared with a normal curve. Osseous development was assessed by the method of Ekl\u00f6f & Ringertz and was compared with their normal values. Growth of the LBW-children was slightly retarded in respect of stature, weight and osseous development, but not regarding head circumference. The values found for stature and osseous development were low in the group small for gestational age and for twins. Those LBW-children who were appropriate for gestational age developed at a normal rate. This is true even for those with the lowest birth weight and those born long before term. Osseous development was correlated with stature, which may be due to the measuring method used. Neither maternal disease nor feeding difficulties during the first few months of life had any demonstrable effect on the physical development of the children. Socio-economic factors now surely play at most a subordinate role. Physical development of the children varied most with the mothers' stature and weight and probably with hereditary factors.", "contents": "Physical growth of 5-year-old children with a low birth weight. Stature, weight, circumference of head and osseous development. In a prospective investigation of the physical growth of children with a low birth weight, 143 unselected children who weighed less than 2500 g at birth were reviewed at 5 years of age. The children were grouped according to weight relative to gestational age. Stature and weight were compared with normal curves for Swedish children and with a control series. The circumference of the head was compared with a normal curve. Osseous development was assessed by the method of Ekl\u00f6f & Ringertz and was compared with their normal values. Growth of the LBW-children was slightly retarded in respect of stature, weight and osseous development, but not regarding head circumference. The values found for stature and osseous development were low in the group small for gestational age and for twins. Those LBW-children who were appropriate for gestational age developed at a normal rate. This is true even for those with the lowest birth weight and those born long before term. Osseous development was correlated with stature, which may be due to the measuring method used. Neither maternal disease nor feeding difficulties during the first few months of life had any demonstrable effect on the physical development of the children. Socio-economic factors now surely play at most a subordinate role. Physical development of the children varied most with the mothers' stature and weight and probably with hereditary factors.", "PMID": 1167726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1862", "title": "The influence of different environmental temperatures on pulmonary gas exchange and blood gas changes after birth.", "content": "The oxygen uptake (VO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (R) was determined during the first 20 min and at one and at 2 hours after birth in 16 healthy full-term newborn infants studied in different environmental temperatures. Arterial blood gases and acid-base balance were determined on repeated blood samples from the abdominal aorta. The infants were grouped in a \"warm\" group (n equal to 10) where efforts were made to avoid cooling after birth, and a \"cold\" group (n equal to 6) where a decrease in rectal temperature to a mean value of 35.4 degrees C at 2 hours occurred. Irrespective of environmental temperature, VO2 was approximately 10 ml/kg min during the first 8 min after birth, thereafter decreasing to about 6-7 ml/kg min. During the first 8 min the main increase in PaO2 occurred and about 2 ml/kg min of the VO2 was accounted for by changes in oxygen stores after birth. At 16-20 min and at 60 min after birth a negative relationship was found between VO2 and PaO2. During the period 8-120 min after birth a close relationship was found between VO2 and the degree of muscular activity. Within 4-16 min after birth, R values above 1.0 were regularly found simultaneously with the main decrease in PaO2. In infants kept \"cold\" a tendency to hyperventilate was found, probably elicited by cold stimuli. The rapid drop in deep body temperature regularly seen after birth could thus not be explained by a limited ability to increase pulmonary gas exchange. A high degree of evaporative heat loss, a relatively low \"basal\" metabolic rate and a limited response in \"non-shivering thermogenesis\" seem to be the main reasons for the heat loss after birth.", "contents": "The influence of different environmental temperatures on pulmonary gas exchange and blood gas changes after birth. The oxygen uptake (VO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (R) was determined during the first 20 min and at one and at 2 hours after birth in 16 healthy full-term newborn infants studied in different environmental temperatures. Arterial blood gases and acid-base balance were determined on repeated blood samples from the abdominal aorta. The infants were grouped in a \"warm\" group (n equal to 10) where efforts were made to avoid cooling after birth, and a \"cold\" group (n equal to 6) where a decrease in rectal temperature to a mean value of 35.4 degrees C at 2 hours occurred. Irrespective of environmental temperature, VO2 was approximately 10 ml/kg min during the first 8 min after birth, thereafter decreasing to about 6-7 ml/kg min. During the first 8 min the main increase in PaO2 occurred and about 2 ml/kg min of the VO2 was accounted for by changes in oxygen stores after birth. At 16-20 min and at 60 min after birth a negative relationship was found between VO2 and PaO2. During the period 8-120 min after birth a close relationship was found between VO2 and the degree of muscular activity. Within 4-16 min after birth, R values above 1.0 were regularly found simultaneously with the main decrease in PaO2. In infants kept \"cold\" a tendency to hyperventilate was found, probably elicited by cold stimuli. The rapid drop in deep body temperature regularly seen after birth could thus not be explained by a limited ability to increase pulmonary gas exchange. A high degree of evaporative heat loss, a relatively low \"basal\" metabolic rate and a limited response in \"non-shivering thermogenesis\" seem to be the main reasons for the heat loss after birth.", "PMID": 1167727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1863", "title": "Serial hemodynamic observations in congenital valvular and subvalvular aortic stenosis.", "content": "The present study is an attempt to clarify the natural history of valvular and subvalvular aortic stenosis. Twenty-eight patients with isolated and uncomplicated congenital aortic stenosis who had serial hemodynamic evaluation without intervening surgery were selected. They were divided into three groups according to the severity of the peak systolic pressure gradient. At the initial study, 16 of the 28 patients had mild stenosis, 11 patients had moderate stenosis, and one patient had severe stenosis. On restudy, there were only 9 patients with mild stenosis, 12 patients with moderate stenosis, and 7 patients with severe stenosis. The cardiac index and right-sided hemodynamics were normal. The electrocardiographic and radiographic findings in relation to severity of the lesion were also observed. It is our feeling that both valvular and subvalvular aortic stenosis are progressive lesions, the subvalvular being more so than the valvular.", "contents": "Serial hemodynamic observations in congenital valvular and subvalvular aortic stenosis. The present study is an attempt to clarify the natural history of valvular and subvalvular aortic stenosis. Twenty-eight patients with isolated and uncomplicated congenital aortic stenosis who had serial hemodynamic evaluation without intervening surgery were selected. They were divided into three groups according to the severity of the peak systolic pressure gradient. At the initial study, 16 of the 28 patients had mild stenosis, 11 patients had moderate stenosis, and one patient had severe stenosis. On restudy, there were only 9 patients with mild stenosis, 12 patients with moderate stenosis, and 7 patients with severe stenosis. The cardiac index and right-sided hemodynamics were normal. The electrocardiographic and radiographic findings in relation to severity of the lesion were also observed. It is our feeling that both valvular and subvalvular aortic stenosis are progressive lesions, the subvalvular being more so than the valvular.", "PMID": 1167728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1864", "title": "Acute transmural myocardial infarction associated with active Coxsackie virus B infection.", "content": "Out of a total of 233 patients suffering from transmural myocardial infarction, 20 patients were found to have serologic evidence of a concurrent active Coxsackie virus B infection. While the infection may have been coincidental, it is also possible that the virus may have played some part in the illness. Conceivably, myocarditis could be mistaken for infarction or, by some mechanism as yet unknown, the virus might precipitate infarction in susceptible subjects.", "contents": "Acute transmural myocardial infarction associated with active Coxsackie virus B infection. Out of a total of 233 patients suffering from transmural myocardial infarction, 20 patients were found to have serologic evidence of a concurrent active Coxsackie virus B infection. While the infection may have been coincidental, it is also possible that the virus may have played some part in the illness. Conceivably, myocarditis could be mistaken for infarction or, by some mechanism as yet unknown, the virus might precipitate infarction in susceptible subjects.", "PMID": 1167729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1865", "title": "Mechanism of left ventricular outlfow obstruction in patients with obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy (idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis).", "content": "Left ventricular outflow obstruction in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis or obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy is due to abnormal forward motion during systole of the anterior mitral leaflet. To determine why some patients with this disease hav left ventricular outflow obstruction whereas others do not, we studied a large number of patiens with assymetric septal hypertrophy using both one- and two-dimensional echocardiography. In 100 patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy and 22 normal subjects, mitral valve position at the onset of systole was quantitated by measuring the distance from the ventricular septum to the mitral valve and the distance from the mitral valve to the posterior left ventricular wall. None of the normal subjects and only 3 (6 percent) of 51 patients with nonobstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy had a septal-mitral valve distance of less than 20 mm compared with 23 (66 percent) of 35 patients with obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Moreover, the mitral valve at the onset of systole was actually positioned forward in the left ventricular activity. Two-dimensional studies in 11 patients with obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy revealed that contraction of the malaligned papillary muscles did not cause the abnormal forward mitral valve motion. We propose that the left ventricular outflow obstruction in patients with obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy occurs as a result of two factors: (1) narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract at the onset of systole, and (2) hydrodynamic forces generated by contraction on the left ventricle.", "contents": "Mechanism of left ventricular outlfow obstruction in patients with obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy (idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis). Left ventricular outflow obstruction in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis or obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy is due to abnormal forward motion during systole of the anterior mitral leaflet. To determine why some patients with this disease hav left ventricular outflow obstruction whereas others do not, we studied a large number of patiens with assymetric septal hypertrophy using both one- and two-dimensional echocardiography. In 100 patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy and 22 normal subjects, mitral valve position at the onset of systole was quantitated by measuring the distance from the ventricular septum to the mitral valve and the distance from the mitral valve to the posterior left ventricular wall. None of the normal subjects and only 3 (6 percent) of 51 patients with nonobstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy had a septal-mitral valve distance of less than 20 mm compared with 23 (66 percent) of 35 patients with obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Moreover, the mitral valve at the onset of systole was actually positioned forward in the left ventricular activity. Two-dimensional studies in 11 patients with obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy revealed that contraction of the malaligned papillary muscles did not cause the abnormal forward mitral valve motion. We propose that the left ventricular outflow obstruction in patients with obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy occurs as a result of two factors: (1) narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract at the onset of systole, and (2) hydrodynamic forces generated by contraction on the left ventricle.", "PMID": 1167730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1866", "title": "Interstitial-cell tumor of the testis. Tissue culture and ultrastructural studies.", "content": "A case of a functioning interstitial-cell tumor in a 12-year-old Negro boy is reported. The patient manifested precocious puberty, with signs of sexually aggressive behavior. The ultra-structural studies of the tumor showed features similar to those of the few cases previously reported in the literature. One characteristic finding was the presence of numerous membranous whorls within the cytoplasm. The cells grown in tissue culture were maintained for at least 9 weeks and were confirmed as testicular interstitial cells. Ultrastructurally they were similar to the cells in vivo, as evidenced by the finding of cytoplasmic organelles related to steroid synthesis.", "contents": "Interstitial-cell tumor of the testis. Tissue culture and ultrastructural studies. A case of a functioning interstitial-cell tumor in a 12-year-old Negro boy is reported. The patient manifested precocious puberty, with signs of sexually aggressive behavior. The ultra-structural studies of the tumor showed features similar to those of the few cases previously reported in the literature. One characteristic finding was the presence of numerous membranous whorls within the cytoplasm. The cells grown in tissue culture were maintained for at least 9 weeks and were confirmed as testicular interstitial cells. Ultrastructurally they were similar to the cells in vivo, as evidenced by the finding of cytoplasmic organelles related to steroid synthesis.", "PMID": 1167731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1867", "title": "Late effects in the vaginal and cervical epithelia after injections of diethylstilbestrol into neonatal mice.", "content": "Diethylstilbestrol, 5 mug per day for the first 5 days after birth, was injected into neonatal female NMRI mice. The animals were killed 13 months after birth. The upper vaginal part and the uterine cervix were serially sectioned. The histologic study showed extensive adenosis comprising most of the cervical wall. In some regions the glandular epithelium had undergone epidermatization. There were suggestive evidences of cancerous development from both the glandular epithelium and the epithelium in the epidermized regions. In the vaginal part, the squamous epithelium showed hyperplasia, but there were also glandular ducts penetrating far into the subepithelial tissue.", "contents": "Late effects in the vaginal and cervical epithelia after injections of diethylstilbestrol into neonatal mice. Diethylstilbestrol, 5 mug per day for the first 5 days after birth, was injected into neonatal female NMRI mice. The animals were killed 13 months after birth. The upper vaginal part and the uterine cervix were serially sectioned. The histologic study showed extensive adenosis comprising most of the cervical wall. In some regions the glandular epithelium had undergone epidermatization. There were suggestive evidences of cancerous development from both the glandular epithelium and the epithelium in the epidermized regions. In the vaginal part, the squamous epithelium showed hyperplasia, but there were also glandular ducts penetrating far into the subepithelial tissue.", "PMID": 1167732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1868", "title": "The gonadotropic hormones and their subunits in human maternal and fetal circulation at delivery.", "content": "The blood levels of HCG, LH, their alpha and beta subunits, and FSH were measured by double-antibody radioimmunoassays in 20 normal pregnanat women and in matched fetal cord arterial and venous samples at term. High levels of HCG, alpha subunit, and HCGbeta subunit, with low levels of LHbeta and FSH, were detected in maternal sera. In the fetal circulation the major detectable components were alpha subunits and presumably HCG. There was no significant arteriovenous difference in any of the hormones in the fetal circulation and no correlation between levels of hormones in maternal and fetal circulation. Column chromatography of sera confirmed that alpha subunits were present independent of intact hormones in both maternal and fetal sera.", "contents": "The gonadotropic hormones and their subunits in human maternal and fetal circulation at delivery. The blood levels of HCG, LH, their alpha and beta subunits, and FSH were measured by double-antibody radioimmunoassays in 20 normal pregnanat women and in matched fetal cord arterial and venous samples at term. High levels of HCG, alpha subunit, and HCGbeta subunit, with low levels of LHbeta and FSH, were detected in maternal sera. In the fetal circulation the major detectable components were alpha subunits and presumably HCG. There was no significant arteriovenous difference in any of the hormones in the fetal circulation and no correlation between levels of hormones in maternal and fetal circulation. Column chromatography of sera confirmed that alpha subunits were present independent of intact hormones in both maternal and fetal sera.", "PMID": 1167734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1869", "title": "Induction of ovulation in infertile women with pituitary tumors.", "content": "Four infertile women with pituitary adenoma were treated with human pituitary gonadotropins (HPG) in order to enable them to become pregnant. During pregnancy they contracted headache, bitemporal visual field defects, or impaired visual acuity. One woman was operated upon in the second trimester; the other three, as the symptoms were relatively moderate and no risk of permanent damage to the optic tract existed, went to term. After operation or delivery the symptoms disappeared.", "contents": "Induction of ovulation in infertile women with pituitary tumors. Four infertile women with pituitary adenoma were treated with human pituitary gonadotropins (HPG) in order to enable them to become pregnant. During pregnancy they contracted headache, bitemporal visual field defects, or impaired visual acuity. One woman was operated upon in the second trimester; the other three, as the symptoms were relatively moderate and no risk of permanent damage to the optic tract existed, went to term. After operation or delivery the symptoms disappeared.", "PMID": 1167733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1870", "title": "Failure of stressful stimuli to inhibit embryo implantation in the rat.", "content": "The effects of stess by extreme temperature or immobilization on rat embryo implantation were investigated. One group of rats remained at 4 degrees C. at different days of progravidity. Other rats on L-3 of pregnancy remained at 39 degrees C. or immobilized. All the animals were put to death on L-6. The stressors produced no changes in either the per cent of rats implanting, the number of corpora lutea and implantation sites, or the weight of the ovaries and uteri. These results suggest that the process of nidation in the rat is resistant to several noxious environmental conditions.", "contents": "Failure of stressful stimuli to inhibit embryo implantation in the rat. The effects of stess by extreme temperature or immobilization on rat embryo implantation were investigated. One group of rats remained at 4 degrees C. at different days of progravidity. Other rats on L-3 of pregnancy remained at 39 degrees C. or immobilized. All the animals were put to death on L-6. The stressors produced no changes in either the per cent of rats implanting, the number of corpora lutea and implantation sites, or the weight of the ovaries and uteri. These results suggest that the process of nidation in the rat is resistant to several noxious environmental conditions.", "PMID": 1167735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1871", "title": "Neovascularization after argon laser photocoagulation of macular lesions.", "content": "In three patients treated for macular degeneration with argon laser photocoagulation choroidal neovascularization occurred four to six weeks later at the photocoagulation site. Two of the patients were treated for angioid streaks of the macular region, the third patient was treated for disciform macular degeneration. Argon laser photocoagulation also induced neovascularization experimentally in pigmented rabbits.", "contents": "Neovascularization after argon laser photocoagulation of macular lesions. In three patients treated for macular degeneration with argon laser photocoagulation choroidal neovascularization occurred four to six weeks later at the photocoagulation site. Two of the patients were treated for angioid streaks of the macular region, the third patient was treated for disciform macular degeneration. Argon laser photocoagulation also induced neovascularization experimentally in pigmented rabbits.", "PMID": 1167736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1872", "title": "Cusp size, sexual dimorphism, and heritability of cusp size in twins.", "content": "Overall measures of mandibular molars reflect the combined size contributions of the component cusps and ridges. Until now, the size hierarchy of primary and permanent mandibular molar cusps remained unclear. This paper utilizes the relative plane surface areas (basal area dimensions) of the individual molar cusps, as assays of cusp size to demonstrate cusp size variations within populations, antimere cuspal variations, sexual dimorphism, and, the heritability of cusp size. Duplicate dental casts from 199 pairs of like-sexed twins provide the raw dats. Defined anatomic landmarks on the occlusal surfaces were reduced to X-Y rectangular coordinates prior to the computation of the basal areas dimensions. The results establish a cusp size hierarchy specific for molar type, i.e., five-cusped molars with a distal fovea and distal marginal ridge (5fd), five-cusped molars without a distal fovea and without a distal marginal ridge (5o), and four-cusped molars (4c). Sexual dimorphism in cusp size is apparent in 5fd molar cusped but not in 5o molar cusps. However, males have a significantly higher frequency of 5fd molars. Females have a higher frequency of smaller 5o and 4c molars which have fewer crown components. Moreover, female 5o molars have cusps as large as or larger than 5o male molor cusps. Right-side-left-side differences exist between antimere cusps based on relatively low correlations. The mirroring of molor types occurs infrequently. When observed, most intrapair differences for cusp size, using F-ratios, indicate a low component of hereditary variability.", "contents": "Cusp size, sexual dimorphism, and heritability of cusp size in twins. Overall measures of mandibular molars reflect the combined size contributions of the component cusps and ridges. Until now, the size hierarchy of primary and permanent mandibular molar cusps remained unclear. This paper utilizes the relative plane surface areas (basal area dimensions) of the individual molar cusps, as assays of cusp size to demonstrate cusp size variations within populations, antimere cuspal variations, sexual dimorphism, and, the heritability of cusp size. Duplicate dental casts from 199 pairs of like-sexed twins provide the raw dats. Defined anatomic landmarks on the occlusal surfaces were reduced to X-Y rectangular coordinates prior to the computation of the basal areas dimensions. The results establish a cusp size hierarchy specific for molar type, i.e., five-cusped molars with a distal fovea and distal marginal ridge (5fd), five-cusped molars without a distal fovea and without a distal marginal ridge (5o), and four-cusped molars (4c). Sexual dimorphism in cusp size is apparent in 5fd molar cusped but not in 5o molar cusps. However, males have a significantly higher frequency of 5fd molars. Females have a higher frequency of smaller 5o and 4c molars which have fewer crown components. Moreover, female 5o molars have cusps as large as or larger than 5o male molor cusps. Right-side-left-side differences exist between antimere cusps based on relatively low correlations. The mirroring of molor types occurs infrequently. When observed, most intrapair differences for cusp size, using F-ratios, indicate a low component of hereditary variability.", "PMID": 1167737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1873", "title": "Sex and genetic differences in hair color changes during early childhood.", "content": "Hair color was assessed routinely from three months to six years for children participating in a longitudinal study of twins: 169 female twin pairs, 161 male pairs, and 60 opposite-sex pairs. Age trends, established by sampling only one number of every pair, showed marked changes in hair color for both sexes, but there was a consistent excess of light-haired males and dark-haired females. Within-pair concordance rates were calculated for same-sex pairs whose zygosity had been determined independently through bloodtyping. A high rate of concordance was found for MZ twins at every age in spite of the general change in hair color, indicating a strong genetic influence in the timing of color changes. The results are discussed in terms of accelerated maturation of females, and the need for genetic models of the inheritance of hair color which are age- and sex-specific.", "contents": "Sex and genetic differences in hair color changes during early childhood. Hair color was assessed routinely from three months to six years for children participating in a longitudinal study of twins: 169 female twin pairs, 161 male pairs, and 60 opposite-sex pairs. Age trends, established by sampling only one number of every pair, showed marked changes in hair color for both sexes, but there was a consistent excess of light-haired males and dark-haired females. Within-pair concordance rates were calculated for same-sex pairs whose zygosity had been determined independently through bloodtyping. A high rate of concordance was found for MZ twins at every age in spite of the general change in hair color, indicating a strong genetic influence in the timing of color changes. The results are discussed in terms of accelerated maturation of females, and the need for genetic models of the inheritance of hair color which are age- and sex-specific.", "PMID": 1167738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1874", "title": "Regulation of intestinal calcium-binding protein calcium intake in the rat.", "content": "Analytical gel electrophoresis of the vitamin D-dependent intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP) has demonstrated two protein bands (1 and 2) of similar molecular weight and similar specific binding activity. The mucosal concentration of CaBP, measured by a quantitative competitive binding assay, has been shown to vary reproducibly and inversely with calcium intake and the mucosal calcium concentration. These same factors also influence the relationship of bands 1 and 2. When animals on a high-calcium diet were placed on a low-calcium diet, their CaBP increased by 35% in 24 h and by 48% in 48 h and reached a level typical of animals on a low-calcium diet. Measurement of the diurnal variation of CaBP and mucosal calcium in animals allowed access to feed only at night revealed significant, but inverse, oscillations. These observations are interpreted as reflecting a regulation of CaBP by the mucosal calcium concentration, which appears to reflect absorbed calcium in transit.", "contents": "Regulation of intestinal calcium-binding protein calcium intake in the rat. Analytical gel electrophoresis of the vitamin D-dependent intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP) has demonstrated two protein bands (1 and 2) of similar molecular weight and similar specific binding activity. The mucosal concentration of CaBP, measured by a quantitative competitive binding assay, has been shown to vary reproducibly and inversely with calcium intake and the mucosal calcium concentration. These same factors also influence the relationship of bands 1 and 2. When animals on a high-calcium diet were placed on a low-calcium diet, their CaBP increased by 35% in 24 h and by 48% in 48 h and reached a level typical of animals on a low-calcium diet. Measurement of the diurnal variation of CaBP and mucosal calcium in animals allowed access to feed only at night revealed significant, but inverse, oscillations. These observations are interpreted as reflecting a regulation of CaBP by the mucosal calcium concentration, which appears to reflect absorbed calcium in transit.", "PMID": 1167739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1875", "title": "Plasma renin activity during ovine pregnancy.", "content": "Chronic intravascular catheterization in maternal, fetal, and neonatal sheep was utilized to assess basal plasma renin activity (PRA) and changes in PRA in response to furosemide. Maternal PRA increased from base-line levels during the last trimester of pregnancy and remained elevated for 12 wk postpartum. Fetal basal levels of PRA were variable but usually greater than maternal levels. Intravenous administration of furosemide to pregnant ewes resulted in a prompt and significant increase in maternal PRA with inconsistent changes in fetal PRA. Fetal and neonatal animals with low basal levels showed a significant increase in PRA; maternal PRA did not change. Animals with higher basal levels did not respond to the stimulus, perhaps reflecting a maximum renin secretory rate. These data are consistent with the conclusions that fetal renin originated predominantly from the fetal kidney, that fetal PRA receives no significant contribution from the maternal circulation, and that renin does not cross the ovine placenta.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity during ovine pregnancy. Chronic intravascular catheterization in maternal, fetal, and neonatal sheep was utilized to assess basal plasma renin activity (PRA) and changes in PRA in response to furosemide. Maternal PRA increased from base-line levels during the last trimester of pregnancy and remained elevated for 12 wk postpartum. Fetal basal levels of PRA were variable but usually greater than maternal levels. Intravenous administration of furosemide to pregnant ewes resulted in a prompt and significant increase in maternal PRA with inconsistent changes in fetal PRA. Fetal and neonatal animals with low basal levels showed a significant increase in PRA; maternal PRA did not change. Animals with higher basal levels did not respond to the stimulus, perhaps reflecting a maximum renin secretory rate. These data are consistent with the conclusions that fetal renin originated predominantly from the fetal kidney, that fetal PRA receives no significant contribution from the maternal circulation, and that renin does not cross the ovine placenta.", "PMID": 1167740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1876", "title": "Lincomycin-curare interaction.", "content": "After observing a case of lincomycin (LCN)-induced respiratory insufficiency in a patient recovering from d-tubocurarine (DTC) administration, this interaction was studied in cats anesthetized with halothane-nitrous-oxide-oxide-oxygen. The sciatic nerve was stimulated with a 1.6-second tetanci train of 62.5 Hz every 10 seconds. The area under the contraction curve was electronically integrated and recorded. Five control cats received 0.01 mg/kg DTC every 2 minutes until time-tension integral response (TTIR) was zero. Five experimental cats received 10 mg/kg of LCN followed in 10 minutes by 0.01 mg/kg of DTC every 2 minutes until TTIR was zero. Both groups recovered to 50 per cent of control and were given 10 mg/kg of LCN. There was no difference between the slope of the y-intercept of the regression lines for the log-dose response curves for DTC in the two groups. LCN during recovery from DTC had a statist \"Intermittent mandatory ventilation in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\".", "contents": "Lincomycin-curare interaction. After observing a case of lincomycin (LCN)-induced respiratory insufficiency in a patient recovering from d-tubocurarine (DTC) administration, this interaction was studied in cats anesthetized with halothane-nitrous-oxide-oxide-oxygen. The sciatic nerve was stimulated with a 1.6-second tetanci train of 62.5 Hz every 10 seconds. The area under the contraction curve was electronically integrated and recorded. Five control cats received 0.01 mg/kg DTC every 2 minutes until time-tension integral response (TTIR) was zero. Five experimental cats received 10 mg/kg of LCN followed in 10 minutes by 0.01 mg/kg of DTC every 2 minutes until TTIR was zero. Both groups recovered to 50 per cent of control and were given 10 mg/kg of LCN. There was no difference between the slope of the y-intercept of the regression lines for the log-dose response curves for DTC in the two groups. LCN during recovery from DTC had a statist \"Intermittent mandatory ventilation in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\".", "PMID": 1167742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1877", "title": "A survey of the practice of anesthesiology in the U.S.--1972.", "content": "During the calendar year 1972, 46 hospitals throughout the U.S.A. participated in a survey of their anesthesia practices, using simple criteria from the \"Standards of Patient Care in Anesthesiology.\" Eight \"yes-no\" questions were asked: 1. Was there written evidence of a preanesthetic evaluation by a physician? 2. Was there use of an anesthesia record? 3. Was there participation by a physician other than the surgeon in administration of anesthesia? 4. Was general anesthesia used? 5. Was the dosage or amount of anesthetic agent used during anesthesia recorded? 6. Was there evidence of postanesthesia surveillance in a recovery room? 7. Was there an identifiable postanesthesia note? 8. Did the patient live? Data from 208,868  anesthetic procedures indicated an overall mortality rate of 1.1 percent. Although affirmative responses in excess of 73 percent were noted to each condition of practice, only 50.9 percent of the cases received such a response to all five practice criteria; that is, questions 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. A sample survey of data indicated a comparatively similar standard of practice between simple and complex operative cases.", "contents": "A survey of the practice of anesthesiology in the U.S.--1972. During the calendar year 1972, 46 hospitals throughout the U.S.A. participated in a survey of their anesthesia practices, using simple criteria from the \"Standards of Patient Care in Anesthesiology.\" Eight \"yes-no\" questions were asked: 1. Was there written evidence of a preanesthetic evaluation by a physician? 2. Was there use of an anesthesia record? 3. Was there participation by a physician other than the surgeon in administration of anesthesia? 4. Was general anesthesia used? 5. Was the dosage or amount of anesthetic agent used during anesthesia recorded? 6. Was there evidence of postanesthesia surveillance in a recovery room? 7. Was there an identifiable postanesthesia note? 8. Did the patient live? Data from 208,868  anesthetic procedures indicated an overall mortality rate of 1.1 percent. Although affirmative responses in excess of 73 percent were noted to each condition of practice, only 50.9 percent of the cases received such a response to all five practice criteria; that is, questions 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. A sample survey of data indicated a comparatively similar standard of practice between simple and complex operative cases.", "PMID": 1167744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1878", "title": "The effects of ketamine and of Innovar anesthesia on digitalis tolerance in dogs.", "content": "In a comparison of digitalis tolerance in dogs anesthetized with ketamine, Innovar Vet, or pentobarbital, the dosage of ouabain needed to cause ventricular tachycardia was significantly higher, as was the LD50 of ouabain, with ketamine or Innovar than with pentobarbital. Ventricular tachycardia induced by ouabain was generally converted to sinus rhythm following administration of Innovar, ketamine, or droperidol but not after administration of fentayl alone or after pentobarbital.", "contents": "The effects of ketamine and of Innovar anesthesia on digitalis tolerance in dogs. In a comparison of digitalis tolerance in dogs anesthetized with ketamine, Innovar Vet, or pentobarbital, the dosage of ouabain needed to cause ventricular tachycardia was significantly higher, as was the LD50 of ouabain, with ketamine or Innovar than with pentobarbital. Ventricular tachycardia induced by ouabain was generally converted to sinus rhythm following administration of Innovar, ketamine, or droperidol but not after administration of fentayl alone or after pentobarbital.", "PMID": 1167743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1879", "title": "Evaluation of manually operated self-inflating resuscitation bags.", "content": "Eight resuscitators were tested, of which five have recently been improved by the manufacturers (Air Shields Ambu, Danish-made Ambu, Pulmonator, Laerdal Resusci II, and Air Viva). One had an addition made to improve its oxygen (O2)-delivering capacity (Hope bag fitted with Blount collar) and two were new, the Air Bird, with and without high O2-concentration delivering system. The first five resuscitators were all in some way an improvement over their earlier counterparts. However, some still malfunction, some do not deliver adequate O2 concentrations for hospital use, and there is still a great variability in their performance. In some, freezing at low temperatures or clogging of valves with mucus are special hazards.", "contents": "Evaluation of manually operated self-inflating resuscitation bags. Eight resuscitators were tested, of which five have recently been improved by the manufacturers (Air Shields Ambu, Danish-made Ambu, Pulmonator, Laerdal Resusci II, and Air Viva). One had an addition made to improve its oxygen (O2)-delivering capacity (Hope bag fitted with Blount collar) and two were new, the Air Bird, with and without high O2-concentration delivering system. The first five resuscitators were all in some way an improvement over their earlier counterparts. However, some still malfunction, some do not deliver adequate O2 concentrations for hospital use, and there is still a great variability in their performance. In some, freezing at low temperatures or clogging of valves with mucus are special hazards.", "PMID": 1167749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1880", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of minimal analgesic quantities of Innovar, fentanyl, and droperidol in man.", "content": "In volunteer human subjects not undergoing surgical operations and breathing spontaneously, the cardiovascular effects of Innovar and of its components, fentanyl and droperidol, were determined when the drugs were administered in minimal amounts necessary to reach an analgesic endpoint. This amount was fentanyl 5 mcg./kg. body weight combined with droperidol 0.22 mg./kg. Innovar, or its components when administered separately, produced minimal cardiovascular changes of consequence during the time of maximum analgesia (about 15 minutes). With the passage of time after administration of a single dose of Innovar, there were some changes in cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume, probably representing normal changes of sedated sleep. None of the changes, acute or delayed, was clinically significant. Analgesia could be achieved only when fentanyl was combined with droperidol; and although a certain amount of respiratory depression resulted from the combined drugs, the authors concluded that the observed cardiovascular changes probably represented primary drug effects.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of minimal analgesic quantities of Innovar, fentanyl, and droperidol in man. In volunteer human subjects not undergoing surgical operations and breathing spontaneously, the cardiovascular effects of Innovar and of its components, fentanyl and droperidol, were determined when the drugs were administered in minimal amounts necessary to reach an analgesic endpoint. This amount was fentanyl 5 mcg./kg. body weight combined with droperidol 0.22 mg./kg. Innovar, or its components when administered separately, produced minimal cardiovascular changes of consequence during the time of maximum analgesia (about 15 minutes). With the passage of time after administration of a single dose of Innovar, there were some changes in cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume, probably representing normal changes of sedated sleep. None of the changes, acute or delayed, was clinically significant. Analgesia could be achieved only when fentanyl was combined with droperidol; and although a certain amount of respiratory depression resulted from the combined drugs, the authors concluded that the observed cardiovascular changes probably represented primary drug effects.", "PMID": 1167751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1881", "title": "Case history number 82: \"nonflammable\" fires in the operating room.", "content": "Fires can and do occur with presumably nonflammable anesthetic technics, especially in relatively closed areas such as the oral cavity. As long as we use high concentrations of O2 and N2O in the presence of potentially flammable material and a potent source of ignition, we must remain vigilant to minimize the chance of harming our patients by fire.", "contents": "Case history number 82: \"nonflammable\" fires in the operating room. Fires can and do occur with presumably nonflammable anesthetic technics, especially in relatively closed areas such as the oral cavity. As long as we use high concentrations of O2 and N2O in the presence of potentially flammable material and a potent source of ignition, we must remain vigilant to minimize the chance of harming our patients by fire.", "PMID": 1167752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1882", "title": "Aortic valve replacement in a hemodialysis-dependent patient: anesthetic considerations--a case report.", "content": "In the anesthetic management of a hemodialysis-dependent patient undergoing aorticvalve replacement, technical and pathophysiologic problems considered included: 1. The presence of an arteriovenous hemodialysis fistula. 2. Hemodynamic alterations associated with aortic insufficiency. 3. Choice of anesthetic agents, fluid, and electrolyte balance in the presence of renal failure. 4. Postoperative management of hypertension and hyperkalemia. While there are many possible approaches, the authors present one successful technic for consideration.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement in a hemodialysis-dependent patient: anesthetic considerations--a case report. In the anesthetic management of a hemodialysis-dependent patient undergoing aorticvalve replacement, technical and pathophysiologic problems considered included: 1. The presence of an arteriovenous hemodialysis fistula. 2. Hemodynamic alterations associated with aortic insufficiency. 3. Choice of anesthetic agents, fluid, and electrolyte balance in the presence of renal failure. 4. Postoperative management of hypertension and hyperkalemia. While there are many possible approaches, the authors present one successful technic for consideration.", "PMID": 1167757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1883", "title": "Patient preference for ketamine: a case report of multiple anesthesias.", "content": "A 17-year-old underwent 17 anesthetic procedures during a period of 40 days with several different general anesthetics and declared the ketamine technic to be the most satisfactory. The authors consider subjective experiences very important in selecting anesthetic agents for patients undergoing multiple anesthesias.", "contents": "Patient preference for ketamine: a case report of multiple anesthesias. A 17-year-old underwent 17 anesthetic procedures during a period of 40 days with several different general anesthetics and declared the ketamine technic to be the most satisfactory. The authors consider subjective experiences very important in selecting anesthetic agents for patients undergoing multiple anesthesias.", "PMID": 1167758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1884", "title": "Hypoventilation in a newborn following administration of succinylcholine to the mother: a case report.", "content": "Analysis of maternal and neonatal blood samples for cholinesterase-activity determination revealed a case of hypoventilation in the newborn to be apparently secondary to succinylcholine administration to the mother during obstetric anesthesia.", "contents": "Hypoventilation in a newborn following administration of succinylcholine to the mother: a case report. Analysis of maternal and neonatal blood samples for cholinesterase-activity determination revealed a case of hypoventilation in the newborn to be apparently secondary to succinylcholine administration to the mother during obstetric anesthesia.", "PMID": 1167759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1885", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia associated with enflurane anesthesia: a case report.", "content": "Malignant hyperthermia syndrome associated with various anesthetic agents has been well documented, but none has been reported with enflurane (Ethrane). This particular case is the first involving exposure for the second time to enflurane anesthesia after a six-month interval in which malignant hyperthermia resulted. A patient subject to malignant hyperthermia does not necessarily develop rigidity after succinylcholine for the intubation as noticed in this case. However, with the abnormal production of heat in the soda lime canister with tachycardia, tachypnea, rapidly rising body temperature and hypertonicity of skeletal muscles during anesthesia one should suspect malignant hyperthermia. The treatment of malignant hyperthermia involves cooling procedures, correction of acidosis, use of steroids and procainamide, and acetaminophen to facilitate lowering the body temperature.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia associated with enflurane anesthesia: a case report. Malignant hyperthermia syndrome associated with various anesthetic agents has been well documented, but none has been reported with enflurane (Ethrane). This particular case is the first involving exposure for the second time to enflurane anesthesia after a six-month interval in which malignant hyperthermia resulted. A patient subject to malignant hyperthermia does not necessarily develop rigidity after succinylcholine for the intubation as noticed in this case. However, with the abnormal production of heat in the soda lime canister with tachycardia, tachypnea, rapidly rising body temperature and hypertonicity of skeletal muscles during anesthesia one should suspect malignant hyperthermia. The treatment of malignant hyperthermia involves cooling procedures, correction of acidosis, use of steroids and procainamide, and acetaminophen to facilitate lowering the body temperature.", "PMID": 1167760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1886", "title": "Humidification of anesthetic systems for prolonged procedures.", "content": "The desirability of humidification of anesthesia systems for prolonged surgical procedures has been documented previously. Dry anesthetic gases damage the ciliated epithelium and cause respiratory heat loss. Chalon suggests that from 12 to 16 mg. of water/L. of gas is necessary to prevent damage to the tracheal epithelium. This study describes a method of obtaining values of from 21.5 plus or minus 0.4 to 39.3 plus or minus 0.1 mg. of water/L. by cycling the fresh gas flow through the carbon dioxide (CO2) absorber before exposure to the patient.", "contents": "Humidification of anesthetic systems for prolonged procedures. The desirability of humidification of anesthesia systems for prolonged surgical procedures has been documented previously. Dry anesthetic gases damage the ciliated epithelium and cause respiratory heat loss. Chalon suggests that from 12 to 16 mg. of water/L. of gas is necessary to prevent damage to the tracheal epithelium. This study describes a method of obtaining values of from 21.5 plus or minus 0.4 to 39.3 plus or minus 0.1 mg. of water/L. by cycling the fresh gas flow through the carbon dioxide (CO2) absorber before exposure to the patient.", "PMID": 1167761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1887", "title": "Vitrectomy: a new challenge for the anesthesiologist.", "content": "A new surgical procedure, virtectomy, for alleviation of blindness caused by previously intractable vitreous disease, is described. Special demands of vitrectomy upon the anesthesiologist are enumerated. Problems presented by a patient population, 83 percent of whom suffered from severe diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension with a variety of complications, are discussed. Anesthetic technic used for 47 patients undergoing vitrectomy is described.", "contents": "Vitrectomy: a new challenge for the anesthesiologist. A new surgical procedure, virtectomy, for alleviation of blindness caused by previously intractable vitreous disease, is described. Special demands of vitrectomy upon the anesthesiologist are enumerated. Problems presented by a patient population, 83 percent of whom suffered from severe diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension with a variety of complications, are discussed. Anesthetic technic used for 47 patients undergoing vitrectomy is described.", "PMID": 1167762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1888", "title": "Eyelid neoplasms of dogs.", "content": "A survey of 202 canine eyelid neoplasms was conducted to identify the prevalence of tumor types and their biological behavior. Sebaceous gland tumors, melanomas, and papillomas made up 82.1% on neoplasms studied. Sebaceous tumors were most frequently encountered, comprising 44% of canine eyelid tumors. Benign tumors (75.3%) were more prevalent than malignant forms (26.7%), and epithelium tumors outnumbered those of mesenchymal origin 134 to 23. A slightly higher percentage of neoplasms were removed from upper eyelids (40.2%) than from lower eyelids (30.2%). The average age of dogs with eyelid tumors was 8 years. Malignant tumors were comparatively larger than benign forms, but metastasis of eyelid tumors was not observed.", "contents": "Eyelid neoplasms of dogs. A survey of 202 canine eyelid neoplasms was conducted to identify the prevalence of tumor types and their biological behavior. Sebaceous gland tumors, melanomas, and papillomas made up 82.1% on neoplasms studied. Sebaceous tumors were most frequently encountered, comprising 44% of canine eyelid tumors. Benign tumors (75.3%) were more prevalent than malignant forms (26.7%), and epithelium tumors outnumbered those of mesenchymal origin 134 to 23. A slightly higher percentage of neoplasms were removed from upper eyelids (40.2%) than from lower eyelids (30.2%). The average age of dogs with eyelid tumors was 8 years. Malignant tumors were comparatively larger than benign forms, but metastasis of eyelid tumors was not observed.", "PMID": 1167769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1889", "title": "\"Precurarization\" using pancuronium.", "content": "A study comparing tubocurarine and pancuronium for precurarization indicates that either successfully attenuates fasciculation after succinylcholine administration. However, if the aim is to prevent or attenuate such side effects of succinylcholine as cardiac arrhythmias, hyperkalemia, and increased intraocular pressure, there is as yet no proof that pancuronium will be effective in these areas.", "contents": "\"Precurarization\" using pancuronium. A study comparing tubocurarine and pancuronium for precurarization indicates that either successfully attenuates fasciculation after succinylcholine administration. However, if the aim is to prevent or attenuate such side effects of succinylcholine as cardiac arrhythmias, hyperkalemia, and increased intraocular pressure, there is as yet no proof that pancuronium will be effective in these areas.", "PMID": 1167764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1890", "title": "Anesthesia for jejunoileal shunt: review of 88 cases.", "content": "Experience with 88 obese pateints undergoing jejunoileal shunt is reviewed, with emphasis on preoperative preparation and assessment, conduct of anesthesia, postoperative care, and anesthesia-related complications. There was no intraoperative mortality, and postoperative morbidity was minimal. The operation can be viewed as a short-term answer to the malignancy of massive obesity, since physiologic abnormalities are reversible; however, only hospitals that can provide full surgical, medical, endocrinologic, and anesthesia services, backed by modern ancillary investigative ability, should perform this operation.", "contents": "Anesthesia for jejunoileal shunt: review of 88 cases. Experience with 88 obese pateints undergoing jejunoileal shunt is reviewed, with emphasis on preoperative preparation and assessment, conduct of anesthesia, postoperative care, and anesthesia-related complications. There was no intraoperative mortality, and postoperative morbidity was minimal. The operation can be viewed as a short-term answer to the malignancy of massive obesity, since physiologic abnormalities are reversible; however, only hospitals that can provide full surgical, medical, endocrinologic, and anesthesia services, backed by modern ancillary investigative ability, should perform this operation.", "PMID": 1167763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1891", "title": "Pathologic features of chronic pneumonia in pigs with experimentally induced African swine fever.", "content": "Chronic pneumonia developed in 14 pigs inoculated with an attenuated strain of African swine fever (ASF) virus. The pathogenesis of the pneumonia was as follows: (1) Interalveolar septums became thickened by accumulation of lymphocytes and monocytes; (2) lung developed focal areas of lymphocytes and macrophages; (3) necrosis began abruptly in these foci, beginning with the cells in the alveolar lumens, developing in centrifugal direction, and eventually affecting all structures in its path; (4) necrotic tissue became calcified; and (5) a mantle of mononuclear cells (including plasma cells) and fibrous tissue formed around the necrotic area. Viremia occurred in the 14 pigs at postinoculation day (PID) 14, and precipitating antibody was increased significantly at PID 58.", "contents": "Pathologic features of chronic pneumonia in pigs with experimentally induced African swine fever. Chronic pneumonia developed in 14 pigs inoculated with an attenuated strain of African swine fever (ASF) virus. The pathogenesis of the pneumonia was as follows: (1) Interalveolar septums became thickened by accumulation of lymphocytes and monocytes; (2) lung developed focal areas of lymphocytes and macrophages; (3) necrosis began abruptly in these foci, beginning with the cells in the alveolar lumens, developing in centrifugal direction, and eventually affecting all structures in its path; (4) necrotic tissue became calcified; and (5) a mantle of mononuclear cells (including plasma cells) and fibrous tissue formed around the necrotic area. Viremia occurred in the 14 pigs at postinoculation day (PID) 14, and precipitating antibody was increased significantly at PID 58.", "PMID": 1167770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1892", "title": "Immunoferritin and immune electron microscopic study of bovine herpesvirus strain DN-599.", "content": "Intracellular antigens of strain DN-599 bovine herpesvirus were detected in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of infected bovine embryonic kidney cells by the indirect immunoferritin (IF) technique. Specific tagging was observed in viral envelope and capsids. Aggregates of viral particles heavily coated with antibody were seen by immune electron microscopy (IEM).", "contents": "Immunoferritin and immune electron microscopic study of bovine herpesvirus strain DN-599. Intracellular antigens of strain DN-599 bovine herpesvirus were detected in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of infected bovine embryonic kidney cells by the indirect immunoferritin (IF) technique. Specific tagging was observed in viral envelope and capsids. Aggregates of viral particles heavily coated with antibody were seen by immune electron microscopy (IEM).", "PMID": 1167771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1893", "title": "Comparison of gallamine with d-tubocurarine effects on fasciculations after succinylcholine.", "content": "Administration of either gallamine or d-tubocurarine before injecting succinylcholine diminished both the incidence and intensity of muscle fasciculations. Gallamine was more efficient than curare in this respect, 30 mg./70kg. almost entirely preventing fasciculations.", "contents": "Comparison of gallamine with d-tubocurarine effects on fasciculations after succinylcholine. Administration of either gallamine or d-tubocurarine before injecting succinylcholine diminished both the incidence and intensity of muscle fasciculations. Gallamine was more efficient than curare in this respect, 30 mg./70kg. almost entirely preventing fasciculations.", "PMID": 1167766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1894", "title": "Acupuncture in obstetrics.", "content": "Electroacupuncture (ACP) during childbirth was used in 12 parturients. On the average, it produced 66 percent analgesia in 7 patients for 139 minutes while patients were in active, progressive labor. When ACP no longer could relieve pain, spinal, epidural, or double-catheter technic produced complete analgesia in all patients. ACP did not adversely affect the fetus or uterine contractions and had no harmful aftereffect on mother or neonate. However, its use as a routine method had disadvantages because analgesia was inconsistent, unpredictable, and incomplete. The technic was time-consuming, limited the patient's movement, added more wires and machinery, and interfered with electronic monitoring of the mother and fetus.", "contents": "Acupuncture in obstetrics. Electroacupuncture (ACP) during childbirth was used in 12 parturients. On the average, it produced 66 percent analgesia in 7 patients for 139 minutes while patients were in active, progressive labor. When ACP no longer could relieve pain, spinal, epidural, or double-catheter technic produced complete analgesia in all patients. ACP did not adversely affect the fetus or uterine contractions and had no harmful aftereffect on mother or neonate. However, its use as a routine method had disadvantages because analgesia was inconsistent, unpredictable, and incomplete. The technic was time-consuming, limited the patient's movement, added more wires and machinery, and interfered with electronic monitoring of the mother and fetus.", "PMID": 1167767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1895", "title": "Data for peer review: acquisition and use. Results in the experimental medical care review organization program.", "content": "Nine Experimental Medical Care Review Organizations (EMCROs) review the process and outcome of medical care, using insurance billing claims or medical record abstracts as the data source. The cost of EMCRO insurance billing claims processing in 1972, including peer review, ranged from $0.47 to $2.50 per claim. Three EMCROs reviewed the necessity for elective hospital admission prospectively for $2.50, $8.50, and $10.02 per case. The EMCROs developed innovative methods for abstracting hospital, nursing home, and ambulatory medical records at a cost of $0.40 to $4.00 per abstract. These EMCRO cost estimates were not derived from uniform accounting methods. Problems of accuracy and comparability of data for peer review are discussed. The EMCRO experience may aid local implementation of Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs).", "contents": "Data for peer review: acquisition and use. Results in the experimental medical care review organization program. Nine Experimental Medical Care Review Organizations (EMCROs) review the process and outcome of medical care, using insurance billing claims or medical record abstracts as the data source. The cost of EMCRO insurance billing claims processing in 1972, including peer review, ranged from $0.47 to $2.50 per claim. Three EMCROs reviewed the necessity for elective hospital admission prospectively for $2.50, $8.50, and $10.02 per case. The EMCROs developed innovative methods for abstracting hospital, nursing home, and ambulatory medical records at a cost of $0.40 to $4.00 per abstract. These EMCRO cost estimates were not derived from uniform accounting methods. Problems of accuracy and comparability of data for peer review are discussed. The EMCRO experience may aid local implementation of Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs).", "PMID": 1167772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1896", "title": "Characterization of hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria isolated from meat and poultry plants.", "content": "A survey of the types of aerobic organisms able to produce H2S on peptone iron agar (Levin, 1968), and commonly occurring in meat and poultry plants, revealed that these could be divided into four distinct groups.  The ability of representative strains of each type to grow at low temperatures and cause off-odors on chicken muscle was examined.  The results are discussed in relation to the role of these organisms in the psychrophilic spoilage of meat and meat products.", "contents": "Characterization of hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria isolated from meat and poultry plants. A survey of the types of aerobic organisms able to produce H2S on peptone iron agar (Levin, 1968), and commonly occurring in meat and poultry plants, revealed that these could be divided into four distinct groups.  The ability of representative strains of each type to grow at low temperatures and cause off-odors on chicken muscle was examined.  The results are discussed in relation to the role of these organisms in the psychrophilic spoilage of meat and meat products.", "PMID": 1167774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1897", "title": "Assay for lipolytic and proteolytic activity using marine substrates.", "content": "Nondestructive assay procedures for determining microbial lipolytic and proteolytic activity on marine substrates were developed and tested with 287 isolates of bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeasts.  A definite substrate specificity was noted when the enzymatic activities on marine and nonmarine substrates was compared.  Of 170 lipolytic isolates, 14 were only active on menhaden oil, 11 could hydrolyze menhaden oil and Tween 80 and/or tributyrin, and 145 isolates could only hydrolyze one or both of the nonmarine lipids.  Of the 198 proteolytic isolates, 10 were specific for codfish extract, 152 were active against the marine substrate plus casein and/or gelatin, and 36 were specific for nonmarine substrates.", "contents": "Assay for lipolytic and proteolytic activity using marine substrates. Nondestructive assay procedures for determining microbial lipolytic and proteolytic activity on marine substrates were developed and tested with 287 isolates of bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeasts.  A definite substrate specificity was noted when the enzymatic activities on marine and nonmarine substrates was compared.  Of 170 lipolytic isolates, 14 were only active on menhaden oil, 11 could hydrolyze menhaden oil and Tween 80 and/or tributyrin, and 145 isolates could only hydrolyze one or both of the nonmarine lipids.  Of the 198 proteolytic isolates, 10 were specific for codfish extract, 152 were active against the marine substrate plus casein and/or gelatin, and 36 were specific for nonmarine substrates.", "PMID": 1167775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1898", "title": "Quantitative method for the gas chromatographic analysis of short-chain monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids in fermentation media.", "content": "A method for the preparation and gas chromatographic analysis of the butyl esters of volatile (C-1-C-7) and nonvolatile (lactic, succinic, and fumaric) acids in microbial fermentation media is presented. Butyl esters were prepared from the dry salts of the acids. The esters were separated by temperature programming on a column of Chromosorb W coated with Dexsil 300 GC liquid phase and analyzed with a flame ionization detector. Apparent recoveries with butanol-HCl or butanol-H2SO4 as butylating agents were 80 to 90% for most acids. Chromatographic profiles of the butyl esters demonstrated that both volatile and nonvolatile acids can be detected and separated in 24 min on a single column. Standard calibration curves (peak area versus concentration) of the butyl esters were linear in the range of 5 to 40 mumol of acid per ml. The advantages of using an internal standard (heptanoic acid) for quantitating fatty acids in a mixture are given. Chromatograms of butylated fermentation media in which rumen anaerobic bacteria were grown illustrated that this method is useful for determining short-chain volatile and nonvolatile acids of toxonomic significance.", "contents": "Quantitative method for the gas chromatographic analysis of short-chain monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids in fermentation media. A method for the preparation and gas chromatographic analysis of the butyl esters of volatile (C-1-C-7) and nonvolatile (lactic, succinic, and fumaric) acids in microbial fermentation media is presented. Butyl esters were prepared from the dry salts of the acids. The esters were separated by temperature programming on a column of Chromosorb W coated with Dexsil 300 GC liquid phase and analyzed with a flame ionization detector. Apparent recoveries with butanol-HCl or butanol-H2SO4 as butylating agents were 80 to 90% for most acids. Chromatographic profiles of the butyl esters demonstrated that both volatile and nonvolatile acids can be detected and separated in 24 min on a single column. Standard calibration curves (peak area versus concentration) of the butyl esters were linear in the range of 5 to 40 mumol of acid per ml. The advantages of using an internal standard (heptanoic acid) for quantitating fatty acids in a mixture are given. Chromatograms of butylated fermentation media in which rumen anaerobic bacteria were grown illustrated that this method is useful for determining short-chain volatile and nonvolatile acids of toxonomic significance.", "PMID": 1167776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1899", "title": "Action of water in depressing acetylene reduction by detached nodules.", "content": "Adverse effects of water on acetylene reduction by detached soybean root nodules could not be attributed to ethanol formation, but apparently were associated with nodule tissue damage caused by detachment. Intact nodules were not affected by moisture.", "contents": "Action of water in depressing acetylene reduction by detached nodules. Adverse effects of water on acetylene reduction by detached soybean root nodules could not be attributed to ethanol formation, but apparently were associated with nodule tissue damage caused by detachment. Intact nodules were not affected by moisture.", "PMID": 1167777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1900", "title": "Polyribosomes in different stages of the life cycle of the water mold Allomyces arbuscula.", "content": "Synchronous gametogenesis in the water mold Allomyces arbuscula is blocked by actinomycin D added at the onset of the process. Formation of the male gametangium can be selectively inhibited by administering actinomycin one hr after the induction of gametogenesis. The polyribosome pattern obtained after density gradient centrifugation remains virtually unchanged throughout gametogenesis until a stage immediately preceding maturation of the gametes. When ribosome from gametes and swarming zygotes are analyzed on gradients, some RNase-sensitive materials is found to band in the heavier portion of the gradient. Its presence suggests that some messenger RNA associated with ribosomes is conserved in the swarming cells. During gametogenesis RNA is de novo synthesized and becomes associated with the polyribosomes.", "contents": "Polyribosomes in different stages of the life cycle of the water mold Allomyces arbuscula. Synchronous gametogenesis in the water mold Allomyces arbuscula is blocked by actinomycin D added at the onset of the process. Formation of the male gametangium can be selectively inhibited by administering actinomycin one hr after the induction of gametogenesis. The polyribosome pattern obtained after density gradient centrifugation remains virtually unchanged throughout gametogenesis until a stage immediately preceding maturation of the gametes. When ribosome from gametes and swarming zygotes are analyzed on gradients, some RNase-sensitive materials is found to band in the heavier portion of the gradient. Its presence suggests that some messenger RNA associated with ribosomes is conserved in the swarming cells. During gametogenesis RNA is de novo synthesized and becomes associated with the polyribosomes.", "PMID": 1167779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1901", "title": "Schistosomal cholecystitis.", "content": "A 51-year-old man with schistosomiasis had symptoms of cholecystitis due to Schistosoma mansoni eggs found in all layers of the gallbladder associated with all stages of inflammatory granulomatous reaction. Adult worms were found in a subserosal venule also. Why parasitism of the gallbladder by S mansoni eggs is apparently rare is not known.", "contents": "Schistosomal cholecystitis. A 51-year-old man with schistosomiasis had symptoms of cholecystitis due to Schistosoma mansoni eggs found in all layers of the gallbladder associated with all stages of inflammatory granulomatous reaction. Adult worms were found in a subserosal venule also. Why parasitism of the gallbladder by S mansoni eggs is apparently rare is not known.", "PMID": 1167781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1902", "title": "A twin study of intelligence in Russia.", "content": "Twin data from prewar Russia show the same effect of family environment on intelligence as in contemporary America.", "contents": "A twin study of intelligence in Russia. Twin data from prewar Russia show the same effect of family environment on intelligence as in contemporary America.", "PMID": 1167782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1903", "title": "Endocarditis caused by Rhodotorula successfully treated with 5-fluorocytosine.", "content": "A 7-year-old boy suffering from aortic regurgitation and mitral stenosis and regurgitation was admitted with endocarditis caused by Rhodotorula pilimanae and was treated successfully with orally administered antifungal agent, namely 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). A dose of 100 mg per kg body weight, divided into four equal parts, was prescribed. After a prolonged febrile period his temperature dropped to normal on the fourth day of 5-FC therapy. Review of the published reports disclosed few cases of endocarditis due to Rhodotorula spp. and this case seems to be the first treated with 5-FC. Follow-up in one year, after discharge from the hospital, revealed no evidence of relapse.", "contents": "Endocarditis caused by Rhodotorula successfully treated with 5-fluorocytosine. A 7-year-old boy suffering from aortic regurgitation and mitral stenosis and regurgitation was admitted with endocarditis caused by Rhodotorula pilimanae and was treated successfully with orally administered antifungal agent, namely 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). A dose of 100 mg per kg body weight, divided into four equal parts, was prescribed. After a prolonged febrile period his temperature dropped to normal on the fourth day of 5-FC therapy. Review of the published reports disclosed few cases of endocarditis due to Rhodotorula spp. and this case seems to be the first treated with 5-FC. Follow-up in one year, after discharge from the hospital, revealed no evidence of relapse.", "PMID": 1167783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1904", "title": "Effects upon glucose metabolism of feeding a low- or high-roughage diet at two levels of intake to sheep.", "content": "1. To determine the effect of diet and level of energy intake on glucose metabolism in sheep, four dietary treatments consisting of feeding a low-roughage (LR) and a high-roughage (HR) diet at each of two intake levels estimated to provide 586 and 1172 kJ (140 and 280 kcal) digestible energy (DE)/kg body-weight-0.75 per d were given to each of eight yearling rams in four different time periods each of 4 weeks duration. Both diets contained 140 g crude protein/kg using ground maize, mixed hay and soya-bean meal and were given in two meals/d. Estimated DE values of food were verified during the study and actual intakes of DE were within 9.5% of the estimated values. 2. To study glucose metabolism, a single intravenous injection of ]2-3H]glucose and subsequent withdrawal of nine venous blood samples with 3 h were made in each experiment. Two experiments were conducted on consecutive days for each sheep on each dietary treatment. 3. Coefficients of determination (r2) for linear regressions to measure the effect of time after a single injection of [2-3H)glucose on log specific radioactivity of plasma glucose were calculated for fifty-eight experiments. In fifty-six of the experiments, r2 values exceeding 0-95 were obtained. 4. Compared to the HR diet, the LR diet increased (P smaller than 0-05) the pool size and decreased (P smaller than 0-05) the half-life of glucose. At both intake levels, the LR diet increased (P smaller than 0-05) the plasma concentration and the entry rate of glucose compound to the HR diet but interaction (P smaller than 0-05) between diet and intake level was attributed to a greater difference obtained between diets at the higher compared to the lower level of food intake. Increasing the level of intake caused a greater (P smaller than 0-05) pool size and space, and a shorter (P smaller than 0-05) half-life of glucose. 5. It was concluded that substitution of roughage by concentrate in a ruminant's diet may increase the rate of glucose entry during a short time period after eating.", "contents": "Effects upon glucose metabolism of feeding a low- or high-roughage diet at two levels of intake to sheep. 1. To determine the effect of diet and level of energy intake on glucose metabolism in sheep, four dietary treatments consisting of feeding a low-roughage (LR) and a high-roughage (HR) diet at each of two intake levels estimated to provide 586 and 1172 kJ (140 and 280 kcal) digestible energy (DE)/kg body-weight-0.75 per d were given to each of eight yearling rams in four different time periods each of 4 weeks duration. Both diets contained 140 g crude protein/kg using ground maize, mixed hay and soya-bean meal and were given in two meals/d. Estimated DE values of food were verified during the study and actual intakes of DE were within 9.5% of the estimated values. 2. To study glucose metabolism, a single intravenous injection of ]2-3H]glucose and subsequent withdrawal of nine venous blood samples with 3 h were made in each experiment. Two experiments were conducted on consecutive days for each sheep on each dietary treatment. 3. Coefficients of determination (r2) for linear regressions to measure the effect of time after a single injection of [2-3H)glucose on log specific radioactivity of plasma glucose were calculated for fifty-eight experiments. In fifty-six of the experiments, r2 values exceeding 0-95 were obtained. 4. Compared to the HR diet, the LR diet increased (P smaller than 0-05) the pool size and decreased (P smaller than 0-05) the half-life of glucose. At both intake levels, the LR diet increased (P smaller than 0-05) the plasma concentration and the entry rate of glucose compound to the HR diet but interaction (P smaller than 0-05) between diet and intake level was attributed to a greater difference obtained between diets at the higher compared to the lower level of food intake. Increasing the level of intake caused a greater (P smaller than 0-05) pool size and space, and a shorter (P smaller than 0-05) half-life of glucose. 5. It was concluded that substitution of roughage by concentrate in a ruminant's diet may increase the rate of glucose entry during a short time period after eating.", "PMID": 1167784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1905", "title": "The effect of raw soya bean on in vitro active and passive accumulation by rat small intestine.", "content": "1. Sections of small intestine from rats given raw-soya-bean(RS) diets had a decreased capacity to actively accumulate L-methionine when compared to those taken from rats given heated soya bean (HS), and casein-fed controls. The extent of the reduction was small in comparison with pair-fed animals, but was statistically significant in comparison with rats restricted to the same weight gain as the RS groups. 2. The differences in the passive uptake of D-mannitol appear to be directly related to differences in gut thickness between the control and RS groups. 3. Values for water movement and intestinal transmural potentials further support the results found in the active accumulation studies. 4. From this study it was concluded that the degree of starvation directly affects the magnitude of the effect of RS diets when comparisons are made against adequately fed controls.", "contents": "The effect of raw soya bean on in vitro active and passive accumulation by rat small intestine. 1. Sections of small intestine from rats given raw-soya-bean(RS) diets had a decreased capacity to actively accumulate L-methionine when compared to those taken from rats given heated soya bean (HS), and casein-fed controls. The extent of the reduction was small in comparison with pair-fed animals, but was statistically significant in comparison with rats restricted to the same weight gain as the RS groups. 2. The differences in the passive uptake of D-mannitol appear to be directly related to differences in gut thickness between the control and RS groups. 3. Values for water movement and intestinal transmural potentials further support the results found in the active accumulation studies. 4. From this study it was concluded that the degree of starvation directly affects the magnitude of the effect of RS diets when comparisons are made against adequately fed controls.", "PMID": 1167785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1906", "title": "Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves. 3. Further studies on the addition of fat to skim milk and the use of non-milk proteins in milk-substitute diets.", "content": "1. The flow of digesta through the duodenum and the concurrent secretion of the pancreas were studied in four Friesian calves given four milk-substitute diets. The diets were: reconstituted, \"mildly\" pre-heated, spray-dried skim-milk powder with (SKF) or without (SK) margarine fat or with 5o percent of the skim-milk powder in diet SKF replaced by soya-bean flour (ASKF) or fish-protein concentrate (BSKF), together with dried whey. The diets were given ad lib. twice daily from 13 to 37 d of age, each diet being given for 6 consecutive days. Collections of duodenal digesta and pancreatic secretions, from cannulas, were made for 12 h after feeding the 6th and 12th meals (\"experimental\" meals) for each diet. 2. The diets fed as \"experimental\" meals contained polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a fluid (whey) marker and goat's milk containing (3H)lysine as a marker for total protein; beta-carotene was added as a lipid marker to the three diets containing margarine fat. 3. Over the 12 h postprandial period, the patterns of duodenal digesta flow and secretion of pancreatic fluid did not differ markedly between the four diets. The abomasal outflow of both nitrogen and lipid in a 12 h postprandial period was related to their intakes from the \"penultimate\" (5th and 11th) meals for diets SKF and SK BUT TO THEIR INTAKES AT THE \"EXPERIMENTAL MEALS\" FOR DIETS ASKF and BSKF. Secretion of pancreatic enzyme activity was highest during the 1st hour after feeding but the main outflow from the abomasum of total N and lipid occurred 5-10 h after feeding. 4. The time required for all the whey marker (PEG) to pass through the duodenum was similar for diets SKF and SK, but only 53 and 42 percent respectively of the ingested protein marker passed through the duodenum in the 12 h after feeding. More acid appeared to be secreted by the abomasum when diet SK was given; also less undigested protein passed out of the abomasum after giving this diet. It is concluded that the physical absence of fat globules in the abomasal clot increases the degree of proteolysis. 5. The secretions of pancreatic fluid and pancreatic enzyme activity were all markedly lower for diet SK than for diet SKF. 6. With diets containing non-milk proteins (ASKF and BSKF), abomasal proteolysis was less efficient and the ingested protein passed out of the abomasum more rapidly than for diet SKF. There was no difference in the rate of abomasal outflow of the whey fluids between diets SKF, ASKF and BSKF. 7. In comparison with diet SKF, diets ASKF and BSKF tended to induce less pancreatic enzyme secretion over a 12 h postprandial period, with the exception of lipase. 8. There appeared to be no direct relationship between the quantities of any of the pancreatic enzymes secreted during a postprandial period and either the concurrent flow of duodenal digesta or the total quantities of dietary constituents passing through the duodenum.", "contents": "Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves. 3. Further studies on the addition of fat to skim milk and the use of non-milk proteins in milk-substitute diets. 1. The flow of digesta through the duodenum and the concurrent secretion of the pancreas were studied in four Friesian calves given four milk-substitute diets. The diets were: reconstituted, \"mildly\" pre-heated, spray-dried skim-milk powder with (SKF) or without (SK) margarine fat or with 5o percent of the skim-milk powder in diet SKF replaced by soya-bean flour (ASKF) or fish-protein concentrate (BSKF), together with dried whey. The diets were given ad lib. twice daily from 13 to 37 d of age, each diet being given for 6 consecutive days. Collections of duodenal digesta and pancreatic secretions, from cannulas, were made for 12 h after feeding the 6th and 12th meals (\"experimental\" meals) for each diet. 2. The diets fed as \"experimental\" meals contained polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a fluid (whey) marker and goat's milk containing (3H)lysine as a marker for total protein; beta-carotene was added as a lipid marker to the three diets containing margarine fat. 3. Over the 12 h postprandial period, the patterns of duodenal digesta flow and secretion of pancreatic fluid did not differ markedly between the four diets. The abomasal outflow of both nitrogen and lipid in a 12 h postprandial period was related to their intakes from the \"penultimate\" (5th and 11th) meals for diets SKF and SK BUT TO THEIR INTAKES AT THE \"EXPERIMENTAL MEALS\" FOR DIETS ASKF and BSKF. Secretion of pancreatic enzyme activity was highest during the 1st hour after feeding but the main outflow from the abomasum of total N and lipid occurred 5-10 h after feeding. 4. The time required for all the whey marker (PEG) to pass through the duodenum was similar for diets SKF and SK, but only 53 and 42 percent respectively of the ingested protein marker passed through the duodenum in the 12 h after feeding. More acid appeared to be secreted by the abomasum when diet SK was given; also less undigested protein passed out of the abomasum after giving this diet. It is concluded that the physical absence of fat globules in the abomasal clot increases the degree of proteolysis. 5. The secretions of pancreatic fluid and pancreatic enzyme activity were all markedly lower for diet SK than for diet SKF. 6. With diets containing non-milk proteins (ASKF and BSKF), abomasal proteolysis was less efficient and the ingested protein passed out of the abomasum more rapidly than for diet SKF. There was no difference in the rate of abomasal outflow of the whey fluids between diets SKF, ASKF and BSKF. 7. In comparison with diet SKF, diets ASKF and BSKF tended to induce less pancreatic enzyme secretion over a 12 h postprandial period, with the exception of lipase. 8. There appeared to be no direct relationship between the quantities of any of the pancreatic enzymes secreted during a postprandial period and either the concurrent flow of duodenal digesta or the total quantities of dietary constituents passing through the duodenum.", "PMID": 1167786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1907", "title": "The digestion of bulbils (Polygonum viviparum L.) and berries (Vaccinium myrtillus L. and Empetrum sp.) by captive ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus).", "content": "1. The digestion of three foods favoured by ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) in the wild was studied using captive birds. 2. Bulbils of Polygonum viviparum L. were a good source of metabolizable energy, protein and phosphorus, but were deficient in sodium. Berries of Vaccinium myrtillus L. were the most digestible of the three foods, contained enough protein and P for maintenance, but were probably deficient in Na. A diet of Empetrum sp. berries caused the birds to be in negative nitrogen and P balance, but provided adequate Na. Both species of berries were rich sources of soluble carbohydrate. 3. In the wild, ptarmigan eat a mixed diet, which presumably provides adequate Na, protein and P. 4. The relative proportions of the various end-products of N metabolism varied according to the protein content of the food. With the diet of Vaccinium berries (11 g N/kg dry matter) roughly equal amounts of ammonium salts and urates were excreted. With Polygonum bulbils (29 g N/kg dry matter) the quantities of ammonium salts and urates excreted were similar to those with Vaccinium berries, but some urea was also excreted and about half the N in the birds' droppings was in an unidentified form. 5. When eating Empetrum berries, ptarmigan digested lignin and tannins and excreted ornithurates. The benzoic acid moiety of the ornithuric acid molecule may have been derived partly from the digested lignin and tannins.", "contents": "The digestion of bulbils (Polygonum viviparum L.) and berries (Vaccinium myrtillus L. and Empetrum sp.) by captive ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus). 1. The digestion of three foods favoured by ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) in the wild was studied using captive birds. 2. Bulbils of Polygonum viviparum L. were a good source of metabolizable energy, protein and phosphorus, but were deficient in sodium. Berries of Vaccinium myrtillus L. were the most digestible of the three foods, contained enough protein and P for maintenance, but were probably deficient in Na. A diet of Empetrum sp. berries caused the birds to be in negative nitrogen and P balance, but provided adequate Na. Both species of berries were rich sources of soluble carbohydrate. 3. In the wild, ptarmigan eat a mixed diet, which presumably provides adequate Na, protein and P. 4. The relative proportions of the various end-products of N metabolism varied according to the protein content of the food. With the diet of Vaccinium berries (11 g N/kg dry matter) roughly equal amounts of ammonium salts and urates were excreted. With Polygonum bulbils (29 g N/kg dry matter) the quantities of ammonium salts and urates excreted were similar to those with Vaccinium berries, but some urea was also excreted and about half the N in the birds' droppings was in an unidentified form. 5. When eating Empetrum berries, ptarmigan digested lignin and tannins and excreted ornithurates. The benzoic acid moiety of the ornithuric acid molecule may have been derived partly from the digested lignin and tannins.", "PMID": 1167787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1908", "title": "Affinity labeling of a regulatory site of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase.", "content": "A new adenosine analog, 3'-p-fluorosulfonyl-benzoyladenosine (3'-FSBA), has been synthesized which reacts covalently with bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase. Native glutamate dehydrogenase is activated by ADP and inhibited by high concentrations of DPNH. Both of these effects are irreversibly decreased upon incubation of the enzyme with the adenosine analog, 3'-p-fluorosulfonyl-benzoyladenosine (3'-FSBA), while the intrinsic enzymatic activity as measured in the absence of regulatory compounds remains unaltered. A plot of the rate constant for modification as a function of the 3'-FSBA concentration is not linear, suggesting that the adenosine derivative binds to the enzyme (Ki equals 1.0 times 10-4 M) prior to the irreversible modification. Protection against modification by 3'-FSBA is provided by ADP and by high concentrations of DPNH, but not by the inhibitor GTP, the substrate alpha-keto glutarate, the coenzyme TPNH, or low concentrations of the coenzyme DPNH. The isolated altered enzyme contains approximately 1 mol of sulfonylbenzoyladenosine per peptide chain, indicating that a single specific regulatory site has reacted with 3'-tfsba. the modified enzyme exhibits normal Michaelis constants for its substrates and is still inhibited by GTP, albeit at a higher concentration, but it is not inhibited by high concentrations of DPNH. Although ADP does not appreciably activate the modified enzyme, it does (as in the case of the native enzyme) overcome the inhibition of the modified enzyme by GTP. These results suggest that ADP can bind to the modified enzyme, but that its ability to activate is affected indirectly by the modification of the adjacent tdpnh inhibitory site. It is proposed that the regulatory sites for ADP and DPNH are partially overlapping and that 3'FSBA functions as a specific affinity label for the DPNH inhibitory site of glutamate dehydrogenase. It is anticipated that 3'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzolyadenosine may act as an affinity label of other dehydrogenases as well as of other classes of enzymes which use adenine nucleotides as substrates or regulators.", "contents": "Affinity labeling of a regulatory site of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase. A new adenosine analog, 3'-p-fluorosulfonyl-benzoyladenosine (3'-FSBA), has been synthesized which reacts covalently with bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase. Native glutamate dehydrogenase is activated by ADP and inhibited by high concentrations of DPNH. Both of these effects are irreversibly decreased upon incubation of the enzyme with the adenosine analog, 3'-p-fluorosulfonyl-benzoyladenosine (3'-FSBA), while the intrinsic enzymatic activity as measured in the absence of regulatory compounds remains unaltered. A plot of the rate constant for modification as a function of the 3'-FSBA concentration is not linear, suggesting that the adenosine derivative binds to the enzyme (Ki equals 1.0 times 10-4 M) prior to the irreversible modification. Protection against modification by 3'-FSBA is provided by ADP and by high concentrations of DPNH, but not by the inhibitor GTP, the substrate alpha-keto glutarate, the coenzyme TPNH, or low concentrations of the coenzyme DPNH. The isolated altered enzyme contains approximately 1 mol of sulfonylbenzoyladenosine per peptide chain, indicating that a single specific regulatory site has reacted with 3'-tfsba. the modified enzyme exhibits normal Michaelis constants for its substrates and is still inhibited by GTP, albeit at a higher concentration, but it is not inhibited by high concentrations of DPNH. Although ADP does not appreciably activate the modified enzyme, it does (as in the case of the native enzyme) overcome the inhibition of the modified enzyme by GTP. These results suggest that ADP can bind to the modified enzyme, but that its ability to activate is affected indirectly by the modification of the adjacent tdpnh inhibitory site. It is proposed that the regulatory sites for ADP and DPNH are partially overlapping and that 3'FSBA functions as a specific affinity label for the DPNH inhibitory site of glutamate dehydrogenase. It is anticipated that 3'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzolyadenosine may act as an affinity label of other dehydrogenases as well as of other classes of enzymes which use adenine nucleotides as substrates or regulators.", "PMID": 1167788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1909", "title": "The thermodynamics of hapten and antigen binding by rabbit anti-dinitrophenyl antibody.", "content": "Rabbit anti-dinitrophenyl antibody from a serum pool was obtained as five fractions of purified specific antibody by a limiting antigen precipitation method. Each fraction had a different binding affinity for epsilon-N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine. The free energy changes for hapten binding to the five antibody fractions varied from -8.35 to -10.0 kcal/mol. An average deltaH of -13.9 kcal/mol was measured for the fractions with a batch calorimeter. The results indicate no significant correlation between enthalpy changes and free energy changes. However, a statistically significant correlation between the free energy changes and the entropy changes was found. The enthalpy of the anti-dinitrophenyl antibody interaction with multivalent dinitrophenyl human serum albumin was determined. These are the first enthalpy measurements of an antibody antigen reaction in which the intrinsic binding enthalpy between the antibody and the determinant group is known. The deltaH for the antigen binding reaction was -10.1 kcal/mol which is 3.8 kcal/mol less exothermic than the deltaH for the hapten binding reaction. The interactions that could lead to such a difference in enthalpy are discussed.", "contents": "The thermodynamics of hapten and antigen binding by rabbit anti-dinitrophenyl antibody. Rabbit anti-dinitrophenyl antibody from a serum pool was obtained as five fractions of purified specific antibody by a limiting antigen precipitation method. Each fraction had a different binding affinity for epsilon-N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine. The free energy changes for hapten binding to the five antibody fractions varied from -8.35 to -10.0 kcal/mol. An average deltaH of -13.9 kcal/mol was measured for the fractions with a batch calorimeter. The results indicate no significant correlation between enthalpy changes and free energy changes. However, a statistically significant correlation between the free energy changes and the entropy changes was found. The enthalpy of the anti-dinitrophenyl antibody interaction with multivalent dinitrophenyl human serum albumin was determined. These are the first enthalpy measurements of an antibody antigen reaction in which the intrinsic binding enthalpy between the antibody and the determinant group is known. The deltaH for the antigen binding reaction was -10.1 kcal/mol which is 3.8 kcal/mol less exothermic than the deltaH for the hapten binding reaction. The interactions that could lead to such a difference in enthalpy are discussed.", "PMID": 1167789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1910", "title": "Further characterization of bovine pancreatic lipase.", "content": "1. The amino acid composition of bovine pancreatic lipase is very similar to that of porcine lipase. 2. Bovine lipase possesses a residue of lysine at the N-terminal position and a half cystine or a cysteine at the C-terminal position. 3. Bovine lipase contains two free sulfhydryl groups of different reactivities to 5, 5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic) acid. One of these groups is buried in the native conformation of the enzyme and is fully titrated in 1.5 M urea when reaction is performed in the presense of 1 mM EDTA.", "contents": "Further characterization of bovine pancreatic lipase. 1. The amino acid composition of bovine pancreatic lipase is very similar to that of porcine lipase. 2. Bovine lipase possesses a residue of lysine at the N-terminal position and a half cystine or a cysteine at the C-terminal position. 3. Bovine lipase contains two free sulfhydryl groups of different reactivities to 5, 5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic) acid. One of these groups is buried in the native conformation of the enzyme and is fully titrated in 1.5 M urea when reaction is performed in the presense of 1 mM EDTA.", "PMID": 1167791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1911", "title": "Purification and properties of staphylocoagulase.", "content": "Staphylocoagulase, an exoprotein of coagulase-positive Staphylococci, has been purified to a state in which only trace amounts of contaminating proteins are detectable. Aspartic acid was found as a single N-terminal amino acid in this preparation. The molecular weight is 61 000; the isoelectric point lies as pH 4.53. The amino acid composition was determined.", "contents": "Purification and properties of staphylocoagulase. Staphylocoagulase, an exoprotein of coagulase-positive Staphylococci, has been purified to a state in which only trace amounts of contaminating proteins are detectable. Aspartic acid was found as a single N-terminal amino acid in this preparation. The molecular weight is 61 000; the isoelectric point lies as pH 4.53. The amino acid composition was determined.", "PMID": 1167792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1912", "title": "Differential sensitivity of low molecular weight DNA polymerase to sulfhydryl-blocking reagents.", "content": "Activity of a 2.5 S mouse myeloma DNA polymerase (termed DNA polymerase II) measured with either poly(rA) or poly(dA) as template did not require sulfhydryl-reducing reagents, but was sensitive to inhibition by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and the sulfhydryl-alkylating reagent, N-ethylmaleimide; however, the activity was much more sensitive to inhibition by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate than by the sulfhydryl-alkylating reagent. The p-hydroxymercuribenzoate inhibition appeared to involve the mercurial portion of the p-hydroxymercuribenzoate molecule because HgCl2 was an equally effective inhibitor, while p-hydroxybenzoate had little effect upon enzyme activity. The p-hydroxymercuribenzoate inhibition was reversed by an equal concentration of the sulfhydryl-reducing reagent, dithiothreitol.", "contents": "Differential sensitivity of low molecular weight DNA polymerase to sulfhydryl-blocking reagents. Activity of a 2.5 S mouse myeloma DNA polymerase (termed DNA polymerase II) measured with either poly(rA) or poly(dA) as template did not require sulfhydryl-reducing reagents, but was sensitive to inhibition by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and the sulfhydryl-alkylating reagent, N-ethylmaleimide; however, the activity was much more sensitive to inhibition by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate than by the sulfhydryl-alkylating reagent. The p-hydroxymercuribenzoate inhibition appeared to involve the mercurial portion of the p-hydroxymercuribenzoate molecule because HgCl2 was an equally effective inhibitor, while p-hydroxybenzoate had little effect upon enzyme activity. The p-hydroxymercuribenzoate inhibition was reversed by an equal concentration of the sulfhydryl-reducing reagent, dithiothreitol.", "PMID": 1167793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1913", "title": "The relation of thrombokinetics to bone marrow megakaryocytes in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).", "content": "In 23 patients with untreated idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (TP), the relation of thrombokinetics to quantitative determinations of megakaryocytes in bone marrow sections was studied. The megakaryocytes were classified into maturation stages, and platelet sizes were determined. Megarkaryocyte number and volume per microliter of bone marrow were significantly higher in ITP as compared to controls. The megakaryocyte number and volume were inversely related to the peripheral platelet count. Platelet production rate was significantly increased in ITP and related to the megakaryocyte number and volume. The megakaryocytes were shifted towards more immature forms in ITP, suggesting an increased turnover rate of the expanded recognizable metakaryocyte compartment. Platelet size was significantly increased in ITP, and the mean platelet diameter was 1.6 times normal. There was a significant relationship between platelet size and platelet production rate, as well as an inverse relationship between platelet size and platelet mean life-span (MLS). There was also a significant correlation between platelet size and the proportion of young megakaryocytes.", "contents": "The relation of thrombokinetics to bone marrow megakaryocytes in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). In 23 patients with untreated idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (TP), the relation of thrombokinetics to quantitative determinations of megakaryocytes in bone marrow sections was studied. The megakaryocytes were classified into maturation stages, and platelet sizes were determined. Megarkaryocyte number and volume per microliter of bone marrow were significantly higher in ITP as compared to controls. The megakaryocyte number and volume were inversely related to the peripheral platelet count. Platelet production rate was significantly increased in ITP and related to the megakaryocyte number and volume. The megakaryocytes were shifted towards more immature forms in ITP, suggesting an increased turnover rate of the expanded recognizable metakaryocyte compartment. Platelet size was significantly increased in ITP, and the mean platelet diameter was 1.6 times normal. There was a significant relationship between platelet size and platelet production rate, as well as an inverse relationship between platelet size and platelet mean life-span (MLS). There was also a significant correlation between platelet size and the proportion of young megakaryocytes.", "PMID": 1167796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1914", "title": "Interaction between oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone and its effect on the milk secretion by alveoli of the mammary gland of lactating rats.", "content": "Interaction between exogenous and endogenous oxtocin and vasopressin was found to affect the mechanism of milk ejection by the alveoli of the mammary gland in lactating rats. Inhibition and stimulation of the effect of oxytocin on milk ejection by vasopressin was demonstrated. On the basis of the principles observed the concentrations fo these hormones were investigated in the plasma of dogs deprived of water for 3 days and then allowed to drink.", "contents": "Interaction between oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone and its effect on the milk secretion by alveoli of the mammary gland of lactating rats. Interaction between exogenous and endogenous oxtocin and vasopressin was found to affect the mechanism of milk ejection by the alveoli of the mammary gland in lactating rats. Inhibition and stimulation of the effect of oxytocin on milk ejection by vasopressin was demonstrated. On the basis of the principles observed the concentrations fo these hormones were investigated in the plasma of dogs deprived of water for 3 days and then allowed to drink.", "PMID": 1167797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1915", "title": "Effect of bacterial polysaccharide on the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen of irradiated and unirradiated mice.", "content": "The effect of bacterial polysaccharide on the number of spleen cells producing  antibodies against sheep's red cells was investigated in irradiated and unirradiated mice. The polysaccharide increased the number of antibody-producing cells both in lethally irradiated (psi rays) and in unirradiated mice, unimmunized with sheep's red cells. This increase was connected with the stimulation of proliferative processes in the recipient by the polysaccharide.", "contents": "Effect of bacterial polysaccharide on the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen of irradiated and unirradiated mice. The effect of bacterial polysaccharide on the number of spleen cells producing  antibodies against sheep's red cells was investigated in irradiated and unirradiated mice. The polysaccharide increased the number of antibody-producing cells both in lethally irradiated (psi rays) and in unirradiated mice, unimmunized with sheep's red cells. This increase was connected with the stimulation of proliferative processes in the recipient by the polysaccharide.", "PMID": 1167798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1916", "title": "Effect of folic acid and methotrexate on reproduction of Rauscher leukemia virus.", "content": "Folic acid was found to stimulate and its structural analog methotrexate was found to inhibit the reproduction of an oncogenic RNA-containing virus in tissue culture.", "contents": "Effect of folic acid and methotrexate on reproduction of Rauscher leukemia virus. Folic acid was found to stimulate and its structural analog methotrexate was found to inhibit the reproduction of an oncogenic RNA-containing virus in tissue culture.", "PMID": 1167799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1917", "title": "Experimental study of the functional morphology of the kinetochore in mitosis.", "content": "Chinese hamster cells in culture were blocked in prometaphase by the addition of chloral hydrate. After 2 h the chloral hydrate was removed and the ultrastructural changes in the kinetochore studied during recovery of mitosis. The kinetochore in the blocked cells is a disc measuring 300-350 nm in diameter and 30-35 nm in thickness. Imediately after recovery of mitosis the disc begins to break up and fuse with the inner nucleus of the kinetochore, when it acquires a spherical organization. On combined treatment with chloral hydrate and cobalt nitrate, inducing despiralization of the chromosomal ifbrils, the knetochore in the blocked cells becomes spherical. It is concluded that activation of the kintochore in prometaphase probably involves despiralization of the fibrils composing the disc.", "contents": "Experimental study of the functional morphology of the kinetochore in mitosis. Chinese hamster cells in culture were blocked in prometaphase by the addition of chloral hydrate. After 2 h the chloral hydrate was removed and the ultrastructural changes in the kinetochore studied during recovery of mitosis. The kinetochore in the blocked cells is a disc measuring 300-350 nm in diameter and 30-35 nm in thickness. Imediately after recovery of mitosis the disc begins to break up and fuse with the inner nucleus of the kinetochore, when it acquires a spherical organization. On combined treatment with chloral hydrate and cobalt nitrate, inducing despiralization of the chromosomal ifbrils, the knetochore in the blocked cells becomes spherical. It is concluded that activation of the kintochore in prometaphase probably involves despiralization of the fibrils composing the disc.", "PMID": 1167800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1918", "title": "Action of x-ray irradiation on DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in uterine epithelial cells at different stages of the sex cycle.", "content": "The action of x-ray irradiation on DNA synthesis and mitotic activity of the uterine epithelium was studied by autoradiography with thymidine-H-3 at different stages of the sex cycle. In response to local irradiation in a dose of 400 R the decrease in the index of labeled nuclei and in the mitotic index differed depending on the stage of the sex cycle at which irradiation was given.", "contents": "Action of x-ray irradiation on DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in uterine epithelial cells at different stages of the sex cycle. The action of x-ray irradiation on DNA synthesis and mitotic activity of the uterine epithelium was studied by autoradiography with thymidine-H-3 at different stages of the sex cycle. In response to local irradiation in a dose of 400 R the decrease in the index of labeled nuclei and in the mitotic index differed depending on the stage of the sex cycle at which irradiation was given.", "PMID": 1167801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1919", "title": "The effects of implanting testosterone propionate into the central nervous system on the sexual behaviour of adrenalectomised female rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Bilateral adrenalectomy rendered ovariectomised, oestrogen-treated female rhesus monkeys sexually unreceptive. Small unilateral implants of testosterone propionate (mean weight 140 mug) into the anterior hypothalamus/preoptic area restored receptivity in 7 out of 8 of these monkeys. Cholesterol implanted into the same area, or similar amounts of testosterone propionate implanted into the posterior hypothalamus/pretectal area (4 females) or cerebral cortex/dorsal thalamus (5 monkeys) had no consistent effect on behaviour. It therefore seems likely that androgens regulate sexual receptivity in female monkeys by acting on some part of the anterior hypothalamus. Thus, though the hormonal control of receptivity in female primates differs from non-primates, the site on which hormones act to regulate this behaviour may be similar in both.", "contents": "The effects of implanting testosterone propionate into the central nervous system on the sexual behaviour of adrenalectomised female rhesus monkeys. Bilateral adrenalectomy rendered ovariectomised, oestrogen-treated female rhesus monkeys sexually unreceptive. Small unilateral implants of testosterone propionate (mean weight 140 mug) into the anterior hypothalamus/preoptic area restored receptivity in 7 out of 8 of these monkeys. Cholesterol implanted into the same area, or similar amounts of testosterone propionate implanted into the posterior hypothalamus/pretectal area (4 females) or cerebral cortex/dorsal thalamus (5 monkeys) had no consistent effect on behaviour. It therefore seems likely that androgens regulate sexual receptivity in female monkeys by acting on some part of the anterior hypothalamus. Thus, though the hormonal control of receptivity in female primates differs from non-primates, the site on which hormones act to regulate this behaviour may be similar in both.", "PMID": 1167802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1920", "title": "Characteristics of exaggerated sexual behavior induced by electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic area in male rats.", "content": "Twenty-two sexually experienced male rats were implanted with lateral preoptic (LPO) and medial preoptic (MPO) electrodes. Following surgery, the 22 MPO and 18 LPO electrodes were screened for the induction of stimulation-bound copulation in the presence of estrus females. Stimulation through 5 of the MPO electrodes induced highly exaggerated, stimulation-bound sexual behaviou. Ten MPO electrodes produced escape behavior, 2 electrodes aggression and one electrode induced sexual behavior intermingled with aggression. The tips of all the electrodes which effected exaggerated copulation were located within a small preoptic region, less than 1 mm lateral to the midline. LPO electrodes had either inhibitory effects on mating behavior or none at all. The increase in copulatory activity by MPO electrodes' stimulation was expressed in a great enhancement in the number of ejaculations, and marked decreases in the latency to ejaculation, the post-ejaculatory refractory period, and in the number of intromissions preceding an ejaculation. It is concluded that the electrical stimulation affected both the sexual arousal mechanism and the intromission-ejaculation mechanism involved in mating behavior.", "contents": "Characteristics of exaggerated sexual behavior induced by electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic area in male rats. Twenty-two sexually experienced male rats were implanted with lateral preoptic (LPO) and medial preoptic (MPO) electrodes. Following surgery, the 22 MPO and 18 LPO electrodes were screened for the induction of stimulation-bound copulation in the presence of estrus females. Stimulation through 5 of the MPO electrodes induced highly exaggerated, stimulation-bound sexual behaviou. Ten MPO electrodes produced escape behavior, 2 electrodes aggression and one electrode induced sexual behavior intermingled with aggression. The tips of all the electrodes which effected exaggerated copulation were located within a small preoptic region, less than 1 mm lateral to the midline. LPO electrodes had either inhibitory effects on mating behavior or none at all. The increase in copulatory activity by MPO electrodes' stimulation was expressed in a great enhancement in the number of ejaculations, and marked decreases in the latency to ejaculation, the post-ejaculatory refractory period, and in the number of intromissions preceding an ejaculation. It is concluded that the electrical stimulation affected both the sexual arousal mechanism and the intromission-ejaculation mechanism involved in mating behavior.", "PMID": 1167803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1921", "title": "Increased orientation to sensory stimuli following medial hypothalamic damage in rats.", "content": "After unilateral medial hypothalamic damage, rats become hyperresponsive to touch, odors, and visual stimuli presented on the side contralateral to the damage, while responding to ipsilateral stimuli remains near preoperative levels. These rats would orient their snouts more precisely to stimuli presented on the contralateral side, turn toward touch of more caudal points along that body surface, and pursue moving stimuli more vigorously on that side. Rats with unilateral damage would also viciously bite relatively weak noxious stimuli presented on the contralateral side. After injections of amphetamine, rats turned away from the side of the damage. After bilateral damage, rats showed increased responsiveness to sensory stimuli arising on either side. The rats with unilateral damage began eating more food from a container located in the contralateral sensory field than they had preoperatively. In addition, they began to attack mice more frequently and with shorter latencies when the mouse was on the side contralateral to the lesion. Just as the sensory loss after lateral hypothalamic damage contributes to the aphagia and decreased aggressive behavior of such rats, it seems that increased responsiveness to sensory stimuli plays a role in the syndrome of hyperphagia, finickiness, and increased aggressiveness seen after medial hypothalamic damage.", "contents": "Increased orientation to sensory stimuli following medial hypothalamic damage in rats. After unilateral medial hypothalamic damage, rats become hyperresponsive to touch, odors, and visual stimuli presented on the side contralateral to the damage, while responding to ipsilateral stimuli remains near preoperative levels. These rats would orient their snouts more precisely to stimuli presented on the contralateral side, turn toward touch of more caudal points along that body surface, and pursue moving stimuli more vigorously on that side. Rats with unilateral damage would also viciously bite relatively weak noxious stimuli presented on the contralateral side. After injections of amphetamine, rats turned away from the side of the damage. After bilateral damage, rats showed increased responsiveness to sensory stimuli arising on either side. The rats with unilateral damage began eating more food from a container located in the contralateral sensory field than they had preoperatively. In addition, they began to attack mice more frequently and with shorter latencies when the mouse was on the side contralateral to the lesion. Just as the sensory loss after lateral hypothalamic damage contributes to the aphagia and decreased aggressive behavior of such rats, it seems that increased responsiveness to sensory stimuli plays a role in the syndrome of hyperphagia, finickiness, and increased aggressiveness seen after medial hypothalamic damage.", "PMID": 1167804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1922", "title": "The possible prognostic usefulness of assessing serum proteins and cholesterol in malignancy.", "content": "Serial measurement of serum proteins, albumin, and cholesterol levels was used in attempt to assess the course and prognosis in cancer patients. This assessment is based on the fact that their declines followed first order kinetics and that these patients usually died when their levels were lower than half the initial levels. Two categories of cancer patients were identified: those in whom the initial measurements of serum albumin or cholersterol, taken soon after diagnosis, were declining (Group I), and those who showed such a decline as they entered an advanced or terminal phase (Group II). Group I included cancer of the stomach, kidney, lung (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma), oral cavity, large intestine, breast (40%), bladder, ovary (70%), pancreas, and prostate; leukemia (acute myeloid and lymphocytic); and Hodgkin's disease (60%), all of which accounted for approximately 90% of the major causes of cancer deaths. Group II included Hodgkin's disease (40%), and cancer of the ovary (30%) and breast (60%), all of which accounted for 10% of the major causes of cancer deaths.", "contents": "The possible prognostic usefulness of assessing serum proteins and cholesterol in malignancy. Serial measurement of serum proteins, albumin, and cholesterol levels was used in attempt to assess the course and prognosis in cancer patients. This assessment is based on the fact that their declines followed first order kinetics and that these patients usually died when their levels were lower than half the initial levels. Two categories of cancer patients were identified: those in whom the initial measurements of serum albumin or cholersterol, taken soon after diagnosis, were declining (Group I), and those who showed such a decline as they entered an advanced or terminal phase (Group II). Group I included cancer of the stomach, kidney, lung (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma), oral cavity, large intestine, breast (40%), bladder, ovary (70%), pancreas, and prostate; leukemia (acute myeloid and lymphocytic); and Hodgkin's disease (60%), all of which accounted for approximately 90% of the major causes of cancer deaths. Group II included Hodgkin's disease (40%), and cancer of the ovary (30%) and breast (60%), all of which accounted for 10% of the major causes of cancer deaths.", "PMID": 1167805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1923", "title": "Breakage of a DNA-protein complex induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 4-nitropyridine 1-oxide, and their derivatives in cultured mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "The effects of a number of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide and 4-nitropyridine 1-oxide derivatives, with varying carcinogenic potencies, on the scission of proteins linking DNA were studied in cultured mouse fibroblasts, strain L-P-3. With twenty-two 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide derivatives and twelve-4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide derivatives tested, an excellent correlation was found between the scission effect of each compound and its carcinogenicity. All carcinogens, whether strong or weak, showed positive results in the scission test. Strong carcinogens such as 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 2-methyl-4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 6-methyl-4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 6-chloro-4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide,and 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide induced the scission at a low concentration of 1 x 10-5 M, while weak carcinogens such as 3-methyl-4-nitroquinoline 2-oxide, 6-n-butyl-4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 6-tert-butyl-4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 6-n-hexyl-4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, and 6-carboxy-4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide only produced the same effect a dose levels higher than 5 x10-5 M. On the other hand, some noncarcinogenic derivatives such as 8-nitroquinoline  1-oxide, 4-hydoxy-quinoline 1-oxide, 4-aminoquinoline  1-oxide, and 6-nitroquinoline could not induce the scission, while other noncarcinogens such as 3-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 5-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, and 5-nitroquinoline did induce scission at concentrations higher than 1 x 10-4 M. Throughout these tests the effective concentrations of active compounds were generally much lower than the concentration at which the compounds were cytotoxic. The implication of the results and the feasibility of the present method of analysis as a screening procedure for potential carcinogens and muagens are discussed.", "contents": "Breakage of a DNA-protein complex induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 4-nitropyridine 1-oxide, and their derivatives in cultured mouse fibroblasts. The effects of a number of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide and 4-nitropyridine 1-oxide derivatives, with varying carcinogenic potencies, on the scission of proteins linking DNA were studied in cultured mouse fibroblasts, strain L-P-3. With twenty-two 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide derivatives and twelve-4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide derivatives tested, an excellent correlation was found between the scission effect of each compound and its carcinogenicity. All carcinogens, whether strong or weak, showed positive results in the scission test. Strong carcinogens such as 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 2-methyl-4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 6-methyl-4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 6-chloro-4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide,and 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide induced the scission at a low concentration of 1 x 10-5 M, while weak carcinogens such as 3-methyl-4-nitroquinoline 2-oxide, 6-n-butyl-4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 6-tert-butyl-4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 6-n-hexyl-4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, and 6-carboxy-4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide only produced the same effect a dose levels higher than 5 x10-5 M. On the other hand, some noncarcinogenic derivatives such as 8-nitroquinoline  1-oxide, 4-hydoxy-quinoline 1-oxide, 4-aminoquinoline  1-oxide, and 6-nitroquinoline could not induce the scission, while other noncarcinogens such as 3-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 5-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, and 5-nitroquinoline did induce scission at concentrations higher than 1 x 10-4 M. Throughout these tests the effective concentrations of active compounds were generally much lower than the concentration at which the compounds were cytotoxic. The implication of the results and the feasibility of the present method of analysis as a screening procedure for potential carcinogens and muagens are discussed.", "PMID": 1167806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1924", "title": "Mechanism of growth inhibition by methotrexate.", "content": "The effect of methotrexate on the growth of Chinese hamster cells was examined under a variety of conditions. The experiments suggest that the important biological effects of methotrexate are the result of direct inhibition of thymidylate synthetase and one or both of the folate-dependent enzymes involved in a purine biosynthesis. In addition, analysis of the distribution of intracellular folate derivatives following methotrexate treatment gives no indication of accumulation of dihydrofolate, and accumulation that would be expected if inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase were the principal site of methotrexate action.", "contents": "Mechanism of growth inhibition by methotrexate. The effect of methotrexate on the growth of Chinese hamster cells was examined under a variety of conditions. The experiments suggest that the important biological effects of methotrexate are the result of direct inhibition of thymidylate synthetase and one or both of the folate-dependent enzymes involved in a purine biosynthesis. In addition, analysis of the distribution of intracellular folate derivatives following methotrexate treatment gives no indication of accumulation of dihydrofolate, and accumulation that would be expected if inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase were the principal site of methotrexate action.", "PMID": 1167807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1925", "title": "Elevated plasma sialyltransferase in the cancer patient.", "content": "Sialyltransferase activity was measured in plasma samples using desialated fetuin as the acceptor and cytidine 5'-phosphate-sialic acid as donor. The data show an increased enzyme level in 56 of 65 cancer patients studied, as compared with normal control values. The enzyme was not significantly elevated during lacation or in liver cirrhosis, but it was elevated in rheumtoid arthritis. Of the patients with cancer, 35 showed plasma enzyme levels above any value encountered in rheumatoid arthritis plasmas. The determinants of enzyme level in cancer appear to be complex: monitoring of plasma sialytransferase may be of value in measuring tumor progression, metatastatic involvement, or success of therapeutic programs.", "contents": "Elevated plasma sialyltransferase in the cancer patient. Sialyltransferase activity was measured in plasma samples using desialated fetuin as the acceptor and cytidine 5'-phosphate-sialic acid as donor. The data show an increased enzyme level in 56 of 65 cancer patients studied, as compared with normal control values. The enzyme was not significantly elevated during lacation or in liver cirrhosis, but it was elevated in rheumtoid arthritis. Of the patients with cancer, 35 showed plasma enzyme levels above any value encountered in rheumatoid arthritis plasmas. The determinants of enzyme level in cancer appear to be complex: monitoring of plasma sialytransferase may be of value in measuring tumor progression, metatastatic involvement, or success of therapeutic programs.", "PMID": 1167808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1926", "title": "Spontaneous and estrogen-produced tumors in Nb rats and their behavior after transplantation.", "content": "Tumors in rats of the Nb strain, arising either spontaneously or after prolonged treatment with s.c. pellets of estrogen, were transplanted to establish whether hormone conditioning was required for their growth. Whereas all spontaneous tumors arising in males and many of those in females were autonomous on transplant, most of those arising in estrogenized rats continued to require hormones for growth after transplantation. The latter included carcinomas of the adrenal cortex, breast, pituitary ectopic tissue, ovary (thecomas), Leydig cells of testis, thymus, pancreas,salivary glands, oribital gland (fibroadenoma), liposarcoma, and lymphoma. Many of the tissues of origin of the tumors have not been considered to be under theinfluence of estrogens. A type of hormone-responsive tumor that was inhibited by estrogen and that grew only in normal rats is described. Ali estrogens tested, including estriol , were interchangeable in action. The incidence of the more common tumors of the adrenal, breast, and pituitary was very low in normal rats, but higher in females. All tumors were more common after estrogenization in both sexes, particularyly in older animals. The secretion of steroids and pitiutary hormones by many tumors led to obvious biological effects. Pituitary secretion led to severe lesions frequently associated with diseases in humans, but the signs of such diseases in the rat apparently were hormone dependent and disappeared if the tumor was removed. The overall results raised the possiblity that estrogens were not carcinogenic per se but stimulated the growth of previously altered cells and that, following their transplantation, this hormone requirement was retained. Irrespective of the mechanism of carcinogenesis, hormone-dependent tumor growth was not irreversible but was controlled in an unexpectedly wide spectrum of organs by exogenous estrogen. Host factors may play a major role in controlling the growth of many tumors and the ultimate course of the disease.", "contents": "Spontaneous and estrogen-produced tumors in Nb rats and their behavior after transplantation. Tumors in rats of the Nb strain, arising either spontaneously or after prolonged treatment with s.c. pellets of estrogen, were transplanted to establish whether hormone conditioning was required for their growth. Whereas all spontaneous tumors arising in males and many of those in females were autonomous on transplant, most of those arising in estrogenized rats continued to require hormones for growth after transplantation. The latter included carcinomas of the adrenal cortex, breast, pituitary ectopic tissue, ovary (thecomas), Leydig cells of testis, thymus, pancreas,salivary glands, oribital gland (fibroadenoma), liposarcoma, and lymphoma. Many of the tissues of origin of the tumors have not been considered to be under theinfluence of estrogens. A type of hormone-responsive tumor that was inhibited by estrogen and that grew only in normal rats is described. Ali estrogens tested, including estriol , were interchangeable in action. The incidence of the more common tumors of the adrenal, breast, and pituitary was very low in normal rats, but higher in females. All tumors were more common after estrogenization in both sexes, particularyly in older animals. The secretion of steroids and pitiutary hormones by many tumors led to obvious biological effects. Pituitary secretion led to severe lesions frequently associated with diseases in humans, but the signs of such diseases in the rat apparently were hormone dependent and disappeared if the tumor was removed. The overall results raised the possiblity that estrogens were not carcinogenic per se but stimulated the growth of previously altered cells and that, following their transplantation, this hormone requirement was retained. Irrespective of the mechanism of carcinogenesis, hormone-dependent tumor growth was not irreversible but was controlled in an unexpectedly wide spectrum of organs by exogenous estrogen. Host factors may play a major role in controlling the growth of many tumors and the ultimate course of the disease.", "PMID": 1167809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1927", "title": "Damage to mammalian cell DNA by nitrofurans.", "content": "Maximum rates of nitrofuran reduction by intact mammalian cells and homogenates of mouse liver are obtained under anaerobic conditions, although significant reduction does occur with gas mixtures containing 5% oxygen and less. Single-strand breaks in DNA, measured as a decrease in the sedimentation constant on alkaline sucrose gradients, are produced in mammalian L929, KB, AND BHK-21 cells in vitro and Ehrlich ascites cells in vivo by several nitrofuran derivatives under hypoxic conditons.", "contents": "Damage to mammalian cell DNA by nitrofurans. Maximum rates of nitrofuran reduction by intact mammalian cells and homogenates of mouse liver are obtained under anaerobic conditions, although significant reduction does occur with gas mixtures containing 5% oxygen and less. Single-strand breaks in DNA, measured as a decrease in the sedimentation constant on alkaline sucrose gradients, are produced in mammalian L929, KB, AND BHK-21 cells in vitro and Ehrlich ascites cells in vivo by several nitrofuran derivatives under hypoxic conditons.", "PMID": 1167810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1928", "title": "In vitro transformation of BHK21 cells grown in the presence of calcium chromate.", "content": "Concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mug/ml calcium chromate (CaCrO4-2H2O)dissolved in Dulbecco's medium were found to alter the growth behavior of BHK21 cells in culture. Treated cells grew as shortened fibroblasts and in random orientation. The changes detected during the first two weeks of culture in the presence of the metal became more pronounced as the number of growth passages increased. In addition to the alterations noted above, chromate-treated cells grew into large clusters in Methocel (an alternative technique to the agar suspension system), while untreated cells underwent, at most, only one or two divisions in Methocel. These alterations in growth properties were irreversible and persisted after removal of the treated cells from chromate-containing medium, suggesting that a heritable change had occurred as opposed to a transient, chromate-dependent alteration of cell growth. This experimental observation suggests that chromate salts and perhaps salts of other metals can transform BHK21 cells in vitro or can select for spontaneously transformed cells.", "contents": "In vitro transformation of BHK21 cells grown in the presence of calcium chromate. Concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mug/ml calcium chromate (CaCrO4-2H2O)dissolved in Dulbecco's medium were found to alter the growth behavior of BHK21 cells in culture. Treated cells grew as shortened fibroblasts and in random orientation. The changes detected during the first two weeks of culture in the presence of the metal became more pronounced as the number of growth passages increased. In addition to the alterations noted above, chromate-treated cells grew into large clusters in Methocel (an alternative technique to the agar suspension system), while untreated cells underwent, at most, only one or two divisions in Methocel. These alterations in growth properties were irreversible and persisted after removal of the treated cells from chromate-containing medium, suggesting that a heritable change had occurred as opposed to a transient, chromate-dependent alteration of cell growth. This experimental observation suggests that chromate salts and perhaps salts of other metals can transform BHK21 cells in vitro or can select for spontaneously transformed cells.", "PMID": 1167811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1929", "title": "Procollagen peptidase: its mode of action on the native substrate.", "content": "Procollagen peptidase was recovered from the medium of human and mouse fibroblast cultures by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The test substrate for the in vitro enzymatic reaction was radioactively-labeled, disulfide-linked procollagen prepared from the medium of human fibroblast cultures. The enzymatic digests were analyzed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gets containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea. The human and mouse enzymes reacted with the substrate to generate the same intermediates and final products. Procollagen peptidase acts as an endopeptidase which cleaves each of the three procollagen chains in turn. The final products of the reaction are collagen and a three-chain, disulfide-linked fragment derived from the nonhelical aminoterminal residues of procollagen.", "contents": "Procollagen peptidase: its mode of action on the native substrate. Procollagen peptidase was recovered from the medium of human and mouse fibroblast cultures by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The test substrate for the in vitro enzymatic reaction was radioactively-labeled, disulfide-linked procollagen prepared from the medium of human fibroblast cultures. The enzymatic digests were analyzed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gets containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea. The human and mouse enzymes reacted with the substrate to generate the same intermediates and final products. Procollagen peptidase acts as an endopeptidase which cleaves each of the three procollagen chains in turn. The final products of the reaction are collagen and a three-chain, disulfide-linked fragment derived from the nonhelical aminoterminal residues of procollagen.", "PMID": 1167812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1930", "title": "Modification of ventricular fibrillation latency following coronary artery occlusion in the conscious pig.", "content": "Abrupt occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery was performed on 45 unanesthetized farm pigs in order to evaluate the relative effects on the latency to ventricular fibrillation (VFL) of 1) adaptation of the animals to the laboratory, and 2) beta-receptor blockade by propranolol. Compared to control values, VFL was greatly lengthened (i.e., VF delayed or prevented) by adaptation (P smaller than 0.01), was shortened by large (2 MG/KG) doses of racemic propranolol in unadapted animals (P smaller than 0.02), and was again increased while under the influence of the drug, by adaptation (P smaller than 0.051). Neither a lower (0.02 mg/kg) dose of racemic propranolol, 2 mg/kg of dextropropranolol, nor ventricular pacing to a higher heart rate had an effect on VFL. The results suggest that reduced psychological stress was very effective in retarding or preventing the onset of VF, that low doses of propranolol were ineffective, and that higher doses were deleterious in unadapted animals.", "contents": "Modification of ventricular fibrillation latency following coronary artery occlusion in the conscious pig. Abrupt occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery was performed on 45 unanesthetized farm pigs in order to evaluate the relative effects on the latency to ventricular fibrillation (VFL) of 1) adaptation of the animals to the laboratory, and 2) beta-receptor blockade by propranolol. Compared to control values, VFL was greatly lengthened (i.e., VF delayed or prevented) by adaptation (P smaller than 0.01), was shortened by large (2 MG/KG) doses of racemic propranolol in unadapted animals (P smaller than 0.02), and was again increased while under the influence of the drug, by adaptation (P smaller than 0.051). Neither a lower (0.02 mg/kg) dose of racemic propranolol, 2 mg/kg of dextropropranolol, nor ventricular pacing to a higher heart rate had an effect on VFL. The results suggest that reduced psychological stress was very effective in retarding or preventing the onset of VF, that low doses of propranolol were ineffective, and that higher doses were deleterious in unadapted animals.", "PMID": 1167816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1931", "title": "Linear working graphs in blood lead determinations with the Beckman flameless atomic absorption cuvet.", "content": "Working graphs are generally nonlinear when the longitudinal flameless atomic absorption cuvet is used.  Such nonlinear curves make it difficult to determine the amount of lead in blood by the method of additions, because of inaccuracies in extrapolating the graph to zero absorbance.  This paper describes a method for obtaining linear graphs by making use of opacity (the reciprocal of transmittance, or antilog of the absorbance) instead of absorbance.  Because no deuterium arc background corrector is available for the Beckman Model 444, background was correlated by reading the opacity at a nonabsorbing line, 287.3 nm, and subtracting the opacities.  A separate reagent-blank correction for lead must also be made.", "contents": "Linear working graphs in blood lead determinations with the Beckman flameless atomic absorption cuvet. Working graphs are generally nonlinear when the longitudinal flameless atomic absorption cuvet is used.  Such nonlinear curves make it difficult to determine the amount of lead in blood by the method of additions, because of inaccuracies in extrapolating the graph to zero absorbance.  This paper describes a method for obtaining linear graphs by making use of opacity (the reciprocal of transmittance, or antilog of the absorbance) instead of absorbance.  Because no deuterium arc background corrector is available for the Beckman Model 444, background was correlated by reading the opacity at a nonabsorbing line, 287.3 nm, and subtracting the opacities.  A separate reagent-blank correction for lead must also be made.", "PMID": 1167817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1932", "title": "Cultivated cells from diagnostic amniocentesis in second trimester pregnancies. II. Cytogenetic parameters as functions of clonal type and preparative technique.", "content": "From a total of 418 primary amniotic fluid colonies, 5.5% were fibroblast-like (F), 33.7% epithelioid (E) and 60.8% had characteristics of what was previously shown to be the principal class of clonable amniotic fluid cells (AF). Polyploidy occurred in all three categories, although both pure tetraploidy and mixoploidy were more frequent in E colonies. The incidence of non-constitutional chromosomal changes was identical in AF and E type colonies if primary spreads were analyzed in situ without prior trypsinization. Spreads from pooled cell suspensions showed higher base-line levels of both aneuploidy and structural changes. Analysis of individual colonies employing an in situ preparative technique is clearly the method of choice for a reliable cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis within the shortest possible period of time.", "contents": "Cultivated cells from diagnostic amniocentesis in second trimester pregnancies. II. Cytogenetic parameters as functions of clonal type and preparative technique. From a total of 418 primary amniotic fluid colonies, 5.5% were fibroblast-like (F), 33.7% epithelioid (E) and 60.8% had characteristics of what was previously shown to be the principal class of clonable amniotic fluid cells (AF). Polyploidy occurred in all three categories, although both pure tetraploidy and mixoploidy were more frequent in E colonies. The incidence of non-constitutional chromosomal changes was identical in AF and E type colonies if primary spreads were analyzed in situ without prior trypsinization. Spreads from pooled cell suspensions showed higher base-line levels of both aneuploidy and structural changes. Analysis of individual colonies employing an in situ preparative technique is clearly the method of choice for a reliable cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis within the shortest possible period of time.", "PMID": 1167818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1933", "title": "Parasympathetic pathways, renin secretion and vasopressin release.", "content": "1. The interrelationship between parasympathetic neural tone, renin secretion and vasopressin release was examined by observing the effect of bilateral cervical vagotomy on renin secretion in intact and acutely hypophysectomized dogs undergoing a water diuresis. 2. In intact dogs bilateral cervical vagotomy decreased the mean renin secretion from 1245 to 682 units/min (P less than 0.01) as urinary osmolality increased from 95 to 414 mosmol/kg (P less than 0.001). In contrast, in acutely hypophysectomized dogs cervical vagotomy failed to alter renin secretion significantly (834 to 893 units/min) and urinary osmolality was also unchanged (78 to 71 mosmol/kg). 3. The results suggest that a diminution in vagal tone may significantly alter renin secretion by stimulating vasopressin release. Exogenous vasopressin was associated with changes in urinary osmolality and renin secretion which were qualitatively similar to those seen after servical vagotomy. 4. We suggest that there is a neurohumoral reflex mechanism by which a fall in parasympathetic tone increases the release of vasopressin, which, in turn, suppresses renin secretion. The results are also compatible with the hypothesis that vasopressin inhibits renin release by a direct effect on the juxtaglomerular cells.", "contents": "Parasympathetic pathways, renin secretion and vasopressin release. 1. The interrelationship between parasympathetic neural tone, renin secretion and vasopressin release was examined by observing the effect of bilateral cervical vagotomy on renin secretion in intact and acutely hypophysectomized dogs undergoing a water diuresis. 2. In intact dogs bilateral cervical vagotomy decreased the mean renin secretion from 1245 to 682 units/min (P less than 0.01) as urinary osmolality increased from 95 to 414 mosmol/kg (P less than 0.001). In contrast, in acutely hypophysectomized dogs cervical vagotomy failed to alter renin secretion significantly (834 to 893 units/min) and urinary osmolality was also unchanged (78 to 71 mosmol/kg). 3. The results suggest that a diminution in vagal tone may significantly alter renin secretion by stimulating vasopressin release. Exogenous vasopressin was associated with changes in urinary osmolality and renin secretion which were qualitatively similar to those seen after servical vagotomy. 4. We suggest that there is a neurohumoral reflex mechanism by which a fall in parasympathetic tone increases the release of vasopressin, which, in turn, suppresses renin secretion. The results are also compatible with the hypothesis that vasopressin inhibits renin release by a direct effect on the juxtaglomerular cells.", "PMID": 1167820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1934", "title": "Deoxycorticosterone excretion in normal, hypertensive and hypokalaemic subjects.", "content": "1. Radioimmunoassay has been used to detect and estimate the urinary excretion of deoxycorticosterone (DOC) in normal, hypertensive and hypokalaemic subjects. The range of excretions in ten healthy normal subjects was 41-232 pmol (13.7-76.7 ng) daily, with a mean of 124 pmol (41 ng). 2. In fourteen subjects with essential hypertension without metabolic disturbance the range found was 29-144 pmol (9.7-47.7 ng) daily, with a mean of 87 pmol (28.8 ng), which is not significantly different from that in normal subjects. 3. In twelve patients with Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal cortical hyperplasia the range found was 26-542 pmol (8.7-179 ng). Ten of these twelve patients had values within normal limits. 4. Of nine subjects showing hypokalaemia, eight had elevated excretion of deoxycorticosterone with values from 263 to 5515 pmol (87-1820 ng) daily. Seven of these were hypertensive and two were normotensive. The elevated excretion of deoxycorticosterone found in hypokalaemic subjects is thus not confined to those with hypertension. 5. No correlation has been found between excretion rates for aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone. Raised excretion of the latter provides an indicator of disturbed adrenal cortical metabolism.", "contents": "Deoxycorticosterone excretion in normal, hypertensive and hypokalaemic subjects. 1. Radioimmunoassay has been used to detect and estimate the urinary excretion of deoxycorticosterone (DOC) in normal, hypertensive and hypokalaemic subjects. The range of excretions in ten healthy normal subjects was 41-232 pmol (13.7-76.7 ng) daily, with a mean of 124 pmol (41 ng). 2. In fourteen subjects with essential hypertension without metabolic disturbance the range found was 29-144 pmol (9.7-47.7 ng) daily, with a mean of 87 pmol (28.8 ng), which is not significantly different from that in normal subjects. 3. In twelve patients with Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal cortical hyperplasia the range found was 26-542 pmol (8.7-179 ng). Ten of these twelve patients had values within normal limits. 4. Of nine subjects showing hypokalaemia, eight had elevated excretion of deoxycorticosterone with values from 263 to 5515 pmol (87-1820 ng) daily. Seven of these were hypertensive and two were normotensive. The elevated excretion of deoxycorticosterone found in hypokalaemic subjects is thus not confined to those with hypertension. 5. No correlation has been found between excretion rates for aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone. Raised excretion of the latter provides an indicator of disturbed adrenal cortical metabolism.", "PMID": 1167821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1935", "title": "Effects of abdominal breathing on distribution of ventilation in obstructive lung disease.", "content": "1. The regional distribution of ventilation was studied with a 133Xe wash-out technique both after rebreathing and after intravenous injection of the isotope in six patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Measurements were performed in the sitting position during spontaneous and augmented abdominal breathing respectively. The contribution to ventilation of the rib-cage and abdomen was measured with magnetometer recordings of the respiratory variation in the antero-posterior diameters. 2. The relative contribution of the abdomen to ventilation increased from about 40% during spontaneous breathing to about 67% during augmented abdominal breathing. 3. There was no systematic difference in the ventilation distribution between the two breathing patterns.", "contents": "Effects of abdominal breathing on distribution of ventilation in obstructive lung disease. 1. The regional distribution of ventilation was studied with a 133Xe wash-out technique both after rebreathing and after intravenous injection of the isotope in six patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Measurements were performed in the sitting position during spontaneous and augmented abdominal breathing respectively. The contribution to ventilation of the rib-cage and abdomen was measured with magnetometer recordings of the respiratory variation in the antero-posterior diameters. 2. The relative contribution of the abdomen to ventilation increased from about 40% during spontaneous breathing to about 67% during augmented abdominal breathing. 3. There was no systematic difference in the ventilation distribution between the two breathing patterns.", "PMID": 1167822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1936", "title": "Maximal oxygen uptake, lung volume and ventilatory response to carbon dioxide and hypoxia in a pair of identical twin athletes.", "content": "1. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), lung volumes, and ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide and hypoxia have been measured in identical twin athletes, who were trained to a similar high degree. 2. The results confirm previous findings for VO2 max. and lung volumes in identical twins, and are in keeping with the suggestion that genetic factors play a major part in determining the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide and hypoxia.", "contents": "Maximal oxygen uptake, lung volume and ventilatory response to carbon dioxide and hypoxia in a pair of identical twin athletes. 1. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), lung volumes, and ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide and hypoxia have been measured in identical twin athletes, who were trained to a similar high degree. 2. The results confirm previous findings for VO2 max. and lung volumes in identical twins, and are in keeping with the suggestion that genetic factors play a major part in determining the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide and hypoxia.", "PMID": 1167823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1937", "title": "Naproxen absorption in children.", "content": "A study was carried out in 9 children (mean age 10.8 years) suffering from rheumatic disorders to determine peak plasma levels and plasma curve of naproxen following the administration of a single oral dose of a suspension formulation. The results suggest that there is no significant difference in naproxen peak blood levels and half-life between adults and children and a twice-daily dosage regime, as in adults, should be suitable, therefore, for therapeutic use in children. The formulation was well-tolerated and no untoward effects were noted.", "contents": "Naproxen absorption in children. A study was carried out in 9 children (mean age 10.8 years) suffering from rheumatic disorders to determine peak plasma levels and plasma curve of naproxen following the administration of a single oral dose of a suspension formulation. The results suggest that there is no significant difference in naproxen peak blood levels and half-life between adults and children and a twice-daily dosage regime, as in adults, should be suitable, therefore, for therapeutic use in children. The formulation was well-tolerated and no untoward effects were noted.", "PMID": 1167825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1938", "title": "Altered secretion of gonadotropins and steroids resulting from delayed ovulation in the rat.", "content": "Rats were killed by decapitation at 3-h intervals during a 48-h delay of ovulation induced by sodium pentobarbital, as well as during the ensuing delayed proestrus, estrus and the first 4 days of gestation. Control animals were killed at the same intervals following injections of vehicle. Blood was collected and analyzed for LH, FSH, prolactin, progesterone and estradiol-17beta to determine if alterations in hormonal levels could account for the abnormal embryonic development which follows delayed ovulation. Hormonal concentrations in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay except for progesterone, which was determined by competitive protein binding. Embryos were examined to verify the occurrence of abnormal development. Rate of oocyte maturation was studied in serial sections of ovaries from all animals killed at 30-min intervals on the afternoon of proestrus. Oocytes remained in meiotic arrest during the 48-h delay of ovulation, but resumed maturation at the expected time on the afternoon of the preovulatory surge of gonadotropins. Following delayed ovulation there was a significant increase in fertilized ova that were undergoing degeneration (6.5 vs 1.9%), abnormal development (3.7 vs 0.7%), and retarded development (3.1 vs 0.2%). A number of alterations in hormonal levels occurred during the prolonged preovulatory period. The proestrous surge of LH in plasma was completely suppressed on both days of treatment with Nembutal, but exhibited a normal preovulatory peak on the following day. FSH showed a small but significant rise on both days of treatment. Peak concentrations of FSH on the following day were not different in magnitude from the normal preovulatory surge, although the duration of this surge was shortened by 12 h. Prolactin and progesterone concentrations in plasma were only partially suppressed on the days of treatment, while on the following day preovulatory levels of prolactin were significantly greater than in controls. The proestrous peak levels of estradiol occurred prior to the first Nembutal injection and declined more gradually after this treatment. Plasma levels of estradiol remained above basal levels during the period of delayed ovulation with peaks of short duration at 15u0 h on the day of second treatment and the day prior to ovulation. Plasma levels of these 5 hormones during the first 4 days of gestation were not altered by delayed ovulation.", "contents": "Altered secretion of gonadotropins and steroids resulting from delayed ovulation in the rat. Rats were killed by decapitation at 3-h intervals during a 48-h delay of ovulation induced by sodium pentobarbital, as well as during the ensuing delayed proestrus, estrus and the first 4 days of gestation. Control animals were killed at the same intervals following injections of vehicle. Blood was collected and analyzed for LH, FSH, prolactin, progesterone and estradiol-17beta to determine if alterations in hormonal levels could account for the abnormal embryonic development which follows delayed ovulation. Hormonal concentrations in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay except for progesterone, which was determined by competitive protein binding. Embryos were examined to verify the occurrence of abnormal development. Rate of oocyte maturation was studied in serial sections of ovaries from all animals killed at 30-min intervals on the afternoon of proestrus. Oocytes remained in meiotic arrest during the 48-h delay of ovulation, but resumed maturation at the expected time on the afternoon of the preovulatory surge of gonadotropins. Following delayed ovulation there was a significant increase in fertilized ova that were undergoing degeneration (6.5 vs 1.9%), abnormal development (3.7 vs 0.7%), and retarded development (3.1 vs 0.2%). A number of alterations in hormonal levels occurred during the prolonged preovulatory period. The proestrous surge of LH in plasma was completely suppressed on both days of treatment with Nembutal, but exhibited a normal preovulatory peak on the following day. FSH showed a small but significant rise on both days of treatment. Peak concentrations of FSH on the following day were not different in magnitude from the normal preovulatory surge, although the duration of this surge was shortened by 12 h. Prolactin and progesterone concentrations in plasma were only partially suppressed on the days of treatment, while on the following day preovulatory levels of prolactin were significantly greater than in controls. The proestrous peak levels of estradiol occurred prior to the first Nembutal injection and declined more gradually after this treatment. Plasma levels of estradiol remained above basal levels during the period of delayed ovulation with peaks of short duration at 15u0 h on the day of second treatment and the day prior to ovulation. Plasma levels of these 5 hormones during the first 4 days of gestation were not altered by delayed ovulation.", "PMID": 1167826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1939", "title": "Investigation of choriocarcinoma clonal cell lines in vitro and choriocarcinoma transplants in the hamster for the secretion of a thyroid-stimulating factor.", "content": "Six choriocarcinoma cell lines that secrete chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in tissue culture were investigated for the production of thyroid stimulators. In the mouse thyrotropin bioassay, no thyroid-stimulating activity was found in cell culture media even after 30-fold concentration by the method of Bates. Further, concentrates of culture media did not react in a porcine thyrotropin radioimmunoassay in which hCT cross-reacted completely. Thyroid function was also assessed in hamsters bearing hCG-secreting human choriocarinoma transplants. Even though the thyroid-stimulating factor present in commercial urinary hCG preparations caused an increase in PB131I in the hamster, the presence of the choriocarcinoma had no effect on PB131I. From these results, it appears that human choriocarcinoma cell lines maintained in tissue culture and human choriocarcinoma serially transplanted in the hamster are not suitable models for the study of the secretion of a thyroid-stimulating factor by trophoblastic tissues.", "contents": "Investigation of choriocarcinoma clonal cell lines in vitro and choriocarcinoma transplants in the hamster for the secretion of a thyroid-stimulating factor. Six choriocarcinoma cell lines that secrete chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in tissue culture were investigated for the production of thyroid stimulators. In the mouse thyrotropin bioassay, no thyroid-stimulating activity was found in cell culture media even after 30-fold concentration by the method of Bates. Further, concentrates of culture media did not react in a porcine thyrotropin radioimmunoassay in which hCT cross-reacted completely. Thyroid function was also assessed in hamsters bearing hCG-secreting human choriocarinoma transplants. Even though the thyroid-stimulating factor present in commercial urinary hCG preparations caused an increase in PB131I in the hamster, the presence of the choriocarcinoma had no effect on PB131I. From these results, it appears that human choriocarcinoma cell lines maintained in tissue culture and human choriocarcinoma serially transplanted in the hamster are not suitable models for the study of the secretion of a thyroid-stimulating factor by trophoblastic tissues.", "PMID": 1167827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1940", "title": "Protein composition of human uterine fluid.", "content": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of uterine washings and the corresponding serum from 35 patients revealed the presence of at least four characteristic uterine proteins and large amounts of the serum proteins, albumin and transferrin. The appearance of these characteristic proteins was studied during specific phases of the menstrual cycle. At lease one of the four uterine proteins was observed in postovulatory samples only, with a maximum frequency of occurrence during the midsecretory phase. In contrast, one of these proteins predominated in preovulatory uterine washings while another appeared randomly throughout the menstrual cycle. Substantial variations in protein patterns were observed in patients sampled during different menstrual cycles. The presence of the major antigenic components of serum in uterine washings was confirmed; however, immunochemical demonstration of the existence of uterine-specific antigens was unsuccessful.", "contents": "Protein composition of human uterine fluid. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of uterine washings and the corresponding serum from 35 patients revealed the presence of at least four characteristic uterine proteins and large amounts of the serum proteins, albumin and transferrin. The appearance of these characteristic proteins was studied during specific phases of the menstrual cycle. At lease one of the four uterine proteins was observed in postovulatory samples only, with a maximum frequency of occurrence during the midsecretory phase. In contrast, one of these proteins predominated in preovulatory uterine washings while another appeared randomly throughout the menstrual cycle. Substantial variations in protein patterns were observed in patients sampled during different menstrual cycles. The presence of the major antigenic components of serum in uterine washings was confirmed; however, immunochemical demonstration of the existence of uterine-specific antigens was unsuccessful.", "PMID": 1167833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1941", "title": "In vitro contractile activity of the mesotubarium superius from the rabbit oviduct in various endocrine states.", "content": "We investigated the influence of estrogen on the contractile activity of smooth muscle in the nonpregnant female reproductive tract, using as a model isolated strips of mesotubarium superius (MTS) removed from the rabbit oviduct. We studied four physiologic states in which muscular activity was influenced to varying degrees by endogenous estrogen. Normal estrous (estrogen dominated) rabbits were used as controls. We observed decreased activity in MTS from rabbits chronically deprived of estrogen (60) days postovariectomy). However, a dramatic increase in activity occurred in response to acute withdrawal of ovarian function (12 hours postovariectomy). An increase in activity also occurred at the time of ovulation. We concluded that acute withdrawal of endogenous estrogen is a potent stimulus to reproductive smooth muscle in the female rabbit and that it might contribute to increased muscular activity at ovulation.", "contents": "In vitro contractile activity of the mesotubarium superius from the rabbit oviduct in various endocrine states. We investigated the influence of estrogen on the contractile activity of smooth muscle in the nonpregnant female reproductive tract, using as a model isolated strips of mesotubarium superius (MTS) removed from the rabbit oviduct. We studied four physiologic states in which muscular activity was influenced to varying degrees by endogenous estrogen. Normal estrous (estrogen dominated) rabbits were used as controls. We observed decreased activity in MTS from rabbits chronically deprived of estrogen (60) days postovariectomy). However, a dramatic increase in activity occurred in response to acute withdrawal of ovarian function (12 hours postovariectomy). An increase in activity also occurred at the time of ovulation. We concluded that acute withdrawal of endogenous estrogen is a potent stimulus to reproductive smooth muscle in the female rabbit and that it might contribute to increased muscular activity at ovulation.", "PMID": 1167834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1942", "title": "Effects of aging on basal levels of serum gonadotropins, ovarian compensatory hypertrophy, and hypersecretion of gonadotropins after ovariectomy in female rats.", "content": "Young adult (four months old) and old (14 months old) female rats were used in a series of experiments to determine the effects of aging on serum gonadotropin levels and on ovarian compensatory hypertrophy. Basal levels of gonadotropins were similar for rats of both ages. On the day after hemiovariectomy, serum FSH levels were elevated in both old and young rats. On that same day, serum LH levels were not elevated and the mean level for old rats was significantly lower than that for young rats. At two weeks and at two months after complete ovariectomy, the serum levels of both LH and FSH were lower in old than in young rats, suggesting imparied hypersecretion of gonadotropins in aged animals. After a suppressive dose of estradiol benzoate, ovariectomized old rats showed lower serum LH levels than did young ovariectomized rats. A comparison of the weights of ovaries removed two weeks after hemiovariectomy with those of the ovaries initially removed suggests that compensatory hypertrophy occurred in both groups of rats. However, ovarian weights, both before and after compensation, were lower in the old than in the young. After hemiovariectomy in old rats, the proportion of ovaries with corpora lutea increased, suggesting activation of some previously inactive ovaries.", "contents": "Effects of aging on basal levels of serum gonadotropins, ovarian compensatory hypertrophy, and hypersecretion of gonadotropins after ovariectomy in female rats. Young adult (four months old) and old (14 months old) female rats were used in a series of experiments to determine the effects of aging on serum gonadotropin levels and on ovarian compensatory hypertrophy. Basal levels of gonadotropins were similar for rats of both ages. On the day after hemiovariectomy, serum FSH levels were elevated in both old and young rats. On that same day, serum LH levels were not elevated and the mean level for old rats was significantly lower than that for young rats. At two weeks and at two months after complete ovariectomy, the serum levels of both LH and FSH were lower in old than in young rats, suggesting imparied hypersecretion of gonadotropins in aged animals. After a suppressive dose of estradiol benzoate, ovariectomized old rats showed lower serum LH levels than did young ovariectomized rats. A comparison of the weights of ovaries removed two weeks after hemiovariectomy with those of the ovaries initially removed suggests that compensatory hypertrophy occurred in both groups of rats. However, ovarian weights, both before and after compensation, were lower in the old than in the young. After hemiovariectomy in old rats, the proportion of ovaries with corpora lutea increased, suggesting activation of some previously inactive ovaries.", "PMID": 1167835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1943", "title": "Temporal evolution of the sensitivity to tetranitromethane of the active site of anti-Tobacco mosaic virus antibodies.", "content": "Rabbit anti-TMV antibody taken 9 days after antigen injection is inactivated by much lower concentrations of tetranitomethane (TNM) than anti-body taken after 30 days. This change in sensitivity to TNM occurs in a very heterogeneous population of molecules, including IgM and IgG classes, but the affinity of the antibody remains unchanged. Thus, the phenomenon is not the result of selection of antibody-producing cells under the influence of antigen. Inactivation of early anti-TMV antibody appears to result from the nitration of one tyrosyl residue per Fab fragment. This tyrosine is probably located in the heavy chain and most probably in the variable portion. The moderate sensitivity of late anti-body to TNM is attributed to the lower reactivity of a tyrosine in the active site, and to the fact that nitration of this tyrosine does not inactivate the binding site. The suggested interpretation is that the majority of molecules of a very heterogeneous anti-TMV antibody pool may have a common structure in their active site during the early stage of the antibody response. This may later be replaced in most molecules by different structures.", "contents": "Temporal evolution of the sensitivity to tetranitromethane of the active site of anti-Tobacco mosaic virus antibodies. Rabbit anti-TMV antibody taken 9 days after antigen injection is inactivated by much lower concentrations of tetranitomethane (TNM) than anti-body taken after 30 days. This change in sensitivity to TNM occurs in a very heterogeneous population of molecules, including IgM and IgG classes, but the affinity of the antibody remains unchanged. Thus, the phenomenon is not the result of selection of antibody-producing cells under the influence of antigen. Inactivation of early anti-TMV antibody appears to result from the nitration of one tyrosyl residue per Fab fragment. This tyrosine is probably located in the heavy chain and most probably in the variable portion. The moderate sensitivity of late anti-body to TNM is attributed to the lower reactivity of a tyrosine in the active site, and to the fact that nitration of this tyrosine does not inactivate the binding site. The suggested interpretation is that the majority of molecules of a very heterogeneous anti-TMV antibody pool may have a common structure in their active site during the early stage of the antibody response. This may later be replaced in most molecules by different structures.", "PMID": 1167845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1944", "title": "Immunoelectron microscopic identification and localization of Streptococcus sanguis with peroxidase-labeled antibody: localization of Streptococcus sanguis in intact dental plaque.", "content": "Streptococcus sanguis has been localized ultrastructurally within intact dental plaque by means of an indirect technique which utilizes horseradish peroxidase-labeled antibody. The technique allows for complete diffusion of the reagents to all portions of the plaque specimens. Control procedures can be carried out on serial sections of plaque with a bacterial composition similar to that of the experimental specimen. The 30-mum-thick sections can be examined in the light microscope to localize areas specifically labeled with peroxidase prior to cutting ultra-thin sections for electron microscopy. This study demonstrated that specific bacteria can be localized within intact dental plaque. The results also indicated that S. sanguis grows in dental plaque as columnar shaped microcolonies perpendicular to the tooth surfaces. Growth appears to be by cell division rather than deposition of new cells at the surfaces. Despite their relatively good structural preservation, the cells in the deeper (older) layers of plaque appear to have lost some of their antigenic activity in comparison to the cells near the surface.", "contents": "Immunoelectron microscopic identification and localization of Streptococcus sanguis with peroxidase-labeled antibody: localization of Streptococcus sanguis in intact dental plaque. Streptococcus sanguis has been localized ultrastructurally within intact dental plaque by means of an indirect technique which utilizes horseradish peroxidase-labeled antibody. The technique allows for complete diffusion of the reagents to all portions of the plaque specimens. Control procedures can be carried out on serial sections of plaque with a bacterial composition similar to that of the experimental specimen. The 30-mum-thick sections can be examined in the light microscope to localize areas specifically labeled with peroxidase prior to cutting ultra-thin sections for electron microscopy. This study demonstrated that specific bacteria can be localized within intact dental plaque. The results also indicated that S. sanguis grows in dental plaque as columnar shaped microcolonies perpendicular to the tooth surfaces. Growth appears to be by cell division rather than deposition of new cells at the surfaces. Despite their relatively good structural preservation, the cells in the deeper (older) layers of plaque appear to have lost some of their antigenic activity in comparison to the cells near the surface.", "PMID": 1167846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1945", "title": "Application of the cilia dyskinesis test in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in an adolescent.", "content": "In certain cases of obscure chronic lung disease, the possibility of a genetic disorder, such as cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, should be considered. When the genetic defect fails to cause pancreatic involvement, the partial expression of cystic fibrosis is encountered. Elevation of sweat electrolyte levels is not sufficient to confirm the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in adults since normal levels vary widely in both adolescents and adults. Other tests should, therefore, be utilized. The cilia dyskinesis test is positive in both homozygous and heterozygous patients with cystic fibrosis. Utilization of this technique in a family study confirmed the diagnosis of partial expression of cystic fibrosis in an adolescent female.", "contents": "Application of the cilia dyskinesis test in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in an adolescent. In certain cases of obscure chronic lung disease, the possibility of a genetic disorder, such as cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, should be considered. When the genetic defect fails to cause pancreatic involvement, the partial expression of cystic fibrosis is encountered. Elevation of sweat electrolyte levels is not sufficient to confirm the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in adults since normal levels vary widely in both adolescents and adults. Other tests should, therefore, be utilized. The cilia dyskinesis test is positive in both homozygous and heterozygous patients with cystic fibrosis. Utilization of this technique in a family study confirmed the diagnosis of partial expression of cystic fibrosis in an adolescent female.", "PMID": 1167850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1946", "title": "Cyclic hematopoiesis in a colony of dogs.", "content": "A laboratory-maintained colony of dogs heterozygous for cyclic hematopoiesis (ch) has been established. The colony consists of Collies and Collie-Beagle mixed dogs. Matings between dogs heterozygous for ch resulted in 110 pups, 28 of which were homozygous for ch. Each of the 28 homozygous ch pups (15 females and 13 males) was gray and white. Ninetten of them survived the preweaning period and were found to have cyclic fluctuations of neutrophils, platelets, and reticulocytes.", "contents": "Cyclic hematopoiesis in a colony of dogs. A laboratory-maintained colony of dogs heterozygous for cyclic hematopoiesis (ch) has been established. The colony consists of Collies and Collie-Beagle mixed dogs. Matings between dogs heterozygous for ch resulted in 110 pups, 28 of which were homozygous for ch. Each of the 28 homozygous ch pups (15 females and 13 males) was gray and white. Ninetten of them survived the preweaning period and were found to have cyclic fluctuations of neutrophils, platelets, and reticulocytes.", "PMID": 1167851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1947", "title": "Treatment of basophilic leukemia in a dog.", "content": "Basophilic leukemia in a 6-year-old dog was characterized by marked splenomegaly, anemia, and leukocytosis in which 89% of the circulating leukocytes were basophilis. After an attempt at busulfan therapy, the dog was treated with hydroxyurea and was maintained on this drug for 2 months. After withdrawl of hydroxyurea, the dog remained in remission and was still in remission at the time of writing (8 months later).", "contents": "Treatment of basophilic leukemia in a dog. Basophilic leukemia in a 6-year-old dog was characterized by marked splenomegaly, anemia, and leukocytosis in which 89% of the circulating leukocytes were basophilis. After an attempt at busulfan therapy, the dog was treated with hydroxyurea and was maintained on this drug for 2 months. After withdrawl of hydroxyurea, the dog remained in remission and was still in remission at the time of writing (8 months later).", "PMID": 1167852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1948", "title": "Endonuclease from Dictyostelium discoideum that attacks ultraviolet-irradiated deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "An endonuclease activity yielding single-strand breaks in ultraviolet light-irradiated phiX-174 RF I DNA in vitro has been detected in homogenates of the amoebae of the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum.", "contents": "Endonuclease from Dictyostelium discoideum that attacks ultraviolet-irradiated deoxyribonucleic acid. An endonuclease activity yielding single-strand breaks in ultraviolet light-irradiated phiX-174 RF I DNA in vitro has been detected in homogenates of the amoebae of the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum.", "PMID": 1167858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1949", "title": "Heat stabilization produced by protein-protein association. A differential scanning calorimetric study of the heat denaturation of the trypsin-soybean trypsin inhibitor and trypsin-ovomucoid complexes.", "content": "The irreversible thermal denaturation of the association complexes of bovine beta-trypsin with soybean trypsin inhibitor or ovomucoid was observed with a differential scanning calorimeter. Association of trypsin with either inhibitor results in increased heat stability. The largest effect is observed with beta-trypsin and soybean trypsin inhibitor. At pH 6.7, first order rate constants (s-1) for denaturation at 72 degrees, determined at a heating rate of 10 degrees per min, are: beta-trypsin, 30 times 10-3; soybean trypsin inhibitor, 9 times 10-3; trypsin-soybean trypsin inhibitor complex, 0.4 times 10-3. Under equivalent conditions, rate constants for ovomucoid and trypsin-ovomucoid complex are 4 times 10-3 and 1 times 10-3 s-1, respectively. These changes in rate correspond to heat stabilization of trypsin equivalent to an increase of 16 and 9 degrees, respectively, in its observed denaturation temperature. Rate constants determined for beta-trypsin and trypsin-soybean trypsin inhibitor complex are independent of heating rate; those for soybean trypsin inhibitor and ovomucoid are a function of heating rate. This suggests that predenaturational conformational alterations may be important steps in the denaturation of the inhibitors. Activation energies for denaturation of the complexes and their components are all similar, averaging 70 kcal per mol. The large activation energies observed suggest that denaturation of the complexes is not rate-limited by their dissociation.", "contents": "Heat stabilization produced by protein-protein association. A differential scanning calorimetric study of the heat denaturation of the trypsin-soybean trypsin inhibitor and trypsin-ovomucoid complexes. The irreversible thermal denaturation of the association complexes of bovine beta-trypsin with soybean trypsin inhibitor or ovomucoid was observed with a differential scanning calorimeter. Association of trypsin with either inhibitor results in increased heat stability. The largest effect is observed with beta-trypsin and soybean trypsin inhibitor. At pH 6.7, first order rate constants (s-1) for denaturation at 72 degrees, determined at a heating rate of 10 degrees per min, are: beta-trypsin, 30 times 10-3; soybean trypsin inhibitor, 9 times 10-3; trypsin-soybean trypsin inhibitor complex, 0.4 times 10-3. Under equivalent conditions, rate constants for ovomucoid and trypsin-ovomucoid complex are 4 times 10-3 and 1 times 10-3 s-1, respectively. These changes in rate correspond to heat stabilization of trypsin equivalent to an increase of 16 and 9 degrees, respectively, in its observed denaturation temperature. Rate constants determined for beta-trypsin and trypsin-soybean trypsin inhibitor complex are independent of heating rate; those for soybean trypsin inhibitor and ovomucoid are a function of heating rate. This suggests that predenaturational conformational alterations may be important steps in the denaturation of the inhibitors. Activation energies for denaturation of the complexes and their components are all similar, averaging 70 kcal per mol. The large activation energies observed suggest that denaturation of the complexes is not rate-limited by their dissociation.", "PMID": 1167859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1950", "title": "The participation of lipid-linked oligosaccharide in synthesis of membrane glycoproteins.", "content": "Membrane preparations from hen oviduct catalyze the transfer of mannose from GDP-mannose into three components: mannosyl phosphoryl polyisoprenol, oligosaccharide-lipid, and glycoprotein. Eivence that mannosyl phosphoryl polyisoprenol serves as a mannosyl donor for synthesis of both oligosaccharide-lipid and glycoproteins was previously reported (Waechter, C.J., Lucas, J.J., and Lennarz, W.J. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 7570-7579). In this study the oligosaccharide-lipid has been isolated, and the oligosaccharide has been partially characterized. Based on paper chromatography the oligosaccharide chain contains 7 to 9 glycose units. The glycose at the reducing terminus is N-acetylglucosamine, whereas mannose is found at the nonreducing end. When UDP-N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine is incubated with oviduct membranes in the absence of GDP-mannose, a 14C-labeled chitobiosyl lipid, but little oligosaccharide-lipid is synthesized. When GDP-mannose is also present in the incubation mixture an oligosaccharide-lipid is formed containing N-acetyl[14C]glucosaminyl residues. This oligosaccharide-lipid is chromatographically identical with the [14C]mannose-containing oligosaccharide-lipid isolated in the earlier study cited above. When the N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine-oligosaccharide released from the oligosaccharide-lipid by mild acid is treated with partially purified alpha-mannosidase the major radioactive product is [14C]chitobiose. Evidence that the [14C]mannose-containing oligosaccharide-lipid serves as an oligosaccharide donor for glycoprotein synthesis was obtained by incubation of partially purified oligosaccharide-lipid with the membranes. The products of this incubation were shown to be glycoproteins on the basis of their sensitivity to pronase, as determined by both gel filtration and paper electrophoresis. Similar experiments, using oligosaccharide-lipid doubly labeled with [14C]mannose and N-acetyl[3H]glucosamine, provided evidence that the oligosaccharide chain of the oligosaccharide-lipid is transferred en bloc to glycoprotein s.", "contents": "The participation of lipid-linked oligosaccharide in synthesis of membrane glycoproteins. Membrane preparations from hen oviduct catalyze the transfer of mannose from GDP-mannose into three components: mannosyl phosphoryl polyisoprenol, oligosaccharide-lipid, and glycoprotein. Eivence that mannosyl phosphoryl polyisoprenol serves as a mannosyl donor for synthesis of both oligosaccharide-lipid and glycoproteins was previously reported (Waechter, C.J., Lucas, J.J., and Lennarz, W.J. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 7570-7579). In this study the oligosaccharide-lipid has been isolated, and the oligosaccharide has been partially characterized. Based on paper chromatography the oligosaccharide chain contains 7 to 9 glycose units. The glycose at the reducing terminus is N-acetylglucosamine, whereas mannose is found at the nonreducing end. When UDP-N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine is incubated with oviduct membranes in the absence of GDP-mannose, a 14C-labeled chitobiosyl lipid, but little oligosaccharide-lipid is synthesized. When GDP-mannose is also present in the incubation mixture an oligosaccharide-lipid is formed containing N-acetyl[14C]glucosaminyl residues. This oligosaccharide-lipid is chromatographically identical with the [14C]mannose-containing oligosaccharide-lipid isolated in the earlier study cited above. When the N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine-oligosaccharide released from the oligosaccharide-lipid by mild acid is treated with partially purified alpha-mannosidase the major radioactive product is [14C]chitobiose. Evidence that the [14C]mannose-containing oligosaccharide-lipid serves as an oligosaccharide donor for glycoprotein synthesis was obtained by incubation of partially purified oligosaccharide-lipid with the membranes. The products of this incubation were shown to be glycoproteins on the basis of their sensitivity to pronase, as determined by both gel filtration and paper electrophoresis. Similar experiments, using oligosaccharide-lipid doubly labeled with [14C]mannose and N-acetyl[3H]glucosamine, provided evidence that the oligosaccharide chain of the oligosaccharide-lipid is transferred en bloc to glycoprotein s.", "PMID": 1167860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1951", "title": "The control of adenylate cyclase by calcium in turkey erythrocyte ghosts.", "content": "The adenylate cyclase of turkey erythrocytes is inhibited by low concentrations of calcium. Calcium binds to the enzyme system so tightly that the enzyme can compete with ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N, N1-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) for the metal. The calcium binding site is shown to be distinct from the magnesium binding sites required for activity. Thus Ca2+ functions as a negative allosteric effector. Calcium decreases dramatically the V max of the catecholamine-stimulated activity without affecting the affinity for the hormone or for the substrate ATP. The cooperativity in the response toward Mg2+ dependence (Hill coefficient, nH equals 3) is also unaffected by Ca2+ where as the S0.5 (concentration yielding one-half V max) for Mg2+ is affected only slightly. The Ca2+ effect is cooperative (nH equals 2) and therefore brought about by a cluster of Ca2+ binding sites. Mn2+ can substitute for Mg2+ as the enzyme activator but the Mn2+-activated enzyme is no longer inhibited by Ca2+. The possible physiological significance of the Ca2+ effect is discussed.", "contents": "The control of adenylate cyclase by calcium in turkey erythrocyte ghosts. The adenylate cyclase of turkey erythrocytes is inhibited by low concentrations of calcium. Calcium binds to the enzyme system so tightly that the enzyme can compete with ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N, N1-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) for the metal. The calcium binding site is shown to be distinct from the magnesium binding sites required for activity. Thus Ca2+ functions as a negative allosteric effector. Calcium decreases dramatically the V max of the catecholamine-stimulated activity without affecting the affinity for the hormone or for the substrate ATP. The cooperativity in the response toward Mg2+ dependence (Hill coefficient, nH equals 3) is also unaffected by Ca2+ where as the S0.5 (concentration yielding one-half V max) for Mg2+ is affected only slightly. The Ca2+ effect is cooperative (nH equals 2) and therefore brought about by a cluster of Ca2+ binding sites. Mn2+ can substitute for Mg2+ as the enzyme activator but the Mn2+-activated enzyme is no longer inhibited by Ca2+. The possible physiological significance of the Ca2+ effect is discussed.", "PMID": 1167861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1952", "title": "Identification and purification of collagen-synthesizing polysomes with anti-collagen antibodies.", "content": "Antibodies against embryonic chick bone collagen were prepared in rabbits and were purified by affinity and ion exchange chromatography until collagen-specific and RNase-free. 125I-anti-collagen antibodies were used to locate the collagen-synthesizing polysomes of 8-day chick embryo wings and legs on sucrose gradients by measuring the polysome associated radioactivity. The 125I-anti-collagen antibodies bound predominantly to polysomes in the heavy region of sucrose gradients. These binding sites could only be saturated with homologous anti-collagen antibodies. Further evidence for the specificity of this reaction was provided by a correlation of the amount of anti-collagen antibodies bound in the heavy regions of sucrose gradients with the amount of collagen being synthesized by a particular tissue. The validity of this immunochemical method was confirmed by localizing collagen-synthesizing polysomes by an independent method which utilizes their ability to incorporate [3H]proline into collagen peptides in a cell-free system. The collagen-synthesizing polysomes are found in a single, rather broad peak in these gradients. The results of shortening the centrifugation time indicate that larger species of collagen-synthesizing polysomes are not present in these tissues. Partial purification of the collagen-synthesizing polysomes may be achieved by specifically sedimenting them after treatment with anti-collagen antibodies followed by goat anti-rabbit antibodies.", "contents": "Identification and purification of collagen-synthesizing polysomes with anti-collagen antibodies. Antibodies against embryonic chick bone collagen were prepared in rabbits and were purified by affinity and ion exchange chromatography until collagen-specific and RNase-free. 125I-anti-collagen antibodies were used to locate the collagen-synthesizing polysomes of 8-day chick embryo wings and legs on sucrose gradients by measuring the polysome associated radioactivity. The 125I-anti-collagen antibodies bound predominantly to polysomes in the heavy region of sucrose gradients. These binding sites could only be saturated with homologous anti-collagen antibodies. Further evidence for the specificity of this reaction was provided by a correlation of the amount of anti-collagen antibodies bound in the heavy regions of sucrose gradients with the amount of collagen being synthesized by a particular tissue. The validity of this immunochemical method was confirmed by localizing collagen-synthesizing polysomes by an independent method which utilizes their ability to incorporate [3H]proline into collagen peptides in a cell-free system. The collagen-synthesizing polysomes are found in a single, rather broad peak in these gradients. The results of shortening the centrifugation time indicate that larger species of collagen-synthesizing polysomes are not present in these tissues. Partial purification of the collagen-synthesizing polysomes may be achieved by specifically sedimenting them after treatment with anti-collagen antibodies followed by goat anti-rabbit antibodies.", "PMID": 1167862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1953", "title": "Laser Raman spectroscopic studies of ocular lens and its isolated protein fractions.", "content": "The water-soluble proteins of the bovine lens were separated on a column of Sephadex G-200 into five fractions designated as alpha-, beta1-, beta2-, and gamma-crystallin. Laser Raman scattering studies on these isolated proteins (both in the lyophilized state and in solution) and insoluble albuminoid reveal that they contain predominantly antiparallel pleated sheet structure in the main chains and that sulfhydryl groups are highly localized in gamma-crystallin. This light-scattering technique was also applied to probe the homogeneity of protein structure in the intact lens. The analysis of the scattered light selectively collected from various parts of the lens indicated that these proteins also exist in an antiparallel beta structure throughout the entire lens. However, the central (nucleus) and outer (cortex) portions have somewhat different amino acid composition. Based on the relative intensities of the lines at 624 (phenylalanine) and 644 cm-1 (tyrosine), it is concluded that the nuclear part has the highest concentration of gamma-crystallin and that the content of alpha-crystallin increases significantly from the nucleus to the cortex. By examining the Raman spectra in the 2582 cm-1 and the amide I and III regions, we have demonstrated that the sulfhydryl groups and the beta conformation of the lens proteins are unaffected in the conversion of transparent to totally opaque lens by heat denaturation at 100 degrees. This means that the opacification of a lens does not necessarily involve the oxidation of sulfhydrul groups or conformation changes.", "contents": "Laser Raman spectroscopic studies of ocular lens and its isolated protein fractions. The water-soluble proteins of the bovine lens were separated on a column of Sephadex G-200 into five fractions designated as alpha-, beta1-, beta2-, and gamma-crystallin. Laser Raman scattering studies on these isolated proteins (both in the lyophilized state and in solution) and insoluble albuminoid reveal that they contain predominantly antiparallel pleated sheet structure in the main chains and that sulfhydryl groups are highly localized in gamma-crystallin. This light-scattering technique was also applied to probe the homogeneity of protein structure in the intact lens. The analysis of the scattered light selectively collected from various parts of the lens indicated that these proteins also exist in an antiparallel beta structure throughout the entire lens. However, the central (nucleus) and outer (cortex) portions have somewhat different amino acid composition. Based on the relative intensities of the lines at 624 (phenylalanine) and 644 cm-1 (tyrosine), it is concluded that the nuclear part has the highest concentration of gamma-crystallin and that the content of alpha-crystallin increases significantly from the nucleus to the cortex. By examining the Raman spectra in the 2582 cm-1 and the amide I and III regions, we have demonstrated that the sulfhydryl groups and the beta conformation of the lens proteins are unaffected in the conversion of transparent to totally opaque lens by heat denaturation at 100 degrees. This means that the opacification of a lens does not necessarily involve the oxidation of sulfhydrul groups or conformation changes.", "PMID": 1167863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1954", "title": "Rotational motions in myoglobin assessed by carbon 13 relaxation measurements at two magnetic field strengths.", "content": "Proton-decoupled Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of natural abundance 13C was used to obtain spectra of cyanoferrimyoglobin of sperm whale (Physeter catadon) at 14.1 and 23.5 kG. Comparison of the spin lattice relaxation times at these two field strengths allowed the unambiguous assignment of a rotational correlation time of 22 plus or minus 5 ns for the alpha carbon resonances. The spin lattice relaxation time value for a major band attributable to aromatic carbon atoms also corresponded to a single correlation time, attributable to over-all tumbling of the molecule. Certain narrower resonances reflect other modes of rotational motion in addition to the over-all tumbling. Observations of nuclear Overhauser enhancement and line widths accord with these conslusions.", "contents": "Rotational motions in myoglobin assessed by carbon 13 relaxation measurements at two magnetic field strengths. Proton-decoupled Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of natural abundance 13C was used to obtain spectra of cyanoferrimyoglobin of sperm whale (Physeter catadon) at 14.1 and 23.5 kG. Comparison of the spin lattice relaxation times at these two field strengths allowed the unambiguous assignment of a rotational correlation time of 22 plus or minus 5 ns for the alpha carbon resonances. The spin lattice relaxation time value for a major band attributable to aromatic carbon atoms also corresponded to a single correlation time, attributable to over-all tumbling of the molecule. Certain narrower resonances reflect other modes of rotational motion in addition to the over-all tumbling. Observations of nuclear Overhauser enhancement and line widths accord with these conslusions.", "PMID": 1167864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1955", "title": "The role of mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenal cortex in side chain cleavage of 20S,22R-dihydroxycholesterol.", "content": "The role of cytochrome P-450 in the side chain cleavage of 20S,22R-dihydroxycholesterol was investigated by examining the effect of carbon monoxide on the conversion of this substance to pregnenolone by cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria; the effect of carbon monoxide on the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by the same enzyme also was examined. Fifty per cent inhibition of side chain cleavage was produced by gas mixtures with the following ratios: CO:O2,1.5 for cholesterol and 1.2 for 20S, 22R-dihydroxycholesterol. Photochemical action spectra revealed that light of wavelength 451 nm decreased the inhibition of side chain cleavage of both substrates to a greater extent than light of other wavelenghts. It is concluded that the heme moiety of P-450 is involved in the cleavage of 20S,22R-dihydroxycholesterol.", "contents": "The role of mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenal cortex in side chain cleavage of 20S,22R-dihydroxycholesterol. The role of cytochrome P-450 in the side chain cleavage of 20S,22R-dihydroxycholesterol was investigated by examining the effect of carbon monoxide on the conversion of this substance to pregnenolone by cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria; the effect of carbon monoxide on the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by the same enzyme also was examined. Fifty per cent inhibition of side chain cleavage was produced by gas mixtures with the following ratios: CO:O2,1.5 for cholesterol and 1.2 for 20S, 22R-dihydroxycholesterol. Photochemical action spectra revealed that light of wavelength 451 nm decreased the inhibition of side chain cleavage of both substrates to a greater extent than light of other wavelenghts. It is concluded that the heme moiety of P-450 is involved in the cleavage of 20S,22R-dihydroxycholesterol.", "PMID": 1167865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1956", "title": "Normal plasma renin activity in low renin hypertension.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured every 4 h during a 24-h period of continuous recumbency in 10 patients with essential hypertension. All had maximum values at 12 midnight, 4 AM or 8 AM. Analysis of our date and that of others indicates that in some patients with \"low renin\" hypertension (LRH) these noctural peaks are of normal magnitude, occasionally exceeding values obtained after four hours of erect posture. Sleep-induced renin release in these patients is not suppressed despite blunted responses to other stimuli. This suggests that the ability to synthesize and release renin may be normal in these patients. Such peaks were not obserived in all LRH subjects, however. The area enclosed by the recumbent PRA curve was also normal in some, but not all patients with LRH. Low renin hypertension may not be a homogeneous disorder.", "contents": "Normal plasma renin activity in low renin hypertension. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured every 4 h during a 24-h period of continuous recumbency in 10 patients with essential hypertension. All had maximum values at 12 midnight, 4 AM or 8 AM. Analysis of our date and that of others indicates that in some patients with \"low renin\" hypertension (LRH) these noctural peaks are of normal magnitude, occasionally exceeding values obtained after four hours of erect posture. Sleep-induced renin release in these patients is not suppressed despite blunted responses to other stimuli. This suggests that the ability to synthesize and release renin may be normal in these patients. Such peaks were not obserived in all LRH subjects, however. The area enclosed by the recumbent PRA curve was also normal in some, but not all patients with LRH. Low renin hypertension may not be a homogeneous disorder.", "PMID": 1167867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1957", "title": "The thyrotropin in hydatidiform moles is human chorionic gonadotropin.", "content": "Thyrotropic activity (TSH), measured by the McKenzie mouse bioassay, has been correlated with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) activity, measured by radioimmunoassay, in serum and tissue samples from 11 patients with hydatidiform mole and in partially and highly purified preparations of urinary hCG. Serum samples, taken at various times before and after removal of the moles, gave a ratio of 0.42 plus or minus 0.24 muU TSH/U hCG (mean plus or minus SD) (N)=43). In all cases where hCG activity fell below 150-175 U/ml (n=49), thyroid stimulating activity was undetectable (smaller than 40 muU/ml). We extracted lyophylized molar tissue by a modification of the Bates alcohol-saline method and purified the resultant extract by a combination of gel chromatography, affinity chromatography using Concanavalin A coupled to Sepharose, and isoelectrofocusing. Following extraction, an approximately 20-fold purification was achieved without significant alteration of the ratio of the two activities. Using results from all phases of purification the ratio of muU TSH/U hCG was 0.51 plus or minus 0.35(n = 23). Both activities were in the same position on disc gel electrophoresis. Activity ratios were less constant when partially purified preparations of urinary hCG were assayed for both thyrotropic and hCG activities. The presence of an hCG immunoreactive species, presumably hCG-beta subunit, which contains no thyrotropic activity but has an approximately 10-fold greater activity on a weight basis than intact hCG, may be a partial explanation for this observation. Isoelectrofocusing of a urinary hCG preparation showed that all hCG immunoreactive species with pl's between 3. 5 and 5.0 contained thyrotropic activity in proportion to their hCG content. Seven highly purified hCG preparations had thyrotropic activity with a ratio of 0.48 plus or minus 0.18 muU TSH/U hCG. These results indicate that hCG has intrinsic thyrotropic activity. On a molecular basis it is calculated that hCG contains approximately 1/4000 the thyrotropic activity of human pituitary TSH. In conditions of grossly elevated serum hCG levels, such as hydatidiform mole, this thyrotropic activity can be sufficient to produce hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "The thyrotropin in hydatidiform moles is human chorionic gonadotropin. Thyrotropic activity (TSH), measured by the McKenzie mouse bioassay, has been correlated with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) activity, measured by radioimmunoassay, in serum and tissue samples from 11 patients with hydatidiform mole and in partially and highly purified preparations of urinary hCG. Serum samples, taken at various times before and after removal of the moles, gave a ratio of 0.42 plus or minus 0.24 muU TSH/U hCG (mean plus or minus SD) (N)=43). In all cases where hCG activity fell below 150-175 U/ml (n=49), thyroid stimulating activity was undetectable (smaller than 40 muU/ml). We extracted lyophylized molar tissue by a modification of the Bates alcohol-saline method and purified the resultant extract by a combination of gel chromatography, affinity chromatography using Concanavalin A coupled to Sepharose, and isoelectrofocusing. Following extraction, an approximately 20-fold purification was achieved without significant alteration of the ratio of the two activities. Using results from all phases of purification the ratio of muU TSH/U hCG was 0.51 plus or minus 0.35(n = 23). Both activities were in the same position on disc gel electrophoresis. Activity ratios were less constant when partially purified preparations of urinary hCG were assayed for both thyrotropic and hCG activities. The presence of an hCG immunoreactive species, presumably hCG-beta subunit, which contains no thyrotropic activity but has an approximately 10-fold greater activity on a weight basis than intact hCG, may be a partial explanation for this observation. Isoelectrofocusing of a urinary hCG preparation showed that all hCG immunoreactive species with pl's between 3. 5 and 5.0 contained thyrotropic activity in proportion to their hCG content. Seven highly purified hCG preparations had thyrotropic activity with a ratio of 0.48 plus or minus 0.18 muU TSH/U hCG. These results indicate that hCG has intrinsic thyrotropic activity. On a molecular basis it is calculated that hCG contains approximately 1/4000 the thyrotropic activity of human pituitary TSH. In conditions of grossly elevated serum hCG levels, such as hydatidiform mole, this thyrotropic activity can be sufficient to produce hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 1167868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1958", "title": "pH dependence of acid secretion and gastrin release in normal and ulcer subjects.", "content": "By use of a recently described method, which estimates the rate of gastric acid secretion by measuring the rate of sodium bicarbonate infusion needed to keep intragastric pH constant, gastric acid secretion rates and changes in serum gastrin were measured in five normal subjects while gastric pH was kept at 5.5, 4.0, 3.0, or 2.5. Preliminary experiments revealed that the method did not accurately measure acid secretion at a pH lower than 2.5. Stimulation of acid secretion was produced by gastric instillation of a solution of amino acids and cornstarch. The secretion rate with the amino acid meal was highest at pH 5.5 and was 60% of that produced by a steak meal at the same pH. As the pH of the amino acid meal was decreased, there was a stepwise reduction in acid secretion so that at pH 2.5 the rate was only half as great as at pH 5.5. The amino acid meal produced increases in serum gastrin that were also less marked than those produced by a steak meal. With amino acid stimulation, serum gastrin responses were similar at pH 5.5, 4.0, and 3.0, but no increase in gastrin could be measured when the meal was maintained at pH 2.5. A group of six patients with duodenal ulcers was compared with seven normal subjects at pH 5.5 and 2.5. Ulcer patients released more gastrin and secreted more acid at each time period at both pH values. More important, the degree of inhibition at pH 2.5 was significantly less in ulcer patients. For example, during the 2nd h after stimulation acid secretion was inhibited by only 30% in ulcer patients compared with 70% in normal subjects. These findings suggest a defect in autoregulation of gastrin release and gastric acid secretion at low pH in ulcer patients which may play a role in pathogenesis of this disease.", "contents": "pH dependence of acid secretion and gastrin release in normal and ulcer subjects. By use of a recently described method, which estimates the rate of gastric acid secretion by measuring the rate of sodium bicarbonate infusion needed to keep intragastric pH constant, gastric acid secretion rates and changes in serum gastrin were measured in five normal subjects while gastric pH was kept at 5.5, 4.0, 3.0, or 2.5. Preliminary experiments revealed that the method did not accurately measure acid secretion at a pH lower than 2.5. Stimulation of acid secretion was produced by gastric instillation of a solution of amino acids and cornstarch. The secretion rate with the amino acid meal was highest at pH 5.5 and was 60% of that produced by a steak meal at the same pH. As the pH of the amino acid meal was decreased, there was a stepwise reduction in acid secretion so that at pH 2.5 the rate was only half as great as at pH 5.5. The amino acid meal produced increases in serum gastrin that were also less marked than those produced by a steak meal. With amino acid stimulation, serum gastrin responses were similar at pH 5.5, 4.0, and 3.0, but no increase in gastrin could be measured when the meal was maintained at pH 2.5. A group of six patients with duodenal ulcers was compared with seven normal subjects at pH 5.5 and 2.5. Ulcer patients released more gastrin and secreted more acid at each time period at both pH values. More important, the degree of inhibition at pH 2.5 was significantly less in ulcer patients. For example, during the 2nd h after stimulation acid secretion was inhibited by only 30% in ulcer patients compared with 70% in normal subjects. These findings suggest a defect in autoregulation of gastrin release and gastric acid secretion at low pH in ulcer patients which may play a role in pathogenesis of this disease.", "PMID": 1167869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1959", "title": "Globin synthesis in fractionated Normoblasts of beta-thalassemia heterozygotes.", "content": "Globin chain synthesis was examined in erythroid cells of increasing maturity, fractionated from the whole bone marrow of beta-thalassemia heterozygotes by a density gradient centrifugation procedure. In experiments using total cell \"globin,\" a gradient of alpha/beta chain ratios was observed, increasing with erythroid cell maturation from unity in the basophilic cells up to 2.0 in reticulocytes. Gel filtration of the lysates from these marrow fractions revealed the presence of free alpha chains even in the most immature cells, the amount of which increased with erythroid cell age; the total alpha/beta ratio derived from gel filtration experiments showed a gradient similar to that observed in the total globin experiments. However, the alpha/beta ratio of the hemoglobin fraction obtained by gel filtration remained constant throughout maturation at an average of 0.65. This latter finding is incompatible with balanced synthesis at any stage of red cell development and excludes the possibility that total beta chain production is higher in the early cells than in the later cells or that alpha chain production in the early cells is reduced to the level of beta chain synthesis. Furthermore, in a Hb S/beta-thalassemia marrow examined, the beta A/beta S ratio remained constant throughout maturation while the alpha/non-alpha ratio showed an increase like that observed in the simple beta-thalassemia heterozygotes. This argues strongly against increased synthesis from either the thalassemic or nonthalassemic beta chain gene being responsible for the balanced synthesis in the immature cells. These findings lead us to suggest that, in beta-thalassemia heterozygotes, a large alpha chain pool is present throughout erythroid cell maturation and that the observed increase in alpha/beta ratios is a function of the ability of those cells to degrade the excess alpha chains.", "contents": "Globin synthesis in fractionated Normoblasts of beta-thalassemia heterozygotes. Globin chain synthesis was examined in erythroid cells of increasing maturity, fractionated from the whole bone marrow of beta-thalassemia heterozygotes by a density gradient centrifugation procedure. In experiments using total cell \"globin,\" a gradient of alpha/beta chain ratios was observed, increasing with erythroid cell maturation from unity in the basophilic cells up to 2.0 in reticulocytes. Gel filtration of the lysates from these marrow fractions revealed the presence of free alpha chains even in the most immature cells, the amount of which increased with erythroid cell age; the total alpha/beta ratio derived from gel filtration experiments showed a gradient similar to that observed in the total globin experiments. However, the alpha/beta ratio of the hemoglobin fraction obtained by gel filtration remained constant throughout maturation at an average of 0.65. This latter finding is incompatible with balanced synthesis at any stage of red cell development and excludes the possibility that total beta chain production is higher in the early cells than in the later cells or that alpha chain production in the early cells is reduced to the level of beta chain synthesis. Furthermore, in a Hb S/beta-thalassemia marrow examined, the beta A/beta S ratio remained constant throughout maturation while the alpha/non-alpha ratio showed an increase like that observed in the simple beta-thalassemia heterozygotes. This argues strongly against increased synthesis from either the thalassemic or nonthalassemic beta chain gene being responsible for the balanced synthesis in the immature cells. These findings lead us to suggest that, in beta-thalassemia heterozygotes, a large alpha chain pool is present throughout erythroid cell maturation and that the observed increase in alpha/beta ratios is a function of the ability of those cells to degrade the excess alpha chains.", "PMID": 1167870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1960", "title": "Chemotactic activity derived from interaction of factors D and B of the properdin pathway with cobra venom factor or C3B.", "content": "Interaction of D (the activated form of D) and B, factors of the properdin pathway, with C3b (the major cleavage fragment of C3) generates a convertase, C3B, which cleaves C3 and initiates the terminal complement sequence C5-C9. A functionally analogous more stable C3 convertase, CoVFB, ir formed by substituting cobra venom factor (CoVF) for C3b. Mixtures of highly purified CoVF, B, and D were chemotactic for human neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes as assessed in Boyden chambers either by microscopic enumeration of migrating cells or by counting of 51Cr-labeled cells. Control mixtures containing CoVF, B, and D, reacted in the absence of Mg++, were hemolytically inactive and devoid of chemotactic activity. Over a range of doses, the chemotactic activity of mixtures yielding CoVFB correlated with their hemolytic activity. Pretreatment of neutrophils with mixtures containing CoVFB rendered them unresponsive to subsequent chemotactic stimulation by kallikrein of C5a, indicating cross-deactivation to other chemotactic factors. Similar neutrophil deactivation occurred after exposure to a mixture of C3b, B, and D in which C3B was formed; with short incubation times and high cell concentration C3B also exhibited some chemotactic activity. The chemotactic activity of C3B and CoVFB is an example of a biologic function arising from interactions among factors of the properdin pathway per se, as distinguished from the capacity of this pathway to activate C3 and the terminal complement sequence.", "contents": "Chemotactic activity derived from interaction of factors D and B of the properdin pathway with cobra venom factor or C3B. Interaction of D (the activated form of D) and B, factors of the properdin pathway, with C3b (the major cleavage fragment of C3) generates a convertase, C3B, which cleaves C3 and initiates the terminal complement sequence C5-C9. A functionally analogous more stable C3 convertase, CoVFB, ir formed by substituting cobra venom factor (CoVF) for C3b. Mixtures of highly purified CoVF, B, and D were chemotactic for human neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes as assessed in Boyden chambers either by microscopic enumeration of migrating cells or by counting of 51Cr-labeled cells. Control mixtures containing CoVF, B, and D, reacted in the absence of Mg++, were hemolytically inactive and devoid of chemotactic activity. Over a range of doses, the chemotactic activity of mixtures yielding CoVFB correlated with their hemolytic activity. Pretreatment of neutrophils with mixtures containing CoVFB rendered them unresponsive to subsequent chemotactic stimulation by kallikrein of C5a, indicating cross-deactivation to other chemotactic factors. Similar neutrophil deactivation occurred after exposure to a mixture of C3b, B, and D in which C3B was formed; with short incubation times and high cell concentration C3B also exhibited some chemotactic activity. The chemotactic activity of C3B and CoVFB is an example of a biologic function arising from interactions among factors of the properdin pathway per se, as distinguished from the capacity of this pathway to activate C3 and the terminal complement sequence.", "PMID": 1167871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1961", "title": "Potential sources of copper contamination of farm milk supplies measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "content": "A method was developed to use atomic absorption spectrophotometry for copper measurements in milk filtrates prepared from equal volumes of milk and 20% trichloracetic acid. Results are reported for 11 farms for water supplies, wash and rinse solutions, and milk. Copper below 10 mug/liter was found at the well for the 5 farms with their own spring supply. Averages and ranges for all 11 farms in mug/liter were 33 (0 to 156) at the cold water tap in the milk house, 220 (8 to 1,360) at the hot water tap, 246 (8 to 1,722) in the wash sink with added detergent and hot water, and 275 (9 to 1,823) after using the wash solution. Rinse solution with hypochlorite in cold water showed a rise from 31 (1 to 157) before use to 51 (5 to 206) after use. Copper in milk averaged 99 mug/liter (72 to 163). In spite of relatively high copper in wash solutions, copper in milk was not correlated postively, giving rise to question whether adsorbed copper from such solutions can contribute much copper to milk. Thorough rinsing with low copper cold water and a high dilution ratio in milk were seen as mitigating factors. Direct contact of milk with copper bearing metals presented a greater opportunity for contamination. Removal of substantial amounts of copper from pipe lines and bulk tanks with sulfamic acid was demonstrated.", "contents": "Potential sources of copper contamination of farm milk supplies measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A method was developed to use atomic absorption spectrophotometry for copper measurements in milk filtrates prepared from equal volumes of milk and 20% trichloracetic acid. Results are reported for 11 farms for water supplies, wash and rinse solutions, and milk. Copper below 10 mug/liter was found at the well for the 5 farms with their own spring supply. Averages and ranges for all 11 farms in mug/liter were 33 (0 to 156) at the cold water tap in the milk house, 220 (8 to 1,360) at the hot water tap, 246 (8 to 1,722) in the wash sink with added detergent and hot water, and 275 (9 to 1,823) after using the wash solution. Rinse solution with hypochlorite in cold water showed a rise from 31 (1 to 157) before use to 51 (5 to 206) after use. Copper in milk averaged 99 mug/liter (72 to 163). In spite of relatively high copper in wash solutions, copper in milk was not correlated postively, giving rise to question whether adsorbed copper from such solutions can contribute much copper to milk. Thorough rinsing with low copper cold water and a high dilution ratio in milk were seen as mitigating factors. Direct contact of milk with copper bearing metals presented a greater opportunity for contamination. Removal of substantial amounts of copper from pipe lines and bulk tanks with sulfamic acid was demonstrated.", "PMID": 1167872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1962", "title": "The histochemical demonstration of hydrolase activities with films of homopolyribonucleotides.", "content": "Films of polycytidylic acid, polyuridylic acid and polyguanylic acid were exposed to tissue sections and the results were compared with those obtained in previous studies on polyadenylic acid and ribonucleic acid. Important variations were observed in the distribution of the hydrolases acting on the different polyribonucleotides, suggesting that a variety of nucleases with marked proclivity for particular nucleotide residues can be demonstrated by the use of films of homopolymers.", "contents": "The histochemical demonstration of hydrolase activities with films of homopolyribonucleotides. Films of polycytidylic acid, polyuridylic acid and polyguanylic acid were exposed to tissue sections and the results were compared with those obtained in previous studies on polyadenylic acid and ribonucleic acid. Important variations were observed in the distribution of the hydrolases acting on the different polyribonucleotides, suggesting that a variety of nucleases with marked proclivity for particular nucleotide residues can be demonstrated by the use of films of homopolymers.", "PMID": 1167873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1963", "title": "The cytochemical localization of succinic dehydrogenase in the sperm mitochondria of the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata. A comparison of two methods.", "content": "The mitochondrial derivative of the sperm of the gastropod pulmonate Biomphalaria glabrata was studies to ascertain succinic dehydrogenase localization cytochemically. Two techniques were compared. One technique depends on a tetrazolium salt that yields an osmiophilic formazan upon reduction. The other technique is dependent on the reduction of copper ferricyanide. The effects of several electron transport inhibitors were studied. The reaction product observed in the matrix of the mitochondrial derivative using the former technique is sensitive to rotenone and is believed to be nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent. The reaction product observed in the intracristal spaces using the copper ferricyanide method is insensitive to rotenone and is believed to cytochemically demonstrate succinic dehydrogenase in this material.", "contents": "The cytochemical localization of succinic dehydrogenase in the sperm mitochondria of the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata. A comparison of two methods. The mitochondrial derivative of the sperm of the gastropod pulmonate Biomphalaria glabrata was studies to ascertain succinic dehydrogenase localization cytochemically. Two techniques were compared. One technique depends on a tetrazolium salt that yields an osmiophilic formazan upon reduction. The other technique is dependent on the reduction of copper ferricyanide. The effects of several electron transport inhibitors were studied. The reaction product observed in the matrix of the mitochondrial derivative using the former technique is sensitive to rotenone and is believed to be nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent. The reaction product observed in the intracristal spaces using the copper ferricyanide method is insensitive to rotenone and is believed to cytochemically demonstrate succinic dehydrogenase in this material.", "PMID": 1167874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1964", "title": "Localization of a thrombin-sensitive calcium pool in platelets.", "content": "Electron microscopic x-ray microprobe analysis of pyroantimonate precipitates in platelets fixed in osmium tetroxide-pyroantimonate revealed calcium localization in the nucleoids of alpha-granules. This pool of calcium had largely disappeared within 10 sec after stimulation of platelets by thrombin. Such a rapid change suggests that this calcium pool may have a regulatory role in stimulus-response coupling.", "contents": "Localization of a thrombin-sensitive calcium pool in platelets. Electron microscopic x-ray microprobe analysis of pyroantimonate precipitates in platelets fixed in osmium tetroxide-pyroantimonate revealed calcium localization in the nucleoids of alpha-granules. This pool of calcium had largely disappeared within 10 sec after stimulation of platelets by thrombin. Such a rapid change suggests that this calcium pool may have a regulatory role in stimulus-response coupling.", "PMID": 1167875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1965", "title": "Dipotassium tetramethyl osmate: a stain for electron microscopy.", "content": "Methanol solutions of dipotassium tetramethyl osmate (DTMO) have been found to be useful as general stains in electron microscopic studies of plant and fungal ultrastructure. The stain solutions are easy to prepare, stable when anhydrous and convenient to use. Although generally similar in staining to lead citrate stains, some elements of cell ultrastructure appear different with dipotassium tetramethyl osmate staining, particularly the outer cell walls of fungi. Indications of specific precipitate-producing reactions in cell storage areas are observed.", "contents": "Dipotassium tetramethyl osmate: a stain for electron microscopy. Methanol solutions of dipotassium tetramethyl osmate (DTMO) have been found to be useful as general stains in electron microscopic studies of plant and fungal ultrastructure. The stain solutions are easy to prepare, stable when anhydrous and convenient to use. Although generally similar in staining to lead citrate stains, some elements of cell ultrastructure appear different with dipotassium tetramethyl osmate staining, particularly the outer cell walls of fungi. Indications of specific precipitate-producing reactions in cell storage areas are observed.", "PMID": 1167876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1966", "title": "An expression for the calculation of relative affinities of antibody-ligand interactions.", "content": "An expression is derived which allows the calculation of K-a without a value for total binding sites of antibody. The expression yields unambigous K-a values for homogeneous populations of antibody molecules. When heterogeneous populations are used, the value of calculated K-a rises as the fraction of sites bound falls. This expression should  be useful in the determination of relative affinity with data obtained from Farr assays of the binding of anti-hapten antibody to hapten. Since values for total binding sites are unnecessary, this equation should be expecially applicable for the study of heterogeneous populations of relatively low affinity antibodies present at low concentrations.", "contents": "An expression for the calculation of relative affinities of antibody-ligand interactions. An expression is derived which allows the calculation of K-a without a value for total binding sites of antibody. The expression yields unambigous K-a values for homogeneous populations of antibody molecules. When heterogeneous populations are used, the value of calculated K-a rises as the fraction of sites bound falls. This expression should  be useful in the determination of relative affinity with data obtained from Farr assays of the binding of anti-hapten antibody to hapten. Since values for total binding sites are unnecessary, this equation should be expecially applicable for the study of heterogeneous populations of relatively low affinity antibodies present at low concentrations.", "PMID": 1167877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1967", "title": "Immunochemical quantitaion of the third component of guinea pig complement in fluid phase and bound to cell surfaces.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of the absolute amount of guinea pig (GP) C-3 bound to cell surfaces. The test is based on the inhibition of anti-C-3 by C-3. The C-3 to be measured is added to a standard amount of anti-C-3 antibody and the residual activity is determined by its capacity to sensitize EC43-gp for lysis by GPC. By comparing the observed lysis with inhibition-of-lysis curves obtained with known C-3 antigen, the amount of test antigen can be determined. The method is simple, rapid, and reproducible and can detect nanogram amounts of C-3. The C-3 content of six normal guinea pig sera was found to be 1365 plus or minus 56 mug/ml (ranges 1120 to 1510 mug/ml) by the inhibition method described in this paper. Guinea pig hepatoma cells, line-1 and line-10, harvested from the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs contained approximately 6.7 x 10-3 to 6.2 x 10-4 GPC-3 per cell whereas tumor cells sensitized with anti-Forssman or specific anti-tumor antibody contained from 1 to 9 x 10-5 C-3 per cell. Susceptibility to killing by antibody and GPC could not be correlated with the amount of GPC-3 bound to the surfaces of the tumor cells. Comparisons made between the amounts of C-3 bound to antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes and nucleated cells suggest there is a fundamental quantitative difference in the fixation of selected C components.", "contents": "Immunochemical quantitaion of the third component of guinea pig complement in fluid phase and bound to cell surfaces. A method is described for the determination of the absolute amount of guinea pig (GP) C-3 bound to cell surfaces. The test is based on the inhibition of anti-C-3 by C-3. The C-3 to be measured is added to a standard amount of anti-C-3 antibody and the residual activity is determined by its capacity to sensitize EC43-gp for lysis by GPC. By comparing the observed lysis with inhibition-of-lysis curves obtained with known C-3 antigen, the amount of test antigen can be determined. The method is simple, rapid, and reproducible and can detect nanogram amounts of C-3. The C-3 content of six normal guinea pig sera was found to be 1365 plus or minus 56 mug/ml (ranges 1120 to 1510 mug/ml) by the inhibition method described in this paper. Guinea pig hepatoma cells, line-1 and line-10, harvested from the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs contained approximately 6.7 x 10-3 to 6.2 x 10-4 GPC-3 per cell whereas tumor cells sensitized with anti-Forssman or specific anti-tumor antibody contained from 1 to 9 x 10-5 C-3 per cell. Susceptibility to killing by antibody and GPC could not be correlated with the amount of GPC-3 bound to the surfaces of the tumor cells. Comparisons made between the amounts of C-3 bound to antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes and nucleated cells suggest there is a fundamental quantitative difference in the fixation of selected C components.", "PMID": 1167878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1968", "title": "Complement receptor in synchronized cultures of human hematopoietic cell lines.", "content": "Three previously established human lymphoid cell lines (HLV-1, SWB-16A, and B-1) were synchronized by double thymidine block and the lymphocyte surface receptor for complement was studied by the EAC-rosetting technique during the cell cycle. It was found that the proportion of cells with EAC rosettes remained unchanged throughout the various stages, indicating that the presence of the complement receptor in cultured lymphoid cells is independent of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Complement receptor in synchronized cultures of human hematopoietic cell lines. Three previously established human lymphoid cell lines (HLV-1, SWB-16A, and B-1) were synchronized by double thymidine block and the lymphocyte surface receptor for complement was studied by the EAC-rosetting technique during the cell cycle. It was found that the proportion of cells with EAC rosettes remained unchanged throughout the various stages, indicating that the presence of the complement receptor in cultured lymphoid cells is independent of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 1167879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1969", "title": "Immunologic and physicochemical properties of enhancing soluble factors for IgG and IgE antibody responses.", "content": "Rabbits were immunized with dinitrophenyl-coupled Ascaris antigen (DNP-Asc) or ragweed antigen (DNP-Rag) included in aluminum hydroxide gel and their mesenteric lymph node cells were cultured for 24 hr in vitro in the presence of free homologous carrier. The cell-free supernatant thus obtained enhanced both IgG and IgE antihapten antibody responses of DNP-primed cells to DNP-heterologous carrier conjugate (DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin). Since the cell-free supernatant obtained from Rag-specific cells enhanced antibody response of hapten-primed cells raised by immunization with DNP-Asc, no carrier specificity was involved in the enhancement. It  was found that treatment of primed cells with 10-5 M pactamycin suppressed the formation of the enhancing soluble factor, whereas the factor was readily formed in the presence of 2 mug/mol of  cytosine arabinoside in the culture. The results indicated that cell proliferation was not required but de novo synthesis of protein was essential for the formation of soluble factor(s). The enhancing factor  was not absorbed by either carrier-coated or anti-carrier antibody-coated immunosorbent. It was also found that the enhancing factor was formed by incubating primed cells with carrier-coated Sepharose. The cell-free supernatant containing no free carrier enhanced both IgG and IgE anti-hapten antibody responses. The activities of the cell-free supernatant to enhance IgG and IgE antibody responses were not absorbed by anti-Fab, anti-gamma-or anti-mu-chain antibody immunosorbent, indicating that the nonspecific enhancing factor did not possess immunoglobulin determinant. The cell-free supernatant was fractionated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and by gel filtration with three radiolabeled proteins, i.e., IgG, ovalbumin, and cytochrome C as markers. Enhancing activity for IgG antibody response was recovered in a fraction between ovalbumin peak (40,000 m.w.) and cytochrome C peak (20,000 m.w.). The activity for IgE antibody response was recovered in a fraction containing IgG marker (150,000 m.w.). By block electrophoresis, both activities were detected in beta globulin fraction. The results suggested that different T cell factors are involved in the IgG and IgE antibody responses.", "contents": "Immunologic and physicochemical properties of enhancing soluble factors for IgG and IgE antibody responses. Rabbits were immunized with dinitrophenyl-coupled Ascaris antigen (DNP-Asc) or ragweed antigen (DNP-Rag) included in aluminum hydroxide gel and their mesenteric lymph node cells were cultured for 24 hr in vitro in the presence of free homologous carrier. The cell-free supernatant thus obtained enhanced both IgG and IgE antihapten antibody responses of DNP-primed cells to DNP-heterologous carrier conjugate (DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin). Since the cell-free supernatant obtained from Rag-specific cells enhanced antibody response of hapten-primed cells raised by immunization with DNP-Asc, no carrier specificity was involved in the enhancement. It  was found that treatment of primed cells with 10-5 M pactamycin suppressed the formation of the enhancing soluble factor, whereas the factor was readily formed in the presence of 2 mug/mol of  cytosine arabinoside in the culture. The results indicated that cell proliferation was not required but de novo synthesis of protein was essential for the formation of soluble factor(s). The enhancing factor  was not absorbed by either carrier-coated or anti-carrier antibody-coated immunosorbent. It was also found that the enhancing factor was formed by incubating primed cells with carrier-coated Sepharose. The cell-free supernatant containing no free carrier enhanced both IgG and IgE anti-hapten antibody responses. The activities of the cell-free supernatant to enhance IgG and IgE antibody responses were not absorbed by anti-Fab, anti-gamma-or anti-mu-chain antibody immunosorbent, indicating that the nonspecific enhancing factor did not possess immunoglobulin determinant. The cell-free supernatant was fractionated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and by gel filtration with three radiolabeled proteins, i.e., IgG, ovalbumin, and cytochrome C as markers. Enhancing activity for IgG antibody response was recovered in a fraction between ovalbumin peak (40,000 m.w.) and cytochrome C peak (20,000 m.w.). The activity for IgE antibody response was recovered in a fraction containing IgG marker (150,000 m.w.). By block electrophoresis, both activities were detected in beta globulin fraction. The results suggested that different T cell factors are involved in the IgG and IgE antibody responses.", "PMID": 1167880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1970", "title": "A study of the association of human secretory component with IgA and IgM proteins.", "content": "Human secretory component (SC) was isolated from colostral whey, and the binding of 125I-SC to purified IgA and IgM monoclonal proteins was studied using two methods to separate free from immunoglobulin-bound 125I-SC: a) gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, and b) precipitation of 125I-SC-Ig complexes with anti-Ig antibody. Both IgA dimeric proteins and IgM pentamers bound 125I-SC with approximately one SC-binding site per mole of polymer and similar affinity. Assuming a reversible equilibrium, an apparent association constant congruent to 10-8 M-1 was calculated to govern the binding of 125I-SC to immunoglobulin polymers. The assignment of a single association constant may be an oversimplication, particularly for the case of IgA polymers, since evidence was obtained that disulfide bonds were formed in the 125I-SC-IgA complex. Despite the complexity of the reaction, binding of 125I-SC to both IgA and IgM polymers could be analyzed by standard methods of saturation analysis, and both were shown to have a similar affinity for 125I-SC. No differences were noted in the affinity of 125I-SC binding to the IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses. Binding of monomeric IgA and IgM proteins could not be measured and was at least 100-fold lower than that found for IgA and IgM polymers. Complexes of 125I-SC with IgA dimers were presumed to involve covalent bond formation, since these complexes did not dissociate in guanidine-HCl. One IgA2 trimer did not form a covalent bond since it was completely dissociated in guanidine. In contrast, 125I-SC-IgM complexes were dissociated in denaturing solvent, indicating that such complexes were held together primarily by non-covalent bonds. Experiments with (Fc)5 mu isolated by high temperature tryptic digestion of IgM showed that binding of 125I-SC was to the Fc region of IgM proteins. It was suggested that the binding of SC with similar affinity to both IgA and IgM polymers may be important in the biologic function of both these immunoglobulin classes.", "contents": "A study of the association of human secretory component with IgA and IgM proteins. Human secretory component (SC) was isolated from colostral whey, and the binding of 125I-SC to purified IgA and IgM monoclonal proteins was studied using two methods to separate free from immunoglobulin-bound 125I-SC: a) gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, and b) precipitation of 125I-SC-Ig complexes with anti-Ig antibody. Both IgA dimeric proteins and IgM pentamers bound 125I-SC with approximately one SC-binding site per mole of polymer and similar affinity. Assuming a reversible equilibrium, an apparent association constant congruent to 10-8 M-1 was calculated to govern the binding of 125I-SC to immunoglobulin polymers. The assignment of a single association constant may be an oversimplication, particularly for the case of IgA polymers, since evidence was obtained that disulfide bonds were formed in the 125I-SC-IgA complex. Despite the complexity of the reaction, binding of 125I-SC to both IgA and IgM polymers could be analyzed by standard methods of saturation analysis, and both were shown to have a similar affinity for 125I-SC. No differences were noted in the affinity of 125I-SC binding to the IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses. Binding of monomeric IgA and IgM proteins could not be measured and was at least 100-fold lower than that found for IgA and IgM polymers. Complexes of 125I-SC with IgA dimers were presumed to involve covalent bond formation, since these complexes did not dissociate in guanidine-HCl. One IgA2 trimer did not form a covalent bond since it was completely dissociated in guanidine. In contrast, 125I-SC-IgM complexes were dissociated in denaturing solvent, indicating that such complexes were held together primarily by non-covalent bonds. Experiments with (Fc)5 mu isolated by high temperature tryptic digestion of IgM showed that binding of 125I-SC was to the Fc region of IgM proteins. It was suggested that the binding of SC with similar affinity to both IgA and IgM polymers may be important in the biologic function of both these immunoglobulin classes.", "PMID": 1167881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1971", "title": "Purification of DNP specific antibodies using sepharose bound DNP-para-aminobenzoylglutamate.", "content": "An immunoabsorbent column employing a DNP derivative having restricted molecular freedom (dinitrophenylated-para-aminobenzoylglutamate--Sepharose 4B) was prepared in order to isolate and purify DNP specific antibodies in high yield. The antibodies were recovered from the immunoabsorbent column in yields from 80 to 90% using 3 M sodium thiocyanate, and these antibodies retained their immunologic activity. There appeared to be limited selection of antibodies with specific affinities as was noted in a parallel experiment comparing a second antibody purification procedure.", "contents": "Purification of DNP specific antibodies using sepharose bound DNP-para-aminobenzoylglutamate. An immunoabsorbent column employing a DNP derivative having restricted molecular freedom (dinitrophenylated-para-aminobenzoylglutamate--Sepharose 4B) was prepared in order to isolate and purify DNP specific antibodies in high yield. The antibodies were recovered from the immunoabsorbent column in yields from 80 to 90% using 3 M sodium thiocyanate, and these antibodies retained their immunologic activity. There appeared to be limited selection of antibodies with specific affinities as was noted in a parallel experiment comparing a second antibody purification procedure.", "PMID": 1167882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1972", "title": "Comparison of scrapie and transmissible mink encephalopathy in hamsters. II. Clinical signs, pathology, and pathogenesis.", "content": "Scrapie and transmissible mink encephalopathy were studied in hamsters; clinical signs, pathology, and the replication of the agents of each disease in brain and spleen were compared. The most noticeable clinical sign in scrapie-affected hamsters was a distinct cerebellar ataxia beginning 16 weeks after inoculation. Ataxia was not prominent in animals affected with transmissible mink encephalopathy; these animals gradually became more and more lethargic. The pathology in the central nervous system in both diseases consisted of astrocytic hypertrophy, microvacuolation of the neuropil, and neuronal degeneration. The scrapie agent appeared to have a greater effect on nuclear masses, especially those present in brain stem and the central white matter of the cerebellum. The earliest lesions in both diseases were detected near pia arachnoid surfaces and adjacent to the ventricular system. These initial sites of involvement suggest that the cerebrospinal fluid may be an important route by which inocula are disseminated to susceptible cells after intracerebral inoculation. Both agents multiplied rapidly in brain, reaching titers greater than 10-8 ld-50/0.05 ml before the onset of clinical signs. Titers in spleen were 4-6 logs lower than titers in brain at every point measured during the asymptomatic or clinical course of disease.", "contents": "Comparison of scrapie and transmissible mink encephalopathy in hamsters. II. Clinical signs, pathology, and pathogenesis. Scrapie and transmissible mink encephalopathy were studied in hamsters; clinical signs, pathology, and the replication of the agents of each disease in brain and spleen were compared. The most noticeable clinical sign in scrapie-affected hamsters was a distinct cerebellar ataxia beginning 16 weeks after inoculation. Ataxia was not prominent in animals affected with transmissible mink encephalopathy; these animals gradually became more and more lethargic. The pathology in the central nervous system in both diseases consisted of astrocytic hypertrophy, microvacuolation of the neuropil, and neuronal degeneration. The scrapie agent appeared to have a greater effect on nuclear masses, especially those present in brain stem and the central white matter of the cerebellum. The earliest lesions in both diseases were detected near pia arachnoid surfaces and adjacent to the ventricular system. These initial sites of involvement suggest that the cerebrospinal fluid may be an important route by which inocula are disseminated to susceptible cells after intracerebral inoculation. Both agents multiplied rapidly in brain, reaching titers greater than 10-8 ld-50/0.05 ml before the onset of clinical signs. Titers in spleen were 4-6 logs lower than titers in brain at every point measured during the asymptomatic or clinical course of disease.", "PMID": 1167884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1973", "title": "Comparison of scrapie and transmissible mink encephalopathy in hamsters. I. Biochemical studies of brain during development of disease.", "content": "A series of 15 different biochemical measurements were made on brains taken at stages throughout the development of scrapie and of transmissible mink encephalopathy in hamsters. With both diseases biochemical abnormalities were found only after the development of early histologic lesions, when animals showed clinical signs of disease. Changes were recorded in body weight, in the activities of six glycosidases, and the rates of incorporation of DNA and of glycoprotein precursors. The profiles of changes in hamster brain were almost indistinguishable,qualitatively and quantitatively, in the two diseases, an  observation suggesting a close similarity in the way both disease-producing agents interact with this particular host species, . However, there were some major differences between the profile of changes in hamster scrapie and that previously observed in mouse scrapie. Thus it would appear that many of the well-characterized abnormalities of mouse scrapie are not fundamentally involved in the development of disease but represent mainly secondary changes.", "contents": "Comparison of scrapie and transmissible mink encephalopathy in hamsters. I. Biochemical studies of brain during development of disease. A series of 15 different biochemical measurements were made on brains taken at stages throughout the development of scrapie and of transmissible mink encephalopathy in hamsters. With both diseases biochemical abnormalities were found only after the development of early histologic lesions, when animals showed clinical signs of disease. Changes were recorded in body weight, in the activities of six glycosidases, and the rates of incorporation of DNA and of glycoprotein precursors. The profiles of changes in hamster brain were almost indistinguishable,qualitatively and quantitatively, in the two diseases, an  observation suggesting a close similarity in the way both disease-producing agents interact with this particular host species, . However, there were some major differences between the profile of changes in hamster scrapie and that previously observed in mouse scrapie. Thus it would appear that many of the well-characterized abnormalities of mouse scrapie are not fundamentally involved in the development of disease but represent mainly secondary changes.", "PMID": 1167887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1974", "title": "A sensitive, rapid, and economic radioimmunoassay of human growth hormone using ethanol-ammonium acetate.", "content": "An aqueous solution of 66 per cent ethanol and 6.6 per cent ammonium acetate has been used in the development of a relatively simpler and rapid as well as highly reproducible method of separation of antibody-bound and free hormones in the radioimmunoassay of human growth hormone (HGH). The present assay is sensitive to detect 20 pg. of hormone with a precision of plus or minus 5 per cent, hence, as little as 20 mul of plasma is required to perform the radioimmunoassay. Serum levels of HGH have been found to be approximately 70 per cent of the plasma concentrations in the same subjects.", "contents": "A sensitive, rapid, and economic radioimmunoassay of human growth hormone using ethanol-ammonium acetate. An aqueous solution of 66 per cent ethanol and 6.6 per cent ammonium acetate has been used in the development of a relatively simpler and rapid as well as highly reproducible method of separation of antibody-bound and free hormones in the radioimmunoassay of human growth hormone (HGH). The present assay is sensitive to detect 20 pg. of hormone with a precision of plus or minus 5 per cent, hence, as little as 20 mul of plasma is required to perform the radioimmunoassay. Serum levels of HGH have been found to be approximately 70 per cent of the plasma concentrations in the same subjects.", "PMID": 1167888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1975", "title": "Relationship of the sex of the foetus to the amount of human chorionic gonadotrophin in placentae; single and dizygotic twin placentae compared.", "content": "Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was assayed by biological and radioimmunological methods in placentae from 16 women with a normal twin pregnancy. When the concentration and total amount of HCG in placentae was related to the sex of the twin foetus, no significant difference between 'male' and 'female' placentae was found. This is contrary to findings that there is a significant (P less than 0-005) difference in the concentration of HCG per g and per placenta of singletons at term. A comparison between the grouped geometric mean data from bioassays shows that the amount of HCG per g and per placenta falls between the geometric mean values for 'male' and 'female' singleton placentae.", "contents": "Relationship of the sex of the foetus to the amount of human chorionic gonadotrophin in placentae; single and dizygotic twin placentae compared. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was assayed by biological and radioimmunological methods in placentae from 16 women with a normal twin pregnancy. When the concentration and total amount of HCG in placentae was related to the sex of the twin foetus, no significant difference between 'male' and 'female' placentae was found. This is contrary to findings that there is a significant (P less than 0-005) difference in the concentration of HCG per g and per placenta of singletons at term. A comparison between the grouped geometric mean data from bioassays shows that the amount of HCG per g and per placenta falls between the geometric mean values for 'male' and 'female' singleton placentae.", "PMID": 1167890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1976", "title": "Relatively greater increase of oxytocin than vasopressin in the supraoptic nucleus of rats after hypophysectomy.", "content": "The vasopressor and milk ejection activities were estimated in the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus of rats which had been hypophysectomized 30 min, 4 and 8 days earlier. Both pressor and milk ejection activities were significantly greater 4 days after hypophysectomy than those in sham-operated control rats. Eight days after hypophysectomy, pressor activity decreased below control values but milk ejection activity was still significantly raised. Increased biological activity after hypophysectomy is thus associated with the previously observed increase in neurosecretory material within the supraoptic nucleus so these results provide additional evidence that neurosecretory material represents stored hormone. Milk ejection activity increased relatively more than pressor activity which supports the suggestion that the final stage in the formation of neurohypophysial hormones occurs as they pass from the hypothalamus to the neural lobe. If this final maturation normally occurs more slowly for oxytocin than for vasopressin, the obstruction to the flow of hormones down the neural stalk caused by hypophysectomy would result in a greater increase in milk ejection than pressor activity.", "contents": "Relatively greater increase of oxytocin than vasopressin in the supraoptic nucleus of rats after hypophysectomy. The vasopressor and milk ejection activities were estimated in the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus of rats which had been hypophysectomized 30 min, 4 and 8 days earlier. Both pressor and milk ejection activities were significantly greater 4 days after hypophysectomy than those in sham-operated control rats. Eight days after hypophysectomy, pressor activity decreased below control values but milk ejection activity was still significantly raised. Increased biological activity after hypophysectomy is thus associated with the previously observed increase in neurosecretory material within the supraoptic nucleus so these results provide additional evidence that neurosecretory material represents stored hormone. Milk ejection activity increased relatively more than pressor activity which supports the suggestion that the final stage in the formation of neurohypophysial hormones occurs as they pass from the hypothalamus to the neural lobe. If this final maturation normally occurs more slowly for oxytocin than for vasopressin, the obstruction to the flow of hormones down the neural stalk caused by hypophysectomy would result in a greater increase in milk ejection than pressor activity.", "PMID": 1167891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1977", "title": "Effects of postpubertal oestrogen injections on mitotic activity of vaginal and uterine epithelial cells in mice treated neonatally with oestrogen.", "content": "Cell cycles of vaginal and uterine epithelial cells were studies using [3H]thymidine autoradiography in adult ovariectomized mice given oestrogen injections neonatally. The mice were in a 'persistent-oestrous' state, showing ovary-independent, continued proliferation and cornification of the vaginal epithelium. The duration of different stages of the cell cycle could not be assessed in such mice, since the percentage of labelled mitoses failed to rise to 100%. In neonatally oestrogenized, adult mice the vaginal epithelium appeared to contain a mixed population of cells. After an oestrogen injection, almost all mitoses of vaginal epithelial cells became labelled, with a generation time of about 17 h. By contrast, the generation time was about 15 h in vaginal epithelial cells of ovariectomized 'normal' mice injected with oestrogen when adult. The uterine epithelium of neonatally oestrogenized, ovariectomized mice also consisted of a mixed population of cells. A single oestrogen injection produced an increase in both the mitotic rate and cell number in the vaginal and uterine epithelium of ovariectomized 'normal' adults but not in neonatally oestrogenized, ovariectomized adults. These studies show that in mice given oestrogen neonatally, uterine and vaginal epithelial cells were not responsive to oestrogen or at least less sensitive to oestrogen than ovariectomized 'normal' controls.", "contents": "Effects of postpubertal oestrogen injections on mitotic activity of vaginal and uterine epithelial cells in mice treated neonatally with oestrogen. Cell cycles of vaginal and uterine epithelial cells were studies using [3H]thymidine autoradiography in adult ovariectomized mice given oestrogen injections neonatally. The mice were in a 'persistent-oestrous' state, showing ovary-independent, continued proliferation and cornification of the vaginal epithelium. The duration of different stages of the cell cycle could not be assessed in such mice, since the percentage of labelled mitoses failed to rise to 100%. In neonatally oestrogenized, adult mice the vaginal epithelium appeared to contain a mixed population of cells. After an oestrogen injection, almost all mitoses of vaginal epithelial cells became labelled, with a generation time of about 17 h. By contrast, the generation time was about 15 h in vaginal epithelial cells of ovariectomized 'normal' mice injected with oestrogen when adult. The uterine epithelium of neonatally oestrogenized, ovariectomized mice also consisted of a mixed population of cells. A single oestrogen injection produced an increase in both the mitotic rate and cell number in the vaginal and uterine epithelium of ovariectomized 'normal' adults but not in neonatally oestrogenized, ovariectomized adults. These studies show that in mice given oestrogen neonatally, uterine and vaginal epithelial cells were not responsive to oestrogen or at least less sensitive to oestrogen than ovariectomized 'normal' controls.", "PMID": 1167893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1978", "title": "Levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone, and follicular growth in the pseudopregnant rat.", "content": "Throughout a period of pseudopregnancy the peripheral blood levels of progesterone, oestradiol-17 beta, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), as well as the size-distribution of ovarian antral follicles were estimated in the rat. The progesterone concentrations, as measured by a competitive protein-binding technique, exceeded metoestrous values (25 ng/ml plasma) from day 3 of pseudopregnancy onwards. The highest levels were found on days 6 and 8 (91 ng/ml). From day 8 onwards the levels decreased gradually but were still above metoestrous values on the day of pro-oestrus after pseudopregnancy. Concentrations of oestradiol-17 beta, as measured by radioimmunoassay, were within the range of those at metoestrus (about 5 pg/ml plasma) until day 10. Thereafter levels increased to a value of 57 pg/ml. Concentrations of FSH, measured by radioimmunoassay, were within the range of metoestrous values until day 10 (about 100 ngNIAMD-rat-FSH RP-1/ml serum), but declined to a level of 33 ng/ml on day 12. Concentrations of LH, measured by radioimmunoassay, were generally within the wide range of metoestrous values (9-60 ng NIAMD-rat-LH RP-1/ml serum), but concentrations found on days 4, 8 and 10 were significantly lower than those found on preceding or subsequent days. Histological determination of the number of follicles present in various volume-classes, showed an increase in antral follicles on days 1 and 2, comparable to the increase observed during metoestrus and dioestrus 1 of the normal cycle. There was no change in the follicles between days 3 and 10 and they resembled those of early dioestrus. Preovulatory growth had occurred by day 12. Injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) on days 2, 4 or 6 showed that ovulation could be induced only in some of the larger follicles. On the basis of these results it is suggested that during pseudopregnancy the high progesterone levels present result in a decreased plasma LH level which is insufficient to cause full maturation of the follicles and to stimulate oestrogen secretion to the levels required for induction of an ovulatory surge of LH release.", "contents": "Levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone, and follicular growth in the pseudopregnant rat. Throughout a period of pseudopregnancy the peripheral blood levels of progesterone, oestradiol-17 beta, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), as well as the size-distribution of ovarian antral follicles were estimated in the rat. The progesterone concentrations, as measured by a competitive protein-binding technique, exceeded metoestrous values (25 ng/ml plasma) from day 3 of pseudopregnancy onwards. The highest levels were found on days 6 and 8 (91 ng/ml). From day 8 onwards the levels decreased gradually but were still above metoestrous values on the day of pro-oestrus after pseudopregnancy. Concentrations of oestradiol-17 beta, as measured by radioimmunoassay, were within the range of those at metoestrus (about 5 pg/ml plasma) until day 10. Thereafter levels increased to a value of 57 pg/ml. Concentrations of FSH, measured by radioimmunoassay, were within the range of metoestrous values until day 10 (about 100 ngNIAMD-rat-FSH RP-1/ml serum), but declined to a level of 33 ng/ml on day 12. Concentrations of LH, measured by radioimmunoassay, were generally within the wide range of metoestrous values (9-60 ng NIAMD-rat-LH RP-1/ml serum), but concentrations found on days 4, 8 and 10 were significantly lower than those found on preceding or subsequent days. Histological determination of the number of follicles present in various volume-classes, showed an increase in antral follicles on days 1 and 2, comparable to the increase observed during metoestrus and dioestrus 1 of the normal cycle. There was no change in the follicles between days 3 and 10 and they resembled those of early dioestrus. Preovulatory growth had occurred by day 12. Injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) on days 2, 4 or 6 showed that ovulation could be induced only in some of the larger follicles. On the basis of these results it is suggested that during pseudopregnancy the high progesterone levels present result in a decreased plasma LH level which is insufficient to cause full maturation of the follicles and to stimulate oestrogen secretion to the levels required for induction of an ovulatory surge of LH release.", "PMID": 1167896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1979", "title": "The influence of serum on the uptake, conversion and action of dihydrotestosterone in rat prostate glands in organ culture.", "content": "The influence of serum on the uptake, conversion and action of dihydrotestosterone in relation to the sex steroid binding protein, TeBG, has been investigated in rat ventral prostates in organ culture. The organs were incubated with (1,2-3H)dihydrotestosterone in: (1) serum-free medium, (2) horse serum, foetal and newborn bovine serum of (3) human male and human pregnancy serum. With all sera the uptake of dihydrotestosterone fell with rising serum concentration, at first steeply and then more gradually. At the same concentration, the uptake was significantly lower in explants incubated with human pregnancy serum than in those kept with human male serum. The conversion of dihydrotestosterone to androstanediol followed the same pattern and less androstanediol was formed in the presence of pregnancy serum. Since pregnancy serum contains higher amounts of TeBG than male serum, the lowered uptake suggests that only the free hormone was available to the target organ. Addition of unlabelled dihydrotestosterone resulted in a higher uptake than that measured in explants incubated with the labelled steroid only. The effect of the human sera on uptake and conversion was correlated with the androgenic activity of dihydrotestosterone applied at physiological concentrations and expressed as the percentage of secretory columnar cells present. The degree of maintainance closely corresponded to the uptake of the hormone. In serum-free medium, the number of columnar cells approached the values found in vivo, with male serum their number, though reduced, was still substantial, with pregnancy serum it was extremely low. It is concluded that the amounts of TeBG present in serum regulate the supply of the hormone to the target tissue and thus control its biological action.", "contents": "The influence of serum on the uptake, conversion and action of dihydrotestosterone in rat prostate glands in organ culture. The influence of serum on the uptake, conversion and action of dihydrotestosterone in relation to the sex steroid binding protein, TeBG, has been investigated in rat ventral prostates in organ culture. The organs were incubated with (1,2-3H)dihydrotestosterone in: (1) serum-free medium, (2) horse serum, foetal and newborn bovine serum of (3) human male and human pregnancy serum. With all sera the uptake of dihydrotestosterone fell with rising serum concentration, at first steeply and then more gradually. At the same concentration, the uptake was significantly lower in explants incubated with human pregnancy serum than in those kept with human male serum. The conversion of dihydrotestosterone to androstanediol followed the same pattern and less androstanediol was formed in the presence of pregnancy serum. Since pregnancy serum contains higher amounts of TeBG than male serum, the lowered uptake suggests that only the free hormone was available to the target organ. Addition of unlabelled dihydrotestosterone resulted in a higher uptake than that measured in explants incubated with the labelled steroid only. The effect of the human sera on uptake and conversion was correlated with the androgenic activity of dihydrotestosterone applied at physiological concentrations and expressed as the percentage of secretory columnar cells present. The degree of maintainance closely corresponded to the uptake of the hormone. In serum-free medium, the number of columnar cells approached the values found in vivo, with male serum their number, though reduced, was still substantial, with pregnancy serum it was extremely low. It is concluded that the amounts of TeBG present in serum regulate the supply of the hormone to the target tissue and thus control its biological action.", "PMID": 1167897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1980", "title": "The effects of dexamethasone and indomethacin on the outcome of pregnancy in the rabbit.", "content": "Pregnant rabbits were treated with indomethacin (8-10 mg/kh/day) or dexamethasone (1-2-1-8 mg/kh/day) during late gestation. The effects of these treatments on the concentrations of progesterone and prostaglandin F (PGF) in the peripheral plasma, and the outcome of gestation was studied. Treatment with indomethacin significantly prolonged the length of gestation (P smaller than 0-01) compared iwth control, untreated animals. In these treated animals, the plasma progesterone levels declined at a similar time to that in control rabbits but the increase in systemic PGF normally seen during late pregnancy was reduced. Dexamethasone treatemnt reliably induced premature delivery within 3-6 days. The plasma progesterone concentration fell rapidly during the first 24 h of dexamethasone administration, but in no animal was this associated with a significant increase in the plasma levels of PGF. These results are consistent with the suggestion that prostaglandins are involved in the normal initiation of parturition in the rabbit. They do not support the hypothesis that the effect of dexamethasone on the length of gestation is mediated through an increase in the production of prostaglandin F.", "contents": "The effects of dexamethasone and indomethacin on the outcome of pregnancy in the rabbit. Pregnant rabbits were treated with indomethacin (8-10 mg/kh/day) or dexamethasone (1-2-1-8 mg/kh/day) during late gestation. The effects of these treatments on the concentrations of progesterone and prostaglandin F (PGF) in the peripheral plasma, and the outcome of gestation was studied. Treatment with indomethacin significantly prolonged the length of gestation (P smaller than 0-01) compared iwth control, untreated animals. In these treated animals, the plasma progesterone levels declined at a similar time to that in control rabbits but the increase in systemic PGF normally seen during late pregnancy was reduced. Dexamethasone treatemnt reliably induced premature delivery within 3-6 days. The plasma progesterone concentration fell rapidly during the first 24 h of dexamethasone administration, but in no animal was this associated with a significant increase in the plasma levels of PGF. These results are consistent with the suggestion that prostaglandins are involved in the normal initiation of parturition in the rabbit. They do not support the hypothesis that the effect of dexamethasone on the length of gestation is mediated through an increase in the production of prostaglandin F.", "PMID": 1167898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1981", "title": "Frequency of reinforcement as a determinant of extinction-induced aggression during errorless discrimination learning.", "content": "Seven pigeons were trained to discriminate without errors between a green keylight and a dark key. The key-pecking response was reinforced in the presence of green, and extinction was in effect in the presence of the dark key. The opportunity to attack a restrained target pigeon was present only during extinction. Both variable-interval 30-sec and fixed-ratio 1 schedules of reinforcement during the positive stimulus induced a higher rate of attack during extinction than a variable-interval 5-min schedule. The highest rate of attack during extinction occurred during the first 20 sec after the positive stimulus terminated. Hence, the withdrawal of the positive condition, rather than the consequences of the pecking response during extinction, appears to be one of the primary factors responsible for attack between pigeons during extinction. Behavioral contrast, defined as a decrease in the rate of responding when the positive stimulus was presented alone, was obtained from the four birds that displayed the lowest overall rates of attack while the three birds with the highest attack rates did not display behavioral contrast. For the birds without contrast, components of the attack response during the positive stimulus presumably competed with and reduced the rate of pecking the key, thereby recluding behavioral contrast.", "contents": "Frequency of reinforcement as a determinant of extinction-induced aggression during errorless discrimination learning. Seven pigeons were trained to discriminate without errors between a green keylight and a dark key. The key-pecking response was reinforced in the presence of green, and extinction was in effect in the presence of the dark key. The opportunity to attack a restrained target pigeon was present only during extinction. Both variable-interval 30-sec and fixed-ratio 1 schedules of reinforcement during the positive stimulus induced a higher rate of attack during extinction than a variable-interval 5-min schedule. The highest rate of attack during extinction occurred during the first 20 sec after the positive stimulus terminated. Hence, the withdrawal of the positive condition, rather than the consequences of the pecking response during extinction, appears to be one of the primary factors responsible for attack between pigeons during extinction. Behavioral contrast, defined as a decrease in the rate of responding when the positive stimulus was presented alone, was obtained from the four birds that displayed the lowest overall rates of attack while the three birds with the highest attack rates did not display behavioral contrast. For the birds without contrast, components of the attack response during the positive stimulus presumably competed with and reduced the rate of pecking the key, thereby recluding behavioral contrast.", "PMID": 1167899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1982", "title": "A simple, rapid 125I radioimmunoassay for the detection of barbiturates in biological fluids.", "content": "A simple, rapid radioimmunoassay employing 125-I-labeled secobarbital derivative has been developed and has been shown to be capable of detecting at the nanogram level a variety of barbiturates in urine as well as in plasma.", "contents": "A simple, rapid 125I radioimmunoassay for the detection of barbiturates in biological fluids. A simple, rapid radioimmunoassay employing 125-I-labeled secobarbital derivative has been developed and has been shown to be capable of detecting at the nanogram level a variety of barbiturates in urine as well as in plasma.", "PMID": 1167900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1983", "title": "The fine structure of staggerer cerebellum.", "content": "The cerebellar cortex of staggerer mice, ranging in age from 12 days to three months, was studied in the electron microscope. In general, the cerebellum showed a much delayed developmental pattern with regard to Purkinje cell spine formation. Spines did not appear on the soma until about 6 days after birth and appeared on the dendritic branchlets at only 23 days. Climbing fibers were present and they were in synaptic contact with both somatic and dendritic spines. By the third month, spines were only rarely obserbed and some of these were unattached to any presynaptic element.", "contents": "The fine structure of staggerer cerebellum. The cerebellar cortex of staggerer mice, ranging in age from 12 days to three months, was studied in the electron microscope. In general, the cerebellum showed a much delayed developmental pattern with regard to Purkinje cell spine formation. Spines did not appear on the soma until about 6 days after birth and appeared on the dendritic branchlets at only 23 days. Climbing fibers were present and they were in synaptic contact with both somatic and dendritic spines. By the third month, spines were only rarely obserbed and some of these were unattached to any presynaptic element.", "PMID": 1167902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1984", "title": "Spontaneous intracerebral hematoma caused by cerebral neoplasms. Report of eight verified cases.", "content": "In eight of 590 consecutive patients operated on by the author for a proven brain tumor, the preoperative diagnosis was complicated by a spontaneous intracerebral hematoma caused by the neoplasm. The presenting symptoms were those of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage or brain tumor. The pathology underlying spontaneous bleeding from a cerebral neoplasm is reviewed and diagnostic suggestions discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous intracerebral hematoma caused by cerebral neoplasms. Report of eight verified cases. In eight of 590 consecutive patients operated on by the author for a proven brain tumor, the preoperative diagnosis was complicated by a spontaneous intracerebral hematoma caused by the neoplasm. The presenting symptoms were those of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage or brain tumor. The pathology underlying spontaneous bleeding from a cerebral neoplasm is reviewed and diagnostic suggestions discussed.", "PMID": 1167903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1985", "title": "Utilization of nitrogen from soybean meal, casein, zein, and urea by mature sheep.", "content": "The utilization of nitrogen contained in soybean meal, casein, zein, and urea was studied in 12 mature wethers. Net microbial synthesis rates during the 6-hour period after feeding corresponded to ruminal ammonia concentrations, suggesting that the ruminal ammonia level in these experiments was a limiting factor in microbiol protein synthesis. Maximum conversion of dietary nitrogen to microbial nitrogen in the rumen during a 24-hour period was estimated to be 62.5, 85.3, 40.9, and 90.1%, respectively, for soybean meal, casein, zein, and urea. Estimated production rates of acetic, propionic, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids during the first 6 hours after feeding suggested that zein supported the lowest microbial activity in the rumen, and that urea supplementation resulted in isovaleric and valeric acids production rates equivalent to or greater than rates when the other nitrogen supplements were present in the diet. Daily endogenous urinary and metabolic fecal nitrogen determined by regression analysis utilizing soybean meal as the only nitrogen supplement were 72 mg/kg body weight0.75 and 340 mg/100 g of dry matter intake. Biological values of 84.8, 78.3, 84.3, and 76.4 were obtained for soybean meal, casein, zein, and urea, respectively.", "contents": "Utilization of nitrogen from soybean meal, casein, zein, and urea by mature sheep. The utilization of nitrogen contained in soybean meal, casein, zein, and urea was studied in 12 mature wethers. Net microbial synthesis rates during the 6-hour period after feeding corresponded to ruminal ammonia concentrations, suggesting that the ruminal ammonia level in these experiments was a limiting factor in microbiol protein synthesis. Maximum conversion of dietary nitrogen to microbial nitrogen in the rumen during a 24-hour period was estimated to be 62.5, 85.3, 40.9, and 90.1%, respectively, for soybean meal, casein, zein, and urea. Estimated production rates of acetic, propionic, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids during the first 6 hours after feeding suggested that zein supported the lowest microbial activity in the rumen, and that urea supplementation resulted in isovaleric and valeric acids production rates equivalent to or greater than rates when the other nitrogen supplements were present in the diet. Daily endogenous urinary and metabolic fecal nitrogen determined by regression analysis utilizing soybean meal as the only nitrogen supplement were 72 mg/kg body weight0.75 and 340 mg/100 g of dry matter intake. Biological values of 84.8, 78.3, 84.3, and 76.4 were obtained for soybean meal, casein, zein, and urea, respectively.", "PMID": 1167904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1986", "title": "Acetylmethionine as a source of methionine for the rat.", "content": "A-Acetyl-L-methionine and N-acetyl-D-methionine were compared with L-methionine and D-methionine as sources of methionine. These derivatives were added to a sulfer amino acid-limited diet containing 10% soybean protein isolate. Weight gains, food intake, and protein efficiency ratios (PER) were determined in growing rats. N-Acetyl-L-methionine, L-methionine, and D-methionine produced an equivalent growth response and increase in PER above that of the basal diet. There was no response to supplementation with N-acetyl-D-methionine. An equivalent maximum growth response of rats fed-L-methionine or N-acetyl-D-methionine. An equivalent maximum growth response of rats fed L-methionine or N-acetyl-L-methionine was obtained when the total dietary sulfur amino acids compromised 0.36-0.41% of the diet. The nutritional similarities of methionine and N-acetyl-L-methionine suggest that the latter may be useful as a supplement to diets containing vegetable proteins that are deficient in sulfur amino acids.", "contents": "Acetylmethionine as a source of methionine for the rat. A-Acetyl-L-methionine and N-acetyl-D-methionine were compared with L-methionine and D-methionine as sources of methionine. These derivatives were added to a sulfer amino acid-limited diet containing 10% soybean protein isolate. Weight gains, food intake, and protein efficiency ratios (PER) were determined in growing rats. N-Acetyl-L-methionine, L-methionine, and D-methionine produced an equivalent growth response and increase in PER above that of the basal diet. There was no response to supplementation with N-acetyl-D-methionine. An equivalent maximum growth response of rats fed-L-methionine or N-acetyl-D-methionine. An equivalent maximum growth response of rats fed L-methionine or N-acetyl-L-methionine was obtained when the total dietary sulfur amino acids compromised 0.36-0.41% of the diet. The nutritional similarities of methionine and N-acetyl-L-methionine suggest that the latter may be useful as a supplement to diets containing vegetable proteins that are deficient in sulfur amino acids.", "PMID": 1167905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1987", "title": "Population biology of Camallanus oxycephalus Ward and Magath, 1916 (Nematoda: Camallanidae) in white bass in western Lake Erie.", "content": "The distribution and abundance of the nematode Camallanus oxycephalus infecting white bass, Morone chrysops, in western Lake Erie was studied for over 2 years. Infection was generally more frequent and of higher intensity in large fish. The frequency distributions of nematode abundance in all segments of the fish population followed the negative binomial distribution. The data show seasonal cycles in population structure, site selection, intensity of infection, maturation, and reproduction. Infection occurs during July and August with a resulting peak in population density; during late summer and autumn, mortality, probably density-dependent, reduces the population by 30 to 60%; surviving worms are eliminated at 1 year of age. Growth and development of female worms is arrested from November to April, then proceeds at a rapid rate until the worms release their larvae and die. This growth pattern is probably related to temperature but may also involve host hormone cycles. The dispersal period of the nematode coincides with the annual maximum density of the intermediate host, a cyclopoid copepod,and is interpreted as an adaptation which increases the probability of successful transmission. Because the number of larvae produced by each female worm is a function of body volume, natural selection has favored rapid spring growth and attainment of large body size relative to the male worm. Both seasonal timing in the life cycle and the number of larvae produced are important factors in determining the abundance of this and perhaps other parasites. Evidence is presented suggesting that fluctuations of environmental parameters may disrupt the timing of transmission and alter the distribution and abundance of the parasite. It is hypothesized that the magnitude of such changes in parasite abundance may be related to the complexity of the host-parasite system.", "contents": "Population biology of Camallanus oxycephalus Ward and Magath, 1916 (Nematoda: Camallanidae) in white bass in western Lake Erie. The distribution and abundance of the nematode Camallanus oxycephalus infecting white bass, Morone chrysops, in western Lake Erie was studied for over 2 years. Infection was generally more frequent and of higher intensity in large fish. The frequency distributions of nematode abundance in all segments of the fish population followed the negative binomial distribution. The data show seasonal cycles in population structure, site selection, intensity of infection, maturation, and reproduction. Infection occurs during July and August with a resulting peak in population density; during late summer and autumn, mortality, probably density-dependent, reduces the population by 30 to 60%; surviving worms are eliminated at 1 year of age. Growth and development of female worms is arrested from November to April, then proceeds at a rapid rate until the worms release their larvae and die. This growth pattern is probably related to temperature but may also involve host hormone cycles. The dispersal period of the nematode coincides with the annual maximum density of the intermediate host, a cyclopoid copepod,and is interpreted as an adaptation which increases the probability of successful transmission. Because the number of larvae produced by each female worm is a function of body volume, natural selection has favored rapid spring growth and attainment of large body size relative to the male worm. Both seasonal timing in the life cycle and the number of larvae produced are important factors in determining the abundance of this and perhaps other parasites. Evidence is presented suggesting that fluctuations of environmental parameters may disrupt the timing of transmission and alter the distribution and abundance of the parasite. It is hypothesized that the magnitude of such changes in parasite abundance may be related to the complexity of the host-parasite system.", "PMID": 1167906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1988", "title": "Ultrastructure of cytoplasmic and nuclear changes in Eimeria tenella during first-generation schizogony in cell culture.", "content": "Eimeria tenella sporozoites were inoculated into primary cultures of chick kidney cells. Cells fixed from 1 1/2 to 54 hr later were examined with the electron microscope. At 1 1/2 and 24 hr, most intracellular sporozoites were fusiform and retained organelles typical of extracellular sporozoites. However, at 35 hr, rounded trophozoites were present without these structures; only a refractile body, nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum remained. Binucleate parasites were also present at that time, but at 48 hr many multinucleate schizonts were present. Nuclei, with adjacent conoids, were at the periphery of these schizonts. Partly developed merozoites, each containing a conoid and a nucleus, protruded into the parasitophorous vacuole. At 54 hr, fully developed merozoites were separated from the residual body. Merozoites resembled sporozoites but lacked the large refractile bodies seen in sporozoites. Linear inclusions were present near the merozoite nucleus and in the residual body. Round vacuoles and ribosomes were also found in the residuum. Nucleoli were first seen in sporozoite nuclei at 1 1/2 hr. They were also present in merozoites but were more prominent in trophozoites and schizonts. Peripheral and scattered nuclear heterochromatins were prominent in intracellular sporozoites and diminished in trophozoites, but increased after several nuclear divisions and were again prominent in the merozoite. Small, distinct interchromatin granules were found in all stages. Intranuclear spindles, centrocones, and centrioles were found in connection with nuclear divisions. Ultrastructure of first-generation schizogony in cell culture was similar to that described for second-generation E. tenella in the chicken and to schizogony of other species of Eimeria.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of cytoplasmic and nuclear changes in Eimeria tenella during first-generation schizogony in cell culture. Eimeria tenella sporozoites were inoculated into primary cultures of chick kidney cells. Cells fixed from 1 1/2 to 54 hr later were examined with the electron microscope. At 1 1/2 and 24 hr, most intracellular sporozoites were fusiform and retained organelles typical of extracellular sporozoites. However, at 35 hr, rounded trophozoites were present without these structures; only a refractile body, nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum remained. Binucleate parasites were also present at that time, but at 48 hr many multinucleate schizonts were present. Nuclei, with adjacent conoids, were at the periphery of these schizonts. Partly developed merozoites, each containing a conoid and a nucleus, protruded into the parasitophorous vacuole. At 54 hr, fully developed merozoites were separated from the residual body. Merozoites resembled sporozoites but lacked the large refractile bodies seen in sporozoites. Linear inclusions were present near the merozoite nucleus and in the residual body. Round vacuoles and ribosomes were also found in the residuum. Nucleoli were first seen in sporozoite nuclei at 1 1/2 hr. They were also present in merozoites but were more prominent in trophozoites and schizonts. Peripheral and scattered nuclear heterochromatins were prominent in intracellular sporozoites and diminished in trophozoites, but increased after several nuclear divisions and were again prominent in the merozoite. Small, distinct interchromatin granules were found in all stages. Intranuclear spindles, centrocones, and centrioles were found in connection with nuclear divisions. Ultrastructure of first-generation schizogony in cell culture was similar to that described for second-generation E. tenella in the chicken and to schizogony of other species of Eimeria.", "PMID": 1167908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1989", "title": "The involvement of corticosteroids in the supersensitivity produced in the rat anococcygeus muscle by morphine withdrawal, thyroidectomy or a single dose of reserpine.", "content": "The effects of chronically administered corticosterone on the responses of the rat isolated anococcygeus muscle to agonists (acetylcholine, norepinephrine) were compared with those of morphine withdrawal in intact or metyrapone-pretreated rats and with those of a single dose of reserpine in intact or adrenalectomized rats.  The possibility that the similar supersensitivity, which occurs in thyroidectomized rats, might be associated with elevated corticosterone levels was investigated by measuring fluorimetrically the plasma levels of corticosterone in thyroidectomized rats.  Corticosterone, morphine withdrawal or a single dose of reserpine produced similar supersensitivities, characterized by increased maximum responses to both agonists (acetylcholine, norepinephrine) and an increased pD2 value for acetylcholine.  This effect of morphine withdrawal together with the weight loss characteristic of this condition was absent in metyrapone-pretreated rats.  A single dose of reserpine had no effect in adrenalectomized rats.  Plasma corticosterone levels were elevated in thyroidectomized rats. These results suggest that the common factor underlying the identical supersensitivities produced by corticosterone, morphine withdrawal, a single dose of reserpine or thyroidectomy is the ability of each treatment to raise plasma corticosterone levels.", "contents": "The involvement of corticosteroids in the supersensitivity produced in the rat anococcygeus muscle by morphine withdrawal, thyroidectomy or a single dose of reserpine. The effects of chronically administered corticosterone on the responses of the rat isolated anococcygeus muscle to agonists (acetylcholine, norepinephrine) were compared with those of morphine withdrawal in intact or metyrapone-pretreated rats and with those of a single dose of reserpine in intact or adrenalectomized rats.  The possibility that the similar supersensitivity, which occurs in thyroidectomized rats, might be associated with elevated corticosterone levels was investigated by measuring fluorimetrically the plasma levels of corticosterone in thyroidectomized rats.  Corticosterone, morphine withdrawal or a single dose of reserpine produced similar supersensitivities, characterized by increased maximum responses to both agonists (acetylcholine, norepinephrine) and an increased pD2 value for acetylcholine.  This effect of morphine withdrawal together with the weight loss characteristic of this condition was absent in metyrapone-pretreated rats.  A single dose of reserpine had no effect in adrenalectomized rats.  Plasma corticosterone levels were elevated in thyroidectomized rats. These results suggest that the common factor underlying the identical supersensitivities produced by corticosterone, morphine withdrawal, a single dose of reserpine or thyroidectomy is the ability of each treatment to raise plasma corticosterone levels.", "PMID": 1167909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1990", "title": "Uterine response to ovariectomy during the proliferative and luteal phases in the marsupial, Trichosurus vulpecula.", "content": "The uterine luteal phase in T. vulpecula is not dependent upon the secretions of the CL throughout its duration. Ablation of the CL or ovariectomy after Day 7 of the 26-day oestrous cycle does not result in the termination of the uterine secretory phase. The dependence of the luteal phase on the secretions of the CL is demonstrated by ablation of the CL or ovariectomy on Days 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 of the oestrous cycle. Ablation of the CL before Day 8 resulted in the inhibition of the impending luteal phase, and the commencement of a follicular phase resulting in oestrus 8 to 9 days later. Removal of the CL or ovariectomy on Days 8 or 12 does not completely inhibit the uterine luteal phase since sufficient precursor of uterine milk is stored in the uterine basal glandular epithelium, thus enabling the endometrium to maintain the secretion of uterine milk.", "contents": "Uterine response to ovariectomy during the proliferative and luteal phases in the marsupial, Trichosurus vulpecula. The uterine luteal phase in T. vulpecula is not dependent upon the secretions of the CL throughout its duration. Ablation of the CL or ovariectomy after Day 7 of the 26-day oestrous cycle does not result in the termination of the uterine secretory phase. The dependence of the luteal phase on the secretions of the CL is demonstrated by ablation of the CL or ovariectomy on Days 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 of the oestrous cycle. Ablation of the CL before Day 8 resulted in the inhibition of the impending luteal phase, and the commencement of a follicular phase resulting in oestrus 8 to 9 days later. Removal of the CL or ovariectomy on Days 8 or 12 does not completely inhibit the uterine luteal phase since sufficient precursor of uterine milk is stored in the uterine basal glandular epithelium, thus enabling the endometrium to maintain the secretion of uterine milk.", "PMID": 1167910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1991", "title": "Changes in blood histamine and bradykininogen levels during different periods of the oestrous cycle in goats.", "content": "Blood histamine and plasma bradykininogen levels were estimated in eighteen normally cyclic goats at different periods of the oestrous cycle. The histamine level increased significantly (P smaller than 0.05) on Day 18 of the oestrous cycle. The bradykininogen level decreased significantly (P smaller than 0.05) towards the end of oestrus.", "contents": "Changes in blood histamine and bradykininogen levels during different periods of the oestrous cycle in goats. Blood histamine and plasma bradykininogen levels were estimated in eighteen normally cyclic goats at different periods of the oestrous cycle. The histamine level increased significantly (P smaller than 0.05) on Day 18 of the oestrous cycle. The bradykininogen level decreased significantly (P smaller than 0.05) towards the end of oestrus.", "PMID": 1167911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1992", "title": "Isolation of a Sindbis virus variant by passage on mouse plasmacytoma cells.", "content": "A variant of Sindbis virus has been isolated by growing a stock of virus, previously passaged on chicken embryo cells, in mouse plasmacytoma (MOPC 315) cells in suspension culture. An indirect immunofluorescence test and infective center assay showed that only a small fraction of cells could be infected by the stock wild-type virus, but that the population of virus accumulating after a few passages on the mouse cells had host-range properties distinct from the stock virus. The mouse-passaged virus retained its virulence for the original host and back-passaging of this virus on chicken cells did not change its newly acquired properties. Thus, this variant appears to be a genetically distinct form of Sindbis that adsorbs to and grows much better than the stock virus on several types of mouse cells including cultures of mouse macrophages.", "contents": "Isolation of a Sindbis virus variant by passage on mouse plasmacytoma cells. A variant of Sindbis virus has been isolated by growing a stock of virus, previously passaged on chicken embryo cells, in mouse plasmacytoma (MOPC 315) cells in suspension culture. An indirect immunofluorescence test and infective center assay showed that only a small fraction of cells could be infected by the stock wild-type virus, but that the population of virus accumulating after a few passages on the mouse cells had host-range properties distinct from the stock virus. The mouse-passaged virus retained its virulence for the original host and back-passaging of this virus on chicken cells did not change its newly acquired properties. Thus, this variant appears to be a genetically distinct form of Sindbis that adsorbs to and grows much better than the stock virus on several types of mouse cells including cultures of mouse macrophages.", "PMID": 1167912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1993", "title": "Protein metabolism during the steady state of Newcastle disease virus infection. I. Kinetics of amino acid and protein accumulation.", "content": "Pulse-chase experiments and studies on the effects of varying pulse lenghts on radioactive amino acid and protein accumulation have been carried out to evaluate several possible mechanisms for the inhibition in cellular protein accumulation during infection of chicken embryo cells by Newcastle disease virus. The inhibition is probably at the level of synthesis of cellular protein since no evidence for either increased degradation of protein or alterations in cellular permeability to protein was found in infected cultures. The magnitude of the reduction in the rate of cellular protein accumulation and consequently total protein accumulation depend upon the length of the radioisotopic labeling period. In contrast, the rate of viral protein accumulation is independent of the length of the labeling period. A double-label difference analysis of polyacrylamide gels was used in all of the kinetics studies to distinguish between viral and cellular protein accumulation. An unstable fraction which could be labeled with radioactive amino acids was detected in both infected and uninfected cultures. This material migrated mainly in the 50,000- to 60,000-dalton region of polyacrylamide gels, exhibited saturation kinetics during accumulation studies, and turned over rapidly during a chase. The relative amount of this fraction was not affected by infection. Gel analysis of the radioactive protein recovered from the medium from both infected and uninfected cultures revealed a major component with an apparent molecular weight of 33,000. None of the major viral polypeptides could be detected in the medium after a 30-min chase following a brief labeling period.", "contents": "Protein metabolism during the steady state of Newcastle disease virus infection. I. Kinetics of amino acid and protein accumulation. Pulse-chase experiments and studies on the effects of varying pulse lenghts on radioactive amino acid and protein accumulation have been carried out to evaluate several possible mechanisms for the inhibition in cellular protein accumulation during infection of chicken embryo cells by Newcastle disease virus. The inhibition is probably at the level of synthesis of cellular protein since no evidence for either increased degradation of protein or alterations in cellular permeability to protein was found in infected cultures. The magnitude of the reduction in the rate of cellular protein accumulation and consequently total protein accumulation depend upon the length of the radioisotopic labeling period. In contrast, the rate of viral protein accumulation is independent of the length of the labeling period. A double-label difference analysis of polyacrylamide gels was used in all of the kinetics studies to distinguish between viral and cellular protein accumulation. An unstable fraction which could be labeled with radioactive amino acids was detected in both infected and uninfected cultures. This material migrated mainly in the 50,000- to 60,000-dalton region of polyacrylamide gels, exhibited saturation kinetics during accumulation studies, and turned over rapidly during a chase. The relative amount of this fraction was not affected by infection. Gel analysis of the radioactive protein recovered from the medium from both infected and uninfected cultures revealed a major component with an apparent molecular weight of 33,000. None of the major viral polypeptides could be detected in the medium after a 30-min chase following a brief labeling period.", "PMID": 1167913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1994", "title": "Structural proteins of two salmonid rhabdoviruses.", "content": "Purified infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) virus and the virus of haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) (Egtved virus) each contain five structural proteins which were designated L, G, N, M-1, and M-2. The IHN viral polypeptides have molecular weights estimated to be 157,000, 72,000, 40,000, 25,000 and 20,000, respectively, whereas those of VHS viral polypeptides are estimated to be 157,000 74,000, 41,000, 21,500, and 19,000, respectively. The carbohydrate composition of the glycoprotein (G) was confirmed by demonstrating selective incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into the designated G protein of both viruses. Phosphoproteins were identified by incorporation of [32P]orthophosphate into the N and M-1 proteins of IHN virus and into the N protein of VHS virus. The glycoprotein of each virus was selectively solubilized by treatment with Triton X-100 in low salt buffer, whereas the M-1, and M-2 proteins along with the G protein were solubilized by Ttition X-100 in 0.43 M NaCl. The protein composition of the salmonid rhabdoviruses resembles that of the rabies virus group more closely than the vesicular stomatitis virus group.", "contents": "Structural proteins of two salmonid rhabdoviruses. Purified infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) virus and the virus of haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) (Egtved virus) each contain five structural proteins which were designated L, G, N, M-1, and M-2. The IHN viral polypeptides have molecular weights estimated to be 157,000, 72,000, 40,000, 25,000 and 20,000, respectively, whereas those of VHS viral polypeptides are estimated to be 157,000 74,000, 41,000, 21,500, and 19,000, respectively. The carbohydrate composition of the glycoprotein (G) was confirmed by demonstrating selective incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into the designated G protein of both viruses. Phosphoproteins were identified by incorporation of [32P]orthophosphate into the N and M-1 proteins of IHN virus and into the N protein of VHS virus. The glycoprotein of each virus was selectively solubilized by treatment with Triton X-100 in low salt buffer, whereas the M-1, and M-2 proteins along with the G protein were solubilized by Ttition X-100 in 0.43 M NaCl. The protein composition of the salmonid rhabdoviruses resembles that of the rabies virus group more closely than the vesicular stomatitis virus group.", "PMID": 1167914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1995", "title": "Differential accumulation of virus-specific RNA during the cell cycle of adenovirus-transformed rat embyro cells.", "content": "In adenovirus type 2-transformed rat embryo cells there is a threefold greater incorporation of [3-H]uridine into virus-specific RNA early in S phase than in late S or G2. This heightened accumulation of labeled RNA is true for both nuclear and cytoplasmic virus-specific labeling. Inhibition of DNA synthesis decreases the virus-specific RNA labeling, whereas reversal of inhibition again allows the elevated level of virus-specific RNA labeling.", "contents": "Differential accumulation of virus-specific RNA during the cell cycle of adenovirus-transformed rat embyro cells. In adenovirus type 2-transformed rat embryo cells there is a threefold greater incorporation of [3-H]uridine into virus-specific RNA early in S phase than in late S or G2. This heightened accumulation of labeled RNA is true for both nuclear and cytoplasmic virus-specific labeling. Inhibition of DNA synthesis decreases the virus-specific RNA labeling, whereas reversal of inhibition again allows the elevated level of virus-specific RNA labeling.", "PMID": 1167915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1996", "title": "Vascular patterns of testicular tumors: a microangiographic study.", "content": "A microangiographic study of 12 cases of testicular tumors was done. In seminoma the blood supply was meager and centripetal, and embryonal carcinoma of adult type was hypervascular with coiling vessels. Vascular patterns of embryonal carcinoma of infants were sinusoidal. Choriocarcoma was hypervascular and there were multiple defects within vessels by its invasion. In a teratomatous cyst vessels of the wall were sometimes irregular, as indicated by surviving teratomatous elements, while in an epidermoid cyst fine vessels of the wall ran parallel in a regular manner.", "contents": "Vascular patterns of testicular tumors: a microangiographic study. A microangiographic study of 12 cases of testicular tumors was done. In seminoma the blood supply was meager and centripetal, and embryonal carcinoma of adult type was hypervascular with coiling vessels. Vascular patterns of embryonal carcinoma of infants were sinusoidal. Choriocarcoma was hypervascular and there were multiple defects within vessels by its invasion. In a teratomatous cyst vessels of the wall were sometimes irregular, as indicated by surviving teratomatous elements, while in an epidermoid cyst fine vessels of the wall ran parallel in a regular manner.", "PMID": 1167916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1997", "title": "The heritability of blood pressure: an investigation of 200 pairs of twins using the cold pressor test.", "content": "Blood pressures in 200 pairs of twins having a mean age of 14.0 (S.D. equals 6.5) years were measured at basal levels and in response to the cold pressor test. Intraclass correlations were consistently larger (and intrapair variances consistently smaller) in monozygotic as compared to dizygotic pairs, substantially more so in females than in males. Sex differences in heritability were somewhate greater for systolic than for diastolic blood pressure. Indices of heritability (H) at basal levels were, in descending order: 0.78 (female systolic), 0.61 (female diastolic), 0.56 (male diastolic), and 0.41 (male systolic). The same descending order for H was found for blood pressure responses to the cold pressor test. It is concluded that in the population studied, genetic factors play an important role in the control of blood pressure over the normal range of vascular reactivity. In females, such factors may be the major determinant of the variability observed.", "contents": "The heritability of blood pressure: an investigation of 200 pairs of twins using the cold pressor test. Blood pressures in 200 pairs of twins having a mean age of 14.0 (S.D. equals 6.5) years were measured at basal levels and in response to the cold pressor test. Intraclass correlations were consistently larger (and intrapair variances consistently smaller) in monozygotic as compared to dizygotic pairs, substantially more so in females than in males. Sex differences in heritability were somewhate greater for systolic than for diastolic blood pressure. Indices of heritability (H) at basal levels were, in descending order: 0.78 (female systolic), 0.61 (female diastolic), 0.56 (male diastolic), and 0.41 (male systolic). The same descending order for H was found for blood pressure responses to the cold pressor test. It is concluded that in the population studied, genetic factors play an important role in the control of blood pressure over the normal range of vascular reactivity. In females, such factors may be the major determinant of the variability observed.", "PMID": 1167918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1998", "title": "[Dynamics of carbohydrate metabolism in the heart muscle in early ontogenesis].", "content": "The dynamics of glycolysis and glycogenolysis in the postnatal period, determined from the accumulation of lactate in the homogenate of the heart muscle, indicates that the glycolytic activity begins to subside right after the birth and becomes constant after a lapse of 15-20 days. The activity of the phosphorylase, phosphohexoisomerase, enolase and pyruvate-kinase in the heart muscle extract was found to remain virtually unchanged. Some decline is noted in the activity of the aldolase and hexokinase, while that of the phosphofructokinase and lactate-dehydrogenase rises by 50-60 per cent. These data suggest that in the early ontogenesis the increasing capacity of the mitochondrial system in the heart muscle is paralled by an adjustable conditioned inhibition of the glycolytic phosphorylation, with concurrently rising activity of the phosphofructokinas and, consequently, also of the potential capacity of glycolysis and glycogenolysis.", "contents": "[Dynamics of carbohydrate metabolism in the heart muscle in early ontogenesis]. The dynamics of glycolysis and glycogenolysis in the postnatal period, determined from the accumulation of lactate in the homogenate of the heart muscle, indicates that the glycolytic activity begins to subside right after the birth and becomes constant after a lapse of 15-20 days. The activity of the phosphorylase, phosphohexoisomerase, enolase and pyruvate-kinase in the heart muscle extract was found to remain virtually unchanged. Some decline is noted in the activity of the aldolase and hexokinase, while that of the phosphofructokinase and lactate-dehydrogenase rises by 50-60 per cent. These data suggest that in the early ontogenesis the increasing capacity of the mitochondrial system in the heart muscle is paralled by an adjustable conditioned inhibition of the glycolytic phosphorylation, with concurrently rising activity of the phosphofructokinas and, consequently, also of the potential capacity of glycolysis and glycogenolysis.", "PMID": 1167919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_1999", "title": "Decomposition of unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides by hemoglobin: Structures of major products of 13L-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid.", "content": "13L-hydroperoxy-9, 11-octadecadienoic acid was decomposed rapidly in the presence of hemoglobin. The product consisted of five major compounds, i.e. 13-keto-9, 11-octadecadienoic acid, 13L-hydroxy-9, 11-octadecadienoic acid, erythro-11-hydroxy-12, 13-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid, threo-11-hydroxy-12, 13-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid, and 9 DL-hydroxy-12, 13-epoxy-10-octadecenoic acid.", "contents": "Decomposition of unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides by hemoglobin: Structures of major products of 13L-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid. 13L-hydroperoxy-9, 11-octadecadienoic acid was decomposed rapidly in the presence of hemoglobin. The product consisted of five major compounds, i.e. 13-keto-9, 11-octadecadienoic acid, 13L-hydroxy-9, 11-octadecadienoic acid, erythro-11-hydroxy-12, 13-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid, threo-11-hydroxy-12, 13-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid, and 9 DL-hydroxy-12, 13-epoxy-10-octadecenoic acid.", "PMID": 1167926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2000", "title": "Calcitonin: a general survey.", "content": "Since the initial discovery of calcitonin, a considerable amount of information has been obtained concerning structure, function, secretion, and effects of the hormone from a number of species. The purpose of the present report is to review the studies of structure and function, the factors that influence secretion and synthesis, and the effects and mechanism of action of calcitonin. The clinical uses of the hormone and syndromes of calcitonin excess are discu,sed.", "contents": "Calcitonin: a general survey. Since the initial discovery of calcitonin, a considerable amount of information has been obtained concerning structure, function, secretion, and effects of the hormone from a number of species. The purpose of the present report is to review the studies of structure and function, the factors that influence secretion and synthesis, and the effects and mechanism of action of calcitonin. The clinical uses of the hormone and syndromes of calcitonin excess are discu,sed.", "PMID": 1167927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2001", "title": "[Diagnostic and Therapeutical problems of extrahepatic portal vein stenosis].", "content": "In seven children the clinical course of extrahepatic portal vein stenosis was studied angiographically. In all children with splenomegaly it was deemed necessary to perform an X-ray barium examination of the oesophagus. Transsplenic portal venography was performed when oesophageal varices were detected to set up the best scheme for emergency treatment. In our patients with hypersplenism there were no specific bone marrow alterations. In contrast to the literature most of our cases had fibrosis of the liver.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and Therapeutical problems of extrahepatic portal vein stenosis]. In seven children the clinical course of extrahepatic portal vein stenosis was studied angiographically. In all children with splenomegaly it was deemed necessary to perform an X-ray barium examination of the oesophagus. Transsplenic portal venography was performed when oesophageal varices were detected to set up the best scheme for emergency treatment. In our patients with hypersplenism there were no specific bone marrow alterations. In contrast to the literature most of our cases had fibrosis of the liver.", "PMID": 1167929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2002", "title": "[Diseases caused by drug therapy in newborn babies].", "content": "A drug may reach the newborn indirectly from the mother via the umbilical cord or brest milk and by direct application. If the Apgar score after 5 or 10 min decreases in relation to the score of the 1st minute, a depression by drugs has to be considered if other causes are eliminated. Some drugs and typical symptoms are described as for instance diazepam, addiction causing drugs, reserpin and imidazol derivatives. With regard to the direct effect of drugs the danger of the simultaneous application of several remedia is especially pointed out.", "contents": "[Diseases caused by drug therapy in newborn babies]. A drug may reach the newborn indirectly from the mother via the umbilical cord or brest milk and by direct application. If the Apgar score after 5 or 10 min decreases in relation to the score of the 1st minute, a depression by drugs has to be considered if other causes are eliminated. Some drugs and typical symptoms are described as for instance diazepam, addiction causing drugs, reserpin and imidazol derivatives. With regard to the direct effect of drugs the danger of the simultaneous application of several remedia is especially pointed out.", "PMID": 1167930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2003", "title": "DiC-like syndrome after envenomation by the snake, Crotalus horridus horridus.", "content": "After envenomation by the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus horridus) a young man showed massive swelling and ecchymoses of the involved extremity, generalized petechiae and a large hematoma of the left upper eyelid. Two weeks later he was completely well. The first blood sample was incoagulable and showed high titers of fibrin split products by the MISFI and staphylococcal clumping tests. Immounoelectrophoresis showed both D and E fragments, but only D was present at 18 hours. The profound thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia gradually improved, and split products disappeared. In vitro the venom had thrombin-like activity, clotting fibrinogen or plasma and aggregating platelets. These activities could be inhibited by antivenom but not by heparin. There was no evidence that thrombin formation was actually involved: hence, the syndrome is called DIC-like.", "contents": "DiC-like syndrome after envenomation by the snake, Crotalus horridus horridus. After envenomation by the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus horridus) a young man showed massive swelling and ecchymoses of the involved extremity, generalized petechiae and a large hematoma of the left upper eyelid. Two weeks later he was completely well. The first blood sample was incoagulable and showed high titers of fibrin split products by the MISFI and staphylococcal clumping tests. Immounoelectrophoresis showed both D and E fragments, but only D was present at 18 hours. The profound thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia gradually improved, and split products disappeared. In vitro the venom had thrombin-like activity, clotting fibrinogen or plasma and aggregating platelets. These activities could be inhibited by antivenom but not by heparin. There was no evidence that thrombin formation was actually involved: hence, the syndrome is called DIC-like.", "PMID": 1167934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2004", "title": "Twenty-four-hour secretory patterns of gonadotropins and prolactin in a case of Chiari-Frommel syndrome.", "content": "Plasma LH, FSH and prolactin secretory patterns were derived from the measurement of 20-min interval plasma samples obtained during a complete 24-h period in a patient with persistent postpartum amenorrhea and galactorrhea (Chiari-Frommel syndrome), before and after clomiphene citrate therapy. During nocturnal sleep, polygraphic monitoring was carried out to precisely identify sleep onset, specific sleep stages and waking periods. During the evening and nighttime hours, LH and FSH concentrations were markedly reduced, compared to the daytime patterns both before and after clomiphene therapy. A sleep associated rise of prolactin concentration was present, similar to the pattern found in normal subjects but at higher concentrations. The reciprocal nature of the nocturnal secretory patterns for LH and FSH and prolactin in this patient suggests an alteration in hypothalamic dopaminergic mechanisms which are thougt to control the secretion of these hormones.", "contents": "Twenty-four-hour secretory patterns of gonadotropins and prolactin in a case of Chiari-Frommel syndrome. Plasma LH, FSH and prolactin secretory patterns were derived from the measurement of 20-min interval plasma samples obtained during a complete 24-h period in a patient with persistent postpartum amenorrhea and galactorrhea (Chiari-Frommel syndrome), before and after clomiphene citrate therapy. During nocturnal sleep, polygraphic monitoring was carried out to precisely identify sleep onset, specific sleep stages and waking periods. During the evening and nighttime hours, LH and FSH concentrations were markedly reduced, compared to the daytime patterns both before and after clomiphene therapy. A sleep associated rise of prolactin concentration was present, similar to the pattern found in normal subjects but at higher concentrations. The reciprocal nature of the nocturnal secretory patterns for LH and FSH and prolactin in this patient suggests an alteration in hypothalamic dopaminergic mechanisms which are thougt to control the secretion of these hormones.", "PMID": 1167938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2005", "title": "Enhancement of the electrical excitability of neuroblastoma cells by valinomycin.", "content": "Mouse neuroblastoma cells in stationary phase of growth display partially developed electrical properties. Addition of the K+ selective carrier valinomycin to these cells causes rapid enhancement of electrical excitability. We suggest that the appearance of molecules with properties similar to valinomycin is essential for the full expression of electrical excitability in differentiating neuroblastoma.", "contents": "Enhancement of the electrical excitability of neuroblastoma cells by valinomycin. Mouse neuroblastoma cells in stationary phase of growth display partially developed electrical properties. Addition of the K+ selective carrier valinomycin to these cells causes rapid enhancement of electrical excitability. We suggest that the appearance of molecules with properties similar to valinomycin is essential for the full expression of electrical excitability in differentiating neuroblastoma.", "PMID": 1167942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2006", "title": "[Pancreatic cysts].", "content": "True and pseudo-cysts of the pancreas are described and their aetiology, pathology, laboratory tests, radiological examination, differential diagnosis, symptomatology and surgical management are illustrated. A series of 22 cases of pancreatic cyst is presented. Surgical management consisted of 14 cystogastrostomies, 3 cystoduodenostomies, 2 resections of the tail of the pancreas, 1 internal drainage between the fistular segment of the gland and the gastric cavity, and 2 external drainages with a Pezzer tube. It is felt that internal drainage is the operation of choice. Of the surgical techniques available, a preference is expressed for cystogastrostomy and cystoduodenostomy.", "contents": "[Pancreatic cysts]. True and pseudo-cysts of the pancreas are described and their aetiology, pathology, laboratory tests, radiological examination, differential diagnosis, symptomatology and surgical management are illustrated. A series of 22 cases of pancreatic cyst is presented. Surgical management consisted of 14 cystogastrostomies, 3 cystoduodenostomies, 2 resections of the tail of the pancreas, 1 internal drainage between the fistular segment of the gland and the gastric cavity, and 2 external drainages with a Pezzer tube. It is felt that internal drainage is the operation of choice. Of the surgical techniques available, a preference is expressed for cystogastrostomy and cystoduodenostomy.", "PMID": 1167946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2007", "title": "A diagnostic device for stress incontinence.", "content": "Many methods of evaluating anatomic deformity of the urethrovesical angle are available. A new diagnostic device has been developed to determine the degree of rotation of the urethral axis, thus differentiating between type I and type II deformities causing stress incontinence. Preliminary study in 62 patients indicates that the instrument is accurate, simple, and easily interpreted. The device also has the advantage of being easily constructed, disposable, and inexpensive.", "contents": "A diagnostic device for stress incontinence. Many methods of evaluating anatomic deformity of the urethrovesical angle are available. A new diagnostic device has been developed to determine the degree of rotation of the urethral axis, thus differentiating between type I and type II deformities causing stress incontinence. Preliminary study in 62 patients indicates that the instrument is accurate, simple, and easily interpreted. The device also has the advantage of being easily constructed, disposable, and inexpensive.", "PMID": 1167948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2008", "title": "Symposium on sensorineural hearing loss in children: early detection and intervention. Evaluation of the child with sensorineural hearing impairment.", "content": "When the physician is confronted with a child with sensorineural hearing impairment, he should do everything in his power to establish the cause of the hearing loss in order to diagnose those conditions that might be corrected or controlled and to counsel the parent concerning the child's future. Certain physical characteristic should alert the physician to the fact that there may be an accompanying sensorineural hearing loss. The family, gestational, and postnatal history may help establish this diagnosis. Finally, laboratory and x-ray examinations should be performed in an attempt to arrive at a definitive diagnosis.", "contents": "Symposium on sensorineural hearing loss in children: early detection and intervention. Evaluation of the child with sensorineural hearing impairment. When the physician is confronted with a child with sensorineural hearing impairment, he should do everything in his power to establish the cause of the hearing loss in order to diagnose those conditions that might be corrected or controlled and to counsel the parent concerning the child's future. Certain physical characteristic should alert the physician to the fact that there may be an accompanying sensorineural hearing loss. The family, gestational, and postnatal history may help establish this diagnosis. Finally, laboratory and x-ray examinations should be performed in an attempt to arrive at a definitive diagnosis.", "PMID": 1167956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2009", "title": "Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections in mice: the immunological basis of worm expulsion.", "content": "Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections in mice were terminated more rapidly than in rats and immunologically induced damage occurred earlier. Like rats, mice expelled damaged worms more rapidly than normal worms. Recipients of cells from the spleen or mesenteric node of immune mice expelled their worms by day 8 of the infection. Recipients of cells alone or antiserum alone did not expel their worms by day 5 but mice given both cells and antiserum expelled their worms by this stage of the infection. Damaged worms were expelled more rapidly than normal worms from mice given immune cells, This work indicated that antibodies and cells collaborate to expel N. brasiliensis from mice as has been shown to occur in rats.", "contents": "Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections in mice: the immunological basis of worm expulsion. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections in mice were terminated more rapidly than in rats and immunologically induced damage occurred earlier. Like rats, mice expelled damaged worms more rapidly than normal worms. Recipients of cells from the spleen or mesenteric node of immune mice expelled their worms by day 8 of the infection. Recipients of cells alone or antiserum alone did not expel their worms by day 5 but mice given both cells and antiserum expelled their worms by this stage of the infection. Damaged worms were expelled more rapidly than normal worms from mice given immune cells, This work indicated that antibodies and cells collaborate to expel N. brasiliensis from mice as has been shown to occur in rats.", "PMID": 1167957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2010", "title": "Development of paw preference in rats following unilateral cortical ablations in infancy.", "content": "Rats which received unilateral anterior cortical lesions in infancy manifested a preference for the paw contralateral to the intact hemisphere when tested at 5 wk. and at 10 wk. of age. That this effect was locus specific and was not due to a change in the over-all balance of activity between the hemispheres was indicated by the fact that similar lesions made in the posterior cortex did not influence which paw the animals subsequently preferred. The posterior lesions, however, may have lowered the frequency of ambidexterity, a finding interpreted in terms of theoretical arguments concerning bilateral symmetry and the discrimination and memory of left and right.", "contents": "Development of paw preference in rats following unilateral cortical ablations in infancy. Rats which received unilateral anterior cortical lesions in infancy manifested a preference for the paw contralateral to the intact hemisphere when tested at 5 wk. and at 10 wk. of age. That this effect was locus specific and was not due to a change in the over-all balance of activity between the hemispheres was indicated by the fact that similar lesions made in the posterior cortex did not influence which paw the animals subsequently preferred. The posterior lesions, however, may have lowered the frequency of ambidexterity, a finding interpreted in terms of theoretical arguments concerning bilateral symmetry and the discrimination and memory of left and right.", "PMID": 1167960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2011", "title": "Handedness as a function of test complexity.", "content": "Handedness as a function of test complexity was investigated with two tests, Dotting and Tapping-on-squares. For each one three levels of complexity were established by varying radius (Dotting) and square sides (Tapping-on-squares). Administration of the different complexity levels to a total of 310 third and fourth grade boys and girls showed that the rate of left-handedness increased from 6% to 16% with decreasing level of test complexity. It is concluded that optimal classification of handedness is only made possible by maximal levels of test complexity, which have to be established empirically for different populations.", "contents": "Handedness as a function of test complexity. Handedness as a function of test complexity was investigated with two tests, Dotting and Tapping-on-squares. For each one three levels of complexity were established by varying radius (Dotting) and square sides (Tapping-on-squares). Administration of the different complexity levels to a total of 310 third and fourth grade boys and girls showed that the rate of left-handedness increased from 6% to 16% with decreasing level of test complexity. It is concluded that optimal classification of handedness is only made possible by maximal levels of test complexity, which have to be established empirically for different populations.", "PMID": 1167961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2012", "title": "Electrical activity in embryonic heart cell aggregates. Developmental aspects.", "content": "Action potential parameters were measured in beating heart cell aggregates which were formed from trypsin-dissociated cells of embryonic chick heats aged 2 1/2, 4 or 7 days. 1. In aggregates composed of cells from the whole heart there was an increase in the maximum diastolic potential, overshoot, maximum rate of rise of the action potential (V max), and action potential duration between days 2 1/2 and 7. 2. Action potential parameters from 4- or 7-day aggregates composed exclusively of atrial or ventricular cells were similar to those in whole heart aggregates of the same age with the exception of the action potential duration in which atrial less than whole heart less than ventricular. Between days 4 and 7 the increases in duration were approximately 14% in atrial, 35% in whole heart, and 50% in ventricular aggregates. Differences in action potential duration, within or between ages, were not due solely to differences in the rate of beating. 3. Action potentials in whole heart aggregates aged 2 1/2 days were insensivitive to TTX (10-5 g/ml) but abolished by D600 (1 MUG/ML). Conversely, at 7 days activity was suppressed by TTX (2 X 10-8 G/ML) WHILE D600 (1 mug/ml) shortened the action potential duration and reduced the overshoot without influencing V max. 4. Adrenaline (1 mug/ml) restored the action potential overshoot and duration in 7-day aggregates treated with D600. 5. Action potential development in embryonic heart cells appears to be characterized by the functional appearance of fast inward channels. The slow channel mechanism, previously utilized in action potential generation, may gradually assume its adult role of carrying inward current during the plateau phase. 6. In contrast to monolayer cultures, embryonic heart cells cultured in aggregate form seem to have membrane properties similar to those of intact tissue.", "contents": "Electrical activity in embryonic heart cell aggregates. Developmental aspects. Action potential parameters were measured in beating heart cell aggregates which were formed from trypsin-dissociated cells of embryonic chick heats aged 2 1/2, 4 or 7 days. 1. In aggregates composed of cells from the whole heart there was an increase in the maximum diastolic potential, overshoot, maximum rate of rise of the action potential (V max), and action potential duration between days 2 1/2 and 7. 2. Action potential parameters from 4- or 7-day aggregates composed exclusively of atrial or ventricular cells were similar to those in whole heart aggregates of the same age with the exception of the action potential duration in which atrial less than whole heart less than ventricular. Between days 4 and 7 the increases in duration were approximately 14% in atrial, 35% in whole heart, and 50% in ventricular aggregates. Differences in action potential duration, within or between ages, were not due solely to differences in the rate of beating. 3. Action potentials in whole heart aggregates aged 2 1/2 days were insensivitive to TTX (10-5 g/ml) but abolished by D600 (1 MUG/ML). Conversely, at 7 days activity was suppressed by TTX (2 X 10-8 G/ML) WHILE D600 (1 mug/ml) shortened the action potential duration and reduced the overshoot without influencing V max. 4. Adrenaline (1 mug/ml) restored the action potential overshoot and duration in 7-day aggregates treated with D600. 5. Action potential development in embryonic heart cells appears to be characterized by the functional appearance of fast inward channels. The slow channel mechanism, previously utilized in action potential generation, may gradually assume its adult role of carrying inward current during the plateau phase. 6. In contrast to monolayer cultures, embryonic heart cells cultured in aggregate form seem to have membrane properties similar to those of intact tissue.", "PMID": 1167962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2013", "title": "Diseases of the breast.", "content": "As a result of health education programs that have stressed self-examination and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment, less than 5 percent of breast lesions seen in clinical practice today are malignant. Nevertheless, breast cancer is the leading cause of deaths due to cancer in women and the second most common breast lesion. Chronic cystic mastitis, the most common breast lesion seen in women, can often be treated conservatively by aspirating the cystic fluid. Close follow-up is necessary so that if carcinoma develops, it can be treated early. Carcinoma is unpredictable but not hopeless. Although controversy exists regarding treatment, radical mastectomy is still the preferred treatment in most cases. Other breast diseases include adenofibroma, a common lesion requiring excisional biopsy for positive diagnosis; nipple discharge, which should be carefully examined cytologically; and relatively rare breast lesions, including intraductal papilloma, adenosis, traumatic fat necrosis, and cystosarcoma phylloides.", "contents": "Diseases of the breast. As a result of health education programs that have stressed self-examination and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment, less than 5 percent of breast lesions seen in clinical practice today are malignant. Nevertheless, breast cancer is the leading cause of deaths due to cancer in women and the second most common breast lesion. Chronic cystic mastitis, the most common breast lesion seen in women, can often be treated conservatively by aspirating the cystic fluid. Close follow-up is necessary so that if carcinoma develops, it can be treated early. Carcinoma is unpredictable but not hopeless. Although controversy exists regarding treatment, radical mastectomy is still the preferred treatment in most cases. Other breast diseases include adenofibroma, a common lesion requiring excisional biopsy for positive diagnosis; nipple discharge, which should be carefully examined cytologically; and relatively rare breast lesions, including intraductal papilloma, adenosis, traumatic fat necrosis, and cystosarcoma phylloides.", "PMID": 1167967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2014", "title": "The radiosensitization of hypoxic tumor cells by hyperthermia.", "content": "The influence of hyperthermia on the survival of irradiated oxic and hypoxic HeLa cells was determined. A significant reduction in OER was obtained for irradiated cells subsequently cultivated at 42-degrees C for two hours compared to irradiated cells cultivated at 37-degrees C. These results suggest that heating irradiated hypoxic cells is an effective means of reducing the oxygen dependence factor in radiation effects.", "contents": "The radiosensitization of hypoxic tumor cells by hyperthermia. The influence of hyperthermia on the survival of irradiated oxic and hypoxic HeLa cells was determined. A significant reduction in OER was obtained for irradiated cells subsequently cultivated at 42-degrees C for two hours compared to irradiated cells cultivated at 37-degrees C. These results suggest that heating irradiated hypoxic cells is an effective means of reducing the oxygen dependence factor in radiation effects.", "PMID": 1167971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2015", "title": "Pneumomediastinum complicating pregnancy.", "content": "Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema is a rare complication of the second stage of labor. Although this entity runs a benign course, fatalities have been reported. Clinical findings of subcutaneous emphysema necessitate a chest X-ray to document pneumomediastinum. If pneumomediastinum is present, rapid delivery via elective forceps or even surgery may be considered to prevent serious complications.", "contents": "Pneumomediastinum complicating pregnancy. Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema is a rare complication of the second stage of labor. Although this entity runs a benign course, fatalities have been reported. Clinical findings of subcutaneous emphysema necessitate a chest X-ray to document pneumomediastinum. If pneumomediastinum is present, rapid delivery via elective forceps or even surgery may be considered to prevent serious complications.", "PMID": 1167973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2016", "title": "Concanavalin A: its action in inducing Oocyte maturation-inducing substance in starfish follicle cells.", "content": "Maturation of starfish oocytes is induced by 1-methyladenine produced in follicle cells under the influence of a gonad-stimulating hormonal peptide released from the nervous system. Concanavalin A stimulates isolated follicle cells to produce 1-methyladenine, which suggests that it has the same capacity as the peptide hormone to indirectly induce oocyte maturation.", "contents": "Concanavalin A: its action in inducing Oocyte maturation-inducing substance in starfish follicle cells. Maturation of starfish oocytes is induced by 1-methyladenine produced in follicle cells under the influence of a gonad-stimulating hormonal peptide released from the nervous system. Concanavalin A stimulates isolated follicle cells to produce 1-methyladenine, which suggests that it has the same capacity as the peptide hormone to indirectly induce oocyte maturation.", "PMID": 1167977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2017", "title": "Anomeric specificty of 3-0-methyl-D-glycopyranose against alloxan diabetes.", "content": "The individual alpha and beta anomers of the nonmetabolized glucose analog 3-O-methyl-D-glucopyranose (3MG) were studied as protective agents against the alloxan toxicity to pancreatic beta cells in an in vivo rat model. The alpha 3MG provides greater protection than either the beta or the equilibrated compound, as indicated by plasma glucose concentrations 24 hours after the experiment. This specificity suggests that the beta cell membrane is extremely stereospecific, and that glucose or 3MG provide protection against alloxan injury directly by an interaction with the cell membrane and not by subsequent metabolism of the protecting compound.", "contents": "Anomeric specificty of 3-0-methyl-D-glycopyranose against alloxan diabetes. The individual alpha and beta anomers of the nonmetabolized glucose analog 3-O-methyl-D-glucopyranose (3MG) were studied as protective agents against the alloxan toxicity to pancreatic beta cells in an in vivo rat model. The alpha 3MG provides greater protection than either the beta or the equilibrated compound, as indicated by plasma glucose concentrations 24 hours after the experiment. This specificity suggests that the beta cell membrane is extremely stereospecific, and that glucose or 3MG provide protection against alloxan injury directly by an interaction with the cell membrane and not by subsequent metabolism of the protecting compound.", "PMID": 1167978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2018", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase X: effects of antibody on mouse gametes but not on early development.", "content": "A rabbit antiserum specific for LDH-X, the spermatozoal form of mouse lactate dehydrogenase, was prepared. This antiserum had no effect on fertility of female mice when injected before or after insemination. Similarly, there was no toxicity to the embryo when high concentrations of the antiserum were added to cultures of 2-cell and 8- to 16-cell embryos. There was, however, a moderate inhibitory effect on fertilization in vitro, which may be attributable to a direct action of antiserum to LDH-X on sperm.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase X: effects of antibody on mouse gametes but not on early development. A rabbit antiserum specific for LDH-X, the spermatozoal form of mouse lactate dehydrogenase, was prepared. This antiserum had no effect on fertility of female mice when injected before or after insemination. Similarly, there was no toxicity to the embryo when high concentrations of the antiserum were added to cultures of 2-cell and 8- to 16-cell embryos. There was, however, a moderate inhibitory effect on fertilization in vitro, which may be attributable to a direct action of antiserum to LDH-X on sperm.", "PMID": 1167979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2019", "title": "Effect of antimycin A on sensivitivy of fertilized sea urchin egg cells to embryotoxic analogs of serotonin.", "content": "Antimycin A blocks cleavage divisions in concentrations 1-10-15-1-10-14 g/ml (experiments on Arbacia lixula) or 1-10-11-1-10-9 g/ml (experiments on sea urchins of the genus Strongylocentrotus). Subthreshold and threshold concentrations of this antibiotic do not affect the sensitivity of fertilized Strongylocentrotus intermedius to 1-benzyl-2, 5-dimethylserotonin, but increase their sensitivity to 5-butyltryptamine by a factor of 3-5. These data provide the basis for a discussion of the possible nature of the reception of serotonin and other low-molecular-weight regulators of early embryogenesis.", "contents": "Effect of antimycin A on sensivitivy of fertilized sea urchin egg cells to embryotoxic analogs of serotonin. Antimycin A blocks cleavage divisions in concentrations 1-10-15-1-10-14 g/ml (experiments on Arbacia lixula) or 1-10-11-1-10-9 g/ml (experiments on sea urchins of the genus Strongylocentrotus). Subthreshold and threshold concentrations of this antibiotic do not affect the sensitivity of fertilized Strongylocentrotus intermedius to 1-benzyl-2, 5-dimethylserotonin, but increase their sensitivity to 5-butyltryptamine by a factor of 3-5. These data provide the basis for a discussion of the possible nature of the reception of serotonin and other low-molecular-weight regulators of early embryogenesis.", "PMID": 1167982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2020", "title": "The ultrastructure of mouse neuroblastoma cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Neuroblastoma cells grown in suspension culture are round and have no distinctive structural characteristics. However, cells transferred to substrates flatten, develop long neurites, and assume the morphology of normal neurons. The resemblance of monolayered neuroblastoma cells to normal neurons is amplified by treatment with hypertonic medium; under these conditions, cell division is inhibited and the neurites become long and differentiated. The treated cells contain clusters of clear vesicles, 400-600 A in diameter, which are morphologically indistinguishable from the synaptic vesicles of normal neurons. Specialized cell contacts are observed between the treated cells as well as between confluent cells grown in normal medium.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of mouse neuroblastoma cells in tissue culture. Neuroblastoma cells grown in suspension culture are round and have no distinctive structural characteristics. However, cells transferred to substrates flatten, develop long neurites, and assume the morphology of normal neurons. The resemblance of monolayered neuroblastoma cells to normal neurons is amplified by treatment with hypertonic medium; under these conditions, cell division is inhibited and the neurites become long and differentiated. The treated cells contain clusters of clear vesicles, 400-600 A in diameter, which are morphologically indistinguishable from the synaptic vesicles of normal neurons. Specialized cell contacts are observed between the treated cells as well as between confluent cells grown in normal medium.", "PMID": 1167987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2021", "title": "[Primary pathological changes in cells infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus].", "content": "Synthesis and the content of RNA and protein in cells of the pig embryo kidneys infected with tick--borne encephalitis virus were studied by means of autoradiography and cytophotometry. Acceleration of synthesis and accumulation of RNA (in cellular structures) were estimated as over 125--200% of the initial level followed by a decrease in 12 hr when the virus release from the cells occurred. By the 2nd and 6--8th hr of infection (in the period of synthesis of early and late virus material), two peaks of protein contents over 123--131% were observed. The RNA and protein shifts are well correlated with the virus reproduction stages.", "contents": "[Primary pathological changes in cells infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus]. Synthesis and the content of RNA and protein in cells of the pig embryo kidneys infected with tick--borne encephalitis virus were studied by means of autoradiography and cytophotometry. Acceleration of synthesis and accumulation of RNA (in cellular structures) were estimated as over 125--200% of the initial level followed by a decrease in 12 hr when the virus release from the cells occurred. By the 2nd and 6--8th hr of infection (in the period of synthesis of early and late virus material), two peaks of protein contents over 123--131% were observed. The RNA and protein shifts are well correlated with the virus reproduction stages.", "PMID": 1167990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2022", "title": "Urodynamic evaluation of female incontinence.", "content": "Several diseases of the female bladder are accompanied by stress incontinence or some other form of incontinence. By using micturition cystourethrography, visualizing the bladder in lateral views, with simultaneous recording of micturition pressure and flow, a distinction may be made between the individual diseases, as they often exhibit characteristic radiological configurations and urodynamic patterns. It is also possible, by comparing with measurements in control material, to decide the best physiological method of abolishing the incontinence. This method of examination has proved particularly suitable in cases with a history of unsuccessful operation for incontinence. Stress incontinence has been found to be associated mainly with descent of the bladder, a reduced urethral resistance, and cystoceles; it also occurs as a sequel to radical operations on the true pelvis and in a number of neurological diseases. In practically all cases it has been possible to abolish incontinence by the following surgical plan: descent of the bladder to be treated by colpoperineoplasty, reduced urethral resistance and incontinence following radical hysterectomy or extirpation of the rectum by colposuspension, and cystoceles by reduction of the cystocele and colpoperineoplasty.", "contents": "Urodynamic evaluation of female incontinence. Several diseases of the female bladder are accompanied by stress incontinence or some other form of incontinence. By using micturition cystourethrography, visualizing the bladder in lateral views, with simultaneous recording of micturition pressure and flow, a distinction may be made between the individual diseases, as they often exhibit characteristic radiological configurations and urodynamic patterns. It is also possible, by comparing with measurements in control material, to decide the best physiological method of abolishing the incontinence. This method of examination has proved particularly suitable in cases with a history of unsuccessful operation for incontinence. Stress incontinence has been found to be associated mainly with descent of the bladder, a reduced urethral resistance, and cystoceles; it also occurs as a sequel to radical operations on the true pelvis and in a number of neurological diseases. In practically all cases it has been possible to abolish incontinence by the following surgical plan: descent of the bladder to be treated by colpoperineoplasty, reduced urethral resistance and incontinence following radical hysterectomy or extirpation of the rectum by colposuspension, and cystoceles by reduction of the cystocele and colpoperineoplasty.", "PMID": 1167992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2023", "title": "Urodynamic analysis of differential sacral nerve blocks and sacral neurectomy.", "content": "Urodynamic analysis in 17 patients after long-acting anaesthetic root blocks of S2-S4 has shown that it is possible to increase bladder capacity and reduce uninhibited contractions without significant adverse effects on sphincter function. Satisfactory voiding dynamics are observed after blocks. This has provided a physiological rationale for selective sacral neurectomy in eight patients. Initial improvement after operation has been noted in seven cases.", "contents": "Urodynamic analysis of differential sacral nerve blocks and sacral neurectomy. Urodynamic analysis in 17 patients after long-acting anaesthetic root blocks of S2-S4 has shown that it is possible to increase bladder capacity and reduce uninhibited contractions without significant adverse effects on sphincter function. Satisfactory voiding dynamics are observed after blocks. This has provided a physiological rationale for selective sacral neurectomy in eight patients. Initial improvement after operation has been noted in seven cases.", "PMID": 1167993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2024", "title": "Effect of posture on bladder and urethral function in normal pregnancy. A preliminary report.", "content": "25 pregnant women, 15 of whom developed stress incontinence in pregnancy, have been investigated by cystometry and urethrometry in both erect and supine posture. The resting bladder pressure rises throughout pregnancy in both erect and supine positions. Those who are not incontinent have normal bladder and urethral function. Incontinent patients show no residual urine, normal bladder capacity, and either detrusor instability and/or sphincter weakness. The stress of change of posture makes both bladder dysfunction and sphincter weakness more evident. Although the results of this investigation are not yet complete, there is a suggestion that detrusor instability may be produced by pregnancy in some patients and that in some instances recovery to normal bladder function occurs after delivery. It is postulated that these patients may be the ones who, in later life, develop stress incontinence due to bladder dysfunction.", "contents": "Effect of posture on bladder and urethral function in normal pregnancy. A preliminary report. 25 pregnant women, 15 of whom developed stress incontinence in pregnancy, have been investigated by cystometry and urethrometry in both erect and supine posture. The resting bladder pressure rises throughout pregnancy in both erect and supine positions. Those who are not incontinent have normal bladder and urethral function. Incontinent patients show no residual urine, normal bladder capacity, and either detrusor instability and/or sphincter weakness. The stress of change of posture makes both bladder dysfunction and sphincter weakness more evident. Although the results of this investigation are not yet complete, there is a suggestion that detrusor instability may be produced by pregnancy in some patients and that in some instances recovery to normal bladder function occurs after delivery. It is postulated that these patients may be the ones who, in later life, develop stress incontinence due to bladder dysfunction.", "PMID": 1167994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2025", "title": "Glanzmann's thrombasthenia; assessment of the response to platelet transfusions.", "content": "The response to platelet transfusions was studies in two patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Antibodies to platelets were detected in one patient who had failed to respond to platelet transfusions, and bled during and after surgery despite fresh whole blood transfusions. The other patient had no detectable antiplatelet antibodies, exhibited improved platelet function when normal platelets were added to her platelet-rich plasma and experienced a favorable response to platelet transfusions during major surgery. These cases demonstrate the importance of antiplatelet antibodies as a determinant of a patient's response to platelet transfusion, the value of this therapy in qualitative platelet disorders, and the potential usefulness of in vitro studies to predict the outcome of platelet transfusions in such patients.", "contents": "Glanzmann's thrombasthenia; assessment of the response to platelet transfusions. The response to platelet transfusions was studies in two patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Antibodies to platelets were detected in one patient who had failed to respond to platelet transfusions, and bled during and after surgery despite fresh whole blood transfusions. The other patient had no detectable antiplatelet antibodies, exhibited improved platelet function when normal platelets were added to her platelet-rich plasma and experienced a favorable response to platelet transfusions during major surgery. These cases demonstrate the importance of antiplatelet antibodies as a determinant of a patient's response to platelet transfusion, the value of this therapy in qualitative platelet disorders, and the potential usefulness of in vitro studies to predict the outcome of platelet transfusions in such patients.", "PMID": 1167989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2026", "title": "Proliferative and functional impairment of pancreatic epithelial cells maintained in vitro.", "content": "Studies on the proliferative and functional properties of epithelial cells from human and guinea pig pancreatic tissue were presented and discussed. A novel technique for the isolation of epithelial cell groupings as colonial aggregates in two dimensional culture was utilized. More conventio;al clonal analyses were also performed. Irrespective of the methodology employed, epithelial cells from both species exhibited reduced proliferative activity with time in vitro. Total degeneration occurred in less than five months in every case studied. Aggregates and colonial aggregates, formed using fractionated suspensions containing up to 95% guinea pig acinar cells, were found to release amylase only during the first few days in vitro. Positive response to secretogogue stimulation was interpreted as evidence favoring the thesis that permanent cellular damage had not been sustained during tissue dissociation. These findings were discussed with reference to the phenomenon of human fibroblast degeneration with time in culture. Differences between fibroblast and epithelial cell behavior in vitro and in vivo were emphasized.", "contents": "Proliferative and functional impairment of pancreatic epithelial cells maintained in vitro. Studies on the proliferative and functional properties of epithelial cells from human and guinea pig pancreatic tissue were presented and discussed. A novel technique for the isolation of epithelial cell groupings as colonial aggregates in two dimensional culture was utilized. More conventio;al clonal analyses were also performed. Irrespective of the methodology employed, epithelial cells from both species exhibited reduced proliferative activity with time in vitro. Total degeneration occurred in less than five months in every case studied. Aggregates and colonial aggregates, formed using fractionated suspensions containing up to 95% guinea pig acinar cells, were found to release amylase only during the first few days in vitro. Positive response to secretogogue stimulation was interpreted as evidence favoring the thesis that permanent cellular damage had not been sustained during tissue dissociation. These findings were discussed with reference to the phenomenon of human fibroblast degeneration with time in culture. Differences between fibroblast and epithelial cell behavior in vitro and in vivo were emphasized.", "PMID": 1168011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2027", "title": "Observations of age and environmental influences on the thymus kept in tissue culture.", "content": "In tissue cultures of thymus of rats of various ages only the cells of Gomori- and PAS-positivity showed iodine incorporation as demonstrated by radioautography. Above other cells of the migration zone no grains indicating iodine accumulation were observable. The capacity of iodine accumulation depends on the age of the animal, namely it decreases with the ageing.", "contents": "Observations of age and environmental influences on the thymus kept in tissue culture. In tissue cultures of thymus of rats of various ages only the cells of Gomori- and PAS-positivity showed iodine incorporation as demonstrated by radioautography. Above other cells of the migration zone no grains indicating iodine accumulation were observable. The capacity of iodine accumulation depends on the age of the animal, namely it decreases with the ageing.", "PMID": 1168012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2028", "title": "Relationship between cell kinetic changes and metabolic events during cell senescence in vitro.", "content": "Cell kinetic studies performed throughout the lifespan of fibroblasts with a limited lifespan in vitro have led to the conclusion that although division slows down, almost all cells are able to divide until the last subcultivation. The prolongation of the division cycle is primarily due to the impariment of mechanisms preceding DNA synthesis and mitosis. An attempt was made to distinguish between primary and secondary changes and to correlate the findings concerning cell kinetics with alterations observed at the molecular level. A decline in protein synthesis was the first modification detected. The two parameters that are always present during cell senescence in vitro, i.e., and increase in cell volume and a decrease in saturation density could be due respectively to a change in cell permeability and a decline in ribosome synthesis. The latter could also be the step responsible for the limited potential of division.", "contents": "Relationship between cell kinetic changes and metabolic events during cell senescence in vitro. Cell kinetic studies performed throughout the lifespan of fibroblasts with a limited lifespan in vitro have led to the conclusion that although division slows down, almost all cells are able to divide until the last subcultivation. The prolongation of the division cycle is primarily due to the impariment of mechanisms preceding DNA synthesis and mitosis. An attempt was made to distinguish between primary and secondary changes and to correlate the findings concerning cell kinetics with alterations observed at the molecular level. A decline in protein synthesis was the first modification detected. The two parameters that are always present during cell senescence in vitro, i.e., and increase in cell volume and a decrease in saturation density could be due respectively to a change in cell permeability and a decline in ribosome synthesis. The latter could also be the step responsible for the limited potential of division.", "PMID": 1168013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2029", "title": "The association of fixed and dynamic left ventricular outflow obstruction.", "content": "Twelve patients were investigated echocardiographically and angiographically and were shown to have severe fixed obstruction to the left ventricular outflow tract.  Eight had valvular stenosis, and four had discrete subvalvular membranes.  Two of the patients had additional dynamic obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract.  This was recognized preoperatively by echocardiography because of abnormal systolic motion of the mitral leaflet. At the time of definitive surgery for relief of the fixed obstruction, the additional dynamic obstruction was identified and treated, since persistent residual obstruction may lead to death in the immediate postoperative period or to long-term symptoms.  The dynamic left ventricular outflow obstruction is probably a result of the hypertrophy produced by the fixed obstruction.", "contents": "The association of fixed and dynamic left ventricular outflow obstruction. Twelve patients were investigated echocardiographically and angiographically and were shown to have severe fixed obstruction to the left ventricular outflow tract.  Eight had valvular stenosis, and four had discrete subvalvular membranes.  Two of the patients had additional dynamic obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract.  This was recognized preoperatively by echocardiography because of abnormal systolic motion of the mitral leaflet. At the time of definitive surgery for relief of the fixed obstruction, the additional dynamic obstruction was identified and treated, since persistent residual obstruction may lead to death in the immediate postoperative period or to long-term symptoms.  The dynamic left ventricular outflow obstruction is probably a result of the hypertrophy produced by the fixed obstruction.", "PMID": 1168015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2030", "title": "Coronary arteriographic findings in 1,000 women under age 50.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 1,000 women under age 50 examined by coronary cinearteriography principally for evaluation of chest pain, 236 had at least 50 percent narrowing of one or more coronary arteries. The youngest, and the only patient who died, was 26 years old. The anterior descending coronary artery was the vessel most frequently involved; the right coronary artery was most often totally occluded. The amount of arterial involvement seemed to be related to the duration of symptoms. Only 10 percent of women with serum cholesterol levels under 200 mg/100 ml had significant coronary artery disease, whereas 44 percent of those with levels over 275 mg/100 ml had significant disease. Electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial infarction was uncommon in women with single vessel disease, but left ventriculograms disclosed that additional patients had areas of decreased contractility. Eleven of 46 women with electrocardiographically diagnosed myocardial infarction had no significant coronary artery disease. The cause of the electrocardiographic finding remained obscure in some. Although there was an excellent correlation of clinical diagnoses with arteriographic findings in women thought not to have angina pectoris, only half of those thought to have angina pectoris had significant coronary artery disease. This finding may be a major reason for recommending coronary arteriography for the evaluation of angina-like pain in women under age 50.", "contents": "Coronary arteriographic findings in 1,000 women under age 50. In a consecutive series of 1,000 women under age 50 examined by coronary cinearteriography principally for evaluation of chest pain, 236 had at least 50 percent narrowing of one or more coronary arteries. The youngest, and the only patient who died, was 26 years old. The anterior descending coronary artery was the vessel most frequently involved; the right coronary artery was most often totally occluded. The amount of arterial involvement seemed to be related to the duration of symptoms. Only 10 percent of women with serum cholesterol levels under 200 mg/100 ml had significant coronary artery disease, whereas 44 percent of those with levels over 275 mg/100 ml had significant disease. Electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial infarction was uncommon in women with single vessel disease, but left ventriculograms disclosed that additional patients had areas of decreased contractility. Eleven of 46 women with electrocardiographically diagnosed myocardial infarction had no significant coronary artery disease. The cause of the electrocardiographic finding remained obscure in some. Although there was an excellent correlation of clinical diagnoses with arteriographic findings in women thought not to have angina pectoris, only half of those thought to have angina pectoris had significant coronary artery disease. This finding may be a major reason for recommending coronary arteriography for the evaluation of angina-like pain in women under age 50.", "PMID": 1168016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2031", "title": "Studies on the progestational endometrium of the rabbit. II. Electron microscopy, day 0 to day 13 of gonadotrophin-induced pseudopregnancy.", "content": "The fine structure of the endometrial epithelium of the pseudo-pregnant rabbit from the day of induced ovulation (day 0) to the 13th day is here correlated with previously defined light microscopic phases. In Phase 1 (0-1 day), in which there is a presumed \"priming\" of the endometrium by ovarian steroidal hormones, no changes were observed. In Phase 2 (1-3 days), in addition to mitotic activity, the epithelium showed a disappearance of the mucification and lymphocytic migration typical of Phase 1 and also of the non-pregnant or \"estrous\" phase, and showed other nuclear and cytoplasmic changes which probably reflect endogenous growth and protein synthesis. In Phase 3 (4-6 days), two distinct populations of reacting cells were present: (1) surface and cryptal cells investing the now folded mucosal surface, and (2) glandular cells. The first group showed characteristic dome-like protrusions of the cytoplasm into the lumen, and also showed distinct cytoplasmic and nuclear changes which appear to be a prelude to the succeeding phase of fusion but are not necessarily secretory in type. The glandular cells, in contrast, showed cytoplasmic changes which appear to reflect active secretory activity (hypertrophy of the Golgi area, cytoplasmic vacuoles containing electron-opaque material, etc.). This phase coincides with the maximal secretion of uterine-specific proteins, and electron-opaque material is abundant within the endometrial lumen. In Phase 4 (6-8 days), the surface and cryptal epithelium undergoes a transformation into multinucleated cells, the result of a process of lysis of intervening plasma membranes, the precise mechanism of which (i.e., with or without initial membrane fusion) was not determined. Cell fusion proceeded earlier and more actively mesometrially than antimesometrially. The glandular cells showed evidence of reduced secretory activity, but did not at any stage undergo multinucleate-cell transformation. In Phase 5 (8-13 days) there was progressive fusion, and the number of nuclei per cytoplasmic sac appeared increased, presumably due to the continued action of progesterone which is maximal during this phase. Glandular cells showed further reduced secretory activity but remained columnar. Ciliation of the epithelium was sporadic in the pre-secretory phases and rare or absent in the secretory and fusion phases; it became widespread during the phase of decline after day 14, a period which will not be included in this study. The fine structure of the ciliated cells was the same at all stages; there was no evidence for their origin from a reserve population; it is possible that they arise by modification of the multinucleated cells. Cytoplasmic crystals and intramitochondrial densities or lamellae were observed during the secretory and fusion stages, the former only in the glands, the latter in the surface and cryptal epithelium. They appear to be associated with rising or maximal progesterone secretion.", "contents": "Studies on the progestational endometrium of the rabbit. II. Electron microscopy, day 0 to day 13 of gonadotrophin-induced pseudopregnancy. The fine structure of the endometrial epithelium of the pseudo-pregnant rabbit from the day of induced ovulation (day 0) to the 13th day is here correlated with previously defined light microscopic phases. In Phase 1 (0-1 day), in which there is a presumed \"priming\" of the endometrium by ovarian steroidal hormones, no changes were observed. In Phase 2 (1-3 days), in addition to mitotic activity, the epithelium showed a disappearance of the mucification and lymphocytic migration typical of Phase 1 and also of the non-pregnant or \"estrous\" phase, and showed other nuclear and cytoplasmic changes which probably reflect endogenous growth and protein synthesis. In Phase 3 (4-6 days), two distinct populations of reacting cells were present: (1) surface and cryptal cells investing the now folded mucosal surface, and (2) glandular cells. The first group showed characteristic dome-like protrusions of the cytoplasm into the lumen, and also showed distinct cytoplasmic and nuclear changes which appear to be a prelude to the succeeding phase of fusion but are not necessarily secretory in type. The glandular cells, in contrast, showed cytoplasmic changes which appear to reflect active secretory activity (hypertrophy of the Golgi area, cytoplasmic vacuoles containing electron-opaque material, etc.). This phase coincides with the maximal secretion of uterine-specific proteins, and electron-opaque material is abundant within the endometrial lumen. In Phase 4 (6-8 days), the surface and cryptal epithelium undergoes a transformation into multinucleated cells, the result of a process of lysis of intervening plasma membranes, the precise mechanism of which (i.e., with or without initial membrane fusion) was not determined. Cell fusion proceeded earlier and more actively mesometrially than antimesometrially. The glandular cells showed evidence of reduced secretory activity, but did not at any stage undergo multinucleate-cell transformation. In Phase 5 (8-13 days) there was progressive fusion, and the number of nuclei per cytoplasmic sac appeared increased, presumably due to the continued action of progesterone which is maximal during this phase. Glandular cells showed further reduced secretory activity but remained columnar. Ciliation of the epithelium was sporadic in the pre-secretory phases and rare or absent in the secretory and fusion phases; it became widespread during the phase of decline after day 14, a period which will not be included in this study. The fine structure of the ciliated cells was the same at all stages; there was no evidence for their origin from a reserve population; it is possible that they arise by modification of the multinucleated cells. Cytoplasmic crystals and intramitochondrial densities or lamellae were observed during the secretory and fusion stages, the former only in the glands, the latter in the surface and cryptal epithelium. They appear to be associated with rising or maximal progesterone secretion.", "PMID": 1168017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2032", "title": "Variability of creatinine excretion of normal, phenylketonuric and galactosemic children, and children treated with anticonvulsant drugs.", "content": "Creatinine per minute excretion rates in individual voidings varied as much as 300-500 percent of the 24-hour value for several children. Creatinine excretion rates were significantly more variable for children treated with anticonvulsant drugs than for normal children. Riboflavin-creatinine ratios determined on individual voidings were variable but adequate although total riboflavin was low. No time of day was found when creatinine excretion was representative of the 24-hour value. The creatinine height index when calculated from timed individual voidings during a 24-hour period varied for some children from 0.5 to more than 1.5 times published norms.", "contents": "Variability of creatinine excretion of normal, phenylketonuric and galactosemic children, and children treated with anticonvulsant drugs. Creatinine per minute excretion rates in individual voidings varied as much as 300-500 percent of the 24-hour value for several children. Creatinine excretion rates were significantly more variable for children treated with anticonvulsant drugs than for normal children. Riboflavin-creatinine ratios determined on individual voidings were variable but adequate although total riboflavin was low. No time of day was found when creatinine excretion was representative of the 24-hour value. The creatinine height index when calculated from timed individual voidings during a 24-hour period varied for some children from 0.5 to more than 1.5 times published norms.", "PMID": 1168018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2033", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptive agents on nutrients: II. Vitamins.", "content": "Clinical, biochemical and nutritional data were collected from a large population of women using oral contraceptive agents. Higher incidence of abnormal clinical signs related to malnutrition were observed in the lower (B) as compared to the higher (A) socioeconomic groups, and also in the nonsupplemented groups as compared to the supplemented groups in the B subjects. As a rule the intake of oral contraceptive agent subjects of vitamin A, C, B6 and folic acid did not differ from that of the controls As expected, subjects from the supplemented groups had higher intake of vitamin A, C, B6, thiamin, riboflavin and folic acid, and A groups had higher intake of vitamin C, B6, riboflavin and folic acid. Increased plasma vitamin A and decreased carotene levels were observed in oral contraceptive agent users. In general oral contraceptive agents had little or no effect on plasma ascorbic acid. Urinary excretion of both thiamin and riboflavin in subjects using oral contraceptive agents were lower in A groups. Erythrocyte folate and plasma pyridoxal phosphate was decreased in A groups due to oral contraceptive agents. Subjects who took supplements had higher levels of plasma vitamin A, ascorbic acid and folate. But urinary thiamin and riboflavin were higher only in group A subjects who took supplements.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptive agents on nutrients: II. Vitamins. Clinical, biochemical and nutritional data were collected from a large population of women using oral contraceptive agents. Higher incidence of abnormal clinical signs related to malnutrition were observed in the lower (B) as compared to the higher (A) socioeconomic groups, and also in the nonsupplemented groups as compared to the supplemented groups in the B subjects. As a rule the intake of oral contraceptive agent subjects of vitamin A, C, B6 and folic acid did not differ from that of the controls As expected, subjects from the supplemented groups had higher intake of vitamin A, C, B6, thiamin, riboflavin and folic acid, and A groups had higher intake of vitamin C, B6, riboflavin and folic acid. Increased plasma vitamin A and decreased carotene levels were observed in oral contraceptive agent users. In general oral contraceptive agents had little or no effect on plasma ascorbic acid. Urinary excretion of both thiamin and riboflavin in subjects using oral contraceptive agents were lower in A groups. Erythrocyte folate and plasma pyridoxal phosphate was decreased in A groups due to oral contraceptive agents. Subjects who took supplements had higher levels of plasma vitamin A, ascorbic acid and folate. But urinary thiamin and riboflavin were higher only in group A subjects who took supplements.", "PMID": 1168019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2034", "title": "Chronic alcoholism and endogenous gastrin.", "content": "Gastirn blood levels after the ingestion of a meat meal, either alone or associated with ethanol (1.0 gm./kg.), are higher and better sustained in dogs treated chronically with alcohol than in control animals. This greater gastrin-releasing capacity of the dog gastric antrum would be responsible for the increased parietal cell mass and gastric acid secretion shown by animals subjected to chronic alcohol intoxication.", "contents": "Chronic alcoholism and endogenous gastrin. Gastirn blood levels after the ingestion of a meat meal, either alone or associated with ethanol (1.0 gm./kg.), are higher and better sustained in dogs treated chronically with alcohol than in control animals. This greater gastrin-releasing capacity of the dog gastric antrum would be responsible for the increased parietal cell mass and gastric acid secretion shown by animals subjected to chronic alcohol intoxication.", "PMID": 1168020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2035", "title": "A structural analysis of the myogenic control systems of the human Fallopian tube.", "content": "The structural basis for myogenic and neurogenic control of motility of human Fallopian tubes was studied. In the ampulla distinct muscle layers were absent, and bundles of cells oriented in different axes were in contact with one another by means of randomly located simple apposition contacts; no nexuses were present. The organization was consistent with a spread of electrical activity in either direction throughout all muscle bundles. Nerves were not found in close proximity to muscle and were mostly peripheral, surrounded by connective tissue sheaths and by Schwann cells within the sheath. They could play little role in control of ampullar motility. In the isthmus muscle bundles were grouped into innermost longitudinal layer, circular layer, and outermost layer of mixed orientation. Cell-to-cell connections were mainly by simple apposition contacts; no nexuses were found. There were such connections between cells of bundles oriented in different axes. The organization of muscles suggested that electrical activity could spread in either direction and throughout all layers. Nerves like those in the ampulla were located peripherally, and smaller bundles without connective tissue sheaths were in circular muscle. Few close contacts between nerve and muscle were observed.", "contents": "A structural analysis of the myogenic control systems of the human Fallopian tube. The structural basis for myogenic and neurogenic control of motility of human Fallopian tubes was studied. In the ampulla distinct muscle layers were absent, and bundles of cells oriented in different axes were in contact with one another by means of randomly located simple apposition contacts; no nexuses were present. The organization was consistent with a spread of electrical activity in either direction throughout all muscle bundles. Nerves were not found in close proximity to muscle and were mostly peripheral, surrounded by connective tissue sheaths and by Schwann cells within the sheath. They could play little role in control of ampullar motility. In the isthmus muscle bundles were grouped into innermost longitudinal layer, circular layer, and outermost layer of mixed orientation. Cell-to-cell connections were mainly by simple apposition contacts; no nexuses were found. There were such connections between cells of bundles oriented in different axes. The organization of muscles suggested that electrical activity could spread in either direction and throughout all layers. Nerves like those in the ampulla were located peripherally, and smaller bundles without connective tissue sheaths were in circular muscle. Few close contacts between nerve and muscle were observed.", "PMID": 1168021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2036", "title": "The effects of long-term administration of 3H-digoxin to the pregnant ewe upon the cardiovascular hemodynamics of the fetal lamb.", "content": "Placental transfer of tritiated digoxin in the ewe and its effect upon the left ventricular output (LVO) of the exteriorized fetal lamb were studied. Seven ewes were given 6 mug per kilogram of body weight of tritiated digoxin daily (20 per cent of total digitalizing dose 0.03 mug per kilogram of body weight) during their entire pregnancies. The fetuses were exteriorized between 130 and 140 days of gestation, and the LVO was determined serially by the dye-dilution technique for one hour. The mean tissue concentrations in millimicrograms per gram for the ewes were: heart, 5.7 plus or minus 1.76; liver, 3.38 plus or minus 1.38, kidney, 01.9 plus or minus 12.3. Corresponding values for the fetuses were: 1.55 plus or minus 1.01, 0.78 plus or minus 0.35, and 2.48 plus or minus 1.18. The mean serum level for the ewe at the end of one hour was 1.65 ng. per milliliter plus or minus 0.48, and that for the fetus was 1.22 plus or minus 0.20. The amniotic fluid contained 1.45 ng. per milliliter plus or minus 0.27. At the end of one hour, the mean LVO of the fetus had decreased by 39 plus or minus 15 per cent of its control value. Although the fetal serum level of tritiated digoxin was similar to that found in the mother and the amniotic fluid contained a significant amount of tritiated digoxin, the fetal tissue concentration of tritiated digoxin was not sufficient to produce any demonstrable inotropic effect.", "contents": "The effects of long-term administration of 3H-digoxin to the pregnant ewe upon the cardiovascular hemodynamics of the fetal lamb. Placental transfer of tritiated digoxin in the ewe and its effect upon the left ventricular output (LVO) of the exteriorized fetal lamb were studied. Seven ewes were given 6 mug per kilogram of body weight of tritiated digoxin daily (20 per cent of total digitalizing dose 0.03 mug per kilogram of body weight) during their entire pregnancies. The fetuses were exteriorized between 130 and 140 days of gestation, and the LVO was determined serially by the dye-dilution technique for one hour. The mean tissue concentrations in millimicrograms per gram for the ewes were: heart, 5.7 plus or minus 1.76; liver, 3.38 plus or minus 1.38, kidney, 01.9 plus or minus 12.3. Corresponding values for the fetuses were: 1.55 plus or minus 1.01, 0.78 plus or minus 0.35, and 2.48 plus or minus 1.18. The mean serum level for the ewe at the end of one hour was 1.65 ng. per milliliter plus or minus 0.48, and that for the fetus was 1.22 plus or minus 0.20. The amniotic fluid contained 1.45 ng. per milliliter plus or minus 0.27. At the end of one hour, the mean LVO of the fetus had decreased by 39 plus or minus 15 per cent of its control value. Although the fetal serum level of tritiated digoxin was similar to that found in the mother and the amniotic fluid contained a significant amount of tritiated digoxin, the fetal tissue concentration of tritiated digoxin was not sufficient to produce any demonstrable inotropic effect.", "PMID": 1168022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2037", "title": "Diurnal variation of intraocular pressure in primary open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Intraocular pressure was measured with a Goldmann applanation tonometer in 12 normal individuals (24 eyes), 14 ocular hypertensives (28 eyes), and 14 patients (27 eyes) with primary open-angle glaucoma every hour for 24 hours. In most subjects, pressure was highest sometime during the day and pressure elevation before rising was not demonstrated. The lowest intraocular pressure was most frequently observed early in the morning, whether the patient was normotensive or hypertensive. Fourteen of 27 glaucomatous eyes had intraocular pressure below 20 mm Hg early in the morning.", "contents": "Diurnal variation of intraocular pressure in primary open-angle glaucoma. Intraocular pressure was measured with a Goldmann applanation tonometer in 12 normal individuals (24 eyes), 14 ocular hypertensives (28 eyes), and 14 patients (27 eyes) with primary open-angle glaucoma every hour for 24 hours. In most subjects, pressure was highest sometime during the day and pressure elevation before rising was not demonstrated. The lowest intraocular pressure was most frequently observed early in the morning, whether the patient was normotensive or hypertensive. Fourteen of 27 glaucomatous eyes had intraocular pressure below 20 mm Hg early in the morning.", "PMID": 1168023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2038", "title": "Photocoagulation in venous occlusive disease.", "content": "Fifty-one eyes with branch or tributary retinal venous occlusive disease underwent photocoagulation (1970-1973) after certain criteria were met: reduced visual acutity, fluorescein angiographic documentation of vessel permeability changes, and either dye leakage into the macula or neovascularization of the retina, or both. Eighty-four percent of the eyes responded to treatment with an improvement or stabilization in visual acuity, a reduction in collateral vessel caliber and permeability, and reduced dye accumlation in the macular area and increased fluorescein transit time. Photocoagulation is an affective means of reducing macular edema resulting from vascular compensatory changes following venous occlusion and decreases the risk of vitreous hemorrhage from sites of retinal neovascularization.", "contents": "Photocoagulation in venous occlusive disease. Fifty-one eyes with branch or tributary retinal venous occlusive disease underwent photocoagulation (1970-1973) after certain criteria were met: reduced visual acutity, fluorescein angiographic documentation of vessel permeability changes, and either dye leakage into the macula or neovascularization of the retina, or both. Eighty-four percent of the eyes responded to treatment with an improvement or stabilization in visual acuity, a reduction in collateral vessel caliber and permeability, and reduced dye accumlation in the macular area and increased fluorescein transit time. Photocoagulation is an affective means of reducing macular edema resulting from vascular compensatory changes following venous occlusion and decreases the risk of vitreous hemorrhage from sites of retinal neovascularization.", "PMID": 1168024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2039", "title": "Tissue culture methods for testing the toxicity of ocular plastic materials.", "content": "A screening method using tissue culture techniques determined inertness of ocular alloplastics. Secondary rabbit kidney cells revealed the presence of toxic constituents by absence of growth or cytopathic changes, or both. The optical portions of the lenses studied were nontoxic, whereas the polyamide loops of one lens were toxic. A keratoprosthesis that had been in situ in a patient for two years was highly toxic in culture. A neutralized agar overlay technique was not sufficiently sensitive to screen anterior chamber implants. The tissue culture technique, in combination with chemical, optical, and animal experimentation, may be helpful in determining which implant systems are most suitable for in vivo use.", "contents": "Tissue culture methods for testing the toxicity of ocular plastic materials. A screening method using tissue culture techniques determined inertness of ocular alloplastics. Secondary rabbit kidney cells revealed the presence of toxic constituents by absence of growth or cytopathic changes, or both. The optical portions of the lenses studied were nontoxic, whereas the polyamide loops of one lens were toxic. A keratoprosthesis that had been in situ in a patient for two years was highly toxic in culture. A neutralized agar overlay technique was not sufficiently sensitive to screen anterior chamber implants. The tissue culture technique, in combination with chemical, optical, and animal experimentation, may be helpful in determining which implant systems are most suitable for in vivo use.", "PMID": 1168025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2040", "title": "Twins in a child psychiatry clinic.", "content": "The authors found that 22 of the 2,015 referrals to a children's psychiatric clinic during a six-year period were twins--half the number that would be expected on the basis of the national incidence of twins. Evidence of minimal brain dysfunction was found in a higher percentage of the twins than in a matched nontwin group. The authors suggest that factors often inherent in twins (e.g., prematurity and birth difficulties) may be related to this finding.", "contents": "Twins in a child psychiatry clinic. The authors found that 22 of the 2,015 referrals to a children's psychiatric clinic during a six-year period were twins--half the number that would be expected on the basis of the national incidence of twins. Evidence of minimal brain dysfunction was found in a higher percentage of the twins than in a matched nontwin group. The authors suggest that factors often inherent in twins (e.g., prematurity and birth difficulties) may be related to this finding.", "PMID": 1168026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2041", "title": "A comparison of traditional and symptom-checklist-based histories.", "content": "The authors compared the results of independent evaluations of 96 patients, each of whom was given a traditional psychiatric interview, resulting in a narrative report, and a structured interview based on a self-report questionnaire, resulting in a standardized report. Although the latter method produced a higher frequency of report of all symptoms, the overall accuracy of diagnoses was similar for the two methods. The authors enumerate the potential benefits of the use of standardized histories.", "contents": "A comparison of traditional and symptom-checklist-based histories. The authors compared the results of independent evaluations of 96 patients, each of whom was given a traditional psychiatric interview, resulting in a narrative report, and a structured interview based on a self-report questionnaire, resulting in a standardized report. Although the latter method produced a higher frequency of report of all symptoms, the overall accuracy of diagnoses was similar for the two methods. The authors enumerate the potential benefits of the use of standardized histories.", "PMID": 1168027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2042", "title": "The selection of a psychiatric curriculum for medical students: results of a survey.", "content": "A survey of 131 psychologists, psychiatrists, and nonpsychiatrist physicians taken to determine what doctors of medicine should know about psychiatry revealed that of the 21 topics assessed, there was a significant intergroup agreement on the 10 most important and the 5 least important topics. Interviewing, suicide evaluation, the chronically ill or dying patient, and psychiatric referral received high ratings by each group, and psychoanalytic theory, psychodynamics, and mental retardation received uniformly low ratings. The authors believe that these findings provide useful information for planning an undergraduate curriculum in psychiatry.", "contents": "The selection of a psychiatric curriculum for medical students: results of a survey. A survey of 131 psychologists, psychiatrists, and nonpsychiatrist physicians taken to determine what doctors of medicine should know about psychiatry revealed that of the 21 topics assessed, there was a significant intergroup agreement on the 10 most important and the 5 least important topics. Interviewing, suicide evaluation, the chronically ill or dying patient, and psychiatric referral received high ratings by each group, and psychoanalytic theory, psychodynamics, and mental retardation received uniformly low ratings. The authors believe that these findings provide useful information for planning an undergraduate curriculum in psychiatry.", "PMID": 1168029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2043", "title": "Dipetalonema streptocerca (Macfie and Corson, 1922): description of the adult female.", "content": "Morphologic features of the adult female Dipetalonema streptocerca and microfilariae are described and illustrated from serial paraffin sections of biopsied skin from eight Africans. Characteristic features include a maximum diameter of 85 microns, a thin, smooth cuticle, and uteri that fill the body cavity. D. streptocerca is briefly compared to Onchocerca volvulus.", "contents": "Dipetalonema streptocerca (Macfie and Corson, 1922): description of the adult female. Morphologic features of the adult female Dipetalonema streptocerca and microfilariae are described and illustrated from serial paraffin sections of biopsied skin from eight Africans. Characteristic features include a maximum diameter of 85 microns, a thin, smooth cuticle, and uteri that fill the body cavity. D. streptocerca is briefly compared to Onchocerca volvulus.", "PMID": 1168032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2044", "title": "Evaluation of whole and purified hydatid fluid antigens in the diagnosis of human hydatidosis by the immunoelectrophoresis test.", "content": "Whole sheep hydatid cyst fluid (WHF) and purified hydatid fluid antigens (PHF) were evaluated in the immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) test for the diagnosis of human hydatid disease. A higher sensitivity was obtained using the PHF than with the WHF antigen but false positive results were observed with the former in 22.4% of the 102 non-hydatid sera examined. Using the presence of arc 5 as the criterion of positivity however, no false positives were observed in non-hydatid sera with the WHF antigen. It is postulated that the number of bands other than arc 5 may be of value in the diagnosis of hydatid disease by the IEP test, in cases where this diagnostic arc is absent.", "contents": "Evaluation of whole and purified hydatid fluid antigens in the diagnosis of human hydatidosis by the immunoelectrophoresis test. Whole sheep hydatid cyst fluid (WHF) and purified hydatid fluid antigens (PHF) were evaluated in the immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) test for the diagnosis of human hydatid disease. A higher sensitivity was obtained using the PHF than with the WHF antigen but false positive results were observed with the former in 22.4% of the 102 non-hydatid sera examined. Using the presence of arc 5 as the criterion of positivity however, no false positives were observed in non-hydatid sera with the WHF antigen. It is postulated that the number of bands other than arc 5 may be of value in the diagnosis of hydatid disease by the IEP test, in cases where this diagnostic arc is absent.", "PMID": 1168033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2045", "title": "Management of cystic disease of the breast.", "content": "The sudden appearance of a large cyst in the breast is a frightening experience to the average female patient. Needle aspiration of the mass not only alleviates this fear quickly but also is a safe and economical method of management. Yet, surveys show that the majority of surgeons still do not routinely aspirate breast cysts. The concomitant use of progesterone apparently reduces the frequency of recurrence of these cysts. In addition, follow-up studies indicate no increased incidence of carcinoma after aspiration.", "contents": "Management of cystic disease of the breast. The sudden appearance of a large cyst in the breast is a frightening experience to the average female patient. Needle aspiration of the mass not only alleviates this fear quickly but also is a safe and economical method of management. Yet, surveys show that the majority of surgeons still do not routinely aspirate breast cysts. The concomitant use of progesterone apparently reduces the frequency of recurrence of these cysts. In addition, follow-up studies indicate no increased incidence of carcinoma after aspiration.", "PMID": 1168034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2046", "title": "Meningeal mycosis fungoides: clinical and cellular characteristics.", "content": "A patient with mycosis fungoides developed meningeal disease while his skin disease was in remission with systemic chemotherapy. His central nervous system involvement with mycosis fungoides was controlled with intrathecal methotrexate for 7 months. The proliferating cells recovered from the spinal fluid showed similarities to the S\u00e9zary cell by light and electron microscopy. Surface receptor sutudies suggested that these cells were lymphoid cells of thymic derivation. Although mycosis fungoides has been shown to spread to the central nervous system in autopsied cases, reports of clinical neurologic disease are rare, and in only one earlier report have malignant cells have been found in the spinal fluid. Thus, as in other lymphoproliferative disorders, prompt consideration of meningeal involvement in a patient exhibiting neurologic symptoms while in peripheral remission may allow earlier treatment of this complication.", "contents": "Meningeal mycosis fungoides: clinical and cellular characteristics. A patient with mycosis fungoides developed meningeal disease while his skin disease was in remission with systemic chemotherapy. His central nervous system involvement with mycosis fungoides was controlled with intrathecal methotrexate for 7 months. The proliferating cells recovered from the spinal fluid showed similarities to the S\u00e9zary cell by light and electron microscopy. Surface receptor sutudies suggested that these cells were lymphoid cells of thymic derivation. Although mycosis fungoides has been shown to spread to the central nervous system in autopsied cases, reports of clinical neurologic disease are rare, and in only one earlier report have malignant cells have been found in the spinal fluid. Thus, as in other lymphoproliferative disorders, prompt consideration of meningeal involvement in a patient exhibiting neurologic symptoms while in peripheral remission may allow earlier treatment of this complication.", "PMID": 1168035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2047", "title": "Brain abscess: a review of recent experience.", "content": "From 1961 through 1973, 60 patients with brain abscess were treated at the Mayo Clinic by surgical excision and antimicrobial therapy. The operative mortality was 17%, which was identical to a similar series reported in 1959. The patients who had the diagnosis of brain abscess confirmed at autopsy and who never underwent operation (24 patients) were more elderly than the group operated on, and a higher percentage had multiple brain abscess. Severe systemic disease or multisystem disease, or both, usually precluded a vigorous surgical approach among the nonsurgical group. Etiologic, diagnostic, and microbiologic factors were examined to develop an approach to antimicrobial therapy.", "contents": "Brain abscess: a review of recent experience. From 1961 through 1973, 60 patients with brain abscess were treated at the Mayo Clinic by surgical excision and antimicrobial therapy. The operative mortality was 17%, which was identical to a similar series reported in 1959. The patients who had the diagnosis of brain abscess confirmed at autopsy and who never underwent operation (24 patients) were more elderly than the group operated on, and a higher percentage had multiple brain abscess. Severe systemic disease or multisystem disease, or both, usually precluded a vigorous surgical approach among the nonsurgical group. Etiologic, diagnostic, and microbiologic factors were examined to develop an approach to antimicrobial therapy.", "PMID": 1168037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2048", "title": "Hemangioma-thrombocytopenia syndrome; a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy.", "content": "A patient who had multiple hemangiomas and for whom results of coagulation studies were consistent with hemangioma-thrombocytopenia (Kasabach-Merritt) syndrome and a microangiopathic hemolytic process was asymptomatic prior to surgical removal of a lipoma. Postoperatively, she developed bleeding secondary to a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Her bleeding was controlled by anticoagulation therapy. A review of the literature provides evidence suggesting that the hemangioma-thrombocytopenia syndrome is due to a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy initiated within the hemangioma. Surgical trauma may precipitate exacerbations of the coagulopathy in these patients and all unnecessary surgical procedures should be avoided.", "contents": "Hemangioma-thrombocytopenia syndrome; a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. A patient who had multiple hemangiomas and for whom results of coagulation studies were consistent with hemangioma-thrombocytopenia (Kasabach-Merritt) syndrome and a microangiopathic hemolytic process was asymptomatic prior to surgical removal of a lipoma. Postoperatively, she developed bleeding secondary to a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Her bleeding was controlled by anticoagulation therapy. A review of the literature provides evidence suggesting that the hemangioma-thrombocytopenia syndrome is due to a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy initiated within the hemangioma. Surgical trauma may precipitate exacerbations of the coagulopathy in these patients and all unnecessary surgical procedures should be avoided.", "PMID": 1168040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2049", "title": "Strain-specific degradation of a viral glycoprotein in Newcastle disease virus-infected cells.", "content": "In cells infected with mesogenic or lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus the level of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin activities sharply decreased after the addition of cycloheximide. With two velogenic strains such decreases did not occur. The infected cells were labelled with 14C-amino acids (leucine or valine) and further incubated with an excess of unlabelled precursor. Polyacrylamide gel analysis revealed a decrease of the peak correspondig to the \"large\" glycoprotein after the chase in cells infected with meso- or lentogenic strain (Beaudette, B1). In the cells infected with velogenic strains (Italia, Herts) no such decrease was observed. The degradation of the \"large\" glycoprotein as the cause of the decrease of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities in cycloheximide-treated cells and its possible relation to virulence is discussed.", "contents": "Strain-specific degradation of a viral glycoprotein in Newcastle disease virus-infected cells. In cells infected with mesogenic or lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus the level of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin activities sharply decreased after the addition of cycloheximide. With two velogenic strains such decreases did not occur. The infected cells were labelled with 14C-amino acids (leucine or valine) and further incubated with an excess of unlabelled precursor. Polyacrylamide gel analysis revealed a decrease of the peak correspondig to the \"large\" glycoprotein after the chase in cells infected with meso- or lentogenic strain (Beaudette, B1). In the cells infected with velogenic strains (Italia, Herts) no such decrease was observed. The degradation of the \"large\" glycoprotein as the cause of the decrease of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities in cycloheximide-treated cells and its possible relation to virulence is discussed.", "PMID": 1168041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2050", "title": "Characterization of inactivation of myxoviruses and paramyxoviruses by hydroxylamine, N-methylhydroxylamine and O-methylhydroxylamine.", "content": "A study of the mechanism of myxovirus and paramyxovirus inactivattion by hydroxylamine, O-methylhydroxylamine and N-methylhydroxylamine was conducted. Influenza A (WSN) was used as the sensitive myxovirus and Newcastle disease virus (NDV-L) was used as the relatively resistant paramyxovirus in certain experiments. Inactivation was found to be rapid (15 minutes) and mose effective at high concentrations (2M). All three compounds significantly decreased the hemagglutination titer of WSN treated at pH smaller than or equal to 5.0. There was no detectable change in NDV hemagglutination titer. Adsorption of hydroxylamine (pH 7.0) inactivated WSN appeared normal; however, the rate of adsorption was decreased when virus was inactivated by (pH 5.0) O-methylhydroxylamine. Equilibrium density gradient centrifugation in potassium tartrate showed no density changes in inactivated virus. WSN inactivated virus. WSN inactivated with 14C-O-methylhydroxylamine and subjected to RNA extraction showed greater than or equal to 35 percent of the 14C in the phenol phases and 21 per cent in the RNA. The 14C-O-methylhydroxylamine associated with the RNA of insensitive NDV was about 3 per cent of that associated with sensitive WSN-RNA. Hydroxylamine has no apparent effect on paramyxovirus (NDV) hemagglutination titer and less 14C-O-methylhydroxylamine is associated with the RNA of this virus. The results suggest these compounds may affect both the RNA and the envelope portion of myxoviruses (WSN) to produce inactivation.", "contents": "Characterization of inactivation of myxoviruses and paramyxoviruses by hydroxylamine, N-methylhydroxylamine and O-methylhydroxylamine. A study of the mechanism of myxovirus and paramyxovirus inactivattion by hydroxylamine, O-methylhydroxylamine and N-methylhydroxylamine was conducted. Influenza A (WSN) was used as the sensitive myxovirus and Newcastle disease virus (NDV-L) was used as the relatively resistant paramyxovirus in certain experiments. Inactivation was found to be rapid (15 minutes) and mose effective at high concentrations (2M). All three compounds significantly decreased the hemagglutination titer of WSN treated at pH smaller than or equal to 5.0. There was no detectable change in NDV hemagglutination titer. Adsorption of hydroxylamine (pH 7.0) inactivated WSN appeared normal; however, the rate of adsorption was decreased when virus was inactivated by (pH 5.0) O-methylhydroxylamine. Equilibrium density gradient centrifugation in potassium tartrate showed no density changes in inactivated virus. WSN inactivated virus. WSN inactivated with 14C-O-methylhydroxylamine and subjected to RNA extraction showed greater than or equal to 35 percent of the 14C in the phenol phases and 21 per cent in the RNA. The 14C-O-methylhydroxylamine associated with the RNA of insensitive NDV was about 3 per cent of that associated with sensitive WSN-RNA. Hydroxylamine has no apparent effect on paramyxovirus (NDV) hemagglutination titer and less 14C-O-methylhydroxylamine is associated with the RNA of this virus. The results suggest these compounds may affect both the RNA and the envelope portion of myxoviruses (WSN) to produce inactivation.", "PMID": 1168043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2051", "title": "Viral polypeptide composition of Japanese encephalitis virus-infected cell membranes.", "content": "Chick embryo cells infected with Japanese encephalitis virus were separated into smooth and rough membrane fractions, as judged by electron microscopy.  Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the membrane fractions showed them to contain all of the virus specific polypeptides; however, the relative proportions of the polypeptides varied among smooth and rough membranes. The relationship of these observations to current concepts of group B arbovirus morphogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Viral polypeptide composition of Japanese encephalitis virus-infected cell membranes. Chick embryo cells infected with Japanese encephalitis virus were separated into smooth and rough membrane fractions, as judged by electron microscopy.  Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the membrane fractions showed them to contain all of the virus specific polypeptides; however, the relative proportions of the polypeptides varied among smooth and rough membranes. The relationship of these observations to current concepts of group B arbovirus morphogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 1168044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2052", "title": "Thermostability of Newcastle disease virus strains of different virulence.", "content": "The thermal inactivation rate constant for infectivity of a total of 24 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains was determined at 50 degrees and 56 degrees C. The greater part of the examined NDV strains were found, irrespective of virulence properties, to be thermostable, since the loss of infectivity titre did not exceed 2 logarithmic orders after exposure at 50 degrees C for 60 minutes. Thermostable (I+) and thermolabile (I minus) strains with respect to infectivity were uniformly encountered among the 12 avirulent (lentogenic) and 10 fully virulent (velogenic) strains studied. Strains with both heat stable (Ha+) and heat labile (Ha minus) haemagglutinin were found in the lentogenic group, whereas haemagglutinins of all examined velogenic strains were heat stable. On the basis of I/Ha character, i.e. combination of thermosensitivity of infectivity and haemagglutinin, all examined strains could be classified into one of three categories: I minus Ha minus (8 lentogenic strains), I+Ha+ (4 lentogenic and 7 velogenic strains) and I minus Ha+ (2 mesogenic and 3 velogenic strains). The possible fourth combination, I+Ha+ minus, was not encountered among the strains studied. Determination of the I/Ha character may be helpful in clarifying the origin of a lentogenic NDV strain.", "contents": "Thermostability of Newcastle disease virus strains of different virulence. The thermal inactivation rate constant for infectivity of a total of 24 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains was determined at 50 degrees and 56 degrees C. The greater part of the examined NDV strains were found, irrespective of virulence properties, to be thermostable, since the loss of infectivity titre did not exceed 2 logarithmic orders after exposure at 50 degrees C for 60 minutes. Thermostable (I+) and thermolabile (I minus) strains with respect to infectivity were uniformly encountered among the 12 avirulent (lentogenic) and 10 fully virulent (velogenic) strains studied. Strains with both heat stable (Ha+) and heat labile (Ha minus) haemagglutinin were found in the lentogenic group, whereas haemagglutinins of all examined velogenic strains were heat stable. On the basis of I/Ha character, i.e. combination of thermosensitivity of infectivity and haemagglutinin, all examined strains could be classified into one of three categories: I minus Ha minus (8 lentogenic strains), I+Ha+ (4 lentogenic and 7 velogenic strains) and I minus Ha+ (2 mesogenic and 3 velogenic strains). The possible fourth combination, I+Ha+ minus, was not encountered among the strains studied. Determination of the I/Ha character may be helpful in clarifying the origin of a lentogenic NDV strain.", "PMID": 1168045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2053", "title": "Relief of sever left ventricular outflow obstruction in a case of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy treated with practolol.", "content": "The clinical and haemodynamic findings in a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and severe left ventricular outflow obstruction are presented. Treatment with an increasing dose of orally administered practolol up to a maximum of 1200 mg a day, resulted in symptomatic improvement, and abolition of the resting gradient when the patient was recatheterized six months later.", "contents": "Relief of sever left ventricular outflow obstruction in a case of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy treated with practolol. The clinical and haemodynamic findings in a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and severe left ventricular outflow obstruction are presented. Treatment with an increasing dose of orally administered practolol up to a maximum of 1200 mg a day, resulted in symptomatic improvement, and abolition of the resting gradient when the patient was recatheterized six months later.", "PMID": 1168060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2054", "title": "Immobilized carboxypeptidase A as a probe for studying the thermally induced unfolding of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease.", "content": "A method for the preparation of Sephadex-immobilized carboxypeptidase A is presented. This form of the enzyme has the same specific activity as the soluble enzyme at room temperature, but retains its activity at higher temperatures (60-70 degrees). This preparation of immobilized carboxypeptidase A was used, as a proteolytic probe, to investigate the thermally induced unfolding of the C-terminus of ribonuclease A. This technique indicates that the C-terminal residues of ribonuclease A do not unfold until the high-temperature region of the thermal transition (as determined by ultraviolet difference spectrophotometry and optical rotation).", "contents": "Immobilized carboxypeptidase A as a probe for studying the thermally induced unfolding of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. A method for the preparation of Sephadex-immobilized carboxypeptidase A is presented. This form of the enzyme has the same specific activity as the soluble enzyme at room temperature, but retains its activity at higher temperatures (60-70 degrees). This preparation of immobilized carboxypeptidase A was used, as a proteolytic probe, to investigate the thermally induced unfolding of the C-terminus of ribonuclease A. This technique indicates that the C-terminal residues of ribonuclease A do not unfold until the high-temperature region of the thermal transition (as determined by ultraviolet difference spectrophotometry and optical rotation).", "PMID": 1168061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2055", "title": "Identification of the lysine residue modified during the activation of acetimidylation of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase.", "content": "A single amino group in horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase was modified with methyl(14C)acetimidate by a differential labeling procedure. Lysine residues outside the active site were modified with ethyl acetimidate while a lysine residue in the active site was protected by the formation of an enzyme-NAD+-pyrazole complex. After the protecting reagents were removed, the enzyme was treated with methyl(14C)acetimidate. Enzyme activity was enhanced 13-fold as 1.1 (14C)acetimidyl group was incorporated per active site. A labeled peptide was isolated from a tryptic-chymotryptic digest of the modified enzyme in 35% overall yield. Amino acid composition and sequential Edman degradations identified the peptide as residues 219-229; lysine residue 228 was modified with the radioactive acetimidyl group.", "contents": "Identification of the lysine residue modified during the activation of acetimidylation of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. A single amino group in horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase was modified with methyl(14C)acetimidate by a differential labeling procedure. Lysine residues outside the active site were modified with ethyl acetimidate while a lysine residue in the active site was protected by the formation of an enzyme-NAD+-pyrazole complex. After the protecting reagents were removed, the enzyme was treated with methyl(14C)acetimidate. Enzyme activity was enhanced 13-fold as 1.1 (14C)acetimidyl group was incorporated per active site. A labeled peptide was isolated from a tryptic-chymotryptic digest of the modified enzyme in 35% overall yield. Amino acid composition and sequential Edman degradations identified the peptide as residues 219-229; lysine residue 228 was modified with the radioactive acetimidyl group.", "PMID": 1168062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2056", "title": "Thermal denaturation of the DNA-ethidium complex. Redistribution of the intercalated dye during melting.", "content": "The temperature dependence of the circular dichroism of the DNA-ethidium bromide complex at elevated temperatures provides evidence that the optical activity of the complex near 307 nm originates from interactions between intercalated dye molecules while the optical activity near 515 nm results from singly intercalated ethidium bromide molecules. The behavior of the circular dichroism of the complex at elevated temperatures also explains the higher ellipticities near 307 nm which characterize complexes formed between ethidium bromide and denaturated DNA. Finally the circular dichroism data indicate that the melting of the complex takes place in a stepwise manner with some DNA regions, probably AT-rich regions, dissociating first. The implications of these findings regarding the inhibiting effect of ethidium bromide on the function of DNA polymerase are examined.", "contents": "Thermal denaturation of the DNA-ethidium complex. Redistribution of the intercalated dye during melting. The temperature dependence of the circular dichroism of the DNA-ethidium bromide complex at elevated temperatures provides evidence that the optical activity of the complex near 307 nm originates from interactions between intercalated dye molecules while the optical activity near 515 nm results from singly intercalated ethidium bromide molecules. The behavior of the circular dichroism of the complex at elevated temperatures also explains the higher ellipticities near 307 nm which characterize complexes formed between ethidium bromide and denaturated DNA. Finally the circular dichroism data indicate that the melting of the complex takes place in a stepwise manner with some DNA regions, probably AT-rich regions, dissociating first. The implications of these findings regarding the inhibiting effect of ethidium bromide on the function of DNA polymerase are examined.", "PMID": 1168063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2057", "title": "The rapid labeling of adenosine triphosphate by 32P-labeled inorganic phosphate and the exchange of phosphate oxygens as related to conformational coupling in oxidative phosphorylation.", "content": "Evidence is presented that extends and amplifies the concept that in oxidative phosphorylation energy input serves to bring about release of ATP formed at a catalytic site by reversal of hydrolysis. The evidence with beef heart submitochondrial particles includes additional demonstration of uncoupler insensitive Pi leads to HOH exhchange, demonstration that this exchange is sensitive to the specific phosphorylation inhibitor, oligomycin, and demonstration that the small burst of uncoupler-insensitive ATP, rapidly labeled after addition of a tracer of 32Pi, behaves in a manner consistent with its participation as a membrane-bound intermediate in the Pi leads to HOH exchange. In addition, data are presented showing that addition of hexokinase plus glucose to submitochondrial particles in presence of ADP and Pi considerably lowers the Pi leads to HOH exchange but that further addition of cyanide or 2,4-dinitrophenol or both has little additional effect. Such data are compatible with no energy requirement for formation of bound ATP. However, with a large excess of hexokinase, the rate of the Pi leads to HOH exchange is further depressed. This could reflect some use of energy to promote formation of ATP at the catalytic site or to maintain the integrity of the phosphorylation system. Relationships of these findings to related information in the field are discussed.", "contents": "The rapid labeling of adenosine triphosphate by 32P-labeled inorganic phosphate and the exchange of phosphate oxygens as related to conformational coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. Evidence is presented that extends and amplifies the concept that in oxidative phosphorylation energy input serves to bring about release of ATP formed at a catalytic site by reversal of hydrolysis. The evidence with beef heart submitochondrial particles includes additional demonstration of uncoupler insensitive Pi leads to HOH exhchange, demonstration that this exchange is sensitive to the specific phosphorylation inhibitor, oligomycin, and demonstration that the small burst of uncoupler-insensitive ATP, rapidly labeled after addition of a tracer of 32Pi, behaves in a manner consistent with its participation as a membrane-bound intermediate in the Pi leads to HOH exchange. In addition, data are presented showing that addition of hexokinase plus glucose to submitochondrial particles in presence of ADP and Pi considerably lowers the Pi leads to HOH exchange but that further addition of cyanide or 2,4-dinitrophenol or both has little additional effect. Such data are compatible with no energy requirement for formation of bound ATP. However, with a large excess of hexokinase, the rate of the Pi leads to HOH exchange is further depressed. This could reflect some use of energy to promote formation of ATP at the catalytic site or to maintain the integrity of the phosphorylation system. Relationships of these findings to related information in the field are discussed.", "PMID": 1168064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2058", "title": "Dissociation of bovine seminal ribonuclease into catalytically active monomers by selective reduction and alkylation of the intersubunit disulfide bridges.", "content": "The hypothesis previously advanced that interchain disulfide bridges link the two identical subunits of bovine seminal ribonuclease BS-1 has been confirmed. The sedimentation rate and the electrophoretic mobility of the protein are not affected by denaturing agents unless thiol reagents are present in the denaturation mixtures. Reduction under controlled conditions results in the immediate cleavage of only 2 disulfide bonds out of 10 percent in the dimeric protein. Under these conditions, and the results do not change when partial reduction is followed by S-alkylation, 30% of the protein dissociates, while the remaining is found to consist of a dimeric species easily dissociable by denaturing agents without addition of thiol reagents. This indicates that the dimeric structure of seminal ribonuclease is maintained not only by disulfide bridges, but also by noncovalent forces. The protein derivative prepared by selective reduction and alkylation has been identified as monomeric bis-S-carboxymethylcysteine-31,32-ribonuclease BS-1. This is on the basis of the characterization of the 14C-labeled S-carboxymethylated peptides isolated from a thermolytic hydrolysate of the derivative prepared with iodo-2-[14C]acetic acid. Monomeric, selectively alkylated ribonuclease BS-1 is stable and catalytically active. The importance of such a derivative is discussed both in the light of the recent studies on the biological actions of seminal ribonuclease and as the fourth component of an experimental system of ribonucleases consisting of two homologous dimers (bovine seminal ribonuclease BS-1 and dimerized bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A) and two homologous monomers (ribonuclease A and the monomeric derivative of ribonuclease BS-1.", "contents": "Dissociation of bovine seminal ribonuclease into catalytically active monomers by selective reduction and alkylation of the intersubunit disulfide bridges. The hypothesis previously advanced that interchain disulfide bridges link the two identical subunits of bovine seminal ribonuclease BS-1 has been confirmed. The sedimentation rate and the electrophoretic mobility of the protein are not affected by denaturing agents unless thiol reagents are present in the denaturation mixtures. Reduction under controlled conditions results in the immediate cleavage of only 2 disulfide bonds out of 10 percent in the dimeric protein. Under these conditions, and the results do not change when partial reduction is followed by S-alkylation, 30% of the protein dissociates, while the remaining is found to consist of a dimeric species easily dissociable by denaturing agents without addition of thiol reagents. This indicates that the dimeric structure of seminal ribonuclease is maintained not only by disulfide bridges, but also by noncovalent forces. The protein derivative prepared by selective reduction and alkylation has been identified as monomeric bis-S-carboxymethylcysteine-31,32-ribonuclease BS-1. This is on the basis of the characterization of the 14C-labeled S-carboxymethylated peptides isolated from a thermolytic hydrolysate of the derivative prepared with iodo-2-[14C]acetic acid. Monomeric, selectively alkylated ribonuclease BS-1 is stable and catalytically active. The importance of such a derivative is discussed both in the light of the recent studies on the biological actions of seminal ribonuclease and as the fourth component of an experimental system of ribonucleases consisting of two homologous dimers (bovine seminal ribonuclease BS-1 and dimerized bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A) and two homologous monomers (ribonuclease A and the monomeric derivative of ribonuclease BS-1.", "PMID": 1168065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2059", "title": "Nonidentical alkylation sites in rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "These studies establish the specificity of 3,3,3-trifluorobromoacetone for reaction with the active site cysteines of rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and suggest the potential use of trifluoroacetonyl groups as 19F nuclear magnetic resonance probes for study of symmetry relations between the four protomers of the enzyme. The alkylation of the holoenzyme follows biphasic kinetics and indicates either preexistent or induced nonequivalence among the sites; these effects are not predisposed by a low coenzyme/enzyme ratio. Two additional alkylation sites not at the active centers are created by acylation with beta-(2-furyl)acryloyl phosphate: it is concluded that pseudosubstrates cause an intramolecular rearrangement which exposes two sulfhydryl functions besides those of the active site (Cys-149).", "contents": "Nonidentical alkylation sites in rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. These studies establish the specificity of 3,3,3-trifluorobromoacetone for reaction with the active site cysteines of rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and suggest the potential use of trifluoroacetonyl groups as 19F nuclear magnetic resonance probes for study of symmetry relations between the four protomers of the enzyme. The alkylation of the holoenzyme follows biphasic kinetics and indicates either preexistent or induced nonequivalence among the sites; these effects are not predisposed by a low coenzyme/enzyme ratio. Two additional alkylation sites not at the active centers are created by acylation with beta-(2-furyl)acryloyl phosphate: it is concluded that pseudosubstrates cause an intramolecular rearrangement which exposes two sulfhydryl functions besides those of the active site (Cys-149).", "PMID": 1168066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2060", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the solution conformation of histone IV fragments obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage.", "content": "Two histone IV fragments obtained by cleavage at Met-84 by cyanogen bromide have been examined by proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectroscopy as a function of temperature, peptide concentration, ionic strength, and pD. Sedimentation and gel electrophoresis studies on these peptides have also been carried out. The 220-MHz PMR spectrum of the N-peptide in both the high- and low-field regions was shown to be almost identical with that calculated for an extended coil N-peptide monomer. The calculated random coil and experimental C-peptide spectra, on the other hand, differ in many respects. Evidence was obtained for the presence of rigid secondary structure in the C-peptide. In addition, the Val, Leu, Ile CH3 resonance displays a prominent high-field satellite band which shifts downfield with increasing temperature. Sedimentation studies on the N-peptide reveal the formation of extremely large, remarkably homogeneous aggregates at ionic strengths larger than or equal to 0.01. The C-peptide, on the other hand, does not appear to form aggregates of sufficient size to be detectable in velocity sedimentation studies of a few hours duration. The relative area changes which have previously been noted in the PMR spectrum of histone IV with increasing ionic strength were also observed for the N-peptide but not the C-peptide. Interpretation of these relative area changes has been made in terms of the amino acid sequence of histone IV, and an effort was made to identify that segment of the polypeptide which undergoes secondary structural change with increasing ionic strength.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the solution conformation of histone IV fragments obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage. Two histone IV fragments obtained by cleavage at Met-84 by cyanogen bromide have been examined by proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectroscopy as a function of temperature, peptide concentration, ionic strength, and pD. Sedimentation and gel electrophoresis studies on these peptides have also been carried out. The 220-MHz PMR spectrum of the N-peptide in both the high- and low-field regions was shown to be almost identical with that calculated for an extended coil N-peptide monomer. The calculated random coil and experimental C-peptide spectra, on the other hand, differ in many respects. Evidence was obtained for the presence of rigid secondary structure in the C-peptide. In addition, the Val, Leu, Ile CH3 resonance displays a prominent high-field satellite band which shifts downfield with increasing temperature. Sedimentation studies on the N-peptide reveal the formation of extremely large, remarkably homogeneous aggregates at ionic strengths larger than or equal to 0.01. The C-peptide, on the other hand, does not appear to form aggregates of sufficient size to be detectable in velocity sedimentation studies of a few hours duration. The relative area changes which have previously been noted in the PMR spectrum of histone IV with increasing ionic strength were also observed for the N-peptide but not the C-peptide. Interpretation of these relative area changes has been made in terms of the amino acid sequence of histone IV, and an effort was made to identify that segment of the polypeptide which undergoes secondary structural change with increasing ionic strength.", "PMID": 1168067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2061", "title": "The two-domain structure of cytochrome b5 in deoxycholate solution.", "content": "The membrane protein cytochrome b5 and the polar and hydrophobic fragments into which it is cleaved by trypsin have been investigated, with major emphasis on the deoxycholate-solubilized form of the protein. Molecular weight measurements show that both the intact protein and the fragments are in a monomeric state in deoxycholate and that a small peptide of perhaps 15 residues is excised when the fragments are formed. Measurements of Stokes radius show that the major fragments are globular, but that intact cytochrome b5 has an asymmetric shape, consistent with a structure composed of two globular domains joined by a link region that may be as long as 30 to 40 A. Circular dichroism measurements were made in the far-ultraviolet and in the Soret region, and they add to previously existing data to make it virtually certain that the polar heme-containing domain is unaffected by proteolysis or by removal of deoxycholate. A significant change in the ultraviolet circular dichroism is, however, observed when proteolysis occurs and it is likely that it arises from the link between the domains, which appears to be highly structured (perhaps helical) in the intact protein, but randomly coiled after it is excised. The binding studies reported previously from this laboratory suggest that these inferences about the structure of cytochrome b5 in deoxycholate solution apply also to the protein as solubilized by detergent micelles, by phospholipid vesicles, or by the microsomal membrane.", "contents": "The two-domain structure of cytochrome b5 in deoxycholate solution. The membrane protein cytochrome b5 and the polar and hydrophobic fragments into which it is cleaved by trypsin have been investigated, with major emphasis on the deoxycholate-solubilized form of the protein. Molecular weight measurements show that both the intact protein and the fragments are in a monomeric state in deoxycholate and that a small peptide of perhaps 15 residues is excised when the fragments are formed. Measurements of Stokes radius show that the major fragments are globular, but that intact cytochrome b5 has an asymmetric shape, consistent with a structure composed of two globular domains joined by a link region that may be as long as 30 to 40 A. Circular dichroism measurements were made in the far-ultraviolet and in the Soret region, and they add to previously existing data to make it virtually certain that the polar heme-containing domain is unaffected by proteolysis or by removal of deoxycholate. A significant change in the ultraviolet circular dichroism is, however, observed when proteolysis occurs and it is likely that it arises from the link between the domains, which appears to be highly structured (perhaps helical) in the intact protein, but randomly coiled after it is excised. The binding studies reported previously from this laboratory suggest that these inferences about the structure of cytochrome b5 in deoxycholate solution apply also to the protein as solubilized by detergent micelles, by phospholipid vesicles, or by the microsomal membrane.", "PMID": 1168068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2062", "title": "Platelet stimulation by thrombin and other proteases.", "content": "The mechanism of stimulation of platelets by thrombin and other proteases was studied by following kinetics of secretion of Ca2+ or ATP. The progress-time curves of secretion were analyzed for rate and total amount released. The reaction of thrombin was perturbed by addition of hydroxylamine or a competitive inhibitor and by variation of pH and it was compared with the reactions of other proteases. Trypsin and papain, with specificities for arginyl residues, induced secretion with a time course that was nearly identical with that induced by thrombin when saturating levels of enzyme were used. At low levels of enzyme, trypsin and papain gave extended lags in the progress-time curves. Higher concentrations of trypsin and papain were required for saturation of the measured parameters. Human plasmin (lysly specificity) and bovine chymotrypsin (aromatic amino acid specificity) failed to induce platelet secretion. Active site inhibited thrombin was also ineffective. Both yield and kinetics depended on pH, with the pH profile for each enzyme similar to its profile for hydrolysis of synthetic substrates. Studies at low pH also showed that the early part of the reaction undergoes a change in rate-determining step from enzyme dependent at low enzyme to enzyme indepdenent at high enzyme. Hydroxylamine, a nucleophile that would be expected to accelerate hydrolytic reactions, actually decreased both the rate of initial reactions and yield. A competitive inhibitor of thrombin also decreased both rate and yield; a calculated inhibition constant was in agreement with the value for a synthetic substrate, suggesting that the interaction of thrombin with platelets is analogous to reaction with substrates. A modification of our previous model is proposed in order to accommodate the results described here and to reaoncile the apparent contradictions that enzyme was found not to turn over in the reaction (Detwiler, T. C., and Feinman, R. D. (1973), Biochemistry 12, 282), that catalytic activity is required (Davey, M. G., and Luscher, E. F. (1967), Nature (London) 216, 875; this paper), and that the reaction is characterized by an apparent equilibrium binding (Tollefsen, D. M., Feagler J. R., and Majerus, P. W. (1974), J. Biol. Chem. 249, 2646). The essential feature is a reversible catalytic step with no dissociation of enzyme from product. This is followed by irreversible, thrombin-independent platelet processes leading to secretion, with yield dependent on the equilibrium concentration of the thrombin product. The model thus has aspects of catalysis, stoichiometry, and an agonist-receptor equilibrium.", "contents": "Platelet stimulation by thrombin and other proteases. The mechanism of stimulation of platelets by thrombin and other proteases was studied by following kinetics of secretion of Ca2+ or ATP. The progress-time curves of secretion were analyzed for rate and total amount released. The reaction of thrombin was perturbed by addition of hydroxylamine or a competitive inhibitor and by variation of pH and it was compared with the reactions of other proteases. Trypsin and papain, with specificities for arginyl residues, induced secretion with a time course that was nearly identical with that induced by thrombin when saturating levels of enzyme were used. At low levels of enzyme, trypsin and papain gave extended lags in the progress-time curves. Higher concentrations of trypsin and papain were required for saturation of the measured parameters. Human plasmin (lysly specificity) and bovine chymotrypsin (aromatic amino acid specificity) failed to induce platelet secretion. Active site inhibited thrombin was also ineffective. Both yield and kinetics depended on pH, with the pH profile for each enzyme similar to its profile for hydrolysis of synthetic substrates. Studies at low pH also showed that the early part of the reaction undergoes a change in rate-determining step from enzyme dependent at low enzyme to enzyme indepdenent at high enzyme. Hydroxylamine, a nucleophile that would be expected to accelerate hydrolytic reactions, actually decreased both the rate of initial reactions and yield. A competitive inhibitor of thrombin also decreased both rate and yield; a calculated inhibition constant was in agreement with the value for a synthetic substrate, suggesting that the interaction of thrombin with platelets is analogous to reaction with substrates. A modification of our previous model is proposed in order to accommodate the results described here and to reaoncile the apparent contradictions that enzyme was found not to turn over in the reaction (Detwiler, T. C., and Feinman, R. D. (1973), Biochemistry 12, 282), that catalytic activity is required (Davey, M. G., and Luscher, E. F. (1967), Nature (London) 216, 875; this paper), and that the reaction is characterized by an apparent equilibrium binding (Tollefsen, D. M., Feagler J. R., and Majerus, P. W. (1974), J. Biol. Chem. 249, 2646). The essential feature is a reversible catalytic step with no dissociation of enzyme from product. This is followed by irreversible, thrombin-independent platelet processes leading to secretion, with yield dependent on the equilibrium concentration of the thrombin product. The model thus has aspects of catalysis, stoichiometry, and an agonist-receptor equilibrium.", "PMID": 1168069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2063", "title": "Shape and volume of fragments Fab' and (Fab')2 of anti-poly(D-alanyl) antibodies in the presence and absence of tetra-D-alanine as determined by small-angle x-ray scattering.", "content": "The conformation of two fragments derived from anti-poly(D-alanyl) antibodies, the divalent fragment (Fab')2 and the monovalent fragment Fab', was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering before and after interaction with the tetra-D-alanine amide hapten. More than 90% of the combining sites were occupied by the hapten. No significant changes were observed in the volume or in the radius of gyration, with either of the fragments. This contrasts with the significant decrease in these two parameters found upon reacting the hapten with intact anti-poly(D-alanyl) antibodies (I. Pilz, O. Kratky, A. Licht, and M. Sela (1973), Biochemistry 12, 4998). For Fab', the radius of the whole particle was found to be 3.48 nm in the absence of the hapten and 3.46 nm in its presence, the radius of gyration of the cross-section was 1.37 nm without hapten and 1.38 nm in its presence, and the volume of the particle was 98 nm3 in the absence of the hapten and 91 nm3 in its presence. For (Fab')2 the respective values were 5.06 and 5.05, 1.38 and 1.37, and 182 and 182. These results suggest that a conformational change occurs within the antibody molecule, but not within its Fab fragment, upon reaction with the tetraalanine hapten.", "contents": "Shape and volume of fragments Fab' and (Fab')2 of anti-poly(D-alanyl) antibodies in the presence and absence of tetra-D-alanine as determined by small-angle x-ray scattering. The conformation of two fragments derived from anti-poly(D-alanyl) antibodies, the divalent fragment (Fab')2 and the monovalent fragment Fab', was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering before and after interaction with the tetra-D-alanine amide hapten. More than 90% of the combining sites were occupied by the hapten. No significant changes were observed in the volume or in the radius of gyration, with either of the fragments. This contrasts with the significant decrease in these two parameters found upon reacting the hapten with intact anti-poly(D-alanyl) antibodies (I. Pilz, O. Kratky, A. Licht, and M. Sela (1973), Biochemistry 12, 4998). For Fab', the radius of the whole particle was found to be 3.48 nm in the absence of the hapten and 3.46 nm in its presence, the radius of gyration of the cross-section was 1.37 nm without hapten and 1.38 nm in its presence, and the volume of the particle was 98 nm3 in the absence of the hapten and 91 nm3 in its presence. For (Fab')2 the respective values were 5.06 and 5.05, 1.38 and 1.37, and 182 and 182. These results suggest that a conformational change occurs within the antibody molecule, but not within its Fab fragment, upon reaction with the tetraalanine hapten.", "PMID": 1168070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2064", "title": "Studies of a serum albumin-liposome complex as a model lipoprotein membrane.", "content": "Electron microscopy shows that the lipoprotein dispersions formed from the interaction of negatively charged liposomes with bovine serum albumin contain closed, vesicu lar, multilamellar structures. Discontinuous density gradient studies indicate that the lipoprotein suspensions are vesicles in which bovine serum albumin homogenously associates with lipid. Low angle X-ray diffraction results show that all the systems, positively and negatively charged, with and without protein, have the characteristic lamellar structure observed in biological membranes. The lamellar spacing (bilayer plus water layer) of negatively charged liposomes without bovine serum albumin is 55 A. The same lamellar separation in the positively charged system is 108 A. The lamellar spacing corresponding to bilayer, water, and protein for the negatively charged lipoprotein system is 93 A while that for the positively charged lipoprotein system is 91 A. These dimensions suggest that a layer of protein one molecule thick is incorporated between the lamellae bound to the surface of the bilayer. Wide angle X-ray diffraction results indicate no major effect of the protein on the 4.1 A spacing, characteristic of hexagonal packing of the hydrocarbon chains. A classical light scattering technique is used to show that the lipoprotein systems are osmotically active. The solute permeability exhibited by these lipoprotein systems follows the sequence (glucose smaller than arabinose smaller than malonamide smaller than glycerol). K+ diffusion from negatively charged lipoprotein systems is greater than that found for positively charged lipoprotein systems.", "contents": "Studies of a serum albumin-liposome complex as a model lipoprotein membrane. Electron microscopy shows that the lipoprotein dispersions formed from the interaction of negatively charged liposomes with bovine serum albumin contain closed, vesicu lar, multilamellar structures. Discontinuous density gradient studies indicate that the lipoprotein suspensions are vesicles in which bovine serum albumin homogenously associates with lipid. Low angle X-ray diffraction results show that all the systems, positively and negatively charged, with and without protein, have the characteristic lamellar structure observed in biological membranes. The lamellar spacing (bilayer plus water layer) of negatively charged liposomes without bovine serum albumin is 55 A. The same lamellar separation in the positively charged system is 108 A. The lamellar spacing corresponding to bilayer, water, and protein for the negatively charged lipoprotein system is 93 A while that for the positively charged lipoprotein system is 91 A. These dimensions suggest that a layer of protein one molecule thick is incorporated between the lamellae bound to the surface of the bilayer. Wide angle X-ray diffraction results indicate no major effect of the protein on the 4.1 A spacing, characteristic of hexagonal packing of the hydrocarbon chains. A classical light scattering technique is used to show that the lipoprotein systems are osmotically active. The solute permeability exhibited by these lipoprotein systems follows the sequence (glucose smaller than arabinose smaller than malonamide smaller than glycerol). K+ diffusion from negatively charged lipoprotein systems is greater than that found for positively charged lipoprotein systems.", "PMID": 1168072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2065", "title": "Phosvitin phosphate content. Implications for protein kinase assay.", "content": "The maximal rates of the protein kinase (ATP: protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) reaction studied with chicken egg yolk phosvitin as substrate are dependent on the level of dephosphorylation of phosvitin. 30 per cent dephospho-phosvitin gives the optimal initial rates. With varying levels of dephosphorylation, the apparent Km for the substrate also changes in a biphasic manner. If this factor is taken into account, and a suitable adjustment is made for the concentration of dephospho-phosvitin in the reaction it is possible to achieve maximal rates for the kinase reaction with phosvitin preparations of varying levels of dephosphorylation. Such a consideration is important for comparing the results of protein kinase studies using phosvitin as the substrate.", "contents": "Phosvitin phosphate content. Implications for protein kinase assay. The maximal rates of the protein kinase (ATP: protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) reaction studied with chicken egg yolk phosvitin as substrate are dependent on the level of dephosphorylation of phosvitin. 30 per cent dephospho-phosvitin gives the optimal initial rates. With varying levels of dephosphorylation, the apparent Km for the substrate also changes in a biphasic manner. If this factor is taken into account, and a suitable adjustment is made for the concentration of dephospho-phosvitin in the reaction it is possible to achieve maximal rates for the kinase reaction with phosvitin preparations of varying levels of dephosphorylation. Such a consideration is important for comparing the results of protein kinase studies using phosvitin as the substrate.", "PMID": 1168073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2066", "title": "Immobilized electric eel acetylcholinesterase. I. Kinetics of acetylcholinesterase trapped in polyacrylamide membranes.", "content": "Techniques are described for the trapping of electric eel acetylcholinesterase in polyacrylamide gel. The activity of the trapped enzyme was substantially reduced, the effect being due to inhibition by acrylamide, but the emzyme immobilized in polyacrylamide was considerable more stable than that in free solutionma kinetic study was made of the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine, covering a range of membrane thicknesses, enzyme concentrations, substrate concentrations and temperatures. The results were interpreted with reference to the theoretical treatment of Sundaram, Tweedale and Laidler, and of Kobayaski and Laidler, and provided support for those treatments; Clear evidence was obtained for diffusion control with the thicker membranes. An activation energy was obtained for the diffusion of the substrate within the membrane, by combining the temperature results for thick and thin membranes at low substrate concentrations. The results lead to the conclusion that the in vivo kinetics of acetylcholinesterase are largely diffusion-free in muscle filaments, but are substantially diffusion-controlled in fibrils and fibers.", "contents": "Immobilized electric eel acetylcholinesterase. I. Kinetics of acetylcholinesterase trapped in polyacrylamide membranes. Techniques are described for the trapping of electric eel acetylcholinesterase in polyacrylamide gel. The activity of the trapped enzyme was substantially reduced, the effect being due to inhibition by acrylamide, but the emzyme immobilized in polyacrylamide was considerable more stable than that in free solutionma kinetic study was made of the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine, covering a range of membrane thicknesses, enzyme concentrations, substrate concentrations and temperatures. The results were interpreted with reference to the theoretical treatment of Sundaram, Tweedale and Laidler, and of Kobayaski and Laidler, and provided support for those treatments; Clear evidence was obtained for diffusion control with the thicker membranes. An activation energy was obtained for the diffusion of the substrate within the membrane, by combining the temperature results for thick and thin membranes at low substrate concentrations. The results lead to the conclusion that the in vivo kinetics of acetylcholinesterase are largely diffusion-free in muscle filaments, but are substantially diffusion-controlled in fibrils and fibers.", "PMID": 1168074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2067", "title": "Immobilized electric eel acetylcholinesterasemii. II. Flow kinetics of acetylcholinesterase chemically attached to nylon tubing.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase has been attached covalently to the inner surface of nylon tubing. An experimental study has been carried out on the flow kinetics; solutions of acetylthiocholine at various concentrations were passed through tubing at various flow rates, and measurements made of the rates of formation of product. The results were analyzed in the light of the theoretical treatment of Kobayashi and Laidler, four different methods of analysis being employed. It is found that at lower substrate concentrations and flow rates the reactions are largely diffusion controlled. The Km(app) values are substantially higher than the Km value for diffusion-free conditions, but approach it as the flow rate is increased, when the diffusion layer becomes less important. The results are entirely consistent with the Kobayaski-Laidler theory, and provide guidelines for the design of open tubular heterogeneous enzyme reactors, both for industrial and analytic purposes.", "contents": "Immobilized electric eel acetylcholinesterasemii. II. Flow kinetics of acetylcholinesterase chemically attached to nylon tubing. Acetylcholinesterase has been attached covalently to the inner surface of nylon tubing. An experimental study has been carried out on the flow kinetics; solutions of acetylthiocholine at various concentrations were passed through tubing at various flow rates, and measurements made of the rates of formation of product. The results were analyzed in the light of the theoretical treatment of Kobayashi and Laidler, four different methods of analysis being employed. It is found that at lower substrate concentrations and flow rates the reactions are largely diffusion controlled. The Km(app) values are substantially higher than the Km value for diffusion-free conditions, but approach it as the flow rate is increased, when the diffusion layer becomes less important. The results are entirely consistent with the Kobayaski-Laidler theory, and provide guidelines for the design of open tubular heterogeneous enzyme reactors, both for industrial and analytic purposes.", "PMID": 1168075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2068", "title": "Poly(A) polymerases in normal and virus-transformed cells.", "content": "The presence of poly(A) polymerase(s) has been studied in a clone of the established hamster embryo fibroblast line (NIL), and in a subclone of this line transformed by an RNA tumour virus, hamster sarcoma virus, (NIL-HS VIRUS). The results suggest the existence of three distinct poly(A) polymerases, designated I, IIA and IIB, in dense cultures of NIL and NIL-HS virus cells. Forms IIA and IIB have also been found in exponentially growing NIL and NIL-HS virus cells. Poly(A) polymerase I has not been detected in growing NIL cells, while growing and resting NIL-HS virus contain comparable amounts of this enzyme. The poly(A) polymerases differ in chromatographic behaviour and in their requirements for divalent cations. They are highly specific for ATP and require the presence of a primer. Cellular RNA or poly(A), but not the oligoribonucleotide (Ap)4A, can be utilized as primers. The products of the reactions have been identified as poly(A) chains (20-50 nucleotides long) by alkaline degradation and by their resistance to pancreatic RNAase.", "contents": "Poly(A) polymerases in normal and virus-transformed cells. The presence of poly(A) polymerase(s) has been studied in a clone of the established hamster embryo fibroblast line (NIL), and in a subclone of this line transformed by an RNA tumour virus, hamster sarcoma virus, (NIL-HS VIRUS). The results suggest the existence of three distinct poly(A) polymerases, designated I, IIA and IIB, in dense cultures of NIL and NIL-HS virus cells. Forms IIA and IIB have also been found in exponentially growing NIL and NIL-HS virus cells. Poly(A) polymerase I has not been detected in growing NIL cells, while growing and resting NIL-HS virus contain comparable amounts of this enzyme. The poly(A) polymerases differ in chromatographic behaviour and in their requirements for divalent cations. They are highly specific for ATP and require the presence of a primer. Cellular RNA or poly(A), but not the oligoribonucleotide (Ap)4A, can be utilized as primers. The products of the reactions have been identified as poly(A) chains (20-50 nucleotides long) by alkaline degradation and by their resistance to pancreatic RNAase.", "PMID": 1168076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2069", "title": "Limited proteolysis of the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase.", "content": "Earlier studies have shown that native tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from beef pancreas is composed of two apparently identical subunits having a molecular weight of 60000 plus or minus 2000 each. Incubation of the pruified enzyme with trypsin under restrictive conditions results in splitting of each subunit to form an enzymatically inactive polypeptide chain of mol. wt 24500 plus or minus 1500. During proteolysis, two distinct intermediate forms of mol. wt 51000 plus or minus 2000 and 40000 plus or minus 2000 and fragments of mol. wt 14000 plus or minus 2500 are formed. The presence of substrates, viz. ATP, tryptophan or tryptophanyl adenylate, decreases the rate of proteolysis. However, a band pattern monitored by acrylamide gel electrophoresis is qualitatively indistinguishable from that obtained in the absence of substrates. Native and trypsin-modified subunits (the latter having a molecular weight of 24500) have been maleylated, reduced, carbosymethylated and subjected to exhaustive digestion by trypsin followed by peptide mapping. Comparison of the finger prints has shown that the trypsin-modified subunit represents a polypeptide with lowered content of dicarboxylic amino acids. That the number of peptides revealed after complete proteolysis of native and trypsin-modified subunits does not favour the presence of long repetitive sequences in each subunit, is at variance with some bacterial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Study of the fluorescence polarisation of 1-anilino-8-napthalene sulphonate adsorbed on the dimeric tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, indicates that the molecule behaves as a complete entity in Brownian rotation. The trypsin-resistant end products, composed of two types of polypeptides (mol. wts 24500 and 14000), remain associated with each other. From the mol. wt of this associate it follows that each fragment is present in the associate in duplicate. When the purification procedure was carried out in the absence of a protease inhibitor, the active modified enzyme form was obtained. As judged from the molecular weight values, it is composed of two equal subunits corresponding to one of the products of limited proteolysis. The data presented are compatible with compact three-dimensional structure of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase having very limited regions exposed to exogenous or endogenous proteolysis.", "contents": "Limited proteolysis of the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. Earlier studies have shown that native tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase from beef pancreas is composed of two apparently identical subunits having a molecular weight of 60000 plus or minus 2000 each. Incubation of the pruified enzyme with trypsin under restrictive conditions results in splitting of each subunit to form an enzymatically inactive polypeptide chain of mol. wt 24500 plus or minus 1500. During proteolysis, two distinct intermediate forms of mol. wt 51000 plus or minus 2000 and 40000 plus or minus 2000 and fragments of mol. wt 14000 plus or minus 2500 are formed. The presence of substrates, viz. ATP, tryptophan or tryptophanyl adenylate, decreases the rate of proteolysis. However, a band pattern monitored by acrylamide gel electrophoresis is qualitatively indistinguishable from that obtained in the absence of substrates. Native and trypsin-modified subunits (the latter having a molecular weight of 24500) have been maleylated, reduced, carbosymethylated and subjected to exhaustive digestion by trypsin followed by peptide mapping. Comparison of the finger prints has shown that the trypsin-modified subunit represents a polypeptide with lowered content of dicarboxylic amino acids. That the number of peptides revealed after complete proteolysis of native and trypsin-modified subunits does not favour the presence of long repetitive sequences in each subunit, is at variance with some bacterial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Study of the fluorescence polarisation of 1-anilino-8-napthalene sulphonate adsorbed on the dimeric tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, indicates that the molecule behaves as a complete entity in Brownian rotation. The trypsin-resistant end products, composed of two types of polypeptides (mol. wts 24500 and 14000), remain associated with each other. From the mol. wt of this associate it follows that each fragment is present in the associate in duplicate. When the purification procedure was carried out in the absence of a protease inhibitor, the active modified enzyme form was obtained. As judged from the molecular weight values, it is composed of two equal subunits corresponding to one of the products of limited proteolysis. The data presented are compatible with compact three-dimensional structure of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase having very limited regions exposed to exogenous or endogenous proteolysis.", "PMID": 1168077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2070", "title": "Difference-derivative absorbance spectrophotometry as a technique to measure state changes of phenylalanine residues in proteins.", "content": "The first derivatives of difference absorbance spectra of several proteins were measured to examine the applicability of this technique as a tool to investigate state changes of phenylalanine residues in proteins. It was found by this technique that phenylalanine residues in insulin and those in lysozyme are exposed to more aqueous environment by denaturation with guanidine hydrochloride. Heat denaturation of collagen caused similar changes of some of its phenylalanine residues. It was thus demonstrated that difference-derivative absorbance spectrophotometry gives the information about state changes of phenylalanine residues in native proteins, which are hardly detected by common difference spectrophotometry.", "contents": "Difference-derivative absorbance spectrophotometry as a technique to measure state changes of phenylalanine residues in proteins. The first derivatives of difference absorbance spectra of several proteins were measured to examine the applicability of this technique as a tool to investigate state changes of phenylalanine residues in proteins. It was found by this technique that phenylalanine residues in insulin and those in lysozyme are exposed to more aqueous environment by denaturation with guanidine hydrochloride. Heat denaturation of collagen caused similar changes of some of its phenylalanine residues. It was thus demonstrated that difference-derivative absorbance spectrophotometry gives the information about state changes of phenylalanine residues in native proteins, which are hardly detected by common difference spectrophotometry.", "PMID": 1168078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2071", "title": "A high molecular weight RNA fraction in chromatin.", "content": "Utilizing a new chromatin isolation and fractionation technique we have obtained a high molecular weight RNA fraction from L-929 cell chromatin. The synthesis of this RNA is not greatly inhibited by concentrations of 0.04 mug/ml actinomycin D in the medium. Its synthesis appears to be strongly inhibited by 2 mug/ml of alpha-amanitin. The RNA appears to be quickly degraded (or removed from the chromatin) and does not contain a poly(A) sequence at its 3'-OH terminal end. Our working hypothesis is that this RNA is \"nascent\" heterogenous nuclear RNA partially transcribed from regions of the chromatin.", "contents": "A high molecular weight RNA fraction in chromatin. Utilizing a new chromatin isolation and fractionation technique we have obtained a high molecular weight RNA fraction from L-929 cell chromatin. The synthesis of this RNA is not greatly inhibited by concentrations of 0.04 mug/ml actinomycin D in the medium. Its synthesis appears to be strongly inhibited by 2 mug/ml of alpha-amanitin. The RNA appears to be quickly degraded (or removed from the chromatin) and does not contain a poly(A) sequence at its 3'-OH terminal end. Our working hypothesis is that this RNA is \"nascent\" heterogenous nuclear RNA partially transcribed from regions of the chromatin.", "PMID": 1168079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2072", "title": "Physicochemical properties of chromatin digested with trypsin.", "content": "Chromatin was prepared from calf thymus and digested with trypsin. Some physicochemical properties of chromatin were examined in connection with the time-course of the tryptic digestion. As the tryptic digestion proceeded, chromatin showed increases in viscosity and susceptibility to DNAase II and exhibited considerable alteration in thermal denaturation. A monophasic melting profile was found in the trypsic (digested) chromatin, but a biphasic one in the native (undigested) chromatin. The melting temperature descended from 78.2 degrees C for the native chromatin to 70.2 degrees C for the chromatin after only 10 min and further to 65.3 degrees C after 180 min tryptic digestions. The molar percent of total basic amino acid or lysine plus arginine in the chromatin increased with the time-course of the tryptic digestion whereas that of the total hydrophobic amino acid decreased. The molar ratio of hydrophobic amino acids to basic amino acids thus descended from 1.46 for the native chromatin to 1.05 for the chromatin after a 180-min tryptic digestion. These findings suggest that the neutral or hydrophobic portions in chromatin protein might play a role in the maintenance of the tertiary structure of chromatin.", "contents": "Physicochemical properties of chromatin digested with trypsin. Chromatin was prepared from calf thymus and digested with trypsin. Some physicochemical properties of chromatin were examined in connection with the time-course of the tryptic digestion. As the tryptic digestion proceeded, chromatin showed increases in viscosity and susceptibility to DNAase II and exhibited considerable alteration in thermal denaturation. A monophasic melting profile was found in the trypsic (digested) chromatin, but a biphasic one in the native (undigested) chromatin. The melting temperature descended from 78.2 degrees C for the native chromatin to 70.2 degrees C for the chromatin after only 10 min and further to 65.3 degrees C after 180 min tryptic digestions. The molar percent of total basic amino acid or lysine plus arginine in the chromatin increased with the time-course of the tryptic digestion whereas that of the total hydrophobic amino acid decreased. The molar ratio of hydrophobic amino acids to basic amino acids thus descended from 1.46 for the native chromatin to 1.05 for the chromatin after a 180-min tryptic digestion. These findings suggest that the neutral or hydrophobic portions in chromatin protein might play a role in the maintenance of the tertiary structure of chromatin.", "PMID": 1168080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2073", "title": "Poly(A) polymerase in quail oviduct. Changes during estrogen induction.", "content": "A nuclear poly(A) polymerase has been isolated from oviducts of immature quails. It could be purified 4300-fold. The enzyme depends specifically on ATP as substrate and requires Mg2+. The most effective primer for the enzyme is a polynucleotide, isolated from oviduct tissue. A poly(A) sequence to a maximum of 60 AMP residues is covalently linked per primer molecule. The poly(A)-rich product of the enzymatic reaction can be annealed to oligo(dT)-cellulose. The purest fraction does not contain any detectable poly(A)-degrading enzyme activity. Only very low activities of RNA polymerase are present. The poly(A polymerase activity in the assay with ATP is reduced by the ATP analogue, beta, lambda-ATP-methylene-diphosphonate. Both K-m and V are lowered. The ATP analogue is incorporated to a smaller extent into the poly(A) sequence, synthesized by the enzyme. Several other analogues of adenine, adenine nucleosides and adenine nucleotides are without effect on the enzymatic reaction. By these properties poly(A) polymerase can be distinguished from RNA polymerases form I and form II, isolated from the same tissue. Actinomycin D and alpha-amanitin failed to inhibit poly(A) polymerase activity. The activity of poly(A) polymerase has been determined during primary stimulation with the estrogen analogue diethylstilbestrol (daily injection for 5 days), after withdrawal of the hormone for 17 days and after secondary stimulation with the hormone analogue. The enzyme activity does not change during primary stimulation, withdrawal of the hormone or secondary stimulation. However the activity of a poly(A) degrading enzyme, localized in the nucleus, is reduced in oviducts from hormone-treated quails.", "contents": "Poly(A) polymerase in quail oviduct. Changes during estrogen induction. A nuclear poly(A) polymerase has been isolated from oviducts of immature quails. It could be purified 4300-fold. The enzyme depends specifically on ATP as substrate and requires Mg2+. The most effective primer for the enzyme is a polynucleotide, isolated from oviduct tissue. A poly(A) sequence to a maximum of 60 AMP residues is covalently linked per primer molecule. The poly(A)-rich product of the enzymatic reaction can be annealed to oligo(dT)-cellulose. The purest fraction does not contain any detectable poly(A)-degrading enzyme activity. Only very low activities of RNA polymerase are present. The poly(A polymerase activity in the assay with ATP is reduced by the ATP analogue, beta, lambda-ATP-methylene-diphosphonate. Both K-m and V are lowered. The ATP analogue is incorporated to a smaller extent into the poly(A) sequence, synthesized by the enzyme. Several other analogues of adenine, adenine nucleosides and adenine nucleotides are without effect on the enzymatic reaction. By these properties poly(A) polymerase can be distinguished from RNA polymerases form I and form II, isolated from the same tissue. Actinomycin D and alpha-amanitin failed to inhibit poly(A) polymerase activity. The activity of poly(A) polymerase has been determined during primary stimulation with the estrogen analogue diethylstilbestrol (daily injection for 5 days), after withdrawal of the hormone for 17 days and after secondary stimulation with the hormone analogue. The enzyme activity does not change during primary stimulation, withdrawal of the hormone or secondary stimulation. However the activity of a poly(A) degrading enzyme, localized in the nucleus, is reduced in oviducts from hormone-treated quails.", "PMID": 1168081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2074", "title": "Relationship between Hb and HbA2 concentrations in healthy and iron deficient subjects.", "content": "In 23 healthy subjects and in 115 patients with various degrees of chronic iron deficiency anaemia without congenital abnormalities of globin synthesis, Hb ranged from 3.4 to 16.3 g/100 ml. HbA2 ranged from 0.0550 to 0.5250 g/100 ml. Hb and HbA2 were statistically correlated, as shown by linear regression analysis (a equals --0.1387; b equals 0.0372; r equals 0.8198; P smaller than 0.001). The second degree parabola was not statistically different, but it gave a biologically preferable Figure for intercept (a equals --0.0006; b equals 0.0070; c equals 0.0015; r equals 0.8324; P smaller than 0.001). The second degree parabola was to be preferred also on the basis of previous literature results. Shortness of iron seems to reduce more the HbA2 than the Hb levels.", "contents": "Relationship between Hb and HbA2 concentrations in healthy and iron deficient subjects. In 23 healthy subjects and in 115 patients with various degrees of chronic iron deficiency anaemia without congenital abnormalities of globin synthesis, Hb ranged from 3.4 to 16.3 g/100 ml. HbA2 ranged from 0.0550 to 0.5250 g/100 ml. Hb and HbA2 were statistically correlated, as shown by linear regression analysis (a equals --0.1387; b equals 0.0372; r equals 0.8198; P smaller than 0.001). The second degree parabola was not statistically different, but it gave a biologically preferable Figure for intercept (a equals --0.0006; b equals 0.0070; c equals 0.0015; r equals 0.8324; P smaller than 0.001). The second degree parabola was to be preferred also on the basis of previous literature results. Shortness of iron seems to reduce more the HbA2 than the Hb levels.", "PMID": 1168084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2075", "title": "A flow method for determination of the kinetic parameters for immobilized enzymes.", "content": "A flow method is described for determination of the kinetics parameters (V-m and K-m) for enzymes that are bound to particles, to membranes, and to the interior surfaces of tubes. Substrate solution is pumped through Tygon tubing to a microvolume flow cell and back into the reaction mixture, the flow rate being adjusted to be faster than the rate of formation of product. To illustrate the technique, it is applied to the determination of the parameters for electric-eel acetylcholinesterase attached to particles, to membranes, and to the inner surface of nylon tubing.", "contents": "A flow method for determination of the kinetic parameters for immobilized enzymes. A flow method is described for determination of the kinetics parameters (V-m and K-m) for enzymes that are bound to particles, to membranes, and to the interior surfaces of tubes. Substrate solution is pumped through Tygon tubing to a microvolume flow cell and back into the reaction mixture, the flow rate being adjusted to be faster than the rate of formation of product. To illustrate the technique, it is applied to the determination of the parameters for electric-eel acetylcholinesterase attached to particles, to membranes, and to the inner surface of nylon tubing.", "PMID": 1168088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2076", "title": "Retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "Retinal surgery commences with careful ophthalmoscopy. The surgeon must be familiar with indirect monocular and binocular ophthalmoscopy, but biomicroscopy is most essential. Buckling procedures can be produced by different techniques and should be adapted to the case. Drainage of subretinal fluid is crucial. One should avoid it if possible, but if it has to be done, care has to be taken to avoid complications. The sealing of retinal holes and tears can be performed by diathermy, cryo- and light coagulation. Each technique has its indication and should be available at the time of surgery. Vitreous surgery is still in the experimental stage, but seems to be very promising, although its main use will most probably lie outside the field of retinal detachment.", "contents": "Retinal detachment surgery. Retinal surgery commences with careful ophthalmoscopy. The surgeon must be familiar with indirect monocular and binocular ophthalmoscopy, but biomicroscopy is most essential. Buckling procedures can be produced by different techniques and should be adapted to the case. Drainage of subretinal fluid is crucial. One should avoid it if possible, but if it has to be done, care has to be taken to avoid complications. The sealing of retinal holes and tears can be performed by diathermy, cryo- and light coagulation. Each technique has its indication and should be available at the time of surgery. Vitreous surgery is still in the experimental stage, but seems to be very promising, although its main use will most probably lie outside the field of retinal detachment.", "PMID": 1168089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2077", "title": "Cytotoxicity of chlorhexidine.", "content": "We evaluated chlorhexidine, a commonly used ophthalmic preservative for sterilization of soft hydrophilic contact lenses. Light microscopy and flat preparations of the endothelium were used. Our studies indicate that chlorhexidine is safe, even when used in higher concentrations than commercially available or required for bactericidal effect. Except for its mucous binding capacity, limiting its use for hydrophilic contact lenses, it is considered to be one of the best preservatives available for ophthalmic solutions.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of chlorhexidine. We evaluated chlorhexidine, a commonly used ophthalmic preservative for sterilization of soft hydrophilic contact lenses. Light microscopy and flat preparations of the endothelium were used. Our studies indicate that chlorhexidine is safe, even when used in higher concentrations than commercially available or required for bactericidal effect. Except for its mucous binding capacity, limiting its use for hydrophilic contact lenses, it is considered to be one of the best preservatives available for ophthalmic solutions.", "PMID": 1168090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2078", "title": "Hemangiosarcoma of the breast.", "content": "This report of the case of a 37-year-old woman with hemangiosarcoma of the breast it is the first such case to be described in the Canadian literature. It is emphasized that lack of familiarity with the lesion is the main reason for its frequent misdiagnosis. This case is unusual in that the patient is alive and well 7 years after her initial operation.", "contents": "Hemangiosarcoma of the breast. This report of the case of a 37-year-old woman with hemangiosarcoma of the breast it is the first such case to be described in the Canadian literature. It is emphasized that lack of familiarity with the lesion is the main reason for its frequent misdiagnosis. This case is unusual in that the patient is alive and well 7 years after her initial operation.", "PMID": 1168091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2079", "title": "Excretion of inhibitors of calcification in urine Part II. Findings in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "By means of a semiquantitative method incorporating the rachitic rat cartilage technique, the total urinary inhibitory activity with respect to calcification was compared in 11 control subjects and 20 patients with renal failure. The patients had significantly lower mean values of inhibiting units per day than did the control subjects. Both groups showed a significant positive correlation between the number of inhibiting units per day and urine volume. When urine volume was taken into account in the comparison, the numbers of inhibiting units for patients continued to be lower than the numbers for controls. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the increase of inhibitory activity observed in uremic serum is secondary to a decrease in excretion of the responsible factor (or factors) in the urine, and that the factor (or factors) in serum responsible for the inhibition are identical to those in the urine.", "contents": "Excretion of inhibitors of calcification in urine Part II. Findings in patients with chronic renal failure. By means of a semiquantitative method incorporating the rachitic rat cartilage technique, the total urinary inhibitory activity with respect to calcification was compared in 11 control subjects and 20 patients with renal failure. The patients had significantly lower mean values of inhibiting units per day than did the control subjects. Both groups showed a significant positive correlation between the number of inhibiting units per day and urine volume. When urine volume was taken into account in the comparison, the numbers of inhibiting units for patients continued to be lower than the numbers for controls. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the increase of inhibitory activity observed in uremic serum is secondary to a decrease in excretion of the responsible factor (or factors) in the urine, and that the factor (or factors) in serum responsible for the inhibition are identical to those in the urine.", "PMID": 1168092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2080", "title": "Isolation of cell subpopulations from in vitro tumor models according to sedimentation velocity.", "content": "Chinese hamster V79-171 cells grown in vitro as asynchronous single cells, as plateau-phase cultures, and as multicell spheroids contianed subpopulations that differed in cell volume. These subpopulations could be isolated according to their sedimentation velocity at unit gravity. Asynchronous cells were found to sediment at a modal velocity of 17.7 mm/hr, whereas the modal sedimentation velocities of plateau and spheroid cells were found to be 16.0 and 15.1 mm/hr, respectively. When the composition of each subpopulation was determined using either [3H]thymindine incorporation or sensitivity to ionizing radiation as an index of cell cycle position, it was found that G1-like populations developed in both in vitro tumor models. Since the sedimentation velocity technique permits isolation of functionally different cell subpopulations after treatment with cytotoxic agents, it may now be possible to assay differential lethality when such agents are applied to cells growing in situ in a tumor-like situation.", "contents": "Isolation of cell subpopulations from in vitro tumor models according to sedimentation velocity. Chinese hamster V79-171 cells grown in vitro as asynchronous single cells, as plateau-phase cultures, and as multicell spheroids contianed subpopulations that differed in cell volume. These subpopulations could be isolated according to their sedimentation velocity at unit gravity. Asynchronous cells were found to sediment at a modal velocity of 17.7 mm/hr, whereas the modal sedimentation velocities of plateau and spheroid cells were found to be 16.0 and 15.1 mm/hr, respectively. When the composition of each subpopulation was determined using either [3H]thymindine incorporation or sensitivity to ionizing radiation as an index of cell cycle position, it was found that G1-like populations developed in both in vitro tumor models. Since the sedimentation velocity technique permits isolation of functionally different cell subpopulations after treatment with cytotoxic agents, it may now be possible to assay differential lethality when such agents are applied to cells growing in situ in a tumor-like situation.", "PMID": 1168095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2081", "title": "In vitro biological evaluation of the R and S isomers of 1-(Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-5-fluorouracil.", "content": "The S isomer of Ftorafur was synthesized and the ability of the latter to inhibit growth of cultured human fibroblasts was determined relative to both the R isomer and the racemic mixture (Ftorafur) that is presently used clinically. No significant difference in the cytotoxic effects or the relative abilities to prevent an increase in cell numbers was observed with the three forms. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in murine L1210 leukemia cells by either isomer was observed only after prolonged (18-hr) exposure. The data suggest that Ftorafur is a repository form of 5-fluorouracil and that activity is manifested equally by both isomers.", "contents": "In vitro biological evaluation of the R and S isomers of 1-(Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-5-fluorouracil. The S isomer of Ftorafur was synthesized and the ability of the latter to inhibit growth of cultured human fibroblasts was determined relative to both the R isomer and the racemic mixture (Ftorafur) that is presently used clinically. No significant difference in the cytotoxic effects or the relative abilities to prevent an increase in cell numbers was observed with the three forms. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in murine L1210 leukemia cells by either isomer was observed only after prolonged (18-hr) exposure. The data suggest that Ftorafur is a repository form of 5-fluorouracil and that activity is manifested equally by both isomers.", "PMID": 1168096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2082", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of human neoplastic and abnormal nonneoplastic tissues.", "content": "A large number of samples of human neoplastic and abnormal nonneoplastic tissues were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry in order to evaluate the possible role of this technique in the diagnosis of cancer. The spin-lattice magnetic relaxation times (T1) of abnormal nonneoplastic tissue were longer, in many instances, than those of malignant tumors from similar sites, preventing recognition of the tumors in this manner. The evidence for the nonspecific nature of the prolongation of T1 in abnormal tissue is reviewed, and additional limitations of this technique in the diagnosis of cancer are indicated.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of human neoplastic and abnormal nonneoplastic tissues. A large number of samples of human neoplastic and abnormal nonneoplastic tissues were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry in order to evaluate the possible role of this technique in the diagnosis of cancer. The spin-lattice magnetic relaxation times (T1) of abnormal nonneoplastic tissue were longer, in many instances, than those of malignant tumors from similar sites, preventing recognition of the tumors in this manner. The evidence for the nonspecific nature of the prolongation of T1 in abnormal tissue is reviewed, and additional limitations of this technique in the diagnosis of cancer are indicated.", "PMID": 1168097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2083", "title": "Histochemical studies of the adrenocortical homologue in the kidney of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri.", "content": "A histochemical study has been made of groups of cells lying adjacent to the blood vessels of the kidney of Neoceratodus forsteri. The cells contain lipid droplets of varying sizes, stain positively for cholesterol and its esters and contain 3betaol-steroid dehydrogenase activity. Similar cells have previously been described in another dipnoan fish, Protopterus, and in a urodele, Pleurodeles waltlii and are considered to be the adrenocortical tissue of these species. Because of the histochemical characteristics of the cells together with their location, we conclude that they represent the adrenocortical homologue of N. forsteri. As is the case in Protopterus, no chromaffin tissue was detected in the kidney of N. forsteri.", "contents": "Histochemical studies of the adrenocortical homologue in the kidney of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri. A histochemical study has been made of groups of cells lying adjacent to the blood vessels of the kidney of Neoceratodus forsteri. The cells contain lipid droplets of varying sizes, stain positively for cholesterol and its esters and contain 3betaol-steroid dehydrogenase activity. Similar cells have previously been described in another dipnoan fish, Protopterus, and in a urodele, Pleurodeles waltlii and are considered to be the adrenocortical tissue of these species. Because of the histochemical characteristics of the cells together with their location, we conclude that they represent the adrenocortical homologue of N. forsteri. As is the case in Protopterus, no chromaffin tissue was detected in the kidney of N. forsteri.", "PMID": 1168099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2084", "title": "Effect of reduced temperatures on protein synthesis in mouse L cells.", "content": "The rate of incorporation of leucine into protein, the rate of polypeptide elongation and termination, and the relative quantity and size of polysomes were analyzed in mouse L cells grown in suspension culture at various temperatures between 0 degrees C and 36 degrees C. Between 10 degrees C and 36 degrees C protein synthesis exhibited two different apparent activation energies (39 kcal/mole, 10-25 degrees C; 14 kcal/mole, 25-36 degrees C), whereas elongation and termination had only one (16 kcal/mole). Below 36 degrees C, the polysome level and size decreased, reaching a minimum of 30% of the control 36 degrees C values at 10 degrees C; below 10 degrees C the level increased again back to control values at 0 degrees C. The polysome decline was time dependent, requiring about 5 hr to reach the equilibrium value. This decline is completely reversible within 60 min, even in the presence of 4 mug/ml of actinomycin D, and even after 15 hr of incubation at the lower temperature. The results suggest that polypeptide initiation is rate limiting, particularly below 25 degrees C; whereas above this temperature, elongation or perhaps some other process may be limiting. These results are quite different from those obtained for E. coli and rabbit reticulocyte protein synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of reduced temperatures on protein synthesis in mouse L cells. The rate of incorporation of leucine into protein, the rate of polypeptide elongation and termination, and the relative quantity and size of polysomes were analyzed in mouse L cells grown in suspension culture at various temperatures between 0 degrees C and 36 degrees C. Between 10 degrees C and 36 degrees C protein synthesis exhibited two different apparent activation energies (39 kcal/mole, 10-25 degrees C; 14 kcal/mole, 25-36 degrees C), whereas elongation and termination had only one (16 kcal/mole). Below 36 degrees C, the polysome level and size decreased, reaching a minimum of 30% of the control 36 degrees C values at 10 degrees C; below 10 degrees C the level increased again back to control values at 0 degrees C. The polysome decline was time dependent, requiring about 5 hr to reach the equilibrium value. This decline is completely reversible within 60 min, even in the presence of 4 mug/ml of actinomycin D, and even after 15 hr of incubation at the lower temperature. The results suggest that polypeptide initiation is rate limiting, particularly below 25 degrees C; whereas above this temperature, elongation or perhaps some other process may be limiting. These results are quite different from those obtained for E. coli and rabbit reticulocyte protein synthesis.", "PMID": 1168100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2085", "title": "The methylated constituents of L cell messenger RNA: evidence for an unusual cluster at the 5' terminus.", "content": "An analysis of the methylated constituents of L cell mRNA by a combination of chromatographic methods and enzymatic treatments indicates that they comprise both 2'-O-methyl nucleosides and N6-methyl adenine, and/or 1-methyl adenine, and suggests that the 2'-O-methyl nucleotides, Ym, are part of an unusual class of sequences forming the 5' terminus of mRNA. These sequences seem to contain two 2'-O-methyl residues and a terminal residue that is not phosphorylated but, nevertheless, is blocked with respect to polynucleotid kinase reactivity. A strong candidate is a sequence of the type XppY1mpY2mpZp..., where X represents a blocking group which is itself occasionally methylated. The sequences isolated from total poly(A)+ mRNA contain all four species of 2'-O-methylated nucleoside, indicating some variability among different mRNA species. The methylated sequences do not appear to be enriched in the mRNA which hybridizes with repetitive DNA. The average L cell mRNA molecule also contains three residues of N6-methyl adenine. These residues are not part of the poly(A) segment, but appear to be located internal to the poly(A) near the 3' end of the mRNA molecules.", "contents": "The methylated constituents of L cell messenger RNA: evidence for an unusual cluster at the 5' terminus. An analysis of the methylated constituents of L cell mRNA by a combination of chromatographic methods and enzymatic treatments indicates that they comprise both 2'-O-methyl nucleosides and N6-methyl adenine, and/or 1-methyl adenine, and suggests that the 2'-O-methyl nucleotides, Ym, are part of an unusual class of sequences forming the 5' terminus of mRNA. These sequences seem to contain two 2'-O-methyl residues and a terminal residue that is not phosphorylated but, nevertheless, is blocked with respect to polynucleotid kinase reactivity. A strong candidate is a sequence of the type XppY1mpY2mpZp..., where X represents a blocking group which is itself occasionally methylated. The sequences isolated from total poly(A)+ mRNA contain all four species of 2'-O-methylated nucleoside, indicating some variability among different mRNA species. The methylated sequences do not appear to be enriched in the mRNA which hybridizes with repetitive DNA. The average L cell mRNA molecule also contains three residues of N6-methyl adenine. These residues are not part of the poly(A) segment, but appear to be located internal to the poly(A) near the 3' end of the mRNA molecules.", "PMID": 1168101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2086", "title": "Lipids in plant tissue cultures. V. Effect of environmental conditions on the lipids of Glycine soja and Brassica napus cultures.", "content": "The environmental conditions prevailing during growth of plant tissue cultures affect the concentration of certain lipid classes and the fatty acid patterns of the total lipids. Irrespective of whether the cultures are grown under continuous illumination or in the dark, aerated cultures contain larger proportions of sterols, steryl esters, steryl glycosides and various sterylglycolipids and lower concentrations of squalene than non-aerated cultures. The lipids of the latter contain larger proportions of saturated very long-chain fatty acids than those of the former cultures.", "contents": "Lipids in plant tissue cultures. V. Effect of environmental conditions on the lipids of Glycine soja and Brassica napus cultures. The environmental conditions prevailing during growth of plant tissue cultures affect the concentration of certain lipid classes and the fatty acid patterns of the total lipids. Irrespective of whether the cultures are grown under continuous illumination or in the dark, aerated cultures contain larger proportions of sterols, steryl esters, steryl glycosides and various sterylglycolipids and lower concentrations of squalene than non-aerated cultures. The lipids of the latter contain larger proportions of saturated very long-chain fatty acids than those of the former cultures.", "PMID": 1168102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2087", "title": "Right heart volume characteristics in transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "Right and left heart volume data were obtained during 44 cardiac catheterizations in 24 patients with complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA) prior to \"corrective surgery.\" Patients were divided into three hemodynamic groups: I)TGA with intact ventricular septum, N = 23 studies in 13 patients, ages 1 day-22 months; II)TGA with ventricular septal defect (VSD), N = 12 studies in six patients, ages 7 days-15 months; III)TGA with VSD plus pulmonary stenosis, N = 9 studies in five patients, ages 5 days-5.6 years. In group I, right ventricular end-diastolic volume (RVEDV) averaged 170 plus or minus 52% of normal (P smaller than 0.001), RV ejection fraction (EF) was 0.48 plus or minus 0.09, 74% of normal (P smaller than 0.001), and RV systolic output (SO) was 123 plus or minus 34% (NS). In group II, RVEDV was 163 plus or minus 25% of normal (P smaller than 0.001), RVEF 0.59 plus or minus 0.08, 91% of normal (NS), and RVSO was 158 plus or minus 52% (P smaller than 0.02). In group III, RVEDV averaged 124 plus or minus 26% of normal (P smaller than 0.04), RVEF 0.58 plus or minus 0.15, 89% of normal (NS), and RVSO 125 plus or minus 57% (NS). Right atrial maximal volume was increased in 21 or 22 studies and averaged 185 plus or minus 47% of normal (P smaller than 0.001). RVEDV was greater than left ventricular end-diastolic volume in all but one patient in group I, but RVEDV/LVEDV was smaller than 1.00 in four VSD patients with very large pulmonary flows. A majority of patients with TGA without VSD have abnormal right heart function as indicated by an increased RVEDV and a low ejection fraction. Longitudinal studies of right ventricular performance in these patients continue to be important in assessment of current methods of therapy.", "contents": "Right heart volume characteristics in transposition of the great arteries. Right and left heart volume data were obtained during 44 cardiac catheterizations in 24 patients with complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA) prior to \"corrective surgery.\" Patients were divided into three hemodynamic groups: I)TGA with intact ventricular septum, N = 23 studies in 13 patients, ages 1 day-22 months; II)TGA with ventricular septal defect (VSD), N = 12 studies in six patients, ages 7 days-15 months; III)TGA with VSD plus pulmonary stenosis, N = 9 studies in five patients, ages 5 days-5.6 years. In group I, right ventricular end-diastolic volume (RVEDV) averaged 170 plus or minus 52% of normal (P smaller than 0.001), RV ejection fraction (EF) was 0.48 plus or minus 0.09, 74% of normal (P smaller than 0.001), and RV systolic output (SO) was 123 plus or minus 34% (NS). In group II, RVEDV was 163 plus or minus 25% of normal (P smaller than 0.001), RVEF 0.59 plus or minus 0.08, 91% of normal (NS), and RVSO was 158 plus or minus 52% (P smaller than 0.02). In group III, RVEDV averaged 124 plus or minus 26% of normal (P smaller than 0.04), RVEF 0.58 plus or minus 0.15, 89% of normal (NS), and RVSO 125 plus or minus 57% (NS). Right atrial maximal volume was increased in 21 or 22 studies and averaged 185 plus or minus 47% of normal (P smaller than 0.001). RVEDV was greater than left ventricular end-diastolic volume in all but one patient in group I, but RVEDV/LVEDV was smaller than 1.00 in four VSD patients with very large pulmonary flows. A majority of patients with TGA without VSD have abnormal right heart function as indicated by an increased RVEDV and a low ejection fraction. Longitudinal studies of right ventricular performance in these patients continue to be important in assessment of current methods of therapy.", "PMID": 1168103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2088", "title": "Comparison of radioimmunoassay methods for human luteinising hormone.", "content": "1. Four radioimmunoassay methods for the determination of luteinising hormone in serum or urine are described. 2. Evaluation of these methods (one employing laboratory prepared reagents, three utilizing commercial kits) was made to assess their routine laboratory value. Comparable precision and accuracy were found. Great economy is achieved by pruchasing LH and anti-LH preparations and by labelling one's own hormone. 3. Suggestions for future improvements in kit LH assay control and unitage are made.", "contents": "Comparison of radioimmunoassay methods for human luteinising hormone. 1. Four radioimmunoassay methods for the determination of luteinising hormone in serum or urine are described. 2. Evaluation of these methods (one employing laboratory prepared reagents, three utilizing commercial kits) was made to assess their routine laboratory value. Comparable precision and accuracy were found. Great economy is achieved by pruchasing LH and anti-LH preparations and by labelling one's own hormone. 3. Suggestions for future improvements in kit LH assay control and unitage are made.", "PMID": 1168105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2089", "title": "Electronic timing of a high-speed immunonephelometric continuous-flow system.", "content": "We describe a high-speed immunoephelometric continuous-flow system. The mechanical timing asembly and cams of the sampler were replaced by an external electronic control unit. Improved sampling precision, speeds of 2 to 900 samples per hour, and a wide variety of sample-to-wash ratios are the most important advantages of the unit. We analyzed albumin and fibrinogen at speeds of 150, 180, and 210 samples per hour. Carry-over studies showed that, in clinical practice, it should be possible to run the system at 150 samples per hour with an interaction of less than 5% and a precision (CV) of around 4%. Comparative studies with a previously described method, run at 60 samples per hour, showed correlation coefficients of 0.968 and 0.935 for albumin and fibrinogen, respectively. The electronic control unit can be used to increase speed and improve sampling precision of any continuous-flow system. An immunonephelometric system equipped with this device provided fast and reliable results, and required less antiserum than other systems described.", "contents": "Electronic timing of a high-speed immunonephelometric continuous-flow system. We describe a high-speed immunoephelometric continuous-flow system. The mechanical timing asembly and cams of the sampler were replaced by an external electronic control unit. Improved sampling precision, speeds of 2 to 900 samples per hour, and a wide variety of sample-to-wash ratios are the most important advantages of the unit. We analyzed albumin and fibrinogen at speeds of 150, 180, and 210 samples per hour. Carry-over studies showed that, in clinical practice, it should be possible to run the system at 150 samples per hour with an interaction of less than 5% and a precision (CV) of around 4%. Comparative studies with a previously described method, run at 60 samples per hour, showed correlation coefficients of 0.968 and 0.935 for albumin and fibrinogen, respectively. The electronic control unit can be used to increase speed and improve sampling precision of any continuous-flow system. An immunonephelometric system equipped with this device provided fast and reliable results, and required less antiserum than other systems described.", "PMID": 1168106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2090", "title": "Standardization of the alkaline phosphatase determination with human placental phosphatase.", "content": "The influence of changes in temperature and salt concentrations on the enzymic activity of 3 different alkaline phosphatase preparations has been examined. Beef liver phosphatase is labile; the activity is already lost by lyophilization. Hog intestinal and especially human placental phosphatase are more stable. In contrast to reconstituted sera no preincubation is necessary to restore the enzymic activity. A lyophilized human placental phosphatase, kept at room temperature, showed no change in activity in a period of about one year. A mean value of enzymic activity of 133 U/l was observed with a coefficient of variation of 2.4% for 12 determinations. It is suggested to assign a value to such a preparation and to use it as a primary standard in the determination of the alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Standardization of the alkaline phosphatase determination with human placental phosphatase. The influence of changes in temperature and salt concentrations on the enzymic activity of 3 different alkaline phosphatase preparations has been examined. Beef liver phosphatase is labile; the activity is already lost by lyophilization. Hog intestinal and especially human placental phosphatase are more stable. In contrast to reconstituted sera no preincubation is necessary to restore the enzymic activity. A lyophilized human placental phosphatase, kept at room temperature, showed no change in activity in a period of about one year. A mean value of enzymic activity of 133 U/l was observed with a coefficient of variation of 2.4% for 12 determinations. It is suggested to assign a value to such a preparation and to use it as a primary standard in the determination of the alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 1168107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2091", "title": "[Lipoprotein lipase activity in human milk; inhibition in vitro of the glucuro-conjugation of bilirubin (author's transl)].", "content": "The lipolytic activities of esterase, lipase and lipoprotein lipase were measured in 17 samples of human milk. Lipase and esterase activities were the same in all samples. However, lipoprotein lipase activity was increased only in samples provided from mothers whose infants had prolonged neonatal jaundice; after storage these samples inhibited the glucuro-conjugation of bilirubin in vitro and their concentration in non-esterified fatty acids was high. The mechanism of action of this enzyme is discussed in relation to the physico-chemical state of fat globules.", "contents": "[Lipoprotein lipase activity in human milk; inhibition in vitro of the glucuro-conjugation of bilirubin (author's transl)]. The lipolytic activities of esterase, lipase and lipoprotein lipase were measured in 17 samples of human milk. Lipase and esterase activities were the same in all samples. However, lipoprotein lipase activity was increased only in samples provided from mothers whose infants had prolonged neonatal jaundice; after storage these samples inhibited the glucuro-conjugation of bilirubin in vitro and their concentration in non-esterified fatty acids was high. The mechanism of action of this enzyme is discussed in relation to the physico-chemical state of fat globules.", "PMID": 1168109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2092", "title": "Anticoagulant potency of mucosal and lung heparin.", "content": "Hog mucosal heparin was compared with beef lung heparin in 24 healthy male and female subjects by double-blind crossover study, by both intravenous and subcutaneous routes, to determine their relative anticoagulant effects as estimated by the activated partial thromboplastin test. Both drugs by both routes induced therapeutically comparable anticoagulation effects, without adverse experience. Thus both products are equivalent, unit for unit.", "contents": "Anticoagulant potency of mucosal and lung heparin. Hog mucosal heparin was compared with beef lung heparin in 24 healthy male and female subjects by double-blind crossover study, by both intravenous and subcutaneous routes, to determine their relative anticoagulant effects as estimated by the activated partial thromboplastin test. Both drugs by both routes induced therapeutically comparable anticoagulation effects, without adverse experience. Thus both products are equivalent, unit for unit.", "PMID": 1168110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2093", "title": "Radioimmunoassay and pharmacokinetics of saralasin in the rat and hypertensive patients.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the new angiotensin antagonist, saralasin (1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II), was developed and applied to pharmacologic studies in rats and hypertensive man. Specificity of the assay was established using naturally occurring angiotensins, potential saralasin metabolites, and other synthetic angiotensin analogues. Saralasin pharmacologic half-life of 3.9 min after intravenous administration to rats was similar to the biochemical half-life of 4.2 min. The pharmacologic half-life in high-renin hypertensive patients averaged 8.2 with a biochemical half-life of 3.2 min. These observations suggest that metabolites of saralasin do not accumulate in sufficient quantity in man or rat to interfere with the assay. The biochemical half-life of 3.2 min is consistent with infusion time of less than 20 min required to achieve a stable plasma concentration and pharmacologic activity of saralasin during constant saralasin infusion into hypertensive man. These studies provide a rational basis of future experimental design for saralasin and possibly other peptide analogues.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay and pharmacokinetics of saralasin in the rat and hypertensive patients. A radioimmunoassay for the new angiotensin antagonist, saralasin (1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II), was developed and applied to pharmacologic studies in rats and hypertensive man. Specificity of the assay was established using naturally occurring angiotensins, potential saralasin metabolites, and other synthetic angiotensin analogues. Saralasin pharmacologic half-life of 3.9 min after intravenous administration to rats was similar to the biochemical half-life of 4.2 min. The pharmacologic half-life in high-renin hypertensive patients averaged 8.2 with a biochemical half-life of 3.2 min. These observations suggest that metabolites of saralasin do not accumulate in sufficient quantity in man or rat to interfere with the assay. The biochemical half-life of 3.2 min is consistent with infusion time of less than 20 min required to achieve a stable plasma concentration and pharmacologic activity of saralasin during constant saralasin infusion into hypertensive man. These studies provide a rational basis of future experimental design for saralasin and possibly other peptide analogues.", "PMID": 1168111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2094", "title": "The effect of isometric exercise on the systolic murmur of patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "The effect of isometric handgrip exercise on the systolic murmur and bifid pulse in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) was evaluated. During handgrip exercise, the systolic murmur became inaudible or decreased in intensity by auscultation and disappeared or decreased in amplitude in phonocardiographic recordings in nine of nine patients with IHSS. During handgrip exercise, the bifid pulse observed in seven patients with IHSS disappeared or markedly decreased. Handgrip exercise may be helpful in the bedside diagnosis of IHSS.", "contents": "The effect of isometric exercise on the systolic murmur of patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The effect of isometric handgrip exercise on the systolic murmur and bifid pulse in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) was evaluated. During handgrip exercise, the systolic murmur became inaudible or decreased in intensity by auscultation and disappeared or decreased in amplitude in phonocardiographic recordings in nine of nine patients with IHSS. During handgrip exercise, the bifid pulse observed in seven patients with IHSS disappeared or markedly decreased. Handgrip exercise may be helpful in the bedside diagnosis of IHSS.", "PMID": 1168115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2095", "title": "Hypertrophic subaortic stenosis complicated by high degree heart block: successful treatment with an atrial synchronous ventricular pacemaker.", "content": "The development of high degree atrioventricular block in a patient with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis underscores the importance of a properly timed atrial contraction in this disorder. Atrial synchronous ventricular pacing therapy, by providing, reliably timed atrial systole and increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume, has an important role in this patient and in similar cases.", "contents": "Hypertrophic subaortic stenosis complicated by high degree heart block: successful treatment with an atrial synchronous ventricular pacemaker. The development of high degree atrioventricular block in a patient with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis underscores the importance of a properly timed atrial contraction in this disorder. Atrial synchronous ventricular pacing therapy, by providing, reliably timed atrial systole and increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume, has an important role in this patient and in similar cases.", "PMID": 1168117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2096", "title": "[Spironolactone and thiabutazide in the treatment of essential hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "The anti-hypertensive effect of spironolactone and thiabutazide was tested on 47 unselected patients with primary hypertension. They were divided into two groups according to the change in plasma-renin activity in response to furosemide administration: those with and those without response to stimulation, and sub-groups with low, normal or high plasma-renin activity (low renin hypertension; normal renin hypertension; high renin hypertension). During both 4-week treatment periods there was a distinct fall in systolic blood pressure, most marked in the patients without plasma renin stimulation (after spironolactone of about 26.2 mm Hg, after thiabutazide 29 mm Hg), the diastolic pressure fall being only slight in all groups (about 5-10 mm Hg). The plasma-renin activity and plasma-aldosterone concentration increased in all groups, after both spironolactone and thiabutazide three-to fourfold compared with the basal value,  even in patients without change in plasma-renin activity after furosemide injections. Serum sodium content decreased after administration of spironolactone, increasing again after subsequent thiabutazide administration. Serum potassium content increased after spironolactone, decreasing after thiabutazide. There was no significant difference between either individual groups or different treatment periods with spironolactone or thiabutazide as far as weight, urine volume or electrolyte excretion in 24-hour urine was concerned.", "contents": "[Spironolactone and thiabutazide in the treatment of essential hypertension (author's transl)]. The anti-hypertensive effect of spironolactone and thiabutazide was tested on 47 unselected patients with primary hypertension. They were divided into two groups according to the change in plasma-renin activity in response to furosemide administration: those with and those without response to stimulation, and sub-groups with low, normal or high plasma-renin activity (low renin hypertension; normal renin hypertension; high renin hypertension). During both 4-week treatment periods there was a distinct fall in systolic blood pressure, most marked in the patients without plasma renin stimulation (after spironolactone of about 26.2 mm Hg, after thiabutazide 29 mm Hg), the diastolic pressure fall being only slight in all groups (about 5-10 mm Hg). The plasma-renin activity and plasma-aldosterone concentration increased in all groups, after both spironolactone and thiabutazide three-to fourfold compared with the basal value,  even in patients without change in plasma-renin activity after furosemide injections. Serum sodium content decreased after administration of spironolactone, increasing again after subsequent thiabutazide administration. Serum potassium content increased after spironolactone, decreasing after thiabutazide. There was no significant difference between either individual groups or different treatment periods with spironolactone or thiabutazide as far as weight, urine volume or electrolyte excretion in 24-hour urine was concerned.", "PMID": 1168122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2097", "title": "[Sequential scintigraphy of liver and spleen in patients with polyvinyl chloride disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Occurence of severe liver damage including angiosarcoma in polyvinyl chloride production workers necessitates regular control investigations of liver and spleen. Radioisotope techniques with small irradiation doses which give valid results should be used. Investigations of 15 patients with PVC-induced liver disease showed that hepatic perfusion as demonstrated by 99mTc pertechnate does not correlate with the uptake of sulphide colloid in the hepatic reticuloendothelial system. This provides evidence that in VC disease specific damage of the reticuloendothelial system of the liver occurs. Sequential scintigraphy also proved that the liver perfusion quotient can be considered as a measure of portal pressure. In practice this may be used for follow-up controls. Vascularized tumours described in VC disease can also be demonstrated by scintigraphy.", "contents": "[Sequential scintigraphy of liver and spleen in patients with polyvinyl chloride disease (author's transl)]. Occurence of severe liver damage including angiosarcoma in polyvinyl chloride production workers necessitates regular control investigations of liver and spleen. Radioisotope techniques with small irradiation doses which give valid results should be used. Investigations of 15 patients with PVC-induced liver disease showed that hepatic perfusion as demonstrated by 99mTc pertechnate does not correlate with the uptake of sulphide colloid in the hepatic reticuloendothelial system. This provides evidence that in VC disease specific damage of the reticuloendothelial system of the liver occurs. Sequential scintigraphy also proved that the liver perfusion quotient can be considered as a measure of portal pressure. In practice this may be used for follow-up controls. Vascularized tumours described in VC disease can also be demonstrated by scintigraphy.", "PMID": 1168123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2098", "title": "On the role of prostaglandins in parturition in the rat.", "content": "Treatment of both intact and hypophysectomized pregnant rats on days 19 and 20 of pregnancy with PGF2alpha results in a rapid fall in plasma progesterone concentrations by day 20 followed by premature delivery on day 21. Administration of depoprovera did not prevent the PGF2alpha-induced fall in progesterone levels but premature littering was adverted. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, postponed the onset of parturition by 20 h when administered in late pregnancy but rats treated with both indomethacin and PGF2alpha delivered at the normal time. Treatment of both intact and hypophysectomized animals with indomethacin delayed the fall in plasma progesterone concentrations which normally occurs between days 21 and 22 of pregnancy. Concomitant PGF2alpha treatment of rats receiving indomethacin caused plasma progesterone levels to fall in a pattern similar to controls. These findings indicate that endogenous PGF2alpha induces a fall in blood progesterone concentrations which is followed by increased myometrial activity.", "contents": "On the role of prostaglandins in parturition in the rat. Treatment of both intact and hypophysectomized pregnant rats on days 19 and 20 of pregnancy with PGF2alpha results in a rapid fall in plasma progesterone concentrations by day 20 followed by premature delivery on day 21. Administration of depoprovera did not prevent the PGF2alpha-induced fall in progesterone levels but premature littering was adverted. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, postponed the onset of parturition by 20 h when administered in late pregnancy but rats treated with both indomethacin and PGF2alpha delivered at the normal time. Treatment of both intact and hypophysectomized animals with indomethacin delayed the fall in plasma progesterone concentrations which normally occurs between days 21 and 22 of pregnancy. Concomitant PGF2alpha treatment of rats receiving indomethacin caused plasma progesterone levels to fall in a pattern similar to controls. These findings indicate that endogenous PGF2alpha induces a fall in blood progesterone concentrations which is followed by increased myometrial activity.", "PMID": 1168125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2099", "title": "Serum gonadotropins and follicular development in the Syrian hamster.", "content": "Hamster serum gonadotropins were measured by RIA at 4 h intervals during the estrous cycle. On the afternoon of proestrus both LH and FSH exhibited a surge, but unlike the situation in the rat and mouse FSH returned to \"baseline\" with LH by early evening of proestrus. Shortly following this return FSH concentrations increased and reached a second peak by noon on estrus which was equal in magnitude and longer in duration than that occurring on proestrus. FSH fell to its lowest levels on diestrus 2 (D2) and early proestrus. Serum gonadotropins were measured by RIA 6 h following unilateral ovariectomy on D2. A slight elevation of LH resulted while FSH increased to a level equal in magnitude to that found during the proestrous surge. In intact females administration of a total of 45 mug FSH in 5 injections on D2 resulted in ovulation of twice the normal number of eggs. The t1/2 of this rat FSH in the male hamster was found to be 122 minutes. The low levels of FSH during the cycle between D2 and proestrus, the large increase in serum FSH following unilateral ovariectomy, and the \"doubled\" ovulation in intact hamsters following the administration of FSH on D2, suggest that the serum FSH concentration on D2 is critical in determining the number of follicles which will be available for the subsequent ovulation.", "contents": "Serum gonadotropins and follicular development in the Syrian hamster. Hamster serum gonadotropins were measured by RIA at 4 h intervals during the estrous cycle. On the afternoon of proestrus both LH and FSH exhibited a surge, but unlike the situation in the rat and mouse FSH returned to \"baseline\" with LH by early evening of proestrus. Shortly following this return FSH concentrations increased and reached a second peak by noon on estrus which was equal in magnitude and longer in duration than that occurring on proestrus. FSH fell to its lowest levels on diestrus 2 (D2) and early proestrus. Serum gonadotropins were measured by RIA 6 h following unilateral ovariectomy on D2. A slight elevation of LH resulted while FSH increased to a level equal in magnitude to that found during the proestrous surge. In intact females administration of a total of 45 mug FSH in 5 injections on D2 resulted in ovulation of twice the normal number of eggs. The t1/2 of this rat FSH in the male hamster was found to be 122 minutes. The low levels of FSH during the cycle between D2 and proestrus, the large increase in serum FSH following unilateral ovariectomy, and the \"doubled\" ovulation in intact hamsters following the administration of FSH on D2, suggest that the serum FSH concentration on D2 is critical in determining the number of follicles which will be available for the subsequent ovulation.", "PMID": 1168126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2100", "title": "Surgical disconnection of the medial basal hypothalamus and pituitary function in the rhesus monkey. II. GH and cortisol secretion.", "content": "Eighteen female rhesus monkeys subjected to complete or anterior disconnection of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) were studied to assess the effects of these deafferentation procedures on GH and cortisol secretion. Basal serum levels of GH were not disturbed or were slightly elevated following complete or anterior MBH disconnection. GH secretion in response to vasopressin administration or insulin hypoglycemia, however, was abolished by complete isolation of the MBH. In contrast, the elevations in serum cortisol concentrations observed in response to these noxious stimuli were not noticeably affected. The normal diurnal rhythm in cortisol secretion remained fully evident following anterior deafferentation, but was severely attenuated or abolished when all neuronal inputs to the MBH were transected. Such observations suggest that the central components of the neuroendocrine systems which regulate basal GH secretion and which subserve stress-induced elevations in cortisol secretion are resident within the MBH-hypophysial unit. In addition, these data indicate that the mechanisms underlying the diurnal rhythm in cortisol secretion, as well as those mediating the discharges of GH in response to vasopressin administration and insulin hypoglycemia, are dependent on the integrity of neuronal connections between the MBH and other hypothalamic and/or extrahypothalamic areas.", "contents": "Surgical disconnection of the medial basal hypothalamus and pituitary function in the rhesus monkey. II. GH and cortisol secretion. Eighteen female rhesus monkeys subjected to complete or anterior disconnection of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) were studied to assess the effects of these deafferentation procedures on GH and cortisol secretion. Basal serum levels of GH were not disturbed or were slightly elevated following complete or anterior MBH disconnection. GH secretion in response to vasopressin administration or insulin hypoglycemia, however, was abolished by complete isolation of the MBH. In contrast, the elevations in serum cortisol concentrations observed in response to these noxious stimuli were not noticeably affected. The normal diurnal rhythm in cortisol secretion remained fully evident following anterior deafferentation, but was severely attenuated or abolished when all neuronal inputs to the MBH were transected. Such observations suggest that the central components of the neuroendocrine systems which regulate basal GH secretion and which subserve stress-induced elevations in cortisol secretion are resident within the MBH-hypophysial unit. In addition, these data indicate that the mechanisms underlying the diurnal rhythm in cortisol secretion, as well as those mediating the discharges of GH in response to vasopressin administration and insulin hypoglycemia, are dependent on the integrity of neuronal connections between the MBH and other hypothalamic and/or extrahypothalamic areas.", "PMID": 1168127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2101", "title": "Effects of bovine growth hormone, human placental lactogen and ovine prolactin on intestinal fluid and ion transport in the rat.", "content": "The influence of bovine growth hormone and human placental lactogen on intestinal absorption was compared with that of ovine prolactin. Administration of each of these hormones in vivo daily for 2 days, resulted in increased fluid and electrolyte transport by the rat intestine, as measured in vitro. Hypophysectomy causes a fall in fluid and ion absorption in the rat jejunum but these changes are prevented by growth hormone treatment. Bovine growth hormone and ovine prolactin produce essentially similar effects in intact rats: significant increases in fluid, sodium and calcium transport in the duodenum; in fluid, sodium and potassium transport in the jejunum; in sodium, chloride, potassium and calcium transport in the ileum. Growth hormone also significantly increased fluid, sodium and chloride transport in the colon. Treatment of hypophysectomized rats with human placental lactogen enhanced fluid and ion transport in the jejunum; however, it failed to restore normal potassium transport in the ileum and  colon at the 1 mg daily dose level. Growth hormone and human placental lactogen appear  to affect jejunal water and electrolyte transport in the same manner as occurs with prolactin, possibly by influencing active ion transport.", "contents": "Effects of bovine growth hormone, human placental lactogen and ovine prolactin on intestinal fluid and ion transport in the rat. The influence of bovine growth hormone and human placental lactogen on intestinal absorption was compared with that of ovine prolactin. Administration of each of these hormones in vivo daily for 2 days, resulted in increased fluid and electrolyte transport by the rat intestine, as measured in vitro. Hypophysectomy causes a fall in fluid and ion absorption in the rat jejunum but these changes are prevented by growth hormone treatment. Bovine growth hormone and ovine prolactin produce essentially similar effects in intact rats: significant increases in fluid, sodium and calcium transport in the duodenum; in fluid, sodium and potassium transport in the jejunum; in sodium, chloride, potassium and calcium transport in the ileum. Growth hormone also significantly increased fluid, sodium and chloride transport in the colon. Treatment of hypophysectomized rats with human placental lactogen enhanced fluid and ion transport in the jejunum; however, it failed to restore normal potassium transport in the ileum and  colon at the 1 mg daily dose level. Growth hormone and human placental lactogen appear  to affect jejunal water and electrolyte transport in the same manner as occurs with prolactin, possibly by influencing active ion transport.", "PMID": 1168128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2102", "title": "The effect of gonadotrophins on the fetal and neonatal rat testis.", "content": "Testosterone formation was measured in fetal and neonatal (2 h to 20 days) rat testes incubated with and without 100 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). At all ages studied, testosterone production was significantly elevated in the presence of hCG. Neonatal testes showed an absolute drop in testosterone production with increasing age, but the percentage increase above baseline produced by hCG stimulation leads to the speculation that this decrease is due to a relative reduction in the number of Leydig cells with increasing age rather than to a lowered sensitivity to hCG stimulation.", "contents": "The effect of gonadotrophins on the fetal and neonatal rat testis. Testosterone formation was measured in fetal and neonatal (2 h to 20 days) rat testes incubated with and without 100 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). At all ages studied, testosterone production was significantly elevated in the presence of hCG. Neonatal testes showed an absolute drop in testosterone production with increasing age, but the percentage increase above baseline produced by hCG stimulation leads to the speculation that this decrease is due to a relative reduction in the number of Leydig cells with increasing age rather than to a lowered sensitivity to hCG stimulation.", "PMID": 1168129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2103", "title": "The nyctohemeral rhythm of plasma prolactin: effects of ganglionectomy, pinealectomy, constant light, constant darkness or 6-OH-dopamine administration.", "content": "In male rats maintained on a 12 h light-dark schedule (6 AM-6 PM), there is a nyctohemeral cycle of plasma prolactin which consists of a nadir at 11:30 AM and an apogee at approximately 11:30 PM. In rats exposed to constant darkness, this rhythm persists for 7 days. Seven days of constant light, however, reverses this diurnal variation such that plasma prolactin levels peak at 11:30 AM and reach a nadir at approximately 11:30 PM. In animals maintained on a 12 h light-dark cycle, ganglionectomy and lateral ventricular injections of 6-OH-dopamine (250 mug) also appear to reverse the diurnal variation of plasma prolactin, whereas a single injection of 6-OH-dopamine (250 mug) into the third ventricle decreases plasma prolactin values at all times intervals but does not alter the diurnal rhythm. Both sites of 6-OH-dopamine administration markedly deplete hypothalamic dopamine and norepinephrine, but injection of 6-OH-dopamine into the lateral ventricle destroys the catecholaminergic terminals in the pineal, whereas injection of 6-OH-dopamine into the third ventricle does not. Pinealectomy slightly increases the early morning values of plasma prolactin, but otherwise has no effect on the diurnal variation of prolactin. Five conclusions appear to be justified: 1) there is a nyctohemeral rhythm of plasma prolactin, which is reversed by constant light; 2) the pineal gland probably plays no role in the diurnal regulation of plasma prolactin secretion; 3) the diurnal rhythm of plasma prolactin is controlled by sympathetic input into the brain via the superior cervical ganglion; 4) a rhythm of plasma prolactin develops in constant light which is the exact opposite of the normal diurnal variation; 5) there appears to be a noradrenergic pathway in the hypothalamus or brainstem which stimulates release of prolactin.", "contents": "The nyctohemeral rhythm of plasma prolactin: effects of ganglionectomy, pinealectomy, constant light, constant darkness or 6-OH-dopamine administration. In male rats maintained on a 12 h light-dark schedule (6 AM-6 PM), there is a nyctohemeral cycle of plasma prolactin which consists of a nadir at 11:30 AM and an apogee at approximately 11:30 PM. In rats exposed to constant darkness, this rhythm persists for 7 days. Seven days of constant light, however, reverses this diurnal variation such that plasma prolactin levels peak at 11:30 AM and reach a nadir at approximately 11:30 PM. In animals maintained on a 12 h light-dark cycle, ganglionectomy and lateral ventricular injections of 6-OH-dopamine (250 mug) also appear to reverse the diurnal variation of plasma prolactin, whereas a single injection of 6-OH-dopamine (250 mug) into the third ventricle decreases plasma prolactin values at all times intervals but does not alter the diurnal rhythm. Both sites of 6-OH-dopamine administration markedly deplete hypothalamic dopamine and norepinephrine, but injection of 6-OH-dopamine into the lateral ventricle destroys the catecholaminergic terminals in the pineal, whereas injection of 6-OH-dopamine into the third ventricle does not. Pinealectomy slightly increases the early morning values of plasma prolactin, but otherwise has no effect on the diurnal variation of prolactin. Five conclusions appear to be justified: 1) there is a nyctohemeral rhythm of plasma prolactin, which is reversed by constant light; 2) the pineal gland probably plays no role in the diurnal regulation of plasma prolactin secretion; 3) the diurnal rhythm of plasma prolactin is controlled by sympathetic input into the brain via the superior cervical ganglion; 4) a rhythm of plasma prolactin develops in constant light which is the exact opposite of the normal diurnal variation; 5) there appears to be a noradrenergic pathway in the hypothalamus or brainstem which stimulates release of prolactin.", "PMID": 1168130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2104", "title": "Serum prolactin and LH in early phases of delayed versus direct pseudopregnancy in the rat.", "content": "Delayed or direct pseudopregnancies were induced by electrical stimulation of the cervix at 1400 h on diestrus day 2 (D-2) or on estrus, respectively. Blood samples for measurement of prolactin and LH by radioimmunoassay were collected by rapid decapitation at 5, 15, 30, 45 or 60 min after cervical stimulation or thereafter at 3-h intervals throughout the first 6 days of leukocytic vaginal smears of pseudopregnancy (PSP L-1 to L-6). For comparison, untreated animals were decapitated at the same 3-h intervals throughout the 4-day cycle. Serum LH concentrations in all the experimental animals did not vary from those measured in the cyclic controls. Compared with the normal cycle, prolactin (PRL) levels were not different until 10 h after cervical stimulation during estrus. After stimulation on D-2, PRL secretion did not differ from that in the normal cycle until approximately 37 h later, when there was a short rise following the usual proestrus surge. In both direct and delayed pseudopregnancy, twice-daily PRL surges appeared on L-1 and, except for a missing nocturnal surge on L-2 in delayed PSP, continued regularly through L-6. The absence of any immediate increase of PRL following the D-2 stimulus strongly supports the view that information from the stimulus is retained in the central nervous system to be expressed later after a set of new, competent corpora lutea has been formed.", "contents": "Serum prolactin and LH in early phases of delayed versus direct pseudopregnancy in the rat. Delayed or direct pseudopregnancies were induced by electrical stimulation of the cervix at 1400 h on diestrus day 2 (D-2) or on estrus, respectively. Blood samples for measurement of prolactin and LH by radioimmunoassay were collected by rapid decapitation at 5, 15, 30, 45 or 60 min after cervical stimulation or thereafter at 3-h intervals throughout the first 6 days of leukocytic vaginal smears of pseudopregnancy (PSP L-1 to L-6). For comparison, untreated animals were decapitated at the same 3-h intervals throughout the 4-day cycle. Serum LH concentrations in all the experimental animals did not vary from those measured in the cyclic controls. Compared with the normal cycle, prolactin (PRL) levels were not different until 10 h after cervical stimulation during estrus. After stimulation on D-2, PRL secretion did not differ from that in the normal cycle until approximately 37 h later, when there was a short rise following the usual proestrus surge. In both direct and delayed pseudopregnancy, twice-daily PRL surges appeared on L-1 and, except for a missing nocturnal surge on L-2 in delayed PSP, continued regularly through L-6. The absence of any immediate increase of PRL following the D-2 stimulus strongly supports the view that information from the stimulus is retained in the central nervous system to be expressed later after a set of new, competent corpora lutea has been formed.", "PMID": 1168131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2105", "title": "Effect of an exposure to chloramine-T on the immunoreactivity of glucagon.", "content": "Various preparations of glucagon treated with chloramine-T under different conditions have been studied with respect to their immunoreactivity toward two different glucagon antisera; one specific for pancreatic glucagon and the other capable of reacting with enteroglucagon as well. The glucagon preparations exposed to chloramine-T for different periods reacted almost identically with the nonspecific antibody whether they were used as tracer or standard. On the contrary, treatment with chloramine-T under severe conditions led to reduced immunoreactivity toward the specific antibody. Inclusion of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the chloramine-T reaction resulted in preservation of the immunoreactivity of the treated preparations. The cyanogen bromide cleaved-glucagon, (1-26) homoserine lactone, showed little cross-reactivity with the specific antibody whereas it reacted to a similar extent with the nonspecific antibody as natural glucagon did. Amino acid analysis of the hormone exposed to chloramine-T demonstrated that the methionine residue at position 27 in the glucagon molecule had been oxidized to methionine sulfoxide. In addition, tryptophan had also been affected. DMSO protected methionine and tryptophan from the oxidative action of chloramine-T. We postulate from these results that the change in the immunoreactivity toward the specific antibody of glucagon exposed to chloramine-T is mainly due to oxidation of the methionine residue at position 27 in the molecule. The usefulness of DMSO in the iodination process is also discussed.", "contents": "Effect of an exposure to chloramine-T on the immunoreactivity of glucagon. Various preparations of glucagon treated with chloramine-T under different conditions have been studied with respect to their immunoreactivity toward two different glucagon antisera; one specific for pancreatic glucagon and the other capable of reacting with enteroglucagon as well. The glucagon preparations exposed to chloramine-T for different periods reacted almost identically with the nonspecific antibody whether they were used as tracer or standard. On the contrary, treatment with chloramine-T under severe conditions led to reduced immunoreactivity toward the specific antibody. Inclusion of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the chloramine-T reaction resulted in preservation of the immunoreactivity of the treated preparations. The cyanogen bromide cleaved-glucagon, (1-26) homoserine lactone, showed little cross-reactivity with the specific antibody whereas it reacted to a similar extent with the nonspecific antibody as natural glucagon did. Amino acid analysis of the hormone exposed to chloramine-T demonstrated that the methionine residue at position 27 in the glucagon molecule had been oxidized to methionine sulfoxide. In addition, tryptophan had also been affected. DMSO protected methionine and tryptophan from the oxidative action of chloramine-T. We postulate from these results that the change in the immunoreactivity toward the specific antibody of glucagon exposed to chloramine-T is mainly due to oxidation of the methionine residue at position 27 in the molecule. The usefulness of DMSO in the iodination process is also discussed.", "PMID": 1168132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2106", "title": "Studies on choline permeation through the plasma membrane and its incorporation into phosphatidyl choline of Ehrlich-Lettr\u00e9-ascites tumor cells in vitro.", "content": "The initial rate of incorporation of 14C or 3H-labeled choline into Ehrlich-Lettre ascites cells of the glycogen-free strain seven days after inoculation was investigated in vitro. 1. At choline concentrations in the medium between 6 to 30 muM and 100 to 500 muM the choline uptake by the cells followed Michaelis-Menton Kinetics with V values between 31 to 100 and 59 to 500 pmol per minute at a given cell density, and average Q10-values of 2.1 at the high and of 2.4 at the low choline molarity. The K-m-values increased from 27 muM to 58.8 muM at low and from 0.11 mM to 0.22 mM at high choline concentrations over a temperature range between 15 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Arrhenius plot of the V values gave two lines, one with a transition temperature at 25 degrees C at low and one straight line at high choline concentrations, from which the energy of activation for choline uptake was determined to be 16 kcal/mol. 2. It is assumed that two systems exist for the choline uptake by the ascites cells. One, operative at low substrate concentrations, which is saturable and probably is to be classified as a carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion process, can be strongly inhibited by deoxyglucose or 2,4-dinitrophenol and also by substrate analogues such as chlorocholine or benzoylcholine. Ouabain affects this system to a lesser extent. The other system functioning at high choline concentrations may be a simple diffusion process, which is little inhibited by substrate analogues, ouabain and deoxyglucose; however, it is also inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol and p-chloromercuribenzoate. 3. Choline incorporation into the acid-insoluble material (lecithin) gave linear Michaelis-Menton kinetics at the low and the high substrate concentration respectively. K-m-values decreased with an increase in temperature at low and increased with rising temperature at high substrate concentrations thus reflecting a close relationship between choline uptake and its metabolism. Labeling of lecithin choline in the various subcellular fractions under the conditions of the functioning of a carrier-mediated process was in the order: mitochondria (50%) greater than plasma membranes (25%) greater nuclei (14%) greater than microsomes (9%) greater than supernatant (1.5%). 4. Treatment of the cells with p-chloromercuribenzoate or heat shock at 50 degrees C markedly reduced the cholinee uptake and concomitantly its conversion into lecithin. Kinetic analysis revealed that the inhibitory effect of p-chloromercuribenzoate was competitive and that of the heat shock non-competitive in nature. Further the choline uptake by the cells was found to be the rate-limiting step, since the rate of choline phosphorylation was determined by the extracellular choline concentration. Pulse chase experiments showed a rapid turnover of the choline moiety with a concomitant increase in activity of the lecithin fraction and little change within the choline phosphate pool.", "contents": "Studies on choline permeation through the plasma membrane and its incorporation into phosphatidyl choline of Ehrlich-Lettr\u00e9-ascites tumor cells in vitro. The initial rate of incorporation of 14C or 3H-labeled choline into Ehrlich-Lettre ascites cells of the glycogen-free strain seven days after inoculation was investigated in vitro. 1. At choline concentrations in the medium between 6 to 30 muM and 100 to 500 muM the choline uptake by the cells followed Michaelis-Menton Kinetics with V values between 31 to 100 and 59 to 500 pmol per minute at a given cell density, and average Q10-values of 2.1 at the high and of 2.4 at the low choline molarity. The K-m-values increased from 27 muM to 58.8 muM at low and from 0.11 mM to 0.22 mM at high choline concentrations over a temperature range between 15 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Arrhenius plot of the V values gave two lines, one with a transition temperature at 25 degrees C at low and one straight line at high choline concentrations, from which the energy of activation for choline uptake was determined to be 16 kcal/mol. 2. It is assumed that two systems exist for the choline uptake by the ascites cells. One, operative at low substrate concentrations, which is saturable and probably is to be classified as a carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion process, can be strongly inhibited by deoxyglucose or 2,4-dinitrophenol and also by substrate analogues such as chlorocholine or benzoylcholine. Ouabain affects this system to a lesser extent. The other system functioning at high choline concentrations may be a simple diffusion process, which is little inhibited by substrate analogues, ouabain and deoxyglucose; however, it is also inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol and p-chloromercuribenzoate. 3. Choline incorporation into the acid-insoluble material (lecithin) gave linear Michaelis-Menton kinetics at the low and the high substrate concentration respectively. K-m-values decreased with an increase in temperature at low and increased with rising temperature at high substrate concentrations thus reflecting a close relationship between choline uptake and its metabolism. Labeling of lecithin choline in the various subcellular fractions under the conditions of the functioning of a carrier-mediated process was in the order: mitochondria (50%) greater than plasma membranes (25%) greater nuclei (14%) greater than microsomes (9%) greater than supernatant (1.5%). 4. Treatment of the cells with p-chloromercuribenzoate or heat shock at 50 degrees C markedly reduced the cholinee uptake and concomitantly its conversion into lecithin. Kinetic analysis revealed that the inhibitory effect of p-chloromercuribenzoate was competitive and that of the heat shock non-competitive in nature. Further the choline uptake by the cells was found to be the rate-limiting step, since the rate of choline phosphorylation was determined by the extracellular choline concentration. Pulse chase experiments showed a rapid turnover of the choline moiety with a concomitant increase in activity of the lecithin fraction and little change within the choline phosphate pool.", "PMID": 1168133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2107", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of a methionine tRNA which functions in protein elongation in mouse myeloma cells.", "content": "The major form of methionine tRNA operational in the elongation of protein synthesis in mouse myeloma cells was purufied from these cells after they had been cultured in the presence of [32P]-phosphate. This [32P]tRNA4-Met species was then digested with T1 RNase or pancreatic RNase so as to obtain both complete and partial RNase digestion products. The nucleotide sequences of these fragments were analysed to enable the derivation of the complete primary structure of this tRNA. tRNA4-Met of mouse myeloma cells is 76 nucleotides in length and contains 15 modified nucleotides. It is the only tRNA yet sequenced which has been found to possess the minor nucleoside 2-methylguanosine (m2G) within the amino acid (a) stem, and also to have an anticodon (c) stem of only 4 and not 5 base-pairs. The loop IV sequence of eukaryotic initiator methionine tRNA (tRNAf-Met) species, -A-U-C-G-m1A-A-A-, IS NOT FOUND IN TRNA4-Met and is therefore absent from at least one of the methionine tRNAs functioning in polypeptide elongation in mammalian cells. This is consistent with the suggested importance of this loop structure in the initiator function of tRNAf-Met in eukaryotic organisms. Three distinct regions of the tRNA cloverleaf, the (b) stem, the anticodon loop (loop II), and loop III, are substantially conserved in structure between tRNAf-Met and tRNA4-Met of mouse myeloma cells. These regions of the structures of mammalian methionine tRNAs probably do not determine whether a certain tRNA-Met will function in the initiation or elongation of protein synthesis, although they might be important in tRNA-Met recognition if the different cytoplasmic tRNA-Met species of mammalian cells are aminoacylated by a single activating enzyme.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of a methionine tRNA which functions in protein elongation in mouse myeloma cells. The major form of methionine tRNA operational in the elongation of protein synthesis in mouse myeloma cells was purufied from these cells after they had been cultured in the presence of [32P]-phosphate. This [32P]tRNA4-Met species was then digested with T1 RNase or pancreatic RNase so as to obtain both complete and partial RNase digestion products. The nucleotide sequences of these fragments were analysed to enable the derivation of the complete primary structure of this tRNA. tRNA4-Met of mouse myeloma cells is 76 nucleotides in length and contains 15 modified nucleotides. It is the only tRNA yet sequenced which has been found to possess the minor nucleoside 2-methylguanosine (m2G) within the amino acid (a) stem, and also to have an anticodon (c) stem of only 4 and not 5 base-pairs. The loop IV sequence of eukaryotic initiator methionine tRNA (tRNAf-Met) species, -A-U-C-G-m1A-A-A-, IS NOT FOUND IN TRNA4-Met and is therefore absent from at least one of the methionine tRNAs functioning in polypeptide elongation in mammalian cells. This is consistent with the suggested importance of this loop structure in the initiator function of tRNAf-Met in eukaryotic organisms. Three distinct regions of the tRNA cloverleaf, the (b) stem, the anticodon loop (loop II), and loop III, are substantially conserved in structure between tRNAf-Met and tRNA4-Met of mouse myeloma cells. These regions of the structures of mammalian methionine tRNAs probably do not determine whether a certain tRNA-Met will function in the initiation or elongation of protein synthesis, although they might be important in tRNA-Met recognition if the different cytoplasmic tRNA-Met species of mammalian cells are aminoacylated by a single activating enzyme.", "PMID": 1168134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2108", "title": "Light chain type ratio of IgA-producing cells in human jejunal biopsies.", "content": "As part of an investigation on a possible relationship between the serum IgA and the immunoglobulins synthesized by the plasma cells in the intestinal mucosa, immunoglobulin-producing cells in human jejunal biopsies were characterized by class and type of intracellular immunoglobulins. In biopsy Specimens from 22 patients, with various diagnoses except multiple myeloma, the average percentage of IgA-producing cells was 83 percent, that of IgG-producing cells 5 percent and that of IgM-producing cells 12 percent, with a wide range for individual patients. For the IgA-producing cells the kappa/lambda ratio was determined and the average ratio was found to be 63 : 37, within a very limited range for individual patients. There was no correlation between the relative number of IgA-producing cells in the biopsy specimens and the IgA concentration in the serum. Additionally biopsy specimens from 3 patients with a monoclonal immunoglobulin-A component in their serum were studied. In one of those there was a remarkable shift in the kappa/lambda ratio, indicating that the light chain distribution of the intestinal IgA plasma cells was affected by the lympho-proliferative process.", "contents": "Light chain type ratio of IgA-producing cells in human jejunal biopsies. As part of an investigation on a possible relationship between the serum IgA and the immunoglobulins synthesized by the plasma cells in the intestinal mucosa, immunoglobulin-producing cells in human jejunal biopsies were characterized by class and type of intracellular immunoglobulins. In biopsy Specimens from 22 patients, with various diagnoses except multiple myeloma, the average percentage of IgA-producing cells was 83 percent, that of IgG-producing cells 5 percent and that of IgM-producing cells 12 percent, with a wide range for individual patients. For the IgA-producing cells the kappa/lambda ratio was determined and the average ratio was found to be 63 : 37, within a very limited range for individual patients. There was no correlation between the relative number of IgA-producing cells in the biopsy specimens and the IgA concentration in the serum. Additionally biopsy specimens from 3 patients with a monoclonal immunoglobulin-A component in their serum were studied. In one of those there was a remarkable shift in the kappa/lambda ratio, indicating that the light chain distribution of the intestinal IgA plasma cells was affected by the lympho-proliferative process.", "PMID": 1168135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2109", "title": "Narcotic withdrawal like mouse jumping produced by amphetamine and L-DOPA.", "content": "Upward jumping in mice that resembled the narcotic-withdrawal syndrome was produced by a combination of amphetamine (4 mg/kg) and L-DOPA (400 mg/kg) administration. Neither drug alone caused that jumping. Pretreatment with haloperidol (0.16 mg/kg) or pimozide (0.08 mg/kg) but not with phentolamine (10mg/kg) effectively blocked amphetamine-dopa jumping. After DOPA there was an increase in the brain levels of DOPA, dopamine and norepinephrine. Amphetamine, ineffective in itself, enhanced DOPA-induced elevation of brain DOPA and dopamine without affecting brain norepinephrine levels.", "contents": "Narcotic withdrawal like mouse jumping produced by amphetamine and L-DOPA. Upward jumping in mice that resembled the narcotic-withdrawal syndrome was produced by a combination of amphetamine (4 mg/kg) and L-DOPA (400 mg/kg) administration. Neither drug alone caused that jumping. Pretreatment with haloperidol (0.16 mg/kg) or pimozide (0.08 mg/kg) but not with phentolamine (10mg/kg) effectively blocked amphetamine-dopa jumping. After DOPA there was an increase in the brain levels of DOPA, dopamine and norepinephrine. Amphetamine, ineffective in itself, enhanced DOPA-induced elevation of brain DOPA and dopamine without affecting brain norepinephrine levels.", "PMID": 1168136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2110", "title": "Comparison of structural and stereoisomers of apomorphine on stereotyped behavior of the rat.", "content": "N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) is 35 times more potent than apomorphine (APO) in producing stereotyped behavior in rats. The effect of NPA is blocked by perphenazine but unaltered by alpha-methyltyrosine pretreatment and is accompanied by a decrease in central dopamine turnover. The activity of APO and NPA appears to be primarily in the (-)-isomer, and is diminished but not lost by removal of either hydroxyl group from the catechol ring system.", "contents": "Comparison of structural and stereoisomers of apomorphine on stereotyped behavior of the rat. N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) is 35 times more potent than apomorphine (APO) in producing stereotyped behavior in rats. The effect of NPA is blocked by perphenazine but unaltered by alpha-methyltyrosine pretreatment and is accompanied by a decrease in central dopamine turnover. The activity of APO and NPA appears to be primarily in the (-)-isomer, and is diminished but not lost by removal of either hydroxyl group from the catechol ring system.", "PMID": 1168137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2111", "title": "Effects of clonidine on morphine withdrawal signs in the rat.", "content": "The influence of clonidine on the naloxone-induced withdrawal signs, escape attempts and precipitated shakes, was studied in morphine-dependent rats. Clonidine injected i.p. or intraventricularly (i. vent.) inhibited precipitated shakes and potentiated escape attempts induced by naloxone in morphine-dependent rats. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, precipitated shakes and ice water-induced wet shakes were inhibited by clonidine and norepinephrine. Clonidine injected i. vent. reduced body temperatures in morphine-dependent rats but not in placebo pellet-implanted rats. We suggest that clonidine modulates morphine withdrawal signs by potentiating the behavior associated with heat dissipation (escape attempts) and inhibiting the behavior associated with heat gain mechanisms (precipitated shakes). These effects may occur via stimulation of central noradrenergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Effects of clonidine on morphine withdrawal signs in the rat. The influence of clonidine on the naloxone-induced withdrawal signs, escape attempts and precipitated shakes, was studied in morphine-dependent rats. Clonidine injected i.p. or intraventricularly (i. vent.) inhibited precipitated shakes and potentiated escape attempts induced by naloxone in morphine-dependent rats. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, precipitated shakes and ice water-induced wet shakes were inhibited by clonidine and norepinephrine. Clonidine injected i. vent. reduced body temperatures in morphine-dependent rats but not in placebo pellet-implanted rats. We suggest that clonidine modulates morphine withdrawal signs by potentiating the behavior associated with heat dissipation (escape attempts) and inhibiting the behavior associated with heat gain mechanisms (precipitated shakes). These effects may occur via stimulation of central noradrenergic mechanisms.", "PMID": 1168138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2112", "title": "The effect of tea on iron absorption.", "content": "The effect of tea on iron absorption was studied in human volunteers. Absorption from solutions of FeCl3 and FeSO4, bread, a meal of rice with potato and onion soup, and uncooked haemoglobin was inhibited whether ascorbic acid was present or not. No inhibition was noted if the haemoglobin was cooked. The effect on the absorption of non-haem iron was ascribed to the formation of insoluble iron tannate complexes. Drinking tannin-containing beverages such as tea with meals may contribute to the pathogenesis of iron deficiency if the diet consists largely of vegetable foodstuffs.", "contents": "The effect of tea on iron absorption. The effect of tea on iron absorption was studied in human volunteers. Absorption from solutions of FeCl3 and FeSO4, bread, a meal of rice with potato and onion soup, and uncooked haemoglobin was inhibited whether ascorbic acid was present or not. No inhibition was noted if the haemoglobin was cooked. The effect on the absorption of non-haem iron was ascribed to the formation of insoluble iron tannate complexes. Drinking tannin-containing beverages such as tea with meals may contribute to the pathogenesis of iron deficiency if the diet consists largely of vegetable foodstuffs.", "PMID": 1168162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2113", "title": "The immune response in stationary suspension cultures containing different numbers of cells. The surface density effect.", "content": "Correlation between the number of dissociated spleen cells, incubated with antigen in a modified Mishell and Dutton system, and the number of antibody-forming cells (AFC) produced as a result of incubation has been studies in mice of C57Bl/6 strain. It has been shown that when suspension densities are increased 2- to 4-fold, the number of AFC formed is very often reduced 10- to 100-fold, although the percentage of viable cells recovered at the end of incubation is not significantly diminished. The observed reduction of AFC formation in cultures containing increased numbers of cells, designated here the surface density effect, was found to be expressed more by spleen cells of unimmunized than of immunized mice. Inhibition was dependent on the thickness of the cell layer formed on the bottom of the incubation vessel (cells per square centimeter), rather than on the cell: volume ratio of cultures. The effect was not due to a deficit of antigen or nutrition and could not be reproduced by adding of incubation media conditioned by dense cultures. It was determined not by impairment of clone induction but by inhibition of subsequent proliferation. This suppression is reversible and can be reversed by decreasing the cell density, even after 3 days of culture.", "contents": "The immune response in stationary suspension cultures containing different numbers of cells. The surface density effect. Correlation between the number of dissociated spleen cells, incubated with antigen in a modified Mishell and Dutton system, and the number of antibody-forming cells (AFC) produced as a result of incubation has been studies in mice of C57Bl/6 strain. It has been shown that when suspension densities are increased 2- to 4-fold, the number of AFC formed is very often reduced 10- to 100-fold, although the percentage of viable cells recovered at the end of incubation is not significantly diminished. The observed reduction of AFC formation in cultures containing increased numbers of cells, designated here the surface density effect, was found to be expressed more by spleen cells of unimmunized than of immunized mice. Inhibition was dependent on the thickness of the cell layer formed on the bottom of the incubation vessel (cells per square centimeter), rather than on the cell: volume ratio of cultures. The effect was not due to a deficit of antigen or nutrition and could not be reproduced by adding of incubation media conditioned by dense cultures. It was determined not by impairment of clone induction but by inhibition of subsequent proliferation. This suppression is reversible and can be reversed by decreasing the cell density, even after 3 days of culture.", "PMID": 1168167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2114", "title": "Specific effect of neuraminidase on blastogenic response of sensitized lymphocytes.", "content": "The blastogenic response of sensitized lymphocytes from guinea-pigs to 'de novo' antigens (KLH, HCH and PPD) was ehhanced by BCN treatment in twenty-one of twenty-three instances. In contrast, no effect of VCN on nonsensitized guinea-pig lymphocyte response to these antigens, or to mumps antigen, was noted in any of thirty-four instances, These findings indicate that the enhancement effect of VCN is specific for sensitized lymphocytes. Heating VCN at 100 degrees for 10 minutes completely abolished the enhancement effect on the lymphocyte response. VCN treatment did not change the kinetics of antigen-induced blastogenesis. The increased lymphocyte response could probably be related to unmasking of the antigen receptor sites of the cells, resulting in increased antigen uptake, following the VCN treatment.", "contents": "Specific effect of neuraminidase on blastogenic response of sensitized lymphocytes. The blastogenic response of sensitized lymphocytes from guinea-pigs to 'de novo' antigens (KLH, HCH and PPD) was ehhanced by BCN treatment in twenty-one of twenty-three instances. In contrast, no effect of VCN on nonsensitized guinea-pig lymphocyte response to these antigens, or to mumps antigen, was noted in any of thirty-four instances, These findings indicate that the enhancement effect of VCN is specific for sensitized lymphocytes. Heating VCN at 100 degrees for 10 minutes completely abolished the enhancement effect on the lymphocyte response. VCN treatment did not change the kinetics of antigen-induced blastogenesis. The increased lymphocyte response could probably be related to unmasking of the antigen receptor sites of the cells, resulting in increased antigen uptake, following the VCN treatment.", "PMID": 1168168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2115", "title": "Inhibition of streptococcal attachment to receptors on human buccal epithelial cells by antigenically similar salivary glycoproteins.", "content": "Preparations of salivary glycoproteins inhibited the attachment of certain indigenous oral streptococci to human buccal epithelial cells and fostered the desorption of previously attached bacteria. The adherence-inhibiting and desorptive activities of the glycoproteins correlated with their ability to aggregate these organisms. Pretreatment of glycoprotein preparations with certain blood group antisera impaired their adherence-inhibiting effect, suggesting that components with blood group substance reactivity were involved. Pretreatment of buccal epithelial cells with certain blood group antisera or concanavalin A masked the receptors associated with the attachment of Streptococcus sanguis SG1. The association of blood-group-reactive substances with the receptors involved in bacterial attachment may provide a basis for understanding the distinct specificities that bacteria exhibit for attaching to different tissues, organs, and hosts. Antiserum raised in rabbits to human epithelial cells also exhibited receptor-masking activity, and absorption of this serum with homologous salivary glycoproteins removed the antibodies responsible. These observations indicate that some salivary glycoproteins are antigenically similar to components on the epithelial cell surfaces they bathe. It is suggested that by mimicking the receptors present on epithelial cells, the mucinous glycoproteins of secretions may competitively inhibit the sorption of infectious agents and facilitate their removal after they are attached. These activities help to explain how mucinous glycoproteins augment the cleansing action of secretions.", "contents": "Inhibition of streptococcal attachment to receptors on human buccal epithelial cells by antigenically similar salivary glycoproteins. Preparations of salivary glycoproteins inhibited the attachment of certain indigenous oral streptococci to human buccal epithelial cells and fostered the desorption of previously attached bacteria. The adherence-inhibiting and desorptive activities of the glycoproteins correlated with their ability to aggregate these organisms. Pretreatment of glycoprotein preparations with certain blood group antisera impaired their adherence-inhibiting effect, suggesting that components with blood group substance reactivity were involved. Pretreatment of buccal epithelial cells with certain blood group antisera or concanavalin A masked the receptors associated with the attachment of Streptococcus sanguis SG1. The association of blood-group-reactive substances with the receptors involved in bacterial attachment may provide a basis for understanding the distinct specificities that bacteria exhibit for attaching to different tissues, organs, and hosts. Antiserum raised in rabbits to human epithelial cells also exhibited receptor-masking activity, and absorption of this serum with homologous salivary glycoproteins removed the antibodies responsible. These observations indicate that some salivary glycoproteins are antigenically similar to components on the epithelial cell surfaces they bathe. It is suggested that by mimicking the receptors present on epithelial cells, the mucinous glycoproteins of secretions may competitively inhibit the sorption of infectious agents and facilitate their removal after they are attached. These activities help to explain how mucinous glycoproteins augment the cleansing action of secretions.", "PMID": 1168169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2116", "title": "Evaluation of a live, attenuated recombinant influenza vaccine in high school children.", "content": "A live, attenuated, recombinant influenza vaccine (Alice strain) administered intranasally was evaluated in high school students and compared with intranasal placebo and subcutaneous, inactivated, bivalent influenza vaccine. The Alice strain was antigenic, increasing the geometric mean titer (GMT) from a prestudy level of 30.2 to a postvaccine level of 189.6. The inactivated vaccine increased the GMT from 32.9 to 361.8. There was no increase in the GMT among the placebo recipients. The Alice strain produced little reaction. With an antigenic, safe, acceptable, live, attenuated influenza vaccine available, immunization on a widespread basis should be considered.", "contents": "Evaluation of a live, attenuated recombinant influenza vaccine in high school children. A live, attenuated, recombinant influenza vaccine (Alice strain) administered intranasally was evaluated in high school students and compared with intranasal placebo and subcutaneous, inactivated, bivalent influenza vaccine. The Alice strain was antigenic, increasing the geometric mean titer (GMT) from a prestudy level of 30.2 to a postvaccine level of 189.6. The inactivated vaccine increased the GMT from 32.9 to 361.8. There was no increase in the GMT among the placebo recipients. The Alice strain produced little reaction. With an antigenic, safe, acceptable, live, attenuated influenza vaccine available, immunization on a widespread basis should be considered.", "PMID": 1168170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2117", "title": "Effect of administered human interferon on experimental rabies in monkeys.", "content": "Cynomolgus monkeys infected with rabies virus were protected by repeated intramuscular administration of human leukocyte interferon beginning 24 h after infection.", "contents": "Effect of administered human interferon on experimental rabies in monkeys. Cynomolgus monkeys infected with rabies virus were protected by repeated intramuscular administration of human leukocyte interferon beginning 24 h after infection.", "PMID": 1168171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2118", "title": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on infections in mice caused by virulent and avirulent strains of influenza virus.", "content": "Induced immunosuppression with the drug cyclophosphamide was shown to convert the relatively harmless infection with an avirulent strain of Kunz influenza virus into a fatal pneumonic illness. The drug was also shown to increase the mortality of mice infected with low concentrations of a virulent variant of this strain, but it delayed the time of death of mice that were infected with high concentrations ofthe same variant. The probable roles of immune and inflammatory mechanisms in recovery from primary influenza virus infections are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on infections in mice caused by virulent and avirulent strains of influenza virus. Induced immunosuppression with the drug cyclophosphamide was shown to convert the relatively harmless infection with an avirulent strain of Kunz influenza virus into a fatal pneumonic illness. The drug was also shown to increase the mortality of mice infected with low concentrations of a virulent variant of this strain, but it delayed the time of death of mice that were infected with high concentrations ofthe same variant. The probable roles of immune and inflammatory mechanisms in recovery from primary influenza virus infections are discussed.", "PMID": 1168172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2119", "title": "Immunoglobulin E antibody formation in response to homologous rabbit albumin heavily substituted with dinitrophenol: effect of adjuvant.", "content": "Although much progess has been made in the detection and characterization of homocytotropic antibodies, identification of the factors which control their synthesis remains to be determined. To assess the influence of different adjuvants on anti-dinitrophenol (DNP) immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody responses, rabbits were immunized with adjuvant plus homologous albumin (HRA) heavily substituted with DNP (DNP30-HRA). This antigen in rabbits has a B cell-reactive determinant (DNP) and weak non-B cell-reactive determinants (new antigenic determinants) which sensitize rabbits for delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to DNP30-HRA. It was postulated that the anti-DNP IgE response to DNP30-HRA could be regulated if the immunogenicity of the weak non-B cell-reactive determinants (new antigenic determinants) in DNP30-HRA could be manipulated by adjuvants and dosage. Complete Freund adjuvant and incomplete Freund adjuvant increased the immunogenicity of the new antigenic determinants in DNP30-HRA (10 mg) much more than did alum. However, equivalent primary anti-DNP IgE responses were made by all rabbits sensitized with this dose, regardless of the adjuvant used. Larger doses of DNP30-HRA (25 mg) in alum sensitized rabbits for strong delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to DNP30-HRA and also elicited enhanced and persistent primary anti-DNP IgE responses. Enhanced but transient primary anti-DNP IgE responses were elicited by 25 mg of DNP30-HRA in incomplete Freund adjuvant. In contrast, no primary anti-DNP IgE responses were made to 25 mg of DNP30-HRA in complete Freund adjuvant. Regardless of the adjuvant or dosage used for primary immunization, no secondary anti-DNP IgE responses to DNP30-HRA were detected.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin E antibody formation in response to homologous rabbit albumin heavily substituted with dinitrophenol: effect of adjuvant. Although much progess has been made in the detection and characterization of homocytotropic antibodies, identification of the factors which control their synthesis remains to be determined. To assess the influence of different adjuvants on anti-dinitrophenol (DNP) immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody responses, rabbits were immunized with adjuvant plus homologous albumin (HRA) heavily substituted with DNP (DNP30-HRA). This antigen in rabbits has a B cell-reactive determinant (DNP) and weak non-B cell-reactive determinants (new antigenic determinants) which sensitize rabbits for delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to DNP30-HRA. It was postulated that the anti-DNP IgE response to DNP30-HRA could be regulated if the immunogenicity of the weak non-B cell-reactive determinants (new antigenic determinants) in DNP30-HRA could be manipulated by adjuvants and dosage. Complete Freund adjuvant and incomplete Freund adjuvant increased the immunogenicity of the new antigenic determinants in DNP30-HRA (10 mg) much more than did alum. However, equivalent primary anti-DNP IgE responses were made by all rabbits sensitized with this dose, regardless of the adjuvant used. Larger doses of DNP30-HRA (25 mg) in alum sensitized rabbits for strong delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to DNP30-HRA and also elicited enhanced and persistent primary anti-DNP IgE responses. Enhanced but transient primary anti-DNP IgE responses were elicited by 25 mg of DNP30-HRA in incomplete Freund adjuvant. In contrast, no primary anti-DNP IgE responses were made to 25 mg of DNP30-HRA in complete Freund adjuvant. Regardless of the adjuvant or dosage used for primary immunization, no secondary anti-DNP IgE responses to DNP30-HRA were detected.", "PMID": 1168173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2120", "title": "Environmental modification of western equine encephalomyelitis infection in the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus).", "content": "The snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) could be infected with western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus and produce a viremia. Furthermore, viremia in hares exposed to variable climatic conditions differed significantly from viremias seen in the control animals held at constant temperatures. The viremia duration and titer were increased in animals subjected to fluctuating temperature and humidity. The time of onset of viremia was accelerated. Antibody response also increased in animals exposed to varying temperatures when compared with controls held at constant temperature and humidity. Snowshoe hares were studied at two distinct seasonal periods: winter, before reproductive activity; and summer, during reproductive midseason. Winter animals experienced greater viremia than did summer hares when exposed to fluctuating temperatures, suggesting a seasonality in the hare's susceptibility to host modification by environmental influences. These findings implicate the snowshoe hare as a possible mammalian amplifying host for WEE virus in the boreal forest.", "contents": "Environmental modification of western equine encephalomyelitis infection in the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus). The snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) could be infected with western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus and produce a viremia. Furthermore, viremia in hares exposed to variable climatic conditions differed significantly from viremias seen in the control animals held at constant temperatures. The viremia duration and titer were increased in animals subjected to fluctuating temperature and humidity. The time of onset of viremia was accelerated. Antibody response also increased in animals exposed to varying temperatures when compared with controls held at constant temperature and humidity. Snowshoe hares were studied at two distinct seasonal periods: winter, before reproductive activity; and summer, during reproductive midseason. Winter animals experienced greater viremia than did summer hares when exposed to fluctuating temperatures, suggesting a seasonality in the hare's susceptibility to host modification by environmental influences. These findings implicate the snowshoe hare as a possible mammalian amplifying host for WEE virus in the boreal forest.", "PMID": 1168174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2121", "title": "Ontogeny of spontaneous rosette-forming cells in the chicken. With special reference to the bursa of Fabricius.", "content": "Cells forming rosettes (RFC) with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and rabbit erythrocytes (RRBC) were studied during the ontogeny of the bursa of Fabricius of the chicken. The frequency of SRBC-RFC was low but significant in the bursa of 15-day-old embryos, and increased therafter in an approximately linear fashion with the age of the bursa donor until at least in 43-day-old chickens. The total number of SRBC-RFC per bursa increased throughout the ontogeny with no evidence for any abrupt increase after hatch. The mean number of SRBC bound per RFC also increased after hatch. In contrast the frequency of bursal RRBC-RFC was high in 15-day-old embryos, significantly decreased on embryonic day 18, remained low until at least 7 days after hatch and then increased significantly. The total number of RRBC-RFC per bursa in contrast remained relatively constant during the embryonic period and the first week after hatch and thereafter increased markedly. No change in the mean number of RRBC bound per RFC could be demonstrated during the ontogeny. RRBC-RFC were also frequent in the yolk sac, spleen, and thymus of 15-day-old embryos.", "contents": "Ontogeny of spontaneous rosette-forming cells in the chicken. With special reference to the bursa of Fabricius. Cells forming rosettes (RFC) with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and rabbit erythrocytes (RRBC) were studied during the ontogeny of the bursa of Fabricius of the chicken. The frequency of SRBC-RFC was low but significant in the bursa of 15-day-old embryos, and increased therafter in an approximately linear fashion with the age of the bursa donor until at least in 43-day-old chickens. The total number of SRBC-RFC per bursa increased throughout the ontogeny with no evidence for any abrupt increase after hatch. The mean number of SRBC bound per RFC also increased after hatch. In contrast the frequency of bursal RRBC-RFC was high in 15-day-old embryos, significantly decreased on embryonic day 18, remained low until at least 7 days after hatch and then increased significantly. The total number of RRBC-RFC per bursa in contrast remained relatively constant during the embryonic period and the first week after hatch and thereafter increased markedly. No change in the mean number of RRBC bound per RFC could be demonstrated during the ontogeny. RRBC-RFC were also frequent in the yolk sac, spleen, and thymus of 15-day-old embryos.", "PMID": 1168175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2122", "title": "Studies on a protamine (galline) from fowl sperm. 2. The amino acid sequences of two components of galline.", "content": "Galline, a protamine from rooster sperm nuclei, has already been separated into its components, G-I-G-VIII. The amino acid composition of the homogeneously purified fraction G-I is determined decisively to be Arg11, Ser2, Gly3, Val1 and Tyr2, and the molecular weight is 2,908 as hydrochloride. The complete amino acid sequence was deduced as follows from the results of analyses of the tryptic and chymotryptic peptides: H-Ser-Gly-Gly-Val-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Tyr-Gly-Ser-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Tye-OH. Another purified fraction, G-V, has the amino acid composition, Arg24, Thr1, Ser8, Gly3, Ala2, Pro2 and Tyr2 as described previously, and the molecular weight 6,274 as hydrochloride. The complete amino acid sequence was established by combining analytical results of tryptic, chymotryptic and thermolysin peptides as well as those of carboxypeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase digestion as follows: H-Ala-Arg-Tyr-Arg-Ser-Gly-Arg-Ser-Arg-Ser-Arg-Arg-Thr-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Ser-Pro-Arg-Ser-Arg-Gly-Arg-Ser-Pro-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Ser-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Tyr-Gly-Ser-Ala-Arg-Arg-OH.", "contents": "Studies on a protamine (galline) from fowl sperm. 2. The amino acid sequences of two components of galline. Galline, a protamine from rooster sperm nuclei, has already been separated into its components, G-I-G-VIII. The amino acid composition of the homogeneously purified fraction G-I is determined decisively to be Arg11, Ser2, Gly3, Val1 and Tyr2, and the molecular weight is 2,908 as hydrochloride. The complete amino acid sequence was deduced as follows from the results of analyses of the tryptic and chymotryptic peptides: H-Ser-Gly-Gly-Val-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Tyr-Gly-Ser-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Tye-OH. Another purified fraction, G-V, has the amino acid composition, Arg24, Thr1, Ser8, Gly3, Ala2, Pro2 and Tyr2 as described previously, and the molecular weight 6,274 as hydrochloride. The complete amino acid sequence was established by combining analytical results of tryptic, chymotryptic and thermolysin peptides as well as those of carboxypeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase digestion as follows: H-Ala-Arg-Tyr-Arg-Ser-Gly-Arg-Ser-Arg-Ser-Arg-Arg-Thr-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Ser-Pro-Arg-Ser-Arg-Gly-Arg-Ser-Pro-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Ser-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Tyr-Gly-Ser-Ala-Arg-Arg-OH.", "PMID": 1168176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2123", "title": "Surgery and prognosis of prehepatic portal hypertension.", "content": "Results of surgical treatment of prehepatic portal hypertension during the past 15 years were assessed, in addition to routine clinical and laboratory studies, by splenoportography and control mesenteric-venography. One patient survived 14 years. Control angiography of the portal system proved to be most important in assessing the results of surgical treatment, recognizing the cause of late failures and evaluating the course of the disease. All splenectomized patients with general PPH experienced recurrences of hemorrhage which required reoperation. Direct operation on the varices is a favorable procedure, particularly when done as an emergency procedure. Following surgery, early angiographic examination, especially by mesenteric-venography, is mandatory. In cases with poor portal circulation through the liver and massive passage of blood through the varices, PSA should be performed without delay. Portosystemic anastomosis is a selective procedure. Without angiographic study it is contraindicated as an emergency procedure, especially in splenectomized patients.", "contents": "Surgery and prognosis of prehepatic portal hypertension. Results of surgical treatment of prehepatic portal hypertension during the past 15 years were assessed, in addition to routine clinical and laboratory studies, by splenoportography and control mesenteric-venography. One patient survived 14 years. Control angiography of the portal system proved to be most important in assessing the results of surgical treatment, recognizing the cause of late failures and evaluating the course of the disease. All splenectomized patients with general PPH experienced recurrences of hemorrhage which required reoperation. Direct operation on the varices is a favorable procedure, particularly when done as an emergency procedure. Following surgery, early angiographic examination, especially by mesenteric-venography, is mandatory. In cases with poor portal circulation through the liver and massive passage of blood through the varices, PSA should be performed without delay. Portosystemic anastomosis is a selective procedure. Without angiographic study it is contraindicated as an emergency procedure, especially in splenectomized patients.", "PMID": 1168177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2124", "title": "An unusual epizootic of actinobacillosis in dairy heifers.", "content": "Actinobacillosis developed in a group of 52 Holstein-Friesian replacement heifers. They were confined to 4 pens in a barn. Cervical abscesses were first observed by the owner in 1 heifer a month after the heifers were fed chopped haylage that was particularly dry, tough, and stemmy. During the weeks that followed, morbidity reached 73% in heifers given the feed. Calves up to 4 months old were not given the haylage and did not develop the disease. Standard bacteriologic methods were used to identify Actinobacillus lignieresii from exudate of abscesses. A biopsy of superficial granulomatous tissue of the lips revealed fibers thought to be of plant origin. Affected cattle recovered in 3 to 6 months. The lesions of 3 cattle given sodium iodide intravenously and of 4 given streptomycin regressed sooner than those given penicillin or no treatment.", "contents": "An unusual epizootic of actinobacillosis in dairy heifers. Actinobacillosis developed in a group of 52 Holstein-Friesian replacement heifers. They were confined to 4 pens in a barn. Cervical abscesses were first observed by the owner in 1 heifer a month after the heifers were fed chopped haylage that was particularly dry, tough, and stemmy. During the weeks that followed, morbidity reached 73% in heifers given the feed. Calves up to 4 months old were not given the haylage and did not develop the disease. Standard bacteriologic methods were used to identify Actinobacillus lignieresii from exudate of abscesses. A biopsy of superficial granulomatous tissue of the lips revealed fibers thought to be of plant origin. Affected cattle recovered in 3 to 6 months. The lesions of 3 cattle given sodium iodide intravenously and of 4 given streptomycin regressed sooner than those given penicillin or no treatment.", "PMID": 1168181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2125", "title": "Externship program for large animal clinical education at the University of Minnesota: description and evaluation.", "content": "In 1970, the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Minnesota started an externship program as part of their large animal clinical education program. The basic idea was to work in cooperation with practitioners, using their practice world as a teaching resource. During the 1973-1974 school year, this program was evaluated by the University of Minnesota Measurement Services Center. In this externship program, senior year students spend 1 or 2 weeks in practice that closely matches each student's career interest, eg, cow-calf, dairy, swine, or zoo. The participating veterinarians are charged with the responsibility of performing as teachers during the field experience and of assisting the student in preparing a seminar topic. This seminar topic is presented in a discussion format during the spring quarter to other externship students, faculty, and attending practitioners. Since 1970, a total of 176 students have taken externships, and every year 15 to 20 group practices have participated. The principal evaluation results were based on questionnaire responses from 36 students and 20 practices during the 1973-1974 academic year. Students and practitioners indicated that the externship had been a beneficial experience for them. Many felt that the period of externship should have been longer. In general, practitioners agreed that students were able to manage most diagnostic situations and manipulative procedures that occurred during the externship. The seminar was judged by students and practitioners to be a valuable part of the program, and faculty who participated in the seminar believed that it made them more aware of field situations facing practicing veterinarians.", "contents": "Externship program for large animal clinical education at the University of Minnesota: description and evaluation. In 1970, the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Minnesota started an externship program as part of their large animal clinical education program. The basic idea was to work in cooperation with practitioners, using their practice world as a teaching resource. During the 1973-1974 school year, this program was evaluated by the University of Minnesota Measurement Services Center. In this externship program, senior year students spend 1 or 2 weeks in practice that closely matches each student's career interest, eg, cow-calf, dairy, swine, or zoo. The participating veterinarians are charged with the responsibility of performing as teachers during the field experience and of assisting the student in preparing a seminar topic. This seminar topic is presented in a discussion format during the spring quarter to other externship students, faculty, and attending practitioners. Since 1970, a total of 176 students have taken externships, and every year 15 to 20 group practices have participated. The principal evaluation results were based on questionnaire responses from 36 students and 20 practices during the 1973-1974 academic year. Students and practitioners indicated that the externship had been a beneficial experience for them. Many felt that the period of externship should have been longer. In general, practitioners agreed that students were able to manage most diagnostic situations and manipulative procedures that occurred during the externship. The seminar was judged by students and practitioners to be a valuable part of the program, and faculty who participated in the seminar believed that it made them more aware of field situations facing practicing veterinarians.", "PMID": 1168182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2126", "title": "Urinary incontinence due to ectopic ureter in a male dog.", "content": "Urinary incontinence was associated with an ectopic ureter in a 5-month-old, male Wire Fox Terrier. The dog regained urinary continence after transplantation of the ureter from the urethra into the urinary bladder. Of the 3 reported cases of extopic ureters in male dogs, 2 have been associated with urinary incontinence. These observations do not support the hypothesis that ectopic ureters are more frequently recognized in female than in male dogs because urinary incontinence is more commonly associated with the disorder in female dogs.", "contents": "Urinary incontinence due to ectopic ureter in a male dog. Urinary incontinence was associated with an ectopic ureter in a 5-month-old, male Wire Fox Terrier. The dog regained urinary continence after transplantation of the ureter from the urethra into the urinary bladder. Of the 3 reported cases of extopic ureters in male dogs, 2 have been associated with urinary incontinence. These observations do not support the hypothesis that ectopic ureters are more frequently recognized in female than in male dogs because urinary incontinence is more commonly associated with the disorder in female dogs.", "PMID": 1168184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2127", "title": "Surface carbohydrates of hamster fibroblasts. II. Interaction of hamster NIL cell surfaces with Ricinus communis lectin and concanavalin A as revealed by surface galactosyl label.", "content": "When hamster fibroblasts (NIL) were treated with galactose oxidase followed by reduction with tritiated borohydride (GAHMBERG, C. G. AND HAKOMORI, S. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4311; STECK, T. L., AND DAWSON, G. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 2135), two major galactoprotein labels were detected on the cell surface: \"galactoprotein a\" (apparent molecular weight 200,000) and \"galactoprotein b\" (apparent molecular weight 130,000). The labeling in galactoprotein a of NIL cells was greatly suppressed by pretreating cells with a high concentration of Ricinus communis lectin or concanavalin A, whereas the label in it was greatly enhanced with a low concentration of the lectins. The label in galactoprotein b of NIL cells was less affected by pretreatment with lectins. In NILpy cells the label in galactoprotein a was absent and the lable in galactoprotein b was enhanced by pretreating cells with lectins at low concentrations, but it was suppressed at high concentrations. The results indicate that NIL cells mainly interact with the lectins through galactoprotein a, whereas NILpy cells interact with the lectins through galacto-protein b. After treatment with lectins, the glycolipids of normal NIL cells, but not NILpy cells, became exposed as evidenced by enhanced labeling, possibly because of \"clustering\" of glyco-proteins. These results support the view that specific, well defined glycoproteins are the binding sites for lectins, and that these interacting glycoproteins are qualitatively different in normal and transformed cells.", "contents": "Surface carbohydrates of hamster fibroblasts. II. Interaction of hamster NIL cell surfaces with Ricinus communis lectin and concanavalin A as revealed by surface galactosyl label. When hamster fibroblasts (NIL) were treated with galactose oxidase followed by reduction with tritiated borohydride (GAHMBERG, C. G. AND HAKOMORI, S. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4311; STECK, T. L., AND DAWSON, G. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 2135), two major galactoprotein labels were detected on the cell surface: \"galactoprotein a\" (apparent molecular weight 200,000) and \"galactoprotein b\" (apparent molecular weight 130,000). The labeling in galactoprotein a of NIL cells was greatly suppressed by pretreating cells with a high concentration of Ricinus communis lectin or concanavalin A, whereas the label in it was greatly enhanced with a low concentration of the lectins. The label in galactoprotein b of NIL cells was less affected by pretreatment with lectins. In NILpy cells the label in galactoprotein a was absent and the lable in galactoprotein b was enhanced by pretreating cells with lectins at low concentrations, but it was suppressed at high concentrations. The results indicate that NIL cells mainly interact with the lectins through galactoprotein a, whereas NILpy cells interact with the lectins through galacto-protein b. After treatment with lectins, the glycolipids of normal NIL cells, but not NILpy cells, became exposed as evidenced by enhanced labeling, possibly because of \"clustering\" of glyco-proteins. These results support the view that specific, well defined glycoproteins are the binding sites for lectins, and that these interacting glycoproteins are qualitatively different in normal and transformed cells.", "PMID": 1168186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2128", "title": "Purification of a fibroblast growth factor from bovine pituitary.", "content": "The purification from bovine pituitary gland of a growth factor responsible for the control of animal cell division in tissue culture is reported. This growth factor is a polypeptide of 13,300 molecular weight and is homogeneous when analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, carboxymethyl-Sephadex gradient elution chromatography, and Sephadex G-50 chromatography. The yield of growth factor is 5 mg per kg of pituitary. It is active in stimulating DNA synthesis in 3T3 cells at concentrations as low as 2 times 10-13 M with saturation at 1 times 10-10 M.", "contents": "Purification of a fibroblast growth factor from bovine pituitary. The purification from bovine pituitary gland of a growth factor responsible for the control of animal cell division in tissue culture is reported. This growth factor is a polypeptide of 13,300 molecular weight and is homogeneous when analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, carboxymethyl-Sephadex gradient elution chromatography, and Sephadex G-50 chromatography. The yield of growth factor is 5 mg per kg of pituitary. It is active in stimulating DNA synthesis in 3T3 cells at concentrations as low as 2 times 10-13 M with saturation at 1 times 10-10 M.", "PMID": 1168187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2129", "title": "Regulation of phospholipid metabolism in differentiating cells from rat brain cerebral hemispheres in culture. I. Uptake and phosphorylation of [U-14C]ethanoloamine and the effect of various inhibitors.", "content": "Cultured dissociated cells from rat embryo cerebral hemispheres were incubated with [U-14C]ethanolamine and the resulting cellular labeled products were identified. A highly efficient uptake for ethanolamine with a Km of approximately 8.3 muM was calculated. A rapid labeling of phosphorylethanolamine was observed prior to the appearance of label in lipids. A lag period of 2.5 min for the phosphorylation reaction was observed, followed by an almost linear rate for up to 40 min. After a 1-min incubation, a plateau for free ethanolamine taken up by the cells was established. Respiratory inhibitiors such as cyanide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and N-ethylmaleimide decreased by the formation of phosphorylethanolamine. However, the amount offree ethanolamine present in the cells increased 1.6-fold after 10 min of incubation with N-ethylmaleimide. 2-Chloroethylamine, a structural analog of ethanolamine, and choline were both competitive inhibitiors with an apparent Ki of 0.1 mM and 0.36 mM, respectively. Incubations of short duration suggest that both compounds affect ethanolamine transport into the cells. Based on these studies it is suggested that ethanolamine transport and the phosphorylation reaction are independent events. Evidence based on studies with hemicholinium-3 and chloroethylamine suggest that ethanolamine uptake may proceed by a pathway independent of either choline or serine uptake.", "contents": "Regulation of phospholipid metabolism in differentiating cells from rat brain cerebral hemispheres in culture. I. Uptake and phosphorylation of [U-14C]ethanoloamine and the effect of various inhibitors. Cultured dissociated cells from rat embryo cerebral hemispheres were incubated with [U-14C]ethanolamine and the resulting cellular labeled products were identified. A highly efficient uptake for ethanolamine with a Km of approximately 8.3 muM was calculated. A rapid labeling of phosphorylethanolamine was observed prior to the appearance of label in lipids. A lag period of 2.5 min for the phosphorylation reaction was observed, followed by an almost linear rate for up to 40 min. After a 1-min incubation, a plateau for free ethanolamine taken up by the cells was established. Respiratory inhibitiors such as cyanide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and N-ethylmaleimide decreased by the formation of phosphorylethanolamine. However, the amount offree ethanolamine present in the cells increased 1.6-fold after 10 min of incubation with N-ethylmaleimide. 2-Chloroethylamine, a structural analog of ethanolamine, and choline were both competitive inhibitiors with an apparent Ki of 0.1 mM and 0.36 mM, respectively. Incubations of short duration suggest that both compounds affect ethanolamine transport into the cells. Based on these studies it is suggested that ethanolamine transport and the phosphorylation reaction are independent events. Evidence based on studies with hemicholinium-3 and chloroethylamine suggest that ethanolamine uptake may proceed by a pathway independent of either choline or serine uptake.", "PMID": 1168188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2130", "title": "Regulation of phospholipid metabolism in differentiating cells from rat brain cerebral hemipheres in culture. II. Incorporation of [U-14C]ethanolamine into 1-alkenyl,2-acyl-and 1,2 diacyl-ethanolamine phosphoglycerides.", "content": "Cultured dissociated cells from rat embryo cerebral hemisphere incorporate [3H]-and [U-14C]ethanolamine into cellular lipids. Nearly all radioactivity in the lipid fractions is incorporated into 1,2-diacylethanolamine phosphoglycerides and 1-alkenyl,2-acylethanolamine phosphoglycerides (plasmalogen). Kinetic data suggest that the rate of labeling of both ethanolamine phospholipids from the phosphorylethanolamine is similar. A relative increase of the plasmalogen labeling is observed when free ethanolamine is continually present in the medium. The rate of incorporation of label from ethanolamine and phosphorylethanolamine into lipids was measured using a double label technique. Based upon these studies, an independent labeling pattern of the ethanolamine moiety of plasmalogens is suggested. A relative delay for the incorporation of label in plasmalogens could be explained by the presence of a variety of cell types which may differ in their capacity for phospholipid biosynthesis. The rate of incorporation of phosphorylethanolamine into the phosphatidylethanolamine was not affected by the presence of high concentrations of either choline or serine.", "contents": "Regulation of phospholipid metabolism in differentiating cells from rat brain cerebral hemipheres in culture. II. Incorporation of [U-14C]ethanolamine into 1-alkenyl,2-acyl-and 1,2 diacyl-ethanolamine phosphoglycerides. Cultured dissociated cells from rat embryo cerebral hemisphere incorporate [3H]-and [U-14C]ethanolamine into cellular lipids. Nearly all radioactivity in the lipid fractions is incorporated into 1,2-diacylethanolamine phosphoglycerides and 1-alkenyl,2-acylethanolamine phosphoglycerides (plasmalogen). Kinetic data suggest that the rate of labeling of both ethanolamine phospholipids from the phosphorylethanolamine is similar. A relative increase of the plasmalogen labeling is observed when free ethanolamine is continually present in the medium. The rate of incorporation of label from ethanolamine and phosphorylethanolamine into lipids was measured using a double label technique. Based upon these studies, an independent labeling pattern of the ethanolamine moiety of plasmalogens is suggested. A relative delay for the incorporation of label in plasmalogens could be explained by the presence of a variety of cell types which may differ in their capacity for phospholipid biosynthesis. The rate of incorporation of phosphorylethanolamine into the phosphatidylethanolamine was not affected by the presence of high concentrations of either choline or serine.", "PMID": 1168189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2131", "title": "Properties of 4-ethenyl and 4-ethynyl analogs of pyridoxal phosphate and their reactions with the apo form of asparatate aminotransferase.", "content": "The binding to apoaspartate aminotransferase of analogs of pyridoxal phosphate bearing vinyl, cis- and trans-methylvinyl, and ethynyl groups in place of the fomyl group of the coenzyme has been studied. Details of synthesis of the ethynyl compound are given. The absorption spectra of all of the compounds have been analyzed and pKa values have been determined. The positions of the absorption bands can be related to those of pyridoxine but with bathochromic shifts induced by the ethenyl and ethynyl groups. However, this shift is almost completely lacking for the cis-methylvinyl compound suggesting nonplanarity of the molecule. Binding of the analogs to the apoenzyme is accompanied by a strong bathochromic shift which, from a study of solvent effects on the free analogs, appears to indicate a hydrophobic environment on the enzyme. Nevertheless, the analogs are bound as dipolar ions exclusively. Binding is accompanied by a distinct perturbation of the protein spectrum in the aromatic region. An effect on the spectrum of 1 or more tryptophan residues is indicated. Bands of the bound analogs exhibit positive circular dichroism except for that of the 4-vinyl analog. The 4-ethynyl analog reacts in a more complex way, giving at least two successive products in addition to the initial complex. The final product is reducible by sodium borohydride, is released from the enzyme by boiling, and appears to have the properties of a Schiff base. We postulate that the addition of an amino group of the enzyme to the ethynyl group is followed by tautomeric rearrangement to a Schiff base in which the ring is in a p-quinonoid structure.", "contents": "Properties of 4-ethenyl and 4-ethynyl analogs of pyridoxal phosphate and their reactions with the apo form of asparatate aminotransferase. The binding to apoaspartate aminotransferase of analogs of pyridoxal phosphate bearing vinyl, cis- and trans-methylvinyl, and ethynyl groups in place of the fomyl group of the coenzyme has been studied. Details of synthesis of the ethynyl compound are given. The absorption spectra of all of the compounds have been analyzed and pKa values have been determined. The positions of the absorption bands can be related to those of pyridoxine but with bathochromic shifts induced by the ethenyl and ethynyl groups. However, this shift is almost completely lacking for the cis-methylvinyl compound suggesting nonplanarity of the molecule. Binding of the analogs to the apoenzyme is accompanied by a strong bathochromic shift which, from a study of solvent effects on the free analogs, appears to indicate a hydrophobic environment on the enzyme. Nevertheless, the analogs are bound as dipolar ions exclusively. Binding is accompanied by a distinct perturbation of the protein spectrum in the aromatic region. An effect on the spectrum of 1 or more tryptophan residues is indicated. Bands of the bound analogs exhibit positive circular dichroism except for that of the 4-vinyl analog. The 4-ethynyl analog reacts in a more complex way, giving at least two successive products in addition to the initial complex. The final product is reducible by sodium borohydride, is released from the enzyme by boiling, and appears to have the properties of a Schiff base. We postulate that the addition of an amino group of the enzyme to the ethynyl group is followed by tautomeric rearrangement to a Schiff base in which the ring is in a p-quinonoid structure.", "PMID": 1168190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2132", "title": "Purification and subunit structure of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase II from the mouse plasmacytoma, MOPC 315.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II was purified from the mouse plasmacytoma, MOPC 315. Soluble enzyme was obtained from a nucleoplasmic fraction and subjected to chromatography on phosphocellulose, DEAE-cellulose, and DEAE-Sephadex ion exchange resins and was subjected to sedimentation in sucrose density gradients. A chromatographically homogeneous enzyme was obtained which was purified about 25,000-fold relative to whole cell extracts and which had a specific activity (on native DNA) similar to those reported for other purified eukaryotic class II RNA polymerase preparations. Analysis of purified RNA polymerase II by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions revealed three protein bands, designated II-O, II-A, and II-B in order of electrophoretic mobility. The subunit compositions of these nondenatured bands were subsequently analyzed by electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. Each enzyme II form contained subunits with molecular weights of 140,000 (II-c), 41,000 (II-d), 30,000 (II-e), 25,000 (II-f), 22,000 (II-g), 20,000 (II-h), and 16,000 (II-i). Molar ratios were unity for all subunits except subunit II-h which had a molar ratio of 2. Each enzyme form was distinguished by its highest molecular weight subunit. II-O contained subunit II-o (molecular weight 240,000), II-A contained subunit II-a (molecular weight 205,000), and II-B contained subunit II-b (molecular weight 170,000). Total molecular weights for II-O, II-A, and II-B were calculated as 554,000, 519,000, and 484,000, respectively. In addition, the number of RNA polymerase II molecules per MOPC 315 tumor cell was calculated to be about 5 times 10-4.", "contents": "Purification and subunit structure of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase II from the mouse plasmacytoma, MOPC 315. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II was purified from the mouse plasmacytoma, MOPC 315. Soluble enzyme was obtained from a nucleoplasmic fraction and subjected to chromatography on phosphocellulose, DEAE-cellulose, and DEAE-Sephadex ion exchange resins and was subjected to sedimentation in sucrose density gradients. A chromatographically homogeneous enzyme was obtained which was purified about 25,000-fold relative to whole cell extracts and which had a specific activity (on native DNA) similar to those reported for other purified eukaryotic class II RNA polymerase preparations. Analysis of purified RNA polymerase II by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions revealed three protein bands, designated II-O, II-A, and II-B in order of electrophoretic mobility. The subunit compositions of these nondenatured bands were subsequently analyzed by electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. Each enzyme II form contained subunits with molecular weights of 140,000 (II-c), 41,000 (II-d), 30,000 (II-e), 25,000 (II-f), 22,000 (II-g), 20,000 (II-h), and 16,000 (II-i). Molar ratios were unity for all subunits except subunit II-h which had a molar ratio of 2. Each enzyme form was distinguished by its highest molecular weight subunit. II-O contained subunit II-o (molecular weight 240,000), II-A contained subunit II-a (molecular weight 205,000), and II-B contained subunit II-b (molecular weight 170,000). Total molecular weights for II-O, II-A, and II-B were calculated as 554,000, 519,000, and 484,000, respectively. In addition, the number of RNA polymerase II molecules per MOPC 315 tumor cell was calculated to be about 5 times 10-4.", "PMID": 1168191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2133", "title": "Primary structure of the L chain from a rabbit homogeneous antibody to streptococcal carbohydrate. I. Purification of antibody and sequence determination of peptides from alpha-chymo-tryptic and thermolytic digests.", "content": "Primary structural studies have been carried out on the light chain of a homogeneous rabbit antibody to Group C streptococcal carbohydrate. Approximately 20 g of this antibody were obtained by multiple exchange transfusions at the peak of the antibody response. The isolated antibody was homogeneous by several antigenic and chemical criteria. The light chain was isolated and modified, and then digested with alpha-chymotrypsin or thermolysin. The resulting peptides were isolated by gel filtration, paper electrophoresis, and paper chromatography. The amino acid sequences of these peptides were determined by Edman degradation plus dansylation. This supplied sufficient information to assign approximately 90 percent of the residues in the chain. The destruction of tyrosine during acid hydrolysis of peptides which had been eluted from a paper chromatogram was investigated. This destruction is due to inpurities in the paper which contaminate the peptides. Prevention of such destruction can be achieved by predevelopment of the paper with 1 N NH4OH prior to paper chromatography.", "contents": "Primary structure of the L chain from a rabbit homogeneous antibody to streptococcal carbohydrate. I. Purification of antibody and sequence determination of peptides from alpha-chymo-tryptic and thermolytic digests. Primary structural studies have been carried out on the light chain of a homogeneous rabbit antibody to Group C streptococcal carbohydrate. Approximately 20 g of this antibody were obtained by multiple exchange transfusions at the peak of the antibody response. The isolated antibody was homogeneous by several antigenic and chemical criteria. The light chain was isolated and modified, and then digested with alpha-chymotrypsin or thermolysin. The resulting peptides were isolated by gel filtration, paper electrophoresis, and paper chromatography. The amino acid sequences of these peptides were determined by Edman degradation plus dansylation. This supplied sufficient information to assign approximately 90 percent of the residues in the chain. The destruction of tyrosine during acid hydrolysis of peptides which had been eluted from a paper chromatogram was investigated. This destruction is due to inpurities in the paper which contaminate the peptides. Prevention of such destruction can be achieved by predevelopment of the paper with 1 N NH4OH prior to paper chromatography.", "PMID": 1168192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2134", "title": "Deficient uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine:glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity in a clone of Chinese hamster ovary cells with altered surface glycoproteins.", "content": "We have reported the isolation of a clone (termed 15B) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells which are deficient in certain plant lectin-binding sites and have decreased amounts of sialic acid, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine in its membranes (Gottlieb et al. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 1078-1082). This study demonstrates that extracts of 15B cells, in contrast to the parent cell line, do not transfer N-acetylglucosamine residues from UDP-GlcNAc to certain glycopeptide and glycoprotein acceptors containing terminal nonreducing alpha-linked mannose residues. The decreased enzyme activity could not be accounted for by the presence of inhibitors, altered pH, or Mn2+ requirements of the glycosyltransferase or increased N-acetylglucosaminidase activity in the extracts. The finding that the 15B cell extracts have significant but reduced N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity toward a degraded orosomucoid acceptor suggests that these cells have a selective loss of one of several specific N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases which are present in the parent CHO cells. The sialyl- and galactosyltransferase activities of 15B and parent CHO cells are comparable. Parent CHO and 15B cells were grown in radioactive glucosamine to label the membrane glycoproteins. Solubilization of these glycoproteins and passage over a Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA I) Sepharose affinity column revealed that no labeled 15B glycoprotein material bound, whereas 50 percent of the CHO membrane glycoproteins bound and could be eluted with the haptene lactose, demonstrating that 15B cells are virtually devoid of membrane oligosacharides capable of binding to the RCA I lectin. The 15B membrane glycoproteins exhibited a marked shift toward glycoprotein species of lower molecular weight when examined by gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. It is proposed that this shift in the mobility of the 15B membrane glycoproteins results from a decreased glycosylation of a number of membrane glycoproteins relative to their counterparts in CHO cells. The deficient N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity in 15B cells can account for the decreased glycosylation of the 15B cell membrane glycoproteins.", "contents": "Deficient uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine:glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity in a clone of Chinese hamster ovary cells with altered surface glycoproteins. We have reported the isolation of a clone (termed 15B) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells which are deficient in certain plant lectin-binding sites and have decreased amounts of sialic acid, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine in its membranes (Gottlieb et al. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 1078-1082). This study demonstrates that extracts of 15B cells, in contrast to the parent cell line, do not transfer N-acetylglucosamine residues from UDP-GlcNAc to certain glycopeptide and glycoprotein acceptors containing terminal nonreducing alpha-linked mannose residues. The decreased enzyme activity could not be accounted for by the presence of inhibitors, altered pH, or Mn2+ requirements of the glycosyltransferase or increased N-acetylglucosaminidase activity in the extracts. The finding that the 15B cell extracts have significant but reduced N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity toward a degraded orosomucoid acceptor suggests that these cells have a selective loss of one of several specific N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases which are present in the parent CHO cells. The sialyl- and galactosyltransferase activities of 15B and parent CHO cells are comparable. Parent CHO and 15B cells were grown in radioactive glucosamine to label the membrane glycoproteins. Solubilization of these glycoproteins and passage over a Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA I) Sepharose affinity column revealed that no labeled 15B glycoprotein material bound, whereas 50 percent of the CHO membrane glycoproteins bound and could be eluted with the haptene lactose, demonstrating that 15B cells are virtually devoid of membrane oligosacharides capable of binding to the RCA I lectin. The 15B membrane glycoproteins exhibited a marked shift toward glycoprotein species of lower molecular weight when examined by gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. It is proposed that this shift in the mobility of the 15B membrane glycoproteins results from a decreased glycosylation of a number of membrane glycoproteins relative to their counterparts in CHO cells. The deficient N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity in 15B cells can account for the decreased glycosylation of the 15B cell membrane glycoproteins.", "PMID": 1168193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2135", "title": "Antifreeze glycoproteins from an Antarctic fish. Quasi-elastic light scattering studies of the hydrodynamic conformations of antifreeze glycoproteins.", "content": "A quasi-elastic light-scattering technique was used to study the hydrodynamic conformations of antifreeze glycoproteins from an Antarctic fish. Antifreeze glycoprotein is composed of repeating units of Ala-Ala-Thr, with each threonine O-linked to a disaccharide, and it exists as several polymers of different numbers of this repeating unit. Molecular weights of the two major active polymers are 10,500 and 17,500 by such methods as centrifugation and osmotic pressure, but smaller than 20 by freezing-point depression. Translational diffusion coefficients at 20 degrees were 8.35 times 10-7 cm2 s-1 and 6.15 times 10-7 cm2 s-1 for the M-r-10,500 and 17,500 polymers, respectively. Measurements at -0.2 degrees in the presence of ice crystals did not indicate any conformational changes that might be related to the lowering of the freezing temperature. Lowering the temperature of these glycoprotein solutions close to temperatures of freezing caused a decrease in the effective hydrodynamic radius of both active and inactive glycoprotein components.", "contents": "Antifreeze glycoproteins from an Antarctic fish. Quasi-elastic light scattering studies of the hydrodynamic conformations of antifreeze glycoproteins. A quasi-elastic light-scattering technique was used to study the hydrodynamic conformations of antifreeze glycoproteins from an Antarctic fish. Antifreeze glycoprotein is composed of repeating units of Ala-Ala-Thr, with each threonine O-linked to a disaccharide, and it exists as several polymers of different numbers of this repeating unit. Molecular weights of the two major active polymers are 10,500 and 17,500 by such methods as centrifugation and osmotic pressure, but smaller than 20 by freezing-point depression. Translational diffusion coefficients at 20 degrees were 8.35 times 10-7 cm2 s-1 and 6.15 times 10-7 cm2 s-1 for the M-r-10,500 and 17,500 polymers, respectively. Measurements at -0.2 degrees in the presence of ice crystals did not indicate any conformational changes that might be related to the lowering of the freezing temperature. Lowering the temperature of these glycoprotein solutions close to temperatures of freezing caused a decrease in the effective hydrodynamic radius of both active and inactive glycoprotein components.", "PMID": 1168194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2136", "title": "Hydrolysis of diacylglycerols by lipoprotein lipase.", "content": "Enantiomeric diacylglycerols were emulsified, mole for mole, with lyso(1-acyl) lecithin and were hydrolyzed with lipoprotein lipase in NH4Cl-beef serum albumin buffer at pH 8.6 after a brief incubation with delipidated rat serum. The enzyme was prepared from lyophilized and dialyzed bovine skim milk in a 4 percent solution. The course of hydrolysis for each set of enantiomers was determined by gas-liquid chromatography of the masses of the diacylglycerols remaining or monoacylglycerols released in the medium between 0 and 15 min. The majority of sets of sn-1,2- and 2,3-diacylglycerols, including an isotope-labeled true enantiomeric set which was assessed by mass spectrometry, demonstrated preference by the enzyme for lipolysis at position 1 but with less specificity than previously was shown in sn-triacylglycerol hydrolysis. The results preclude the possibility that the predominance of sn-2,3-diacylglycerol intermediates during triacylglycerol hydrolysis is due solely to a preferential breakdown of the 1,2-isomers and reinforce the conclusion that lipoprotein lipase is specific for position 1.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of diacylglycerols by lipoprotein lipase. Enantiomeric diacylglycerols were emulsified, mole for mole, with lyso(1-acyl) lecithin and were hydrolyzed with lipoprotein lipase in NH4Cl-beef serum albumin buffer at pH 8.6 after a brief incubation with delipidated rat serum. The enzyme was prepared from lyophilized and dialyzed bovine skim milk in a 4 percent solution. The course of hydrolysis for each set of enantiomers was determined by gas-liquid chromatography of the masses of the diacylglycerols remaining or monoacylglycerols released in the medium between 0 and 15 min. The majority of sets of sn-1,2- and 2,3-diacylglycerols, including an isotope-labeled true enantiomeric set which was assessed by mass spectrometry, demonstrated preference by the enzyme for lipolysis at position 1 but with less specificity than previously was shown in sn-triacylglycerol hydrolysis. The results preclude the possibility that the predominance of sn-2,3-diacylglycerol intermediates during triacylglycerol hydrolysis is due solely to a preferential breakdown of the 1,2-isomers and reinforce the conclusion that lipoprotein lipase is specific for position 1.", "PMID": 1168195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2137", "title": "Fluoride inhibition of the initiation of protein synthesis in the reticulocyte lysate cell-free system.", "content": "KF (30 mM) strongly inhibits polypeptide chain initiation in the reticulocyte lysate cell-free system.. Chain elongation is partially inhibited but proceeds to a significant extent with little initiation of new chains. Polysome breakdown is incomplete after incubations as long as 20 min. Under these conditions deacylated tRNA-Met accumulates in a fraction sedimenting faster than 120 S and thus may be associated with ribosomes bound to mRNA. Incubation of the system with KF results in the accumulation of a complex which can initiate synthesis of polypeptide chains in the presence of aurintricarboxylate; KF thus inhibits a step in initiation after that inhibited by aurintricarboxylate. The accumulation of deacylated tRNA-Met is correlated with the accumulation of the aurintricarboxylate-resistant complex. Both phenomema are dependent on KF and both are inhibited by aurintricarboxylate in the same range of concentrations which inhibit initiation of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Fluoride inhibition of the initiation of protein synthesis in the reticulocyte lysate cell-free system. KF (30 mM) strongly inhibits polypeptide chain initiation in the reticulocyte lysate cell-free system.. Chain elongation is partially inhibited but proceeds to a significant extent with little initiation of new chains. Polysome breakdown is incomplete after incubations as long as 20 min. Under these conditions deacylated tRNA-Met accumulates in a fraction sedimenting faster than 120 S and thus may be associated with ribosomes bound to mRNA. Incubation of the system with KF results in the accumulation of a complex which can initiate synthesis of polypeptide chains in the presence of aurintricarboxylate; KF thus inhibits a step in initiation after that inhibited by aurintricarboxylate. The accumulation of deacylated tRNA-Met is correlated with the accumulation of the aurintricarboxylate-resistant complex. Both phenomema are dependent on KF and both are inhibited by aurintricarboxylate in the same range of concentrations which inhibit initiation of protein synthesis.", "PMID": 1168196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2138", "title": "The purification and some properties of electron transfer flavoprotein and general fatty acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase from pig liver mitochondria.", "content": "Electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF) and acyl dehydrogenases of pig liver mitochondria have been isolated in good yield by a new procedure. ETF and general acyl dehydrogenase appear homogenous, are free of reciprocal contamination, react with neither pyridine nucleotides not cytochrome c, and are completely dependent upon each other for reduction of dichlorophenol indophenol by acyl-CaA substrates. The properties of the present preparation (some of which differ significantly from those previously described) are presented. Sedimentation of ETF in 0.02 M KP-i yields a M-r for the native ETF of 58,00 plus or minus 3,000, whereas sedimentation of reduced and alkylated ETF in guanidine HCl yields a M-r of 26,000. Electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels in the presence or absence of mercaptoethanol gives a M-r of about 27,000 and flavin analysis gives a minimum molecular weight of about the same figure. Thus, ETF appears to contain one flavin (at least 90% FAD, by chromatographic and fluorescence characteristics) per 26,000 M-r, and therefore may be composed of two subunits with one flavin each. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of general acyl dehydrogenase in the absence of mercaptoethanol gives a band corresponding to a M-r of 84,000; in the presence of mercaptoethanol a band corresponding to a M-r of 42,000 is found. The minimum molecular weight based on flavin content is 40,500. These data considered in conjunction with previous reports from other laboratories, suggest a structure of four subunits per mol with one flavin per subunit..", "contents": "The purification and some properties of electron transfer flavoprotein and general fatty acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase from pig liver mitochondria. Electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF) and acyl dehydrogenases of pig liver mitochondria have been isolated in good yield by a new procedure. ETF and general acyl dehydrogenase appear homogenous, are free of reciprocal contamination, react with neither pyridine nucleotides not cytochrome c, and are completely dependent upon each other for reduction of dichlorophenol indophenol by acyl-CaA substrates. The properties of the present preparation (some of which differ significantly from those previously described) are presented. Sedimentation of ETF in 0.02 M KP-i yields a M-r for the native ETF of 58,00 plus or minus 3,000, whereas sedimentation of reduced and alkylated ETF in guanidine HCl yields a M-r of 26,000. Electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels in the presence or absence of mercaptoethanol gives a M-r of about 27,000 and flavin analysis gives a minimum molecular weight of about the same figure. Thus, ETF appears to contain one flavin (at least 90% FAD, by chromatographic and fluorescence characteristics) per 26,000 M-r, and therefore may be composed of two subunits with one flavin each. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of general acyl dehydrogenase in the absence of mercaptoethanol gives a band corresponding to a M-r of 84,000; in the presence of mercaptoethanol a band corresponding to a M-r of 42,000 is found. The minimum molecular weight based on flavin content is 40,500. These data considered in conjunction with previous reports from other laboratories, suggest a structure of four subunits per mol with one flavin per subunit..", "PMID": 1168197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2139", "title": "Effect of leucine on the temperature sensitive phenotype of a mammalian leucyl-tRNA synthetase mutant.", "content": "The concentration of leucine in the growth medium has been found to influence the expression of the temperature sensitive phenotype of a mutant of Chinese hamster ovary cells with an altered leucyl-tRNA synthetase. Plating efficiency and growth studies showed that increasing the leucine concentration allows cells to survive at normally non-permissive high temperatures and conversely decreasing the leucine concentration enhances the adverse effectsof high temperature. A similar but smaller effect was noted with isoleucine. It is suggested that this observation may form the basis of a rapid test, useful in directing the investigation of the lesion in similar mutants to pathways involving specific amino acids.", "contents": "Effect of leucine on the temperature sensitive phenotype of a mammalian leucyl-tRNA synthetase mutant. The concentration of leucine in the growth medium has been found to influence the expression of the temperature sensitive phenotype of a mutant of Chinese hamster ovary cells with an altered leucyl-tRNA synthetase. Plating efficiency and growth studies showed that increasing the leucine concentration allows cells to survive at normally non-permissive high temperatures and conversely decreasing the leucine concentration enhances the adverse effectsof high temperature. A similar but smaller effect was noted with isoleucine. It is suggested that this observation may form the basis of a rapid test, useful in directing the investigation of the lesion in similar mutants to pathways involving specific amino acids.", "PMID": 1168198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2140", "title": "The early effects of ouabain on potassium metabolism and rate of proliferation of mouse lymphoblasts.", "content": "Murine lymphoblasts grown in suspension culture in the presence of ouabain showed a dose dependent and sequential decrease in 86Rb+ (K+ analogue) influx, cellular potassium content, and growth rate. An increase in eosin staining and a decrease in cell number was observed after two hours in the presence of 1 mM ouabain; 1 muM ouabain was without effect on any of the parameters measured. Ouabain inhibition was rapidly and completely reversible at concentrations that were not cytotoxic.", "contents": "The early effects of ouabain on potassium metabolism and rate of proliferation of mouse lymphoblasts. Murine lymphoblasts grown in suspension culture in the presence of ouabain showed a dose dependent and sequential decrease in 86Rb+ (K+ analogue) influx, cellular potassium content, and growth rate. An increase in eosin staining and a decrease in cell number was observed after two hours in the presence of 1 mM ouabain; 1 muM ouabain was without effect on any of the parameters measured. Ouabain inhibition was rapidly and completely reversible at concentrations that were not cytotoxic.", "PMID": 1168199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2141", "title": "Adaptation of potassium metabolism and restoration of mitosis during prolonged treatment of mouse lymphoblasts with ouabain.", "content": "The effects of ouabain on the growth of murine lymphoblasts in vitro have been studied. Exposure of cells to ouabain (0.1 mM) initially inhibited 86Rb+ uptake rate, reduced the intracellular potassium concentration, and decreased population growth rates. Continued exposure to the same ouabain concentration resulted in an increase of 86Rb+ uptake rate, intracellular potassium content and population growth rates to control values (adaptation). When treated cells were resuspended in medium free of ouabain after 12 to 15 hours of ouabain treatment, 86Rb+ uptake rates and intracellular potassium levels exceeded those of untreated cells. Adaptation was inhibited by cycloheximide (3 mug/ml) and by actinomycin D (0.05 mug/ml). Kinetic analysis of transport suggested that while the total capacity of the Na/, K+ transport system increased, the affinity for both the cation (86Rb+) and ouabain decreased.", "contents": "Adaptation of potassium metabolism and restoration of mitosis during prolonged treatment of mouse lymphoblasts with ouabain. The effects of ouabain on the growth of murine lymphoblasts in vitro have been studied. Exposure of cells to ouabain (0.1 mM) initially inhibited 86Rb+ uptake rate, reduced the intracellular potassium concentration, and decreased population growth rates. Continued exposure to the same ouabain concentration resulted in an increase of 86Rb+ uptake rate, intracellular potassium content and population growth rates to control values (adaptation). When treated cells were resuspended in medium free of ouabain after 12 to 15 hours of ouabain treatment, 86Rb+ uptake rates and intracellular potassium levels exceeded those of untreated cells. Adaptation was inhibited by cycloheximide (3 mug/ml) and by actinomycin D (0.05 mug/ml). Kinetic analysis of transport suggested that while the total capacity of the Na/, K+ transport system increased, the affinity for both the cation (86Rb+) and ouabain decreased.", "PMID": 1168200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2142", "title": "The effects of ouabain on the cell mitotic cycle of mouse lymphoblasts.", "content": "The inhibition of cell proliferation by ouabain has been analyzed with respect to the cell cycle. Three lines of evidence indicate that growth rate is modified by altering to different degrees the rate of progress through stages of the cell cycle: (1) a three hour lag occurs between the time of ouabain addition and the inhibition of proliferation; (2) oubain must be present at least two to four hours prior to the mitotic burst of synchronized cells for inhibition of mitosis to occur; (3) parasynchrony is observed when cells are resuspended in ouabain-free medium after 12 hours of exposure to ouabain. Analysis of the distribution of cells in each of the stages of the cell cycle at various times during ouabain treatment reveals a progressive increase in the fraction of cells in S with a concomitant decrease in the percent of cells in each of the stages. These results indicate that the prolongation of the cell cycle time in the presence of ouabain is due primarily to an S stage block.", "contents": "The effects of ouabain on the cell mitotic cycle of mouse lymphoblasts. The inhibition of cell proliferation by ouabain has been analyzed with respect to the cell cycle. Three lines of evidence indicate that growth rate is modified by altering to different degrees the rate of progress through stages of the cell cycle: (1) a three hour lag occurs between the time of ouabain addition and the inhibition of proliferation; (2) oubain must be present at least two to four hours prior to the mitotic burst of synchronized cells for inhibition of mitosis to occur; (3) parasynchrony is observed when cells are resuspended in ouabain-free medium after 12 hours of exposure to ouabain. Analysis of the distribution of cells in each of the stages of the cell cycle at various times during ouabain treatment reveals a progressive increase in the fraction of cells in S with a concomitant decrease in the percent of cells in each of the stages. These results indicate that the prolongation of the cell cycle time in the presence of ouabain is due primarily to an S stage block.", "PMID": 1168201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2143", "title": "The pattern of density dependent growth inhibition in murine fibroblasts.", "content": "Observations on the pattern of nuclear incorporation of 3H-TdR in long term (8-day) and short term (3-day) 3T3 cultures with local cell densities between 0.2 times 10-4 and 6.2 times 10-4 cells/cm2 are reported. Contrary to a number of previous studies our observations indicate that density dependent inhibition is exhibited in relatively sparse cultures, commencing at 0.5 times 10-4 cells/cm2. Various possible mechanisms which could have caused the observed pattern of density-dependent regression in labelling index are discussed.", "contents": "The pattern of density dependent growth inhibition in murine fibroblasts. Observations on the pattern of nuclear incorporation of 3H-TdR in long term (8-day) and short term (3-day) 3T3 cultures with local cell densities between 0.2 times 10-4 and 6.2 times 10-4 cells/cm2 are reported. Contrary to a number of previous studies our observations indicate that density dependent inhibition is exhibited in relatively sparse cultures, commencing at 0.5 times 10-4 cells/cm2. Various possible mechanisms which could have caused the observed pattern of density-dependent regression in labelling index are discussed.", "PMID": 1168202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2144", "title": "The effect of potassium on the cell membrane potential and the passage of synchronized cells through the cell cycle.", "content": "The cell membrane potential of cultured Chinese hamster cells is known to increase at the start of the S phase. The putative role of the cell membrane potential as a regulator of cell proliferation was examined by following the cell cycle traverse of synchronized Chinese hamster cells in the presence or absence of high exogenous levels of potassium. An increase in external potassium levels results in a depressed membrane potential and a reduced rate of cell proliferation. A potassium concentration of 115 mM was used in experiments with synchronized cells since at that level cell proliferation is almost completely halted, recovery of growth is rapid and complete, and the membrane potential is reduced to a level well below that normally found in cells in the G1 phase. A mitotic population was divided into four aliquots and plated in either control medium or medium containing 115 mM K+. Cells placed directly into high K+ medium were retarded in their exit from mitosis and displayed a delayed and abnormal entry into the S phase. If control medium was added after two hours, cell cycle traverse was normal, but delayed by two hours compared to control cells. If the mitotic cells were plated directly into control medium and two hours later were shifted to high K+ medium, the cells entered the S phase in the absence of the normally observed increase in membrane potential and proceeded to the next mitosis normally. It was concluded that the increase in membrane potential observed at the start of the S phase in isolated synchronized cells is not a requirement for the initiation of DNA synthesis. In addition, sensitivity to the high potassium regimen was found at two different times during the cell cycle. In one case, cells were impeded in their transit through mitosis. Such cells displayed an altered chromosome structure which may account for the partial mitotic block. In the second case, synchronized cells displayed a sensitivity to the high potassium regimen in early G1 which appeared to be separate from the block in mitosis and independent of a change in the membrane potential.", "contents": "The effect of potassium on the cell membrane potential and the passage of synchronized cells through the cell cycle. The cell membrane potential of cultured Chinese hamster cells is known to increase at the start of the S phase. The putative role of the cell membrane potential as a regulator of cell proliferation was examined by following the cell cycle traverse of synchronized Chinese hamster cells in the presence or absence of high exogenous levels of potassium. An increase in external potassium levels results in a depressed membrane potential and a reduced rate of cell proliferation. A potassium concentration of 115 mM was used in experiments with synchronized cells since at that level cell proliferation is almost completely halted, recovery of growth is rapid and complete, and the membrane potential is reduced to a level well below that normally found in cells in the G1 phase. A mitotic population was divided into four aliquots and plated in either control medium or medium containing 115 mM K+. Cells placed directly into high K+ medium were retarded in their exit from mitosis and displayed a delayed and abnormal entry into the S phase. If control medium was added after two hours, cell cycle traverse was normal, but delayed by two hours compared to control cells. If the mitotic cells were plated directly into control medium and two hours later were shifted to high K+ medium, the cells entered the S phase in the absence of the normally observed increase in membrane potential and proceeded to the next mitosis normally. It was concluded that the increase in membrane potential observed at the start of the S phase in isolated synchronized cells is not a requirement for the initiation of DNA synthesis. In addition, sensitivity to the high potassium regimen was found at two different times during the cell cycle. In one case, cells were impeded in their transit through mitosis. Such cells displayed an altered chromosome structure which may account for the partial mitotic block. In the second case, synchronized cells displayed a sensitivity to the high potassium regimen in early G1 which appeared to be separate from the block in mitosis and independent of a change in the membrane potential.", "PMID": 1168203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2145", "title": "Activation and inactivation of genes determining hemoglobin types.20s.", "content": "Globin gene switching in sheep and goats has been used as a model system for examining gene expression in differentiating red blood cells. Sheep and goats switch from the synthesis of hemoglobin A to hemoglobin C in response to erythropoietin. The regulatory mechanism producing this switch in hemoglobin types could occur at the cellular, nuclear, or cytoplasmic level. Evidence is presented which suggests that regulation is occurring, in fact, at the nuclear level. Sheep and goat erythroid colonies have been grown in plasma clot culture in order to study the synthesis of individual globin chains. Erythropoietin is required for colony formation. The switch from hemoglobin A to hemoglobin C synthesis requires not only colony formation but also a higher concentration of erythropoietin than is required just for the production of colonies. A cell-free transcriptional system using bone marrow chromatin and mammalian DNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been developed in order to examine the nuclear control mechanisms in more detail.", "contents": "Activation and inactivation of genes determining hemoglobin types.20s. Globin gene switching in sheep and goats has been used as a model system for examining gene expression in differentiating red blood cells. Sheep and goats switch from the synthesis of hemoglobin A to hemoglobin C in response to erythropoietin. The regulatory mechanism producing this switch in hemoglobin types could occur at the cellular, nuclear, or cytoplasmic level. Evidence is presented which suggests that regulation is occurring, in fact, at the nuclear level. Sheep and goat erythroid colonies have been grown in plasma clot culture in order to study the synthesis of individual globin chains. Erythropoietin is required for colony formation. The switch from hemoglobin A to hemoglobin C synthesis requires not only colony formation but also a higher concentration of erythropoietin than is required just for the production of colonies. A cell-free transcriptional system using bone marrow chromatin and mammalian DNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been developed in order to examine the nuclear control mechanisms in more detail.", "PMID": 1168204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2146", "title": "Vitamin B6 metabolism in chronic alcohol abuse The effect of ethanol oxidation on hepatic pyridoxal 5'-phosphate metabolism.", "content": "Individuals with chronic alcohol abuse frequently exhibit lowered plasma levels of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the coenzyme form of vitamin B6. Because the liver is the primary source of this coenzyme in plasma and also the principal organ that oxidizes ethanol, the effect of ethanol on hepatic pyridoxal phosphate metabolism was studied in the rat. The chronic feeding of ethanol (36 percent of the total dietary calories) for 6 wk significantly decreased the hepatic pyridoxal phosphate content both in animals given a sufficient amount of vitamin B6 in their diet and in those rendered vitamin B6 deficient. In isolated perfused livers, the addition of 18 mM ethanol lowered the pyridoxal phosphate content of livers from vitamin B6-sufficient animals and deceased the net synthesis of pyridoxal phosphate from pyridoxine by the livers of vitamin B6-deficient animals. Ethanol also diminished the rate of release of pyridoxal phosphate into the perfusate by the livers of vitamin B6-deficient rats. These effects of ethanol, in vitro, were abolished by 4-methyl pyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase. Thus the derangement of pyridoxal phosphate metabolism produced by ethanol is dependt upon its oxidation. These data support previous findings whic indicate that acetaldehyde is the responsible agent which acts by accelerating the degradation of intracellular pyridoxal phosphate.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 metabolism in chronic alcohol abuse The effect of ethanol oxidation on hepatic pyridoxal 5'-phosphate metabolism. Individuals with chronic alcohol abuse frequently exhibit lowered plasma levels of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the coenzyme form of vitamin B6. Because the liver is the primary source of this coenzyme in plasma and also the principal organ that oxidizes ethanol, the effect of ethanol on hepatic pyridoxal phosphate metabolism was studied in the rat. The chronic feeding of ethanol (36 percent of the total dietary calories) for 6 wk significantly decreased the hepatic pyridoxal phosphate content both in animals given a sufficient amount of vitamin B6 in their diet and in those rendered vitamin B6 deficient. In isolated perfused livers, the addition of 18 mM ethanol lowered the pyridoxal phosphate content of livers from vitamin B6-sufficient animals and deceased the net synthesis of pyridoxal phosphate from pyridoxine by the livers of vitamin B6-deficient animals. Ethanol also diminished the rate of release of pyridoxal phosphate into the perfusate by the livers of vitamin B6-deficient rats. These effects of ethanol, in vitro, were abolished by 4-methyl pyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase. Thus the derangement of pyridoxal phosphate metabolism produced by ethanol is dependt upon its oxidation. These data support previous findings whic indicate that acetaldehyde is the responsible agent which acts by accelerating the degradation of intracellular pyridoxal phosphate.", "PMID": 1168205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2147", "title": "Maternal behavior of mice with cingulate cortical, amygdala, or septal lesions.", "content": "Nest building, pup retrieving, and pup survival and growth were evaluated in primiparous control mice and those with cingulate cortical, neocortical, amygdala, or septal lesions. Mice with neocortical or amygdala lesions showed little or no deficits in maternal behavior. Mice with septal lesions were severely impaired in all aspects of maternal care. These mice did not build nests, showed a variety of aberrant behaviors during pup retrieving, and their pups died or gained significantly less weight than those of controls. Mice with cingulate cortical lesions retrieved pups more slowly than controls, and retrieving deficits were correlated with the extent of retrograde degeneration found in the anterior thalamic nuclei.", "contents": "Maternal behavior of mice with cingulate cortical, amygdala, or septal lesions. Nest building, pup retrieving, and pup survival and growth were evaluated in primiparous control mice and those with cingulate cortical, neocortical, amygdala, or septal lesions. Mice with neocortical or amygdala lesions showed little or no deficits in maternal behavior. Mice with septal lesions were severely impaired in all aspects of maternal care. These mice did not build nests, showed a variety of aberrant behaviors during pup retrieving, and their pups died or gained significantly less weight than those of controls. Mice with cingulate cortical lesions retrieved pups more slowly than controls, and retrieving deficits were correlated with the extent of retrograde degeneration found in the anterior thalamic nuclei.", "PMID": 1168206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2148", "title": "Factors in the modification by isolation of electroconvulsive shock-produced retrograde amnesia in the rat.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that placing rats in a sensory-restricted environment during the electronconvulsive shock- (ECS) retention interval following 1-trial appetitive learning will prevent or eliminate ECS-produced retrograde amnesia. The first study replicated this finding with a 1-trial aversive learning task, indicating that this effect is not task specific. The second study attempted to determine whether illumination or the restricted environment was the crucial factor in this penomenon. Rats placed in the light during the ECS-retention interval, whether restricted or in the colony, demonstrated retrograde amnesia after ECS. However, rats left in the dark during this interval demonstrated little, if any, retention deficit particularly if this condition was combined with sensory isolation. These studies further indicate that manipulation of the general environment of the animal after ECS can alter ECS-produced retention losses.", "contents": "Factors in the modification by isolation of electroconvulsive shock-produced retrograde amnesia in the rat. It has been demonstrated that placing rats in a sensory-restricted environment during the electronconvulsive shock- (ECS) retention interval following 1-trial appetitive learning will prevent or eliminate ECS-produced retrograde amnesia. The first study replicated this finding with a 1-trial aversive learning task, indicating that this effect is not task specific. The second study attempted to determine whether illumination or the restricted environment was the crucial factor in this penomenon. Rats placed in the light during the ECS-retention interval, whether restricted or in the colony, demonstrated retrograde amnesia after ECS. However, rats left in the dark during this interval demonstrated little, if any, retention deficit particularly if this condition was combined with sensory isolation. These studies further indicate that manipulation of the general environment of the animal after ECS can alter ECS-produced retention losses.", "PMID": 1168207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2149", "title": "Amnesic effect of cycloheximide in the mouse mediated by adrenocortical hormones.", "content": "The involvement of adrenocortical hormones in the amnesic effect of cycloheximide was examined in mice. Subcutaneous injection of cycloheximide shortly before a training trial of a passive avoidance task resulted in an amnesia of the avoidance response. However, amnesia was absent in the adrenalectomized animals in which cerebral protein synthesis was suppressed by cycloheximide. Injection of corticosteroids antagonized the amnesic effect, most effecively if the steroids were given immediately after training. The influence of the hormonal treatments upon the amnesic effect was not ascribable to a change in general activity level. The amnesic effect of subcutaneously injected cycloheximide appears to be mediated by hormonal deficiency, and not related to suppression of the cerebral protein synthesis.", "contents": "Amnesic effect of cycloheximide in the mouse mediated by adrenocortical hormones. The involvement of adrenocortical hormones in the amnesic effect of cycloheximide was examined in mice. Subcutaneous injection of cycloheximide shortly before a training trial of a passive avoidance task resulted in an amnesia of the avoidance response. However, amnesia was absent in the adrenalectomized animals in which cerebral protein synthesis was suppressed by cycloheximide. Injection of corticosteroids antagonized the amnesic effect, most effecively if the steroids were given immediately after training. The influence of the hormonal treatments upon the amnesic effect was not ascribable to a change in general activity level. The amnesic effect of subcutaneously injected cycloheximide appears to be mediated by hormonal deficiency, and not related to suppression of the cerebral protein synthesis.", "PMID": 1168208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2150", "title": "Suppression of mouse killing and apomorphine-induced social aggression in rats by local anesthesia of the mystacial vibrissae.", "content": "Local anesthesia of the facial epidermis can effect a substantial decrease in shock-elicited fighting of paired rats. The present experiments constitute methodological extensions to mouse killing and spontaneous drug-induced social aggression. In the first experiment, known mouse-killing rats were given bilateral lidocaine or placebo injections administered under ether anesthesia. Attack and kill latencies were significantly longer under lidocaine than under placebo; all subjects killed under placebo, whereas a third of all subjects failed to kill on the initial lidocaine test. On subsequent lidocaine testing, latencies decreased and nonkilling rats killed. In a second experiment intense apomorphine-induced conspecific fighting of rats preselected for aggressiveness was markedly reduced following lidocaine anesthesia. The comparative results of both experiments are interpreted in reference to theoretical assertions regarding the import of sensory information in stimulus-bound attack and the typology of central aggression systems.", "contents": "Suppression of mouse killing and apomorphine-induced social aggression in rats by local anesthesia of the mystacial vibrissae. Local anesthesia of the facial epidermis can effect a substantial decrease in shock-elicited fighting of paired rats. The present experiments constitute methodological extensions to mouse killing and spontaneous drug-induced social aggression. In the first experiment, known mouse-killing rats were given bilateral lidocaine or placebo injections administered under ether anesthesia. Attack and kill latencies were significantly longer under lidocaine than under placebo; all subjects killed under placebo, whereas a third of all subjects failed to kill on the initial lidocaine test. On subsequent lidocaine testing, latencies decreased and nonkilling rats killed. In a second experiment intense apomorphine-induced conspecific fighting of rats preselected for aggressiveness was markedly reduced following lidocaine anesthesia. The comparative results of both experiments are interpreted in reference to theoretical assertions regarding the import of sensory information in stimulus-bound attack and the typology of central aggression systems.", "PMID": 1168209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2151", "title": "Competitive fighting in the rat.", "content": "Competitive fighting was obtained in pairs of like-sexed laboratory rats by placing a single piece of food into the food hopper following 48 hr. of food deprivation. The fighting was characterized by offensive sideways posture, full aggressive posture, and bite and kick attack. Tests were conducted at 110-120 days of age on pairs of animals that had been housed together since weaning. Fighting was more frequent in pairs consisting of nonlittermates than in pairs of littermates, and it was equally frequent in male and female pairings. Probability of fighting was enhanced by prior experience with food deprivation, and attack was most often initiated by the heavier animal of the pair.", "contents": "Competitive fighting in the rat. Competitive fighting was obtained in pairs of like-sexed laboratory rats by placing a single piece of food into the food hopper following 48 hr. of food deprivation. The fighting was characterized by offensive sideways posture, full aggressive posture, and bite and kick attack. Tests were conducted at 110-120 days of age on pairs of animals that had been housed together since weaning. Fighting was more frequent in pairs consisting of nonlittermates than in pairs of littermates, and it was equally frequent in male and female pairings. Probability of fighting was enhanced by prior experience with food deprivation, and attack was most often initiated by the heavier animal of the pair.", "PMID": 1168210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2152", "title": "Social position and competition in laboratory rats.", "content": "Two experiments with rats as subjects are described, which control for social position, i.e., relative dominance/submission, in an appetitive social learning-performance setting. The results indicate that animals that perform quite effectively when alone exhibit significantly reduced levels of responding when placed into a social environment. The severity of the response decrement is, at least in part, a function of the relative social position of the subjects involved. A dominant male made few responses when paired with another dominant male. Yet, a dominant subject made even fewer responses when paired with a submissive subject, which bar pressed at approximately half the individual level. These findings are interpreted as suggesting that social position, with its accompanying characteristic form of aggression, is an important determinant of performance in a social learning environment.", "contents": "Social position and competition in laboratory rats. Two experiments with rats as subjects are described, which control for social position, i.e., relative dominance/submission, in an appetitive social learning-performance setting. The results indicate that animals that perform quite effectively when alone exhibit significantly reduced levels of responding when placed into a social environment. The severity of the response decrement is, at least in part, a function of the relative social position of the subjects involved. A dominant male made few responses when paired with another dominant male. Yet, a dominant subject made even fewer responses when paired with a submissive subject, which bar pressed at approximately half the individual level. These findings are interpreted as suggesting that social position, with its accompanying characteristic form of aggression, is an important determinant of performance in a social learning environment.", "PMID": 1168211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2153", "title": "Gastric secretion as a function of acute and chronic stress in the gastric fistula rat.", "content": "In Experiment 1 rats exposed to signaled and unsignaled grid shock secreted more gastric acid after shock stress (chronic stress) for 8 days compared to the first 12 hr. of shock stress (acute stress). However, Experiment 2 indicated that the higher gastric acid values under chronic stress were not significantly greater than prestress baseline values. The results are interpreted to reflect an inhibition of gastric acid secretion as a function of acute stress. During chronic stress this inhibition is followed by a habituation of gastric secretory processes which is observed as a return of secretion volume to baseline levels.", "contents": "Gastric secretion as a function of acute and chronic stress in the gastric fistula rat. In Experiment 1 rats exposed to signaled and unsignaled grid shock secreted more gastric acid after shock stress (chronic stress) for 8 days compared to the first 12 hr. of shock stress (acute stress). However, Experiment 2 indicated that the higher gastric acid values under chronic stress were not significantly greater than prestress baseline values. The results are interpreted to reflect an inhibition of gastric acid secretion as a function of acute stress. During chronic stress this inhibition is followed by a habituation of gastric secretory processes which is observed as a return of secretion volume to baseline levels.", "PMID": 1168212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2154", "title": "Comparative nasal absorption of allergens in atopic and nonatopic subjects.", "content": "Based on sensitization following intranasal antigen administration, previous investigations have suggested greater absorption of allergens through the nasal mucous membranes of atopic than of nonatopic subjects. In this study mucosal absorption was assessed more directly by determining the capacity of allergens applied intranasally to elicit cutaneous Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner (P-K) reactions in nonatopic persons as compared with asymptomatic atopic subjects sensitive to other allergens. Two series of reaginic human serum dilutions were injected intracutaneously in recipients backs, and 48 hours later one series was challenged intracutaneously with test allergen. After the responses had been recorded, concentrated allergenic extract was sprayed into the nose and the second series of P-K sites observed for reactivity. Sometimes these P-K sites were rechallenged intracutaneously the following day to determine passive transfer neutralization. Two allergens were studied: bovine ribonuclease (RNase) and peanut extract. Two sera containing peanut reagins and one with RNase antibodies were each used in 10 to 11 atopic and 9 to 11 nonatopic recipients. The atopic group failed to show greater or more rapid absorption of either allergen through the nose based on the highest serum dilution reacting after nasal challenge. the speed of the reaction, the ratio of the titer by nasal challenge to the intracutaneous titer, or passive transfer neutralization. Controls showed that the results were not influenced by systemic absorption of allergen employed for intracutaneous tests. Drinking the amount of peanut extract applied intranasally did not elicit P-K reactions.", "contents": "Comparative nasal absorption of allergens in atopic and nonatopic subjects. Based on sensitization following intranasal antigen administration, previous investigations have suggested greater absorption of allergens through the nasal mucous membranes of atopic than of nonatopic subjects. In this study mucosal absorption was assessed more directly by determining the capacity of allergens applied intranasally to elicit cutaneous Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner (P-K) reactions in nonatopic persons as compared with asymptomatic atopic subjects sensitive to other allergens. Two series of reaginic human serum dilutions were injected intracutaneously in recipients backs, and 48 hours later one series was challenged intracutaneously with test allergen. After the responses had been recorded, concentrated allergenic extract was sprayed into the nose and the second series of P-K sites observed for reactivity. Sometimes these P-K sites were rechallenged intracutaneously the following day to determine passive transfer neutralization. Two allergens were studied: bovine ribonuclease (RNase) and peanut extract. Two sera containing peanut reagins and one with RNase antibodies were each used in 10 to 11 atopic and 9 to 11 nonatopic recipients. The atopic group failed to show greater or more rapid absorption of either allergen through the nose based on the highest serum dilution reacting after nasal challenge. the speed of the reaction, the ratio of the titer by nasal challenge to the intracutaneous titer, or passive transfer neutralization. Controls showed that the results were not influenced by systemic absorption of allergen employed for intracutaneous tests. Drinking the amount of peanut extract applied intranasally did not elicit P-K reactions.", "PMID": 1168213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2155", "title": "Measurement of IgE antibodies by the radioallergosorbent test. I. Technical considerations in the performance of the test.", "content": "Since its introduction by Wide, Bennich, and Johansson in 1967, the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) has been increasingly used for measurement of specific IgE antibodies. In this study we have varied the conditions during the performance of the RAST and have investigated the effect of altering: (1) the speed of rotation of tubes, (2) the number of washes in both steps of the test, (3) the length of rotation of tubes, (4) the temperature, (5) the conditions during centrifugation, (6) the quantity of antibody to IgE in the second step of the test, (7) the composition of buffers in the reactions, (8) the type of tube employed in the test, (9) the quantity of antigen employed during the coupling procedure, and, finally, (10) the iodine isotope, 125I or 131I, used to radiolabel anti-IgE. Of these variables the most significant were the quantity of anti-IgE used in the second step of the test and the quantity of antigen used in the coupling procedure. Other variables of importance were the choice of radioiodine, whether the tubes were rotated or not, the type of tube used, and finally the diluent employed.", "contents": "Measurement of IgE antibodies by the radioallergosorbent test. I. Technical considerations in the performance of the test. Since its introduction by Wide, Bennich, and Johansson in 1967, the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) has been increasingly used for measurement of specific IgE antibodies. In this study we have varied the conditions during the performance of the RAST and have investigated the effect of altering: (1) the speed of rotation of tubes, (2) the number of washes in both steps of the test, (3) the length of rotation of tubes, (4) the temperature, (5) the conditions during centrifugation, (6) the quantity of antibody to IgE in the second step of the test, (7) the composition of buffers in the reactions, (8) the type of tube employed in the test, (9) the quantity of antigen employed during the coupling procedure, and, finally, (10) the iodine isotope, 125I or 131I, used to radiolabel anti-IgE. Of these variables the most significant were the quantity of anti-IgE used in the second step of the test and the quantity of antigen used in the coupling procedure. Other variables of importance were the choice of radioiodine, whether the tubes were rotated or not, the type of tube used, and finally the diluent employed.", "PMID": 1168214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2156", "title": "The dietitian and credentialing.", "content": "The meaning and ramifications of credentialing and accreditation have direct and powerful implications for the professional dietitian. There is also intense interest on the part of the public, as it views each profession's role in providing health care, as to the quality and expense ot that care. Each dietitian's analysis of the direction our Association must take in accreditation and credentialing is mandatory to the growth of nutritional care and its responsiveness to the needs of the American people. Issues have been presented and reviewed in this article. Some proposals for change have been suggested. By no means is the issue of accreditation or credentialing static among the health professions. New studies are being started routinely. New ideas and issues are continually being proposed and analyzed. What is good today for the practitioner and the public may be non-functional tomorrow. However, it seems certain that changes are imminent. It is imperative that each member of The American Dietetic Association assume an active role in the decisions that will be made for the future of each of us.", "contents": "The dietitian and credentialing. The meaning and ramifications of credentialing and accreditation have direct and powerful implications for the professional dietitian. There is also intense interest on the part of the public, as it views each profession's role in providing health care, as to the quality and expense ot that care. Each dietitian's analysis of the direction our Association must take in accreditation and credentialing is mandatory to the growth of nutritional care and its responsiveness to the needs of the American people. Issues have been presented and reviewed in this article. Some proposals for change have been suggested. By no means is the issue of accreditation or credentialing static among the health professions. New studies are being started routinely. New ideas and issues are continually being proposed and analyzed. What is good today for the practitioner and the public may be non-functional tomorrow. However, it seems certain that changes are imminent. It is imperative that each member of The American Dietetic Association assume an active role in the decisions that will be made for the future of each of us.", "PMID": 1168215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2157", "title": "The distribution of uterine glycogen during early pregnancy in the young and senescent golden hamster.", "content": "Glycogen distribution in the uterus of young and old hamsters was examined histochemically during the implantation of the embryo. Decidual cells and glycogen first appeared at 96 hours (post-ovulation) in the young animal. Decidualization did not occur in the senescent animal until 108 hours of development and the appearance of glycogen in the antimesometrial stroma was further delayed until 120 hours of development in the aged female. By 132 hours glycogen synthesis in the antimesometrial decidua was similar in both groups. Mesometrial glycogen synthesis in the aged animal continued to lag behind that of the young animal throughout the period investigated. The role of the delayed decidual cell response and the appearance of glycogen as possible causal factors in the observed decreased reproductive output in senescent animals is discussed.", "contents": "The distribution of uterine glycogen during early pregnancy in the young and senescent golden hamster. Glycogen distribution in the uterus of young and old hamsters was examined histochemically during the implantation of the embryo. Decidual cells and glycogen first appeared at 96 hours (post-ovulation) in the young animal. Decidualization did not occur in the senescent animal until 108 hours of development and the appearance of glycogen in the antimesometrial stroma was further delayed until 120 hours of development in the aged female. By 132 hours glycogen synthesis in the antimesometrial decidua was similar in both groups. Mesometrial glycogen synthesis in the aged animal continued to lag behind that of the young animal throughout the period investigated. The role of the delayed decidual cell response and the appearance of glycogen as possible causal factors in the observed decreased reproductive output in senescent animals is discussed.", "PMID": 1168217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2158", "title": "Studies on the inhibition of C56-induced lysis (reactive lysis). VI. Modulation of C56-induced lysis polyanions and polycations.", "content": "Multiple polyanions and polycations were tested for their ability to influence formation of EC567 from C56, C7, and sheep erythrocytes. Six of 11 polyanions tested, including polyanethol sulfonate, heparin, and dextran sulfate, inhibited this reaction. By contrast, polycations (five or seven tested), including polybrene, protamine, and polyornithine, potentiated formation of EC567. The inhibition was similar to that previously described for anionic serum factors termed C567-INH, while the potentiation seemed to involve neutralization of serum C567-INH. Thus, this step of the complement attack mechanisms seems amenable to modulation by certain polyelectrolytes, and may thereby be susceptible to pharmacologic manipulation.", "contents": "Studies on the inhibition of C56-induced lysis (reactive lysis). VI. Modulation of C56-induced lysis polyanions and polycations. Multiple polyanions and polycations were tested for their ability to influence formation of EC567 from C56, C7, and sheep erythrocytes. Six of 11 polyanions tested, including polyanethol sulfonate, heparin, and dextran sulfate, inhibited this reaction. By contrast, polycations (five or seven tested), including polybrene, protamine, and polyornithine, potentiated formation of EC567. The inhibition was similar to that previously described for anionic serum factors termed C567-INH, while the potentiation seemed to involve neutralization of serum C567-INH. Thus, this step of the complement attack mechanisms seems amenable to modulation by certain polyelectrolytes, and may thereby be susceptible to pharmacologic manipulation.", "PMID": 1168218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2159", "title": "Immune precipitation of immunoglobulin producing polysomes from mouse myeloma cells.", "content": "MPC-11 myeloma cells synthesizing IgG were labeled in vitro with 3H-uridine and the cell lysates, or purified polysomes treated with rabbit antiserum against the purified MPC-11 protein. The specificity of the immune precipitation was tested by rabbit anti-egg albumin and by precipitation of polysomes from \"non-producer\" myeloma and HeLa cells. The specific precipitation was 10 to 15% of the total cytoplasmic RNA for the IgG-producing clone of MPC-11 and about 2% for the non-producer clone or HeLa cells. Up to 20% of the total polysomal and ribosomal RNA were precipitated from the IgG producing clone. This value correlated with the IgG synthesis of these cells which is also about 20% of the total protein produced. The results suggest that myeloma cells produce a relatively large quantity of IgG due to the presence of a large amount of specific m-RNA molecules.", "contents": "Immune precipitation of immunoglobulin producing polysomes from mouse myeloma cells. MPC-11 myeloma cells synthesizing IgG were labeled in vitro with 3H-uridine and the cell lysates, or purified polysomes treated with rabbit antiserum against the purified MPC-11 protein. The specificity of the immune precipitation was tested by rabbit anti-egg albumin and by precipitation of polysomes from \"non-producer\" myeloma and HeLa cells. The specific precipitation was 10 to 15% of the total cytoplasmic RNA for the IgG-producing clone of MPC-11 and about 2% for the non-producer clone or HeLa cells. Up to 20% of the total polysomal and ribosomal RNA were precipitated from the IgG producing clone. This value correlated with the IgG synthesis of these cells which is also about 20% of the total protein produced. The results suggest that myeloma cells produce a relatively large quantity of IgG due to the presence of a large amount of specific m-RNA molecules.", "PMID": 1168219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2160", "title": "Synthesis of antibody and immunoglobulins without detectable antibody function in cells responding to horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The kinetics of immunoglobulin-synthesizing cells (IFC) and antibody-forming cells (AFC) are compared in the popliteal nodes of mice challenged, in the hind footpads, with horseradish peroxidase (PO) in Freund's complete adjuvant. A rise in the number of IFC without antibody function precedes the appearance of AFC. IFC reach peak numbers 7 days before AFC. Control experiments show that the majority of IFC without antibody function are responding to PO and not to adjuvant. Kinetic and radioautographic data suggest that IFC arise by division and differentiation; however, the doubling time of AFC is too rapid to be accounted for by cell division alone. Double staining techniques revealed the presence of immunoglobulin and antibody in different compartments of the same cell in 5 to 15% of the AFC. It is postulated that some AFC are recruited, possibly from cells already synthesizing immunoglobulin determinants.", "contents": "Synthesis of antibody and immunoglobulins without detectable antibody function in cells responding to horseradish peroxidase. The kinetics of immunoglobulin-synthesizing cells (IFC) and antibody-forming cells (AFC) are compared in the popliteal nodes of mice challenged, in the hind footpads, with horseradish peroxidase (PO) in Freund's complete adjuvant. A rise in the number of IFC without antibody function precedes the appearance of AFC. IFC reach peak numbers 7 days before AFC. Control experiments show that the majority of IFC without antibody function are responding to PO and not to adjuvant. Kinetic and radioautographic data suggest that IFC arise by division and differentiation; however, the doubling time of AFC is too rapid to be accounted for by cell division alone. Double staining techniques revealed the presence of immunoglobulin and antibody in different compartments of the same cell in 5 to 15% of the AFC. It is postulated that some AFC are recruited, possibly from cells already synthesizing immunoglobulin determinants.", "PMID": 1168220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2161", "title": "Affinity chromatography of human leukocyte and diploid cell interferons on sepharose-bound antibodies.", "content": "Interferons produced in human peripheral leukocytes (LE) and foreskin fibroblast (FS-4) cells were subjected to affinity chromatography on Sepharose-bound globulins from rabbits immunized with these interferons. Anti-LE interferon sera neutralized both interferons, but titers against FS-4 interferon were consistently lower than those against LE interferon. Anti-FS-4 interferon sera neutralized only FS-4 but not LE interferon. Accordingly, affinity columns constructed with anti-FS-4 globulin excluded LE but not FS-4 interferon, whereas those prepared with anti-LE interferon globulin bound and eluted both LE and FS-4 interferons. Purification of native interferons of both types on anti-LE interferon-Sepharose ranged from 680- to 3,600-fold and recoveries from 72 to 126%. Specific activities of eluate pools varied from 4 to 30 times 10-6 reference (B, 69/19) units per milligram protien.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of human leukocyte and diploid cell interferons on sepharose-bound antibodies. Interferons produced in human peripheral leukocytes (LE) and foreskin fibroblast (FS-4) cells were subjected to affinity chromatography on Sepharose-bound globulins from rabbits immunized with these interferons. Anti-LE interferon sera neutralized both interferons, but titers against FS-4 interferon were consistently lower than those against LE interferon. Anti-FS-4 interferon sera neutralized only FS-4 but not LE interferon. Accordingly, affinity columns constructed with anti-FS-4 globulin excluded LE but not FS-4 interferon, whereas those prepared with anti-LE interferon globulin bound and eluted both LE and FS-4 interferons. Purification of native interferons of both types on anti-LE interferon-Sepharose ranged from 680- to 3,600-fold and recoveries from 72 to 126%. Specific activities of eluate pools varied from 4 to 30 times 10-6 reference (B, 69/19) units per milligram protien.", "PMID": 1168221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2162", "title": "Estimation of fibrinogen-fibrin related antigen by continuous flow analysis.", "content": "A precise method for the determination of fibrinogen-fibrin related antigen (FR antigen) in an automated tanned red cell haemagglutination inhibition system is described. In a continuous flow system aliquots of serum are mixed with a dilution of rabbit anti-human fibrinogen serum. The FR antigen neutralizes the anti-fibrinogen serum and on addition of tanned human red cells sensitized with human fibrinogen, the cells agglutinate according to the remaining anti-fibrinogen activity. The agglutinates are removed and the remaining free cells are haemolysed with saponin and the colour measured at 550 nm. The density of the colour formed is in proportion to the amount of FR antigen present. The range in 102 normal males was 4.8 plus or minus 2.4 mug/ml. A significant increase in the levels of FR antigen throughout pregnancy was found, the highest levels being in the latter half of the third trimester. The levels of FR antigen in 31 normal urines was 0.46 plus or minus 0.44 mug/ml.", "contents": "Estimation of fibrinogen-fibrin related antigen by continuous flow analysis. A precise method for the determination of fibrinogen-fibrin related antigen (FR antigen) in an automated tanned red cell haemagglutination inhibition system is described. In a continuous flow system aliquots of serum are mixed with a dilution of rabbit anti-human fibrinogen serum. The FR antigen neutralizes the anti-fibrinogen serum and on addition of tanned human red cells sensitized with human fibrinogen, the cells agglutinate according to the remaining anti-fibrinogen activity. The agglutinates are removed and the remaining free cells are haemolysed with saponin and the colour measured at 550 nm. The density of the colour formed is in proportion to the amount of FR antigen present. The range in 102 normal males was 4.8 plus or minus 2.4 mug/ml. A significant increase in the levels of FR antigen throughout pregnancy was found, the highest levels being in the latter half of the third trimester. The levels of FR antigen in 31 normal urines was 0.46 plus or minus 0.44 mug/ml.", "PMID": 1168222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2163", "title": "CLq precipitin in the sera of patients with allergic vasculitis (Gougerot-Ruiter Syndrome).", "content": "The sera from two well-documented cases of allergic vasculitis were examined for the presence of C1q precipitins. Both sera contained material capable of precipitating C1q in agarose gel. The material from one of the sera was partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation. Sephadex G-200 filtration, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Attempts to identify the nature of C1q precipitin were unsuccessful, but it resembled the high-molecular-weight precipitins of sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In a lesion, deposition of fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, and complement were noted mainly in the vessel walls. No correlation between immunoglobulin and complement deposition in the skin and the presence of C1q precipitins in the blood could be established.", "contents": "CLq precipitin in the sera of patients with allergic vasculitis (Gougerot-Ruiter Syndrome). The sera from two well-documented cases of allergic vasculitis were examined for the presence of C1q precipitins. Both sera contained material capable of precipitating C1q in agarose gel. The material from one of the sera was partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation. Sephadex G-200 filtration, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Attempts to identify the nature of C1q precipitin were unsuccessful, but it resembled the high-molecular-weight precipitins of sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In a lesion, deposition of fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, and complement were noted mainly in the vessel walls. No correlation between immunoglobulin and complement deposition in the skin and the presence of C1q precipitins in the blood could be established.", "PMID": 1168226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2164", "title": "Isolation and characterization of epidermal ribosomes.", "content": "The conditions required for isolation of ribosomal particles from guinea-pig epidermis and half-root cells have been studied. Density-gradient patterns of the ribosomes following isolation from either tissue under a wide variety of conditions are essentially the same. Monomeric ribosomes are the predominant species isolable although polymeric ribosomes and subunits can be identified. The density-gradient pattern is not related to runoff during preparation. Detergent extraction is required for maximal recovery of particles from epidermis or wax-epilated hair roots even without detergent. The yield of ribosomes from both epidermis and hair roots is greatest in buffers with potassium concentrations between 100 and 250mM. Yield is decreased in buffers with magnesium concentrations above 5mM. Activity in an in vitro amino acid-incorporating system is unaffected by potassium concentration and is highest at magnesium concentration of 3mM. Activity of epidermal ribosomes is inhibited by the wax-epilation method while hair root-cell ribosomes are equally active following preparation with either latex or wax. The isolated ribosomal particles are unstable at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of epidermal ribosomes. The conditions required for isolation of ribosomal particles from guinea-pig epidermis and half-root cells have been studied. Density-gradient patterns of the ribosomes following isolation from either tissue under a wide variety of conditions are essentially the same. Monomeric ribosomes are the predominant species isolable although polymeric ribosomes and subunits can be identified. The density-gradient pattern is not related to runoff during preparation. Detergent extraction is required for maximal recovery of particles from epidermis or wax-epilated hair roots even without detergent. The yield of ribosomes from both epidermis and hair roots is greatest in buffers with potassium concentrations between 100 and 250mM. Yield is decreased in buffers with magnesium concentrations above 5mM. Activity in an in vitro amino acid-incorporating system is unaffected by potassium concentration and is highest at magnesium concentration of 3mM. Activity of epidermal ribosomes is inhibited by the wax-epilation method while hair root-cell ribosomes are equally active following preparation with either latex or wax. The isolated ribosomal particles are unstable at 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 1168227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2165", "title": "Cross-linking of fibrinogen and fibrin by fibrin-stablizing factor (factor XIIIa).", "content": "Factor XIIIa catalyzed intermolecular cross-linking of fibrinogen at initial rates that varied in direct (first order) proportion to the fibrinogen concentration, which differed from the well known zero order relationship in fibrin cross-linking. Preferential cross-linking of gamma-chains occurred with both substrates. The differences in rates and order of reaction were attributed mainly to effect of self-alignment of the gamma-chains in fibrin which enabled the cross-linking enzyme to interact with paired chains as a single rather than two independent entities. Studies on mixtures of fibrinogen and fibrin indicated factor XIIIa had near equal affinities for the two substrates. At low concentrations with which cross-linking of fibrinogen proceeded sluggishly compared to fibrin, fibrinogen inhibited stabilization of fibrin clots by competitively partitioning factor XIIIa away from the fribin. Additional inhibition arose from cross-linking of fibrin in soluble combination with fibrinogen in mixtures containing fibrinogen in large excess over fibrin. The observations demonstrate ways in which fibrinogen normally helps to suppress both polymerization and cross-linking of small amounts of fibrin produced within the circulation. At very high concentrations above 30 mg. per milliliter, fibrinogen underwent cross-linking at faster initial rates than the cross-linking of fibrin. Rapid cross-linking of concentrated fibrogen raises the possibility that filtration enrichment may be a factor contributing to abnormal formation of the highly insoluble fibrinogen deposits occurring in atheromatous tissue.", "contents": "Cross-linking of fibrinogen and fibrin by fibrin-stablizing factor (factor XIIIa). Factor XIIIa catalyzed intermolecular cross-linking of fibrinogen at initial rates that varied in direct (first order) proportion to the fibrinogen concentration, which differed from the well known zero order relationship in fibrin cross-linking. Preferential cross-linking of gamma-chains occurred with both substrates. The differences in rates and order of reaction were attributed mainly to effect of self-alignment of the gamma-chains in fibrin which enabled the cross-linking enzyme to interact with paired chains as a single rather than two independent entities. Studies on mixtures of fibrinogen and fibrin indicated factor XIIIa had near equal affinities for the two substrates. At low concentrations with which cross-linking of fibrinogen proceeded sluggishly compared to fibrin, fibrinogen inhibited stabilization of fibrin clots by competitively partitioning factor XIIIa away from the fribin. Additional inhibition arose from cross-linking of fibrin in soluble combination with fibrinogen in mixtures containing fibrinogen in large excess over fibrin. The observations demonstrate ways in which fibrinogen normally helps to suppress both polymerization and cross-linking of small amounts of fibrin produced within the circulation. At very high concentrations above 30 mg. per milliliter, fibrinogen underwent cross-linking at faster initial rates than the cross-linking of fibrin. Rapid cross-linking of concentrated fibrogen raises the possibility that filtration enrichment may be a factor contributing to abnormal formation of the highly insoluble fibrinogen deposits occurring in atheromatous tissue.", "PMID": 1168234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2166", "title": "Secretory activity and aryl acid content of serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid in normal and uremic man.", "content": "Serum from uremic human subjects causes net fluid secretion in proximal straight tubules isolated from rabbit kidneys in a manner similar to paraaminohippuric acid. In the present study, we determined the relation between the concentration of aryl acids (hippuric acid, benzoic acid, etc.) In serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the capacity of the biologic fluids to cause fluid secretion in renal tubules. The concentration of aryl acids in serum and urine as estimated by fluorometric assay (Fl-Hipp) was related to the secretory activity (SA) estimated by bioassay in a direct linear fashion over a 10,000-fold range of concentrations. Fl-Hipp and SA were strikingly elevated in the serum of uremic patients. Hippuric acid determined by gas-liquid chromatography accounted for approximately one-fourth of the secretory activity of serum and urine; benzoic acid was present only in trace amounts; the remainder of the secretory activity of uremic serum is probably due to derivatives of aryl acids which are detected as Fl-Hipp. The relation between creatinine clearance and the SA or Fl-Hipp concentration of serum was hyperbolic; both the SA and Fl-Hipp content of serum increased sharply when creatinine clearance fell below 10 ml. per minute. The SA and Fl-Hipp content of CSF was increased in uremic patients; however, the serum content exceeded that of the CSF by more than fourfold suggesting an exclusion mechanism for aryl acids in the central nervous system. We conclude that the secretory activity of uremic serum is due to the accumulation of aryl acids, probably of the hippurate class, and, further, that relatively high levels of these biologically active substances may contribute to general organ dysfunction in uremia owing to their potential to act as competitive inhibitors of organic anion transport.", "contents": "Secretory activity and aryl acid content of serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid in normal and uremic man. Serum from uremic human subjects causes net fluid secretion in proximal straight tubules isolated from rabbit kidneys in a manner similar to paraaminohippuric acid. In the present study, we determined the relation between the concentration of aryl acids (hippuric acid, benzoic acid, etc.) In serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the capacity of the biologic fluids to cause fluid secretion in renal tubules. The concentration of aryl acids in serum and urine as estimated by fluorometric assay (Fl-Hipp) was related to the secretory activity (SA) estimated by bioassay in a direct linear fashion over a 10,000-fold range of concentrations. Fl-Hipp and SA were strikingly elevated in the serum of uremic patients. Hippuric acid determined by gas-liquid chromatography accounted for approximately one-fourth of the secretory activity of serum and urine; benzoic acid was present only in trace amounts; the remainder of the secretory activity of uremic serum is probably due to derivatives of aryl acids which are detected as Fl-Hipp. The relation between creatinine clearance and the SA or Fl-Hipp concentration of serum was hyperbolic; both the SA and Fl-Hipp content of serum increased sharply when creatinine clearance fell below 10 ml. per minute. The SA and Fl-Hipp content of CSF was increased in uremic patients; however, the serum content exceeded that of the CSF by more than fourfold suggesting an exclusion mechanism for aryl acids in the central nervous system. We conclude that the secretory activity of uremic serum is due to the accumulation of aryl acids, probably of the hippurate class, and, further, that relatively high levels of these biologically active substances may contribute to general organ dysfunction in uremia owing to their potential to act as competitive inhibitors of organic anion transport.", "PMID": 1168235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2167", "title": "Tympano-nasopharyngeal shunt operation. A new method of middle ear ventilation.", "content": "The tympano-nasopharyngeal shunt operation is recommended as a \"substitute\" Eustachian tube. An experimental study regarding the efficacy of tympano-nasopharyngeal shunt operation was conducted in two dogs. Finally, four patients with complete tubal stenosis were operated on by this new method within a period of one year, with no postoperative complications. The hearing improved and patients were able to inflate their middle ears. The method is claimed to have the following advantages: permanent ventilation of the middle ear with preservation of an intact drum; the middle-ear pressure can be increased by Valsalva or Politzer manoeuvres; moderate technical difficulties; no risk of postoperative complications; and suitable in children as well as adults. The disadvantages seem to be: drainage not ensured; minor risk of ascending infection.", "contents": "Tympano-nasopharyngeal shunt operation. A new method of middle ear ventilation. The tympano-nasopharyngeal shunt operation is recommended as a \"substitute\" Eustachian tube. An experimental study regarding the efficacy of tympano-nasopharyngeal shunt operation was conducted in two dogs. Finally, four patients with complete tubal stenosis were operated on by this new method within a period of one year, with no postoperative complications. The hearing improved and patients were able to inflate their middle ears. The method is claimed to have the following advantages: permanent ventilation of the middle ear with preservation of an intact drum; the middle-ear pressure can be increased by Valsalva or Politzer manoeuvres; moderate technical difficulties; no risk of postoperative complications; and suitable in children as well as adults. The disadvantages seem to be: drainage not ensured; minor risk of ascending infection.", "PMID": 1168236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2168", "title": "Vocalizations of White Carneaux pigeons during experiments on schedule-induced aggression.", "content": "Two types of vocalizations of White Carneaux pigeons were identified in experiments on schedule-induced aggression and were given pictorial representation in sound spectrograms. Characteristics of these vocalizations are examined in the context of previous descriptions of vocalizations of several varieties of pigeons during aggressive and sexual encounters in naturalistic settings. These earlier descriptions portrayed vocalizations with mnemonic phrases and the symbolds of dictionary pronunciationmdata are presented that indicate that the analysis of social encounters between pigeons during schedule-induced aggression may be aided by employing these and other vocalizations as dependent variables.", "contents": "Vocalizations of White Carneaux pigeons during experiments on schedule-induced aggression. Two types of vocalizations of White Carneaux pigeons were identified in experiments on schedule-induced aggression and were given pictorial representation in sound spectrograms. Characteristics of these vocalizations are examined in the context of previous descriptions of vocalizations of several varieties of pigeons during aggressive and sexual encounters in naturalistic settings. These earlier descriptions portrayed vocalizations with mnemonic phrases and the symbolds of dictionary pronunciationmdata are presented that indicate that the analysis of social encounters between pigeons during schedule-induced aggression may be aided by employing these and other vocalizations as dependent variables.", "PMID": 1168237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2169", "title": "The multiplication of Nodamura virus in insect and mammalian cell cultures.", "content": "Nodamura virus multiplied in mosquito cell lines, as determined by infectivivity assays in adult honey bees (Apis mellifera) and wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella). Titres of more than 10-7 and 10-5 bee LD50 /ml were obtained in culture fluids of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti cells respectively after 10 days. Comparable titres were obtained after several months, during which the cultures were subdivided up to six times. Nodamura virus also multiplied in BHK cells and yielded titres of 10-4-8 to 10-6-6 mouse LD50/ml and 10-5-1 to 10-7-1 wax moth LD50/ml in culture fluid 1 to 4 days after infection. No c.p.e. was observed in infected cells.", "contents": "The multiplication of Nodamura virus in insect and mammalian cell cultures. Nodamura virus multiplied in mosquito cell lines, as determined by infectivivity assays in adult honey bees (Apis mellifera) and wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella). Titres of more than 10-7 and 10-5 bee LD50 /ml were obtained in culture fluids of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti cells respectively after 10 days. Comparable titres were obtained after several months, during which the cultures were subdivided up to six times. Nodamura virus also multiplied in BHK cells and yielded titres of 10-4-8 to 10-6-6 mouse LD50/ml and 10-5-1 to 10-7-1 wax moth LD50/ml in culture fluid 1 to 4 days after infection. No c.p.e. was observed in infected cells.", "PMID": 1168239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2170", "title": "Isolation of ribosome-like sturctures from Pichinde virus.", "content": "Three classes of mamalian ribosome-like structures were found to be associated with purified Pichinde virus preparations. These structures, possessing sedimentation coefficients of 80S, 60S and 40S, were sensitive to EDTA dissociation and possessed a buoyant density in caesium chloride of 1-61 g/ml, a value analogous to that displayed by BHK21 cell ribosomes. Analyses of RNA components associated with ribosomal particles of Pichinde virus established that 28S and 18S RNAs could be extracted from 80S monosomes. Similarly, 28S and 18S RNAs were derived, respectively, from 60S and 30S ribosomal subunits. Virus-specific 31S and 22S RNAs, as well as 28S and 18S RNAs, could be isolated from the heavy region of sucrose gradients. An additional 15S type of RNA, which was subsequently shown to be a component of intact virus particles, was also isolated from the heavy region.", "contents": "Isolation of ribosome-like sturctures from Pichinde virus. Three classes of mamalian ribosome-like structures were found to be associated with purified Pichinde virus preparations. These structures, possessing sedimentation coefficients of 80S, 60S and 40S, were sensitive to EDTA dissociation and possessed a buoyant density in caesium chloride of 1-61 g/ml, a value analogous to that displayed by BHK21 cell ribosomes. Analyses of RNA components associated with ribosomal particles of Pichinde virus established that 28S and 18S RNAs could be extracted from 80S monosomes. Similarly, 28S and 18S RNAs were derived, respectively, from 60S and 30S ribosomal subunits. Virus-specific 31S and 22S RNAs, as well as 28S and 18S RNAs, could be isolated from the heavy region of sucrose gradients. An additional 15S type of RNA, which was subsequently shown to be a component of intact virus particles, was also isolated from the heavy region.", "PMID": 1168240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2171", "title": "Frog virus 3 replication: electron microscope observations on the sequence of infection in chick embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "The replication of frog virus 3 in primary chick embryo fibroblasts has been studied by examination of thin sections with the electron microscope and the assay of infectious viurs. Uptake of frog virus 3 by the cells was observed to occur by pinocytosis and this may be the method of entry. Early in infection (i h p.i.) marked margination of the nuclear chromatin occurred and the chromatin remained in this condition throughtout the infection. Foci of infection were first detected in the cytoplasm of cells 24 h p.i. when production of infectious virus commenced. These foci appeared as electron translucent areas containing fine grains, surrounded by degenerate mitochondria. The foci usually contained virus particles. At this time budding of virus particles at the plasma membrane occurred. Later in infection at 36 and 48 h p.i. large numbers of virus particles were detected in the cytoplasm of cells either scattered loosely throughtout the cell, arranged as clusters or in paracrystalline arrays. Extensive budding at the plasma membrane then took place. Virus particles were detected in the nucleus of the cells at these late stages and it is possible that the virus may infect and replicate at this site. Throughout the productive stages of infection aberrant forms of the virus, namely particles devoid of cores, incompletely assembled particles and elongated bacilliform particles were noticed.", "contents": "Frog virus 3 replication: electron microscope observations on the sequence of infection in chick embryo fibroblasts. The replication of frog virus 3 in primary chick embryo fibroblasts has been studied by examination of thin sections with the electron microscope and the assay of infectious viurs. Uptake of frog virus 3 by the cells was observed to occur by pinocytosis and this may be the method of entry. Early in infection (i h p.i.) marked margination of the nuclear chromatin occurred and the chromatin remained in this condition throughtout the infection. Foci of infection were first detected in the cytoplasm of cells 24 h p.i. when production of infectious virus commenced. These foci appeared as electron translucent areas containing fine grains, surrounded by degenerate mitochondria. The foci usually contained virus particles. At this time budding of virus particles at the plasma membrane occurred. Later in infection at 36 and 48 h p.i. large numbers of virus particles were detected in the cytoplasm of cells either scattered loosely throughtout the cell, arranged as clusters or in paracrystalline arrays. Extensive budding at the plasma membrane then took place. Virus particles were detected in the nucleus of the cells at these late stages and it is possible that the virus may infect and replicate at this site. Throughout the productive stages of infection aberrant forms of the virus, namely particles devoid of cores, incompletely assembled particles and elongated bacilliform particles were noticed.", "PMID": 1168241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2172", "title": "Electrophoretic analysis of capsid and non-capsid polypeptides of echovirus 12, and selective inhibtion of the formation of virus particles by actinomycin D.", "content": "Electrophoretic analysis of purified echovirus virus particles yielded four polypeptides of mol. wt.  37000, 30000, 25000 and 7600. The 75S empty capsids of echovirus 12 lack the 25000 and 7600 mol. wt. polypeptides, and possess polypeptides of 41000 mol. wt. A total of 14 virus-induced polypeptide species was found in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Actinomycin D reduced the synthesis of virus, virus RNA, and virus polypeptides and also reduced the proportion of virus particles to empty capsids in the virus yields.", "contents": "Electrophoretic analysis of capsid and non-capsid polypeptides of echovirus 12, and selective inhibtion of the formation of virus particles by actinomycin D. Electrophoretic analysis of purified echovirus virus particles yielded four polypeptides of mol. wt.  37000, 30000, 25000 and 7600. The 75S empty capsids of echovirus 12 lack the 25000 and 7600 mol. wt. polypeptides, and possess polypeptides of 41000 mol. wt. A total of 14 virus-induced polypeptide species was found in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Actinomycin D reduced the synthesis of virus, virus RNA, and virus polypeptides and also reduced the proportion of virus particles to empty capsids in the virus yields.", "PMID": 1168242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2173", "title": "A linguistic and cognitive persepctive on retardation.", "content": "The idea of critical readiness periods for both language learning and cognitive development was reviewed and related to mental subnormalities. A basic model of a synthesized theory of language and cognition was presented, and a theoretical \"Basal Person\" was constructed to illustrate a new perspective on retardation. The general conclusions reached were that (a) the basal person represents the lowest normal level of cognitive linguistic development, and (b) retardation can be defined in terms of impeded or disrupted development during critical readiness periods.", "contents": "A linguistic and cognitive persepctive on retardation. The idea of critical readiness periods for both language learning and cognitive development was reviewed and related to mental subnormalities. A basic model of a synthesized theory of language and cognition was presented, and a theoretical \"Basal Person\" was constructed to illustrate a new perspective on retardation. The general conclusions reached were that (a) the basal person represents the lowest normal level of cognitive linguistic development, and (b) retardation can be defined in terms of impeded or disrupted development during critical readiness periods.", "PMID": 1168243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2174", "title": "Supersensitivity to dopamine agonists following unilateral, 6-hydroxydopamine-induced striatal lesions in mice.", "content": "Following an injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the left striatum, mice initially circled spontaneously in the direction of the lesion and gradually developed an ability to circle in the opposite direction when challenged with apomorphine or L-dopa. Dose-response curves for apomorphine- and L-dopa-induced circling rates shifted to the left as the duration between the time of the 6-hydroxydopamine injection and the time of testing increased from 2 to 30 days. There was a positive correlation between the rate of apomorphine-induced circling and the reduction in the dopamine concentration in the lesioned forebrain. Doses of apomorphine and L-dopa required to elicit circling responses were 1/6 to 1/10 of those required to increase locomotor activity in normal mice. These data support the concept of development of supersensitivity of postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors in the lesioned striatum.", "contents": "Supersensitivity to dopamine agonists following unilateral, 6-hydroxydopamine-induced striatal lesions in mice. Following an injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the left striatum, mice initially circled spontaneously in the direction of the lesion and gradually developed an ability to circle in the opposite direction when challenged with apomorphine or L-dopa. Dose-response curves for apomorphine- and L-dopa-induced circling rates shifted to the left as the duration between the time of the 6-hydroxydopamine injection and the time of testing increased from 2 to 30 days. There was a positive correlation between the rate of apomorphine-induced circling and the reduction in the dopamine concentration in the lesioned forebrain. Doses of apomorphine and L-dopa required to elicit circling responses were 1/6 to 1/10 of those required to increase locomotor activity in normal mice. These data support the concept of development of supersensitivity of postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors in the lesioned striatum.", "PMID": 1168250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2175", "title": "Blockade by narcotic drugs of naloxone-precipitated jumping in morphine-dependent mice.", "content": "A dose regimen for administration of morphine, test drugs with potential to cause physical dependence and naloxone was determined to allow within one experimental day acquisition of morphine-dependent mice and evaluation of the narcotic drugs for their ability to prevent naloxone-precipitated jumping. This test procedure can be used to assess capacity of unknown drugs to suppress morphine withdrawal symptoms; the mechanism of suppression can be subsequently determined in secondary tests. However, for known morphine-like analgesics, the test procedure appears to reliably assess physical dependence properties. The results obtained on subcutaneous administration of five selected narcotic drugs and apomorphine show that their order of potency was methadone greater than meperidine equal apomorphine greater than d-propoxyphene greater than pentazocine. Codeine, also tested subcutaneously, did not substitute at sublethal doses. Except for apomorphine, which might have masked naloxone-precipitated jumping by inducing behavioral aggression, the order of potency compares favorably with the degree of physical dependence reported in humans. Thus, the described procedure might be employed to evaluate morphine substitution and hence potential physical dependence liability of unknown narcotic-like analgesics.", "contents": "Blockade by narcotic drugs of naloxone-precipitated jumping in morphine-dependent mice. A dose regimen for administration of morphine, test drugs with potential to cause physical dependence and naloxone was determined to allow within one experimental day acquisition of morphine-dependent mice and evaluation of the narcotic drugs for their ability to prevent naloxone-precipitated jumping. This test procedure can be used to assess capacity of unknown drugs to suppress morphine withdrawal symptoms; the mechanism of suppression can be subsequently determined in secondary tests. However, for known morphine-like analgesics, the test procedure appears to reliably assess physical dependence properties. The results obtained on subcutaneous administration of five selected narcotic drugs and apomorphine show that their order of potency was methadone greater than meperidine equal apomorphine greater than d-propoxyphene greater than pentazocine. Codeine, also tested subcutaneously, did not substitute at sublethal doses. Except for apomorphine, which might have masked naloxone-precipitated jumping by inducing behavioral aggression, the order of potency compares favorably with the degree of physical dependence reported in humans. Thus, the described procedure might be employed to evaluate morphine substitution and hence potential physical dependence liability of unknown narcotic-like analgesics.", "PMID": 1168251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2176", "title": "Quantification of the analgesic activity of narcotic antagonists by a modified hot-plate procedure.", "content": "The analgesic activity of morphine and the narcotic antagonists, pentazocine, cyclazocine, levallorphan and nalorphine, was assessed in the rat using two hot plates: one maintained at 49.5 degrees C and the other at the \"standard\" 54.5 degrees C. The analgesic effects of morphine using the 49.5 degrees C hot plate were of a significantly greater magnitude than its effects using the 54.5 degrees C hot plate for both nontolerant and morphine-tolerant subjects. Dose-related effects were observed with all of the narcotic antagonists tested using the 49.5 degrees C hot plate; only the highest dose of pentazocine exhibited activity using the 54.5 degrees C hot plate. Naloxone (3.0 mg/kg) antagonized the analgesic effects of morphine and all of the narcotic antagonists, but was without activity itself when tested using the 49.5 degrees C hot plate at doses as high as 30 mg/kg. Aspirin was also inactive using the 49.5 degrees C plate, whereas physostigmine increased latencies only at a dose that produced severe motor deficit. A low temperature hot plate is recommended for evaluating the analgesic activity of narcotic antagonists in the rat. This simple procedure provides results which are dose-related, quantifiable, reproducible, of a large magnitude and specific.", "contents": "Quantification of the analgesic activity of narcotic antagonists by a modified hot-plate procedure. The analgesic activity of morphine and the narcotic antagonists, pentazocine, cyclazocine, levallorphan and nalorphine, was assessed in the rat using two hot plates: one maintained at 49.5 degrees C and the other at the \"standard\" 54.5 degrees C. The analgesic effects of morphine using the 49.5 degrees C hot plate were of a significantly greater magnitude than its effects using the 54.5 degrees C hot plate for both nontolerant and morphine-tolerant subjects. Dose-related effects were observed with all of the narcotic antagonists tested using the 49.5 degrees C hot plate; only the highest dose of pentazocine exhibited activity using the 54.5 degrees C hot plate. Naloxone (3.0 mg/kg) antagonized the analgesic effects of morphine and all of the narcotic antagonists, but was without activity itself when tested using the 49.5 degrees C hot plate at doses as high as 30 mg/kg. Aspirin was also inactive using the 49.5 degrees C plate, whereas physostigmine increased latencies only at a dose that produced severe motor deficit. A low temperature hot plate is recommended for evaluating the analgesic activity of narcotic antagonists in the rat. This simple procedure provides results which are dose-related, quantifiable, reproducible, of a large magnitude and specific.", "PMID": 1168252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2177", "title": "The effects of age on the development of tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine in rats.", "content": "Changes in growth rate and the development of tolerance and physical dependence during repeated morphine administration were compared in different age groups of rats. Chronic treatment of rats for 3 weeks with increasing doses of morphine resulted in an inhibition of the growth rate of older rats but not of younger rats. The magnitude and time course of the loss of body weight upon morphine withdrawal in morphine-treated rats were independent of the age of the animal. Morphine increased the \"pain\" threshold in rats as monitored by the electric foot-shock technique. These analgesic effects were greater in 12-week-old rats than in 4- or 7-week-old rats. Repeated administration of morphine resulted in a gradual loss of the analgesic response to morphine in all age groups. However, the rate of development of tolerance to morphine was faster in younger rats than in older rats when these animals were injected repeatedly either with a fixed dose or with equipotent doses of morphine. These investigations indicate that the rate of the development of tolerance to morphine is significantly affected by the age of the subject.", "contents": "The effects of age on the development of tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine in rats. Changes in growth rate and the development of tolerance and physical dependence during repeated morphine administration were compared in different age groups of rats. Chronic treatment of rats for 3 weeks with increasing doses of morphine resulted in an inhibition of the growth rate of older rats but not of younger rats. The magnitude and time course of the loss of body weight upon morphine withdrawal in morphine-treated rats were independent of the age of the animal. Morphine increased the \"pain\" threshold in rats as monitored by the electric foot-shock technique. These analgesic effects were greater in 12-week-old rats than in 4- or 7-week-old rats. Repeated administration of morphine resulted in a gradual loss of the analgesic response to morphine in all age groups. However, the rate of development of tolerance to morphine was faster in younger rats than in older rats when these animals were injected repeatedly either with a fixed dose or with equipotent doses of morphine. These investigations indicate that the rate of the development of tolerance to morphine is significantly affected by the age of the subject.", "PMID": 1168253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2178", "title": "Effects of chronic morphine administration on the reproductive system of the male rat.", "content": "The effects of chronic morphine administration on a variety of rat organs were examined. Only the prostates and seminal vesicles were affected by a 3-day period of morphine pellet implantation. In these organs, particularly the seminal vesicles, morphine produced a marked decrease in both the wet and dry tissue weight and a reduction in their secretory activity. This apparent morphine-induced atrophy of these important accessory sex organs was not due to a change in the nutritional status of the animals but rather appeared to be associated with a pronounced (87 percent) reduction in the serum testosterone levels of morphine-treated rats when compared to control levels. The effect of morphine on the secondary sex organs was reversed by withdrawing the animals from morphine administration for a period of 7 days. These data suggest that the role of physiological and endocrinological factors in the narcotic addict's sexual difficulties be examined.", "contents": "Effects of chronic morphine administration on the reproductive system of the male rat. The effects of chronic morphine administration on a variety of rat organs were examined. Only the prostates and seminal vesicles were affected by a 3-day period of morphine pellet implantation. In these organs, particularly the seminal vesicles, morphine produced a marked decrease in both the wet and dry tissue weight and a reduction in their secretory activity. This apparent morphine-induced atrophy of these important accessory sex organs was not due to a change in the nutritional status of the animals but rather appeared to be associated with a pronounced (87 percent) reduction in the serum testosterone levels of morphine-treated rats when compared to control levels. The effect of morphine on the secondary sex organs was reversed by withdrawing the animals from morphine administration for a period of 7 days. These data suggest that the role of physiological and endocrinological factors in the narcotic addict's sexual difficulties be examined.", "PMID": 1168254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2179", "title": "The effects of methadone on maternal-fetal interactions in the rat.", "content": "Female Sprague-Dawley rats received methadone (25 mg/kg/day) by gavage throughout gestation. Water-gavaged rats served as controls. Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section when parturition was imminent. Our results indicate that methadone may interfere with fetal development and maternal-fetal interactions to some degree. The observed alterations were as follows: fetal growth retardation, an interference with the triggering of parturition once normal delivery size is attained and possible positional malformations.", "contents": "The effects of methadone on maternal-fetal interactions in the rat. Female Sprague-Dawley rats received methadone (25 mg/kg/day) by gavage throughout gestation. Water-gavaged rats served as controls. Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section when parturition was imminent. Our results indicate that methadone may interfere with fetal development and maternal-fetal interactions to some degree. The observed alterations were as follows: fetal growth retardation, an interference with the triggering of parturition once normal delivery size is attained and possible positional malformations.", "PMID": 1168255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2180", "title": "Developmental changes of membrane electrical properties in a rat skeletal muscle cell line.", "content": "1. The developmental changes of the cell membrane electrical properties were studied with micro-electrodes in a rat skeletal muscle cell line. 2. The resting potentials in myoblasts were minus 71 plus or minus 3 mV (mean plus or minus S.D.) and those in myotubes which were formed by fusion of myoblasts were minus 69 plus or minus 3 mV. There was no developmental change in the resting potential during the period examined. 3. The ionic mechanism for the resting potential was the same in myoblasts and myotubes. The resting membrane was almost exclusively permeable to K ions, while permeability to Na ions was not detectable. There was a small permeability to Cl ions. 4. The specific membrane resistance and capacitance were 8 k omega. cm-2 and 1 muF/cm-2 for myoblasts and 12 k omege. cm-2 and 5 muF/cm-2 for myotubes, respectively. 5. Action potentials in myoblasts were evoked by anode break stimulation. They were small and did not overshoot zero membrane potential. The action potentials in myotubes were larger, and had an average overshoot of 32 plus or minus 7 mV and a maximum rate of rise of 93 plus or minus 28 V/sec. 6. The current-voltage relation was examined. Delayed rectification was found in myotubes but not in myoblasts.", "contents": "Developmental changes of membrane electrical properties in a rat skeletal muscle cell line. 1. The developmental changes of the cell membrane electrical properties were studied with micro-electrodes in a rat skeletal muscle cell line. 2. The resting potentials in myoblasts were minus 71 plus or minus 3 mV (mean plus or minus S.D.) and those in myotubes which were formed by fusion of myoblasts were minus 69 plus or minus 3 mV. There was no developmental change in the resting potential during the period examined. 3. The ionic mechanism for the resting potential was the same in myoblasts and myotubes. The resting membrane was almost exclusively permeable to K ions, while permeability to Na ions was not detectable. There was a small permeability to Cl ions. 4. The specific membrane resistance and capacitance were 8 k omega. cm-2 and 1 muF/cm-2 for myoblasts and 12 k omege. cm-2 and 5 muF/cm-2 for myotubes, respectively. 5. Action potentials in myoblasts were evoked by anode break stimulation. They were small and did not overshoot zero membrane potential. The action potentials in myotubes were larger, and had an average overshoot of 32 plus or minus 7 mV and a maximum rate of rise of 93 plus or minus 28 V/sec. 6. The current-voltage relation was examined. Delayed rectification was found in myotubes but not in myoblasts.", "PMID": 1168256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2181", "title": "Sodium and calcium components of the action potential in a developing skeletal muscle cell line.", "content": "1. Developmental changes in action potential properties were studied in a clonal rat skeletal muscle cell line. 2. Small action potentials were evoked in mononucleate myoblasts. No spike was seen in Na-free saline. A similar spike was evoked in a medium where all NaCl was replaced by LiCl. No spike was evoked when NaCl was replaced by CsCl. 3. Action potentials overshot zero membrane potential in multinucleate myotubes. The action potential was composed of two components, an initial fast spike and a hump on the falling phase or in some cases a distinct second peak. 4. Teh overshoot of the initial fast spike decreased when the external Na concentration was decreased. 5. In saline with 10 mM-Ca the second component often formed a distinct peak following the initial fast spike. A slow regenerative potential was evoked in Na-free media with a depolarizing current pulse. 6. In saline containing BaCl-2 instead of CaCl-2 there was always a second peak, the overshoot of which changed with external Ba concentration. A slow regenerative potential was evoked in Na-free, Ba-saline. The membrane conductance at the peak of the Ba-action potential was larger than in the resting state. 7. In adult rat skeletal muscle, the shape of the action potential was not changed when Ca was replaced by Ba. No action potential was evoked in Na-free Ba-saline or Ba-saline with tetrodotoxin (3 times 10-7 M). 8. The significance of the Ca component in the developing muscle is discussed.", "contents": "Sodium and calcium components of the action potential in a developing skeletal muscle cell line. 1. Developmental changes in action potential properties were studied in a clonal rat skeletal muscle cell line. 2. Small action potentials were evoked in mononucleate myoblasts. No spike was seen in Na-free saline. A similar spike was evoked in a medium where all NaCl was replaced by LiCl. No spike was evoked when NaCl was replaced by CsCl. 3. Action potentials overshot zero membrane potential in multinucleate myotubes. The action potential was composed of two components, an initial fast spike and a hump on the falling phase or in some cases a distinct second peak. 4. Teh overshoot of the initial fast spike decreased when the external Na concentration was decreased. 5. In saline with 10 mM-Ca the second component often formed a distinct peak following the initial fast spike. A slow regenerative potential was evoked in Na-free media with a depolarizing current pulse. 6. In saline containing BaCl-2 instead of CaCl-2 there was always a second peak, the overshoot of which changed with external Ba concentration. A slow regenerative potential was evoked in Na-free, Ba-saline. The membrane conductance at the peak of the Ba-action potential was larger than in the resting state. 7. In adult rat skeletal muscle, the shape of the action potential was not changed when Ca was replaced by Ba. No action potential was evoked in Na-free Ba-saline or Ba-saline with tetrodotoxin (3 times 10-7 M). 8. The significance of the Ca component in the developing muscle is discussed.", "PMID": 1168257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2182", "title": "Neuroleptic agents of the benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinoline series. 1. Syntheses and stereochemical and structural requirements for activity of butaclamol and related compounds.", "content": "The syntheses and the structural and stereochemical requirements for antagonism of (+)-amphetamine-induced sterotypy are described for a series of benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinoline derivatives. One of these compounds, (plus or minus)-(4a,13b-trans)[3(OH),13b(H)-trans[-3-tert-butyl-2,3,4,4a,8,9,13b,14-octahydro-1H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2,3-de]pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-3ol hydrochloride (butaclamol hydrochloride, USAN), is currently being studied in man. The relationship between structure and antiamphetamine activity in this class of compounds is discussed.", "contents": "Neuroleptic agents of the benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinoline series. 1. Syntheses and stereochemical and structural requirements for activity of butaclamol and related compounds. The syntheses and the structural and stereochemical requirements for antagonism of (+)-amphetamine-induced sterotypy are described for a series of benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinoline derivatives. One of these compounds, (plus or minus)-(4a,13b-trans)[3(OH),13b(H)-trans[-3-tert-butyl-2,3,4,4a,8,9,13b,14-octahydro-1H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2,3-de]pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-3ol hydrochloride (butaclamol hydrochloride, USAN), is currently being studied in man. The relationship between structure and antiamphetamine activity in this class of compounds is discussed.", "PMID": 1168258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2183", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacology of some 2-aminotetralins. Dopamine receptor agonists.", "content": "A series of 2-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene compounds bearing substituents on the nitrogen and in the aromatic ring was synthesized from beta-tetralone intermediates. Compounds were screened in vivo for dopaminergic activity using tests in which apomorphine was especially active. It was found that apparent dopaminergic activity is inherent in 2-dialkylaminotetralins, the dipropylamine substitution being the most consistently productive amine group studies. Activity was greatly enhanced by proper substitution in the aromatic ring. The 5,6-dihydroxy group was the best potentiating group found. These data support the idea that the extended conformation for the phenylethylamine moiety of ampmorphine and dopamine is favorable for dopaminergic agonist activity. They also suggest that an unetherified catechol group may not be essential for such activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacology of some 2-aminotetralins. Dopamine receptor agonists. A series of 2-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene compounds bearing substituents on the nitrogen and in the aromatic ring was synthesized from beta-tetralone intermediates. Compounds were screened in vivo for dopaminergic activity using tests in which apomorphine was especially active. It was found that apparent dopaminergic activity is inherent in 2-dialkylaminotetralins, the dipropylamine substitution being the most consistently productive amine group studies. Activity was greatly enhanced by proper substitution in the aromatic ring. The 5,6-dihydroxy group was the best potentiating group found. These data support the idea that the extended conformation for the phenylethylamine moiety of ampmorphine and dopamine is favorable for dopaminergic agonist activity. They also suggest that an unetherified catechol group may not be essential for such activity.", "PMID": 1168259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2184", "title": "Dependence of photosensitivity of bileaflet lipid membranes upon the chlorophyll and carotenoid content.", "content": "Bileaflet lipid membranes were formed from solutions containing lecithin, chlorophyll and carotene in various concentrations. If all the above components were present at sufficient concentrations the membranes were photosensitive; i.e., a photocurrent was produced if a redox potential gradient was present across the membranes. The presence of chlorophyll and carotene were essential for the photosensitivity of the membranes. Photoresponse could be elicited by illuminating the membrane with light which did not excite carotene. On the other hand, elimination of the part of the light spectrum which excites chlorophyll led to the abolition of the photoresponse. The findings of this study are consistent with the assumption that the excited chlorophyll chromophores allow electron exchange at the membrane-water interface while the presence of carotene allows electron movement across the \"bulk\" lipid membrane.", "contents": "Dependence of photosensitivity of bileaflet lipid membranes upon the chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Bileaflet lipid membranes were formed from solutions containing lecithin, chlorophyll and carotene in various concentrations. If all the above components were present at sufficient concentrations the membranes were photosensitive; i.e., a photocurrent was produced if a redox potential gradient was present across the membranes. The presence of chlorophyll and carotene were essential for the photosensitivity of the membranes. Photoresponse could be elicited by illuminating the membrane with light which did not excite carotene. On the other hand, elimination of the part of the light spectrum which excites chlorophyll led to the abolition of the photoresponse. The findings of this study are consistent with the assumption that the excited chlorophyll chromophores allow electron exchange at the membrane-water interface while the presence of carotene allows electron movement across the \"bulk\" lipid membrane.", "PMID": 1168260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2185", "title": "13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of egg phosphatidylcholine.", "content": "Spin lattice relaxation times (T1) and apparent spin-spin relaxation times (T2) derived from linewidth have been used to investigate model membranes composed of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine. T1 measurements appear to be largely dominated by segmental motion and as a consequence are not very sensitive to small changes in membrane structure. On the contrary, apparent T2 times are shown to be sensitive to such changes in the membrane and are thus suggested as a useful tool for further investigation of membrane structure.", "contents": "13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of egg phosphatidylcholine. Spin lattice relaxation times (T1) and apparent spin-spin relaxation times (T2) derived from linewidth have been used to investigate model membranes composed of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine. T1 measurements appear to be largely dominated by segmental motion and as a consequence are not very sensitive to small changes in membrane structure. On the contrary, apparent T2 times are shown to be sensitive to such changes in the membrane and are thus suggested as a useful tool for further investigation of membrane structure.", "PMID": 1168261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2186", "title": "Characteristics of a cytotoxic human lymphocyte-dependent antibody.", "content": "Lymphocyte-dependent antobody (LDA) from the blood of a patient with choriocarcinoma was characterized in an allogeneic in vitro system. The antibody reacted with specific traget cells, including cells from the patient's husband. Antibody-coated traget cells were damaged by normal lymphocytes from man and other species. Neither cytotoxic, complement-dependent antibody nor sensitized cytotoxic lymphocytes were found in the patient. LDA activity was associated with IgG gamma-globulin by G-200 Sephadex filtration, electrophoretic mobility, and reactivity with anti-IgG, but there was no activity associated with IgM immunoglobulin. Sera from 14 of 16 normal donors lacked detectable LDA activity, and only low levels were found in sera from the other two donors.", "contents": "Characteristics of a cytotoxic human lymphocyte-dependent antibody. Lymphocyte-dependent antobody (LDA) from the blood of a patient with choriocarcinoma was characterized in an allogeneic in vitro system. The antibody reacted with specific traget cells, including cells from the patient's husband. Antibody-coated traget cells were damaged by normal lymphocytes from man and other species. Neither cytotoxic, complement-dependent antibody nor sensitized cytotoxic lymphocytes were found in the patient. LDA activity was associated with IgG gamma-globulin by G-200 Sephadex filtration, electrophoretic mobility, and reactivity with anti-IgG, but there was no activity associated with IgM immunoglobulin. Sera from 14 of 16 normal donors lacked detectable LDA activity, and only low levels were found in sera from the other two donors.", "PMID": 1168262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2187", "title": "Lack of correlation between malignancy and sensitivity to killing by concanavalin A.", "content": "Eight mouse cell lines and seven hybrid clones, both malignant and nonmalignant, were tested for possible correlations between malignancy and sensitivity to killing by concanavalin A (Con A). These cells included six highly malignant and two less malignant cell lines, two malignant and three nonmalignant hybrid clones derived from five different crosses, and two malignant hybrid clones segregated from a cross between malignant and nonmalignant cells. The malignancy of the cells was determined by their ability to grow progressively in irradiated, syngeneic newborn mice and to kill the host. All these cells, except one, showed similar sensitivities to killing by Con A. No correlation could be established between the malignancy of a cell line or of a hybrid clone and its sensitivity to the lectin.", "contents": "Lack of correlation between malignancy and sensitivity to killing by concanavalin A. Eight mouse cell lines and seven hybrid clones, both malignant and nonmalignant, were tested for possible correlations between malignancy and sensitivity to killing by concanavalin A (Con A). These cells included six highly malignant and two less malignant cell lines, two malignant and three nonmalignant hybrid clones derived from five different crosses, and two malignant hybrid clones segregated from a cross between malignant and nonmalignant cells. The malignancy of the cells was determined by their ability to grow progressively in irradiated, syngeneic newborn mice and to kill the host. All these cells, except one, showed similar sensitivities to killing by Con A. No correlation could be established between the malignancy of a cell line or of a hybrid clone and its sensitivity to the lectin.", "PMID": 1168263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2188", "title": "Endotoxin-stimulated immune response to modified lymphoma cells.", "content": "Bacterial endotoxin was administered with iodoacetamide-modified P1798 lymphoma cells to immunize syngenic BALB/cJ mice against this lymphoma to which they are naturally unresponsive. Three or four vaccinations with endotoxin (6.6 mug/injection) alone or the modified cells alone did not produce host resistance. A significant number (30 percent) of mice receiving both endotoxin and modified cells rejected a subsequent implant of viable tumor cells. Even those mice having progressive tumor growth exhibited prolonged survival. High doses of endotoxin given with the modified P1798 cells caused 70-75 percent of the mice to reject the tumor implants. When resistance developed, antibodies reacting with tumor cell membrane were demonstrable. These results indicate that B-lymphocyte stimulators can produce an effective immune response against lymphoma cells.", "contents": "Endotoxin-stimulated immune response to modified lymphoma cells. Bacterial endotoxin was administered with iodoacetamide-modified P1798 lymphoma cells to immunize syngenic BALB/cJ mice against this lymphoma to which they are naturally unresponsive. Three or four vaccinations with endotoxin (6.6 mug/injection) alone or the modified cells alone did not produce host resistance. A significant number (30 percent) of mice receiving both endotoxin and modified cells rejected a subsequent implant of viable tumor cells. Even those mice having progressive tumor growth exhibited prolonged survival. High doses of endotoxin given with the modified P1798 cells caused 70-75 percent of the mice to reject the tumor implants. When resistance developed, antibodies reacting with tumor cell membrane were demonstrable. These results indicate that B-lymphocyte stimulators can produce an effective immune response against lymphoma cells.", "PMID": 1168264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2189", "title": "Desmosterol in rat central and peripheral nervous systems during normal and neoplastic growth.", "content": "Desmosterol (5, 24-cholestadien-3beta-ol; delta 24-cholesterol; 24-dehydrocholesterol), an immediate precursor of brain cholesterol, increased in malignant intracranial tumors induced in rats by nitrosourea derivatives. The average increase in desmosterol was higher in intracerebral gliomas than in neurinomas of the trigeminal nerve. Similarly, desmosterol increased only slightly in developing normal trigeminal nerve compared to the high levels observed in developing cerebrum. The differences may have been partly related to the predominantly growing cell type, i.e., glial (central nervous system) or Schwann (peripheral nervous system) cells seen at the time of study.", "contents": "Desmosterol in rat central and peripheral nervous systems during normal and neoplastic growth. Desmosterol (5, 24-cholestadien-3beta-ol; delta 24-cholesterol; 24-dehydrocholesterol), an immediate precursor of brain cholesterol, increased in malignant intracranial tumors induced in rats by nitrosourea derivatives. The average increase in desmosterol was higher in intracerebral gliomas than in neurinomas of the trigeminal nerve. Similarly, desmosterol increased only slightly in developing normal trigeminal nerve compared to the high levels observed in developing cerebrum. The differences may have been partly related to the predominantly growing cell type, i.e., glial (central nervous system) or Schwann (peripheral nervous system) cells seen at the time of study.", "PMID": 1168265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2190", "title": "Renal function after release of chronic unilateral hydronephrosis in man.", "content": "Differential renal function studies performed on ten patients after release of unilateral hydronephrosis revealed that the previously obstructed kidney exhibits abnormalities in a number of physiological indexes. Many of the obstructed kidneys had an impairment of glomerular filtration rate, concentrating ability, acidification, sodium reabsorption and tubular maximal secretion of para-aminohippurate with normal urinary dilution. Despite impairment of sodium and water reabsorption, none of these patients, nor 20 additional patients, had a significant postobstructive diuresis from the previously obstructed kidney. All of the patients had normal total renal function. Thus, the changes observed were a result of the obstructive injury and were not related to azotemia or aberrations in water or sodium metabolism.", "contents": "Renal function after release of chronic unilateral hydronephrosis in man. Differential renal function studies performed on ten patients after release of unilateral hydronephrosis revealed that the previously obstructed kidney exhibits abnormalities in a number of physiological indexes. Many of the obstructed kidneys had an impairment of glomerular filtration rate, concentrating ability, acidification, sodium reabsorption and tubular maximal secretion of para-aminohippurate with normal urinary dilution. Despite impairment of sodium and water reabsorption, none of these patients, nor 20 additional patients, had a significant postobstructive diuresis from the previously obstructed kidney. All of the patients had normal total renal function. Thus, the changes observed were a result of the obstructive injury and were not related to azotemia or aberrations in water or sodium metabolism.", "PMID": 1168274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2191", "title": "[Genetic problems in pediatric cardiology (author's transl)].", "content": "The genetic background of cardiovascular malformations is discussed. Congenital heart disease may occur as a consequence of chromosomal anomalies and of single Mendelian gene defects, respectively. However, in the vast majority of cases, the hypothesis of multifactorial inheritance is the most plausible one. The rules of genetic counselling, which plays an increasingly important role in pediatric cardiology, are briefly outlined. In those cases which fit the multifactorial inheritance hypothesis, counselling depends on empiric recurrence risks.", "contents": "[Genetic problems in pediatric cardiology (author's transl)]. The genetic background of cardiovascular malformations is discussed. Congenital heart disease may occur as a consequence of chromosomal anomalies and of single Mendelian gene defects, respectively. However, in the vast majority of cases, the hypothesis of multifactorial inheritance is the most plausible one. The rules of genetic counselling, which plays an increasingly important role in pediatric cardiology, are briefly outlined. In those cases which fit the multifactorial inheritance hypothesis, counselling depends on empiric recurrence risks.", "PMID": 1168275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2192", "title": "[Severe metabolic diseases in neonates. Diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Life-threatening diseases in the newborn period might be due to rare inborn errors of metabolism. Clincal symptoms, diagnostic approach and therapy are outlined in some inherited diseases of amino acid-, carbohydrate and organic acid metabolism. A proposual for initial management in a suspected case is made.", "contents": "[Severe metabolic diseases in neonates. Diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)]. Life-threatening diseases in the newborn period might be due to rare inborn errors of metabolism. Clincal symptoms, diagnostic approach and therapy are outlined in some inherited diseases of amino acid-, carbohydrate and organic acid metabolism. A proposual for initial management in a suspected case is made.", "PMID": 1168276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2193", "title": "[Recurrent urinary tract infection in childhood. Diagnosis, treatment, prognosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Infection of the urinary tract in childhood is common. It may start already in neonates or infants. Clinical signs are not always present but asymptomatic socalled bacteriuria may occur at any age. The earlier a child contracts the infection the more common are uncharacteristic clinical signs like loss of appetite, a raised temperature, parenchymatous icterus and, finally signs of involvement of the central nervous system. During the last few years purposeful research has established the important fact that, if there has been a urinary tract infection particularly in the first months of life, recurrence may more often be asymptomatic than on the first occasion. A mid-stream specimen is diagnostically valuable. If this does contain any bacteria, then supapubic aspiration from the bladder is useful in enabling us to start a specific, if possible bactericidal, therapy. Asymptomatic bacteriuria may at any time lead to clinical signs of pyelonephritis, particularly during periods of stress. Such silent unrecognized cases of asymptomatic bacteriuria may, we feel, lead to pyelonephritic nephrosis in a so far unknown percentage of cases.", "contents": "[Recurrent urinary tract infection in childhood. Diagnosis, treatment, prognosis (author's transl)]. Infection of the urinary tract in childhood is common. It may start already in neonates or infants. Clinical signs are not always present but asymptomatic socalled bacteriuria may occur at any age. The earlier a child contracts the infection the more common are uncharacteristic clinical signs like loss of appetite, a raised temperature, parenchymatous icterus and, finally signs of involvement of the central nervous system. During the last few years purposeful research has established the important fact that, if there has been a urinary tract infection particularly in the first months of life, recurrence may more often be asymptomatic than on the first occasion. A mid-stream specimen is diagnostically valuable. If this does contain any bacteria, then supapubic aspiration from the bladder is useful in enabling us to start a specific, if possible bactericidal, therapy. Asymptomatic bacteriuria may at any time lead to clinical signs of pyelonephritis, particularly during periods of stress. Such silent unrecognized cases of asymptomatic bacteriuria may, we feel, lead to pyelonephritic nephrosis in a so far unknown percentage of cases.", "PMID": 1168277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2194", "title": "[Positive end-exspiratory pressure for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome with indirect increase of pressure. Clinical experience with the Pulmarca box (author's transl)].", "content": "Harrison could demonstrate the benefit of exspiratory grunting in respiratory distress syndrome. Probably it delays alveolar collapse and promotes gasexchange. Since the publication of Gregory different methods for therapeutic use were practised. Our report deals with own investigations with continous negative chest wall pressure (CNP). Effect, indication and complications are discussed especially.", "contents": "[Positive end-exspiratory pressure for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome with indirect increase of pressure. Clinical experience with the Pulmarca box (author's transl)]. Harrison could demonstrate the benefit of exspiratory grunting in respiratory distress syndrome. Probably it delays alveolar collapse and promotes gasexchange. Since the publication of Gregory different methods for therapeutic use were practised. Our report deals with own investigations with continous negative chest wall pressure (CNP). Effect, indication and complications are discussed especially.", "PMID": 1168278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2195", "title": "[Disturbances of cardiac rhythm in neonates and infants (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on the kinds and frequency of cardiac rhythm disturbances observed in neonates and young infants at the University Children's Hospital of Innsbruck within the past 3 years. Four children who were already in utero suspected to have arrhythmia are dealt with in greater detail. The etiology and pathogenesis of rhythm disturbances are briefly outlined and the therapeutic measures summarized.", "contents": "[Disturbances of cardiac rhythm in neonates and infants (author's transl)]. The authors report on the kinds and frequency of cardiac rhythm disturbances observed in neonates and young infants at the University Children's Hospital of Innsbruck within the past 3 years. Four children who were already in utero suspected to have arrhythmia are dealt with in greater detail. The etiology and pathogenesis of rhythm disturbances are briefly outlined and the therapeutic measures summarized.", "PMID": 1168279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2196", "title": "[The plasma-protein-binding of Clindamycin Cephazolin and Cephradin in neonates and adults (author's transl)].", "content": "In pooled serum of 12 healthy adults and 12 neonates (blood taken from the umbilical cord) the free and protein-bound parts of Cephazolin, Cephradin and Clindamycin were tested by equilibrium dialysis in relation to the concentration of the antibiotic. In the serum of adults at a concentration of  36 mcg/ml the free part of Cephazolin amounted to 16%, at a concentration of 35 mcg/ml the free Cephradin was 87%, at a concentration of 97 mcg/ml the free Clindamycin was 16%. The binding constant k of Cephazolin was 12.0 (rise-constant 0.58), of Cephradin 0.26 and of Clindamycin 15.8 (rise-constant 0.58). When concentration of antibiotics rose, the free part of Clindamycin and Cephazolin increased more than with Cephradin. At a concentration of 30--42 mcg/ml the differences between the sera of adults and neonates were 26.4% with Cephazolin, 3.7% with Cephradin and 3.1% with Clindamycin (concentration 92--97 mcg/ml). In neonates the free part of Cephazolin was 43%, of Clindamycin 19% and of Cephradin 90%. The lower ablumin content in serum of neonates (3.7 g%) does not altogether explain the reduced protein-binding. In neonates a different affinity for binding has to be assumed.", "contents": "[The plasma-protein-binding of Clindamycin Cephazolin and Cephradin in neonates and adults (author's transl)]. In pooled serum of 12 healthy adults and 12 neonates (blood taken from the umbilical cord) the free and protein-bound parts of Cephazolin, Cephradin and Clindamycin were tested by equilibrium dialysis in relation to the concentration of the antibiotic. In the serum of adults at a concentration of  36 mcg/ml the free part of Cephazolin amounted to 16%, at a concentration of 35 mcg/ml the free Cephradin was 87%, at a concentration of 97 mcg/ml the free Clindamycin was 16%. The binding constant k of Cephazolin was 12.0 (rise-constant 0.58), of Cephradin 0.26 and of Clindamycin 15.8 (rise-constant 0.58). When concentration of antibiotics rose, the free part of Clindamycin and Cephazolin increased more than with Cephradin. At a concentration of 30--42 mcg/ml the differences between the sera of adults and neonates were 26.4% with Cephazolin, 3.7% with Cephradin and 3.1% with Clindamycin (concentration 92--97 mcg/ml). In neonates the free part of Cephazolin was 43%, of Clindamycin 19% and of Cephradin 90%. The lower ablumin content in serum of neonates (3.7 g%) does not altogether explain the reduced protein-binding. In neonates a different affinity for binding has to be assumed.", "PMID": 1168280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2197", "title": "[Congenital defect of the scalp in 4 generations (author's transl)].", "content": "In the parietal region of a newborn male child, two skin lesions are found. An according sceletal defect could not be proved. These skin lesions are well known in the family of the mother. In the last three generations one member of the family showed those defects. A survey of literature gives more than 20 reports concerning these lesions in families, reporting cases where brothers and sisters are concerned up to three generations, and several cases where the underlying bone is concerned too.", "contents": "[Congenital defect of the scalp in 4 generations (author's transl)]. In the parietal region of a newborn male child, two skin lesions are found. An according sceletal defect could not be proved. These skin lesions are well known in the family of the mother. In the last three generations one member of the family showed those defects. A survey of literature gives more than 20 reports concerning these lesions in families, reporting cases where brothers and sisters are concerned up to three generations, and several cases where the underlying bone is concerned too.", "PMID": 1168281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2198", "title": "[The differential diagnosis of the Meckel syndrome and the Ellis-van-Creveld syndrome with encephalocele (author's transl)].", "content": "The differential diagnosis of Meckel's syndrome and Ellis-van-Creveld's syndrome with encephalocele is summarized utilizing two own observations. Radiographic criteria are of special importance. In EvCS typical signs of chondrodysplasia are present whereas in MS we found pelvic changes similar to Down's syndrome and striking rhomboid deformities of the tibiae. Clinically relevant is ectodermal dyplasia in EvCS, especially, when cystic kidneys in MS are not palpable.", "contents": "[The differential diagnosis of the Meckel syndrome and the Ellis-van-Creveld syndrome with encephalocele (author's transl)]. The differential diagnosis of Meckel's syndrome and Ellis-van-Creveld's syndrome with encephalocele is summarized utilizing two own observations. Radiographic criteria are of special importance. In EvCS typical signs of chondrodysplasia are present whereas in MS we found pelvic changes similar to Down's syndrome and striking rhomboid deformities of the tibiae. Clinically relevant is ectodermal dyplasia in EvCS, especially, when cystic kidneys in MS are not palpable.", "PMID": 1168282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2199", "title": "[Allergic alveolitis due to inhalation of avian proteins (author's transl)].", "content": "Allergic alveolitis is the immunologic response of the alveolar wall and the interstitial spaces of lung to inhalation of different organic, antigenic substances. This paper presents the case of a 12 1/2-year old girl with a pulmonary disease caused by inhalation of protein contained in the excrement dust from budgerigars. In the paat few years several reports already described this disease in breeders of pigeons and budgerigars. During some years our patient had recurrent episodes of a subacute illness with severe cough, dysponea, cyanosis of lips, tachycardia, and weakness. Auscultation showed only discrete crepitant rales at both lung bases. In contrast the chest roentgenogram demonstrated marked changes with soft fine patchy densities and reticulation dispersed through the lung parenchyma. The histological examination of lung biopsy showed a thickening of alveolar walls and of interstitial spaces with lymphocytic infiltration, fibrosis, and multinuclear giant cells. In accordance with this findings pulmonary function tests revealed a restriction and a decrease in diffusing capacity; furthermore there was a middle-grade obstruction. The presence of precipitating antibodies in the serum against extracts of excrements from budgerigars confirmed the relation between pulmonary disease and domestic allergen. Our experience indicates that perferential therapy is the avoidance of contact with birds.", "contents": "[Allergic alveolitis due to inhalation of avian proteins (author's transl)]. Allergic alveolitis is the immunologic response of the alveolar wall and the interstitial spaces of lung to inhalation of different organic, antigenic substances. This paper presents the case of a 12 1/2-year old girl with a pulmonary disease caused by inhalation of protein contained in the excrement dust from budgerigars. In the paat few years several reports already described this disease in breeders of pigeons and budgerigars. During some years our patient had recurrent episodes of a subacute illness with severe cough, dysponea, cyanosis of lips, tachycardia, and weakness. Auscultation showed only discrete crepitant rales at both lung bases. In contrast the chest roentgenogram demonstrated marked changes with soft fine patchy densities and reticulation dispersed through the lung parenchyma. The histological examination of lung biopsy showed a thickening of alveolar walls and of interstitial spaces with lymphocytic infiltration, fibrosis, and multinuclear giant cells. In accordance with this findings pulmonary function tests revealed a restriction and a decrease in diffusing capacity; furthermore there was a middle-grade obstruction. The presence of precipitating antibodies in the serum against extracts of excrements from budgerigars confirmed the relation between pulmonary disease and domestic allergen. Our experience indicates that perferential therapy is the avoidance of contact with birds.", "PMID": 1168283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2200", "title": "[Osteopoikilia with dermofibrosis lenticularis disseminata (Buschke-Ollendorf syndrome) (author's transl)].", "content": "In a family, we have observed through 3 generations a Buschke-Ollendorf syndrome. All 12 children and grandchildren, descendants from actually 59 year old grandmother were examined. 8 probands had a osteopoikilia, 5 of them as the grandmother had a dermatofibrosis lentcularis disseminata. The Buschke-Ollendorf syndrome is not really a syndrome in his strong sense, rather a variant of osteopoikilia with participation of skin.", "contents": "[Osteopoikilia with dermofibrosis lenticularis disseminata (Buschke-Ollendorf syndrome) (author's transl)]. In a family, we have observed through 3 generations a Buschke-Ollendorf syndrome. All 12 children and grandchildren, descendants from actually 59 year old grandmother were examined. 8 probands had a osteopoikilia, 5 of them as the grandmother had a dermatofibrosis lentcularis disseminata. The Buschke-Ollendorf syndrome is not really a syndrome in his strong sense, rather a variant of osteopoikilia with participation of skin.", "PMID": 1168284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2201", "title": "[Treatment and results in necrotizing enterocolitis in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "29 children aged between 1 day and 22 months were treated for enteritis with complications. 2 children were cured conservatively. In 27 cases surgery was needed; of these 13 children survived. In 19 patients bacteria were found in the stools. Operation was indicated when there was diffuse peritonitis or when perforation could be shown radiologically. In cases of intestinal perforation the following technique was used in the last few years: 1. resection of the segment involved and ileoor colostomy. 2. Anastomosis and closure of colostomy 4--6 weeks later. Among 29 children with necrotizing enterocolitis there were 12 who also had malformations of the heart and lungs. This made worse a prognosis which was bad anyway.", "contents": "[Treatment and results in necrotizing enterocolitis in infancy (author's transl)]. 29 children aged between 1 day and 22 months were treated for enteritis with complications. 2 children were cured conservatively. In 27 cases surgery was needed; of these 13 children survived. In 19 patients bacteria were found in the stools. Operation was indicated when there was diffuse peritonitis or when perforation could be shown radiologically. In cases of intestinal perforation the following technique was used in the last few years: 1. resection of the segment involved and ileoor colostomy. 2. Anastomosis and closure of colostomy 4--6 weeks later. Among 29 children with necrotizing enterocolitis there were 12 who also had malformations of the heart and lungs. This made worse a prognosis which was bad anyway.", "PMID": 1168285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2202", "title": "[The serum level of ionized calcium, total calcium, and magnesium in neonates (author's transl)].", "content": "In the first three days of life ionized and total calcium and magnesium were determined in the serum and compared with perinatal parameters in a heterogenous groups of newborn infants (n equals 33). The findings allow the following conclusions: 1. There is a relative good correlation between ionized and total calcium. 2. There is no statisticly proven correlation between magnesium and ionized or total calcium. 3. There is a close relation between APGAR-score and the levels of calcium in the first hours of life. But apparently there is no relation between the gestational age or the weight of birth and magnesium, between the gestational age or the weight of birth and ionized or total calcium there is no close correlation.", "contents": "[The serum level of ionized calcium, total calcium, and magnesium in neonates (author's transl)]. In the first three days of life ionized and total calcium and magnesium were determined in the serum and compared with perinatal parameters in a heterogenous groups of newborn infants (n equals 33). The findings allow the following conclusions: 1. There is a relative good correlation between ionized and total calcium. 2. There is no statisticly proven correlation between magnesium and ionized or total calcium. 3. There is a close relation between APGAR-score and the levels of calcium in the first hours of life. But apparently there is no relation between the gestational age or the weight of birth and magnesium, between the gestational age or the weight of birth and ionized or total calcium there is no close correlation.", "PMID": 1168286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2203", "title": "[Sialadenosis as secondary organ manifestation of anorexia nervosa (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 13-year-old boy the occurence of a sialadenosis of the submaxillary glands was observed in association with anorexia nervosa (a.n.). The non-inflammatory salivary gland enlargement became apparent after the boy had suffered a progressive weight loss of 5 kilograms during a period of three years prior to admission. The psychogenic origin of the disorder could be confirmed by 1. the history of the patient being almost identical compared to the few observations of a.n. in males, 2. the absence of any other organ involvement, and 3. follow up over a period of two years during which time the boy regained normal weight, and the salivary gland enlargement disappeared spontaneously. The diagnosis of sialadenosis was based on histological examination.", "contents": "[Sialadenosis as secondary organ manifestation of anorexia nervosa (author's transl)]. In a 13-year-old boy the occurence of a sialadenosis of the submaxillary glands was observed in association with anorexia nervosa (a.n.). The non-inflammatory salivary gland enlargement became apparent after the boy had suffered a progressive weight loss of 5 kilograms during a period of three years prior to admission. The psychogenic origin of the disorder could be confirmed by 1. the history of the patient being almost identical compared to the few observations of a.n. in males, 2. the absence of any other organ involvement, and 3. follow up over a period of two years during which time the boy regained normal weight, and the salivary gland enlargement disappeared spontaneously. The diagnosis of sialadenosis was based on histological examination.", "PMID": 1168287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2204", "title": "[Hereditary deficiency of isomaltase and saccharase responsible for a malabsorption syndrone (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 135 infants and children with a supposed malabsorption syndrome, a deficiency of isomaltase-saccharase of the duodenal mucosa was detected in 5 cases by measuring the disaccharidases directly in the mucosa homogenate. In one instance a deficiency of lactase was found in addition. In all patients the villi were of normal length, with an increased cell infiltration of the stroma detected in two cases. The loading tests with xylose-sucrose yielded a diminuished rise in the blood glucose level. Three of the patients were dwarfish, but only one showed an increased growth after the reduction of sucrose in the supplied diet. As a result of adaptation difficulties in the change of diet, one patient had to be treated with an additional saccharase substitution.", "contents": "[Hereditary deficiency of isomaltase and saccharase responsible for a malabsorption syndrone (author's transl)]. Among 135 infants and children with a supposed malabsorption syndrome, a deficiency of isomaltase-saccharase of the duodenal mucosa was detected in 5 cases by measuring the disaccharidases directly in the mucosa homogenate. In one instance a deficiency of lactase was found in addition. In all patients the villi were of normal length, with an increased cell infiltration of the stroma detected in two cases. The loading tests with xylose-sucrose yielded a diminuished rise in the blood glucose level. Three of the patients were dwarfish, but only one showed an increased growth after the reduction of sucrose in the supplied diet. As a result of adaptation difficulties in the change of diet, one patient had to be treated with an additional saccharase substitution.", "PMID": 1168288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2205", "title": "[The acute crisis of blood pressure and its treatment in childhood (authors transl)].", "content": "Hypertension emergencies in childhood occur mainly in end-stage renal disease. In the management the intravenous administration of diazoxide (3--5 mg/kg) is of special importance. Diazoxide results in an immediate and prolonged effect in lowering the blood pressure in 15 children. Serious side effects were not observed. The experiences with the use of diazoxide in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies is discussed.", "contents": "[The acute crisis of blood pressure and its treatment in childhood (authors transl)]. Hypertension emergencies in childhood occur mainly in end-stage renal disease. In the management the intravenous administration of diazoxide (3--5 mg/kg) is of special importance. Diazoxide results in an immediate and prolonged effect in lowering the blood pressure in 15 children. Serious side effects were not observed. The experiences with the use of diazoxide in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies is discussed.", "PMID": 1168289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2206", "title": "[Cyclic agranulocytosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Report about cyclic agranulocytosis in a 10 1/2 years old girls, having stomatitis, sore throat and fever up to 39 degrees C in the interval of approximately 3 weeks since the age of 6 months. By the prophylactic treatment with pulverized tetracyclin, which is already given 2 days prior to the expected decrease of the neutrophils, the patient stays clinically asymptomatic since 7 months.", "contents": "[Cyclic agranulocytosis (author's transl)]. Report about cyclic agranulocytosis in a 10 1/2 years old girls, having stomatitis, sore throat and fever up to 39 degrees C in the interval of approximately 3 weeks since the age of 6 months. By the prophylactic treatment with pulverized tetracyclin, which is already given 2 days prior to the expected decrease of the neutrophils, the patient stays clinically asymptomatic since 7 months.", "PMID": 1168290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2207", "title": "Dichlorvos effects on estrous cycle onset in the rat.", "content": "Continuous exposure to dichlorvos (DDVP) vapors from birth in rats caused a statistically significant mean delay of 10 da in the onset of the first estrous cycle. DDVP, BUT NOT ITS PRIMARY METABOLITE (DES-METHYL DDVP), could be readily isolated from blood and ovarian tissue, and occassionally in minute quantities from the kidney and adrenal tissues. DDVP was recovered only once in 40 brain tissue samples examined.", "contents": "Dichlorvos effects on estrous cycle onset in the rat. Continuous exposure to dichlorvos (DDVP) vapors from birth in rats caused a statistically significant mean delay of 10 da in the onset of the first estrous cycle. DDVP, BUT NOT ITS PRIMARY METABOLITE (DES-METHYL DDVP), could be readily isolated from blood and ovarian tissue, and occassionally in minute quantities from the kidney and adrenal tissues. DDVP was recovered only once in 40 brain tissue samples examined.", "PMID": 1168291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2208", "title": "Ultrastructural features of viral leukoencephalomyelitis of goats.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies were made of the central nervous system of three goats during the early stages of viral leukoencephalomyelitis of goats and of one goat 3 years after onset of the disease. In both early and late lesions, the following features were recognized: loss of myelin from normal axons, separation of the myelin sheath from the axon by cell processes, pronounced astrocytosis with numerous cell processes packed with heavy fibrils, paucity of oligodendrocytes, normal capillaries, and normal cellular elements in the adjacent gray matter. Early lesions also had many cells of the lymphoid series infiltrating perivascular spaces, within lesions, and, particularly, along axons undergoing demyelination. Although viral particles were extensively sought, only one suspect structure, with a tubular nucleocapsid-like configuration, was seen. Individual tubules of this particle measured 22 nm. in diameter. The ultrastructural features of demyelination in viral leukoencephalomyelitis of goats were compared with those described for demyelination that occurs in multiple sclerosis, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, canine distemper encephalomyelitis, and that produced by diphtheria toxin.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of viral leukoencephalomyelitis of goats. Ultrastructural studies were made of the central nervous system of three goats during the early stages of viral leukoencephalomyelitis of goats and of one goat 3 years after onset of the disease. In both early and late lesions, the following features were recognized: loss of myelin from normal axons, separation of the myelin sheath from the axon by cell processes, pronounced astrocytosis with numerous cell processes packed with heavy fibrils, paucity of oligodendrocytes, normal capillaries, and normal cellular elements in the adjacent gray matter. Early lesions also had many cells of the lymphoid series infiltrating perivascular spaces, within lesions, and, particularly, along axons undergoing demyelination. Although viral particles were extensively sought, only one suspect structure, with a tubular nucleocapsid-like configuration, was seen. Individual tubules of this particle measured 22 nm. in diameter. The ultrastructural features of demyelination in viral leukoencephalomyelitis of goats were compared with those described for demyelination that occurs in multiple sclerosis, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, canine distemper encephalomyelitis, and that produced by diphtheria toxin.", "PMID": 1168292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2209", "title": "The PSRO hospital review system.", "content": "The 1972 Social Security amendments contained the landmark Professional Standards Review Organization (PSRO) provisions as well as several sections upgrading existing utilization review (UR) requirements under Medicare and Medicaid. With issuance of the PSRO Program Manual and the recent publication of the new UR regulations, HEW for the first time has brought Medicare and Medicaid hospital review requirements into conformity and made them compatible with and supportive of the PSRO program. This article defines the PSRO hospital review system, describes how the three major components-concurrent review, medical care evaluation studies, and profile analysis-interrelate and provides examples of each of these components. Under utilization review requirements or PSRO, hospitals will be required to implement an integrated system of review designed to assure appropriate utilization practices and improve the quality of care. These aims are to be accomplished through the application of concepts of peer review, the use of norms, criteria, and standards, the identification of deficiencies in the quality, administration, or appropriateness of health care services, and their correction through linkage with programs of continuing medical education. Although PSROs are initially responsible for review in hospitals, they will likely provide the locus for a community-wide system of peer review for all services provided under National Health Insurance.", "contents": "The PSRO hospital review system. The 1972 Social Security amendments contained the landmark Professional Standards Review Organization (PSRO) provisions as well as several sections upgrading existing utilization review (UR) requirements under Medicare and Medicaid. With issuance of the PSRO Program Manual and the recent publication of the new UR regulations, HEW for the first time has brought Medicare and Medicaid hospital review requirements into conformity and made them compatible with and supportive of the PSRO program. This article defines the PSRO hospital review system, describes how the three major components-concurrent review, medical care evaluation studies, and profile analysis-interrelate and provides examples of each of these components. Under utilization review requirements or PSRO, hospitals will be required to implement an integrated system of review designed to assure appropriate utilization practices and improve the quality of care. These aims are to be accomplished through the application of concepts of peer review, the use of norms, criteria, and standards, the identification of deficiencies in the quality, administration, or appropriateness of health care services, and their correction through linkage with programs of continuing medical education. Although PSROs are initially responsible for review in hospitals, they will likely provide the locus for a community-wide system of peer review for all services provided under National Health Insurance.", "PMID": 1168294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2210", "title": "Ossiculotympanic transplantation.", "content": "Continued investigations into current tympanoplasty problems have been carried out in the Eye and Ear Clinic, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast. Retrospective studies have been helpful in identifying some of the main problems responsible for many of our unsatisfactory results, both in the irradication of disease and the restoration of aural function. Prospective studies into the behavior of grafting materials for tympanic reconstruction in the experimental animal have led us to an overwhelming preference for natural materials as opposed to plastics or stainless steel. Both homologous and autologous bone and cartilage appear to offer good prospects in ossicular replacement techniques. The most satisfactory material we have used for repair of tympanic membrane defects continues to be either autologous or homologous temporalis fascia. The long-term success of these materials in functional restoration is utterly dependent on continued aeration of the tubotympanic cleft.", "contents": "Ossiculotympanic transplantation. Continued investigations into current tympanoplasty problems have been carried out in the Eye and Ear Clinic, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast. Retrospective studies have been helpful in identifying some of the main problems responsible for many of our unsatisfactory results, both in the irradication of disease and the restoration of aural function. Prospective studies into the behavior of grafting materials for tympanic reconstruction in the experimental animal have led us to an overwhelming preference for natural materials as opposed to plastics or stainless steel. Both homologous and autologous bone and cartilage appear to offer good prospects in ossicular replacement techniques. The most satisfactory material we have used for repair of tympanic membrane defects continues to be either autologous or homologous temporalis fascia. The long-term success of these materials in functional restoration is utterly dependent on continued aeration of the tubotympanic cleft.", "PMID": 1168297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2211", "title": "[Serologic diagnosis of coxsackie virus infections in the newborn period using acetate foil electrophoresis].", "content": "150 sera from newborn infants were examined by means of counter current electrophoresis for precipitating antibodies against Coxsackie virus Group B and Group A, Type 9 to detect pre- or perinatal Coxsackie virus infections. Fresh Coxsackie virus infections were observed in 16 sera, more than 50% of these sera showed an abnormally high level of IgM.", "contents": "[Serologic diagnosis of coxsackie virus infections in the newborn period using acetate foil electrophoresis]. 150 sera from newborn infants were examined by means of counter current electrophoresis for precipitating antibodies against Coxsackie virus Group B and Group A, Type 9 to detect pre- or perinatal Coxsackie virus infections. Fresh Coxsackie virus infections were observed in 16 sera, more than 50% of these sera showed an abnormally high level of IgM.", "PMID": 1168311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2212", "title": "Prolactin release in dairy heifers relative to duration of teat stimulation.", "content": "Experiments have shown that the prolactin response specific to sustained teat stimulation is strictly dependent upon the duration of stimulation. There is some evidence for assuming two principally different patterns of prolactin response, namely high sensitivity to the stimulus with an initial maximal response, and poor sensitivity to the stimulus with a gradually intensifying response. Hyperstimulation of teats results in relative refractoriness of neural receptors for specific prolactin impulses. Refractoriness of one teat leads to a reduction in the release of prolactin which can be overcome by the stimulation of another as yet unstimulated teat.", "contents": "Prolactin release in dairy heifers relative to duration of teat stimulation. Experiments have shown that the prolactin response specific to sustained teat stimulation is strictly dependent upon the duration of stimulation. There is some evidence for assuming two principally different patterns of prolactin response, namely high sensitivity to the stimulus with an initial maximal response, and poor sensitivity to the stimulus with a gradually intensifying response. Hyperstimulation of teats results in relative refractoriness of neural receptors for specific prolactin impulses. Refractoriness of one teat leads to a reduction in the release of prolactin which can be overcome by the stimulation of another as yet unstimulated teat.", "PMID": 1168314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2213", "title": "Acute effects of ovariectomy and sham ovariectomy on pituitary-ovarian phenomena in the mouse.", "content": "Four- and 5-day cyclic mice housed with and without males, respectively, were autopsied at 10 a.m. on proestrus (P) or estrus (E) after no treatment, or after ovariectomy (Ovax) or sham Ovax at 10 a.m. or 4 p.m. on one of the preceding 3 days. Results indicate the ovarian must be in situ between 4 p.m. the day before P and 10 a.m. the day of P for a normal proestrous uterine weight increase to occur in both 4- and 5-day cyclic mice. For estrous cornification to occur, ovaries must be in situ between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. on diestrus (D) in 4-day cyclic mice, and between 4 p.m. on D-I and 10 a.m. on D-II in 5-day cyclic mice. Sham Ovax tended to inhibit ovulation in both 4- and 5-day cyclic mice. The effects of both Ovax and sham Ovax on proestrous and estrous pituitary LH values were variable. ttiming of the feedback relationship between ovary and hypothalamus-pituitary in mice may be imprecise, leading to easy disruption of the estrous cycle in this species.", "contents": "Acute effects of ovariectomy and sham ovariectomy on pituitary-ovarian phenomena in the mouse. Four- and 5-day cyclic mice housed with and without males, respectively, were autopsied at 10 a.m. on proestrus (P) or estrus (E) after no treatment, or after ovariectomy (Ovax) or sham Ovax at 10 a.m. or 4 p.m. on one of the preceding 3 days. Results indicate the ovarian must be in situ between 4 p.m. the day before P and 10 a.m. the day of P for a normal proestrous uterine weight increase to occur in both 4- and 5-day cyclic mice. For estrous cornification to occur, ovaries must be in situ between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. on diestrus (D) in 4-day cyclic mice, and between 4 p.m. on D-I and 10 a.m. on D-II in 5-day cyclic mice. Sham Ovax tended to inhibit ovulation in both 4- and 5-day cyclic mice. The effects of both Ovax and sham Ovax on proestrous and estrous pituitary LH values were variable. ttiming of the feedback relationship between ovary and hypothalamus-pituitary in mice may be imprecise, leading to easy disruption of the estrous cycle in this species.", "PMID": 1168315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2214", "title": "Spinal cord infarction due to minor trauma in children.", "content": "In two children, ages 22 months and 4 years, after slight trauma, flaccid weakness of both arms developed, followed by flaccid quadriplegia with sphincter involvement. No vertebral fracture or dislocation was found, myelograms were negative, and diagnosis was made only after the full clinical syndrome developed. Pathologic studies revealed ischemic infarction involving the cervical cord and low medulla in one patient, and central gray matter of low cervical cord in the other, without hematomyelia or external compressive lesions. The pattern of infarction may be related to spasm of distal branches of the central sulcal arteries in a terminal arterial bed.", "contents": "Spinal cord infarction due to minor trauma in children. In two children, ages 22 months and 4 years, after slight trauma, flaccid weakness of both arms developed, followed by flaccid quadriplegia with sphincter involvement. No vertebral fracture or dislocation was found, myelograms were negative, and diagnosis was made only after the full clinical syndrome developed. Pathologic studies revealed ischemic infarction involving the cervical cord and low medulla in one patient, and central gray matter of low cervical cord in the other, without hematomyelia or external compressive lesions. The pattern of infarction may be related to spasm of distal branches of the central sulcal arteries in a terminal arterial bed.", "PMID": 1168316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2215", "title": "Mechanisms underlying spinal cord damage in decompression sickness.", "content": "Decompression sickness, which damaged the spinal cord, was produced in anesthetized dogs using a compression chamber. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure and several intravascular and intracardiac pressures were monitored during the course of the simulated dives. Manometric responses to forcible lung inflation and abdominal compression were measured both predive and postdive after signs of spinal cord damage were evident. Cinevenography of the epidural vertebral venous system was performed both predive and postdive. Histopathologic  studies of the brains and cords of both predive and postdive. Histopathologic studies of the brains and cords of paretic animals were carried out. The results indicate that the epidural vertebral venous system becomes obstructed during spinal cord damaging decompression sickness and strongly suggests that spinal cord infarction in decompression sickness is caused by obstruction of cord venous drainage at the level of the epidural vertebral venous system.", "contents": "Mechanisms underlying spinal cord damage in decompression sickness. Decompression sickness, which damaged the spinal cord, was produced in anesthetized dogs using a compression chamber. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure and several intravascular and intracardiac pressures were monitored during the course of the simulated dives. Manometric responses to forcible lung inflation and abdominal compression were measured both predive and postdive after signs of spinal cord damage were evident. Cinevenography of the epidural vertebral venous system was performed both predive and postdive. Histopathologic  studies of the brains and cords of both predive and postdive. Histopathologic studies of the brains and cords of paretic animals were carried out. The results indicate that the epidural vertebral venous system becomes obstructed during spinal cord damaging decompression sickness and strongly suggests that spinal cord infarction in decompression sickness is caused by obstruction of cord venous drainage at the level of the epidural vertebral venous system.", "PMID": 1168317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2216", "title": "Edrophonium infrared optokinetic nystagmography in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus was measured by an infrared eye movement recording technique before and after the administration of intravenous edrophonium chloride in 16 patients wtih proved myasthenia gravis. All the patients, even those without clinically apparent ophthalmoparesis, demonstrated an increased amplitude of optokinetic nystagmus after administration of the drug. None of 12 control patients, many with ophthalmoparesis, showed increased optokinetic nystagmographic amplitude. The superiority of infrared recording techniques to electro-ocuography was discussed. Edrophonium infrared optokinetic nystagmography proved to be a sensitive and specific test of myasthenic weakness in extraocular muscles.", "contents": "Edrophonium infrared optokinetic nystagmography in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus was measured by an infrared eye movement recording technique before and after the administration of intravenous edrophonium chloride in 16 patients wtih proved myasthenia gravis. All the patients, even those without clinically apparent ophthalmoparesis, demonstrated an increased amplitude of optokinetic nystagmus after administration of the drug. None of 12 control patients, many with ophthalmoparesis, showed increased optokinetic nystagmographic amplitude. The superiority of infrared recording techniques to electro-ocuography was discussed. Edrophonium infrared optokinetic nystagmography proved to be a sensitive and specific test of myasthenic weakness in extraocular muscles.", "PMID": 1168318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2217", "title": "Associative visual agnosia without alexia.", "content": "A brain-damaged man was unable to appreciate the nature of objects and meaningful nonverbal symbols presented visually, although he could see, draw, describe, and match these stimuli. He had no difficulty understanding visually presented words. Auditory and tactile recognition of both verbal and nonverbal stimuli were normal. Our findings provide evidence that two neuropsychologic mechanisms were responsible for this disorder. One was an interhemispheric visual-verbal disconnection; the other was a specific categorization defect for visual, nonverba, meaningful stimuli. Neither mechanism alone was sufficient; both were necessary.", "contents": "Associative visual agnosia without alexia. A brain-damaged man was unable to appreciate the nature of objects and meaningful nonverbal symbols presented visually, although he could see, draw, describe, and match these stimuli. He had no difficulty understanding visually presented words. Auditory and tactile recognition of both verbal and nonverbal stimuli were normal. Our findings provide evidence that two neuropsychologic mechanisms were responsible for this disorder. One was an interhemispheric visual-verbal disconnection; the other was a specific categorization defect for visual, nonverba, meaningful stimuli. Neither mechanism alone was sufficient; both were necessary.", "PMID": 1168319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2218", "title": "Behavioral assessment of peripheral nerve function.", "content": "Behavioral psychophysical techniques were used to obtain strength-duration curves for the ulnar nerve at both threshold and suprathreshold levels. The functions well match those obtained with electrophysiologic procedures, but overcome many of the difficulities associated with traditional electrodiagnosis. An alternate means of presenting the data provides a parameter, the critical duration, that describes the ability of the stimulated nerve to integrate or summate energy over time. The very brief criticial duration for normal ulnar nerve and the similar functions at threshold and suprathreshold levels suggest possible mechanisms for the transduction and coding of percutaneous electrical stimuli.", "contents": "Behavioral assessment of peripheral nerve function. Behavioral psychophysical techniques were used to obtain strength-duration curves for the ulnar nerve at both threshold and suprathreshold levels. The functions well match those obtained with electrophysiologic procedures, but overcome many of the difficulities associated with traditional electrodiagnosis. An alternate means of presenting the data provides a parameter, the critical duration, that describes the ability of the stimulated nerve to integrate or summate energy over time. The very brief criticial duration for normal ulnar nerve and the similar functions at threshold and suprathreshold levels suggest possible mechanisms for the transduction and coding of percutaneous electrical stimuli.", "PMID": 1168320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2219", "title": "Routine use of hysterography in endometrial carcinoma and postmenopausal bleeding.", "content": "Unexpected hysterographic findings were encountered in 42 of 105 patients with postmenopausal bleeding or endometrial carcinoma. These included the extent and location of tumor, size and position of the uterus, uterine perforations or fistulas, and undetected myomas, congenital defects, or adnexal pathology. The findings proved of sufficient value in clinical management that hysterography, using water soluble medium, has been adopted as a routine procedure in such cases, especially if radium or cesium packing is employed. There was no statistically significant correlation between the histologic grade of the tumor and the hysterographic appearance of well-circumscribed or diffusely infiltrating lesions. Intravasation of contrast media occurred in 9 patients, lymphatic uptake was observed in 8, and peritoneal spillage of dye in 31 patients. There was no significant morbidity, and results to date show no evidence of tumor spread from the procedure.", "contents": "Routine use of hysterography in endometrial carcinoma and postmenopausal bleeding. Unexpected hysterographic findings were encountered in 42 of 105 patients with postmenopausal bleeding or endometrial carcinoma. These included the extent and location of tumor, size and position of the uterus, uterine perforations or fistulas, and undetected myomas, congenital defects, or adnexal pathology. The findings proved of sufficient value in clinical management that hysterography, using water soluble medium, has been adopted as a routine procedure in such cases, especially if radium or cesium packing is employed. There was no statistically significant correlation between the histologic grade of the tumor and the hysterographic appearance of well-circumscribed or diffusely infiltrating lesions. Intravasation of contrast media occurred in 9 patients, lymphatic uptake was observed in 8, and peritoneal spillage of dye in 31 patients. There was no significant morbidity, and results to date show no evidence of tumor spread from the procedure.", "PMID": 1168321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2220", "title": "Congenital malformations due to anticonvulsive drugs.", "content": "A retrospective study of congenital malformations in the offspring of 20 women who received antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy is presented. Of 56 births, 9 children (16%) were born with malformations. Four children were born dead or died shortly after delivery. Congenital heart disease, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, neural tube defects, and skeletal abnormalities were the commonest anomalies found. One child had a recognizable pattern of multiple malformations. The increased perinatal mortality was mainly due to congenital malformations and spontaneous hemorrhage. The teratogenic activity of anticonvulsant drugs is mediated by interference with folic acid metabolism, and such activity might be influenced by hereditary and environmental factors. Bearing in mind the importance of anticonvulsant therapy in epilepsy, there is certainly need for an investigation of the problem in a larger and more representative birth population than that described.", "contents": "Congenital malformations due to anticonvulsive drugs. A retrospective study of congenital malformations in the offspring of 20 women who received antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy is presented. Of 56 births, 9 children (16%) were born with malformations. Four children were born dead or died shortly after delivery. Congenital heart disease, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, neural tube defects, and skeletal abnormalities were the commonest anomalies found. One child had a recognizable pattern of multiple malformations. The increased perinatal mortality was mainly due to congenital malformations and spontaneous hemorrhage. The teratogenic activity of anticonvulsant drugs is mediated by interference with folic acid metabolism, and such activity might be influenced by hereditary and environmental factors. Bearing in mind the importance of anticonvulsant therapy in epilepsy, there is certainly need for an investigation of the problem in a larger and more representative birth population than that described.", "PMID": 1168322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2221", "title": "Hydrocele of the canal of nuck. A report of five cases.", "content": "Because of lack of information in the gynecologic literature on the subject of hydrocele of the canal of Nuck, 5 cases are reported here. The condition is reviewed, and the pathogenesis, clinical features, differential diagnosis, and management are discussed.", "contents": "Hydrocele of the canal of nuck. A report of five cases. Because of lack of information in the gynecologic literature on the subject of hydrocele of the canal of Nuck, 5 cases are reported here. The condition is reviewed, and the pathogenesis, clinical features, differential diagnosis, and management are discussed.", "PMID": 1168323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2222", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism during the third trimester of pregnancy.", "content": "Primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy has been reported in 36 women; 1 new case is reported here. Screening by determining serum calcium levels is a valuable method of diagnosing the disease. Radioimmunoassay of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) greatly aids in the diagnosis. Amniotic fluid PTH values are discussed. Hyperparathyroidism has a high association with progressive renal insufficiency, renal calculi, hypertension, and bone disease. During pregnancy, there is an increased incidence of stillborns, premature labor, and neonatal tetany. Acute hyperparathyroid crisis may result in maternal death. This is the first reported case surgically treated during the third trimester of pregnancy. Surgery should be considered when the diagnosis is made late in pregnancy, as this may protect the infant from neonatal tetany.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism during the third trimester of pregnancy. Primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy has been reported in 36 women; 1 new case is reported here. Screening by determining serum calcium levels is a valuable method of diagnosing the disease. Radioimmunoassay of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) greatly aids in the diagnosis. Amniotic fluid PTH values are discussed. Hyperparathyroidism has a high association with progressive renal insufficiency, renal calculi, hypertension, and bone disease. During pregnancy, there is an increased incidence of stillborns, premature labor, and neonatal tetany. Acute hyperparathyroid crisis may result in maternal death. This is the first reported case surgically treated during the third trimester of pregnancy. Surgery should be considered when the diagnosis is made late in pregnancy, as this may protect the infant from neonatal tetany.", "PMID": 1168324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2223", "title": "[Validity of simple X-ray-techniques in misdiagnosed anorectal malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "One particular form of an anorectal malformation--the anterior perineal anus--is frequently overlooked in the neonate period because defecation is easy at this age. However, with the change of diet, this malformation as a rule leads to chronic constipation. The lateral view at the beginning of an irrigoscopy usually shows a characteristic picture of a horizontal caudal limitation of the rectum, a dorsal pouch, a beakshaped fistula and an elevation of the anorectal transition. These findings contribute essentially to the clinical diagnosis and permit early operation.", "contents": "[Validity of simple X-ray-techniques in misdiagnosed anorectal malformations (author's transl)]. One particular form of an anorectal malformation--the anterior perineal anus--is frequently overlooked in the neonate period because defecation is easy at this age. However, with the change of diet, this malformation as a rule leads to chronic constipation. The lateral view at the beginning of an irrigoscopy usually shows a characteristic picture of a horizontal caudal limitation of the rectum, a dorsal pouch, a beakshaped fistula and an elevation of the anorectal transition. These findings contribute essentially to the clinical diagnosis and permit early operation.", "PMID": 1168326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2224", "title": "Maze learning by adult rats after inhibition of neuronal multiplication in utero.", "content": "Rats whose mothers received hydroxyurea (HU, 1 or 2 g/kg) at 14 days of gestation had a 30% deficit in both brain and body weight at birth, when compared with controls. Number of brain cells at birth (mainly neurons) was reduced by 33-34%. A severe reduction in postnatal whole brain growth (31-33% in adulthood) was observed, but the cerebellum was relatively spared. In the Hebb-Williams maze text in adulthood HU animals made 28% more errors than controls over 12 problems. The differences were much more marked on certain problems and for HU animals with particularly small brains. In a T-maze spatial discrimination test in adulthood HU rats learned the initial response normally but, when required to reverse this response, showed a significant tendency to make more perseverative errors than controls.", "contents": "Maze learning by adult rats after inhibition of neuronal multiplication in utero. Rats whose mothers received hydroxyurea (HU, 1 or 2 g/kg) at 14 days of gestation had a 30% deficit in both brain and body weight at birth, when compared with controls. Number of brain cells at birth (mainly neurons) was reduced by 33-34%. A severe reduction in postnatal whole brain growth (31-33% in adulthood) was observed, but the cerebellum was relatively spared. In the Hebb-Williams maze text in adulthood HU animals made 28% more errors than controls over 12 problems. The differences were much more marked on certain problems and for HU animals with particularly small brains. In a T-maze spatial discrimination test in adulthood HU rats learned the initial response normally but, when required to reverse this response, showed a significant tendency to make more perseverative errors than controls.", "PMID": 1168328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2225", "title": "Organization of the nervous control of urethral sphincter. A study in the anaesthetized cat with intact central nervous system.", "content": "The electromyographic response of the striated urethral sphincter has been evoked following stimulation of its motor nerve, the pudic nerve. Stimulation of the intact nerve fires the muscular fibres directly with a latency of approximately 1.2 msec and also in a reflex manner via the ipsilateral and contralateral pathways. The two paths transmit the reflex responses with a minimal latency of 8--10 msec (chloralose). During Halothane anaesthesia the reflex appears with a longer latency (up to 26 msec). The variability of this latency and the central delay of around 5 msec agree well with a polysynaptic central pathway. The reflex response is generally composed of an early wave of large amplitude followed by an afterdischarge lasting (between 30--60 msec) and of higher threshold. This response is triggered by the fastest afferents in the pudic nerve. The excitability of the motoneurones controlling the sphincter was tested by the double shock method and was shown to be analogous to other somatic motoneurones. The electrically evoked reflex response is slightly inhibited by bladder distension. A more powerful type of inhibition of the sphincter activity is associated with activation of the bladder motor centre.", "contents": "Organization of the nervous control of urethral sphincter. A study in the anaesthetized cat with intact central nervous system. The electromyographic response of the striated urethral sphincter has been evoked following stimulation of its motor nerve, the pudic nerve. Stimulation of the intact nerve fires the muscular fibres directly with a latency of approximately 1.2 msec and also in a reflex manner via the ipsilateral and contralateral pathways. The two paths transmit the reflex responses with a minimal latency of 8--10 msec (chloralose). During Halothane anaesthesia the reflex appears with a longer latency (up to 26 msec). The variability of this latency and the central delay of around 5 msec agree well with a polysynaptic central pathway. The reflex response is generally composed of an early wave of large amplitude followed by an afterdischarge lasting (between 30--60 msec) and of higher threshold. This response is triggered by the fastest afferents in the pudic nerve. The excitability of the motoneurones controlling the sphincter was tested by the double shock method and was shown to be analogous to other somatic motoneurones. The electrically evoked reflex response is slightly inhibited by bladder distension. A more powerful type of inhibition of the sphincter activity is associated with activation of the bladder motor centre.", "PMID": 1168330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2226", "title": "Behaviour of the urethral striated sphincter and of the bladder in the chronic spinal cat. Implications at the Central Nervous System Level.", "content": "Nine cats were spinalized at the thoraco-lumbar junction (T12-L7) and the subsequent behaviour of the bladder and urethral striated sphincter was observed during periods of up to 27 days after spinalization by means of bladder manometry and of urethral electromyography. On the day following operation, the urethral sphincter responds to stimulation of its intact motor nerve, the pudic nerve by reflex (R) and direct (M) responses analogous to those of the intact animal anaesthetized with chloralose. The ratio R/M lies between 1 and 0.6 in the chronic spinal cat whereas it is generally less than 0.5 in the intact chloralose-anaesthetized cat. The tonic activity of the sphincter is weak or not present. The continence, however, is well maintained. The bladder activity appears only 4 to 8 days after spinalization. The bladder can thus void urine during brief contractions. These micturitions are always incomplete. The urethral reflex activity, either spontaneous or triggered by stimulation of the pudic nerve, may be inhibited, i: to a moderate degree by passive bladder distension; ii: almost completely by activation of vesicomotor neurones which provoke the bladder contraction. The first inhibition is seen the day after spinalization and is probably a protective reflex against vesical hypertension. The second inhibition develops progressively and in parallel to the functional recovery of vesical preganglionic neurones. It takes place on a background of antagnostic equilibrium of bladder and of urethral sphincter activities during micturition.", "contents": "Behaviour of the urethral striated sphincter and of the bladder in the chronic spinal cat. Implications at the Central Nervous System Level. Nine cats were spinalized at the thoraco-lumbar junction (T12-L7) and the subsequent behaviour of the bladder and urethral striated sphincter was observed during periods of up to 27 days after spinalization by means of bladder manometry and of urethral electromyography. On the day following operation, the urethral sphincter responds to stimulation of its intact motor nerve, the pudic nerve by reflex (R) and direct (M) responses analogous to those of the intact animal anaesthetized with chloralose. The ratio R/M lies between 1 and 0.6 in the chronic spinal cat whereas it is generally less than 0.5 in the intact chloralose-anaesthetized cat. The tonic activity of the sphincter is weak or not present. The continence, however, is well maintained. The bladder activity appears only 4 to 8 days after spinalization. The bladder can thus void urine during brief contractions. These micturitions are always incomplete. The urethral reflex activity, either spontaneous or triggered by stimulation of the pudic nerve, may be inhibited, i: to a moderate degree by passive bladder distension; ii: almost completely by activation of vesicomotor neurones which provoke the bladder contraction. The first inhibition is seen the day after spinalization and is probably a protective reflex against vesical hypertension. The second inhibition develops progressively and in parallel to the functional recovery of vesical preganglionic neurones. It takes place on a background of antagnostic equilibrium of bladder and of urethral sphincter activities during micturition.", "PMID": 1168331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2227", "title": "Post-tetanic changes in the discharge pattern of the extensor alpha motoneurones.", "content": "The after effects of orthodromic tetanization on the discharge pattern of gastrocnemius motoneurones were investigated in decerebrate and spinalized cats. tduring stimulation of intact gastrocnemius nerves at 20 Hz, small motoneurones showed ttion for 8 sec, large motoneurones followed the 20 Hz stimulation in 1:1 order, whereas small motoneurones became silent for about 37 sec. Thereafter, the impulse rate of large motoneurone decreased while that of small motoneurone increased, progressively reaching the pre-tetanic values in about 72 sec. When gastrocnemius nerves were tetanized for 20 sec, potentiation of large motoneurones and depression of small motoneurones lasted for about 120 sec. Post-tetanic potentiation of large motoneurone was still observed during stimulation with 40 Hz but not with 80 Hx. Inhibition of a small tonic motoneurone during repetitive activity of a large motoneurone was observed during stimulation of Group I + II afferents following injection of 0.025 mg/kg strychnine. Another strychnine injection of the same dose reduced this inhibition. It was concluded that large-phasic motoneurones may be highly susceptible to post-tetanic potentiation; and that small-tonic motoneurones may be inhibited by large motoneurones through a recurrent circuit.", "contents": "Post-tetanic changes in the discharge pattern of the extensor alpha motoneurones. The after effects of orthodromic tetanization on the discharge pattern of gastrocnemius motoneurones were investigated in decerebrate and spinalized cats. tduring stimulation of intact gastrocnemius nerves at 20 Hz, small motoneurones showed ttion for 8 sec, large motoneurones followed the 20 Hz stimulation in 1:1 order, whereas small motoneurones became silent for about 37 sec. Thereafter, the impulse rate of large motoneurone decreased while that of small motoneurone increased, progressively reaching the pre-tetanic values in about 72 sec. When gastrocnemius nerves were tetanized for 20 sec, potentiation of large motoneurones and depression of small motoneurones lasted for about 120 sec. Post-tetanic potentiation of large motoneurone was still observed during stimulation with 40 Hz but not with 80 Hx. Inhibition of a small tonic motoneurone during repetitive activity of a large motoneurone was observed during stimulation of Group I + II afferents following injection of 0.025 mg/kg strychnine. Another strychnine injection of the same dose reduced this inhibition. It was concluded that large-phasic motoneurones may be highly susceptible to post-tetanic potentiation; and that small-tonic motoneurones may be inhibited by large motoneurones through a recurrent circuit.", "PMID": 1168332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2228", "title": "Antagonistic effects of vasopressin and hypervolemia on osmotic reactivity of the thirst mechanism in dogs.", "content": "The reactivity of the thirst mechanism to osmotic stimuli was examined in conscious dogs 1. under control conditions, 2. after raising the plasma vasopressin (PADH) level to about 30 muU/ml by intravenous infusion of the hormone, 3. after expansion of the blood volume by 15% by an intravenous infusion of dextran solution, and 4. after a simultaneous increase of PADH and blood-volume expansion. The osmotic thirst threshold was significantly lowered by the elevation of PADH and augmented by an expansion of blood volume, whereas no significant changes were observed when the increase in PADH and expansion of blood volume were applied simultaneously. The interactions between body-fluid osmolarity, blood volume, and vasopressin in regulation of water intake are discussed.", "contents": "Antagonistic effects of vasopressin and hypervolemia on osmotic reactivity of the thirst mechanism in dogs. The reactivity of the thirst mechanism to osmotic stimuli was examined in conscious dogs 1. under control conditions, 2. after raising the plasma vasopressin (PADH) level to about 30 muU/ml by intravenous infusion of the hormone, 3. after expansion of the blood volume by 15% by an intravenous infusion of dextran solution, and 4. after a simultaneous increase of PADH and blood-volume expansion. The osmotic thirst threshold was significantly lowered by the elevation of PADH and augmented by an expansion of blood volume, whereas no significant changes were observed when the increase in PADH and expansion of blood volume were applied simultaneously. The interactions between body-fluid osmolarity, blood volume, and vasopressin in regulation of water intake are discussed.", "PMID": 1168333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2229", "title": "The central arterial pulses. Experiments on a hybrid model of the heart and the arterial system.", "content": "In order to examine the contours of central aortic and coronary flow pulses as well as those of pressure and flow pulses along the aorta, a hybrid model of the arterial system and the heart was designed. The digitally programmed model of the aortic system is an inhomogeneous transmission line with adjustable reflection factors at the end and at three intermediate locations. For the reflection factor at the entrance different values may be chosen for the ejection time and the diastole. The influence of a stenosis and of frequency-independent damping may be examined. The model of the ventricle is the analog solution of a system consisting of an internal isometric pressure source and an internal resistance and capacitance. The model of the coronary artery is the analog solution of a windkessel model of the system. The digital and analog models are interlocked by AD and DA converters. All programs can be executed in real time. The characteristic contour of the aortic flow is determined by the relation between the internal impedance of the ventricle and the magnitude of the characteristic impedance of the aorta. Furthermore, the influence of reflections within the arterial system is shown to be quite remarkable. Natural pressue pulses can be simulated by the model under normal and pathological conditions including aortic coarctation. The contour of the left coronary artery flow is determined on the one hand by the fraction of the ventricular pressure which acts as a counterpressure at the site of the peripheral resistance, and by the time constant of the coronary windkessel on the other hand.", "contents": "The central arterial pulses. Experiments on a hybrid model of the heart and the arterial system. In order to examine the contours of central aortic and coronary flow pulses as well as those of pressure and flow pulses along the aorta, a hybrid model of the arterial system and the heart was designed. The digitally programmed model of the aortic system is an inhomogeneous transmission line with adjustable reflection factors at the end and at three intermediate locations. For the reflection factor at the entrance different values may be chosen for the ejection time and the diastole. The influence of a stenosis and of frequency-independent damping may be examined. The model of the ventricle is the analog solution of a system consisting of an internal isometric pressure source and an internal resistance and capacitance. The model of the coronary artery is the analog solution of a windkessel model of the system. The digital and analog models are interlocked by AD and DA converters. All programs can be executed in real time. The characteristic contour of the aortic flow is determined by the relation between the internal impedance of the ventricle and the magnitude of the characteristic impedance of the aorta. Furthermore, the influence of reflections within the arterial system is shown to be quite remarkable. Natural pressue pulses can be simulated by the model under normal and pathological conditions including aortic coarctation. The contour of the left coronary artery flow is determined on the one hand by the fraction of the ventricular pressure which acts as a counterpressure at the site of the peripheral resistance, and by the time constant of the coronary windkessel on the other hand.", "PMID": 1168334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2230", "title": "Quantitative aspects of autoregulation in the canine kidney.", "content": "Autoregulatory changes in series connected vascular resistances were studied in the normal canine kidney. Two sets of observations were made: a) ureter pressure was increased by ureteral obstruction and b) arterial pressure was decreased by aortic clamping. It was assumed that in both experimental panels the decrement in intrarenal resistance is solely due to dilatation of the preglomerular vessels. Proximal tubular pressure is thought to equal deep venous (wedged) pressure under free flow and ureteral pressure under stop flow conditions. Calculation of the glomerular filtration coefficient yielded the same value in both sets of observations: k similar to 2 ml/min/100 g per 1 mm Hg effective filtration pressure. Glomerular capillary pressure rises steeply and roughly parallels arterial pressue below the autoregulatory range (about 40-80 mm Hg), whereas in the autoregulatory range (about 90-150 mm Hg) its value is stabilized at 74 plus or minus 1 (S.E.)mm Hg. Afferent resistance is negligible in the hypotensive range and increases progressively in the normotensive range. Changes in efferent and venular resistance are insignificant in the whole pressure range considered, i.e. 40 to 150 mm Hg.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of autoregulation in the canine kidney. Autoregulatory changes in series connected vascular resistances were studied in the normal canine kidney. Two sets of observations were made: a) ureter pressure was increased by ureteral obstruction and b) arterial pressure was decreased by aortic clamping. It was assumed that in both experimental panels the decrement in intrarenal resistance is solely due to dilatation of the preglomerular vessels. Proximal tubular pressure is thought to equal deep venous (wedged) pressure under free flow and ureteral pressure under stop flow conditions. Calculation of the glomerular filtration coefficient yielded the same value in both sets of observations: k similar to 2 ml/min/100 g per 1 mm Hg effective filtration pressure. Glomerular capillary pressure rises steeply and roughly parallels arterial pressue below the autoregulatory range (about 40-80 mm Hg), whereas in the autoregulatory range (about 90-150 mm Hg) its value is stabilized at 74 plus or minus 1 (S.E.)mm Hg. Afferent resistance is negligible in the hypotensive range and increases progressively in the normotensive range. Changes in efferent and venular resistance are insignificant in the whole pressure range considered, i.e. 40 to 150 mm Hg.", "PMID": 1168335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2231", "title": "Static and dynamic activity of warm receptors in Boa constrictor.", "content": "Afferent impulses from multi- and single-fiber preparations of the trigeminal nerve in Boa constrictor were recorded during exactly controlled thermal stimulation of the receptive field in the labial region. At constant temperatures in the range between 18 and 37 degrees C, multi-fiber preparations showed a continuous discharge with a maximum around 30 degrees C. Dynamic warming caused a high increase of the discharge, whereas dynamic cooling led to a complete inhibition. No cold-sensitive fivers have been found. Mechanical stimulation elicited large spikes from specific mechanoreceptors. Single-fiber preparations from labial warm receptors did not respond to mechanical stimulation. Their discharge was always regular at constant temperatures. The average frequency of a warm receptor population was zero at about 18 degrees C, reached a maximum of 13 sec-1 at 30 degrees C and fell again to zero at 37 degrees C. In addition, a few warm receptors increased their static discharge with temperature up to 36 degrees C, the highest frequency being 38 sec-1. Stepwise warming by delta T = + 5 degrees C caused a marked overshoot in frequency, after which the discharge usually fell to a minimum and then rose again to a new static level. Stepwise cooling by delta T = MINUS 5 DEGREES C led to a transient inhibition of activity followed by an increase until the new static level was reached. In the first group of warm receptors the height of the dynamic overshoot varied with the adapting temperature, the largest average overshoot of 160 sec-1 occurring at an adapting temperature of 30 degrees C. These receptors have their static maximum as well as their highest dynamic sensitivity in the temperature range of the natural tropical habitat of Boidae.", "contents": "Static and dynamic activity of warm receptors in Boa constrictor. Afferent impulses from multi- and single-fiber preparations of the trigeminal nerve in Boa constrictor were recorded during exactly controlled thermal stimulation of the receptive field in the labial region. At constant temperatures in the range between 18 and 37 degrees C, multi-fiber preparations showed a continuous discharge with a maximum around 30 degrees C. Dynamic warming caused a high increase of the discharge, whereas dynamic cooling led to a complete inhibition. No cold-sensitive fivers have been found. Mechanical stimulation elicited large spikes from specific mechanoreceptors. Single-fiber preparations from labial warm receptors did not respond to mechanical stimulation. Their discharge was always regular at constant temperatures. The average frequency of a warm receptor population was zero at about 18 degrees C, reached a maximum of 13 sec-1 at 30 degrees C and fell again to zero at 37 degrees C. In addition, a few warm receptors increased their static discharge with temperature up to 36 degrees C, the highest frequency being 38 sec-1. Stepwise warming by delta T = + 5 degrees C caused a marked overshoot in frequency, after which the discharge usually fell to a minimum and then rose again to a new static level. Stepwise cooling by delta T = MINUS 5 DEGREES C led to a transient inhibition of activity followed by an increase until the new static level was reached. In the first group of warm receptors the height of the dynamic overshoot varied with the adapting temperature, the largest average overshoot of 160 sec-1 occurring at an adapting temperature of 30 degrees C. These receptors have their static maximum as well as their highest dynamic sensitivity in the temperature range of the natural tropical habitat of Boidae.", "PMID": 1168336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2232", "title": "Regeneration in grafts of normal and denervated rat muscles. Contractile properties.", "content": "The soleus or extensor digitorum longus muscles of young rats were freely garfted into the bed of the corresponding contralateral muscle. The grafts were of normal muscle or muscles which had been denervated for 14 days. Grafts of normal muscle were characterized by little or no contractile activity for the first 2-4 days after transplantation. In contrast, denervated grafts contracted weakly, but consistently, throughout this early period. The patterns of contraction were complex. In early transplants, the contractions were due entirely to surviving muscle fibers in the graft, and the contractile characteristics were those of denervated muscle fibers. After the first week, contractions of newly regenerating muscle fibers within the grafts were superimposed upon and later took over those from the fibers that survived the original transplantation. The contraction times approached those of the normal soleus or extensor muscles during the second month after grafting, and the grafts contracted like fast or slow muscles.", "contents": "Regeneration in grafts of normal and denervated rat muscles. Contractile properties. The soleus or extensor digitorum longus muscles of young rats were freely garfted into the bed of the corresponding contralateral muscle. The grafts were of normal muscle or muscles which had been denervated for 14 days. Grafts of normal muscle were characterized by little or no contractile activity for the first 2-4 days after transplantation. In contrast, denervated grafts contracted weakly, but consistently, throughout this early period. The patterns of contraction were complex. In early transplants, the contractions were due entirely to surviving muscle fibers in the graft, and the contractile characteristics were those of denervated muscle fibers. After the first week, contractions of newly regenerating muscle fibers within the grafts were superimposed upon and later took over those from the fibers that survived the original transplantation. The contraction times approached those of the normal soleus or extensor muscles during the second month after grafting, and the grafts contracted like fast or slow muscles.", "PMID": 1168337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2233", "title": "Cycloleucine (1-amino-cyclopentane carboxylic acid): tubular reabsorption and inhibitory effect on amino acid transport in the rat kidney. (Microperfusion experiments).", "content": "Renal tubular reabsorption of cycloleucine (1-amino-cyclopentane carboxylic acid) was studied in vivo et situ by continuous microperfusion of single proximal tubules of the rat. The results show: a) cycloleucine is reabsorbed rapidly compared with other amino acids b) this reabsorption is saturable and can be inhibited by oligomycin c) cycloleucine inhibits tubular reabsorption of L-arginine, glycine, and of L-phenylalanine. Mutual reciprocal inhibition occurs only with L-phenylalanine (and perhaps also with glycine). A maximal possible permeability coefficient for cycloleucine (less than 6 times 10--5 cm times sec--1) was calculated. Assuming simple 2-parameter kinetics, Vmax and Km for tubular reabsorption of cycloleucine were estimated. It can be concluded from the present results that cycloleucine is reabsorbed by a mechanism that transports L-phenylalanine, but not by the system shared by dibasic amino acids.", "contents": "Cycloleucine (1-amino-cyclopentane carboxylic acid): tubular reabsorption and inhibitory effect on amino acid transport in the rat kidney. (Microperfusion experiments). Renal tubular reabsorption of cycloleucine (1-amino-cyclopentane carboxylic acid) was studied in vivo et situ by continuous microperfusion of single proximal tubules of the rat. The results show: a) cycloleucine is reabsorbed rapidly compared with other amino acids b) this reabsorption is saturable and can be inhibited by oligomycin c) cycloleucine inhibits tubular reabsorption of L-arginine, glycine, and of L-phenylalanine. Mutual reciprocal inhibition occurs only with L-phenylalanine (and perhaps also with glycine). A maximal possible permeability coefficient for cycloleucine (less than 6 times 10--5 cm times sec--1) was calculated. Assuming simple 2-parameter kinetics, Vmax and Km for tubular reabsorption of cycloleucine were estimated. It can be concluded from the present results that cycloleucine is reabsorbed by a mechanism that transports L-phenylalanine, but not by the system shared by dibasic amino acids.", "PMID": 1168338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2234", "title": "Temperature-sensitive ascending neurons in the spinal cord of pigeons.", "content": "Ascending neuronal activity in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord of pigeons (spinalized at about C4, recordings at about C6) has been studied with regard to effects of temperature changes with a thermode in the vertebral canal between Th4 and C8. 2. Both warm-sensitive (35) and cold-sensitive (14) neurons were found. According to the change in impulse frequency during steplike thermal stimuli, different reaction types could be distinguished. Twenty-four warm-sensitive and seven cold-sensitive units showed a proportional frequency change without any dynamic reaction. Three other warm-sensitive neurons had an additional dynamic reaction (excitatory overshoot during warming, inhibition during cooling). Five warm-sensitive and three cold-sensitive units showed no static sensitivity but responded with outstanding dynamic frequency changes during rising or falling temperature. The activity of some neurons stopped suddenly above (4) or below (3) a critical temperature, which was always near the normal spinal temperature (about 41 degrees C). Altogether the reaction to rapid temperature changes was consistently greatest near the normal body temperature. 3. The mean static sensitivity of 17 warm-sensitive units was + 4.2 plus or minus 1.3 imp./sec. degrees C (mean value and s. d.) and that of three cold-sensitive ones minus 2.3 plus or minus 0.3 imp./sec. degrees C in the range 35 degrees minus 45 degrees C (vertebral canal temperature). The temperature coefficient (Q10) which was calculated for the same neurons showed great variations with mean values of about 5 for both warm- and cold-sensitive units.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive ascending neurons in the spinal cord of pigeons. Ascending neuronal activity in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord of pigeons (spinalized at about C4, recordings at about C6) has been studied with regard to effects of temperature changes with a thermode in the vertebral canal between Th4 and C8. 2. Both warm-sensitive (35) and cold-sensitive (14) neurons were found. According to the change in impulse frequency during steplike thermal stimuli, different reaction types could be distinguished. Twenty-four warm-sensitive and seven cold-sensitive units showed a proportional frequency change without any dynamic reaction. Three other warm-sensitive neurons had an additional dynamic reaction (excitatory overshoot during warming, inhibition during cooling). Five warm-sensitive and three cold-sensitive units showed no static sensitivity but responded with outstanding dynamic frequency changes during rising or falling temperature. The activity of some neurons stopped suddenly above (4) or below (3) a critical temperature, which was always near the normal spinal temperature (about 41 degrees C). Altogether the reaction to rapid temperature changes was consistently greatest near the normal body temperature. 3. The mean static sensitivity of 17 warm-sensitive units was + 4.2 plus or minus 1.3 imp./sec. degrees C (mean value and s. d.) and that of three cold-sensitive ones minus 2.3 plus or minus 0.3 imp./sec. degrees C in the range 35 degrees minus 45 degrees C (vertebral canal temperature). The temperature coefficient (Q10) which was calculated for the same neurons showed great variations with mean values of about 5 for both warm- and cold-sensitive units.", "PMID": 1168339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2235", "title": "CD studies of conformational changes of DNA upon photosensitized UV-irradiation at 313 nm.", "content": "The role of thymine dimerization for previously reported U.V. induced conformational changes has been proved using acetophenone as sensitizer for the specific thymine dimerization upon irradiation at 313 nm. CD results demonstrate that formation of pyrimidine dimers cause typical conformational changes of the DNA B helix as observed on irradiation at 254 nm. Thus the primary role of adenine photoproducts may be excluded.", "contents": "CD studies of conformational changes of DNA upon photosensitized UV-irradiation at 313 nm. The role of thymine dimerization for previously reported U.V. induced conformational changes has been proved using acetophenone as sensitizer for the specific thymine dimerization upon irradiation at 313 nm. CD results demonstrate that formation of pyrimidine dimers cause typical conformational changes of the DNA B helix as observed on irradiation at 254 nm. Thus the primary role of adenine photoproducts may be excluded.", "PMID": 1168340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2236", "title": "Reassociation kinetics of three satellite components of calf thymus DNA.", "content": "Using absorption measurements the reassociation kinetics of three satellite DNA components isolated from calf thymus was studied under various conditions. A different method using CsC1 density gradient determinations particularly suited for kinetic analysis of mixtures was also used and shown to give similar results. Reassociation rate constants were corrected for mismatching during strand reassociation using data obtained by kinetic analysis of fractions of the 1.714 g/cm-3 satellite component. The values of corrected as well as uncorrected complexities were calculated and compared with results of other methods. They were shown to be compatible with the concept of sequence repetition at various levels.", "contents": "Reassociation kinetics of three satellite components of calf thymus DNA. Using absorption measurements the reassociation kinetics of three satellite DNA components isolated from calf thymus was studied under various conditions. A different method using CsC1 density gradient determinations particularly suited for kinetic analysis of mixtures was also used and shown to give similar results. Reassociation rate constants were corrected for mismatching during strand reassociation using data obtained by kinetic analysis of fractions of the 1.714 g/cm-3 satellite component. The values of corrected as well as uncorrected complexities were calculated and compared with results of other methods. They were shown to be compatible with the concept of sequence repetition at various levels.", "PMID": 1168341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2237", "title": "Alterations in the growth rate and metabolism of Chinese hamster cells in vitro (38530).", "content": "Chinese hamster (Don) lung cells undergo a gradual decline in proliferation (Phase III) during their lifespan in culture.  In addition, cells in Phase III utilize more glucose per 10-4 cells and produce more lactic acid per 10-4 cells than do Phase II cell cultures.", "contents": "Alterations in the growth rate and metabolism of Chinese hamster cells in vitro (38530). Chinese hamster (Don) lung cells undergo a gradual decline in proliferation (Phase III) during their lifespan in culture.  In addition, cells in Phase III utilize more glucose per 10-4 cells and produce more lactic acid per 10-4 cells than do Phase II cell cultures.", "PMID": 1168346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2238", "title": "Narcotic antagonist activity of several metabolites of naloxone and naltrexone tested in morphine dependent mice (38558).", "content": "A rabbit liver enzyme system was used to produce the 6beta-OH reduced metabolites of naloxone and naltrexone. GC analysis indicated the presence of some 6alpha-OH metabolite in these samples. The narcotic antagonist activity of these 6beta-OH metabolite samples were compared to naloxone, naltrexone and standard 6alpha-OH naltrexone (EN-2260A) using the jumping response of morphine pellet implanted mice. For the naloxone series, the potencies were: Naloxone greater than EN 2265A greater than 6 beta-OH maloxone. For the naltrexone series: Naltrexone greater than EN 2260A greater than beta-OH naltrexone. The low potency of the reduced metabolites the rapid onset of action of the parent compounds militate against the formation of these metabolites contributing substantially to the overall narcotic antagonist action of the parent compounds.", "contents": "Narcotic antagonist activity of several metabolites of naloxone and naltrexone tested in morphine dependent mice (38558). A rabbit liver enzyme system was used to produce the 6beta-OH reduced metabolites of naloxone and naltrexone. GC analysis indicated the presence of some 6alpha-OH metabolite in these samples. The narcotic antagonist activity of these 6beta-OH metabolite samples were compared to naloxone, naltrexone and standard 6alpha-OH naltrexone (EN-2260A) using the jumping response of morphine pellet implanted mice. For the naloxone series, the potencies were: Naloxone greater than EN 2265A greater than 6 beta-OH maloxone. For the naltrexone series: Naltrexone greater than EN 2260A greater than beta-OH naltrexone. The low potency of the reduced metabolites the rapid onset of action of the parent compounds militate against the formation of these metabolites contributing substantially to the overall narcotic antagonist action of the parent compounds.", "PMID": 1168347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2239", "title": "Dengue virus plaque formation on microplate cultures and its application to virus neutralization (38564).", "content": "Dengue virus plaque formation on BHK-21 cell microplate cultures was described.  The clear plaques were visible usually 5 days after incubation in a CO-2 incubator at 37 degrees.  The cells cultured in a 3-oz bottle were sufficient to prepare two microculture plates which were usually ready for use after 1-2 days of cultivation in the CO-2 incubator at 37 degrees.  The overall procedures were easy and of economic advantage.", "contents": "Dengue virus plaque formation on microplate cultures and its application to virus neutralization (38564). Dengue virus plaque formation on BHK-21 cell microplate cultures was described.  The clear plaques were visible usually 5 days after incubation in a CO-2 incubator at 37 degrees.  The cells cultured in a 3-oz bottle were sufficient to prepare two microculture plates which were usually ready for use after 1-2 days of cultivation in the CO-2 incubator at 37 degrees.  The overall procedures were easy and of economic advantage.", "PMID": 1168348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2240", "title": "Androgens in the bovine fetus and dam (38567).", "content": "Umbilical arterial and venous blood, and fetal testes were taken from 38 bovine fetuses at 90, 180 or 260 days of gestation. Concurrently blood also was taken from the jugular, and from the uterine artery and vein of the dams. Testosterone and androstenedione were determined by radioimmunoassays. Fetal testicular homogenates had 0.96 and 0.35 mug/g of testosterone and 0.39 and 0.50 mug/g of androstenedione at 180 and 260 days of gestation, respectively. Males had five to tenfold more serum testosterone and about twofold more androstenedione than female fetuses at each trimester of gestation. Male fetal blood testosterone decreased (P less than 0.01) from 2.7 to 0.3 ng/ml between 90 and 260 days of gestation. But, maternal testosterone and androstenedione increased (P less than 0.05) during gestation in cows with males, but not in cows with female fetuses. Testosterone was higher (P less 0.05) in cows carrying males than in cows with female fetuses. Androstenedione was higher in blood leaving the placenta on both the maternal and on the vetal sides suggesting placental synthesis of androstenedione.", "contents": "Androgens in the bovine fetus and dam (38567). Umbilical arterial and venous blood, and fetal testes were taken from 38 bovine fetuses at 90, 180 or 260 days of gestation. Concurrently blood also was taken from the jugular, and from the uterine artery and vein of the dams. Testosterone and androstenedione were determined by radioimmunoassays. Fetal testicular homogenates had 0.96 and 0.35 mug/g of testosterone and 0.39 and 0.50 mug/g of androstenedione at 180 and 260 days of gestation, respectively. Males had five to tenfold more serum testosterone and about twofold more androstenedione than female fetuses at each trimester of gestation. Male fetal blood testosterone decreased (P less than 0.01) from 2.7 to 0.3 ng/ml between 90 and 260 days of gestation. But, maternal testosterone and androstenedione increased (P less than 0.05) during gestation in cows with males, but not in cows with female fetuses. Testosterone was higher (P less 0.05) in cows carrying males than in cows with female fetuses. Androstenedione was higher in blood leaving the placenta on both the maternal and on the vetal sides suggesting placental synthesis of androstenedione.", "PMID": 1168349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2241", "title": "Formation of colonies in soft agar medium by regenerating liver cells (38591).", "content": "The culture of actively regenerating liver tissue in soft agar reveals the presence of a cell population, not previously described, which includes (a) cells capable of forming hematopoietic colonies and (b) additional cells producing colonies with epithelioid characteristics.", "contents": "Formation of colonies in soft agar medium by regenerating liver cells (38591). The culture of actively regenerating liver tissue in soft agar reveals the presence of a cell population, not previously described, which includes (a) cells capable of forming hematopoietic colonies and (b) additional cells producing colonies with epithelioid characteristics.", "PMID": 1168350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2242", "title": "Morphine analgesia in grouped and isolated rats.", "content": "The effects of long-term isolation of young adult male rats on the analgesic effects of morphine were investigated. Isolated rats developed altered patterns of behavior, including muricidal behavior in some animals. Analgesic activity of morphine was assessed with both the tail compression and the hot plate methods. The results indicate that chronically isolated rats, whether developing muricidal behavior or not, show no alteration in either pain thresholds or in their response to morphine-induced analgesia.", "contents": "Morphine analgesia in grouped and isolated rats. The effects of long-term isolation of young adult male rats on the analgesic effects of morphine were investigated. Isolated rats developed altered patterns of behavior, including muricidal behavior in some animals. Analgesic activity of morphine was assessed with both the tail compression and the hot plate methods. The results indicate that chronically isolated rats, whether developing muricidal behavior or not, show no alteration in either pain thresholds or in their response to morphine-induced analgesia.", "PMID": 1168352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2243", "title": "Dependence to morphine in differentially housed rats.", "content": "Although the effects of differential housing, particularly isolation, on the action of several classes of pharmacological agents have been studied, little attention has been given to this factor in regard to narcotics. The present study involves the effects of long-term social isolation on dependence to morphine produced by pellet implants in rats. When abstinence was precipitated with naloxone, isolated rats demonstrated less jumping and less diarrhea then grouped rats. No differences were found in other signs. In addition, the differences were seen both in isolates developing muricidal behavior and those not developing this behavioral pattern.", "contents": "Dependence to morphine in differentially housed rats. Although the effects of differential housing, particularly isolation, on the action of several classes of pharmacological agents have been studied, little attention has been given to this factor in regard to narcotics. The present study involves the effects of long-term social isolation on dependence to morphine produced by pellet implants in rats. When abstinence was precipitated with naloxone, isolated rats demonstrated less jumping and less diarrhea then grouped rats. No differences were found in other signs. In addition, the differences were seen both in isolates developing muricidal behavior and those not developing this behavioral pattern.", "PMID": 1168353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2244", "title": "Brain acetylcholine in morphine pellet implanted rats given naloxone.", "content": "Adult male rats were implanted with intraventricular (ivt.) brain cannulae for injection of 5 mug of acetylseco-hemicholinium-3 (acetylseco HC-3) as a means of studying acetylcholine (ACh) utilization during morphine withdrawal. Animals were made dependent by implanting s.c. two 75 mg morphine base pellets 24 hrs apart. On the 4th day animals were given 10 mg/kg of naloxone i.p. and/or 5 mug acetylseco HC-3 ivt. and sacrificed by decapitation at various times. The brains were removed and assayed for ACH using a pyrolysis gas chromatographic procedure. Total brain ACh before or after acetylseco-HC-3 was not altered at 5, 30, 60 and 120 but was decreased at 10 min after naloxone. These results are in sharp contrast to our previous data of enhanced brain ACh utilization in withdrawn rats made dependent to morphine by several weeks of twice daily injections. It is apparent that short term morphine pellet administration does not produce the marked neurochemical and behavioral changes of long term morphine injections.", "contents": "Brain acetylcholine in morphine pellet implanted rats given naloxone. Adult male rats were implanted with intraventricular (ivt.) brain cannulae for injection of 5 mug of acetylseco-hemicholinium-3 (acetylseco HC-3) as a means of studying acetylcholine (ACh) utilization during morphine withdrawal. Animals were made dependent by implanting s.c. two 75 mg morphine base pellets 24 hrs apart. On the 4th day animals were given 10 mg/kg of naloxone i.p. and/or 5 mug acetylseco HC-3 ivt. and sacrificed by decapitation at various times. The brains were removed and assayed for ACH using a pyrolysis gas chromatographic procedure. Total brain ACh before or after acetylseco-HC-3 was not altered at 5, 30, 60 and 120 but was decreased at 10 min after naloxone. These results are in sharp contrast to our previous data of enhanced brain ACh utilization in withdrawn rats made dependent to morphine by several weeks of twice daily injections. It is apparent that short term morphine pellet administration does not produce the marked neurochemical and behavioral changes of long term morphine injections.", "PMID": 1168354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2245", "title": "Consequences of social conflict on plasma testosterone levels in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Four adult male rhesus monkeys formed a new social group with 13 adult females. The male who became dominant [alpha] showed a progressive increase in plasma testosterone. The male who became subordinate to the other three males showed an 80% fall in testosterone from baseline levels. After 7 weeks, this group was introduced to a well-established breeding group, and all four males became subordinate to all members of the breeding group. All four males evidenced a fall in testosterone during the first week after introduction, and within 6 weeks their levels were approximately--80% of pre-introduction values. The alpha male of the breeding group showed a large increase in testosterone [238%] 24 hr after he successfully defended his group and became the dominant animal of the larger, newly-formed group. Thus, plasma testosterone levels appear to be significantly influenced by the outcome of conflict attendant to alterations in status of rhesus monkeys living in social groups.", "contents": "Consequences of social conflict on plasma testosterone levels in rhesus monkeys. Four adult male rhesus monkeys formed a new social group with 13 adult females. The male who became dominant [alpha] showed a progressive increase in plasma testosterone. The male who became subordinate to the other three males showed an 80% fall in testosterone from baseline levels. After 7 weeks, this group was introduced to a well-established breeding group, and all four males became subordinate to all members of the breeding group. All four males evidenced a fall in testosterone during the first week after introduction, and within 6 weeks their levels were approximately--80% of pre-introduction values. The alpha male of the breeding group showed a large increase in testosterone [238%] 24 hr after he successfully defended his group and became the dominant animal of the larger, newly-formed group. Thus, plasma testosterone levels appear to be significantly influenced by the outcome of conflict attendant to alterations in status of rhesus monkeys living in social groups.", "PMID": 1168355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2246", "title": "Development of a radioimmunoassay for etorphine (preliminary communication).", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for etorphine has been developed using antibodies raised in a rabbit against an etorphine-3-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin conjugate. Using tritiated etorphine as the label, the antiserum could be used at a final dilution of 1:4 and had an avidity of 1.8 times 10-9 L.M.-1. The sensitivity of the assay was 0.88 plus or minus 0.04 ng etorphine per ml of serum and there was no cross-reactivity with any of the six opiate alkaloids examined over the range 0-100 ng/ml.", "contents": "Development of a radioimmunoassay for etorphine (preliminary communication). A radioimmunoassay for etorphine has been developed using antibodies raised in a rabbit against an etorphine-3-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin conjugate. Using tritiated etorphine as the label, the antiserum could be used at a final dilution of 1:4 and had an avidity of 1.8 times 10-9 L.M.-1. The sensitivity of the assay was 0.88 plus or minus 0.04 ng etorphine per ml of serum and there was no cross-reactivity with any of the six opiate alkaloids examined over the range 0-100 ng/ml.", "PMID": 1168361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2247", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for dieldrin and aldrin.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for dieldrin and aldrin has been developed which can detect picomole levels of either compound. The specificity of the antibodies, determined with respect to several other organochlorine insecticides, indicates that most of the binding energy is directed to the polychlorinated bicyclic ring system. DDT, 2,4,5-T, dechachlorobiphenyl (a PCB standard), and several other insecticides which may be found in samples containing dieldrin and aldrin should not interfere with the radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for dieldrin and aldrin. A radioimmunoassay for dieldrin and aldrin has been developed which can detect picomole levels of either compound. The specificity of the antibodies, determined with respect to several other organochlorine insecticides, indicates that most of the binding energy is directed to the polychlorinated bicyclic ring system. DDT, 2,4,5-T, dechachlorobiphenyl (a PCB standard), and several other insecticides which may be found in samples containing dieldrin and aldrin should not interfere with the radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 1168362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2248", "title": "Secretin snuff: evaluation of the action on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion and on pancreatic bicarbonate production.", "content": "In an informative qualitative study 75 U (near the range of 1 U/kg) secretin given as a snuff resulted in a weak but significant stimulation of pancreatic bicarbonate output in 8 volunteers studied. The result further indicated that this dose would slightly inhibit pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. This was confirmed in a quantitative study at the dose of 150 U (similar to 2 U/kg), and the mean amount of inhibition of MAO was 30% in the 10 subjects studied. A supramaximal dose of 1 mg (approximatively 54 U/kg) of synthetic secretin given to one volunteer resulted in a transient block of near maximally pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. The amount of acid inhibition as compared to a control experiment was 45% in the first and 52% in the two post-secretin hours. These results indicate that secretin given as a snuff at dose levels that would induce maximal pancreatic secretion when given as an i.v. injection results only in a weak inhibition of  stimulated gastric acid secretion and evokes only a little stimulation of pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. Supramaximal secretin snuff doses have, however, a potent effect on both gastric and pancreatic secretion that is of similar order to that achieved by intravenous secretin. Owing to the obviously incomplete absorption of secretin through the nasal mucosa, secretin snuff is unlikely to solve the therapeutic problem of duodenal ulcer disease. If, however, an active fragment of the peptide could be synthetized at a reasonable price, the greater convenience of pernasal application might compensate for the partial loss of action.", "contents": "Secretin snuff: evaluation of the action on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion and on pancreatic bicarbonate production. In an informative qualitative study 75 U (near the range of 1 U/kg) secretin given as a snuff resulted in a weak but significant stimulation of pancreatic bicarbonate output in 8 volunteers studied. The result further indicated that this dose would slightly inhibit pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. This was confirmed in a quantitative study at the dose of 150 U (similar to 2 U/kg), and the mean amount of inhibition of MAO was 30% in the 10 subjects studied. A supramaximal dose of 1 mg (approximatively 54 U/kg) of synthetic secretin given to one volunteer resulted in a transient block of near maximally pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. The amount of acid inhibition as compared to a control experiment was 45% in the first and 52% in the two post-secretin hours. These results indicate that secretin given as a snuff at dose levels that would induce maximal pancreatic secretion when given as an i.v. injection results only in a weak inhibition of  stimulated gastric acid secretion and evokes only a little stimulation of pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. Supramaximal secretin snuff doses have, however, a potent effect on both gastric and pancreatic secretion that is of similar order to that achieved by intravenous secretin. Owing to the obviously incomplete absorption of secretin through the nasal mucosa, secretin snuff is unlikely to solve the therapeutic problem of duodenal ulcer disease. If, however, an active fragment of the peptide could be synthetized at a reasonable price, the greater convenience of pernasal application might compensate for the partial loss of action.", "PMID": 1168364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2249", "title": "Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin:  an accidental poisoning episode in horse arenas.", "content": "Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin was identified as the apparent cause of an outbreak of poisoning in humans, horses, and other animals.  Exposure was related to the  spraying of contaminated waste oil on riding arenas for dust control.  The contamination resulted from improper disposal of a toxic industrial waste.  The pathologic effects and chemical identification of tetrachlorodibenzodioxin are described.", "contents": "Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin:  an accidental poisoning episode in horse arenas. Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin was identified as the apparent cause of an outbreak of poisoning in humans, horses, and other animals.  Exposure was related to the  spraying of contaminated waste oil on riding arenas for dust control.  The contamination resulted from improper disposal of a toxic industrial waste.  The pathologic effects and chemical identification of tetrachlorodibenzodioxin are described.", "PMID": 1168366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2250", "title": "Diurnal rhythms of cell reproduction and of some morphometric indices in the thyroid gland of young rats.", "content": "Monophasic diurnal rhythms of mitosis and DNA synthesis are characteristic of the thyroid gland epithelium of young rats (unlike adults). It is postulated that the diurnal rhythm of mitotic activity is under the influence of a mechanism synchronizing the cell population before mitosis. With an increase in thyrocyte differentiation the number of mitoses and of DNA-synthesizing cells falls. Diurnal changes in the duration of mitosis affect the dynamics of the diurnal rhythm of mitotic activity. Changes in the height of the follicular cells during the 24-hour period are evidence of a diurnal rhythm of thyroid function in young rats.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythms of cell reproduction and of some morphometric indices in the thyroid gland of young rats. Monophasic diurnal rhythms of mitosis and DNA synthesis are characteristic of the thyroid gland epithelium of young rats (unlike adults). It is postulated that the diurnal rhythm of mitotic activity is under the influence of a mechanism synchronizing the cell population before mitosis. With an increase in thyrocyte differentiation the number of mitoses and of DNA-synthesizing cells falls. Diurnal changes in the duration of mitosis affect the dynamics of the diurnal rhythm of mitotic activity. Changes in the height of the follicular cells during the 24-hour period are evidence of a diurnal rhythm of thyroid function in young rats.", "PMID": 1168368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2251", "title": "Content of DNA and dry weight of the nuclei of neurons of the external geniculate body and retina of the eye in guinea pigs.", "content": "The amount of DNA and the dry weight of the nuclei of cells of the external geniculate body, as well as the photoreceptor, bipolar, and ganglionic cells of the retina of the eye, were studied at the early stages of postnatal development of guinea pigs by the methods of cytospectrophotometry and interferometry on prints of the tissue. In the photoreceptor and bipolar cells of the retina, a stable, diploid amount of DNA is detected. In the ganglionic cells and nerve cells of the external geniculate body, in addition to the diploid cells a small group of tetraploid cells was detected. The dry weight of the nuclei of the external geniculate body and retina increased appreciably on the third day of postnatal development.", "contents": "Content of DNA and dry weight of the nuclei of neurons of the external geniculate body and retina of the eye in guinea pigs. The amount of DNA and the dry weight of the nuclei of cells of the external geniculate body, as well as the photoreceptor, bipolar, and ganglionic cells of the retina of the eye, were studied at the early stages of postnatal development of guinea pigs by the methods of cytospectrophotometry and interferometry on prints of the tissue. In the photoreceptor and bipolar cells of the retina, a stable, diploid amount of DNA is detected. In the ganglionic cells and nerve cells of the external geniculate body, in addition to the diploid cells a small group of tetraploid cells was detected. The dry weight of the nuclei of the external geniculate body and retina increased appreciably on the third day of postnatal development.", "PMID": 1168369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2252", "title": "Auscultatory features of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. A study of 90 patients.", "content": "The auscultatory signs in 90 subjects with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy are described. The late-onset ejection systolic murmur and its responses to vaso-active manoeuvres reflect a volume-dependent outflow tract obstruction. Late vibrations of the systolic murmur, not uncommonly recorded at the apex, are due to associated mitral incompetence. Non-ejection systolic clicks may occur, and the likely explanation is inequality of the functional length of the mitral chordae tendineae secondary to asymmetrical myocardial hypertrophy. The second heart sound is often abnormal, usually with delay in the aortic component. Some correlation was demonstrated between the relative degrees of left and right ventricular outflow obstruction and the pattern of splitting of the second heart sound. Reversed or partially reversed splitting is usually associated with a more severe left ventricular outflow obstruction. Ejection systolic clicks and early diastolic murmurs occur infrequently, but are not incompatible with the diagnosis of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Auscultatory features of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. A study of 90 patients. The auscultatory signs in 90 subjects with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy are described. The late-onset ejection systolic murmur and its responses to vaso-active manoeuvres reflect a volume-dependent outflow tract obstruction. Late vibrations of the systolic murmur, not uncommonly recorded at the apex, are due to associated mitral incompetence. Non-ejection systolic clicks may occur, and the likely explanation is inequality of the functional length of the mitral chordae tendineae secondary to asymmetrical myocardial hypertrophy. The second heart sound is often abnormal, usually with delay in the aortic component. Some correlation was demonstrated between the relative degrees of left and right ventricular outflow obstruction and the pattern of splitting of the second heart sound. Reversed or partially reversed splitting is usually associated with a more severe left ventricular outflow obstruction. Ejection systolic clicks and early diastolic murmurs occur infrequently, but are not incompatible with the diagnosis of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 1168371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2253", "title": "[Effect of phagocytosis in vitro on Paracoccidioides brasiliensis].", "content": "Peripheral leukocytes from 17 patients with paracoccidioidomycosis were mixed with yeast cells from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Rhodotorula sp. to ascertain their phagocytic and lytic capacities. The role of circulating antibodies in the process was also investigated by the use of autologous serum. The phagocytic capacity of the leukocytes was found to be normal for both types of yeasts. However, in the presence of the patient's serum, the percentage of P. brasiliensis cells ingested was increased (P smaller than or equql to 0.02). Furthermore, in 70-5% of the cases the lytic process was increased and more P. brasiliensis cells were killed when such a serum was employed (P smaller than or equal to 0.0013). This increased effect was not recorded for Rhodotorula sp. cells, thus indicating specificity. The peripheral leukocytes from patients with paracoccidioidomycosis are not defective. However, the success of the phagocytic process is aided by the opsonic action of the specific antibodies in the patient's serum.", "contents": "[Effect of phagocytosis in vitro on Paracoccidioides brasiliensis]. Peripheral leukocytes from 17 patients with paracoccidioidomycosis were mixed with yeast cells from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Rhodotorula sp. to ascertain their phagocytic and lytic capacities. The role of circulating antibodies in the process was also investigated by the use of autologous serum. The phagocytic capacity of the leukocytes was found to be normal for both types of yeasts. However, in the presence of the patient's serum, the percentage of P. brasiliensis cells ingested was increased (P smaller than or equql to 0.02). Furthermore, in 70-5% of the cases the lytic process was increased and more P. brasiliensis cells were killed when such a serum was employed (P smaller than or equal to 0.0013). This increased effect was not recorded for Rhodotorula sp. cells, thus indicating specificity. The peripheral leukocytes from patients with paracoccidioidomycosis are not defective. However, the success of the phagocytic process is aided by the opsonic action of the specific antibodies in the patient's serum.", "PMID": 1168372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2254", "title": "Tinea nigra palmaris from South India.", "content": "A middle aged woman was diagnosed as a case of tinea nigra palmaris in a Pondicherry hospital. Ascraping from a dark patch on her palm yielded Cladosporium werneckii. This is the first report of mycologically confirmed tinea nigra palmaris from India.", "contents": "Tinea nigra palmaris from South India. A middle aged woman was diagnosed as a case of tinea nigra palmaris in a Pondicherry hospital. Ascraping from a dark patch on her palm yielded Cladosporium werneckii. This is the first report of mycologically confirmed tinea nigra palmaris from India.", "PMID": 1168373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2255", "title": "Basidiobolomycosis with lymph node involvement.", "content": "Two cases of Basidiobolomycosis caused by species of the order Entomophthorales are discussed with the report on lymph node involvement by B. haptosphorus. A clearer aetiological classification of the diseases caused by various agents belonging to the class Phycomycetes is preferred in view of the distinct clinical entities produced by them. Involvement of the lymph nodes is also an evidence that the disease produced by B. haptosporus is not restricted to subcutaneous tissue. A routine lymph node biopsy with mycological studies of the node is suggested in such cases.", "contents": "Basidiobolomycosis with lymph node involvement. Two cases of Basidiobolomycosis caused by species of the order Entomophthorales are discussed with the report on lymph node involvement by B. haptosphorus. A clearer aetiological classification of the diseases caused by various agents belonging to the class Phycomycetes is preferred in view of the distinct clinical entities produced by them. Involvement of the lymph nodes is also an evidence that the disease produced by B. haptosporus is not restricted to subcutaneous tissue. A routine lymph node biopsy with mycological studies of the node is suggested in such cases.", "PMID": 1168374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2256", "title": "An analysis of skin prick test reactions in 656 asthmatic patients.", "content": "Of 656 asthmatic patients referred specifically for allergy assessments, 544 (84 percent) gave positive immediate skin prick tests to at least one of 22 common allergens used routinely. Comparison of these skin test positive patients with the 102 (16 percent) who were skin test negative showed a number of significant differences. The majority of the skin test positive patients (52 percent) were less than 10 years old at the time of onset of the asthma, whereas, of the skin test negative patients, 56 percent were aged over 30 years at the time of onset. Seventy per cent report rhinitis compared with 48 per cent of the skin test negative patients, and 29 per cent reported infantile eczema compared with 9 per cent. Symptoms attributed to house dust, pollens, and animals were noted two to three times more frequently by the skin test positive patients, while corticosteroid drugs had been used more commonly by the skin test negative patients (45 percent compared with 35 percent). No significant differences were observed with the other factors studied, namely, history of urticaria or angio-oedema, family history of \"allergic\" disease, and awareness of sensitivity to foods, aspirin or penicillin. Prick test reactions in the skin test positive patients were most commonly seen to house dust or the acarine mite, Dermatophagoides farinae (82 percent), followed by pollens (66 percent), animal danders (38 percent), foods (16 percent), Aspergillus fumigatus (16 percent), and other moulds (21 percent). There was a highly significant association of positive history with positive prick test for all allergens studied.", "contents": "An analysis of skin prick test reactions in 656 asthmatic patients. Of 656 asthmatic patients referred specifically for allergy assessments, 544 (84 percent) gave positive immediate skin prick tests to at least one of 22 common allergens used routinely. Comparison of these skin test positive patients with the 102 (16 percent) who were skin test negative showed a number of significant differences. The majority of the skin test positive patients (52 percent) were less than 10 years old at the time of onset of the asthma, whereas, of the skin test negative patients, 56 percent were aged over 30 years at the time of onset. Seventy per cent report rhinitis compared with 48 per cent of the skin test negative patients, and 29 per cent reported infantile eczema compared with 9 per cent. Symptoms attributed to house dust, pollens, and animals were noted two to three times more frequently by the skin test positive patients, while corticosteroid drugs had been used more commonly by the skin test negative patients (45 percent compared with 35 percent). No significant differences were observed with the other factors studied, namely, history of urticaria or angio-oedema, family history of \"allergic\" disease, and awareness of sensitivity to foods, aspirin or penicillin. Prick test reactions in the skin test positive patients were most commonly seen to house dust or the acarine mite, Dermatophagoides farinae (82 percent), followed by pollens (66 percent), animal danders (38 percent), foods (16 percent), Aspergillus fumigatus (16 percent), and other moulds (21 percent). There was a highly significant association of positive history with positive prick test for all allergens studied.", "PMID": 1168378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2257", "title": "Cad antigen: comparative study of 50 samples.", "content": "50 Cad (+) blood samples were tested using various anti-Cad reagents. Results demonstrated a wide Cad antigenic expression, even among the members of one family. In particular experimental procedures, almost all Cad (+) cells were polyagglutinable.", "contents": "Cad antigen: comparative study of 50 samples. 50 Cad (+) blood samples were tested using various anti-Cad reagents. Results demonstrated a wide Cad antigenic expression, even among the members of one family. In particular experimental procedures, almost all Cad (+) cells were polyagglutinable.", "PMID": 1168384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2258", "title": "A cold auto-agglutinin of anti-B specificity in an A1B patient.", "content": "A high titre cold auto-agglutinin with anti-B activity was found in the serum of an A1B group individual. The B/anti-B reaction was thermodynamically investigated and quantitative analysis of the patient's B antigen revealed no abnormality.", "contents": "A cold auto-agglutinin of anti-B specificity in an A1B patient. A high titre cold auto-agglutinin with anti-B activity was found in the serum of an A1B group individual. The B/anti-B reaction was thermodynamically investigated and quantitative analysis of the patient's B antigen revealed no abnormality.", "PMID": 1168385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2259", "title": "Effect of modification of amino groups of human erythrocytes on M, N and NVg blood group specificities.", "content": "Modification of amino groups on the surface of human erythrocytes by acetic anhydride and trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid caused loss of agglutinability by human and rabbit anti-M and anti-N sera, was without any effect on agglutinability of N red cells by Vicia graminea agglutinin, and made M cells agglutinable by the same agglutinin. Modification of amino groups had no effect on agglutinability of red cells by anti-H and anti-A lectins and only slightly decreased agglutinability by human anti-H, anti-A and anti-I sera. The results suggest that the difference between M and N receptors is not determined by the structure of oligosaccharide chains.", "contents": "Effect of modification of amino groups of human erythrocytes on M, N and NVg blood group specificities. Modification of amino groups on the surface of human erythrocytes by acetic anhydride and trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid caused loss of agglutinability by human and rabbit anti-M and anti-N sera, was without any effect on agglutinability of N red cells by Vicia graminea agglutinin, and made M cells agglutinable by the same agglutinin. Modification of amino groups had no effect on agglutinability of red cells by anti-H and anti-A lectins and only slightly decreased agglutinability by human anti-H, anti-A and anti-I sera. The results suggest that the difference between M and N receptors is not determined by the structure of oligosaccharide chains.", "PMID": 1168386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2260", "title": "[Inhibiting effect and mechanism of action of 5'-deoxy-5'-fluorothymidine on vaccinia virus reproduction].", "content": "5'-deoxy-5'-fluorothymidine in concentrations 2.5 times 10-4 to 2 times 10-3 M was found capable of inhibiting vaccinia virus reproduction in tissue culture. Its inhibiting effect was associated with the primary capacity to inhibit biosynthesis of thymidylic nucleotides in the stage of TDP and TTP synthesis which appears to be the consequence of inhibition of thydidylate kinase activity. Under these conditions accumulation of TMP is observed. The data obtained permit to consider 5'-deoxy-5'-fluorothymidine to be an \"early\" inhibitor of vaccinia virus reporduction, and its mechanism of action to be a new type of directed interference with vaccinia virus reproduction.", "contents": "[Inhibiting effect and mechanism of action of 5'-deoxy-5'-fluorothymidine on vaccinia virus reproduction]. 5'-deoxy-5'-fluorothymidine in concentrations 2.5 times 10-4 to 2 times 10-3 M was found capable of inhibiting vaccinia virus reproduction in tissue culture. Its inhibiting effect was associated with the primary capacity to inhibit biosynthesis of thymidylic nucleotides in the stage of TDP and TTP synthesis which appears to be the consequence of inhibition of thydidylate kinase activity. Under these conditions accumulation of TMP is observed. The data obtained permit to consider 5'-deoxy-5'-fluorothymidine to be an \"early\" inhibitor of vaccinia virus reporduction, and its mechanism of action to be a new type of directed interference with vaccinia virus reproduction.", "PMID": 1168387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2261", "title": "Pre-operative localization of parathyroid tissue by selective neck vein catheterization and radioimmunoassay of parathyroid hormone.", "content": "Preoperative localization of parathyroid tissue by selective neck vein catheterization and radiommunoassay of parathyroid hormone (PTH) was used in 18 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), 9 or whom had earlier been subjected to surgical neck exploration. Sampling from large and small neck veins provided localizing data in 11 of 15 patients with parathyroid adenomas. In 3 other patients, diffuse parathyroid hyperplasia was also correctly predicted preoperatively. In 3 patients hyperplasia was found, the surgical procedure was not influenced in a negative way by the failures. Large vein sampling was less helpful then selective small vein sampling. The results show that selective venous sampling from the neck and radioimmunoassay of PTH are valuable preoperative adjuncts to surgical exploration, escpecially in patients who have had previous neck surgery. Since the catheterization procedure is uncomfortable to the patient and difficult for the investigator, its use should be restricted to patients with previous neck surgery, Neck vein catheterization can probably not be used to establish the diagnosis of PHPT in uncertain cases.", "contents": "Pre-operative localization of parathyroid tissue by selective neck vein catheterization and radioimmunoassay of parathyroid hormone. Preoperative localization of parathyroid tissue by selective neck vein catheterization and radiommunoassay of parathyroid hormone (PTH) was used in 18 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), 9 or whom had earlier been subjected to surgical neck exploration. Sampling from large and small neck veins provided localizing data in 11 of 15 patients with parathyroid adenomas. In 3 other patients, diffuse parathyroid hyperplasia was also correctly predicted preoperatively. In 3 patients hyperplasia was found, the surgical procedure was not influenced in a negative way by the failures. Large vein sampling was less helpful then selective small vein sampling. The results show that selective venous sampling from the neck and radioimmunoassay of PTH are valuable preoperative adjuncts to surgical exploration, escpecially in patients who have had previous neck surgery. Since the catheterization procedure is uncomfortable to the patient and difficult for the investigator, its use should be restricted to patients with previous neck surgery, Neck vein catheterization can probably not be used to establish the diagnosis of PHPT in uncertain cases.", "PMID": 1168393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2262", "title": "[Effect of pyrimidine amino acid derivatives on vaccinia virus in tissue culture].", "content": "The results of the study of antiviral properties of 9 derivatives of pyrimidine amino acids showed only N-(2-chloro-5-bromopyrimidil-4)-1-leucin to possess marked antiviral properties manifested in the capacity of this compound to inhibit the vaccinia virus DNA synthesis in chick embryo fibroblast culture and, consequently, to reduce the infections activity of the virus. All the other derivatives of this class have no marked antiviral properties.", "contents": "[Effect of pyrimidine amino acid derivatives on vaccinia virus in tissue culture]. The results of the study of antiviral properties of 9 derivatives of pyrimidine amino acids showed only N-(2-chloro-5-bromopyrimidil-4)-1-leucin to possess marked antiviral properties manifested in the capacity of this compound to inhibit the vaccinia virus DNA synthesis in chick embryo fibroblast culture and, consequently, to reduce the infections activity of the virus. All the other derivatives of this class have no marked antiviral properties.", "PMID": 1168388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2263", "title": "[Activity and properties of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase induced in cell cultures infected with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus].", "content": "The activity and properties of RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase in cells infected with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus were studied. The maximum activity of the enzyme was found 4-5 hours after infection. The effect of two synthetic drugs (rimantadine and diacetylaminocyclohexenon) with antiviral activity against some viruses on RNA-polymerase was studied. Rimantadine was shown to have no effect on the synthesis and activity of the enzyme. Diacetylaminocyclohexenon added into the growth medium was found to inhibit production of RNA-polymerase by 35-40% without reducing the activity of the enzyme in vitro.", "contents": "[Activity and properties of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase induced in cell cultures infected with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus]. The activity and properties of RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase in cells infected with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus were studied. The maximum activity of the enzyme was found 4-5 hours after infection. The effect of two synthetic drugs (rimantadine and diacetylaminocyclohexenon) with antiviral activity against some viruses on RNA-polymerase was studied. Rimantadine was shown to have no effect on the synthesis and activity of the enzyme. Diacetylaminocyclohexenon added into the growth medium was found to inhibit production of RNA-polymerase by 35-40% without reducing the activity of the enzyme in vitro.", "PMID": 1168389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2264", "title": "[Neutralization of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by anticellular serums].", "content": "The results of the study of host antigens in Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by means of neutralization test in tissue culture using sera containing antibody for the species-specific antigens, Forssman antigen and group A and B antigens are presented. They show the inhibiting effect of the sera to be not uniform. The greatest neutralizing effect on the virus was exerted by immune sera to chick embryo fibroblasts and their fractions (by 0.5-3.9 lg PFU/ML). The lack of the virus neutralizing effect in sera for the Forssman antigen and for group A antigen appears to depend upon their deeper localization in the structure of virion.", "contents": "[Neutralization of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by anticellular serums]. The results of the study of host antigens in Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by means of neutralization test in tissue culture using sera containing antibody for the species-specific antigens, Forssman antigen and group A and B antigens are presented. They show the inhibiting effect of the sera to be not uniform. The greatest neutralizing effect on the virus was exerted by immune sera to chick embryo fibroblasts and their fractions (by 0.5-3.9 lg PFU/ML). The lack of the virus neutralizing effect in sera for the Forssman antigen and for group A antigen appears to depend upon their deeper localization in the structure of virion.", "PMID": 1168390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2265", "title": "Cerebrovascular ultrastructural alterations after intra-arterial infusions of ouabain, scilla-glycosides, heparin and histamine.", "content": "Cardiac glycosides which inhibit Na/K-ATPase (ouabain, scilliroside, scillirosidin) as well as heparin and histamine were infused into a cannulated branch of the middle cerebral artery or by isolated head perfusion in cats and dogs. Ouabain permeating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) caused the same selective swelling of astrocytes and of certain presynaptic elements as after direct application to the brain tissue. The other cellular elements of brain tissue and the vascular endothelium did not react, although the latter was exposed to the highest drug concentrations (about 10-3 M ouabain). By the swelling about one third of the capillaries became more or less constricted accompanied by an increase in endothelial vesiculation and in the number of osmiophilic inclusions in all cells of the vascular wall and of the pericapillary tissue. Osmiophilic material resembling plasma proteins occured in widened intercellular clefts indicating an increased BBB permeability after survival times (40 min). In contrast to the capillaries some terminal vessels are dilated which may correspond to shunt vessels causing an inhomogeneous, even increased cerebral blood flow after ouabain. Scilliroside and scillirosidin cause essentially the same changes as ouabain, but of smaller intensity and extent. In the present study, neither histamine nor heparin caused any structural change of the vessels or brain tissue.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular ultrastructural alterations after intra-arterial infusions of ouabain, scilla-glycosides, heparin and histamine. Cardiac glycosides which inhibit Na/K-ATPase (ouabain, scilliroside, scillirosidin) as well as heparin and histamine were infused into a cannulated branch of the middle cerebral artery or by isolated head perfusion in cats and dogs. Ouabain permeating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) caused the same selective swelling of astrocytes and of certain presynaptic elements as after direct application to the brain tissue. The other cellular elements of brain tissue and the vascular endothelium did not react, although the latter was exposed to the highest drug concentrations (about 10-3 M ouabain). By the swelling about one third of the capillaries became more or less constricted accompanied by an increase in endothelial vesiculation and in the number of osmiophilic inclusions in all cells of the vascular wall and of the pericapillary tissue. Osmiophilic material resembling plasma proteins occured in widened intercellular clefts indicating an increased BBB permeability after survival times (40 min). In contrast to the capillaries some terminal vessels are dilated which may correspond to shunt vessels causing an inhomogeneous, even increased cerebral blood flow after ouabain. Scilliroside and scillirosidin cause essentially the same changes as ouabain, but of smaller intensity and extent. In the present study, neither histamine nor heparin caused any structural change of the vessels or brain tissue.", "PMID": 1168396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2266", "title": "The role of interferon in interference and auto-interference elicited by Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains interfere in different degree with the growth of the velogenic NDV strain Texas GB (homologous interference) and Sindbis virus (heterologous interference) in chick embryo fibroblast cells. Homologous interference was elicited by interferon-producing live or UV-inactivated strains and non-interferon-producing live or beta-propiolactone-inactivated strains and it was not influenced by actinomycin D. Thus, interferon had apparently no role in homologous interference of NDV. The growth of Sindbis virus was, however, much more inhibited by interferon-producing live or UV-inactivated NDV strains than with non-inducing ones and the interference was reversible by actinomycin D. Thus heterologous interference is apparently mediated by interferon. In chicken cells infected with the mesogenic NDV strain H, virus yields were 50 to 100 times lower at multiplicities of infection above 0.1 p.f.u./cell than below it. The interferon formed during infection played no role in auto-interference, but may well be held responsible for the mild cytopathic effect observed.", "contents": "The role of interferon in interference and auto-interference elicited by Newcastle disease virus. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains interfere in different degree with the growth of the velogenic NDV strain Texas GB (homologous interference) and Sindbis virus (heterologous interference) in chick embryo fibroblast cells. Homologous interference was elicited by interferon-producing live or UV-inactivated strains and non-interferon-producing live or beta-propiolactone-inactivated strains and it was not influenced by actinomycin D. Thus, interferon had apparently no role in homologous interference of NDV. The growth of Sindbis virus was, however, much more inhibited by interferon-producing live or UV-inactivated NDV strains than with non-inducing ones and the interference was reversible by actinomycin D. Thus heterologous interference is apparently mediated by interferon. In chicken cells infected with the mesogenic NDV strain H, virus yields were 50 to 100 times lower at multiplicities of infection above 0.1 p.f.u./cell than below it. The interferon formed during infection played no role in auto-interference, but may well be held responsible for the mild cytopathic effect observed.", "PMID": 1168397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2267", "title": "[Peripheral blood lymphocytes in female mice during successive phases of the sexual cycle].", "content": "The authors determined the lymphocyte count, nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear diameter, and the number of nucleoli and their morphology in peripheral blood of female mice. The results indicate that lymphocyte count remains unchanged during the sexual cycle but changes occur in the nucleocytoplasmic ratio, nuclear diameter, the number and morphology of lymphocyte nucleoli and are synchronized with the cycle. The observations suggest that changes in the maturity and activity of lymphocytes depend on the phase of the sexual cycle.", "contents": "[Peripheral blood lymphocytes in female mice during successive phases of the sexual cycle]. The authors determined the lymphocyte count, nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear diameter, and the number of nucleoli and their morphology in peripheral blood of female mice. The results indicate that lymphocyte count remains unchanged during the sexual cycle but changes occur in the nucleocytoplasmic ratio, nuclear diameter, the number and morphology of lymphocyte nucleoli and are synchronized with the cycle. The observations suggest that changes in the maturity and activity of lymphocytes depend on the phase of the sexual cycle.", "PMID": 1168395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2268", "title": "Microbiological degradation of diazepam.", "content": "In studying the transformation of diazepam (7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one) by fungi isolated from soil. N1-demethylation and cleavage of the diazepine ring were observed. Three metabolites: 7-chloro-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, 2-acetamido-2\"-benzoyl-4\"-chloroacetanilide and 2-acetamido-2\"-benzoyl-4\"-chloro-N-methylacetanilide were isolated and identified.", "contents": "Microbiological degradation of diazepam. In studying the transformation of diazepam (7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one) by fungi isolated from soil. N1-demethylation and cleavage of the diazepine ring were observed. Three metabolites: 7-chloro-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, 2-acetamido-2\"-benzoyl-4\"-chloroacetanilide and 2-acetamido-2\"-benzoyl-4\"-chloro-N-methylacetanilide were isolated and identified.", "PMID": 1168398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2269", "title": "Family crisis.", "content": "Various family crises confront the busy family physician on almost a daily basis. He must recognize the existence of a family crisis and assess the situation adequately and thoroughly. This includes being impartial and unbiased, being aware of countertransferential feelings and asking all necessary questions to obtain adequate information. The family physician must become the objective clarifier and definer of the situation for the family and assume the role of consultant-strategist.", "contents": "Family crisis. Various family crises confront the busy family physician on almost a daily basis. He must recognize the existence of a family crisis and assess the situation adequately and thoroughly. This includes being impartial and unbiased, being aware of countertransferential feelings and asking all necessary questions to obtain adequate information. The family physician must become the objective clarifier and definer of the situation for the family and assume the role of consultant-strategist.", "PMID": 1168407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2270", "title": "Managing infections of the prostate gland.", "content": "Each year members of a different well-known medical faculty prepare articles for \"Practical Therapeutics.\" This is the eighth in a series from the University of Arkansas School of Medicine.", "contents": "Managing infections of the prostate gland. Each year members of a different well-known medical faculty prepare articles for \"Practical Therapeutics.\" This is the eighth in a series from the University of Arkansas School of Medicine.", "PMID": 1168408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2271", "title": "Diagnostic echocardiography.", "content": "Ultrasound has become an important diagnostic tool for a variety of cardiac problems. It has the advantage of being noninvasive and, in certain conditions, quite accurate. It has been used for the assessment of mitral stenosis and for the diagnosis of cardiac tumors, mitral valve prolapse, asymmetric thickening of the interventricular septum, atrial septal defect and pericardial effusion.", "contents": "Diagnostic echocardiography. Ultrasound has become an important diagnostic tool for a variety of cardiac problems. It has the advantage of being noninvasive and, in certain conditions, quite accurate. It has been used for the assessment of mitral stenosis and for the diagnosis of cardiac tumors, mitral valve prolapse, asymmetric thickening of the interventricular septum, atrial septal defect and pericardial effusion.", "PMID": 1168409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2272", "title": "Neonatal risk following late gestational genital herpesvirus hominis infection.", "content": "Five women developed genital herpesvirus hominis (herpes simplex virus) infection beyond 32 week's gestation. Two of the women had fresh vesicular lesions at parturition. The five infants were delivered per vaginum at term and escaped subsequent overt herpesvirus hominis infection, although a scalp lesion in one infant was dismissed as inconsequential and disappeared without virologic study. Examination of the infants two months to four years after birth failed to detect sequelae of possible subclinical infection.", "contents": "Neonatal risk following late gestational genital herpesvirus hominis infection. Five women developed genital herpesvirus hominis (herpes simplex virus) infection beyond 32 week's gestation. Two of the women had fresh vesicular lesions at parturition. The five infants were delivered per vaginum at term and escaped subsequent overt herpesvirus hominis infection, although a scalp lesion in one infant was dismissed as inconsequential and disappeared without virologic study. Examination of the infants two months to four years after birth failed to detect sequelae of possible subclinical infection.", "PMID": 1168410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2273", "title": "The effect of cirrhosis on the disposition and elimination of clindamycin.", "content": "This study assessed the effect of alcoholic cirrhosis in man and of experimental liver injury in rats on the disposition and elimination of clindamycin. In 7 cirrhotics a statistically significant, although modest, prolongation of clindamycin half-life (T1/2beta) was observed as compared to values in 7 age-matched normal contrals (mean plus or minus SD: 4.46 plus or minus 0.93 hr vs 3.42 plus or minus 0.45 hr, P equals 0.02). This was primarily due to a decrease in clindamycin serum clearance in the cirrhotics, since the volume of distribution of the drug was similar in both groups (P more than 0.05). Serum protein binding of clindamycin was of the order of 79% and was comparable in both groups (P more than 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the T1/2beta of the drug and both total serum bilirubin and SGOT. The T1/2beta of clindamycin was also prolonged in rats with acute hepatic necrosis induced by administration of carbon tetrachloride and those with acute cholestasis caused by common bile duct ligation. These data suggest that liver damage, both chronic and acute, impairs the elimination of clindamycin but that this effect is small.", "contents": "The effect of cirrhosis on the disposition and elimination of clindamycin. This study assessed the effect of alcoholic cirrhosis in man and of experimental liver injury in rats on the disposition and elimination of clindamycin. In 7 cirrhotics a statistically significant, although modest, prolongation of clindamycin half-life (T1/2beta) was observed as compared to values in 7 age-matched normal contrals (mean plus or minus SD: 4.46 plus or minus 0.93 hr vs 3.42 plus or minus 0.45 hr, P equals 0.02). This was primarily due to a decrease in clindamycin serum clearance in the cirrhotics, since the volume of distribution of the drug was similar in both groups (P more than 0.05). Serum protein binding of clindamycin was of the order of 79% and was comparable in both groups (P more than 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the T1/2beta of the drug and both total serum bilirubin and SGOT. The T1/2beta of clindamycin was also prolonged in rats with acute hepatic necrosis induced by administration of carbon tetrachloride and those with acute cholestasis caused by common bile duct ligation. These data suggest that liver damage, both chronic and acute, impairs the elimination of clindamycin but that this effect is small.", "PMID": 1168411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2274", "title": "Torsion of the wandering spleen.", "content": "We report 2 cases of torsion of the wandering spleen that illustrate the roentgenologic features of this unusual condition. These are an abdominal mass, usually in the left flank of pelvis; absence of the splenic shadow beneath the left diaphragm; extrinsic compression of the colon at the level of the phrenicocoloc ligaments by the elongated splenic pedicle; and evidence of splenic vein occlusion, as indicated by gastric varices in the absence of esophageal varices. A combination of these findings should permit diagnosis or lead to angiographic or isotopic studies to confirm the presence of a wandering spleen.", "contents": "Torsion of the wandering spleen. We report 2 cases of torsion of the wandering spleen that illustrate the roentgenologic features of this unusual condition. These are an abdominal mass, usually in the left flank of pelvis; absence of the splenic shadow beneath the left diaphragm; extrinsic compression of the colon at the level of the phrenicocoloc ligaments by the elongated splenic pedicle; and evidence of splenic vein occlusion, as indicated by gastric varices in the absence of esophageal varices. A combination of these findings should permit diagnosis or lead to angiographic or isotopic studies to confirm the presence of a wandering spleen.", "PMID": 1168412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2275", "title": "Alice strain live attenuated influenza (H3N2) vaccin in an elderly population.", "content": "The clinical and antibody responses to Alice strain (AS) live attenuated influenza A (H3N2) vaccine and killed parenteral (KP) bivalent influenza vaccine were compared in a randomly allocated group of 150 elderly volunteers. AS recipients experienced more symptoms but these were mild and short in duration. Rhinitis occurred in 45% and pain at injection site in 25% of the AS and KP groups, respectively. Influenza A (H3N2) serum hemmaglutination inhibition titer responses were significantly higher in KP vaccinees; 95% of KP AND 60% OF AS recipients with initial titers smaller than or equal to 1:16 had fourfold or greater titer rises. KP induced significantly higher nasal neutralization titers but the proportion with fourfold or greater responses was not significantly different. Previous studies have shown poor correlations between antibody levels induced by live influenza vaccines and protection. Natural and/or challenge studies are needed before efficacy of influenza vaccines can be established.", "contents": "Alice strain live attenuated influenza (H3N2) vaccin in an elderly population. The clinical and antibody responses to Alice strain (AS) live attenuated influenza A (H3N2) vaccine and killed parenteral (KP) bivalent influenza vaccine were compared in a randomly allocated group of 150 elderly volunteers. AS recipients experienced more symptoms but these were mild and short in duration. Rhinitis occurred in 45% and pain at injection site in 25% of the AS and KP groups, respectively. Influenza A (H3N2) serum hemmaglutination inhibition titer responses were significantly higher in KP vaccinees; 95% of KP AND 60% OF AS recipients with initial titers smaller than or equal to 1:16 had fourfold or greater titer rises. KP induced significantly higher nasal neutralization titers but the proportion with fourfold or greater responses was not significantly different. Previous studies have shown poor correlations between antibody levels induced by live influenza vaccines and protection. Natural and/or challenge studies are needed before efficacy of influenza vaccines can be established.", "PMID": 1168413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2276", "title": "Institutional control of prescription blanks.", "content": "A system designed to eliminate the illegal use of hospital prescription blanks to obtain Schedule II drugs is described. Several community pharmacies had reported receiving forged prescriptions for Schedule II drugs on hospital prescription blanks. The system places controls on prescription blanks for Schedule II drugs. Hospital physicians may prescribe these drugs using only special prescription blanks which are sequentially numbered. The blanks must be obtained by the physician in person from the pharmacy. Community pharmacists in the area are alerted in cases of lost or stolen prescription blanks.", "contents": "Institutional control of prescription blanks. A system designed to eliminate the illegal use of hospital prescription blanks to obtain Schedule II drugs is described. Several community pharmacies had reported receiving forged prescriptions for Schedule II drugs on hospital prescription blanks. The system places controls on prescription blanks for Schedule II drugs. Hospital physicians may prescribe these drugs using only special prescription blanks which are sequentially numbered. The blanks must be obtained by the physician in person from the pharmacy. Community pharmacists in the area are alerted in cases of lost or stolen prescription blanks.", "PMID": 1168414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2277", "title": "Rational use of psychotropic drugs. IV. Antidepressants.", "content": "Rational use of tricyclic antidepressant drugs is discussed. Before using antidepressant drug therapy, the clinician should determine the disease subtype of the depressive syndrome. Response to antidepressants is most favorable in cases of \"endogenous\" depression and less favorable in cases of situational (reactive) depression. The following considerations regarding tricyclic antidepressant therapy are discussed: dosage schedules, onset  of action, anticholinergic effects, cardiac toxicity and drug interactions. Patients who fail to respond to antidepressant drug therapy should be considered candidates for electroconvulsive therapy.", "contents": "Rational use of psychotropic drugs. IV. Antidepressants. Rational use of tricyclic antidepressant drugs is discussed. Before using antidepressant drug therapy, the clinician should determine the disease subtype of the depressive syndrome. Response to antidepressants is most favorable in cases of \"endogenous\" depression and less favorable in cases of situational (reactive) depression. The following considerations regarding tricyclic antidepressant therapy are discussed: dosage schedules, onset  of action, anticholinergic effects, cardiac toxicity and drug interactions. Patients who fail to respond to antidepressant drug therapy should be considered candidates for electroconvulsive therapy.", "PMID": 1168415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2278", "title": "Photocoagulation of active and inactive lesions of presumed ocular histoplasmosis.", "content": "Argon laser photocoagulation was employed in 27 eyes with presumed ocular histoplasmosis. Thirteen eyes with active macular lesions had stable or improved visual results (72%).", "contents": "Photocoagulation of active and inactive lesions of presumed ocular histoplasmosis. Argon laser photocoagulation was employed in 27 eyes with presumed ocular histoplasmosis. Thirteen eyes with active macular lesions had stable or improved visual results (72%).", "PMID": 1168416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2279", "title": "Computer content analysis of schizophrenic speech: a preliminary report.", "content": "Computer analysis significantly differtiated the thermatic content of the free speech of 10 schizophrenic patients from that of 10 nonschizophrenic patients and from the content of transcripts of dream material from 10 normal subjects. Schizophrenic patients used the thematic categories in factor 1 (the \"schizophrenic factor\") 3 times more frequently than the nonschizophrenics and 10 times more frequently than the normal subjects (p smaller than 01). In general, the language content of the schizophrenic patient mirrored an almost agitated attempt to locate oneself in time and space and to defend against internal discomfort and confusion. The authors discuss the implications of this study for future research.", "contents": "Computer content analysis of schizophrenic speech: a preliminary report. Computer analysis significantly differtiated the thermatic content of the free speech of 10 schizophrenic patients from that of 10 nonschizophrenic patients and from the content of transcripts of dream material from 10 normal subjects. Schizophrenic patients used the thematic categories in factor 1 (the \"schizophrenic factor\") 3 times more frequently than the nonschizophrenics and 10 times more frequently than the normal subjects (p smaller than 01). In general, the language content of the schizophrenic patient mirrored an almost agitated attempt to locate oneself in time and space and to defend against internal discomfort and confusion. The authors discuss the implications of this study for future research.", "PMID": 1168417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2280", "title": "Granular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus in perinatal rats.", "content": "Granular cell indices (GCI; Dunihue and Robertson, '57) in kidneys of fetal and newborn rats were determined by examining sections stained with Bowie's technique. Some fetuses were delivered prematurely by Caesarean section a day earlier than the expected delivery, and were then nursed by a foster mother. Similarly, postmature Caesarean newborn rats were obtained; retention one day beyond the normal gestation was induced by maternal progesterone injections. The GCI was strikingly increased within a day after birth, followed by an immediate decrease therafter. This was also observed in both premature and postmature rats. It seems that this temporary increase of the GCI is not attributable solely to the age of rat, but follows only the separation from the maternal environment.", "contents": "Granular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus in perinatal rats. Granular cell indices (GCI; Dunihue and Robertson, '57) in kidneys of fetal and newborn rats were determined by examining sections stained with Bowie's technique. Some fetuses were delivered prematurely by Caesarean section a day earlier than the expected delivery, and were then nursed by a foster mother. Similarly, postmature Caesarean newborn rats were obtained; retention one day beyond the normal gestation was induced by maternal progesterone injections. The GCI was strikingly increased within a day after birth, followed by an immediate decrease therafter. This was also observed in both premature and postmature rats. It seems that this temporary increase of the GCI is not attributable solely to the age of rat, but follows only the separation from the maternal environment.", "PMID": 1168422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2281", "title": "Plasma levels of diazepam and mood ratings.", "content": "Ten subjects received 10 and 20-mg. doses of diazepam intravenously. The plasma levels of the drug and its major metabolite, desmethyl-diazepam were measured and coordinated with answers to a subjective questionnaire. After initial rapid decline of the diazepam level, the level and shape of the remaining part of individual plasma curves showed considerable variance. Increases in diazepam levels were minute (0.04 plus or minus 0.03 mcg./ml.). Desmethyl-diazepam levels continued to build up until the end of sampling. Contrary to some previous reports, no recurrent drowsiness was evident after initial recovery. Correlation between plasma levels of diazepam and some of the subject's moods was significant. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to determine whether plasma levels can be meaningfully related to various cerebral effects of the drug.", "contents": "Plasma levels of diazepam and mood ratings. Ten subjects received 10 and 20-mg. doses of diazepam intravenously. The plasma levels of the drug and its major metabolite, desmethyl-diazepam were measured and coordinated with answers to a subjective questionnaire. After initial rapid decline of the diazepam level, the level and shape of the remaining part of individual plasma curves showed considerable variance. Increases in diazepam levels were minute (0.04 plus or minus 0.03 mcg./ml.). Desmethyl-diazepam levels continued to build up until the end of sampling. Contrary to some previous reports, no recurrent drowsiness was evident after initial recovery. Correlation between plasma levels of diazepam and some of the subject's moods was significant. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to determine whether plasma levels can be meaningfully related to various cerebral effects of the drug.", "PMID": 1168423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2282", "title": "The effect of levodopa on halothane anesthetic requirements.", "content": "Acute and chronic levodopa (L-dopa) administration alters halothane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in dogs. L-dopa 5, 10, and 25 mg./kg. intravenously (I.V.) reduced halothane MAC 15, 20, and 25 percent, respectively, 1 hour after injection, with return toward normal after 3 hours. Fifty mg./kg. increased halothane MAC 40 percent at 1 hour, but produced at 30 percent decrease from control MAC at 3 hours. Two groups of 4 dogs each given oral L-dopa in doses increasing from 50 mg./kg. daily the 1st week to 300 mg./kg. daily the 5th week, decreased MAC an insignificant 9.5 plus or minus 25.2 percent at 4 hours after the last dose and increased MAC 3.5 plus or minus 7.3 percent at 12 hours after the last dose. A small, insignificant decrease of 9 percent in MAC was measured in 4 dogs given I.V. L-dopa 25 mg./kg. q.i.d for 4 days.", "contents": "The effect of levodopa on halothane anesthetic requirements. Acute and chronic levodopa (L-dopa) administration alters halothane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in dogs. L-dopa 5, 10, and 25 mg./kg. intravenously (I.V.) reduced halothane MAC 15, 20, and 25 percent, respectively, 1 hour after injection, with return toward normal after 3 hours. Fifty mg./kg. increased halothane MAC 40 percent at 1 hour, but produced at 30 percent decrease from control MAC at 3 hours. Two groups of 4 dogs each given oral L-dopa in doses increasing from 50 mg./kg. daily the 1st week to 300 mg./kg. daily the 5th week, decreased MAC an insignificant 9.5 plus or minus 25.2 percent at 4 hours after the last dose and increased MAC 3.5 plus or minus 7.3 percent at 12 hours after the last dose. A small, insignificant decrease of 9 percent in MAC was measured in 4 dogs given I.V. L-dopa 25 mg./kg. q.i.d for 4 days.", "PMID": 1168424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2283", "title": "Missionary anesthesia.", "content": "Missionary anesthesiologists are needed for developing areas around the world. Missionary work has both rewarding and frustrating aspects. The rewards include adventures in living and medicine and the chance to aid less fortunate people. The frustrations include separation from family, uncomfortable living conditions, language barriers, and inability to change medical practices that seem improper.", "contents": "Missionary anesthesia. Missionary anesthesiologists are needed for developing areas around the world. Missionary work has both rewarding and frustrating aspects. The rewards include adventures in living and medicine and the chance to aid less fortunate people. The frustrations include separation from family, uncomfortable living conditions, language barriers, and inability to change medical practices that seem improper.", "PMID": 1168425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2284", "title": "Further studies of the neural mechanisms of ketamine-induced anesthesia in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Bipolar stimulation of tooth pulp was used to elicit evoked potentials in the cortex, thalamus, and midbrain reticular formation (MBRF) of 4 monkeys. Averaged evoked potentials in MBRF and medial thalamic nuclei were either completely obliterated or markedly reduced in amplitude by anesthetic dosages of ketamine. In contrast, little effect was observed upon the primary response elicited in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus. These results suggest that anesthetic doses of ketamine block afferent signals concerned with the affective-emotional components of pain perception, but conduction of signals related to the localization of somatic stimuli in time and space may be relatively unimpaired.", "contents": "Further studies of the neural mechanisms of ketamine-induced anesthesia in the rhesus monkey. Bipolar stimulation of tooth pulp was used to elicit evoked potentials in the cortex, thalamus, and midbrain reticular formation (MBRF) of 4 monkeys. Averaged evoked potentials in MBRF and medial thalamic nuclei were either completely obliterated or markedly reduced in amplitude by anesthetic dosages of ketamine. In contrast, little effect was observed upon the primary response elicited in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus. These results suggest that anesthetic doses of ketamine block afferent signals concerned with the affective-emotional components of pain perception, but conduction of signals related to the localization of somatic stimuli in time and space may be relatively unimpaired.", "PMID": 1168426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2285", "title": "The influence of enflurane anesthesia on intraocular pressure in youths.", "content": "In a group of 19 patients aged 6 to 19, intraocular pressure was found to be moderately decreased in 84 percent during general anesthesia with enflurane.", "contents": "The influence of enflurane anesthesia on intraocular pressure in youths. In a group of 19 patients aged 6 to 19, intraocular pressure was found to be moderately decreased in 84 percent during general anesthesia with enflurane.", "PMID": 1168427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2286", "title": "Myotonia dystrophica--an anesthetic hazard: two case reports.", "content": "The cluster of abnormalities characteristic of myotonia dystrophica makes anesthesia a hazardous procedure. A thorough history and physical examination are essential, anesthetic agents must be selected with care, and ventilation requires meticulous attention.", "contents": "Myotonia dystrophica--an anesthetic hazard: two case reports. The cluster of abnormalities characteristic of myotonia dystrophica makes anesthesia a hazardous procedure. A thorough history and physical examination are essential, anesthetic agents must be selected with care, and ventilation requires meticulous attention.", "PMID": 1168428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2287", "title": "Patient refusal of surgery following Innovar premedication.", "content": "Of 1438 patients premedicated with Innovar, 10 refused to undergo surgery. During the same period, there were no refusals by 2107 patients not premedicated with Innovar. This apparent difference suggests that a prospective study of Innovar and droperidol be made to determine whether there are changes in patient attitude that lead to refusal of surgery.", "contents": "Patient refusal of surgery following Innovar premedication. Of 1438 patients premedicated with Innovar, 10 refused to undergo surgery. During the same period, there were no refusals by 2107 patients not premedicated with Innovar. This apparent difference suggests that a prospective study of Innovar and droperidol be made to determine whether there are changes in patient attitude that lead to refusal of surgery.", "PMID": 1168429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2288", "title": "A volumetric system for monitoring minimal respiration in man.", "content": "A microvolumetric noninvasive sensor is described for the monitoring of minimal respiration in adults, children, and infants. The monitor, designated a diaphragm sensor, has been applied since 1965 in the clinical management of optimal ventilation and relaxant drug administration. As an inspiratory monitor in the curarized patient, the sensor responds quantitatively to persisting spontaneous tidal volumes of 1 ml. or more. This minimal respiration is observed between controlled lung inflations. The monitor also indicates small outboard circuit leaks and responds to cardiac pulsations when respiratory deflections disappear after succinylcholine administration or hyperventilation. Applications include easy maintenance of ventilation near or below the patient's carbon dioxide (CO2) apneic threshold despite curarization and the assessment of diaphragm paralysis when the CO2 drive is maintained slightly above threshold. In continuous routine use, the diaphragm sensor provides the anesthesiologist with a quantitative monitor of persisting spontaneous respiratory activity.", "contents": "A volumetric system for monitoring minimal respiration in man. A microvolumetric noninvasive sensor is described for the monitoring of minimal respiration in adults, children, and infants. The monitor, designated a diaphragm sensor, has been applied since 1965 in the clinical management of optimal ventilation and relaxant drug administration. As an inspiratory monitor in the curarized patient, the sensor responds quantitatively to persisting spontaneous tidal volumes of 1 ml. or more. This minimal respiration is observed between controlled lung inflations. The monitor also indicates small outboard circuit leaks and responds to cardiac pulsations when respiratory deflections disappear after succinylcholine administration or hyperventilation. Applications include easy maintenance of ventilation near or below the patient's carbon dioxide (CO2) apneic threshold despite curarization and the assessment of diaphragm paralysis when the CO2 drive is maintained slightly above threshold. In continuous routine use, the diaphragm sensor provides the anesthesiologist with a quantitative monitor of persisting spontaneous respiratory activity.", "PMID": 1168431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2289", "title": "The lower limits of flammability of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane.", "content": "Halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane, generally regarded as nonflammable, can be ignited under laboratory conditions. Attainment of similar conditions during clinical anesthesia is most unlikely. Nevertheless, early in the course of anesthesia while the concentration of the agent is still high, electrosurgery is best avoided if nitrous oxide is part of the anesthetic mixture and the operative field is exposed directly to the inflowing gases (as during certain laryngeal procedures).", "contents": "The lower limits of flammability of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane. Halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane, generally regarded as nonflammable, can be ignited under laboratory conditions. Attainment of similar conditions during clinical anesthesia is most unlikely. Nevertheless, early in the course of anesthesia while the concentration of the agent is still high, electrosurgery is best avoided if nitrous oxide is part of the anesthetic mixture and the operative field is exposed directly to the inflowing gases (as during certain laryngeal procedures).", "PMID": 1168432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2290", "title": "Cytotoxic testing and leucocyte increase as an index to food sensitivity. II. Coffee and tobacco.", "content": "Cytotoxic testing has been used to identify and evaluate potential sensitizers among three adult age groups. Coffee and toabacco were used as single sensitizers to further illustrate the vivo WBC response technique, as an independent test for corroborating was advanced outlining a possible explanation of the cytotoxic test results. This theoretical approach might be used to study clinical problems where allergic etiologies are suspected.", "contents": "Cytotoxic testing and leucocyte increase as an index to food sensitivity. II. Coffee and tobacco. Cytotoxic testing has been used to identify and evaluate potential sensitizers among three adult age groups. Coffee and toabacco were used as single sensitizers to further illustrate the vivo WBC response technique, as an independent test for corroborating was advanced outlining a possible explanation of the cytotoxic test results. This theoretical approach might be used to study clinical problems where allergic etiologies are suspected.", "PMID": 1168438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2291", "title": "Propagation of bovine viral diarrhea viruses in bovine fetal lung cell cultures.", "content": "A procedure to prepare and maintain bovine fetal lung (BFL) cell cultures was established. These cell cultures grew abundantly and readily and were easy to handle. Monolayers could be kept in satisfactory condition in maintenance medium for 14 days. The yield from the lungs of one fetus was 15 to 30 primary culture Roux bottles, and 40,000 5th-generation test tubes. The BFL cells were satisfactorily kept at minus 70 C with the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). When the BFL cell cultures were infected with cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) viral strains, the cytopathic effect (CPE) was clear and distinct and was first seen on postinoculation (PI) day 1. The end points for viral titrations and serum-neutralization (SN) tests were readily determined. The BFL cells were satisfactory for supporting replication of the BVD viral strains. The titer of the virus propagated in the cells was 10-7.0 to 10-8.0 median tissue culture infective doses (TCID50)/1ML. Growth curves of the BVD viruses are reported.", "contents": "Propagation of bovine viral diarrhea viruses in bovine fetal lung cell cultures. A procedure to prepare and maintain bovine fetal lung (BFL) cell cultures was established. These cell cultures grew abundantly and readily and were easy to handle. Monolayers could be kept in satisfactory condition in maintenance medium for 14 days. The yield from the lungs of one fetus was 15 to 30 primary culture Roux bottles, and 40,000 5th-generation test tubes. The BFL cells were satisfactorily kept at minus 70 C with the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). When the BFL cell cultures were infected with cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) viral strains, the cytopathic effect (CPE) was clear and distinct and was first seen on postinoculation (PI) day 1. The end points for viral titrations and serum-neutralization (SN) tests were readily determined. The BFL cells were satisfactory for supporting replication of the BVD viral strains. The titer of the virus propagated in the cells was 10-7.0 to 10-8.0 median tissue culture infective doses (TCID50)/1ML. Growth curves of the BVD viruses are reported.", "PMID": 1168439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2292", "title": "Use of ketamine in pediatric dentistry.", "content": "Intramuscular ketamine, in a dose of 3 to 5 mg./kg. of body weight, associated with succinylcholine or halothane when necessary, was found to provide satisfactory anesthetic and operating conditions for dental extractions or surgery in 92 mentally or physically handicapped pediatric outpatients.", "contents": "Use of ketamine in pediatric dentistry. Intramuscular ketamine, in a dose of 3 to 5 mg./kg. of body weight, associated with succinylcholine or halothane when necessary, was found to provide satisfactory anesthetic and operating conditions for dental extractions or surgery in 92 mentally or physically handicapped pediatric outpatients.", "PMID": 1168434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2293", "title": "Photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy: focal treatment or partial retinal ablation?", "content": "Diabetic retinopathies treated by two different techniques were followed photographically and fluoro-angiographically. With the argon laser we treated the fluoro-angiographical lesions (210 eyes, follow-up 6 to 29 months) and with the xenon arc we made a barrage around the posterior pole without treating the lesions specifically (54 eyes, follow-up 12 to 36 months). In fact, we compared two different techniques and not two types of photocoagulators. After reviewing our results we may conclude that widespread coagulation (indirect method) is better than the topical treatment alone, but the combination of both techniques is the most suitable method.", "contents": "Photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy: focal treatment or partial retinal ablation? Diabetic retinopathies treated by two different techniques were followed photographically and fluoro-angiographically. With the argon laser we treated the fluoro-angiographical lesions (210 eyes, follow-up 6 to 29 months) and with the xenon arc we made a barrage around the posterior pole without treating the lesions specifically (54 eyes, follow-up 12 to 36 months). In fact, we compared two different techniques and not two types of photocoagulators. After reviewing our results we may conclude that widespread coagulation (indirect method) is better than the topical treatment alone, but the combination of both techniques is the most suitable method.", "PMID": 1168440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2294", "title": "Bupivacaine compared with etidocaine for vaginal delivery.", "content": "A comparison of 0.5 percent etidocaine with 0.25 and 0.5 percent bupivacaine, using continuous (intermittent) caudal block in 60 vaginal deliveries, showed the latter two solutions to be the agents of choice. All solutions contained a final concentration of 1:2000,000 epihephrine. In 40 parturients given either 0.25 or 0.5 percent bupivacaine, all had pain relief after the initial dose, while 5 of 20 given etidocaine required a refill dose within 30 to 50 minutes for complete pain relief. The duration of action of the initial dose with both concentrations of bupivacaine was longer than that of etidocaine. The degree of motor blockade with 0.5 percent etidocaine was greater than with 0.5 percent bupivacaine, and with 0.5 percent concentrations of either etidocaine or bupivacaine was greater than with 0.25 percent bupivacaine. The duration of motor blockade of 0.5 percent etidocaine and bupivacaine was comparable. The duration of motor blockade of the 0.25 percent concentration of bupivacaine was shorter than with the 0.5 percent concentration of both etidocaine and bupivacaine; and with both bupivacaine concentrations the duration of sensory anesthesia in the extremities was longer than motor blockade; with etidocaine, the opposite occurred.", "contents": "Bupivacaine compared with etidocaine for vaginal delivery. A comparison of 0.5 percent etidocaine with 0.25 and 0.5 percent bupivacaine, using continuous (intermittent) caudal block in 60 vaginal deliveries, showed the latter two solutions to be the agents of choice. All solutions contained a final concentration of 1:2000,000 epihephrine. In 40 parturients given either 0.25 or 0.5 percent bupivacaine, all had pain relief after the initial dose, while 5 of 20 given etidocaine required a refill dose within 30 to 50 minutes for complete pain relief. The duration of action of the initial dose with both concentrations of bupivacaine was longer than that of etidocaine. The degree of motor blockade with 0.5 percent etidocaine was greater than with 0.5 percent bupivacaine, and with 0.5 percent concentrations of either etidocaine or bupivacaine was greater than with 0.25 percent bupivacaine. The duration of motor blockade of 0.5 percent etidocaine and bupivacaine was comparable. The duration of motor blockade of the 0.25 percent concentration of bupivacaine was shorter than with the 0.5 percent concentration of both etidocaine and bupivacaine; and with both bupivacaine concentrations the duration of sensory anesthesia in the extremities was longer than motor blockade; with etidocaine, the opposite occurred.", "PMID": 1168435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2295", "title": "Regulation of predation by prey density: the protozoan-Rhizobium relationship.", "content": "Tetramitus rostratus and strains of Hartmanella, Naegleria, and Vahlkampfia consumed large numbers of Rhizobium meliloti cells in a salt solution, but protozoan multiplication and the bacterial decline stopped when the prey density fell to about 10-6 to 10-7 cells/ml. At higher prey densities, the maximum numbers of Hartmanella sp. and Naegleria sp. were proportional to the quantity of R. meliloti initially provided to the amoebas. When supplemental rhizobia were supplied to Hartmanella sp. or Naegleria sp. after their active feeding had terminated, presumably because the remaining 10-6 or 10-7 bacteria/ml could not be captured, replication of the protozoa was initiated. The rate of elimination of rhizobia present in large populations was proportional to the initial abundance of Naegleria sp., but the final numbers of amoebas and surviving R. meliloti cells were independent of initial numbers of predators. The surviving bacteria were not intrinsically resistant to attack because 98% of the survivors, when concentrated, were consumed. It is suggested that large populations of bacteria in nature may be reduced in size by predatory protozoa, but many of the prey cells will not be eliminated.", "contents": "Regulation of predation by prey density: the protozoan-Rhizobium relationship. Tetramitus rostratus and strains of Hartmanella, Naegleria, and Vahlkampfia consumed large numbers of Rhizobium meliloti cells in a salt solution, but protozoan multiplication and the bacterial decline stopped when the prey density fell to about 10-6 to 10-7 cells/ml. At higher prey densities, the maximum numbers of Hartmanella sp. and Naegleria sp. were proportional to the quantity of R. meliloti initially provided to the amoebas. When supplemental rhizobia were supplied to Hartmanella sp. or Naegleria sp. after their active feeding had terminated, presumably because the remaining 10-6 or 10-7 bacteria/ml could not be captured, replication of the protozoa was initiated. The rate of elimination of rhizobia present in large populations was proportional to the initial abundance of Naegleria sp., but the final numbers of amoebas and surviving R. meliloti cells were independent of initial numbers of predators. The surviving bacteria were not intrinsically resistant to attack because 98% of the survivors, when concentrated, were consumed. It is suggested that large populations of bacteria in nature may be reduced in size by predatory protozoa, but many of the prey cells will not be eliminated.", "PMID": 1168441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2296", "title": "Mycotoxin-producing potential of mold flora of dried beans.", "content": "To evaluate the potential for mycotoxin production by molds in dried beans, the mold flora of 114 samples was determined both before and after surface disinfection of the beans with 5% NaOCl. Surface disinfection substantially reduced mold incidence, indicating that contamination was mainly on the surface. The flora, both before and after disinfection, was dominated by species of the Aspergillus glaucus group, the toxicogenic species A ochracues, Penicillium cyclopium, and P. viridicatum, and species of Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Fusarium. The toxicogenic species Aspergillus flavis, A. versicolor, Penicillium Citrinum, P. expansum, P. islandicum, and P. urticae were encountered less frequently. Of 209 species of Aspergillus and Penicillium screened for mycotoxin production on sterile rice substrate, 114 produced one or more of the following mycotoxins: A. flavus, aflatoxins; A. ochraceus, ochratoxins; A. nidulans, A. unguis, and A. versicolor, sterigmatocystin; P. cyclopium, penicillic acid; P. citrinum and P. viridicatum, citrinin; P. urticae, patulin and griseofulvin. Sterigmatocystin production by A. unguis is reported for the first time.", "contents": "Mycotoxin-producing potential of mold flora of dried beans. To evaluate the potential for mycotoxin production by molds in dried beans, the mold flora of 114 samples was determined both before and after surface disinfection of the beans with 5% NaOCl. Surface disinfection substantially reduced mold incidence, indicating that contamination was mainly on the surface. The flora, both before and after disinfection, was dominated by species of the Aspergillus glaucus group, the toxicogenic species A ochracues, Penicillium cyclopium, and P. viridicatum, and species of Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Fusarium. The toxicogenic species Aspergillus flavis, A. versicolor, Penicillium Citrinum, P. expansum, P. islandicum, and P. urticae were encountered less frequently. Of 209 species of Aspergillus and Penicillium screened for mycotoxin production on sterile rice substrate, 114 produced one or more of the following mycotoxins: A. flavus, aflatoxins; A. ochraceus, ochratoxins; A. nidulans, A. unguis, and A. versicolor, sterigmatocystin; P. cyclopium, penicillic acid; P. citrinum and P. viridicatum, citrinin; P. urticae, patulin and griseofulvin. Sterigmatocystin production by A. unguis is reported for the first time.", "PMID": 1168442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2297", "title": "Method for sampling meat surfaces.", "content": "A new method for sampling meat surfaces was developed. Bacterial counts of beef carcasses by the cotton swab technique and by the new method showed that the latter gave higher counts. These counts were closely correlated with data obtained by using the swab method. Advantages of the new method are its simplicity, rapidity, and adaptability to routine use on any type of carcass.", "contents": "Method for sampling meat surfaces. A new method for sampling meat surfaces was developed. Bacterial counts of beef carcasses by the cotton swab technique and by the new method showed that the latter gave higher counts. These counts were closely correlated with data obtained by using the swab method. Advantages of the new method are its simplicity, rapidity, and adaptability to routine use on any type of carcass.", "PMID": 1168443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2298", "title": "Thyroid function during exchange transfusion.", "content": "The changes in plasma thyroid hormone concentration were studied during exchange transfusion performed for haemolytic disease. 24 transfusions were performed using blood preserved with acid-citrate and dextrose and in 11 cases 10 or 50 mug glucagon was added to the donor blood. Plasma tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyrotropin (TSH), thyroid hormone binding capacity, and free thyroxine index were measured in the donor blood and in the infant at the start and at intervals during the transfusion. Before transfusion the plasma TSH levels of the infants fell as postnatal age indreased and plasma T3 and T4 were correlated with one another. In 20 transfusions the mean infant/donor ratio of TSH was approximately 10, of T4 3, and of T3 2. During these transfusions there was a progressive fall in the infant's plasms TSH, T4, and T3 concentration. In 3 transfusions in which the donor plasma TSH was greater than that of the infant, plasma TSH levels rose during the transfusion and in 2 cases this was associated with a late rise in plasma T3 levels. The addition of glucagon to donor blood had no effect on thyroid hormone levels. It is concluded that erythroblastotic infants have normal thyroid function and that they became biochemically hypothyroid during transfusion. Acute changes in plasma thyroid hormone and glucagon concentration do not induce TSH responses by the neonatal pituitary during the period of the exchange transfusion.", "contents": "Thyroid function during exchange transfusion. The changes in plasma thyroid hormone concentration were studied during exchange transfusion performed for haemolytic disease. 24 transfusions were performed using blood preserved with acid-citrate and dextrose and in 11 cases 10 or 50 mug glucagon was added to the donor blood. Plasma tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyrotropin (TSH), thyroid hormone binding capacity, and free thyroxine index were measured in the donor blood and in the infant at the start and at intervals during the transfusion. Before transfusion the plasma TSH levels of the infants fell as postnatal age indreased and plasma T3 and T4 were correlated with one another. In 20 transfusions the mean infant/donor ratio of TSH was approximately 10, of T4 3, and of T3 2. During these transfusions there was a progressive fall in the infant's plasms TSH, T4, and T3 concentration. In 3 transfusions in which the donor plasma TSH was greater than that of the infant, plasma TSH levels rose during the transfusion and in 2 cases this was associated with a late rise in plasma T3 levels. The addition of glucagon to donor blood had no effect on thyroid hormone levels. It is concluded that erythroblastotic infants have normal thyroid function and that they became biochemically hypothyroid during transfusion. Acute changes in plasma thyroid hormone and glucagon concentration do not induce TSH responses by the neonatal pituitary during the period of the exchange transfusion.", "PMID": 1168447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2299", "title": "Unusual clinical course in a child with cystic fibrosis treated with fat emulsion.", "content": "A child diagnosed as having cystic fibrosis by customary criteria has been given regular parenteral soya oil emulsion from near birht. Sweat tests have improved, pancreatic achylia was relieved, and the child at present remains entirely well. Correction of the essential fatty acid deficiency found in cystic fibrosis may prevent some of the manifestations of the disease.", "contents": "Unusual clinical course in a child with cystic fibrosis treated with fat emulsion. A child diagnosed as having cystic fibrosis by customary criteria has been given regular parenteral soya oil emulsion from near birht. Sweat tests have improved, pancreatic achylia was relieved, and the child at present remains entirely well. Correction of the essential fatty acid deficiency found in cystic fibrosis may prevent some of the manifestations of the disease.", "PMID": 1168448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2300", "title": "Alzheimer II astrocytosis following methionine sulfoximine.", "content": "A light microscopic study was performed during the preictal period following the administration of methionine sulfoximine (MSO) to adult rats. The principal morphologic observation was the development of Alzheimer II astrocytes in gray matter, suggesting that the metabolic abnormality induced by MSO is initially confined to the astrocyte. In view of the association of the Aizheimer II astrocyte with hyperammonemic states, the drug toxicity may be secondary to the presence of ammonia. A possible mechanism involves astrocytes in the development of seizures produced by MSO.", "contents": "Alzheimer II astrocytosis following methionine sulfoximine. A light microscopic study was performed during the preictal period following the administration of methionine sulfoximine (MSO) to adult rats. The principal morphologic observation was the development of Alzheimer II astrocytes in gray matter, suggesting that the metabolic abnormality induced by MSO is initially confined to the astrocyte. In view of the association of the Aizheimer II astrocyte with hyperammonemic states, the drug toxicity may be secondary to the presence of ammonia. A possible mechanism involves astrocytes in the development of seizures produced by MSO.", "PMID": 1168449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2301", "title": "The diagnosis of fetal hydronephrosis, megaureter and urethral obstruction by ultrasonic echography.", "content": "Two cases of fetal urethral obstruction, one with megaureter and obvious hydronephrosis, were diagnosed by two-dimensional ultrasonic echography. With good quality echograms it should be possible to make the diagnosis early in pregnancy.", "contents": "The diagnosis of fetal hydronephrosis, megaureter and urethral obstruction by ultrasonic echography. Two cases of fetal urethral obstruction, one with megaureter and obvious hydronephrosis, were diagnosed by two-dimensional ultrasonic echography. With good quality echograms it should be possible to make the diagnosis early in pregnancy.", "PMID": 1168479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2302", "title": "The renal clearance of oestriol in late human pregnancy.", "content": "The renal clearance of unconjugated oestriol, oestriol glucosiduronate and oestriol sulphate by the kidney in late human pregnancy has been compared with simultaneous measurements of inulin clearance. The results for the fractions not bound to protein indicate that after glomerular filtration, unconjugated oestriol is completely reabsorbed, oestriol glucosiduronate is both filtered and excreted actively by the tubules, and that oestriol sulphate is filtered but not excreted or absorbed by the tubules; the administration of probenecid confirms these observations on tubular handling. The possibility of using endogenous oestril sulphate as a means of measuring the glomerular filtration rate in pregnancy is suggested.", "contents": "The renal clearance of oestriol in late human pregnancy. The renal clearance of unconjugated oestriol, oestriol glucosiduronate and oestriol sulphate by the kidney in late human pregnancy has been compared with simultaneous measurements of inulin clearance. The results for the fractions not bound to protein indicate that after glomerular filtration, unconjugated oestriol is completely reabsorbed, oestriol glucosiduronate is both filtered and excreted actively by the tubules, and that oestriol sulphate is filtered but not excreted or absorbed by the tubules; the administration of probenecid confirms these observations on tubular handling. The possibility of using endogenous oestril sulphate as a means of measuring the glomerular filtration rate in pregnancy is suggested.", "PMID": 1168480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2303", "title": "Assessment of thyroid function during pregnancy.", "content": "Serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone and of the two thyroid hormones were compared in pregnant women and in non-pregnant control subjects. Circulating levels of thyroid stimulating hormone did not alter significantly throughout pregnancy. Total thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations increased markedly during the first and second trimesters, associated with a progressive increase in the thyroid binding capacity of serum proteins. Urinary triiodothyronine and thyroxine excretion during the third trimester of pregnancy was comparable to that found in non-pregnant euthyroid females and, it is concluded, provides the simplest method of assessing thyroid function during pregnancy.", "contents": "Assessment of thyroid function during pregnancy. Serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone and of the two thyroid hormones were compared in pregnant women and in non-pregnant control subjects. Circulating levels of thyroid stimulating hormone did not alter significantly throughout pregnancy. Total thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations increased markedly during the first and second trimesters, associated with a progressive increase in the thyroid binding capacity of serum proteins. Urinary triiodothyronine and thyroxine excretion during the third trimester of pregnancy was comparable to that found in non-pregnant euthyroid females and, it is concluded, provides the simplest method of assessing thyroid function during pregnancy.", "PMID": 1168481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2304", "title": "Pneumothorax and surgical emphysema in a newborn baby caused by amniocentesis.", "content": "A report is presented of a newborn baby who developed a pneumothorax and extensive surgical emphysema after being delivered by Caesarean section for fetal distress soon after the mother had an amniocentesis.", "contents": "Pneumothorax and surgical emphysema in a newborn baby caused by amniocentesis. A report is presented of a newborn baby who developed a pneumothorax and extensive surgical emphysema after being delivered by Caesarean section for fetal distress soon after the mother had an amniocentesis.", "PMID": 1168482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2305", "title": "An evaluation of human placental lactogen levels in hypertension of pregnancy.", "content": "Maternal plasma levels of human placental lactogen (HPL) are decreased in hypertensive pregnancies and the concentration is related to the severity of the condition. Of infants who had HPL concentrations in the fetal danger zone (more than 2 SD's below normal mean) 75 per cent developed fetal distress, neonatal asphyxia or were light for dates. Patients who are identified in this way have lighter infants and placentae than their unidentified counterparts with normal HPL levels.", "contents": "An evaluation of human placental lactogen levels in hypertension of pregnancy. Maternal plasma levels of human placental lactogen (HPL) are decreased in hypertensive pregnancies and the concentration is related to the severity of the condition. Of infants who had HPL concentrations in the fetal danger zone (more than 2 SD's below normal mean) 75 per cent developed fetal distress, neonatal asphyxia or were light for dates. Patients who are identified in this way have lighter infants and placentae than their unidentified counterparts with normal HPL levels.", "PMID": 1168483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2306", "title": "The reaction of bovine thrombin with N-butyrylimidazole. Two different reactions resulting in the inhibition of catalytic activity.", "content": "N-Butyrylimidazole has been found to be a potent inhibitor of purified bovine thrombin. The rate and extent of inhibition of thrombin by N-butyrylimidazole could be reduced by the presence of benzamidine, a competitive inhibitor, or by the ester substrate, p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester. Spectral studies of the reaction of N-butyrylimidazole with thrombin demonstrated the modification of approximately 1 mol of tyrosine/mol of enzyme at maximum inhibition. In addition to the reaction with tyrosine, N-butyrylimidazole also appears to react with a residue at the \"active site\" as judged by a decrease in the number of active sites available in the modified enzyme for titration with p-nitrophenyl-p'-guanidinobenzoate. The time course of ester hydrolysis by butyrylated thrombin showed a distinct lag phase suggesting partial reactivation of the enzyme under assay conditions. Partial reactivation of the modified enzyme also occurred spontaneously upon standing in 0.5 M NaCl but was much faster in presence of imidazole (0.03 M, pH 7.6). It is suggested that, in addition to reaction with tyrosine, there is a reaction of N-butyrylimidazole with either the histidine and/or serine residue at the active site of thrombin resulting in a derivative unstable under esterase assay conditions such as that described for the reaciton of N-acetylimidazole with trypsin (L. L. Houston and K. A. Walsh (1970), Biochemistry 9, 156).", "contents": "The reaction of bovine thrombin with N-butyrylimidazole. Two different reactions resulting in the inhibition of catalytic activity. N-Butyrylimidazole has been found to be a potent inhibitor of purified bovine thrombin. The rate and extent of inhibition of thrombin by N-butyrylimidazole could be reduced by the presence of benzamidine, a competitive inhibitor, or by the ester substrate, p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester. Spectral studies of the reaction of N-butyrylimidazole with thrombin demonstrated the modification of approximately 1 mol of tyrosine/mol of enzyme at maximum inhibition. In addition to the reaction with tyrosine, N-butyrylimidazole also appears to react with a residue at the \"active site\" as judged by a decrease in the number of active sites available in the modified enzyme for titration with p-nitrophenyl-p'-guanidinobenzoate. The time course of ester hydrolysis by butyrylated thrombin showed a distinct lag phase suggesting partial reactivation of the enzyme under assay conditions. Partial reactivation of the modified enzyme also occurred spontaneously upon standing in 0.5 M NaCl but was much faster in presence of imidazole (0.03 M, pH 7.6). It is suggested that, in addition to reaction with tyrosine, there is a reaction of N-butyrylimidazole with either the histidine and/or serine residue at the active site of thrombin resulting in a derivative unstable under esterase assay conditions such as that described for the reaciton of N-acetylimidazole with trypsin (L. L. Houston and K. A. Walsh (1970), Biochemistry 9, 156).", "PMID": 1168484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2307", "title": "Histone-histone associations within chromatin. Cross-linking studies using tetranitromethane.", "content": "Treatment of chromatin with the protein cross-linker tetranitromethane (TNM) results in a product identified as an F2a1-F2b dimer. The same product appears after treatment with TNM of HeLa cells growing in culture. Furthermore acid-extracted histones which have been fractionated into the five separate species can be recombined and mixed with DNA to produce a nucleohistone preparation which is also cross-linked by TNM to give the F2a1-F2b dimer. F1 and F3 can be excluded from the reconstitution mixture without effect on the dimer production. In contrast, the presence of F2a2 is essential to the proper reconstitution of F2a1 and F2b with DNA. The specificity of TNM and the characteristics of the reaction suggest that F2a1 and F2b are cross-linked at their specific binding sites. These results provide evidence that F2a1, F2a2, and F2b interact specifically in chromatin.", "contents": "Histone-histone associations within chromatin. Cross-linking studies using tetranitromethane. Treatment of chromatin with the protein cross-linker tetranitromethane (TNM) results in a product identified as an F2a1-F2b dimer. The same product appears after treatment with TNM of HeLa cells growing in culture. Furthermore acid-extracted histones which have been fractionated into the five separate species can be recombined and mixed with DNA to produce a nucleohistone preparation which is also cross-linked by TNM to give the F2a1-F2b dimer. F1 and F3 can be excluded from the reconstitution mixture without effect on the dimer production. In contrast, the presence of F2a2 is essential to the proper reconstitution of F2a1 and F2b with DNA. The specificity of TNM and the characteristics of the reaction suggest that F2a1 and F2b are cross-linked at their specific binding sites. These results provide evidence that F2a1, F2a2, and F2b interact specifically in chromatin.", "PMID": 1168485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2308", "title": "Polyadenylated RNA complementary to repetitive DNA in mouse L-cells.", "content": "Complementary DNA, synthesized with L-cell polyadenylated RNA as template, renatured with total L-cell DNA to about 70%. About 30% complementary to unique sequence DNA and another 10 and 30% corresponded to sequences about 20- and 500-fold repetitive. Complementary DNA was fractionated after partial hybridization with total polyadenylated RNA to obtain preparations enriched or impoverished in complements of the most frequent polyadenylated RNA. Renaturation of these complementary DNA fractions with L-cell DNA revealed that most frequent RNAs are transcribed from repetitive DNA sequences, Complementary DNA, density labeled with bromodeoxyuridine, was fractionated by renaturation with L-cell DNA to yield fractions enriched in repetitive and unique sequence DNA. The denisty labeled complementary DNA was purified by equilibrium centrifiguation in an alkaline Cs2SO4 gradient. The complementary DNA representing mainly repetitive DNA sequences hybridized preferentially to frequent polyadenylated RNA.", "contents": "Polyadenylated RNA complementary to repetitive DNA in mouse L-cells. Complementary DNA, synthesized with L-cell polyadenylated RNA as template, renatured with total L-cell DNA to about 70%. About 30% complementary to unique sequence DNA and another 10 and 30% corresponded to sequences about 20- and 500-fold repetitive. Complementary DNA was fractionated after partial hybridization with total polyadenylated RNA to obtain preparations enriched or impoverished in complements of the most frequent polyadenylated RNA. Renaturation of these complementary DNA fractions with L-cell DNA revealed that most frequent RNAs are transcribed from repetitive DNA sequences, Complementary DNA, density labeled with bromodeoxyuridine, was fractionated by renaturation with L-cell DNA to yield fractions enriched in repetitive and unique sequence DNA. The denisty labeled complementary DNA was purified by equilibrium centrifiguation in an alkaline Cs2SO4 gradient. The complementary DNA representing mainly repetitive DNA sequences hybridized preferentially to frequent polyadenylated RNA.", "PMID": 1168486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2309", "title": "Interaction of histone f2al fragments with deoxyribonucleic acid. Circular dichroism and thermal denaturation studies.", "content": "The glycine-arginine-rich histone, f2al (IV) (102 amino acids), from calf thymus was cleaved at residue 84 with cyanogen bromide. Complexes containing homologous DNA and each f2al fragment were reconstituted by means of Gdn-HC1 gradient dialysis. The circular dichroic (CD) spectra of these complexes were all examined in 0.14 M NaC1. The CD spectra of the DNA-f2al fragment complexes did not differ appreciably from that of DNA alone in the wavelength region above 240 nm. However, intact f2al-DNA complexes yield CD spectra which differ significantly (enhanced, blue-shifted, 273-nm band) from that of native DNA (Shih and Fasman, 1971). The small C-terminal fragment (85-102) was bound weakly to DNA under the conditions used. However, the large basic N-terminal fragment (1-83) was bound as well to DNA as was whole f2al, but produced no CD distortion. The conformation of the N-terminal fragment, unlike intact f2al, was not changed upon increasing the ionic strength to 0.14 M NaF. These results complement previous studies on f2al and its N-terminal CNBr fragment (Ziccardi and Schumaker, 1973). Thermal denaturation of the complexes in 2.5 X 10(-4) M EDTA was monitored simultaneously by changes in the absorption and CD spectra. All complexes showed a thermal transition at 45 degrees (Tml), attributable to the melting of free, double-stranded DNA. In addition, f2al-DNA and N fragment-DNA complexes displayed melting phenomena at 88 and 78 degrees (Tm2), respectively, caused by the denaturation of the histone-bound DNA. This difference in Tm2 constitutes further evidence that loss of the 18-amino-acid carboxyl end segment of f2al prohibits the unique type of interaction which occurs between DNA and the intact histone.", "contents": "Interaction of histone f2al fragments with deoxyribonucleic acid. Circular dichroism and thermal denaturation studies. The glycine-arginine-rich histone, f2al (IV) (102 amino acids), from calf thymus was cleaved at residue 84 with cyanogen bromide. Complexes containing homologous DNA and each f2al fragment were reconstituted by means of Gdn-HC1 gradient dialysis. The circular dichroic (CD) spectra of these complexes were all examined in 0.14 M NaC1. The CD spectra of the DNA-f2al fragment complexes did not differ appreciably from that of DNA alone in the wavelength region above 240 nm. However, intact f2al-DNA complexes yield CD spectra which differ significantly (enhanced, blue-shifted, 273-nm band) from that of native DNA (Shih and Fasman, 1971). The small C-terminal fragment (85-102) was bound weakly to DNA under the conditions used. However, the large basic N-terminal fragment (1-83) was bound as well to DNA as was whole f2al, but produced no CD distortion. The conformation of the N-terminal fragment, unlike intact f2al, was not changed upon increasing the ionic strength to 0.14 M NaF. These results complement previous studies on f2al and its N-terminal CNBr fragment (Ziccardi and Schumaker, 1973). Thermal denaturation of the complexes in 2.5 X 10(-4) M EDTA was monitored simultaneously by changes in the absorption and CD spectra. All complexes showed a thermal transition at 45 degrees (Tml), attributable to the melting of free, double-stranded DNA. In addition, f2al-DNA and N fragment-DNA complexes displayed melting phenomena at 88 and 78 degrees (Tm2), respectively, caused by the denaturation of the histone-bound DNA. This difference in Tm2 constitutes further evidence that loss of the 18-amino-acid carboxyl end segment of f2al prohibits the unique type of interaction which occurs between DNA and the intact histone.", "PMID": 1168487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2310", "title": "Kinetics in interactions between antibodies and haptens.", "content": "Association and dissociation kinetics of antibody-hapten interactions of high affinity and specificity have been determined by newly developed techniques using dextran-coated charcoal for rapid separation of free and antibody-bound hapten. Interactions of 12 combinations of four antibody populations (rabbit digoxin-specific antibody, sheep digoxin-specific antibody, rabbit ouabain-specific antibody, and rabbit digitoxin-specific antibody) with three haptens ([3-H]digoxin, [3-H]ouabain, and [3-H]digitoxin) have been studied in terms of both association and dissociation kinetics, and compared in selected instances with association constants determined under equilibrium conditions. Association rate constants determined under both second-order and pseudo-first-order conditions were found to be similar for all antibody-hapten pairs studied (range 0.87-1.7 times 10-7 M-minus 1 sec- minus 1), and were comparable to values previously estimated for antibodies to dye haptens of markedly lower affinity. In contrast, dissociation rate constants varied markedly from 1.9 times 10- minus 4 to 1.7 times 10- minus 2 sec- minus 1. Ratios of association to dissociation rate constants measured by these methods were in satisfactory agreement with average intrinsic association constants measured under equilibrium conditions. These studies support the concept that the major kinetic variable governing antibody-hapten interactions is the rate of dissociation of the complex, and that the strength of antibody-hapten association is determined principally by the activation energy for dissociation.", "contents": "Kinetics in interactions between antibodies and haptens. Association and dissociation kinetics of antibody-hapten interactions of high affinity and specificity have been determined by newly developed techniques using dextran-coated charcoal for rapid separation of free and antibody-bound hapten. Interactions of 12 combinations of four antibody populations (rabbit digoxin-specific antibody, sheep digoxin-specific antibody, rabbit ouabain-specific antibody, and rabbit digitoxin-specific antibody) with three haptens ([3-H]digoxin, [3-H]ouabain, and [3-H]digitoxin) have been studied in terms of both association and dissociation kinetics, and compared in selected instances with association constants determined under equilibrium conditions. Association rate constants determined under both second-order and pseudo-first-order conditions were found to be similar for all antibody-hapten pairs studied (range 0.87-1.7 times 10-7 M-minus 1 sec- minus 1), and were comparable to values previously estimated for antibodies to dye haptens of markedly lower affinity. In contrast, dissociation rate constants varied markedly from 1.9 times 10- minus 4 to 1.7 times 10- minus 2 sec- minus 1. Ratios of association to dissociation rate constants measured by these methods were in satisfactory agreement with average intrinsic association constants measured under equilibrium conditions. These studies support the concept that the major kinetic variable governing antibody-hapten interactions is the rate of dissociation of the complex, and that the strength of antibody-hapten association is determined principally by the activation energy for dissociation.", "PMID": 1168488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2311", "title": "Structural transitions of deoxyribonucleic acid in aqueous electrolyte solutions. I. Reference spectra of conformational limits.", "content": "The circular dichroism properties of calf thymus DNA have been examined at 27 degrees over the wavelength range of 215-300 nm in aqueous solutions of NaCl, KCl, LiCl, CsCl, and NH4Cl at pH 7. The concentrations of these electrolytes were varied from 0.01 to ca. 5-10 m. The spectral changes induced by changes in concentration of NaCl and KCl and all but the highest concentrations of NH4Cl as well as lower concentrations of Cstcl and LiCl could be represented by a common two-state transition involving the conversion of the typical conservative spectrum commonly seen in dilute solutions of these salts to a nonconservative spectrum similar to that obtained by Tunis-Schneider and Maestre ((1970), J. Mol. Biol. 52, 521) for the C form of DNA. At higher concentrations of CsCl, LiCl, and NH4Cl, an additional component, resembling an A type spectrum, was required to account for the observed CD changes with changing concentration of electrolyte. Relying on the published spectra of the B, the C, and the A forms of DNA by Tunis-Schneider and Maestre for identification and approximate values of the molecular ellipticities of these forms, we have analyzed these spectral transitions by two least mean squares methods in order to obtain accurate reference spectra of aqueous \"B\", C, and \"A\" conformations of calf thymus DNA. The results obtained suggest that although the C form in solution is identical with that obtained in film, the aqueous B conformational limit is not identical with the crystallographic Watson-Crick structure. In addition, the A form generated in solution under our experimental conditions appears to be more similar to that assumed by low molecular weight Escherichia coli DNA at 75% relative humidity rather than calf thymus DNA at the same relative humidity.", "contents": "Structural transitions of deoxyribonucleic acid in aqueous electrolyte solutions. I. Reference spectra of conformational limits. The circular dichroism properties of calf thymus DNA have been examined at 27 degrees over the wavelength range of 215-300 nm in aqueous solutions of NaCl, KCl, LiCl, CsCl, and NH4Cl at pH 7. The concentrations of these electrolytes were varied from 0.01 to ca. 5-10 m. The spectral changes induced by changes in concentration of NaCl and KCl and all but the highest concentrations of NH4Cl as well as lower concentrations of Cstcl and LiCl could be represented by a common two-state transition involving the conversion of the typical conservative spectrum commonly seen in dilute solutions of these salts to a nonconservative spectrum similar to that obtained by Tunis-Schneider and Maestre ((1970), J. Mol. Biol. 52, 521) for the C form of DNA. At higher concentrations of CsCl, LiCl, and NH4Cl, an additional component, resembling an A type spectrum, was required to account for the observed CD changes with changing concentration of electrolyte. Relying on the published spectra of the B, the C, and the A forms of DNA by Tunis-Schneider and Maestre for identification and approximate values of the molecular ellipticities of these forms, we have analyzed these spectral transitions by two least mean squares methods in order to obtain accurate reference spectra of aqueous \"B\", C, and \"A\" conformations of calf thymus DNA. The results obtained suggest that although the C form in solution is identical with that obtained in film, the aqueous B conformational limit is not identical with the crystallographic Watson-Crick structure. In addition, the A form generated in solution under our experimental conditions appears to be more similar to that assumed by low molecular weight Escherichia coli DNA at 75% relative humidity rather than calf thymus DNA at the same relative humidity.", "PMID": 1168489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2312", "title": "Structural transitions of deoxyribonucleic acid in aqueous electrolyte solutions. II. The role of hydration.", "content": "The data and approach reported in paper I (Hanlon et al., 1975, preceding paper) have been used to calculate the fractional changes in secondary structure of calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid which occur in aqueous solutions as a function of the concentration of NaCl, KCl, LiCl, CsCl, and NH4Cl. There is a continuous loss in the \"B\" character of the nucleic acid with concomitant production of the C and, in some instances, an A form, as well, as the salt concentration increases. Sedimentation velocity studies suggest that there is an accompanying change in the hydrodynamic characteristics of the DNA molecules, as well. Utilizing the existing hydration data in the literature (Hearst and Vinograd, 1961a,b; Hearst, 1965; Tunis and Hearst, 1968a; Cohen and Eisenberg, 1968; Falk et al., 1962, 1963a,b), we have found that a gradual loss of \"B\" character and a decrease in the frictional coefficient of DNA occur as the net hydration of DNA is reduced from the fully hydrated from (60-80 mol of H2O/mol of nucleotide) to values of ca. 12-14 mol of H2O/mol of nucleotide. Below that value, a more precipitous decrease in these properties occurs. Extrapolation of the linear relationship observed between the fractional B content and the net hydration in the latter regions yield  values of ca. 18 mol of H2O/mol of nucleotide at 100% B and ca. 4 mol of H2O/mol of nucleotide at 0% B (i.e., 100% C or C + A) for the alkali metal salts of DNA. The ammonium salt retains somewhat more H2O in the C and A forms (ca. 7). These results together with the hydration site assignments of Falk et al. (1962, 1963a,b) are interpreted in terms of a hydration model for DNA in aqueous solution in which an intact primary hydration shell of ca. 18 mol of H2O/mol of nucleotide is required for the maintenance of the \"B\" conformation. Removal of all but those water molecules solvating the phosphate groups results in the conversion to the C forms, predominantly, with a small amount of A structure formed as well in some salts. The accompanying changes in the sedimentation coefficients suggest that the DNA molecule assumes a more compact and/or flexible form under these conditions in which it is mainly in the C and A structures. The combination of these two events which ensue upon dehydration create a polymeric structure which can be more easily packaged in biological systems.", "contents": "Structural transitions of deoxyribonucleic acid in aqueous electrolyte solutions. II. The role of hydration. The data and approach reported in paper I (Hanlon et al., 1975, preceding paper) have been used to calculate the fractional changes in secondary structure of calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid which occur in aqueous solutions as a function of the concentration of NaCl, KCl, LiCl, CsCl, and NH4Cl. There is a continuous loss in the \"B\" character of the nucleic acid with concomitant production of the C and, in some instances, an A form, as well, as the salt concentration increases. Sedimentation velocity studies suggest that there is an accompanying change in the hydrodynamic characteristics of the DNA molecules, as well. Utilizing the existing hydration data in the literature (Hearst and Vinograd, 1961a,b; Hearst, 1965; Tunis and Hearst, 1968a; Cohen and Eisenberg, 1968; Falk et al., 1962, 1963a,b), we have found that a gradual loss of \"B\" character and a decrease in the frictional coefficient of DNA occur as the net hydration of DNA is reduced from the fully hydrated from (60-80 mol of H2O/mol of nucleotide) to values of ca. 12-14 mol of H2O/mol of nucleotide. Below that value, a more precipitous decrease in these properties occurs. Extrapolation of the linear relationship observed between the fractional B content and the net hydration in the latter regions yield  values of ca. 18 mol of H2O/mol of nucleotide at 100% B and ca. 4 mol of H2O/mol of nucleotide at 0% B (i.e., 100% C or C + A) for the alkali metal salts of DNA. The ammonium salt retains somewhat more H2O in the C and A forms (ca. 7). These results together with the hydration site assignments of Falk et al. (1962, 1963a,b) are interpreted in terms of a hydration model for DNA in aqueous solution in which an intact primary hydration shell of ca. 18 mol of H2O/mol of nucleotide is required for the maintenance of the \"B\" conformation. Removal of all but those water molecules solvating the phosphate groups results in the conversion to the C forms, predominantly, with a small amount of A structure formed as well in some salts. The accompanying changes in the sedimentation coefficients suggest that the DNA molecule assumes a more compact and/or flexible form under these conditions in which it is mainly in the C and A structures. The combination of these two events which ensue upon dehydration create a polymeric structure which can be more easily packaged in biological systems.", "PMID": 1168490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2313", "title": "Electrophoretic microheterogeneity and subunit composition of the 13S coupling factors of oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation.", "content": "Two electrophoretically distinguishable species of the 13S coupling factor of oxidative phosphorylation from Alcaligenes faecalis are detectable by standard polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence of urea, detergents, or any other protein-denaturing reagents. The slower species (type IA) can be converted into the faster species (type IB) by treatment with ATP, and the fast form converts into the slow form when aged at 4 degrees. The enzyme undergoes these conversions both when it is free in solution and when it is membrane bound. The ATP analog adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) gives the conversion without being hydrolyzed and without causing any apparent change in the mass of the protein, which suggests that the conversion may be a ligand-induced conformational change. Types IA and IB can convert into three other electrophoretically distinguishable species (types IIA, IIB, and III) if the purification procedure involves chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex column equilibrated in phosphate buffer. These conversions can be prevented if the column is eluted in morpholinoethanesulfonic acid (Mes) buffer and KCl. Type IIA is convertible into type IIB by ATP treatment. Types IA and IB will also convert into types IIA and IIB and finally into type III when aged for extended periods of time at 4 degrees, without a detectable change in mass. Coupling factor activity is lost when type I enzyme converts into type II enzyme, as is the ability of the enzyme to bind to the membrane. However, ATPase activity does not change significantly. The mitochondrial 13S coupling factor shows up to three electrophoretically distinguishable species. The use of phosphate buffer during DEAE-Sephadex chromatography gives conversion of slower species into faster species. ATP treatment does not give interconversions, and aging at 4 degrees gives only a slow dissociation of the enzyme into subunits. The chloroplast 13S coupling factor also shows up to three electrophoretic species. Incubation with ATP does not give interconversions, but a temperature-dependent conversion of the major species into a faster species occurs upon aging. The subunit composition of the three 13S enzymes is very similar by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, the major difference being in the number of classes of small polypeptides.", "contents": "Electrophoretic microheterogeneity and subunit composition of the 13S coupling factors of oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. Two electrophoretically distinguishable species of the 13S coupling factor of oxidative phosphorylation from Alcaligenes faecalis are detectable by standard polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence of urea, detergents, or any other protein-denaturing reagents. The slower species (type IA) can be converted into the faster species (type IB) by treatment with ATP, and the fast form converts into the slow form when aged at 4 degrees. The enzyme undergoes these conversions both when it is free in solution and when it is membrane bound. The ATP analog adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) gives the conversion without being hydrolyzed and without causing any apparent change in the mass of the protein, which suggests that the conversion may be a ligand-induced conformational change. Types IA and IB can convert into three other electrophoretically distinguishable species (types IIA, IIB, and III) if the purification procedure involves chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex column equilibrated in phosphate buffer. These conversions can be prevented if the column is eluted in morpholinoethanesulfonic acid (Mes) buffer and KCl. Type IIA is convertible into type IIB by ATP treatment. Types IA and IB will also convert into types IIA and IIB and finally into type III when aged for extended periods of time at 4 degrees, without a detectable change in mass. Coupling factor activity is lost when type I enzyme converts into type II enzyme, as is the ability of the enzyme to bind to the membrane. However, ATPase activity does not change significantly. The mitochondrial 13S coupling factor shows up to three electrophoretically distinguishable species. The use of phosphate buffer during DEAE-Sephadex chromatography gives conversion of slower species into faster species. ATP treatment does not give interconversions, and aging at 4 degrees gives only a slow dissociation of the enzyme into subunits. The chloroplast 13S coupling factor also shows up to three electrophoretic species. Incubation with ATP does not give interconversions, but a temperature-dependent conversion of the major species into a faster species occurs upon aging. The subunit composition of the three 13S enzymes is very similar by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, the major difference being in the number of classes of small polypeptides.", "PMID": 1168491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2314", "title": "Immunoglobulin of T lymphoma cells. Biosynthesis, surface representation, and partial characterization.", "content": "Four cloned continuously cultured mouse T lymphoma cell lines, WEHI-22.1, WEHI-7.1, S49.1, and EL-4.1, were examined for immunoglobulin biosynthesis and the presence of immunoglobulin on the cell surface. Incorporation of [-3H]leucine into cellular proteins followed by serological analysis showed that immunoglobulin constituted between 0.1 and 1.1 percent of protein synthesized by the different cell lines during a 6-hr period. Under the same conditions cultured cells of nonlymphoid origin, the mastocytoma P-815 X-2.1, did not synthesize any detectable immunoglobulin. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination was used to label proteins on the surface of viable lymphoma and mastocytoma cells. Although the lymphoma lines lacked immunoglobulin as assessed by fluorescent antibody staining, immunoglobulin was detected in surface proteins of all four lymphoma lines. Estimates of the number of immunoglobulin molecules on the cell surface were 1.1 times 10-4/cell for S49.1 and EL-4.1, 1.7 times 10-4 for WEHI-7.1, and 4.3 times 10-4 for WEHI-22.1. Electrophoretic mobilities in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel indicated that intact cell surface immunoglobulin was slightly larger than IgG, and on disulfide bond reduction to dissociate into two components, one with the mobility of serum immunoglobulin light chain, the other with a mobility similar to that of mu heavy chain. The heavy chain from the T lymphoma cells possessed an apparent molecular weight of about 65,000 compared with 70,000 for mu chain, although both chains shared antigenic determinants characteristic of mu chains. These findings are interpreted as support for other reports that T lymphocytes carry immunoglobulin on their surface and as direct evidence that thymus-derived lymphoid cells synthesize an immunoglobulin resembling the 7S subunit of IgM.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin of T lymphoma cells. Biosynthesis, surface representation, and partial characterization. Four cloned continuously cultured mouse T lymphoma cell lines, WEHI-22.1, WEHI-7.1, S49.1, and EL-4.1, were examined for immunoglobulin biosynthesis and the presence of immunoglobulin on the cell surface. Incorporation of [-3H]leucine into cellular proteins followed by serological analysis showed that immunoglobulin constituted between 0.1 and 1.1 percent of protein synthesized by the different cell lines during a 6-hr period. Under the same conditions cultured cells of nonlymphoid origin, the mastocytoma P-815 X-2.1, did not synthesize any detectable immunoglobulin. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination was used to label proteins on the surface of viable lymphoma and mastocytoma cells. Although the lymphoma lines lacked immunoglobulin as assessed by fluorescent antibody staining, immunoglobulin was detected in surface proteins of all four lymphoma lines. Estimates of the number of immunoglobulin molecules on the cell surface were 1.1 times 10-4/cell for S49.1 and EL-4.1, 1.7 times 10-4 for WEHI-7.1, and 4.3 times 10-4 for WEHI-22.1. Electrophoretic mobilities in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel indicated that intact cell surface immunoglobulin was slightly larger than IgG, and on disulfide bond reduction to dissociate into two components, one with the mobility of serum immunoglobulin light chain, the other with a mobility similar to that of mu heavy chain. The heavy chain from the T lymphoma cells possessed an apparent molecular weight of about 65,000 compared with 70,000 for mu chain, although both chains shared antigenic determinants characteristic of mu chains. These findings are interpreted as support for other reports that T lymphocytes carry immunoglobulin on their surface and as direct evidence that thymus-derived lymphoid cells synthesize an immunoglobulin resembling the 7S subunit of IgM.", "PMID": 1168492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2315", "title": "The stepwise binding of small molecules to proteins. Nuclear magnetic resonance and temperature jump studies of the binding of 4-(N-acetylaminoglucosyl)-N-acetylglucosamine to lysozyme.", "content": "The binding of 4-(N-acetylaminoglucosyl)-N-acetylglucosamine to lysozyme was studied by both nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and temperature-jump methods under comparable conditions. The NMR measurements on the inhibitor spectrum were carried out over a range of inhibitor concentrations including levels at which most of the inhibitor was bound to the enzyme. Data in this region were obtained by a novel difference method in conjunction with correlation spectroscopy. The results from the combination of both experimental techniques demonstrated the existence of a two-step binding mechanism and produced both values for all of the individual rate constants and also the NMR spectral data for the inhibitor in the two enzyme-inhibitor complexes. The later data characterize the environment experienced by the inhibitor at each stage in the binding process and thus provides both a three-dimensional and a dynamic picture of the interaction.", "contents": "The stepwise binding of small molecules to proteins. Nuclear magnetic resonance and temperature jump studies of the binding of 4-(N-acetylaminoglucosyl)-N-acetylglucosamine to lysozyme. The binding of 4-(N-acetylaminoglucosyl)-N-acetylglucosamine to lysozyme was studied by both nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and temperature-jump methods under comparable conditions. The NMR measurements on the inhibitor spectrum were carried out over a range of inhibitor concentrations including levels at which most of the inhibitor was bound to the enzyme. Data in this region were obtained by a novel difference method in conjunction with correlation spectroscopy. The results from the combination of both experimental techniques demonstrated the existence of a two-step binding mechanism and produced both values for all of the individual rate constants and also the NMR spectral data for the inhibitor in the two enzyme-inhibitor complexes. The later data characterize the environment experienced by the inhibitor at each stage in the binding process and thus provides both a three-dimensional and a dynamic picture of the interaction.", "PMID": 1168493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2316", "title": "Catalytic properties of phospholipid exchange protein from bovine heart.", "content": "A protein which catalyzes the exchange of phosphatidylcholine between membranes has been purified from heart tissue homogenates up to 300-fold by acidic pH precipitation, (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. Binding of the protein to phosphatidylcholine liposomes as measured by Sepharose chromatography was nondetectable. However, isoelectric focusing experiments showed that individual molecules of phosphatidylcholine were transferred from liposomes to the soluble, partially purified protein. Exchange of phospholipid between liposomes and mitochondria was not affected by the presence of moderate amounts of cholesterol in liposomes. A search for competitive inhibitors among moieties similar to phosphatidylcholine failed to show strong binding sites in the hydrophilic part of the substrate. High concentrations of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ impaired the exchange activity.", "contents": "Catalytic properties of phospholipid exchange protein from bovine heart. A protein which catalyzes the exchange of phosphatidylcholine between membranes has been purified from heart tissue homogenates up to 300-fold by acidic pH precipitation, (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. Binding of the protein to phosphatidylcholine liposomes as measured by Sepharose chromatography was nondetectable. However, isoelectric focusing experiments showed that individual molecules of phosphatidylcholine were transferred from liposomes to the soluble, partially purified protein. Exchange of phospholipid between liposomes and mitochondria was not affected by the presence of moderate amounts of cholesterol in liposomes. A search for competitive inhibitors among moieties similar to phosphatidylcholine failed to show strong binding sites in the hydrophilic part of the substrate. High concentrations of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ impaired the exchange activity.", "PMID": 1168494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2317", "title": "Preparation of erythrocyte ghosts by dielectric breakdown of the cell membrane.", "content": "Dielectric breakdown of membranes of red blood cells was observed in high electric fields (approx. 10-3-10-4 V/cm) using an improved Coulter Counter with hydrodynamic focussing. In making measurements of the size distributions of red blood cells as a function of increasing electric field strength it was found that a sharp discontinuity occurred in the otherwise linear relation between the pulse heights in the Coulter Counter and the electric field strength due to dielectric breakdown of the membranes. Solution of Laplace's equation for the electric field generated at breakdown in the cell membranes yeilds a mean value of about 1.6 V. for the membrane potential of red blood cells. Due to the dielectric break-down, release of hemoglobin occurred. Mechanical rupture of the red blood cells by the hydrodynamic forces in the orifice of the Coulter Counter or thermal rupture could be excluded as hemolysing mechanisms. The leaky ghost cells resealed at 37 degrees C. as shown by incorporation of 131I-labeled albumin and repeated dielctric breakdown.", "contents": "Preparation of erythrocyte ghosts by dielectric breakdown of the cell membrane. Dielectric breakdown of membranes of red blood cells was observed in high electric fields (approx. 10-3-10-4 V/cm) using an improved Coulter Counter with hydrodynamic focussing. In making measurements of the size distributions of red blood cells as a function of increasing electric field strength it was found that a sharp discontinuity occurred in the otherwise linear relation between the pulse heights in the Coulter Counter and the electric field strength due to dielectric breakdown of the membranes. Solution of Laplace's equation for the electric field generated at breakdown in the cell membranes yeilds a mean value of about 1.6 V. for the membrane potential of red blood cells. Due to the dielectric break-down, release of hemoglobin occurred. Mechanical rupture of the red blood cells by the hydrodynamic forces in the orifice of the Coulter Counter or thermal rupture could be excluded as hemolysing mechanisms. The leaky ghost cells resealed at 37 degrees C. as shown by incorporation of 131I-labeled albumin and repeated dielctric breakdown.", "PMID": 1168495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2318", "title": "Phospholipids in Newcastle Disease Virus infected cells.", "content": "Infection of chicken cells with Newcastle Disease Virus modifies phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine synthesis in the host cell. The virion contains cellular phospholipids synthesized both before and after infection. Relative concentration of various labeled phospholipids in the virus differ from those in the corresponding cells and their surface membranes. Late in infection, fragments of membranes with a distribution of labeled phospholipids similar but not identical to that of the virus can be found in the supernatant of infected cells. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the origin of viral phospholipids and the intervention of the host cell membrane in the assembly of the viral envelope.", "contents": "Phospholipids in Newcastle Disease Virus infected cells. Infection of chicken cells with Newcastle Disease Virus modifies phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine synthesis in the host cell. The virion contains cellular phospholipids synthesized both before and after infection. Relative concentration of various labeled phospholipids in the virus differ from those in the corresponding cells and their surface membranes. Late in infection, fragments of membranes with a distribution of labeled phospholipids similar but not identical to that of the virus can be found in the supernatant of infected cells. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the origin of viral phospholipids and the intervention of the host cell membrane in the assembly of the viral envelope.", "PMID": 1168496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2319", "title": "An evaluation of techniques for labelling the surface proteins of cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "We have evaluated four techniques for labelling the surface proteins of cultured mammalian cells. The techniques are: (a) the lactoperoxidase system; (b) the pyridoxal phosphate-[3H]borohydride system; (c) the [3H]4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-dihydrostilbene disulfonate sysem and (d) the galactose oxidase-[3H]borohydride system. The subcellular distribution of radiolabel produced by these technics has been evaluated by autoradiography at the light microscope level and by cellular fractionation. We find that while all four systems label the surface membranes in the majority of the cell population, they also heavily label internal sites in a small subpopulation of nonviable cells. The contribution of the internally labelled cells to further biochemical analysis may represent a severe problem in investigations which rely solely on surface labels for the study of plasma membrane organization.", "contents": "An evaluation of techniques for labelling the surface proteins of cultured mammalian cells. We have evaluated four techniques for labelling the surface proteins of cultured mammalian cells. The techniques are: (a) the lactoperoxidase system; (b) the pyridoxal phosphate-[3H]borohydride system; (c) the [3H]4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-dihydrostilbene disulfonate sysem and (d) the galactose oxidase-[3H]borohydride system. The subcellular distribution of radiolabel produced by these technics has been evaluated by autoradiography at the light microscope level and by cellular fractionation. We find that while all four systems label the surface membranes in the majority of the cell population, they also heavily label internal sites in a small subpopulation of nonviable cells. The contribution of the internally labelled cells to further biochemical analysis may represent a severe problem in investigations which rely solely on surface labels for the study of plasma membrane organization.", "PMID": 1168497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2320", "title": "ATP- and phosphate-induced configurational changes of submitochondrial particles.", "content": "Light scattering was employed to monitor configurational changes of submitochondrial particles. Such changes were induced by ATP but not by analogues of this nucleotide. Mg-2+ in an equimolar concentration to ATP enhanced the effect of the nucleotide. The ATP-induced changes were inhibited by oligomycin and uncouplers. Atractyloside was effective as an inhibitor only when loaded within the particles. The ATP-induced changes were decreased by phosphate. The effect of phosphate was partially inhibited by mersalyl. Sodium phosphate and ammonium phosphate were more effective than potassium phosphate. The observed changes in light scattering were due to (a) events involved in energization and de-energization of the membrane, and (b) events concerning transport over the particulate membrane. The changes were specific for adenine nucleotides and phosphate.", "contents": "ATP- and phosphate-induced configurational changes of submitochondrial particles. Light scattering was employed to monitor configurational changes of submitochondrial particles. Such changes were induced by ATP but not by analogues of this nucleotide. Mg-2+ in an equimolar concentration to ATP enhanced the effect of the nucleotide. The ATP-induced changes were inhibited by oligomycin and uncouplers. Atractyloside was effective as an inhibitor only when loaded within the particles. The ATP-induced changes were decreased by phosphate. The effect of phosphate was partially inhibited by mersalyl. Sodium phosphate and ammonium phosphate were more effective than potassium phosphate. The observed changes in light scattering were due to (a) events involved in energization and de-energization of the membrane, and (b) events concerning transport over the particulate membrane. The changes were specific for adenine nucleotides and phosphate.", "PMID": 1168498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2321", "title": "Antimycin-insensitive mutants of Candida utilis II. The effects of antimycin on Cytochrome b.", "content": "1. Cytochrome b-562 is more reduced in submitochondrial particles of mutant 28 during the aerobic steady-state respiration with succinate than in particles of the wild type. When anaerobiosis is reached, the reduction of cytochrome b is preceded by a rapid reoxidation in the mutnat. A similar reoxidation is observed in the wild type in the present of low concentrations of antimycin. 2. In contrast to the wild type, inhibition of electron transport in the mutant has a much higher antimycin titre than effects on cytochromes b (viz., aerobic steady-state reduction; reduction in the presence of substrate, cyanide and oxygen; the 'red shift' and lowering of E'-o of cytochrome b-562). Moreover, the titration curve of electron transport is hyperbolic whereas the curves for the reduction are sigmoidal. The conclusion is, that in both mutant and wild type, the actions of antimycin on electron transport and cytochromes b are separable. 3. The red shift in the mutant is more extensive than in the wild type. 4. Cytochrome b-558 and cytochrome b-566 (that absorbs in mutant and wild type at 564.5 nm) do not respond simultaneously to addition of antimycin, indicating that they are two separate cytochromes. 5. The difference between the effect of antimycin on electron transport and cytochromes b reduction is also found in intact cells of the mutant. 6. A model is suggested for the wild-type respiratory chain in which (i) the cytochromes b lie, in an uncoupled system, out of the main electron-transfer chain, (ii) antimycin induces a conformation change in QH-2-cytochrome c reductase resulting in effects on cytochrome b and inhibition of electron transport, (iii) a second antimycin-binding site with low affinity to the antibiotic is present, capable of inhibiting electron transport.", "contents": "Antimycin-insensitive mutants of Candida utilis II. The effects of antimycin on Cytochrome b. 1. Cytochrome b-562 is more reduced in submitochondrial particles of mutant 28 during the aerobic steady-state respiration with succinate than in particles of the wild type. When anaerobiosis is reached, the reduction of cytochrome b is preceded by a rapid reoxidation in the mutnat. A similar reoxidation is observed in the wild type in the present of low concentrations of antimycin. 2. In contrast to the wild type, inhibition of electron transport in the mutant has a much higher antimycin titre than effects on cytochromes b (viz., aerobic steady-state reduction; reduction in the presence of substrate, cyanide and oxygen; the 'red shift' and lowering of E'-o of cytochrome b-562). Moreover, the titration curve of electron transport is hyperbolic whereas the curves for the reduction are sigmoidal. The conclusion is, that in both mutant and wild type, the actions of antimycin on electron transport and cytochromes b are separable. 3. The red shift in the mutant is more extensive than in the wild type. 4. Cytochrome b-558 and cytochrome b-566 (that absorbs in mutant and wild type at 564.5 nm) do not respond simultaneously to addition of antimycin, indicating that they are two separate cytochromes. 5. The difference between the effect of antimycin on electron transport and cytochromes b reduction is also found in intact cells of the mutant. 6. A model is suggested for the wild-type respiratory chain in which (i) the cytochromes b lie, in an uncoupled system, out of the main electron-transfer chain, (ii) antimycin induces a conformation change in QH-2-cytochrome c reductase resulting in effects on cytochrome b and inhibition of electron transport, (iii) a second antimycin-binding site with low affinity to the antibiotic is present, capable of inhibiting electron transport.", "PMID": 1168499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2322", "title": "Regulation of species-specific ribosomal RNA in a somatic hybrid cell.", "content": "When 13B hamster-mouse hybrid cells are harvested either right after 4 h of incubation with [me-3H]methionine or following 26 h of \"chase\" with excess non-radioactive methionine, in both cases about half of the labeled cytoplasmic rRNA is of hamster type. It had been previously shown in this laboratory (Eliceiri, G.L. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 312, 737-741) that when [3H]uridine was the radioactive precursor about 80% of the labeled cytoplasmic rRNA was of hamster type after a short incubation, and about half after a long incubation. It is postulated that a temporary difference in the specific acitivity of [3H]UTP in possibly segregated mouse and hamster types of nucleoli might account for these results. The master/mouse ratio of cytoplasmic rRNA in hybrid 13B is similar in free and in membrane-bound ribosomes, and in ribosomes of sparse (rapidly growing) cell populations and of confluent (slowly growing) cells.", "contents": "Regulation of species-specific ribosomal RNA in a somatic hybrid cell. When 13B hamster-mouse hybrid cells are harvested either right after 4 h of incubation with [me-3H]methionine or following 26 h of \"chase\" with excess non-radioactive methionine, in both cases about half of the labeled cytoplasmic rRNA is of hamster type. It had been previously shown in this laboratory (Eliceiri, G.L. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 312, 737-741) that when [3H]uridine was the radioactive precursor about 80% of the labeled cytoplasmic rRNA was of hamster type after a short incubation, and about half after a long incubation. It is postulated that a temporary difference in the specific acitivity of [3H]UTP in possibly segregated mouse and hamster types of nucleoli might account for these results. The master/mouse ratio of cytoplasmic rRNA in hybrid 13B is similar in free and in membrane-bound ribosomes, and in ribosomes of sparse (rapidly growing) cell populations and of confluent (slowly growing) cells.", "PMID": 1168500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2323", "title": "Analysis of the fibrin-polymerizing reaction using sodium dodecylsulfate-agarose gel electrophoresis.", "content": "1. A new method of sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl-sulfate-agarose gel electrophoresis, was developed. The new electrophoresis was shown to have a high and efficient resolving power for fibrin polymers and was also applicable to other proteins. 2. By sodium dodecylsulfate-agarose gel electrophoresis, the fibrin polymerizing reaction with activated fibrin stabilizing factor was analyzed in detail. The cross-linking between the gamma-chains was indicated to occur at an intermolecular level. The solubility of polymerized fibrin was suggested to be related mainly to the formation of the crosslinks between gamma-chains.", "contents": "Analysis of the fibrin-polymerizing reaction using sodium dodecylsulfate-agarose gel electrophoresis. 1. A new method of sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl-sulfate-agarose gel electrophoresis, was developed. The new electrophoresis was shown to have a high and efficient resolving power for fibrin polymers and was also applicable to other proteins. 2. By sodium dodecylsulfate-agarose gel electrophoresis, the fibrin polymerizing reaction with activated fibrin stabilizing factor was analyzed in detail. The cross-linking between the gamma-chains was indicated to occur at an intermolecular level. The solubility of polymerized fibrin was suggested to be related mainly to the formation of the crosslinks between gamma-chains.", "PMID": 1168501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2324", "title": "1-H and 13-C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the lipids in normal and SV 40 virus-transformed hamster embryo fibroblast membranes.", "content": "Well resolved 1-H and 13-C NMR spectra were obtained with normal and SV 40-transformed cell membranes. Estimation of the ratio of 13-CT2 values of the normal to transformed cell membranes showed an increased intermolecular motion in the transformed cell membranes. The temperature dependence of the (CH2) line in the 1-H spectra in the temperature range 298-343 degrees K shows an activation energy for the lateral diffusion of the fluid phospholipid regions in the normal cell membranes while the transformed ones show practically no temperature dependence in this temperature range. The fluidity of the phospholipid region in the transformed cell membrane seems to be significantly higher than that observed in the normal cell material. These data support and extend the findings concerning the mobility of the concanavalin A binding/agglutinating sites on the surface of normal and virus-transformed cells and suggest further approaches to the study of the membrane alterations in tumor cells.", "contents": "1-H and 13-C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the lipids in normal and SV 40 virus-transformed hamster embryo fibroblast membranes. Well resolved 1-H and 13-C NMR spectra were obtained with normal and SV 40-transformed cell membranes. Estimation of the ratio of 13-CT2 values of the normal to transformed cell membranes showed an increased intermolecular motion in the transformed cell membranes. The temperature dependence of the (CH2) line in the 1-H spectra in the temperature range 298-343 degrees K shows an activation energy for the lateral diffusion of the fluid phospholipid regions in the normal cell membranes while the transformed ones show practically no temperature dependence in this temperature range. The fluidity of the phospholipid region in the transformed cell membrane seems to be significantly higher than that observed in the normal cell material. These data support and extend the findings concerning the mobility of the concanavalin A binding/agglutinating sites on the surface of normal and virus-transformed cells and suggest further approaches to the study of the membrane alterations in tumor cells.", "PMID": 1168502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2325", "title": "The relationship between two murine DNA-dependent DNA polymerases from the cytosol and the low molecular weight DNA polymerase.", "content": "After aqueous subcellular fractionation and partial purification by phosphocellulose chromatography, murine cells are found to contain a low molecular weight DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (beta) in the nuclear fraction and two distinguishable DNA-dependent DNA polymerases (C-I and C-II) in the cytosol. Both C-I and C-II are found in testis, liver, and regenerating liver; the amount of C-I being several fold increased in the regenerating liver and in immature testis. C-I and C-II are distinguishable by the criteria of salt sensitivity, inhibition by single-stranded DNA, elution from phosphocellulose, inhibition by 0.3 mM N-ethylmaleimide, template preference, and sedimentation coefficient. C-II is dissociated by 0.25 M KC1 to an active form of DNA polymerase of sedimentation coefficient 3.5 S while C-I is not dissociated, maintaining its sedimentation coefficient of 7.2 S. Many similar chemical and physical properties of C-II and the low molecular weight nuclear DNA polymerase (beta) suggest that C-II may represent an aggregate state of beta monomers, The size, reaction properties and the increase in enzyme activity under conditions of rapid cellular proliferation suggest C-I is analogous to the alpha DNA polymerase.", "contents": "The relationship between two murine DNA-dependent DNA polymerases from the cytosol and the low molecular weight DNA polymerase. After aqueous subcellular fractionation and partial purification by phosphocellulose chromatography, murine cells are found to contain a low molecular weight DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (beta) in the nuclear fraction and two distinguishable DNA-dependent DNA polymerases (C-I and C-II) in the cytosol. Both C-I and C-II are found in testis, liver, and regenerating liver; the amount of C-I being several fold increased in the regenerating liver and in immature testis. C-I and C-II are distinguishable by the criteria of salt sensitivity, inhibition by single-stranded DNA, elution from phosphocellulose, inhibition by 0.3 mM N-ethylmaleimide, template preference, and sedimentation coefficient. C-II is dissociated by 0.25 M KC1 to an active form of DNA polymerase of sedimentation coefficient 3.5 S while C-I is not dissociated, maintaining its sedimentation coefficient of 7.2 S. Many similar chemical and physical properties of C-II and the low molecular weight nuclear DNA polymerase (beta) suggest that C-II may represent an aggregate state of beta monomers, The size, reaction properties and the increase in enzyme activity under conditions of rapid cellular proliferation suggest C-I is analogous to the alpha DNA polymerase.", "PMID": 1168503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2326", "title": "Covalent linkage between RNA and nascent DNA in the slime mold, Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "When alpha--32 P-labeled deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates are injected into plasmodia of the eukaryotic slime mold, Physarum polycephalum, they are incorporated initially into strands of DNA which are mostly less than 300 nucleotides long. Sixty minutes after injection incorporated deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates are found in much longer strands. If the short strands found two minutes after injection are denatured and centrifuged to equilibrium in a Cs(2)SO(4) density gradient, they migrate to a density slightly greater than that of single-stranded Physarum DNA. When these short strands are treated with alkali to hydrolyze RNA, a small fraction of the incorporated -32P is made acid-soluble and is identified as a mixture of the four ribonucleoside 2',3'-monophosphates. Such transfer of -32P to ribonucleotides occurs when any of the 4 alpha--32P-labeled deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates is used for injection, but the transfer is greatest with [alpha--32P]dGTP. We conclude that very short stretches of RNA are found linked through phosphodiester bonds to nascent DNA chains in Physarum polycephalum and that any of the 16 possible combinations of ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides can occur at the RNA-DNA junction.", "contents": "Covalent linkage between RNA and nascent DNA in the slime mold, Physarum polycephalum. When alpha--32 P-labeled deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates are injected into plasmodia of the eukaryotic slime mold, Physarum polycephalum, they are incorporated initially into strands of DNA which are mostly less than 300 nucleotides long. Sixty minutes after injection incorporated deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates are found in much longer strands. If the short strands found two minutes after injection are denatured and centrifuged to equilibrium in a Cs(2)SO(4) density gradient, they migrate to a density slightly greater than that of single-stranded Physarum DNA. When these short strands are treated with alkali to hydrolyze RNA, a small fraction of the incorporated -32P is made acid-soluble and is identified as a mixture of the four ribonucleoside 2',3'-monophosphates. Such transfer of -32P to ribonucleotides occurs when any of the 4 alpha--32P-labeled deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates is used for injection, but the transfer is greatest with [alpha--32P]dGTP. We conclude that very short stretches of RNA are found linked through phosphodiester bonds to nascent DNA chains in Physarum polycephalum and that any of the 16 possible combinations of ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides can occur at the RNA-DNA junction.", "PMID": 1168504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2327", "title": "Solution of ribosomal proteins under mild conditions.", "content": "Ribosomal proteins from two eucaryotic species, prepared by either the guanidine . HCl or LiCl . urea method and subsequently dissolved in 8 M urea were found to be largely retained in solution after removal of the urea by dialysis against a solution of low ionic strength (0.05 M Tris . HCl, pH 7.6, 0.025 M KCl, 0.005 M magnesium acetate) and centrifugation at 100,000 times g. The protein composition of this preparation was virtually identical to that of the original urea-containing solution as determined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus, there exists a very simple method for obtaining the bulk of the ribosomal proteins in solution under conditions where ribosomes themselves are stable.", "contents": "Solution of ribosomal proteins under mild conditions. Ribosomal proteins from two eucaryotic species, prepared by either the guanidine . HCl or LiCl . urea method and subsequently dissolved in 8 M urea were found to be largely retained in solution after removal of the urea by dialysis against a solution of low ionic strength (0.05 M Tris . HCl, pH 7.6, 0.025 M KCl, 0.005 M magnesium acetate) and centrifugation at 100,000 times g. The protein composition of this preparation was virtually identical to that of the original urea-containing solution as determined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus, there exists a very simple method for obtaining the bulk of the ribosomal proteins in solution under conditions where ribosomes themselves are stable.", "PMID": 1168505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2328", "title": "Nitrogenase. VI. Acetylene reduction assay: Dependence of nitrogen fixation estimates on component ratio and acetylene concentration.", "content": "Acetylene reduction, an assay for nitrogenase activity (nitrogen:(acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.99.2), Is dependent on the ratio of the two protein components of nitrogenase as well as on C2H2 concentration. As the component I : component II ratio (based on activity) is increased, the C2H2 reduction : N2 fixation ratio decreases to a minimum of 3.4 and then increases. The minimum is found at a ratio near 1 : 1. At a component I : component II ratio of 20 : 1, the C2H2 reduction : N2 fixation ratio is 5.3. Acetylene exhibits substrate inhibition in assays for nitrogenase activity. Both the apparent Km and Ki for acetylene vary as a function of the relative concentrations of components I and II present in the assay. When the more labile component II is limiting in the assay and \"saturating\" levels of C2H2 (above 0.1 atm) are used, N2-fixation capacity may be greatly under-estimated.", "contents": "Nitrogenase. VI. Acetylene reduction assay: Dependence of nitrogen fixation estimates on component ratio and acetylene concentration. Acetylene reduction, an assay for nitrogenase activity (nitrogen:(acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.99.2), Is dependent on the ratio of the two protein components of nitrogenase as well as on C2H2 concentration. As the component I : component II ratio (based on activity) is increased, the C2H2 reduction : N2 fixation ratio decreases to a minimum of 3.4 and then increases. The minimum is found at a ratio near 1 : 1. At a component I : component II ratio of 20 : 1, the C2H2 reduction : N2 fixation ratio is 5.3. Acetylene exhibits substrate inhibition in assays for nitrogenase activity. Both the apparent Km and Ki for acetylene vary as a function of the relative concentrations of components I and II present in the assay. When the more labile component II is limiting in the assay and \"saturating\" levels of C2H2 (above 0.1 atm) are used, N2-fixation capacity may be greatly under-estimated.", "PMID": 1168506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2329", "title": "Inhibitory effect of D-glucosamine on glycolysis in bovine retina.", "content": "1. The effects of glucosamine concentration on the size of the lactate pool, on the levels of ATP, ADP, AMP and on the radioactivity incorporation from [1-14-C] glucosamine into lactate, N-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine-6-P were studied using whole bovine retinas. 2. The radioactive lactate, evaluated in relation to glucosamine molarity, after a modest initial increase, diminishes significantly. On the contrary the N-acetyl [1-14-C] glucosamine, the [1-14-C] glucosamine-6-P and, consequently, also the [1-14-C] glucosamine-6-P/[-14-C] lactate ratio increase with glucosamine molarity. 3. The retinal content of ATP shows a modest increment after incubation with low concentrations of D-glucosamine (0.5--2.0 mM) and a remarkable fall at higher concentrations. 4. Using retinal homogenates D-glucosamine clearly lowers the lactate production from glucose, glucose-6-P and fructose-1, 6-P2. 5. D-Glucosamine acts as an inhibitor of retinal glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase by decreasing the initial velocity of these reactions. 6. It is concluded that D-glucosamine causes a reduction in the lactate production, by inhibiting two enzymes of the glycolytic pathway: glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase. The fall in the adenine nucleotides content is a consequence of a dephosphorylation of ATP for the phosphorylation of glucosamine without concomitant resynthesis of ATP \"via glycolysis\".", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of D-glucosamine on glycolysis in bovine retina. 1. The effects of glucosamine concentration on the size of the lactate pool, on the levels of ATP, ADP, AMP and on the radioactivity incorporation from [1-14-C] glucosamine into lactate, N-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine-6-P were studied using whole bovine retinas. 2. The radioactive lactate, evaluated in relation to glucosamine molarity, after a modest initial increase, diminishes significantly. On the contrary the N-acetyl [1-14-C] glucosamine, the [1-14-C] glucosamine-6-P and, consequently, also the [1-14-C] glucosamine-6-P/[-14-C] lactate ratio increase with glucosamine molarity. 3. The retinal content of ATP shows a modest increment after incubation with low concentrations of D-glucosamine (0.5--2.0 mM) and a remarkable fall at higher concentrations. 4. Using retinal homogenates D-glucosamine clearly lowers the lactate production from glucose, glucose-6-P and fructose-1, 6-P2. 5. D-Glucosamine acts as an inhibitor of retinal glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase by decreasing the initial velocity of these reactions. 6. It is concluded that D-glucosamine causes a reduction in the lactate production, by inhibiting two enzymes of the glycolytic pathway: glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase. The fall in the adenine nucleotides content is a consequence of a dephosphorylation of ATP for the phosphorylation of glucosamine without concomitant resynthesis of ATP \"via glycolysis\".", "PMID": 1168507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2330", "title": "Optimal conditions for uptake of exogenous DNA by Chinese hamster lung cells deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase.", "content": "Conditions were characterized for maximizing the uptake of exogenous mammalian cell DNA by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient Chinese hamster lung cells. Recipient cell cultures in an exponential growth phase were found to be more competent in taking up DNA than stationary cultures. Polyornithine enhanced the uptake of exogenous DNA more reproducibly and to a greater extent than did any of the other facilitators tested (DEAE-dextran, CaCl2, latex spheres, spermine, polylysine and polyarginine). Maximal DNA incorporation occurred when polyornithine and DNA were mixed together prior to inoculation. About 25-30% of the DNA inoculum became deoxyribonuclease-resistant in a typical experiment utilizing polyornithine as the facilitator. Both homologous and heterologous exogenous DNAs rapidly became associated with recipient cell nuclei: approximately 95% of the deoxyribonuclease-resistant donor DNA was nuclear-associated 15 min after inoculation.", "contents": "Optimal conditions for uptake of exogenous DNA by Chinese hamster lung cells deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Conditions were characterized for maximizing the uptake of exogenous mammalian cell DNA by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient Chinese hamster lung cells. Recipient cell cultures in an exponential growth phase were found to be more competent in taking up DNA than stationary cultures. Polyornithine enhanced the uptake of exogenous DNA more reproducibly and to a greater extent than did any of the other facilitators tested (DEAE-dextran, CaCl2, latex spheres, spermine, polylysine and polyarginine). Maximal DNA incorporation occurred when polyornithine and DNA were mixed together prior to inoculation. About 25-30% of the DNA inoculum became deoxyribonuclease-resistant in a typical experiment utilizing polyornithine as the facilitator. Both homologous and heterologous exogenous DNAs rapidly became associated with recipient cell nuclei: approximately 95% of the deoxyribonuclease-resistant donor DNA was nuclear-associated 15 min after inoculation.", "PMID": 1168508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2331", "title": "Fe(III) and Cu(II) conalbumin visible circular dichroism spectra.", "content": "The single polypeptide chain of conalbumin strongly binds two Fe(III) or two Cu(II) ions to yield intense absorption in the visible region similar to that shown by the related protein transferrin. Comparison of the metal-ion-binding sites in the two proteins is made by exploiting the sensitivity to ligand geometry of circular dichroism (CD). For the Fe(III) proteins strong similarities of the CD spectra outweigh marginal differences. For Cu(II) conalbumin an additional negative extremum near 506 nm appears between two positive ones at 634 and 410 nm suggesting greater subtraction of oppositely signed CD components leading to lesser magnitudes for the two positive peaks than are found in Cu(II)-transferrin. The two Fe(III)-binding sites within conalbumin are compared by noting the strong similarities of the CD and MCD of proteins with Fe(III) in one site and Ga(III) in the other site, and vice versa, with the protein containing Fe(III) in both sites. Due to features of the amino acid sequences of the single protein chains, the four strong metal ion binding sites in conalbumin and transferrin cannot be identical in all particulars, yet CD spectra of their metal ion complexes are closely similar. From a study of model phenolate complexes and the wavelength maxima of visible absorption in the Fe(III), Cu(II), and Co(III) proteins near 465, 440, and 405 nm, respectively, these strong absorption bands are identified as ligand to metal ion electron-transfer transitions. It is suggested that tyrosyl residues are the donors in the electron transfer transitions and that they lock in the metal ions after being keyed into position by binding of bicarbonate or other anions.", "contents": "Fe(III) and Cu(II) conalbumin visible circular dichroism spectra. The single polypeptide chain of conalbumin strongly binds two Fe(III) or two Cu(II) ions to yield intense absorption in the visible region similar to that shown by the related protein transferrin. Comparison of the metal-ion-binding sites in the two proteins is made by exploiting the sensitivity to ligand geometry of circular dichroism (CD). For the Fe(III) proteins strong similarities of the CD spectra outweigh marginal differences. For Cu(II) conalbumin an additional negative extremum near 506 nm appears between two positive ones at 634 and 410 nm suggesting greater subtraction of oppositely signed CD components leading to lesser magnitudes for the two positive peaks than are found in Cu(II)-transferrin. The two Fe(III)-binding sites within conalbumin are compared by noting the strong similarities of the CD and MCD of proteins with Fe(III) in one site and Ga(III) in the other site, and vice versa, with the protein containing Fe(III) in both sites. Due to features of the amino acid sequences of the single protein chains, the four strong metal ion binding sites in conalbumin and transferrin cannot be identical in all particulars, yet CD spectra of their metal ion complexes are closely similar. From a study of model phenolate complexes and the wavelength maxima of visible absorption in the Fe(III), Cu(II), and Co(III) proteins near 465, 440, and 405 nm, respectively, these strong absorption bands are identified as ligand to metal ion electron-transfer transitions. It is suggested that tyrosyl residues are the donors in the electron transfer transitions and that they lock in the metal ions after being keyed into position by binding of bicarbonate or other anions.", "PMID": 1168509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2332", "title": "Platelet migration inhibition: a new method for detection of platelet antibodies.", "content": "A test for platelet antibodies based on the inhibition of migration of platelets from a capillary tube is described. The technique is simple and is capable of detecting antibodies directed against HL-A antigens and the platelet-specific antigen, Pl-A1. Inhibitory activity was detected in sera from two of seven patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The platelet migration inhibition test was as sensitive as platelet lysis and more sensitive than complement fixation, aggregometry, and platelet factor-3 release for detection of the antibodies studied.", "contents": "Platelet migration inhibition: a new method for detection of platelet antibodies. A test for platelet antibodies based on the inhibition of migration of platelets from a capillary tube is described. The technique is simple and is capable of detecting antibodies directed against HL-A antigens and the platelet-specific antigen, Pl-A1. Inhibitory activity was detected in sera from two of seven patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The platelet migration inhibition test was as sensitive as platelet lysis and more sensitive than complement fixation, aggregometry, and platelet factor-3 release for detection of the antibodies studied.", "PMID": 1168511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2333", "title": "Reaction of plasmic degradation products of fibrinogen in the radioimmunoassay of human fibrinopeptide A.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique has been devised for the measurement of human fibrinopeptide A (FPA). The system utilizes rabbit antiserum to native human FPA and a synthetic fibrinopeptide, with tyrosine substituted for phenylanine in amino acid position 8. The test detects native human FPA at a concentration of 0.1 ng/ml, but does not cross react with human fibrinopeptide B or with fibrinopeptides A from canine, porcine, or bovine fibrinogen. Fibrinogen and chemical or plasmic degradation products with 2 moled of FPA per mole react fully in this test system. This includes the large-molecular-weight intermediate fragments X and Y and the NH2-terminal disulfide knot, and indicates that this antibody recognizes and reacts with FPA in the presence of the contiguous peptide structures present in fibrinogen. Fragment E, which is derived from the NH-2-terminal  portion of fibrinogen, loses most of its FPA content after its liberation from its precursor derivative and reacts to a lesser extent in the RIA than do fragments X and Y. This correlated with the recovery of FPA-positive material from ultrafilitrates of extensive but not partial plasmic digests of fibrinogen. Although FPA immunoreactivity liberated from fibrinogen does not necessarily reflect thrombin activity and/or fibrin formation, only extensive plasmic degradation yields peptide material which reacts in this RIA system. This should not be a serious limitation to the application of the RIA in the detection of venous thrombosis.", "contents": "Reaction of plasmic degradation products of fibrinogen in the radioimmunoassay of human fibrinopeptide A. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique has been devised for the measurement of human fibrinopeptide A (FPA). The system utilizes rabbit antiserum to native human FPA and a synthetic fibrinopeptide, with tyrosine substituted for phenylanine in amino acid position 8. The test detects native human FPA at a concentration of 0.1 ng/ml, but does not cross react with human fibrinopeptide B or with fibrinopeptides A from canine, porcine, or bovine fibrinogen. Fibrinogen and chemical or plasmic degradation products with 2 moled of FPA per mole react fully in this test system. This includes the large-molecular-weight intermediate fragments X and Y and the NH2-terminal disulfide knot, and indicates that this antibody recognizes and reacts with FPA in the presence of the contiguous peptide structures present in fibrinogen. Fragment E, which is derived from the NH-2-terminal  portion of fibrinogen, loses most of its FPA content after its liberation from its precursor derivative and reacts to a lesser extent in the RIA than do fragments X and Y. This correlated with the recovery of FPA-positive material from ultrafilitrates of extensive but not partial plasmic digests of fibrinogen. Although FPA immunoreactivity liberated from fibrinogen does not necessarily reflect thrombin activity and/or fibrin formation, only extensive plasmic degradation yields peptide material which reacts in this RIA system. This should not be a serious limitation to the application of the RIA in the detection of venous thrombosis.", "PMID": 1168512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2334", "title": "Sensitivity of spinal cords from chick embroys in culture to organic mercury compounds: comparison with dorasal root ganglia.", "content": "The lowest doses for total inhibition of MMC, EMC, EMP, and PMC on spinal cords from chick embryos in tissue culture were 2.5, 1, 5, and 2.5 times 10-6 M, respectively. From these results, it was presumed that spinal cord was more sensitive than dorsal root ganglion to these organic mercury compounds.", "contents": "Sensitivity of spinal cords from chick embroys in culture to organic mercury compounds: comparison with dorasal root ganglia. The lowest doses for total inhibition of MMC, EMC, EMP, and PMC on spinal cords from chick embryos in tissue culture were 2.5, 1, 5, and 2.5 times 10-6 M, respectively. From these results, it was presumed that spinal cord was more sensitive than dorsal root ganglion to these organic mercury compounds.", "PMID": 1168513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2335", "title": "Effects of adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprenaline and salbutamol on the production and release of renin by isolated renal cortical cells of the cat.", "content": "1 Isolated renal cortical cells of the cat have been demonstrated to produce renin on incubation in vitro. After 2 h of incubation, without added agonist, the total amount of renin in the flask increased by a mean of 27.2 percent. The increase in renin content of the incubation flask was found to be present in the medium. 2 Noradrenaline (1.18 times 10-minus 4M) and adrenaline (1.09 times 10-minus 4M) added to the incubation medium stimulated renin production by 45 and 34% respectively, compared with the incubated controls. Most of the increase in renin production was present in the incubation medium. 3 Isoprenaline did not stimulate renin production. However, when added to the incubation medium at a concentration of 0.72 times 10-minus 4M there was a significant decrease in the cellular content and a significant increase in the medium content of renin. This increase was at least as great as that observed with adrenaline and noradrenaline. 4 Salbutamol had an effect similar to isoprenaline, i.e. it induced the release of renin into the medium without affecting production. In this respect it was about a third as potent as isoprenaline.", "contents": "Effects of adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprenaline and salbutamol on the production and release of renin by isolated renal cortical cells of the cat. 1 Isolated renal cortical cells of the cat have been demonstrated to produce renin on incubation in vitro. After 2 h of incubation, without added agonist, the total amount of renin in the flask increased by a mean of 27.2 percent. The increase in renin content of the incubation flask was found to be present in the medium. 2 Noradrenaline (1.18 times 10-minus 4M) and adrenaline (1.09 times 10-minus 4M) added to the incubation medium stimulated renin production by 45 and 34% respectively, compared with the incubated controls. Most of the increase in renin production was present in the incubation medium. 3 Isoprenaline did not stimulate renin production. However, when added to the incubation medium at a concentration of 0.72 times 10-minus 4M there was a significant decrease in the cellular content and a significant increase in the medium content of renin. This increase was at least as great as that observed with adrenaline and noradrenaline. 4 Salbutamol had an effect similar to isoprenaline, i.e. it induced the release of renin into the medium without affecting production. In this respect it was about a third as potent as isoprenaline.", "PMID": 1168515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2336", "title": "Plasma nicotine levels after smoking cigarettes with high, medium, and low nicotine yields.", "content": "Plasma nicotine three minutes after smoking a cigarette was measured in 10 sedentary workers in mid-morning and five hours later on four typical working days. The average mid-morning level after they had been smoking their usual cigarettes (mean nicotine yield 1-34 ng) was 150-4 nmol/l (24-4 ng/ml) (range 95-6-236-7 nmol/l (15-5-38-4 ng/ml)). Despite great variation between smokersthe mid-morning levels of each smoker were fairly consistent over the four mornings and correlated 0-82 with their carboxyhaemoglobin levels. After continuing to smoke their usual brand or switching to a high-nicotine brand (3-2 mg) average afternoon levels of 185-6 and 180-0 nmol/6 (30-1 and 29-2 ng/ml) respectively were not significantly higher than the morning levels, but after switching to low-nicotine cigarettes (0-14 mg) the plasma nicotine dropped to an average of 52-4 nmol/l (8-5 ng/ml). The changes between morning and afternoon while smoking usual or high-nicotine cigarettes showed marked individual variation. The findings suggest that the plasma nicotine level just after a cigarette depends more on the way the cigarette is smoked than on its nicotine yield or the number which have been smoked over the preceding few hours.", "contents": "Plasma nicotine levels after smoking cigarettes with high, medium, and low nicotine yields. Plasma nicotine three minutes after smoking a cigarette was measured in 10 sedentary workers in mid-morning and five hours later on four typical working days. The average mid-morning level after they had been smoking their usual cigarettes (mean nicotine yield 1-34 ng) was 150-4 nmol/l (24-4 ng/ml) (range 95-6-236-7 nmol/l (15-5-38-4 ng/ml)). Despite great variation between smokersthe mid-morning levels of each smoker were fairly consistent over the four mornings and correlated 0-82 with their carboxyhaemoglobin levels. After continuing to smoke their usual brand or switching to a high-nicotine brand (3-2 mg) average afternoon levels of 185-6 and 180-0 nmol/6 (30-1 and 29-2 ng/ml) respectively were not significantly higher than the morning levels, but after switching to low-nicotine cigarettes (0-14 mg) the plasma nicotine dropped to an average of 52-4 nmol/l (8-5 ng/ml). The changes between morning and afternoon while smoking usual or high-nicotine cigarettes showed marked individual variation. The findings suggest that the plasma nicotine level just after a cigarette depends more on the way the cigarette is smoked than on its nicotine yield or the number which have been smoked over the preceding few hours.", "PMID": 1168517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2337", "title": "Body fat of British and Dutch infants.", "content": "The fatty acids in the body fat of 41 British and 37 Dutch infants between birth and 1 year were determined. At birth linoleic acid contributed 1-3% of the total fatty acids of the body fat in infants in both countries. By one month its proportion in the fat of the Dutch infants was about 25% and by four months 32-37%; in the fat of the British infants it was never more than 3%. In the Dutch infants this large increase in the linoleic acid percentage was accompanied by a fall in the percentage contribution of others, particularly the saturated acids myristic, palmitic, and stearic. Infants born preterm showed changes in their fat after birth similar to those in fullterm infants. The difference between the composition of the fat of the infants in the two countries is attributed to the nature of the fat in the milk they received. Until recently most British infants who are not breast-fed have been given milks based on cow's milk with only minor modifications. For the past 10 years many Dutch infants have been given a milk in which all the cow's milk fat has been replaced by maize oil. Dutch infants also had a lower concentration of cholesterol in their serum than British infants, which was not unexpected. The results show that the triglycerides in the adipose tissue are profoundly influenced by the nature of the fat in the diet.", "contents": "Body fat of British and Dutch infants. The fatty acids in the body fat of 41 British and 37 Dutch infants between birth and 1 year were determined. At birth linoleic acid contributed 1-3% of the total fatty acids of the body fat in infants in both countries. By one month its proportion in the fat of the Dutch infants was about 25% and by four months 32-37%; in the fat of the British infants it was never more than 3%. In the Dutch infants this large increase in the linoleic acid percentage was accompanied by a fall in the percentage contribution of others, particularly the saturated acids myristic, palmitic, and stearic. Infants born preterm showed changes in their fat after birth similar to those in fullterm infants. The difference between the composition of the fat of the infants in the two countries is attributed to the nature of the fat in the milk they received. Until recently most British infants who are not breast-fed have been given milks based on cow's milk with only minor modifications. For the past 10 years many Dutch infants have been given a milk in which all the cow's milk fat has been replaced by maize oil. Dutch infants also had a lower concentration of cholesterol in their serum than British infants, which was not unexpected. The results show that the triglycerides in the adipose tissue are profoundly influenced by the nature of the fat in the diet.", "PMID": 1168521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2338", "title": "The effect of a new antibiotic, cryptosporiopsin, on RNA synthesis in L-cells.", "content": "The effect of cryptosporiopsin on RNA synthesis in L-cells was studied as part of an investigation on the mechanism of action and potential toxicity of the antibiotic in mammalian cells. RNA synthesis in vitro was tested in intact isolated L-cell nuclei, in conjunction with selective inhibitors of nucleolar and nucleoplasmic RNA synthetic activities; It was found that only the nucleoplasmic activity (polymerase II), was inhibited by cryptosporiopsin and that the drug showed no effect on the activity of the nucleolar enzyme (polymerase I). RNA synthesis in vivo was tested using double labelling with I114-C]guanine and [3-H]-uridine in an attempt at discriminating between G+C nucleolar trna and high A+U nucleoplasmic RNA synthesis. Results revealed that the uptake of these precursors into both types of RNA was inhibited by cryptosporiopsin in intact cells. Measurements of the nucleotide pools in these cells indicated that the antibiotic affects uptak and phosphorylation of nucleosides and nucleotides, especially the production of ATP; These results suggest that the uptake inhibition observed in vivo could be due, at least in part, to energy and/or precursor shortage.", "contents": "The effect of a new antibiotic, cryptosporiopsin, on RNA synthesis in L-cells. The effect of cryptosporiopsin on RNA synthesis in L-cells was studied as part of an investigation on the mechanism of action and potential toxicity of the antibiotic in mammalian cells. RNA synthesis in vitro was tested in intact isolated L-cell nuclei, in conjunction with selective inhibitors of nucleolar and nucleoplasmic RNA synthetic activities; It was found that only the nucleoplasmic activity (polymerase II), was inhibited by cryptosporiopsin and that the drug showed no effect on the activity of the nucleolar enzyme (polymerase I). RNA synthesis in vivo was tested using double labelling with I114-C]guanine and [3-H]-uridine in an attempt at discriminating between G+C nucleolar trna and high A+U nucleoplasmic RNA synthesis. Results revealed that the uptake of these precursors into both types of RNA was inhibited by cryptosporiopsin in intact cells. Measurements of the nucleotide pools in these cells indicated that the antibiotic affects uptak and phosphorylation of nucleosides and nucleotides, especially the production of ATP; These results suggest that the uptake inhibition observed in vivo could be due, at least in part, to energy and/or precursor shortage.", "PMID": 1168526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2339", "title": "Lysolecithin and cholesterol interact stoichiometrically forming bimolecular lamellar structures in the presence of excess water, of lysolecithin or cholesterol.", "content": "The structural interaction of egg lysolecithin, derived from egg lecithin, and cholesterol in aqueous solution has been investigated using X-ray diffraction. When mixed in any proportions, either suspended in excess buffer or up to 85% lipid by dry weight, a separate lamellar phase containing equimolar proportions of lysolecithin and cholesterol forms, separate from excess water, or lysolecithin or cholesterol. The cholesterol disorders the crystalline chains of the lysolecithin. The equimolar phase is stable up to 50 degrees C unlike lysolecithin alone, which forms micelles, Thes results show that lysolecithin and cholesterol combine stoichiometrically in a stable complex. We propose as a structural model, that cholesterol fills the space of the missing fatty acyl chain making the lysolecithin more cylindrical rather than wedge shaped. This interaction could reduce both the lytic action of lysolecithin on membranes and its induction of cell fusion. It suggest another role of cholesterol in cell membranes: namely, to act as a stabilizer of bilayer structure by being a mobile component that can fill free volume in the hydrocarbon interior. Lysolecithin-cholesterol interaction may also be important in the early events of atherosclerosis where lysolecithin levels in vessel walls increase fivefold.", "contents": "Lysolecithin and cholesterol interact stoichiometrically forming bimolecular lamellar structures in the presence of excess water, of lysolecithin or cholesterol. The structural interaction of egg lysolecithin, derived from egg lecithin, and cholesterol in aqueous solution has been investigated using X-ray diffraction. When mixed in any proportions, either suspended in excess buffer or up to 85% lipid by dry weight, a separate lamellar phase containing equimolar proportions of lysolecithin and cholesterol forms, separate from excess water, or lysolecithin or cholesterol. The cholesterol disorders the crystalline chains of the lysolecithin. The equimolar phase is stable up to 50 degrees C unlike lysolecithin alone, which forms micelles, Thes results show that lysolecithin and cholesterol combine stoichiometrically in a stable complex. We propose as a structural model, that cholesterol fills the space of the missing fatty acyl chain making the lysolecithin more cylindrical rather than wedge shaped. This interaction could reduce both the lytic action of lysolecithin on membranes and its induction of cell fusion. It suggest another role of cholesterol in cell membranes: namely, to act as a stabilizer of bilayer structure by being a mobile component that can fill free volume in the hydrocarbon interior. Lysolecithin-cholesterol interaction may also be important in the early events of atherosclerosis where lysolecithin levels in vessel walls increase fivefold.", "PMID": 1168527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2340", "title": "Apomorphine: sterotyped behavior and regional distribution in rat brain.", "content": "The distribution of apomorphine following subcutaneous injection of 20 mg/kg (as the hydrochloride) was measured spectrofluorometrically in specific regions of rat brain. Measurable concentrations were found in the brain within a few minutes of injection, the drug was still detectable for at least 60 min in all regions, and maximum concentration was observed 20 min after injection. Stereotyped behavior, characteristic of apomorphine action, followed a time course parallel to accumulation of the drug in the brain.", "contents": "Apomorphine: sterotyped behavior and regional distribution in rat brain. The distribution of apomorphine following subcutaneous injection of 20 mg/kg (as the hydrochloride) was measured spectrofluorometrically in specific regions of rat brain. Measurable concentrations were found in the brain within a few minutes of injection, the drug was still detectable for at least 60 min in all regions, and maximum concentration was observed 20 min after injection. Stereotyped behavior, characteristic of apomorphine action, followed a time course parallel to accumulation of the drug in the brain.", "PMID": 1168528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2341", "title": "Purification and some properties of the soluble and membrane-bound adenosine deaminases of Micrococcus sodonensis ATCC 11880 and their distribution within the family Micrococcacea.", "content": "In Micrococcus sodonensis and some other Micrococcus species, adenosien deaminase is present both as a membran-bound and a soluble enzyme; The membran-bound adenosine deaminase can be extracted with n-butanol, and may account for up to 5% of the total cellular adenosine deaminase activity. In a number oc comparative tests, no differences between the two enzyme forms could be found, thus they are believed to be similar molecular species; The purified membran-bound or soluble enzyme had a molecular weight, obtained by gel-filtration, of 130 000 and was inactive toward adenine and adenine mononucleotides. It appears, therefore, to be more closely related to the calf-intestine enzyme than the Aspergillus oryzae form in respect to size and substrate specificity; Attempts to correlate membrane-bound adenosine deaminase activity with adenosine transport in isolated membrane vesicles of M. sodonensis indicated no obvious relationship between the two activities.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of the soluble and membrane-bound adenosine deaminases of Micrococcus sodonensis ATCC 11880 and their distribution within the family Micrococcacea. In Micrococcus sodonensis and some other Micrococcus species, adenosien deaminase is present both as a membran-bound and a soluble enzyme; The membran-bound adenosine deaminase can be extracted with n-butanol, and may account for up to 5% of the total cellular adenosine deaminase activity. In a number oc comparative tests, no differences between the two enzyme forms could be found, thus they are believed to be similar molecular species; The purified membran-bound or soluble enzyme had a molecular weight, obtained by gel-filtration, of 130 000 and was inactive toward adenine and adenine mononucleotides. It appears, therefore, to be more closely related to the calf-intestine enzyme than the Aspergillus oryzae form in respect to size and substrate specificity; Attempts to correlate membrane-bound adenosine deaminase activity with adenosine transport in isolated membrane vesicles of M. sodonensis indicated no obvious relationship between the two activities.", "PMID": 1168529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2342", "title": "Effects of changes in environmental lighting upon levels of hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase activity in the developing-chick gland.", "content": "The level of hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity in the pienal gland of developing chicks raised under constant illumination rose more rapidly and to higher values than in the gland of birds maintained in constant darkness. Rates of net increase in activity, and levels of activity attained, for birds raised under a diurnal cycle of illumination were intermediate between those maintained in constant light or darkness. Under each of the lighting conditions, the course of increase in enzymic activity was markedly affected by variations in an unidentified factor, the source of which appeared to be the hatching eggs. Birds transferred from constant light to the dark showed either an arrest of increase in enzyme activity or a loss of activity until the levels equalled that observed for chicks of the same age raised in constant darkness. Chicks transferred from constant darkness to constant illumination showed marked increases in levels of enzyme activity at rates comparable with the maximal values observed with birds maintained under constant illumination, regardless of age and without delay. No diurnal cycle in level of HIOMT activity was observed in the pineals of 15-day birds.", "contents": "Effects of changes in environmental lighting upon levels of hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase activity in the developing-chick gland. The level of hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity in the pienal gland of developing chicks raised under constant illumination rose more rapidly and to higher values than in the gland of birds maintained in constant darkness. Rates of net increase in activity, and levels of activity attained, for birds raised under a diurnal cycle of illumination were intermediate between those maintained in constant light or darkness. Under each of the lighting conditions, the course of increase in enzymic activity was markedly affected by variations in an unidentified factor, the source of which appeared to be the hatching eggs. Birds transferred from constant light to the dark showed either an arrest of increase in enzyme activity or a loss of activity until the levels equalled that observed for chicks of the same age raised in constant darkness. Chicks transferred from constant darkness to constant illumination showed marked increases in levels of enzyme activity at rates comparable with the maximal values observed with birds maintained under constant illumination, regardless of age and without delay. No diurnal cycle in level of HIOMT activity was observed in the pineals of 15-day birds.", "PMID": 1168530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2343", "title": "Antibody production in goat milk serum after virus instillation of goat mammary gland. VII. Biochemical studies on sham infection with rabies and other non-propagatingagents.", "content": "This report describes the development of a method for the production and isolation of neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus (ERA strain) and other agents in the goat mammary gland during active lactation. The rabies virus did not propagate in thegland, but neutralizing antibodies were produced by serial instillations of the antigen. This process was termed 'sham infection.' Antibodies first appeared in the mildabout the 20th day and the titer increased until the 28th day. The antibodies were found to be associated with the lactogammaglobulin. The milk globulins were fractionated by gel chromatography and the fraction containing the antibody was isolated. This fraction was further purified and characterized by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and an analytical ultracentrifugation technique. The neutralizing antibody activityafter the 29th day was associated with the milk serum IgG fraction. This acive fraction was found to have a sedimentation coefficient of 6.8 Svedberg units.", "contents": "Antibody production in goat milk serum after virus instillation of goat mammary gland. VII. Biochemical studies on sham infection with rabies and other non-propagatingagents. This report describes the development of a method for the production and isolation of neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus (ERA strain) and other agents in the goat mammary gland during active lactation. The rabies virus did not propagate in thegland, but neutralizing antibodies were produced by serial instillations of the antigen. This process was termed 'sham infection.' Antibodies first appeared in the mildabout the 20th day and the titer increased until the 28th day. The antibodies were found to be associated with the lactogammaglobulin. The milk globulins were fractionated by gel chromatography and the fraction containing the antibody was isolated. This fraction was further purified and characterized by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and an analytical ultracentrifugation technique. The neutralizing antibody activityafter the 29th day was associated with the milk serum IgG fraction. This acive fraction was found to have a sedimentation coefficient of 6.8 Svedberg units.", "PMID": 1168531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2344", "title": "Germ-cell malignant tumours in father and son.", "content": "Germ-cell malignant tumours occurred in a man and his son. The father, who had a teratoma of the right testicle removed 24 years ago, is presently alive and well. The son, who had a choriocarcinoma presenting as an abdominal mass, possibly originating in the testicle, died within 7 months of the diagnosis with metastases in the lungs, liver and retroperitoneum. This report documents the third such case of germ-cell neoplasms occurring in father and son.", "contents": "Germ-cell malignant tumours in father and son. Germ-cell malignant tumours occurred in a man and his son. The father, who had a teratoma of the right testicle removed 24 years ago, is presently alive and well. The son, who had a choriocarcinoma presenting as an abdominal mass, possibly originating in the testicle, died within 7 months of the diagnosis with metastases in the lungs, liver and retroperitoneum. This report documents the third such case of germ-cell neoplasms occurring in father and son.", "PMID": 1168534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2345", "title": "Locomotion studies as an aid in clinical assessment of childhood gait.", "content": "A clinical locomotion laboratory has been developed to provide quantitative information in the management of gait disorders. The biomedical engineering development of this system identified two major clinical constraints: (a) the need for instrumentation that would not alter the natural gait of the patient and (b) the need for data-processing techniques that would permit analysis and correlation of the large volume of electromyographic (EMg) and kinematic information. The net result has been a unit that incorporates a multichannel telemetry system to capture the EMG and foot-switch information and a television computer system to handle the kinematic information. Gait studies on children with hemiparesis, muscular dystrophy and cerebral palsy have yielded quantitative EMG and kinematic information on the pathomechanics of ambulation in these disorders. Because the information obtained is quantitative, an accurate measure of improvement (or lack of it) after treatment can be documented. Therefore, the locomotion laboratory may have an important role in the preoperative and postoperative evaluation of children whose abnormal gait may require surgical corrective procedures or rehabilitative treatment including the use of prostheses or orthoses.", "contents": "Locomotion studies as an aid in clinical assessment of childhood gait. A clinical locomotion laboratory has been developed to provide quantitative information in the management of gait disorders. The biomedical engineering development of this system identified two major clinical constraints: (a) the need for instrumentation that would not alter the natural gait of the patient and (b) the need for data-processing techniques that would permit analysis and correlation of the large volume of electromyographic (EMg) and kinematic information. The net result has been a unit that incorporates a multichannel telemetry system to capture the EMG and foot-switch information and a television computer system to handle the kinematic information. Gait studies on children with hemiparesis, muscular dystrophy and cerebral palsy have yielded quantitative EMG and kinematic information on the pathomechanics of ambulation in these disorders. Because the information obtained is quantitative, an accurate measure of improvement (or lack of it) after treatment can be documented. Therefore, the locomotion laboratory may have an important role in the preoperative and postoperative evaluation of children whose abnormal gait may require surgical corrective procedures or rehabilitative treatment including the use of prostheses or orthoses.", "PMID": 1168537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2346", "title": "The future of child psychiatry. Mandate for change.", "content": "It seems that the future of child psychiatry is uncertain, since its present body of knowledge and its identity both within its own discipline and relative to others are unclear. Nevertheless, the vast problems of childhood and adolescence delineated by the recent plethora of reports indicate the unmet needs, and it is obviously necessary that child psychiatrists should join other groups in attempting to radically alleviate these problems. But although it has been fashionable to describe the radical child psychiatrist as liberal, flexible, non-committed and open, true radicalism in chid psychiatry would be signalled by a return to structure, by careful and circumscribed clinical activity and by a proper measure of humility.", "contents": "The future of child psychiatry. Mandate for change. It seems that the future of child psychiatry is uncertain, since its present body of knowledge and its identity both within its own discipline and relative to others are unclear. Nevertheless, the vast problems of childhood and adolescence delineated by the recent plethora of reports indicate the unmet needs, and it is obviously necessary that child psychiatrists should join other groups in attempting to radically alleviate these problems. But although it has been fashionable to describe the radical child psychiatrist as liberal, flexible, non-committed and open, true radicalism in chid psychiatry would be signalled by a return to structure, by careful and circumscribed clinical activity and by a proper measure of humility.", "PMID": 1168538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2347", "title": "Identical twins concordant for anorexia nervosa. A preliminary case report.", "content": "This case described the symptoms of anorexia nervosa occurring in identical twins. The problems of twinship, especially the failure to establish separate identities, complicated the more general psychological issues facing these adolescents in a disturbed family. In therapy the core issues of the anorexic patient persist--disturbance of body image, misinterpretation of body stimuli and a sense of ineffectiveness. Up to now therapy seems to have improved family function, making it easier for them to coexist and decreasing the feelings of hostility and negativism felt between the parents and the twins. Eating behaviour presently focuses on the twins' need to have equal amounts of food but less emphasis is placed on the food as an area of conflict for the family.", "contents": "Identical twins concordant for anorexia nervosa. A preliminary case report. This case described the symptoms of anorexia nervosa occurring in identical twins. The problems of twinship, especially the failure to establish separate identities, complicated the more general psychological issues facing these adolescents in a disturbed family. In therapy the core issues of the anorexic patient persist--disturbance of body image, misinterpretation of body stimuli and a sense of ineffectiveness. Up to now therapy seems to have improved family function, making it easier for them to coexist and decreasing the feelings of hostility and negativism felt between the parents and the twins. Eating behaviour presently focuses on the twins' need to have equal amounts of food but less emphasis is placed on the food as an area of conflict for the family.", "PMID": 1168539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2348", "title": "Inhibition of the metabolism of amino sugars with 2-deoxy-2-(2-fluoroacetamido)-alpha-D-glucopyranose.", "content": "The metabolism of amino sugars in extracts of mouse cells was studied by the use of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-pyranose, and N-acetylneuraminic acid as tracers with or without added 0.5mM 2-deoxy-2-(2-fluoroacetamido)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl pyrophosphate) and cytidine 5'-(N-acetylneuraminyl monophosphate) was inhibited by the fluoro sugar.", "contents": "Inhibition of the metabolism of amino sugars with 2-deoxy-2-(2-fluoroacetamido)-alpha-D-glucopyranose. The metabolism of amino sugars in extracts of mouse cells was studied by the use of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-pyranose, and N-acetylneuraminic acid as tracers with or without added 0.5mM 2-deoxy-2-(2-fluoroacetamido)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl pyrophosphate) and cytidine 5'-(N-acetylneuraminyl monophosphate) was inhibited by the fluoro sugar.", "PMID": 1168542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2349", "title": "A compartmental analysis of circulatory lymphocytes in the spleen.", "content": "A tentative model describing the passage of circulatory lymphocytes through the spleen is formulated in accord with known anatomical features. In order to preserve isomorphism between the model and the splenic system, the model is formulated in compartmental form and its design allows alternative routes and modes of lymphocyte transit to be considered. The simultaneous differential equations arising from the model are solved using an analogue computer which also provides the means whereby the performance of the model may be compared with suitable dynamic data drawn from literature. This not only allows the selection of a particular configuration of the model in preference to its alternatives, but also allows the numerical determination of certain unknown parameters. In the case of the rat spleen, best agreement between model and experimental data is obtained when between 10 and 25% of the total lymphocyte flux in the model spleen passes through the marginal zone where the average dwell time of the lymphocytes is about 50 min. The white pulp receives a lymphocyte flux from the marginal zone amounting to about 10% of the total splenic flux and the white pulp lymphocytes are sequestered for a period of 4-6 hr before release to the venous circulation. The red pulp receives 90% of the total splenic flux but the majority of lymphocytes find transit through the red pulp in less than 5 min. The remaining flux of lymphocytes, amounting to 10% of the splenic input, is delayed in transit through the red pulp by 2-3 hr before release to the venous circulation.", "contents": "A compartmental analysis of circulatory lymphocytes in the spleen. A tentative model describing the passage of circulatory lymphocytes through the spleen is formulated in accord with known anatomical features. In order to preserve isomorphism between the model and the splenic system, the model is formulated in compartmental form and its design allows alternative routes and modes of lymphocyte transit to be considered. The simultaneous differential equations arising from the model are solved using an analogue computer which also provides the means whereby the performance of the model may be compared with suitable dynamic data drawn from literature. This not only allows the selection of a particular configuration of the model in preference to its alternatives, but also allows the numerical determination of certain unknown parameters. In the case of the rat spleen, best agreement between model and experimental data is obtained when between 10 and 25% of the total lymphocyte flux in the model spleen passes through the marginal zone where the average dwell time of the lymphocytes is about 50 min. The white pulp receives a lymphocyte flux from the marginal zone amounting to about 10% of the total splenic flux and the white pulp lymphocytes are sequestered for a period of 4-6 hr before release to the venous circulation. The red pulp receives 90% of the total splenic flux but the majority of lymphocytes find transit through the red pulp in less than 5 min. The remaining flux of lymphocytes, amounting to 10% of the splenic input, is delayed in transit through the red pulp by 2-3 hr before release to the venous circulation.", "PMID": 1168543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2350", "title": "A kinetic estimation of base sequence complexity of nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA in mouse Friend cells.", "content": "Complementary DNA (cDNA) has been transcribed by viral reverse transcriptase from poly(A)-containing nuclear RNA prepared from growing mouse Friend cells (clone M2). Annealing experiments with this cDNA have demonstrated that a large proportion of the poly(A) tracts in M2 cell nuclear RNA are adjacent to RNA sequences which are transcribed from nonrepetitive DNA in the mouse genome. The kinetics of hybridization of cDNA to template RNA indicate that nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA consists of at least two abundance classes, the more complex of which is transcribed from approximately 3 percent of the genome. Thus there are at least 5 times more unique DNA sequences represented in nuclear polyadenylated RNA than in polysomal polyadenylated RNA. Moreover, there is evidence for posttranscriptional mechanisms which alter the relative concentrations of some (at least) gene transcripts between nucleus and cytoplasm.", "contents": "A kinetic estimation of base sequence complexity of nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA in mouse Friend cells. Complementary DNA (cDNA) has been transcribed by viral reverse transcriptase from poly(A)-containing nuclear RNA prepared from growing mouse Friend cells (clone M2). Annealing experiments with this cDNA have demonstrated that a large proportion of the poly(A) tracts in M2 cell nuclear RNA are adjacent to RNA sequences which are transcribed from nonrepetitive DNA in the mouse genome. The kinetics of hybridization of cDNA to template RNA indicate that nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA consists of at least two abundance classes, the more complex of which is transcribed from approximately 3 percent of the genome. Thus there are at least 5 times more unique DNA sequences represented in nuclear polyadenylated RNA than in polysomal polyadenylated RNA. Moreover, there is evidence for posttranscriptional mechanisms which alter the relative concentrations of some (at least) gene transcripts between nucleus and cytoplasm.", "PMID": 1168544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2351", "title": "Alpha-amanitin resistance: a dominant mutation in CHO cells.", "content": "Hybrids of CHO cells were constructed consisting of either a 1:1 or 1:2 ratio of alpha-amanitin-resistant and sensitive cells, respectively. The resistance of such hybrids to killing by the drug was similar but slightly less than that of the resistant parent. The hybrids contained both resistant and wild-type RNA polymerase II, in amounts related to the expected gene dosage. The alpha-amanitin marker therefore is expressed codominantly.", "contents": "Alpha-amanitin resistance: a dominant mutation in CHO cells. Hybrids of CHO cells were constructed consisting of either a 1:1 or 1:2 ratio of alpha-amanitin-resistant and sensitive cells, respectively. The resistance of such hybrids to killing by the drug was similar but slightly less than that of the resistant parent. The hybrids contained both resistant and wild-type RNA polymerase II, in amounts related to the expected gene dosage. The alpha-amanitin marker therefore is expressed codominantly.", "PMID": 1168545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2352", "title": "Polyribosomal structures inactive for protein synthesis present in erythroid cells during terminal stages of differentiation.", "content": "During the terminal stages of differentiation nucleated erythroid cells from the fetal mouse synthesize hemoglobin at a lower rate because after the last cycle of cell division about half of their polyribosomal structures are rendered inactive for protien synthesis though they maintain their aggregated shape. Partially inactive polyribosomes are tested in comparison with normal polyribosomes for the capacity to support polypeptide chain synthesis in cell-free conditions. The following observations are made: a) no difference is found for the profile on sucrose density gradients; b) partially inactive polyribosomes carry growing polypeptide chains in reduced amounts in comparison with active polyribosomes; c) partially inactive polyribosomes are not capable to release \"run off\" 80 S ribosomal monomers and to dissociate to active ribosomal subunits. These data are interpreted as the evidence for a block of chain termination producing inactivation of polyribosomes during the late maturation of nucleated erythroid cells.", "contents": "Polyribosomal structures inactive for protein synthesis present in erythroid cells during terminal stages of differentiation. During the terminal stages of differentiation nucleated erythroid cells from the fetal mouse synthesize hemoglobin at a lower rate because after the last cycle of cell division about half of their polyribosomal structures are rendered inactive for protien synthesis though they maintain their aggregated shape. Partially inactive polyribosomes are tested in comparison with normal polyribosomes for the capacity to support polypeptide chain synthesis in cell-free conditions. The following observations are made: a) no difference is found for the profile on sucrose density gradients; b) partially inactive polyribosomes carry growing polypeptide chains in reduced amounts in comparison with active polyribosomes; c) partially inactive polyribosomes are not capable to release \"run off\" 80 S ribosomal monomers and to dissociate to active ribosomal subunits. These data are interpreted as the evidence for a block of chain termination producing inactivation of polyribosomes during the late maturation of nucleated erythroid cells.", "PMID": 1168546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2353", "title": "PMR relaxation times of micelles of the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 and mixed micelles with phospholipids.", "content": "Previous pmr studies at 220 MHz have led to the suggestion that phosphatidylcholine and the nonionic surfactant Trition-X-100 form mixed micellar structures at high molar ratios of trition to phosphalipid. These mixed micelles provide one form of the phospholipid which the enzyme phospholipase A2 can utilize as substrate. Spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) and spin-spin relaxation times (T2) obtained from line widths for resolvable protons in Triton X-100 micelles and mixed micelles with egg phosphatidycholine and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine are reported. They suggest that the structure of the mixed micelles is generally similar to that of pure Triton X-100 micelles. The T1 values for the phsopholipid in the mixed micelles are found to be similar to those reported for phospholipid in sonicated vesicle preparations which are used as membrane models, but the lines are somewhat sharper suggesting the possibility of less anisotropic motion in the mixed micelles than in the vesicles.", "contents": "PMR relaxation times of micelles of the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 and mixed micelles with phospholipids. Previous pmr studies at 220 MHz have led to the suggestion that phosphatidylcholine and the nonionic surfactant Trition-X-100 form mixed micellar structures at high molar ratios of trition to phosphalipid. These mixed micelles provide one form of the phospholipid which the enzyme phospholipase A2 can utilize as substrate. Spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) and spin-spin relaxation times (T2) obtained from line widths for resolvable protons in Triton X-100 micelles and mixed micelles with egg phosphatidycholine and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine are reported. They suggest that the structure of the mixed micelles is generally similar to that of pure Triton X-100 micelles. The T1 values for the phsopholipid in the mixed micelles are found to be similar to those reported for phospholipid in sonicated vesicle preparations which are used as membrane models, but the lines are somewhat sharper suggesting the possibility of less anisotropic motion in the mixed micelles than in the vesicles.", "PMID": 1168549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2354", "title": "A rapid and specific method for the determination of oxytocinase (cystine aminopeptidase) activity using continuous flow analysis and S-benzyl-L-cysteine-p-nitroanilide as substrate.", "content": "1. An automated method is described for the assay of pregnancy serum cystine aminopeptidase (Oxytocinase, E.C. 3.4.1.10) using continuous flow analysis. S-Genzyl-L-cysteine-p-nitroanilide, the most highly specific substrate so far available for oxytocinase is employed in this assay. Comparison with the manual method from which it has been developed, gave a correlation coefficient of 0.98. Reaction of oxytocinase on the substrate liberated p-nitroaniline, the absorption of which is measured at 410nm. 2. Blank values are eliminated by the incorporation of a dialyzer in the manifold design and thereby effectively increasing the rate of assay sample to 40 per hour. The lag phase (a) of the continuous flow analysis is 0.17 min while the exponential phase (b) is 0.31 min. Using a 2:1 sample to wash ration the carry-over is 3% at a 95% of steady states.", "contents": "A rapid and specific method for the determination of oxytocinase (cystine aminopeptidase) activity using continuous flow analysis and S-benzyl-L-cysteine-p-nitroanilide as substrate. 1. An automated method is described for the assay of pregnancy serum cystine aminopeptidase (Oxytocinase, E.C. 3.4.1.10) using continuous flow analysis. S-Genzyl-L-cysteine-p-nitroanilide, the most highly specific substrate so far available for oxytocinase is employed in this assay. Comparison with the manual method from which it has been developed, gave a correlation coefficient of 0.98. Reaction of oxytocinase on the substrate liberated p-nitroaniline, the absorption of which is measured at 410nm. 2. Blank values are eliminated by the incorporation of a dialyzer in the manifold design and thereby effectively increasing the rate of assay sample to 40 per hour. The lag phase (a) of the continuous flow analysis is 0.17 min while the exponential phase (b) is 0.31 min. Using a 2:1 sample to wash ration the carry-over is 3% at a 95% of steady states.", "PMID": 1168550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2355", "title": "A rapid radioimmunoassay method for plasma luteinizing hormone.", "content": "1. A rapid double antibody radioummunoassay method for the determination of plasma luteinizing hormone (hLH) is described. 2. The method involves preincubation of the anti-LH serum with the precipitating second antibody and incubation of this mixture with unknows and standards at room temperature overnight. The incubation tubes are then centrifuged, supernatants decanted and the precipitates counted. 3. A total of two working days is required to complete the assay and report the results. 4. This method is more rapid than the conventional ones currently used for the estimation of LH in blood.", "contents": "A rapid radioimmunoassay method for plasma luteinizing hormone. 1. A rapid double antibody radioummunoassay method for the determination of plasma luteinizing hormone (hLH) is described. 2. The method involves preincubation of the anti-LH serum with the precipitating second antibody and incubation of this mixture with unknows and standards at room temperature overnight. The incubation tubes are then centrifuged, supernatants decanted and the precipitates counted. 3. A total of two working days is required to complete the assay and report the results. 4. This method is more rapid than the conventional ones currently used for the estimation of LH in blood.", "PMID": 1168551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2356", "title": "Estimation of plasma testosterone without extraction and chromatography.", "content": "A new radioimmunoassay for plasma testosterone in human blood plasma is described. The assay is performed directly upon the plasma without extraction and purification of the testosterone. Antibodies to testosterone-7alpha-carboxyethyl thioether-bovine serum albumin are used and data concerning the specificity of these antibodies are given.", "contents": "Estimation of plasma testosterone without extraction and chromatography. A new radioimmunoassay for plasma testosterone in human blood plasma is described. The assay is performed directly upon the plasma without extraction and purification of the testosterone. Antibodies to testosterone-7alpha-carboxyethyl thioether-bovine serum albumin are used and data concerning the specificity of these antibodies are given.", "PMID": 1168552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2357", "title": "Serum testosterone determination by mass fragmentography.", "content": "A mass fragmentographic reference method for the determination of plasma or serum testosterone is described. A fixed amount of [4--14C]testosterone (usually 10 ng) is added to a fixed amount of serum (usually 1 ml) and extracted with ether. The ether extract is purified by means of thin-layer chromatography. The purified testosterone is converted into the di-trimethylsilyl derivative by treatment with trimethylsilylimidazole. The amount of unlabeled testosterone is determined from the ratio between the recordings at m/e 432 and 434, obtained after analysis with a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer equipped with a MID-unit (multiple ion detector). The two ions used correspond to the molecular peak in the mass spectrum of unlabeled and 4--14C-labeled testosterone, respectively. The relative standard deviation of the method was about 2.7 percent. The method was compared with a radioimmunoassay technique. There was a good correlation and the regression coefficient was about 0.83. A diurnal rhythm in testosterone secretion was confirmed both with the mass fragmentographic technique and with radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Serum testosterone determination by mass fragmentography. A mass fragmentographic reference method for the determination of plasma or serum testosterone is described. A fixed amount of [4--14C]testosterone (usually 10 ng) is added to a fixed amount of serum (usually 1 ml) and extracted with ether. The ether extract is purified by means of thin-layer chromatography. The purified testosterone is converted into the di-trimethylsilyl derivative by treatment with trimethylsilylimidazole. The amount of unlabeled testosterone is determined from the ratio between the recordings at m/e 432 and 434, obtained after analysis with a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer equipped with a MID-unit (multiple ion detector). The two ions used correspond to the molecular peak in the mass spectrum of unlabeled and 4--14C-labeled testosterone, respectively. The relative standard deviation of the method was about 2.7 percent. The method was compared with a radioimmunoassay technique. There was a good correlation and the regression coefficient was about 0.83. A diurnal rhythm in testosterone secretion was confirmed both with the mass fragmentographic technique and with radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 1168554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2358", "title": "Preparation of high-quality iodine-125-labelled pituitary luteinizing hormone for radioimmunoassay.", "content": "High quality pituitary luteinizing hormone labelled with 125-I was obtained after separating out the more heavily iodinated fractions, through starch gel electrophoresis, using the cathodal component (Fraction 1) which was further purified on Sephadex G-100, giving an almost pure 125-I-labelled luteinizing hormone preparation, presenting excellent immunoreactivity and low levels of damage on incubation in plasma. The quality control of the steps of the technique was done with plasma-coated talc (200 mg) which compared favorably, as far as being an indication of intact labelled luteinizing hormone, with the more time-consuming chromatoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "Preparation of high-quality iodine-125-labelled pituitary luteinizing hormone for radioimmunoassay. High quality pituitary luteinizing hormone labelled with 125-I was obtained after separating out the more heavily iodinated fractions, through starch gel electrophoresis, using the cathodal component (Fraction 1) which was further purified on Sephadex G-100, giving an almost pure 125-I-labelled luteinizing hormone preparation, presenting excellent immunoreactivity and low levels of damage on incubation in plasma. The quality control of the steps of the technique was done with plasma-coated talc (200 mg) which compared favorably, as far as being an indication of intact labelled luteinizing hormone, with the more time-consuming chromatoelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 1168555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2359", "title": "The magnesium load test: I. A design for infants.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to design the shortest suitable magnesium load test for infants up to six months of age. A 56-hour test was used to study cation and creatinine excretion before and after an intramuscular load of 0.49 mEq of magnesium/kg of body weight. No diurnal excretion pattern for magnesium was found, and most of the magnesium rejected by the kidney was excreted by neonates within 32 hours, and by infants from one to six months of age within 24 hours. The postload urinary magnesium value usually stabilized at a slightlyhigher level than the preload level. The mean plasma magnesium level increased about 0.65 mEq/liter one hour after the load, and at the end of the test was 0.25 mEq/liter higher than the initial value; abnormally low plasma values were normalized. Renal excretion of creatinine and potassium was not affected by the magnesium load, but the 24-hour postload excretion was higher than the 24-hour preload excretion of calcium for all patients, and of sodium for some full-term neonates. Because of slow excretion of magnesium and concomitant caocium loss, special precautions are required for testing and repletion of young infants to avoid magnesium overload and calcium depletion. A suitable test would have an eight-hour preload period, a load of 0.49 mEq of magnesium (0.12 ml of 50 per cent MgSO4.7H20) per kg of body weight, and a postload collection of 32 hours for neonates and 24 hours for infants from one to six months of age.", "contents": "The magnesium load test: I. A design for infants. The purpose of this study was to design the shortest suitable magnesium load test for infants up to six months of age. A 56-hour test was used to study cation and creatinine excretion before and after an intramuscular load of 0.49 mEq of magnesium/kg of body weight. No diurnal excretion pattern for magnesium was found, and most of the magnesium rejected by the kidney was excreted by neonates within 32 hours, and by infants from one to six months of age within 24 hours. The postload urinary magnesium value usually stabilized at a slightlyhigher level than the preload level. The mean plasma magnesium level increased about 0.65 mEq/liter one hour after the load, and at the end of the test was 0.25 mEq/liter higher than the initial value; abnormally low plasma values were normalized. Renal excretion of creatinine and potassium was not affected by the magnesium load, but the 24-hour postload excretion was higher than the 24-hour preload excretion of calcium for all patients, and of sodium for some full-term neonates. Because of slow excretion of magnesium and concomitant caocium loss, special precautions are required for testing and repletion of young infants to avoid magnesium overload and calcium depletion. A suitable test would have an eight-hour preload period, a load of 0.49 mEq of magnesium (0.12 ml of 50 per cent MgSO4.7H20) per kg of body weight, and a postload collection of 32 hours for neonates and 24 hours for infants from one to six months of age.", "PMID": 1168557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2360", "title": "The characteristics of ferritin from human tissues, serum and blood cells.", "content": "1. The properties of ferritin in serum have been compared with those of ferritin from a number of tissues including blood cells. On anion-exchange chromatography with DEAE-Sephadex, the behaviour of human heart ferritin is different from that of liver, kidney or spleen ferritin. Reticulocyte ferritin appears to have similar characteristics to heart ferritin. 2. Serum ferritin from normal subjects and patients with various degrees of iron load, leukaemia or liver disease all have a much lower affinity for the anion-exchange column that any tissue ferritin, suggesting a difference in isoelectric point. The elution point of serum ferritin from patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia is significantly different from normal. 3. Density gradient centrifugation in sucrose showed that ferritin in leucocyte extracts and partially purified ferritin from the serum of two patients with iron overload behaved as apoferritin rather than the iron-rich protein. 4. The results suggest that ferritin is modified during its entry into the plasma and that even in cases of iron overload the iron content of serum ferritin may be low. The findings are of importance in considering the origin of plasma ferritin, the clearance of ferritin from plasma and its role in iron metabolism.", "contents": "The characteristics of ferritin from human tissues, serum and blood cells. 1. The properties of ferritin in serum have been compared with those of ferritin from a number of tissues including blood cells. On anion-exchange chromatography with DEAE-Sephadex, the behaviour of human heart ferritin is different from that of liver, kidney or spleen ferritin. Reticulocyte ferritin appears to have similar characteristics to heart ferritin. 2. Serum ferritin from normal subjects and patients with various degrees of iron load, leukaemia or liver disease all have a much lower affinity for the anion-exchange column that any tissue ferritin, suggesting a difference in isoelectric point. The elution point of serum ferritin from patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia is significantly different from normal. 3. Density gradient centrifugation in sucrose showed that ferritin in leucocyte extracts and partially purified ferritin from the serum of two patients with iron overload behaved as apoferritin rather than the iron-rich protein. 4. The results suggest that ferritin is modified during its entry into the plasma and that even in cases of iron overload the iron content of serum ferritin may be low. The findings are of importance in considering the origin of plasma ferritin, the clearance of ferritin from plasma and its role in iron metabolism.", "PMID": 1168559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2361", "title": "Impaired hepatic release of triglycerides: a possible cause of acute alcoholic fatty liver in the Rhesus monkey.", "content": "1. The mechanism of development of acute alcoholic fatty liver in the Rhesus monkey was investigated by studying the effect of Triton WR-1339 on plasma triglycerides. 2. After ethanol infusion, the rise in plasma triglyceride produced by Triton was greatly reduced and there was an accumulation of triglyceride in the liver. 3. Thus findings suggest that acute alcoholic fatty liver in Rhesus monkeys is probably due to a defect in the release of triglyceride from the liver.", "contents": "Impaired hepatic release of triglycerides: a possible cause of acute alcoholic fatty liver in the Rhesus monkey. 1. The mechanism of development of acute alcoholic fatty liver in the Rhesus monkey was investigated by studying the effect of Triton WR-1339 on plasma triglycerides. 2. After ethanol infusion, the rise in plasma triglyceride produced by Triton was greatly reduced and there was an accumulation of triglyceride in the liver. 3. Thus findings suggest that acute alcoholic fatty liver in Rhesus monkeys is probably due to a defect in the release of triglyceride from the liver.", "PMID": 1168560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2362", "title": "Isolated anomalous right ventricular muscle bundle in the asymptomatic adult.", "content": "Muscular obstruction to right ventricular outflow is usually at the infundibular level, but, less commonly, it can occur within the body of the ventricle due to an anomalous muscle bundle. This lesion is almost always associated with a ventricular septal defect or other cardiac lesions, and is usually discovered in infancy or childhood. Two asymptomatic adults with severe obstruction due to right ventricular muscular band as an isolated lesion are presented. The lesion can be tentatively diagnosed on clinical grounds and confirmed by angiocardiography. The advisability of surgical correction in the asymptomatic adult with such an isolated lesion is uncertain.", "contents": "Isolated anomalous right ventricular muscle bundle in the asymptomatic adult. Muscular obstruction to right ventricular outflow is usually at the infundibular level, but, less commonly, it can occur within the body of the ventricle due to an anomalous muscle bundle. This lesion is almost always associated with a ventricular septal defect or other cardiac lesions, and is usually discovered in infancy or childhood. Two asymptomatic adults with severe obstruction due to right ventricular muscular band as an isolated lesion are presented. The lesion can be tentatively diagnosed on clinical grounds and confirmed by angiocardiography. The advisability of surgical correction in the asymptomatic adult with such an isolated lesion is uncertain.", "PMID": 1168561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2363", "title": "Testicular maintenance and masculinized development of the vagina of the androgen-insensitive male rat pseudohermaphrodite.", "content": "The vaginae of about one-third of androgen-insensitive male rat pseudohermaphrodites never open nor can they be opened by the administration of estrogen, progesterone or andorgens. The vaginae of the remaining pseudohermaphrodites open significantly later than normal females, and, once open, require the presence of the testes or exogenous estrogen to maintain their patency. These defects in the vaginal development of the pseudohermaphrodite may be due to some perinatal masculinization of the perineum, unlike most of the phenotypically female development exhibited by this animal.", "contents": "Testicular maintenance and masculinized development of the vagina of the androgen-insensitive male rat pseudohermaphrodite. The vaginae of about one-third of androgen-insensitive male rat pseudohermaphrodites never open nor can they be opened by the administration of estrogen, progesterone or andorgens. The vaginae of the remaining pseudohermaphrodites open significantly later than normal females, and, once open, require the presence of the testes or exogenous estrogen to maintain their patency. These defects in the vaginal development of the pseudohermaphrodite may be due to some perinatal masculinization of the perineum, unlike most of the phenotypically female development exhibited by this animal.", "PMID": 1168564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2364", "title": "LH effect on the pattern of steroidogenesis in cultured Graafian follicles of the rat: dependence on macromolecular synthesis.", "content": "Graafian follicles explanted from proestrous rats before the preovulatory gonadotropin surge secreted predominantly 17beta-estradiol, and only small amounts of progestins and androgens, during 12 h of culture in hormone-free medium. Addition of ovine luteinizing hormone (NIH-LH-S18; 0.1-1.0 mug/ml) to the medium stimulated within 1-2 h the rate of accumulation of these steroids. However, accumulation of androstenedione and estradiol ceased after 4-6 h in the LH-treated cultures, whereas progesterone continued to accumulate and became the major secretory product at 6-12 h. Incubation of the follicles with LH for only 5 min resulted in significant stimulation of the accumulation of progesterone, androstenedione and estradiol during a subsequent 6-h culture period in hormone-free medium containing antibodies to LH; 30 min exposure to the hormone sufficed to elicit a maximal steroidogenic response and to induce ovum maturation in 95% of the follicles. Addition of actinomycin D (act D; 8 mug/ml) within the first hour after exposure of follicles to LH suppressed the LH-effect on progesterone but augmented the LH effect on estradiol accumulation; when addition of this inhibitor was delayed until 2 h, progesterone accumulation continued unabated for a further 10 h. By contrast, puromycin (80 mug/ml) inhibited progesterone accumulation when added to the medium at any time (1, 2 or 3 h) after the hormone. It is suggested that (i) a short-lived protein is essential for the stimulatory effect of LH on follicular steroidogenesis; (ii) the act D-sensitive product (mRNA?) required for the production of this protein is synthesized in adequate amount during the first 2 h of LH action, and is stable for at least 10 h; and (iii) LH may stimulate the production of an additional act D-sensitive regulatory protein that inhibits enzymes engaged in the cleavage of the 17-side-chain of progesterone, or cells equipped with these enzymes.", "contents": "LH effect on the pattern of steroidogenesis in cultured Graafian follicles of the rat: dependence on macromolecular synthesis. Graafian follicles explanted from proestrous rats before the preovulatory gonadotropin surge secreted predominantly 17beta-estradiol, and only small amounts of progestins and androgens, during 12 h of culture in hormone-free medium. Addition of ovine luteinizing hormone (NIH-LH-S18; 0.1-1.0 mug/ml) to the medium stimulated within 1-2 h the rate of accumulation of these steroids. However, accumulation of androstenedione and estradiol ceased after 4-6 h in the LH-treated cultures, whereas progesterone continued to accumulate and became the major secretory product at 6-12 h. Incubation of the follicles with LH for only 5 min resulted in significant stimulation of the accumulation of progesterone, androstenedione and estradiol during a subsequent 6-h culture period in hormone-free medium containing antibodies to LH; 30 min exposure to the hormone sufficed to elicit a maximal steroidogenic response and to induce ovum maturation in 95% of the follicles. Addition of actinomycin D (act D; 8 mug/ml) within the first hour after exposure of follicles to LH suppressed the LH-effect on progesterone but augmented the LH effect on estradiol accumulation; when addition of this inhibitor was delayed until 2 h, progesterone accumulation continued unabated for a further 10 h. By contrast, puromycin (80 mug/ml) inhibited progesterone accumulation when added to the medium at any time (1, 2 or 3 h) after the hormone. It is suggested that (i) a short-lived protein is essential for the stimulatory effect of LH on follicular steroidogenesis; (ii) the act D-sensitive product (mRNA?) required for the production of this protein is synthesized in adequate amount during the first 2 h of LH action, and is stable for at least 10 h; and (iii) LH may stimulate the production of an additional act D-sensitive regulatory protein that inhibits enzymes engaged in the cleavage of the 17-side-chain of progesterone, or cells equipped with these enzymes.", "PMID": 1168565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2365", "title": "Comparsion of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferse levels in pineal glands of normal, blinded, and congenitally anophthalmic guiena pigs.", "content": "The level of pineal hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity was measured in normal sighted, normal blinded, and congenitally anophthalmic guinea pigs at 1100-1200 and 2300-2400 h. Significant day-night differences were found in the normal sighted and normal blinded guinea pigs; however, the levels were markedly elevated in the normal blinded guinea pigs. The congenitally anophthalmic guinea pigs did not demonstrate a difference between day and night activities. Both the day and night levels of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activities in the latter animals were slightly less than the low daytime levels for the normal, sighted guinea pigs.", "contents": "Comparsion of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferse levels in pineal glands of normal, blinded, and congenitally anophthalmic guiena pigs. The level of pineal hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity was measured in normal sighted, normal blinded, and congenitally anophthalmic guinea pigs at 1100-1200 and 2300-2400 h. Significant day-night differences were found in the normal sighted and normal blinded guinea pigs; however, the levels were markedly elevated in the normal blinded guinea pigs. The congenitally anophthalmic guinea pigs did not demonstrate a difference between day and night activities. Both the day and night levels of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activities in the latter animals were slightly less than the low daytime levels for the normal, sighted guinea pigs.", "PMID": 1168566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2366", "title": "Acute and chronic effects of the fornix section on cyclic gonadotropin secretion and ovulation in the rat.", "content": "The fornix was sectioned in the frontal plane by means of a razor blade knife, and acute and chronic effects of this section on gonadotropin secretion were estimated. The 5-day cyclic rat which received the section of fornix under either anesthesia at 12:00 on the day of diestrus II showed advancement of the proestrous and estrous vaginal smears and as well as ovulatory gonadotropin release by one day. It was revealed that the primary effect was the inducement of FSH release on the day of section. The 4-day cyclic rat bearing the fornix section chronically resumed vaginal cyclicity after elapsing the diestrous period for 18 to 25 days. The rat ovulated normally and mean number of ova inoviducts was not different from that in the intact rat. However, the sectioned rat hadan higher concentrations of pituitary and serum FSH on the day of diestrus II than thatin the intact rat, and had an higher concentration of serum LH on the day of estrus. These results indicate that the hippocampus exerts the inhibitory influence on LH and FSH release and if this is eliminated the facilitatory influence dominates the brain mechanism controlling gonadotropin release, resulting in the advancement of estrous cycle (the acute effect) or the increase of gonadotropin release (the chronic effect).", "contents": "Acute and chronic effects of the fornix section on cyclic gonadotropin secretion and ovulation in the rat. The fornix was sectioned in the frontal plane by means of a razor blade knife, and acute and chronic effects of this section on gonadotropin secretion were estimated. The 5-day cyclic rat which received the section of fornix under either anesthesia at 12:00 on the day of diestrus II showed advancement of the proestrous and estrous vaginal smears and as well as ovulatory gonadotropin release by one day. It was revealed that the primary effect was the inducement of FSH release on the day of section. The 4-day cyclic rat bearing the fornix section chronically resumed vaginal cyclicity after elapsing the diestrous period for 18 to 25 days. The rat ovulated normally and mean number of ova inoviducts was not different from that in the intact rat. However, the sectioned rat hadan higher concentrations of pituitary and serum FSH on the day of diestrus II than thatin the intact rat, and had an higher concentration of serum LH on the day of estrus. These results indicate that the hippocampus exerts the inhibitory influence on LH and FSH release and if this is eliminated the facilitatory influence dominates the brain mechanism controlling gonadotropin release, resulting in the advancement of estrous cycle (the acute effect) or the increase of gonadotropin release (the chronic effect).", "PMID": 1168567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2367", "title": "Inhibition of ovulation in the rat by electrical stimulation of the lateral amygdala.", "content": "Effects of electrical stimulation of the lateral amygdaloid areas on ovulatory gonadotropin release were examined in adult Wistar female rats. Electrical stimulation was applied in rats in proestrus under ether anesthesia with square wave pulses of 0.5 ms duration and 100 Hz frequency for 30 min (30 sec on and off). Stimulation of the lateral amygdala blocked ovulation in 50% of animals when it was applied between 13:30 and 14:30 with a current of 300 muA. Stimulation of the medial amygdala under the same experimental condition was absolutely ineffective to block ovulation. Sham stimulation was also ineffective. In determining the gonadotropin concentration in serum, the stimulation into the lateral amygdala was observed to inhibit the ovulatory release of LH, FSH and prolactin. It may be said that the lateral amygdaloid area participates in the control of gonadotropin release in an inhibitory manner.", "contents": "Inhibition of ovulation in the rat by electrical stimulation of the lateral amygdala. Effects of electrical stimulation of the lateral amygdaloid areas on ovulatory gonadotropin release were examined in adult Wistar female rats. Electrical stimulation was applied in rats in proestrus under ether anesthesia with square wave pulses of 0.5 ms duration and 100 Hz frequency for 30 min (30 sec on and off). Stimulation of the lateral amygdala blocked ovulation in 50% of animals when it was applied between 13:30 and 14:30 with a current of 300 muA. Stimulation of the medial amygdala under the same experimental condition was absolutely ineffective to block ovulation. Sham stimulation was also ineffective. In determining the gonadotropin concentration in serum, the stimulation into the lateral amygdala was observed to inhibit the ovulatory release of LH, FSH and prolactin. It may be said that the lateral amygdaloid area participates in the control of gonadotropin release in an inhibitory manner.", "PMID": 1168568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2368", "title": "Tissue acetylsalicylic acid esterase activity in rats with acute and chronic liver damage from carbon-tetrachloride and ethanol.", "content": "The hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in vivo by serum and various tissues of rats with experimentally produced acute and chronic toxic liver damage, was estimated by spectrophotometric measurement of salicylic acid (SA) appearance. It was inferred from the data obtained that the liver tissue helped to maintain normal ASA esterase activity in the blood which would otherwise be affected by liver damage.", "contents": "Tissue acetylsalicylic acid esterase activity in rats with acute and chronic liver damage from carbon-tetrachloride and ethanol. The hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in vivo by serum and various tissues of rats with experimentally produced acute and chronic toxic liver damage, was estimated by spectrophotometric measurement of salicylic acid (SA) appearance. It was inferred from the data obtained that the liver tissue helped to maintain normal ASA esterase activity in the blood which would otherwise be affected by liver damage.", "PMID": 1168570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2369", "title": "High-molecular-weight DNA polymerases from mouse myeloma. Purification and properties of three enzymes.", "content": "Cytoplasmic (high-molecular-weight) DNA polymerase was partially purified from mouse myeloma. Upon chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, following fractionation on phosphocellulose, the enzyme was resolved into three species named CI, CII, and CIII. The species CI and CII have equal sedimentation coefficients (10.5 S) in sucrose gradients without salt. In the presence of 125 mM ammonium sulfate the sedimentation coefficients are reduced to 8.6 S. The species CIII shows sedimentation coefficients of 5.7 S and 5.2 S without salt and in the presence of 125 mM ammonium sulfate, respectively. This species is assumed to be an artifact arising from either CI or to a minor extent from CII. The optima for pH, KCl and Mg2+ concentration, and the extent of inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide are the same. However, the enzymes differ in their responses to Mn2+ (substituting for Mg-2+), and to addition of ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide, and various phospholipids in the assay mixture. The enzymes prefer poly[d(A-T - d(A-T)] or partially degraded (activated) DNA as template rather than double-stranded or single-stranded DNA. The activity on activated DNA relative to that on poly[d(A-T) - D(A-T)] was found to be 93, 66, and 29% for DNA polymerases CI, CII, and CIII, respectively.", "contents": "High-molecular-weight DNA polymerases from mouse myeloma. Purification and properties of three enzymes. Cytoplasmic (high-molecular-weight) DNA polymerase was partially purified from mouse myeloma. Upon chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, following fractionation on phosphocellulose, the enzyme was resolved into three species named CI, CII, and CIII. The species CI and CII have equal sedimentation coefficients (10.5 S) in sucrose gradients without salt. In the presence of 125 mM ammonium sulfate the sedimentation coefficients are reduced to 8.6 S. The species CIII shows sedimentation coefficients of 5.7 S and 5.2 S without salt and in the presence of 125 mM ammonium sulfate, respectively. This species is assumed to be an artifact arising from either CI or to a minor extent from CII. The optima for pH, KCl and Mg2+ concentration, and the extent of inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide are the same. However, the enzymes differ in their responses to Mn2+ (substituting for Mg-2+), and to addition of ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide, and various phospholipids in the assay mixture. The enzymes prefer poly[d(A-T - d(A-T)] or partially degraded (activated) DNA as template rather than double-stranded or single-stranded DNA. The activity on activated DNA relative to that on poly[d(A-T) - D(A-T)] was found to be 93, 66, and 29% for DNA polymerases CI, CII, and CIII, respectively.", "PMID": 1168571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2370", "title": "Discontinuous DNA replication in mouse P-815 cells.", "content": "The length of newly synthesized DNA strands from mouse P-815 cells was analyzed after denaturation both by electrophoresis and by sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. [3-H]-Thymidine pulses of 2-8 min at 37 degrees C predominantly label molecules of 20-60 S. With 30-s pulses at 25 degrees C, all the [3-H]thymidine appears in short DNA strands of 50-200 nucleotides. Thus, DNA strand elongation occurs discontinuously via Okazaki fragments at both the 5' end and the 3' end. In dodecylsulfate lysates, only 10% of the Okazaki fragments are found as single-stranded molecules. About 90% are resistant to hydrolysis by the single-strand-specific nuclease S-1 and band in isopycnic gradients at the buoyant density of double-stranded DNA. No evidence for ribonucleotides at the 5' end of Okazaki fragments was obtained either in isopycnic CsCl or Cs2SO4 gradients or after incubation with polynucleotide kinase and [gamma-32P]ATP.", "contents": "Discontinuous DNA replication in mouse P-815 cells. The length of newly synthesized DNA strands from mouse P-815 cells was analyzed after denaturation both by electrophoresis and by sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. [3-H]-Thymidine pulses of 2-8 min at 37 degrees C predominantly label molecules of 20-60 S. With 30-s pulses at 25 degrees C, all the [3-H]thymidine appears in short DNA strands of 50-200 nucleotides. Thus, DNA strand elongation occurs discontinuously via Okazaki fragments at both the 5' end and the 3' end. In dodecylsulfate lysates, only 10% of the Okazaki fragments are found as single-stranded molecules. About 90% are resistant to hydrolysis by the single-strand-specific nuclease S-1 and band in isopycnic gradients at the buoyant density of double-stranded DNA. No evidence for ribonucleotides at the 5' end of Okazaki fragments was obtained either in isopycnic CsCl or Cs2SO4 gradients or after incubation with polynucleotide kinase and [gamma-32P]ATP.", "PMID": 1168572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2371", "title": "A pulse fluorometry study of lipoamide dehydrogenase. Evidence for non-equivalent FAD centers.", "content": "The time dependence of the fluorescence of tryptophanyl and flavin residues in lipoamide dehydrogenase has been investigated with single-photon decay spectroscopy. When the two FAD molecules in the enzyme were directly excited the decay could only be analyzed in a sum of two exponentials with equal amplitudes. This phenomenon was observed at 4 degrees C (tau-1 = 0.8 ns, tau-2 = 4.7 ns) and at 20 degrees C (tau-1 = 0.8 ns, tau-2 = 3.4 ns) irrespective of the emission and excitation wavelengths. This result reveals a difference in the nature of the two FAD centers. By excitation at 290 nm the fluorescence decay curves of tryptophan and FAD were obtained. The decays are analyzed in terms of energy transfer from tryptophanyl to flavin residues. The results, which are in good agreement with those obtained previously with static fluorescence methods, show that one of the two tryptophanyl residues within the subunit transfers its excitation energy to the flavin located at a distance of 1.5 nm.", "contents": "A pulse fluorometry study of lipoamide dehydrogenase. Evidence for non-equivalent FAD centers. The time dependence of the fluorescence of tryptophanyl and flavin residues in lipoamide dehydrogenase has been investigated with single-photon decay spectroscopy. When the two FAD molecules in the enzyme were directly excited the decay could only be analyzed in a sum of two exponentials with equal amplitudes. This phenomenon was observed at 4 degrees C (tau-1 = 0.8 ns, tau-2 = 4.7 ns) and at 20 degrees C (tau-1 = 0.8 ns, tau-2 = 3.4 ns) irrespective of the emission and excitation wavelengths. This result reveals a difference in the nature of the two FAD centers. By excitation at 290 nm the fluorescence decay curves of tryptophan and FAD were obtained. The decays are analyzed in terms of energy transfer from tryptophanyl to flavin residues. The results, which are in good agreement with those obtained previously with static fluorescence methods, show that one of the two tryptophanyl residues within the subunit transfers its excitation energy to the flavin located at a distance of 1.5 nm.", "PMID": 1168573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2372", "title": "Clinico-pathological correlations in a case of primary angiosarcoma of the pericardium.", "content": "A case of angiosarcoma of the pericardium in a 30-yr-old man is reported. The clinical diagnosis of pericardial neoplasm was assumed on the basis of angiocardiography. The pathological findings of the heart are shown in detail. A survey of the clinico-pathological data in the 15 reported cases of angiosarcoma of the pericardium is presented.", "contents": "Clinico-pathological correlations in a case of primary angiosarcoma of the pericardium. A case of angiosarcoma of the pericardium in a 30-yr-old man is reported. The clinical diagnosis of pericardial neoplasm was assumed on the basis of angiocardiography. The pathological findings of the heart are shown in detail. A survey of the clinico-pathological data in the 15 reported cases of angiosarcoma of the pericardium is presented.", "PMID": 1168574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2373", "title": "Dopaminergic neurons in the nigro-striatal and mesolimbic pathways: mediation of specific effects of D-amphetamine.", "content": "The administration of d-amphetamine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) to rats causes stereotypy, hypothermia among animals placed in a cold environment, and paradoxical behavioral thermoregulation (i.e., animals in a cold environment choose not to place themselves under the beam emitted by a heat lamp). These effects are blocked in animals lesioned unilaterally in the mesolimbic dopaminergic projections to the olfactory tubercule and nucleus accumbens. In contrast, a unilateral lesion destroying the nigro-striatal projections within the caudate nucleus blocks none of these responses, and actually potentiates the induction of stereotypy by d-amphetamine. Both lesions cause the animal to exhibit rotational behavior in response  to the subsequent administration of d-amphetamine. These observations suggest that the mesolimbic dopaminergic projections mediate some of the behavioral and visceral effects of d-amphetamine.", "contents": "Dopaminergic neurons in the nigro-striatal and mesolimbic pathways: mediation of specific effects of D-amphetamine. The administration of d-amphetamine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) to rats causes stereotypy, hypothermia among animals placed in a cold environment, and paradoxical behavioral thermoregulation (i.e., animals in a cold environment choose not to place themselves under the beam emitted by a heat lamp). These effects are blocked in animals lesioned unilaterally in the mesolimbic dopaminergic projections to the olfactory tubercule and nucleus accumbens. In contrast, a unilateral lesion destroying the nigro-striatal projections within the caudate nucleus blocks none of these responses, and actually potentiates the induction of stereotypy by d-amphetamine. Both lesions cause the animal to exhibit rotational behavior in response  to the subsequent administration of d-amphetamine. These observations suggest that the mesolimbic dopaminergic projections mediate some of the behavioral and visceral effects of d-amphetamine.", "PMID": 1168575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2374", "title": "A model for the rapid development of dispositional and functional tolerance to barbiturates.", "content": "The s.c. implantation of a 75 mg pentobarbital pellet in the back of a conscious mouse resulted in a much more rapid development of tolerance to barbiturates than that produced in mice receiving daily i.p. injections of 75 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital. Acceleration in tolerance development by pentobarbital pellet implantation was evidenced by a decrease in sleeping time after the challenge with either sodium pentobarbital or sodium barbital. The degree of hepatic microsomal drug enzyme induction after pentobarbital pellet implantation also was found to be significantly higher than that produced by the injection technique. Further studies demonstrated that the threshold for pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures was significantly reduced compared to that of the sodium pentobarbital daily injected and control groups. These studies provide an animal model for studying the mechanism of barbiturate tolerance and dependence.", "contents": "A model for the rapid development of dispositional and functional tolerance to barbiturates. The s.c. implantation of a 75 mg pentobarbital pellet in the back of a conscious mouse resulted in a much more rapid development of tolerance to barbiturates than that produced in mice receiving daily i.p. injections of 75 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital. Acceleration in tolerance development by pentobarbital pellet implantation was evidenced by a decrease in sleeping time after the challenge with either sodium pentobarbital or sodium barbital. The degree of hepatic microsomal drug enzyme induction after pentobarbital pellet implantation also was found to be significantly higher than that produced by the injection technique. Further studies demonstrated that the threshold for pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures was significantly reduced compared to that of the sodium pentobarbital daily injected and control groups. These studies provide an animal model for studying the mechanism of barbiturate tolerance and dependence.", "PMID": 1168576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2375", "title": "On a prime role for newly synthesized dopamine in striatal function.", "content": "Rats were given either the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, alpha-methyltyrosine (alphaMT), in doses of 10 or 250 mg/kg or the neuroleptic, haloperidol (0.25 mg/kg). Other rats received both drugs (haloperidol 30 min after alphaMT). This dose of haloperidol alone caused only a slight, gradually developing catalepsy, while alphaMT alone caused none. The combination quickly caused a strong catalepsy. Striatal dopamine (DA) stores were only minimally depleted at the time of catalepsy potentiation. Th e marked elevation of striatal homovanilluc acid concentration seen after haloperidol administration was greatly inhibited by alphaMT pretreatment. It is concluded that the marked potentiation of haloperidol-induced catalepsy by alpha MT is related to the absence of newly synthesized DA rather than to an exhausted main DA pool and that newly synthesized DA has a greater role in striatal function than does DA of the main striatal storage pool.", "contents": "On a prime role for newly synthesized dopamine in striatal function. Rats were given either the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, alpha-methyltyrosine (alphaMT), in doses of 10 or 250 mg/kg or the neuroleptic, haloperidol (0.25 mg/kg). Other rats received both drugs (haloperidol 30 min after alphaMT). This dose of haloperidol alone caused only a slight, gradually developing catalepsy, while alphaMT alone caused none. The combination quickly caused a strong catalepsy. Striatal dopamine (DA) stores were only minimally depleted at the time of catalepsy potentiation. Th e marked elevation of striatal homovanilluc acid concentration seen after haloperidol administration was greatly inhibited by alphaMT pretreatment. It is concluded that the marked potentiation of haloperidol-induced catalepsy by alpha MT is related to the absence of newly synthesized DA rather than to an exhausted main DA pool and that newly synthesized DA has a greater role in striatal function than does DA of the main striatal storage pool.", "PMID": 1168577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2376", "title": "Automutilation induced by clonidine in mice.", "content": "Clonidine (2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride, St155, Catapres), after administration of a single large dose, was found to induce automutilation in mice housed individually in the absence of objects to bite. This abnormal behavior was not significantly altered with chronic administration of the drug, and showed no behavior induced by the same drug in mice caged in groups.", "contents": "Automutilation induced by clonidine in mice. Clonidine (2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride, St155, Catapres), after administration of a single large dose, was found to induce automutilation in mice housed individually in the absence of objects to bite. This abnormal behavior was not significantly altered with chronic administration of the drug, and showed no behavior induced by the same drug in mice caged in groups.", "PMID": 1168578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2377", "title": "Differences in the nature of the stereotyped behaviour induced by aporphine derivatives in the rat and in their actions in extrapyramidal and mesolimbic brain areas.", "content": "Apomorphine, (minus)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine [ (minus)-NPA ] and (plus or minus)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine [ (plus or minus)-NPA ] each caused stereotyped behaviour patterns in the rat which could be differentiated into two components, sniffing and repetitive head and limb movements (low intensity component) and gnawing, biting and licking (high intensity component). Low intensity components occurred at low doses of apomorphine and high intensity components at larger doses but the two components never occurred independently for (minus)-NPA or (plus or minus) NPA. Biting was the predominant effect of these agents which were shown to be at least twenty times more potent than apomorphine. The (minus)-isomer of NPA was the more potent. The two components of stereotypy were differentiated both pharmacologically (using amantadine, reserpine plus alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine and haloperidol) and by lesions placed in areas of the extrapyramidal (caudate--putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra) and mesolimbic (nucleus accumbens septi, tuberculum olfactorium, nucleus amygdaloideus centralis) systems. However, both sniffing and biting responses  were reduced by lesions of the serotonergic raphe nuclei. The two stereotypic components were differentially induced by intracerebral injections of apomorphine and (minus)-NPA into the caudate--putamen, nucleus accumbens septi and tuberculum olfactorium. Injections into the central nucleus of the amygdala were ineffective. The degree of involvement of the different areas was shown to differ for apomorphine and (minus)-NPA, in particular the nucleus accumbens septi appeared more important for the action of (minus)-NPA and the tuberculum olfactorium for apomorphine. Intracaudate (minus)-NPA was less active than apomorphine but, generally, intracerebrally applied (minus)-NPA was twice as potent as apomorphine. Both (minus)-NPA and apomorphine caused circling behaviour in animals with asymmetric medial raphe nucleus lesions (contralateral) or unilateral lesions of the substantia nigra (ipsilateral). In these experiments (minus)-NPA was ten times more potent than apomorphine.", "contents": "Differences in the nature of the stereotyped behaviour induced by aporphine derivatives in the rat and in their actions in extrapyramidal and mesolimbic brain areas. Apomorphine, (minus)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine [ (minus)-NPA ] and (plus or minus)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine [ (plus or minus)-NPA ] each caused stereotyped behaviour patterns in the rat which could be differentiated into two components, sniffing and repetitive head and limb movements (low intensity component) and gnawing, biting and licking (high intensity component). Low intensity components occurred at low doses of apomorphine and high intensity components at larger doses but the two components never occurred independently for (minus)-NPA or (plus or minus) NPA. Biting was the predominant effect of these agents which were shown to be at least twenty times more potent than apomorphine. The (minus)-isomer of NPA was the more potent. The two components of stereotypy were differentiated both pharmacologically (using amantadine, reserpine plus alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine and haloperidol) and by lesions placed in areas of the extrapyramidal (caudate--putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra) and mesolimbic (nucleus accumbens septi, tuberculum olfactorium, nucleus amygdaloideus centralis) systems. However, both sniffing and biting responses  were reduced by lesions of the serotonergic raphe nuclei. The two stereotypic components were differentially induced by intracerebral injections of apomorphine and (minus)-NPA into the caudate--putamen, nucleus accumbens septi and tuberculum olfactorium. Injections into the central nucleus of the amygdala were ineffective. The degree of involvement of the different areas was shown to differ for apomorphine and (minus)-NPA, in particular the nucleus accumbens septi appeared more important for the action of (minus)-NPA and the tuberculum olfactorium for apomorphine. Intracaudate (minus)-NPA was less active than apomorphine but, generally, intracerebrally applied (minus)-NPA was twice as potent as apomorphine. Both (minus)-NPA and apomorphine caused circling behaviour in animals with asymmetric medial raphe nucleus lesions (contralateral) or unilateral lesions of the substantia nigra (ipsilateral). In these experiments (minus)-NPA was ten times more potent than apomorphine.", "PMID": 1168579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2378", "title": "Catecholamine correlates of isolation-induced aggression in mice.", "content": "Drugs differentially affecting catecholaminergic neurotransmission mechanisms were injected into isolated mice to assess effects on aggression. L-DOPA in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor produced a dose-dependent decrease in the number of fights and average fight durations accompanied by an increase in attack latencies. Central dopamine levels were increased whilst brain noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine were reduced. Virtually identical effects on aggression were observed after apomorphine. Pimozide decreased fighting, but neither attack latencies nor average fight durations were effected. All doses of disulfiram virtually abolished all components of aggressive responses. The effect of D-amphetamine on number of fights was biphasic; lower doses potentiated aggression, but higher doses reduced fighting accompanied by increased attack latencies and reduced average fight durations. We conclude that catecholamines may be intimately involved in mediating certain components of aggressive responses but that balance relationships among various putative neurotransmitters may be a more meaningful correlate of this behavior.", "contents": "Catecholamine correlates of isolation-induced aggression in mice. Drugs differentially affecting catecholaminergic neurotransmission mechanisms were injected into isolated mice to assess effects on aggression. L-DOPA in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor produced a dose-dependent decrease in the number of fights and average fight durations accompanied by an increase in attack latencies. Central dopamine levels were increased whilst brain noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine were reduced. Virtually identical effects on aggression were observed after apomorphine. Pimozide decreased fighting, but neither attack latencies nor average fight durations were effected. All doses of disulfiram virtually abolished all components of aggressive responses. The effect of D-amphetamine on number of fights was biphasic; lower doses potentiated aggression, but higher doses reduced fighting accompanied by increased attack latencies and reduced average fight durations. We conclude that catecholamines may be intimately involved in mediating certain components of aggressive responses but that balance relationships among various putative neurotransmitters may be a more meaningful correlate of this behavior.", "PMID": 1168580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2379", "title": "Acute oxygen supply by infusion of hemoglobin solutions.", "content": "Preparations of 6% human hemoglobin have been investigated for 4 years. While the oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the left, the hemoglobin solution has been shown to deliver oxygen adequately to the tissues in animal studies. Intracorporeal fate has been investigated by 131-I tagging, and the hemoglobin has not been found to accumulate in the tissues. Intravascular half-life has varied between 1.5 and 3.5 hours.", "contents": "Acute oxygen supply by infusion of hemoglobin solutions. Preparations of 6% human hemoglobin have been investigated for 4 years. While the oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the left, the hemoglobin solution has been shown to deliver oxygen adequately to the tissues in animal studies. Intracorporeal fate has been investigated by 131-I tagging, and the hemoglobin has not been found to accumulate in the tissues. Intravascular half-life has varied between 1.5 and 3.5 hours.", "PMID": 1168586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2380", "title": "Prostaglandin F2alpha: modification of its abortifacient effect by depo-estradiol cypionate in rats.", "content": "Insertion of a Silastic-PVP implant containing 150 mug PGF2alpha into one of the uterine horns or administration of a single subcutaneous injection of 4 mug of Depo-Estradiol Cypionate (ECP) did not induce abortion in pregnant rats. However, a combined treatment with 150 mug of PGF2alpha in a Silastic-PVP implant and 4 mug of ECP induced abortion in all treated rats. Apparently, ECP stimulated endogenous production of PGF and consequently enhanced the effect of the administered 150 mug of PGF2alpha. The release of 3H-PGF2alpha from Silastic-PVP implants was faster after intrauterine or intraperitoneal than after subcutaneous insertion. The release rate of 3H-PGF2alpha from Silastic-PVP implants in vitro was comparable to that observed after subcutaneous placement of similar implants. It is suggested that administration of estrogen combined with PGF2alpha might shorten the interval between treatment with PGF2alpha and abortion. Moreover, a Silastic-PVP implant would lend itself as a better method of administration, releasing PGF2alpha locally, slowly, and continuously.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2alpha: modification of its abortifacient effect by depo-estradiol cypionate in rats. Insertion of a Silastic-PVP implant containing 150 mug PGF2alpha into one of the uterine horns or administration of a single subcutaneous injection of 4 mug of Depo-Estradiol Cypionate (ECP) did not induce abortion in pregnant rats. However, a combined treatment with 150 mug of PGF2alpha in a Silastic-PVP implant and 4 mug of ECP induced abortion in all treated rats. Apparently, ECP stimulated endogenous production of PGF and consequently enhanced the effect of the administered 150 mug of PGF2alpha. The release of 3H-PGF2alpha from Silastic-PVP implants was faster after intrauterine or intraperitoneal than after subcutaneous insertion. The release rate of 3H-PGF2alpha from Silastic-PVP implants in vitro was comparable to that observed after subcutaneous placement of similar implants. It is suggested that administration of estrogen combined with PGF2alpha might shorten the interval between treatment with PGF2alpha and abortion. Moreover, a Silastic-PVP implant would lend itself as a better method of administration, releasing PGF2alpha locally, slowly, and continuously.", "PMID": 1168587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2381", "title": "The use of a radioreceptorassay of human chorionic gonadotropin for the diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy.", "content": "The radioreceptorassay of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), with a sensitivity of 50 pg or 3 mIU/ml of plasma, has provided almost 100% reliability in detecting pregnancy after the first missed cycle. This test may be performed within 1 hour and is ideally suited to the clinical detection of ectopic pregnancy, especially in patients who require immediate surgical intervention. Thirteen patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy were evaluated by the radioreceptorassay, one of whom was followed with four separate determinations. The results of the assay were subsequently compared with those of hemagglutination pregnancy tests, clinical symptoms, and pathologic findings. All of the patients were diagnosed accurately by the radioreceptorassay, even when hemagglutination tests yielded a false indication of pregnancy. By this assay, the hCG levels during ectopic pregnancies are generally lower than those found during a normal intrauterine pregnancy; in addition, pregnancy may be detected much earlier (prior to the rupture) than is possible by hemagglutination tests. Furthermore, the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy may be excluded for patients admitted to the hospital with acute abdominal emergencies.", "contents": "The use of a radioreceptorassay of human chorionic gonadotropin for the diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy. The radioreceptorassay of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), with a sensitivity of 50 pg or 3 mIU/ml of plasma, has provided almost 100% reliability in detecting pregnancy after the first missed cycle. This test may be performed within 1 hour and is ideally suited to the clinical detection of ectopic pregnancy, especially in patients who require immediate surgical intervention. Thirteen patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy were evaluated by the radioreceptorassay, one of whom was followed with four separate determinations. The results of the assay were subsequently compared with those of hemagglutination pregnancy tests, clinical symptoms, and pathologic findings. All of the patients were diagnosed accurately by the radioreceptorassay, even when hemagglutination tests yielded a false indication of pregnancy. By this assay, the hCG levels during ectopic pregnancies are generally lower than those found during a normal intrauterine pregnancy; in addition, pregnancy may be detected much earlier (prior to the rupture) than is possible by hemagglutination tests. Furthermore, the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy may be excluded for patients admitted to the hospital with acute abdominal emergencies.", "PMID": 1168588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2382", "title": "Physiologic and pharmacologic studies on the motility of isolated guinea pig ovaries.", "content": "The spontaneous motility of ovaries isolated from guinea pigs in early and late proestrus and estrus was explored. The influences of oxytocin, prostaglandin  F2alpha (PGF2alpha), and adrenergic agonists and antagonists were also studied. Spontaneous ovarian isometric developed tension (IDT) and rate of contractions (RC) were greater in late proestrus than in early proestrus or estrus. Furthermore, in late proestrus, oxytocin and PGF2alpha induced ovarian motilities of comparable magnitude and significantly greater than those elicited in other stages of the cycle. Norepinephrine and phenylephrine either failed to alter or inhibited IDT and RC of ovaries in estrus, but stimulated motility in the presence of propranolol. The depressive influence of norephinephrine upon the IDT of ovaries in early proestrus was not seen in late proestrus, when the neurotransmitter was clearly stimulating. The hormonal status of guinea pigs seems to influence spontaneous ovarian motility as well as pharmacologic reactivity to several agents, including those presumably acting upon alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "Physiologic and pharmacologic studies on the motility of isolated guinea pig ovaries. The spontaneous motility of ovaries isolated from guinea pigs in early and late proestrus and estrus was explored. The influences of oxytocin, prostaglandin  F2alpha (PGF2alpha), and adrenergic agonists and antagonists were also studied. Spontaneous ovarian isometric developed tension (IDT) and rate of contractions (RC) were greater in late proestrus than in early proestrus or estrus. Furthermore, in late proestrus, oxytocin and PGF2alpha induced ovarian motilities of comparable magnitude and significantly greater than those elicited in other stages of the cycle. Norepinephrine and phenylephrine either failed to alter or inhibited IDT and RC of ovaries in estrus, but stimulated motility in the presence of propranolol. The depressive influence of norephinephrine upon the IDT of ovaries in early proestrus was not seen in late proestrus, when the neurotransmitter was clearly stimulating. The hormonal status of guinea pigs seems to influence spontaneous ovarian motility as well as pharmacologic reactivity to several agents, including those presumably acting upon alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors.", "PMID": 1168589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2383", "title": "Cumuli oophori in tissue culture: hormone production, ultrastructure, and morphometry of early luteinization.", "content": "The steroidogenic activity of cumulus oophorus granulosa cells obtained from unstimulated rabbits in estrus has been investigated at closely timed intervals in short-term cultures. The presence of viable, structurally well preserved oocytes and the addition of large follicle follicular fluid had no apparent inhibitory effect on progesterone or estrogen synthesis and secretion. Progesterone secretion was especially stimulated by the addition of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) to the culture medium. A similar increment was also seen, although inconsistently, for estrogen secretion. Ultrastructural evidence of luteinization was demonstrated by quantitative morphometric techniques in control cultures as early as 6 hours after explantation and was shown to relate well to biochemical luteinization. It is suggested that the main modifications in cytoplasmic organelles concomitant with luteinization may be represented only by volume and surface changes rather than by alterations in morphology. Therefore, such changes need to be assessed quantitatively. Oocytes exhibited isolated maturative changes almost exclusively in FSH-LH cultures, such as cortical granule synthesis, resumption of meiosis, polar body extrusion, and two-cell parthenogenetic cleavage. It is suggested that cumulus granulosa cells may play a significant role in the resumption of \"spontaneous\" maturation in oocytes after their release in vitro from their follicles. Characteristic, thin-walled vesicles, either isolated or in rosette-like formation with cumulus granulosa cells, were described. A possible common nature was suggested for these vesicles and the so-called \"Call-Exner bodies.\"", "contents": "Cumuli oophori in tissue culture: hormone production, ultrastructure, and morphometry of early luteinization. The steroidogenic activity of cumulus oophorus granulosa cells obtained from unstimulated rabbits in estrus has been investigated at closely timed intervals in short-term cultures. The presence of viable, structurally well preserved oocytes and the addition of large follicle follicular fluid had no apparent inhibitory effect on progesterone or estrogen synthesis and secretion. Progesterone secretion was especially stimulated by the addition of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) to the culture medium. A similar increment was also seen, although inconsistently, for estrogen secretion. Ultrastructural evidence of luteinization was demonstrated by quantitative morphometric techniques in control cultures as early as 6 hours after explantation and was shown to relate well to biochemical luteinization. It is suggested that the main modifications in cytoplasmic organelles concomitant with luteinization may be represented only by volume and surface changes rather than by alterations in morphology. Therefore, such changes need to be assessed quantitatively. Oocytes exhibited isolated maturative changes almost exclusively in FSH-LH cultures, such as cortical granule synthesis, resumption of meiosis, polar body extrusion, and two-cell parthenogenetic cleavage. It is suggested that cumulus granulosa cells may play a significant role in the resumption of \"spontaneous\" maturation in oocytes after their release in vitro from their follicles. Characteristic, thin-walled vesicles, either isolated or in rosette-like formation with cumulus granulosa cells, were described. A possible common nature was suggested for these vesicles and the so-called \"Call-Exner bodies.\"", "PMID": 1168590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2384", "title": "Testosterone rebound therapy in the treatment of male infertility.", "content": "Large doses of testosterone were used to cause degeneration of the testicular germinal epithelium and a subsequent rebound of spermatogenesis, to produce improved seminal fluid. A 29% pregnancy rate was obtained by 131 patients treated for idiopathic oligospermia, and an 8% pregnancy rate was obtained by 12 patients treated for azoospermia. The seminal fluid of three patients (2%) was permanently damaged by the therapy.", "contents": "Testosterone rebound therapy in the treatment of male infertility. Large doses of testosterone were used to cause degeneration of the testicular germinal epithelium and a subsequent rebound of spermatogenesis, to produce improved seminal fluid. A 29% pregnancy rate was obtained by 131 patients treated for idiopathic oligospermia, and an 8% pregnancy rate was obtained by 12 patients treated for azoospermia. The seminal fluid of three patients (2%) was permanently damaged by the therapy.", "PMID": 1168591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2385", "title": "The effect of maternal immunity, age at vaccination and doses or live vaccines on immune response to Newcastle disease.", "content": "The short life span of domestic fowls necessitates the use of early vaccination, but the response is affected by the immaturity of the immune mechanism and by the presence ofmaternal immunity: this results in an uneven immunity of the large and continually changing poultry population. This paper compares the response of groups of chicks from vaccinated and non-vaccinated hens after vaccination at various ages with Newcastle Disease vaccines of different pathogenicity (lentogenic and mesogenic strains). The results show that: 1. maternal immunity has a great effect on the pathogenicity of the vaccine viruses and the subsequent immune response; 2. the older the chicks are at the time of vaccination, the better is their immune response; 3. for vaccines of low pathogenicity the immune response can be enhanced by increasing the dose of the virus irrespective of the presence of maternal immunity.", "contents": "The effect of maternal immunity, age at vaccination and doses or live vaccines on immune response to Newcastle disease. The short life span of domestic fowls necessitates the use of early vaccination, but the response is affected by the immaturity of the immune mechanism and by the presence ofmaternal immunity: this results in an uneven immunity of the large and continually changing poultry population. This paper compares the response of groups of chicks from vaccinated and non-vaccinated hens after vaccination at various ages with Newcastle Disease vaccines of different pathogenicity (lentogenic and mesogenic strains). The results show that: 1. maternal immunity has a great effect on the pathogenicity of the vaccine viruses and the subsequent immune response; 2. the older the chicks are at the time of vaccination, the better is their immune response; 3. for vaccines of low pathogenicity the immune response can be enhanced by increasing the dose of the virus irrespective of the presence of maternal immunity.", "PMID": 1168602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2386", "title": "Vaccination against bovine respiratory disease.", "content": "Vaccination is but one element in a control programme for bovine respiratory disease. Its laboratory study can be divorced from the others but its field application cannot. The problems associated with the development of effective vaccines fall into two broad groups: multiplicity and ubiquity of pathogens and secondly the identification of the crucial elements in an immune response. Agricultural systems which experience annual outbreaks of respiratory disease attributable to the same pathogen in cattle of specific age have the choice of using passive or active immunity of minimal valency. In the majority of systems the cause and timing of an outbreak cannot be predicted and therefore multivalent vaccines are required. Both inactivated and modified live products are available for use against the well-known pathogens. Their relative advantages hinge on the significance attributed to the ability to stimulate the production of particular immunoglobulins at specific body sites and the persistence of the responses. The widely held view that success requires the stimulation of secretory antibodies by intranasal administration of living vaccines is not universally accepted. An assessment of their protective value is not easily made because of the difficulty of reproducing an adequate field challenge in the laboratory. The measurement of serological responses and virus shedding times following challenge are of limited value as alternatives.", "contents": "Vaccination against bovine respiratory disease. Vaccination is but one element in a control programme for bovine respiratory disease. Its laboratory study can be divorced from the others but its field application cannot. The problems associated with the development of effective vaccines fall into two broad groups: multiplicity and ubiquity of pathogens and secondly the identification of the crucial elements in an immune response. Agricultural systems which experience annual outbreaks of respiratory disease attributable to the same pathogen in cattle of specific age have the choice of using passive or active immunity of minimal valency. In the majority of systems the cause and timing of an outbreak cannot be predicted and therefore multivalent vaccines are required. Both inactivated and modified live products are available for use against the well-known pathogens. Their relative advantages hinge on the significance attributed to the ability to stimulate the production of particular immunoglobulins at specific body sites and the persistence of the responses. The widely held view that success requires the stimulation of secretory antibodies by intranasal administration of living vaccines is not universally accepted. An assessment of their protective value is not easily made because of the difficulty of reproducing an adequate field challenge in the laboratory. The measurement of serological responses and virus shedding times following challenge are of limited value as alternatives.", "PMID": 1168603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2387", "title": "Culture of Zollinger-Ellison tumor cells.", "content": "We have successfully grown six Zollinger-Ellison tumors in vitro with use of a monlayer tissue culture technique. The initial gastrin concentration in the medium varied between 0 and 100 ng per ml. Many cytoplasmic secretory granules were seen in the cells of one culture population. Gastrin secretion was stimulated by the addition of fresh medium to the culture flasks. Both the culture cells and the medium were found to contain primarily big gastrin (G-34) but smaller amounts of little gastrin (G-17) were also present. Gastrin concentration in the medium decreased with time in culture until no hormone was detected between 2 and 6 weeks, possibly because of endocrine cell dedifferentiation and an increased proportion of fibroblasts in the population.", "contents": "Culture of Zollinger-Ellison tumor cells. We have successfully grown six Zollinger-Ellison tumors in vitro with use of a monlayer tissue culture technique. The initial gastrin concentration in the medium varied between 0 and 100 ng per ml. Many cytoplasmic secretory granules were seen in the cells of one culture population. Gastrin secretion was stimulated by the addition of fresh medium to the culture flasks. Both the culture cells and the medium were found to contain primarily big gastrin (G-34) but smaller amounts of little gastrin (G-17) were also present. Gastrin concentration in the medium decreased with time in culture until no hormone was detected between 2 and 6 weeks, possibly because of endocrine cell dedifferentiation and an increased proportion of fibroblasts in the population.", "PMID": 1168604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2388", "title": "[Diagnosis of an ectopic pregnancy by means  of ultrasonic-scan-technique].", "content": "A case of an ectopic pregnancy is reported, which was diagnosed by ultrasonic-scan-technique. The echogramm had shown beside an enlarged uterus on the left side of the patient, a cystic structure on the right side; inside this cystic a fetus with spontaneous movements could be observed. The immediate following surgical intervention verified the ultrasonic diagnosis, the fetus showed spontaneous as well as by touching induced movements up to 30 minutes.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of an ectopic pregnancy by means  of ultrasonic-scan-technique]. A case of an ectopic pregnancy is reported, which was diagnosed by ultrasonic-scan-technique. The echogramm had shown beside an enlarged uterus on the left side of the patient, a cystic structure on the right side; inside this cystic a fetus with spontaneous movements could be observed. The immediate following surgical intervention verified the ultrasonic diagnosis, the fetus showed spontaneous as well as by touching induced movements up to 30 minutes.", "PMID": 1168605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2389", "title": "The effect of cholestyramine on intestinal absorption.", "content": "Cholestyramine in a mean dosage of 0-6 g/kg/day has been given to 18 children with familial hypercholesterolaemia for between one and two and a half years. With prolonged treatment folate deficiency occurred, as evidenced by a fall in the mean serum folate concentration from 7-7 ng/ml before treatment to 4-4 ng/ml for patients on treatment for over one year; a corresponding lowering of red cell folate was also seen. Oral folic acid 5 mg daily overcame this depletion, and should be given to all patients on long-term anion exchange resins. Prothrombin time has remained normal in all patients; there has been a significant decrease in the mean serum concentrations of vitamins A and E and of inorganic phosphorus over the first two years of treatment, although values remain within the normal range. The routine administration of fat-soluble vitamins appears unnecessary but it is prudent to measure prothrombin time and serum vitamins A and E at intervals. In children who were having a normal intake of dietary fat five out of seven tested had faecal fat of over 5 g/day while on cholestyramine. No chold has developed diarrhoea, and growth has been normal. The concentrations of serum iron, vitamin B12, plasma calcium, and protein did not change significantly in any patient.", "contents": "The effect of cholestyramine on intestinal absorption. Cholestyramine in a mean dosage of 0-6 g/kg/day has been given to 18 children with familial hypercholesterolaemia for between one and two and a half years. With prolonged treatment folate deficiency occurred, as evidenced by a fall in the mean serum folate concentration from 7-7 ng/ml before treatment to 4-4 ng/ml for patients on treatment for over one year; a corresponding lowering of red cell folate was also seen. Oral folic acid 5 mg daily overcame this depletion, and should be given to all patients on long-term anion exchange resins. Prothrombin time has remained normal in all patients; there has been a significant decrease in the mean serum concentrations of vitamins A and E and of inorganic phosphorus over the first two years of treatment, although values remain within the normal range. The routine administration of fat-soluble vitamins appears unnecessary but it is prudent to measure prothrombin time and serum vitamins A and E at intervals. In children who were having a normal intake of dietary fat five out of seven tested had faecal fat of over 5 g/day while on cholestyramine. No chold has developed diarrhoea, and growth has been normal. The concentrations of serum iron, vitamin B12, plasma calcium, and protein did not change significantly in any patient.", "PMID": 1168607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2390", "title": "Transport across the rabbit foetal yolk-sac of fractions of IgG from several mammalian species.", "content": "Electrophoretically migrating fast and slow IgG fractions of rabbit, mouse, human, guinea-pig, dog, horse and cow sera were prepared by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, labelled with either 131I or 125I, and tested in passage across yolk-sac splanchnopleur of rabbits. In foetal sera, slow IgG generally reached higher concentrations than fast IgG, but even with mouse Ig, which has a high ratio between the two fractions, the difference was only four-fold. This differential between fast and slow IgG was not sufficient to explain the absorptive selectivity between IgG of different species. The capacity of isotopically labelled rabbit and equine IgG to be transported across the rabbit foetal yolk sac was also studied using fractions prepared by isoelectric focusing. Marked differences in concentration quotient (CQ) values (CQ equals (concentration in foetal serum)/(concentration in injected material)) between individual pI peaks for these species were found.", "contents": "Transport across the rabbit foetal yolk-sac of fractions of IgG from several mammalian species. Electrophoretically migrating fast and slow IgG fractions of rabbit, mouse, human, guinea-pig, dog, horse and cow sera were prepared by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, labelled with either 131I or 125I, and tested in passage across yolk-sac splanchnopleur of rabbits. In foetal sera, slow IgG generally reached higher concentrations than fast IgG, but even with mouse Ig, which has a high ratio between the two fractions, the difference was only four-fold. This differential between fast and slow IgG was not sufficient to explain the absorptive selectivity between IgG of different species. The capacity of isotopically labelled rabbit and equine IgG to be transported across the rabbit foetal yolk sac was also studied using fractions prepared by isoelectric focusing. Marked differences in concentration quotient (CQ) values (CQ equals (concentration in foetal serum)/(concentration in injected material)) between individual pI peaks for these species were found.", "PMID": 1168622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2391", "title": "Shark attack in Natal.", "content": "The injuries in 5 cases of shark attack in Natal during 1973-74 are reviewed. Experience in shark attacks in South Africa during this period is discussed (1965-73), and the value of protecting heavily utilized beaches in Natal with nets is assessed. The surgical applications of elasmobranch research at the Oceanographic Research Institute (Durban) and at the Headquarters of the Natal Anti-Shark Measures Board (Umhlanga Rocks) are described. Modern trends in the training of surf life-guards, the provision of basic equipment for primary resuscitation of casualties on the beaches, and the policy of general and local care of these patients in Natal are discussed.", "contents": "Shark attack in Natal. The injuries in 5 cases of shark attack in Natal during 1973-74 are reviewed. Experience in shark attacks in South Africa during this period is discussed (1965-73), and the value of protecting heavily utilized beaches in Natal with nets is assessed. The surgical applications of elasmobranch research at the Oceanographic Research Institute (Durban) and at the Headquarters of the Natal Anti-Shark Measures Board (Umhlanga Rocks) are described. Modern trends in the training of surf life-guards, the provision of basic equipment for primary resuscitation of casualties on the beaches, and the policy of general and local care of these patients in Natal are discussed.", "PMID": 1168623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2392", "title": "Cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes from pregnant mice on cultivated tumor cells. I. Specificity, nature of effector cells and blocking by serum.", "content": "Lymph-node and spleen cells from pregnant BALB/c mice were found to be cytotoxic (by a microcytotoxicity assay) to cultivated syngeneic tumor cells. Target cells included a series of in vitro transformants derived from BALB/c 3T3 cells (3T3-MSV,3T3-SV40 and 3T12), as well as two lines of tumors induced in vivo. Skin fibroblasts and non-transformed 3T3 cells were not similarily affected. The cytotoxic lymphocyte effect was decreased by treatment with anti 0 serum and complement but was not removed by passage through a column removing cells with immunoglobulin at their surfact. It could be blocked by serum taken from pregnant mice and from mice carrying methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas. These sarcomas could be different from the ones used as targets in vitro, but the blocking effect was higher when serum was tested from mice carrying the respective tumor studied. The blocking activity of serum from pregnant mice was removed by absorption with neoplastic cells, taken either from culture or directly from mice, and with fresh embryonic cells, but not to the same extent by absorption with explained fibroblasts, 3T3 cells, or adult kidney cells. Absorption was most effective when the same line of cells was used as targets. Both the cytotoxic lymphocyte effect and the blocking serum activity were seen already during the first pregnancy and lasted for at least 1 month subsequent to delivery. Serum from pregnant mice could \"arm\" control lymph-node cells and produce a lymphocyte-dependent cytotoxic effect on neoplastic, but not on control, target cells.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes from pregnant mice on cultivated tumor cells. I. Specificity, nature of effector cells and blocking by serum. Lymph-node and spleen cells from pregnant BALB/c mice were found to be cytotoxic (by a microcytotoxicity assay) to cultivated syngeneic tumor cells. Target cells included a series of in vitro transformants derived from BALB/c 3T3 cells (3T3-MSV,3T3-SV40 and 3T12), as well as two lines of tumors induced in vivo. Skin fibroblasts and non-transformed 3T3 cells were not similarily affected. The cytotoxic lymphocyte effect was decreased by treatment with anti 0 serum and complement but was not removed by passage through a column removing cells with immunoglobulin at their surfact. It could be blocked by serum taken from pregnant mice and from mice carrying methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas. These sarcomas could be different from the ones used as targets in vitro, but the blocking effect was higher when serum was tested from mice carrying the respective tumor studied. The blocking activity of serum from pregnant mice was removed by absorption with neoplastic cells, taken either from culture or directly from mice, and with fresh embryonic cells, but not to the same extent by absorption with explained fibroblasts, 3T3 cells, or adult kidney cells. Absorption was most effective when the same line of cells was used as targets. Both the cytotoxic lymphocyte effect and the blocking serum activity were seen already during the first pregnancy and lasted for at least 1 month subsequent to delivery. Serum from pregnant mice could \"arm\" control lymph-node cells and produce a lymphocyte-dependent cytotoxic effect on neoplastic, but not on control, target cells.", "PMID": 1168624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2393", "title": "Cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes from pregnant mice on cultivated tumor cells. II. Blocking and unblocking of cytotoxicity.", "content": "Sera from BALB/c mice transplanted with either of two syngeneic, methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas (1315 and 1321) were found to block (i.e. abrogate) the cytotoxic effect of lymph-node cells (LNC) from multiparous mice on cultivated tumor cells. The blocking activity was seen even at high serum dilutions (up to 1:320). It was found to persist in mice whose tumors had been removed 8-11 days previously. These mice had transplantation resistance against individually unique antigens of the respective sarcoma to which they had been immunized, but not against any common, putatively embryonic ones. In keeping with this finding, their sera did not block LNC-mediated cytotoxicity to the unique transplantation antigens, when tested 8-11 days after removal of the immunizing tumor. Sera from rabbits immunized with BALB/c embryonic tissues and subsequently absorbed with normal adult BALB/c cells, were found to cancel (\"unblock\") the blocking activity of serum from multiparous mice. The specificity of this unblocking effect and its potential usefulness as a tool to study immune reactions to embryonic tumor antigens need to be established.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes from pregnant mice on cultivated tumor cells. II. Blocking and unblocking of cytotoxicity. Sera from BALB/c mice transplanted with either of two syngeneic, methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas (1315 and 1321) were found to block (i.e. abrogate) the cytotoxic effect of lymph-node cells (LNC) from multiparous mice on cultivated tumor cells. The blocking activity was seen even at high serum dilutions (up to 1:320). It was found to persist in mice whose tumors had been removed 8-11 days previously. These mice had transplantation resistance against individually unique antigens of the respective sarcoma to which they had been immunized, but not against any common, putatively embryonic ones. In keeping with this finding, their sera did not block LNC-mediated cytotoxicity to the unique transplantation antigens, when tested 8-11 days after removal of the immunizing tumor. Sera from rabbits immunized with BALB/c embryonic tissues and subsequently absorbed with normal adult BALB/c cells, were found to cancel (\"unblock\") the blocking activity of serum from multiparous mice. The specificity of this unblocking effect and its potential usefulness as a tool to study immune reactions to embryonic tumor antigens need to be established.", "PMID": 1168625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2394", "title": "Effect of testosterone and estradiol-17beta on synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein in human breast in organ culture.", "content": "Effects of testosterone (T) and estradiol-17beta (E-2) on the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein were studied in explants of the following types of malignant and non-malignant human female breast grown in organ culture: cystic mastitis (7 cases), fibroadenoma (8), carcinoma (17) and uninvolved tissue from cancer-bearing breast (8). In cultures of systic mastitis T uniformly inhibited the incorporation of thymidine-3H into DNA, uridine-3H into RNA and L-amino acids-14C (AA-14C) into protein. E-2 inhibited the incorporation of thymidine-3H, but had a variable effect on the incorporation of uridine-3H and AA-14C. Cultures of fibroadenoma, with no steroid added, were highly proliferative especially at the outer surface, but the incorporation of thymidine-3H, uridine-3H and AA-14C was much lower than in cystic mastitis. Whereas in fibroadenoma T uniformly inhibited the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein, the effect of E-2 was variable: in most cases it inhibited the synthesis of DNA,but in one it stimulated it appreciably; in the majority of cases E-2 stimulated RNA and protein synthesis. In cultures of cancerous tissue T depressed, in most cases, the incorporation of thymidine-3H, uridine-3H and AA-14C, but it stimulated it in 4 out of 17. E-2 inhibited the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein in 6 cases (2 of them were inhibited by T), stimulated them in 9 (one stimulated by T) and had no clear effect in 2. The effect of the steroids on the explants of uninvolved tissue was variable and did not always parallel their effect on the cancerous tissue from the respective patients.", "contents": "Effect of testosterone and estradiol-17beta on synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein in human breast in organ culture. Effects of testosterone (T) and estradiol-17beta (E-2) on the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein were studied in explants of the following types of malignant and non-malignant human female breast grown in organ culture: cystic mastitis (7 cases), fibroadenoma (8), carcinoma (17) and uninvolved tissue from cancer-bearing breast (8). In cultures of systic mastitis T uniformly inhibited the incorporation of thymidine-3H into DNA, uridine-3H into RNA and L-amino acids-14C (AA-14C) into protein. E-2 inhibited the incorporation of thymidine-3H, but had a variable effect on the incorporation of uridine-3H and AA-14C. Cultures of fibroadenoma, with no steroid added, were highly proliferative especially at the outer surface, but the incorporation of thymidine-3H, uridine-3H and AA-14C was much lower than in cystic mastitis. Whereas in fibroadenoma T uniformly inhibited the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein, the effect of E-2 was variable: in most cases it inhibited the synthesis of DNA,but in one it stimulated it appreciably; in the majority of cases E-2 stimulated RNA and protein synthesis. In cultures of cancerous tissue T depressed, in most cases, the incorporation of thymidine-3H, uridine-3H and AA-14C, but it stimulated it in 4 out of 17. E-2 inhibited the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein in 6 cases (2 of them were inhibited by T), stimulated them in 9 (one stimulated by T) and had no clear effect in 2. The effect of the steroids on the explants of uninvolved tissue was variable and did not always parallel their effect on the cancerous tissue from the respective patients.", "PMID": 1168626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2395", "title": "A permeability test for the study of mitochondrial injury in in vitro cultured heart muscle and endothelioid cells.", "content": "A cytochemical permeability test for the detection of injury to in situ mitochondria of cultured heart cells is presented. The test is based on the increased rate at which injured mitochondria stain for succinate dehydrogenase activity. Whereas an intact inner mitochondrial membrane limits the rate at which Nitro Blue tetrazolium and phenazine methosulphate reach succinate dehydrogenase, injured mitochondria allow these reactants to reach the enzyme more rapidly to form microscopically-observable formazan granules. The extent of staining at fixed durations of incubation with the reactants was assessed on a blind basis with pseudo dark-field microscopy, using a standardized rating scale. Differences in the staining of control and treated cells were analysed statistically by a semi-quantitative method. Treatment of the cultures with either vitamin A or chlorpromazine, resulted in more rapid mitochondrial staining. Brief pre-fixation of the cells with cold acetone also labilized the mitochondria as did a delay in the change of culture medium.", "contents": "A permeability test for the study of mitochondrial injury in in vitro cultured heart muscle and endothelioid cells. A cytochemical permeability test for the detection of injury to in situ mitochondria of cultured heart cells is presented. The test is based on the increased rate at which injured mitochondria stain for succinate dehydrogenase activity. Whereas an intact inner mitochondrial membrane limits the rate at which Nitro Blue tetrazolium and phenazine methosulphate reach succinate dehydrogenase, injured mitochondria allow these reactants to reach the enzyme more rapidly to form microscopically-observable formazan granules. The extent of staining at fixed durations of incubation with the reactants was assessed on a blind basis with pseudo dark-field microscopy, using a standardized rating scale. Differences in the staining of control and treated cells were analysed statistically by a semi-quantitative method. Treatment of the cultures with either vitamin A or chlorpromazine, resulted in more rapid mitochondrial staining. Brief pre-fixation of the cells with cold acetone also labilized the mitochondria as did a delay in the change of culture medium.", "PMID": 1168629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2396", "title": "Combined staining of protein-bound sulphydryl groups and DNA in polyacrylamide model systems.", "content": "A model system of polyacrylamide films containing protein and DNA has been used to examine the feasibility of combining the dihydroxydinaphthyldisulphide (DDD)-diazonium salt procedure for localizing protein-bound sulphydryl groups with the Feulgen technique for DNA to make possible the direct measurement of both these parameters simultaneously. Optimun conditions for the sulphydryl group reaction require reduction of the protein-containing films in 10% aqueous ammonium sulphide for 3 hr at 50 degree C followed by treatment with a DDD solution at 50 degree C for 4 hr. The final coloured product was developed in a solution of the diazonium salt, Fast Red TR, for 15 min. The azo compound thus produced was completely resistant to hydrochloric acid hydrolysis in the manner of the Feulgen reaction. Calculation of protein-bound sulphydryl groups and DNA from measurements made on doubly-stained films showed excellent agreement between the measured and the expected values.", "contents": "Combined staining of protein-bound sulphydryl groups and DNA in polyacrylamide model systems. A model system of polyacrylamide films containing protein and DNA has been used to examine the feasibility of combining the dihydroxydinaphthyldisulphide (DDD)-diazonium salt procedure for localizing protein-bound sulphydryl groups with the Feulgen technique for DNA to make possible the direct measurement of both these parameters simultaneously. Optimun conditions for the sulphydryl group reaction require reduction of the protein-containing films in 10% aqueous ammonium sulphide for 3 hr at 50 degree C followed by treatment with a DDD solution at 50 degree C for 4 hr. The final coloured product was developed in a solution of the diazonium salt, Fast Red TR, for 15 min. The azo compound thus produced was completely resistant to hydrochloric acid hydrolysis in the manner of the Feulgen reaction. Calculation of protein-bound sulphydryl groups and DNA from measurements made on doubly-stained films showed excellent agreement between the measured and the expected values.", "PMID": 1168630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2397", "title": "Utilization of L-cell nucleoside triphosphates by Chlamydia psittaci for ribonucleic acid synthesis.", "content": "Long-term, 32-P-labeled L cells were infected with the obligately intracellular parasite Chlamydia psittaci (strain 6 BC). At 20 h postinfection, [3-H]uridine was added, and the infected cells were sampled at intervals for incorporation of the labels into the uridine triphosphate (UTP) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) pools of the host L cell and the uridine monophosphate (UMP) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) in 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the parasite. The specific activity of the nucleotides was calculated from the ratio of 3-H to 32-P counts in the nucleotides. The rate of approach to equilibrium labeling of UTP and CTP in L-cell pools and UMP and CMP in 16S RNA from the exogenous uridine label was determined from the increase in the ratios of the specific activities of CTP to UTP and CMP to UMP with time. The rate of approach to equilibrium CMP:UMP labeling of the 16S RNA of C. psittaci was consistent with the rate predicted from the kinetics of labeling of the CTP and UTP pools of the host L cell. In analogous experiments, the rate of approach to equilibrium guanosine monophosphate:adenosine monophosphate labeling of 16S RNA from an exogenous [14-C]adenine label was consistent with the rate predicted from the kinetics of labeling of the purine nucleoside triphosphate pool of the host cell. These results support the concept that members of the genus Chlamydia owe their obligate intracellular mode of reproduction to a requirement for energy intermediates which is fulfilled by the host cell. In addition, evidence was obtained that the total acid-soluble purine nucleoside triphosphate pool of L cells accurately represents the precursors of L-cell 18S ribosomal RNA.", "contents": "Utilization of L-cell nucleoside triphosphates by Chlamydia psittaci for ribonucleic acid synthesis. Long-term, 32-P-labeled L cells were infected with the obligately intracellular parasite Chlamydia psittaci (strain 6 BC). At 20 h postinfection, [3-H]uridine was added, and the infected cells were sampled at intervals for incorporation of the labels into the uridine triphosphate (UTP) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) pools of the host L cell and the uridine monophosphate (UMP) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) in 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the parasite. The specific activity of the nucleotides was calculated from the ratio of 3-H to 32-P counts in the nucleotides. The rate of approach to equilibrium labeling of UTP and CTP in L-cell pools and UMP and CMP in 16S RNA from the exogenous uridine label was determined from the increase in the ratios of the specific activities of CTP to UTP and CMP to UMP with time. The rate of approach to equilibrium CMP:UMP labeling of the 16S RNA of C. psittaci was consistent with the rate predicted from the kinetics of labeling of the CTP and UTP pools of the host L cell. In analogous experiments, the rate of approach to equilibrium guanosine monophosphate:adenosine monophosphate labeling of 16S RNA from an exogenous [14-C]adenine label was consistent with the rate predicted from the kinetics of labeling of the purine nucleoside triphosphate pool of the host cell. These results support the concept that members of the genus Chlamydia owe their obligate intracellular mode of reproduction to a requirement for energy intermediates which is fulfilled by the host cell. In addition, evidence was obtained that the total acid-soluble purine nucleoside triphosphate pool of L cells accurately represents the precursors of L-cell 18S ribosomal RNA.", "PMID": 1168632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2398", "title": "Structural similarity of the membrane envelopes of rhizobial bacteroids and the host plasma membrane as revealed by freeze-fracturing.", "content": "The freeze-fracture technique was used to study the host plasma membrane and the membrane envelope of bacteroids in rhizobial root nodules of three host-rhizobium combinations. In all three combinations studied, the membrane envelopes of bacteroids are structurally similar to their host plasma membrane. However, the membrane appears to be reversed, because the number and arrangement of particles in the outer fractured face (face A, concave) and in the inner fractured face (face B, convex) of the host plasma membrane are seen, respectively, in the inner fractured face (face B, convex) and in the outer fractured face (face A, concave) of the membrane envelope of the bacteroids at an early stage. This reversion of the membrane surface is consistent with the hypothesis that the membrane envelopes of bacteroids are derived from the host plasma membrane during endocytotic engulfment.", "contents": "Structural similarity of the membrane envelopes of rhizobial bacteroids and the host plasma membrane as revealed by freeze-fracturing. The freeze-fracture technique was used to study the host plasma membrane and the membrane envelope of bacteroids in rhizobial root nodules of three host-rhizobium combinations. In all three combinations studied, the membrane envelopes of bacteroids are structurally similar to their host plasma membrane. However, the membrane appears to be reversed, because the number and arrangement of particles in the outer fractured face (face A, concave) and in the inner fractured face (face B, convex) of the host plasma membrane are seen, respectively, in the inner fractured face (face B, convex) and in the outer fractured face (face A, concave) of the membrane envelope of the bacteroids at an early stage. This reversion of the membrane surface is consistent with the hypothesis that the membrane envelopes of bacteroids are derived from the host plasma membrane during endocytotic engulfment.", "PMID": 1168633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2399", "title": "Plasmalogen composition of Anaeroplasma.", "content": "The polar lipids of Anaeroplasma contained 33.1 percent alk-1'-enyl glyceryl ether (plasmalogen) form. Phosphatidylglycerol was the major polar lipid (55.2 percent) and contained nearly all of the plasmalogen. The alk-1'-enyl glyceryl ether form accounted for 58.3 percent of the phosphatidylglycerol.", "contents": "Plasmalogen composition of Anaeroplasma. The polar lipids of Anaeroplasma contained 33.1 percent alk-1'-enyl glyceryl ether (plasmalogen) form. Phosphatidylglycerol was the major polar lipid (55.2 percent) and contained nearly all of the plasmalogen. The alk-1'-enyl glyceryl ether form accounted for 58.3 percent of the phosphatidylglycerol.", "PMID": 1168634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2400", "title": "Crystallization and preliminary x-ray investigation of soybean beta-amylase.", "content": "Beta-Amylase [1, 4-alpha-D-glucan maltohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.2] has been purified from defatted soybean meal by fractional precipation with ammonium sulfate, ion-exchange chromatography on CM- and DEAE-Sephadex and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100.  Two different components of beta-amylase were crystallized from ammonium sulfate solutions, and the homogeneity of each preparation was confirmed by sedimentation and disc electrophoretic analyses.  Both components of soybean beta-amylase formed large single crystals (trigonal crystal system) from 40--50 per cent saturated ammonium sulfate solution buffered at pH 5.4 on dialyzing concentrated protein solution in the apparatus of Zeppezauer et al.  Preliminary X-ray diffraction data gave a hexagonal lattice with unit cell dimensions a=86.1 A and c=144.4 A.  The space group corresponds to P3121 or P3221, and one asymmetric unit contains one molecule of beta-amylase, assuming a crystal density of 1.25 g/ml and a molecular weight of the enzyme of 60,000 daltons.  In this case, the crystal has a volume of 2.53 A-3 per atomic mass unit, and the percentage of protein in the crystal is about 52.", "contents": "Crystallization and preliminary x-ray investigation of soybean beta-amylase. Beta-Amylase [1, 4-alpha-D-glucan maltohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.2] has been purified from defatted soybean meal by fractional precipation with ammonium sulfate, ion-exchange chromatography on CM- and DEAE-Sephadex and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100.  Two different components of beta-amylase were crystallized from ammonium sulfate solutions, and the homogeneity of each preparation was confirmed by sedimentation and disc electrophoretic analyses.  Both components of soybean beta-amylase formed large single crystals (trigonal crystal system) from 40--50 per cent saturated ammonium sulfate solution buffered at pH 5.4 on dialyzing concentrated protein solution in the apparatus of Zeppezauer et al.  Preliminary X-ray diffraction data gave a hexagonal lattice with unit cell dimensions a=86.1 A and c=144.4 A.  The space group corresponds to P3121 or P3221, and one asymmetric unit contains one molecule of beta-amylase, assuming a crystal density of 1.25 g/ml and a molecular weight of the enzyme of 60,000 daltons.  In this case, the crystal has a volume of 2.53 A-3 per atomic mass unit, and the percentage of protein in the crystal is about 52.", "PMID": 1168635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2401", "title": "Utilization of ribonucleic acid and deoxyoligomer primers for polyadenylic acid synthesis by adenosine triphosphate: polynucleotidylexotransferase from maize.", "content": "The ATP:polynucleotidylexotransferase isolated and purified from maize seedlings catalyzes the synthesis of polyadenylic acid by the sequential addition of 80 to 200 AMP moieties from ATP to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus of either ribo- or deoxyoligomers. Copurification of the RNA and DNA-primed activities, identical metal cofactor and reaction requirements for either primer and identical heat inactivation curves with either primer strongly suggest that both primers are utilized by the same enzyme.", "contents": "Utilization of ribonucleic acid and deoxyoligomer primers for polyadenylic acid synthesis by adenosine triphosphate: polynucleotidylexotransferase from maize. The ATP:polynucleotidylexotransferase isolated and purified from maize seedlings catalyzes the synthesis of polyadenylic acid by the sequential addition of 80 to 200 AMP moieties from ATP to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus of either ribo- or deoxyoligomers. Copurification of the RNA and DNA-primed activities, identical metal cofactor and reaction requirements for either primer and identical heat inactivation curves with either primer strongly suggest that both primers are utilized by the same enzyme.", "PMID": 1168636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2402", "title": "The N, O-diacetylmuramidase of chalaropsis species. IV. Tryptic peptides.", "content": "Lysozyme Ch was hydrolyzed with trypsin in 2 M urea and the resulting peptides were separated by a combination of gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Ten peptides and free lysine were produced by tryptic action. The enzyme has 5 arginine and 4 lysine residues per molecule and one of the peptides arose from a chymotryptic-like cleavage of a tyrosyl-seryl bond near the amino-terminal end of the enzyme. The entire molecule is accounted for by the tryptic peptides, which have been ordered withing the peptides obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage of the molecule.", "contents": "The N, O-diacetylmuramidase of chalaropsis species. IV. Tryptic peptides. Lysozyme Ch was hydrolyzed with trypsin in 2 M urea and the resulting peptides were separated by a combination of gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Ten peptides and free lysine were produced by tryptic action. The enzyme has 5 arginine and 4 lysine residues per molecule and one of the peptides arose from a chymotryptic-like cleavage of a tyrosyl-seryl bond near the amino-terminal end of the enzyme. The entire molecule is accounted for by the tryptic peptides, which have been ordered withing the peptides obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage of the molecule.", "PMID": 1168637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2403", "title": "The N, O-diacetylmuramidase of Chalaropsis species. V. The complete amino acid sequence.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of lysozyme Ch has been established by a combination of automated and manual Edman degradation and carboxypeptidase digestion.(see article)There is a single disulfide bond in the center of the molecule. The enzyme has 211 residues with a calculated molecular weight of 22,415. Lysozyme Ch has an amino acid sequence that is totally different from all other lysozymes whose sequences are known.", "contents": "The N, O-diacetylmuramidase of Chalaropsis species. V. The complete amino acid sequence. The complete amino acid sequence of lysozyme Ch has been established by a combination of automated and manual Edman degradation and carboxypeptidase digestion.(see article)There is a single disulfide bond in the center of the molecule. The enzyme has 211 residues with a calculated molecular weight of 22,415. Lysozyme Ch has an amino acid sequence that is totally different from all other lysozymes whose sequences are known.", "PMID": 1168638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2404", "title": "Mechanism by which antibodies inhibit hapten-malate dehydrogenase conjugates. An enzyme immunoassay for morphine.", "content": "Antimorphine antibodies inhibit the activity of morphine conjugates of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. Conjugation of malate dehydrogenase through tyrosine and amino groups resulted in only moderate losses of enzyme activity. On conjugation through disulfide bonds the enzyme activity first increased but dropped sharply with increasing substitution. Only the former conjugates were inhibited by excess antibodies. The degree of inhibition (up to 86%) was directly related to the number of morphine residues bonded directly to amino groups. The maximum number of antibody binding sites that bind to enzyme was nearly equal to the number of haptens provided there were 16 or less haptens/enzyme. However up to 26 haptens/enzyme became completely bound by antibody on long incubation. Inhibition of enzyme activity was detectably reduced by 2 times 10 minus 9 M morphine or 2 times 10 minus 10 M codeine, thus providing a sensitive assay for these drugs. The data suggest that enzyme inhibition occurs by conformational freezing of the enzyme when antibody binds to a morphine residue attached to one specific amino group.", "contents": "Mechanism by which antibodies inhibit hapten-malate dehydrogenase conjugates. An enzyme immunoassay for morphine. Antimorphine antibodies inhibit the activity of morphine conjugates of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. Conjugation of malate dehydrogenase through tyrosine and amino groups resulted in only moderate losses of enzyme activity. On conjugation through disulfide bonds the enzyme activity first increased but dropped sharply with increasing substitution. Only the former conjugates were inhibited by excess antibodies. The degree of inhibition (up to 86%) was directly related to the number of morphine residues bonded directly to amino groups. The maximum number of antibody binding sites that bind to enzyme was nearly equal to the number of haptens provided there were 16 or less haptens/enzyme. However up to 26 haptens/enzyme became completely bound by antibody on long incubation. Inhibition of enzyme activity was detectably reduced by 2 times 10 minus 9 M morphine or 2 times 10 minus 10 M codeine, thus providing a sensitive assay for these drugs. The data suggest that enzyme inhibition occurs by conformational freezing of the enzyme when antibody binds to a morphine residue attached to one specific amino group.", "PMID": 1168639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2405", "title": "Reversible inactivation of pancreatic deoxyribonuclease A by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Removal of COOH-terminal residues from the denatured protein by carboxypeptidase A.", "content": "In the course of experiments on the role of the COOH-terminal residues in pancreatic deoxyribonuclease, we undertook to ascertain whether the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate would render the normally unavailable terminus susceptible to hydrolysis by carboxypeptidase A. When DNase A is dissolved in 0.005% sodium dodecyl sulfate the protein becomes enzymically inactive when assayed against DNA in the same sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration. The loss of activity caused by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate for 1 hour at 45 degrees can be fully restored if the detergent-containing solution is diluted 10-fold into 6 M guanidinium chloride and then 10-fold into a pH 7.0 buffer, 10 mM in CaCl2, prior to a 100-fold dilution for assay. The presence of Ca2+ is essential for the refolding process. If the same degree of dilution is made into sodium dodecyl sulfate-free buffer without the guanidinium chloride step, there is very little reversal of the inactivation. An almost complete loss of regenerable activity is caused by 1 hour of digestion by carboxypeptidase at 45 degrees in the presence of 0.03% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Although up to 6 amino acid residues can be removed from the COOH terminus, the loss of activity can be correlated with the removal of either 1 or 2 amino acid residues (-Leu-Thr) from the COOH-terminal sequence. Thus, DNase A is one of the several enzymes in which residues at the COOH terminus are essential to the active conformation. If the enzyme minus 2 to 6 terminal residues was mixed with a 15-residue COOH-terminal peptide (obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage), only about 2% activity could be regenerated.", "contents": "Reversible inactivation of pancreatic deoxyribonuclease A by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Removal of COOH-terminal residues from the denatured protein by carboxypeptidase A. In the course of experiments on the role of the COOH-terminal residues in pancreatic deoxyribonuclease, we undertook to ascertain whether the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate would render the normally unavailable terminus susceptible to hydrolysis by carboxypeptidase A. When DNase A is dissolved in 0.005% sodium dodecyl sulfate the protein becomes enzymically inactive when assayed against DNA in the same sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration. The loss of activity caused by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate for 1 hour at 45 degrees can be fully restored if the detergent-containing solution is diluted 10-fold into 6 M guanidinium chloride and then 10-fold into a pH 7.0 buffer, 10 mM in CaCl2, prior to a 100-fold dilution for assay. The presence of Ca2+ is essential for the refolding process. If the same degree of dilution is made into sodium dodecyl sulfate-free buffer without the guanidinium chloride step, there is very little reversal of the inactivation. An almost complete loss of regenerable activity is caused by 1 hour of digestion by carboxypeptidase at 45 degrees in the presence of 0.03% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Although up to 6 amino acid residues can be removed from the COOH terminus, the loss of activity can be correlated with the removal of either 1 or 2 amino acid residues (-Leu-Thr) from the COOH-terminal sequence. Thus, DNase A is one of the several enzymes in which residues at the COOH terminus are essential to the active conformation. If the enzyme minus 2 to 6 terminal residues was mixed with a 15-residue COOH-terminal peptide (obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage), only about 2% activity could be regenerated.", "PMID": 1168640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2406", "title": "Sequential phsophorylation of histone subfractions in the Chinese hamster cell cycle.", "content": "Ion exchange chromatography and preparative electrophoresis were used to examine the phosphorylation of histone f1 and f3 subfractions in synchronized Chinese hamster cells (line CHO). Three discrete f1 phosphorylation events were demonstrated to occur in sequence during the cell cycle. The first event (f1G1) commenced in G1 2 hours prior to entry of cells into S phase; the second event (f1s) commenced simultaneously with initiation of DNA synthesis; and the third event (f1M) commenced when cells entered mitosis. F1M phosphorylation occurred simultaneously with the phosphorylation of histone f3 (which is not phosphorylated during G1, S, or G2). Fractionation of f1 and f3 revealed no differences in these sequential phosphorylation patterns among the various f1 and f3 subfractions, indicating that these phosphorylations are general biochemical events of the cell cycle. Phosphorylated (f1G1) was found to accumulate in cells as they traversed THEIR CELL CYCLE. F1s was phosphorylated to twice the extent of f1G1, but f1s did not accumulate in the cells as they passed through interphase. F1M was phosphorylated to about 4 times the extent of the first phosphorylated form (f1G1). A model of the relationship of histone phosphorylation to the cell cycle is presented which suggests that (a) f1G1 phosphorylation is involved with chromatin structural changes necessary for cell proliferation; (b) f1s phosphorylation is involved with DNA replication; (c) F1M and f3 phosphorylations are involved in chromosome condensation.", "contents": "Sequential phsophorylation of histone subfractions in the Chinese hamster cell cycle. Ion exchange chromatography and preparative electrophoresis were used to examine the phosphorylation of histone f1 and f3 subfractions in synchronized Chinese hamster cells (line CHO). Three discrete f1 phosphorylation events were demonstrated to occur in sequence during the cell cycle. The first event (f1G1) commenced in G1 2 hours prior to entry of cells into S phase; the second event (f1s) commenced simultaneously with initiation of DNA synthesis; and the third event (f1M) commenced when cells entered mitosis. F1M phosphorylation occurred simultaneously with the phosphorylation of histone f3 (which is not phosphorylated during G1, S, or G2). Fractionation of f1 and f3 revealed no differences in these sequential phosphorylation patterns among the various f1 and f3 subfractions, indicating that these phosphorylations are general biochemical events of the cell cycle. Phosphorylated (f1G1) was found to accumulate in cells as they traversed THEIR CELL CYCLE. F1s was phosphorylated to twice the extent of f1G1, but f1s did not accumulate in the cells as they passed through interphase. F1M was phosphorylated to about 4 times the extent of the first phosphorylated form (f1G1). A model of the relationship of histone phosphorylation to the cell cycle is presented which suggests that (a) f1G1 phosphorylation is involved with chromatin structural changes necessary for cell proliferation; (b) f1s phosphorylation is involved with DNA replication; (c) F1M and f3 phosphorylations are involved in chromosome condensation.", "PMID": 1168641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2407", "title": "Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Subcellular distribution of glycosyltransferases in embryonic chick brain.", "content": "The subcellular distributions of five glycoslytransferases involved in the biosynthesis of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and of a sixth glycosyltransferase, presumably involved in glycoprotein biosynthesis, were examined in 13-day chick enbryo brain. Fractionation studies performed by the procedure of Gray and Whittaker (Gray, E.G., and Whittaker, V.P. (1962) J. Anat. (London) 96, 79-88) revealed that three of the six enzymes were directly associated with the membrane fraction of synaptosome-enriched preparations; varying amounts of the remaining glycosyltransferases were distributed between the 100,000 times g supernatant and the synaptosome-enriched fraction after differential and density gradient centrifugation of crude chick brain homogenates. The time of appearance of three of the glycosyltransferases was examined in chick embryo brain tissue at several stages of development. The brain content of each glycosyltransferase increased rapidly between day 7 and hatching at day 21. A sharp decline in each of the glycosyltransferase activities occurred at hatching.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Subcellular distribution of glycosyltransferases in embryonic chick brain. The subcellular distributions of five glycoslytransferases involved in the biosynthesis of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and of a sixth glycosyltransferase, presumably involved in glycoprotein biosynthesis, were examined in 13-day chick enbryo brain. Fractionation studies performed by the procedure of Gray and Whittaker (Gray, E.G., and Whittaker, V.P. (1962) J. Anat. (London) 96, 79-88) revealed that three of the six enzymes were directly associated with the membrane fraction of synaptosome-enriched preparations; varying amounts of the remaining glycosyltransferases were distributed between the 100,000 times g supernatant and the synaptosome-enriched fraction after differential and density gradient centrifugation of crude chick brain homogenates. The time of appearance of three of the glycosyltransferases was examined in chick embryo brain tissue at several stages of development. The brain content of each glycosyltransferase increased rapidly between day 7 and hatching at day 21. A sharp decline in each of the glycosyltransferase activities occurred at hatching.", "PMID": 1168642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2408", "title": "Activation of the action potential Na+ ionophore of cultured neuroblastoma cells by veratridine and batrachotoxin.", "content": "The activation of the action potential Na+ ionophore by veratridine and batrachotoxin is time- and concentration-dependent and completely reversible. Batrachotoxin acts more slowly than veratridine. The concentration dependence of activation at equilibrium suggests reversible interaction of each toxin with a single class of independent sites having dissociation constants at physiologic ion concentrations of 80 plus or minus 13 muM for veratridine and 0.4 plus or minus muM for batrachotoxin. The maximum velocity of Na+ uptake at 50 mM Na+ is 128 plus or minus 12 nmol/min/mg in the presence of batrachotoxin compared to 48 plus or minus 4 nmol/min/mg in the presence of veratridine. Treatment of cells with excess veratridine in addition to batrachotoxin inhibits batrachotoxin-dependent 22-Na+ uptake. The concentration dependence of this inhibition suggests that it reflects competitive displacement of batrachotoxin from its binding site by veratridine. The activation by veratridine and batrachotoxin is inhibited in a competitive manner by divalent cations. The inhibition by divalent cations exhibits significant ion specificity with Mn-2+ greater than Co-2+ greater than Ni-2+ greater than Ca-2+ greater than Mg-2+ greater than Sr-2+. The inhibition constants (KI) for Ca-2+ are 0.84 mM for veratridine-dependent 22-Na+ uptake and 1.2 mM for batrachotoxin-dependent 22-Na+ uptake. The activation by veratridine and batrachotoxin is inhibited in a noncompetitive manner by tetrodotoxin. The apparent KD for tetrodotoxin as 11 plus or minus 1 nM in the presence of 150 mM Na+ and approximately 8.5 nM in 50 mM Na+. Divalent cations do not affect the apparent KD for tetrodotoxin. A hypothesis is presented which suggests that batrachotoxin, veratridine, and divalent cations interact with an activation site associated with the action potential Na+ ionophore, whereas tetrodotoxin interacts with a physically and functionally independent site involved in the transport of monovalent cations by the ionophore.", "contents": "Activation of the action potential Na+ ionophore of cultured neuroblastoma cells by veratridine and batrachotoxin. The activation of the action potential Na+ ionophore by veratridine and batrachotoxin is time- and concentration-dependent and completely reversible. Batrachotoxin acts more slowly than veratridine. The concentration dependence of activation at equilibrium suggests reversible interaction of each toxin with a single class of independent sites having dissociation constants at physiologic ion concentrations of 80 plus or minus 13 muM for veratridine and 0.4 plus or minus muM for batrachotoxin. The maximum velocity of Na+ uptake at 50 mM Na+ is 128 plus or minus 12 nmol/min/mg in the presence of batrachotoxin compared to 48 plus or minus 4 nmol/min/mg in the presence of veratridine. Treatment of cells with excess veratridine in addition to batrachotoxin inhibits batrachotoxin-dependent 22-Na+ uptake. The concentration dependence of this inhibition suggests that it reflects competitive displacement of batrachotoxin from its binding site by veratridine. The activation by veratridine and batrachotoxin is inhibited in a competitive manner by divalent cations. The inhibition by divalent cations exhibits significant ion specificity with Mn-2+ greater than Co-2+ greater than Ni-2+ greater than Ca-2+ greater than Mg-2+ greater than Sr-2+. The inhibition constants (KI) for Ca-2+ are 0.84 mM for veratridine-dependent 22-Na+ uptake and 1.2 mM for batrachotoxin-dependent 22-Na+ uptake. The activation by veratridine and batrachotoxin is inhibited in a noncompetitive manner by tetrodotoxin. The apparent KD for tetrodotoxin as 11 plus or minus 1 nM in the presence of 150 mM Na+ and approximately 8.5 nM in 50 mM Na+. Divalent cations do not affect the apparent KD for tetrodotoxin. A hypothesis is presented which suggests that batrachotoxin, veratridine, and divalent cations interact with an activation site associated with the action potential Na+ ionophore, whereas tetrodotoxin interacts with a physically and functionally independent site involved in the transport of monovalent cations by the ionophore.", "PMID": 1168643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2409", "title": "Location of procollagen in chick corneal and tendon fibroblasts with ferritin-conjugated antibodies.", "content": "Three distinct antiprocollagen preparations were characterized and used in immunocytochemical staining of chick embryo corneal and tendon cells. The several ferritin-conjugated antibody preparations permitted similar location of procollagen in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in Golgi elements in both cell types. The ability to demonstrate and interpret specific ferritin staining was dependent on the extent of membrane breakage in each of those organelles, coupled with adequate retention of cell morphology. Corneal fibroblasts appeared to suffer more extensive intracellular membrane damage under controlled conditions of homogenization than tendon fibroblasts, facilitating the identification of procollagen in Golgi vacuoles of these cells. None of the labeled material appeared to by cytoplasmic in origin since ferritin was observed in the cytoplasm only in the vicinity of Golgi elements that were extensively broken. This study extends previous immunological evidence for the presence of procollagen in the Golgi complex and calls attention to the problems to be encountered in locating the antigen in small Golgi vesicles and lamellae.", "contents": "Location of procollagen in chick corneal and tendon fibroblasts with ferritin-conjugated antibodies. Three distinct antiprocollagen preparations were characterized and used in immunocytochemical staining of chick embryo corneal and tendon cells. The several ferritin-conjugated antibody preparations permitted similar location of procollagen in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in Golgi elements in both cell types. The ability to demonstrate and interpret specific ferritin staining was dependent on the extent of membrane breakage in each of those organelles, coupled with adequate retention of cell morphology. Corneal fibroblasts appeared to suffer more extensive intracellular membrane damage under controlled conditions of homogenization than tendon fibroblasts, facilitating the identification of procollagen in Golgi vacuoles of these cells. None of the labeled material appeared to by cytoplasmic in origin since ferritin was observed in the cytoplasm only in the vicinity of Golgi elements that were extensively broken. This study extends previous immunological evidence for the presence of procollagen in the Golgi complex and calls attention to the problems to be encountered in locating the antigen in small Golgi vesicles and lamellae.", "PMID": 1168646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2410", "title": "Studies of murine erythroid cell development. Synthesis of heme and hemoglobin.", "content": "Techniques of cell separation were used to isolate murine erythroid precursors at different states of maturation. Cells were studied before and after short-term incubation in the presence or absence of erythropoietin. Complementary results were obtained by direct examination of the cell fractions and by the short-term culture experiments. Indices of heme synthesis, including incorporation of 59Fe or [2-14C]glycine into heme and activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, were already well developed in the least mature cells, chiefly pronormoblasts. Activity then rose moderately in the cell fractions consisting primarily of basophilic and polychromatophilic normoblasts, and fell off with further increases in cell maturity. On short-term culture in the presence of erythropoietin, activity declined with increasing cell maturation except in the least mature fraction where the original level of activity was maintained. By contrast, synthesis of labeled hemoglobin ([3H]leucine) was very low in the least mature cell fractions and rose progressively with increasing cell maturity. The rate of hemoglobin synthesis increase in cells at all stages of maturation when cultured in the presence of erythropoietin. Despite the different patterns observed for heme synthesis and hemoglobin synthesis, both synthetic activities were consistently higher in cells cultured with erythropoietin as compared to controls. These findings suggest that erythropoietin stimulates biochemical differentiation of erythroid precursors at various stages of maturation. They also demonstrate an asynchronism between heme synthesis and hemoglobin syhthesis; heme synthesis is already well developed in the least mature erythroid cells and begins to diminish as the capacity for hemoglobin synthesis continues to rise.", "contents": "Studies of murine erythroid cell development. Synthesis of heme and hemoglobin. Techniques of cell separation were used to isolate murine erythroid precursors at different states of maturation. Cells were studied before and after short-term incubation in the presence or absence of erythropoietin. Complementary results were obtained by direct examination of the cell fractions and by the short-term culture experiments. Indices of heme synthesis, including incorporation of 59Fe or [2-14C]glycine into heme and activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, were already well developed in the least mature cells, chiefly pronormoblasts. Activity then rose moderately in the cell fractions consisting primarily of basophilic and polychromatophilic normoblasts, and fell off with further increases in cell maturity. On short-term culture in the presence of erythropoietin, activity declined with increasing cell maturation except in the least mature fraction where the original level of activity was maintained. By contrast, synthesis of labeled hemoglobin ([3H]leucine) was very low in the least mature cell fractions and rose progressively with increasing cell maturity. The rate of hemoglobin synthesis increase in cells at all stages of maturation when cultured in the presence of erythropoietin. Despite the different patterns observed for heme synthesis and hemoglobin synthesis, both synthetic activities were consistently higher in cells cultured with erythropoietin as compared to controls. These findings suggest that erythropoietin stimulates biochemical differentiation of erythroid precursors at various stages of maturation. They also demonstrate an asynchronism between heme synthesis and hemoglobin syhthesis; heme synthesis is already well developed in the least mature erythroid cells and begins to diminish as the capacity for hemoglobin synthesis continues to rise.", "PMID": 1168647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2411", "title": "Studies on microperoxisomes. VII. Pigment epithelial cells and other cell types in the retina of rodents.", "content": "The pigment epithelial cell of the retina actively participates in two aspects of lipid metabolism: (a) the fatty acid esterification of vitamin A and its storage and transport to the photoreceptors, and (b) the phagocytosis and degradation of the lipoprotein membrane disks shed from the photoreceptor cells. Study of the pigment epithelial cells of adult albino and pigmented rodents has revealed the abundance of an organelle, microperoxisomes, not previously known to exist in this cell type. The metabolism, transport, and storage of lipids are major functions of other cell types which possess large numbers of microperoxisomes associated with a highly developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Microperoxisomes were encountered, but relatively rarely, in M\u00fcller cells and vascular endothelial cells. A tubular system in photoreceptor terminals is reactive in the cytochemical procedure used to visualize microperoxisomes.", "contents": "Studies on microperoxisomes. VII. Pigment epithelial cells and other cell types in the retina of rodents. The pigment epithelial cell of the retina actively participates in two aspects of lipid metabolism: (a) the fatty acid esterification of vitamin A and its storage and transport to the photoreceptors, and (b) the phagocytosis and degradation of the lipoprotein membrane disks shed from the photoreceptor cells. Study of the pigment epithelial cells of adult albino and pigmented rodents has revealed the abundance of an organelle, microperoxisomes, not previously known to exist in this cell type. The metabolism, transport, and storage of lipids are major functions of other cell types which possess large numbers of microperoxisomes associated with a highly developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Microperoxisomes were encountered, but relatively rarely, in M\u00fcller cells and vascular endothelial cells. A tubular system in photoreceptor terminals is reactive in the cytochemical procedure used to visualize microperoxisomes.", "PMID": 1168648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2412", "title": "Transport and storage of serotonin by thrombin-treated platelets.", "content": "Repeated thrombin treatment of washed platelets prepared from rabbits can decrease the serotonin content of the platelets by about 80%. When these platelets are deaggregated they reaccumulate serotonin but their storage capacity for serotonin is reduced by about 60%. If thrombin-pretreated platelets are allowed to equilibrate with a high concentration of serotonin (123 mu M), they release a smaller percentage of their total serotonin upon further thrombin treatment, in comparison with the percentage of serotonin released from control platelets equilibrated with the same concentration of serotonin calculations indicate that in thrombin-treated platelets reequilibrated with serotonin, two-thirds of the serotonin is in the granule compartment and one-third is in the extragranular compartment, presumably the cytoplasm. Analysis of the exchange of serotonin between the suspending fluid and the platelets showed that thrombin treatment does not alter the transport rate of serotonin across the platelet membrane and does not cause increased diffusion of serotonin from the platelets into the suspending fluid. The primary reason for the reduced serotonin accumulation by the thrombin-treated platelets appears to be loss of amine storage granules or of the storage capacity within the granules.", "contents": "Transport and storage of serotonin by thrombin-treated platelets. Repeated thrombin treatment of washed platelets prepared from rabbits can decrease the serotonin content of the platelets by about 80%. When these platelets are deaggregated they reaccumulate serotonin but their storage capacity for serotonin is reduced by about 60%. If thrombin-pretreated platelets are allowed to equilibrate with a high concentration of serotonin (123 mu M), they release a smaller percentage of their total serotonin upon further thrombin treatment, in comparison with the percentage of serotonin released from control platelets equilibrated with the same concentration of serotonin calculations indicate that in thrombin-treated platelets reequilibrated with serotonin, two-thirds of the serotonin is in the granule compartment and one-third is in the extragranular compartment, presumably the cytoplasm. Analysis of the exchange of serotonin between the suspending fluid and the platelets showed that thrombin treatment does not alter the transport rate of serotonin across the platelet membrane and does not cause increased diffusion of serotonin from the platelets into the suspending fluid. The primary reason for the reduced serotonin accumulation by the thrombin-treated platelets appears to be loss of amine storage granules or of the storage capacity within the granules.", "PMID": 1168649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2413", "title": "Nucleolar necklaces in chick embryo fibroblast cells. I. Formation of necklaces by dichlororibobenzimidazole and other adenosine analogues that decrease RNA synthesis and degrade preribosomes.", "content": "A number of chemicals, mostly adenosine analogues, cause the nucleolus of the chick embryo fibroblast to lose material and unravel over a period of several hours into beaded strands termed nucleolar necklaces (NN). The results of analyses of the fibroblasts, treated with the NN-forming chemical dichlororibobenzimidazole (DRB), suggests that the following biochemical alterations occur: DRB almost completely prevents the increase in both messenger RNA (mRNA) and heterogeneous nuclear RNA. It interferes with ribosome synthesis by decreasing the rate of 45S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) accumulation by 50%, slowing the rate of 18S rRNA appearance by 50%, and causing an extensive degradation (80%) of the 32S and 28S rRNA-containing preribisomes. Most of this preribosome degration probably occurs at or before the 32S rRNA preribosome stage. The degradation of these preribosomes appears to be due to the formation of defective 45S rRNA preribosomes rather than to a direct DRB interference with preribosome processing enzyme action. DRB inhibits total cellular RNA synthesis in less than 15 min, suggesting a direct interference with RNA synthesis. DRB also inhibits the uptake of nucleosides into the cell. DRB in the concentrations used does not appear to directly interfere with the translation of mRNA (i.e., protein synthesis). Other NN-forming adenoside analogues and high concentrations of adenosine (2 mM) cause biochemical alterations similar to those produced by DRB. To explain the preribosome degradation, we propose the hypothesis that DRB inhibits the synthesis of mRNA; as a consequence, some of the preribosomal proteins that normally coat the 32S rRNA portion of the 45S precursor RNA become limiting, and this defective portion is then subject to degradation by nucleases.", "contents": "Nucleolar necklaces in chick embryo fibroblast cells. I. Formation of necklaces by dichlororibobenzimidazole and other adenosine analogues that decrease RNA synthesis and degrade preribosomes. A number of chemicals, mostly adenosine analogues, cause the nucleolus of the chick embryo fibroblast to lose material and unravel over a period of several hours into beaded strands termed nucleolar necklaces (NN). The results of analyses of the fibroblasts, treated with the NN-forming chemical dichlororibobenzimidazole (DRB), suggests that the following biochemical alterations occur: DRB almost completely prevents the increase in both messenger RNA (mRNA) and heterogeneous nuclear RNA. It interferes with ribosome synthesis by decreasing the rate of 45S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) accumulation by 50%, slowing the rate of 18S rRNA appearance by 50%, and causing an extensive degradation (80%) of the 32S and 28S rRNA-containing preribisomes. Most of this preribosome degration probably occurs at or before the 32S rRNA preribosome stage. The degradation of these preribosomes appears to be due to the formation of defective 45S rRNA preribosomes rather than to a direct DRB interference with preribosome processing enzyme action. DRB inhibits total cellular RNA synthesis in less than 15 min, suggesting a direct interference with RNA synthesis. DRB also inhibits the uptake of nucleosides into the cell. DRB in the concentrations used does not appear to directly interfere with the translation of mRNA (i.e., protein synthesis). Other NN-forming adenoside analogues and high concentrations of adenosine (2 mM) cause biochemical alterations similar to those produced by DRB. To explain the preribosome degradation, we propose the hypothesis that DRB inhibits the synthesis of mRNA; as a consequence, some of the preribosomal proteins that normally coat the 32S rRNA portion of the 45S precursor RNA become limiting, and this defective portion is then subject to degradation by nucleases.", "PMID": 1168650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2414", "title": "Selection of mammalian cells resistant to a chloramphenicol analog.", "content": "This study describes the selection and preliminary characterization of mammalian cells resistant to 100 mug Tevenel/ml. Tevenel, the sulfamoyl analog of chloramphenicol, is a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis. After growth in suspension culture for 5 days in 100 mug Tevenel/ml and subsequent plating in 100 mug Tevenel/ml, LMTK- cells yielded resistant clones. As a control, L cells treated identically yielded no clones. Three resistant clones were chosen for study. Each resistant cell line had an identical growth rate in the presence and absence of 100 mug Tevenel/ml. By plating efficiency analysis, the resistant cells were found to be cross-resistant to D-chloramphenicol. The change responsible for resistance was found to be stable for at least 100 generations in the absence of the drug. Protein synthesis by isolated mitochondria of resistant cells was found to be less inhibited by concentrations of both Tevenel and D-chloramphenicol up to 200 mug/ml than the protein synthesis by LMTK- mitochondria. This resistance in vitro was not changed by incubation of the mitochondria in 0.01% Triton X-100.", "contents": "Selection of mammalian cells resistant to a chloramphenicol analog. This study describes the selection and preliminary characterization of mammalian cells resistant to 100 mug Tevenel/ml. Tevenel, the sulfamoyl analog of chloramphenicol, is a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis. After growth in suspension culture for 5 days in 100 mug Tevenel/ml and subsequent plating in 100 mug Tevenel/ml, LMTK- cells yielded resistant clones. As a control, L cells treated identically yielded no clones. Three resistant clones were chosen for study. Each resistant cell line had an identical growth rate in the presence and absence of 100 mug Tevenel/ml. By plating efficiency analysis, the resistant cells were found to be cross-resistant to D-chloramphenicol. The change responsible for resistance was found to be stable for at least 100 generations in the absence of the drug. Protein synthesis by isolated mitochondria of resistant cells was found to be less inhibited by concentrations of both Tevenel and D-chloramphenicol up to 200 mug/ml than the protein synthesis by LMTK- mitochondria. This resistance in vitro was not changed by incubation of the mitochondria in 0.01% Triton X-100.", "PMID": 1168651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2415", "title": "Synthesis of ribosomal RNA in synkaryons and heterokaryons formed between human and rodent cells.", "content": "A study has been made of the ribosomal RNA and chromosome constitution of man-mouse hybrid cells. Previous work has shown that no human 28s rRNA is detectable in man-mouse synkaryons. In general human chromosomes are lost from such hybrids. With a recently developed method for distinguishing mouse from human chromosomes, an analysis of various man-mouse hybrid cell lines has been made. This indicates that not all the human chromosomes bearing nucleolar organizers are lost in the hybrid cells and such loss cannot alone explain the absence of human 28s rRNA. An examination of the 28s rRNA synthesized by heterokaryons formed from several different parent cells has revealed that both parental types of 28s rRNA are present in heterokaryons. The control of rRNA synthesis in hybrid cells is discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis of ribosomal RNA in synkaryons and heterokaryons formed between human and rodent cells. A study has been made of the ribosomal RNA and chromosome constitution of man-mouse hybrid cells. Previous work has shown that no human 28s rRNA is detectable in man-mouse synkaryons. In general human chromosomes are lost from such hybrids. With a recently developed method for distinguishing mouse from human chromosomes, an analysis of various man-mouse hybrid cell lines has been made. This indicates that not all the human chromosomes bearing nucleolar organizers are lost in the hybrid cells and such loss cannot alone explain the absence of human 28s rRNA. An examination of the 28s rRNA synthesized by heterokaryons formed from several different parent cells has revealed that both parental types of 28s rRNA are present in heterokaryons. The control of rRNA synthesis in hybrid cells is discussed.", "PMID": 1168652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2416", "title": "Effects of cytochalasin B on the aggregation, electrophoretic mobility and surface morphology of chick neural retina cells.", "content": "Over a concentration range of o-5-10 mug/cm-3, cytochalasin B caused a biphasic change in the electrophoretic mobility of disaggregated neural retina cells. An initial rise in anodal mobility at low concentrations of the drug was transformed into a reduction in the mobility below that of the control at a concentration of 10 mug/cm-3. The effect of cytochalasin B was found to be reversible by washing treated cells in cytochalasin B-free media. This was investigated at a concentration of cytochalasin at which the greatest difference existed between the mobilities of the control and experimental cell suspensions. Reaggregation of cell dispersions failed to show any significant difference in the rate of aggregation between cytochalasin B-treated cells and the control. Scanning electron microscopy of cells fixed while in suspension also showed little significant change in the surface morphology upon application of cytochalasin B. In high concentrations of the drug cells appeared somewhat smoother in outline, but no correlation was found between changes in surface morphology and the variations in cell electrophoretic mobility. It is concluded that the observed changes in electrophoretic mobility may be attributed to a binding of cytochalasin B to the cell membrane. This lends support to the hypothesis that the primary site of action of cytochalasin B may be the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Effects of cytochalasin B on the aggregation, electrophoretic mobility and surface morphology of chick neural retina cells. Over a concentration range of o-5-10 mug/cm-3, cytochalasin B caused a biphasic change in the electrophoretic mobility of disaggregated neural retina cells. An initial rise in anodal mobility at low concentrations of the drug was transformed into a reduction in the mobility below that of the control at a concentration of 10 mug/cm-3. The effect of cytochalasin B was found to be reversible by washing treated cells in cytochalasin B-free media. This was investigated at a concentration of cytochalasin at which the greatest difference existed between the mobilities of the control and experimental cell suspensions. Reaggregation of cell dispersions failed to show any significant difference in the rate of aggregation between cytochalasin B-treated cells and the control. Scanning electron microscopy of cells fixed while in suspension also showed little significant change in the surface morphology upon application of cytochalasin B. In high concentrations of the drug cells appeared somewhat smoother in outline, but no correlation was found between changes in surface morphology and the variations in cell electrophoretic mobility. It is concluded that the observed changes in electrophoretic mobility may be attributed to a binding of cytochalasin B to the cell membrane. This lends support to the hypothesis that the primary site of action of cytochalasin B may be the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 1168653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2417", "title": "The quantitative requirements of human diploid cells (strain MRC-5) for amino acids, vitamins and serum.", "content": "The uptakes of all essential amino acids, vitamins (except riboflavin), glucose and serum during growth of human diploid cells (MRC-5) were determined. The amino acid uptakes varied considerably with the conditions of culture. The glucose requirement is several times greater than that for mouse LS or human HeLa cells. These analytical results were used to modify the medium so as to ensure that an excess of all defined medium constituents was present and pH was not limiting during study of the serum requirements. It was then found that maximum cell populations were directly proportional to the serum concentration. Hence the growth was limited by the supply of an unknown growth factor in serum. The serum growth factor was not replaced by a mixture of over 60 vitamins, co-enzymes, hormones and other organic and inorganic compounds considered to be possible growth factors, although this mixture did not lower the growth rate and somewhat (22%) increased the yield from the serum growth factor. The unit of serum growth factor is precisely defined in terms of the amount in a standard batch of calf serum. This standard contains 10 units/ml whereas the other batch of serum used contained only 5 units/ml.", "contents": "The quantitative requirements of human diploid cells (strain MRC-5) for amino acids, vitamins and serum. The uptakes of all essential amino acids, vitamins (except riboflavin), glucose and serum during growth of human diploid cells (MRC-5) were determined. The amino acid uptakes varied considerably with the conditions of culture. The glucose requirement is several times greater than that for mouse LS or human HeLa cells. These analytical results were used to modify the medium so as to ensure that an excess of all defined medium constituents was present and pH was not limiting during study of the serum requirements. It was then found that maximum cell populations were directly proportional to the serum concentration. Hence the growth was limited by the supply of an unknown growth factor in serum. The serum growth factor was not replaced by a mixture of over 60 vitamins, co-enzymes, hormones and other organic and inorganic compounds considered to be possible growth factors, although this mixture did not lower the growth rate and somewhat (22%) increased the yield from the serum growth factor. The unit of serum growth factor is precisely defined in terms of the amount in a standard batch of calf serum. This standard contains 10 units/ml whereas the other batch of serum used contained only 5 units/ml.", "PMID": 1168654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2418", "title": "Twenty-four-hour prolactin profiles in normal and disease states: failure of thyroxine to modify prolactin secretion.", "content": "In order to assess the role of thyroid hormone on physiologically and pharmacologically induced prolactin (PRL) secretion, serum PRL concentrations were measured in 4 normal women and 4 women with various endocrinopathies before, and 4 to 6 days following, the ingestion of L-thyroxine (T4). A single 1.5 to 3.0 mg dose of oral T4 produced approximately a 2-fold increase in serum T4. Exogenous T4 did not significantly alter the mean concentration, or the pattern of PRL secretion during a 24-h interval in either normal individuals or 3 patients with galactorrhea. The lactating patients had elevated basal PRL levels and a blunted secretory response to intramuscular chlorpromazine; however, neither fasting PRL nor the peak response to chlorpromazine was altered by T4. L-Dopa suppression of serum PRL was not significantly influenced by T4 in these patients. In conclusion, PRL secretion remained unaltered after the administration of thyroxine in doses sufficient to produce approximately a 2-fold increase in serum T4. This challenges the concept that T4 and TRH are important physiologic regulators of PRL secretion.", "contents": "Twenty-four-hour prolactin profiles in normal and disease states: failure of thyroxine to modify prolactin secretion. In order to assess the role of thyroid hormone on physiologically and pharmacologically induced prolactin (PRL) secretion, serum PRL concentrations were measured in 4 normal women and 4 women with various endocrinopathies before, and 4 to 6 days following, the ingestion of L-thyroxine (T4). A single 1.5 to 3.0 mg dose of oral T4 produced approximately a 2-fold increase in serum T4. Exogenous T4 did not significantly alter the mean concentration, or the pattern of PRL secretion during a 24-h interval in either normal individuals or 3 patients with galactorrhea. The lactating patients had elevated basal PRL levels and a blunted secretory response to intramuscular chlorpromazine; however, neither fasting PRL nor the peak response to chlorpromazine was altered by T4. L-Dopa suppression of serum PRL was not significantly influenced by T4 in these patients. In conclusion, PRL secretion remained unaltered after the administration of thyroxine in doses sufficient to produce approximately a 2-fold increase in serum T4. This challenges the concept that T4 and TRH are important physiologic regulators of PRL secretion.", "PMID": 1168655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2419", "title": "Influence of timing and intensity of musclar exercise on temporal patterns of plasma cortisol levels.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of cortisol were measured in 9 subjects form 0800 h to 1800 h at 10-min intervals during resting periods and 5 min intervals during exercise and recovery. This was done to assess to effect of exercise on the patterns of plasma cortisol levels. At 1000 h, 90 min exercise at a moderate work level (55% of Vo2 max) produced a transient rise in plasma cortisol which averaged 11.9 pg/100 ml (SE plus or minus 1.2) and introduced subsequent suppression of meal-related increase, At a lower work load (25% of Vo2 max) a similar transient rise occurred, avering 11.7 pg/100 ml  (SE plus or minus 2.2); latency rate of concentration change and magnitude and not significatntly different from those at a moderate work load. A strenous work level was required to produce a more rapid response with an increased secretion rate. When 90 min exercise at a moderate work levels was preformed at 1300 h. (i.e. coinciding with postprandial cortisol concentration peak), the increase in plasma cortisol concentration (1.3 pg/100ml (SE plus or minus 0.3) was significantly lower than that induced by the same exercise performed in the morning. These results demonstrate that high plasma levels of cortisol diminish the subsequent stress response and that exercise-induced and meal-induced increases are not active.", "contents": "Influence of timing and intensity of musclar exercise on temporal patterns of plasma cortisol levels. Plasma concentrations of cortisol were measured in 9 subjects form 0800 h to 1800 h at 10-min intervals during resting periods and 5 min intervals during exercise and recovery. This was done to assess to effect of exercise on the patterns of plasma cortisol levels. At 1000 h, 90 min exercise at a moderate work level (55% of Vo2 max) produced a transient rise in plasma cortisol which averaged 11.9 pg/100 ml (SE plus or minus 1.2) and introduced subsequent suppression of meal-related increase, At a lower work load (25% of Vo2 max) a similar transient rise occurred, avering 11.7 pg/100 ml  (SE plus or minus 2.2); latency rate of concentration change and magnitude and not significatntly different from those at a moderate work load. A strenous work level was required to produce a more rapid response with an increased secretion rate. When 90 min exercise at a moderate work levels was preformed at 1300 h. (i.e. coinciding with postprandial cortisol concentration peak), the increase in plasma cortisol concentration (1.3 pg/100ml (SE plus or minus 0.3) was significantly lower than that induced by the same exercise performed in the morning. These results demonstrate that high plasma levels of cortisol diminish the subsequent stress response and that exercise-induced and meal-induced increases are not active.", "PMID": 1168656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2420", "title": "Long-term effects of vasectomy on pituitary-gonadal function in man.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) and percent binding of T to plasma protein (TB) were studied in 16 normal fertile men and in 81 men who had undergone vasectomy from 1 to 5 yr earlier. No significant difference from the control values to T = 582 plus or minus 39.5 (SE) ng/100 ml; FSH = 15.09 plus or minus 2.18 (SE) mIU/ml; LH =10.03 plus or minus 1.13 (SE) mIU/ml and TB = 92.99 plus or minus 0.285 (SE) % binding was detected in any group of the vasectomized men in any of the parameters studied.", "contents": "Long-term effects of vasectomy on pituitary-gonadal function in man. Plasma concentrations of testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) and percent binding of T to plasma protein (TB) were studied in 16 normal fertile men and in 81 men who had undergone vasectomy from 1 to 5 yr earlier. No significant difference from the control values to T = 582 plus or minus 39.5 (SE) ng/100 ml; FSH = 15.09 plus or minus 2.18 (SE) mIU/ml; LH =10.03 plus or minus 1.13 (SE) mIU/ml and TB = 92.99 plus or minus 0.285 (SE) % binding was detected in any group of the vasectomized men in any of the parameters studied.", "PMID": 1168657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2421", "title": "A simple specific assay for estriol in maternal urine.", "content": "In medical centers with many high risk pregnancies, the ability to perform a large number of urinary estriol measurements is required. The analytical procedure should provide simplicity, specificity, and economy. A solid phase radioimmunoassay is presented which utilizes antibody generated against an estriol 16-glucuronide-bovine serum albumin conjugate. The assay allows analysis of the principal component of maternal urinary estriol without hydrolysis or purification, with adequate specificity and the capacity for processing large numbers of samples.", "contents": "A simple specific assay for estriol in maternal urine. In medical centers with many high risk pregnancies, the ability to perform a large number of urinary estriol measurements is required. The analytical procedure should provide simplicity, specificity, and economy. A solid phase radioimmunoassay is presented which utilizes antibody generated against an estriol 16-glucuronide-bovine serum albumin conjugate. The assay allows analysis of the principal component of maternal urinary estriol without hydrolysis or purification, with adequate specificity and the capacity for processing large numbers of samples.", "PMID": 1168658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2422", "title": "Isolation, assay, and secretion of individual human neurophysins.", "content": "Human neurophysin was isolated from acetone-dried human posterior pituitaries and separated into two major neurophysin peptides by ion exchange chromatography and into four major peptides by preparative disk gel electrophoresis. Antisera raised in rabbits distinguished only two specific antigenic sites on the isolated neurophysin peptides. Individual sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays for two human neurophysins were developed. These assays were used to measure each neurophysin in unextracted human plasma. The two neurophysins are secreted independently in man. One assay measures a neurphysin that is specifically secreted in response to estrogen administration, estrogen-stimulated neurophysin (ESN). The other assay measures a neurophysin that is specifically secreted in response to cigarette smoking, nicotine-stimulated neurophysin (NSN). The mean ESN is 1.1 ng/ml plus or minus 0.7 SD in women and 1.0 ng/ml plus or minus 0.7 SD in men. The mean NSN is 0.9 ng/ml plus or minus 0.2 SD in women and 0.6 ng/ml plus or minus 0.3 SD in men. It is proposed that these may prove to be a specific human \"oxytocinneurophysin,\" ESN, and a human \"vasopressin-neurophysin,\" NSN.", "contents": "Isolation, assay, and secretion of individual human neurophysins. Human neurophysin was isolated from acetone-dried human posterior pituitaries and separated into two major neurophysin peptides by ion exchange chromatography and into four major peptides by preparative disk gel electrophoresis. Antisera raised in rabbits distinguished only two specific antigenic sites on the isolated neurophysin peptides. Individual sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays for two human neurophysins were developed. These assays were used to measure each neurophysin in unextracted human plasma. The two neurophysins are secreted independently in man. One assay measures a neurphysin that is specifically secreted in response to estrogen administration, estrogen-stimulated neurophysin (ESN). The other assay measures a neurophysin that is specifically secreted in response to cigarette smoking, nicotine-stimulated neurophysin (NSN). The mean ESN is 1.1 ng/ml plus or minus 0.7 SD in women and 1.0 ng/ml plus or minus 0.7 SD in men. The mean NSN is 0.9 ng/ml plus or minus 0.2 SD in women and 0.6 ng/ml plus or minus 0.3 SD in men. It is proposed that these may prove to be a specific human \"oxytocinneurophysin,\" ESN, and a human \"vasopressin-neurophysin,\" NSN.", "PMID": 1168659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2423", "title": "Postprandial blood glucose and insulin in cows fed high grain.", "content": "The effects of ration on postprandial serum glucose and insulin were detemined in 12 lactating Holstein cows. Six were fed a high grain ration of 15% hay and 85% concentrate (dry basis) and the other six a control ration of 55% corn silage, 10% hay and 35% concentrate. High grain feeding increased glucose and insulin at all hours postfeeding as compared to control cows. In the cows fed high grain, glucose increased from 63.3 to 72.2 mg/100 ml and insulin from 19.2 to 25.6 mu units/ml serum just before feeding to 3 h postfeeding. Values for 2, 3, and 4 h samples were greater than for other sampling time. Serum glucose was 55.5 mg/100 ml at 1 h in control cows which was above other sample. Serum insulin followed a pattern similar to glucose in controls but was not signigicantly different with time. The blood changes due to high grain feeding are probably related to low milk fat production.", "contents": "Postprandial blood glucose and insulin in cows fed high grain. The effects of ration on postprandial serum glucose and insulin were detemined in 12 lactating Holstein cows. Six were fed a high grain ration of 15% hay and 85% concentrate (dry basis) and the other six a control ration of 55% corn silage, 10% hay and 35% concentrate. High grain feeding increased glucose and insulin at all hours postfeeding as compared to control cows. In the cows fed high grain, glucose increased from 63.3 to 72.2 mg/100 ml and insulin from 19.2 to 25.6 mu units/ml serum just before feeding to 3 h postfeeding. Values for 2, 3, and 4 h samples were greater than for other sampling time. Serum glucose was 55.5 mg/100 ml at 1 h in control cows which was above other sample. Serum insulin followed a pattern similar to glucose in controls but was not signigicantly different with time. The blood changes due to high grain feeding are probably related to low milk fat production.", "PMID": 1168662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2424", "title": "Release of oxytocin in the cow during milking.", "content": "Jugular vein oxytocin concentrations were determined at 15-s intervals on 10 Holstein cows during milking. Oxytocin ranged from .5 muU/ml plasma prior to udder washing to 652.7 muU/ml plasma at 1 min after application of teat cups. The results indicate a gradually increasing release of oxyctocin after stimulation and a maximal oxytocin release 1.5 min after start of udder washing and 1 min after teat cup application.", "contents": "Release of oxytocin in the cow during milking. Jugular vein oxytocin concentrations were determined at 15-s intervals on 10 Holstein cows during milking. Oxytocin ranged from .5 muU/ml plasma prior to udder washing to 652.7 muU/ml plasma at 1 min after application of teat cups. The results indicate a gradually increasing release of oxyctocin after stimulation and a maximal oxytocin release 1.5 min after start of udder washing and 1 min after teat cup application.", "PMID": 1168663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2425", "title": "Immunity to Trichinella spiralis VI. The specificity of the immune response stimulated by the intestinal stage.", "content": "Mice were immunized to the intestinal stage of T. spiralis by using infections terminated with methyridine before production of newborn larvae had commenced. The muscle larvae which encysted following a normal complete challenge infection were reduced by 87 and 95% in immunized mice. No statistically significant reduction in a challenge infection of intravenously injected parenteral larvae was produced (8% and 15% actual reduction). Previous work has shown that adult worms in a challenge infection are stunted and expelled earlier as well as having a reduced fecundity; it is concluded that the immunity generated by the intestinal stage is largely specific in its action to that phase in a challenge infection.", "contents": "Immunity to Trichinella spiralis VI. The specificity of the immune response stimulated by the intestinal stage. Mice were immunized to the intestinal stage of T. spiralis by using infections terminated with methyridine before production of newborn larvae had commenced. The muscle larvae which encysted following a normal complete challenge infection were reduced by 87 and 95% in immunized mice. No statistically significant reduction in a challenge infection of intravenously injected parenteral larvae was produced (8% and 15% actual reduction). Previous work has shown that adult worms in a challenge infection are stunted and expelled earlier as well as having a reduced fecundity; it is concluded that the immunity generated by the intestinal stage is largely specific in its action to that phase in a challenge infection.", "PMID": 1168664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2426", "title": "Polysaccharides as labels for antibodies in electron microscopy.", "content": "Two polysaccharides, dextran 250 and dextran 70, were covalently linked to antibody molecules, antihuman immunoglobulin G and antihuman type O red blood cells. In electron microscope preparations exposed to lead citrate, polysaccharides, because they chelate lead, were quite dense. Polysaccharides served as a tag for the antibody molecules. Also, bacterial dextran 1355 was used to demonstrate antibody molecules on the surface of ascites tumor cells which are known to be producing a specific antibody to bacterial dextran 1355. The varying sized polysaccharide molecules that are readily available commercially, the high electron density of the polysaccharides after lead staining and a mild procedure for covalently linking polysaccharide to antibody make polysaccharides attractive as particulate labels for antibody in electronmicroscopy.", "contents": "Polysaccharides as labels for antibodies in electron microscopy. Two polysaccharides, dextran 250 and dextran 70, were covalently linked to antibody molecules, antihuman immunoglobulin G and antihuman type O red blood cells. In electron microscope preparations exposed to lead citrate, polysaccharides, because they chelate lead, were quite dense. Polysaccharides served as a tag for the antibody molecules. Also, bacterial dextran 1355 was used to demonstrate antibody molecules on the surface of ascites tumor cells which are known to be producing a specific antibody to bacterial dextran 1355. The varying sized polysaccharide molecules that are readily available commercially, the high electron density of the polysaccharides after lead staining and a mild procedure for covalently linking polysaccharide to antibody make polysaccharides attractive as particulate labels for antibody in electronmicroscopy.", "PMID": 1168665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2427", "title": "Agarose beads as matrices for proteins in cytophotometric investigations of immunohistoperoxidase procedures;.", "content": "Quantitative aspects of direct immunohistoperoxidase procedures were studied in a model system consisting of agarose beads to which antigens or antibodies had been coupled. It could be proven that the final amount of reaction product resulting from the histoperoxidase reaction with 3,3-diaminobenzidine-tetra HCl in a bead was linearly related to the volume of the beads and to the staining time. This implies that protein-coupled agarose beads are a suitable model for the study of stoichiometric aspects of immunologic reactions in immunohistochemistry as well as in general immunologic methods when peroxidase is used as the protein marker.", "contents": "Agarose beads as matrices for proteins in cytophotometric investigations of immunohistoperoxidase procedures;. Quantitative aspects of direct immunohistoperoxidase procedures were studied in a model system consisting of agarose beads to which antigens or antibodies had been coupled. It could be proven that the final amount of reaction product resulting from the histoperoxidase reaction with 3,3-diaminobenzidine-tetra HCl in a bead was linearly related to the volume of the beads and to the staining time. This implies that protein-coupled agarose beads are a suitable model for the study of stoichiometric aspects of immunologic reactions in immunohistochemistry as well as in general immunologic methods when peroxidase is used as the protein marker.", "PMID": 1168666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2428", "title": "Dehydrogenase activity of liver parenchyma in mice exposed to arsenic in drinking water.", "content": "The effect of arsenic administered in drinking water in the form of sodium arsenite in concentrations of 5,50 and 250 mg As-3+/1 on dehydrogenase activity (DHA) of liver parenchyma homogenate of exposed mice was studied. After an exposure lasting 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 days, 8--10 exposed mice and 5--10 animals of the control series were studied at each interval. DHA was determined by means of tetrazolium chloride reduction to formazan whose quantity was assessed spectrophotometrically after extraction with butanol. At a concentration of 5 mg A3+/1 a moderate increase in DHA was observed which was replaced by a moderate decrease at the following intervals. At a concentration of 250 mg A3+/1 a deep decrease in DHA (p smaller than 0.05) was recorded which did not return to values compararable with those of the control series in spite of its fluctuating increase in the course of exposure. At a concentration of 50 mg A3+/1 in drinking water ensuring the supply of doses which induce an increase in the tolerance to arsenic a decrease in DHA was found only at the first exposure interval. DHA is thus substantially less altered in comparison with the metabolic consumption of oxygen (MCO) under the same conditions. This finding signifies that MCO is a more sensitive indicator of arsenic exposure than DHA in the used arrangement of the experiment.", "contents": "Dehydrogenase activity of liver parenchyma in mice exposed to arsenic in drinking water. The effect of arsenic administered in drinking water in the form of sodium arsenite in concentrations of 5,50 and 250 mg As-3+/1 on dehydrogenase activity (DHA) of liver parenchyma homogenate of exposed mice was studied. After an exposure lasting 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 days, 8--10 exposed mice and 5--10 animals of the control series were studied at each interval. DHA was determined by means of tetrazolium chloride reduction to formazan whose quantity was assessed spectrophotometrically after extraction with butanol. At a concentration of 5 mg A3+/1 a moderate increase in DHA was observed which was replaced by a moderate decrease at the following intervals. At a concentration of 250 mg A3+/1 a deep decrease in DHA (p smaller than 0.05) was recorded which did not return to values compararable with those of the control series in spite of its fluctuating increase in the course of exposure. At a concentration of 50 mg A3+/1 in drinking water ensuring the supply of doses which induce an increase in the tolerance to arsenic a decrease in DHA was found only at the first exposure interval. DHA is thus substantially less altered in comparison with the metabolic consumption of oxygen (MCO) under the same conditions. This finding signifies that MCO is a more sensitive indicator of arsenic exposure than DHA in the used arrangement of the experiment.", "PMID": 1168667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2429", "title": "[Epidemiology of Dientamoeba fragilis Jepps and Dobell, 1918. 3. Further studies on Enterobius transmission through eggs].", "content": "In two new attempts to infect human subjects with pin-worms that were infested, at that time, with protozoa Dientamoeba fragilis, presence of these protoza in the intestinal canal was observed in one case for more than 84 days, and in another case for more than 31 days after contamination. The duration of latent periods fixed for Enterobius vermicularis was almost identical (51 and 50 days). New attempts implement and confirm the results of the first successful attempts to transfer the infection (Ockert, 1972b) as well as the hypothesis of the epidemiological interrelation between both parasites (Burrows and Swerdlow 1956).", "contents": "[Epidemiology of Dientamoeba fragilis Jepps and Dobell, 1918. 3. Further studies on Enterobius transmission through eggs]. In two new attempts to infect human subjects with pin-worms that were infested, at that time, with protozoa Dientamoeba fragilis, presence of these protoza in the intestinal canal was observed in one case for more than 84 days, and in another case for more than 31 days after contamination. The duration of latent periods fixed for Enterobius vermicularis was almost identical (51 and 50 days). New attempts implement and confirm the results of the first successful attempts to transfer the infection (Ockert, 1972b) as well as the hypothesis of the epidemiological interrelation between both parasites (Burrows and Swerdlow 1956).", "PMID": 1168668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2430", "title": "Mass occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica in two establishments of collective care of children.", "content": "Mass occurrence of intestinal disorders caused by Yersinia enterocolitica simultaneously in two groups of children of under-school age is reported. The question of the source of infection and the routes of transfer are discussed and the various forms pointed out which Y. e. infection may take in under-school children within the framework of an epidemic occurrence in a group of children. The fact is emphasized that the results of serological examination using the method of indirect haemagglutination may be an important guide for the orientation in the epidemiological situation and, in some cases, also in making etiological diagnosis when the proof of Y. e. by culture presents difficulties.", "contents": "Mass occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica in two establishments of collective care of children. Mass occurrence of intestinal disorders caused by Yersinia enterocolitica simultaneously in two groups of children of under-school age is reported. The question of the source of infection and the routes of transfer are discussed and the various forms pointed out which Y. e. infection may take in under-school children within the framework of an epidemic occurrence in a group of children. The fact is emphasized that the results of serological examination using the method of indirect haemagglutination may be an important guide for the orientation in the epidemiological situation and, in some cases, also in making etiological diagnosis when the proof of Y. e. by culture presents difficulties.", "PMID": 1168669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2431", "title": "Protection of drinking water sources against modern pollutants.", "content": "One of the main tasks of hygiene necessitating urgent solution is the regulation, within the framework of governmental planning, of sanitary protection against modern pollutants of sources and water works supplying the human collectivities. Pollution by pesticides, surfactants, aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons, oil waste products, phenolics, radioactive isotopes etc., is requiring particular concern. Cases of penetration of these chemical substances, especially of pesticides, oil residues and other kinds of industrial waste into ground waters have been recently observed with increasing frequency. Pollution of underground waters occurred either through the storage on the surface ground or into soil of waste products containing these substances or through their discharge into the water stream. The presence of these substances in most water supply systems the lowered effectivity of water-works in the removal of these substances, continual increase in the number of industries producing these pollutants, their participation in the origin or increased incidence of some chronic diseases characterizing the development of modern society make necessary scientific substantiation and urgent solution of the problem.", "contents": "Protection of drinking water sources against modern pollutants. One of the main tasks of hygiene necessitating urgent solution is the regulation, within the framework of governmental planning, of sanitary protection against modern pollutants of sources and water works supplying the human collectivities. Pollution by pesticides, surfactants, aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons, oil waste products, phenolics, radioactive isotopes etc., is requiring particular concern. Cases of penetration of these chemical substances, especially of pesticides, oil residues and other kinds of industrial waste into ground waters have been recently observed with increasing frequency. Pollution of underground waters occurred either through the storage on the surface ground or into soil of waste products containing these substances or through their discharge into the water stream. The presence of these substances in most water supply systems the lowered effectivity of water-works in the removal of these substances, continual increase in the number of industries producing these pollutants, their participation in the origin or increased incidence of some chronic diseases characterizing the development of modern society make necessary scientific substantiation and urgent solution of the problem.", "PMID": 1168670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2432", "title": "Ultrastructure of rabbit lung intravenously infected with Mycobacterium simiae \"Weiszfeiler\" no 52.", "content": "M. simiae \"Weiszfeiler\" strain No. 52 belongs to the second Runyon Group of Atypical Mycobacteria characterized by rough, eugonic, yellow-orange pellicle grown on Sauton medium incubated for 14 days at 37 degrees C. A suspension containing 10 mg/ml (equalling 5 times 10-7 viable units) injected intraveneously into rabbits provokes profound changes in the ultrastructure of the pulmonary tissue, manifested in activation of macrophages and pathologic alteration of pneumocytes. In histologic sections stained according to the Ziehl-Neelsen technique and examined in a light-microscope cytoplasmic acid-fast, highly dispersed granules are found in macrophages, resembling in morphological appearance the cellular phospholipids in sarcoid granuloma. Abundant production of interalveolar and interseptal fibrotic collagen tissue was observed in rabbits infected with M. Simiae a rather striking phenomenon in fresh experimental mycobacterial infection in the rabbit. The strain in question should therefore be considered not as Saprophyte but as a Mycobacterium Species with attenuated virulence, closely related to Prissic and Masson's M. scrophulaceum.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of rabbit lung intravenously infected with Mycobacterium simiae \"Weiszfeiler\" no 52. M. simiae \"Weiszfeiler\" strain No. 52 belongs to the second Runyon Group of Atypical Mycobacteria characterized by rough, eugonic, yellow-orange pellicle grown on Sauton medium incubated for 14 days at 37 degrees C. A suspension containing 10 mg/ml (equalling 5 times 10-7 viable units) injected intraveneously into rabbits provokes profound changes in the ultrastructure of the pulmonary tissue, manifested in activation of macrophages and pathologic alteration of pneumocytes. In histologic sections stained according to the Ziehl-Neelsen technique and examined in a light-microscope cytoplasmic acid-fast, highly dispersed granules are found in macrophages, resembling in morphological appearance the cellular phospholipids in sarcoid granuloma. Abundant production of interalveolar and interseptal fibrotic collagen tissue was observed in rabbits infected with M. Simiae a rather striking phenomenon in fresh experimental mycobacterial infection in the rabbit. The strain in question should therefore be considered not as Saprophyte but as a Mycobacterium Species with attenuated virulence, closely related to Prissic and Masson's M. scrophulaceum.", "PMID": 1168671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2433", "title": "The mechanism of damage to neutrophils in allergic reactions in tuberculosis.", "content": "Allergic vulnerability of neutrophils due to pulmonary antigen and tuberculin in tuberculosis is connected with the fact that the immunological conflict antigen-antibody takes place on the surface of leukocytes. These two effects have a similar mechanism. The tissue antigen or tuberculin adsorbed on the cell surface with the participation of the complement may react with the corresponding circulating antibodies, thus producing damage to neutrophils.", "contents": "The mechanism of damage to neutrophils in allergic reactions in tuberculosis. Allergic vulnerability of neutrophils due to pulmonary antigen and tuberculin in tuberculosis is connected with the fact that the immunological conflict antigen-antibody takes place on the surface of leukocytes. These two effects have a similar mechanism. The tissue antigen or tuberculin adsorbed on the cell surface with the participation of the complement may react with the corresponding circulating antibodies, thus producing damage to neutrophils.", "PMID": 1168672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2434", "title": "Human lymphocyte cytotoxicity against mumps virus-infected target cells. Requirement for non-T cells.", "content": "Subpopulations of human lymphocytes were tested for their capacity to kill mumps virus-infected target cells in a 51-chromium release asaay. Using two different cell fractionation techniques, lymphocytes were fractionated into T cell-enriched (primarily T cells) and T cell-depleted (primarily B cells) subpopulations. Filtration of lymphocytes through columns coated with human immunoglobulin and rabbit anti-human-immunoglobulin (Ig-anti-Ig) rendered the resulting T-cell preparation inactive as effector cells against target cells carrying mumps virus antigens. In the second technique, lymphocytes were fractionated by centrifugation into two fractions according to their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E). The E-rosette-forming population (primarily T cells) was shown to lack cytotoxic activity against mumps virus-infected target cells. This activity was present in the nonrosetting population. The results suggest that the effector cells involved in this cytotoxic system are of a non-T variety.", "contents": "Human lymphocyte cytotoxicity against mumps virus-infected target cells. Requirement for non-T cells. Subpopulations of human lymphocytes were tested for their capacity to kill mumps virus-infected target cells in a 51-chromium release asaay. Using two different cell fractionation techniques, lymphocytes were fractionated into T cell-enriched (primarily T cells) and T cell-depleted (primarily B cells) subpopulations. Filtration of lymphocytes through columns coated with human immunoglobulin and rabbit anti-human-immunoglobulin (Ig-anti-Ig) rendered the resulting T-cell preparation inactive as effector cells against target cells carrying mumps virus antigens. In the second technique, lymphocytes were fractionated by centrifugation into two fractions according to their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E). The E-rosette-forming population (primarily T cells) was shown to lack cytotoxic activity against mumps virus-infected target cells. This activity was present in the nonrosetting population. The results suggest that the effector cells involved in this cytotoxic system are of a non-T variety.", "PMID": 1168673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2435", "title": "Evaluation of human oral organisms and pathogenic Streptococcus for production of IgA protease.", "content": "IgA protease is a proteolytic enzyme found in whole human saliva and in dental plaque that cleaves both secretory and myeloma IgA of human origin to yield intact Fabalpha and Fcalpha fragments. To determine which bacteria are capable of producing this enzyme, we have examined a variety of strains normally found in the human oral cavity and a number of streptococci of known Lancefield group serotype. Streptococci of groups A, B, C, D, F, G, H, M, and N, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mitior, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus faecalis, Veillonella, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces, Propionibacterium, Bacteroides, and Fusobacterium were grown in liquid medium, and fluids were examined for IgA protease activity. Only S. sanguis and clinically isolated group H streptococci elaborated IgA protease under the culture conditions used. Negative strains could not be stimulated to produce the enzyme when cultured in the presence of secretory IgA. Among the natural oral bacteria, capacity to produce IgA protease is restricted to certain species of Streptococcus, notably those of the group H serotype. Since secretory immunity is mediated by the IgA class of antibody, the presence of this enzyme at mucosal surfaces could modify the secretory immune function.", "contents": "Evaluation of human oral organisms and pathogenic Streptococcus for production of IgA protease. IgA protease is a proteolytic enzyme found in whole human saliva and in dental plaque that cleaves both secretory and myeloma IgA of human origin to yield intact Fabalpha and Fcalpha fragments. To determine which bacteria are capable of producing this enzyme, we have examined a variety of strains normally found in the human oral cavity and a number of streptococci of known Lancefield group serotype. Streptococci of groups A, B, C, D, F, G, H, M, and N, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mitior, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus faecalis, Veillonella, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces, Propionibacterium, Bacteroides, and Fusobacterium were grown in liquid medium, and fluids were examined for IgA protease activity. Only S. sanguis and clinically isolated group H streptococci elaborated IgA protease under the culture conditions used. Negative strains could not be stimulated to produce the enzyme when cultured in the presence of secretory IgA. Among the natural oral bacteria, capacity to produce IgA protease is restricted to certain species of Streptococcus, notably those of the group H serotype. Since secretory immunity is mediated by the IgA class of antibody, the presence of this enzyme at mucosal surfaces could modify the secretory immune function.", "PMID": 1168676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2436", "title": "Characterization of two steroidal ketones and two isoprenoid alcohols in dairy products.", "content": "Two steroidal ketones, delta-4-cholesten-3-one and delta-3,-5-cholestadiene-7-one, were isolated and identified for the first time in anhydrous milk fat and in nonfat dry milk. Together with these, two isoprenoid alcohols, phytol and dihydrophytol, were identified in anhydrous milk fat. Their identities were established on the basis of chromatographic and mass spectral data and confirmed by comparison with authentic materials.", "contents": "Characterization of two steroidal ketones and two isoprenoid alcohols in dairy products. Two steroidal ketones, delta-4-cholesten-3-one and delta-3,-5-cholestadiene-7-one, were isolated and identified for the first time in anhydrous milk fat and in nonfat dry milk. Together with these, two isoprenoid alcohols, phytol and dihydrophytol, were identified in anhydrous milk fat. Their identities were established on the basis of chromatographic and mass spectral data and confirmed by comparison with authentic materials.", "PMID": 1168685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2437", "title": "Distribution of molecular species of sphingomyelins in different parts of bovine digestive tract.", "content": "Sphingomyelins were isolated from mucosal layers of bovine rennet stomach, duodenum, jejunoileum, and colon ascendens. The ceramides obtained after phospholipase degradation were characterized by thin-layer chromatography, mass spectrometry, and gas-liquid chromatography. The main ceramide group from all regions consisted of dihydroxy long-chain bases and normal fatty acids. Sphingosine was the predominant base in all these fractions, and only in rennet stomach were smaller amounts of the C17 and C20 homologs present. Normal saturated C16, C18, C22, and C24 fatty acids were most abundant. In rennet stomach there was in addition a ceramide group having dihydroxy long-chain bases in combination with hydroxy fatty acids. Sphingosine was the predominant long-chain base and the fatty acids were 2-hydroxy C16, C22, C23, and C24. From jejunoileum three minor ceramide fractions were isolated; these consisted of phytosphingosine and normal fatty acids C22-C24), sphingosine and 2-hydroxy fatty acids (C16-C24), and phytosphingosine and 2-hydroxy fatty acids (C22-C24), respectively. No branched paraffin chains were found in significant amounts. Sphingomyelins with trihydroxy long-chain bases and 2-hydroxy fatty acids found in jejunoileum were also detected in bovine kidney and have not been demonstrated before. These sphingomyelins from both kidney and jejunoileum showed a preferential combination of trihydroxy bases and fatty acids with very long chains (C22-C24).", "contents": "Distribution of molecular species of sphingomyelins in different parts of bovine digestive tract. Sphingomyelins were isolated from mucosal layers of bovine rennet stomach, duodenum, jejunoileum, and colon ascendens. The ceramides obtained after phospholipase degradation were characterized by thin-layer chromatography, mass spectrometry, and gas-liquid chromatography. The main ceramide group from all regions consisted of dihydroxy long-chain bases and normal fatty acids. Sphingosine was the predominant base in all these fractions, and only in rennet stomach were smaller amounts of the C17 and C20 homologs present. Normal saturated C16, C18, C22, and C24 fatty acids were most abundant. In rennet stomach there was in addition a ceramide group having dihydroxy long-chain bases in combination with hydroxy fatty acids. Sphingosine was the predominant long-chain base and the fatty acids were 2-hydroxy C16, C22, C23, and C24. From jejunoileum three minor ceramide fractions were isolated; these consisted of phytosphingosine and normal fatty acids C22-C24), sphingosine and 2-hydroxy fatty acids (C16-C24), and phytosphingosine and 2-hydroxy fatty acids (C22-C24), respectively. No branched paraffin chains were found in significant amounts. Sphingomyelins with trihydroxy long-chain bases and 2-hydroxy fatty acids found in jejunoileum were also detected in bovine kidney and have not been demonstrated before. These sphingomyelins from both kidney and jejunoileum showed a preferential combination of trihydroxy bases and fatty acids with very long chains (C22-C24).", "PMID": 1168686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2438", "title": "Humoral immunostimulation. IV. Role of complement.", "content": "When L cells were treated with anti-L-cell antibody in medium containing heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, nucleoside uptake and cell growth were stimulated. The response was markedly increased when fresh, unheated sera from calves, guinea pigs, humans, mice, or rabbits were also present. The factors in unheated serum responsible for the enhancement of immunostimulation were studied. Using low concentrations of sera deficient in various complement (C) components and low concentrations of antibody no augmentation of immunostimulation was seen with Clr-deficient human serum, C2-deficient human serum, C2,4-deficient human serum, C4-deficient guinea pig serum, C3-C9-depleted guinea pig serum (by administration of cobra venom factor to animals), but stimulation was observed with C5-deficient human serum, C5-deficient mouse serum, and C6-deficient rabbit serum. When the concentration of anti-serum was raised, however, augmentation was observed with C4-deficient guinea pig serum. Thus, at low concentrations of antiserum enhancement appeared to occur through the classical C pathway, whereas at high concentrations of antibody either the classical or alternate C pathways appeared to be involved. Stimulation was specifically restored by purified C2 in C2-deficient serum and by C3 in C3-C9-deficient serum. Under the usual reaction conditions consumption of guinea pig C component C4 could be demonstrated which provided direct evidence for activation of the classical C pathway under conditions leading to immunostimulation. By immunofluorescence, cells treated with antibody and normal human serum had human C3 deposited at the cell surface. Taken together these observations suggest that C activated through C3 by either the classical or alternate pathways has the potential to enhance nucleoside incorporation into DNA and cell growth of cells exposed to limiting amounts of antibody. Although the mechanism of stimulation is unknown, it is likely to involve a direct effect of C3 at the level of the cell membrane.", "contents": "Humoral immunostimulation. IV. Role of complement. When L cells were treated with anti-L-cell antibody in medium containing heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, nucleoside uptake and cell growth were stimulated. The response was markedly increased when fresh, unheated sera from calves, guinea pigs, humans, mice, or rabbits were also present. The factors in unheated serum responsible for the enhancement of immunostimulation were studied. Using low concentrations of sera deficient in various complement (C) components and low concentrations of antibody no augmentation of immunostimulation was seen with Clr-deficient human serum, C2-deficient human serum, C2,4-deficient human serum, C4-deficient guinea pig serum, C3-C9-depleted guinea pig serum (by administration of cobra venom factor to animals), but stimulation was observed with C5-deficient human serum, C5-deficient mouse serum, and C6-deficient rabbit serum. When the concentration of anti-serum was raised, however, augmentation was observed with C4-deficient guinea pig serum. Thus, at low concentrations of antiserum enhancement appeared to occur through the classical C pathway, whereas at high concentrations of antibody either the classical or alternate C pathways appeared to be involved. Stimulation was specifically restored by purified C2 in C2-deficient serum and by C3 in C3-C9-deficient serum. Under the usual reaction conditions consumption of guinea pig C component C4 could be demonstrated which provided direct evidence for activation of the classical C pathway under conditions leading to immunostimulation. By immunofluorescence, cells treated with antibody and normal human serum had human C3 deposited at the cell surface. Taken together these observations suggest that C activated through C3 by either the classical or alternate pathways has the potential to enhance nucleoside incorporation into DNA and cell growth of cells exposed to limiting amounts of antibody. Although the mechanism of stimulation is unknown, it is likely to involve a direct effect of C3 at the level of the cell membrane.", "PMID": 1168690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2439", "title": "Subcellular platelet factor VIII antigen and von Willebrand factor.", "content": "Subcellular membrane and granule fractions derived from human platelets contain factor VIIII antigen and von Willebrand factor activity but not factor VII procoagulant activity. Circulating platelets constitute a significant reservoir of plasma factor VIII antigen, containing approximately 15% of the amount of factor VIII antigen present in platelet-poor plasma. The antibiotic ristocetin, which aggregates human platelets in the presence of von Willebrand factor, nonspecifically precipitates platelet membrane factor VIII antigen. Thus normal platelets contain surface-bound as well as internally stored von Willebrand factor, a protein synthesized by endothelial cells which is necessary for normal platelet function in vivo.", "contents": "Subcellular platelet factor VIII antigen and von Willebrand factor. Subcellular membrane and granule fractions derived from human platelets contain factor VIIII antigen and von Willebrand factor activity but not factor VII procoagulant activity. Circulating platelets constitute a significant reservoir of plasma factor VIII antigen, containing approximately 15% of the amount of factor VIII antigen present in platelet-poor plasma. The antibiotic ristocetin, which aggregates human platelets in the presence of von Willebrand factor, nonspecifically precipitates platelet membrane factor VIII antigen. Thus normal platelets contain surface-bound as well as internally stored von Willebrand factor, a protein synthesized by endothelial cells which is necessary for normal platelet function in vivo.", "PMID": 1168691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2440", "title": "Cell cycle-associated changes in receptors for IgE during growth and differentiation of a rat basophilic leukemia cell line.", "content": "The rat basophilic leukemia cell line (RBL-1) showed an inverse relationship between growth rate and expression of receptor activity for IgE. After prolonged exponential growth, the number of receptors per cell stabilized at 4-6 times 10-5. Cells in stationary cultures, which are arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, continued to accumulate up to 0.9-1.7 times 10-6 receptors/cell with no increase in volume. Upon resuspension in fresh medium at low density, these cells were shown to lose up to 70% of the receptor activity within 4 h. Assessment of cultures synchronized by double thymidine block and cells fractionated by centrifugation of a Ficoll gradient indicated that the RBL-1 cells acquire receptors in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. No accumulation of active receptors occurred during the S and G2 phases, though the average cell volume increased. Cell division resulted in a drop in number of receptors per cell while the number of cell-bound receptors in the culture remained unchanged. This indicates that during mitosis receptors were simply distributed to daughter cells.", "contents": "Cell cycle-associated changes in receptors for IgE during growth and differentiation of a rat basophilic leukemia cell line. The rat basophilic leukemia cell line (RBL-1) showed an inverse relationship between growth rate and expression of receptor activity for IgE. After prolonged exponential growth, the number of receptors per cell stabilized at 4-6 times 10-5. Cells in stationary cultures, which are arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, continued to accumulate up to 0.9-1.7 times 10-6 receptors/cell with no increase in volume. Upon resuspension in fresh medium at low density, these cells were shown to lose up to 70% of the receptor activity within 4 h. Assessment of cultures synchronized by double thymidine block and cells fractionated by centrifugation of a Ficoll gradient indicated that the RBL-1 cells acquire receptors in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. No accumulation of active receptors occurred during the S and G2 phases, though the average cell volume increased. Cell division resulted in a drop in number of receptors per cell while the number of cell-bound receptors in the culture remained unchanged. This indicates that during mitosis receptors were simply distributed to daughter cells.", "PMID": 1168692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2441", "title": "The mechanism of action of the C3b inactivator (conglutinogen-activating factor) on its naturally occurring substrate, the major fragment of the third component of complement (C3b).", "content": "The fixation of the third component of complement (C3) results in many important biological phenomenon, among which are (a) immune adherence (1), (b) enhancement of phagocytosis (2,3), (c) the release of an anaphylatoxin which is a potent releaser of histamine (4), and (d) the feedback activation of the alternative pathway (5,6). The physiological mechanisms involving C3 fixation require the generation of a C3 convertase which may occur by two separate pathways. C3 convertase can be generated, in the form of C42, by the so-called classical pathway of activation or in the form C3b,B by the alternative or properdin pathway (7). In both cases, C3 is converted to C3b by cleavage of a small peptide, C3a. Normal human serum contains an inactivator of activated C3b. This C2b inactivator or conglutinogen-activating factor (KAF) has been shown to inhibit both immune hemolysis and the immune adherence properties of C3b and to cause cleavage of C3b in the fixed and fluid- phase stages (8-11). Although it is known that the C3b inactivator is not depleted during its reaction with C3b and that C3b treated with the C3b inactivator becomes extremely sensitive to proteolytic digestion by trypsin and \"trypsin-like\" enzymes (9), the exact molecular nature of the action of the C3b inactivator on C3b has not been studied. In an effort to delineate the products of this interaction, purified C3b and C3b inactivator were allowed to react for various specific lengths of time and the products of these reactions were then analyzed.", "contents": "The mechanism of action of the C3b inactivator (conglutinogen-activating factor) on its naturally occurring substrate, the major fragment of the third component of complement (C3b). The fixation of the third component of complement (C3) results in many important biological phenomenon, among which are (a) immune adherence (1), (b) enhancement of phagocytosis (2,3), (c) the release of an anaphylatoxin which is a potent releaser of histamine (4), and (d) the feedback activation of the alternative pathway (5,6). The physiological mechanisms involving C3 fixation require the generation of a C3 convertase which may occur by two separate pathways. C3 convertase can be generated, in the form of C42, by the so-called classical pathway of activation or in the form C3b,B by the alternative or properdin pathway (7). In both cases, C3 is converted to C3b by cleavage of a small peptide, C3a. Normal human serum contains an inactivator of activated C3b. This C2b inactivator or conglutinogen-activating factor (KAF) has been shown to inhibit both immune hemolysis and the immune adherence properties of C3b and to cause cleavage of C3b in the fixed and fluid- phase stages (8-11). Although it is known that the C3b inactivator is not depleted during its reaction with C3b and that C3b treated with the C3b inactivator becomes extremely sensitive to proteolytic digestion by trypsin and \"trypsin-like\" enzymes (9), the exact molecular nature of the action of the C3b inactivator on C3b has not been studied. In an effort to delineate the products of this interaction, purified C3b and C3b inactivator were allowed to react for various specific lengths of time and the products of these reactions were then analyzed.", "PMID": 1168693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2442", "title": "Binding of antigen by immunocytes. II. Effect of specific Ig on antigen binding by MOPC 315 cells.", "content": "The effect of specific immunoglobulin (Ig) on specific binding of antigen to cells has been studied in a model system consisting of nurine myeloma cells (MOPC 315), MOPC 315 serum, and DNP conjugates. MOPC 315 serum, which has IgA specific for DNP, specifically inhibited the binding of DNP conjugates to these cells. Using this model it was found that cells have a marked advantage over free specific Ig in binding multivalent antigen molecules and retaining them in a bound state. Cells were able to specifically bind multivalent antigen in the presence of a large excess of free specific Igm the kinetics of antigen binding to cells was slow, and prolongation of time of incubation increased the amount of specific binding. Both antihapten and anticarrier Ig augmented nonspecific binding of multivalent but not of univalent hapten to control cells. Furthermore, antihapten Ig at low concentration increased antigen binding to specific cells.", "contents": "Binding of antigen by immunocytes. II. Effect of specific Ig on antigen binding by MOPC 315 cells. The effect of specific immunoglobulin (Ig) on specific binding of antigen to cells has been studied in a model system consisting of nurine myeloma cells (MOPC 315), MOPC 315 serum, and DNP conjugates. MOPC 315 serum, which has IgA specific for DNP, specifically inhibited the binding of DNP conjugates to these cells. Using this model it was found that cells have a marked advantage over free specific Ig in binding multivalent antigen molecules and retaining them in a bound state. Cells were able to specifically bind multivalent antigen in the presence of a large excess of free specific Igm the kinetics of antigen binding to cells was slow, and prolongation of time of incubation increased the amount of specific binding. Both antihapten and anticarrier Ig augmented nonspecific binding of multivalent but not of univalent hapten to control cells. Furthermore, antihapten Ig at low concentration increased antigen binding to specific cells.", "PMID": 1168694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2443", "title": "Protein requirements of man: comparative nitrogen balance response within the submaintenance-to-maintenance range of intakes of wheat and beef proteins.", "content": "Sixteen young male students participated in two studies designed to determine the nitrogen balance response to beef or stone-ground, whole wheat protein over the submaintenance-to-maintenance range of protein intake. The objective of the studies was to evaluate the relative capacities of these proteins to meet the minimum protein needs in young adult males. A modified Latin-square design was used to allocate subjects to the four 15-day metabolic balance diet periods in each study. The last 10 days were used for fecal nitrogen determination and the last 5 days for evaluation of urinary nitrogen excretion. The diet periods were separated by a 4-day break period and began with 1 day on a \"protein-free\" diet. The levels of protien (N times 6.25) intake tested were 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 g/kg body weight/day in the beef study. The results have been compared with those obtained in a previous similar study with egg protein. The regression of estimated \"true\" nitrogen balance (Y) (mg N/kg/day) on nitrogen intake (X) (mg N/kg/day) was: Y equals 0.51(plus or minus 0.08)X minus 41.9(plus or minus 4.6) for beef and Y equals 0.27(plus or minus 0.06)X minus 33.6(plus or minus 5.0) for whole wheat protein. The amounts of beef and wheat proteins estimated to be requried to support body nitrogen balance in 97.5% of the population supplied 96 and 178 mg N/kg/day, respectively. The relative protein value of beef and wheat proteins, in comparison with egg protein, was 78 plus or minus 12 and 41 plus or minus 10, respectively. It is concluded that the variations in dietary protein quality should be taken into account in assessing the protein adequacy of diets for individuals and population groups.", "contents": "Protein requirements of man: comparative nitrogen balance response within the submaintenance-to-maintenance range of intakes of wheat and beef proteins. Sixteen young male students participated in two studies designed to determine the nitrogen balance response to beef or stone-ground, whole wheat protein over the submaintenance-to-maintenance range of protein intake. The objective of the studies was to evaluate the relative capacities of these proteins to meet the minimum protein needs in young adult males. A modified Latin-square design was used to allocate subjects to the four 15-day metabolic balance diet periods in each study. The last 10 days were used for fecal nitrogen determination and the last 5 days for evaluation of urinary nitrogen excretion. The diet periods were separated by a 4-day break period and began with 1 day on a \"protein-free\" diet. The levels of protien (N times 6.25) intake tested were 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 g/kg body weight/day in the beef study. The results have been compared with those obtained in a previous similar study with egg protein. The regression of estimated \"true\" nitrogen balance (Y) (mg N/kg/day) on nitrogen intake (X) (mg N/kg/day) was: Y equals 0.51(plus or minus 0.08)X minus 41.9(plus or minus 4.6) for beef and Y equals 0.27(plus or minus 0.06)X minus 33.6(plus or minus 5.0) for whole wheat protein. The amounts of beef and wheat proteins estimated to be requried to support body nitrogen balance in 97.5% of the population supplied 96 and 178 mg N/kg/day, respectively. The relative protein value of beef and wheat proteins, in comparison with egg protein, was 78 plus or minus 12 and 41 plus or minus 10, respectively. It is concluded that the variations in dietary protein quality should be taken into account in assessing the protein adequacy of diets for individuals and population groups.", "PMID": 1168697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2444", "title": "Diurnal and menstrual cycle variations in serum vitamin B-12 and folacin activity in baboons.", "content": "Serum levels of vitamin B-12 and folacin were determined every 6 hours over a 24-hour period in five baboons and every other day throughout complete menstrual cycles in seven baboons. All baboons were normally cycling females exhibiting serum estrogen, progestin, and luteinizing hormone levels during the follicular, ovulatory and, luteal phases, respectively, of their menstrual cycles of 217.9 plus or minus 115.6, 420.3 plus or minus 113.9, 207.3 plus or minus 88.6 pg/ml; 1.71 plus or minus 0.84, 2.72 plus or minus 1.50, 5.92 plus or minus 4.38 ng/ml; 2.85 plus or minus 2.3, 38.4 plus or minus 20.5, 6.0 plus or minus 6.6 mg/ml. Serum vitamin B-12 levels did not vary significantly over a 24-hour period although higher mean levels were observed at 1200 and 1800 hours, whereas the lowest mean levels were observed at 2400 and 0600 hours. Folacin activity varied significantly (P smaller than 0.01) over a 24-hour period with the mean level at 1800 hours significantly higher (P smaller than 0.01) than that at all other times. The overall means and standard deviations for vitamin B-12 and folacin, respectively, during this study were 742.2 plus or minus 785.6 pg/ml and 14.48 plus or minus 6.74 ng/ml. Serum levels of vitamin B-12 and folacin did not vary significantly between the follicular or luteal phases or show any significant correlation with the day of the menstrual cycle when analyzed by linear regression procedures. The overall means and standard deviations for vitamin B-12 and folacin, respectively, during the menstrual cycle study were 438.5 plus or minus 137.9 pg/ml and 14.8 plus or minus 4.27 ng/ml.", "contents": "Diurnal and menstrual cycle variations in serum vitamin B-12 and folacin activity in baboons. Serum levels of vitamin B-12 and folacin were determined every 6 hours over a 24-hour period in five baboons and every other day throughout complete menstrual cycles in seven baboons. All baboons were normally cycling females exhibiting serum estrogen, progestin, and luteinizing hormone levels during the follicular, ovulatory and, luteal phases, respectively, of their menstrual cycles of 217.9 plus or minus 115.6, 420.3 plus or minus 113.9, 207.3 plus or minus 88.6 pg/ml; 1.71 plus or minus 0.84, 2.72 plus or minus 1.50, 5.92 plus or minus 4.38 ng/ml; 2.85 plus or minus 2.3, 38.4 plus or minus 20.5, 6.0 plus or minus 6.6 mg/ml. Serum vitamin B-12 levels did not vary significantly over a 24-hour period although higher mean levels were observed at 1200 and 1800 hours, whereas the lowest mean levels were observed at 2400 and 0600 hours. Folacin activity varied significantly (P smaller than 0.01) over a 24-hour period with the mean level at 1800 hours significantly higher (P smaller than 0.01) than that at all other times. The overall means and standard deviations for vitamin B-12 and folacin, respectively, during this study were 742.2 plus or minus 785.6 pg/ml and 14.48 plus or minus 6.74 ng/ml. Serum levels of vitamin B-12 and folacin did not vary significantly between the follicular or luteal phases or show any significant correlation with the day of the menstrual cycle when analyzed by linear regression procedures. The overall means and standard deviations for vitamin B-12 and folacin, respectively, during the menstrual cycle study were 438.5 plus or minus 137.9 pg/ml and 14.8 plus or minus 4.27 ng/ml.", "PMID": 1168698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2445", "title": "Perinatal vitamin D metabolism. II. Serial 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in sera of term and premature infants.", "content": "Serial concentration values of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) were determined in the sera of term, premature, and twin infants. In infants born at term with normal concentrations of 25-OHD in cord blood, serial concentrations of 25-OHD remained normal; in infants born at term with low concentrations of 25-OHD in cord blood, serial concentrations of 25-OHD increased. In premature infants with normal concentrations of 25-OHD in cord blood, serial concentrations of 25-OHD decreased; in premature infants with low values of 25-OHD in cord blood, serial concentrations of 25-OHD did not increase until a postconceptual age of 36 to 38 weeks. The concentrations of 25-OHD in the sera of twin infant pairs followed parallel courses. Oral and intravenous supplementation of vitamin D did not significantly increase the concentrations of 25-OHD in serum of premature infants. These findings suggest that a decreased rate of 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D may be a factor impairing homeostasis of 25-OHD in premature infants.", "contents": "Perinatal vitamin D metabolism. II. Serial 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in sera of term and premature infants. Serial concentration values of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) were determined in the sera of term, premature, and twin infants. In infants born at term with normal concentrations of 25-OHD in cord blood, serial concentrations of 25-OHD remained normal; in infants born at term with low concentrations of 25-OHD in cord blood, serial concentrations of 25-OHD increased. In premature infants with normal concentrations of 25-OHD in cord blood, serial concentrations of 25-OHD decreased; in premature infants with low values of 25-OHD in cord blood, serial concentrations of 25-OHD did not increase until a postconceptual age of 36 to 38 weeks. The concentrations of 25-OHD in the sera of twin infant pairs followed parallel courses. Oral and intravenous supplementation of vitamin D did not significantly increase the concentrations of 25-OHD in serum of premature infants. These findings suggest that a decreased rate of 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D may be a factor impairing homeostasis of 25-OHD in premature infants.", "PMID": 1168701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2446", "title": "The erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the newborn period.", "content": "Determination of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in capillary blood can be of value in identifying neonates with infection. The normal values for the method described here range from 1 mm/l hour at 12 hours of age to 17 mm/l hour at 14 days of age. Most noninfected neonates with moderate to severe RDS or with other serious illness had values well within the normal range. Infected patients had marked elevations, and the majority of values returned to normal with clinical improvement. Coombs-positive ABO hemolytic disease was also responsible for elevated values. In about half of the infected patients the rise was not seen until 24 to 48 hours after clinical symptoms first appeared. The ESR can be useful in the nursery as a preliminary step in the laboratory evaluation of the sick neonate. Serial determinations may be of aid in identifying the infected infant when the results of bacteriologic cultures are obscured by antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "The erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the newborn period. Determination of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in capillary blood can be of value in identifying neonates with infection. The normal values for the method described here range from 1 mm/l hour at 12 hours of age to 17 mm/l hour at 14 days of age. Most noninfected neonates with moderate to severe RDS or with other serious illness had values well within the normal range. Infected patients had marked elevations, and the majority of values returned to normal with clinical improvement. Coombs-positive ABO hemolytic disease was also responsible for elevated values. In about half of the infected patients the rise was not seen until 24 to 48 hours after clinical symptoms first appeared. The ESR can be useful in the nursery as a preliminary step in the laboratory evaluation of the sick neonate. Serial determinations may be of aid in identifying the infected infant when the results of bacteriologic cultures are obscured by antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 1168702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2447", "title": "Cryopreservation of infective larvae of Dipetalonema viteae.", "content": "infective larvae of Dipetalonema viteae produced infections in Mongolian jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) after storage of infected ticks (Ornithodoros tartakovskyi) in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 5%) for 7 or 595 days in liquid nitrogen (-196 C). Infectivity of these larvae was only partially impaired. Microfilaremias of test jirds were generally lower than those of control jirds given nonfrozen larvae; however, the majority of test jirds developed microfilarial counts suitable for use in infecting ticks. In contradistinction, larvae frozen free of the tick failed to retain infectivity. Apparently the tick, in conjunction with DMSO, protects the larvae during freezing and thawing.", "contents": "Cryopreservation of infective larvae of Dipetalonema viteae. infective larvae of Dipetalonema viteae produced infections in Mongolian jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) after storage of infected ticks (Ornithodoros tartakovskyi) in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 5%) for 7 or 595 days in liquid nitrogen (-196 C). Infectivity of these larvae was only partially impaired. Microfilaremias of test jirds were generally lower than those of control jirds given nonfrozen larvae; however, the majority of test jirds developed microfilarial counts suitable for use in infecting ticks. In contradistinction, larvae frozen free of the tick failed to retain infectivity. Apparently the tick, in conjunction with DMSO, protects the larvae during freezing and thawing.", "PMID": 1168704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2448", "title": "Versatile unit for filling gelatin capsules with drugs or chemicals.", "content": "A new, inexpensive device was developed for making individually prepared capsules that can be administered to experimental animals. The device was designed for accurate and rapid production of large numbers of various capsule sizes and drug dosages. During 12 months of usage, 21 capsules were prepared weekly for each of 44 dogs (924 total capsules) in approximately 2.5 work-hours/week. Each capsule contained a precise amount of drug to administer a specific dosage to each individual dog. No difficulties were encountered in the manufacture or utilization of this device, and it can be operated by untrained personnel.", "contents": "Versatile unit for filling gelatin capsules with drugs or chemicals. A new, inexpensive device was developed for making individually prepared capsules that can be administered to experimental animals. The device was designed for accurate and rapid production of large numbers of various capsule sizes and drug dosages. During 12 months of usage, 21 capsules were prepared weekly for each of 44 dogs (924 total capsules) in approximately 2.5 work-hours/week. Each capsule contained a precise amount of drug to administer a specific dosage to each individual dog. No difficulties were encountered in the manufacture or utilization of this device, and it can be operated by untrained personnel.", "PMID": 1168705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2449", "title": "[Angiographic study of congenital aortic stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Left ventriculography is of great interest in the diagnosis and prognosis of congenitalaortic stenosis. It permits one to distinguish valvular stenosis, which is the commonest type, from sub-valvular stenosis, of which there exist 5 main type; type I and II are the commonest, they have a better prognosis than types III and IV. Sub-sigmoid aortography shows the appearance of the sinus of Valsalva, thus whether there exists a tricuspid or bicuspid aortic valve. In all cases, one should seek stenosis at various levels of the aortic outlet and possible myocardiography of the left ventricle, the frequency of which is well known, together with the poor prognosis.", "contents": "[Angiographic study of congenital aortic stenosis (author's transl)]. Left ventriculography is of great interest in the diagnosis and prognosis of congenitalaortic stenosis. It permits one to distinguish valvular stenosis, which is the commonest type, from sub-valvular stenosis, of which there exist 5 main type; type I and II are the commonest, they have a better prognosis than types III and IV. Sub-sigmoid aortography shows the appearance of the sinus of Valsalva, thus whether there exists a tricuspid or bicuspid aortic valve. In all cases, one should seek stenosis at various levels of the aortic outlet and possible myocardiography of the left ventricle, the frequency of which is well known, together with the poor prognosis.", "PMID": 1168706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2450", "title": "Caffeine-mediated changes of sex ratio in Chinese hamsters, Cricetulus griseus.", "content": "Sixty 6- to 10-week-old male Chinese hamsters were assigned to two groups. In one, the animals were untreated and in the other, they were treated with 0.02 g caffeine/100 ml water orally for 60 days. The sex ratio of the resulting litters showed a significant (P smaller than 0.025) skewing towards females (61.4%) when compared to that of the controls (49.2%).", "contents": "Caffeine-mediated changes of sex ratio in Chinese hamsters, Cricetulus griseus. Sixty 6- to 10-week-old male Chinese hamsters were assigned to two groups. In one, the animals were untreated and in the other, they were treated with 0.02 g caffeine/100 ml water orally for 60 days. The sex ratio of the resulting litters showed a significant (P smaller than 0.025) skewing towards females (61.4%) when compared to that of the controls (49.2%).", "PMID": 1168707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2451", "title": "Motility of the oviduct and uterus of the cow during the oestrous cycle.", "content": "Recordings of electrical activity of the oviduct and uterus were obtained during three oestrous cycles in cows fitted with an extra-cellular multi-electrode assembly. The stages of the cycle were identified by the appearance of the cervico-vaginal secretions and changes in the peripheral plasma level of progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay. A gradual transition from local non-propagating electrical activity to propagating electrical activity with increase in the duration of contractions and then of their amplitude occurred 48 hr before the onset of oestrus. The transition coincided with a rapid decrease in progesterone level from 5 to 10 ng/ml to less than 0-1 to 0-4 ng/ml. This phenomenon was recorded from all uterine electrode sites, but was most marked at the uterotubal junction. Two days before oestrus, trains of potentials and bursts of activity became progressively grouped, apparently randomly, into prolonged phases in the distal portion of the oviduct and over the entire myometrium. During oestrus, the phases of activity became synchronized at these sites and both their amplitude and frequency reached a maximum. The strength but not the frequency of the phases diminished progressively 3 days after oestrus, followed by relative inactivity. The last remaining zone of activity was the uterotubal junction. During oestrus, the activities of the oviduct and the uterus were modified by oxytocin and adrenaline, the effect of the former being more marked on the uterus and that of the latter on the oviduct.", "contents": "Motility of the oviduct and uterus of the cow during the oestrous cycle. Recordings of electrical activity of the oviduct and uterus were obtained during three oestrous cycles in cows fitted with an extra-cellular multi-electrode assembly. The stages of the cycle were identified by the appearance of the cervico-vaginal secretions and changes in the peripheral plasma level of progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay. A gradual transition from local non-propagating electrical activity to propagating electrical activity with increase in the duration of contractions and then of their amplitude occurred 48 hr before the onset of oestrus. The transition coincided with a rapid decrease in progesterone level from 5 to 10 ng/ml to less than 0-1 to 0-4 ng/ml. This phenomenon was recorded from all uterine electrode sites, but was most marked at the uterotubal junction. Two days before oestrus, trains of potentials and bursts of activity became progressively grouped, apparently randomly, into prolonged phases in the distal portion of the oviduct and over the entire myometrium. During oestrus, the phases of activity became synchronized at these sites and both their amplitude and frequency reached a maximum. The strength but not the frequency of the phases diminished progressively 3 days after oestrus, followed by relative inactivity. The last remaining zone of activity was the uterotubal junction. During oestrus, the activities of the oviduct and the uterus were modified by oxytocin and adrenaline, the effect of the former being more marked on the uterus and that of the latter on the oviduct.", "PMID": 1168710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2452", "title": "Luteinizing hormone, oestrogen and progesterone levels in peripheral serum of anoestrous and cyclic ewes as determined by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Jugular vein blood was collected daily from four mature ewes throughout anoestrus and the first oestrous cycle of the breeding season until 4 days after the second oestrus. The levels of oestrogen, progesterone and LH were determined by radioimmunoassay. There were fluctuations in the LH level throughout most of the observed anoestrous period with a mean plus or minus S.E. value of 2-3 plus or minus 0-9 ng/ml. High LH values of 20-0, 41-2 and 137-5 ng/ml were observed in three ewes on Day - 24 of anoestrus. A brief minor rise in progesterone level was also observed around this period. Progesterone levels were consistently low (0.11 plus or minus 0-01 ng/ml) before Day - 25 of anoestrus. A major rise occurred on Day - 12 of anoestrous and this was followed by patterns similar to those that have been previously reported for the oestrous cycle of the ewe. Random fluctuations of oestrogens deviating from a mean level of 4-40 plus or minus 0-1 pg/ml were observed during anoestrus and the mean level during the period from the first to the second oestrus was 5-2 plus or minus 0-3 pg/ml. A well-defined peak of 13-3 plus or minus 0-7 pg/ml was seen in all ewes on the day of the second oestrus. Results of the present study suggest that episodic releases of LH occur during anoestrus and periods of low luteal activity. The fluctuations in LH levels, as observed during the period of low luteal activity, i.e. before Day - 25 of anoestrus, were less pronounced during the periods of high luteal activity. The view that luteal activity precedes the first behavioural oestrus of the breeding season is supported.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone, oestrogen and progesterone levels in peripheral serum of anoestrous and cyclic ewes as determined by radioimmunoassay. Jugular vein blood was collected daily from four mature ewes throughout anoestrus and the first oestrous cycle of the breeding season until 4 days after the second oestrus. The levels of oestrogen, progesterone and LH were determined by radioimmunoassay. There were fluctuations in the LH level throughout most of the observed anoestrous period with a mean plus or minus S.E. value of 2-3 plus or minus 0-9 ng/ml. High LH values of 20-0, 41-2 and 137-5 ng/ml were observed in three ewes on Day - 24 of anoestrus. A brief minor rise in progesterone level was also observed around this period. Progesterone levels were consistently low (0.11 plus or minus 0-01 ng/ml) before Day - 25 of anoestrus. A major rise occurred on Day - 12 of anoestrous and this was followed by patterns similar to those that have been previously reported for the oestrous cycle of the ewe. Random fluctuations of oestrogens deviating from a mean level of 4-40 plus or minus 0-1 pg/ml were observed during anoestrus and the mean level during the period from the first to the second oestrus was 5-2 plus or minus 0-3 pg/ml. A well-defined peak of 13-3 plus or minus 0-7 pg/ml was seen in all ewes on the day of the second oestrus. Results of the present study suggest that episodic releases of LH occur during anoestrus and periods of low luteal activity. The fluctuations in LH levels, as observed during the period of low luteal activity, i.e. before Day - 25 of anoestrus, were less pronounced during the periods of high luteal activity. The view that luteal activity precedes the first behavioural oestrus of the breeding season is supported.", "PMID": 1168711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2453", "title": "Shifts in ATP synthesis during preimplantation stages of mouse embryos.", "content": "The actual and potential activities of the cyochrome system were studied in cleavage-stage mouse embroys. Activities were determined by assaying embroys for total ATP and the rates of [32-P]ATP synthesis both before and after their incubation in medium supplemented either with an energy coupling site inhibitor (antimycin, amytal or cyanide) or with the FADH-linked substrate, succinate. The data indicate that there are three major shifts in the mode of ATP production during preimplantation stages: the first, between the two-cell and late four-cell stages; the second, between the eight-celland late morula stages; and the third, between the late morula and late blastocyst stages. These data are discussed in relation to studies on the energy metabolism of cleavage and blastocyst stage mouse embryos.", "contents": "Shifts in ATP synthesis during preimplantation stages of mouse embryos. The actual and potential activities of the cyochrome system were studied in cleavage-stage mouse embroys. Activities were determined by assaying embroys for total ATP and the rates of [32-P]ATP synthesis both before and after their incubation in medium supplemented either with an energy coupling site inhibitor (antimycin, amytal or cyanide) or with the FADH-linked substrate, succinate. The data indicate that there are three major shifts in the mode of ATP production during preimplantation stages: the first, between the two-cell and late four-cell stages; the second, between the eight-celland late morula stages; and the third, between the late morula and late blastocyst stages. These data are discussed in relation to studies on the energy metabolism of cleavage and blastocyst stage mouse embryos.", "PMID": 1168712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2454", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on the ultrastructure and function of sheep corpora lutea.", "content": "Early morphological changes in the ultrastructure of CL of ewes treated with prostaglandin F2alpha were examined in relation to luteal function as judged by plasma progesterone concentration. The luteolytic effect of prostaglandin F2alpha was confirmed, but there was little synchrony between morphological and functional luteolysis. Significant changes included a decrease in the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a change in the shape of mitochondria and a decrease in the number of membrane-bound granules. There was also an accumulation of lipids.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on the ultrastructure and function of sheep corpora lutea. Early morphological changes in the ultrastructure of CL of ewes treated with prostaglandin F2alpha were examined in relation to luteal function as judged by plasma progesterone concentration. The luteolytic effect of prostaglandin F2alpha was confirmed, but there was little synchrony between morphological and functional luteolysis. Significant changes included a decrease in the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a change in the shape of mitochondria and a decrease in the number of membrane-bound granules. There was also an accumulation of lipids.", "PMID": 1168713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2455", "title": "A comparison of the biochemical activities of Bacteroides corrodens and Eikenella corrodens with those of certain other gramnegative bacteria.", "content": "Tests carried out on strictly anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic strains of \"corrodens\" bacteria, showed that although these organisms are relatively inactive biochemically, differentiation can be made on the basis of tests that demonstrate reduction of nitrite, hydrolysis of urea and 1-naphthyl acetate, decarboxylation of lysine and ornithine, and sensitivity to certain selective agents included in culture medium. Plasma was found to be superior to serum in supporting the growth of all \"corrodens\" bacteria, and a combination of heated and unheated blood added to a nutrient base was shown to yield good growth. Comparative studies are reported with various species of Bacteroides, Haemophilus, Bordetella and related genera.", "contents": "A comparison of the biochemical activities of Bacteroides corrodens and Eikenella corrodens with those of certain other gramnegative bacteria. Tests carried out on strictly anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic strains of \"corrodens\" bacteria, showed that although these organisms are relatively inactive biochemically, differentiation can be made on the basis of tests that demonstrate reduction of nitrite, hydrolysis of urea and 1-naphthyl acetate, decarboxylation of lysine and ornithine, and sensitivity to certain selective agents included in culture medium. Plasma was found to be superior to serum in supporting the growth of all \"corrodens\" bacteria, and a combination of heated and unheated blood added to a nutrient base was shown to yield good growth. Comparative studies are reported with various species of Bacteroides, Haemophilus, Bordetella and related genera.", "PMID": 1168723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2456", "title": "Temperature dependence of the energy-linked monosaccharide transport across the cell membrane of Rhodotorula gracilis.", "content": "The temperature dependence of the active monosaccharide transport across the cell membrane of the yeast Rhodotorula gracilis has been studied between 0 and 55 degrees C with D-xylose as the transported substrate: (i) Between 0 and 10 degrees C there is virtually no transport. (ii) The initial velocity of transport increases exponentially from 15 to 30 degrees C (deltaE equal to 32 plus or minus 2 kcal/mol). (iii) At 30 degrees C a sharp \"break\" occurs in the Arrhenius plot and with increasing temperature the transport becomes inactivated, with a positive slope of the corresponding straight line (\"deltaE equal to minus 15 kcal/mol\"). (iv) In the temperature range of 50-55 degrees C, both the transport and the metabolic activity cease. In order to account for the abrupt changes of the membrane permeability, we attempted to ascribe them to phase transitions in the membrane structure: the first one, between 10 and 15 degrees C, to the crystalline: liquid-crystalline phase change; the second one, around 30 degrees C, to a change from highly ordered (low entropy) to less ordered (high entropy) membrane structure. Whereas the former phase transition is reversible, the latter appears to be irreversible. Arrhenius plots of the cell respiration exhibit a \"break\" at 30 degrees C, as well. However, at higher temperatures there is no thermal inactivation of the respiratory activity. The importance of a proper organization of the cell membrane constituents for the efficient transport function is discussed.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of the energy-linked monosaccharide transport across the cell membrane of Rhodotorula gracilis. The temperature dependence of the active monosaccharide transport across the cell membrane of the yeast Rhodotorula gracilis has been studied between 0 and 55 degrees C with D-xylose as the transported substrate: (i) Between 0 and 10 degrees C there is virtually no transport. (ii) The initial velocity of transport increases exponentially from 15 to 30 degrees C (deltaE equal to 32 plus or minus 2 kcal/mol). (iii) At 30 degrees C a sharp \"break\" occurs in the Arrhenius plot and with increasing temperature the transport becomes inactivated, with a positive slope of the corresponding straight line (\"deltaE equal to minus 15 kcal/mol\"). (iv) In the temperature range of 50-55 degrees C, both the transport and the metabolic activity cease. In order to account for the abrupt changes of the membrane permeability, we attempted to ascribe them to phase transitions in the membrane structure: the first one, between 10 and 15 degrees C, to the crystalline: liquid-crystalline phase change; the second one, around 30 degrees C, to a change from highly ordered (low entropy) to less ordered (high entropy) membrane structure. Whereas the former phase transition is reversible, the latter appears to be irreversible. Arrhenius plots of the cell respiration exhibit a \"break\" at 30 degrees C, as well. However, at higher temperatures there is no thermal inactivation of the respiratory activity. The importance of a proper organization of the cell membrane constituents for the efficient transport function is discussed.", "PMID": 1168724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2457", "title": "Association of race, age, menopausal status, and cerumen type with breast fluid secretion in nonlactating women, as determined by nepple aspiration.", "content": "Biologic and physiologic factors associated with the availability of breast secretions by a nipple aspiration technique were investigated in 606 normal, non-lactating women. Data obtained on race, age, menstrual status, parity, contraceptive pill use, hormone use, and cerumen type indicated that availability of secretions was related to race, age, and menopause, and to genetic factors associated with apocrine bland function. Fluid aspirates were obtained most often from Caucasians (70.2% success), least often from Chinese (24.1% success). The percentage of successful aspirations declined in women over 50 years of age in all racial groups, but distinctly less so in Caucasians. Chinese and Japanese women with dry-type cerumen had a lower percentage of successful aspirations than those with wet type, which suggested that genetic factors may be associated with breast fluid secretion in nonlactating women.", "contents": "Association of race, age, menopausal status, and cerumen type with breast fluid secretion in nonlactating women, as determined by nepple aspiration. Biologic and physiologic factors associated with the availability of breast secretions by a nipple aspiration technique were investigated in 606 normal, non-lactating women. Data obtained on race, age, menstrual status, parity, contraceptive pill use, hormone use, and cerumen type indicated that availability of secretions was related to race, age, and menopause, and to genetic factors associated with apocrine bland function. Fluid aspirates were obtained most often from Caucasians (70.2% success), least often from Chinese (24.1% success). The percentage of successful aspirations declined in women over 50 years of age in all racial groups, but distinctly less so in Caucasians. Chinese and Japanese women with dry-type cerumen had a lower percentage of successful aspirations than those with wet type, which suggested that genetic factors may be associated with breast fluid secretion in nonlactating women.", "PMID": 1168727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2458", "title": "Histopathology of breast lesions induced in BUF rats of varying ages by ingestion of N-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl) acetamide.", "content": "Inbred BUF male and female rats 4, 12, 24, and 52 weeks old ingested 0.04 percent N-4-(4'fluorobiphenyl)-acetamide in a semisynthetic diet for 36 weeks. They were killed 12 weeks later. Susceptibility to mammary carcinogenesis was related to the age and sex of the animals. Younger female rats developed more mammary tumors. Approximately half of these mammary tumors were well-differentiated adenocarcinomas; the remainder were either poorly differentiated or anaplastic adenocarcinomas.", "contents": "Histopathology of breast lesions induced in BUF rats of varying ages by ingestion of N-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl) acetamide. Inbred BUF male and female rats 4, 12, 24, and 52 weeks old ingested 0.04 percent N-4-(4'fluorobiphenyl)-acetamide in a semisynthetic diet for 36 weeks. They were killed 12 weeks later. Susceptibility to mammary carcinogenesis was related to the age and sex of the animals. Younger female rats developed more mammary tumors. Approximately half of these mammary tumors were well-differentiated adenocarcinomas; the remainder were either poorly differentiated or anaplastic adenocarcinomas.", "PMID": 1168728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2459", "title": "Gas contaminant inhibition of mammary gland differentiation in vitro.", "content": "A gas mixture of 95 percent 02/5 percent CO2 from several commercial sources was contaminated with a filterable substance (s) that inhibited mammary gland morphologic differentiation in vitro.", "contents": "Gas contaminant inhibition of mammary gland differentiation in vitro. A gas mixture of 95 percent 02/5 percent CO2 from several commercial sources was contaminated with a filterable substance (s) that inhibited mammary gland morphologic differentiation in vitro.", "PMID": 1168729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2460", "title": "Gallium-67 citrate uptake by cultured tumor cells, stimulated by serum transferrin.", "content": "The uptake of the tumor scanning agent 67-Ga citrate by cultured mouse tumor cells wqs greatly enhanced with small additons of certain sera to the culture medium. This stimulation of uptake was due to a macromolecular serum component, provisionally identified with transferrin. The response under optimum conditions was so great as to suggest that the 67-Ga uptake process depends entirely on the action of transferrin. The same mechanism probably operates in vivo and may help explain interesting features of the tracer's tissue distribution, particularly its tumor affinity.", "contents": "Gallium-67 citrate uptake by cultured tumor cells, stimulated by serum transferrin. The uptake of the tumor scanning agent 67-Ga citrate by cultured mouse tumor cells wqs greatly enhanced with small additons of certain sera to the culture medium. This stimulation of uptake was due to a macromolecular serum component, provisionally identified with transferrin. The response under optimum conditions was so great as to suggest that the 67-Ga uptake process depends entirely on the action of transferrin. The same mechanism probably operates in vivo and may help explain interesting features of the tracer's tissue distribution, particularly its tumor affinity.", "PMID": 1168730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2461", "title": "Lymphocyte antibody interaction in cytotoxicity against human transitional cell carcinoma.", "content": "The interaction of antibodies and lymphocytes in their immune reaction against human transitional cell carcinomas was studied using the in vitro microcytotoxicity assay. A non-complement dependent, IgG antibody was detected in the serum of occasional transitional cell carcinoma patients, which induced cytotoxicity against transitional cell carcinoma target cells by lymphocytes from donors with and without transitional cell carcinoma. The observation that lymphocytes from transitional cell carcinoma donors were more sensitive to activation by this  anti-transitional cell carcinoma, lymphocyte dependent antibody is compatible with the hypothesis that the surface of lymphocytes from some transitional cell carcinoma donors is coated in vivo with an anti-transitional cell carcinoma lymphocyte dependent antibody and that this antibody may be a significant factor in immunity to transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary tract.", "contents": "Lymphocyte antibody interaction in cytotoxicity against human transitional cell carcinoma. The interaction of antibodies and lymphocytes in their immune reaction against human transitional cell carcinomas was studied using the in vitro microcytotoxicity assay. A non-complement dependent, IgG antibody was detected in the serum of occasional transitional cell carcinoma patients, which induced cytotoxicity against transitional cell carcinoma target cells by lymphocytes from donors with and without transitional cell carcinoma. The observation that lymphocytes from transitional cell carcinoma donors were more sensitive to activation by this  anti-transitional cell carcinoma, lymphocyte dependent antibody is compatible with the hypothesis that the surface of lymphocytes from some transitional cell carcinoma donors is coated in vivo with an anti-transitional cell carcinoma lymphocyte dependent antibody and that this antibody may be a significant factor in immunity to transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary tract.", "PMID": 1168732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2462", "title": "Fricative discrimination in early infancy.", "content": "In three separate experiments using controlled natural stimuli and a high-amplitude sucking paradigm, infants' ability to detect differences between /s/ and /v/, /s/ and /f/, and /s/ and /z/, respectively, was investigated. Evidence for discrimination was obtained for /s/ versus /v/ and /s/ versus /f/ but not for /s/ versus /z/. Implications for a theory of infant speech perception are discussed.", "contents": "Fricative discrimination in early infancy. In three separate experiments using controlled natural stimuli and a high-amplitude sucking paradigm, infants' ability to detect differences between /s/ and /v/, /s/ and /f/, and /s/ and /z/, respectively, was investigated. Evidence for discrimination was obtained for /s/ versus /v/ and /s/ versus /f/ but not for /s/ versus /z/. Implications for a theory of infant speech perception are discussed.", "PMID": 1168827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2463", "title": "Speech fluency fluctuations during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "This study sought to determine whether changes in disfluency characteristics accompany biological and emotional changes during the menstrual cycle. Four extemporaneous speech samples were collected from each of 12 women, one at ovulation (when the average woman experiences her greatest feelings of self-esteem and self-confidence) and one at premenstruation (when she experiences a significant increase in anxiety level) for two consecutive cycles. The mean total frequency of the women's speech disfluencies produced at premenstruation was significantly greater than the mean total of their speech disfluencies produced at ovulation. The disfluency type that accounted for much of the difference in total frequency of disfluency between the two cycle points was revision-incomplete phrase. The tendency for these nonstutterers to produce more speech disfluencies at premenstruation than at ovulation is similar to a tendency we have observed in stutterers.", "contents": "Speech fluency fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. This study sought to determine whether changes in disfluency characteristics accompany biological and emotional changes during the menstrual cycle. Four extemporaneous speech samples were collected from each of 12 women, one at ovulation (when the average woman experiences her greatest feelings of self-esteem and self-confidence) and one at premenstruation (when she experiences a significant increase in anxiety level) for two consecutive cycles. The mean total frequency of the women's speech disfluencies produced at premenstruation was significantly greater than the mean total of their speech disfluencies produced at ovulation. The disfluency type that accounted for much of the difference in total frequency of disfluency between the two cycle points was revision-incomplete phrase. The tendency for these nonstutterers to produce more speech disfluencies at premenstruation than at ovulation is similar to a tendency we have observed in stutterers.", "PMID": 1168828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2464", "title": "Management of coarctation of the aorta during pregnancy.", "content": "In this report, we shall describe the instantaneous electronic monitoring of the fetal heart rate at 24 weeks' gestation. The mother was undergoing resection of coarctation of the aorta. Because the fetal heart rate reflects by physiological and pharmacologic events, monitoring this rate enabled the anesthesiologists and surgeons to make therapeutic intervention sooner and on a more rational basis.", "contents": "Management of coarctation of the aorta during pregnancy. In this report, we shall describe the instantaneous electronic monitoring of the fetal heart rate at 24 weeks' gestation. The mother was undergoing resection of coarctation of the aorta. Because the fetal heart rate reflects by physiological and pharmacologic events, monitoring this rate enabled the anesthesiologists and surgeons to make therapeutic intervention sooner and on a more rational basis.", "PMID": 1168829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2465", "title": "Structure of nuclear pre-mRNA. VI. \"Reversed repeats\" in animal DNA and their hybridization with double-stranded regions of pre-mRNA.", "content": "About 2% of mouse DNA reassociates at extremely low Cot values (10-7-10-6 mole-liter-1-sec). This DNA fraction was isolated with the aid of nuclease S1 and purified by chromatography on hydroxyapatite. The study of this fraction suggests that it has a structure of hairpin type. The DNA of the hairpins can hybridize with sequences forming the double-stranded regions in pre-mRNA. Probably at least some of the DNA of the hairpins, described as \"reversed repeating sequences\" of DNA, is transcribed with the formation of structures of hairpin type in pre-mRNA.", "contents": "Structure of nuclear pre-mRNA. VI. \"Reversed repeats\" in animal DNA and their hybridization with double-stranded regions of pre-mRNA. About 2% of mouse DNA reassociates at extremely low Cot values (10-7-10-6 mole-liter-1-sec). This DNA fraction was isolated with the aid of nuclease S1 and purified by chromatography on hydroxyapatite. The study of this fraction suggests that it has a structure of hairpin type. The DNA of the hairpins can hybridize with sequences forming the double-stranded regions in pre-mRNA. Probably at least some of the DNA of the hairpins, described as \"reversed repeating sequences\" of DNA, is transcribed with the formation of structures of hairpin type in pre-mRNA.", "PMID": 1168848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2466", "title": "Intragenome distribution of 5-methylcytosine in DNA of healthy and wilt-infected cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.).", "content": "Fractionation of DNA of healthy and wilt-infected cotton plants has been carried out according to the reassociation kinetics and the content of GC and 5-methylcytosine in the resulting fractions has been studied. The genome of cotton plant was found to be methylated quite unevenly. The GC rich (GC equals 64.7 mole%) fraction of highly reiterated sequences (Cot equals 0-3.7 times 10- minus 2) has a high content of 5-methylcytosine (5.8 mole%), whereas the methylation degree of the fraction of unique sequences (Cot larger than or equal to 487) is very low (the 5-methylcytosine content is about 0.5 mole%). In plants being infected with wilt, the 5-methylcytosine content in DNA or cotton leaves decreases two-fold; no changes in the structure and molecular population of DNA has been found. The sharp change in the 5-methylcytosine content in DNA of infected plants takes place at the expense of the decrease in the 5-methylcytosine content in fractions of highly reiterated sequences. The methylation degree of unique sequences (structural genes) remains unchanged.", "contents": "Intragenome distribution of 5-methylcytosine in DNA of healthy and wilt-infected cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Fractionation of DNA of healthy and wilt-infected cotton plants has been carried out according to the reassociation kinetics and the content of GC and 5-methylcytosine in the resulting fractions has been studied. The genome of cotton plant was found to be methylated quite unevenly. The GC rich (GC equals 64.7 mole%) fraction of highly reiterated sequences (Cot equals 0-3.7 times 10- minus 2) has a high content of 5-methylcytosine (5.8 mole%), whereas the methylation degree of the fraction of unique sequences (Cot larger than or equal to 487) is very low (the 5-methylcytosine content is about 0.5 mole%). In plants being infected with wilt, the 5-methylcytosine content in DNA or cotton leaves decreases two-fold; no changes in the structure and molecular population of DNA has been found. The sharp change in the 5-methylcytosine content in DNA of infected plants takes place at the expense of the decrease in the 5-methylcytosine content in fractions of highly reiterated sequences. The methylation degree of unique sequences (structural genes) remains unchanged.", "PMID": 1168849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2467", "title": "A simple nonradioisotope technic for the determination of platelet life-span.", "content": "Acetylsalicylic acid was shown both in vivo and in vitro to prevent the platelet lipid peroxidation normally induced by the aggregating agents thrombin and epinephrine, and the sulfhydryl inhibitor N-ethylmaleimide. After aspirin ingestion, there was a significant reduction (p smaller than 0.005) in platelet lipid peroxidation, with a gradual return to base-line values over a 10-day period. With these values, a normal platelet survival curve was constructed with a mean half-life of 4.4 days (range of 2.9 to 5.9 days). These values agree with the standard 51-Cr survivals in three patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Half-lives of 1.0, 2.5, and 4.1 days by lipid peroxide technic compared with 1.9, 2.5, and 3.9 days by the concurrent use of 51-Cr. Thus, the technic may be used to measure platelet survival.", "contents": "A simple nonradioisotope technic for the determination of platelet life-span. Acetylsalicylic acid was shown both in vivo and in vitro to prevent the platelet lipid peroxidation normally induced by the aggregating agents thrombin and epinephrine, and the sulfhydryl inhibitor N-ethylmaleimide. After aspirin ingestion, there was a significant reduction (p smaller than 0.005) in platelet lipid peroxidation, with a gradual return to base-line values over a 10-day period. With these values, a normal platelet survival curve was constructed with a mean half-life of 4.4 days (range of 2.9 to 5.9 days). These values agree with the standard 51-Cr survivals in three patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Half-lives of 1.0, 2.5, and 4.1 days by lipid peroxide technic compared with 1.9, 2.5, and 3.9 days by the concurrent use of 51-Cr. Thus, the technic may be used to measure platelet survival.", "PMID": 1168851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2468", "title": "Sequelae of central-nervous-system enterovirus infections.", "content": "The long-term effects of central-nervous-system enterovirus infections were examined in a controlled follow-up study of 19 children 2 1/2 to eight years of age who had been hospitalized with documented enterovirus infection 17 to 67 months before evaluation. Assessment included medical history, physical and neurologic examination, psychologic testing, and speech and hearing evaluation. Three children (16 per cent) had definite neurologic impairment, five (26 per cent) had possible impairment, and 11 (58 per cent) were free of detectable abnormalities. Children whose illness occurred during the first year of life, when compared to controls, were found to have significantly smaller mean head circumference (50.6 vs. 51.6 cm, P less than 0.033), significantly lower mean I.Q. (97 vs 115, P less than 0.007), and depressed languange and speech skills. Children whose illness occurred after the first year of life were not different from their controls. Children whith central-nervous-system enterovirus infection may have neurologic impairment when infection occurs in the first year of life.", "contents": "Sequelae of central-nervous-system enterovirus infections. The long-term effects of central-nervous-system enterovirus infections were examined in a controlled follow-up study of 19 children 2 1/2 to eight years of age who had been hospitalized with documented enterovirus infection 17 to 67 months before evaluation. Assessment included medical history, physical and neurologic examination, psychologic testing, and speech and hearing evaluation. Three children (16 per cent) had definite neurologic impairment, five (26 per cent) had possible impairment, and 11 (58 per cent) were free of detectable abnormalities. Children whose illness occurred during the first year of life, when compared to controls, were found to have significantly smaller mean head circumference (50.6 vs. 51.6 cm, P less than 0.033), significantly lower mean I.Q. (97 vs 115, P less than 0.007), and depressed languange and speech skills. Children whose illness occurred after the first year of life were not different from their controls. Children whith central-nervous-system enterovirus infection may have neurologic impairment when infection occurs in the first year of life.", "PMID": 1168853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2469", "title": "Chorioamnionitis and colonization of the newborn infant with genital mycoplasmas.", "content": "To study the role of Mycoplasma hominis and T-mycoplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum) in chorioamnionitis, we obtained culture from 249 puerperal women and their babies. The placentas were examined histologically. Infants whose placentas showed inflammation (chorioamnionitis) had cultures positive for T-mycoplasmas more frequently (37.5 per cent) than those with normal placentas (19.0 per cent) (P = 0.021). Colonization with M. hominis was found in 16.0 per cent of the babies and was not significantly associated with chorioamnionitis. Material colonization with mycoplasmas was more frequent (73.4 per cent) and was not correlated with placental inflammation. We conclude that a substantial proportion of cases of chorioamnionitis may be caused by prenatal infection with T-mycoplasmas. The fact that these organisms are not highly virulent could explain the frequent finding of inflammed placentas from otherwise normal pregnacies. No adverse clinical effects of the placental lesions or of mycoplasmal colonization could be detected in this small study.", "contents": "Chorioamnionitis and colonization of the newborn infant with genital mycoplasmas. To study the role of Mycoplasma hominis and T-mycoplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum) in chorioamnionitis, we obtained culture from 249 puerperal women and their babies. The placentas were examined histologically. Infants whose placentas showed inflammation (chorioamnionitis) had cultures positive for T-mycoplasmas more frequently (37.5 per cent) than those with normal placentas (19.0 per cent) (P = 0.021). Colonization with M. hominis was found in 16.0 per cent of the babies and was not significantly associated with chorioamnionitis. Material colonization with mycoplasmas was more frequent (73.4 per cent) and was not correlated with placental inflammation. We conclude that a substantial proportion of cases of chorioamnionitis may be caused by prenatal infection with T-mycoplasmas. The fact that these organisms are not highly virulent could explain the frequent finding of inflammed placentas from otherwise normal pregnacies. No adverse clinical effects of the placental lesions or of mycoplasmal colonization could be detected in this small study.", "PMID": 1168854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2470", "title": "Nonpuerperal lactation and normal prolactin regulation.", "content": "Prolactin secretion was evaluated in 11 consecutive patients referred with nonpuerperal lactation who did not have clinical evidence of pituitary tumors. Six patients had normal fasting prolactin (PRL) levels, 13.8 plus or minus 1.8 ng per ml (Group I), and the other 5 women had elevated basal serum PRL concentrations, 182 plus or minus 72 ng per ml (Group II). All Group II patients had amenorrhea; however, 5 of 6 Group I patients had menstrual periods. The 24-h mean serum PRL concentrations were 12.8 plus or minus 1.2 (SEM), 13.3 plus or minus 0.7, and 165 plus or minus 62 ng per ml for the controls and Group I and II, respectively. A pattern of intermittent PRL discharge during the day characterized each group; however, a normal sleep related increase in serum PRL concentration was absent in the Group II patients. Chlorpromazine produced greater than two-fold increases in serum PRL concentrations in the controls and Group I patients; however, this response was absent in Group II. L-Dopa produced appropriate suppression of serum PRL concentrations in the normals and both patient groups. Normal serum growth hormone, thyroxine, and plasma cortisol characterized each group. Serum estrogen and/or LH and FSH were decreased in 3 of 5 Group II patients; however, the serum concentrations of these hormones were normal in 5 of 6 Group I patients. Short term L-dopa therapy was effective in suppressing lactation in 3 of 5 Group II patients, and it also decreased lactation in the 4 treated Group I patients without significantly altering 24-h mean serum PRL concentrations in the latter group. hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction was present in certain patients with nonpuerperal lactation who had elevated 24-h mean PRL concentrations and no PRL release following chlorpromazine and sleep. Frequently, however, nonpuerperal lactation is associated with normal prolactin secretion.", "contents": "Nonpuerperal lactation and normal prolactin regulation. Prolactin secretion was evaluated in 11 consecutive patients referred with nonpuerperal lactation who did not have clinical evidence of pituitary tumors. Six patients had normal fasting prolactin (PRL) levels, 13.8 plus or minus 1.8 ng per ml (Group I), and the other 5 women had elevated basal serum PRL concentrations, 182 plus or minus 72 ng per ml (Group II). All Group II patients had amenorrhea; however, 5 of 6 Group I patients had menstrual periods. The 24-h mean serum PRL concentrations were 12.8 plus or minus 1.2 (SEM), 13.3 plus or minus 0.7, and 165 plus or minus 62 ng per ml for the controls and Group I and II, respectively. A pattern of intermittent PRL discharge during the day characterized each group; however, a normal sleep related increase in serum PRL concentration was absent in the Group II patients. Chlorpromazine produced greater than two-fold increases in serum PRL concentrations in the controls and Group I patients; however, this response was absent in Group II. L-Dopa produced appropriate suppression of serum PRL concentrations in the normals and both patient groups. Normal serum growth hormone, thyroxine, and plasma cortisol characterized each group. Serum estrogen and/or LH and FSH were decreased in 3 of 5 Group II patients; however, the serum concentrations of these hormones were normal in 5 of 6 Group I patients. Short term L-dopa therapy was effective in suppressing lactation in 3 of 5 Group II patients, and it also decreased lactation in the 4 treated Group I patients without significantly altering 24-h mean serum PRL concentrations in the latter group. hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction was present in certain patients with nonpuerperal lactation who had elevated 24-h mean PRL concentrations and no PRL release following chlorpromazine and sleep. Frequently, however, nonpuerperal lactation is associated with normal prolactin secretion.", "PMID": 1168856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2471", "title": "Melatonin radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for melatonin has been developed after the raising of anti-melatonin antibodies in rabbits. The radioimmunoassay is specific and the sensitivity range is greater than the tadpole bioassay.?Author", "contents": "Melatonin radioimmunoassay. A radioimmunoassay for melatonin has been developed after the raising of anti-melatonin antibodies in rabbits. The radioimmunoassay is specific and the sensitivity range is greater than the tadpole bioassay.?Author", "PMID": 1168857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2472", "title": "Opsoclonus: Its clinical value.", "content": "Although the exact site of pathologic involvement and the pathogenesis remain uncertain, opsoclonus is an invaluable clinical sign that in it alone may herald an occult systemic malignancy. A thorough systematic evaluation should be undertaken to exclude an occult neoplasm in any patient who presents with opsoclonus unaccompanied by any other clinical sign.", "contents": "Opsoclonus: Its clinical value. Although the exact site of pathologic involvement and the pathogenesis remain uncertain, opsoclonus is an invaluable clinical sign that in it alone may herald an occult systemic malignancy. A thorough systematic evaluation should be undertaken to exclude an occult neoplasm in any patient who presents with opsoclonus unaccompanied by any other clinical sign.", "PMID": 1168869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2473", "title": "Pharmacologic treatment and evaluation of permanent experimental spinal cord trauma.", "content": "Permanent paralysis was induced in dogs by a 500 gram centimeter force injury on the spinal cord, and drug treatments were given 1 hour after injury and were continued for 3 days. Dogs were evaluated for 90 days. Isotonic saline or mannitol administration were ineffective in reversing the paralysis. In dogs receiving either dimethyl sulfoxide or dexamethasone, six of eight animals in the former and two of eight in the latter group regained partial or full recovery. The presence of somatosensory evoked responses taken before and at various intervals following trauma showed a good correlation in the prognostic recovery of each animal. It is concluded that dimethyl sulfoxide and dexamethasone can reverse a permanent experimental injury to the spinal cord when given within an hour after trauma.", "contents": "Pharmacologic treatment and evaluation of permanent experimental spinal cord trauma. Permanent paralysis was induced in dogs by a 500 gram centimeter force injury on the spinal cord, and drug treatments were given 1 hour after injury and were continued for 3 days. Dogs were evaluated for 90 days. Isotonic saline or mannitol administration were ineffective in reversing the paralysis. In dogs receiving either dimethyl sulfoxide or dexamethasone, six of eight animals in the former and two of eight in the latter group regained partial or full recovery. The presence of somatosensory evoked responses taken before and at various intervals following trauma showed a good correlation in the prognostic recovery of each animal. It is concluded that dimethyl sulfoxide and dexamethasone can reverse a permanent experimental injury to the spinal cord when given within an hour after trauma.", "PMID": 1168870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2474", "title": "Bacillus anthracic meningitis.", "content": "Bacillus anthracis is an uncommon cause of meniningitis. The characteristic hemorrhagic features in two patients who died despite antibiotic treatment are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Bacillus anthracic meningitis. Bacillus anthracis is an uncommon cause of meniningitis. The characteristic hemorrhagic features in two patients who died despite antibiotic treatment are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 1168871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2475", "title": "X-linked myotubular myopathy with fatal neonatal asphyxia.", "content": "A second family with X-linked myotubular myopathy is described. The clinical picture includes decreased fetal movements; hydramnios, in at least three cases, probably resulting from insufficient swallowing in utero; and asphyxia at birth. In three autopsy cases many myotubes were found in the muscle tissue. In five definite female carriers, muscle biopsy revealed changes, including myotubes in four. This family probably is not related to the eariler described family with X-linked myotubular myopathy, from which it differs in its 100 percent fatal outcome in the neonatal period, as compared with 25 percent in the eariler described family. A most important finding, in both families, is the possibility of recognizing clinically healthy female carriers by muscle biopsy.", "contents": "X-linked myotubular myopathy with fatal neonatal asphyxia. A second family with X-linked myotubular myopathy is described. The clinical picture includes decreased fetal movements; hydramnios, in at least three cases, probably resulting from insufficient swallowing in utero; and asphyxia at birth. In three autopsy cases many myotubes were found in the muscle tissue. In five definite female carriers, muscle biopsy revealed changes, including myotubes in four. This family probably is not related to the eariler described family with X-linked myotubular myopathy, from which it differs in its 100 percent fatal outcome in the neonatal period, as compared with 25 percent in the eariler described family. A most important finding, in both families, is the possibility of recognizing clinically healthy female carriers by muscle biopsy.", "PMID": 1168872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2476", "title": "Combined neuroepithelial (colloid) cyst and xanthogranuloma (xanthoma) in the third ventricle.", "content": "A case is reported of a combined neuroepithelial cyst and xanthogranuloma of the choroid plexus in the third ventricle of a 22-year-old woman. It is suggested that proliferated neuroepithelial cells lining the cyst enter the fibrous wall through the disrupted basal lamina, and then become xanthomatous cells. Disintegration of these foamy epithelial cells releases lipids and other materials into the cyst wall, provoking a response of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells of foreign-body type. A xanthogranuloma is then formed. The origin of \"colloid\" cysts is from neuroepithelium; these cysts arise from both ependyma and choroid plexus. Those cysts arising in or near the floor of the third ventricle may originate in stomodeal epithelium, but a distinction cannot be made from neuroepithelial cysts by presently available methods.", "contents": "Combined neuroepithelial (colloid) cyst and xanthogranuloma (xanthoma) in the third ventricle. A case is reported of a combined neuroepithelial cyst and xanthogranuloma of the choroid plexus in the third ventricle of a 22-year-old woman. It is suggested that proliferated neuroepithelial cells lining the cyst enter the fibrous wall through the disrupted basal lamina, and then become xanthomatous cells. Disintegration of these foamy epithelial cells releases lipids and other materials into the cyst wall, provoking a response of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells of foreign-body type. A xanthogranuloma is then formed. The origin of \"colloid\" cysts is from neuroepithelium; these cysts arise from both ependyma and choroid plexus. Those cysts arising in or near the floor of the third ventricle may originate in stomodeal epithelium, but a distinction cannot be made from neuroepithelial cysts by presently available methods.", "PMID": 1168873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2477", "title": "Study in cerebrovascular disease: brain scanning with technetium 99m pertechnetate; clinical correlations.", "content": "A prospective brain scanning study using technetium 99m pertechnetate was performed in 84 patients with cerebral infarction. No correlation was found between vascular angiographic findings and the frequency of positive scans. A comparison with clinical motor and mental evaluation showed a good correlation between abnormal scans (58 percent) and poor initial test resutls. A half-life of 17 days characterized the time course of positive scans according to their density and abnormal radioisotopic uptake area.", "contents": "Study in cerebrovascular disease: brain scanning with technetium 99m pertechnetate; clinical correlations. A prospective brain scanning study using technetium 99m pertechnetate was performed in 84 patients with cerebral infarction. No correlation was found between vascular angiographic findings and the frequency of positive scans. A comparison with clinical motor and mental evaluation showed a good correlation between abnormal scans (58 percent) and poor initial test resutls. A half-life of 17 days characterized the time course of positive scans according to their density and abnormal radioisotopic uptake area.", "PMID": 1168874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2478", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure and brain compliance in adult cats.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulse pressure was inversely proportional to a brain compliance determined from artificial CSF pulsations generated by an external pump. Brain compliance was 0.71 cu mm/mm H2O at steady-state CSF mean pressure and decreased 50 percent for each 240 mm H2O increase in CSF mean pressure (mean results of duplicate experiments on 10 adult cats). Both CSF pulse pressure and the time course of transient changes in CSF mean pressure could be described in terms of a model of the CSF circulation consisting of a constant resistance to CSF absorption in parallel with a pressure-dependent brain compliance.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure and brain compliance in adult cats. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulse pressure was inversely proportional to a brain compliance determined from artificial CSF pulsations generated by an external pump. Brain compliance was 0.71 cu mm/mm H2O at steady-state CSF mean pressure and decreased 50 percent for each 240 mm H2O increase in CSF mean pressure (mean results of duplicate experiments on 10 adult cats). Both CSF pulse pressure and the time course of transient changes in CSF mean pressure could be described in terms of a model of the CSF circulation consisting of a constant resistance to CSF absorption in parallel with a pressure-dependent brain compliance.", "PMID": 1168875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2479", "title": "Does pseudotumor cerebri cause the empty sella syndrome?", "content": "Eight patients had both the \"primary empty sella syndrome,\" diagnosed by the finding of an air-filled sella turcica at pneumoencephalography, and pseudotumor cerebri, diagnosed by the finding of an elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the presence of normal ventricular size and position on pneumonencephalography. All eight patients were obese women, and six were hypertensive. Six complained of headaches and menstrual irregularities, and two were asymptomatic. Three had visual symptoms and four had papilledema at the time of examination. These two clinical disorders appear to be frequently related, and when they are related, visual field defects and visual loss are more likely to occur than when either entity appears alone. Chronically increased intracranial pressure from pseudotumor cerebri may produce an empty sella if the diaphragma sella is incompetent and the subarachnoid space herniates into the sella turcica.", "contents": "Does pseudotumor cerebri cause the empty sella syndrome? Eight patients had both the \"primary empty sella syndrome,\" diagnosed by the finding of an air-filled sella turcica at pneumoencephalography, and pseudotumor cerebri, diagnosed by the finding of an elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the presence of normal ventricular size and position on pneumonencephalography. All eight patients were obese women, and six were hypertensive. Six complained of headaches and menstrual irregularities, and two were asymptomatic. Three had visual symptoms and four had papilledema at the time of examination. These two clinical disorders appear to be frequently related, and when they are related, visual field defects and visual loss are more likely to occur than when either entity appears alone. Chronically increased intracranial pressure from pseudotumor cerebri may produce an empty sella if the diaphragma sella is incompetent and the subarachnoid space herniates into the sella turcica.", "PMID": 1168876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2480", "title": "Bilateral dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial internal carotid arteries in an 8-year-old boy.", "content": "Nontraumatic intracranial dissecting aneurysms have rarely been reported as the cause of acute infantile and childhood hemiplegia. The present case is unique because dissecting aneurysms occurred bilaterally in two clinically distinct episodes. A recent dissecting aneurysm of the right intracranial internal carotid artery was present with a healed dissecting aneurysm of left internal carotid artery in an 8-year-old boy.", "contents": "Bilateral dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial internal carotid arteries in an 8-year-old boy. Nontraumatic intracranial dissecting aneurysms have rarely been reported as the cause of acute infantile and childhood hemiplegia. The present case is unique because dissecting aneurysms occurred bilaterally in two clinically distinct episodes. A recent dissecting aneurysm of the right intracranial internal carotid artery was present with a healed dissecting aneurysm of left internal carotid artery in an 8-year-old boy.", "PMID": 1168877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2481", "title": "Spontaneous infarction in pituitary tumors: neurologic and therapeutic aspects.", "content": "In addition to progressive endocrine dysfunction and progressive visual loss, pituitary neoplasms may annouce their presence by the more catastrophic alternative of spontaneous tumor infarction. In two patients reported, illness due to the spontaneous infraction of pituitary tumors was heralded by sudden onset of focal headache associated with diplopia. Stupor, confusion, and evidence of increased intracranial pressure occurred without subarachnoid hemorrhage or massive extrasellar extension of tumor. One patient developed inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion with spontaneous infarction in a large but clinically silent chromophobe adenoma. In both patients, skull x-rays suggested a long-standing intrasella mass. Both underwent prompt treatment with endocrinologic replacement therapy and subsequent successful transsphenoidal removal of voluminous, infarcted, pituitary masses.", "contents": "Spontaneous infarction in pituitary tumors: neurologic and therapeutic aspects. In addition to progressive endocrine dysfunction and progressive visual loss, pituitary neoplasms may annouce their presence by the more catastrophic alternative of spontaneous tumor infarction. In two patients reported, illness due to the spontaneous infraction of pituitary tumors was heralded by sudden onset of focal headache associated with diplopia. Stupor, confusion, and evidence of increased intracranial pressure occurred without subarachnoid hemorrhage or massive extrasellar extension of tumor. One patient developed inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion with spontaneous infarction in a large but clinically silent chromophobe adenoma. In both patients, skull x-rays suggested a long-standing intrasella mass. Both underwent prompt treatment with endocrinologic replacement therapy and subsequent successful transsphenoidal removal of voluminous, infarcted, pituitary masses.", "PMID": 1168878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2482", "title": "Unexpected, unexplained death in epileptic patients.", "content": "Thirty-seven cases of unexpected, unexplained death in epileptic patients were recorded by the Allegheny County Coroner's Office during the years 1969 through 1973. In no case was there anatomic or chemical evidence at autopsy sufficient to explain death. All patients had a duration of epilepsy greater than a year. All but two had less than one seizure per month. Blood levels of anticonvulsants at autopsy revealed only three patients with therapeutic levels of the drugs. Almost 50 percent of the cases studied had no demonstrable anticonvulsant. It is suggested that inadequate levels of anticonvulsant drugs are a significant factor associated with unexpected, unexplained death in epileptic patients.", "contents": "Unexpected, unexplained death in epileptic patients. Thirty-seven cases of unexpected, unexplained death in epileptic patients were recorded by the Allegheny County Coroner's Office during the years 1969 through 1973. In no case was there anatomic or chemical evidence at autopsy sufficient to explain death. All patients had a duration of epilepsy greater than a year. All but two had less than one seizure per month. Blood levels of anticonvulsants at autopsy revealed only three patients with therapeutic levels of the drugs. Almost 50 percent of the cases studied had no demonstrable anticonvulsant. It is suggested that inadequate levels of anticonvulsant drugs are a significant factor associated with unexpected, unexplained death in epileptic patients.", "PMID": 1168879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2483", "title": "[Laser-trabecular puncture. Experimental studies].", "content": "From the presented evidence it may be seen that a sufficiently strong laser beam can produce performation openings in trabecular meshwork. We were using an exposure time of maximum 200 msec in order not to produce thermal reactions in surrounding tissues. The 1.6 W used by us was sufficient with the above exposure time to produce repeatedly openings in trabecular meshwork. Following this procedure perfusion of Schlemm's canal experiments let the used dye pass through artificially made openings, only slightly staining the trabecular meshwork.", "contents": "[Laser-trabecular puncture. Experimental studies]. From the presented evidence it may be seen that a sufficiently strong laser beam can produce performation openings in trabecular meshwork. We were using an exposure time of maximum 200 msec in order not to produce thermal reactions in surrounding tissues. The 1.6 W used by us was sufficient with the above exposure time to produce repeatedly openings in trabecular meshwork. Following this procedure perfusion of Schlemm's canal experiments let the used dye pass through artificially made openings, only slightly staining the trabecular meshwork.", "PMID": 1168881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2484", "title": "Observations upon the role of the peripheral retina in the execution of eye movements.", "content": "A variety of experimental situations are described concerning optokinetic nystagmus and tracking movements of the eyes, which have shown that in certain circumstances the peripheral retina can exert a powerful influence upon the resultant response. The teleological significance of the findings is discussed in the context of the mechanisms subserving ocular-following movements.", "contents": "Observations upon the role of the peripheral retina in the execution of eye movements. A variety of experimental situations are described concerning optokinetic nystagmus and tracking movements of the eyes, which have shown that in certain circumstances the peripheral retina can exert a powerful influence upon the resultant response. The teleological significance of the findings is discussed in the context of the mechanisms subserving ocular-following movements.", "PMID": 1168883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2485", "title": "Malignant tumours of the oral cavity. A study of 177 cases.", "content": "An unselected material of 177 patients with malignant tumours of the oral cavity is presented and classified according to the TNM system. A therapeutic classification based on the TNM system is proposed. The material is analyzed regarding the 5-year survival rate and the frequency of recurrences in different therapeutic groups.", "contents": "Malignant tumours of the oral cavity. A study of 177 cases. An unselected material of 177 patients with malignant tumours of the oral cavity is presented and classified according to the TNM system. A therapeutic classification based on the TNM system is proposed. The material is analyzed regarding the 5-year survival rate and the frequency of recurrences in different therapeutic groups.", "PMID": 1168882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2486", "title": "Neurotological studies upon intoxication by organic mercury compounds.", "content": "In 1965, a strange illness, which afterwards was diagnosed as the intoxication caused by organic mercury compounds, began to affect the inhabitants of the riverside areas of the Aganogawa River, Niigata, Japan. The authors have investigated the neurotological disturbances, which occurred in 144 cases intoxicated with organic mercurials. The results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) Recruitment (in SISI and other tests) was negative in all the cases except for 32 with inner ear deafness, and B\u00e9k\u00e8sy's AUDIOMETRY (TTS) showed type II: unsettled wide amplitude in 17 cases and severe abnormal adaptation characterizing the type III pattern in nine cases. (2) Spontaneous and positional nystagmus were recorded with ENG in 94 of 144 cases. In 62 of 144 cases, pathological findings of horizontal optokinetic nystagmus were recorded, and those of vertical optokinetic nystagmus were frequently observed in 81 of the 118 cases tested (69 percent). Judging from the authors' observations, neurotological disturbances due to chronic mercurial intoxication may be considered mainly as lesions of the retrocochlea and of the oculomotor system in the brain stem and the cerebellum.", "contents": "Neurotological studies upon intoxication by organic mercury compounds. In 1965, a strange illness, which afterwards was diagnosed as the intoxication caused by organic mercury compounds, began to affect the inhabitants of the riverside areas of the Aganogawa River, Niigata, Japan. The authors have investigated the neurotological disturbances, which occurred in 144 cases intoxicated with organic mercurials. The results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) Recruitment (in SISI and other tests) was negative in all the cases except for 32 with inner ear deafness, and B\u00e9k\u00e8sy's AUDIOMETRY (TTS) showed type II: unsettled wide amplitude in 17 cases and severe abnormal adaptation characterizing the type III pattern in nine cases. (2) Spontaneous and positional nystagmus were recorded with ENG in 94 of 144 cases. In 62 of 144 cases, pathological findings of horizontal optokinetic nystagmus were recorded, and those of vertical optokinetic nystagmus were frequently observed in 81 of the 118 cases tested (69 percent). Judging from the authors' observations, neurotological disturbances due to chronic mercurial intoxication may be considered mainly as lesions of the retrocochlea and of the oculomotor system in the brain stem and the cerebellum.", "PMID": 1168884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2487", "title": "The development of the tympanic sinus.", "content": "On the examination of 200 embryonal petrous bones the factors affecting the morphology of the tympanic sinus under physiological conditions are discussed. The development of the tympanic sinus begins during the fourth month of embryonic life. In an embryo of 5 months the floor of the tympanic sinus developing between the cochlea and the vestibulum consists of lamellae resembling a wicker basket. Caudally, its floor reaches at first the lower part of the tympanum, for at this stage the styloid prominence and the pavimentum pyramidis are not yet fully developed. In the eighth and ninth month of foetal life the tympanic sinus is narrowed by the styloid prominence, from the floor and from the cranial side it is bordered by the fully developed ponticulus medialis. In postnatal life the development of the membranous bony substance of the promontory, subiculum promontorii and styloid prominence, each narrows the tympanic sinus in some degree. Under the influence of vascular factors highly developed trabeculae and lamellae are formed in them. The cavity is deeper in the dolichocephalics and is more shallow in brachycephalics.", "contents": "The development of the tympanic sinus. On the examination of 200 embryonal petrous bones the factors affecting the morphology of the tympanic sinus under physiological conditions are discussed. The development of the tympanic sinus begins during the fourth month of embryonic life. In an embryo of 5 months the floor of the tympanic sinus developing between the cochlea and the vestibulum consists of lamellae resembling a wicker basket. Caudally, its floor reaches at first the lower part of the tympanum, for at this stage the styloid prominence and the pavimentum pyramidis are not yet fully developed. In the eighth and ninth month of foetal life the tympanic sinus is narrowed by the styloid prominence, from the floor and from the cranial side it is bordered by the fully developed ponticulus medialis. In postnatal life the development of the membranous bony substance of the promontory, subiculum promontorii and styloid prominence, each narrows the tympanic sinus in some degree. Under the influence of vascular factors highly developed trabeculae and lamellae are formed in them. The cavity is deeper in the dolichocephalics and is more shallow in brachycephalics.", "PMID": 1168885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2488", "title": "Artificial stapes - a fourteen-year report.", "content": "This paper is based on 3,500 cases of otosclerosis operated on during the past 14 years restoring the continuity of the ossicular chain by means of an artificial stapes. Eighty percent showed practically a closure of the air-bone gap. There was no hearing gain in 17 percent of the patients, many of which showed reversal to preoperative levels. Three percent of the patients suffered sensori-neural hearing loss and 1 percent cophosis. Necrosis of the incus occurred in 0.3 percent of the patients and perilymphatic fistula in 0.2 percent. Only one case of inflammatory granuloma was observed as a complication of stapedectomy.", "contents": "Artificial stapes - a fourteen-year report. This paper is based on 3,500 cases of otosclerosis operated on during the past 14 years restoring the continuity of the ossicular chain by means of an artificial stapes. Eighty percent showed practically a closure of the air-bone gap. There was no hearing gain in 17 percent of the patients, many of which showed reversal to preoperative levels. Three percent of the patients suffered sensori-neural hearing loss and 1 percent cophosis. Necrosis of the incus occurred in 0.3 percent of the patients and perilymphatic fistula in 0.2 percent. Only one case of inflammatory granuloma was observed as a complication of stapedectomy.", "PMID": 1168886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2489", "title": "Infections with Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina in the fowl: effect of previous infection with the heterologous organism on oocyst production.", "content": "Judged by oocyst production, infections with Eimeria acervulina in birds immunized with E. maxima were consistently higher than in birds which had not been immunized.  Oocyst production of E. maxima in birds previously infected with E. acervulina was greater, in three out of four experiments, than in control chickens, but some of the differences were slight.  The findings are discussed but no satisfactory explanation can be offered.  In general there was little or no difference between the oocyst production of the individual species when present as single or mixed infections.", "contents": "Infections with Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina in the fowl: effect of previous infection with the heterologous organism on oocyst production. Judged by oocyst production, infections with Eimeria acervulina in birds immunized with E. maxima were consistently higher than in birds which had not been immunized.  Oocyst production of E. maxima in birds previously infected with E. acervulina was greater, in three out of four experiments, than in control chickens, but some of the differences were slight.  The findings are discussed but no satisfactory explanation can be offered.  In general there was little or no difference between the oocyst production of the individual species when present as single or mixed infections.", "PMID": 1168890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2490", "title": "Nosocomial influenza infection as a cause of intercurrent fevers in infants.", "content": "All patients on an infants' ward manifesting intercurrent fevers were studied for viral and bacterial etiology during a community outbreak of influenza A.  During a one-month period, of 29 infants admitted to the ward, 17 were hospitalized for seven or more days.  Intercurrent fever complicated the course of 13 (76%) of these 17 infants.  Nosocomially acquired influenza A infection was found in 13 infants.  Two of these also contracted a dual infection with influenza B.  The fever lasted an average of 2.7 days with a peak of 38.2 to 39.8 C.  Initial white blood cell counts tended to by high and shifted to the left.  These infants appeared to be at high risk for developing lower respiratory tract disease.  Seven of the 12 had infiltrates on chest X-ray, and five subsequently developed a secondary bacterial pneumonia.  These infants tended to be young, five were under 6 months, and all but one had underlying cardiorespiratory disease.  They also appeared to have prolonge shedding of influenza virus from their nasal secretions.  Six of seven shed the virus for 7 or 21 days.", "contents": "Nosocomial influenza infection as a cause of intercurrent fevers in infants. All patients on an infants' ward manifesting intercurrent fevers were studied for viral and bacterial etiology during a community outbreak of influenza A.  During a one-month period, of 29 infants admitted to the ward, 17 were hospitalized for seven or more days.  Intercurrent fever complicated the course of 13 (76%) of these 17 infants.  Nosocomially acquired influenza A infection was found in 13 infants.  Two of these also contracted a dual infection with influenza B.  The fever lasted an average of 2.7 days with a peak of 38.2 to 39.8 C.  Initial white blood cell counts tended to by high and shifted to the left.  These infants appeared to be at high risk for developing lower respiratory tract disease.  Seven of the 12 had infiltrates on chest X-ray, and five subsequently developed a secondary bacterial pneumonia.  These infants tended to be young, five were under 6 months, and all but one had underlying cardiorespiratory disease.  They also appeared to have prolonge shedding of influenza virus from their nasal secretions.  Six of seven shed the virus for 7 or 21 days.", "PMID": 1168894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2491", "title": "Cues for screening language disorders in preschool children.", "content": "This article has described procedures and criteria a pediatrician may employ during office evaluation to identify children suspected of having a developmental language disability.  Disruptions in vocabulary comprehension, vocabulary production, sentence organization, use of word forms, and articulation patterns are important cues signaling the need for referral for a speech and language evaluation.  The 1970 NINDS estimate that no less than one out of every 170 children has a developmental disability affecting the development of language suggests that one or more such children with such a disability enter the pediatrician's office each week.  Many of the negative consequences of this problem may be prevented or greatly reduced by early detection and appropriate referral based upon the informaion described in this article.", "contents": "Cues for screening language disorders in preschool children. This article has described procedures and criteria a pediatrician may employ during office evaluation to identify children suspected of having a developmental language disability.  Disruptions in vocabulary comprehension, vocabulary production, sentence organization, use of word forms, and articulation patterns are important cues signaling the need for referral for a speech and language evaluation.  The 1970 NINDS estimate that no less than one out of every 170 children has a developmental disability affecting the development of language suggests that one or more such children with such a disability enter the pediatrician's office each week.  Many of the negative consequences of this problem may be prevented or greatly reduced by early detection and appropriate referral based upon the informaion described in this article.", "PMID": 1168895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2492", "title": "[Obstructive cardiomyopathy. A new surgical method of treatment].", "content": "A case of treatment of obstructive cardiomyopathy by insertion of a disc mistral prosthesis (Cooley's technique) is reported. The result obtained was satisfactory from a clinical, haemodynamic and angiocardiographic standpoint. The mode of action of this technique is discussed.", "contents": "[Obstructive cardiomyopathy. A new surgical method of treatment]. A case of treatment of obstructive cardiomyopathy by insertion of a disc mistral prosthesis (Cooley's technique) is reported. The result obtained was satisfactory from a clinical, haemodynamic and angiocardiographic standpoint. The mode of action of this technique is discussed.", "PMID": 1168899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2493", "title": "[Effect of culture medium components on the biosynthesis of acid ribonuclease by Penicillium brevicompactum cultures].", "content": "The effect of different ingredients of the nutrient medium on the synthesis of acid ribonuclease by the culture Penicillium brevi-compactum was studied.  The synthesis of RNase reached maximum on the medium containing glucose, pepton, soya bean flour, ammonium sulphate.  An excessive content of phosphate in the medium decreased the RNase synthesis.  An optimal medium for the synthesis of the enzymes was developed and recommended.", "contents": "[Effect of culture medium components on the biosynthesis of acid ribonuclease by Penicillium brevicompactum cultures]. The effect of different ingredients of the nutrient medium on the synthesis of acid ribonuclease by the culture Penicillium brevi-compactum was studied.  The synthesis of RNase reached maximum on the medium containing glucose, pepton, soya bean flour, ammonium sulphate.  An excessive content of phosphate in the medium decreased the RNase synthesis.  An optimal medium for the synthesis of the enzymes was developed and recommended.", "PMID": 1168901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2494", "title": "[Formation of ergosterol by yeasts of Candida genus].", "content": "The formation of ergosterol by the Candida yeast was studied using glucose, n-paraffins, a mixture of organic acids and inedible sugars.  Yeast of different species and strains showed a similar content of ergosterol which made, as a rule, 0.4--0.5%.  The amount of ergosterol remained relatively stable with varying cultivation conditions and decreased 1.5--2 times with a temperature increase.", "contents": "[Formation of ergosterol by yeasts of Candida genus]. The formation of ergosterol by the Candida yeast was studied using glucose, n-paraffins, a mixture of organic acids and inedible sugars.  Yeast of different species and strains showed a similar content of ergosterol which made, as a rule, 0.4--0.5%.  The amount of ergosterol remained relatively stable with varying cultivation conditions and decreased 1.5--2 times with a temperature increase.", "PMID": 1168902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2495", "title": "[Cultivation of the yeast Mycoderma vini on an ethanol-containing medium and evaluation of the nutritive value of isolated yeast proteins].", "content": "A stable process of the development of the yeast Mycoderma vini is possible during continuous cultivation on the nutrient medium containing 3% ethanol as the only carbon and energy source.  The maximum coefficient of ethanol consumption is 65%.  The total protein isolated from the yeast biomass is similar to casein in terms of the composition and susceptibility to gastrointestinal enzymes in vitro.  This protein shows a low content of nucleic acids.", "contents": "[Cultivation of the yeast Mycoderma vini on an ethanol-containing medium and evaluation of the nutritive value of isolated yeast proteins]. A stable process of the development of the yeast Mycoderma vini is possible during continuous cultivation on the nutrient medium containing 3% ethanol as the only carbon and energy source.  The maximum coefficient of ethanol consumption is 65%.  The total protein isolated from the yeast biomass is similar to casein in terms of the composition and susceptibility to gastrointestinal enzymes in vitro.  This protein shows a low content of nucleic acids.", "PMID": 1168903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2496", "title": "Levels of prostaglandin F (PGF) in bovine endometrium uterine venous, ovarian arterial and jugular plasma during the estrous cycle (38789).", "content": "Prostaglandins F (PGF) were measured in uterine vein, ovarian artery, and jugular vein plasma and in the endometrial tissues at various times during the bovine estrous cycle, and were compared to peripheral plasma progesterone levels. Four groups of heifers at days 1-5, 10-14, 15-17 and 20-0 of the estrous cycle were studied. Low levels of PGF (48 plus or minus 12 ng/g dry tissue were measured in the endometrium on days 1-14 of the cycle. Higher values (131 plus or minus 9.0) were found at days 15 until the day of estrus (p less than 0.001). Similarly, very low levels of PGF were observed in the uterine vein plasma at days 1-14 (0.162) plus or minus 0.044) ng/mlM plus or minus S.E.), whereas on days 15 until the day of estrus the levels ranged from 1.5 to 3.0 ng/ml. The increases in uterine vein PGF on day 15 occurred even while peripheral plasma progesterone levels were still high. However, PGF was not elevated in either the ovarian artery or the jugular vein at any time during the cycle, even when uterine vein levels were greatly elevated. No differences in PGF content were detected in endometrial tissue from uterine horns adjacent or opposite to the functional corpus luteum.", "contents": "Levels of prostaglandin F (PGF) in bovine endometrium uterine venous, ovarian arterial and jugular plasma during the estrous cycle (38789). Prostaglandins F (PGF) were measured in uterine vein, ovarian artery, and jugular vein plasma and in the endometrial tissues at various times during the bovine estrous cycle, and were compared to peripheral plasma progesterone levels. Four groups of heifers at days 1-5, 10-14, 15-17 and 20-0 of the estrous cycle were studied. Low levels of PGF (48 plus or minus 12 ng/g dry tissue were measured in the endometrium on days 1-14 of the cycle. Higher values (131 plus or minus 9.0) were found at days 15 until the day of estrus (p less than 0.001). Similarly, very low levels of PGF were observed in the uterine vein plasma at days 1-14 (0.162) plus or minus 0.044) ng/mlM plus or minus S.E.), whereas on days 15 until the day of estrus the levels ranged from 1.5 to 3.0 ng/ml. The increases in uterine vein PGF on day 15 occurred even while peripheral plasma progesterone levels were still high. However, PGF was not elevated in either the ovarian artery or the jugular vein at any time during the cycle, even when uterine vein levels were greatly elevated. No differences in PGF content were detected in endometrial tissue from uterine horns adjacent or opposite to the functional corpus luteum.", "PMID": 1168908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2497", "title": "Levels of lutenizing hormone, estradiol and progesterone in serum during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in the beagle bitch (38491).", "content": "Levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol-17 beta and progesterone were determined by specific radioimmunoassays in sera obtained from Beagle bitches during proestrus, estrus and diestrus. Concentrations of LH (expressed as NIH-LH-SI equivalents) were 2.8 plus or minus 0.1 ng/ml in proestrus, 35.5 plus or minus  10.0 ng/ml during early estrus and 2.2 plus or minus 0.1 ng/ml in early diestrus. Peak levels of estradiol-17beta (68.9 plus or minus 11.0 ng/ml)  were detected 24 hr prior to the LH peak, declined rapidly and reached basal levels (17.8 plus or minus 6.3 ng/ml) by five days following the LH peak. Levels of progesterone were 1.7 plus or minus 0.3 ng/ml during proestrus, 3.5 plus or minus 0.3 ng/ml during early estrus and 23.3 plus or minus  2.8 ng/ml on day 5 after the LH peak . Progesterone levels remained elevated through day 28 of diestrus and pregnancy. A significant decrease (p smaller than 0.05) in levels of prosgesterone occurred between day 28 of pregnancy and one day prior to shelping (3.3 plus or minus 1.2 ng/ml, with a further decrease on the day of whelping (1.1 plus or minus 0.2 ng/ml). Levels of estradiol-17beta and LH did not change significantly (p smaller than 0.0k) during diestrus or pregnancy.", "contents": "Levels of lutenizing hormone, estradiol and progesterone in serum during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in the beagle bitch (38491). Levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol-17 beta and progesterone were determined by specific radioimmunoassays in sera obtained from Beagle bitches during proestrus, estrus and diestrus. Concentrations of LH (expressed as NIH-LH-SI equivalents) were 2.8 plus or minus 0.1 ng/ml in proestrus, 35.5 plus or minus  10.0 ng/ml during early estrus and 2.2 plus or minus 0.1 ng/ml in early diestrus. Peak levels of estradiol-17beta (68.9 plus or minus 11.0 ng/ml)  were detected 24 hr prior to the LH peak, declined rapidly and reached basal levels (17.8 plus or minus 6.3 ng/ml) by five days following the LH peak. Levels of progesterone were 1.7 plus or minus 0.3 ng/ml during proestrus, 3.5 plus or minus 0.3 ng/ml during early estrus and 23.3 plus or minus  2.8 ng/ml on day 5 after the LH peak . Progesterone levels remained elevated through day 28 of diestrus and pregnancy. A significant decrease (p smaller than 0.05) in levels of prosgesterone occurred between day 28 of pregnancy and one day prior to shelping (3.3 plus or minus 1.2 ng/ml, with a further decrease on the day of whelping (1.1 plus or minus 0.2 ng/ml). Levels of estradiol-17beta and LH did not change significantly (p smaller than 0.0k) during diestrus or pregnancy.", "PMID": 1168909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2498", "title": "[Formation of organic acids by the fungus Cladosporium resinae in media containing n-alkanes].", "content": "The so-called fungus Cladosporium resinae that often occurs in oil fuels ane increases their acidity grows well at the expense of n-alkanes from C11 to C16.  On the n-alkane containing media the fungus grows slowly and only under the stationary conditions.  During the fungal cultivation on the media containing n-dodecane or kerosene the culture liquid shows acetic acid and other fatty acids, ketoacids (pyruvic and alpha-ketoglutaric) as well as citric and isocitric acids that dominate among nonvolatile acids.  Upon nitrogen deficiency in the medium and comparatively good aeration the content of citric acids increases.  The culture liquid of the fungus devoid from the mycelium and nonutilized n-alkanes can be used a a nutrient medium for different microorganisms.", "contents": "[Formation of organic acids by the fungus Cladosporium resinae in media containing n-alkanes]. The so-called fungus Cladosporium resinae that often occurs in oil fuels ane increases their acidity grows well at the expense of n-alkanes from C11 to C16.  On the n-alkane containing media the fungus grows slowly and only under the stationary conditions.  During the fungal cultivation on the media containing n-dodecane or kerosene the culture liquid shows acetic acid and other fatty acids, ketoacids (pyruvic and alpha-ketoglutaric) as well as citric and isocitric acids that dominate among nonvolatile acids.  Upon nitrogen deficiency in the medium and comparatively good aeration the content of citric acids increases.  The culture liquid of the fungus devoid from the mycelium and nonutilized n-alkanes can be used a a nutrient medium for different microorganisms.", "PMID": 1168904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2499", "title": "Route of prostaglandin F2alpha injection and luteolysis in mares (38519).", "content": "Nine groups of pony mares (3/group) were used in a 3 times 3 factorial experiment. The factors were dose of PGF-2 alpha (0, 0.25 of 1.25 mg and route of administration (im, iu or il). Mares were laparotomized and treated on day 7 postovulation. Jugular blood was collected for progesterone RIA at 0 (pretreatment) and 1,6,12,24,48, and 72 hr posttreatment. In mares given either 0.25 mg or 1.25 mg PGF-2alpha, progesterone concentrations were not significantly different among the three routes at any of the posttreatment times studied except at 6 hr posttreatment. In mares given 0.25 mg, progesterone concentrations at 6 hr was less (p less than 0.05) for mares injected im than for mares injected iu. Compared to pretreatment progesterone values, PGF2-alpha (0.25 mg and 1.25 mg groups combined) administration significantly decreased progesterone concentration by 12 hr posttreatment in mares injected im and 24 hr in mares injected iu or il. In the iu group, a significant increase in progesterone concentration occurred between 1 and 6 hr followed by a significant decrease at 12 hr posttreatment. There were no significant differences among the three routes for intervals from treatment to estrus or ovulation, length of posttreatment estrus or length of interovulatory interval. Injection of either 0.25 mg or 1.25 mg PGF-2alpha significantly shortened the interval from treatment to estrus. Although 0.25 mg tended to shorten the interval from treatment to ovulation and interovulatory interval, these two end points were significantly shortened only in mares given 1.25 mg PGF-2alpha. Results indicated that local administration (iu or il) did not improve the luteolytic efficacy of PGF-2alpha over systemic administration (im).", "contents": "Route of prostaglandin F2alpha injection and luteolysis in mares (38519). Nine groups of pony mares (3/group) were used in a 3 times 3 factorial experiment. The factors were dose of PGF-2 alpha (0, 0.25 of 1.25 mg and route of administration (im, iu or il). Mares were laparotomized and treated on day 7 postovulation. Jugular blood was collected for progesterone RIA at 0 (pretreatment) and 1,6,12,24,48, and 72 hr posttreatment. In mares given either 0.25 mg or 1.25 mg PGF-2alpha, progesterone concentrations were not significantly different among the three routes at any of the posttreatment times studied except at 6 hr posttreatment. In mares given 0.25 mg, progesterone concentrations at 6 hr was less (p less than 0.05) for mares injected im than for mares injected iu. Compared to pretreatment progesterone values, PGF2-alpha (0.25 mg and 1.25 mg groups combined) administration significantly decreased progesterone concentration by 12 hr posttreatment in mares injected im and 24 hr in mares injected iu or il. In the iu group, a significant increase in progesterone concentration occurred between 1 and 6 hr followed by a significant decrease at 12 hr posttreatment. There were no significant differences among the three routes for intervals from treatment to estrus or ovulation, length of posttreatment estrus or length of interovulatory interval. Injection of either 0.25 mg or 1.25 mg PGF-2alpha significantly shortened the interval from treatment to estrus. Although 0.25 mg tended to shorten the interval from treatment to ovulation and interovulatory interval, these two end points were significantly shortened only in mares given 1.25 mg PGF-2alpha. Results indicated that local administration (iu or il) did not improve the luteolytic efficacy of PGF-2alpha over systemic administration (im).", "PMID": 1168910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2500", "title": "[Catecholamine concentration and metabolism in old age].", "content": "As shown by examination in apparently healthy persons aged from 20 to 100 years and in experiments on 1--28-month-old albino rats there was a significant change with the progress of age in the content and ratio of catecholamines in the blood, various organs and the urine.  The blood noradrenaline level fell considerably; Na/A coefficient also dropped sharply.  Catecholamine content in the organs changed irregularly: in the kidneys it increased, in the skeletal muscles--remained unchanged, in the adrenal glands, the heart, the spleen and the liver--decreased.  There was a significant reduction with the progress of age of the urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, DOPA and vanilyl-amygdalic acid.  Elemination of the intravenously injected noradrenaline from the blood of old rats was markedly delayed in comparison with that in the young animals.  Depression of the COMT activity did not alter the noradrenaline level in the heart of adult and old rats.  Administration of ipraside caused an increase in noradrenaline content in the heart of old rats, but failed to alter it in adult animals.  It is suggested that in the catecholamine metabolism of old animals prevalence is given to the processes of oxidative desamination.", "contents": "[Catecholamine concentration and metabolism in old age]. As shown by examination in apparently healthy persons aged from 20 to 100 years and in experiments on 1--28-month-old albino rats there was a significant change with the progress of age in the content and ratio of catecholamines in the blood, various organs and the urine.  The blood noradrenaline level fell considerably; Na/A coefficient also dropped sharply.  Catecholamine content in the organs changed irregularly: in the kidneys it increased, in the skeletal muscles--remained unchanged, in the adrenal glands, the heart, the spleen and the liver--decreased.  There was a significant reduction with the progress of age of the urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, DOPA and vanilyl-amygdalic acid.  Elemination of the intravenously injected noradrenaline from the blood of old rats was markedly delayed in comparison with that in the young animals.  Depression of the COMT activity did not alter the noradrenaline level in the heart of adult and old rats.  Administration of ipraside caused an increase in noradrenaline content in the heart of old rats, but failed to alter it in adult animals.  It is suggested that in the catecholamine metabolism of old animals prevalence is given to the processes of oxidative desamination.", "PMID": 1168905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2501", "title": "Mammary gland growth in the hypophysectomized pregnant rat (38522).", "content": "Sprague-Dawley-Rolfsmeyer rats were hypophysectomized on days 11, 12 or 15 of pregnancy and sacrificed on day 20 to determine the extent of mammary development, as assessed by determination of nucleic acid content. The DNA of six abdominal-inguinal glands in the hypophysectomized groups was not significantly different from that in the sham-operated pregnant or intact pregnant control groups. All groups maintaining pregnancy had significantly higher DNA contents in mammary glands than virgin control or hypophysectomized aborted groups. In order to determine the minimal numbers of placental-fetal units required to maintain pregnancy  and  mammary gland growth, fetuses and placentas were removed on day 12 of pregnancy in addition to the pituitary so that only one fetus and one placenta remained in the uterus of a group of 6 rats with other groups having 2, 3, 4, 5 remaining. Pregnancy was maintained with only one placental-fetal unit, but mammary gland proliferation was significantly lower than the control group on day 20 of pregnancy. Three to five conceptuses supported mammary proliferation during the  latter half of pregnancy at a level not significantly different from intact or sham-operated control groups. Removal of placental units on day 12 in rats having pituitaries intact resulted in no mammary DNA change when 1-5 units remained. Removal of pitutaries on day 12 and placental-fetal units on day 14 also resulted in no change in mammary DNA with as little as two placentas (minus all fetuses),while only one placenta remaining resulted in a significantly lower mammary DNA than in groups wtih 2 or more placentas.", "contents": "Mammary gland growth in the hypophysectomized pregnant rat (38522). Sprague-Dawley-Rolfsmeyer rats were hypophysectomized on days 11, 12 or 15 of pregnancy and sacrificed on day 20 to determine the extent of mammary development, as assessed by determination of nucleic acid content. The DNA of six abdominal-inguinal glands in the hypophysectomized groups was not significantly different from that in the sham-operated pregnant or intact pregnant control groups. All groups maintaining pregnancy had significantly higher DNA contents in mammary glands than virgin control or hypophysectomized aborted groups. In order to determine the minimal numbers of placental-fetal units required to maintain pregnancy  and  mammary gland growth, fetuses and placentas were removed on day 12 of pregnancy in addition to the pituitary so that only one fetus and one placenta remained in the uterus of a group of 6 rats with other groups having 2, 3, 4, 5 remaining. Pregnancy was maintained with only one placental-fetal unit, but mammary gland proliferation was significantly lower than the control group on day 20 of pregnancy. Three to five conceptuses supported mammary proliferation during the  latter half of pregnancy at a level not significantly different from intact or sham-operated control groups. Removal of placental units on day 12 in rats having pituitaries intact resulted in no mammary DNA change when 1-5 units remained. Removal of pitutaries on day 12 and placental-fetal units on day 14 also resulted in no change in mammary DNA with as little as two placentas (minus all fetuses),while only one placenta remaining resulted in a significantly lower mammary DNA than in groups wtih 2 or more placentas.", "PMID": 1168911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2502", "title": "[The effect of aminazin on thyroid gland function and lactation in goats].", "content": "The authors showed that cholrpromazine diminished the accumulation of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland of lactating goats, and at the same time increased the milk yield and richness.  This can be attributed to the influence of chlorpromazine on the hypothalamic centres, leading to reduction of thyrotropic hormone secretion and an increase of prolactin synthesis.  Rhythmic changes in the thyroid gland function are seen during lactation.  During milking or kid nursing there occurred an increase in the thyroid gland function and more catecholamines were secreted; the activity of the thyroid gland diminished and there was an increase in prolactin secretion after milking.", "contents": "[The effect of aminazin on thyroid gland function and lactation in goats]. The authors showed that cholrpromazine diminished the accumulation of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland of lactating goats, and at the same time increased the milk yield and richness.  This can be attributed to the influence of chlorpromazine on the hypothalamic centres, leading to reduction of thyrotropic hormone secretion and an increase of prolactin synthesis.  Rhythmic changes in the thyroid gland function are seen during lactation.  During milking or kid nursing there occurred an increase in the thyroid gland function and more catecholamines were secreted; the activity of the thyroid gland diminished and there was an increase in prolactin secretion after milking.", "PMID": 1168906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2503", "title": "Injectable selenium: effect on the primary response of mice (38472).", "content": "Sodium selenite administered to mice ip (ca.5 mug Se) enhances the primary immune response to the sheep red blood cell angigen. Enhancement of the primary immune response is greatest when Se is administered prior to or simultaneously with the sheep red blood cell antigen.", "contents": "Injectable selenium: effect on the primary response of mice (38472). Sodium selenite administered to mice ip (ca.5 mug Se) enhances the primary immune response to the sheep red blood cell angigen. Enhancement of the primary immune response is greatest when Se is administered prior to or simultaneously with the sheep red blood cell antigen.", "PMID": 1168912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2504", "title": "[Pregnanediol excretion in the sexual cycle dynamics of white rats guinea pigs and hamsters].", "content": "A study was made of pregnandiol excretion with the 24-hour urine of albino rats, guinea pigs and hamsters at various phases of the esteral cycle.  Excretion of metabolities of the principal hestagens (progesterone and 20-alpha progesterone) in the form of alpha- and beta-isomers of pregnandiol proved to be definitely cyclic in character.  The periodicity of pregnandiol excretion in the three types of experimental rodents reflected the course of the synthesis and secretion of hestagens, with a delay for a cycle phase.  The maximal excretion of both pregnandiol isomeres with the 24-hour urine was abserved in albino rats during the estrus and metestrus, and in guinea pigs and Cricetus auratus W.--during the estrus and diestrus.", "contents": "[Pregnanediol excretion in the sexual cycle dynamics of white rats guinea pigs and hamsters]. A study was made of pregnandiol excretion with the 24-hour urine of albino rats, guinea pigs and hamsters at various phases of the esteral cycle.  Excretion of metabolities of the principal hestagens (progesterone and 20-alpha progesterone) in the form of alpha- and beta-isomers of pregnandiol proved to be definitely cyclic in character.  The periodicity of pregnandiol excretion in the three types of experimental rodents reflected the course of the synthesis and secretion of hestagens, with a delay for a cycle phase.  The maximal excretion of both pregnandiol isomeres with the 24-hour urine was abserved in albino rats during the estrus and metestrus, and in guinea pigs and Cricetus auratus W.--during the estrus and diestrus.", "PMID": 1168907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2505", "title": "Effects of subchronic steroid therapy on vitamin E-deficient rats (38480).", "content": "Experiments were carried out to determine the effectiveness of steroid therapy in vitamin E-deficiency, as measured by autohemolysis of isolated RBC's body weight gain, serum creatine phosphokinase activity, and stabilization or labilization of isolated hepatic lysosomes. Results of such experiments would indicate whether triamcinolone acetonide could supplant vitamin E in vitamin E-deficiency states via its ability to stablize various membranes. Autohemolysis induced by vitamin E-deficiency could not be prevented by daily administration of triamcinolone. Daily dosages of 0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg (ip) triamcinolone given concomitantly with replacement vitamin E (at sufficient dosages to reverse the autohemolysis) resulted in an increased autohemolysis. No changes in lysosomal membrane fragility were noted when hepatic lysosomes were obtained from vitamin E-deficient rats with triamcinolone resulted in a greater attenuation of body-weight gain. Creatine phosphokinase levels were not augmented in vitamin E-deficient rats. Vitamin E-deficient rats supplemented with vitamin E  and treated with triamcinolone, manifested an increase in creatine, phosphokinase. It was therefore concluded that although triamcinolone and vitamin E possess a common ability to stablize membranes and proteins, their mechanisms must be different since triamcinolone could not substitute for vitamin E in a deficiency state. Indeed, triamcinolone was found to be more toxic in the absence of vitamin E.", "contents": "Effects of subchronic steroid therapy on vitamin E-deficient rats (38480). Experiments were carried out to determine the effectiveness of steroid therapy in vitamin E-deficiency, as measured by autohemolysis of isolated RBC's body weight gain, serum creatine phosphokinase activity, and stabilization or labilization of isolated hepatic lysosomes. Results of such experiments would indicate whether triamcinolone acetonide could supplant vitamin E in vitamin E-deficiency states via its ability to stablize various membranes. Autohemolysis induced by vitamin E-deficiency could not be prevented by daily administration of triamcinolone. Daily dosages of 0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg (ip) triamcinolone given concomitantly with replacement vitamin E (at sufficient dosages to reverse the autohemolysis) resulted in an increased autohemolysis. No changes in lysosomal membrane fragility were noted when hepatic lysosomes were obtained from vitamin E-deficient rats with triamcinolone resulted in a greater attenuation of body-weight gain. Creatine phosphokinase levels were not augmented in vitamin E-deficient rats. Vitamin E-deficient rats supplemented with vitamin E  and treated with triamcinolone, manifested an increase in creatine, phosphokinase. It was therefore concluded that although triamcinolone and vitamin E possess a common ability to stablize membranes and proteins, their mechanisms must be different since triamcinolone could not substitute for vitamin E in a deficiency state. Indeed, triamcinolone was found to be more toxic in the absence of vitamin E.", "PMID": 1168913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2506", "title": "Bilirubin binding to hepatic Y and Z protein (ligandin): tissue bilirubin concentrations in phenobarbital treated Gunn rats (38466).", "content": "NaP treatment significantly reduced plasma bilirubin levels in the (jj) Gunn rat. It is suggested that NaP significantly increased extravascular bilirubin binding in the liver by induction of the synthesis of Y anion binding protein. The changes in bilirubin concentration of blood and other tissues subsequent to NaP treatment were consistent with the establishment of a new tissue bilirubin equilibrium.", "contents": "Bilirubin binding to hepatic Y and Z protein (ligandin): tissue bilirubin concentrations in phenobarbital treated Gunn rats (38466). NaP treatment significantly reduced plasma bilirubin levels in the (jj) Gunn rat. It is suggested that NaP significantly increased extravascular bilirubin binding in the liver by induction of the synthesis of Y anion binding protein. The changes in bilirubin concentration of blood and other tissues subsequent to NaP treatment were consistent with the establishment of a new tissue bilirubin equilibrium.", "PMID": 1168914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2507", "title": "Significant differences in the degradation of pro-leu-gly-nH2 by human serum and that of other species (38484).", "content": "The acyclic C-terminal tripeptide of oxytocin, H-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH-2, is not degraded upon incubation with human (male,female or pregnant female) plasma or serum for 1hr at 37 degrees. However, the sera of other species tested, including rat, chicken and carp, degrade this tripeptide 100%, 4% and 30%, respectively, in 1 hr, as determined by quantitative amino acid analysis of released products. Among the species studied there seems to exist a correlation between the anatomic development of the pars intermedia and the ability of the serum to hydrolyze H-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH-2, which has been proposed to be a MSH-release-inhibiting factor. The only identified degradation products are Pro, Leu and H-Gly-NH-2 with no detectable levels of H-Leu-Gly-NH2. The dipeptides H-Leu-Gly-NH-2 and H-Pro-Leu-OH are each cleaved at similiar rates in either human or rat serum, although the rate of hydrolysis of both peptides is lower in human than in rat. Thus, it does not appear that the dipeptide, H-EU-Gly-NH-2, can accumulate as one of the breakdown products of the tripeptide. The arylamidase present in rat serum has different characteristics from the enzyme in rat brain which can degrade H-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH-2.", "contents": "Significant differences in the degradation of pro-leu-gly-nH2 by human serum and that of other species (38484). The acyclic C-terminal tripeptide of oxytocin, H-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH-2, is not degraded upon incubation with human (male,female or pregnant female) plasma or serum for 1hr at 37 degrees. However, the sera of other species tested, including rat, chicken and carp, degrade this tripeptide 100%, 4% and 30%, respectively, in 1 hr, as determined by quantitative amino acid analysis of released products. Among the species studied there seems to exist a correlation between the anatomic development of the pars intermedia and the ability of the serum to hydrolyze H-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH-2, which has been proposed to be a MSH-release-inhibiting factor. The only identified degradation products are Pro, Leu and H-Gly-NH-2 with no detectable levels of H-Leu-Gly-NH2. The dipeptides H-Leu-Gly-NH-2 and H-Pro-Leu-OH are each cleaved at similiar rates in either human or rat serum, although the rate of hydrolysis of both peptides is lower in human than in rat. Thus, it does not appear that the dipeptide, H-EU-Gly-NH-2, can accumulate as one of the breakdown products of the tripeptide. The arylamidase present in rat serum has different characteristics from the enzyme in rat brain which can degrade H-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH-2.", "PMID": 1168915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2508", "title": "Effect of dietary Ca and Cd level of pregnant rats on reproduction and on dam and progeny tissue mineral concentrations.", "content": "Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were used to determine the effects of the addition of 200 ppm of Cd (as CdCl2) to the diet factorially with two levels of dietary Ca (0.07% and 0.96%) on reproductive performance, concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca and Mg in dam liver and kidney and in newborn progeny. High Cd significantly increased liver and kidney Cd, Zn and Ca and decreased liver Fe. High dietary Ca partially protected against accumulation of Cd in liver and kidney but had no effect on concentration of other elements. Number of live or stillborn pups per litter was not significantly affected by diet but high Cd significantly reduced pup birth weight. No grossly abnormal pups were noted. Concentration of Cd in bodies of newborn pups was increased approximately 8.6-fold by high Cd in the diet of dams fed the 0.07% Ca-diet and 3.8-fold by high-Cd in the diet of dams fed the 0.96% Ca diet. Pup, Zn, Cu and Fe contents were significantly decreased and Ca was significantly increased by high-Cd in the maternal diet whereas pup Mg content was unchanged. Maternal Ca intake had no effect on concentration of Zn, Cu, Fe or Ca in newborn pups. The biological importance of the alteration in maternal and fetal tissue concentration of Zn, Cu and Fe by high-Cd maternal diets is unknown.", "contents": "Effect of dietary Ca and Cd level of pregnant rats on reproduction and on dam and progeny tissue mineral concentrations. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were used to determine the effects of the addition of 200 ppm of Cd (as CdCl2) to the diet factorially with two levels of dietary Ca (0.07% and 0.96%) on reproductive performance, concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca and Mg in dam liver and kidney and in newborn progeny. High Cd significantly increased liver and kidney Cd, Zn and Ca and decreased liver Fe. High dietary Ca partially protected against accumulation of Cd in liver and kidney but had no effect on concentration of other elements. Number of live or stillborn pups per litter was not significantly affected by diet but high Cd significantly reduced pup birth weight. No grossly abnormal pups were noted. Concentration of Cd in bodies of newborn pups was increased approximately 8.6-fold by high Cd in the diet of dams fed the 0.07% Ca-diet and 3.8-fold by high-Cd in the diet of dams fed the 0.96% Ca diet. Pup, Zn, Cu and Fe contents were significantly decreased and Ca was significantly increased by high-Cd in the maternal diet whereas pup Mg content was unchanged. Maternal Ca intake had no effect on concentration of Zn, Cu, Fe or Ca in newborn pups. The biological importance of the alteration in maternal and fetal tissue concentration of Zn, Cu and Fe by high-Cd maternal diets is unknown.", "PMID": 1168916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2509", "title": "Factors involved in the intestinal feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion in the rat.", "content": "Further studies on the feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion by trypsin were conducted in conscious rats, surgically prepared so that pancreatic juice could be collected or returned. Suppression of enzyme secretion by trypsin as well as its stimulation by SBTI occurred only in the upper part of the small intestine, where the hormone CCK is known to be released. Over a limited range, trypsin suppression of pancreatic secretion was proportional to the dose of trypsin. Higher concentrations had no further effect, suggesting \"saturation\" of the intestine. Trypsin which had its active center blocked by DFP did not suppress enzyme output. These results supported the concept that only trypsin (or chymotrypsin) with an exposed active center suppressed pancreatic enzyme secretion in the rat by somehow suppressing the release of CCK from the intestinal cell. Presumably CCK is released from the intestine following \"removal\" of trypsin from the intestine either by diverting the juice or by feeding SBTI which binds the enzyme. All of the evidence supported the view that the effect of trypsin or SBTI on pancreatic secretion was mediated at the intestinal level and not in the blood as has been suggested.", "contents": "Factors involved in the intestinal feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion in the rat. Further studies on the feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion by trypsin were conducted in conscious rats, surgically prepared so that pancreatic juice could be collected or returned. Suppression of enzyme secretion by trypsin as well as its stimulation by SBTI occurred only in the upper part of the small intestine, where the hormone CCK is known to be released. Over a limited range, trypsin suppression of pancreatic secretion was proportional to the dose of trypsin. Higher concentrations had no further effect, suggesting \"saturation\" of the intestine. Trypsin which had its active center blocked by DFP did not suppress enzyme output. These results supported the concept that only trypsin (or chymotrypsin) with an exposed active center suppressed pancreatic enzyme secretion in the rat by somehow suppressing the release of CCK from the intestinal cell. Presumably CCK is released from the intestine following \"removal\" of trypsin from the intestine either by diverting the juice or by feeding SBTI which binds the enzyme. All of the evidence supported the view that the effect of trypsin or SBTI on pancreatic secretion was mediated at the intestinal level and not in the blood as has been suggested.", "PMID": 1168919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2510", "title": "Free amino acids in plasma and tissue of rats born to underfed dams.", "content": "Amino acids were determined in plasma, muscle, and liver tissues of adult male rats born of mothers on restricted or nonrestricted diets during pregnancy and lactation. The concentrations of plasma alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, arginine, and valine were significantly lower in the progeny of restricted mothers as compared to non-restricted mothers. Similar changes were observed in liver tissues. The concentrations of free amino acids in muscle of the perinatally malnourished progeny, however, did not differ significantly from those of the controls. The differences determined in this study are of special significance in view of the fact that the animals studied had been maintained on an adequate diet  since weaning. The demonstrated effect of the maternal diet on the plasma aminogram of the off-spring some months later must be considered when interpreting plasma aminograms in studies of malnourished children.", "contents": "Free amino acids in plasma and tissue of rats born to underfed dams. Amino acids were determined in plasma, muscle, and liver tissues of adult male rats born of mothers on restricted or nonrestricted diets during pregnancy and lactation. The concentrations of plasma alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, arginine, and valine were significantly lower in the progeny of restricted mothers as compared to non-restricted mothers. Similar changes were observed in liver tissues. The concentrations of free amino acids in muscle of the perinatally malnourished progeny, however, did not differ significantly from those of the controls. The differences determined in this study are of special significance in view of the fact that the animals studied had been maintained on an adequate diet  since weaning. The demonstrated effect of the maternal diet on the plasma aminogram of the off-spring some months later must be considered when interpreting plasma aminograms in studies of malnourished children.", "PMID": 1168920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2511", "title": "A-type particles in placentas of four mouse strains.", "content": "A-type particles have been detected by electron microscopy in placentas from four strains of mice: AKR, Balb/c, C3H, and DBA/2N. Complete structures were observed within rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae of the placental labyrinth cytotrophoblasts. A marked prevalence of such particles was observed in the DBA/2 N mice. Similar particles were also found in small cytotrophoblastic elements of the junctional zone (located between labyrinth and maternal decidua) of all mouse strains studied. The numbers of junctional zone particles in all four strains were roughly equivalent.", "contents": "A-type particles in placentas of four mouse strains. A-type particles have been detected by electron microscopy in placentas from four strains of mice: AKR, Balb/c, C3H, and DBA/2N. Complete structures were observed within rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae of the placental labyrinth cytotrophoblasts. A marked prevalence of such particles was observed in the DBA/2 N mice. Similar particles were also found in small cytotrophoblastic elements of the junctional zone (located between labyrinth and maternal decidua) of all mouse strains studied. The numbers of junctional zone particles in all four strains were roughly equivalent.", "PMID": 1168921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2512", "title": "The effect of uremic serum on normal human and guinea pig lymphocytes.", "content": "Incubation of normal 51-Cr-labeled human and guinea pig lymphocytes with uremic serum or guanidinosuccinic acid did not cause an increase in 51-Cr release. Electron microscopic examination of these lymphocytes revealed no abnormalities. It is suggested that the lymphocytopenia of uremia is not due to increased destruction of cells but may be a result of redistribution to other body compartments.", "contents": "The effect of uremic serum on normal human and guinea pig lymphocytes. Incubation of normal 51-Cr-labeled human and guinea pig lymphocytes with uremic serum or guanidinosuccinic acid did not cause an increase in 51-Cr release. Electron microscopic examination of these lymphocytes revealed no abnormalities. It is suggested that the lymphocytopenia of uremia is not due to increased destruction of cells but may be a result of redistribution to other body compartments.", "PMID": 1168922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2513", "title": "Effect of heat and milk yield on bovine plasma glucocorticoid levels.", "content": "This study indicates that at 15 degrees higher producing cattle (milk yield) have higher plasma glucocorticoid concentrations compared to lower producing cattle with glucocorticoid levels appearing to be positively correlated with lactational intensity. Short term thermal (30 degrees) exposure for 18 hr resulted in glucocorticoid levels being markedly lower in high producing cattle compared to low producers. This shift at 30 degrees (after 18 hr) is possibly due to different time sequence of glucocorticoid response to thermal exposure between high and low producing cows. These data support the concept that glucocorticoids assist the animal in efficiently meeting the greater energy demand of lactation and further studies should be undertaken to denote free plasma levels and their utilization by dairy cattle at various levels of milk production.", "contents": "Effect of heat and milk yield on bovine plasma glucocorticoid levels. This study indicates that at 15 degrees higher producing cattle (milk yield) have higher plasma glucocorticoid concentrations compared to lower producing cattle with glucocorticoid levels appearing to be positively correlated with lactational intensity. Short term thermal (30 degrees) exposure for 18 hr resulted in glucocorticoid levels being markedly lower in high producing cattle compared to low producers. This shift at 30 degrees (after 18 hr) is possibly due to different time sequence of glucocorticoid response to thermal exposure between high and low producing cows. These data support the concept that glucocorticoids assist the animal in efficiently meeting the greater energy demand of lactation and further studies should be undertaken to denote free plasma levels and their utilization by dairy cattle at various levels of milk production.", "PMID": 1168923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2514", "title": "Isotope inequilibrium of glucose metabolites in intact cells and particlefree supernatants of Ehrlich ascites tumor.", "content": "With an enzyme degradative technique, isotope inequilibrium of glucose metabolites was demonstrated in intact cells and particlefree supernatants of Ehrlich ascites tumor using 1-14C-glucose as tracer. Inequilibrium was found between glucose and glucose-6-phosphate, glucose and fructose-6-phosphate, glucose and 6-phosphogluconate, while glucose-6-phosphate were found to be in near-equilibrium within the incubation time investigated. Glucose and lactate were found to be in near equilibrium after 8 min in intact cells. Calculations based on the equilibrium levels found, showed that these inequilibria could not be explained by the effects of the pentose cycle.", "contents": "Isotope inequilibrium of glucose metabolites in intact cells and particlefree supernatants of Ehrlich ascites tumor. With an enzyme degradative technique, isotope inequilibrium of glucose metabolites was demonstrated in intact cells and particlefree supernatants of Ehrlich ascites tumor using 1-14C-glucose as tracer. Inequilibrium was found between glucose and glucose-6-phosphate, glucose and fructose-6-phosphate, glucose and 6-phosphogluconate, while glucose-6-phosphate were found to be in near-equilibrium within the incubation time investigated. Glucose and lactate were found to be in near equilibrium after 8 min in intact cells. Calculations based on the equilibrium levels found, showed that these inequilibria could not be explained by the effects of the pentose cycle.", "PMID": 1168924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2515", "title": "Congenital transposition of the scrotum and penis.", "content": "A case of penoscrotal transposition is presented. A corrective surgical prodedure isdescribed.", "contents": "Congenital transposition of the scrotum and penis. A case of penoscrotal transposition is presented. A corrective surgical prodedure isdescribed.", "PMID": 1168929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2516", "title": "Awe and premature efaculation: a case study.", "content": "The analysis of a man suffering from premature ejaculation is described.  As is typical of a large group of men who ejaculate prematurely, he was passive and masochistic in his marriage and obsessive-compulsive in his character.  Analysis of his affect of awe led first to a deeper understnding of his self-representations and object relationships, and later, with the discovery of the specific unconscious fantasies associated with the feeling of awe, to the alleviation of his symptom of premature ejaculation.", "contents": "Awe and premature efaculation: a case study. The analysis of a man suffering from premature ejaculation is described.  As is typical of a large group of men who ejaculate prematurely, he was passive and masochistic in his marriage and obsessive-compulsive in his character.  Analysis of his affect of awe led first to a deeper understnding of his self-representations and object relationships, and later, with the discovery of the specific unconscious fantasies associated with the feeling of awe, to the alleviation of his symptom of premature ejaculation.", "PMID": 1168930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2517", "title": "Reversal of ECS-induced amnesia by post-ECS injections of amphetamine.", "content": "Water deprived rats were trained to drink from a water spout within an apparatus on each of 2 days. On the third day, passive avoidance of the spout was induced by giving the animal a 0.3 sec, 5 mA footshock after 1 lick at the spout. A test for retention of the avoidance learning was given 48 hr following training. ECS administered through cortical electrodes at 15 sec following the footshcok impaired retention. The amnesia was attenuated when amphetamine (1 mg/kg) was injected immediately but not at 6 hr following the ECS. In a second experiment, attentuation of amnesia by amphetamine was not found when the ECS occured at 4 sec instead of 15 sec following the footshock. The results are interpreted in terms of reactivation by amphetamine of a consolidation process that was interrupted by ECS.", "contents": "Reversal of ECS-induced amnesia by post-ECS injections of amphetamine. Water deprived rats were trained to drink from a water spout within an apparatus on each of 2 days. On the third day, passive avoidance of the spout was induced by giving the animal a 0.3 sec, 5 mA footshock after 1 lick at the spout. A test for retention of the avoidance learning was given 48 hr following training. ECS administered through cortical electrodes at 15 sec following the footshcok impaired retention. The amnesia was attenuated when amphetamine (1 mg/kg) was injected immediately but not at 6 hr following the ECS. In a second experiment, attentuation of amnesia by amphetamine was not found when the ECS occured at 4 sec instead of 15 sec following the footshock. The results are interpreted in terms of reactivation by amphetamine of a consolidation process that was interrupted by ECS.", "PMID": 1168925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2518", "title": "Puromycin's suppression of memory in mice as affected by caffeine.", "content": "It has previously been shown that expression of maze-learning in mice is blocked for long periods of time by puromycin injected intracerebrally one or more days after the training experience. Treatment with caffeine after training has now been found to reduce greatly the amnestic effects of puromycin. With a high dose of caffeine (200 mg/kg) this reduction is evident 6 days after treatment with puromycin. With a lower dose of caffeine (25 mg/kg) the effect becomes evident only after a more extended period of time. In view of control experiments, we suggest that caffeine modifies factors necessary for the expression of memory and that this alteration makes puromycin relatively ineffective in blocking memory.", "contents": "Puromycin's suppression of memory in mice as affected by caffeine. It has previously been shown that expression of maze-learning in mice is blocked for long periods of time by puromycin injected intracerebrally one or more days after the training experience. Treatment with caffeine after training has now been found to reduce greatly the amnestic effects of puromycin. With a high dose of caffeine (200 mg/kg) this reduction is evident 6 days after treatment with puromycin. With a lower dose of caffeine (25 mg/kg) the effect becomes evident only after a more extended period of time. In view of control experiments, we suggest that caffeine modifies factors necessary for the expression of memory and that this alteration makes puromycin relatively ineffective in blocking memory.", "PMID": 1168926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2519", "title": "Antagonistic effect of cyproheptadine on neuroleptic-induced catalepsy.", "content": "The influence of cyproheptadine on the neuroleptic-catalepsy in rats was studied. Cyproheptadine antagonized dose-dependently the catalepsy induced by spiroperidol, pimozide, fluphenazine and reserpine. The anticataleptic effect of two antiparkinsonian drugs, L-DOPA or amantadine was potentiated by cyproheptadine.", "contents": "Antagonistic effect of cyproheptadine on neuroleptic-induced catalepsy. The influence of cyproheptadine on the neuroleptic-catalepsy in rats was studied. Cyproheptadine antagonized dose-dependently the catalepsy induced by spiroperidol, pimozide, fluphenazine and reserpine. The anticataleptic effect of two antiparkinsonian drugs, L-DOPA or amantadine was potentiated by cyproheptadine.", "PMID": 1168927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2520", "title": "Inhibitory effects of pre- and posttest drugs on mouse-killing by rats.", "content": "Mouse-killing in rats was gradually inhibited by repeated posttest injections of d-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg), l-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg) or pilocarpine (7.5 mg/kg), but not by control substances. Of these drugs, only d-amphetamine inhibited killing when given prior to a mouse-killing test. Further experiments suggested that anorexia per se did not contribute to drug-induced inhibitory effects, but that changes in internal state were important to the development of inhibition. Pretest injections appear to inhibit predatory killing by a direct pharmacological action on some target site or sites, while posttest injections produce a learned aversion to predatory killing.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of pre- and posttest drugs on mouse-killing by rats. Mouse-killing in rats was gradually inhibited by repeated posttest injections of d-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg), l-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg) or pilocarpine (7.5 mg/kg), but not by control substances. Of these drugs, only d-amphetamine inhibited killing when given prior to a mouse-killing test. Further experiments suggested that anorexia per se did not contribute to drug-induced inhibitory effects, but that changes in internal state were important to the development of inhibition. Pretest injections appear to inhibit predatory killing by a direct pharmacological action on some target site or sites, while posttest injections produce a learned aversion to predatory killing.", "PMID": 1168928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2521", "title": "The experimental reproduction of thrombocytopenic purpura in piglets.", "content": "Two gilts, non-affected members of a litter which had been affected with thrombocytopenic purpura were mated to a boar which was an affected member of the same litter. During pregnancy the gilts were injected with pure thrombocyte suspensions from the boar. Antibodies to the boar's thrombocytes were demonstrated in the sera of both gilts and also in samples of their colostrum at each parturition. The piglets produced from these matings had normal thrombocyte counts at birth but a proportion of them developed thrombocytopenia and purpura similar to that seen in natural cases within a few hours of receiving colostrum. However, despite the fact that this condition was observed in three litters from each of the gilts, a secondary thrombocytopenia at 10 to 14 days of age, characteristic of the naturally occurring condition, was only observed in two piglets in one litter.", "contents": "The experimental reproduction of thrombocytopenic purpura in piglets. Two gilts, non-affected members of a litter which had been affected with thrombocytopenic purpura were mated to a boar which was an affected member of the same litter. During pregnancy the gilts were injected with pure thrombocyte suspensions from the boar. Antibodies to the boar's thrombocytes were demonstrated in the sera of both gilts and also in samples of their colostrum at each parturition. The piglets produced from these matings had normal thrombocyte counts at birth but a proportion of them developed thrombocytopenia and purpura similar to that seen in natural cases within a few hours of receiving colostrum. However, despite the fact that this condition was observed in three litters from each of the gilts, a secondary thrombocytopenia at 10 to 14 days of age, characteristic of the naturally occurring condition, was only observed in two piglets in one litter.", "PMID": 1168934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2522", "title": "The significane of Nematodirus helvetianus eggs which have survived on a pasture throughout the winter in the transmission of infection to calves.", "content": "A field experiment was carried out to determine the significance of Nematodirus helvetianus eggs which had survived throughout the winter in the transmission of infection to calves turned on to a pasture in the early summer. The calves became infected but did not exhibit symptoms of clinical disease. It was concluded that eggs which survive the winter are unlikely to be associated with outbreaks of disease.", "contents": "The significane of Nematodirus helvetianus eggs which have survived on a pasture throughout the winter in the transmission of infection to calves. A field experiment was carried out to determine the significance of Nematodirus helvetianus eggs which had survived throughout the winter in the transmission of infection to calves turned on to a pasture in the early summer. The calves became infected but did not exhibit symptoms of clinical disease. It was concluded that eggs which survive the winter are unlikely to be associated with outbreaks of disease.", "PMID": 1168935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2523", "title": "Snuff dippers keratosis (snuff-induced leukoplakia).", "content": "Patients with chronic snuff-induced keratosis associated with mucosal ulcerations were treated with topically applied vitamin A acid. In each case, after a marked, local inflammatory response initially, topical vitamin A acid showed a definite beneficial effect in promoting healing and involution of the precancerous snuff-induced leukoplakic keratosis. In one patient there was distinct involution of the oral lesions with complete healing and restoration of a normal-appearing mucosa within five weeks after beginning of treatment. In four patients there was healing of superficial ulcerations and regression in the size of the luekoplakic lesions.", "contents": "Snuff dippers keratosis (snuff-induced leukoplakia). Patients with chronic snuff-induced keratosis associated with mucosal ulcerations were treated with topically applied vitamin A acid. In each case, after a marked, local inflammatory response initially, topical vitamin A acid showed a definite beneficial effect in promoting healing and involution of the precancerous snuff-induced leukoplakic keratosis. In one patient there was distinct involution of the oral lesions with complete healing and restoration of a normal-appearing mucosa within five weeks after beginning of treatment. In four patients there was healing of superficial ulcerations and regression in the size of the luekoplakic lesions.", "PMID": 1168946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2524", "title": "Number of cells in diapausing silkworm embryos with different ploidies.", "content": "The number of cells in diapausing silkworm embryos of different ploidies was determined. Thermal activation was shown to lead to a decrease in the number of cells in parthenogenetic embryos in comparison with normal, zygotic development. The number of cells in the embryo is a direct function of egg volume and a reciprocal function of embryo ploidy and is affected by the maternal genotype.", "contents": "Number of cells in diapausing silkworm embryos with different ploidies. The number of cells in diapausing silkworm embryos of different ploidies was determined. Thermal activation was shown to lead to a decrease in the number of cells in parthenogenetic embryos in comparison with normal, zygotic development. The number of cells in the embryo is a direct function of egg volume and a reciprocal function of embryo ploidy and is affected by the maternal genotype.", "PMID": 1168947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2525", "title": "Study of the nature of the growth-inhibiting factor in embryos of mice of the mutant line brachypodism-H.", "content": "An extract from 13-day embryos of mice homozygous with respect to the bp-H gene contains a growth-inhibiting factor (GIF), which inhibits the growth of normal bones in vitro. The activity of the GIF depends on the concentration of the extract in the culture medium. The sensitivity of the GIF to heating and proteolytic enzymes is an indication of its protein nature. The precipitation of the GIF from the embryonic extract with ammonium sulfate, followed by fractionation on columns with Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-Sephadex gave a 400-fold degree of purification. The active growth-inhibiting preparation obtained is represented by three proteins, which migrate slowly in electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The molecular weight of the basic component is 76,000.", "contents": "Study of the nature of the growth-inhibiting factor in embryos of mice of the mutant line brachypodism-H. An extract from 13-day embryos of mice homozygous with respect to the bp-H gene contains a growth-inhibiting factor (GIF), which inhibits the growth of normal bones in vitro. The activity of the GIF depends on the concentration of the extract in the culture medium. The sensitivity of the GIF to heating and proteolytic enzymes is an indication of its protein nature. The precipitation of the GIF from the embryonic extract with ammonium sulfate, followed by fractionation on columns with Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-Sephadex gave a 400-fold degree of purification. The active growth-inhibiting preparation obtained is represented by three proteins, which migrate slowly in electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The molecular weight of the basic component is 76,000.", "PMID": 1168948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2526", "title": "The frequency and detection of serious postoperative thromboembolic disease.", "content": "A safe, sensitive and convenient technique using 131-I fibrinogen for detecting deep venous thrombosis in postoperative patients has been developed. A total of 47 volunteers over age 40 years about to undergo major operation were studied prospectively. Neither in 20 patients given heparin as part of the surgical procedure or for prevention of superficial phlebitis in the arm during intravenous therapy nor in the 27 others not given anticoagulants before, during or after operations was there evidence of venous thrombosis in the leg or pulmonary embolism either by the 131-I fibrinogen scan nor by clinical course. A retrospective review of hospital records confirmed the relative rarity of pulmonary embolism as a cause of identified morbidity and mortality in surgical patients. Of 54, 183 adult patients discharged from the University Hospitals of Cleveland during 1972 and 1973, 197, or 0.4 per cent, were diagnosed as having pulmonary embolism, and of these only 32, or 16 per cent, occurred in postoperative surgical patients. A review of the autopsy records of the same institution for the same time also revealed a low incidence of deaths due to pulmonary embolism among the surgical population, only 180, or 0.8 per cent, of the 22, 449 adult surgical admissions. Although feasible to perform, the value of the radiofibrinogen method of detecting deep venous thrombosis in postoperative patients as a routine measure is questioned.", "contents": "The frequency and detection of serious postoperative thromboembolic disease. A safe, sensitive and convenient technique using 131-I fibrinogen for detecting deep venous thrombosis in postoperative patients has been developed. A total of 47 volunteers over age 40 years about to undergo major operation were studied prospectively. Neither in 20 patients given heparin as part of the surgical procedure or for prevention of superficial phlebitis in the arm during intravenous therapy nor in the 27 others not given anticoagulants before, during or after operations was there evidence of venous thrombosis in the leg or pulmonary embolism either by the 131-I fibrinogen scan nor by clinical course. A retrospective review of hospital records confirmed the relative rarity of pulmonary embolism as a cause of identified morbidity and mortality in surgical patients. Of 54, 183 adult patients discharged from the University Hospitals of Cleveland during 1972 and 1973, 197, or 0.4 per cent, were diagnosed as having pulmonary embolism, and of these only 32, or 16 per cent, occurred in postoperative surgical patients. A review of the autopsy records of the same institution for the same time also revealed a low incidence of deaths due to pulmonary embolism among the surgical population, only 180, or 0.8 per cent, of the 22, 449 adult surgical admissions. Although feasible to perform, the value of the radiofibrinogen method of detecting deep venous thrombosis in postoperative patients as a routine measure is questioned.", "PMID": 1168951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2527", "title": "Reconstruction of intrahepatic bile ducts in congenital biliary atresia.", "content": "Macroserial reconstruction of the main intralobular bile ducts was made in 7 cases of biliary atresia; 2 cases of type I, 1 case of type II and 4 cases of type III according to Kasai's classification. From the results of these reconstruction studies, it was confirmed that the main interlobular bile ducts are usually patent through the liver regardless of the type of atresia of the extrahepatic bile ducts. A microserial reconstruction of bile ducts and ductules of a small portal tract performed in one case disclosed that a number of ductules make a network around the main duct and have some communications with the main duct. These results were compatible with the fact that active excretion of bile was obtained in many postoperative patients with biliary atresia. As observed in one case of the present series, postoperative complication of severe ascending cholangitis seemed to be an important cause of destruction or disappearance of intrahepatic bile ducts, which has also seen in older infants with this disease without complicaion of cholangitis. In view of these facts the operation of an early stage of life is recommended in biliary atresia.", "contents": "Reconstruction of intrahepatic bile ducts in congenital biliary atresia. Macroserial reconstruction of the main intralobular bile ducts was made in 7 cases of biliary atresia; 2 cases of type I, 1 case of type II and 4 cases of type III according to Kasai's classification. From the results of these reconstruction studies, it was confirmed that the main interlobular bile ducts are usually patent through the liver regardless of the type of atresia of the extrahepatic bile ducts. A microserial reconstruction of bile ducts and ductules of a small portal tract performed in one case disclosed that a number of ductules make a network around the main duct and have some communications with the main duct. These results were compatible with the fact that active excretion of bile was obtained in many postoperative patients with biliary atresia. As observed in one case of the present series, postoperative complication of severe ascending cholangitis seemed to be an important cause of destruction or disappearance of intrahepatic bile ducts, which has also seen in older infants with this disease without complicaion of cholangitis. In view of these facts the operation of an early stage of life is recommended in biliary atresia.", "PMID": 1168953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2528", "title": "Comparative studies of the growth promoting effects of ascitic or pleural effusion from patients with malignant tumors, human serum and fetal calf serum on human cells cultured in vitro.", "content": "Twelve specimens of ascitic and pleural effusion (APE) from patients with malignant diseases were examined quantitatively for growth promoting effect on three human cell lines and one human cell strain, by four different assay procedures. Simultaneously, healthy human serum (HS) and fetal calf serum (FCS) were also examined for comparison. When the activity per mg protein of the test specimen was evaluated, the value of APE on an average was somewhat greater than that of HS in three out of four different assays, although FCS gave a higher average value than either APE or HS did in two of the three assays. However, a portion of APE specimens were found to have a unique promoting activity responsible for increase in number of cell colonies.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the growth promoting effects of ascitic or pleural effusion from patients with malignant tumors, human serum and fetal calf serum on human cells cultured in vitro. Twelve specimens of ascitic and pleural effusion (APE) from patients with malignant diseases were examined quantitatively for growth promoting effect on three human cell lines and one human cell strain, by four different assay procedures. Simultaneously, healthy human serum (HS) and fetal calf serum (FCS) were also examined for comparison. When the activity per mg protein of the test specimen was evaluated, the value of APE on an average was somewhat greater than that of HS in three out of four different assays, although FCS gave a higher average value than either APE or HS did in two of the three assays. However, a portion of APE specimens were found to have a unique promoting activity responsible for increase in number of cell colonies.", "PMID": 1168954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2529", "title": "Effects of amethopterin (methotrexate) on the evolution of pregnancy in rats.", "content": "Amethopterin (4-amino-N-10-methyl-glutamic acid) was given to pregnant rats in varying doses at different periods of gestation to evaluate its effects upon both the mother and the fetoplacental unit. The maternal organism is more sensitive to this drug at days 14 to 17 than at a larger stage of gestation. When administered to rats from day 14 to day 18 of pregnancy the drug is capable of inducing a series of deleterious effects: maternal weight loss, resorption, abortion or hypotrophy of fetuses. Day 16 appears to be a critical moment in the evolution of rat pregnancy, after which injection of amethopterin does no longer impair fetoplacental growth. Before this date, the drug directly inhibits fetal weight gain, whereas the sensitivity of the placenta is only transient at day 16 resulting in maximum weight decrease of this organ 24 h later. Its action on rat pregnancy follows a direct dose-effect relationship reflecting increasing damage to the products of conception (resorption, abortion and hypotrophy).", "contents": "Effects of amethopterin (methotrexate) on the evolution of pregnancy in rats. Amethopterin (4-amino-N-10-methyl-glutamic acid) was given to pregnant rats in varying doses at different periods of gestation to evaluate its effects upon both the mother and the fetoplacental unit. The maternal organism is more sensitive to this drug at days 14 to 17 than at a larger stage of gestation. When administered to rats from day 14 to day 18 of pregnancy the drug is capable of inducing a series of deleterious effects: maternal weight loss, resorption, abortion or hypotrophy of fetuses. Day 16 appears to be a critical moment in the evolution of rat pregnancy, after which injection of amethopterin does no longer impair fetoplacental growth. Before this date, the drug directly inhibits fetal weight gain, whereas the sensitivity of the placenta is only transient at day 16 resulting in maximum weight decrease of this organ 24 h later. Its action on rat pregnancy follows a direct dose-effect relationship reflecting increasing damage to the products of conception (resorption, abortion and hypotrophy).", "PMID": 1168956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2530", "title": "New approach to the study of hormone-protein interaction using the microcalorimetric method.", "content": "Binding enthalpies of various hormones to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 37 degrees C have been determined by direct microcalorimetry. The observed enthalpies of binding of progesterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, corticosterone and estriol to BSA were found to be -13.24 plus or minus 0.11 -10.31 plus or minus 0.02, -2.37 plus or minus 0.46, -17.64 plus or minus 0.32 and -17.14 plus or minus 0.36 kcal/mol of hormone, respectively. under the same experimental conditions the enthalpies of binding of progesterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, corticosterone and estriol to HSA were found to be -23.94 plus or minus 0.32, -18.88 plus or minus 0.49, -11.14 plus or minus 0.02, -9.88 plus or minus 0.14 and -20.85 plus or minus 0.39 kcal/mol of hormone, respectively.", "contents": "New approach to the study of hormone-protein interaction using the microcalorimetric method. Binding enthalpies of various hormones to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 37 degrees C have been determined by direct microcalorimetry. The observed enthalpies of binding of progesterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, corticosterone and estriol to BSA were found to be -13.24 plus or minus 0.11 -10.31 plus or minus 0.02, -2.37 plus or minus 0.46, -17.64 plus or minus 0.32 and -17.14 plus or minus 0.36 kcal/mol of hormone, respectively. under the same experimental conditions the enthalpies of binding of progesterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, corticosterone and estriol to HSA were found to be -23.94 plus or minus 0.32, -18.88 plus or minus 0.49, -11.14 plus or minus 0.02, -9.88 plus or minus 0.14 and -20.85 plus or minus 0.39 kcal/mol of hormone, respectively.", "PMID": 1168957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2531", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of estradiol-17beta in bovine peripheral plasma with and without chromatography.", "content": "An assay of estradiol-17beta (E217beta) in bovine peripheral plasma is described. The plasma is incubated with an antiserum to E217beta-BSA and the gamma-globulin fraction precipitated with ammonium sulphate. After extraction with diethyl ether E217beta in the precipitate is estimated by radioimmunoassay using a specific antiserum against E217beta-6-BSA. Plasma concentrations of E217beta during the normal estrous cycle determined by this method and by a method involving Sephadex LH-20 chromatography range from 4 to 23 pg/ml.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of estradiol-17beta in bovine peripheral plasma with and without chromatography. An assay of estradiol-17beta (E217beta) in bovine peripheral plasma is described. The plasma is incubated with an antiserum to E217beta-BSA and the gamma-globulin fraction precipitated with ammonium sulphate. After extraction with diethyl ether E217beta in the precipitate is estimated by radioimmunoassay using a specific antiserum against E217beta-6-BSA. Plasma concentrations of E217beta during the normal estrous cycle determined by this method and by a method involving Sephadex LH-20 chromatography range from 4 to 23 pg/ml.", "PMID": 1168958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2532", "title": "Urinary gonadotropins in management and prognosis of testicular tumor.", "content": "Ninety-three cases of germinal testicular tumors with urinary gonadotropin (HCG) values, estimated by biologic or radioimmunoassay techniques, were reviewed. Preoperative values of HCG and subsequent postoperative values were related to response to treatment and prognosis. Twenty-five patients (26.9 per cent) comprised the seminoma group, and 68 patients (73.1 per cent) the nonseminomatous groups of germinal neoplasms. High HCG values were observed in the nonseminomatous group pre- and postoperatively by both assay procedures. Most significant was the high HCG values postoperatively (p smaller than 0.05, x2 equals 5.21 and p smaller than 0.05, x2 equals 5.23) for the biologic assay and radioimmunoassay, respectively, with high HCG values being associated with a poor cumulative 24 per cent two-year survival rate. Urinary HCG assay is of prognostic value in the ongoing management of testicular neoplasms. In the future, serum HCG assays may be of additional benefit.", "contents": "Urinary gonadotropins in management and prognosis of testicular tumor. Ninety-three cases of germinal testicular tumors with urinary gonadotropin (HCG) values, estimated by biologic or radioimmunoassay techniques, were reviewed. Preoperative values of HCG and subsequent postoperative values were related to response to treatment and prognosis. Twenty-five patients (26.9 per cent) comprised the seminoma group, and 68 patients (73.1 per cent) the nonseminomatous groups of germinal neoplasms. High HCG values were observed in the nonseminomatous group pre- and postoperatively by both assay procedures. Most significant was the high HCG values postoperatively (p smaller than 0.05, x2 equals 5.21 and p smaller than 0.05, x2 equals 5.23) for the biologic assay and radioimmunoassay, respectively, with high HCG values being associated with a poor cumulative 24 per cent two-year survival rate. Urinary HCG assay is of prognostic value in the ongoing management of testicular neoplasms. In the future, serum HCG assays may be of additional benefit.", "PMID": 1168960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2533", "title": "Transpubic repair of vesicourethrovaginal fistula.", "content": "A patient with recurrent urinary vaginal fistula involving bladder, bladder neck, and urethra was treated by transpubic approach. This afforded excellent exposure for careful repair of the urologic defects. Difficulty with ambulation during the first few weeks postoperatively may be related to removal of larger segment of pubic bone than is usually reported.", "contents": "Transpubic repair of vesicourethrovaginal fistula. A patient with recurrent urinary vaginal fistula involving bladder, bladder neck, and urethra was treated by transpubic approach. This afforded excellent exposure for careful repair of the urologic defects. Difficulty with ambulation during the first few weeks postoperatively may be related to removal of larger segment of pubic bone than is usually reported.", "PMID": 1168961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2534", "title": "Urethral pressure profile.  Standardization of technique and study of reproducibility.", "content": "The different methods utilized for measurement of urethral resistance were critically reviewed.  Using dogs, experiments were done to standardize the pressure profile measurement.  A catheter with eight side holes measureing 0.34 mm. each was found to give the best results.  The various parameters which can influence the procedure were analyzed.  Strict specifications are proposed to be utilized for such a procedure.", "contents": "Urethral pressure profile.  Standardization of technique and study of reproducibility. The different methods utilized for measurement of urethral resistance were critically reviewed.  Using dogs, experiments were done to standardize the pressure profile measurement.  A catheter with eight side holes measureing 0.34 mm. each was found to give the best results.  The various parameters which can influence the procedure were analyzed.  Strict specifications are proposed to be utilized for such a procedure.", "PMID": 1168962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2535", "title": "Choriocarcinoma and bilateral renal metastases.", "content": "A case of choriocarcinoma presenting with metastases to both kidneys is reported.  The epidemiologic and pathologic aspects of gestational choriocarcinoma are briefly discussed.  Prior reports of renal metastases with choriocarcinoma are reviewed, and the fairly typical clinical presentation for this entity is emphasized.", "contents": "Choriocarcinoma and bilateral renal metastases. A case of choriocarcinoma presenting with metastases to both kidneys is reported.  The epidemiologic and pathologic aspects of gestational choriocarcinoma are briefly discussed.  Prior reports of renal metastases with choriocarcinoma are reviewed, and the fairly typical clinical presentation for this entity is emphasized.", "PMID": 1168963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2536", "title": "Neurofibrosarcoma of spermatic cord.", "content": "The first report of a neurofibrosarcoma arising within the spermatic cord is presented.  The light and electron microscopic features are discussed.", "contents": "Neurofibrosarcoma of spermatic cord. The first report of a neurofibrosarcoma arising within the spermatic cord is presented.  The light and electron microscopic features are discussed.", "PMID": 1168964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2537", "title": "Suprarenal neurilemoma.", "content": "Retroperitoneal neurilemomas are rare tumors. They are usually asymptomatic, grow to a large size, and generally undergo cystic degeneration before they are discovered. There may be a palpable flank mass. Almost invariably excretory urography shosw renal or ureteral deviation, and arteriography usually reveals an avascular mass. We present a brief review of the literature and 2 case reports of suprarenal neurilemoma, a site of occurrence not previously reported. One suprarenal neurilemoma occurred in a two-year-old child. The other was removed from a fifty-two-year-old man, and in this case a thoracoabdominal approach was helpful.", "contents": "Suprarenal neurilemoma. Retroperitoneal neurilemomas are rare tumors. They are usually asymptomatic, grow to a large size, and generally undergo cystic degeneration before they are discovered. There may be a palpable flank mass. Almost invariably excretory urography shosw renal or ureteral deviation, and arteriography usually reveals an avascular mass. We present a brief review of the literature and 2 case reports of suprarenal neurilemoma, a site of occurrence not previously reported. One suprarenal neurilemoma occurred in a two-year-old child. The other was removed from a fifty-two-year-old man, and in this case a thoracoabdominal approach was helpful.", "PMID": 1168965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2538", "title": "[The effect of N-nitrosomethylurea on organ cultures of human embryonal lung tissue].", "content": "The character of blastomogenic action of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene on the stomach in its parenteral administration was studied on different lines of mice. Under the same conditions DMBA distribution was investigated in the proventriculus and gastric glandular tissues. In DMBA application on mice skin in the dosage of 0.5 mg per animal in 0.1 ml of acetone proventricular tumors developed in 34% of mice of line CC57Br, in 10% of mice of line CC57W, and in 11% of mice of line C3HA, and in 19% of white nonpedigree mice. In intraperitoneal injection of DMBA in the dose of 0.5 mg per mouse in 0.2 ml of saline solution proventricular tumors appeared in 56% of CC57Br mice (in 9 of 16) and in one of five mice of CC57W line. Whereas, in application of DMBA onto mice skin in the dose of 0.5 mg per mouse in 0.1 ml of acetone the DMBA content in the proventriculus was 13 times higher than that in gastric glandular tissues.", "contents": "[The effect of N-nitrosomethylurea on organ cultures of human embryonal lung tissue]. The character of blastomogenic action of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene on the stomach in its parenteral administration was studied on different lines of mice. Under the same conditions DMBA distribution was investigated in the proventriculus and gastric glandular tissues. In DMBA application on mice skin in the dosage of 0.5 mg per animal in 0.1 ml of acetone proventricular tumors developed in 34% of mice of line CC57Br, in 10% of mice of line CC57W, and in 11% of mice of line C3HA, and in 19% of white nonpedigree mice. In intraperitoneal injection of DMBA in the dose of 0.5 mg per mouse in 0.2 ml of saline solution proventricular tumors appeared in 56% of CC57Br mice (in 9 of 16) and in one of five mice of CC57W line. Whereas, in application of DMBA onto mice skin in the dose of 0.5 mg per mouse in 0.1 ml of acetone the DMBA content in the proventriculus was 13 times higher than that in gastric glandular tissues.", "PMID": 1168974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2539", "title": "[The effect of N-nitrosomethylurea on organ cultures of human embryonal lung tissue].", "content": "A direct effect of NMU (0.05 mg/ml) on human embryonal pulmonary tissue (22-24 week old fetuses) has been studied in various duration of cultivation: from 3 to 33 days. During the first period of the experiment the NMU action produced marked dystrophic changes and death of a considerable number of experimental cultures, as compared with the corresponding intact control cultures. Starting from the 10th day the survival of cultures under experiment was higher, in general, than in the control. Moreover, hyperplastic changes developed in them, which frequency rising from 7.7% to 39.1%. These were absent in control series.", "contents": "[The effect of N-nitrosomethylurea on organ cultures of human embryonal lung tissue]. A direct effect of NMU (0.05 mg/ml) on human embryonal pulmonary tissue (22-24 week old fetuses) has been studied in various duration of cultivation: from 3 to 33 days. During the first period of the experiment the NMU action produced marked dystrophic changes and death of a considerable number of experimental cultures, as compared with the corresponding intact control cultures. Starting from the 10th day the survival of cultures under experiment was higher, in general, than in the control. Moreover, hyperplastic changes developed in them, which frequency rising from 7.7% to 39.1%. These were absent in control series.", "PMID": 1168975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2540", "title": "Generalized calcification of the liver in advanced schistosomiasis japonica--a case report.", "content": "A generalized calcification of the liver was seen in a plain abdominal radiograph of an old male with schistosomiasis japonica and a myeloma.  Autopsy disclosed advanced fibrosis of the liver, and histologically, numerous calcified ova with calcification of the surrounding tissue were seen in the thick fibrous bands.  Calcification of schistosoma ova so intense as to exhibit a generalized hepatic calcification has never been described in the literature.  It is not clear whether the number of ova and the period of their presence are the only factors that determine the degree of liver calcification.", "contents": "Generalized calcification of the liver in advanced schistosomiasis japonica--a case report. A generalized calcification of the liver was seen in a plain abdominal radiograph of an old male with schistosomiasis japonica and a myeloma.  Autopsy disclosed advanced fibrosis of the liver, and histologically, numerous calcified ova with calcification of the surrounding tissue were seen in the thick fibrous bands.  Calcification of schistosoma ova so intense as to exhibit a generalized hepatic calcification has never been described in the literature.  It is not clear whether the number of ova and the period of their presence are the only factors that determine the degree of liver calcification.", "PMID": 1168980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2541", "title": "Influence of formula concentration on caloric intake and growth of normal infants.", "content": "Fifteen fullterm female infants were enrolled in each of two feeding groups and all but one completed the proposed period of observation to age 112 days. Formulas prepared from the same ingredients (fat-free milk solids, a mixture of corn and coconut oils, lactose, vitamins and minerals) were fed ad libitum to both groups. Formula concentration was 54 kcal/100 ml for one group and 100 kcal/100 ml for the other. A limited selection of commercially prepared strained foods was permitted after 28 days of age. Weighed intakes of food were recorded for each day of study. During the internal 8 through 41 days of age, the infants fed the 54 kcal/100 ml formula consumed a considerably greater quantity of food but fewer calories than did those fed  the 100 kcal/100 ml formula. Those fed the 54 kcal/100 ml formula also gained less weight. These differences between feeding groups were statistically significant. After 41 days of age, mean caloric intakes (kcal/kg/day) and rates of gain in weight were similar for the two feeding groups. The data provide a basis of speculation on the possible difference in allocation of calories to growth and non-growth in the two groups.", "contents": "Influence of formula concentration on caloric intake and growth of normal infants. Fifteen fullterm female infants were enrolled in each of two feeding groups and all but one completed the proposed period of observation to age 112 days. Formulas prepared from the same ingredients (fat-free milk solids, a mixture of corn and coconut oils, lactose, vitamins and minerals) were fed ad libitum to both groups. Formula concentration was 54 kcal/100 ml for one group and 100 kcal/100 ml for the other. A limited selection of commercially prepared strained foods was permitted after 28 days of age. Weighed intakes of food were recorded for each day of study. During the internal 8 through 41 days of age, the infants fed the 54 kcal/100 ml formula consumed a considerably greater quantity of food but fewer calories than did those fed  the 100 kcal/100 ml formula. Those fed the 54 kcal/100 ml formula also gained less weight. These differences between feeding groups were statistically significant. After 41 days of age, mean caloric intakes (kcal/kg/day) and rates of gain in weight were similar for the two feeding groups. The data provide a basis of speculation on the possible difference in allocation of calories to growth and non-growth in the two groups.", "PMID": 1168981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2542", "title": "Exchange transfusions with concentrated ACD-blood. I. Effects on the infant's red cell volume, plasma volume and haemoglobin mass.", "content": "During ten exchange transfusions, the infant's gain or loss of haemoglobin, and of the volumes of red cells and plasma were studied quantitatively The gain or loss of haemoglobin was found to be closely correlated to the difference between the haemoglobin concentration of the given blood and that of the infant before the exchange transfusion. The standard ACD-blood used was hypo-osmolar (NIH sol. B) and its red cells overhydrated. During the exchange, the cells returned to normal and released water, about 10 ml per kg of the infant's bodyweight. Haematocrit readings therefore are unsuitable for the judgement of the ACD donor blood's oxygen transport capacity. As a rule, less plasma was given than removed. However, if the above-mentioned water, released from the red cells, was included in the \"given\" volume, the latter became almost equal to the volume removed.", "contents": "Exchange transfusions with concentrated ACD-blood. I. Effects on the infant's red cell volume, plasma volume and haemoglobin mass. During ten exchange transfusions, the infant's gain or loss of haemoglobin, and of the volumes of red cells and plasma were studied quantitatively The gain or loss of haemoglobin was found to be closely correlated to the difference between the haemoglobin concentration of the given blood and that of the infant before the exchange transfusion. The standard ACD-blood used was hypo-osmolar (NIH sol. B) and its red cells overhydrated. During the exchange, the cells returned to normal and released water, about 10 ml per kg of the infant's bodyweight. Haematocrit readings therefore are unsuitable for the judgement of the ACD donor blood's oxygen transport capacity. As a rule, less plasma was given than removed. However, if the above-mentioned water, released from the red cells, was included in the \"given\" volume, the latter became almost equal to the volume removed.", "PMID": 1168982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2543", "title": "Estrogen stimulation of conjugase activity in the uterus of ovariectomized rats.", "content": "Recent observations have indicated that uterine folic acid conjugase (pterolypolyglutamyl hydrolase) undergoes rhythmic variation during the reproductive cycle of the rat. In the present study conjugase activity and ratios of \"total\" folate to \"free\" folate were determined in uterine homogenates of ovariectomized rats, with ane without estrogen stimulation. An increase in conjugase levels and a relative increase in the \"free\" folate component occurred in castrated animals 12 to 18 hours following injection of 10 mug of estradiol-17beta.", "contents": "Estrogen stimulation of conjugase activity in the uterus of ovariectomized rats. Recent observations have indicated that uterine folic acid conjugase (pterolypolyglutamyl hydrolase) undergoes rhythmic variation during the reproductive cycle of the rat. In the present study conjugase activity and ratios of \"total\" folate to \"free\" folate were determined in uterine homogenates of ovariectomized rats, with ane without estrogen stimulation. An increase in conjugase levels and a relative increase in the \"free\" folate component occurred in castrated animals 12 to 18 hours following injection of 10 mug of estradiol-17beta.", "PMID": 1168985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2544", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid dehydrogenase activity. Levels in untreated and partially antibiotic-treated meningitis.", "content": "High levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were found in 23 cases of bacterial meningitis, but significantly lower levels of CSF LDH activity were observed in 11 patients with viral meningitis and in 13 patients with no central nervous system infection. No correlation was found between levels of CSF LDH activity and specific agents or the amounts of CSF white blood cell, protein, and glucose. The number of meningitis cases of unknown cause that could be classified as probably bacterial or viral was increased by determination of the level of CSF LDH activity. The level of CSH LDH activity is useful in differentiating bacterial from viral meningitis and, along with determination of the CSF blood cell counts and protein and glucose levels, aids in classification of meningitis before culture results are available.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid dehydrogenase activity. Levels in untreated and partially antibiotic-treated meningitis. High levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were found in 23 cases of bacterial meningitis, but significantly lower levels of CSF LDH activity were observed in 11 patients with viral meningitis and in 13 patients with no central nervous system infection. No correlation was found between levels of CSF LDH activity and specific agents or the amounts of CSF white blood cell, protein, and glucose. The number of meningitis cases of unknown cause that could be classified as probably bacterial or viral was increased by determination of the level of CSF LDH activity. The level of CSH LDH activity is useful in differentiating bacterial from viral meningitis and, along with determination of the CSF blood cell counts and protein and glucose levels, aids in classification of meningitis before culture results are available.", "PMID": 1168986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2545", "title": "The effect of acute ethanol treatment on lipid-reesterifying enzymes of the rat small bowel.", "content": "The acute effects of intraduodenal administration of ethanol, 5 g/kg body weight, on intestinal activities of lipid-reesterifying and disaccharidase enzymes of the small bowel were studied. Results were compared to those produced in controls receiving isocaloric amounts of glucose by the same route. Acyl-CoA:monoglyceride acyltransferase, acyl-CoA synthetase (acid:CoA ligase (AMP) EC 6.2.1.3), sucrase, and lactase assays were performed on jejunal samples; acyl-CoA synthetase assay was performed on ileal samples. Ethanol produced greater activities of the lipid-reesterifying enzymes in the jejunum than did glucose. Ileal specific activity of acyl-CoA synthetase was also increased in the experimental group. No effect of ethanol on jejunal disaccharidase enzyme activities was noted. It is concluded that ethanol given acutely has a specific stimulating effect on intestinal enzymes involved in lipid absorption.", "contents": "The effect of acute ethanol treatment on lipid-reesterifying enzymes of the rat small bowel. The acute effects of intraduodenal administration of ethanol, 5 g/kg body weight, on intestinal activities of lipid-reesterifying and disaccharidase enzymes of the small bowel were studied. Results were compared to those produced in controls receiving isocaloric amounts of glucose by the same route. Acyl-CoA:monoglyceride acyltransferase, acyl-CoA synthetase (acid:CoA ligase (AMP) EC 6.2.1.3), sucrase, and lactase assays were performed on jejunal samples; acyl-CoA synthetase assay was performed on ileal samples. Ethanol produced greater activities of the lipid-reesterifying enzymes in the jejunum than did glucose. Ileal specific activity of acyl-CoA synthetase was also increased in the experimental group. No effect of ethanol on jejunal disaccharidase enzyme activities was noted. It is concluded that ethanol given acutely has a specific stimulating effect on intestinal enzymes involved in lipid absorption.", "PMID": 1168987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2546", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in patients suffering from ulcerative proctocolitis.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has been measured by radioimmunoassay in samples obtained from all patients suffering from ulcerative proctocolitis and seen within a four-month period. The characteristics of this group of patients have been compared with reported epidemiological studies in this disease, and have been found to have a similar sex ratio and age of onset, but a more limited disease. Among 59 patients, 11 were found to have elevated circulating CEA values. One of the 11 had a colonic carcinoma and another was pregnant. Excluding these two patients, an overall prevalence of elevated CEA levels of 17.5% was found. The prevelance in ulcerative proctitis was 7.1%, and in colitis was 19.9%. The patients in whom elelvated plasma CEA values were found were compared with the remaining patients in relation to factors known to be associated with an increased propensity for the development of colorectal carcinoma complicating ulcerative colitis. There was no difference in mean age of the patients at disease onset, nor was there any difference in disease duration, extent, and control. A significant correlation was found between elevated plasma CEA levels and the severity of the initial attack. One patient with premalignant changes in the rectal mucosa had consistently normal concentrations of plasma CEA. There was no significant correlation between elevated plasma CEA values and disease activity. The mean age of the two groups of patients was similar. No carcinoma has manifested in any patient during follow-up periods of at least 18 months.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in patients suffering from ulcerative proctocolitis. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has been measured by radioimmunoassay in samples obtained from all patients suffering from ulcerative proctocolitis and seen within a four-month period. The characteristics of this group of patients have been compared with reported epidemiological studies in this disease, and have been found to have a similar sex ratio and age of onset, but a more limited disease. Among 59 patients, 11 were found to have elevated circulating CEA values. One of the 11 had a colonic carcinoma and another was pregnant. Excluding these two patients, an overall prevalence of elevated CEA levels of 17.5% was found. The prevelance in ulcerative proctitis was 7.1%, and in colitis was 19.9%. The patients in whom elelvated plasma CEA values were found were compared with the remaining patients in relation to factors known to be associated with an increased propensity for the development of colorectal carcinoma complicating ulcerative colitis. There was no difference in mean age of the patients at disease onset, nor was there any difference in disease duration, extent, and control. A significant correlation was found between elevated plasma CEA levels and the severity of the initial attack. One patient with premalignant changes in the rectal mucosa had consistently normal concentrations of plasma CEA. There was no significant correlation between elevated plasma CEA values and disease activity. The mean age of the two groups of patients was similar. No carcinoma has manifested in any patient during follow-up periods of at least 18 months.", "PMID": 1168988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2547", "title": "Tetanus and diphtheria antitoxin levels following a hospital-based adult immunization program.", "content": "A hospital-based program to immunize adults against tetanus unless specific contraindications to immunization are present has been in effect at Parkland Memorial Hospital since 1959. Adsorbed tetanus toxoid was used from 1959 to 1970, and was replaced at that time by adult type adsorbed combined tetanus/diphtheria toxoid. In the present survey, the titers of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins were determined in sera from 97 adults admitted to the Medical Service. Titers of diphtheria antitoxin less than 0.0125 units per ml were found in only seven patients and less than 0.0125 units per ml of tetanus antitoxin in only 17 patients. This high prevalence of immunity especially to tetanus appears to reflect our practice of routine immunization of adults. Although the recommended frequency of tetanus boosters has recently been reduced for adults who have completed a full primary immunization series, susceptibility to diphtheria or tetanus or both is not uncommon among adults in the US. Unless contraindications are present, we therefore urge routine immunization of all adults seeking medical care and of all hospital personnel as a means of diminishing the risk of diphtheria and tetanus in those adult populations with a significant incidence of susceptibility to these diseases.", "contents": "Tetanus and diphtheria antitoxin levels following a hospital-based adult immunization program. A hospital-based program to immunize adults against tetanus unless specific contraindications to immunization are present has been in effect at Parkland Memorial Hospital since 1959. Adsorbed tetanus toxoid was used from 1959 to 1970, and was replaced at that time by adult type adsorbed combined tetanus/diphtheria toxoid. In the present survey, the titers of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins were determined in sera from 97 adults admitted to the Medical Service. Titers of diphtheria antitoxin less than 0.0125 units per ml were found in only seven patients and less than 0.0125 units per ml of tetanus antitoxin in only 17 patients. This high prevalence of immunity especially to tetanus appears to reflect our practice of routine immunization of adults. Although the recommended frequency of tetanus boosters has recently been reduced for adults who have completed a full primary immunization series, susceptibility to diphtheria or tetanus or both is not uncommon among adults in the US. Unless contraindications are present, we therefore urge routine immunization of all adults seeking medical care and of all hospital personnel as a means of diminishing the risk of diphtheria and tetanus in those adult populations with a significant incidence of susceptibility to these diseases.", "PMID": 1168991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2548", "title": "The pharmacy college as a pharmacy service \"corporation\".", "content": "A program of providing contract pharmaceutical services to health care facilities by a college of pharmacy is described.  Services are provided to ten facilities: five hospitals, three mental health centers, a free-standing cancer clinic and a primary care center.  The initial development of the concept, the lines of authority between the college and the facilities, the nature of the contractual agreements, and the benefits of the program are discussed.  Among the benefits are the development of advanced drug distribution systems and clinical services, secure positions for clinical faculty members, the availability of the college's resources to the health care facilities, training and employment opportunities for students, and the good will created by improved health services.", "contents": "The pharmacy college as a pharmacy service \"corporation\". A program of providing contract pharmaceutical services to health care facilities by a college of pharmacy is described.  Services are provided to ten facilities: five hospitals, three mental health centers, a free-standing cancer clinic and a primary care center.  The initial development of the concept, the lines of authority between the college and the facilities, the nature of the contractual agreements, and the benefits of the program are discussed.  Among the benefits are the development of advanced drug distribution systems and clinical services, secure positions for clinical faculty members, the availability of the college's resources to the health care facilities, training and employment opportunities for students, and the good will created by improved health services.", "PMID": 1168992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2549", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin-induced serum sickness with fibrin-platelet thrombi in lymph node microvasculature.", "content": "In this 16 year old boy a syndrome, characterized by high fever, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, diffuse skin rash, facial and periorbital edema, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, elevated serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels and transient electrocardiographic changes, appeared 2 weeks after the institution of diphenylhydantoin therapy. Lymph node biopsy, performed at the height of the illness, revealed widespread subendothelial fibrin exudation and fibrin-platelet thrombi in the lymph node microvasculature, a finding most consistent with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Although many types of abnormal lymph node histology have been described with diphenylhydantoin, this appears to be the first instance of this histologic picture. This syndrome may be related to a serum sickness-like illness which triggered an episode of localized coagulopathy.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin-induced serum sickness with fibrin-platelet thrombi in lymph node microvasculature. In this 16 year old boy a syndrome, characterized by high fever, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, diffuse skin rash, facial and periorbital edema, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, elevated serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels and transient electrocardiographic changes, appeared 2 weeks after the institution of diphenylhydantoin therapy. Lymph node biopsy, performed at the height of the illness, revealed widespread subendothelial fibrin exudation and fibrin-platelet thrombi in the lymph node microvasculature, a finding most consistent with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Although many types of abnormal lymph node histology have been described with diphenylhydantoin, this appears to be the first instance of this histologic picture. This syndrome may be related to a serum sickness-like illness which triggered an episode of localized coagulopathy.", "PMID": 1168993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2550", "title": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in four siblings.", "content": "A family is described in which four members of a sibship of seven suffered from a hematologic and systemic disorder whcih has been fatal in three and has been proved at  autopsy to have been fatal in three and has been proved at autopsy to have been thrombotic purpura. The fourth member has probably suffered the same disorder. The clinical laboratory and genetic features of the family are discussed at length. No cause of the disorder has been determined.", "contents": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in four siblings. A family is described in which four members of a sibship of seven suffered from a hematologic and systemic disorder whcih has been fatal in three and has been proved at  autopsy to have been fatal in three and has been proved at autopsy to have been thrombotic purpura. The fourth member has probably suffered the same disorder. The clinical laboratory and genetic features of the family are discussed at length. No cause of the disorder has been determined.", "PMID": 1168994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2551", "title": "Maternal psychological stress and fetal asphyxia: a study in the monkey.", "content": "Fifteen pregnant rhesus monkeys near term were anesthetized with pentobarbital. Catheters were placed into the right femoral arteries of the mother and fetus, the fetuses being retained in utero. After repair of all incisions, the mothers were placed on their sides and allowed to recover from anesthesia. As they awakened, their fetuses regularly developed blood chemical and, frequently, vital signs changes indicative of deepening asphyxia. In eight cases, anesthesia was reinstated with intravenous pentobarbital, 30 mg. per kilogram. This caused an immediate and significant improvement in oxygenation of the fetus in all instances. The remaining animals were transferred to restraining chairs where the blood chemical and cardiovascular statuses of the mothers and fetuses were followed over the next 3 to 72 hours. During this time, the mothers, fully awake, were subjected to both \"contrived\" and \"incidental\" episodes of psychological stress stimulation. In the majority of instances, these periods of stress to the mothers caused episodes of bradycardia and hypotension in their fetuses. These induced vital signs changes of the fetuses appeared regularly about 50 seconds after the beginning of the periods of stress stimulation of the mother. Similarly, the vital signs changes frequently began returning toward more normal values with 1 to 2 minutes after the alleviation of maternal stress. Blood samples drawn in single cases before, during, and after recovery from bradycardia identified an associated increase in asphyxia of the fetuses. These episodic aggravations of the already existent fetal asphyxia of the fetuses. These episodic aggravations of the already existent fetal asphyxia brought about by stress stimulation of the mother are interpreted as resulting from activation of the maternal sympathetic nervous system causing vasoconstriction throughout the abdominal viscera and an accompanying retardation in intervillous space perfusion.", "contents": "Maternal psychological stress and fetal asphyxia: a study in the monkey. Fifteen pregnant rhesus monkeys near term were anesthetized with pentobarbital. Catheters were placed into the right femoral arteries of the mother and fetus, the fetuses being retained in utero. After repair of all incisions, the mothers were placed on their sides and allowed to recover from anesthesia. As they awakened, their fetuses regularly developed blood chemical and, frequently, vital signs changes indicative of deepening asphyxia. In eight cases, anesthesia was reinstated with intravenous pentobarbital, 30 mg. per kilogram. This caused an immediate and significant improvement in oxygenation of the fetus in all instances. The remaining animals were transferred to restraining chairs where the blood chemical and cardiovascular statuses of the mothers and fetuses were followed over the next 3 to 72 hours. During this time, the mothers, fully awake, were subjected to both \"contrived\" and \"incidental\" episodes of psychological stress stimulation. In the majority of instances, these periods of stress to the mothers caused episodes of bradycardia and hypotension in their fetuses. These induced vital signs changes of the fetuses appeared regularly about 50 seconds after the beginning of the periods of stress stimulation of the mother. Similarly, the vital signs changes frequently began returning toward more normal values with 1 to 2 minutes after the alleviation of maternal stress. Blood samples drawn in single cases before, during, and after recovery from bradycardia identified an associated increase in asphyxia of the fetuses. These episodic aggravations of the already existent fetal asphyxia of the fetuses. These episodic aggravations of the already existent fetal asphyxia brought about by stress stimulation of the mother are interpreted as resulting from activation of the maternal sympathetic nervous system causing vasoconstriction throughout the abdominal viscera and an accompanying retardation in intervillous space perfusion.", "PMID": 1168995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2552", "title": "Placental transfer of glutamate and its metabolites in the primate.", "content": "When radioactive glutamate was infused into pregnant rhesus monkeys, 69 to 88 per cent of radioactivity in the maternal plasma remained in association with glutamate while 10 to 22 per cent was converted to glucose. In the fetal plasma, glucose and lactate accounted for more than 80 per cent of radioactivity, with less than 2 per cent of the label found in glutamate. Maternal glutamate infusions resulting in a ten- to twenty-fold increase in maternal plasma glutamate levels (60 to 100 mumoles per 100 ml.) had no effect upon fetal glutamate levels. Infusions producing maternal glutamate levels 70 times normal (280 mumoles per 100 ml.) did result in some transfer of glutamate to the fetal circulation. Labeled glutamate administered to the fetus at 1.5 to 2.4 Gm. per kilogram of fetal weight did not result in glutamate transfer to the maternal circulation. Infusion of glutamate to the fetus at 5 Gm. per kilogram of fetal weight increased fetal plasma glutamate levels to 2, 000 mumoles per 100 ml. and resulted in some transfer of glutamate to maternal circulation. Glutamate metabolites (lactate and glucose) were readily transferred across the placenta in either direction. These studies indicate that the primate placenta is virtually impermeable to glutamate unless extreme elevations of plasma glutamate are induced.", "contents": "Placental transfer of glutamate and its metabolites in the primate. When radioactive glutamate was infused into pregnant rhesus monkeys, 69 to 88 per cent of radioactivity in the maternal plasma remained in association with glutamate while 10 to 22 per cent was converted to glucose. In the fetal plasma, glucose and lactate accounted for more than 80 per cent of radioactivity, with less than 2 per cent of the label found in glutamate. Maternal glutamate infusions resulting in a ten- to twenty-fold increase in maternal plasma glutamate levels (60 to 100 mumoles per 100 ml.) had no effect upon fetal glutamate levels. Infusions producing maternal glutamate levels 70 times normal (280 mumoles per 100 ml.) did result in some transfer of glutamate to the fetal circulation. Labeled glutamate administered to the fetus at 1.5 to 2.4 Gm. per kilogram of fetal weight did not result in glutamate transfer to the maternal circulation. Infusion of glutamate to the fetus at 5 Gm. per kilogram of fetal weight increased fetal plasma glutamate levels to 2, 000 mumoles per 100 ml. and resulted in some transfer of glutamate to maternal circulation. Glutamate metabolites (lactate and glucose) were readily transferred across the placenta in either direction. These studies indicate that the primate placenta is virtually impermeable to glutamate unless extreme elevations of plasma glutamate are induced.", "PMID": 1168996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2553", "title": "Amenorrhea and galactorrhea: results of therapy with 2-Brom-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154).", "content": "Administration of Brom-ergocryptine (CB-154) has a dramatic effect on breast secretion. Inhibition of lactation occurs within three to four weeks in women with amenorrhea and galactorrhea. Resumption of normal ovulatory function was documented by serum progesterone levels, as well as pregnancy, in three of four women attempting to conceive. Serum prolactin levels become normal following initiation of Brom-ergocryptine. Discontinuation of Brom-ergocryptine was found to result in a return of both inappropriate lactation and elevation of serum prolactin in this study. No deleterious side effects of Brom-ergocryptine have been found in any of the volunteers either clinically or on the basis of sequential laboratory studies.", "contents": "Amenorrhea and galactorrhea: results of therapy with 2-Brom-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154). Administration of Brom-ergocryptine (CB-154) has a dramatic effect on breast secretion. Inhibition of lactation occurs within three to four weeks in women with amenorrhea and galactorrhea. Resumption of normal ovulatory function was documented by serum progesterone levels, as well as pregnancy, in three of four women attempting to conceive. Serum prolactin levels become normal following initiation of Brom-ergocryptine. Discontinuation of Brom-ergocryptine was found to result in a return of both inappropriate lactation and elevation of serum prolactin in this study. No deleterious side effects of Brom-ergocryptine have been found in any of the volunteers either clinically or on the basis of sequential laboratory studies.", "PMID": 1168997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2554", "title": "Serum amylase changes during pregnancy.", "content": "Study of the behavior of serum amylase activity in 200 preganant women in various stages of pregnancy indicated that: (1) serum amylase rises gradually during pregnancy until the twenty-fifth week and thereafter falls slightly; (2) serum amylase values may be found in normal pregnant women during the second and third trimesters that exceed those in normal men and nonpregnant women; (3) during the second trimester of pregnancy there may be an alteration in the relative distribution of the pancreatic and salivary-type isoamylases with the salivary type tending to dominate. Knowledge of these changes is of importance in the clinical assessment of serum amylase values in pregnant women complaining of abdominal pain and other symptoms suggestive of complicating acute pancreatitis. An explanation for the observed changes is not readily available and further study is required.", "contents": "Serum amylase changes during pregnancy. Study of the behavior of serum amylase activity in 200 preganant women in various stages of pregnancy indicated that: (1) serum amylase rises gradually during pregnancy until the twenty-fifth week and thereafter falls slightly; (2) serum amylase values may be found in normal pregnant women during the second and third trimesters that exceed those in normal men and nonpregnant women; (3) during the second trimester of pregnancy there may be an alteration in the relative distribution of the pancreatic and salivary-type isoamylases with the salivary type tending to dominate. Knowledge of these changes is of importance in the clinical assessment of serum amylase values in pregnant women complaining of abdominal pain and other symptoms suggestive of complicating acute pancreatitis. An explanation for the observed changes is not readily available and further study is required.", "PMID": 1168998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2555", "title": "Sequential therapy for advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma: operation, chemotherapy, second-look laparotomy, and radiation therapy.", "content": "In an attempt to improve the survival rates in women with advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma (abdominal spread), they were treated with sequential therapy. This consisted of operation followed by chemotherapy, second-look exploratory laparotomy, and finally whole-abdomen irradiation. Only those patients who had a complete clinical response to chemotherapy and subsequently underwent a second operation and irradiation were evaluated. Seventy-five per cent of the patients had recurrent cancer within the treated area after sequential therapy was completed. Morever, of four patients with no gross residual cancer after the second operation, three had cancer recurrences within the treated area. It is concluded that methods of treating advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma other than sequential therapy must be found.", "contents": "Sequential therapy for advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma: operation, chemotherapy, second-look laparotomy, and radiation therapy. In an attempt to improve the survival rates in women with advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma (abdominal spread), they were treated with sequential therapy. This consisted of operation followed by chemotherapy, second-look exploratory laparotomy, and finally whole-abdomen irradiation. Only those patients who had a complete clinical response to chemotherapy and subsequently underwent a second operation and irradiation were evaluated. Seventy-five per cent of the patients had recurrent cancer within the treated area after sequential therapy was completed. Morever, of four patients with no gross residual cancer after the second operation, three had cancer recurrences within the treated area. It is concluded that methods of treating advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma other than sequential therapy must be found.", "PMID": 1168999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2556", "title": "Ocular effects of a 325 NM ultraviolet laser.", "content": "Corneal exposures were made on 100 eyes of anesthetized rhesus monkeys with a continuous wave HeCd ultraviolet laser at a wavelength of 325 nm. The ED-50 corneal damage probability point was determined to be 0.8 joules of energy. This is higher than the levels for damage reported for noncoherent ultraviolet sources. However, the endpoint used here was a well-defined circumscribed lesion as contrasted to the appearance of granules used for the broad band, wide-beam, noncoherent studies. The granules were not seen with the narrow band, small beam laser irradiation. Exposures made with 6.5 joules of energy produced lens damage, i.e., cataracts. This represents permanent damage as compared to the corneal damage which at threshold levels is completely reversible in 24-48 hours.", "contents": "Ocular effects of a 325 NM ultraviolet laser. Corneal exposures were made on 100 eyes of anesthetized rhesus monkeys with a continuous wave HeCd ultraviolet laser at a wavelength of 325 nm. The ED-50 corneal damage probability point was determined to be 0.8 joules of energy. This is higher than the levels for damage reported for noncoherent ultraviolet sources. However, the endpoint used here was a well-defined circumscribed lesion as contrasted to the appearance of granules used for the broad band, wide-beam, noncoherent studies. The granules were not seen with the narrow band, small beam laser irradiation. Exposures made with 6.5 joules of energy produced lens damage, i.e., cataracts. This represents permanent damage as compared to the corneal damage which at threshold levels is completely reversible in 24-48 hours.", "PMID": 1169000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2557", "title": "Free amino acids of sex organs of the mouse: regulation by androgen.", "content": "Male mice were castrated at 2 mo and a pellet of testosterone propionate was implanted subcutaneously 2 wk later. Mice were killed after 11 days and tissue extracts were analyzed. All the common 20 amino acids were present in widely varying concentrations. Castration uniformly increased the concentration of all free amino acids of the seminal vesicle, excepy proline, cystine/2, and tryptophan; androgen restored values to normal. These changes were not entirely due to changes in quantity of seminal vesicle fluid. Concentrations of amino acids of the prostate were not significantly changed by castration or testosteronepropionate. Fifteen other ninhydrin-postive compounds were detected. Hypotaruine, taurine alpha-aminobutyric acid, and cysteic acid in seminal vesicles were greatly decreased and several other compounds were slightly decreased by castration and restored tp normal by testosterone propionate. In the prostate, hypotaurine, alpha-aminobutyric acid, cysteic/cysteinessulfinic acids, glycerophosphoethaniomine, cystathionine, and phosphoethanolamine were decreased and alpha-amino-n-butyric acid was increased by castration and restored to normal by testosterone propionate. Concentrations of taurine and 5 other compounds were not affected. Epidiymis and testis also contained appreciable pools of amino acids and the other compounds. Amino acids concentrations were lower in cauda than in caput epididymis; in the testis values were intermidate, with much higher concentrations of glutamic and aspartic acids. Taurine concentrations were twice as great in cauda as in caput epidiymis; concentrations of hypotaurine and the other sulfur-containing compounds were similar in both parts of the epidiymis. The most striking result in the testis was the high concentration of reduced glutathione.", "contents": "Free amino acids of sex organs of the mouse: regulation by androgen. Male mice were castrated at 2 mo and a pellet of testosterone propionate was implanted subcutaneously 2 wk later. Mice were killed after 11 days and tissue extracts were analyzed. All the common 20 amino acids were present in widely varying concentrations. Castration uniformly increased the concentration of all free amino acids of the seminal vesicle, excepy proline, cystine/2, and tryptophan; androgen restored values to normal. These changes were not entirely due to changes in quantity of seminal vesicle fluid. Concentrations of amino acids of the prostate were not significantly changed by castration or testosteronepropionate. Fifteen other ninhydrin-postive compounds were detected. Hypotaruine, taurine alpha-aminobutyric acid, and cysteic acid in seminal vesicles were greatly decreased and several other compounds were slightly decreased by castration and restored tp normal by testosterone propionate. In the prostate, hypotaurine, alpha-aminobutyric acid, cysteic/cysteinessulfinic acids, glycerophosphoethaniomine, cystathionine, and phosphoethanolamine were decreased and alpha-amino-n-butyric acid was increased by castration and restored to normal by testosterone propionate. Concentrations of taurine and 5 other compounds were not affected. Epidiymis and testis also contained appreciable pools of amino acids and the other compounds. Amino acids concentrations were lower in cauda than in caput epididymis; in the testis values were intermidate, with much higher concentrations of glutamic and aspartic acids. Taurine concentrations were twice as great in cauda as in caput epidiymis; concentrations of hypotaurine and the other sulfur-containing compounds were similar in both parts of the epidiymis. The most striking result in the testis was the high concentration of reduced glutathione.", "PMID": 1169001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2558", "title": "Effects of acute and chronic ethanol administration on isoflurane requirement in mice.", "content": "Inspired isoflurane concentration for anesthetizing 50 percent of adult albino mice (ED50) was 1.33 percent (1.20 to 1.47, 95 percent confidence interval). Ethanol anesthetizing dose was 5.09 (4.74 to 5.47) gm./kg. intraperitoneally (I.P.). Twenty, 39, and 79 percent of this ethanol anesthetic dose reduced isoflurane ED50 by 0, 8, and 70 percent, respectively. Thus, acute combinations of ethanol and isoflurane are more effective than either alone but less than the expected sum. Mice receiving no other fluid than 10 percent alcohol developed cross-tolerance to isoflurane. After 10 days of continuous alcohol ingestion, isoflurane ED50 increased to 1.54 (1.36 to 1.75) and after 20 days to 1.69 (1.55 to 1.84) percent. Combined with 2 and 4 gm./kg. of alcohol I.P., isoflurane ED50 in these mice decreased to 1.34 (1.26 to 1.42) and 0.73 (0.62 to 0.85) percent. Cross-tolerance acquired by these alcohol-consuming mice persisted through 55 days after stopping alcohol (ED50 1.65 percent), but returned to control values after 80 days (1.32 percent).", "contents": "Effects of acute and chronic ethanol administration on isoflurane requirement in mice. Inspired isoflurane concentration for anesthetizing 50 percent of adult albino mice (ED50) was 1.33 percent (1.20 to 1.47, 95 percent confidence interval). Ethanol anesthetizing dose was 5.09 (4.74 to 5.47) gm./kg. intraperitoneally (I.P.). Twenty, 39, and 79 percent of this ethanol anesthetic dose reduced isoflurane ED50 by 0, 8, and 70 percent, respectively. Thus, acute combinations of ethanol and isoflurane are more effective than either alone but less than the expected sum. Mice receiving no other fluid than 10 percent alcohol developed cross-tolerance to isoflurane. After 10 days of continuous alcohol ingestion, isoflurane ED50 increased to 1.54 (1.36 to 1.75) and after 20 days to 1.69 (1.55 to 1.84) percent. Combined with 2 and 4 gm./kg. of alcohol I.P., isoflurane ED50 in these mice decreased to 1.34 (1.26 to 1.42) and 0.73 (0.62 to 0.85) percent. Cross-tolerance acquired by these alcohol-consuming mice persisted through 55 days after stopping alcohol (ED50 1.65 percent), but returned to control values after 80 days (1.32 percent).", "PMID": 1169011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2559", "title": "Use of the pulse-wave monitor as a measurement of diagnostic sympathetic block and of surgical sympathectomy.", "content": "Changes in skin blood flow in a digit following sympathetic denervation were determined by use of a photoelectric digital plethysmograph (pulse-wave monitor). Results in 20 cases of diagnostic sympathetic block, surgical sympathectomy, or both, are discussed. Pulse-wave changes were seen 3 to 5 minutes after block and 1/2 to 1 minute after sympathectomy. Use of a pulse-wave monitor permitted limiting the dosage of local anesthetic, usually to 5 to 10 ml. of 0.5 percent lidocaine for lumbar sympathetic block and 1 to 2 ml. of 0.5 percent lidocaine for stellate ganglion block. Pulse-wave monitoring was found to be simple and rapid.", "contents": "Use of the pulse-wave monitor as a measurement of diagnostic sympathetic block and of surgical sympathectomy. Changes in skin blood flow in a digit following sympathetic denervation were determined by use of a photoelectric digital plethysmograph (pulse-wave monitor). Results in 20 cases of diagnostic sympathetic block, surgical sympathectomy, or both, are discussed. Pulse-wave changes were seen 3 to 5 minutes after block and 1/2 to 1 minute after sympathectomy. Use of a pulse-wave monitor permitted limiting the dosage of local anesthetic, usually to 5 to 10 ml. of 0.5 percent lidocaine for lumbar sympathetic block and 1 to 2 ml. of 0.5 percent lidocaine for stellate ganglion block. Pulse-wave monitoring was found to be simple and rapid.", "PMID": 1169013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2560", "title": "Adverse effects of increased succinylcholine dose following d-tubocurarine pretreatment.", "content": "Changes in serum potassium (K+) and serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), incidence of heart rate slowing, junctional rhythm, and postoperative myalgia were determined in patients receiving intravenously (I.V.) either 1 mg./kg. of succinylcholine (SCh) or 0.04 mg./kg. of d-tubocurarine (dTc) as pretreatment, followed 3 minutes later by 2 mg./kg. of SCh. The incidence of heart rate slowing (15 percent less than the control heart rate), junctional rhythm, and postoperative myalgia was less in pretreated patients. Serum CPK and serum K+ elevations were similar with or without pretreatment. Increasing SCh dosage with pretreatment apparently did not accentuate adverse effects, and in some instances was associated with fewer such effects, than after lower-dose SCh injections without pretreatment.", "contents": "Adverse effects of increased succinylcholine dose following d-tubocurarine pretreatment. Changes in serum potassium (K+) and serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), incidence of heart rate slowing, junctional rhythm, and postoperative myalgia were determined in patients receiving intravenously (I.V.) either 1 mg./kg. of succinylcholine (SCh) or 0.04 mg./kg. of d-tubocurarine (dTc) as pretreatment, followed 3 minutes later by 2 mg./kg. of SCh. The incidence of heart rate slowing (15 percent less than the control heart rate), junctional rhythm, and postoperative myalgia was less in pretreated patients. Serum CPK and serum K+ elevations were similar with or without pretreatment. Increasing SCh dosage with pretreatment apparently did not accentuate adverse effects, and in some instances was associated with fewer such effects, than after lower-dose SCh injections without pretreatment.", "PMID": 1169012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2561", "title": "Minimizing emergence phenomena: subdissociative dosage of ketamine in balanced surgical anesthesia.", "content": "Three hundred twelve patients, ranging in age from 14 to 89 years and undergoing various major and minor surgical procedures, were anesthetized by oxygen, nitrous oxide, and ketamine in sequence. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental (5.8 mg./kg.). The first 212 patients received an initial dose of ketamine of 1.6 mg./kg. lean body mass; 100 other patients, an initial (subdissociative) dose of ketamine of 0.4 mg./kg. body weight. Subsequent doses of ketamine, one-half the initial dose, were given 20 to 40 minutes apart, as needed. Postoperative subjective reactions were limited to slight confusion on emergence, with some disorientation to time, and occurred in 10 patients (5 percent) in the first group and 4 (4 percent) in the latter group. No psychotomimetic reactions were noted in either group. The latter group unanimously found the anesthetic technic acceptable for future use.", "contents": "Minimizing emergence phenomena: subdissociative dosage of ketamine in balanced surgical anesthesia. Three hundred twelve patients, ranging in age from 14 to 89 years and undergoing various major and minor surgical procedures, were anesthetized by oxygen, nitrous oxide, and ketamine in sequence. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental (5.8 mg./kg.). The first 212 patients received an initial dose of ketamine of 1.6 mg./kg. lean body mass; 100 other patients, an initial (subdissociative) dose of ketamine of 0.4 mg./kg. body weight. Subsequent doses of ketamine, one-half the initial dose, were given 20 to 40 minutes apart, as needed. Postoperative subjective reactions were limited to slight confusion on emergence, with some disorientation to time, and occurred in 10 patients (5 percent) in the first group and 4 (4 percent) in the latter group. No psychotomimetic reactions were noted in either group. The latter group unanimously found the anesthetic technic acceptable for future use.", "PMID": 1169014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2562", "title": "Pyridostigmine as an antagonist of d-tubocurarine-induced and pancuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade.", "content": "In an evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of pyridostigmine as an antagonist of d-tubocurarine-induced and pancuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in patients anesthetized with a neurolept-nitrous oxide (N2O) technic, 60 adults received either d-tubocurarine (dTc) (N equals 30) or pancuronium (N equals 30). The pancuronium-dTc potency ratio with neurolept-N2O anesthesia is 4.85:1. The mean doses of pyridostigmine necessary for 50 percent recovery of control twitch height and sustained tetanus were 5.72 plus or minus 0.45 (S.E.) mg. and 11.6 plus or minus 0.88 mg., respectively, for dTc, and 4.05 plus or minus 0.24 mg. and 8.27 plus or minus 0.41 mg., respectively, for pancuronium. There was no correlation between the amount of pyridostigmine necessary for relaxant antagonism and the total dose of relaxant used. In 24 patients, neuromuscular blockade was reversed by an intravenous injection of pyridostigmine and either 0.6 mg. or 1 mg. of atropine. Within 2 minutes, patients given 1 mg. of atropine had a significantly faster heart rate than those given 0.6 mg of atropine (p smaller than 0.0001). There was no correlation between control heart rate and maximum changes in heart rate. No cardiac arrhythmia or bronchospasm was observed in patients with either pancuronium or dTc following atropine-pyridostigmine mixtures. The cardiac muscarinic effects of pyridostigmine could be modified by simultaneous administration of 1 mg. of atropine.", "contents": "Pyridostigmine as an antagonist of d-tubocurarine-induced and pancuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade. In an evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of pyridostigmine as an antagonist of d-tubocurarine-induced and pancuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in patients anesthetized with a neurolept-nitrous oxide (N2O) technic, 60 adults received either d-tubocurarine (dTc) (N equals 30) or pancuronium (N equals 30). The pancuronium-dTc potency ratio with neurolept-N2O anesthesia is 4.85:1. The mean doses of pyridostigmine necessary for 50 percent recovery of control twitch height and sustained tetanus were 5.72 plus or minus 0.45 (S.E.) mg. and 11.6 plus or minus 0.88 mg., respectively, for dTc, and 4.05 plus or minus 0.24 mg. and 8.27 plus or minus 0.41 mg., respectively, for pancuronium. There was no correlation between the amount of pyridostigmine necessary for relaxant antagonism and the total dose of relaxant used. In 24 patients, neuromuscular blockade was reversed by an intravenous injection of pyridostigmine and either 0.6 mg. or 1 mg. of atropine. Within 2 minutes, patients given 1 mg. of atropine had a significantly faster heart rate than those given 0.6 mg of atropine (p smaller than 0.0001). There was no correlation between control heart rate and maximum changes in heart rate. No cardiac arrhythmia or bronchospasm was observed in patients with either pancuronium or dTc following atropine-pyridostigmine mixtures. The cardiac muscarinic effects of pyridostigmine could be modified by simultaneous administration of 1 mg. of atropine.", "PMID": 1169015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2563", "title": "Awake endotracheal intubation: a review of 267 cases.", "content": "During a 3-month period, 267 \"awake\" endotracheal intubations, representing 35 percent of all preoperative intubations, were performed with small doses of amnalgesic drugs given intravenously. Of 249 patients interviewed postoperatively, 86 percent reported complete amnesia for the procedure and only 3.5 percent recalled the event as being \"quite unpleasant\".", "contents": "Awake endotracheal intubation: a review of 267 cases. During a 3-month period, 267 \"awake\" endotracheal intubations, representing 35 percent of all preoperative intubations, were performed with small doses of amnalgesic drugs given intravenously. Of 249 patients interviewed postoperatively, 86 percent reported complete amnesia for the procedure and only 3.5 percent recalled the event as being \"quite unpleasant\".", "PMID": 1169016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2564", "title": "Correlation between specific immunity to a metabolite of halothane and hepatic lesions after multiple exposures.", "content": "A correlation between the use of halogenated anesthetic agents and liver necrosis is not yet established in man. In an attempt to resolve this dilemma, guinea pigs were immunized with a complex of guinea-pig albumin and trifluoroacetate (TFA), a common metabolite of halothane and fluorexene, and then exposed to halothane on multiple occasions. Histology and liver-function tests showed no difference in the incidence of liver damage between groups of animals immune to TFA with cellular immunity and untreated control animals. However, a difference in the liver enzyme levels was seen between controls and animals showing humoral immunity.", "contents": "Correlation between specific immunity to a metabolite of halothane and hepatic lesions after multiple exposures. A correlation between the use of halogenated anesthetic agents and liver necrosis is not yet established in man. In an attempt to resolve this dilemma, guinea pigs were immunized with a complex of guinea-pig albumin and trifluoroacetate (TFA), a common metabolite of halothane and fluorexene, and then exposed to halothane on multiple occasions. Histology and liver-function tests showed no difference in the incidence of liver damage between groups of animals immune to TFA with cellular immunity and untreated control animals. However, a difference in the liver enzyme levels was seen between controls and animals showing humoral immunity.", "PMID": 1169018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2565", "title": "Anesthesia orientation for the medical student.", "content": "Exposure of all medical students to selected anesthesiology-related subjects provides better acquaintance with the procedures and practices of the specialty. Airway management, methods of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and patient monitoring are among the anesthesiologist's technics that have widespread applicability to all areas of medicine. The pharmacology of the many drugs, not only anesthetic agents, used in anesthesia may be discussed and demonstrated to advantage. The scope of the specialty, including preoperative and postoperative patient evaluation; the values and shortcomings of modern anesthetic agents, the role of anesthesia in postsurgical morbidity; and the anesthesiologist as a consultant, can be emphasized. Even a brief exposure to the specialty should enable the student to understand the place of the anesthesiologist and anesthetic agents in patient management.", "contents": "Anesthesia orientation for the medical student. Exposure of all medical students to selected anesthesiology-related subjects provides better acquaintance with the procedures and practices of the specialty. Airway management, methods of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and patient monitoring are among the anesthesiologist's technics that have widespread applicability to all areas of medicine. The pharmacology of the many drugs, not only anesthetic agents, used in anesthesia may be discussed and demonstrated to advantage. The scope of the specialty, including preoperative and postoperative patient evaluation; the values and shortcomings of modern anesthetic agents, the role of anesthesia in postsurgical morbidity; and the anesthesiologist as a consultant, can be emphasized. Even a brief exposure to the specialty should enable the student to understand the place of the anesthesiologist and anesthetic agents in patient management.", "PMID": 1169017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2566", "title": "Squamous metaplasia of tracheal epithelium associated with high-volume, low pressure airway cuffs.", "content": "The tracheas of 12 patients, intubated from 2 hours to 20 days with tracheal airways equipped with the newer style, high-volume, low-pressure (HVLP) cuffs, were examined at autopsy. The type and severity of iatrogenic damage to the epithelium and submucosa was determined and compared to that seen in a previous study of 54 patients, who had been intubated with the older-style low-volume, high-pressure (LVHP) cuffed airways. The tracheal epithelial and submucosal damage due to intubation with the HVLP cuffed airways was considerably less than that with LVHP cuffs. The submucosal glands were often spared, and some of the tracheal epithelium even survived 20 days of exposure to the \"soft\" cuffs. However, the pseudostratified ciliated epithelium, which normally lines the trachea, was often replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. If such a zone of nonciliated epithelium remains in the trachea of a long-term survivor, its detrimental effect on the removal of particulate matter from the tracheobronchial tree may have to be considered.", "contents": "Squamous metaplasia of tracheal epithelium associated with high-volume, low pressure airway cuffs. The tracheas of 12 patients, intubated from 2 hours to 20 days with tracheal airways equipped with the newer style, high-volume, low-pressure (HVLP) cuffs, were examined at autopsy. The type and severity of iatrogenic damage to the epithelium and submucosa was determined and compared to that seen in a previous study of 54 patients, who had been intubated with the older-style low-volume, high-pressure (LVHP) cuffed airways. The tracheal epithelial and submucosal damage due to intubation with the HVLP cuffed airways was considerably less than that with LVHP cuffs. The submucosal glands were often spared, and some of the tracheal epithelium even survived 20 days of exposure to the \"soft\" cuffs. However, the pseudostratified ciliated epithelium, which normally lines the trachea, was often replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. If such a zone of nonciliated epithelium remains in the trachea of a long-term survivor, its detrimental effect on the removal of particulate matter from the tracheobronchial tree may have to be considered.", "PMID": 1169019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2567", "title": "Sickling dynamics of red blood cells and other physiologic studies during anesthesia.", "content": "Nineteen patients with electrophoretically proven sickle cell diseases were studied prospectively at intervals, using halothane, methoxyflurane, cyclopropane, and fluroxene. Simultaneous venous and arterial samples were taken from the same arm in heparinized syringes at the sampling intervals and analyzed for blood gases, hematocrit, and percent sickle cells. Measurements of blood pressure, pulse, temperature, tidal volume, minute ventilation, and other significant data were recorded. There were no anesthetic deaths, and the morbidity seen was an extension of pre-existing pathology. Sickling was found to be greatly reduced in both arterial and venous blood during anesthesia, with the greater reduction in venous blood. Following anesthesia, sickling returned toward, but often did not reach, pre-anesthetic levels. Blood-gas measurements reflected the slightly increased ventilation and considerably increased inspired oxygen during anesthesia. Other measurements were not remarkable.", "contents": "Sickling dynamics of red blood cells and other physiologic studies during anesthesia. Nineteen patients with electrophoretically proven sickle cell diseases were studied prospectively at intervals, using halothane, methoxyflurane, cyclopropane, and fluroxene. Simultaneous venous and arterial samples were taken from the same arm in heparinized syringes at the sampling intervals and analyzed for blood gases, hematocrit, and percent sickle cells. Measurements of blood pressure, pulse, temperature, tidal volume, minute ventilation, and other significant data were recorded. There were no anesthetic deaths, and the morbidity seen was an extension of pre-existing pathology. Sickling was found to be greatly reduced in both arterial and venous blood during anesthesia, with the greater reduction in venous blood. Following anesthesia, sickling returned toward, but often did not reach, pre-anesthetic levels. Blood-gas measurements reflected the slightly increased ventilation and considerably increased inspired oxygen during anesthesia. Other measurements were not remarkable.", "PMID": 1169026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2568", "title": "Interscalene cervical plexus block: a single-injection technic.", "content": "A review of the anatomy of the cervical plexus and surrounding structures suggests a single-injection technic which simplifies anesthesia of the cervical plexus and increases the margin of safety in this procedure. Used by the authors, the technic has been successful in 97 percent of over 100 cases.", "contents": "Interscalene cervical plexus block: a single-injection technic. A review of the anatomy of the cervical plexus and surrounding structures suggests a single-injection technic which simplifies anesthesia of the cervical plexus and increases the margin of safety in this procedure. Used by the authors, the technic has been successful in 97 percent of over 100 cases.", "PMID": 1169028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2569", "title": "Alterations in ventricular fluid pressure during ketamine anesthesia in hydrocephalic children.", "content": "We studies ventricular fluid pressure changes in 26 hydrocephalic children following administration of ketamine. The increase in VFP previously found with intravenously administered ketamine was compared with changes after ketamine given intramuscularly, and the possible alteration of this increase with sedative premedicants was studies. Changing the route of administration did not change the time to peak VFP changes or the duration of pressure elevation. There was no demonstrable alteration of the increase in VFP by premedication with secobarbital, dorperidol, or diazepam in clinical dosage. We feel that acute rises of VFP may affect areas of marginal cerebral blood flow and may increase the risk of herniation of brain tissue.", "contents": "Alterations in ventricular fluid pressure during ketamine anesthesia in hydrocephalic children. We studies ventricular fluid pressure changes in 26 hydrocephalic children following administration of ketamine. The increase in VFP previously found with intravenously administered ketamine was compared with changes after ketamine given intramuscularly, and the possible alteration of this increase with sedative premedicants was studies. Changing the route of administration did not change the time to peak VFP changes or the duration of pressure elevation. There was no demonstrable alteration of the increase in VFP by premedication with secobarbital, dorperidol, or diazepam in clinical dosage. We feel that acute rises of VFP may affect areas of marginal cerebral blood flow and may increase the risk of herniation of brain tissue.", "PMID": 1169035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2570", "title": "Anesthetic problems with aspirin-intolerant patients.", "content": "Sixty-seven aspirin-sensitive asthmatic patients underwent a total of 89 operative procedures. Wheezing with induction, intraoperative tachycardia and arrhythmias, and postoperative wheezing were the major problems in their anesthetic course. Wheezing was encountered despite various induction technics. Preoperative steroids, aminophylline, and ephedrine appeared necessary for surgical preparation, but the presence of aminophylline and ephedrine predisposed to tachycardia under anesthesia. The appearance of mild preoperative wheezing allows the prediction of postoperative wheezing in a significant number of patients.", "contents": "Anesthetic problems with aspirin-intolerant patients. Sixty-seven aspirin-sensitive asthmatic patients underwent a total of 89 operative procedures. Wheezing with induction, intraoperative tachycardia and arrhythmias, and postoperative wheezing were the major problems in their anesthetic course. Wheezing was encountered despite various induction technics. Preoperative steroids, aminophylline, and ephedrine appeared necessary for surgical preparation, but the presence of aminophylline and ephedrine predisposed to tachycardia under anesthesia. The appearance of mild preoperative wheezing allows the prediction of postoperative wheezing in a significant number of patients.", "PMID": 1169029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2571", "title": "Pulmonary edema and wheezing after pulmonary embolism.", "content": "A young, pregnant woman with angiographically proved pulmonary emboli developed pulmonary edema and wheezing without evidence of left ventricular failure. This cast study points out the unusual association of pulmonary embolism with pulmonary edema, wheezing, and hyper-reactive airways in a patient with a positive family history of allergy, but no antecedent history of bronchospasm. Mechanisms for the occurrence of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and wheezing after pulmonary embolism are reviewed.", "contents": "Pulmonary edema and wheezing after pulmonary embolism. A young, pregnant woman with angiographically proved pulmonary emboli developed pulmonary edema and wheezing without evidence of left ventricular failure. This cast study points out the unusual association of pulmonary embolism with pulmonary edema, wheezing, and hyper-reactive airways in a patient with a positive family history of allergy, but no antecedent history of bronchospasm. Mechanisms for the occurrence of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and wheezing after pulmonary embolism are reviewed.", "PMID": 1169036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2572", "title": "Doxapram antagonism of meperidine-induced respiratory depression.", "content": "The intramuscular injection of meperidine (1 mg./kg.) alone causes significant respiratory depression, and doxapram (2 mg./kg.) alone causes significant respiratory stimulation, as evidenced by their ability to shift the carbon dioxide (CO2) response curve to the right and left, respectively. When given together, the mixture of the two drugs does not cause any significant respiratory depression, as indicated by the absence of a significant shift in the CO2 response curve to the right. This mixture has possible clinical usefulness in providing postoperative analgesia without respiratory depression.", "contents": "Doxapram antagonism of meperidine-induced respiratory depression. The intramuscular injection of meperidine (1 mg./kg.) alone causes significant respiratory depression, and doxapram (2 mg./kg.) alone causes significant respiratory stimulation, as evidenced by their ability to shift the carbon dioxide (CO2) response curve to the right and left, respectively. When given together, the mixture of the two drugs does not cause any significant respiratory depression, as indicated by the absence of a significant shift in the CO2 response curve to the right. This mixture has possible clinical usefulness in providing postoperative analgesia without respiratory depression.", "PMID": 1169024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2573", "title": "Regional anesthesia in children.", "content": "Regional anesthesia employing the spinal, epidural, or caudal approach was used to anesthetize 200 children, varying in age from 17 days to 15 years. Lidocaine in concentrations varying according to age was used. Ketamine (1 to 2 mg./kg.) was given in the majority of cases to ensure a quiet patient prior to block. No major anesthetic complications or deaths were attributable to the anesthetic technic. The caudal approach proved easiest.", "contents": "Regional anesthesia in children. Regional anesthesia employing the spinal, epidural, or caudal approach was used to anesthetize 200 children, varying in age from 17 days to 15 years. Lidocaine in concentrations varying according to age was used. Ketamine (1 to 2 mg./kg.) was given in the majority of cases to ensure a quiet patient prior to block. No major anesthetic complications or deaths were attributable to the anesthetic technic. The caudal approach proved easiest.", "PMID": 1169030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2574", "title": "Effects of anesthetic doses of morphine on renal function in the dog.", "content": "Renal effects of anesthetic doses of morphine (2 mg./kg.) administered intravenously (I.V.) were determined in 15 mongrel dogs before and after addition of 50 percent nitrous oxide (N2O). Morphine significantly increased urine osmolarity and decreased urine output, free-water clearance, and arterial blood pressure, but did not affect inulin or para-aminohippurate (PAH) clearances. Addition of N2O did not significantly change arterial blood pressure and inulin clearance but did decrease urine osmolarity and osmolar and PAH clearances. These data demonstrate that, in contrast to man, anesthetic doses of morphine have significant antidiuretic properties in the dog.", "contents": "Effects of anesthetic doses of morphine on renal function in the dog. Renal effects of anesthetic doses of morphine (2 mg./kg.) administered intravenously (I.V.) were determined in 15 mongrel dogs before and after addition of 50 percent nitrous oxide (N2O). Morphine significantly increased urine osmolarity and decreased urine output, free-water clearance, and arterial blood pressure, but did not affect inulin or para-aminohippurate (PAH) clearances. Addition of N2O did not significantly change arterial blood pressure and inulin clearance but did decrease urine osmolarity and osmolar and PAH clearances. These data demonstrate that, in contrast to man, anesthetic doses of morphine have significant antidiuretic properties in the dog.", "PMID": 1169025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2575", "title": "Erythema gyratum atrophicans transiens neonatale.", "content": "An unknown dermatosis was observed in an infant girl. During the newborn period, she had a generalized, patchy, erythematous eruption of about 60 round erythematous patches on the trunk, thighs, head, labial mucosa, and palate. After a few weeks, the lesions became whitish, atrophic, and depressed, and they were surrounded by an erythematous and slightly infiltrated border, which was occasionally lobulated. Histologically, the lesions demonstrated a thin epidermis overlying an edematous dermis. Around the border of the lesions the collagen bundles were infiltrated with mononuclear cells. Granular deposits of IgG, C'3, and C'4 were found at the dermoepidermal junction and around the superficial capillaries. The lesions healed completely and spontaneously within a year.", "contents": "Erythema gyratum atrophicans transiens neonatale. An unknown dermatosis was observed in an infant girl. During the newborn period, she had a generalized, patchy, erythematous eruption of about 60 round erythematous patches on the trunk, thighs, head, labial mucosa, and palate. After a few weeks, the lesions became whitish, atrophic, and depressed, and they were surrounded by an erythematous and slightly infiltrated border, which was occasionally lobulated. Histologically, the lesions demonstrated a thin epidermis overlying an edematous dermis. Around the border of the lesions the collagen bundles were infiltrated with mononuclear cells. Granular deposits of IgG, C'3, and C'4 were found at the dermoepidermal junction and around the superficial capillaries. The lesions healed completely and spontaneously within a year.", "PMID": 1169042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2576", "title": "Survey of the clinical use of electrocochleography.", "content": "A questionnaire on the clinical use of electrocochleography (ECochG) was distributed to clinics throughout the world which use this method. The 26 replies comprised 3696 cases with a median age of 22.5 years. The majority (57.1%) were tested with a transtympanic promontory electrode. The risk of any undesirable effect from this electrode placement was negligible (less than 0.1%), but a greater probability (less than 1.0%) of serious complication from general anesthetics was revealed. On the benefit side, ECochG added significant information to the diagnoses of 87.8% of the children and 34.2% of the adults, and in 48.2% of the children and 2.0% of the adults this information was a primary factor in the hearing evaluation and decision on management. The cases for which ECochG was most helpful were predominantly children and neonates with complex neurological or psychiatric problems which interfered with reliable testing by other methods. Comparisons of ECochG with other methods were reported in 63.2% of the cases. The respondents judged 97.4% of those comparisons to reflect favorably on the validity of ECochG.", "contents": "Survey of the clinical use of electrocochleography. A questionnaire on the clinical use of electrocochleography (ECochG) was distributed to clinics throughout the world which use this method. The 26 replies comprised 3696 cases with a median age of 22.5 years. The majority (57.1%) were tested with a transtympanic promontory electrode. The risk of any undesirable effect from this electrode placement was negligible (less than 0.1%), but a greater probability (less than 1.0%) of serious complication from general anesthetics was revealed. On the benefit side, ECochG added significant information to the diagnoses of 87.8% of the children and 34.2% of the adults, and in 48.2% of the children and 2.0% of the adults this information was a primary factor in the hearing evaluation and decision on management. The cases for which ECochG was most helpful were predominantly children and neonates with complex neurological or psychiatric problems which interfered with reliable testing by other methods. Comparisons of ECochG with other methods were reported in 63.2% of the cases. The respondents judged 97.4% of those comparisons to reflect favorably on the validity of ECochG.", "PMID": 1169037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2577", "title": "Maternal protein depletion and small-for-gestational-age babies.", "content": "It has been established that there is a high incidence of small-for-gestational-age babies among underprivileged urban Africans. This community suffers from endemic malnutrition. Serum albumin studies on mothers of low birthweight babies showed a direct correlation with size of babies for gestational age. Thus maternal protein depletion, and probably therefore malnutrition, was associated with the high incidence of small-for-age-gestational babies.", "contents": "Maternal protein depletion and small-for-gestational-age babies. It has been established that there is a high incidence of small-for-gestational-age babies among underprivileged urban Africans. This community suffers from endemic malnutrition. Serum albumin studies on mothers of low birthweight babies showed a direct correlation with size of babies for gestational age. Thus maternal protein depletion, and probably therefore malnutrition, was associated with the high incidence of small-for-age-gestational babies.", "PMID": 1169043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2578", "title": "Benign granular cell tumors of the larynx: a review of 36 cases with clinicopathologic data.", "content": "The clinical, microscopic, and gross features of 36 cases of benign granular cell tumor arising in the larynx are reviewed and studied. This infrequent lesion, when in the larynx, is found most commonly on the true vocal cord in adults in their third, fourth, and fifth decades; there is no obvious sex predilection. Slowly increasing hoarseness was the primary complaint in our cases. Clinically, the tumors are considered benign. The most common clinical impression was a vocal cord papilloma. The microscopic pattern of the granular cell tumors is uniform and bland, but there may be a marked pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the over-lying squamous epithelium, often stimulating squamous cell carcinoma. Follow-up information is discussed as is the origin and histogenesis of this lesion.", "contents": "Benign granular cell tumors of the larynx: a review of 36 cases with clinicopathologic data. The clinical, microscopic, and gross features of 36 cases of benign granular cell tumor arising in the larynx are reviewed and studied. This infrequent lesion, when in the larynx, is found most commonly on the true vocal cord in adults in their third, fourth, and fifth decades; there is no obvious sex predilection. Slowly increasing hoarseness was the primary complaint in our cases. Clinically, the tumors are considered benign. The most common clinical impression was a vocal cord papilloma. The microscopic pattern of the granular cell tumors is uniform and bland, but there may be a marked pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the over-lying squamous epithelium, often stimulating squamous cell carcinoma. Follow-up information is discussed as is the origin and histogenesis of this lesion.", "PMID": 1169038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2579", "title": "Eustachian tube ventilatory function in relation to cleft palate.", "content": "The ventilatory function of the Eustachian tube was assessed in a group of infants and children with cleft palate, some of whom had received palatal repair. Those whose palates had been repaired were better able, in general, to equilibrate applied positive middle ear pressures than were those with open clefts. In many of the patients whose palates had been repaired, the results of Eustachian tube function studies were similar to those in normal subjects. Differences in Eustachian tube ventilatory function are assumed to be related to differences in tubal compliance. Excessive compliance probably results in, or exaggerates, functional Eustachian tube obstruction. Improvement in tubal function following palate repair is probably related to factors resulting in greater tubal stiffness.", "contents": "Eustachian tube ventilatory function in relation to cleft palate. The ventilatory function of the Eustachian tube was assessed in a group of infants and children with cleft palate, some of whom had received palatal repair. Those whose palates had been repaired were better able, in general, to equilibrate applied positive middle ear pressures than were those with open clefts. In many of the patients whose palates had been repaired, the results of Eustachian tube function studies were similar to those in normal subjects. Differences in Eustachian tube ventilatory function are assumed to be related to differences in tubal compliance. Excessive compliance probably results in, or exaggerates, functional Eustachian tube obstruction. Improvement in tubal function following palate repair is probably related to factors resulting in greater tubal stiffness.", "PMID": 1169039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2580", "title": "A review of echinococcal disease.", "content": "Echinococcal infestation, although still a rare occurrence in most of the United States, is being seen with increasing frequency. Three cases of hepatic echinococcosis are described. A review of the salient features of the disease is presented along with various aspects of diagnosis and therapy.", "contents": "A review of echinococcal disease. Echinococcal infestation, although still a rare occurrence in most of the United States, is being seen with increasing frequency. Three cases of hepatic echinococcosis are described. A review of the salient features of the disease is presented along with various aspects of diagnosis and therapy.", "PMID": 1169044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2581", "title": "A new instrument for surgical exposure of subaortic and subpulmonic stenosis.", "content": "An instrument for providing adequate visualization of the subvalvular area during repair of intracardiac defects is described. Essentially a type of modified nasal speculum, the instrument has proved helpful in performing resections in both subaortic and subpulmonic stenoses by exposing a wider surgical field.", "contents": "A new instrument for surgical exposure of subaortic and subpulmonic stenosis. An instrument for providing adequate visualization of the subvalvular area during repair of intracardiac defects is described. Essentially a type of modified nasal speculum, the instrument has proved helpful in performing resections in both subaortic and subpulmonic stenoses by exposing a wider surgical field.", "PMID": 1169045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2582", "title": "Human wakefulness and biological rhythms after birth.", "content": "Both a sleep-wakefulness cycle and a basic rest-activity cycle were observed in 20 normal infants left undisturbed for ten hours following birth. Behavioral wakefulness occurred immediately following delivery and in between sleep periods despite the lack of feeding and other intervention. Medication given to mothers during labor resulted in decreased amounts of infant wakefulness and increased amounts of quiet (non rapid eye movement) sleep.", "contents": "Human wakefulness and biological rhythms after birth. Both a sleep-wakefulness cycle and a basic rest-activity cycle were observed in 20 normal infants left undisturbed for ten hours following birth. Behavioral wakefulness occurred immediately following delivery and in between sleep periods despite the lack of feeding and other intervention. Medication given to mothers during labor resulted in decreased amounts of infant wakefulness and increased amounts of quiet (non rapid eye movement) sleep.", "PMID": 1169046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2583", "title": "Male transsexualism in England: sixteen cases with surgical intervention.", "content": "The syndrome of transsexualism is now regarded as a dinstinct entity separate from transvestism and homosexuality (Benjamin, 1966; Green and Money, 1969). It refers to those patients who since childhood have been convinced of their wrong sex assignment and who wish to attain the sexual characteristics of the opposite sex and to live as a member of that sex. The present report is an initial one referring to the first group of transsexual patients studied at a postgraduate teaching hospital by a multidisciplinary team. Their study has three aims: first, to compare this group of patients with other series; second, to evolve a surgical technique of sex reassignment; and, finally, to assess the success of such surgery in allowing the patients to attain a satisfactory adjustment in their new gender role.", "contents": "Male transsexualism in England: sixteen cases with surgical intervention. The syndrome of transsexualism is now regarded as a dinstinct entity separate from transvestism and homosexuality (Benjamin, 1966; Green and Money, 1969). It refers to those patients who since childhood have been convinced of their wrong sex assignment and who wish to attain the sexual characteristics of the opposite sex and to live as a member of that sex. The present report is an initial one referring to the first group of transsexual patients studied at a postgraduate teaching hospital by a multidisciplinary team. Their study has three aims: first, to compare this group of patients with other series; second, to evolve a surgical technique of sex reassignment; and, finally, to assess the success of such surgery in allowing the patients to attain a satisfactory adjustment in their new gender role.", "PMID": 1169047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2584", "title": "Initial heterosexual behavior of adolescent Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "This report described the first heterosexual encounters of twelve 3-year-old rhesus monkeys, six of each sex. The subjects were all laboratory-born and were reared in wire cages for the first 8 months of life, accompanied only by their mothers. After these animals were weaned, each was placed in a cage with another animal of the same age and sex. The pairs formed in this way remained intact until the animals were 2 years old. When heterosexual dyads were formed, some of the subjects attached and bit the animal with which they had been paired, while the members of other pairs established almost immediate rapport as evidenced by mutual grooming and adequate sexual behavior. The initial sexual interactions of most pairs were uncoordinated, but all eventually demonstrated qualitatively species-typical patterns of sexual behavior. Despite their immaturity, two of these pairs succeeded in producing offspring, both of which were healthy.", "contents": "Initial heterosexual behavior of adolescent Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). This report described the first heterosexual encounters of twelve 3-year-old rhesus monkeys, six of each sex. The subjects were all laboratory-born and were reared in wire cages for the first 8 months of life, accompanied only by their mothers. After these animals were weaned, each was placed in a cage with another animal of the same age and sex. The pairs formed in this way remained intact until the animals were 2 years old. When heterosexual dyads were formed, some of the subjects attached and bit the animal with which they had been paired, while the members of other pairs established almost immediate rapport as evidenced by mutual grooming and adequate sexual behavior. The initial sexual interactions of most pairs were uncoordinated, but all eventually demonstrated qualitatively species-typical patterns of sexual behavior. Despite their immaturity, two of these pairs succeeded in producing offspring, both of which were healthy.", "PMID": 1169048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2585", "title": "Effects of hypotension on rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Twenty-one late-juvenile rhesus monkeys were rendered profoundly hypotensive for 0-, 15-, or 30-minute periods by means of infusion of trimethaphan camsylate. Blood pressure was then restored to prehypotensive levels with phenylephrine infusions. Respiratory gas tensions and pH of arterial blood were maintained within their normal limits throughout experimental and recovery periods. Animals either recovered and showed no sequelae or diet 12 to 48 hours later of cardiorespiratory difficulties, often accompanied by brain swelling. Brain injury and death occurred in 64% of cases when arterial blood pressure was maintained at 25 mm Hg for up to 30 minutes. Multifocal myoclonus, depressed electroencephalographic activity, rises in cisternal cerebrospinal (CSF) pressure, respiratory depression, and characteristic changes in serum and cisternal CSF glucose followed episodes of controlled hypotension. Hypoxia and acidosis occurring during insult or recovery periods rather than hypotension itself probably account for neuropathological sequelae described by others.", "contents": "Effects of hypotension on rhesus monkeys. Twenty-one late-juvenile rhesus monkeys were rendered profoundly hypotensive for 0-, 15-, or 30-minute periods by means of infusion of trimethaphan camsylate. Blood pressure was then restored to prehypotensive levels with phenylephrine infusions. Respiratory gas tensions and pH of arterial blood were maintained within their normal limits throughout experimental and recovery periods. Animals either recovered and showed no sequelae or diet 12 to 48 hours later of cardiorespiratory difficulties, often accompanied by brain swelling. Brain injury and death occurred in 64% of cases when arterial blood pressure was maintained at 25 mm Hg for up to 30 minutes. Multifocal myoclonus, depressed electroencephalographic activity, rises in cisternal cerebrospinal (CSF) pressure, respiratory depression, and characteristic changes in serum and cisternal CSF glucose followed episodes of controlled hypotension. Hypoxia and acidosis occurring during insult or recovery periods rather than hypotension itself probably account for neuropathological sequelae described by others.", "PMID": 1169051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2586", "title": "Snuff-dippers lesion. A ten-year follow-up.", "content": "A population of over 15,000 snuff users and tobacco chewers were observe for cytological, histological, and clinical evaluation. The original observation was for 5 1/2 years. The same group was observed for an additional 4 1/2 years, bringing the total time to ten years. Of the original group of 1,751 patients showing mucosal change, i was able to follow up 1,550. No patient developed carcinoma or serious mucosal changes. From this ten-year study we concluded that snuff, per  se, or chewing do not act as carcinogens.", "contents": "Snuff-dippers lesion. A ten-year follow-up. A population of over 15,000 snuff users and tobacco chewers were observe for cytological, histological, and clinical evaluation. The original observation was for 5 1/2 years. The same group was observed for an additional 4 1/2 years, bringing the total time to ten years. Of the original group of 1,751 patients showing mucosal change, i was able to follow up 1,550. No patient developed carcinoma or serious mucosal changes. From this ten-year study we concluded that snuff, per  se, or chewing do not act as carcinogens.", "PMID": 1169052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2587", "title": "Electrolytic lesioning in the cochlea.", "content": "A method has been developed whereby relatively discrete protions of the organ of Corti can be selectively destroyed with the use of a high-frequency current. The procedure involves passing th current (1 to 3 ma at an approximate frequency of 5 megahertz) between a differential pair of recording electrodes located in the scalae vestibuli and tympani of a particular cochlear turn. Damage patterns progressing from partial to complete outer hair cell lesioning and eventually to the inner hair cells accompanied by progressive decreases in cochlear microphonic sensitivity can be effected.", "contents": "Electrolytic lesioning in the cochlea. A method has been developed whereby relatively discrete protions of the organ of Corti can be selectively destroyed with the use of a high-frequency current. The procedure involves passing th current (1 to 3 ma at an approximate frequency of 5 megahertz) between a differential pair of recording electrodes located in the scalae vestibuli and tympani of a particular cochlear turn. Damage patterns progressing from partial to complete outer hair cell lesioning and eventually to the inner hair cells accompanied by progressive decreases in cochlear microphonic sensitivity can be effected.", "PMID": 1169053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2588", "title": "Open-field behavior in mice: A diallel analysis of selected lines.", "content": "The open-field behavior of 719 mice resulting from a diallel cross among the six lines of the DeFries selection experiment was assessed.  Results of several analyses employing different models and procedures in open-field activity and defecation among these lines have predominantly additive effects.  Estimates of heritability obtained from these analyses were considerably higher than previous estimates based on familial resemblance or the realized response to selection; thus estimation of heritability from diallel analyses is clearly unwarranted when selected lines are employed and the character of interest has been either directly or indirectly subjected to artificial selection.", "contents": "Open-field behavior in mice: A diallel analysis of selected lines. The open-field behavior of 719 mice resulting from a diallel cross among the six lines of the DeFries selection experiment was assessed.  Results of several analyses employing different models and procedures in open-field activity and defecation among these lines have predominantly additive effects.  Estimates of heritability obtained from these analyses were considerably higher than previous estimates based on familial resemblance or the realized response to selection; thus estimation of heritability from diallel analyses is clearly unwarranted when selected lines are employed and the character of interest has been either directly or indirectly subjected to artificial selection.", "PMID": 1169055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2589", "title": "The genetics of pheromonally mediated aggression in mice. I. Strain difference in the capacity of male urinary odors to elicit aggression.", "content": "Castrates scented with urine from intact DBA males elicited greater attack with a shorter attack latency than castrates scented either with male urine from other strains or with water. The results suggest that genetic factors affect pheromonally elicited aggression in mice", "contents": "The genetics of pheromonally mediated aggression in mice. I. Strain difference in the capacity of male urinary odors to elicit aggression. Castrates scented with urine from intact DBA males elicited greater attack with a shorter attack latency than castrates scented either with male urine from other strains or with water. The results suggest that genetic factors affect pheromonally elicited aggression in mice", "PMID": 1169056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2590", "title": "Genetic study of the aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. IV. Number of stings in the gloves of the observer.", "content": "Data are analyzed on an aspect of aggressiveness in workers from colonies of Africanized bees (Apis mellifera adansonii), Italian bees (Apis mellifera ligustica), their F1 hybrids, and backcrosses of the F1 to the parental stocks (Rothenbuhler method). The segregation values (3:1) in the backcrosses to the Africanized stock and nonsegregation in the backcrosses to the Italian stock suggest the existence of two pairs of genes (F1/F1; F2/F2 IN THE Italian bees and f1/f1; f2/f2 in the Africanized bees) which control a character defined of the number of stings in the gloves of the observer.", "contents": "Genetic study of the aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. IV. Number of stings in the gloves of the observer. Data are analyzed on an aspect of aggressiveness in workers from colonies of Africanized bees (Apis mellifera adansonii), Italian bees (Apis mellifera ligustica), their F1 hybrids, and backcrosses of the F1 to the parental stocks (Rothenbuhler method). The segregation values (3:1) in the backcrosses to the Africanized stock and nonsegregation in the backcrosses to the Italian stock suggest the existence of two pairs of genes (F1/F1; F2/F2 IN THE Italian bees and f1/f1; f2/f2 in the Africanized bees) which control a character defined of the number of stings in the gloves of the observer.", "PMID": 1169057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2591", "title": "Ballistocardiographic deflections in active rheumatism without valvular defect.", "content": "A study was carried out on 100 youths (aged 18-23 years, suffering from active rheumatism without a valvular defect. The cases with mild ballistocardiographic deflections prevail. In the greater number of patients, the Bcg normalization sets in 6 months after onset of the disease.", "contents": "Ballistocardiographic deflections in active rheumatism without valvular defect. A study was carried out on 100 youths (aged 18-23 years, suffering from active rheumatism without a valvular defect. The cases with mild ballistocardiographic deflections prevail. In the greater number of patients, the Bcg normalization sets in 6 months after onset of the disease.", "PMID": 1169058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2592", "title": "Development of the quantitative ballistocardiographic characteristics in children.", "content": "Based on the examination of 493 boys and girls of ages 6-19 years, we have tried to express the relationship of quantitative ballistocardiographic characteristics to age. The absolute values exhibit increase which is common up to 13 years of age but is then followed by the steadily enlarged decline of curves. The relative values exhibit decrease with age and the differences between boys and girls get gradually larger, being smaller inrelation to the lean body mass than to the body weight. It bears evidence to the fact that body fat plays a certain role in relative values.", "contents": "Development of the quantitative ballistocardiographic characteristics in children. Based on the examination of 493 boys and girls of ages 6-19 years, we have tried to express the relationship of quantitative ballistocardiographic characteristics to age. The absolute values exhibit increase which is common up to 13 years of age but is then followed by the steadily enlarged decline of curves. The relative values exhibit decrease with age and the differences between boys and girls get gradually larger, being smaller inrelation to the lean body mass than to the body weight. It bears evidence to the fact that body fat plays a certain role in relative values.", "PMID": 1169059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2593", "title": "On the role of sialic acid in the rheological properties of mucus.", "content": "The importance of sialic acid in the rheological properties of mucus has been investigated. Both bovine cervical mucus, which is a gel, and the structural glycoprotein derived from it were studied before and after treatment with neuraminidase which selectively cleaves terminal sialic acid residues. The storage modulus, viscosity and circular dichroism spectrum were all essentially changed after removal of the sialic acid. These results would indicate that removal of sialic acid does not affect the physical structure of the glycoprotein and it is concluded that sialic acid has no significant role in the rheological properties of cervical mucus.", "contents": "On the role of sialic acid in the rheological properties of mucus. The importance of sialic acid in the rheological properties of mucus has been investigated. Both bovine cervical mucus, which is a gel, and the structural glycoprotein derived from it were studied before and after treatment with neuraminidase which selectively cleaves terminal sialic acid residues. The storage modulus, viscosity and circular dichroism spectrum were all essentially changed after removal of the sialic acid. These results would indicate that removal of sialic acid does not affect the physical structure of the glycoprotein and it is concluded that sialic acid has no significant role in the rheological properties of cervical mucus.", "PMID": 1169073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2594", "title": "Effects of thrombin on washed, human platelets: changes in the subcellular fractions.", "content": "Pressure homogenization and subcellular fractionation has been performed on washed, human platelets and platelets treated with thrombin to undergo the so-called release reaction. Electron microscopy revealed that the particulate zones obtained from the control sample corresponded to membrane vesicles (B), small storage granules (D) as well as mitochondria and larger storage granules (E). Only a few storage granules could be observed in the particulate zones isolated from thrombin-treated platelets. Visual comparison of the sucrose gradient patterns revealed that one granule fraction (D) had disappeared from the thrombin-treated sample. Sodium dodecysulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a major protein band (mol. wt 145 500 plus or minus 1000) in the extracellular phase (supernatant after removal of the platelets) of the thrombin-treated sample and in the granule fractions (D and E) of the control (mol. wt 147 000 plus or minus 1000). Incubation of whole, washed platelets with thrombin for 5 min at 37 degrees C followed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the isolated membrane fraction revealed no reproducible differences in the protein band pattern compared to membranes isolated from control platelets. However, after treatment with thrombin for 30 min, a protein band (mol. wt 183 000 plus or minus 3500) had disappeared. The distribution of protein and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity among the subcellular fractions were measured. Both were mainly recovered in the soluble fraction (greater than 77%). The granule fractions, D and E of the control contained 3.0% plus or minus 0.8% and 6.4% plus or minus 1.3% of the total amount of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the gradient. Fraction E of the thrombin-treated cells contained 3.3% plus or minus 1.0% of total while fraction D was lacking.", "contents": "Effects of thrombin on washed, human platelets: changes in the subcellular fractions. Pressure homogenization and subcellular fractionation has been performed on washed, human platelets and platelets treated with thrombin to undergo the so-called release reaction. Electron microscopy revealed that the particulate zones obtained from the control sample corresponded to membrane vesicles (B), small storage granules (D) as well as mitochondria and larger storage granules (E). Only a few storage granules could be observed in the particulate zones isolated from thrombin-treated platelets. Visual comparison of the sucrose gradient patterns revealed that one granule fraction (D) had disappeared from the thrombin-treated sample. Sodium dodecysulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a major protein band (mol. wt 145 500 plus or minus 1000) in the extracellular phase (supernatant after removal of the platelets) of the thrombin-treated sample and in the granule fractions (D and E) of the control (mol. wt 147 000 plus or minus 1000). Incubation of whole, washed platelets with thrombin for 5 min at 37 degrees C followed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the isolated membrane fraction revealed no reproducible differences in the protein band pattern compared to membranes isolated from control platelets. However, after treatment with thrombin for 30 min, a protein band (mol. wt 183 000 plus or minus 3500) had disappeared. The distribution of protein and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity among the subcellular fractions were measured. Both were mainly recovered in the soluble fraction (greater than 77%). The granule fractions, D and E of the control contained 3.0% plus or minus 0.8% and 6.4% plus or minus 1.3% of the total amount of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the gradient. Fraction E of the thrombin-treated cells contained 3.3% plus or minus 1.0% of total while fraction D was lacking.", "PMID": 1169074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2595", "title": "HL-A W27 in psoriatic arthropathy.", "content": "Forty subjects with psoriatic arthritis (PA) underwent HL-A tissue typing. HL-A W27 was significantly increased in psoriatic spondylitis (35%), whereas statistical significance was not reached in patients with peripheral arthritis alone, although W27 was present in a frequency greater than in controls. Psoriatic spondylitis (often asymptomatic) occurred in 57% (23 of 40) of our PA patients. Of interest, psoriatic spondylitis was more often W27 negative than W27 positive; nevertheless, W27-positive and W27-negative spondylitis was clinically and radiographically indistinguishable except that W27-positive disease occurred exclusively in males and the duration of the psoriasis.", "contents": "HL-A W27 in psoriatic arthropathy. Forty subjects with psoriatic arthritis (PA) underwent HL-A tissue typing. HL-A W27 was significantly increased in psoriatic spondylitis (35%), whereas statistical significance was not reached in patients with peripheral arthritis alone, although W27 was present in a frequency greater than in controls. Psoriatic spondylitis (often asymptomatic) occurred in 57% (23 of 40) of our PA patients. Of interest, psoriatic spondylitis was more often W27 negative than W27 positive; nevertheless, W27-positive and W27-negative spondylitis was clinically and radiographically indistinguishable except that W27-positive disease occurred exclusively in males and the duration of the psoriasis.", "PMID": 1169069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2596", "title": "Adrenal catecholamines content in fetal and newborn rats.", "content": "The adrenal epinephrine content of newborn rats delivered by caesarian section on day 21.5 of gestation and maintained at thermal neutrality (37 degrees C) did not decrease over the 6 h following birth in spite of a transient phase of hypoglycemia. Cold exposure (30 or 24 degrees C) of the newborn rats immediately after birth did not decrease their adrenal epinephrine content. A decrease in adrenal epinephrine content is observed in 21.5-day-old rat fetuses after insulin-induced hypoglycemia for 4 h, after 2-deoxy-D-glucose injection or after anoxia. In 20.5-day-old rat fetuses, insulin-induced hypoglycemia for 4 h or 2-deoxy-D-glucose did not decrease the adrenal epinephrine content of the fetus. No variation was observed in norepinephrine content of the adrenal gland in all these situations. It is concluded that spontaneously occurring hypoglycemia or cold exposure are not sufficient stimuli to induce adrenal epinephrine depletion. It is suggested that hypoxia is perhaps the physiological stimulus for epinephrine secretion in newborn rats.", "contents": "Adrenal catecholamines content in fetal and newborn rats. The adrenal epinephrine content of newborn rats delivered by caesarian section on day 21.5 of gestation and maintained at thermal neutrality (37 degrees C) did not decrease over the 6 h following birth in spite of a transient phase of hypoglycemia. Cold exposure (30 or 24 degrees C) of the newborn rats immediately after birth did not decrease their adrenal epinephrine content. A decrease in adrenal epinephrine content is observed in 21.5-day-old rat fetuses after insulin-induced hypoglycemia for 4 h, after 2-deoxy-D-glucose injection or after anoxia. In 20.5-day-old rat fetuses, insulin-induced hypoglycemia for 4 h or 2-deoxy-D-glucose did not decrease the adrenal epinephrine content of the fetus. No variation was observed in norepinephrine content of the adrenal gland in all these situations. It is concluded that spontaneously occurring hypoglycemia or cold exposure are not sufficient stimuli to induce adrenal epinephrine depletion. It is suggested that hypoxia is perhaps the physiological stimulus for epinephrine secretion in newborn rats.", "PMID": 1169075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2597", "title": "Developmental changes of tissue enzyme patterns in the bovine fetus with gestational age.", "content": "The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alanine aminotransferase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (alkP), creatine kinase (CPK), and ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) were determined in liver, heart, skeletal muscle, brain, kidney, lung, spleen, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, thymus, and red cells of 56 bovine fetuses varying in gestational age from 115 to 255 days. The tissue aminotransferase activities were the most variable with gestational age. The GPT activity of liver, kidney, spleen, and red cells and the GOT activity of red cells decreased with fetal age. The GPT activity of heart, brain, and skeletal muscle and the GOT activity of adrenal, brain, and skeletal muscle increased with fetal age. Increasing activities were also described for adrenal and brain alkP and for brain and skeletal muscle CPK. In contrast, the OCT activities were fairly constant for each tissue as a function of gestational age.", "contents": "Developmental changes of tissue enzyme patterns in the bovine fetus with gestational age. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alanine aminotransferase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (alkP), creatine kinase (CPK), and ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) were determined in liver, heart, skeletal muscle, brain, kidney, lung, spleen, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, thymus, and red cells of 56 bovine fetuses varying in gestational age from 115 to 255 days. The tissue aminotransferase activities were the most variable with gestational age. The GPT activity of liver, kidney, spleen, and red cells and the GOT activity of red cells decreased with fetal age. The GPT activity of heart, brain, and skeletal muscle and the GOT activity of adrenal, brain, and skeletal muscle increased with fetal age. Increasing activities were also described for adrenal and brain alkP and for brain and skeletal muscle CPK. In contrast, the OCT activities were fairly constant for each tissue as a function of gestational age.", "PMID": 1169076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2598", "title": "Variations in human aortic fatty streaks among geographic locations.", "content": "Histologic features of aortic fatty streaks were examined in male subjects aged 10-39 from Guatemala, Jamaica Negro, Durban Bantu, New Orleans Negro, New Orleans white, Lima and Santiago. These groups were selected from the 19 available in the IAP (International Atherosclerosis Project) because they represented the greatest contrasts between the exten of fatty streaks in the young and raised lesions in the elders. Among these seven groups the extent of raised lesions in the older subjects was significantly but weakly correlated with the type of fatty streaks in the young as measureed by lesion thickness, content of demonstrable lipid, numbers of foam and spindle cells. The severity of leukocytic infilitration and prevalence of foci of necrosis in fatty streaks however, correlated strongly with raised lesions (rank r equals 0.90). We interpret this to imply that the presence  of leukocytes and of foci of necrosis in the fatty streak marks its propensity to progress into raised lesions. If this formulation is correct, then the presence of both features in the histology of fatty streaks could be used as a marker in future studies of factors bearing upon the emergence of raised lesions out of fatty streaks.", "contents": "Variations in human aortic fatty streaks among geographic locations. Histologic features of aortic fatty streaks were examined in male subjects aged 10-39 from Guatemala, Jamaica Negro, Durban Bantu, New Orleans Negro, New Orleans white, Lima and Santiago. These groups were selected from the 19 available in the IAP (International Atherosclerosis Project) because they represented the greatest contrasts between the exten of fatty streaks in the young and raised lesions in the elders. Among these seven groups the extent of raised lesions in the older subjects was significantly but weakly correlated with the type of fatty streaks in the young as measureed by lesion thickness, content of demonstrable lipid, numbers of foam and spindle cells. The severity of leukocytic infilitration and prevalence of foci of necrosis in fatty streaks however, correlated strongly with raised lesions (rank r equals 0.90). We interpret this to imply that the presence  of leukocytes and of foci of necrosis in the fatty streak marks its propensity to progress into raised lesions. If this formulation is correct, then the presence of both features in the histology of fatty streaks could be used as a marker in future studies of factors bearing upon the emergence of raised lesions out of fatty streaks.", "PMID": 1169070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2599", "title": "The use of critical levels of birth weight and \"free bilirubin\" as an approach for prevention of kernicterus.", "content": "Free bilirubin (FB) and total bilirubin (TB) were determined in 154 samples of blood taken from 112 jaundiced newborns: 51 prematures without hemolysis (19 of these with RDS); 26 full terms presenting ABO incompatibility; 35 newborns (both prematures and full terms) presenting rhesus incompatibility. Kernicterus was observed in seven cases and only three occurred in the TB group above 20 mg/100 ml; 57 cases had FB equal to or above 0.1 mg/100 ml and all kernicterus fell into this category. In the other 55 cases in which FB was less than 0.1 mg/100 ml no kernicterus was observed. In the group of healthy full-term newborns presenting ABO incompatibility, 15 had FB above or equal to 0.1 mg/100 ml ranging between 0.1 and 0.4 mg/100 ml; however no kernicterus was observed during the neonatal period. On the contrary, in the group of prematures a little more than half of the cases had a FB ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/100 ml whereas four macroscopic kernicterus cases were observed. The difference between the two groups compels us to consider other factors than those acting on the albumin-bilirubin binding especially those acting on the blood-brain barrier and on the fixation of the pigment by the neurons. A second series of 605 consecutive autopsies, on a period of 10 years, on prematures excluding light-for-dates and cases of hemolysis, evaluates the distribution of 40 kernicterus as a function of birth weight. On this second series kernicterus appears with maximal frequency for birth weight between 1,000 and 1,250 g, with a nonnegligible frequency at 1,500 to 2,000 g and was absent between 2,000 and 2,500 g. 13 kernicterus were observed for a peak TB below 12 mg/100 ml. These results seem to justify a systematic determination of FB in the premature weighing less than 2,000 g from the 24th hour of life whether he has jaundice or not.", "contents": "The use of critical levels of birth weight and \"free bilirubin\" as an approach for prevention of kernicterus. Free bilirubin (FB) and total bilirubin (TB) were determined in 154 samples of blood taken from 112 jaundiced newborns: 51 prematures without hemolysis (19 of these with RDS); 26 full terms presenting ABO incompatibility; 35 newborns (both prematures and full terms) presenting rhesus incompatibility. Kernicterus was observed in seven cases and only three occurred in the TB group above 20 mg/100 ml; 57 cases had FB equal to or above 0.1 mg/100 ml and all kernicterus fell into this category. In the other 55 cases in which FB was less than 0.1 mg/100 ml no kernicterus was observed. In the group of healthy full-term newborns presenting ABO incompatibility, 15 had FB above or equal to 0.1 mg/100 ml ranging between 0.1 and 0.4 mg/100 ml; however no kernicterus was observed during the neonatal period. On the contrary, in the group of prematures a little more than half of the cases had a FB ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/100 ml whereas four macroscopic kernicterus cases were observed. The difference between the two groups compels us to consider other factors than those acting on the albumin-bilirubin binding especially those acting on the blood-brain barrier and on the fixation of the pigment by the neurons. A second series of 605 consecutive autopsies, on a period of 10 years, on prematures excluding light-for-dates and cases of hemolysis, evaluates the distribution of 40 kernicterus as a function of birth weight. On this second series kernicterus appears with maximal frequency for birth weight between 1,000 and 1,250 g, with a nonnegligible frequency at 1,500 to 2,000 g and was absent between 2,000 and 2,500 g. 13 kernicterus were observed for a peak TB below 12 mg/100 ml. These results seem to justify a systematic determination of FB in the premature weighing less than 2,000 g from the 24th hour of life whether he has jaundice or not.", "PMID": 1169077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2600", "title": "Effects of ddt homologs administered to female rats during the perinatal period.", "content": "The administration of estrogen to female rats during the perinatal period induces a masculine pattern of hypothalamic differentiation resulting in persistent vaginal estrus (PVE) and anovulation. 10 mg day of the estrogenic homologs o,p-DDT, o,p-DDE, and dda, as well as allegedly nonestrogenic forms of the pesticide, p,p-DDT and o,p-DDD, were given by gavage from days 15-19 of pregnancy. 1-mg doses of the homologs were also given SQ daily to female rats on the second, third, and fourth days of life. Vaginal opening was delayed by 2 days in rats derived from the dams gavaged with o,p-DDD. Periodic examination of estrous cycles in the rats treated neonatally with o,p-DDD revealed PVE by 209 days of age, and absence of corpora lutea by 258 days of age. Prior to 4 months of age, estrous cycles were normal in these animals. The remaining pesticide homologs tested, regardless of the mode of administration, had no significant effect on the estrous cycles or on endocrine gland weights.", "contents": "Effects of ddt homologs administered to female rats during the perinatal period. The administration of estrogen to female rats during the perinatal period induces a masculine pattern of hypothalamic differentiation resulting in persistent vaginal estrus (PVE) and anovulation. 10 mg day of the estrogenic homologs o,p-DDT, o,p-DDE, and dda, as well as allegedly nonestrogenic forms of the pesticide, p,p-DDT and o,p-DDD, were given by gavage from days 15-19 of pregnancy. 1-mg doses of the homologs were also given SQ daily to female rats on the second, third, and fourth days of life. Vaginal opening was delayed by 2 days in rats derived from the dams gavaged with o,p-DDD. Periodic examination of estrous cycles in the rats treated neonatally with o,p-DDD revealed PVE by 209 days of age, and absence of corpora lutea by 258 days of age. Prior to 4 months of age, estrous cycles were normal in these animals. The remaining pesticide homologs tested, regardless of the mode of administration, had no significant effect on the estrous cycles or on endocrine gland weights.", "PMID": 1169078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2601", "title": "Umbilical blood flow and glucose uptake in lamb fetus following single umbilical artery ligation.", "content": "Umbilical blood flow (UBF) and fetal glucose uptake were measured in 5 lamb fetuses 4-20 days following single umbilical artery ligation (SUAL). The ligation was performed at 108-119 days gestation (sheep pregnancy = 145-150 days), and the blood flow and glucose uptake studies were performed as chronic preparation at 120-137 days of gestation. In comparison with 9 control subjects at matched gestation, the SUAL fetuses had significantly lower UBF (mean plus or minus SEM, 735 plus or minus 70 vs. 475 plus or minus 24 ml/min, p less than 0.01) and fetal glucose uptake (2190 plus or minus 1.6 vs. 14.8 plus or minus 1.9 mg/min, p less than 0.05). When the values were expressed per kilogram fetal weight, the UBF decreased with increasing gestational age in SUAL fetuses. In the control fetuses, the UBF increased with increasing gestational age. The fetal glucose uptake (FGU), when expressed per kilogram fetal weight, was essentially similar to that of the control subjects. The glucose gradients across the placenta were similar in both groups of fetuses. These data suggest that in lamb fetuses with placental vascular insufficiency induced by SUAL, the reduction of UBF and FGU may account for growth retardation in utero. It was also suggested that placental transfer of substrate other than glucose may also be impaired as a result o", "contents": "Umbilical blood flow and glucose uptake in lamb fetus following single umbilical artery ligation. Umbilical blood flow (UBF) and fetal glucose uptake were measured in 5 lamb fetuses 4-20 days following single umbilical artery ligation (SUAL). The ligation was performed at 108-119 days gestation (sheep pregnancy = 145-150 days), and the blood flow and glucose uptake studies were performed as chronic preparation at 120-137 days of gestation. In comparison with 9 control subjects at matched gestation, the SUAL fetuses had significantly lower UBF (mean plus or minus SEM, 735 plus or minus 70 vs. 475 plus or minus 24 ml/min, p less than 0.01) and fetal glucose uptake (2190 plus or minus 1.6 vs. 14.8 plus or minus 1.9 mg/min, p less than 0.05). When the values were expressed per kilogram fetal weight, the UBF decreased with increasing gestational age in SUAL fetuses. In the control fetuses, the UBF increased with increasing gestational age. The fetal glucose uptake (FGU), when expressed per kilogram fetal weight, was essentially similar to that of the control subjects. The glucose gradients across the placenta were similar in both groups of fetuses. These data suggest that in lamb fetuses with placental vascular insufficiency induced by SUAL, the reduction of UBF and FGU may account for growth retardation in utero. It was also suggested that placental transfer of substrate other than glucose may also be impaired as a result o", "PMID": 1169079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2602", "title": "The offset of morphine tolerance in rats and mice.", "content": "1. In rats and mice made tolerant to morphine by pretreatment with the drug, the shift to the right of the log dose/analgesic response line for in naive animals occurs without significant change in slope provided that sufficient time is allowed for elimination of pretreatment drug. 2. Responsiveness to the analgesic effects of morphine, given together with cycloheximide to prevent reinforcement of tolerance, was measured in rats (paw pressure method) and mice (hot plate method) at intervals during 1-23 days following cessation of a variety of regimens of tolerance-inducing drug treatments. 3. A biphasic pattern of recovery of responsiveness was observed, which was independent of the regimen or the drug (morphine, methadone or diamorphine) used to induce tolerance. Estimates of the rates of the first, fast phase are imprecise but the rate of the second phase of offset, from 4th day after cessation of pretreatment had, in rats, a mean half-time of 13.2 plus or minus 0.53 days-for all pretreatments combined, there being no significant differences between the various pretreatment regimens employed. In mice, similarly, a biphasic recovery of analgesic responsiveness was seen after morphine pretreatment, the mean half-time of the slower phase being 17.4 days. 4. Precipitation of an acute withdrawal syndrome in rats by naloxone HCl given 6 h after the final injection of a tolerance-inducing treatment with morphine did not affect the subsequent rate of recovery from tolerance. 5. During the period following a tolerance-inducing pretreatment with morphine in mice, the rate of attenuation of the naloxone-evoked jumping response was faster than the rate of offset of tolerance.", "contents": "The offset of morphine tolerance in rats and mice. 1. In rats and mice made tolerant to morphine by pretreatment with the drug, the shift to the right of the log dose/analgesic response line for in naive animals occurs without significant change in slope provided that sufficient time is allowed for elimination of pretreatment drug. 2. Responsiveness to the analgesic effects of morphine, given together with cycloheximide to prevent reinforcement of tolerance, was measured in rats (paw pressure method) and mice (hot plate method) at intervals during 1-23 days following cessation of a variety of regimens of tolerance-inducing drug treatments. 3. A biphasic pattern of recovery of responsiveness was observed, which was independent of the regimen or the drug (morphine, methadone or diamorphine) used to induce tolerance. Estimates of the rates of the first, fast phase are imprecise but the rate of the second phase of offset, from 4th day after cessation of pretreatment had, in rats, a mean half-time of 13.2 plus or minus 0.53 days-for all pretreatments combined, there being no significant differences between the various pretreatment regimens employed. In mice, similarly, a biphasic recovery of analgesic responsiveness was seen after morphine pretreatment, the mean half-time of the slower phase being 17.4 days. 4. Precipitation of an acute withdrawal syndrome in rats by naloxone HCl given 6 h after the final injection of a tolerance-inducing treatment with morphine did not affect the subsequent rate of recovery from tolerance. 5. During the period following a tolerance-inducing pretreatment with morphine in mice, the rate of attenuation of the naloxone-evoked jumping response was faster than the rate of offset of tolerance.", "PMID": 1169082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2603", "title": "Diurnal variations in radiosensitivity of mouse intestine.", "content": "Crypts in the mouse small intestine show a diurnal rhythm in radiosensitivity and are most sensitive in the middle of the dark period, when mitotic activity in the crypt is high. Analysis of crypt survival on a cellular basis shows that the changes in cryptogenic cell radiosensitivity are dose-modifying between 1,000 and 1,450 rads gamma rays such that the DO value varies between 85 rads and 140 rads.", "contents": "Diurnal variations in radiosensitivity of mouse intestine. Crypts in the mouse small intestine show a diurnal rhythm in radiosensitivity and are most sensitive in the middle of the dark period, when mitotic activity in the crypt is high. Analysis of crypt survival on a cellular basis shows that the changes in cryptogenic cell radiosensitivity are dose-modifying between 1,000 and 1,450 rads gamma rays such that the DO value varies between 85 rads and 140 rads.", "PMID": 1169084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2604", "title": "Proximal gastric vagotomy: interim results of a randomized controlled trial.", "content": "In a randomized controlled trial 50 patients with duodenal ulcer treated by proximal gastric vagotomy (P.G.V.) without drainage were compared with 50 who underwent selective vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy. The clinical results were assessed in 99 patients one to four years after operation. Patients who had undergone P.G.V. had significantly less dumping, nausea, and bile vomiting and fared better in their overall clinical grading. The postoperative Visick grading of the 50 patients with P.G.V. was similar to that of 56 controls with no known gastrointestinal disease who had not undergone operation. The results obtained in the patients who had had P.G.V. without drainage were compared with those of a further group of 24 patients subjected of P.G.V. with gastrojejunostomy, and the better results obtained in the former group were thought to be due to elimination of the drainage procedure. The average follow-up period of the trial was just over two years, but there were no indications that the recurrent ulceration rate after P.G.V. would be any higher than after other types of vagotomy and drainage.", "contents": "Proximal gastric vagotomy: interim results of a randomized controlled trial. In a randomized controlled trial 50 patients with duodenal ulcer treated by proximal gastric vagotomy (P.G.V.) without drainage were compared with 50 who underwent selective vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy. The clinical results were assessed in 99 patients one to four years after operation. Patients who had undergone P.G.V. had significantly less dumping, nausea, and bile vomiting and fared better in their overall clinical grading. The postoperative Visick grading of the 50 patients with P.G.V. was similar to that of 56 controls with no known gastrointestinal disease who had not undergone operation. The results obtained in the patients who had had P.G.V. without drainage were compared with those of a further group of 24 patients subjected of P.G.V. with gastrojejunostomy, and the better results obtained in the former group were thought to be due to elimination of the drainage procedure. The average follow-up period of the trial was just over two years, but there were no indications that the recurrent ulceration rate after P.G.V. would be any higher than after other types of vagotomy and drainage.", "PMID": 1169086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2605", "title": "Report on injuries sustained by patients treated at the Birmingham General Hospital following the recent bomb explosions.", "content": "As a result of recent bomb explosions a total of 82 patients were treated at the Birmingham General Hospital, 61 with minor injuries. Bomb injuries may be divided into three main groups due to the blast effect (such as blast lung and ruptured tympanic membranes), the flash (such as burns to the exposed part of the body), and shrapnel (which may cause a wide variety of injuries). The amount of warning of such explosions is usually minimal, and so the prepared accident schemes of most hospitals are inappropriate. If the disaster occurs outside normal working hours much responsibility initially falls on the resident staff. This report gives some idea of the type of injuries they are likely to see.", "contents": "Report on injuries sustained by patients treated at the Birmingham General Hospital following the recent bomb explosions. As a result of recent bomb explosions a total of 82 patients were treated at the Birmingham General Hospital, 61 with minor injuries. Bomb injuries may be divided into three main groups due to the blast effect (such as blast lung and ruptured tympanic membranes), the flash (such as burns to the exposed part of the body), and shrapnel (which may cause a wide variety of injuries). The amount of warning of such explosions is usually minimal, and so the prepared accident schemes of most hospitals are inappropriate. If the disaster occurs outside normal working hours much responsibility initially falls on the resident staff. This report gives some idea of the type of injuries they are likely to see.", "PMID": 1169088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2606", "title": "Myocardial infarction in young women with special reference to oral contraceptive practice.", "content": "Sixty-three women discharged from hospital with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction and 189 control patients were studied. All were under 45 years of age at the time of admission. Current oral contraceptive use, heavy cigarette smoking, treated hypertension and diabetes, pre-eclamptic toxaemia, and obesity were all reported by, and type II hyperlipoproteinaemia was found more often in, patients with myocardial infarction than their controls. The relationship between myocardial infarction and oral contraceptives could not be explained in terms of an association between the use of these preparations and the other factors. The combined effect of the risk factors was clearly synergistic.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction in young women with special reference to oral contraceptive practice. Sixty-three women discharged from hospital with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction and 189 control patients were studied. All were under 45 years of age at the time of admission. Current oral contraceptive use, heavy cigarette smoking, treated hypertension and diabetes, pre-eclamptic toxaemia, and obesity were all reported by, and type II hyperlipoproteinaemia was found more often in, patients with myocardial infarction than their controls. The relationship between myocardial infarction and oral contraceptives could not be explained in terms of an association between the use of these preparations and the other factors. The combined effect of the risk factors was clearly synergistic.", "PMID": 1169093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2607", "title": "Oral contraceptives and death from myocardial infarction.", "content": "We investigated 219 deaths from myocardial infarction in women under the age of 50. Their histories were compared with those of living age-matched controls selected from the same general practices. The frequency of use of oral contraceptives during the month before death was significantly greater in the group with infarction than during the corresponding month in the control group and the average duration of use was longer. No information of cigarette smoking was available but the proportion of women being treated for hypertension or diabetes was greater among those who died than among the controls. This did not alter the overall conclusion that the risk of fatal myocardial infarction was greater in the women using oral contraceptives, particularly in the older age groups.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and death from myocardial infarction. We investigated 219 deaths from myocardial infarction in women under the age of 50. Their histories were compared with those of living age-matched controls selected from the same general practices. The frequency of use of oral contraceptives during the month before death was significantly greater in the group with infarction than during the corresponding month in the control group and the average duration of use was longer. No information of cigarette smoking was available but the proportion of women being treated for hypertension or diabetes was greater among those who died than among the controls. This did not alter the overall conclusion that the risk of fatal myocardial infarction was greater in the women using oral contraceptives, particularly in the older age groups.", "PMID": 1169094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2608", "title": "Diarrhoeae in thyroid medullary carcinoma: role of prostaglandins and therapeutic effect of nutmeg.", "content": "In a patient with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with pulmonary metastases who presented with diarrhoea and steatorrhoea large amounts of prostaglandin-like material were present in peripheral blood, and some was extracted from the tumour. The diarrhoea which persisted after thyroidectomy responded to treatment with nutmeg.", "contents": "Diarrhoeae in thyroid medullary carcinoma: role of prostaglandins and therapeutic effect of nutmeg. In a patient with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with pulmonary metastases who presented with diarrhoea and steatorrhoea large amounts of prostaglandin-like material were present in peripheral blood, and some was extracted from the tumour. The diarrhoea which persisted after thyroidectomy responded to treatment with nutmeg.", "PMID": 1169097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2609", "title": "Midbrain structures controlling vocalization in the domestic chick.", "content": "Bilateral lesions confined to the anterior intercollicular area (ICo) produce muting in domestic chicks. Calling is lost both in open field test, and to novel stimuli which evoke pecking. Lesions of the medial edge of the ICo also mute, perhaps by cutting connections with the central mesencephatic grey. Partial destruction of the ICo allows full intensity calling but with greatly increased latency. If an area ventral to the ICo is also destroyed, one type of calling reappears: it is still not readily evoked by particular stimuli which are effective in normal chicks but it often occurs during locomotion. Crowing survives ICo lesions and presumably depends on a different route to lower centres. Totally deaf birds show quite normal calling, so that hearing deficits are probably not involved in the muting. Finally, mammalian homologues of the ICo and its connections are identified.", "contents": "Midbrain structures controlling vocalization in the domestic chick. Bilateral lesions confined to the anterior intercollicular area (ICo) produce muting in domestic chicks. Calling is lost both in open field test, and to novel stimuli which evoke pecking. Lesions of the medial edge of the ICo also mute, perhaps by cutting connections with the central mesencephatic grey. Partial destruction of the ICo allows full intensity calling but with greatly increased latency. If an area ventral to the ICo is also destroyed, one type of calling reappears: it is still not readily evoked by particular stimuli which are effective in normal chicks but it often occurs during locomotion. Crowing survives ICo lesions and presumably depends on a different route to lower centres. Totally deaf birds show quite normal calling, so that hearing deficits are probably not involved in the muting. Finally, mammalian homologues of the ICo and its connections are identified.", "PMID": 1169101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2610", "title": "Changes in visual responsiveness following intercollicular lesions and their effects on avoidance and attack.", "content": "In the normal chick, conspicuous visual stimuli induce targetting and pecking together, with vocalization. All three are abolished by lesion of the intercollicular area (ICo) or of connections passing through its medial margin. After such lesions, chicks also cease to treat significant visual stimuli as if they were startling and exciting, and may delay response as a result. However, they are still able to recognise, orient accurately to, and respond appropriately to, a variety of complex visual stimuli (e.g. food grains, copulation object). In addition, they are little affected by strange surroundings. Lesion evidence suggests the mammalian subcollicular area to have similar functions to the ICo and to be homologous with it. A route (present in bird), which is well-known in mammals for its association with threat, defense and escape evoked by strange and frightening objects (amygdala-diencephalic periventricular system-central mesencephalic grey, A-DPS-CMG) is stimuli via the 2 ICo (subcollicular area). Two different mechanisms may be involved caudal to the ICo. One consists of tectal afferents which might modulate the evocation of targetting, pecking and other responses via the tectum. The other is the predorsal system of tectal efferents which may mediate such responses. Classical syndromes of tameness and unresponsiveness produced by various interruptions of the A-DPS-CMG route may depend on interruption of connections to these midbrain mechanisms. Attack is depressed by ICo lesions as one aspect of reduced responsiveness to conspicuous and startling visual stimuli. Avoidance, which is apparently mediated by a separate system, much as in Anura, is facilitated.", "contents": "Changes in visual responsiveness following intercollicular lesions and their effects on avoidance and attack. In the normal chick, conspicuous visual stimuli induce targetting and pecking together, with vocalization. All three are abolished by lesion of the intercollicular area (ICo) or of connections passing through its medial margin. After such lesions, chicks also cease to treat significant visual stimuli as if they were startling and exciting, and may delay response as a result. However, they are still able to recognise, orient accurately to, and respond appropriately to, a variety of complex visual stimuli (e.g. food grains, copulation object). In addition, they are little affected by strange surroundings. Lesion evidence suggests the mammalian subcollicular area to have similar functions to the ICo and to be homologous with it. A route (present in bird), which is well-known in mammals for its association with threat, defense and escape evoked by strange and frightening objects (amygdala-diencephalic periventricular system-central mesencephalic grey, A-DPS-CMG) is stimuli via the 2 ICo (subcollicular area). Two different mechanisms may be involved caudal to the ICo. One consists of tectal afferents which might modulate the evocation of targetting, pecking and other responses via the tectum. The other is the predorsal system of tectal efferents which may mediate such responses. Classical syndromes of tameness and unresponsiveness produced by various interruptions of the A-DPS-CMG route may depend on interruption of connections to these midbrain mechanisms. Attack is depressed by ICo lesions as one aspect of reduced responsiveness to conspicuous and startling visual stimuli. Avoidance, which is apparently mediated by a separate system, much as in Anura, is facilitated.", "PMID": 1169102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2611", "title": "Macromolecular complexes produced by 1,3-propanesultone.", "content": "1,3-Propanesultone produces in vitro complexes between DNA and DNA, DNA and RNA, RNA, and RNA, DNA and proteins, and possibly RNA and proteins. All these interactions were detected with a variety of independent analytical techniques. Increased attachment of the 1,3-propanesultone-treated DNA to the microsomal membrane and enhanced adsorption to and penetration into Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were also observed. 1,3-Propanesultone was the second small-ring alkylating carcinogen studied in this laboratory that was found to produce such macromolecular complexes. The possibility that these highly diverse structures may be involved in chemical mutagenesis and tumorigenesis is considered.", "contents": "Macromolecular complexes produced by 1,3-propanesultone. 1,3-Propanesultone produces in vitro complexes between DNA and DNA, DNA and RNA, RNA, and RNA, DNA and proteins, and possibly RNA and proteins. All these interactions were detected with a variety of independent analytical techniques. Increased attachment of the 1,3-propanesultone-treated DNA to the microsomal membrane and enhanced adsorption to and penetration into Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were also observed. 1,3-Propanesultone was the second small-ring alkylating carcinogen studied in this laboratory that was found to produce such macromolecular complexes. The possibility that these highly diverse structures may be involved in chemical mutagenesis and tumorigenesis is considered.", "PMID": 1169106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2612", "title": "Factors influencing the survival of rat brain tumor cells after in vitro treatment with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "The shape of dose-response curves obtained for asynchronous, exponentially growing 9L rat brain tumor cells treated in vitro with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea changed as a function of the drug exposure time. For short treatment times (less than 1 hr), the dose-response curves had shoulders, indicating that the cells may accumulate sublethal damage; however, after longer treatments (greater than 1 hr), little if any shoulder was apparent. The slope of the exponential portion of the dose-response curve increased progressively with treatment periods from 15 min to 2 hr. Longer exposure times (up to 24 hr) produced no further changes in the cell-kill kinetics. Cell survival was directly related to the BCNU exposure dose [o integral t Co(t)dt] and to the amount of bound BCNU per cell. Extrapolation of the curves for these two variables indicated that some BCNU damage accumulates before death occurs. The amount of serum and cell products available in the medium to bind BCNU affected the level of survival; however, there was no evidence that extracellular spontaneous breakdown products or chemical transformation products were involved in the cell-killing mechanism.", "contents": "Factors influencing the survival of rat brain tumor cells after in vitro treatment with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. The shape of dose-response curves obtained for asynchronous, exponentially growing 9L rat brain tumor cells treated in vitro with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea changed as a function of the drug exposure time. For short treatment times (less than 1 hr), the dose-response curves had shoulders, indicating that the cells may accumulate sublethal damage; however, after longer treatments (greater than 1 hr), little if any shoulder was apparent. The slope of the exponential portion of the dose-response curve increased progressively with treatment periods from 15 min to 2 hr. Longer exposure times (up to 24 hr) produced no further changes in the cell-kill kinetics. Cell survival was directly related to the BCNU exposure dose [o integral t Co(t)dt] and to the amount of bound BCNU per cell. Extrapolation of the curves for these two variables indicated that some BCNU damage accumulates before death occurs. The amount of serum and cell products available in the medium to bind BCNU affected the level of survival; however, there was no evidence that extracellular spontaneous breakdown products or chemical transformation products were involved in the cell-killing mechanism.", "PMID": 1169107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2613", "title": "Stem-cell survival and tumor control in the Lewis lung carcinoma.", "content": "The stem-cell response of the Lewis lung carcinoma to single doses of cyclophosphamide has been studied by three assay techniques: in vitro colony formation, lung colony formation, and the end-point dilution assay. These three techniques have given comparable results, and the end-point dilution results showed that 50 percent takes could be achieved with as few as 1 to 3 cells. Studies have been made of the growth of small i.m. implants and of the time following implantation at which they could be eradicated by cyclophosphamide. The results were compared with the curability that would be expected on the basis of cell survival studies. It was found that older (and therefore larger) implants were cured than might have been expected. It seems unlikely that this discrepancy was due to additional cell kill caused by an immune response. An alternative explanation, that the surviving fraction following a dose of cyclophosphamide was lower in small implants than in larger i.m. tumors, was supported by studies of cell survival in dissectable lung colonies.", "contents": "Stem-cell survival and tumor control in the Lewis lung carcinoma. The stem-cell response of the Lewis lung carcinoma to single doses of cyclophosphamide has been studied by three assay techniques: in vitro colony formation, lung colony formation, and the end-point dilution assay. These three techniques have given comparable results, and the end-point dilution results showed that 50 percent takes could be achieved with as few as 1 to 3 cells. Studies have been made of the growth of small i.m. implants and of the time following implantation at which they could be eradicated by cyclophosphamide. The results were compared with the curability that would be expected on the basis of cell survival studies. It was found that older (and therefore larger) implants were cured than might have been expected. It seems unlikely that this discrepancy was due to additional cell kill caused by an immune response. An alternative explanation, that the surviving fraction following a dose of cyclophosphamide was lower in small implants than in larger i.m. tumors, was supported by studies of cell survival in dissectable lung colonies.", "PMID": 1169108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2614", "title": "Binding of daunomycin to DNA and the inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis.", "content": "With synchronized tissue culture cells (L929), daunomycin had the greatest inhibitory effect on cell growth when the drug was administered during the later stages of cell division (late S, G2, and M). The level of binding of daunomycin to DNA was not found to be influenced by the phase of the cell cycle. The highest level of radioactivity from [eH]-daunomycin was bound to DNA of the heterochromatin fraction. Both RNA and DNA syntheses were inhibited in isolated enzyme systems when daunomycin-treated DNA, from which the unbound drug was removed by passage through Sephadex column, was used. DNA polymerase was reduced to one-fifth of the control activity, while that of RNA polymerase was reduced to one-half. Similar experiments with daunomycin-treated RNA and DNA polymerase preparations showed that the drug had no effect on the activities of the enzymes per se. Hence, the reduction of RNA and DNA polymerase activities could be accounted for by the loss of template activity of the drug-treated DNA. Daunomycin caused by a marked drop in the formation of a complex between RNA polymerase and DNA, indicating that the binding of daunomycin to DNA may give rise to steric hindrance effects that interfere with the association of the template to RNA polymerase enzyme. Sedimentation profile in alkaline sucrose density gradient of DNA that had been treated with daunomycin showed that no change in the molecular weight could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Binding of daunomycin to DNA and the inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis. With synchronized tissue culture cells (L929), daunomycin had the greatest inhibitory effect on cell growth when the drug was administered during the later stages of cell division (late S, G2, and M). The level of binding of daunomycin to DNA was not found to be influenced by the phase of the cell cycle. The highest level of radioactivity from [eH]-daunomycin was bound to DNA of the heterochromatin fraction. Both RNA and DNA syntheses were inhibited in isolated enzyme systems when daunomycin-treated DNA, from which the unbound drug was removed by passage through Sephadex column, was used. DNA polymerase was reduced to one-fifth of the control activity, while that of RNA polymerase was reduced to one-half. Similar experiments with daunomycin-treated RNA and DNA polymerase preparations showed that the drug had no effect on the activities of the enzymes per se. Hence, the reduction of RNA and DNA polymerase activities could be accounted for by the loss of template activity of the drug-treated DNA. Daunomycin caused by a marked drop in the formation of a complex between RNA polymerase and DNA, indicating that the binding of daunomycin to DNA may give rise to steric hindrance effects that interfere with the association of the template to RNA polymerase enzyme. Sedimentation profile in alkaline sucrose density gradient of DNA that had been treated with daunomycin showed that no change in the molecular weight could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1169109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2615", "title": "The role of cell division in the malignant transformation of mouse cells treated with 3-methylcholanthrene.", "content": "The requirement for cell division in the malignant transformation of A31-714 cells, a subclone derived from BALB/3T3, by 3-methylcholanthrene was investigated using the property of the high susceptibility of this clone to density-dependent inhibition of cell growth. Treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene did not induce transformation in a nongrowing population. However, the cells treated with the  arcinogen in a nongrowing state showed a high transformation frequency near maximum level when they were returned to the growing state soon after treatment. About four cell generations were found to be necessary for the development of cell transformation after treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene. Cells that were kept in a nongrowing state after carcinogen treatment rapidly lost their ability to express transformation even when they were subsequently returned to a growing state. On the other hand, the cells that were allowed one cell division soon after carcinogen treatment retained their ability to produce transformed foci even after being kept in the nongrowing state thereafter. These results suggest that one cell generation is required for the fixation of transformation and that several additional cell generations are required for the expression of the transformed state.", "contents": "The role of cell division in the malignant transformation of mouse cells treated with 3-methylcholanthrene. The requirement for cell division in the malignant transformation of A31-714 cells, a subclone derived from BALB/3T3, by 3-methylcholanthrene was investigated using the property of the high susceptibility of this clone to density-dependent inhibition of cell growth. Treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene did not induce transformation in a nongrowing population. However, the cells treated with the  arcinogen in a nongrowing state showed a high transformation frequency near maximum level when they were returned to the growing state soon after treatment. About four cell generations were found to be necessary for the development of cell transformation after treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene. Cells that were kept in a nongrowing state after carcinogen treatment rapidly lost their ability to express transformation even when they were subsequently returned to a growing state. On the other hand, the cells that were allowed one cell division soon after carcinogen treatment retained their ability to produce transformed foci even after being kept in the nongrowing state thereafter. These results suggest that one cell generation is required for the fixation of transformation and that several additional cell generations are required for the expression of the transformed state.", "PMID": 1169110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2616", "title": "Investigation of specific antigens in prostatic cancer.", "content": "Rabbits immunized with normal human prostatic homogenates have been shown to develop antibodies specific for one form of prostatic acid phosphatase and a protein antigen which does not appear to possess enzymatic activity. Antibodies were also developed against several other proteins, esterase, two aminopeptidases, and a second form of acid phosphatase. Extensive absorption of the antisera with gluteraldehydepolymerized serum and kidney homogenate removed all antibodies except those which react with the specific acid phosphatase and the specific protein. These two antigens have been separated from each other by ion-exchange chromatography. The partially purified acid phosphatase has been used to produce antiserum employed for the detection of prostatic cancer in bone marrow aspirates.", "contents": "Investigation of specific antigens in prostatic cancer. Rabbits immunized with normal human prostatic homogenates have been shown to develop antibodies specific for one form of prostatic acid phosphatase and a protein antigen which does not appear to possess enzymatic activity. Antibodies were also developed against several other proteins, esterase, two aminopeptidases, and a second form of acid phosphatase. Extensive absorption of the antisera with gluteraldehydepolymerized serum and kidney homogenate removed all antibodies except those which react with the specific acid phosphatase and the specific protein. These two antigens have been separated from each other by ion-exchange chromatography. The partially purified acid phosphatase has been used to produce antiserum employed for the detection of prostatic cancer in bone marrow aspirates.", "PMID": 1169105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2617", "title": "Identity, release, and binding of mitochondrial-bound hexokinases in mammary glands and adenocarcinomas of lactating mice.", "content": "The mitochondrial-bound hexokinases (adenosine triphosphate:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase) of mammary adenocarcinoma and of normal gland were compared in lactating C3H mice. Treatment of mitochondria isolated from both the normal and neoplastic tissue with 0.5 m NaCl or 0.1 mM glucose 0-phosphate effected the release of about 50% of the bound hexokinase. In the presence of magnesium ion, enzyme from either source attached to mitochondria from either tissue and in all combinations to the same extent. Identification of the isoenzyme complement in the mitochondrial extract by diethylaminoethylcellulose chromatography revealed only types I and II. In the tumor, the hexokinase activity in both the cytosol and the fraction solubilized from mitochondria was predominantly in the form of type I ( 60%). In contrast, the activity released from mitochondria isolated from normal gland was predominately type II, while the cytosol contained almost equivalent amounts of types I and II. While this difference does not explain differences in glucose utilization between the normal and neoplastic tissue, it may provide a means of distinguishing between the two.", "contents": "Identity, release, and binding of mitochondrial-bound hexokinases in mammary glands and adenocarcinomas of lactating mice. The mitochondrial-bound hexokinases (adenosine triphosphate:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase) of mammary adenocarcinoma and of normal gland were compared in lactating C3H mice. Treatment of mitochondria isolated from both the normal and neoplastic tissue with 0.5 m NaCl or 0.1 mM glucose 0-phosphate effected the release of about 50% of the bound hexokinase. In the presence of magnesium ion, enzyme from either source attached to mitochondria from either tissue and in all combinations to the same extent. Identification of the isoenzyme complement in the mitochondrial extract by diethylaminoethylcellulose chromatography revealed only types I and II. In the tumor, the hexokinase activity in both the cytosol and the fraction solubilized from mitochondria was predominantly in the form of type I ( 60%). In contrast, the activity released from mitochondria isolated from normal gland was predominately type II, while the cytosol contained almost equivalent amounts of types I and II. While this difference does not explain differences in glucose utilization between the normal and neoplastic tissue, it may provide a means of distinguishing between the two.", "PMID": 1169111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2618", "title": "A simple radioimmunoassay of human placental alkaline phosphatase (Regan isoenzyme) using specific antibody polymers.", "content": "Rabbit antiserum against highly purified high-molecular-weight B-variant of human placental alkaline phosphatase (M.W. 200,000) was rendered monospecific by absorption with polymerized pooled male serum proteins; the absorbed antiserum was then polymerized with ethyl chloroformate and used in radioimmunoassay as a stable solid-phase immunoabsorbent. Homogeneous preparation of the enzyme, with a specific activity of 477 mumoles phenol per mg per min, was also obtained by absorbing the chromatographically purified enzyme with polymerized rabbit antiserum directed to whole human serum proteins; the pure enzyme was then labeled with 125-I as the tracer retaining at least 80% of its antigenicity. Only a minute quantity of the polymerized antibody particles is required for each assay in admixture with the labeled and unlabeled enzyme. By adding a small amount of starch-gel particles before low-speed centrifugation, complete phase separation was achieved. The radioimmunoassay could detect 0.4 to 0.8 ng enzyme protein per tube, which is comparable to the sensitivity achieved by enzymic assays. However, radioimmunoassay is advantageous over the enzymic assay in being direct, specific (no interference by the nonplacental-type alkaline posphatase), and capable of detecting both catalytically active and inactive forms of the enzyme. Native variants of placental-type alkaline phosphatase including Regan isoenzyme and Nagao isoenzyme (D-phenotype of normal placental alkaline phosphatase), could thus be directly determined by this procedure in the clinical specimens.", "contents": "A simple radioimmunoassay of human placental alkaline phosphatase (Regan isoenzyme) using specific antibody polymers. Rabbit antiserum against highly purified high-molecular-weight B-variant of human placental alkaline phosphatase (M.W. 200,000) was rendered monospecific by absorption with polymerized pooled male serum proteins; the absorbed antiserum was then polymerized with ethyl chloroformate and used in radioimmunoassay as a stable solid-phase immunoabsorbent. Homogeneous preparation of the enzyme, with a specific activity of 477 mumoles phenol per mg per min, was also obtained by absorbing the chromatographically purified enzyme with polymerized rabbit antiserum directed to whole human serum proteins; the pure enzyme was then labeled with 125-I as the tracer retaining at least 80% of its antigenicity. Only a minute quantity of the polymerized antibody particles is required for each assay in admixture with the labeled and unlabeled enzyme. By adding a small amount of starch-gel particles before low-speed centrifugation, complete phase separation was achieved. The radioimmunoassay could detect 0.4 to 0.8 ng enzyme protein per tube, which is comparable to the sensitivity achieved by enzymic assays. However, radioimmunoassay is advantageous over the enzymic assay in being direct, specific (no interference by the nonplacental-type alkaline posphatase), and capable of detecting both catalytically active and inactive forms of the enzyme. Native variants of placental-type alkaline phosphatase including Regan isoenzyme and Nagao isoenzyme (D-phenotype of normal placental alkaline phosphatase), could thus be directly determined by this procedure in the clinical specimens.", "PMID": 1169112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2619", "title": "Cellular differentiation of rat uterine adenocarcinoma cells by progesterone in vitro.", "content": "Transplantable cloned HTP/Cl culture was a stable line derived from a rat uterine adenocarcinoma that was induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in vivo and did not display density-dependent inhibition of growth. This HTP/Cl culture easily adapted to grow in a culture medium containing progesterone, 8 mug/ml. As compared with HTP/Cl culture, HTP/Cl/P8 culture grown in the presence of progesterone was contact inhibited, and a cellular differentiation was observed in the tumor tissues that developed after inoculation of cells. These actions of progesterone on uterine adenocarcinoma cells were completely reversible on removal of the hormone in vitro. These results appeared to indicate that progesterone was involved in the regulation of both cellular proliferation and differentiation. The possible mechanisms of the regulation of rat uterine adenocarcinoma cells by progesterone are discussed in relation to cellular levels of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate in vitro.", "contents": "Cellular differentiation of rat uterine adenocarcinoma cells by progesterone in vitro. Transplantable cloned HTP/Cl culture was a stable line derived from a rat uterine adenocarcinoma that was induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in vivo and did not display density-dependent inhibition of growth. This HTP/Cl culture easily adapted to grow in a culture medium containing progesterone, 8 mug/ml. As compared with HTP/Cl culture, HTP/Cl/P8 culture grown in the presence of progesterone was contact inhibited, and a cellular differentiation was observed in the tumor tissues that developed after inoculation of cells. These actions of progesterone on uterine adenocarcinoma cells were completely reversible on removal of the hormone in vitro. These results appeared to indicate that progesterone was involved in the regulation of both cellular proliferation and differentiation. The possible mechanisms of the regulation of rat uterine adenocarcinoma cells by progesterone are discussed in relation to cellular levels of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate in vitro.", "PMID": 1169113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2620", "title": "The synthesis of Forssman glycolipid in clones of nil 2 hamsters fibroblasts grown in monolayer or spinner culture.", "content": "The amount of Forssman glycolipid (GL-5) was investigated in two clones of Nil hamster cells grown either in monolayer or in spinner culture. GL-5 assayed by the complement-fixation inhibition test increased with increasing cell density in the monolayer. However, cells grown in spinner cultures failed to show the density-dependent response in both clones examined. Cells transformed by hamster sarcoma virus did not show the density-dependent increase of GL-5, even in cells grown in monolayer. The effect of transfer from confluent to sparse cultures on the amount and the synthesis of GL-5 was also examined. It is suggested that the GL-5 that accumulates in cells during confluency is diluted into the daughter cells and that the decrease of the Forssman lipid does not precede cell division.", "contents": "The synthesis of Forssman glycolipid in clones of nil 2 hamsters fibroblasts grown in monolayer or spinner culture. The amount of Forssman glycolipid (GL-5) was investigated in two clones of Nil hamster cells grown either in monolayer or in spinner culture. GL-5 assayed by the complement-fixation inhibition test increased with increasing cell density in the monolayer. However, cells grown in spinner cultures failed to show the density-dependent response in both clones examined. Cells transformed by hamster sarcoma virus did not show the density-dependent increase of GL-5, even in cells grown in monolayer. The effect of transfer from confluent to sparse cultures on the amount and the synthesis of GL-5 was also examined. It is suggested that the GL-5 that accumulates in cells during confluency is diluted into the daughter cells and that the decrease of the Forssman lipid does not precede cell division.", "PMID": 1169114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2621", "title": "Further evidence for a basis of selective activity and relative responsiveness during antifolate therapy of murine tumors.", "content": "A greater persistence of unbound (exchangeable) drug in tumor cells versus drug-limiting normal tissue (proliferating epithelium of small intestine) correlates with the therapeutic effects of various antifolates against a group of murine tumors. After approsimate equimolar doses (3 mg/kg i.p.) of methotrexate (MTX) methasquin (MQ), aminopterin, and N-([2,4-diamino-5-chloro-6-quinazolinyl) methyl]-amino)benzol)-L-glutamate (5-Cl-deaza-AM), total accumulation in small intestine was vie- to eight-fold greater than the dihydrofolate reductase content. Free drug persisted for less than 4 hr (MTX), 16 hr (MQ), 30 hr (aminopterin),and 48 hr (5-Cl-deaza-AM). Overall drug accumulation in L121O cells was greater (12- to 40-fold enzyme level), and drug persistence above enzyme level was more prolonged in the case of MTX (24 hr),MQ (32 hr), and 5-Cl-deaza-AM (greater than 48 hr). Persistence of aminopterin was similar to that seen in small intestine. After the same dose of each drug s.c., the results were similar in small intestine. In L121o cells, however, the total drug accumulation was much lower, but the relative persistence of each was similar to that seen after an i.p. dose. After a single optimal therapeutic dose (3, 0.75, 0.3, and 0.1 mg/kg i.p. for MTX, MQ, aminopterin, and 5-Cl-deaza-AM every other day), accumulation of each drug in for no more than 4 hr. In L121O cells, maximal accumulation of each drug also varied, but persistence differed in accordance with the relative therapeutic effectiveness of each (9 hr for 5-Cl-deaza-AM, 12 hr for aminopterin, and more than 20 hr for MTX amd MQ).", "contents": "Further evidence for a basis of selective activity and relative responsiveness during antifolate therapy of murine tumors. A greater persistence of unbound (exchangeable) drug in tumor cells versus drug-limiting normal tissue (proliferating epithelium of small intestine) correlates with the therapeutic effects of various antifolates against a group of murine tumors. After approsimate equimolar doses (3 mg/kg i.p.) of methotrexate (MTX) methasquin (MQ), aminopterin, and N-([2,4-diamino-5-chloro-6-quinazolinyl) methyl]-amino)benzol)-L-glutamate (5-Cl-deaza-AM), total accumulation in small intestine was vie- to eight-fold greater than the dihydrofolate reductase content. Free drug persisted for less than 4 hr (MTX), 16 hr (MQ), 30 hr (aminopterin),and 48 hr (5-Cl-deaza-AM). Overall drug accumulation in L121O cells was greater (12- to 40-fold enzyme level), and drug persistence above enzyme level was more prolonged in the case of MTX (24 hr),MQ (32 hr), and 5-Cl-deaza-AM (greater than 48 hr). Persistence of aminopterin was similar to that seen in small intestine. After the same dose of each drug s.c., the results were similar in small intestine. In L121o cells, however, the total drug accumulation was much lower, but the relative persistence of each was similar to that seen after an i.p. dose. After a single optimal therapeutic dose (3, 0.75, 0.3, and 0.1 mg/kg i.p. for MTX, MQ, aminopterin, and 5-Cl-deaza-AM every other day), accumulation of each drug in for no more than 4 hr. In L121O cells, maximal accumulation of each drug also varied, but persistence differed in accordance with the relative therapeutic effectiveness of each (9 hr for 5-Cl-deaza-AM, 12 hr for aminopterin, and more than 20 hr for MTX amd MQ).", "PMID": 1169115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2622", "title": "Occurrence of hemangiosarcomas in beagles with internally deposited radionuclides.", "content": "In a series of related experiments to evaluate the relative toxicity of inhaled radionuclides, beagles were exposed to aerosols containing relatively soluble (chloride) or relatively insoluble (fused clay) forms of 144-Ce and 90Sr. With the solubled 144-CeCl3, significant radiation doses were delivered to the lungs, liver, and skeleton whereas, after 90-SrCl2 exposure, the radiation dose was delivered predominantly to the skeleton. In dogs exposed to 144-Ce and 90-Sr in fused clay particles, radiation doses were delivered mostly to the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. In most dogs dying within 2 years after exposure, deaths were attributable to nonneoplastic radiation-induced lesions in the target organ systems. At later times after exposure, neoplasms were the major cause of death, again occurring mostly in target organs or the adjacent tissues. Lung liver, and bone-related neoplasms, including five hepatic hemangiosarcomas, developed after 144-CeCl3 exposure. Among the bone-related sarcomas seen in dogs exposed to 144-CeC3 or 90-SrC2, the incidence of hemangiosarcomas was over 40%. Among the 20 dogs dying with pulmonary neoplasms after exposure to 144-Ce or 90Sr in fused clay particles, all had hemangiosarcomas and several also had other neoplasms. This high after exposure and differs from results in other laboratories where beagles have been exposed to both alpha and beta-emitting radionuclides.", "contents": "Occurrence of hemangiosarcomas in beagles with internally deposited radionuclides. In a series of related experiments to evaluate the relative toxicity of inhaled radionuclides, beagles were exposed to aerosols containing relatively soluble (chloride) or relatively insoluble (fused clay) forms of 144-Ce and 90Sr. With the solubled 144-CeCl3, significant radiation doses were delivered to the lungs, liver, and skeleton whereas, after 90-SrCl2 exposure, the radiation dose was delivered predominantly to the skeleton. In dogs exposed to 144-Ce and 90-Sr in fused clay particles, radiation doses were delivered mostly to the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. In most dogs dying within 2 years after exposure, deaths were attributable to nonneoplastic radiation-induced lesions in the target organ systems. At later times after exposure, neoplasms were the major cause of death, again occurring mostly in target organs or the adjacent tissues. Lung liver, and bone-related neoplasms, including five hepatic hemangiosarcomas, developed after 144-CeCl3 exposure. Among the bone-related sarcomas seen in dogs exposed to 144-CeC3 or 90-SrC2, the incidence of hemangiosarcomas was over 40%. Among the 20 dogs dying with pulmonary neoplasms after exposure to 144-Ce or 90Sr in fused clay particles, all had hemangiosarcomas and several also had other neoplasms. This high after exposure and differs from results in other laboratories where beagles have been exposed to both alpha and beta-emitting radionuclides.", "PMID": 1169116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2623", "title": "Absence of specificity in inhibition of DNA repair replication by DNA-binding agents, cocarcinogens, and steroids in human cells.", "content": "Although many chemicals, including cocarcinogens, DNA-binding agents, and steroids, inhibit repair replication of ultraviolet-induced damage to DNA in human lymphocytes and proliferating cells in culture, none of these chemicals is specific. Our results show that all the chemicals than they inhibit repair replication. There is thus no cocarcinogens are specific inhibitors of DNA repair or that any of the chemicals studied might be useful adjuncts to tumor therapy merely because of specific inhibition of radiation repair mechanisms.", "contents": "Absence of specificity in inhibition of DNA repair replication by DNA-binding agents, cocarcinogens, and steroids in human cells. Although many chemicals, including cocarcinogens, DNA-binding agents, and steroids, inhibit repair replication of ultraviolet-induced damage to DNA in human lymphocytes and proliferating cells in culture, none of these chemicals is specific. Our results show that all the chemicals than they inhibit repair replication. There is thus no cocarcinogens are specific inhibitors of DNA repair or that any of the chemicals studied might be useful adjuncts to tumor therapy merely because of specific inhibition of radiation repair mechanisms.", "PMID": 1169117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2624", "title": "Alteration of the syncytium-forming property of XC cells by productive Moloney leukemia virus infection.", "content": "The effect of productive murine leukemia virus (MuLV) infection of the syncytium-forming property of XC cells was studied MuLV-Moloney-infected XC cells, designated XC(M), initially went through a period of spontaneous syncytium formation. The syncytia then disappeared, and XC(M) cells continued to propagate and produce both infectious MuLV and MuLV group-specific antigens. However, XC(M) cells became refractory to syncytium formation that was induced by Kirsten, Friend, Rauscher, and Moloney strains of murine oncornaviruses. These data suggest that XC(M) cells lost their syncytium-forming ability as a result of productive MuLV infection.", "contents": "Alteration of the syncytium-forming property of XC cells by productive Moloney leukemia virus infection. The effect of productive murine leukemia virus (MuLV) infection of the syncytium-forming property of XC cells was studied MuLV-Moloney-infected XC cells, designated XC(M), initially went through a period of spontaneous syncytium formation. The syncytia then disappeared, and XC(M) cells continued to propagate and produce both infectious MuLV and MuLV group-specific antigens. However, XC(M) cells became refractory to syncytium formation that was induced by Kirsten, Friend, Rauscher, and Moloney strains of murine oncornaviruses. These data suggest that XC(M) cells lost their syncytium-forming ability as a result of productive MuLV infection.", "PMID": 1169118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2625", "title": "Localization of the beta chain of human chorionic gonadotropin on human tumor cells and placental cells.", "content": "With the use of peroxidase-labeled antibody to the beta chain of human chorionic gonadotropin, sections of ten human malignant tumors were found to react with this antibody. It is postulated that both selective host immunosuppression by tumors and selective maternal immunosuppression by fetal tissues may be mediated by human chorionic gonadotropin.", "contents": "Localization of the beta chain of human chorionic gonadotropin on human tumor cells and placental cells. With the use of peroxidase-labeled antibody to the beta chain of human chorionic gonadotropin, sections of ten human malignant tumors were found to react with this antibody. It is postulated that both selective host immunosuppression by tumors and selective maternal immunosuppression by fetal tissues may be mediated by human chorionic gonadotropin.", "PMID": 1169119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2626", "title": "Growth of rhabdomyosarcoma colonies from pleural fluid.", "content": "Pleural fluid from a child previously treated for rhabdomyosarcoma produced colonies in vitro. Cells from these colonies appeared to have the light and electron microscopic appearance of rhabdomyosarcoma cells. In this case, the malignant nature of the effusion had been suspected because of the patient's previous history; however, this technique may prove useful in the diagnosis of effusion of unknown etiology.", "contents": "Growth of rhabdomyosarcoma colonies from pleural fluid. Pleural fluid from a child previously treated for rhabdomyosarcoma produced colonies in vitro. Cells from these colonies appeared to have the light and electron microscopic appearance of rhabdomyosarcoma cells. In this case, the malignant nature of the effusion had been suspected because of the patient's previous history; however, this technique may prove useful in the diagnosis of effusion of unknown etiology.", "PMID": 1169120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2627", "title": "On the water-soluble heterogalactan from the fruit bodies of Lentinus edodes.", "content": "The chemical structure of a heterogalactan isolated from the trichloracetic acid extract of the fruit bodies of Lentinus edodes is reported. It consists of a main chain of (1 yields 6)-linked alpha-D-galactopyranose residues, part of which are substituted in the 2-position either with single L-fucopyranose or D-mannopyranose residues. However, there is a possible alternative structure of a branched D-galactan in which most of the side-chains are terminated with L-fucose or D-mannose residues.", "contents": "On the water-soluble heterogalactan from the fruit bodies of Lentinus edodes. The chemical structure of a heterogalactan isolated from the trichloracetic acid extract of the fruit bodies of Lentinus edodes is reported. It consists of a main chain of (1 yields 6)-linked alpha-D-galactopyranose residues, part of which are substituted in the 2-position either with single L-fucopyranose or D-mannopyranose residues. However, there is a possible alternative structure of a branched D-galactan in which most of the side-chains are terminated with L-fucose or D-mannose residues.", "PMID": 1169121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2628", "title": "The synthesis, turnover, and artificial restoration of a major cell surface glycoprotein.", "content": "A large glycoprotein (molecular weight equals 220,000 daltons) can be isolated from the surfaces of chick embryo fibroblasts. Such a protein had been shown by others to be present on normal cells in vitro, but missing from transformed variants of these cells, suggesting a possible role in growth control. We have estimated the turnover rate of this cell surface protein (CSP) and show that it is not more rapid than that of other cell proteins. We have also examined the resynthesis of CSP after removal from cells by trypsinization. This restoration is gradual, requiring more than 24 hr, and is affected by cell density. Restoration can be blocked by cycloheximide. Using cycloheximide to maintain cells depleted of CSP, we have demonstrated that isolated CSP can be progressively reabsorbed at 37 degrees C onto these denuded cell surfaces, and that this adsorption is not observed at 4 degrees C. This information on the turnover, depletion, and restoration of CSP may provide a means of directly testing its function.", "contents": "The synthesis, turnover, and artificial restoration of a major cell surface glycoprotein. A large glycoprotein (molecular weight equals 220,000 daltons) can be isolated from the surfaces of chick embryo fibroblasts. Such a protein had been shown by others to be present on normal cells in vitro, but missing from transformed variants of these cells, suggesting a possible role in growth control. We have estimated the turnover rate of this cell surface protein (CSP) and show that it is not more rapid than that of other cell proteins. We have also examined the resynthesis of CSP after removal from cells by trypsinization. This restoration is gradual, requiring more than 24 hr, and is affected by cell density. Restoration can be blocked by cycloheximide. Using cycloheximide to maintain cells depleted of CSP, we have demonstrated that isolated CSP can be progressively reabsorbed at 37 degrees C onto these denuded cell surfaces, and that this adsorption is not observed at 4 degrees C. This information on the turnover, depletion, and restoration of CSP may provide a means of directly testing its function.", "PMID": 1169122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2629", "title": "Murine mammary gland RNA directed synthesis of casein in a heterologous cell-free protein synthesis system.", "content": "A cell-free protein synthesis system derived from Ehrlich ascites tumor cell ribosomes (S30) plus rabbit reticulocyte tRNA was developed and the activity of the system was dependent on rabbit reticulocyte ribosomal salt (0.5 M KC1) wash factors, The exogenous mRNAs from BALB/c mouse liver and the mammary gland were translated with a high efficiency in this heterologous cell-free system. Furthermore, the RNA from the lactating mammary gland faithfully directed the synthesis of casein. The presence of mouse casein in the reaction product was identified by radioimmunoprecipitation with mouse casein antiserum, co-electrophoresis of the reaction product and mouse casein the urea-polyacrylamide gel and by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel. The major portion of the lactating mammary gland RNA directed synthesis of the milk protein in the cell-free system appeared to be analogous to alphas casein,", "contents": "Murine mammary gland RNA directed synthesis of casein in a heterologous cell-free protein synthesis system. A cell-free protein synthesis system derived from Ehrlich ascites tumor cell ribosomes (S30) plus rabbit reticulocyte tRNA was developed and the activity of the system was dependent on rabbit reticulocyte ribosomal salt (0.5 M KC1) wash factors, The exogenous mRNAs from BALB/c mouse liver and the mammary gland were translated with a high efficiency in this heterologous cell-free system. Furthermore, the RNA from the lactating mammary gland faithfully directed the synthesis of casein. The presence of mouse casein in the reaction product was identified by radioimmunoprecipitation with mouse casein antiserum, co-electrophoresis of the reaction product and mouse casein the urea-polyacrylamide gel and by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel. The major portion of the lactating mammary gland RNA directed synthesis of the milk protein in the cell-free system appeared to be analogous to alphas casein,", "PMID": 1169123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2630", "title": "Serotonin transport by cultured bovine aortic endothelium.", "content": "Endothelial cells isolated from bovine aortas without prior treatment with enzymes were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 17% fetal calf serum and antibiotics. The endothelial cells at confluency (7 days) were similar to endothelium in situ or to freshly isolated endothelial cells from blood vessels as seen by light, scanning, and electron microscopy. Cultured and freshly isolated indothelial cells exposed to labeled serotonin, even in the presence of iproniazid (5 x 10-4M), took up approximately 125 and 250 pmoles 14C-serotonin/mg protein, respectively, in 3 hours. Imipramine (10-4M) reduced uptake for both cell groups. Cold (4 degrees C) and metabolic inhibitors sharply reduced serotonin uptake by both freshly isolated and cultured endothelial cells. Ouabain (10-5M) almost completely blocked serotonin transport. Six analogues of serotonin at concentrations ten times above experimental serotonin concentrations did not affect serotonin transport in the cultured endothelial cells but did reduce it in the freshly isolated endothelial cells by 50%. The data on transport suggest that serotonin uptake is not unique to pulmonary endothelium, as has been suggested previously. In addition, using cultured indothelial cells to study serotonin transport is compatible with using other serotonin model systems such as platelets, lung, or brain. Lastly, serotonin uptake by endothelial cells may involve an active transport mechanism similar to that described for the pulmonary circulation, platelets, and insect salivary glands.", "contents": "Serotonin transport by cultured bovine aortic endothelium. Endothelial cells isolated from bovine aortas without prior treatment with enzymes were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 17% fetal calf serum and antibiotics. The endothelial cells at confluency (7 days) were similar to endothelium in situ or to freshly isolated endothelial cells from blood vessels as seen by light, scanning, and electron microscopy. Cultured and freshly isolated indothelial cells exposed to labeled serotonin, even in the presence of iproniazid (5 x 10-4M), took up approximately 125 and 250 pmoles 14C-serotonin/mg protein, respectively, in 3 hours. Imipramine (10-4M) reduced uptake for both cell groups. Cold (4 degrees C) and metabolic inhibitors sharply reduced serotonin uptake by both freshly isolated and cultured endothelial cells. Ouabain (10-5M) almost completely blocked serotonin transport. Six analogues of serotonin at concentrations ten times above experimental serotonin concentrations did not affect serotonin transport in the cultured endothelial cells but did reduce it in the freshly isolated endothelial cells by 50%. The data on transport suggest that serotonin uptake is not unique to pulmonary endothelium, as has been suggested previously. In addition, using cultured indothelial cells to study serotonin transport is compatible with using other serotonin model systems such as platelets, lung, or brain. Lastly, serotonin uptake by endothelial cells may involve an active transport mechanism similar to that described for the pulmonary circulation, platelets, and insect salivary glands.", "PMID": 1169130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2631", "title": "Changes in renin, water balance, and sodium balance during development of high blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats.", "content": "In genetically hypertensive rats of the Milan hypertensive strain (MHS) and normotensive rats (NR) developed from the same Wistar stock colony, blood pressure (BP), plasma renin activity (PRA), sodium balance, and water balance were measured from the time of weaning to the seventh week postweaning in three separate but essentially identical experiments. In a fourth experiment, total and extracellular water, total sodium, and exchangeable sodium were measured in MHS and NR at 24 and 130 days of age. Although the time course of changes varied slightly between experiments, BP of both NR and MHS rose until the second and third weeks postweaning, at which time BP in MHS was 40 to 50 mm Hg higher than in NR. PRA in MHS was one-half that of NR at weaning. Increasing BP was accompanied by falling PRA in both, and PRA was not significantly different when stable, adult blood pressure was reached. Urinary volume in MHS was 50% to 100% greater (P less than 0.001) than in NR at weaning and for a few days after. Sodium was retained to a greater extent by MHS during the period when the blood pressure difference develops, from weaning to the fourth week postweaning. This sodium retention (MHS = 97.0 plus or minus 10.3, NR = 65.2 plus or minus 6.8 SE mu-Eq Na retained/g body weight gain; P less than 0.005) is the result of significantly lower urinary excretion of dietary sodium by MHS. A causative role for the kidney is suggested in the established of high blood pressure in MHS.", "contents": "Changes in renin, water balance, and sodium balance during development of high blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats. In genetically hypertensive rats of the Milan hypertensive strain (MHS) and normotensive rats (NR) developed from the same Wistar stock colony, blood pressure (BP), plasma renin activity (PRA), sodium balance, and water balance were measured from the time of weaning to the seventh week postweaning in three separate but essentially identical experiments. In a fourth experiment, total and extracellular water, total sodium, and exchangeable sodium were measured in MHS and NR at 24 and 130 days of age. Although the time course of changes varied slightly between experiments, BP of both NR and MHS rose until the second and third weeks postweaning, at which time BP in MHS was 40 to 50 mm Hg higher than in NR. PRA in MHS was one-half that of NR at weaning. Increasing BP was accompanied by falling PRA in both, and PRA was not significantly different when stable, adult blood pressure was reached. Urinary volume in MHS was 50% to 100% greater (P less than 0.001) than in NR at weaning and for a few days after. Sodium was retained to a greater extent by MHS during the period when the blood pressure difference develops, from weaning to the fourth week postweaning. This sodium retention (MHS = 97.0 plus or minus 10.3, NR = 65.2 plus or minus 6.8 SE mu-Eq Na retained/g body weight gain; P less than 0.005) is the result of significantly lower urinary excretion of dietary sodium by MHS. A causative role for the kidney is suggested in the established of high blood pressure in MHS.", "PMID": 1169131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2632", "title": "Echocardiographic features of subpulmonic obstruction in dextro-transposition of the great vessels.", "content": "Eleven patients with dextro-transposition of the great vessels (TGV) and subpulmonic (left ventriclar outflow) obstruction documented by cardiac catheterization and angiography were studied by echocardiography. Echocardiographic features were which characterized the outflow obstruction included a) prolonged diastolic apposition of the mitral valve with the ventricular septum (10 patients), b) smaller width of the pulmonary artery as compared to the aortic root (10 cases), and c) narrowing of the subpulmonic area demonstrated by beam anglation studies through the planes of the mitral valve and the pulmonary artery (five cases). In addition, four patients showed abnormal systolic anterior movements (SAMs) of the anterior mitral leaflet resembling those observed in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The SAM'S WERE LARGE IN THREE PATIENTS AND MAY HAVE ACCENTUATED THE OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION. Additional evidence for this was provided by the movement of the pulmonary valve towards closure with the onset of the mitral SAM'S. These features were uncommon or absent in a comparison group of 17 patients with TGV and no outflow obstruction. Echocardiography appears to be useful in the diagnosis of subpulmonic muscular obstruction in TGV. Demonstration of definite mitral SAM'S IN SOME PATIENTS SUGGEST THE PRESSENCE OF ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE TYPE SEEN IN IDIOPATHIC HYPERTROPHIC SUBAORTIC STENOSIS.", "contents": "Echocardiographic features of subpulmonic obstruction in dextro-transposition of the great vessels. Eleven patients with dextro-transposition of the great vessels (TGV) and subpulmonic (left ventriclar outflow) obstruction documented by cardiac catheterization and angiography were studied by echocardiography. Echocardiographic features were which characterized the outflow obstruction included a) prolonged diastolic apposition of the mitral valve with the ventricular septum (10 patients), b) smaller width of the pulmonary artery as compared to the aortic root (10 cases), and c) narrowing of the subpulmonic area demonstrated by beam anglation studies through the planes of the mitral valve and the pulmonary artery (five cases). In addition, four patients showed abnormal systolic anterior movements (SAMs) of the anterior mitral leaflet resembling those observed in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The SAM'S WERE LARGE IN THREE PATIENTS AND MAY HAVE ACCENTUATED THE OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION. Additional evidence for this was provided by the movement of the pulmonary valve towards closure with the onset of the mitral SAM'S. These features were uncommon or absent in a comparison group of 17 patients with TGV and no outflow obstruction. Echocardiography appears to be useful in the diagnosis of subpulmonic muscular obstruction in TGV. Demonstration of definite mitral SAM'S IN SOME PATIENTS SUGGEST THE PRESSENCE OF ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE TYPE SEEN IN IDIOPATHIC HYPERTROPHIC SUBAORTIC STENOSIS.", "PMID": 1169132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2633", "title": "Operative treatment in hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Techniques, and the results of pre and postoperative assessments in 83 patients.", "content": "The results of operative treatment in 83 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) are described. Most patients with the disease are asymptomatic, or derive satisfactory symptomatic improvement from nonoperative therapy: administration of propranolol, exerice limitation, control of arrhythmia, etc. Operation is required, however, in 10-15% of patients, those who remain severely symptomatic after nonoperative treatment or who become refractory to it. Operation relieves symptoms in IHSS by relieving obstruction to left ventricular outflow, and for a patient to be considered an operative candidate severe obstruction must be documented at left heart catheterization either under resting conditions or after provocative interventions. All 83 patients were severely incapacitated--58 in Class III and 24 in Class IV. Seventy had obstruction at rest (average gradient 96 mm Hg), and 13 had only provocable obstruction. At operation the hypertrophic interventricular septum was exposed via an aortotomy, and a vertical bar of muscle was resected between parallel myotomy incisions. There were six operative deaths (7%); no patient has died since 1970. Seven patients have died late after operation, five of them from causes unrelated to their heart disease or the operation. All surviving patients describe symptomatic improvement. Fifty-two patients with obstruction at rest preoperatively (average gradient 95 mm Hg) have been studied postoperatively: no resting gradient was evident in 47, while in the remaining five the gradient was less than 25 mm Hg. Recurrence  of obstruction has never been observed at late  catheterization (21 pts) or late echocardiographic examination (37 pts). Obstruction could not be provoked postoperatively in ten of the 11 patients who had large gradients only with the Valsalva maneuver or isoproterenol administration preoperatively. Obstructed and provocable obstructed patients had similar symptomatic improvement after operation. A variety of rhythm and conduction abnormalities were observed both pre and postoperatively, and these are described in detail. The results of operation in these 83 patients with IHSS  demonstrate that gratifying symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement uniformly follows left ventriculomyotomy and myectomy. Relief of obstruction and amelioration of symptoms have proved to be long-lasting during postoperative observation  periods extending to 14 years. Continued application of the operative procedure in properly selected patients appears to be indicated.", "contents": "Operative treatment in hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Techniques, and the results of pre and postoperative assessments in 83 patients. The results of operative treatment in 83 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) are described. Most patients with the disease are asymptomatic, or derive satisfactory symptomatic improvement from nonoperative therapy: administration of propranolol, exerice limitation, control of arrhythmia, etc. Operation is required, however, in 10-15% of patients, those who remain severely symptomatic after nonoperative treatment or who become refractory to it. Operation relieves symptoms in IHSS by relieving obstruction to left ventricular outflow, and for a patient to be considered an operative candidate severe obstruction must be documented at left heart catheterization either under resting conditions or after provocative interventions. All 83 patients were severely incapacitated--58 in Class III and 24 in Class IV. Seventy had obstruction at rest (average gradient 96 mm Hg), and 13 had only provocable obstruction. At operation the hypertrophic interventricular septum was exposed via an aortotomy, and a vertical bar of muscle was resected between parallel myotomy incisions. There were six operative deaths (7%); no patient has died since 1970. Seven patients have died late after operation, five of them from causes unrelated to their heart disease or the operation. All surviving patients describe symptomatic improvement. Fifty-two patients with obstruction at rest preoperatively (average gradient 95 mm Hg) have been studied postoperatively: no resting gradient was evident in 47, while in the remaining five the gradient was less than 25 mm Hg. Recurrence  of obstruction has never been observed at late  catheterization (21 pts) or late echocardiographic examination (37 pts). Obstruction could not be provoked postoperatively in ten of the 11 patients who had large gradients only with the Valsalva maneuver or isoproterenol administration preoperatively. Obstructed and provocable obstructed patients had similar symptomatic improvement after operation. A variety of rhythm and conduction abnormalities were observed both pre and postoperatively, and these are described in detail. The results of operation in these 83 patients with IHSS  demonstrate that gratifying symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement uniformly follows left ventriculomyotomy and myectomy. Relief of obstruction and amelioration of symptoms have proved to be long-lasting during postoperative observation  periods extending to 14 years. Continued application of the operative procedure in properly selected patients appears to be indicated.", "PMID": 1169134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2634", "title": "Standards for total serum protein assays--a collaborative study.", "content": "We have studied the standardization of total serum protein assay with the biuret reaction. Standard solutions were prepared from lyophilized preparations of human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin, with corrections made for volatile material and ash contents. These solutions and a solution of crystalline albumin standard were analyzed with a new stable biuret reagent, to establish absorptivity values (values for the absorbance of a 1 g/liter final reaction mixture). The mean values obtained were 0.302, 0.292, and 0.290 for human serum albumin, bovine serum albumin, and the crystalline albumin, respectively. We believe that the established absorptivity value will improve the accuracy of serum protein determinations. We studied the linearity of the relation between color produced and protein concentration, with use of the solutions described above and a serum pool. The color adheres to Beer's law up to the highest concentration tested: 3 g/liter for HSA and BSA, and 2.8 g/liter for serum in the final reaction mixture. The new biuret reagent has been stable for one year at room temperature. We recommend the use of bovine serum albumin as a primary standard for serum protein assays. It is inexpensive, easily available, and exhibits the best linearity in the biuret reaction.", "contents": "Standards for total serum protein assays--a collaborative study. We have studied the standardization of total serum protein assay with the biuret reaction. Standard solutions were prepared from lyophilized preparations of human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin, with corrections made for volatile material and ash contents. These solutions and a solution of crystalline albumin standard were analyzed with a new stable biuret reagent, to establish absorptivity values (values for the absorbance of a 1 g/liter final reaction mixture). The mean values obtained were 0.302, 0.292, and 0.290 for human serum albumin, bovine serum albumin, and the crystalline albumin, respectively. We believe that the established absorptivity value will improve the accuracy of serum protein determinations. We studied the linearity of the relation between color produced and protein concentration, with use of the solutions described above and a serum pool. The color adheres to Beer's law up to the highest concentration tested: 3 g/liter for HSA and BSA, and 2.8 g/liter for serum in the final reaction mixture. The new biuret reagent has been stable for one year at room temperature. We recommend the use of bovine serum albumin as a primary standard for serum protein assays. It is inexpensive, easily available, and exhibits the best linearity in the biuret reaction.", "PMID": 1169135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2635", "title": "A rapid 5 hour radioimmunoassay of progesterone and oestradiol in human plasma.", "content": "A rapid 5 h radioimmunoassay method for the determination of progesterone and oestradiol in the plasma of non-pregnant women is described. Due to the high specificity of the antisera used, it is possible to perform the radioimmunoassay directly on the ether extracts of plasma, without employing chromatographic purification of the steroids. Evidence is presented indicating that the rapid assay is almost as reliable as the previously described radioimmunoassay method which involves chromatography. The within-assay and between-assay coefficients of variation in the progesterone assay were 7-74 and 14-9 and in the oestradiol assay 7-36 and 18-1 respectively. Comparisons between increasing doses of authentic hormone and endogenous hormone extracted from plasma indicated no deviation from parallelism. Progesterone and oestradiol were assayed in 300 plasma samples by the rapid method and by the method involving chromatography. The slopes obtained by a regression analysis were close to unity for both progesterone and oestradiol (1-04 and 1-06, respectively), the y-intercepts were - 0-21 and 0-16 and the correlation coefficients 0-98 and 0-88, respectively. When the data obtained by both techniques in fourteen menstrual cycles were compared, the results were practically identical. In ten repeated studies conducted by four investigators it was shown that two workers can complete the assay of both progesterone and oestradiol in twenty-five plasma samples in duplicates with 5 h. The same time required for the assay of either progesterone or oestradiol in twenty-five duplicates by one worker.", "contents": "A rapid 5 hour radioimmunoassay of progesterone and oestradiol in human plasma. A rapid 5 h radioimmunoassay method for the determination of progesterone and oestradiol in the plasma of non-pregnant women is described. Due to the high specificity of the antisera used, it is possible to perform the radioimmunoassay directly on the ether extracts of plasma, without employing chromatographic purification of the steroids. Evidence is presented indicating that the rapid assay is almost as reliable as the previously described radioimmunoassay method which involves chromatography. The within-assay and between-assay coefficients of variation in the progesterone assay were 7-74 and 14-9 and in the oestradiol assay 7-36 and 18-1 respectively. Comparisons between increasing doses of authentic hormone and endogenous hormone extracted from plasma indicated no deviation from parallelism. Progesterone and oestradiol were assayed in 300 plasma samples by the rapid method and by the method involving chromatography. The slopes obtained by a regression analysis were close to unity for both progesterone and oestradiol (1-04 and 1-06, respectively), the y-intercepts were - 0-21 and 0-16 and the correlation coefficients 0-98 and 0-88, respectively. When the data obtained by both techniques in fourteen menstrual cycles were compared, the results were practically identical. In ten repeated studies conducted by four investigators it was shown that two workers can complete the assay of both progesterone and oestradiol in twenty-five plasma samples in duplicates with 5 h. The same time required for the assay of either progesterone or oestradiol in twenty-five duplicates by one worker.", "PMID": 1169136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2636", "title": "Visual attention to size and number of pattern details by term and preterm infants during the first six months.", "content": "2 dimensions inversely varied in previous complexity studies using checker-boards were varied independently. Patterns with more elements, angles, and information as well as patterns with larger elements received longer fixation at all ages, but initially prepotent size preferences decreased with age while number preferences became stronger. Further analysis showed the inadequency of contour length as the stimulus determinant for, or of increasing \"optimal complexity\" with age as the interpretation of, these previous findings. Term-preterm comparisons at 5-week intervals proved changes were a function of prenatal plus postnatal development rather than age from birth alone.", "contents": "Visual attention to size and number of pattern details by term and preterm infants during the first six months. 2 dimensions inversely varied in previous complexity studies using checker-boards were varied independently. Patterns with more elements, angles, and information as well as patterns with larger elements received longer fixation at all ages, but initially prepotent size preferences decreased with age while number preferences became stronger. Further analysis showed the inadequency of contour length as the stimulus determinant for, or of increasing \"optimal complexity\" with age as the interpretation of, these previous findings. Term-preterm comparisons at 5-week intervals proved changes were a function of prenatal plus postnatal development rather than age from birth alone.", "PMID": 1169139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2637", "title": "[Galactography of the female breast (author's transl)].", "content": "Breast lesions were diagnosed in 1518 patients among 8432 who had had mammography [ 19%].  In 324 there was the characteristic appearance of \"secretory disease\" .  Additional uni- or bilateral galactography was performed in 458 womenbecause of breast secretion.  A normal milkduct system was found in 29.6% of them; ductalectasia with a lumen above 3 mm diameter was present in 14.6%.  The most common cause ofsecretions was small cysts as part of a small-cystic mammary fibrosis or fibrocysticdisease of the breast [ 32.6%].  Intraductal proliferation was present in 21% of allgalactograms, occult carcinoma in 3 [ 0.7%].  It would seem that a secreting breast isnot as common an early symptom of mammary carcinoma as sometimes stated.  The most commoncomplication of galactography was mastitis [ more or less severe], almost always re-sponding to oxyphenbutazone administration.", "contents": "[Galactography of the female breast (author's transl)]. Breast lesions were diagnosed in 1518 patients among 8432 who had had mammography [ 19%].  In 324 there was the characteristic appearance of \"secretory disease\" .  Additional uni- or bilateral galactography was performed in 458 womenbecause of breast secretion.  A normal milkduct system was found in 29.6% of them; ductalectasia with a lumen above 3 mm diameter was present in 14.6%.  The most common cause ofsecretions was small cysts as part of a small-cystic mammary fibrosis or fibrocysticdisease of the breast [ 32.6%].  Intraductal proliferation was present in 21% of allgalactograms, occult carcinoma in 3 [ 0.7%].  It would seem that a secreting breast isnot as common an early symptom of mammary carcinoma as sometimes stated.  The most commoncomplication of galactography was mastitis [ more or less severe], almost always re-sponding to oxyphenbutazone administration.", "PMID": 1169144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2638", "title": "[Acute renal failure after intracranial injury in three children: analysis of possible causes (author's transl)].", "content": "In three children (aged 6-8 years)acute renal failure developed three to five days after head injury. After emergency treatment and measures to prevent cerebral oedema, two of the children were given simultaneously dextran, cefalotin, gentaminic and beta-aescin. The dosage of these drugs was much higher than the usual upper limbs, beta-aescin in doses as high as 10 to 20 fold above recommended maximum. There was no proven connection between the drugs and their dosage and renal failure, because many factors were involved. However, in intensive treatment for children an exact control of drug dosage essential because toxic side effects of different drugs can be potentiated. All three children were haemodialysed, renal function recovered and all were discharged without organic sequelae.", "contents": "[Acute renal failure after intracranial injury in three children: analysis of possible causes (author's transl)]. In three children (aged 6-8 years)acute renal failure developed three to five days after head injury. After emergency treatment and measures to prevent cerebral oedema, two of the children were given simultaneously dextran, cefalotin, gentaminic and beta-aescin. The dosage of these drugs was much higher than the usual upper limbs, beta-aescin in doses as high as 10 to 20 fold above recommended maximum. There was no proven connection between the drugs and their dosage and renal failure, because many factors were involved. However, in intensive treatment for children an exact control of drug dosage essential because toxic side effects of different drugs can be potentiated. All three children were haemodialysed, renal function recovered and all were discharged without organic sequelae.", "PMID": 1169145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2639", "title": "The semen of fertile men: statistical analysis of 1300 men.", "content": "The prevasectomy semen analyses of 1300 men who had fathered at least two children were studied. The ages of the men ranged from 23 to 64 years, with a mean age of 39.6 years; 84% of the men were Caucasian, 5% were black, and 5% were of other ethnic groups; 32% of the men were Roman Catholic, 26% Jewish, 22% Protestant, and 11% professed no religion; in 9% religion was not recorded. The number of children ranged from 2 (48%) and 3 (30.6%) to 10 (0.1%). The volume of the ejaculate ranged from 0.1 to 11.0 ml, with a mean of 3.2 ml plus or minus 1.4 SD. Sperm density ranged from 1.5 to 375 million/ml, with an arithmetic mean of 79 million/ml plus or minus 57 SD; however, the logarithmic or geometric mean was chosen as being more representative of the asymmetric distribution under study. The geometric mean was 65 million/ml, with standard deviation limits of 30 to 142 million/ml, figures that correspond to the 16th and 84th percentiles. The percentage of motile sperm ranged from 5 to 95%, with a mean of 65% plus or minus 22 SD. The grade of sperm motility, according to MacLeod and Gold's classification (Fertil Steril 2:187, 1951) of 0 to 4, ranged from 1 to 4, with a mean grade of 3. There were 25 men (2%) with a sperm count below 10 million/ml and 26 (2%) in whom the percentage of motile sperm was less than 20%. Polyzoospermy (count greater than 250 million/ml) was found in 15 men (1.2%); one or more spontaneous abortions had occurred in six of the spouses of these men (40%), whereas the over-all spontaneous abortion rate was 7% and the spontaneous abortion rate for wives of men with sperm counts below 10 million/ml was 4%. A positive relationship was found between sperm density and percentage of motile sperm; the relationship between motility and the logarithm of sperm density was represented by a straight line (a 10-fold increase in sperm count was accompanied by an increase of 20.4% in sperm motility); the slope of the line was highly significant, although the correlation coefficient was weak (0.27). A similarly positive relationship was found between sperm density and grade of motility; however, the correlation coefficient was also weak (0.22). The relationship between the grade of motility and the proportion of motile sperm also positive, was reasonably large (0.70), although its significance is questionable because of the crudeness of the scale utilized to assess the grade of sperm motility. A comparison of the findings with those of similar studies was made.", "contents": "The semen of fertile men: statistical analysis of 1300 men. The prevasectomy semen analyses of 1300 men who had fathered at least two children were studied. The ages of the men ranged from 23 to 64 years, with a mean age of 39.6 years; 84% of the men were Caucasian, 5% were black, and 5% were of other ethnic groups; 32% of the men were Roman Catholic, 26% Jewish, 22% Protestant, and 11% professed no religion; in 9% religion was not recorded. The number of children ranged from 2 (48%) and 3 (30.6%) to 10 (0.1%). The volume of the ejaculate ranged from 0.1 to 11.0 ml, with a mean of 3.2 ml plus or minus 1.4 SD. Sperm density ranged from 1.5 to 375 million/ml, with an arithmetic mean of 79 million/ml plus or minus 57 SD; however, the logarithmic or geometric mean was chosen as being more representative of the asymmetric distribution under study. The geometric mean was 65 million/ml, with standard deviation limits of 30 to 142 million/ml, figures that correspond to the 16th and 84th percentiles. The percentage of motile sperm ranged from 5 to 95%, with a mean of 65% plus or minus 22 SD. The grade of sperm motility, according to MacLeod and Gold's classification (Fertil Steril 2:187, 1951) of 0 to 4, ranged from 1 to 4, with a mean grade of 3. There were 25 men (2%) with a sperm count below 10 million/ml and 26 (2%) in whom the percentage of motile sperm was less than 20%. Polyzoospermy (count greater than 250 million/ml) was found in 15 men (1.2%); one or more spontaneous abortions had occurred in six of the spouses of these men (40%), whereas the over-all spontaneous abortion rate was 7% and the spontaneous abortion rate for wives of men with sperm counts below 10 million/ml was 4%. A positive relationship was found between sperm density and percentage of motile sperm; the relationship between motility and the logarithm of sperm density was represented by a straight line (a 10-fold increase in sperm count was accompanied by an increase of 20.4% in sperm motility); the slope of the line was highly significant, although the correlation coefficient was weak (0.27). A similarly positive relationship was found between sperm density and grade of motility; however, the correlation coefficient was also weak (0.22). The relationship between the grade of motility and the proportion of motile sperm also positive, was reasonably large (0.70), although its significance is questionable because of the crudeness of the scale utilized to assess the grade of sperm motility. A comparison of the findings with those of similar studies was made.", "PMID": 1169171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2640", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on polyspermic penetration of zona pellucida-free human oocytes inseminated in vitro.", "content": "An ultrastructural analysis of polyspermic human ova, obtained by insemination in vitro of zona pellucida-free oocytes, has demonstrated the following: 1. Sperm with an intact or reacted acrosome fuse equally well with the oocyte, and the sperm head is incorporated first. Sperm flagellum entry into the ooplasm is accomplished by sliding, while the sperm plasma membrane is being incorporated into the vitelline membrane. 2. Dismantling of the sperm flagellum within the ooplasm rapidly occurs by dispersion and disintegration successively of the mitochondria, the outer dense fibers of the midpiece, and the fibrous sheath of the principal piece. The axial filament complex persists much longer, and can be demonstrated by electron microscopy for 24 hours or more postinsemination. 3. The mode of assembly of the male pronucleus membrane and the incorporation of maternal chromosomes into the female pronucleus. 4. The vital role of the zona pellucida, which appears to be the essential, if not the unique, site of the block to polyspermy.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on polyspermic penetration of zona pellucida-free human oocytes inseminated in vitro. An ultrastructural analysis of polyspermic human ova, obtained by insemination in vitro of zona pellucida-free oocytes, has demonstrated the following: 1. Sperm with an intact or reacted acrosome fuse equally well with the oocyte, and the sperm head is incorporated first. Sperm flagellum entry into the ooplasm is accomplished by sliding, while the sperm plasma membrane is being incorporated into the vitelline membrane. 2. Dismantling of the sperm flagellum within the ooplasm rapidly occurs by dispersion and disintegration successively of the mitochondria, the outer dense fibers of the midpiece, and the fibrous sheath of the principal piece. The axial filament complex persists much longer, and can be demonstrated by electron microscopy for 24 hours or more postinsemination. 3. The mode of assembly of the male pronucleus membrane and the incorporation of maternal chromosomes into the female pronucleus. 4. The vital role of the zona pellucida, which appears to be the essential, if not the unique, site of the block to polyspermy.", "PMID": 1169172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2641", "title": "Estrogen secretion and its relation to corpus luteum formation in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) given melatonin.", "content": "Daily injection of 10 mg of melatonin from the 7th through the 17th day of the menstrual cycle in the crab-eating monkey delays the appearance of increased secretion of progesterone or prevents it altogether. In the cycles following melatonin treatment, the time in the cycle when the preovulatory estrogen rise occurs is more variable and the frequency of a second estrogen peak increases.", "contents": "Estrogen secretion and its relation to corpus luteum formation in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) given melatonin. Daily injection of 10 mg of melatonin from the 7th through the 17th day of the menstrual cycle in the crab-eating monkey delays the appearance of increased secretion of progesterone or prevents it altogether. In the cycles following melatonin treatment, the time in the cycle when the preovulatory estrogen rise occurs is more variable and the frequency of a second estrogen peak increases.", "PMID": 1169173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2642", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the liver associated with Fowler's solution (potassium arsenite).", "content": "A patient with an angiosarcoma of the liver associated with the chronic ingestion of Fowler's solution (potassium arsenite) is described. The patient's clinical course was characterized by upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, recurrent hemoperitoneum, hepatic failure, and, subsequently, the appearance of an angiosarcoma of the skin. Selective angiography demonstrated features consistent with both hepatoma and cavernous hemangioma. The hepatic toxicity and the carcinogenicity of arsenic are reviewed, with particular reference to Fowler's solution, which previously has been widely used for the treatment of psoriasis. The long latency period for the development of the malignancies is emphasized.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the liver associated with Fowler's solution (potassium arsenite). A patient with an angiosarcoma of the liver associated with the chronic ingestion of Fowler's solution (potassium arsenite) is described. The patient's clinical course was characterized by upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, recurrent hemoperitoneum, hepatic failure, and, subsequently, the appearance of an angiosarcoma of the skin. Selective angiography demonstrated features consistent with both hepatoma and cavernous hemangioma. The hepatic toxicity and the carcinogenicity of arsenic are reviewed, with particular reference to Fowler's solution, which previously has been widely used for the treatment of psoriasis. The long latency period for the development of the malignancies is emphasized.", "PMID": 1169181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2643", "title": "[Severe incontinence of urine II degrees and its surgical treatment. (Indications for typical operations in cases of incontinence of urine and their results) (author's transl)].", "content": "Various surgical methods for the treatment of severe incontinence of urine II degrees can be used. The aim of the present study was to apply primarily in 255 cases of severe stress incontinence. II degrees the specific surgical procedure for treatment: 123 cases of cysto-rectocele repair including vaginal hysterectomy, 71 cases of puborectalis repair, 43 cases of urethrovesicosuspension operation with or without abdominal/vaginal supplementary procedures, till 1970 12 cases of combined operations and finally beginning in 1973 6 cases of dura-sling operation. Indications and principles of surgical intervention are described according to clinical intern procedures. Puborectalis repair (Franz operation) and pubococzygeus repair (Ingelman-Sundberg operation) in cases of missing prolapse combined with severe incontinence gave rather good results. The basis for optimum results after operative treatment of patients with stress incontinence is a detailed pre-operative diagnosis; The most specific operative procedure from the beginning seems to us more recommendable than routine cysto- rectocele repair including a second more specified operation in cases of relapse.", "contents": "[Severe incontinence of urine II degrees and its surgical treatment. (Indications for typical operations in cases of incontinence of urine and their results) (author's transl)]. Various surgical methods for the treatment of severe incontinence of urine II degrees can be used. The aim of the present study was to apply primarily in 255 cases of severe stress incontinence. II degrees the specific surgical procedure for treatment: 123 cases of cysto-rectocele repair including vaginal hysterectomy, 71 cases of puborectalis repair, 43 cases of urethrovesicosuspension operation with or without abdominal/vaginal supplementary procedures, till 1970 12 cases of combined operations and finally beginning in 1973 6 cases of dura-sling operation. Indications and principles of surgical intervention are described according to clinical intern procedures. Puborectalis repair (Franz operation) and pubococzygeus repair (Ingelman-Sundberg operation) in cases of missing prolapse combined with severe incontinence gave rather good results. The basis for optimum results after operative treatment of patients with stress incontinence is a detailed pre-operative diagnosis; The most specific operative procedure from the beginning seems to us more recommendable than routine cysto- rectocele repair including a second more specified operation in cases of relapse.", "PMID": 1169182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2644", "title": "[Induction of ovulation with Epimestrol (author's transl)].", "content": "Epimestrol 5 mg. daily for 10 days was administered in 119 treatment cycles to 21 women with normal gonadotropins and 33 ovulations were induced. Of the 21 patients, 7 had secondary amenorrhea, 10 had anovulatory oligomenorrhea and 4 had ovulatory oligomenorrhea. 17 patients desired pregnancies and 6 became pregnant. There was 1 pregnancy among 5 women with secondary amenorrhea. There were 3 pregnancies among 9 patients with anovulatory oligomenorrhea and 2 pregnancies in 3 patients with ovulatory oligomenorrhea. The pregnancy rate was 35%. Side effects were not observed.", "contents": "[Induction of ovulation with Epimestrol (author's transl)]. Epimestrol 5 mg. daily for 10 days was administered in 119 treatment cycles to 21 women with normal gonadotropins and 33 ovulations were induced. Of the 21 patients, 7 had secondary amenorrhea, 10 had anovulatory oligomenorrhea and 4 had ovulatory oligomenorrhea. 17 patients desired pregnancies and 6 became pregnant. There was 1 pregnancy among 5 women with secondary amenorrhea. There were 3 pregnancies among 9 patients with anovulatory oligomenorrhea and 2 pregnancies in 3 patients with ovulatory oligomenorrhea. The pregnancy rate was 35%. Side effects were not observed.", "PMID": 1169183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2645", "title": "[Effects of various psychotropic drugs on self-stimulation behavior in the rat].", "content": "Effects of various psychotropic drugs on tegmental and hypothalamic self-stimulation behavior in rats with chronically implanted electrodes in the brain were studied. Effects of elecrtical stimulation in several brain structures on self-stimulation behavior and influences of drugs on the stimulation effect were also investigated. The hypothalamic self-stimulation behavior was more markedly inhibited by chlorpromazine than the tegmental self-stimulation, whereas the latter was more strongly inhibited by diazepam. The effects of pentobarbital on the self-stimulation behavior were similar to those of diazepam. Methamphetamine facilitated both the tegmental and hypothalamic self-stimulation behavior. Suppressive effect of hypothalamic stimulation on the tegmental self-stimulation behavior was inhibed by chlorpromazine, while those of amygdaloid and septal stimulation were augmented. All the effects of hypothalamic, amygdaloid and septal stimulating on the tegmental self-stimulation behavior were inhibed by diazepam and pentobarbital, while these were facilitated by methamphetamine. Suppressive effects of tegmental, amygdaloid and septal stimulation on the hypothalamic self-stimulation behavior were all facilitated by both chlorpromazine and methamphetamine. The effects of amygdaloid and septal stimulation on this behavior were inhibed by diazepam and pentobarbital, while those of tegmental stimulation were enhanced. The effects of imipramine, in all experiments, were variable in each rat and not significant.", "contents": "[Effects of various psychotropic drugs on self-stimulation behavior in the rat]. Effects of various psychotropic drugs on tegmental and hypothalamic self-stimulation behavior in rats with chronically implanted electrodes in the brain were studied. Effects of elecrtical stimulation in several brain structures on self-stimulation behavior and influences of drugs on the stimulation effect were also investigated. The hypothalamic self-stimulation behavior was more markedly inhibited by chlorpromazine than the tegmental self-stimulation, whereas the latter was more strongly inhibited by diazepam. The effects of pentobarbital on the self-stimulation behavior were similar to those of diazepam. Methamphetamine facilitated both the tegmental and hypothalamic self-stimulation behavior. Suppressive effect of hypothalamic stimulation on the tegmental self-stimulation behavior was inhibed by chlorpromazine, while those of amygdaloid and septal stimulation were augmented. All the effects of hypothalamic, amygdaloid and septal stimulating on the tegmental self-stimulation behavior were inhibed by diazepam and pentobarbital, while these were facilitated by methamphetamine. Suppressive effects of tegmental, amygdaloid and septal stimulation on the hypothalamic self-stimulation behavior were all facilitated by both chlorpromazine and methamphetamine. The effects of amygdaloid and septal stimulation on this behavior were inhibed by diazepam and pentobarbital, while those of tegmental stimulation were enhanced. The effects of imipramine, in all experiments, were variable in each rat and not significant.", "PMID": 1169189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2646", "title": "[Pharmacological studies on the cough reflex].", "content": "The artificially induced cough reflex in experimental animals should necessarily be similar to the cough which occurs naturally in humans. The curve demonstrated during a cough of each patient with respiratory disease was characteristic. Compared with the curve of a cough-like reflex (CLR) induced by DMPP, the curve of a cough induced by electrical stimulation of the tracheal mucosa was similar to that of a cough in humans. In dogs and cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose (80 similar to 100 mg/kg i.p.), the number of CLR with DMPP was dose dependent. Tachphylaxis did not occur despite repeated administration of DMPP. DMPP (5 similar to 10 mug/kg i.v.) did not affect airway resistance. CLR with DMPP was depressed not only by morphine, codeine, oxymethebanol, picoperidamine, piclobetol and hexacol but also by hexamethonium. Thus, it appears that the mechanism of CLR with DMPP is different from that in the cough reflex. This CLR may be utilized for determining the physiology of cough reflex and the site of action of antitussives.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies on the cough reflex]. The artificially induced cough reflex in experimental animals should necessarily be similar to the cough which occurs naturally in humans. The curve demonstrated during a cough of each patient with respiratory disease was characteristic. Compared with the curve of a cough-like reflex (CLR) induced by DMPP, the curve of a cough induced by electrical stimulation of the tracheal mucosa was similar to that of a cough in humans. In dogs and cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose (80 similar to 100 mg/kg i.p.), the number of CLR with DMPP was dose dependent. Tachphylaxis did not occur despite repeated administration of DMPP. DMPP (5 similar to 10 mug/kg i.v.) did not affect airway resistance. CLR with DMPP was depressed not only by morphine, codeine, oxymethebanol, picoperidamine, piclobetol and hexacol but also by hexamethonium. Thus, it appears that the mechanism of CLR with DMPP is different from that in the cough reflex. This CLR may be utilized for determining the physiology of cough reflex and the site of action of antitussives.", "PMID": 1169190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2647", "title": "[Comparison of development of drug dependence in naive and drug dependence-experienced rats].", "content": "Phenobarbital, chordiazepoxide, diazepam and/or morphine were repeatedly administered to both male and female rats (N equals 10) for 4 similar to 6 weeks. The drug dose was gradully increased from 5 to 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg once daily (p.o) at seven day intervals. In the case of morphine, the last dose was 40 mg/kg. The drugs were constantly withdrawn for 24 hr at 8 day intervvals. None of the rats were given drugs for 16 days after administration of the last scheduled dose in order to recover their initial weight (Exp. I). Onset of dependence formation, decrease in body weight and food intake, days required to reach the maximum decrease in body weight and duration of withdrawal signs were observed throughout this experiment. The rats (drug dependence-experimented rats) who survived the first stage of this experiment were continuously subjected to re-administration by the same dosage schedule as in Exp. I (seven days of drug administration, 48hr of withdrawal). The re-administered rats showed a more rapid onset of dependence formation and a longer duration of decreas in boy weight during 16 days withdrawal than did the naive rats. It is concluded, that in addition to the decrease in body weight by withdrawal plus duration of the withdrawal signs, the onset of drug dependence formation is also a specific factor.", "contents": "[Comparison of development of drug dependence in naive and drug dependence-experienced rats]. Phenobarbital, chordiazepoxide, diazepam and/or morphine were repeatedly administered to both male and female rats (N equals 10) for 4 similar to 6 weeks. The drug dose was gradully increased from 5 to 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg once daily (p.o) at seven day intervals. In the case of morphine, the last dose was 40 mg/kg. The drugs were constantly withdrawn for 24 hr at 8 day intervvals. None of the rats were given drugs for 16 days after administration of the last scheduled dose in order to recover their initial weight (Exp. I). Onset of dependence formation, decrease in body weight and food intake, days required to reach the maximum decrease in body weight and duration of withdrawal signs were observed throughout this experiment. The rats (drug dependence-experimented rats) who survived the first stage of this experiment were continuously subjected to re-administration by the same dosage schedule as in Exp. I (seven days of drug administration, 48hr of withdrawal). The re-administered rats showed a more rapid onset of dependence formation and a longer duration of decreas in boy weight during 16 days withdrawal than did the naive rats. It is concluded, that in addition to the decrease in body weight by withdrawal plus duration of the withdrawal signs, the onset of drug dependence formation is also a specific factor.", "PMID": 1169191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2648", "title": "[Reproducibility of copper sulfate emesis by oral administration in dogs].", "content": "Twelve dogs were administered oral threshold doses of copper sulfate every week. In 66 out of 85 cases, dogs vomited. One dog vomited in 1st and 2nd tests, but did not respond in the other 6 tests. Excluding this one, the reproducibility was 82%. The following method is thus proposed for application in evaluating an antiemetic for oral copper sulfate. Small dogs, weighing 7-14 kg, are to be kept in a constant condition during the quarantine and tests and given the emetic once a week. The threshold dose is determined in three dose levels; 20, 40, 80 mg/head. The dogs with a threshold of more than 80 mg or latency of less than 5 min or of more than 45 min are to be excluded. Inhibition of emesis or a considerable prolongation of latency is the sign of an antiemetic action. A positive action of an antiemetic must be followed by another test with the threshold dose of copper sulfate alone. If the dog does not respond to the threshold dose after 2 administrations, the case must be excluded. To evaluate an antiemetic at least 5 cases are needed. Inhibition of more than 50% appears to be the positive response.", "contents": "[Reproducibility of copper sulfate emesis by oral administration in dogs]. Twelve dogs were administered oral threshold doses of copper sulfate every week. In 66 out of 85 cases, dogs vomited. One dog vomited in 1st and 2nd tests, but did not respond in the other 6 tests. Excluding this one, the reproducibility was 82%. The following method is thus proposed for application in evaluating an antiemetic for oral copper sulfate. Small dogs, weighing 7-14 kg, are to be kept in a constant condition during the quarantine and tests and given the emetic once a week. The threshold dose is determined in three dose levels; 20, 40, 80 mg/head. The dogs with a threshold of more than 80 mg or latency of less than 5 min or of more than 45 min are to be excluded. Inhibition of emesis or a considerable prolongation of latency is the sign of an antiemetic action. A positive action of an antiemetic must be followed by another test with the threshold dose of copper sulfate alone. If the dog does not respond to the threshold dose after 2 administrations, the case must be excluded. To evaluate an antiemetic at least 5 cases are needed. Inhibition of more than 50% appears to be the positive response.", "PMID": 1169192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2649", "title": "[Effects of exogenous sodium and potassium on tonus and drug-induced contractions of the pulmonary artery strip of the rabbits with special reference to their relationship to calcium].", "content": "Using the spiral strips of pulmonary artery from rabbits, effects of the modified contents of Na and K in the bath solution (BS) (Locke solution) on the tonus and the contractile responses to K, noradrenaline (NA) and Ba were investigated in relation to Ca. Removal of Na from BS by replacing NaCl with LiCl accelerated the release and influx of Ca in a short time but inhibited both 40 min later. Increase of Na in BS inhibited both the Ca influx and the Ca release from the storage site of loosely-bound Ca without affecting that of tightly-bound Ca. Evidence was obtained suggesting that Na in BS plays an important role in the uptake of intracellular Ca to the storage site. Removal of K accelerated the release and the influx of Ca in a short time but inhibited both after a long time. Data obtained suggested that Na increase or K removal inhibited the binding of NA to the adrenergic receptor. A single application of high concentrations of K (followed by washout) to the normal BS was markedly effective in restoring the preparation from its decreased contractile responses to NA or Ba following a long exposure to the Na (-), Ca (-) or the K (-), Ca (-) BS. It was suggested that this restoring effect of K is due to excitation of the cell membrane and repletion of the depleted storage site of Ca.", "contents": "[Effects of exogenous sodium and potassium on tonus and drug-induced contractions of the pulmonary artery strip of the rabbits with special reference to their relationship to calcium]. Using the spiral strips of pulmonary artery from rabbits, effects of the modified contents of Na and K in the bath solution (BS) (Locke solution) on the tonus and the contractile responses to K, noradrenaline (NA) and Ba were investigated in relation to Ca. Removal of Na from BS by replacing NaCl with LiCl accelerated the release and influx of Ca in a short time but inhibited both 40 min later. Increase of Na in BS inhibited both the Ca influx and the Ca release from the storage site of loosely-bound Ca without affecting that of tightly-bound Ca. Evidence was obtained suggesting that Na in BS plays an important role in the uptake of intracellular Ca to the storage site. Removal of K accelerated the release and the influx of Ca in a short time but inhibited both after a long time. Data obtained suggested that Na increase or K removal inhibited the binding of NA to the adrenergic receptor. A single application of high concentrations of K (followed by washout) to the normal BS was markedly effective in restoring the preparation from its decreased contractile responses to NA or Ba following a long exposure to the Na (-), Ca (-) or the K (-), Ca (-) BS. It was suggested that this restoring effect of K is due to excitation of the cell membrane and repletion of the depleted storage site of Ca.", "PMID": 1169193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2650", "title": "[Stress state caused by alteration of rhythms in environmental temperature, and the functional changes in mice and rats].", "content": "Exactly how the organic mechanism corresponds to variations of environmental temperature has not been clarified and for elucidation we reared mice and rats under the conditions of alterating rhythm in temperature (ART). Mice (or rats) were reared at a temperature of 24 degrees C and 8 degrees C (or -3 degrees C) every hour continuously from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. and at 8 degrees C (or -3 C) from 5 p.m. to the following 10 a.m. Severe stress was evidenced in the animals and was termed specific ART-stress (SART-stress). In this type of stress, there was no apparent increase in body weight, respiration and heart rate were increased slightly and the QRS-time on the ECG was prolonged. ACh sensitivity of the isolated duodenum tested by the Magnus method in SART-stress mice was found to have declined considerably as compared to the normal. Histological observation of the SART-stress rats revealed that the wet weight of the spleen was lighter than that of the controls, while that of the lungs, heart, liver, stomach, kidneys and adrenal glands was close to that of control. Macroscopically, red brown spots of the lungs were visible. Ventricular hypertrophy, slight erosion and hyperemia were present in the interior of the stomach. On the galvanic skin response (GSR) test, electrical resistance of the skin of SART-stress rats was less than that of normal rats and the rate of increase of resistance caused by external stimulus was greater. Recovery time from change in GSR was shorter than in normal animals. Consequently, SART-stress appears to be a form of disease and sudden changes in temperature even in humans may contribute to this state.", "contents": "[Stress state caused by alteration of rhythms in environmental temperature, and the functional changes in mice and rats]. Exactly how the organic mechanism corresponds to variations of environmental temperature has not been clarified and for elucidation we reared mice and rats under the conditions of alterating rhythm in temperature (ART). Mice (or rats) were reared at a temperature of 24 degrees C and 8 degrees C (or -3 degrees C) every hour continuously from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. and at 8 degrees C (or -3 C) from 5 p.m. to the following 10 a.m. Severe stress was evidenced in the animals and was termed specific ART-stress (SART-stress). In this type of stress, there was no apparent increase in body weight, respiration and heart rate were increased slightly and the QRS-time on the ECG was prolonged. ACh sensitivity of the isolated duodenum tested by the Magnus method in SART-stress mice was found to have declined considerably as compared to the normal. Histological observation of the SART-stress rats revealed that the wet weight of the spleen was lighter than that of the controls, while that of the lungs, heart, liver, stomach, kidneys and adrenal glands was close to that of control. Macroscopically, red brown spots of the lungs were visible. Ventricular hypertrophy, slight erosion and hyperemia were present in the interior of the stomach. On the galvanic skin response (GSR) test, electrical resistance of the skin of SART-stress rats was less than that of normal rats and the rate of increase of resistance caused by external stimulus was greater. Recovery time from change in GSR was shorter than in normal animals. Consequently, SART-stress appears to be a form of disease and sudden changes in temperature even in humans may contribute to this state.", "PMID": 1169194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2651", "title": "[Effect of neurotropin on SART stress (stress caused by alteration of rhythms in environmental temperature) in mice and rats].", "content": "We reported previously that by altering the rhythm of environmental temperature (ART) the physiological mechanism was changed to an abnormal state which we termed specific ART-stress (SART-stress). In the present report, the effects of neurotropin and other tranquilizers on this SART-stress state were investigated. Neurotropin is an extract containing many conjugated polysaccarides isolated from the skin or tissues of rabbits which had been inoculated with the living cowpox virus. Neurotropin prevented the decrease in body weight of both mice and rats caused by the SART-stress. However, there was no such prevention when an extract isolated from vaccinia virus-uninjured, healthy rabbit skin was given. Chlorpromazine (Cp), reserpine (Rp), diazepam (DZ), imipramine or diphenhydramine gave no protection against the decrease in body weight. Slight increase in number and variation of respirations in SART-stress animals was to some extent prevented by neurotropin. Prolongation of the QRS interval was restored to control with the administration of the above mentioned drugs. Decrease in ACh sensitivity of the isolated duodenum tested by the Magnus-method was prevented by neurotropin. In the galvanic skin response test in rats, decrease in electric resistance on the skin, increase in reactivity and shortening of reaction time caused by SART-stress was prevented to the greatest extent by neurotropin and also to a considerable degree by parenteral administration of DZ or beta-hydroxy gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABOB), the effective results of the drugs being: Neurotropin, DZ, GABOB in that order. Cp and Rp, major tranquilizers were found to be the least effective.", "contents": "[Effect of neurotropin on SART stress (stress caused by alteration of rhythms in environmental temperature) in mice and rats]. We reported previously that by altering the rhythm of environmental temperature (ART) the physiological mechanism was changed to an abnormal state which we termed specific ART-stress (SART-stress). In the present report, the effects of neurotropin and other tranquilizers on this SART-stress state were investigated. Neurotropin is an extract containing many conjugated polysaccarides isolated from the skin or tissues of rabbits which had been inoculated with the living cowpox virus. Neurotropin prevented the decrease in body weight of both mice and rats caused by the SART-stress. However, there was no such prevention when an extract isolated from vaccinia virus-uninjured, healthy rabbit skin was given. Chlorpromazine (Cp), reserpine (Rp), diazepam (DZ), imipramine or diphenhydramine gave no protection against the decrease in body weight. Slight increase in number and variation of respirations in SART-stress animals was to some extent prevented by neurotropin. Prolongation of the QRS interval was restored to control with the administration of the above mentioned drugs. Decrease in ACh sensitivity of the isolated duodenum tested by the Magnus-method was prevented by neurotropin. In the galvanic skin response test in rats, decrease in electric resistance on the skin, increase in reactivity and shortening of reaction time caused by SART-stress was prevented to the greatest extent by neurotropin and also to a considerable degree by parenteral administration of DZ or beta-hydroxy gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABOB), the effective results of the drugs being: Neurotropin, DZ, GABOB in that order. Cp and Rp, major tranquilizers were found to be the least effective.", "PMID": 1169195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2652", "title": "[Pharmacological study of 9 alpha-fluoro-11 beta, 17, 21-trihydroxy-16 beta-methylpregna-1, 4-diene-3,20-dione-17-benzoate (betamethasone-17-benzoate, MS-1112), a local anti-inflammatory agent. (1). Its anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological properties].", "content": "The anti-inflammatory activity and the other pharmacological properties of MS-1112, a new steroid compound, were examined and compared with other glucocorticoid analogues such as hydrocortisone acetate (Hydr), betamethasone 17-valerate (Val) and dexamethasone (Dexa). Systemically administered MS-1112 and glucocorticoids had a significant effect in inhibiting rat paw edema induced by various phlogistic stimulations and increasing vascular permeabilities and granuloma formation by cotton pellet or granuloma pouch. The order of those inhibiting activity was, in general, Dexa greater than MS-1112 greater than Val greater than Hydr. Concomitantly, Xthymolysis and adrenal weight suppression and reduced rate of body weight gain after multiple systemical administration were also observed. Locally administered MS-1112 caused an inhibiting activity, without systemic side-effects. This activity was approximately 3 to 5 times more potent than that of Dexa in rat carrageenin paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma. MS-1112 was less active than Dexa in glycogen liver deposition activity and in the depression of plasma level of corticosterone but more active than Val and Hydr. In the dose administered, MS-1112 had neither androgenic and anabolic nor estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity. From this data, it concluded that MS-1112 is a very potent agent applicable regarding permeability and retention of steroids in a local site.", "contents": "[Pharmacological study of 9 alpha-fluoro-11 beta, 17, 21-trihydroxy-16 beta-methylpregna-1, 4-diene-3,20-dione-17-benzoate (betamethasone-17-benzoate, MS-1112), a local anti-inflammatory agent. (1). Its anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological properties]. The anti-inflammatory activity and the other pharmacological properties of MS-1112, a new steroid compound, were examined and compared with other glucocorticoid analogues such as hydrocortisone acetate (Hydr), betamethasone 17-valerate (Val) and dexamethasone (Dexa). Systemically administered MS-1112 and glucocorticoids had a significant effect in inhibiting rat paw edema induced by various phlogistic stimulations and increasing vascular permeabilities and granuloma formation by cotton pellet or granuloma pouch. The order of those inhibiting activity was, in general, Dexa greater than MS-1112 greater than Val greater than Hydr. Concomitantly, Xthymolysis and adrenal weight suppression and reduced rate of body weight gain after multiple systemical administration were also observed. Locally administered MS-1112 caused an inhibiting activity, without systemic side-effects. This activity was approximately 3 to 5 times more potent than that of Dexa in rat carrageenin paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma. MS-1112 was less active than Dexa in glycogen liver deposition activity and in the depression of plasma level of corticosterone but more active than Val and Hydr. In the dose administered, MS-1112 had neither androgenic and anabolic nor estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity. From this data, it concluded that MS-1112 is a very potent agent applicable regarding permeability and retention of steroids in a local site.", "PMID": 1169196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2653", "title": "[Pharmacological study on 9 alpha-fluoro-11 beta, 17,21-trihydroxy-16 beta-methyl pregna-1, 4-diene-3,20-dione-17-benzoate(betamethasone-17-benzoate, MS-1112), a local anti-inflammatory agent. (2). Its action of delayed hypersensitivity dermatitis].", "content": "The anti-inflammatory activity of MS-1112, a new steroid compound, after topical application and systemical administration was examined by means of delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice and compared with other glucocorticoid analogues, betamethasone-17-valerate (Val), dexamethasone (Dexa) and betamethasone (Beta). In the case of pretreatment and therapeutic effect, topically applied MS-1112 was most active in inhibiting the delayed-type hypersensitivity induced by picryl chloride. The order of those inhibitory activities of MS-1112 and Val was ointment greater than cream greater than gel. In contrast to MS-1112 and Val, inhibitory action of Dexa was slow in onset after the topical application. It appears that esterification of the 17-hydroxyl group increases the anti-inflammatory activity after topical application. While systemically administered, MS-1112 was more potent than Val, and similarly potent to Beta, but less active than Dexa. From the above results, it may be considered that topically applied MS-1112 is superior to other glucocorticoids in the percutaneous penetration and retention in the skin. MS-1112 is thus considered to be a very potent agent as a dermatocorticoid.", "contents": "[Pharmacological study on 9 alpha-fluoro-11 beta, 17,21-trihydroxy-16 beta-methyl pregna-1, 4-diene-3,20-dione-17-benzoate(betamethasone-17-benzoate, MS-1112), a local anti-inflammatory agent. (2). Its action of delayed hypersensitivity dermatitis]. The anti-inflammatory activity of MS-1112, a new steroid compound, after topical application and systemical administration was examined by means of delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice and compared with other glucocorticoid analogues, betamethasone-17-valerate (Val), dexamethasone (Dexa) and betamethasone (Beta). In the case of pretreatment and therapeutic effect, topically applied MS-1112 was most active in inhibiting the delayed-type hypersensitivity induced by picryl chloride. The order of those inhibitory activities of MS-1112 and Val was ointment greater than cream greater than gel. In contrast to MS-1112 and Val, inhibitory action of Dexa was slow in onset after the topical application. It appears that esterification of the 17-hydroxyl group increases the anti-inflammatory activity after topical application. While systemically administered, MS-1112 was more potent than Val, and similarly potent to Beta, but less active than Dexa. From the above results, it may be considered that topically applied MS-1112 is superior to other glucocorticoids in the percutaneous penetration and retention in the skin. MS-1112 is thus considered to be a very potent agent as a dermatocorticoid.", "PMID": 1169197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2654", "title": "Cellular and humoral immune responses in mice. II. Effect of intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of carrier of anti-hapten antibody and delayed hypersensitivity responses.", "content": "The subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) without adjuvant into mice preferentially induced delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reaction, as measured by footpad swelling, while intraperitoneal (i.p.) measured by the haemagglutinin test.  Under these conditions, the properties of the helper activities of thymus-derived (T) cells for humoral responses were examined, in association with the features of the DH response, by measuring the anti-hapten and anticarrier antibody responses after a booster injection of trinitrophenylated (TNP) SRBC and by changing the combination of doses and injections routes of the carrier and the hapten-carrier conjugates.  When mice were presensitized with i.p. injections of SRBC and boosted with i.p. injections of TNP-SRBC, the anti-TNP antibody production was maximally enhanced by presensitization with a low dose of SRBC, and gradually abolished with higher doses of SRBC for pre-sensitization.  In the latter case, anti-SRBC antibody production was increases with increasing doses of SRBC..", "contents": "Cellular and humoral immune responses in mice. II. Effect of intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of carrier of anti-hapten antibody and delayed hypersensitivity responses. The subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) without adjuvant into mice preferentially induced delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reaction, as measured by footpad swelling, while intraperitoneal (i.p.) measured by the haemagglutinin test.  Under these conditions, the properties of the helper activities of thymus-derived (T) cells for humoral responses were examined, in association with the features of the DH response, by measuring the anti-hapten and anticarrier antibody responses after a booster injection of trinitrophenylated (TNP) SRBC and by changing the combination of doses and injections routes of the carrier and the hapten-carrier conjugates.  When mice were presensitized with i.p. injections of SRBC and boosted with i.p. injections of TNP-SRBC, the anti-TNP antibody production was maximally enhanced by presensitization with a low dose of SRBC, and gradually abolished with higher doses of SRBC for pre-sensitization.  In the latter case, anti-SRBC antibody production was increases with increasing doses of SRBC..", "PMID": 1169220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2655", "title": "Activated guinea-pig C3 and the immune adherence receptor (a complement receptor) on cell membranes.", "content": "By treating C3 with purified C1, C4 and C2 in the fluid phase, haemolytically inactive C3 was prepared. This was shown to bind to human erythrocytes by use of radio-labelled (Fab')2 antibody to guinea-pig C3. The activated C3 preparation inhibited immune adherence between EAC43 and human erythrocytes. These findings indicate that the activated C3 attaches to the immune adherence receptor on human erythrocytes. In addition the fluid-phase activated C3 adhered to thymus cells and sheep erythrocytes, whereas EAC43 did not. Thus the immune adherence receptor may be present on so called immune adherence-negative cells, but in insufficient concentration to form rosettes with EAC43.", "contents": "Activated guinea-pig C3 and the immune adherence receptor (a complement receptor) on cell membranes. By treating C3 with purified C1, C4 and C2 in the fluid phase, haemolytically inactive C3 was prepared. This was shown to bind to human erythrocytes by use of radio-labelled (Fab')2 antibody to guinea-pig C3. The activated C3 preparation inhibited immune adherence between EAC43 and human erythrocytes. These findings indicate that the activated C3 attaches to the immune adherence receptor on human erythrocytes. In addition the fluid-phase activated C3 adhered to thymus cells and sheep erythrocytes, whereas EAC43 did not. Thus the immune adherence receptor may be present on so called immune adherence-negative cells, but in insufficient concentration to form rosettes with EAC43.", "PMID": 1169221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2656", "title": "Antigen-antibody complexes in or on eosinophils in nasal secretions.", "content": "The presence of IgG and ragweed antigen in or on eosinophils in the nasal secretions of ragweed-sensitive patients was investigated by radioautography using specifically purified 125I-labelled antibodies to the above substances. The results indicate a significant (p smaller than 0.001) uptake of antiragweed antibody and anti-IgE antibody by eosinophils. There was no evidence of significant uptake of anti-IgG. From the above findings it was postulated that during the pollination season exposure to ragweed leads to the formation of ragweed-IgE antibody complexes. This is followed by the infiltration of eosinophils into the local tissue and the subsequent phagocytosis of these antigen-antibody complexes by the eosinophils.", "contents": "Antigen-antibody complexes in or on eosinophils in nasal secretions. The presence of IgG and ragweed antigen in or on eosinophils in the nasal secretions of ragweed-sensitive patients was investigated by radioautography using specifically purified 125I-labelled antibodies to the above substances. The results indicate a significant (p smaller than 0.001) uptake of antiragweed antibody and anti-IgE antibody by eosinophils. There was no evidence of significant uptake of anti-IgG. From the above findings it was postulated that during the pollination season exposure to ragweed leads to the formation of ragweed-IgE antibody complexes. This is followed by the infiltration of eosinophils into the local tissue and the subsequent phagocytosis of these antigen-antibody complexes by the eosinophils.", "PMID": 1169222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2657", "title": "Inhibition of the terminal stage of complement-mediated lysis (reactive lysis) by zinc and copper ions.", "content": "The effect of various metal ions, Fe++, Fe+++, Cu++, Zn++, Co++, on the terminal stage of reactive lysis (a form of complement-mediated hemolysis in which only late-acting components of complement are required) was studied. Only Cu++ and Zn++ exhibited an inhibitory effect on the lysis of EC5678 (sheep erythrocytes reacted with C56, C7 and C8) induced by C9. The mode of action of these metal ions was further explored. Both Cu++ and Zn++ inhibited the formation of hemolytically active EC56789 from EC5678 and C9. Their effect appeared to be primarily due to the inhibition of C9 binding to EC5678 through their reversible interaction with C9. Furthermore, Cu++ is shown to inactivate irreversibly the hemolytic activity of EC5678. EC5678 pretreated with Cu++ was capable of binding C9, but the resulting EC56789 was hemolytically inactive. Besides their effect on complement, both metal ions were shown to affect directly the erythrocyte membrane, since the mechanical lysis of hemolytic intermediate cells (E, EC567, EC5678) was suppressed by Cu++ and Zn++. The lysis of EC56789, a process of internal activation, was also inhibited by both Cu++ and Zn++.", "contents": "Inhibition of the terminal stage of complement-mediated lysis (reactive lysis) by zinc and copper ions. The effect of various metal ions, Fe++, Fe+++, Cu++, Zn++, Co++, on the terminal stage of reactive lysis (a form of complement-mediated hemolysis in which only late-acting components of complement are required) was studied. Only Cu++ and Zn++ exhibited an inhibitory effect on the lysis of EC5678 (sheep erythrocytes reacted with C56, C7 and C8) induced by C9. The mode of action of these metal ions was further explored. Both Cu++ and Zn++ inhibited the formation of hemolytically active EC56789 from EC5678 and C9. Their effect appeared to be primarily due to the inhibition of C9 binding to EC5678 through their reversible interaction with C9. Furthermore, Cu++ is shown to inactivate irreversibly the hemolytic activity of EC5678. EC5678 pretreated with Cu++ was capable of binding C9, but the resulting EC56789 was hemolytically inactive. Besides their effect on complement, both metal ions were shown to affect directly the erythrocyte membrane, since the mechanical lysis of hemolytic intermediate cells (E, EC567, EC5678) was suppressed by Cu++ and Zn++. The lysis of EC56789, a process of internal activation, was also inhibited by both Cu++ and Zn++.", "PMID": 1169223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2658", "title": "State of Trp 62 in hen egg-white lysozyme bound with N-acetylchitooligosaccharides.", "content": "In order to clarify the state of Trp 62 in hen egg-white lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] bound with N-acetylchitooligosaccharides in relation to the ionization states of side chains present in the substrate binding site, the binding of alpha- and beta-N-acetylglucosamine GlcNAc), alpha- and beta-methyl-GlcNAc, (GlcNAc)2, and (GlcNAc)3 was studied by use of the change in the tryptophyl circular dichroic (CD) band at 295 nm at various pH values. The effects of these saccharides on the charge-transfer binding of N-1-methylnicotinamide to Trp 62 were also examined. The binding constants, estimated by use of N-1-methylnicotinamide by assuming noncompetitive binding between the saccharides and N-1-methylnicotinamide, were in good agreement with those determined from the CD change at 295 nm. The state of Trp 62 in saccharide-bound lysozyme was found to depend on the chemical structures of the saccharides and their binding orientations. The relation between the state of Trp 62 and the ionization of the catalytic Glu 35, which is far distant from Trp 62, was also confirmed for lysozyme complexes with various saccharides as well as for free lysozyme.", "contents": "State of Trp 62 in hen egg-white lysozyme bound with N-acetylchitooligosaccharides. In order to clarify the state of Trp 62 in hen egg-white lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] bound with N-acetylchitooligosaccharides in relation to the ionization states of side chains present in the substrate binding site, the binding of alpha- and beta-N-acetylglucosamine GlcNAc), alpha- and beta-methyl-GlcNAc, (GlcNAc)2, and (GlcNAc)3 was studied by use of the change in the tryptophyl circular dichroic (CD) band at 295 nm at various pH values. The effects of these saccharides on the charge-transfer binding of N-1-methylnicotinamide to Trp 62 were also examined. The binding constants, estimated by use of N-1-methylnicotinamide by assuming noncompetitive binding between the saccharides and N-1-methylnicotinamide, were in good agreement with those determined from the CD change at 295 nm. The state of Trp 62 in saccharide-bound lysozyme was found to depend on the chemical structures of the saccharides and their binding orientations. The relation between the state of Trp 62 and the ionization of the catalytic Glu 35, which is far distant from Trp 62, was also confirmed for lysozyme complexes with various saccharides as well as for free lysozyme.", "PMID": 1169235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2659", "title": "The binding of thyroid hormones to bovine serum albumin as measured by circular dichroism.", "content": "The circular dichroism (CD) spectra of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine-bovine serum albumin (T3-BSA) and thyroxine-bovine serum albumin (T4-BSA) complexes were measured at the various ratios of T3 or T4 to BSA (T/P) in the wavelength region of 200-350 nm. No spectral change was observed in the chromophoric wavelength region of 250-350 nm. The value of [omicron] at 319 nm of the induced Cotton effect increased with increase of the T/P ratio in both complexes, and in T4-BSA complex, it increased remarkably. The number of thyroid hormone molecules bound to one BSA molecule was estimated to be one in the case of T4-BSA complex and four to five in T3-BSA.", "contents": "The binding of thyroid hormones to bovine serum albumin as measured by circular dichroism. The circular dichroism (CD) spectra of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine-bovine serum albumin (T3-BSA) and thyroxine-bovine serum albumin (T4-BSA) complexes were measured at the various ratios of T3 or T4 to BSA (T/P) in the wavelength region of 200-350 nm. No spectral change was observed in the chromophoric wavelength region of 250-350 nm. The value of [omicron] at 319 nm of the induced Cotton effect increased with increase of the T/P ratio in both complexes, and in T4-BSA complex, it increased remarkably. The number of thyroid hormone molecules bound to one BSA molecule was estimated to be one in the case of T4-BSA complex and four to five in T3-BSA.", "PMID": 1169236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2660", "title": "Studies on the primary structure of bovine high-molecular-weight kininogen. Amino acid sequence of a fragment (\"histidine-rich peptide\") released by plasma kallikrein.", "content": "An unknown peptide fragment, which was released from bovine high-molecular-weight kininogen by bovine plasma kallikrein [EC 3.4.21.8], was isolated and its chemical structure was established. The fragment consisted of 41 amino acids with serine and arginine at the NH2- and COOH-termini, respectively. The molecular weight was calculated to be 4,584. It was very basic and contained eleven residues each of histidine and glycine and seven residues of lysine. Thus, the total number of these three amino acids accounted for about 70 percent of the total residues constituting the fragment. The amino acid sequence of the fragment, designated tentatively as \"His-rich peptide,\" was studied by Edman degradation and standard enzymatic and chemical techniques. These data made it possible to deduce the following sequence: H-Ser-His-Gly-Leu-Gly-His-Gly-His-Gln-Lys-Gln-His-Gly-Leu-Gly-His-Gly-His-Lys-His-Gly-His-Gly-His-Gly-Lys-His-Lys-Asn-Lys-Gly-Lys-Asn-Asn-Gly-Lys-His-Tyr-Asp-Trp-Arg-OH. The fragment had an extremely interesting feature in that repeating sequences occur along the peptide chain. The repeats were of the type His-Gly-X or Gly-His-X and this sequence appeared six or seven times up to 26 residues from the N-terminal end. Moreover, three tetrapeptide sequences of Gly-His-Gly-His and two heptapeptide sequence consisting of His-Gly-Leu-Gly-His-Gly-His were found in the N-terminal portion. It should be noted that plasma kallikrein liberates such a histidine-rich peptide from the kininogen in addition to a physiologically active peptide, bradykinin. The location of the \"His-rich peptide\" fragment in the percursor protein is also discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the primary structure of bovine high-molecular-weight kininogen. Amino acid sequence of a fragment (\"histidine-rich peptide\") released by plasma kallikrein. An unknown peptide fragment, which was released from bovine high-molecular-weight kininogen by bovine plasma kallikrein [EC 3.4.21.8], was isolated and its chemical structure was established. The fragment consisted of 41 amino acids with serine and arginine at the NH2- and COOH-termini, respectively. The molecular weight was calculated to be 4,584. It was very basic and contained eleven residues each of histidine and glycine and seven residues of lysine. Thus, the total number of these three amino acids accounted for about 70 percent of the total residues constituting the fragment. The amino acid sequence of the fragment, designated tentatively as \"His-rich peptide,\" was studied by Edman degradation and standard enzymatic and chemical techniques. These data made it possible to deduce the following sequence: H-Ser-His-Gly-Leu-Gly-His-Gly-His-Gln-Lys-Gln-His-Gly-Leu-Gly-His-Gly-His-Lys-His-Gly-His-Gly-His-Gly-Lys-His-Lys-Asn-Lys-Gly-Lys-Asn-Asn-Gly-Lys-His-Tyr-Asp-Trp-Arg-OH. The fragment had an extremely interesting feature in that repeating sequences occur along the peptide chain. The repeats were of the type His-Gly-X or Gly-His-X and this sequence appeared six or seven times up to 26 residues from the N-terminal end. Moreover, three tetrapeptide sequences of Gly-His-Gly-His and two heptapeptide sequence consisting of His-Gly-Leu-Gly-His-Gly-His were found in the N-terminal portion. It should be noted that plasma kallikrein liberates such a histidine-rich peptide from the kininogen in addition to a physiologically active peptide, bradykinin. The location of the \"His-rich peptide\" fragment in the percursor protein is also discussed.", "PMID": 1169237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2661", "title": "Principle of operation of the thermal energy analyzer for the trace analysis of volatile and non-volatile N-nitroso compounds.", "content": "The theoretical basis for the thermal energy analyzer is discussed. Using the principles outlined, the feasibility of selectivity detecting mug/kg levels of volatile and non-volatile N-nitroso compounds is established.", "contents": "Principle of operation of the thermal energy analyzer for the trace analysis of volatile and non-volatile N-nitroso compounds. The theoretical basis for the thermal energy analyzer is discussed. Using the principles outlined, the feasibility of selectivity detecting mug/kg levels of volatile and non-volatile N-nitroso compounds is established.", "PMID": 1169253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2662", "title": "A rapid modified gas chromatographic assay for esterase activity.", "content": "A rapid modified procedure for the gas chromatogrpahic determination of esterase activity was studied. Aliphatic esters such as ethyl n-butyrate, n-propul n-butyrate, n-butyl n-butyrate and n-amyl n-butyrate were used as substrates and acetone was chosen as the most suitable solvent for dissolving the substrates in order to avoid alcoholysis. The enzyme reaction was started in a mixture of 0.03 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.90, containing an adequals, an aliquot of the reaction solutionwas injected directly on to a gas chromatograph and the alcohols produced were separated.", "contents": "A rapid modified gas chromatographic assay for esterase activity. A rapid modified procedure for the gas chromatogrpahic determination of esterase activity was studied. Aliphatic esters such as ethyl n-butyrate, n-propul n-butyrate, n-butyl n-butyrate and n-amyl n-butyrate were used as substrates and acetone was chosen as the most suitable solvent for dissolving the substrates in order to avoid alcoholysis. The enzyme reaction was started in a mixture of 0.03 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.90, containing an adequals, an aliquot of the reaction solutionwas injected directly on to a gas chromatograph and the alcohols produced were separated.", "PMID": 1169255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2663", "title": "Examination of the diphenylpropanoids of nutmeg as their trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl and tri-n-propylsilyl derivatives using combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.", "content": "Ethyl acetate extracts of thirteen samples of nutmeg and one sample of mace were examined as trimethylsilyl and tri-n-propylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Eleven compounds derived from two types of diphenylpropanoid were identified; the relative proportions and quantities of these compounds varied considerably in the different samples. Single ion chromatograms were used to obtain the relative concentration of one series of compounds. Preparation of the triethylsilyl and tri-n-propylsilyl derivatives resulted in greatly increased separation of the diphenylpropanoids over trimethylsilyl derivatives, which tended to produce a group of compounds with many unresolved peaks.", "contents": "Examination of the diphenylpropanoids of nutmeg as their trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl and tri-n-propylsilyl derivatives using combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Ethyl acetate extracts of thirteen samples of nutmeg and one sample of mace were examined as trimethylsilyl and tri-n-propylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Eleven compounds derived from two types of diphenylpropanoid were identified; the relative proportions and quantities of these compounds varied considerably in the different samples. Single ion chromatograms were used to obtain the relative concentration of one series of compounds. Preparation of the triethylsilyl and tri-n-propylsilyl derivatives resulted in greatly increased separation of the diphenylpropanoids over trimethylsilyl derivatives, which tended to produce a group of compounds with many unresolved peaks.", "PMID": 1169257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2664", "title": "Pubertal sleep-wake patterns of episodic LH, FSH and testosterone release in twin boys.", "content": "On 2 consecutive nights, plasma LH, FSH and testosterone (T) were measured every20 min for 12 h during evening wakefulness and polygraphic sleep in 5 pairs of male monozygotic twins in pubertal stages 1-4, and in a male dizygotic also studied in 3 twins. During sleep, significant enhancement of episodic LH release was seen on 16 of 18 nights on the stage 1-4 twins. During wakefulness, minimal episodic LH release was observed in the stage 1-3 twins, which then gradually increased in the more mature twins, until finally the significant sleep-wake difference in mean LH was lost in the stage 5 male. Testosterone also rose significantly in sleep on 19 of 20 study nights in the stage 1-5 twins. In the early pubertal twins this nocturnal rise in T was small, but in the midpubertal pairs it was profound, as peaks in T occurred which lay in the normal range for adult males. In these less mature twins the majority of the episodic secretion of T also was limited to sleep. In wakefulness, the T levels gradually increased across puberty until, in the stage 5 twin, wakeful peaks in T finally reached the adult male range. In the midpubertal twins, a close temporal relationship was seen between initiation of sleep-enhanced LH release and the subsequent initial rise in T (mean lag time 29.1 min). In the stage 5 twin, this episodic LH-T relationship persisted into wakefulness where the largest increments in T were seen just prior to sleep onset. Evidence of sleep-enhanced FSH release was more equivocal, and was limited mainly to pubertal stage 1 and 3 pairs. Similarities in hormonal patterns were seen within the monozygotic twin pairs and probably contributed to the parallel progress in puberty of the pair. Thus, sleep-wake rhythmicity in release of gonadotropins, particularly LH and thereby of testosterone, was seen to evolve transiently in twin boys across puberty. The existence of such rhythmicity suggests that a fundamental, sleep-entrained CNS mechanism plays an important, if not a dominant, role in sexual maturation in boys.", "contents": "Pubertal sleep-wake patterns of episodic LH, FSH and testosterone release in twin boys. On 2 consecutive nights, plasma LH, FSH and testosterone (T) were measured every20 min for 12 h during evening wakefulness and polygraphic sleep in 5 pairs of male monozygotic twins in pubertal stages 1-4, and in a male dizygotic also studied in 3 twins. During sleep, significant enhancement of episodic LH release was seen on 16 of 18 nights on the stage 1-4 twins. During wakefulness, minimal episodic LH release was observed in the stage 1-3 twins, which then gradually increased in the more mature twins, until finally the significant sleep-wake difference in mean LH was lost in the stage 5 male. Testosterone also rose significantly in sleep on 19 of 20 study nights in the stage 1-5 twins. In the early pubertal twins this nocturnal rise in T was small, but in the midpubertal pairs it was profound, as peaks in T occurred which lay in the normal range for adult males. In these less mature twins the majority of the episodic secretion of T also was limited to sleep. In wakefulness, the T levels gradually increased across puberty until, in the stage 5 twin, wakeful peaks in T finally reached the adult male range. In the midpubertal twins, a close temporal relationship was seen between initiation of sleep-enhanced LH release and the subsequent initial rise in T (mean lag time 29.1 min). In the stage 5 twin, this episodic LH-T relationship persisted into wakefulness where the largest increments in T were seen just prior to sleep onset. Evidence of sleep-enhanced FSH release was more equivocal, and was limited mainly to pubertal stage 1 and 3 pairs. Similarities in hormonal patterns were seen within the monozygotic twin pairs and probably contributed to the parallel progress in puberty of the pair. Thus, sleep-wake rhythmicity in release of gonadotropins, particularly LH and thereby of testosterone, was seen to evolve transiently in twin boys across puberty. The existence of such rhythmicity suggests that a fundamental, sleep-entrained CNS mechanism plays an important, if not a dominant, role in sexual maturation in boys.", "PMID": 1169258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2665", "title": "Inhibition of human platelet aggregation by monovalent antifibrinogen antibody fragments.", "content": "Monovalent goat antibody fragments (Fab) that were monospecific for human fibrinogen were isolated by affinity chromatography on fibrinogen-Sepharose and used as a direct probe for the involvement of fibrinogen in platelet aggregation and the release reaction. The antifibrinogen Fab inhibited aggregation of washed human platelets induced by thrombin (0.1-10 U/ml) by 50-95%, but had no effect on (14-C)-serotinin release and only a slight inhibitory effect on 125-I-thrombin binding to platelets. Inhibition of aggregation was not observed with nonimmune goat Fab or rabbit antihuman albumie bound tightly at saturation to surface fibrinogen molecules. After washing the platelets once to remove unbound Fab, aggregation by subsequently added thrombin was no longer inhibited. The antifibrinogen Fab inhibited the clotting of fibrinogen by thrombin but did not effect the rate of fibrinopeptide A release, indicating that the Fab inhibits clotting by interfering with the polymerization of fibrin monomers. Our experiments suggest that fibrinogen released from platelets is directly involved in thrombin-induced aggregation of washed platelets, perhaps through polymerization of fibrin monomers generated by proteolytic cleavage of released fibrinogen.", "contents": "Inhibition of human platelet aggregation by monovalent antifibrinogen antibody fragments. Monovalent goat antibody fragments (Fab) that were monospecific for human fibrinogen were isolated by affinity chromatography on fibrinogen-Sepharose and used as a direct probe for the involvement of fibrinogen in platelet aggregation and the release reaction. The antifibrinogen Fab inhibited aggregation of washed human platelets induced by thrombin (0.1-10 U/ml) by 50-95%, but had no effect on (14-C)-serotinin release and only a slight inhibitory effect on 125-I-thrombin binding to platelets. Inhibition of aggregation was not observed with nonimmune goat Fab or rabbit antihuman albumie bound tightly at saturation to surface fibrinogen molecules. After washing the platelets once to remove unbound Fab, aggregation by subsequently added thrombin was no longer inhibited. The antifibrinogen Fab inhibited the clotting of fibrinogen by thrombin but did not effect the rate of fibrinopeptide A release, indicating that the Fab inhibits clotting by interfering with the polymerization of fibrin monomers. Our experiments suggest that fibrinogen released from platelets is directly involved in thrombin-induced aggregation of washed platelets, perhaps through polymerization of fibrin monomers generated by proteolytic cleavage of released fibrinogen.", "PMID": 1169259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2666", "title": "The structure of the inferior lobe of the teleost hypothalamus.", "content": "Electron microscopic and Golgi studies on the inferior lobes of sunfish and goldfish are described. The inferior lobe consists primarily of a nucleus ventricularis of densely packed cells surrounding the lateral recess of the third ventricle, and a peripherally situated nucleus diffusus consisting mostly of scattered neurons. A cell-sparse zone of dense neuropil is located between the two cellular areas. Neurons of both nuclei have spiny dendrites and axons which originate from basal dendrites. In some cases axons are found to send a collateral into the cell-sparse zone. Neurons of the nucleus diffusus possess collaterals that extend a considerable distance within the nucleus itself. The ultrastructure of cells of both nuclei reveals cytoplasmic organelles typical of most neurons. Synapses containing dense-cored and clear vesicles are present on the spines and shafts of the dendrites of both neuronal types. In only rare cases synapses were observed on the soma of neurons of the nucleus ventricularis. Possible anatomical substrates involved in the control of feeding and aggression in teleosts are considered in light of the present findings. Morphological similarities of the inferior lobes and related areas in various fishes and amphibians are discussed and their possible significance for the understanding of the evolution of hypothalamic mechanisms is considered.", "contents": "The structure of the inferior lobe of the teleost hypothalamus. Electron microscopic and Golgi studies on the inferior lobes of sunfish and goldfish are described. The inferior lobe consists primarily of a nucleus ventricularis of densely packed cells surrounding the lateral recess of the third ventricle, and a peripherally situated nucleus diffusus consisting mostly of scattered neurons. A cell-sparse zone of dense neuropil is located between the two cellular areas. Neurons of both nuclei have spiny dendrites and axons which originate from basal dendrites. In some cases axons are found to send a collateral into the cell-sparse zone. Neurons of the nucleus diffusus possess collaterals that extend a considerable distance within the nucleus itself. The ultrastructure of cells of both nuclei reveals cytoplasmic organelles typical of most neurons. Synapses containing dense-cored and clear vesicles are present on the spines and shafts of the dendrites of both neuronal types. In only rare cases synapses were observed on the soma of neurons of the nucleus ventricularis. Possible anatomical substrates involved in the control of feeding and aggression in teleosts are considered in light of the present findings. Morphological similarities of the inferior lobes and related areas in various fishes and amphibians are discussed and their possible significance for the understanding of the evolution of hypothalamic mechanisms is considered.", "PMID": 1169263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2667", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen in saliva of HB-SAg carriers.", "content": "Two hundred and twelve saliva specimens of HB-SAg carriers were tested for HB-SAg by crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) after concentration, between April 1971 and September 1973. They were divided into 3 groups (A, B, and C). CIEP detected HG-SAg in 6 per cent in Group A (66 specimens) and in 12 percent in Group B (87 specimens), and in 78 per cent in Group C. Different methods of preparation and concentration of saliva specimens were discussed. The positive results by RIA were confirmed by a blocking test with rabbit HB-SAg antiserum. Intermittent presence of HB-SAg in repeated saliva specimens from individual carriers was found. Infected saliva of HB-SAg carriers may be of importance in transmission of hepatitis B infection.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen in saliva of HB-SAg carriers. Two hundred and twelve saliva specimens of HB-SAg carriers were tested for HB-SAg by crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) after concentration, between April 1971 and September 1973. They were divided into 3 groups (A, B, and C). CIEP detected HG-SAg in 6 per cent in Group A (66 specimens) and in 12 percent in Group B (87 specimens), and in 78 per cent in Group C. Different methods of preparation and concentration of saliva specimens were discussed. The positive results by RIA were confirmed by a blocking test with rabbit HB-SAg antiserum. Intermittent presence of HB-SAg in repeated saliva specimens from individual carriers was found. Infected saliva of HB-SAg carriers may be of importance in transmission of hepatitis B infection.", "PMID": 1169272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2668", "title": "Effects of ovarian steroid hormones on esterases in the rat endometrium.", "content": "A technique in which uterine luminal epithelium is separated from the remainder of the endometrium by rapidly vibrating everted uterine cornua in a 3-5 mM solution of EDTA has been developed. Examination of the hormonal sensitivities and physiological roles of the tissue components of the endometrium is thus facilitated. Biochemical and histochemical studies of epithelial, stromal and endometrial esterases have shown that the rate of hydrolysis of alpha-naphthyl acetate is significantly higher in epithelial and endometrial tissue extracts during pro-oestrus than at any other stage of the oestrous cycle. In ovariectomized animals, oestradiol-17 beta caused a 60% increase in the rate of esterase activity over that of control animals, whereas medroxyprogesterone acetate had no effect. These findings suggest that the variations in the levels of neutral lipids in the uterine luminal epithelium of non-pregnant mature female rats result from the periodic stimulation of the epithelial esterases by the cyclically increased levels of plasma oestrogens.", "contents": "Effects of ovarian steroid hormones on esterases in the rat endometrium. A technique in which uterine luminal epithelium is separated from the remainder of the endometrium by rapidly vibrating everted uterine cornua in a 3-5 mM solution of EDTA has been developed. Examination of the hormonal sensitivities and physiological roles of the tissue components of the endometrium is thus facilitated. Biochemical and histochemical studies of epithelial, stromal and endometrial esterases have shown that the rate of hydrolysis of alpha-naphthyl acetate is significantly higher in epithelial and endometrial tissue extracts during pro-oestrus than at any other stage of the oestrous cycle. In ovariectomized animals, oestradiol-17 beta caused a 60% increase in the rate of esterase activity over that of control animals, whereas medroxyprogesterone acetate had no effect. These findings suggest that the variations in the levels of neutral lipids in the uterine luminal epithelium of non-pregnant mature female rats result from the periodic stimulation of the epithelial esterases by the cyclically increased levels of plasma oestrogens.", "PMID": 1169280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2669", "title": "Influence of anaesthetics, mating, premature delivery, the time of day of blood sampling, and suckling on plasma levels of luteinizing hormone in hamsters.", "content": "The influence of several factors on immunoreactive LH levels in peripheral plasma of female hamsters was investigated. The LH values for animals anaesthetized with either sodium pentobarbitone or chloral hydrate were significantly lower (P smaller than 0-01) than those values obtained for hamsters sampled under ether anaesthesia. Mating on the night of pro-oestrus resulted in increased LH levels (P smaller 0-01) the following morning as compared with the levels in control females not caged with males. The LH levels were relatively low (13 plus or minus 2 (S.E.M.) ng/ml) on the afternoon (16.00-18.00 h) of day 15 of pregnancy and also on the morning (09.00-10.00 h) of day 16 before (7 plus or minus 1 ng/ml) and after parturition (4 plus or minus 0-2 ng/ml), but rose severalfold (561 plus or minus 201 ng/ml) on the afternoon post partum. When premature delivery was induced on day 15 of pregnancy by administration of prostaglandin E2 the LH levels did not rise on the afternoon of this day (29 plus or minus 11 ng/ml), but did so on the following afternoon (213 plus or minus 115 ng/ml), at the same interval post coitum as in normal delivery. Marked increases in the concentration of LH in plasma were observed on the afternoon of each of days 0-6 post partum. The levels were comparable to those found on the afternoon of pro-oestrus in cyclic hamsters and could be blocked by administration of sodium phenobarbitone at 13.00 h. Similar afternoon surges of LH were not observed during dioestrus. In the morning, the LH levels were significantly higher (P smaller 0-001) in the non-suckled dams (95 plus or minus 4 ng/ml) than those in mothers allowed to nurse their young (13 plus or minus 4 ng/ml). In contrast, the levels in the afternoon were unaffected by the suckling stimulus (suckled, 495 plus or minus 76 v. non-suckled, 744 plus or minus 165 ng/ml; P greater than 0-05).", "contents": "Influence of anaesthetics, mating, premature delivery, the time of day of blood sampling, and suckling on plasma levels of luteinizing hormone in hamsters. The influence of several factors on immunoreactive LH levels in peripheral plasma of female hamsters was investigated. The LH values for animals anaesthetized with either sodium pentobarbitone or chloral hydrate were significantly lower (P smaller than 0-01) than those values obtained for hamsters sampled under ether anaesthesia. Mating on the night of pro-oestrus resulted in increased LH levels (P smaller 0-01) the following morning as compared with the levels in control females not caged with males. The LH levels were relatively low (13 plus or minus 2 (S.E.M.) ng/ml) on the afternoon (16.00-18.00 h) of day 15 of pregnancy and also on the morning (09.00-10.00 h) of day 16 before (7 plus or minus 1 ng/ml) and after parturition (4 plus or minus 0-2 ng/ml), but rose severalfold (561 plus or minus 201 ng/ml) on the afternoon post partum. When premature delivery was induced on day 15 of pregnancy by administration of prostaglandin E2 the LH levels did not rise on the afternoon of this day (29 plus or minus 11 ng/ml), but did so on the following afternoon (213 plus or minus 115 ng/ml), at the same interval post coitum as in normal delivery. Marked increases in the concentration of LH in plasma were observed on the afternoon of each of days 0-6 post partum. The levels were comparable to those found on the afternoon of pro-oestrus in cyclic hamsters and could be blocked by administration of sodium phenobarbitone at 13.00 h. Similar afternoon surges of LH were not observed during dioestrus. In the morning, the LH levels were significantly higher (P smaller 0-001) in the non-suckled dams (95 plus or minus 4 ng/ml) than those in mothers allowed to nurse their young (13 plus or minus 4 ng/ml). In contrast, the levels in the afternoon were unaffected by the suckling stimulus (suckled, 495 plus or minus 76 v. non-suckled, 744 plus or minus 165 ng/ml; P greater than 0-05).", "PMID": 1169281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2670", "title": "The effect of daylength and level of feeding on serum prolactin in growing lambs.", "content": "Twenty-four castrated male lambs initially maintained on a photoperiod of 12 h light:12 h dark were allocated to a factorial experiment with two daylengths (8 h L: 16 h D or 16 h L: 8 h D) and two levels of feeding (restricted or ad libitum). Blood samples were taken every 4 h for 24 h during the introductory period and after 24, 51 and 79 days of treatment. There were highly significant positive effects of daylength and level of feeding on serum prolactin: mean concentrations increased from a mean of 38 plus or minus 1 ng/ml during the introductory period until at day 79 they were: 8L: 16D (restricted diet), 81 ng/ml; (food ad libitum), 167 ng/ml; 16L:8D (restricted diet), 262 ng/ml; (food ad libitum), 262 ng/ml (S.E. of treatment mean plus or minus 4). Long daylength and feeding ad libitum also significantly increased growth rate.", "contents": "The effect of daylength and level of feeding on serum prolactin in growing lambs. Twenty-four castrated male lambs initially maintained on a photoperiod of 12 h light:12 h dark were allocated to a factorial experiment with two daylengths (8 h L: 16 h D or 16 h L: 8 h D) and two levels of feeding (restricted or ad libitum). Blood samples were taken every 4 h for 24 h during the introductory period and after 24, 51 and 79 days of treatment. There were highly significant positive effects of daylength and level of feeding on serum prolactin: mean concentrations increased from a mean of 38 plus or minus 1 ng/ml during the introductory period until at day 79 they were: 8L: 16D (restricted diet), 81 ng/ml; (food ad libitum), 167 ng/ml; 16L:8D (restricted diet), 262 ng/ml; (food ad libitum), 262 ng/ml (S.E. of treatment mean plus or minus 4). Long daylength and feeding ad libitum also significantly increased growth rate.", "PMID": 1169282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2671", "title": "Effect of supplements of zinc salts on the healing of incised wounds in the rat and guinea pig.", "content": "Zinc deficiency affects healing as shown by measurement of two parameters of wound healing in the rat, namely the rate of healing of an excised, granulating wound and the development of tensile strength in an incised wound. The rate of healing of granulating wounds in two species of animals, the rat and the guinea pig, is not affected by the addition of supplements of zinc salts to the normal diet (J. Nutr. 105, 815-821). In this study, the development of tensile strength in incised wounds in rats and guinea pigs was measured at 7 and 14 days after wounding in animals given supplements of zinc salts by either the oral or parenteral route. No difference in tensile strength was observed at these times in the wounds of either rats or guinea pigs given zinc supplements.", "contents": "Effect of supplements of zinc salts on the healing of incised wounds in the rat and guinea pig. Zinc deficiency affects healing as shown by measurement of two parameters of wound healing in the rat, namely the rate of healing of an excised, granulating wound and the development of tensile strength in an incised wound. The rate of healing of granulating wounds in two species of animals, the rat and the guinea pig, is not affected by the addition of supplements of zinc salts to the normal diet (J. Nutr. 105, 815-821). In this study, the development of tensile strength in incised wounds in rats and guinea pigs was measured at 7 and 14 days after wounding in animals given supplements of zinc salts by either the oral or parenteral route. No difference in tensile strength was observed at these times in the wounds of either rats or guinea pigs given zinc supplements.", "PMID": 1169288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2672", "title": "Lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver of cholesterol-fed rats.", "content": "The effects of cholesterol feeding on lipid peroxidation and on glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver of rats were examined. Cholesterol (1 or 1.5%) was added to two basal diets containing either 10% soy oil (diet 1) or 15% soy oil plus 100 IU of alpha-tocopherol/kg of diet (diet 2). The rate of lipid peroxidation in the liver was determined in vitro by the thiobarbituric acid test and by conjugated diene measurement (234 nm). Cholesterol feeding elevated the rate of lipid peroxidation in the liver of rats fed diet 1 or 2. The rate of lipid peroxidation in rats fed diet 2 increased with duration of feeding suggesting an increased need for antioxidant as the levels of cholesterol or other lipids in the liver elevated. Cholesterol feeding also decreased the activity of liver glutathione peroxidase and pentose phosphate pathway dehydrogenases. Glutathione peroxidase activities increased with the duration of feeding in rats fed basal diet 2, but they remained unchanged in rats fed the same diet supplemented with cholesterol. The study suggests that cholesterol feeding in rats can increase the susceptibility of the tissue to lipid peroxidation and also can lead to a depression in the activity of glutathione peroxidase.", "contents": "Lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver of cholesterol-fed rats. The effects of cholesterol feeding on lipid peroxidation and on glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver of rats were examined. Cholesterol (1 or 1.5%) was added to two basal diets containing either 10% soy oil (diet 1) or 15% soy oil plus 100 IU of alpha-tocopherol/kg of diet (diet 2). The rate of lipid peroxidation in the liver was determined in vitro by the thiobarbituric acid test and by conjugated diene measurement (234 nm). Cholesterol feeding elevated the rate of lipid peroxidation in the liver of rats fed diet 1 or 2. The rate of lipid peroxidation in rats fed diet 2 increased with duration of feeding suggesting an increased need for antioxidant as the levels of cholesterol or other lipids in the liver elevated. Cholesterol feeding also decreased the activity of liver glutathione peroxidase and pentose phosphate pathway dehydrogenases. Glutathione peroxidase activities increased with the duration of feeding in rats fed basal diet 2, but they remained unchanged in rats fed the same diet supplemented with cholesterol. The study suggests that cholesterol feeding in rats can increase the susceptibility of the tissue to lipid peroxidation and also can lead to a depression in the activity of glutathione peroxidase.", "PMID": 1169289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2673", "title": "Risk of infection associated with umbilical vein catheterization. A prospective study in 75 newborn infants.", "content": "To determine the risk of infection created by catheterization of the umbilical vein per se, 75 jaundiced, but otherwise healthy, newborn infants subjected to exchange transfusion were studied. Twenty-three were given antibiotics because of premature rupture of membranes. Fifty-three percent of the umbilici were contaminated before the insertion of the catheter, even after a very careful cleansing procedure. Sixty-two percent of the catheters were colonized upon removal. Bacteria were isolated from 44.9% of blood specimens drawn via the catheter at the onset of ET, but only in 14% of blood specimens drawn in the same way at the end of the procedure. Seven newborn infants (10%) were found to be bacteremic 4-6 after ET; four of these infants were not treated and were able to eliminate the bacteremia. Systemic antibiotic therapy did not reduce the overall prevalence of colonization of cord and catheter of positive blood cultures pre- and postexchanges transfusion or the rate of bacteremia.", "contents": "Risk of infection associated with umbilical vein catheterization. A prospective study in 75 newborn infants. To determine the risk of infection created by catheterization of the umbilical vein per se, 75 jaundiced, but otherwise healthy, newborn infants subjected to exchange transfusion were studied. Twenty-three were given antibiotics because of premature rupture of membranes. Fifty-three percent of the umbilici were contaminated before the insertion of the catheter, even after a very careful cleansing procedure. Sixty-two percent of the catheters were colonized upon removal. Bacteria were isolated from 44.9% of blood specimens drawn via the catheter at the onset of ET, but only in 14% of blood specimens drawn in the same way at the end of the procedure. Seven newborn infants (10%) were found to be bacteremic 4-6 after ET; four of these infants were not treated and were able to eliminate the bacteremia. Systemic antibiotic therapy did not reduce the overall prevalence of colonization of cord and catheter of positive blood cultures pre- and postexchanges transfusion or the rate of bacteremia.", "PMID": 1169293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2674", "title": "Aerobic and anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism and egg production of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro.", "content": "When S. mansoni adults were cultured in vitro for 12 days in a diphasic medium, their gross morphology, motor activity, frequency of sexual pairings, rates of glucose utilization and of lactic acid production were the same in the presence (90% N2/5% O2/5% CO2) or absence (95% N2/5% CO2) of oxygen. Therefore, no Pasteur effect, nor any reduction in lactic acid formation, was demonstrable under aerobic conditions. While aerobic conditions did not affect the rate of glycolysis, they had a marked effect on egg production. In the presence of oxygen, the rate of egg-laying reached a maximum between days 4 and 6. The average number of viable eggs produced per worm pair during this period was 118 (Sx equals 2.2), which is within the overall range (68 to 248) recorded by others for this same strain in vivo. Conversely, under anaerobic conditions in vitro, virtually no eggs were laid. It remains to be determined whether oxidative metabolism actually is required for energy to produce eggs, or whether some reaction yielding no ATP is essential for completion of their developmental process, such as tanning of the eggshall brought about by the oxidation of some phenolic compounds.", "contents": "Aerobic and anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism and egg production of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro. When S. mansoni adults were cultured in vitro for 12 days in a diphasic medium, their gross morphology, motor activity, frequency of sexual pairings, rates of glucose utilization and of lactic acid production were the same in the presence (90% N2/5% O2/5% CO2) or absence (95% N2/5% CO2) of oxygen. Therefore, no Pasteur effect, nor any reduction in lactic acid formation, was demonstrable under aerobic conditions. While aerobic conditions did not affect the rate of glycolysis, they had a marked effect on egg production. In the presence of oxygen, the rate of egg-laying reached a maximum between days 4 and 6. The average number of viable eggs produced per worm pair during this period was 118 (Sx equals 2.2), which is within the overall range (68 to 248) recorded by others for this same strain in vivo. Conversely, under anaerobic conditions in vitro, virtually no eggs were laid. It remains to be determined whether oxidative metabolism actually is required for energy to produce eggs, or whether some reaction yielding no ATP is essential for completion of their developmental process, such as tanning of the eggshall brought about by the oxidation of some phenolic compounds.", "PMID": 1169294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2675", "title": "Potential anticancer agents II: antitumor and cytotoxic lignans from Linum album (Linaceae).", "content": "A phytochemical study of Linum album (Linaceae), guided by bioassay with the 9KB cell culture, resulted in the isolation of podophyllotoxin and a new lignan, 3'-demethylpodophyllotoxin; alpha-and beta-peltatins were identified by comparative TLC.", "contents": "Potential anticancer agents II: antitumor and cytotoxic lignans from Linum album (Linaceae). A phytochemical study of Linum album (Linaceae), guided by bioassay with the 9KB cell culture, resulted in the isolation of podophyllotoxin and a new lignan, 3'-demethylpodophyllotoxin; alpha-and beta-peltatins were identified by comparative TLC.", "PMID": 1169315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2676", "title": "Decreased 6-mercaptopurine retention by two resistant variants of mouse neuroblastoma with normal hypoxanthine-guanine-phospho-ribosyltransferase activities.", "content": "In an effort to propose more effective chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of neuroblastoma, we have characterized mouse, neuroblastoma variants whose growth in tisue culture are resistant to antimetabolites. We report the partial characterization of two lines resistant to 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). Concentrations of drug required to inhibit their growth rates 50% are 110- and 575-fold higher, respectively, than that inhibiting the sensitive parental clone. Unlike most 6-MP-resistant cell lines described previously, both neuroblastoma populations display normal activities of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase but greatly reduced accumulation of 14-C-labeled 6-MP. Drug accumulation was inhibited by adenine, blocked by dinitrophenol but not ouabain and strongly temperature dependent suggesting a need for cytoplasmic phosphoribosylation. Possible mechanisms for this reduction in 6-MP retention are discussed. Importantly, eight clones isolated in 6-MP-free media from the 110-fold resistant population of cells demonstrated quantitatively identical growth inhibition at all drug concentrations tested suggesting that the original 110-fold resistant neuroblastoma population was homogenous with respect to its mechanisms of resistance.", "contents": "Decreased 6-mercaptopurine retention by two resistant variants of mouse neuroblastoma with normal hypoxanthine-guanine-phospho-ribosyltransferase activities. In an effort to propose more effective chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of neuroblastoma, we have characterized mouse, neuroblastoma variants whose growth in tisue culture are resistant to antimetabolites. We report the partial characterization of two lines resistant to 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). Concentrations of drug required to inhibit their growth rates 50% are 110- and 575-fold higher, respectively, than that inhibiting the sensitive parental clone. Unlike most 6-MP-resistant cell lines described previously, both neuroblastoma populations display normal activities of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase but greatly reduced accumulation of 14-C-labeled 6-MP. Drug accumulation was inhibited by adenine, blocked by dinitrophenol but not ouabain and strongly temperature dependent suggesting a need for cytoplasmic phosphoribosylation. Possible mechanisms for this reduction in 6-MP retention are discussed. Importantly, eight clones isolated in 6-MP-free media from the 110-fold resistant population of cells demonstrated quantitatively identical growth inhibition at all drug concentrations tested suggesting that the original 110-fold resistant neuroblastoma population was homogenous with respect to its mechanisms of resistance.", "PMID": 1169317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2677", "title": "Effects of cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs and a partial cholinergic agonist on the development and expression of physical dependence on morphine in rat.", "content": "Cholinergic and anticholinergic agents were tested against the induction and expression of morphine dependence in rats. Mecamylamine hydrochloride, administered during abstinence, exacerbated the syndrome at the time of peak severity (20-40 hours after with-holding morphine) but accelerated the subsequent decline in severity of withdrawal. Atropine sulfate acted similarly but none of its effects proved statistically significant. When administered together, these drugs were not additive but were antagonistic in their central actions at the time of peak withdrawal. Atropine methylnitrate reduced withdrawal severity throughout the observation period mainly by antagonism of the peripheral expression of many of the parasympathetic signs. Eserine sulfate administered during the period of habituation or of abstinence had little effect on the severity of the total withdrawal syndrome but decreased weight loss. Choline chloride effectively reduced overall withdrawal severity and weight loss throughout the entire course of withdrawal monitored for up to 100 hours after withholding morphine. This occurred whether choline was administered during morphine habituation or after withholding the morphine. These results support the view that a derangement of cholinergic function is a factor in the morphine abstinence syndrome; evidence is yet lacking to decide whether this is the primary derangement of neurotransmitter function. The effectiveness of choline may be explained by its action as a partial agonist to normalize cholinergic function at all stages of derangement. The reduction in withdrawal severity by treatment with choline during the habituation to morphine indicates an inhibition of the development of dependence rather than mere suppression of the signs during withdrawal.", "contents": "Effects of cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs and a partial cholinergic agonist on the development and expression of physical dependence on morphine in rat. Cholinergic and anticholinergic agents were tested against the induction and expression of morphine dependence in rats. Mecamylamine hydrochloride, administered during abstinence, exacerbated the syndrome at the time of peak severity (20-40 hours after with-holding morphine) but accelerated the subsequent decline in severity of withdrawal. Atropine sulfate acted similarly but none of its effects proved statistically significant. When administered together, these drugs were not additive but were antagonistic in their central actions at the time of peak withdrawal. Atropine methylnitrate reduced withdrawal severity throughout the observation period mainly by antagonism of the peripheral expression of many of the parasympathetic signs. Eserine sulfate administered during the period of habituation or of abstinence had little effect on the severity of the total withdrawal syndrome but decreased weight loss. Choline chloride effectively reduced overall withdrawal severity and weight loss throughout the entire course of withdrawal monitored for up to 100 hours after withholding morphine. This occurred whether choline was administered during morphine habituation or after withholding the morphine. These results support the view that a derangement of cholinergic function is a factor in the morphine abstinence syndrome; evidence is yet lacking to decide whether this is the primary derangement of neurotransmitter function. The effectiveness of choline may be explained by its action as a partial agonist to normalize cholinergic function at all stages of derangement. The reduction in withdrawal severity by treatment with choline during the habituation to morphine indicates an inhibition of the development of dependence rather than mere suppression of the signs during withdrawal.", "PMID": 1169318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2678", "title": "Action potential and non-linear current-voltage relation in starfish oocytes.", "content": "1. The electrical properties of the oocyte membrane of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera, were investigated using an intracellular microelectrode. 2. The resting potential in artificial sea-water ranged from -70 to -80 mV. 3. The starfish oocyte membrane was capable of generating an action potential as a result of permeability increases to both Ca and Na ions.4. The Ca component of the action potential was reversibly suppressed by Co or Mg ions, while the Na component was not affected by tetrodotoxin 5 times 10-minus 6 g/ml. 5. The steady-state relation of voltage vs. current was not linear but S-shaped. The curve wascomposed of inward-going rectification at the membrane potential more negative than -65 mV, outward-going rectification at the potential more positive than OmV and the transitional region between them. These findings are compared with those obtained in the mature egg of the tunicate.", "contents": "Action potential and non-linear current-voltage relation in starfish oocytes. 1. The electrical properties of the oocyte membrane of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera, were investigated using an intracellular microelectrode. 2. The resting potential in artificial sea-water ranged from -70 to -80 mV. 3. The starfish oocyte membrane was capable of generating an action potential as a result of permeability increases to both Ca and Na ions.4. The Ca component of the action potential was reversibly suppressed by Co or Mg ions, while the Na component was not affected by tetrodotoxin 5 times 10-minus 6 g/ml. 5. The steady-state relation of voltage vs. current was not linear but S-shaped. The curve wascomposed of inward-going rectification at the membrane potential more negative than -65 mV, outward-going rectification at the potential more positive than OmV and the transitional region between them. These findings are compared with those obtained in the mature egg of the tunicate.", "PMID": 1169319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2679", "title": "Potassium rectifications  of the starfish oocyte membrane and their changes during oocyte maturation.", "content": "1. The current-voltage relations of the oocyte membrane of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera, and their changes during maturation were investigated using current-clamp techniques. 2. The resting potential of the oocyte membrane in sea water was found to be determined by the diffusion potential of K ions. 3. In the absence of Na and Ca inward currents the steady-state current-voltage relation of the oocyte membrane had inward-going K rectification at membrane potentials more negative than -65 mV and outward-going K rectification at potentials more positive than -30 mV, forming a S-shaped I-V curve. 4. A negative resistance region of the steady-state I-V curve was revealed with voltage-clamp technique in the potential range between -65 and -30 mV. 5. Transient K activation occurred when the membrane was brought from a resting potential of about -75 mV to potentials more positive than -20 mV, and this was immediately followed by K inactivation. Accordingly, the steady-state I-V relation showed only slight outward-going rectification. 6. At the beginning of meiosis, which is signalled by break-down of the nucleus, the limiting slope conductance in the inward rectifying region of the I-V curve decreased sevenfold. The cell membrane lost its selective permeability to K ions and was depolarized from -70 to between -20 and OmV in standard artificial sea-water. The depolarized resting potential was partly due to the relative increase in Na permeability. K conductance began to increase again within 30 min after breakdown of the nucleus. The resting potential became gradually larger and eventually attained -70 mV in the mature egg. 7. In the mature egg, K activation upon depolarization was no longer followed by inactivation. Accordingly, the slope conductance in the outward rectifying region of the I-V curve increased. 8. The action potential was augmented at the stage of nuclear breakdown. Thereafter the maximum rate of rise decreased and the duration of the action potential shortened. These changes were caused primarily by changes in K conductance during maturation. 9. Fertilization of the egg during the maturation process did not affect the changes in the I-V relation described above, except for a transient change of the membrane permeability upon fertilization.", "contents": "Potassium rectifications  of the starfish oocyte membrane and their changes during oocyte maturation. 1. The current-voltage relations of the oocyte membrane of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera, and their changes during maturation were investigated using current-clamp techniques. 2. The resting potential of the oocyte membrane in sea water was found to be determined by the diffusion potential of K ions. 3. In the absence of Na and Ca inward currents the steady-state current-voltage relation of the oocyte membrane had inward-going K rectification at membrane potentials more negative than -65 mV and outward-going K rectification at potentials more positive than -30 mV, forming a S-shaped I-V curve. 4. A negative resistance region of the steady-state I-V curve was revealed with voltage-clamp technique in the potential range between -65 and -30 mV. 5. Transient K activation occurred when the membrane was brought from a resting potential of about -75 mV to potentials more positive than -20 mV, and this was immediately followed by K inactivation. Accordingly, the steady-state I-V relation showed only slight outward-going rectification. 6. At the beginning of meiosis, which is signalled by break-down of the nucleus, the limiting slope conductance in the inward rectifying region of the I-V curve decreased sevenfold. The cell membrane lost its selective permeability to K ions and was depolarized from -70 to between -20 and OmV in standard artificial sea-water. The depolarized resting potential was partly due to the relative increase in Na permeability. K conductance began to increase again within 30 min after breakdown of the nucleus. The resting potential became gradually larger and eventually attained -70 mV in the mature egg. 7. In the mature egg, K activation upon depolarization was no longer followed by inactivation. Accordingly, the slope conductance in the outward rectifying region of the I-V curve increased. 8. The action potential was augmented at the stage of nuclear breakdown. Thereafter the maximum rate of rise decreased and the duration of the action potential shortened. These changes were caused primarily by changes in K conductance during maturation. 9. Fertilization of the egg during the maturation process did not affect the changes in the I-V relation described above, except for a transient change of the membrane permeability upon fertilization.", "PMID": 1169320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2680", "title": "Relationships between the biological and physicochemical properties of series of compounds.", "content": "An equilibrium model is described for relationships between the biological activity and the physicochemical properties of compounds in a congeneric series. An equation derived from the model is of the form, log C = log (a + 10-alpha) = b, where C is the total molar concentration of drug to produce a standard response, alpha ia a parameter of the form log K where K is an equilibrium constant, and a and b are coefficients. This equation provides a plausible fit to some nonlinear observations which have been studied.", "contents": "Relationships between the biological and physicochemical properties of series of compounds. An equilibrium model is described for relationships between the biological activity and the physicochemical properties of compounds in a congeneric series. An equation derived from the model is of the form, log C = log (a + 10-alpha) = b, where C is the total molar concentration of drug to produce a standard response, alpha ia a parameter of the form log K where K is an equilibrium constant, and a and b are coefficients. This equation provides a plausible fit to some nonlinear observations which have been studied.", "PMID": 1169321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2681", "title": "Synthesis and antifolate activity of new diaminopyrimidines and diaminopurines in enzymatic and cellular systems.", "content": "The following new 2,4-diamino-6-methylpyrimidines, 5-cyclohexylmethyl, 5-cyclohexylethyl,and 5-(2-naphthyl), as well as 2,6-diaminopurines, 8-adamantyl and8-adamantylmethyl, were synthesized as potential antifolates. Tese, as well as three known compounds, 2,4-diamino-5-cyclohexyl-6-methylpyrimidine, 2,4-diamino-5-(1-naphthyl) -6- methylpyrimidine, and 2,6-diaminopurine, were compared with respect to the inhibition of growth of mammalian cells in culture (TA 3) and with respect to the inhibition of partially purified dihydrofolate reductase. All of the pyrimidines except for the 5-(1maphthyl) derivative were competitive inhivitors of dihydrofolate reductase, with K values ranging from 0.07 to 0.04 pM. They were 2-5 times better as inhibitors of the isolated dihydrofolate reductase than of the cell growth. 2,4-Diamino-5-(1-naphthyl)-6-methylpyrimidine was a noncomptive inhivitor of the enzyme with a Kvalue of 56 pM. This compound was more potent in inhibiting cell growth than the isolated enzyme. indicating that its biological activity was not related to the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductse. All of the purine derivatives were poor growth inhibitors and although some of them inhibited isolated dihydrofolate reductase, their mode of action in cellular system did not seem to concern folate metabolism, as judged by the inability of hypoxanthine, and glycine to provide protection. The implication of these findings as to the structural requirements for inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase is discussed. The implication of these findings as to the  structural requirements for inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase is discussed. The pitfalls of the determinition of ID-50 values instead of a complete kinetic analysis in structure-activity studies are emphasized.", "contents": "Synthesis and antifolate activity of new diaminopyrimidines and diaminopurines in enzymatic and cellular systems. The following new 2,4-diamino-6-methylpyrimidines, 5-cyclohexylmethyl, 5-cyclohexylethyl,and 5-(2-naphthyl), as well as 2,6-diaminopurines, 8-adamantyl and8-adamantylmethyl, were synthesized as potential antifolates. Tese, as well as three known compounds, 2,4-diamino-5-cyclohexyl-6-methylpyrimidine, 2,4-diamino-5-(1-naphthyl) -6- methylpyrimidine, and 2,6-diaminopurine, were compared with respect to the inhibition of growth of mammalian cells in culture (TA 3) and with respect to the inhibition of partially purified dihydrofolate reductase. All of the pyrimidines except for the 5-(1maphthyl) derivative were competitive inhivitors of dihydrofolate reductase, with K values ranging from 0.07 to 0.04 pM. They were 2-5 times better as inhibitors of the isolated dihydrofolate reductase than of the cell growth. 2,4-Diamino-5-(1-naphthyl)-6-methylpyrimidine was a noncomptive inhivitor of the enzyme with a Kvalue of 56 pM. This compound was more potent in inhibiting cell growth than the isolated enzyme. indicating that its biological activity was not related to the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductse. All of the purine derivatives were poor growth inhibitors and although some of them inhibited isolated dihydrofolate reductase, their mode of action in cellular system did not seem to concern folate metabolism, as judged by the inability of hypoxanthine, and glycine to provide protection. The implication of these findings as to the structural requirements for inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase is discussed. The implication of these findings as to the  structural requirements for inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase is discussed. The pitfalls of the determinition of ID-50 values instead of a complete kinetic analysis in structure-activity studies are emphasized.", "PMID": 1169322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2682", "title": "Base-catalyzed and cholinesterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of acetylcholine and optically active analogs.", "content": "The base- and cholinestrase-catalyzed hydrolyses of the following optically active analogs of acetylcholine were studied: 3 (a)-trimethylammonium-2(a)-acetoxy-trans-decalin iodide, threo- and erythro-alpha, beta-dimethylacetylcholine iodide, alpha-methylacetylcholine, and beta-methylacetylcholine. Evidence that the optimum dihedral +N-C-C-O angle in the transition state for acetylcholinesterase hydrolysis of acetylcholine analogs is positive and anticlinal is given. The data obtained suggest that acetylcholine undergoes a geometrically flexible mode of attachment to the enzyme.", "contents": "Base-catalyzed and cholinesterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of acetylcholine and optically active analogs. The base- and cholinestrase-catalyzed hydrolyses of the following optically active analogs of acetylcholine were studied: 3 (a)-trimethylammonium-2(a)-acetoxy-trans-decalin iodide, threo- and erythro-alpha, beta-dimethylacetylcholine iodide, alpha-methylacetylcholine, and beta-methylacetylcholine. Evidence that the optimum dihedral +N-C-C-O angle in the transition state for acetylcholinesterase hydrolysis of acetylcholine analogs is positive and anticlinal is given. The data obtained suggest that acetylcholine undergoes a geometrically flexible mode of attachment to the enzyme.", "PMID": 1169323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2683", "title": "Perceived sources of stress among first-year medical students.", "content": "A survey of first-year medical students at the University of Toronto shows that academic factors are viewed as the most stressful and social factors as the least stressful. Among anticipated sources of stress those dealing with perceived failure are highly stressful, and those dealing with sexual aspects of the doctor-patient relationship are much less so. Factor analysis reveals that sources of stress are multidimensional rather than unidimensional. Particular socio-demographic antecedent variables are much more highly correlated with stress than are others. In particular, it is found that students in subgroups differing from \"mainstream\" students feel more stress than their mainstream counterparts. Feelings of stress are also found to be positively related to possible consequences of stress, such as frequency of thinking about dropping out and to number of days off school because of illness.", "contents": "Perceived sources of stress among first-year medical students. A survey of first-year medical students at the University of Toronto shows that academic factors are viewed as the most stressful and social factors as the least stressful. Among anticipated sources of stress those dealing with perceived failure are highly stressful, and those dealing with sexual aspects of the doctor-patient relationship are much less so. Factor analysis reveals that sources of stress are multidimensional rather than unidimensional. Particular socio-demographic antecedent variables are much more highly correlated with stress than are others. In particular, it is found that students in subgroups differing from \"mainstream\" students feel more stress than their mainstream counterparts. Feelings of stress are also found to be positively related to possible consequences of stress, such as frequency of thinking about dropping out and to number of days off school because of illness.", "PMID": 1169324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2684", "title": "In vitro suppression of immunocompetent cells by lymphomas from aging mice.", "content": "We studied the effects of lymphomas in the spleens of aging (C57BL/6 X BALB/c)F1 (B6CF1) mice on the immunologic responsiveness of normal spleen cell cultures to sheep erythrocytes. The cultures were assayed for antibody-forming cells (AFC). Cultures of 20 times 10-6 normal spleen cells produced hundreds of AFC, whereas similar cultures of lymphomatous spleen cells produced less than ten AFC. Normal spleen cells were immunosuppressed in cultures with as few as 10-4 lymphomatous spleen cells. Our results demonstrated that lymphoma cells inhibited the response of normal spleen cells to antigenic stimulation in vitro. The age response for male mice gave a biphasic decline with a steeper second phase. This second decline of immune responsiveness started to appear as the incidence of lymphomas rose. This suggested that the immunosuppressive activity of lymphoma cells was causally related to the age-dependent decline of immune responsiveness in B6CF1 mice.", "contents": "In vitro suppression of immunocompetent cells by lymphomas from aging mice. We studied the effects of lymphomas in the spleens of aging (C57BL/6 X BALB/c)F1 (B6CF1) mice on the immunologic responsiveness of normal spleen cell cultures to sheep erythrocytes. The cultures were assayed for antibody-forming cells (AFC). Cultures of 20 times 10-6 normal spleen cells produced hundreds of AFC, whereas similar cultures of lymphomatous spleen cells produced less than ten AFC. Normal spleen cells were immunosuppressed in cultures with as few as 10-4 lymphomatous spleen cells. Our results demonstrated that lymphoma cells inhibited the response of normal spleen cells to antigenic stimulation in vitro. The age response for male mice gave a biphasic decline with a steeper second phase. This second decline of immune responsiveness started to appear as the incidence of lymphomas rose. This suggested that the immunosuppressive activity of lymphoma cells was causally related to the age-dependent decline of immune responsiveness in B6CF1 mice.", "PMID": 1169325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2685", "title": "Transplacental induction of primary renal tumors in rabbits treated with 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "Pregnant rabbits of the two partially inbred strains III and WH were given ip injections of a single dose of 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea (ENU) (60 mg/kg) in trioctanoin on day 18 of gestation. Controls were treated on the same day with solvent alone. Fourteen of 15 strain III progeny that survived more than 8 weeks developed primary renal tumors at a mean age of 3.3 months. Five other treated strain III progeny died at an early age due to other causes. In contrast, only 3 of 7 strain WH offspring surviving more than 8 weeks developed renal tumors; they had about the same latency period (3.9 months). In each strain, either renal tubular cystadenomas or mixed nephroblastomas appeared to develop within small renal cortical cysts. In strain III, the presence of these cysts may have been due to a high frequency of a recessive gene (rc) for renal cysts, but in strain WH they were induced by ENU. The differential strain incidence suggests that susceptibility to renal tumor inducibility by ENU is increased by the presence of the rc/rc genotype for cyst formation.", "contents": "Transplacental induction of primary renal tumors in rabbits treated with 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea. Pregnant rabbits of the two partially inbred strains III and WH were given ip injections of a single dose of 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea (ENU) (60 mg/kg) in trioctanoin on day 18 of gestation. Controls were treated on the same day with solvent alone. Fourteen of 15 strain III progeny that survived more than 8 weeks developed primary renal tumors at a mean age of 3.3 months. Five other treated strain III progeny died at an early age due to other causes. In contrast, only 3 of 7 strain WH offspring surviving more than 8 weeks developed renal tumors; they had about the same latency period (3.9 months). In each strain, either renal tubular cystadenomas or mixed nephroblastomas appeared to develop within small renal cortical cysts. In strain III, the presence of these cysts may have been due to a high frequency of a recessive gene (rc) for renal cysts, but in strain WH they were induced by ENU. The differential strain incidence suggests that susceptibility to renal tumor inducibility by ENU is increased by the presence of the rc/rc genotype for cyst formation.", "PMID": 1169326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2686", "title": "EEG evaluation of humaneness of asphyxia and decapitation euthanasia of the laboratory rat.", "content": "The relative humaneness of asphyxia and decapitation was objectively evaluated in rats by EEG monitoring. EEG activation (low voltage, fast activity) was considered to indicate discomfort, pain, and affective responses to euthansia. Such activation was present 37.3 plus or minus 7.5 sec after asphyxia and 13.6 plus or minus 4,6 sec after decapitation. Decapitation was also characterized by an immediate large, and relatively long-lasting, ultra-slow voltage, detected by non-polarizable scalp electrodes. Isoelectric activity (death) occurred 69.4 plus or minus 9.9 sec after onset of asphyxia and 27.2 plus or minus 4.4 sec after decapitation.", "contents": "EEG evaluation of humaneness of asphyxia and decapitation euthanasia of the laboratory rat. The relative humaneness of asphyxia and decapitation was objectively evaluated in rats by EEG monitoring. EEG activation (low voltage, fast activity) was considered to indicate discomfort, pain, and affective responses to euthansia. Such activation was present 37.3 plus or minus 7.5 sec after asphyxia and 13.6 plus or minus 4,6 sec after decapitation. Decapitation was also characterized by an immediate large, and relatively long-lasting, ultra-slow voltage, detected by non-polarizable scalp electrodes. Isoelectric activity (death) occurred 69.4 plus or minus 9.9 sec after onset of asphyxia and 27.2 plus or minus 4.4 sec after decapitation.", "PMID": 1169659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2687", "title": "Physicians view national health insurance: a national study.", "content": "Nationally representative samples of senior physicians, interns and residents, and medical students were interviewed during the spring of 1973. The main focus of the present analysis is senior physicians' responses to national health insurance issues. The level of support among physicians is underestimated by physicians themselves. Despite the fact that 56 per cent of the doctors were in favor of \"some form of national health insurance,\" almost three-fourths of the respondents believed that most doctors they knew personally were opposed. More than four-fifths of the physicians believed that NHI was inevitable, and those who saw NHI as inevitable were more likely to favor it. Doctor's views about NHI were closely related to their general political views. In general, attitudes of AMA members and grass-roots state and local medical society leaders were not greatly divergent. In terms of responses to specific components differentiating NHI alternatives, physicians preferred conservative options on how a program was to be financed and administered as well as whether the development of prepaid groups should be encouraged. Support for the liberal alternative was strongest on the question of peer reviews, with 75 per cet in favor of such reviews under a NHI program. Differentiation in the profession is considerable. Main activity, work setting, specialty, percentage of income in salary, geographical location, and career stage all contribute to differing reactions to NHI among physicians.", "contents": "Physicians view national health insurance: a national study. Nationally representative samples of senior physicians, interns and residents, and medical students were interviewed during the spring of 1973. The main focus of the present analysis is senior physicians' responses to national health insurance issues. The level of support among physicians is underestimated by physicians themselves. Despite the fact that 56 per cent of the doctors were in favor of \"some form of national health insurance,\" almost three-fourths of the respondents believed that most doctors they knew personally were opposed. More than four-fifths of the physicians believed that NHI was inevitable, and those who saw NHI as inevitable were more likely to favor it. Doctor's views about NHI were closely related to their general political views. In general, attitudes of AMA members and grass-roots state and local medical society leaders were not greatly divergent. In terms of responses to specific components differentiating NHI alternatives, physicians preferred conservative options on how a program was to be financed and administered as well as whether the development of prepaid groups should be encouraged. Support for the liberal alternative was strongest on the question of peer reviews, with 75 per cet in favor of such reviews under a NHI program. Differentiation in the profession is considerable. Main activity, work setting, specialty, percentage of income in salary, geographical location, and career stage all contribute to differing reactions to NHI among physicians.", "PMID": 1169665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2688", "title": "An examination of some reputed antifertility plants.", "content": "Solvent extracts prepared from 80 plant species reputed to show antifertility effects on human beings or from species closely related to such plants, showed no significant antifertility activity when fed to rats.", "contents": "An examination of some reputed antifertility plants. Solvent extracts prepared from 80 plant species reputed to show antifertility effects on human beings or from species closely related to such plants, showed no significant antifertility activity when fed to rats.", "PMID": 1169670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2689", "title": "Spontaneous cataract resorption and lens-induced uveitis in the dog.", "content": "Spontaneous cataract resorption and the associated lens-induced uveitis occur primarily in young dogs, especially the Afghan Hound, American Cocker Spaniel, Boston Terrier, Miniature and Toy Poodle, and Miniature Schnauzer.  The resorption process, if extensive, will restore vision without surgical intervention, but medical control of the lens-induced uveitis by use of mydriatics and, infrequently, topical and systemic corticosteroids is essential.  The main potential complications, severe medically nonresponsive uveitis and glaucoma, necessitate immediate cataract extraction.", "contents": "Spontaneous cataract resorption and lens-induced uveitis in the dog. Spontaneous cataract resorption and the associated lens-induced uveitis occur primarily in young dogs, especially the Afghan Hound, American Cocker Spaniel, Boston Terrier, Miniature and Toy Poodle, and Miniature Schnauzer.  The resorption process, if extensive, will restore vision without surgical intervention, but medical control of the lens-induced uveitis by use of mydriatics and, infrequently, topical and systemic corticosteroids is essential.  The main potential complications, severe medically nonresponsive uveitis and glaucoma, necessitate immediate cataract extraction.", "PMID": 1169683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2690", "title": "X-ray induced dominant lethal mutations in mature and immature oocytes of guinea-pigs and golden hamsters.", "content": "The induction of dominant lethal mutations by doses of 100-400 rad X-rays in oocytes of the guinea-pig and golden hamster was studied using criteria of embryonic mortality. For both species higher yields were obtained from mature than from immature oocytes, in contrast to results for the mouse. Data on fertility indicated that in the golden hamster, as in the mouse, immature oocytes were more sensitive to killing by X-rays than mature oocytes but that the converse was true in the guinea-pig. The dose-response relationship for mutation to dominant lethals in pre-ovulatory oocytes of guinea-pig and golden hamsters was linear, both when based on pre- and post-implantation loss and when on post-implantation loss only. The rate per unit dose was higher for the golden hamster, and the old golden hamsters were possibly slightly more sensitive than young ones. The mutation rate data for mature oocytes of the mouse, using post-implantation loss alone, also fitted a linear dose-response relationship, except that the rate per unit dose was lower than for the other two species.", "contents": "X-ray induced dominant lethal mutations in mature and immature oocytes of guinea-pigs and golden hamsters. The induction of dominant lethal mutations by doses of 100-400 rad X-rays in oocytes of the guinea-pig and golden hamster was studied using criteria of embryonic mortality. For both species higher yields were obtained from mature than from immature oocytes, in contrast to results for the mouse. Data on fertility indicated that in the golden hamster, as in the mouse, immature oocytes were more sensitive to killing by X-rays than mature oocytes but that the converse was true in the guinea-pig. The dose-response relationship for mutation to dominant lethals in pre-ovulatory oocytes of guinea-pig and golden hamsters was linear, both when based on pre- and post-implantation loss and when on post-implantation loss only. The rate per unit dose was higher for the golden hamster, and the old golden hamsters were possibly slightly more sensitive than young ones. The mutation rate data for mature oocytes of the mouse, using post-implantation loss alone, also fitted a linear dose-response relationship, except that the rate per unit dose was lower than for the other two species.", "PMID": 1169684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2691", "title": "[Biological significance of animal toxins].", "content": "Animal toxins are not to be understood as substances of random occurrence; they are of great importance in ecology. The venom-secreting organs have developed in a wide variety of ways and serve either as an offensive weapon or for protection against enemies. Accordingly, we may distinguish between actively venemous and passively venemous animals. There are other animals that are toxic rather by chance and due to extraneous factors; these we may call poisonous animals. Research into animal toxins is important from both the chemical and the biological points of view. In addition to basic knowledge, we may hope for interesting phylogenetic results from such research.", "contents": "[Biological significance of animal toxins]. Animal toxins are not to be understood as substances of random occurrence; they are of great importance in ecology. The venom-secreting organs have developed in a wide variety of ways and serve either as an offensive weapon or for protection against enemies. Accordingly, we may distinguish between actively venemous and passively venemous animals. There are other animals that are toxic rather by chance and due to extraneous factors; these we may call poisonous animals. Research into animal toxins is important from both the chemical and the biological points of view. In addition to basic knowledge, we may hope for interesting phylogenetic results from such research.", "PMID": 1169694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2692", "title": "Diurnal variations in plasma corticosterone and growth hormone as corrlelated with regional variations in norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin content of rat brain.", "content": "Statistically significant diurnal variations in plasma growth hormone (GH) were found to occur in handled male rats. Peak GH values (at miday) appeared to be inversely correlated with the diurnal peak of plasma corticosterone(CS) which occurred after the onset of darkness. Brain amines were examined in the following regions: cortex, striatum, septum, amygdala, pons, midbrain, and hypothalamus. Statistically significant diurnal cycles of serotonin (5-HT) concentration were found in the amygdala and midbrain, significant diurnal alterations in norepinephrine (NE) levels. Ultradian dopamine (DA) cycles were significant in all regions examined. Plasma GH changes were found to be directly correlated with midbrain and amygdala 5-HT levels and with DA levels of all areas except the amygdala, Plasma CS  was found to be inversely correlated with striatal  and cortical DA and with 5-HT levels of amygdala.", "contents": "Diurnal variations in plasma corticosterone and growth hormone as corrlelated with regional variations in norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin content of rat brain. Statistically significant diurnal variations in plasma growth hormone (GH) were found to occur in handled male rats. Peak GH values (at miday) appeared to be inversely correlated with the diurnal peak of plasma corticosterone(CS) which occurred after the onset of darkness. Brain amines were examined in the following regions: cortex, striatum, septum, amygdala, pons, midbrain, and hypothalamus. Statistically significant diurnal cycles of serotonin (5-HT) concentration were found in the amygdala and midbrain, significant diurnal alterations in norepinephrine (NE) levels. Ultradian dopamine (DA) cycles were significant in all regions examined. Plasma GH changes were found to be directly correlated with midbrain and amygdala 5-HT levels and with DA levels of all areas except the amygdala, Plasma CS  was found to be inversely correlated with striatal  and cortical DA and with 5-HT levels of amygdala.", "PMID": 1169697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2693", "title": "Effects of pinealectomy and constant light on the estrous cycles of female rats.", "content": "Adult Charles River female rats were pinealectomized, sham-operated or left intact, and half of each group was placed in 12L:12D while the other half we exposed to constant light (LL). Daily vaginal smears permitted the calculation, at weekly intervals, of the percent of rats in each group in LL showing 5 or more consecutive days of vaginal cornification. After 11 weeks in LL, those rats were returned to LD for 6 weeks and then put back into LL until the termination of the experiment 3 weeks later.", "contents": "Effects of pinealectomy and constant light on the estrous cycles of female rats. Adult Charles River female rats were pinealectomized, sham-operated or left intact, and half of each group was placed in 12L:12D while the other half we exposed to constant light (LL). Daily vaginal smears permitted the calculation, at weekly intervals, of the percent of rats in each group in LL showing 5 or more consecutive days of vaginal cornification. After 11 weeks in LL, those rats were returned to LD for 6 weeks and then put back into LL until the termination of the experiment 3 weeks later.", "PMID": 1169698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2694", "title": "Ballistic and corrective movements on an aiming task. Intention tremor and parkinsonian movement disorders compared.", "content": "Six patients with Parkinson's disease, six patients with essential or intention tremor, and nine controls were tested on a step-tracking task using a joystick control and oscilloscope display. Tremor subjects resembled controls in making an initial ballistic movement followed by (defective) corrections, and took longer than the controls to reach the target with small amplitude jumps, but not with larger ones. The reverse was true for parkinsonian subjects, who acquired the target with slow corrective movements only. This suggests that two kinds of movement available to normal people are selectively impaired in these disorders; ballistic movements in Parkinson's disease and small amplitude corrective movements in the other disorders.", "contents": "Ballistic and corrective movements on an aiming task. Intention tremor and parkinsonian movement disorders compared. Six patients with Parkinson's disease, six patients with essential or intention tremor, and nine controls were tested on a step-tracking task using a joystick control and oscilloscope display. Tremor subjects resembled controls in making an initial ballistic movement followed by (defective) corrections, and took longer than the controls to reach the target with small amplitude jumps, but not with larger ones. The reverse was true for parkinsonian subjects, who acquired the target with slow corrective movements only. This suggests that two kinds of movement available to normal people are selectively impaired in these disorders; ballistic movements in Parkinson's disease and small amplitude corrective movements in the other disorders.", "PMID": 1169700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2695", "title": "Epidemiologic study of migraine symptoms in young women.", "content": "Information about headache was collected from a nonclinical sample of 451 women, aged 15 to 44, in 12 major U.S. cities. Questions were asked in regard to the presence in the past year of headache, and of the following characteristic symptoms of migraine: unilateral location, throbbing quality, visual aura, vomiting, and severity sufficient to affect daily activities. Twenty-three percent of the women had headaches with two or more of these characteristics. The frequency of such symptoms was significantly greater in women who smoked or formerly had smoked cigarettes, in women with lower incomes and poor education, and in women with a history of hypertension, stomach ulcer, fainting, and a variety of emotional complaints. The frequency of reported symptoms of migraine did not vary significantly according to age, race, marital status, use of oral contraceptives, or number of living children. These findings do not support the commonly held clinical impression that migraine is uncommon among blacks or among the poorly educated.", "contents": "Epidemiologic study of migraine symptoms in young women. Information about headache was collected from a nonclinical sample of 451 women, aged 15 to 44, in 12 major U.S. cities. Questions were asked in regard to the presence in the past year of headache, and of the following characteristic symptoms of migraine: unilateral location, throbbing quality, visual aura, vomiting, and severity sufficient to affect daily activities. Twenty-three percent of the women had headaches with two or more of these characteristics. The frequency of such symptoms was significantly greater in women who smoked or formerly had smoked cigarettes, in women with lower incomes and poor education, and in women with a history of hypertension, stomach ulcer, fainting, and a variety of emotional complaints. The frequency of reported symptoms of migraine did not vary significantly according to age, race, marital status, use of oral contraceptives, or number of living children. These findings do not support the commonly held clinical impression that migraine is uncommon among blacks or among the poorly educated.", "PMID": 1169701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2696", "title": "Unilateral megalencephaly: hamartoma or neoplasm?", "content": "The clinical and pathologic findings in three cases of unilateral megalencephaly, showing a spectrum of mild to severe involvement, are presented. The first case demonstrated an increase in neuronal size and mild gliosis and is contrasted with the second and third cases, which showed a progressive enlargement and bizarre appearance of neurons associated with an increase in number and size of astrocytes. The relationship of these cases to developmental and neoplastic disease in the brain is discussed.", "contents": "Unilateral megalencephaly: hamartoma or neoplasm? The clinical and pathologic findings in three cases of unilateral megalencephaly, showing a spectrum of mild to severe involvement, are presented. The first case demonstrated an increase in neuronal size and mild gliosis and is contrasted with the second and third cases, which showed a progressive enlargement and bizarre appearance of neurons associated with an increase in number and size of astrocytes. The relationship of these cases to developmental and neoplastic disease in the brain is discussed.", "PMID": 1169702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2697", "title": "Adolescent familial cramps.", "content": "Two adolescent brothers were studied because of cramps in the legs following strenuous exercise. The symptoms were maximal at adolescence and later subsided. Serum creatine phosphokinase elevations were significant. Examinations of muscle biopsy material revealed changes compatible with a myopathy. The family consists of seven children. All have eventually developed elevations of serum creatine phosphokinase, which appear to reach the highest point during adolescence. This familial disorder may represent a new myopathy with maximal penetrance at adolescence.", "contents": "Adolescent familial cramps. Two adolescent brothers were studied because of cramps in the legs following strenuous exercise. The symptoms were maximal at adolescence and later subsided. Serum creatine phosphokinase elevations were significant. Examinations of muscle biopsy material revealed changes compatible with a myopathy. The family consists of seven children. All have eventually developed elevations of serum creatine phosphokinase, which appear to reach the highest point during adolescence. This familial disorder may represent a new myopathy with maximal penetrance at adolescence.", "PMID": 1169703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2698", "title": "Clinical ictal patterns in epileptic patients with occipital electroencephalographic foci.", "content": "Seizure patterns and other clinical features were analyzed in 55 epileptic patients with electrographic evidence of exclusive or predominant occipital involvement. Few statistically significant differences in clinical or ictal patterns were found between subjects with purely focal occipital involvement and those with temporal and temporo-parietal spread or minor additional independent foci. On the other hand, cases with bilateral synchronous occipital spike activity appeared to reflect a different type of epileptic disorder. Clinical pleomorphism was more apparent than is commonly conceived; thus, although the incidence of visual auras was relatively high (47 percent), epigastric, psychic, somatic, and other sensory phenomena were not infrequently encountered. Ictal motor patterns were most commonly (53 percent) nonfocal or absent, but partial or focal motor attacks and psychomotor seizures were amply represented. Ictal features with their localizing and lateralizing reliability were also analyzed and discussed in relation to those found in a comparison study of seizures of fronto-centro-parietal origin.", "contents": "Clinical ictal patterns in epileptic patients with occipital electroencephalographic foci. Seizure patterns and other clinical features were analyzed in 55 epileptic patients with electrographic evidence of exclusive or predominant occipital involvement. Few statistically significant differences in clinical or ictal patterns were found between subjects with purely focal occipital involvement and those with temporal and temporo-parietal spread or minor additional independent foci. On the other hand, cases with bilateral synchronous occipital spike activity appeared to reflect a different type of epileptic disorder. Clinical pleomorphism was more apparent than is commonly conceived; thus, although the incidence of visual auras was relatively high (47 percent), epigastric, psychic, somatic, and other sensory phenomena were not infrequently encountered. Ictal motor patterns were most commonly (53 percent) nonfocal or absent, but partial or focal motor attacks and psychomotor seizures were amply represented. Ictal features with their localizing and lateralizing reliability were also analyzed and discussed in relation to those found in a comparison study of seizures of fronto-centro-parietal origin.", "PMID": 1169704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2699", "title": "Dystrophia myotonica in a 47, XXY male.", "content": "Classical clinical manifestations of dystrophia myotonica were apparently unaltered by aneuploidy in a 47, XXY male. His extremely eunuchoid habitus may represent a contribution by the point mutation to his Klinefelter's syndrome. Association of the two disorders may be due to factors other than chance. The danger of overlooking Klinefelter's syndrome in males with dystrophia myotonica can be avoided by cytologic studies.", "contents": "Dystrophia myotonica in a 47, XXY male. Classical clinical manifestations of dystrophia myotonica were apparently unaltered by aneuploidy in a 47, XXY male. His extremely eunuchoid habitus may represent a contribution by the point mutation to his Klinefelter's syndrome. Association of the two disorders may be due to factors other than chance. The danger of overlooking Klinefelter's syndrome in males with dystrophia myotonica can be avoided by cytologic studies.", "PMID": 1169705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2700", "title": "Perivascular anoxia-ischemia lesions in the human brain.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic data are presented on three patients who had clinical anoxia-ischemia in combination with serum hyperosmolality. The pathologic lesions consisted of perivascular necrosis, predominantly involving small vessels in the cerebral cortex. No intraluminal thromboembolic material was found in any of the vessels. The lesions are reminiscent of \"no-reflow\" lesions seen in experimental animals rendered ischemic.", "contents": "Perivascular anoxia-ischemia lesions in the human brain. The clinical and pathologic data are presented on three patients who had clinical anoxia-ischemia in combination with serum hyperosmolality. The pathologic lesions consisted of perivascular necrosis, predominantly involving small vessels in the cerebral cortex. No intraluminal thromboembolic material was found in any of the vessels. The lesions are reminiscent of \"no-reflow\" lesions seen in experimental animals rendered ischemic.", "PMID": 1169706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2701", "title": "Brain H-3-catecholamine metabolism in experimental cerebral ischemia.", "content": "Unilateral ligation of a common carotid artery in gerbils causes a major depletion of brain dopamine, which is most marked in brain regions known to receive dopaminergic projections. To determine whether this depletion reflects release of stored dopamine, a radioactive label (H-3-dopamine) was introduced into brain dopamine pools 4 hours prior to ligation. Twenty-four hours later, brain H-3-catecholamines were profoundly depressed ipsilateral to the lesion among animals exhibiting clinical signs of stroke. Within brain regions known to receive dopaminergic projections, common carotid ligation also was associated with a selective decrease in the concentration of H-3-deaminated metabolites. These data suggest that cerebral ischemia is associated with release of catecholamines, as well as with impaired oxidative metabolism of catecholamines.", "contents": "Brain H-3-catecholamine metabolism in experimental cerebral ischemia. Unilateral ligation of a common carotid artery in gerbils causes a major depletion of brain dopamine, which is most marked in brain regions known to receive dopaminergic projections. To determine whether this depletion reflects release of stored dopamine, a radioactive label (H-3-dopamine) was introduced into brain dopamine pools 4 hours prior to ligation. Twenty-four hours later, brain H-3-catecholamines were profoundly depressed ipsilateral to the lesion among animals exhibiting clinical signs of stroke. Within brain regions known to receive dopaminergic projections, common carotid ligation also was associated with a selective decrease in the concentration of H-3-deaminated metabolites. These data suggest that cerebral ischemia is associated with release of catecholamines, as well as with impaired oxidative metabolism of catecholamines.", "PMID": 1169707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2702", "title": "Low intensity argon laser coagulation in central serous retinopathy (csr).", "content": "Mechanisms of light coagulation effects in RPE and detached retina are discussed. 25 cases of CSR are presented in which the leaking point in the RPE was coagulated with an argon laser coagulator, the exposure parameters being set to avoid a whitening of the retina. The results suggest that the retinal whitening and consequently retinal damage does not constitute a criterium for coagulation effectiveness in CSR.", "contents": "Low intensity argon laser coagulation in central serous retinopathy (csr). Mechanisms of light coagulation effects in RPE and detached retina are discussed. 25 cases of CSR are presented in which the leaking point in the RPE was coagulated with an argon laser coagulator, the exposure parameters being set to avoid a whitening of the retina. The results suggest that the retinal whitening and consequently retinal damage does not constitute a criterium for coagulation effectiveness in CSR.", "PMID": 1169740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2703", "title": "An evoked electromyographic test for peripheral facial palsy.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to determine the degree of nerve degeneration in patients with facial palsy from the number of spikes in M-wave which were induced from the facial muscle by means of a bipolar concentric needle electrode when the facial nerve was stimulated. Ten normal cases between 14 and 72 years of age and 46 cases with facial palsy between 12 and 73 years of age were examined. Histopathological findings of ten denervated nerves were studied to determine to what extent this method may reflect the state of nerve degeneration.", "contents": "An evoked electromyographic test for peripheral facial palsy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the degree of nerve degeneration in patients with facial palsy from the number of spikes in M-wave which were induced from the facial muscle by means of a bipolar concentric needle electrode when the facial nerve was stimulated. Ten normal cases between 14 and 72 years of age and 46 cases with facial palsy between 12 and 73 years of age were examined. Histopathological findings of ten denervated nerves were studied to determine to what extent this method may reflect the state of nerve degeneration.", "PMID": 1169741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2704", "title": "Experimental investigation on lateral inhibition by means of stapedius reflex threshold.", "content": "In 15 normal-hearing persons a number of stapedius reflex responses 10 dB above individual reflex threshold has been measured and recorded. In an experimental condition the same stimulus tone has been used and the responses recorded. During the experiment two tones have been continuously presented - one of lower and one of higher frequency with amplitudes lying 10-15 dB underneath the tone evoking the stimulus. In an experimental condition an attenuation of the reflex response resulted. The normal reflex decay, first of all in higher frequencies has been controlled during experiment. The results indicate a similarity to those found under adequate conditions in other perceptive organs, these being interpreted as lateral inhibition.", "contents": "Experimental investigation on lateral inhibition by means of stapedius reflex threshold. In 15 normal-hearing persons a number of stapedius reflex responses 10 dB above individual reflex threshold has been measured and recorded. In an experimental condition the same stimulus tone has been used and the responses recorded. During the experiment two tones have been continuously presented - one of lower and one of higher frequency with amplitudes lying 10-15 dB underneath the tone evoking the stimulus. In an experimental condition an attenuation of the reflex response resulted. The normal reflex decay, first of all in higher frequencies has been controlled during experiment. The results indicate a similarity to those found under adequate conditions in other perceptive organs, these being interpreted as lateral inhibition.", "PMID": 1169742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2705", "title": "Aspirin ototoxicity in the guinea pig.", "content": "Aspirin ototoxicity has been studied on guinea pigs by shiver-audiometry and histological investigation of the cochlear duct. One dose of 350 mg/kg has provoked, after 7 h, a mean hearing loss of 18-24 dB at 0.25-8 kHz, followed by complete recovery in 3 days. The difference between the administration of 50 mg/kg/day and 350 mg/kg/day consists of a wide extension of the frequencies involved, and in about 10 dB a greater hearing loss. In both cases, no appreciable recovery of hearing was observed after 22 days (the histological investigations were negative). The biochemical pathogenesis of aspirin ototoxicity is discussed and periodical audiometric controls before and during salicylate treatment are recommended.", "contents": "Aspirin ototoxicity in the guinea pig. Aspirin ototoxicity has been studied on guinea pigs by shiver-audiometry and histological investigation of the cochlear duct. One dose of 350 mg/kg has provoked, after 7 h, a mean hearing loss of 18-24 dB at 0.25-8 kHz, followed by complete recovery in 3 days. The difference between the administration of 50 mg/kg/day and 350 mg/kg/day consists of a wide extension of the frequencies involved, and in about 10 dB a greater hearing loss. In both cases, no appreciable recovery of hearing was observed after 22 days (the histological investigations were negative). The biochemical pathogenesis of aspirin ototoxicity is discussed and periodical audiometric controls before and during salicylate treatment are recommended.", "PMID": 1169743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2706", "title": "Extrusion of transtympanic ventilating tubes, relative to the site of insertion.", "content": "The results are presented of a study, designed to examine the relation between the site of insertion of transtympanic ventilating tubes into the tympanic membrane and the period, elapsing before extrusion takes place. The results suggest that tubes inserted into the anterior part of the tympanic membrane remain in place for a longer period than tubes inserted posteriorly.", "contents": "Extrusion of transtympanic ventilating tubes, relative to the site of insertion. The results are presented of a study, designed to examine the relation between the site of insertion of transtympanic ventilating tubes into the tympanic membrane and the period, elapsing before extrusion takes place. The results suggest that tubes inserted into the anterior part of the tympanic membrane remain in place for a longer period than tubes inserted posteriorly.", "PMID": 1169745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2707", "title": "Urethral pressure measurement after division of the external sphincter.", "content": "The completeness and permanence of 'division of the external sphincter' is assessed in a group of 30 spinal injury patients. The urethral pressure profile technique is effective in estimating the completeness of the operation. Both in the short-term and the long-term (four month to 16 years) the results of the operation are excellent with no mortality.", "contents": "Urethral pressure measurement after division of the external sphincter. The completeness and permanence of 'division of the external sphincter' is assessed in a group of 30 spinal injury patients. The urethral pressure profile technique is effective in estimating the completeness of the operation. Both in the short-term and the long-term (four month to 16 years) the results of the operation are excellent with no mortality.", "PMID": 1169749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2708", "title": "The autonomic nervous system and the bladder during spinal shock--an experimental study.", "content": "During experimental spinal shock, the urethral muscle responded to drugs earlier than the detrusor muscle. Stimulation with parasympathomimetic drugs caused some rise in intravesical pressure, but an unexpected and much greater rise of intraurethral pressure. Bladder evacuation was achieved with the Cred\u00e9 manoeuvre during spinal shock with the combined effect of alpha adrenergic blockade and beta adrenergic stimulation.", "contents": "The autonomic nervous system and the bladder during spinal shock--an experimental study. During experimental spinal shock, the urethral muscle responded to drugs earlier than the detrusor muscle. Stimulation with parasympathomimetic drugs caused some rise in intravesical pressure, but an unexpected and much greater rise of intraurethral pressure. Bladder evacuation was achieved with the Cred\u00e9 manoeuvre during spinal shock with the combined effect of alpha adrenergic blockade and beta adrenergic stimulation.", "PMID": 1169750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2709", "title": "Ontogeny of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase and gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration in human kidney.", "content": "GAD activity and GABA, the product of GAD action on L-glutamate, are both prominent in mature human renal cortex. GAD activity is low in fetal kidney but rises several fold preterm to establish the characteristic post-term specific activity. The ontogeny of the initial step in the GABA pathway parallels the need for kidney to accommodate acid-base regulation after birth. PLP coenzyme is required for GAD holoenzyme integrity. Fetal renal GAD was frequently undersaturated with PLP in our series of observations, raising the suggestion that maternal vitamin B6 nutrition is not always adequate.", "contents": "Ontogeny of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase and gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration in human kidney. GAD activity and GABA, the product of GAD action on L-glutamate, are both prominent in mature human renal cortex. GAD activity is low in fetal kidney but rises several fold preterm to establish the characteristic post-term specific activity. The ontogeny of the initial step in the GABA pathway parallels the need for kidney to accommodate acid-base regulation after birth. PLP coenzyme is required for GAD holoenzyme integrity. Fetal renal GAD was frequently undersaturated with PLP in our series of observations, raising the suggestion that maternal vitamin B6 nutrition is not always adequate.", "PMID": 1169751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2710", "title": "Pulmonary valvular dysfunction in children with ventriculovenous shunts for hydrocephalus: a previously unreported complication.", "content": "A hitherto unreported cardiovascular complication of ventriculovenous shunts for hydrocephalus, involving the pulmonary valve apparatus, is described in two boys. This complication was the result of catheter migration with its proximal end interfering with pulmonary valve function. In one case the embolized catheter was removed by thoracotomy resulting in disappearance of the cardiac findings, whereas in the other case the catheter was in situ because of its peripheral position in the lung and the relatively insignificant hemodynamic disturbances of the pulmonary valve. The pertinent literature on the cardiovascular complications of ventriculovenous shunts for hydrocephalus is also reviewed.", "contents": "Pulmonary valvular dysfunction in children with ventriculovenous shunts for hydrocephalus: a previously unreported complication. A hitherto unreported cardiovascular complication of ventriculovenous shunts for hydrocephalus, involving the pulmonary valve apparatus, is described in two boys. This complication was the result of catheter migration with its proximal end interfering with pulmonary valve function. In one case the embolized catheter was removed by thoracotomy resulting in disappearance of the cardiac findings, whereas in the other case the catheter was in situ because of its peripheral position in the lung and the relatively insignificant hemodynamic disturbances of the pulmonary valve. The pertinent literature on the cardiovascular complications of ventriculovenous shunts for hydrocephalus is also reviewed.", "PMID": 1169754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2711", "title": "Effect of local cooling on sweating rate and cold sensation.", "content": "Subjects resting in a 39 degrees C environment were stimulated in different skin regions with a water cooled thermode. This local cooling produced decreases in sweating rate measured at the thigh and increases in magnitude estimates of the cold sensation. The are of cold stimulation varied from 111 cm2 to 384 cm2. Sensitivity coefficients of the changes in sweating rate and magnitude estimate were corrected for differences in size of the area of stimulation and change in skin temperature and were normalized to the responses of the chest. The normalized coefficients showed the following relative sensitivities for changes in sweat rate and magnitude estimate respectively: forehead 3.3, 2.2; back 1.2, 1.4; lower leg 1.1, 0.9; chest 1.0, 1.0; thigh 0.9, 1.0; abdomen 0.8, 0.8. Varying the area stimulated from 122 cm2 to 384 cm2 produced greater changes in the sweating response than in the magnitude estimate. Rate of skin cooling during the period of stimulation had more effect on the sweating response than on the magnitude estimate. We conclude that cooling different body regions produces generally equivalent changes in the sweat rate and sensation, with the forehead showing a much greater sensitivity per unit area and temperature decrease than other areas.", "contents": "Effect of local cooling on sweating rate and cold sensation. Subjects resting in a 39 degrees C environment were stimulated in different skin regions with a water cooled thermode. This local cooling produced decreases in sweating rate measured at the thigh and increases in magnitude estimates of the cold sensation. The are of cold stimulation varied from 111 cm2 to 384 cm2. Sensitivity coefficients of the changes in sweating rate and magnitude estimate were corrected for differences in size of the area of stimulation and change in skin temperature and were normalized to the responses of the chest. The normalized coefficients showed the following relative sensitivities for changes in sweat rate and magnitude estimate respectively: forehead 3.3, 2.2; back 1.2, 1.4; lower leg 1.1, 0.9; chest 1.0, 1.0; thigh 0.9, 1.0; abdomen 0.8, 0.8. Varying the area stimulated from 122 cm2 to 384 cm2 produced greater changes in the sweating response than in the magnitude estimate. Rate of skin cooling during the period of stimulation had more effect on the sweating response than on the magnitude estimate. We conclude that cooling different body regions produces generally equivalent changes in the sweat rate and sensation, with the forehead showing a much greater sensitivity per unit area and temperature decrease than other areas.", "PMID": 1169755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2712", "title": "Spike-free activation mechanism in smooth muscle of guinea pig stomach.", "content": "Electrical and mechanical activity of circular muscle strips of guinea-pigs stomach, taken from the distal corpus/proximal antrum region, were recorded. Spontaneous activity consisting of phasic contractions combined with bursts of spike potentials was suppressed by verapamil (5-10-6 - 2-10-5 mol/l). Under these conditions acetylcholine produced a spike-free tonic activation. Under normal conditions phasic contractions were superimposed on this tonic activation. The acetylcholine-induced activation, therefore, consists of two different components, one of which can be selectively blocked with verapamil. Both components disappear quickly in calcium-free solution. It can be concluded that two different calcium activation systems are responsible for the two components of activation. In comparative studies with taenia coli preparations a comparable spike-free tonic activation was not found.", "contents": "Spike-free activation mechanism in smooth muscle of guinea pig stomach. Electrical and mechanical activity of circular muscle strips of guinea-pigs stomach, taken from the distal corpus/proximal antrum region, were recorded. Spontaneous activity consisting of phasic contractions combined with bursts of spike potentials was suppressed by verapamil (5-10-6 - 2-10-5 mol/l). Under these conditions acetylcholine produced a spike-free tonic activation. Under normal conditions phasic contractions were superimposed on this tonic activation. The acetylcholine-induced activation, therefore, consists of two different components, one of which can be selectively blocked with verapamil. Both components disappear quickly in calcium-free solution. It can be concluded that two different calcium activation systems are responsible for the two components of activation. In comparative studies with taenia coli preparations a comparable spike-free tonic activation was not found.", "PMID": 1169756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2713", "title": "Abnormal relationship between sodium excretion and hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Inulin clearance, single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR), Na and K excretion were studied following an acute saline infusion in spontaneously hypertensive (Okamoto strain) rats (SH). 1. Hypertonic saline load: experiments were performed in adult and young SH rats. As compared to control normotensive Wistar rats (NI), the sodium excretion rose much less following the load in SH. During the 75 min following the beginning of the load, adult SH excreted 15 degrees (NT: 58%) and young SH 9%(NT = 38%) of the sodium load (P less than 0.01 in both cases). Cin were similar in SH and NT during control period, and a similar increase was observed following the load. The superficial to juxtamedullary SNGFR ratio was 0.80 plus or minus 0.05 in 5 non diuretic adult SH, a value not different from that found in normal rats, and 0.87 plus or minus 0.07 in 3 salt loaded SH, indicating that no significant intrarenal GFR redistribution occurs in SH following an acute hypertonic saline load. 2. Following an isotonic saline load, the results were not different: the percentage of the sodium load excreted was 44 plus or minus 5% and 10 plus or minus 2% in NT and SH adult rats respectively. The possibility that the observed defect in sodium excretion of SH rats involves distal tubular function is suggested by the pattern of evolution in Na and K excretion.", "contents": "Abnormal relationship between sodium excretion and hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Inulin clearance, single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR), Na and K excretion were studied following an acute saline infusion in spontaneously hypertensive (Okamoto strain) rats (SH). 1. Hypertonic saline load: experiments were performed in adult and young SH rats. As compared to control normotensive Wistar rats (NI), the sodium excretion rose much less following the load in SH. During the 75 min following the beginning of the load, adult SH excreted 15 degrees (NT: 58%) and young SH 9%(NT = 38%) of the sodium load (P less than 0.01 in both cases). Cin were similar in SH and NT during control period, and a similar increase was observed following the load. The superficial to juxtamedullary SNGFR ratio was 0.80 plus or minus 0.05 in 5 non diuretic adult SH, a value not different from that found in normal rats, and 0.87 plus or minus 0.07 in 3 salt loaded SH, indicating that no significant intrarenal GFR redistribution occurs in SH following an acute hypertonic saline load. 2. Following an isotonic saline load, the results were not different: the percentage of the sodium load excreted was 44 plus or minus 5% and 10 plus or minus 2% in NT and SH adult rats respectively. The possibility that the observed defect in sodium excretion of SH rats involves distal tubular function is suggested by the pattern of evolution in Na and K excretion.", "PMID": 1169757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2714", "title": "Calcium conductance and tension in mammalian ventricular muscle.", "content": "Voltage, membrane current and contraction were simultaneously measured in voltage clamp experiments (single sucrose gap) on cat ventricular trabeculae. The pulse programs allowed the determination of the potential dependence of the steady state activation and inactivation as well as the restoration of the calcium-carrying system (slow inward current). 1. The steady state activation variable (d infinity) rose in a sigmoid manner from -50 mV (d infinity nearly 0) to 0 mV (d infinity nearly 1). The experimental values can be described by the function 1/1 + exp [(Vh-V)/S] where half activation (Vh) = -22.5mV and S = 7.6 mV. 2. The steady state inactivation variable (f infinity) declined from 1 at -60mV to 0 at 10mV. The best fit curve is nearly a mirror image of the activation curve with Vh = -28 mV and s = -8.3 mV. 3. The voltage dependence of the (normalized) peak tension was well described by the steady state conductance variables except at potentials positive to +20mV. A \"steady state\" tension (superimposed on \"tonic tension\") was found in the potential range where a steady state conductance is predicted by the curves describing steady state activation and inactivation. 5. Following inactivation, the time courses of restoration of the calcium-carrying system and tension were identical. Time courses were exponential with tau = 118 msec at -80 mV, 144 msec at -60 mV, and 198 msec at -40 mV. 6. Two possible models of excitation-contraction coupling in line with the present results are discussed.", "contents": "Calcium conductance and tension in mammalian ventricular muscle. Voltage, membrane current and contraction were simultaneously measured in voltage clamp experiments (single sucrose gap) on cat ventricular trabeculae. The pulse programs allowed the determination of the potential dependence of the steady state activation and inactivation as well as the restoration of the calcium-carrying system (slow inward current). 1. The steady state activation variable (d infinity) rose in a sigmoid manner from -50 mV (d infinity nearly 0) to 0 mV (d infinity nearly 1). The experimental values can be described by the function 1/1 + exp [(Vh-V)/S] where half activation (Vh) = -22.5mV and S = 7.6 mV. 2. The steady state inactivation variable (f infinity) declined from 1 at -60mV to 0 at 10mV. The best fit curve is nearly a mirror image of the activation curve with Vh = -28 mV and s = -8.3 mV. 3. The voltage dependence of the (normalized) peak tension was well described by the steady state conductance variables except at potentials positive to +20mV. A \"steady state\" tension (superimposed on \"tonic tension\") was found in the potential range where a steady state conductance is predicted by the curves describing steady state activation and inactivation. 5. Following inactivation, the time courses of restoration of the calcium-carrying system and tension were identical. Time courses were exponential with tau = 118 msec at -80 mV, 144 msec at -60 mV, and 198 msec at -40 mV. 6. Two possible models of excitation-contraction coupling in line with the present results are discussed.", "PMID": 1169758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2715", "title": "Synthesis and spectroscopic properties of two classes of 5,6-dihydrothymidine derivatives. Action on the Ehrlich's ascites cells thymidine kinase.", "content": "Trans (+) and (-) 6-alkoxy-5-bromo-5,6 dihydrothymidine and trans (+) and (-) 6-alkoyloxy-5-bromo-5,6-dihydrothymidine compounds have been prepared. The synthesis of these substances (alkoxy : methoxy, ethoxy, butyloxy and isoamyloxy and alkoyloxy : acetoxy and bensovloxy) is described. Diastereoisomers of all products have been isolated by thin layer chromatography and their spectroscopic properties (IR, UV, NMR, mass spectrometry) studied. These compounds have been shown to be competitive inhibitors of Ehrlich's ascites cells thymidine kinase with respect ot thymidine.", "contents": "Synthesis and spectroscopic properties of two classes of 5,6-dihydrothymidine derivatives. Action on the Ehrlich's ascites cells thymidine kinase. Trans (+) and (-) 6-alkoxy-5-bromo-5,6 dihydrothymidine and trans (+) and (-) 6-alkoyloxy-5-bromo-5,6-dihydrothymidine compounds have been prepared. The synthesis of these substances (alkoxy : methoxy, ethoxy, butyloxy and isoamyloxy and alkoyloxy : acetoxy and bensovloxy) is described. Diastereoisomers of all products have been isolated by thin layer chromatography and their spectroscopic properties (IR, UV, NMR, mass spectrometry) studied. These compounds have been shown to be competitive inhibitors of Ehrlich's ascites cells thymidine kinase with respect ot thymidine.", "PMID": 1169761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2716", "title": "Quantitation of Semlike Forest virus RNAs in infected cells using 32-P equilibrium labelling.", "content": "In vitro cultured BHK and HeLa cells were labelled for several cell division cycles with 32-P-phosphate until they were equilibrated with radiophosphorus. After infection with Semliki forest virus (or mock-infection) these cells were analyzed for viral and ribosomal RNA by sucrose gradient centrifugation. From their radioactivities the mass of each RNA species was calculated. It was found that the BHK and HeLa cells contained on average 11.0 plus or minus 3.1 pg and 6.3 plus or minus 1.9 pg of ribosomal RNA (28 S + 18 S) respectively per cell. At the end of the viral growth cycle, i.e. at 8 h post infection the average mass of viral genome produced per cell was 1.0 -1.9 pg and 0.3 - 0.5 pg in BHK and HeLa cells respectively, of which only 1/10 to 1/20 was released as mature virus particles. The amount of the second major virus specific messenger, the 26 S RNA, was estimated from its ratio to the viral genome after labelling with 3-H-uridine in the presence of actinomycin D. These two viral RNAs were found to be present in roughly equimolar amounts.", "contents": "Quantitation of Semlike Forest virus RNAs in infected cells using 32-P equilibrium labelling. In vitro cultured BHK and HeLa cells were labelled for several cell division cycles with 32-P-phosphate until they were equilibrated with radiophosphorus. After infection with Semliki forest virus (or mock-infection) these cells were analyzed for viral and ribosomal RNA by sucrose gradient centrifugation. From their radioactivities the mass of each RNA species was calculated. It was found that the BHK and HeLa cells contained on average 11.0 plus or minus 3.1 pg and 6.3 plus or minus 1.9 pg of ribosomal RNA (28 S + 18 S) respectively per cell. At the end of the viral growth cycle, i.e. at 8 h post infection the average mass of viral genome produced per cell was 1.0 -1.9 pg and 0.3 - 0.5 pg in BHK and HeLa cells respectively, of which only 1/10 to 1/20 was released as mature virus particles. The amount of the second major virus specific messenger, the 26 S RNA, was estimated from its ratio to the viral genome after labelling with 3-H-uridine in the presence of actinomycin D. These two viral RNAs were found to be present in roughly equimolar amounts.", "PMID": 1169762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2717", "title": "Stereochemical aspects of the interaction between steroidal diamines and DNA.", "content": "A complete series of stereoisomeric quaternised diaminoandrostanes, differing in their stereochemistry at the 3,5 and 17 positions, has been examined for effects on the thermal denaturation of calf thymus DNA and for the ability to remove and reverse the supercoiling of closed circular duplex PM2 DNA. In both types of test the eight isomers rank in the same order of effectiveness. The preferred stereochemistry for the quaternary substituents at positions 3 and 17 is beta; of these the orientation of the 17- substituent is more critical. Folding of the steroid skeleton between the A and B rings, as in 5beta-androstanes, diminishes effectiveness but does not necessarily abolish the effect on supercoiling. The over-riding importance of the C-D ring end of the steroid nucleus bearing a 17beta-amino substituent is confirmed by a comparison of the effects of five mon-amino androstanes. Relative helix=unwinding angles per bound steroidal diamine molecule have been determined for four of the isomers; for three 17beta compounds the estimated values are similar to that previously reported for irehdiamine A. For a fourth isomer the angle is 0.22 times that of ethidium, the lowest yet determined for any DNA-binding drug. The results lend further support to the argument that intercalation can be reled out, and alternative models for the binding mechanism are discussed.", "contents": "Stereochemical aspects of the interaction between steroidal diamines and DNA. A complete series of stereoisomeric quaternised diaminoandrostanes, differing in their stereochemistry at the 3,5 and 17 positions, has been examined for effects on the thermal denaturation of calf thymus DNA and for the ability to remove and reverse the supercoiling of closed circular duplex PM2 DNA. In both types of test the eight isomers rank in the same order of effectiveness. The preferred stereochemistry for the quaternary substituents at positions 3 and 17 is beta; of these the orientation of the 17- substituent is more critical. Folding of the steroid skeleton between the A and B rings, as in 5beta-androstanes, diminishes effectiveness but does not necessarily abolish the effect on supercoiling. The over-riding importance of the C-D ring end of the steroid nucleus bearing a 17beta-amino substituent is confirmed by a comparison of the effects of five mon-amino androstanes. Relative helix=unwinding angles per bound steroidal diamine molecule have been determined for four of the isomers; for three 17beta compounds the estimated values are similar to that previously reported for irehdiamine A. For a fourth isomer the angle is 0.22 times that of ethidium, the lowest yet determined for any DNA-binding drug. The results lend further support to the argument that intercalation can be reled out, and alternative models for the binding mechanism are discussed.", "PMID": 1169763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2718", "title": "Poly (U, s 4-U) as a synthetic messenger RNA for polyphenylalanine synthesis in a cell-free system derivem derived from rat liver.", "content": "Two different U and S4-U containing polymers with U:s4U ratio of 3:1 and 5:1 were synthesized. Their activity as messenger RNA was studied in an amino acid incorporation cell-free system from rat liver. It was shown that both copolymers can stimulate the incorporation of phenylalanine into oligophynylalamyl-tRNA.", "contents": "Poly (U, s 4-U) as a synthetic messenger RNA for polyphenylalanine synthesis in a cell-free system derivem derived from rat liver. Two different U and S4-U containing polymers with U:s4U ratio of 3:1 and 5:1 were synthesized. Their activity as messenger RNA was studied in an amino acid incorporation cell-free system from rat liver. It was shown that both copolymers can stimulate the incorporation of phenylalanine into oligophynylalamyl-tRNA.", "PMID": 1169764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2719", "title": "The effect of methionine and lysine levels on the arginine requirement of the chick.", "content": "Two breeds of commercial broiler chicks were used to investigate possible breed differences and to determine the effect of methionine and lysine on arginine requirements.  Graded levels of arginine were added to a glucose-casein diet with or without added methionine and to a corn-soybean meal diet with and without added lysine and/or methionine.  The arginine requirement of chicks receiving the glucose-casein diet with and without supplemental methionine was found to be 1.46 per cent and 1.55 per cent of the diet, respectively.  No breed differences were found.  When arginine was added to a corn-soy diet containing 1.53 per cent arginine, with or without supplemental methionine, no response was obtained indicating that this level of arginine was adequate.  When this diet was supplemented with lysine to bring it up to the lysine level of the casein diet, a growth depression occurred which was overcome by the addition of 0.20 and 0.25 per cent arginine, respectively, in the absence and presence of supplemental methione.  These levels of arginine exceeded the requirements determined for chicks fed the glucose-casein diet.  In chicks fed the glucose-casein diet, muscle creatine increased with each level of added arginine with or without supplemental methionine.  Creatinine excretion also increased with each level of added arginine in the absence of supplementary methionine but when methionine was added creatine excretion reached a plateau at the level of arginine which satisfied the chick's growth requirement.", "contents": "The effect of methionine and lysine levels on the arginine requirement of the chick. Two breeds of commercial broiler chicks were used to investigate possible breed differences and to determine the effect of methionine and lysine on arginine requirements.  Graded levels of arginine were added to a glucose-casein diet with or without added methionine and to a corn-soybean meal diet with and without added lysine and/or methionine.  The arginine requirement of chicks receiving the glucose-casein diet with and without supplemental methionine was found to be 1.46 per cent and 1.55 per cent of the diet, respectively.  No breed differences were found.  When arginine was added to a corn-soy diet containing 1.53 per cent arginine, with or without supplemental methionine, no response was obtained indicating that this level of arginine was adequate.  When this diet was supplemented with lysine to bring it up to the lysine level of the casein diet, a growth depression occurred which was overcome by the addition of 0.20 and 0.25 per cent arginine, respectively, in the absence and presence of supplemental methione.  These levels of arginine exceeded the requirements determined for chicks fed the glucose-casein diet.  In chicks fed the glucose-casein diet, muscle creatine increased with each level of added arginine with or without supplemental methionine.  Creatinine excretion also increased with each level of added arginine in the absence of supplementary methionine but when methionine was added creatine excretion reached a plateau at the level of arginine which satisfied the chick's growth requirement.", "PMID": 1169768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2720", "title": "Relative utilization of serine and glycine by chicks.", "content": "Studies were conducted on the relative utilizaiton of glycine and serine by chicks fed basal crystalline amino acid diets devoid of these amino acids.  The crystalline amino acid mixture was fed at one and three times the requirement levels, thereby stimulating uric acid synthesis at differing rates.  In addition, 5 per cent L-glutamine replaced L-glutamic acid on an isonitrogenous basis in three diets containing normal levels of amino acids in the second study.  Chicks fed diets devoid of glycine and serine grew less rapidly and less efficiently than chicks fed diets containing either serine or glycine plus serine.  These decreases were roughly the same whether the diet contained normal or high levels of amino acids.  Serine was as efficient as glycine in supporting chick growth and feed efficiency regardless of whether diets containing normal or high levels of amino acids were fed.  Chicks fed diets containing high levels of amino acids grew approximately 81 per cent as rapidly, but 24 per cent more efficiently, than chicks fed normal levels of amino acids, and excreted approximately twice the amount of uric acid per gram of nitrogen consumed.  In spite of increased uric acid excretion by chicks fed the high amino acid diets, the dietary void in glycine and serine was no more detrimental to chick growth or feed efficiency than that noted when normal levels of amino acids were fed.  Feeding 5 per cent L-glutamine rather than L-glutamic acid in the diet containing normal levels of amino acids had little effect on weight gain, feed efficiency or uric acid excretion.  The absence of cystine from the amino acid mixture used in the third study did not have a marked influence on the relative utilization of glycine and serine by the chick.", "contents": "Relative utilization of serine and glycine by chicks. Studies were conducted on the relative utilizaiton of glycine and serine by chicks fed basal crystalline amino acid diets devoid of these amino acids.  The crystalline amino acid mixture was fed at one and three times the requirement levels, thereby stimulating uric acid synthesis at differing rates.  In addition, 5 per cent L-glutamine replaced L-glutamic acid on an isonitrogenous basis in three diets containing normal levels of amino acids in the second study.  Chicks fed diets devoid of glycine and serine grew less rapidly and less efficiently than chicks fed diets containing either serine or glycine plus serine.  These decreases were roughly the same whether the diet contained normal or high levels of amino acids.  Serine was as efficient as glycine in supporting chick growth and feed efficiency regardless of whether diets containing normal or high levels of amino acids were fed.  Chicks fed diets containing high levels of amino acids grew approximately 81 per cent as rapidly, but 24 per cent more efficiently, than chicks fed normal levels of amino acids, and excreted approximately twice the amount of uric acid per gram of nitrogen consumed.  In spite of increased uric acid excretion by chicks fed the high amino acid diets, the dietary void in glycine and serine was no more detrimental to chick growth or feed efficiency than that noted when normal levels of amino acids were fed.  Feeding 5 per cent L-glutamine rather than L-glutamic acid in the diet containing normal levels of amino acids had little effect on weight gain, feed efficiency or uric acid excretion.  The absence of cystine from the amino acid mixture used in the third study did not have a marked influence on the relative utilization of glycine and serine by the chick.", "PMID": 1169769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2721", "title": "Influence of dietary selenium on tissue selenium levels in turkeys.", "content": "To study the influence of dietary supplements of selenium on tissue selenium levels, duplicate groups of 20 Broad Breasted White turkeys were fed practical diets alone or supplemented with 0.1 and 0.2 p.p.m. Se as Na2SeO3.  The concentration of naturally occurring selenium in the basal starting and finishing rations was 0.20 and 0.13 p.p.m. respectively.  Selenium analyses were performed on samples of blood, liver, breast muscle and leg muscle obtained at 14 and 20 weeks of age.  Supplemental selenium did not change the level of selenium in any of the tissues studied, nor did it affect weight gains.  The concentration of selenium in blood and muscle was approximately 0.2 p.p.m. and ranged from 0.6 to 0.7 p.p.m. in liver.  The results indicate that supplementing diets containing marginal levels of Se with 0.2 p.p.m. Se as Na2SeO3 does not lead to accumulation of Se in the tissues.", "contents": "Influence of dietary selenium on tissue selenium levels in turkeys. To study the influence of dietary supplements of selenium on tissue selenium levels, duplicate groups of 20 Broad Breasted White turkeys were fed practical diets alone or supplemented with 0.1 and 0.2 p.p.m. Se as Na2SeO3.  The concentration of naturally occurring selenium in the basal starting and finishing rations was 0.20 and 0.13 p.p.m. respectively.  Selenium analyses were performed on samples of blood, liver, breast muscle and leg muscle obtained at 14 and 20 weeks of age.  Supplemental selenium did not change the level of selenium in any of the tissues studied, nor did it affect weight gains.  The concentration of selenium in blood and muscle was approximately 0.2 p.p.m. and ranged from 0.6 to 0.7 p.p.m. in liver.  The results indicate that supplementing diets containing marginal levels of Se with 0.2 p.p.m. Se as Na2SeO3 does not lead to accumulation of Se in the tissues.", "PMID": 1169770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2722", "title": "Amino acid bioavailability: a comparative evaluation of several assay techniques.", "content": "A fish meal and a soybean meal sample were bioassayed for available amino acid content according to five different published techniques. The techniques consisted of: 1) a two week chick growth assay (GA) for available lysine; 2) a digestibility assay performed by total fecal collection (TFC); 3) a digestibility assay based on the analysis of ileal contents IA); 4) a procedure based on partial fecal collection and analysis of a dietary marker using gnotobiotic chicks (GF); and 5) procedure 4) using conventional chicks (CONV). The GA gave high lysine availability estimates for both proteins, but values for fish meal were significantly reduced when the level of dietary incorporation was increased. The TFC assay proved difficult in collecting adequate sample and, as a consequence, abnormally high availability values were obtained. Modification of this collection procedure resulted in values comparable to the IA which gave the lowest average values of all the assays (90.5 per cent for fish meal and 91.1 per cent for soybean meal). Mean availabilities calculated from GF and CONV assay were significantly higher than the modified TFC and IA techniques. Significant differences were obtained in several individual amino acids when the GF and CONV assay were compared. A growth assay, using diets formulated on the results of these assays, showed that the available amino acid profile obtained from the CONV assay resulted in significantly improved weight gains and feed conversions as compared to a similar diet based on the chemical analysis of amino acids alone. All diets utilizing available amino acid data resulted in improved feed conversions.", "contents": "Amino acid bioavailability: a comparative evaluation of several assay techniques. A fish meal and a soybean meal sample were bioassayed for available amino acid content according to five different published techniques. The techniques consisted of: 1) a two week chick growth assay (GA) for available lysine; 2) a digestibility assay performed by total fecal collection (TFC); 3) a digestibility assay based on the analysis of ileal contents IA); 4) a procedure based on partial fecal collection and analysis of a dietary marker using gnotobiotic chicks (GF); and 5) procedure 4) using conventional chicks (CONV). The GA gave high lysine availability estimates for both proteins, but values for fish meal were significantly reduced when the level of dietary incorporation was increased. The TFC assay proved difficult in collecting adequate sample and, as a consequence, abnormally high availability values were obtained. Modification of this collection procedure resulted in values comparable to the IA which gave the lowest average values of all the assays (90.5 per cent for fish meal and 91.1 per cent for soybean meal). Mean availabilities calculated from GF and CONV assay were significantly higher than the modified TFC and IA techniques. Significant differences were obtained in several individual amino acids when the GF and CONV assay were compared. A growth assay, using diets formulated on the results of these assays, showed that the available amino acid profile obtained from the CONV assay resulted in significantly improved weight gains and feed conversions as compared to a similar diet based on the chemical analysis of amino acids alone. All diets utilizing available amino acid data resulted in improved feed conversions.", "PMID": 1169771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2723", "title": "[Primary disaggregational thrombocytopathies].", "content": "The authors present the results of clinico-laboratory examination of 30 patients with a congenital (hereditary) hemorrhagic tendency associated with an isolated disturbance of the adhesive-aggregation platelet function. Several variants of disaggregational thrombocytopathies were distinguished. Characteristics of hemorrhagic phenomena in the patients is given; a tendency to hemorrhages in them was more frequently detected with the aid of Borchgrevink's test they in determination of bleeding time after Duke.", "contents": "[Primary disaggregational thrombocytopathies]. The authors present the results of clinico-laboratory examination of 30 patients with a congenital (hereditary) hemorrhagic tendency associated with an isolated disturbance of the adhesive-aggregation platelet function. Several variants of disaggregational thrombocytopathies were distinguished. Characteristics of hemorrhagic phenomena in the patients is given; a tendency to hemorrhages in them was more frequently detected with the aid of Borchgrevink's test they in determination of bleeding time after Duke.", "PMID": 1169774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2724", "title": "An angiographic study of the pre- and postoperative hemodynamics in patients with side-to-side portacaval shunts.", "content": "Hepatic panangiography was performed in 17 patients before and after side-to-side portacaval shunts. Preoperatively, a direct correlation existed between the diameters of the hepatic arteries and the severity of the patient's cirrhosis. Postoperatively, the splenic artery and vein and the hepatic artery dilated further in most patients, reflecting increased blood flow. The greatest increase occured in those patients with less severe cirrhosis. The liver shrank postoperatively in most patients. The corrected sinusoidal pressure dropped significantly in all patients. A unique pattern of sinusoidal filling at wedged hepatic venography was observed postoperatively in many of the patients.", "contents": "An angiographic study of the pre- and postoperative hemodynamics in patients with side-to-side portacaval shunts. Hepatic panangiography was performed in 17 patients before and after side-to-side portacaval shunts. Preoperatively, a direct correlation existed between the diameters of the hepatic arteries and the severity of the patient's cirrhosis. Postoperatively, the splenic artery and vein and the hepatic artery dilated further in most patients, reflecting increased blood flow. The greatest increase occured in those patients with less severe cirrhosis. The liver shrank postoperatively in most patients. The corrected sinusoidal pressure dropped significantly in all patients. A unique pattern of sinusoidal filling at wedged hepatic venography was observed postoperatively in many of the patients.", "PMID": 1169796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2725", "title": "Action of 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid on rat uterine contractility and sensitivity to PGF-2 alpha and angiotensin II.", "content": "The action of 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid on spontaneous contractions and on PGF-2alpha and angiotensin II elicited contractions has been studied on rat uteri excised during pro and metaoestrus. At the concentration of 5 x 10-6M, the compound does not alter the spontaneous contractions of proestrus uteri and suppresses the phasic component of PGF-2alpha-elicited contractons. At the concentration of 5 x 10-5M, 7-oxa-13-prostyno\u00efc acid inhibits spontaneous contractions, and inhibits PGF-2alpha-elicited contractions. In metaoestrus uteri, the inhibitory effect is not competitive. 7-oxa-13-prostyno\u00efc acid is also able to inhibit non competitively the contractor effect of angiotensin II in proestrus uteri. This result, together with those of previous investigations performed using other prostaglandin inhibitors, suggest that the contractor effect of angiotensin II on the uterus is partially mediated by endogenous prostaglandins.", "contents": "Action of 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid on rat uterine contractility and sensitivity to PGF-2 alpha and angiotensin II. The action of 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid on spontaneous contractions and on PGF-2alpha and angiotensin II elicited contractions has been studied on rat uteri excised during pro and metaoestrus. At the concentration of 5 x 10-6M, the compound does not alter the spontaneous contractions of proestrus uteri and suppresses the phasic component of PGF-2alpha-elicited contractons. At the concentration of 5 x 10-5M, 7-oxa-13-prostyno\u00efc acid inhibits spontaneous contractions, and inhibits PGF-2alpha-elicited contractions. In metaoestrus uteri, the inhibitory effect is not competitive. 7-oxa-13-prostyno\u00efc acid is also able to inhibit non competitively the contractor effect of angiotensin II in proestrus uteri. This result, together with those of previous investigations performed using other prostaglandin inhibitors, suggest that the contractor effect of angiotensin II on the uterus is partially mediated by endogenous prostaglandins.", "PMID": 1169797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2726", "title": "Pre and post ovulatory changes in the concentration of prostaglandins in rat graafian follicles.", "content": "The concentrations of prostaglandin F (PGF) and prostaglandin E (PGE) were measured by radioimmunoassay in isolated Graafian follicles of mature female rats during the pre and post ovulatory period of the estrous cycle. The levels of these prostaglandins were low and relatively constant from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. on the day of proestrus, but there was a marked increase at 8 p.m. of proestrus reaching an apparent maximum at midnight (PGF 18 fold, PGE 70 fold). By 4 a.m. to 8 a.m. on the morning of estrus these prostaglandins declined rapidly to levels similar to those observed between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. on the day of proestrus. The increases in prostaglandin levels occurred after the LH peak and apparently before the time of ovulation. These data confirm the role of PGF and PGE in the local mechanism of ovulation in the normal adult of a spontaneously ovulating animal species.", "contents": "Pre and post ovulatory changes in the concentration of prostaglandins in rat graafian follicles. The concentrations of prostaglandin F (PGF) and prostaglandin E (PGE) were measured by radioimmunoassay in isolated Graafian follicles of mature female rats during the pre and post ovulatory period of the estrous cycle. The levels of these prostaglandins were low and relatively constant from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. on the day of proestrus, but there was a marked increase at 8 p.m. of proestrus reaching an apparent maximum at midnight (PGF 18 fold, PGE 70 fold). By 4 a.m. to 8 a.m. on the morning of estrus these prostaglandins declined rapidly to levels similar to those observed between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. on the day of proestrus. The increases in prostaglandin levels occurred after the LH peak and apparently before the time of ovulation. These data confirm the role of PGF and PGE in the local mechanism of ovulation in the normal adult of a spontaneously ovulating animal species.", "PMID": 1169798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2727", "title": "Influence of prostaglandin F autoantibodies on the estrous cycle of the guinea pig.", "content": "Adult female guinea pigs were actively immunized with prostaglandin F-2alpha conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Control animals, immunized against BSA continued to cycle normally, while the animals immunized against prostaglandin F-2alpha stopped cycling after one to three normal cycles. Laparotomy at 30 days after the last estrus revealed no recently formed corpora lutea. During the remaining 70 days of observation the antibody titer increased to 1:700, accompanied by increasing total serum estrogens (136 pg/ml at day 100) and a slow decline in circulating progesterone levels (0.6 ng/ml at day 100). The ovaries at day 100 contained degenerated corpora lutea and luteinized follicles. The suppression of the estrous cycle in the present experiments was interpreted as resulting from prolongation of luteal function as well as from inhibition of ovulation.", "contents": "Influence of prostaglandin F autoantibodies on the estrous cycle of the guinea pig. Adult female guinea pigs were actively immunized with prostaglandin F-2alpha conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Control animals, immunized against BSA continued to cycle normally, while the animals immunized against prostaglandin F-2alpha stopped cycling after one to three normal cycles. Laparotomy at 30 days after the last estrus revealed no recently formed corpora lutea. During the remaining 70 days of observation the antibody titer increased to 1:700, accompanied by increasing total serum estrogens (136 pg/ml at day 100) and a slow decline in circulating progesterone levels (0.6 ng/ml at day 100). The ovaries at day 100 contained degenerated corpora lutea and luteinized follicles. The suppression of the estrous cycle in the present experiments was interpreted as resulting from prolongation of luteal function as well as from inhibition of ovulation.", "PMID": 1169799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2728", "title": "Prostaglandin specific binding in hamster myometrial low speed supernatant.", "content": "A charcoal adsorption method was developed to measure specific prostaglandin binding in low speed supernates of hamster myometrial homogenates. This method was used to characterize and quantitate PGE-1-specific binding. The equilibrium binding constants and the concentration of specific PGE-1 binding sites were determined during the hamster estrous cycle. The apparent association constant for 12 different preparations was 1.16 plus or minus 0.08 times 10-9M-1. The concentration of PGE-1 specific binding sites was significantly higher on days 2 and 3 of the estrous cycle that it was on days 1 or 4. The competition for PGE-1 binding sites by PGE-2, PGF-2alpha, tpga-1 and various PGE-1 metabolites and derivatives was measured in hamster myometrial homogenates. Relative affinities of the natural prostaglandins for the PGE-1 binding sites, calculated by parallel line assay, were: PGE-2 greater than PGE-1 greater than PGA-1 greater than PGF-2alpha. For PGE-1 metabolites the relative affinities were: PGE-1 greater than 13,14-dihydro-PGE-1 greater than 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE-1 greater than 15-keto-PGE-1. For the analogs and derivatives the compounds tested ranked as: 16,16-dimethyl-PGE-1 greater than PGE-1 methyl ester greater than 17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGE-1 greater than 15(S) 15-methyl-PGE-1 methyl ester. Arachidonic acid, bis-homo-gamma-linolenic acid and 7-oxa-13 prostynoic acid had relative affinities greater than 0.1 compared to PGE-1 equal 100. Indomethacin had a relative affinity of 0.4 compared to PGE-1.", "contents": "Prostaglandin specific binding in hamster myometrial low speed supernatant. A charcoal adsorption method was developed to measure specific prostaglandin binding in low speed supernates of hamster myometrial homogenates. This method was used to characterize and quantitate PGE-1-specific binding. The equilibrium binding constants and the concentration of specific PGE-1 binding sites were determined during the hamster estrous cycle. The apparent association constant for 12 different preparations was 1.16 plus or minus 0.08 times 10-9M-1. The concentration of PGE-1 specific binding sites was significantly higher on days 2 and 3 of the estrous cycle that it was on days 1 or 4. The competition for PGE-1 binding sites by PGE-2, PGF-2alpha, tpga-1 and various PGE-1 metabolites and derivatives was measured in hamster myometrial homogenates. Relative affinities of the natural prostaglandins for the PGE-1 binding sites, calculated by parallel line assay, were: PGE-2 greater than PGE-1 greater than PGA-1 greater than PGF-2alpha. For PGE-1 metabolites the relative affinities were: PGE-1 greater than 13,14-dihydro-PGE-1 greater than 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE-1 greater than 15-keto-PGE-1. For the analogs and derivatives the compounds tested ranked as: 16,16-dimethyl-PGE-1 greater than PGE-1 methyl ester greater than 17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGE-1 greater than 15(S) 15-methyl-PGE-1 methyl ester. Arachidonic acid, bis-homo-gamma-linolenic acid and 7-oxa-13 prostynoic acid had relative affinities greater than 0.1 compared to PGE-1 equal 100. Indomethacin had a relative affinity of 0.4 compared to PGE-1.", "PMID": 1169800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2729", "title": "Prostaglandin-induced regression of porcine corpora lutea maintained by estrogen.", "content": "Corpora lutea were marked with suture in 24 crossbred gilts on day 7 to 9 of the estrous cycle (first day of estrus equals 0). All gilts were injected with 5 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) daily from day 10 to 15 to extend the lifespan of corpora tutea, then the gilts were randomly assigned to two groups. On day 20, the 12 gilts of Group 1 were injected with 10 mg PGF-2ALPHA, and the 12 gilts of Group 2 were injected with saline. Ovaries were recovered 10 to 13 days after PGF-2ALPHA or saline injection. Ten gilts in Group 1 displayed estrus 5 plus or minus 0.7 days after PGF-2ALPHA injection, but only two gilts in Group 2 displayed estrus during the experimental period. In gilts that displayed estrus, all marked CL had regressed. Marked CL were still present in all 12 gilts that failed to exhibit estrus during the experimental period. These results show that in the pig, PGF-2ALPHA caused regression of CL that were maintained beyond the normal luteal phase of the estrous cycel by EB treatment.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-induced regression of porcine corpora lutea maintained by estrogen. Corpora lutea were marked with suture in 24 crossbred gilts on day 7 to 9 of the estrous cycle (first day of estrus equals 0). All gilts were injected with 5 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) daily from day 10 to 15 to extend the lifespan of corpora tutea, then the gilts were randomly assigned to two groups. On day 20, the 12 gilts of Group 1 were injected with 10 mg PGF-2ALPHA, and the 12 gilts of Group 2 were injected with saline. Ovaries were recovered 10 to 13 days after PGF-2ALPHA or saline injection. Ten gilts in Group 1 displayed estrus 5 plus or minus 0.7 days after PGF-2ALPHA injection, but only two gilts in Group 2 displayed estrus during the experimental period. In gilts that displayed estrus, all marked CL had regressed. Marked CL were still present in all 12 gilts that failed to exhibit estrus during the experimental period. These results show that in the pig, PGF-2ALPHA caused regression of CL that were maintained beyond the normal luteal phase of the estrous cycel by EB treatment.", "PMID": 1169801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2730", "title": "Immunoglobulin clases IgG, IgM, IgA and complement component C3 in dental periapical lesions of patients with rheumatoid disease.", "content": "To identify the immunoglobulin classes present in dental periapical lesions and to determine how, if at all, the distribution of immunoglobulin classes IgG. IgM and IgA differ in the dental periapical lesions of rheumatoid and control patients, paraffin-embedded and frozen tissues from the dental periapical lesions of 36 rheumatoid and 22 control patients were examined by the direct immunofluorescence technique. In addition, both rheumatoid and control tissues were examined for the presence of complement component C3, albumin and fibrinogen. Neither the greater frequency and abundancy with which IgG and to a lesser degree, IgA occurred in the dental periapical lesions of rheumatoid patients than in the corresponding lesions of control patients, nor the more frequent occurrence of complement component C3 in these same lesions, was statistically significant. No difference in the distribution of the various immunoglobulin classed could be discerned between the rheumatoid and control group. Albumin was distributed almost equally between the two patient groups. The greater abundance of fibrinogen among control patients was, however, statistically significant. These results do not provide evidence that an immunologic reaction takes place in the dental periapical lesions of patients with rheumatoid disease similar to that which characterizes rheumatoid inflammation. However, the presence of such a reaction cannot be excluded without more extensive investigation.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin clases IgG, IgM, IgA and complement component C3 in dental periapical lesions of patients with rheumatoid disease. To identify the immunoglobulin classes present in dental periapical lesions and to determine how, if at all, the distribution of immunoglobulin classes IgG. IgM and IgA differ in the dental periapical lesions of rheumatoid and control patients, paraffin-embedded and frozen tissues from the dental periapical lesions of 36 rheumatoid and 22 control patients were examined by the direct immunofluorescence technique. In addition, both rheumatoid and control tissues were examined for the presence of complement component C3, albumin and fibrinogen. Neither the greater frequency and abundancy with which IgG and to a lesser degree, IgA occurred in the dental periapical lesions of rheumatoid patients than in the corresponding lesions of control patients, nor the more frequent occurrence of complement component C3 in these same lesions, was statistically significant. No difference in the distribution of the various immunoglobulin classed could be discerned between the rheumatoid and control group. Albumin was distributed almost equally between the two patient groups. The greater abundance of fibrinogen among control patients was, however, statistically significant. These results do not provide evidence that an immunologic reaction takes place in the dental periapical lesions of patients with rheumatoid disease similar to that which characterizes rheumatoid inflammation. However, the presence of such a reaction cannot be excluded without more extensive investigation.", "PMID": 1169813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2731", "title": "Arteriovenous fistula with bovine arterial grafts for hemodialysis.", "content": "Bovine arterial graft arteriovenous (AV) fistulas have proven to be very helpful devices for access to the circulation in hemodialysis patients, especially after conventional AV shunts and fistulas cannot be made.", "contents": "Arteriovenous fistula with bovine arterial grafts for hemodialysis. Bovine arterial graft arteriovenous (AV) fistulas have proven to be very helpful devices for access to the circulation in hemodialysis patients, especially after conventional AV shunts and fistulas cannot be made.", "PMID": 1169817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2732", "title": "An evaluation of the radiological signs of fetal death.", "content": "Radiological investigation is warranted in the antenatal patient only if the findings are likely to influence future management. The major radiological signs of fetal death are gas in the fetus, overlapping of the cranial bones and Deuel's halo sign. Gas patterns in the portal and umbilical vessels are unique and pathognomonic. Deuel's halo sign would be found more commonly if the correct radiographic view was employed. Spalding's sign is of no value before 20 weeks or if the fetal head is subjected to pressure. Hyperflexion of the fetus more often indicates intra-uterine growth retardation than death in utero.", "contents": "An evaluation of the radiological signs of fetal death. Radiological investigation is warranted in the antenatal patient only if the findings are likely to influence future management. The major radiological signs of fetal death are gas in the fetus, overlapping of the cranial bones and Deuel's halo sign. Gas patterns in the portal and umbilical vessels are unique and pathognomonic. Deuel's halo sign would be found more commonly if the correct radiographic view was employed. Spalding's sign is of no value before 20 weeks or if the fetal head is subjected to pressure. Hyperflexion of the fetus more often indicates intra-uterine growth retardation than death in utero.", "PMID": 1169818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2733", "title": "Determination of portacaval shunt patency in rats by splenoportography.", "content": "Open splenoportography was performed on a series of control, \"sham-operated\" and portacaval-shunt rats. Relevant vascular anatomy was well demonstrated. The criteria for diagnosis of patency, partial and total occlusion of portacaval shunts are mentioned and findings are correlated with postoperative weight variations. The possible significance of collaterals in the region of the shunt is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Determination of portacaval shunt patency in rats by splenoportography. Open splenoportography was performed on a series of control, \"sham-operated\" and portacaval-shunt rats. Relevant vascular anatomy was well demonstrated. The criteria for diagnosis of patency, partial and total occlusion of portacaval shunts are mentioned and findings are correlated with postoperative weight variations. The possible significance of collaterals in the region of the shunt is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1169819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2734", "title": "Dextran and the prevention of postoperative thromboembolic complications.", "content": "1. The purpose of fluid administration is not only the restoration of blood volume but also the normalization of impaired nutritive flow. 2. Plasma oncotic (colloid osmotic) pressure is the only force which can draw water into the circulation. In shock the infusion of colloid solutions is able to normalize nutritive flow and peripheral resistance almost at once. 3. Five per cent solutions of pasteurized plasma protein or albumin and 6 per cent dextran 70 yield a volume expansion corresponding to the amount infused. 4. The decrease in hematocrit produced by the infusion of these three colloidal solutions is accompanied by a decrease in whole blood viscosity resulting in a rise in cardiac output as well as in nutritional tissue flow. 5. Hemodilution improves oxygen supply as long as the hematocrit does not fall below 30 per cent, although normovolemia is the critical requirement. 6. Transmission of viral hepatitis is still the greatest danger of blood transfusion. 7. The use of large amounts of Ringer's lactate is not advised, as this solution does not reduce the total number of units of blood which need to be given. Pulmonary edema may become a problem. 8. Dextrans are best suited to initial volume replacement in shock. They increase plasma volume, improve blood flow, have antithrombotic properties, and are easily available and relatively cheap. Anaphylactoid reactions are rare. 9. Every third patient undergoing general surgery and every other patient having hip surgery develops a deep venous thrombosis. Widespread prophylaxis to prevent thromboembolic complications is mandatory. 10. The antithrombotic properties of dextran are due to a reduction in platelet adhesiveness, a change in fibrin clot structure, and the increased lysability of thrombi and the improvement of blood flow. 11. In a personal controlled, prospective, randomezed trial comparing subcutaneous heparin and intravenous dextran 40, 35.8 per cent of the controls (n=95), 13.2 per cent of the 83 patients in the heparin group, and 20.5 per cent in the dextran group (n=83) developed deep venous thrombosis. The difference between dextran and heparin is not significant; however, both treatment groups show a statistically significant effect compared to the controls.", "contents": "Dextran and the prevention of postoperative thromboembolic complications. 1. The purpose of fluid administration is not only the restoration of blood volume but also the normalization of impaired nutritive flow. 2. Plasma oncotic (colloid osmotic) pressure is the only force which can draw water into the circulation. In shock the infusion of colloid solutions is able to normalize nutritive flow and peripheral resistance almost at once. 3. Five per cent solutions of pasteurized plasma protein or albumin and 6 per cent dextran 70 yield a volume expansion corresponding to the amount infused. 4. The decrease in hematocrit produced by the infusion of these three colloidal solutions is accompanied by a decrease in whole blood viscosity resulting in a rise in cardiac output as well as in nutritional tissue flow. 5. Hemodilution improves oxygen supply as long as the hematocrit does not fall below 30 per cent, although normovolemia is the critical requirement. 6. Transmission of viral hepatitis is still the greatest danger of blood transfusion. 7. The use of large amounts of Ringer's lactate is not advised, as this solution does not reduce the total number of units of blood which need to be given. Pulmonary edema may become a problem. 8. Dextrans are best suited to initial volume replacement in shock. They increase plasma volume, improve blood flow, have antithrombotic properties, and are easily available and relatively cheap. Anaphylactoid reactions are rare. 9. Every third patient undergoing general surgery and every other patient having hip surgery develops a deep venous thrombosis. Widespread prophylaxis to prevent thromboembolic complications is mandatory. 10. The antithrombotic properties of dextran are due to a reduction in platelet adhesiveness, a change in fibrin clot structure, and the increased lysability of thrombi and the improvement of blood flow. 11. In a personal controlled, prospective, randomezed trial comparing subcutaneous heparin and intravenous dextran 40, 35.8 per cent of the controls (n=95), 13.2 per cent of the 83 patients in the heparin group, and 20.5 per cent in the dextran group (n=83) developed deep venous thrombosis. The difference between dextran and heparin is not significant; however, both treatment groups show a statistically significant effect compared to the controls.", "PMID": 1169822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2735", "title": "Occurrence of spontaneous hemorrhagic necrosis of the central nervous system in fetal hamsters.", "content": "Lesions of hamster fetal neuraxial tissues, characterized by multifocal and coalescent zones of hemorrhage, edema, and necrosis in the cerebral mantle, brainstem, and spinal cord, were observed in experiments designed to test the teratogenicity of potato preparations. Retrospective and prospective data indicated, however, that the potato preparations were not responsible but that the disease occurred spontaneously in the colony and was associated with direct breeding contact of virgin females with certain males. Observations suggest that an infectious agent may be responsible, but no agent was recovered. Immunofluorescence assay of inoculated cultures indicated that reovirus was not present in affected fetal tissues.", "contents": "Occurrence of spontaneous hemorrhagic necrosis of the central nervous system in fetal hamsters. Lesions of hamster fetal neuraxial tissues, characterized by multifocal and coalescent zones of hemorrhage, edema, and necrosis in the cerebral mantle, brainstem, and spinal cord, were observed in experiments designed to test the teratogenicity of potato preparations. Retrospective and prospective data indicated, however, that the potato preparations were not responsible but that the disease occurred spontaneously in the colony and was associated with direct breeding contact of virgin females with certain males. Observations suggest that an infectious agent may be responsible, but no agent was recovered. Immunofluorescence assay of inoculated cultures indicated that reovirus was not present in affected fetal tissues.", "PMID": 1169823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2736", "title": "Studies on the platelet defect in alcoholism.", "content": "Platelet ultrastructure, protein composition, and adenine nucleotide metabolism were studied in patients ingesting ethanol to elucidate the mechanism of ethanol-induced changes in platelet function and survival. Serial measurements were made in 2 patients who maintained blood ethanol levels in excess of 300 mg/100 ml for 3 to 4 weeks. No major changes in structure or metabolism were detected in platelets from the patient whose platelet counts remained stable during the ingestion period. By contrast, the development of thrombocytopenia in the other patient was associated with significantly reduced intracellular ADP, increased ATP/ADP ratio, decreased release of ADP, increased specific radioactivity of intracellular ATP and ADP, and increased formation of hypoxanthine. Additionally, platelets from this patient varied markedly in size, contained giant granules, and possessed a poorly defined microtubular system. After stimulation with ADP or collagen, centripetal granule migration was retarded, and the aggregates formed were small and loose. Several large proteins were absent from the supernatant fraction of sonicated platelets from the thrombocytopenic patient. Exposure of normal platelets to ethanol in vitro resulted in no detectable change in platelet ultrastructure. The data indicate that the ethanol-related abnormalities of platelet function are due in part to subnormal amounts of intracellular ADP and a deficit in the storage pool of ADP. Additionally, the results suggest that impairment in the release mechanism to the observed defect in the release reaction.", "contents": "Studies on the platelet defect in alcoholism. Platelet ultrastructure, protein composition, and adenine nucleotide metabolism were studied in patients ingesting ethanol to elucidate the mechanism of ethanol-induced changes in platelet function and survival. Serial measurements were made in 2 patients who maintained blood ethanol levels in excess of 300 mg/100 ml for 3 to 4 weeks. No major changes in structure or metabolism were detected in platelets from the patient whose platelet counts remained stable during the ingestion period. By contrast, the development of thrombocytopenia in the other patient was associated with significantly reduced intracellular ADP, increased ATP/ADP ratio, decreased release of ADP, increased specific radioactivity of intracellular ATP and ADP, and increased formation of hypoxanthine. Additionally, platelets from this patient varied markedly in size, contained giant granules, and possessed a poorly defined microtubular system. After stimulation with ADP or collagen, centripetal granule migration was retarded, and the aggregates formed were small and loose. Several large proteins were absent from the supernatant fraction of sonicated platelets from the thrombocytopenic patient. Exposure of normal platelets to ethanol in vitro resulted in no detectable change in platelet ultrastructure. The data indicate that the ethanol-related abnormalities of platelet function are due in part to subnormal amounts of intracellular ADP and a deficit in the storage pool of ADP. Additionally, the results suggest that impairment in the release mechanism to the observed defect in the release reaction.", "PMID": 1169824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2737", "title": "Characterization of the fawn-hooded rat as a model for hemostatic studies.", "content": "A large colony of fawn-hooded (FH) rats, comprising five original families and six generations of their progeny, was developed for genetic and comparative studies of their bleeding tendency. The characteristics of the bleeding diathesis in these rats are similar to those originally reported in related rats by Tschopp and Zucker. FH rats have normal clot retraction, ADP-induced platelet aggregation and platelet ADP; variable aggregation with collagen; minimal aggregation with adrenaline and cobra venom factor; and reduced platelet ATP, ATP/ADP ratio, serotonin content and -14C-serotonin release. In comparison to age- and sex-matched Wistar rats, FH rats have significantly prolonged partial thromboplastin time, shortened Russell's viper venom time and increased factor X and XI levels. Other coagulation screening tests and specific assays for fibrinogen, plasminogen and factors VII, VIII and IX were normal. Some age- and sex-related differences in coagulation and other parameters were observed within each rat strain. Plasma proteins, glycoproteins and ceruloplasmin (copper oxidase activity) showed no abnormalities, nor did initial studies of immunoglobulins and complement. However, FH rats have significantly lower glucose and higher cholesterol levels than comparable Wistar rats.", "contents": "Characterization of the fawn-hooded rat as a model for hemostatic studies. A large colony of fawn-hooded (FH) rats, comprising five original families and six generations of their progeny, was developed for genetic and comparative studies of their bleeding tendency. The characteristics of the bleeding diathesis in these rats are similar to those originally reported in related rats by Tschopp and Zucker. FH rats have normal clot retraction, ADP-induced platelet aggregation and platelet ADP; variable aggregation with collagen; minimal aggregation with adrenaline and cobra venom factor; and reduced platelet ATP, ATP/ADP ratio, serotonin content and -14C-serotonin release. In comparison to age- and sex-matched Wistar rats, FH rats have significantly prolonged partial thromboplastin time, shortened Russell's viper venom time and increased factor X and XI levels. Other coagulation screening tests and specific assays for fibrinogen, plasminogen and factors VII, VIII and IX were normal. Some age- and sex-related differences in coagulation and other parameters were observed within each rat strain. Plasma proteins, glycoproteins and ceruloplasmin (copper oxidase activity) showed no abnormalities, nor did initial studies of immunoglobulins and complement. However, FH rats have significantly lower glucose and higher cholesterol levels than comparable Wistar rats.", "PMID": 1169825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2738", "title": "Defaulters from follow-up after pre-partum cardiac failure.", "content": "The problem of default from follow-up prejudices the study of disease in Africa. During studies of 224 patients with pre-partum cardiac failure were found that 119 had defaulted from follow-up for six months or more, after an average period of 22 months from their admission. A sociologist tried to find all these patients at home and interviewed those who were found. If the patient was not found, information was sought from the village head and from friends and relatives. Thirteen patients had died. The 69 who were traced gave a total of 101 reasons for default. Domestic reasons prodominated, of which poverty, moving home and the difficulties of travel were the most important. Among personal reasons, feeling well was the commonest single reason, and was given by 19 patients. The results show that the problems of a subsistence agricultural economy dominate the reasons for default, and that such problem cannot be overcome without changes in society. Our findings are relevant in the care of all chronic diseases and throughout rural Africa.", "contents": "Defaulters from follow-up after pre-partum cardiac failure. The problem of default from follow-up prejudices the study of disease in Africa. During studies of 224 patients with pre-partum cardiac failure were found that 119 had defaulted from follow-up for six months or more, after an average period of 22 months from their admission. A sociologist tried to find all these patients at home and interviewed those who were found. If the patient was not found, information was sought from the village head and from friends and relatives. Thirteen patients had died. The 69 who were traced gave a total of 101 reasons for default. Domestic reasons prodominated, of which poverty, moving home and the difficulties of travel were the most important. Among personal reasons, feeling well was the commonest single reason, and was given by 19 patients. The results show that the problems of a subsistence agricultural economy dominate the reasons for default, and that such problem cannot be overcome without changes in society. Our findings are relevant in the care of all chronic diseases and throughout rural Africa.", "PMID": 1169831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2739", "title": "Prevalence of diabetes mellitus among the ethnic groups in Singapore.", "content": "During a routine medical examination of 5280 government employees (2736 males, 2544 females; age range 17 to 66 years; 3386 Chinese, 1252 Malays, 508 Indians and 134 other ethnic groups) diabetes was found in 31 (0.59%). The prevalence was higher in males (0.95%) than in females (0.20%). The highest prevalence was in the age-group 50 to 59 years (5.4%); at ages 30 to 66 years, the overall prevalence was 2.18%. The prevalence of diabetes is higher in Indians (2.76%) than in Chinese (0.30%) and Malays (0.48%); the difference is statistically significant, as it also is in the age-group 30 to 66 years (Indians 6.36%, Malays 1.39%, Chinese 0.9%). Of the 31 cases, only four were previously known and only nine were overwieght. The possible reasons for the higher prevalence of diabetes in Indians are discussed.", "contents": "Prevalence of diabetes mellitus among the ethnic groups in Singapore. During a routine medical examination of 5280 government employees (2736 males, 2544 females; age range 17 to 66 years; 3386 Chinese, 1252 Malays, 508 Indians and 134 other ethnic groups) diabetes was found in 31 (0.59%). The prevalence was higher in males (0.95%) than in females (0.20%). The highest prevalence was in the age-group 50 to 59 years (5.4%); at ages 30 to 66 years, the overall prevalence was 2.18%. The prevalence of diabetes is higher in Indians (2.76%) than in Chinese (0.30%) and Malays (0.48%); the difference is statistically significant, as it also is in the age-group 30 to 66 years (Indians 6.36%, Malays 1.39%, Chinese 0.9%). Of the 31 cases, only four were previously known and only nine were overwieght. The possible reasons for the higher prevalence of diabetes in Indians are discussed.", "PMID": 1169832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2740", "title": "Seasonal population densities of snails transmitting urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis in Lusaka, Zambia.", "content": "The two molluscan intermediate hosts of S. haematobium schistosomiasis: Bulinus africanus and Bulinus globosus, were found most commonly in habitats that retained water for a substantial part of the year rather than in temporary rain-filled pools. Biomphalaria pfeifferi which transmits S. mansoni were found principally in streams and impoundments like dams but scarce in rivers. In a permanent habitat, the peak density of snails was between the warm, dry months of August and September while in a temporary habitat B. (Physopsis) sp. were most abundant towards the end of the rainy season in March and April. The influence of rainfall and the prevailing the temperature on the fluctuations in the density of snails populations is considered. Further, the low infection rate in snails found in the field is discussed in relation to the critical effect of temperature on this feature. The problem of increasing migration of rural inhabitants to the peri-urban areas and the possible escalation of prevalence rates is considered in relation to the control measures that may be instituted in view of the substantial body of base-line data now available to effect focal control.", "contents": "Seasonal population densities of snails transmitting urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis in Lusaka, Zambia. The two molluscan intermediate hosts of S. haematobium schistosomiasis: Bulinus africanus and Bulinus globosus, were found most commonly in habitats that retained water for a substantial part of the year rather than in temporary rain-filled pools. Biomphalaria pfeifferi which transmits S. mansoni were found principally in streams and impoundments like dams but scarce in rivers. In a permanent habitat, the peak density of snails was between the warm, dry months of August and September while in a temporary habitat B. (Physopsis) sp. were most abundant towards the end of the rainy season in March and April. The influence of rainfall and the prevailing the temperature on the fluctuations in the density of snails populations is considered. Further, the low infection rate in snails found in the field is discussed in relation to the critical effect of temperature on this feature. The problem of increasing migration of rural inhabitants to the peri-urban areas and the possible escalation of prevalence rates is considered in relation to the control measures that may be instituted in view of the substantial body of base-line data now available to effect focal control.", "PMID": 1169833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2741", "title": "The proliferation of prostatic epithelium in chronic prostatitis.", "content": "The labelling index in chronic nonspecific prostatitis ranges from 0.7-2.1%. This value is markedly higher than in nodular hyperplasia (0.4%) as well as in differentiated adenocarcinomas (0.6%). Increased labelling index could only be determined in glands adjacent to inflammatory foci. In recognition of these findings we believe that a correct evaluation of the cell proliferation in chronic prostatitis is only possible if each single cell can be evaluated, whether it is altered by inflammation or not. Therefore, solid tissue biopsies appear to be more suitable in autroadiographical studies than cytological material alone.", "contents": "The proliferation of prostatic epithelium in chronic prostatitis. The labelling index in chronic nonspecific prostatitis ranges from 0.7-2.1%. This value is markedly higher than in nodular hyperplasia (0.4%) as well as in differentiated adenocarcinomas (0.6%). Increased labelling index could only be determined in glands adjacent to inflammatory foci. In recognition of these findings we believe that a correct evaluation of the cell proliferation in chronic prostatitis is only possible if each single cell can be evaluated, whether it is altered by inflammation or not. Therefore, solid tissue biopsies appear to be more suitable in autroadiographical studies than cytological material alone.", "PMID": 1169841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2742", "title": "Metastatic tumors of spermatic cord.", "content": "A case of metastatic carcinoma to the spermatic cord is presented. The previous 12 cases documented in the literature are reveiwed. In the majority of cases the primary tumor occurred in the gastrointestinal tract with metastasis to the spermatic cord by retrograde lymphatic flow.", "contents": "Metastatic tumors of spermatic cord. A case of metastatic carcinoma to the spermatic cord is presented. The previous 12 cases documented in the literature are reveiwed. In the majority of cases the primary tumor occurred in the gastrointestinal tract with metastasis to the spermatic cord by retrograde lymphatic flow.", "PMID": 1169842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2743", "title": "The influence of dietary protein upon blood composition in dairy cows.", "content": "Diets of different protein content were fed to dairy cows in two experiments of seven months and 12 months duration.  Significant differences in the mean concentrations of serum urea, albumin and copper and of blood haemoglobin and packed cell volume were observed between cows receiving the various diets.  The greatest differences occurred when cows were in mid-lactation.  It was concluded that concentrations of urea in the serum of the cows were reflecting dietary protein intake and that concentrations of albumin, haemoglobin and PCV during lactation were affected by long-term protein status.  The possible significance of the results is discussed in relation to previous reports indicating interrelationships between protein and copper metabolism, and in relation to the recommended protein content of diets for cows.", "contents": "The influence of dietary protein upon blood composition in dairy cows. Diets of different protein content were fed to dairy cows in two experiments of seven months and 12 months duration.  Significant differences in the mean concentrations of serum urea, albumin and copper and of blood haemoglobin and packed cell volume were observed between cows receiving the various diets.  The greatest differences occurred when cows were in mid-lactation.  It was concluded that concentrations of urea in the serum of the cows were reflecting dietary protein intake and that concentrations of albumin, haemoglobin and PCV during lactation were affected by long-term protein status.  The possible significance of the results is discussed in relation to previous reports indicating interrelationships between protein and copper metabolism, and in relation to the recommended protein content of diets for cows.", "PMID": 1169843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2744", "title": "On the specificity of mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus spodoleucus extracts.", "content": "Extracts of mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus spodoleucus contain hemagglutinins with anti-H specificity similar to those found in Cytisus sessilifolius and Laburnum alpinum.", "contents": "On the specificity of mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus spodoleucus extracts. Extracts of mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus spodoleucus contain hemagglutinins with anti-H specificity similar to those found in Cytisus sessilifolius and Laburnum alpinum.", "PMID": 1169858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2745", "title": "[The current place of diagnostic ultrasound in cardiology].", "content": "A non-invasive technique such as echocardiography has numerous advantages over invasive examinations of the cardiovascular system. Echocardiography involves no hazard or risk to the health of the patient, it can be repeated at any time and provides truly basal haemodynamic information by avoiding sedation, excitation of the patient and injection of dye. Problems arising from peculiarities in the behavior of ultrasonic energy and chest malformations in the patient have been largely overcome by technical improvements and a more sophisticated wasy of examination. The current diagnostic applications of echocardiography are reviewed on the basis of our own experience and the advantages and limitations of this method discussed.", "contents": "[The current place of diagnostic ultrasound in cardiology]. A non-invasive technique such as echocardiography has numerous advantages over invasive examinations of the cardiovascular system. Echocardiography involves no hazard or risk to the health of the patient, it can be repeated at any time and provides truly basal haemodynamic information by avoiding sedation, excitation of the patient and injection of dye. Problems arising from peculiarities in the behavior of ultrasonic energy and chest malformations in the patient have been largely overcome by technical improvements and a more sophisticated wasy of examination. The current diagnostic applications of echocardiography are reviewed on the basis of our own experience and the advantages and limitations of this method discussed.", "PMID": 1169864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2746", "title": "[Modern methods in the diagnosis of breast disease (author's transl)].", "content": "240 patients attending a surgical clinic for breast diseases were examined clinically and subjected to mammography, thermography and ultrasonic investigation. Histological reports are available in 98 cases, enabling an evaluation of the accuracy of the used diagnostic methods. The most efficient diagnostic method is X-ray mammography, followed by thermography and ultrasound diagnosis, but these procedures are still fraught with methodological and technical problems.", "contents": "[Modern methods in the diagnosis of breast disease (author's transl)]. 240 patients attending a surgical clinic for breast diseases were examined clinically and subjected to mammography, thermography and ultrasonic investigation. Histological reports are available in 98 cases, enabling an evaluation of the accuracy of the used diagnostic methods. The most efficient diagnostic method is X-ray mammography, followed by thermography and ultrasound diagnosis, but these procedures are still fraught with methodological and technical problems.", "PMID": 1169865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2747", "title": "Perforation of the uterus by the copper-t and copper-7 intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "Uterine perforation in patients wearing the Copper-T and the Copper-7 intrauterine contraceptive devices has been studied. In Bolln\u00e4s, Sweden, three perforations occurred in 1 156 insertions of the Copper-7, and in New York, USA, six perforations occurred in 1 153 insertions of the Copper-T. Cervical perforation seems to be a special feature of the Copper-T, while the Copper-7 tends to perforate through the uterine wall. The perforations can be divided into \"primary\" perforations, related to the insertion procedure, and \"secondary\" perforations, caused by uterine contractions. The diagnosis and treatment of uterine perforations by intrauterine devices is discussed.", "contents": "Perforation of the uterus by the copper-t and copper-7 intrauterine contraceptive devices. Uterine perforation in patients wearing the Copper-T and the Copper-7 intrauterine contraceptive devices has been studied. In Bolln\u00e4s, Sweden, three perforations occurred in 1 156 insertions of the Copper-7, and in New York, USA, six perforations occurred in 1 153 insertions of the Copper-T. Cervical perforation seems to be a special feature of the Copper-T, while the Copper-7 tends to perforate through the uterine wall. The perforations can be divided into \"primary\" perforations, related to the insertion procedure, and \"secondary\" perforations, caused by uterine contractions. The diagnosis and treatment of uterine perforations by intrauterine devices is discussed.", "PMID": 1169868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2748", "title": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "The clinical and laboratory findings in 29 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis are presented. Dyspnoea during exercise, angina pectoris, syncope combined with left ventricular hyperthrophy on ECG and chest X-ray and a systolic ejection murmur at the apex and the left sternal border are the most important findings. The findings were different in patients below and above 30 years of age. Most of the patients below 30 were in function group I, had a normal heart volume on chest X-+ray, and syncope was related to exercise. All patients above 30 had symptoms, nearly all were in function groups II-IV and often complained of palpitations, had increased heart volume on chest X-ray, sign of enlarged left atrium or atrial fibrillation of ECG. Syncope was not related to exercise, but always associated with palpitation in patients above 35 years of age. Pathologic Q waves were found more often in the younger age group. The differential diagnosis is discussed in relation to fixed aortic stenosis, mitral valve disease, ventricular septal defect, coronary artery disease, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without outflow tract obstruction.", "contents": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The clinical and laboratory findings in 29 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis are presented. Dyspnoea during exercise, angina pectoris, syncope combined with left ventricular hyperthrophy on ECG and chest X-ray and a systolic ejection murmur at the apex and the left sternal border are the most important findings. The findings were different in patients below and above 30 years of age. Most of the patients below 30 were in function group I, had a normal heart volume on chest X-+ray, and syncope was related to exercise. All patients above 30 had symptoms, nearly all were in function groups II-IV and often complained of palpitations, had increased heart volume on chest X-ray, sign of enlarged left atrium or atrial fibrillation of ECG. Syncope was not related to exercise, but always associated with palpitation in patients above 35 years of age. Pathologic Q waves were found more often in the younger age group. The differential diagnosis is discussed in relation to fixed aortic stenosis, mitral valve disease, ventricular septal defect, coronary artery disease, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without outflow tract obstruction.", "PMID": 1169870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2749", "title": "Prednisone-induced hemostasis in a platelet function abnormality.", "content": "A 6-year old girl had chronic thrombocytopenia and substantial platelet function abnormality associated with detectable IgM antiplatelet antibody. Treatment with prednisone was followed by an improvement in bleeding time, although in vitro platelet function deteriorated. This observation suggests an effect of prednisone on hemostasis that is independent of platelet function. Further trials of prednisone in patients with similar platelet function abnormalities who have a substantial bleeding tendency would appear indicated.", "contents": "Prednisone-induced hemostasis in a platelet function abnormality. A 6-year old girl had chronic thrombocytopenia and substantial platelet function abnormality associated with detectable IgM antiplatelet antibody. Treatment with prednisone was followed by an improvement in bleeding time, although in vitro platelet function deteriorated. This observation suggests an effect of prednisone on hemostasis that is independent of platelet function. Further trials of prednisone in patients with similar platelet function abnormalities who have a substantial bleeding tendency would appear indicated.", "PMID": 1169879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2750", "title": "Health care in America-what does the future hold?", "content": "Problems facing health care delivery in America and possible solutions are discussed. Specific issues covered are availability of health care services; health manpower; interaction of consumers and health providers in making decisions; health planning and regulation; preventive medicine and health education of the public; and comprehensive primary care. Of particular interest to pharmacists, the author discusses future division of responsibility among health professionals.", "contents": "Health care in America-what does the future hold? Problems facing health care delivery in America and possible solutions are discussed. Specific issues covered are availability of health care services; health manpower; interaction of consumers and health providers in making decisions; health planning and regulation; preventive medicine and health education of the public; and comprehensive primary care. Of particular interest to pharmacists, the author discusses future division of responsibility among health professionals.", "PMID": 1169880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2751", "title": "Intestinal anisakiasis. First case report from North America.", "content": "The first case of intestinal anisakiasis in North America is described. This parasitic disease is recognized as a public health hazard in Japan and Europe. Man becomes infected with a larval form of the nematode Anisakis by consuming raw or undercooked fish containing the parasite. Typically, patients present with acute abdominal syndromes. Clinical and reontgenographic features may cause confusion with regional enteritis. Histologically, a striking oesinophilic granulomatous reaction occurs. Anisakiasis is most effectively prevented by discouraging the consumption of raw fish.", "contents": "Intestinal anisakiasis. First case report from North America. The first case of intestinal anisakiasis in North America is described. This parasitic disease is recognized as a public health hazard in Japan and Europe. Man becomes infected with a larval form of the nematode Anisakis by consuming raw or undercooked fish containing the parasite. Typically, patients present with acute abdominal syndromes. Clinical and reontgenographic features may cause confusion with regional enteritis. Histologically, a striking oesinophilic granulomatous reaction occurs. Anisakiasis is most effectively prevented by discouraging the consumption of raw fish.", "PMID": 1169881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2752", "title": "Chronic superficial keratitis in dogs: detection of cellular hypersensitivity.", "content": "Dogs affected with chronic superficial keratitis (CSK) and clinically normal dogs were tested for cellular hypersensitivity, using the leukocyte migration-inhibition (LMI) technique to 3 ocular antigens (Staphylococcus aureus and corneal and iridal proteins). Affected dogs had statistically significant increases in hypersensitivity cellular responses against corneal and iridal antigens. Affected dogs did not differ from clinically normal dogs in their cell response to S aureus.", "contents": "Chronic superficial keratitis in dogs: detection of cellular hypersensitivity. Dogs affected with chronic superficial keratitis (CSK) and clinically normal dogs were tested for cellular hypersensitivity, using the leukocyte migration-inhibition (LMI) technique to 3 ocular antigens (Staphylococcus aureus and corneal and iridal proteins). Affected dogs had statistically significant increases in hypersensitivity cellular responses against corneal and iridal antigens. Affected dogs did not differ from clinically normal dogs in their cell response to S aureus.", "PMID": 1169896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2753", "title": "Efficacy of bunamidine hydrochloride against immature and mature stages of Echinococcus granulosus.", "content": "The efficacy of bunamidine hydrochloride (given at dose levels of 25 and 50 mg/kg of body wt) against immature and mature Echinococcus granulosus tapeworms was studied in experimentally infected dogs. The compound had average efficacies of 85.9 to 98.8 percent against the immature stages and was completely efficacious (100 percent clearance) against the mature worms. These data indicate that bunamidine HCl at the given doses can be used as a control measure against hydatid disease in the United States.", "contents": "Efficacy of bunamidine hydrochloride against immature and mature stages of Echinococcus granulosus. The efficacy of bunamidine hydrochloride (given at dose levels of 25 and 50 mg/kg of body wt) against immature and mature Echinococcus granulosus tapeworms was studied in experimentally infected dogs. The compound had average efficacies of 85.9 to 98.8 percent against the immature stages and was completely efficacious (100 percent clearance) against the mature worms. These data indicate that bunamidine HCl at the given doses can be used as a control measure against hydatid disease in the United States.", "PMID": 1169897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2754", "title": "Temporal sequence of events in the estrous cycle of the bitch.", "content": "Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol-17 beta, and progesteron were compared with the onset of diestrus in Beagle bitches. The LH peak occurred 8.0 (standard error (SE), 0.3) days before the onset of diestrus. Vaginal cytologic characteristics during proestrus were studied, and vaginal cornification was complete 12.1 (SE,0.2) days before the onset of diestrus. A time sequence of hormonal, vaginal cytologic, and developmental events was outlined during proestrus, estrus, and early diestrus.", "contents": "Temporal sequence of events in the estrous cycle of the bitch. Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol-17 beta, and progesteron were compared with the onset of diestrus in Beagle bitches. The LH peak occurred 8.0 (standard error (SE), 0.3) days before the onset of diestrus. Vaginal cytologic characteristics during proestrus were studied, and vaginal cornification was complete 12.1 (SE,0.2) days before the onset of diestrus. A time sequence of hormonal, vaginal cytologic, and developmental events was outlined during proestrus, estrus, and early diestrus.", "PMID": 1169898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2755", "title": "Transient neonatal hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and high serum parathyroid hormone with maternal hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Findings in a case of neonatal tetany in a child whose mother had elevated blood parathyroid hormone levels because of a parathyroid adenoma are given. The child was found to have hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hyperphosphatemia. Parathyroid hormone in the infant was found to be elevated. It has been postulated that the pathophysiologic mechanism of the hypocalcemia in this syndrome is transient hypoparathyroidism. The present case suggests a different mechanism: hypomagnesemia and end-organ refractoriness to parathyroid hormone, a state analogous to pseudohypoparathyroidism.", "contents": "Transient neonatal hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and high serum parathyroid hormone with maternal hyperparathyroidism. Findings in a case of neonatal tetany in a child whose mother had elevated blood parathyroid hormone levels because of a parathyroid adenoma are given. The child was found to have hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hyperphosphatemia. Parathyroid hormone in the infant was found to be elevated. It has been postulated that the pathophysiologic mechanism of the hypocalcemia in this syndrome is transient hypoparathyroidism. The present case suggests a different mechanism: hypomagnesemia and end-organ refractoriness to parathyroid hormone, a state analogous to pseudohypoparathyroidism.", "PMID": 1169899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2756", "title": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in pregnancy.", "content": "The coexistence of pregnancy and idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis is a potentially dangerous combination. We report a 23-year-old white woman with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and pregnancy who presented with severe symptoms (Class IV) and modest outflow obstruction associated with marked mitral regurgitation. After delivery, the evidence for significant mitral regurgitation regressed, while the outflow obstruction seemed unchanged. However, she returned to Functional Class II. We review the mechanisms by which pregnancy and labor may alter the hemodynamics of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and we discuss recommendations for the management of these patients during pregnancy, labor, and the immediate postpartum period. We conclude that despite increasing symptoms, most women with diopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis can tolerate pregnancy and a vaginal delivery.", "contents": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in pregnancy. The coexistence of pregnancy and idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis is a potentially dangerous combination. We report a 23-year-old white woman with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and pregnancy who presented with severe symptoms (Class IV) and modest outflow obstruction associated with marked mitral regurgitation. After delivery, the evidence for significant mitral regurgitation regressed, while the outflow obstruction seemed unchanged. However, she returned to Functional Class II. We review the mechanisms by which pregnancy and labor may alter the hemodynamics of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and we discuss recommendations for the management of these patients during pregnancy, labor, and the immediate postpartum period. We conclude that despite increasing symptoms, most women with diopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis can tolerate pregnancy and a vaginal delivery.", "PMID": 1169900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2757", "title": "Phagocytosis of blood cells by splenic macrophages in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "A 43-year-old woman who developed thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura was treated successfully with high doses of prednisone and a splenectomy. Imprints from the cut surface of the spleen showed marked phagocytosis of all the cellular elements of the blood. This observation suggests that hypersplenism, in addition to vascular occlusion, may play a major role in the physiopathology of some cases of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of blood cells by splenic macrophages in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. A 43-year-old woman who developed thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura was treated successfully with high doses of prednisone and a splenectomy. Imprints from the cut surface of the spleen showed marked phagocytosis of all the cellular elements of the blood. This observation suggests that hypersplenism, in addition to vascular occlusion, may play a major role in the physiopathology of some cases of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "PMID": 1169901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2758", "title": "Pinwheel rubeosis iridis following argon laser coreoplasty.", "content": "Rubeosis iridis developed in the right eye of a 10-year-old boy with Marfan's syndrome. This eye had a chronic retinal detachment which we could study adequately only after coreoplasty of the iris was carried out with the argon laser. The purpose of this paper is to describe our experience using the argon laser for coreoplasty, and to report the unique pinwheel configuration of the iris neovascularization that developed around the laser lesions. We believe the rubeosis iridis was most likely a sequelae of the chronic retinal detachment, and that the atrophic laser lesions probably acted as templates for the neovascularization, giving rise to its peculiar configuration.", "contents": "Pinwheel rubeosis iridis following argon laser coreoplasty. Rubeosis iridis developed in the right eye of a 10-year-old boy with Marfan's syndrome. This eye had a chronic retinal detachment which we could study adequately only after coreoplasty of the iris was carried out with the argon laser. The purpose of this paper is to describe our experience using the argon laser for coreoplasty, and to report the unique pinwheel configuration of the iris neovascularization that developed around the laser lesions. We believe the rubeosis iridis was most likely a sequelae of the chronic retinal detachment, and that the atrophic laser lesions probably acted as templates for the neovascularization, giving rise to its peculiar configuration.", "PMID": 1169902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2759", "title": "Phenylthiocarbamide tasting in a sample of twins.", "content": "1. Twenty-eight pairs of monozygotic and eighteen pairs of dizygotic twins were tested for their ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (P.T.C.) by the method of Harris & Kalmus (1949). 2. Much greater variance in threshold levels was detected within the DZ than within the MZ pairs and this confirms the genetic origin of most variation in ability to taste this substance. 3. Variance in threshold levels within MZ pairs is of the same magnitude as the variance of reported duplicate measurements on the same individuals. 4. DZ twin pairs were classified as either concordant or discordant in their tasting ability. Variance within concordant DZ pairs is significantly greater than within the MZ pairs and it is shown that this difference can be accounted for in terms of the incomplete dominance of the T allele reported by Kalmus (1958). However, the data do not exclude the possiblity that this greater variation in threshold levels is partly due to multiple alleles or background genetic variation. 5. The frequency of the t allele in Australians of European descent in estimate at 0-52 plus or minus 0-06.", "contents": "Phenylthiocarbamide tasting in a sample of twins. 1. Twenty-eight pairs of monozygotic and eighteen pairs of dizygotic twins were tested for their ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (P.T.C.) by the method of Harris & Kalmus (1949). 2. Much greater variance in threshold levels was detected within the DZ than within the MZ pairs and this confirms the genetic origin of most variation in ability to taste this substance. 3. Variance in threshold levels within MZ pairs is of the same magnitude as the variance of reported duplicate measurements on the same individuals. 4. DZ twin pairs were classified as either concordant or discordant in their tasting ability. Variance within concordant DZ pairs is significantly greater than within the MZ pairs and it is shown that this difference can be accounted for in terms of the incomplete dominance of the T allele reported by Kalmus (1958). However, the data do not exclude the possiblity that this greater variation in threshold levels is partly due to multiple alleles or background genetic variation. 5. The frequency of the t allele in Australians of European descent in estimate at 0-52 plus or minus 0-06.", "PMID": 1169903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2760", "title": "Sibships ascertained through a twin pair with at least one affected twin.", "content": "For sibships ascertained through a twin-pair where at least one of the twins is affected, an exact conditional test is developed for the hypothesis that the probability for a dizygotic twin to be affected is equal to that of single-born children against the alternative that the probability is higher among twins. Such a situation may occur in disorders where a twin pregnancy may cause sporadic cases of non-genetic origin. The method has been applied to data on febrile convulsions. It is shown that dizygotic twins with a family history of the disorder are more likely to get febrile convulsions than their single-born sibs. I want to thank DR M. Lennox-Buchthal, M.D., Copenhagen, for providing me with data and histories.", "contents": "Sibships ascertained through a twin pair with at least one affected twin. For sibships ascertained through a twin-pair where at least one of the twins is affected, an exact conditional test is developed for the hypothesis that the probability for a dizygotic twin to be affected is equal to that of single-born children against the alternative that the probability is higher among twins. Such a situation may occur in disorders where a twin pregnancy may cause sporadic cases of non-genetic origin. The method has been applied to data on febrile convulsions. It is shown that dizygotic twins with a family history of the disorder are more likely to get febrile convulsions than their single-born sibs. I want to thank DR M. Lennox-Buchthal, M.D., Copenhagen, for providing me with data and histories.", "PMID": 1169904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2761", "title": "[Results of the long laboratory storage of Streptoverticillium hachijoense (Jamaguchi) Baldacci, the producer of trichomycin].", "content": "Viability, morphologo-cultural features and antibiotic properties of Sv. hachijoense, strain LIA-0052 stored for 10 years in a dry state and in the state of a resting culture were studied. Spores and mycelium of 2-week strains most stable to some chemical and physical factors were used for drying. It was found that viability of strain LIA-0052 was maintained for a longer period of time after lyophilization, in garden soil and agar culture under a layer of mineral oil. By the end of the observation period the viability of the soil culture decreased and the morphologo-cultural properties were stabilized. When the strain was cultivated on media with sucrose, the level of its antibiotic activity increased.", "contents": "[Results of the long laboratory storage of Streptoverticillium hachijoense (Jamaguchi) Baldacci, the producer of trichomycin]. Viability, morphologo-cultural features and antibiotic properties of Sv. hachijoense, strain LIA-0052 stored for 10 years in a dry state and in the state of a resting culture were studied. Spores and mycelium of 2-week strains most stable to some chemical and physical factors were used for drying. It was found that viability of strain LIA-0052 was maintained for a longer period of time after lyophilization, in garden soil and agar culture under a layer of mineral oil. By the end of the observation period the viability of the soil culture decreased and the morphologo-cultural properties were stabilized. When the strain was cultivated on media with sucrose, the level of its antibiotic activity increased.", "PMID": 1169905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2762", "title": "Amikacin: a rapid and sensitive radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive, and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement of amikacin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic. Antisera were produced by immunizing rabbits with amikacin conjugated to porcine thyroglobulin. Sera were screened for amikacin antibodies with (3)H-labeled amikacin. Free and bound radioactivity were separated by the second antibody method. As little as 5 ng of the antibiotic can be measured in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. The standard curve is unaffected by pH (5-11), ionic strength (0.01 M to 0.3 M), MgCl(2) or CaCl(2) (1 to 8 mM/liter), or urea (10-300 mg/100 ml). The antibodies raised to amikacin are not able to distinguish between kanamycin and amikacin. The cross reactivity of all other antibiotics tested was <0.1%. Co-incubation of first and second antibody allows for a 30-min incubation period, making the assay useful for stat determinations. The standard curve is linear on a logit-log plot, allowing for rapid computer analysis of the standard curve, interpolation of sample values, and quality-control monitoring.", "contents": "Amikacin: a rapid and sensitive radioimmunoassay. A rapid, sensitive, and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement of amikacin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic. Antisera were produced by immunizing rabbits with amikacin conjugated to porcine thyroglobulin. Sera were screened for amikacin antibodies with (3)H-labeled amikacin. Free and bound radioactivity were separated by the second antibody method. As little as 5 ng of the antibiotic can be measured in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. The standard curve is unaffected by pH (5-11), ionic strength (0.01 M to 0.3 M), MgCl(2) or CaCl(2) (1 to 8 mM/liter), or urea (10-300 mg/100 ml). The antibodies raised to amikacin are not able to distinguish between kanamycin and amikacin. The cross reactivity of all other antibiotics tested was <0.1%. Co-incubation of first and second antibody allows for a 30-min incubation period, making the assay useful for stat determinations. The standard curve is linear on a logit-log plot, allowing for rapid computer analysis of the standard curve, interpolation of sample values, and quality-control monitoring.", "PMID": 1169906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2763", "title": "Identification of Harper-Cawston factor as thymidine phosphorylase and removal from media of substances interfering with susceptibility testing to sulfonamides and diaminopyrimidines.", "content": "Rich media support the growth of bacteria in the presence of concentrations of sulfonamides and diaminopyrimidines that are highly inhibitory when the organisms are grown on minimal media. Many such rich media can be made more suitable for susceptibility testing by the incorporation of lysed horse blood. Harper and Cawston characterized the active substance, Harper-Cawston factor (HCF), and later studies indicated it to be a protein. It has now been identified as thymidine phosphorylase. The identification follows from the identical purification pattern of HCF and thymidine phosphorylase activities from horse blood to a high degree of purity. Blood of goats, sheep, oxen, geese, chickens, cows, dogs, rats, and humans had neither biological activity. The identification of HCF as thymidine phosphorylase is consistent with the earlier findings of Koch and Burchall (1971) that most of the interfering effects of rich media could be accounted for by their thymidine contents, and that thymidine is much more active in this respect than is thymine.", "contents": "Identification of Harper-Cawston factor as thymidine phosphorylase and removal from media of substances interfering with susceptibility testing to sulfonamides and diaminopyrimidines. Rich media support the growth of bacteria in the presence of concentrations of sulfonamides and diaminopyrimidines that are highly inhibitory when the organisms are grown on minimal media. Many such rich media can be made more suitable for susceptibility testing by the incorporation of lysed horse blood. Harper and Cawston characterized the active substance, Harper-Cawston factor (HCF), and later studies indicated it to be a protein. It has now been identified as thymidine phosphorylase. The identification follows from the identical purification pattern of HCF and thymidine phosphorylase activities from horse blood to a high degree of purity. Blood of goats, sheep, oxen, geese, chickens, cows, dogs, rats, and humans had neither biological activity. The identification of HCF as thymidine phosphorylase is consistent with the earlier findings of Koch and Burchall (1971) that most of the interfering effects of rich media could be accounted for by their thymidine contents, and that thymidine is much more active in this respect than is thymine.", "PMID": 1169907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2764", "title": "Acute pelvic inflammatory disease and clinical response to parenteral doxycycline.", "content": "The bacteriology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and clinical response to parenteral doxycycline were evaluated in 30 patients. Only 3 of 21 cul-de-sac cultures from PID patients were sterile, whereas all 8 normal control subjects yielded negative results (P< 0.005). Poor correlation was observed between cervical and cul-de-sac cultures. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, isolated from the cervix in 17 patients (57%), was recovered from the cul-de-sac only once. Streptococcus, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, coliforms, and other organisms normally present in the vagina were the predominant isolates recovered from the cul-de-sac. Parenteral doxycycline resulted in rapid resolution of signs and symptoms (within 48 h) in 20 of 27 evaluable patients (74%). In five others, signs and symptoms of infection abated within 4 days. The remaining two patients failed to respond; in both cases, adnexal masses developed during doxycycline therapy. Gonococci were eradicated from the cervix in all but one patient who, nevertheless, had a rapid defervescence of symptoms. There was no clear-cut correlation between the clinical response and in vitro susceptibility of cul-de-sac isolates to doxycycline. These data confirm the usefulness of broad-spectrum antibiotics in acute PID. Culdocentesis is a reliable means of obtaining material for the bacteriological diagnosis of acute PID; however, the pathogenetic role and relative importance of gonococci and various other bacteria in acute PID need to be clarified further.", "contents": "Acute pelvic inflammatory disease and clinical response to parenteral doxycycline. The bacteriology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and clinical response to parenteral doxycycline were evaluated in 30 patients. Only 3 of 21 cul-de-sac cultures from PID patients were sterile, whereas all 8 normal control subjects yielded negative results (P< 0.005). Poor correlation was observed between cervical and cul-de-sac cultures. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, isolated from the cervix in 17 patients (57%), was recovered from the cul-de-sac only once. Streptococcus, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, coliforms, and other organisms normally present in the vagina were the predominant isolates recovered from the cul-de-sac. Parenteral doxycycline resulted in rapid resolution of signs and symptoms (within 48 h) in 20 of 27 evaluable patients (74%). In five others, signs and symptoms of infection abated within 4 days. The remaining two patients failed to respond; in both cases, adnexal masses developed during doxycycline therapy. Gonococci were eradicated from the cervix in all but one patient who, nevertheless, had a rapid defervescence of symptoms. There was no clear-cut correlation between the clinical response and in vitro susceptibility of cul-de-sac isolates to doxycycline. These data confirm the usefulness of broad-spectrum antibiotics in acute PID. Culdocentesis is a reliable means of obtaining material for the bacteriological diagnosis of acute PID; however, the pathogenetic role and relative importance of gonococci and various other bacteria in acute PID need to be clarified further.", "PMID": 1169908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2765", "title": "Bilateral carotid aneurysms secondary to radiation therapy.", "content": "A patient was seen with symptomatic, rapidly expanding aneurysms that developed in both carotid arteries 4 years after bilateral radiation to the neck, left combined mandibular resection, and radical neck dissection. The presenting symptoms were pain and transient ischemic attacks of cerebrovascular insufficiency. The aneurysms were treated uneventfully be resection and vein-graft replacement at 15-day intervals. Microscopy demonstrated typical radiation changes. Effects of radiation on arteries are reviewed.", "contents": "Bilateral carotid aneurysms secondary to radiation therapy. A patient was seen with symptomatic, rapidly expanding aneurysms that developed in both carotid arteries 4 years after bilateral radiation to the neck, left combined mandibular resection, and radical neck dissection. The presenting symptoms were pain and transient ischemic attacks of cerebrovascular insufficiency. The aneurysms were treated uneventfully be resection and vein-graft replacement at 15-day intervals. Microscopy demonstrated typical radiation changes. Effects of radiation on arteries are reviewed.", "PMID": 1169919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2766", "title": "A new urethroanal reflex revealed by sphincter electromyography.", "content": "Anal sphincter electromyography carried out during dilatation of the anesthetized urethra revealed a reflexogenic zone at the bladder neck, dilatation of which causes contraction of the anal sphincter. This reflex appears to be separate and distinct from previously described reflexes of the bulbocavernosus type which are triggered by somatic sensory stimuli. A possible role of this reflex in the separation of the functions of micturition and defecation is postulated.", "contents": "A new urethroanal reflex revealed by sphincter electromyography. Anal sphincter electromyography carried out during dilatation of the anesthetized urethra revealed a reflexogenic zone at the bladder neck, dilatation of which causes contraction of the anal sphincter. This reflex appears to be separate and distinct from previously described reflexes of the bulbocavernosus type which are triggered by somatic sensory stimuli. A possible role of this reflex in the separation of the functions of micturition and defecation is postulated.", "PMID": 1169926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2767", "title": "Determination of the buoyant density of canine distemper virus by radioassay.", "content": "Canine distemper virus was labelled with tritiated uridine and, following precipitation with saturated ammonium sulphate solution, was concentrated 66-fold by centrifugation through a discontinuous sucrose gradient. When this preparation was centrifuged to equilibrium in density gradients of potassium tartrate or sucrose, radioactivity was distributed over the density range 1.218 to 1.180 with a pronounced peak at around 1.195. This corresponded closely to the distribution of infectivity and also to that of virus particles revealed by electron microscopy. In density gradients of caesium chloride, a plateau of radioactivity was present over the density range 1.26 to 1.24 with a peak at around 1.240 but most of the infectivity was limited to the range of 1.24 to 1.22. Since the amount of infectious virus recovered from potassium tartrate was greater than that recovered from the other two materials and the radioactive peak occurred over a narrower density range, it was concluded that potassium tartrate was the material of choice for the isopycnic centrifugation of canine distemper virus.", "contents": "Determination of the buoyant density of canine distemper virus by radioassay. Canine distemper virus was labelled with tritiated uridine and, following precipitation with saturated ammonium sulphate solution, was concentrated 66-fold by centrifugation through a discontinuous sucrose gradient. When this preparation was centrifuged to equilibrium in density gradients of potassium tartrate or sucrose, radioactivity was distributed over the density range 1.218 to 1.180 with a pronounced peak at around 1.195. This corresponded closely to the distribution of infectivity and also to that of virus particles revealed by electron microscopy. In density gradients of caesium chloride, a plateau of radioactivity was present over the density range 1.26 to 1.24 with a peak at around 1.240 but most of the infectivity was limited to the range of 1.24 to 1.22. Since the amount of infectious virus recovered from potassium tartrate was greater than that recovered from the other two materials and the radioactive peak occurred over a narrower density range, it was concluded that potassium tartrate was the material of choice for the isopycnic centrifugation of canine distemper virus.", "PMID": 1169928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2768", "title": "The growth of African horse-sickness virus in embryonated hen eggs and the transmission of virus by Culicoides variipennis Coquillett (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae).", "content": "Seven-day-old embryonated hen eggs were infected with African Horse Sickness virus by the yolk sac and intravenous routes. Virus reached a high titre in the blood of infected embryos. Culicoides variipennis midges which took a blood meal from infected eggs became infected with virus, and after 7 days at 26 degrees - 27 degrees C transmitted African Horse Sickness virus to uninfected eggs. C. variipennis may therefore be considered a biological vector of African Horse Sickness virus in the laboratory.", "contents": "The growth of African horse-sickness virus in embryonated hen eggs and the transmission of virus by Culicoides variipennis Coquillett (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Seven-day-old embryonated hen eggs were infected with African Horse Sickness virus by the yolk sac and intravenous routes. Virus reached a high titre in the blood of infected embryos. Culicoides variipennis midges which took a blood meal from infected eggs became infected with virus, and after 7 days at 26 degrees - 27 degrees C transmitted African Horse Sickness virus to uninfected eggs. C. variipennis may therefore be considered a biological vector of African Horse Sickness virus in the laboratory.", "PMID": 1169930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2769", "title": "The multiplication of African horse-sickness virus in two species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae).", "content": "Type 9 African horse-sickness virus multiplied to a high titre in both Culicoides nubeculosus and C. variipennis after intrathoracic inoculation and in C. variipennis after oral ingestion. The orally infected C. variipennis were able to transmit the virus by biting after 13 days incubation at 26 degrees C but not after 6 days incubation. Intrathoracically inoculated C. variipennis were able to transmit the virus after 4 days incubation. It is suggested that C. variipennis can act as a biological vector of African horse-sickness virus.", "contents": "The multiplication of African horse-sickness virus in two species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Type 9 African horse-sickness virus multiplied to a high titre in both Culicoides nubeculosus and C. variipennis after intrathoracic inoculation and in C. variipennis after oral ingestion. The orally infected C. variipennis were able to transmit the virus by biting after 13 days incubation at 26 degrees C but not after 6 days incubation. Intrathoracically inoculated C. variipennis were able to transmit the virus after 4 days incubation. It is suggested that C. variipennis can act as a biological vector of African horse-sickness virus.", "PMID": 1169931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2770", "title": "Brief hypoxia-ischemia initially damages cerebral neurons.", "content": "Rats were studied during cerebral hypoxic ischemia to determine whether neurons or blood vessels suffered the first damage. Ten or more minutes of unilateral carotid artery occlusion combined with systemic hypoxemia (PaO-2, 21 mm Hg) produced neuronal but not vascular damage in the ipsilateral cerebral hemispheres of 18 of 29 rats (62%); two and five minute stresses caused no visible neuronal abnormalities. The longer exposures produced more widespread damage, and neuronal loss and gliomesodermal reaction were evident after prolonged survival. Early neuronal changes correlated with abnormalities of motor behavior (P less than .005). Despite neuronal damage that was sometimes extensive, vascular no-reflow developed in only one of 24 animals after 20 and 30 minutes of hypoxia-ischemia. Production of neuronal and neurological abnormalities in the absence of hypotension or vascular no-reflow indicates that hypoxia-ischemia initially damaged cerebral neurons.", "contents": "Brief hypoxia-ischemia initially damages cerebral neurons. Rats were studied during cerebral hypoxic ischemia to determine whether neurons or blood vessels suffered the first damage. Ten or more minutes of unilateral carotid artery occlusion combined with systemic hypoxemia (PaO-2, 21 mm Hg) produced neuronal but not vascular damage in the ipsilateral cerebral hemispheres of 18 of 29 rats (62%); two and five minute stresses caused no visible neuronal abnormalities. The longer exposures produced more widespread damage, and neuronal loss and gliomesodermal reaction were evident after prolonged survival. Early neuronal changes correlated with abnormalities of motor behavior (P less than .005). Despite neuronal damage that was sometimes extensive, vascular no-reflow developed in only one of 24 animals after 20 and 30 minutes of hypoxia-ischemia. Production of neuronal and neurological abnormalities in the absence of hypotension or vascular no-reflow indicates that hypoxia-ischemia initially damaged cerebral neurons.", "PMID": 1169932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2771", "title": "Conjunctivitis due to Thelazia californiensis.", "content": "A patient with chronic conjunctivitis was found to have a parasitic nematode infection of the conjunctiva. The parasite was found within the cul-de-sac of the conjunctiva, entirely motile. The treatment of the conjunctivitis was simple removal of the organism, and periodic follow up.", "contents": "Conjunctivitis due to Thelazia californiensis. A patient with chronic conjunctivitis was found to have a parasitic nematode infection of the conjunctiva. The parasite was found within the cul-de-sac of the conjunctiva, entirely motile. The treatment of the conjunctivitis was simple removal of the organism, and periodic follow up.", "PMID": 1169933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2772", "title": "Choroido-vitreal neovascularization after argon laser photocoagulation.", "content": "Argon laser photocoagulation performed to destroy retinal neovascularization in two patients with proliferative sickle retinopathy and one patient with sarcoidosis was complicated by the development of choroidal neovascular tissue that extended through the photocoagulated retina into the vitreous. Attempts to obliterate the neovascular growth were successful in two cases. In the case that did not respond to repeated therapeutic procedures, the possibility of a direct communication with the long posterior ciliary artery was suggested by the presence of a chorioretinal defect in the vicinity of the photocoagulated area.", "contents": "Choroido-vitreal neovascularization after argon laser photocoagulation. Argon laser photocoagulation performed to destroy retinal neovascularization in two patients with proliferative sickle retinopathy and one patient with sarcoidosis was complicated by the development of choroidal neovascular tissue that extended through the photocoagulated retina into the vitreous. Attempts to obliterate the neovascular growth were successful in two cases. In the case that did not respond to repeated therapeutic procedures, the possibility of a direct communication with the long posterior ciliary artery was suggested by the presence of a chorioretinal defect in the vicinity of the photocoagulated area.", "PMID": 1169934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2773", "title": "[Hereditary thrombocytopathic thrombocytopenia. Report of 2 cases transmitted with dominant character].", "content": "Hereditary thrombocytopathic thrombocytopenia is reported in a family (mother and son) and is transmitted with dominant character of moderate to severe intensity (platelets fluctuated from less than 5,000 per mm-3 to 20,000 with sporadic higher rises), normal survivorhship, larger than normal diameter and abnormal platelet 3 factor. Comments are made on its resemblance to idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and stress is placed on the importance of its identification through the decision of splenectomy with negative results in these patients.", "contents": "[Hereditary thrombocytopathic thrombocytopenia. Report of 2 cases transmitted with dominant character]. Hereditary thrombocytopathic thrombocytopenia is reported in a family (mother and son) and is transmitted with dominant character of moderate to severe intensity (platelets fluctuated from less than 5,000 per mm-3 to 20,000 with sporadic higher rises), normal survivorhship, larger than normal diameter and abnormal platelet 3 factor. Comments are made on its resemblance to idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and stress is placed on the importance of its identification through the decision of splenectomy with negative results in these patients.", "PMID": 1169951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2774", "title": "[Hemangiolymphangioma of the abdominal cavity complicated with consumption coagulopathy].", "content": "A case of giant hemangiolymphangioma of abdominal cavity is reported. It showed severe bleeding from consumption coagulopathy and secondary fibrinolysis. (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome). A review is made of the production mechanism of coagulation abnormalities that may accompany vascular neoplasias, the usefulness of anticoagulants and the selective treatment in this type of disease.", "contents": "[Hemangiolymphangioma of the abdominal cavity complicated with consumption coagulopathy]. A case of giant hemangiolymphangioma of abdominal cavity is reported. It showed severe bleeding from consumption coagulopathy and secondary fibrinolysis. (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome). A review is made of the production mechanism of coagulation abnormalities that may accompany vascular neoplasias, the usefulness of anticoagulants and the selective treatment in this type of disease.", "PMID": 1169952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2775", "title": "Pathological features of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) in the elderly.", "content": "The pathological findings and available clinical data in 15 necropsy cases of HOCM, aged over 61 years, are reported. Three patients were in the eighth decade and 4 in the ninth; 8 were women. Five presented as sudden death, 2 died in congestive cardiac failure, and 7 died of unrelated conditions and HOCM was an apparently incidental postmortem finding. Compared with cases under 60 years, the hearts of the elderly patients were heavier and less likely to show typical asymmetrical hypertrophy, the free wall of the left ventricle also being thickened in two-thirds of the cases over 60 years. Most of the elderly cases showed a distinctive band of fibrous thickening over the upper part of the interventricular septum. This lesion had a \"mirror image\" relation to the lower part of the aortic surface of the anterior mitral cusp, with the histological features of a friction lesion. It appears to be a morphological expression of the systolic contact of anterior mitral cusp and interventricular septum seen on cineangiography and thus diagnostic of HOCM. Once formed, the fibrous band appears to persist even if the obstructive element disappears. It is, therefore, a valuable diagnostic feature indicating a diagnosis of HOCM in an age group where the morphology is usually not the classical asymmetrical form and in which this diagnosis is usually not considered.", "contents": "Pathological features of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) in the elderly. The pathological findings and available clinical data in 15 necropsy cases of HOCM, aged over 61 years, are reported. Three patients were in the eighth decade and 4 in the ninth; 8 were women. Five presented as sudden death, 2 died in congestive cardiac failure, and 7 died of unrelated conditions and HOCM was an apparently incidental postmortem finding. Compared with cases under 60 years, the hearts of the elderly patients were heavier and less likely to show typical asymmetrical hypertrophy, the free wall of the left ventricle also being thickened in two-thirds of the cases over 60 years. Most of the elderly cases showed a distinctive band of fibrous thickening over the upper part of the interventricular septum. This lesion had a \"mirror image\" relation to the lower part of the aortic surface of the anterior mitral cusp, with the histological features of a friction lesion. It appears to be a morphological expression of the systolic contact of anterior mitral cusp and interventricular septum seen on cineangiography and thus diagnostic of HOCM. Once formed, the fibrous band appears to persist even if the obstructive element disappears. It is, therefore, a valuable diagnostic feature indicating a diagnosis of HOCM in an age group where the morphology is usually not the classical asymmetrical form and in which this diagnosis is usually not considered.", "PMID": 1169958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2776", "title": "[Congenital pyloric hyperthrophy. Factors associated with its frequency].", "content": "With the idea of clearing out several variables individually found associated with a greater incidence of congenital pyloric stenosis in the same group of children, 298 clinical histories in infants complaining of this deviation were reviewed. Information was obtained as to sex, birth number, blood group and the month these children with stenosis were born. The distribution of frequencies in each one of these variables was compared to that in 309 children surgically operated from peritonitis. The results showed a greater incidence of congenital pyloric stenosis in males than in females; also, the disease appeared more frequently in first-borns. Patients with type A blood group were less prone to present the anomaly. The birth month showed no statistical difference. The findings stress the importance shown by the genetic component of this disease.", "contents": "[Congenital pyloric hyperthrophy. Factors associated with its frequency]. With the idea of clearing out several variables individually found associated with a greater incidence of congenital pyloric stenosis in the same group of children, 298 clinical histories in infants complaining of this deviation were reviewed. Information was obtained as to sex, birth number, blood group and the month these children with stenosis were born. The distribution of frequencies in each one of these variables was compared to that in 309 children surgically operated from peritonitis. The results showed a greater incidence of congenital pyloric stenosis in males than in females; also, the disease appeared more frequently in first-borns. Patients with type A blood group were less prone to present the anomaly. The birth month showed no statistical difference. The findings stress the importance shown by the genetic component of this disease.", "PMID": 1169953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2777", "title": "Treatment of stress incontinence by a fibrin bioplast.", "content": "A new simple method of treating urinary stress incontinence is to fix a fibrin implant vaginally to the bladder neck and upper urethra. The support provided by the implant is maintained after its resorption by the fibrous tissue which replaces it. The two-year cure rate in 85 patients was 93 per cent.", "contents": "Treatment of stress incontinence by a fibrin bioplast. A new simple method of treating urinary stress incontinence is to fix a fibrin implant vaginally to the bladder neck and upper urethra. The support provided by the implant is maintained after its resorption by the fibrous tissue which replaces it. The two-year cure rate in 85 patients was 93 per cent.", "PMID": 1169959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2778", "title": "Gynandroblastoma of the ovary.", "content": "A gynandroblastoma of the ovary in a 17-year-old girl is reported. Primary amenorrhoea, hirsuties and slight clitoral enlargement were associated with the tumour and high levels of circulating testosterone were found. This is the first gynandroblastoma in which Reinke crystalloids have been identified in the Leydig cell component. The criteria for the diagnosis of this tumour and its histogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Gynandroblastoma of the ovary. A gynandroblastoma of the ovary in a 17-year-old girl is reported. Primary amenorrhoea, hirsuties and slight clitoral enlargement were associated with the tumour and high levels of circulating testosterone were found. This is the first gynandroblastoma in which Reinke crystalloids have been identified in the Leydig cell component. The criteria for the diagnosis of this tumour and its histogenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 1169960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2779", "title": "The obstetric performance of nigerian primigravidae aged 16 and under.", "content": "The obstetric performance of 105 primigravidae aged 16 or under who received inadequate antenatal care was compared with that of 95 primigravidae of the same age who had adequate antenatal care and with 100 primigravidae aged 22 years who also had adequate antenatal care. The increased incidence of pre-eclampsia and babies weighing under 2-5 kg. in teenage pregnancy was confirmed. The effects of both hazards were diminished by good antenatal care.", "contents": "The obstetric performance of nigerian primigravidae aged 16 and under. The obstetric performance of 105 primigravidae aged 16 or under who received inadequate antenatal care was compared with that of 95 primigravidae of the same age who had adequate antenatal care and with 100 primigravidae aged 22 years who also had adequate antenatal care. The increased incidence of pre-eclampsia and babies weighing under 2-5 kg. in teenage pregnancy was confirmed. The effects of both hazards were diminished by good antenatal care.", "PMID": 1169961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2780", "title": "5'-Nucleotidase from smooth muscle of small intestine and from brain. Inhibition of nucleotides.", "content": "5'-Nucleotidase prepared from muscle of small intesting of pig is strongly inhibited by nucleoside di- and triphosphates and their phosphonate analogs. Substrate kinetics appromate the Michaelis-Menten for for AMP, which shows a Km of 3-6 muM at pH 5.3-7.2. Inhibition is characterized as partial competitive, except at pH 5.3, where inhibition by ATP is noncompetitive. The Ki values for several inhibitors have been determined, and their departure from completeness of competitive inhibition has been studied. Inhibitor cooperativity of the type reported for the enzyme from sheep brain (P. L. Ipata (1968), Biochemistry 7, 507) was not observed for the enzyme from gut. In addition we failed to confirm sigmoid inhibition kinetics with 5'-nucleotidase from sheep brain.", "contents": "5'-Nucleotidase from smooth muscle of small intestine and from brain. Inhibition of nucleotides. 5'-Nucleotidase prepared from muscle of small intesting of pig is strongly inhibited by nucleoside di- and triphosphates and their phosphonate analogs. Substrate kinetics appromate the Michaelis-Menten for for AMP, which shows a Km of 3-6 muM at pH 5.3-7.2. Inhibition is characterized as partial competitive, except at pH 5.3, where inhibition by ATP is noncompetitive. The Ki values for several inhibitors have been determined, and their departure from completeness of competitive inhibition has been studied. Inhibitor cooperativity of the type reported for the enzyme from sheep brain (P. L. Ipata (1968), Biochemistry 7, 507) was not observed for the enzyme from gut. In addition we failed to confirm sigmoid inhibition kinetics with 5'-nucleotidase from sheep brain.", "PMID": 1169962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2781", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of an amide.", "content": "In this paper we report that acetylcholinesterase catalyzes hydrolysis of amides, an observation which had not been made previously. The amide used is an analog of acetylcholine, 2-acetoaminoethyltrimethylammonium iodide. The experiments were performed with an enzyme preparation obtained from electroplax of Electrophorus electricus. Inhibition of the enzyme by a specific organic phosphate inhibitor abolished both the esterase and the amidase activity of the enzyme. The effect of hydrogen ions between pH 5 and pH 10 on the steady-state kinetic parameters, Km and kcat, has been investigated. These parameters show essentially the same dependence on pH as is observed in catalytic hydrolysis of acetylcholine. k-cat is controlled by an ionizing group of the enzyme with an apparent pK of approximately 6.3, and reaches a pH-independent maximum value of 3.6 sec- minus 1 above pH 8. The value for Km of 1 mM at pH 7 and 25 degrees is about five times greater than that for catalytic hydrolysis of the ester at the same pH and temperature. Preliminary electrophysiological experiments indicate that the amide analog binds to the receptor less well, by several orders of magnitude, than acetylcholine does.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of an amide. In this paper we report that acetylcholinesterase catalyzes hydrolysis of amides, an observation which had not been made previously. The amide used is an analog of acetylcholine, 2-acetoaminoethyltrimethylammonium iodide. The experiments were performed with an enzyme preparation obtained from electroplax of Electrophorus electricus. Inhibition of the enzyme by a specific organic phosphate inhibitor abolished both the esterase and the amidase activity of the enzyme. The effect of hydrogen ions between pH 5 and pH 10 on the steady-state kinetic parameters, Km and kcat, has been investigated. These parameters show essentially the same dependence on pH as is observed in catalytic hydrolysis of acetylcholine. k-cat is controlled by an ionizing group of the enzyme with an apparent pK of approximately 6.3, and reaches a pH-independent maximum value of 3.6 sec- minus 1 above pH 8. The value for Km of 1 mM at pH 7 and 25 degrees is about five times greater than that for catalytic hydrolysis of the ester at the same pH and temperature. Preliminary electrophysiological experiments indicate that the amide analog binds to the receptor less well, by several orders of magnitude, than acetylcholine does.", "PMID": 1169963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2782", "title": "Modification of pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase by cupric ions.", "content": "The insertion of a second disulfide bridge into native pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase, requires two Cu-2+ ions for each catalytic center inactivated under anaerobic conditions. During inactivation, both metal atoms become reducible by their juxtaposition to the two participating cysteine residues and may be removed as the Cu+-chelates of neocuproine and bathocuproinesulfonate, leaving an additional disulfide bridge on the protein. Inactivation does not require the presence of oxygen, but when substoichiometric levels of copper are used under aerobic conditions the slow regeneration of Cu-2+ becomes rate-limiting. The course of aerobic inactivation is markedly biphasic at 0 degrees using 2 Cu-2+/FAD, with 30% of the total change completed rapidly, followed by a much slower phase. Both the extent of the fast phase and the rate of the second phase are enhanced by increasing levels of Cu-2+, but are relatively unaffected when the Cu-2+/FAD ratio is maintained at 2 and the protein concentration is varied. The enzyme affords several binding sites for Cu-2+ at pH 7.8, and it is suggested that competition between these sites during the initial statistical distribution of metal ions may explain this biphasic behavior.", "contents": "Modification of pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase by cupric ions. The insertion of a second disulfide bridge into native pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase, requires two Cu-2+ ions for each catalytic center inactivated under anaerobic conditions. During inactivation, both metal atoms become reducible by their juxtaposition to the two participating cysteine residues and may be removed as the Cu+-chelates of neocuproine and bathocuproinesulfonate, leaving an additional disulfide bridge on the protein. Inactivation does not require the presence of oxygen, but when substoichiometric levels of copper are used under aerobic conditions the slow regeneration of Cu-2+ becomes rate-limiting. The course of aerobic inactivation is markedly biphasic at 0 degrees using 2 Cu-2+/FAD, with 30% of the total change completed rapidly, followed by a much slower phase. Both the extent of the fast phase and the rate of the second phase are enhanced by increasing levels of Cu-2+, but are relatively unaffected when the Cu-2+/FAD ratio is maintained at 2 and the protein concentration is varied. The enzyme affords several binding sites for Cu-2+ at pH 7.8, and it is suggested that competition between these sites during the initial statistical distribution of metal ions may explain this biphasic behavior.", "PMID": 1169964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2783", "title": "Lipid composition of the Golgi apparatus of rat kidney and liver in comparison with other subcellular organelles.", "content": "Golgi apparatus isolated from both rat liver and rat kidney have been characterized with respect to their neutral and phospholipid content and their phosphopipid composition and compared with mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes. In addition, the distribution of sulfatide in the subcellular fractions of rat kidney was determinich are rich in cholesterol esters and ubiquinone. Removal of about 75% of the cisternal contents of rat liver Golgi  reduced its content of cholesterol esters but not of ubiquinone. The Golgi complex of liver most closely resembles endoplasmic reticulum in its phospholipid composition except for a higher content of sphingomyelin. Removal of most of the contents of the Golgi cisternae did not appreciably alter the phospholipid composition of the Golgi apparatus of liver. Goligi apparatus from kidney has a phospholipid composition which resembles liver Golgi much more closely than it does any other cell fraction from kidney. The sulfatide content of kidney Golgi, the cell fraction richest in this glycolipid, is about 14% of the total lipid present in this fraction. Sulfatide was present in plasma membranes, mitochondria and rough microsomes, but at about one-third the level found in Golgi. Sulfatide is the main glycosphingolipid present in all the cell fractions from kidney which were studied.", "contents": "Lipid composition of the Golgi apparatus of rat kidney and liver in comparison with other subcellular organelles. Golgi apparatus isolated from both rat liver and rat kidney have been characterized with respect to their neutral and phospholipid content and their phosphopipid composition and compared with mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes. In addition, the distribution of sulfatide in the subcellular fractions of rat kidney was determinich are rich in cholesterol esters and ubiquinone. Removal of about 75% of the cisternal contents of rat liver Golgi  reduced its content of cholesterol esters but not of ubiquinone. The Golgi complex of liver most closely resembles endoplasmic reticulum in its phospholipid composition except for a higher content of sphingomyelin. Removal of most of the contents of the Golgi cisternae did not appreciably alter the phospholipid composition of the Golgi apparatus of liver. Goligi apparatus from kidney has a phospholipid composition which resembles liver Golgi much more closely than it does any other cell fraction from kidney. The sulfatide content of kidney Golgi, the cell fraction richest in this glycolipid, is about 14% of the total lipid present in this fraction. Sulfatide was present in plasma membranes, mitochondria and rough microsomes, but at about one-third the level found in Golgi. Sulfatide is the main glycosphingolipid present in all the cell fractions from kidney which were studied.", "PMID": 1169965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2784", "title": "Membrane-bounded lipid particles from beef heart acylglycerol synthesis.", "content": "The site for the synthesis of triacylglycerol in heart muscle has been the subject of this study. Acyl-CoA synthetase and glycerophosphate acyltransferase, enzymest necessary for the synthesis of triacylglycerol, have been found to be associated to membrane-bounded lipid particles. The acylglycerol synthesizing enzymes exhibit higher activities in the membrane-bounded lipid particles than in the mitochondrial or microsomal fractions. Futhermore, the lipid particles have the greater capacity for synthesis of diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols, whereas monoacylgly cerols are the major neutral lipid product in both the mitochondrial and the microsomal fractions. The results indicate that the membrane-bounded lipid particle may be the site for the synthesis as well as for the storage of intracellular triacylglycerol of the heart.", "contents": "Membrane-bounded lipid particles from beef heart acylglycerol synthesis. The site for the synthesis of triacylglycerol in heart muscle has been the subject of this study. Acyl-CoA synthetase and glycerophosphate acyltransferase, enzymest necessary for the synthesis of triacylglycerol, have been found to be associated to membrane-bounded lipid particles. The acylglycerol synthesizing enzymes exhibit higher activities in the membrane-bounded lipid particles than in the mitochondrial or microsomal fractions. Futhermore, the lipid particles have the greater capacity for synthesis of diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols, whereas monoacylgly cerols are the major neutral lipid product in both the mitochondrial and the microsomal fractions. The results indicate that the membrane-bounded lipid particle may be the site for the synthesis as well as for the storage of intracellular triacylglycerol of the heart.", "PMID": 1169966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2785", "title": "Physicochemical studies on tryptic digestion of bovine fibrinogen.", "content": "The high molecular weight fragments observed during tryptic digestion of bovine fibrinogen and the variation of their relative proportion with time has been studied. Separation of the different molecular species was carried out by gel filtration and the molecular weights of the isolated fragments were determined by sedimentation equilibrium and from their electrophoretic mobilities in sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The fibrinogen is degraded by trypsin into distinct fragments, with molecular weights of 270 000, 170 000, 90 000 and 50 000 accompanied by a series of smaller fragments whose properties were not investigated. The relative proportion of the components was estimated from area measurements on scans of the stained gels obtained after electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. The relative concentration and the molecular weight of each component established its molar concentration in each of the digestion mixtures obtained after varying incubation times (1-60 min). These data were used for a kinetic analysis of the process. The kinetic model derived on the basis of the trinodular model of fibrinogen (see Appendix) gave a very good representation of all the experimental results.", "contents": "Physicochemical studies on tryptic digestion of bovine fibrinogen. The high molecular weight fragments observed during tryptic digestion of bovine fibrinogen and the variation of their relative proportion with time has been studied. Separation of the different molecular species was carried out by gel filtration and the molecular weights of the isolated fragments were determined by sedimentation equilibrium and from their electrophoretic mobilities in sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The fibrinogen is degraded by trypsin into distinct fragments, with molecular weights of 270 000, 170 000, 90 000 and 50 000 accompanied by a series of smaller fragments whose properties were not investigated. The relative proportion of the components was estimated from area measurements on scans of the stained gels obtained after electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. The relative concentration and the molecular weight of each component established its molar concentration in each of the digestion mixtures obtained after varying incubation times (1-60 min). These data were used for a kinetic analysis of the process. The kinetic model derived on the basis of the trinodular model of fibrinogen (see Appendix) gave a very good representation of all the experimental results.", "PMID": 1169967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2786", "title": "Changes in proteins of the human lens in development and aging.", "content": "A number of proteins have been isolated from the human lens at different stages of development, from before birth to old age. These proteins have been characterized and compared with each other and with corresponding proteins from bovine lens. Many similarities were found between human and bovine crystallins, but alpha-crystallin isolated from old human lenses using DEAE-cellulose, unlike bovine alpha-crystallin similarly isolated, is not found as large soluble aggregates. The amide contents of various lens protein fractions were determined. No extensive changes were found during adult life, but there was evidence that significant deamidation of alpha-crystallin had occurred before birth and possibly during infancy. The results are related to the unique development and aging of the lens.", "contents": "Changes in proteins of the human lens in development and aging. A number of proteins have been isolated from the human lens at different stages of development, from before birth to old age. These proteins have been characterized and compared with each other and with corresponding proteins from bovine lens. Many similarities were found between human and bovine crystallins, but alpha-crystallin isolated from old human lenses using DEAE-cellulose, unlike bovine alpha-crystallin similarly isolated, is not found as large soluble aggregates. The amide contents of various lens protein fractions were determined. No extensive changes were found during adult life, but there was evidence that significant deamidation of alpha-crystallin had occurred before birth and possibly during infancy. The results are related to the unique development and aging of the lens.", "PMID": 1169968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2787", "title": "Characterization of the collagen synthesized by cultured cartilage cells.", "content": "Cartilage cells from embryonic chick cartilage were grown in primary cultures. The cell layer was sequentially extracted with neutral saline, mercaptoethylamine and pepsin which revealed that these cells produced salt-soluble and salt-insoluble collagen. The alpha1- to alpha2-chain ratio was determined for the collagen extracted from the cultured cells and was found to be 13 to 1. Further analysis of the molecule was carried out by CNBr cleavage of the salt-extracted collagen and separation of resulting peptides by ion-exchange chromatography. It was shown that the cultured cartilage cells synthesize collagen of the type (alpha1[II])3.", "contents": "Characterization of the collagen synthesized by cultured cartilage cells. Cartilage cells from embryonic chick cartilage were grown in primary cultures. The cell layer was sequentially extracted with neutral saline, mercaptoethylamine and pepsin which revealed that these cells produced salt-soluble and salt-insoluble collagen. The alpha1- to alpha2-chain ratio was determined for the collagen extracted from the cultured cells and was found to be 13 to 1. Further analysis of the molecule was carried out by CNBr cleavage of the salt-extracted collagen and separation of resulting peptides by ion-exchange chromatography. It was shown that the cultured cartilage cells synthesize collagen of the type (alpha1[II])3.", "PMID": 1169969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2788", "title": "Synthesis of immobilized flavin derivatives and their use in purification of chicken egg-white ovoflavoprotein.", "content": "Affinity adsorbents for flavoproteins were prepared by the covalent attachment of polyacrylamide and agarose to flavin derivatives linked through position N(3) of the flavin nucleus. 3-Carboxymethyl-FMN covalently linked to aminoalkyl substituted agarose was successfully used for the separation and purification of the apo form of the ovoflavoprotein from chicken egg white. High yields and high purities were achieved by two different isolation procedures employing the affinity adsorbent.", "contents": "Synthesis of immobilized flavin derivatives and their use in purification of chicken egg-white ovoflavoprotein. Affinity adsorbents for flavoproteins were prepared by the covalent attachment of polyacrylamide and agarose to flavin derivatives linked through position N(3) of the flavin nucleus. 3-Carboxymethyl-FMN covalently linked to aminoalkyl substituted agarose was successfully used for the separation and purification of the apo form of the ovoflavoprotein from chicken egg white. High yields and high purities were achieved by two different isolation procedures employing the affinity adsorbent.", "PMID": 1169970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2789", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of hemoproteins. IV. Hindered rotation of heme side methyl group as a probe for studying van der Waals contacts in the heme side environments of myoglobin derivatives.", "content": "220 MHz roton NMR spectral evidence for restricted rotation of one methyl group in the heme side chain of ferric horse cyanomyoglobin is reported here. Temperature dependence of this methyl proton signal was computer-simulated, yielding 14,8 kcal/mol for the methyl hindered rotation. Ionic additives such as NaCl and (NH4) 2 minus SO4 caused a slackening of this restriction of methyl rotation, evidenced from collapse of methyl signal doubling by the addition of these ionic substances. This is discussed in terms of breaking of the salt bridge formed between one of the propionate COO minus group of heme and a part of the apoprotein which might lead to constraint of one of the heme side methyl groups. The peculiarity of hyperfine-shifted methyl proton signals for other myoglobin complexes such as azide and imidazole derivatives is also discussed briefly in terms of constraint of heme side methyl group buried in a hydrophobic cleft.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of hemoproteins. IV. Hindered rotation of heme side methyl group as a probe for studying van der Waals contacts in the heme side environments of myoglobin derivatives. 220 MHz roton NMR spectral evidence for restricted rotation of one methyl group in the heme side chain of ferric horse cyanomyoglobin is reported here. Temperature dependence of this methyl proton signal was computer-simulated, yielding 14,8 kcal/mol for the methyl hindered rotation. Ionic additives such as NaCl and (NH4) 2 minus SO4 caused a slackening of this restriction of methyl rotation, evidenced from collapse of methyl signal doubling by the addition of these ionic substances. This is discussed in terms of breaking of the salt bridge formed between one of the propionate COO minus group of heme and a part of the apoprotein which might lead to constraint of one of the heme side methyl groups. The peculiarity of hyperfine-shifted methyl proton signals for other myoglobin complexes such as azide and imidazole derivatives is also discussed briefly in terms of constraint of heme side methyl group buried in a hydrophobic cleft.", "PMID": 1169971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2790", "title": "The primary sequence of chicken myoglobin (Gallus gallus).", "content": "After enzymatic digestion of chicken myoglobin by trypsin, chymotrypsin or thermolysin, the separation of peptides was performed by column chromatography on various ion exchange resins. Each peptide was purified by high-voltage paper electrophoresis or by chromatography either on paper or on ion-exchange resin, and its complete amino acid sequence was then determined by the combined dansyl-Edman procedure and by endopeptidase digestions. The whole globin was submitted to automatic Edman degradation using the Beckman sequencer. Residues have been positioned from overlaps of sequence data between tryptic (T), chymotryptic (C) and thermolysin (Th) peptides. The stepwise degradation of the whole globin confirmed the alignment of the N-terminal third of the molecule. The combination of these different approaches has led to the complete determination of the 153 residues sequence forming the polypeptide chain of chicken myoglobin. Comparison of the established chicken myoglobin structure with those from other species shows a conservation of structure, although the avian protein exhibits more variations in its amino acid sequence than has been found between other known myoglobins which all belong to mammalian species.", "contents": "The primary sequence of chicken myoglobin (Gallus gallus). After enzymatic digestion of chicken myoglobin by trypsin, chymotrypsin or thermolysin, the separation of peptides was performed by column chromatography on various ion exchange resins. Each peptide was purified by high-voltage paper electrophoresis or by chromatography either on paper or on ion-exchange resin, and its complete amino acid sequence was then determined by the combined dansyl-Edman procedure and by endopeptidase digestions. The whole globin was submitted to automatic Edman degradation using the Beckman sequencer. Residues have been positioned from overlaps of sequence data between tryptic (T), chymotryptic (C) and thermolysin (Th) peptides. The stepwise degradation of the whole globin confirmed the alignment of the N-terminal third of the molecule. The combination of these different approaches has led to the complete determination of the 153 residues sequence forming the polypeptide chain of chicken myoglobin. Comparison of the established chicken myoglobin structure with those from other species shows a conservation of structure, although the avian protein exhibits more variations in its amino acid sequence than has been found between other known myoglobins which all belong to mammalian species.", "PMID": 1169972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2791", "title": "Involvement of oxyleghaemoglobin and cytochrome P-450 in an efficient oxidative phosphorylation pathway which supports nitrogen fixation in Rhizobium.", "content": "Cellular ATP level, ATP/ADP ratio and nitrogenase activity rise when oxyleghaemoglobin is added to respiring suspensions of Rhizobium japonicum bacteroids from soybean root nodules. Increased gaseous O2 tension is much less efficient than oxyleghaemoglobin in stimulation of bacteroid ATP production. Studies with the inhibitor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone show this ATP to be generated as a consequence of oxidative phosphorylation. N-Phenylimidazole, a specific cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, also lowers the efficiency of bacteroid oxidative phosphorylation. An approximately linear relationship is observed between ATP/ADP ratio and nitrogenase activity as N-phenylimidazole concentration is lowered. It is suggested that cytochrome P-450 is a component of the leghaemoglobin-facilitated respiration pathway and that it may act as intracellular O2 carrier rather than terminal oxidase. A less efficient oxidase appears to function when cytochrome P-450 is inhibited.", "contents": "Involvement of oxyleghaemoglobin and cytochrome P-450 in an efficient oxidative phosphorylation pathway which supports nitrogen fixation in Rhizobium. Cellular ATP level, ATP/ADP ratio and nitrogenase activity rise when oxyleghaemoglobin is added to respiring suspensions of Rhizobium japonicum bacteroids from soybean root nodules. Increased gaseous O2 tension is much less efficient than oxyleghaemoglobin in stimulation of bacteroid ATP production. Studies with the inhibitor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone show this ATP to be generated as a consequence of oxidative phosphorylation. N-Phenylimidazole, a specific cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, also lowers the efficiency of bacteroid oxidative phosphorylation. An approximately linear relationship is observed between ATP/ADP ratio and nitrogenase activity as N-phenylimidazole concentration is lowered. It is suggested that cytochrome P-450 is a component of the leghaemoglobin-facilitated respiration pathway and that it may act as intracellular O2 carrier rather than terminal oxidase. A less efficient oxidase appears to function when cytochrome P-450 is inhibited.", "PMID": 1169973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2792", "title": "Differential labeling of glycerol moieties of phospholipids and triacylglycerols of cultured mammalian cells by [U-14 C] glucose.", "content": "Rabbit liver cells, in which fatty acid synthesis was suppressed by the rabbit serum component of the medium, were grown through 8- to 120-fold increases in cell numbers and mass of cell lipid in the presence of [U-14 C]-glucose. Triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine were isolated from the total cell lipid and deacylated. Carbons 1 and 3 of the glycerol from the triacylglycerols and the no. 1 glycerol carbons of the two deacylated phospholids were oxidized by periodate and isolated as the dimedon derivative of formaldehyde. The specific activities of the glycerol carbons indicated that 58, 44, and 37 percent of the glycerol of the triacylglycerols. phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, respectively, were derived from the glucose of the medium. An additional 8 percent and 1-2 percent of the glycerol of each lipid was derived, respectively, from [U-14 C] glycerol and U14C-labeled amino acids added to the medium. In agreement with an experiment with albumin-bound [9,10- minus 3H]-oleic acid, and with smilar earlier experiments, it appears likely that appriacylglycerols originated from serum lipoproteins, or their partial hydrolysis products. An appreciable part of the ethanolamine of the cells' phosphatidylethanolamine originated from exogenous U- minus 14 C-labeled amino acids. Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, however, was not a primary source of phosphatidylcholine. Labeling of the fatty acids of triacylglycerols and phospholipids by radioactive glucose, glycerol and amino acids was negligible.", "contents": "Differential labeling of glycerol moieties of phospholipids and triacylglycerols of cultured mammalian cells by [U-14 C] glucose. Rabbit liver cells, in which fatty acid synthesis was suppressed by the rabbit serum component of the medium, were grown through 8- to 120-fold increases in cell numbers and mass of cell lipid in the presence of [U-14 C]-glucose. Triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine were isolated from the total cell lipid and deacylated. Carbons 1 and 3 of the glycerol from the triacylglycerols and the no. 1 glycerol carbons of the two deacylated phospholids were oxidized by periodate and isolated as the dimedon derivative of formaldehyde. The specific activities of the glycerol carbons indicated that 58, 44, and 37 percent of the glycerol of the triacylglycerols. phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, respectively, were derived from the glucose of the medium. An additional 8 percent and 1-2 percent of the glycerol of each lipid was derived, respectively, from [U-14 C] glycerol and U14C-labeled amino acids added to the medium. In agreement with an experiment with albumin-bound [9,10- minus 3H]-oleic acid, and with smilar earlier experiments, it appears likely that appriacylglycerols originated from serum lipoproteins, or their partial hydrolysis products. An appreciable part of the ethanolamine of the cells' phosphatidylethanolamine originated from exogenous U- minus 14 C-labeled amino acids. Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, however, was not a primary source of phosphatidylcholine. Labeling of the fatty acids of triacylglycerols and phospholipids by radioactive glucose, glycerol and amino acids was negligible.", "PMID": 1169974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2793", "title": "Gangliosides of chemically and virally transformed rat embryo cells.", "content": "The gangliosides of control rat embryo cells, 3-methylcholanthrene, Rauscher leukemia virus, and combined 3-methylcholanthrene-Rauscher leukemia virus transformants were examined using [14 C]glucosamine as a tracer. All four cell lines exhibited a complex pattern of gangliosides. While N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosyl-glucosyl-ceramide was the major ganglioside in the control cell line, N-acetylneuraminyl-galactosyl-glucosyl-ceramide was the major ganglioside in the three transformants. The 3-methylcholanthrene transformant possessed a ganglioside pattern different from that of the Rauscher leukemia virus transformant. Hydrolysis of the gangliosides indicated that galactosamine, N-acetyl-and N-glycolylneuraminic acid were the labeled components in all cell lines.", "contents": "Gangliosides of chemically and virally transformed rat embryo cells. The gangliosides of control rat embryo cells, 3-methylcholanthrene, Rauscher leukemia virus, and combined 3-methylcholanthrene-Rauscher leukemia virus transformants were examined using [14 C]glucosamine as a tracer. All four cell lines exhibited a complex pattern of gangliosides. While N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosyl-glucosyl-ceramide was the major ganglioside in the control cell line, N-acetylneuraminyl-galactosyl-glucosyl-ceramide was the major ganglioside in the three transformants. The 3-methylcholanthrene transformant possessed a ganglioside pattern different from that of the Rauscher leukemia virus transformant. Hydrolysis of the gangliosides indicated that galactosamine, N-acetyl-and N-glycolylneuraminic acid were the labeled components in all cell lines.", "PMID": 1169975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2794", "title": "Catabolism of an isolated, purified intermediate of prostaglandin biosynthesis by regions of the adult rat kidney.", "content": "1. A heat labile, cold-stable, stannous chloride-reducible intermediate of prostaglandin biosynthesis was formed in good yield (greater than 60%) from 3H-labeled arachidonic acid during brief incubations (30--90 s, 37 degrees C) with sheep seminal vesicle microsomes in the presence of p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (4 mM). This intermediate appears to have properties similar to one of the endoperoxides (15-hydroxyprostaglandin-9,11-endoperoxide) recently isolated by Hamberg and Samuelsson (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. (1973) 70, 889-903) AND Nugteren and Hazelhof (Biochem. Biophys. Acta. (1973) 326, 448-461). 2. Treatment of the purified intermediate with homogenates of rat kidney cortex, medulla and papilla resulted within 2 min (37 degrees C) in complete conversion into several compounds including prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha. The main product (40-50% yield formed by papilla homogenates was prostaglandin E2. The conversion into prostaglandin E2 was largely abolished by previous bo9ling of the homogenate whereas the conversion into prostaglandin F2alpha was not. The intermediate was stable in buffer for the same period of incubation. 3. The ratio of tritiated prostaglandins E2: F2alpha obtained were: papilla, 1.90; medulla, 0.76; cortex, 0.48. 4. These observations indicate that both types of prostaglandins can be formed by all three regions of the rat kidney and that regional differences exist in the proportion of E2 : F2alpha that is formed. Whereas prostaglandin E2 is mostly formed by an enzymatic process, prostaglandin F2alpha is not.", "contents": "Catabolism of an isolated, purified intermediate of prostaglandin biosynthesis by regions of the adult rat kidney. 1. A heat labile, cold-stable, stannous chloride-reducible intermediate of prostaglandin biosynthesis was formed in good yield (greater than 60%) from 3H-labeled arachidonic acid during brief incubations (30--90 s, 37 degrees C) with sheep seminal vesicle microsomes in the presence of p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (4 mM). This intermediate appears to have properties similar to one of the endoperoxides (15-hydroxyprostaglandin-9,11-endoperoxide) recently isolated by Hamberg and Samuelsson (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. (1973) 70, 889-903) AND Nugteren and Hazelhof (Biochem. Biophys. Acta. (1973) 326, 448-461). 2. Treatment of the purified intermediate with homogenates of rat kidney cortex, medulla and papilla resulted within 2 min (37 degrees C) in complete conversion into several compounds including prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha. The main product (40-50% yield formed by papilla homogenates was prostaglandin E2. The conversion into prostaglandin E2 was largely abolished by previous bo9ling of the homogenate whereas the conversion into prostaglandin F2alpha was not. The intermediate was stable in buffer for the same period of incubation. 3. The ratio of tritiated prostaglandins E2: F2alpha obtained were: papilla, 1.90; medulla, 0.76; cortex, 0.48. 4. These observations indicate that both types of prostaglandins can be formed by all three regions of the rat kidney and that regional differences exist in the proportion of E2 : F2alpha that is formed. Whereas prostaglandin E2 is mostly formed by an enzymatic process, prostaglandin F2alpha is not.", "PMID": 1169976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2795", "title": "A pulse radiolysis study of some free radical reactions with erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "The reactions of the free radicals eaq- minus, OH and Br2- minus with haemoglobin-free erythrocyte ghost membranes have been studied by producing the radicals by pulse radiolysis and monitoring their reactions by optical spectroscopy. Hydrated electrons react rapidly with the membrane, but no attack at disulphide links was observed. Hydroxyl radical attack produced transient species absorbing weakly in the ultraviolet, which may arise from carbohydrate residues, such as N-acetyl neuraminic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine, on the membrane surface. No evidence was obtained for OH attack at ring-containing amino acid residues of the protein component. The Br2- minus radical, a more selective electrophile than OH, reacted only slowly with erythrocyte ghosts. Solubilization of the membranes with dodecylsulphate or digestion with alkali exposed protein containing tyrosine and tryptophan residues which reacted with Br2- minus. These results support other evidence for the absence of reactive protein at the membrane surface.", "contents": "A pulse radiolysis study of some free radical reactions with erythrocyte membranes. The reactions of the free radicals eaq- minus, OH and Br2- minus with haemoglobin-free erythrocyte ghost membranes have been studied by producing the radicals by pulse radiolysis and monitoring their reactions by optical spectroscopy. Hydrated electrons react rapidly with the membrane, but no attack at disulphide links was observed. Hydroxyl radical attack produced transient species absorbing weakly in the ultraviolet, which may arise from carbohydrate residues, such as N-acetyl neuraminic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine, on the membrane surface. No evidence was obtained for OH attack at ring-containing amino acid residues of the protein component. The Br2- minus radical, a more selective electrophile than OH, reacted only slowly with erythrocyte ghosts. Solubilization of the membranes with dodecylsulphate or digestion with alkali exposed protein containing tyrosine and tryptophan residues which reacted with Br2- minus. These results support other evidence for the absence of reactive protein at the membrane surface.", "PMID": 1169977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2796", "title": "The independence of membrane potential and potassium activation of the sodium pump in muscle.", "content": "The membrane potential (Em) of sartorius muscle fibers was made insensitive to [K+] by equilibration in a 95 mM K+, 120 mM Na+ Ringer solution. Under these conditions a potassium-activated, ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux was observed which had characteristics similar to those seen in muscles with Em sensitive to [K+]. In addition, in the presence of 10 mM K+, these muscles were able to produce a net sodium extrusion against an electrochemical gradient which was also inhibited by 10- minus 4 M oubain. This suggests that the membrane potential does not play a major role in the potassium activation of the sodium pump in muscles.", "contents": "The independence of membrane potential and potassium activation of the sodium pump in muscle. The membrane potential (Em) of sartorius muscle fibers was made insensitive to [K+] by equilibration in a 95 mM K+, 120 mM Na+ Ringer solution. Under these conditions a potassium-activated, ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux was observed which had characteristics similar to those seen in muscles with Em sensitive to [K+]. In addition, in the presence of 10 mM K+, these muscles were able to produce a net sodium extrusion against an electrochemical gradient which was also inhibited by 10- minus 4 M oubain. This suggests that the membrane potential does not play a major role in the potassium activation of the sodium pump in muscles.", "PMID": 1169978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2797", "title": "Immunological evidence for the localization of sialoglycosphingolipids at the cell surface of sea urchin spermatozoa.", "content": "The localization of sialoglycosphingolipids in the plasma membrane of sea urchin spermatozoa was studied by employing immunological methods including immunolysis of liposomal model membranes. The antibodies produced against these complex lipids were found to agglutinate various sea urchin spermatozoa differently. Both species differences and species similarities in the agglutination were found in spermatozoa of the echinoderm, the sea urchin and the starfish. The agglutination of the sea urchin spermatozoa was inhibited specifically by ceratain carbohydrates. Only a limited number of molecular species of sialoglycosphingolipid were localized at the surface of the plasma membrane of sea urchin spermatozoa cells. Moreover, topographical differences were found in the localization of the sialoglycosphingolipids at the cell surface of spermatozoa.", "contents": "Immunological evidence for the localization of sialoglycosphingolipids at the cell surface of sea urchin spermatozoa. The localization of sialoglycosphingolipids in the plasma membrane of sea urchin spermatozoa was studied by employing immunological methods including immunolysis of liposomal model membranes. The antibodies produced against these complex lipids were found to agglutinate various sea urchin spermatozoa differently. Both species differences and species similarities in the agglutination were found in spermatozoa of the echinoderm, the sea urchin and the starfish. The agglutination of the sea urchin spermatozoa was inhibited specifically by ceratain carbohydrates. Only a limited number of molecular species of sialoglycosphingolipid were localized at the surface of the plasma membrane of sea urchin spermatozoa cells. Moreover, topographical differences were found in the localization of the sialoglycosphingolipids at the cell surface of spermatozoa.", "PMID": 1169979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2798", "title": "Studies on the turnover of plasma membranes in cultured mammalina cells. I. Rates of synthesis and degradation of plasma membrane proteins and carbohydrates.", "content": "The rate of turnover of membrane proteins and membrane-bound carbohydrates in exponentially growing and in confluent contact-inhibited cultures of strain MK-2 cells was investigated. Cells were labelled with [14-C]leucine and [3-H]glucosamine, incubated in isotope-free medium and, at various times thereafter, the cells were harvested and membranes isolated from them. The rate of decay of the protein and carbohydrate components was determined from specific activity dilution of the labeled components in the isolated membranes. Although the rate of membrane synthesis is different in exponential and contact-inhibited cells, the rate of degradation (turnover) of membrane proteins and carbohydrates was found to be the same (25% per generation (42 h) or 0.6%/h).", "contents": "Studies on the turnover of plasma membranes in cultured mammalina cells. I. Rates of synthesis and degradation of plasma membrane proteins and carbohydrates. The rate of turnover of membrane proteins and membrane-bound carbohydrates in exponentially growing and in confluent contact-inhibited cultures of strain MK-2 cells was investigated. Cells were labelled with [14-C]leucine and [3-H]glucosamine, incubated in isotope-free medium and, at various times thereafter, the cells were harvested and membranes isolated from them. The rate of decay of the protein and carbohydrate components was determined from specific activity dilution of the labeled components in the isolated membranes. Although the rate of membrane synthesis is different in exponential and contact-inhibited cells, the rate of degradation (turnover) of membrane proteins and carbohydrates was found to be the same (25% per generation (42 h) or 0.6%/h).", "PMID": 1169980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2799", "title": "Studies on the turnover of plasma membranes in cultured mammalian cells. II. Demonstration of heterogeneous rates of turnover for plasma membrane proteins and glycoproteins.", "content": "The relative rate of turnover of individual membrane proteins and glycoproteins in exponentially growing and contact-inhibited MK2 cells was investigated. Plasma membranes were isolated from cells that had been sequentially labelled with 14-C and 3-H isotopes of leucine and glucosamine. The membranes were then solubilized in sodium dodecylsulfate and their polypeptides separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 3-H/14-C ratios of the individual polypeptides reflected their relative rates of turnover. The proteins and glycoproteins of the exponentially growing cells exhibited markedly heterogeneous rates of turnover. In contrast, polypeptides in membranes of contact-inhibited cells exhibited a lesser degree of heterogeneity of turnover. In both exponential and contacted cell membranes a glycoprotein with a high apparent molecular weight exhibited the fastest rate of turnover.", "contents": "Studies on the turnover of plasma membranes in cultured mammalian cells. II. Demonstration of heterogeneous rates of turnover for plasma membrane proteins and glycoproteins. The relative rate of turnover of individual membrane proteins and glycoproteins in exponentially growing and contact-inhibited MK2 cells was investigated. Plasma membranes were isolated from cells that had been sequentially labelled with 14-C and 3-H isotopes of leucine and glucosamine. The membranes were then solubilized in sodium dodecylsulfate and their polypeptides separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 3-H/14-C ratios of the individual polypeptides reflected their relative rates of turnover. The proteins and glycoproteins of the exponentially growing cells exhibited markedly heterogeneous rates of turnover. In contrast, polypeptides in membranes of contact-inhibited cells exhibited a lesser degree of heterogeneity of turnover. In both exponential and contacted cell membranes a glycoprotein with a high apparent molecular weight exhibited the fastest rate of turnover.", "PMID": 1169981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2800", "title": "Interaction between Dolichos biflorus lectin and chick embryonic fibroblasts at different stages of development.", "content": "The interaction between chick embryo fibroblasts and A1-specific blood group Dolichos biflorus lectin has been studied at various stages of embryo development. The site number ((0.26 plus or minus 0.03)-10-6 sites/cell) remains the same during development whereas the affinity constant apparently decreases from 8-day cells onwards. The effects of cell number, temperature and time course on the Dolichos binding to fibroblasts were not age dependent. Competitive binding experiments revealed that Dolichos receptor sites were distinct from binding sites fo Robina pseudoacacia lectin and concanavalin A, but partially related to binding sites of Ricinus lectin. Thymidine incorporation by fibroblasts in the presence of Dolichos lectin was age dependent. It was inhibited in 6-day cells and weakly stimulated in 16-day cells, but not modified in 12-day cells. Dolichos lectin effects on embryo fibroblasts were very specific because both binding to cells and effect on thymidine incorporation were blocked by N-acetylgalactosamine, the determinant of Dolichos lectin, as well as by Dolichos antiserum.", "contents": "Interaction between Dolichos biflorus lectin and chick embryonic fibroblasts at different stages of development. The interaction between chick embryo fibroblasts and A1-specific blood group Dolichos biflorus lectin has been studied at various stages of embryo development. The site number ((0.26 plus or minus 0.03)-10-6 sites/cell) remains the same during development whereas the affinity constant apparently decreases from 8-day cells onwards. The effects of cell number, temperature and time course on the Dolichos binding to fibroblasts were not age dependent. Competitive binding experiments revealed that Dolichos receptor sites were distinct from binding sites fo Robina pseudoacacia lectin and concanavalin A, but partially related to binding sites of Ricinus lectin. Thymidine incorporation by fibroblasts in the presence of Dolichos lectin was age dependent. It was inhibited in 6-day cells and weakly stimulated in 16-day cells, but not modified in 12-day cells. Dolichos lectin effects on embryo fibroblasts were very specific because both binding to cells and effect on thymidine incorporation were blocked by N-acetylgalactosamine, the determinant of Dolichos lectin, as well as by Dolichos antiserum.", "PMID": 1169982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2801", "title": "Interaction of electrically charged lipid monolayers with malate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Malate dehydrogenase was adsorbed onto monomolecular lipid films, using a multicompartment trough. The quantity of adsorbed protein and its enzymatic activity were studied with monolayers of various electrical charge densities and subphases of various electrolyte compositions. A closely packed layer of enzyme molecules was adsorbed onto negatively charged films, whereas considerably less protein was adsorbed onto neutral and positively charged monolayers. Electrolytes reduce the quantity of adsorbed protein. The adsorption was found to be irreversible even at high ionic strength. When adsorbed to uncharged lipid films the enzyme is nearly inactive, whereas negatively charged lipid headgroups enhance the specific activity of the enzyme.", "contents": "Interaction of electrically charged lipid monolayers with malate dehydrogenase. Malate dehydrogenase was adsorbed onto monomolecular lipid films, using a multicompartment trough. The quantity of adsorbed protein and its enzymatic activity were studied with monolayers of various electrical charge densities and subphases of various electrolyte compositions. A closely packed layer of enzyme molecules was adsorbed onto negatively charged films, whereas considerably less protein was adsorbed onto neutral and positively charged monolayers. Electrolytes reduce the quantity of adsorbed protein. The adsorption was found to be irreversible even at high ionic strength. When adsorbed to uncharged lipid films the enzyme is nearly inactive, whereas negatively charged lipid headgroups enhance the specific activity of the enzyme.", "PMID": 1169983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2802", "title": "Vitamin A in liposomes. Inhibition of complement binding and alteration of membrane structure.", "content": "Incorporation of vitamin A aldehyde (retinal) into liposomes had an inhibitory effect on the amount of human complement protein bound in the presence of specific antiserum. The total membrane-bound protein was directly measured on liposomes which were washed after incubation in antiserum and fresh human serum (complement). At every concentration of complement, decreased protein binding was found with liposomes which contained retinal. Binding of the third component of complement (C3) was also measured directly on washed liposomes and was found to be decreased in the presence of retinal. The diminution in protein binding due to retinal was not caused by differences in the amount of antibody bound and this was shown by two experiments. First, specific antibody protein binding to liposomes was directly measured and was essentially unaffected by retinal. Second, liposomes were prepared from lipid extracts of sheep erythrocytes. These liposomes were used as as immunoadsorbants to remove antisheep erythrocyte antibodies. The immunoadsorbant capacity was the same in both the presence and the absence of retinal. A further conclusion from these experiments was that retinal did not change the number of liposomal glycolipid antigen molecules available for antibody binding and thus presumably did not change the total number of lipid molecules present on the outer surface of the liposomes. Retinal did have an effect on the geometric structure of the liposomes. Size distribution measurements were performed in the diameter range of 1-6.35 mum by using an electronic particle size analyzer (Coulter Counter). Liposomes containing retinal were shifted toward smaller sizes and had less total surface area and volume. It was suggested that retinal-containing liposomes may have had a tighter packing of the molecules in the phospholipid bilayer. This effect of retinal on liposomal structure may have been responsible for the observed decreased binding of C3 and total complement protein.", "contents": "Vitamin A in liposomes. Inhibition of complement binding and alteration of membrane structure. Incorporation of vitamin A aldehyde (retinal) into liposomes had an inhibitory effect on the amount of human complement protein bound in the presence of specific antiserum. The total membrane-bound protein was directly measured on liposomes which were washed after incubation in antiserum and fresh human serum (complement). At every concentration of complement, decreased protein binding was found with liposomes which contained retinal. Binding of the third component of complement (C3) was also measured directly on washed liposomes and was found to be decreased in the presence of retinal. The diminution in protein binding due to retinal was not caused by differences in the amount of antibody bound and this was shown by two experiments. First, specific antibody protein binding to liposomes was directly measured and was essentially unaffected by retinal. Second, liposomes were prepared from lipid extracts of sheep erythrocytes. These liposomes were used as as immunoadsorbants to remove antisheep erythrocyte antibodies. The immunoadsorbant capacity was the same in both the presence and the absence of retinal. A further conclusion from these experiments was that retinal did not change the number of liposomal glycolipid antigen molecules available for antibody binding and thus presumably did not change the total number of lipid molecules present on the outer surface of the liposomes. Retinal did have an effect on the geometric structure of the liposomes. Size distribution measurements were performed in the diameter range of 1-6.35 mum by using an electronic particle size analyzer (Coulter Counter). Liposomes containing retinal were shifted toward smaller sizes and had less total surface area and volume. It was suggested that retinal-containing liposomes may have had a tighter packing of the molecules in the phospholipid bilayer. This effect of retinal on liposomal structure may have been responsible for the observed decreased binding of C3 and total complement protein.", "PMID": 1169984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2803", "title": "Ribonucleotide reductase activity during amphibian development.", "content": "Uniformly labeled [3H] uridine is incorporated into DNA by dissociated Pleurodeles blastulae; the label is found in cytosine and to a much lesser extent in thymine. Ribonucleotide reductase activity cannot be detected in full grown oocytes of Xenopus and Pleurodeles, but is present in unfertilized egg. The enzyme is synthesized (or activated) when maturation is induced in Xenopus oocytes by in vitro hormonal treatment. The enzymatic activity increases after fertilization and reaches a peak at the 2--4 cell stage; it decreases at the blastula, gastrula and neurula stages to the low level initially present in unfertilized eggs. The enzyme is no longer detectable in swimming tadpoles. Addition of hydroxyurea (1 mg/ml) to fertilized eggs leads to complete loss of ribonucleotide reductase activity: cycloheximide (20 mug/ml) inhibits the rise in activity characteristic of early cleavage, while actinomycin D (20 mug/ml) has no effect. The significance of these results in discussed.", "contents": "Ribonucleotide reductase activity during amphibian development. Uniformly labeled [3H] uridine is incorporated into DNA by dissociated Pleurodeles blastulae; the label is found in cytosine and to a much lesser extent in thymine. Ribonucleotide reductase activity cannot be detected in full grown oocytes of Xenopus and Pleurodeles, but is present in unfertilized egg. The enzyme is synthesized (or activated) when maturation is induced in Xenopus oocytes by in vitro hormonal treatment. The enzymatic activity increases after fertilization and reaches a peak at the 2--4 cell stage; it decreases at the blastula, gastrula and neurula stages to the low level initially present in unfertilized eggs. The enzyme is no longer detectable in swimming tadpoles. Addition of hydroxyurea (1 mg/ml) to fertilized eggs leads to complete loss of ribonucleotide reductase activity: cycloheximide (20 mug/ml) inhibits the rise in activity characteristic of early cleavage, while actinomycin D (20 mug/ml) has no effect. The significance of these results in discussed.", "PMID": 1169985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2804", "title": "[Optical properties and molecular structure of nucleic acids and their components. X. Infrared spectra and molecular structure of denatured DNA with different water content and degree of protonation].", "content": "IR-spectra (4000-900 cm-minus-1) of heat denatured DNA (d-DNA) of calf thymus have been obtained in the range of relative humidity of 0-93% and of the guota of protoned bases alpha of 0-0,5. fron these spectra the diagram of d-DNA states is plotted as the relationships of intensities and the location of some bands with and relative humidity. At alpha approximately 0,2 a compact structure S2-1 with firm hydrogen bonds between protoned and unprotoned bases which is similar to those observed earlier while protoning homopolynucleotides poly-A and poly-C. At G1'-large values of alpha S2-1-conformation destroyed and a loose structure (alpha approximately 0,35) appears. the latter is characterized by a minimum H-binding of the base and increased hydration. Further increase of alpha brings about the formation of sufficiently compact G2-1-STRUCTURE WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY SOLID H-bonds between PO2-groups and protoned bases. A specific effect of the structures found on the state of absorbed water and the structure of hydrate envelope is revealed.", "contents": "[Optical properties and molecular structure of nucleic acids and their components. X. Infrared spectra and molecular structure of denatured DNA with different water content and degree of protonation]. IR-spectra (4000-900 cm-minus-1) of heat denatured DNA (d-DNA) of calf thymus have been obtained in the range of relative humidity of 0-93% and of the guota of protoned bases alpha of 0-0,5. fron these spectra the diagram of d-DNA states is plotted as the relationships of intensities and the location of some bands with and relative humidity. At alpha approximately 0,2 a compact structure S2-1 with firm hydrogen bonds between protoned and unprotoned bases which is similar to those observed earlier while protoning homopolynucleotides poly-A and poly-C. At G1'-large values of alpha S2-1-conformation destroyed and a loose structure (alpha approximately 0,35) appears. the latter is characterized by a minimum H-binding of the base and increased hydration. Further increase of alpha brings about the formation of sufficiently compact G2-1-STRUCTURE WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY SOLID H-bonds between PO2-groups and protoned bases. A specific effect of the structures found on the state of absorbed water and the structure of hydrate envelope is revealed.", "PMID": 1169986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2805", "title": "Effect of uncertainty on emotionality and ethanol self-selection in monkeys with cortical ablations.", "content": "Alcohol selection and emotionality were examined in rhesus monkeys with frontal cortical ablations which had been subjected to stress via an \"uncertainty\" paradigm. Uncertainty produced a higher selection of alcohol as compared to nonstress situations. Controls and dorsolateral subjects when exposed to uncertainty selected more of an alcohol solution than either orbital stressed or control-nonstressed animals. Emotionality changes during alcohol-loading and control conditions were measured by recording the number of aggressive or aversive behaviors. Dorsolateral ablations increased the number of aggressive responses while decreasing the number of retreats in the alcohol-loading condition. In the other groups, alcohol loading did not affect the incidence of aggressive or aversive behaviors although they exhibited more retreats than advances across both conditions. Control-nonstressed subjects yielded the lowest number of total aggressive behaviors and the highest number of total retreats.", "contents": "Effect of uncertainty on emotionality and ethanol self-selection in monkeys with cortical ablations. Alcohol selection and emotionality were examined in rhesus monkeys with frontal cortical ablations which had been subjected to stress via an \"uncertainty\" paradigm. Uncertainty produced a higher selection of alcohol as compared to nonstress situations. Controls and dorsolateral subjects when exposed to uncertainty selected more of an alcohol solution than either orbital stressed or control-nonstressed animals. Emotionality changes during alcohol-loading and control conditions were measured by recording the number of aggressive or aversive behaviors. Dorsolateral ablations increased the number of aggressive responses while decreasing the number of retreats in the alcohol-loading condition. In the other groups, alcohol loading did not affect the incidence of aggressive or aversive behaviors although they exhibited more retreats than advances across both conditions. Control-nonstressed subjects yielded the lowest number of total aggressive behaviors and the highest number of total retreats.", "PMID": 1169992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2806", "title": "[Interaction of gangliosides with serotonin].", "content": "It has been shown that ganglioside micellae were able to reversible interaction with serotonin; the interaction is determined by their composition. Ganglioside and ganglioside-serotonin micellae were equal in sizes if pH, the ionic strength and the type of the buffer, the temperature and serotonin concentration were given. When the ganglioside micellae were saturated with serotonin the micallae became able to jumping reconstruction forming the structure able to bind more serotonin than the first one. As the serotonin concentration was increased CCM of mixed serotonin-ganglioside micellae was reached. It has been suggested that the reconstruction of the ganglioside micelle due to its interaction with serotonin can be considered as a model of a cooperative transfer of the postsynaptical membrane when a nervous impulse passes through a synapse.", "contents": "[Interaction of gangliosides with serotonin]. It has been shown that ganglioside micellae were able to reversible interaction with serotonin; the interaction is determined by their composition. Ganglioside and ganglioside-serotonin micellae were equal in sizes if pH, the ionic strength and the type of the buffer, the temperature and serotonin concentration were given. When the ganglioside micellae were saturated with serotonin the micallae became able to jumping reconstruction forming the structure able to bind more serotonin than the first one. As the serotonin concentration was increased CCM of mixed serotonin-ganglioside micellae was reached. It has been suggested that the reconstruction of the ganglioside micelle due to its interaction with serotonin can be considered as a model of a cooperative transfer of the postsynaptical membrane when a nervous impulse passes through a synapse.", "PMID": 1169988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2807", "title": "Dominant inheritance of hemophilia A in three generations of women.", "content": "A bleeding diathesis is described which is phenotypically indistinguishable from hemophilia A and which has been transmitted as a dominant trait in three generations of women in a North Carolina kindred. The abnormal phenotype is characterized by clinical mildness and slightly abnormal clotting time, prothrombin consumption, and partial thromboplastin time. Bleeding time, platelet count, clot retraction, tourniquet test, and prothrombin time are normal. Concentration of factors I, II, V, VII, IX, X, and XII are normal, while factor VIII activity is reduced to 2%-5% of control values. De novo synthesis of factor VIII does not occur after transfusion; factor VIII-related antigen is normal; patients' plasmas aggregate platelets normally in the presence of ristocetin, and a typical protein pattern is seen when a chymotryptic digest of cryoprecipitate of the proband is examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Six possible genetic explanations are entertained. Balanced X-autosomal translocation of hemophilia A heterozygotes has been excluded by cytogenetic analysis of metaphase chromosomes. Classes von Willebrand's disease (vWd) is probably excluded on the basis of the laboratory data, and extreme lyonization of hemophilia A heterozygotes on probabilistic grounds. The genetic possibilities which cannot be excluded include a previously unrecognized variant mutation at the vWd locus, a dominant mutation at the hemophilia A locus on the X chromosome, and dominant mutation at a hypothetical fourth locus involved in factor VIII synthesis and control.", "contents": "Dominant inheritance of hemophilia A in three generations of women. A bleeding diathesis is described which is phenotypically indistinguishable from hemophilia A and which has been transmitted as a dominant trait in three generations of women in a North Carolina kindred. The abnormal phenotype is characterized by clinical mildness and slightly abnormal clotting time, prothrombin consumption, and partial thromboplastin time. Bleeding time, platelet count, clot retraction, tourniquet test, and prothrombin time are normal. Concentration of factors I, II, V, VII, IX, X, and XII are normal, while factor VIII activity is reduced to 2%-5% of control values. De novo synthesis of factor VIII does not occur after transfusion; factor VIII-related antigen is normal; patients' plasmas aggregate platelets normally in the presence of ristocetin, and a typical protein pattern is seen when a chymotryptic digest of cryoprecipitate of the proband is examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Six possible genetic explanations are entertained. Balanced X-autosomal translocation of hemophilia A heterozygotes has been excluded by cytogenetic analysis of metaphase chromosomes. Classes von Willebrand's disease (vWd) is probably excluded on the basis of the laboratory data, and extreme lyonization of hemophilia A heterozygotes on probabilistic grounds. The genetic possibilities which cannot be excluded include a previously unrecognized variant mutation at the vWd locus, a dominant mutation at the hemophilia A locus on the X chromosome, and dominant mutation at a hypothetical fourth locus involved in factor VIII synthesis and control.", "PMID": 1169993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2808", "title": "A comparison of the effects of cytosine arabinoside and adenine arabinoside on some aspects of brain growth and development in the rat.", "content": "1. Treatment of pregnant rats with cytosine arabinoside (ara-C, 50 mg/kg, i.p.)at 14 days of gestation severely impaired both prenatal and postnatal whole brain growth in their offspring, although the cerebellum was relatively less affected than whole brain. 2. Rats treated at 5 days of age with ara-C (250 mg/kg, i.p.) showed an impairment in growth of the cerebellum relative to the rest of the brain. 3. Adenine arabinoside (ara-A) treatment, either prenatally or postnatally, had negligible effect on brain growth, even at doses considerably higher than those of ara-C. 4. Adult rats, previously treated with ara-C (50 mg/kg, i.p.) at 14 days of gestation, showed an impairment in discrimination learning when tested in a water T-maze. 5. These results are discussed in relation to the proposed use of ara-C or ara-A as antiviral agents, particularly against intrauterine infection with cytomegalovirus.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of cytosine arabinoside and adenine arabinoside on some aspects of brain growth and development in the rat. 1. Treatment of pregnant rats with cytosine arabinoside (ara-C, 50 mg/kg, i.p.)at 14 days of gestation severely impaired both prenatal and postnatal whole brain growth in their offspring, although the cerebellum was relatively less affected than whole brain. 2. Rats treated at 5 days of age with ara-C (250 mg/kg, i.p.) showed an impairment in growth of the cerebellum relative to the rest of the brain. 3. Adenine arabinoside (ara-A) treatment, either prenatally or postnatally, had negligible effect on brain growth, even at doses considerably higher than those of ara-C. 4. Adult rats, previously treated with ara-C (50 mg/kg, i.p.) at 14 days of gestation, showed an impairment in discrimination learning when tested in a water T-maze. 5. These results are discussed in relation to the proposed use of ara-C or ara-A as antiviral agents, particularly against intrauterine infection with cytomegalovirus.", "PMID": 1169994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2809", "title": "[Spectrophotometric study of the system DNA-lipid].", "content": "The effect of some physical and chemical factors on the system DNA-lipid and its components was studied by spectrophotometry. A change of optical density (D) of watersalt suspensions of lipid total fraction in the range of wavelengths from 200 to 350 nm with the change of ionic strength from 0 to 1 M NaC1 and temperature from 20 to 100 degrees C was investigated. Measurements were carried out under various temperature regemes. In all cases a bell-like irreversible dependence of D on temperature was observed. Its parameters were essentially dependent on the temperature heating of the samples and medium composition. In the presence of DNA the parameters of the curve were changed significantly and depended on the ratio DNA:lipid. An inhibiting effect of DNA on the oxidation of lipids and stabilization of liposomes as well as thermic destruction of DNA stabilized by lipids were observed under certain conditions. The data obtained allowed a conclusion concerning the formation of lipodesoxinucleic complex. It was shown that when a large number of lipid oxidation products was accumulated in the system a chemical modification of DNA with the change of its secondary structure went on.", "contents": "[Spectrophotometric study of the system DNA-lipid]. The effect of some physical and chemical factors on the system DNA-lipid and its components was studied by spectrophotometry. A change of optical density (D) of watersalt suspensions of lipid total fraction in the range of wavelengths from 200 to 350 nm with the change of ionic strength from 0 to 1 M NaC1 and temperature from 20 to 100 degrees C was investigated. Measurements were carried out under various temperature regemes. In all cases a bell-like irreversible dependence of D on temperature was observed. Its parameters were essentially dependent on the temperature heating of the samples and medium composition. In the presence of DNA the parameters of the curve were changed significantly and depended on the ratio DNA:lipid. An inhibiting effect of DNA on the oxidation of lipids and stabilization of liposomes as well as thermic destruction of DNA stabilized by lipids were observed under certain conditions. The data obtained allowed a conclusion concerning the formation of lipodesoxinucleic complex. It was shown that when a large number of lipid oxidation products was accumulated in the system a chemical modification of DNA with the change of its secondary structure went on.", "PMID": 1169987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2810", "title": "[Nuclear spin relaxation of water adsorbate protons in biological matrices].", "content": "The structure and motility of water molecules adsorbed on collagen and ovalbumen have been investigated by spin-echo method. The differentiation of adsorbate to two subsystems, one of which is the hydrate shell of the macromolecules has been found. The molecular exchange between subsystems takes place with temperature-dependent intensities.", "contents": "[Nuclear spin relaxation of water adsorbate protons in biological matrices]. The structure and motility of water molecules adsorbed on collagen and ovalbumen have been investigated by spin-echo method. The differentiation of adsorbate to two subsystems, one of which is the hydrate shell of the macromolecules has been found. The molecular exchange between subsystems takes place with temperature-dependent intensities.", "PMID": 1169989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2811", "title": "Probabilistic application of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen assay in cancer patients.", "content": "Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (C.E.A.) levels in inpatients proved at necropsy to be cancer free were used to assess the ability of the C.E.A. assay to distinguish benign and malignant disease. The patients had a mean C.E.A. level significantly greater than that for young healthy people. In view of the considerable overlap of the ranges of plasma C.E.A. concentration in cancer patients and patients with non-malignant disease a probabilistic interpretation is advocated rather than the use of a simple cut-off between positive and negative. On the basis of the cancer-free control group, 19 out of 64 untreated patients with various solid tumours had plasma C.E.A. levels considered to correspond to a greater than 95% probability of cancer.", "contents": "Probabilistic application of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen assay in cancer patients. Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (C.E.A.) levels in inpatients proved at necropsy to be cancer free were used to assess the ability of the C.E.A. assay to distinguish benign and malignant disease. The patients had a mean C.E.A. level significantly greater than that for young healthy people. In view of the considerable overlap of the ranges of plasma C.E.A. concentration in cancer patients and patients with non-malignant disease a probabilistic interpretation is advocated rather than the use of a simple cut-off between positive and negative. On the basis of the cancer-free control group, 19 out of 64 untreated patients with various solid tumours had plasma C.E.A. levels considered to correspond to a greater than 95% probability of cancer.", "PMID": 1170000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2812", "title": "High intestinal lactase concentrations in adult Arbs in Saudi Arabia.", "content": "The maximum rise in blood glucose after 50 g lactose by mouth was determined in 40 adult Arabs. Out of 30 Bedouin, urban Saudi, and Yemeni and 9 of mixed ancestry (usually partly African), 25 (83%) and 2 (22%) respectively showed an increase of over 1-1 mmol/1 (20 mg/100 ml). In common with most northern Europeans and Hamitic people of northern Africa, Arabs in Saudi Arabia usually have high intestinal lactase concentrations in adult life. This persistence of high levels probably originated in the Arabian peninsula. Its selective advantage may have been associated with the fluid and calorie content of camels' milk, which is important for survival in desert nomads.", "contents": "High intestinal lactase concentrations in adult Arbs in Saudi Arabia. The maximum rise in blood glucose after 50 g lactose by mouth was determined in 40 adult Arabs. Out of 30 Bedouin, urban Saudi, and Yemeni and 9 of mixed ancestry (usually partly African), 25 (83%) and 2 (22%) respectively showed an increase of over 1-1 mmol/1 (20 mg/100 ml). In common with most northern Europeans and Hamitic people of northern Africa, Arabs in Saudi Arabia usually have high intestinal lactase concentrations in adult life. This persistence of high levels probably originated in the Arabian peninsula. Its selective advantage may have been associated with the fluid and calorie content of camels' milk, which is important for survival in desert nomads.", "PMID": 1170003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2813", "title": "[Hypersomnia by isthmic lesion in cat. Study of the metabolism of cerebral monamines].", "content": "(1) A significant increase of 5-HT synthesis is observed in several areas of the cat brain 24 h after the bilateral destruction of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle in the isthmus. This stimulation of the synthesis was simultaneously observed at the level fo serotoninergic cell bodies (anterior part of the raphe system) and of 5-HT terminals (cortex, thalamus, mesencephalon, medulla oblongata). Conversely, a significant decrease of 5-HT synthesis was found in the caudal part of the raphe and in the hypothalamus. The possibility of a catecholaminergic control of 5-HT synthesis by neurons passing through the isthmus is discussed. (2) in the same experimental conditions, an important decrease of endogenous dopamine content without any subsequent change of noradrenaline concentration was observed in the thalamus, the geniculate body and the pons. This important decrease could be due to a greater utilization of dopamine into hypothetical dopaminergic terminals localized in these structures.", "contents": "[Hypersomnia by isthmic lesion in cat. Study of the metabolism of cerebral monamines]. (1) A significant increase of 5-HT synthesis is observed in several areas of the cat brain 24 h after the bilateral destruction of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle in the isthmus. This stimulation of the synthesis was simultaneously observed at the level fo serotoninergic cell bodies (anterior part of the raphe system) and of 5-HT terminals (cortex, thalamus, mesencephalon, medulla oblongata). Conversely, a significant decrease of 5-HT synthesis was found in the caudal part of the raphe and in the hypothalamus. The possibility of a catecholaminergic control of 5-HT synthesis by neurons passing through the isthmus is discussed. (2) in the same experimental conditions, an important decrease of endogenous dopamine content without any subsequent change of noradrenaline concentration was observed in the thalamus, the geniculate body and the pons. This important decrease could be due to a greater utilization of dopamine into hypothetical dopaminergic terminals localized in these structures.", "PMID": 1170005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2814", "title": "The replacement of some of the soybean meal by the first limiting amino acids in practical broiler diets. I. The value of special supplementation of chick diets with methionine and lysine.", "content": "1. Three trials were carried out in order to determine the amount by which dietary protein concentration can be reduced while maintaining the dietary concentrations of the first  two limiting amino acids, methionine and lysine. 2. In all trials growth rate and food utilisation declined as the protein concentration of a well-balanced standard chick diet was lowered by replacing soybean meal with sorghum grain (milo), but this trend could be partly or completely prevented when methionine or methionine and lysine levels were restored. 3. Addition of 0-06 to 0-07% methionine, above that considered to be normal, is sufficient to replace approximately 0.9% soybean protein. 4. In diets containing approximately 3 percentage units less soybean protein than required, a supplementation of about 0.15% each of methionine and lysine can replace nearly 2-0% soybean protein, but cannot bring about chick performance equal to that obtained on the control ration, indicating an insufficiency of a third, or third and fourth, limiting amino acid in such low-protein diets.", "contents": "The replacement of some of the soybean meal by the first limiting amino acids in practical broiler diets. I. The value of special supplementation of chick diets with methionine and lysine. 1. Three trials were carried out in order to determine the amount by which dietary protein concentration can be reduced while maintaining the dietary concentrations of the first  two limiting amino acids, methionine and lysine. 2. In all trials growth rate and food utilisation declined as the protein concentration of a well-balanced standard chick diet was lowered by replacing soybean meal with sorghum grain (milo), but this trend could be partly or completely prevented when methionine or methionine and lysine levels were restored. 3. Addition of 0-06 to 0-07% methionine, above that considered to be normal, is sufficient to replace approximately 0.9% soybean protein. 4. In diets containing approximately 3 percentage units less soybean protein than required, a supplementation of about 0.15% each of methionine and lysine can replace nearly 2-0% soybean protein, but cannot bring about chick performance equal to that obtained on the control ration, indicating an insufficiency of a third, or third and fourth, limiting amino acid in such low-protein diets.", "PMID": 1170006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2815", "title": "The replacement of some of the soybean meal by the first limiting amino acids in practical broiler diets. 2. Special additions of methionine and lysine as partial substitutes for protein in finisher diets.", "content": "1. Four trials were conducted to determine to what extent dietary protein concentration could be lowered while maintaining the concentrations of methionine and lysine, the first two limiting amino acids. 2. When the protein concentrations of well-balanced standard finisher diets were lowered by replacing soybean meal with sorghum grain (milo), there were progressive decreases in growth rate and increases in food consumption in spite of the substitution raising the energy content of the diets. 3. Maintaining methionine and lysine concentrations partly or completely reversed these trends. 4. Adding 0-12% methionine (above that generally considered to be the normal level in finisher diets) plus 0-20% lysine replace about 3 to 4 percentage units of soybean protein. 5. The recommended level of lysine supplementation may be exaggerated, since preliminary data indicate satisfactory results with a special supplementation of 0-10% each of methionine and lysine.", "contents": "The replacement of some of the soybean meal by the first limiting amino acids in practical broiler diets. 2. Special additions of methionine and lysine as partial substitutes for protein in finisher diets. 1. Four trials were conducted to determine to what extent dietary protein concentration could be lowered while maintaining the concentrations of methionine and lysine, the first two limiting amino acids. 2. When the protein concentrations of well-balanced standard finisher diets were lowered by replacing soybean meal with sorghum grain (milo), there were progressive decreases in growth rate and increases in food consumption in spite of the substitution raising the energy content of the diets. 3. Maintaining methionine and lysine concentrations partly or completely reversed these trends. 4. Adding 0-12% methionine (above that generally considered to be the normal level in finisher diets) plus 0-20% lysine replace about 3 to 4 percentage units of soybean protein. 5. The recommended level of lysine supplementation may be exaggerated, since preliminary data indicate satisfactory results with a special supplementation of 0-10% each of methionine and lysine.", "PMID": 1170007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2816", "title": "Carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1). Amino acid composition of liver carboxylesterases.", "content": "The amino acid compositions of the carboxylesterases from chicken, ,orse, ox, sheep, and pig livers are reported and compared. As would be expected for this homologous series, the compositions show a general similarity. However, there are some significant differences, but the degree to which particular pairs of enzymes differ is consistent with the evolutionary history of the species from which they were isolated.", "contents": "Carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1). Amino acid composition of liver carboxylesterases. The amino acid compositions of the carboxylesterases from chicken, ,orse, ox, sheep, and pig livers are reported and compared. As would be expected for this homologous series, the compositions show a general similarity. However, there are some significant differences, but the degree to which particular pairs of enzymes differ is consistent with the evolutionary history of the species from which they were isolated.", "PMID": 1170008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2817", "title": "DNA from eukaryotic cells contains unusually long pyrimidine sequences.", "content": "Analysis of DNA samples from several different organisms revealed the presence of unexpectedly long pyrimidine tracts (polypyrimidine), ranging in size from about 25 to 200 nucleotides in length. This fraction of the DNA accounted for 0.07-0.8 percent of the total thymidine residues. Pyrimidine clusters of this length and amount would not be expected on a random basis, suggesting they may have been conserved during evolution because they are required for a specialized function(s).", "contents": "DNA from eukaryotic cells contains unusually long pyrimidine sequences. Analysis of DNA samples from several different organisms revealed the presence of unexpectedly long pyrimidine tracts (polypyrimidine), ranging in size from about 25 to 200 nucleotides in length. This fraction of the DNA accounted for 0.07-0.8 percent of the total thymidine residues. Pyrimidine clusters of this length and amount would not be expected on a random basis, suggesting they may have been conserved during evolution because they are required for a specialized function(s).", "PMID": 1170009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2818", "title": "Cardiac lesions in rats fed rapeseed oils.", "content": "Fully refined rapeseed oils containing different amounts of erucic acid (1.6%, 4.3% and 22.3%) were fed, at 20% by weight of diet, to weanling male and female Sprague-Dawley rats for periods up to 112 days. Transient myocardial lipidosis characterized by accumulation of fat droplets in myocardial fibers was marked in male and female rats fed oxidized and unoxidized rapeseed oil containing 22.3% erucic acid, moderate with rapeseed oil containing 4.3% erucic acid and very slight in rats fed rapeseed oil containing 1.6% erucic acid. Peak intensity of myocardial lipidosis occurred at three to seven days and regressed thereafter. Focal myocardial necrosis and fibrosis occurred in male rats fed rapeseed oils containing different levels of erucic acid for 112 days. The incidence of myocardial necrosis and fibrosis was markedly lower in female rats, and the incidence of these lesions in either sex was not affected by the state of oxidation of these oils. In a second experiment, male rats were fed diets containing crude, partially refined or fully refined rapeseed oils. There was no correlation between the number of foci of myocardial necrosis and fibrosis and the state of refinement of the oils, but there were generally fewer lesions in rats fed those oils having the lowest levels of erucic acid.", "contents": "Cardiac lesions in rats fed rapeseed oils. Fully refined rapeseed oils containing different amounts of erucic acid (1.6%, 4.3% and 22.3%) were fed, at 20% by weight of diet, to weanling male and female Sprague-Dawley rats for periods up to 112 days. Transient myocardial lipidosis characterized by accumulation of fat droplets in myocardial fibers was marked in male and female rats fed oxidized and unoxidized rapeseed oil containing 22.3% erucic acid, moderate with rapeseed oil containing 4.3% erucic acid and very slight in rats fed rapeseed oil containing 1.6% erucic acid. Peak intensity of myocardial lipidosis occurred at three to seven days and regressed thereafter. Focal myocardial necrosis and fibrosis occurred in male rats fed rapeseed oils containing different levels of erucic acid for 112 days. The incidence of myocardial necrosis and fibrosis was markedly lower in female rats, and the incidence of these lesions in either sex was not affected by the state of oxidation of these oils. In a second experiment, male rats were fed diets containing crude, partially refined or fully refined rapeseed oils. There was no correlation between the number of foci of myocardial necrosis and fibrosis and the state of refinement of the oils, but there were generally fewer lesions in rats fed those oils having the lowest levels of erucic acid.", "PMID": 1170010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2819", "title": "Pathology of spontaneous hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys.", "content": "Thirteen turkeys naturally affected with hemorrhagic enteritis were studied pathologically. The main gross lesions were splenomegaly and hemorrhagic contents in the gut. The main histological lesions were intranuclear inclusion bodies in largemononuclear cells in many visceral organs and in reticular cells around the sheathed arteries of the spleens and varying degrees of lymphocytic hyperplasia in most tissues. The inclusions were frequently present in areas of the lymphocytic hyperplasia. The large mononuclear cells with the inclusions frequently showed a degenerative change.", "contents": "Pathology of spontaneous hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys. Thirteen turkeys naturally affected with hemorrhagic enteritis were studied pathologically. The main gross lesions were splenomegaly and hemorrhagic contents in the gut. The main histological lesions were intranuclear inclusion bodies in largemononuclear cells in many visceral organs and in reticular cells around the sheathed arteries of the spleens and varying degrees of lymphocytic hyperplasia in most tissues. The inclusions were frequently present in areas of the lymphocytic hyperplasia. The large mononuclear cells with the inclusions frequently showed a degenerative change.", "PMID": 1170011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2820", "title": "Epinephrine induced hyperglycemia in bulls and its relationship to polioencephalomalacia.", "content": "Data on blood glucose concentration in bulls affected with molasses associated polioencephalomalacia are controversial. It has been suggested that the brain lesions are related to a \"hypoglycemic state\" during the development of polioencephalomalacia. This paper reports the mobilization of glucose by means of the epinephrine test in three bulls fed two diets, one forage based and the other molasses based. The results showed significantly greater  hyperglycemic responses in the animals during the molasses diet than during the forage one. This probably means that glucose stores (as glycogen) are higher in cattle consuming molasses than those consuming forage. Such hepatic glucose output is in disagreement with the hypoglycemia theory as the cause of the early stages of brain lesions and focuses the probable cause as being related to glucose utilization.", "contents": "Epinephrine induced hyperglycemia in bulls and its relationship to polioencephalomalacia. Data on blood glucose concentration in bulls affected with molasses associated polioencephalomalacia are controversial. It has been suggested that the brain lesions are related to a \"hypoglycemic state\" during the development of polioencephalomalacia. This paper reports the mobilization of glucose by means of the epinephrine test in three bulls fed two diets, one forage based and the other molasses based. The results showed significantly greater  hyperglycemic responses in the animals during the molasses diet than during the forage one. This probably means that glucose stores (as glycogen) are higher in cattle consuming molasses than those consuming forage. Such hepatic glucose output is in disagreement with the hypoglycemia theory as the cause of the early stages of brain lesions and focuses the probable cause as being related to glucose utilization.", "PMID": 1170012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2821", "title": "Trichinae in tail musculature of swine.", "content": "Pepsin digestion of the tail musculature of ten trichinous swine revealed from zero to 2,384 trichinae. The role of tail chewing in the transmission of trichinosis in swine is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Trichinae in tail musculature of swine. Pepsin digestion of the tail musculature of ten trichinous swine revealed from zero to 2,384 trichinae. The role of tail chewing in the transmission of trichinosis in swine is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1170013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2822", "title": "The limit dextrinases from ungerminated oats (Avena sativa L.) and ungerminated rice (Oryza sativa L.).", "content": "The limit dextrinases from ungerminated oats and rice have been purified, and their substrate specificity compared with a bacterial isoamylase preparation. Both cereal enzymes could hydrolyse (1 yields6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in oligosaccharide alpha-dextrins, pullulan, amylopectin, and the beta-limit dextrins of amylopectin and glycogen. However, under comparable conditions, they were unable to attack glycogens.", "contents": "The limit dextrinases from ungerminated oats (Avena sativa L.) and ungerminated rice (Oryza sativa L.). The limit dextrinases from ungerminated oats and rice have been purified, and their substrate specificity compared with a bacterial isoamylase preparation. Both cereal enzymes could hydrolyse (1 yields6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in oligosaccharide alpha-dextrins, pullulan, amylopectin, and the beta-limit dextrins of amylopectin and glycogen. However, under comparable conditions, they were unable to attack glycogens.", "PMID": 1170015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2823", "title": "Carbohydrate-binding specificity of the so-called galactose-specific phytohemagglutinins.", "content": "The carbohydrate-binding specificities of various so-called galactose-specific phytohemagglutinins were investigated by means of hemagglutination-inhibition assays. As hapten inhibitors, glycopeptides prepared by pronase-digestion of various glycoproteins (porcine submaxillary mucin, bovine submaxillary mucin, and porcine thyroglobulin), and several glycosides of D-galactose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose were employed. The results indicate that these galactose-specific phytohemagglutinins may recognize the sugar residue penultimate to D-galactose or 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose residues of the sugar chain with which they interact, and that they can be classified into three groups based on the type of sugar sequence which they primarily recognize.", "contents": "Carbohydrate-binding specificity of the so-called galactose-specific phytohemagglutinins. The carbohydrate-binding specificities of various so-called galactose-specific phytohemagglutinins were investigated by means of hemagglutination-inhibition assays. As hapten inhibitors, glycopeptides prepared by pronase-digestion of various glycoproteins (porcine submaxillary mucin, bovine submaxillary mucin, and porcine thyroglobulin), and several glycosides of D-galactose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose were employed. The results indicate that these galactose-specific phytohemagglutinins may recognize the sugar residue penultimate to D-galactose or 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose residues of the sugar chain with which they interact, and that they can be classified into three groups based on the type of sugar sequence which they primarily recognize.", "PMID": 1170016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2824", "title": "Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of extracellular, yeast O-phosphonohexoglycans.", "content": "P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of a number of purified yeast O-phosphonohexoglycans were recorded. The data therefrom were correlated with established chemicals aspects of individual and collective polymer structures, permitting (a) conclusions to be drawn regarding the chemical environment of the phosphate groups of these polymers, and (b) assignment of anormeric configurations to the hexosyl phosphate residues.", "contents": "Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of extracellular, yeast O-phosphonohexoglycans. P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of a number of purified yeast O-phosphonohexoglycans were recorded. The data therefrom were correlated with established chemicals aspects of individual and collective polymer structures, permitting (a) conclusions to be drawn regarding the chemical environment of the phosphate groups of these polymers, and (b) assignment of anormeric configurations to the hexosyl phosphate residues.", "PMID": 1170017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2825", "title": "Kinetic analysis of cell size and DNA content distributions during tumor cell proliferation: Ehrlich ascites tumor study.", "content": "In order to study the growth dynamics of proliferating and non-proliferating cells utilizing discrete-time state equations, the cell cycle was divided into a finite number of age compartments. In analysing tumor growth, the kinetic parameters associated with a retardation in the growth rate of tumors were characterized by computer simulation in which the simulated results of the growth curve, the growth fraction, and the mean generation time were adjusted to fit the experimental data. The cell age distibution during the period of growth was obtained and by a linear transformation of the state transition matrices, was employed to specify the cell size and DNA content distributions. In an application of the model, the time-course behavior of cell cycle parameters of Ehrlich ascites tumor is illustrated, and the parameters important for the transition of cells in the proliferating compartment to the non-proliferating compartment are discussed, particularly in relation to the G1-G0 and G2-G0 transitions of non-cycling cells as revealed by the variation of cell size distribution.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of cell size and DNA content distributions during tumor cell proliferation: Ehrlich ascites tumor study. In order to study the growth dynamics of proliferating and non-proliferating cells utilizing discrete-time state equations, the cell cycle was divided into a finite number of age compartments. In analysing tumor growth, the kinetic parameters associated with a retardation in the growth rate of tumors were characterized by computer simulation in which the simulated results of the growth curve, the growth fraction, and the mean generation time were adjusted to fit the experimental data. The cell age distibution during the period of growth was obtained and by a linear transformation of the state transition matrices, was employed to specify the cell size and DNA content distributions. In an application of the model, the time-course behavior of cell cycle parameters of Ehrlich ascites tumor is illustrated, and the parameters important for the transition of cells in the proliferating compartment to the non-proliferating compartment are discussed, particularly in relation to the G1-G0 and G2-G0 transitions of non-cycling cells as revealed by the variation of cell size distribution.", "PMID": 1170018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2826", "title": "A study of the kinetics of microsporogenesis in Campelia zanonia (L.) H.B.K.", "content": "During maturation, microspores pass through a series of morphologically distinguishable stages or compartments. A study has been made of the systematic fluctuations in the frequency of microspores in these compartments, when plants are grown under rigidly controlled conditions. A new approach to the construction of cumulative flux rate curves is described; these give the number of cells passing the compartment boundaries per unit time. The curves obtained indicate that simple models, which assume constant flux rates and compartment transit times, will not explain the observations. It is evident that not only do microspores mature at different rates, but that the maturation rate of individual microspores varies during the developmental sequence. The overall process may be controlled by the intimate relationship which exists between the microspores and the tapetal periplasmodium in the Tradescantiae.", "contents": "A study of the kinetics of microsporogenesis in Campelia zanonia (L.) H.B.K. During maturation, microspores pass through a series of morphologically distinguishable stages or compartments. A study has been made of the systematic fluctuations in the frequency of microspores in these compartments, when plants are grown under rigidly controlled conditions. A new approach to the construction of cumulative flux rate curves is described; these give the number of cells passing the compartment boundaries per unit time. The curves obtained indicate that simple models, which assume constant flux rates and compartment transit times, will not explain the observations. It is evident that not only do microspores mature at different rates, but that the maturation rate of individual microspores varies during the developmental sequence. The overall process may be controlled by the intimate relationship which exists between the microspores and the tapetal periplasmodium in the Tradescantiae.", "PMID": 1170019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2827", "title": "Mutant chinese hamster cells with a thermosensitive hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase.", "content": "By selecting variants of Chinese hamster cells that were resistant to 6-thioguanine at 39 degrees C, but which would continue to grow in HAT medium at 33 degrees C, we have isolated cell lines with thermosensitive phenotypes. These clones form colonies in HAT medium and incorporate 14-C-hypoxanthine much more efficiently at 33 degrees C than at 39 degrees C. The specific activity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribo-syltransferase is at least 10 times higher in variant cells grown at 33 degrees C than in those grown in 39 degrees C, and the enzymes from the variant clones are inactivated in vitro at 39 degrees C 7-9 times more rapidly than is the enzyme from wild-type cells. The results are consistent with the conclusion that the selected clones have missense mutations in the structural gene for the enzyme.", "contents": "Mutant chinese hamster cells with a thermosensitive hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. By selecting variants of Chinese hamster cells that were resistant to 6-thioguanine at 39 degrees C, but which would continue to grow in HAT medium at 33 degrees C, we have isolated cell lines with thermosensitive phenotypes. These clones form colonies in HAT medium and incorporate 14-C-hypoxanthine much more efficiently at 33 degrees C than at 39 degrees C. The specific activity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribo-syltransferase is at least 10 times higher in variant cells grown at 33 degrees C than in those grown in 39 degrees C, and the enzymes from the variant clones are inactivated in vitro at 39 degrees C 7-9 times more rapidly than is the enzyme from wild-type cells. The results are consistent with the conclusion that the selected clones have missense mutations in the structural gene for the enzyme.", "PMID": 1170021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2828", "title": "Temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutants: a chinese hamster cell line with a reversible block in cytokinesis.", "content": "A thermosensitive line (TS 111) was isolated from a suspension culture of Chinese hamster fibroblasts, using a BUdR suicide selection technique. In this line, cytokinesis is blocked at 39 degrees C. DNA and protein synthesis are not arrested but keep on at a steady rate. Giant cells are produced which accumulate either numerous nuclei or one big nucleus with several nucleoli and more than a hundred chromosomes. At each nuclear cycle, all the chromosomes in the cell appear to condense in a synchronous manner, although it is possible that not all the sets of chromosomes duplicate. When the culture is returned to the permissive temperature (34 degrees C) after a prolonged arrest at the restrictive temperature, cytokinesis resumes with early extrusion of karyoplasts from multinucleated cells. The division block is independent of cell density in suspension culture and is not prevented by cell contact when cells grow attached to Petri dishes. At 34 degrees C, a residual expression of the mutation is indicated by the presence of binucleate and up to 30% anucleate cells. A remarkable similarity and some synergism exists between the mutation and cytochalasin B effects.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutants: a chinese hamster cell line with a reversible block in cytokinesis. A thermosensitive line (TS 111) was isolated from a suspension culture of Chinese hamster fibroblasts, using a BUdR suicide selection technique. In this line, cytokinesis is blocked at 39 degrees C. DNA and protein synthesis are not arrested but keep on at a steady rate. Giant cells are produced which accumulate either numerous nuclei or one big nucleus with several nucleoli and more than a hundred chromosomes. At each nuclear cycle, all the chromosomes in the cell appear to condense in a synchronous manner, although it is possible that not all the sets of chromosomes duplicate. When the culture is returned to the permissive temperature (34 degrees C) after a prolonged arrest at the restrictive temperature, cytokinesis resumes with early extrusion of karyoplasts from multinucleated cells. The division block is independent of cell density in suspension culture and is not prevented by cell contact when cells grow attached to Petri dishes. At 34 degrees C, a residual expression of the mutation is indicated by the presence of binucleate and up to 30% anucleate cells. A remarkable similarity and some synergism exists between the mutation and cytochalasin B effects.", "PMID": 1170022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2829", "title": "Isolation of heat- and cold-sensitive mutants of chinese hamster lung cells affected in their ability to express the transformed state.", "content": "A clone of spontaneously transformed Chinese hamster lung cells was exposed to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG), and six heat-sensitive and three cold-sensitive mutants were isolated after selection for inability to form colonies in soft agar at 39.5 degrees C and 34.5 degrees C, respectively. The heat-sensitive mutants had growth characteristics of transformed cells at 34.5 degrees C, but exhibited a normal phenotype at 39.5 degrees C. By contrast, cold-sensitive mutants displayed the characteristics of the normal cells at 34.5 degrees C and converted to a transformed phenotype at 39.5 degrees C. Transformed parent cells exhibited no obvious temperature-dependent properties. Temperature shift experiments showed that the colony-forming ability of both types of mutants was fully reversible. All of the mutants were able to grow well at both permissive and nonpermissive temperatures when grown on the surface of plastic dishes. Such mutants will be useful in analysis of factors involved in the expression of the transformed state or the maintenance of the nontransformed state.", "contents": "Isolation of heat- and cold-sensitive mutants of chinese hamster lung cells affected in their ability to express the transformed state. A clone of spontaneously transformed Chinese hamster lung cells was exposed to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG), and six heat-sensitive and three cold-sensitive mutants were isolated after selection for inability to form colonies in soft agar at 39.5 degrees C and 34.5 degrees C, respectively. The heat-sensitive mutants had growth characteristics of transformed cells at 34.5 degrees C, but exhibited a normal phenotype at 39.5 degrees C. By contrast, cold-sensitive mutants displayed the characteristics of the normal cells at 34.5 degrees C and converted to a transformed phenotype at 39.5 degrees C. Transformed parent cells exhibited no obvious temperature-dependent properties. Temperature shift experiments showed that the colony-forming ability of both types of mutants was fully reversible. All of the mutants were able to grow well at both permissive and nonpermissive temperatures when grown on the surface of plastic dishes. Such mutants will be useful in analysis of factors involved in the expression of the transformed state or the maintenance of the nontransformed state.", "PMID": 1170023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2830", "title": "The temporal structure of S phase.", "content": "DNA synthesis in the S phase of V79 and CHO Chinese hamster cells was examined in detail using an automated system for selection and subculturing of mitotic cells and four different assays for DNA synthesis. Flow microfluorometric (FMF) analysis showed that the selected populations were highly synchronous with few noncycling cells. In CHO cells changes in mean and modal fluorescence in the FMF suggested that DNA content increased in a saltatory fashion with 10-20% of the DNA replicated in early S, 40% in mid S, and 40-50% in late S. Pulse labeling and acid precipitation revealed a repeatable pattern of fluctuations in the rate of isotope incorporation with the maximum rate occurring late in S both V79 and CHO. Autoradiography proved to be the best means of accurately determining the beginning of S phase. Cumulative labeling from mitosis to points in S exaggerated the differences in rate between early and late S, so that significant DNA synthesis in early S might easily be overlooked using this method. In CHO cells DNA-specific fluorescence by the Kissane and Robins assay supported the isotopic incorporation data and the FMF analyses by exhibiting a stepwise increase. In V79 cells, S phase lasts only 5 or 5.5 hr, and consequently the mid S and late S steps in fluorescence are compressed. In V79, greater than 80% of the increase in DNA-specific fluorescence occurred between 4.5 and 7 hr after mitotic selection. In both cell lines, fluorescence in early S phase frequently increased transiently to maximum and then decreased.", "contents": "The temporal structure of S phase. DNA synthesis in the S phase of V79 and CHO Chinese hamster cells was examined in detail using an automated system for selection and subculturing of mitotic cells and four different assays for DNA synthesis. Flow microfluorometric (FMF) analysis showed that the selected populations were highly synchronous with few noncycling cells. In CHO cells changes in mean and modal fluorescence in the FMF suggested that DNA content increased in a saltatory fashion with 10-20% of the DNA replicated in early S, 40% in mid S, and 40-50% in late S. Pulse labeling and acid precipitation revealed a repeatable pattern of fluctuations in the rate of isotope incorporation with the maximum rate occurring late in S both V79 and CHO. Autoradiography proved to be the best means of accurately determining the beginning of S phase. Cumulative labeling from mitosis to points in S exaggerated the differences in rate between early and late S, so that significant DNA synthesis in early S might easily be overlooked using this method. In CHO cells DNA-specific fluorescence by the Kissane and Robins assay supported the isotopic incorporation data and the FMF analyses by exhibiting a stepwise increase. In V79 cells, S phase lasts only 5 or 5.5 hr, and consequently the mid S and late S steps in fluorescence are compressed. In V79, greater than 80% of the increase in DNA-specific fluorescence occurred between 4.5 and 7 hr after mitotic selection. In both cell lines, fluorescence in early S phase frequently increased transiently to maximum and then decreased.", "PMID": 1170024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2831", "title": "The interactions of benzo(a)pyrene with cell membranes: uptake into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and fluorescence studies with isolated membranes.", "content": "The interactions of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) with the cell surface membrane were studied by measuring B(a)P uptake into intact mammalian cells and by determining B(a)P fluorescence in the presence of isolated cell surface membranes. It was found that 0.19 mu-g B(a)P were taken up by 10-6 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells after 30 min exposure to a solution containing 0.59 mu-g/ml. Culture conditions were found to markedly alter B(a)P uptake. Low cell culture densities resulted in a four-fold increase in rate of B(a)P uptake per cell relative to confluent monolayer cultures. The uptake rate of B(a)P was reduced in the presence of bovine serum (BS) and, under some conditions, perylene. This information should be considered in the design of experiments on the biological effects of B(a)P. Another aspect of B(a)P membrane interaction was that the binding of B(a)P to cell surface membranes could be measured by fluorescence. The additional B(a)P fluorescence, found in the presence of cell surface membranes, was sufficiently large that the methods of data treatment used in the study of fluorescent probe-membrane interactions could be applied to get quantitative information on B(a)P-membrane interactions. It was found that 0.6 x 10-8 moles B(a)P were bound per mg membrane protein and that the apparent statistical dissociation constant for the complex was 3.8 x 10-7 M. The data suggest that the mechanism of uptake of B(a)P is probably passive diffusion.", "contents": "The interactions of benzo(a)pyrene with cell membranes: uptake into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and fluorescence studies with isolated membranes. The interactions of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) with the cell surface membrane were studied by measuring B(a)P uptake into intact mammalian cells and by determining B(a)P fluorescence in the presence of isolated cell surface membranes. It was found that 0.19 mu-g B(a)P were taken up by 10-6 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells after 30 min exposure to a solution containing 0.59 mu-g/ml. Culture conditions were found to markedly alter B(a)P uptake. Low cell culture densities resulted in a four-fold increase in rate of B(a)P uptake per cell relative to confluent monolayer cultures. The uptake rate of B(a)P was reduced in the presence of bovine serum (BS) and, under some conditions, perylene. This information should be considered in the design of experiments on the biological effects of B(a)P. Another aspect of B(a)P membrane interaction was that the binding of B(a)P to cell surface membranes could be measured by fluorescence. The additional B(a)P fluorescence, found in the presence of cell surface membranes, was sufficiently large that the methods of data treatment used in the study of fluorescent probe-membrane interactions could be applied to get quantitative information on B(a)P-membrane interactions. It was found that 0.6 x 10-8 moles B(a)P were bound per mg membrane protein and that the apparent statistical dissociation constant for the complex was 3.8 x 10-7 M. The data suggest that the mechanism of uptake of B(a)P is probably passive diffusion.", "PMID": 1170030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2832", "title": "[Cytological mechanism of induced tetraploidy in the newt Pleurodeles waltlii (author's transl)].", "content": "When the eggs of the newt Pleurodeles waltlii, at the beginning of the first furrow formation, are submitted for 10 minutes to a sudden increase in temperature (37.2 to 37.3 degrees C), the subsequently developing embryos are tetraploid. The percentage obtained of viable individuals is about 30% of the number of treated eggs. A temperature between 36.2 and 36.4 degrees C applied at the same period and for the same length of time may lead to viable animals diplo-tetraploid mosaics as previously reported.--Cytological examination showed that at the formation of the first furrow the egg contains two interphase nuclei. During heat treatment, cytoplasmic cleavage regresses resulting in an uncleaved egg with two interphase nuclei. About 2 1/2 hours after heat treatment the egg divides again into two cells. Tetraploidy results from doubling of chromosomes of both nuclei instead of the second mitotic division. The mechanism which leads to tetraploidy consists in inhibition of the movement of the two asters and aberration of spindle formation.--The mosaic animals develop from eggs in which only one of the nuclei became tetraploid while the other one divided normally.", "contents": "[Cytological mechanism of induced tetraploidy in the newt Pleurodeles waltlii (author's transl)]. When the eggs of the newt Pleurodeles waltlii, at the beginning of the first furrow formation, are submitted for 10 minutes to a sudden increase in temperature (37.2 to 37.3 degrees C), the subsequently developing embryos are tetraploid. The percentage obtained of viable individuals is about 30% of the number of treated eggs. A temperature between 36.2 and 36.4 degrees C applied at the same period and for the same length of time may lead to viable animals diplo-tetraploid mosaics as previously reported.--Cytological examination showed that at the formation of the first furrow the egg contains two interphase nuclei. During heat treatment, cytoplasmic cleavage regresses resulting in an uncleaved egg with two interphase nuclei. About 2 1/2 hours after heat treatment the egg divides again into two cells. Tetraploidy results from doubling of chromosomes of both nuclei instead of the second mitotic division. The mechanism which leads to tetraploidy consists in inhibition of the movement of the two asters and aberration of spindle formation.--The mosaic animals develop from eggs in which only one of the nuclei became tetraploid while the other one divided normally.", "PMID": 1170068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2833", "title": "Prospects for a pharmacological treatment of phenylketonuria.", "content": "The present study deals with a new tentative therapeutic approach of phenylketonuria, based on the use of Anabolic Steroids. Data have been obtained in 10 children, 3 females and 7 males, aged 4-12 years, all presenting the stigmata of true phenylketonuria. The Anabolic Steroids used were Norandrostenolone Phenylpropionate, administered intramuscularly, in increasing doses from 25 to 75 mg.a.d., for 2 years. The 3 older patients were always on a totally free diet, the 7 younger ones on a semi-free diet. The results obtained demonstrate a total normalization of the blood levels of phenylalanine and tyrosine all along the treatment. Moreover, improvements of the psychoneurological disorders were observed.", "contents": "Prospects for a pharmacological treatment of phenylketonuria. The present study deals with a new tentative therapeutic approach of phenylketonuria, based on the use of Anabolic Steroids. Data have been obtained in 10 children, 3 females and 7 males, aged 4-12 years, all presenting the stigmata of true phenylketonuria. The Anabolic Steroids used were Norandrostenolone Phenylpropionate, administered intramuscularly, in increasing doses from 25 to 75 mg.a.d., for 2 years. The 3 older patients were always on a totally free diet, the 7 younger ones on a semi-free diet. The results obtained demonstrate a total normalization of the blood levels of phenylalanine and tyrosine all along the treatment. Moreover, improvements of the psychoneurological disorders were observed.", "PMID": 1170069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2834", "title": "Heterogeneity of purified human pituitary luteinizing hormone: effect on hormone measurement by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Purified preparations of human luteinizing hormone (hLH), Hartree IRC-2, and NIH LER-960, have been examined after gel filtration of unlabelled and iodinated hormone. Several peaks of radioactivity were observed corresponding to dimeric (peak I), monomeric (peak II), and sub-unit (peak III) lLH forms. The immunologic and receptor activities of each fraction have been evaluated, Receptor activity was found in peaks I and II but not in peak III. Within peak II all fractions were not equally active in the receptor assay, and maximum activity appeared to correspond to molecules with elution characteristics similar to the unlabelled molecule. All fractions of peak II were immunologically active when tested against rabbit anti-hCG in excess. Two immunoassay systems with improved specificity for hLH and hLH-alpha, respectively, have been employed to show the presence of alpha subunit in one of the hLH preparations. These data have relevance with respect to testing of immuno and receptor potencies of hLH preparations.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of purified human pituitary luteinizing hormone: effect on hormone measurement by radioimmunoassay. Purified preparations of human luteinizing hormone (hLH), Hartree IRC-2, and NIH LER-960, have been examined after gel filtration of unlabelled and iodinated hormone. Several peaks of radioactivity were observed corresponding to dimeric (peak I), monomeric (peak II), and sub-unit (peak III) lLH forms. The immunologic and receptor activities of each fraction have been evaluated, Receptor activity was found in peaks I and II but not in peak III. Within peak II all fractions were not equally active in the receptor assay, and maximum activity appeared to correspond to molecules with elution characteristics similar to the unlabelled molecule. All fractions of peak II were immunologically active when tested against rabbit anti-hCG in excess. Two immunoassay systems with improved specificity for hLH and hLH-alpha, respectively, have been employed to show the presence of alpha subunit in one of the hLH preparations. These data have relevance with respect to testing of immuno and receptor potencies of hLH preparations.", "PMID": 1170075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2835", "title": "Continuous red light induces persistent estrus without retinal degeneration in the albino rat.", "content": "Female rats were exposed for 12 weeks to red (peak 660 nm) or Cool White continuous light (LL), or to 12 h per day (LD) of Cool White light, all at a flux density of 100 muw/cm2 (approximately 30 incident foot-candles). Either red or white LL produced significantly prolonged vaginal cornification and significantly reduced ovarian weight, as compared to LD exposure. White LL, but not red LL, produced degeneration of retinal photoreceptors.", "contents": "Continuous red light induces persistent estrus without retinal degeneration in the albino rat. Female rats were exposed for 12 weeks to red (peak 660 nm) or Cool White continuous light (LL), or to 12 h per day (LD) of Cool White light, all at a flux density of 100 muw/cm2 (approximately 30 incident foot-candles). Either red or white LL produced significantly prolonged vaginal cornification and significantly reduced ovarian weight, as compared to LD exposure. White LL, but not red LL, produced degeneration of retinal photoreceptors.", "PMID": 1170076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2836", "title": "Isotopic hydrogen exchange in reactions catalysed by cysteine lyase and serine sulphhydrase.", "content": "Serine sulphhydrase from chicken liver and cysteine lyase from chicken-embryo yolk sac catalyse the exchange of alpha-H atoms of the amino acid substrate with 3-H-2O. The degree of labelling of the unreacted substrate approaches a maximum of one atom per mol of amino acid. In the absence of replacing agent there is practically no H-exchange in the substrate. The alpha-H of the accumulating beta-substitution product is completely replaced by the labelled hydrogen of the solvent water, irrespective of the duration of incubation. The amount of labelled alpha-hydrogen incorporated into excess (unreacted) amino acids substrate within 3.5-h incubation is somewhat less than the amount incorporated into the product of the complete enzymic beta-replacement reaction. Within the sensitivity limits of detection, the enzymes do not induce any isotopic exchange either of b-H atoms in the amino substrate or of 18-O-labelled beta-HO groups, in the case of L-serine. Neither serine sulphhydrase nor cysteine lyase will catalyse alpha-hydrogen exchange in close structural analogues of their substrates, e.g. L-alanine, D-serine, threonin, 3-phosphoserine. A special case is the interaction of cysteine lyase with the competitive inhibitor, L-serine (whose inhibitor constant, K-i, is equal to the Michaelis constant, K-m, of  L-cysteine): the lyase catalyses, only in presence of a cosubstrate thiol, alpha-H exchange in L-serine at approximately the same rate as in L-cysteine. The present data concerning isotopic alpha-H exchange in substrate amino acids, and evidence published earlier, suggest that the catalytic mechanism of replacement-specific beta-lyases may significantly differ from that of the eliminating or ambivalent (mixed-function) lyases. Formation of alpha, beta-unsaturated pyridoxylidene aldimines as real reaction intermediates is unlikely in the case of lyases specifically catalysing beta-replacement reactions; these may proceed by some alternative mechanism of the type suggested in this paper.", "contents": "Isotopic hydrogen exchange in reactions catalysed by cysteine lyase and serine sulphhydrase. Serine sulphhydrase from chicken liver and cysteine lyase from chicken-embryo yolk sac catalyse the exchange of alpha-H atoms of the amino acid substrate with 3-H-2O. The degree of labelling of the unreacted substrate approaches a maximum of one atom per mol of amino acid. In the absence of replacing agent there is practically no H-exchange in the substrate. The alpha-H of the accumulating beta-substitution product is completely replaced by the labelled hydrogen of the solvent water, irrespective of the duration of incubation. The amount of labelled alpha-hydrogen incorporated into excess (unreacted) amino acids substrate within 3.5-h incubation is somewhat less than the amount incorporated into the product of the complete enzymic beta-replacement reaction. Within the sensitivity limits of detection, the enzymes do not induce any isotopic exchange either of b-H atoms in the amino substrate or of 18-O-labelled beta-HO groups, in the case of L-serine. Neither serine sulphhydrase nor cysteine lyase will catalyse alpha-hydrogen exchange in close structural analogues of their substrates, e.g. L-alanine, D-serine, threonin, 3-phosphoserine. A special case is the interaction of cysteine lyase with the competitive inhibitor, L-serine (whose inhibitor constant, K-i, is equal to the Michaelis constant, K-m, of  L-cysteine): the lyase catalyses, only in presence of a cosubstrate thiol, alpha-H exchange in L-serine at approximately the same rate as in L-cysteine. The present data concerning isotopic alpha-H exchange in substrate amino acids, and evidence published earlier, suggest that the catalytic mechanism of replacement-specific beta-lyases may significantly differ from that of the eliminating or ambivalent (mixed-function) lyases. Formation of alpha, beta-unsaturated pyridoxylidene aldimines as real reaction intermediates is unlikely in the case of lyases specifically catalysing beta-replacement reactions; these may proceed by some alternative mechanism of the type suggested in this paper.", "PMID": 1170078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2837", "title": "Response of the ampullae of Lorenzini to static combined electric and thermal stimuli in Scyliorhinus canicula.", "content": "The effect of long-lasting electric currents on the Lorenzinian ampullae at constant temperatures between  and 25 degrees C was investigated in the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula). Steady state neural impulse patterns in single afferent units were analyzed by plotting interval length histograms and computing mean values and standard deviations for currents between -100 and +100 nA. The mean values depended on temperature and on current strength; the relative standard deviations remained almost constant (ca. 20--30%). Negative currents, inserted at the orifice of the ampullary canal led to higher, and positive currents to lower, steady impulse rates in the whole temperature range investigated here. This static component of electrosensitivity again disappeared at higher currents (of 50 nA and more; electric overstimulation). The maximum static response was two orders of magnitude less than the maximum dynamic component of electroreception. The electrosensitivity depended on temperature: the ampullae were most sensitive to electric currents between 13 and 19 degrees C. The maximal neural activity at 19 degrees C was not shifted to higher or lower temperatures by electric stimulation. A constant equivalent of electric and thermal stimulation throughout the tested temperature and current range could not be found.", "contents": "Response of the ampullae of Lorenzini to static combined electric and thermal stimuli in Scyliorhinus canicula. The effect of long-lasting electric currents on the Lorenzinian ampullae at constant temperatures between  and 25 degrees C was investigated in the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula). Steady state neural impulse patterns in single afferent units were analyzed by plotting interval length histograms and computing mean values and standard deviations for currents between -100 and +100 nA. The mean values depended on temperature and on current strength; the relative standard deviations remained almost constant (ca. 20--30%). Negative currents, inserted at the orifice of the ampullary canal led to higher, and positive currents to lower, steady impulse rates in the whole temperature range investigated here. This static component of electrosensitivity again disappeared at higher currents (of 50 nA and more; electric overstimulation). The maximum static response was two orders of magnitude less than the maximum dynamic component of electroreception. The electrosensitivity depended on temperature: the ampullae were most sensitive to electric currents between 13 and 19 degrees C. The maximal neural activity at 19 degrees C was not shifted to higher or lower temperatures by electric stimulation. A constant equivalent of electric and thermal stimulation throughout the tested temperature and current range could not be found.", "PMID": 1170086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2838", "title": "The assessment of tobacco smoke toxicity in organ culture. II. Ultrastructural studies on the immediate response of foetal rabbit tracheal epithelium to short-term exposures of whole smoke.", "content": "Foetal rabbit tracheal organ cultures were exposed under defined conditions to whole cigarette smoke and fixed immediately for electron microscopy. After an exposure to 4 or 8 puffs, epithelial intercellular spaces were enlarged, the apical portion of many cells bulged out into the lumen and many cilia were swollen. An exposure to 12 puffs produced a breakdown of the epithelium.", "contents": "The assessment of tobacco smoke toxicity in organ culture. II. Ultrastructural studies on the immediate response of foetal rabbit tracheal epithelium to short-term exposures of whole smoke. Foetal rabbit tracheal organ cultures were exposed under defined conditions to whole cigarette smoke and fixed immediately for electron microscopy. After an exposure to 4 or 8 puffs, epithelial intercellular spaces were enlarged, the apical portion of many cells bulged out into the lumen and many cilia were swollen. An exposure to 12 puffs produced a breakdown of the epithelium.", "PMID": 1170087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2839", "title": "Juvenile hormone promotes dominance behavior and ovarian development in social wasps (Polistes annularis).", "content": "Repeated topical application of juvenile hormone to workers of the primitive social wasp, Polistes annularis resulted in a disruption of colony social structure as indicated by a sharp increase in the frequency of dominance interactions. Ovarian maturation was also observed, probably as both a direct and an indirect effect of hormone treatment.", "contents": "Juvenile hormone promotes dominance behavior and ovarian development in social wasps (Polistes annularis). Repeated topical application of juvenile hormone to workers of the primitive social wasp, Polistes annularis resulted in a disruption of colony social structure as indicated by a sharp increase in the frequency of dominance interactions. Ovarian maturation was also observed, probably as both a direct and an indirect effect of hormone treatment.", "PMID": 1170088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2840", "title": "[Induced radiation resistance in cell cultures of Chinese hamster cells: induction and manner of resistance (author's transl)].", "content": "Mutations-induction followed by selection is a suitable method for developing a cell line with resistance to low doses of X-rays. In comparison with the original cell line, the derived resistant line is characterized by an enhanced variability of the chromosome number, and no higher level of cellular repair, limited to the two repair types described.", "contents": "[Induced radiation resistance in cell cultures of Chinese hamster cells: induction and manner of resistance (author's transl)]. Mutations-induction followed by selection is a suitable method for developing a cell line with resistance to low doses of X-rays. In comparison with the original cell line, the derived resistant line is characterized by an enhanced variability of the chromosome number, and no higher level of cellular repair, limited to the two repair types described.", "PMID": 1170089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2841", "title": "[Defect of incorporation of S in old Swan autoimmune mice thymus (author's transl)].", "content": "A diminution of the incorporation of radioactive S in epithelial cells of the thymus of auto-immune Swan mice is shown. This defect of incorporation seems to be in relation to a thymus deficiency.", "contents": "[Defect of incorporation of S in old Swan autoimmune mice thymus (author's transl)]. A diminution of the incorporation of radioactive S in epithelial cells of the thymus of auto-immune Swan mice is shown. This defect of incorporation seems to be in relation to a thymus deficiency.", "PMID": 1170090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2842", "title": "Inhibition of human chlorionic gonadotrophin-induced ovarian and uterine growth in the mouse by synthetic arginine vasotocin-1.", "content": "21-day-old Swiss-Webster female mice were injected with 1 IU HCG at 09.00 h. Injection of freshly prepared arginine vasotocin (2 mug/0.1 ml/injection) every 12 h inhibited the HCG-induced hypertrophy of the ovaries at 36, 48, 60 and 72 hr after HCG-treatment while the uterine weight was depressed at 60 and 72 h.", "contents": "Inhibition of human chlorionic gonadotrophin-induced ovarian and uterine growth in the mouse by synthetic arginine vasotocin-1. 21-day-old Swiss-Webster female mice were injected with 1 IU HCG at 09.00 h. Injection of freshly prepared arginine vasotocin (2 mug/0.1 ml/injection) every 12 h inhibited the HCG-induced hypertrophy of the ovaries at 36, 48, 60 and 72 hr after HCG-treatment while the uterine weight was depressed at 60 and 72 h.", "PMID": 1170091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2843", "title": "[Electrical activity of mechanoreceptor neurons in rat mammary gland nipple skin].", "content": "Three types of the mechanosensitive units were found in the skin of the rat mammary gland nipple: receptors detecting: 1) transients, 2) velocity, 3) position and velocity. The 1st and the 2nd types were spontaneously inactive and both adapted rapidly to mechanical stimuli. The 3rd type had a spontaneous activity 1-4/sec and adapted slowly to mechanical stimuli.", "contents": "[Electrical activity of mechanoreceptor neurons in rat mammary gland nipple skin]. Three types of the mechanosensitive units were found in the skin of the rat mammary gland nipple: receptors detecting: 1) transients, 2) velocity, 3) position and velocity. The 1st and the 2nd types were spontaneously inactive and both adapted rapidly to mechanical stimuli. The 3rd type had a spontaneous activity 1-4/sec and adapted slowly to mechanical stimuli.", "PMID": 1170102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2844", "title": "Diurnal variation in the effects of insulin on blood glucose, plasma non-esterified fatty acids and growth hormone.", "content": "Insulin 0.05 mu/kg body weight was injected intravenously into 14 subjects both at 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. in random order 12 hrs after a 50 g glucose meal. Fasting glucose levels were similar in both cases but the 48percent plus or minus 10 percent fall in blood glucose in the morning was significantly greater (p smaller than 0.001) than that of 34 percent plus or minus 7 percent in the afternoon. Fasting plasma NEFA, however, varied markedly between 477 plus or minus 150 muEqlL in tth morning and 725 plus or minus 195 muEqlL in the afternoon (p smaller than 0.001) and the fall after insulin injection (64 percent plus or minus 14 percent) was greater in the afternoon than in the morning (47 percent plus or minus 15 percent) (p smaller than 0.001). There was an inverse relationship between proportional glucose disappearance and proportional NEFA disappearance (p smaller than 0.001). The calculated caloric change in plasma, the sum of the falls in glucose and NEFA, were very similar in both morning (2.2 plus or minus 0.5 Cals/1) and afternoon (2.3 plus or minus 0.5 Cals/1), i.e., in spite of the variations of glucose and NEFA metabolism produced by insulin at different times, the nett effect, in terms of energy, was the same. Plasma growth hormone response in the afternoon was found to be enhanced compared with the morning values, although the degree of hypoglycaemia was greater in the morning.", "contents": "Diurnal variation in the effects of insulin on blood glucose, plasma non-esterified fatty acids and growth hormone. Insulin 0.05 mu/kg body weight was injected intravenously into 14 subjects both at 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. in random order 12 hrs after a 50 g glucose meal. Fasting glucose levels were similar in both cases but the 48percent plus or minus 10 percent fall in blood glucose in the morning was significantly greater (p smaller than 0.001) than that of 34 percent plus or minus 7 percent in the afternoon. Fasting plasma NEFA, however, varied markedly between 477 plus or minus 150 muEqlL in tth morning and 725 plus or minus 195 muEqlL in the afternoon (p smaller than 0.001) and the fall after insulin injection (64 percent plus or minus 14 percent) was greater in the afternoon than in the morning (47 percent plus or minus 15 percent) (p smaller than 0.001). There was an inverse relationship between proportional glucose disappearance and proportional NEFA disappearance (p smaller than 0.001). The calculated caloric change in plasma, the sum of the falls in glucose and NEFA, were very similar in both morning (2.2 plus or minus 0.5 Cals/1) and afternoon (2.3 plus or minus 0.5 Cals/1), i.e., in spite of the variations of glucose and NEFA metabolism produced by insulin at different times, the nett effect, in terms of energy, was the same. Plasma growth hormone response in the afternoon was found to be enhanced compared with the morning values, although the degree of hypoglycaemia was greater in the morning.", "PMID": 1170119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2845", "title": "[Testicular feminization with an unusual gonadal tumour (Author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a 31-year-old patient showing the typical features of testicular feminization is presented.--Laparotomy was performed, and a large cystic tumour at the place of the right gonad was removed. Microscopically dysgenetic testicular tissue was found. The cyst was lined with cuboid epithelium. Its wall contained smooth muscle fibers.--Probably this cyst was a derivative of the Muellerian ducts.--Today, androgen resistance of the target organs is considered to be the cause of testicular feminization, while the production of hormones of the fetal gonads is normal.--In cases with rudiments of the Muellerian ducts there may be an insufficiency of the oviduct repressor.", "contents": "[Testicular feminization with an unusual gonadal tumour (Author's transl)]. A case of a 31-year-old patient showing the typical features of testicular feminization is presented.--Laparotomy was performed, and a large cystic tumour at the place of the right gonad was removed. Microscopically dysgenetic testicular tissue was found. The cyst was lined with cuboid epithelium. Its wall contained smooth muscle fibers.--Probably this cyst was a derivative of the Muellerian ducts.--Today, androgen resistance of the target organs is considered to be the cause of testicular feminization, while the production of hormones of the fetal gonads is normal.--In cases with rudiments of the Muellerian ducts there may be an insufficiency of the oviduct repressor.", "PMID": 1170120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2846", "title": "The balance of nitrogen and composition of proteins in Pleurotus ostreatus grown on natural substrates.", "content": "The balance of nitrogen and nitrogen compounds in Pleurotus ostreatus, cultivated on waste materials, corn straw and maize residues, was investigated. The results show that this organism has a considerable ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, fixing 312 g of total nitrogen per 100 kg dry weight. When recalculating with respect to a decrease of the substrate during growth of the organism a value of 9.7 mg per 1 g of the decrease in material is obtained. Fruiting bodies, as well as the produced substrate contain 17-19 amino acids. In the produced substrate the content of the protein nitrogen represents only 30% of the total. It can concluded that Pleurotus ostreatus yields a suitable raw material in the food industry and possibly also a fodder based on the basis of solid, cellulose-containing wastes.", "contents": "The balance of nitrogen and composition of proteins in Pleurotus ostreatus grown on natural substrates. The balance of nitrogen and nitrogen compounds in Pleurotus ostreatus, cultivated on waste materials, corn straw and maize residues, was investigated. The results show that this organism has a considerable ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, fixing 312 g of total nitrogen per 100 kg dry weight. When recalculating with respect to a decrease of the substrate during growth of the organism a value of 9.7 mg per 1 g of the decrease in material is obtained. Fruiting bodies, as well as the produced substrate contain 17-19 amino acids. In the produced substrate the content of the protein nitrogen represents only 30% of the total. It can concluded that Pleurotus ostreatus yields a suitable raw material in the food industry and possibly also a fodder based on the basis of solid, cellulose-containing wastes.", "PMID": 1170126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2847", "title": "Cyclic kinetics and mathematical expression of the primary immune response. Cyclic kinetics of antibody-forming cells following immunization with Salmonella typhi O-antigen.", "content": "The kinetics of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen of rats immunized with Salmonella typhi O-antigen was investigated. The number of nucleated cells of spleen and blood serum antibody titres in passive haemagglutination were determined in parallel. Cyclic changes in the number of antibody-forming cells were detected as three peaks on the 4th, 9th, and 13th days following immunization. The fluctuations of their number were not related to the total number of nucleated cells of spleen. The antibody titres reached their peak on the 10th day following immunization, decreased by the 14th day and rose again on the 16th day after immunization. Repeated increases of the number of AFC were probably due to the regular, not accidental, recruitment of committed precursors cells (memory cells).", "contents": "Cyclic kinetics and mathematical expression of the primary immune response. Cyclic kinetics of antibody-forming cells following immunization with Salmonella typhi O-antigen. The kinetics of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen of rats immunized with Salmonella typhi O-antigen was investigated. The number of nucleated cells of spleen and blood serum antibody titres in passive haemagglutination were determined in parallel. Cyclic changes in the number of antibody-forming cells were detected as three peaks on the 4th, 9th, and 13th days following immunization. The fluctuations of their number were not related to the total number of nucleated cells of spleen. The antibody titres reached their peak on the 10th day following immunization, decreased by the 14th day and rose again on the 16th day after immunization. Repeated increases of the number of AFC were probably due to the regular, not accidental, recruitment of committed precursors cells (memory cells).", "PMID": 1170127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2848", "title": "Rabbit immunoglobulin responses to the flagella, somatic, and protective antigens of a highly protective strain of Clostridium chauvoei.", "content": "The immunoglobulin response of rabbits to the flagells (H), somatic (O), and protective antigens of a highly protective strain of Clostridium chauvoei was studied using antisera that had been fractionated by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The H antigen elicited the characteristic agglutinin response to a protein antigen--early production of 19S globulin followed by persistent 7S globulin production. The O antigen stimulated a transient agglutinin response which was detected in both the 19S and 7S serum fractions. Protective antibody was assayed by passive protection tests in mice. Using these tests the protective activity of the rabbit sera was found to be confined exclusively to the 7S serum fractions. Purified immunoglobulin G, prepared by DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the above sera, was also tested and found to confer considerable passive protection on mice. It is considered that either the protective antigen fails to stimulate an immunoglobulin M response or that immunoglobulin M is relatively ineffective in conferring protection against infection in the mouse passive protection tests.", "contents": "Rabbit immunoglobulin responses to the flagella, somatic, and protective antigens of a highly protective strain of Clostridium chauvoei. The immunoglobulin response of rabbits to the flagells (H), somatic (O), and protective antigens of a highly protective strain of Clostridium chauvoei was studied using antisera that had been fractionated by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The H antigen elicited the characteristic agglutinin response to a protein antigen--early production of 19S globulin followed by persistent 7S globulin production. The O antigen stimulated a transient agglutinin response which was detected in both the 19S and 7S serum fractions. Protective antibody was assayed by passive protection tests in mice. Using these tests the protective activity of the rabbit sera was found to be confined exclusively to the 7S serum fractions. Purified immunoglobulin G, prepared by DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the above sera, was also tested and found to confer considerable passive protection on mice. It is considered that either the protective antigen fails to stimulate an immunoglobulin M response or that immunoglobulin M is relatively ineffective in conferring protection against infection in the mouse passive protection tests.", "PMID": 1170136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2849", "title": "Relationship of immunotherapy, seasonal pollen exposure and clinical response to serum concentrations of total IgE and ragweed-specific IgE.", "content": "The relationship of immunotherapy, seasonal pollen exposure and clinical results to serum total IgE and ragweed-specific IgE was studied in a group of 63 highly ragweed-sensitive individuals. Both immunological parameters rose after small doses of immunotherapy. After larger doses, IgE antibodies fell. Immunotherapy inhibited the seasonal rise in ragweed IgE antibodies, which occurs in nonimmunized patients. This decrease in IgE antibodies and inhibition of seasonal rise was associated with a good clinical response. This immunological pattern and concomitant successful clinical result appeared related to high-dose immunotherapy.", "contents": "Relationship of immunotherapy, seasonal pollen exposure and clinical response to serum concentrations of total IgE and ragweed-specific IgE. The relationship of immunotherapy, seasonal pollen exposure and clinical results to serum total IgE and ragweed-specific IgE was studied in a group of 63 highly ragweed-sensitive individuals. Both immunological parameters rose after small doses of immunotherapy. After larger doses, IgE antibodies fell. Immunotherapy inhibited the seasonal rise in ragweed IgE antibodies, which occurs in nonimmunized patients. This decrease in IgE antibodies and inhibition of seasonal rise was associated with a good clinical response. This immunological pattern and concomitant successful clinical result appeared related to high-dose immunotherapy.", "PMID": 1170137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2850", "title": "Asthma in the highlands of New Guinea Total IgE levels and incidence of IgE antibodies to house dust mite and Ascaris lumbricoides.", "content": "Serum IgE levels in adults from the Highland area of Papua-New Guinea were considerably elevated above those found for Caucasian residents in Australia and most Western countries. The median IgE value for the asthmatic group in New Guinea was significantly (p less than 0.01) elevated above that of control subjects. Identification of IgE antibodies by the radio-allergosorbent test to house dust mite showed an 85-percent correlation with the results of skin reactions to extracts of the mite. 90% of the asthmatic subjects had IgE antibodies to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus compared with 23% of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and 6% of controls (p less than 0.0001). No significant difference was found in the incidence of IgE antibodies to Ascaris lumbricoides in asthmatic versus control subjects but the incidence was elevated (p less than 0.005) in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Apparently hypersensitivity to Ascaris is not a factor of importance in the aetiology of asthma in New Guinea.", "contents": "Asthma in the highlands of New Guinea Total IgE levels and incidence of IgE antibodies to house dust mite and Ascaris lumbricoides. Serum IgE levels in adults from the Highland area of Papua-New Guinea were considerably elevated above those found for Caucasian residents in Australia and most Western countries. The median IgE value for the asthmatic group in New Guinea was significantly (p less than 0.01) elevated above that of control subjects. Identification of IgE antibodies by the radio-allergosorbent test to house dust mite showed an 85-percent correlation with the results of skin reactions to extracts of the mite. 90% of the asthmatic subjects had IgE antibodies to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus compared with 23% of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and 6% of controls (p less than 0.0001). No significant difference was found in the incidence of IgE antibodies to Ascaris lumbricoides in asthmatic versus control subjects but the incidence was elevated (p less than 0.005) in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Apparently hypersensitivity to Ascaris is not a factor of importance in the aetiology of asthma in New Guinea.", "PMID": 1170138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2851", "title": "Naloxone-induced jumping in morphine dependent mice: stimulus control and motivation.", "content": "When naloxone-precipitated abstinence occurs in morphine-dependent mice, they exhibit stereotyped jumping. The number of jumps has been used as an abstinence measure and the motivation for them described as 'escape'. Studies were designed to assess stimulus control and motivation here. Groups of ten dependent and ten saline mice were singly tested in both light and dark conditions in each of five covered cylinders (2-23 in high). Jumps were recorded automatically for 10 min after 10 mg/kg naloxone. At 2 in, which permitted tactile contact with the cover, no jumps occurred in the light or the dark; at 5-11 in, a high incidence of jumping occurred in both the light and the dark; at 23 in, too high for the animal to reach, relatively few jumps occurred in the light but many occurred in the dark. In another study, similar groups were singly tested in the light after naloxone on each of five circular platforms (18 in high, 3-48 in diameter). As the diameter increased, the number of mice jumping to the floor showed a linear decrease concomitant with an increase in latency. This suggests that jumping is controlled by visual and tactile cues; mice do not jump when escape is prevented by a cover which can be touched or a height which cannot be reached; but do jump when such cues are eliminated by intermediate heights or darkness. Latency varies with size of immediate explorable environment.", "contents": "Naloxone-induced jumping in morphine dependent mice: stimulus control and motivation. When naloxone-precipitated abstinence occurs in morphine-dependent mice, they exhibit stereotyped jumping. The number of jumps has been used as an abstinence measure and the motivation for them described as 'escape'. Studies were designed to assess stimulus control and motivation here. Groups of ten dependent and ten saline mice were singly tested in both light and dark conditions in each of five covered cylinders (2-23 in high). Jumps were recorded automatically for 10 min after 10 mg/kg naloxone. At 2 in, which permitted tactile contact with the cover, no jumps occurred in the light or the dark; at 5-11 in, a high incidence of jumping occurred in both the light and the dark; at 23 in, too high for the animal to reach, relatively few jumps occurred in the light but many occurred in the dark. In another study, similar groups were singly tested in the light after naloxone on each of five circular platforms (18 in high, 3-48 in diameter). As the diameter increased, the number of mice jumping to the floor showed a linear decrease concomitant with an increase in latency. This suggests that jumping is controlled by visual and tactile cues; mice do not jump when escape is prevented by a cover which can be touched or a height which cannot be reached; but do jump when such cues are eliminated by intermediate heights or darkness. Latency varies with size of immediate explorable environment.", "PMID": 1170143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2852", "title": "Neuroleptic action of clozapine injected into various brain areas in rats.", "content": "Bilateral microinjections of clozapine into the corpus striatum of rats antagonize amphetamine-induced stereotypy, and develops catalepsy. These two neuroleptic effects are not seen after subcutaneous or oral administration of clozapine. The effects were a little weaker than those seen after chlorpromazine. No neuroleptic effects were observed, when placebo was injected intrastriatally, nor when clozapine was injected into the hippocampus or the thalamus.", "contents": "Neuroleptic action of clozapine injected into various brain areas in rats. Bilateral microinjections of clozapine into the corpus striatum of rats antagonize amphetamine-induced stereotypy, and develops catalepsy. These two neuroleptic effects are not seen after subcutaneous or oral administration of clozapine. The effects were a little weaker than those seen after chlorpromazine. No neuroleptic effects were observed, when placebo was injected intrastriatally, nor when clozapine was injected into the hippocampus or the thalamus.", "PMID": 1170144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2853", "title": "Metabolic DNA in the hepatocyte nuclei in newborn rats.", "content": "The behaviour in time of labelled nuclear DNA in the hepatocytes of newborn rats was studied using autoradiographic and biochemical techniques in two groups of experiments. In the first group H-3-thymidine was injected to the mothers at the 16th day of pregnancy and the amount of labelled DNA was evaluated in the newborns after delivery. In the second group H-3-thymidine was injected to the newborns two hours after birth and the labelled DNA was studied at the same time intervals as the first group. The amount of labelled thymidine incorporated into the first group of animals remains constant for the first three days of life, thereafter a reduction in specific activity of DNA is observed concomitant with an increase of the percentage of labelled nuclei and a decrease of the number of grains per nucleus. These results show that mitotic divisions, which are absent during the first three days of life, take place between the third and sixth days of life. The decrease of the specific activity is therefore due to dilution and not to loss of labelled DNA. In the second group of experiments the DNA labelled with H-3-thymidine shows a decrease by about 30--40% per day during the first three days of life accompanied by a decrease in the number of grains per nucleus without changes in the percentage of labelled nuclei. These data show that DNA synthesized during the first day after birth is metabolically unstable, unlike that synthesized during foetal life.", "contents": "Metabolic DNA in the hepatocyte nuclei in newborn rats. The behaviour in time of labelled nuclear DNA in the hepatocytes of newborn rats was studied using autoradiographic and biochemical techniques in two groups of experiments. In the first group H-3-thymidine was injected to the mothers at the 16th day of pregnancy and the amount of labelled DNA was evaluated in the newborns after delivery. In the second group H-3-thymidine was injected to the newborns two hours after birth and the labelled DNA was studied at the same time intervals as the first group. The amount of labelled thymidine incorporated into the first group of animals remains constant for the first three days of life, thereafter a reduction in specific activity of DNA is observed concomitant with an increase of the percentage of labelled nuclei and a decrease of the number of grains per nucleus. These results show that mitotic divisions, which are absent during the first three days of life, take place between the third and sixth days of life. The decrease of the specific activity is therefore due to dilution and not to loss of labelled DNA. In the second group of experiments the DNA labelled with H-3-thymidine shows a decrease by about 30--40% per day during the first three days of life accompanied by a decrease in the number of grains per nucleus without changes in the percentage of labelled nuclei. These data show that DNA synthesized during the first day after birth is metabolically unstable, unlike that synthesized during foetal life.", "PMID": 1170148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2854", "title": "The response of iliac lymph nodes to the fetal allograft.", "content": "It is well known that large pyroninophilic cell proliferation in regional lymphoid tissue preceds and accompanies cell-mediated immunological reactions. In the present study of lymph node responses in the pregnant rat it was found that there were no significant differences between large pyronionphilic cell counts from iliac nodes (which drain the uterus) and popliteal lymph nodes, in either virgin or delivered rats. The iliac large pyronionphilic cell count, however, rose significantly in early pregnancy, fell in late pregnancy and returned to virigin levels after delivery, whereas the popliteal large pyronionphilic cell count showed no significant change during pregnancy. It is also well established that plasma cell proliferation in regional lymphoid tissue precedes and accompanies antibody synthesis. In the present studies the plasma cell count in iliac nodes rose significantly and progressively during pregnancy, while in popliteal nodes it rose significantly only in late pregnancy. There was no significant difference between the plasma cell counts of iliac and popliteal nodes in virgin animals. In delivered animals the iliac plasma cell count was significantly greater than the popliteal count, and both were significantly greater than the corresponding virgin counts. It is concluded that the mother possesses the capacity for rejecting the conceptus, but there is some mechanism which blocks rejection.", "contents": "The response of iliac lymph nodes to the fetal allograft. It is well known that large pyroninophilic cell proliferation in regional lymphoid tissue preceds and accompanies cell-mediated immunological reactions. In the present study of lymph node responses in the pregnant rat it was found that there were no significant differences between large pyronionphilic cell counts from iliac nodes (which drain the uterus) and popliteal lymph nodes, in either virgin or delivered rats. The iliac large pyronionphilic cell count, however, rose significantly in early pregnancy, fell in late pregnancy and returned to virigin levels after delivery, whereas the popliteal large pyronionphilic cell count showed no significant change during pregnancy. It is also well established that plasma cell proliferation in regional lymphoid tissue precedes and accompanies antibody synthesis. In the present studies the plasma cell count in iliac nodes rose significantly and progressively during pregnancy, while in popliteal nodes it rose significantly only in late pregnancy. There was no significant difference between the plasma cell counts of iliac and popliteal nodes in virgin animals. In delivered animals the iliac plasma cell count was significantly greater than the popliteal count, and both were significantly greater than the corresponding virgin counts. It is concluded that the mother possesses the capacity for rejecting the conceptus, but there is some mechanism which blocks rejection.", "PMID": 1170150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2855", "title": "Collaborative study of a method for the extraction of light filth from crushed red peppers.", "content": "A new method was developed for the extraction of light filth from crushed red peppers. The method utilizes an isoprapanol defatting of the product followed by separation of light filth elements with mineral oil and n-heptane (85+15) in a 2 L trap flask. Collaborative studies resulted in good recoveries of light filth spike elements and clean extration papers. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of a method for the extraction of light filth from crushed red peppers. A new method was developed for the extraction of light filth from crushed red peppers. The method utilizes an isoprapanol defatting of the product followed by separation of light filth elements with mineral oil and n-heptane (85+15) in a 2 L trap flask. Collaborative studies resulted in good recoveries of light filth spike elements and clean extration papers. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 1170161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2856", "title": "Collaborative study of a method for the extraction of light filth from whole, cracked, or flaked and ground spices.", "content": "An improved method has been developed for the extraction of light filth from whole, cracked, or flaked spices (basil, bay leaves, clery leaves, chervil, chives, dill weed, mint flakes, parsley, rosemary, sage, tarragon, thyme, and vegetable flakes) and from ground spices (cloves, cumin, marjoram, mustard seed, oregano, sage, and thyme). The method involves a chloroform or isopropanol defatting, followed by a direct flotation from 40% isopropanol with Tween 80-EDTA (1+1) and mineral oil-heptane (85+15). Collaborative results show that the proposed method is more rapid to perform and yields better filth recoveries than the official first action methods for ground spices, 44.116, and whole, cracked, or flaked spices, 44.129. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of a method for the extraction of light filth from whole, cracked, or flaked and ground spices. An improved method has been developed for the extraction of light filth from whole, cracked, or flaked spices (basil, bay leaves, clery leaves, chervil, chives, dill weed, mint flakes, parsley, rosemary, sage, tarragon, thyme, and vegetable flakes) and from ground spices (cloves, cumin, marjoram, mustard seed, oregano, sage, and thyme). The method involves a chloroform or isopropanol defatting, followed by a direct flotation from 40% isopropanol with Tween 80-EDTA (1+1) and mineral oil-heptane (85+15). Collaborative results show that the proposed method is more rapid to perform and yields better filth recoveries than the official first action methods for ground spices, 44.116, and whole, cracked, or flaked spices, 44.129. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 1170162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2857", "title": "Collaborative study of a method for the extraction of light filth from ground turmeric.", "content": "An improved method has been developed for the extraction of light filth from ground turmeric. The method involves an isopropanol defatting followed by a direct flotation from 40% isopropanol with Tween 80-EDTA (1+1) and hot mineral oil. Collaborative results show that the method is rapid and yields better filth recoveries than the official first action method, 44.118. The method has been adopted as official first action to replace 44.118.", "contents": "Collaborative study of a method for the extraction of light filth from ground turmeric. An improved method has been developed for the extraction of light filth from ground turmeric. The method involves an isopropanol defatting followed by a direct flotation from 40% isopropanol with Tween 80-EDTA (1+1) and hot mineral oil. Collaborative results show that the method is rapid and yields better filth recoveries than the official first action method, 44.118. The method has been adopted as official first action to replace 44.118.", "PMID": 1170163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2858", "title": "Collaborative study of the determination of available lysine in proteins and feeds.", "content": "In the proposed method 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) is reacted with the free epsilon-amino groups in protein of form DNFB-epsilon-amino lysine which is stable to acid hydrolysis. The sample is acid hydrolyzed and unavailable lysine is determined with an amino acid analyzer; total lysine is determined on the untreated sample. The available lysine, which was bound by DNFB, is determined by difference. The available lysine has been determined in 3 samples of 44% protein soybean meal by 5 collaborators, following the method outlined. The range for available lysine in reference standard 1 was 2.02-2.14%, in reference standard 2, 2.59-2.73% and in reference standard 3, 0.55-0.91%. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of the determination of available lysine in proteins and feeds. In the proposed method 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) is reacted with the free epsilon-amino groups in protein of form DNFB-epsilon-amino lysine which is stable to acid hydrolysis. The sample is acid hydrolyzed and unavailable lysine is determined with an amino acid analyzer; total lysine is determined on the untreated sample. The available lysine, which was bound by DNFB, is determined by difference. The available lysine has been determined in 3 samples of 44% protein soybean meal by 5 collaborators, following the method outlined. The range for available lysine in reference standard 1 was 2.02-2.14%, in reference standard 2, 2.59-2.73% and in reference standard 3, 0.55-0.91%. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 1170164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2859", "title": "A convenient thin layer chromatographic cleanup procedure for screening several mycotoxins in oils.", "content": "A thin layer chromatographic cleanup development with benzene-hexane (3+1) effectively removed lipids and some contaminants from mixtures of mycotoxins in corn oil, olive oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, and seed extracts. A second development in the same direction as the first, using toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid (6+3+1) or benzene-acetic acid (9+1), separated the mycotoxins. Satisfactory separation was achieved for commercial oils spiked with sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, ochratoxins A, B, and C, and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2. This technique permits detection of 5 ppb aflatoxin B1 in corn.", "contents": "A convenient thin layer chromatographic cleanup procedure for screening several mycotoxins in oils. A thin layer chromatographic cleanup development with benzene-hexane (3+1) effectively removed lipids and some contaminants from mixtures of mycotoxins in corn oil, olive oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, and seed extracts. A second development in the same direction as the first, using toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid (6+3+1) or benzene-acetic acid (9+1), separated the mycotoxins. Satisfactory separation was achieved for commercial oils spiked with sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, ochratoxins A, B, and C, and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2. This technique permits detection of 5 ppb aflatoxin B1 in corn.", "PMID": 1170165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2860", "title": "Ultrastructure of methanol-utilizing yeast cells: appearance of microbodies in relation to high catalase activity.", "content": "Nine strains of methanol-utilizing yeasts belonging to the genera Candida, Hansenula, Kloeckera, Pichia, and Torulopsis were examined with respect to the interrelationship between their catalase content and ultrastructure. Methanol-grown cells of all the yeasts tested showed higher catalase activities than the respective ethanol- and glucose-grown cells. In connection with this, occurrence of a specific organelle surrounded by a single-unit membrane (\"microbodies\") was observed only in the methanol-grown cells. Several morphological differences were observed between the microbodies of methanol-utilizing yeasts and those of hydrocarbon-utilizing yeasts such as Candida tropicalis. That is, microbodies of methanol utilizers were large in size, existed in closely associated forms, and had crystalloid structures. Localization of catalase activity in these microbodies was demonstrated cytochemically by use of 3,3'-diaminobenzidene. Especially, 3,3'-diaminobenzidine reaction product accumulated heavily in crystalloids of yeast microbodies.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of methanol-utilizing yeast cells: appearance of microbodies in relation to high catalase activity. Nine strains of methanol-utilizing yeasts belonging to the genera Candida, Hansenula, Kloeckera, Pichia, and Torulopsis were examined with respect to the interrelationship between their catalase content and ultrastructure. Methanol-grown cells of all the yeasts tested showed higher catalase activities than the respective ethanol- and glucose-grown cells. In connection with this, occurrence of a specific organelle surrounded by a single-unit membrane (\"microbodies\") was observed only in the methanol-grown cells. Several morphological differences were observed between the microbodies of methanol-utilizing yeasts and those of hydrocarbon-utilizing yeasts such as Candida tropicalis. That is, microbodies of methanol utilizers were large in size, existed in closely associated forms, and had crystalloid structures. Localization of catalase activity in these microbodies was demonstrated cytochemically by use of 3,3'-diaminobenzidene. Especially, 3,3'-diaminobenzidine reaction product accumulated heavily in crystalloids of yeast microbodies.", "PMID": 1170166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2861", "title": "Activation and inactivation of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase with pyridoxal compounds.", "content": "Pyridoxal compounds can either activate or inactivate horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase in differential labeling experiments. Amino groups outside of the active sites were modified with ethyl acetimidate, while the amino groups in the active sites were protected by the formation of the complex with NAD-plus and pyrazole. After removal of the NAD-plus and pyranzole, the partially acetimidylated enzyme was reductively alkylated with pyridoxal and NaBH4, with the incorporation of one pyridoxal group per subunit of the enzyme. The turnover numbers for the reaction of NAD-plus and ethanol increased by 15-fold, and for NADH and acetaldehyde by 32-fold. The Michaelis and inhibition constants increased 80-fold or more. Pyridoxal phosphate and NaBH4 also modified one group per subunit, but the turnover numbers decreased by 10-fold and the kinetic constants were intermediate between those obtained for pyridoxyl alcohol dehydrogenase and the partially acetimidylated enzyme. With native enzyme, the rates of dissociation of the enzyme-coenzyme complexes are rate-limiting in the catalytic reactions. The pyridoxyl enzyme is activated because the rates of dissociation of the enzyme-coenzyme complexes are increased. The rates of binding of coenzyme to phosphopyridoxyl enzyme have decreased due to the introduction of the negatively charged phosphate. The size of the group is not responsible for this decrease since these rates are not greatly decreased by the incorporation of pyridoxal. For both pyrodoxal and phosphopyridoxyl alcohol dehydrogenases, the interconversion of the ternary complex is at least partially rate-limiting. Chymotryptic-tryptic digestion of pryidoxyl enzyme produced a major peptide corresponding to residues 219 to 229, in which Lys 228 had reacted with pyridoxal. The same lysine residue reacted with pyridoxal phosphate.", "contents": "Activation and inactivation of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase with pyridoxal compounds. Pyridoxal compounds can either activate or inactivate horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase in differential labeling experiments. Amino groups outside of the active sites were modified with ethyl acetimidate, while the amino groups in the active sites were protected by the formation of the complex with NAD-plus and pyrazole. After removal of the NAD-plus and pyranzole, the partially acetimidylated enzyme was reductively alkylated with pyridoxal and NaBH4, with the incorporation of one pyridoxal group per subunit of the enzyme. The turnover numbers for the reaction of NAD-plus and ethanol increased by 15-fold, and for NADH and acetaldehyde by 32-fold. The Michaelis and inhibition constants increased 80-fold or more. Pyridoxal phosphate and NaBH4 also modified one group per subunit, but the turnover numbers decreased by 10-fold and the kinetic constants were intermediate between those obtained for pyridoxyl alcohol dehydrogenase and the partially acetimidylated enzyme. With native enzyme, the rates of dissociation of the enzyme-coenzyme complexes are rate-limiting in the catalytic reactions. The pyridoxyl enzyme is activated because the rates of dissociation of the enzyme-coenzyme complexes are increased. The rates of binding of coenzyme to phosphopyridoxyl enzyme have decreased due to the introduction of the negatively charged phosphate. The size of the group is not responsible for this decrease since these rates are not greatly decreased by the incorporation of pyridoxal. For both pyrodoxal and phosphopyridoxyl alcohol dehydrogenases, the interconversion of the ternary complex is at least partially rate-limiting. Chymotryptic-tryptic digestion of pryidoxyl enzyme produced a major peptide corresponding to residues 219 to 229, in which Lys 228 had reacted with pyridoxal. The same lysine residue reacted with pyridoxal phosphate.", "PMID": 1170167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2862", "title": "Inhibition of initiation of protein synthesis in mammalian tissue culture cells by L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone.", "content": "Incorporation of amino acids into proteins in HeLa cells, virus-transformed 3T3 mouse fibroblasts, and mouse plasmacytoma cells is inhibited after the addition of L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, an alkylating agent and chymotrypsin-specific protease inhibitor. Addition of this drug to tissue culture cells at concentrations of 20 to 30 mug per ml results in an irreversible inhibition of the incorporation of amino acids into cellular proteins, and a rapid and complete breakdown of polyribosomes. A comparative study examining the effects of L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone and several known inhibitors of in vivo protein synthesis, with known mechanisms of action, revealed that an optimal concentration of L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone: (a) immediately and selectively inhibits initiation of protein synthesis, (b) does not significantly affect normal elongation rates, and (c) does not promote a premature release of nascent peptides. L-1-Tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromenthyl ketone may prove to be a useful tool in investigating the initiatior of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of initiation of protein synthesis in mammalian tissue culture cells by L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone. Incorporation of amino acids into proteins in HeLa cells, virus-transformed 3T3 mouse fibroblasts, and mouse plasmacytoma cells is inhibited after the addition of L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, an alkylating agent and chymotrypsin-specific protease inhibitor. Addition of this drug to tissue culture cells at concentrations of 20 to 30 mug per ml results in an irreversible inhibition of the incorporation of amino acids into cellular proteins, and a rapid and complete breakdown of polyribosomes. A comparative study examining the effects of L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone and several known inhibitors of in vivo protein synthesis, with known mechanisms of action, revealed that an optimal concentration of L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone: (a) immediately and selectively inhibits initiation of protein synthesis, (b) does not significantly affect normal elongation rates, and (c) does not promote a premature release of nascent peptides. L-1-Tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromenthyl ketone may prove to be a useful tool in investigating the initiatior of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells.", "PMID": 1170168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2863", "title": "Lipid specificity of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activation.", "content": "Beef heart mitochondrial beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase forms a catalytically active complex with lecithin and is inactive in the absence of lecithin. The specificity of the activation process was probed by studying the interaction of the enzyme with phospholipids and other compounds. The compounds were tested for their ability to form active complexes with the enzyme, for the stability of the complex formed, and for the correlation between the activator concentration and the level activation. The phospholipids tested were synthetic lecithins varying in the length (C2 to C18) and degree of unsaturation of the aliphatic chains and in the stereochemistry and type of linkage from the aliphatic chain to the glycerol moiety, synthetic and egg yolk lysolecithins, stearylphosphorylcholine, egg yolk phosphatidylethanolamine, egg yolk phosphatidyl-O-serine, and synthetic cardiolipins. Lecithins, lysolecithins, and stearylphosphoryl-choline form active complexes with the enzyme; the L-alpha-diC4:0 is the smallest lecithin forming an active complex and L-alpha-C12:0 is the smallest lysolecithin. Glycerophosphorycholine, mytistoylcholine, N-trimethyl-n-dodecylamine, decamethonium, sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X-100, and Lubrol do not activate the enzyme. A hydrophobic chain followed sequentially by a negative and a positive charge, as in stearylphosphorylcholine, is the minimal structural requirement of an activator. However, the stability of the enzyme-activator complex depends strongly on the aggregation state of the activators, complexes of appreciable stability being formed only with those phospholipids which exist in bilayer membrane-like structures. Thus, lecithins with long aliphatic chains (C9 to C18) form active and stable complexes with the enzyme. The maximal activity and the strength of the lipid-protein interactions depend on the nature of the aliphatic chains of the lipids. Lecithins with saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chains activate the enzyme, but the latter form somewhat more stable complexes. The enzyme-activator interactions in the bilayers can be qualitatively understood in terms of competition between lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions: the strength of the interaction between the protein and phosphatidylcholines decreases as the crystalline to amorphous phase transition temperature, which is a measure of the strength of lipid-lipid interactions, increases...", "contents": "Lipid specificity of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activation. Beef heart mitochondrial beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase forms a catalytically active complex with lecithin and is inactive in the absence of lecithin. The specificity of the activation process was probed by studying the interaction of the enzyme with phospholipids and other compounds. The compounds were tested for their ability to form active complexes with the enzyme, for the stability of the complex formed, and for the correlation between the activator concentration and the level activation. The phospholipids tested were synthetic lecithins varying in the length (C2 to C18) and degree of unsaturation of the aliphatic chains and in the stereochemistry and type of linkage from the aliphatic chain to the glycerol moiety, synthetic and egg yolk lysolecithins, stearylphosphorylcholine, egg yolk phosphatidylethanolamine, egg yolk phosphatidyl-O-serine, and synthetic cardiolipins. Lecithins, lysolecithins, and stearylphosphoryl-choline form active complexes with the enzyme; the L-alpha-diC4:0 is the smallest lecithin forming an active complex and L-alpha-C12:0 is the smallest lysolecithin. Glycerophosphorycholine, mytistoylcholine, N-trimethyl-n-dodecylamine, decamethonium, sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X-100, and Lubrol do not activate the enzyme. A hydrophobic chain followed sequentially by a negative and a positive charge, as in stearylphosphorylcholine, is the minimal structural requirement of an activator. However, the stability of the enzyme-activator complex depends strongly on the aggregation state of the activators, complexes of appreciable stability being formed only with those phospholipids which exist in bilayer membrane-like structures. Thus, lecithins with long aliphatic chains (C9 to C18) form active and stable complexes with the enzyme. The maximal activity and the strength of the lipid-protein interactions depend on the nature of the aliphatic chains of the lipids. Lecithins with saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chains activate the enzyme, but the latter form somewhat more stable complexes. The enzyme-activator interactions in the bilayers can be qualitatively understood in terms of competition between lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions: the strength of the interaction between the protein and phosphatidylcholines decreases as the crystalline to amorphous phase transition temperature, which is a measure of the strength of lipid-lipid interactions, increases...", "PMID": 1170169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2864", "title": "Purification, properties, and crystallographic data for a principal nontoxic lectin from seeds of Abrus precatorius.", "content": "Nontoxic abrus lectin has been prepared by a new purification procedure. The method is accomplished by 45% saturation ammonium sulfate fractionation from a 5% acetic acid extract of the seeds of Abrus precatorius followed by diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-50 and Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The abrus lectin appeared homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis, analytical ultracentrifugation, and isoelectric focusing. The lectin molecule has a weight of 126,000 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium. It is composed of four subunits, of which two pairs have either identical or closely similar molecular sizes (33,800 and 32,200 daltons) as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The results of amino acid analyses are given; none of the cysteic acid appears to arise from cysteine. An electrofocusing experiment indicated the isoelectric point to be 5.0. Crystals large enough for x-ray investigation were obtained by a vapor diffusion technique. X-ray precession photographs revealed that abrus lectin crystallizes in a tetragonal unit cell of symmetry P41212 and dimensions a = 140 and c = 210 A. The asymmetric unit contains 2 protein molecules of molecular weight 126,000 and has a solvent content of approximately 41% by volume.", "contents": "Purification, properties, and crystallographic data for a principal nontoxic lectin from seeds of Abrus precatorius. Nontoxic abrus lectin has been prepared by a new purification procedure. The method is accomplished by 45% saturation ammonium sulfate fractionation from a 5% acetic acid extract of the seeds of Abrus precatorius followed by diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-50 and Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The abrus lectin appeared homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis, analytical ultracentrifugation, and isoelectric focusing. The lectin molecule has a weight of 126,000 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium. It is composed of four subunits, of which two pairs have either identical or closely similar molecular sizes (33,800 and 32,200 daltons) as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The results of amino acid analyses are given; none of the cysteic acid appears to arise from cysteine. An electrofocusing experiment indicated the isoelectric point to be 5.0. Crystals large enough for x-ray investigation were obtained by a vapor diffusion technique. X-ray precession photographs revealed that abrus lectin crystallizes in a tetragonal unit cell of symmetry P41212 and dimensions a = 140 and c = 210 A. The asymmetric unit contains 2 protein molecules of molecular weight 126,000 and has a solvent content of approximately 41% by volume.", "PMID": 1170170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2865", "title": "Pressure-induced depolymerization of spindle microtubules. II. Thermodynamics of in vivo spindle assembly.", "content": "The present experiments were designed to test whether the simple equilibrium assembly model proposed by Inou\u00e9 could predict variations in spindle microtubule assembly in response to changes in hydrostatic pressure as it does for changes in temperature. The results were also analyzed according to a model based on nucleated condensation polymerization since this recently appears to be the mechanism by which purified brain microtubules are assembled in vitro. Equilibrium birefringence (BR) of the meiotic metaphase-arrested spindle was measured in vivo as a function of hydrostatic pressure and temperature in Chaetopterus oocytes using a miniature microscope pressure chamber. Increasing pressure in steps to 3,000 psi at temperatures below 22 degrees C did produce decreases in spindle equilibrium BR predictable directly from the simple equilibrium model of spindle assembly. Thermodynamic analysis of the pressure data yielded a value of delta V congruent to 400 ml/mol of polymerizing unit. Theoretical curves based on the nucleated condensation model can also be made to fit the data, but semilog plots of the dependence of the equilibrium constant versus pressure and versus reciprocal temperature are biphasic, suggesting that either the size of the polymerizing unit changes or more than one equilibrium constant governs the assembly reaction. That the same value of delta V, 90 ml/mol, was estimated from both the majority of the spindle BR data and data for the assembly of neural microtubules in vitro supports the possibility that spindle microtubules are assembled by a nucleated condensation mechanism.", "contents": "Pressure-induced depolymerization of spindle microtubules. II. Thermodynamics of in vivo spindle assembly. The present experiments were designed to test whether the simple equilibrium assembly model proposed by Inou\u00e9 could predict variations in spindle microtubule assembly in response to changes in hydrostatic pressure as it does for changes in temperature. The results were also analyzed according to a model based on nucleated condensation polymerization since this recently appears to be the mechanism by which purified brain microtubules are assembled in vitro. Equilibrium birefringence (BR) of the meiotic metaphase-arrested spindle was measured in vivo as a function of hydrostatic pressure and temperature in Chaetopterus oocytes using a miniature microscope pressure chamber. Increasing pressure in steps to 3,000 psi at temperatures below 22 degrees C did produce decreases in spindle equilibrium BR predictable directly from the simple equilibrium model of spindle assembly. Thermodynamic analysis of the pressure data yielded a value of delta V congruent to 400 ml/mol of polymerizing unit. Theoretical curves based on the nucleated condensation model can also be made to fit the data, but semilog plots of the dependence of the equilibrium constant versus pressure and versus reciprocal temperature are biphasic, suggesting that either the size of the polymerizing unit changes or more than one equilibrium constant governs the assembly reaction. That the same value of delta V, 90 ml/mol, was estimated from both the majority of the spindle BR data and data for the assembly of neural microtubules in vitro supports the possibility that spindle microtubules are assembled by a nucleated condensation mechanism.", "PMID": 1170171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2866", "title": "Inhibition by colchicine of the mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes prior to the S phase.", "content": "Colchicine, vinblastine, and vincristine inhibit the mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes by concanavalin A as measured by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine and the appearance of blast cells. The inhibitory effect of colchicine could not be accounted for by diminution in cell viability or by metaphase arrest of mitosis in the stimulated cells. Moreover, the inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation was not due to blockage of thymidine transport or inhibition of DNA synthesis inasmuch as addition of colchicine had no effect on cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. The time of inhibition was correlated with the kinetics of cellular commitment to lectin activation and the kinetic data indicated that colchicine blocks stimulation early in the sequence of events following addition of the mitogen. These findings support the hypothesis that cytoplasmic microtubular function plays a role in the commitment of resting cells to undergo mitotic division.", "contents": "Inhibition by colchicine of the mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes prior to the S phase. Colchicine, vinblastine, and vincristine inhibit the mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes by concanavalin A as measured by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine and the appearance of blast cells. The inhibitory effect of colchicine could not be accounted for by diminution in cell viability or by metaphase arrest of mitosis in the stimulated cells. Moreover, the inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation was not due to blockage of thymidine transport or inhibition of DNA synthesis inasmuch as addition of colchicine had no effect on cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. The time of inhibition was correlated with the kinetics of cellular commitment to lectin activation and the kinetic data indicated that colchicine blocks stimulation early in the sequence of events following addition of the mitogen. These findings support the hypothesis that cytoplasmic microtubular function plays a role in the commitment of resting cells to undergo mitotic division.", "PMID": 1170172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2867", "title": "Detection of G1 proteins in Chinese hamster cells synchronized by isoleucine deprivation or mitotic selection.", "content": "Examination of labeling patterns of proteins in Chinese hamster cells(line CHO) revealed the presence of a class of protein(s) that is synthesized during G1 phase of the cell cycle.  Cells arrested in G1 by isoleucine (Ile) deprivation were prelabeded with [14-C]Ile, induced to traverse G1 by addition of unlabeled Ile, and labeled with [3-H]Ile at hourly intervals.  Cells were fractionated into neclear and cytoplasmic portions, and proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide get electrophoresis.  Gel profiles of proteins in the 45,000-160,000 mol wt range from the cytoplasm of cells in G1 were similar to those from cells arrested in G1 except for the presence of a mojor peak of [1-H]Ile incorporated into a protein(s) of approximately 80,000 mol wt. Peaks of net [3-H]Ile incorporation were not detected in neclear preparations.  Cellular fractionation by differential centrifugation showed the peak I protein was located in the soluble supernatant fraction of the cytoplasm.  Time-course studies showed that synthesis of this protein began 1-2 h after initiation of G1 traverse; the protein reached maximum levels in 4-6 h and was reduced to undetectable levels by 9 h.  A cytoplasmic protein with similar electrophoretic mobility was found in G1 phase of cells synchronized by mitotic selection.  This class of proteins is synthesized by cells before entry into S phase and may be involved in initiation of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Detection of G1 proteins in Chinese hamster cells synchronized by isoleucine deprivation or mitotic selection. Examination of labeling patterns of proteins in Chinese hamster cells(line CHO) revealed the presence of a class of protein(s) that is synthesized during G1 phase of the cell cycle.  Cells arrested in G1 by isoleucine (Ile) deprivation were prelabeded with [14-C]Ile, induced to traverse G1 by addition of unlabeled Ile, and labeled with [3-H]Ile at hourly intervals.  Cells were fractionated into neclear and cytoplasmic portions, and proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide get electrophoresis.  Gel profiles of proteins in the 45,000-160,000 mol wt range from the cytoplasm of cells in G1 were similar to those from cells arrested in G1 except for the presence of a mojor peak of [1-H]Ile incorporated into a protein(s) of approximately 80,000 mol wt. Peaks of net [3-H]Ile incorporation were not detected in neclear preparations.  Cellular fractionation by differential centrifugation showed the peak I protein was located in the soluble supernatant fraction of the cytoplasm.  Time-course studies showed that synthesis of this protein began 1-2 h after initiation of G1 traverse; the protein reached maximum levels in 4-6 h and was reduced to undetectable levels by 9 h.  A cytoplasmic protein with similar electrophoretic mobility was found in G1 phase of cells synchronized by mitotic selection.  This class of proteins is synthesized by cells before entry into S phase and may be involved in initiation of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1170176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2868", "title": "Effects of serum on mammary epithelial proliferation in vitro during mammary gland development.", "content": "The proliferative response of mammary gland epithelium from nonpregnant, pregnant, and lactating mice to mammary serum factor and insulin was studied in vitro. Mammary gland epiithelium from nonpregnant and lactating animals has a delayed proliferative response to mammary serum factor and insulin when compared to the response of epithelium from pregnant animals. The results show that as the animals go through pregnancy into lactation the mammary gland epithelium becomes less responsive to mammary serum factor while it retains its responsiveness to insulin. The concentration of mammary serum factor in sera from animals at various physiological stages is constant. Sera from hypophysectomized rats, on the other hand, show a 50% drop in mammary serum factor activity. This loss of activity cannot be reversed by injecting prolactin, 17-beta-estradiol, or growth hormone into the hypophysectomized animals. A hypothesis that the mammary gland is composed of two proliferative epithelial populations is developed, and the possible role of prolactin in stimulating DNA synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of serum on mammary epithelial proliferation in vitro during mammary gland development. The proliferative response of mammary gland epithelium from nonpregnant, pregnant, and lactating mice to mammary serum factor and insulin was studied in vitro. Mammary gland epiithelium from nonpregnant and lactating animals has a delayed proliferative response to mammary serum factor and insulin when compared to the response of epithelium from pregnant animals. The results show that as the animals go through pregnancy into lactation the mammary gland epithelium becomes less responsive to mammary serum factor while it retains its responsiveness to insulin. The concentration of mammary serum factor in sera from animals at various physiological stages is constant. Sera from hypophysectomized rats, on the other hand, show a 50% drop in mammary serum factor activity. This loss of activity cannot be reversed by injecting prolactin, 17-beta-estradiol, or growth hormone into the hypophysectomized animals. A hypothesis that the mammary gland is composed of two proliferative epithelial populations is developed, and the possible role of prolactin in stimulating DNA synthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 1170177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2869", "title": "Stimulation of corneal differentiation by interaction between cell surface and extracellular matrix. I. Morphometric analysis of transfilter \"induction\".", "content": "The present study was undertaken to determine whether or not physical contact with the substratum is essential for the stimulatory effect of extracellular matrix (ECM) on corneal epithelial collagen synthesis. Previous studies showed that collagenous substrata stimulate isolated epithelia to produce three times as much collagen as they produce on noncollagenous substrate; killed collagenous substrata (e.g., lens capsule) are just as effective as living substrata (e.g., living lens) in promoting the production of new corneal stroma in vitro. In the experiments to be reported here, corneal epithelia were placed on one side of Nucleopore filters of different pore sizes and killed lens capsule on the other, with the expectation that contact of the reacting cells with the lens ECM should be limited by the number and size of the cell processes that can tranverse the pores. Transfilter cultures were grown for 24 h in [3H]proline-containing median and incorporation of isotope into hot trichloroacetic acid-soluble protein was used to measure corneal epithelial collagen production. Epithelial collagen synthesis increases directly as the size of the pores in the interposed filter increases and decreases as the thickness of the filter layer increases. Cell processes within Nucleopore filters were identified with the transmission electron microscope with difficulty; with the scanning electron microscope, however, the processes could easily be seen emerging from the undersurface of even 0.1-mum pore size filters. Morphometric techniques were used to show that cell surface area thus exposed to the underlying ECM is linearly correlated with enhancement of collagen synthesis. Epithelial cell processes did not pass through ultrathin (25-mum thick) 0.45-mum pore size Millipore filters nor did \"induction\" occur across them. The results are discussed in relation to current theories of embryonic tissue interaction.", "contents": "Stimulation of corneal differentiation by interaction between cell surface and extracellular matrix. I. Morphometric analysis of transfilter \"induction\". The present study was undertaken to determine whether or not physical contact with the substratum is essential for the stimulatory effect of extracellular matrix (ECM) on corneal epithelial collagen synthesis. Previous studies showed that collagenous substrata stimulate isolated epithelia to produce three times as much collagen as they produce on noncollagenous substrate; killed collagenous substrata (e.g., lens capsule) are just as effective as living substrata (e.g., living lens) in promoting the production of new corneal stroma in vitro. In the experiments to be reported here, corneal epithelia were placed on one side of Nucleopore filters of different pore sizes and killed lens capsule on the other, with the expectation that contact of the reacting cells with the lens ECM should be limited by the number and size of the cell processes that can tranverse the pores. Transfilter cultures were grown for 24 h in [3H]proline-containing median and incorporation of isotope into hot trichloroacetic acid-soluble protein was used to measure corneal epithelial collagen production. Epithelial collagen synthesis increases directly as the size of the pores in the interposed filter increases and decreases as the thickness of the filter layer increases. Cell processes within Nucleopore filters were identified with the transmission electron microscope with difficulty; with the scanning electron microscope, however, the processes could easily be seen emerging from the undersurface of even 0.1-mum pore size filters. Morphometric techniques were used to show that cell surface area thus exposed to the underlying ECM is linearly correlated with enhancement of collagen synthesis. Epithelial cell processes did not pass through ultrathin (25-mum thick) 0.45-mum pore size Millipore filters nor did \"induction\" occur across them. The results are discussed in relation to current theories of embryonic tissue interaction.", "PMID": 1170178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2870", "title": "Occluding junctions and cell behavior in primary cultures of normal and neoplastic mammary gland cells.", "content": "Cells dissociated from normal prelactating mouse mammary glands or from spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas, when grown at high density on an impermeable substrate, form nonproliferating, confluent, epithelial pavements in which turgid, blister-like domes appear as a result of fluid accumulation beneath the cell layer. To compare the structure of the fluid-segregating cell associations in normal and tumor cell cultures with that of lactating gland in vivo, we have examined such cultures alive and in thick and thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas. Pavement cells in all cases are polarized toward the bulk medium as a lumen equivalent, with microvilli and continuous, well-developed occluding junctions at this surface. Between the pavement and the substrate are other cells, of parenchymal or stromal origin, scattered or in loose piles; these sequestered cells are relatively unpolarized and never possess occluding junctions. Small gap junctions have been found in the pavement layer, and desmosomes may link epithelial cells in any location. Under the culture conditions used, development of the epithelial secretory apparatus is not demonstrable; normal and neoplastic cells do not differ consistently in any property examined. A dome's roof is merely a raised part of the epithelial pavement and does not differ from the latter in either cell or junction structure. We suggest that dome formation demonstrates the persistence of some transport functions and of the capacity to form effective occluding junctions. These basic epithelial properties can survive both neoplastic transformation and transition to culture.", "contents": "Occluding junctions and cell behavior in primary cultures of normal and neoplastic mammary gland cells. Cells dissociated from normal prelactating mouse mammary glands or from spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas, when grown at high density on an impermeable substrate, form nonproliferating, confluent, epithelial pavements in which turgid, blister-like domes appear as a result of fluid accumulation beneath the cell layer. To compare the structure of the fluid-segregating cell associations in normal and tumor cell cultures with that of lactating gland in vivo, we have examined such cultures alive and in thick and thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas. Pavement cells in all cases are polarized toward the bulk medium as a lumen equivalent, with microvilli and continuous, well-developed occluding junctions at this surface. Between the pavement and the substrate are other cells, of parenchymal or stromal origin, scattered or in loose piles; these sequestered cells are relatively unpolarized and never possess occluding junctions. Small gap junctions have been found in the pavement layer, and desmosomes may link epithelial cells in any location. Under the culture conditions used, development of the epithelial secretory apparatus is not demonstrable; normal and neoplastic cells do not differ consistently in any property examined. A dome's roof is merely a raised part of the epithelial pavement and does not differ from the latter in either cell or junction structure. We suggest that dome formation demonstrates the persistence of some transport functions and of the capacity to form effective occluding junctions. These basic epithelial properties can survive both neoplastic transformation and transition to culture.", "PMID": 1170179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2871", "title": "Mitogenic effect of fibroblast growth factor on early passage cultures of human and murine fibroblasts.", "content": "Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), a polypeptide that has been shown to stimulate division in 3T3 cells, was tested for mitogenic effects on diploid, early-passage cells from human and murine sources. The quantitative assay of [3H]thymidine incorporation into acid-insoluble material showed that FGF at low concentrations (10 minus 9 M) was more effective than additional serum for provoking the initiation of DNA synthesis in human foreskin fibroblasts or mouse fibroblasts maintained in 5 or 10% serum, respectively. The growth of the human fibroblasts was twice as fast in the presence of FGF plus 10% calf serum as it was in the presence of 10% calf serum or 20% fetal calf serum alone. The addition of FGF to primary cultures of mouse fibroblasts in 0.4% serum resulted in a twofold increase in cell number  compared to controls. In contrast to results obtained with 3T3 cells, neither insulin nor a glucocorticoid potentiated the effects of FGF on either human or mouse cells.", "contents": "Mitogenic effect of fibroblast growth factor on early passage cultures of human and murine fibroblasts. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), a polypeptide that has been shown to stimulate division in 3T3 cells, was tested for mitogenic effects on diploid, early-passage cells from human and murine sources. The quantitative assay of [3H]thymidine incorporation into acid-insoluble material showed that FGF at low concentrations (10 minus 9 M) was more effective than additional serum for provoking the initiation of DNA synthesis in human foreskin fibroblasts or mouse fibroblasts maintained in 5 or 10% serum, respectively. The growth of the human fibroblasts was twice as fast in the presence of FGF plus 10% calf serum as it was in the presence of 10% calf serum or 20% fetal calf serum alone. The addition of FGF to primary cultures of mouse fibroblasts in 0.4% serum resulted in a twofold increase in cell number  compared to controls. In contrast to results obtained with 3T3 cells, neither insulin nor a glucocorticoid potentiated the effects of FGF on either human or mouse cells.", "PMID": 1170180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2872", "title": "Dissociation by cytochalasin B of movement, DNA synthesis and transport in 3T3 cells.", "content": "Cytochalasin B was used as a tool to study the inter-relationships between cell movement, the reinitiated DNA synthesis and the enhanced transport of specific small molecules stimulated by serum in quiescent 3T3 cells. Cytochalasin at concentrations of less than 1 mug/ml inhibits serum-stimulated movement within the monolayer and migration into a wound. Even at ten times this concentration there is little effect on the increase in DNA in the culture, indicating that movement away from neighboring cells is not required for the initiation of DNA synthesis. While DNA synthesis is not inhibited by concentrations of cytochalasin up to 10 mug/ml, the increased thymidine transport which is associated with the onset of the S phase of the cell cycle is inhibited and DNA synthesis cannot be measured by the labelling of nuclei with radioactive thymidine. Cytochalasin has a differential effect on the early transport changes produced by serum addition. Glucose transport is inhibited by low concentrations of the drug (less than 1 mug/ml) while the enhanced uptake of phosphate and uridine is unaffected by a 10-fold increase in concentration. Although the doses of cytochalasin required for 50% inhibition of hexose uptake and of cell movement are the same, no causal relationship between sugar transport and locomotion can be demonstrated. Cytochalasin affects membrane functions in at least two different ways. The drug inhibits the uptake of glucose directly but affects only the S-phase associated increase in thymidine transport.", "contents": "Dissociation by cytochalasin B of movement, DNA synthesis and transport in 3T3 cells. Cytochalasin B was used as a tool to study the inter-relationships between cell movement, the reinitiated DNA synthesis and the enhanced transport of specific small molecules stimulated by serum in quiescent 3T3 cells. Cytochalasin at concentrations of less than 1 mug/ml inhibits serum-stimulated movement within the monolayer and migration into a wound. Even at ten times this concentration there is little effect on the increase in DNA in the culture, indicating that movement away from neighboring cells is not required for the initiation of DNA synthesis. While DNA synthesis is not inhibited by concentrations of cytochalasin up to 10 mug/ml, the increased thymidine transport which is associated with the onset of the S phase of the cell cycle is inhibited and DNA synthesis cannot be measured by the labelling of nuclei with radioactive thymidine. Cytochalasin has a differential effect on the early transport changes produced by serum addition. Glucose transport is inhibited by low concentrations of the drug (less than 1 mug/ml) while the enhanced uptake of phosphate and uridine is unaffected by a 10-fold increase in concentration. Although the doses of cytochalasin required for 50% inhibition of hexose uptake and of cell movement are the same, no causal relationship between sugar transport and locomotion can be demonstrated. Cytochalasin affects membrane functions in at least two different ways. The drug inhibits the uptake of glucose directly but affects only the S-phase associated increase in thymidine transport.", "PMID": 1170181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2873", "title": "Meiosis in Coprinus VII. The prekaryogamy S-phase and the postkaryogamy DNA replication in C. lagopus.", "content": "The kinetics of incorporation of 32P into DNA have unequivocally shown that the premeiotic S-phase in Coprinus lagopus occurs before the onset of karyogamy. It takes 8 h under the control conditions (25 degrees C with a 16 h light-8 h dark regime) but only 6 h under the arrest-release conditions. An important discovery in this study is that the initiation of premeiotic DNA replication is subject to an arrest by restrictive conditions (35 degrees C under a continuous light regime) whereas that of the mitotic replication is not. Once initiated, meiotic DNA replication can continue even under the restrictive conditions. Incorporation of 32P into DNA at pachytene is quite extensive. These replications are considered to be repair replications.", "contents": "Meiosis in Coprinus VII. The prekaryogamy S-phase and the postkaryogamy DNA replication in C. lagopus. The kinetics of incorporation of 32P into DNA have unequivocally shown that the premeiotic S-phase in Coprinus lagopus occurs before the onset of karyogamy. It takes 8 h under the control conditions (25 degrees C with a 16 h light-8 h dark regime) but only 6 h under the arrest-release conditions. An important discovery in this study is that the initiation of premeiotic DNA replication is subject to an arrest by restrictive conditions (35 degrees C under a continuous light regime) whereas that of the mitotic replication is not. Once initiated, meiotic DNA replication can continue even under the restrictive conditions. Incorporation of 32P into DNA at pachytene is quite extensive. These replications are considered to be repair replications.", "PMID": 1170182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2874", "title": "Reversion in expression of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase following cell hybridization.", "content": "Hybridization of mutant cell lines deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT; E.C.: 2.4.2.8) from a variety of established rodent sources with HGPRT plus human cells yielded progeny cells which grew in selective medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine (HAT). The same result was obtained when the human cell used was an HGPRT minus transformed line derived from a patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Electrophoretic analysis indicated that all HAT-resistant progeny clones contained an active HGPRT enzyme which was indistinguishable from the wild type enzyme of the corresponding normal rodent cells. In contrast, no HAT-resistant cells have been obtained when the same HGPRT minus rodent cells were subjected to fusion processes in the absence of human cells or when they fused with similarly derived HGPRT minus mutant cells of other rodents. Reversion in expression of the rodent gene for HGPRT was detected in clones which retained one or more human chromosomes and in clones which contained no detectable human chromosomal material. The observed re-expression of rodent HGPRT in HAT-resistant clones suggests that HGPRT plus as well as HGPRT minus human cells contributed a factor which determined the expression of respective rodent structural genes for HGPRT. In contrast, HGPRT minus rodent cells were unable to induce the synthesis or normal HGPRT in the cells derived from the patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "contents": "Reversion in expression of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase following cell hybridization. Hybridization of mutant cell lines deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT; E.C.: 2.4.2.8) from a variety of established rodent sources with HGPRT plus human cells yielded progeny cells which grew in selective medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine (HAT). The same result was obtained when the human cell used was an HGPRT minus transformed line derived from a patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Electrophoretic analysis indicated that all HAT-resistant progeny clones contained an active HGPRT enzyme which was indistinguishable from the wild type enzyme of the corresponding normal rodent cells. In contrast, no HAT-resistant cells have been obtained when the same HGPRT minus rodent cells were subjected to fusion processes in the absence of human cells or when they fused with similarly derived HGPRT minus mutant cells of other rodents. Reversion in expression of the rodent gene for HGPRT was detected in clones which retained one or more human chromosomes and in clones which contained no detectable human chromosomal material. The observed re-expression of rodent HGPRT in HAT-resistant clones suggests that HGPRT plus as well as HGPRT minus human cells contributed a factor which determined the expression of respective rodent structural genes for HGPRT. In contrast, HGPRT minus rodent cells were unable to induce the synthesis or normal HGPRT in the cells derived from the patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "PMID": 1170183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2875", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of phosphohydrolases in gametes, zygotes and zoospores of Ulva mutabilis Foyn.", "content": "Gametes, zoospores, and zygotes of the multicellular, green alga Ulva mutabilis showed acid phosphatase reaction product in Golgi vesicles and on the membrane lining the vacuole. In addition gametes and zoospores showed enzyme reaction product on the entire surface membrane including the flagellar membrane. The surface membrane enzyme activity disappears from the zygote shortly after copulation and at the same time lysosome-like bodies start to appear in the cytoplasm. No alkaline phosphatase activity could be detected. The distribution of acid phosphatase is discussed in relation to the events taking place during and shortly after fertilization.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of phosphohydrolases in gametes, zygotes and zoospores of Ulva mutabilis Foyn. Gametes, zoospores, and zygotes of the multicellular, green alga Ulva mutabilis showed acid phosphatase reaction product in Golgi vesicles and on the membrane lining the vacuole. In addition gametes and zoospores showed enzyme reaction product on the entire surface membrane including the flagellar membrane. The surface membrane enzyme activity disappears from the zygote shortly after copulation and at the same time lysosome-like bodies start to appear in the cytoplasm. No alkaline phosphatase activity could be detected. The distribution of acid phosphatase is discussed in relation to the events taking place during and shortly after fertilization.", "PMID": 1170184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2876", "title": "Some evidence for replication-transcription coupling in Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Hydroxyurea, at concentrations of 40-60 mM, selectively and effectively blocked incorporation of thymidine into DNA. Inhibition occurred within 5-10 min of application of the agent when DNA synthesis was in progress, while the onset of replication at the beginning of S-phase and DNA synthesis in G2 phase were not affected. Uridine incorporation into TCA-precipitable material, in the presence of hydroxyurea, was significantly (up to 70%) inhibited in early S-phase of the cell cycle. Selective inhibition of RNA synthesis was confirmed for RNA separated into rRNA-rich and poly(A)-rich RNA fractions and analysed by the 2 kinds of DNA-RNA hybridization reactions. Uridine incorporation into poly (A) RNA was also inhibited under conditions where cycloheximide prevented maturation of nascent DNA molecules in early S-phase. We assume that chromatin which is replicating early DNA sequences may be a more competent template for transcription.", "contents": "Some evidence for replication-transcription coupling in Physarum polycephalum. Hydroxyurea, at concentrations of 40-60 mM, selectively and effectively blocked incorporation of thymidine into DNA. Inhibition occurred within 5-10 min of application of the agent when DNA synthesis was in progress, while the onset of replication at the beginning of S-phase and DNA synthesis in G2 phase were not affected. Uridine incorporation into TCA-precipitable material, in the presence of hydroxyurea, was significantly (up to 70%) inhibited in early S-phase of the cell cycle. Selective inhibition of RNA synthesis was confirmed for RNA separated into rRNA-rich and poly(A)-rich RNA fractions and analysed by the 2 kinds of DNA-RNA hybridization reactions. Uridine incorporation into poly (A) RNA was also inhibited under conditions where cycloheximide prevented maturation of nascent DNA molecules in early S-phase. We assume that chromatin which is replicating early DNA sequences may be a more competent template for transcription.", "PMID": 1170185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2877", "title": "Studies on the metabolic clearance rate and production rate of human luteinizing hormone and on the initial half-time of its subunits in man.", "content": "The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of human luteinizing hormone (hLH) has been determined in 10 normal men, 3 normal women, and in 12 women with ovulatory disorders resulting in oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. The MCR was determined by the constant infusion technique using either iodinated or unlabeled highly purified hLH, and these results were compared to MCR determined by using crude pituitary preparations containing both follicle-stimulating hormone and hLH. Both preparations produced essentially similar results for the MCR of hLH and virtually identical results were obtained when complete or incomplete immunoprecipitation of the infused material was achieved. The MCR/body surface area of hLH was significantly greater in normal men (25.6 plus or minus 3.6 ml/min-m-2) than in normal premenopausal (19.2 plus or minus 0.9 ml/min-m-2) or postmenopausal women (17.4 plus or minus 1.9 ml/min-m-2). No difference was noted in the MCR of hLH in women with oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. Production rates (PRs) were calculated by using a pituitary standard, the values being 85.1 plus or minus 21.5 IU/24 h in normal men, 39.9 plus or minus 12.6 IU/24 h in normal premenopausal women, and 294.6 plus or minus 61.9 IU/24 h in normal postmenopausal women. The initial half-times of disappearance of the alpha- and beta-subunits of hLH were measured in two normal men and found to be 15-18 min, respectively. The half-time of intact hLH was twice as great.", "contents": "Studies on the metabolic clearance rate and production rate of human luteinizing hormone and on the initial half-time of its subunits in man. The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of human luteinizing hormone (hLH) has been determined in 10 normal men, 3 normal women, and in 12 women with ovulatory disorders resulting in oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. The MCR was determined by the constant infusion technique using either iodinated or unlabeled highly purified hLH, and these results were compared to MCR determined by using crude pituitary preparations containing both follicle-stimulating hormone and hLH. Both preparations produced essentially similar results for the MCR of hLH and virtually identical results were obtained when complete or incomplete immunoprecipitation of the infused material was achieved. The MCR/body surface area of hLH was significantly greater in normal men (25.6 plus or minus 3.6 ml/min-m-2) than in normal premenopausal (19.2 plus or minus 0.9 ml/min-m-2) or postmenopausal women (17.4 plus or minus 1.9 ml/min-m-2). No difference was noted in the MCR of hLH in women with oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. Production rates (PRs) were calculated by using a pituitary standard, the values being 85.1 plus or minus 21.5 IU/24 h in normal men, 39.9 plus or minus 12.6 IU/24 h in normal premenopausal women, and 294.6 plus or minus 61.9 IU/24 h in normal postmenopausal women. The initial half-times of disappearance of the alpha- and beta-subunits of hLH were measured in two normal men and found to be 15-18 min, respectively. The half-time of intact hLH was twice as great.", "PMID": 1170215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2878", "title": "Utilization of Starea, urea, or soybean meal in complete rations for lactating dairy cows.", "content": "Three complete rations containing 15.8% of the dry matter as crude protein were compared to a 14.5% crude protein basal ration (dry matter basis) through eight Holstein cows in a replicated 4 times 4 Latin square design. The high protein rations contained supplemental nitrogen totally from soybean meal, urea, or Starea, the latter two providing 16 and 22% of total ration nitrogen, respectively. Concentrations were mixed with wilted alfalfa-bromegrass silage and complete rations fed ad libitum. Data were collected during the last week of each 28 days. Ration had no effect on milk yield, composition of fat or protein, or apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, or acid detergent fiber. Weight gains and dry matter intake were greatest with the soybean meal ration. Intake of the low protein ration was depressed. There were no significant differences between the high protein rations for efficiency of nitrogen utilization.", "contents": "Utilization of Starea, urea, or soybean meal in complete rations for lactating dairy cows. Three complete rations containing 15.8% of the dry matter as crude protein were compared to a 14.5% crude protein basal ration (dry matter basis) through eight Holstein cows in a replicated 4 times 4 Latin square design. The high protein rations contained supplemental nitrogen totally from soybean meal, urea, or Starea, the latter two providing 16 and 22% of total ration nitrogen, respectively. Concentrations were mixed with wilted alfalfa-bromegrass silage and complete rations fed ad libitum. Data were collected during the last week of each 28 days. Ration had no effect on milk yield, composition of fat or protein, or apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, or acid detergent fiber. Weight gains and dry matter intake were greatest with the soybean meal ration. Intake of the low protein ration was depressed. There were no significant differences between the high protein rations for efficiency of nitrogen utilization.", "PMID": 1170218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2879", "title": "Transitory changes in plasma progestins, estradiol, and luteinizing hormone approaching ovulation in the bovine.", "content": "Progestins, estradiol, and luteinizing hormone were measured by radioimmunoassay in bovine plasma samples collected from indwelling jugular catheters daily on days minus 6 to minus 4, every 6 h on days minus 3 and minus 2, and every 2 h from day minus 1 to ovulation. Least squares analyses characterized time trends within animals and interrelationships between these hormones. Plasma progestins decreased from 5.7 ng/ml at day minus 6 to .07 ng at the peak of luteinizing hormone. No preovulatory peripheral increase in plasma progestins was detected. Estradiol increased from 2 pg/ml at day minus 4 to 6 pg at minus 12 h and then increased abruptly to 7.4 pg at the peak of luteinizing hormone. This matter increase in estradiol was synchronous with the acute preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone. Association was positive between estradiol and luteinizing hormone, but negative between progestins and estradiol. Estradiol decreased 50% by 5 h following the peak of luteinizing hormone with a return to base (2 pg) at 14 h. An increase of .1 ng luteinizing hormone/ml plasma per day was linear from day minus 6 to 8 h prior to the luteinizing hormone peak. Luteinizing hormone increased to a peak of 13.5 ng/ml and remained elevated for 10.5 h. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that an increase at proestrus in estradiol rather than progestins triggers the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone in the bovine.", "contents": "Transitory changes in plasma progestins, estradiol, and luteinizing hormone approaching ovulation in the bovine. Progestins, estradiol, and luteinizing hormone were measured by radioimmunoassay in bovine plasma samples collected from indwelling jugular catheters daily on days minus 6 to minus 4, every 6 h on days minus 3 and minus 2, and every 2 h from day minus 1 to ovulation. Least squares analyses characterized time trends within animals and interrelationships between these hormones. Plasma progestins decreased from 5.7 ng/ml at day minus 6 to .07 ng at the peak of luteinizing hormone. No preovulatory peripheral increase in plasma progestins was detected. Estradiol increased from 2 pg/ml at day minus 4 to 6 pg at minus 12 h and then increased abruptly to 7.4 pg at the peak of luteinizing hormone. This matter increase in estradiol was synchronous with the acute preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone. Association was positive between estradiol and luteinizing hormone, but negative between progestins and estradiol. Estradiol decreased 50% by 5 h following the peak of luteinizing hormone with a return to base (2 pg) at 14 h. An increase of .1 ng luteinizing hormone/ml plasma per day was linear from day minus 6 to 8 h prior to the luteinizing hormone peak. Luteinizing hormone increased to a peak of 13.5 ng/ml and remained elevated for 10.5 h. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that an increase at proestrus in estradiol rather than progestins triggers the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone in the bovine.", "PMID": 1170219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2880", "title": "Histology of induced bovine lactogenesis.", "content": "Nine cycling nonlactating dairy cows were treated hormonally to induce lactation with progesterone, estradiol-17beta, and dexamethasone. Mammary tissue biopsies were taken on days 18, 21, and 23 after initiation of treatment (different three cows for each period). First milking was initiated on day 21 in the latter two groups. Mean differences in tissue development (percent area) between day 18 and 23 were, epithelium + 11.1%, stroma -25.9%, alveolar lumen + 13.9%, adipose + 1.58%, duct - 974%, and + 15 nuclei/alveolar section. On day 18 epithelia containing small lipid droplets predominated but were replaced with mixed lipid droplets by day 23. Epithelia day 18 had elongated dark staining nuclei. Epithelia on day 23 had spherically shaped nuclei often containing several nucleoli and an increased cytoplasmic/nuclear ratio. Marked histological development occurred from 18 to 23 days after initiation of treatment. Mammary tissue development in nongravid hormonally treated animals was equal to or greater than 2-wk-prepartum tissue but less than 2-day-prepartum tissue for natural lactations.", "contents": "Histology of induced bovine lactogenesis. Nine cycling nonlactating dairy cows were treated hormonally to induce lactation with progesterone, estradiol-17beta, and dexamethasone. Mammary tissue biopsies were taken on days 18, 21, and 23 after initiation of treatment (different three cows for each period). First milking was initiated on day 21 in the latter two groups. Mean differences in tissue development (percent area) between day 18 and 23 were, epithelium + 11.1%, stroma -25.9%, alveolar lumen + 13.9%, adipose + 1.58%, duct - 974%, and + 15 nuclei/alveolar section. On day 18 epithelia containing small lipid droplets predominated but were replaced with mixed lipid droplets by day 23. Epithelia day 18 had elongated dark staining nuclei. Epithelia on day 23 had spherically shaped nuclei often containing several nucleoli and an increased cytoplasmic/nuclear ratio. Marked histological development occurred from 18 to 23 days after initiation of treatment. Mammary tissue development in nongravid hormonally treated animals was equal to or greater than 2-wk-prepartum tissue but less than 2-day-prepartum tissue for natural lactations.", "PMID": 1170220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2881", "title": "Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. II. Beef products.", "content": "An estensive survey of the literature on lipids of beef covering the past fouteen years revealed that a number of factors, such as sex, age, and diet of animal, and analytical method, can affect the lipid content and fatty acid composition of beef. The feeding regimen of the animal was a factor considered in evaluating data for the food table. Extraction method was important in assessing information on lean tissue lipids. Statistical analysis showed that fatty acid patterns for the separable fat and separable lean of various meat cuts were not significantly different at the 5 per cent level. Cooking by dry or moist heat has little effect on relative fatty acid composition. Methods for converting methyl ester data into per cent composition of fatty acids in the meat cut are presented. A comprehensive table of fatty acids per 100 gm. separable lean, separable fet, and total edible portions of Choice grade cuts of beef is given, as well as a table acids per 100 gm. fat for lean and adipose tissues.", "contents": "Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. II. Beef products. An estensive survey of the literature on lipids of beef covering the past fouteen years revealed that a number of factors, such as sex, age, and diet of animal, and analytical method, can affect the lipid content and fatty acid composition of beef. The feeding regimen of the animal was a factor considered in evaluating data for the food table. Extraction method was important in assessing information on lean tissue lipids. Statistical analysis showed that fatty acid patterns for the separable fat and separable lean of various meat cuts were not significantly different at the 5 per cent level. Cooking by dry or moist heat has little effect on relative fatty acid composition. Methods for converting methyl ester data into per cent composition of fatty acids in the meat cut are presented. A comprehensive table of fatty acids per 100 gm. separable lean, separable fet, and total edible portions of Choice grade cuts of beef is given, as well as a table acids per 100 gm. fat for lean and adipose tissues.", "PMID": 1170226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2882", "title": "Vitamin B 6 in reheated, held, and freshly cooked turkey breast.", "content": "Vitamin B6 content, percentage total moisture, and ether extract of freshly roasted turkey breast muscle; muscle reheated in either an electric or microwave oven; and muscle sliced and held after roasting were evaluated. Reheating times were recorded, and losses were calculated. Reheating time was less (p smaller than 0.01) and total reheating loss greater (P smaller than 0.05) for quarters reheated in the microwave oven. Muscle reheated in the microwave oven had greater volatile (P smaller 0;05) but less drip (P smaller than 0.05) loss than did that reheated in the electric oven. Moisture content was greater (P smaller than 0.05) in freshly roasted muscle. When vitamin B6 was calculated on the basis of cooked weight, no significant differences were observed among treatments. However, when calculation was on a moisture-free and fat-free basis, freshly roasted samples contained the most (P smaller than 0.05) vitamin B6. Although we found significant differences due to treatment variation among birds was greater than among treatments.", "contents": "Vitamin B 6 in reheated, held, and freshly cooked turkey breast. Vitamin B6 content, percentage total moisture, and ether extract of freshly roasted turkey breast muscle; muscle reheated in either an electric or microwave oven; and muscle sliced and held after roasting were evaluated. Reheating times were recorded, and losses were calculated. Reheating time was less (p smaller than 0.01) and total reheating loss greater (P smaller than 0.05) for quarters reheated in the microwave oven. Muscle reheated in the microwave oven had greater volatile (P smaller 0;05) but less drip (P smaller than 0.05) loss than did that reheated in the electric oven. Moisture content was greater (P smaller than 0.05) in freshly roasted muscle. When vitamin B6 was calculated on the basis of cooked weight, no significant differences were observed among treatments. However, when calculation was on a moisture-free and fat-free basis, freshly roasted samples contained the most (P smaller than 0.05) vitamin B6. Although we found significant differences due to treatment variation among birds was greater than among treatments.", "PMID": 1170227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2883", "title": "A simple and sensitive micro-haemagglutination inhibition assay for the semi-quantitation of the third component of complement.", "content": "C3-coated cells have been prepared by incubating sensitised erythrocytes with the appropriate dilutions of serum. Inhibition of agglutination of these cells by an anti-C3 serum provides a sensitive and specific assay for C3 detection and semi-quantitation.", "contents": "A simple and sensitive micro-haemagglutination inhibition assay for the semi-quantitation of the third component of complement. C3-coated cells have been prepared by incubating sensitised erythrocytes with the appropriate dilutions of serum. Inhibition of agglutination of these cells by an anti-C3 serum provides a sensitive and specific assay for C3 detection and semi-quantitation.", "PMID": 1170235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2884", "title": "The inhibition of the primary interaction between 125I-labeled human hemoglobin and rabbit anti-human hemoglobin sera: a sensitive radioimmunoassay technique.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive radioimmunoassay technique for hemoglobin based upon a modification of the Farr test is described. Since hemoglobin is soluble in ammonium sulfate whereas antibody is precipitated, the amount of free and antibody-bound radiolabeled human hemoglobin can be quantitatively measured after ammonium sulfate precipitation. Nanogram quantities of hemoglobin can be detected by the addition of unlabelled human hemoglobin to the antiserum before the labeled hemoglobin, thus establishing a competition reaction between labeled and unlabeled antigen for antibody. If sufficient quantities of unlabeled human hemoglobin are present, all of the antibody combining sites become saturated and the primary interaction between 125-I-labeled hemoglobin and antibody is completely inhibited. The method can be employed to discriminate various normal human hemoglobins, non-human primate hemoglobins as well as sickle-cell hemoglobin (HbS). Other possible applications of the technique are discussed.", "contents": "The inhibition of the primary interaction between 125I-labeled human hemoglobin and rabbit anti-human hemoglobin sera: a sensitive radioimmunoassay technique. A rapid and sensitive radioimmunoassay technique for hemoglobin based upon a modification of the Farr test is described. Since hemoglobin is soluble in ammonium sulfate whereas antibody is precipitated, the amount of free and antibody-bound radiolabeled human hemoglobin can be quantitatively measured after ammonium sulfate precipitation. Nanogram quantities of hemoglobin can be detected by the addition of unlabelled human hemoglobin to the antiserum before the labeled hemoglobin, thus establishing a competition reaction between labeled and unlabeled antigen for antibody. If sufficient quantities of unlabeled human hemoglobin are present, all of the antibody combining sites become saturated and the primary interaction between 125-I-labeled hemoglobin and antibody is completely inhibited. The method can be employed to discriminate various normal human hemoglobins, non-human primate hemoglobins as well as sickle-cell hemoglobin (HbS). Other possible applications of the technique are discussed.", "PMID": 1170236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2885", "title": "Collagen biosynthesis in liver disease of the alcoholic.", "content": "Percutaneous liver biopsies obtained from patients with a history of chronic alcoholism and normal liver, fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, or active cirrhosis were incubated with tritiated proline to determine the pattern of collagen biosynthesis in these conditions. Incorporation of labeled proline and hydroxyproline into salt-soluble and insoluble fractions of collagen was evaluated by radiochemical analysis and tissue localization documented by autoradiography. Biopsy specimens of alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis exhibit a significant increase in the amount of radioactive proline and hydroxyproline in salt-soluble and insoluble collagen. Marked accumulation of radioactivity occurred over bile ducts, fibroblasts, and collagen fibers in the portal area and over hepatocytes, fibroblasts, and collagen fibers in the centrilobular area. Fatty liver is associated with an increase in uptake of proline and hydroxyproline in the salt-soluble fraction of collagem; silver grains appear in the periphery of fat-laden cells and in areas of focal inflammation. Digestion by collagenase indicates that labeling over fibroblasts and collagen reflects active synthesis, whereas, entry of proline into the cell protein pool is responsible for accumulation of radioactivity in other sites. In vitro ethanol causes a significant increase in the incorporation of proline and hydroxyproline into collagen in biopsy specimens of alcoholic hepatitis or active cirrhosis, but has no effect on collagen synthesis by normal or fatty liver.", "contents": "Collagen biosynthesis in liver disease of the alcoholic. Percutaneous liver biopsies obtained from patients with a history of chronic alcoholism and normal liver, fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, or active cirrhosis were incubated with tritiated proline to determine the pattern of collagen biosynthesis in these conditions. Incorporation of labeled proline and hydroxyproline into salt-soluble and insoluble fractions of collagen was evaluated by radiochemical analysis and tissue localization documented by autoradiography. Biopsy specimens of alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis exhibit a significant increase in the amount of radioactive proline and hydroxyproline in salt-soluble and insoluble collagen. Marked accumulation of radioactivity occurred over bile ducts, fibroblasts, and collagen fibers in the portal area and over hepatocytes, fibroblasts, and collagen fibers in the centrilobular area. Fatty liver is associated with an increase in uptake of proline and hydroxyproline in the salt-soluble fraction of collagem; silver grains appear in the periphery of fat-laden cells and in areas of focal inflammation. Digestion by collagenase indicates that labeling over fibroblasts and collagen reflects active synthesis, whereas, entry of proline into the cell protein pool is responsible for accumulation of radioactivity in other sites. In vitro ethanol causes a significant increase in the incorporation of proline and hydroxyproline into collagen in biopsy specimens of alcoholic hepatitis or active cirrhosis, but has no effect on collagen synthesis by normal or fatty liver.", "PMID": 1170267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2886", "title": "Distribution of zinc in skeletal muscle and liver tissue in normal and dietary controlled alcoholic rats.", "content": "Zinc deficiency is a concomitant of both alcoholism and cirrhosis, as indicated by plasma and tissue measurements in man. The intracellular sites of zinc distribution, the site-specific nature of alcohol/cirrhosis-related depletion, and the alcohol exposure-zinc depletion time function have not been reported. Spague-Dawley rats (16) at 5 to 6 weeks were given normal chow and 20 per cent ethanol as sole water source. Control animals (14) had tap water. In rats killed at 2, 5, 9, and 14 weeks, zinc levels were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy in plasma (p); muscle tissue (MT), cell sap (MCS) cell sap-free (MCSF), and mitochondria (MM); liver tissue (LT), cell sap (MCS), cell sap-free fraction (LCSF), And mitochondria (LM). Control zinc levels were stable in all tissues over the 14-week study; p = 108, plus or minus 10 mug per 100 ml.,  MT = 125 plus or minus 18, MCS = 30.3 plus or minus 3, MCSF = 70 plus or minus 6, MM = 209 plus or minus 17, LT = 198 plus or minus 29, LCS = 125 plus or minus 11.0, LCSF = 79.5 plus or minus 11.2, and LM = 291 plus or minus 30 mug per gram of dry tissue. Ethanol-fed rats showed marked decrease in all liver zinc fractions from the earliest (2 weeks) time, with the greatest depletion in LM to 35 per cent of control.  MT and p zinc showed monotonic gradual declines at the rate of 3 per cent per week, becoming statistically different from control at 9 weeks in both tissues. Normal weight gain occurred in control animals: alcohol rats gained 52 per cent of control to 5 weeks, and showed no subsequent gain, weighing 62 per cent of control levels at 14 weeks. Liver mitochondria contain the highest zinc concentration, and are most rapidly depleted. MT and p declines follow hepatic zinc loss.", "contents": "Distribution of zinc in skeletal muscle and liver tissue in normal and dietary controlled alcoholic rats. Zinc deficiency is a concomitant of both alcoholism and cirrhosis, as indicated by plasma and tissue measurements in man. The intracellular sites of zinc distribution, the site-specific nature of alcohol/cirrhosis-related depletion, and the alcohol exposure-zinc depletion time function have not been reported. Spague-Dawley rats (16) at 5 to 6 weeks were given normal chow and 20 per cent ethanol as sole water source. Control animals (14) had tap water. In rats killed at 2, 5, 9, and 14 weeks, zinc levels were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy in plasma (p); muscle tissue (MT), cell sap (MCS) cell sap-free (MCSF), and mitochondria (MM); liver tissue (LT), cell sap (MCS), cell sap-free fraction (LCSF), And mitochondria (LM). Control zinc levels were stable in all tissues over the 14-week study; p = 108, plus or minus 10 mug per 100 ml.,  MT = 125 plus or minus 18, MCS = 30.3 plus or minus 3, MCSF = 70 plus or minus 6, MM = 209 plus or minus 17, LT = 198 plus or minus 29, LCS = 125 plus or minus 11.0, LCSF = 79.5 plus or minus 11.2, and LM = 291 plus or minus 30 mug per gram of dry tissue. Ethanol-fed rats showed marked decrease in all liver zinc fractions from the earliest (2 weeks) time, with the greatest depletion in LM to 35 per cent of control.  MT and p zinc showed monotonic gradual declines at the rate of 3 per cent per week, becoming statistically different from control at 9 weeks in both tissues. Normal weight gain occurred in control animals: alcohol rats gained 52 per cent of control to 5 weeks, and showed no subsequent gain, weighing 62 per cent of control levels at 14 weeks. Liver mitochondria contain the highest zinc concentration, and are most rapidly depleted. MT and p declines follow hepatic zinc loss.", "PMID": 1170268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2887", "title": "Binding of bile salts to pancreatic colipase and lipase.", "content": "The binding of conjugated bile salts to pancreatic colipase and lipase has been studied by equilibrium dialysis and gel filtration. The results indicate that at physiological ionic strength and pH, conjugated bile salts bind as micelles to colipase: 12-15 moles/mole of colipase for the dihydroxy conjugates and 2-4 for the trihydroxy conjugates. No binding of bile salt takes place from monomeric solutions. Under the same experimental conditions, only 1-2 moles of conjugated dihydroxy bile salts bind to pancreatic lipase.", "contents": "Binding of bile salts to pancreatic colipase and lipase. The binding of conjugated bile salts to pancreatic colipase and lipase has been studied by equilibrium dialysis and gel filtration. The results indicate that at physiological ionic strength and pH, conjugated bile salts bind as micelles to colipase: 12-15 moles/mole of colipase for the dihydroxy conjugates and 2-4 for the trihydroxy conjugates. No binding of bile salt takes place from monomeric solutions. Under the same experimental conditions, only 1-2 moles of conjugated dihydroxy bile salts bind to pancreatic lipase.", "PMID": 1170269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2888", "title": "Specific tritium labeling of cerebrosides at the 3-positions of erythro-sphingosine and threo-sphingosine.", "content": "Cerebrosides containing either threo- or erythro-[3-3-H]sphingosine were synthesized by a new procedure. Glucopyranosyl or galactopyranosyl ceramides were converted to their 3-keto derivatives with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone and reduced with 3-H-labeled sodium borohydride. The resulting tritiated cerebrosides, which contained erythro- and threo-sphingosines in the ratio of 84:16, were deacylated with butanol-KOH, and the erythro- and threo-psychosines were separated by silica gel column chromatography and reacylated with lignoceroyl chloride.", "contents": "Specific tritium labeling of cerebrosides at the 3-positions of erythro-sphingosine and threo-sphingosine. Cerebrosides containing either threo- or erythro-[3-3-H]sphingosine were synthesized by a new procedure. Glucopyranosyl or galactopyranosyl ceramides were converted to their 3-keto derivatives with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone and reduced with 3-H-labeled sodium borohydride. The resulting tritiated cerebrosides, which contained erythro- and threo-sphingosines in the ratio of 84:16, were deacylated with butanol-KOH, and the erythro- and threo-psychosines were separated by silica gel column chromatography and reacylated with lignoceroyl chloride.", "PMID": 1170270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2889", "title": "Fixed-ratio escape and avoidance-escape from naloxone in morphine-dependent monkeys: effects of naloxone dose and morphine pretreatment.", "content": "Lever pressing by rhesus monkeys was maintained by morphine injections during four equally spaced sessions each day. During other periods, lever pressing was maintained by timeout from a continuous naloxone infusion (escape), or by timeout from a stimulus that preceded naloxone injections, or termination of the injections (avoidance-escape). As naloxone dose increased in the escape procedure, response rate increased to a maximum and then decreased. In the avoidance-escape procedure, response rate generally increased as naloxone dose increased, but the changes in rate were small compared to the excape procedure. Substitution of saline for naloxone in the escape procedure led to a very low response rates within three sessions. In the avoidance-escape procedure, rate decrements produced by saline substitution appeared to be related to the behavioral history of the monkey. Previous escape experience led to more rapid decreases in responding when saline was introduced, whereas responding was maintained for 15 sessions in a monkey without prior escape conditioning. Morphine pretreatment produced comparable, dose-dependent decreases in response rates in both procedures. The rate-decreasing effects of morphine were exacerbated when no naloxone was delivered in the escape procedure.", "contents": "Fixed-ratio escape and avoidance-escape from naloxone in morphine-dependent monkeys: effects of naloxone dose and morphine pretreatment. Lever pressing by rhesus monkeys was maintained by morphine injections during four equally spaced sessions each day. During other periods, lever pressing was maintained by timeout from a continuous naloxone infusion (escape), or by timeout from a stimulus that preceded naloxone injections, or termination of the injections (avoidance-escape). As naloxone dose increased in the escape procedure, response rate increased to a maximum and then decreased. In the avoidance-escape procedure, response rate generally increased as naloxone dose increased, but the changes in rate were small compared to the excape procedure. Substitution of saline for naloxone in the escape procedure led to a very low response rates within three sessions. In the avoidance-escape procedure, rate decrements produced by saline substitution appeared to be related to the behavioral history of the monkey. Previous escape experience led to more rapid decreases in responding when saline was introduced, whereas responding was maintained for 15 sessions in a monkey without prior escape conditioning. Morphine pretreatment produced comparable, dose-dependent decreases in response rates in both procedures. The rate-decreasing effects of morphine were exacerbated when no naloxone was delivered in the escape procedure.", "PMID": 1170272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2890", "title": "Effects of previous housing conditions on shock-induced aggression.", "content": "This study investigated shock-induced aggression as a function of housing rats in single or communal cages for varying periods of time before testing. Rates of fighting were unaffected by housing conditions when rats spent seven or 14 days in either of these settings before testing. Placing rats in these settings for 21 or 28 days before testing, however, did affect rates of fighting. Communal caging of subjects for 28 days before testing was particularly deleterious to shock-induced aggression. How rats are housed outside the experimental chamber is a variable affecting shock-induced aggression and should be considered both in designing future studies and as a topic for future investigation.", "contents": "Effects of previous housing conditions on shock-induced aggression. This study investigated shock-induced aggression as a function of housing rats in single or communal cages for varying periods of time before testing. Rates of fighting were unaffected by housing conditions when rats spent seven or 14 days in either of these settings before testing. Placing rats in these settings for 21 or 28 days before testing, however, did affect rates of fighting. Communal caging of subjects for 28 days before testing was particularly deleterious to shock-induced aggression. How rats are housed outside the experimental chamber is a variable affecting shock-induced aggression and should be considered both in designing future studies and as a topic for future investigation.", "PMID": 1170273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2891", "title": "Auditory and phonetic levels of processing in speech perception: neurophysiological and information-processing analyses.", "content": "Two new experimental operations were used to distinguish between auditory and phonetic levels of processing in speech perception: the first based on reaction time data in speeded classification tasks with synthetic speech stimuli, and the second based on average evoked potentials recorded concurrently in the same tasks. Each of four experiments compared the processing of two different dimensions of the same synthetic consonant-vowel syllables. When a phonetic dimensions was compared to an auditory dimension, different patterns of results were obtained in both the reaction time and evoked potential data. No such differences were obtained for isolated acoustic components of the phonetic dimension or for two purely auditory dimensions. Together with other recent evidence, the present results constitute additional converging operations on the distinction between auditory and phonetic processes in speech perception and on the idea that phonetic processing involves mechanisms that are lateralized in one cerebral hemisphere.", "contents": "Auditory and phonetic levels of processing in speech perception: neurophysiological and information-processing analyses. Two new experimental operations were used to distinguish between auditory and phonetic levels of processing in speech perception: the first based on reaction time data in speeded classification tasks with synthetic speech stimuli, and the second based on average evoked potentials recorded concurrently in the same tasks. Each of four experiments compared the processing of two different dimensions of the same synthetic consonant-vowel syllables. When a phonetic dimensions was compared to an auditory dimension, different patterns of results were obtained in both the reaction time and evoked potential data. No such differences were obtained for isolated acoustic components of the phonetic dimension or for two purely auditory dimensions. Together with other recent evidence, the present results constitute additional converging operations on the distinction between auditory and phonetic processes in speech perception and on the idea that phonetic processing involves mechanisms that are lateralized in one cerebral hemisphere.", "PMID": 1170274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2892", "title": "The effect of interferon inducers on colony stimulating factor production in L cell cultures.", "content": "Bone marrow colony-stimulating activity in the culture media of L cell mono-layers treated with Newcastle disease virus or polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid showed an early increase followed by a marked fall fo activity when compared with non-induced cultures.", "contents": "The effect of interferon inducers on colony stimulating factor production in L cell cultures. Bone marrow colony-stimulating activity in the culture media of L cell mono-layers treated with Newcastle disease virus or polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid showed an early increase followed by a marked fall fo activity when compared with non-induced cultures.", "PMID": 1170275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2893", "title": "Electron microscopical observations of the structure of the virus of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) of rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri).", "content": "Negative staining of particles of the Danish F-1 strain of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus grown in rainbow trout gonad-2 cells revealed three different types of particles: bacilliform, bullet-shaped, and long particles. The average size of the first two types was 165 x 65 nm. The long particles had a length of up to 3000 nm and showed a close resemblance to Marburg virus. Well defined surface projections could be found in all particle types. Without any special treatment we were able to demonstrate different disintegration stages of VHS virus particles in all preparations.", "contents": "Electron microscopical observations of the structure of the virus of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) of rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri). Negative staining of particles of the Danish F-1 strain of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus grown in rainbow trout gonad-2 cells revealed three different types of particles: bacilliform, bullet-shaped, and long particles. The average size of the first two types was 165 x 65 nm. The long particles had a length of up to 3000 nm and showed a close resemblance to Marburg virus. Well defined surface projections could be found in all particle types. Without any special treatment we were able to demonstrate different disintegration stages of VHS virus particles in all preparations.", "PMID": 1170276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2894", "title": "A morphological study of the internal component of influenza virus.", "content": "Rapid treatment of influenza virus directly on the microscope grid with non-ionic detergent had allowed better visualization of the internal component. Many micrographs show that this ribonucleoprotein (RNP) is present as a continuous stand of 6 nm diam. arranged in the form of a double coil or helix. In spite of the minimal treatment to which the virus was subjected most helices still showed signs of degradation. The findings that we have obtained lead us to suggest that the RNP component of influenza virus must be very sensitive to both chemical and physical manipulations, any of which could cause it to fracture from one continuous strand into several pieces, although such breakages could possibly occur at specific points along its length.", "contents": "A morphological study of the internal component of influenza virus. Rapid treatment of influenza virus directly on the microscope grid with non-ionic detergent had allowed better visualization of the internal component. Many micrographs show that this ribonucleoprotein (RNP) is present as a continuous stand of 6 nm diam. arranged in the form of a double coil or helix. In spite of the minimal treatment to which the virus was subjected most helices still showed signs of degradation. The findings that we have obtained lead us to suggest that the RNP component of influenza virus must be very sensitive to both chemical and physical manipulations, any of which could cause it to fracture from one continuous strand into several pieces, although such breakages could possibly occur at specific points along its length.", "PMID": 1170277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2895", "title": "Physico-chemical and serological characterization of five rhabdoviruses infecting fish.", "content": "Viruses isolated from fish with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS), infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), swim-bladder inflammation (SBI) and pike fry disease (PFD) have been grown to high titre in fathead minnow cells. While our preparations of the IHN, SVC, SBI and PFD viruses showed typical rhabdovirus morphology with bullet-shaped particles and distinct surface projections, the VHS virus preparations had a less typical rhabdovirus morphology but were pleomorphic with a preponderance of flexuous rods. Using virus labelled with [-3H]-uridine, it was shown that each virus contained RNA which sedimented at 38 to 40 S and was hydrolysed by very low concentrations of ribonuclease. The viruses of SVC, PFD and SBI had a polypeptide composition similar to that of vesicular stomatitis virus, the prototype rhabdovirus, but the IHN and VHS viruses gave a pattern similar to that of rabies virus. In serum neutralization tests the SVC and SBI viruses were indistinguishable. VHS virus showed no serological relationship with the other four viruses but there was a low level of cross-reaction between the PFD, IHN and SVC-SBI viruses.", "contents": "Physico-chemical and serological characterization of five rhabdoviruses infecting fish. Viruses isolated from fish with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS), infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), swim-bladder inflammation (SBI) and pike fry disease (PFD) have been grown to high titre in fathead minnow cells. While our preparations of the IHN, SVC, SBI and PFD viruses showed typical rhabdovirus morphology with bullet-shaped particles and distinct surface projections, the VHS virus preparations had a less typical rhabdovirus morphology but were pleomorphic with a preponderance of flexuous rods. Using virus labelled with [-3H]-uridine, it was shown that each virus contained RNA which sedimented at 38 to 40 S and was hydrolysed by very low concentrations of ribonuclease. The viruses of SVC, PFD and SBI had a polypeptide composition similar to that of vesicular stomatitis virus, the prototype rhabdovirus, but the IHN and VHS viruses gave a pattern similar to that of rabies virus. In serum neutralization tests the SVC and SBI viruses were indistinguishable. VHS virus showed no serological relationship with the other four viruses but there was a low level of cross-reaction between the PFD, IHN and SVC-SBI viruses.", "PMID": 1170278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2896", "title": "Modifications of cellular RNA-polymerase II after infection with frog virus 3.", "content": "RNA-polymerase II extracted from FV3-infected and uninfected BHK cells were compared by measuring their abilities to bind [3-H]-amanitin and ribonucleoside triphosphates. Binding sites for [3-H]-amanitin and the dissociation constant of the complex between [3H]-amanitin and RNA-polymerase II were significantly modified following FV3 infection. The apparent Km's for ribonucleoside triphosphates remained unchanged.", "contents": "Modifications of cellular RNA-polymerase II after infection with frog virus 3. RNA-polymerase II extracted from FV3-infected and uninfected BHK cells were compared by measuring their abilities to bind [3-H]-amanitin and ribonucleoside triphosphates. Binding sites for [3-H]-amanitin and the dissociation constant of the complex between [3H]-amanitin and RNA-polymerase II were significantly modified following FV3 infection. The apparent Km's for ribonucleoside triphosphates remained unchanged.", "PMID": 1170279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2897", "title": "The effects of the removal of dominant animals in a small group of Macaca fascicularis.", "content": "Six juvenile Macaca fascicularis relatively unfamiliar with one another were placed together in a large play apparatus. The Boelkins' water test was used to establish dominance. After one hour of social interaction the animals formed a stable hierarchy. Following six days of observation of this group, the dominant male and female were removed. This removal drastically altered the behavior of the remaining animals (19 of 40 behavior categories changed significantly). A replication indicated that behavior in one group allowed predictions of future behavior in that group, but did not allow predictions to an autonomous segment of the original group.", "contents": "The effects of the removal of dominant animals in a small group of Macaca fascicularis. Six juvenile Macaca fascicularis relatively unfamiliar with one another were placed together in a large play apparatus. The Boelkins' water test was used to establish dominance. After one hour of social interaction the animals formed a stable hierarchy. Following six days of observation of this group, the dominant male and female were removed. This removal drastically altered the behavior of the remaining animals (19 of 40 behavior categories changed significantly). A replication indicated that behavior in one group allowed predictions of future behavior in that group, but did not allow predictions to an autonomous segment of the original group.", "PMID": 1170280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2898", "title": "Hereditary myokymia and periodic ataxia.", "content": "A kindred in which at least 11 individuals in 3 consecutive generations have continuous muscle movement, i.e., myokymia, and periodic ataxia, has been studied. Three patients, a 24-year-old woman, her 4-year-old son and her 27-year-old sister, have been studied in detail. The disorder is inherited as an autosomal-dominant trait and presents in early childhood with attacks of ataxia of 1-2 min in duration, with associated jerking movements of the head, arms and legs. Attacks are provoked by abrupt postural change, emotional stimulus, and caloric-vestibular stimulation. At the age of 12 years approximately, facial and extremity myokymia appears. Physical findings include large calves, normal muscle strength and widespread myokymia of face, hands, arms and legs with a hand posture resembling carpopedal spasm. EMG studies at rest showed continuous spontaneous activity of otherwise normal motor units. Nerve conduction velocities were normal. Gastrocnemius biopsy in 2 patients showed fiber type grouping and small angular fibers, and was consistent with denervation. Histographic analysis of the biopsies demonstrated enlargement of both fiber types, particularly of Type I fibers. These findings are consistent with chronic denervation and an abnormality of motor neuron population or firing. The myokymia described here is of interest not only because of its genetic association with a movement disorder, but also because the muscle findings support a peripheral basis for the muscle movements.", "contents": "Hereditary myokymia and periodic ataxia. A kindred in which at least 11 individuals in 3 consecutive generations have continuous muscle movement, i.e., myokymia, and periodic ataxia, has been studied. Three patients, a 24-year-old woman, her 4-year-old son and her 27-year-old sister, have been studied in detail. The disorder is inherited as an autosomal-dominant trait and presents in early childhood with attacks of ataxia of 1-2 min in duration, with associated jerking movements of the head, arms and legs. Attacks are provoked by abrupt postural change, emotional stimulus, and caloric-vestibular stimulation. At the age of 12 years approximately, facial and extremity myokymia appears. Physical findings include large calves, normal muscle strength and widespread myokymia of face, hands, arms and legs with a hand posture resembling carpopedal spasm. EMG studies at rest showed continuous spontaneous activity of otherwise normal motor units. Nerve conduction velocities were normal. Gastrocnemius biopsy in 2 patients showed fiber type grouping and small angular fibers, and was consistent with denervation. Histographic analysis of the biopsies demonstrated enlargement of both fiber types, particularly of Type I fibers. These findings are consistent with chronic denervation and an abnormality of motor neuron population or firing. The myokymia described here is of interest not only because of its genetic association with a movement disorder, but also because the muscle findings support a peripheral basis for the muscle movements.", "PMID": 1170284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2899", "title": "Feasibility studies in rats fed heavy metals as multiple nutrient markers.", "content": "The nitrates of five metals (cerium, terbium, ytterbium, lutetium, and iridium) were fed to rats to determine the feasibility of their use as nonabsorbed, multiple markers for recovery, passage, and indirect apparant digestibility studies.  Fecal recovery of a single oral dose was completed within 72 hours.  When the salts were mixed into the diet, 48-96 hours was required to establish a steady-state concentration of markers in feces.  The diurnal variation of cerium in feces was found to be considerable when it was fed twice daily as a single dose prior to each feeding.  When incorporated into the diet, negligible diurnal variation in fecal concentration was noted with lutetium, and small variation was seen with other metals.  In nutrient apparent digestibility studies, good agreement was generally found between direct and indirect multiple marker methods.  Experiments with a daily intake marker suggest that cerium was not satisfactory as a multiple marker in which neutron activation analysis was the method of determination.", "contents": "Feasibility studies in rats fed heavy metals as multiple nutrient markers. The nitrates of five metals (cerium, terbium, ytterbium, lutetium, and iridium) were fed to rats to determine the feasibility of their use as nonabsorbed, multiple markers for recovery, passage, and indirect apparant digestibility studies.  Fecal recovery of a single oral dose was completed within 72 hours.  When the salts were mixed into the diet, 48-96 hours was required to establish a steady-state concentration of markers in feces.  The diurnal variation of cerium in feces was found to be considerable when it was fed twice daily as a single dose prior to each feeding.  When incorporated into the diet, negligible diurnal variation in fecal concentration was noted with lutetium, and small variation was seen with other metals.  In nutrient apparent digestibility studies, good agreement was generally found between direct and indirect multiple marker methods.  Experiments with a daily intake marker suggest that cerium was not satisfactory as a multiple marker in which neutron activation analysis was the method of determination.", "PMID": 1170285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2900", "title": "Studies on the protein efficiency ratio method for the evaluation of poultry feed supplements. Modifications associated with choice of dietary protein level for assay.", "content": "Four chick growth experiments were conducted to compare the protein efficiency ratio (PER) and the total protein efficiency ratio (TPE) methods for evaluating five protein concentrates; soybean meal, peanut meal, normal fish meal, fish meal subjected to either dry or moist heating; and gelatin-supplemented casein, the latter serving as the standard. The concentrates substituted for 40% of the total protein contents of basal corn-soybean rations varying widely in protein levels. There were no significant differences between the PER (based on average weight gain and protein intake) and the TPE (calculated as the total weight gain, including weight of dead chicks, divided by the total protein intake) at the protein levels studied. A new index, the maximum protein efficiency ratio (PERmax), was defined as the PER value estimated at the optimum dietary protein level. It was estimated at the point of inflection on the graph of feed efficiency vs. percentage protein content. Reasons and the procedure for the use of feed efficiency in the estimation are discussed. The three methods were further evaluated by comparing differences or separations among PER values determined at the conventional 10% protein level, PER at 18.5%, TPE at 18.5%, and the PERmax. For most paired comparisons, the conventional PER gave the widest separations, but in the case of dry- and moist-heated fish meals, separation by the PERmax method (at a higher protein level) was the widest. Based on the amino acid contents of the whole diets and literature information, it was concluded that the conventional PER gives greater separations where diets or proteins have greater relative deficiencies in sulfur amino acids. Where there are greater relative deficiencies in lysine, the PERmax or PER at higher but suboptimal protein levels gives greater separations. The importance of cystine/methionine ratio is also discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the protein efficiency ratio method for the evaluation of poultry feed supplements. Modifications associated with choice of dietary protein level for assay. Four chick growth experiments were conducted to compare the protein efficiency ratio (PER) and the total protein efficiency ratio (TPE) methods for evaluating five protein concentrates; soybean meal, peanut meal, normal fish meal, fish meal subjected to either dry or moist heating; and gelatin-supplemented casein, the latter serving as the standard. The concentrates substituted for 40% of the total protein contents of basal corn-soybean rations varying widely in protein levels. There were no significant differences between the PER (based on average weight gain and protein intake) and the TPE (calculated as the total weight gain, including weight of dead chicks, divided by the total protein intake) at the protein levels studied. A new index, the maximum protein efficiency ratio (PERmax), was defined as the PER value estimated at the optimum dietary protein level. It was estimated at the point of inflection on the graph of feed efficiency vs. percentage protein content. Reasons and the procedure for the use of feed efficiency in the estimation are discussed. The three methods were further evaluated by comparing differences or separations among PER values determined at the conventional 10% protein level, PER at 18.5%, TPE at 18.5%, and the PERmax. For most paired comparisons, the conventional PER gave the widest separations, but in the case of dry- and moist-heated fish meals, separation by the PERmax method (at a higher protein level) was the widest. Based on the amino acid contents of the whole diets and literature information, it was concluded that the conventional PER gives greater separations where diets or proteins have greater relative deficiencies in sulfur amino acids. Where there are greater relative deficiencies in lysine, the PERmax or PER at higher but suboptimal protein levels gives greater separations. The importance of cystine/methionine ratio is also discussed.", "PMID": 1170286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2901", "title": "Regulation of glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the meal-fed rat.", "content": "Meal-feeding of a high sucrose diet produces a diurnal cycle (i.e., food response) in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) levels resulting in an elevated level of these enzymes at approximately 12 hours after the start of a 2-hour meal and a return to base level by 24 hours. The effects of actinomycin D and cycloheximide on the 12-hour increases in G6PD and 6GPD were determined. Cycloheximide completely blocked the increase in G6PD if administered 2 or 4 hours after start of the meal, while actinomycin D completely blocked the increase in G6PD if administered at 2 hours and almost completely at 4 hours after start of the meal. These results were obtained previously with starved rats refed a sucrose diet. The diurnal increases in G6PD and 6PGD in meal-fed rats and the induction of G6PD in starved-refed rats thus appear to be regulated by the same mechanism requires RNA synthesis within 4 hours after start of re-feeding. The response of 6PGD to cycloheximide and to actinomycin D at 2 or 4 hours after start of the meal is essentially the same as that of G6PD. These data suggest that the increases in G6PD and 6PGD (and other enzymes) brought about by carbohydrate refeeding AFTER starvation or by carbohydrate meal-feeding on a diurnal cycle are mediated by a rapid change in RNA synthesis. This appears most compatible with a coordinate control of gene expression through messenger RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the meal-fed rat. Meal-feeding of a high sucrose diet produces a diurnal cycle (i.e., food response) in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) levels resulting in an elevated level of these enzymes at approximately 12 hours after the start of a 2-hour meal and a return to base level by 24 hours. The effects of actinomycin D and cycloheximide on the 12-hour increases in G6PD and 6GPD were determined. Cycloheximide completely blocked the increase in G6PD if administered 2 or 4 hours after start of the meal, while actinomycin D completely blocked the increase in G6PD if administered at 2 hours and almost completely at 4 hours after start of the meal. These results were obtained previously with starved rats refed a sucrose diet. The diurnal increases in G6PD and 6PGD in meal-fed rats and the induction of G6PD in starved-refed rats thus appear to be regulated by the same mechanism requires RNA synthesis within 4 hours after start of re-feeding. The response of 6PGD to cycloheximide and to actinomycin D at 2 or 4 hours after start of the meal is essentially the same as that of G6PD. These data suggest that the increases in G6PD and 6PGD (and other enzymes) brought about by carbohydrate refeeding AFTER starvation or by carbohydrate meal-feeding on a diurnal cycle are mediated by a rapid change in RNA synthesis. This appears most compatible with a coordinate control of gene expression through messenger RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1170287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2902", "title": "Systems approach to study of solute transport across membranes using suspension cultures of mammalian cells IV: Uptake and release kinetics of sterols.", "content": "The kinetics of uptake and release of desmosterol, cholesterol, and beta-sitosterol by Burkitt lymphoma cells at 26 degrees, pH 7.3, and isoosmotic conditions were quantitatively and mechanistically interpreted. The data are in agreement with the model involving the passive transport of the unbound sterol across the rate-determining plasma membrane, with rapid distribution within the heterogeneous cell interior. Effective permeability (P-e) and partition (K-e) coefficients of the sterols were inversely proportional to the serum concentration in the external media due to sterol-serum binding. These results are consistent with the mechanism in which only the unbound solute in the external solution participates in the membrane transport process. At all serum levels, P-e and K-e increased with increasing sterol polarity: desmosterol greater than cholesterol greater than beta-sitosterol.", "contents": "Systems approach to study of solute transport across membranes using suspension cultures of mammalian cells IV: Uptake and release kinetics of sterols. The kinetics of uptake and release of desmosterol, cholesterol, and beta-sitosterol by Burkitt lymphoma cells at 26 degrees, pH 7.3, and isoosmotic conditions were quantitatively and mechanistically interpreted. The data are in agreement with the model involving the passive transport of the unbound sterol across the rate-determining plasma membrane, with rapid distribution within the heterogeneous cell interior. Effective permeability (P-e) and partition (K-e) coefficients of the sterols were inversely proportional to the serum concentration in the external media due to sterol-serum binding. These results are consistent with the mechanism in which only the unbound solute in the external solution participates in the membrane transport process. At all serum levels, P-e and K-e increased with increasing sterol polarity: desmosterol greater than cholesterol greater than beta-sitosterol.", "PMID": 1170314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2903", "title": "Alkylthiocolchicines and N-deacetyl-alkylthiocolchicines and their antileukemic activity.", "content": "A series of alkylthiocolchcines (methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, n-hexy, n-octyl, and pinanyl) was prepared from colchicine by treatment with the appropriate alkyl mercaptan and p-toluenesulfonic acid. Some of these compounds (methyl-, ethyl-, and n-butylthiocolchicines) were deacetylated in good yields with 2 N hydrochloric acid in methanol. These compounds were tested for their antileukemic activity in an in vitro assay against L-1210 (mouse leukemia). Preliminary results showed that methylthiocolchicine is more active and the other alkylthiocolchicines are much less active than colchicine. N-Deacetyl-methylthiocolchicine is as active as colchicine.", "contents": "Alkylthiocolchicines and N-deacetyl-alkylthiocolchicines and their antileukemic activity. A series of alkylthiocolchcines (methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, n-hexy, n-octyl, and pinanyl) was prepared from colchicine by treatment with the appropriate alkyl mercaptan and p-toluenesulfonic acid. Some of these compounds (methyl-, ethyl-, and n-butylthiocolchicines) were deacetylated in good yields with 2 N hydrochloric acid in methanol. These compounds were tested for their antileukemic activity in an in vitro assay against L-1210 (mouse leukemia). Preliminary results showed that methylthiocolchicine is more active and the other alkylthiocolchicines are much less active than colchicine. N-Deacetyl-methylthiocolchicine is as active as colchicine.", "PMID": 1170315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2904", "title": "Uptake of orthophosphate by rabbit vagus nerve fibres.", "content": "1. The uptake of orthophosphate and its incorporation into ATP, ADP, and creatine phosphate (CrP) were studied in desheathed rabbit vagus nerve. 2. Using -32P labelled orthophosphate, the total amount of labelled phosphate taken up by the preparation was continuously recorded in a perfusion apparatus. For measuring the incorporation into phosphorylated compounds, phosphate esters and inorganic phosphate were extracted, separated and their total amount and radioactivity determined. 3. The total uptake of phosphate was found to be a biexponential function of time. 4. The time constant of the first process was 10-20 min and independent of the extracellular phosphate concentration, the final amount labelled by this process was relatively small and proportional to external phosphate, increasing from 0.026 m-mole/kg wet nerve at 0-04 mM phosphate to 1-14 m-mole/kg at 5nM. 5. The time constant of the second process depended on the extracellular phosphate concentration varying from 4624 min at 0-04 mM to 210 min at 5 mM. The final amount labelled by this process was 5-6 m-mole/kg wet wt. and independent of the extracellular phosphate. 6. The kinetics of the slow uptake were consistent with the presence of a saturable process and a non-saturable one. 7. Extraction of ATP, ADP, and the sum of CrP and Pi, showed that the total amount of these compounds remained constant for 2 hr while their radioactivity increased slowly, approximately at the same rate as the slow fraction. 8. Increasing the external phosphate from 0-04 to 5 nM increased the amount of labelled ATP. 9. A comparison with the metabolic turnover of phosphate, estimated from the oxygen consumption, shows that uptake is much slower than metabolism, so that the slow appearance of labelled nucleotides is very probably due to a limitation of the influx. 10. From the experimental data the influx can then be calculated for various phosphate concentrations. It is close to that found in squid axons.", "contents": "Uptake of orthophosphate by rabbit vagus nerve fibres. 1. The uptake of orthophosphate and its incorporation into ATP, ADP, and creatine phosphate (CrP) were studied in desheathed rabbit vagus nerve. 2. Using -32P labelled orthophosphate, the total amount of labelled phosphate taken up by the preparation was continuously recorded in a perfusion apparatus. For measuring the incorporation into phosphorylated compounds, phosphate esters and inorganic phosphate were extracted, separated and their total amount and radioactivity determined. 3. The total uptake of phosphate was found to be a biexponential function of time. 4. The time constant of the first process was 10-20 min and independent of the extracellular phosphate concentration, the final amount labelled by this process was relatively small and proportional to external phosphate, increasing from 0.026 m-mole/kg wet nerve at 0-04 mM phosphate to 1-14 m-mole/kg at 5nM. 5. The time constant of the second process depended on the extracellular phosphate concentration varying from 4624 min at 0-04 mM to 210 min at 5 mM. The final amount labelled by this process was 5-6 m-mole/kg wet wt. and independent of the extracellular phosphate. 6. The kinetics of the slow uptake were consistent with the presence of a saturable process and a non-saturable one. 7. Extraction of ATP, ADP, and the sum of CrP and Pi, showed that the total amount of these compounds remained constant for 2 hr while their radioactivity increased slowly, approximately at the same rate as the slow fraction. 8. Increasing the external phosphate from 0-04 to 5 nM increased the amount of labelled ATP. 9. A comparison with the metabolic turnover of phosphate, estimated from the oxygen consumption, shows that uptake is much slower than metabolism, so that the slow appearance of labelled nucleotides is very probably due to a limitation of the influx. 10. From the experimental data the influx can then be calculated for various phosphate concentrations. It is close to that found in squid axons.", "PMID": 1170320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2905", "title": "The passage of spermatozoa through the cervix of ovariectomized ewes treated with progesterone and oestrogen.", "content": "Thirty spayed ewes were used in a 2 x 3 split-plot factorial experiment (n = 5) in which oestrus was induced with 30 or 90 mug oestradiol benzoate (OB) following a period of progesterone priming. They were inseminated 36 hr after oestrogen and the numbers of spermatozoa in the caudal, mid- and cranial regions of the cervix (sub-plots) were estimated 1, 12 and 24 hr later. At each interval of time and for each region of the cervix, fewer spermatozoa were recovered from the ewes treated with 30 mug OB than from those treated with 90 mug (P less than 0-05).", "contents": "The passage of spermatozoa through the cervix of ovariectomized ewes treated with progesterone and oestrogen. Thirty spayed ewes were used in a 2 x 3 split-plot factorial experiment (n = 5) in which oestrus was induced with 30 or 90 mug oestradiol benzoate (OB) following a period of progesterone priming. They were inseminated 36 hr after oestrogen and the numbers of spermatozoa in the caudal, mid- and cranial regions of the cervix (sub-plots) were estimated 1, 12 and 24 hr later. At each interval of time and for each region of the cervix, fewer spermatozoa were recovered from the ewes treated with 30 mug OB than from those treated with 90 mug (P less than 0-05).", "PMID": 1170325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2906", "title": "Effect of follicular fluid and oestradiol on the luteinization of rat granulosa cells in vitro.", "content": "The effect of pig follicular fluid (FF), total or oestrogen-free, and of oestradiol-17 beta on the luteinization and progesterone secretion of rat granulosa cells was investigated during 4 days in culture. Both FF and oestrogen-free FF modified the differentiation of the granulosa cells, particularly their size and the appearance of their nucleoli. Addition of total FF or oestradiol-17 beta (50, 100 or 500 ng/ml) to the control medium markedly increased the progesterone secretion of the granulosa cells, but oestrogen-free FF and dialysed fetal calf serum had no effect. It was concluded that (1) FF could modify the morphological changes of the rat granulosa cells in vitro, but could not inhibit their secretion of progesterone, (2) the granulosa cells were able to synthesize progesterone regardless of their stage of differentiation, (3) oestradiol 17 beta had a direct stimulatory effect on progesterone secretion by granulosa cells in vitro. The possible mode of action of FF upon luteinization is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of follicular fluid and oestradiol on the luteinization of rat granulosa cells in vitro. The effect of pig follicular fluid (FF), total or oestrogen-free, and of oestradiol-17 beta on the luteinization and progesterone secretion of rat granulosa cells was investigated during 4 days in culture. Both FF and oestrogen-free FF modified the differentiation of the granulosa cells, particularly their size and the appearance of their nucleoli. Addition of total FF or oestradiol-17 beta (50, 100 or 500 ng/ml) to the control medium markedly increased the progesterone secretion of the granulosa cells, but oestrogen-free FF and dialysed fetal calf serum had no effect. It was concluded that (1) FF could modify the morphological changes of the rat granulosa cells in vitro, but could not inhibit their secretion of progesterone, (2) the granulosa cells were able to synthesize progesterone regardless of their stage of differentiation, (3) oestradiol 17 beta had a direct stimulatory effect on progesterone secretion by granulosa cells in vitro. The possible mode of action of FF upon luteinization is discussed.", "PMID": 1170326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2907", "title": "Fertility and sperm transport in Merino ewes at the first oestrus following embryonic death.", "content": "The embryos of ewes were killed with colchicine on Day 17 of gestation and the ewes were mated at the subsequent oestrus. Fertility was reduced at this mating, and fewer spermatozoa were found in the uterus and oviducts than in control animals. The total number of spermatozoa in the cervix and their distribution between the lumen and walls of the cervix were not altered, but the linear distribution along the cervical walls was changed. The density of the reamining spermatozoa in the control animals after flushing the cervix showed a progressive decrease from the posterior to the anterior segments. This did not occur in the untreated ewes. It seems likely that impaired sperm transport contributed to the lowered fertility.", "contents": "Fertility and sperm transport in Merino ewes at the first oestrus following embryonic death. The embryos of ewes were killed with colchicine on Day 17 of gestation and the ewes were mated at the subsequent oestrus. Fertility was reduced at this mating, and fewer spermatozoa were found in the uterus and oviducts than in control animals. The total number of spermatozoa in the cervix and their distribution between the lumen and walls of the cervix were not altered, but the linear distribution along the cervical walls was changed. The density of the reamining spermatozoa in the control animals after flushing the cervix showed a progressive decrease from the posterior to the anterior segments. This did not occur in the untreated ewes. It seems likely that impaired sperm transport contributed to the lowered fertility.", "PMID": 1170327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2908", "title": "Fine structure distribution of non-specific acid phosphatase in the head region of mouse spermatozoa from various regions of the male reproductive tract.", "content": "The fine structure distribution of non-specific acid phosphatase was determined in the head region of mouse spermatozoa from the testes, the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis and the ductus deferens. Enzymatic localization was achieved by the Gomori technique. The postacrosomal dense lamina, the nuclear side of the inner acrosomal membrane and the space between the plasmalemma and the outer acrosomal membrane showed reaction product in spermatozoa from the testis and caput epididymidis. Spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis exhibited reaction product only between the plasmalemma and the outer acrosomal membrane. Spermatozoa from the corpus epididymidis and from the ductus deferens showed no reaction product in the head region. The changes observed in the distribution of acid phosphatase in the sperm head during epididymal transport may reflect maturational events.", "contents": "Fine structure distribution of non-specific acid phosphatase in the head region of mouse spermatozoa from various regions of the male reproductive tract. The fine structure distribution of non-specific acid phosphatase was determined in the head region of mouse spermatozoa from the testes, the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis and the ductus deferens. Enzymatic localization was achieved by the Gomori technique. The postacrosomal dense lamina, the nuclear side of the inner acrosomal membrane and the space between the plasmalemma and the outer acrosomal membrane showed reaction product in spermatozoa from the testis and caput epididymidis. Spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis exhibited reaction product only between the plasmalemma and the outer acrosomal membrane. Spermatozoa from the corpus epididymidis and from the ductus deferens showed no reaction product in the head region. The changes observed in the distribution of acid phosphatase in the sperm head during epididymal transport may reflect maturational events.", "PMID": 1170328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2909", "title": "Some biological properties of RMI 12,936, a new synthetic antiprogestational steroid.", "content": "A new synthetic steroid, RMI 12,369, was examined for its contraceptive potential in rats and comparisons with ethinyloestradiol were also made. Marked differences in the biological effects of the compounds were found, RMI 12,936 having high antiprogestational but negligible oestrogenic activity. Administration of RMI 12,936 on Day 1 of pregnancy caused acceleration of egg transport, the initial changes being apparent within 12 hr of dosing. Termination of pregnancy was associated with a significant reduction in ovarian weight. On Day 8 of pregnancy, RMI 12,936 resulted in significant ovarian hypertrophy, apparent within 48 hr, possibly due to a luteotrophic stimulus of placental origin. Pregnancy could not be maintained by progesterone implants, indicating that utilization was inhibited. Egg transfer experiments indicated that the primary effects were probably on the maternal reproductive tract. Pregnancy was terminated after administration of RMI 12,936 ON Day 19. The compound also had antifertility activity following intravaginal administration.", "contents": "Some biological properties of RMI 12,936, a new synthetic antiprogestational steroid. A new synthetic steroid, RMI 12,369, was examined for its contraceptive potential in rats and comparisons with ethinyloestradiol were also made. Marked differences in the biological effects of the compounds were found, RMI 12,936 having high antiprogestational but negligible oestrogenic activity. Administration of RMI 12,936 on Day 1 of pregnancy caused acceleration of egg transport, the initial changes being apparent within 12 hr of dosing. Termination of pregnancy was associated with a significant reduction in ovarian weight. On Day 8 of pregnancy, RMI 12,936 resulted in significant ovarian hypertrophy, apparent within 48 hr, possibly due to a luteotrophic stimulus of placental origin. Pregnancy could not be maintained by progesterone implants, indicating that utilization was inhibited. Egg transfer experiments indicated that the primary effects were probably on the maternal reproductive tract. Pregnancy was terminated after administration of RMI 12,936 ON Day 19. The compound also had antifertility activity following intravaginal administration.", "PMID": 1170329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2910", "title": "Genetical components of physiological tremor.", "content": "Pysiological tremor was measured in 14 pairs of monozygotic twins, 14 pairs of dizygotic twins, and 14 pairs of control subjects matched for age and sex. Postural finger tremor was measured in each pair using a sub-miniature accelerometer and subjecting the amplified signals to power spectral analysis. Significant genetical influences were found for the proportion of tremore at frequencies near the peak frequency of 9-10 Hz. No genetical effects were found at other frequencies or for the absolute amount of tremore. The results suggest that physiological tremor between 8 and 13 Hz is genetically influenced and that tremor at these frequencies is determined by different mechanisms than those at other frequencies.", "contents": "Genetical components of physiological tremor. Pysiological tremor was measured in 14 pairs of monozygotic twins, 14 pairs of dizygotic twins, and 14 pairs of control subjects matched for age and sex. Postural finger tremor was measured in each pair using a sub-miniature accelerometer and subjecting the amplified signals to power spectral analysis. Significant genetical influences were found for the proportion of tremore at frequencies near the peak frequency of 9-10 Hz. No genetical effects were found at other frequencies or for the absolute amount of tremore. The results suggest that physiological tremor between 8 and 13 Hz is genetically influenced and that tremor at these frequencies is determined by different mechanisms than those at other frequencies.", "PMID": 1170330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2911", "title": "The permeability of liposomes to nonelectrolytes. I. Activation energies for permeation.", "content": "The effect of temperature on the permeability of nonelectrolytes across liposomal membranes above and below their transition temperature has been studied by using an osmotic method. Below their transition temperature, liposomes are osmotically insensitive structures but, on addition of gramicidin A, the water permeability so increased that the permeability of solutes could be studied. The measured activation energies for permeation of a variety of nonelectrolytes has been found to increase when a) there is an increase in the capability of the solutes to form hydrogen bonds in water, b) the cholesterol concentration in the membranes increases and c) the membranes pass from a liquid-crystalline to a solid-crystalline state. The change in the activation energy for permeation per hydrogen bond is about 1.8 kcal/mole for all the different liposome systems investigated; the only solute tested that deviated from this correlation was urea, whose activation energy for permeation across a gramicidin-containing system was much lower than expected from its hydrogen-bonding capacity. This finding suggests that urea is permeating across the gramicidin pore. Although the literature contains only incomplete data relating the activation energies for permeation of nonelectrolytes across biological membranes to their hydrogen-bonding capacity, the available evidence suggests that there is a similar correlation to that found in liposomes. Thus, the average increase in the activation energy per hydrogen bond for permeation across ox red cell membranes (Jacobs, Glassman & Parpart, J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 7:197, 1935) is 2.2 plus or minus 0.4 kcal/mole, a value that is similar to that obtained in liposomes. However, the activation energies for water and urea are - in such a system - very much lower than expected, suggesting that they, too, are permeating by some parallel route such as an aqueous pore.", "contents": "The permeability of liposomes to nonelectrolytes. I. Activation energies for permeation. The effect of temperature on the permeability of nonelectrolytes across liposomal membranes above and below their transition temperature has been studied by using an osmotic method. Below their transition temperature, liposomes are osmotically insensitive structures but, on addition of gramicidin A, the water permeability so increased that the permeability of solutes could be studied. The measured activation energies for permeation of a variety of nonelectrolytes has been found to increase when a) there is an increase in the capability of the solutes to form hydrogen bonds in water, b) the cholesterol concentration in the membranes increases and c) the membranes pass from a liquid-crystalline to a solid-crystalline state. The change in the activation energy for permeation per hydrogen bond is about 1.8 kcal/mole for all the different liposome systems investigated; the only solute tested that deviated from this correlation was urea, whose activation energy for permeation across a gramicidin-containing system was much lower than expected from its hydrogen-bonding capacity. This finding suggests that urea is permeating across the gramicidin pore. Although the literature contains only incomplete data relating the activation energies for permeation of nonelectrolytes across biological membranes to their hydrogen-bonding capacity, the available evidence suggests that there is a similar correlation to that found in liposomes. Thus, the average increase in the activation energy per hydrogen bond for permeation across ox red cell membranes (Jacobs, Glassman & Parpart, J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 7:197, 1935) is 2.2 plus or minus 0.4 kcal/mole, a value that is similar to that obtained in liposomes. However, the activation energies for water and urea are - in such a system - very much lower than expected, suggesting that they, too, are permeating by some parallel route such as an aqueous pore.", "PMID": 1170332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2912", "title": "The interaction of hydrophobic ions with lipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "Electrical relaxation studies have been made on lecithin bilayer membranes of varying chain length and degree of unsaturation, in the presence of dipicrylamine. Results obtained are generally consistent with a model for the transport of hydrophobic ions previously proposed by Ketterer, Neumcke, and L\u00e4uger (J. Membrane Biol. 5:225, 1971). This medel visualizes as three distinct steps the interfacial absorption, translocation, and desorption of ions. Measurements at high electric field yield directly the density of ions absorbed to the membrane-solution interface. Variation of temperature has permitted determination of activation enthalpies for the translocation step which are consistent with the assumption of an electrostatic barrier in the hydrocarbon core of the membrane. The change of enthalpy upon absorption of ions is, however, found to be negligible, the process being driven instead by an increase of entropy. It is suggested that this increase may be due to the destruction, upon absorption, of a highly ordered water structure which surrounds the hydrophic ion in the aqueous phase. Finally, it is shown that a decrease of transient membrane conductance observed at high concentration of hydrophobic ions, previously interpreted in terms of interfacial saturation, must instead by attributed to a more complex effect equivalent to a reduction of membrane fluidity.", "contents": "The interaction of hydrophobic ions with lipid bilayer membranes. Electrical relaxation studies have been made on lecithin bilayer membranes of varying chain length and degree of unsaturation, in the presence of dipicrylamine. Results obtained are generally consistent with a model for the transport of hydrophobic ions previously proposed by Ketterer, Neumcke, and L\u00e4uger (J. Membrane Biol. 5:225, 1971). This medel visualizes as three distinct steps the interfacial absorption, translocation, and desorption of ions. Measurements at high electric field yield directly the density of ions absorbed to the membrane-solution interface. Variation of temperature has permitted determination of activation enthalpies for the translocation step which are consistent with the assumption of an electrostatic barrier in the hydrocarbon core of the membrane. The change of enthalpy upon absorption of ions is, however, found to be negligible, the process being driven instead by an increase of entropy. It is suggested that this increase may be due to the destruction, upon absorption, of a highly ordered water structure which surrounds the hydrophic ion in the aqueous phase. Finally, it is shown that a decrease of transient membrane conductance observed at high concentration of hydrophobic ions, previously interpreted in terms of interfacial saturation, must instead by attributed to a more complex effect equivalent to a reduction of membrane fluidity.", "PMID": 1170333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2913", "title": "Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus. I. Concentration and purification of the infectious virus.", "content": "Two procedures for the purification of infectious lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus from cell culture fluid have been developed. If large quantities of very pure virus are to be prepared, infected L cells are maintained with a medium supplemented with calf serum, the proteins of which have been largely removed by pretreatment with polyethylene glycol. Two days after infection of the cultures, the media are collected and the virus is concentrated by treatment with polyethylene glycol 40,000. Purification with a 10,000-fold increase of specific infectivity is achieved with steric chromatography on controlled-pore glass beads with pore sizes of 42 to 44 nm and centrifugation in density gradients prepared with amido trizoate. An alternative method begins with precipitation of the virus from infected cell cuture medium with zinc acetate, followed by controlled-pore glass chromatography and density centrifugation in a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Purification thus obtained is 200-fold in terms of specific infectivity.", "contents": "Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus. I. Concentration and purification of the infectious virus. Two procedures for the purification of infectious lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus from cell culture fluid have been developed. If large quantities of very pure virus are to be prepared, infected L cells are maintained with a medium supplemented with calf serum, the proteins of which have been largely removed by pretreatment with polyethylene glycol. Two days after infection of the cultures, the media are collected and the virus is concentrated by treatment with polyethylene glycol 40,000. Purification with a 10,000-fold increase of specific infectivity is achieved with steric chromatography on controlled-pore glass beads with pore sizes of 42 to 44 nm and centrifugation in density gradients prepared with amido trizoate. An alternative method begins with precipitation of the virus from infected cell cuture medium with zinc acetate, followed by controlled-pore glass chromatography and density centrifugation in a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Purification thus obtained is 200-fold in terms of specific infectivity.", "PMID": 1170337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2914", "title": "Characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus RNA.", "content": "RNA extracted from isopycnically banded [3-H]uridine-labeled bovine viral diarrhea virus with sodium dodecyl sulfate was resolved into one major and two minor components by both sedimentation analysis and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. The major RNA component was estimated to have a 38S sedimentation coefficient. The minor RNA components were estimated to have S values of 31 and 24. The approximate colecular weights were calculated to be 3.22 times 10-6 (38S), 2.09 times 10-6 (31S), and 1.22 times 10-6 (24S). A single broad peak of radioactivity, maximum at 24S, was obtained when sedimentation was conducted under conditions of low ionic strength. All three RNA components were found to be susceptible to digestion with RNase. The presence of multiple RNA components in heterogeneous populations of infectious virus is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus RNA. RNA extracted from isopycnically banded [3-H]uridine-labeled bovine viral diarrhea virus with sodium dodecyl sulfate was resolved into one major and two minor components by both sedimentation analysis and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. The major RNA component was estimated to have a 38S sedimentation coefficient. The minor RNA components were estimated to have S values of 31 and 24. The approximate colecular weights were calculated to be 3.22 times 10-6 (38S), 2.09 times 10-6 (31S), and 1.22 times 10-6 (24S). A single broad peak of radioactivity, maximum at 24S, was obtained when sedimentation was conducted under conditions of low ionic strength. All three RNA components were found to be susceptible to digestion with RNase. The presence of multiple RNA components in heterogeneous populations of infectious virus is discussed.", "PMID": 1170338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2915", "title": "Morphological and physical properties of a multiploid-forming mutant of Western equine encephalitis virus.", "content": "Morphological and physical properties of a multiploid-forming mutant of Western equine encephalitis virus were studied. Electron micrographs of the infected cells showed that most of mutant virions bud from the plasma or vacuolar membrane as a multiploid particle containing a various number of nucleocapsids enclosed with a defined common envelope. The mutant virions contained three polypeptides which migrated to the position identical with those of wild type on discontinuous acrylamide gels. Cells infected with the mutant virus synthesized the same intracellular viral RNA species as was made after infection of wild type. Cytoplasmic nucleocapsids of the mutant sedimented at 140S and contained 42S virion RNA as those of wild type; they were indistinguishable from those of wild type in an electron microscope examination. On the other hand, mutant nucleocapsids isolated from extracellular virions sedimented as heterogeneous particles larger thant 140S and were shown to be pleomorphic and aggregate in electron micrographs. The budding process of this mutant seemed to be modified, so that it might form the multiploid with the alteration of its nucleocapsids.", "contents": "Morphological and physical properties of a multiploid-forming mutant of Western equine encephalitis virus. Morphological and physical properties of a multiploid-forming mutant of Western equine encephalitis virus were studied. Electron micrographs of the infected cells showed that most of mutant virions bud from the plasma or vacuolar membrane as a multiploid particle containing a various number of nucleocapsids enclosed with a defined common envelope. The mutant virions contained three polypeptides which migrated to the position identical with those of wild type on discontinuous acrylamide gels. Cells infected with the mutant virus synthesized the same intracellular viral RNA species as was made after infection of wild type. Cytoplasmic nucleocapsids of the mutant sedimented at 140S and contained 42S virion RNA as those of wild type; they were indistinguishable from those of wild type in an electron microscope examination. On the other hand, mutant nucleocapsids isolated from extracellular virions sedimented as heterogeneous particles larger thant 140S and were shown to be pleomorphic and aggregate in electron micrographs. The budding process of this mutant seemed to be modified, so that it might form the multiploid with the alteration of its nucleocapsids.", "PMID": 1170339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2916", "title": "Messenger activity of RNA transcribed in vitro by DNA-RNA polymerase associated to vaccinia virus cores.", "content": "The coding properties of RNA transcribed in vitro by purified vaccinia cores have been investigated using Krebs ascites tumor cells, L cells, and reticulocyte lysates. Six to 10 proteins synthesized in vitro are separated on polyacrylamide gels by electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Their molecular weights vary from 10,000 to 44,000. The electrophoretic behavior of these proteins is similar to that of early proteins isolated from infected L cells. The tryptic peptide analysis of one of these proteins indicates similarity in amino acid sequences. These results show fidelity of both in vitro transcription and molecular weight above 44,000 are synthesized in vitro does not seem due to a competition between 12S mRNA synthesized in excess and RNA of a higher sedimentation coefficient present in a lower amount.", "contents": "Messenger activity of RNA transcribed in vitro by DNA-RNA polymerase associated to vaccinia virus cores. The coding properties of RNA transcribed in vitro by purified vaccinia cores have been investigated using Krebs ascites tumor cells, L cells, and reticulocyte lysates. Six to 10 proteins synthesized in vitro are separated on polyacrylamide gels by electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Their molecular weights vary from 10,000 to 44,000. The electrophoretic behavior of these proteins is similar to that of early proteins isolated from infected L cells. The tryptic peptide analysis of one of these proteins indicates similarity in amino acid sequences. These results show fidelity of both in vitro transcription and molecular weight above 44,000 are synthesized in vitro does not seem due to a competition between 12S mRNA synthesized in excess and RNA of a higher sedimentation coefficient present in a lower amount.", "PMID": 1170340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2917", "title": "Treatment of urinary incontinence in women using an intravaginal tarsette.", "content": "A new mushroom-shaped vaginal incontinence device called a tarsette is described. The device provides broad surface compression on the anterior vaginal wall with direct compression on the urethra. The manner in which it is made and inserted is discussed along with our initial experience with 15 patients.", "contents": "Treatment of urinary incontinence in women using an intravaginal tarsette. A new mushroom-shaped vaginal incontinence device called a tarsette is described. The device provides broad surface compression on the anterior vaginal wall with direct compression on the urethra. The manner in which it is made and inserted is discussed along with our initial experience with 15 patients.", "PMID": 1170342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2918", "title": "A male pseudohermaphrodite white-tailed deer resembling an antlered doe.", "content": "A male pseudohermaphrodite white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is described. The animal shot in Aiken County, South Carolina on November 4, 1971, was 1.5 years old and had the external appearance of an antlered doe. The 6 point antlers were in velvet, a vulva was present, and the testes were located in the body cavity. Other male reproductive organs present were epididymides, vasa deferentia and ampullae. Female reproductive organs present were cervix, vagina and clitoris.", "contents": "A male pseudohermaphrodite white-tailed deer resembling an antlered doe. A male pseudohermaphrodite white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is described. The animal shot in Aiken County, South Carolina on November 4, 1971, was 1.5 years old and had the external appearance of an antlered doe. The 6 point antlers were in velvet, a vulva was present, and the testes were located in the body cavity. Other male reproductive organs present were epididymides, vasa deferentia and ampullae. Female reproductive organs present were cervix, vagina and clitoris.", "PMID": 1170343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2919", "title": "[Prenatal chorio-retinitis transmitted by golden hamsters (author's transl)].", "content": "Two children of mothers who, in the second half of pregnancy, had been in touch with golden hamsters, had an internal hydrocephalus at birth and extensive chorio-retinitic scars in both eyes. One newborn also had myopia magna, the other severe bilirubinaemia. Increasing titres of neutralizing serum antibodies in both mothers and children and falling titres of complement-binding serum antibodies against the virus of lymphocytic chorio-meningitis argue for a causative role of this micro-organism, apparently transmitted by the hamsters.", "contents": "[Prenatal chorio-retinitis transmitted by golden hamsters (author's transl)]. Two children of mothers who, in the second half of pregnancy, had been in touch with golden hamsters, had an internal hydrocephalus at birth and extensive chorio-retinitic scars in both eyes. One newborn also had myopia magna, the other severe bilirubinaemia. Increasing titres of neutralizing serum antibodies in both mothers and children and falling titres of complement-binding serum antibodies against the virus of lymphocytic chorio-meningitis argue for a causative role of this micro-organism, apparently transmitted by the hamsters.", "PMID": 1170462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2920", "title": "Effect of calcium and magnesium on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in rat parathyroid glands in vitro.", "content": "DNA synthesis in rat parathyroid glands in organ culture is significantly affected by the calcium concentration of the medium. 3-H-thymidine incorporation over a 46-hour period was more than 100 per cent greater at 1.3 mM calcium than at 3.0 mM calcium. Thymidine incorporation was greatest at 0.9 to 1.3 mM, and fell off sharply between 1.3 and 1.8 mM calcium. Variation of magnesium concentration between 0.3 and 1.5 mM had no appreciable effect on DNA synthesis at either 1.3 or 1.8 mM calcium. No effect on DNA synthesis in rat liver explants or mouse L cells was observed over these ranges of calcium concentration, but in cultured rat kidney fragments, an opposite effect of calcium was observed, i.e., DNA synthesis was more active at 3.0 mM calcium than at 1.3 mM calcium. Time course experiments showed that a significant difference between DNA synthesis rates in high and low calcium media was observable in parathyroid glands during the first 3 hours in culture, and persisted for at least 108 hours. The calcium effect on DNA synthesis was not mediated by any direct effect on the rate of thymidine uptake by the tissue. These results suggest that a small drop in ambient calcium concentration in vivo could significantly increase the rate of DNA synthesis in the parathyroid glands, and thus provide experimental support for the concept that parathyroid hyperplasia in chronic renal insufficiency is caused by lowered serum calcium levels.", "contents": "Effect of calcium and magnesium on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in rat parathyroid glands in vitro. DNA synthesis in rat parathyroid glands in organ culture is significantly affected by the calcium concentration of the medium. 3-H-thymidine incorporation over a 46-hour period was more than 100 per cent greater at 1.3 mM calcium than at 3.0 mM calcium. Thymidine incorporation was greatest at 0.9 to 1.3 mM, and fell off sharply between 1.3 and 1.8 mM calcium. Variation of magnesium concentration between 0.3 and 1.5 mM had no appreciable effect on DNA synthesis at either 1.3 or 1.8 mM calcium. No effect on DNA synthesis in rat liver explants or mouse L cells was observed over these ranges of calcium concentration, but in cultured rat kidney fragments, an opposite effect of calcium was observed, i.e., DNA synthesis was more active at 3.0 mM calcium than at 1.3 mM calcium. Time course experiments showed that a significant difference between DNA synthesis rates in high and low calcium media was observable in parathyroid glands during the first 3 hours in culture, and persisted for at least 108 hours. The calcium effect on DNA synthesis was not mediated by any direct effect on the rate of thymidine uptake by the tissue. These results suggest that a small drop in ambient calcium concentration in vivo could significantly increase the rate of DNA synthesis in the parathyroid glands, and thus provide experimental support for the concept that parathyroid hyperplasia in chronic renal insufficiency is caused by lowered serum calcium levels.", "PMID": 1170463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2921", "title": "Quality of patient care-a measurement of change: the staging concept.", "content": "A method that can be used to classify the severity of health problems and measure change in health status is described. The \"staging\" concept provides a system which classifies patients with similar medical conditions into clusters useful for patient care evaluation. The method defines different levels of severity: Stage I-disease with no complications or problem of minimal severity; Stage II-disease with local complications or problem of moderate severity; and Stage III-disease with systemic complications or a problem of a serious nature. Examples of the method are given and the value of the approach is described for the evaluation of the hospitalized and ambulatory patient.", "contents": "Quality of patient care-a measurement of change: the staging concept. A method that can be used to classify the severity of health problems and measure change in health status is described. The \"staging\" concept provides a system which classifies patients with similar medical conditions into clusters useful for patient care evaluation. The method defines different levels of severity: Stage I-disease with no complications or problem of minimal severity; Stage II-disease with local complications or problem of moderate severity; and Stage III-disease with systemic complications or a problem of a serious nature. Examples of the method are given and the value of the approach is described for the evaluation of the hospitalized and ambulatory patient.", "PMID": 1170469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2922", "title": "Identification of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15-octadecapentaenoic acid in laboratory-cultured photosynthetic dinoflagellates.", "content": "Polar and nonpolar chromatograms of fatty acid methyl esters derived from 11 species of photosynthetic, marine dinoflagellates cultured in modified Erd-Schrieber medium contained a component (4-23%) not identifiable by conventional graphic or arithmetic methods.  Hydrogenation followed by gas liquid chromatography of the product showed the unknown component to be a straight chained 18 carbon fatty acid methyl ester.  Chemical (ch4) ionization mass spectrometry of the isolated ester gave a spectrum characteristic of methyl esters and a mol wt of 288, indicating an 18 carbon molecule with 5 double bonds, or equivalent unsaturation.  The IR spectrum showed that the double bonds are nonconjugated, and all are cis in geometry.  Electron impact mass spectrometry of the pyrorolidide derivative provided evidence that double bonds are located in the 3, 9, 15 positions and probably also in the 6 and 12 positions of the molecule.  these double bond positions were confirmed by NMR spectrometry.  Data obtained by quantitation of the algal methyl esters suggest the possibility that these dinoflagellates synthesize 18:5omega3 (shorthand notation for chain length: number of double bond counted from the terminal methyl group) by a 2 carbon chain shortening of 20:5omega3, rather than by the insertion of a delta3 bond into 18:4omega3.", "contents": "Identification of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15-octadecapentaenoic acid in laboratory-cultured photosynthetic dinoflagellates. Polar and nonpolar chromatograms of fatty acid methyl esters derived from 11 species of photosynthetic, marine dinoflagellates cultured in modified Erd-Schrieber medium contained a component (4-23%) not identifiable by conventional graphic or arithmetic methods.  Hydrogenation followed by gas liquid chromatography of the product showed the unknown component to be a straight chained 18 carbon fatty acid methyl ester.  Chemical (ch4) ionization mass spectrometry of the isolated ester gave a spectrum characteristic of methyl esters and a mol wt of 288, indicating an 18 carbon molecule with 5 double bonds, or equivalent unsaturation.  The IR spectrum showed that the double bonds are nonconjugated, and all are cis in geometry.  Electron impact mass spectrometry of the pyrorolidide derivative provided evidence that double bonds are located in the 3, 9, 15 positions and probably also in the 6 and 12 positions of the molecule.  these double bond positions were confirmed by NMR spectrometry.  Data obtained by quantitation of the algal methyl esters suggest the possibility that these dinoflagellates synthesize 18:5omega3 (shorthand notation for chain length: number of double bond counted from the terminal methyl group) by a 2 carbon chain shortening of 20:5omega3, rather than by the insertion of a delta3 bond into 18:4omega3.", "PMID": 1170477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2923", "title": "Measurement of the production rate of human luteinizing hormone using the urinary excretion technique.", "content": "Labeled and/or unlabeled human luteinizing hormone (hLH) was injected into normal and abnormal males and into hypopituitary patients. In two patients, two phases of disappearance (T 1/2) were found to be 1.2 and 2.4 hr. Labeled and unlabeled hormone were excreted in the same proportion. Of the injected hormone, normal males excreted 10.1% plus or minus 0.9%, hypopituitary patients excreted 11.4%- 17.5% and two other patients excreted 10.3% and 5.3% over 48 hr. The urinary excretion of unlabeled hLH in normal males was 22.1 plus or minus 4.9 IU/24 hr. The production rate of hLH in normal males was 224.3 plus or minus 65.3 IU/24 hr and, in the two abnormal males, was five times higher. The advantages of this methodology are discussed.", "contents": "Measurement of the production rate of human luteinizing hormone using the urinary excretion technique. Labeled and/or unlabeled human luteinizing hormone (hLH) was injected into normal and abnormal males and into hypopituitary patients. In two patients, two phases of disappearance (T 1/2) were found to be 1.2 and 2.4 hr. Labeled and unlabeled hormone were excreted in the same proportion. Of the injected hormone, normal males excreted 10.1% plus or minus 0.9%, hypopituitary patients excreted 11.4%- 17.5% and two other patients excreted 10.3% and 5.3% over 48 hr. The urinary excretion of unlabeled hLH in normal males was 22.1 plus or minus 4.9 IU/24 hr. The production rate of hLH in normal males was 224.3 plus or minus 65.3 IU/24 hr and, in the two abnormal males, was five times higher. The advantages of this methodology are discussed.", "PMID": 1170478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2924", "title": "Characterization of three Aeromonas and nine pseudomonas species by extracellular enzymes and haemolysins.", "content": "Strains from type culture collections and clinical isolates belonging to the Aeromonas and Pseudomonas genera were identified with conventional tests. Production of extra-cellular enzymes and haemolysins were detected by simple plate agar methods. The following enzymes were found to be of special value for a rapid and simple classification of certain species in both genera: potease (casein and gelatin agar), lecithinase (lecithin agar), and deoxyribonuclease (DNA agar). Elastase, staphylolytic enzyme, lipase, ribonuclease, amylase, and egg yolk reaction were other enzymes studied. However, these tests were not positive for more than 90% of any species. A. hydrophila, A. salmonicida, and P. aeruginosa were haemolytic on agar containing rabbit erythrocytes.", "contents": "Characterization of three Aeromonas and nine pseudomonas species by extracellular enzymes and haemolysins. Strains from type culture collections and clinical isolates belonging to the Aeromonas and Pseudomonas genera were identified with conventional tests. Production of extra-cellular enzymes and haemolysins were detected by simple plate agar methods. The following enzymes were found to be of special value for a rapid and simple classification of certain species in both genera: potease (casein and gelatin agar), lecithinase (lecithin agar), and deoxyribonuclease (DNA agar). Elastase, staphylolytic enzyme, lipase, ribonuclease, amylase, and egg yolk reaction were other enzymes studied. However, these tests were not positive for more than 90% of any species. A. hydrophila, A. salmonicida, and P. aeruginosa were haemolytic on agar containing rabbit erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1170482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2925", "title": "Lack of induction of dominant lethals in mice by orally administered AF-2.", "content": "In a series of toxicity tests, male mice of three inbred strains were exposed to several doses of orally administered furylfuramide (AF-2). Subsequent to these test the effects of AF-2, as measured by induced dominant lethals, were tested in strain DBA/2J mice. AF-2 at the doses used in this study was relatively non-toxic to the strains of mice tested. No indication of AF-2 induced dominant lethality was observed.", "contents": "Lack of induction of dominant lethals in mice by orally administered AF-2. In a series of toxicity tests, male mice of three inbred strains were exposed to several doses of orally administered furylfuramide (AF-2). Subsequent to these test the effects of AF-2, as measured by induced dominant lethals, were tested in strain DBA/2J mice. AF-2 at the doses used in this study was relatively non-toxic to the strains of mice tested. No indication of AF-2 induced dominant lethality was observed.", "PMID": 1170493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2926", "title": "Aflatoxin-like compounds produced by dermatophytes.", "content": "Using the method of thin-layer chromatography there were investigated the chloroform extracts of 30 dermatophyte mycelia. It was found the presence of aflatoxin-like compounds in six mycelium extracts only, which chromatograms showed the equal Rf and the colour of the strains to the strains to the standard aflatoxin extract of bruished peanuts grain Rossetti. Those six mycelia were: Epidermophyton floccosum, Nannizzia fulva, N. persicolor, Arthroderma gloriae, Trichophyton concentricum and T. Gallinae.", "contents": "Aflatoxin-like compounds produced by dermatophytes. Using the method of thin-layer chromatography there were investigated the chloroform extracts of 30 dermatophyte mycelia. It was found the presence of aflatoxin-like compounds in six mycelium extracts only, which chromatograms showed the equal Rf and the colour of the strains to the strains to the standard aflatoxin extract of bruished peanuts grain Rossetti. Those six mycelia were: Epidermophyton floccosum, Nannizzia fulva, N. persicolor, Arthroderma gloriae, Trichophyton concentricum and T. Gallinae.", "PMID": 1170494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2927", "title": "Temperature, time, and the influence of volatiles on phialospore germination in Verticillium malthosei Ware.", "content": "Phialospores of verticillium malthousei Ware were atomized onto acclimatized water agar and incubated for 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hr at 12 to 36 degrees C intervals. Germination occurred at all temperatures exclusive of 36 degrees C with maximum germination (90-98%) occurring in 24 hr at 12 degrees C, 12 degrees C, 12 HR at 18 degrees C, 9 hr at 24 degrees and 30 degrees C. Volatiles from: 1) horse manure compost colonized by Agaricus bisporus; 2) mycellium impregnated casing (soil); or 3) casing supporting mature and immature mushrooms had no statistically significant effect on spore germination of V. malthousei when measured after 12 hr at 24 degrees C. However, a tendency towards inhibition after 6 and 12 hr at 24 degrees  and 12 degrees C, respectively, suggests the inhibition is temperature and time dependent. This dependency was noted with two substrates, colonized compost and casing which supported sporocarps.", "contents": "Temperature, time, and the influence of volatiles on phialospore germination in Verticillium malthosei Ware. Phialospores of verticillium malthousei Ware were atomized onto acclimatized water agar and incubated for 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hr at 12 to 36 degrees C intervals. Germination occurred at all temperatures exclusive of 36 degrees C with maximum germination (90-98%) occurring in 24 hr at 12 degrees C, 12 degrees C, 12 HR at 18 degrees C, 9 hr at 24 degrees and 30 degrees C. Volatiles from: 1) horse manure compost colonized by Agaricus bisporus; 2) mycellium impregnated casing (soil); or 3) casing supporting mature and immature mushrooms had no statistically significant effect on spore germination of V. malthousei when measured after 12 hr at 24 degrees C. However, a tendency towards inhibition after 6 and 12 hr at 24 degrees  and 12 degrees C, respectively, suggests the inhibition is temperature and time dependent. This dependency was noted with two substrates, colonized compost and casing which supported sporocarps.", "PMID": 1170495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2928", "title": "The effect of pre- and postnatal undernutrition on the development of the rat cerebellar cortex. I. Morphological observations.", "content": "A morphologic study of the postnatal development of cerebellum in normal and pre- and postnatally undernourished rats was initiated in order to evaluate the effect of undernutrition. Defined areas of the cerebellar hemisphere were studied light-microscopically. Parallel to this study a histochemical investigation was performed on the same cerebellar areas (see part II). It was found that pre- and postnatal undernutrition causes a retarded outgrowth of the apical dendritic tree of the Purkinje cells. Furthermore, undernourished rats displayed a delayed persistence of the external granular layer and a retarded differentiation and migration of presumed basket, stellate and internal granular cells which is in accordance with previous studies on cerebellar development in experimental undernutrition.", "contents": "The effect of pre- and postnatal undernutrition on the development of the rat cerebellar cortex. I. Morphological observations. A morphologic study of the postnatal development of cerebellum in normal and pre- and postnatally undernourished rats was initiated in order to evaluate the effect of undernutrition. Defined areas of the cerebellar hemisphere were studied light-microscopically. Parallel to this study a histochemical investigation was performed on the same cerebellar areas (see part II). It was found that pre- and postnatal undernutrition causes a retarded outgrowth of the apical dendritic tree of the Purkinje cells. Furthermore, undernourished rats displayed a delayed persistence of the external granular layer and a retarded differentiation and migration of presumed basket, stellate and internal granular cells which is in accordance with previous studies on cerebellar development in experimental undernutrition.", "PMID": 1170516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2929", "title": "The effect and site of action of indoleamines on the hypothalamic centers involved in the control of LH release and ovulation in sheep.", "content": "Serotonin or melatonin was infused into the 3rd cerebral ventricle (3rd V) or into the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) of both intact ewes and ewes with lesions of the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA). Prolongation of the estrous cycle and delay of ovulation were obtained after infusions of melatonin or serotonin in both the intact and lesioned ewes. Statistically, serotonin proved to be more effective in this respect than melatonin in the intact ewes. The infusions also blocked the prevulatory peak of LH. Furthermore, the infusion of serotonin blocked estrous behavior, while that of melatonin did not affect this function. The effect of indoleamine infusions in the lesioned ewes, in which the inhibitory action of the AHA over the transmission of gonadotrophic releasing hormones (G-RH) had been eliminated, seems to indicate that the inhibitory action of indoleamines on the release of these neurohormones is being displayed at the level of the MBH.", "contents": "The effect and site of action of indoleamines on the hypothalamic centers involved in the control of LH release and ovulation in sheep. Serotonin or melatonin was infused into the 3rd cerebral ventricle (3rd V) or into the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) of both intact ewes and ewes with lesions of the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA). Prolongation of the estrous cycle and delay of ovulation were obtained after infusions of melatonin or serotonin in both the intact and lesioned ewes. Statistically, serotonin proved to be more effective in this respect than melatonin in the intact ewes. The infusions also blocked the prevulatory peak of LH. Furthermore, the infusion of serotonin blocked estrous behavior, while that of melatonin did not affect this function. The effect of indoleamine infusions in the lesioned ewes, in which the inhibitory action of the AHA over the transmission of gonadotrophic releasing hormones (G-RH) had been eliminated, seems to indicate that the inhibitory action of indoleamines on the release of these neurohormones is being displayed at the level of the MBH.", "PMID": 1170517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2930", "title": "Reproductive capacity of aging female rats.", "content": "Multiparous female Long-Evans rats, 20 months or older, were seen to progress from irregular estrous cycles to a constant-estrous syndrome to a series of irregular pseudopregnancies to an anestrous state. An animal in constant estrus was characterized by ovaries with well developed and sometimes cystic follicles, no corpora lutea, an estrogen-stimulated uterus, and an anterior pituitary that appeared normal. Repeatedly pseudopregnant rats had long diestrous periods of variable length, ovaries with many corpora lutea, uteri with numerous secretory glands, and anterior pituitaries that often showed hemorrhagic or small tumorous areas. Anestrous rats had small, atrophic ovaries with no obvious follicular or luteal elements, atrophic uteri, and large pituitary tumors. Twice-daily injections of L-dopa induced the resumption of regular or irregular estrous cycles in most constant-estrous but not in pseudopregnant or anestrous rats.", "contents": "Reproductive capacity of aging female rats. Multiparous female Long-Evans rats, 20 months or older, were seen to progress from irregular estrous cycles to a constant-estrous syndrome to a series of irregular pseudopregnancies to an anestrous state. An animal in constant estrus was characterized by ovaries with well developed and sometimes cystic follicles, no corpora lutea, an estrogen-stimulated uterus, and an anterior pituitary that appeared normal. Repeatedly pseudopregnant rats had long diestrous periods of variable length, ovaries with many corpora lutea, uteri with numerous secretory glands, and anterior pituitaries that often showed hemorrhagic or small tumorous areas. Anestrous rats had small, atrophic ovaries with no obvious follicular or luteal elements, atrophic uteri, and large pituitary tumors. Twice-daily injections of L-dopa induced the resumption of regular or irregular estrous cycles in most constant-estrous but not in pseudopregnant or anestrous rats.", "PMID": 1170518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2931", "title": "Rhythms of progesterone and corticosterone in the pms-treated rat: relationship to ovulation.", "content": "Precocious ovulation was induced in 26-day-old rats by means of 25 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMS). Rats were given injections at either 09.00 or 16.00 in order to determine whether the course of pubertal changes in corticosterone (B), progesterone (P) or time of ovulation would be dependent upon the time of injection. Blood samples were collected by decapitation at 4-h intervals on the day of expected ovulation (day 28). In saline-treated controls at 28 days of age there was a demonstrable daily variation in both serum B and P with maximum values at 16.00 and minimum values at 08.00. In rats given PMS at 09.00, there was a peak of P and B at 16.00 on day 28 but the values were higher than in controls. Ovulation took place at 24.00 on day  28-29. In rats given PMS at 16.00 the pattern of P and B was different, with continual high values from 16.00 to 04.00 at 28 days of age; ovulation took place later in this group (between 02.00-08.00 on day 28). It can be concluded that there is a daily rhythm of P a few days before puberty and that the induction of precocious ovulation with PMS is associated with a different pattern of B and P and a different time of ovulation depending upon when PMS is administered.", "contents": "Rhythms of progesterone and corticosterone in the pms-treated rat: relationship to ovulation. Precocious ovulation was induced in 26-day-old rats by means of 25 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMS). Rats were given injections at either 09.00 or 16.00 in order to determine whether the course of pubertal changes in corticosterone (B), progesterone (P) or time of ovulation would be dependent upon the time of injection. Blood samples were collected by decapitation at 4-h intervals on the day of expected ovulation (day 28). In saline-treated controls at 28 days of age there was a demonstrable daily variation in both serum B and P with maximum values at 16.00 and minimum values at 08.00. In rats given PMS at 09.00, there was a peak of P and B at 16.00 on day 28 but the values were higher than in controls. Ovulation took place at 24.00 on day  28-29. In rats given PMS at 16.00 the pattern of P and B was different, with continual high values from 16.00 to 04.00 at 28 days of age; ovulation took place later in this group (between 02.00-08.00 on day 28). It can be concluded that there is a daily rhythm of P a few days before puberty and that the induction of precocious ovulation with PMS is associated with a different pattern of B and P and a different time of ovulation depending upon when PMS is administered.", "PMID": 1170519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2932", "title": "Effects of pinealectomy, anosmia and blinding on serum and pituitary prolactin in intact and castrated male rats.", "content": "Serum prolactin was measured in lightly etherized rats between 4 and 5 a.m. and between 11 a.m. and 12 noon at various times after operation in intact rats and rats that had been operated on. Serum prolactin was elevated in the late nocturnal samples from intact rats and this elevation was prevented by pinealectomy. With time following the operation, daytime serum prolactin was also lowered in pinealectomized animals. In animals rendered anosmic by olfactory bulb removal, serum prolactin was also lowered. Superimposed pinealectomy only lowered late nocturnal serum prolactin in anosmic rats. Blinding the rats by ocular enucleation lowered nocturnal serum prolactin initially and dampened the daily rhythm in prolactin, but superimposed pinealectomy had no effect on the blinded animals. The combined sensory deprivation produced by both blinding and olfactory bulb removal resulted in low prolactin titers regardless of whether blood samples were taken during the day or late at night and, as in the case of blinded animals, there was no effect of pinealectomy. Superior cervical ganglionectomy also lowered serum prolactin. Serum prolactin declined following castration in intact animals and this decline was accentuated by pinealectomy. Either blinding or anosmia also lowered serum prolactin in the castrated animals but, as in intact animals, pinealectomy had little effect on the sensory-deprived rats. A further lowering of prolactin occurred in castrated animals which were both blinded and anosmic; in these animals, pinealectomy again had no additional effect. Measurement of the pituitary prolactin content in the castrated animals at sacrifice revealed a significant lowering of values in blinded animals, with restoration of the values to control levels by pinealectomy. Anosmia also lowered the pituitary prolactin content but this was not reversed by pinealectomy. The lowest pituitary prolactin was found in blinded, anosmic animals and these changes were not reversed by pinealectomy. The weight of the pineal gland increased significantly in anosmic, blinded, or blinded and anosmic rats. It is concluded that pineal secretions in the male rat elevate serum prolactin, particularly late at night, and that loss of input from olfactory and to a lesser extent from visual pathways results in a decrease in the titer of the hormone. This decrease is especially apparent in blinded, anosmic rats.", "contents": "Effects of pinealectomy, anosmia and blinding on serum and pituitary prolactin in intact and castrated male rats. Serum prolactin was measured in lightly etherized rats between 4 and 5 a.m. and between 11 a.m. and 12 noon at various times after operation in intact rats and rats that had been operated on. Serum prolactin was elevated in the late nocturnal samples from intact rats and this elevation was prevented by pinealectomy. With time following the operation, daytime serum prolactin was also lowered in pinealectomized animals. In animals rendered anosmic by olfactory bulb removal, serum prolactin was also lowered. Superimposed pinealectomy only lowered late nocturnal serum prolactin in anosmic rats. Blinding the rats by ocular enucleation lowered nocturnal serum prolactin initially and dampened the daily rhythm in prolactin, but superimposed pinealectomy had no effect on the blinded animals. The combined sensory deprivation produced by both blinding and olfactory bulb removal resulted in low prolactin titers regardless of whether blood samples were taken during the day or late at night and, as in the case of blinded animals, there was no effect of pinealectomy. Superior cervical ganglionectomy also lowered serum prolactin. Serum prolactin declined following castration in intact animals and this decline was accentuated by pinealectomy. Either blinding or anosmia also lowered serum prolactin in the castrated animals but, as in intact animals, pinealectomy had little effect on the sensory-deprived rats. A further lowering of prolactin occurred in castrated animals which were both blinded and anosmic; in these animals, pinealectomy again had no additional effect. Measurement of the pituitary prolactin content in the castrated animals at sacrifice revealed a significant lowering of values in blinded animals, with restoration of the values to control levels by pinealectomy. Anosmia also lowered the pituitary prolactin content but this was not reversed by pinealectomy. The lowest pituitary prolactin was found in blinded, anosmic animals and these changes were not reversed by pinealectomy. The weight of the pineal gland increased significantly in anosmic, blinded, or blinded and anosmic rats. It is concluded that pineal secretions in the male rat elevate serum prolactin, particularly late at night, and that loss of input from olfactory and to a lesser extent from visual pathways results in a decrease in the titer of the hormone. This decrease is especially apparent in blinded, anosmic rats.", "PMID": 1170520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2933", "title": "Facial receptive fields of trigeminal neurons: increased size following estrogen treatment in female rats.", "content": "In order to assess the generality of previous reports of enlarged genital sensory fields following estrogen treatment, facial receptive fields of individual trigeminal ganglion neurons from ovariectomized female rats injected with estrogen were compared with fields from noninjected controls. Mechanoreceptive field boundaries were determined with a series of stimulating probes varying in diameter, and calibrated according to the force delivered at the bending point (Von Frey technique). For each single unit, the threshold receptive field was determined with the smallest stimulus probe capable of reliably activating single unit discharges. Facial receptive fields from estrogen-treated females were significantly larger in area (by a factor of 10) than fields from noninjected controls. Furthermore, the increase in field area was independent of spatial location within the facial region (normally, field size decreases in a proximal-distal direction from the body trunk), and was not affected by cutting the trigeminal nerve root. Receptive field thresholds were also significantly lowered by estrogen treatment. The fact that long-term systemic estrogen treatment influences tactile sensory fields in the facial region of females suggests that this pehnomenon is not peculiar to the genital region normally contacted by the male during mating.", "contents": "Facial receptive fields of trigeminal neurons: increased size following estrogen treatment in female rats. In order to assess the generality of previous reports of enlarged genital sensory fields following estrogen treatment, facial receptive fields of individual trigeminal ganglion neurons from ovariectomized female rats injected with estrogen were compared with fields from noninjected controls. Mechanoreceptive field boundaries were determined with a series of stimulating probes varying in diameter, and calibrated according to the force delivered at the bending point (Von Frey technique). For each single unit, the threshold receptive field was determined with the smallest stimulus probe capable of reliably activating single unit discharges. Facial receptive fields from estrogen-treated females were significantly larger in area (by a factor of 10) than fields from noninjected controls. Furthermore, the increase in field area was independent of spatial location within the facial region (normally, field size decreases in a proximal-distal direction from the body trunk), and was not affected by cutting the trigeminal nerve root. Receptive field thresholds were also significantly lowered by estrogen treatment. The fact that long-term systemic estrogen treatment influences tactile sensory fields in the facial region of females suggests that this pehnomenon is not peculiar to the genital region normally contacted by the male during mating.", "PMID": 1170521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2934", "title": "Adrenal-gonadal function in rats with frontal hypothalamic transections.", "content": "All neural connections entering the hypothalamus from the anterior direction were severed by means of a Hal\u00e1sz knife-cut in female rats at 22 days of age. The rats were then examined for vaginal opening and ovulation. At intervals blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for the measurement of serum corticosterone (B). Unoperated rats showed vaginal opening at 36.5 +/- 2.1 days and ovulation within 2 days. A significant difference was found between B at 08.00 h and 18.00 h at the first sample interval chosen (28 days of age) and thereafter. Animals given sham surgery showed vaginal opening late (44.2 +/- 3.2 days, p smaller than 0.05) but ovulated within 2 days. These animals also had a significant 08.00-18.00 difference in B from day 28 on. Rats with frontal cuts in front of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) showed precocious vaginal opening (27.2 +/- 2.3 days, p smaller than 0.05) and early ovulation (28.2 +/- 0.7 days). A 08.00-18.00 difference was noted at 28 days of age but was lost after ovariectomy at 47 days of age. Implantation of a silastic estradiol benzoate capsule restored the 08.00-18.00 difference (p smaller than 0.01). Animals with cuts behind the optic chiasm (posterior frontal cuts) all showed early vaginal opening; some rats then ovulated (at 42.3 +/- 3.8 days) while others did not. No difference could be detected in the position of the cuts although there appeared to be more damage to the region just behind the SCN in the latter group. No 08.00-18.00 difference in B was found in the nonovulatory group and no difference was found in the ovulatory group until 44 days of age. It can be concluded that an isolated hypothalamic island containing the SCN will generate signals sufficient for precocious ovulation although subsequent ovulatory cycles are not regular.", "contents": "Adrenal-gonadal function in rats with frontal hypothalamic transections. All neural connections entering the hypothalamus from the anterior direction were severed by means of a Hal\u00e1sz knife-cut in female rats at 22 days of age. The rats were then examined for vaginal opening and ovulation. At intervals blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for the measurement of serum corticosterone (B). Unoperated rats showed vaginal opening at 36.5 +/- 2.1 days and ovulation within 2 days. A significant difference was found between B at 08.00 h and 18.00 h at the first sample interval chosen (28 days of age) and thereafter. Animals given sham surgery showed vaginal opening late (44.2 +/- 3.2 days, p smaller than 0.05) but ovulated within 2 days. These animals also had a significant 08.00-18.00 difference in B from day 28 on. Rats with frontal cuts in front of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) showed precocious vaginal opening (27.2 +/- 2.3 days, p smaller than 0.05) and early ovulation (28.2 +/- 0.7 days). A 08.00-18.00 difference was noted at 28 days of age but was lost after ovariectomy at 47 days of age. Implantation of a silastic estradiol benzoate capsule restored the 08.00-18.00 difference (p smaller than 0.01). Animals with cuts behind the optic chiasm (posterior frontal cuts) all showed early vaginal opening; some rats then ovulated (at 42.3 +/- 3.8 days) while others did not. No difference could be detected in the position of the cuts although there appeared to be more damage to the region just behind the SCN in the latter group. No 08.00-18.00 difference in B was found in the nonovulatory group and no difference was found in the ovulatory group until 44 days of age. It can be concluded that an isolated hypothalamic island containing the SCN will generate signals sufficient for precocious ovulation although subsequent ovulatory cycles are not regular.", "PMID": 1170522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2935", "title": "[Case studies of galactography].", "content": "A brief account of radiological examination in diseases of the breast is followed by a discussion on galactography. Its technique is not difficult, but requires diligence, attention and experience. Its indications essentially concern cases in which there is secretion from the nipple. Contraindications are mainly known or strongly suspected malignant tumours. Disorders affecting the milk ducts are described with reference to their radiological picture as observed in 91 cases, 40 of which were followed operatively and histologically and 18 with cytological examination of the secretion. The examination is seen as an alternative of choice in cases of mammary lesion with secreting nipple, particularly in the exact localisation of damage.", "contents": "[Case studies of galactography]. A brief account of radiological examination in diseases of the breast is followed by a discussion on galactography. Its technique is not difficult, but requires diligence, attention and experience. Its indications essentially concern cases in which there is secretion from the nipple. Contraindications are mainly known or strongly suspected malignant tumours. Disorders affecting the milk ducts are described with reference to their radiological picture as observed in 91 cases, 40 of which were followed operatively and histologically and 18 with cytological examination of the secretion. The examination is seen as an alternative of choice in cases of mammary lesion with secreting nipple, particularly in the exact localisation of damage.", "PMID": 1170525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2936", "title": "[Epidemiological findings in the study of congenital malformations].", "content": "Experience with thalidomide and German measles contracted during pregnancy has focused attention on the question of birth defects. It is suggested that good reasons exist for the carrying out epidemiological investigations to establish the true incidence and geographical and social distribution of such deformities, and hence their possibly \"environmental\" origin at least in some instances. Such investigations would supplement research into experimental teratology. The advantages, disadvantages and limitations of retrospective and prospective investigations are discussed. A detailed account is given of a prospective survey in progress in Israel. Reference is also made to a similar survey being launched in some Italian cities with the aid of the CNR.", "contents": "[Epidemiological findings in the study of congenital malformations]. Experience with thalidomide and German measles contracted during pregnancy has focused attention on the question of birth defects. It is suggested that good reasons exist for the carrying out epidemiological investigations to establish the true incidence and geographical and social distribution of such deformities, and hence their possibly \"environmental\" origin at least in some instances. Such investigations would supplement research into experimental teratology. The advantages, disadvantages and limitations of retrospective and prospective investigations are discussed. A detailed account is given of a prospective survey in progress in Israel. Reference is also made to a similar survey being launched in some Italian cities with the aid of the CNR.", "PMID": 1170527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2937", "title": "The nurse practitioner in industry.", "content": "To summarize my feelings of my original goals and how I presently feel about an Industrial Nurse Practitioner: What it has made me is a better nurse, definitely more valuable to my employer, and I am serving my patient/employees at a more skilled level. I have much greater job satisfaction in my expanded role. Progress is slow and painful, and in representing the new expanded role of nursing, I am still involved in the routine everyday problems. Success is not always realized at the time it is most needed or wanted and there have been days when the load seemed almost too heavy to bear; however, I have experienced some of the triumphs of when a goal is realized, and it is knowledge of this that makes it all worthwhile.", "contents": "The nurse practitioner in industry. To summarize my feelings of my original goals and how I presently feel about an Industrial Nurse Practitioner: What it has made me is a better nurse, definitely more valuable to my employer, and I am serving my patient/employees at a more skilled level. I have much greater job satisfaction in my expanded role. Progress is slow and painful, and in representing the new expanded role of nursing, I am still involved in the routine everyday problems. Success is not always realized at the time it is most needed or wanted and there have been days when the load seemed almost too heavy to bear; however, I have experienced some of the triumphs of when a goal is realized, and it is knowledge of this that makes it all worthwhile.", "PMID": 1170531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2938", "title": "A new model for neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage research.", "content": "Hemorrhagic atelectasis was successfully produced in newborn rabbits by pharmacologically narrowing airways leading to alveoli ventilated with oxygen-enriched gas. Between 48% and 62% of alveoli filled with blood cells. Areas of lung with a tendency to collapse were measured by pressure volume studies. Animals given supplemental oxygen retained 56% of total lung volume compared with 79% in the pilocarpine group, which suggested increased effectiveness of anti-atelectasis factors in the latter. Less total lung gas was present in the pilocarpine group (4.0 plus or minus 0.4 cc/g) compared with oxygen controls (5.1 plus or minus 0.81 cc/g), which indicated more noninflatable lung. Neither surfactant deficiency nor heart failure needed to be present for pulmonary hemorrhage to occur.", "contents": "A new model for neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage research. Hemorrhagic atelectasis was successfully produced in newborn rabbits by pharmacologically narrowing airways leading to alveoli ventilated with oxygen-enriched gas. Between 48% and 62% of alveoli filled with blood cells. Areas of lung with a tendency to collapse were measured by pressure volume studies. Animals given supplemental oxygen retained 56% of total lung volume compared with 79% in the pilocarpine group, which suggested increased effectiveness of anti-atelectasis factors in the latter. Less total lung gas was present in the pilocarpine group (4.0 plus or minus 0.4 cc/g) compared with oxygen controls (5.1 plus or minus 0.81 cc/g), which indicated more noninflatable lung. Neither surfactant deficiency nor heart failure needed to be present for pulmonary hemorrhage to occur.", "PMID": 1170542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2939", "title": "Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on fat and nitrogen absorption.", "content": "The effect of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) on the \"physiological\" steatorrhea of prematurity was studied in 34 infants with birthweights below 2,000 gm. The infants were divided into three groups and fed three formulas identical in nutrient content except for the type of fat, as follows: group 1 (control): corn oil, oleo, and coconut oil (39:41:20); group 2: MCT, corn oil, and coconut oil (40:40:20); group 3: MCT and corn oil (80:20). The infants fed MCT-containing formulas had striking diminution in stool volume and frequency. Their total fat absorption was significantly improved when compared with controls; nitrogen absorption was slightly but significantly improved in the 80% MCT group. The results also suggest that nitrogen sparing may be enhanced in premature infants fed MCT-containing formulas.", "contents": "Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on fat and nitrogen absorption. The effect of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) on the \"physiological\" steatorrhea of prematurity was studied in 34 infants with birthweights below 2,000 gm. The infants were divided into three groups and fed three formulas identical in nutrient content except for the type of fat, as follows: group 1 (control): corn oil, oleo, and coconut oil (39:41:20); group 2: MCT, corn oil, and coconut oil (40:40:20); group 3: MCT and corn oil (80:20). The infants fed MCT-containing formulas had striking diminution in stool volume and frequency. Their total fat absorption was significantly improved when compared with controls; nitrogen absorption was slightly but significantly improved in the 80% MCT group. The results also suggest that nitrogen sparing may be enhanced in premature infants fed MCT-containing formulas.", "PMID": 1170544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2940", "title": "Cardiovascular changes in conscious dogs during spontaneous deep breaths.", "content": "Cardiovascular functions were evaluated beat by beat during 29 spontaneous deep breaths in three conscious dogs. When pleural pressure was significantly lower than during quiet breathing, stroke volume was reduced, heart rate elevated, as well as transmural pressure in the pulmonary artery (PPA-Ppl) and in the thoracic aorta (PAO-Ppl); the left ventricular filling pressure (LVEDP-Ppl) did not decrease. The authors suggest that these findings are not consistent with the classical hypothesis which explains the decrease in left ventricular output primarily by a reduction in the venous return to the left heart. The results indicate that the decrease in pleural pressure is responsible for an increase in the afterload on the left heart and suggest that this is the predominate factor in the reduction of the stroke volume without decrease in left ventricular filling pressure.", "contents": "Cardiovascular changes in conscious dogs during spontaneous deep breaths. Cardiovascular functions were evaluated beat by beat during 29 spontaneous deep breaths in three conscious dogs. When pleural pressure was significantly lower than during quiet breathing, stroke volume was reduced, heart rate elevated, as well as transmural pressure in the pulmonary artery (PPA-Ppl) and in the thoracic aorta (PAO-Ppl); the left ventricular filling pressure (LVEDP-Ppl) did not decrease. The authors suggest that these findings are not consistent with the classical hypothesis which explains the decrease in left ventricular output primarily by a reduction in the venous return to the left heart. The results indicate that the decrease in pleural pressure is responsible for an increase in the afterload on the left heart and suggest that this is the predominate factor in the reduction of the stroke volume without decrease in left ventricular filling pressure.", "PMID": 1170547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2941", "title": "Inhibition of cell division and the development of denervation hypersensitivity in skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. It was found that in 3 day denervated soleus and EDL muscles nuclear division takes place. This can be stopped by administration of either 5-fluoro-uracil or vincristine. 2. The increased sensitivity to acetylcholine following denervation developed at a time when rapid cell division takes place. Both 5-fluoro-uracil and vincristine prevent the development of denervation hypersensitivity both in soleus and EDL muscles. 3. Muscle injury causes some cell division locally, but some phagocytic cells that infiltrate the damaged muscle appear to be blood-borne as their appearance within the muscle is not entirely prevented by either 5-fluoro-uracil or vincristine. Correspondingly the development of increased sensitivity that follows muscle injury is only partly prevented by administration of cytotoxic drugs. 4. It is suggested that the presence of dividing cells is causally related to the development of denervation hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Inhibition of cell division and the development of denervation hypersensitivity in skeletal muscle. 1. It was found that in 3 day denervated soleus and EDL muscles nuclear division takes place. This can be stopped by administration of either 5-fluoro-uracil or vincristine. 2. The increased sensitivity to acetylcholine following denervation developed at a time when rapid cell division takes place. Both 5-fluoro-uracil and vincristine prevent the development of denervation hypersensitivity both in soleus and EDL muscles. 3. Muscle injury causes some cell division locally, but some phagocytic cells that infiltrate the damaged muscle appear to be blood-borne as their appearance within the muscle is not entirely prevented by either 5-fluoro-uracil or vincristine. Correspondingly the development of increased sensitivity that follows muscle injury is only partly prevented by administration of cytotoxic drugs. 4. It is suggested that the presence of dividing cells is causally related to the development of denervation hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 1170546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2942", "title": "Rhythmic fluctuations in the urine composition of sheep: separation of feed-dependent from other rhythms.", "content": "The relative contribution of feed-induced and feed-independent changes to the pattern of electrolyte excretion have been determined in sheep maintained for extended schedules providing feeds at intervals of 24, 19, 4 and 1 hr. Power spectral analysis indicated that the pattern of electrolyte excretion was predominantly fixed by the feeding cycle. Frequent small feeds reduced the peak levels of excretion. However, feed-independent periodicities on hourly feeding regimes included a 24 hrs rhythm in urinary total solids, K, Cl and HCO3 and a 32 (or 64) hrs periodicity in a wide range of components. None of these occurred in all animals. It would appear that the sheep studied were not as closely influenced by normal 24 hrs environmental cycles as are human subjects. Furthermore, the sheep electrolyte rhythms were not correlated with the 24 hrs variation in adrenal steroid production.", "contents": "Rhythmic fluctuations in the urine composition of sheep: separation of feed-dependent from other rhythms. The relative contribution of feed-induced and feed-independent changes to the pattern of electrolyte excretion have been determined in sheep maintained for extended schedules providing feeds at intervals of 24, 19, 4 and 1 hr. Power spectral analysis indicated that the pattern of electrolyte excretion was predominantly fixed by the feeding cycle. Frequent small feeds reduced the peak levels of excretion. However, feed-independent periodicities on hourly feeding regimes included a 24 hrs rhythm in urinary total solids, K, Cl and HCO3 and a 32 (or 64) hrs periodicity in a wide range of components. None of these occurred in all animals. It would appear that the sheep studied were not as closely influenced by normal 24 hrs environmental cycles as are human subjects. Furthermore, the sheep electrolyte rhythms were not correlated with the 24 hrs variation in adrenal steroid production.", "PMID": 1170548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2943", "title": "The influence of the social thermoregulation on the cold-adaptive growth of BAT in hairless and furred mice.", "content": "When mice were living in groups they developed less brown adipose tissue (BAT) during cold adaptation as compared with single mice. This effect of social aggregation was more pronounced in genetically hairless mice than in furred mice. In both races of mice the most significant difference in BAT growth was found between single mice and pairs of mice, indicating that the formation of pairs causes the relatively most effective improvement of thermal balance.", "contents": "The influence of the social thermoregulation on the cold-adaptive growth of BAT in hairless and furred mice. When mice were living in groups they developed less brown adipose tissue (BAT) during cold adaptation as compared with single mice. This effect of social aggregation was more pronounced in genetically hairless mice than in furred mice. In both races of mice the most significant difference in BAT growth was found between single mice and pairs of mice, indicating that the formation of pairs causes the relatively most effective improvement of thermal balance.", "PMID": 1170549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2944", "title": "Hormones and the stimulated sodium transport in cecum hypertrophy.", "content": "Sodium transport per unit tissue is stimulated in dietetically produced cecum hypertrophy of the rat. Presumably this reflects an adaptive process. The possibility was tested whether transport adaptation was mediated by hormones, particularly by the pituitary-adrenal system, Cecum hypertrophy was induced by dissolving polyethylene glycol in the drinking water, and cecal sodium and water net absorption was measured in vivo. In both the adapted and normal mucosa, sodium and water absorption per unit macrosurface or dry weight was increased by aldosterone and decreased by adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy and volume expansion while the decrease following adrenalectomy was reversed by cortisol and the absence of antidiuretic hormone in hereditary diabetes insipidus rats had little effect on absorption. However, none of the test conditions abolished the relatively larger absorption of the adapted compared to the normal mucosa. It is concluded that the hormonal effects were additive but not causally related to transport adaptation.", "contents": "Hormones and the stimulated sodium transport in cecum hypertrophy. Sodium transport per unit tissue is stimulated in dietetically produced cecum hypertrophy of the rat. Presumably this reflects an adaptive process. The possibility was tested whether transport adaptation was mediated by hormones, particularly by the pituitary-adrenal system, Cecum hypertrophy was induced by dissolving polyethylene glycol in the drinking water, and cecal sodium and water net absorption was measured in vivo. In both the adapted and normal mucosa, sodium and water absorption per unit macrosurface or dry weight was increased by aldosterone and decreased by adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy and volume expansion while the decrease following adrenalectomy was reversed by cortisol and the absence of antidiuretic hormone in hereditary diabetes insipidus rats had little effect on absorption. However, none of the test conditions abolished the relatively larger absorption of the adapted compared to the normal mucosa. It is concluded that the hormonal effects were additive but not causally related to transport adaptation.", "PMID": 1170550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2945", "title": "Experimental elaphostrongylus rangiferi infection in calves and lambs.", "content": "In two lambs and two calves infected experimentally with infective larvae of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi, lymphohistiocytic and eosinophilic cell infiltrations in the leptomeninges and lymphohistiocytic granulomas in the perineurium of the cauda equina of the CNS were demonstrated. These histopathological changes are similar to the lesions usually demonstrated in reindeer with elaphostrongylosis. No parasites were found, however, in the CNS or other organs.", "contents": "Experimental elaphostrongylus rangiferi infection in calves and lambs. In two lambs and two calves infected experimentally with infective larvae of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi, lymphohistiocytic and eosinophilic cell infiltrations in the leptomeninges and lymphohistiocytic granulomas in the perineurium of the cauda equina of the CNS were demonstrated. These histopathological changes are similar to the lesions usually demonstrated in reindeer with elaphostrongylosis. No parasites were found, however, in the CNS or other organs.", "PMID": 1170553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2946", "title": "The kinetics of in situ hybridization.", "content": "The kinetics of the cytological or in situ DNA-RNA hybridization reaction between 125-I HeLa cell 18S and 28S rRNA and the interphase nuclei of chinese hamster cells were studied. The reaction is consistent with the expected first order kinetics, and the value of the rate constant was very similar to the value obtained from analogous filter disc DNA-RNA hybridization experiments. This similarity in the rate constants and the known relationship between the rate constant and the complexity of the RNA hybridized, define conditions to optimize the in situ hybridization reaction.", "contents": "The kinetics of in situ hybridization. The kinetics of the cytological or in situ DNA-RNA hybridization reaction between 125-I HeLa cell 18S and 28S rRNA and the interphase nuclei of chinese hamster cells were studied. The reaction is consistent with the expected first order kinetics, and the value of the rate constant was very similar to the value obtained from analogous filter disc DNA-RNA hybridization experiments. This similarity in the rate constants and the known relationship between the rate constant and the complexity of the RNA hybridized, define conditions to optimize the in situ hybridization reaction.", "PMID": 1170554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2947", "title": "A new assay of deoxyriboucleases using as a substrate radioactively labelled DNA bound either directly or through anti-DNA antibodies to plastic depression plates.", "content": "A simple and accurate method for the detection of Deoxyribonucleases is described. The DNA substrate (3H-labeled) is bound to DNA-binding sites in the \"wells\" of plastic depression plates either directly of via anti-DNA antibodies. Following incubation with the appropriate enzyme, the radioactivity released from the wells or left bound to the wells is determined. The method is suitable for enzymes which attack native DNA, single stranded DNA and modified DNA (e.g., u.v.-irradiated) as substrates.", "contents": "A new assay of deoxyriboucleases using as a substrate radioactively labelled DNA bound either directly or through anti-DNA antibodies to plastic depression plates. A simple and accurate method for the detection of Deoxyribonucleases is described. The DNA substrate (3H-labeled) is bound to DNA-binding sites in the \"wells\" of plastic depression plates either directly of via anti-DNA antibodies. Following incubation with the appropriate enzyme, the radioactivity released from the wells or left bound to the wells is determined. The method is suitable for enzymes which attack native DNA, single stranded DNA and modified DNA (e.g., u.v.-irradiated) as substrates.", "PMID": 1170555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2948", "title": "Myocarditis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.", "content": "A 48-year-old patient presented with pneumonia and pleural effusion due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and subsequently developed pharyngitis and electrocardiographic evidence of myocarditis. The sparse literature on mycoplasma myocarditis is reviewed. The clinical features, electrocardiographic changes and prognosis are discussed.", "contents": "Myocarditis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. A 48-year-old patient presented with pneumonia and pleural effusion due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and subsequently developed pharyngitis and electrocardiographic evidence of myocarditis. The sparse literature on mycoplasma myocarditis is reviewed. The clinical features, electrocardiographic changes and prognosis are discussed.", "PMID": 1170558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2949", "title": "Fractionation of some bovine whey proteins by recycling gel filtration on a large scale.", "content": "Fractionation of bovine whey concentrate was performed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 both on a laboratory scale and on a large scale. By a recycling procedure and improved separation was obtained and the whey proteins were resolved into four fractions in the weight ratio 3:12:1:4. The fractions were analysed by polyacrylamide gel (PAG) electrophoresis and the apparent molecular weights were determined by thin layer gel chromatography (TLG) and by sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Fractionation of some bovine whey proteins by recycling gel filtration on a large scale. Fractionation of bovine whey concentrate was performed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 both on a laboratory scale and on a large scale. By a recycling procedure and improved separation was obtained and the whey proteins were resolved into four fractions in the weight ratio 3:12:1:4. The fractions were analysed by polyacrylamide gel (PAG) electrophoresis and the apparent molecular weights were determined by thin layer gel chromatography (TLG) and by sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 1170559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2950", "title": "Absorption, excretion and tissue distribution of natural organic and inorganic zinc-65 in the rat.", "content": "The absorption and tissue distribution of organic and inorganic forms of 65-Zn were studied in the rat following single tracer oral doses. Rats dosed with 65-Zn grown into young corn and rye plants (organic form) absorbed and retained more 65-Zn in tissues than those given 65-Zn mixed with tissue paper (inorganic forms). A part of the beneficial effect was evident when 65-Zn was mixed with forage. The relatively high absorption values indicate that both forms were readily available, and thus incorporating zinc into young forage protein is not of major practical importance.", "contents": "Absorption, excretion and tissue distribution of natural organic and inorganic zinc-65 in the rat. The absorption and tissue distribution of organic and inorganic forms of 65-Zn were studied in the rat following single tracer oral doses. Rats dosed with 65-Zn grown into young corn and rye plants (organic form) absorbed and retained more 65-Zn in tissues than those given 65-Zn mixed with tissue paper (inorganic forms). A part of the beneficial effect was evident when 65-Zn was mixed with forage. The relatively high absorption values indicate that both forms were readily available, and thus incorporating zinc into young forage protein is not of major practical importance.", "PMID": 1170562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2951", "title": "Progesterone levels measured every two hours in the cyclic hamster.", "content": "Four groups of unanesthetized hamsters were bled by cardiac puncture three times a day at 4-hr intervals for each day of the 4-day estrous cycle. Serum progesterone (P) was determined by RIA. On day 1 of the cycle (day of ovulation) there was a trend for excursions in P at 4- to 6-hr intervals; this was followed on day 2 by a relatively steady level of P of 6-8 ng/ml. P dropped drastically after 0200 of day 3, indicating the onset of luteolysis. A significant increase in P occurred at 1600 of day 3 which was presumably nonluteal in origin. A series of cyclic fluctuations in P began at 1600 of day 4 (proestrus) comparable to the pattern observed on day 1 of the cycle.", "contents": "Progesterone levels measured every two hours in the cyclic hamster. Four groups of unanesthetized hamsters were bled by cardiac puncture three times a day at 4-hr intervals for each day of the 4-day estrous cycle. Serum progesterone (P) was determined by RIA. On day 1 of the cycle (day of ovulation) there was a trend for excursions in P at 4- to 6-hr intervals; this was followed on day 2 by a relatively steady level of P of 6-8 ng/ml. P dropped drastically after 0200 of day 3, indicating the onset of luteolysis. A significant increase in P occurred at 1600 of day 3 which was presumably nonluteal in origin. A series of cyclic fluctuations in P began at 1600 of day 4 (proestrus) comparable to the pattern observed on day 1 of the cycle.", "PMID": 1170563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2952", "title": "Ovarian responses to perphenazine-induced prolactin secretion in the rats: Effect of ovulation, stress, and steroids.", "content": "A single injection of 2.5 mg perphenazine (PH)/kg body wt to rats on the day of estrus (day 0) did not result in increased serum progesterone 24 hr later. Continued daily injections, however, resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in serum progesterone between days 1 and 3 and a 1.6-fold increase between days 3 and 5 to a final concentration of 58 plus or minus 4 ng/ml on day 5 in serially anesthetized and bled rats. Neither daily administration of 5.0 nor 10.0 mg PH/kg body wt to rats subjected to the stressful conditions of this regimen resulted in further increases in serum progesterone, but the 5.0 mg dose of PH in unstressed rats bled only on day 5 resulted in a highly significant increase in serum progesterone to 110 plus or minus 7 ng/ml. In unstressed rats the increase in serum progesterone over control values after five daily injections of 2.5 mg PH/kg body wt could be attributed to decreased 20alpha-reduction of progesterone, but when the dose of PH was increased to 5.0 mg/kg, a highly significant increase in both progesterone and total progestins occurred indicating that prolactin can increase steroidogenesis as well as reduce 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. After inhibition of ovulation, the 5.0 mg daily dose of PH resulted in serum progesterone of only 25 plus or minus 8 ng/ml on day 5 in unstressed rats. Thus, serum progesterone in ovulating rats treated with PH originated primarily in the corpora lutea. Perphenazine, 5.0 mg/kg, administered only on estrus and the first day of diestrus was sufficient to induce pseudopregnancy of 14.5 plus or minus 1.6 days. No evidence for gonadotropin stimulation of the ovaries of any rats was observed. The effect of stress on the progesterone response was not mimicked by administration of cortisol acetate and is assumed to be medicated by suppression of prolactin secretion.", "contents": "Ovarian responses to perphenazine-induced prolactin secretion in the rats: Effect of ovulation, stress, and steroids. A single injection of 2.5 mg perphenazine (PH)/kg body wt to rats on the day of estrus (day 0) did not result in increased serum progesterone 24 hr later. Continued daily injections, however, resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in serum progesterone between days 1 and 3 and a 1.6-fold increase between days 3 and 5 to a final concentration of 58 plus or minus 4 ng/ml on day 5 in serially anesthetized and bled rats. Neither daily administration of 5.0 nor 10.0 mg PH/kg body wt to rats subjected to the stressful conditions of this regimen resulted in further increases in serum progesterone, but the 5.0 mg dose of PH in unstressed rats bled only on day 5 resulted in a highly significant increase in serum progesterone to 110 plus or minus 7 ng/ml. In unstressed rats the increase in serum progesterone over control values after five daily injections of 2.5 mg PH/kg body wt could be attributed to decreased 20alpha-reduction of progesterone, but when the dose of PH was increased to 5.0 mg/kg, a highly significant increase in both progesterone and total progestins occurred indicating that prolactin can increase steroidogenesis as well as reduce 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. After inhibition of ovulation, the 5.0 mg daily dose of PH resulted in serum progesterone of only 25 plus or minus 8 ng/ml on day 5 in unstressed rats. Thus, serum progesterone in ovulating rats treated with PH originated primarily in the corpora lutea. Perphenazine, 5.0 mg/kg, administered only on estrus and the first day of diestrus was sufficient to induce pseudopregnancy of 14.5 plus or minus 1.6 days. No evidence for gonadotropin stimulation of the ovaries of any rats was observed. The effect of stress on the progesterone response was not mimicked by administration of cortisol acetate and is assumed to be medicated by suppression of prolactin secretion.", "PMID": 1170564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2953", "title": "[Glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex in the course of a 24-hour day in pathological states].", "content": "A study was made of blood hydrocortisone content for a period of 24 hours in the patients with congenital diseases of the heart before and after the operation, in patients with acute respiratory disease, severe pneumonia, and also with acute laryngeal stenosis of influenzal etiology. It was revealed that under pathological conditions the adrenal cortex took part in the compensatory reactions of the organism at any time of the day. As a result of this hydrocortisone concentration is steadily maintained at a definite level in the course of the 24 hours. These changes depended on the intensity of the stressor and the severity of metabolic disturbances in the organism.", "contents": "[Glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex in the course of a 24-hour day in pathological states]. A study was made of blood hydrocortisone content for a period of 24 hours in the patients with congenital diseases of the heart before and after the operation, in patients with acute respiratory disease, severe pneumonia, and also with acute laryngeal stenosis of influenzal etiology. It was revealed that under pathological conditions the adrenal cortex took part in the compensatory reactions of the organism at any time of the day. As a result of this hydrocortisone concentration is steadily maintained at a definite level in the course of the 24 hours. These changes depended on the intensity of the stressor and the severity of metabolic disturbances in the organism.", "PMID": 1170560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2954", "title": "Apparent volumes of distribution of 125-I-lothalamate and inulin in chickens.", "content": "The suitability of utilizing 125-I-iothalamate to estimate the volume of extracellular fluid was assessed in ureterally ligated chickens. Subsequent to intravenous administration the movement of labeled iothalamate from the plasma compartment follows closed two-compartment kinetics and equilibration between vascular and extravascular phases is attained in about 20 minutes. The volume of distribution of 125-I-iothalamate prior to and following the influsion of 0.15 M NaCl (equal to 15% of the estimated ECFV) averaged 23.6 plus or minus 0.61 and 28.4 plus or minus 0.22% of the body weight, respectively. The observed postsaline labeled iothalamate space did not differ statistically from the expected value. When administered simultaneously inulin penetrates into an apparent volume that is 75% of the labeled iothalamate space after 60 minutes. The content of 125-I-iothalamate is relatively high in liver and kidney tissue and suggests that these are major sites where removal of the indicator from plasma occur. It is suggested that 125-I-iothalamate, under appropriate conditions, could be used to measure the plasma volume and the extravascular fluid with which plasma is in rapid diffusion equilibrium.", "contents": "Apparent volumes of distribution of 125-I-lothalamate and inulin in chickens. The suitability of utilizing 125-I-iothalamate to estimate the volume of extracellular fluid was assessed in ureterally ligated chickens. Subsequent to intravenous administration the movement of labeled iothalamate from the plasma compartment follows closed two-compartment kinetics and equilibration between vascular and extravascular phases is attained in about 20 minutes. The volume of distribution of 125-I-iothalamate prior to and following the influsion of 0.15 M NaCl (equal to 15% of the estimated ECFV) averaged 23.6 plus or minus 0.61 and 28.4 plus or minus 0.22% of the body weight, respectively. The observed postsaline labeled iothalamate space did not differ statistically from the expected value. When administered simultaneously inulin penetrates into an apparent volume that is 75% of the labeled iothalamate space after 60 minutes. The content of 125-I-iothalamate is relatively high in liver and kidney tissue and suggests that these are major sites where removal of the indicator from plasma occur. It is suggested that 125-I-iothalamate, under appropriate conditions, could be used to measure the plasma volume and the extravascular fluid with which plasma is in rapid diffusion equilibrium.", "PMID": 1170565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2955", "title": "Induction of interferon in man by vaccines.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to extend the spectrum of vaccines with interferon-inducing potential in man. The vaccines selected for study were the commercially available attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine type 2 (Sabin strain) and the new live attenuated influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) vaccine (\"Alice\" strain). Five subjects, two of whom had low or undetectable polio type 2 neutralizing antibody levels were given the type 2 vaccine (10-4.7 TCID50) in the standard manner orally. Even though the two individuals with low titers experienced a fourfold or greater antibody rise and one of them shed the virus in his stool, neither they nor the remaining three volunteers developed detectable levels of interferon in their sera obtained at very closely spaced intervals from day 0 to day 25 following immunization. Fifteen subjects were given approximately 10-7.5 TCID50 of influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) by nasal drops. Specimens consisting of sera and nasal washings were obtained at closely timed intervals for 23 days, starting with day 3 following immunization. Interferon could be detected in three of nine (33.3%) subjects who had fourfold or greater HI antibody rises. No interferon was detected in nasal washings, however. It is concluded that poliomyelitis is not a good interferon inducers in man. Live attenuated influenza vaccine does induce an interferon response in subjects with low initial serum antibody titers. This response is at best modest. The latter finding also suggests that the attenuation of the Alice strain of influenza A vaccine is not dependent on its interferon inducing potential.", "contents": "Induction of interferon in man by vaccines. The purpose of this study was to extend the spectrum of vaccines with interferon-inducing potential in man. The vaccines selected for study were the commercially available attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine type 2 (Sabin strain) and the new live attenuated influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) vaccine (\"Alice\" strain). Five subjects, two of whom had low or undetectable polio type 2 neutralizing antibody levels were given the type 2 vaccine (10-4.7 TCID50) in the standard manner orally. Even though the two individuals with low titers experienced a fourfold or greater antibody rise and one of them shed the virus in his stool, neither they nor the remaining three volunteers developed detectable levels of interferon in their sera obtained at very closely spaced intervals from day 0 to day 25 following immunization. Fifteen subjects were given approximately 10-7.5 TCID50 of influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) by nasal drops. Specimens consisting of sera and nasal washings were obtained at closely timed intervals for 23 days, starting with day 3 following immunization. Interferon could be detected in three of nine (33.3%) subjects who had fourfold or greater HI antibody rises. No interferon was detected in nasal washings, however. It is concluded that poliomyelitis is not a good interferon inducers in man. Live attenuated influenza vaccine does induce an interferon response in subjects with low initial serum antibody titers. This response is at best modest. The latter finding also suggests that the attenuation of the Alice strain of influenza A vaccine is not dependent on its interferon inducing potential.", "PMID": 1170566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2956", "title": "Immunoglobulin allotypes in symptomatic and asymptomatic pigeon breeders.", "content": "Comparison of immunoglobulin allotypes were studied in a group of patients with pigeon breeder's disease and in similarly exposed by asymptomatic individuals. The study revealed that the disease is not correlated with immunoglobulin allotypes. Furthermore, the phenotype Gm(a;g) was not associated with high levels of serum antibodies to pigeon antigens.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin allotypes in symptomatic and asymptomatic pigeon breeders. Comparison of immunoglobulin allotypes were studied in a group of patients with pigeon breeder's disease and in similarly exposed by asymptomatic individuals. The study revealed that the disease is not correlated with immunoglobulin allotypes. Furthermore, the phenotype Gm(a;g) was not associated with high levels of serum antibodies to pigeon antigens.", "PMID": 1170567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2957", "title": "Early development of adipose cell lipogenesis and glycerol utilization in Zucker obese rats.", "content": "A study of adipose cell metabolism was made at ages 5, 7, 10, and 14 wk of age in genetically obese Zucker rats. Adipose samples were surgically removed and used for in vitro adipose cell incubations and for characterization of enzyme patterns. Lipogenic capacity from glucose and enzymes normally associated with lipogenesis (malic enzyme, citrate cleavage enzyme and glucose-6-PO4 dehydrogenase) followed the same pattern of development. At 5 wk of age, the adipose cells of obese animals had a greater capacity for fat synthesis than the lean rats. At all other ages lipogenic activity and enzyme levels were either similar or less than the pair-fed lean littermates. Glycerol utilization by isolated fat cells was similar; however, adipose tissue glycerokinase was elevated in obese rats at 14 wk of age. It was concluded that there was no apparent change in specific lipogenic capacity of fat cells from the obese rat when compared to its lean littermate. It was also concluded that increased adipose glycerokinase activity in obese rats represented a secondary shift in metabolism.", "contents": "Early development of adipose cell lipogenesis and glycerol utilization in Zucker obese rats. A study of adipose cell metabolism was made at ages 5, 7, 10, and 14 wk of age in genetically obese Zucker rats. Adipose samples were surgically removed and used for in vitro adipose cell incubations and for characterization of enzyme patterns. Lipogenic capacity from glucose and enzymes normally associated with lipogenesis (malic enzyme, citrate cleavage enzyme and glucose-6-PO4 dehydrogenase) followed the same pattern of development. At 5 wk of age, the adipose cells of obese animals had a greater capacity for fat synthesis than the lean rats. At all other ages lipogenic activity and enzyme levels were either similar or less than the pair-fed lean littermates. Glycerol utilization by isolated fat cells was similar; however, adipose tissue glycerokinase was elevated in obese rats at 14 wk of age. It was concluded that there was no apparent change in specific lipogenic capacity of fat cells from the obese rat when compared to its lean littermate. It was also concluded that increased adipose glycerokinase activity in obese rats represented a secondary shift in metabolism.", "PMID": 1170568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2958", "title": "Elevated levels of colloid osmotic pressure in cecal contents of germfree animals.", "content": "Determinations of colloid osmotic pressure in the supernatant of germfree rat cecal contents indicated substantially elevated values in comparison to those of rat blood plasma or of conventional rat cecal supernatant. The germfree cecal supernatant, under conditions of similar total osmolality, was able to draw water at a sizable rate from a polyvinylpyrollidone solution whose colloid osmotic pressure was taken to be equivalent to that of interstitial fluid. It is suggested that the water absorption inhibition which was observed in the lower bowel of germfree rodents, is in part caused by the colloid osmotic pressure gradient which exists in these animals between the luminal contents and the tissue component.", "contents": "Elevated levels of colloid osmotic pressure in cecal contents of germfree animals. Determinations of colloid osmotic pressure in the supernatant of germfree rat cecal contents indicated substantially elevated values in comparison to those of rat blood plasma or of conventional rat cecal supernatant. The germfree cecal supernatant, under conditions of similar total osmolality, was able to draw water at a sizable rate from a polyvinylpyrollidone solution whose colloid osmotic pressure was taken to be equivalent to that of interstitial fluid. It is suggested that the water absorption inhibition which was observed in the lower bowel of germfree rodents, is in part caused by the colloid osmotic pressure gradient which exists in these animals between the luminal contents and the tissue component.", "PMID": 1170569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2959", "title": "Comparative effects of Yoshi-864 and busulfan on certain transplantable murine tumors.", "content": "Yoshi-864 extends markedly the survival times of mice bearing L1210 leukemia or Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Busulfan, with methanesulfonate leaving groups identical with those of Yoshi-864, is without effect. Tumor cells from mice bearing the Ehrlich tumor and treated with Yoshi-864 have a persistent reduction in ability to synthesize DNA. Synthesis of DNA in cells from mice treated with busulfan is moderately suppresed at 48 hr after treatment, but returns virtually to the control value at 72 hr.", "contents": "Comparative effects of Yoshi-864 and busulfan on certain transplantable murine tumors. Yoshi-864 extends markedly the survival times of mice bearing L1210 leukemia or Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Busulfan, with methanesulfonate leaving groups identical with those of Yoshi-864, is without effect. Tumor cells from mice bearing the Ehrlich tumor and treated with Yoshi-864 have a persistent reduction in ability to synthesize DNA. Synthesis of DNA in cells from mice treated with busulfan is moderately suppresed at 48 hr after treatment, but returns virtually to the control value at 72 hr.", "PMID": 1170570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2960", "title": "Determination of plasma and tissue levels of tyramine by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Antibodies were prepared against tyramine. The antigen was prepared as follows: p-Aminohippuric acid was coupled to mBSA using a carbodiimide reagent. The amino group was diazotized an attached to the aromatif ring of TYR. The immunogen in Freund's complete adjuvant was injected into rabbits. The specificity of the resulting antibody was determined by radioimmunoassay. Using random-labeled TYR-3H, TYR, its metabolites, phenethylamine analogs, catecholamines, and certain amino acids were evaluated by a competitive binding assay method. With this technique 4 ng of TYR inhibited the binding of TYR-3H by 50%. The radioimmunoassay of TYR was used to measure the plasma, urine, and tissue levels of TYR in rabbits. The plasma disappearance curve of TYR revealed a biphasic pattern with t1/2 of 2 min and 54 min. The highest concentration of TYR was found in adrenals and spleen. The factthat the major metabolites of TYR and a series of pharmacologically important sympathomimetics and catecholamines did not interfere, makes the radioimmunoassay of TYR a useful, simple, sensitive, and spedific method for the direct analysis of TYR in biological meterials.", "contents": "Determination of plasma and tissue levels of tyramine by radioimmunoassay. Antibodies were prepared against tyramine. The antigen was prepared as follows: p-Aminohippuric acid was coupled to mBSA using a carbodiimide reagent. The amino group was diazotized an attached to the aromatif ring of TYR. The immunogen in Freund's complete adjuvant was injected into rabbits. The specificity of the resulting antibody was determined by radioimmunoassay. Using random-labeled TYR-3H, TYR, its metabolites, phenethylamine analogs, catecholamines, and certain amino acids were evaluated by a competitive binding assay method. With this technique 4 ng of TYR inhibited the binding of TYR-3H by 50%. The radioimmunoassay of TYR was used to measure the plasma, urine, and tissue levels of TYR in rabbits. The plasma disappearance curve of TYR revealed a biphasic pattern with t1/2 of 2 min and 54 min. The highest concentration of TYR was found in adrenals and spleen. The factthat the major metabolites of TYR and a series of pharmacologically important sympathomimetics and catecholamines did not interfere, makes the radioimmunoassay of TYR a useful, simple, sensitive, and spedific method for the direct analysis of TYR in biological meterials.", "PMID": 1170571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2961", "title": "Response of mice to repeated photoperiod shifts: susceptibility to stress and barbiturates.", "content": "Three inbred strains of mice selected for their spontaneous aggressive behavior and differential susceptibility to stress were exposed to a controlled environment where on an average of once every 4 days for 76 days and subsequently on an average of once every 2 days for an additional 55 days a 12L:12D photoperiod was reversed by 180 degrees. This procedure did not affect the growth of the mice and appeared to reduce fighting. However, plasma corticosterone concentrations in all three strains of mice were high, and their response to a 24-hr cold stress was no longer evident. The most pronounced effect of the altered photoperiod was on the barbiturate-induced sleeping time which showed a 40% reduction in all strains in spite of differential suceptibility to the drug among strains. It is concluded that repeated random phase shifting by varying the photoperiod is a stressful experience to which animals do not adapt and that the ability to respond to an additional stimulus or drugs may be greatly altered.", "contents": "Response of mice to repeated photoperiod shifts: susceptibility to stress and barbiturates. Three inbred strains of mice selected for their spontaneous aggressive behavior and differential susceptibility to stress were exposed to a controlled environment where on an average of once every 4 days for 76 days and subsequently on an average of once every 2 days for an additional 55 days a 12L:12D photoperiod was reversed by 180 degrees. This procedure did not affect the growth of the mice and appeared to reduce fighting. However, plasma corticosterone concentrations in all three strains of mice were high, and their response to a 24-hr cold stress was no longer evident. The most pronounced effect of the altered photoperiod was on the barbiturate-induced sleeping time which showed a 40% reduction in all strains in spite of differential suceptibility to the drug among strains. It is concluded that repeated random phase shifting by varying the photoperiod is a stressful experience to which animals do not adapt and that the ability to respond to an additional stimulus or drugs may be greatly altered.", "PMID": 1170572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2962", "title": "Anterior pituitary and plasma prolactin in rats after 2 to 90 minutes of suckling.", "content": "Separation of litter for 6 hr resulted in plasma PRL levels of 48 +/- 5.8 and 45 +/- 5.7 ng per ml and AP PRL concentrations of 6.1 +/- 0.6 and 6.3 +/- 0.5 mug per mg AP in early (4-8 days) and late (20-22 days) lactation, respectively. After a 6-hr separation period, suckling for 2, 30, 60, and 90 min resulted in highly significant increases in the plasma PRL level in early lactaiton. Increases in plasma PRL levels were not seen in late lactation except in the 30-min suckled group. In both stages of lactation the AP PRL concentrations in the suckled groups were significantly lower than in the nonsuckled groups.", "contents": "Anterior pituitary and plasma prolactin in rats after 2 to 90 minutes of suckling. Separation of litter for 6 hr resulted in plasma PRL levels of 48 +/- 5.8 and 45 +/- 5.7 ng per ml and AP PRL concentrations of 6.1 +/- 0.6 and 6.3 +/- 0.5 mug per mg AP in early (4-8 days) and late (20-22 days) lactation, respectively. After a 6-hr separation period, suckling for 2, 30, 60, and 90 min resulted in highly significant increases in the plasma PRL level in early lactaiton. Increases in plasma PRL levels were not seen in late lactation except in the 30-min suckled group. In both stages of lactation the AP PRL concentrations in the suckled groups were significantly lower than in the nonsuckled groups.", "PMID": 1170573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2963", "title": "Binding of some phenoxyalkanoic acids to bovine serum albumin in vitro.", "content": "The phenoxyalkanoix acids are bound to bovine serum albumin at a single site of high affinity, where the interaction is most importantly influenced by strong hydrophobic bonding, with ionic bonding being of lesser importance, and also at several sites of lower affinity. The hydrophobic binding site has almost equal affinity for the phenoxy groups of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid and 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid and greater affinity for the phenoxy group of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The properties of the high affinity binding site bear some resemblance to the properties of the amino acid sequence adjoining the tryptophan residue of human serum albumin, and evidence is presented for the presence of tryptophan at the high affinity binding site of bovine serum albumin.", "contents": "Binding of some phenoxyalkanoic acids to bovine serum albumin in vitro. The phenoxyalkanoix acids are bound to bovine serum albumin at a single site of high affinity, where the interaction is most importantly influenced by strong hydrophobic bonding, with ionic bonding being of lesser importance, and also at several sites of lower affinity. The hydrophobic binding site has almost equal affinity for the phenoxy groups of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid and 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid and greater affinity for the phenoxy group of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The properties of the high affinity binding site bear some resemblance to the properties of the amino acid sequence adjoining the tryptophan residue of human serum albumin, and evidence is presented for the presence of tryptophan at the high affinity binding site of bovine serum albumin.", "PMID": 1170578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2964", "title": "Incomplete role reversal: The dilemma of hospitalization for the professional peer.", "content": "Role theory assumes that social setting in good part determines the individual's role performance and the way in which he and his behavior are perceived. After a period of time, in a particular setting, a person who performs a specific role becomes identified by himself and by others with that role. Once so identified, it is naturally very difficult for him to make radical changes in his role, or for others to allow him to change. It is the hypothesis of this paper that role reversal - the assumption of a new role diametrically opposed to that previously held - is never complete: vestigesof expectations and behavior from the previous role continue to be noted, and they distort acceptance of the new role by both the individual and the others around him. To illustrate this theory, this paper discusses the careers of psychiatric paraprofessionals who happened to be hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital where they formerly worked, and were treated there by their former peers. The discussion includes the implications of incomplete role reversal for the treatment of medical professionals, for the traditionally defined medical roles, and for role theory.", "contents": "Incomplete role reversal: The dilemma of hospitalization for the professional peer. Role theory assumes that social setting in good part determines the individual's role performance and the way in which he and his behavior are perceived. After a period of time, in a particular setting, a person who performs a specific role becomes identified by himself and by others with that role. Once so identified, it is naturally very difficult for him to make radical changes in his role, or for others to allow him to change. It is the hypothesis of this paper that role reversal - the assumption of a new role diametrically opposed to that previously held - is never complete: vestigesof expectations and behavior from the previous role continue to be noted, and they distort acceptance of the new role by both the individual and the others around him. To illustrate this theory, this paper discusses the careers of psychiatric paraprofessionals who happened to be hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital where they formerly worked, and were treated there by their former peers. The discussion includes the implications of incomplete role reversal for the treatment of medical professionals, for the traditionally defined medical roles, and for role theory.", "PMID": 1170579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2965", "title": "Caffeine: preferential consumption by rats.", "content": "The present experiment explored the effect of forced daily consumption of large amounts of caffeine (analogous to that of heavy coffee drinkers) upon the subsequent intake of caffeine in a free-choice situation. It was found that forced caffeine consumption is directly related to subsequent free-choice intake and that a flavor associated with the forced caffeine is not preferred.", "contents": "Caffeine: preferential consumption by rats. The present experiment explored the effect of forced daily consumption of large amounts of caffeine (analogous to that of heavy coffee drinkers) upon the subsequent intake of caffeine in a free-choice situation. It was found that forced caffeine consumption is directly related to subsequent free-choice intake and that a flavor associated with the forced caffeine is not preferred.", "PMID": 1170574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2966", "title": "Effects of nicotine on plasma corticosterone and brain amines in stressed and unstressed rats.", "content": "The administration of nicotine (0.4 mg/kh) to unstressed rats caused a rise in plasma corticosterone which persisted for 60 minutes and a fall in hippocampal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) at 45 minutes followed by a rise at 60 minutes. In rats which were stressed by being placed on an elevated platform, nicotine caused a reduction in hippocampal 5-HT at 45 and 75 minutes but did notaffect the plasma corticosterone concentration. Rats studied 16 hours after the last injection of a course of treatment with metypone had much reduced levels of plasma corticosterone and hippocampal 5-HT. Under the present conditions metyrapone also much diminished the effects of nicotine on plasma corticosterone levels in unstressed rats but had little effect on the response to stress.", "contents": "Effects of nicotine on plasma corticosterone and brain amines in stressed and unstressed rats. The administration of nicotine (0.4 mg/kh) to unstressed rats caused a rise in plasma corticosterone which persisted for 60 minutes and a fall in hippocampal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) at 45 minutes followed by a rise at 60 minutes. In rats which were stressed by being placed on an elevated platform, nicotine caused a reduction in hippocampal 5-HT at 45 and 75 minutes but did notaffect the plasma corticosterone concentration. Rats studied 16 hours after the last injection of a course of treatment with metypone had much reduced levels of plasma corticosterone and hippocampal 5-HT. Under the present conditions metyrapone also much diminished the effects of nicotine on plasma corticosterone levels in unstressed rats but had little effect on the response to stress.", "PMID": 1170575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2967", "title": "Self-administration of amphetamine analogues in rats.", "content": "In rats self-injecting amphetamine (0.25 mg/kg/injection) at a stable level during daily 3 hr sessions, three different amphetamine analogues )phenmetrazine, diethylpropion and fenfluramine) were substituted for amphetamine, one at a time on different experimental days. Phenmetrazine (1.0 mg/kg/injection) and diethylpropion (2.0 mg/kg/injection) were self-administered but not fenfluramine (in doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg/injection). It is concluded that amphetamine, phenmetrazine and diethylpropion have reinforcing properties, whereas fenfluramine has not.", "contents": "Self-administration of amphetamine analogues in rats. In rats self-injecting amphetamine (0.25 mg/kg/injection) at a stable level during daily 3 hr sessions, three different amphetamine analogues )phenmetrazine, diethylpropion and fenfluramine) were substituted for amphetamine, one at a time on different experimental days. Phenmetrazine (1.0 mg/kg/injection) and diethylpropion (2.0 mg/kg/injection) were self-administered but not fenfluramine (in doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg/injection). It is concluded that amphetamine, phenmetrazine and diethylpropion have reinforcing properties, whereas fenfluramine has not.", "PMID": 1170576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2968", "title": "Comparative analgesic activity of various naturally occurring cannabinoids in mice and rats.", "content": "The analgesic effectiveness of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a crude marihuana extract (CME), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), morphine SO-4 and aspirin following oral administration was directly compared in mice using the acetic-induced writhing and hot plate tests and the Randall-Selitto paw pressure test in rats. THC and morphine were equipotent in all tests except that morphine was significantly more potent in elevating pain threshold in the uninflamed rat hind paw. In terms of THC content, CME was nearly equipotent in the hot plate and Randall-Selitto tests, but was 3 times more potent in the acetic acid writhing test. On the other hand, CBN, like aspirin, was only effective in reducing writhing frequency in mice (3 times more potent than aspirin) and raising pain threshold of the inflamed hind paw of the rat (equipotent with aspirin). CBD did not display a significantly analgesic effect in any of the test systems used. The results of this investigation seem to suggest that both THC and CME possess narcotic-like analgesic activity similar to morphine, while CBN appears to be a non-narcotic type analgesic like aspirin.", "contents": "Comparative analgesic activity of various naturally occurring cannabinoids in mice and rats. The analgesic effectiveness of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a crude marihuana extract (CME), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), morphine SO-4 and aspirin following oral administration was directly compared in mice using the acetic-induced writhing and hot plate tests and the Randall-Selitto paw pressure test in rats. THC and morphine were equipotent in all tests except that morphine was significantly more potent in elevating pain threshold in the uninflamed rat hind paw. In terms of THC content, CME was nearly equipotent in the hot plate and Randall-Selitto tests, but was 3 times more potent in the acetic acid writhing test. On the other hand, CBN, like aspirin, was only effective in reducing writhing frequency in mice (3 times more potent than aspirin) and raising pain threshold of the inflamed hind paw of the rat (equipotent with aspirin). CBD did not display a significantly analgesic effect in any of the test systems used. The results of this investigation seem to suggest that both THC and CME possess narcotic-like analgesic activity similar to morphine, while CBN appears to be a non-narcotic type analgesic like aspirin.", "PMID": 1170585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2969", "title": "Focal attention in the frog: behavioral and physiological correlates.", "content": "The prey-catching response of frogs toward small moving objects can be facilitated by small movements of the same stimulus a few seconds earlier, even though initial movements seldom trigger the feeding response. This focal attention phenomenon may be related to the observation that one class of tectal unit continues to discharge for a few seconds following a brief stimulus motion. Together with anatomical data of other investigators, results of the present study suggest that self-exciting neural loops within the tectum mediate this type of selective attention.", "contents": "Focal attention in the frog: behavioral and physiological correlates. The prey-catching response of frogs toward small moving objects can be facilitated by small movements of the same stimulus a few seconds earlier, even though initial movements seldom trigger the feeding response. This focal attention phenomenon may be related to the observation that one class of tectal unit continues to discharge for a few seconds following a brief stimulus motion. Together with anatomical data of other investigators, results of the present study suggest that self-exciting neural loops within the tectum mediate this type of selective attention.", "PMID": 1170636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2970", "title": "Structure of coat proteins in Pf1 and fd virions by laser raman spectroscopy.", "content": "Rama spectra of filamentous bacterial viruses are dominated by scattering from vibrations of the protein capsomers. The amino acid compositions of coat proteins in Pfl and fd strains are recognized by their different side-chain vibrational frequencies. However, the conformationally sensitive amide frequencies indicate that Pfl and fd coat proteins have the same alpha-helicial secondary structures. Viral DNA backbones do not exhibit the A-type geometry.", "contents": "Structure of coat proteins in Pf1 and fd virions by laser raman spectroscopy. Rama spectra of filamentous bacterial viruses are dominated by scattering from vibrations of the protein capsomers. The amino acid compositions of coat proteins in Pfl and fd strains are recognized by their different side-chain vibrational frequencies. However, the conformationally sensitive amide frequencies indicate that Pfl and fd coat proteins have the same alpha-helicial secondary structures. Viral DNA backbones do not exhibit the A-type geometry.", "PMID": 1170637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2971", "title": "Insulin-unresponsive tissues respond to superactive insulin-like material.", "content": "Insulin-like material prepared from insulin-Sepharose stimulates glucose oxidation by isolated diaphragm of C57Bl/6J ob/ob mice, but insulin does not. This material is much more effective than insulin on epididymal fat tissue from these mice. Insulin-like material and insulin are equipotent on the corresponding tissues from lean littermates.", "contents": "Insulin-unresponsive tissues respond to superactive insulin-like material. Insulin-like material prepared from insulin-Sepharose stimulates glucose oxidation by isolated diaphragm of C57Bl/6J ob/ob mice, but insulin does not. This material is much more effective than insulin on epididymal fat tissue from these mice. Insulin-like material and insulin are equipotent on the corresponding tissues from lean littermates.", "PMID": 1170638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2972", "title": "Locomotory adaptations in a free-lying brachiopod.", "content": "Magadina cumingi inhabits an environment of high current energy and mobile sediments by using its pedicle in Pogo-stick fashion as an elevating device. This type of progression is associated with pedicle musculature different from that of attached and other free-lying forms, and some diagnostic differences in muscle attachment areas are evident in preservable hard parts.", "contents": "Locomotory adaptations in a free-lying brachiopod. Magadina cumingi inhabits an environment of high current energy and mobile sediments by using its pedicle in Pogo-stick fashion as an elevating device. This type of progression is associated with pedicle musculature different from that of attached and other free-lying forms, and some diagnostic differences in muscle attachment areas are evident in preservable hard parts.", "PMID": 1170639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2973", "title": "Origin of life: clues from relations between chemical compositions of living organisms and natural environments.", "content": "When elemental enrichment factors in living organisms are plotted against the ionic potential of the elements, a strikingly similar pattern is found for different groups of organisms; the pattern is also similar, in its general features, to that found in seawater. These relationships support the idea that life began in a water-rich environment interfacing with the primitive atmosphere of the earth.", "contents": "Origin of life: clues from relations between chemical compositions of living organisms and natural environments. When elemental enrichment factors in living organisms are plotted against the ionic potential of the elements, a strikingly similar pattern is found for different groups of organisms; the pattern is also similar, in its general features, to that found in seawater. These relationships support the idea that life began in a water-rich environment interfacing with the primitive atmosphere of the earth.", "PMID": 1170640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2974", "title": "[Hemangiosarcoma of the breast: a case report and review of the literature].", "content": "A case of angiosarcoma of the breast in a 55-year-old woman is reported. It is clear that no effective treatment has so far been devised. The time from treatment to death was 41 months in this patient, compared with 25 months in collected cases from the literature. The possible value of adjuvant chemotherapy is stressed.", "contents": "[Hemangiosarcoma of the breast: a case report and review of the literature]. A case of angiosarcoma of the breast in a 55-year-old woman is reported. It is clear that no effective treatment has so far been devised. The time from treatment to death was 41 months in this patient, compared with 25 months in collected cases from the literature. The possible value of adjuvant chemotherapy is stressed.", "PMID": 1170646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2975", "title": "Complications of heparin therapy.", "content": "Currently, heparin therapy is rarely extended for periods required for the onset of chronic complications. Thus, alopecia and skeletal defects are infrequently encountered. However, during pregnancy, prolonged therapy with heparin may be used. Heparin does not cross the placental barrier, whereas the warfarin class of anticoagulants is freely transported across the barrier. Thus, if extended anticoagulation is required during pregnancy, heparin is preferred to provide maternal anticoagulation while protecting against fetal hemorrhage. Hemorrhage, the most frequent and most feared complication of heparin therapy, does not occur spontaneously in all patients receiving large doses of heparin. However, in certain populations, hemorrhage must be anticipated and appropriate modifications made in the heparin dosage. Elderly women, persons with thrombocytopenia or drug induced platelet dysfunction, or persons who have undergone recent surgical treatment or trauma are sensitive to standard heparin dosages and may bleed during heparin therapy. In these situations, the initial heparin dosage must be appropriately decreased and subsequent dosages carefully determined by frequently monitored coagulation studies. a well maintained, functional coagulation laboratory is imperative in these situations. By careful monitoring of coagulation parameters and by the selection of the smallest effective heparin dosage, complications can be minimized. The clinical cognizance of heparin induced thrombocytopenia is increasing. This disorder must be considered when hemorrhage and low platelet numbers appear during heparin therapy. Discontinuance of heparin therapy causes a rapid increase in platelet counts and diminution of bleeding. The indiscriminate use of protamine sulfate to neutralize heparin must be discouraged. One must resist the temptation to administer multiple extra doses of protamine to assure achievement of hemostasis. The precise dosage of protamine sulfate calculated to neutralize a given heparin dosage must be used. Additional doses of protamine must be determined by coagulation studies, such as whole blood clotting time, protamine titration test, or thrombin time with toluidine blue correction. If proper attention is directed to the dosage of protamine, relative to heparin, the complications of neutralization rarely will occur. Heparin is a basic drug in the armamentarium of the contemporary surgeon. Successful clinical use of heparin requires fundamental knowledge of coagulation mechanisms, the manner in which heparin alters these mechanisms, and the factors which predispose to complications. The complications of heparin therapy can be minimized by strictest attention to selection of initial dosage and by careful subsequent determination of the precise coagulation status of the patient.", "contents": "Complications of heparin therapy. Currently, heparin therapy is rarely extended for periods required for the onset of chronic complications. Thus, alopecia and skeletal defects are infrequently encountered. However, during pregnancy, prolonged therapy with heparin may be used. Heparin does not cross the placental barrier, whereas the warfarin class of anticoagulants is freely transported across the barrier. Thus, if extended anticoagulation is required during pregnancy, heparin is preferred to provide maternal anticoagulation while protecting against fetal hemorrhage. Hemorrhage, the most frequent and most feared complication of heparin therapy, does not occur spontaneously in all patients receiving large doses of heparin. However, in certain populations, hemorrhage must be anticipated and appropriate modifications made in the heparin dosage. Elderly women, persons with thrombocytopenia or drug induced platelet dysfunction, or persons who have undergone recent surgical treatment or trauma are sensitive to standard heparin dosages and may bleed during heparin therapy. In these situations, the initial heparin dosage must be appropriately decreased and subsequent dosages carefully determined by frequently monitored coagulation studies. a well maintained, functional coagulation laboratory is imperative in these situations. By careful monitoring of coagulation parameters and by the selection of the smallest effective heparin dosage, complications can be minimized. The clinical cognizance of heparin induced thrombocytopenia is increasing. This disorder must be considered when hemorrhage and low platelet numbers appear during heparin therapy. Discontinuance of heparin therapy causes a rapid increase in platelet counts and diminution of bleeding. The indiscriminate use of protamine sulfate to neutralize heparin must be discouraged. One must resist the temptation to administer multiple extra doses of protamine to assure achievement of hemostasis. The precise dosage of protamine sulfate calculated to neutralize a given heparin dosage must be used. Additional doses of protamine must be determined by coagulation studies, such as whole blood clotting time, protamine titration test, or thrombin time with toluidine blue correction. If proper attention is directed to the dosage of protamine, relative to heparin, the complications of neutralization rarely will occur. Heparin is a basic drug in the armamentarium of the contemporary surgeon. Successful clinical use of heparin requires fundamental knowledge of coagulation mechanisms, the manner in which heparin alters these mechanisms, and the factors which predispose to complications. The complications of heparin therapy can be minimized by strictest attention to selection of initial dosage and by careful subsequent determination of the precise coagulation status of the patient.", "PMID": 1170648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2976", "title": "A case of congenital trypanosomiasis in Lagos.", "content": "A 17-day old baby girl presented with signs and symptoms of neonatal meningitis, except that she did not respond to the usual drugs. Intensive investigations showed that she had trypanosomal meningo-encephalitis or sleeping sickness. Her CSF was full of T. gambiense. Her mother's blood, but not her CSF, also contained the parasites. The clinical features and laboratory findings of the disease in this neonate were very different from those usually found in adults. Furthermore, her infection was complicated by the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion. She died of the disease and its complications probably aggravated by the drug (suramin) with which she was treatedmthis is believed to be the first case of congenital trypanosomiasis described in Nigeria, and it occurred in Lagos where it was least expected;", "contents": "A case of congenital trypanosomiasis in Lagos. A 17-day old baby girl presented with signs and symptoms of neonatal meningitis, except that she did not respond to the usual drugs. Intensive investigations showed that she had trypanosomal meningo-encephalitis or sleeping sickness. Her CSF was full of T. gambiense. Her mother's blood, but not her CSF, also contained the parasites. The clinical features and laboratory findings of the disease in this neonate were very different from those usually found in adults. Furthermore, her infection was complicated by the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion. She died of the disease and its complications probably aggravated by the drug (suramin) with which she was treatedmthis is believed to be the first case of congenital trypanosomiasis described in Nigeria, and it occurred in Lagos where it was least expected;", "PMID": 1170654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2977", "title": "Medical hazards of the coral reef.", "content": "An account is given of some aspects of poisonings sustained by coming into contact with animals of the coral reefs of the Fiji Islands. Poisonings can be grouped into those in which the toxin is introduced parenterally-envenomings, and those in which it is ingested. Illustrative case histories are presented of injuries from 2 echinoderms and of envenoming from the \"deadly\" stonefish. A therapeutic approach to puffer-fish poisoning is mentioned and the problem of ciguatera poisoning is outlined.", "contents": "Medical hazards of the coral reef. An account is given of some aspects of poisonings sustained by coming into contact with animals of the coral reefs of the Fiji Islands. Poisonings can be grouped into those in which the toxin is introduced parenterally-envenomings, and those in which it is ingested. Illustrative case histories are presented of injuries from 2 echinoderms and of envenoming from the \"deadly\" stonefish. A therapeutic approach to puffer-fish poisoning is mentioned and the problem of ciguatera poisoning is outlined.", "PMID": 1170656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2978", "title": "[Chromosome breaks and changes in the mitotic regime of human and animal cells under the influence of a measles virus vaccinal strain (L-16)].", "content": "The vaccine strain of the Leningrad-16 measles virus is capable of inducing lesions  in the structure and chromosome quantity and of increasing the frequency of cells with pathologic mitosis in human fibroblast embryo culture. The measles virus produced the same effect on genetic structures in marrow cells and testicles of infected mice. No increase of cell frequency with chromosome lesions was observed in the healthy children immunized against measles.", "contents": "[Chromosome breaks and changes in the mitotic regime of human and animal cells under the influence of a measles virus vaccinal strain (L-16)]. The vaccine strain of the Leningrad-16 measles virus is capable of inducing lesions  in the structure and chromosome quantity and of increasing the frequency of cells with pathologic mitosis in human fibroblast embryo culture. The measles virus produced the same effect on genetic structures in marrow cells and testicles of infected mice. No increase of cell frequency with chromosome lesions was observed in the healthy children immunized against measles.", "PMID": 1170661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2979", "title": "[Insensitivity of stationary cultures of transformed mouse fibroblasts to agents stimulating DNA synthesis in normal cell cultures].", "content": "Stationary cultures of the mouse transformed cells L and S-40 sensitive to topoinhibition were found to be insensitive to the action of hyaluronidase, RNAase, and colcemid in doses known to stimulate multiplication of normal mouse fibroblasts. These cultures were still insensitive to the action of medium change and removal of a part of the monolayer.", "contents": "[Insensitivity of stationary cultures of transformed mouse fibroblasts to agents stimulating DNA synthesis in normal cell cultures]. Stationary cultures of the mouse transformed cells L and S-40 sensitive to topoinhibition were found to be insensitive to the action of hyaluronidase, RNAase, and colcemid in doses known to stimulate multiplication of normal mouse fibroblasts. These cultures were still insensitive to the action of medium change and removal of a part of the monolayer.", "PMID": 1170662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2980", "title": "Urethral responses to autonomic nerve stimulation.", "content": "Urethral contraction in response to cholinergic stimulation has been repeatedly proved and is a universally accepted fact. The adrenergic response is still disputed: (1) Is it a contraction or a relaxation, or a combination of both? (2) Where are the adrenergic receptors? Are they on the intrinsic urethral smooth muscles (with a biphasic response); in two different structures of the same organ (urethral and vascular smooth muscles); or on two anatomically different urethral smooth muscular units? Sympathomimetic and hypogastric nerve stimulation alone, as well as with pharmacologic blockade, showed that the contraction response to adrenergics is independent of the pelvic nerve and does persist even after urethral smooth muscle blockade by atropine, but is abolished after alpha blockade by phentolamine. The same contraction response, manifested in rise in intraurethral pressure, can be induced by pure vasoconstrictors. The relaxation response is reduced by beta blockade. Whether it is the direct response of a specific urethral group of musculature to sympathetic stimulation or an indirect urethral response to trigonal activity in answer to the same stimulus is discussed.", "contents": "Urethral responses to autonomic nerve stimulation. Urethral contraction in response to cholinergic stimulation has been repeatedly proved and is a universally accepted fact. The adrenergic response is still disputed: (1) Is it a contraction or a relaxation, or a combination of both? (2) Where are the adrenergic receptors? Are they on the intrinsic urethral smooth muscles (with a biphasic response); in two different structures of the same organ (urethral and vascular smooth muscles); or on two anatomically different urethral smooth muscular units? Sympathomimetic and hypogastric nerve stimulation alone, as well as with pharmacologic blockade, showed that the contraction response to adrenergics is independent of the pelvic nerve and does persist even after urethral smooth muscle blockade by atropine, but is abolished after alpha blockade by phentolamine. The same contraction response, manifested in rise in intraurethral pressure, can be induced by pure vasoconstrictors. The relaxation response is reduced by beta blockade. Whether it is the direct response of a specific urethral group of musculature to sympathetic stimulation or an indirect urethral response to trigonal activity in answer to the same stimulus is discussed.", "PMID": 1170669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2981", "title": "Effect of long-term chemical sympathectomy on function of canine urinary tract.", "content": "Destruction of the adrenergic terminals in the ureter, bladder, and urethra was produced and maintained in 4 dogs for periods up to twelve months by biweekly intraperitoneal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine. The effects on urine transport, storage, and elimination were studied. The results are discussed in the light of current knowledge regarding the sympathetic innervation of these organs and its function.", "contents": "Effect of long-term chemical sympathectomy on function of canine urinary tract. Destruction of the adrenergic terminals in the ureter, bladder, and urethra was produced and maintained in 4 dogs for periods up to twelve months by biweekly intraperitoneal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine. The effects on urine transport, storage, and elimination were studied. The results are discussed in the light of current knowledge regarding the sympathetic innervation of these organs and its function.", "PMID": 1170670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2982", "title": "Laser iridectomy.", "content": "The argon laser and the ruby laser have been used to open the pigment layer in three cases of surgically incomplete peripheral iridectomy. The technique, its advantages and complications, were discussed. On two additional eyes, full-thickness argon laser iridectomy was unsuccessful.", "contents": "Laser iridectomy. The argon laser and the ruby laser have been used to open the pigment layer in three cases of surgically incomplete peripheral iridectomy. The technique, its advantages and complications, were discussed. On two additional eyes, full-thickness argon laser iridectomy was unsuccessful.", "PMID": 1170673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2983", "title": "Argon laser photocoagulation of iris abnormalities.", "content": "Argon laser photocoagulation of various iris abnormalities has been performed successfully. The destruction of iris cysts, the obliteration of blood vessels in iridocyclitic membranes prior to surgical discission, the correction of updrawn and deformed pupils, the mydriasis of pupils in patients debilitated by the miosis of antiglaucoma medication, and the production of iridotomies have been accomplished and are described along with the indications, photocoagulation techniques, results, and complications attendant to these particular procedures.", "contents": "Argon laser photocoagulation of iris abnormalities. Argon laser photocoagulation of various iris abnormalities has been performed successfully. The destruction of iris cysts, the obliteration of blood vessels in iridocyclitic membranes prior to surgical discission, the correction of updrawn and deformed pupils, the mydriasis of pupils in patients debilitated by the miosis of antiglaucoma medication, and the production of iridotomies have been accomplished and are described along with the indications, photocoagulation techniques, results, and complications attendant to these particular procedures.", "PMID": 1170672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2984", "title": "The action of group Bm or CisAB sera on group O red cells in the presence of UDP-D-galactose.", "content": "Group B and AB sera, acting on O red cells in the presence of UDP-galactose, each converted them into B active cells, which were agglutinated by anti-B human serum (1:512) at the titer of 128-fold, while group Bm and A-1 Bm sera, converted O red cells similarly incubated into B active cells, which were agglutinated by anti-B human serum (1:512) at the titer of 8- to 16-fold. This indicates that alpha-galactosyltransferase activity in Bm and A-1 Bm sera may be about 1/8-1/16 that in B and AB sera. Group CisAB sera, even after absorption of cold anti-B agglutinins with packed, washed group B red cells, did not convert O red cells in the presence of UDP-galactose in such a way that they might agglutinate against anti-B human serum.", "contents": "The action of group Bm or CisAB sera on group O red cells in the presence of UDP-D-galactose. Group B and AB sera, acting on O red cells in the presence of UDP-galactose, each converted them into B active cells, which were agglutinated by anti-B human serum (1:512) at the titer of 128-fold, while group Bm and A-1 Bm sera, converted O red cells similarly incubated into B active cells, which were agglutinated by anti-B human serum (1:512) at the titer of 8- to 16-fold. This indicates that alpha-galactosyltransferase activity in Bm and A-1 Bm sera may be about 1/8-1/16 that in B and AB sera. Group CisAB sera, even after absorption of cold anti-B agglutinins with packed, washed group B red cells, did not convert O red cells in the presence of UDP-galactose in such a way that they might agglutinate against anti-B human serum.", "PMID": 1170689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2985", "title": "[Pre- and postoperative examinations in congential aortic stenoses].", "content": "70 patients with congenital aortic stenosis had been operated upon between the age of 7 months and 23 years (average 8 years). For evaluation of the surgical result recatheterization and angiocardiography had been carried out on all patients between 1 and 12 years after operation (mean 7 years). The pre- and postoperative catheter findings, angiocardiograms, ECG, heart-size and clinical findings were analysed and compared with each other. In 2/3 of the cases the operative results could be defined as good or satisfactory. In the last third the operative results had been poor and a reoperation unavoidable. In half of the cases the poor results had been due to a significant residual aortic stenosis and in the other half it was due to massive aortic regurgitation. The prognosis and the indication to operation had been discussed.", "contents": "[Pre- and postoperative examinations in congential aortic stenoses]. 70 patients with congenital aortic stenosis had been operated upon between the age of 7 months and 23 years (average 8 years). For evaluation of the surgical result recatheterization and angiocardiography had been carried out on all patients between 1 and 12 years after operation (mean 7 years). The pre- and postoperative catheter findings, angiocardiograms, ECG, heart-size and clinical findings were analysed and compared with each other. In 2/3 of the cases the operative results could be defined as good or satisfactory. In the last third the operative results had been poor and a reoperation unavoidable. In half of the cases the poor results had been due to a significant residual aortic stenosis and in the other half it was due to massive aortic regurgitation. The prognosis and the indication to operation had been discussed.", "PMID": 1170694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2986", "title": "The fine structure of the endogenous stages of Eimeria labbeana: 2. Mature macrogamonts and young oocysts.", "content": "The fine structure of the mature macrogamonts and intracellular oocysts of Eimeria labbeana from the ileal mucosa of experimentally infected Pigeons (Columbia livia) was investigated and described. The macrogamont reached a  maximum size of 12.0 x 9.5 mum (average equals 10.8 x 8.8 mum), and was located within a narrow parasitophorus vacuole. Most of the macrogamonts were limited by two membranes. Intravacuolar tubules, 1.2 mum long and 58 nm in diameter, established direct connections between the parasite and the host cell. Each tabule was composed of 9 subunits arranged around the central lumen. Cytoplasmic canaliculi were composed of bundles of microtubule-like structures (8-10 nm wide). Type 1 wall-forming bodies reached a maximum size of 1.8 x 1.5 mum, and many had centric or eccentric electron transparent portions within them. They were frequently seen lodged within peripherally-located mitochondria. Type 2 wall-forming bodies averaged 1.5 mum in diameter. The role of the two types of wall-forming bodies in forming the outer and inner layers of the wall of the oocyst was similar to that in other species of Eimeria. The oocyst wall was 0.2 mum thick and composed of a limiting membrane (20 nm thick), an outer layer (75 nm thick), and an inner layer (100 nm thick).", "contents": "The fine structure of the endogenous stages of Eimeria labbeana: 2. Mature macrogamonts and young oocysts. The fine structure of the mature macrogamonts and intracellular oocysts of Eimeria labbeana from the ileal mucosa of experimentally infected Pigeons (Columbia livia) was investigated and described. The macrogamont reached a  maximum size of 12.0 x 9.5 mum (average equals 10.8 x 8.8 mum), and was located within a narrow parasitophorus vacuole. Most of the macrogamonts were limited by two membranes. Intravacuolar tubules, 1.2 mum long and 58 nm in diameter, established direct connections between the parasite and the host cell. Each tabule was composed of 9 subunits arranged around the central lumen. Cytoplasmic canaliculi were composed of bundles of microtubule-like structures (8-10 nm wide). Type 1 wall-forming bodies reached a maximum size of 1.8 x 1.5 mum, and many had centric or eccentric electron transparent portions within them. They were frequently seen lodged within peripherally-located mitochondria. Type 2 wall-forming bodies averaged 1.5 mum in diameter. The role of the two types of wall-forming bodies in forming the outer and inner layers of the wall of the oocyst was similar to that in other species of Eimeria. The oocyst wall was 0.2 mum thick and composed of a limiting membrane (20 nm thick), an outer layer (75 nm thick), and an inner layer (100 nm thick).", "PMID": 1170695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2987", "title": "[The metabolism of C14-labeled phenylalanine and tyrosine in malaria-infected Culex females (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Culex females are fed on C14-phenylalanine or C14-tyrosine in sugar solution. Autoradiographic studies on homogenated females 1 or 4 days after feeding, show that the labeled amino acids are metabolized on the first day and are not detectable on the fourth day. 2. After increase of the amino acid concentration by saturation of the sugar solution with the unlabeled amino acid, the labeled acid and its metabolites are visable over a longer period of time. 3. Phenylalanine is metabolized to tyrosine and at least four other substances. Radioactivity on the starting point of the chromatogram can be interpreted as incorporation of tyrosine into proteins. 4. After infection with Plasmodium cathemerium, and feeding of C14-phenylalanine C14-tyrosine is demonstable over a longer period.", "contents": "[The metabolism of C14-labeled phenylalanine and tyrosine in malaria-infected Culex females (author's transl)]. 1. Culex females are fed on C14-phenylalanine or C14-tyrosine in sugar solution. Autoradiographic studies on homogenated females 1 or 4 days after feeding, show that the labeled amino acids are metabolized on the first day and are not detectable on the fourth day. 2. After increase of the amino acid concentration by saturation of the sugar solution with the unlabeled amino acid, the labeled acid and its metabolites are visable over a longer period of time. 3. Phenylalanine is metabolized to tyrosine and at least four other substances. Radioactivity on the starting point of the chromatogram can be interpreted as incorporation of tyrosine into proteins. 4. After infection with Plasmodium cathemerium, and feeding of C14-phenylalanine C14-tyrosine is demonstable over a longer period.", "PMID": 1170696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2988", "title": "The mating behaviour of the tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus lunatus) in the Kruger National Park.", "content": "The mating behaviour of tsessebe was observed in the Kruger National Park. A description of the typical sequences in the mating behaviour is given which includes the \"nose and neck stretch\" posture of the courtship display of the bull when approaching a cow, the role of olfactory stimuli which are derived from either smelling at the base of a cow's tail or from the ground where a cow had been laying down or urinated, the spontaneous ejaculation of the bull in response to such stimuli and mounting. Distinction is drawn between the dominance display (\"nose forward-upward posture\") and the courtship display of the tsessebe bull. Comparative notes on the mating behaviour of congeneric species, i.e. the blesbok (D. dorcas phillipsi), bontebok (D. d. dorcas) and topi (D. lunatus korrigum) are given. Many similarities are evident despite a number of dissimilarities. Attention is also paid to confliction interpretations of the courtship displays in the different species.", "contents": "The mating behaviour of the tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus lunatus) in the Kruger National Park. The mating behaviour of tsessebe was observed in the Kruger National Park. A description of the typical sequences in the mating behaviour is given which includes the \"nose and neck stretch\" posture of the courtship display of the bull when approaching a cow, the role of olfactory stimuli which are derived from either smelling at the base of a cow's tail or from the ground where a cow had been laying down or urinated, the spontaneous ejaculation of the bull in response to such stimuli and mounting. Distinction is drawn between the dominance display (\"nose forward-upward posture\") and the courtship display of the tsessebe bull. Comparative notes on the mating behaviour of congeneric species, i.e. the blesbok (D. dorcas phillipsi), bontebok (D. d. dorcas) and topi (D. lunatus korrigum) are given. Many similarities are evident despite a number of dissimilarities. Attention is also paid to confliction interpretations of the courtship displays in the different species.", "PMID": 1170697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2989", "title": "Uganda kob (Adenota kob thomasi): territoriality and the spatial distributions of sexual and agonistic behaviors at a territorial ground).", "content": "Possible functions of territorial behavior were evaluated on the basis of observations of agonistic and reproductive activities of Uganda kob at a \"territorial ground\" (TG) in southwestern Uganda. We have found that male residents of a TG tend to occupy exclusive areas, and that agonistic interactions are concentrated along the boundaries separating adjacent occupied areas. Thus, we conclude that male kob do engage in the active defense of spatially exclusive territories at a TG.", "contents": "Uganda kob (Adenota kob thomasi): territoriality and the spatial distributions of sexual and agonistic behaviors at a territorial ground). Possible functions of territorial behavior were evaluated on the basis of observations of agonistic and reproductive activities of Uganda kob at a \"territorial ground\" (TG) in southwestern Uganda. We have found that male residents of a TG tend to occupy exclusive areas, and that agonistic interactions are concentrated along the boundaries separating adjacent occupied areas. Thus, we conclude that male kob do engage in the active defense of spatially exclusive territories at a TG.", "PMID": 1170698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2990", "title": "Scent marking by male Golden Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) III. Behavior in a seminatural environment.", "content": "8 malexj golden hamsters were observed two at a time in a plexiglas cage (area roughly 11 sp.ft) subdivided into 47 connected compartments. Each pair spent 2--3 weeks in this cage, observations lasting 1--2 weeks. Dominance relationships, food hoarding and marking behaviour in this situation are described.", "contents": "Scent marking by male Golden Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) III. Behavior in a seminatural environment. 8 malexj golden hamsters were observed two at a time in a plexiglas cage (area roughly 11 sp.ft) subdivided into 47 connected compartments. Each pair spent 2--3 weeks in this cage, observations lasting 1--2 weeks. Dominance relationships, food hoarding and marking behaviour in this situation are described.", "PMID": 1170699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2991", "title": "First isolations of Levinea-Citrobacter cultures in Czechoslovakia.", "content": "Twenty-two strains corresponding by their biochemical properties to the genus Levinea - Citrobacter were isolated. Six of the strains were referred to the species Citrobacter diversus and 12 to C. freundii, whose properties are identical with those of L. malonatica and L. amalonatica, respectively. Four strains differed from Levinea organisms by some reactions, but were fully compatible with C. freundii (in the scheme of EWING and DAVIS); two of them utilized malonate. The taxonomic position of strains displaying the following biochemical properties: dextrose positive, indole positive, H2S negative, urease on Christensen's citrate medium positive, lysine-decarboxylase negative-is discussed. In routine practice, these strains may be more accurately identified by adding of four tests: adonitol with gas production, KCN, raffinose and malonate.", "contents": "First isolations of Levinea-Citrobacter cultures in Czechoslovakia. Twenty-two strains corresponding by their biochemical properties to the genus Levinea - Citrobacter were isolated. Six of the strains were referred to the species Citrobacter diversus and 12 to C. freundii, whose properties are identical with those of L. malonatica and L. amalonatica, respectively. Four strains differed from Levinea organisms by some reactions, but were fully compatible with C. freundii (in the scheme of EWING and DAVIS); two of them utilized malonate. The taxonomic position of strains displaying the following biochemical properties: dextrose positive, indole positive, H2S negative, urease on Christensen's citrate medium positive, lysine-decarboxylase negative-is discussed. In routine practice, these strains may be more accurately identified by adding of four tests: adonitol with gas production, KCN, raffinose and malonate.", "PMID": 1170700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2992", "title": "Bone canaliculus endings in the area of the osteocyte lacuna. Electron-microscopic studies.", "content": "Light- and electron-microscopic studies were carried out on the bone canaliculi and their endings in the wall fo the osteocyte lacuna. Two types of canalicular endings were distinguished in the lacuna wall. Those of the first type, fairly numerous, are the endings of small diameter, which do not branch off in the immediate proximity of the lacuna. The other type, occurring in twos or threes, are large in diameter and branch off in the close vicinity of the lacuna, invariably possessing two or three processes which run up to the point of branching of the canaliculus. The images obtained made it possible to demonstrate that the collagen fibrils in both types of endings in the lacuna wall are, in principle, arranged in a similar manner. Nonethless, the type of end formation found where the fibrils run along the axis of the lacuna differs from that for the fibrils in a plexus.", "contents": "Bone canaliculus endings in the area of the osteocyte lacuna. Electron-microscopic studies. Light- and electron-microscopic studies were carried out on the bone canaliculi and their endings in the wall fo the osteocyte lacuna. Two types of canalicular endings were distinguished in the lacuna wall. Those of the first type, fairly numerous, are the endings of small diameter, which do not branch off in the immediate proximity of the lacuna. The other type, occurring in twos or threes, are large in diameter and branch off in the close vicinity of the lacuna, invariably possessing two or three processes which run up to the point of branching of the canaliculus. The images obtained made it possible to demonstrate that the collagen fibrils in both types of endings in the lacuna wall are, in principle, arranged in a similar manner. Nonethless, the type of end formation found where the fibrils run along the axis of the lacuna differs from that for the fibrils in a plexus.", "PMID": 1170702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2993", "title": "Study of alternative substrates in the catalytic reaction of N-acetyl-transferase.", "content": "In the enzymatic acetylation of para-nitroaniline the esters of para-amino-benzoic acid act as inhibitors since they serve as alternative acceptor substrates. The extent of inhibition is increased by increasing the number of carbon atoms of the alcohol moiety of the esters. The apparent Km value of esters as acceptor substrates decreases by almost one order of magnitude from 1.1 times 10- minus 4 to 2.5 times 10- minus 5 M within the methylester-butylester series. It has been shown by kinetic analyses that the esters are non-competitive inhibitors in respect of the acetyl donor, whereas they are competitive inhibitors in respect of the acetyl acceptor, in the acetylation reaction of paranitroaniline.", "contents": "Study of alternative substrates in the catalytic reaction of N-acetyl-transferase. In the enzymatic acetylation of para-nitroaniline the esters of para-amino-benzoic acid act as inhibitors since they serve as alternative acceptor substrates. The extent of inhibition is increased by increasing the number of carbon atoms of the alcohol moiety of the esters. The apparent Km value of esters as acceptor substrates decreases by almost one order of magnitude from 1.1 times 10- minus 4 to 2.5 times 10- minus 5 M within the methylester-butylester series. It has been shown by kinetic analyses that the esters are non-competitive inhibitors in respect of the acetyl donor, whereas they are competitive inhibitors in respect of the acetyl acceptor, in the acetylation reaction of paranitroaniline.", "PMID": 1170706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2994", "title": "Alkylmercurial encephalopathy in the monkey (Saimiri sciureus and Macaca arctoides): a histopathologic and autoradiographic study.", "content": "Histopathologic and autoradiographic studies were performed on monkeys of the genera Saimiri and Macaca after acute and chronic oral exposure to several dosage regimens of methylmercuric chloride (MeHg). Neuropathologic changes were primarily cortical, although subcortical lesions also were observed. Autoradiographic localization of 203-Hg was greatest within glial cells (particularly Nissl-pump astrocytes, subependymal glia and Bergmann's glia) and mast cells. High levels of label within normal appearing large neurons (particularly those within Gasserian and dorsal root ganglia) indicate a lower susceptibility of these neurons to the toxic effects of MeHg. Blood and brain levels of mercury correlated well with the degree of neuropathologic change, but individual variations in susceptibility to intoxication also existed.", "contents": "Alkylmercurial encephalopathy in the monkey (Saimiri sciureus and Macaca arctoides): a histopathologic and autoradiographic study. Histopathologic and autoradiographic studies were performed on monkeys of the genera Saimiri and Macaca after acute and chronic oral exposure to several dosage regimens of methylmercuric chloride (MeHg). Neuropathologic changes were primarily cortical, although subcortical lesions also were observed. Autoradiographic localization of 203-Hg was greatest within glial cells (particularly Nissl-pump astrocytes, subependymal glia and Bergmann's glia) and mast cells. High levels of label within normal appearing large neurons (particularly those within Gasserian and dorsal root ganglia) indicate a lower susceptibility of these neurons to the toxic effects of MeHg. Blood and brain levels of mercury correlated well with the degree of neuropathologic change, but individual variations in susceptibility to intoxication also existed.", "PMID": 1170707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2995", "title": "Incidence of congenital heart disease in Hungary: P\u00e9cs and County Baranya.", "content": "A study has been made of the incidence of congenital heart disease in P\u00e9cs and County Baranya. A total of 744 affected individuals were found among 97 482 live-born infants examined during the 15-year period 1955 to 1969; this amounts to an incidence of 7.6 per thousand.", "contents": "Incidence of congenital heart disease in Hungary: P\u00e9cs and County Baranya. A study has been made of the incidence of congenital heart disease in P\u00e9cs and County Baranya. A total of 744 affected individuals were found among 97 482 live-born infants examined during the 15-year period 1955 to 1969; this amounts to an incidence of 7.6 per thousand.", "PMID": 1170708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2996", "title": "Spread of tuberculosis from obstructed and non-obstructed upper urinary tract.", "content": "As part of an experimental study of the spread of urogenital tuberculosis, male guinea pigs were inoculated with tubercle bacilli (H37Rv) in the upper part of the ureter. Half of the animals were prepared by ligature of the ureter below the injection site prior to inoculation. Spread of the infection to the lower urinary tract and the genitalia occurred whether the ureter was intact or ligated. It is concluded that lymphatic spread is possible and seems to be more common than urinary (canalicular) spread.", "contents": "Spread of tuberculosis from obstructed and non-obstructed upper urinary tract. As part of an experimental study of the spread of urogenital tuberculosis, male guinea pigs were inoculated with tubercle bacilli (H37Rv) in the upper part of the ureter. Half of the animals were prepared by ligature of the ureter below the injection site prior to inoculation. Spread of the infection to the lower urinary tract and the genitalia occurred whether the ureter was intact or ligated. It is concluded that lymphatic spread is possible and seems to be more common than urinary (canalicular) spread.", "PMID": 1170709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2997", "title": "Photically induced epilepsy in Papio papio as a model for drug studies.", "content": "Neurophysiological studies employing drugs have been undertaken in the natural syndrome of photically induced epilepsy in the Senegalese baboon Papio papio. GABA-mediated inhibition, both pre- and posysynaptic, plays an important role in the epileptic manifestations seen in this syndrome synapses can significantly modify photically induced epileptic responses, partly as a result of changes in afferent activity. The level of activity in dopaminergic systems can also modify the epileptic signs. Among anticonvulsant drugs, barbiturates and benzodiazepines are very effective against this type of epilepsy, whereas many other drugs are weakly active or toxic. A modification of the natural model (using allylglycine as a priming agent) is convenient for correlating acute anticonvulsant activity and neurological toxicity with plasma concentrations of anticonvulsant agents.", "contents": "Photically induced epilepsy in Papio papio as a model for drug studies. Neurophysiological studies employing drugs have been undertaken in the natural syndrome of photically induced epilepsy in the Senegalese baboon Papio papio. GABA-mediated inhibition, both pre- and posysynaptic, plays an important role in the epileptic manifestations seen in this syndrome synapses can significantly modify photically induced epileptic responses, partly as a result of changes in afferent activity. The level of activity in dopaminergic systems can also modify the epileptic signs. Among anticonvulsant drugs, barbiturates and benzodiazepines are very effective against this type of epilepsy, whereas many other drugs are weakly active or toxic. A modification of the natural model (using allylglycine as a priming agent) is convenient for correlating acute anticonvulsant activity and neurological toxicity with plasma concentrations of anticonvulsant agents.", "PMID": 1170711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2998", "title": "Effect of chronic amphetamine exposure on stereotyped behavior: implications for pathogenesis of l-dopa-induced dyskinesias.", "content": "The effect of chronic high doses of d-amphetamine on amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in guinea pigs was studied in an attempt to determine the mechanism involved in the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonism. Prolonged pretreatment with suprathreshold doses of amphetamine decreased the threshold dosage of both amphetamine and apomorphine necessary to elicit stereotyped behavior. This suggests that chronic striatal dopamine stimulation may induce striatal dopamine receptor site hypersensitivity  and that this type of induced hypersensitivity may play a role in the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. This mechanism may also play a role in the development of amphetamine-induced chorea and psychosis.", "contents": "Effect of chronic amphetamine exposure on stereotyped behavior: implications for pathogenesis of l-dopa-induced dyskinesias. The effect of chronic high doses of d-amphetamine on amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in guinea pigs was studied in an attempt to determine the mechanism involved in the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonism. Prolonged pretreatment with suprathreshold doses of amphetamine decreased the threshold dosage of both amphetamine and apomorphine necessary to elicit stereotyped behavior. This suggests that chronic striatal dopamine stimulation may induce striatal dopamine receptor site hypersensitivity  and that this type of induced hypersensitivity may play a role in the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. This mechanism may also play a role in the development of amphetamine-induced chorea and psychosis.", "PMID": 1170714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_2999", "title": "Apomorphine and piribedil in rats: biochemical and pharmacologic studies.", "content": "We studied the biochemical and pharmacologic modes of action of piribedil and apomorphine in the rat. Although both drugs have many points in common, they are also different in many of their manifestations. Apomorphine causes high-intensity, short-duration stereotyped behavior; it is distributed within the brain in uneven fashion, the striatum being the area of lowest concentration as measured by fluorometry. Direct stereotactic injection within the dopaminergic mesolimbic system, and particularly the tuberculum olfactorium, produced constant intense responses. All effects of apomorphine can be blocked by pimozide, but propanolol, a beta blocker, only reduces aggression and ferocity, leaving stereotyped behaviors intact. Finally, L-5-HTP tends to reduce aggression, ferocity, and to a lesser extent stereotypy; MIF or piribedil, as well as reserpine, potentiates the stereotyped behaviors induced by apomorphine, whereas L-DOPA usually decreases them. Piribedil, on the other hand, causes low-intensity, long-duration stereotyped behavior. It is distributed within the brain almost uniformly. Most effects of piribedil can be blocked by pimozide, but propanolol blocks only aggression and ferocity, leaving stereotyped behaviors intact. On the other hand, clonidine, an alpha-receptor agonist, blocks stereotyped behaviors induced by piribedil but markedly increases aggression, ferocity, and motor activity. L-5-HTP and L-DOPA have little effect on piribedil-induced manifestations. Reserpine decreases piribedil stereotypy. The main metabolite of piribedil, S 584, had no clear-cut pharmacologic action in our hands at the dosage used. It is concluded that both apomorphine and piribedil produce stereotyped behavior by modifying the physiologic balance between mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems. The other actions of apomorphine and piribedil upon aggression, ferocity, and motor activity are not always in parallel and depend probably on the fact that piribedil is less specific, affecting also noradrenergic, serotonergic, histaminergic, and/or cholinergic circuits. The usefulness of piribedil against some forms of human tremor and its low-intensity antiakinetic action probably result from this pattern of pharmacologic activity.", "contents": "Apomorphine and piribedil in rats: biochemical and pharmacologic studies. We studied the biochemical and pharmacologic modes of action of piribedil and apomorphine in the rat. Although both drugs have many points in common, they are also different in many of their manifestations. Apomorphine causes high-intensity, short-duration stereotyped behavior; it is distributed within the brain in uneven fashion, the striatum being the area of lowest concentration as measured by fluorometry. Direct stereotactic injection within the dopaminergic mesolimbic system, and particularly the tuberculum olfactorium, produced constant intense responses. All effects of apomorphine can be blocked by pimozide, but propanolol, a beta blocker, only reduces aggression and ferocity, leaving stereotyped behaviors intact. Finally, L-5-HTP tends to reduce aggression, ferocity, and to a lesser extent stereotypy; MIF or piribedil, as well as reserpine, potentiates the stereotyped behaviors induced by apomorphine, whereas L-DOPA usually decreases them. Piribedil, on the other hand, causes low-intensity, long-duration stereotyped behavior. It is distributed within the brain almost uniformly. Most effects of piribedil can be blocked by pimozide, but propanolol blocks only aggression and ferocity, leaving stereotyped behaviors intact. On the other hand, clonidine, an alpha-receptor agonist, blocks stereotyped behaviors induced by piribedil but markedly increases aggression, ferocity, and motor activity. L-5-HTP and L-DOPA have little effect on piribedil-induced manifestations. Reserpine decreases piribedil stereotypy. The main metabolite of piribedil, S 584, had no clear-cut pharmacologic action in our hands at the dosage used. It is concluded that both apomorphine and piribedil produce stereotyped behavior by modifying the physiologic balance between mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems. The other actions of apomorphine and piribedil upon aggression, ferocity, and motor activity are not always in parallel and depend probably on the fact that piribedil is less specific, affecting also noradrenergic, serotonergic, histaminergic, and/or cholinergic circuits. The usefulness of piribedil against some forms of human tremor and its low-intensity antiakinetic action probably result from this pattern of pharmacologic activity.", "PMID": 1170716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3000", "title": "Retrograde catheterization of the left atrium in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "Retrograde catheterization of the left atrium utilizing the Shirley technique was successfully performed in four patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. By traversing the inflow tract of the left ventricle on pullback from the left atrium to the aorta, this method served to separate definitively true hypertrophic subaortic stenosis from cavity obliteration. It was accomplished with relative ease and no complications. In patients with suspected idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis who are to have retrograde left heart catheterization, this approach to the left atrium is recommended as an alternative to the transseptal technique.", "contents": "Retrograde catheterization of the left atrium in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Retrograde catheterization of the left atrium utilizing the Shirley technique was successfully performed in four patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. By traversing the inflow tract of the left ventricle on pullback from the left atrium to the aorta, this method served to separate definitively true hypertrophic subaortic stenosis from cavity obliteration. It was accomplished with relative ease and no complications. In patients with suspected idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis who are to have retrograde left heart catheterization, this approach to the left atrium is recommended as an alternative to the transseptal technique.", "PMID": 1170752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3001", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the luteo-follicular complex. II. Events leading to ovulation.", "content": "Morphological changes on the ovarian surface of different mammals both before and during ovulation have been examined by scanning electron microscopy. Preovulatory follicles were blisterlike structures that protruded markedly from the ovarian surface. Basal areas of preovulatory follicles were covered with polyhedral cells containing numerous microvilli, whereas on the lateral surfaces, superficial cells were elongated and possessed few microvilli. At the apex of the follicle, cells were very flattened and possessed few microvilli, which were present only in regions of intercellular contact. In some apical areas, cells appeared to be degenerating, whereas in other regions, groups of cells had \"sloughed off.\" In addition, a fluidlike material was observed to exude from intercellular spaces of the superficial epithelium and to cover some apical cells. By transmission electron microscopy, the same fluidlike material was observed to (1) infiltrate the connective tissue of the tunica albuginea, (2) accumulate under the basal lamina, and (3) distend intercellular spaces of the superficial epithelium. Just prior to ovulation, large, irregular areas of the apex were ruptured and the oocyte, covered with a large amount of fluid, appeared to emerge from the follicle. At ovulation, the oocyte was not completely covered with follicle cells and the zona pellucida was clearly evident. The surface of the zona was quite irregular and contained numerous infoldings, channels and crypts. Follicle cells had polyhedral or star shapes and possessed large cytoplasmic evaginations that obliquely penetrated the zona. Both the zona pellucida and corona cells were covered with a fine layer of granular material. The SEM results and parallel TEM observations suggest that a local increase of fluids (edema) may be an important factor in the final decomposition of the distended and weakened apex of the preovulatory follicle. In addition, the participation of follicle cells, smooth muscle cells and the oviduct in the escape of the oocyte from the ruptured follicle is discussed.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the luteo-follicular complex. II. Events leading to ovulation. Morphological changes on the ovarian surface of different mammals both before and during ovulation have been examined by scanning electron microscopy. Preovulatory follicles were blisterlike structures that protruded markedly from the ovarian surface. Basal areas of preovulatory follicles were covered with polyhedral cells containing numerous microvilli, whereas on the lateral surfaces, superficial cells were elongated and possessed few microvilli. At the apex of the follicle, cells were very flattened and possessed few microvilli, which were present only in regions of intercellular contact. In some apical areas, cells appeared to be degenerating, whereas in other regions, groups of cells had \"sloughed off.\" In addition, a fluidlike material was observed to exude from intercellular spaces of the superficial epithelium and to cover some apical cells. By transmission electron microscopy, the same fluidlike material was observed to (1) infiltrate the connective tissue of the tunica albuginea, (2) accumulate under the basal lamina, and (3) distend intercellular spaces of the superficial epithelium. Just prior to ovulation, large, irregular areas of the apex were ruptured and the oocyte, covered with a large amount of fluid, appeared to emerge from the follicle. At ovulation, the oocyte was not completely covered with follicle cells and the zona pellucida was clearly evident. The surface of the zona was quite irregular and contained numerous infoldings, channels and crypts. Follicle cells had polyhedral or star shapes and possessed large cytoplasmic evaginations that obliquely penetrated the zona. Both the zona pellucida and corona cells were covered with a fine layer of granular material. The SEM results and parallel TEM observations suggest that a local increase of fluids (edema) may be an important factor in the final decomposition of the distended and weakened apex of the preovulatory follicle. In addition, the participation of follicle cells, smooth muscle cells and the oviduct in the escape of the oocyte from the ruptured follicle is discussed.", "PMID": 1170753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3002", "title": "Repeat ectopic pregnancy: a study of 123 consecutive cases.", "content": "In a study of 1,330 ectopic pregnancies, 123 (9 per cent) patients experienced repeat tubal pregnancies. Of these 123 patients with repeat ectopics, 96 (78 per cent) were surgically sterilized with their second operative procedure. The remaining 27 potentially fertile patients have had nine pregnancies, but only three living children. Cornual wedge resection of the uterine tube predisposed in interstitial pregnancy and to rupture of the uterus in four cases. Four patients had three ectopic pregnancies each. Repair of the involved tube is usually technically possible following linear salpingotomy and should be done if future fertility is desired. If the patient does not desire future pregnancy, she should be sterilized to avoid the risk of repeat ectopic pregnancy.", "contents": "Repeat ectopic pregnancy: a study of 123 consecutive cases. In a study of 1,330 ectopic pregnancies, 123 (9 per cent) patients experienced repeat tubal pregnancies. Of these 123 patients with repeat ectopics, 96 (78 per cent) were surgically sterilized with their second operative procedure. The remaining 27 potentially fertile patients have had nine pregnancies, but only three living children. Cornual wedge resection of the uterine tube predisposed in interstitial pregnancy and to rupture of the uterus in four cases. Four patients had three ectopic pregnancies each. Repair of the involved tube is usually technically possible following linear salpingotomy and should be done if future fertility is desired. If the patient does not desire future pregnancy, she should be sterilized to avoid the risk of repeat ectopic pregnancy.", "PMID": 1170756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3003", "title": "Transfer of lidocaine across the sheep placenta to the fetus. Hemodynamic and acid-base responses of the fetal lamb.", "content": "Placental transfer of lidocaine administered to pregnant sheep and removal of the drug from the fetal circulation were determined. Responses of the hemodynamic and acid-base state in the mother and fetus were also studied. Lidocaine readily crossed the placenta and appeared in the fetal blood as early as one minute following injection. Disappearance of lidocaine in the asphyxiated fetus tended to be slower than in the normal one. Lidocaine produced a transient fall in the fetal heart rate which was accompanied by a decrease in blood pH and oxygenation. Lidocaine also reduced umbilical blood flow and, in some instances, uterine blood flow. Decrease in umbilical blood flow was more pronounced in the initially asphyxiated fetus.", "contents": "Transfer of lidocaine across the sheep placenta to the fetus. Hemodynamic and acid-base responses of the fetal lamb. Placental transfer of lidocaine administered to pregnant sheep and removal of the drug from the fetal circulation were determined. Responses of the hemodynamic and acid-base state in the mother and fetus were also studied. Lidocaine readily crossed the placenta and appeared in the fetal blood as early as one minute following injection. Disappearance of lidocaine in the asphyxiated fetus tended to be slower than in the normal one. Lidocaine produced a transient fall in the fetal heart rate which was accompanied by a decrease in blood pH and oxygenation. Lidocaine also reduced umbilical blood flow and, in some instances, uterine blood flow. Decrease in umbilical blood flow was more pronounced in the initially asphyxiated fetus.", "PMID": 1170757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3004", "title": "Maturational changes in the fetal glomerular filtration rate.", "content": "Few data are available documenting the evolution of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) during gestation. In order to investigate this aspect, 33 fetal sheep have been studied, with the use of an intrauterine fetal preparation. It appears that the actual GFR (AGFR) in milliliters per minute increased during the last third of gestation without a significant increase in GFR expressed as milliliters per minute per kilogram of fetal weight (GFR-FW) and as milliliters per minute per gram of kidney weight (GFR-KW). It is suggested that a parallel and constant increase in AGFR and in total fetal weight or kidney weight might explain the absence of variation if GFR-FW or GFR-KW during the last third of gestation.", "contents": "Maturational changes in the fetal glomerular filtration rate. Few data are available documenting the evolution of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) during gestation. In order to investigate this aspect, 33 fetal sheep have been studied, with the use of an intrauterine fetal preparation. It appears that the actual GFR (AGFR) in milliliters per minute increased during the last third of gestation without a significant increase in GFR expressed as milliliters per minute per kilogram of fetal weight (GFR-FW) and as milliliters per minute per gram of kidney weight (GFR-KW). It is suggested that a parallel and constant increase in AGFR and in total fetal weight or kidney weight might explain the absence of variation if GFR-FW or GFR-KW during the last third of gestation.", "PMID": 1170758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3005", "title": "Use of radioactive microspheres for studies of tubal ovum transport.", "content": "Experiments were designed to ascertain the fidelity with which radioactive plastic ovum models imitated the time-course of transport of natural ova through the rabbit oviduct. After location of the radioactive microspheres within the intact oviducts, the genital tracts were removed and cleared in benzyl benzoate. Natural ova and ovum surrogates were then visualized in situ. The radioactive microspheres were reasonably good models of transport of natural ova and their sojourn in the oviduct was shortened by progesterone and prolonged by estrogen. Thus they should be useful tools for future studies of own transport under various conditions.", "contents": "Use of radioactive microspheres for studies of tubal ovum transport. Experiments were designed to ascertain the fidelity with which radioactive plastic ovum models imitated the time-course of transport of natural ova through the rabbit oviduct. After location of the radioactive microspheres within the intact oviducts, the genital tracts were removed and cleared in benzyl benzoate. Natural ova and ovum surrogates were then visualized in situ. The radioactive microspheres were reasonably good models of transport of natural ova and their sojourn in the oviduct was shortened by progesterone and prolonged by estrogen. Thus they should be useful tools for future studies of own transport under various conditions.", "PMID": 1170759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3006", "title": "Plasma estrogens in euthyroid and thyrotoxic women.", "content": "Plasma levels of estrogen were measured daily by radioimmunoassay for 28 consecutive days in 12 healthy euthyroid women and 15 thyrotoxic women (10 with hypomenorrhea and 5 with amenorrhea) before commencement of therapy (except in one case) in an effort to increase understanding of the relationship between the thyroid gland and ovarian function. The results show that the patterns of plasma estrogen in thyrotoxic women with hypomenorrhea were similar to those in euthyroid women, although the levels in the thyrotoxic women were significantly elevated (P less than 0.001). Thyrotoxic women with amenorrhea also had a markedly elevated plasma estrogen level with a persistence of a sharp peak of estrogen but without the secondary estrogen rise associated with corpus luteum function. This suggests a failure of the positive feedback effect of estrogen on the hypothalamopituitary axis with resultant failure of ovulation.", "contents": "Plasma estrogens in euthyroid and thyrotoxic women. Plasma levels of estrogen were measured daily by radioimmunoassay for 28 consecutive days in 12 healthy euthyroid women and 15 thyrotoxic women (10 with hypomenorrhea and 5 with amenorrhea) before commencement of therapy (except in one case) in an effort to increase understanding of the relationship between the thyroid gland and ovarian function. The results show that the patterns of plasma estrogen in thyrotoxic women with hypomenorrhea were similar to those in euthyroid women, although the levels in the thyrotoxic women were significantly elevated (P less than 0.001). Thyrotoxic women with amenorrhea also had a markedly elevated plasma estrogen level with a persistence of a sharp peak of estrogen but without the secondary estrogen rise associated with corpus luteum function. This suggests a failure of the positive feedback effect of estrogen on the hypothalamopituitary axis with resultant failure of ovulation.", "PMID": 1170760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3007", "title": "Keratomycosis due to an Alternaria species.", "content": "A patient with a contributory history of stromal herpes presented with a severe hypopyon and multiple corneal infiltrates. Culture of corneal scrapings grew out a species of Alternaria, a generally nonpathogenic fungus. The presence of hyphae and budding yeast forms in the keratoplasty specimen gave further confirmation to the diagnosis.", "contents": "Keratomycosis due to an Alternaria species. A patient with a contributory history of stromal herpes presented with a severe hypopyon and multiple corneal infiltrates. Culture of corneal scrapings grew out a species of Alternaria, a generally nonpathogenic fungus. The presence of hyphae and budding yeast forms in the keratoplasty specimen gave further confirmation to the diagnosis.", "PMID": 1170761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3008", "title": "Psychiatric problems of children seen in an urban center of western India.", "content": "This paper outlines the types of problems seen in a child guidance clinic in Western India. An attempt is made to understand the emotional disorders in the context of major socio-psychological changes taking place in a social order passing through a transitional stage from a traditional agrarian structure to an industrial state.", "contents": "Psychiatric problems of children seen in an urban center of western India. This paper outlines the types of problems seen in a child guidance clinic in Western India. An attempt is made to understand the emotional disorders in the context of major socio-psychological changes taking place in a social order passing through a transitional stage from a traditional agrarian structure to an industrial state.", "PMID": 1170762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3009", "title": "Prolyl hydroxylase and collagen metabolism after experimental mycardial infarction.", "content": "Mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to an isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. Animals were sacrificed on a daily basis in order to assess the temporal changes in prolyl hydroxylase activity and collagen metabolism during the acute stages of myocardial necrosis and repair. Total myocardial hydroxyproline, as an indexof collagen content, increased promptly and markedly, beginning on day 4, and remained elevated thereafter. The incorporation of (14Cl)-proline into definitive hydroxyproline of mature collagen was also increased. The activity of the enzyme prolyl hydroxylase, which regulates the rate of conversion of proline to hydroxyproline in collagen, was elevated by day 2, remained high through day4, and then declined to a relatively constant but still slightly elevated level  throughout the period of repair. It is believed that changes in these parameters of collagen metabolism reflect changes in myocardial fibroblastic cell and ground substance pertinent to fundamental aspects of repair of the injuried myocardium.", "contents": "Prolyl hydroxylase and collagen metabolism after experimental mycardial infarction. Mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to an isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. Animals were sacrificed on a daily basis in order to assess the temporal changes in prolyl hydroxylase activity and collagen metabolism during the acute stages of myocardial necrosis and repair. Total myocardial hydroxyproline, as an indexof collagen content, increased promptly and markedly, beginning on day 4, and remained elevated thereafter. The incorporation of (14Cl)-proline into definitive hydroxyproline of mature collagen was also increased. The activity of the enzyme prolyl hydroxylase, which regulates the rate of conversion of proline to hydroxyproline in collagen, was elevated by day 2, remained high through day4, and then declined to a relatively constant but still slightly elevated level  throughout the period of repair. It is believed that changes in these parameters of collagen metabolism reflect changes in myocardial fibroblastic cell and ground substance pertinent to fundamental aspects of repair of the injuried myocardium.", "PMID": 1170763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3010", "title": "Neutral amino acid transport pathways in uptake of L-thyroxine by Ehrlich ascites cells.", "content": "Neutral amino acid pathways were investigated as possible mediators of L-thyroxine (T4) entry into ascites cells. 14C-Labeled T4, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), L-phenylalanine (Phe), and cycloleucine (cLeu) uptakes were measured at initial extracellular amino acid concentrations of 1 muM in a modified Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. T4 uptake was markedly slower than that of AIB, Phe, or cLeu over a 25-min period. T4 uptake was neither competitively stimulated nor inhibited by either AIB or Phe when these latter amino acids were varied over the concentration range 1.0 x 10(-6) to 1.0 x 10(-2) M. Preloading cells with 30 mM L-methionine did not enhance the uptake of T4. TJ efflux from preloaded cells was not affected by either AIB or Phe in the extracellular fluid (ECF). The uptakes of AIB, Phe, and cLeu were markedly altered by replacement of ECF Na+ with choline+, whereas T4 uptake was unchanged. It was concluded that neural amino acid transport pathways (specifically A, L, ASC, and beta) do not participate in the transmembrane transfer of L-thyroxine into Ehrlich ascites cells.", "contents": "Neutral amino acid transport pathways in uptake of L-thyroxine by Ehrlich ascites cells. Neutral amino acid pathways were investigated as possible mediators of L-thyroxine (T4) entry into ascites cells. 14C-Labeled T4, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), L-phenylalanine (Phe), and cycloleucine (cLeu) uptakes were measured at initial extracellular amino acid concentrations of 1 muM in a modified Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. T4 uptake was markedly slower than that of AIB, Phe, or cLeu over a 25-min period. T4 uptake was neither competitively stimulated nor inhibited by either AIB or Phe when these latter amino acids were varied over the concentration range 1.0 x 10(-6) to 1.0 x 10(-2) M. Preloading cells with 30 mM L-methionine did not enhance the uptake of T4. TJ efflux from preloaded cells was not affected by either AIB or Phe in the extracellular fluid (ECF). The uptakes of AIB, Phe, and cLeu were markedly altered by replacement of ECF Na+ with choline+, whereas T4 uptake was unchanged. It was concluded that neural amino acid transport pathways (specifically A, L, ASC, and beta) do not participate in the transmembrane transfer of L-thyroxine into Ehrlich ascites cells.", "PMID": 1170764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3011", "title": "PSRO: advantages, risks, and potential pitfalls.", "content": "The authors propose that active physician participation in current review methodologies, including PSRO, can lessen the potential for such problems as the development of unrealistic standards, emphasis on review and record keeping as ends rather than means, and ineffectuality of the systems themselves. Potential advantages of PSRO are seen in areas of quality assessment and improvement, economy, and enhancement of the continuing learning processess of physicians. The authors suggest that physicians should resist pressures toward separation of reviewing authority from clinical competence.", "contents": "PSRO: advantages, risks, and potential pitfalls. The authors propose that active physician participation in current review methodologies, including PSRO, can lessen the potential for such problems as the development of unrealistic standards, emphasis on review and record keeping as ends rather than means, and ineffectuality of the systems themselves. Potential advantages of PSRO are seen in areas of quality assessment and improvement, economy, and enhancement of the continuing learning processess of physicians. The authors suggest that physicians should resist pressures toward separation of reviewing authority from clinical competence.", "PMID": 1170765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3012", "title": "A process of establishing norms for inpatients length of stay in a community mental health center.", "content": "A pervasive sense of urgency, stimulated by the Social Security Amendments of 1972 (Public Law 92-603), attends the need to establish norms for length of stay for impatient services in mental health facilities and to provide review mechanisms for extended care cases. The authors describe one model, adaptable to changing needs and federal regulations, that can offer a beginning experience in this endeavor.", "contents": "A process of establishing norms for inpatients length of stay in a community mental health center. A pervasive sense of urgency, stimulated by the Social Security Amendments of 1972 (Public Law 92-603), attends the need to establish norms for length of stay for impatient services in mental health facilities and to provide review mechanisms for extended care cases. The authors describe one model, adaptable to changing needs and federal regulations, that can offer a beginning experience in this endeavor.", "PMID": 1170766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3013", "title": "A methodologic approach to crisis therapy.", "content": "Resistance to using limited goal, brief psychotherapy often rests upon the mythology that a patient's problems must require a great deal of time for resolution. This paper offers a suitable rationale and methodology for psychotherapists to exercise their enormous capacity to assist patients effecting meaningful change in a brief time period.", "contents": "A methodologic approach to crisis therapy. Resistance to using limited goal, brief psychotherapy often rests upon the mythology that a patient's problems must require a great deal of time for resolution. This paper offers a suitable rationale and methodology for psychotherapists to exercise their enormous capacity to assist patients effecting meaningful change in a brief time period.", "PMID": 1170767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3014", "title": "Adverse reactions to intravascularly administered contrast media. A comprehensive study based on a prospective survey.", "content": "Case reports on 112,003 patients obtained through a prospective survey have been studied and submitted to computer processing. The significant findings have been reviewed and their importance discussedmthe following points are noteworthy: the value of pretesting is doubtful; and routine pretesting is not a recommended procedure. The constant readiness of a fully equipped emergency tray offers far greater security and assurance of patient safety than the unpredictable and unreliable results of pretesting. The over-all incidence of nonfatal reactions is lower than has been prviously indicated: 5.65 per cent for intravenous urography; and 2.33 per cent for intravascular studies. The incidence of fatal reaction (1 in 10,000) is higher than that reported on the basis of retrospective studies. This figure may or may not be duplicated in the next 100,000 examinations. The cause of death in some patients may be related to a combination of factors-primary disease, diagnostic procedure, and contrast medium. The over-all incidence of adverse reactions in patients with allergy is about twice that in the general population. The incidence of adverse reactions is highest in the third and fourth decades, and lowest at either end of the age spectrum. Incidence of reactions is equal in both sexes. History of reaction to previous examinations is not a contraindication to re-examination. The incidence is approximately 3 times that of the general population. Rapid injection rate, in intravenous urography, is accompanied by fewer reactions than a slow injection rate. A slow injection rate in intravenous cholangiography is accompanied by fewer ractions than a rapid injection rate. It is anticipated that this program will continue, so that additional meaningful data and significant information will be accumulated. The members of our Committee are of the firm belief that this program will become the foundation of a permanent national and international adverse reaction reporting system, thus meeting a great need. We invite the collaboration and support of all those interested and involved in the many phases of contrast medium work.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to intravascularly administered contrast media. A comprehensive study based on a prospective survey. Case reports on 112,003 patients obtained through a prospective survey have been studied and submitted to computer processing. The significant findings have been reviewed and their importance discussedmthe following points are noteworthy: the value of pretesting is doubtful; and routine pretesting is not a recommended procedure. The constant readiness of a fully equipped emergency tray offers far greater security and assurance of patient safety than the unpredictable and unreliable results of pretesting. The over-all incidence of nonfatal reactions is lower than has been prviously indicated: 5.65 per cent for intravenous urography; and 2.33 per cent for intravascular studies. The incidence of fatal reaction (1 in 10,000) is higher than that reported on the basis of retrospective studies. This figure may or may not be duplicated in the next 100,000 examinations. The cause of death in some patients may be related to a combination of factors-primary disease, diagnostic procedure, and contrast medium. The over-all incidence of adverse reactions in patients with allergy is about twice that in the general population. The incidence of adverse reactions is highest in the third and fourth decades, and lowest at either end of the age spectrum. Incidence of reactions is equal in both sexes. History of reaction to previous examinations is not a contraindication to re-examination. The incidence is approximately 3 times that of the general population. Rapid injection rate, in intravenous urography, is accompanied by fewer reactions than a slow injection rate. A slow injection rate in intravenous cholangiography is accompanied by fewer ractions than a rapid injection rate. It is anticipated that this program will continue, so that additional meaningful data and significant information will be accumulated. The members of our Committee are of the firm belief that this program will become the foundation of a permanent national and international adverse reaction reporting system, thus meeting a great need. We invite the collaboration and support of all those interested and involved in the many phases of contrast medium work.", "PMID": 1170768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3015", "title": "Development of the tibial tuberosity.", "content": "The tibial tuberosity develops by a concomitant, and juxtaposed, outgrowth of hyaline cartilage and ingrowth of fibrovascular tissue. During the fetal period this hyaline cartilage outgrowth is progressively distally displaced to become situated adjacent to the anterior portion of the tibial metaphysis. About four to six months post-natally a growth plate develops under the tibial tuberosity. This growth plate shows structural adaptations that permit accommodation of large tensile stresses. The growth plate of the tibial tuberosity has three distinct regions--(a) a zone of endochondral bone formation, (b) a zone of intramembranous bone formation through fibrocartilage, and (c) a zone of intramembranous bone formation through fibrous tissue.", "contents": "Development of the tibial tuberosity. The tibial tuberosity develops by a concomitant, and juxtaposed, outgrowth of hyaline cartilage and ingrowth of fibrovascular tissue. During the fetal period this hyaline cartilage outgrowth is progressively distally displaced to become situated adjacent to the anterior portion of the tibial metaphysis. About four to six months post-natally a growth plate develops under the tibial tuberosity. This growth plate shows structural adaptations that permit accommodation of large tensile stresses. The growth plate of the tibial tuberosity has three distinct regions--(a) a zone of endochondral bone formation, (b) a zone of intramembranous bone formation through fibrocartilage, and (c) a zone of intramembranous bone formation through fibrous tissue.", "PMID": 1170775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3016", "title": "Isoflurane anesthesia for pheochromocytoma: A case report.", "content": "During an exploratory laparotomy for a pheochromocytoma under isoflurane anesthesia, the blood pressure of the patient rose to 250/115 torr, without ventricular arrhythmias. The authors consider isoflurane worthy of further study for pheochromocytoma-surgery anesthesia, in comparison with other presently used agents.", "contents": "Isoflurane anesthesia for pheochromocytoma: A case report. During an exploratory laparotomy for a pheochromocytoma under isoflurane anesthesia, the blood pressure of the patient rose to 250/115 torr, without ventricular arrhythmias. The authors consider isoflurane worthy of further study for pheochromocytoma-surgery anesthesia, in comparison with other presently used agents.", "PMID": 1170776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3017", "title": "Effect of cocaine administration on halothane MAC in dogs.", "content": "Intravenous cocaine (2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg) was associated with a dose-dependent increase of halothane MAC in the dog. The largest increase in halothane MAC was from 1.06 plus or minus 0.03 to 1.35 plus or minus 0.04 vol/100 ml 3 hours after 4 mg/kg of cocaine. Halothane MAC 24 hours following a single administration of either 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg of cocaine or after 10 daily doses of 4 mg/kg of cocaine was near control MAC. These data support the speculation that increased central nervous system catecholamine concentrations, as may occur with cocaine, increase halothane anesthetic requirements.", "contents": "Effect of cocaine administration on halothane MAC in dogs. Intravenous cocaine (2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg) was associated with a dose-dependent increase of halothane MAC in the dog. The largest increase in halothane MAC was from 1.06 plus or minus 0.03 to 1.35 plus or minus 0.04 vol/100 ml 3 hours after 4 mg/kg of cocaine. Halothane MAC 24 hours following a single administration of either 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg of cocaine or after 10 daily doses of 4 mg/kg of cocaine was near control MAC. These data support the speculation that increased central nervous system catecholamine concentrations, as may occur with cocaine, increase halothane anesthetic requirements.", "PMID": 1170777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3018", "title": "Plasma concentration of lidocaine after endotracheal spray.", "content": "The rate of absorption and plasma concentrations of lidocaine were determined in 15 supine patients under general anesthesia following either endotracheal spray of 200 mg. (average 3.3 mg./kg.) of 4 percent lidocaine hydrochloride solution with a special cannula (LTA Kit, Abbott) (N = 6) or 1 mg./kg. of 2 percent lidocaine solution as an intravenous bolus injection (N = 9). In the 6 patients after endotracheal spray, peak plasma lidocaine levels were reached at 15 to 20 minutes (mean 3.54 plus or minus 0.76 S.E. mug./ml. at 20 minutes). In the 9 patients given 1 mg./kg. intravenously, dose peak concentrations were reached within 2 minutes (mean 5.63 plus or minus 0.18 S.E. mug./ml. at 2 minutes). Plasma concentrations of lidocaine in both groups were within nontoxic ranges.", "contents": "Plasma concentration of lidocaine after endotracheal spray. The rate of absorption and plasma concentrations of lidocaine were determined in 15 supine patients under general anesthesia following either endotracheal spray of 200 mg. (average 3.3 mg./kg.) of 4 percent lidocaine hydrochloride solution with a special cannula (LTA Kit, Abbott) (N = 6) or 1 mg./kg. of 2 percent lidocaine solution as an intravenous bolus injection (N = 9). In the 6 patients after endotracheal spray, peak plasma lidocaine levels were reached at 15 to 20 minutes (mean 3.54 plus or minus 0.76 S.E. mug./ml. at 20 minutes). In the 9 patients given 1 mg./kg. intravenously, dose peak concentrations were reached within 2 minutes (mean 5.63 plus or minus 0.18 S.E. mug./ml. at 2 minutes). Plasma concentrations of lidocaine in both groups were within nontoxic ranges.", "PMID": 1170778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3019", "title": "Humidification: Indications and hazards in respiratory therapy.", "content": "Scientific data fail to support the widespread use of humidity and mist in respiratory therapy. A clear indication exists to provide humidification of inspired air in patients in whom the proximal airway is bypassed by endotracheal cannulation. Indications for the use of concentrated mist atmospheres in therapy of lung disease is less well documented, and too often the importance of adequate systemic hydration is overlooked. Theory supports the use of a highly humid or mist atmosphere in therapy of upper airway disease, but little benefit is derived from such therapy in diseases of the smaller airways and lung parenchyma. Danger of bacterial contamination and infection and an increase in airway resistance are significant hazards to the patient exposed to highly humid atmospheres.", "contents": "Humidification: Indications and hazards in respiratory therapy. Scientific data fail to support the widespread use of humidity and mist in respiratory therapy. A clear indication exists to provide humidification of inspired air in patients in whom the proximal airway is bypassed by endotracheal cannulation. Indications for the use of concentrated mist atmospheres in therapy of lung disease is less well documented, and too often the importance of adequate systemic hydration is overlooked. Theory supports the use of a highly humid or mist atmosphere in therapy of upper airway disease, but little benefit is derived from such therapy in diseases of the smaller airways and lung parenchyma. Danger of bacterial contamination and infection and an increase in airway resistance are significant hazards to the patient exposed to highly humid atmospheres.", "PMID": 1170779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3020", "title": "Residual halothane: Patient and personnel exposure.", "content": "In addition to offering further data on the exposure of surgical and recovery-room personnel to low levels of halothane in room air, the authors demonstrate the presence of halothane levels in the blood of some surgical patients managed by other inhalation agents from machines previously used for halothane. The authors concluded that these levels, while low, may be of clinical significance in selected patients.", "contents": "Residual halothane: Patient and personnel exposure. In addition to offering further data on the exposure of surgical and recovery-room personnel to low levels of halothane in room air, the authors demonstrate the presence of halothane levels in the blood of some surgical patients managed by other inhalation agents from machines previously used for halothane. The authors concluded that these levels, while low, may be of clinical significance in selected patients.", "PMID": 1170780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3021", "title": "Corneal injuries during general anesthesia.", "content": "A corneal abrasion is the most common eye complication during general anesthesia and recovery. It is painful, may progress to inflammation of the uveal tract, and in the presence of contamination may lead to a serious infection. Both eyes may be involved, as the two reported cases show. Possible causes include mask friction on the open eye or other careless technics. Treatment includes local application of an antibiotic ointment and an eye pressure patch. In addition, a cycloplegic and mydriatic solution is instilled to prevent synechiae (in the presence of a secondary iridocyclitis) and to relieve the pain associated with spasm of the iris and ciliary muscle. Topical application of local anesthetics should be avoided, as they delay regeneration of corneal epithelium and may promote keratitis.", "contents": "Corneal injuries during general anesthesia. A corneal abrasion is the most common eye complication during general anesthesia and recovery. It is painful, may progress to inflammation of the uveal tract, and in the presence of contamination may lead to a serious infection. Both eyes may be involved, as the two reported cases show. Possible causes include mask friction on the open eye or other careless technics. Treatment includes local application of an antibiotic ointment and an eye pressure patch. In addition, a cycloplegic and mydriatic solution is instilled to prevent synechiae (in the presence of a secondary iridocyclitis) and to relieve the pain associated with spasm of the iris and ciliary muscle. Topical application of local anesthetics should be avoided, as they delay regeneration of corneal epithelium and may promote keratitis.", "PMID": 1170781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3022", "title": "Thiopental and succinylcholine: Action on intraocular pressure.", "content": "Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were made in a series of 92 male surgical patients, to assess the effects of timing and dosage of succinylcholine given after a standardized sleep dose of thiopental (3 mg./kg.). The major findings of this study were as follows: (1) thiopental alone lowered IOP; (2) a small (0.5 mg./kg.) dose of succinylcholine, given immediately after thiopental, returned IOP to normal; (3) a large (1 mg./kg.) dose of succinylcholine immediately after thiopental maintained the IOP at a low value; (4) if 2 minutes elapsed between thiopental and 1 mg./kg. of succinylcholine, the relaxant raised the IOP to slightly above preanesthetic control values; (5) tracheal intubation caused a significant rise in IOP, more than any effect from succinylcholine itself; (6) succinylcholine drip (0.1 percent), begun after establishment of satisfactory endotracheal halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia, caused significant IOP elevation in 4 of 11 patients.", "contents": "Thiopental and succinylcholine: Action on intraocular pressure. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were made in a series of 92 male surgical patients, to assess the effects of timing and dosage of succinylcholine given after a standardized sleep dose of thiopental (3 mg./kg.). The major findings of this study were as follows: (1) thiopental alone lowered IOP; (2) a small (0.5 mg./kg.) dose of succinylcholine, given immediately after thiopental, returned IOP to normal; (3) a large (1 mg./kg.) dose of succinylcholine immediately after thiopental maintained the IOP at a low value; (4) if 2 minutes elapsed between thiopental and 1 mg./kg. of succinylcholine, the relaxant raised the IOP to slightly above preanesthetic control values; (5) tracheal intubation caused a significant rise in IOP, more than any effect from succinylcholine itself; (6) succinylcholine drip (0.1 percent), begun after establishment of satisfactory endotracheal halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia, caused significant IOP elevation in 4 of 11 patients.", "PMID": 1170783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3023", "title": "Ventricular arrhythmias after epinephrine injection in enflurane and in halothane anesthesia.", "content": "The use of subcutaneous epinephrine during anesthesia is a common clinical practice for providing surgical hemostasis. In studies with 100 patients given either enflurane or halothane, with or without subcutaneous epinephrine, the incidence of ventricular ectopy in patients receiving halothane without epinephrine was 3 percent, while in those given epinephrine with halothane, the incidence was 7 percent. Those who received enflurane alone had no ectopic beats, while ventricular ectopy with enflurane and epinephrine resulted in an incidence of 1 percent. The authors conclude that enflurane anesthesia with concomitant administration of subcutaneous epinephrine is safe, provided the safeguards previously established for use of epinephrine with halothane are observed.", "contents": "Ventricular arrhythmias after epinephrine injection in enflurane and in halothane anesthesia. The use of subcutaneous epinephrine during anesthesia is a common clinical practice for providing surgical hemostasis. In studies with 100 patients given either enflurane or halothane, with or without subcutaneous epinephrine, the incidence of ventricular ectopy in patients receiving halothane without epinephrine was 3 percent, while in those given epinephrine with halothane, the incidence was 7 percent. Those who received enflurane alone had no ectopic beats, while ventricular ectopy with enflurane and epinephrine resulted in an incidence of 1 percent. The authors conclude that enflurane anesthesia with concomitant administration of subcutaneous epinephrine is safe, provided the safeguards previously established for use of epinephrine with halothane are observed.", "PMID": 1170782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3024", "title": "Intraocular pressure changes during anesthesia for electroshock therapy.", "content": "Intraovular pressure was measured in 20 patients undergoing anesthesia for electroshock therapy. Compared to control values, determined on the day before electroshock therapy, statistically significant elevations of intraocular pressure followed the post-electroshock therapy convulsions and were still significant 5 minutes later, but not of sufficient magnitude or duration to cause concern.", "contents": "Intraocular pressure changes during anesthesia for electroshock therapy. Intraovular pressure was measured in 20 patients undergoing anesthesia for electroshock therapy. Compared to control values, determined on the day before electroshock therapy, statistically significant elevations of intraocular pressure followed the post-electroshock therapy convulsions and were still significant 5 minutes later, but not of sufficient magnitude or duration to cause concern.", "PMID": 1170784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3025", "title": "Effects of hemodilution on hypotention during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and viscosity measurements were made on 20 patients, during cardiopulmonary bypass with hemodilution to an average hematocrit reduction of 48 plus or minus 12 percent. The arterial pressure and blood viscosity decreased an average of 56 plus or minus 16 percent and 40 plus or minus 12 percent, respectively. The total peripheral resistance following the start of bypass was significantly below normal (p smaller than 0.005), but not when corrected for the change in viscosity. There was a strong correlation between the extent of pressure reduction and the viscosity decrease with hemodilution (p smaller than 0.01), although not all the changes in pressure could be accounted for in terms of viscosity. There was no apparent correlation between the extent of hypotension as measured by the area of the pressure-time curve below 50 mm. Hg and the presence or absence of postoperative cerebral or cardiac complications, in contrast to other recent reports.", "contents": "Effects of hemodilution on hypotention during cardiopulmonary bypass. Arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and viscosity measurements were made on 20 patients, during cardiopulmonary bypass with hemodilution to an average hematocrit reduction of 48 plus or minus 12 percent. The arterial pressure and blood viscosity decreased an average of 56 plus or minus 16 percent and 40 plus or minus 12 percent, respectively. The total peripheral resistance following the start of bypass was significantly below normal (p smaller than 0.005), but not when corrected for the change in viscosity. There was a strong correlation between the extent of pressure reduction and the viscosity decrease with hemodilution (p smaller than 0.01), although not all the changes in pressure could be accounted for in terms of viscosity. There was no apparent correlation between the extent of hypotension as measured by the area of the pressure-time curve below 50 mm. Hg and the presence or absence of postoperative cerebral or cardiac complications, in contrast to other recent reports.", "PMID": 1170785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3026", "title": "Phagocytosis during general anesthesia in man.", "content": "Latex particle phagocytosis and reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium by leukocytes was inhibited during general anesthesia when 18 patients were anesthetized with either halothane and nitrous oxide or nitrous oxide-thiopentalphils per 100 cells contained latex and 15.7 less monocytes per 100 cells contained latex. This represents a decrease of 17 and 28 percent, respectively, from preanesthetic values. The number of resting and latex-stimulated neutrophils reducing nitrobule tetrazolium was decreased 1.3/100 and 5.3/100, respectively, and the number of resting and stimulated monocytes reducing nitroblue tetrazolium was decreased 2.6/100 and 10.7/100, respectively. Phagocytosis was inhibited similarly by the two forms of anesthesia. The inhibition of phagocytosis during anesthesia in relatively healthy patients is minimal and its clinical significance has yet to be determined.", "contents": "Phagocytosis during general anesthesia in man. Latex particle phagocytosis and reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium by leukocytes was inhibited during general anesthesia when 18 patients were anesthetized with either halothane and nitrous oxide or nitrous oxide-thiopentalphils per 100 cells contained latex and 15.7 less monocytes per 100 cells contained latex. This represents a decrease of 17 and 28 percent, respectively, from preanesthetic values. The number of resting and latex-stimulated neutrophils reducing nitrobule tetrazolium was decreased 1.3/100 and 5.3/100, respectively, and the number of resting and stimulated monocytes reducing nitroblue tetrazolium was decreased 2.6/100 and 10.7/100, respectively. Phagocytosis was inhibited similarly by the two forms of anesthesia. The inhibition of phagocytosis during anesthesia in relatively healthy patients is minimal and its clinical significance has yet to be determined.", "PMID": 1170787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3027", "title": "Urine norepinephrine excretion in patients undergoing mitral or aortic valve replacement with morphine anesthesia.", "content": "Urine norepinehprine concentration and excretion were measured before, during and after mitral or aortic valve replacement in four groups of patients anesthetized with 1 to 3 mg/kg of morphine plus oxygen or 0.5 to 1.5 percent halothane and oxygen. All patients were similarly premedicated 90 minutes before operation. A bladder catheter was implanted at the time until anesthesia was begun. Urine was also collected during induction of anesthesia, from the first incision until bypass, during bypass, after bypass, and for 2 hours in the recovery room. Urine was analyzed for norepinphrine via the fluorometric method of Vikota. Urine output of patients undergoing the same prodecure were similar during all study periods irrespective of anesthetic. Mean preoperative urine norepinephrine concentrations and excretions of all groups were also similar. Urine norepinephrine concentrations and excretions in patients receiving halothane were unchanged until the postoperative period, when they became significantly increased. Patients given morphine anesthesia had marked increases in urine norepinephrine concentrations and excretions during induction, at all times intraoperatively, and postoperatively. These data suggest that morphine anesthesia increases norepinephrine blood levels in patients with valvular heart disease undergoing surgical correction.", "contents": "Urine norepinephrine excretion in patients undergoing mitral or aortic valve replacement with morphine anesthesia. Urine norepinehprine concentration and excretion were measured before, during and after mitral or aortic valve replacement in four groups of patients anesthetized with 1 to 3 mg/kg of morphine plus oxygen or 0.5 to 1.5 percent halothane and oxygen. All patients were similarly premedicated 90 minutes before operation. A bladder catheter was implanted at the time until anesthesia was begun. Urine was also collected during induction of anesthesia, from the first incision until bypass, during bypass, after bypass, and for 2 hours in the recovery room. Urine was analyzed for norepinphrine via the fluorometric method of Vikota. Urine output of patients undergoing the same prodecure were similar during all study periods irrespective of anesthetic. Mean preoperative urine norepinephrine concentrations and excretions of all groups were also similar. Urine norepinephrine concentrations and excretions in patients receiving halothane were unchanged until the postoperative period, when they became significantly increased. Patients given morphine anesthesia had marked increases in urine norepinephrine concentrations and excretions during induction, at all times intraoperatively, and postoperatively. These data suggest that morphine anesthesia increases norepinephrine blood levels in patients with valvular heart disease undergoing surgical correction.", "PMID": 1170788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3028", "title": "Effects of different concentrations of corn oil, magnesium sulfate, and oat hulls in a porcine ulcerogenic ration.", "content": "Two experiments involving 32 growing pigs were conducted to evaluate various concentrations of corn oil, magnesium sulfate, and oat hulls as ameliorants in a high cornstarch-low protein ulcerogenic ration. The pig were slaughtered at the end of the respective feeding periods, and stomachs were evaluated for issue lesions. During a 40-day feeding period, additions of corn oil and of MgSO4 in the rations did not seem to affect development of gastric lesions materially. After a 42-day feeding period, neither 5.0% nor 10.0% concentration of oat hulls in the ration prevented formation of ulcers. Total stomach contents, free gastric HCI, and pH of stomach contents were measured in pigs slaughtered after 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours of fasting. Gastric HCI (mEq/L) differed significantly among pigs fed various rations and increased significantly with length of fasting. The pH of stomach contents did not differ among pigs given various rations, but decreased with length of fasting. Thus, corn oil, MgSO4, or oat hulls did not seem to significantly alter the ulcerogenic character of the high cornstarch-low protein ration.", "contents": "Effects of different concentrations of corn oil, magnesium sulfate, and oat hulls in a porcine ulcerogenic ration. Two experiments involving 32 growing pigs were conducted to evaluate various concentrations of corn oil, magnesium sulfate, and oat hulls as ameliorants in a high cornstarch-low protein ulcerogenic ration. The pig were slaughtered at the end of the respective feeding periods, and stomachs were evaluated for issue lesions. During a 40-day feeding period, additions of corn oil and of MgSO4 in the rations did not seem to affect development of gastric lesions materially. After a 42-day feeding period, neither 5.0% nor 10.0% concentration of oat hulls in the ration prevented formation of ulcers. Total stomach contents, free gastric HCI, and pH of stomach contents were measured in pigs slaughtered after 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours of fasting. Gastric HCI (mEq/L) differed significantly among pigs fed various rations and increased significantly with length of fasting. The pH of stomach contents did not differ among pigs given various rations, but decreased with length of fasting. Thus, corn oil, MgSO4, or oat hulls did not seem to significantly alter the ulcerogenic character of the high cornstarch-low protein ration.", "PMID": 1170796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3029", "title": "Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in a stray dog population in western New York.", "content": "In a survey in 1973 undertaken to determine the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in 100 dogs from a public pound in western New York, 2 dogs were found to be positive. Microfilariae of Dipetalonema sp were not present. Hearts and pulmonary blood vessels were dissected for adult worms, and blood samples were examined for microfilariae, using a modified Knott technique. Although adult heartworms and microfilariae have been recovered from wild foxes, coyotes, and wolves in New York, this is the first report of heartworm in domesticated dogs in the state.", "contents": "Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in a stray dog population in western New York. In a survey in 1973 undertaken to determine the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in 100 dogs from a public pound in western New York, 2 dogs were found to be positive. Microfilariae of Dipetalonema sp were not present. Hearts and pulmonary blood vessels were dissected for adult worms, and blood samples were examined for microfilariae, using a modified Knott technique. Although adult heartworms and microfilariae have been recovered from wild foxes, coyotes, and wolves in New York, this is the first report of heartworm in domesticated dogs in the state.", "PMID": 1170797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3030", "title": "A new single-position supine approach to sciatic-femoral nerve block.", "content": "To overcome the disadvantages of other methods, the authors have devised a procedure for below-the-knee operations, involving a new technic of sciatic-femoral nerve block. The technic has so far been successful without use of adjuvant agents in 90 percent of over 100 patients so handled.", "contents": "A new single-position supine approach to sciatic-femoral nerve block. To overcome the disadvantages of other methods, the authors have devised a procedure for below-the-knee operations, involving a new technic of sciatic-femoral nerve block. The technic has so far been successful without use of adjuvant agents in 90 percent of over 100 patients so handled.", "PMID": 1170786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3031", "title": "Diagnostic value of serum creatine phosphokinase activity for the porcine malignant hyperthermia syndrome.", "content": "Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity was measured in 10 German Landrace pigs from 11 to 28 weeks of age. A pronounced age dependence of serum enzyme activity was observed, peak activity occurring at 19 weeks of age. At the end of the growth period, when the pigs were challenged with halothane to detect the malignant hyperthermia syndrome, 3 pigs were found to be susceptible. Singificant increases in the serum enzyme levels in the susceptible pigs were observed only at 11 and 28 weeks of age. Serum enzyme levels measured during the rapid phase of growth could not be used to predict the malignant hyperthermia syndrome. Elevated serum CPK levels were also observed in two litters of Large White and Landrace x Large White pigs, breeds known to be stress-resistant. No pigs in these litters were susceptible to halothane, even though CPK levels were similar to those of the German Landrace pigs. The results indicate that serum CPK levels can be used as evidence of predisposition to the malignant hyperthermia syndrome but cannot be relied on as a single ultimate test.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of serum creatine phosphokinase activity for the porcine malignant hyperthermia syndrome. Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity was measured in 10 German Landrace pigs from 11 to 28 weeks of age. A pronounced age dependence of serum enzyme activity was observed, peak activity occurring at 19 weeks of age. At the end of the growth period, when the pigs were challenged with halothane to detect the malignant hyperthermia syndrome, 3 pigs were found to be susceptible. Singificant increases in the serum enzyme levels in the susceptible pigs were observed only at 11 and 28 weeks of age. Serum enzyme levels measured during the rapid phase of growth could not be used to predict the malignant hyperthermia syndrome. Elevated serum CPK levels were also observed in two litters of Large White and Landrace x Large White pigs, breeds known to be stress-resistant. No pigs in these litters were susceptible to halothane, even though CPK levels were similar to those of the German Landrace pigs. The results indicate that serum CPK levels can be used as evidence of predisposition to the malignant hyperthermia syndrome but cannot be relied on as a single ultimate test.", "PMID": 1170791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3032", "title": "Postoperative ventilatory failure in an obese, myopathic woman with periodic somnolence: A case report.", "content": "An obese woman with periodic sommolence developed postoperative ventilatory problems following an uncomplicated cholecystectomy. A severe myopathic process involving the respiratory muscles was found at necropsy. A brother, who died a week later, had myotonic dystrophy.", "contents": "Postoperative ventilatory failure in an obese, myopathic woman with periodic somnolence: A case report. An obese woman with periodic sommolence developed postoperative ventilatory problems following an uncomplicated cholecystectomy. A severe myopathic process involving the respiratory muscles was found at necropsy. A brother, who died a week later, had myotonic dystrophy.", "PMID": 1170790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3033", "title": "Adequacy of main uterine vein and the ovarian artery in the local venoarterial pathway for uterine-induced luteolysis in ewes.", "content": "The local uteroovarian pathway for uterine-induced luteolysis was studied in 34 ewes. Bilaterally ovulating ewes were used to study the role of the main uterine vein (uterine branch of uteroovarian vein) and unilaterally ovulating ewes were used to study the role of the ovarianartery. Surgical operation was done on day 7, 8, or 9 of diestrus and ewes were necropsied on day 20. In 4 bilaterally ovulating control ewes (unilaterally hysterectomized), mean weight of corpus luteum (CL) was less (P smaller than 0.05) on the side of the intact uterine horn (55 mg) than on the side of unilateral hysterectomy (548 mg). In 4 treated ewes (unilaterally hysterectomized and with surgical anastomosis of uterine vein from the intact side to the hysterectomized side), mean weight of CL on the hysterectomized side (153 mg) was less (P smaller than 0.05) than on the uterine-intact side (391 mg). The mean weight of CL on the hysterectomized side in the treated group was not significantly different from that of the uterine-intact side in the control group. Unilaterally ovulating ewes were randomized into 5 groups: (1) controls which were uterine intact, (2) controls in which a unilateral hysterectomy was done ipsilateral to CL, (3) unilateral hysterectomy done ipsilateral to CL and anastomosis of the ovarian branch of the ovarian artery on the uterine-intact side to the ovarian branch of the ovarian artery on the hysterectomized side, (4) controls in which unilateral hysterectomy was done contralateral to CL and the ovarian vascular pedicle on the uterine-intact side was isolated, and (5) unilateral hysterectomy done contralateral to CL, isolation of ovarian vascular pedicle on the uterine-intact side, and anastomosis of the ovarian branch of the ovarian artery on the unilaterally hysterectomized side to the ovarian branch of the ovarian artery on the uterine-intact side. Mean weight of CL was less (P smaller than 0.05) in groups 1 (56 mg), 3 (40 mg), and 4 (120 mg) than in groups 2 (408 mg) or 5 (473 mg). The mean weight of CL was not significantly different among groups 1, 3, and 4 or between groups 2 and 5. Results demonstrate that the local luteolytic effect of the uterus in ewes involves a venoarterial pathway and indicate that the main uterine vein is an adequate uterine outlet and the ovarian artery is an adequate ovarian inlet for the venoarterial pathway without the necessity of other possible concomitant local routes.", "contents": "Adequacy of main uterine vein and the ovarian artery in the local venoarterial pathway for uterine-induced luteolysis in ewes. The local uteroovarian pathway for uterine-induced luteolysis was studied in 34 ewes. Bilaterally ovulating ewes were used to study the role of the main uterine vein (uterine branch of uteroovarian vein) and unilaterally ovulating ewes were used to study the role of the ovarianartery. Surgical operation was done on day 7, 8, or 9 of diestrus and ewes were necropsied on day 20. In 4 bilaterally ovulating control ewes (unilaterally hysterectomized), mean weight of corpus luteum (CL) was less (P smaller than 0.05) on the side of the intact uterine horn (55 mg) than on the side of unilateral hysterectomy (548 mg). In 4 treated ewes (unilaterally hysterectomized and with surgical anastomosis of uterine vein from the intact side to the hysterectomized side), mean weight of CL on the hysterectomized side (153 mg) was less (P smaller than 0.05) than on the uterine-intact side (391 mg). The mean weight of CL on the hysterectomized side in the treated group was not significantly different from that of the uterine-intact side in the control group. Unilaterally ovulating ewes were randomized into 5 groups: (1) controls which were uterine intact, (2) controls in which a unilateral hysterectomy was done ipsilateral to CL, (3) unilateral hysterectomy done ipsilateral to CL and anastomosis of the ovarian branch of the ovarian artery on the uterine-intact side to the ovarian branch of the ovarian artery on the hysterectomized side, (4) controls in which unilateral hysterectomy was done contralateral to CL and the ovarian vascular pedicle on the uterine-intact side was isolated, and (5) unilateral hysterectomy done contralateral to CL, isolation of ovarian vascular pedicle on the uterine-intact side, and anastomosis of the ovarian branch of the ovarian artery on the unilaterally hysterectomized side to the ovarian branch of the ovarian artery on the uterine-intact side. Mean weight of CL was less (P smaller than 0.05) in groups 1 (56 mg), 3 (40 mg), and 4 (120 mg) than in groups 2 (408 mg) or 5 (473 mg). The mean weight of CL was not significantly different among groups 1, 3, and 4 or between groups 2 and 5. Results demonstrate that the local luteolytic effect of the uterus in ewes involves a venoarterial pathway and indicate that the main uterine vein is an adequate uterine outlet and the ovarian artery is an adequate ovarian inlet for the venoarterial pathway without the necessity of other possible concomitant local routes.", "PMID": 1170798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3034", "title": "Quality-of-care appraisal in primary care: a quantitative method.", "content": "A reproduceable method has been developed for measuring the quality of clinical care provided by physicians and nurse practitioners. The distinctive features of the method are the extended use of the tracer disease concepts, the evaluation of referrals, new procedures for probing the clinical operation of practices, a single blind design, emphasis on the use of the untouched medical record, the ability to compare results with measurements of concurrent outcome, and a relatively low cost. Three simultaneous approaches used in the method are described: surveillance of the management of indicator  conditions, evaluation of clinical use drugs, and the assessment of referral decisions. The three approaches gave consistently similar results about the relative performances of the practices compared and were in agreement with concurrent outcome studies. The method was successfully implemented in a health care experiment.", "contents": "Quality-of-care appraisal in primary care: a quantitative method. A reproduceable method has been developed for measuring the quality of clinical care provided by physicians and nurse practitioners. The distinctive features of the method are the extended use of the tracer disease concepts, the evaluation of referrals, new procedures for probing the clinical operation of practices, a single blind design, emphasis on the use of the untouched medical record, the ability to compare results with measurements of concurrent outcome, and a relatively low cost. Three simultaneous approaches used in the method are described: surveillance of the management of indicator  conditions, evaluation of clinical use drugs, and the assessment of referral decisions. The three approaches gave consistently similar results about the relative performances of the practices compared and were in agreement with concurrent outcome studies. The method was successfully implemented in a health care experiment.", "PMID": 1170801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3035", "title": "The pathogenesis of gluten-sensitive enteropathy.", "content": "Gluten-sensitive enteropathy is characterized by flattening of intestinal villi and malabsorption caused by the toxic effect of gluten, a wheat protein. Gluten activates an endogenous mechanism of toxicity that may be the local mucosal immune system: local mucosal immunoglobulin and antigluten antibody production occur soon after gluten ingestion. Approximately 80% of patients with this disease possess HL-A8, a second segregant series antigen. This association also occurs in dermatitis herpetiformis, a disease with vesicular skin lesions and gluten-sensitive flattening of intestinal villi. The association suggests that the fundamental abnormality in enteropathy is a binding reaction involving gluten protein and a binding site on a cell surface, determined in part by the histocompatibility gene; this reaction then results in a local mucosal immune response to gluten. Alternatively, the fundamental abnormality may be the presence of an abnormal immune-response gene linked to the HL-A8 gene or acting in concert with it; this immune-response gene results in local mucosal production of antigluten antibody.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Gluten-sensitive enteropathy is characterized by flattening of intestinal villi and malabsorption caused by the toxic effect of gluten, a wheat protein. Gluten activates an endogenous mechanism of toxicity that may be the local mucosal immune system: local mucosal immunoglobulin and antigluten antibody production occur soon after gluten ingestion. Approximately 80% of patients with this disease possess HL-A8, a second segregant series antigen. This association also occurs in dermatitis herpetiformis, a disease with vesicular skin lesions and gluten-sensitive flattening of intestinal villi. The association suggests that the fundamental abnormality in enteropathy is a binding reaction involving gluten protein and a binding site on a cell surface, determined in part by the histocompatibility gene; this reaction then results in a local mucosal immune response to gluten. Alternatively, the fundamental abnormality may be the presence of an abnormal immune-response gene linked to the HL-A8 gene or acting in concert with it; this immune-response gene results in local mucosal production of antigluten antibody.", "PMID": 1170802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3036", "title": "Antimicrobial activities of 81.723 hfu, a new pleuromutilin derivative.", "content": "The new pleuromutilin derivative 81.723 hfu is extremely active against gram-positive organisms such as streptococci, staphylococci, and against mycoplasmas. A number of Shigella, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli strains were also found to be quite susceptible to this new agent, whereas other gram-negative organisms like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus species, and Alcaligenes faecalis proved to be naturally resistant to 81.723 hfu. The new compound acts bacteriostatically. Bactericidal effects have been observed only at concentrations which are 100-fold higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations. The new antibiotic is well tolerated in all animal species tested so far and has been successfully used in the treatment of experimental infections with gram-positive organisms and with mycoplasmas in mice and rats. Resistance against this new compound arose gradually in all microorganisms investigated. It is noteworthy that the rate at which resistance against 81.723 hfu emerged in mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma hyorhinis) was significantly slower than the corresponding rate at which resistance against tylosin tartrate appeared. Mycoplasma strains which became insensitive to 81.723 hfu were also resistant to tylosin tartrate, whereas mycoplasmas which developed resistance against tylosin tartrate, although less sensitive to 81.723 hfu than wild-type strains, were still eliminated by this drug. In a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, complete cross-resistance was observed between the pleuromutilin derivative on one hand and lincomycin and erythromycin on the other. Modest degrees of cross-resistance were also observed with chloramphenicol. However, it appears unlikely that the latter phenomenon is sufficiently pronounced to affect treatment with either antibiotic.", "contents": "Antimicrobial activities of 81.723 hfu, a new pleuromutilin derivative. The new pleuromutilin derivative 81.723 hfu is extremely active against gram-positive organisms such as streptococci, staphylococci, and against mycoplasmas. A number of Shigella, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli strains were also found to be quite susceptible to this new agent, whereas other gram-negative organisms like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus species, and Alcaligenes faecalis proved to be naturally resistant to 81.723 hfu. The new compound acts bacteriostatically. Bactericidal effects have been observed only at concentrations which are 100-fold higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations. The new antibiotic is well tolerated in all animal species tested so far and has been successfully used in the treatment of experimental infections with gram-positive organisms and with mycoplasmas in mice and rats. Resistance against this new compound arose gradually in all microorganisms investigated. It is noteworthy that the rate at which resistance against 81.723 hfu emerged in mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma hyorhinis) was significantly slower than the corresponding rate at which resistance against tylosin tartrate appeared. Mycoplasma strains which became insensitive to 81.723 hfu were also resistant to tylosin tartrate, whereas mycoplasmas which developed resistance against tylosin tartrate, although less sensitive to 81.723 hfu than wild-type strains, were still eliminated by this drug. In a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, complete cross-resistance was observed between the pleuromutilin derivative on one hand and lincomycin and erythromycin on the other. Modest degrees of cross-resistance were also observed with chloramphenicol. However, it appears unlikely that the latter phenomenon is sufficiently pronounced to affect treatment with either antibiotic.", "PMID": 1170807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3037", "title": "Glutamate dehydrogenase specific activity and cephalosporin C synthesis in the M8650 series of Cephalosporium acremonium mutants.", "content": "Conditions for the accurate measure of glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH) from Cephalosporium acremonium were determined. K(m) values for alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonium ion were 7 and 15 mM, respectively. The half-saturation for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was 5 muM. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide did not serve as a cofactor for the enzyme. The specific activity of GDH was measured in six mutants of C. acremonium which varied in their ability to synthesize cephalosporin C. The mutants represented two separately derived lines, A and B. The four mutants in line B were characterized by a derepression of the GDH upon entry into stationary phase. The two mutants in line A were characterized by repressed levels of GDH during the same period. Both lines exhibited high GDH activity early in their fermentations, but activity decreased during the period of active cell growth. Cytochrome c concentrations followed the same pattern as total soluble intracellular protein. Line A mutants were low in cephalosporin C productivity and line B encompassed low, intermediate, and high productivity mutants. The relative frequency of yield improvements in line A and B indicate that the altered regulation pattern for GDH in line B may have removed a nitrogen limitation for cephalosporin C synthesis.", "contents": "Glutamate dehydrogenase specific activity and cephalosporin C synthesis in the M8650 series of Cephalosporium acremonium mutants. Conditions for the accurate measure of glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH) from Cephalosporium acremonium were determined. K(m) values for alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonium ion were 7 and 15 mM, respectively. The half-saturation for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was 5 muM. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide did not serve as a cofactor for the enzyme. The specific activity of GDH was measured in six mutants of C. acremonium which varied in their ability to synthesize cephalosporin C. The mutants represented two separately derived lines, A and B. The four mutants in line B were characterized by a derepression of the GDH upon entry into stationary phase. The two mutants in line A were characterized by repressed levels of GDH during the same period. Both lines exhibited high GDH activity early in their fermentations, but activity decreased during the period of active cell growth. Cytochrome c concentrations followed the same pattern as total soluble intracellular protein. Line A mutants were low in cephalosporin C productivity and line B encompassed low, intermediate, and high productivity mutants. The relative frequency of yield improvements in line A and B indicate that the altered regulation pattern for GDH in line B may have removed a nitrogen limitation for cephalosporin C synthesis.", "PMID": 1170808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3038", "title": "Dioxane treatment to improve microbial digestibility of cellulosic fibers.", "content": "The hemicelluloses of grass seed straws can be extracted rather completely by acid detergent, but the treated residue (acid-detergent fiber) is normally not digested by rumen microorganisms. This residue can be made digestible if it is treated with acidic dioxane.", "contents": "Dioxane treatment to improve microbial digestibility of cellulosic fibers. The hemicelluloses of grass seed straws can be extracted rather completely by acid detergent, but the treated residue (acid-detergent fiber) is normally not digested by rumen microorganisms. This residue can be made digestible if it is treated with acidic dioxane.", "PMID": 1170809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3039", "title": "Factors influencing breast feeding.", "content": "A survey is reported of infant feeding practice at the time of discharge from a single maternity ward. It is shown that a change in the attitude of nursing staff increased the number of mothers breast feeding their infants and eliminated the practice of giving the infants formula feed complements. This change in attitude, however, did nothing to prevent the rapid decline in lactation after leaving hospital, such that 50% of mothers discharged breast feeding were no longer doing so by 2 months. The early introduction of solid feeds was common practice, 50% of mothers discharged breast feeding having introduced mixed feeds within 2 months. Successful lactation was found to be commoner in those mothers who had themselves been breast fed in infancy and in mothers from socioeconomic classes I and II. Successful lactation was not related to parity. The survey also shows the influential role of the health visitor, district nurse, and midwife upon mothers' decisions about infant feeding.", "contents": "Factors influencing breast feeding. A survey is reported of infant feeding practice at the time of discharge from a single maternity ward. It is shown that a change in the attitude of nursing staff increased the number of mothers breast feeding their infants and eliminated the practice of giving the infants formula feed complements. This change in attitude, however, did nothing to prevent the rapid decline in lactation after leaving hospital, such that 50% of mothers discharged breast feeding were no longer doing so by 2 months. The early introduction of solid feeds was common practice, 50% of mothers discharged breast feeding having introduced mixed feeds within 2 months. Successful lactation was found to be commoner in those mothers who had themselves been breast fed in infancy and in mothers from socioeconomic classes I and II. Successful lactation was not related to parity. The survey also shows the influential role of the health visitor, district nurse, and midwife upon mothers' decisions about infant feeding.", "PMID": 1170810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3040", "title": "Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in Belfast, 1957-1969.", "content": "Infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis born in Belfast during the 13 years 1957-1969 have been reviewed. Their distribution shows a bias towards higher social classes, breast feeding, and primogeniture. Obstetric factors and parental ages seem to be of no importance. More affected infants were born during winter months than would be expected. The overall incidence of infantile pyloric stenosis in this community has fallen during the period under review. Clinically, the patients started vomiting at a mean age of 22 days and it is recommended that the condition should not be called 'congenital'. The size of the tumour is mainly determined by the size of the patient, rather than by his age or duration of symptoms. Attention is drawn to the occurrence of haematemesis in 17-5% and melaena in 2-9% of infants. Jaundice occurred in 1-8% of patients in this series, and is attributed to the adverse effect of starvation on hepatic glucuronyl transferase activity. Other conditions noted in these patients included inguinal hernia, partial thoracic stomach, and phenylketonuria. Subsequent growth and development were in the anticipated range.", "contents": "Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in Belfast, 1957-1969. Infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis born in Belfast during the 13 years 1957-1969 have been reviewed. Their distribution shows a bias towards higher social classes, breast feeding, and primogeniture. Obstetric factors and parental ages seem to be of no importance. More affected infants were born during winter months than would be expected. The overall incidence of infantile pyloric stenosis in this community has fallen during the period under review. Clinically, the patients started vomiting at a mean age of 22 days and it is recommended that the condition should not be called 'congenital'. The size of the tumour is mainly determined by the size of the patient, rather than by his age or duration of symptoms. Attention is drawn to the occurrence of haematemesis in 17-5% and melaena in 2-9% of infants. Jaundice occurred in 1-8% of patients in this series, and is attributed to the adverse effect of starvation on hepatic glucuronyl transferase activity. Other conditions noted in these patients included inguinal hernia, partial thoracic stomach, and phenylketonuria. Subsequent growth and development were in the anticipated range.", "PMID": 1170811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3041", "title": "Unexpected postneonatal deaths (cot deaths) due to recognizable disease.", "content": "At least a quarter of the babies dying as unexpected home 'cot deaths' do so from recognizable diseases. A study of the background of such children, compared with age and admission controls, suggests that the disease symptomatology in this group of children differs in no way from children who are successfully treated. The factors leading to the death of these children appear to lie in the general lack of ability of some parents to recognize the importance of symptoms, their negative attitude and inability to avail themselves of health services, and the amount of drive and persistence required to obtain general medical practice services in some areas. There is also the failure of some practitioners to recognize severely ill children.", "contents": "Unexpected postneonatal deaths (cot deaths) due to recognizable disease. At least a quarter of the babies dying as unexpected home 'cot deaths' do so from recognizable diseases. A study of the background of such children, compared with age and admission controls, suggests that the disease symptomatology in this group of children differs in no way from children who are successfully treated. The factors leading to the death of these children appear to lie in the general lack of ability of some parents to recognize the importance of symptoms, their negative attitude and inability to avail themselves of health services, and the amount of drive and persistence required to obtain general medical practice services in some areas. There is also the failure of some practitioners to recognize severely ill children.", "PMID": 1170812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3042", "title": "Parathyroid hormone secretion during exchange transfusion.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of calcium, phosphate, citrate, albumin, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured during and after exchange transfusion of infants suffering from haemolytic disease using blood anticoagulated with acid-citrate and dextrose (ACD) or heparin. Pretransfusion plasma PTH and phosphate both correlated positively with postnatal age but not with each other. Transfusion with ACD blood caused a twelvefold rise in plasma citrate levels but no significant change in plasma calcium, phosphate, or PTH of the infant, despite the concentration of these substances being lower in the donor blood. The concentration of calcium, phosphate, and albumin was higher in heparinized than in ACD donor blood, and infants transfused with heparinized blood showed no change in the plasma concentration of any substance measured during transfusion. The addition of 50 mug glucagon to ACD donor blood had no effect on PTH secretion. 3 hours after transfusion there was a rise in the plasma PTH infants who had received ACD blood but not in those given heparinized blood. Transfusion with ACD blood caused a net loss of calcium, phosphate  and albumin from the infant, whereas transfusion with heparin blood did not. Both types of transfusion caused a net loss of PTH but this was significantly greater in those given ACD blood. These results show that transfusion with ACD blood results in increased secretion of PTH, probably due to the fall in ionized calcium concentration caused by the citrate load.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone secretion during exchange transfusion. Plasma concentrations of calcium, phosphate, citrate, albumin, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured during and after exchange transfusion of infants suffering from haemolytic disease using blood anticoagulated with acid-citrate and dextrose (ACD) or heparin. Pretransfusion plasma PTH and phosphate both correlated positively with postnatal age but not with each other. Transfusion with ACD blood caused a twelvefold rise in plasma citrate levels but no significant change in plasma calcium, phosphate, or PTH of the infant, despite the concentration of these substances being lower in the donor blood. The concentration of calcium, phosphate, and albumin was higher in heparinized than in ACD donor blood, and infants transfused with heparinized blood showed no change in the plasma concentration of any substance measured during transfusion. The addition of 50 mug glucagon to ACD donor blood had no effect on PTH secretion. 3 hours after transfusion there was a rise in the plasma PTH infants who had received ACD blood but not in those given heparinized blood. Transfusion with ACD blood caused a net loss of calcium, phosphate  and albumin from the infant, whereas transfusion with heparin blood did not. Both types of transfusion caused a net loss of PTH but this was significantly greater in those given ACD blood. These results show that transfusion with ACD blood results in increased secretion of PTH, probably due to the fall in ionized calcium concentration caused by the citrate load.", "PMID": 1170813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3043", "title": "Blood coagulation status of small-for-dates and postmature infants.", "content": "In a prospective study of blood coagulation status in small-for-dates and postmature infants there was often evidence of intravascular coagulation. Abnormal coagulation findings correlated with the degree of growth retardation and with the degree of postmaturity. Macroscopical placental infarction and neonatal polycythaemia were associated with coagulation abnormalities; asphyxia, however, was not. Intravascular coagulation may be an additional hazard to small-for-dates and postmature infants.", "contents": "Blood coagulation status of small-for-dates and postmature infants. In a prospective study of blood coagulation status in small-for-dates and postmature infants there was often evidence of intravascular coagulation. Abnormal coagulation findings correlated with the degree of growth retardation and with the degree of postmaturity. Macroscopical placental infarction and neonatal polycythaemia were associated with coagulation abnormalities; asphyxia, however, was not. Intravascular coagulation may be an additional hazard to small-for-dates and postmature infants.", "PMID": 1170815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3044", "title": "Physical growth in twins, postmature and small-for-dates children.", "content": "From 16 955 livebirths, which occurred throughout the United Kingdom in April 1970 during the British Births Survey, three groups of children (multiple births, postmature, and small-for-dates) were selected together with a 10% random sample. This report is concerned with the height, weight, and head circimference measruements at 22 months of age. The babies that were heavier at birth showed diminished growth velocity and the small babies catch-up growth. At 22 months the pattern of distribution of weight was much closer to the normal than that of the babies' birthweights. Differences, however, did remain.", "contents": "Physical growth in twins, postmature and small-for-dates children. From 16 955 livebirths, which occurred throughout the United Kingdom in April 1970 during the British Births Survey, three groups of children (multiple births, postmature, and small-for-dates) were selected together with a 10% random sample. This report is concerned with the height, weight, and head circimference measruements at 22 months of age. The babies that were heavier at birth showed diminished growth velocity and the small babies catch-up growth. At 22 months the pattern of distribution of weight was much closer to the normal than that of the babies' birthweights. Differences, however, did remain.", "PMID": 1170816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3045", "title": "Neontal hypoglycaemia in infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers.", "content": "Neonatal hypoglycaemia (blood glucose smaller than 20 mg/100 ml) occurred in the first 6 hours of life in 25 of 34 infants born to diabetic mothers receiving insulin. Despite severe hypoglycaemia (blood glucose smaller than 10 mg/100 ml) in 17, clinical features of hypoglycaemia were absent in all but 2. Hypoglycaemia was not related either to the level of plasma insulin in cord blood, determined as nonextracted immunoreactive insulin, or to the degree of control of maternal blood glucose during pregnancy. The frequent occurrence of severe neonatal hypoglycaemia in the infants born to diabetic mothers receiving insulin appears to be due rather to failure to maintain basal glucose homoeostasis after birth than to hyperinsulinism.", "contents": "Neontal hypoglycaemia in infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers. Neonatal hypoglycaemia (blood glucose smaller than 20 mg/100 ml) occurred in the first 6 hours of life in 25 of 34 infants born to diabetic mothers receiving insulin. Despite severe hypoglycaemia (blood glucose smaller than 10 mg/100 ml) in 17, clinical features of hypoglycaemia were absent in all but 2. Hypoglycaemia was not related either to the level of plasma insulin in cord blood, determined as nonextracted immunoreactive insulin, or to the degree of control of maternal blood glucose during pregnancy. The frequent occurrence of severe neonatal hypoglycaemia in the infants born to diabetic mothers receiving insulin appears to be due rather to failure to maintain basal glucose homoeostasis after birth than to hyperinsulinism.", "PMID": 1170817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3046", "title": "Vinyl chloride exposure in a controlled industrial environment. A long-term mortality experience in 594 employees.", "content": "Vinyl chloride has been associated recently with findings of angiosarcoma in animals and man. The present study examines the mortality experience of individuals occupationally exposed to vinyl chloride and lesser amounts of vinylidene chloride and other compounds. Employees were grouped into four exposure categories according to the highest levels of vinyl chloride exposure experienced for at least one month. Although no angiosarcomas were found and there were no deaths due to any liver malignancy, the observed malignancy deaths exceeded the expected among workers in the high-exposure category. Fewer than expected malignancy deaths were observed in the remaining exposure catergories.", "contents": "Vinyl chloride exposure in a controlled industrial environment. A long-term mortality experience in 594 employees. Vinyl chloride has been associated recently with findings of angiosarcoma in animals and man. The present study examines the mortality experience of individuals occupationally exposed to vinyl chloride and lesser amounts of vinylidene chloride and other compounds. Employees were grouped into four exposure categories according to the highest levels of vinyl chloride exposure experienced for at least one month. Although no angiosarcomas were found and there were no deaths due to any liver malignancy, the observed malignancy deaths exceeded the expected among workers in the high-exposure category. Fewer than expected malignancy deaths were observed in the remaining exposure catergories.", "PMID": 1170818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3047", "title": "The diagnostic accuracy of palpation and fine-needle biopsy and an evaluation of their combined use in the diagnosis of breast lesions: report on a prospective study in 1244 women with symptoms.", "content": "In 1244 women with breast symptoms an evaluation by means of palpation was made with respect to diagnosis of malignancy according to a four-grade scale ranging from \"definite cancer\" to \"no cancer.\" Aspiration biopsy and cytologic examination were then performed in 984 breast lesions. The diagnosis from the cytologic evaluation ranged from benign, through three grades of atypia (slight, moderate, grave) to cancer. A histologic diagnosis was made in 411 cases and in 28% it was cancer. Cancer was found in 92.5% of the patients with a palpatory diagnosis of \"definite cancer,\" and in 50% of those with a palpatory diagnosis of \"strong suspicion of cancer.\" In all patients in whom cancer was diagnosed cytologically, the same diagnosis was made at histology, while 87.5% of those with grave atypia at the cytologic examination were diagnosed histologically as having cancer. A false negative cytologic diagnosis was made in 4% of the cancer cases. With a combination of palpation and cytology, 91% of the cancer cases fell within the groups \"definite cancer,\" \"strong suspicion of cancer\" (palpation)/\"cancer,\" \"grave atypia\" (cytology). No patients with cancer were evaluated as \"no cancer\" (palpation)/\"no atypia\" (cytology). In this group of 697 patients, however, one cancer was discovered after 7 months. The investigation showed that a thorough palpatory evaluation is a prerequisite for a good result of aspiration biopsy, in particular to meet the risk of a false negative cytologic diagnosis. The cytologic examination revealed cancer in 6 and 12 cases, respectively, when palpation gave no or some suspicion of cancer, and in many cases it was able to eliminate malignancy suspected on palpation. Cytologic atypia indicated cancer in a relatively high per cent, but was also noted in many cases found to be benign histologically. The possibilities of reducing the number of \"unnecessary\" surgical biopsies by using a combination of palpation and cytology is discussed.", "contents": "The diagnostic accuracy of palpation and fine-needle biopsy and an evaluation of their combined use in the diagnosis of breast lesions: report on a prospective study in 1244 women with symptoms. In 1244 women with breast symptoms an evaluation by means of palpation was made with respect to diagnosis of malignancy according to a four-grade scale ranging from \"definite cancer\" to \"no cancer.\" Aspiration biopsy and cytologic examination were then performed in 984 breast lesions. The diagnosis from the cytologic evaluation ranged from benign, through three grades of atypia (slight, moderate, grave) to cancer. A histologic diagnosis was made in 411 cases and in 28% it was cancer. Cancer was found in 92.5% of the patients with a palpatory diagnosis of \"definite cancer,\" and in 50% of those with a palpatory diagnosis of \"strong suspicion of cancer.\" In all patients in whom cancer was diagnosed cytologically, the same diagnosis was made at histology, while 87.5% of those with grave atypia at the cytologic examination were diagnosed histologically as having cancer. A false negative cytologic diagnosis was made in 4% of the cancer cases. With a combination of palpation and cytology, 91% of the cancer cases fell within the groups \"definite cancer,\" \"strong suspicion of cancer\" (palpation)/\"cancer,\" \"grave atypia\" (cytology). No patients with cancer were evaluated as \"no cancer\" (palpation)/\"no atypia\" (cytology). In this group of 697 patients, however, one cancer was discovered after 7 months. The investigation showed that a thorough palpatory evaluation is a prerequisite for a good result of aspiration biopsy, in particular to meet the risk of a false negative cytologic diagnosis. The cytologic examination revealed cancer in 6 and 12 cases, respectively, when palpation gave no or some suspicion of cancer, and in many cases it was able to eliminate malignancy suspected on palpation. Cytologic atypia indicated cancer in a relatively high per cent, but was also noted in many cases found to be benign histologically. The possibilities of reducing the number of \"unnecessary\" surgical biopsies by using a combination of palpation and cytology is discussed.", "PMID": 1170819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3048", "title": "Brucellosis outbreak attributed to ingestion of umpasteurized goat cheese.", "content": "In six cases  of Brucella melitensis infections the common etiologic factor was the ingestion of raw goat cheese. Presenting complaints were variable, but a constant feature was persistent fevers that frequently were present for months. Evidence of liver cell dysfunction was present in each case, and in two, biopsy disclosed diffuse hepatitis with focal necrosis. The diagnoses were initially based on high titers of Brucella agglutinins and later confirmed by positive blood cultures. A good clinical response was induced by antibiotic therapy ( tetracycline plus streptomycin sulfate), but in two cases a Jarish-Herxheimer reaction occurred during the first 24 hours of treatment.", "contents": "Brucellosis outbreak attributed to ingestion of umpasteurized goat cheese. In six cases  of Brucella melitensis infections the common etiologic factor was the ingestion of raw goat cheese. Presenting complaints were variable, but a constant feature was persistent fevers that frequently were present for months. Evidence of liver cell dysfunction was present in each case, and in two, biopsy disclosed diffuse hepatitis with focal necrosis. The diagnoses were initially based on high titers of Brucella agglutinins and later confirmed by positive blood cultures. A good clinical response was induced by antibiotic therapy ( tetracycline plus streptomycin sulfate), but in two cases a Jarish-Herxheimer reaction occurred during the first 24 hours of treatment.", "PMID": 1170820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3049", "title": "Influence of concanavalin a on autolysis of gametes from Chlamydomonas reinhardii.", "content": "The phytohemagglutinin concanavalin A inhibited zygote formation of Chlamydomonas reinhardii. 15--50 mug lectin/ml not only interfered with the mating reaction, but also with cell wall lysis of gametes and zoospores in a crude autolysin preparation gained from copulating gametes. Further, the structure of cell walls shed into the medium after autolysis in the course of the mating reaction and after lysis \"from without\" in the crude autolysin preparation was stabilized by Con A. Therefore, it must be assumed that the lectin inhibited zygote formation of C. reinhardii by interfering with autolysis of the cell walls of the gametes. Though Con A inhibited the lytic processes of C. reinhardii, an activation of the autolytic system in theta gametes by the lectin was found to compete with its inhibitory reaction. Con A induced autolysis of theta gametes was dependent on adherence of the cells by their flagella to the surface of the culture vessel or the liquid medium and did not occur in cultures stirred by rotation. The interferences of Con A with the autolytic serum of C. rienhardii were inhibited by methyl-alpha-D-mannopyrano-side and to a lesser degree by glucose, indicating that the carbohydrate binding sites of the lectin were involved in its reactions with the cells.", "contents": "Influence of concanavalin a on autolysis of gametes from Chlamydomonas reinhardii. The phytohemagglutinin concanavalin A inhibited zygote formation of Chlamydomonas reinhardii. 15--50 mug lectin/ml not only interfered with the mating reaction, but also with cell wall lysis of gametes and zoospores in a crude autolysin preparation gained from copulating gametes. Further, the structure of cell walls shed into the medium after autolysis in the course of the mating reaction and after lysis \"from without\" in the crude autolysin preparation was stabilized by Con A. Therefore, it must be assumed that the lectin inhibited zygote formation of C. reinhardii by interfering with autolysis of the cell walls of the gametes. Though Con A inhibited the lytic processes of C. reinhardii, an activation of the autolytic system in theta gametes by the lectin was found to compete with its inhibitory reaction. Con A induced autolysis of theta gametes was dependent on adherence of the cells by their flagella to the surface of the culture vessel or the liquid medium and did not occur in cultures stirred by rotation. The interferences of Con A with the autolytic serum of C. rienhardii were inhibited by methyl-alpha-D-mannopyrano-side and to a lesser degree by glucose, indicating that the carbohydrate binding sites of the lectin were involved in its reactions with the cells.", "PMID": 1170827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3050", "title": "Peripheral blood and myelogram in white rats chronically poisoned with ethanol and receiving essential phospholipids.", "content": "The influence of chronic administration of ethyl alcohol in white rats (15% solution instead of water, ad libitum, during 8 months) and essential phospholipids on the peripheral blood picture and myelogram was studied. Hemoglobin, erythrocyte counts and leukocytes dropped uniformly in the group of animals poisoned with alcohol. Stimultaneous administration of essential phospholipids exerted a protective effect with respect to the fall in hemoglobin and erythrocyte counts.", "contents": "Peripheral blood and myelogram in white rats chronically poisoned with ethanol and receiving essential phospholipids. The influence of chronic administration of ethyl alcohol in white rats (15% solution instead of water, ad libitum, during 8 months) and essential phospholipids on the peripheral blood picture and myelogram was studied. Hemoglobin, erythrocyte counts and leukocytes dropped uniformly in the group of animals poisoned with alcohol. Stimultaneous administration of essential phospholipids exerted a protective effect with respect to the fall in hemoglobin and erythrocyte counts.", "PMID": 1170828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3051", "title": "Replication of eastern equine encephalitis viruses (New Jersey and Louisiana strains and the Ets-4 mutant) in rabbit kidney cells.", "content": "Virus yield, viral RNA synthesis, viral protein synthesis, cytopathology, and virus-induced shutoff of host protein synthesis were examined in rabbit kidney (RK) cells infected with eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) viruses. The New Jersey (NJ) strain replicated most rapidly, and exhibited a distinct patter in the synthesis of structural and non-structural viral proteins. The Louisiana (LA) strain and the Ets-4 mutant appeared to be similar in RK celles and chick embryo fibroblasts. Although the viral peptides comprising the viral RNA polymerase could not be conclusively identified, two non-structural proteins of molecular weights 105,000 and 85,000 were temporally associated with increasing rates of polymerase activity in NJ-infected RK cells and were found in increased amounts in Ets-4-infected cells compared to La-infected cells.", "contents": "Replication of eastern equine encephalitis viruses (New Jersey and Louisiana strains and the Ets-4 mutant) in rabbit kidney cells. Virus yield, viral RNA synthesis, viral protein synthesis, cytopathology, and virus-induced shutoff of host protein synthesis were examined in rabbit kidney (RK) cells infected with eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) viruses. The New Jersey (NJ) strain replicated most rapidly, and exhibited a distinct patter in the synthesis of structural and non-structural viral proteins. The Louisiana (LA) strain and the Ets-4 mutant appeared to be similar in RK celles and chick embryo fibroblasts. Although the viral peptides comprising the viral RNA polymerase could not be conclusively identified, two non-structural proteins of molecular weights 105,000 and 85,000 were temporally associated with increasing rates of polymerase activity in NJ-infected RK cells and were found in increased amounts in Ets-4-infected cells compared to La-infected cells.", "PMID": 1170829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3052", "title": "A lipid inhibitor of dengue virus in human colostrum and milk; with a note on the absence of anti-dengue secretory antibody.", "content": "Neutralizing activity against dengue virus types 1--4 was observed in milk samples from 5 non-immune and 29 dengue immune women. Anti-dengue activity in milk and colostrum was found only in the lipid component. The inhibitory activity is directed against the virus and not cell surfaces. When immunoglobulin types IgM,IgA, IgG were isolated from colostrum from dengue immune women, no antibody activity was found. Anti-dengue activity in human milk did not decrease over a period of ten months after delivery.", "contents": "A lipid inhibitor of dengue virus in human colostrum and milk; with a note on the absence of anti-dengue secretory antibody. Neutralizing activity against dengue virus types 1--4 was observed in milk samples from 5 non-immune and 29 dengue immune women. Anti-dengue activity in milk and colostrum was found only in the lipid component. The inhibitory activity is directed against the virus and not cell surfaces. When immunoglobulin types IgM,IgA, IgG were isolated from colostrum from dengue immune women, no antibody activity was found. Anti-dengue activity in human milk did not decrease over a period of ten months after delivery.", "PMID": 1170830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3053", "title": "Serologic evidence for etiologic role of Akabane virus in epizootic abortion-arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly in cattle in Japan, 1972-1974.", "content": "In the outbreak of abortions, premature births, stillbirths and congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly (AH) syndrome in Japan during the summer through winter of 1972-73 and 1973-74, precolostral sera from calves with congenital AH syndrome and normal calves were tested for neutralizing antibodies against some arboviruses, i.e. Akabane, Aino, Getah and Japanese encephalitis (JE) viruses. The incidence of antibody for Akabane virus was very high in calves with AH syndrome (49/59 or 83 per cent) as compared with normal calves (3/11 or 27 per cent), indicating an intimate correlation between the AH syndrome and precolostral anti-Akabane antibody. Three stillborn fetuses also had anti-Akabane antibody. On the other hand, no precolostral serum antibody for the other viruses was detected in any of the calves tested. The mothers of these calves, normal and with AH syndrome, had anti-Akabane antibody in high percentages (44/52 or 85 per cent and 7/8 or 88 per cent), whereas a few of the mothers had antibodies for the other viruses. Serological surveys indicate a wide dissemination of Akabane virus in epizootic areas during the summer months of 1972 and 1973. Thus, 8 groups of cattle in epizootic areas showed high rates of seroconversion for Akabane virus during the 1972 or 1973 summer. Very high incidences of Akabane antibody were shown among cattle in epizootic areas but extremely low incidences in near-by non-epizootic areas. The geographic distribution of anti-Akabane antibody among cattle throughout the country in the 1973 spring generally agrees with the pattern of case distribution in the 1972--73 outbreak. All these findings strongly suggest that Akabane virus is the etiological agent of the outbreaks. Further studies are needed, particularly isolation of the virus, demonstration of infection with the virus in lesions by immunofluroescence and production of intrauterine infection by experimental infection of pregnant cows.", "contents": "Serologic evidence for etiologic role of Akabane virus in epizootic abortion-arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly in cattle in Japan, 1972-1974. In the outbreak of abortions, premature births, stillbirths and congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly (AH) syndrome in Japan during the summer through winter of 1972-73 and 1973-74, precolostral sera from calves with congenital AH syndrome and normal calves were tested for neutralizing antibodies against some arboviruses, i.e. Akabane, Aino, Getah and Japanese encephalitis (JE) viruses. The incidence of antibody for Akabane virus was very high in calves with AH syndrome (49/59 or 83 per cent) as compared with normal calves (3/11 or 27 per cent), indicating an intimate correlation between the AH syndrome and precolostral anti-Akabane antibody. Three stillborn fetuses also had anti-Akabane antibody. On the other hand, no precolostral serum antibody for the other viruses was detected in any of the calves tested. The mothers of these calves, normal and with AH syndrome, had anti-Akabane antibody in high percentages (44/52 or 85 per cent and 7/8 or 88 per cent), whereas a few of the mothers had antibodies for the other viruses. Serological surveys indicate a wide dissemination of Akabane virus in epizootic areas during the summer months of 1972 and 1973. Thus, 8 groups of cattle in epizootic areas showed high rates of seroconversion for Akabane virus during the 1972 or 1973 summer. Very high incidences of Akabane antibody were shown among cattle in epizootic areas but extremely low incidences in near-by non-epizootic areas. The geographic distribution of anti-Akabane antibody among cattle throughout the country in the 1973 spring generally agrees with the pattern of case distribution in the 1972--73 outbreak. All these findings strongly suggest that Akabane virus is the etiological agent of the outbreaks. Further studies are needed, particularly isolation of the virus, demonstration of infection with the virus in lesions by immunofluroescence and production of intrauterine infection by experimental infection of pregnant cows.", "PMID": 1170831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3054", "title": "Rubeosis in Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis.", "content": "A patient had Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis of approximately 17 years' duration. Histologically, keratic precipitates, iris atrophy, rubeosis iridis, discontinuous rubeosis of the anterior chamber angle, a chronic nongranulomatous iridocyclitis, and trabeculitis were noted. The cause of the glaucoma probably is a combination of rubeosis of the anterior chamber angle and trabeculitis.", "contents": "Rubeosis in Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis. A patient had Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis of approximately 17 years' duration. Histologically, keratic precipitates, iris atrophy, rubeosis iridis, discontinuous rubeosis of the anterior chamber angle, a chronic nongranulomatous iridocyclitis, and trabeculitis were noted. The cause of the glaucoma probably is a combination of rubeosis of the anterior chamber angle and trabeculitis.", "PMID": 1170833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3055", "title": "Laser iridotomy for aphakic pupillary block.", "content": "In six patients with aphakic pupillary block, argon laser produced full-thickness iridotomies that succeeded in restoring anterior chamber and intraocular pressure to normal. In one case, it was shown that location of iridotomy is important in determining whether or not iridotomy will succeed in relieving aphakic pupillary block. In two cases, pupillary block had resulted in shallowing of the anterior chamber without pressure elevation. Cases reported here show that continuous laser energy, such as from an argon laser, can produce a full-thickness opening, in contrast to the short duration pulse of the ruby, which will destroy only pigmented structures without producing a full-thickness iris opening. This need to produce some degree of spread of damage to unpigmented tissue elements in order to achieve and iris opening is a problem in phakic patients where injury to the lens must be avoided.", "contents": "Laser iridotomy for aphakic pupillary block. In six patients with aphakic pupillary block, argon laser produced full-thickness iridotomies that succeeded in restoring anterior chamber and intraocular pressure to normal. In one case, it was shown that location of iridotomy is important in determining whether or not iridotomy will succeed in relieving aphakic pupillary block. In two cases, pupillary block had resulted in shallowing of the anterior chamber without pressure elevation. Cases reported here show that continuous laser energy, such as from an argon laser, can produce a full-thickness opening, in contrast to the short duration pulse of the ruby, which will destroy only pigmented structures without producing a full-thickness iris opening. This need to produce some degree of spread of damage to unpigmented tissue elements in order to achieve and iris opening is a problem in phakic patients where injury to the lens must be avoided.", "PMID": 1170834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3056", "title": "Iris photocoagulation therapy of aphakic pupillary block.", "content": "Five patients who underwent uneventful cataract extraction developed flat anterior chamber (AC) secondary to pupillary block, 2 1/2 to 4 weeks postoperatively. None had a wound leak. After drug therapy had failed to restore the AC, iris photocoagulation was performed. Four eyes were treated with a xenon-arc photocoagulator, and one with both a portable xenon-arc unit and an argon laser. The AC deepened immediately and permanently in all cases. No complications occurred, and visual acuity was good. Iris photocoagulation with a xenon-arc unit is a valid alternative to intraocular surgery in therapy for flat AC that is caused by aphakic pupillary block in patients in whom medicinal therapy fails and no wound leak is present.", "contents": "Iris photocoagulation therapy of aphakic pupillary block. Five patients who underwent uneventful cataract extraction developed flat anterior chamber (AC) secondary to pupillary block, 2 1/2 to 4 weeks postoperatively. None had a wound leak. After drug therapy had failed to restore the AC, iris photocoagulation was performed. Four eyes were treated with a xenon-arc photocoagulator, and one with both a portable xenon-arc unit and an argon laser. The AC deepened immediately and permanently in all cases. No complications occurred, and visual acuity was good. Iris photocoagulation with a xenon-arc unit is a valid alternative to intraocular surgery in therapy for flat AC that is caused by aphakic pupillary block in patients in whom medicinal therapy fails and no wound leak is present.", "PMID": 1170835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3057", "title": "Lipid metabolism in the cow during starvation-induced ketosis.", "content": "1. Concentrations and compositions of liver, serum and milk lipids of cows were measured during 6 days' starvation and serum lipids during 60 days' re-feeding. 2. The concentration of free fatty acid in serum increased fivefold during starvation. 3. The content of total lipid in liver (g/100g of liver dry matter) doubled owing to a 20-fold increase in triglyceride, an eightfold increase in cholesterol ester, a three fold increase in free fatty acid and a 20% increase in cholesterol. There were no changes in the content or composition of liver phospholipids. 4. Starvation lowered the concentrations of total lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol ester of dextran sulphate-precipitable serum lipoproteins. Total lipid and cholesterol ester concentrations in lipoproteins of d greater than 1.055 and in lipoproteins not precipitable by dextran sulphate decreased from day 4 of the starvation period and during the first 20 days' re-feeding. 5. During starvation there were decreases in percentages of stearic acid and increases in oleic acid in serum free fatty acids and triglycerides and in liver neutral lipid. 6. Throughout starvation total milk lipid yield decreased, yields and percentages of C4-14 fatty acids decreased and percentages of C18 fatty acids increased. 7. It is suggested that accumulation of triglyceride in liver may be caused by increased uptake of plasma free fatty acids without corresponding increase in lipoprotein secretion.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism in the cow during starvation-induced ketosis. 1. Concentrations and compositions of liver, serum and milk lipids of cows were measured during 6 days' starvation and serum lipids during 60 days' re-feeding. 2. The concentration of free fatty acid in serum increased fivefold during starvation. 3. The content of total lipid in liver (g/100g of liver dry matter) doubled owing to a 20-fold increase in triglyceride, an eightfold increase in cholesterol ester, a three fold increase in free fatty acid and a 20% increase in cholesterol. There were no changes in the content or composition of liver phospholipids. 4. Starvation lowered the concentrations of total lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol ester of dextran sulphate-precipitable serum lipoproteins. Total lipid and cholesterol ester concentrations in lipoproteins of d greater than 1.055 and in lipoproteins not precipitable by dextran sulphate decreased from day 4 of the starvation period and during the first 20 days' re-feeding. 5. During starvation there were decreases in percentages of stearic acid and increases in oleic acid in serum free fatty acids and triglycerides and in liver neutral lipid. 6. Throughout starvation total milk lipid yield decreased, yields and percentages of C4-14 fatty acids decreased and percentages of C18 fatty acids increased. 7. It is suggested that accumulation of triglyceride in liver may be caused by increased uptake of plasma free fatty acids without corresponding increase in lipoprotein secretion.", "PMID": 1170844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3058", "title": "Chemcial anatomy of the nerve membrane.", "content": "The molecular mechanisms involved in the generation and conduction of nerve impulses are still matters for conjecture. The molecular models which have been developed to explain the structure of nerve membrane are reviewed. The chemical composition of the axolemma and how this compares with other membranes is discussed. Modern spectroscopic techniques allow the measurement of non-electrical dynamic changes that occur during nerve conduction. These indicate that the chemical components of nerve membrane are in a very fluid state. Detailed knowledge of the kinds of molecules involved is necessary to understand properly both nerve conduction and nerve block.", "contents": "Chemcial anatomy of the nerve membrane. The molecular mechanisms involved in the generation and conduction of nerve impulses are still matters for conjecture. The molecular models which have been developed to explain the structure of nerve membrane are reviewed. The chemical composition of the axolemma and how this compares with other membranes is discussed. Modern spectroscopic techniques allow the measurement of non-electrical dynamic changes that occur during nerve conduction. These indicate that the chemical components of nerve membrane are in a very fluid state. Detailed knowledge of the kinds of molecules involved is necessary to understand properly both nerve conduction and nerve block.", "PMID": 1170871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3059", "title": "Primary cell culture for biochemical studies of human keratinocytes. A method for production of very large numbers of cells without the necessity of subculturing techniques.", "content": "Starting with large numbers of small split-thickness explants of human skin, it is possible to grow ample numbers of keratinocytes in vitro as primary cell cultures to permit biochemical studies without the need of subculturing techniques.", "contents": "Primary cell culture for biochemical studies of human keratinocytes. A method for production of very large numbers of cells without the necessity of subculturing techniques. Starting with large numbers of small split-thickness explants of human skin, it is possible to grow ample numbers of keratinocytes in vitro as primary cell cultures to permit biochemical studies without the need of subculturing techniques.", "PMID": 1170872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3060", "title": "Course in basic sexology for medical students.", "content": "The present article describes the pilot course in basic sexology for medical students. The duration of the course was 5 days (35 hours). The themes-sex and gender, sexual physiology, contraception, sexual inadequacy, sexual deviations, and sexual counselling-were approached from many different angles. The teaching procedure comprised lectures, group work, and group discussions, internal television, films, plenary discussions, and debates. The course was evaluated by means of the sex knowledge and attitude test (SKAT) given before and after the course. Furthermore an evaluation was given by the students, by a professional teacher, and by a paramedical evaluator at the end of the course. The results showed significant changes in attitudes and knowledge.", "contents": "Course in basic sexology for medical students. The present article describes the pilot course in basic sexology for medical students. The duration of the course was 5 days (35 hours). The themes-sex and gender, sexual physiology, contraception, sexual inadequacy, sexual deviations, and sexual counselling-were approached from many different angles. The teaching procedure comprised lectures, group work, and group discussions, internal television, films, plenary discussions, and debates. The course was evaluated by means of the sex knowledge and attitude test (SKAT) given before and after the course. Furthermore an evaluation was given by the students, by a professional teacher, and by a paramedical evaluator at the end of the course. The results showed significant changes in attitudes and knowledge.", "PMID": 1170873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3061", "title": "Metabolic responses following isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in arteriosclerotic breeder vs. non-arteriosclerotic virgin and ovariectomized female rats.", "content": "Intact and ovariectomized, non-arteriosclerotic female rats and arteriosclerotic, breeder female rats were subjected to myocardial infarction by the administration of 2 subcutaneous injections, 24 hr apart, of the beta-adrenergic stimulator, isoproterenol. The animals were sacrificed at regular hourly intervals following each injection and then on days 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 thereafter. Measurement of serum insulin and free fatty acids (FFA) demonstrated a blunted response in these metabolic parameters in the case of the ovariectomized virgin rats. The non-arteriosclerotic, intact virgin rats exhibited dynamic changes in serum insulin, glucose, FFA and corticosterone (Cmpd. B) following both isoproterenol injections, whereas the arteriosclerotic breeder rats manifested elevated levels of these parameters on Day 1, but did not display any increases in serum levels, except for FFA, following the second isoproterenol injection on Day 2. In spite of the hormonal alterations brought about by the gonadectomy and their differing metabolic response, the ovariectomized females did not have a mortality rate significantly different from the intact females. Thus, the presence or absence of ovarian estrogens seemingly does not affect the progress of an isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Metabolic responses following isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in arteriosclerotic breeder vs. non-arteriosclerotic virgin and ovariectomized female rats. Intact and ovariectomized, non-arteriosclerotic female rats and arteriosclerotic, breeder female rats were subjected to myocardial infarction by the administration of 2 subcutaneous injections, 24 hr apart, of the beta-adrenergic stimulator, isoproterenol. The animals were sacrificed at regular hourly intervals following each injection and then on days 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 thereafter. Measurement of serum insulin and free fatty acids (FFA) demonstrated a blunted response in these metabolic parameters in the case of the ovariectomized virgin rats. The non-arteriosclerotic, intact virgin rats exhibited dynamic changes in serum insulin, glucose, FFA and corticosterone (Cmpd. B) following both isoproterenol injections, whereas the arteriosclerotic breeder rats manifested elevated levels of these parameters on Day 1, but did not display any increases in serum levels, except for FFA, following the second isoproterenol injection on Day 2. In spite of the hormonal alterations brought about by the gonadectomy and their differing metabolic response, the ovariectomized females did not have a mortality rate significantly different from the intact females. Thus, the presence or absence of ovarian estrogens seemingly does not affect the progress of an isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1170870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3062", "title": "Plasma concentration of gonadotrophins, oestrogens and progesterone in thyrotoxic women.", "content": "Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), oestrogen and progesterone were measured daily in 15 thyrotoxic women in the reproductive age for 28 to 30 consecutive days before commencement of therapy and for a similar period following restoration of the euthyroid state.  Five of these patients had secondary amenorrhoea whilst the other 10 had hypomenorrhoea.  Twelve healthy volunteer eythyroid women of similar age and parity, with no history of menstrual abnormality, served as controls.  The levels of both gonadotrophins (LH and FSH) and oestrogen were found to be significantly raised in all thyrotoxic patients in comparison with levels in the euthyroid female controls (P less than 0.001).  \"Mid cycle\" LH and FSH peaks were present in thyrotoxic patients who were still menstruating whilst they were absent in those who developed amenorrhoea.  Plasma oestrogen concentration rose to a peak on the day before the surge of LH (and FSH) in all euthyroid frmale controls as well as in thyrotoxic patients who were still menstruating.  In contrast, oestrogen peaks occurred without ensuing LH (and FSH) peaks in thyrotoxic patients who had developed amenorrhoea, suggesting a failure of the positive feed-back mechanism.  The levels and patterns of plasma progesterone in thyrotoxic subjects who were still menstruating were similar to those of euthyroid controls.  However, no significant circulating plasma progesterone was detected in thyrotoxic subjects who were amenorrhoeic.  The levels and patterns of all of these hormones (gonadotrophins, oestrogen and progesterone) became normal after restoration of euthyroid state and normal menstruation.", "contents": "Plasma concentration of gonadotrophins, oestrogens and progesterone in thyrotoxic women. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), oestrogen and progesterone were measured daily in 15 thyrotoxic women in the reproductive age for 28 to 30 consecutive days before commencement of therapy and for a similar period following restoration of the euthyroid state.  Five of these patients had secondary amenorrhoea whilst the other 10 had hypomenorrhoea.  Twelve healthy volunteer eythyroid women of similar age and parity, with no history of menstrual abnormality, served as controls.  The levels of both gonadotrophins (LH and FSH) and oestrogen were found to be significantly raised in all thyrotoxic patients in comparison with levels in the euthyroid female controls (P less than 0.001).  \"Mid cycle\" LH and FSH peaks were present in thyrotoxic patients who were still menstruating whilst they were absent in those who developed amenorrhoea.  Plasma oestrogen concentration rose to a peak on the day before the surge of LH (and FSH) in all euthyroid frmale controls as well as in thyrotoxic patients who were still menstruating.  In contrast, oestrogen peaks occurred without ensuing LH (and FSH) peaks in thyrotoxic patients who had developed amenorrhoea, suggesting a failure of the positive feed-back mechanism.  The levels and patterns of plasma progesterone in thyrotoxic subjects who were still menstruating were similar to those of euthyroid controls.  However, no significant circulating plasma progesterone was detected in thyrotoxic subjects who were amenorrhoeic.  The levels and patterns of all of these hormones (gonadotrophins, oestrogen and progesterone) became normal after restoration of euthyroid state and normal menstruation.", "PMID": 1170874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3063", "title": "Kinetic analysis of the mechanism of insulin degradation by glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (thiol: protein-disulfide oxidoreductase).", "content": "Kinetic studies have been made with glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase, an enzyme which degrades insulin by promoting cleavage of its disulfide bonds via sulfhydryl-disulfide interchange. The degradation of 125I-labeled insulin by enzyme purified from beef pancreas was studied with various thiol-containing compounds as cosubstrates. The apparent Km for insulin was found to be a function of the type and concentration of thiol; values obtained were in the range from 1 to 40 muM. Lineweaver-Burk plots for insulin as varied substrate were linear, whereas those for the thiol substrates were nonlinears: the plots for low molecular weight monothiols (GSH and mercaptoethanol) were parabolic; those for low molecular weight dithiols (dithiothreitol, dihydrolipoic acid, and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol) were apparently linear modified by substrate inhibition; and the plots for protein polythiols (reduced insulin A and B chains and reduced ribonuclease) were parabolic with superposed substrate inhibition. The nonparallel nature of the reciprocal plots for all substrates shows that the enzyme does not follow a ping-pong mechanism. Product inhibition studies were performed with GSH as thiol substrate. Oxidized glutathione was found to be a linear competitive inhibitor vs. both GSH and insulin. The S-sulfonated derivative of insulin A chain was also linearly competitive vs. both substrates. Inhibition by S-sulfonated B chain was competitive vs. insulin; the data eliminated the possibility that this derivative was uncompetitive vs. GSH. Experiments with the cysteic acid derivatives of insulin A and B chains similarly excluded the possibility that these were uncompetitive vs. either substrate. These inhibition studies indicate that the enzyme probably follows a randdom mechanism.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of the mechanism of insulin degradation by glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (thiol: protein-disulfide oxidoreductase). Kinetic studies have been made with glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase, an enzyme which degrades insulin by promoting cleavage of its disulfide bonds via sulfhydryl-disulfide interchange. The degradation of 125I-labeled insulin by enzyme purified from beef pancreas was studied with various thiol-containing compounds as cosubstrates. The apparent Km for insulin was found to be a function of the type and concentration of thiol; values obtained were in the range from 1 to 40 muM. Lineweaver-Burk plots for insulin as varied substrate were linear, whereas those for the thiol substrates were nonlinears: the plots for low molecular weight monothiols (GSH and mercaptoethanol) were parabolic; those for low molecular weight dithiols (dithiothreitol, dihydrolipoic acid, and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol) were apparently linear modified by substrate inhibition; and the plots for protein polythiols (reduced insulin A and B chains and reduced ribonuclease) were parabolic with superposed substrate inhibition. The nonparallel nature of the reciprocal plots for all substrates shows that the enzyme does not follow a ping-pong mechanism. Product inhibition studies were performed with GSH as thiol substrate. Oxidized glutathione was found to be a linear competitive inhibitor vs. both GSH and insulin. The S-sulfonated derivative of insulin A chain was also linearly competitive vs. both substrates. Inhibition by S-sulfonated B chain was competitive vs. insulin; the data eliminated the possibility that this derivative was uncompetitive vs. GSH. Experiments with the cysteic acid derivatives of insulin A and B chains similarly excluded the possibility that these were uncompetitive vs. either substrate. These inhibition studies indicate that the enzyme probably follows a randdom mechanism.", "PMID": 1170876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3064", "title": "Interaction of insulin analogs, glucagon, growth hormone, vasopressin, oxytocin, and scrambled forms of ribonuclease and lysozyme with glytathione-insulin transhydrogenase (thiol: protein-disulfide oxidoreductase): dependence upon conformation.", "content": "Interactions of several proteins with glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (GIT) have been investigated by determining their ability to inhibit degradation of 125I-labeled insulin catalyzed by GIT. The inhibition by every insulin analog (des-Asn-des-Ala-pork insulin, desoctapeptide-pork insulin, des-Ala-pork insulin, pork insulin, proinsulin, and guinea pig insulin) was competitive vs. competitive vs. insulin indicating that they function as alternate substrates. The insulin analogs with the least hormonal activity showed the highest potency as inhigitors of insulin degradation. Whereas native ribonuclease and lysozyme showed little or no inhibition, their scrambled forms (i.e. reduced and randomly reoxidized) showed competitive inhibition with a potency greater than that of insulin. These results suggest that the conformation of the substrate or inhibitor is probably the major factor in determining the specificity for (or binding to) the enzyme. Studies withother peptide hormones showed competitive inhibition with vasopressin and oxytocin and noncompetitive inhibition with glycagon. The inhibition with growth hormone could be either competitive or noncompetitive. The inhibition by glucagon and growth hormone (physiologic antagonists of insulin) could serve as a control mechanism to modulate the activity of enzyme. The following showed very little or no inhibition; the native and scrambled form of pepsinogen, trypsin inhibitor of beef pancreas and of lima bean, C-peptide of pork proinsulin, and heptapeptide (B23-B29) of insulin.", "contents": "Interaction of insulin analogs, glucagon, growth hormone, vasopressin, oxytocin, and scrambled forms of ribonuclease and lysozyme with glytathione-insulin transhydrogenase (thiol: protein-disulfide oxidoreductase): dependence upon conformation. Interactions of several proteins with glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (GIT) have been investigated by determining their ability to inhibit degradation of 125I-labeled insulin catalyzed by GIT. The inhibition by every insulin analog (des-Asn-des-Ala-pork insulin, desoctapeptide-pork insulin, des-Ala-pork insulin, pork insulin, proinsulin, and guinea pig insulin) was competitive vs. competitive vs. insulin indicating that they function as alternate substrates. The insulin analogs with the least hormonal activity showed the highest potency as inhigitors of insulin degradation. Whereas native ribonuclease and lysozyme showed little or no inhibition, their scrambled forms (i.e. reduced and randomly reoxidized) showed competitive inhibition with a potency greater than that of insulin. These results suggest that the conformation of the substrate or inhibitor is probably the major factor in determining the specificity for (or binding to) the enzyme. Studies withother peptide hormones showed competitive inhibition with vasopressin and oxytocin and noncompetitive inhibition with glycagon. The inhibition with growth hormone could be either competitive or noncompetitive. The inhibition by glucagon and growth hormone (physiologic antagonists of insulin) could serve as a control mechanism to modulate the activity of enzyme. The following showed very little or no inhibition; the native and scrambled form of pepsinogen, trypsin inhibitor of beef pancreas and of lima bean, C-peptide of pork proinsulin, and heptapeptide (B23-B29) of insulin.", "PMID": 1170877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3065", "title": "Application of pulsed-gradient Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance to the study of self-diffusion of phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "A pulsed-gradient Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique was appplied to the study of diffusion of phospholipid vesicles. The diffusion coefficient of dimyristoyllecithin vesicles (DML) in a D2O-phospahte buffer at 37 degrees is D = 1.9 TIMES 10(-6) cm2/sec. In a solution made viscous by DNA addition, the diffusion coefficient of DML vesicles was 3.5 times 10(-7) cm2/sec. These values compare favorably with the diffusion rate for liposomes as determined by ultracentrifugation and by Stokes law calculation. The data suggest that DML diffusion is controlled primarily by whole liposome migration as opposed to movement of individual molecules within the liposome, liposome rotation, or fast exchange between lecithin molecules in solution and in vesicles.", "contents": "Application of pulsed-gradient Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance to the study of self-diffusion of phospholipid vesicles. A pulsed-gradient Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique was appplied to the study of diffusion of phospholipid vesicles. The diffusion coefficient of dimyristoyllecithin vesicles (DML) in a D2O-phospahte buffer at 37 degrees is D = 1.9 TIMES 10(-6) cm2/sec. In a solution made viscous by DNA addition, the diffusion coefficient of DML vesicles was 3.5 times 10(-7) cm2/sec. These values compare favorably with the diffusion rate for liposomes as determined by ultracentrifugation and by Stokes law calculation. The data suggest that DML diffusion is controlled primarily by whole liposome migration as opposed to movement of individual molecules within the liposome, liposome rotation, or fast exchange between lecithin molecules in solution and in vesicles.", "PMID": 1170878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3066", "title": "Cell contact-dependent ganglioside changes in mouse 3T3 gibroblasts and a suppressed sialidase activity on cell contact.", "content": "Certain enzyme activities for synthesis and degradation of gangliosides and the chemical quantity and incorporation of radioactivity from [14C] galactose into gangliosides have been studied in 3T3 cells and their transformed counterparts at various cell population densities. The chemical quantity of and the incorporation of radioactivity into GD1a ganglioside increased at the early stage of cell contact (\"contact response\" of ganglisoide), whereas response was not detectable in transformed 3T3 cells at any stage of cell contact. These phenomena were reproduced in five separate qualitative analyses and two quantitative determinations of gangliosides. As the basis of these phenomena, a membrane-bound sialidase activity which acted on gangliosides was suppressed in 3T3 cells at the \"touching\" stage of cell-to-cell contact. Transformed cells did not display the change of sialidase activity at any stage of cell contact.", "contents": "Cell contact-dependent ganglioside changes in mouse 3T3 gibroblasts and a suppressed sialidase activity on cell contact. Certain enzyme activities for synthesis and degradation of gangliosides and the chemical quantity and incorporation of radioactivity from [14C] galactose into gangliosides have been studied in 3T3 cells and their transformed counterparts at various cell population densities. The chemical quantity of and the incorporation of radioactivity into GD1a ganglioside increased at the early stage of cell contact (\"contact response\" of ganglisoide), whereas response was not detectable in transformed 3T3 cells at any stage of cell contact. These phenomena were reproduced in five separate qualitative analyses and two quantitative determinations of gangliosides. As the basis of these phenomena, a membrane-bound sialidase activity which acted on gangliosides was suppressed in 3T3 cells at the \"touching\" stage of cell-to-cell contact. Transformed cells did not display the change of sialidase activity at any stage of cell contact.", "PMID": 1170879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3067", "title": "The complete amino acid sequence of ubiquitin, an adenylate cyclase stimulating polypeptide probably universal in living cells.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence was determined  for bovine ubiquitin, and adenylate cyclase stimulating polypeptide, which is probably represented universally in living cells. Ubiquitin has a molecular weight of 8451 and consists of a single polypeptide chain containing 74 amino acid residues. It contains four arginine residues but no cysteine or trytophan residues. The first 61 amino acid residues were obtained by automated Edman degradations. Tryptic digestion of maleated ubiquitin yielded four peptide fragments that were resolved by molecular sieve chromatography and coded in order of decreasing chain length (MT-1, MT-2, MT-3, and MT-4). The automated sequenator determinations on native ubiquintin provided overlapping sequence data for three of these fragments that gave an order of MT-1, MT-3, and then MT-2; Peptide MT-4, a dipeptide, was therefore assigned to the C terminus, and the placement of peptide MT-2 was corroborated by analysis of data from carboxypeptidase digestions of maleated ubiquitin. Peptide MT-2 was domaleated and sequenced by manual Edman degradations through a single lysine residue. It was cleaved at this residue with trypsin, and the two resultant peptides were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. Manual sequencing of the C-terminal demaleated tryptic peptide of MT-2 completed the sequence of MT-2 and that of native ubiquitin. The sequence of ubiquitin was further confirmed and supported by amino acid and parital sequence anlysis of fragments obtained by digestion of maleated ubiquitin with chymotrypsin or staphylococcal protease.", "contents": "The complete amino acid sequence of ubiquitin, an adenylate cyclase stimulating polypeptide probably universal in living cells. The complete amino acid sequence was determined  for bovine ubiquitin, and adenylate cyclase stimulating polypeptide, which is probably represented universally in living cells. Ubiquitin has a molecular weight of 8451 and consists of a single polypeptide chain containing 74 amino acid residues. It contains four arginine residues but no cysteine or trytophan residues. The first 61 amino acid residues were obtained by automated Edman degradations. Tryptic digestion of maleated ubiquitin yielded four peptide fragments that were resolved by molecular sieve chromatography and coded in order of decreasing chain length (MT-1, MT-2, MT-3, and MT-4). The automated sequenator determinations on native ubiquintin provided overlapping sequence data for three of these fragments that gave an order of MT-1, MT-3, and then MT-2; Peptide MT-4, a dipeptide, was therefore assigned to the C terminus, and the placement of peptide MT-2 was corroborated by analysis of data from carboxypeptidase digestions of maleated ubiquitin. Peptide MT-2 was domaleated and sequenced by manual Edman degradations through a single lysine residue. It was cleaved at this residue with trypsin, and the two resultant peptides were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. Manual sequencing of the C-terminal demaleated tryptic peptide of MT-2 completed the sequence of MT-2 and that of native ubiquitin. The sequence of ubiquitin was further confirmed and supported by amino acid and parital sequence anlysis of fragments obtained by digestion of maleated ubiquitin with chymotrypsin or staphylococcal protease.", "PMID": 1170880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3068", "title": "1-Halo analogs of dihydroxyacetone 3-phosphate. The effects of the fluoro analog on cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and triosephosphate isomerase.", "content": "Fluoro-o-hydorxyacetone phosphate (fluoroacetol phosphate) has been prepared by oxidation of 1-fluoro-3-chloro-2-propanol to 1-fluoro-3-chloroacetone, phosphorylation with silver dibenzylphosphate, and the intermediate isolation of 1-fluoro-3-hydroxyacetone phosphate dibenzyl ester, followed by catalytic hydrogenation and preparation of the stable monosodium salt. The chloro analog as the pure, stable monosodium salt has been prepared by a similar route from 1,3-dichloroacetone. 1-Fluoro-3-hydroxyacetone-P is substrate for cytosolic NAD+-linked glycerol-3-P dehydrogenese (EC 1.1.1.8) from rabbit skeletal muscle with an apparent Km of 50 mM under conditions in which dihydroxyacetone-P exhibits an apparent Km of 0.15 mM. Under these conditions the fluoro analog is 85% hydrated wheras dihydroxyacetone-P has been shown by others to be 44% hydrated. The turnover numbers are 49,000 molecules of NADH oxidized per minute per molecule of enzyme at 25 degrees with the fluoro analog as substrate, and 60,000 with dihydrocyacetone-P as substrate. The product of the reduction of the fluoro analog has been identified as 1-fluorodeoxyglycerol-3-P. 1-Fluoro-3-hydroxyacetone-P is comparatively weak irreversible inhibitor at 4 degrees of rabbit muscle triosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.1) with second-order rate constant of 2.6 M minus 1 sec minus 1. Inhibition by pyrazole in vivo of alcohol dehydrogenese catalyzed oxidation of 1-fluorodeoxyglecerol-3-P indicates in mice the reduction of 1-fluoro-3-hydroxyacetone-P to -l-1-fluorodexoxyglycerol-3-P  is not significant metabolic route, or that an alternative route exists when the alcohol dehydrogenase dependent pathway is inhibited.", "contents": "1-Halo analogs of dihydroxyacetone 3-phosphate. The effects of the fluoro analog on cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and triosephosphate isomerase. Fluoro-o-hydorxyacetone phosphate (fluoroacetol phosphate) has been prepared by oxidation of 1-fluoro-3-chloro-2-propanol to 1-fluoro-3-chloroacetone, phosphorylation with silver dibenzylphosphate, and the intermediate isolation of 1-fluoro-3-hydroxyacetone phosphate dibenzyl ester, followed by catalytic hydrogenation and preparation of the stable monosodium salt. The chloro analog as the pure, stable monosodium salt has been prepared by a similar route from 1,3-dichloroacetone. 1-Fluoro-3-hydroxyacetone-P is substrate for cytosolic NAD+-linked glycerol-3-P dehydrogenese (EC 1.1.1.8) from rabbit skeletal muscle with an apparent Km of 50 mM under conditions in which dihydroxyacetone-P exhibits an apparent Km of 0.15 mM. Under these conditions the fluoro analog is 85% hydrated wheras dihydroxyacetone-P has been shown by others to be 44% hydrated. The turnover numbers are 49,000 molecules of NADH oxidized per minute per molecule of enzyme at 25 degrees with the fluoro analog as substrate, and 60,000 with dihydrocyacetone-P as substrate. The product of the reduction of the fluoro analog has been identified as 1-fluorodeoxyglycerol-3-P. 1-Fluoro-3-hydroxyacetone-P is comparatively weak irreversible inhibitor at 4 degrees of rabbit muscle triosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.1) with second-order rate constant of 2.6 M minus 1 sec minus 1. Inhibition by pyrazole in vivo of alcohol dehydrogenese catalyzed oxidation of 1-fluorodeoxyglecerol-3-P indicates in mice the reduction of 1-fluoro-3-hydroxyacetone-P to -l-1-fluorodexoxyglycerol-3-P  is not significant metabolic route, or that an alternative route exists when the alcohol dehydrogenase dependent pathway is inhibited.", "PMID": 1170881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3069", "title": "Bicarbonate stabilization of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase.", "content": "The carboxylase and oxygenase activities of purified soybean ribulose 1,5-di-P carboxylase (EC4.1.1.39) were unstable when reactions were initiated with enzyme. Time courses of carboxylase and oxygenase activities were curvilinear, approximating hyperbolas. Double reciprocal plots of amount of CO2 incorporated and P-glycolate produced vs. time were constructed to determine a constant representing the half-time of initial enzyme activity, K. K increased with increasing bicarbonate concentration but was independent of O2 tensions between 0.21 and 5 atm. When time courses of carboxylase and oxygenase activities were determined simultaneously, K was identical for both activities. Linear time courses were obtained py preincubation of the enzyme for 10 min in the absence of bicarbonate or by adding 46 mM MgCl2 to the reaction mixture. The observed bicarbonate-dependent decline in ribulose 1,5-di-P carboxylase activity with time is the probable cause for the anomalously high Km(CO2) values previously reported for this enzyme. In the experiments reported here, the apparent Km(CO2) at pH 8.5 increased from 6 muM CO2 at zero time to 78 muM CO2 at 10 min. The corresponding bicarbonate Km values ar 1;3 and 17 mM, respectively, The interaction between bicarbonate and enzyme may be important in the light activation of photosynthetic CO2 fixation in vivo.", "contents": "Bicarbonate stabilization of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase. The carboxylase and oxygenase activities of purified soybean ribulose 1,5-di-P carboxylase (EC4.1.1.39) were unstable when reactions were initiated with enzyme. Time courses of carboxylase and oxygenase activities were curvilinear, approximating hyperbolas. Double reciprocal plots of amount of CO2 incorporated and P-glycolate produced vs. time were constructed to determine a constant representing the half-time of initial enzyme activity, K. K increased with increasing bicarbonate concentration but was independent of O2 tensions between 0.21 and 5 atm. When time courses of carboxylase and oxygenase activities were determined simultaneously, K was identical for both activities. Linear time courses were obtained py preincubation of the enzyme for 10 min in the absence of bicarbonate or by adding 46 mM MgCl2 to the reaction mixture. The observed bicarbonate-dependent decline in ribulose 1,5-di-P carboxylase activity with time is the probable cause for the anomalously high Km(CO2) values previously reported for this enzyme. In the experiments reported here, the apparent Km(CO2) at pH 8.5 increased from 6 muM CO2 at zero time to 78 muM CO2 at 10 min. The corresponding bicarbonate Km values ar 1;3 and 17 mM, respectively, The interaction between bicarbonate and enzyme may be important in the light activation of photosynthetic CO2 fixation in vivo.", "PMID": 1170882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3070", "title": "The control of prothrombin conversion. Kinetic control by mechanisms inherent in two activation pathways.", "content": "It is known that the activation of prothrombin to thrombin can proceed via two pathways: one initiated by the prothrombin-converting complex (factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and CA2+ ions) and the other initiated by the product, thrombin. A kinetic study has shown that the pathways do not proceed with equal ease under all conditions. At high levels of the converting complex, both go to completion: some prothrombin is always cleaved by thrombin, but the resulting intermediate is then activated to give quantitative conversion to thrombin. At slower rates of activation, the product-initiated pathway occurs to a relatively greater extent. Moreover, the intermediate then is not cleaved further but accumulates, so that the generation of thrombin is curtailed. The reason the intermediate is productive only at higher levels of activator may be partly that it is a poorer substrate for the converting complex than prothrombin. More importantly, the activity of the complex is also modulated by thrombin, which rapidly destroys the activity of factor V and factor Xa in a feedback reaction. These concerted controls ensure that prothrombin activation damps itself. Thus thrombin production occurs as a burst, the size of which is regulated by the amounts of factor Xa and factor V initially available.", "contents": "The control of prothrombin conversion. Kinetic control by mechanisms inherent in two activation pathways. It is known that the activation of prothrombin to thrombin can proceed via two pathways: one initiated by the prothrombin-converting complex (factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and CA2+ ions) and the other initiated by the product, thrombin. A kinetic study has shown that the pathways do not proceed with equal ease under all conditions. At high levels of the converting complex, both go to completion: some prothrombin is always cleaved by thrombin, but the resulting intermediate is then activated to give quantitative conversion to thrombin. At slower rates of activation, the product-initiated pathway occurs to a relatively greater extent. Moreover, the intermediate then is not cleaved further but accumulates, so that the generation of thrombin is curtailed. The reason the intermediate is productive only at higher levels of activator may be partly that it is a poorer substrate for the converting complex than prothrombin. More importantly, the activity of the complex is also modulated by thrombin, which rapidly destroys the activity of factor V and factor Xa in a feedback reaction. These concerted controls ensure that prothrombin activation damps itself. Thus thrombin production occurs as a burst, the size of which is regulated by the amounts of factor Xa and factor V initially available.", "PMID": 1170883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3071", "title": "The conformation of proteins in chromatin. A circular dichroism study below 250 nm.", "content": "This paper is an investigation of the circular dichroism (CD) spectra of DNA and protein in chromatin. The circular dichroism (CD) of chromatin below 250 nm is due to DNA and protein peptide chromophores. The spectrum in this region is resolved into contributions from salt-extractable proteins (histone and non-histone proteins extractable with sodium chloride), residual non-histone proteins (not extractable with 3 M sodium chloride), and DNA. Below 250 nm, DNA in chromatin has the same CD spectrum as DNA free in solution, in contrast to the CD of DNA above 250 nm (Hjelm, R. and Huang, R. C., (1974), Biochemistry 13, 5275). Histones and salt-extractable non-histone proteins in chromatin are seen to have an average CD like those observed for globular proteins. The average CD of the residual non-histone proteins is consistent with a population of proteins with more extended conformation. The CD of each of these components is found to be the same in chromatins isolated from tissues having different nuclear synthetic activities: chick embryo brain, pig cerebellum, myeloma K41, calf thymus, and chicken erythrocyte.", "contents": "The conformation of proteins in chromatin. A circular dichroism study below 250 nm. This paper is an investigation of the circular dichroism (CD) spectra of DNA and protein in chromatin. The circular dichroism (CD) of chromatin below 250 nm is due to DNA and protein peptide chromophores. The spectrum in this region is resolved into contributions from salt-extractable proteins (histone and non-histone proteins extractable with sodium chloride), residual non-histone proteins (not extractable with 3 M sodium chloride), and DNA. Below 250 nm, DNA in chromatin has the same CD spectrum as DNA free in solution, in contrast to the CD of DNA above 250 nm (Hjelm, R. and Huang, R. C., (1974), Biochemistry 13, 5275). Histones and salt-extractable non-histone proteins in chromatin are seen to have an average CD like those observed for globular proteins. The average CD of the residual non-histone proteins is consistent with a population of proteins with more extended conformation. The CD of each of these components is found to be the same in chromatins isolated from tissues having different nuclear synthetic activities: chick embryo brain, pig cerebellum, myeloma K41, calf thymus, and chicken erythrocyte.", "PMID": 1170884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3072", "title": "Growth hormone covalently bound to sepharose or glass. Analysis of ligand release rates and characterization of soluble radiolabeled products.", "content": "Purified boveine growth hormone labeled enzymatically with iodine-125 was covalently coupled to cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose 4B gel and to diazotized zirconia-clad glass beads. Under the conditions employed, an average of 0.8 and 7.3 mg of hormone were bound per ml of Sepharose and glass, respectively. When the conjugates were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4), three separate radioactive species were detected in the incubation supernatant by chromatography on Sephadex G-75. The elution volumes of two of the species were identical with those of 125-I-labeled growth hormone and Na-125I controls, while the third component eluted as a moleucle of intermediate size. The rate of release of each species from the solid matrix was linear with time over 4 days and increased with temperature from 4 to 37 degrees. Although significantly less growth hormone was released from glass (0.14%/day) than from Sepharose (0.40%/day) at 37 degrees, active hormone in amounts sufficient to be detectable in a biological assay was nevertheless liberated from the former after as little as 4 hr of incubation. By contrast, the rate of release of 125-Iminus- and the intermediate-size compound from glass was significantly greater than from Sepharose, suggesting that protein bound to glass supports is more susceptible to degradation from exposure to ionizing radiation.", "contents": "Growth hormone covalently bound to sepharose or glass. Analysis of ligand release rates and characterization of soluble radiolabeled products. Purified boveine growth hormone labeled enzymatically with iodine-125 was covalently coupled to cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose 4B gel and to diazotized zirconia-clad glass beads. Under the conditions employed, an average of 0.8 and 7.3 mg of hormone were bound per ml of Sepharose and glass, respectively. When the conjugates were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4), three separate radioactive species were detected in the incubation supernatant by chromatography on Sephadex G-75. The elution volumes of two of the species were identical with those of 125-I-labeled growth hormone and Na-125I controls, while the third component eluted as a moleucle of intermediate size. The rate of release of each species from the solid matrix was linear with time over 4 days and increased with temperature from 4 to 37 degrees. Although significantly less growth hormone was released from glass (0.14%/day) than from Sepharose (0.40%/day) at 37 degrees, active hormone in amounts sufficient to be detectable in a biological assay was nevertheless liberated from the former after as little as 4 hr of incubation. By contrast, the rate of release of 125-Iminus- and the intermediate-size compound from glass was significantly greater than from Sepharose, suggesting that protein bound to glass supports is more susceptible to degradation from exposure to ionizing radiation.", "PMID": 1170885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3073", "title": "Changes in template activity and structure of nuclei from WI-38 cells in the prereplicative phase.", "content": "Quiescent confluent monolayers of WI-38 fibroblasts were stimulated to proliferate by either adding 10% fetal calf serum or by trypsinization and replating at lower density. The length of the prereplicative phase was 12 hr after serum stimulation and 18 hr after trypsinization and replating at lower density. Nuclei were isolated from WI-38 cells at different time intervals after either type of stimulation and their template activity, circular dichroism spectra, and ability to bind ethidium bromide were investigated. All these parameters were similarly increased after either type of stimulation. However, these changes, like the onset of DNA synthesis, were delayed 6 hr in cells trypsinized and replated at lower density. While there were no detectable changes in nuclear protein content after serum stimulation, at least 40% of nuclear protein, mostly nonhistone chromosomal proteins, were lost after trypsinization. The amount of nuclear proteins returned to prestimulation levels only 6-8 hr after replating. These data seem to suggest that nonhistone chromosomal proteins lost by trypsinization are essential for the entrance of WI-38 cells into the \"prereplicative phase\".", "contents": "Changes in template activity and structure of nuclei from WI-38 cells in the prereplicative phase. Quiescent confluent monolayers of WI-38 fibroblasts were stimulated to proliferate by either adding 10% fetal calf serum or by trypsinization and replating at lower density. The length of the prereplicative phase was 12 hr after serum stimulation and 18 hr after trypsinization and replating at lower density. Nuclei were isolated from WI-38 cells at different time intervals after either type of stimulation and their template activity, circular dichroism spectra, and ability to bind ethidium bromide were investigated. All these parameters were similarly increased after either type of stimulation. However, these changes, like the onset of DNA synthesis, were delayed 6 hr in cells trypsinized and replated at lower density. While there were no detectable changes in nuclear protein content after serum stimulation, at least 40% of nuclear protein, mostly nonhistone chromosomal proteins, were lost after trypsinization. The amount of nuclear proteins returned to prestimulation levels only 6-8 hr after replating. These data seem to suggest that nonhistone chromosomal proteins lost by trypsinization are essential for the entrance of WI-38 cells into the \"prereplicative phase\".", "PMID": 1170886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3074", "title": "DNA chain termination by 2',3'-dideoxythymidine in replicating mammalian cells.", "content": "The thymidine analog, 2,3-dideoxythymidine (ddT), is rapidly phosphorylated and incorporated terminally at 3-ends of growing DNA chains in replicating mammalian cells. Following some initial loss of ddT incorporated into DNA chains, the major portion is retained for periods equivalent to more than two normal cell generations. Some ddT appears at the termini of oligonucleotides, a portion of which have chromatographic properties suggesting internally complementary sequences. While these oligonucleotides may include degraduation fragments, it is possible that some represent replication initiation sequences.", "contents": "DNA chain termination by 2',3'-dideoxythymidine in replicating mammalian cells. The thymidine analog, 2,3-dideoxythymidine (ddT), is rapidly phosphorylated and incorporated terminally at 3-ends of growing DNA chains in replicating mammalian cells. Following some initial loss of ddT incorporated into DNA chains, the major portion is retained for periods equivalent to more than two normal cell generations. Some ddT appears at the termini of oligonucleotides, a portion of which have chromatographic properties suggesting internally complementary sequences. While these oligonucleotides may include degraduation fragments, it is possible that some represent replication initiation sequences.", "PMID": 1170887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3075", "title": "Structural studies on bovine prothrombin. Isolation and partial characterization of the Ca2+ binding and carbohydrate containing peptides of the N-terminus region.", "content": "Three peptides, one of which binds Ca2-+ (calcium binding fragment, CBF) but contains no carbohydrates and two of which bind no Ca2-+ but contain carbohydrates, have been isolated from the N-terminus region of bovine prothrombin. The preparation of these peptides involved (a) thrombin cleavage of prothrombin to intermediate 1 (thrombinogenic) and fragment 1 (nonthrombinogenic), (b) tryptic attack on fragment 1, and (c) separation of the CBF from the latter reaction by addition of a phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylserine dispersion in the presence of Ca-2+. Further study on the non-calcium-binding peptides from the tryptic digest of fragment 1 revealed the presence of two low molecular weight glycopeptides, GP-1 and GP-2. A detailed examination of the chemical characteristics of CBF provided some insight into this unusual peptide. Whereas fragment 1, as well as prothrombin, exhibited two classes of Ca-2+ binding sites (one of high affinity, 3-4 mol/mol of peptide and the other of low affinity, 10-12 mol/mol of peptide), CBF bound only 3-4 mol of Ca-2+/mol of peptide. This indicated the presence of only the high affinity sites of the parent molecule. CBF contained an unusually high level of glutamic acid (approximately 30% of the total amino acids as determined in an acid hydrolysate) and had an N-terminal glycine. Most likely these glutamyl residues were present originally as the gamma-carboxyglutamyl residue as proposed by Stenflo et al. (Stenflo, J., Ferlung, P., Egan, W., and Roepstorff, P. (1974), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S-A 71, 2730). The CBF contained no detectable carbohydrate. Its molecular weight varied inexplicably according to the procedure used and gave the following values; 8500, by gel filtration; 5200, by 6 M guanidine-HCl gel chromatography; 3490, by analytical ultracentrifugation. The glycopeptides, GP-1 and GP-2, were distinguished from each other by differences in their behavior on ion exchange chromatography and in their amino acid composition, and from CBF by their inability to bind calcium under any conditions. On the other hand, GP-1 and GP-2 had nearly identical levels of carbohydrate, 45.1 and 48.0 wt %, and possessed essentially the same percent distribution of carbohydrates: sialic acid, 16.5 plus or minus 0.5; mannose, 10.3 plus or minus 0.4; glucosamine, 11.2 plus or minus 0.1; galactose, 7.9 plus or minus 0.3. Their molecular weights were as follows: GP-1, 70000, by gel filtration; 6500, by 6 M guanidine-HCl gel chromatography; 4600, by ultracentrifugation; GP-2, 6500 by gel filtration; 6900, by 6 M guanidine-HCl gel chromatography; 1960, by analytical ultracentifugation. Though there are some obvious variations depending on method, this could be attributable to a probable error in v measurement on these carbohydrate containing peptides. The significance of these findings as they relate to prothrombin to thrombin conversion is discussed.", "contents": "Structural studies on bovine prothrombin. Isolation and partial characterization of the Ca2+ binding and carbohydrate containing peptides of the N-terminus region. Three peptides, one of which binds Ca2-+ (calcium binding fragment, CBF) but contains no carbohydrates and two of which bind no Ca2-+ but contain carbohydrates, have been isolated from the N-terminus region of bovine prothrombin. The preparation of these peptides involved (a) thrombin cleavage of prothrombin to intermediate 1 (thrombinogenic) and fragment 1 (nonthrombinogenic), (b) tryptic attack on fragment 1, and (c) separation of the CBF from the latter reaction by addition of a phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylserine dispersion in the presence of Ca-2+. Further study on the non-calcium-binding peptides from the tryptic digest of fragment 1 revealed the presence of two low molecular weight glycopeptides, GP-1 and GP-2. A detailed examination of the chemical characteristics of CBF provided some insight into this unusual peptide. Whereas fragment 1, as well as prothrombin, exhibited two classes of Ca-2+ binding sites (one of high affinity, 3-4 mol/mol of peptide and the other of low affinity, 10-12 mol/mol of peptide), CBF bound only 3-4 mol of Ca-2+/mol of peptide. This indicated the presence of only the high affinity sites of the parent molecule. CBF contained an unusually high level of glutamic acid (approximately 30% of the total amino acids as determined in an acid hydrolysate) and had an N-terminal glycine. Most likely these glutamyl residues were present originally as the gamma-carboxyglutamyl residue as proposed by Stenflo et al. (Stenflo, J., Ferlung, P., Egan, W., and Roepstorff, P. (1974), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S-A 71, 2730). The CBF contained no detectable carbohydrate. Its molecular weight varied inexplicably according to the procedure used and gave the following values; 8500, by gel filtration; 5200, by 6 M guanidine-HCl gel chromatography; 3490, by analytical ultracentrifugation. The glycopeptides, GP-1 and GP-2, were distinguished from each other by differences in their behavior on ion exchange chromatography and in their amino acid composition, and from CBF by their inability to bind calcium under any conditions. On the other hand, GP-1 and GP-2 had nearly identical levels of carbohydrate, 45.1 and 48.0 wt %, and possessed essentially the same percent distribution of carbohydrates: sialic acid, 16.5 plus or minus 0.5; mannose, 10.3 plus or minus 0.4; glucosamine, 11.2 plus or minus 0.1; galactose, 7.9 plus or minus 0.3. Their molecular weights were as follows: GP-1, 70000, by gel filtration; 6500, by 6 M guanidine-HCl gel chromatography; 4600, by ultracentrifugation; GP-2, 6500 by gel filtration; 6900, by 6 M guanidine-HCl gel chromatography; 1960, by analytical ultracentifugation. Though there are some obvious variations depending on method, this could be attributable to a probable error in v measurement on these carbohydrate containing peptides. The significance of these findings as they relate to prothrombin to thrombin conversion is discussed.", "PMID": 1170888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3076", "title": "Dynamic equilibrium in histone assembly: self-assembly of single histones and histone pairs.", "content": "The assembly of acid-extracted, purified F2a1, F3, F2a2, and F2b histones and their six possible pairwise combination into organized structures has been studied by: (1) sedimentation velocity, (2) sedimentation equilibrium, (3) electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate after cross-linking the protein solution with dimethyl suberimidate, and (4) electron microscopy. Each of the purified histone fractions can renature and assemble into high molecular weight organized structures. This assembly is dependent on the ionic strength, protein concentration, and temperature of the solutions. The four histones studied assemble into structures of similar dimensions and shape. In each case the first structure observed is a bent rod with a diameter of 22 A. Conditions which favor assembly lead to formation of fibers with diameters of about 44 A. The conditions which lead to assembly into organized structures are similar for the arginine-rich histones, F2a1 and F3. Higher ionic strength is required for the assembly of the lysine-rich histones, F2a2 and F2b. Certain pairs of histones interact. Strong interactions among pairs of histones interfere with the self-assembly of single histones into large structures. Howver, increase in protein concentration or ionic stregth leads to formation of large molecular structures even in solutions of pairs of strongly interacting histones. These structures are similar to those obtained with single histones. The results suggest that aggregation and complexing of histones represent a reversible, ordered process of assembly. The various assembled forms are in a dynamic equilibrium. The final assembled form, which is similar in all cases, is dependent on the environmental conditions to which the histones are exposed. It is suggested that each of the assembled histone structures, regardless whether it is composed of a single histone or a pair of histones, can serve as a core around which the DNA can be wrapped.", "contents": "Dynamic equilibrium in histone assembly: self-assembly of single histones and histone pairs. The assembly of acid-extracted, purified F2a1, F3, F2a2, and F2b histones and their six possible pairwise combination into organized structures has been studied by: (1) sedimentation velocity, (2) sedimentation equilibrium, (3) electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate after cross-linking the protein solution with dimethyl suberimidate, and (4) electron microscopy. Each of the purified histone fractions can renature and assemble into high molecular weight organized structures. This assembly is dependent on the ionic strength, protein concentration, and temperature of the solutions. The four histones studied assemble into structures of similar dimensions and shape. In each case the first structure observed is a bent rod with a diameter of 22 A. Conditions which favor assembly lead to formation of fibers with diameters of about 44 A. The conditions which lead to assembly into organized structures are similar for the arginine-rich histones, F2a1 and F3. Higher ionic strength is required for the assembly of the lysine-rich histones, F2a2 and F2b. Certain pairs of histones interact. Strong interactions among pairs of histones interfere with the self-assembly of single histones into large structures. Howver, increase in protein concentration or ionic stregth leads to formation of large molecular structures even in solutions of pairs of strongly interacting histones. These structures are similar to those obtained with single histones. The results suggest that aggregation and complexing of histones represent a reversible, ordered process of assembly. The various assembled forms are in a dynamic equilibrium. The final assembled form, which is similar in all cases, is dependent on the environmental conditions to which the histones are exposed. It is suggested that each of the assembled histone structures, regardless whether it is composed of a single histone or a pair of histones, can serve as a core around which the DNA can be wrapped.", "PMID": 1170889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3077", "title": "Structural studies on phophatidylcholine-cholesterol mixed vesicles.", "content": "The homogeneous, single-walled phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol mixed vesicles were prepared by ultrasonic irradiation of egg phosphatidylcholine in the presence of various amounts of cholesterol in solution at 4 degrees under a nitrogen atmosphere followed by molecular sieve chromatography on a Sepharose 4B column. Physicochemical studies performed on these systems invluding sedimentation velocity, diffusion, partial specific volume, intrinsic viscosity, and trapped volume measurements allowed estimation of the weight-average vesicle weight, the vesicle shape, and bilayer membrane thickness of the binary mixture of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Vesicle hydration was calculated using two different methods and the agreement between them was excellent up to cholesterol concentration of 0.32 mole fraction. It was observed that the structural parameters change slowly with increasing cholesterol content up to around 0.3 mole fraction and a relatively abrupt structural alteration occurs above this cholesterol content. This abrupt structural change is consistent with the asymmetrical distribution of lipid composition between the inner and outer bilayer face.", "contents": "Structural studies on phophatidylcholine-cholesterol mixed vesicles. The homogeneous, single-walled phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol mixed vesicles were prepared by ultrasonic irradiation of egg phosphatidylcholine in the presence of various amounts of cholesterol in solution at 4 degrees under a nitrogen atmosphere followed by molecular sieve chromatography on a Sepharose 4B column. Physicochemical studies performed on these systems invluding sedimentation velocity, diffusion, partial specific volume, intrinsic viscosity, and trapped volume measurements allowed estimation of the weight-average vesicle weight, the vesicle shape, and bilayer membrane thickness of the binary mixture of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Vesicle hydration was calculated using two different methods and the agreement between them was excellent up to cholesterol concentration of 0.32 mole fraction. It was observed that the structural parameters change slowly with increasing cholesterol content up to around 0.3 mole fraction and a relatively abrupt structural alteration occurs above this cholesterol content. This abrupt structural change is consistent with the asymmetrical distribution of lipid composition between the inner and outer bilayer face.", "PMID": 1170890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3078", "title": "Ionic strength induced structure in histone H4 and its fragments.", "content": "The salt-induced folding and self-association of histone H4 and its fragments (1-23), (25-67), (69-84), and (69-102) have been studied at the same molar concentration (1 mM) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), circular dichroism (CD), and ir spectroscopy. Byeach of these techniques intact histone H4 exhibited a fast structural change, involving the formation of alphaR helix and aggregation, and also a slow change involving beta-structure formation. Fragment (25-67) was found to behave in a manner similar to the intact molecule for the fast change, showing both helix formation and aggregation but exhibited no time-dependent effects. All the other fragments were found to be essentially noninteracting. It is concluded that (25-67) contains the rgion critical for the folding and self-association of histone H4. On the basis of these results a model is proposed for the self-association of histone H4 in which helix is located between residues 49 and 73, while the beta structure lies between 74 and the C-terminus.", "contents": "Ionic strength induced structure in histone H4 and its fragments. The salt-induced folding and self-association of histone H4 and its fragments (1-23), (25-67), (69-84), and (69-102) have been studied at the same molar concentration (1 mM) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), circular dichroism (CD), and ir spectroscopy. Byeach of these techniques intact histone H4 exhibited a fast structural change, involving the formation of alphaR helix and aggregation, and also a slow change involving beta-structure formation. Fragment (25-67) was found to behave in a manner similar to the intact molecule for the fast change, showing both helix formation and aggregation but exhibited no time-dependent effects. All the other fragments were found to be essentially noninteracting. It is concluded that (25-67) contains the rgion critical for the folding and self-association of histone H4. On the basis of these results a model is proposed for the self-association of histone H4 in which helix is located between residues 49 and 73, while the beta structure lies between 74 and the C-terminus.", "PMID": 1170891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3079", "title": "The cytotoxins of cobra venoms. Isolation and partial characterization.", "content": "Eight basic proteins which lyse virus-transformed mouse fibroblasts in culture have been isolated from the venoms of six Asian Naja naja subspecies. These cytotoxins appear to represent an homologous series of proteins, all within the molecular weight range of 7000-8000. They have been divided into three arbitrary types on the basis of amino acid composition, electrophoretic mobilities and elution order upon ion-exchange chromatography. The rate at which the toxins effect cell lysis: (1) appears to be a function of the basicity of each toxin; (2) is dependent upon toxin concentration; (3) is temperature dependent; and (4) is inhibited by heparin sulfate. In view of the physical changes, which the cell undergoes during lysis and of the various factors which affect the action of these proteins, it is proposed that interaction of membrane receptors with the toxin, leading to alteration of cell membrane structure, is the principal event which ultimately leads to the disruption of the cell.", "contents": "The cytotoxins of cobra venoms. Isolation and partial characterization. Eight basic proteins which lyse virus-transformed mouse fibroblasts in culture have been isolated from the venoms of six Asian Naja naja subspecies. These cytotoxins appear to represent an homologous series of proteins, all within the molecular weight range of 7000-8000. They have been divided into three arbitrary types on the basis of amino acid composition, electrophoretic mobilities and elution order upon ion-exchange chromatography. The rate at which the toxins effect cell lysis: (1) appears to be a function of the basicity of each toxin; (2) is dependent upon toxin concentration; (3) is temperature dependent; and (4) is inhibited by heparin sulfate. In view of the physical changes, which the cell undergoes during lysis and of the various factors which affect the action of these proteins, it is proposed that interaction of membrane receptors with the toxin, leading to alteration of cell membrane structure, is the principal event which ultimately leads to the disruption of the cell.", "PMID": 1170892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3080", "title": "Dynamic state of concanavalin A receptor interactions on fibroblast surfaces.", "content": "Cultured normal and transformed fibroblasts were treated \"in situ\" by the concanavalin A-peroxidase labelling technique. It is known that peroxidase recognizes only a fraction of the bound lectin depending on the cell type. Kinetics studies revealed that 80 to 95 percent of the peroxidase and only 10 percent of the lectin are released from the cell surface when the labelled cells were reincubated at 37 degrees C. It is shown that it is mostly the concanavalin traced by peroxidase that is released and also that the lectin and the enzyme are shed as a complex or concomitantly. Consequently, the shedding pattern of the enzyme is used to demonstrate heterogeneity in the lectin binding sites; there are two main components labelled by concanavalin and peroxidase, one which has a short period (from 6 to 16 min) and another one with a much longer one (1.3 to 3 h). It is shown that when cells are incubated at 37 degrees C after a lectin treatment, secondary binding forces occur between the lectin and cell surface components which render the lectin unavailable for inhibiting sugars. Under the same conditions, some peroxidase can still be bound and a slight agglutination can still occur.", "contents": "Dynamic state of concanavalin A receptor interactions on fibroblast surfaces. Cultured normal and transformed fibroblasts were treated \"in situ\" by the concanavalin A-peroxidase labelling technique. It is known that peroxidase recognizes only a fraction of the bound lectin depending on the cell type. Kinetics studies revealed that 80 to 95 percent of the peroxidase and only 10 percent of the lectin are released from the cell surface when the labelled cells were reincubated at 37 degrees C. It is shown that it is mostly the concanavalin traced by peroxidase that is released and also that the lectin and the enzyme are shed as a complex or concomitantly. Consequently, the shedding pattern of the enzyme is used to demonstrate heterogeneity in the lectin binding sites; there are two main components labelled by concanavalin and peroxidase, one which has a short period (from 6 to 16 min) and another one with a much longer one (1.3 to 3 h). It is shown that when cells are incubated at 37 degrees C after a lectin treatment, secondary binding forces occur between the lectin and cell surface components which render the lectin unavailable for inhibiting sugars. Under the same conditions, some peroxidase can still be bound and a slight agglutination can still occur.", "PMID": 1170893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3081", "title": "Nitrate reductase from bacteroides of Rhizobium japonicum: enzyme characteristics and possible interaction with nitrogen fixation.", "content": "The soluble nitrate reductase of Rhizobium japonicum bacteroids has been purified and its properties compared to those of aerobically grown cells. The enzymes from both sources are similar with molecular weights of about 70 000 suggesting no close relationship with the molybdo-protein component of nitrogenase. Nitrite, the product of nitrate reductase, strongly inhibited the nitrogenase activity from bacteroids, at concentrations less than 100 muM. Thus, an interference in the rate of nitrogen fixation is possible as a result of nitrate reductase activity. A study of the distribution of nitrate reductase in bacteroids indicates that a proportion of the total activity is membrane-bound but that this activity is similar to that in the soluble fraction. Purified nitrate reductase required reduced viologen dyes for activity. Neither NADPH or NADH or FAD could substitute as electron donors. Dithionite is a strong inhibitor and inactivated nitrate reductase from all sources examined. This inactivation is prevented by methyl viologen. Purified nitrate reductase from bacteroids and bacteria Rhizobium japonicum is practically unaffected by exposure to oxygen.", "contents": "Nitrate reductase from bacteroides of Rhizobium japonicum: enzyme characteristics and possible interaction with nitrogen fixation. The soluble nitrate reductase of Rhizobium japonicum bacteroids has been purified and its properties compared to those of aerobically grown cells. The enzymes from both sources are similar with molecular weights of about 70 000 suggesting no close relationship with the molybdo-protein component of nitrogenase. Nitrite, the product of nitrate reductase, strongly inhibited the nitrogenase activity from bacteroids, at concentrations less than 100 muM. Thus, an interference in the rate of nitrogen fixation is possible as a result of nitrate reductase activity. A study of the distribution of nitrate reductase in bacteroids indicates that a proportion of the total activity is membrane-bound but that this activity is similar to that in the soluble fraction. Purified nitrate reductase required reduced viologen dyes for activity. Neither NADPH or NADH or FAD could substitute as electron donors. Dithionite is a strong inhibitor and inactivated nitrate reductase from all sources examined. This inactivation is prevented by methyl viologen. Purified nitrate reductase from bacteroids and bacteria Rhizobium japonicum is practically unaffected by exposure to oxygen.", "PMID": 1170894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3082", "title": "Mossbauer effect studies in the fungus Phycomyces.", "content": "Mossbauer spectra of 57- Fe have been observed from different parts (mycelia, spores, sporangiophores) of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus grown in an agar medium isotopically enriched with 57- Fe. The spectra indicate that the iron within Phycomyces exists primarily in two chemical states: one which is the same as that of the iron in the growth medium and the other in the form of ferritin, an iron-storage protein. The amount of iron in the former state is observed to decrease relative to the amount of iron in the latter state in going from mycelia to the sporangiophores to the sporangia themselves. Thus, the conversion of iron from the chemical state of the nutrient to ferritin has been monitored for different parts of the phycomyces. In addition, our spectra indicate that at low temperatures the iron atoms clustered within a ferritin molecule are antiferromagnetically coupled. The size of these clusters is inferred from their superparamagnetic behavior at low tempertures and comparison with horse ferritin indicates that the phycomyces ferritin iron clusters are smaller by a factor of two.", "contents": "Mossbauer effect studies in the fungus Phycomyces. Mossbauer spectra of 57- Fe have been observed from different parts (mycelia, spores, sporangiophores) of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus grown in an agar medium isotopically enriched with 57- Fe. The spectra indicate that the iron within Phycomyces exists primarily in two chemical states: one which is the same as that of the iron in the growth medium and the other in the form of ferritin, an iron-storage protein. The amount of iron in the former state is observed to decrease relative to the amount of iron in the latter state in going from mycelia to the sporangiophores to the sporangia themselves. Thus, the conversion of iron from the chemical state of the nutrient to ferritin has been monitored for different parts of the phycomyces. In addition, our spectra indicate that at low temperatures the iron atoms clustered within a ferritin molecule are antiferromagnetically coupled. The size of these clusters is inferred from their superparamagnetic behavior at low tempertures and comparison with horse ferritin indicates that the phycomyces ferritin iron clusters are smaller by a factor of two.", "PMID": 1170896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3083", "title": "Analytical gel chromatography of rabbit muscle amylo-1,6-glucosidase/4-alpha-glucanotransferase under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions.", "content": "Rabbit muscle amylo-1,6-glucosidase/4-alpha-glucanotransferase has a molecular weight of 160 000-170 000 as determined by analytical gel chromatography under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions. Three different data analyses of the results of gel chromatography in the presence of 6 M guanidine-HCl on 4% agarose give values of 159 000, 161 000, and 165 000 for amylo-1,6-glucosidase/4-alpha-glucanotransferase from rabbit muscle. Analytical gel chromatography under non-denaturing conditions gives a value of 170 000 for the molecular weight and a value of 4.8 nm for the Stokes'' radius. A calculation based on the Stokes radius using the Svedberg equation gives a value of 160 000 for the molecular weight. This verifies by two independent methods the previously reported molecular weight for the protein using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results establish that the mammalian debranching enzyme is a single polypeptide chain containing two enzymatic activities.", "contents": "Analytical gel chromatography of rabbit muscle amylo-1,6-glucosidase/4-alpha-glucanotransferase under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions. Rabbit muscle amylo-1,6-glucosidase/4-alpha-glucanotransferase has a molecular weight of 160 000-170 000 as determined by analytical gel chromatography under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions. Three different data analyses of the results of gel chromatography in the presence of 6 M guanidine-HCl on 4% agarose give values of 159 000, 161 000, and 165 000 for amylo-1,6-glucosidase/4-alpha-glucanotransferase from rabbit muscle. Analytical gel chromatography under non-denaturing conditions gives a value of 170 000 for the molecular weight and a value of 4.8 nm for the Stokes'' radius. A calculation based on the Stokes radius using the Svedberg equation gives a value of 160 000 for the molecular weight. This verifies by two independent methods the previously reported molecular weight for the protein using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results establish that the mammalian debranching enzyme is a single polypeptide chain containing two enzymatic activities.", "PMID": 1170897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3084", "title": "Infrared spectroscopy of the water vapor sorption process of caseins.", "content": "Infrared spectra of as-, beta- and micellar casein were studied at relative water vapor pressures (p/po) ranging from 0 to 0.98. The samples were prepared as self-supporting films by evaporating concentrated aqueous suspensions of the caseins under study. An infrared cell and a vacuum apparatus were constructed which allowed exposure of the casein films either to vacuum or to sorbate vapor. Following the increase in intensities of the OH and O2H absorption bands during hydration, a sigmoid-shaped curve was observed, similar to the type II isotherm usually obtained by gravimetric sorption measurements. The pronounced frequency and intensity changes in the amide I, II and III bands in the p/po range from 0 to about 0.10 lead to the conclusion that water molecules are already attached to the peptide repeat unit at very low humidities. Based on calculations of the amount of polar groups per casein molecule it was shown that much less than one water molecule per polar group is needed to cause these significant spectral changes.", "contents": "Infrared spectroscopy of the water vapor sorption process of caseins. Infrared spectra of as-, beta- and micellar casein were studied at relative water vapor pressures (p/po) ranging from 0 to 0.98. The samples were prepared as self-supporting films by evaporating concentrated aqueous suspensions of the caseins under study. An infrared cell and a vacuum apparatus were constructed which allowed exposure of the casein films either to vacuum or to sorbate vapor. Following the increase in intensities of the OH and O2H absorption bands during hydration, a sigmoid-shaped curve was observed, similar to the type II isotherm usually obtained by gravimetric sorption measurements. The pronounced frequency and intensity changes in the amide I, II and III bands in the p/po range from 0 to about 0.10 lead to the conclusion that water molecules are already attached to the peptide repeat unit at very low humidities. Based on calculations of the amount of polar groups per casein molecule it was shown that much less than one water molecule per polar group is needed to cause these significant spectral changes.", "PMID": 1170898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3085", "title": "Heparin-sensitive and nonsensitive forms of thrombin.", "content": "Two forms of thrombin (Ts-thrombin and Tp-thrombin) were found with respect to heparin sensitivity. Inactivation of Ts-thrombin by antithrombin-III was facilitated with heparin, whereas inactivation of Tp-thrombin was not. Both thrombins were bound to heparin in a Sephadex G-200 gel filtration experiment. Ts-thrombin proved to be more stable and was better protected by heparin against heat inactivation of 54 degrees C than Tp-thrombin.", "contents": "Heparin-sensitive and nonsensitive forms of thrombin. Two forms of thrombin (Ts-thrombin and Tp-thrombin) were found with respect to heparin sensitivity. Inactivation of Ts-thrombin by antithrombin-III was facilitated with heparin, whereas inactivation of Tp-thrombin was not. Both thrombins were bound to heparin in a Sephadex G-200 gel filtration experiment. Ts-thrombin proved to be more stable and was better protected by heparin against heat inactivation of 54 degrees C than Tp-thrombin.", "PMID": 1170899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3086", "title": "DNA synthesis from the beta-carbon of serine by fetal and mature human liver.", "content": "Incorporation of radioactivity from L-3-(14) C-serine into DNA was at least 2-fold higher in fetal human liver slices (413 +/- 21 dpm/mg wet weight/h); the incorporation into RNA by fetal human liver slices (49 +/- 6 dpm/mg wet weight/h) was 10-fold lower than into DNA. These incorporations were not limited by endogenous methionine. When the serine concentration of the liver slices is taken into consideration, the synthesis of DNA utilizing the beta-carbon atom of serine was 4-fold higher in fetal human liver slices than in mature human liver slices. Those results suggest that the modified pathways of transsulfuration of methionine metabolism and remethylation of homocysteine to methionine may be an adaptation by the human fetus for diverting the beta-carbon atom of serine into de novo synthesis of DNA.", "contents": "DNA synthesis from the beta-carbon of serine by fetal and mature human liver. Incorporation of radioactivity from L-3-(14) C-serine into DNA was at least 2-fold higher in fetal human liver slices (413 +/- 21 dpm/mg wet weight/h); the incorporation into RNA by fetal human liver slices (49 +/- 6 dpm/mg wet weight/h) was 10-fold lower than into DNA. These incorporations were not limited by endogenous methionine. When the serine concentration of the liver slices is taken into consideration, the synthesis of DNA utilizing the beta-carbon atom of serine was 4-fold higher in fetal human liver slices than in mature human liver slices. Those results suggest that the modified pathways of transsulfuration of methionine metabolism and remethylation of homocysteine to methionine may be an adaptation by the human fetus for diverting the beta-carbon atom of serine into de novo synthesis of DNA.", "PMID": 1170901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3087", "title": "Radiation damage to bull sperm motility. III. Further x-ray studies.", "content": "The results of previous radiation experiments, which indicated that the centriole serves as a control center for bull sperm motility, appear to be in conflict with experiments showing that the bull sperm flagellum is an autonomous oscillator. To resolve this conflict experiments were conducted to calibrate absolutely the dose-response curves for the radiation damage, and to measure the force production and the mechanochemical energy conversion after irradiation in bull sperm. The results indicate that the centriole acts as a mechanical anchor for the contractile fibers.", "contents": "Radiation damage to bull sperm motility. III. Further x-ray studies. The results of previous radiation experiments, which indicated that the centriole serves as a control center for bull sperm motility, appear to be in conflict with experiments showing that the bull sperm flagellum is an autonomous oscillator. To resolve this conflict experiments were conducted to calibrate absolutely the dose-response curves for the radiation damage, and to measure the force production and the mechanochemical energy conversion after irradiation in bull sperm. The results indicate that the centriole acts as a mechanical anchor for the contractile fibers.", "PMID": 1170903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3088", "title": "Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity in aging.", "content": "In general, both cell-mediated and humoral immune activities decline with advancing age and, associated with this decline, is an increase in the incidence of certain types of autoimmune disease, cancer and infection. Not only may the relationship be causal, but the former may be a significant factor involved in the expression of the latter. Discussion is focused primarily on the relative contribution of extrinsic and intrinsic factors responsible for the immunodeficiency of aging individuals.", "contents": "Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity in aging. In general, both cell-mediated and humoral immune activities decline with advancing age and, associated with this decline, is an increase in the incidence of certain types of autoimmune disease, cancer and infection. Not only may the relationship be causal, but the former may be a significant factor involved in the expression of the latter. Discussion is focused primarily on the relative contribution of extrinsic and intrinsic factors responsible for the immunodeficiency of aging individuals.", "PMID": 1170904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3089", "title": "[Effect of the mitochondrial ionophore for divalent cations on bilayer phospholipid membranes].", "content": "It has been shown that ionophore of bivalent cations (IBC) isolated from fatless, subjected to partial triptic hydrolysis cattle heart or liver mitochondria decreases BPM resistance inducing Ca2+ conductivity. Ions of lanthane in micromolar concentrations decrease calcium conductivity induced with IBC. When ten-fold gradient in Ca2+ was created on BPM the intitiation of the membrane potential fo 9-11 mV was observed. The role fo IBC and water soluble factors binding Ca2+ with high affinity, in the mitochrondial mechanism of Ca2+ translocation is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of the mitochondrial ionophore for divalent cations on bilayer phospholipid membranes]. It has been shown that ionophore of bivalent cations (IBC) isolated from fatless, subjected to partial triptic hydrolysis cattle heart or liver mitochondria decreases BPM resistance inducing Ca2+ conductivity. Ions of lanthane in micromolar concentrations decrease calcium conductivity induced with IBC. When ten-fold gradient in Ca2+ was created on BPM the intitiation of the membrane potential fo 9-11 mV was observed. The role fo IBC and water soluble factors binding Ca2+ with high affinity, in the mitochrondial mechanism of Ca2+ translocation is discussed.", "PMID": 1170900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3090", "title": "Biosynthesis and secretion of immunoglobulins by peripheral blood lymphocytes in severe hypogammaglobulinemia and by cultured lymphoblast cells.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes of two patients with infantile X-linked agammaglobulinemia could neither synthesize nor secrete immunoglobulins in detectable amounts. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with common variable type of hypogammaglobulinemia synthesize but do not secrete immunoglobulins. Serologic precipitation with antiimmunoglobulin serum and acrylamide-gel analysis of immunoglobulins synthesized by lymphocytes of these patients showed predominant mu-chain, as compared to immunoglobulins synthesized by normal lymphocytes. Biosynthesis and secretion of immunoglobulins by cultured lymphoblast cells from normal persons was very much analogous to that of lymphocytes of hypogammaglobulinemic patients. These findings suggest that lymphocytes of patients with common variable type of hypogammaglobulinemia are immature B cells like cultured lymphoblast cells, and that a block in cytodifferentiation of IgM to IgG-producing cells is present in their B cells.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and secretion of immunoglobulins by peripheral blood lymphocytes in severe hypogammaglobulinemia and by cultured lymphoblast cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of two patients with infantile X-linked agammaglobulinemia could neither synthesize nor secrete immunoglobulins in detectable amounts. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with common variable type of hypogammaglobulinemia synthesize but do not secrete immunoglobulins. Serologic precipitation with antiimmunoglobulin serum and acrylamide-gel analysis of immunoglobulins synthesized by lymphocytes of these patients showed predominant mu-chain, as compared to immunoglobulins synthesized by normal lymphocytes. Biosynthesis and secretion of immunoglobulins by cultured lymphoblast cells from normal persons was very much analogous to that of lymphocytes of hypogammaglobulinemic patients. These findings suggest that lymphocytes of patients with common variable type of hypogammaglobulinemia are immature B cells like cultured lymphoblast cells, and that a block in cytodifferentiation of IgM to IgG-producing cells is present in their B cells.", "PMID": 1170905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3091", "title": "Variation in activity of monoamine metabolizing enzymes in rat liver during pregnancy.", "content": "1. Catechol-0-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in rat liver were measured during pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. Compared with activity in non-pregnant controls, both enzymes showed a significant decrease in activity which was most pronounced at day 18. 2. The metabolism of intravenously infused [3H]-adrenaline to [3H]-metanephrine and to [3H]-acidic metabolites was also significantly depressed during pregnancy but had returned to control values by the 21st day. 3. The effects of reserpine and/or nialamide on hepatic COMT and MAO were studied in control and 20-day-pregnant rats. Their action on COMT activity differed in the two groups. MAO was inhibited to a similar extent in these groups whether the drugs were given separately or in combination. 4. It seems possible that the changes in endocrine function which occur during pregnancy are responsible for the observed alterations in enzyme activity.", "contents": "Variation in activity of monoamine metabolizing enzymes in rat liver during pregnancy. 1. Catechol-0-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in rat liver were measured during pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. Compared with activity in non-pregnant controls, both enzymes showed a significant decrease in activity which was most pronounced at day 18. 2. The metabolism of intravenously infused [3H]-adrenaline to [3H]-metanephrine and to [3H]-acidic metabolites was also significantly depressed during pregnancy but had returned to control values by the 21st day. 3. The effects of reserpine and/or nialamide on hepatic COMT and MAO were studied in control and 20-day-pregnant rats. Their action on COMT activity differed in the two groups. MAO was inhibited to a similar extent in these groups whether the drugs were given separately or in combination. 4. It seems possible that the changes in endocrine function which occur during pregnancy are responsible for the observed alterations in enzyme activity.", "PMID": 1170911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3092", "title": "An abnormality of oestrogen feedback in amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea.", "content": "Fourteen patients with amenorrhoea and hyperprolactin-anemia but no evidence of pituitary tumours were each given an intramuscular injection of 1 mg oestradiol benzoate. Thirteen patients failed to release luteinizing hormone in response to the oestrogen. This hypothalamic abnormality may help to explain the menstrual disturbances in subjects with hyperprolactinaemia.", "contents": "An abnormality of oestrogen feedback in amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea. Fourteen patients with amenorrhoea and hyperprolactin-anemia but no evidence of pituitary tumours were each given an intramuscular injection of 1 mg oestradiol benzoate. Thirteen patients failed to release luteinizing hormone in response to the oestrogen. This hypothalamic abnormality may help to explain the menstrual disturbances in subjects with hyperprolactinaemia.", "PMID": 1170923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3093", "title": "Tuberoinfundibular neurons: dopaminergic and norepinephrinergic sensitivity.", "content": "The techniques of microelectrophoresis and antidromic identification have been utilized in the female rat anesthetized with urethane to localize the tuberoinfundibular neurons and to determine their pharmacological sensitivity to dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and glutamate (GLUT). Extracellular recordings were made of 149 single units in the arcuate (ARC) nucleus; 79 of which were antidromically identified (43 were spontaneously active and 36 were silent) and the remaining 70 cells were determined to be spontaneously active but could not be antidromically identified (unidentified ARC neurons). The mean latency of the antidromically activated potentials was 9,5 msec, which gave a conduction velocity of 0.05 mm/msec. The spontaneous firing rate of antidromically identified ARC neurons varied from less than 1/sec to 8/sec while unidentified cells discharged at rates from less than 3/sec to 10/sec. These data indicate that ARC neurons exist which are capable of conducting impulses and send their axons into the external layer of the ME. Successful drug applications were made on 104 ARC neurons; of the 43 antidromically identified units, 37 were spontaneously active and 6 were silent. There were 61 spontaneously active, unidentified neurons. Two distinct pools of antidromically identified ARC neurons were found based on their sensitivity to NE and DA. Neurons displaying excitation to NE(N = 23) were either inhibited (N = 10) or non-responsive (N = 13) to DA applied electrophoretically; no NE-sensitive ARC neurons were excited by DA. The second pool of neurons (N = 14) was excited by DA. These neurons when tested with NE were either reproducibly inhibited (N = 3) or nonresponsive (N = 11); no DA-sensitive neurons were excited by NE. In the unidentified ARC neurons, iontophoretically applied NE and DA gave reproducible effects on individual neurons, so that some neurons were excited by both NE and DA, some were inhibited by both, and still others were excited by one and inhibited by the other chemical. Glutamate (GLUT) had a powerful excitant action on nearly all the neurons tested, increasing the electrical activity of the spontaneously active neurons as well as initiating activity in quiescent ARC neurons. These data are suggestive of a tuberoinfundibular neuronal system whose activity is modulated by either DA or NE. This evidence is certainly compatible with a functional role for both DA and NE in regulating pituitary function by altering the activity of presumed neurosecretory neurons which release hypophysiotropic hormones.", "contents": "Tuberoinfundibular neurons: dopaminergic and norepinephrinergic sensitivity. The techniques of microelectrophoresis and antidromic identification have been utilized in the female rat anesthetized with urethane to localize the tuberoinfundibular neurons and to determine their pharmacological sensitivity to dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and glutamate (GLUT). Extracellular recordings were made of 149 single units in the arcuate (ARC) nucleus; 79 of which were antidromically identified (43 were spontaneously active and 36 were silent) and the remaining 70 cells were determined to be spontaneously active but could not be antidromically identified (unidentified ARC neurons). The mean latency of the antidromically activated potentials was 9,5 msec, which gave a conduction velocity of 0.05 mm/msec. The spontaneous firing rate of antidromically identified ARC neurons varied from less than 1/sec to 8/sec while unidentified cells discharged at rates from less than 3/sec to 10/sec. These data indicate that ARC neurons exist which are capable of conducting impulses and send their axons into the external layer of the ME. Successful drug applications were made on 104 ARC neurons; of the 43 antidromically identified units, 37 were spontaneously active and 6 were silent. There were 61 spontaneously active, unidentified neurons. Two distinct pools of antidromically identified ARC neurons were found based on their sensitivity to NE and DA. Neurons displaying excitation to NE(N = 23) were either inhibited (N = 10) or non-responsive (N = 13) to DA applied electrophoretically; no NE-sensitive ARC neurons were excited by DA. The second pool of neurons (N = 14) was excited by DA. These neurons when tested with NE were either reproducibly inhibited (N = 3) or nonresponsive (N = 11); no DA-sensitive neurons were excited by NE. In the unidentified ARC neurons, iontophoretically applied NE and DA gave reproducible effects on individual neurons, so that some neurons were excited by both NE and DA, some were inhibited by both, and still others were excited by one and inhibited by the other chemical. Glutamate (GLUT) had a powerful excitant action on nearly all the neurons tested, increasing the electrical activity of the spontaneously active neurons as well as initiating activity in quiescent ARC neurons. These data are suggestive of a tuberoinfundibular neuronal system whose activity is modulated by either DA or NE. This evidence is certainly compatible with a functional role for both DA and NE in regulating pituitary function by altering the activity of presumed neurosecretory neurons which release hypophysiotropic hormones.", "PMID": 1170924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3094", "title": "Effects of chronic administration of sodium diphenylhydantoin ('Dilantin') on bones and teeth of the rat and hamster: a preliminary study.", "content": "Male Charles River rats, 31-days old, received i.p. injection of sodium diphenylhydantoin (DPH), 100 mg/kg in 0.9% NaCl, once daily for 26-27 days before death. Male Syrian hamsters, 40-days-old, received similar injections of DPH, 25 mg/kg for 46 days, no treatment for 39 dyas, then DPH FOR A FURTHER 17 DYAS BEfore sacrifice. All rats receiving DPH gained less weight than the controls, and more than 50% displayed acute neurotoxic reactions to the drug; hamsters were not so affected. Morphology and composition of caudal vertebrae, teeth, and jaws from control and DPH-rats were compared on the basis of measurements on radiographs and gross specimens, histological investigation, and determined of % dry volumes of ash, volatile inorganic component, lipid, and organic matrix. DPH-bertebrae were smaller and showed impaired osteogenesis; but chondrogenesis was similar to controls. Overall tail length was similar in both animal groups because caudal intervertebral spaces were wider in DPH-rats, compensating for reduced longitudinal growth of corresponding vertebrae. Incisors were smaller and third molar roots shorter in DPH-rats. In DPH-hamsters the attachment of the periodontal ligament to maxillary incisors was deranged. DPH administration did not change the composition of rat bone or teeth. Densities of dry bones and teeth were in accord with their composition. Possible modes of action of DPH are discussed. Species differences in response of mineralized tissues to DPH administration are emphasized in relation to reports of rickets and osteomalacia in patients on long term DPH therapy.", "contents": "Effects of chronic administration of sodium diphenylhydantoin ('Dilantin') on bones and teeth of the rat and hamster: a preliminary study. Male Charles River rats, 31-days old, received i.p. injection of sodium diphenylhydantoin (DPH), 100 mg/kg in 0.9% NaCl, once daily for 26-27 days before death. Male Syrian hamsters, 40-days-old, received similar injections of DPH, 25 mg/kg for 46 days, no treatment for 39 dyas, then DPH FOR A FURTHER 17 DYAS BEfore sacrifice. All rats receiving DPH gained less weight than the controls, and more than 50% displayed acute neurotoxic reactions to the drug; hamsters were not so affected. Morphology and composition of caudal vertebrae, teeth, and jaws from control and DPH-rats were compared on the basis of measurements on radiographs and gross specimens, histological investigation, and determined of % dry volumes of ash, volatile inorganic component, lipid, and organic matrix. DPH-bertebrae were smaller and showed impaired osteogenesis; but chondrogenesis was similar to controls. Overall tail length was similar in both animal groups because caudal intervertebral spaces were wider in DPH-rats, compensating for reduced longitudinal growth of corresponding vertebrae. Incisors were smaller and third molar roots shorter in DPH-rats. In DPH-hamsters the attachment of the periodontal ligament to maxillary incisors was deranged. DPH administration did not change the composition of rat bone or teeth. Densities of dry bones and teeth were in accord with their composition. Possible modes of action of DPH are discussed. Species differences in response of mineralized tissues to DPH administration are emphasized in relation to reports of rickets and osteomalacia in patients on long term DPH therapy.", "PMID": 1170925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3095", "title": "The effect of a low-calcium diet in lactating rats; observations on the rapid development and repair of osteoporosis.", "content": "Female rats were given a low-calcium diet (0.05%) during the last three weeks of the lactating period, followed by a normal diet (1.03% calcium) during the first three weeks after lactation. The resulting bone loss and its recovery were studied by means of microradiography, tetracycline-uptake, quantitative estimation of the cortical area of cross-sections from the femoral midshaft, and estimation of total body calcium. The cortical area in the femoral midshaft fell to 46% of its original value during depletion, and then rose to 78% during the first three weeks after weaning. Total body calcium fell from 1.12% to 0.60% of body weight and then increased to 0.89%. Removal of bone occurred mainly in the spongiosa and on the endosteal side of the cortex. Subsequently, new bone was laid down on the endosteal side, but also to some extent on the periosteal side of the cortex. The mineral density of this new bone was low. During the recovery phase resorption cavities within the cortex were filled in a concentric manner as in Haversian remodeling. Neither this feature nor the low mineral density of bone are normally present in the rat.", "contents": "The effect of a low-calcium diet in lactating rats; observations on the rapid development and repair of osteoporosis. Female rats were given a low-calcium diet (0.05%) during the last three weeks of the lactating period, followed by a normal diet (1.03% calcium) during the first three weeks after lactation. The resulting bone loss and its recovery were studied by means of microradiography, tetracycline-uptake, quantitative estimation of the cortical area of cross-sections from the femoral midshaft, and estimation of total body calcium. The cortical area in the femoral midshaft fell to 46% of its original value during depletion, and then rose to 78% during the first three weeks after weaning. Total body calcium fell from 1.12% to 0.60% of body weight and then increased to 0.89%. Removal of bone occurred mainly in the spongiosa and on the endosteal side of the cortex. Subsequently, new bone was laid down on the endosteal side, but also to some extent on the periosteal side of the cortex. The mineral density of this new bone was low. During the recovery phase resorption cavities within the cortex were filled in a concentric manner as in Haversian remodeling. Neither this feature nor the low mineral density of bone are normally present in the rat.", "PMID": 1170926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3096", "title": "Effect of modifiers on the hydrolysis of basic and neutral peptides by carboxypeptidase B1.", "content": "The initial rates of hydrolysis of Bz-Gly-Lys and Bz-Gly-Phe by carboxypeptidase B (CPB) are increased in the presence of the modifiers beta-phenylpropionic acid, cyclohexanol, Bz-Gly, and Bz-Gly-Gly. The hydrolysis of the tripeptide Bz-Gly-Gly-Phe is also activated by Bz-Gly and Bz-Gly-Gly, but none of these modifiers activate the hydrolysis of Bz-Gly-Gly-Lys, Z-Leu-Ala-Phe, or Bz-Gly-phenyllactic acid by CPB. All modifiers except cyclohexanol display inhibitory modes of binding when present in high concentration. Examination of Lineweaver-Burk plots in the presence of fixed concentrations of Bz-Gly has shown that activation of the hydrolysis of neutral and basic peptides by CPB, as reflected in the values of the extrapolated parameters, Km(app) and kcat, occurs by different mechanisms. For Bz-Gly-Gly-Phe, activation occurs because the enzyme-modifier complex has a higher affinity than the free enzyme for the substrate, whereas activation of the hydrolysis of Bz-Gly-Lys derives from an increase in the rate of breakdown of the enzyme-substrate complex to give products. Cyclohexanol differs from Bz-Gly and Bz-Gly-Gly in that it displays no inhibitory mode of binding with any of the substrates examined, activates only the hydrolysis of dipeptides by CPB, and has a greater effect on the hydrolysis of the basic dipeptide than on the neurtal dipeptide. Moreover, when Bz-Gly-Lys is the substrate, cyclohexanol activates its hydrolysis by CPB by increasing both the enzyme-substrate binding affinity and the rate of the catalytic step, an effect different from that observed when Bz-Gly is the modifier. The anomalous kinetic behavior of CPB is remarkably similar to that of carboxypeptidase A, and is a good indication that both enzymes have very similar structures in and around their respective active sites. A binding site for activator molecules down the cleft of the active site is proposed for CPB to explain the observed kinetic behavior.", "contents": "Effect of modifiers on the hydrolysis of basic and neutral peptides by carboxypeptidase B1. The initial rates of hydrolysis of Bz-Gly-Lys and Bz-Gly-Phe by carboxypeptidase B (CPB) are increased in the presence of the modifiers beta-phenylpropionic acid, cyclohexanol, Bz-Gly, and Bz-Gly-Gly. The hydrolysis of the tripeptide Bz-Gly-Gly-Phe is also activated by Bz-Gly and Bz-Gly-Gly, but none of these modifiers activate the hydrolysis of Bz-Gly-Gly-Lys, Z-Leu-Ala-Phe, or Bz-Gly-phenyllactic acid by CPB. All modifiers except cyclohexanol display inhibitory modes of binding when present in high concentration. Examination of Lineweaver-Burk plots in the presence of fixed concentrations of Bz-Gly has shown that activation of the hydrolysis of neutral and basic peptides by CPB, as reflected in the values of the extrapolated parameters, Km(app) and kcat, occurs by different mechanisms. For Bz-Gly-Gly-Phe, activation occurs because the enzyme-modifier complex has a higher affinity than the free enzyme for the substrate, whereas activation of the hydrolysis of Bz-Gly-Lys derives from an increase in the rate of breakdown of the enzyme-substrate complex to give products. Cyclohexanol differs from Bz-Gly and Bz-Gly-Gly in that it displays no inhibitory mode of binding with any of the substrates examined, activates only the hydrolysis of dipeptides by CPB, and has a greater effect on the hydrolysis of the basic dipeptide than on the neurtal dipeptide. Moreover, when Bz-Gly-Lys is the substrate, cyclohexanol activates its hydrolysis by CPB by increasing both the enzyme-substrate binding affinity and the rate of the catalytic step, an effect different from that observed when Bz-Gly is the modifier. The anomalous kinetic behavior of CPB is remarkably similar to that of carboxypeptidase A, and is a good indication that both enzymes have very similar structures in and around their respective active sites. A binding site for activator molecules down the cleft of the active site is proposed for CPB to explain the observed kinetic behavior.", "PMID": 1170927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3097", "title": "[Effect of neonatal thymectomy on the content of magnesium in the plasma and in various tissues of the rat].", "content": "White rats were thymectomized neonatally. After 60 days, no alteration was noted in the plasma or testis magnesium level. On the other hand, a marked decrease was observed in the magnesium content of muscle (-23%) and of bone (-19%). The injection of thymosin reversed these changes. These findings suggest that a correlation between the thymus and the muscle is exerted by a protein factor (thymosin), and that the thymus may act on sex glands through an indirect pathway.", "contents": "[Effect of neonatal thymectomy on the content of magnesium in the plasma and in various tissues of the rat]. White rats were thymectomized neonatally. After 60 days, no alteration was noted in the plasma or testis magnesium level. On the other hand, a marked decrease was observed in the magnesium content of muscle (-23%) and of bone (-19%). The injection of thymosin reversed these changes. These findings suggest that a correlation between the thymus and the muscle is exerted by a protein factor (thymosin), and that the thymus may act on sex glands through an indirect pathway.", "PMID": 1170928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3098", "title": "Isolation and identification of rumen bacteria capable of anaerobic phloroglucinol degradation.", "content": "Eight strains of rumen bacteria capable of degrading phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene) under anaerobic conditions were isolated from enrichment cultures of the bovine rumen microflora established in a prereduced medium containing 0.02 M phloroglucinol. Five of the strains were facultatively anaerobic Gram-positive streptococci which were identified as Streptococcus bovis. Three strains of obligately anaerobic Gram-positive cocci were assigned to the genus Coprococcus. Anaerobic cultures of the Streptococcus bovis strains in a 40% rumen fluid medium initially containing 0.02 M phloroglucinol degraded 50-80% of the substrate within 2 days, whereas cultures of the Coprococcus strains degraded more than 80% of the substrate under the same conditions. The Streptococcus bovis strains were incapable of degrading phloroglucinol in brain heart infusion or in the medium of de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS broth) incubated aerobically.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of rumen bacteria capable of anaerobic phloroglucinol degradation. Eight strains of rumen bacteria capable of degrading phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene) under anaerobic conditions were isolated from enrichment cultures of the bovine rumen microflora established in a prereduced medium containing 0.02 M phloroglucinol. Five of the strains were facultatively anaerobic Gram-positive streptococci which were identified as Streptococcus bovis. Three strains of obligately anaerobic Gram-positive cocci were assigned to the genus Coprococcus. Anaerobic cultures of the Streptococcus bovis strains in a 40% rumen fluid medium initially containing 0.02 M phloroglucinol degraded 50-80% of the substrate within 2 days, whereas cultures of the Coprococcus strains degraded more than 80% of the substrate under the same conditions. The Streptococcus bovis strains were incapable of degrading phloroglucinol in brain heart infusion or in the medium of de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS broth) incubated aerobically.", "PMID": 1170929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3099", "title": "Changes in pattern of respiration and glucose utilisation in Candida utilis during the cell cycle: some variations with growth rate.", "content": "The release of 14CO2 from 14C-labelled glucose(G-1(-14)C, G-3,4(-14)C, G-6(-14)C) was followed in phased cultures of Candida utilis grown in a glucose- mineral salts medium under altered conditions of carbon:nitrogen limitation at doubling times of 2,4 and 6, h.  Changes in oxygen uptake and CO2 evolution were observed and respirometric studies showed that the relative contributions of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas and hexose monophosphate pathways varied over the cell cycle and changed with growth rate.  The results are discussed in relation to the growth metabolism of the cells.", "contents": "Changes in pattern of respiration and glucose utilisation in Candida utilis during the cell cycle: some variations with growth rate. The release of 14CO2 from 14C-labelled glucose(G-1(-14)C, G-3,4(-14)C, G-6(-14)C) was followed in phased cultures of Candida utilis grown in a glucose- mineral salts medium under altered conditions of carbon:nitrogen limitation at doubling times of 2,4 and 6, h.  Changes in oxygen uptake and CO2 evolution were observed and respirometric studies showed that the relative contributions of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas and hexose monophosphate pathways varied over the cell cycle and changed with growth rate.  The results are discussed in relation to the growth metabolism of the cells.", "PMID": 1170930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3100", "title": "The effect of glucose and lactose on beta-D-galactosidase activity and formation of sclerotia in Sclerotium rolfsii.", "content": "Addition of 0.5% (w/v) lactose to a glucose-mineral mdeium (SM) induced formation of sclerotia and beta-D-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase)(EC 3.2.1.23) synthesis in Sclerotium rolfsii types A and R; These effects as well as lactose uptake were inversely related to glucose concentration within the tested range of 0.5 to 2.5% (w/v).  Transfer of lactose-grown colonies to a glucose-supplemented medium nullified the inducible effect of lactose on formation of sclerotia, whereas transfer to water agar did not. It is concluded that glucose nullifies the effect of lactose on S. rolfsii by interfering with its active uptake.", "contents": "The effect of glucose and lactose on beta-D-galactosidase activity and formation of sclerotia in Sclerotium rolfsii. Addition of 0.5% (w/v) lactose to a glucose-mineral mdeium (SM) induced formation of sclerotia and beta-D-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase)(EC 3.2.1.23) synthesis in Sclerotium rolfsii types A and R; These effects as well as lactose uptake were inversely related to glucose concentration within the tested range of 0.5 to 2.5% (w/v).  Transfer of lactose-grown colonies to a glucose-supplemented medium nullified the inducible effect of lactose on formation of sclerotia, whereas transfer to water agar did not. It is concluded that glucose nullifies the effect of lactose on S. rolfsii by interfering with its active uptake.", "PMID": 1170931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3101", "title": "The development and structure of thick-walled, multicellular, aerial spores in Diheterospora chlamydosporia (=Verticillium chlamydosporium).", "content": "The aerial, thick-walled spores in Diheterospara chlamydosporia arose as terminal swellings on erect hyphae.  Repeated septation of the continuously swelling spore resulted in a multicellular structure.  Immediately after the onset of septation secondary wall material was laid down between the two-layered primary wall and the plasmalemma.  The presence of secondary wall material indicates that the multicellular spore is a dictyochlamydospore and not an aleuriospore.  The relationship between chlamydospores and aleuriospores in other fungi is discussed.", "contents": "The development and structure of thick-walled, multicellular, aerial spores in Diheterospora chlamydosporia (=Verticillium chlamydosporium). The aerial, thick-walled spores in Diheterospara chlamydosporia arose as terminal swellings on erect hyphae.  Repeated septation of the continuously swelling spore resulted in a multicellular structure.  Immediately after the onset of septation secondary wall material was laid down between the two-layered primary wall and the plasmalemma.  The presence of secondary wall material indicates that the multicellular spore is a dictyochlamydospore and not an aleuriospore.  The relationship between chlamydospores and aleuriospores in other fungi is discussed.", "PMID": 1170933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3102", "title": "Prospects for para-aortic irradiation in treatment of cancer of the cervix.", "content": "The incidence of para-aortic node metastasis in cancer of the cervix ranges from 5%to 50% in clinical Stages i-iv.  Extended field irradiation is being administered more frequently because of high incidence of extrapelvic disease.  The cancer of the cervix material at Walter Reed General Hospital has been analyzed as to site and time of failure to determine who might have benefited from extended field irradiation.  Of patients who fail, the majority will have uncontrolled pelvic disease regardless of other involvement.  Diagnostic procedures including staging laparotomy are unable to predict pelvic failure or the presence of occult distant disease in lung and bone. The maximum number of patients who could benefit from pari-aortic irradiation is lessthan 3% of a total series.  It is concluded that the salvage of patients with para-aortic metastasis will be small, but for those few long-term survivors, the benefit will be great.", "contents": "Prospects for para-aortic irradiation in treatment of cancer of the cervix. The incidence of para-aortic node metastasis in cancer of the cervix ranges from 5%to 50% in clinical Stages i-iv.  Extended field irradiation is being administered more frequently because of high incidence of extrapelvic disease.  The cancer of the cervix material at Walter Reed General Hospital has been analyzed as to site and time of failure to determine who might have benefited from extended field irradiation.  Of patients who fail, the majority will have uncontrolled pelvic disease regardless of other involvement.  Diagnostic procedures including staging laparotomy are unable to predict pelvic failure or the presence of occult distant disease in lung and bone. The maximum number of patients who could benefit from pari-aortic irradiation is lessthan 3% of a total series.  It is concluded that the salvage of patients with para-aortic metastasis will be small, but for those few long-term survivors, the benefit will be great.", "PMID": 1170935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3103", "title": "Carcinoma of the endolarynx: results of irradiation.", "content": "Irradiation at the University of Michgan in the 1960's was carried out in 192patients with endolaryngeal carcinoma.  Thirty-two and 66% of the cases were located inthe supreaglottic and glottic regions respectively.  Cases were classified in stages appropiate TNM GROUPING.  Results were analyzed with respect to tumor location, size, anddose-time relationship.  Early lesions were controlled more often than advanced ones.  Radical surgery to the primary and/or neck improved overall survival, which was 89% at 5years for 127 glottic carcinoma cases and 61% for 61 patients with supraglottic tumors.  No significant complications were found following radiation therapy.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the endolarynx: results of irradiation. Irradiation at the University of Michgan in the 1960's was carried out in 192patients with endolaryngeal carcinoma.  Thirty-two and 66% of the cases were located inthe supreaglottic and glottic regions respectively.  Cases were classified in stages appropiate TNM GROUPING.  Results were analyzed with respect to tumor location, size, anddose-time relationship.  Early lesions were controlled more often than advanced ones.  Radical surgery to the primary and/or neck improved overall survival, which was 89% at 5years for 127 glottic carcinoma cases and 61% for 61 patients with supraglottic tumors.  No significant complications were found following radiation therapy.", "PMID": 1170936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3104", "title": "Lymphangigraphic accuracy in the staging of testicular tumors.", "content": "Since 1965, 103 patients with testicular neoplasms have been evaluated with lymphangiography for evidence of retroperitoneal disease.  Thirty-five patients with testicular carcinomas had lymphadenectomies; corroboration of their initial lymphangiographic interpretaions with the surgical specimens was possible.  There was an overall 79% (26 of 33) correlation.  We feel that even with relatively inexperienced examiners, lymphangiography can be a useful means of evaluating the retroperitoneum.", "contents": "Lymphangigraphic accuracy in the staging of testicular tumors. Since 1965, 103 patients with testicular neoplasms have been evaluated with lymphangiography for evidence of retroperitoneal disease.  Thirty-five patients with testicular carcinomas had lymphadenectomies; corroboration of their initial lymphangiographic interpretaions with the surgical specimens was possible.  There was an overall 79% (26 of 33) correlation.  We feel that even with relatively inexperienced examiners, lymphangiography can be a useful means of evaluating the retroperitoneum.", "PMID": 1170937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3105", "title": "Effect of methotrexate on thymidylate synthetase in cultured parenchymal cells isolated from regenerating rat liver.", "content": "The effect of methotrexate (MTX) on thymidylate synthetase activity during liver regeneration was examined with parenchymal cells isolated 22 and 44 hr after partial hepatectomy and cultured as a monolayer. The synthetase activity in these cells decreased with a half-life of 18 to 24 hr, but if MTX (1.5 X 10(-6) to 1.5 x 10(-5) M) was present in the culture media, this decline could be delayed for at least 48 hr. In contrast, thymidine kinase activity decreased at a rate which we unaffected by MTX. Dihydrofolate reductase was inhibited at all concentrations of MTX used to block the decrease in synthetase activity. Folic acid at 10(-4) M, although less effective than MTX, also delayed the decrease in synthetase activity. The addition of cycloheximide, puromycin, or antinomycin D to the culture media did not alter the response of the synthetase to MTX. The latter studies, coupled with those indicating that the rapid loss of synthetase activity in crude extracts could be prevented by MTX or, more effectively, by MTX plus deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate, suggest that the primary effect of MTX on thymidylate synthetase in vivo is that of enzyme stabilization. Similar stabilizing effects were obtained in liver cell extracts with 10(-5) M deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate in combination with 10(-4) M folate or 10(-4) M dihydrofolate.", "contents": "Effect of methotrexate on thymidylate synthetase in cultured parenchymal cells isolated from regenerating rat liver. The effect of methotrexate (MTX) on thymidylate synthetase activity during liver regeneration was examined with parenchymal cells isolated 22 and 44 hr after partial hepatectomy and cultured as a monolayer. The synthetase activity in these cells decreased with a half-life of 18 to 24 hr, but if MTX (1.5 X 10(-6) to 1.5 x 10(-5) M) was present in the culture media, this decline could be delayed for at least 48 hr. In contrast, thymidine kinase activity decreased at a rate which we unaffected by MTX. Dihydrofolate reductase was inhibited at all concentrations of MTX used to block the decrease in synthetase activity. Folic acid at 10(-4) M, although less effective than MTX, also delayed the decrease in synthetase activity. The addition of cycloheximide, puromycin, or antinomycin D to the culture media did not alter the response of the synthetase to MTX. The latter studies, coupled with those indicating that the rapid loss of synthetase activity in crude extracts could be prevented by MTX or, more effectively, by MTX plus deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate, suggest that the primary effect of MTX on thymidylate synthetase in vivo is that of enzyme stabilization. Similar stabilizing effects were obtained in liver cell extracts with 10(-5) M deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate in combination with 10(-4) M folate or 10(-4) M dihydrofolate.", "PMID": 1170938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3106", "title": "Toxicity of amphotericin B and its methyl ester toward normal and tumor cell lines.", "content": "The toxicity of amphotericin B, amphotericin B methyl ester (AME), and Fungizone toward three \"normal\" and three tumor-derived human and mouse cell lines was evaluated in monolayer culture. AME was less toxic than amphotericin B and Fungizone to all cell lines, but the sensitivity of the normal and tumor lines was different. The human (HEL-8 and WISH) and mouse (L-M) cells derived from normal tissue were more resistant to AME than the tumor-derived human (KB and HeLa) and mouse (RAG) cell as indicated by: (a) increased 24-hr survival, (b) increased 72-hr viability, and (c) growth rates at higher AME concentrations. In contrast, no pattern of differential sensitivity was observed with amphotericin B and Fungizone.", "contents": "Toxicity of amphotericin B and its methyl ester toward normal and tumor cell lines. The toxicity of amphotericin B, amphotericin B methyl ester (AME), and Fungizone toward three \"normal\" and three tumor-derived human and mouse cell lines was evaluated in monolayer culture. AME was less toxic than amphotericin B and Fungizone to all cell lines, but the sensitivity of the normal and tumor lines was different. The human (HEL-8 and WISH) and mouse (L-M) cells derived from normal tissue were more resistant to AME than the tumor-derived human (KB and HeLa) and mouse (RAG) cell as indicated by: (a) increased 24-hr survival, (b) increased 72-hr viability, and (c) growth rates at higher AME concentrations. In contrast, no pattern of differential sensitivity was observed with amphotericin B and Fungizone.", "PMID": 1170939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3107", "title": "A human gastric choriocarcinoma cell line with human chorionic gonadotropin and placental alkaline phosphatase production.", "content": "A gastric choriocarcinoma cell line synthesizing human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) was established in 1971 by Oboshi et al. and was found to possess human placental alkaline phosphatase. The present paper also deals with the relationship between the cell growth and HCG secretion and with cellular localization of HCG and human placental alkaline phosphatase by cytochemical and ultrastructural methods. This cell line was found to secrete HCG during cellular proliferation, with the maximum secretion in the stationary phase (about 1 muIU/cell/48 hr), and the hormone could be detected in a small proportion of mono- and/or multinuclear cells in both logarithmic and stationary phases. The organ-specific, heat-stable, L-phenylalanine-sensitive, immunoreactive human placental alkaline phosphatase was localized on the cell membrane of many cells. Ultrastructurally, the line consisted mainly of cytotrophoblastic and intermediate cells in the process of syncytial formation, with more or less squamous metaplasia. From these findings it was concluded that the cell line maintained the properties of trophoblastic cells from morphological and functional aspects, i.e., it was a cell line with two distinct marker substances.", "contents": "A human gastric choriocarcinoma cell line with human chorionic gonadotropin and placental alkaline phosphatase production. A gastric choriocarcinoma cell line synthesizing human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) was established in 1971 by Oboshi et al. and was found to possess human placental alkaline phosphatase. The present paper also deals with the relationship between the cell growth and HCG secretion and with cellular localization of HCG and human placental alkaline phosphatase by cytochemical and ultrastructural methods. This cell line was found to secrete HCG during cellular proliferation, with the maximum secretion in the stationary phase (about 1 muIU/cell/48 hr), and the hormone could be detected in a small proportion of mono- and/or multinuclear cells in both logarithmic and stationary phases. The organ-specific, heat-stable, L-phenylalanine-sensitive, immunoreactive human placental alkaline phosphatase was localized on the cell membrane of many cells. Ultrastructurally, the line consisted mainly of cytotrophoblastic and intermediate cells in the process of syncytial formation, with more or less squamous metaplasia. From these findings it was concluded that the cell line maintained the properties of trophoblastic cells from morphological and functional aspects, i.e., it was a cell line with two distinct marker substances.", "PMID": 1170940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3108", "title": "Direct determination of polyamines in human serum by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Antipolyamine antibodies were produced following immunization of New Zealand white rabbits with thyroglobulin spermine conjugate, using multiple-site injection and macrophage-harvesting techniques. The antispermine antibody in a radioimmunoassay system cross-reacted with spermidine (22%), putrescine (1%), diaminopropane (6%), and cadaverine (0.16%). No reaction with L-lysine, ornithine, or histamine was noted. Using this antibody, the radioimmunoassay for direct determination of serum polyamines was developed. A sensitivity of 200 pg was achieved on human serum samples. This radioimmunoassay would appear to be a useful tool for the detection and monitoring of a variety of pathophysiological states associated with abnormal polyamine metabolism, i.e., cancer.", "contents": "Direct determination of polyamines in human serum by radioimmunoassay. Antipolyamine antibodies were produced following immunization of New Zealand white rabbits with thyroglobulin spermine conjugate, using multiple-site injection and macrophage-harvesting techniques. The antispermine antibody in a radioimmunoassay system cross-reacted with spermidine (22%), putrescine (1%), diaminopropane (6%), and cadaverine (0.16%). No reaction with L-lysine, ornithine, or histamine was noted. Using this antibody, the radioimmunoassay for direct determination of serum polyamines was developed. A sensitivity of 200 pg was achieved on human serum samples. This radioimmunoassay would appear to be a useful tool for the detection and monitoring of a variety of pathophysiological states associated with abnormal polyamine metabolism, i.e., cancer.", "PMID": 1170941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3109", "title": "Progression from hormone dependence to autonomy in mammary tumors as an in vivo manifestation of sequential clonal selection.", "content": "The natural history of breast cancer with respect to its progression from hormone dependence to autonomy was studied by successively transplanting the earliest possible form of a rat mammary adenocarcinoma in syngeneic rats and isolating sublines of this tumor manifesting new endocrinological and other biological characteristics over a period of 15 years. The original, fully mannotropin-dependent tumor MT-W9, whose growth is dependent entirely on pharmacological levels of mannotropin supplied by an extraneous source, gave rise to an estrogen-dependent variant, MT-W9A. This MT-W9A growns only in normal adult female hosts and regresses promptly upon oophorectomy. Subsequently, this tumor produced a subline, the fully autonomous MT-W9B, which grows well in any syngeneic rats regardless of their hormonal status. The third subline derived from the autonomous tumor was designated MT-W9C, the androgen-responsive line, because it growns better in male than in female rats. Having reversed its original female preference, it might also be characterized as reversely responsive. Chromosomal analysis of these 4 tumors disclosed 4 distinct stem cell lines, but each tumor also contained small numbers of cells from other stem lines. The progression from mammotropin dependence to androgen responsiveness in this mammary tumor system seems to have been accomplished by merely shifting from 1 stem line to another in an orderly sequence, and it appears to be an irreversible process. In addition to the hormone dependency, the progression of the tumor is accompanied by a gradual increase of cachexia-producing effects on the host that may be related to the immunogenicity of tumor cells. These 4 distinct hormonal characteristics encompass the entire known spectrum of breast cancer in man and animals with the exception of the metastasizing property. These tumors are being studied by many investigators and are maintained vertically and horizontally in syngeneic rats by us. The hormonal and cytogenetic characteristics of each stem cell line have been stable for over a decade.", "contents": "Progression from hormone dependence to autonomy in mammary tumors as an in vivo manifestation of sequential clonal selection. The natural history of breast cancer with respect to its progression from hormone dependence to autonomy was studied by successively transplanting the earliest possible form of a rat mammary adenocarcinoma in syngeneic rats and isolating sublines of this tumor manifesting new endocrinological and other biological characteristics over a period of 15 years. The original, fully mannotropin-dependent tumor MT-W9, whose growth is dependent entirely on pharmacological levels of mannotropin supplied by an extraneous source, gave rise to an estrogen-dependent variant, MT-W9A. This MT-W9A growns only in normal adult female hosts and regresses promptly upon oophorectomy. Subsequently, this tumor produced a subline, the fully autonomous MT-W9B, which grows well in any syngeneic rats regardless of their hormonal status. The third subline derived from the autonomous tumor was designated MT-W9C, the androgen-responsive line, because it growns better in male than in female rats. Having reversed its original female preference, it might also be characterized as reversely responsive. Chromosomal analysis of these 4 tumors disclosed 4 distinct stem cell lines, but each tumor also contained small numbers of cells from other stem lines. The progression from mammotropin dependence to androgen responsiveness in this mammary tumor system seems to have been accomplished by merely shifting from 1 stem line to another in an orderly sequence, and it appears to be an irreversible process. In addition to the hormone dependency, the progression of the tumor is accompanied by a gradual increase of cachexia-producing effects on the host that may be related to the immunogenicity of tumor cells. These 4 distinct hormonal characteristics encompass the entire known spectrum of breast cancer in man and animals with the exception of the metastasizing property. These tumors are being studied by many investigators and are maintained vertically and horizontally in syngeneic rats by us. The hormonal and cytogenetic characteristics of each stem cell line have been stable for over a decade.", "PMID": 1170942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3110", "title": "Different agglutinability of fibroblasts underlying various precursor lesions of human uterine cervical carcinoma.", "content": "Fibroblasts underlying human uterine cervical dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma are agglutinable by concanavalin A (Con A) but not by wheat germ agglutinin, except at very high concentration. Studies with low levels of Con A show that maximal agglutination is obtained with fibroblasts from invasive carcinoma, while the fibroblasts underlying dysplasia give minimal agglutination reactions. Fibroblasts underlying carcinoma in situ give agglutination reactions halfway between those obtained with fibroblasts underlying dysplasia and invasive carcinoma. An epithelial-like cell line obtained from a case of dysplasia shows agglutinability by Con A very similar to that obtained with fibroblasts underlying dysplasia. These epithelial-like cells are also not agglutinable by wheat germ agglutinin. Treatment of the cervical cells, both epithelial and fibroblasts, with neuraminidase leads to slight increase in agglutination by both Con A and wheat germ agglutinin. Marked increase in agglutination is not obtained even after treatment with high concentration of neuraminidase (10 units/10(6) cells). Marked agglutinability, however, is observed after trypsin treatment. The results suggest that, while the fibroblasts obtained from normal cervix are not agglutinable by Con A, surface alterations necessary for Con A-specific agglutination exist in fibroblasts during the early stage of development of uterine cervical epithelial neoplasia (dysplasia) and increase with the progression through carcinoma in situ to invasive carcinoma. Loss of cell surface sialic acids may result in a slight increase in agglutinability, but some other mechanism(s) is likely to be involved in alteration of surface properties that lead to marked agglutinability of the human uterine cervical cells obtained from cancer precursor lesions.", "contents": "Different agglutinability of fibroblasts underlying various precursor lesions of human uterine cervical carcinoma. Fibroblasts underlying human uterine cervical dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma are agglutinable by concanavalin A (Con A) but not by wheat germ agglutinin, except at very high concentration. Studies with low levels of Con A show that maximal agglutination is obtained with fibroblasts from invasive carcinoma, while the fibroblasts underlying dysplasia give minimal agglutination reactions. Fibroblasts underlying carcinoma in situ give agglutination reactions halfway between those obtained with fibroblasts underlying dysplasia and invasive carcinoma. An epithelial-like cell line obtained from a case of dysplasia shows agglutinability by Con A very similar to that obtained with fibroblasts underlying dysplasia. These epithelial-like cells are also not agglutinable by wheat germ agglutinin. Treatment of the cervical cells, both epithelial and fibroblasts, with neuraminidase leads to slight increase in agglutination by both Con A and wheat germ agglutinin. Marked increase in agglutination is not obtained even after treatment with high concentration of neuraminidase (10 units/10(6) cells). Marked agglutinability, however, is observed after trypsin treatment. The results suggest that, while the fibroblasts obtained from normal cervix are not agglutinable by Con A, surface alterations necessary for Con A-specific agglutination exist in fibroblasts during the early stage of development of uterine cervical epithelial neoplasia (dysplasia) and increase with the progression through carcinoma in situ to invasive carcinoma. Loss of cell surface sialic acids may result in a slight increase in agglutinability, but some other mechanism(s) is likely to be involved in alteration of surface properties that lead to marked agglutinability of the human uterine cervical cells obtained from cancer precursor lesions.", "PMID": 1170943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3111", "title": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for human prostatic acid phosphatase.", "content": "A solid-phase technique for radioimmunoassay of human prostatic acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) is described. Human prostatic acid phosphatase was purified from prostatic fluid. Monospecific antisera to the purified acid phosphatase were produced in rabbits. Disposable polypropylene tubes were coated with antiserum and used for radioimmunoassay with 125I-acid phosphatase. The nonspecific binding was minimized by saturating the binding sites of the tubes with bovine serum albumin. The working range of the technique was 1 to 30 ng of antigen. The solid-phase radioimmunoassay is rapid, sensitive, and efficient. In preliminary clinical trials it was shown that (a) patients with advanced prostatic cancer had elevated prostatic acid phosphatase levels by both enzymatic assay and radioimmunoassay assays, and (b) patients with other cancers were in the normal range for prostatic acid phosphatase.", "contents": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for human prostatic acid phosphatase. A solid-phase technique for radioimmunoassay of human prostatic acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) is described. Human prostatic acid phosphatase was purified from prostatic fluid. Monospecific antisera to the purified acid phosphatase were produced in rabbits. Disposable polypropylene tubes were coated with antiserum and used for radioimmunoassay with 125I-acid phosphatase. The nonspecific binding was minimized by saturating the binding sites of the tubes with bovine serum albumin. The working range of the technique was 1 to 30 ng of antigen. The solid-phase radioimmunoassay is rapid, sensitive, and efficient. In preliminary clinical trials it was shown that (a) patients with advanced prostatic cancer had elevated prostatic acid phosphatase levels by both enzymatic assay and radioimmunoassay assays, and (b) patients with other cancers were in the normal range for prostatic acid phosphatase.", "PMID": 1170944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3112", "title": "The production of acidic polysaccharides by 5-bromodeoxyuridine-treated B16 mouse melanoma cells.", "content": "B16 melanoma cells were treated in culture with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine. The cell-associated and released proteoglycans and sialoglycopeptides were compared to those of control cultures treated with thymidine. The 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-treated cultures showed a marked reduction in the proportion of cell-associated proteoglycans and sialoglycopeptides, an increase in the synthesis of hyaluronic acid, the absence of high-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate, and the presence of increased amounts of heparan sulfate in the media. In addition, the 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-treated cells had a higher DNA content and were larger than controls.", "contents": "The production of acidic polysaccharides by 5-bromodeoxyuridine-treated B16 mouse melanoma cells. B16 melanoma cells were treated in culture with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine. The cell-associated and released proteoglycans and sialoglycopeptides were compared to those of control cultures treated with thymidine. The 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-treated cultures showed a marked reduction in the proportion of cell-associated proteoglycans and sialoglycopeptides, an increase in the synthesis of hyaluronic acid, the absence of high-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate, and the presence of increased amounts of heparan sulfate in the media. In addition, the 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-treated cells had a higher DNA content and were larger than controls.", "PMID": 1170945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3113", "title": "The failure of methotrexate to inhibit chicken fibroblast proliferation in a serum-containing culture medium.", "content": "Methotrexate (1 muM) abolishes the proliferation of chicken fibroblasts in a culture medium containing defibrinogenated chicken plasma but does not affect proliferation in a medium containing chicken serum.", "contents": "The failure of methotrexate to inhibit chicken fibroblast proliferation in a serum-containing culture medium. Methotrexate (1 muM) abolishes the proliferation of chicken fibroblasts in a culture medium containing defibrinogenated chicken plasma but does not affect proliferation in a medium containing chicken serum.", "PMID": 1170946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3114", "title": "Matrix simulation of duodenal crypt cell kinetics. I. The steady state.", "content": "Steady state crypt cell kinetics have been simulated using matrix algebra. The model crypt cell population is distributed through two proliferation compartments (P1 and P2) and a quiescent state (Q). Under steady state conditions half the daughter cells produced on completion of P1 enter G1 of P2 and half enter G1 of P1. Both P2 daughter cells enter Q. Cells in Q are non-dividing but retain the potential to divide. On completion of Q, cells lose the potential to divide and move up onto the villi. The model has been developed by simultaneously simulating the following biological data: (1) the per cent labeled mitosis (PML) curve, (2) the number of labeled cells per crypt as a function of time following an injection of 3H-thymidine, and (3) the total number of cells per crypt.", "contents": "Matrix simulation of duodenal crypt cell kinetics. I. The steady state. Steady state crypt cell kinetics have been simulated using matrix algebra. The model crypt cell population is distributed through two proliferation compartments (P1 and P2) and a quiescent state (Q). Under steady state conditions half the daughter cells produced on completion of P1 enter G1 of P2 and half enter G1 of P1. Both P2 daughter cells enter Q. Cells in Q are non-dividing but retain the potential to divide. On completion of Q, cells lose the potential to divide and move up onto the villi. The model has been developed by simultaneously simulating the following biological data: (1) the per cent labeled mitosis (PML) curve, (2) the number of labeled cells per crypt as a function of time following an injection of 3H-thymidine, and (3) the total number of cells per crypt.", "PMID": 1170947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3115", "title": "Matrix simulation of duodenal crypt cell kinetics. II. Cell kinetics following hydroxyurea.", "content": "The perturbed cellular kinetics of the duodenal crypt following a single injection of hydroxyurea (HU) have been simulated using matrix algebra. Following the direct effects of HU (S-phase cytotoxicity and a G1/S block) the crypt cell kinetics undergo several alterations. Previously documented alterations include: (1) a temporary partial synchronization of the surviving cells, (2) a shortening of the cell-cycle transit time, and (3) recruitment of normally non-proliferating cells into active proliferation. These conclusions have been extended by constructing several different complex but theoretically possible recovery models and the validity of each of these models has been evaluated by simulating the following biological data: the number of cells in the S and M-phase of the cell cycle, total viable cells per crypt, and the per cent labeled mitosis and the number of labeled cells following 3H-TdR injections at 9 and 21 hr after HU treatment. The model which showed visually the best overall agreement with all sets of the data was chosen as \"most probable' and leads to the following interpretations. Immediately after the end of the HU block (i.e. 5 hr after HU injection) the modal cell-cycle transit time is reduced to 8 hr. By 17 hr after HU, the modal transit time is increased to 10 hr. Repopulation of the proliferating compartment, i.e. restoration of the proliferating compartment back to the control value, occurs between 12 and 17 hr after HU injection and probably consists of both recycling of the proliferating cells (i.e. they do not progress up into the non-proliferating compartment) and recruitment of the non-proliferating cells into active proliferation. Also, the rate at which the non-proliferating cells move onto the villi is reduced temporarily. The overall recovery process results in a crypt which temporarily is larger than control and produces villi cells at a rate which is faster than the control. The time when the crypt size and villus cell production rate return to normal cannot be established using the available data.", "contents": "Matrix simulation of duodenal crypt cell kinetics. II. Cell kinetics following hydroxyurea. The perturbed cellular kinetics of the duodenal crypt following a single injection of hydroxyurea (HU) have been simulated using matrix algebra. Following the direct effects of HU (S-phase cytotoxicity and a G1/S block) the crypt cell kinetics undergo several alterations. Previously documented alterations include: (1) a temporary partial synchronization of the surviving cells, (2) a shortening of the cell-cycle transit time, and (3) recruitment of normally non-proliferating cells into active proliferation. These conclusions have been extended by constructing several different complex but theoretically possible recovery models and the validity of each of these models has been evaluated by simulating the following biological data: the number of cells in the S and M-phase of the cell cycle, total viable cells per crypt, and the per cent labeled mitosis and the number of labeled cells following 3H-TdR injections at 9 and 21 hr after HU treatment. The model which showed visually the best overall agreement with all sets of the data was chosen as \"most probable' and leads to the following interpretations. Immediately after the end of the HU block (i.e. 5 hr after HU injection) the modal cell-cycle transit time is reduced to 8 hr. By 17 hr after HU, the modal transit time is increased to 10 hr. Repopulation of the proliferating compartment, i.e. restoration of the proliferating compartment back to the control value, occurs between 12 and 17 hr after HU injection and probably consists of both recycling of the proliferating cells (i.e. they do not progress up into the non-proliferating compartment) and recruitment of the non-proliferating cells into active proliferation. Also, the rate at which the non-proliferating cells move onto the villi is reduced temporarily. The overall recovery process results in a crypt which temporarily is larger than control and produces villi cells at a rate which is faster than the control. The time when the crypt size and villus cell production rate return to normal cannot be established using the available data.", "PMID": 1170948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3116", "title": "Variation of cell kinetic parameters in relation to the growth rate of the Ehrlich ascites tumor.", "content": "A multicompartmental model of the cell cycle and proliferation kinetics was used to analyse the time-course behavior of the cell cycle time, the growth fraction, and the cell loss rate during Ehrlich ascites tumor growth. The growth rate of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells as the tumor aged was significantly influenced by change in the cell cycle time.", "contents": "Variation of cell kinetic parameters in relation to the growth rate of the Ehrlich ascites tumor. A multicompartmental model of the cell cycle and proliferation kinetics was used to analyse the time-course behavior of the cell cycle time, the growth fraction, and the cell loss rate during Ehrlich ascites tumor growth. The growth rate of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells as the tumor aged was significantly influenced by change in the cell cycle time.", "PMID": 1170949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3117", "title": "Distribution of microtubules in prolactin cells of lactating rats.", "content": "The intracellular distribution of microtubules was studied using serial sections of prolactin cells in anterior pituitary glands from lactating rats. Numerous microtubules were present in these cells following fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. The greatest number of microtubules were present in the Golgi complex, situated around the perimeter and in association with the cisternae, vesicles and developing secretory granules. Microtubules were found in channels between groups of parallel cisternae of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and in close proximity to small vesicles. They were also located adjacent to mitochondria, the plasmalemma, the nuclear envelope, and among mature secretory granules. Due to their orientation within the cell, it is suggested that the microtubules may act to direct the movement of organelles from one region of the cell to another and to give internal support to the cell.", "contents": "Distribution of microtubules in prolactin cells of lactating rats. The intracellular distribution of microtubules was studied using serial sections of prolactin cells in anterior pituitary glands from lactating rats. Numerous microtubules were present in these cells following fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. The greatest number of microtubules were present in the Golgi complex, situated around the perimeter and in association with the cisternae, vesicles and developing secretory granules. Microtubules were found in channels between groups of parallel cisternae of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and in close proximity to small vesicles. They were also located adjacent to mitochondria, the plasmalemma, the nuclear envelope, and among mature secretory granules. Due to their orientation within the cell, it is suggested that the microtubules may act to direct the movement of organelles from one region of the cell to another and to give internal support to the cell.", "PMID": 1170951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3118", "title": "Cell differentiation during early development of Nassarius reticulatus L. (Gastropoda Prosobranchia). I. Zygote to 16-cell stage.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the zygote and of early segmentation stages, up to the 16-cell stage, was investigated in normal Nassarius reticulatus from Roscoff (France). This study deals predominantly with structures that remain morphologically unchanged throughout this period, such as yolk granules, lipid droplets, and multimembranous vesicles. These organelles do not change in position, fine structure, or quantity from the egg to the 16-cell stage. The cortex and the vitelline layer also remain almost unchanged until the 16-cell stage. Cortical granules could not be observed and thus the thin vitelline layer is not transformed to a thick fertilization membrane. This phenomenon seems to be related to the facts that the eggs are protected by a tough capsule and that the cells of the embryo have to incorporate extraembryonic nutrient substances. From the 2-cell stage until the 16-cell stage micropinocytotic vesicles 500-2000 A in diameter are associated with the plasmalemma. Perhaps they help to incorporate the extraembryonic nutrient reserves. Desmosomes first appear at the 4-cell stage and are common at the 8-cell stage, when a small transitory blastocoel appears. Normally the cell borders are in close proximity during interphase. Syncytial connections between the blastomeres were not observed. Beginning at the trefoil stage the mitochondria increase in number and many apparent division stages are observed. The increase in mitochondria occurs in the perinuclear region throughout the embryo and does not result in a polar lobe especially rich or poor in mitochondria. From the 4-cell stage onwards, the number of ribosomes increases differentially in different blastomers.", "contents": "Cell differentiation during early development of Nassarius reticulatus L. (Gastropoda Prosobranchia). I. Zygote to 16-cell stage. The ultrastructure of the zygote and of early segmentation stages, up to the 16-cell stage, was investigated in normal Nassarius reticulatus from Roscoff (France). This study deals predominantly with structures that remain morphologically unchanged throughout this period, such as yolk granules, lipid droplets, and multimembranous vesicles. These organelles do not change in position, fine structure, or quantity from the egg to the 16-cell stage. The cortex and the vitelline layer also remain almost unchanged until the 16-cell stage. Cortical granules could not be observed and thus the thin vitelline layer is not transformed to a thick fertilization membrane. This phenomenon seems to be related to the facts that the eggs are protected by a tough capsule and that the cells of the embryo have to incorporate extraembryonic nutrient substances. From the 2-cell stage until the 16-cell stage micropinocytotic vesicles 500-2000 A in diameter are associated with the plasmalemma. Perhaps they help to incorporate the extraembryonic nutrient reserves. Desmosomes first appear at the 4-cell stage and are common at the 8-cell stage, when a small transitory blastocoel appears. Normally the cell borders are in close proximity during interphase. Syncytial connections between the blastomeres were not observed. Beginning at the trefoil stage the mitochondria increase in number and many apparent division stages are observed. The increase in mitochondria occurs in the perinuclear region throughout the embryo and does not result in a polar lobe especially rich or poor in mitochondria. From the 4-cell stage onwards, the number of ribosomes increases differentially in different blastomers.", "PMID": 1170952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3119", "title": "Influence of light and darkness on the ultrastructure of the pineal organ in the blind cave fish, Astyanax mexicanus.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes of the pineal organ were investigated in the blind cave fish, Astyanax mexicanus, kept under continous artificial light (5000 lux), in continuous darkness, and under natural light conditions. The pineal end-vesicle of the fish kept under natural photoperiod consisted of photoreceptor cells and supporting cells mixed with a few ganglion cells. The photoreceptor cells possessed well-developed outer segments with regularly arranged lamellar membranes. The supporting cells contained a number of lipid droplets and large globular cisternae filled with fine granules. In the fish kept under continuous light or in darkness, the pineal end-vesicle displayed a dilated lumen, and the outer segments of the receptors showed signs of degeneration. Furthermore, alterations of cell organelles were observed in the photoreceptor and supporting cells.", "contents": "Influence of light and darkness on the ultrastructure of the pineal organ in the blind cave fish, Astyanax mexicanus. Ultrastructural changes of the pineal organ were investigated in the blind cave fish, Astyanax mexicanus, kept under continous artificial light (5000 lux), in continuous darkness, and under natural light conditions. The pineal end-vesicle of the fish kept under natural photoperiod consisted of photoreceptor cells and supporting cells mixed with a few ganglion cells. The photoreceptor cells possessed well-developed outer segments with regularly arranged lamellar membranes. The supporting cells contained a number of lipid droplets and large globular cisternae filled with fine granules. In the fish kept under continuous light or in darkness, the pineal end-vesicle displayed a dilated lumen, and the outer segments of the receptors showed signs of degeneration. Furthermore, alterations of cell organelles were observed in the photoreceptor and supporting cells.", "PMID": 1170953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3120", "title": "Polyploidization and endomitosis in giant cells of rabbit trophoblast.", "content": "Morphological and cytophotometric investigations have been performed on giant cells of the rabbit trophoblast to reveal a mechanism of nuclei polyploidization and define the level of polyploidy. The character of endomitotic chromosomes is found to differ and depend largely on the degree of nuclei polyploidy. Small chromosomes were found in nuclei with low levels of polyploidy. For highly polyploid nuclei, two stages are distinguished. In the first case condensed chromosomes join into bundles resembling Riesenchromosomen in plants, whereas in the second, decondensed chromosomal threads separate and disperse in the karyoplasm. The splitting does not involve nuclei-forming chromosomes in the region of the nucleolar organiser. The degree of polyploidy was determined on the 15th day of development. It was found that giant cell nuclei contain DNA in amounts corresponding to 32-512 chromosomal sets. Most of the nuclei have levels of 128c and 256c. Highly-polyploid nuclei disintegrate into small nuclei with the degree of polyploidy varying from 1c to 32c. Di- tri- and tetraploid nuclei predominate.", "contents": "Polyploidization and endomitosis in giant cells of rabbit trophoblast. Morphological and cytophotometric investigations have been performed on giant cells of the rabbit trophoblast to reveal a mechanism of nuclei polyploidization and define the level of polyploidy. The character of endomitotic chromosomes is found to differ and depend largely on the degree of nuclei polyploidy. Small chromosomes were found in nuclei with low levels of polyploidy. For highly polyploid nuclei, two stages are distinguished. In the first case condensed chromosomes join into bundles resembling Riesenchromosomen in plants, whereas in the second, decondensed chromosomal threads separate and disperse in the karyoplasm. The splitting does not involve nuclei-forming chromosomes in the region of the nucleolar organiser. The degree of polyploidy was determined on the 15th day of development. It was found that giant cell nuclei contain DNA in amounts corresponding to 32-512 chromosomal sets. Most of the nuclei have levels of 128c and 256c. Highly-polyploid nuclei disintegrate into small nuclei with the degree of polyploidy varying from 1c to 32c. Di- tri- and tetraploid nuclei predominate.", "PMID": 1170954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3121", "title": "Metabolism of the polyadenylate sequence of nuclear RNA and messenger RNA in mammalian cells.", "content": "The poly(A) sequences at the 3' end of mRNA and nuclear RNA molecules of mouse sarcoma and Chinese hamster cells are subject to an elongation process distinct from de novo synthesis. This process continues in cells treated with a high level of actinomycin D to block transcription. This results in the labeling of the steady-state poly(A) population in the cytoplasm and of unusually long poly(A) segments in the nucleus. In cells incubated with 3H-adenosine in the absence of drug treatment, cytoplasmic steady-state poly(A) segments with short labeled sequences at the 3' end can be detected by their heterogenous size distribution and by measurements of adenosine and AMP released by alkaline hydrolysis. These measurements indicate an average size of 8 residues for the labeled sequences. In the nucleus, a slow elongation of preexisting poly(A) chains can also be detected through measurements of AMP and adenosine. The cytoplasmic elongation process leads to turnover of the 3' end of the poly(A) sequence on mRNA, because of concomitant removal of AMP residues. It is apparently not linked to mRNA translation. The Chinese hamster and mouse sarcoma cells appear to differ markedly with respect to relative extents of poly(A) chain extension and de novo synthesis.", "contents": "Metabolism of the polyadenylate sequence of nuclear RNA and messenger RNA in mammalian cells. The poly(A) sequences at the 3' end of mRNA and nuclear RNA molecules of mouse sarcoma and Chinese hamster cells are subject to an elongation process distinct from de novo synthesis. This process continues in cells treated with a high level of actinomycin D to block transcription. This results in the labeling of the steady-state poly(A) population in the cytoplasm and of unusually long poly(A) segments in the nucleus. In cells incubated with 3H-adenosine in the absence of drug treatment, cytoplasmic steady-state poly(A) segments with short labeled sequences at the 3' end can be detected by their heterogenous size distribution and by measurements of adenosine and AMP released by alkaline hydrolysis. These measurements indicate an average size of 8 residues for the labeled sequences. In the nucleus, a slow elongation of preexisting poly(A) chains can also be detected through measurements of AMP and adenosine. The cytoplasmic elongation process leads to turnover of the 3' end of the poly(A) sequence on mRNA, because of concomitant removal of AMP residues. It is apparently not linked to mRNA translation. The Chinese hamster and mouse sarcoma cells appear to differ markedly with respect to relative extents of poly(A) chain extension and de novo synthesis.", "PMID": 1170955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3122", "title": "Sequence complexity of heterogeneous nuclear RNA in sea urchin embryos.", "content": "The sequence complexity of heterogeneous nuclear RNA is sea urchin gastrulas was measured by RNA-driven hybridization reactions with nonrepetitive sea urchin DNA. 28.5% of the sequence complexity of the genome is represented in the nuclear RNA. This amounts to 1.74 X 10(8) nucleotides of diverse sequence, more than 10 times the nucleotide complexity of the polysomal messenger RNA extracted from sea urchin embryos at the same stage. The complex set of nuclear RNA sequences driving this hybridization reaction was shown to be the same as the rapidly labeled hnRNA, using pulse-labeled nuclear RNA as driver.", "contents": "Sequence complexity of heterogeneous nuclear RNA in sea urchin embryos. The sequence complexity of heterogeneous nuclear RNA is sea urchin gastrulas was measured by RNA-driven hybridization reactions with nonrepetitive sea urchin DNA. 28.5% of the sequence complexity of the genome is represented in the nuclear RNA. This amounts to 1.74 X 10(8) nucleotides of diverse sequence, more than 10 times the nucleotide complexity of the polysomal messenger RNA extracted from sea urchin embryos at the same stage. The complex set of nuclear RNA sequences driving this hybridization reaction was shown to be the same as the rapidly labeled hnRNA, using pulse-labeled nuclear RNA as driver.", "PMID": 1170956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3123", "title": "Studies on the persistence of differentiated functions in rat hepatocytes set into primary tissue cultures. Specific binding of 3H-bilirubin after eight days of staying in vitro.", "content": "Preliminary experiments were performed which indicate that even after 8 days of staying in primary in vitro tissue culture rat hepatocytes are still able to take up and bind tritiated, unconjugated bilirubin in a specific fashion and much more intensely than do connective tissue cells present in the same cultures. The data are suggestive of the maintenance in 8-day cultured hepatocytes of at least some of the specific pathways bound to bilirubin metabolism.", "contents": "Studies on the persistence of differentiated functions in rat hepatocytes set into primary tissue cultures. Specific binding of 3H-bilirubin after eight days of staying in vitro. Preliminary experiments were performed which indicate that even after 8 days of staying in primary in vitro tissue culture rat hepatocytes are still able to take up and bind tritiated, unconjugated bilirubin in a specific fashion and much more intensely than do connective tissue cells present in the same cultures. The data are suggestive of the maintenance in 8-day cultured hepatocytes of at least some of the specific pathways bound to bilirubin metabolism.", "PMID": 1170957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3124", "title": "High-speed quantitative karyotyping by flow microfluorometry.", "content": "We describe a new flow-system technique for high-speed quantitative karyotyping. Metaphase chromosomes are isolated from cells, stained with a DNA-specific  fluorochrome, and individually measured for stain content at rates up to 10(5)/min in a flow microfluorometer. The resulting distribution contains quantitative information about the relative frequency of occurrence and the chromosomal DNA content of the measured chromosomes. Such analyses of Chinese hamster chromosomes are in good agreement with independent results from scanning cytophotometry and with cytogenetic observations of the banded chromosomes. Analyses of two karyotypically different clones of Chinese hamseter M3-1 lines provide the quantitative characterization of two stable translocations. Initial data on human chromosomes are presented and agree well with results of scanning cytophotometry and suggest potential clinical applications as preparative and instrumental techniques improve.", "contents": "High-speed quantitative karyotyping by flow microfluorometry. We describe a new flow-system technique for high-speed quantitative karyotyping. Metaphase chromosomes are isolated from cells, stained with a DNA-specific  fluorochrome, and individually measured for stain content at rates up to 10(5)/min in a flow microfluorometer. The resulting distribution contains quantitative information about the relative frequency of occurrence and the chromosomal DNA content of the measured chromosomes. Such analyses of Chinese hamster chromosomes are in good agreement with independent results from scanning cytophotometry and with cytogenetic observations of the banded chromosomes. Analyses of two karyotypically different clones of Chinese hamseter M3-1 lines provide the quantitative characterization of two stable translocations. Initial data on human chromosomes are presented and agree well with results of scanning cytophotometry and suggest potential clinical applications as preparative and instrumental techniques improve.", "PMID": 1170959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3125", "title": "Adaptation of a T3-uptake test and of radioimmunoassays for serum digoxin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine to an automated radioimmunoassay system--\"Centria\".", "content": "We report the adaptation of four radioassays to the prototype of an automated radioimmunoassay system (\"Centria,\" Union Carbide). The system consists of three integrated modules: (a) an automated pipettor, which dispenses samples and reagents; (b) the key module, an incubator/separator, in which centrifugal force is used to initiate and terminate multiple radioassay incubations and separations simultaneously; and (c) a gamma-counter/computer, which counts three tubes simultaneously and converts counts into concentration units. Radioimmunoassays for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and digoxin were developed with use of well-characterized antibodies and of prepackaged Sephadex-containing columns to separate bound and free radioactive ligand. A triiodothyronine-uptake test in which the same kind of columns were used was also adapted to the instrument. Results for clinical samples compared favorably with those obtained by manual procedures. We report data on correlation between different methods and preliminary data on precision of the prototype system.", "contents": "Adaptation of a T3-uptake test and of radioimmunoassays for serum digoxin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine to an automated radioimmunoassay system--\"Centria\". We report the adaptation of four radioassays to the prototype of an automated radioimmunoassay system (\"Centria,\" Union Carbide). The system consists of three integrated modules: (a) an automated pipettor, which dispenses samples and reagents; (b) the key module, an incubator/separator, in which centrifugal force is used to initiate and terminate multiple radioassay incubations and separations simultaneously; and (c) a gamma-counter/computer, which counts three tubes simultaneously and converts counts into concentration units. Radioimmunoassays for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and digoxin were developed with use of well-characterized antibodies and of prepackaged Sephadex-containing columns to separate bound and free radioactive ligand. A triiodothyronine-uptake test in which the same kind of columns were used was also adapted to the instrument. Results for clinical samples compared favorably with those obtained by manual procedures. We report data on correlation between different methods and preliminary data on precision of the prototype system.", "PMID": 1170960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3126", "title": "Effect of extraction methods on two pregnancy related, antigenic components of human chorionic gonadotropin preparations.", "content": "One of the pregnancy related, antigenic components of HCG preparations is not readily detected in kaolin extracts of pregnancy urines; it is however, readily detected in these urines when concentrated by lyophilization or in their benzoic acid extracts.", "contents": "Effect of extraction methods on two pregnancy related, antigenic components of human chorionic gonadotropin preparations. One of the pregnancy related, antigenic components of HCG preparations is not readily detected in kaolin extracts of pregnancy urines; it is however, readily detected in these urines when concentrated by lyophilization or in their benzoic acid extracts.", "PMID": 1170961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3127", "title": "In vivo activation of C3 revealed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis as a parameter of immunological activity in disease.", "content": "A technique suitable for the demonstration of in vivo activation of the third component of complement (C3) is described, and the results of detailed methodological studies are presented. The technique is a useful tool for monitoring the activity of the humoral immune system in disease states. The serum levels of complement components reflect a balance between synthesis and catabolic rates, while the present method gives a more dynamic picture of the state of the complement system. The results of the application of the technique to different groups of patients are presented.", "contents": "In vivo activation of C3 revealed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis as a parameter of immunological activity in disease. A technique suitable for the demonstration of in vivo activation of the third component of complement (C3) is described, and the results of detailed methodological studies are presented. The technique is a useful tool for monitoring the activity of the humoral immune system in disease states. The serum levels of complement components reflect a balance between synthesis and catabolic rates, while the present method gives a more dynamic picture of the state of the complement system. The results of the application of the technique to different groups of patients are presented.", "PMID": 1170962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3128", "title": "The measurement of urinary digoxin and dihydrodigoxin by radioimmunoassay and by mass spectroscopy.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for urinary digoxin is described which includes an initial solvent extraction to remove factors in urine which cause non-specific interference in the assay. The recoveries obtained using different solvents are compared and the non-specific factors influencing the assay investigated further. These effects were overcome by the use of a small urine volume (10 mul) in a direct, unextracted, urine assay and the results obtained correlated closely with those from the assay using prior extraction (r=0.99). No false positive results were obtained with unextracted urine samples from hospitalised patients not receiving digoxin. The specificity was also determined with regard to the natural steroids, spironolactone and the metabolites of digoxin including dihydrodigoxin. The metabolite dihydrodigoxin, with a saturated lactone ring, was not detected whereas the mono-, and bis-digitoxo-sides and digoxigenin metabolites did cross react in the assay. It was not possible to separate dihydrodigoxin and digoxin by thin-layer chromatography or solvent extraction due to their similar structures, however, mass spectroscopy was successful in this respect and was employed to obtain the ratio of dihydrodigoxin to digoxin in extracted urine samples. Levels of urinary digoxin excreted by patients maintained on different oral doses of the drug were measured. The percentage excreted in the urine as digoxin correlated closely with the oral dose (r = 0.96) but was found to be lower than that reported in most previous studies. Mass spectroscopy measurements showed that an average of 16.4% (range 12.2-19.7%) of the total oral dose was excreted as dihydrodigoxin in the urine of nine patients investigated.", "contents": "The measurement of urinary digoxin and dihydrodigoxin by radioimmunoassay and by mass spectroscopy. A radioimmunoassay for urinary digoxin is described which includes an initial solvent extraction to remove factors in urine which cause non-specific interference in the assay. The recoveries obtained using different solvents are compared and the non-specific factors influencing the assay investigated further. These effects were overcome by the use of a small urine volume (10 mul) in a direct, unextracted, urine assay and the results obtained correlated closely with those from the assay using prior extraction (r=0.99). No false positive results were obtained with unextracted urine samples from hospitalised patients not receiving digoxin. The specificity was also determined with regard to the natural steroids, spironolactone and the metabolites of digoxin including dihydrodigoxin. The metabolite dihydrodigoxin, with a saturated lactone ring, was not detected whereas the mono-, and bis-digitoxo-sides and digoxigenin metabolites did cross react in the assay. It was not possible to separate dihydrodigoxin and digoxin by thin-layer chromatography or solvent extraction due to their similar structures, however, mass spectroscopy was successful in this respect and was employed to obtain the ratio of dihydrodigoxin to digoxin in extracted urine samples. Levels of urinary digoxin excreted by patients maintained on different oral doses of the drug were measured. The percentage excreted in the urine as digoxin correlated closely with the oral dose (r = 0.96) but was found to be lower than that reported in most previous studies. Mass spectroscopy measurements showed that an average of 16.4% (range 12.2-19.7%) of the total oral dose was excreted as dihydrodigoxin in the urine of nine patients investigated.", "PMID": 1170963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3129", "title": "Specific determination of testosterone in female plasma by radioimmunoassay: a rapid and reliable procedure for the routine clinical laboratory.", "content": "A rapid and reliable procedure for the specific determination of testosterone in female plasma is described. The assay entails a simple biphasic solvent partitioning of plasma extracts in order to remove cross-reacting steroids before quantitation of testosterone by radioimmunoassay using an antiserum raised against testosterone-11alpha-hemisuccinyl-bovine serum albumin. \"Testosterone' values obtained in this way are in excellent agreeement with those obtained following thin-layer chromatographic purification of plasma extracts. However, the present procedure is easier, faster and cheaper to perform, and enables a single technician to assay 32 females plasma samples (in duplicate) in one working day.", "contents": "Specific determination of testosterone in female plasma by radioimmunoassay: a rapid and reliable procedure for the routine clinical laboratory. A rapid and reliable procedure for the specific determination of testosterone in female plasma is described. The assay entails a simple biphasic solvent partitioning of plasma extracts in order to remove cross-reacting steroids before quantitation of testosterone by radioimmunoassay using an antiserum raised against testosterone-11alpha-hemisuccinyl-bovine serum albumin. \"Testosterone' values obtained in this way are in excellent agreeement with those obtained following thin-layer chromatographic purification of plasma extracts. However, the present procedure is easier, faster and cheaper to perform, and enables a single technician to assay 32 females plasma samples (in duplicate) in one working day.", "PMID": 1170964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3130", "title": "Dominance and reproduction in Baboons (Papio cynocephalus).", "content": "This monograph reports on a 14 month study of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in the Masai-Amboseli Game Reserve, Kenya. The study was an attempt to determine the relationship between agonistic dominance and reproductive success in male baboons and centered around testing a priority-of-access model of mating behavior. Explicit criteria for determining dominance in baboons are presented and the consistency of dominance relationships through time is analyzed for all classes of individuals. Related data on reproductive cycle length, perineal and behavioral indications of the optimal day for mating, changes in female behavior during estrus, and effects of the presence of estrous females on group organization are also included. This work constitutes the first comprehensive field study of baboon mating systems and social organization and emphasizes the use of systematic behavior sampling techniques in the field and quantitative models in the study of primate social behavior.", "contents": "Dominance and reproduction in Baboons (Papio cynocephalus). This monograph reports on a 14 month study of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in the Masai-Amboseli Game Reserve, Kenya. The study was an attempt to determine the relationship between agonistic dominance and reproductive success in male baboons and centered around testing a priority-of-access model of mating behavior. Explicit criteria for determining dominance in baboons are presented and the consistency of dominance relationships through time is analyzed for all classes of individuals. Related data on reproductive cycle length, perineal and behavioral indications of the optimal day for mating, changes in female behavior during estrus, and effects of the presence of estrous females on group organization are also included. This work constitutes the first comprehensive field study of baboon mating systems and social organization and emphasizes the use of systematic behavior sampling techniques in the field and quantitative models in the study of primate social behavior.", "PMID": 1170998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3131", "title": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis with ostium secundum atrial septal defect: successful surgical correction.", "content": "The first report of coincident IHSS and ostium secundum ASD is corroborated and successful septal myotomy and myectomy with patch closure of the ASD is described.", "contents": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis with ostium secundum atrial septal defect: successful surgical correction. The first report of coincident IHSS and ostium secundum ASD is corroborated and successful septal myotomy and myectomy with patch closure of the ASD is described.", "PMID": 1171000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3132", "title": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Changes of obstruction in left ventricular outflow depending on the type of ventricular activation.", "content": "A case of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is studied. On three occasions preexcitation was suppressed with an intravenous injection of ajmaline. The left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) was analyzed; when WPW syndrome activation disappeared, the obstruction decreased. The ventricular depolarization pathway is noteworthy as a factor in the severity of LVOTO in IHSS.", "contents": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Changes of obstruction in left ventricular outflow depending on the type of ventricular activation. A case of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is studied. On three occasions preexcitation was suppressed with an intravenous injection of ajmaline. The left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) was analyzed; when WPW syndrome activation disappeared, the obstruction decreased. The ventricular depolarization pathway is noteworthy as a factor in the severity of LVOTO in IHSS.", "PMID": 1171001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3133", "title": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis presenting as cough syncope.", "content": "In a patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, syncope developed as a result of a sustained decrease in aortic pressure induced by severe cough paroxysms. Treatment with propranolol was effective in abolishing the syncopal episodes, by reducing the post-tussive gradient and facilitating a more rapid return to normal of aortic pressure. Post-tussive syncope in IHSS may result from both an unusually strong cough paroxysm and augmented left ventricular outflow obstruction consequent to reflex sympathetic stimulation.", "contents": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis presenting as cough syncope. In a patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, syncope developed as a result of a sustained decrease in aortic pressure induced by severe cough paroxysms. Treatment with propranolol was effective in abolishing the syncopal episodes, by reducing the post-tussive gradient and facilitating a more rapid return to normal of aortic pressure. Post-tussive syncope in IHSS may result from both an unusually strong cough paroxysm and augmented left ventricular outflow obstruction consequent to reflex sympathetic stimulation.", "PMID": 1171002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3134", "title": "Efficacy of standard anticonvulsants in monkey model with spontaneous motor seizures.", "content": "Monkeys were rendered chronically epileptic by injection of alumina gel into the pre- and postcentral gyrus. To test the validity of this primate model, the effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH), phenobarbital, and primidone on spontaneous seizures evaluated for 8 months with a Latin-Squar experimental design. All three drugs were effective, the frequency of seizures being reduced by at least one-half during 6 weeks with treatment as compared with 6 weeks without. In most monkeys the frequency and severity of seizures were correlated to the number of interictal spikes in the EEG, and were inversely related to the level of drug in plasma. During withdrawal of phenobarbital and primidone, epileptic activity increased over that during control periods. Side effects were minimal with all three drugs. Patterns of behavior, although they differed from one monkey to the next, exhibited trends specific to each drug but particularly DPH. The seizures of some animals seemed to be related to the sleep-waking cycle.", "contents": "Efficacy of standard anticonvulsants in monkey model with spontaneous motor seizures. Monkeys were rendered chronically epileptic by injection of alumina gel into the pre- and postcentral gyrus. To test the validity of this primate model, the effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH), phenobarbital, and primidone on spontaneous seizures evaluated for 8 months with a Latin-Squar experimental design. All three drugs were effective, the frequency of seizures being reduced by at least one-half during 6 weeks with treatment as compared with 6 weeks without. In most monkeys the frequency and severity of seizures were correlated to the number of interictal spikes in the EEG, and were inversely related to the level of drug in plasma. During withdrawal of phenobarbital and primidone, epileptic activity increased over that during control periods. Side effects were minimal with all three drugs. Patterns of behavior, although they differed from one monkey to the next, exhibited trends specific to each drug but particularly DPH. The seizures of some animals seemed to be related to the sleep-waking cycle.", "PMID": 1171007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3135", "title": "Comparative electron-microscope studies on type-III and type-I collagens.", "content": "Long-spacing-segment crystallites prepared from type III collagen with the chain composition [alpha1(III)]3 and type I collagen with the chain composition [alpha(I)]i12alpha2 have been compared in the electron microscope after positive. staining with phosphotungstic acid and uranyl acetate. The comparison revealed several differences in intensities of the cross-striation bands as well as significant differences in band positions. The latter occur most prominently in three distinct regions of the crystallites. Further, crystallites prepared from type III collagen contain an additional intensely staining band in an area corresponding to the carboxy-terminal end of the molecule. The latter band is still observed following limited pepsin digestion and presumably represents a slight elongation of the helical portion of the type III molecule when compared to the type I molecule. In spite of the somewhat altered distribution of charged groups as indicated in studies on the long-spacing-segment crystallites, type III molecules are capable of forming fibrils of the native type with a cross-striation pattern and periodicity virtually identical to that observed when type I molecules are precipitated as native fibers.", "contents": "Comparative electron-microscope studies on type-III and type-I collagens. Long-spacing-segment crystallites prepared from type III collagen with the chain composition [alpha1(III)]3 and type I collagen with the chain composition [alpha(I)]i12alpha2 have been compared in the electron microscope after positive. staining with phosphotungstic acid and uranyl acetate. The comparison revealed several differences in intensities of the cross-striation bands as well as significant differences in band positions. The latter occur most prominently in three distinct regions of the crystallites. Further, crystallites prepared from type III collagen contain an additional intensely staining band in an area corresponding to the carboxy-terminal end of the molecule. The latter band is still observed following limited pepsin digestion and presumably represents a slight elongation of the helical portion of the type III molecule when compared to the type I molecule. In spite of the somewhat altered distribution of charged groups as indicated in studies on the long-spacing-segment crystallites, type III molecules are capable of forming fibrils of the native type with a cross-striation pattern and periodicity virtually identical to that observed when type I molecules are precipitated as native fibers.", "PMID": 1171009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3136", "title": "Isohormones: molecular forms of the human chorionic somatomammotropic hormone.", "content": "The chorionic somatommaotropic hormone extracted from the human placenta exists in several molecular forms. Analytical electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel permits separation of a highly anodic migration form, form 1, and another form migrating slightly faster than albumin, form 2. These two forms are active as measured by radioactive immunological analysis, form 2 being about 25 times more active than form 1. The two forms are mutually interconvertible. The two forms may also be separated by filtration on Sephadex G-50. However, they do not differ in molecular weight, they have the same coefficient of sedimentation and the same coefficient of apparent diffusion, measured by analytic ultracentrifugation. Glutaraldehyde and 8 M urea do not modify their electrophoretic or chromatographic behavior. On the hand, the two forms differ in their tertiary structure, with the modification depending on the greater or lesser degree of oxidation of the intra-chain disulfide groups. The two forms also exist in placental culture media and the incorporation of tritiated leucine occurs preferably in form 1. The physiological significance of the two hormone pools is not clarified.", "contents": "Isohormones: molecular forms of the human chorionic somatomammotropic hormone. The chorionic somatommaotropic hormone extracted from the human placenta exists in several molecular forms. Analytical electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel permits separation of a highly anodic migration form, form 1, and another form migrating slightly faster than albumin, form 2. These two forms are active as measured by radioactive immunological analysis, form 2 being about 25 times more active than form 1. The two forms are mutually interconvertible. The two forms may also be separated by filtration on Sephadex G-50. However, they do not differ in molecular weight, they have the same coefficient of sedimentation and the same coefficient of apparent diffusion, measured by analytic ultracentrifugation. Glutaraldehyde and 8 M urea do not modify their electrophoretic or chromatographic behavior. On the hand, the two forms differ in their tertiary structure, with the modification depending on the greater or lesser degree of oxidation of the intra-chain disulfide groups. The two forms also exist in placental culture media and the incorporation of tritiated leucine occurs preferably in form 1. The physiological significance of the two hormone pools is not clarified.", "PMID": 1171010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3137", "title": "Renaturation of acid-denatured rabbit muscle aldolase. Existence and properties of a stable monomeric intermediate.", "content": "The effects of temperature, pH and the substrate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, upon the kinetics and yield of renaturation of acid-denatured rabbit muscle aldolase have been investigated. The results are discussed in terms of a sequential set of events leading from the unfolded polypeptide chain to the renatured oligomeric enzyme. One of the intermediate molecular species in this sequence has been characterized as a folded monomer with a sedimentation coefficient of 3.1 S. This monomer is shown to be much more heat-labile than the tetramer under identical conditions, thus demonstrating stabilization of the tertiary structure of the polypeptide chain by the quaternary interactions between protomers.", "contents": "Renaturation of acid-denatured rabbit muscle aldolase. Existence and properties of a stable monomeric intermediate. The effects of temperature, pH and the substrate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, upon the kinetics and yield of renaturation of acid-denatured rabbit muscle aldolase have been investigated. The results are discussed in terms of a sequential set of events leading from the unfolded polypeptide chain to the renatured oligomeric enzyme. One of the intermediate molecular species in this sequence has been characterized as a folded monomer with a sedimentation coefficient of 3.1 S. This monomer is shown to be much more heat-labile than the tetramer under identical conditions, thus demonstrating stabilization of the tertiary structure of the polypeptide chain by the quaternary interactions between protomers.", "PMID": 1171011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3138", "title": "Substrate stereochemistry of the enoyl-CoA hydratase reaction.", "content": "1. A specimen of stereospecifically 2-tritiated 3-hydroxybutyric acid was prepared by hydroboration of ethyl crotonate. It was assumed that the hydroboration reaction took a syn course and hence that (2R,3S) plus (2S,3R)-3-hydroxy[2 minus 3H1]butyric acid was formed after oxidation and hydrolysis. 2. 3RS-3-Hydroxy[2 minus 3H2]butyric acid, symmetrically tritiated at C-2, was prepared by isotopic exchange of ethyl acetoacetate in tritiated water, followed by reduction and hydrolysis. 3. The 3R-enantiomers of the acids listed under paragraphs (1) and (2) were destroyed enzymically by use of 3R-specific 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and the residual 3S-enantiomers were isolated. 4. The resulting specimens of 2R,3S-3-hydroxy[2 minus 3H1]butyric acid and 3S-3hydroxy[2 minus 3H2]-butyric acid were converted chemically to the acyl-CoA derivatives. These were incubated with enoyl-CoA hydratase. 5. In the presence of the enoyl-CoA hydratase symmetrically labelled 3S-3-hydroxy[2 minus 3H2]BUTYRYL-CoA lost nearly 50% of its tritium label; 2R,3S-3hydroxy [2-3-H1]butyryl-CoA lost about 78%. 6. It was concluded that the elimination of the elements of water from 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA on the hydratase occurs stereospecifically with syn geometry.", "contents": "Substrate stereochemistry of the enoyl-CoA hydratase reaction. 1. A specimen of stereospecifically 2-tritiated 3-hydroxybutyric acid was prepared by hydroboration of ethyl crotonate. It was assumed that the hydroboration reaction took a syn course and hence that (2R,3S) plus (2S,3R)-3-hydroxy[2 minus 3H1]butyric acid was formed after oxidation and hydrolysis. 2. 3RS-3-Hydroxy[2 minus 3H2]butyric acid, symmetrically tritiated at C-2, was prepared by isotopic exchange of ethyl acetoacetate in tritiated water, followed by reduction and hydrolysis. 3. The 3R-enantiomers of the acids listed under paragraphs (1) and (2) were destroyed enzymically by use of 3R-specific 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and the residual 3S-enantiomers were isolated. 4. The resulting specimens of 2R,3S-3-hydroxy[2 minus 3H1]butyric acid and 3S-3hydroxy[2 minus 3H2]-butyric acid were converted chemically to the acyl-CoA derivatives. These were incubated with enoyl-CoA hydratase. 5. In the presence of the enoyl-CoA hydratase symmetrically labelled 3S-3-hydroxy[2 minus 3H2]BUTYRYL-CoA lost nearly 50% of its tritium label; 2R,3S-3hydroxy [2-3-H1]butyryl-CoA lost about 78%. 6. It was concluded that the elimination of the elements of water from 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA on the hydratase occurs stereospecifically with syn geometry.", "PMID": 1171012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3139", "title": "Adrenal, plasma and urinary corticosteroids during single or repeated administration of morphine in cats.", "content": "Corticosteroids and ascorbic acid in the adrenal glands of adult cats have been investigated after single or repeated administration of morphine. Also plasma levels and urinary excretion of corticosteroids were determined. A significant increase in the content of corticosteroids in the glands and plasma was found after initial injection of morphine. After 7 days of consecutive morphine treatment a fall of corticosteroids in the glands was observed; after 2 weeks of daily injections the content of adrenal corticosteroids was significantly lower than in the control animals but no change was found in the plasma. Administration of the drug during 1 month led to a highly significant decrease of corticosteroids in the glands as well as in plasma. No significant change in adrenal ascorbic acids was found whether the adrenal corticosteroids were higher or lower than in the control cats. Urinary corticosteroids were high during the first week of morphine treatment but thereafter the excretion declined progressively and was lower than the control level after 13 days of treatment. The significant decrease of corticosteroids observed after repeated administration of morphine and the rise in adrenal corticosteroids found after the injection of nalorphine to the morphinized animals suggest that some kind of morphine dependence had been developed in the cats after repeated administration of the drug.", "contents": "Adrenal, plasma and urinary corticosteroids during single or repeated administration of morphine in cats. Corticosteroids and ascorbic acid in the adrenal glands of adult cats have been investigated after single or repeated administration of morphine. Also plasma levels and urinary excretion of corticosteroids were determined. A significant increase in the content of corticosteroids in the glands and plasma was found after initial injection of morphine. After 7 days of consecutive morphine treatment a fall of corticosteroids in the glands was observed; after 2 weeks of daily injections the content of adrenal corticosteroids was significantly lower than in the control animals but no change was found in the plasma. Administration of the drug during 1 month led to a highly significant decrease of corticosteroids in the glands as well as in plasma. No significant change in adrenal ascorbic acids was found whether the adrenal corticosteroids were higher or lower than in the control cats. Urinary corticosteroids were high during the first week of morphine treatment but thereafter the excretion declined progressively and was lower than the control level after 13 days of treatment. The significant decrease of corticosteroids observed after repeated administration of morphine and the rise in adrenal corticosteroids found after the injection of nalorphine to the morphinized animals suggest that some kind of morphine dependence had been developed in the cats after repeated administration of the drug.", "PMID": 1171013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3140", "title": "Effects of penfluridol and other drugs on apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in monkeys.", "content": "The effects of some drugs on apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior were studied in male cynomolgus monkeys. Apomorphine produced the dose-dependent stereotyped behavior characterized mainly by continuous licking and biting, and repetitive movements of the hands, head and body in the monkeys. Penfluridol as well as haloperidol showed a clear antagonistic effect on the apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior, while chlorpromazine was less antagonistic than haloperidol. The antagonistic effect of penfluridol lasted longer than that of haloperidol. Reserpine did not inhibit the apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior though the drug elicited markedly the behavioral depression and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine also did not block the stereotyped behavior. Nialamide did not depress the apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior. In provoking the stereotyped behavior in monkeys, apomorphine probably acts directly on dopamine receptors in the extrapyramidal system, and penfluridol is suggested to act as a dopamine receptor blocker with a long action. The results indicate that protection against apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in monkeys may be a useful method for evaluating neuroleptic drugs.", "contents": "Effects of penfluridol and other drugs on apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in monkeys. The effects of some drugs on apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior were studied in male cynomolgus monkeys. Apomorphine produced the dose-dependent stereotyped behavior characterized mainly by continuous licking and biting, and repetitive movements of the hands, head and body in the monkeys. Penfluridol as well as haloperidol showed a clear antagonistic effect on the apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior, while chlorpromazine was less antagonistic than haloperidol. The antagonistic effect of penfluridol lasted longer than that of haloperidol. Reserpine did not inhibit the apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior though the drug elicited markedly the behavioral depression and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine also did not block the stereotyped behavior. Nialamide did not depress the apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior. In provoking the stereotyped behavior in monkeys, apomorphine probably acts directly on dopamine receptors in the extrapyramidal system, and penfluridol is suggested to act as a dopamine receptor blocker with a long action. The results indicate that protection against apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in monkeys may be a useful method for evaluating neuroleptic drugs.", "PMID": 1171014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3141", "title": "Effect of sodium nitroprusside on myocardial performance and venous tone.", "content": "The action of sodium nitroprusside upon the mechanical performance of the isolated, working rat heart and on isolated bull veins has been studied. Cumulative concentrations of 1--1000 ng sodium nitroprusside per ml had no effect on left ventricular pressure, end-diastolic left ventricular pressure, dp/dtmax, cardiac output and calculated wall stiffness of isolated rat hearts with constant rate, preload and afterload. Isolated strips of bull veins contracted with noradrenaline showed a dose dependent relaxation by sodium nitroprusside in concentrations of 5--1000 ng per ml. This study shows that sodium nitroprusside has no direct effect on myocardial contractility and causes venous relaxation.", "contents": "Effect of sodium nitroprusside on myocardial performance and venous tone. The action of sodium nitroprusside upon the mechanical performance of the isolated, working rat heart and on isolated bull veins has been studied. Cumulative concentrations of 1--1000 ng sodium nitroprusside per ml had no effect on left ventricular pressure, end-diastolic left ventricular pressure, dp/dtmax, cardiac output and calculated wall stiffness of isolated rat hearts with constant rate, preload and afterload. Isolated strips of bull veins contracted with noradrenaline showed a dose dependent relaxation by sodium nitroprusside in concentrations of 5--1000 ng per ml. This study shows that sodium nitroprusside has no direct effect on myocardial contractility and causes venous relaxation.", "PMID": 1171015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3142", "title": "The behavioural effects of dopamine applied intracerebrally to areas of the mesolimbic system.", "content": "The intracerebral injection technique was used to apply dopamine directly into dopamine-containing areas of the mesolimbic system, the nucleus accumbens septi, tuberculum olfactorium and nucleus amygdaloideus centralis. 200 mug dopamine injected bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens septi caused a stereotyped sniffing behaviour and hyperactivity but only a periodic hyperactivity developed after similar injections into the tuberculum olfactorium and no change in behaviour was observed following injections into the nucleus amygdaloideus centralis. After pretreatment with nialamide, the effects of intracerebral dopamine were enhanced, doses of 1-50 mug dopamine causing consistent stereotyped sniffing and a dose-dependent hyperactivity on injection into the nucleus accumbens septi or tuberculum olfactorium. The effects initiated from the nucleus accumbens septi were most marked. In addition, 50-100 mug dopamine injected into the tuberculum olfactorium caused a periodic biting behaviour. Biting was not observed after injections into the nucleus accumbens septi and, even in the presence of nialamide, injections of dopamine into the nucleus amygdaloideus centralis failed to cause any change in motor behaviour.", "contents": "The behavioural effects of dopamine applied intracerebrally to areas of the mesolimbic system. The intracerebral injection technique was used to apply dopamine directly into dopamine-containing areas of the mesolimbic system, the nucleus accumbens septi, tuberculum olfactorium and nucleus amygdaloideus centralis. 200 mug dopamine injected bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens septi caused a stereotyped sniffing behaviour and hyperactivity but only a periodic hyperactivity developed after similar injections into the tuberculum olfactorium and no change in behaviour was observed following injections into the nucleus amygdaloideus centralis. After pretreatment with nialamide, the effects of intracerebral dopamine were enhanced, doses of 1-50 mug dopamine causing consistent stereotyped sniffing and a dose-dependent hyperactivity on injection into the nucleus accumbens septi or tuberculum olfactorium. The effects initiated from the nucleus accumbens septi were most marked. In addition, 50-100 mug dopamine injected into the tuberculum olfactorium caused a periodic biting behaviour. Biting was not observed after injections into the nucleus accumbens septi and, even in the presence of nialamide, injections of dopamine into the nucleus amygdaloideus centralis failed to cause any change in motor behaviour.", "PMID": 1171020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3143", "title": "Central catecholamine receptor blocking actions of BE-2254 ('heat'): comparison with chlorpromazine and haloperidol.", "content": "BE-2254, 2-[beta-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethylaminomethyl]-tetralone, (ED50 = 3.4 mg/kg i.p.) was about equal to chlorpromazine (ED50 = 4.4) as an antagonist of central noradrenergic receptor stimulation produced by clonidine (enhancement of the flexor reflex in spinalized rats). Haloperidol and phentolamine had essentially no effect at 9 mg/kg i.p...", "contents": "Central catecholamine receptor blocking actions of BE-2254 ('heat'): comparison with chlorpromazine and haloperidol. BE-2254, 2-[beta-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethylaminomethyl]-tetralone, (ED50 = 3.4 mg/kg i.p.) was about equal to chlorpromazine (ED50 = 4.4) as an antagonist of central noradrenergic receptor stimulation produced by clonidine (enhancement of the flexor reflex in spinalized rats). Haloperidol and phentolamine had essentially no effect at 9 mg/kg i.p...", "PMID": 1171016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3144", "title": "Genetically determined differences in the effects of morphine on mice.", "content": "We have compared a variety of well known behavioral actions of morphine across four strains of laboratroy mice. Thes measures included locomotor activation, analgesia, tolerance, dependence and drug-seeking. We found that analgesia and drug-seeking did not vary greatly among strains, although some statistically significant differences were found. The interstrain rank ordering for locomotor activity, tolerance and dependence was different for each of these measures. This suggests that each of these effects of morphine may depend upon separate mechanisms, perhaps with each under independent genetic control. Other experiments were carried out to determine whether or not there were differences in the in vivo brain uptake of an opiate or the in vitro binding of naloxone to 'stereospecific receptors'. No significant interstrain differences could be found.", "contents": "Genetically determined differences in the effects of morphine on mice. We have compared a variety of well known behavioral actions of morphine across four strains of laboratroy mice. Thes measures included locomotor activation, analgesia, tolerance, dependence and drug-seeking. We found that analgesia and drug-seeking did not vary greatly among strains, although some statistically significant differences were found. The interstrain rank ordering for locomotor activity, tolerance and dependence was different for each of these measures. This suggests that each of these effects of morphine may depend upon separate mechanisms, perhaps with each under independent genetic control. Other experiments were carried out to determine whether or not there were differences in the in vivo brain uptake of an opiate or the in vitro binding of naloxone to 'stereospecific receptors'. No significant interstrain differences could be found.", "PMID": 1171017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3145", "title": "Chronic administration of morphine in cats: effects on adrenal and urinary catecholamines.", "content": "Adrenaline and noradrenaline levels in the adrenal glands and the excretion of both bioamines in urine of adult cats were investigated after chronic administration of morphine and nalorphine-induced withdrawal. After 7 days of daily consecutive morphine treatment, a significant increase in the adrenal noradrenaline content and a drop in adrenaline content were observed. After 2 weeks of daily injection of morphine, no significant changes were observed in the adrenal catecholamine level. One month of treatment with the opioid caused a significant increase in the adrenal content of both adrenaline and noradrenaline. Urinary excretion of catecholamines was significantly increased during the 4 weeks of treatment. In animals subjected to spontaneous or induced withdrawal with nalorphine, the adrenal content of catecholamines was altered and the ratio adrenaline/noradrenaline in the adrenal gland was shifted towards noradrenaline. A first injection of morphine produced an excitant manic response characterized by hyperexcitement and aggressive behaviour; animals chronically treated with the drug showed a progressively diminished response to this effect of the drug. It is concluded that physical dependence on morphine is reached by cats chronically treated with morphine and that this effect of the drug influences adrenomedulllary function in a different fashion depending on the stage of morphine treatment.", "contents": "Chronic administration of morphine in cats: effects on adrenal and urinary catecholamines. Adrenaline and noradrenaline levels in the adrenal glands and the excretion of both bioamines in urine of adult cats were investigated after chronic administration of morphine and nalorphine-induced withdrawal. After 7 days of daily consecutive morphine treatment, a significant increase in the adrenal noradrenaline content and a drop in adrenaline content were observed. After 2 weeks of daily injection of morphine, no significant changes were observed in the adrenal catecholamine level. One month of treatment with the opioid caused a significant increase in the adrenal content of both adrenaline and noradrenaline. Urinary excretion of catecholamines was significantly increased during the 4 weeks of treatment. In animals subjected to spontaneous or induced withdrawal with nalorphine, the adrenal content of catecholamines was altered and the ratio adrenaline/noradrenaline in the adrenal gland was shifted towards noradrenaline. A first injection of morphine produced an excitant manic response characterized by hyperexcitement and aggressive behaviour; animals chronically treated with the drug showed a progressively diminished response to this effect of the drug. It is concluded that physical dependence on morphine is reached by cats chronically treated with morphine and that this effect of the drug influences adrenomedulllary function in a different fashion depending on the stage of morphine treatment.", "PMID": 1171018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3146", "title": "Intravenous self-administration of d- and l-amphetamine by dog.", "content": "The relative potency of d- and l-amphetamine to maintain i.v. self-administration behavior was studied. 5 dogs were trained to work for response-contingent drug infusions until a stable drug intake per 4 hr daily session was achieved. Then 2 unit doses of d-amphetamine (0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg/infusion) and 3 unit doses of l-amphetamine (0.20, 0.40 and 0.80 mg/kg/infusion) were evaluated in a parallel line bioassay. Each combination of drug and unit dose was examined separately for 5 consecutive daily sessions. Order of treatment presentation was determined by a Latin square design. By comparing the unit doses of d- and l-amphetamine which yielded the same rate of self-administration it was found that 1 mg of the l-isomer is equivalent to 0.17 mg of the d-isomer.", "contents": "Intravenous self-administration of d- and l-amphetamine by dog. The relative potency of d- and l-amphetamine to maintain i.v. self-administration behavior was studied. 5 dogs were trained to work for response-contingent drug infusions until a stable drug intake per 4 hr daily session was achieved. Then 2 unit doses of d-amphetamine (0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg/infusion) and 3 unit doses of l-amphetamine (0.20, 0.40 and 0.80 mg/kg/infusion) were evaluated in a parallel line bioassay. Each combination of drug and unit dose was examined separately for 5 consecutive daily sessions. Order of treatment presentation was determined by a Latin square design. By comparing the unit doses of d- and l-amphetamine which yielded the same rate of self-administration it was found that 1 mg of the l-isomer is equivalent to 0.17 mg of the d-isomer.", "PMID": 1171019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3147", "title": "Response of serum prolactin to exogenous stimulation.", "content": "Previous observations by other workers indicating suppression of serum prolactin (hPRL) by water loading could not be confirmed. Sequential testing using an acute water load in patients with various clinical diagnoses did not aid conclusively in differentiating functional hyperlactinemic states from pituitary adenoma. It was of interest that the acute ingestion of water resulted in a triphasic response in serum hPRL levels. The response to breast stimulation was more marked in patients with excessive breast hypertrophy and galactorrhea. This was in contrast to patients with hypo- or hyperthyroidism, anorexia nervosa, and our normal subjects. In response to breast stimulation, there was no difference among the normal group, women with functional hyperlactinemia, and patients with proven pituitary adenoma. When they were compared with other patient groups in this study, marked responsiveness was found in patients with amenorrhea and galactorrhea, amenorrhea with elevated hPRL levels without galactorrhea, breast hypertrophy, and adrenal overactivity in response to these two stimuli. The physiologic mechanisms resulting in the increase in serum hPRL levels seen in these patients remain unclear at the present time.", "contents": "Response of serum prolactin to exogenous stimulation. Previous observations by other workers indicating suppression of serum prolactin (hPRL) by water loading could not be confirmed. Sequential testing using an acute water load in patients with various clinical diagnoses did not aid conclusively in differentiating functional hyperlactinemic states from pituitary adenoma. It was of interest that the acute ingestion of water resulted in a triphasic response in serum hPRL levels. The response to breast stimulation was more marked in patients with excessive breast hypertrophy and galactorrhea. This was in contrast to patients with hypo- or hyperthyroidism, anorexia nervosa, and our normal subjects. In response to breast stimulation, there was no difference among the normal group, women with functional hyperlactinemia, and patients with proven pituitary adenoma. When they were compared with other patient groups in this study, marked responsiveness was found in patients with amenorrhea and galactorrhea, amenorrhea with elevated hPRL levels without galactorrhea, breast hypertrophy, and adrenal overactivity in response to these two stimuli. The physiologic mechanisms resulting in the increase in serum hPRL levels seen in these patients remain unclear at the present time.", "PMID": 1171026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3148", "title": "Hormone-releasing silastic intrauterine devices: effect or provera-releasing intrauterine devices on two species of primates.", "content": "Silastic intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) 13 mm long and 1.07 mm in diameter could be inserted easily into patas monkey uteri which, like human uteri, expelled them. Addition of 10% Provera to these devices did not reduce the expulsion rate significantly in our study. Control devices had no effect on cycle length in rhesus monkeys. After insertion, the active IUDs frequently caused a delay in onset of menstruation; however, cycles did occur with the device in situ, and normal-length cycles were resumed following removal of the device. A short period of rapid release (almost 35% of the total amount) of Provera from the device was followed by a longer period of sustained release of low levels of the hormone. Even 9 mug/day were sufficient to maintain a decidual reaction in the endometrium of the rhesus monkey. The drug could not be detected in the blood stream at 3,6, or 12 hours in patas monkeys or at 1 or 2 months in rhesus monkeys and so may never have reached the systemic circulation. Devices currently under study in baboons catain Provera or one of three other steroids to determine whether these compounds improve retention rates as well as meet the other two criteria set for the ideal IUD incorporation, for unless we meet this first criterion we can never achieve, let alone test, the others.", "contents": "Hormone-releasing silastic intrauterine devices: effect or provera-releasing intrauterine devices on two species of primates. Silastic intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) 13 mm long and 1.07 mm in diameter could be inserted easily into patas monkey uteri which, like human uteri, expelled them. Addition of 10% Provera to these devices did not reduce the expulsion rate significantly in our study. Control devices had no effect on cycle length in rhesus monkeys. After insertion, the active IUDs frequently caused a delay in onset of menstruation; however, cycles did occur with the device in situ, and normal-length cycles were resumed following removal of the device. A short period of rapid release (almost 35% of the total amount) of Provera from the device was followed by a longer period of sustained release of low levels of the hormone. Even 9 mug/day were sufficient to maintain a decidual reaction in the endometrium of the rhesus monkey. The drug could not be detected in the blood stream at 3,6, or 12 hours in patas monkeys or at 1 or 2 months in rhesus monkeys and so may never have reached the systemic circulation. Devices currently under study in baboons catain Provera or one of three other steroids to determine whether these compounds improve retention rates as well as meet the other two criteria set for the ideal IUD incorporation, for unless we meet this first criterion we can never achieve, let alone test, the others.", "PMID": 1171027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3149", "title": "Mumps oophoritis: a cause of premature menopause.", "content": "One cause of secondary oligomenorrhea is ovarian infection. A rare type of infection related to the disturbance of menstrual function is mumps oophoritis. Three patients with premature menopause presumably caused by this agent were described. In one patient the symptoms coincided with a subclinical infection during the perinatal period, with subsequent infertility. Another patient seemed to have had a clinically mild oophoritis during the pubertal period, and the third patient became symptomatic following parturition. It appears that this aberration in menstrual function and fertility may be related to the time during which the infection occurs as well as to the severity of the infection. In addition, it is apparent that mumps oophoritis may be a more frequent cause of premature menopause than has heen previously suspected.", "contents": "Mumps oophoritis: a cause of premature menopause. One cause of secondary oligomenorrhea is ovarian infection. A rare type of infection related to the disturbance of menstrual function is mumps oophoritis. Three patients with premature menopause presumably caused by this agent were described. In one patient the symptoms coincided with a subclinical infection during the perinatal period, with subsequent infertility. Another patient seemed to have had a clinically mild oophoritis during the pubertal period, and the third patient became symptomatic following parturition. It appears that this aberration in menstrual function and fertility may be related to the time during which the infection occurs as well as to the severity of the infection. In addition, it is apparent that mumps oophoritis may be a more frequent cause of premature menopause than has heen previously suspected.", "PMID": 1171028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3150", "title": "Ultrastructure of rabbit ova recovered from ovarian follicles and inseminated in vitro.", "content": "Rabbit ova were obtained from presumably preovulatory ovarian follicles of gonadotropin-treated does and inseminated with uterine sperm in vitro. Ova were serially sectioned for light and electron microscopy 0, 1 1/2, 3, 6, and 9 hours after in vitro insemination. Control ova were maintained in culture for 25 hours and examined by light microscopy for cleavage. Little difference in fertilization rate (i.e., ova fertilized/ova inseminated) was observed when criteria were based on ultrastructural evidence (56.5%) and on light microscopic evidence 25 hours post-insemination provided by cleavage of control ova (54.8%). Therefore, observations of cleavage (as in controls here) can be an accurate criterion for fertilization in the rabbit, at least under the in vitro conditions used in this study. After insemination of ova recovered from preovulatory follicles, the developmental sequence was as follows: after 1 1/2 hours, sperm penetration into the vitellus; after 3 hours, male pronuclear formation and second polar body extrusion; after 6 hours, male and female pronuclear enlargement; and after 9 hours, pronuclei in apposition. This sequence compares favorably with the normal temporal sequence of events already well known for fertilization of ovulated ova in the rabbit. Penetrating sperm cells within the matrix of the zona pellucida and the supplementary sperm cells lying in the perivitelline space had undergone the acrosome reaction. Changes associated with the acrosome reaction took place before the penetration of the zona pellucida. The presence of a number of supplementary sperm, usually five to six per ovum, within the perivitelline space of the already activated ovum indicated that the block to polyspermy in these experiments operated mainly at the level of the vitelline membrane, as is the case in the normal fertilization process. The vitelline membrane block to polyspermy occurred rapidly after penetration of the fertilizing sperm into the vitellus and was associated with cortical granule breakdown. Ultrastructural details of rabbit ova recovered from ovarian follicles and inseminated in vitro revealed no distinguishable characteristics when compared with reported observations of ovulated rabbit ova undergoing fertilization in vivo.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of rabbit ova recovered from ovarian follicles and inseminated in vitro. Rabbit ova were obtained from presumably preovulatory ovarian follicles of gonadotropin-treated does and inseminated with uterine sperm in vitro. Ova were serially sectioned for light and electron microscopy 0, 1 1/2, 3, 6, and 9 hours after in vitro insemination. Control ova were maintained in culture for 25 hours and examined by light microscopy for cleavage. Little difference in fertilization rate (i.e., ova fertilized/ova inseminated) was observed when criteria were based on ultrastructural evidence (56.5%) and on light microscopic evidence 25 hours post-insemination provided by cleavage of control ova (54.8%). Therefore, observations of cleavage (as in controls here) can be an accurate criterion for fertilization in the rabbit, at least under the in vitro conditions used in this study. After insemination of ova recovered from preovulatory follicles, the developmental sequence was as follows: after 1 1/2 hours, sperm penetration into the vitellus; after 3 hours, male pronuclear formation and second polar body extrusion; after 6 hours, male and female pronuclear enlargement; and after 9 hours, pronuclei in apposition. This sequence compares favorably with the normal temporal sequence of events already well known for fertilization of ovulated ova in the rabbit. Penetrating sperm cells within the matrix of the zona pellucida and the supplementary sperm cells lying in the perivitelline space had undergone the acrosome reaction. Changes associated with the acrosome reaction took place before the penetration of the zona pellucida. The presence of a number of supplementary sperm, usually five to six per ovum, within the perivitelline space of the already activated ovum indicated that the block to polyspermy in these experiments operated mainly at the level of the vitelline membrane, as is the case in the normal fertilization process. The vitelline membrane block to polyspermy occurred rapidly after penetration of the fertilizing sperm into the vitellus and was associated with cortical granule breakdown. Ultrastructural details of rabbit ova recovered from ovarian follicles and inseminated in vitro revealed no distinguishable characteristics when compared with reported observations of ovulated rabbit ova undergoing fertilization in vivo.", "PMID": 1171029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3151", "title": "[Effect of MMI on the serum T3 and T4 levels in hyperthyroid patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Effect of 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole (MMI) on the serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) was studied in six patients with hyperthyroidism. From 30 to 60 mg of MMI per day were administered to the patients orally. Serum T3 was measured by radioimmunoassay and T4 by radioimmunoassay of Tetrasorb Kit (Abbott Lab.). Serum T4/T3 ratios in these patients were low initially, but increased to normal range in two cases immediately after the administration of MMI. But they were unchanged at first in the other four cases. When high serum T3 values decreased abruptly to normal at a later course of medication, the serum T4/T3 ratios increased to normal range in almost all cases. Even though the serum T4/T3 ratio became normal, serum T3 and T4 values remained high in some cases. Elevated serum T4 values in all cases decreased to normal faster than serum T3 with the administration of MMI. When MMI was administered to the patents concinuously, the T4/T3 ratios, once increased to normal, then decreased again gradually in five cases. And serum T3 which decreased to normal sometimes gave high values. After the discontinuation of MMI, serum T3 increased over the normal range more rapidly than did T4.", "contents": "[Effect of MMI on the serum T3 and T4 levels in hyperthyroid patients (author's transl)]. Effect of 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole (MMI) on the serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) was studied in six patients with hyperthyroidism. From 30 to 60 mg of MMI per day were administered to the patients orally. Serum T3 was measured by radioimmunoassay and T4 by radioimmunoassay of Tetrasorb Kit (Abbott Lab.). Serum T4/T3 ratios in these patients were low initially, but increased to normal range in two cases immediately after the administration of MMI. But they were unchanged at first in the other four cases. When high serum T3 values decreased abruptly to normal at a later course of medication, the serum T4/T3 ratios increased to normal range in almost all cases. Even though the serum T4/T3 ratio became normal, serum T3 and T4 values remained high in some cases. Elevated serum T4 values in all cases decreased to normal faster than serum T3 with the administration of MMI. When MMI was administered to the patents concinuously, the T4/T3 ratios, once increased to normal, then decreased again gradually in five cases. And serum T3 which decreased to normal sometimes gave high values. After the discontinuation of MMI, serum T3 increased over the normal range more rapidly than did T4.", "PMID": 1171030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3152", "title": "[Effect of d,l-alpha-methyl-3, 5, 3, 5-tetraiodothyronine ethylester hydrochloride (CG-635) on experimental hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "To develop the prophylactics and the curatives for atherosclerosis, thyroxine derivative, CG-635, was assayed for its physiological activities in experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits fed with cholesterol. It was found that CG-635 possessed serum TC/TP value lowering activity (total cholesterol/total phospholipid) in normal and cholesterol fed rabbits for 3 weeks, and prevented the elevation of the value of cholesterol fed rabbits by daily injection for 7 weeks. CG-635 also depressed the hyperlipemia induced by cholesterol feeding, and its inhibitory effect was shown to be more marked on the increase of cholesterol than triglyceride, phospholipid and free fatty acid in serum. CG-635 did not, however, influence GOT, GPT and G-6-Pase activities in serum with increased cholesterol intake. From the histological findings it was proved that this compound prevented to a high degree the occurrence of atherosclerosis and fatty liver of cholesterol fed rabbits. Furthermore, it was recognized that thyroid hormone and the thyroid simulating hormone-like activities of CG-635 were much weaker than thyroxine, except for the action in the lipid metabolism.", "contents": "[Effect of d,l-alpha-methyl-3, 5, 3, 5-tetraiodothyronine ethylester hydrochloride (CG-635) on experimental hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in rabbits (author's transl)]. To develop the prophylactics and the curatives for atherosclerosis, thyroxine derivative, CG-635, was assayed for its physiological activities in experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits fed with cholesterol. It was found that CG-635 possessed serum TC/TP value lowering activity (total cholesterol/total phospholipid) in normal and cholesterol fed rabbits for 3 weeks, and prevented the elevation of the value of cholesterol fed rabbits by daily injection for 7 weeks. CG-635 also depressed the hyperlipemia induced by cholesterol feeding, and its inhibitory effect was shown to be more marked on the increase of cholesterol than triglyceride, phospholipid and free fatty acid in serum. CG-635 did not, however, influence GOT, GPT and G-6-Pase activities in serum with increased cholesterol intake. From the histological findings it was proved that this compound prevented to a high degree the occurrence of atherosclerosis and fatty liver of cholesterol fed rabbits. Furthermore, it was recognized that thyroid hormone and the thyroid simulating hormone-like activities of CG-635 were much weaker than thyroxine, except for the action in the lipid metabolism.", "PMID": 1171031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3153", "title": "[A low response of pituitary growth hormone secretion in the patient with diabetes mellitus after intravenous administration of L-dopa (author's transl)].", "content": "Recently, L-dopa has been known as one of drugs to stimulate the secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland through dopamine, which is a metabolic of L-dopa, without any changes of serum insulin levels, blood sugar values, fatty acids and amino acids concentrations in the serum of human being. The present study was thus designed to assess the effect of L-dopa on the pituitary gland to secrete the growth hormone in the normal subject and the study was further extended to compare the response of the pituitary secretion of the growth hormone following the administration of L-dopa between in the patient with diabetes mellitus and in the normal subject. In the present experiment, 5 normal subjects and 11 diabetes mellitus without obesity were employed and they received a 30 min infusion of 200 mg L-dopa dissolved in 200 ml physiological saline. In normal subjects, serum growth hormone concentration measured by radio-immunoassay was started to increase within 10 min after L-dopa administration and maximum value of serum growth hormone was obtained 60 min after the drug, mean values of it, 30 ng/ml of serum. Then it was declined sharply upto the values of 2-3 ng/ml. In the patients with diabetes mellitus, on the other hand, maximum value of serum concentration of the growth hormone was only approximately 5 ng/ml of serum obtained between 45 and 75 min after the administration of L-dopa. No changes in the serum concentration of IRI (Immunoreactive insulin) and of blood sugar values were observed by the infusion of L-dopa in both normal subjects and diabetes mellitus. From the above mentioned facts, it was concluded that the ability of pituitary gland to secrete the growth hormone was considerably impaired in diabetics when it was compared with normal subjects.", "contents": "[A low response of pituitary growth hormone secretion in the patient with diabetes mellitus after intravenous administration of L-dopa (author's transl)]. Recently, L-dopa has been known as one of drugs to stimulate the secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland through dopamine, which is a metabolic of L-dopa, without any changes of serum insulin levels, blood sugar values, fatty acids and amino acids concentrations in the serum of human being. The present study was thus designed to assess the effect of L-dopa on the pituitary gland to secrete the growth hormone in the normal subject and the study was further extended to compare the response of the pituitary secretion of the growth hormone following the administration of L-dopa between in the patient with diabetes mellitus and in the normal subject. In the present experiment, 5 normal subjects and 11 diabetes mellitus without obesity were employed and they received a 30 min infusion of 200 mg L-dopa dissolved in 200 ml physiological saline. In normal subjects, serum growth hormone concentration measured by radio-immunoassay was started to increase within 10 min after L-dopa administration and maximum value of serum growth hormone was obtained 60 min after the drug, mean values of it, 30 ng/ml of serum. Then it was declined sharply upto the values of 2-3 ng/ml. In the patients with diabetes mellitus, on the other hand, maximum value of serum concentration of the growth hormone was only approximately 5 ng/ml of serum obtained between 45 and 75 min after the administration of L-dopa. No changes in the serum concentration of IRI (Immunoreactive insulin) and of blood sugar values were observed by the infusion of L-dopa in both normal subjects and diabetes mellitus. From the above mentioned facts, it was concluded that the ability of pituitary gland to secrete the growth hormone was considerably impaired in diabetics when it was compared with normal subjects.", "PMID": 1171032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3154", "title": "Antigenic activity, in humans, of purified low molecular weight fractions of timothy pollen.", "content": "Small molecular weight fractions obtained from dialysis of crude timothy pollen extract were shown to carry immunogenic activity in monkeys. These fractions were sequentially purified through gel filtration with Sephadex G-10 and C-M cellulose. Monkeys immunized with these fractions produced almost eclusively skin-sensitizing antibodies which were shown to be of the IgE class, differing in antigenic specificity. These active fractions were assayed in patients allergic to timothy pollen exhibiting an allergic rhinitis. Direct skin tests and inhalation provocation tests were used. The results showed a discrepancy between the skin reactivity and the nasal response to the 3 active fractions. This result can be interpreted as heterogenity of IgE antibodies to small molecular weight fractions contained in crude timothy pollen extract, exhibiting different tissue sensitizing properties.", "contents": "Antigenic activity, in humans, of purified low molecular weight fractions of timothy pollen. Small molecular weight fractions obtained from dialysis of crude timothy pollen extract were shown to carry immunogenic activity in monkeys. These fractions were sequentially purified through gel filtration with Sephadex G-10 and C-M cellulose. Monkeys immunized with these fractions produced almost eclusively skin-sensitizing antibodies which were shown to be of the IgE class, differing in antigenic specificity. These active fractions were assayed in patients allergic to timothy pollen exhibiting an allergic rhinitis. Direct skin tests and inhalation provocation tests were used. The results showed a discrepancy between the skin reactivity and the nasal response to the 3 active fractions. This result can be interpreted as heterogenity of IgE antibodies to small molecular weight fractions contained in crude timothy pollen extract, exhibiting different tissue sensitizing properties.", "PMID": 1171037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3155", "title": "Interactions between IgE and house dust extract as studied by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST).", "content": "Several components in house dust extract can bind IgE, these interactions are not all immunologically specific. Non-immune interactions may conceivably contribute to the biological effects of house dust extract, they are actually found to interfere with the assay of allergen-specific IgE, especially when the serum under investigation has a high IgE content. By modification of the incubation medium, non-immune interactions can to a large extent be prevented. The immunological interactions between IgE and components in house dust extract have been investigated using twenty extracts, both in inhibition-type assay and in direct insolubilization assay. D. pteronyssinus-related allergens were found to be present in almost all extracts, however, not all house dust specific IgE reacted with mite-related allergens. Whether standardization of house dust extract is at all feasible, and if so, worthwhile, remains to be seen. It is clear, however, that no single figure can represent a completely reliable measure for the biological potency of a house dust extract.", "contents": "Interactions between IgE and house dust extract as studied by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Several components in house dust extract can bind IgE, these interactions are not all immunologically specific. Non-immune interactions may conceivably contribute to the biological effects of house dust extract, they are actually found to interfere with the assay of allergen-specific IgE, especially when the serum under investigation has a high IgE content. By modification of the incubation medium, non-immune interactions can to a large extent be prevented. The immunological interactions between IgE and components in house dust extract have been investigated using twenty extracts, both in inhibition-type assay and in direct insolubilization assay. D. pteronyssinus-related allergens were found to be present in almost all extracts, however, not all house dust specific IgE reacted with mite-related allergens. Whether standardization of house dust extract is at all feasible, and if so, worthwhile, remains to be seen. It is clear, however, that no single figure can represent a completely reliable measure for the biological potency of a house dust extract.", "PMID": 1171038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3156", "title": "Value of fluid phase complement consumption as a means of 'in vitro' allergen standardization.", "content": "Atopic allergens can readily be shown to inactivate hemolytic complement in human serum. This property has been explored as a means of in vitro allergen quantitation and standardization. The purification of house dust allergen, guided by skin tests and complement inactivation, demonstrates that the in vitro technique is clinically relevant. Since human sera differ in their sensitivity to complement inactivation by allergens, it is desirable to prepare a purified house dust allergen as a standard. By referring to this standard, other house dust extracts may then be standardized by using any given serum sample of human origin, provided that such extracts have undergone some degree of purification. Kinetic studies demonstrate that other allergens of the house dust group may be standardized in similar fashion; it was noted that the ratio of the complement inactivating powers of these respective allergens remains constant whatever the serum used. The method is not suited for the quantitation of pollen allergens.", "contents": "Value of fluid phase complement consumption as a means of 'in vitro' allergen standardization. Atopic allergens can readily be shown to inactivate hemolytic complement in human serum. This property has been explored as a means of in vitro allergen quantitation and standardization. The purification of house dust allergen, guided by skin tests and complement inactivation, demonstrates that the in vitro technique is clinically relevant. Since human sera differ in their sensitivity to complement inactivation by allergens, it is desirable to prepare a purified house dust allergen as a standard. By referring to this standard, other house dust extracts may then be standardized by using any given serum sample of human origin, provided that such extracts have undergone some degree of purification. Kinetic studies demonstrate that other allergens of the house dust group may be standardized in similar fashion; it was noted that the ratio of the complement inactivating powers of these respective allergens remains constant whatever the serum used. The method is not suited for the quantitation of pollen allergens.", "PMID": 1171039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3157", "title": "The plasma insulin and growth hormone response to oral glucose: diurnal and seasonal observations in the Antarctic.", "content": "Plasma insulin and growth hormone levels were measured during morning and afternoon oral glucose tolerance tests performed on 12 young men at three monthly intervals in the Antarctic. No diurnal or seasonal differences in growth hormone levels were found. However there were diurnal and seasonal variations in the blood glucose/plasma insulin relationship.", "contents": "The plasma insulin and growth hormone response to oral glucose: diurnal and seasonal observations in the Antarctic. Plasma insulin and growth hormone levels were measured during morning and afternoon oral glucose tolerance tests performed on 12 young men at three monthly intervals in the Antarctic. No diurnal or seasonal differences in growth hormone levels were found. However there were diurnal and seasonal variations in the blood glucose/plasma insulin relationship.", "PMID": 1171040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3158", "title": "Effects of buformin on the metabolsim of the isolated haemoglobin-free perfused hindlimb of normal rats.", "content": "Using the isolated, haemoglobin-free, perfused resting hindlimb of normal rats buformin neither had a direct insulin-like effect on glucose uptake by muscle tissue nor potentiated the effect of insulin on glucose uptake after oral pretreatment for one or several days with low and high doses (30 mg-350 mg/kg). Effects on glycogenolysis could not be detected. Glycerol release was inhibited after several days of pretreatment with low and high doses of buformin. The utilization of added oleate was also partly inhibited. The level of energy rich phosphates in the muscle tissue and oxygen consumption were not affected under any of the conditions used in these experiments.", "contents": "Effects of buformin on the metabolsim of the isolated haemoglobin-free perfused hindlimb of normal rats. Using the isolated, haemoglobin-free, perfused resting hindlimb of normal rats buformin neither had a direct insulin-like effect on glucose uptake by muscle tissue nor potentiated the effect of insulin on glucose uptake after oral pretreatment for one or several days with low and high doses (30 mg-350 mg/kg). Effects on glycogenolysis could not be detected. Glycerol release was inhibited after several days of pretreatment with low and high doses of buformin. The utilization of added oleate was also partly inhibited. The level of energy rich phosphates in the muscle tissue and oxygen consumption were not affected under any of the conditions used in these experiments.", "PMID": 1171041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3159", "title": "Plasma levels and excretion of estrogens in urine in chronic lever disease.", "content": "Plasma levels of nonconjugated estrone (E1), estradiol-17beta (E2), and estriol (E3) and excretion of these estrogens in urine in conjugated and nonconjugated forms were measured by radioimmunoassay in 17 healthy males and 33 males with alcoholic liver disease. Patients with liver disease had significantly elevated plasma levels of E1 (74.2 +/- 8.0 SE versus 26.0 +/- 1.7 pg per ml, P less than 0.001), E2 (29.3 +/- 2.2 versus 23.3 +/- 2.0 pg per ml, P = less than 0.05), and E3 (11.5 + 1.9 versus 6.5 +/- 0.7 pg per ml, P less than 0.01). Excretion of total E1, E2, and E3 in urine was significantly increased in patients with liver disease; the increase was primarily in the nonconjugated fraction. Among those patients with chronic liver disease, the presence of ascites was associated with significantly higher plasma levels of E1 and excretion of larger amounts of E1 and E2 in urine. On the other hand, no differences were observed in the small number of patients with gynecomastia. A direct correlation between the plasma level or excretion of E1 or E2 and several liver function abnormalities was observed. The relative hyperestrogenemia we report here may account for some of the clinical observations in chronic liver disease.", "contents": "Plasma levels and excretion of estrogens in urine in chronic lever disease. Plasma levels of nonconjugated estrone (E1), estradiol-17beta (E2), and estriol (E3) and excretion of these estrogens in urine in conjugated and nonconjugated forms were measured by radioimmunoassay in 17 healthy males and 33 males with alcoholic liver disease. Patients with liver disease had significantly elevated plasma levels of E1 (74.2 +/- 8.0 SE versus 26.0 +/- 1.7 pg per ml, P less than 0.001), E2 (29.3 +/- 2.2 versus 23.3 +/- 2.0 pg per ml, P = less than 0.05), and E3 (11.5 + 1.9 versus 6.5 +/- 0.7 pg per ml, P less than 0.01). Excretion of total E1, E2, and E3 in urine was significantly increased in patients with liver disease; the increase was primarily in the nonconjugated fraction. Among those patients with chronic liver disease, the presence of ascites was associated with significantly higher plasma levels of E1 and excretion of larger amounts of E1 and E2 in urine. On the other hand, no differences were observed in the small number of patients with gynecomastia. A direct correlation between the plasma level or excretion of E1 or E2 and several liver function abnormalities was observed. The relative hyperestrogenemia we report here may account for some of the clinical observations in chronic liver disease.", "PMID": 1171044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3160", "title": "Alcohol-induced testicular atrophy. An experimental model for hypogonadism occurring in chronic alcoholic men.", "content": "Elucidation of mechanisms involved in the hypogonadism and feminization observed in chronic alcoholic men requires the development of an experimental animals model system. Such an animal system should be inducible with ethanol feeding and should duplicate endocrine changes known to occur in chronic alcoholic men. We report such an animal model system. Animals fed a diet with ethanol accounting for 36% of total calories develop significant testicular, prostatic, and seminal vesicle atrophy (P less than 0.01) and greatly reduced plasma testosterone levels (P less than 0.01). Animals fed a similar diet with sucrose isocalorically substituted for ethanol do not. Testicular, prostatic, and seminal vesicular mass relative to body mass and plasma testosterone levels in these isocaloric control animals do not vary significantly from those obtained for age-matched control animals fed an ad libitum rat chow diet. These findings indicate that the caloric deprivation associated with chronic ethanol ingestion is not responsible for gonadal injury and atrophy of the sex steroid-sensitive tissues in the alcohol-fed animals. This animal model provides a useful means of directly examining perturbation in gonadal function that occurs in man as a consequence of chronic ethanol ingestion and confirms our previous data which suggest that ethanol is a primary testicular toxin.", "contents": "Alcohol-induced testicular atrophy. An experimental model for hypogonadism occurring in chronic alcoholic men. Elucidation of mechanisms involved in the hypogonadism and feminization observed in chronic alcoholic men requires the development of an experimental animals model system. Such an animal system should be inducible with ethanol feeding and should duplicate endocrine changes known to occur in chronic alcoholic men. We report such an animal model system. Animals fed a diet with ethanol accounting for 36% of total calories develop significant testicular, prostatic, and seminal vesicle atrophy (P less than 0.01) and greatly reduced plasma testosterone levels (P less than 0.01). Animals fed a similar diet with sucrose isocalorically substituted for ethanol do not. Testicular, prostatic, and seminal vesicular mass relative to body mass and plasma testosterone levels in these isocaloric control animals do not vary significantly from those obtained for age-matched control animals fed an ad libitum rat chow diet. These findings indicate that the caloric deprivation associated with chronic ethanol ingestion is not responsible for gonadal injury and atrophy of the sex steroid-sensitive tissues in the alcohol-fed animals. This animal model provides a useful means of directly examining perturbation in gonadal function that occurs in man as a consequence of chronic ethanol ingestion and confirms our previous data which suggest that ethanol is a primary testicular toxin.", "PMID": 1171045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3161", "title": "Mutagenesis and genetic analysis with Chinese hamster auxotrophic cell markers.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary cells were treated with various physical and chemical mutagens and subject to the bromodeoxyuridine plus visible light procedure for isolation of auxotrophic mutants. more than 200 auxotrophs have been isolated which require exogenous supplement of various nutrilites for growth, such as glycine, adenine, thymidine, inositol, etc. Fifty-five of these have been characterized by complementation tests and were shown to constitute 15 different loci. All these auxotrophs are highly stable and exhibit all-or-none growth response to the respective nutrilites. Enzyme deficiencies have been identified in several of these classes. When these auxotrophs are hybridized with human cells and grown in selective medium, the hybrids lose human chromosomes at a rapid rate and the analysis for synteny of the human genes can be successfully carried out. Moverover, in hybrids formed between an adenine-requiring auxotroph and human cells, a human esterase  activator gene has been identified which appears to regulate the expression of esterase gene activities in the Chinese hamster genome. Studies of this kind may lead to the understanding of gene regulation in mammalian cells.", "contents": "Mutagenesis and genetic analysis with Chinese hamster auxotrophic cell markers. Chinese hamster ovary cells were treated with various physical and chemical mutagens and subject to the bromodeoxyuridine plus visible light procedure for isolation of auxotrophic mutants. more than 200 auxotrophs have been isolated which require exogenous supplement of various nutrilites for growth, such as glycine, adenine, thymidine, inositol, etc. Fifty-five of these have been characterized by complementation tests and were shown to constitute 15 different loci. All these auxotrophs are highly stable and exhibit all-or-none growth response to the respective nutrilites. Enzyme deficiencies have been identified in several of these classes. When these auxotrophs are hybridized with human cells and grown in selective medium, the hybrids lose human chromosomes at a rapid rate and the analysis for synteny of the human genes can be successfully carried out. Moverover, in hybrids formed between an adenine-requiring auxotroph and human cells, a human esterase  activator gene has been identified which appears to regulate the expression of esterase gene activities in the Chinese hamster genome. Studies of this kind may lead to the understanding of gene regulation in mammalian cells.", "PMID": 1171046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3162", "title": "Crohn's disease in Nottingham: a search for time-space clustering.", "content": "All cases of Crohn's disease in the Nottingham area were ascertained and the date and place of domicile and work at the time of onset of symptoms noted. Applying the Knox and Pike and Smith tests for clustering of patients in time and space, no significant results were observed. Further analysis of differences in time-space clustering between a group of patients and matched controls is in hand.", "contents": "Crohn's disease in Nottingham: a search for time-space clustering. All cases of Crohn's disease in the Nottingham area were ascertained and the date and place of domicile and work at the time of onset of symptoms noted. Applying the Knox and Pike and Smith tests for clustering of patients in time and space, no significant results were observed. Further analysis of differences in time-space clustering between a group of patients and matched controls is in hand.", "PMID": 1171050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3163", "title": "[Mode of action of clonidine, a central hypotensive agent, analyzed by the interaction with various sympathomimetic agents].", "content": "Injection of a low dose of clonidine showed the biphasic blood pressure response which comprises a delayed onset of long lasting hypotension and a quick onset of hypertension of short duration followed by the former, in the alpha-chloralose-urethanized rat. A second injection of low dose of clonidine administered 90 min after the first showed only two peaks of pressor response, no longer a depressor one, and tachyphylaxis occurred with repeated injections of the same dose of clonidine, together with a gradual elevation of blood pressure level. Furthermore, the depressor action was inhibited by pretreatment with cocaine or imipramine. In contrast, injection of a high dose of clonidine exhibited pressor response with only two peaks, duration of which was markedly potentiated by pretreatment with cocaine or imipramine, and also by guanethidine, but inhibited in reserpinized and spinal rats. While the blood pressure was sustained at a high level after the injection of a high dose os clonidine, blood pressure reversal was produced by tyramine, due to possible beta-mimetic action of much greater amounts of catecholamines released by tyramine. The isolated guinea-pig vas deferens contracted when treated with clonidine, and this contraction was inhibited in the reserpinized preparation. This inhibition was recovered by incubation with norepinephrine. Interaction between tyramine and clonidine was also seen in vitro, but it disappeared in the reserpinized, denervated or propranolol-pretreated guinea-pig vas deferens. The contraction of the vas deferens induced by clonidine was potentiated by pretreatment with cocaine, but not by pretreatment with guanethidine, ans was inhibited by treatment with alpha-adrenergic blocking agents phentolamine and phentolame and phenoxybenzamine, but not by tolazoline.", "contents": "[Mode of action of clonidine, a central hypotensive agent, analyzed by the interaction with various sympathomimetic agents]. Injection of a low dose of clonidine showed the biphasic blood pressure response which comprises a delayed onset of long lasting hypotension and a quick onset of hypertension of short duration followed by the former, in the alpha-chloralose-urethanized rat. A second injection of low dose of clonidine administered 90 min after the first showed only two peaks of pressor response, no longer a depressor one, and tachyphylaxis occurred with repeated injections of the same dose of clonidine, together with a gradual elevation of blood pressure level. Furthermore, the depressor action was inhibited by pretreatment with cocaine or imipramine. In contrast, injection of a high dose of clonidine exhibited pressor response with only two peaks, duration of which was markedly potentiated by pretreatment with cocaine or imipramine, and also by guanethidine, but inhibited in reserpinized and spinal rats. While the blood pressure was sustained at a high level after the injection of a high dose os clonidine, blood pressure reversal was produced by tyramine, due to possible beta-mimetic action of much greater amounts of catecholamines released by tyramine. The isolated guinea-pig vas deferens contracted when treated with clonidine, and this contraction was inhibited in the reserpinized preparation. This inhibition was recovered by incubation with norepinephrine. Interaction between tyramine and clonidine was also seen in vitro, but it disappeared in the reserpinized, denervated or propranolol-pretreated guinea-pig vas deferens. The contraction of the vas deferens induced by clonidine was potentiated by pretreatment with cocaine, but not by pretreatment with guanethidine, ans was inhibited by treatment with alpha-adrenergic blocking agents phentolamine and phentolame and phenoxybenzamine, but not by tolazoline.", "PMID": 1171051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3164", "title": "[Dependence on and preference for morphine (II). Comparison among morphine, phenobarbital and diazepam].", "content": "Results of a previous experiment indicated that naive rats given a choice between morphine-admixed food (0.5 similar to 1mg/g of food) and quinine-admixed food (0.5 similar to 1 mg/g of food) for 3 weeks gradually and spontaneously preferred the morphine-admixed food, and this choice behavior revealed one of the psychological aspects of morphine dependent rats. In the present work, the ability of preference formation was detected for morphine, phenobarbital and diazepam by a defferent chioce test using drug dependent rats. Rats were pretreated with morpnine, phenobarbital, and/or diazepam by drug admixed food ingestion method for 12 similar to 15 weeks, and the choice test was practiced for one week at 3 intervals (4 similar to 5 trials). Control groups of rats were given the same choice testas the naive rats. Results indicated that (a) of all the drugs employed, morphine showed the most rapid and intensive preference formation (b) Phenobarbital and diazepam had almost the same degree of preference formation. (c) Phenobarbital showed no dose-dependent intensity of preference formation in the 50-90 mg/kg/day dose range, however, a more rapid development of preference was observed dose-dependently among the 80-120 mg/kg/day dose range of diazepam. Thus these studies utilizing a choice test provide a clear demonstration of drug-seeking behavior in rats. In addition, the present method is useful for drug screening tests involving weak psychological dependence liability, and moreover, the data could be analyzed statistically.", "contents": "[Dependence on and preference for morphine (II). Comparison among morphine, phenobarbital and diazepam]. Results of a previous experiment indicated that naive rats given a choice between morphine-admixed food (0.5 similar to 1mg/g of food) and quinine-admixed food (0.5 similar to 1 mg/g of food) for 3 weeks gradually and spontaneously preferred the morphine-admixed food, and this choice behavior revealed one of the psychological aspects of morphine dependent rats. In the present work, the ability of preference formation was detected for morphine, phenobarbital and diazepam by a defferent chioce test using drug dependent rats. Rats were pretreated with morpnine, phenobarbital, and/or diazepam by drug admixed food ingestion method for 12 similar to 15 weeks, and the choice test was practiced for one week at 3 intervals (4 similar to 5 trials). Control groups of rats were given the same choice testas the naive rats. Results indicated that (a) of all the drugs employed, morphine showed the most rapid and intensive preference formation (b) Phenobarbital and diazepam had almost the same degree of preference formation. (c) Phenobarbital showed no dose-dependent intensity of preference formation in the 50-90 mg/kg/day dose range, however, a more rapid development of preference was observed dose-dependently among the 80-120 mg/kg/day dose range of diazepam. Thus these studies utilizing a choice test provide a clear demonstration of drug-seeking behavior in rats. In addition, the present method is useful for drug screening tests involving weak psychological dependence liability, and moreover, the data could be analyzed statistically.", "PMID": 1171052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3165", "title": "[Effects of drugs on cell culture (I)].", "content": "Effects of drugs were studied on L-cell line: L, of mouse subcutaneous tissue origin. Results are as follows: the concentrations of 62.50 approximately 500 mug/ml for each drug were examined regarding inhibition of the growth of L-cell line. ID50 values of ibuprofen, naproxen, Y-5554, DICHLOFENAC AND AMINOPYRINE WERE FOUND TO BE 185, 185, 175, 145 AND GREATER THAN 500 MUG/ML RESPECTIVELY. Minimum concentration, caused by the detachment of the cell from the vessel wall, was as follows: ibuprofen 125 approximately 250, naproxen 250 approximately 500, Y-5554 125 approximately 250, dichlofenac 62.50 and aminopyrine 1,000 approximately 2,000 mug/ml respectively.", "contents": "[Effects of drugs on cell culture (I)]. Effects of drugs were studied on L-cell line: L, of mouse subcutaneous tissue origin. Results are as follows: the concentrations of 62.50 approximately 500 mug/ml for each drug were examined regarding inhibition of the growth of L-cell line. ID50 values of ibuprofen, naproxen, Y-5554, DICHLOFENAC AND AMINOPYRINE WERE FOUND TO BE 185, 185, 175, 145 AND GREATER THAN 500 MUG/ML RESPECTIVELY. Minimum concentration, caused by the detachment of the cell from the vessel wall, was as follows: ibuprofen 125 approximately 250, naproxen 250 approximately 500, Y-5554 125 approximately 250, dichlofenac 62.50 and aminopyrine 1,000 approximately 2,000 mug/ml respectively.", "PMID": 1171053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3166", "title": "[Effects of drugs on cell culture (II)].", "content": "The toxicity of drugs was determined using embryonic skin and muscle from humans (Flow 1,000). The dosage causing a 50% inhibition culture growth (ID50) and minimum concentration, caused by the detachment of the cell from the vessel wall, were determined. ID50 values of ibuprofen, naproxen, Y-5554, dichlofenac and aminopyrine were found to be 150, 320,220, 110 and greater 500 mug/ml respectively. Minimum concentration, caused by the detachment of the from the vessel wall, was as follows: ibuprofen 250, naproxen 250-500, Y-5554 250-500, dichlofenac 62.50-125 and aminopyrine 1,000-2,000 mug/ml respectively.", "contents": "[Effects of drugs on cell culture (II)]. The toxicity of drugs was determined using embryonic skin and muscle from humans (Flow 1,000). The dosage causing a 50% inhibition culture growth (ID50) and minimum concentration, caused by the detachment of the cell from the vessel wall, were determined. ID50 values of ibuprofen, naproxen, Y-5554, dichlofenac and aminopyrine were found to be 150, 320,220, 110 and greater 500 mug/ml respectively. Minimum concentration, caused by the detachment of the from the vessel wall, was as follows: ibuprofen 250, naproxen 250-500, Y-5554 250-500, dichlofenac 62.50-125 and aminopyrine 1,000-2,000 mug/ml respectively.", "PMID": 1171054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3167", "title": "[Simulation of cold acclimation by chronic treatment with noradrenaline, with special reference to metabolic responses to noradrenaline (author's transl)].", "content": "Rats treated with noradrenaline (NA) or L-dopa for 28 days were infused i.v. with NA for 30 min and changes in rectal temperature and plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glycerol, blood sugar, and lactate were observed. Results obtained were compared with those in cold-acclimated rats. The NA infusions caused a significant elevation of the rectal temperature in cold-acclimated and NA-treated rats, but not in L-dopa-treated ones. NA-induced increase in the plasma NEFA level was less in extent in cold-acclimated rats than in warm-adapted ones. Similar difference in the NEFA increase was observed between NA-treated and control rats. Changes in plasma glycerol level were the same in cold-acclimated and warm-adapted rats and in NA-treated and control rats. NA-induced increase in blood sugar level was less in extent in cold-acclimated and NA-treated rats as compared to the increase in respective control rats. No consistent changes were observed in blood lactate concentration. From the results it was inferred that the responses to exogenous NA in NA-treated rats, but not in L-dopa treated ones, were similar to those in cold-acclimated rats. It was thus suggested that the chronic treatment with NA may produce similar metabolic state as in cold-acclimation.", "contents": "[Simulation of cold acclimation by chronic treatment with noradrenaline, with special reference to metabolic responses to noradrenaline (author's transl)]. Rats treated with noradrenaline (NA) or L-dopa for 28 days were infused i.v. with NA for 30 min and changes in rectal temperature and plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glycerol, blood sugar, and lactate were observed. Results obtained were compared with those in cold-acclimated rats. The NA infusions caused a significant elevation of the rectal temperature in cold-acclimated and NA-treated rats, but not in L-dopa-treated ones. NA-induced increase in the plasma NEFA level was less in extent in cold-acclimated rats than in warm-adapted ones. Similar difference in the NEFA increase was observed between NA-treated and control rats. Changes in plasma glycerol level were the same in cold-acclimated and warm-adapted rats and in NA-treated and control rats. NA-induced increase in blood sugar level was less in extent in cold-acclimated and NA-treated rats as compared to the increase in respective control rats. No consistent changes were observed in blood lactate concentration. From the results it was inferred that the responses to exogenous NA in NA-treated rats, but not in L-dopa treated ones, were similar to those in cold-acclimated rats. It was thus suggested that the chronic treatment with NA may produce similar metabolic state as in cold-acclimation.", "PMID": 1171055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3168", "title": "[Changes in blood constituents induced by noradrenaline infusion and acute cold exposure in rats treated chronically with noradrenaline and thyroxine (author's transl)].", "content": "Rats were treated with noradrenaline (NA), thyroxine (T4), NA plus T4, and NA plus ACTH for 28 days, and changes in rectal temperature and blood concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), sugar, and lactate were observed following NA infusion and acute cold exposure. Results obtained were compared with those found in cold-acclimated rats. NA infusion caused a marked elevation of the rectal temperature in cold-acclimated rats and NA plus T4-treated ones. No significant changes were observed in plasma NEFA level following NA infusion in cold-acclimated and NA-treated rats. Treatment with T4 tended to augment the lipolytic action of NA. Treatment with NA plus ACTH showed similar effect of augmented lipolysis. Changes in blood sugar level induced by NA infusion were small in cold-acclimated and NA plus T4 groups. Changes in blood lactate level were not significant in NA plus ACTH group. After acute cold exposure plasma NEFA level was low in cold-acclimated rats and high in NA plus T4-treated rats. Blood sugar level was slightly higher in cold-acclimated and NA plus T4-treated rats than in the other groups. Plasma lactate level showed relatively high values in T4 and NA plus T4 groups. It was thus suggested that metabolic patterns in cold-acclimated rats and in NA plus T4- as well as NA-treated rats were somewhat alike, but not always the same.", "contents": "[Changes in blood constituents induced by noradrenaline infusion and acute cold exposure in rats treated chronically with noradrenaline and thyroxine (author's transl)]. Rats were treated with noradrenaline (NA), thyroxine (T4), NA plus T4, and NA plus ACTH for 28 days, and changes in rectal temperature and blood concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), sugar, and lactate were observed following NA infusion and acute cold exposure. Results obtained were compared with those found in cold-acclimated rats. NA infusion caused a marked elevation of the rectal temperature in cold-acclimated rats and NA plus T4-treated ones. No significant changes were observed in plasma NEFA level following NA infusion in cold-acclimated and NA-treated rats. Treatment with T4 tended to augment the lipolytic action of NA. Treatment with NA plus ACTH showed similar effect of augmented lipolysis. Changes in blood sugar level induced by NA infusion were small in cold-acclimated and NA plus T4 groups. Changes in blood lactate level were not significant in NA plus ACTH group. After acute cold exposure plasma NEFA level was low in cold-acclimated rats and high in NA plus T4-treated rats. Blood sugar level was slightly higher in cold-acclimated and NA plus T4-treated rats than in the other groups. Plasma lactate level showed relatively high values in T4 and NA plus T4 groups. It was thus suggested that metabolic patterns in cold-acclimated rats and in NA plus T4- as well as NA-treated rats were somewhat alike, but not always the same.", "PMID": 1171056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3169", "title": "[On the toxicity of CT-1341 evoked by long-term administration. I. Subacute toxicity of the intravenous anesthetic, CT-1341 in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "CT-1341, an intravenous anesthetic was given in various daily doses in rats for a period of one month to test the subacute toxicity. The drug was administered intraperitoneally in rats. Rats tolerated to daily administration of CT-1341 at doses of less than 1.8 ml/kg without showing other particular toxic signs than anesthesia. Main pathological findings were swelling of cells in the liver and renal tubules, and perivascular cuffing in lungs. No severe patho-histological changes were observed in any organs. Mortal cases were seen in the group of rats, in which CT-1341 was given in a daily dose of 5.4 ml/kg. A paralysis of respiratory center was suggested to be cause of death, because no severe patho-histological changes were observed in any organs of mortal rats. Survivals of this group showed no particular symptom except anesthesia, but an inhibition of the growth curve was seen in male rats only.", "contents": "[On the toxicity of CT-1341 evoked by long-term administration. I. Subacute toxicity of the intravenous anesthetic, CT-1341 in rats (author's transl)]. CT-1341, an intravenous anesthetic was given in various daily doses in rats for a period of one month to test the subacute toxicity. The drug was administered intraperitoneally in rats. Rats tolerated to daily administration of CT-1341 at doses of less than 1.8 ml/kg without showing other particular toxic signs than anesthesia. Main pathological findings were swelling of cells in the liver and renal tubules, and perivascular cuffing in lungs. No severe patho-histological changes were observed in any organs. Mortal cases were seen in the group of rats, in which CT-1341 was given in a daily dose of 5.4 ml/kg. A paralysis of respiratory center was suggested to be cause of death, because no severe patho-histological changes were observed in any organs of mortal rats. Survivals of this group showed no particular symptom except anesthesia, but an inhibition of the growth curve was seen in male rats only.", "PMID": 1171057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3170", "title": "[On the toxicity of CT-1341 evoked by long-term administration. II. Subacute and chronic toxicities of alphaxalone in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Alphaxalone, an anesthetic steroid dissolved in 20% Cremophor solution was administered intraperitoneally to test the subacute toxicity (administration for one month) and chronic toxicity (administration for 3 months). In daily doses less than 8 mg/kg, alphaxalone did not show any particular toxic sign after administered for three months. Rats tolerated to daily administration of 20 mg/kg for three months, without showing severe toxic signs in body weight curve, blood cells and biochemical data obtained in blood and urine. However, some female rats receiving 50 mg/kg/day of alphaxalone, died by paralysis of respiratory center at the second day. Main histo-pathological changes induced by subacute and chronic administrations of the larger doses than 20 mg/kg, were swelling of cells in the liver and kidneys, but severe pathological changes were not seen in any organs.", "contents": "[On the toxicity of CT-1341 evoked by long-term administration. II. Subacute and chronic toxicities of alphaxalone in rats (author's transl)]. Alphaxalone, an anesthetic steroid dissolved in 20% Cremophor solution was administered intraperitoneally to test the subacute toxicity (administration for one month) and chronic toxicity (administration for 3 months). In daily doses less than 8 mg/kg, alphaxalone did not show any particular toxic sign after administered for three months. Rats tolerated to daily administration of 20 mg/kg for three months, without showing severe toxic signs in body weight curve, blood cells and biochemical data obtained in blood and urine. However, some female rats receiving 50 mg/kg/day of alphaxalone, died by paralysis of respiratory center at the second day. Main histo-pathological changes induced by subacute and chronic administrations of the larger doses than 20 mg/kg, were swelling of cells in the liver and kidneys, but severe pathological changes were not seen in any organs.", "PMID": 1171058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3171", "title": "[The lysis of proteins with cyanogen bromide (author's transl)].", "content": "Bovine beta-lactoglobulin-AB was split with cyanogen bromide, and the reaction mixture was analyzed by countercurrent distribution, gel chromatography and finally, chromatography on phosphocellulose. In addition to the previously described splitting products, we obtained three more minor products, with yields of 8, 15 and 25%. The analytical data indicate that these were formed by lysis C-terminal from the tryptophan-19 and the tryptophan-61 of beta-lactoglobulin. The result is discussed.", "contents": "[The lysis of proteins with cyanogen bromide (author's transl)]. Bovine beta-lactoglobulin-AB was split with cyanogen bromide, and the reaction mixture was analyzed by countercurrent distribution, gel chromatography and finally, chromatography on phosphocellulose. In addition to the previously described splitting products, we obtained three more minor products, with yields of 8, 15 and 25%. The analytical data indicate that these were formed by lysis C-terminal from the tryptophan-19 and the tryptophan-61 of beta-lactoglobulin. The result is discussed.", "PMID": 1171075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3172", "title": "Constitutive heterochromatin and micronucleoli in the human oocyte at the diplotene stage.", "content": "In the diplotene stage of the human oocyte, the processes of elaboration of the nucleolar material are amplified. The principal nucleoli are more voluminous but their relations with the secondary constrictions and the satellites of the D and G chromosomes are not modified. Numerous micronucleoli, frequently to the number of 15-20 this stage. The most remarkable point is their association to various segments of constitutive heterochromatin: centromeric regions, secondary constrictions of the C9 and probably of the A1 and E16. These observations reveal that the human oocyte at the diplotene stage shows an amplification of the ribosomal cistrons. This phenomenon is homologous, to a more reduced scale, of this described from the inferior vetebrates. Besides, the role of heterochromatin in the synthesis of nucleolar material without the intervention of the classic nucleolar organizers is suggested.", "contents": "Constitutive heterochromatin and micronucleoli in the human oocyte at the diplotene stage. In the diplotene stage of the human oocyte, the processes of elaboration of the nucleolar material are amplified. The principal nucleoli are more voluminous but their relations with the secondary constrictions and the satellites of the D and G chromosomes are not modified. Numerous micronucleoli, frequently to the number of 15-20 this stage. The most remarkable point is their association to various segments of constitutive heterochromatin: centromeric regions, secondary constrictions of the C9 and probably of the A1 and E16. These observations reveal that the human oocyte at the diplotene stage shows an amplification of the ribosomal cistrons. This phenomenon is homologous, to a more reduced scale, of this described from the inferior vetebrates. Besides, the role of heterochromatin in the synthesis of nucleolar material without the intervention of the classic nucleolar organizers is suggested.", "PMID": 1171076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3173", "title": "Chromosome anomalies in mouse oocytes after irradiation.", "content": "We investigated the cytogenetic effects of X-rays on unfertilized mouse oocytes. NMRI females received an irradiation with 0,22.2,66.6,200, and 600 R during the preovulatory phase 3 hrs after HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin). This is a stage during oogenesis in which the oocytes pass from late dictyotene to diakinesis. Chromosome analysis was performed after ovulation at metaphase II. From these experiments we can draw the following conclusions: 1) X-rays induced during the preovulatory phase a high number of chromosome anomalies. Among these, structural anomalies prevail. 7 out of 144 ovulated oocytes in matched controls carried such an abnormality, whereas after irradiation we observed with 22.2, 66.6, 200, and 600 R, 11 out of 72, 34 out of 108, 89 out of 102, and 122 out of 124, respectively. 2) Irradiation seems also to affect the chromosome segregation during the 1. meiotic division, as we observed after 22.2, 66.6, and 200 R a total of 6 oocytes out of 204 with a supernummary chromosome. In controls, however, no hyperploidy was found in 143 ova. This increase, however, was not significant. 3) Chromosome anomalies, e.g. breaks and deletions that go back to a one-break event increased linearly with increasing dose. Exchanges, however, going back to two-break events fittest best to the linear-quadratic dose-response model. 4) The dose of 600 R seems to represents a kind of borderline in this experiment, because nearly all (122 out 124) carried at least one structural chromosome anomaly. It is also this dose after which the highest frequency of reciprocal translocations was observed in a hump-shaped slope in spermatocytes after irradiation of spermatogonia (Preston and Brewen, 1973). With an increasing dosage up to 1200 R the frequency of translocations decrease again. The elimination of cells, crossing this borderline, might be due to genetic or non-genetic effects. 5) The frequency of radiation-induced translocations per oocyte agrees with the frequency of translocations in human lymphocytes (Dolphin and Lloyd, 1974) after in vitro irradiation. 6) Significant, lower frequencies of structural chromosome anomalies were observed irradiating earlier stages of mouse oogenesis. These stages are dictyotene from females at the age of 3, or 6 weeks and prophase I-stages in female embryos on the 17th day of gestation. This result may be due to a lower sensitivity of these stages or to modifying events during the interval between irradiation and preparations.", "contents": "Chromosome anomalies in mouse oocytes after irradiation. We investigated the cytogenetic effects of X-rays on unfertilized mouse oocytes. NMRI females received an irradiation with 0,22.2,66.6,200, and 600 R during the preovulatory phase 3 hrs after HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin). This is a stage during oogenesis in which the oocytes pass from late dictyotene to diakinesis. Chromosome analysis was performed after ovulation at metaphase II. From these experiments we can draw the following conclusions: 1) X-rays induced during the preovulatory phase a high number of chromosome anomalies. Among these, structural anomalies prevail. 7 out of 144 ovulated oocytes in matched controls carried such an abnormality, whereas after irradiation we observed with 22.2, 66.6, 200, and 600 R, 11 out of 72, 34 out of 108, 89 out of 102, and 122 out of 124, respectively. 2) Irradiation seems also to affect the chromosome segregation during the 1. meiotic division, as we observed after 22.2, 66.6, and 200 R a total of 6 oocytes out of 204 with a supernummary chromosome. In controls, however, no hyperploidy was found in 143 ova. This increase, however, was not significant. 3) Chromosome anomalies, e.g. breaks and deletions that go back to a one-break event increased linearly with increasing dose. Exchanges, however, going back to two-break events fittest best to the linear-quadratic dose-response model. 4) The dose of 600 R seems to represents a kind of borderline in this experiment, because nearly all (122 out 124) carried at least one structural chromosome anomaly. It is also this dose after which the highest frequency of reciprocal translocations was observed in a hump-shaped slope in spermatocytes after irradiation of spermatogonia (Preston and Brewen, 1973). With an increasing dosage up to 1200 R the frequency of translocations decrease again. The elimination of cells, crossing this borderline, might be due to genetic or non-genetic effects. 5) The frequency of radiation-induced translocations per oocyte agrees with the frequency of translocations in human lymphocytes (Dolphin and Lloyd, 1974) after in vitro irradiation. 6) Significant, lower frequencies of structural chromosome anomalies were observed irradiating earlier stages of mouse oogenesis. These stages are dictyotene from females at the age of 3, or 6 weeks and prophase I-stages in female embryos on the 17th day of gestation. This result may be due to a lower sensitivity of these stages or to modifying events during the interval between irradiation and preparations.", "PMID": 1171077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3174", "title": "Evidence for two active X chromosomes in a human XXY triploid.", "content": "A human XXY chromatin negative triploid culture has been found to have both the A and B isozymes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, as well as an intermediately migrating AB (hybrid) band. This finding indicates that the cells in this culture each possess 2 active X chromosomes. Possible mechanisms producing the abnormalities seen in this disorder are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for two active X chromosomes in a human XXY triploid. A human XXY chromatin negative triploid culture has been found to have both the A and B isozymes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, as well as an intermediately migrating AB (hybrid) band. This finding indicates that the cells in this culture each possess 2 active X chromosomes. Possible mechanisms producing the abnormalities seen in this disorder are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 1171078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3175", "title": "Translocation +(7p+; Bq-) associated with recurrent abortion.", "content": "A balanced translocation was found in a normal female with a history of four abortions. On the basis of the Giemsa-banding pattern the abnormality was interpreted as to be a translocation of a part of the long arm of chromosome 13 to the short arm of chromosome some 7:t(7;13)(7qter leads to 7p22::13q14 leads to 13qter;13q14 leads to 13pter::7p22 leads to 7 pter). Problems in genetic counseling are discussed with respect to this case.", "contents": "Translocation +(7p+; Bq-) associated with recurrent abortion. A balanced translocation was found in a normal female with a history of four abortions. On the basis of the Giemsa-banding pattern the abnormality was interpreted as to be a translocation of a part of the long arm of chromosome 13 to the short arm of chromosome some 7:t(7;13)(7qter leads to 7p22::13q14 leads to 13qter;13q14 leads to 13pter::7p22 leads to 7 pter). Problems in genetic counseling are discussed with respect to this case.", "PMID": 1171079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3176", "title": "Studies on the inhibition of C56-initiated lysis (reactive lysis).  V. The roleof C567-INH in the regulation of complement-dependent haemolysis initiated by cobravenom factor.", "content": "Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by a factor from cobra venom (CVF) can lead to lysis of unsensitized erythrocytes (E) of some species.  In these studies we observed that alterations in CVF-induced lysis could be produced by manipulation of C567-INH, a naturally occurring inhibitory activity which acts on fluid phase C567 complexes.  Venom lysis of sheep and guinea-pig E was markedly inhibited by serum fractions having C567-INH activity.  Microgram quantities of poly-L-lysine (PLL), molecular weight 180,000, a polycation which is a functional antagonist to C567-INH in serum, potentiated CVF lysis of sheep and guinea-pig E, and permitted the lysis of human E, which are otherwise not suscepticle to CVF lysis.  The potentiation of venom lysis by PLL seemed not to be due to alterations in the target cell membrane; furthermore, it in turn was reversed by substances with C567-INH activity.  This suggests that the generation of fluid phase C567 complexes contributes to the CVF-induced lysis of erythrocytes of these species, and that the haemolytic potential of fluid phase C567 generated during alternative pathway activation by this means is regulated by C567-INH.", "contents": "Studies on the inhibition of C56-initiated lysis (reactive lysis).  V. The roleof C567-INH in the regulation of complement-dependent haemolysis initiated by cobravenom factor. Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by a factor from cobra venom (CVF) can lead to lysis of unsensitized erythrocytes (E) of some species.  In these studies we observed that alterations in CVF-induced lysis could be produced by manipulation of C567-INH, a naturally occurring inhibitory activity which acts on fluid phase C567 complexes.  Venom lysis of sheep and guinea-pig E was markedly inhibited by serum fractions having C567-INH activity.  Microgram quantities of poly-L-lysine (PLL), molecular weight 180,000, a polycation which is a functional antagonist to C567-INH in serum, potentiated CVF lysis of sheep and guinea-pig E, and permitted the lysis of human E, which are otherwise not suscepticle to CVF lysis.  The potentiation of venom lysis by PLL seemed not to be due to alterations in the target cell membrane; furthermore, it in turn was reversed by substances with C567-INH activity.  This suggests that the generation of fluid phase C567 complexes contributes to the CVF-induced lysis of erythrocytes of these species, and that the haemolytic potential of fluid phase C567 generated during alternative pathway activation by this means is regulated by C567-INH.", "PMID": 1171082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3177", "title": "Therapeutic effectiveness of paracetamol in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A single-blind, non-crossover study of the effectiveness of paracetamol, compared with aspirin and indomethacin has been carried out in 143 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Subjective indices have been employed, and the validity of the present method is discussed. The results of the trial have also been compared with those of a previous study (of prednisone, aspirin and placebo). Paracetamol was not significantly different from placebo, either in terms of pain relief or patient satisfaction rating. Prednisone and indomethacin were significantly better than paracetamol in respect to both parameters, but aspirin was not. On the basis of these results, the frequent prescription of paracetamol as the main therapeutic agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis is not justified.", "contents": "Therapeutic effectiveness of paracetamol in rheumatoid arthritis. A single-blind, non-crossover study of the effectiveness of paracetamol, compared with aspirin and indomethacin has been carried out in 143 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Subjective indices have been employed, and the validity of the present method is discussed. The results of the trial have also been compared with those of a previous study (of prednisone, aspirin and placebo). Paracetamol was not significantly different from placebo, either in terms of pain relief or patient satisfaction rating. Prednisone and indomethacin were significantly better than paracetamol in respect to both parameters, but aspirin was not. On the basis of these results, the frequent prescription of paracetamol as the main therapeutic agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis is not justified.", "PMID": 1171083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3178", "title": "Pharmacological studies of drug action on CNS, with special reference to effects of maprotiline.", "content": "The effects of maprotiline, mainly on the CNS, were examined and compared with those of imipramine, methamphetamine and chlorpromazine. In the repeated administration and the stroboscope studies, maprotiline exhibited actions to increase behavioral activities of animals, just like amphetamine and imipramine. This appears to attest to pharmacological effects of maprotiline as an anti-depressant. It is noted, however, that whereas maprotiline shows a slight anti-apomorphine action in dogs and an inhibition of the spinal reflex action potential in cats, such actions are not recognized in other anti-depressants of the tricyclic groups including imipramine, amitriptyline, etc. These differences suggest the tranquilizing action of maprotiline at work, probably forming a specific pharmacological feature of maprotiline. Also, maprotiline increases body weight of rats strikingly, which seems to offer a wide range of clinical applications of this drug.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies of drug action on CNS, with special reference to effects of maprotiline. The effects of maprotiline, mainly on the CNS, were examined and compared with those of imipramine, methamphetamine and chlorpromazine. In the repeated administration and the stroboscope studies, maprotiline exhibited actions to increase behavioral activities of animals, just like amphetamine and imipramine. This appears to attest to pharmacological effects of maprotiline as an anti-depressant. It is noted, however, that whereas maprotiline shows a slight anti-apomorphine action in dogs and an inhibition of the spinal reflex action potential in cats, such actions are not recognized in other anti-depressants of the tricyclic groups including imipramine, amitriptyline, etc. These differences suggest the tranquilizing action of maprotiline at work, probably forming a specific pharmacological feature of maprotiline. Also, maprotiline increases body weight of rats strikingly, which seems to offer a wide range of clinical applications of this drug.", "PMID": 1171084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3179", "title": "Ethanol-antibiotic interactions at hepatic level.", "content": "The authors study the influence of acute and chronic ethanol intoxication on the blood levels of rifampicin and isoniazid as well of aminoglycoside antibiotics in rats. While the acute ethanol intoxication has no influence on blood levels of tested antibiotics, in the chronic inotoxication lower levels of rifampicin and higher levels of isoniazid are observed.  A study was performed also to determine the influence of an acute and chronic treatment with alcohol and the avoe quoted antibiotics on the BSP elimination rate. In the acute as well as in the chronic experiments, a constant significant delay in the elimination of BSP was observed in animals treated with rafampicin either alone or associated with alcohol. Isoniazid modified the dye elimination in comparison to controls only in chronic experiments. Ethanol did not seem to have any influence on this behavior. The implications and the possible significance of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Ethanol-antibiotic interactions at hepatic level. The authors study the influence of acute and chronic ethanol intoxication on the blood levels of rifampicin and isoniazid as well of aminoglycoside antibiotics in rats. While the acute ethanol intoxication has no influence on blood levels of tested antibiotics, in the chronic inotoxication lower levels of rifampicin and higher levels of isoniazid are observed.  A study was performed also to determine the influence of an acute and chronic treatment with alcohol and the avoe quoted antibiotics on the BSP elimination rate. In the acute as well as in the chronic experiments, a constant significant delay in the elimination of BSP was observed in animals treated with rafampicin either alone or associated with alcohol. Isoniazid modified the dye elimination in comparison to controls only in chronic experiments. Ethanol did not seem to have any influence on this behavior. The implications and the possible significance of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1171085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3180", "title": "Early chromosome condensation without cell fusion. I. Preliminary results with allogeneic and xenogeneic cells.", "content": "Early chromatin condensation in interphase cells (G1) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes has been induced without virus or cell fusion by exposure to allogeneic or xenogeneic mitotic cells. The event, although similar in some ways to the phenomenon described as \"premature chromosome condensation,\" \"chromosome pulverization,\" and \"prophasing,\" differs in that it does not require the presence of viruses and cell fusion before mitosis proceeds in the G1 cell. Early chromatin condensation in interphase cells induced by mitotic cells only, consists of chromatids in the early or late G1 phase of the cell cycle that are not pulverized or fragmented at mitosis. Some of the chromosomes are twice as long as the metaphase chromosomes and exhibit natural bands. Almost twice as many of these bands are produced as by trypsin treatment of metaphase chromosomes. The nuclear membrane is intact and nucleoli are present, to which some chromosomes are attached. The DNA content of the precocious chromosomes in G1 is half the amount of the metaphase complement.", "contents": "Early chromosome condensation without cell fusion. I. Preliminary results with allogeneic and xenogeneic cells. Early chromatin condensation in interphase cells (G1) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes has been induced without virus or cell fusion by exposure to allogeneic or xenogeneic mitotic cells. The event, although similar in some ways to the phenomenon described as \"premature chromosome condensation,\" \"chromosome pulverization,\" and \"prophasing,\" differs in that it does not require the presence of viruses and cell fusion before mitosis proceeds in the G1 cell. Early chromatin condensation in interphase cells induced by mitotic cells only, consists of chromatids in the early or late G1 phase of the cell cycle that are not pulverized or fragmented at mitosis. Some of the chromosomes are twice as long as the metaphase chromosomes and exhibit natural bands. Almost twice as many of these bands are produced as by trypsin treatment of metaphase chromosomes. The nuclear membrane is intact and nucleoli are present, to which some chromosomes are attached. The DNA content of the precocious chromosomes in G1 is half the amount of the metaphase complement.", "PMID": 1171080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3181", "title": "Chemical oncogenesis in cultured mouse embryo cells in relation to the cell cycle.", "content": "Using the C3H/10T 1/2 CL8 line of mouse embryo fibroblasts and three different methods of obtaining cell cycle synchrony, namely arginine or isoleucine deficiency and release from postconfluence inhibition of growth, a sensitive phase for oncogenic transformation induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) has been found. This sensitive phase is located somewhere between the G1/S boundary and a point 4 hr prior to this marker. Methylation of cellular macromolecules by tritiated MNNG is not cycle-dependent in cells synchronized by arginine deficiency. The capacity of cells to repair DNA single strand breaks produced by MNNG was examined by alkaline sucrose sedimentation analysis in cells synchronized by arginine deficiency and treated with MNNG during phases of the cell cycle sensitive and insensitive to oncogenic transformation. Whereas DNA repair was found to be equally rapid in cells treated just before S phase (I), or just after commencement of DNA synthesis (III), transformation was maximal in I. By contrast, cells treated when blocked by arginine deficiency (II) repaired DNA slowly and were not sensitive to malignant transformation. Cells in I and II, which repaired DNA at very different rates, were equally sensitive to MNNG-induced lethality, while cells in III, which repaired DNA at the same rate as cells in I, suffered greater lethality. Thus, in this system it was concluded that there was no direct correlation between DNA repair, as measured by alkaline sucrose sedimentation analysis of prelabeled DNA, and malignant transformation or lethality produced by MNNG. In preliminary experiments malignant transformation induced by cytosine arabinoside (1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, ara-C) has been found to occur mainly in S phase, indicating that diverse chemical oncogens may have different sites of action, or that activation of chemical oncogens is cell cycle-specific for some agents.", "contents": "Chemical oncogenesis in cultured mouse embryo cells in relation to the cell cycle. Using the C3H/10T 1/2 CL8 line of mouse embryo fibroblasts and three different methods of obtaining cell cycle synchrony, namely arginine or isoleucine deficiency and release from postconfluence inhibition of growth, a sensitive phase for oncogenic transformation induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) has been found. This sensitive phase is located somewhere between the G1/S boundary and a point 4 hr prior to this marker. Methylation of cellular macromolecules by tritiated MNNG is not cycle-dependent in cells synchronized by arginine deficiency. The capacity of cells to repair DNA single strand breaks produced by MNNG was examined by alkaline sucrose sedimentation analysis in cells synchronized by arginine deficiency and treated with MNNG during phases of the cell cycle sensitive and insensitive to oncogenic transformation. Whereas DNA repair was found to be equally rapid in cells treated just before S phase (I), or just after commencement of DNA synthesis (III), transformation was maximal in I. By contrast, cells treated when blocked by arginine deficiency (II) repaired DNA slowly and were not sensitive to malignant transformation. Cells in I and II, which repaired DNA at very different rates, were equally sensitive to MNNG-induced lethality, while cells in III, which repaired DNA at the same rate as cells in I, suffered greater lethality. Thus, in this system it was concluded that there was no direct correlation between DNA repair, as measured by alkaline sucrose sedimentation analysis of prelabeled DNA, and malignant transformation or lethality produced by MNNG. In preliminary experiments malignant transformation induced by cytosine arabinoside (1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, ara-C) has been found to occur mainly in S phase, indicating that diverse chemical oncogens may have different sites of action, or that activation of chemical oncogens is cell cycle-specific for some agents.", "PMID": 1171081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3182", "title": "Peroneal nerve paralysis in a heifer.", "content": "Peroneal nerve paralysis in a heifer developed during an 11-day period of recumbency following dystocia. The condition did not improve during the next 42 days and the heifer was slaughtered. On the basis of microscopic findings, it was concluded that 3 to 4 months would have been required to reestablish normal limb function.", "contents": "Peroneal nerve paralysis in a heifer. Peroneal nerve paralysis in a heifer developed during an 11-day period of recumbency following dystocia. The condition did not improve during the next 42 days and the heifer was slaughtered. On the basis of microscopic findings, it was concluded that 3 to 4 months would have been required to reestablish normal limb function.", "PMID": 1171087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3183", "title": "Intrauterine pressure wave-form characteristics of spontaneous first stage labor.", "content": "Intrauterine pressure wave-form parameters were measured in 827 contractions obtained from 26 patients in spontaneous labor. The coefficients of correlation between the maximal and minimal rates of pressure change and the maximal pressure amplitude were 0.78 and 0.63, respectively, and greater than or equal to 0.70 in 22/26 patients. Contractions partitioned into decile statistical groups of the pressure amplitude and both maximal and minimal rates. A linear relationship between these parameters has therefore been established. Contractions of greater amplitude tend to be longer, but the relationship between duration and amplitude is nonlinear with a limiting maximum contraction time. The duration of the midportion of the pressure wave appears invariate with respect to wave amplitude and only start-up and termination times increase with increasing amplitude. Mean values and standard deviations of the maximal amplitude (40.4 +/- 16.9mmHg). the maximal (2.4 +/- 0.9 mmHg/s) and minimal (-2.1+/- 0.9 mmHg/s)rates of pressure change, and the total duration of contractions (68.6 +/- 17.8s) were determined.", "contents": "Intrauterine pressure wave-form characteristics of spontaneous first stage labor. Intrauterine pressure wave-form parameters were measured in 827 contractions obtained from 26 patients in spontaneous labor. The coefficients of correlation between the maximal and minimal rates of pressure change and the maximal pressure amplitude were 0.78 and 0.63, respectively, and greater than or equal to 0.70 in 22/26 patients. Contractions partitioned into decile statistical groups of the pressure amplitude and both maximal and minimal rates. A linear relationship between these parameters has therefore been established. Contractions of greater amplitude tend to be longer, but the relationship between duration and amplitude is nonlinear with a limiting maximum contraction time. The duration of the midportion of the pressure wave appears invariate with respect to wave amplitude and only start-up and termination times increase with increasing amplitude. Mean values and standard deviations of the maximal amplitude (40.4 +/- 16.9mmHg). the maximal (2.4 +/- 0.9 mmHg/s) and minimal (-2.1+/- 0.9 mmHg/s)rates of pressure change, and the total duration of contractions (68.6 +/- 17.8s) were determined.", "PMID": 1171089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3184", "title": "Reproduction and teratogenesis: current methods and suggested improvements.", "content": "The risks to human reproduction, particularly in regard to possible induction of birth defects, from present levels of environmental chemicals are thought to be low but in need of closer scrutiny than is now the case. Methods currently used to estimate the hazards to reproduction of new chemicals and drugs are reviewed and some shortcomings and potential sources of error are noted. Specific suggestions are made for improving existing methodology. In addition to the widely used treatment span encompassing all or most of the period of organogenesis, it is proposed that some exposure periods of shorter duration be added to avert possibly adaptative changes in maternal homeostatic systems. Greater diversity of test animals, beyond the rodent-rabbit species largely used today, is urged with the objective of better matching metabolic pathways in a test animal to those of man. The demonstration of an embryotoxicity effect-level must be regarded as essential in all tests, and once found this level should be used as the basis of extrapolating downward to find an acceptable tolerance level of dosage. More attention should be focused on postnatal functional evaluation after prenatal and perinatal exposure of test animals to environmental chemicals, especially those that might interfere with the maturation of the central nervous system, endocrine glands, and immunological mechanisms. The use of nonhuman primates should be reserved for the testing of drugs essential for use during human pregnancy or early pregnancy, because of the scarcity of such animals and the high costs of doing meaningful tests with them.", "contents": "Reproduction and teratogenesis: current methods and suggested improvements. The risks to human reproduction, particularly in regard to possible induction of birth defects, from present levels of environmental chemicals are thought to be low but in need of closer scrutiny than is now the case. Methods currently used to estimate the hazards to reproduction of new chemicals and drugs are reviewed and some shortcomings and potential sources of error are noted. Specific suggestions are made for improving existing methodology. In addition to the widely used treatment span encompassing all or most of the period of organogenesis, it is proposed that some exposure periods of shorter duration be added to avert possibly adaptative changes in maternal homeostatic systems. Greater diversity of test animals, beyond the rodent-rabbit species largely used today, is urged with the objective of better matching metabolic pathways in a test animal to those of man. The demonstration of an embryotoxicity effect-level must be regarded as essential in all tests, and once found this level should be used as the basis of extrapolating downward to find an acceptable tolerance level of dosage. More attention should be focused on postnatal functional evaluation after prenatal and perinatal exposure of test animals to environmental chemicals, especially those that might interfere with the maturation of the central nervous system, endocrine glands, and immunological mechanisms. The use of nonhuman primates should be reserved for the testing of drugs essential for use during human pregnancy or early pregnancy, because of the scarcity of such animals and the high costs of doing meaningful tests with them.", "PMID": 1171090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3185", "title": "Characterization of polyadenylate from the fungus Trichoderma viride.", "content": "Polyribonucleotide segments, about 60 nucleotides long and consisting of about 95% adenylic acid residues, were isolated from whole cell ribonucleic acid of the deuteromyceteous fungus Trichoderma viride. Similar findings in two other groups of the true fungi raise the possibility that short polyadenylate sequences may be a feature of these relatively simple organisms.", "contents": "Characterization of polyadenylate from the fungus Trichoderma viride. Polyribonucleotide segments, about 60 nucleotides long and consisting of about 95% adenylic acid residues, were isolated from whole cell ribonucleic acid of the deuteromyceteous fungus Trichoderma viride. Similar findings in two other groups of the true fungi raise the possibility that short polyadenylate sequences may be a feature of these relatively simple organisms.", "PMID": 1171092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3186", "title": "Glucose transport and its inhibition by short-chain n-alkanes in Cladosporium resinae.", "content": "Glucose transport in Cladosporium resinae was studies with the aid of the non-metabolizable glucose analogue 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-O-MG). 3-O-MG, transported as a free sugar without phosphorylation, was found to inhibit glucose uptake competitively. Conversely, glucose was a competitive inhibitor of 3-O-MG uptake. Moreover, both glucose and 3-O-MG were able to bring about rapid counterflow intracellular 3-O-MG. Thus, glucose and 3-O-MG share the same entry and exit systems. The transport of 3-O-MG is carrier mediated and energy dependent as shown by saturation kinetics, strong temperature dependence, accumulation of unaltered 3-O-MG against a concentration gradient, and inhibition of uptake by NaN3, NaCN, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The glucose transport system appeared to be constitutive for glucose transport in cells grown on fructose, galactose, mannose, xylose, or glucose. There was no derepressible low-Km glucose transport system in C. resinae. n-Hexane and n-heptane were found to inhibit 3-O-MG uptake rapidly at temperatures above 20 C. Over 50% inhibition of the uptake rate occurred after only 10 min of incubation with n-hexane at 30 C. The percentage of inhibition in the presence of n-hexane, compared to controls in the absence of n-hexane, was found to increase with increasing temperature. Longer-chain n-alkanes (C8 to C18) had no significant effect on uptake. The efflux of intracellular 3-O-MG, which appeared to occur by facilitated diffusion, was not affected by any of the n-alkanes tested including n-hexane.", "contents": "Glucose transport and its inhibition by short-chain n-alkanes in Cladosporium resinae. Glucose transport in Cladosporium resinae was studies with the aid of the non-metabolizable glucose analogue 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-O-MG). 3-O-MG, transported as a free sugar without phosphorylation, was found to inhibit glucose uptake competitively. Conversely, glucose was a competitive inhibitor of 3-O-MG uptake. Moreover, both glucose and 3-O-MG were able to bring about rapid counterflow intracellular 3-O-MG. Thus, glucose and 3-O-MG share the same entry and exit systems. The transport of 3-O-MG is carrier mediated and energy dependent as shown by saturation kinetics, strong temperature dependence, accumulation of unaltered 3-O-MG against a concentration gradient, and inhibition of uptake by NaN3, NaCN, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The glucose transport system appeared to be constitutive for glucose transport in cells grown on fructose, galactose, mannose, xylose, or glucose. There was no derepressible low-Km glucose transport system in C. resinae. n-Hexane and n-heptane were found to inhibit 3-O-MG uptake rapidly at temperatures above 20 C. Over 50% inhibition of the uptake rate occurred after only 10 min of incubation with n-hexane at 30 C. The percentage of inhibition in the presence of n-hexane, compared to controls in the absence of n-hexane, was found to increase with increasing temperature. Longer-chain n-alkanes (C8 to C18) had no significant effect on uptake. The efflux of intracellular 3-O-MG, which appeared to occur by facilitated diffusion, was not affected by any of the n-alkanes tested including n-hexane.", "PMID": 1171091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3187", "title": "Complement activation by a univalent hapten-antibody complex.", "content": "The univalent hapten, nonadeca lysyl epsilon-Dnp-lysine, binds tightly to rabbit anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl antibody, and the complex has a sedimentation coefficient of 6.7, characteristic of a single antibody molecule. In this communication, we show that this complex is a good activator of the serum complement system. For activation to occur, the univalent hapten must contain the specific group which binds to the antibody, and also the polycationic chain. In addition, activation requires a functional complement-binding region on the intact antibody molecule. The classical pathway appears to be involved since the first, fourth, and second components of complement are markedly depleted when the complement system is activated by this univalent hapten-antibody complex.", "contents": "Complement activation by a univalent hapten-antibody complex. The univalent hapten, nonadeca lysyl epsilon-Dnp-lysine, binds tightly to rabbit anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl antibody, and the complex has a sedimentation coefficient of 6.7, characteristic of a single antibody molecule. In this communication, we show that this complex is a good activator of the serum complement system. For activation to occur, the univalent hapten must contain the specific group which binds to the antibody, and also the polycationic chain. In addition, activation requires a functional complement-binding region on the intact antibody molecule. The classical pathway appears to be involved since the first, fourth, and second components of complement are markedly depleted when the complement system is activated by this univalent hapten-antibody complex.", "PMID": 1171093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3188", "title": "Kinetic properties of pyruvate kinase hybrids formed with native type L and inactivated type M subunits.", "content": "Bovine type M pyruvate kinase, which normally has hyperbolic kinetics with its substrates, was inactivated by treatment with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. The inactivation probably occurs through trinitrophenylation of the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue in or near the ADP binding site. Although 90 to 95% of the enzymatic activity is lost by this treatment, the molecular weight and sedimentation coefficient of the trinitrophenylated enzyme are quite similar to values obtained with the native enzyme. The inactivated, trinitrophenylated type M pyruvate kinase was hybridized in vitro with the native bovine type L enzyme, which has sigmoidal kinetics with phosphoenolpyruvate but can be activated by fructose 1,6-diphosphate to give hyperbolic kinetics. Four enzymatically active species were produced, designated L4, L3M, L2M2, and LM3, according to their subunit composition. L4 and L3M have sigmoidal kinetics with phosphoenolpyruvate and are activated by fructose diphosphate. Little or no sigmoidicity was seen for L2M2, although this species is activated to a moderate degree by fructose diphosphate. LM3 appears to have hyperbolic kinetics and is activated only slightly by fructose diphosphate. The kinetic results obtained with hybrids containing trinitrophenylated type M subunits are quite similar to the results previously reported by Dyson and Cardenas ((1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 8482-8488) using native type M and type L subunits, indicating that the properties of a type L subunit are profoundly affected by the nature of the other subunits present in the tetramer. In fact, type L and type M subunits in a given hybrid seem to have similar kinetic responses toward phosphoenolpyruvate and fructose diphosphate.", "contents": "Kinetic properties of pyruvate kinase hybrids formed with native type L and inactivated type M subunits. Bovine type M pyruvate kinase, which normally has hyperbolic kinetics with its substrates, was inactivated by treatment with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. The inactivation probably occurs through trinitrophenylation of the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue in or near the ADP binding site. Although 90 to 95% of the enzymatic activity is lost by this treatment, the molecular weight and sedimentation coefficient of the trinitrophenylated enzyme are quite similar to values obtained with the native enzyme. The inactivated, trinitrophenylated type M pyruvate kinase was hybridized in vitro with the native bovine type L enzyme, which has sigmoidal kinetics with phosphoenolpyruvate but can be activated by fructose 1,6-diphosphate to give hyperbolic kinetics. Four enzymatically active species were produced, designated L4, L3M, L2M2, and LM3, according to their subunit composition. L4 and L3M have sigmoidal kinetics with phosphoenolpyruvate and are activated by fructose diphosphate. Little or no sigmoidicity was seen for L2M2, although this species is activated to a moderate degree by fructose diphosphate. LM3 appears to have hyperbolic kinetics and is activated only slightly by fructose diphosphate. The kinetic results obtained with hybrids containing trinitrophenylated type M subunits are quite similar to the results previously reported by Dyson and Cardenas ((1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 8482-8488) using native type M and type L subunits, indicating that the properties of a type L subunit are profoundly affected by the nature of the other subunits present in the tetramer. In fact, type L and type M subunits in a given hybrid seem to have similar kinetic responses toward phosphoenolpyruvate and fructose diphosphate.", "PMID": 1171094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3189", "title": "Mouse neuroblastoma adenylate cyclase. Adenosine and adenosine analogues as potent effectors of adenylate cyclase activity.", "content": "1. Intact mouse neuroblastoma NS20 cells, in the presence of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase inhibitor, responded to adenosine (200 muM) and 2-chloroadenosine (200 muM) with a 20-fold increase in intracellular cAMP levels. AMP (200 muM) additions caused only a 3.5-fold cAMP level elevation. ATP, ADP, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, and guanine, all at 200 muM, had no effect on the cAMP level of these cells. 2. Homogenate NS20 adenylate cyclase activity was increased 2.5- to 4-fold by addition of 200 muM adenosine, 2-chloroadenosine, 2-hydroxyadenosine, or 8-methylaminoadenosine. Prostaglandin E1 additions (1.4 muM) produced about an 8-fold stimulation of homogenate cyclase activity. The Km of homogenate cyclase activation by adenosine and 2-chloroadenosine was 67.6 and 6.7 muM, respectively. Addition of 7-deazaadenosine, tolazoline, yohimbine, guanosine, cytosine, guanine, 2-deoxy-AMP, and adenine 9-beta-D-xylopyranoside, all at 200 muM were found to be without effect on homogenate NS20 adenylate cyclase. Two classes of inhibitors of homogenate NS20 adenylate cyclase activity were observed. One class, which included AMP, adenine, and theophylline, blocked 2-chloroadenosine but not prostaglandin E1 stimulation of cyclase. Theophylline was shown to be a competitive inhibitor of 2-chloroadenosine, with a Ki of 35 muM. The second class of inhibitors, which included 2'- and 5'-deoxyadenosine, inhibited unstimulated, 2-chloroadenosine and prostaglandin E1-stimulated homogenate cyclase activity to about the same degree. 3. Activation of NS20 homogenate adenylate cyclase by adenosine appears to be noncooperative. 4. The inhibitory action of putative \"purinergic\" neurotransmitters is postulated to be due to their effects on adenylate cyclase activity.", "contents": "Mouse neuroblastoma adenylate cyclase. Adenosine and adenosine analogues as potent effectors of adenylate cyclase activity. 1. Intact mouse neuroblastoma NS20 cells, in the presence of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase inhibitor, responded to adenosine (200 muM) and 2-chloroadenosine (200 muM) with a 20-fold increase in intracellular cAMP levels. AMP (200 muM) additions caused only a 3.5-fold cAMP level elevation. ATP, ADP, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, and guanine, all at 200 muM, had no effect on the cAMP level of these cells. 2. Homogenate NS20 adenylate cyclase activity was increased 2.5- to 4-fold by addition of 200 muM adenosine, 2-chloroadenosine, 2-hydroxyadenosine, or 8-methylaminoadenosine. Prostaglandin E1 additions (1.4 muM) produced about an 8-fold stimulation of homogenate cyclase activity. The Km of homogenate cyclase activation by adenosine and 2-chloroadenosine was 67.6 and 6.7 muM, respectively. Addition of 7-deazaadenosine, tolazoline, yohimbine, guanosine, cytosine, guanine, 2-deoxy-AMP, and adenine 9-beta-D-xylopyranoside, all at 200 muM were found to be without effect on homogenate NS20 adenylate cyclase. Two classes of inhibitors of homogenate NS20 adenylate cyclase activity were observed. One class, which included AMP, adenine, and theophylline, blocked 2-chloroadenosine but not prostaglandin E1 stimulation of cyclase. Theophylline was shown to be a competitive inhibitor of 2-chloroadenosine, with a Ki of 35 muM. The second class of inhibitors, which included 2'- and 5'-deoxyadenosine, inhibited unstimulated, 2-chloroadenosine and prostaglandin E1-stimulated homogenate cyclase activity to about the same degree. 3. Activation of NS20 homogenate adenylate cyclase by adenosine appears to be noncooperative. 4. The inhibitory action of putative \"purinergic\" neurotransmitters is postulated to be due to their effects on adenylate cyclase activity.", "PMID": 1171095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3190", "title": "Studies on a pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase from murine leukemia P1534J. Partial purification, substrate specificity, and evidence for its existence as a bifunctional complex with orotidine 5-phosphate decarboxylase.", "content": "A pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase, previously shown to utilize 5-fluorouracil and possibly also uracil and orotate (Reyes, P. (1969) Biochemistry 8, 2057-2062), has been purified about 100-fold from murine leukemia P1534J. Roughly 20% of the original activity was recovered to yield an enzyme preparation with a specific activity of 7.4 mumol of 5-fluorouracil utilized/hour/mg of protein. Disc gel electrophoresis of this preparation revealed the presence of a major band of protein accompanied by several trace contaminants. Emphasis was placed on a study of the substrate specificity of this enzyme. 5-Fluorouracil, uracil, and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase activities purified in parallel during fractionation with ammonium sulfate and protamine sulfate and eluted together from columns of Sephadex tG-150 and DEAE-cellulose. The three phosphoribosyltransferase activities eluted from the Sephadex columns with an apparent molecular weight of 55,000 to 60,000. In spite of this coordinate fractionation, preferential losses of orotate activity were experienced during DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Orotate activity continued to behave in a unique manner under other conditions, such as during proteolytic digestion. In the latter case, however, all three activities responded in parallel when digestion took place in the presence of 5mM UMP. The following results provided additional evidence to support the view that all three phosphoribosyltransferase activities may be catalyzed by the same enzyme: (a) the apparent Km for 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P) did not change significantly when enzyme activity was measured with either 5-fluorouracil, uracil, or orotate; (b) 5-fluorouracil and uracil were found to be mutually competitive inhibitors; the effect of 5-fluorouracil on orotate activity was likewise competitive in nature; (c) in the absence of UMP, orotate was a noncompetitive inhibitor of 5-fluorouracil and uracil activities, but in the presence of 5mM UMP it became a competitive inhibitor of both of these activities; (d) 5-fluorouracil and orotate activities co-sedimented in 5 to 20% sucrose gradients (uracil activity was not examined); and (e) a wide variety of normal mouse tissues displayed virtually the same 5-fluorouracil to uracil to orotate activity ratio as found in P1534J enzyme preparations. The apparent Km and Ki values reported in this study indicate that the preferred pyrimidine substrate is orotate. It seems likely, therefore, that this enzyme functions in vivo as an orotate phosphoribosyltransferase. Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) decarboxylase activities (a) eluted together during gel filtration on Sephadex G-150, (b) co-sedimented in 5 to 20% sucrose gradients, (c) remained associated during fractionation with ammonium sulfate and protamine sulfate, and (d) separated into a phosphoribosyltransferase and decarboxylase component when enzyme preparations previously subjected to limited proteolysis by elastase were sedimented in sucrose gradients...", "contents": "Studies on a pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase from murine leukemia P1534J. Partial purification, substrate specificity, and evidence for its existence as a bifunctional complex with orotidine 5-phosphate decarboxylase. A pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase, previously shown to utilize 5-fluorouracil and possibly also uracil and orotate (Reyes, P. (1969) Biochemistry 8, 2057-2062), has been purified about 100-fold from murine leukemia P1534J. Roughly 20% of the original activity was recovered to yield an enzyme preparation with a specific activity of 7.4 mumol of 5-fluorouracil utilized/hour/mg of protein. Disc gel electrophoresis of this preparation revealed the presence of a major band of protein accompanied by several trace contaminants. Emphasis was placed on a study of the substrate specificity of this enzyme. 5-Fluorouracil, uracil, and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase activities purified in parallel during fractionation with ammonium sulfate and protamine sulfate and eluted together from columns of Sephadex tG-150 and DEAE-cellulose. The three phosphoribosyltransferase activities eluted from the Sephadex columns with an apparent molecular weight of 55,000 to 60,000. In spite of this coordinate fractionation, preferential losses of orotate activity were experienced during DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Orotate activity continued to behave in a unique manner under other conditions, such as during proteolytic digestion. In the latter case, however, all three activities responded in parallel when digestion took place in the presence of 5mM UMP. The following results provided additional evidence to support the view that all three phosphoribosyltransferase activities may be catalyzed by the same enzyme: (a) the apparent Km for 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P) did not change significantly when enzyme activity was measured with either 5-fluorouracil, uracil, or orotate; (b) 5-fluorouracil and uracil were found to be mutually competitive inhibitors; the effect of 5-fluorouracil on orotate activity was likewise competitive in nature; (c) in the absence of UMP, orotate was a noncompetitive inhibitor of 5-fluorouracil and uracil activities, but in the presence of 5mM UMP it became a competitive inhibitor of both of these activities; (d) 5-fluorouracil and orotate activities co-sedimented in 5 to 20% sucrose gradients (uracil activity was not examined); and (e) a wide variety of normal mouse tissues displayed virtually the same 5-fluorouracil to uracil to orotate activity ratio as found in P1534J enzyme preparations. The apparent Km and Ki values reported in this study indicate that the preferred pyrimidine substrate is orotate. It seems likely, therefore, that this enzyme functions in vivo as an orotate phosphoribosyltransferase. Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) decarboxylase activities (a) eluted together during gel filtration on Sephadex G-150, (b) co-sedimented in 5 to 20% sucrose gradients, (c) remained associated during fractionation with ammonium sulfate and protamine sulfate, and (d) separated into a phosphoribosyltransferase and decarboxylase component when enzyme preparations previously subjected to limited proteolysis by elastase were sedimented in sucrose gradients...", "PMID": 1171096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3191", "title": "Translation of silk fibroin messenger RNA in an Ehrlich ascites cell-free extract.", "content": "RNA identified by its base composition and T1 RNase oligonucleotide pattern as the message for silk fibroin was purified from mature posterior silk glands of Bombyx mori larvae and used to direct polypeptide synthesis in an Ehrlich ascites cell-free extract. Fibroin mRNA stimulated [3-H]alanine incorporation about 3- to 4-fold in the presence of 80 mM K+ and 4 mM Mg-2+. The stimulation was reduced in the presence of 5 times 10-minus 6 to 10-minus 4 M aurintricarboxylic acid, an inhibitor of the initiation of protein synthesis. The cell-free products were heterogeneous in size, including peptides as large as 100,000 daltons. They co-precipitated with carrier fibroin sequences after digestion with trypsin. A large fraction of the polypeptides synthesized in response to fibroin mRNA was precipitated by antiserum directed against amino acid sequences in noncrystalline region polypeptides of fibroin. Furthermore, after digestion with chymotrypsin, a major fraction of the cell-free products specifically co-precipitated with crystalline region sequences of native fibroin. The size and amino acid composition of the fibroin crystalline region polypeptides isolated from the cell-free products were similar to those from native fibroin.", "contents": "Translation of silk fibroin messenger RNA in an Ehrlich ascites cell-free extract. RNA identified by its base composition and T1 RNase oligonucleotide pattern as the message for silk fibroin was purified from mature posterior silk glands of Bombyx mori larvae and used to direct polypeptide synthesis in an Ehrlich ascites cell-free extract. Fibroin mRNA stimulated [3-H]alanine incorporation about 3- to 4-fold in the presence of 80 mM K+ and 4 mM Mg-2+. The stimulation was reduced in the presence of 5 times 10-minus 6 to 10-minus 4 M aurintricarboxylic acid, an inhibitor of the initiation of protein synthesis. The cell-free products were heterogeneous in size, including peptides as large as 100,000 daltons. They co-precipitated with carrier fibroin sequences after digestion with trypsin. A large fraction of the polypeptides synthesized in response to fibroin mRNA was precipitated by antiserum directed against amino acid sequences in noncrystalline region polypeptides of fibroin. Furthermore, after digestion with chymotrypsin, a major fraction of the cell-free products specifically co-precipitated with crystalline region sequences of native fibroin. The size and amino acid composition of the fibroin crystalline region polypeptides isolated from the cell-free products were similar to those from native fibroin.", "PMID": 1171097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3192", "title": "Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on fatty acid oxidation by hepatic mitochondria.", "content": "To study possible factors in the pathogenesis of the ethanol-induced fatty liver, we investigated the effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the metabolism of fatty acids by isolated hepatic mitochondria. Chronic ethanol consumption resulted in decreased fatty acid oxidation, as evidenced by a reduction in oxygen uptake and CO2 production associated with the oxidation of fatty acids. The State 3 rate of oxygen uptake was depressed to a greater extent than the State 4 or the uncoupler-stimulated rate; the respiratory control ratio was also decreased. Therefore, one site of action of chronic ethanol feeding is on oxidative phosphorylation. The reduction in fatty acid oxidation, in general, is not due to an effect on the activation or translocation of fatty acids into the mitochondria. There was no effect by ethanol feeding on the activity of palmitoyl coenzyme A synthetase, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity was increased. The use of an artificial system (formazan production) to study beta oxidation in the absence of the electron transport chain is described. In the presence of fluorocitrate, which inhibits citric acid cycle activity, ketogenesis and formazan production were increased by chronic ethanol consumption. Thus beta oxidation to the level of acetyl-CoA is not impaired by chronic ethanol consumption. Total oxidation of fatty acids to CO2 is depressed by chronic ethanol intoxication because of effects on oxidative phosphorylation or the citric acid cycle (or both). Neither nutritional deficiency, cofactor depletion, nor the presence of ethanol in vitro explains these effects. Several of the effects of chronic ethanol consumption on fatty acid oxidation are mimicked by acetaldehyde and acetate, products of ethanol oxidation. Chronic ethanol consumption leads to persistent impairment of mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids to CO2. However, oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA is not decreased by chronic ethanol consumption.", "contents": "Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on fatty acid oxidation by hepatic mitochondria. To study possible factors in the pathogenesis of the ethanol-induced fatty liver, we investigated the effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the metabolism of fatty acids by isolated hepatic mitochondria. Chronic ethanol consumption resulted in decreased fatty acid oxidation, as evidenced by a reduction in oxygen uptake and CO2 production associated with the oxidation of fatty acids. The State 3 rate of oxygen uptake was depressed to a greater extent than the State 4 or the uncoupler-stimulated rate; the respiratory control ratio was also decreased. Therefore, one site of action of chronic ethanol feeding is on oxidative phosphorylation. The reduction in fatty acid oxidation, in general, is not due to an effect on the activation or translocation of fatty acids into the mitochondria. There was no effect by ethanol feeding on the activity of palmitoyl coenzyme A synthetase, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity was increased. The use of an artificial system (formazan production) to study beta oxidation in the absence of the electron transport chain is described. In the presence of fluorocitrate, which inhibits citric acid cycle activity, ketogenesis and formazan production were increased by chronic ethanol consumption. Thus beta oxidation to the level of acetyl-CoA is not impaired by chronic ethanol consumption. Total oxidation of fatty acids to CO2 is depressed by chronic ethanol intoxication because of effects on oxidative phosphorylation or the citric acid cycle (or both). Neither nutritional deficiency, cofactor depletion, nor the presence of ethanol in vitro explains these effects. Several of the effects of chronic ethanol consumption on fatty acid oxidation are mimicked by acetaldehyde and acetate, products of ethanol oxidation. Chronic ethanol consumption leads to persistent impairment of mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids to CO2. However, oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA is not decreased by chronic ethanol consumption.", "PMID": 1171098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3193", "title": "Preparation of a homogeneous soluble D-beta-hydroxybutyrate apodehydrogenase from mitochondria.", "content": "D-beta-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase of bovine heart mitochondria has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The membrane-bound enzyme is first released by phospholipase A digestion of the mitochondria. Lithium bromide, 0.4 M, is used to aid release, and dithiothreitol is required to stabilize the enzyme. The membranous material is removed by centrifugation, and the apoenzyme is recovered in the supernatant and precipitated with ammonium sulfate to 50 percent of saturation. The main purification (100-fold) is achieved by selective adsorption and elution on controlled pore glass beads. The purified enzyme has been purified approximately 250-fold from the mitochondria. The purified enzyme is homogeneous as shown by poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate or acid-urea systems; a sharp band is obtained which is equivalent to a subunit molecular weight of 31,500. The apoenzyme is devoid of lipid and is completely inactive as isolated. It can be reactivated by adding aqueous microdispersions of lecithin or phospholipids containing lecithin. The apoenzyme is stable, i.e. it has a half-life of about 450 hours at 0-2 degrees in 0.4 M lithium bromide, containing 5 mM dithiothreitol at pH 7, and is soluble at these conditions, existing mainly as a monomer and dimer in dilute solution. It has a tendency to associate into larger aggregates when the salt concentration is lowered. The enzyme does not have a distinctive amino acid composition as compared with other proteins or soluble dehydrogenases. The purified apodehydrogenase is well suited for study of specific protein-lipid interaction, as well as the molecular basis for the role of phospholipid in this lipid-requiring enzyme.", "contents": "Preparation of a homogeneous soluble D-beta-hydroxybutyrate apodehydrogenase from mitochondria. D-beta-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase of bovine heart mitochondria has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The membrane-bound enzyme is first released by phospholipase A digestion of the mitochondria. Lithium bromide, 0.4 M, is used to aid release, and dithiothreitol is required to stabilize the enzyme. The membranous material is removed by centrifugation, and the apoenzyme is recovered in the supernatant and precipitated with ammonium sulfate to 50 percent of saturation. The main purification (100-fold) is achieved by selective adsorption and elution on controlled pore glass beads. The purified enzyme has been purified approximately 250-fold from the mitochondria. The purified enzyme is homogeneous as shown by poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate or acid-urea systems; a sharp band is obtained which is equivalent to a subunit molecular weight of 31,500. The apoenzyme is devoid of lipid and is completely inactive as isolated. It can be reactivated by adding aqueous microdispersions of lecithin or phospholipids containing lecithin. The apoenzyme is stable, i.e. it has a half-life of about 450 hours at 0-2 degrees in 0.4 M lithium bromide, containing 5 mM dithiothreitol at pH 7, and is soluble at these conditions, existing mainly as a monomer and dimer in dilute solution. It has a tendency to associate into larger aggregates when the salt concentration is lowered. The enzyme does not have a distinctive amino acid composition as compared with other proteins or soluble dehydrogenases. The purified apodehydrogenase is well suited for study of specific protein-lipid interaction, as well as the molecular basis for the role of phospholipid in this lipid-requiring enzyme.", "PMID": 1171099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3194", "title": "Interaction of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate apodehydrogenase with phospholipids.", "content": "The interaction of a soluble homogeneous preparation of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate apodehydrogenase with phospholipid was studied in terms of restoration of enzymic activity and complex formation. The purified apoenzyme, which is devoid of lipid, is inactive. It is reactivated specifically by the addition of lecithin or mixtures of phospholipids containing lecithin. Mitochondrial phospholipid, i.e. the mixture of phospholipids in mitochondria, reactivates with the highest specific activity (approximately 100 micromol of DPN reduced/min/mg at 37 degrees and with the greatest efficiency (2.5 to 4 mol of lecithin/mol of enzyme subunit). Each of the lecithins of varying chain length and unsaturation reactivated the enzyme, albeit to differing extents and efficiencies. In general, lecithins containing unsaturated fatty acid moieties reactivated better than those containing the comparable saturated lipid. Optimal reactivation can be obtained for the various lecithins when they are microdispersed together with phosphatidylethanolamine. When the lecithins are added microdispersed together with both phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin, maximal efficiency is obtained. Also, PC6:0 and 8:0 reactivate as soluble molecules, so that a phospholipid bilayer is not necessary to reactivate the enzyme. Complex formation was studied using gel exclusion chromatography. It can be shown that each of the phospholipids which reactivate combines with the apoenzyme. Mitochondrial phospholipid, which reactivates the best, binds most effectively; PC8:0, which reactivates with poor efficiency, can be shown to bind with low affinity, and negligible binding occurs at concentrations which do not reactivate the enzyme. Since the apoenzyme is apparently homogeneous and devoid of phospholipid or detergents, it would appear that reactivation does not involve reversal of inhibition such as by removal of a regulatory subunit or detergent from the catalytic subunit. Rather, we conclude that phospholipid is a necessary and integral portion of this enzyme whose active form is a phospholipid-protein complex. The apoenzyme also forms a complex with phosphatidylethanolamine and/or cardiolipin, which do not reactivate enzymic activity. Salt dissociates such complexes in contrast with the lecithin-apoenzyme complex. Binding of phospholipid is a necessary but not sufficient requisite for enzymic activity. The same energies of activation are obtained from Arrhenius plots for the membrane-bound enzyme and for the purified soluble enzyme reactivated with mitochondrial phospholipid or different lecithins. This observation is compatible with the view that the purified enzyme has not been adversely modified in the isolation. Furthermore, essentially the same energies of activation were obtained for saturated lecithins below their transition temperatures and for unsaturated lecithins above their transition temperatures. Hence, there is no indication that a lipid phase transition occurs to influence the activity of this enzyme.", "contents": "Interaction of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate apodehydrogenase with phospholipids. The interaction of a soluble homogeneous preparation of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate apodehydrogenase with phospholipid was studied in terms of restoration of enzymic activity and complex formation. The purified apoenzyme, which is devoid of lipid, is inactive. It is reactivated specifically by the addition of lecithin or mixtures of phospholipids containing lecithin. Mitochondrial phospholipid, i.e. the mixture of phospholipids in mitochondria, reactivates with the highest specific activity (approximately 100 micromol of DPN reduced/min/mg at 37 degrees and with the greatest efficiency (2.5 to 4 mol of lecithin/mol of enzyme subunit). Each of the lecithins of varying chain length and unsaturation reactivated the enzyme, albeit to differing extents and efficiencies. In general, lecithins containing unsaturated fatty acid moieties reactivated better than those containing the comparable saturated lipid. Optimal reactivation can be obtained for the various lecithins when they are microdispersed together with phosphatidylethanolamine. When the lecithins are added microdispersed together with both phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin, maximal efficiency is obtained. Also, PC6:0 and 8:0 reactivate as soluble molecules, so that a phospholipid bilayer is not necessary to reactivate the enzyme. Complex formation was studied using gel exclusion chromatography. It can be shown that each of the phospholipids which reactivate combines with the apoenzyme. Mitochondrial phospholipid, which reactivates the best, binds most effectively; PC8:0, which reactivates with poor efficiency, can be shown to bind with low affinity, and negligible binding occurs at concentrations which do not reactivate the enzyme. Since the apoenzyme is apparently homogeneous and devoid of phospholipid or detergents, it would appear that reactivation does not involve reversal of inhibition such as by removal of a regulatory subunit or detergent from the catalytic subunit. Rather, we conclude that phospholipid is a necessary and integral portion of this enzyme whose active form is a phospholipid-protein complex. The apoenzyme also forms a complex with phosphatidylethanolamine and/or cardiolipin, which do not reactivate enzymic activity. Salt dissociates such complexes in contrast with the lecithin-apoenzyme complex. Binding of phospholipid is a necessary but not sufficient requisite for enzymic activity. The same energies of activation are obtained from Arrhenius plots for the membrane-bound enzyme and for the purified soluble enzyme reactivated with mitochondrial phospholipid or different lecithins. This observation is compatible with the view that the purified enzyme has not been adversely modified in the isolation. Furthermore, essentially the same energies of activation were obtained for saturated lecithins below their transition temperatures and for unsaturated lecithins above their transition temperatures. Hence, there is no indication that a lipid phase transition occurs to influence the activity of this enzyme.", "PMID": 1171100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3195", "title": "Nonequivalence of the metal binding sites of conalbumin. Calorimetric and spectrophotometric studies of aluminum binding.", "content": "Differential scanning calorimetric experiments show that addition of Al(III) to conalbumin increases its denaturation temperature by 5 degrees, from 60 to 68 degrees. Only one Al(III) bound per conalbumin molecule produces this change in heat stability; additional bound Al(III) does not affect the heat stability. Since Al(III) displaces both Cu(II) bound at the metal binding sites of conalbumin, binding of aluminum takes place at the same metal binding sites. The binding constant for the second Al(III) is at least 100-fold less than that for the binding of the first Al(III), and both are displaced by added iron. The order of increasing heat stability of the metal ion complexes of conalbumin, Cu(II), Al(III), Fe(III), is the order of increasing binding constant for these metal ions.", "contents": "Nonequivalence of the metal binding sites of conalbumin. Calorimetric and spectrophotometric studies of aluminum binding. Differential scanning calorimetric experiments show that addition of Al(III) to conalbumin increases its denaturation temperature by 5 degrees, from 60 to 68 degrees. Only one Al(III) bound per conalbumin molecule produces this change in heat stability; additional bound Al(III) does not affect the heat stability. Since Al(III) displaces both Cu(II) bound at the metal binding sites of conalbumin, binding of aluminum takes place at the same metal binding sites. The binding constant for the second Al(III) is at least 100-fold less than that for the binding of the first Al(III), and both are displaced by added iron. The order of increasing heat stability of the metal ion complexes of conalbumin, Cu(II), Al(III), Fe(III), is the order of increasing binding constant for these metal ions.", "PMID": 1171101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3196", "title": "Iron binding to conalbumin. Calorimetric evidence for two distinct species with one bound iron atom.", "content": "When thermal denaturation of conalbumin solutions partially saturated with Fe(III) is observed by differential scanning calorimetry, four endotherms are observed between 40 and 100 degrees. The relative size of these four endotherms is determined by the Fe(III) to conalbumin ration. At a heating rate of 10 degrees/min, in Tris buffer at pH 7.5, observed endotherm temperature maxima and enthalpies of denaturation are: conalbumin, 63 degrees, 320 kcal/mol; intermediate I, 68 degrees, intermediate I, 77 degrees; Fe2-conalbumin, 84 degrees, 630 kcal/mol. These four endotherms are observed over a range of protein concentration from 7 to 100 mg/ml and are unchanged when excess bicarbonate is present. Stoichiometric calculations of both total protein and total iron indicate that each intermediate endotherm results from denaturation of conalbumin molecules containing only one ferric ion. These experimental results are thus consistent with the presence of two different monomeric one-iron conalbumin intermediates. They strongly suggest that the two iron binding sites of conalbumin are not equivalent.", "contents": "Iron binding to conalbumin. Calorimetric evidence for two distinct species with one bound iron atom. When thermal denaturation of conalbumin solutions partially saturated with Fe(III) is observed by differential scanning calorimetry, four endotherms are observed between 40 and 100 degrees. The relative size of these four endotherms is determined by the Fe(III) to conalbumin ration. At a heating rate of 10 degrees/min, in Tris buffer at pH 7.5, observed endotherm temperature maxima and enthalpies of denaturation are: conalbumin, 63 degrees, 320 kcal/mol; intermediate I, 68 degrees, intermediate I, 77 degrees; Fe2-conalbumin, 84 degrees, 630 kcal/mol. These four endotherms are observed over a range of protein concentration from 7 to 100 mg/ml and are unchanged when excess bicarbonate is present. Stoichiometric calculations of both total protein and total iron indicate that each intermediate endotherm results from denaturation of conalbumin molecules containing only one ferric ion. These experimental results are thus consistent with the presence of two different monomeric one-iron conalbumin intermediates. They strongly suggest that the two iron binding sites of conalbumin are not equivalent.", "PMID": 1171102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3197", "title": "Hemoglobin switching in sheep and goats. V. Effect of erythropoietin concentration on in vitro erythroid colony growth and globin synthesis.", "content": "Erythroid colonies were generated in response to erythropoietin in plasma clot cultures of sheep and goat bone marrow cells. At low concentration erythropoietin only hemoglobin A (betaA globin) was synthesized in goat cultures, but at high concentrations 50% of the hemoglobin synthesized was hemoglobin C (betaC globin). This effect of erythropoietin on the expression of a specific beta globin gene was manifested only after 72 h in vitro and followed the development of erythroid colonies. Sheep colonies behaved differently from those of goat in that little or no betaC globin synthesis occurred even at high erythropoietin concentration. To investigate this difference, sheep marrow cells were fractionated by unit gravity sedimentation. The erythroid colony-forming cells sedimented more rapidly (3.5-6mm/h) than the hemoglobinized eththroid precursors (1-3.5 mm/h), suggesting that the colonies were formed from an early erythroid precursor, However, the colonies formed from the sheep marrow fractions synthesized only betaA globin even at concentrations of erythropoietin sufficient to stimulate betaC globin synthesis in goat colonies. Morphologically, the goat colonies were larger and more mature than those of the sheep. By 96 h in vitro three-fourths of the goat colonies contained enucleated red cells compared to only 3% of the sheep colonies. Thus, erythropoietin had an equivalent effect in stimulating erythroid colony growth from the marrow of both species although there were both biochemical and morphological differences between the colonies. Hemoglobin switching appeared to require exposure of an early precursor to high erythropoietin concentration, but the results with sheep marrow suggested that the rate of colony growth and cellular maturation might also be important.", "contents": "Hemoglobin switching in sheep and goats. V. Effect of erythropoietin concentration on in vitro erythroid colony growth and globin synthesis. Erythroid colonies were generated in response to erythropoietin in plasma clot cultures of sheep and goat bone marrow cells. At low concentration erythropoietin only hemoglobin A (betaA globin) was synthesized in goat cultures, but at high concentrations 50% of the hemoglobin synthesized was hemoglobin C (betaC globin). This effect of erythropoietin on the expression of a specific beta globin gene was manifested only after 72 h in vitro and followed the development of erythroid colonies. Sheep colonies behaved differently from those of goat in that little or no betaC globin synthesis occurred even at high erythropoietin concentration. To investigate this difference, sheep marrow cells were fractionated by unit gravity sedimentation. The erythroid colony-forming cells sedimented more rapidly (3.5-6mm/h) than the hemoglobinized eththroid precursors (1-3.5 mm/h), suggesting that the colonies were formed from an early erythroid precursor, However, the colonies formed from the sheep marrow fractions synthesized only betaA globin even at concentrations of erythropoietin sufficient to stimulate betaC globin synthesis in goat colonies. Morphologically, the goat colonies were larger and more mature than those of the sheep. By 96 h in vitro three-fourths of the goat colonies contained enucleated red cells compared to only 3% of the sheep colonies. Thus, erythropoietin had an equivalent effect in stimulating erythroid colony growth from the marrow of both species although there were both biochemical and morphological differences between the colonies. Hemoglobin switching appeared to require exposure of an early precursor to high erythropoietin concentration, but the results with sheep marrow suggested that the rate of colony growth and cellular maturation might also be important.", "PMID": 1171104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3198", "title": "A morphometric study of cellular autophagy including diurnal variations in kidney tubules of normal rats.", "content": "Cellular autophagy in convoluted tubules of kidney was studied in 24 rats, killed in pairs at constant time intervals during one diurnal cycle, by (a) morphometric evaluation of tubular cells by the point-counting method in randomly sampled micrographs, and (b) selective search for autophagic vacuoles (AV) directly on the electron microscopy screen. The total area of tubular cells recorded in the electron microscopy sections was 93 X 10(-4) mum2. Since the distal convoluted tubules, covering about 12% of the whole tubulocellular area, contained only 3-4% of all AV, they were omitted from the main calculations. The number of AV per area unit and the total amount of segregated material showed a distinct diurnal rhythm, synchronous for the different types of AV which were distinguished from each other according to their contents. The minimum was found during the night, the maximum during the day. This rhythm appears similar to that described elsewhere in liver cells. The mean segregated fractions were calculated from the relation of segregated to nonsegregated material in proximal convoluted tubular cells. The segregated fraction of the mitochondria was 4.4 X 10(-4). This value could account for the degradation of all mitochondria in a cell within 15 days, i.e., the upper limit of the lifetime of mitochondrial DNA in the cortex of the kidney, if one assumes that a mitochondrion is destroyed within 10 min after being segregated. The degregated fraction of microbodies was 11.7 X 10(-4). This suggests a shorter lifetime of these organelles. It is concluded that cellular autophagy plays a significant role in the turnover of cytoplasmic constituents, including the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "A morphometric study of cellular autophagy including diurnal variations in kidney tubules of normal rats. Cellular autophagy in convoluted tubules of kidney was studied in 24 rats, killed in pairs at constant time intervals during one diurnal cycle, by (a) morphometric evaluation of tubular cells by the point-counting method in randomly sampled micrographs, and (b) selective search for autophagic vacuoles (AV) directly on the electron microscopy screen. The total area of tubular cells recorded in the electron microscopy sections was 93 X 10(-4) mum2. Since the distal convoluted tubules, covering about 12% of the whole tubulocellular area, contained only 3-4% of all AV, they were omitted from the main calculations. The number of AV per area unit and the total amount of segregated material showed a distinct diurnal rhythm, synchronous for the different types of AV which were distinguished from each other according to their contents. The minimum was found during the night, the maximum during the day. This rhythm appears similar to that described elsewhere in liver cells. The mean segregated fractions were calculated from the relation of segregated to nonsegregated material in proximal convoluted tubular cells. The segregated fraction of the mitochondria was 4.4 X 10(-4). This value could account for the degradation of all mitochondria in a cell within 15 days, i.e., the upper limit of the lifetime of mitochondrial DNA in the cortex of the kidney, if one assumes that a mitochondrion is destroyed within 10 min after being segregated. The degregated fraction of microbodies was 11.7 X 10(-4). This suggests a shorter lifetime of these organelles. It is concluded that cellular autophagy plays a significant role in the turnover of cytoplasmic constituents, including the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 1171105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3199", "title": "Endogenous peroxidase: specific marker enzyme for tissues displaying growth dependency on estrogen.", "content": "Data derived from a correlated morphological and biochemical study suggest the following: (a) estradiol-17beta, diethylstilbestrol, the estrogen antagonists nafoxidine (Upjohn 11,000), and Parke Davis C1628 induce synthesis of an endogenous peroxidase in the epithelium of target tissues like the vagina, the cervix, the uterus, and in the acinar cells of the estrogen-dependent rat mammary tumor; (b) peroxidase is a \"specific\" secretory protein of the estrogen-sensitized uterine endometrium; (c) peroxidase synthesis is not a nonspecific response to steroid hormone action, since progesterone and testosterone do not induce its synthesis; (d) endogenous peroxidase is a possible diagnositc protein for the detection of estrogen-dependent growing tissues, including breast cancer; (e) movement of exogenous horseradish peroxidase from the interstitium to the uterine lumina is restricted by tight junctions located at the apices of epithelial cells. Estrogen and antagonists do not appear to influence the transepithelial movement of exogenous peroxidase into the lumen.", "contents": "Endogenous peroxidase: specific marker enzyme for tissues displaying growth dependency on estrogen. Data derived from a correlated morphological and biochemical study suggest the following: (a) estradiol-17beta, diethylstilbestrol, the estrogen antagonists nafoxidine (Upjohn 11,000), and Parke Davis C1628 induce synthesis of an endogenous peroxidase in the epithelium of target tissues like the vagina, the cervix, the uterus, and in the acinar cells of the estrogen-dependent rat mammary tumor; (b) peroxidase is a \"specific\" secretory protein of the estrogen-sensitized uterine endometrium; (c) peroxidase synthesis is not a nonspecific response to steroid hormone action, since progesterone and testosterone do not induce its synthesis; (d) endogenous peroxidase is a possible diagnositc protein for the detection of estrogen-dependent growing tissues, including breast cancer; (e) movement of exogenous horseradish peroxidase from the interstitium to the uterine lumina is restricted by tight junctions located at the apices of epithelial cells. Estrogen and antagonists do not appear to influence the transepithelial movement of exogenous peroxidase into the lumen.", "PMID": 1171106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3200", "title": "Modulation of uterine morphology and growth by estradiol-17beta and an estrogen antagonist.", "content": "The estrogen antagonist C1628 maintains sustained hypertrophy of the uterine epithelium and the synthesis of many proteins including peroxidase. C1628 is a progestogen, inducing secretion of the protein by surface epithelial and glandular cells. C1628 is a connective tissue mitogen, inducing DNA synthesis in fibroblasts and the endothelium. C1628 and estrogen share these properties mentioned above. Estrogen, however, induced moderate growth of the mucosa within a 24-h period and massive hyperplasia of the mucosa within a 24-h period thereafter. C1628 alone, or in combination with estradiol, does not have mitogenic effect on the mucosa, and in fact blocks the mitotic response normally induced by estrogen alone.", "contents": "Modulation of uterine morphology and growth by estradiol-17beta and an estrogen antagonist. The estrogen antagonist C1628 maintains sustained hypertrophy of the uterine epithelium and the synthesis of many proteins including peroxidase. C1628 is a progestogen, inducing secretion of the protein by surface epithelial and glandular cells. C1628 is a connective tissue mitogen, inducing DNA synthesis in fibroblasts and the endothelium. C1628 and estrogen share these properties mentioned above. Estrogen, however, induced moderate growth of the mucosa within a 24-h period and massive hyperplasia of the mucosa within a 24-h period thereafter. C1628 alone, or in combination with estradiol, does not have mitogenic effect on the mucosa, and in fact blocks the mitotic response normally induced by estrogen alone.", "PMID": 1171107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3201", "title": "Estrogen and antagonist-induced changes in endometrial topography of immature and cycling rats.", "content": "The topographical changes of the luminal surface of the endometrium of immature and ovariectomized rats treated with estrogen, antagonists to estrogen, and progesterone. and during various stages of the estrous cycle and in pregnancy were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Massive increases in numbers and length of endometrial cell microvilli were observed at estrus, after injection of estradiol-17beta, diethylstilbestrol, estrogen plus progesterone. or the inhibitor C1628 to immature and ovariectomized rats. Withdrawal of the estrogen stimulus results in diminution of microvilli, producing a state identical to diestrus, during pregnancy, and after injection of progesterone, The estrogen antagonist appears to have both estrogenic and progestogenic properties, stimulating endometrial cell hypertrophy, secretion of protein, and production of numerous apical microvilli.", "contents": "Estrogen and antagonist-induced changes in endometrial topography of immature and cycling rats. The topographical changes of the luminal surface of the endometrium of immature and ovariectomized rats treated with estrogen, antagonists to estrogen, and progesterone. and during various stages of the estrous cycle and in pregnancy were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Massive increases in numbers and length of endometrial cell microvilli were observed at estrus, after injection of estradiol-17beta, diethylstilbestrol, estrogen plus progesterone. or the inhibitor C1628 to immature and ovariectomized rats. Withdrawal of the estrogen stimulus results in diminution of microvilli, producing a state identical to diestrus, during pregnancy, and after injection of progesterone, The estrogen antagonist appears to have both estrogenic and progestogenic properties, stimulating endometrial cell hypertrophy, secretion of protein, and production of numerous apical microvilli.", "PMID": 1171108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3202", "title": "Formation of enlarged mitochondria in a liver cell line in response to a synthetic glucocorticoid.", "content": "For a number of years it has been recognized that glucocorticoids cause alterations in liver cell morphology (6, 9). Several investigators have shown that in liver in vivo mitochondria can be enlarged to many times their normal volume by treatment with cortisone (13, 15). There is a concomitant decrease in mitochondrial number, and the results of Kimberg and Loeb suggest that this is due to mitochondrial fusion (7). However, the exact mechanism whereby mitochondrial volume is altered and whether in fact cortisone is the direct causal agent are not known due to the complexity of studying these questions in a whole animal system. We have found that dexamethasone sodium phosphate (dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid, causes the formation of enlarged mitochondria in a liver cell line RLC-GAI, which grows in defined medium. In this paper we present our observations on the amount of enlargement that occurs after 5 days of treatment. The formation of enlarged mitochondria is reversible upon removal of the hormone from the medium, and we have attempted to determine whether \"mitochondrial\" or \"nonmitochondrial\" inhibitors are more effective in blocking the return of mitochondria to their normal size when the hormone is removed.", "contents": "Formation of enlarged mitochondria in a liver cell line in response to a synthetic glucocorticoid. For a number of years it has been recognized that glucocorticoids cause alterations in liver cell morphology (6, 9). Several investigators have shown that in liver in vivo mitochondria can be enlarged to many times their normal volume by treatment with cortisone (13, 15). There is a concomitant decrease in mitochondrial number, and the results of Kimberg and Loeb suggest that this is due to mitochondrial fusion (7). However, the exact mechanism whereby mitochondrial volume is altered and whether in fact cortisone is the direct causal agent are not known due to the complexity of studying these questions in a whole animal system. We have found that dexamethasone sodium phosphate (dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid, causes the formation of enlarged mitochondria in a liver cell line RLC-GAI, which grows in defined medium. In this paper we present our observations on the amount of enlargement that occurs after 5 days of treatment. The formation of enlarged mitochondria is reversible upon removal of the hormone from the medium, and we have attempted to determine whether \"mitochondrial\" or \"nonmitochondrial\" inhibitors are more effective in blocking the return of mitochondria to their normal size when the hormone is removed.", "PMID": 1171109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3203", "title": "Cell movement and adhesion in the developing chick wing bud: studies on cultured mesenchyme cells from normal and talpid mutant embryos.", "content": "Mesenchyme fragments from early wing buds of normal and talpid3 mutant chick embryos were explanted for culture in plastic Petri dishes and the behaviour of individual cells as they moved out on to the plastic surface was studied by time-lapse cin\u00e9 photography, followed by statistical analysis. Two parameters of cell movement were recorded: (1) the distances moved over measured 100-s intervals and (2) the length of time each cell spent at rest before moving on. The average speed of movement over the whole path tracked for each cell, inclusive of time at rest, was significantly greater in normal than talpid3 cells. There was no significant difference between normal and mutant cells in the average distance mover per 100-s step, equivalent to the speed over the whole path exclusive of time at rest, but the percentage of time spent at rest was significantly less in normal than in talpid3 cells. This difference appears to be related to a difference in cell morphology, since it was observed that the mutant cells were more flattened than normals, with very extensive ruffled membranes and short spiky microvilli all round the cell periphery. The relation of these differences in cell morphology and behaviour in vitro to the production of the characteristically fan-shaped limb bud outgrowth and altered pattern of cartilage elements in the developing mutant limb bud is discussed.", "contents": "Cell movement and adhesion in the developing chick wing bud: studies on cultured mesenchyme cells from normal and talpid mutant embryos. Mesenchyme fragments from early wing buds of normal and talpid3 mutant chick embryos were explanted for culture in plastic Petri dishes and the behaviour of individual cells as they moved out on to the plastic surface was studied by time-lapse cin\u00e9 photography, followed by statistical analysis. Two parameters of cell movement were recorded: (1) the distances moved over measured 100-s intervals and (2) the length of time each cell spent at rest before moving on. The average speed of movement over the whole path tracked for each cell, inclusive of time at rest, was significantly greater in normal than talpid3 cells. There was no significant difference between normal and mutant cells in the average distance mover per 100-s step, equivalent to the speed over the whole path exclusive of time at rest, but the percentage of time spent at rest was significantly less in normal than in talpid3 cells. This difference appears to be related to a difference in cell morphology, since it was observed that the mutant cells were more flattened than normals, with very extensive ruffled membranes and short spiky microvilli all round the cell periphery. The relation of these differences in cell morphology and behaviour in vitro to the production of the characteristically fan-shaped limb bud outgrowth and altered pattern of cartilage elements in the developing mutant limb bud is discussed.", "PMID": 1171110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3204", "title": "Effect of calcitonin on serum gastrin concentration and component pattern in man.", "content": "Synthetic salmon calcitonin (sCT, doses of 0.7 Medical Research Council U per kg) was injected into nine normal subjects and three patients with hypergastrinemia (pemicious anemia). sCT depressed basal as well as food-stimulated serum gastrin concentrations without concomitant changes in total and ultrafiltrable concentrations of calcium in serum. Gel filtration of sera revealed that sCT reduced mainly the small components, III (gastrin-17 or \"little\" gastrin) and IV (gastrin-13 or \"mini\"-gastrin).", "contents": "Effect of calcitonin on serum gastrin concentration and component pattern in man. Synthetic salmon calcitonin (sCT, doses of 0.7 Medical Research Council U per kg) was injected into nine normal subjects and three patients with hypergastrinemia (pemicious anemia). sCT depressed basal as well as food-stimulated serum gastrin concentrations without concomitant changes in total and ultrafiltrable concentrations of calcium in serum. Gel filtration of sera revealed that sCT reduced mainly the small components, III (gastrin-17 or \"little\" gastrin) and IV (gastrin-13 or \"mini\"-gastrin).", "PMID": 1171112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3205", "title": "Inhibition by somatostatin of basal levels of serum thyrotropin (TSH) in normal men.", "content": "To elucidate the effect of somatostatin on basal, unstimulated TSH secretion 6 young healthy nonobese men were studied with blood samples every 15 min from 2300 h to 0500 h. Somatostatin 1 mg was indused over a 2-h period from 0100 h. One of the subjects was also studied with half hourly blood samples throughout a 26-h period without receiving somatostatin. In all cases the high night levels of serum thyrotropin (TSH) were significantly suppressed by somatostatin. The fall of TSH continued throughout the two hour infusion period. Immediately upon termination of the infusion serum TSH increased rapidly to preinfusion values. The 26-h control study showed the typical diurnal pattern of serum TSH with low values in the daytime and high values at night. The serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels were not changed by somatostatin infusion. From these results we suggest that endogenous somatostatin may be of physiological importance in the regulation of the TSH secretion.", "contents": "Inhibition by somatostatin of basal levels of serum thyrotropin (TSH) in normal men. To elucidate the effect of somatostatin on basal, unstimulated TSH secretion 6 young healthy nonobese men were studied with blood samples every 15 min from 2300 h to 0500 h. Somatostatin 1 mg was indused over a 2-h period from 0100 h. One of the subjects was also studied with half hourly blood samples throughout a 26-h period without receiving somatostatin. In all cases the high night levels of serum thyrotropin (TSH) were significantly suppressed by somatostatin. The fall of TSH continued throughout the two hour infusion period. Immediately upon termination of the infusion serum TSH increased rapidly to preinfusion values. The 26-h control study showed the typical diurnal pattern of serum TSH with low values in the daytime and high values at night. The serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels were not changed by somatostatin infusion. From these results we suggest that endogenous somatostatin may be of physiological importance in the regulation of the TSH secretion.", "PMID": 1171113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3206", "title": "A highly immunoreactive peptide fragment of human luteinizing hormone alpha subunit, discerned with a new, \"sequence-specific\" radioimmunoassay.", "content": "hLHa, whose primary amino acid sequence is known, was reduced and s-carboxymethylated (RCM) to remove secondary and teriary structure. RCM-hLHa was utilized for development of a \"sequence specific\" ria. RCM-hLHa ria revealed that the NH2-terminal tryptic peptide of hLHa (consisting of only 32 amino acid residues) was nearly as immunoreactive as the entire RCM-hLHa molecule (consisting of 89 residues). No other tryptic peptide was immunoactive. Reduced and s-carbamidomethylated hLHa, differing only slight in structure from RCM-hLHa, was weakly active in the RCM-hLHa ria, demonstrating the utility of this ria for precise study of structure-immunologic activity relationships.", "contents": "A highly immunoreactive peptide fragment of human luteinizing hormone alpha subunit, discerned with a new, \"sequence-specific\" radioimmunoassay. hLHa, whose primary amino acid sequence is known, was reduced and s-carboxymethylated (RCM) to remove secondary and teriary structure. RCM-hLHa was utilized for development of a \"sequence specific\" ria. RCM-hLHa ria revealed that the NH2-terminal tryptic peptide of hLHa (consisting of only 32 amino acid residues) was nearly as immunoreactive as the entire RCM-hLHa molecule (consisting of 89 residues). No other tryptic peptide was immunoactive. Reduced and s-carbamidomethylated hLHa, differing only slight in structure from RCM-hLHa, was weakly active in the RCM-hLHa ria, demonstrating the utility of this ria for precise study of structure-immunologic activity relationships.", "PMID": 1171114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3207", "title": "Effect of osteoclast activating factor from human leukocytes on bone metabolism.", "content": "The effects of osteoclast activating factor (OAF) released by normal human peripheral blood leukocytes cultured with phytohemagglutinin have been examined in organ culture. Like parathyroid hormone (PTH), OAF causes a rapid increased in the release of previously incorporated 45Ca from fetal rat bone after brief or continuous exposure; the bones also lose stable calcium and collagen content. The resorption response to OAF also resembles that of PTH in having a steep dose response curve and being only transiently inhibited by calcitonin and partially inhibited by increasing medium phosphate concentration. OAF-stimulated resorption was inhibited more effectively by cortisol than was PTH stimulation. The response to maximally effective doses of OAF was not enhanced by PTH or prostaglandin E2, but submaximal doses gave additive effects. Both OAF and PTH inhibit collagen synthesis in fetal rat calvaria at the concentrations that stimulate bone resorption.", "contents": "Effect of osteoclast activating factor from human leukocytes on bone metabolism. The effects of osteoclast activating factor (OAF) released by normal human peripheral blood leukocytes cultured with phytohemagglutinin have been examined in organ culture. Like parathyroid hormone (PTH), OAF causes a rapid increased in the release of previously incorporated 45Ca from fetal rat bone after brief or continuous exposure; the bones also lose stable calcium and collagen content. The resorption response to OAF also resembles that of PTH in having a steep dose response curve and being only transiently inhibited by calcitonin and partially inhibited by increasing medium phosphate concentration. OAF-stimulated resorption was inhibited more effectively by cortisol than was PTH stimulation. The response to maximally effective doses of OAF was not enhanced by PTH or prostaglandin E2, but submaximal doses gave additive effects. Both OAF and PTH inhibit collagen synthesis in fetal rat calvaria at the concentrations that stimulate bone resorption.", "PMID": 1171115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3208", "title": "Sensitivity of some human pathogenic yeasts and systemic fungi to myxin.", "content": "Myxin, a relatively new antibacterial and antifungal antibiotic, produced by a species of Sorangium, was used to investigate its effectiveness against some yeasts and dimorphic fungi associated with human diseases. Results indicated that the minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of myxin for Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and Torulopsis glabrata were 0.39-6.25 mug/ml, and for C. guilliermondii and C. tropicalis 12.5-25 mug/ml. The MFC for Blastomyces dermatitidis and Sporothrix schenckii was 0.195 and 6.25 mug/ml, respectively. The MFC for these two systemic fungi for amphotericin B (fungizone) was 0.39-0.78 and 6.25 mug/ml. It seems that myxin is more effective against B. dermatitidis than amphotericin B. The isolate of Coccidioides immitis was found to be very sensitive to myxin (MFC, 0.78-1.56 mug/ml).", "contents": "Sensitivity of some human pathogenic yeasts and systemic fungi to myxin. Myxin, a relatively new antibacterial and antifungal antibiotic, produced by a species of Sorangium, was used to investigate its effectiveness against some yeasts and dimorphic fungi associated with human diseases. Results indicated that the minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of myxin for Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and Torulopsis glabrata were 0.39-6.25 mug/ml, and for C. guilliermondii and C. tropicalis 12.5-25 mug/ml. The MFC for Blastomyces dermatitidis and Sporothrix schenckii was 0.195 and 6.25 mug/ml, respectively. The MFC for these two systemic fungi for amphotericin B (fungizone) was 0.39-0.78 and 6.25 mug/ml. It seems that myxin is more effective against B. dermatitidis than amphotericin B. The isolate of Coccidioides immitis was found to be very sensitive to myxin (MFC, 0.78-1.56 mug/ml).", "PMID": 1171116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3209", "title": "A presumptive sex pheromone in the hamster: some behavioral effects.", "content": "Female hamster vaginal discharge (FHVD) contains a presumptive pheromone(s) that affects male hamsters in at least 2 ways. Alone it attracts investigatory interest, and if applied to an appropriate stimulus object, it facilitates copulatory behavior. The latter property was investigated by applying a fixed quantity of the discharge to a series of \"surrogate females.\" The results indicated that the patterning and vigor of the elicited behavior more closely resemble the normal stereotyped mating sequence as the features of the stimulus object more closely approach those of a receptive female hamster. The ability of FHVD to facilitate mating with an otherwise sexually uninteresting stimulus object was unchanged 2 wk. after ovariectomy of the donor female.", "contents": "A presumptive sex pheromone in the hamster: some behavioral effects. Female hamster vaginal discharge (FHVD) contains a presumptive pheromone(s) that affects male hamsters in at least 2 ways. Alone it attracts investigatory interest, and if applied to an appropriate stimulus object, it facilitates copulatory behavior. The latter property was investigated by applying a fixed quantity of the discharge to a series of \"surrogate females.\" The results indicated that the patterning and vigor of the elicited behavior more closely resemble the normal stereotyped mating sequence as the features of the stimulus object more closely approach those of a receptive female hamster. The ability of FHVD to facilitate mating with an otherwise sexually uninteresting stimulus object was unchanged 2 wk. after ovariectomy of the donor female.", "PMID": 1171117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3210", "title": "Opioid-reinforced operant behavior: selective suppression by alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine.", "content": "Morphine-addicted rats performed operant responses for opioid or milk rewards. When rats were then denied access to opioids, abstinence symptoms developed. Responding under extinction conditions 2 wk. after opioid withdrawal provided a measure of the \"relapse\" tendency. Systemic administration of DL-alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, an inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis, suppressed these responses if they had been reinforced by an opioid but not if they had been established with milk reinforcement. This indicates that the integrity of the catecholamine systems is vital for relapse to occur.", "contents": "Opioid-reinforced operant behavior: selective suppression by alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine. Morphine-addicted rats performed operant responses for opioid or milk rewards. When rats were then denied access to opioids, abstinence symptoms developed. Responding under extinction conditions 2 wk. after opioid withdrawal provided a measure of the \"relapse\" tendency. Systemic administration of DL-alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, an inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis, suppressed these responses if they had been reinforced by an opioid but not if they had been established with milk reinforcement. This indicates that the integrity of the catecholamine systems is vital for relapse to occur.", "PMID": 1171118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3211", "title": "One-trial learning and superior resistance to extinction of autonomic responses conditioned to potentially phobic stimuli.", "content": "Human subjects were exposed to pictures of potentially phobic (snakes) and supposedly neutral (houses) objects as conditioned stimuli (CSs) in a Pavlovian conditioning experiment with shock as unconditioned stimulus (US), and skin conductance and finger pulse volume as dependent variables. The skin conductance responses conditioned to phobic stimuli were acquired after one CS-US pairing, and showed practically no extinction, whereas the responses to neutral stimuli showed very little resistance to extinction after both 1 and 5 reinforcements. The superior resistance to extinction of the phobic condition was interpreted to be a specific associative effect. In general, the skin conductance acquisition data showed tendencies similar to those during extinction. For finger pulse volume responses, however, there were very weak conditioning effects, and no effect of stimulus.", "contents": "One-trial learning and superior resistance to extinction of autonomic responses conditioned to potentially phobic stimuli. Human subjects were exposed to pictures of potentially phobic (snakes) and supposedly neutral (houses) objects as conditioned stimuli (CSs) in a Pavlovian conditioning experiment with shock as unconditioned stimulus (US), and skin conductance and finger pulse volume as dependent variables. The skin conductance responses conditioned to phobic stimuli were acquired after one CS-US pairing, and showed practically no extinction, whereas the responses to neutral stimuli showed very little resistance to extinction after both 1 and 5 reinforcements. The superior resistance to extinction of the phobic condition was interpreted to be a specific associative effect. In general, the skin conductance acquisition data showed tendencies similar to those during extinction. For finger pulse volume responses, however, there were very weak conditioning effects, and no effect of stimulus.", "PMID": 1171119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3212", "title": "Differential rates of exhaustion and recovery of several parameters of male rat sexual behavior.", "content": "Sexual exhaustion of the male rat was studied with respect to several copulatory measures. The ejaculatory latency, intercopulatory interval, and intromission frequency demonstrate a U-shaped curve, exhibiting high values for the initial ejaculatory series, falling to a minimum at an intermediate ejaculatory series, and again increasing at exhaustion. The absolute refractory period of the postejaculatory interval (measured at vocalization termination) increases linerly, whereas the relative refractory period (the remaining portion of the postejaculatory interval) is a postively accelerating function. Partial recovery tests demonstrated that the preejaculatory measures and absolute refractory period have substantially returned to baseline values by Day 6, while the relative refractory period is still extended. The significance of these data to the theoretical modeling of sexual behavior is discussed.", "contents": "Differential rates of exhaustion and recovery of several parameters of male rat sexual behavior. Sexual exhaustion of the male rat was studied with respect to several copulatory measures. The ejaculatory latency, intercopulatory interval, and intromission frequency demonstrate a U-shaped curve, exhibiting high values for the initial ejaculatory series, falling to a minimum at an intermediate ejaculatory series, and again increasing at exhaustion. The absolute refractory period of the postejaculatory interval (measured at vocalization termination) increases linerly, whereas the relative refractory period (the remaining portion of the postejaculatory interval) is a postively accelerating function. Partial recovery tests demonstrated that the preejaculatory measures and absolute refractory period have substantially returned to baseline values by Day 6, while the relative refractory period is still extended. The significance of these data to the theoretical modeling of sexual behavior is discussed.", "PMID": 1171120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3213", "title": "The ultrasonic postejaculatory vocalization and the postejaculatory refractory period of the male rat.", "content": "After ejaculation, the male rat emits an ultrasonic (22-kHz.) vocalization. This sound is produced repeatedly until about three fourths of the postejaculatory interval has elapsed. In this study, the occurrence of the vocalization was described, and physiological and behavioral evidence was presented that the postejaculatory vocalization reflects an inhibitory state that underlies the postejaculatory refractory period. The vocalization period was characterized by a predominance of slow-wave, spindling, sleep-like electroencephalographic activity. Electrical shock was able to stimulate mating responses only after the cessation of the vocalization period. It was concluded that an absolute refractory period of the postejaculatory interval lasts until the end of the vocalization period and that the time from the termination of the vocalization until the resumption of mating is a relative refractory period.", "contents": "The ultrasonic postejaculatory vocalization and the postejaculatory refractory period of the male rat. After ejaculation, the male rat emits an ultrasonic (22-kHz.) vocalization. This sound is produced repeatedly until about three fourths of the postejaculatory interval has elapsed. In this study, the occurrence of the vocalization was described, and physiological and behavioral evidence was presented that the postejaculatory vocalization reflects an inhibitory state that underlies the postejaculatory refractory period. The vocalization period was characterized by a predominance of slow-wave, spindling, sleep-like electroencephalographic activity. Electrical shock was able to stimulate mating responses only after the cessation of the vocalization period. It was concluded that an absolute refractory period of the postejaculatory interval lasts until the end of the vocalization period and that the time from the termination of the vocalization until the resumption of mating is a relative refractory period.", "PMID": 1171121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3214", "title": "Aggression and social experience in domesticated rats.", "content": "Small colonies of rats were established, using adult animals that had either received continuous social experience or had been isolated since weaning. Unfamiliar \"intruder\" rats--with or without postweaning social experience--were exposed individually to the colonies for a 21-hr. period. Behavioral observations and an assessment of the intruder's physical condition indicated that serious fighting, physical injuries, and large weight losses occurred only when an isolation-reared intruder was placed into a colony of socially experienced rats. These results demonstrate that aggression is a joint function of the rearing history of both the colony and the intruder and that social experience plays an important role in the behavioral development of this species.", "contents": "Aggression and social experience in domesticated rats. Small colonies of rats were established, using adult animals that had either received continuous social experience or had been isolated since weaning. Unfamiliar \"intruder\" rats--with or without postweaning social experience--were exposed individually to the colonies for a 21-hr. period. Behavioral observations and an assessment of the intruder's physical condition indicated that serious fighting, physical injuries, and large weight losses occurred only when an isolation-reared intruder was placed into a colony of socially experienced rats. These results demonstrate that aggression is a joint function of the rearing history of both the colony and the intruder and that social experience plays an important role in the behavioral development of this species.", "PMID": 1171122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3215", "title": "Comparison of scotopic sensitivity in diurnal (Anas platyrhynchos) and crepuscular (Dendrocygna autumnalis) ducks.", "content": "Scotopic visual adaptation curves were obtained from 4 mallard ducks. A curve of best fit was used to compare the mallards' mean adaptation curve to the curve previously reported for the black-bellied tree duck, a crepuscular species. The curves did not differ significantly in either their slopes or base levels (thresholds). The mallards curve had a rod-cone \"break\" at approximately 25 min. This break is evident in the scotopic curve for pigeons, but is absent from the black-bellied tree ducks' curve. Examination of retinal tissues indicated that the black-bellied tree ducks had significantly more rods and cones, and a larger rod:cone ratio than the mallards. The mallards' scotopic visual threshold is exceeded by the natural illumination present under several nocturnal conditions.", "contents": "Comparison of scotopic sensitivity in diurnal (Anas platyrhynchos) and crepuscular (Dendrocygna autumnalis) ducks. Scotopic visual adaptation curves were obtained from 4 mallard ducks. A curve of best fit was used to compare the mallards' mean adaptation curve to the curve previously reported for the black-bellied tree duck, a crepuscular species. The curves did not differ significantly in either their slopes or base levels (thresholds). The mallards curve had a rod-cone \"break\" at approximately 25 min. This break is evident in the scotopic curve for pigeons, but is absent from the black-bellied tree ducks' curve. Examination of retinal tissues indicated that the black-bellied tree ducks had significantly more rods and cones, and a larger rod:cone ratio than the mallards. The mallards' scotopic visual threshold is exceeded by the natural illumination present under several nocturnal conditions.", "PMID": 1171123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3216", "title": "Tonic immobility in the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus, Rathbun) its relation to threat of predation.", "content": "The tonic immobility. response in the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus, Rathbun) was investigated in a series of seven experiments. Although reported to be a powerful variable in other species, preinduction electric shock produced inconsistent increases in the duration of tonic immobility with the blue crab; Manipulations that were more directly relevant to the fear of predation had considerably greater effects than shock. Physical damage to the chelipeds, mirror image stimulation, and immobilization beneath artificial glass eyes all produced significant prolongation of the immobility episode; Crabs immobilized on a bed of sand rather than on a hard surface showed shorter immobility durations, suggesting that opportunity for escape is an important variable affecting the immobility reactionmthe present results support the contention that threat of predation is the organizing principle behind tonic immobility", "contents": "Tonic immobility in the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus, Rathbun) its relation to threat of predation. The tonic immobility. response in the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus, Rathbun) was investigated in a series of seven experiments. Although reported to be a powerful variable in other species, preinduction electric shock produced inconsistent increases in the duration of tonic immobility with the blue crab; Manipulations that were more directly relevant to the fear of predation had considerably greater effects than shock. Physical damage to the chelipeds, mirror image stimulation, and immobilization beneath artificial glass eyes all produced significant prolongation of the immobility episode; Crabs immobilized on a bed of sand rather than on a hard surface showed shorter immobility durations, suggesting that opportunity for escape is an important variable affecting the immobility reactionmthe present results support the contention that threat of predation is the organizing principle behind tonic immobility", "PMID": 1171124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3217", "title": "Attack, eating, drinking, and gnawing elicited by electrical stimulation of rat mesencephalon and pons.", "content": "Eating, drinking, and gnawing were electrically elicited from the rat mesencephalon in the vicinity of the lateral branch of the descending medial forebrain bundle, but attack was evoked from the dorsomedial tegmentum adjacent to the central gray. The effective zones continued further caudally to the dorsal posterior pons. Unlike hypothalamically elicited behavior, eating, drinking, and gnawing often persisted 5-40 sec after termination of stimulation. Vocalization and escape activity were obtained principally from the vicinity of central pain pathways originating from the anterolateral cord. Other electrodes produced eating, drinking, gnawing, and grooming, which began only after termination of stimulation.", "contents": "Attack, eating, drinking, and gnawing elicited by electrical stimulation of rat mesencephalon and pons. Eating, drinking, and gnawing were electrically elicited from the rat mesencephalon in the vicinity of the lateral branch of the descending medial forebrain bundle, but attack was evoked from the dorsomedial tegmentum adjacent to the central gray. The effective zones continued further caudally to the dorsal posterior pons. Unlike hypothalamically elicited behavior, eating, drinking, and gnawing often persisted 5-40 sec after termination of stimulation. Vocalization and escape activity were obtained principally from the vicinity of central pain pathways originating from the anterolateral cord. Other electrodes produced eating, drinking, gnawing, and grooming, which began only after termination of stimulation.", "PMID": 1171125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3218", "title": "Male aggression in the presence of an estrous female.", "content": "The relationship between male rat aggressiveness and the presence of a female was studied. Twenty 100-day-old dominant male albino rats were individually exposed to an inaccessible female rat in a specially constructed apparatus. The males were then given free-forced trials to an empty compartment or a compartment housing a submissive male. The results indicate that following exposure to an estrous female, dominant males increased their percentage of choices to the submissive male. Moreover, the incidences of aggressions by the dominant animal toward the submissive animal increased sharply after prior exposure to the estrous female. These data suggest that one antecedent source of aggression among male rodents may be the presence of a sexually receptive female.", "contents": "Male aggression in the presence of an estrous female. The relationship between male rat aggressiveness and the presence of a female was studied. Twenty 100-day-old dominant male albino rats were individually exposed to an inaccessible female rat in a specially constructed apparatus. The males were then given free-forced trials to an empty compartment or a compartment housing a submissive male. The results indicate that following exposure to an estrous female, dominant males increased their percentage of choices to the submissive male. Moreover, the incidences of aggressions by the dominant animal toward the submissive animal increased sharply after prior exposure to the estrous female. These data suggest that one antecedent source of aggression among male rodents may be the presence of a sexually receptive female.", "PMID": 1171126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3219", "title": "Relationship between activity, rest, and free feeding in rats.", "content": "General activity and food intake were recorded concurrently in free-feeding rats. Correlations of meal size with associated postmeal interval, activity, and rest were determined. Meal size was significantly positively correlated with both the length of the postmeal interval and the amount of rest in the postmeal interval, but not with the amount of activity in the postmeal interval. This suggests that the amount of energy expended following a meal is not related to the initiation of the subsequent meal and that some alternate mechanism underlies meal-to-meal regulation.", "contents": "Relationship between activity, rest, and free feeding in rats. General activity and food intake were recorded concurrently in free-feeding rats. Correlations of meal size with associated postmeal interval, activity, and rest were determined. Meal size was significantly positively correlated with both the length of the postmeal interval and the amount of rest in the postmeal interval, but not with the amount of activity in the postmeal interval. This suggests that the amount of energy expended following a meal is not related to the initiation of the subsequent meal and that some alternate mechanism underlies meal-to-meal regulation.", "PMID": 1171127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3220", "title": "Heredity and experience: their relative importance in the development of taste preference in man.", "content": "Heritability estimates for sucrose, lactose, and sodium chloride taste preferences were uniformly low in a sample of 311 monozygotic and like-sex dizygotic twin pairs between 9 and 15 years of age. Black children preferred more concentrated solutions of all three tastants than did Caucasian children. This effect was independent of socioeconomic status in the total sample. Males preferred more concentrated solutions of sucrose and lactose than did females- but there were no sex differences in sodium chloride preference. The possibility that early intake experiences may play a role in the determination of enduring taste preferences in Homo sapiens is discussed.", "contents": "Heredity and experience: their relative importance in the development of taste preference in man. Heritability estimates for sucrose, lactose, and sodium chloride taste preferences were uniformly low in a sample of 311 monozygotic and like-sex dizygotic twin pairs between 9 and 15 years of age. Black children preferred more concentrated solutions of all three tastants than did Caucasian children. This effect was independent of socioeconomic status in the total sample. Males preferred more concentrated solutions of sucrose and lactose than did females- but there were no sex differences in sodium chloride preference. The possibility that early intake experiences may play a role in the determination of enduring taste preferences in Homo sapiens is discussed.", "PMID": 1171128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3221", "title": "The Wisconsin Allergy Society fee and practice survey. A study for professional standard review organizations.", "content": "Physicians practicing allegy in the State of Wisconsin were surveyed regarding their fees charged and norms of practice relating to the diagnosis and management of patients with allergic diseases. Over 50% of the physicians surveyed responded and the results were compiled and analyzed. The data obtained provide an over-view of the practice of a medical subspecialty and can thus be used for possible peer evaluation.", "contents": "The Wisconsin Allergy Society fee and practice survey. A study for professional standard review organizations. Physicians practicing allegy in the State of Wisconsin were surveyed regarding their fees charged and norms of practice relating to the diagnosis and management of patients with allergic diseases. Over 50% of the physicians surveyed responded and the results were compiled and analyzed. The data obtained provide an over-view of the practice of a medical subspecialty and can thus be used for possible peer evaluation.", "PMID": 1171134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3222", "title": "Metastatic hemangiopericytoma associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia: review and report of a case.", "content": "The hemangiopericytoma is an invasive tumor of vascular origin. No matter how benign the course and how circumscribed the mass, it must be considered a lesion with high malignant potential. In the case report here, a hemangiopericytoma of the pancreas with metastasis to the liver was associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in a 78-year old woman. The anemia may have been present before the onset of metastasis. If so, it could have been a major factor in the breakdown of host response and could have initiated the malignant dissemination. Under these circumstances it could be an indicator of metastasis in patients with previously diagnosed tumors. However, there are many cases of metastatic malignancy associated with this anemia in which the opposite situation holds. The anemia is usually of extracorpuscular origin. Apparently intravascular coagula1ion caused by injury from tumor-cell aggregates in small vessels induces erythrocyte fragmentation in fibrin strands. A vicious cycle of cell fragmentation, vascular injury and fibrin strand formation completes the course. Analysis of the findings should be based upon more than a strictly pathologic approach; it should also be related to the new discoveries in cancer research.", "contents": "Metastatic hemangiopericytoma associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia: review and report of a case. The hemangiopericytoma is an invasive tumor of vascular origin. No matter how benign the course and how circumscribed the mass, it must be considered a lesion with high malignant potential. In the case report here, a hemangiopericytoma of the pancreas with metastasis to the liver was associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in a 78-year old woman. The anemia may have been present before the onset of metastasis. If so, it could have been a major factor in the breakdown of host response and could have initiated the malignant dissemination. Under these circumstances it could be an indicator of metastasis in patients with previously diagnosed tumors. However, there are many cases of metastatic malignancy associated with this anemia in which the opposite situation holds. The anemia is usually of extracorpuscular origin. Apparently intravascular coagula1ion caused by injury from tumor-cell aggregates in small vessels induces erythrocyte fragmentation in fibrin strands. A vicious cycle of cell fragmentation, vascular injury and fibrin strand formation completes the course. Analysis of the findings should be based upon more than a strictly pathologic approach; it should also be related to the new discoveries in cancer research.", "PMID": 1171136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3223", "title": "Aspiculuris tetraptera in wild Mus musculus. The prevalence of infection in male and female mice.", "content": "A survey was carried out of the levels of infection with Aspiculuris tetraptera and Syphacia obvelata in a wild house mouse population living in the Charles Clore Small Mammals Pavilion at the London Zoo in Regent's Park. The extent of infection with A. tetraptera is analysed according to the sex of the host. It is shown that the prevalence of infection was greater in male than in female mice and frequency distribution studies suggest that this is not only because fewer female mice become infected but also because females resist larvae more effectively than do males.", "contents": "Aspiculuris tetraptera in wild Mus musculus. The prevalence of infection in male and female mice. A survey was carried out of the levels of infection with Aspiculuris tetraptera and Syphacia obvelata in a wild house mouse population living in the Charles Clore Small Mammals Pavilion at the London Zoo in Regent's Park. The extent of infection with A. tetraptera is analysed according to the sex of the host. It is shown that the prevalence of infection was greater in male than in female mice and frequency distribution studies suggest that this is not only because fewer female mice become infected but also because females resist larvae more effectively than do males.", "PMID": 1171137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3224", "title": "Immune responses to a soluble schistosomal egg antigen preparation during chronic primary infection with Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Murine schistosomiasis mansoni is characterized by an intense, predominantly cell-mediated, anti-egg, granulomatous response to schistosomal egg antigens (SEA). Anti-SEA responses include lymphocyte blastogenesis, the production of the lymphokine eosinophil stimulation promoter (ESP), hemagglutinating antibody, heat-labile and heat-stable, 72-hr passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) antibodies, and pronounced peripheral blood eosinophilia. These responses were followed during the course of chronic (1 year) infection and analyzed with specific reference to the observed diminution of granuloma formation, in the presence of continued antigenic exposure, which occurs by 10 to 12 weeks after infection and persists during long-term schistosomiasis. Lymphocyte blastogenesis and peripheral blood eosinophilia were positive from the 8th week of infection until the 50th. Lymphokine production and circulating heat-labile PCA antibody were only positive for a few weeks after 8 weeks of infection. In contrast, hemagglutinating antibody and heat-stable, 72-hr PCA antibody increased during weeks 10 to 14 and remained high throughout chronic infection. The development and regression of these various immune responses to SEA indicate that there are several potential mechanisms that could explain the immunoregulatory interactions that result in specifically diminished lesion formation in this chronic infection.", "contents": "Immune responses to a soluble schistosomal egg antigen preparation during chronic primary infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Murine schistosomiasis mansoni is characterized by an intense, predominantly cell-mediated, anti-egg, granulomatous response to schistosomal egg antigens (SEA). Anti-SEA responses include lymphocyte blastogenesis, the production of the lymphokine eosinophil stimulation promoter (ESP), hemagglutinating antibody, heat-labile and heat-stable, 72-hr passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) antibodies, and pronounced peripheral blood eosinophilia. These responses were followed during the course of chronic (1 year) infection and analyzed with specific reference to the observed diminution of granuloma formation, in the presence of continued antigenic exposure, which occurs by 10 to 12 weeks after infection and persists during long-term schistosomiasis. Lymphocyte blastogenesis and peripheral blood eosinophilia were positive from the 8th week of infection until the 50th. Lymphokine production and circulating heat-labile PCA antibody were only positive for a few weeks after 8 weeks of infection. In contrast, hemagglutinating antibody and heat-stable, 72-hr PCA antibody increased during weeks 10 to 14 and remained high throughout chronic infection. The development and regression of these various immune responses to SEA indicate that there are several potential mechanisms that could explain the immunoregulatory interactions that result in specifically diminished lesion formation in this chronic infection.", "PMID": 1171139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3225", "title": "Detection and quantitation in plasma and synovial fluid of a fragment of human C4 with alpha mobility generated during the activation of the complement system.", "content": "A newly identified fragment of human C4 was detected, using a particular antiserum, in human serum after activation by heat-aggregated immunoglobulins, but not after activation of the complement alternative pathway. This fragment was shown to have a sedimentation velocity of approximately 2.5S, to be heat stable, and to exhibit alpha mobility in immunoelectrophoresis. This C4alpha mobility fragment was not generated in human C4 deficient serum but was generated in human C2 deficient serum after incubation with heat-aggregated immunoglobulin. After precipitation of native C4 and its higher molecular weight fragments from serum by polyethylene glycol, it was possible to quantitate the lower molecular weight C4 alpha mobility fragment by radial immunodiffusion. In kinetic experiments, it was shown that the C4alpha mobility fragment was generated after some delay when compared to the disappearance of C4 hemolytic activity. Quantitation of the C4alpha mobility fragment may be of further use in human diseases for the evaluation of the catabolism of C4: joint fluids of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis contained high levels of the C4alpha mobility fragment, and low concentrations were found in patients with degenerative joint disease.", "contents": "Detection and quantitation in plasma and synovial fluid of a fragment of human C4 with alpha mobility generated during the activation of the complement system. A newly identified fragment of human C4 was detected, using a particular antiserum, in human serum after activation by heat-aggregated immunoglobulins, but not after activation of the complement alternative pathway. This fragment was shown to have a sedimentation velocity of approximately 2.5S, to be heat stable, and to exhibit alpha mobility in immunoelectrophoresis. This C4alpha mobility fragment was not generated in human C4 deficient serum but was generated in human C2 deficient serum after incubation with heat-aggregated immunoglobulin. After precipitation of native C4 and its higher molecular weight fragments from serum by polyethylene glycol, it was possible to quantitate the lower molecular weight C4 alpha mobility fragment by radial immunodiffusion. In kinetic experiments, it was shown that the C4alpha mobility fragment was generated after some delay when compared to the disappearance of C4 hemolytic activity. Quantitation of the C4alpha mobility fragment may be of further use in human diseases for the evaluation of the catabolism of C4: joint fluids of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis contained high levels of the C4alpha mobility fragment, and low concentrations were found in patients with degenerative joint disease.", "PMID": 1171140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3226", "title": "Cell-mediate cytotoxicity in vitro of human lymphocytes against a tissue culture melanoma cell line (igr3).", "content": "Purified peripheral blood lymphocytes from 13 healthy donors, 6 melanoma patients and 1 halo nevus patient were tested for cytotoxic activity against an allogeneic melanoma cell line (IGR3) in, at least, one of the following assays: cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and  microcytotoxicity assays (ma). The lymphocytes were isolated by Ficoll-Triosil gradient centrifugation (fraction F) followed by removal of iron-phagocytosing and adherent cells (fraction FFF) and by subsequent passage through anti-IgG columns (fraction FFF-C). Leukocytes of each fraction were identified by different methods including morphology, rosette-formation, phagocytic activity, and membrane fluorescence. CMC activity paralled ADCC activity at a log lower level of sensitivity. In both assays lymphocytes of fractions F and FFF had the highest activity, whereas in fraction FFF-C cytotoxicity was strongly reduced. In all three lymphocyte fractions CMC and ADCC activity could be blocked by preincubation of the effector cells in aggregated IgG. Furthermore, depletion of E rosette-forming lymphocytes slightly increased ADCC and CMC activity, whereas depletion of EA and EAC rosette-forming lymphocytes strongly decreased it. Our results therefore indicate that in both CMC and ADCC assays, non-adherent, non-phagocytic Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes (\"K\" cells) were the active cytotoxic cells. In MA, on the other hand, mononuclear phagocytes seemed to be the most active cell population. So far no significant difference was observed in CMC, ADCC, and MA between control persons and melanoma patients", "contents": "Cell-mediate cytotoxicity in vitro of human lymphocytes against a tissue culture melanoma cell line (igr3). Purified peripheral blood lymphocytes from 13 healthy donors, 6 melanoma patients and 1 halo nevus patient were tested for cytotoxic activity against an allogeneic melanoma cell line (IGR3) in, at least, one of the following assays: cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and  microcytotoxicity assays (ma). The lymphocytes were isolated by Ficoll-Triosil gradient centrifugation (fraction F) followed by removal of iron-phagocytosing and adherent cells (fraction FFF) and by subsequent passage through anti-IgG columns (fraction FFF-C). Leukocytes of each fraction were identified by different methods including morphology, rosette-formation, phagocytic activity, and membrane fluorescence. CMC activity paralled ADCC activity at a log lower level of sensitivity. In both assays lymphocytes of fractions F and FFF had the highest activity, whereas in fraction FFF-C cytotoxicity was strongly reduced. In all three lymphocyte fractions CMC and ADCC activity could be blocked by preincubation of the effector cells in aggregated IgG. Furthermore, depletion of E rosette-forming lymphocytes slightly increased ADCC and CMC activity, whereas depletion of EA and EAC rosette-forming lymphocytes strongly decreased it. Our results therefore indicate that in both CMC and ADCC assays, non-adherent, non-phagocytic Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes (\"K\" cells) were the active cytotoxic cells. In MA, on the other hand, mononuclear phagocytes seemed to be the most active cell population. So far no significant difference was observed in CMC, ADCC, and MA between control persons and melanoma patients", "PMID": 1171141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3227", "title": "Determination of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen by means of immune adherence hemagglutination.", "content": "A simple and rapid method utilizing immune adherence hemagglutination has been developed for the detection of antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAG) was prepared from Dane particles that had been isolated from plasma of asymptomatic antigen carriers. The method was specific and about 10 times more sensitive than the conventional complement-fixation method. A total of 215 serum samples obtained from healthy blood donors were surveyed for HBsAG and anti-HEc, as well as for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAG (anti-HBs). Anti-HBc was found in 36 serum samples, at a prevalence rate higher than that of anti-HBs (31/215)...", "contents": "Determination of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen by means of immune adherence hemagglutination. A simple and rapid method utilizing immune adherence hemagglutination has been developed for the detection of antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAG) was prepared from Dane particles that had been isolated from plasma of asymptomatic antigen carriers. The method was specific and about 10 times more sensitive than the conventional complement-fixation method. A total of 215 serum samples obtained from healthy blood donors were surveyed for HBsAG and anti-HEc, as well as for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAG (anti-HBs). Anti-HBc was found in 36 serum samples, at a prevalence rate higher than that of anti-HBs (31/215)...", "PMID": 1171142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3228", "title": "Hereditary vestigial pulmonary arterial trunk and related defects in rabbits.", "content": "In a population of IIIVO/J rabbits at the Jackson Laboratory a vestigial pulmonary arterial trunk is the commonest expression of a malformation involving the heart and great vessels. There appears to be a series of effects from a completely absent pulmonary trunk through a vestigial but patent pulmonary trunk and/or pulmonary valve stenosis on the one hand to a vestigial or absent ascending aorta on the other. In a few cases the pulmonary trunk is bulbous and the ductus arteriosus is vestigial or absent. In almost all cases of this syndrome, there is also a high ventricular septal defect. The animals appear perfectly normal in every other respect. In its extreme forms this mutation is lethal, but those few animals that are somewhat less severely affected may live for a short time. No effect was seen on birth weight or litter size. Inheritance of vestigial pulmonary arterial trunk appears to be due to two autosomal recessive factors both of which must be homozygous for the expression of the condition. We propose the symbols vpt-1 and vpt-2 for the genes responsible for vestigial pulmonary arterial trunk and its related abnormalities.", "contents": "Hereditary vestigial pulmonary arterial trunk and related defects in rabbits. In a population of IIIVO/J rabbits at the Jackson Laboratory a vestigial pulmonary arterial trunk is the commonest expression of a malformation involving the heart and great vessels. There appears to be a series of effects from a completely absent pulmonary trunk through a vestigial but patent pulmonary trunk and/or pulmonary valve stenosis on the one hand to a vestigial or absent ascending aorta on the other. In a few cases the pulmonary trunk is bulbous and the ductus arteriosus is vestigial or absent. In almost all cases of this syndrome, there is also a high ventricular septal defect. The animals appear perfectly normal in every other respect. In its extreme forms this mutation is lethal, but those few animals that are somewhat less severely affected may live for a short time. No effect was seen on birth weight or litter size. Inheritance of vestigial pulmonary arterial trunk appears to be due to two autosomal recessive factors both of which must be homozygous for the expression of the condition. We propose the symbols vpt-1 and vpt-2 for the genes responsible for vestigial pulmonary arterial trunk and its related abnormalities.", "PMID": 1171138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3229", "title": "Effect of freezing and storing on the biological properties of macrophages.", "content": "Storage of intact macrophages would be a useful procedure for laboratories studying the biological functions of these cells. Oil-induced guinea pig peritoneal cells were harvested and frozen at an ultra-low temperature using a cryoprotective media. Studies of the biological properties of the frozen cells upon thawing indicated that the cells retained viability for a fairly long period of time, were metabolically active and comparable to normal cells in morphology. Indications of activation were obtained in enhanced phagocytic activity and significant decrease in migration of the stored cells.", "contents": "Effect of freezing and storing on the biological properties of macrophages. Storage of intact macrophages would be a useful procedure for laboratories studying the biological functions of these cells. Oil-induced guinea pig peritoneal cells were harvested and frozen at an ultra-low temperature using a cryoprotective media. Studies of the biological properties of the frozen cells upon thawing indicated that the cells retained viability for a fairly long period of time, were metabolically active and comparable to normal cells in morphology. Indications of activation were obtained in enhanced phagocytic activity and significant decrease in migration of the stored cells.", "PMID": 1171143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3230", "title": "Effects of antibody to oestrogen or of ovariectomy on the incorporation of [35-S]methionine into brain protein and on gonadotrophin levels during the oestrous cycle in the rat.", "content": "The incorporation of [35S]methionine into protein of the anterior pituitary and discrete brain areas was measured following the administration of antibodies to oestrogen, ovariectomy, or adrenalectomy on the afternoon of dioestrus. The antibody to oestrogen deleted the circadian rhythms of methionine incorporation normally observed in the various brain areas together with the peaks of incorporation normally observed in the median eminence area and anterior pituitary on the evening of pro-oestrus. The peaks of incorporative activity normally observed in the preoptic area and amygdala (relative to the putamen) at 03.00 h on the day of pro-oestrus were also deleted. Administration of the antiserum on the morning of pro-oestrus failed to alter the pattern of methionine incorporation normally observed on the evening of pro-oestrus. Ovariectomy performed at 16.00 h of dioestrus blocked the preovulatory rise of luteinizing hormone (LH) (as did the antibody to oestrogen) and inhibited the peak of methionine incorporation normally observed in the anterior pituitary on the evening of pro-oestrus. However, for the peak in the median eminence to be inhibited, ovariectomy had to be performed on the morning of the preceeding oestrus. Adrenalectomy alone, or adrenalectomy with ovariectomy, performed on the afternoon of dioestrus did not affect the levels of methionine incorporation in the brain or anterior pituitary at 18.00 h on the day of pro-oestrus. Animals which had been ovariectomized and injected with 2-5 mug oestradiol benzoate on the morning of oestrus showed significantly increased levels of methionine incorporation in all the brain areas and the anterior pituitary at 18.00 h of expected pro-oestrus. The administration of antibody to oestrogen to a similar group of animals on the afternoon of expected dioestrus inhibited the rise at 18.00 h of expected pro-oestrus. The apparent discrepancy between the results obtained with ovariectomy and the antiserum appeared to be due to the ability of the antiserum to neutralize the activity of oestrogens retained by the tissues. The present results suggest that the changes in incorporation of methionine into protein in the brain and anterior pituitary are brought about by the action of endogenous oestrogen: there appears to be a steady summative effect on the median eminence throughout the oestrous cycle together with a short-lived effect occurri4g during pro-oestrus and affecting the anterior pituitary.", "contents": "Effects of antibody to oestrogen or of ovariectomy on the incorporation of [35-S]methionine into brain protein and on gonadotrophin levels during the oestrous cycle in the rat. The incorporation of [35S]methionine into protein of the anterior pituitary and discrete brain areas was measured following the administration of antibodies to oestrogen, ovariectomy, or adrenalectomy on the afternoon of dioestrus. The antibody to oestrogen deleted the circadian rhythms of methionine incorporation normally observed in the various brain areas together with the peaks of incorporation normally observed in the median eminence area and anterior pituitary on the evening of pro-oestrus. The peaks of incorporative activity normally observed in the preoptic area and amygdala (relative to the putamen) at 03.00 h on the day of pro-oestrus were also deleted. Administration of the antiserum on the morning of pro-oestrus failed to alter the pattern of methionine incorporation normally observed on the evening of pro-oestrus. Ovariectomy performed at 16.00 h of dioestrus blocked the preovulatory rise of luteinizing hormone (LH) (as did the antibody to oestrogen) and inhibited the peak of methionine incorporation normally observed in the anterior pituitary on the evening of pro-oestrus. However, for the peak in the median eminence to be inhibited, ovariectomy had to be performed on the morning of the preceeding oestrus. Adrenalectomy alone, or adrenalectomy with ovariectomy, performed on the afternoon of dioestrus did not affect the levels of methionine incorporation in the brain or anterior pituitary at 18.00 h on the day of pro-oestrus. Animals which had been ovariectomized and injected with 2-5 mug oestradiol benzoate on the morning of oestrus showed significantly increased levels of methionine incorporation in all the brain areas and the anterior pituitary at 18.00 h of expected pro-oestrus. The administration of antibody to oestrogen to a similar group of animals on the afternoon of expected dioestrus inhibited the rise at 18.00 h of expected pro-oestrus. The apparent discrepancy between the results obtained with ovariectomy and the antiserum appeared to be due to the ability of the antiserum to neutralize the activity of oestrogens retained by the tissues. The present results suggest that the changes in incorporation of methionine into protein in the brain and anterior pituitary are brought about by the action of endogenous oestrogen: there appears to be a steady summative effect on the median eminence throughout the oestrous cycle together with a short-lived effect occurri4g during pro-oestrus and affecting the anterior pituitary.", "PMID": 1171154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3231", "title": "Diurnal variation in depression--is it there?", "content": "In this paper we present the results of an investigation designed to measure diurnal variation of mood in a group of unipolar depressives using a sensitive self-assessment inventory and a behavioral measure of the depth of depression. Both measures correlate well with the Hamilton Rating Scale which was designed to quantify depression during a psychiatric interview. Although all patients included in our sample reported that they experienced diurnal variation in mood, this fluctuation was not manifest on behavioral measures and only one patient showed a significant difference on the depressive inventory. Our data indicate that self-report and behavior may not be affected by diurnal variation in eight of these nine depressed patients. One possible explanation is that self-report in depression is subject to perceptual distortion leading to retrospective falsification.", "contents": "Diurnal variation in depression--is it there? In this paper we present the results of an investigation designed to measure diurnal variation of mood in a group of unipolar depressives using a sensitive self-assessment inventory and a behavioral measure of the depth of depression. Both measures correlate well with the Hamilton Rating Scale which was designed to quantify depression during a psychiatric interview. Although all patients included in our sample reported that they experienced diurnal variation in mood, this fluctuation was not manifest on behavioral measures and only one patient showed a significant difference on the depressive inventory. Our data indicate that self-report and behavior may not be affected by diurnal variation in eight of these nine depressed patients. One possible explanation is that self-report in depression is subject to perceptual distortion leading to retrospective falsification.", "PMID": 1171157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3232", "title": "Clinical and surgical aspects of posterior fossa haemangioblastomata.", "content": "A retrospective study has been carried out on 67 patients with posterior fossa haemangioblastomata. Clinical details are presented, and the problems of diagnosis discussed. A fresh definition of the von Hippel-Lindau complex is put forward. The results of surgery are good for patients with solitary and sporadic tumours.", "contents": "Clinical and surgical aspects of posterior fossa haemangioblastomata. A retrospective study has been carried out on 67 patients with posterior fossa haemangioblastomata. Clinical details are presented, and the problems of diagnosis discussed. A fresh definition of the von Hippel-Lindau complex is put forward. The results of surgery are good for patients with solitary and sporadic tumours.", "PMID": 1171158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3233", "title": "Pathological and haematological aspects of posterior fossa haemangioblastomata.", "content": "A retrospective study has been carried out on 67 patients harbouring 78 posterior fossa haemangioblastomata. The site, macroscopic nature, and histological features are described, and correlations sought with the degree of erythrocytosis in the peripheral blood. The problems of aetiology are discussed and a single hypothesis advanced.", "contents": "Pathological and haematological aspects of posterior fossa haemangioblastomata. A retrospective study has been carried out on 67 patients harbouring 78 posterior fossa haemangioblastomata. The site, macroscopic nature, and histological features are described, and correlations sought with the degree of erythrocytosis in the peripheral blood. The problems of aetiology are discussed and a single hypothesis advanced.", "PMID": 1171159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3234", "title": "The nuchocephalic reflex.", "content": "The nuchocephalic reflex, previously undescribed, was investigated in a controlled study of 146 subjects ranging in age from 11 hours to 94 years. In 110 subjects over 16 years of age, the presence of the reflex was correlated directly with evidence of diffuse cerebral dysfunction as measured by a shortened form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Thirty-six children were studied from the newborn period to the age of 16 years. The reflex was found to be uninhibited in infants and to become inhibited by the age of 4 years. Among the adult subjects, the nuchocephalic reflex was found to be sensitive indicator of the status of higher cortical function. The presence or absence of the reflex appears to have somewhat different predictive value at different points in the adult age spectrum.", "contents": "The nuchocephalic reflex. The nuchocephalic reflex, previously undescribed, was investigated in a controlled study of 146 subjects ranging in age from 11 hours to 94 years. In 110 subjects over 16 years of age, the presence of the reflex was correlated directly with evidence of diffuse cerebral dysfunction as measured by a shortened form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Thirty-six children were studied from the newborn period to the age of 16 years. The reflex was found to be uninhibited in infants and to become inhibited by the age of 4 years. Among the adult subjects, the nuchocephalic reflex was found to be sensitive indicator of the status of higher cortical function. The presence or absence of the reflex appears to have somewhat different predictive value at different points in the adult age spectrum.", "PMID": 1171160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3235", "title": "Cerebral mucormycosis following open head trauma. Case report.", "content": "The authors describe a case of human cerebral mucormycosis following open head trauma and craniotomy, and discuss possible roles of steroids and antibiotic therapy in its pathogenesis. They suggest that the common usage of prolonged broad-spectrum chemoprophylaxis in head trauma may require critical review.", "contents": "Cerebral mucormycosis following open head trauma. Case report. The authors describe a case of human cerebral mucormycosis following open head trauma and craniotomy, and discuss possible roles of steroids and antibiotic therapy in its pathogenesis. They suggest that the common usage of prolonged broad-spectrum chemoprophylaxis in head trauma may require critical review.", "PMID": 1171162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3236", "title": "Evolution of a primary intrasellar germinomatous teratoma into a choriocarcinoma. Case report.", "content": "A case of intrasellar teratoma with a germinal structure in a 10-year-old girl is described. A few months after intracranial surgery the tumor differentiated into a choriocarcinoma and finally spread to multiple cerebral, pulmonary, and renal metastases. In the course of choriocarcinomatous evolution, very high urinary levels of luteinizing gonadotropin (HCG) developed, but there was no clinical or anatomical evidence of precocious puberty.", "contents": "Evolution of a primary intrasellar germinomatous teratoma into a choriocarcinoma. Case report. A case of intrasellar teratoma with a germinal structure in a 10-year-old girl is described. A few months after intracranial surgery the tumor differentiated into a choriocarcinoma and finally spread to multiple cerebral, pulmonary, and renal metastases. In the course of choriocarcinomatous evolution, very high urinary levels of luteinizing gonadotropin (HCG) developed, but there was no clinical or anatomical evidence of precocious puberty.", "PMID": 1171163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3237", "title": "Flavins in chick embryo.", "content": "During incubation of fertilized hen egg, flavin in egg white migrated into the embryo. The total amount of flavins in the embryo increased with development. On the 7th day of incubation, molar ratio of riboflavin and flavin nucleotides in the embryo was already similar to that of animal tissues. Even though appreciable amounts of FMN and FAD were found in egg white, flavin nucleotides found in the embryo in its early embryonic life cannot be simply ascribed to the migration of these nucleotides originally present in egg white, because egg yolk contains no appreciable amount of flavin nucleotides; the possibility that flavin nucleotides are synthesized from riboflavin in the embryo in its early embryonic life still exists.", "contents": "Flavins in chick embryo. During incubation of fertilized hen egg, flavin in egg white migrated into the embryo. The total amount of flavins in the embryo increased with development. On the 7th day of incubation, molar ratio of riboflavin and flavin nucleotides in the embryo was already similar to that of animal tissues. Even though appreciable amounts of FMN and FAD were found in egg white, flavin nucleotides found in the embryo in its early embryonic life cannot be simply ascribed to the migration of these nucleotides originally present in egg white, because egg yolk contains no appreciable amount of flavin nucleotides; the possibility that flavin nucleotides are synthesized from riboflavin in the embryo in its early embryonic life still exists.", "PMID": 1171164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3238", "title": "The effect of an acute dose of biotin at the pre-implantation stage and its relation with female sex steroids in the rat.", "content": "An acute dose of biotin (10 mg/100 g body weight) in two subcutaneous injections when given to a rat on day 1 and 2 of pregnancy, caused resorption of fetuses and placentae. Pregnancies under such biotin-treated conditions were maintained by continued estrogen or progesterone therapy. Biotin-treated pregnant rats failed to maintain normal levels of uterine weight, glycogen and protein as well as hepatic protein concomitantly with the loss of pregnancy. Estrogen therapy under such conditions improved all the parameters in these organs including the placenta, but progesterone therapy did not. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity in ovary, adrenal, liver and uterus was also reduced following biotin-induced loss of pregnancy which had been improved by estrogen or progesterone therapy. Nevertheless, estrogen was superior to progesterone in stimulating the enzyme activity in these organs excepting the adrenal. As far as the tissue response to biotin, estrogen or progesterone in the nonpregnant rat is concerned, biotin and progesterone exerted a suppressing effect on uterine glycogen and protein and also on liver protein, while estrogen stimulated them. Similarly biotin and progesterone adversely affected G-6-PD activity in all the organs studied except the liver and adrenal. Estrogen stimulated the enzyme activity in all these organs but adrenal. The study suggests that the primary reason for an acute dose of biotin-induced loss of pregnancy is blockage of estrogen production, which probably regulates endogenous progesterone secretion. The associated metabolic derangements are probably secondary to estrogen deficiency and are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of an acute dose of biotin at the pre-implantation stage and its relation with female sex steroids in the rat. An acute dose of biotin (10 mg/100 g body weight) in two subcutaneous injections when given to a rat on day 1 and 2 of pregnancy, caused resorption of fetuses and placentae. Pregnancies under such biotin-treated conditions were maintained by continued estrogen or progesterone therapy. Biotin-treated pregnant rats failed to maintain normal levels of uterine weight, glycogen and protein as well as hepatic protein concomitantly with the loss of pregnancy. Estrogen therapy under such conditions improved all the parameters in these organs including the placenta, but progesterone therapy did not. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity in ovary, adrenal, liver and uterus was also reduced following biotin-induced loss of pregnancy which had been improved by estrogen or progesterone therapy. Nevertheless, estrogen was superior to progesterone in stimulating the enzyme activity in these organs excepting the adrenal. As far as the tissue response to biotin, estrogen or progesterone in the nonpregnant rat is concerned, biotin and progesterone exerted a suppressing effect on uterine glycogen and protein and also on liver protein, while estrogen stimulated them. Similarly biotin and progesterone adversely affected G-6-PD activity in all the organs studied except the liver and adrenal. Estrogen stimulated the enzyme activity in all these organs but adrenal. The study suggests that the primary reason for an acute dose of biotin-induced loss of pregnancy is blockage of estrogen production, which probably regulates endogenous progesterone secretion. The associated metabolic derangements are probably secondary to estrogen deficiency and are discussed.", "PMID": 1171166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3239", "title": "Ulceration and necrosis of vocal cords in hospital and unexpected child deaths.", "content": "Lesions are described in the vocal cords of an unselected group of 91 infants dying as \"cot deaths\", 11 stillbirths and 107 infants and children dying from conventional diseases. The lesions have been classified into six types. After allowances for the effects of intubation, the same incidence and type of change was present in all but the stillbirths. This argues against them being a specific pathogenic mechanism confined to the cot death situation. The aetiology and pathogenesis are unexplained but indicate the existence of an unsuspected laryngeal disorder that merits further study in mechanism leading to child death.", "contents": "Ulceration and necrosis of vocal cords in hospital and unexpected child deaths. Lesions are described in the vocal cords of an unselected group of 91 infants dying as \"cot deaths\", 11 stillbirths and 107 infants and children dying from conventional diseases. The lesions have been classified into six types. After allowances for the effects of intubation, the same incidence and type of change was present in all but the stillbirths. This argues against them being a specific pathogenic mechanism confined to the cot death situation. The aetiology and pathogenesis are unexplained but indicate the existence of an unsuspected laryngeal disorder that merits further study in mechanism leading to child death.", "PMID": 1171167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3240", "title": "An attributional approach to moods and the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Acceptance of an attribution pattern linking negative moods (depression, irritability) to the approach of menstruation and the likelihood of internal and external attributions were examined in a questionnaire study in which cycle phase (pre- versus postmenstrual), mood (positive versus negative), and environment (pleasant versus unpleasant) were varied. Subjects' rating indicated that (a) biology was judged important for explaining negative moods occurring premenstrually: (b) inconsistency between mood and environment produced more internal (personality) attributions, while consistency enhanced external attributions; and (c) emotionally expressive behavior was thought to reflect underlying personality dispositions despite extenuating situational factors (assumed personal causation). The theoretical relevance of the findings to a new conceptualization of premenstrual emotionality and to an attributional chain relating female self-concept and premenstrual tension is discussed.", "contents": "An attributional approach to moods and the menstrual cycle. Acceptance of an attribution pattern linking negative moods (depression, irritability) to the approach of menstruation and the likelihood of internal and external attributions were examined in a questionnaire study in which cycle phase (pre- versus postmenstrual), mood (positive versus negative), and environment (pleasant versus unpleasant) were varied. Subjects' rating indicated that (a) biology was judged important for explaining negative moods occurring premenstrually: (b) inconsistency between mood and environment produced more internal (personality) attributions, while consistency enhanced external attributions; and (c) emotionally expressive behavior was thought to reflect underlying personality dispositions despite extenuating situational factors (assumed personal causation). The theoretical relevance of the findings to a new conceptualization of premenstrual emotionality and to an attributional chain relating female self-concept and premenstrual tension is discussed.", "PMID": 1171172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3241", "title": "Percutaneous absorption of drugs. IV. Percutaneous absorption of drugs from oily vehicles.", "content": "The percutaneous absorption and retention of salicylic acid and carbinoxamine from four oily vehicles (liquid paraffin, oleic acid, hexadecyl alcohol, and isopropyl myristate) were studied by employing a recirculation apparatus. The absorption followed first-order kinetics, with the exception of the initial period. The vehicle that had a strong affinity to the drug showed a poor drug-releasing effect, and poor absorption and retention of drugs by the skin were observed. Higher absorption rate constants were observed for damaged skin than intact skin. The acceleration of absorption because of skin damage, however, was not so great from liquid paraffin as from the aqueous solution. The amount of drugs retained in the damaged skin declined following the initial increase.", "contents": "Percutaneous absorption of drugs. IV. Percutaneous absorption of drugs from oily vehicles. The percutaneous absorption and retention of salicylic acid and carbinoxamine from four oily vehicles (liquid paraffin, oleic acid, hexadecyl alcohol, and isopropyl myristate) were studied by employing a recirculation apparatus. The absorption followed first-order kinetics, with the exception of the initial period. The vehicle that had a strong affinity to the drug showed a poor drug-releasing effect, and poor absorption and retention of drugs by the skin were observed. Higher absorption rate constants were observed for damaged skin than intact skin. The acceleration of absorption because of skin damage, however, was not so great from liquid paraffin as from the aqueous solution. The amount of drugs retained in the damaged skin declined following the initial increase.", "PMID": 1171212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3242", "title": "Drug-biomolecule interactions: fluorescence studies on interaction of aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid derivatives with serum albumins.", "content": "The binding of the three aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid derivatives to human and bovine serum albumins was studied by measuring the fluorescence enhancement of the compounds. The number of binding sites of human and bovine serum albumins for these compounds appears to be one and two, respectively, under the experimental conditions. As the molar ratio of the fluorescent compounds to bovine serum albumin increased, the binding sites appeared to increase for the compounds. The quenching of the native fluorescence of albumin was examined by the successive addition of methanolic solutions of these compounds. 1-Anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate quenched the protein fluorescence to a greater extent than the other compounds studied, indicating that 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate molecules are bound more closely to the tryptophan residues of albumin. The finding that the three compounds did not quench the fluorescence of tryptophan dissolved in water indicates no direct molecular interaction between tryptophan and the three fluorescent probes. The driving force for binding may be due to the structural characteristics of the amino acid sequence surrounding the tryptophan residues.", "contents": "Drug-biomolecule interactions: fluorescence studies on interaction of aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid derivatives with serum albumins. The binding of the three aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid derivatives to human and bovine serum albumins was studied by measuring the fluorescence enhancement of the compounds. The number of binding sites of human and bovine serum albumins for these compounds appears to be one and two, respectively, under the experimental conditions. As the molar ratio of the fluorescent compounds to bovine serum albumin increased, the binding sites appeared to increase for the compounds. The quenching of the native fluorescence of albumin was examined by the successive addition of methanolic solutions of these compounds. 1-Anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate quenched the protein fluorescence to a greater extent than the other compounds studied, indicating that 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate molecules are bound more closely to the tryptophan residues of albumin. The finding that the three compounds did not quench the fluorescence of tryptophan dissolved in water indicates no direct molecular interaction between tryptophan and the three fluorescent probes. The driving force for binding may be due to the structural characteristics of the amino acid sequence surrounding the tryptophan residues.", "PMID": 1171214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3243", "title": "Systematic identification of drugs of abuse I: spot tests.", "content": "More than 40 of the most commonly encountered street drugs were subjected to several spot tests. These tests were carried out in a special sequence leading to the construction of a flowsheet. Thus, with a limited number of simple tests, it is possible to identify tentatively or narrow down the drug. Since each drug investigated was subjected to all selected tests, whether such tests were developed for this type of compound or not, some unexpected and undocumented results were obtained.", "contents": "Systematic identification of drugs of abuse I: spot tests. More than 40 of the most commonly encountered street drugs were subjected to several spot tests. These tests were carried out in a special sequence leading to the construction of a flowsheet. Thus, with a limited number of simple tests, it is possible to identify tentatively or narrow down the drug. Since each drug investigated was subjected to all selected tests, whether such tests were developed for this type of compound or not, some unexpected and undocumented results were obtained.", "PMID": 1171215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3244", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of toxins from the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve Davis.", "content": "Three neurotoxins were isolated from unialgal cultures of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve Davis. Of the three toxins, only one toxin (T1) has hemolytic acitivity. The major toxin (T2), in chromatographically pure form, appears to have a molecular weight of 725. The neurotoxin T2 has no antiacetylcholinesterase activity.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of toxins from the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve Davis. Three neurotoxins were isolated from unialgal cultures of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve Davis. Of the three toxins, only one toxin (T1) has hemolytic acitivity. The major toxin (T2), in chromatographically pure form, appears to have a molecular weight of 725. The neurotoxin T2 has no antiacetylcholinesterase activity.", "PMID": 1171216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3245", "title": "Binding study of sulfonylureas and phenothiazines to bovine serum albumin using difference spectrophotometry.", "content": "2-(4'-Hydroxybenzeneazo)benzoic acid is a spectrophotometric probe which shows absorption spectrum changes upon binding to protein. Difference absorption spectra of this probe were used as an indirect measurement of the binding of selected sulfonylurea and phenothiazine drugs to bovine serum albumin. The results obtained using the spectrophotometric probe were similar to data obtained from other methods, especially fluorescent methods. Of the four sulfonylureas studied, tolbutamide showed the highest binding affinity, followed by glyburide, glipizide, and acetohexamide, in that order. The data collected for phenothiazine drugs indicated that chlorpromazine has the highest affinity, followed in order by trifluoperazine, perphenazine, fluphenazine, and promazine. Correlation of these results with chemical composition indicated that the interaction of phenothiazine drugs with bovine serum albumin was of a hydrophobic nature.", "contents": "Binding study of sulfonylureas and phenothiazines to bovine serum albumin using difference spectrophotometry. 2-(4'-Hydroxybenzeneazo)benzoic acid is a spectrophotometric probe which shows absorption spectrum changes upon binding to protein. Difference absorption spectra of this probe were used as an indirect measurement of the binding of selected sulfonylurea and phenothiazine drugs to bovine serum albumin. The results obtained using the spectrophotometric probe were similar to data obtained from other methods, especially fluorescent methods. Of the four sulfonylureas studied, tolbutamide showed the highest binding affinity, followed by glyburide, glipizide, and acetohexamide, in that order. The data collected for phenothiazine drugs indicated that chlorpromazine has the highest affinity, followed in order by trifluoperazine, perphenazine, fluphenazine, and promazine. Correlation of these results with chemical composition indicated that the interaction of phenothiazine drugs with bovine serum albumin was of a hydrophobic nature.", "PMID": 1171217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3246", "title": "Binding of cupric ions to bovine serum albumin.", "content": "The binding of cupric ions to bovine serum albumin was investigated by using a cupric-ion-specific electrode. When using a modified form of the Scatchard equation, it was determined that there are at least two classes of binding sites on bovine serum albumin for cupric ions. One class has three binding sites of relatively strong affinity, with an average binding constant of 3.0 times 10(6). The other class has about 16 binding sites of relatively weak affinity, with an average binding constant of 2.0 times 10(4).", "contents": "Binding of cupric ions to bovine serum albumin. The binding of cupric ions to bovine serum albumin was investigated by using a cupric-ion-specific electrode. When using a modified form of the Scatchard equation, it was determined that there are at least two classes of binding sites on bovine serum albumin for cupric ions. One class has three binding sites of relatively strong affinity, with an average binding constant of 3.0 times 10(6). The other class has about 16 binding sites of relatively weak affinity, with an average binding constant of 2.0 times 10(4).", "PMID": 1171218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3247", "title": "Synthesis and cytotoxicity of 6-selenopurine arabinoside and related compounds.", "content": "6-Chloro-9-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)purine served as an intermediate for the chemical synthesis of a series of 6-substituted selenopurine arabinosides. In an in vitro test using murine leukemic cells (L-5178Y) these 6-substituted selenopurine arabinosides showed some cytotoxicity. Lengthening the side chain had no effect on their cytotoxicity. Selenourea was a useful reagent for synthesizing selenopurines, selenopurine nucleosides, and selenopurine arabinoside under mild conditions.", "contents": "Synthesis and cytotoxicity of 6-selenopurine arabinoside and related compounds. 6-Chloro-9-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)purine served as an intermediate for the chemical synthesis of a series of 6-substituted selenopurine arabinosides. In an in vitro test using murine leukemic cells (L-5178Y) these 6-substituted selenopurine arabinosides showed some cytotoxicity. Lengthening the side chain had no effect on their cytotoxicity. Selenourea was a useful reagent for synthesizing selenopurines, selenopurine nucleosides, and selenopurine arabinoside under mild conditions.", "PMID": 1171219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3248", "title": "Interactions of acetylcholine mustard with acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "The hydrolysis of acetylcholine and acetylcholine mustard by acetylcholinesterase was compared over a substrate concentration range of 1-10 mM. Reactions were allowed to proceed for 2 min at 25 degrees. Results of these experiments reveal that the substrates have similar affinities for the enzyme, whereas the maximum velocity for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine mustard was significantly lower than for acetylcholine. These findings suggest that acetylcholine mustard has the ability to inactive acetycholinesterase.", "contents": "Interactions of acetylcholine mustard with acetylcholinesterase. The hydrolysis of acetylcholine and acetylcholine mustard by acetylcholinesterase was compared over a substrate concentration range of 1-10 mM. Reactions were allowed to proceed for 2 min at 25 degrees. Results of these experiments reveal that the substrates have similar affinities for the enzyme, whereas the maximum velocity for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine mustard was significantly lower than for acetylcholine. These findings suggest that acetylcholine mustard has the ability to inactive acetycholinesterase.", "PMID": 1171220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3249", "title": "Efficacy and interactions of oxandrolone, halo-fenate and clofibrate in a factorial study on experimental acute nephrotic hyperlipidemia.", "content": "Nephrotic mixed hyperlipidemia may be associated with accelerated coronary artery disease. To investigate the response of experimental nephrotic hyperlipidemia to therapy, a 2(4) factorial study of sodium clofibrate and beta-benzalbutyrate, halofenate and oxandrolone (250, 150, 100 and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively) was carried out. Nephrotic syndrome was induced by a single i.p. injection of puromycin aminonucleoside (90 mg/kg) in 80 female white rats of average weight 160 g. Oxandrolone proved to be significantly hypotriglyceridemic in combined therapy (average fall, 38%; P less than .05), and also lowered serum total cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations (23% and 21% falls, P less than .01) and less than .05), due largely to synergistic interactions with clofibrate-like drugs. Hypocholesteremic effects (23 and 22% average falls) were also significant for halofenate (P less than .01) and clofibrate (P less than .05) . Serum triglyceride levels actually rose significantly (P less than .05) with drug combinations containing beta-benzalbutyrate. Clofibrate and its analogs (halofenate and beta-benzalbutyrate) produced significant hepatomegaly (mean responses of +18, +18 and +10%, respectively) whereas oxandrolone produced significant hepatic shrinkage (-10%)(P less than .05). Secondary effects (drug interactions) were also found; hypotriglyceridemic synergism (effects more than additive) occurred between oxandrolone and clofibrate or its analogs (P less than .05), whereas antagonism (effects less than additive) was observed within the clofibrate-like group (P less than .01 or less .05).", "contents": "Efficacy and interactions of oxandrolone, halo-fenate and clofibrate in a factorial study on experimental acute nephrotic hyperlipidemia. Nephrotic mixed hyperlipidemia may be associated with accelerated coronary artery disease. To investigate the response of experimental nephrotic hyperlipidemia to therapy, a 2(4) factorial study of sodium clofibrate and beta-benzalbutyrate, halofenate and oxandrolone (250, 150, 100 and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively) was carried out. Nephrotic syndrome was induced by a single i.p. injection of puromycin aminonucleoside (90 mg/kg) in 80 female white rats of average weight 160 g. Oxandrolone proved to be significantly hypotriglyceridemic in combined therapy (average fall, 38%; P less than .05), and also lowered serum total cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations (23% and 21% falls, P less than .01) and less than .05), due largely to synergistic interactions with clofibrate-like drugs. Hypocholesteremic effects (23 and 22% average falls) were also significant for halofenate (P less than .01) and clofibrate (P less than .05) . Serum triglyceride levels actually rose significantly (P less than .05) with drug combinations containing beta-benzalbutyrate. Clofibrate and its analogs (halofenate and beta-benzalbutyrate) produced significant hepatomegaly (mean responses of +18, +18 and +10%, respectively) whereas oxandrolone produced significant hepatic shrinkage (-10%)(P less than .05). Secondary effects (drug interactions) were also found; hypotriglyceridemic synergism (effects more than additive) occurred between oxandrolone and clofibrate or its analogs (P less than .05), whereas antagonism (effects less than additive) was observed within the clofibrate-like group (P less than .01 or less .05).", "PMID": 1171221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3250", "title": "Brain acetylcholine and choline following acute and chronic morphine treatment and during withdrawal.", "content": "Levels of brain acetylcholine and choline were measured with a gas chromatograph in Swiss-Webster or ICR mice and Sprague-Dawley rats: a) 30 minutes after various single doses of morphine sulfate s.c.; b) rendered highly tolerant to and dependent on morphine by pellet implantation for 3 days; c) at various times after abrupt withdrawal (pellet removal); or d) during abstinence precipitated by the narcotic antagonist naloxone. The specific activity of brain acetylcholinsterase was determined in treatment d. Brain choline levels generally remained unaffected by the above manipulations. It was found that analgetic doses of morphine did not alter the steady-state levels of brain acetylcholine, but slight increases were observed after high doses and in morphine-tolerant animals. Abrupt withdrawal of morphine in the mouse caused a significant increase in brain acetylcholine levels, which was observed at 6 hours but not at 12 and 24 hours. In rats, abrupt withdrawal had no effect on acetylcholine levels at 6 and 18 hours. Nalonone-precipitated withdrawal significantly lowered the brain acetylcholine in both mice and rats without affecting acetylcholinesterase activity. This lowering was observed in animals that jumped after naloxone, but not in those failed to jump. It is concluded that this decrease in brain acetylcholine may be related to an increased neuronal release.", "contents": "Brain acetylcholine and choline following acute and chronic morphine treatment and during withdrawal. Levels of brain acetylcholine and choline were measured with a gas chromatograph in Swiss-Webster or ICR mice and Sprague-Dawley rats: a) 30 minutes after various single doses of morphine sulfate s.c.; b) rendered highly tolerant to and dependent on morphine by pellet implantation for 3 days; c) at various times after abrupt withdrawal (pellet removal); or d) during abstinence precipitated by the narcotic antagonist naloxone. The specific activity of brain acetylcholinsterase was determined in treatment d. Brain choline levels generally remained unaffected by the above manipulations. It was found that analgetic doses of morphine did not alter the steady-state levels of brain acetylcholine, but slight increases were observed after high doses and in morphine-tolerant animals. Abrupt withdrawal of morphine in the mouse caused a significant increase in brain acetylcholine levels, which was observed at 6 hours but not at 12 and 24 hours. In rats, abrupt withdrawal had no effect on acetylcholine levels at 6 and 18 hours. Nalonone-precipitated withdrawal significantly lowered the brain acetylcholine in both mice and rats without affecting acetylcholinesterase activity. This lowering was observed in animals that jumped after naloxone, but not in those failed to jump. It is concluded that this decrease in brain acetylcholine may be related to an increased neuronal release.", "PMID": 1171222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3251", "title": "Head-turning induced by electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus and its antagonism by anti-parkinson drugs.", "content": "Intermittent high-frequency electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus induces contralateralhead-turning in rats. The anti-Parkinson drugs, L-dopa, amantadine and apomorphine, raise the threshold for or completely inhibit head-turning. There was a high correlation between the predicted clinical potency and these drugs based on inhibition of head-turning and their respective clinical anti-Parkinson potency. The centrally acting anticholinergic drugs also antagonized head-turning but there was not a good correlation between the predicted and acutal anti-Parkinson doses used in man. In order to determine if these drugs blocked head-turning by acting on the caudate nucleus, a combination cannula and stimulating electrode was used to administer drugs directly into the same area of the caudate nucleus being stimulated electrically. Dopamine, amantadine and apomorphine each antagonized head-turning when infused into the same site, at doses which did not produce concurrent overt sterotyped behavior. Time- and dose-response data with all three drugs suggest a direct inhibitory action on the caudate nucleus consistent with their proposed mechanism for treatment of Parkinson symptomatology. Head-turning appears to be a useful animal model for the development of new, specific anti-Parkinson drugs and for the study of possible mechanism(s) of action of existing drugs.", "contents": "Head-turning induced by electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus and its antagonism by anti-parkinson drugs. Intermittent high-frequency electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus induces contralateralhead-turning in rats. The anti-Parkinson drugs, L-dopa, amantadine and apomorphine, raise the threshold for or completely inhibit head-turning. There was a high correlation between the predicted clinical potency and these drugs based on inhibition of head-turning and their respective clinical anti-Parkinson potency. The centrally acting anticholinergic drugs also antagonized head-turning but there was not a good correlation between the predicted and acutal anti-Parkinson doses used in man. In order to determine if these drugs blocked head-turning by acting on the caudate nucleus, a combination cannula and stimulating electrode was used to administer drugs directly into the same area of the caudate nucleus being stimulated electrically. Dopamine, amantadine and apomorphine each antagonized head-turning when infused into the same site, at doses which did not produce concurrent overt sterotyped behavior. Time- and dose-response data with all three drugs suggest a direct inhibitory action on the caudate nucleus consistent with their proposed mechanism for treatment of Parkinson symptomatology. Head-turning appears to be a useful animal model for the development of new, specific anti-Parkinson drugs and for the study of possible mechanism(s) of action of existing drugs.", "PMID": 1171223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3252", "title": "The bioelectric parameters of the vagina during the oestrous cycle of the rat.", "content": "1. A new in vitro preparation of the rat vagina was devised to allow the measurement of the electrical potential difference (p.d.), short-circuit current (s-c.c.) and tissue resistance. 2. In vivo and in vitro, the magnitude of the transvaginal p.d. (adventitia positive to lumen) was greatest at oestrus and smallest at dioestrus and metoestrus. The p.d. at pro-oestrus was not significantly different from the latter values. 3. The s-c.c. was significantly greater at oestrus than at metoestrus, dioestrus and pro-oestrus. 4. The vaginal resistance was maximal at pro-oestrus and was significantly greater than that at metoestrus, dioestrus and oestrus. The value at oestrus was significantly greater than that at metoestrus and dioestrus. These changes in resistance correlate well with known changes in vaginal morphology during the oestrous cycle. 5. It is proposed that the cellular site for the generation of vaginal bioelectric activity is the basal cell layer of the vagina and that the variations of the transvaginal p.d. measured in vivo are caused by the changes in vaginal current and tissue resistance.", "contents": "The bioelectric parameters of the vagina during the oestrous cycle of the rat. 1. A new in vitro preparation of the rat vagina was devised to allow the measurement of the electrical potential difference (p.d.), short-circuit current (s-c.c.) and tissue resistance. 2. In vivo and in vitro, the magnitude of the transvaginal p.d. (adventitia positive to lumen) was greatest at oestrus and smallest at dioestrus and metoestrus. The p.d. at pro-oestrus was not significantly different from the latter values. 3. The s-c.c. was significantly greater at oestrus than at metoestrus, dioestrus and pro-oestrus. 4. The vaginal resistance was maximal at pro-oestrus and was significantly greater than that at metoestrus, dioestrus and oestrus. The value at oestrus was significantly greater than that at metoestrus and dioestrus. These changes in resistance correlate well with known changes in vaginal morphology during the oestrous cycle. 5. It is proposed that the cellular site for the generation of vaginal bioelectric activity is the basal cell layer of the vagina and that the variations of the transvaginal p.d. measured in vivo are caused by the changes in vaginal current and tissue resistance.", "PMID": 1171224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3253", "title": "[Electroencephalographic studies on classically conditioned defensive reflex and avoidance lever-pressing in the dog (author's transl)].", "content": "Six dogs with implanted cortical and subcortical electrodes were trained to press a lever to avoid electroshock to a hind leg. Intracerebral stimulation at low frequency was delivered as an \"indifferent\" or a \"CD\" tracer. Changes of EEG responses to the tracers prior to the voluntary lever-pressing or the conditioned avoidance lever-pressing were prior to the voluntary lever-pressing or the conditioned avoidance lever-pressing were examined by continuous frequency analysis. (1) Evoked potentials to the tracer stimulation were changed just before the conditioned defensive reflex, the voluntary lever-pressing and the conditioned avoidance lever-pressing, regardless of the site of the tracer stimulation. (2) The cortical and subcortical structures (Hippo, RF) seemed to be involved in the neural circuit responsible for the avoidance lever-pressing, whereas the sensorimotor cortex may be essential in the circuit for the alimentary lever-pressing. (3) The avoidance lever-pressing and the EEG response to the \"CS\" tracer were influenced by the internal inhibition (experimental extinction, inhibitory mechanism was discussed.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic studies on classically conditioned defensive reflex and avoidance lever-pressing in the dog (author's transl)]. Six dogs with implanted cortical and subcortical electrodes were trained to press a lever to avoid electroshock to a hind leg. Intracerebral stimulation at low frequency was delivered as an \"indifferent\" or a \"CD\" tracer. Changes of EEG responses to the tracers prior to the voluntary lever-pressing or the conditioned avoidance lever-pressing were prior to the voluntary lever-pressing or the conditioned avoidance lever-pressing were examined by continuous frequency analysis. (1) Evoked potentials to the tracer stimulation were changed just before the conditioned defensive reflex, the voluntary lever-pressing and the conditioned avoidance lever-pressing, regardless of the site of the tracer stimulation. (2) The cortical and subcortical structures (Hippo, RF) seemed to be involved in the neural circuit responsible for the avoidance lever-pressing, whereas the sensorimotor cortex may be essential in the circuit for the alimentary lever-pressing. (3) The avoidance lever-pressing and the EEG response to the \"CS\" tracer were influenced by the internal inhibition (experimental extinction, inhibitory mechanism was discussed.", "PMID": 1171226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3254", "title": "Embryo-endometrial relationship in the mouse during activation of the blastocyst by oestradiol.", "content": "Blastocysts that have been activated for implantation by an injection of oestrogen become separated from the uterine surface by a layer of secretion. By 8 hr after the injection, the trophoblast cytoplasm contains several glycogen granules, groups of ribosomes, and mitochondria of a condensed type. These ultrastructural changes are signs of the increased metabolic activity exhibited by the trophoblast at activation. It is suggested that the uterine epithelium keeps the trophoblast inactive by delivering only a minimal nutritive medium and that the epithelium activates the trophoblast by making more nutrients, probably some carbohydrate, available as a consequence of an oestrogen-induced increase in the secretory activity.", "contents": "Embryo-endometrial relationship in the mouse during activation of the blastocyst by oestradiol. Blastocysts that have been activated for implantation by an injection of oestrogen become separated from the uterine surface by a layer of secretion. By 8 hr after the injection, the trophoblast cytoplasm contains several glycogen granules, groups of ribosomes, and mitochondria of a condensed type. These ultrastructural changes are signs of the increased metabolic activity exhibited by the trophoblast at activation. It is suggested that the uterine epithelium keeps the trophoblast inactive by delivering only a minimal nutritive medium and that the epithelium activates the trophoblast by making more nutrients, probably some carbohydrate, available as a consequence of an oestrogen-induced increase in the secretory activity.", "PMID": 1171228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3255", "title": "Female mouse maturation: relative importance of social factors and daylength.", "content": "The present experiment utilized a cross-classified design to test the interactions and relative importance of male presence or absence, female density and three different photoperiods as factors affecting puberty in female house mice. First vaginal oestrus was used as the criterion for sexual maturity. All three factors significantly affected the timing of first oestrus; male presence or absence accounted for 31 percent of the total variation in age at maturity, 9 percent of the variance was attributable to the female density factor and 6 percent to differences in daylength treatments. There were no significant interactions among the treatment variables. These results conform with a general model relating the processes of sexual and morphological development.", "contents": "Female mouse maturation: relative importance of social factors and daylength. The present experiment utilized a cross-classified design to test the interactions and relative importance of male presence or absence, female density and three different photoperiods as factors affecting puberty in female house mice. First vaginal oestrus was used as the criterion for sexual maturity. All three factors significantly affected the timing of first oestrus; male presence or absence accounted for 31 percent of the total variation in age at maturity, 9 percent of the variance was attributable to the female density factor and 6 percent to differences in daylength treatments. There were no significant interactions among the treatment variables. These results conform with a general model relating the processes of sexual and morphological development.", "PMID": 1171231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3256", "title": "The effect of progesterone implants on ovulation and plasma levels of LH, FSH and progesterone in anoestrous ewes.", "content": "The effects of 100-mg progesterone implants in anoestrous ewes on plasma progesterone and gonadotrophin levels are described. Implant removal resulted in a surge of plasma gonadotrophins and ovulation, but there was no evidence of behavioural oestrus in 90% of the ewes. These results are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of progesterone implants on ovulation and plasma levels of LH, FSH and progesterone in anoestrous ewes. The effects of 100-mg progesterone implants in anoestrous ewes on plasma progesterone and gonadotrophin levels are described. Implant removal resulted in a surge of plasma gonadotrophins and ovulation, but there was no evidence of behavioural oestrus in 90% of the ewes. These results are discussed.", "PMID": 1171232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3257", "title": "Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin: rate of clearance from the circulation of sheep.", "content": "The process involved in the disappearance of PMSG from the blood of sheep, following a single intravenous injection, has been separated into two exponential components. Values (mean plus or minus S.E.) calculated from experiments on five animals were: metabolic clearance rate (37.8 plus or minus 1.6 ml hr-minus 1); rate constant of disposal (0.0315 plus or minus 0.0016 hr-minus 1); half-time of disposal (21.2 plus or minus 1.1 hr). The stage of the oestrous cycle, ovariectomy and the dose of PMSG used had no apparent effect on these values.", "contents": "Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin: rate of clearance from the circulation of sheep. The process involved in the disappearance of PMSG from the blood of sheep, following a single intravenous injection, has been separated into two exponential components. Values (mean plus or minus S.E.) calculated from experiments on five animals were: metabolic clearance rate (37.8 plus or minus 1.6 ml hr-minus 1); rate constant of disposal (0.0315 plus or minus 0.0016 hr-minus 1); half-time of disposal (21.2 plus or minus 1.1 hr). The stage of the oestrous cycle, ovariectomy and the dose of PMSG used had no apparent effect on these values.", "PMID": 1171233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3258", "title": "Follow-up study of male and female offspring of DES-treated mothers a preliminary report.", "content": "This is a follow-up study of male and female offspring of mothers who were part of a double-blind placebo controlled investigation during the years 1951-1952, originally aimed at determining the usefulness of DES administration in maintaining pregnancy. So far, 84 DES-exposed females, 43 female controls, 42 DES-exposed males and 37 male controls have been examined. Circumferential ridges of the vagina and cervix were seen in 39% of the DES-exposed females but in none of the controls. Colposcopy revealed vaginal epitheleal changes in 78% of the DES-exposed females 2% of the female controls. Cytology proved to be reliable as a screening test for vaginal epithelial changes in the DES-exposed female. Urine cytology was negative for tumor cells in all patients. The main abnormal finding in the DES-exposed males was that cysts in the epididymis were detected in 10%. No cases of cancer were observed in either the male or female offspring.", "contents": "Follow-up study of male and female offspring of DES-treated mothers a preliminary report. This is a follow-up study of male and female offspring of mothers who were part of a double-blind placebo controlled investigation during the years 1951-1952, originally aimed at determining the usefulness of DES administration in maintaining pregnancy. So far, 84 DES-exposed females, 43 female controls, 42 DES-exposed males and 37 male controls have been examined. Circumferential ridges of the vagina and cervix were seen in 39% of the DES-exposed females but in none of the controls. Colposcopy revealed vaginal epitheleal changes in 78% of the DES-exposed females 2% of the female controls. Cytology proved to be reliable as a screening test for vaginal epithelial changes in the DES-exposed female. Urine cytology was negative for tumor cells in all patients. The main abnormal finding in the DES-exposed males was that cysts in the epididymis were detected in 10%. No cases of cancer were observed in either the male or female offspring.", "PMID": 1171234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3259", "title": "Comparison of DNA binding in normal population, general hospital laboratory personnel, and personnel from laboratories studying SLE.", "content": "Sera from 18 of 56 individuals working in SLE laboratories bound more than 30 per cent of 0.1 mug of 125-I denatured calf thymus DNA, in an ammonium sulfate precipitation assay. Only two of 58 normal non-laboratory personnel and four of 40 sera from routine hospital laboratory personnel bound more than 30 per cent. Statistical analysis of these results with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov nonparametric test indicated this was a very significant difference (p less than .001). Using native DNA as a test antigen a similar pattern was seen, but it was not as clear cut. Part of this increased reactivity is heat labile. Further studies must be carried out before an adequate interpretation of these findings is possible.", "contents": "Comparison of DNA binding in normal population, general hospital laboratory personnel, and personnel from laboratories studying SLE. Sera from 18 of 56 individuals working in SLE laboratories bound more than 30 per cent of 0.1 mug of 125-I denatured calf thymus DNA, in an ammonium sulfate precipitation assay. Only two of 58 normal non-laboratory personnel and four of 40 sera from routine hospital laboratory personnel bound more than 30 per cent. Statistical analysis of these results with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov nonparametric test indicated this was a very significant difference (p less than .001). Using native DNA as a test antigen a similar pattern was seen, but it was not as clear cut. Part of this increased reactivity is heat labile. Further studies must be carried out before an adequate interpretation of these findings is possible.", "PMID": 1171237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3260", "title": "New aromatic diamidines with central alpha-oxyalkane or alpha, omega-dioxyalkane chains. Structure-activity relationships for the inhibition of trypsin, pancreatic kallikrein, and thrombin and for the inhibition of the overall coagulation process.", "content": "A series of omega-amidinophenylalkyl amidinophenyl ethers was synthesized and examined for inhibitory activity against trypsin, pancreatic kallikrein, and thrombin. Modifications of the compounds included lengthening of the alkane chain, variation in the position of the amidino groups, and substitution of halogen on the benzene rings. The compounds act as competitive reversible inhibitors, and many of them possess considerable potency. An outstanding trypsin inhibitor was found in 4-amidinophenylethyl 4 amidino-2-bromophenyl ether (compound 7) with a Ki value of 7.3 x 10(-8) M (pH 8.1, 37 degrees). A number of aromatic diamidines with a central dioxyalkane chain were similarly studied. Here, 1-(4-amidino-2-iodophenoxy)-5-(3-amidinophenoxy)pentane (compound 32) was a highly effective inhibitor of bovine thrombin (Ki = 1.1 x 10(-6) M), of human thrombin, and of the overall clotting process of human plasma.", "contents": "New aromatic diamidines with central alpha-oxyalkane or alpha, omega-dioxyalkane chains. Structure-activity relationships for the inhibition of trypsin, pancreatic kallikrein, and thrombin and for the inhibition of the overall coagulation process. A series of omega-amidinophenylalkyl amidinophenyl ethers was synthesized and examined for inhibitory activity against trypsin, pancreatic kallikrein, and thrombin. Modifications of the compounds included lengthening of the alkane chain, variation in the position of the amidino groups, and substitution of halogen on the benzene rings. The compounds act as competitive reversible inhibitors, and many of them possess considerable potency. An outstanding trypsin inhibitor was found in 4-amidinophenylethyl 4 amidino-2-bromophenyl ether (compound 7) with a Ki value of 7.3 x 10(-8) M (pH 8.1, 37 degrees). A number of aromatic diamidines with a central dioxyalkane chain were similarly studied. Here, 1-(4-amidino-2-iodophenoxy)-5-(3-amidinophenoxy)pentane (compound 32) was a highly effective inhibitor of bovine thrombin (Ki = 1.1 x 10(-6) M), of human thrombin, and of the overall clotting process of human plasma.", "PMID": 1171238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3261", "title": "Synthesis and study of glutaryl-S-(omega-aminoalkyl)-L-cysteinylglycines as inhibitors of glyoxalase I.", "content": "Glutaryl-S-(8-aminooctyl)-L-cysteinylglycine and glutaryl -S-(10-aminodecyl)-L-cysteinylglycine have been prepared by a seven-step procedure as potential ligands for affinity chromatography purification of mouse liver glyoxalase I. Both compounds exhibited nonlinear, mixed-type inhibition of the enzyme. The decyl derivative was a more effective inhibitor than was the octyl analog.", "contents": "Synthesis and study of glutaryl-S-(omega-aminoalkyl)-L-cysteinylglycines as inhibitors of glyoxalase I. Glutaryl-S-(8-aminooctyl)-L-cysteinylglycine and glutaryl -S-(10-aminodecyl)-L-cysteinylglycine have been prepared by a seven-step procedure as potential ligands for affinity chromatography purification of mouse liver glyoxalase I. Both compounds exhibited nonlinear, mixed-type inhibition of the enzyme. The decyl derivative was a more effective inhibitor than was the octyl analog.", "PMID": 1171239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3262", "title": "Analogs of camptothecin.", "content": "Several compounds having portions of the camptothecin ring system were prepared. These compounds were screened against L1210 lymphoid leukemia with negative results. Two of the analogs which contained the pyridine and hydroxylactone D and E rings were also screened for inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses in HeLa cells. Each of these analogs had decreased activity as compared with comptothecin and there was no degradation of DNA in the HeLa cells. This suggest that the D and E rings are not a sufficient requirement for camptothecin-like activity.", "contents": "Analogs of camptothecin. Several compounds having portions of the camptothecin ring system were prepared. These compounds were screened against L1210 lymphoid leukemia with negative results. Two of the analogs which contained the pyridine and hydroxylactone D and E rings were also screened for inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses in HeLa cells. Each of these analogs had decreased activity as compared with comptothecin and there was no degradation of DNA in the HeLa cells. This suggest that the D and E rings are not a sufficient requirement for camptothecin-like activity.", "PMID": 1171240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3263", "title": "Biologically active polycycloalkanes. 1. Antiviral adamantane derivatives.", "content": "Convenient methods for the synthesis of 1-substituted 3-adamantyl chlorides and bromides (2), 1-adamantylphenols and -cresols (3), and 1-adamantylacetic (6) as well as 1,3-adamantanediacetic (11) acids are described.  Several novel derivatives were synthesized from these key intermediates: adamantylcyclohexanols (4) and -cyclohexanones (5) from adamantylphenols (3), and esters (7,12, and 22), amides (13 and 18), thioamides (9 and 16), amidine (10), nitrile (15), and amines (14 and 17) from 1-adamantanecarboxylic (19) and -acetic (6) acids and 1,3-adamantanediacetic acid (11).  Some adamantylpyrimidines (24) and -purines (25 and 26) were also prepared.  Antiviral activities of the compounds obtained in this work and a series of new 1-adamantyl alkyl ketones synthesized before, together with those of some known adamantane derivatives, were tested in vitro on monolayer culture of chick ambryo fibroblasts against Newcastle disease virus.", "contents": "Biologically active polycycloalkanes. 1. Antiviral adamantane derivatives. Convenient methods for the synthesis of 1-substituted 3-adamantyl chlorides and bromides (2), 1-adamantylphenols and -cresols (3), and 1-adamantylacetic (6) as well as 1,3-adamantanediacetic (11) acids are described.  Several novel derivatives were synthesized from these key intermediates: adamantylcyclohexanols (4) and -cyclohexanones (5) from adamantylphenols (3), and esters (7,12, and 22), amides (13 and 18), thioamides (9 and 16), amidine (10), nitrile (15), and amines (14 and 17) from 1-adamantanecarboxylic (19) and -acetic (6) acids and 1,3-adamantanediacetic acid (11).  Some adamantylpyrimidines (24) and -purines (25 and 26) were also prepared.  Antiviral activities of the compounds obtained in this work and a series of new 1-adamantyl alkyl ketones synthesized before, together with those of some known adamantane derivatives, were tested in vitro on monolayer culture of chick ambryo fibroblasts against Newcastle disease virus.", "PMID": 1171241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3264", "title": "Synthesis and antiviral activity of certain 5'-monophosphates of 9-D-arabinofuranosyladenine and 9-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine.", "content": "A number of 5'-phosphates of 9-D-arabinofuranosyladenine and 9-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine were prepared and tested against a variety of DNA viruses in tissue culture. The syntheses of the antiviral agent 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine 5'-monophosphate (6) and a series of related nucleotides, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-O-methylphosphate (3), 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine 5'-O-methylphosphate (7), 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypaxanthine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate (13), and 9-alpha-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine 5'-monophosphate (17), are described. The concepts underlying the development of these antiviral agents are discussed. Comparison of the anti-DNA viral activity is made with 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A). Reproducible antiviral activity against three DNA viruses in vitro at nontoxic dosage levels is demonstrated by 3,6, and other related nucleotides.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiviral activity of certain 5'-monophosphates of 9-D-arabinofuranosyladenine and 9-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine. A number of 5'-phosphates of 9-D-arabinofuranosyladenine and 9-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine were prepared and tested against a variety of DNA viruses in tissue culture. The syntheses of the antiviral agent 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine 5'-monophosphate (6) and a series of related nucleotides, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-O-methylphosphate (3), 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine 5'-O-methylphosphate (7), 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypaxanthine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate (13), and 9-alpha-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine 5'-monophosphate (17), are described. The concepts underlying the development of these antiviral agents are discussed. Comparison of the anti-DNA viral activity is made with 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A). Reproducible antiviral activity against three DNA viruses in vitro at nontoxic dosage levels is demonstrated by 3,6, and other related nucleotides.", "PMID": 1171242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3265", "title": "Primary care career choices and medical student learning styles.", "content": "The study reported here focused on the influence of medical students' learning styles (that is, how they prefer to receive and use information in learning and problem-solving situations) on (a) their choice of a medical career type and (b) their sources of information and influence in making that choice. The results suggest that those students with learning styles that are associated with primary care careers are also those who are dissatisfied with a traditional basic science curriculum and are influenced more than the average student by concrete work experiences, as well as identification with role models, in making a career decision. Among the implications of these results for medical school admissions, curricula, and faculty is the possibility that more students might consider primary care careers if more primary care experiences and role models were available in medical school.", "contents": "Primary care career choices and medical student learning styles. The study reported here focused on the influence of medical students' learning styles (that is, how they prefer to receive and use information in learning and problem-solving situations) on (a) their choice of a medical career type and (b) their sources of information and influence in making that choice. The results suggest that those students with learning styles that are associated with primary care careers are also those who are dissatisfied with a traditional basic science curriculum and are influenced more than the average student by concrete work experiences, as well as identification with role models, in making a career decision. Among the implications of these results for medical school admissions, curricula, and faculty is the possibility that more students might consider primary care careers if more primary care experiences and role models were available in medical school.", "PMID": 1171243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3266", "title": "A preliminary study of Mexican-American medical students.", "content": "The results of a 1973 mail questionnaire survey of Chicano medical students are reported. A response rate of 50 percent was achieved, and the results indicate that this group of medical students is similar to the majority of medical students in some respects but diverges widely in other areas, for example, parental socioeconomic status and language use. Differences in ethnic identification within the group were also found. California and Texas are educating the majority of the Chicano students surveyed.", "contents": "A preliminary study of Mexican-American medical students. The results of a 1973 mail questionnaire survey of Chicano medical students are reported. A response rate of 50 percent was achieved, and the results indicate that this group of medical students is similar to the majority of medical students in some respects but diverges widely in other areas, for example, parental socioeconomic status and language use. Differences in ethnic identification within the group were also found. California and Texas are educating the majority of the Chicano students surveyed.", "PMID": 1171244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3267", "title": "Support groups for women in medical school: a first-year program.", "content": "This report presents a workable model for a support system for first-year women medical students at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine. The students met in small groups at weekly intervals with women faculty members from the Department of Psychiatry throughout the academic year. Role conflicts which confront these young women professionals entering a \"masculine\" field as a minority group are described. There is an elaboration of those factors, both personal and institutional, which serve either to promote or deter conflict resolution and the acquisition of a satisfactory professional and female identity. A discussion of group formation and processes and a year-end evaluation are included. Both students and faculty assessed the program as having provided a needed and constructive setting in which to explore the problems and identities of women professionals and to develop close supportive relationships with women colleagues.", "contents": "Support groups for women in medical school: a first-year program. This report presents a workable model for a support system for first-year women medical students at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine. The students met in small groups at weekly intervals with women faculty members from the Department of Psychiatry throughout the academic year. Role conflicts which confront these young women professionals entering a \"masculine\" field as a minority group are described. There is an elaboration of those factors, both personal and institutional, which serve either to promote or deter conflict resolution and the acquisition of a satisfactory professional and female identity. A discussion of group formation and processes and a year-end evaluation are included. Both students and faculty assessed the program as having provided a needed and constructive setting in which to explore the problems and identities of women professionals and to develop close supportive relationships with women colleagues.", "PMID": 1171245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3268", "title": "Electromyography and mechanics of mastication in the albino rat.", "content": "The masticatory apparatus in the albino rat was studied by means of electromyography and subsequent estimation of muscular forces. The activity patterns of the trigeminal and suprahyoid musculature and the mandibular movements were recorded simultaneously during feeding. The relative forces of the individual muscles in the different stages of chewing cycles and biting were estimated on the basis of their physiological cross sections and their activity levels, as measured from integrated electromyograms. Workinglines and moment arms of these muscles were determined for different jaw positions. In the anteriorly directed masticatory grinding stroke the resultants of the muscle forces at each side are identical; they direct anteriorly, dorsally and slightly lingually and pass along the lateral side of the second molar. Almost the entire muscular resultant force is transmitted to the molars while the temporo-mandibular joint remains unloaded. A small transverse force, produced by the tense symphyseal cruciate ligaments balances the couple of muscle resultant and molar reaction force in the transverse plane. After each grinding stroke the mandible is repositioned for the next stroke by the overlapping actions of three muscle groups: the pterygoids and suprahyoids produce depression and forward shift, the suprahyoids and temporal backward shift and elevation of the mandible while the subsequent co-operation of the temporal and masseter causes final closure of the mouth and starting of the forward grinding movement. All muscles act in a bilaterally symmetrical fashion. The pterygoids contract more strongly, the masseter more weakly during biting than during chewing. The wide gape shifts the resultant of the muscle forces more vertically and moreposteriorly. The joint then becomes strongly loaded because the reaction forces are applied far anteriorly on the incisors. The charateristic angle between the almost horizontal biting force and the surface of the food pellet indicates that the lower incisors produce a chisel-like action. Tooth structure reflects chewing and biting forces. The transverse molar lamellae lie about parallel to the chewing forces whereas perpendicular loading of the occlusal surfaces is achieved by their inclination in the transverse plane. The incisors are loaded approximately parallel to their longitudinal axis, placement that avoids bending forces during biting. It is suggested that a predominantly protrusive musculature favors the effective force transmission to the lower incisors, required for gnawing. By grinding food across transversely oriented molar ridges the protrusive components of the muscles would be utilized best. From the relative weights of the masticatory muscles in their topographical relations with joints, molars and incisors it may be concluded that the masticatory apparatus is a construction adapted to optimal transmission of force from muscles to teeth.", "contents": "Electromyography and mechanics of mastication in the albino rat. The masticatory apparatus in the albino rat was studied by means of electromyography and subsequent estimation of muscular forces. The activity patterns of the trigeminal and suprahyoid musculature and the mandibular movements were recorded simultaneously during feeding. The relative forces of the individual muscles in the different stages of chewing cycles and biting were estimated on the basis of their physiological cross sections and their activity levels, as measured from integrated electromyograms. Workinglines and moment arms of these muscles were determined for different jaw positions. In the anteriorly directed masticatory grinding stroke the resultants of the muscle forces at each side are identical; they direct anteriorly, dorsally and slightly lingually and pass along the lateral side of the second molar. Almost the entire muscular resultant force is transmitted to the molars while the temporo-mandibular joint remains unloaded. A small transverse force, produced by the tense symphyseal cruciate ligaments balances the couple of muscle resultant and molar reaction force in the transverse plane. After each grinding stroke the mandible is repositioned for the next stroke by the overlapping actions of three muscle groups: the pterygoids and suprahyoids produce depression and forward shift, the suprahyoids and temporal backward shift and elevation of the mandible while the subsequent co-operation of the temporal and masseter causes final closure of the mouth and starting of the forward grinding movement. All muscles act in a bilaterally symmetrical fashion. The pterygoids contract more strongly, the masseter more weakly during biting than during chewing. The wide gape shifts the resultant of the muscle forces more vertically and moreposteriorly. The joint then becomes strongly loaded because the reaction forces are applied far anteriorly on the incisors. The charateristic angle between the almost horizontal biting force and the surface of the food pellet indicates that the lower incisors produce a chisel-like action. Tooth structure reflects chewing and biting forces. The transverse molar lamellae lie about parallel to the chewing forces whereas perpendicular loading of the occlusal surfaces is achieved by their inclination in the transverse plane. The incisors are loaded approximately parallel to their longitudinal axis, placement that avoids bending forces during biting. It is suggested that a predominantly protrusive musculature favors the effective force transmission to the lower incisors, required for gnawing. By grinding food across transversely oriented molar ridges the protrusive components of the muscles would be utilized best. From the relative weights of the masticatory muscles in their topographical relations with joints, molars and incisors it may be concluded that the masticatory apparatus is a construction adapted to optimal transmission of force from muscles to teeth.", "PMID": 1171253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3269", "title": "Epidermal downgrowths in regenerating rabbit ear holes.", "content": "Rabbits are unique among mammals in that their ears can regenerate tissues from the margins of full thickness holes which grow in and completely fill the opening in about two months. The circular blastema that forms around the edges of the hole differentiates a new sheet of cartilage as it regenerates in a centripetal direction. Similar holes in other mammals fail to regenerate and form scar tissue instead of a blastema. Histological studies of the healing around the edges of rabbit ear holes reveal that during the second week, when the epidermis is completing its migration across the wound from the opposite sides of the ear, conspicuous tongues of epidermal cells grow down into the underlying tissues at the edges of the wound. These epidermal downgrowths are situated between the original intact dermis of the skin and the more central tissues which give rise to the blastema. Such downgrowths are of a transient nature, and are no longer found once the blastema rounds up toward the end of the second week. Since they are not found in the healing of similar wounds in rabbit ears prevented from regenerating by prior removal of their cartilaginous sheets, nor in the naturally nonregenerating ears of sheep and dogs, it is considered that these downgrowths of healing epidermis may play a role in the unusual regenerative response of ear tissues in the rabbit.", "contents": "Epidermal downgrowths in regenerating rabbit ear holes. Rabbits are unique among mammals in that their ears can regenerate tissues from the margins of full thickness holes which grow in and completely fill the opening in about two months. The circular blastema that forms around the edges of the hole differentiates a new sheet of cartilage as it regenerates in a centripetal direction. Similar holes in other mammals fail to regenerate and form scar tissue instead of a blastema. Histological studies of the healing around the edges of rabbit ear holes reveal that during the second week, when the epidermis is completing its migration across the wound from the opposite sides of the ear, conspicuous tongues of epidermal cells grow down into the underlying tissues at the edges of the wound. These epidermal downgrowths are situated between the original intact dermis of the skin and the more central tissues which give rise to the blastema. Such downgrowths are of a transient nature, and are no longer found once the blastema rounds up toward the end of the second week. Since they are not found in the healing of similar wounds in rabbit ears prevented from regenerating by prior removal of their cartilaginous sheets, nor in the naturally nonregenerating ears of sheep and dogs, it is considered that these downgrowths of healing epidermis may play a role in the unusual regenerative response of ear tissues in the rabbit.", "PMID": 1171254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3270", "title": "Some applications of bloodmeal identifications in relation to the epidemiology of vector-borne tropical diseases.", "content": "No attempt has been made to give a complete review of the value of bloodmeal identifications of haematophagous arthropods in relation to the epidemiology of disease but rather to choose certain topics of current interest. A brief review of the current techniques for bloodmeal identification is given with particular reference to recent studies on mosquitoes and sandflies using the haemagglutination inhibition test. New data on mixed feeding by Anopheles gambiae (a mixture of species B and C) collected in Ethiopia confirm the earlier work with A. sacharovi that interrupted feeding is important. Details of current attempts to measure the cryptic portion of multiple meals using blood-typing techniques are given. Information collected on the feeding patterns of Culex univittatus group and Mansonia uniformis from Kenya demonstrates that caution must be shown in interpreting blood meal analyses since sampling techniques as well as several other factors can affect the results. A recent survey of sandflies in West Bengal suggest that a dangerous situation now exists and an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis could occur.", "contents": "Some applications of bloodmeal identifications in relation to the epidemiology of vector-borne tropical diseases. No attempt has been made to give a complete review of the value of bloodmeal identifications of haematophagous arthropods in relation to the epidemiology of disease but rather to choose certain topics of current interest. A brief review of the current techniques for bloodmeal identification is given with particular reference to recent studies on mosquitoes and sandflies using the haemagglutination inhibition test. New data on mixed feeding by Anopheles gambiae (a mixture of species B and C) collected in Ethiopia confirm the earlier work with A. sacharovi that interrupted feeding is important. Details of current attempts to measure the cryptic portion of multiple meals using blood-typing techniques are given. Information collected on the feeding patterns of Culex univittatus group and Mansonia uniformis from Kenya demonstrates that caution must be shown in interpreting blood meal analyses since sampling techniques as well as several other factors can affect the results. A recent survey of sandflies in West Bengal suggest that a dangerous situation now exists and an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis could occur.", "PMID": 1171257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3271", "title": "The impact of health care and nutritional education on an urban community in Zambia through the under five clinics.", "content": "A social survey was carried out on 60 surviving children who suffered from severe kwashiorkor, using 60 \"normal\" peers drawn from the same socio-economic area. The impact of local under five clinics in the area with regard to health education and health care was assessed and found to be inadequate, despite the large number of clinics available. The replacement of these under five clinics by \"at risk\" clinics for children of all ages within the framework of a community health centre was suggested.", "contents": "The impact of health care and nutritional education on an urban community in Zambia through the under five clinics. A social survey was carried out on 60 surviving children who suffered from severe kwashiorkor, using 60 \"normal\" peers drawn from the same socio-economic area. The impact of local under five clinics in the area with regard to health education and health care was assessed and found to be inadequate, despite the large number of clinics available. The replacement of these under five clinics by \"at risk\" clinics for children of all ages within the framework of a community health centre was suggested.", "PMID": 1171258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3272", "title": "[Urethral profile: study of a technique (author's transl)].", "content": "The different methods used for the measurement of urethral resistance were critically reviewed. Experimental studies were carried out to standardize pressure profile measurements. A catheter with 8 side holes was found to give the best results. The various parameters which can influence the measure were studied. Strict specifications of the procedure are proposed.", "contents": "[Urethral profile: study of a technique (author's transl)]. The different methods used for the measurement of urethral resistance were critically reviewed. Experimental studies were carried out to standardize pressure profile measurements. A catheter with 8 side holes was found to give the best results. The various parameters which can influence the measure were studied. Strict specifications of the procedure are proposed.", "PMID": 1171260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3273", "title": "Fish rhabdoviruses: comparative study of protein structure.", "content": "Proteins from four fish rhabdoviruses have been studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The viruses were: trout viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHN), spring viremia virus of carp (SVC), and the pike fry rhabdovirus (PFR). For the two salmonid viruses (VHS-IHN), gel electrophoresis indicated the proteins, with molecular weights estimated to be 190,000, 80,000, 38,000, 25,000, and 19,000, respectively. The electrophoretic profile of the two other viruses (SVC-PFR) revealed four major proteins with molecular weights of 190,000 80,000 42,000 and 21,000, respectively. In this case a minor component with 50,000 daltons was found. For each virus only one protein was found to be glycosylated, i.e., the one with a molecular weight of 80,000. A major protein (molecular weight between 38,000 and 42,000) was found to be associated with the nucleocapsid. All these results revealed marked similarities in protein structure between the four fish rhabdoviruses and the previously well-characterized members of rhabdovirus group. However, one can distinguish two groups of viruses: the first one is composed of salmonid viruses (VHS and IHN) with a protein structure comparable to that of rabies virus and potato yellow dwarf virus; the second one is composed of carp and pike viruses, having a protein structure very similar to that of vesicular stomatitis virus.", "contents": "Fish rhabdoviruses: comparative study of protein structure. Proteins from four fish rhabdoviruses have been studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The viruses were: trout viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHN), spring viremia virus of carp (SVC), and the pike fry rhabdovirus (PFR). For the two salmonid viruses (VHS-IHN), gel electrophoresis indicated the proteins, with molecular weights estimated to be 190,000, 80,000, 38,000, 25,000, and 19,000, respectively. The electrophoretic profile of the two other viruses (SVC-PFR) revealed four major proteins with molecular weights of 190,000 80,000 42,000 and 21,000, respectively. In this case a minor component with 50,000 daltons was found. For each virus only one protein was found to be glycosylated, i.e., the one with a molecular weight of 80,000. A major protein (molecular weight between 38,000 and 42,000) was found to be associated with the nucleocapsid. All these results revealed marked similarities in protein structure between the four fish rhabdoviruses and the previously well-characterized members of rhabdovirus group. However, one can distinguish two groups of viruses: the first one is composed of salmonid viruses (VHS and IHN) with a protein structure comparable to that of rabies virus and potato yellow dwarf virus; the second one is composed of carp and pike viruses, having a protein structure very similar to that of vesicular stomatitis virus.", "PMID": 1171263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3274", "title": "Abortive infection of L cells by influenza virus: absence of virion RNA synthesis.", "content": "Influenza virus multiplies productively in chick cells and abortively in L cells. The infecting influenza virus RNA genomes are less stable in infected L cells than in infected chick cells. However, transcription of the virus genome in L cells, while reduced in rate, is not decreased in extent. There is no detectable synthesis of virion RNA in L cells, and this is the most likely cause of the abortive infection.", "contents": "Abortive infection of L cells by influenza virus: absence of virion RNA synthesis. Influenza virus multiplies productively in chick cells and abortively in L cells. The infecting influenza virus RNA genomes are less stable in infected L cells than in infected chick cells. However, transcription of the virus genome in L cells, while reduced in rate, is not decreased in extent. There is no detectable synthesis of virion RNA in L cells, and this is the most likely cause of the abortive infection.", "PMID": 1171264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3275", "title": "Proteins synthesized by Semliki Forest virus and its 16 temperature-sensitive mutants.", "content": "The proteins synthesized in chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with wild-type Semliki Forest virus and 16 temperature-sensitive mutants derived from it were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition to the structural proteins, five nonvirion proteins (NVP) with molecular weight of 130,000, 97,000, 86,000, 78,000 and 62,000 were found varying amounts in cells infected with the different RNA+ mutants and also in the wild-type-infected cells. Pulse-chase experiments suggested that NVP 130, NVP 97, NVP 86, and NVP 62 are precursors presumably of the structural proteins. The amount of NVP 78 was not affected by the chase, and it may represent a translational product of the nonstructural part of the genome. The NVP 130 was shown to be a common precursor of the structural proteins by tryptic peptide mapping. Kinetic evidence from one of the mutants (ts-3) suggested that NVP 86 is one of the precursors of the capsid protein. A common feature of all the RNA+mutants was the inability to cleave the NVP 62 into E2 and E3, suggesting that this cleavage is a crucial reaction in the virus maturation.", "contents": "Proteins synthesized by Semliki Forest virus and its 16 temperature-sensitive mutants. The proteins synthesized in chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with wild-type Semliki Forest virus and 16 temperature-sensitive mutants derived from it were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition to the structural proteins, five nonvirion proteins (NVP) with molecular weight of 130,000, 97,000, 86,000, 78,000 and 62,000 were found varying amounts in cells infected with the different RNA+ mutants and also in the wild-type-infected cells. Pulse-chase experiments suggested that NVP 130, NVP 97, NVP 86, and NVP 62 are precursors presumably of the structural proteins. The amount of NVP 78 was not affected by the chase, and it may represent a translational product of the nonstructural part of the genome. The NVP 130 was shown to be a common precursor of the structural proteins by tryptic peptide mapping. Kinetic evidence from one of the mutants (ts-3) suggested that NVP 86 is one of the precursors of the capsid protein. A common feature of all the RNA+mutants was the inability to cleave the NVP 62 into E2 and E3, suggesting that this cleavage is a crucial reaction in the virus maturation.", "PMID": 1171265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3276", "title": "Structure and chemical-physical characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus and its RNA.", "content": "Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) was purified from culture fluid of infected primary cultures of various mouse tissues (peritoneal macrophage, bone marrow, spleen, and embryo) and from plasma of infected mice. Electron microscopy of negatively stained virus and positively stained sections of LDV revealed spherical particles of uniform size with a diameter of about 55 nm, containing an electron-dense core with a diameter of about 30 nm. During sample preparation the envelope had a tendency to slough off and disintegrate to form aggregates of various sizes and small hollow particles with a diameter of 8 to 14 nm. Two strains of LDV exhibited a density of 1.13 g/cm3 in isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation whether propagated in primary cultures of the various mouse tissues or isolated from plasma of infected mice. A brief incubation of LDV in a solution containing 0.01% Nonidet P-40 or Triton X was sufficient to release the viral nucleocapsid, whereas a similar treatment had no effect on Sindbis virus. The nucleocapdis of LDV exhibited a density of 1.17 g/cm3, was devoid of phosphatidylcholine, and contained only the smallest of the viral proteins, VP-1, which had a molecular weight of about 15,000. The envelope contained two proteins. VP-2 with a molecular weight of 18,000 and a glycoprotein, VP-3, which migrated heterogenously (24,000 to 44,000 daltons) during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When compared to the sedimentation rate of 29S rRNA, the RNAs of LDV and Sindbis virus sedimented at 48 and 45S, respectively, whether analyzed by zone sedimentation in sucrose density gradients containing low or high salt concentrations or denatured by treatment with formaldehyde. Our results indicate that LDV should be classified as a togavirus, but that LDV is sufficiently different from alpha and flaviviruses to be excluded from these groups.", "contents": "Structure and chemical-physical characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus and its RNA. Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) was purified from culture fluid of infected primary cultures of various mouse tissues (peritoneal macrophage, bone marrow, spleen, and embryo) and from plasma of infected mice. Electron microscopy of negatively stained virus and positively stained sections of LDV revealed spherical particles of uniform size with a diameter of about 55 nm, containing an electron-dense core with a diameter of about 30 nm. During sample preparation the envelope had a tendency to slough off and disintegrate to form aggregates of various sizes and small hollow particles with a diameter of 8 to 14 nm. Two strains of LDV exhibited a density of 1.13 g/cm3 in isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation whether propagated in primary cultures of the various mouse tissues or isolated from plasma of infected mice. A brief incubation of LDV in a solution containing 0.01% Nonidet P-40 or Triton X was sufficient to release the viral nucleocapsid, whereas a similar treatment had no effect on Sindbis virus. The nucleocapdis of LDV exhibited a density of 1.17 g/cm3, was devoid of phosphatidylcholine, and contained only the smallest of the viral proteins, VP-1, which had a molecular weight of about 15,000. The envelope contained two proteins. VP-2 with a molecular weight of 18,000 and a glycoprotein, VP-3, which migrated heterogenously (24,000 to 44,000 daltons) during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When compared to the sedimentation rate of 29S rRNA, the RNAs of LDV and Sindbis virus sedimented at 48 and 45S, respectively, whether analyzed by zone sedimentation in sucrose density gradients containing low or high salt concentrations or denatured by treatment with formaldehyde. Our results indicate that LDV should be classified as a togavirus, but that LDV is sufficiently different from alpha and flaviviruses to be excluded from these groups.", "PMID": 1171266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3277", "title": "Studies on the budding process of a temperature-sensitive mutant of murine leukemia virus with a scanning electron microscope.", "content": "The scanning electron microscope was used to study the budding process of the wild-type Moloney murine leukemia virus and one of its temperature-sensitive mutants, designated ts 3. A considerably larger number of budding particles was observed on TB cells infected with ts 3 at the nonpermissive temperature (39 C) than at the permissive temperature (34 C). No apparent difference was noted between the number of particles on ts 3-infected cells at (34 C) and wild-type-infected cells at 34 or 39 C. Virions were detected at the cell membrane of ts 3-infected cells at 39 C as early as 8 h postinfection. Virion density increased progressively up to 48 h after which no increase was observed. An average of 1,600 virus particles was observed at the cell surface at the peak of virus production. The distribution of these on the cell membrane appeared to be random. The maximum proportion of the cell surface occupied by the viral particles did not exceed 10%. After temperature shift from 39 to 34 C, approximately 90% of the particles had dissociated from the cell membrane within 1 h.", "contents": "Studies on the budding process of a temperature-sensitive mutant of murine leukemia virus with a scanning electron microscope. The scanning electron microscope was used to study the budding process of the wild-type Moloney murine leukemia virus and one of its temperature-sensitive mutants, designated ts 3. A considerably larger number of budding particles was observed on TB cells infected with ts 3 at the nonpermissive temperature (39 C) than at the permissive temperature (34 C). No apparent difference was noted between the number of particles on ts 3-infected cells at (34 C) and wild-type-infected cells at 34 or 39 C. Virions were detected at the cell membrane of ts 3-infected cells at 39 C as early as 8 h postinfection. Virion density increased progressively up to 48 h after which no increase was observed. An average of 1,600 virus particles was observed at the cell surface at the peak of virus production. The distribution of these on the cell membrane appeared to be random. The maximum proportion of the cell surface occupied by the viral particles did not exceed 10%. After temperature shift from 39 to 34 C, approximately 90% of the particles had dissociated from the cell membrane within 1 h.", "PMID": 1171267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3278", "title": "Meatal advancement for distal hypospadias without chordee.", "content": "A simple 1-stage procedure is described for correction of distal hypospadias in patients with a mobile ventral penile shaft skin.", "contents": "Meatal advancement for distal hypospadias without chordee. A simple 1-stage procedure is described for correction of distal hypospadias in patients with a mobile ventral penile shaft skin.", "PMID": 1171268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3279", "title": "The wild turkey as a host for Heterakis gallinarum and Histomonas meleagridis.", "content": "Freshly embryonated eggs of Heterakis gallinarum gathered from naturally infected domestic turkeys and chickens developed the first 4 weeks essentially as well in young wild turkeys as in domestic poults, but then became progressively retarded and failed in most birds to result in females with fertile eggs. There was no significant difference in the prevalence or progress of infections with Histomonas meleagridis in the two kinds of turkeys, both of which differed from chickens only in that the latter had neither liver involvement nor mortality. In a second test, heterakids hatched from eggs stored 5-6 months at 4 C (comparable to overwintering) sustained very heavy losses in all birds, with greatly accelerated liberations of H. meleagridis, Few worms reached maturity and still fewer produced fertile eggs. In turkeys, and especially in wild turkeys, replacement of infective stages was so poor, that these birds were of no importance in contaminating the soil.", "contents": "The wild turkey as a host for Heterakis gallinarum and Histomonas meleagridis. Freshly embryonated eggs of Heterakis gallinarum gathered from naturally infected domestic turkeys and chickens developed the first 4 weeks essentially as well in young wild turkeys as in domestic poults, but then became progressively retarded and failed in most birds to result in females with fertile eggs. There was no significant difference in the prevalence or progress of infections with Histomonas meleagridis in the two kinds of turkeys, both of which differed from chickens only in that the latter had neither liver involvement nor mortality. In a second test, heterakids hatched from eggs stored 5-6 months at 4 C (comparable to overwintering) sustained very heavy losses in all birds, with greatly accelerated liberations of H. meleagridis, Few worms reached maturity and still fewer produced fertile eggs. In turkeys, and especially in wild turkeys, replacement of infective stages was so poor, that these birds were of no importance in contaminating the soil.", "PMID": 1171270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3280", "title": "Effects of magnesium and temperature during the recovery process from the potassium contracture of the pregnant rat myometrium.", "content": "Effects of external ions (Na, K, Mg) on the recovery from K-contracture of the pregnant rat myometrium were investigated in Ca-free media. Relaxation was faster, when the external concentration of Na and K ions was higher. The time course of relaxation within a limited range of 60-20% of the mechanical output followed a single exponential function. The rate of relaxation, given by the reciprocal of the period during which the contraction decayed to 1/e, was 0.3-0.5 min-1 at 34-35 degrees C in isotonic Na solution. Low temperature caused prolongation of the relaxation, and the activation energy estimated on the rate of relaxation was 3-4 kcal-mol-1. Relaxation became faster when Mg (0.5-20 mM) was added to the relaxation media. Relaxation in isotonic K media was slower than in isotonic Na media, and the addition of Mg caused a slight acceleration of the relaxation. Low temperature caused an acceleration of the relaxation, irrespective of the presence or absence of external Mg ions. In low K media, where K ions were replaced by isomolar sucrose, addition of Mg caused a significant acceleration of the relaxation. Activation energy ranged between 13-15 kcal mol-1 in the solutions containing Mg. This favors the existence of a relaxing system in pregnant rat myometrium that is Mg- and metabolism-linked.", "contents": "Effects of magnesium and temperature during the recovery process from the potassium contracture of the pregnant rat myometrium. Effects of external ions (Na, K, Mg) on the recovery from K-contracture of the pregnant rat myometrium were investigated in Ca-free media. Relaxation was faster, when the external concentration of Na and K ions was higher. The time course of relaxation within a limited range of 60-20% of the mechanical output followed a single exponential function. The rate of relaxation, given by the reciprocal of the period during which the contraction decayed to 1/e, was 0.3-0.5 min-1 at 34-35 degrees C in isotonic Na solution. Low temperature caused prolongation of the relaxation, and the activation energy estimated on the rate of relaxation was 3-4 kcal-mol-1. Relaxation became faster when Mg (0.5-20 mM) was added to the relaxation media. Relaxation in isotonic K media was slower than in isotonic Na media, and the addition of Mg caused a slight acceleration of the relaxation. Low temperature caused an acceleration of the relaxation, irrespective of the presence or absence of external Mg ions. In low K media, where K ions were replaced by isomolar sucrose, addition of Mg caused a significant acceleration of the relaxation. Activation energy ranged between 13-15 kcal mol-1 in the solutions containing Mg. This favors the existence of a relaxing system in pregnant rat myometrium that is Mg- and metabolism-linked.", "PMID": 1171311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3281", "title": "The metabolic and phagocytic activities of leukocytes from patients receiving corticosteroid and radiation therapy, and patients with bacterial infections.", "content": "Peripheral blood leukocytes from patients given corticosteroid or radiation therapy, as well as patients with bacterial or viral infections, were studied with regard to the selected enzyme activities of the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase were assayed spectrophotometrically on mixed leukocyte suspensions in isotonic glycerol. Enzyme activities of G-6PD and NADPH oxidase in patients receiving corticosteroid or radiation therapy were significantly lower than the enzyme activity of 6-PGD. In patients with bacterial infections, activities of the three enzymes increased but in patients with viral infections, only the activities of NADPH oxidase and G-6PD were slightly decreased. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dyereducing activities of neutrophils from patients receiving corticosteroid or radiation therapy were attenuated which coincides with the reduced activities of HMS enzymes. From these results, it is likely that the reduced activities of intraleukocytic HMS enzymes of patients receiving corticosteroid or radiation therapy are correlated with intracellular bactericidal activities which might result from the attenuated level of hydrogen peroxide production.", "contents": "The metabolic and phagocytic activities of leukocytes from patients receiving corticosteroid and radiation therapy, and patients with bacterial infections. Peripheral blood leukocytes from patients given corticosteroid or radiation therapy, as well as patients with bacterial or viral infections, were studied with regard to the selected enzyme activities of the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase were assayed spectrophotometrically on mixed leukocyte suspensions in isotonic glycerol. Enzyme activities of G-6PD and NADPH oxidase in patients receiving corticosteroid or radiation therapy were significantly lower than the enzyme activity of 6-PGD. In patients with bacterial infections, activities of the three enzymes increased but in patients with viral infections, only the activities of NADPH oxidase and G-6PD were slightly decreased. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dyereducing activities of neutrophils from patients receiving corticosteroid or radiation therapy were attenuated which coincides with the reduced activities of HMS enzymes. From these results, it is likely that the reduced activities of intraleukocytic HMS enzymes of patients receiving corticosteroid or radiation therapy are correlated with intracellular bactericidal activities which might result from the attenuated level of hydrogen peroxide production.", "PMID": 1171310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3282", "title": "Sources of variation in preweaning weight of mice.", "content": "The effects of body weight of dam after parturition (D), litter size at birth (N), and birth weight (B) on the weight of mice at 12 da of age (M) were examined in 3 experiments under different conditions: Experiment 1, cohabitating of breeders at 3 wk of age, a sexually immature stage; Experiment 2, cohabiting of breeders at 9 wk of age, a mature stage; and Experiment 3, cohabiting of breeders at 9 wk of age plus cross-fostering at birth. In all experiments, litter size was standardized to 8 at birth. Standard partial regression coefficients of M on D, N, and B were .325 +/- .036, .298 +/- .038, and .483 +/- .034 in Experiment 1; .204 +/- .045, .161 +/- .044, and .370 +/- .043 in Experiment 2; and .375 +/- .098, .074 +/- .097, and --.137 +/- .287 in Experiment 3. The variation in M attributable jointly to all independent variables (D, N, and B) was 49, 22, and 17% in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. It was concluded that when sexually mature mice at nearly the same age are cohabited for reproduction, the effects of D, N, and B on an indirect measure of milk production (M) are not large. The potential for genetically improving milk production under the condition of Experiment 3 was discussed.", "contents": "Sources of variation in preweaning weight of mice. The effects of body weight of dam after parturition (D), litter size at birth (N), and birth weight (B) on the weight of mice at 12 da of age (M) were examined in 3 experiments under different conditions: Experiment 1, cohabitating of breeders at 3 wk of age, a sexually immature stage; Experiment 2, cohabiting of breeders at 9 wk of age, a mature stage; and Experiment 3, cohabiting of breeders at 9 wk of age plus cross-fostering at birth. In all experiments, litter size was standardized to 8 at birth. Standard partial regression coefficients of M on D, N, and B were .325 +/- .036, .298 +/- .038, and .483 +/- .034 in Experiment 1; .204 +/- .045, .161 +/- .044, and .370 +/- .043 in Experiment 2; and .375 +/- .098, .074 +/- .097, and --.137 +/- .287 in Experiment 3. The variation in M attributable jointly to all independent variables (D, N, and B) was 49, 22, and 17% in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. It was concluded that when sexually mature mice at nearly the same age are cohabited for reproduction, the effects of D, N, and B on an indirect measure of milk production (M) are not large. The potential for genetically improving milk production under the condition of Experiment 3 was discussed.", "PMID": 1171336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3283", "title": "Experimental respiratory infection with Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica in rabbits.", "content": "Eight-to-10-wk-old offspring of a colony of specific pathogen free [Eda:(NZW x FG)F1BR] rabbits were exposed to cultures of Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Two groups of 9 animals each were exposed to cultures of either species of bacteria intranasally and killed 2, 7, 14, and 21 da postinoculation. Five of 9 rabbits in each group developed a mucopurulent nasal discharge 4-7 da postinoculation. The remaining 4 rabbits in each group failed to develop clinical signs. The gross and microscopic lesions did not differ in character or distribution among the inoculated rabbits. The infection was characterized by an acute upper respiratory syndrome accompanied by a mild bronchopneumonia.", "contents": "Experimental respiratory infection with Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica in rabbits. Eight-to-10-wk-old offspring of a colony of specific pathogen free [Eda:(NZW x FG)F1BR] rabbits were exposed to cultures of Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Two groups of 9 animals each were exposed to cultures of either species of bacteria intranasally and killed 2, 7, 14, and 21 da postinoculation. Five of 9 rabbits in each group developed a mucopurulent nasal discharge 4-7 da postinoculation. The remaining 4 rabbits in each group failed to develop clinical signs. The gross and microscopic lesions did not differ in character or distribution among the inoculated rabbits. The infection was characterized by an acute upper respiratory syndrome accompanied by a mild bronchopneumonia.", "PMID": 1171337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3284", "title": "Fetal mouse heart in organ structure: ultrastructure.", "content": "The fetal mouse heart can be maintained in organ culture for days while it retains its capacity to beat rhythmically; however, degenerative changes eventually occur. In this study, the ultrastructure of the hearts fixed immediately after removal from the fetus without incubation often revealed some swelling of organelles,suggesting that early ischemic alterations may occur during the time required for removaland fixation.  Within 2 days in organ culture, most of the cells reverted to normal, indicating that the injury was reversible.  However, a few cells had undergone necrosis.An interesting finding in some cells was the presence of autophagic vacuoles containing damaged mitochondria and occasionally,myrofibrils.  These vacuoles were usually surrounded by a single layered membrane, but occasionally a double membrane was present.  The occurrence of these vacuoles in an otherwise normal appearing cell suggests that focal cytoplasmic injury had occurred and the damaged elements were being sequestered anddigested within the vacuoles.  An alternative possibility is that these cells were adjusting their cytoplasmic contents to a new level of homostasis. In as much as this phenomenon is not often seen in adult myocytes, it may suggest that fetal cells have agreater capacity to resist injury than adult cells and thus can isolate and digest damaged components without undergoing complete necrosis.", "contents": "Fetal mouse heart in organ structure: ultrastructure. The fetal mouse heart can be maintained in organ culture for days while it retains its capacity to beat rhythmically; however, degenerative changes eventually occur. In this study, the ultrastructure of the hearts fixed immediately after removal from the fetus without incubation often revealed some swelling of organelles,suggesting that early ischemic alterations may occur during the time required for removaland fixation.  Within 2 days in organ culture, most of the cells reverted to normal, indicating that the injury was reversible.  However, a few cells had undergone necrosis.An interesting finding in some cells was the presence of autophagic vacuoles containing damaged mitochondria and occasionally,myrofibrils.  These vacuoles were usually surrounded by a single layered membrane, but occasionally a double membrane was present.  The occurrence of these vacuoles in an otherwise normal appearing cell suggests that focal cytoplasmic injury had occurred and the damaged elements were being sequestered anddigested within the vacuoles.  An alternative possibility is that these cells were adjusting their cytoplasmic contents to a new level of homostasis. In as much as this phenomenon is not often seen in adult myocytes, it may suggest that fetal cells have agreater capacity to resist injury than adult cells and thus can isolate and digest damaged components without undergoing complete necrosis.", "PMID": 1171338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3285", "title": "Derivation of type 1 epithelium from type 2 cells in the developing rat lung.", "content": "Renewal of squmous alveolar epithelium following injury probably occurs by division of type 2 cells with subsequent transformation to type 1 epithelium.  The present morphologic and cytodynamic studies of developing rat lung provide further evidence that this mechanism reflects the normal process of cell renewal in the alveolar epithelium.  From gestation days 18to 20, the epithelium was composed of glycogen-laden cuboidal cells which by day 20 contained lamellar bodies.  In this period of high DNA synthesis in thelung, about 50 per cent of 'H-thymidine-labeled pulmonary cells were type 2, and mitoseswere frquently seen in these cells.  On day 22, when many type 1 cells were first seen,over-all labeling was much reduced and was predominate in interstitial cells; type 2 labeling fell to about 10 percent.  (he labeling index of type 1 cells, about 1 per cent atthis time, did not increase subsequently and mitotic figures were not seen in this celltype.  Cells intermediate in formbetween type 2 and type 1 were observed after day 21, and, postnatally, the normal mixed population of epithelium cells lined the alveoli.  The findings of maximal DNAsythesis and cell division when the alveoli were lined exclusively by type 2 cells, low labeling and the absence of mitotic figures in type 1 epithelium, and the observation of intermediate cell forms provide additional evidence that the type 2 cell is the progenitorof type 1 epithelium.", "contents": "Derivation of type 1 epithelium from type 2 cells in the developing rat lung. Renewal of squmous alveolar epithelium following injury probably occurs by division of type 2 cells with subsequent transformation to type 1 epithelium.  The present morphologic and cytodynamic studies of developing rat lung provide further evidence that this mechanism reflects the normal process of cell renewal in the alveolar epithelium.  From gestation days 18to 20, the epithelium was composed of glycogen-laden cuboidal cells which by day 20 contained lamellar bodies.  In this period of high DNA synthesis in thelung, about 50 per cent of 'H-thymidine-labeled pulmonary cells were type 2, and mitoseswere frquently seen in these cells.  On day 22, when many type 1 cells were first seen,over-all labeling was much reduced and was predominate in interstitial cells; type 2 labeling fell to about 10 percent.  (he labeling index of type 1 cells, about 1 per cent atthis time, did not increase subsequently and mitotic figures were not seen in this celltype.  Cells intermediate in formbetween type 2 and type 1 were observed after day 21, and, postnatally, the normal mixed population of epithelium cells lined the alveoli.  The findings of maximal DNAsythesis and cell division when the alveoli were lined exclusively by type 2 cells, low labeling and the absence of mitotic figures in type 1 epithelium, and the observation of intermediate cell forms provide additional evidence that the type 2 cell is the progenitorof type 1 epithelium.", "PMID": 1171339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3286", "title": "Ultrastructure of platelets in Bernard-Soulier syndrome.", "content": "The platelets of a patient with the Bernard-Soulier syndrome were studied by electron microscopy.  The main abnormalities were the presence of giant and often round platelets, hypertrophic and frequently widely dilated open canalicular system, disorganized microtubules, and platelets with sparse or absent granulation.  Although well defined, these ultrastructural morphologic aberrations are not considered diagnostic or pathognomonic of the syndrome.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of platelets in Bernard-Soulier syndrome. The platelets of a patient with the Bernard-Soulier syndrome were studied by electron microscopy.  The main abnormalities were the presence of giant and often round platelets, hypertrophic and frequently widely dilated open canalicular system, disorganized microtubules, and platelets with sparse or absent granulation.  Although well defined, these ultrastructural morphologic aberrations are not considered diagnostic or pathognomonic of the syndrome.", "PMID": 1171340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3287", "title": "Panel on epidemiology and etiology of laryngeal carcinoma.", "content": "Ours is a developing country. We have still not controlled the common infectious diseases which are extinct in the West; therefore, our limited resources are spent on study  of epidemiology of infectious diseases. My conclusions on epidemiology of cancer of the larynx are drawn from observations made of the clinical material over a period of 25 years. I have come to the conclusion that the smoked tobacco and the slaked lime in the Indian \"Pan\" are the two important carcinogenic agents. Poor nutrition appears to be carcinogenic. It requires study and confirmation at a cellular level. Misuse of voice does seem to be the cause of laryngeal cancer. Racial, genetic and other environmental factors, including pollution have not contributed to the increased incidence of laryngeal cancers. The common histological types of laryngeal cancer are known. My observations on certain biological behavior of the tumor have been helpful. 1. An exophytic growth is less infiltrative; its metastatic mass reflects the same characteristics. 2. Certain anaplastic tumors can flout all laws of cancer spread and metastasize in distal organs. 3. Presence of reticular hyperplasia in peripheral lymph nodes is of good prognostic value.", "contents": "Panel on epidemiology and etiology of laryngeal carcinoma. Ours is a developing country. We have still not controlled the common infectious diseases which are extinct in the West; therefore, our limited resources are spent on study  of epidemiology of infectious diseases. My conclusions on epidemiology of cancer of the larynx are drawn from observations made of the clinical material over a period of 25 years. I have come to the conclusion that the smoked tobacco and the slaked lime in the Indian \"Pan\" are the two important carcinogenic agents. Poor nutrition appears to be carcinogenic. It requires study and confirmation at a cellular level. Misuse of voice does seem to be the cause of laryngeal cancer. Racial, genetic and other environmental factors, including pollution have not contributed to the increased incidence of laryngeal cancers. The common histological types of laryngeal cancer are known. My observations on certain biological behavior of the tumor have been helpful. 1. An exophytic growth is less infiltrative; its metastatic mass reflects the same characteristics. 2. Certain anaplastic tumors can flout all laws of cancer spread and metastasize in distal organs. 3. Presence of reticular hyperplasia in peripheral lymph nodes is of good prognostic value.", "PMID": 1171341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3288", "title": "Emotionality changes in rats following chronic exercise.", "content": "The effect of chronic endurance exercise on the emotionality of male albino rats was studied in five experimental groups: Controls, Runners, Walkers, Swimmers and Waders. Runners and Swimmers were trained for 8 weeks using programs which produced significant bradycardia and cardiac hypertrophy. Walkers and Waders received comparable handling and exposure to the psychological aspects of the treadmill running and swimming routines but were not physically trained. The Control group was allowed only home cage activity. After 8 weeks all animals were tested for their level of emotionality using the tunnel emergence test and the open field test. The emergence test was judged to be too stressful for the Sasco rat strain used in this study since many rats failed to emerge in one hour. Three measurements in the open field: urination, defecation and central squares also lacked power to discriminate emotionality because of their very low level of occurrence. The Control rats had significantly longer latency times, which indicates that the additional handling received by the other groups reduced their emotionality. The significantly larger number of total squares entered by the Runners and Swimmers supports the hypothesis that chronic physical exercise does function to lower emotionality in the rat.", "contents": "Emotionality changes in rats following chronic exercise. The effect of chronic endurance exercise on the emotionality of male albino rats was studied in five experimental groups: Controls, Runners, Walkers, Swimmers and Waders. Runners and Swimmers were trained for 8 weeks using programs which produced significant bradycardia and cardiac hypertrophy. Walkers and Waders received comparable handling and exposure to the psychological aspects of the treadmill running and swimming routines but were not physically trained. The Control group was allowed only home cage activity. After 8 weeks all animals were tested for their level of emotionality using the tunnel emergence test and the open field test. The emergence test was judged to be too stressful for the Sasco rat strain used in this study since many rats failed to emerge in one hour. Three measurements in the open field: urination, defecation and central squares also lacked power to discriminate emotionality because of their very low level of occurrence. The Control rats had significantly longer latency times, which indicates that the additional handling received by the other groups reduced their emotionality. The significantly larger number of total squares entered by the Runners and Swimmers supports the hypothesis that chronic physical exercise does function to lower emotionality in the rat.", "PMID": 1171347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3289", "title": "Fungal endocarditis: analysis of 24 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Fungal endocarditis occurs in heroin addicts, patients who have undergone cardiovascular surgery, and patients who are treated for prolonged periods with intravenous fluids and broad spectrum antibiotics. The organisms associated with endocardial infection differ in each of these groups. Candida parapsilosis is the fungal species most commonly isolated from narcotics addicts, Aspergillus species are most frequently found in patients after cardiovascular surgery, and Candida albicans occurs most frequently in patients who have received prolonged courses of intravenous fluids and antibiotics. Despite the availability of antifungal antibiotics and surgery, over 80% of patients with documented fungal endocarditis die of this infection. Thus, early diagnosis of fungal invasion and prevention of established endocardial infection are essential. Antifungal therapy and/or careful followup should be considered in patients in whom \"transient fungemia\" is documented by blood culture and serological and untrasonic techniques should be further evaluated as a means of early diagnosis.", "contents": "Fungal endocarditis: analysis of 24 cases and review of the literature. Fungal endocarditis occurs in heroin addicts, patients who have undergone cardiovascular surgery, and patients who are treated for prolonged periods with intravenous fluids and broad spectrum antibiotics. The organisms associated with endocardial infection differ in each of these groups. Candida parapsilosis is the fungal species most commonly isolated from narcotics addicts, Aspergillus species are most frequently found in patients after cardiovascular surgery, and Candida albicans occurs most frequently in patients who have received prolonged courses of intravenous fluids and antibiotics. Despite the availability of antifungal antibiotics and surgery, over 80% of patients with documented fungal endocarditis die of this infection. Thus, early diagnosis of fungal invasion and prevention of established endocardial infection are essential. Antifungal therapy and/or careful followup should be considered in patients in whom \"transient fungemia\" is documented by blood culture and serological and untrasonic techniques should be further evaluated as a means of early diagnosis.", "PMID": 1171349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3290", "title": "Adrenal function in the carcinoid syndrome: effects of the serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine.", "content": "Results of evaluations of adrenal function in 11 patients with carcinoid tumors are presented. Nine patients had tumors that made and secreted serotonin resulting in elevated 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), elevated serum serotonin, and the carinoid syndrome; while two patients had tumors that did not make serotonin and that did not cause elevated 5-HIAA excretion or elevated serum serotonin. All of the patients had normal 24-hr 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion. In the group of patients with tumors actively secreting serotonin, the correlation between 17-hydroxycorticosteroid and 5-HIAA excretion (r = 0.44) was not significant. Six of these patients pretreated with cyproheptadine (CYPRO), a serotonin antagonist, experienced a 36% mean decrease in 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion, a finding that was not present when three of them were treated with triprolidine (TPRO), an antihistamine. Serum cortisol at 8 a.m. was normal in all patients except two whose values were mildly elevated, and these two patients showed evidence of suppression of ACTH secretion secondary to dexamethasone treatment. There was a significant positive correlation between serum-cortisol concentrations and 5-HIAA excretions (r = 0.73, p less than .05). Normal diurnal variation was present in six patients in whom it was determined. The serum-cortisol response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in six patients who had carcinoid tumors actively secreting serotonin was not statistically different from that of 12 normal volunteers. Comparisons between these two groups were difficult because the carcinoid patients' fall in blood sugar was 50%, whereas that of the control group was to 38% of the fasting glucose concentration. Six patients with actively secreting carcinoid tumors responded to standard metyrapone testing with a mean increment of 22.8 +/- 2.5 mg/day in 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. This response was statistically different from the increment of 13.8 +/- 5.3 mg/day in 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion found in 34 age-matched hospitalized control patients. When the tests were repeated in four of the patients with carcinoid tumors after pretreatment with CYPRO, the increment in 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion was reduced well below the mean increment of the control group. Peak serum 11-deoxycortisol (Compound S) values during the test were also reduced. This decrease in the metyrapone response after CYPRO pretreatment was not due to changed peripheral cortisol metabolism, altered adrenal responsiveness to ACTH, interference with recovery of 17-hydroxysteroids by the Porter-Silber reaction, altered metyrapone metabolism, or reduced renal clearance of Compound S. These changes in adrenal response to metyrapone were not seen when the patients were pretreated with TPRO. Our data suggest that the alterations in adrenal function in our patients may be related to elevated serum serotonin. If CYPRO acts by antagonizing serotonin, these data may give support to the idea of serotoninergic control of cortisol secretion.", "contents": "Adrenal function in the carcinoid syndrome: effects of the serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine. Results of evaluations of adrenal function in 11 patients with carcinoid tumors are presented. Nine patients had tumors that made and secreted serotonin resulting in elevated 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), elevated serum serotonin, and the carinoid syndrome; while two patients had tumors that did not make serotonin and that did not cause elevated 5-HIAA excretion or elevated serum serotonin. All of the patients had normal 24-hr 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion. In the group of patients with tumors actively secreting serotonin, the correlation between 17-hydroxycorticosteroid and 5-HIAA excretion (r = 0.44) was not significant. Six of these patients pretreated with cyproheptadine (CYPRO), a serotonin antagonist, experienced a 36% mean decrease in 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion, a finding that was not present when three of them were treated with triprolidine (TPRO), an antihistamine. Serum cortisol at 8 a.m. was normal in all patients except two whose values were mildly elevated, and these two patients showed evidence of suppression of ACTH secretion secondary to dexamethasone treatment. There was a significant positive correlation between serum-cortisol concentrations and 5-HIAA excretions (r = 0.73, p less than .05). Normal diurnal variation was present in six patients in whom it was determined. The serum-cortisol response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in six patients who had carcinoid tumors actively secreting serotonin was not statistically different from that of 12 normal volunteers. Comparisons between these two groups were difficult because the carcinoid patients' fall in blood sugar was 50%, whereas that of the control group was to 38% of the fasting glucose concentration. Six patients with actively secreting carcinoid tumors responded to standard metyrapone testing with a mean increment of 22.8 +/- 2.5 mg/day in 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. This response was statistically different from the increment of 13.8 +/- 5.3 mg/day in 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion found in 34 age-matched hospitalized control patients. When the tests were repeated in four of the patients with carcinoid tumors after pretreatment with CYPRO, the increment in 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion was reduced well below the mean increment of the control group. Peak serum 11-deoxycortisol (Compound S) values during the test were also reduced. This decrease in the metyrapone response after CYPRO pretreatment was not due to changed peripheral cortisol metabolism, altered adrenal responsiveness to ACTH, interference with recovery of 17-hydroxysteroids by the Porter-Silber reaction, altered metyrapone metabolism, or reduced renal clearance of Compound S. These changes in adrenal response to metyrapone were not seen when the patients were pretreated with TPRO. Our data suggest that the alterations in adrenal function in our patients may be related to elevated serum serotonin. If CYPRO acts by antagonizing serotonin, these data may give support to the idea of serotoninergic control of cortisol secretion.", "PMID": 1171350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3291", "title": "[Oral iron therapy in infancy and childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "In pediatric practice iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency. Infants between 6 months and 2 or 3 years are predisposed, especially if they were pre- or dysmature newborns or gemini. The frequency of iron deficiency--prelatent, latent or manifest anemia -- can be understood from the peculiarities of iron metabolism in this early period of life. Influencing factors are the body iron content of the newborn and the amount of postnatal iron intake. The discrepancy between a low iron content in the average baby's formula and high requirements in the rapidly growing organism have also to be considered. Low values of hemoglobin and serum iron, and an increased intestinal iron absorption in a normal baby of 4--6 months or a prematurely born baby of 2--3 months indicate depleted iron stores. A longterm oral iron therapy is indicated in pre- or dysmature babies, in newborns with perinatal blood loss, and in infants with recurrent infections. In this study 40 infants and children were treated with a liquid ferrogluconate preparation (Athensa-Ferro-Saft). Controls of several parameters of red blood cells, serum iron and iron binding capacity showed a good or excellent therapeutic effect. No serious side effects were seen. Because the preparation is well tolerated and can be administered in individual doses, it may be recommended for pediatric use.", "contents": "[Oral iron therapy in infancy and childhood (author's transl)]. In pediatric practice iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency. Infants between 6 months and 2 or 3 years are predisposed, especially if they were pre- or dysmature newborns or gemini. The frequency of iron deficiency--prelatent, latent or manifest anemia -- can be understood from the peculiarities of iron metabolism in this early period of life. Influencing factors are the body iron content of the newborn and the amount of postnatal iron intake. The discrepancy between a low iron content in the average baby's formula and high requirements in the rapidly growing organism have also to be considered. Low values of hemoglobin and serum iron, and an increased intestinal iron absorption in a normal baby of 4--6 months or a prematurely born baby of 2--3 months indicate depleted iron stores. A longterm oral iron therapy is indicated in pre- or dysmature babies, in newborns with perinatal blood loss, and in infants with recurrent infections. In this study 40 infants and children were treated with a liquid ferrogluconate preparation (Athensa-Ferro-Saft). Controls of several parameters of red blood cells, serum iron and iron binding capacity showed a good or excellent therapeutic effect. No serious side effects were seen. Because the preparation is well tolerated and can be administered in individual doses, it may be recommended for pediatric use.", "PMID": 1171357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3292", "title": "The induction by X-rays of chromosome aberrations in male guinea-pigs, golden hamsters and rabbits. II. Properties of translocations induced in post-meiotic stages.", "content": "Translocations induced by X-rays in post-meiotic germ cells of male guinea-pigs, golden hamsters and rabbits were studied cytologically in the F1 sons of the irradiated males. The percentage of spermatocytes displaying multivalent configurations varied with the translocation, but the average percentage appeared to depend on the species: fewer quadrivalents were observed in hamster than in guinea-pig heterozygotes and most were recorded for rabbit heterozygotes. Chain quadrivalents were more abundant than ring quadrivalents at meiosis for the guinea-pig and hamster, in contrast to the mouse. Too few translocation heterozygotes were examined to determine which meiotic configuration was the more prevalent in the rabbit. In all three species, as in the mouse, translocations were found which caused male sterility, due to partial or complete failure of spermatogenesis, although most translocations caused semi-sterility. For these semi-sterile males both the frequency and time of embryonic death in the progeny appeared to be the same as in the mouse. It is concluded that similar types of chromosome aberrations are induced by X-rays in post-meiotic germ cells of male guinea-pigs, rabbits, golden hamsters and mice.", "contents": "The induction by X-rays of chromosome aberrations in male guinea-pigs, golden hamsters and rabbits. II. Properties of translocations induced in post-meiotic stages. Translocations induced by X-rays in post-meiotic germ cells of male guinea-pigs, golden hamsters and rabbits were studied cytologically in the F1 sons of the irradiated males. The percentage of spermatocytes displaying multivalent configurations varied with the translocation, but the average percentage appeared to depend on the species: fewer quadrivalents were observed in hamster than in guinea-pig heterozygotes and most were recorded for rabbit heterozygotes. Chain quadrivalents were more abundant than ring quadrivalents at meiosis for the guinea-pig and hamster, in contrast to the mouse. Too few translocation heterozygotes were examined to determine which meiotic configuration was the more prevalent in the rabbit. In all three species, as in the mouse, translocations were found which caused male sterility, due to partial or complete failure of spermatogenesis, although most translocations caused semi-sterility. For these semi-sterile males both the frequency and time of embryonic death in the progeny appeared to be the same as in the mouse. It is concluded that similar types of chromosome aberrations are induced by X-rays in post-meiotic germ cells of male guinea-pigs, rabbits, golden hamsters and mice.", "PMID": 1171359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3293", "title": "The induction by X-rays of chromosome aberrations in germ cells of male guinea-pigs, golden hamsters and rabbits. I. Dose response in post-meiotic stages.", "content": "The induction by X-rays of translocations in post-meiotic germ cells of the guinea-pig, golden hamster and rabbit was studied by cytological analysis of male offspring of the irradiated animals. As reported previously for the mouse, the pattern of sensitivity to dominant lethal induction, as indicated by litter-size, was similar to that for translocation induction in both the guinea-pig and golden hamster. In both speciesspermatids were more sensitive than spermatozoa, and in the golden hamster spermatocytes gave a lower yield than spermatids. The translocation frequency among post-meiotic germ cells treated with 600 rad was higher in the rabbit than the guinea-pig, and both were above that for the golden hamster. However, for spermatozoa, species differences with respect to the recovered translocation yield appeared to depend on dose. In the hamster, the translocation frequency after 600 rad, as measured in the female offspring, was similar to that obtained in the male offspring. A small amount of data on the induction of sex-chromosome aneuploidy by 200 rad in golden hamsters suggested that the hamster might be as sensitive as the mouse.", "contents": "The induction by X-rays of chromosome aberrations in germ cells of male guinea-pigs, golden hamsters and rabbits. I. Dose response in post-meiotic stages. The induction by X-rays of translocations in post-meiotic germ cells of the guinea-pig, golden hamster and rabbit was studied by cytological analysis of male offspring of the irradiated animals. As reported previously for the mouse, the pattern of sensitivity to dominant lethal induction, as indicated by litter-size, was similar to that for translocation induction in both the guinea-pig and golden hamster. In both speciesspermatids were more sensitive than spermatozoa, and in the golden hamster spermatocytes gave a lower yield than spermatids. The translocation frequency among post-meiotic germ cells treated with 600 rad was higher in the rabbit than the guinea-pig, and both were above that for the golden hamster. However, for spermatozoa, species differences with respect to the recovered translocation yield appeared to depend on dose. In the hamster, the translocation frequency after 600 rad, as measured in the female offspring, was similar to that obtained in the male offspring. A small amount of data on the induction of sex-chromosome aneuploidy by 200 rad in golden hamsters suggested that the hamster might be as sensitive as the mouse.", "PMID": 1171360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3294", "title": "Arthroderma benhamiae infection in the Central African hedgehog Erinaceus albiventris, and a report of a human case.", "content": "The occurrence of ringworm caused by Arthroderma benhamiae Ajello & Cheng is reported in Central African hedgehogs (Erinaceus albiventris Wagner), caught near Nairobi, Kenya. Of the 45 animals examined, 10 were positive on culture, including a litter of 4 young. Six infected animals were without lesions, and 2 littermates showed scaly areas similar to those described in E. europaeus L. caused by Trichophyton erinacei (Smith & Marples) Padhye & Carmichael. No correlation with mite infestation or mange lesions was evident. Ringworm-like lesions were found which were repeatedly negative on culture. A human infection by A. benhamiae was contracted from the hedgehogs.", "contents": "Arthroderma benhamiae infection in the Central African hedgehog Erinaceus albiventris, and a report of a human case. The occurrence of ringworm caused by Arthroderma benhamiae Ajello & Cheng is reported in Central African hedgehogs (Erinaceus albiventris Wagner), caught near Nairobi, Kenya. Of the 45 animals examined, 10 were positive on culture, including a litter of 4 young. Six infected animals were without lesions, and 2 littermates showed scaly areas similar to those described in E. europaeus L. caused by Trichophyton erinacei (Smith & Marples) Padhye & Carmichael. No correlation with mite infestation or mange lesions was evident. Ringworm-like lesions were found which were repeatedly negative on culture. A human infection by A. benhamiae was contracted from the hedgehogs.", "PMID": 1171366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3295", "title": "Effects of tentoxin on enzymic activities in cucumber and cabbage cotyledons.", "content": "Tentoxin, produced by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. causes severe variegated chlorosis in germinating seedlings of certain dicotyledonous species. However, it does not impair radicle and hypocotyl elongation or cotyledon expansion. Effects of the toxin on the activity of selected enzymes from both chloroplasts and cytoplasm were determined. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), which is highly sensitive to tentoxin and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), which is resistant, were used as test plants. The activities of chloroplastic, but not cytoplasmic, enzymes were decreased by treatment of cucumber cotyledons with tentoxin. Neither group of enzymes was affected by the toxin in cabbage cotyledons. The decreased enzymic activities are probably related to reported inhibition of photophosphorylation by tentoxin.", "contents": "Effects of tentoxin on enzymic activities in cucumber and cabbage cotyledons. Tentoxin, produced by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. causes severe variegated chlorosis in germinating seedlings of certain dicotyledonous species. However, it does not impair radicle and hypocotyl elongation or cotyledon expansion. Effects of the toxin on the activity of selected enzymes from both chloroplasts and cytoplasm were determined. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), which is highly sensitive to tentoxin and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), which is resistant, were used as test plants. The activities of chloroplastic, but not cytoplasmic, enzymes were decreased by treatment of cucumber cotyledons with tentoxin. Neither group of enzymes was affected by the toxin in cabbage cotyledons. The decreased enzymic activities are probably related to reported inhibition of photophosphorylation by tentoxin.", "PMID": 1171367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3296", "title": "The constriction of the trapping rings in Dactylaria brochopaga.", "content": "The mechanism of ring constriction of a nematophagous fungus has been studied in vitro. The process of ring constriction in vivo normally requires less than one second. However, precise observations of the mechanism are difficult due to this rapidity, as well as the obstruction of the ring by the nematode. A method of initiating ring constriction without the use of an inert mechanical stimulus is described. With this method it is also possible to retard the constriction of the rings so that accurate observations of the entire process can be made. An explanation of the possible physiological mechanism is also presented.", "contents": "The constriction of the trapping rings in Dactylaria brochopaga. The mechanism of ring constriction of a nematophagous fungus has been studied in vitro. The process of ring constriction in vivo normally requires less than one second. However, precise observations of the mechanism are difficult due to this rapidity, as well as the obstruction of the ring by the nematode. A method of initiating ring constriction without the use of an inert mechanical stimulus is described. With this method it is also possible to retard the constriction of the rings so that accurate observations of the entire process can be made. An explanation of the possible physiological mechanism is also presented.", "PMID": 1171368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3297", "title": "Isolation of Emmonsia crescens Emmons et Jellison 1960 from small mammals in Bulgaria.", "content": "Authors examined a total of 3849 specimens of mammals included in 36 species from different region of Bulgaria. Adiaspiromycosis was detected microscopically in 18 mammals species. Strains of Emmonsia crescens Emmons et Jellison 1960 was isolated from 6 species--Apodemus flavicollis, Apodemus sylvaticus, Clethrionomys glareolus, Microtus arvalis, Musmusculus and Rattus norvegicus.", "contents": "Isolation of Emmonsia crescens Emmons et Jellison 1960 from small mammals in Bulgaria. Authors examined a total of 3849 specimens of mammals included in 36 species from different region of Bulgaria. Adiaspiromycosis was detected microscopically in 18 mammals species. Strains of Emmonsia crescens Emmons et Jellison 1960 was isolated from 6 species--Apodemus flavicollis, Apodemus sylvaticus, Clethrionomys glareolus, Microtus arvalis, Musmusculus and Rattus norvegicus.", "PMID": 1171369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3298", "title": "The isolation of keratinophilic fungi from soils in Israel. A preliminary report.", "content": "One hundred and fourteen soil samples collected from various areas of Israel were screened for the presence of keratinophilic fungi. Five species were isolated from the 59 positive samples, viz: C. keratinophilum--22 strains, C. evolceanui--18, C. serratus Eidam--10, M. gypseum--T. terrestre--4. Most of the geophilic organisms were recovered from garden soil, road-side and sandy-soil specimens. The importance of these findings is briefly discussed.", "contents": "The isolation of keratinophilic fungi from soils in Israel. A preliminary report. One hundred and fourteen soil samples collected from various areas of Israel were screened for the presence of keratinophilic fungi. Five species were isolated from the 59 positive samples, viz: C. keratinophilum--22 strains, C. evolceanui--18, C. serratus Eidam--10, M. gypseum--T. terrestre--4. Most of the geophilic organisms were recovered from garden soil, road-side and sandy-soil specimens. The importance of these findings is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1171370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3299", "title": "[Free and bound sterol content of sunflower, soy bean and maize oils].", "content": "The amounts of free sterols, steryl esters and steryl glycosides in sunflower, soya and maize oils as well as in the phosphatides of the same oils were determined. The refinement byproducts were enriched with sterols. The highest contents of total sterols and steryl glycosides (2,68 and 1,9%, respectively) were established in soya phosphatides followed by those in sunflower oil phosphatides (2,03 and 1,68%, respectively) and maize oil phosphatides (0,81 and 0,54%, respectively).", "contents": "[Free and bound sterol content of sunflower, soy bean and maize oils]. The amounts of free sterols, steryl esters and steryl glycosides in sunflower, soya and maize oils as well as in the phosphatides of the same oils were determined. The refinement byproducts were enriched with sterols. The highest contents of total sterols and steryl glycosides (2,68 and 1,9%, respectively) were established in soya phosphatides followed by those in sunflower oil phosphatides (2,03 and 1,68%, respectively) and maize oil phosphatides (0,81 and 0,54%, respectively).", "PMID": 1171371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3300", "title": "[Fat-stabilizing properties of phosphatides. 1. Response of selected phosphatides to oxygen].", "content": "The authors investigated the formation of hydroperoxides and carbonyl compounds in raw phosphatides from soya-beans and rape-seeds during storage at 50 degrees C. According to the results obtained, the chemical deterioration of the raw phosphatides depends upon their intrinsic contents of prooxidative and antioxidative compounds and upon the consituent fatty acids. Purified preparations are considerably more stable as comparable fatty acid methyl esters; and phosphatides containing nitrogenous bases are less sensitive to atmospheric oxygen than their nitrogen-free analogues.", "contents": "[Fat-stabilizing properties of phosphatides. 1. Response of selected phosphatides to oxygen]. The authors investigated the formation of hydroperoxides and carbonyl compounds in raw phosphatides from soya-beans and rape-seeds during storage at 50 degrees C. According to the results obtained, the chemical deterioration of the raw phosphatides depends upon their intrinsic contents of prooxidative and antioxidative compounds and upon the consituent fatty acids. Purified preparations are considerably more stable as comparable fatty acid methyl esters; and phosphatides containing nitrogenous bases are less sensitive to atmospheric oxygen than their nitrogen-free analogues.", "PMID": 1171372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3301", "title": "[Fat-stabilizing properties of phosphatides. 2. Antioxidative properties of selected phosphatides].", "content": "The authors study the effects of selected phosphatides on the oxygen uptake of methyl linolate. According to the results obtained, the antioxidative properties of such compounds are to be attributed not to their specific molecular structures, but to accompanying substances such as tocopherols, amino acids or Maillard products.", "contents": "[Fat-stabilizing properties of phosphatides. 2. Antioxidative properties of selected phosphatides]. The authors study the effects of selected phosphatides on the oxygen uptake of methyl linolate. According to the results obtained, the antioxidative properties of such compounds are to be attributed not to their specific molecular structures, but to accompanying substances such as tocopherols, amino acids or Maillard products.", "PMID": 1171373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3302", "title": "Uptake and disappearance of 4-methyl-alpha-ethylmetatyramine in relation to its releasing action on 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain.", "content": "4-Methyl-alpha-ethylmetatyramine (H75/12) was given intraperitoneally to mice and rats. At various time intervals the animals were killed and the concentration of H75/12 and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the brain and of H75/12 in the heart and, in some cases, in plasma was determined. H75/12 was rapidly taken up by the heart and then disappeared bi- or multiphasically. A maximum concentration of about 6 mug/g was obtained in the brain 30--60 min after the administration of 25 mg/kg. H75/12 disappeared from the brain with a half-life of 1.0 and 1.5 hrs in the mouse and rat, respectively. In the mouse the relative uptake of H75/12 increased with the dose given, i.e. the dose-uptake curve had an upward bending. Significant release of 5-HT in the brain was obtained after a single injection of 25 and 100 mg/kg in the rat and mouse, respectively. The 5-HT release was prevented by tricyclic, antidepressive agents, particularly by chlorimipramine. However, these agents had no certain effect of the uptake of H75/12 in the brain. Moreover, it was not possible to demonstrate a decreased uptake of H75/12 in the rat brain after a chronic, transverse cerebral hemisection, although the monoamine-containing neurones had degenerated as indicated by a complete disappearance of 5-HT. It is concluded that only a minor part of the H75/12 measured is located in monoaminergic neurones. The uptake of H75/12 in the rat brain appeared to be increased in starving animals, possibly indicating decreased metabolism of the drug.", "contents": "Uptake and disappearance of 4-methyl-alpha-ethylmetatyramine in relation to its releasing action on 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain. 4-Methyl-alpha-ethylmetatyramine (H75/12) was given intraperitoneally to mice and rats. At various time intervals the animals were killed and the concentration of H75/12 and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the brain and of H75/12 in the heart and, in some cases, in plasma was determined. H75/12 was rapidly taken up by the heart and then disappeared bi- or multiphasically. A maximum concentration of about 6 mug/g was obtained in the brain 30--60 min after the administration of 25 mg/kg. H75/12 disappeared from the brain with a half-life of 1.0 and 1.5 hrs in the mouse and rat, respectively. In the mouse the relative uptake of H75/12 increased with the dose given, i.e. the dose-uptake curve had an upward bending. Significant release of 5-HT in the brain was obtained after a single injection of 25 and 100 mg/kg in the rat and mouse, respectively. The 5-HT release was prevented by tricyclic, antidepressive agents, particularly by chlorimipramine. However, these agents had no certain effect of the uptake of H75/12 in the brain. Moreover, it was not possible to demonstrate a decreased uptake of H75/12 in the rat brain after a chronic, transverse cerebral hemisection, although the monoamine-containing neurones had degenerated as indicated by a complete disappearance of 5-HT. It is concluded that only a minor part of the H75/12 measured is located in monoaminergic neurones. The uptake of H75/12 in the rat brain appeared to be increased in starving animals, possibly indicating decreased metabolism of the drug.", "PMID": 1171382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3303", "title": "Demonstration and isolation of phallolysin, a haemolytic toxin from Amanita phalloides.", "content": "Phallolysin, a high-molecular weight, thermo- and alcohol-labile toxin with haemolytic activity, was demonstrated in Amanita phalloides. Phallolysin was isolated from cold aqueous toadstool extracts by precipitation with 40% ammonium sulphate, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose, gel chromatography on Biogel P-30 and electrofocussing in Ampholine. Electrofocussing in a flat pH gradient resulted in the separation of the gelchromatographically homogeneous phallolysin into phallolysin A (I.P. 8.06) and phallolysin B (I.P. 7.49). Phallolysin A exhibited 70% purity with respect to its behaviour on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis when stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. On the average 0.62 mug, at least 0.20 mug of protein was equivalent to 1 haemolytic unit (HU). The i.p. LD50 for mice was found to be 1060 (930--1210) HU/kg.", "contents": "Demonstration and isolation of phallolysin, a haemolytic toxin from Amanita phalloides. Phallolysin, a high-molecular weight, thermo- and alcohol-labile toxin with haemolytic activity, was demonstrated in Amanita phalloides. Phallolysin was isolated from cold aqueous toadstool extracts by precipitation with 40% ammonium sulphate, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose, gel chromatography on Biogel P-30 and electrofocussing in Ampholine. Electrofocussing in a flat pH gradient resulted in the separation of the gelchromatographically homogeneous phallolysin into phallolysin A (I.P. 8.06) and phallolysin B (I.P. 7.49). Phallolysin A exhibited 70% purity with respect to its behaviour on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis when stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. On the average 0.62 mug, at least 0.20 mug of protein was equivalent to 1 haemolytic unit (HU). The i.p. LD50 for mice was found to be 1060 (930--1210) HU/kg.", "PMID": 1171383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3304", "title": "[Urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-ketosteroids in women with epileptic seizures during the premenstrual period].", "content": "The authors determined the amounts of free and total 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) and 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) in the urine of 11 women in whom epileptic seizures occurred most frequently on the 2nd and 1st day before menstruation and in 7 women with seizures showing no such correlation with the menstrual cycle. A statistically significant decrease of 17-KS was demonstrated in women with premenstrual seizures. In both groups of women the amounts of free 17-OHCS were near the lower normal range, while the amounts of total 17-OHCS were reduced and the obtained results compared with the accepted normal values showed statistically significant differences (p less than 0.01). The obtained results are, however, insufficient for assuming that these hormones play an important role in the mechanism of seizure release in premenstrual period. The authors think, on the other hand, that the statistically significant fall in 17-KS in women with premenstrual seizures may play some role among other factors in the mechanism of seizure release.", "contents": "[Urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-ketosteroids in women with epileptic seizures during the premenstrual period]. The authors determined the amounts of free and total 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) and 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) in the urine of 11 women in whom epileptic seizures occurred most frequently on the 2nd and 1st day before menstruation and in 7 women with seizures showing no such correlation with the menstrual cycle. A statistically significant decrease of 17-KS was demonstrated in women with premenstrual seizures. In both groups of women the amounts of free 17-OHCS were near the lower normal range, while the amounts of total 17-OHCS were reduced and the obtained results compared with the accepted normal values showed statistically significant differences (p less than 0.01). The obtained results are, however, insufficient for assuming that these hormones play an important role in the mechanism of seizure release in premenstrual period. The authors think, on the other hand, that the statistically significant fall in 17-KS in women with premenstrual seizures may play some role among other factors in the mechanism of seizure release.", "PMID": 1171385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3305", "title": "[Urinary excretion of estrogen fractions, alpha and beta pregnanediol and pregnanetriol in women with epileptic seizures during the premenstrual period].", "content": "The authors determined the amounts of oestrone, oestradiol, oestriol, alpha and beta pregnanediol, and pregnanetriol in 24-hour urine of 11 women with epileptic seizures occurring two and one day before the onset of menstruation, and in 7 women with seizures not dependent on the menstrual cycle. Determinations of these hormons were done during three successive menstrual cycles on the 2nd and 1st day before the onset of bleeding. In both groups a significant decrease was observed in the urinary levels of oestradiol and oestriol as compared with normal values. On the other hand, the amount of excreted oestrone was only slightly lowered in relation to the amount of this hormone excreted by controls. A significant decrease in the amounts of alpha pregnanediol (the difference being statistically significant at p less than 0.01 level) was observed two days before menstruation. On the other hand, pregnanetriol was decreased only in women in whom the seizures showed no temporal correlation with the stage of the menstrual cycle. The authors suggest that the observed reduction in the metabolites of progesterone in both groups was associated with an increased seizure readiness of the brain on the days preceding menstrual bleeding.", "contents": "[Urinary excretion of estrogen fractions, alpha and beta pregnanediol and pregnanetriol in women with epileptic seizures during the premenstrual period]. The authors determined the amounts of oestrone, oestradiol, oestriol, alpha and beta pregnanediol, and pregnanetriol in 24-hour urine of 11 women with epileptic seizures occurring two and one day before the onset of menstruation, and in 7 women with seizures not dependent on the menstrual cycle. Determinations of these hormons were done during three successive menstrual cycles on the 2nd and 1st day before the onset of bleeding. In both groups a significant decrease was observed in the urinary levels of oestradiol and oestriol as compared with normal values. On the other hand, the amount of excreted oestrone was only slightly lowered in relation to the amount of this hormone excreted by controls. A significant decrease in the amounts of alpha pregnanediol (the difference being statistically significant at p less than 0.01 level) was observed two days before menstruation. On the other hand, pregnanetriol was decreased only in women in whom the seizures showed no temporal correlation with the stage of the menstrual cycle. The authors suggest that the observed reduction in the metabolites of progesterone in both groups was associated with an increased seizure readiness of the brain on the days preceding menstrual bleeding.", "PMID": 1171386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3306", "title": "Familial poliodystrophy, mitochondrial myopathy, and lactate acidemia.", "content": "In two siblings with limb-girdle muscle weakness and episodic headaches and vomiting from early childhood, progressive neurologic degeneration later developed, and both children died. In one child, corticosteroids induced improvement in both cerebral and muscular symptoms that lasted 1 year. This patient had elevated blood, urine, and spinal fluid lactate levels, together with increased cardiac output and oxygen consumption at rest. Several muscle fibers were characterized by a \"ragged red\" appearance with the trichrome stain. Subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar excess of mitochondrial oxidative enzyme reaction product was correlated with abnormal mitochondrial aggregates by electron microscopy. The brain revealed focal areas of cortical degeneration and necrosis with adjacent gliosis or edema. Ferrocalcific deposits were prominent in the globus pallidus. The other sibling had similar changes in the brain at autopsy. This familial multisystem disorder especially involving the brain, skeletal muscle, and heart appears to represent a defect in some mitochondrial oxidative mechanism.", "contents": "Familial poliodystrophy, mitochondrial myopathy, and lactate acidemia. In two siblings with limb-girdle muscle weakness and episodic headaches and vomiting from early childhood, progressive neurologic degeneration later developed, and both children died. In one child, corticosteroids induced improvement in both cerebral and muscular symptoms that lasted 1 year. This patient had elevated blood, urine, and spinal fluid lactate levels, together with increased cardiac output and oxygen consumption at rest. Several muscle fibers were characterized by a \"ragged red\" appearance with the trichrome stain. Subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar excess of mitochondrial oxidative enzyme reaction product was correlated with abnormal mitochondrial aggregates by electron microscopy. The brain revealed focal areas of cortical degeneration and necrosis with adjacent gliosis or edema. Ferrocalcific deposits were prominent in the globus pallidus. The other sibling had similar changes in the brain at autopsy. This familial multisystem disorder especially involving the brain, skeletal muscle, and heart appears to represent a defect in some mitochondrial oxidative mechanism.", "PMID": 1171391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3307", "title": "A pharmacologic study of the stiff-man syndrome. Correlation of clinical symptoms with urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenyl glycol excretion.", "content": "We have investigated hypotheses that link the stiff-man syndrome to an imbalance of neurotransmitter systems. No evidence was found to support the concept of defective synaptic transmission at either cholinergic input to Renshaw inhibitory elements or at glycinergic inhibitory input to motoneurons from spinal interneurons, since neither physostigmine nor glycine altered symptomatology. Urinary excretion of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenyl glycol showed a high correlation with clinical status. This suggests the involvement in the stiff-man syndrome of a central norepinephrine neuronal system that has net excitatory effects upon motoneurons, a system whose activity can be increased slightly by levodopa and decreased markedly by diazepam, with corresponding changes in stiffness.", "contents": "A pharmacologic study of the stiff-man syndrome. Correlation of clinical symptoms with urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenyl glycol excretion. We have investigated hypotheses that link the stiff-man syndrome to an imbalance of neurotransmitter systems. No evidence was found to support the concept of defective synaptic transmission at either cholinergic input to Renshaw inhibitory elements or at glycinergic inhibitory input to motoneurons from spinal interneurons, since neither physostigmine nor glycine altered symptomatology. Urinary excretion of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenyl glycol showed a high correlation with clinical status. This suggests the involvement in the stiff-man syndrome of a central norepinephrine neuronal system that has net excitatory effects upon motoneurons, a system whose activity can be increased slightly by levodopa and decreased markedly by diazepam, with corresponding changes in stiffness.", "PMID": 1171392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3308", "title": "The syndrome of Gogi (word meaning) aphasia. Selective impairment of kanji processing.", "content": "In 1943, Imura described an aphasic syndrome shown by Japanese patients and designated it as Gogi (\"word-meaning\") aphasia. Salient features are selective impairment of processing kanji or Chinese characters and difficulty in finding access to the lexicon in both production and reception, with preservation of processing kana or phonetic signs, and fluent oral repetition. A patient with this syndrome is presented, with emphasis on the nature of his kanji impairment. Cases of Gogi aphasia in the literature are reviewed and contrasted to cases of Broca's aphasia with selective impairment of kana processing. The implications  for a neurolinguistic model of language processing in aphasia are discussed.", "contents": "The syndrome of Gogi (word meaning) aphasia. Selective impairment of kanji processing. In 1943, Imura described an aphasic syndrome shown by Japanese patients and designated it as Gogi (\"word-meaning\") aphasia. Salient features are selective impairment of processing kanji or Chinese characters and difficulty in finding access to the lexicon in both production and reception, with preservation of processing kana or phonetic signs, and fluent oral repetition. A patient with this syndrome is presented, with emphasis on the nature of his kanji impairment. Cases of Gogi aphasia in the literature are reviewed and contrasted to cases of Broca's aphasia with selective impairment of kana processing. The implications  for a neurolinguistic model of language processing in aphasia are discussed.", "PMID": 1171393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3309", "title": "\"Encephalomyeloneuritis\" in the absence of cancer.", "content": "An elderly man presented with signs and symptoms indicating a rapidly progressive central and peripheral nervous system disease, which led to death within 3 months. The pathologic picture was that of a \"paraneoplastic\" encephalomyelitis and neuritis, but no cancer could be found. Supratentorial predilection for the limbic structures correlated well with an observed limbic dementia. Arguments favoring a direct toxic or metabolic effect of cancer as a cause for this syndrome was less convincing in view of this report.", "contents": "\"Encephalomyeloneuritis\" in the absence of cancer. An elderly man presented with signs and symptoms indicating a rapidly progressive central and peripheral nervous system disease, which led to death within 3 months. The pathologic picture was that of a \"paraneoplastic\" encephalomyelitis and neuritis, but no cancer could be found. Supratentorial predilection for the limbic structures correlated well with an observed limbic dementia. Arguments favoring a direct toxic or metabolic effect of cancer as a cause for this syndrome was less convincing in view of this report.", "PMID": 1171394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3310", "title": "Neuromuscular complications of acromegaly.", "content": "Seventeen consecutive acromegalic patients were evaluated for evidence of neuromuscular dysfunction and followed for 1 year after hypophysectomy. Before treatment, four patients had both a myopathy and the carpal tunnel syndrome, five had myopathy alone, four had carpal tunnel syndrome alone, and four had neither. The myopathy was caracterized by mild, strictly promixal weakness and flabbiness of muscles; electromyography revealed typical myopathic abnormalities, but serum enzymes and muscle biopsy usually were normal. The presence of myopathy or the carpal tunnel syndrrome could not be correlated with the magnitude of growth hormone elevation or any secondary endocrine derangement, but myopathy was associated with a longer duration of acromegaly. Carpal tunnel symptoms usually improved in the first 6 weeks after hypophysectomy, while myopathy improved more slowly and sometimes was detectable 1 year later.", "contents": "Neuromuscular complications of acromegaly. Seventeen consecutive acromegalic patients were evaluated for evidence of neuromuscular dysfunction and followed for 1 year after hypophysectomy. Before treatment, four patients had both a myopathy and the carpal tunnel syndrome, five had myopathy alone, four had carpal tunnel syndrome alone, and four had neither. The myopathy was caracterized by mild, strictly promixal weakness and flabbiness of muscles; electromyography revealed typical myopathic abnormalities, but serum enzymes and muscle biopsy usually were normal. The presence of myopathy or the carpal tunnel syndrrome could not be correlated with the magnitude of growth hormone elevation or any secondary endocrine derangement, but myopathy was associated with a longer duration of acromegaly. Carpal tunnel symptoms usually improved in the first 6 weeks after hypophysectomy, while myopathy improved more slowly and sometimes was detectable 1 year later.", "PMID": 1171395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3311", "title": "Increased cerebral blood volume in benign intracranial hypertension.", "content": "In two patients with benign intracranial hypertension, the regional cerebral blood volume was markedly elevated (mean of 85 percent) while regional cerebral blood flow was slightly reduced (mean of 10 percent). Reduction of cerebrospinal fluid pressure by removal of cerebrospinal fluid reduced the mean values of regional cerebral blood volume by 13 percent without significant change in regional cerebral blood flow. The abnormal regional volume and regional flow returned to normal concurrent with the clinical improvement. Vinous engorgement and increased intracranial blood volume appear to play an important part in the pathophysiology of increased intracranial pressure in benign intracranial hypertension. A unified concept of the pathogenesis of benign intracranial hypertension is proposed.", "contents": "Increased cerebral blood volume in benign intracranial hypertension. In two patients with benign intracranial hypertension, the regional cerebral blood volume was markedly elevated (mean of 85 percent) while regional cerebral blood flow was slightly reduced (mean of 10 percent). Reduction of cerebrospinal fluid pressure by removal of cerebrospinal fluid reduced the mean values of regional cerebral blood volume by 13 percent without significant change in regional cerebral blood flow. The abnormal regional volume and regional flow returned to normal concurrent with the clinical improvement. Vinous engorgement and increased intracranial blood volume appear to play an important part in the pathophysiology of increased intracranial pressure in benign intracranial hypertension. A unified concept of the pathogenesis of benign intracranial hypertension is proposed.", "PMID": 1171396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3312", "title": "Chronic cerebellar stimulation in the monkey. Electron microscopic and biochemical observations.", "content": "The effects of chronic electrical stimulation to the surface of cerebellum in the Macaca mulatta monkey were studied with morphologic and biochemical techniques. There was considerable damage and loss of Purkinje cells in all specimens examined, including an area without electrodes, but the greatest changes appeared in tissue beneath the cathode and anode. Despite the damage, normal appearing synapses persisted in the molecular layer of all specimens. Fibrous glial processes were more numerous beneath the cathode. There were abnormalities in gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and polyamine concentrations in virtually all specimens, consistent with the morphologic evidence of widespread tissue damage.", "contents": "Chronic cerebellar stimulation in the monkey. Electron microscopic and biochemical observations. The effects of chronic electrical stimulation to the surface of cerebellum in the Macaca mulatta monkey were studied with morphologic and biochemical techniques. There was considerable damage and loss of Purkinje cells in all specimens examined, including an area without electrodes, but the greatest changes appeared in tissue beneath the cathode and anode. Despite the damage, normal appearing synapses persisted in the molecular layer of all specimens. Fibrous glial processes were more numerous beneath the cathode. There were abnormalities in gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and polyamine concentrations in virtually all specimens, consistent with the morphologic evidence of widespread tissue damage.", "PMID": 1171397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3313", "title": "\"Alpha-like\" rhythms in electroencephalograms in coma after cariac arrest.", "content": "Electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 12 comatose patients showed \"alpha-like\" rhythms after cardiac arrest. Four patients revealed a stage II sleep pattern and two patients showed signs of reactivity in their EEGs. One patient recovered with minimal impairment of memory, one patient lived for 3 months, and 10 died 3 ot 30 days after cardiac arrest. Examination of the brain demonstrated the usual anoxic lesions in three patients and \"respirator brain\" in one. In three patients with ventral pontine syndrome, a somewhat similar EEG pattern, but with distinct differences in topography and reactivity, was observed. In order to recognize alpha-like rhythms in comatose patients after cardiac arrest, EEGs should be recorded daily for several days.", "contents": "\"Alpha-like\" rhythms in electroencephalograms in coma after cariac arrest. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 12 comatose patients showed \"alpha-like\" rhythms after cardiac arrest. Four patients revealed a stage II sleep pattern and two patients showed signs of reactivity in their EEGs. One patient recovered with minimal impairment of memory, one patient lived for 3 months, and 10 died 3 ot 30 days after cardiac arrest. Examination of the brain demonstrated the usual anoxic lesions in three patients and \"respirator brain\" in one. In three patients with ventral pontine syndrome, a somewhat similar EEG pattern, but with distinct differences in topography and reactivity, was observed. In order to recognize alpha-like rhythms in comatose patients after cardiac arrest, EEGs should be recorded daily for several days.", "PMID": 1171398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3314", "title": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a complication of immunosuppressive treatment.", "content": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy developed in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis after treatment with an immunosuppressive agent (chlorambucil). We fell that this case lends further support to the concept that an altered immunologic state is important in the appearance of this infection, which is probably viral in origin.", "contents": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a complication of immunosuppressive treatment. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy developed in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis after treatment with an immunosuppressive agent (chlorambucil). We fell that this case lends further support to the concept that an altered immunologic state is important in the appearance of this infection, which is probably viral in origin.", "PMID": 1171399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3315", "title": "Local alterations of hemostatic-fibrinolytic mechanisms in reforming subdural hematomas.", "content": "Multiple chemical and coagulation determinations were undertaken on the subdural hematoma fluid from the reformed effusions of two patients. It was found that plasma or blood repeatedly reentered the subdural cavity. Coagulation studies compared the in vitro effects of subdural fluid with those of cerebrospinal fluid, serum, and a buffer control. Despite some chemical differences, the subdural fluids from both patients behaved similarly by (1) accelerating the intrinsic clotting system, (2) producing defective clot formation, and (3) accelerating the fibrinolytic system. It is presumed that these continuous hemostatic-fibrinolytic alterations, acting in the subdural sac, may have important implications in the growth and reformation of subdural hematomas, and a hypothesis of the mechanisms involved is presented.", "contents": "Local alterations of hemostatic-fibrinolytic mechanisms in reforming subdural hematomas. Multiple chemical and coagulation determinations were undertaken on the subdural hematoma fluid from the reformed effusions of two patients. It was found that plasma or blood repeatedly reentered the subdural cavity. Coagulation studies compared the in vitro effects of subdural fluid with those of cerebrospinal fluid, serum, and a buffer control. Despite some chemical differences, the subdural fluids from both patients behaved similarly by (1) accelerating the intrinsic clotting system, (2) producing defective clot formation, and (3) accelerating the fibrinolytic system. It is presumed that these continuous hemostatic-fibrinolytic alterations, acting in the subdural sac, may have important implications in the growth and reformation of subdural hematomas, and a hypothesis of the mechanisms involved is presented.", "PMID": 1171400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3316", "title": "\"Saccadic nystagmus\" in cerebellar cortical atrophy.", "content": "An ocular dyskinesia designated \"saccadic nystagmus\" was observed in a patient with cerebellar cortical atrophy. Saccadic nystagmus is a sustained ocular dyskinesia present during visual fixation and abolished by eye closure. It is difficult to distinguish visually from either pendular or jerk nystagmus without eye movement recordings. The oscillations are horizontal and rapid and may be influenced by direction of gaze. Caloric nystagmus (eye closed) and optokinetic nystagmus were normal in our patient. Visual fixation abolished caloric nystagmus, which was replaced by saccadic nystagmus.", "contents": "\"Saccadic nystagmus\" in cerebellar cortical atrophy. An ocular dyskinesia designated \"saccadic nystagmus\" was observed in a patient with cerebellar cortical atrophy. Saccadic nystagmus is a sustained ocular dyskinesia present during visual fixation and abolished by eye closure. It is difficult to distinguish visually from either pendular or jerk nystagmus without eye movement recordings. The oscillations are horizontal and rapid and may be influenced by direction of gaze. Caloric nystagmus (eye closed) and optokinetic nystagmus were normal in our patient. Visual fixation abolished caloric nystagmus, which was replaced by saccadic nystagmus.", "PMID": 1171401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3317", "title": "Parkinsonism: effects of levodopa treatment on concept formation.", "content": "Concept formation was compared in 71 parkinsonian patients and 35 controls matched for age and WAIS vebal IQ. It was found that the patients formed significantly fewer concepts, as measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The patients had difficulties in shifting sets and were unable to attend to the completion of a concept. Levodopa-treated patients were able to produce more correct responses, but were still unable to maintain the correct responses to produce more correct concepts than non-levodopa-treated patients. The behavior of the parkinsonian patients on the WCST is similar to that of patients who have undergone frontal lobectomy. In addition, the results indicate that levodopa therapy may improve \"vigilance\", without increasing the patient's overall cognitive ability.", "contents": "Parkinsonism: effects of levodopa treatment on concept formation. Concept formation was compared in 71 parkinsonian patients and 35 controls matched for age and WAIS vebal IQ. It was found that the patients formed significantly fewer concepts, as measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The patients had difficulties in shifting sets and were unable to attend to the completion of a concept. Levodopa-treated patients were able to produce more correct responses, but were still unable to maintain the correct responses to produce more correct concepts than non-levodopa-treated patients. The behavior of the parkinsonian patients on the WCST is similar to that of patients who have undergone frontal lobectomy. In addition, the results indicate that levodopa therapy may improve \"vigilance\", without increasing the patient's overall cognitive ability.", "PMID": 1171402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3318", "title": "Nervous system neoplasms and primary malignancies of other sites. The unique association between meningiomas and breast cancer.", "content": "To determine whether nervous system neoplasms are associated with primary malignancies elsewhere, we studied the frequency of multiple primary tumous in patients in whom at least one of the primary tumors was within the nervous system. The patients were Conneticut residents with tumors diagnosed between 1935 and 1964. Of 135 patients, 130 had two primary tumors, four had three primary tumors, and one had four primary tumors. Only with multiple primary tumors involving the brain and breast did the number of observed cases significantly exceed the number of expected cases; eight patients who had a meningioma associated with a breast cancer accounted for this excess. Patients with breast cancer presenting with signs or symptoms of an intracranial neoplasm should be carefully evaluated, for the intracranial lesion may be a potentially curable meningioma.", "contents": "Nervous system neoplasms and primary malignancies of other sites. The unique association between meningiomas and breast cancer. To determine whether nervous system neoplasms are associated with primary malignancies elsewhere, we studied the frequency of multiple primary tumous in patients in whom at least one of the primary tumors was within the nervous system. The patients were Conneticut residents with tumors diagnosed between 1935 and 1964. Of 135 patients, 130 had two primary tumors, four had three primary tumors, and one had four primary tumors. Only with multiple primary tumors involving the brain and breast did the number of observed cases significantly exceed the number of expected cases; eight patients who had a meningioma associated with a breast cancer accounted for this excess. Patients with breast cancer presenting with signs or symptoms of an intracranial neoplasm should be carefully evaluated, for the intracranial lesion may be a potentially curable meningioma.", "PMID": 1171403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3319", "title": "Schwann cells and regenerated peripheral myelin in multiple sclerosis: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Tissue of a multiple sclerosis plaque in the brachium conjunctivum of the pons known to contain peripheral myelin by light microscopic studies were removed from the paraffin block and processed for electron microscopic studies. The cells related to the peripheral myelin possessed the ultrastructural characteristics of Schwann cells, with basement membranes and associated collagen fibers. No continuity was seen with the peripheral within the central nervous tissues by selective maturation of multipotential primitive reticular cells, a phenomenon consistent with the view that Schwann cells are mesenchymal in character.", "contents": "Schwann cells and regenerated peripheral myelin in multiple sclerosis: an ultrastructural study. Tissue of a multiple sclerosis plaque in the brachium conjunctivum of the pons known to contain peripheral myelin by light microscopic studies were removed from the paraffin block and processed for electron microscopic studies. The cells related to the peripheral myelin possessed the ultrastructural characteristics of Schwann cells, with basement membranes and associated collagen fibers. No continuity was seen with the peripheral within the central nervous tissues by selective maturation of multipotential primitive reticular cells, a phenomenon consistent with the view that Schwann cells are mesenchymal in character.", "PMID": 1171404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3320", "title": "Stroke in a 15-year-old girl secondary to terminal carotid dissection.", "content": "A 15-year-old girl died 14 days after hemiplegia suddenly developed. On arteriography, intimal separation of the middle cerebral arteries showed as a long attenuated column of dye--the \"string\" sign. Pathologic examination showed intimal separation starting at the distal bifurcation of the right internal carotid artery and extending into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries. The arteriographic string sign as evidence of dissection may aid diagnosis of this cause of childhood hemiplegia.", "contents": "Stroke in a 15-year-old girl secondary to terminal carotid dissection. A 15-year-old girl died 14 days after hemiplegia suddenly developed. On arteriography, intimal separation of the middle cerebral arteries showed as a long attenuated column of dye--the \"string\" sign. Pathologic examination showed intimal separation starting at the distal bifurcation of the right internal carotid artery and extending into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries. The arteriographic string sign as evidence of dissection may aid diagnosis of this cause of childhood hemiplegia.", "PMID": 1171405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3321", "title": "Cicutoxin poisoning (water hemlock).", "content": "A 54-year-old man had a severe case of cicutoxin poisoning following the ingestion of water hemlock (Cicuta maculate). The administration of thiopentone sodium by continuous intravenous infusion proved the optimum method of controlling the gross and irregular body movements and of managing the metabolic acidosis and the cholinergic crisis characteristic of this type of poisoning. This report includes a detailed neurologic and biochemical assessment of the condition.", "contents": "Cicutoxin poisoning (water hemlock). A 54-year-old man had a severe case of cicutoxin poisoning following the ingestion of water hemlock (Cicuta maculate). The administration of thiopentone sodium by continuous intravenous infusion proved the optimum method of controlling the gross and irregular body movements and of managing the metabolic acidosis and the cholinergic crisis characteristic of this type of poisoning. This report includes a detailed neurologic and biochemical assessment of the condition.", "PMID": 1171406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3322", "title": "Silent period measurement in the differentiation of central demyelination and axonal degeneration.", "content": "The investigators recorded the silent period from the abductor pollicis brevis and gastrocnemius soleus muscles in normal subjects and in patients with multiple sclerosis and motor neuron disease. In the multiple sclerosis group the termination of the silent period recorded from the leg was significantly delayed, and the arm and leg silent period differences were increased threefold as compared with normal subjects. Silent period measurements in the motor neuron disease group were normal. The silent period probably participates in a \"long loop reflex\", and its delay in multiple sclerosis could therefore be due to a block in central conduction resulting from demyelination. This would not occur in motor neuron disease, in which axonal degeneration is the primary lesion. The techniques used are relatively simple and are a valuable means of differentiating central demyelination from axonal degeneration in man.", "contents": "Silent period measurement in the differentiation of central demyelination and axonal degeneration. The investigators recorded the silent period from the abductor pollicis brevis and gastrocnemius soleus muscles in normal subjects and in patients with multiple sclerosis and motor neuron disease. In the multiple sclerosis group the termination of the silent period recorded from the leg was significantly delayed, and the arm and leg silent period differences were increased threefold as compared with normal subjects. Silent period measurements in the motor neuron disease group were normal. The silent period probably participates in a \"long loop reflex\", and its delay in multiple sclerosis could therefore be due to a block in central conduction resulting from demyelination. This would not occur in motor neuron disease, in which axonal degeneration is the primary lesion. The techniques used are relatively simple and are a valuable means of differentiating central demyelination from axonal degeneration in man.", "PMID": 1171407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3323", "title": "Cerebral responses to electrical tooth pulp stimulation in man. An objective correlate of acute experimental pain.", "content": "The pulp of individual teeth of 17 normal adult volunteers was electrically stimulated via pairs of electrodes implanted into dentine. Computer-summated responses recorded from the surface of the head were composed of two concurrent sequences of events, one of which was seen maximally over midline areas and the other over the lower portions of the postcentral regions. Appropriate tests demonstrated that these wave forms represented cerebral tooth pulp-evoked potentials. Because tooth pulp-evoked potentials represent objective, quantifiable, nonverbal concomitants of central events associated with the perception of noxious stimuli, they may prove helpful in investigating acute experimental pain in man.", "contents": "Cerebral responses to electrical tooth pulp stimulation in man. An objective correlate of acute experimental pain. The pulp of individual teeth of 17 normal adult volunteers was electrically stimulated via pairs of electrodes implanted into dentine. Computer-summated responses recorded from the surface of the head were composed of two concurrent sequences of events, one of which was seen maximally over midline areas and the other over the lower portions of the postcentral regions. Appropriate tests demonstrated that these wave forms represented cerebral tooth pulp-evoked potentials. Because tooth pulp-evoked potentials represent objective, quantifiable, nonverbal concomitants of central events associated with the perception of noxious stimuli, they may prove helpful in investigating acute experimental pain in man.", "PMID": 1171408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3324", "title": "Arterial stationary wave phenomenon in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.", "content": "In a patient with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, serial cerebral angiograms showed arterial stationary wave phenomenon and persistent deformity of the carotid siphon. Stationary arterial waves are noted in only 0.3 percent of cerebral angiograms and have not been reported in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. In accordance with theories proposed by Theander and New, we felt that the intense stenosis of the carotid siphon produced by the periarteritis in our patient caused relative obstruction and high resistance, giving rise to resonance of arterial pressure waves and creation of the arterial stationary waves.", "contents": "Arterial stationary wave phenomenon in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. In a patient with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, serial cerebral angiograms showed arterial stationary wave phenomenon and persistent deformity of the carotid siphon. Stationary arterial waves are noted in only 0.3 percent of cerebral angiograms and have not been reported in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. In accordance with theories proposed by Theander and New, we felt that the intense stenosis of the carotid siphon produced by the periarteritis in our patient caused relative obstruction and high resistance, giving rise to resonance of arterial pressure waves and creation of the arterial stationary waves.", "PMID": 1171409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3325", "title": "Olivary hypertrophy without palatal myoclonus associated with a metastatic lesion to the pontine tegmentum.", "content": "A 46-year-old man had metastasis to the central tegmental tract of the pons with ipsilateral olivary hypertrophy. Although the phenomenon of palatal myochlonus has been repeatedly correlated with the finding of olivary hypertrophy, no palatal myoclonus was noted on repeated examinations. The clinical pathologic correlates and literature of similar cases are reviewed.", "contents": "Olivary hypertrophy without palatal myoclonus associated with a metastatic lesion to the pontine tegmentum. A 46-year-old man had metastasis to the central tegmental tract of the pons with ipsilateral olivary hypertrophy. Although the phenomenon of palatal myochlonus has been repeatedly correlated with the finding of olivary hypertrophy, no palatal myoclonus was noted on repeated examinations. The clinical pathologic correlates and literature of similar cases are reviewed.", "PMID": 1171410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3326", "title": "Vascular malformations of the pons in children.", "content": "Three children reported here and an additional five patients from the literature with angiomas of the pons had a total of 19 clinical episodes of neurologic \"illness.\" Thirteen of these episodes were ictal and six were progressive in onset. The progressive onset was identical with that occurring in patients with tumors of the brain stem. Laboratory and radiographic studies were not uniformly helpful in differentiating this disorder from the more common brain-stem glioma. The survival of these patients varies from several hours to 15 years.", "contents": "Vascular malformations of the pons in children. Three children reported here and an additional five patients from the literature with angiomas of the pons had a total of 19 clinical episodes of neurologic \"illness.\" Thirteen of these episodes were ictal and six were progressive in onset. The progressive onset was identical with that occurring in patients with tumors of the brain stem. Laboratory and radiographic studies were not uniformly helpful in differentiating this disorder from the more common brain-stem glioma. The survival of these patients varies from several hours to 15 years.", "PMID": 1171411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3327", "title": "Frequency of nerve fiber degeneration of peripheral motor and sensory neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Morphometry of deep and superficial peroneal nerves.", "content": "Among 10 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis who had combined biopsy of muscle and cutaneous nerves, two had a history of paresthesia that suggested involvement of peripheral afferent neurons. Of four patients without paresthesia, two had unequivocal abnormalities of touch-pressure sensation of the toe. On morphometric evaluations of lateral fascicles of deep peroneal nerve, one nerve had an abnormally low myelinated fiber density and seven of 10 had abnormally high frequencies of teased-fiber abnormalities. Teased fibers in which myelin was degenerating into linear rows of myelin ovoids and balls occurred in 10.5 percent of fibers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis nerves as compared with 1.7 percent in control nerves (0.01 less than p less than 0.025). Estimates of density of myelinated fibers were less sensitive than estimates of the frequency of various changes in teased fibers for detecting abnormality.", "contents": "Frequency of nerve fiber degeneration of peripheral motor and sensory neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Morphometry of deep and superficial peroneal nerves. Among 10 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis who had combined biopsy of muscle and cutaneous nerves, two had a history of paresthesia that suggested involvement of peripheral afferent neurons. Of four patients without paresthesia, two had unequivocal abnormalities of touch-pressure sensation of the toe. On morphometric evaluations of lateral fascicles of deep peroneal nerve, one nerve had an abnormally low myelinated fiber density and seven of 10 had abnormally high frequencies of teased-fiber abnormalities. Teased fibers in which myelin was degenerating into linear rows of myelin ovoids and balls occurred in 10.5 percent of fibers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis nerves as compared with 1.7 percent in control nerves (0.01 less than p less than 0.025). Estimates of density of myelinated fibers were less sensitive than estimates of the frequency of various changes in teased fibers for detecting abnormality.", "PMID": 1171412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3328", "title": "Response of generalized penicillin epilepsy in the cat to ethosuximide and diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "The effects of ethosuximide and diphenylhydantoin sodium on feline generalized penicillin epilepsy, a model of human generalized corticoreticular (centreccephalic) epilepsy, were significantly reduced following administration of ethosuximide with plasma levels of 60 mug per milliliter, and there was a linear correlation between the plasma level and antiephilepileptic effect (p less than 0.01). Diphenylhydantoin produced a lesser reduction in epileptic activity, and there was no correlation between the plasma level and effect. Four cats that received both drugs successively responded well to ethosuximide, while only two responded to diphenylhdantoin. The good response to ethosuximide is in accord with clinical experience in human generalized corticoreticular epilepsy.", "contents": "Response of generalized penicillin epilepsy in the cat to ethosuximide and diphenylhydantoin. The effects of ethosuximide and diphenylhydantoin sodium on feline generalized penicillin epilepsy, a model of human generalized corticoreticular (centreccephalic) epilepsy, were significantly reduced following administration of ethosuximide with plasma levels of 60 mug per milliliter, and there was a linear correlation between the plasma level and antiephilepileptic effect (p less than 0.01). Diphenylhydantoin produced a lesser reduction in epileptic activity, and there was no correlation between the plasma level and effect. Four cats that received both drugs successively responded well to ethosuximide, while only two responded to diphenylhdantoin. The good response to ethosuximide is in accord with clinical experience in human generalized corticoreticular epilepsy.", "PMID": 1171413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3329", "title": "Serum linoleic acid in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Total serum fatty acids were analyzed in 30 patients with multiple sclerosis and in 33 controls. No significant decrease in linoleic acid was found in the patients with multiple sclerosis. A disturbance in linoleic acid metabolism is not inevitably associated with this disease.", "contents": "Serum linoleic acid in multiple sclerosis. Total serum fatty acids were analyzed in 30 patients with multiple sclerosis and in 33 controls. No significant decrease in linoleic acid was found in the patients with multiple sclerosis. A disturbance in linoleic acid metabolism is not inevitably associated with this disease.", "PMID": 1171414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3330", "title": "Myotonic dystrophy: opportunities for prenatal prediction.", "content": "Prenatal prediction of the inheritance of myotonic dystrophy in a family with affected individuals feasible in special cases when analysis of linkage to the secretor gene (determing ABH substances) can be carried out. We report a large kindred having multiple members affected with variable degrees of severity of myotonic dystrophy and having several matings for which linkage analysis is feasible. Even though this approach is not applicable for most families and although the process of genetic recombination complicates the analysis, in individual cases the use of linkage in prenatal or postnatal prediction of myotonic dystrophy may be very helpful for early diagnosis, more precise genetic counseling, and family planning.", "contents": "Myotonic dystrophy: opportunities for prenatal prediction. Prenatal prediction of the inheritance of myotonic dystrophy in a family with affected individuals feasible in special cases when analysis of linkage to the secretor gene (determing ABH substances) can be carried out. We report a large kindred having multiple members affected with variable degrees of severity of myotonic dystrophy and having several matings for which linkage analysis is feasible. Even though this approach is not applicable for most families and although the process of genetic recombination complicates the analysis, in individual cases the use of linkage in prenatal or postnatal prediction of myotonic dystrophy may be very helpful for early diagnosis, more precise genetic counseling, and family planning.", "PMID": 1171415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3331", "title": "Acute overdose with levodopa. Clinical and biochemical consequences.", "content": "A 61-year-old parkinsonian patient ingested up to 100 gm of levodopa during a period of 12 hours. Signs of parkinsonism were completely alleviated. Adverse effects included initial hypertension followed rapidly by hypotension of a few hours' duration, prolonged symptomatic postural hypotension, sinus tachycardia, mental confusion, insomnia, and anorexia. The effects of the overdose gradually subsided over 1 week. Analyses of serum and urine for dopa and its metabolites confirmed the overdose, which biochemically resulted in apparent saturation of two enzymatic pathways that inactivate dopamine: conjugation with sulfuric acid and O-methylation.", "contents": "Acute overdose with levodopa. Clinical and biochemical consequences. A 61-year-old parkinsonian patient ingested up to 100 gm of levodopa during a period of 12 hours. Signs of parkinsonism were completely alleviated. Adverse effects included initial hypertension followed rapidly by hypotension of a few hours' duration, prolonged symptomatic postural hypotension, sinus tachycardia, mental confusion, insomnia, and anorexia. The effects of the overdose gradually subsided over 1 week. Analyses of serum and urine for dopa and its metabolites confirmed the overdose, which biochemically resulted in apparent saturation of two enzymatic pathways that inactivate dopamine: conjugation with sulfuric acid and O-methylation.", "PMID": 1171416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3332", "title": "Value of the Gravlee Jet Washer in the diagnosis of endometrial cancer.", "content": "in 220 women with gynecologic symptoms, endometrial washings were obtained with the Gravlee Jet Washer-in 135 outpatients before office curettage without anesthesia or analgesia; in 85 hospitalized patients before fractional dilatation and curettage under anesthesia. The method was simple, inexpensive, virtually painless, and free of complications. Endometrial adenocarcinoma was present in 12 patients; the jet washing samples were diagnostic in 6 of these. Reported variations in diagnostic accuracy for endometrial carcinoma and precancerous phases raise doubts as to the value of this technic in asymptomatic patients. It is valid for screening symptomatic patients provided results other than normal or positive are further evaluated. Laboratory handling and interpretation must be improved if jet washing is to succeed in mass screening programs.", "contents": "Value of the Gravlee Jet Washer in the diagnosis of endometrial cancer. in 220 women with gynecologic symptoms, endometrial washings were obtained with the Gravlee Jet Washer-in 135 outpatients before office curettage without anesthesia or analgesia; in 85 hospitalized patients before fractional dilatation and curettage under anesthesia. The method was simple, inexpensive, virtually painless, and free of complications. Endometrial adenocarcinoma was present in 12 patients; the jet washing samples were diagnostic in 6 of these. Reported variations in diagnostic accuracy for endometrial carcinoma and precancerous phases raise doubts as to the value of this technic in asymptomatic patients. It is valid for screening symptomatic patients provided results other than normal or positive are further evaluated. Laboratory handling and interpretation must be improved if jet washing is to succeed in mass screening programs.", "PMID": 1171418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3333", "title": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "The patient reported here is the twentieth reported case of thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) occurring in pregnancy, the third survivor, and the first to be delivered by cesarean section. Diagnosis of TTP is usually made on the basis of the pentad of anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal disease, neurologic abnormalities, and fever. A peripheral smear showing microangiopathic hemolysis can be confirmatory and may even be regarded as a definitive test in questionable cases of thrombocytopenia. Although splenectomy, steroids, heparin, and early delivery have been recommended, splenectomy is the only treatment showing a statistically significant improvement in survival rate; 60% of infants born at or beyond 33 weeks' gestation have survived.", "contents": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The patient reported here is the twentieth reported case of thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) occurring in pregnancy, the third survivor, and the first to be delivered by cesarean section. Diagnosis of TTP is usually made on the basis of the pentad of anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal disease, neurologic abnormalities, and fever. A peripheral smear showing microangiopathic hemolysis can be confirmatory and may even be regarded as a definitive test in questionable cases of thrombocytopenia. Although splenectomy, steroids, heparin, and early delivery have been recommended, splenectomy is the only treatment showing a statistically significant improvement in survival rate; 60% of infants born at or beyond 33 weeks' gestation have survived.", "PMID": 1171419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3334", "title": "Translocation of the Dalkon Shield into the broad ligament.", "content": "Perforation of the uterus is a serious complication in users of intrauterine devices for contraception. The incidence varies with the type of device. The perforation can occur in different parts of the uterine wall. Perforation into the broad ligament is rare; only 4 cases have been described. Two additional cases, both occurring with the Dalkon Shield, are reported here.", "contents": "Translocation of the Dalkon Shield into the broad ligament. Perforation of the uterus is a serious complication in users of intrauterine devices for contraception. The incidence varies with the type of device. The perforation can occur in different parts of the uterine wall. Perforation into the broad ligament is rare; only 4 cases have been described. Two additional cases, both occurring with the Dalkon Shield, are reported here.", "PMID": 1171420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3335", "title": "Tunable lasers in ophthalmology.", "content": "The present status of laser application in clinical ophthalmology is breifly reviewed. The potentials of tunable dye lasers as retinal photocoagulators are discussed. Selective irradiation of ocular tissues over the full visible spectrum and the simplicity and reliability of recently developed waveguide lasers are the most attractive features of these lasers. Waveguide dye lasers have permitted to set up very compact and simple retinal photocoagulators, with improved output intensity stability and nearfield distribution uniformity. Preliminary results obtained with pulsed Rhodamine 6G laser show that good retinal photocoagulations are obtained at very low output energies.", "contents": "Tunable lasers in ophthalmology. The present status of laser application in clinical ophthalmology is breifly reviewed. The potentials of tunable dye lasers as retinal photocoagulators are discussed. Selective irradiation of ocular tissues over the full visible spectrum and the simplicity and reliability of recently developed waveguide lasers are the most attractive features of these lasers. Waveguide dye lasers have permitted to set up very compact and simple retinal photocoagulators, with improved output intensity stability and nearfield distribution uniformity. Preliminary results obtained with pulsed Rhodamine 6G laser show that good retinal photocoagulations are obtained at very low output energies.", "PMID": 1171422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3336", "title": "Evaluation of two kinds of smallpox vaccine: CVI-78 and calf lymph vaccine. II. Clinical and serologic observations of response to revaccination with calf lymph vaccine.", "content": "Revaccination with standard calf lymph vaccine was performed on 26 children who had received a primary vaccination with an attenuated smallpox vaccine, CVI-78, and 22 children who had received primary vaccination with standard calf lymph. Revaccination resulted in a vesicular reaction in 96 percent of those who had been vaccinated previously with CVI-78 and 73 percent of those vaccinated previously with standard calf lymph. All children had a positive hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titer either after primary vaccination or revaccination. Only 65 percent of those initially vaccinated with CVI-78 vaccine had positive neutralizing antibodies after revaccination. All children who received primary vaccination with standard calf lymph had postrevaccination neutralizing antibodies. The children who had neither a dermal nor a serologic response after primary vaccination responded as primary vaccinees on challenge with standard calf lymph.", "contents": "Evaluation of two kinds of smallpox vaccine: CVI-78 and calf lymph vaccine. II. Clinical and serologic observations of response to revaccination with calf lymph vaccine. Revaccination with standard calf lymph vaccine was performed on 26 children who had received a primary vaccination with an attenuated smallpox vaccine, CVI-78, and 22 children who had received primary vaccination with standard calf lymph. Revaccination resulted in a vesicular reaction in 96 percent of those who had been vaccinated previously with CVI-78 and 73 percent of those vaccinated previously with standard calf lymph. All children had a positive hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titer either after primary vaccination or revaccination. Only 65 percent of those initially vaccinated with CVI-78 vaccine had positive neutralizing antibodies after revaccination. All children who received primary vaccination with standard calf lymph had postrevaccination neutralizing antibodies. The children who had neither a dermal nor a serologic response after primary vaccination responded as primary vaccinees on challenge with standard calf lymph.", "PMID": 1171424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3337", "title": "Inhibition of RNA synthesis by acetyl salicylate and actinomycin D during early development in the mouse.", "content": "Experiments were designed to ascertain and compare the effects of acetyl salicylate and actinomycin D on RNA synthesis in mouse oocytes in vitro and in vivo. After exposure to the drugs the effects on RNA synthesis were measured by incorporation of [3H]uridine and autoradiography. The results indicate that acetyl salicylate inhibits RNA synthesis in the treated oocytes as does actinomycin D. The only difference in the effects of these two drugs is that salicylate inhibits RNA synthesis to a much lesser degree than does actinomycin D. Effects from a short exposure to salicylate may be reversible; the same effects with actinomycin D cannot be reversed. In utero exposure of the female fetus may lead to partial or total sterility (depending on the dose and time of exposure) of that fetus and/or abnormal development of the progeny from those mice (F2). These results suggest that RNA synthesis in early oogenesis is a vital part of later development of the oocytes in adult mouse ovary. Inhibition of RNA may be one of the causes of malformations and sterility.", "contents": "Inhibition of RNA synthesis by acetyl salicylate and actinomycin D during early development in the mouse. Experiments were designed to ascertain and compare the effects of acetyl salicylate and actinomycin D on RNA synthesis in mouse oocytes in vitro and in vivo. After exposure to the drugs the effects on RNA synthesis were measured by incorporation of [3H]uridine and autoradiography. The results indicate that acetyl salicylate inhibits RNA synthesis in the treated oocytes as does actinomycin D. The only difference in the effects of these two drugs is that salicylate inhibits RNA synthesis to a much lesser degree than does actinomycin D. Effects from a short exposure to salicylate may be reversible; the same effects with actinomycin D cannot be reversed. In utero exposure of the female fetus may lead to partial or total sterility (depending on the dose and time of exposure) of that fetus and/or abnormal development of the progeny from those mice (F2). These results suggest that RNA synthesis in early oogenesis is a vital part of later development of the oocytes in adult mouse ovary. Inhibition of RNA may be one of the causes of malformations and sterility.", "PMID": 1171425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3338", "title": "Kinetics of inactivation and recovery of the slow inward current in the mammalian ventricular myocardium.", "content": "In order to study the kinetics of inactivation and recovery of the slow inward current in the mammalian ventricular myocardium voltage clamp experiments using the double sucrose gap technique were performed on isolated trabeculae and papillary muscles of cats. The separation of the slow inward current from the fast Na current was achieved by use of the conditioning clamp procedure. 1. The decay of the Ca current reflects the inactivation which develops due to depolarization. The rate of inactivation depends upon the membrane potential. Excess Ca (8.8 mM) accelerates the inactivation speed indicating that Ca ions not only act as charge carrier of the slow inward current but might influence in addition the kinetics of the slow membrane channel. In the presence of a lowered temperature a deceleration of inactivation (Q10 2.3) occurs. 2 If the membrane is repolarized a recovery process takes place restoring the availability of the slow membrane channel. As the inactivation the recovery rate depends upon the membrane potential. Excess Ca causes an acceleration whereas a decrease in temperature diminishes the recovery speed (Q10 2.3). Consequently, the Ca supply to the myocardial cell can be modified not only by changes of the transmembrane Ca concentration gradient or by an alteration of the Ca conductance of the slow channel but also by changes in the degree of recovery after a preceding Ca current. 3. Compared with the inactivation the recovery proceeds very slowly. Assuming that this slow recovery represents an inherent kinetic feature of the slow channel the kinetics of inactivation and removal of inactivation are not describable by a single inactivation variable (called as f by Reuter, 1973) which is of the Hodgkin-Huxley type. If a second inactivation variable (called as l) would be introduced additionally a formulation of the inactivation-recovery process of the slow membrane channel on the basis of the Hodgkin-Huxley model becomes feasible.", "contents": "Kinetics of inactivation and recovery of the slow inward current in the mammalian ventricular myocardium. In order to study the kinetics of inactivation and recovery of the slow inward current in the mammalian ventricular myocardium voltage clamp experiments using the double sucrose gap technique were performed on isolated trabeculae and papillary muscles of cats. The separation of the slow inward current from the fast Na current was achieved by use of the conditioning clamp procedure. 1. The decay of the Ca current reflects the inactivation which develops due to depolarization. The rate of inactivation depends upon the membrane potential. Excess Ca (8.8 mM) accelerates the inactivation speed indicating that Ca ions not only act as charge carrier of the slow inward current but might influence in addition the kinetics of the slow membrane channel. In the presence of a lowered temperature a deceleration of inactivation (Q10 2.3) occurs. 2 If the membrane is repolarized a recovery process takes place restoring the availability of the slow membrane channel. As the inactivation the recovery rate depends upon the membrane potential. Excess Ca causes an acceleration whereas a decrease in temperature diminishes the recovery speed (Q10 2.3). Consequently, the Ca supply to the myocardial cell can be modified not only by changes of the transmembrane Ca concentration gradient or by an alteration of the Ca conductance of the slow channel but also by changes in the degree of recovery after a preceding Ca current. 3. Compared with the inactivation the recovery proceeds very slowly. Assuming that this slow recovery represents an inherent kinetic feature of the slow channel the kinetics of inactivation and removal of inactivation are not describable by a single inactivation variable (called as f by Reuter, 1973) which is of the Hodgkin-Huxley type. If a second inactivation variable (called as l) would be introduced additionally a formulation of the inactivation-recovery process of the slow membrane channel on the basis of the Hodgkin-Huxley model becomes feasible.", "PMID": 1171426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3339", "title": "[Influence of heart work and substrate uptake on the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in isolated guinea pig hearts (author's transl)].", "content": "In isolated guinea pig hearts performing a defined stroke work, the influence of heart work and substrate uptake on the interconversion of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) was studied. When hearts from fasted animals are perfused with a salt solution containing 10mM glucose, an increase in cardiac output and aortic pressure effects an increase in active PDH from 50 to 74% of total PDH activity and a decrease in tissue content of energy-rich phosphates. Pyruvate turnover calculated from oxygen consumption corresponds with PDH activity. Under these experimental conditions, PDH activity might either represent the rate limiting step of oxidative glucose breakdown, or it might be adjusted to a flux rate controlled by other factors. In fed animals, PDH activity exceeds the pyruvate turnover. However, an increase of heart work raises the active PDH from 76 to 95%. Addition of 10 mM acetate to the perfusion medium decreases PDH activity and glucose uptake. In fed animals, an increase of heart work raises the active PDH from 43 to 59% only, whereas in fasted animals this effect is abolished. The effect of changes in heart work on PDH interconversion might be explained by changes in energy-rich phosphate concentrations. However, substrate uptake and nutritional state may interfere or even abolish this effect.", "contents": "[Influence of heart work and substrate uptake on the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in isolated guinea pig hearts (author's transl)]. In isolated guinea pig hearts performing a defined stroke work, the influence of heart work and substrate uptake on the interconversion of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) was studied. When hearts from fasted animals are perfused with a salt solution containing 10mM glucose, an increase in cardiac output and aortic pressure effects an increase in active PDH from 50 to 74% of total PDH activity and a decrease in tissue content of energy-rich phosphates. Pyruvate turnover calculated from oxygen consumption corresponds with PDH activity. Under these experimental conditions, PDH activity might either represent the rate limiting step of oxidative glucose breakdown, or it might be adjusted to a flux rate controlled by other factors. In fed animals, PDH activity exceeds the pyruvate turnover. However, an increase of heart work raises the active PDH from 76 to 95%. Addition of 10 mM acetate to the perfusion medium decreases PDH activity and glucose uptake. In fed animals, an increase of heart work raises the active PDH from 43 to 59% only, whereas in fasted animals this effect is abolished. The effect of changes in heart work on PDH interconversion might be explained by changes in energy-rich phosphate concentrations. However, substrate uptake and nutritional state may interfere or even abolish this effect.", "PMID": 1171427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3340", "title": "[Studies on the degree of hypoxic and pharmacological coronary dilation (author's transl)].", "content": "On 11 isolated dog hearts, perfused with arterial blood of a donor dog, the degree of hypoxic dilatation and the maximum coronary blood flow achieved by adenosine were compared. The maximum coronary blood flow under adenosine infusion amounted to 455ml/minx100g, that means an increase of about 600% of the normal flow. If coronary venous pO2 was below 5mm Hg coronary blood flow was increased to 420ml/minx100g, which is 93% of the pharmacologically achieved maximum increase of the coronary blood flow. The difference between the maximum hypoxic and the maximum pharmacological dilatation is due to the method; it is caused by an increase of the extravascular component of coronary resistance under the influence of catecholamines in the case of hypoxic dilatation. It is pointed out that in order to achieve a maximum hypoxic dilatation oxygen pressure has to be below the critical value. It can be concluded that the intravascular component of coronary resistance is as low under hypoxic as under pharmacological dilatation.", "contents": "[Studies on the degree of hypoxic and pharmacological coronary dilation (author's transl)]. On 11 isolated dog hearts, perfused with arterial blood of a donor dog, the degree of hypoxic dilatation and the maximum coronary blood flow achieved by adenosine were compared. The maximum coronary blood flow under adenosine infusion amounted to 455ml/minx100g, that means an increase of about 600% of the normal flow. If coronary venous pO2 was below 5mm Hg coronary blood flow was increased to 420ml/minx100g, which is 93% of the pharmacologically achieved maximum increase of the coronary blood flow. The difference between the maximum hypoxic and the maximum pharmacological dilatation is due to the method; it is caused by an increase of the extravascular component of coronary resistance under the influence of catecholamines in the case of hypoxic dilatation. It is pointed out that in order to achieve a maximum hypoxic dilatation oxygen pressure has to be below the critical value. It can be concluded that the intravascular component of coronary resistance is as low under hypoxic as under pharmacological dilatation.", "PMID": 1171428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3341", "title": "[Method for the continuous measurement of the phase relation between heart beat and respiration (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple method for the continuous analysis of the phase relation between heart beat and respiration is described. By means of an analog computer the timing of the R wave of the ECG within the respiratory cycle is graphically displayed. In contrast to other investigations, the onset of the inspiration is used as starting signal. The results obtained with the analog computer were completed by a digital computer program, which allowed in addition to calculate histograms of the events. In order to evaluate our method we used an analog model of two coupled oscillators. Responses obtained at different coupling characteristics were compared with measurements in four subjects. The results indicate a mutual interaction between heart action and respiration as cause of the coupling of these two systems.", "contents": "[Method for the continuous measurement of the phase relation between heart beat and respiration (author's transl)]. A simple method for the continuous analysis of the phase relation between heart beat and respiration is described. By means of an analog computer the timing of the R wave of the ECG within the respiratory cycle is graphically displayed. In contrast to other investigations, the onset of the inspiration is used as starting signal. The results obtained with the analog computer were completed by a digital computer program, which allowed in addition to calculate histograms of the events. In order to evaluate our method we used an analog model of two coupled oscillators. Responses obtained at different coupling characteristics were compared with measurements in four subjects. The results indicate a mutual interaction between heart action and respiration as cause of the coupling of these two systems.", "PMID": 1171429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3342", "title": "Responses of neurons of lizard's, Lacerta viridis, vestibular nuclei to electrical stimulation of the ipsi- and contralateral VIIIth nerves.", "content": "Field and intracellular potentials were recorded in the vestibular nuclei of the lizard following stimulation of the ipsi- and contralateral vestibular nerves. The field potentials induced by ipsilateral VIIIth nerve stimulation consisted of an early negative or positive-negative wave (presynaptic component) followed by a slow negativity (transsynaptic component). The spatial distribution of the field potential complex closely paralleled the extension of the vestibular nuclei. Mono- and polysynaptic EPSPs were recorded from vestibular neurons after ipsilateral VIIIth nerve stimulation. In some neurons early depolarizations preceded the EPSPs. These potentials may be elicited by electrical transmission. Often spikelike partial responses were superimposed on the EPSPs. It is assumed that these potentials represent dendritic spikes. Contralateral VIIIth nerve stimulation generated disynaptic and polysynaptic IPSPs in some neurons and EPSPs in others. The possible role of commissural inhibition in phylogeny is discussed. In a group of vestibular neurons stimulation of the ipsilateral VIIIth nerve evoked full action potentials with latencies ranging from 0.25-1.1msec. These potentials are caused by antidromic activation of neurons which send their axons to the labyrinth.", "contents": "Responses of neurons of lizard's, Lacerta viridis, vestibular nuclei to electrical stimulation of the ipsi- and contralateral VIIIth nerves. Field and intracellular potentials were recorded in the vestibular nuclei of the lizard following stimulation of the ipsi- and contralateral vestibular nerves. The field potentials induced by ipsilateral VIIIth nerve stimulation consisted of an early negative or positive-negative wave (presynaptic component) followed by a slow negativity (transsynaptic component). The spatial distribution of the field potential complex closely paralleled the extension of the vestibular nuclei. Mono- and polysynaptic EPSPs were recorded from vestibular neurons after ipsilateral VIIIth nerve stimulation. In some neurons early depolarizations preceded the EPSPs. These potentials may be elicited by electrical transmission. Often spikelike partial responses were superimposed on the EPSPs. It is assumed that these potentials represent dendritic spikes. Contralateral VIIIth nerve stimulation generated disynaptic and polysynaptic IPSPs in some neurons and EPSPs in others. The possible role of commissural inhibition in phylogeny is discussed. In a group of vestibular neurons stimulation of the ipsilateral VIIIth nerve evoked full action potentials with latencies ranging from 0.25-1.1msec. These potentials are caused by antidromic activation of neurons which send their axons to the labyrinth.", "PMID": 1171430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3343", "title": "Transcellular ion route in rabbit gallbladder. Electric properties of the epithelial cells.", "content": "The intracellular potential in gallbladder epithelial cellsis about minus 59 mV with respects to both mucosal and serosal media. It is a diffusion potential mainly due to K+;Na+ conductance seems to be very low. Entrance of Cl- into cellsappears to be coupled with Na+ a neutral carrier and exit towards blood side seems to be due to a NaCl neutral pump.", "contents": "Transcellular ion route in rabbit gallbladder. Electric properties of the epithelial cells. The intracellular potential in gallbladder epithelial cellsis about minus 59 mV with respects to both mucosal and serosal media. It is a diffusion potential mainly due to K+;Na+ conductance seems to be very low. Entrance of Cl- into cellsappears to be coupled with Na+ a neutral carrier and exit towards blood side seems to be due to a NaCl neutral pump.", "PMID": 1171431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3344", "title": "Osmotic thirst suppression during 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) hyperthermiain the dog.", "content": "The effect of generalized body hyperthermia elicited by intravenous infusion of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on the reactivity of the thirst mechanism to osmotic stimuli was examined in conscious dogs. DNP increased deep body temperature by 1.53 +/- 0.18 degrees C in 18 out of 20 experiments. Impairement of thrist sensation was observed at the same time. The animals did not drink enough water to compensat for its total and evaporative loss. In cosequence water deficit developed, reaching maximum value of 2.7 plus 0.6% of body weight. The deficit was accompanied by an increase in plasma osmolarity, plasma protein concentration and hematocrit. A significant correlation between evaporative water loss and water deficit as well as between increase in deep body temperature and water deficit was found. The cellular dehydration developed in the course of DNP hyperthermia was higher by 3.3 +/- 0.6% of intracellular water (P less than 0.001) than that which was necessary to elicit drinking under conditions of normothermia. It is concluded that DNP hyperthermia changes the osmotic reactivity of the thirst mechanism so that the body fluids osmolarity is regulated at a higher level. This finding is discussed with regard to voluntary dehydration.", "contents": "Osmotic thirst suppression during 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) hyperthermiain the dog. The effect of generalized body hyperthermia elicited by intravenous infusion of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on the reactivity of the thirst mechanism to osmotic stimuli was examined in conscious dogs. DNP increased deep body temperature by 1.53 +/- 0.18 degrees C in 18 out of 20 experiments. Impairement of thrist sensation was observed at the same time. The animals did not drink enough water to compensat for its total and evaporative loss. In cosequence water deficit developed, reaching maximum value of 2.7 plus 0.6% of body weight. The deficit was accompanied by an increase in plasma osmolarity, plasma protein concentration and hematocrit. A significant correlation between evaporative water loss and water deficit as well as between increase in deep body temperature and water deficit was found. The cellular dehydration developed in the course of DNP hyperthermia was higher by 3.3 +/- 0.6% of intracellular water (P less than 0.001) than that which was necessary to elicit drinking under conditions of normothermia. It is concluded that DNP hyperthermia changes the osmotic reactivity of the thirst mechanism so that the body fluids osmolarity is regulated at a higher level. This finding is discussed with regard to voluntary dehydration.", "PMID": 1171432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3345", "title": "Dynamic characteristics of heart-rate responses to sine-function work-load patterns in man.", "content": "Dynamic characteristics of heart rate in response to sinusoidal variations of work load were analysed in 8 male and 3 female untrained students exercising in a sitting position on a bicycle ergometer. The mean work load was 90 watt in men and 60 watt in women, the amplitudes being 50 and 30 watt respectively. Nine different frequencies were used, the periods varying from 0.5 to 15.0 min. By means of harmonic analysis, the fundamental components in the response of the heart rate have been shown to prevail over the 2nd and 3rd harmonics, indicating a mainly linear behaviour of the control system in the work-load range studied. A comparison of the frequency response of untrained males and females observed in this study and of trained sportsmen, investigated by wigertz (1970), reveals differences between the groups. The individual and ensemble mean frequency responses have been described by several transfer functions, the best fit having been obtained with functions containing two time constants including one with a highly damped oscillating element. The dominating dynamic parameter is a time constant of about 20 to 30 sec. This time constant tends to be shorter and its portion of the frequency response diminishes in order from the untrained females and males to the trained sportsmen. The individual time constant decreases as the PWC170 increases, and is therefore a suitable criterion for estimating the physical performance of individuals under dynamic conditions.", "contents": "Dynamic characteristics of heart-rate responses to sine-function work-load patterns in man. Dynamic characteristics of heart rate in response to sinusoidal variations of work load were analysed in 8 male and 3 female untrained students exercising in a sitting position on a bicycle ergometer. The mean work load was 90 watt in men and 60 watt in women, the amplitudes being 50 and 30 watt respectively. Nine different frequencies were used, the periods varying from 0.5 to 15.0 min. By means of harmonic analysis, the fundamental components in the response of the heart rate have been shown to prevail over the 2nd and 3rd harmonics, indicating a mainly linear behaviour of the control system in the work-load range studied. A comparison of the frequency response of untrained males and females observed in this study and of trained sportsmen, investigated by wigertz (1970), reveals differences between the groups. The individual and ensemble mean frequency responses have been described by several transfer functions, the best fit having been obtained with functions containing two time constants including one with a highly damped oscillating element. The dominating dynamic parameter is a time constant of about 20 to 30 sec. This time constant tends to be shorter and its portion of the frequency response diminishes in order from the untrained females and males to the trained sportsmen. The individual time constant decreases as the PWC170 increases, and is therefore a suitable criterion for estimating the physical performance of individuals under dynamic conditions.", "PMID": 1171433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3346", "title": "Influence of electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus on musculocutaneous and renal circulation in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "Hypertension and tachycardia were consistently induced by electrical stimulation of the median posterior hypothalamus in dogs under chloralose anesthesia, curarized and artificially ventilated. When renal and femoral vascular beds were perfused at a constant blood flow, the renal perfusion pressure markedly increased, whereas only minor variations of the femoral perfusion pressure occurred. When the renal and femoral vessels were perfused by the heart at the prevailing blood pressure, peri-arterial electromagnetic flow measurements revealed that renal flow decreased and that femoral flow increased during hypothalamic hypertension, both before and after vagotomy. In the same animals, no significant changes of renal or femoral flow occurred during reflexogenic hypertension induced by carotid occlusion. These marked hemodynamic differences between the reflexogenic and the hypothalamic type of hypertension were consistently and repeatedly observed. The indications that baroreflex counter-regulation and ganglionic inhibition due to elevated catecholaminemia contribute to the relative lack of femoral vasoconstriction during hypothalamic hypertension, are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus on musculocutaneous and renal circulation in anesthetized dogs. Hypertension and tachycardia were consistently induced by electrical stimulation of the median posterior hypothalamus in dogs under chloralose anesthesia, curarized and artificially ventilated. When renal and femoral vascular beds were perfused at a constant blood flow, the renal perfusion pressure markedly increased, whereas only minor variations of the femoral perfusion pressure occurred. When the renal and femoral vessels were perfused by the heart at the prevailing blood pressure, peri-arterial electromagnetic flow measurements revealed that renal flow decreased and that femoral flow increased during hypothalamic hypertension, both before and after vagotomy. In the same animals, no significant changes of renal or femoral flow occurred during reflexogenic hypertension induced by carotid occlusion. These marked hemodynamic differences between the reflexogenic and the hypothalamic type of hypertension were consistently and repeatedly observed. The indications that baroreflex counter-regulation and ganglionic inhibition due to elevated catecholaminemia contribute to the relative lack of femoral vasoconstriction during hypothalamic hypertension, are discussed.", "PMID": 1171434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3347", "title": "Free thiamine as the likely precursor of endocellular thiamine phosphates in everted rings of rat jejunum.", "content": "Labeled and unlabeled (endogenous) free and phosphorylated thiamine were measured in isolated everted rings of rat jejunum in vitro during short incubation periods (1-10min). Shortly after the addition of thiamine-14C to the incubation medium, the intracellular specific activity of the free form was higher than the specific activity of the phosphorylated fraction. In the course of time this difference diminished and finally the two specific activities became equal. The conclusion was reached that free thiamine is the likely precursor of intracellular phosphorylated thiamine. Moreover evidence is presented which indicates that free thiamine entered actively into intestinal epithelial cells. Since free thiamine was modified into phosphorylated form inside the cells, its movement against the endocellular concentration gradient was noticeably favoured.", "contents": "Free thiamine as the likely precursor of endocellular thiamine phosphates in everted rings of rat jejunum. Labeled and unlabeled (endogenous) free and phosphorylated thiamine were measured in isolated everted rings of rat jejunum in vitro during short incubation periods (1-10min). Shortly after the addition of thiamine-14C to the incubation medium, the intracellular specific activity of the free form was higher than the specific activity of the phosphorylated fraction. In the course of time this difference diminished and finally the two specific activities became equal. The conclusion was reached that free thiamine is the likely precursor of intracellular phosphorylated thiamine. Moreover evidence is presented which indicates that free thiamine entered actively into intestinal epithelial cells. Since free thiamine was modified into phosphorylated form inside the cells, its movement against the endocellular concentration gradient was noticeably favoured.", "PMID": 1171435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3348", "title": "The oxygen pressure histogram in the left ventricular myocardium of the dog.", "content": "Myocardial PO2 in its relation to arterial and coronary venous PO2 was measured in anesthetized open-chest dogs by means of polarographic methods. At normal arterial O2 supply, there exists a broad PO2 spectrum in the myocardium, ranging from about 0 Torr to arterial values (mean 19.3 Torr, median 14 Torr). 60% of the values are below the mean coronary venous PO2 of 18.8 Torr, the maximum is in the class of 0 to 5 Torr. Neither the shape of the histogram nor the mean coronary venous PO2 are significantly changed under moderate arterial hypoxemia (mean arterial PO2 63.7 Torr). Also increases in arterial PO2 to more than 300 Torr cause no distinct change in coronary venous PO2, whereas myocardial PO2 shows heterogeneous reactions. Myocardial as well as coronary venous PO2 seem to be well regulated over a wide range of arterial PO2.", "contents": "The oxygen pressure histogram in the left ventricular myocardium of the dog. Myocardial PO2 in its relation to arterial and coronary venous PO2 was measured in anesthetized open-chest dogs by means of polarographic methods. At normal arterial O2 supply, there exists a broad PO2 spectrum in the myocardium, ranging from about 0 Torr to arterial values (mean 19.3 Torr, median 14 Torr). 60% of the values are below the mean coronary venous PO2 of 18.8 Torr, the maximum is in the class of 0 to 5 Torr. Neither the shape of the histogram nor the mean coronary venous PO2 are significantly changed under moderate arterial hypoxemia (mean arterial PO2 63.7 Torr). Also increases in arterial PO2 to more than 300 Torr cause no distinct change in coronary venous PO2, whereas myocardial PO2 shows heterogeneous reactions. Myocardial as well as coronary venous PO2 seem to be well regulated over a wide range of arterial PO2.", "PMID": 1171436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3349", "title": "Urea handling by the renal countercurrent system: insights from computer simulation.", "content": "The renal handling of urea has been investigated with the aid of a computer model of the countercurrent system in which active electrolyte reabsorption occurs along the entire ascending limb of Henle's loop. In this model, summarized in Fig.9, the buildup of a corticopapillary gradient for urea is optimized if there is net addition of urea to loops of Henle only in the outer medulla. This added urea remains within the tubular system until it is reabsorbed from collecting ducts in the inner medulla. Thus, a net transfer of urea from outer to inner medulla is accomplished (via distal tubule and cortical collecting duct). There is no net addition of urea to loops of Henle within the inner medulla; in this region, the loops act simply as countercurrent exchangers for urea. Computer simulation of systematic variation in the urea permeabilities of each nephron segment shows that interference with any element of the above schema results in impairment of the medullary accumulation of urea relative to plasma. Simulation of varying rates of urinary urea excretion demonstrates that this model can account for the ability of the kidney to excrete substantial amounts of urea without an accompanying osmotic loss of water. The major insight gained from this study is that net addition of urea to loops of Henle in the outer medulla greatly enhances the medullary accumulation of urea, whereas, net addition of urea to loops within the inner medulla tends to defeat such accumulation and hence the urinary concentrating process. This general principle applies also to an alternate model of the countercurrent system, in which electrolyte reabsorption from thin ascending limbs of Henle is passive.", "contents": "Urea handling by the renal countercurrent system: insights from computer simulation. The renal handling of urea has been investigated with the aid of a computer model of the countercurrent system in which active electrolyte reabsorption occurs along the entire ascending limb of Henle's loop. In this model, summarized in Fig.9, the buildup of a corticopapillary gradient for urea is optimized if there is net addition of urea to loops of Henle only in the outer medulla. This added urea remains within the tubular system until it is reabsorbed from collecting ducts in the inner medulla. Thus, a net transfer of urea from outer to inner medulla is accomplished (via distal tubule and cortical collecting duct). There is no net addition of urea to loops of Henle within the inner medulla; in this region, the loops act simply as countercurrent exchangers for urea. Computer simulation of systematic variation in the urea permeabilities of each nephron segment shows that interference with any element of the above schema results in impairment of the medullary accumulation of urea relative to plasma. Simulation of varying rates of urinary urea excretion demonstrates that this model can account for the ability of the kidney to excrete substantial amounts of urea without an accompanying osmotic loss of water. The major insight gained from this study is that net addition of urea to loops of Henle in the outer medulla greatly enhances the medullary accumulation of urea, whereas, net addition of urea to loops within the inner medulla tends to defeat such accumulation and hence the urinary concentrating process. This general principle applies also to an alternate model of the countercurrent system, in which electrolyte reabsorption from thin ascending limbs of Henle is passive.", "PMID": 1171437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3350", "title": "Salt appetite during the early phase of renal hypertension in rats.", "content": "In male Sprague-Dawley rats the left renal artery was constricted by a 0.2mm silver clip while the contralateral kidney was left untouched. 10 days after clipping the animals were offered, in addition to water, 0.9% saline as drinking fluid for 6 days. Hypertensive animals drank twice as much saline as did control rats throughout the period of observation. In the hypertensive animals, 24-hrs saline intake during the first day of the self-selection study was quantitatively related to the actual height of blood pressure and to the preceding blood pressure increase. After 6 days on the self-selection regimen, plasma angiotensin II concentrations in the hypertensive rats were elevated by 50% when compared with control rats. On the basis of these and previously reported findings (i.e. an increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sodium retention) it is suggested: a) despite sodium retention salt appetite is enhanced, indicating a disordered regulation of sodium balance during the early phase of renal hypertension in rats; b) elevated plasma concentrations of angiotensin II and aldosterone could have enhanced salt appetite; c) despite greater salt intake than in control rats the activity of the renin-angiotensin system remains elevated in renal hypertensive rats, thereby possibly inducing a sustained high saline intake.", "contents": "Salt appetite during the early phase of renal hypertension in rats. In male Sprague-Dawley rats the left renal artery was constricted by a 0.2mm silver clip while the contralateral kidney was left untouched. 10 days after clipping the animals were offered, in addition to water, 0.9% saline as drinking fluid for 6 days. Hypertensive animals drank twice as much saline as did control rats throughout the period of observation. In the hypertensive animals, 24-hrs saline intake during the first day of the self-selection study was quantitatively related to the actual height of blood pressure and to the preceding blood pressure increase. After 6 days on the self-selection regimen, plasma angiotensin II concentrations in the hypertensive rats were elevated by 50% when compared with control rats. On the basis of these and previously reported findings (i.e. an increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sodium retention) it is suggested: a) despite sodium retention salt appetite is enhanced, indicating a disordered regulation of sodium balance during the early phase of renal hypertension in rats; b) elevated plasma concentrations of angiotensin II and aldosterone could have enhanced salt appetite; c) despite greater salt intake than in control rats the activity of the renin-angiotensin system remains elevated in renal hypertensive rats, thereby possibly inducing a sustained high saline intake.", "PMID": 1171438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3351", "title": "Frequency dynamics of arterial autoregulation.", "content": "In anesthetized dogs the low-frequency input impedances (0.001 to 0.1 Hz) of different arterial beds were measured. The following arteries were perfused with blood by a servocontrolled pump in different experiments: Femoral, renal, superior mesenteric, and circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. Step and sinusoidal flow changes were used as input patterns. Furthermore, in the femoral artery the high-frequency input impedance was calculated from pulsatile pressure and flow. The pressure reactions to flow changes were interpreted by assuming a lead-lag autoregulatory control system consisting of two opposing components. The time constants of the two components were found to have characteristic values in different arterial beds and may vary depending on the condition of the experiment. The magnitude of the response usually depends on the mean perfusion pressure, indicating a nonlinear behaviour of the system. Furthermore in the renal artery a characteristic delayed pressure increase was observed after short flow impulses. It is interesting to compare the general pattern of the pressure reaction to the input flow with the force response to stretch which, according to the literature, can be observed in certain striated muscle preparations. The mechanisms underlying the autoregulatory reactions described in this study appear to be, at least in part, a general feature of contractile tissues.", "contents": "Frequency dynamics of arterial autoregulation. In anesthetized dogs the low-frequency input impedances (0.001 to 0.1 Hz) of different arterial beds were measured. The following arteries were perfused with blood by a servocontrolled pump in different experiments: Femoral, renal, superior mesenteric, and circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. Step and sinusoidal flow changes were used as input patterns. Furthermore, in the femoral artery the high-frequency input impedance was calculated from pulsatile pressure and flow. The pressure reactions to flow changes were interpreted by assuming a lead-lag autoregulatory control system consisting of two opposing components. The time constants of the two components were found to have characteristic values in different arterial beds and may vary depending on the condition of the experiment. The magnitude of the response usually depends on the mean perfusion pressure, indicating a nonlinear behaviour of the system. Furthermore in the renal artery a characteristic delayed pressure increase was observed after short flow impulses. It is interesting to compare the general pattern of the pressure reaction to the input flow with the force response to stretch which, according to the literature, can be observed in certain striated muscle preparations. The mechanisms underlying the autoregulatory reactions described in this study appear to be, at least in part, a general feature of contractile tissues.", "PMID": 1171439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3352", "title": "Bulbo-spinal neurons activated by baroreceptor afferents and their possible role in inhibition of preganglionic sympathetic neurons.", "content": "In paralyzed cats under chloralose-urethane anaesthesia the medulla oblongata was searched with dye-filled microelectrodes for neurons responding to electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve (CSN) and distension of the isolated carotid sinus (CS). 89 cells localized in the solitary tract nucleus and in the reticular formation ventrally and ventrolaterally to the nucleus exhibited mainly an excitatory input from the CSN. 16 could be also antidromically excited from the cervical spinal cord at C4 level. 11 of these were shown to be excited by a pressure rise in the CS. The latencies of the antidromically driven units ranged from 1.2-2.8 msec and the calculated conduction velocity of the descending fibres was 29 plus or minus 5.2 m/sec. The possibility of involvement of these bulbo-spinal neurons in the inhibition of the preganglionic sympathetic neurons at the spinal cord level is discussed.", "contents": "Bulbo-spinal neurons activated by baroreceptor afferents and their possible role in inhibition of preganglionic sympathetic neurons. In paralyzed cats under chloralose-urethane anaesthesia the medulla oblongata was searched with dye-filled microelectrodes for neurons responding to electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve (CSN) and distension of the isolated carotid sinus (CS). 89 cells localized in the solitary tract nucleus and in the reticular formation ventrally and ventrolaterally to the nucleus exhibited mainly an excitatory input from the CSN. 16 could be also antidromically excited from the cervical spinal cord at C4 level. 11 of these were shown to be excited by a pressure rise in the CS. The latencies of the antidromically driven units ranged from 1.2-2.8 msec and the calculated conduction velocity of the descending fibres was 29 plus or minus 5.2 m/sec. The possibility of involvement of these bulbo-spinal neurons in the inhibition of the preganglionic sympathetic neurons at the spinal cord level is discussed.", "PMID": 1171440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3353", "title": "Simultaneous perfusion of both coronary arteries and drainage of the coronary sinus in the dog heart in situ.", "content": "A technique is described for perfusion of the entire coronary arterial system of the dog heart in situ and for drainage of the coronary sinus blood. Both coronary arteries are cannulated without ligation of major ventricular branches and disconnected from the aorta. The cannulas are connected to an extracorporeal system allowing perfusion under controlled pressure, without ill effects to either the heart or the blood. The arterial perfusion system is fed from the femoral arteries of the dog. The coronary sinus is cannulated for draining the blood to a venous reservoir against a controlled pressure. From the reservoir the blood is pumped into a femoral vein. Thus a preparation is obtained in which the interdependency of coronary circulation and performance of the heart has been discontinued. Under careful monitoring of pressures and flows, and of blood temperature, blood gases and plasma electrolytes, the preparation has been kept in excellent condition for up to 7 hrs.", "contents": "Simultaneous perfusion of both coronary arteries and drainage of the coronary sinus in the dog heart in situ. A technique is described for perfusion of the entire coronary arterial system of the dog heart in situ and for drainage of the coronary sinus blood. Both coronary arteries are cannulated without ligation of major ventricular branches and disconnected from the aorta. The cannulas are connected to an extracorporeal system allowing perfusion under controlled pressure, without ill effects to either the heart or the blood. The arterial perfusion system is fed from the femoral arteries of the dog. The coronary sinus is cannulated for draining the blood to a venous reservoir against a controlled pressure. From the reservoir the blood is pumped into a femoral vein. Thus a preparation is obtained in which the interdependency of coronary circulation and performance of the heart has been discontinued. Under careful monitoring of pressures and flows, and of blood temperature, blood gases and plasma electrolytes, the preparation has been kept in excellent condition for up to 7 hrs.", "PMID": 1171441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3354", "title": "A mathematical model of the ventilatory control system to carbon dioxide with special reference to athletes and nonathletes.", "content": "The ventilatory response curve (VRC) as a function of alveolar and arterial pCO2 was recorded in 6 high-performance athletes and 6 nonathletes. The best fit to the data points could be found for an equation of the form (see article) showing that the results are strongly related to a Gaussian probability density function (PDF). After normalizing the equation to a form (see article) (M = mean value of PDF), sigma, A and M could be determined for both groups. Sigma and A are smaller in the athletic group, whereas M did not show any systematic difference. Regarding the respiratory center consisting of functional \"elements\" responding indirectly to variable pCO2 it can be concluded that the frequency distribution of the different active elements is greater and spread over a wider pCO2 range in the nonathletes with the same mean value in both groups. Using Loeschcke's model (1960), the open loop gain factor for different V CO2 as a function of p(A)CO2 was computed; the gain factor showed a maximum in the physiological range of pCO2.", "contents": "A mathematical model of the ventilatory control system to carbon dioxide with special reference to athletes and nonathletes. The ventilatory response curve (VRC) as a function of alveolar and arterial pCO2 was recorded in 6 high-performance athletes and 6 nonathletes. The best fit to the data points could be found for an equation of the form (see article) showing that the results are strongly related to a Gaussian probability density function (PDF). After normalizing the equation to a form (see article) (M = mean value of PDF), sigma, A and M could be determined for both groups. Sigma and A are smaller in the athletic group, whereas M did not show any systematic difference. Regarding the respiratory center consisting of functional \"elements\" responding indirectly to variable pCO2 it can be concluded that the frequency distribution of the different active elements is greater and spread over a wider pCO2 range in the nonathletes with the same mean value in both groups. Using Loeschcke's model (1960), the open loop gain factor for different V CO2 as a function of p(A)CO2 was computed; the gain factor showed a maximum in the physiological range of pCO2.", "PMID": 1171442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3355", "title": "Effect of azide on the ERG of the isolated mammalian retina.", "content": "Azide, which is known to affect the pigment epithelium strongly may be assumed to cause damage to the receptors, which are functionally connected to the pigment epithelium. To check this hypothesis the effect of azide on the ERG was investigated. An isolated retina preparation was used as in this preparation the P III component, which contains considerable receptor contribution, can be isolated. In 2 series of experiments the effects of azide on the P III and the complete ERG were investigated. Depending on the concentration azide was shown to abolish the b-wave, to cause delay and amplitude diminution of the P III and enhance a positive component in the off-effect. A number of plausible sites of origin of these azide effects on the ERG changes are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of azide on the ERG of the isolated mammalian retina. Azide, which is known to affect the pigment epithelium strongly may be assumed to cause damage to the receptors, which are functionally connected to the pigment epithelium. To check this hypothesis the effect of azide on the ERG was investigated. An isolated retina preparation was used as in this preparation the P III component, which contains considerable receptor contribution, can be isolated. In 2 series of experiments the effects of azide on the P III and the complete ERG were investigated. Depending on the concentration azide was shown to abolish the b-wave, to cause delay and amplitude diminution of the P III and enhance a positive component in the off-effect. A number of plausible sites of origin of these azide effects on the ERG changes are discussed.", "PMID": 1171443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3356", "title": "The transport of D-glucose, L-glucose and D-mannose across the isolated guinea pig placenta.", "content": "Studies were carried out on the transport of 3H-D-glucose, 14C-L-glucose and 3H-D-mannose across the isolated artificially perfused guinea pig placenta and the inhibition of these transports by phloretin was investigated. 1. In 10 out of 13 placentas the transfer of D-glucose exceeds that of L-glucose. 2. In 10 out of 13 placentas the transfer of D-mannose exceeds that of L-glucose. 3. Phloretin (1 times 10 minus 3 M/1) decreases the transport of D-glucose and of D-mannose, it does not decrease the transport of L-glucose. The inhibition is not complete. The characterization of the washing-out curves permits the assumption that some placentas (6 out of 21) cannot discriminate between D- and L-hexoses, because a non specific transfer (simple diffusion) covers the specific one.", "contents": "The transport of D-glucose, L-glucose and D-mannose across the isolated guinea pig placenta. Studies were carried out on the transport of 3H-D-glucose, 14C-L-glucose and 3H-D-mannose across the isolated artificially perfused guinea pig placenta and the inhibition of these transports by phloretin was investigated. 1. In 10 out of 13 placentas the transfer of D-glucose exceeds that of L-glucose. 2. In 10 out of 13 placentas the transfer of D-mannose exceeds that of L-glucose. 3. Phloretin (1 times 10 minus 3 M/1) decreases the transport of D-glucose and of D-mannose, it does not decrease the transport of L-glucose. The inhibition is not complete. The characterization of the washing-out curves permits the assumption that some placentas (6 out of 21) cannot discriminate between D- and L-hexoses, because a non specific transfer (simple diffusion) covers the specific one.", "PMID": 1171444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3357", "title": "Renal phosphate transport: inhomogeneity of local proximal transport rates and sodium dependence.", "content": "The standing droplet method has been used in combination with the peritibular perfusion of blood capillaries to determine the build up of transtubular concentration differences of phosphate (Piota) in the renal proximal convoluted tubule of parathyroidectomized rats. Electron probe analysis was used to estimate Piota. At zero time both the intraluminal and the contraluminal Piota concentration was 2 mM. The time dependent decrease of the intraluminal Piota concentration was approximately 4 times faster in the early than in the late proximal convoluted tubule. After 45 sec an intraluminal steady state concentration of 0.20 mM Piota was achieved in the early part. In the late part the intraluminal Piota concentration approached a steady statevalue of 0.54 mM at 123 sec. When sodium free solutions were used the intaluminal Piota concentration increased to 2.22 mM in the earlier and to 2.76 mM in the late part. The data indicate that in the proximal convoluted tubule 1. the rate of phosphate reabsorption is greater in the early part than in the later part, and 2. phospate reabsorption might occur as co-transport with Na+ ions.", "contents": "Renal phosphate transport: inhomogeneity of local proximal transport rates and sodium dependence. The standing droplet method has been used in combination with the peritibular perfusion of blood capillaries to determine the build up of transtubular concentration differences of phosphate (Piota) in the renal proximal convoluted tubule of parathyroidectomized rats. Electron probe analysis was used to estimate Piota. At zero time both the intraluminal and the contraluminal Piota concentration was 2 mM. The time dependent decrease of the intraluminal Piota concentration was approximately 4 times faster in the early than in the late proximal convoluted tubule. After 45 sec an intraluminal steady state concentration of 0.20 mM Piota was achieved in the early part. In the late part the intraluminal Piota concentration approached a steady statevalue of 0.54 mM at 123 sec. When sodium free solutions were used the intaluminal Piota concentration increased to 2.22 mM in the earlier and to 2.76 mM in the late part. The data indicate that in the proximal convoluted tubule 1. the rate of phosphate reabsorption is greater in the early part than in the later part, and 2. phospate reabsorption might occur as co-transport with Na+ ions.", "PMID": 1171445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3358", "title": "Determination of glomerular intracapillary and transcapillary pressure gradients from sieving data. I. A mathematical model.", "content": "Determination of glomerular intracapillary and transcapillary pressure gradients from sieving data. A biomathematical model is described to calculate the intracapillary and transcapillary glomerular pressure gradients from the sieving coefficients (phi: fractional clearances/GFR) of macromolecules such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Two differential equations have been developed. The first one calculates local values for GFR in terms of local values for PGC (intracapillary hydrostatic pressure) and pi (oncotic pressure). The second equation calculates the clearance of PVP equimolecular fractions, the sieving equations previously described (24) being used to derive the concentrations of PVP in the filtrate (c2). Two variants of the second equation have been considered, assuming the filtrate in contact with the membrane either \"well stirred\" or \"unstirred\" (constant c2 and local c2 gradient models respectively). Computer simulations have been used to illustrate how the sieving curve is modified when the five parameters on which depends the shape of the curve are changed one by one. The sieving curve relates phi to a(s) (hydrodynamically equivalent molecular radius). The determining parameters are: GFP, the mean effective glomerular filtration pressure, epsilon, the slope of the intracapillary pressure, FF, the filtration fraction, Cp0, the protein concentration in arterial plasma and r, the pore radius which is the only structural parameter involved when one assumes the glomerular membrane crossed by cylindrical pores of uniform size and length. The shape of the sieving curve is modified significantly enough by changing GFP, FF and r within reasonable limits, to make it possible to derive GFP and r from experimental sieving data for macromolecules such as PVP or dextrans.", "contents": "Determination of glomerular intracapillary and transcapillary pressure gradients from sieving data. I. A mathematical model. Determination of glomerular intracapillary and transcapillary pressure gradients from sieving data. A biomathematical model is described to calculate the intracapillary and transcapillary glomerular pressure gradients from the sieving coefficients (phi: fractional clearances/GFR) of macromolecules such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Two differential equations have been developed. The first one calculates local values for GFR in terms of local values for PGC (intracapillary hydrostatic pressure) and pi (oncotic pressure). The second equation calculates the clearance of PVP equimolecular fractions, the sieving equations previously described (24) being used to derive the concentrations of PVP in the filtrate (c2). Two variants of the second equation have been considered, assuming the filtrate in contact with the membrane either \"well stirred\" or \"unstirred\" (constant c2 and local c2 gradient models respectively). Computer simulations have been used to illustrate how the sieving curve is modified when the five parameters on which depends the shape of the curve are changed one by one. The sieving curve relates phi to a(s) (hydrodynamically equivalent molecular radius). The determining parameters are: GFP, the mean effective glomerular filtration pressure, epsilon, the slope of the intracapillary pressure, FF, the filtration fraction, Cp0, the protein concentration in arterial plasma and r, the pore radius which is the only structural parameter involved when one assumes the glomerular membrane crossed by cylindrical pores of uniform size and length. The shape of the sieving curve is modified significantly enough by changing GFP, FF and r within reasonable limits, to make it possible to derive GFP and r from experimental sieving data for macromolecules such as PVP or dextrans.", "PMID": 1171446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3359", "title": "Potentiation and desensitization after glutamate induced postsynaptic currents at the crayfish neuromuscular junction.", "content": "Glutamate was applied iontophoretically in short (10 to 20 ms) pulses through micropipettes of 10 to 30 M Omega resistance to synaptic spots on crayfish muscle fibres. The resulting glutamate induced postsynaptic currents (gEPSCs) were measured using a voltage clamp of the muscle fiber. Dose-response curves for the action of glutamate were constructed summing g-EPSCs elicited by two separate iontophoretic pipettes at the same synapse. The dose-response curves showed a log log slope of 2, the g-EPSC rising with the second power of the glutamate concentration. Following a small conditioning g-EPSC with delay of up to 1 s, a second g-EPSC was potentiated. For short delays maximum potentiation was 3-fold. For large g-EPSCs potentiation gave way to desensitization: following a large conditioning gEPSC a second one was reduced for delays of up to several seconds. Possible mechanisms of potentiation and desensitization are discussed.", "contents": "Potentiation and desensitization after glutamate induced postsynaptic currents at the crayfish neuromuscular junction. Glutamate was applied iontophoretically in short (10 to 20 ms) pulses through micropipettes of 10 to 30 M Omega resistance to synaptic spots on crayfish muscle fibres. The resulting glutamate induced postsynaptic currents (gEPSCs) were measured using a voltage clamp of the muscle fiber. Dose-response curves for the action of glutamate were constructed summing g-EPSCs elicited by two separate iontophoretic pipettes at the same synapse. The dose-response curves showed a log log slope of 2, the g-EPSC rising with the second power of the glutamate concentration. Following a small conditioning g-EPSC with delay of up to 1 s, a second g-EPSC was potentiated. For short delays maximum potentiation was 3-fold. For large g-EPSCs potentiation gave way to desensitization: following a large conditioning gEPSC a second one was reduced for delays of up to several seconds. Possible mechanisms of potentiation and desensitization are discussed.", "PMID": 1171447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3360", "title": "Kinetics of postsynaptic action of glutamate pulses applied iontophoretically through high resistance micropipettes.", "content": "Glutamate induced postsynaptic currents (g-EPSCs) were elicited by 2-5 ms glutamate pulses applied iontophoretically through high resistance (80-200 M Omega) micropipettes. Such g-EPSCs decayed with time constants in the range of 5 ms. The dose-response curves for the action of glutamate were S-shaped with a limiting log log slope of 4-6, the half maximum response concentration of glutamate was about 10(-4) Mol/l and the maximum synaptic current in the range of 30 nA. In pairs of small g-EPSCs following each other with delays between 3 and 100 ms, the second one was potentiated. For short delays potentiation was up to 60 fold. The time course of the g-EPSCs and of their potentiation can be described quantitatively with the following assumptions: 1. The simultaneous reaction of 4-6 glutamate molecules with a receptor triggers postsynaptic current flow. 2. The synaptic glutamate concentration is determined by diffusion from a point source. 3. Potentiation is due to summation of the synaptic glutamate concentrations generated by pulse 1 and by pulse 2. The relevance of these results for the interpretation of the natural EPSC is discussed.", "contents": "Kinetics of postsynaptic action of glutamate pulses applied iontophoretically through high resistance micropipettes. Glutamate induced postsynaptic currents (g-EPSCs) were elicited by 2-5 ms glutamate pulses applied iontophoretically through high resistance (80-200 M Omega) micropipettes. Such g-EPSCs decayed with time constants in the range of 5 ms. The dose-response curves for the action of glutamate were S-shaped with a limiting log log slope of 4-6, the half maximum response concentration of glutamate was about 10(-4) Mol/l and the maximum synaptic current in the range of 30 nA. In pairs of small g-EPSCs following each other with delays between 3 and 100 ms, the second one was potentiated. For short delays potentiation was up to 60 fold. The time course of the g-EPSCs and of their potentiation can be described quantitatively with the following assumptions: 1. The simultaneous reaction of 4-6 glutamate molecules with a receptor triggers postsynaptic current flow. 2. The synaptic glutamate concentration is determined by diffusion from a point source. 3. Potentiation is due to summation of the synaptic glutamate concentrations generated by pulse 1 and by pulse 2. The relevance of these results for the interpretation of the natural EPSC is discussed.", "PMID": 1171448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3361", "title": "The motor units of cat medial gastrocnemius. Twitch potentiation and twitch-tetanus ratio.", "content": "Twitch potentiation and the associated changes in contraction time and 1/2 relaxation time have been studied in a sample of 78 medial gastrocnemius motor units from 8 cats. Potentiation was produced by repetitive stimulation of the motor units every 10 sec with a brief tetanus followed 2 sec later by a twitch. Fast twitch fatigue resistant units were found to potentiate more strongly than either slow twitch (contraction time greater than 45 msec) or fast twitch fatigable units. It is concluded that Type C muscle fibres are more susceptible to potentiation than either Type A or Type B fibres. In a sample of 88 motor units from the same experiments, values for twitch/tetanus ratio were compared amongst units sharing similar mechanical properties. Slow contracting units developed small tetanic tensions and had small twitch/tetanus ratios. Fast twitch non fatigable units had intermediate values for contraction strength and twitch/tetanus ratio overlapping the ranges found for both the slow twitch and the more powerful fast twitch fatigable units. It is concluded that differences in twitch/tetanus ratio for medial gastrocnemius motor units are primarily related to motor unit contraction strength rather than differences in muscle fibre type.", "contents": "The motor units of cat medial gastrocnemius. Twitch potentiation and twitch-tetanus ratio. Twitch potentiation and the associated changes in contraction time and 1/2 relaxation time have been studied in a sample of 78 medial gastrocnemius motor units from 8 cats. Potentiation was produced by repetitive stimulation of the motor units every 10 sec with a brief tetanus followed 2 sec later by a twitch. Fast twitch fatigue resistant units were found to potentiate more strongly than either slow twitch (contraction time greater than 45 msec) or fast twitch fatigable units. It is concluded that Type C muscle fibres are more susceptible to potentiation than either Type A or Type B fibres. In a sample of 88 motor units from the same experiments, values for twitch/tetanus ratio were compared amongst units sharing similar mechanical properties. Slow contracting units developed small tetanic tensions and had small twitch/tetanus ratios. Fast twitch non fatigable units had intermediate values for contraction strength and twitch/tetanus ratio overlapping the ranges found for both the slow twitch and the more powerful fast twitch fatigable units. It is concluded that differences in twitch/tetanus ratio for medial gastrocnemius motor units are primarily related to motor unit contraction strength rather than differences in muscle fibre type.", "PMID": 1171449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3362", "title": "A comparison of sodium excretion in response to infusion of isotonic saline into the vena porta and vena cava of conscious rats.", "content": "1. Indwelling non-occlusive catheters were placed in the vena porta and inferior vena cava of female rats several days before experimentation. Isotonic saline or isosmotic glucose (2% of body wt.) was infused into one vein followed one to several days later with an identical infusion into the other vein of each conscious animal. 2. Significantly higher urine flow and sodium excretion resulted from infusion of isotonic saline (0.5 ml/min) into the vena porta than into the vena cava. Modest prehydration or section of the hepatic branch of the right vagus did not affect the differential sodium response. Changes in endogenous creatinine clearance and potassium excretion were not significantly different for the two routes. Mean values for net peak sodium excretion and contemporaneous urine flow, urinary sodium concentration, and fractional sodium excretion were significantly higher for the portal than for the caval infusion while differences in glomerular filtration rate and filtered sodium load were insignificant. No significant difference in sodium excretion resulted from infusion of isosmotic glucose by the two routes. 3. Compared to the response promoted by the isotonic saline load infused at 0.5 ml/min, the differential response in sodium excretion was prolonged when the same load was infused at 0.375 ml/min. Sodium excretion was not significantly different for the two routes when the same isotonic saline load was infused at 0.75 ml/min. 4. These experiments provide evidence for participation of the liver in the control of sodium excretion and suggest release of a hepatic humoral factor which may be controlled by the duration of exposure of the hepatic circulation to an adequate load of isotonic saline.", "contents": "A comparison of sodium excretion in response to infusion of isotonic saline into the vena porta and vena cava of conscious rats. 1. Indwelling non-occlusive catheters were placed in the vena porta and inferior vena cava of female rats several days before experimentation. Isotonic saline or isosmotic glucose (2% of body wt.) was infused into one vein followed one to several days later with an identical infusion into the other vein of each conscious animal. 2. Significantly higher urine flow and sodium excretion resulted from infusion of isotonic saline (0.5 ml/min) into the vena porta than into the vena cava. Modest prehydration or section of the hepatic branch of the right vagus did not affect the differential sodium response. Changes in endogenous creatinine clearance and potassium excretion were not significantly different for the two routes. Mean values for net peak sodium excretion and contemporaneous urine flow, urinary sodium concentration, and fractional sodium excretion were significantly higher for the portal than for the caval infusion while differences in glomerular filtration rate and filtered sodium load were insignificant. No significant difference in sodium excretion resulted from infusion of isosmotic glucose by the two routes. 3. Compared to the response promoted by the isotonic saline load infused at 0.5 ml/min, the differential response in sodium excretion was prolonged when the same load was infused at 0.375 ml/min. Sodium excretion was not significantly different for the two routes when the same isotonic saline load was infused at 0.75 ml/min. 4. These experiments provide evidence for participation of the liver in the control of sodium excretion and suggest release of a hepatic humoral factor which may be controlled by the duration of exposure of the hepatic circulation to an adequate load of isotonic saline.", "PMID": 1171450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3363", "title": "Firing rate and size distribution of the hind limb extensor and flexor motoneuronal units.", "content": "Axonal spike size of extensor and flexor motoneurones were subjected to statistical analysis. Extensor motoneurones were isolated in decerebrate cats and the flexor motoneurones in spinalized cats. Smallest spikes were due to gamma motoneurones which could be further classified as small, medium and large. Extensor and flexor alpha motoneuronal units were also divided into these three subgroups. Considering the firing pattern and the cell size extensor alpha units were divided into five types: small-tonic, medium-tonic, large-tonic, large-phasic and largest-phasic. Maximum firing rate of extensor alpha units was directly related to the cell size and was distributed between 5-15, 15-20, 25-40 and 35-55 imp/sec for the small-tonic, medium-tonic, large-tonic and large-phasic motoneurones. Stabilized firing rates were distributed between 5-10, 10-15 and 15-20 imp./sec for the small-tonic, medium-tonic and large-tonic motoneurones. Flexor motoneuronal types and their maximum firing rates were as follows: small-tonic (16 imp./sec), medium-tonic (24 imp./sec), small-phasic (37.5 imp/sec), medium-phasic (30 imp./sec), large-phasic (46 imp./sec) and largest-phasic (only one or two impulses). The functional significance of the results was discussed considering the axonal spike size as an index for the cell size.", "contents": "Firing rate and size distribution of the hind limb extensor and flexor motoneuronal units. Axonal spike size of extensor and flexor motoneurones were subjected to statistical analysis. Extensor motoneurones were isolated in decerebrate cats and the flexor motoneurones in spinalized cats. Smallest spikes were due to gamma motoneurones which could be further classified as small, medium and large. Extensor and flexor alpha motoneuronal units were also divided into these three subgroups. Considering the firing pattern and the cell size extensor alpha units were divided into five types: small-tonic, medium-tonic, large-tonic, large-phasic and largest-phasic. Maximum firing rate of extensor alpha units was directly related to the cell size and was distributed between 5-15, 15-20, 25-40 and 35-55 imp/sec for the small-tonic, medium-tonic, large-tonic and large-phasic motoneurones. Stabilized firing rates were distributed between 5-10, 10-15 and 15-20 imp./sec for the small-tonic, medium-tonic and large-tonic motoneurones. Flexor motoneuronal types and their maximum firing rates were as follows: small-tonic (16 imp./sec), medium-tonic (24 imp./sec), small-phasic (37.5 imp/sec), medium-phasic (30 imp./sec), large-phasic (46 imp./sec) and largest-phasic (only one or two impulses). The functional significance of the results was discussed considering the axonal spike size as an index for the cell size.", "PMID": 1171451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3364", "title": "Inspiratory inhibition and rebound activation elicited by intermittent electrical bulbar stimulation in various states of pulmonary afferent vagal excitation.", "content": "In anesthetized rabbits spirogram and diaphragmatic activity were examined during electrical stimulation of regions of the medulla oblongata. The volleys were triggered by the animal's own respiration. 1. One volley of 120 msec duration at 100 pulses p.s., applied during inspiratory, caused an immediate and transient inhibition of the diaphragmatic activity. After the end of the volley and inspiratory rebound appeared: the tidal volume was increased and the inspiration was prolonged by some 150 msec. The respiratory rate decreased. 2. Continuous low or high frequency electrical stimulation of pulmonary stretch afferents caused an inspiratory or an expiratory effect respectively. In both conditions the effects of additional intermittent bulbar stimulation remained essentially unaltered. 3. By means of specially designed spirometer both pulmonary collapse and marked lung distension were produced. At low lung volume collapse afferents were excited. Inspiratory inhibition and rebound activation upon central stimulation persisted throughout the whole range of lung volume investigated; the rebound increase in tidal volume consecutive to the stimulus volley, however, was minimal in extreme lung distension. 4. Results suggest that the stimulation effects were the consequence of manipulation on intrinsic mechansims of the bulbar respiratory centre.", "contents": "Inspiratory inhibition and rebound activation elicited by intermittent electrical bulbar stimulation in various states of pulmonary afferent vagal excitation. In anesthetized rabbits spirogram and diaphragmatic activity were examined during electrical stimulation of regions of the medulla oblongata. The volleys were triggered by the animal's own respiration. 1. One volley of 120 msec duration at 100 pulses p.s., applied during inspiratory, caused an immediate and transient inhibition of the diaphragmatic activity. After the end of the volley and inspiratory rebound appeared: the tidal volume was increased and the inspiration was prolonged by some 150 msec. The respiratory rate decreased. 2. Continuous low or high frequency electrical stimulation of pulmonary stretch afferents caused an inspiratory or an expiratory effect respectively. In both conditions the effects of additional intermittent bulbar stimulation remained essentially unaltered. 3. By means of specially designed spirometer both pulmonary collapse and marked lung distension were produced. At low lung volume collapse afferents were excited. Inspiratory inhibition and rebound activation upon central stimulation persisted throughout the whole range of lung volume investigated; the rebound increase in tidal volume consecutive to the stimulus volley, however, was minimal in extreme lung distension. 4. Results suggest that the stimulation effects were the consequence of manipulation on intrinsic mechansims of the bulbar respiratory centre.", "PMID": 1171452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3365", "title": "A device to trigger automatically electrical stimulation at different states of in- or expiration on the background of variable lung inflation in the rabbit.", "content": "A device is described which permits to obtain a signal at the beginning of in- or expiration respectively. This signal may be used to trigger an electrical stimulator. To permit studies at different states of lung inflation the tracheal cannula is connected to a spirometer circuit. To produce constant positive or negative air pressure this bellows-type spirometer is loaded with exchangeable metal weights. The tracheal pressure is recorded by means of a pressure transducer, the output of which is taken as signal. The device allows accurate compensation of the DC-component of the transducer output resulting from spirometer operation at a maintained positive or negative pressure.", "contents": "A device to trigger automatically electrical stimulation at different states of in- or expiration on the background of variable lung inflation in the rabbit. A device is described which permits to obtain a signal at the beginning of in- or expiration respectively. This signal may be used to trigger an electrical stimulator. To permit studies at different states of lung inflation the tracheal cannula is connected to a spirometer circuit. To produce constant positive or negative air pressure this bellows-type spirometer is loaded with exchangeable metal weights. The tracheal pressure is recorded by means of a pressure transducer, the output of which is taken as signal. The device allows accurate compensation of the DC-component of the transducer output resulting from spirometer operation at a maintained positive or negative pressure.", "PMID": 1171453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3366", "title": "Effect of increased blood fluidity through hemodilution on coronary circulation at rest and during exercise in dogs.", "content": "Coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption were measured in conscious dogs at rest and during two levels of submaximal treadmill exercise (3 and 7 km/h at 15% grade, respectively) during adaptation to progressive hemodilution with dextran 60. At rest coronary flow increased to more than seven-fold with diminishing hematocrit to 12.5% in order to cover myocardial oxygen consumption which increased from 6.5 +/- 0.3 ml/min with 100 g at hematocrit 47.5% to 13.5 +/- 0.8 ml/min with 100 g at hematocrit 12.5%. The dilatory capacity of the coronary vessels, estimated from the reactive hyperemia after a 12 sec occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery, dropped from 602% at control to 45% at lowest hematocrit levels. During the superimposed stress of exercise coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption increased further, so that the dilatory capacity of the coronaries was exhausted at hematocrit levels between 16 and 22%. Myocardial oxygen consumption per unit of oxygen delivered to peripheral tissues increased substantially with progressive hemodilution. In the presence of the reduced arterial oxygen content the augmented myocardial oxygen demand limits the overall adaptability to hemodilution by an exhaustion of the coronary dilatory capacity.", "contents": "Effect of increased blood fluidity through hemodilution on coronary circulation at rest and during exercise in dogs. Coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption were measured in conscious dogs at rest and during two levels of submaximal treadmill exercise (3 and 7 km/h at 15% grade, respectively) during adaptation to progressive hemodilution with dextran 60. At rest coronary flow increased to more than seven-fold with diminishing hematocrit to 12.5% in order to cover myocardial oxygen consumption which increased from 6.5 +/- 0.3 ml/min with 100 g at hematocrit 47.5% to 13.5 +/- 0.8 ml/min with 100 g at hematocrit 12.5%. The dilatory capacity of the coronary vessels, estimated from the reactive hyperemia after a 12 sec occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery, dropped from 602% at control to 45% at lowest hematocrit levels. During the superimposed stress of exercise coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption increased further, so that the dilatory capacity of the coronaries was exhausted at hematocrit levels between 16 and 22%. Myocardial oxygen consumption per unit of oxygen delivered to peripheral tissues increased substantially with progressive hemodilution. In the presence of the reduced arterial oxygen content the augmented myocardial oxygen demand limits the overall adaptability to hemodilution by an exhaustion of the coronary dilatory capacity.", "PMID": 1171454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3367", "title": "Effect of increased blood fluidity through hemodilution on general circulation at rest and during exercise in dogs.", "content": "During progressive normovolemic hemodilution with dextran-60, circulatory functions (cardiac output, oxygen delivery to tissues, arterial pressure and mixed venous oxygen saturation) and total body oxygen consumption were studied in conscious dogs at rest and during two levels of submaximal treadmill exercise. At rest, cardiac output rose continuously with progressive hemodilution. This increase, however, was not sufficient to compensate for the reduced arterial oxygen content. Consequently oxygen delivery fell significantly from 23.3 +/- 1.8 ml/min with kg at hematocrit 47.5% to 15.7 +/- 0.9 ml/min with kg at hematocrit 12.5%. The constant oxygen consumption was maintained by a simultaneous increase in oxygen extraction from blood. During the superimposed stress of exercise, a constant oxygen consumption was maintained between hematocrit ranges of 50 to 15 or 25%, respectively. Again, the increase of cardiac output due to hemodilution did not compensate for the reduced arterial oxygen content and consequently oxygen extraction rate was increased. These data demonstrate that at rest (and even more during submaximal treadmill exercise) the reduced whole blood viscosity or improved fluidity during hemodilution does not initiate an increase in cardiac output that is sufficient to maintain a constant oxygen delivery to the tissues.", "contents": "Effect of increased blood fluidity through hemodilution on general circulation at rest and during exercise in dogs. During progressive normovolemic hemodilution with dextran-60, circulatory functions (cardiac output, oxygen delivery to tissues, arterial pressure and mixed venous oxygen saturation) and total body oxygen consumption were studied in conscious dogs at rest and during two levels of submaximal treadmill exercise. At rest, cardiac output rose continuously with progressive hemodilution. This increase, however, was not sufficient to compensate for the reduced arterial oxygen content. Consequently oxygen delivery fell significantly from 23.3 +/- 1.8 ml/min with kg at hematocrit 47.5% to 15.7 +/- 0.9 ml/min with kg at hematocrit 12.5%. The constant oxygen consumption was maintained by a simultaneous increase in oxygen extraction from blood. During the superimposed stress of exercise, a constant oxygen consumption was maintained between hematocrit ranges of 50 to 15 or 25%, respectively. Again, the increase of cardiac output due to hemodilution did not compensate for the reduced arterial oxygen content and consequently oxygen extraction rate was increased. These data demonstrate that at rest (and even more during submaximal treadmill exercise) the reduced whole blood viscosity or improved fluidity during hemodilution does not initiate an increase in cardiac output that is sufficient to maintain a constant oxygen delivery to the tissues.", "PMID": 1171455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3368", "title": "Properties of mechanosensitive neurons within Auerbach's plexus of the small intestine of the cat.", "content": "Three different kinds of mechanosensitive neurons were detected by direct electrical recording from Auerbach's plexus. Neurons classified as fast-adapting mechanoreceptors discharged spikes at the onset of stimulation, and the discharge stopped during a sustained stimulus of constant intensity. Slowly-adapting mechanoreceptors maintained during sustained stimulation, a steady discharge at a frequency that was a direct function of the intensity of the stimulus. Tonic type neurons responded to mechanical stimulation with a prolonged train of spikes which had a consistent pattern from preparation to preparation. Once the tonic-type cells were triggered, the discharge followed a characteristic time course that was unchanged by further increase or decrease in stimulus intensity. Tonic-type neurons are probably not first order sensory neurons, but they may be activated by input derived from primary mechanoreceptors. Frequency of discharge of slowly-adapting mechanoreceptors was increased by histamine. This appeared to be secondary to histamine-induced contractile activity of the musculature.", "contents": "Properties of mechanosensitive neurons within Auerbach's plexus of the small intestine of the cat. Three different kinds of mechanosensitive neurons were detected by direct electrical recording from Auerbach's plexus. Neurons classified as fast-adapting mechanoreceptors discharged spikes at the onset of stimulation, and the discharge stopped during a sustained stimulus of constant intensity. Slowly-adapting mechanoreceptors maintained during sustained stimulation, a steady discharge at a frequency that was a direct function of the intensity of the stimulus. Tonic type neurons responded to mechanical stimulation with a prolonged train of spikes which had a consistent pattern from preparation to preparation. Once the tonic-type cells were triggered, the discharge followed a characteristic time course that was unchanged by further increase or decrease in stimulus intensity. Tonic-type neurons are probably not first order sensory neurons, but they may be activated by input derived from primary mechanoreceptors. Frequency of discharge of slowly-adapting mechanoreceptors was increased by histamine. This appeared to be secondary to histamine-induced contractile activity of the musculature.", "PMID": 1171456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3369", "title": "Colostral transfer of immunity to Haemophilus parahaemolyticus in pigs.", "content": "Complement fixating antibodies for Haemophilus parahaemolyticus were shown to be transferred from immune sows to their offspring. Colostrum-fed 4-day-old piglets from immune sows resisted intranasal inoculation whereas their littermates, fed on cows' milk, were fully susceptible to the infection. Piglets inoculated later in the suckling period (3 to 8 weeks after birth) when their serumtiters had declined to very low levels, showed some degree of resistance, but the infection was not eliminated from the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. In chronically infected breeding herds piglets are usually affected during the later part of the suckling period and clinical symptoms are often vague. Though a positive titer is indicative of resistance the results presented above show that protection is usually not complete. Further studies are required to ascertain whether the results obtained here are applicable in a rational control.", "contents": "Colostral transfer of immunity to Haemophilus parahaemolyticus in pigs. Complement fixating antibodies for Haemophilus parahaemolyticus were shown to be transferred from immune sows to their offspring. Colostrum-fed 4-day-old piglets from immune sows resisted intranasal inoculation whereas their littermates, fed on cows' milk, were fully susceptible to the infection. Piglets inoculated later in the suckling period (3 to 8 weeks after birth) when their serumtiters had declined to very low levels, showed some degree of resistance, but the infection was not eliminated from the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. In chronically infected breeding herds piglets are usually affected during the later part of the suckling period and clinical symptoms are often vague. Though a positive titer is indicative of resistance the results presented above show that protection is usually not complete. Further studies are required to ascertain whether the results obtained here are applicable in a rational control.", "PMID": 1171458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3370", "title": "Amino acid reabsorption in the rat nephron. Free flow micropuncture study.", "content": "The concentration of nine endogenous free L-alpha-amino acids (ALA, LEU, ILE, PHE, TYR, LYS, GLU, PRO, GLY) and of taurine were determined simultaneously along the nephron of the rat kidney using free-flow micropuncture techniques without altering plasma amino acid concentration or kidney function. The amount of each amino acid was determined after dansylation (14C-labelled dansyl-chloride) in the micropuncture sample followed by thinlayer chromatography. The main site of reabsorption is the proximal tubule. After 15-20% of the proximal tubule length the bulk of reabsorption has taken place (18.9 plus or minus 3.4% S.E. of the filtered load remaining). Net reabsorption continues to a small but significant extent along the distal nephron (disal tubule and collecting duct). Reabsorption of taurine is less rapid (% remaining of filtered load at the early proximal tubule 37.0 plus or minus 4.6%). The transtubular concentration ratio of all amino acids except taurine follows a homogeneous course. Under the experimental conditions of this study no distction with respect to different systems of reabsorption \"neutral\", \"basic\", \"acidic\", \"imino-glycine\") could be made.", "contents": "Amino acid reabsorption in the rat nephron. Free flow micropuncture study. The concentration of nine endogenous free L-alpha-amino acids (ALA, LEU, ILE, PHE, TYR, LYS, GLU, PRO, GLY) and of taurine were determined simultaneously along the nephron of the rat kidney using free-flow micropuncture techniques without altering plasma amino acid concentration or kidney function. The amount of each amino acid was determined after dansylation (14C-labelled dansyl-chloride) in the micropuncture sample followed by thinlayer chromatography. The main site of reabsorption is the proximal tubule. After 15-20% of the proximal tubule length the bulk of reabsorption has taken place (18.9 plus or minus 3.4% S.E. of the filtered load remaining). Net reabsorption continues to a small but significant extent along the distal nephron (disal tubule and collecting duct). Reabsorption of taurine is less rapid (% remaining of filtered load at the early proximal tubule 37.0 plus or minus 4.6%). The transtubular concentration ratio of all amino acids except taurine follows a homogeneous course. Under the experimental conditions of this study no distction with respect to different systems of reabsorption \"neutral\", \"basic\", \"acidic\", \"imino-glycine\") could be made.", "PMID": 1171457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3371", "title": "Selection for mating ability in Japanese quail.", "content": "Results are presented for a replicated mass selection experiment for high and low cumulative number of completed matings. Through six generations of selection heritabilities of the selected trait averaged .07 for the high lines and .25 for the low lines. No correlated responses were noted for body weight at either 4 or 8 weeks of age, whereas the relationships of the selected trait with size of the cloacal gland and relative aggressiveness were positive.", "contents": "Selection for mating ability in Japanese quail. Results are presented for a replicated mass selection experiment for high and low cumulative number of completed matings. Through six generations of selection heritabilities of the selected trait averaged .07 for the high lines and .25 for the low lines. No correlated responses were noted for body weight at either 4 or 8 weeks of age, whereas the relationships of the selected trait with size of the cloacal gland and relative aggressiveness were positive.", "PMID": 1171460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3372", "title": "Isolation of rapidly labeled RNA from mouse L-cells using cupric sulfate.", "content": "Cultured mouse L-cells, pulse labeled for 5 min with 3H-uridine, were gently suspended in 0.5mM cupric sulfate and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 4 degrees C and treated with cold phenol. Only the RNA, containing less than 1% DNA, was extracted by this procedure. The rapidly labeled ribosomal RNA precursors (44S, 34S) and cytoplasmic 8S RNA showed specific activities higher than that of tRNA and were present in the RNA fraction insoluble in 2M NaCl.", "contents": "Isolation of rapidly labeled RNA from mouse L-cells using cupric sulfate. Cultured mouse L-cells, pulse labeled for 5 min with 3H-uridine, were gently suspended in 0.5mM cupric sulfate and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 4 degrees C and treated with cold phenol. Only the RNA, containing less than 1% DNA, was extracted by this procedure. The rapidly labeled ribosomal RNA precursors (44S, 34S) and cytoplasmic 8S RNA showed specific activities higher than that of tRNA and were present in the RNA fraction insoluble in 2M NaCl.", "PMID": 1171461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3373", "title": "An antigenic antimorphogenetic bone hydrophobic glycopeptide (AHG).", "content": "A hydrophobic glycopeptide, isolated from fresh marrow-free cortical bone of the rat, extinguished the bone morphogenetic response of insoluble bone matrix gelatin which otherwise invariably produces new bone from migrating mesenchymal cells after implantation in muscle of the rat. Incubation of the 10 to 100 mug of the glycopeptide per milligram of bone gelatin in phosphate or Tris-HCl buffer, pH = 7.4, for 24 hours recombines the hydrophobic polypeptide and gelatin. Incubated with doses of 50 to 100 mug, implants of gelatin in Sprague-Dawley recipients are rapidly resorbed by a lymphocyte-plasma cell-macrophage infiltrate without developing any new bone. With 10 to 20 mug, infiltrate appears and bone develops inversely in proportion to the dose. Bone develops at all dose levels only when bone matrix gelatin and glycopeptide were prepared from an inbred strain of Lewis rats and recipients were of the same strain, and thereby suggests that only allogeneic AHG, produces an antigenic antimorphogenetic resonse. The glycopeptide was isolated from bone together with lipids and other hydrophobic proteins or polypeptides by chloroform-methanol (1:1) extraction and further purified by chromatography on ion-exchange columns and molecular sieves. The molecular weight established by Sephadex G-100 filtration and by calibrated dialysis is about 5000 daltons. Analysis of the biologically active fraction shows 75% of proteinaceous material and close to 25% carbohydrate with trace amounts of hexosamines and sialic acid. Amino acid analysis shows high levels of alanine, valine and leucine in comparison to other chloroform-methanol extractable but immunogenically relatively-inactive fractions.", "contents": "An antigenic antimorphogenetic bone hydrophobic glycopeptide (AHG). A hydrophobic glycopeptide, isolated from fresh marrow-free cortical bone of the rat, extinguished the bone morphogenetic response of insoluble bone matrix gelatin which otherwise invariably produces new bone from migrating mesenchymal cells after implantation in muscle of the rat. Incubation of the 10 to 100 mug of the glycopeptide per milligram of bone gelatin in phosphate or Tris-HCl buffer, pH = 7.4, for 24 hours recombines the hydrophobic polypeptide and gelatin. Incubated with doses of 50 to 100 mug, implants of gelatin in Sprague-Dawley recipients are rapidly resorbed by a lymphocyte-plasma cell-macrophage infiltrate without developing any new bone. With 10 to 20 mug, infiltrate appears and bone develops inversely in proportion to the dose. Bone develops at all dose levels only when bone matrix gelatin and glycopeptide were prepared from an inbred strain of Lewis rats and recipients were of the same strain, and thereby suggests that only allogeneic AHG, produces an antigenic antimorphogenetic resonse. The glycopeptide was isolated from bone together with lipids and other hydrophobic proteins or polypeptides by chloroform-methanol (1:1) extraction and further purified by chromatography on ion-exchange columns and molecular sieves. The molecular weight established by Sephadex G-100 filtration and by calibrated dialysis is about 5000 daltons. Analysis of the biologically active fraction shows 75% of proteinaceous material and close to 25% carbohydrate with trace amounts of hexosamines and sialic acid. Amino acid analysis shows high levels of alanine, valine and leucine in comparison to other chloroform-methanol extractable but immunogenically relatively-inactive fractions.", "PMID": 1171462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3374", "title": "An accurate slicer of disc acrylamide gels devised by simple modification of a density gradient fractionator.", "content": "A commercially available density gradient fractionator has been modified in a simple and inexpensive way to yield a device for accurately slicing disc acrylamide gels. Attractive features of this device include convenience of operation and the capacity to easily vary thickness of the gel slice.", "contents": "An accurate slicer of disc acrylamide gels devised by simple modification of a density gradient fractionator. A commercially available density gradient fractionator has been modified in a simple and inexpensive way to yield a device for accurately slicing disc acrylamide gels. Attractive features of this device include convenience of operation and the capacity to easily vary thickness of the gel slice.", "PMID": 1171463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3375", "title": "Modulation of the uptake and retention of estradiol-17beta in the ovine corpus luteum by luteinizing hormone.", "content": "The uptake and retention of 3H-estradiol by the ovine corpus luteum (induced by superovulation) was maximal through days 8-12 of the cycle with little or no uptake and retention during luteinization or regression. LH, but not FSH or prolactin, inhibited the uptake and retention of estradiol via stimulation of progesterone synthesis.", "contents": "Modulation of the uptake and retention of estradiol-17beta in the ovine corpus luteum by luteinizing hormone. The uptake and retention of 3H-estradiol by the ovine corpus luteum (induced by superovulation) was maximal through days 8-12 of the cycle with little or no uptake and retention during luteinization or regression. LH, but not FSH or prolactin, inhibited the uptake and retention of estradiol via stimulation of progesterone synthesis.", "PMID": 1171465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3376", "title": "The study of some compounds biosynthesized by Naematoloma fasciculare (Huds ex Fr.) P. Karst. Part I. Analysis in vitro.", "content": "From the explantats of the fruitbody of Naematoloma fasciculare (Huds ex Fr.) P. Karst., xylophilous macromycete, the mycelial culture was obtained on the maltose agar with addition of thiamine. The submerged shaken culture yielded the growth of the mycelium six times higher than the surface culture. The material obtained from the mycelial cultures was investigated chromatographically (PC, TLC) on the presence of carbohydrates, sterols and nitrogen compounds. There was no difference between the compounds biosynthesized in both culture in vitro.", "contents": "The study of some compounds biosynthesized by Naematoloma fasciculare (Huds ex Fr.) P. Karst. Part I. Analysis in vitro. From the explantats of the fruitbody of Naematoloma fasciculare (Huds ex Fr.) P. Karst., xylophilous macromycete, the mycelial culture was obtained on the maltose agar with addition of thiamine. The submerged shaken culture yielded the growth of the mycelium six times higher than the surface culture. The material obtained from the mycelial cultures was investigated chromatographically (PC, TLC) on the presence of carbohydrates, sterols and nitrogen compounds. There was no difference between the compounds biosynthesized in both culture in vitro.", "PMID": 1171459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3377", "title": "Similarity in cns sensitivity to hexobarbital in the rat and mouse as determined by an analytical, a pharmacokinetic, and an electroencephalographic measure.", "content": "Sensitivity of the central nervous system (CNS) to the hypnotic effect of hexobarbital was assessed by analytical, pharmacokinetic, and electroencephalographic techniques in male and female rats and in mice of both sexes by the first two techniques. These experimentally and conceptually diverse measures yielded strikingly similar estimates of CNS sensitivity to hexobarbital which was independent of both species and sex, while well known species ans sex (rat) differences in duration of response to hexobarbital were demonstrated.", "contents": "Similarity in cns sensitivity to hexobarbital in the rat and mouse as determined by an analytical, a pharmacokinetic, and an electroencephalographic measure. Sensitivity of the central nervous system (CNS) to the hypnotic effect of hexobarbital was assessed by analytical, pharmacokinetic, and electroencephalographic techniques in male and female rats and in mice of both sexes by the first two techniques. These experimentally and conceptually diverse measures yielded strikingly similar estimates of CNS sensitivity to hexobarbital which was independent of both species and sex, while well known species ans sex (rat) differences in duration of response to hexobarbital were demonstrated.", "PMID": 1171469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3378", "title": "Intraspecific aggressiveness after lesions of midbrain raphe nuclei in rats.", "content": "Serotonin-depleting lesions of midbrain raphe (extensive lesions located within dorsal and partly median raphe muclei) induced intraspecific agressiveness in grouped Wistar male rats but failed to increase mouse-killing behaviour. Rats which had lesions in the lateral midbrain did not display intraspecific aggression nor mouse-killing activity. These animals showed unchanged levels of both serotonin and noradrenaline in the forebrain.", "contents": "Intraspecific aggressiveness after lesions of midbrain raphe nuclei in rats. Serotonin-depleting lesions of midbrain raphe (extensive lesions located within dorsal and partly median raphe muclei) induced intraspecific agressiveness in grouped Wistar male rats but failed to increase mouse-killing behaviour. Rats which had lesions in the lateral midbrain did not display intraspecific aggression nor mouse-killing activity. These animals showed unchanged levels of both serotonin and noradrenaline in the forebrain.", "PMID": 1171470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3379", "title": "Improved automated apparatus for recording rotation (circling behavior) in rats or mice.", "content": "An improved automated apparatus for measuring rotation (circling behavior) is described. The apparatus may be designed for either mice or rats. The logic circuit differentiates between complete 360 degrees rotations and incomplete oscillatory turns; preliminary data indicate that this distinction has functional significance.", "contents": "Improved automated apparatus for recording rotation (circling behavior) in rats or mice. An improved automated apparatus for measuring rotation (circling behavior) is described. The apparatus may be designed for either mice or rats. The logic circuit differentiates between complete 360 degrees rotations and incomplete oscillatory turns; preliminary data indicate that this distinction has functional significance.", "PMID": 1171466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3380", "title": "Neonatal hormone experience and adult lordosis and fighting in the golden hamster.", "content": "Androgenization by testicular secretions or exogenous testosterone propionate (TP treatments administered 24-48 hr post partum) suppressed sexual receptivity in the golden hamster. In response to prolonged adult estradiol benzoate (EB) treatment, gonadectomized normal females and neonatally castrated males exhibited significantly longer total lordosis durations than normal male or neonatally TP-treated (20 mug or 200 mug) females. These results suggest that one aspect of androgen-induced masculinization in the hamster involves reduced estrogen sensitivity. Responses to sequential EB followed by progesterone treatment were also lower in the androgenized groups. Neonatally castrated males did not differ significantly from normal females in their lordosis behavior. Irrespective of adult hormone treatment, androgenized animals fought more than normal females or neonatally castrated males. A genital mask was used to reduce sex differences in peripheral stimulation during testing.", "contents": "Neonatal hormone experience and adult lordosis and fighting in the golden hamster. Androgenization by testicular secretions or exogenous testosterone propionate (TP treatments administered 24-48 hr post partum) suppressed sexual receptivity in the golden hamster. In response to prolonged adult estradiol benzoate (EB) treatment, gonadectomized normal females and neonatally castrated males exhibited significantly longer total lordosis durations than normal male or neonatally TP-treated (20 mug or 200 mug) females. These results suggest that one aspect of androgen-induced masculinization in the hamster involves reduced estrogen sensitivity. Responses to sequential EB followed by progesterone treatment were also lower in the androgenized groups. Neonatally castrated males did not differ significantly from normal females in their lordosis behavior. Irrespective of adult hormone treatment, androgenized animals fought more than normal females or neonatally castrated males. A genital mask was used to reduce sex differences in peripheral stimulation during testing.", "PMID": 1171471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3381", "title": "Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.", "content": "The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.", "contents": "Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat. The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.", "PMID": 1171472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3382", "title": "Postpartum aggression in mice: inhibitory effect of estrogen.", "content": "The daily administration of estradiol benzoate (EB) to lactating mice that previously exhibited aggression toward a male intruder reduced the amount of time subsequently spent fighting as well as the total number of animals that fought. EB treatment also depressed body weight of the dams and their lactation performance. Daily progesterone treatment only reduced lactation performance.", "contents": "Postpartum aggression in mice: inhibitory effect of estrogen. The daily administration of estradiol benzoate (EB) to lactating mice that previously exhibited aggression toward a male intruder reduced the amount of time subsequently spent fighting as well as the total number of animals that fought. EB treatment also depressed body weight of the dams and their lactation performance. Daily progesterone treatment only reduced lactation performance.", "PMID": 1171473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3383", "title": "Dominance behavior: a phylogenetic analysis in the mouse.", "content": "Tube-dominance behavior differed significantly in C57BL/6By and BALB/cBy mice. Evaluation of these two inbred strains, and their recently developed recombinant inbred strains permitted the derivation of an hypothesis regarding possible genetic control of this behavior in mice. The results were analyzed by means of patristic matrices with accompanying phylogenetic tree analysis that marks the first occasion that such analysis has been used for a behavioral trait. Based on the data obtained and the statistical analyses and groupings of the various strains, the most satisfactory hypothesis that can be proposed at this time is one which assumes that dominance behavior, as measured in this experiment, is influenced genetically by at least 3 loci. Attempts to link these loci were not successful.", "contents": "Dominance behavior: a phylogenetic analysis in the mouse. Tube-dominance behavior differed significantly in C57BL/6By and BALB/cBy mice. Evaluation of these two inbred strains, and their recently developed recombinant inbred strains permitted the derivation of an hypothesis regarding possible genetic control of this behavior in mice. The results were analyzed by means of patristic matrices with accompanying phylogenetic tree analysis that marks the first occasion that such analysis has been used for a behavioral trait. Based on the data obtained and the statistical analyses and groupings of the various strains, the most satisfactory hypothesis that can be proposed at this time is one which assumes that dominance behavior, as measured in this experiment, is influenced genetically by at least 3 loci. Attempts to link these loci were not successful.", "PMID": 1171474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3384", "title": "Recovery of mating behavior in the female rat following VMH lesions.", "content": "On the day of proestrus, female rats were given large electrolytic lesions aimed at the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH). Following a postoperative period of extended diestrus the vaginal smears showed irregular periods of vaginal cornification with a tendency toward prolonged periods of cornified smears. Sexual receptivity, measured in terms of the lordosis-to-mount ratio (L% = L/M X 100) was low on the evening of the first postsurgical proestrus, but improved markedly in subsequent mating sessions. Although the lordosis response was present, the intromission frequency remained below that observed during mating sessions with control females. Findings at autopsy together with the prolonged periods of vaginal cornification suggest that VMH lesions result in blocked or delayed ovulation. The behavioral data contradict previous reports of blocked mating behavior in VMH females based upon indirect measures of receptivity, i.e., the presence of vaginal plugs or sperm on the morning following overnight caging with sexually active males.", "contents": "Recovery of mating behavior in the female rat following VMH lesions. On the day of proestrus, female rats were given large electrolytic lesions aimed at the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH). Following a postoperative period of extended diestrus the vaginal smears showed irregular periods of vaginal cornification with a tendency toward prolonged periods of cornified smears. Sexual receptivity, measured in terms of the lordosis-to-mount ratio (L% = L/M X 100) was low on the evening of the first postsurgical proestrus, but improved markedly in subsequent mating sessions. Although the lordosis response was present, the intromission frequency remained below that observed during mating sessions with control females. Findings at autopsy together with the prolonged periods of vaginal cornification suggest that VMH lesions result in blocked or delayed ovulation. The behavioral data contradict previous reports of blocked mating behavior in VMH females based upon indirect measures of receptivity, i.e., the presence of vaginal plugs or sperm on the morning following overnight caging with sexually active males.", "PMID": 1171475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3385", "title": "Retrograde amnesia induced by hypoxia and electroconvulsive shock in two rat strains.", "content": "Hypoxia or electroconvulsive shock (ECS) was administered to two strains of rats following one trial passive avoidance training. ECS produced retrograde amnesia in the Blue Spruce Farms Long Evans hooded rat when administered within 10 sec after training and in the Charles River albino rat when administered within 75 sec after training. Hypoxia was effective in producing retrograde amnesia when administered up to 40 min after training in the hooded rat but only when administered between 20 and 30 min after training in the albino rat. The importance of strain variability is discussed.", "contents": "Retrograde amnesia induced by hypoxia and electroconvulsive shock in two rat strains. Hypoxia or electroconvulsive shock (ECS) was administered to two strains of rats following one trial passive avoidance training. ECS produced retrograde amnesia in the Blue Spruce Farms Long Evans hooded rat when administered within 10 sec after training and in the Charles River albino rat when administered within 75 sec after training. Hypoxia was effective in producing retrograde amnesia when administered up to 40 min after training in the hooded rat but only when administered between 20 and 30 min after training in the albino rat. The importance of strain variability is discussed.", "PMID": 1171476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3386", "title": "The effects of chloridazepoxide on avoidance performance of mice subjected to undernutrition or handling stress in early life.", "content": "This experiment compared the effects of (u) \"early undernutrition\" by rearing in large litters and (ii) an early handlin g stress, on avoidance learning in Swiss white mice. The two treatments, the first leading to permanent physical stunting and the second not, had similar and additive detrimental effects on avoidance performance. Treatment with  the minor tranquillizer Chlordiazepoxide improved performance in all groups but had a proportionately greater effect on previously undernourished, handled mice. Thus the poor avoidance performace of mice reared in large litters appears to be largely independent of the growth stunting effect and more closely related to an elevated stress response produced by stress in early life.", "contents": "The effects of chloridazepoxide on avoidance performance of mice subjected to undernutrition or handling stress in early life. This experiment compared the effects of (u) \"early undernutrition\" by rearing in large litters and (ii) an early handlin g stress, on avoidance learning in Swiss white mice. The two treatments, the first leading to permanent physical stunting and the second not, had similar and additive detrimental effects on avoidance performance. Treatment with  the minor tranquillizer Chlordiazepoxide improved performance in all groups but had a proportionately greater effect on previously undernourished, handled mice. Thus the poor avoidance performace of mice reared in large litters appears to be largely independent of the growth stunting effect and more closely related to an elevated stress response produced by stress in early life.", "PMID": 1171484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3387", "title": "Conditioned learning in young rats born of drug-addicted parents and raised on addictive drugs.", "content": "Ratlings born of six drug-addicted and a control group of parent rats were raised under the influence of the same drugs administered in drinking water. They were trained in a conditioned avoidance paradigm (CAR) from the 7th week when the drugs were withdrawn except in two subgroups of flurazepam and morphine. The growth rate was not appreciably impaired except for temporary slowness in morphine and alcohol-raised rats; it was faster in phenobarbitone and meprobamate-raised rats. The CAR-acquisition rates of the treatment groups were quite close and parallel to that of the controls except for the morphine, meprobamate, medazepam and the two drug-trained subgroups; whereas, the rats raised on low-dose morphine showed a faster than control acquisition rate. No evidence of state-dependent learning was obtained from this study.", "contents": "Conditioned learning in young rats born of drug-addicted parents and raised on addictive drugs. Ratlings born of six drug-addicted and a control group of parent rats were raised under the influence of the same drugs administered in drinking water. They were trained in a conditioned avoidance paradigm (CAR) from the 7th week when the drugs were withdrawn except in two subgroups of flurazepam and morphine. The growth rate was not appreciably impaired except for temporary slowness in morphine and alcohol-raised rats; it was faster in phenobarbitone and meprobamate-raised rats. The CAR-acquisition rates of the treatment groups were quite close and parallel to that of the controls except for the morphine, meprobamate, medazepam and the two drug-trained subgroups; whereas, the rats raised on low-dose morphine showed a faster than control acquisition rate. No evidence of state-dependent learning was obtained from this study.", "PMID": 1171485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3388", "title": "Influence of response topography on the effect of apomorphine and amphetamine on operant behavior of pigeons.", "content": "Key-pecking and treadle-pressing behavior were maintained in five pigeons by a mult. FI5 key FI5 treadle schedule of food presentation. Dose-effect curves for apomorphine and amphetamine on overall rates of responding in both F1 componenets of the multiple schedule were determined. Effective doses of apomorphine caused dose-dependent decreases on treadle-pressing rates in all animals. Similarly, key pecking rates were decreased by increasing  doses of apomorphine in two of the five pigeons. However, dose-dependent increases in key-pecking rates were caused by apomorphine in the other three birds. In this group of pigeons, the mean key-pecking rate was increased to over 500% of the control rate by the dose of 1 mg/kg of apomorphine. Observation of the animals under the effect of apomorphine showed continuous pecking at the operative key in these three animals while the other two pecked at different places of the floor and walls of the experimental chamber. Appropriate doses of amphetamine caused rate-increasing effects on key-pecking as well as treadle-pressing rates of all pigeons. These results suggest that the increases in key-pecking rate caused by apomorphine in some pigeons in a conventional operant situation due to the orientation of the drug-induced stereotyped pecking toward the response keypecking, as a consequence of the topographic compatibility between this behavioral effect of apomorphine and the operant selected for study.", "contents": "Influence of response topography on the effect of apomorphine and amphetamine on operant behavior of pigeons. Key-pecking and treadle-pressing behavior were maintained in five pigeons by a mult. FI5 key FI5 treadle schedule of food presentation. Dose-effect curves for apomorphine and amphetamine on overall rates of responding in both F1 componenets of the multiple schedule were determined. Effective doses of apomorphine caused dose-dependent decreases on treadle-pressing rates in all animals. Similarly, key pecking rates were decreased by increasing  doses of apomorphine in two of the five pigeons. However, dose-dependent increases in key-pecking rates were caused by apomorphine in the other three birds. In this group of pigeons, the mean key-pecking rate was increased to over 500% of the control rate by the dose of 1 mg/kg of apomorphine. Observation of the animals under the effect of apomorphine showed continuous pecking at the operative key in these three animals while the other two pecked at different places of the floor and walls of the experimental chamber. Appropriate doses of amphetamine caused rate-increasing effects on key-pecking as well as treadle-pressing rates of all pigeons. These results suggest that the increases in key-pecking rate caused by apomorphine in some pigeons in a conventional operant situation due to the orientation of the drug-induced stereotyped pecking toward the response keypecking, as a consequence of the topographic compatibility between this behavioral effect of apomorphine and the operant selected for study.", "PMID": 1171486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3389", "title": "Pharmacological evidence for cerebral dopamine receptor blockade by metoclopramide in rodents.", "content": "Metoclopramide antagonises apomorphine-induced stereotypy in rats (ED50 1.5 mg/kg), apomorphine reversal of reserpine-induced locomotor suppression in mice (50% inhibition produced by 17 mg/kg), and apomorphine- or amphetamine-induced turning behaviour in mice with unilateral lesions of the striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals (ED505.0 and 4.0 mg/kg respectively). Metoclopramide resembles pimozide in all these respects and appears to be a relatively potent antagonist of striatal dopamine receptors. Yet metoclopramide, in anti-emetic doses, has no effect on disability in Parkinson's disease or on the therapeutic benefit of L-Dopa and L-Dopa dyskinesias.", "contents": "Pharmacological evidence for cerebral dopamine receptor blockade by metoclopramide in rodents. Metoclopramide antagonises apomorphine-induced stereotypy in rats (ED50 1.5 mg/kg), apomorphine reversal of reserpine-induced locomotor suppression in mice (50% inhibition produced by 17 mg/kg), and apomorphine- or amphetamine-induced turning behaviour in mice with unilateral lesions of the striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals (ED505.0 and 4.0 mg/kg respectively). Metoclopramide resembles pimozide in all these respects and appears to be a relatively potent antagonist of striatal dopamine receptors. Yet metoclopramide, in anti-emetic doses, has no effect on disability in Parkinson's disease or on the therapeutic benefit of L-Dopa and L-Dopa dyskinesias.", "PMID": 1171487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3390", "title": "Disruption of state-dependent learning (memory retrieval) by emotionally-important stimuli.", "content": "State-Dependent Learning (SDL) occurs when a response learned in a particular drug stste does not transfer to another drug state. SDL was demonstrated and disrupted in a modified T-maxe escape learning task, using male hooded rats. SDL groups were trained each day in one drug state (either Librium, 40 mg/kg or sterile water) and then given non-shock test trials in both drug states. SDL Ss showed drug-dependent retention since they turned randomly in opposite-state test trials and significantly above random level (P greather than 0.02) when in the training drug state. For the Transfer Ss, 1k Hz tone was simultaneously paired with foot shock in training and continued to be sounded on every non-shock test trial. Transfer Ss turned in the training direction regardless of drug state. Drug-dependence in the SDL groups and transfer in the Transfer groups were also demonstrated in response latencies. The tones were emotional memory prompters initiating some process that  mediated transfer between drug states. The theoretical importance of these results were discussed in relation to energizing and directing functions of emotions and symmetrical and asymmetrical transfer.", "contents": "Disruption of state-dependent learning (memory retrieval) by emotionally-important stimuli. State-Dependent Learning (SDL) occurs when a response learned in a particular drug stste does not transfer to another drug state. SDL was demonstrated and disrupted in a modified T-maxe escape learning task, using male hooded rats. SDL groups were trained each day in one drug state (either Librium, 40 mg/kg or sterile water) and then given non-shock test trials in both drug states. SDL Ss showed drug-dependent retention since they turned randomly in opposite-state test trials and significantly above random level (P greather than 0.02) when in the training drug state. For the Transfer Ss, 1k Hz tone was simultaneously paired with foot shock in training and continued to be sounded on every non-shock test trial. Transfer Ss turned in the training direction regardless of drug state. Drug-dependence in the SDL groups and transfer in the Transfer groups were also demonstrated in response latencies. The tones were emotional memory prompters initiating some process that  mediated transfer between drug states. The theoretical importance of these results were discussed in relation to energizing and directing functions of emotions and symmetrical and asymmetrical transfer.", "PMID": 1171488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3391", "title": "The inhibition of A and B forms of MAO in the production of a characteristic behabioural syndrome in rats after 1-tryptophan loading.", "content": "1-Tryptophan was administered to rats pretreated  with selective inhibitors of the A and B forms of MAO deprenyl, a selective inhibitor of MAO-B, produced minor changes in behaviour and in the concentrations of apparent 5-HT and 5-HAA in brain. High doses of clorgyline, a  selective inhibitor MAO-A, produced a characteristic stereotyped syndrome of hypermotility and tremor as well as an increase in apparent 5-HT and a decrease in apparent 5-HIAA in brain. Small doses of deprenyl and clorgyline in combination, but not singly, produced maximal effects on behaviour as well as on the concentrations of apparent 5-HT and 5-HIAA in brain. Maximum behavioural and biors before the other. It is concluded that the syndrome may be dependent on the formation of an N-substituted derivative of 5-HT which is at least partly deaminated by MAO-B. Alternatively, the syndrome may be dependent on a sufficiently high concentration of 5-HT in a special compartment where it is partly deaminated by MAO-B.", "contents": "The inhibition of A and B forms of MAO in the production of a characteristic behabioural syndrome in rats after 1-tryptophan loading. 1-Tryptophan was administered to rats pretreated  with selective inhibitors of the A and B forms of MAO deprenyl, a selective inhibitor of MAO-B, produced minor changes in behaviour and in the concentrations of apparent 5-HT and 5-HAA in brain. High doses of clorgyline, a  selective inhibitor MAO-A, produced a characteristic stereotyped syndrome of hypermotility and tremor as well as an increase in apparent 5-HT and a decrease in apparent 5-HIAA in brain. Small doses of deprenyl and clorgyline in combination, but not singly, produced maximal effects on behaviour as well as on the concentrations of apparent 5-HT and 5-HIAA in brain. Maximum behavioural and biors before the other. It is concluded that the syndrome may be dependent on the formation of an N-substituted derivative of 5-HT which is at least partly deaminated by MAO-B. Alternatively, the syndrome may be dependent on a sufficiently high concentration of 5-HT in a special compartment where it is partly deaminated by MAO-B.", "PMID": 1171489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3392", "title": "Effect of sensory stimulation on the potency of cataleptogens.", "content": "Pressures of up to 100 mm Hg applied to the mouse tail caused marked enhancement of the cataleptogenic potency of morphine, haloperidol and arecoline. Visual and auditory stimuli of moderate intensity also enhanced morphine catalepsy. Thus potentiation of cataleptogens by alteration of sensory input appears to be a fairly general phenomenon. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of sensory stimulation on the potency of cataleptogens. Pressures of up to 100 mm Hg applied to the mouse tail caused marked enhancement of the cataleptogenic potency of morphine, haloperidol and arecoline. Visual and auditory stimuli of moderate intensity also enhanced morphine catalepsy. Thus potentiation of cataleptogens by alteration of sensory input appears to be a fairly general phenomenon. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1171490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3393", "title": "Absence of interaction between delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in aggression, muscle control and body temperature experiments in mice.", "content": "In this report we give the results of some experiments on the effects of the hashish constituents delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on mice. THC produced a dose dependent depression of aggression in isolated mice and a dose dependent depression of body temperature in group caged mice. The drug did not alter motor co-ordination. CBD showed a small, not significant influence on aggressiveness, and no in fluence on body temoerature and muscle control. The dame experiments were carried out with combinations of THC and CBD in several dosages. In these experiments no interaction between both compounds was seen. This means that there can only be an additive action and not potentiation in the pharmacological sense. It also means that the in vitro inhibition by CBD of the drug metabolizing enzymes, responsible for biotransformation of THC. is not strong enough to result in changed effects of THC in the living animal.", "contents": "Absence of interaction between delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in aggression, muscle control and body temperature experiments in mice. In this report we give the results of some experiments on the effects of the hashish constituents delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on mice. THC produced a dose dependent depression of aggression in isolated mice and a dose dependent depression of body temperature in group caged mice. The drug did not alter motor co-ordination. CBD showed a small, not significant influence on aggressiveness, and no in fluence on body temoerature and muscle control. The dame experiments were carried out with combinations of THC and CBD in several dosages. In these experiments no interaction between both compounds was seen. This means that there can only be an additive action and not potentiation in the pharmacological sense. It also means that the in vitro inhibition by CBD of the drug metabolizing enzymes, responsible for biotransformation of THC. is not strong enough to result in changed effects of THC in the living animal.", "PMID": 1171491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3394", "title": "Neuroleptic-induced hypersensitivity of striatal dopamine receptors in the rat as a model of tardive dyskinesias. Effects of clozapine, haloperidol, loxapine and chlorpromazine.", "content": "The present study has compared the abilities of clozapine, haloperidol, chlorpromazine and loxapine to induce dopamine (DA)-receptor hypersensitivity in rats, as measured by the apomorphine response after withdrawal of the antipsychotic drugs. Haloperidose during 1-2 weeks after withdrawal. Clozapine, given prior to apomorphine, reduced the responses of the haloperidol and loxapine groups to the control level. The effects of haloperidol and clozapine were quantified in rats with unilateral striatal lesions. Biochemical investigations showed that tolerance developed to the increase in striatal homovanillic acid (HVA) after chronic treatment with haloperidol, chlorpromazine and loxapine, whereas clozapine (20 mg/kg p.o.) failed to affect the HVA content, and no tolerance developed to the increase seen at 80 mg/kg. Cross-tolerance to the rise in HVA was seen with haloperidol, chlorpromazine and loxapine, but chronicc pretreatment with clozapine failed to affect the rise in HVA induced by a singel dose of the former compounds.", "contents": "Neuroleptic-induced hypersensitivity of striatal dopamine receptors in the rat as a model of tardive dyskinesias. Effects of clozapine, haloperidol, loxapine and chlorpromazine. The present study has compared the abilities of clozapine, haloperidol, chlorpromazine and loxapine to induce dopamine (DA)-receptor hypersensitivity in rats, as measured by the apomorphine response after withdrawal of the antipsychotic drugs. Haloperidose during 1-2 weeks after withdrawal. Clozapine, given prior to apomorphine, reduced the responses of the haloperidol and loxapine groups to the control level. The effects of haloperidol and clozapine were quantified in rats with unilateral striatal lesions. Biochemical investigations showed that tolerance developed to the increase in striatal homovanillic acid (HVA) after chronic treatment with haloperidol, chlorpromazine and loxapine, whereas clozapine (20 mg/kg p.o.) failed to affect the HVA content, and no tolerance developed to the increase seen at 80 mg/kg. Cross-tolerance to the rise in HVA was seen with haloperidol, chlorpromazine and loxapine, but chronicc pretreatment with clozapine failed to affect the rise in HVA induced by a singel dose of the former compounds.", "PMID": 1171492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3395", "title": "The interaction of post-weaning housing conditions and prenatal drug effects on behaviour.", "content": "Offspring of rats given oral doses of imipramine (5 mg/kg) from 14-2f gestation were reared, after weaning, in deprived or enriched environments. When tested in both a Henderson-type maze and a swimming maze no behavioural effects due to prenatal drug exposure were observed when the Ss were reared in a deprived environment. When the Ss were reared in an enriched environment the maze performance of those animals which had been exposed to imipramine or vitamin-A was significantly inferior to that of the control animals. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to environmental interaction with prenatal drug effects on behavior.", "contents": "The interaction of post-weaning housing conditions and prenatal drug effects on behaviour. Offspring of rats given oral doses of imipramine (5 mg/kg) from 14-2f gestation were reared, after weaning, in deprived or enriched environments. When tested in both a Henderson-type maze and a swimming maze no behavioural effects due to prenatal drug exposure were observed when the Ss were reared in a deprived environment. When the Ss were reared in an enriched environment the maze performance of those animals which had been exposed to imipramine or vitamin-A was significantly inferior to that of the control animals. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to environmental interaction with prenatal drug effects on behavior.", "PMID": 1171493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3396", "title": "Effects of cannabis resin on social behaviour in the laboratory mouse.", "content": "The effects of several dose levels of cannabis have been studied by an ethiological analysis of encounters between male mice injected with the drug and partners injected with Tween-saline. The duration of immobility was directly related to the logarithm of the dose of cannabis given. The ratio of flight in the treated animals to aggression in those mice with which they were paired showed a progressive increase as the dose of cannabis was raised from 4-50 mg/kg. A straight line relationship was found to exist between the logarithm of flight/aggression and logarithm of the dose of cannabis administered. Non-social activity and social investigation were decreased by the administration of cannabis; this was due to the time spent by the treated animals in immobility. Aggression was not significantly altered. Many mice given doses of 25-100 mg cannabis/kg showed an ataxic gait and the Straub tail reaction.", "contents": "Effects of cannabis resin on social behaviour in the laboratory mouse. The effects of several dose levels of cannabis have been studied by an ethiological analysis of encounters between male mice injected with the drug and partners injected with Tween-saline. The duration of immobility was directly related to the logarithm of the dose of cannabis given. The ratio of flight in the treated animals to aggression in those mice with which they were paired showed a progressive increase as the dose of cannabis was raised from 4-50 mg/kg. A straight line relationship was found to exist between the logarithm of flight/aggression and logarithm of the dose of cannabis administered. Non-social activity and social investigation were decreased by the administration of cannabis; this was due to the time spent by the treated animals in immobility. Aggression was not significantly altered. Many mice given doses of 25-100 mg cannabis/kg showed an ataxic gait and the Straub tail reaction.", "PMID": 1171494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3397", "title": "The effects of azaperone, a sedative neuroleptic of the butyrophenone series, on dominant-subordinate behaviour in wistar rats competing for food.", "content": "The effects of azaperone, a sedative neuroleptic of the butyrophenone series with outstanding anti-aggressive and anti-shock activity on dominant-subordinate relationship in pairs of rats, competing for food, are described. Treating the dominant rat of a pair with azaperone, a dose related weakening (at 0.16 and 0.31 mg/kg) and reversal (at 0.63 mg/kg and above) of the initial strong dominant-subordinate relationship is demonstratedmat 5 mg/kg the dominant-subordinate reversal is complete until the end of the test session. Dominant-subordinate relationships are modified by azaperone at doses far below those inducing gross behavioural changes. The present results point at a normalizing effect of azaperone on social interaction through inhibition of aggressive responsiveness.", "contents": "The effects of azaperone, a sedative neuroleptic of the butyrophenone series, on dominant-subordinate behaviour in wistar rats competing for food. The effects of azaperone, a sedative neuroleptic of the butyrophenone series with outstanding anti-aggressive and anti-shock activity on dominant-subordinate relationship in pairs of rats, competing for food, are described. Treating the dominant rat of a pair with azaperone, a dose related weakening (at 0.16 and 0.31 mg/kg) and reversal (at 0.63 mg/kg and above) of the initial strong dominant-subordinate relationship is demonstratedmat 5 mg/kg the dominant-subordinate reversal is complete until the end of the test session. Dominant-subordinate relationships are modified by azaperone at doses far below those inducing gross behavioural changes. The present results point at a normalizing effect of azaperone on social interaction through inhibition of aggressive responsiveness.", "PMID": 1171495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3398", "title": "The behavioral pharmacology of butaclamol hydrochloride (AY-23,028), a new potent neuroleptic drug.", "content": "Butaclamol hydrochloride (AY-23,028) is a member of a new chemical class for which antipsychotic activity in humans has recently been demonstrated. The compound antagonized amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in rats, amphetamine toxicity in aggregated mice and apomorphine-induced emesis in dogs. It depressed both discriminated avoidance and continuous lever-pressing behavior in rats and inhibited ambulation and rearing in the open field. At higher doses, AY-23,028 induced catalepsy. Adrenergic blocking activity, measured by the antagonism of epinephrine-induced mortality, was weak. These pharmacological actions are characteristic of neuroleptic drugs. In the dose range where the aforementioned effects were observed AY-23,028 did not antagonize either the tetrabenazine-induced ptosis or the tremorine syndrome and did not cause either hypothermia or ataxia. The potency and onset of action of AY-23,028 were comparable to those of fluphenazine but AY-23,028 was of longer duration. The results are discussed in relation to current concepts of neuroleptic mechanisms.", "contents": "The behavioral pharmacology of butaclamol hydrochloride (AY-23,028), a new potent neuroleptic drug. Butaclamol hydrochloride (AY-23,028) is a member of a new chemical class for which antipsychotic activity in humans has recently been demonstrated. The compound antagonized amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in rats, amphetamine toxicity in aggregated mice and apomorphine-induced emesis in dogs. It depressed both discriminated avoidance and continuous lever-pressing behavior in rats and inhibited ambulation and rearing in the open field. At higher doses, AY-23,028 induced catalepsy. Adrenergic blocking activity, measured by the antagonism of epinephrine-induced mortality, was weak. These pharmacological actions are characteristic of neuroleptic drugs. In the dose range where the aforementioned effects were observed AY-23,028 did not antagonize either the tetrabenazine-induced ptosis or the tremorine syndrome and did not cause either hypothermia or ataxia. The potency and onset of action of AY-23,028 were comparable to those of fluphenazine but AY-23,028 was of longer duration. The results are discussed in relation to current concepts of neuroleptic mechanisms.", "PMID": 1171496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3399", "title": "Levels of pyridoxine and susceptibility to electroconvulsive and audiogenic seizures.", "content": "The effects of pyridoxine deficiency and the administration of supplemental vitamin B6 on audiogenic and electroconvulsive seizures were studied in two inbred strains of mice and their F1 hybrids. Pyridoxine deficient diets increased seizure risk, whereas supplemental vitamin B6 protected these animals against seizures. Penicillamine and thiosemicarbazide, at doses which lowered brain levels of pyridoxine by only 10%, increased seizure risk. Diets deficient in zinc and copper did not alter susceptibility to either audiogenic or electroconvulsive seizures. DBA/2J mice, genetically susceptible to audiogenic seizures, have the same endogenous levels of pyridoxine in the brain as do C57Bl/6J mice, which are resistant to audiogenic seizures.", "contents": "Levels of pyridoxine and susceptibility to electroconvulsive and audiogenic seizures. The effects of pyridoxine deficiency and the administration of supplemental vitamin B6 on audiogenic and electroconvulsive seizures were studied in two inbred strains of mice and their F1 hybrids. Pyridoxine deficient diets increased seizure risk, whereas supplemental vitamin B6 protected these animals against seizures. Penicillamine and thiosemicarbazide, at doses which lowered brain levels of pyridoxine by only 10%, increased seizure risk. Diets deficient in zinc and copper did not alter susceptibility to either audiogenic or electroconvulsive seizures. DBA/2J mice, genetically susceptible to audiogenic seizures, have the same endogenous levels of pyridoxine in the brain as do C57Bl/6J mice, which are resistant to audiogenic seizures.", "PMID": 1171497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3400", "title": "Enhancement of acquistion and performance of level-pressing behavior in rats by an experimental diet.", "content": "Rats given diets containing jack bean had superior performance during learning and testing of level pressing compared with rats given control diets. To evaluate the factors which might have contributed to the differences in their performance, the testing conditions, testing schedules, and the reinforcement were varied. The results strongly suggested that the rate of learning depended largely on factors inherent within the individual animals. The rats preferred the reinforcement, Noyes pellets, to diets containing jack bean. Therefore the superior performance of rats given diets containing jack bean could be, to a certain extent, due to their motivation to lever press for Noyes pellets. However, there was also evidence suggesting that other factors in jack bean enhanced the behavioral performance of rats when water droplets were used as the reinforcement.", "contents": "Enhancement of acquistion and performance of level-pressing behavior in rats by an experimental diet. Rats given diets containing jack bean had superior performance during learning and testing of level pressing compared with rats given control diets. To evaluate the factors which might have contributed to the differences in their performance, the testing conditions, testing schedules, and the reinforcement were varied. The results strongly suggested that the rate of learning depended largely on factors inherent within the individual animals. The rats preferred the reinforcement, Noyes pellets, to diets containing jack bean. Therefore the superior performance of rats given diets containing jack bean could be, to a certain extent, due to their motivation to lever press for Noyes pellets. However, there was also evidence suggesting that other factors in jack bean enhanced the behavioral performance of rats when water droplets were used as the reinforcement.", "PMID": 1171498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3401", "title": "Radiotherapy for pure seminoma of the testis.", "content": "Testicular tumors initially diagnosed as pure seminoma were irradiated following orchiectomy in 141 patients. Analysis of treatment failures reveals that (a) 2500 rads is adequate for elective irradiation and 3500 rads for small to moderate-size metastases; (b) elective irradiation of the mediastinum and left supraclavicular area is not indicated for Stage I, but is for Stage II; (c) patient with bulky retroperitoneal disease should be treated initially through total abdominal portais followed by additional treatment through reduced fields; and (d) presence of embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, or choricarconoma should be considered when regression is poor.", "contents": "Radiotherapy for pure seminoma of the testis. Testicular tumors initially diagnosed as pure seminoma were irradiated following orchiectomy in 141 patients. Analysis of treatment failures reveals that (a) 2500 rads is adequate for elective irradiation and 3500 rads for small to moderate-size metastases; (b) elective irradiation of the mediastinum and left supraclavicular area is not indicated for Stage I, but is for Stage II; (c) patient with bulky retroperitoneal disease should be treated initially through total abdominal portais followed by additional treatment through reduced fields; and (d) presence of embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, or choricarconoma should be considered when regression is poor.", "PMID": 1171506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3402", "title": "Aggression in mice after p-chloroamphetamine.", "content": "Two or 3 days after a single high-dose (20 mg/Kg) of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) aggression was reliably observed in male mice. This agression was not produced when the same dose of d-amphetamine was injected or when PCA was injected one hour before testing. However, PCA produced an increase in locomotor activity one hour, but not 24 hours, after injection.", "contents": "Aggression in mice after p-chloroamphetamine. Two or 3 days after a single high-dose (20 mg/Kg) of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) aggression was reliably observed in male mice. This agression was not produced when the same dose of d-amphetamine was injected or when PCA was injected one hour before testing. However, PCA produced an increase in locomotor activity one hour, but not 24 hours, after injection.", "PMID": 1171509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3403", "title": "Male mouse aggression as a pharmacologic model.", "content": "At 5 to 8 months of age the fighting and tail-rattling of male Marsh mice during paired confrontations was significantly greater for isolated than for mice prehoused in groups of males or in groups of one male with females. The differences were not significant for treatment effects tested in a similar manner with mice 11 to 12 months of age. At 5 months of age, mounting behavior of pregrouped males on paired confrontation was significantly less than that of isolated males. Paper towels instead of pine shavings for bedding abolished test-fighting for isolated mice. In any model with randomly sampled groups, an inherently highly aggressive mouse (killer) required to be eliminated from the grouped series, is not detected in the isolated series. These considerations challenge the use of isolated male mice as a pharmacologic model for evaluating behavior-modifying drugs. A four-fold difference in the area of prehousing cages of isolated males did not influence aggressive behavior. Fights correlated with tail-rattling; r equals 0.93 over the 14 series studied.", "contents": "Male mouse aggression as a pharmacologic model. At 5 to 8 months of age the fighting and tail-rattling of male Marsh mice during paired confrontations was significantly greater for isolated than for mice prehoused in groups of males or in groups of one male with females. The differences were not significant for treatment effects tested in a similar manner with mice 11 to 12 months of age. At 5 months of age, mounting behavior of pregrouped males on paired confrontation was significantly less than that of isolated males. Paper towels instead of pine shavings for bedding abolished test-fighting for isolated mice. In any model with randomly sampled groups, an inherently highly aggressive mouse (killer) required to be eliminated from the grouped series, is not detected in the isolated series. These considerations challenge the use of isolated male mice as a pharmacologic model for evaluating behavior-modifying drugs. A four-fold difference in the area of prehousing cages of isolated males did not influence aggressive behavior. Fights correlated with tail-rattling; r equals 0.93 over the 14 series studied.", "PMID": 1171510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3404", "title": "Quantitation of physical dependence in mice by naloxone-precipitated jumping after a single dose of morphine.", "content": "Jumping behavior in mice was precipitated by naloxone after single doses of morphine. The time-effect curves showed that this jumping behavior was delayed compared to the ability of morphine to inhibit writhing  and to increase locomotor activity. This dissociation suggests that the jumping response is a true measure of physical dependence rather than the result of a stimulant effect of morphine in the presence of naloxone. The minimum dose of morphine needed to initiate measurable physical dependence fell within the analgesic range. With a constant dose of morphine, the frequency of jumping was directly related to the dose of naloxone employed. The ability to follow the initiation of physical dependence might be useful in conjunction with receptor and neurohumoral studies to uncover the basic mechanisms involved.", "contents": "Quantitation of physical dependence in mice by naloxone-precipitated jumping after a single dose of morphine. Jumping behavior in mice was precipitated by naloxone after single doses of morphine. The time-effect curves showed that this jumping behavior was delayed compared to the ability of morphine to inhibit writhing  and to increase locomotor activity. This dissociation suggests that the jumping response is a true measure of physical dependence rather than the result of a stimulant effect of morphine in the presence of naloxone. The minimum dose of morphine needed to initiate measurable physical dependence fell within the analgesic range. With a constant dose of morphine, the frequency of jumping was directly related to the dose of naloxone employed. The ability to follow the initiation of physical dependence might be useful in conjunction with receptor and neurohumoral studies to uncover the basic mechanisms involved.", "PMID": 1171511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3405", "title": "Effect of anti-obesity drugs on lipase activity in vitro.", "content": "Chlorphentermine, fenfluramine and dexamphetamine have a pronounced stimulating effect on lipolysis as determined by the action of mouse pancreas lipase on the dilauric (didodecanoic) acid ester of fluorescein. Diethylpropion and phendimetrazine have a comparatively minor effect.", "contents": "Effect of anti-obesity drugs on lipase activity in vitro. Chlorphentermine, fenfluramine and dexamphetamine have a pronounced stimulating effect on lipolysis as determined by the action of mouse pancreas lipase on the dilauric (didodecanoic) acid ester of fluorescein. Diethylpropion and phendimetrazine have a comparatively minor effect.", "PMID": 1171512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3406", "title": "Simplified direct radioimmunoassay method for measuring carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "The radioimmunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen as usually carried out is an involved, time-consuming procedure complicated by the use of a dialysis step to remove perchloric acid from an extract of the sample. A simplified direct assay for the antigen in serum or plasma is reported here. It is evaluated in comparison with our earlier method which was done using perchloric acid extraction of the samples. The results of the simplified method compare favorably with those of the indirect method.", "contents": "Simplified direct radioimmunoassay method for measuring carcinoembryonic antigen. The radioimmunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen as usually carried out is an involved, time-consuming procedure complicated by the use of a dialysis step to remove perchloric acid from an extract of the sample. A simplified direct assay for the antigen in serum or plasma is reported here. It is evaluated in comparison with our earlier method which was done using perchloric acid extraction of the samples. The results of the simplified method compare favorably with those of the indirect method.", "PMID": 1171513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3407", "title": "Effects of naloxone subcutaneous pellets on relapse to morphine self-administration in post-addict rats.", "content": "Female Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared with chronic cortical and muscle electrodes and i.v. cannulae. They were administered morphine by i.v. injections, then trained to lever press for i.v. self-injections of morphine (10 mg/kg) to maintain dependence, and subsequently withdrawn for two weeks. At this point, one or two pellets of naloxone base (100 mg) or placebo pellets were implanted subcutaneously. The rats were then returned to the experimental cages and allowed to self-administer morphine or isotonic saline. Rats that were implanted with two 100 mg naloxone pellets did not relapse to morphine self-injections. Although some of the rats implanted with one 100 mg pellet also failed to relapse to morphine, the remainder increased their lever pressing and morphine intake sufficiently to overcome the antagonist effect of naloxone and to reestablish dependence. Rats implanted with placebo pellets and given access to morphine reestablished lever pressing, while those given access to isotonic saline extinguished their lever pressing. These findings demonstrate the ability of the narcotic antagonist, naloxone, to suppress relapse to morphine in post-addict rats.", "contents": "Effects of naloxone subcutaneous pellets on relapse to morphine self-administration in post-addict rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared with chronic cortical and muscle electrodes and i.v. cannulae. They were administered morphine by i.v. injections, then trained to lever press for i.v. self-injections of morphine (10 mg/kg) to maintain dependence, and subsequently withdrawn for two weeks. At this point, one or two pellets of naloxone base (100 mg) or placebo pellets were implanted subcutaneously. The rats were then returned to the experimental cages and allowed to self-administer morphine or isotonic saline. Rats that were implanted with two 100 mg naloxone pellets did not relapse to morphine self-injections. Although some of the rats implanted with one 100 mg pellet also failed to relapse to morphine, the remainder increased their lever pressing and morphine intake sufficiently to overcome the antagonist effect of naloxone and to reestablish dependence. Rats implanted with placebo pellets and given access to morphine reestablished lever pressing, while those given access to isotonic saline extinguished their lever pressing. These findings demonstrate the ability of the narcotic antagonist, naloxone, to suppress relapse to morphine in post-addict rats.", "PMID": 1171514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3408", "title": "Production and characterization of antibodies to meperidine.", "content": "A mepridine-bovine serum albumin (Mep-BSA) conjugate with 15-20 moles of meperidine per mole of BSA was synthesized and characterized. Rabbits immunized with Mep-BSA produced antibodies that were assayed utilizing saturated ammonium sulfate to separate 3H-meperidine (3H-M) bound to antibody from free 3H-M. Antibody specificity was assessed by competitive inhibition studies. The nanomoles of inhibitor required to decrease the binding of 3H-M by 50% were: meperidine .046; meperidine acid, 3.2; alphaprodine, 7.8; dextromethorphan, 20; codeine, 50; and morphine 55. The sensitivity of the assay is approximately 30 ng/ml; sufficient for pharmacokinetic studies of the disposition of meperidine in man.", "contents": "Production and characterization of antibodies to meperidine. A mepridine-bovine serum albumin (Mep-BSA) conjugate with 15-20 moles of meperidine per mole of BSA was synthesized and characterized. Rabbits immunized with Mep-BSA produced antibodies that were assayed utilizing saturated ammonium sulfate to separate 3H-meperidine (3H-M) bound to antibody from free 3H-M. Antibody specificity was assessed by competitive inhibition studies. The nanomoles of inhibitor required to decrease the binding of 3H-M by 50% were: meperidine .046; meperidine acid, 3.2; alphaprodine, 7.8; dextromethorphan, 20; codeine, 50; and morphine 55. The sensitivity of the assay is approximately 30 ng/ml; sufficient for pharmacokinetic studies of the disposition of meperidine in man.", "PMID": 1171515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3409", "title": "Alteration of L cell growth by antibody-stimulated incorporation of radioactive nucleosides.", "content": "Radioactive nucleoside incorporation into mouse L cells was stimulated by exposure of the cells to rabbit anti-L cell antibody. Use of nucleosides of high specific radioactivity permitted a selective reduction of replication of antibody-treated cells as compared to control cells. The mechanism most likely involves radioactive damage of nuclear contents and DNA.", "contents": "Alteration of L cell growth by antibody-stimulated incorporation of radioactive nucleosides. Radioactive nucleoside incorporation into mouse L cells was stimulated by exposure of the cells to rabbit anti-L cell antibody. Use of nucleosides of high specific radioactivity permitted a selective reduction of replication of antibody-treated cells as compared to control cells. The mechanism most likely involves radioactive damage of nuclear contents and DNA.", "PMID": 1171516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3410", "title": "Comparative studies of the production of antibodies to angiontensin I.", "content": "Antibodies to angiotensin I-BSA were produced in two different animal species to compare their specificity, binding capacities, titers and costs. Also, the antibody response over substantial intervals of time following comparable immunization in different species was studied.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the production of antibodies to angiontensin I. Antibodies to angiotensin I-BSA were produced in two different animal species to compare their specificity, binding capacities, titers and costs. Also, the antibody response over substantial intervals of time following comparable immunization in different species was studied.", "PMID": 1171517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3411", "title": "Humoral immune system activity in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "In vivo activation of complement components C3 and GBG as revealed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis reflects humoral immune system activity in disease. These methods have been applied to a material of 25 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 29 patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Signs of activity in the complement sequence were observed in approximately half the patients of both categories. Fifty blood samples from 30 healthy controls were all negative. The presence of complement activation was correlated with disease activity in both groups, and in patients with CD this could also be shown in longitudinal studies in single patients. In UC complement activation was correlated with the extent of the disease process. The serum levels of factors C4, GBG, and C3 in the patient groups did not differ significantly from those found in the normals.", "contents": "Humoral immune system activity in inflammatory bowel disease. In vivo activation of complement components C3 and GBG as revealed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis reflects humoral immune system activity in disease. These methods have been applied to a material of 25 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 29 patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Signs of activity in the complement sequence were observed in approximately half the patients of both categories. Fifty blood samples from 30 healthy controls were all negative. The presence of complement activation was correlated with disease activity in both groups, and in patients with CD this could also be shown in longitudinal studies in single patients. In UC complement activation was correlated with the extent of the disease process. The serum levels of factors C4, GBG, and C3 in the patient groups did not differ significantly from those found in the normals.", "PMID": 1171519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3412", "title": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood.", "content": "A survey was conducted among 46 pediatric institutions in the United States and Canada to evaluate the presentation, therapy and survival of children with thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) seen since 1960. TTP is an uncommon disease in the pediatric age group, and the clinical and pathologic findings in adults and children are almost identical. It can be distinguished from haemolytic uraemic syndrome in that it usually occurs in older children, the renal disease is milder, and the central nervous system symptoms appear to be related to vascular occlusive disease, and not to the complications of severely compromised kidneys. Appropriate biopsy specimens which reveal typical widespread hyaline occlusion of arterioles may confirm the diagnosis. Combinations of corticosteroids, splenectomy, and heparin have been used as therapy. Prognosis has improved, and is probably related to improved supportive care.", "contents": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood. A survey was conducted among 46 pediatric institutions in the United States and Canada to evaluate the presentation, therapy and survival of children with thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) seen since 1960. TTP is an uncommon disease in the pediatric age group, and the clinical and pathologic findings in adults and children are almost identical. It can be distinguished from haemolytic uraemic syndrome in that it usually occurs in older children, the renal disease is milder, and the central nervous system symptoms appear to be related to vascular occlusive disease, and not to the complications of severely compromised kidneys. Appropriate biopsy specimens which reveal typical widespread hyaline occlusion of arterioles may confirm the diagnosis. Combinations of corticosteroids, splenectomy, and heparin have been used as therapy. Prognosis has improved, and is probably related to improved supportive care.", "PMID": 1171520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3413", "title": "Destruction of dextran-coated target cells by normal human lymphocytes and monocytes. Induction by a human anti-dextran serum with IgG antibodies restricted to the IgG2 subclass.", "content": "A human anti-dextran serum, EAK, with IgG antibodies restricted to subclass IgG2, was tested for its capacity to induce lysis of dextran-coated chicken erythrocytes by normal human lymphocytes or monocytes. Another human anti-dextran serum, RGM, with most antibodies belonging to sublass IgG1, and a hyperimmune rabbit anti-dextran serum were used for reference. In lymphocyte-mediated erythrolysis, serum EAK gave rise to 51-Cr release varying from 20% to 80% in different experiments. The hyperimmune rabbit serum was 100 to 1000 times more active, whereas serum RGM was consistently negative. These results correlated well with the concentration of anti-dextran antibodies in these sera. In monocyte-mediated erythrolysis serum EAK had a somewhat higher titer than in lymphocyte-mediated lysis, and serum RGM had a weak but significant activity at low dilutions. Serum EAK also induced erythrophagocytosis by monocytes. Ultracentrifugation did not significantly decrease the inductive capacity of this serum. The results show that antibodies of human sublass IgG2 are efficient inducers of effector functions in both lymphocytic and monocytic cells. Myeloma proteins of the four IgG subclasses were tested for inhibitory capacity in lymphocyte- or monocyte-mediated erythrolysis. Either serum EAK or the rabbit reference serum was used for induction of erythrolysis. Individual myeloma proteins within and between the subclasses varied considerably in inhibitory power. However, whereas IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 proteins inhibited lymphocyte-mediated erythrolysis induced by either type of antiserum, the two IgG4 proteins tested were essentially negative. These results suggest a lack of specificity of the Fc receptor for subclasses IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 in both heterologous and homologous inhibition. In monocyte-mediated erythrolysis, IgG1 and IgG3 were strong inhibitors, whereas inhibition by IgG2 and IgG4 was weak and inconsistent. This pattern was seen regardless of whether and inducing antiserum was of rabbit or human origin. Similar results were obtained in monocyte-induced erythrophagocytosis induced by serum EAK. These and previous results suggest that effector cells of the lymphocytic (K cell) variety have Fc receptors different from those of monocytic cells. However, the basis for the differences observed in the inhibition tests remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Destruction of dextran-coated target cells by normal human lymphocytes and monocytes. Induction by a human anti-dextran serum with IgG antibodies restricted to the IgG2 subclass. A human anti-dextran serum, EAK, with IgG antibodies restricted to subclass IgG2, was tested for its capacity to induce lysis of dextran-coated chicken erythrocytes by normal human lymphocytes or monocytes. Another human anti-dextran serum, RGM, with most antibodies belonging to sublass IgG1, and a hyperimmune rabbit anti-dextran serum were used for reference. In lymphocyte-mediated erythrolysis, serum EAK gave rise to 51-Cr release varying from 20% to 80% in different experiments. The hyperimmune rabbit serum was 100 to 1000 times more active, whereas serum RGM was consistently negative. These results correlated well with the concentration of anti-dextran antibodies in these sera. In monocyte-mediated erythrolysis serum EAK had a somewhat higher titer than in lymphocyte-mediated lysis, and serum RGM had a weak but significant activity at low dilutions. Serum EAK also induced erythrophagocytosis by monocytes. Ultracentrifugation did not significantly decrease the inductive capacity of this serum. The results show that antibodies of human sublass IgG2 are efficient inducers of effector functions in both lymphocytic and monocytic cells. Myeloma proteins of the four IgG subclasses were tested for inhibitory capacity in lymphocyte- or monocyte-mediated erythrolysis. Either serum EAK or the rabbit reference serum was used for induction of erythrolysis. Individual myeloma proteins within and between the subclasses varied considerably in inhibitory power. However, whereas IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 proteins inhibited lymphocyte-mediated erythrolysis induced by either type of antiserum, the two IgG4 proteins tested were essentially negative. These results suggest a lack of specificity of the Fc receptor for subclasses IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 in both heterologous and homologous inhibition. In monocyte-mediated erythrolysis, IgG1 and IgG3 were strong inhibitors, whereas inhibition by IgG2 and IgG4 was weak and inconsistent. This pattern was seen regardless of whether and inducing antiserum was of rabbit or human origin. Similar results were obtained in monocyte-induced erythrophagocytosis induced by serum EAK. These and previous results suggest that effector cells of the lymphocytic (K cell) variety have Fc receptors different from those of monocytic cells. However, the basis for the differences observed in the inhibition tests remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 1171521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3414", "title": "[Our first clinical experiences with chemically modified heteroplastic arterial transplants from cattle and calf carotid arteries].", "content": "In an 18-month period 22 chemically modified bovine arterial heterografts have been implanted in 21 patients. 1 aorto-profundal and 2 iliaco-femoral bypasses have remaint. The overall success rate was influenced by negative patient selection at the outset of the study. The longest follow-up period for a patent femoro-popliteal bypass has been 12 months. The grafts were initially processed by the method of Rosenberg, but there have been decisive improvements and since 1974 nonantigenic grafts of varying length and width have been available. Their strength and density are good and their operative handling excellent. The observation time is too short, and the number of patients too small, to permit definite conclusions. Nevertheless, the acceptable results where the indication is correct justify a recommendation to use bovine heterografts as arterial substitutes.", "contents": "[Our first clinical experiences with chemically modified heteroplastic arterial transplants from cattle and calf carotid arteries]. In an 18-month period 22 chemically modified bovine arterial heterografts have been implanted in 21 patients. 1 aorto-profundal and 2 iliaco-femoral bypasses have remaint. The overall success rate was influenced by negative patient selection at the outset of the study. The longest follow-up period for a patent femoro-popliteal bypass has been 12 months. The grafts were initially processed by the method of Rosenberg, but there have been decisive improvements and since 1974 nonantigenic grafts of varying length and width have been available. Their strength and density are good and their operative handling excellent. The observation time is too short, and the number of patients too small, to permit definite conclusions. Nevertheless, the acceptable results where the indication is correct justify a recommendation to use bovine heterografts as arterial substitutes.", "PMID": 1171522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3415", "title": "Pressure-induced depolymerization of brain microtubules in vitro.", "content": "Microtubules, assembled in vitro from tubulin extracted from rabbit brain, were subjected to changes in hydrostatic pressure (200 to 10,000 pounds per square inch) and temperature (37 degrees to 0 degrees C). Increased pressure, like cooling, reversibly depolymerizes microtubules, as measured by changes in either turbidity, birefringence, or the number of microtubules seen in electron micrographs. The characteristic response of brain microtubules in vitro to pressure is similar to that of mitotic spindle microtubules in vivo.", "contents": "Pressure-induced depolymerization of brain microtubules in vitro. Microtubules, assembled in vitro from tubulin extracted from rabbit brain, were subjected to changes in hydrostatic pressure (200 to 10,000 pounds per square inch) and temperature (37 degrees to 0 degrees C). Increased pressure, like cooling, reversibly depolymerizes microtubules, as measured by changes in either turbidity, birefringence, or the number of microtubules seen in electron micrographs. The characteristic response of brain microtubules in vitro to pressure is similar to that of mitotic spindle microtubules in vivo.", "PMID": 1171523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3416", "title": "Thrombocytopenic purpura in infectious mononucleosis-- A rare complication?", "content": "We have presented an illustrative case of thrombocytopenic purpura complicating infectious mononucleosis. Steroid therapy appeared to be beneficial although spontaneous recovery cannot be excluded. The use of the Paul-Bunnell heterophil agglutination test is recommended for patients having idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura to rule out subclinical infectious mononucleosis. It is suggested that this syndrome be treated with the expectancy of long-term remissions. Steroids appear to be of benefit. Platelet recovery is usually complete in less than 60 days. Splenectomy should not be considered until at least two months have passed. Chronic thrombocytopenia is an unlikely complication.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenic purpura in infectious mononucleosis-- A rare complication? We have presented an illustrative case of thrombocytopenic purpura complicating infectious mononucleosis. Steroid therapy appeared to be beneficial although spontaneous recovery cannot be excluded. The use of the Paul-Bunnell heterophil agglutination test is recommended for patients having idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura to rule out subclinical infectious mononucleosis. It is suggested that this syndrome be treated with the expectancy of long-term remissions. Steroids appear to be of benefit. Platelet recovery is usually complete in less than 60 days. Splenectomy should not be considered until at least two months have passed. Chronic thrombocytopenia is an unlikely complication.", "PMID": 1171525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3417", "title": "Stress incontinence in the Black female.", "content": "Primary stress incontinence is probably caused by abnormality of the expulsive forces of micturition or by deficiency of the retaining forces, or both. These factors were examined and compared in Indian and Black patients, and the findings partially explain the rarity of primary stress incontinence in the latter group.", "contents": "Stress incontinence in the Black female. Primary stress incontinence is probably caused by abnormality of the expulsive forces of micturition or by deficiency of the retaining forces, or both. These factors were examined and compared in Indian and Black patients, and the findings partially explain the rarity of primary stress incontinence in the latter group.", "PMID": 1171526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3418", "title": "Fetal and early neonatal mortality.", "content": "A format setting out and comparing perinatal deaths is presented.  It is not new, but has not previously been used in South Africa.  Gestational age and birthweight are considered, and group predictions for mortality (and indirectly for morbidity) are made, and can be used for comparison.", "contents": "Fetal and early neonatal mortality. A format setting out and comparing perinatal deaths is presented.  It is not new, but has not previously been used in South Africa.  Gestational age and birthweight are considered, and group predictions for mortality (and indirectly for morbidity) are made, and can be used for comparison.", "PMID": 1171527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3419", "title": "The histochemical nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test in newborn infants.", "content": "Normal values for the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test in full-term, premature and small-for-gestational-age infants are presented.  The NBT reduction was elevated in all groups of babies studied.  There was no statistical difference between the groups and the range was wide.  Infected babies also showed elevated NBT reduction.  However, 60% of the results obtained in the infected group fell within the same range as those obtained in normal neonates.  This renders the test unhelpful in the diagnosis of bacterial infection in the neonatal period.", "contents": "The histochemical nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test in newborn infants. Normal values for the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test in full-term, premature and small-for-gestational-age infants are presented.  The NBT reduction was elevated in all groups of babies studied.  There was no statistical difference between the groups and the range was wide.  Infected babies also showed elevated NBT reduction.  However, 60% of the results obtained in the infected group fell within the same range as those obtained in normal neonates.  This renders the test unhelpful in the diagnosis of bacterial infection in the neonatal period.", "PMID": 1171529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3420", "title": "Vascular access for hemodialysis by bovine graft arteriovenous fistulas.", "content": "A technique has been developed for vascular access in chronic dialysis using bovine graft arteriovenous fistulas in the forearm. Indications for use of bovine arteriovenous fistulas are failures of arteriovenous shunts and standard arteriovenous fistulas at the wrist or as a primary procedure in the event that arterial inflow or venous outflow are inadequate. Choice of either a straight or loop graft is dictated by the vascular anatomy. Loop grafts, orginating from the brachial artery, should be used for inflow problems; straight grafts, originating from an artery at the wrist, should be used for outflow problems. Results have been excellent in this series of 39 grafts in 36 patients observed from two months to one year with a follow-up average of six months. Ninety per cent of the grafts continue to function or functioned until successful transplantation or the death of the patient. Advantages of bovine graft arteriovenous fistulas compared with other fistulas include ease of access, high flows and decreased incidence of hematomas. The major complication has been thrombosis, and this incidence, most likely, can be decreased by more careful selection of the type of graft placement according to the vascular anatomy.", "contents": "Vascular access for hemodialysis by bovine graft arteriovenous fistulas. A technique has been developed for vascular access in chronic dialysis using bovine graft arteriovenous fistulas in the forearm. Indications for use of bovine arteriovenous fistulas are failures of arteriovenous shunts and standard arteriovenous fistulas at the wrist or as a primary procedure in the event that arterial inflow or venous outflow are inadequate. Choice of either a straight or loop graft is dictated by the vascular anatomy. Loop grafts, orginating from the brachial artery, should be used for inflow problems; straight grafts, originating from an artery at the wrist, should be used for outflow problems. Results have been excellent in this series of 39 grafts in 36 patients observed from two months to one year with a follow-up average of six months. Ninety per cent of the grafts continue to function or functioned until successful transplantation or the death of the patient. Advantages of bovine graft arteriovenous fistulas compared with other fistulas include ease of access, high flows and decreased incidence of hematomas. The major complication has been thrombosis, and this incidence, most likely, can be decreased by more careful selection of the type of graft placement according to the vascular anatomy.", "PMID": 1171530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3421", "title": "[Indications for prostaglandins in the field of reproduction in farm animals (author's transl)].", "content": "Parenteral administration of 2.5-5 mg. of prostaglandin F2alpha to horses, 15 mg. to heifers or 25-30 mg to lactating cows and 15 mg. to sheep will induce regression of the corpus luteum (luteolysis) and a fertile oestrus within 48-72 hours. Because of their luteolytic effect prostaglandins may be used in various indications in the field of reproduction. An exception is the pig in which administration of prostaglandins does not induce luteolysis before D12 and therefore fails to induce oestrus. In horses, cattle and sheep, administration of prostaglandins during the first four days of the cycle is ineffective. In the present paper, a few indications for the use of prostaglandins are described, including induction of oestrus (in cases of suboestrus), synchronisation of oestrus, termination of unwanted gestation, elimination of a persistent corpus luteum (purulent endometritis, pyometra, mummified foetus), induction of parturition. In addition, some other indications are listed, such as reduction of the interval between parturition and conception, chronic endometritis, hydroallantois, luteinized cysts and suboestrus post weaning. In the opinion of the present authors, the most important field for the use of prostaglandins will be that of induction and synchronisation of oestrus. As regards the fertility of synchronized oestrus induced by prostaglandins, it is stated that, in cattle and horses, this is superior to that following treatment with progestagen. Extensive field trials will be required to determine whether the fertility of oestrus induced by prostaglandins is equivalent to that following spontaneous oestrus.", "contents": "[Indications for prostaglandins in the field of reproduction in farm animals (author's transl)]. Parenteral administration of 2.5-5 mg. of prostaglandin F2alpha to horses, 15 mg. to heifers or 25-30 mg to lactating cows and 15 mg. to sheep will induce regression of the corpus luteum (luteolysis) and a fertile oestrus within 48-72 hours. Because of their luteolytic effect prostaglandins may be used in various indications in the field of reproduction. An exception is the pig in which administration of prostaglandins does not induce luteolysis before D12 and therefore fails to induce oestrus. In horses, cattle and sheep, administration of prostaglandins during the first four days of the cycle is ineffective. In the present paper, a few indications for the use of prostaglandins are described, including induction of oestrus (in cases of suboestrus), synchronisation of oestrus, termination of unwanted gestation, elimination of a persistent corpus luteum (purulent endometritis, pyometra, mummified foetus), induction of parturition. In addition, some other indications are listed, such as reduction of the interval between parturition and conception, chronic endometritis, hydroallantois, luteinized cysts and suboestrus post weaning. In the opinion of the present authors, the most important field for the use of prostaglandins will be that of induction and synchronisation of oestrus. As regards the fertility of synchronized oestrus induced by prostaglandins, it is stated that, in cattle and horses, this is superior to that following treatment with progestagen. Extensive field trials will be required to determine whether the fertility of oestrus induced by prostaglandins is equivalent to that following spontaneous oestrus.", "PMID": 1171535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3422", "title": "Specific role of magnesium ion in protecting the anticomplementary effect of DNA in immune hemolysis.", "content": "When a constant quantity of denatured DNA required for C-fixation reaction was employed as the antigen, an anticomplementary action of DNA was frequently observed. In order to cope with this difficulty in the analysis of C-fixation, the relationship between DNA, Mg2+ and C was investigated. It was found that this phenomenon was closely related to the flexible conformation of DNA which is highly influencd by Mg2+. Further, this effect could be eliminated in the presence of 5MM MgCl2. The mechanism of the elimination by Mg2+ of the anticomplementary effect of DNA was discussed.", "contents": "Specific role of magnesium ion in protecting the anticomplementary effect of DNA in immune hemolysis. When a constant quantity of denatured DNA required for C-fixation reaction was employed as the antigen, an anticomplementary action of DNA was frequently observed. In order to cope with this difficulty in the analysis of C-fixation, the relationship between DNA, Mg2+ and C was investigated. It was found that this phenomenon was closely related to the flexible conformation of DNA which is highly influencd by Mg2+. Further, this effect could be eliminated in the presence of 5MM MgCl2. The mechanism of the elimination by Mg2+ of the anticomplementary effect of DNA was discussed.", "PMID": 1171537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3423", "title": "[Colony size spectra of 60Co-gamma-irridiated CHO fibroblasts following freeze and thaw cycles].", "content": "The production of reproductive lethal cell lesions by freeze and thaw cycles has been studied by means of colony size spectrometry in tetraploid CHO-fibroblastoma protected with glycerine. The verification sensitivity of this method is compared with that of the colony formation test, the survival curve of cells and the relative multiplicity. 20 days after a freeze and thaw cycle only  the spectrometry of the colony size and survival curve of the cells and colonies suggest a cell lesion. After 44 days, changes as a consequence of reproductive lethal lesions can be detected only in the spectrum of the colony size. Survival curves of the colonies, survival curves of the cells and relative multiplicities determined on cell strains 44 days after a freeze and thaw cycle  are not significatively different from the results of non-frozen control cells. The relation of the average cellular multiplicity after a freeze and thaw cycle to that of the nonfrozen control cells approaches the value of 1 with increased cultivation period after a freeze and thaw cycle. The reproductive lethal lesion after a freeze and thaw cycle is also decreasing with an increased cultivation period. Proliferation lesions by means of 60-Co gamma irradiation have been influenced in dependence of the dose by 20 days of freeze and thaw lesions of a cell population.", "contents": "[Colony size spectra of 60Co-gamma-irridiated CHO fibroblasts following freeze and thaw cycles]. The production of reproductive lethal cell lesions by freeze and thaw cycles has been studied by means of colony size spectrometry in tetraploid CHO-fibroblastoma protected with glycerine. The verification sensitivity of this method is compared with that of the colony formation test, the survival curve of cells and the relative multiplicity. 20 days after a freeze and thaw cycle only  the spectrometry of the colony size and survival curve of the cells and colonies suggest a cell lesion. After 44 days, changes as a consequence of reproductive lethal lesions can be detected only in the spectrum of the colony size. Survival curves of the colonies, survival curves of the cells and relative multiplicities determined on cell strains 44 days after a freeze and thaw cycle  are not significatively different from the results of non-frozen control cells. The relation of the average cellular multiplicity after a freeze and thaw cycle to that of the nonfrozen control cells approaches the value of 1 with increased cultivation period after a freeze and thaw cycle. The reproductive lethal lesion after a freeze and thaw cycle is also decreasing with an increased cultivation period. Proliferation lesions by means of 60-Co gamma irradiation have been influenced in dependence of the dose by 20 days of freeze and thaw lesions of a cell population.", "PMID": 1171541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3424", "title": "Estriol concentrations in plasma of normal, non-pregnant women.", "content": "Using a rabbit antisera directed against estriol-3-0-carboxy methyl ether complexed to BSA, an immunoassay for estriol (1) was developed. The mean plus or minus SE concentration of estriol in 18 women in days 5-7 of their cycle was 7.9 plus or minus 0.6 pg/ml which was significantly (P less than 0.01) less than the mean value of 11.1 plus or minus 0.8 pg/ml in 15 women in days 20-22 of the cycle. In 3 of 6 women in whom plasma samples were drawn frequently during their cycle, an estriol peak occurred coincident with the estradiol peak. In 3 women from whom plasma was obtained several times during the course of a day estriol levels did not appear to vary significantly. In 8 women who were on oral contraceptives the mean level of estriol was 7.6 plus or minus 1.5 pg/ml. In 8 post-menopausal women the mean level was 6.0 plus or minus 1.2 pg/ml which is significantly (P less than 0.01) less than the mean luteal phase value but not less (P greater than 0.1) than the follicular phase or oral contraceptive user values. We conclude that some of the circulating estriol is directly secreted by the ovary of normal women.", "contents": "Estriol concentrations in plasma of normal, non-pregnant women. Using a rabbit antisera directed against estriol-3-0-carboxy methyl ether complexed to BSA, an immunoassay for estriol (1) was developed. The mean plus or minus SE concentration of estriol in 18 women in days 5-7 of their cycle was 7.9 plus or minus 0.6 pg/ml which was significantly (P less than 0.01) less than the mean value of 11.1 plus or minus 0.8 pg/ml in 15 women in days 20-22 of the cycle. In 3 of 6 women in whom plasma samples were drawn frequently during their cycle, an estriol peak occurred coincident with the estradiol peak. In 3 women from whom plasma was obtained several times during the course of a day estriol levels did not appear to vary significantly. In 8 women who were on oral contraceptives the mean level of estriol was 7.6 plus or minus 1.5 pg/ml. In 8 post-menopausal women the mean level was 6.0 plus or minus 1.2 pg/ml which is significantly (P less than 0.01) less than the mean luteal phase value but not less (P greater than 0.1) than the follicular phase or oral contraceptive user values. We conclude that some of the circulating estriol is directly secreted by the ovary of normal women.", "PMID": 1171542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3425", "title": "Chronic diabetes followed by chronic cerebral ischemia induced by bilateral carotid artery ligation in arteriosclerotic versus nonarteriosclerotic rats.", "content": "Male and female, arteriosclerotic (breeder) and nonarteriosclerotic (virgin), Sprague-Dawley rats were made severely diabetic with alloxan. Two weeks later experimental animals had both carotid arteries ligated to induce a state of acute cerebral ischemia. After six weeks of cerebral ischemia either with or without severe diabetes the animals were killed. Animals which survived either the acute induction of diabetes or cerebral ischemia did not manifest any new episodes of cerebral ischemia. Subjects with combined diabetes and cerebral ischemia manifested the greatest loss in body weight, adrenal hypertrophy and thymus gland involution, increased levels of serum CPK and SGOT, but decreased SGPT and LDH, hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and the most extensive cerebral edema. It is suggested that diabetic rats may have a greater predilection toward cerebrovascular accidents because the diabetic state contributes not only to an exacerbation of atherosclerosis, but also complicates any condition of cerebrovascular ischemia by creating extracerebral edema.", "contents": "Chronic diabetes followed by chronic cerebral ischemia induced by bilateral carotid artery ligation in arteriosclerotic versus nonarteriosclerotic rats. Male and female, arteriosclerotic (breeder) and nonarteriosclerotic (virgin), Sprague-Dawley rats were made severely diabetic with alloxan. Two weeks later experimental animals had both carotid arteries ligated to induce a state of acute cerebral ischemia. After six weeks of cerebral ischemia either with or without severe diabetes the animals were killed. Animals which survived either the acute induction of diabetes or cerebral ischemia did not manifest any new episodes of cerebral ischemia. Subjects with combined diabetes and cerebral ischemia manifested the greatest loss in body weight, adrenal hypertrophy and thymus gland involution, increased levels of serum CPK and SGOT, but decreased SGPT and LDH, hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and the most extensive cerebral edema. It is suggested that diabetic rats may have a greater predilection toward cerebrovascular accidents because the diabetic state contributes not only to an exacerbation of atherosclerosis, but also complicates any condition of cerebrovascular ischemia by creating extracerebral edema.", "PMID": 1171543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3426", "title": "Outpatient argon laser iridectomy for angle closure glaucoma: a two-year study.", "content": "A technique for iridectomy in the the treatment of angle-closure glaucoma utilizing laser beams has been developed. The operation is performed in two steps. In step 1 a partially penetrating burn of the iris is made to produce an iris hump. In step 2 a penetrating burn is used to pierce the crown of the previously produced hump. Tables 1, 2, and 3 summarize current recommendations and the detailed steps that must be followed (without exception) to achieve success with this technique. Of 22 phakic eyes, fellow eyes, or eyes with narrow-angle glaucoma, instantaneous, permanent iris perforation was produced in all except two. In these two, a second treatment on the following day produced a permanent perforation. Serious complications were encountered in only one patient who received treatment at a greater energy level than we now recommend. In that patient striate keratopathy became apparent, as well as a decrease in vision which has lasted five months. No significant complication was encountered in any eye treated with the currently recommended procedure.", "contents": "Outpatient argon laser iridectomy for angle closure glaucoma: a two-year study. A technique for iridectomy in the the treatment of angle-closure glaucoma utilizing laser beams has been developed. The operation is performed in two steps. In step 1 a partially penetrating burn of the iris is made to produce an iris hump. In step 2 a penetrating burn is used to pierce the crown of the previously produced hump. Tables 1, 2, and 3 summarize current recommendations and the detailed steps that must be followed (without exception) to achieve success with this technique. Of 22 phakic eyes, fellow eyes, or eyes with narrow-angle glaucoma, instantaneous, permanent iris perforation was produced in all except two. In these two, a second treatment on the following day produced a permanent perforation. Serious complications were encountered in only one patient who received treatment at a greater energy level than we now recommend. In that patient striate keratopathy became apparent, as well as a decrease in vision which has lasted five months. No significant complication was encountered in any eye treated with the currently recommended procedure.", "PMID": 1171547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3427", "title": "Suicide survivors. A follow-up study of persons who survived jumping from the Golden Gate and San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridges.", "content": "Interviews with seven of ten known survivors of jumps from the Golden Gate and San Francisco-Oakland Bay bridges showed a unique association between the Golden Gate Bridge and suicide. The study went beyond exploring the nature of suicidal jumps and shed new light on the experience of nearly dying. All the survivors described this experience as tranquil and peaceful. None of them experienced life events or distant memories passing through their minds or before their eyes. However, all of them experienced transcendence and spiritual rebirth phenomena. Suggestions for preventing suicides from the Golden Gate Bridge are discussed, including the construction of a suicide barrier.", "contents": "Suicide survivors. A follow-up study of persons who survived jumping from the Golden Gate and San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridges. Interviews with seven of ten known survivors of jumps from the Golden Gate and San Francisco-Oakland Bay bridges showed a unique association between the Golden Gate Bridge and suicide. The study went beyond exploring the nature of suicidal jumps and shed new light on the experience of nearly dying. All the survivors described this experience as tranquil and peaceful. None of them experienced life events or distant memories passing through their minds or before their eyes. However, all of them experienced transcendence and spiritual rebirth phenomena. Suggestions for preventing suicides from the Golden Gate Bridge are discussed, including the construction of a suicide barrier.", "PMID": 1171558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3428", "title": "The effects of lavour time on neonatal depression.", "content": "The effects of labour time on neonatal depression were investigated in 1072 cases. It was found that the everage Apgar score assessed at one minute post-parturition decreased significantly as a function of duration of labour. Additionally, the incidence of neonatal depression (Apgar indes of 7 or less) was found to increase significantly with increase significantly with increases in labour duration. Apgar indices taken five minutes after birth did not reveal any significant effects related to duration of labour. Further analysis of the labour conditions indicated that the effects of labour time on the condition of the infant was greater in spontaneius labours than induced or stimulated labours. In spotanious labours, the five-minute Apgar score continued to be influenced by duration of labour. After five minutes individual differences were clearly observable in all labours.", "contents": "The effects of lavour time on neonatal depression. The effects of labour time on neonatal depression were investigated in 1072 cases. It was found that the everage Apgar score assessed at one minute post-parturition decreased significantly as a function of duration of labour. Additionally, the incidence of neonatal depression (Apgar indes of 7 or less) was found to increase significantly with increase significantly with increases in labour duration. Apgar indices taken five minutes after birth did not reveal any significant effects related to duration of labour. Further analysis of the labour conditions indicated that the effects of labour time on the condition of the infant was greater in spontaneius labours than induced or stimulated labours. In spotanious labours, the five-minute Apgar score continued to be influenced by duration of labour. After five minutes individual differences were clearly observable in all labours.", "PMID": 1171561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3429", "title": "[Studies on the metabolism of benzo(a)pyren in alveolar-macrophages. I. Uptake of benzo(a)pyrene and induction of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase (author's transl)].", "content": "Alveolar macrophages play a significant role in the elimination of inhaled foreign compounds and particles from the lung. The question arises, if alveolar macrophages participate in the detoxification or activation of environmental carcinogenic compounds. In the first communication on this subject we describe experiments concerning the uptake of benzo(a)pyrene and the activity of the metobolizing enzymes. The alveolar macrophages are obtained by lung lavage from guinea pigs (Fig. 1,2,3). The cells are grown in monolayers in petri dishes or on the surface of cover slips or glass-vials. The uptake of benzo(a)pyrene in alveolar macrophages is measured by a microfluorimetric method in single cells and by using labelled substrate. The results obtained by both methods indicate that the uptake is terminated between 1-2 h (Fig. 4, 5). The kinetics of uptake and elimination (Fig. 8, 9). are influenced by the concentration of serum (Fig. 6) and benzo(a) pyrene (Fig. 7) in the medium. Two mechanism for the uptake in the alveolar macrophages are discussed: diffusion and pinocytose. The activity of the metabolizing enzymes (benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase)increases during incubation with benzo(a)pyrene (Fig. 10, 11) and is dependant on the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene in the growth medium (Fig. 12). The enzyme activity is inducible also by other polycyclic hydrocarbons (Tab. 1). The induction is inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximid (Tab. 2). The activity of the enzymes in guinea pig alveolar macrophages is comparable to the activity in leucocytes and alveolar-macrophages from humans (Tab. 3, 4).", "contents": "[Studies on the metabolism of benzo(a)pyren in alveolar-macrophages. I. Uptake of benzo(a)pyrene and induction of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase (author's transl)]. Alveolar macrophages play a significant role in the elimination of inhaled foreign compounds and particles from the lung. The question arises, if alveolar macrophages participate in the detoxification or activation of environmental carcinogenic compounds. In the first communication on this subject we describe experiments concerning the uptake of benzo(a)pyrene and the activity of the metobolizing enzymes. The alveolar macrophages are obtained by lung lavage from guinea pigs (Fig. 1,2,3). The cells are grown in monolayers in petri dishes or on the surface of cover slips or glass-vials. The uptake of benzo(a)pyrene in alveolar macrophages is measured by a microfluorimetric method in single cells and by using labelled substrate. The results obtained by both methods indicate that the uptake is terminated between 1-2 h (Fig. 4, 5). The kinetics of uptake and elimination (Fig. 8, 9). are influenced by the concentration of serum (Fig. 6) and benzo(a) pyrene (Fig. 7) in the medium. Two mechanism for the uptake in the alveolar macrophages are discussed: diffusion and pinocytose. The activity of the metabolizing enzymes (benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase)increases during incubation with benzo(a)pyrene (Fig. 10, 11) and is dependant on the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene in the growth medium (Fig. 12). The enzyme activity is inducible also by other polycyclic hydrocarbons (Tab. 1). The induction is inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximid (Tab. 2). The activity of the enzymes in guinea pig alveolar macrophages is comparable to the activity in leucocytes and alveolar-macrophages from humans (Tab. 3, 4).", "PMID": 1171562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3430", "title": "[Conditions of development of a secondary immune response in guinea pig lymphoid cell cultures].", "content": "On addition of a specific antigen to the cell culture of the lymph nodes of the immunized guinea pigs there was seen an intensification of the synthesis of the DNA and of the antibody formation. Both processes occurred more intensively in incubation of cells on a medium with an addition of rabbit antiserum to the guinea pig erythrocytes than on a medium with a normal homologous serum. It is supposed that the optimal conditions for the initiation of antibody formation in the lymphoid cells were created in case of a combined action of a specific antigen-inductor and a nonspecific stimulant intensifying the DNA synthesis.", "contents": "[Conditions of development of a secondary immune response in guinea pig lymphoid cell cultures]. On addition of a specific antigen to the cell culture of the lymph nodes of the immunized guinea pigs there was seen an intensification of the synthesis of the DNA and of the antibody formation. Both processes occurred more intensively in incubation of cells on a medium with an addition of rabbit antiserum to the guinea pig erythrocytes than on a medium with a normal homologous serum. It is supposed that the optimal conditions for the initiation of antibody formation in the lymphoid cells were created in case of a combined action of a specific antigen-inductor and a nonspecific stimulant intensifying the DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1171564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3431", "title": "Acute treatment with calcitonin in primary hyperparathyroidism and severe hypercalcaemia of other origin.", "content": "Porcine or salmon calcitonin was given, as emergency treatment for 17 patients with hypercalcaemia, mostly of a severe degree. A lowering of serum calcium was achieved in all of 11 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and in another 4 with malignancies. In most of the patients, the lowering of serum calcium level was accompanied by a pronounced clinical amelioration. This made possible successful parathyroidectomy without complications in the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. In all patients except one, a decrease in serum creatinine was observed during treatment. Creatinine clearance was studied during calcitonin treatment in 2 patients and showed an increase. Calcitonin was ineffective in 2 of the patients with hypercalcaemia: one with plasmacell sarcoma of the lungs and another one with sarcoidosis. No serious side-effects were observed. Due to its quick action and lack of toxic effects, calcitonin is recommended when a prompt reduction of serum calcium is of vital importance.", "contents": "Acute treatment with calcitonin in primary hyperparathyroidism and severe hypercalcaemia of other origin. Porcine or salmon calcitonin was given, as emergency treatment for 17 patients with hypercalcaemia, mostly of a severe degree. A lowering of serum calcium was achieved in all of 11 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and in another 4 with malignancies. In most of the patients, the lowering of serum calcium level was accompanied by a pronounced clinical amelioration. This made possible successful parathyroidectomy without complications in the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. In all patients except one, a decrease in serum creatinine was observed during treatment. Creatinine clearance was studied during calcitonin treatment in 2 patients and showed an increase. Calcitonin was ineffective in 2 of the patients with hypercalcaemia: one with plasmacell sarcoma of the lungs and another one with sarcoidosis. No serious side-effects were observed. Due to its quick action and lack of toxic effects, calcitonin is recommended when a prompt reduction of serum calcium is of vital importance.", "PMID": 1171565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3432", "title": "Functional anatomy of canine cardiac nerves.", "content": "In 20 anesthetized dogs the thoracic autonomic nerves were carefully exposed in order to determine which produced cardiovascular responses when the afferent or efferent component of each was stimulated. Efferent parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers arise from the caudal cervical ganglion regions bilaterally as well as from the vagus caudally to that ganglion. The majority of negative chromotropic, dromotropic and inotropic fibers arise from the vagus or near the recurrent laryngeal nerves; however, some small parasympathetic fibers also arise from the vagi down to the level of the pulmonary vessels. Efferent sympathetic nerves are relatively large with the exception of the stellate cardiac nerves, and produce specific positive chronotropic or inotropic responses. Afferent fibers are numerous in the recurrent cardiac, innominate, ventromedial and dorsal nerves and not very numerous in both stellate cardiac nerves as well as in the nerves at the level of the pulmonary vessels; thus there are numerous cholinergic and adrenergic efferent fibers which exhibit specific chronotropic or inotropic responses. The correlation between neural anatomy and specific physiological cardiodynamics illustrates beautifully the interrelationship of structure and function which exists within the autonomic nervous system.", "contents": "Functional anatomy of canine cardiac nerves. In 20 anesthetized dogs the thoracic autonomic nerves were carefully exposed in order to determine which produced cardiovascular responses when the afferent or efferent component of each was stimulated. Efferent parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers arise from the caudal cervical ganglion regions bilaterally as well as from the vagus caudally to that ganglion. The majority of negative chromotropic, dromotropic and inotropic fibers arise from the vagus or near the recurrent laryngeal nerves; however, some small parasympathetic fibers also arise from the vagi down to the level of the pulmonary vessels. Efferent sympathetic nerves are relatively large with the exception of the stellate cardiac nerves, and produce specific positive chronotropic or inotropic responses. Afferent fibers are numerous in the recurrent cardiac, innominate, ventromedial and dorsal nerves and not very numerous in both stellate cardiac nerves as well as in the nerves at the level of the pulmonary vessels; thus there are numerous cholinergic and adrenergic efferent fibers which exhibit specific chronotropic or inotropic responses. The correlation between neural anatomy and specific physiological cardiodynamics illustrates beautifully the interrelationship of structure and function which exists within the autonomic nervous system.", "PMID": 1171567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3433", "title": "The postnatal histology of the epididymis in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).", "content": "The epididymis of buffalo is differentiated into 6 regions. The head represents the first 3 regions, the body the 4th region and the tail the 5th and 6th region. At 3-30 weeks, the epithelium is simple high columnar with few basal cells in region I, simple low columnar with few basal cells in region II, pseudostratified low columnar in regions III, IV, V, and pseudostratified low columar in region VI. As age advances, the epithelium increases in height and shows a tendency toward advanced pseudostratification. The basal cells are greater in number in regions III, IV and V than in the other regions of the epididymis. The epithelial cells contain stereocilia in region I at 3 weeks and regions III, IV and V at 30 weeks, whereas they are absent in regions II and VI. The tubules in region I are the smallest in diameter while the tubules in region VI have the largest diameter.", "contents": "The postnatal histology of the epididymis in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The epididymis of buffalo is differentiated into 6 regions. The head represents the first 3 regions, the body the 4th region and the tail the 5th and 6th region. At 3-30 weeks, the epithelium is simple high columnar with few basal cells in region I, simple low columnar with few basal cells in region II, pseudostratified low columnar in regions III, IV, V, and pseudostratified low columar in region VI. As age advances, the epithelium increases in height and shows a tendency toward advanced pseudostratification. The basal cells are greater in number in regions III, IV and V than in the other regions of the epididymis. The epithelial cells contain stereocilia in region I at 3 weeks and regions III, IV and V at 30 weeks, whereas they are absent in regions II and VI. The tubules in region I are the smallest in diameter while the tubules in region VI have the largest diameter.", "PMID": 1171568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3434", "title": "[Cholinoreception of chick embryo myocardial explants].", "content": "The effects of acetylcholine, subecholine (selective nicotinomimetic) and methylfurmetide (selective muscarinomimetic) on the spontaneous contractions of atrial and ventricular explants from the heart of 408 day embryos as well as of mixed explants, have been studied by means of a special photoelectric device. In most of the experiments, acetylcholine reduced the rate of contractions, the sensitivity of preparations being increased with the age of embryos. Preliminary atropine treatment reversed or significantly decreased acetylcholine effect. Subecholine usually increased the contraction rhythm, whereas methylfurmetide decreased the spontaneous activity.", "contents": "[Cholinoreception of chick embryo myocardial explants]. The effects of acetylcholine, subecholine (selective nicotinomimetic) and methylfurmetide (selective muscarinomimetic) on the spontaneous contractions of atrial and ventricular explants from the heart of 408 day embryos as well as of mixed explants, have been studied by means of a special photoelectric device. In most of the experiments, acetylcholine reduced the rate of contractions, the sensitivity of preparations being increased with the age of embryos. Preliminary atropine treatment reversed or significantly decreased acetylcholine effect. Subecholine usually increased the contraction rhythm, whereas methylfurmetide decreased the spontaneous activity.", "PMID": 1171563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3435", "title": "Spongy degeneration in the central nervous system of domestic animals. Part I: Morphology.", "content": "Spongy degeneration or status spongiosus of the central nervous system (CNS) was described in a number of domestic animal species, notably sheep, cattle, pigs and in one goat. The condition was characterized by diffuse or focal vacuolation, or polymicrocavitation of the CNS, particularly the white matter. The vacuolation showed a well defined pattern of distribution following a number of myelinated tracts in CNS white matter, in isolated fibres crossing grey matter in the brain stem, and along grey and white matter borders in the cerebrum and spinal cord. The vacuoles were not altered by a variety of methods of rapid brain fixation, processing and staining. The appearance of the vacuolation repeatedly favouring the same areas in the CNS in a large number of animals studied, its common origin either by hepatocerebral disease or hyperammonaemia, strongly suggests that CNS spongy degeneration of domestic animals is a distinct disease entity.", "contents": "Spongy degeneration in the central nervous system of domestic animals. Part I: Morphology. Spongy degeneration or status spongiosus of the central nervous system (CNS) was described in a number of domestic animal species, notably sheep, cattle, pigs and in one goat. The condition was characterized by diffuse or focal vacuolation, or polymicrocavitation of the CNS, particularly the white matter. The vacuolation showed a well defined pattern of distribution following a number of myelinated tracts in CNS white matter, in isolated fibres crossing grey matter in the brain stem, and along grey and white matter borders in the cerebrum and spinal cord. The vacuoles were not altered by a variety of methods of rapid brain fixation, processing and staining. The appearance of the vacuolation repeatedly favouring the same areas in the CNS in a large number of animals studied, its common origin either by hepatocerebral disease or hyperammonaemia, strongly suggests that CNS spongy degeneration of domestic animals is a distinct disease entity.", "PMID": 1171569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3436", "title": "Spongy degeneration in the central nervous system of domestic animals. Part II: Chemical analysis and vascular permeability studies.", "content": "Two experiments were completed in which brains and spinal cords from lambs affected with spongy degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) were analysed for water, sodium and potassium, as measures of cerebral oedema. In a third experiment, lambs with CNS spongy degeneration were tested for permeability of cerebral blood vessels by intravenous injections of Evans blue. The CNS spongy degeneration was produced by poisoning with the hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid lasiocarpine. In the first experiment, 2 male lambs were poisoned by lasiocarpine and a third injected with saline alone. One lamb injected with lasiocarpine showed widespread spongy changes in the CNS and the other 2 showed normal brains. In the second experiment, 5 males lambs were poisoned by lasiocarpine and 5 were injected with saline. Three of the 5 poisoned lambs showed widespread spongy changes, a fourth showed minor vascuolation and the remaining 6 had normal brains...", "contents": "Spongy degeneration in the central nervous system of domestic animals. Part II: Chemical analysis and vascular permeability studies. Two experiments were completed in which brains and spinal cords from lambs affected with spongy degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) were analysed for water, sodium and potassium, as measures of cerebral oedema. In a third experiment, lambs with CNS spongy degeneration were tested for permeability of cerebral blood vessels by intravenous injections of Evans blue. The CNS spongy degeneration was produced by poisoning with the hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid lasiocarpine. In the first experiment, 2 male lambs were poisoned by lasiocarpine and a third injected with saline alone. One lamb injected with lasiocarpine showed widespread spongy changes in the CNS and the other 2 showed normal brains. In the second experiment, 5 males lambs were poisoned by lasiocarpine and 5 were injected with saline. Three of the 5 poisoned lambs showed widespread spongy changes, a fourth showed minor vascuolation and the remaining 6 had normal brains...", "PMID": 1171570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3437", "title": "Spongy degeneration in the central nervous system of domestic animals. Part III: Occurrence and pathogenesis  hepatocerebral disease caused by hyperammonaemia.", "content": "Severe spongy degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) was seen in 11 cattle, 19 sheep, 4 pigs and 1 goat, associated with a variety of hepatic diseases, particularly those caused by hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. It was also seen in a milder form in 2 of 8 horses examined, 1 dog of 5 dogs examined, and in 1 rabbit only of a large number of laboratory animals examined. This paper reports results of experiments which confirmed initially that the CNS disease cold be caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloid intoxication. This was done by poisoning lambs with lasiocarpine. As the disease was seen in hepatoses not caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloids, the hypothesis that CNS spongy degeneration in lambs could follow any hepatic disease irrespective of its cause, was tested by poisoning lambs with allyl formate, an hepatotoxin chemically unrelated to pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Three of 4 lambs poisoned by the allyl formate showed spongy degeneration in their brains. As the CNS spongy degeneration was an apparent form of hepatocerebral disease, an experiment was conducted to show that the neural disease in sheep was caused by hyperammonaemia. CNS spongy degeneration developed in the brains of all sheep infused intravenously with ammonium acetate, and advanced spongy changes developed in the sheep infused for more than 3 days. The cerebral changes were probably temporary, since sheep infused for 5 days and retained for 3 weeks showed marked regression of vacuolation. Hyperammonaemia caused by intravenous ammonium acetate infusion is a simple, rapid model of CNS spongy degeneration. The syndrome, CNS spongy degeneration caused by hepatic failure and hyperammonaemia, is probably one of the morphologic expressions of hepatocerebral disease in domestic animals and could be an analogue of similar congenital and hepatocerebral diseases in man.", "contents": "Spongy degeneration in the central nervous system of domestic animals. Part III: Occurrence and pathogenesis  hepatocerebral disease caused by hyperammonaemia. Severe spongy degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) was seen in 11 cattle, 19 sheep, 4 pigs and 1 goat, associated with a variety of hepatic diseases, particularly those caused by hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. It was also seen in a milder form in 2 of 8 horses examined, 1 dog of 5 dogs examined, and in 1 rabbit only of a large number of laboratory animals examined. This paper reports results of experiments which confirmed initially that the CNS disease cold be caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloid intoxication. This was done by poisoning lambs with lasiocarpine. As the disease was seen in hepatoses not caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloids, the hypothesis that CNS spongy degeneration in lambs could follow any hepatic disease irrespective of its cause, was tested by poisoning lambs with allyl formate, an hepatotoxin chemically unrelated to pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Three of 4 lambs poisoned by the allyl formate showed spongy degeneration in their brains. As the CNS spongy degeneration was an apparent form of hepatocerebral disease, an experiment was conducted to show that the neural disease in sheep was caused by hyperammonaemia. CNS spongy degeneration developed in the brains of all sheep infused intravenously with ammonium acetate, and advanced spongy changes developed in the sheep infused for more than 3 days. The cerebral changes were probably temporary, since sheep infused for 5 days and retained for 3 weeks showed marked regression of vacuolation. Hyperammonaemia caused by intravenous ammonium acetate infusion is a simple, rapid model of CNS spongy degeneration. The syndrome, CNS spongy degeneration caused by hepatic failure and hyperammonaemia, is probably one of the morphologic expressions of hepatocerebral disease in domestic animals and could be an analogue of similar congenital and hepatocerebral diseases in man.", "PMID": 1171571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3438", "title": "[Comparative studies of human and animal sera containin g anti-HB-8 antibodies].", "content": "In a material of 768 sera obtained from blood donors and patients and 150 sera containing HBs antigen it was investigated whether the available animal sera (horse, swine, goat) with anti-HBs antibodies meet the requirements of diagnostic sera. It was found that none of these anti-HBs animal sera was better than the human serum used as yet. Only the specificity of horse anti-HBs antibodies was equal to the human serum, hence horse serum could be used for diagnostic purposes in routine investigations by the precipitation and complement fixation method. The swine and goat sera did not ensure detection of all HBs antigens which are detected using human or horse serum.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of human and animal sera containin g anti-HB-8 antibodies]. In a material of 768 sera obtained from blood donors and patients and 150 sera containing HBs antigen it was investigated whether the available animal sera (horse, swine, goat) with anti-HBs antibodies meet the requirements of diagnostic sera. It was found that none of these anti-HBs animal sera was better than the human serum used as yet. Only the specificity of horse anti-HBs antibodies was equal to the human serum, hence horse serum could be used for diagnostic purposes in routine investigations by the precipitation and complement fixation method. The swine and goat sera did not ensure detection of all HBs antigens which are detected using human or horse serum.", "PMID": 1171566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3439", "title": "Case report: injury of the spinal cord at birth.", "content": "Spinal cord injury may occur as a severe complication to delivery. In the vast majority of such cases the injury results from a traumatic breech delivery, but cases of injuries after cephalic presentation and fetal malposition have also been described. Two cases were reported. One of the infants died at the age of 8 months and neuropathological examination of the brain and spinal cord was performed. The other child, now 6 years old, is still alive. Incidence, mechanism of injury, clinical and morphological features, and treatment are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Case report: injury of the spinal cord at birth. Spinal cord injury may occur as a severe complication to delivery. In the vast majority of such cases the injury results from a traumatic breech delivery, but cases of injuries after cephalic presentation and fetal malposition have also been described. Two cases were reported. One of the infants died at the age of 8 months and neuropathological examination of the brain and spinal cord was performed. The other child, now 6 years old, is still alive. Incidence, mechanism of injury, clinical and morphological features, and treatment are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1171573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3440", "title": "A study of some biological and socio-economic factors in low birth weight.", "content": "Of 3841 children born alive in Malm\u00f6 in Sweden in 1966, 188, 4.9% had a birth weight of larger than 2500 g. We studied these children with their families and a control in order to form an opinion on the role played by certain social and biological factors in the aetiology of LBW in a country with a relatively high average standard of living. Biological factors were analysed, such as the mother's age, parity, stature, and weight, as well as purely socio-economic factors such as the mother's civil staatus, the social group of the mother and father, income, mother's allowance in case of illness, social help or investigations regarding one or more members of the family, as well as the frequency of immigrants. The combined effect of various socio-economic factors was judged by help of a \"social score\". The results were analysed for 3 different groups of low birth weight, appropriate for gestational age, small for gestational age and multiple births. Judging from our investigation, biological factors probably play the greatest role in the question of LBW but these factors are difficult to distinguish from socio-economic factors which probably still play a certain role in the group preterm children, appropriate for gestational age.", "contents": "A study of some biological and socio-economic factors in low birth weight. Of 3841 children born alive in Malm\u00f6 in Sweden in 1966, 188, 4.9% had a birth weight of larger than 2500 g. We studied these children with their families and a control in order to form an opinion on the role played by certain social and biological factors in the aetiology of LBW in a country with a relatively high average standard of living. Biological factors were analysed, such as the mother's age, parity, stature, and weight, as well as purely socio-economic factors such as the mother's civil staatus, the social group of the mother and father, income, mother's allowance in case of illness, social help or investigations regarding one or more members of the family, as well as the frequency of immigrants. The combined effect of various socio-economic factors was judged by help of a \"social score\". The results were analysed for 3 different groups of low birth weight, appropriate for gestational age, small for gestational age and multiple births. Judging from our investigation, biological factors probably play the greatest role in the question of LBW but these factors are difficult to distinguish from socio-economic factors which probably still play a certain role in the group preterm children, appropriate for gestational age.", "PMID": 1171574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3441", "title": "Malignant hemangioendothelioma of the heart with hematological disorders.", "content": "An autposy case of a 30-year-old house wife with malignant hemangiothelioma of the heart was reported.  This case was also accompanied by marked anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukoerythremoid reaction and hypofibrinogenemia.  The spread of tumor was so wide that only the alimentary tract and the skin were free from metastases of the tumor.  Many of the metastatic foci showed marked hemopoiesis intra tumori.  A short discussion was made on the hematological abnormalities associated with vascular tumors.", "contents": "Malignant hemangioendothelioma of the heart with hematological disorders. An autposy case of a 30-year-old house wife with malignant hemangiothelioma of the heart was reported.  This case was also accompanied by marked anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukoerythremoid reaction and hypofibrinogenemia.  The spread of tumor was so wide that only the alimentary tract and the skin were free from metastases of the tumor.  Many of the metastatic foci showed marked hemopoiesis intra tumori.  A short discussion was made on the hematological abnormalities associated with vascular tumors.", "PMID": 1171575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3442", "title": "Twitching motility and possession of polar fimbriae in spreading Streptococcus sanguis isolates from the human throat.", "content": "A collection of 19 strains of alpha haemolytic streptococci, isolated from throat swabs and characterized by production of spreading zones around colonies on blood agar, was found to constitute a very homogeneous group with morphological, physiological and biochemical characters corresponding to those of streptococci of ser-group H, or Streptococcus sanguis, and they all appeared to possess the group H antigen. They all had a common agglutinogen and, in addition, heterogeneous agglutinogens. The spreading growth, which appears to be a common property of S. sanguis, was due to twitching motility, and the spreading cultures possessed polar fimbriae. tneither twitching motility nor the possession of polar fimbriae have been observed in gram-positive bacteria before.", "contents": "Twitching motility and possession of polar fimbriae in spreading Streptococcus sanguis isolates from the human throat. A collection of 19 strains of alpha haemolytic streptococci, isolated from throat swabs and characterized by production of spreading zones around colonies on blood agar, was found to constitute a very homogeneous group with morphological, physiological and biochemical characters corresponding to those of streptococci of ser-group H, or Streptococcus sanguis, and they all appeared to possess the group H antigen. They all had a common agglutinogen and, in addition, heterogeneous agglutinogens. The spreading growth, which appears to be a common property of S. sanguis, was due to twitching motility, and the spreading cultures possessed polar fimbriae. tneither twitching motility nor the possession of polar fimbriae have been observed in gram-positive bacteria before.", "PMID": 1171576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3443", "title": "Studies on polysaccharide C of Staphylococcus epidermidis. 1. Isolation and chemical characterization.", "content": "Polysaccharide C (poly C) has been isolated from two strains of S. epidermidis and characterized chemically. The results suggest that poly C is a wall N-acetylglucosaminylglycerol teichoic acid, linked through 1:3-phosphodiester linkages. One poly C preparation contained only beta-linked N-acetyglucosamine, the other traces of alpha-linked sugar in addition. The degree of substitution of sugar in the poly C preparations from the two strains was about 50 and 25 per cent.", "contents": "Studies on polysaccharide C of Staphylococcus epidermidis. 1. Isolation and chemical characterization. Polysaccharide C (poly C) has been isolated from two strains of S. epidermidis and characterized chemically. The results suggest that poly C is a wall N-acetylglucosaminylglycerol teichoic acid, linked through 1:3-phosphodiester linkages. One poly C preparation contained only beta-linked N-acetyglucosamine, the other traces of alpha-linked sugar in addition. The degree of substitution of sugar in the poly C preparations from the two strains was about 50 and 25 per cent.", "PMID": 1171577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3444", "title": "The oxygen tension in transudate of the middle ear.", "content": "The pO2 of transudate in the middle ear was measured in situ by a small pO2-electrode introduced through the tympanic membrane. Errors involved in some previous methods using aspiration of gas from the middle ear were avoided by the present method since contamination by air from outside of the drum was almost completely eliminated. Seventeen patients, of whom the majority had a naso-pharyngeal carcinoma or chronic otosalpingitis, were investigated. The mean pO2 of the middle ear transudate was 46 mmHg or 6.5% with a pO2 range between 10 and 108 mmHg. Investigations of the function of the Eustachian tube by the aspiration-deflation method after application of a transmyringeal tube was performed in 10 of the patients, revealing no passage through the Eustachian tube. Among these 10 patients only 4 had a passage of air on Politzer, and these had a higher pO2 in the middle ear transudate than the remaining 6 patients in whom Politzer was performed with a negative result.", "contents": "The oxygen tension in transudate of the middle ear. The pO2 of transudate in the middle ear was measured in situ by a small pO2-electrode introduced through the tympanic membrane. Errors involved in some previous methods using aspiration of gas from the middle ear were avoided by the present method since contamination by air from outside of the drum was almost completely eliminated. Seventeen patients, of whom the majority had a naso-pharyngeal carcinoma or chronic otosalpingitis, were investigated. The mean pO2 of the middle ear transudate was 46 mmHg or 6.5% with a pO2 range between 10 and 108 mmHg. Investigations of the function of the Eustachian tube by the aspiration-deflation method after application of a transmyringeal tube was performed in 10 of the patients, revealing no passage through the Eustachian tube. Among these 10 patients only 4 had a passage of air on Politzer, and these had a higher pO2 in the middle ear transudate than the remaining 6 patients in whom Politzer was performed with a negative result.", "PMID": 1171572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3445", "title": "Disappearance of 3h-corticosterone from the serum of obese-hyperglycemic mice (gene symbol ob).", "content": "The disappearance of 3H-corticosterone from the serum was measured in obese-hyperglycemic mice and their lean litter mates of various ages. At 1 month of age the serum half-life of the injected tracer was the same in the obese and lean animals. In the 2, 5 and 12 months old mice the tracer hormone disappeared faster in the obese mice than in their lean controls. The present results confirm that the previously observed enlargement of the adrenal cortex and the increased secretion of corticostercoids by adrenal cortexby adrenal glands in vitro in fact indicate a considerably hyperadrenocorticism in the obese mouse. Furthermore, the difference in disappearance rate of corticosteroids in vivo between obese and lean mice approximately parrallels the age variation of the other metabolic abnormalities of the syndrome suggesting that the hyperadrenocorticism is part of the multiendocrine disturbance which manifests itself as the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome.", "contents": "Disappearance of 3h-corticosterone from the serum of obese-hyperglycemic mice (gene symbol ob). The disappearance of 3H-corticosterone from the serum was measured in obese-hyperglycemic mice and their lean litter mates of various ages. At 1 month of age the serum half-life of the injected tracer was the same in the obese and lean animals. In the 2, 5 and 12 months old mice the tracer hormone disappeared faster in the obese mice than in their lean controls. The present results confirm that the previously observed enlargement of the adrenal cortex and the increased secretion of corticostercoids by adrenal cortexby adrenal glands in vitro in fact indicate a considerably hyperadrenocorticism in the obese mouse. Furthermore, the difference in disappearance rate of corticosteroids in vivo between obese and lean mice approximately parrallels the age variation of the other metabolic abnormalities of the syndrome suggesting that the hyperadrenocorticism is part of the multiendocrine disturbance which manifests itself as the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome.", "PMID": 1171578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3446", "title": "Measurement of endometrial blood flow in guinea-pig uterus by clearance of intraluminally applied 133xenon: effects of oophorectomy, estrogen treatment and pregnancy.", "content": "Endometrial blood flow (EBF) was studied atraumatically in guinea-pigs by the 133xenon clearance technique. With the aid of an otoscope, a xdnon-saline solution was deposited via the vagina through a cannula into the uterine lumen. Radioactivity curves were obtained by a small external scintillation detector. Oophorectomy lowered total flow wheras this was markedly increased (also per unit weight) by estrogen treatment, alone or in combination with oophorectomy. During early pregnancy there was a tendency to increase in the flow, while the values (for the parietal decidua) were markedly reduced at later stages of pregnancy. In the fetus-placenta unit (133xenon solution injected intra-amniotically) the flow was three times higher than in the parietal decidua at this advanced stage of pregnancy.", "contents": "Measurement of endometrial blood flow in guinea-pig uterus by clearance of intraluminally applied 133xenon: effects of oophorectomy, estrogen treatment and pregnancy. Endometrial blood flow (EBF) was studied atraumatically in guinea-pigs by the 133xenon clearance technique. With the aid of an otoscope, a xdnon-saline solution was deposited via the vagina through a cannula into the uterine lumen. Radioactivity curves were obtained by a small external scintillation detector. Oophorectomy lowered total flow wheras this was markedly increased (also per unit weight) by estrogen treatment, alone or in combination with oophorectomy. During early pregnancy there was a tendency to increase in the flow, while the values (for the parietal decidua) were markedly reduced at later stages of pregnancy. In the fetus-placenta unit (133xenon solution injected intra-amniotically) the flow was three times higher than in the parietal decidua at this advanced stage of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1171579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3447", "title": "Effect of Mycoplasma gallinarum on the replication in vitro of goose parvovirus strain \"B\".", "content": "Replication in vitro of the goose parovirus strain \"B\" was inhibited by Mycoplasma gallinarum co-infection. This effect could be prevented by continuous supplementation of cell cultures with arginine. The infection of cell cultures with Acholeplasma axanthum did not influence virus replication.", "contents": "Effect of Mycoplasma gallinarum on the replication in vitro of goose parvovirus strain \"B\". Replication in vitro of the goose parovirus strain \"B\" was inhibited by Mycoplasma gallinarum co-infection. This effect could be prevented by continuous supplementation of cell cultures with arginine. The infection of cell cultures with Acholeplasma axanthum did not influence virus replication.", "PMID": 1171580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3448", "title": "Drug dependence as an adaptive response: studies with ethanol in mice.", "content": "When mice were kept continuously intoxicated by inhalation of ethanol, physical dependence developed progressively, reaching its maximum in about 2 weeks. Decay of physical dependence during periods of sobriety was complete in about a day. These rapid time courses are consistent with a theoretical model in which alcohol inhibits and simultaneously stabilizes its target. This target may be located in central adrenergic synapses, because interference with function of such synapses facilitated the alcohol withdrawal reaction and because strain differences in withdrawal seizure scores correlated well with strain differences in reserpine effects.", "contents": "Drug dependence as an adaptive response: studies with ethanol in mice. When mice were kept continuously intoxicated by inhalation of ethanol, physical dependence developed progressively, reaching its maximum in about 2 weeks. Decay of physical dependence during periods of sobriety was complete in about a day. These rapid time courses are consistent with a theoretical model in which alcohol inhibits and simultaneously stabilizes its target. This target may be located in central adrenergic synapses, because interference with function of such synapses facilitated the alcohol withdrawal reaction and because strain differences in withdrawal seizure scores correlated well with strain differences in reserpine effects.", "PMID": 1171582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3449", "title": "Aminergic brain system interactions and psychopathology.", "content": "Some data from basic neuropsychopharmacological studies, behavioral pharmacological research, and clinical investigations are reviewed briefly, and the conclusion is that single-amine theories of complex behaviors or broadly defined psychopathological states are inadequate. The next generation of hypotheses relating amines to behavior must take into account the likelihood that different components of behavior are mediated by different amine systems. Further, it appears likely that many amine systems interact with one another in a regulatory fashion and that the final result-the behavior-may reflect the functions of a system of components rather than those of a particular set of aminergic neurons.", "contents": "Aminergic brain system interactions and psychopathology. Some data from basic neuropsychopharmacological studies, behavioral pharmacological research, and clinical investigations are reviewed briefly, and the conclusion is that single-amine theories of complex behaviors or broadly defined psychopathological states are inadequate. The next generation of hypotheses relating amines to behavior must take into account the likelihood that different components of behavior are mediated by different amine systems. Further, it appears likely that many amine systems interact with one another in a regulatory fashion and that the final result-the behavior-may reflect the functions of a system of components rather than those of a particular set of aminergic neurons.", "PMID": 1171584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3450", "title": "Microtubular proteins and concanavalin A receptors.", "content": "The inherent topographical distribution of Con A binding sites (CABS) is disperse or random in all cell types studied using hemocyanin to mark CABS in surface replicas. In virally transformed cells, the addition of Con A leads to the formation of clusters (CABS). A role for microtubules is suggested in this process since colchicine treatment of transformed cells and Con A addition lead to the aggregation of Con A into a \"cap\". During phagocytosis CABS are selectively removed from the surface. This selective movement is abolished by drugs that disrupt microtubules. Binding of Con A or RCA to intact cells at 37 degrees C leads to the removal of their receptors from the surface, presumably by \"micropinocytosis\".", "contents": "Microtubular proteins and concanavalin A receptors. The inherent topographical distribution of Con A binding sites (CABS) is disperse or random in all cell types studied using hemocyanin to mark CABS in surface replicas. In virally transformed cells, the addition of Con A leads to the formation of clusters (CABS). A role for microtubules is suggested in this process since colchicine treatment of transformed cells and Con A addition lead to the aggregation of Con A into a \"cap\". During phagocytosis CABS are selectively removed from the surface. This selective movement is abolished by drugs that disrupt microtubules. Binding of Con A or RCA to intact cells at 37 degrees C leads to the removal of their receptors from the surface, presumably by \"micropinocytosis\".", "PMID": 1171585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3451", "title": "The characteristics of succinylated con A induced growth inhibition of 3T3 cells in tissue culture.", "content": "The growth of untransformed 3T3 fibroblasts can be inhibited by dimeric, non-agglutinating concanavalin A prepared by succinylation (Suc-CON A). This growth inhibition is non-toxic, reversible, and specific for Suc-Con A binding; the cell density at which growth terminates is dependent upon the final cell number and independent of the initial (i.e., plating) density. The part of the cell cycle during which Suc-Con A can exert its growth inhibitory effect appears to be restricted to mitosis and/or early G-1 phase.", "contents": "The characteristics of succinylated con A induced growth inhibition of 3T3 cells in tissue culture. The growth of untransformed 3T3 fibroblasts can be inhibited by dimeric, non-agglutinating concanavalin A prepared by succinylation (Suc-CON A). This growth inhibition is non-toxic, reversible, and specific for Suc-Con A binding; the cell density at which growth terminates is dependent upon the final cell number and independent of the initial (i.e., plating) density. The part of the cell cycle during which Suc-Con A can exert its growth inhibitory effect appears to be restricted to mitosis and/or early G-1 phase.", "PMID": 1171586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3452", "title": "Modification of the biological activities of concanavalin A by anti-concanavalin A.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A) bound to cell membrane glycoproteins, may be dissociated from the membrane receptors by competitive ligands such as alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. Addition of antibody to Con A to the system forms complexes of antibody and Con A which are still bound to the membrane receptors. Such complexes are not dissociable from the membrane by alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. Presence of the complexes on the membrane is monitored by radioactive label or by passive lysis of the cells with guinea pig complement. Antibody to Con A can completely suppress Con A mediated stimulation of lymphocytes as measured by incorporation of tritiated thymidine. However production of lymphokines involved in migration inhibition, enhancement of plaque forming cells or blastogenesis are differentially suppressed by antibody to Con A.", "contents": "Modification of the biological activities of concanavalin A by anti-concanavalin A. Concanavalin A (Con A) bound to cell membrane glycoproteins, may be dissociated from the membrane receptors by competitive ligands such as alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. Addition of antibody to Con A to the system forms complexes of antibody and Con A which are still bound to the membrane receptors. Such complexes are not dissociable from the membrane by alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. Presence of the complexes on the membrane is monitored by radioactive label or by passive lysis of the cells with guinea pig complement. Antibody to Con A can completely suppress Con A mediated stimulation of lymphocytes as measured by incorporation of tritiated thymidine. However production of lymphokines involved in migration inhibition, enhancement of plaque forming cells or blastogenesis are differentially suppressed by antibody to Con A.", "PMID": 1171587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3453", "title": "Protective action of ascorbic acid and sulfur compounds against acetaldehyde toxicity: implications in alcoholism and smoking.", "content": "Acetaldehyde is a toxic substance common to heavy drinking of alcohol and heavy smoking of cigarettes. It has been implicated thereby in diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems. Protection against acetaldehyde toxicity (i.e. anesthesia and lethality) was studied in rats by oral intubation of test compounds 30-45 minutes prior to oral intubation of a standardized oral LD 90 dose (18 millimoles/kilogram) of acetaldehyde. Animals were monitored for anesthesia (loss of righting reflexes) and lethality for 72 hours. A total of 18 compounds was tested. L-ascorbic acid at 2 millimoles/kilogram (mM/kg) showed moderate protection against anesthesia and marked protection against lethality. Greatest protection against anesthesia and lethality was obtained at 2 m M/kg with each of the following: L-cysteine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, thiamin-HCl, sodium metabisulfite, and L-cysteic acid. A combination of L-ascorbic acid with L-cysteine, and thiamin-HCl at reduced dose levels (2.0, 1.0 and 0.3 mM/kg, respectively) gave virtually complete protection. A detailed literature review is presented of the rationale and significance of these findings. Our findings could point the way to a possible build-up of natural protection against the chronic body insult of acetaldehyde arising from heavy drinking of alcohol and heavy smoking of cigarettes.", "contents": "Protective action of ascorbic acid and sulfur compounds against acetaldehyde toxicity: implications in alcoholism and smoking. Acetaldehyde is a toxic substance common to heavy drinking of alcohol and heavy smoking of cigarettes. It has been implicated thereby in diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems. Protection against acetaldehyde toxicity (i.e. anesthesia and lethality) was studied in rats by oral intubation of test compounds 30-45 minutes prior to oral intubation of a standardized oral LD 90 dose (18 millimoles/kilogram) of acetaldehyde. Animals were monitored for anesthesia (loss of righting reflexes) and lethality for 72 hours. A total of 18 compounds was tested. L-ascorbic acid at 2 millimoles/kilogram (mM/kg) showed moderate protection against anesthesia and marked protection against lethality. Greatest protection against anesthesia and lethality was obtained at 2 m M/kg with each of the following: L-cysteine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, thiamin-HCl, sodium metabisulfite, and L-cysteic acid. A combination of L-ascorbic acid with L-cysteine, and thiamin-HCl at reduced dose levels (2.0, 1.0 and 0.3 mM/kg, respectively) gave virtually complete protection. A detailed literature review is presented of the rationale and significance of these findings. Our findings could point the way to a possible build-up of natural protection against the chronic body insult of acetaldehyde arising from heavy drinking of alcohol and heavy smoking of cigarettes.", "PMID": 1171591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3454", "title": "Complex atrial arrhythmias studied by suction electrode technique.", "content": "Two elderly patients with coronary heart disease, chronic pulmonary disease, and complex atrial arrhythmias are presented. The suction electrode technique for right atrium monophasic action potential recording was used. This recording allows better analysis of the atrial arrhythmias and estimates the stability of focal activity.", "contents": "Complex atrial arrhythmias studied by suction electrode technique. Two elderly patients with coronary heart disease, chronic pulmonary disease, and complex atrial arrhythmias are presented. The suction electrode technique for right atrium monophasic action potential recording was used. This recording allows better analysis of the atrial arrhythmias and estimates the stability of focal activity.", "PMID": 1171610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3455", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of volk absorption in early chick embryos.", "content": "Fresh pullet eggs (White Leghorn Strain) were incubated from 6-19 hours. Blastoderms were fixed in situ with aldehyde fixative, post-osmicated in 2% OsO4, dehydrated in acetone, critical-point-dried, mounted ventral side up, coated with palladium-gold wire and observed in a Cambridge Stereoscan S4 scanning electron microscope. Large extracellular yolk granules had a smooth surface and appeared to break up into smaller particles. Similar particles have been observed intracellularly in transmission electron microscopy. Numerous microappendages, mostly ruffles, suggest phagocytosis as a method of absorption of yolk granules into the cells. Absorption of yolk by the cells of the blastoderm involves an initial break up of yolk granules followed by phagocytosis.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of volk absorption in early chick embryos. Fresh pullet eggs (White Leghorn Strain) were incubated from 6-19 hours. Blastoderms were fixed in situ with aldehyde fixative, post-osmicated in 2% OsO4, dehydrated in acetone, critical-point-dried, mounted ventral side up, coated with palladium-gold wire and observed in a Cambridge Stereoscan S4 scanning electron microscope. Large extracellular yolk granules had a smooth surface and appeared to break up into smaller particles. Similar particles have been observed intracellularly in transmission electron microscopy. Numerous microappendages, mostly ruffles, suggest phagocytosis as a method of absorption of yolk granules into the cells. Absorption of yolk by the cells of the blastoderm involves an initial break up of yolk granules followed by phagocytosis.", "PMID": 1171611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3456", "title": "Anti-horseradish peroxidase associated with Golgi complex of antibody-forming cells.", "content": "Observations are reported on the localization of anti-horseradish peroxidase in antibody-forming cells in popliteal lymph nodes following a single injection of antigen. Reaction product, marking the site of antibody, was observed not only in the ergastoplasm and cisternae of the Golgi complex, but also in globules associated with the Golgi complex.", "contents": "Anti-horseradish peroxidase associated with Golgi complex of antibody-forming cells. Observations are reported on the localization of anti-horseradish peroxidase in antibody-forming cells in popliteal lymph nodes following a single injection of antigen. Reaction product, marking the site of antibody, was observed not only in the ergastoplasm and cisternae of the Golgi complex, but also in globules associated with the Golgi complex.", "PMID": 1171612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3457", "title": "Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Histopathologic and ultrastructural changes with isolation of the virus in a human case.", "content": "Enveloped Toga virus particles were demonstrated by means of an electron microscopy in the brain tissues of a 3-year-old girl with acute encephalitis. Areas of demyelinization and necrosis throughout the white matter and brainstem were revealed by light microscopy. These viral particles were identified as eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in postmortem isolation of the virus utilizing young mice and complement-fixation studies. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus particles in human tissues by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Histopathologic and ultrastructural changes with isolation of the virus in a human case. Enveloped Toga virus particles were demonstrated by means of an electron microscopy in the brain tissues of a 3-year-old girl with acute encephalitis. Areas of demyelinization and necrosis throughout the white matter and brainstem were revealed by light microscopy. These viral particles were identified as eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in postmortem isolation of the virus utilizing young mice and complement-fixation studies. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus particles in human tissues by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 1171613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3458", "title": "Structure of the spleen in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "The structure of the spleens of 12 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) who underwent splenectomy was studied. The white pulp was characterized by the presence of large numbers of lymphatic nodules containing highly reactive germinal centers. The marginal zone contained large numbers of vessels surrounded by plasma cells. These findings imply active antibody production and are consistent with the concept that the spleen is a major source of antiplatelet antibody production in ITP. Large numbers of platelets in various stages of degradation were seen in cords, particularly in the marginal zone. They appeared both extracellularly and with the cytoplasm of macrophages. It appeared that platelet destruction was initiated by focal cytoplasmic degradation and resulted in formation of cellular debris. These findings indicate that the spleen plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of ITP, involving synthesis of antiplatelet antibody, localization of platelets in a milieu rich in this antibody, and subsequently, phagocytosing of immune-damaged platelets.", "contents": "Structure of the spleen in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The structure of the spleens of 12 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) who underwent splenectomy was studied. The white pulp was characterized by the presence of large numbers of lymphatic nodules containing highly reactive germinal centers. The marginal zone contained large numbers of vessels surrounded by plasma cells. These findings imply active antibody production and are consistent with the concept that the spleen is a major source of antiplatelet antibody production in ITP. Large numbers of platelets in various stages of degradation were seen in cords, particularly in the marginal zone. They appeared both extracellularly and with the cytoplasm of macrophages. It appeared that platelet destruction was initiated by focal cytoplasmic degradation and resulted in formation of cellular debris. These findings indicate that the spleen plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of ITP, involving synthesis of antiplatelet antibody, localization of platelets in a milieu rich in this antibody, and subsequently, phagocytosing of immune-damaged platelets.", "PMID": 1171614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3459", "title": "The Middleton outbreak: 125 cases of foodborne salmonellosis resulting from cross-contaminated food items served at a picnic and a smorgasbord.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-five of 173 people who ate at a picnic and/or a smorgasbord prepared by a bar-restaurant in a Midwestern town in September 1973 developed diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and other symptoms 23 hours (median time) later. Eleven were hospitalized. Stool cultures from 18 ill individuals grew Salmonella infantis, Salmonella agona, and Salmonella schwarzengrund. Stool cultures from 5 of 8 restaurant employees grew S. infantis or S. agona. Cultures of remaining foods and food-contact surfaces were negative. Food-specific attack rates, based on interviews with 121 eaters, implicated potato salad and chicken dressing as vehicles of transmission, both likely contaminated when prepared in pans that shortly before contained uncooked, chicken pieces suspected to have harbored salmonellae. Chickens were eventually traced to 3 farms where feed samples were found to contain Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella cubana, raising the possibility that other feed samples may have contained the serotypes responsible for the outbreak. The main control measure was temporarily closing the food service, which was to have catered a large church picnic the next day. The outbreak had an economic impact estimated at $28,733.", "contents": "The Middleton outbreak: 125 cases of foodborne salmonellosis resulting from cross-contaminated food items served at a picnic and a smorgasbord. One hundred and twenty-five of 173 people who ate at a picnic and/or a smorgasbord prepared by a bar-restaurant in a Midwestern town in September 1973 developed diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and other symptoms 23 hours (median time) later. Eleven were hospitalized. Stool cultures from 18 ill individuals grew Salmonella infantis, Salmonella agona, and Salmonella schwarzengrund. Stool cultures from 5 of 8 restaurant employees grew S. infantis or S. agona. Cultures of remaining foods and food-contact surfaces were negative. Food-specific attack rates, based on interviews with 121 eaters, implicated potato salad and chicken dressing as vehicles of transmission, both likely contaminated when prepared in pans that shortly before contained uncooked, chicken pieces suspected to have harbored salmonellae. Chickens were eventually traced to 3 farms where feed samples were found to contain Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella cubana, raising the possibility that other feed samples may have contained the serotypes responsible for the outbreak. The main control measure was temporarily closing the food service, which was to have catered a large church picnic the next day. The outbreak had an economic impact estimated at $28,733.", "PMID": 1171616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3460", "title": "General models for segregation analysis.", "content": "Theoretical details are given of various oligogenic models for segregation analysis that are available as a general segregation analysis (\"GENSEG\") package, programmed in FORTRAN iv. The models allow for up to two autosomal loci and one X-linked locus, normally distributed or dichotomous phenotypes, variable age of onset, and various ascertainment functions (including one that allows the probability of becoming a proband to be dependent on the age of onset). Current programs are limited to the analysis of 2-generational data, using the joint likelihood of the sibship and parental phenotypes, unless it can be assumed that the pedigrees being analyzed are a random sample from the population; half-sibships and twins, however, are explicitly allowed.", "contents": "General models for segregation analysis. Theoretical details are given of various oligogenic models for segregation analysis that are available as a general segregation analysis (\"GENSEG\") package, programmed in FORTRAN iv. The models allow for up to two autosomal loci and one X-linked locus, normally distributed or dichotomous phenotypes, variable age of onset, and various ascertainment functions (including one that allows the probability of becoming a proband to be dependent on the age of onset). Current programs are limited to the analysis of 2-generational data, using the joint likelihood of the sibship and parental phenotypes, unless it can be assumed that the pedigrees being analyzed are a random sample from the population; half-sibships and twins, however, are explicitly allowed.", "PMID": 1171617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3461", "title": "Management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy.", "content": "Management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) during pregnancy requires concern for both fetal and maternal morbidity and death.  A review of 14 pregnancies revealed significant maternal morbidity but no maternal deaths.  The perinatal mortally was21 per cent.  Current recommendations for management include: (1) corticosteroids, (2) splenectomy if response is unsatisfactory with (1), (3) liberal use of platelet transfusion if surgical intervention is required in the face of significant thrombocytopenia, and (4) careful observation of the newborn infant and treatment with corticosteroids and/or platelets if thrombacytopenia is severe.", "contents": "Management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy. Management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) during pregnancy requires concern for both fetal and maternal morbidity and death.  A review of 14 pregnancies revealed significant maternal morbidity but no maternal deaths.  The perinatal mortally was21 per cent.  Current recommendations for management include: (1) corticosteroids, (2) splenectomy if response is unsatisfactory with (1), (3) liberal use of platelet transfusion if surgical intervention is required in the face of significant thrombocytopenia, and (4) careful observation of the newborn infant and treatment with corticosteroids and/or platelets if thrombacytopenia is severe.", "PMID": 1171620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3462", "title": "Hysteroscopy: a useful diagnostic adjunct in gynecology.", "content": "Advancements in instrumentation and the introduction of new media for uterine distention have enhanced the potential of hysteroscopy as a diagnostic technique.  In a10 month period at the University of Minnesota, hysteroscopy was preformed in 110 patients with suspected urine pathology.  Paracervical block ansthesia was used in 70 ambulatory patients and the remainder were investigated under general anesthesia because ofconcomitant laparoscopy or planned surgical intervention.  Both dextran 30 per cent and5 per cent dextrose in water were used for uterine distention.  Hysteroscopic abnormalities were found in 70 per cent of the patients ezamined.  These findings included endometrial polyps (32 patients), 12 intrauterine foreign bodies, submucous myomas (10 patients),developmental anomalies and cesarean section scar defects (7 patients), and 16 patients with miscellaneous pathologic conditions, including one patient with adenocarcinoma of theendometrium.  In 33 patients the hysteroscopic findings were normal.  In severalpatients intrauterine devices were removed under hysteroscopic control.  There were no complications related directly to hysteroscopic abservation.", "contents": "Hysteroscopy: a useful diagnostic adjunct in gynecology. Advancements in instrumentation and the introduction of new media for uterine distention have enhanced the potential of hysteroscopy as a diagnostic technique.  In a10 month period at the University of Minnesota, hysteroscopy was preformed in 110 patients with suspected urine pathology.  Paracervical block ansthesia was used in 70 ambulatory patients and the remainder were investigated under general anesthesia because ofconcomitant laparoscopy or planned surgical intervention.  Both dextran 30 per cent and5 per cent dextrose in water were used for uterine distention.  Hysteroscopic abnormalities were found in 70 per cent of the patients ezamined.  These findings included endometrial polyps (32 patients), 12 intrauterine foreign bodies, submucous myomas (10 patients),developmental anomalies and cesarean section scar defects (7 patients), and 16 patients with miscellaneous pathologic conditions, including one patient with adenocarcinoma of theendometrium.  In 33 patients the hysteroscopic findings were normal.  In severalpatients intrauterine devices were removed under hysteroscopic control.  There were no complications related directly to hysteroscopic abservation.", "PMID": 1171621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3463", "title": "Current status of artificial insemination with donor semen.", "content": "As male infertility secondary to oligospermia and azoospermia reamins refractory to treatment, donor insemination has gained greater acceptance.  Wives of azoospermic and severely oligospermic men were evaluated for donor insemination.  One hundred and thirty-four patients were found to be ovulating normally and to be free from pelvic pathology.Sixty-five accepted donor insemination.  Fifty-one conceptions accurred in 41 patients, resulting in 43 live births and 8 miscarriages.  The mean number of inseminations was 4.2 (range 1 to 13).  Eighty-three patients were found to have endocrinopathies or pelvic pathology interfering with fertility; 58 were considered candidates for corrective  therapy to be followed by donor insemination.  Conception rates approached those observed in the average population; however, there was a greater incidence of abortion and ectopic gestation.  Careful consideration of the patient prior to donor inseminationensures greater success and avoids unnecessary procedures when the patient is not considered a candidate for corrective therapy.", "contents": "Current status of artificial insemination with donor semen. As male infertility secondary to oligospermia and azoospermia reamins refractory to treatment, donor insemination has gained greater acceptance.  Wives of azoospermic and severely oligospermic men were evaluated for donor insemination.  One hundred and thirty-four patients were found to be ovulating normally and to be free from pelvic pathology.Sixty-five accepted donor insemination.  Fifty-one conceptions accurred in 41 patients, resulting in 43 live births and 8 miscarriages.  The mean number of inseminations was 4.2 (range 1 to 13).  Eighty-three patients were found to have endocrinopathies or pelvic pathology interfering with fertility; 58 were considered candidates for corrective  therapy to be followed by donor insemination.  Conception rates approached those observed in the average population; however, there was a greater incidence of abortion and ectopic gestation.  Careful consideration of the patient prior to donor inseminationensures greater success and avoids unnecessary procedures when the patient is not considered a candidate for corrective therapy.", "PMID": 1171622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3464", "title": "Changes in the transfer of nutrients across the placenta during normal gestation in the rat.", "content": "Transfer of labeled glucose and alpha-amino isobutyric acid from the maternal circulation into the fetus was studied in the rat at various times during gestation and the results were correlated with placental and fetal growth. It was found that the rate of transfer of both substances per gram of placental tissue increase markedly near term in coincidence with a simultaneous fetal growth spurt. The data suggest a bimodal sequence of growth of the conceptus with a first phase of rapid placental growth and reduced placental transfer and a second phase of slow placental growth, increased transfer, and rapid fetal growth.", "contents": "Changes in the transfer of nutrients across the placenta during normal gestation in the rat. Transfer of labeled glucose and alpha-amino isobutyric acid from the maternal circulation into the fetus was studied in the rat at various times during gestation and the results were correlated with placental and fetal growth. It was found that the rate of transfer of both substances per gram of placental tissue increase markedly near term in coincidence with a simultaneous fetal growth spurt. The data suggest a bimodal sequence of growth of the conceptus with a first phase of rapid placental growth and reduced placental transfer and a second phase of slow placental growth, increased transfer, and rapid fetal growth.", "PMID": 1171623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3465", "title": "Variations in the level of uterine norepinephrine during pregnancy in the guinea pig.", "content": "The uterine smooth musculature is innervated by short adrenergic neurons which are unique in that their transmitter content varies during pregnancy and under the influence of exogenous sex hormones. Uterine norepinephrine was measured fluorometrically at 25 stages throughout pregnancy in the guinea pig, which was chosen because one of the pregnant uterine horns often is devoid of fetuses and hence not subject to mechanical tension. During the initial 10 days of pregnancy, the total organ content of norepinephrine was almost doubled whether the horn contained conceptuses or not. In the horn with conceptuses, norepinephrine was subsequently reduced in the course of the remaining gestation time to reach near-zero levels at term (about 65 days post coitus). In the empty horn, the amine level was constantly elevated until the last two weeks, during which it fell to the same low values as in the contralateral horn. Cervical norepinephrine exhibited the same variations during pregnancy as the empty horn. It is suggested that the characteristic variations in uterine norepinephrine reflect a hormonal influence on the system of short adrenergic neurons, with the addition of mechanical factors in that horn containing fetuses.", "contents": "Variations in the level of uterine norepinephrine during pregnancy in the guinea pig. The uterine smooth musculature is innervated by short adrenergic neurons which are unique in that their transmitter content varies during pregnancy and under the influence of exogenous sex hormones. Uterine norepinephrine was measured fluorometrically at 25 stages throughout pregnancy in the guinea pig, which was chosen because one of the pregnant uterine horns often is devoid of fetuses and hence not subject to mechanical tension. During the initial 10 days of pregnancy, the total organ content of norepinephrine was almost doubled whether the horn contained conceptuses or not. In the horn with conceptuses, norepinephrine was subsequently reduced in the course of the remaining gestation time to reach near-zero levels at term (about 65 days post coitus). In the empty horn, the amine level was constantly elevated until the last two weeks, during which it fell to the same low values as in the contralateral horn. Cervical norepinephrine exhibited the same variations during pregnancy as the empty horn. It is suggested that the characteristic variations in uterine norepinephrine reflect a hormonal influence on the system of short adrenergic neurons, with the addition of mechanical factors in that horn containing fetuses.", "PMID": 1171624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3466", "title": "Renal lithium reabsorption in man: physiologic and pharmacologic determinants.", "content": "In order to evaluate the premise that renal lithium reabsorption may reflect proximal tubular sodium reabsorption, the fractional excretion of lithium (FELi) was measured, during a variety of experimental maneuvers known to affect renal cation reabsorption, in normal volunteers who had been pre-loaded with lithium. Furosemide increased FELi, as well as sodium, calcium, and magnesium excretion, during the first hour following diuretic administration. Subsequently, sodium, calcium, and magnesium excretion continued to remain elevated after furosemide, despite progressive volume depletion, but FELi values usually declined at least to pretreatment levels. Oral glucose  ingestion increased lithium, calcium, and magnesium excretion while sodium and potassium excretion decreased concomitantly. Increases in FELi during volume expansion with saline were correlated with changes in fractional flow (V/GFR) in natriuretic subjects. Parathyroid extract (PTE) increased both FELi and fractional phosphate excretion (FEphos). FELi and FEphos were correlated significantly in the studies with furosemide and PTE, but not after saline volume expansion. In persons who previously had undergone unilateral nephrectomy, FELi was not increased over values in normal subjects. These results indicate that changes in lithium reabsorption may be dissociated from the reabsorption of other cations. They are consistent with the hypothesis that FELi may reflect proximal tubular sodium rejection, but do not exclude other more distal sites of lithium reabsorption.", "contents": "Renal lithium reabsorption in man: physiologic and pharmacologic determinants. In order to evaluate the premise that renal lithium reabsorption may reflect proximal tubular sodium reabsorption, the fractional excretion of lithium (FELi) was measured, during a variety of experimental maneuvers known to affect renal cation reabsorption, in normal volunteers who had been pre-loaded with lithium. Furosemide increased FELi, as well as sodium, calcium, and magnesium excretion, during the first hour following diuretic administration. Subsequently, sodium, calcium, and magnesium excretion continued to remain elevated after furosemide, despite progressive volume depletion, but FELi values usually declined at least to pretreatment levels. Oral glucose  ingestion increased lithium, calcium, and magnesium excretion while sodium and potassium excretion decreased concomitantly. Increases in FELi during volume expansion with saline were correlated with changes in fractional flow (V/GFR) in natriuretic subjects. Parathyroid extract (PTE) increased both FELi and fractional phosphate excretion (FEphos). FELi and FEphos were correlated significantly in the studies with furosemide and PTE, but not after saline volume expansion. In persons who previously had undergone unilateral nephrectomy, FELi was not increased over values in normal subjects. These results indicate that changes in lithium reabsorption may be dissociated from the reabsorption of other cations. They are consistent with the hypothesis that FELi may reflect proximal tubular sodium rejection, but do not exclude other more distal sites of lithium reabsorption.", "PMID": 1171618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3467", "title": "Retinal hemorrhage associated with thrombasthenia.", "content": "A healthy 20-year-old man presented with a spontaneous unilateral retinal hemorrhage. Because of a history of easy bruisability, we obtained hematologic studies and diagnosed thrombasthenia, a hereditary hemorrhagic disorder. The association of retinal hemorrhage and thrombasthenia is rare. Thrombasthenia and other platelet functional disorders are becoming better defined as tests for these abnormalities become more reliable and available. Patients with apparent spontaneous retinal hemorrhages of unknown origin should be questioned about hemorrhagic tendencies, and the various tests for hemorrhagic disorders should be obtained. The hematologic survey should include the more sophisticated tests of platelet function. Patients with thrombasthenia should avoid aspirin intake.", "contents": "Retinal hemorrhage associated with thrombasthenia. A healthy 20-year-old man presented with a spontaneous unilateral retinal hemorrhage. Because of a history of easy bruisability, we obtained hematologic studies and diagnosed thrombasthenia, a hereditary hemorrhagic disorder. The association of retinal hemorrhage and thrombasthenia is rare. Thrombasthenia and other platelet functional disorders are becoming better defined as tests for these abnormalities become more reliable and available. Patients with apparent spontaneous retinal hemorrhages of unknown origin should be questioned about hemorrhagic tendencies, and the various tests for hemorrhagic disorders should be obtained. The hematologic survey should include the more sophisticated tests of platelet function. Patients with thrombasthenia should avoid aspirin intake.", "PMID": 1171626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3468", "title": "Pathologic findings and laboratory data in a new strain of obese hypertensive rats.", "content": "A new strain of rat characterized by genetic obesity, endogenous hyperlipidemia, and hypertension was obtained in this laboratory.  The abnormal phenotype is inherited as a homozygous recessive trait.  The animals exhibit marked hypertriglyceridemia, moderate hypercholesterolemia, and an electrophoretic pattern resembling that of human Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia.  The average life-span is less than 1 year, due largely to the development of premature renal and vascular disease.  The kidney lesion has both glomerulonephritic and nephrosclerotic components and is accompanied by marked proteinuria.  About 12% of animals develop urinary tract calculi.  The vascular disease consists of fibrous and fatty-fibrous intimal plaques, and polyarteritis.  The obese animal offers a useful model for investigating abnormal lipid metabolism and the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Pathologic findings and laboratory data in a new strain of obese hypertensive rats. A new strain of rat characterized by genetic obesity, endogenous hyperlipidemia, and hypertension was obtained in this laboratory.  The abnormal phenotype is inherited as a homozygous recessive trait.  The animals exhibit marked hypertriglyceridemia, moderate hypercholesterolemia, and an electrophoretic pattern resembling that of human Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia.  The average life-span is less than 1 year, due largely to the development of premature renal and vascular disease.  The kidney lesion has both glomerulonephritic and nephrosclerotic components and is accompanied by marked proteinuria.  About 12% of animals develop urinary tract calculi.  The vascular disease consists of fibrous and fatty-fibrous intimal plaques, and polyarteritis.  The obese animal offers a useful model for investigating abnormal lipid metabolism and the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 1171627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3469", "title": "Evolutionary dental changes.", "content": "In the evolution of primates there has been a tendency towards reduction in jaw length and prognathism, mandibular canine size and first molar cusp number, and third molar presence. These oral structures were contrasted, and compared with cranial size, body height and weight, and finger length in 118 males and 102 females of the Burlington Growth Centre. Body weight was significantly related to canine width and to jaw length and prognathism. These relationships were stronger in the males than in the females. The evolutionary reduction in these dental dimensions may result from an evolutionary reduction in genetically determined body size. In the males the number of molar cusps was related to finger length and cranial height. Agenesis of third molars was related to the length of the maxilla in both sexes. In the females, canine width was related to the number of cusps of the first molars, agenesis of third molars, and length of a finger. Simultaneous reductions in dental structures were more frequent in the females.", "contents": "Evolutionary dental changes. In the evolution of primates there has been a tendency towards reduction in jaw length and prognathism, mandibular canine size and first molar cusp number, and third molar presence. These oral structures were contrasted, and compared with cranial size, body height and weight, and finger length in 118 males and 102 females of the Burlington Growth Centre. Body weight was significantly related to canine width and to jaw length and prognathism. These relationships were stronger in the males than in the females. The evolutionary reduction in these dental dimensions may result from an evolutionary reduction in genetically determined body size. In the males the number of molar cusps was related to finger length and cranial height. Agenesis of third molars was related to the length of the maxilla in both sexes. In the females, canine width was related to the number of cusps of the first molars, agenesis of third molars, and length of a finger. Simultaneous reductions in dental structures were more frequent in the females.", "PMID": 1171628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3470", "title": "Effect of amygaloid lesions on gonadal maturation in male and female ferrets.", "content": "Two experiments were performed to determine whether the amygdala is involved in theregulation of gonadal maturation in the ferret.  In an experiment with prepuberal males it was found that testicular and epididymal wieghts, seminiferous tubule diameters, Leydid cell number, and ratings of spermatogenic development were the samein animals autopsied 4 wk after either the placement of a platinum-elctrode lesion in the amygdala or a sham operation.  Testosterone concentrations both in testis and in blood tended to be lower, and body growth was significantly retarded in males with amygdaloid lesions.  In a second experiment with prepuberal females it was found that the first estrus occurred significantly earlier in ferrets that had received amygdaloidlesions than in sham-operated controls.  Neither body growth nor fertility of femaleswas affected.  These findings suggest that the amygdala exerts an inhibitory influence on the hypothalamic mechanism which controls the secretion of gonadotropins required for initial estrus in female ferrets, but not for the initail masturation of the testes in males.", "contents": "Effect of amygaloid lesions on gonadal maturation in male and female ferrets. Two experiments were performed to determine whether the amygdala is involved in theregulation of gonadal maturation in the ferret.  In an experiment with prepuberal males it was found that testicular and epididymal wieghts, seminiferous tubule diameters, Leydid cell number, and ratings of spermatogenic development were the samein animals autopsied 4 wk after either the placement of a platinum-elctrode lesion in the amygdala or a sham operation.  Testosterone concentrations both in testis and in blood tended to be lower, and body growth was significantly retarded in males with amygdaloid lesions.  In a second experiment with prepuberal females it was found that the first estrus occurred significantly earlier in ferrets that had received amygdaloidlesions than in sham-operated controls.  Neither body growth nor fertility of femaleswas affected.  These findings suggest that the amygdala exerts an inhibitory influence on the hypothalamic mechanism which controls the secretion of gonadotropins required for initial estrus in female ferrets, but not for the initail masturation of the testes in males.", "PMID": 1171629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3471", "title": "Critique of a hypothesis of dominance and sexual behavior.", "content": "The author critically evaluates the article \"Dominance and Sexual Behavior: A Hypothesis,\" which appeared in this journal last year and hypothesized that \"male dominance facilitates male-female copulatory behavior while female dominance inhibits it.\" He concludes that such unitary-cause hypotheses of complex behaviors may be reductionistic and therefore less helpful than intended.", "contents": "Critique of a hypothesis of dominance and sexual behavior. The author critically evaluates the article \"Dominance and Sexual Behavior: A Hypothesis,\" which appeared in this journal last year and hypothesized that \"male dominance facilitates male-female copulatory behavior while female dominance inhibits it.\" He concludes that such unitary-cause hypotheses of complex behaviors may be reductionistic and therefore less helpful than intended.", "PMID": 1171630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3472", "title": "The first reported case from Panam\u00e1 of acute gastroenteritis caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "content": "The first confirmed case of Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis in Panama is reported. This marine organism, causing food poisoning in some countries and isolated only recently from seawater in Panama, was recovered from the stools of a patient with acute gastroenteritis, as well as from fresh shrimp used in preparing seafood dishes. This person and 39 other individuals became acutely ill a few hours after eating shrimp at the same restaurant.", "contents": "The first reported case from Panam\u00e1 of acute gastroenteritis caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The first confirmed case of Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis in Panama is reported. This marine organism, causing food poisoning in some countries and isolated only recently from seawater in Panama, was recovered from the stools of a patient with acute gastroenteritis, as well as from fresh shrimp used in preparing seafood dishes. This person and 39 other individuals became acutely ill a few hours after eating shrimp at the same restaurant.", "PMID": 1171633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3473", "title": "Phocanema-type larval nematode coughed up by a boy in California.", "content": "A 13-year-old Palo Alto boy coughed up an immature Phocanema-type larva about 4 days after having eaten \"ceviche\" made of raw red snapper marinated in lime juice.", "contents": "Phocanema-type larval nematode coughed up by a boy in California. A 13-year-old Palo Alto boy coughed up an immature Phocanema-type larva about 4 days after having eaten \"ceviche\" made of raw red snapper marinated in lime juice.", "PMID": 1171634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3474", "title": "Evaluation of the brachial artery to brachial vein bovine heterograft arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis.", "content": "The use of the bovine heterograft in the severely ill patient is reviewed. From personal experience and a review of the literature we believe the preferred site of placement is between the brachial artery and brachial vein in the arm.", "contents": "Evaluation of the brachial artery to brachial vein bovine heterograft arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. The use of the bovine heterograft in the severely ill patient is reviewed. From personal experience and a review of the literature we believe the preferred site of placement is between the brachial artery and brachial vein in the arm.", "PMID": 1171635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3475", "title": "16alpha-hydroxy-progesterone as a sex hormone antagonist: effect on venous diameters in the female mouse.", "content": "Pellets of progesterone plus 1% 16alpha-hydroxy-progesterone (16alpha-OH), testosterone plus 1% 16alpha-OH, and estradiol-17beta plus 1% 16alpha-OH were implanted in the right uterine fat mass in ovariectomized (O) and ovariectomized-hysterectomized (OH) mice. Three weeks later they were killed and the diameters of the ovarian, uterine, and femoral veins and the inferior vena cava were measured and averaged. The averages were compared with averages for O and OH mice bearing pellets of glass and of progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol-17beta without 16alpha-OH. It is concluded that in castrate mice the size of ovarian and uterine veins is influenced not by the presence or absence of the uterus but by sex steroids, that progesterone usually causes decreases while testosterone and estradiol-17beta cause increases in vein diameter, and that both the presence of the uterus and the administration of 1% 16alpha-OH are associated with partial inhibition of increases in vein size induced by steroids. Uterine hypertrophy and urinary bladder distention resulting from the administration of testosterone and estradiol-17beta were not prevented by the addition of 1% 16alpha-OH.", "contents": "16alpha-hydroxy-progesterone as a sex hormone antagonist: effect on venous diameters in the female mouse. Pellets of progesterone plus 1% 16alpha-hydroxy-progesterone (16alpha-OH), testosterone plus 1% 16alpha-OH, and estradiol-17beta plus 1% 16alpha-OH were implanted in the right uterine fat mass in ovariectomized (O) and ovariectomized-hysterectomized (OH) mice. Three weeks later they were killed and the diameters of the ovarian, uterine, and femoral veins and the inferior vena cava were measured and averaged. The averages were compared with averages for O and OH mice bearing pellets of glass and of progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol-17beta without 16alpha-OH. It is concluded that in castrate mice the size of ovarian and uterine veins is influenced not by the presence or absence of the uterus but by sex steroids, that progesterone usually causes decreases while testosterone and estradiol-17beta cause increases in vein diameter, and that both the presence of the uterus and the administration of 1% 16alpha-OH are associated with partial inhibition of increases in vein size induced by steroids. Uterine hypertrophy and urinary bladder distention resulting from the administration of testosterone and estradiol-17beta were not prevented by the addition of 1% 16alpha-OH.", "PMID": 1171637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3476", "title": "Ultrastructure of the oocytes of the Egyptian sping mouse (Acomys cahirinus).", "content": "The oocytes of types 2, 3, 4 and 5 follicles from the normal spiny mouse were examined withe the electron microsome. Multiple juxtanuclear Golgi bodies, mitochondria associated with flattened granular endoplasmic reticulum, and large nucleus are the main features of the type 2 follicle oocyte. The numbers of mitochondria and Golgi apparati increase significantly at later stages. Small mitochondrial aggregates lacking \"intermitochondrial cement\" are seen in the ooplasm of types 3, 4 and 5 follicles. \"Lamellar complexes\" comprising two to six elongate flattened rough ER cisternae and intercisternal filaments begin to appear in the occyte of the type 3 follicle. The intercisternal filaments may be observed as punctate-, dashed-, and solid-lines in cross sections. In tangential sections the filaments display a paracrystalline structure. In the type 4 follicle oocytes, the \"lamellar complex\" becomes more extensive; polysomes and ribosomal fibrils are juxtaposed to the \"lamellar complexes.\" Bundles of ribosomal fibrils are abundant in the ooplasm of the type 5 follicle. The origin of ribosomal filaments and the functional significance of \"lamellar complexes\" are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the oocytes of the Egyptian sping mouse (Acomys cahirinus). The oocytes of types 2, 3, 4 and 5 follicles from the normal spiny mouse were examined withe the electron microsome. Multiple juxtanuclear Golgi bodies, mitochondria associated with flattened granular endoplasmic reticulum, and large nucleus are the main features of the type 2 follicle oocyte. The numbers of mitochondria and Golgi apparati increase significantly at later stages. Small mitochondrial aggregates lacking \"intermitochondrial cement\" are seen in the ooplasm of types 3, 4 and 5 follicles. \"Lamellar complexes\" comprising two to six elongate flattened rough ER cisternae and intercisternal filaments begin to appear in the occyte of the type 3 follicle. The intercisternal filaments may be observed as punctate-, dashed-, and solid-lines in cross sections. In tangential sections the filaments display a paracrystalline structure. In the type 4 follicle oocytes, the \"lamellar complex\" becomes more extensive; polysomes and ribosomal fibrils are juxtaposed to the \"lamellar complexes.\" Bundles of ribosomal fibrils are abundant in the ooplasm of the type 5 follicle. The origin of ribosomal filaments and the functional significance of \"lamellar complexes\" are discussed.", "PMID": 1171638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3477", "title": "Effects of testosterone on the behaviour of the domestic chick. I. Effects present in males but not in females.", "content": "In male chicks, specific facilitation of male copulatory movements occurs at a lower dosage of testosterone oenanthate than does facilitation of approach to the test object, or of attack. The latter effects can be dissociated in other ways from the first; they may depend upon a single central change in visual responsiveness or persistence. Females show none of these changes, although they are capable of the behaviour patterns involved, and do show other behavioural effects of testosterone. On day 3 normal males copulate and attack more, and flee less than do females.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone on the behaviour of the domestic chick. I. Effects present in males but not in females. In male chicks, specific facilitation of male copulatory movements occurs at a lower dosage of testosterone oenanthate than does facilitation of approach to the test object, or of attack. The latter effects can be dissociated in other ways from the first; they may depend upon a single central change in visual responsiveness or persistence. Females show none of these changes, although they are capable of the behaviour patterns involved, and do show other behavioural effects of testosterone. On day 3 normal males copulate and attack more, and flee less than do females.", "PMID": 1171640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3478", "title": "Effects of testosterone on the behaviour of the domestic chick. II. Effects present in both sexes.", "content": "In female chicks, testosterone increases both binocular fixation of the thrusting hand and avoidance of direct gaze. The hand is thus treated as though it had become more conspicuous. Males show signs of such changes, which are obscured by a progressive locking of attention on the hand, along with which develop head shaking and pecking. These latter three effects, together with later full attacks, may be a consequence of increased persistence in males due to testosterone. In both sexes testosterone facilitates waltzing and three characteristic calls, probably by specific effects. Latencies and dosage dependency are similar in both sexes. Ten changes in behaviour due to testosterone can be explained by as few as five basic effects, both general and specific.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone on the behaviour of the domestic chick. II. Effects present in both sexes. In female chicks, testosterone increases both binocular fixation of the thrusting hand and avoidance of direct gaze. The hand is thus treated as though it had become more conspicuous. Males show signs of such changes, which are obscured by a progressive locking of attention on the hand, along with which develop head shaking and pecking. These latter three effects, together with later full attacks, may be a consequence of increased persistence in males due to testosterone. In both sexes testosterone facilitates waltzing and three characteristic calls, probably by specific effects. Latencies and dosage dependency are similar in both sexes. Ten changes in behaviour due to testosterone can be explained by as few as five basic effects, both general and specific.", "PMID": 1171641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3479", "title": "Mouse-killing in the rat: effects of sensory deficits on attack behaviour and stereotyped biting.", "content": "Sensory transections were performed in rats that killed mice after food-deprivation and subsequent satiation. Following partial maxillary or combined maxillary and optic deafferentation, but not after optic lesions alone, the number of mouse-kills declined sharply. This decline was accounted for by approximately a 50 per cent decrease in the number of mouse-presentations in which attack-behaviour took place and in the occurrence of attack-behaviour that did not always lead to a kill because rats frequently failed to bite. Furthermore, examination of killed mice revealed a shift in the distribution of body-bites away from the rostral regions normally seized by rats to more caudal areas of the mouse's body. Results indicate that certain stimulus-characteristics of mice mediated by the maxillary and optic nerves are important determinants of attack-behaviour and stereotyped biting in the rat.", "contents": "Mouse-killing in the rat: effects of sensory deficits on attack behaviour and stereotyped biting. Sensory transections were performed in rats that killed mice after food-deprivation and subsequent satiation. Following partial maxillary or combined maxillary and optic deafferentation, but not after optic lesions alone, the number of mouse-kills declined sharply. This decline was accounted for by approximately a 50 per cent decrease in the number of mouse-presentations in which attack-behaviour took place and in the occurrence of attack-behaviour that did not always lead to a kill because rats frequently failed to bite. Furthermore, examination of killed mice revealed a shift in the distribution of body-bites away from the rostral regions normally seized by rats to more caudal areas of the mouse's body. Results indicate that certain stimulus-characteristics of mice mediated by the maxillary and optic nerves are important determinants of attack-behaviour and stereotyped biting in the rat.", "PMID": 1171642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3480", "title": "Comparative studies of the aggressive behaviour of two gymnotid electric fish (Gymnotus carapo and Hypopomus artedi).", "content": "Electrical and motor behaviour was studied during aggressive interactions in two species of electric fish (Gymnotus carapo and Hypopomus artedi). Paired comparison methods were used to obtain the data, and analysis of the results was undertaken at three different levels: (1) The repertoire of behaviour (motor and electrical); (2) The changes in relative frequency of components with increasing exposure to conspecifics; (3) Sequential analysis of patterns of behaviour occuring both within and between individuals. The results of the three analyses showed: (1) A great similarity in repertoire although a much higher rate of interaction for Gymnotus. The relative importance of the \"off\" and \"burst\" signals was reversed for the two species. A prolonged orientation component in Hypopomus was found to be related to the occurrence of discharge synchrony. (2) Habituation of intense components in favour of electrical signalling in both species. (3) Important differences in both the length and structure of sequences.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the aggressive behaviour of two gymnotid electric fish (Gymnotus carapo and Hypopomus artedi). Electrical and motor behaviour was studied during aggressive interactions in two species of electric fish (Gymnotus carapo and Hypopomus artedi). Paired comparison methods were used to obtain the data, and analysis of the results was undertaken at three different levels: (1) The repertoire of behaviour (motor and electrical); (2) The changes in relative frequency of components with increasing exposure to conspecifics; (3) Sequential analysis of patterns of behaviour occuring both within and between individuals. The results of the three analyses showed: (1) A great similarity in repertoire although a much higher rate of interaction for Gymnotus. The relative importance of the \"off\" and \"burst\" signals was reversed for the two species. A prolonged orientation component in Hypopomus was found to be related to the occurrence of discharge synchrony. (2) Habituation of intense components in favour of electrical signalling in both species. (3) Important differences in both the length and structure of sequences.", "PMID": 1171643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3481", "title": "Dairy calf mortality rate: influence of meteorologic factors on calf mortality rate in Tulare County, California.", "content": "Monthly calf mortality data for a period of 5.5 years in Tulare County, California, were compared with monthly summarized weather data for that county, using multivariate statistical techniques. In winter, increases in the calf mortality rate (CMR) were significantly associated with cold, wet, windy weather; in summer, greater death losses were associated with hot, dry weather. In general, the calf losses in winter seemed more closely related to weather phenomenon than those in summer. The CMR during a 6-month period (July to December, 1973) were predicted, using equations containing data on the more important weather variables. The predicted CMR significantly differed from the observed death rate during July through September. During October through December, the predicted and observed CMR did not significantly differ. An increase in mortality rate was not predicted for winter, mainly because of low rainfall, and none occurred.", "contents": "Dairy calf mortality rate: influence of meteorologic factors on calf mortality rate in Tulare County, California. Monthly calf mortality data for a period of 5.5 years in Tulare County, California, were compared with monthly summarized weather data for that county, using multivariate statistical techniques. In winter, increases in the calf mortality rate (CMR) were significantly associated with cold, wet, windy weather; in summer, greater death losses were associated with hot, dry weather. In general, the calf losses in winter seemed more closely related to weather phenomenon than those in summer. The CMR during a 6-month period (July to December, 1973) were predicted, using equations containing data on the more important weather variables. The predicted CMR significantly differed from the observed death rate during July through September. During October through December, the predicted and observed CMR did not significantly differ. An increase in mortality rate was not predicted for winter, mainly because of low rainfall, and none occurred.", "PMID": 1171644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3482", "title": "Control of estrus with prostaglandin F2alpha in mares: minimal effective dose and stage of estrous cycle.", "content": "To determine the minimal effective dose of prostagiandin (PGF2alpha; tromethamine salt) given subcutaneously (SC), mares of mixed breeding (400 kg av body weight) were given 2-, 3-, 5-, and 10-mg doses from 7 to 9 days after ovulation. In some but not all mares given doses of 2 and 3 mg of PGF2alpha, luteolysis occurred, but doses of 5 or 10 mg of PGF2alpha were luteolytic in all mares. The 10-mg dose of PGF2alpha did not cause luteolysis in mares 1 day after ovulation, and caused luteolysis in only 2 of 5 mares on day 3 after ovulation. The same dose of PGF2alpha, however, caused luteolysis in all mares on days 5 or 7 after ovulation. The results indicate that the minimal effective luteolytic dose of PGF2alpha (free-acid equivalent) is about 9 mug/kg, and that PGF2alpha is effective fromday 5 after ovulation.", "contents": "Control of estrus with prostaglandin F2alpha in mares: minimal effective dose and stage of estrous cycle. To determine the minimal effective dose of prostagiandin (PGF2alpha; tromethamine salt) given subcutaneously (SC), mares of mixed breeding (400 kg av body weight) were given 2-, 3-, 5-, and 10-mg doses from 7 to 9 days after ovulation. In some but not all mares given doses of 2 and 3 mg of PGF2alpha, luteolysis occurred, but doses of 5 or 10 mg of PGF2alpha were luteolytic in all mares. The 10-mg dose of PGF2alpha did not cause luteolysis in mares 1 day after ovulation, and caused luteolysis in only 2 of 5 mares on day 3 after ovulation. The same dose of PGF2alpha, however, caused luteolysis in all mares on days 5 or 7 after ovulation. The results indicate that the minimal effective luteolytic dose of PGF2alpha (free-acid equivalent) is about 9 mug/kg, and that PGF2alpha is effective fromday 5 after ovulation.", "PMID": 1171645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3483", "title": "Influence of the anthelmintic mebendazole on microtubules and intracellular organelle movement in nematode intestinal cells.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes in the intestines of Ascaris suum and Syngamus trachea, induced by in vivo treatment of the hosts with the anthelmintic mebendazole, are reported. The primary site of drug action seemed to be the organelles involved in the secretory mechanism of the intestinal cells. The block in the transport of secretory granules and in the movement of other subcellular organelles coincided clearly with the disappearance of cytoplasmic microtubules. On the other hand, the microtubular system of the host cells was unaffected by the treatment. Degenerative changes in the intestinal cells of the parasites observed afterwards were correlated with the primary deteriorative effect of the drug on cytoplasmic microtubules.", "contents": "Influence of the anthelmintic mebendazole on microtubules and intracellular organelle movement in nematode intestinal cells. The ultrastructural changes in the intestines of Ascaris suum and Syngamus trachea, induced by in vivo treatment of the hosts with the anthelmintic mebendazole, are reported. The primary site of drug action seemed to be the organelles involved in the secretory mechanism of the intestinal cells. The block in the transport of secretory granules and in the movement of other subcellular organelles coincided clearly with the disappearance of cytoplasmic microtubules. On the other hand, the microtubular system of the host cells was unaffected by the treatment. Degenerative changes in the intestinal cells of the parasites observed afterwards were correlated with the primary deteriorative effect of the drug on cytoplasmic microtubules.", "PMID": 1171646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3484", "title": "Plasma corticoid changes during diarrhea in neonatal calves.", "content": "An acute, and usually fatal, diarrhea was induced in 11 healthy neonatal dairy calves by oral administration of an enteropathogenic viral inoculum. Fluid and electrolyte therapy was administered to several affected calves. Plasma corticoid values were determined by radio-immunoassay and competitive protein-binding assay, after purification of the plasma by paper chromatography. Statistical comparisons between control and diarrheic groups of calves were made on 5 corresponding experimental days. Plasma aldosterone values of 2 groups of diarrheic calves which died with and without treatment were greater (P less than 0.01) just before death than those of controls and diarrheic calves which recovered. Plasma hydrocortisone and progesterone values in the calves not treated were higher (P less than 0.05) on the day preceding death than in the controls. Plasma corticosterone concentration was increased (P less than 0.05) throughout the disease in both groups of calves that recoverd. These results indicate that the adrenal cortex of the neonatal calf can respond to the severe stressor influences and fluid-electrolyte losses of diarrhea.", "contents": "Plasma corticoid changes during diarrhea in neonatal calves. An acute, and usually fatal, diarrhea was induced in 11 healthy neonatal dairy calves by oral administration of an enteropathogenic viral inoculum. Fluid and electrolyte therapy was administered to several affected calves. Plasma corticoid values were determined by radio-immunoassay and competitive protein-binding assay, after purification of the plasma by paper chromatography. Statistical comparisons between control and diarrheic groups of calves were made on 5 corresponding experimental days. Plasma aldosterone values of 2 groups of diarrheic calves which died with and without treatment were greater (P less than 0.01) just before death than those of controls and diarrheic calves which recovered. Plasma hydrocortisone and progesterone values in the calves not treated were higher (P less than 0.05) on the day preceding death than in the controls. Plasma corticosterone concentration was increased (P less than 0.05) throughout the disease in both groups of calves that recoverd. These results indicate that the adrenal cortex of the neonatal calf can respond to the severe stressor influences and fluid-electrolyte losses of diarrhea.", "PMID": 1171647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3485", "title": "Hyperprolactinemia in sarcoidosis: incidence and utility in predicting hypothalamic involvement.", "content": "Patients with sarcoidosis have been reported frequently to have elevated concentrations of serum prolactin.  On this basis, it was suggested that the hypothalamus might be a common site of involvement by sarcoidosis and that measurement of serum prolactin concentrations might serve as a sensitive indicator of hypothalamic disease.  We measured serum prolactin concentrations in a group of 61 patients with sarcoidosis.  Hyperprolactinemia was detected in only 2 of the entire group and was not observed in any of the 9 patients with central nervous system involvement.  Because radioimmunoassayable prolactin concentrations are infrequently elevated in patients with disseminated sarcoidosis, even when pitutitary hypofunction is apparent, it is concluded that the measurement  of serum prolactin is not a reliable method for screening these patients for pituitary or hypothalamic disease.", "contents": "Hyperprolactinemia in sarcoidosis: incidence and utility in predicting hypothalamic involvement. Patients with sarcoidosis have been reported frequently to have elevated concentrations of serum prolactin.  On this basis, it was suggested that the hypothalamus might be a common site of involvement by sarcoidosis and that measurement of serum prolactin concentrations might serve as a sensitive indicator of hypothalamic disease.  We measured serum prolactin concentrations in a group of 61 patients with sarcoidosis.  Hyperprolactinemia was detected in only 2 of the entire group and was not observed in any of the 9 patients with central nervous system involvement.  Because radioimmunoassayable prolactin concentrations are infrequently elevated in patients with disseminated sarcoidosis, even when pitutitary hypofunction is apparent, it is concluded that the measurement  of serum prolactin is not a reliable method for screening these patients for pituitary or hypothalamic disease.", "PMID": 1171648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3486", "title": "Differential potentiation by nystatin of the effect of antibiotics on yeast and mammalian cells.", "content": "The effect of the polyene antibiotic nystatin, used in combination with several other antibiotics, on the membranes of Candida albicans SC#8169 (yeast) cells and of Chinese hamster ovary and 3T3 (mammalian) cells was investigated. It was concluded from determinations of the viability of the yeast cells and from measurements of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by the mammalian cells that nystatin acts synergistically with several antibiotics on yeast cells, but not on CHO and 3T3 cells. This selective action of nystatin may prove useful in chemotherapy.", "contents": "Differential potentiation by nystatin of the effect of antibiotics on yeast and mammalian cells. The effect of the polyene antibiotic nystatin, used in combination with several other antibiotics, on the membranes of Candida albicans SC#8169 (yeast) cells and of Chinese hamster ovary and 3T3 (mammalian) cells was investigated. It was concluded from determinations of the viability of the yeast cells and from measurements of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by the mammalian cells that nystatin acts synergistically with several antibiotics on yeast cells, but not on CHO and 3T3 cells. This selective action of nystatin may prove useful in chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1171651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3487", "title": "Comparison of the survival and metabolic activity of psychrophilic and mesophilic yeasts subjected to freeze-thaw stress.", "content": "A mesophilic yeast, Candida utilis, and a psychrophilic yeast, Leucosporidium stokesii, were subjected to freeze-thaw cycling over the range 25 to -60 C. Viability after freeze-thaw stress was directly correlated with the rate of cooling and the physiological age of the cultures. Rates of glucose fermentation and oxidation could be directly correlated with viability. The optimal cooling rate for both yeast strains was 4.5 to 6.5 C/min; however, their levels of survival obtained at this optimal cooling rate varied considerably. In addition, the psychrophile was less resistant to freeze-thaw stress than was the mesophile.", "contents": "Comparison of the survival and metabolic activity of psychrophilic and mesophilic yeasts subjected to freeze-thaw stress. A mesophilic yeast, Candida utilis, and a psychrophilic yeast, Leucosporidium stokesii, were subjected to freeze-thaw cycling over the range 25 to -60 C. Viability after freeze-thaw stress was directly correlated with the rate of cooling and the physiological age of the cultures. Rates of glucose fermentation and oxidation could be directly correlated with viability. The optimal cooling rate for both yeast strains was 4.5 to 6.5 C/min; however, their levels of survival obtained at this optimal cooling rate varied considerably. In addition, the psychrophile was less resistant to freeze-thaw stress than was the mesophile.", "PMID": 1171652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3488", "title": "Comparative inhibitory effects of antigen and antibody in the staphylococcal enterotoxin solid-phase radioimmunoassay system.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay employing 125I-labeled enterotoxins and polystyrene tubes coated with specific antibody has been developed for assaying the relative concentrations of antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B. Competitive binding occurs between tube-bound antibody and free antibody for binding sites on 125I-labeled enterotoxin. The sensitivity of the system is affected by the amount of antibody on the walls of the tubes, the concentration of 125I-labeled enterotoxin added to the system, and probably by the relative binding affinities of the bound and unbound antibodies. Antibody, 0.01 to 0.07 mug/ml, inhibited the uptake of 125I-labeled enterotoxin by 20%. Both the antibody and antigen solid-phase radioimmunoassay inhibition systems can be appropriately represented by either of the following two models: Loge (Y/1 - Y) = alpha0 + alpha1 LogeX and LogeY = beta0 + beta1 LogeX, where Y is bound activity, X is antigen or antibody concentration for inhibition, and alpha0, alpha1, beta0, and beta1 are regression coefficients. Estimates from the first model were slightly more precise for the antibody system, whereas the reverse was true for the antigen system.", "contents": "Comparative inhibitory effects of antigen and antibody in the staphylococcal enterotoxin solid-phase radioimmunoassay system. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay employing 125I-labeled enterotoxins and polystyrene tubes coated with specific antibody has been developed for assaying the relative concentrations of antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B. Competitive binding occurs between tube-bound antibody and free antibody for binding sites on 125I-labeled enterotoxin. The sensitivity of the system is affected by the amount of antibody on the walls of the tubes, the concentration of 125I-labeled enterotoxin added to the system, and probably by the relative binding affinities of the bound and unbound antibodies. Antibody, 0.01 to 0.07 mug/ml, inhibited the uptake of 125I-labeled enterotoxin by 20%. Both the antibody and antigen solid-phase radioimmunoassay inhibition systems can be appropriately represented by either of the following two models: Loge (Y/1 - Y) = alpha0 + alpha1 LogeX and LogeY = beta0 + beta1 LogeX, where Y is bound activity, X is antigen or antibody concentration for inhibition, and alpha0, alpha1, beta0, and beta1 are regression coefficients. Estimates from the first model were slightly more precise for the antibody system, whereas the reverse was true for the antigen system.", "PMID": 1171653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3489", "title": "[Chemical study of \"Penicillium\" and \"Trichoderma\" pigments (author's transl)].", "content": "The green pigments from the fungi of the genera Trichoderma and Penicillium were partially extracted with formic acid. After two acid and one alkaline hydrolysis, the pigments of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma koningii were sufficiently purified to undertake the chemical studies. The elemental and functional analyses, the U. V. and visible spectra and the chromatographic observations showed that these pigments are polyphenolic in nature. Gel filtration on Sephadex G50 suggested, on the one hand, the homogeneity of the pigment of T. viride and, on the other, the heterogeneity of the pigment of T. koningii.", "contents": "[Chemical study of \"Penicillium\" and \"Trichoderma\" pigments (author's transl)]. The green pigments from the fungi of the genera Trichoderma and Penicillium were partially extracted with formic acid. After two acid and one alkaline hydrolysis, the pigments of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma koningii were sufficiently purified to undertake the chemical studies. The elemental and functional analyses, the U. V. and visible spectra and the chromatographic observations showed that these pigments are polyphenolic in nature. Gel filtration on Sephadex G50 suggested, on the one hand, the homogeneity of the pigment of T. viride and, on the other, the heterogeneity of the pigment of T. koningii.", "PMID": 1171649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3490", "title": "Production of aflatoxin on soybeans.", "content": "Probable factors influencing resistance to aflatoxin synthesis in soybeans have been investigated by using cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 3240. Soybeans contain a small amount of zinc (0.01 mug/g) bound to phytic acid. Autoclaving soybeans at 15 pounds (6803.88 g) for 15 min increases the aflatoxin production, probably by making zinc available. Addition of zinc to both autoclaved and nonautoclaved soybeans promotes aflatoxin production. However, addition of varying levels of phytic acid at a constant concentration of zinc depresses aflatoxin synthesis with an increase in the added phytic acid. In a synthetic medium known to give good yields of aflatoxin, the addition of phytic acid (10 mM) decreases aflatoxin synthesis.", "contents": "Production of aflatoxin on soybeans. Probable factors influencing resistance to aflatoxin synthesis in soybeans have been investigated by using cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 3240. Soybeans contain a small amount of zinc (0.01 mug/g) bound to phytic acid. Autoclaving soybeans at 15 pounds (6803.88 g) for 15 min increases the aflatoxin production, probably by making zinc available. Addition of zinc to both autoclaved and nonautoclaved soybeans promotes aflatoxin production. However, addition of varying levels of phytic acid at a constant concentration of zinc depresses aflatoxin synthesis with an increase in the added phytic acid. In a synthetic medium known to give good yields of aflatoxin, the addition of phytic acid (10 mM) decreases aflatoxin synthesis.", "PMID": 1171654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3491", "title": "Ultrastructure of cell envelopes of bacteria of the bovine rumen.", "content": "Most of the bacteria found in rumen fluid samples taken from cows fed hay, or a concentrate diet, had cell walls of the gram-negative type. Most were intact, with only a small proportion of lysed cells, and many of the cells contained electron-translucent cytoplasmic deposits similar to the carbohydrate reserve material described in pure cultures of rumen organisms. All of the bacteria observed in these samples had an external \"coat\" layer outside the outer membrane when fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined as sectioned material. These coat layers varied from thin (ca. 8 nm) structures to very extensive fibrous systems, sometimes including concentric arrangements and radial fibers extending up to 1,200 nm from the cell. The thin-coat layers sometimes exhibited a rough periodicity. In all, 10 different types of coat layers were distinguishable on a morphological basis. It is proposed that these external coat layers have protective and adherence functions for the rumen bacteria in the environment.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of cell envelopes of bacteria of the bovine rumen. Most of the bacteria found in rumen fluid samples taken from cows fed hay, or a concentrate diet, had cell walls of the gram-negative type. Most were intact, with only a small proportion of lysed cells, and many of the cells contained electron-translucent cytoplasmic deposits similar to the carbohydrate reserve material described in pure cultures of rumen organisms. All of the bacteria observed in these samples had an external \"coat\" layer outside the outer membrane when fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined as sectioned material. These coat layers varied from thin (ca. 8 nm) structures to very extensive fibrous systems, sometimes including concentric arrangements and radial fibers extending up to 1,200 nm from the cell. The thin-coat layers sometimes exhibited a rough periodicity. In all, 10 different types of coat layers were distinguishable on a morphological basis. It is proposed that these external coat layers have protective and adherence functions for the rumen bacteria in the environment.", "PMID": 1171655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3492", "title": "Isolation and identification of a genus, Chromobacterium, not previously found on processed poultry.", "content": "An organism identified as Chromobacterium lividum was isolated from processed poultry in Georgia.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of a genus, Chromobacterium, not previously found on processed poultry. An organism identified as Chromobacterium lividum was isolated from processed poultry in Georgia.", "PMID": 1171656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3493", "title": "[Purification of a protein characteristic of pathogenic strains of \"Beauveria tenella\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Purification of the protein which in immunoelectrophoresis is responsible for the precipitation are characteristic of the pathogenic strains, can easily be obtained by isoelectrofocalisation: two protein fractions are isolated. These differ in their isoelectric points and in their relative electrophoretic migration coefficients in polyacrylamide gel, but exhibit the same antigenic specificity.", "contents": "[Purification of a protein characteristic of pathogenic strains of \"Beauveria tenella\" (author's transl)]. Purification of the protein which in immunoelectrophoresis is responsible for the precipitation are characteristic of the pathogenic strains, can easily be obtained by isoelectrofocalisation: two protein fractions are isolated. These differ in their isoelectric points and in their relative electrophoretic migration coefficients in polyacrylamide gel, but exhibit the same antigenic specificity.", "PMID": 1171650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3494", "title": "The experimental chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. I: Techniques for the study of drug action in tissue culture.", "content": "Three lines of Leishmania have been grown successfully in tissue culture. L. mexicana mexicana, L.tropica major and L. donovani develop readily as amastigotes in dog sarcoma cells, and in a hamster peritoneal exudate cell line. The procedures used for cultivating both host cells and parasites are described, as are the methods employed for studying the senitivity of the parasites and hosts to drugs. It is concluded that the use of a tissue culture system is a valid way of determining the baseline sensitivity of a Leishmania to chemotherapy and the limitations of the technique are discussed. Illustrative data are presented of the response of two Leishmania species to amphotericin B and to a quinine analogue. L. mexicana mexicana is highly sensitive to amphotericin B and the response is shown to be consistent in duplicate experiments. L. mexicana mexicana and L. donovani are shown to have a different innate sensitivity to the quinine analogue.", "contents": "The experimental chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. I: Techniques for the study of drug action in tissue culture. Three lines of Leishmania have been grown successfully in tissue culture. L. mexicana mexicana, L.tropica major and L. donovani develop readily as amastigotes in dog sarcoma cells, and in a hamster peritoneal exudate cell line. The procedures used for cultivating both host cells and parasites are described, as are the methods employed for studying the senitivity of the parasites and hosts to drugs. It is concluded that the use of a tissue culture system is a valid way of determining the baseline sensitivity of a Leishmania to chemotherapy and the limitations of the technique are discussed. Illustrative data are presented of the response of two Leishmania species to amphotericin B and to a quinine analogue. L. mexicana mexicana is highly sensitive to amphotericin B and the response is shown to be consistent in duplicate experiments. L. mexicana mexicana and L. donovani are shown to have a different innate sensitivity to the quinine analogue.", "PMID": 1171658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3495", "title": "Albumin binding of thioridazine and some of its metabolites.", "content": "The binding of thioridazine, northioridazine, mesoridazine and sulforidazine to bovine serum albumin is studied by means of equilibrium dialysis. For these four substances the percent binding in function of the albumin concentration is determined, as well as the apparent binding constant in the concentration range studied. The importance of the hydrophobic character and the chemical structure for the albumin binding is discussed.", "contents": "Albumin binding of thioridazine and some of its metabolites. The binding of thioridazine, northioridazine, mesoridazine and sulforidazine to bovine serum albumin is studied by means of equilibrium dialysis. For these four substances the percent binding in function of the albumin concentration is determined, as well as the apparent binding constant in the concentration range studied. The importance of the hydrophobic character and the chemical structure for the albumin binding is discussed.", "PMID": 1171660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3496", "title": "Sensitivity changes to morphine and other drugs induced by cholinergic blockade.", "content": "Mice were given several atropine injections at a high dosage level. After 2 to 5 days of cessation of treatment the effects of morphine, arecoline, amphetamine, pentylenetetrazol, reserpine, and hexobarbital were determined and compared with those found in saline injected controls. The influence of atropine treatment on tolerance development to morphine was also studied. After withdrawal of atropine a reduction of the analgesic responses to morphine and arecoline was observed. A decrease in hexobarbital sleeping time was also found. There was no significant influence on the analgesic effect of amphetamine, on the depressant action of reserpine, and on the convulsant effect of pentylenetetrazol. The influence of the administration and further withdrawal of atropine on tolerance development to morphine was masked by the concomitant reduction of morphine analgesia. It was impossible to observe a supersensitivity to the pharmacological agents studied.", "contents": "Sensitivity changes to morphine and other drugs induced by cholinergic blockade. Mice were given several atropine injections at a high dosage level. After 2 to 5 days of cessation of treatment the effects of morphine, arecoline, amphetamine, pentylenetetrazol, reserpine, and hexobarbital were determined and compared with those found in saline injected controls. The influence of atropine treatment on tolerance development to morphine was also studied. After withdrawal of atropine a reduction of the analgesic responses to morphine and arecoline was observed. A decrease in hexobarbital sleeping time was also found. There was no significant influence on the analgesic effect of amphetamine, on the depressant action of reserpine, and on the convulsant effect of pentylenetetrazol. The influence of the administration and further withdrawal of atropine on tolerance development to morphine was masked by the concomitant reduction of morphine analgesia. It was impossible to observe a supersensitivity to the pharmacological agents studied.", "PMID": 1171661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3497", "title": "Pharmacological analysis of a new anorexic substance: 5-hydroxy-5(4'-chlorophenyl)-2, 3-dihydro-5H-imidazo-(2, 1-a) isoindole (Mazindol).", "content": "5-Hydroxy-5-(4'-chlorophenyl-2, 3-dihydro-5H-imidazo (2, 1-a)isoindole (mazindol), a novel tricyclic compound, has been shown to suppress food consumption in rats at doses causing weak central stimulation and little effects on blood pressure or heart rate. The substance produces dose-related decreases in the consumption of orange juice in cebus monkeys trained on an operant behavior schedule. The compound did not alter cardiac or pulmonary hemodynamics in the anesthetized dog but provided potentiation of norepinephrine pressor responses. Mazindol also demonstrated potent but incomplete antagonism of reserpine-induced hypothermia in mice, antagonism of tetrabenazine catalepsy in rats, and suppression of mouse-killing behavior of rats. Suppression of mouse-killing was reduced by lesions placed in the septal area of the brain. Brain monoamine oxidase or catechol-o-methyl-transferase activities were not altered, although preliminary experiments showed that mazindol reduced uptake of norepinephrine in brain tissue.", "contents": "Pharmacological analysis of a new anorexic substance: 5-hydroxy-5(4'-chlorophenyl)-2, 3-dihydro-5H-imidazo-(2, 1-a) isoindole (Mazindol). 5-Hydroxy-5-(4'-chlorophenyl-2, 3-dihydro-5H-imidazo (2, 1-a)isoindole (mazindol), a novel tricyclic compound, has been shown to suppress food consumption in rats at doses causing weak central stimulation and little effects on blood pressure or heart rate. The substance produces dose-related decreases in the consumption of orange juice in cebus monkeys trained on an operant behavior schedule. The compound did not alter cardiac or pulmonary hemodynamics in the anesthetized dog but provided potentiation of norepinephrine pressor responses. Mazindol also demonstrated potent but incomplete antagonism of reserpine-induced hypothermia in mice, antagonism of tetrabenazine catalepsy in rats, and suppression of mouse-killing behavior of rats. Suppression of mouse-killing was reduced by lesions placed in the septal area of the brain. Brain monoamine oxidase or catechol-o-methyl-transferase activities were not altered, although preliminary experiments showed that mazindol reduced uptake of norepinephrine in brain tissue.", "PMID": 1171662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3498", "title": "Effects of some cholinergic drugs on the actions of morphine on the ileum of the guinea-pig in vitro.", "content": "The sensitivity of the isolated, electrically stimulated guinea-pig ileum to acetylcholine aan physostigmein was found not to be reduced during 'dependence' or 'withdrawal' responses to morphine. There was no evidence that exaggerated release of acetylcholine occurred following withdrawal of high concentrations of morphine from 'dependent' longitudinal muscle strips incubated with 14C-choline. These data cast doubt on the hypothesis put forward by Paton in 1963to explain the development of 'tolerance' and 'dependence' to morphine in the ileum. The potency of morphine in producing responses of the ileum was reduced in the presence of raised concentrations of calcium, indicating that the effect of morphine may be mediated via a calcium-sensitive step.", "contents": "Effects of some cholinergic drugs on the actions of morphine on the ileum of the guinea-pig in vitro. The sensitivity of the isolated, electrically stimulated guinea-pig ileum to acetylcholine aan physostigmein was found not to be reduced during 'dependence' or 'withdrawal' responses to morphine. There was no evidence that exaggerated release of acetylcholine occurred following withdrawal of high concentrations of morphine from 'dependent' longitudinal muscle strips incubated with 14C-choline. These data cast doubt on the hypothesis put forward by Paton in 1963to explain the development of 'tolerance' and 'dependence' to morphine in the ileum. The potency of morphine in producing responses of the ileum was reduced in the presence of raised concentrations of calcium, indicating that the effect of morphine may be mediated via a calcium-sensitive step.", "PMID": 1171663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3499", "title": "Growth of the haploid phase of the myxomycete Physarum flavicomum in defined minimal medium.", "content": "The haploid phase (myxamoebae-swarm cells) of the myxomycete Physarum flavicomum grew readily in chemical defined liquid media. The minimal medium contained salts, glucose, biotin, thiamine, hematin, glycine, L-arginine and L-methionine. Cell yields of 1.4 times 10(7) cells/ml were obtained in this medium in aerobic shake culture. These cells consumed about 35 muliters of oxygen/mg protein-hr in the minimal medium. The morphology of cells maintained in this medium appeared to be \"normal\". L-valine replaced either glycine or L-methionine in the minimal medium but the growth rates and cell yields were reduced. Growth rates increased in media containing four, seven, or fourteen amino acids.", "contents": "Growth of the haploid phase of the myxomycete Physarum flavicomum in defined minimal medium. The haploid phase (myxamoebae-swarm cells) of the myxomycete Physarum flavicomum grew readily in chemical defined liquid media. The minimal medium contained salts, glucose, biotin, thiamine, hematin, glycine, L-arginine and L-methionine. Cell yields of 1.4 times 10(7) cells/ml were obtained in this medium in aerobic shake culture. These cells consumed about 35 muliters of oxygen/mg protein-hr in the minimal medium. The morphology of cells maintained in this medium appeared to be \"normal\". L-valine replaced either glycine or L-methionine in the minimal medium but the growth rates and cell yields were reduced. Growth rates increased in media containing four, seven, or fourteen amino acids.", "PMID": 1171665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3500", "title": "Chemical analysis of cell wall regeneration and reversion of protoplasts from Schizophyllum commune.", "content": "In the presence of MgSo4 as osmotic stabilizer, nucleated protoplasts of Schizophyllum commune developed a large vacuole and could be isolated on the basis of their low buoyant density. All these protoplasts were capable of wall regeneration and about 50 percent reverted to the hyphal mode of growth in liquid medium. The kinetics of the formation of three main cell-wall components, S-glucan (alpha-1,3-glucan), R-glucan (beta-1,3, beta-1,6-glucan) and chitin were studied from the onset of regeneration. S-glucan and chitin accumulation as well as RNA and protein synthesis started simultaneously after a short lag, but R-glucan formation was delayed. The reversion of hyphal tubes only began after several hours of rapid R-glucan synthesis. Cycloheximide (0.5 mug/ml), inhibiting protein synthesis by 98% inhibited the formation of R-glucan and the reversion to hyphal growth but the formation of chitin and S-glucan did start and continued seemingly unimpaired for several hours. This indicates that the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of S-glucan and chitin remained intact during protoplast preparation. Polyoxin D inhibited both the synthesis of chitin and R-glucan and also the reversion to hyphal growth. However, the synthesis of S-glucan was not suppressed. These inhibitor studies as well as the kinetics of R-glucan formation during normal regeneration suggest that the synthesis of R-glucan is required for the initiation of hyphal morphogenesis.", "contents": "Chemical analysis of cell wall regeneration and reversion of protoplasts from Schizophyllum commune. In the presence of MgSo4 as osmotic stabilizer, nucleated protoplasts of Schizophyllum commune developed a large vacuole and could be isolated on the basis of their low buoyant density. All these protoplasts were capable of wall regeneration and about 50 percent reverted to the hyphal mode of growth in liquid medium. The kinetics of the formation of three main cell-wall components, S-glucan (alpha-1,3-glucan), R-glucan (beta-1,3, beta-1,6-glucan) and chitin were studied from the onset of regeneration. S-glucan and chitin accumulation as well as RNA and protein synthesis started simultaneously after a short lag, but R-glucan formation was delayed. The reversion of hyphal tubes only began after several hours of rapid R-glucan synthesis. Cycloheximide (0.5 mug/ml), inhibiting protein synthesis by 98% inhibited the formation of R-glucan and the reversion to hyphal growth but the formation of chitin and S-glucan did start and continued seemingly unimpaired for several hours. This indicates that the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of S-glucan and chitin remained intact during protoplast preparation. Polyoxin D inhibited both the synthesis of chitin and R-glucan and also the reversion to hyphal growth. However, the synthesis of S-glucan was not suppressed. These inhibitor studies as well as the kinetics of R-glucan formation during normal regeneration suggest that the synthesis of R-glucan is required for the initiation of hyphal morphogenesis.", "PMID": 1171666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3501", "title": "The effect of alfalfa saponins on growth and lysis of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "The prelytic events associated with the interaction of saponins with Physarum polycephalum membrane components were studied. It was found that alfalfa saponins form interaction products with membranal sterols, proteins and phospholipids. The interaction of saponins with proteins affect also certain membranal enzymic activities such as NADH oxidase and Malate dehydrogenase. It is suggested that although the interaction of the saponin with sterols is much more specific than with other membranal components, the lysis of plasmodia of P. polycephalum should be attributed to a concerted attack on the various membrane constituents. In continuation of these interactions, the changes of permeability of plasmodia membrane were expressed by increment of inorganic sodium ions and water influx, traced by lysis, while no efflux of ions was observed.", "contents": "The effect of alfalfa saponins on growth and lysis of Physarum polycephalum. The prelytic events associated with the interaction of saponins with Physarum polycephalum membrane components were studied. It was found that alfalfa saponins form interaction products with membranal sterols, proteins and phospholipids. The interaction of saponins with proteins affect also certain membranal enzymic activities such as NADH oxidase and Malate dehydrogenase. It is suggested that although the interaction of the saponin with sterols is much more specific than with other membranal components, the lysis of plasmodia of P. polycephalum should be attributed to a concerted attack on the various membrane constituents. In continuation of these interactions, the changes of permeability of plasmodia membrane were expressed by increment of inorganic sodium ions and water influx, traced by lysis, while no efflux of ions was observed.", "PMID": 1171667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3502", "title": "Germination and mitochondrial damage in spores of Dictyostelium discoideum following supraoptimal heating.", "content": "Spores of Dictyostelium discoideum may be quantitatively activated with a heat treatment of 45 degrees C for 30 min. Heat activation at either higher temperatures of for longer duration at 45 degrees C resulted in damaged spores. The spores showed an increased postactivation lag time at 23 degrees C and an increased inability to respond to deactivation with 0.2 M sucrose. As the severity of supraoptimal heating increased, a greater percentage of the spores appeared to contain phase dark lesions and to lose viability. Oxygen uptake began to decrease during and after the appearance of the lesions. Using electron microscopy, the phase dark lesions were found to be mitochondria with disrupted cristae.", "contents": "Germination and mitochondrial damage in spores of Dictyostelium discoideum following supraoptimal heating. Spores of Dictyostelium discoideum may be quantitatively activated with a heat treatment of 45 degrees C for 30 min. Heat activation at either higher temperatures of for longer duration at 45 degrees C resulted in damaged spores. The spores showed an increased postactivation lag time at 23 degrees C and an increased inability to respond to deactivation with 0.2 M sucrose. As the severity of supraoptimal heating increased, a greater percentage of the spores appeared to contain phase dark lesions and to lose viability. Oxygen uptake began to decrease during and after the appearance of the lesions. Using electron microscopy, the phase dark lesions were found to be mitochondria with disrupted cristae.", "PMID": 1171668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3503", "title": "Protoplasts of Trichoderma viride: formation and regeneration.", "content": "High yields of protoplasts from the 18-hr old mycelium of Trichoderma viride were obtained by using the lytic system, produced by Streptomyces venezuelae RA and Micromonospora chalcea grown on a synthetic medium containing laminarin and chitin, when 0.7 M MgSO4 or (NH4)2SO4 were used as osmotic stabilizers. Regeneration of these protoplasts occurred through the production of an abortive tube and direct germination of the protoplasts. Regeneration could also take place in the medium used to produce protoplasts, but the process was different in many details.", "contents": "Protoplasts of Trichoderma viride: formation and regeneration. High yields of protoplasts from the 18-hr old mycelium of Trichoderma viride were obtained by using the lytic system, produced by Streptomyces venezuelae RA and Micromonospora chalcea grown on a synthetic medium containing laminarin and chitin, when 0.7 M MgSO4 or (NH4)2SO4 were used as osmotic stabilizers. Regeneration of these protoplasts occurred through the production of an abortive tube and direct germination of the protoplasts. Regeneration could also take place in the medium used to produce protoplasts, but the process was different in many details.", "PMID": 1171669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3504", "title": "Role of glycosidases in the membranlytic, antifungal action of Saponins.", "content": "In studies on the membranlytic action of various saponins on mycelium of Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani digitonin, alpha-hederin and tomatin caused considerable leakage of free amino acids, while aescin and theasaponin were less effective. Cyclamin significantly damaged cell membranes of R. solani, but did not change the selective permeability of B. cinerea. Cell membrane disruption was accompanied by an enzymatic conversion of saponins into their corresponding aglycones in cell membrane vicinity, an effect which was significantly inhibited by aldonolactones, known inhibitors of beta-glycosidases. These results lead to the conclusion that the hardly water soluble aglycones are the active part of the saponin molecules, the saponins themselves being only water soluble transport forms. It follows, that the presence of appropriate glycosidases in cell membranes, capable of converting saponins into their aglycones, is a prerequisite for the membranlytic action of saponins. The similarity of the membranlytic effects of saponins towards fungi and erythrocytes is descussed.", "contents": "Role of glycosidases in the membranlytic, antifungal action of Saponins. In studies on the membranlytic action of various saponins on mycelium of Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani digitonin, alpha-hederin and tomatin caused considerable leakage of free amino acids, while aescin and theasaponin were less effective. Cyclamin significantly damaged cell membranes of R. solani, but did not change the selective permeability of B. cinerea. Cell membrane disruption was accompanied by an enzymatic conversion of saponins into their corresponding aglycones in cell membrane vicinity, an effect which was significantly inhibited by aldonolactones, known inhibitors of beta-glycosidases. These results lead to the conclusion that the hardly water soluble aglycones are the active part of the saponin molecules, the saponins themselves being only water soluble transport forms. It follows, that the presence of appropriate glycosidases in cell membranes, capable of converting saponins into their aglycones, is a prerequisite for the membranlytic action of saponins. The similarity of the membranlytic effects of saponins towards fungi and erythrocytes is descussed.", "PMID": 1171670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3505", "title": "[The importance of chorionic gonadotropin excretion in diagnosis and therapy of testicular tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Systematic investigations of the chorionic gonadotropin excretion were performed in 79 patients with testicular tumours. The influence of the hormonal activity in diagnosis and prognosis of metastatic testicular tumours was investigated. It was discovered, that the part of hormonal active testicular tumours is relatively small and that the evidence of the chorionic gonadotropin excretion is only possible in a few cases before the clinical and radiological evidence of metastases. The hormonal activity of testicular tumours is without influence on the survival time of tumour carriers.", "contents": "[The importance of chorionic gonadotropin excretion in diagnosis and therapy of testicular tumours (author's transl)]. Systematic investigations of the chorionic gonadotropin excretion were performed in 79 patients with testicular tumours. The influence of the hormonal activity in diagnosis and prognosis of metastatic testicular tumours was investigated. It was discovered, that the part of hormonal active testicular tumours is relatively small and that the evidence of the chorionic gonadotropin excretion is only possible in a few cases before the clinical and radiological evidence of metastases. The hormonal activity of testicular tumours is without influence on the survival time of tumour carriers.", "PMID": 1171671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3506", "title": "Dumbbell neuroblastomas in children.", "content": "A \"dumbbell\" neuroblastoma is a malignant neoplasm usually primary in the mediastinum or retroperitoneum with posterior extension through an intervertebral foramen to additional tumor within the spinal canal. Neurologic deficits are found in almost all cases. Nineteen patients with such tumors were reviewed with respect to diagnosis, management, and results. Treatment consisted of prompt laminectomy with total or subtotal excision of the extradural tumor. The primary tumor in the mediastinum or retroperitoneal area was removed at a second stage. All patients received postoperative radiation therapy. Eleven of the 17 patients observed more than two years are free of disease, a cure rate much higher than the overall experience with neuroblastoma. Substantial recovery of neurologic function occurred in most, but kyphoscoliotic deformities were a disturbingly frequent late complication.", "contents": "Dumbbell neuroblastomas in children. A \"dumbbell\" neuroblastoma is a malignant neoplasm usually primary in the mediastinum or retroperitoneum with posterior extension through an intervertebral foramen to additional tumor within the spinal canal. Neurologic deficits are found in almost all cases. Nineteen patients with such tumors were reviewed with respect to diagnosis, management, and results. Treatment consisted of prompt laminectomy with total or subtotal excision of the extradural tumor. The primary tumor in the mediastinum or retroperitoneal area was removed at a second stage. All patients received postoperative radiation therapy. Eleven of the 17 patients observed more than two years are free of disease, a cure rate much higher than the overall experience with neuroblastoma. Substantial recovery of neurologic function occurred in most, but kyphoscoliotic deformities were a disturbingly frequent late complication.", "PMID": 1171673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3507", "title": "Human parathyroid autotransplantation: proved function by radioimmunoassay of plasma parathyroid hormone.", "content": "The possibility of transplanting parathyroid gland fragments into accessible muscle as functioning autografts in the human being has been supported but unproved. During operations in the thyrocervical area, the parathyroid glands frequently are removed, either intentionally or inadvertently. We have had occasion to transplant slices of parathyroid glands in five instances; four parathyroid glands were proved to be normal, and a benign adenoma appeared in the fifth. The parathyroid gland was positioned in a muscular bed in the patient's forearm. Plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurements by radioimmunoassay were made from the implant venous effluent. The venous outflow from the contralateral arm was used for control. We have concluded that parathyroid tissue can be transplanted, does function, and might be capable of providing calcium homeostasis.", "contents": "Human parathyroid autotransplantation: proved function by radioimmunoassay of plasma parathyroid hormone. The possibility of transplanting parathyroid gland fragments into accessible muscle as functioning autografts in the human being has been supported but unproved. During operations in the thyrocervical area, the parathyroid glands frequently are removed, either intentionally or inadvertently. We have had occasion to transplant slices of parathyroid glands in five instances; four parathyroid glands were proved to be normal, and a benign adenoma appeared in the fifth. The parathyroid gland was positioned in a muscular bed in the patient's forearm. Plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurements by radioimmunoassay were made from the implant venous effluent. The venous outflow from the contralateral arm was used for control. We have concluded that parathyroid tissue can be transplanted, does function, and might be capable of providing calcium homeostasis.", "PMID": 1171674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3508", "title": "[Development of the nephrons of the mesonephros of chicken embryo].", "content": "The number of nephron populations in the postinduction period was established in 6- and 8-days chicken embryos and the development of an individual nephron and its parts was studied. The investigation by microdissection method has shownand the number of nephrons is different along the length  of the kidney. Only two layers ofthe nephrons were found in the cranial portion, while in the caudal direction their number increased up to 4-6 populations which distinguished from one another by the glomerule position, the length of the nephron and its segments. All the populations of the ventral nephrons enter immediately into the mesonephritic (Wolffian) duct, while the dorsal nephrons have a system ofcollecting tubes by which they are connected with the mesonephric duct. The development of mesonephros was accompained by the increase of the absolute length of the nephrons of all populationsand their segments. Laboratory of Individual Development, Institute of Physiology, Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences, Prague, and Laboratory of the Evolution of the Kidney and Water-Salt Exchange, Sechenov Institue of Evolutionary Physiologyand Biochemistry, Leningrad.", "contents": "[Development of the nephrons of the mesonephros of chicken embryo]. The number of nephron populations in the postinduction period was established in 6- and 8-days chicken embryos and the development of an individual nephron and its parts was studied. The investigation by microdissection method has shownand the number of nephrons is different along the length  of the kidney. Only two layers ofthe nephrons were found in the cranial portion, while in the caudal direction their number increased up to 4-6 populations which distinguished from one another by the glomerule position, the length of the nephron and its segments. All the populations of the ventral nephrons enter immediately into the mesonephritic (Wolffian) duct, while the dorsal nephrons have a system ofcollecting tubes by which they are connected with the mesonephric duct. The development of mesonephros was accompained by the increase of the absolute length of the nephrons of all populationsand their segments. Laboratory of Individual Development, Institute of Physiology, Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences, Prague, and Laboratory of the Evolution of the Kidney and Water-Salt Exchange, Sechenov Institue of Evolutionary Physiologyand Biochemistry, Leningrad.", "PMID": 1171675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3509", "title": "[Disorders in the development of the crystalline lens in chick embryos following exposure to insulin].", "content": "Inection of insulin into the chicken egg-white in dosage of 4 i. u. during the 1st - 14th days of incubation results in degenerative changes in the lens. Injection of insulin during the 1st day of incubation (before the beginning of eye differentiation) fails to prevent development of the eye vesicle and determination of the lens. The morphogenesis of the lens goes normally up to the 10-13th days of incubation. From this moment abrupt degenerative alterations make their appearance as well as destruction of the lens fibres. When the lens is affected by insulin the destruction is observed on the following day. The mechanism of insulin effects upon the lens seems to be as follows: Exogeneous insulin remains in the embryo tissues for along time. When the tissues are preparing to accept endogeneous insulin and become susceptible to it (the 10th-11th days of incubation) exogeneous insulin begins its pathological influence on the lens fibres. After the 13th-14th days of incubation endogeneous insulin comes into the blood. Against the background of exogeneous insulin it results in excessive increase of concentration of insulin in the embryo tissues and great degenerative changes in the lens.", "contents": "[Disorders in the development of the crystalline lens in chick embryos following exposure to insulin]. Inection of insulin into the chicken egg-white in dosage of 4 i. u. during the 1st - 14th days of incubation results in degenerative changes in the lens. Injection of insulin during the 1st day of incubation (before the beginning of eye differentiation) fails to prevent development of the eye vesicle and determination of the lens. The morphogenesis of the lens goes normally up to the 10-13th days of incubation. From this moment abrupt degenerative alterations make their appearance as well as destruction of the lens fibres. When the lens is affected by insulin the destruction is observed on the following day. The mechanism of insulin effects upon the lens seems to be as follows: Exogeneous insulin remains in the embryo tissues for along time. When the tissues are preparing to accept endogeneous insulin and become susceptible to it (the 10th-11th days of incubation) exogeneous insulin begins its pathological influence on the lens fibres. After the 13th-14th days of incubation endogeneous insulin comes into the blood. Against the background of exogeneous insulin it results in excessive increase of concentration of insulin in the embryo tissues and great degenerative changes in the lens.", "PMID": 1171676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3510", "title": "Visual fields and electroretinography following extensive photocoagulation.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with proliferative or preproliferative diabetic retinopathy underwent extensive argon laser photocoagulation in one eye. Detailed central and peripheral visual-field examinations and electroretinography were performed before treatment, and at intervals after treatment. Visual field changes were as follows: (1) eight patients had only mild to moderate constriction of all isopters, (2) 11 had discrete scotomata in addition, (3) two had prominent nerve-fiber-bundle defects, (4) three had severe constriction of all isopters, save (in two) that to the largest peripheral test object. Electroretinographic b-wave amplitudes were reduced an average of 40% to white test flashes. Blue test flashes showed an even larger reduction of the rod response. This suggests the receptors in approximately 40% of the retinal area are destroyed by such extensive photocoagulation, covering predominantly that part of the retina that has the highest concentration of rods.", "contents": "Visual fields and electroretinography following extensive photocoagulation. Twenty-four patients with proliferative or preproliferative diabetic retinopathy underwent extensive argon laser photocoagulation in one eye. Detailed central and peripheral visual-field examinations and electroretinography were performed before treatment, and at intervals after treatment. Visual field changes were as follows: (1) eight patients had only mild to moderate constriction of all isopters, (2) 11 had discrete scotomata in addition, (3) two had prominent nerve-fiber-bundle defects, (4) three had severe constriction of all isopters, save (in two) that to the largest peripheral test object. Electroretinographic b-wave amplitudes were reduced an average of 40% to white test flashes. Blue test flashes showed an even larger reduction of the rod response. This suggests the receptors in approximately 40% of the retinal area are destroyed by such extensive photocoagulation, covering predominantly that part of the retina that has the highest concentration of rods.", "PMID": 1171677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3511", "title": "Cardiopulmonary Effects of Combined Exercise and +Gz Acceleration.", "content": "Acceleration (+Gz) handicaps gas exchange in man by creating a ventilation/perfusion (VA/Q) mismatch in the lung. At 1 G, leg exercise makes VA/Q more nearly homogeneous, primarily because peripheral pumping reduces venous pooling and improves pulmonary capillary filling. Four men were studied at rest and pedaling 0, 300 and 600 kpm/min at +1, 2, and 3 Gz. Acceleration raised the resting Vo2, VE, VE/Vo2 and HR but lowered O2 pulse and PetCO2. Since acceleration increased the cost of moving the legs (unloaded pedaling), all work data were considered as a function of VO2. Low levels of exercise returned all variables toward their control (1 G) values. At higher workloads, the combination of G with exercise caused divergence from control measurements, probably also reducing maximal work capacity. Cardiogenic oscillation amplitude increased with G and decreased with work, evidence that exercise improved VA/Q homogeneity at all G-levels. Where man must undergo prolonged exposure to moderate acceleration, use of the peripheral pump might offer some advantages over the conventional anti-G suit.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary Effects of Combined Exercise and +Gz Acceleration. Acceleration (+Gz) handicaps gas exchange in man by creating a ventilation/perfusion (VA/Q) mismatch in the lung. At 1 G, leg exercise makes VA/Q more nearly homogeneous, primarily because peripheral pumping reduces venous pooling and improves pulmonary capillary filling. Four men were studied at rest and pedaling 0, 300 and 600 kpm/min at +1, 2, and 3 Gz. Acceleration raised the resting Vo2, VE, VE/Vo2 and HR but lowered O2 pulse and PetCO2. Since acceleration increased the cost of moving the legs (unloaded pedaling), all work data were considered as a function of VO2. Low levels of exercise returned all variables toward their control (1 G) values. At higher workloads, the combination of G with exercise caused divergence from control measurements, probably also reducing maximal work capacity. Cardiogenic oscillation amplitude increased with G and decreased with work, evidence that exercise improved VA/Q homogeneity at all G-levels. Where man must undergo prolonged exposure to moderate acceleration, use of the peripheral pump might offer some advantages over the conventional anti-G suit.", "PMID": 1171678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3512", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid poymerase of BHK-21/C13 cells. Heterogeneity, molecular asymmetry and subcellular distribution of the enzymes.", "content": "Nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions were prepared from exponentially-growing BHK-21/C13 cells; DNA polymerase was extracted from them and analysed by gel filtration and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. DNA polymerase I is heterogeneous comprising species covering a considerable range of molecular weights. These have been tentatively identified as four subspecies of apparent molecular weights 900000-1000000 (IA), 460000-560000 (IB), 270000-320000 (IC) and 140000-200000 (ID), as assessed by gel filtration through Sepharose 6B. DNA polymerase II has a mol.wt. of 46000 +/- 4000 as assessed by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B, and 48000 +/- 2000 as assessed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Sedimentation analyses on sucrose density gradients showed that the DNA polymerase I species had sedimentation coefficients predominantly in the range 6-8 S. DNA polymerase II had predominantly a sedimentation coefficient of 3.2 S although a component with lower sedimentation coefficient was found. The lack of correlation between the molecular weights derived from gel filtration and the sedimentation coefficients is attributed to molecular asymmetry. DNA polymerase I was found to be associated predominantly with the cytoplasm although certain types of nuclear preparation contained large amounts of it. DNA polymerase II was found to be mostly if not exclusively in nuclear preparations.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid poymerase of BHK-21/C13 cells. Heterogeneity, molecular asymmetry and subcellular distribution of the enzymes. Nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions were prepared from exponentially-growing BHK-21/C13 cells; DNA polymerase was extracted from them and analysed by gel filtration and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. DNA polymerase I is heterogeneous comprising species covering a considerable range of molecular weights. These have been tentatively identified as four subspecies of apparent molecular weights 900000-1000000 (IA), 460000-560000 (IB), 270000-320000 (IC) and 140000-200000 (ID), as assessed by gel filtration through Sepharose 6B. DNA polymerase II has a mol.wt. of 46000 +/- 4000 as assessed by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B, and 48000 +/- 2000 as assessed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Sedimentation analyses on sucrose density gradients showed that the DNA polymerase I species had sedimentation coefficients predominantly in the range 6-8 S. DNA polymerase II had predominantly a sedimentation coefficient of 3.2 S although a component with lower sedimentation coefficient was found. The lack of correlation between the molecular weights derived from gel filtration and the sedimentation coefficients is attributed to molecular asymmetry. DNA polymerase I was found to be associated predominantly with the cytoplasm although certain types of nuclear preparation contained large amounts of it. DNA polymerase II was found to be mostly if not exclusively in nuclear preparations.", "PMID": 1171680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3513", "title": "Dexyribonucleic acid polymerases of BHK-21/C13cells. Relationship to the physiological state of the cells, and to synchronous indution of synthesis of deoxyribonuleic acid.", "content": "BHK-21/C13 cells were grown in culture under conditions that provided exponentially growing cells and quiescent cells, by modifying the concentration of serum in the growth medium. The high-molecular-weight DNA polymerase (DNA polymerase I) from exponentially growing cells accounted for 90% of the total polymerase activity; the low-molecular-weight DNA polymerase (DNA polymerase II) accounted for the remaining 10%. In quiescent cells, DNA polymerase I contributed only 39% of the total polymerase activity and DNA polymerase II 61%. The total amount of DNA polymerase I in exponentially growing cells was 11.3-fold greater than that in quiescent cells, whereas the amount of DNA polymerase II appeared to be relatively independent of the physiological state of the cells. In an extension of these experiments, cells in a quiescent state (Go cells) were stimulated by the 'serum-step-up' method of Burk (1970) to grow and to enter a synchronous wave of DNA synthesis (S-phase cells), 87% of the cells synthesizing DNA at 20 h after the 'serum-step-up'. During the synchrony experiment, the total cytoplasmic and total nuclear DNA polymerase activities each increased about 4-fold in parallel with the increase in the rate of DNA synthesis. Cytoplasmic polymerase activity was always greater than nuclear polymerase activity. The increases observed were maximal at 20 h after 'serum step-up'. By 26 h, there was a decrease in enzyme activity (8% for cytoplasmic polymerase and 16% for nuclear polymerase, both relative to the maximum at 20 h), but the rate of DNA synthesis had declined by 37% relative to the maximum at 20 h. In Go cells, DNA polymerase II (mol.wt. 46000 +/- 4000) was the predominant species, there being twice as much of it as of the total DNA polymerase I. In these cells there was little DNA polymerase IC and ID; the amounts of IA (mol.wt. 900 times 10(3)-1100 times 10(3)) and IB (mol.wt. 460 times 10(3)-560 times 10(3)) were about equal but small.", "contents": "Dexyribonucleic acid polymerases of BHK-21/C13cells. Relationship to the physiological state of the cells, and to synchronous indution of synthesis of deoxyribonuleic acid. BHK-21/C13 cells were grown in culture under conditions that provided exponentially growing cells and quiescent cells, by modifying the concentration of serum in the growth medium. The high-molecular-weight DNA polymerase (DNA polymerase I) from exponentially growing cells accounted for 90% of the total polymerase activity; the low-molecular-weight DNA polymerase (DNA polymerase II) accounted for the remaining 10%. In quiescent cells, DNA polymerase I contributed only 39% of the total polymerase activity and DNA polymerase II 61%. The total amount of DNA polymerase I in exponentially growing cells was 11.3-fold greater than that in quiescent cells, whereas the amount of DNA polymerase II appeared to be relatively independent of the physiological state of the cells. In an extension of these experiments, cells in a quiescent state (Go cells) were stimulated by the 'serum-step-up' method of Burk (1970) to grow and to enter a synchronous wave of DNA synthesis (S-phase cells), 87% of the cells synthesizing DNA at 20 h after the 'serum-step-up'. During the synchrony experiment, the total cytoplasmic and total nuclear DNA polymerase activities each increased about 4-fold in parallel with the increase in the rate of DNA synthesis. Cytoplasmic polymerase activity was always greater than nuclear polymerase activity. The increases observed were maximal at 20 h after 'serum step-up'. By 26 h, there was a decrease in enzyme activity (8% for cytoplasmic polymerase and 16% for nuclear polymerase, both relative to the maximum at 20 h), but the rate of DNA synthesis had declined by 37% relative to the maximum at 20 h. In Go cells, DNA polymerase II (mol.wt. 46000 +/- 4000) was the predominant species, there being twice as much of it as of the total DNA polymerase I. In these cells there was little DNA polymerase IC and ID; the amounts of IA (mol.wt. 900 times 10(3)-1100 times 10(3)) and IB (mol.wt. 460 times 10(3)-560 times 10(3)) were about equal but small.", "PMID": 1171681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3514", "title": "The amino acid sequence of rabbit muscle triose phosphate isomerase.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of rabbit muscle triose phosphate isomerase was deduced by characterizing peptides that overlap the tryptic peptides. Thiol groups were modified by oxidation, carboxymethylation or aminoen. About 50 peptides that provided information about overlaps were isolated; the peptides were mostly characterized by their compositions and N-terminal residues. The peptide chains contain 248 amino acid residues, and no evidence for dissimilarity of the two subunits that comprise the native enzyme was found. The sequence of the rabbit muscle enzyme may be compared with that of the coelacanth enzyme (Kolb et al., 1974): 84% of the residues are in identical positions. Similarly, comparison of the sequence with that inferred for the chicken enzyme (Furth et al., 1974) shows that 87% of the residues are in identical positions. Limited though these comparisons are, they suggest that triose phosphate isomerase has one of the lowest rates of evolutionary change. An extended version of the present paper has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50040 (42 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division) (formerly the National Lending Library for Science and Technology), Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 145, 5.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of rabbit muscle triose phosphate isomerase. The amino acid sequence of rabbit muscle triose phosphate isomerase was deduced by characterizing peptides that overlap the tryptic peptides. Thiol groups were modified by oxidation, carboxymethylation or aminoen. About 50 peptides that provided information about overlaps were isolated; the peptides were mostly characterized by their compositions and N-terminal residues. The peptide chains contain 248 amino acid residues, and no evidence for dissimilarity of the two subunits that comprise the native enzyme was found. The sequence of the rabbit muscle enzyme may be compared with that of the coelacanth enzyme (Kolb et al., 1974): 84% of the residues are in identical positions. Similarly, comparison of the sequence with that inferred for the chicken enzyme (Furth et al., 1974) shows that 87% of the residues are in identical positions. Limited though these comparisons are, they suggest that triose phosphate isomerase has one of the lowest rates of evolutionary change. An extended version of the present paper has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50040 (42 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division) (formerly the National Lending Library for Science and Technology), Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 145, 5.", "PMID": 1171682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3515", "title": "Active-sitve titration of pig plasma benzylamine oxidase with phenylhydrazine.", "content": "Pig plasma benzylamine oxidase is a protein containing cupric copper and pyridoxal phosphate. The pyridoxal phosphate is stably linked to the enzyme. Discrepancies in the numbers of active sites per molecule of enzyme are reported in the literature. This paper shows that the fully active pure enzyme contains 3 mol of pyridoxal phosphate per mol, whereas enzymes with a lower specific activity are shown by titration with phenylhydrazine to have a lower pyrdoxal phosphate content.", "contents": "Active-sitve titration of pig plasma benzylamine oxidase with phenylhydrazine. Pig plasma benzylamine oxidase is a protein containing cupric copper and pyridoxal phosphate. The pyridoxal phosphate is stably linked to the enzyme. Discrepancies in the numbers of active sites per molecule of enzyme are reported in the literature. This paper shows that the fully active pure enzyme contains 3 mol of pyridoxal phosphate per mol, whereas enzymes with a lower specific activity are shown by titration with phenylhydrazine to have a lower pyrdoxal phosphate content.", "PMID": 1171683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3516", "title": "[Arteriopathia calcificans infantum].", "content": "A report is given on all 11-weeek-old male child who, after normal development, suddenly became critically ill and died within 8 hours. The autopsy revealed a rare aetiologically and in its pathogenesis unclarified, always lethal clinical picture of so-called \"Arteriopathia calcificans infantum\" (ACI). An analysis of 90 published cases revealed an average age of the diseased children of 150.9 days and a mean duration of the disease of 32.8 days; in the large majority of the cases (64.7%), death occurred at the latest within 3 days of the first symptoms. A statistical familial concentration of the disease could neither be shown nor excluded. No indication of an exogenous cause of the disease could be found in the reports on previous parental disease, in the history of the pregnancy, in the placenta findings, the case history of the children themselves or in the clinical data. The pathological-anatomical substrate of ACI comprised a calcification, predominantly of the muscular arteries, and located at the boundary between the intima and the media, within the course of the internal elastic lamina. Depending upon the stage of the disease, we first see a fragmentation of the elastic fibres, calcific dust deposits, calcific plaques and the complete replacement of the media by concentric, in part coarsely distingrating, calcific rings. As a result of proliferation of the intima a marked constriction of the lumen occurs in the diseased arteries. Most frequently involved at 90% are the coronary arteries. The genesis of this disease has a considerable similarity to experimental calciphylactic arteriopathy, but no sensitizer mechanism can be demonstrated for ACI. Morphological similarities also exist to generalised elastorrhexis, which is also very rare. There is probably a causal relationship between the two diseases. In a hypothesis on the aetiology of the ACI, it is suggested that this disease may be triggered by a congenital enzyme defect localised in the myointimal cells of the vascular wall. These cells produce incorrectly structured mucopolysaccharides, collagen and elastic material with pathologically increased calcipexy.", "contents": "[Arteriopathia calcificans infantum]. A report is given on all 11-weeek-old male child who, after normal development, suddenly became critically ill and died within 8 hours. The autopsy revealed a rare aetiologically and in its pathogenesis unclarified, always lethal clinical picture of so-called \"Arteriopathia calcificans infantum\" (ACI). An analysis of 90 published cases revealed an average age of the diseased children of 150.9 days and a mean duration of the disease of 32.8 days; in the large majority of the cases (64.7%), death occurred at the latest within 3 days of the first symptoms. A statistical familial concentration of the disease could neither be shown nor excluded. No indication of an exogenous cause of the disease could be found in the reports on previous parental disease, in the history of the pregnancy, in the placenta findings, the case history of the children themselves or in the clinical data. The pathological-anatomical substrate of ACI comprised a calcification, predominantly of the muscular arteries, and located at the boundary between the intima and the media, within the course of the internal elastic lamina. Depending upon the stage of the disease, we first see a fragmentation of the elastic fibres, calcific dust deposits, calcific plaques and the complete replacement of the media by concentric, in part coarsely distingrating, calcific rings. As a result of proliferation of the intima a marked constriction of the lumen occurs in the diseased arteries. Most frequently involved at 90% are the coronary arteries. The genesis of this disease has a considerable similarity to experimental calciphylactic arteriopathy, but no sensitizer mechanism can be demonstrated for ACI. Morphological similarities also exist to generalised elastorrhexis, which is also very rare. There is probably a causal relationship between the two diseases. In a hypothesis on the aetiology of the ACI, it is suggested that this disease may be triggered by a congenital enzyme defect localised in the myointimal cells of the vascular wall. These cells produce incorrectly structured mucopolysaccharides, collagen and elastic material with pathologically increased calcipexy.", "PMID": 1171679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3517", "title": "Purification and some characteristics of the coagulation factor IX from human plasma.", "content": "Non-activated coagulation factor IX was purified approx. 10,000-fold from human plasma. The final product was electrophoretically homogeneous and comprised a tingle polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 70,000 and a pI of 4.3-4.45. The N-terminal amino acid was glycine. The amino acid and the carbohydrate contents were analysed and a monospecific antiserum to the factor was raised in rabbits.", "contents": "Purification and some characteristics of the coagulation factor IX from human plasma. Non-activated coagulation factor IX was purified approx. 10,000-fold from human plasma. The final product was electrophoretically homogeneous and comprised a tingle polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 70,000 and a pI of 4.3-4.45. The N-terminal amino acid was glycine. The amino acid and the carbohydrate contents were analysed and a monospecific antiserum to the factor was raised in rabbits.", "PMID": 1171684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3518", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a variant of ovomucoid.", "content": "A simple procedure, which can be used on a preparative scale, for the isolation and purification of a major variant of ovomucoid from egg white is described. Ovomucoid was precipitated by salt, and further fractionated by chromatography on sulphoethyl-Sephadex. It showed size homogeneity as revealed by gel chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis where the mobility was consistent with a molecular weight of 28 300+/-2300. The inhibitor showed full antiryptic but no antichymotryptic activity. The u.v.-absorption and fluorescence characteristics indicated the absence of tryptophan. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of 9M-urea demonstrated absence of charge heterogeneity. The intrinsic viscosity of ovomucoid was 5.36ml/g which yielded an equivalent hydrodynamic radius (2.9nm), axial ratio (6.0) and frictional ratio (1.31) of the molecule. The Stokes radius (3.5nm), diffusion coefficient (7.8 times 10(-7 cm2/s) and frictional ratio (1.35) were calculated from gel-filtration data. These results suggest that ovomucoid exists in non-globular conformation under native conditions and that the deviation from the behaviour of a typical globular protein seems to be due both to asymmetry and hydration.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a variant of ovomucoid. A simple procedure, which can be used on a preparative scale, for the isolation and purification of a major variant of ovomucoid from egg white is described. Ovomucoid was precipitated by salt, and further fractionated by chromatography on sulphoethyl-Sephadex. It showed size homogeneity as revealed by gel chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis where the mobility was consistent with a molecular weight of 28 300+/-2300. The inhibitor showed full antiryptic but no antichymotryptic activity. The u.v.-absorption and fluorescence characteristics indicated the absence of tryptophan. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of 9M-urea demonstrated absence of charge heterogeneity. The intrinsic viscosity of ovomucoid was 5.36ml/g which yielded an equivalent hydrodynamic radius (2.9nm), axial ratio (6.0) and frictional ratio (1.31) of the molecule. The Stokes radius (3.5nm), diffusion coefficient (7.8 times 10(-7 cm2/s) and frictional ratio (1.35) were calculated from gel-filtration data. These results suggest that ovomucoid exists in non-globular conformation under native conditions and that the deviation from the behaviour of a typical globular protein seems to be due both to asymmetry and hydration.", "PMID": 1171685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3519", "title": "The composition and proposed subunit structure of egg-white beta-ovomucin. The isolation of an unreduced soluble ovomucin.", "content": "1. New preparations of reduced carboxymethylated beta-ovomucin (S-carboxymethyl-beta-ovomucin) were homogeneous by sedimentation analysis, analytical sedimentation to equilibrium in CsCl gradients, and disc electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. 2. Degradation of S-carboxymethyl-beta-ovomucin with either CNBr or trypsin indicated the presence of a subunit (approx. mol. wt. 112300). 3. Electron microscopy showed that S-carboxymethyl-beta-ovomucin consisted of chains of globular units (approx. mol. wt. 103 000). IN 6M-guanidinium chloride S-carboxymethyl-beta-ovomucin existed mainly as an aggregate (mol. wt. 720 000). 4. S-Carboxymethyl-beta-ovomucin contained ester sulphate (4.24%, W/W) and carbohydrate (60%, W/W), which consisted of large amounts of galactose (22%, W/W), galactosamine (8.9%, W/W) and sialic acid (10.6%, W/W). 5. An unreduced soluble fibrous component (component SGH) extracted from crude ovomucin precipitate with 5M-guanidinium chloride contained beta-ovomucin (approx. 70%, W/W). By using the Scheraga-Mandelkern equation the molecular weight of component SGH was calculated to be 11.5 times 10(6).", "contents": "The composition and proposed subunit structure of egg-white beta-ovomucin. The isolation of an unreduced soluble ovomucin. 1. New preparations of reduced carboxymethylated beta-ovomucin (S-carboxymethyl-beta-ovomucin) were homogeneous by sedimentation analysis, analytical sedimentation to equilibrium in CsCl gradients, and disc electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. 2. Degradation of S-carboxymethyl-beta-ovomucin with either CNBr or trypsin indicated the presence of a subunit (approx. mol. wt. 112300). 3. Electron microscopy showed that S-carboxymethyl-beta-ovomucin consisted of chains of globular units (approx. mol. wt. 103 000). IN 6M-guanidinium chloride S-carboxymethyl-beta-ovomucin existed mainly as an aggregate (mol. wt. 720 000). 4. S-Carboxymethyl-beta-ovomucin contained ester sulphate (4.24%, W/W) and carbohydrate (60%, W/W), which consisted of large amounts of galactose (22%, W/W), galactosamine (8.9%, W/W) and sialic acid (10.6%, W/W). 5. An unreduced soluble fibrous component (component SGH) extracted from crude ovomucin precipitate with 5M-guanidinium chloride contained beta-ovomucin (approx. 70%, W/W). By using the Scheraga-Mandelkern equation the molecular weight of component SGH was calculated to be 11.5 times 10(6).", "PMID": 1171686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3520", "title": "The specificity and metabolic implications of the inhibition of pyruvate transport in isolated mitochondria and intact tissue preparations by alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and related compounds.", "content": "1. Effects of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and alpha-cyanocinnamate on a number of enzymes involved in pyruvate metabolism have been investigated. Little or no inhibition was observed of any enzyme at concentrations that inhibit completely mitochondrial pyruvate transport. At much higher concentrations (1 mM) some inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase was apparent. 2. Alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (1-100 muM) specifically inhibited pyruvate oxidation by mitochondria isolated from rat heart, brain, kidney and from blowfly flight muscle; oxidation of other substrates in the presence or absence of ADP was not affected. Similar concentrations of the compound also inhibited the carboxylation of pyruvate by rat liver mitochondria and the activation by pyruvate of pyruvate dehydrogenase in fat-cell mitochondria. These findings imply that pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate carboxylase are exposed to mitochondrial matrix concentrations of pyruvate rather than to cytoplasmic concentrations. 3. Studies with whole-cell preparations incubated in vitro indicate that alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate or alpha-cyanocinnamate (at concentrations below 200 muM) can be used to specifically inhibit mitochondrial pyruvate transport within cells and thus alter the metabolic emphasis of the preparation. In epididymal fat-pads, fatty acid synthesis from glucose and fructose, but not from acetate, was markedly inhibited. No changes in tissue ATP concentrations were observed. The effects on fatty acid synthesis were reversible. In kidney-cortex slices, gluconeogenesis from pyruvate and lactate but not from succinate was inhibited. In the rat heart perfused with medium containing glucose and insulin, addition of alpha-cyanocinnamate (200 muM) greatly increased the output and tissue concentrations of lactate plus pyruvate but decreased the lactate/pyruvate ratio. 4. The inhibition by cyanocinnamate derivatives of pyruvate transport across the cell membrane of human erythrocytes requires much higher concentrations of the derivatives than the inhibition of transport across the mitochondrial membrane. Alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate appears to enter erythrocytes on the cell-membrane pyruvate carrier. Entry is not observed in the presence of albumin, which may explain the small effects when these compounds are injected into whole animals.", "contents": "The specificity and metabolic implications of the inhibition of pyruvate transport in isolated mitochondria and intact tissue preparations by alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and related compounds. 1. Effects of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and alpha-cyanocinnamate on a number of enzymes involved in pyruvate metabolism have been investigated. Little or no inhibition was observed of any enzyme at concentrations that inhibit completely mitochondrial pyruvate transport. At much higher concentrations (1 mM) some inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase was apparent. 2. Alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (1-100 muM) specifically inhibited pyruvate oxidation by mitochondria isolated from rat heart, brain, kidney and from blowfly flight muscle; oxidation of other substrates in the presence or absence of ADP was not affected. Similar concentrations of the compound also inhibited the carboxylation of pyruvate by rat liver mitochondria and the activation by pyruvate of pyruvate dehydrogenase in fat-cell mitochondria. These findings imply that pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate carboxylase are exposed to mitochondrial matrix concentrations of pyruvate rather than to cytoplasmic concentrations. 3. Studies with whole-cell preparations incubated in vitro indicate that alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate or alpha-cyanocinnamate (at concentrations below 200 muM) can be used to specifically inhibit mitochondrial pyruvate transport within cells and thus alter the metabolic emphasis of the preparation. In epididymal fat-pads, fatty acid synthesis from glucose and fructose, but not from acetate, was markedly inhibited. No changes in tissue ATP concentrations were observed. The effects on fatty acid synthesis were reversible. In kidney-cortex slices, gluconeogenesis from pyruvate and lactate but not from succinate was inhibited. In the rat heart perfused with medium containing glucose and insulin, addition of alpha-cyanocinnamate (200 muM) greatly increased the output and tissue concentrations of lactate plus pyruvate but decreased the lactate/pyruvate ratio. 4. The inhibition by cyanocinnamate derivatives of pyruvate transport across the cell membrane of human erythrocytes requires much higher concentrations of the derivatives than the inhibition of transport across the mitochondrial membrane. Alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate appears to enter erythrocytes on the cell-membrane pyruvate carrier. Entry is not observed in the presence of albumin, which may explain the small effects when these compounds are injected into whole animals.", "PMID": 1171687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3521", "title": "Rates of accumulation of glycosidase activities during growth and differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "1. The rates of accumulation (enzyme units/h per 10(8) cells) of a number of glycosidase activities were studied in Dictyostelium discoideum cells during the growth and differentiation phases of this organism's life cycle. 2. The rates of accumulation of the enzymes beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, alpha-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase remain unchanged during the growth and early differentiation phases. 3. The considerable changes in specific activity of the enzymes which occur in the early differentiation phase are due to the massive loss of total cellular protein which occurs at this time. 4. Significant alterations can occur in the rates of accumulation of alpha-mannosidase during both the growth and differentiation phases, and since, on the onset of differentiation, beta-glucosidase activity is excreted and degraded, the rate of accumulation of this enzyme differs in the growth and differentiation phases. 5. The characteristic rates of accumulation of all these glycosidases change markedly with changes in the growth conditions of the myxamoebae, and thus these rates of synthesis must be regulated independently; however, addition of cyclic AMP to the growth medium has no effect on them.", "contents": "Rates of accumulation of glycosidase activities during growth and differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum. 1. The rates of accumulation (enzyme units/h per 10(8) cells) of a number of glycosidase activities were studied in Dictyostelium discoideum cells during the growth and differentiation phases of this organism's life cycle. 2. The rates of accumulation of the enzymes beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, alpha-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase remain unchanged during the growth and early differentiation phases. 3. The considerable changes in specific activity of the enzymes which occur in the early differentiation phase are due to the massive loss of total cellular protein which occurs at this time. 4. Significant alterations can occur in the rates of accumulation of alpha-mannosidase during both the growth and differentiation phases, and since, on the onset of differentiation, beta-glucosidase activity is excreted and degraded, the rate of accumulation of this enzyme differs in the growth and differentiation phases. 5. The characteristic rates of accumulation of all these glycosidases change markedly with changes in the growth conditions of the myxamoebae, and thus these rates of synthesis must be regulated independently; however, addition of cyclic AMP to the growth medium has no effect on them.", "PMID": 1171688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3522", "title": "Rates of degradation and synthesis of glycosidases de novo during growth and differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "1. Injection of a purified preparation of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from the spent growth medium of myxamoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum into rabbits gave rise to an antibody preparation containing both anti-alpha-glucosidase and anti-beta-acetylglucosaminidase activities. 2. These two activities were shown to reside in different immunoglobulin molecules and it was concluded that the beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase preparation contained trace amounts of highly antigenic alpha-glucosidase. 3. A single precipitin band having beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity was formed in Ouchterlony plates when this antibody preparation was tested against extracts obtained from differentiated cells or from myxamoebae grown either axenically or on bacteria. 4. The antibody preparation was used to show that both beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and alpha-glucosidase molecules are synthesized de novo from isotopically labelled amino acids during both the growth and differentiation phases of the life cycle and to show that neither of these proteins is significantly degraded during the growth phase or during the first 9h of differentiation. 5. The rates of accumulation of these assayable enzyme activities are thus equal to their rates of synthesis during growth and early differentiation. 6. The factors regulating cellular enzyme activity during the life cycle of D. discoideum are discussed.", "contents": "Rates of degradation and synthesis of glycosidases de novo during growth and differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum. 1. Injection of a purified preparation of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from the spent growth medium of myxamoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum into rabbits gave rise to an antibody preparation containing both anti-alpha-glucosidase and anti-beta-acetylglucosaminidase activities. 2. These two activities were shown to reside in different immunoglobulin molecules and it was concluded that the beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase preparation contained trace amounts of highly antigenic alpha-glucosidase. 3. A single precipitin band having beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity was formed in Ouchterlony plates when this antibody preparation was tested against extracts obtained from differentiated cells or from myxamoebae grown either axenically or on bacteria. 4. The antibody preparation was used to show that both beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and alpha-glucosidase molecules are synthesized de novo from isotopically labelled amino acids during both the growth and differentiation phases of the life cycle and to show that neither of these proteins is significantly degraded during the growth phase or during the first 9h of differentiation. 5. The rates of accumulation of these assayable enzyme activities are thus equal to their rates of synthesis during growth and early differentiation. 6. The factors regulating cellular enzyme activity during the life cycle of D. discoideum are discussed.", "PMID": 1171689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3523", "title": "Measurement of peak rates of left ventricular wall movement in man. Comparison of echocardiography with angiography.", "content": "Estimates of peak systolic and diastolic rates of left ventricular wall movement were made in 23 patients by echocardiography and angiocardiography. Echocardiographic measurements were calculated as the rate of change of the transverse left ventricular dimension, derived continuously throughout the cardiac cycle. These were compared with similar plots of transverse left ventricular diameter, in the same patients, derived from digitized cineangiograms taken within 10 minutes of echocardiograms. The results indicate close correlation between the two methods, and suggest that either can be used to measure peak rates of left ventricular wall movements in patients with heart disease.", "contents": "Measurement of peak rates of left ventricular wall movement in man. Comparison of echocardiography with angiography. Estimates of peak systolic and diastolic rates of left ventricular wall movement were made in 23 patients by echocardiography and angiocardiography. Echocardiographic measurements were calculated as the rate of change of the transverse left ventricular dimension, derived continuously throughout the cardiac cycle. These were compared with similar plots of transverse left ventricular diameter, in the same patients, derived from digitized cineangiograms taken within 10 minutes of echocardiograms. The results indicate close correlation between the two methods, and suggest that either can be used to measure peak rates of left ventricular wall movements in patients with heart disease.", "PMID": 1171691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3524", "title": "Echocardiographic mitral systolic motion in left ventricular aneurysm.", "content": "An abnormal, convex systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, somewhat similar to that seen in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy) and occasionally in atrial septal defect, was found on the echocardiogram in 8 out of 9 patients with angiographically (7 patients) and/or clinically (2 patients) diagnosed left ventricular aneurysm secondary to myocardial infarction. The only patient whose echocardiogram failed to demonstrate convex systolic anterior motion was the only patient who had an inferior wall aneurysm; the rest of the group had anterior and/or apical aneurysms. In contrast to patients with typical idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, the convex systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve observed in our patients tended to 'peak' rather  than 'plateau'. Through the basis for this abnormal septal motion in our patients is uncertain, alterations in left vantricular configuration, plus a relatively vigorously contracting posterior left ventricular wall in the presence of abnormal interventricular septal motion, are probable contributory factors. Though non specific, in the proper clinical and echocardiographic setting convex systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve may be another sign of left ventricular aneurysm.", "contents": "Echocardiographic mitral systolic motion in left ventricular aneurysm. An abnormal, convex systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, somewhat similar to that seen in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy) and occasionally in atrial septal defect, was found on the echocardiogram in 8 out of 9 patients with angiographically (7 patients) and/or clinically (2 patients) diagnosed left ventricular aneurysm secondary to myocardial infarction. The only patient whose echocardiogram failed to demonstrate convex systolic anterior motion was the only patient who had an inferior wall aneurysm; the rest of the group had anterior and/or apical aneurysms. In contrast to patients with typical idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, the convex systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve observed in our patients tended to 'peak' rather  than 'plateau'. Through the basis for this abnormal septal motion in our patients is uncertain, alterations in left vantricular configuration, plus a relatively vigorously contracting posterior left ventricular wall in the presence of abnormal interventricular septal motion, are probable contributory factors. Though non specific, in the proper clinical and echocardiographic setting convex systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve may be another sign of left ventricular aneurysm.", "PMID": 1171692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3525", "title": "Neoplastic fibroblasts sensitive to the growth inhibition by homologous cells but insensitive to inhibition by parent normal cells.", "content": "3H-thymidine labelling and autoradiography were used to compare density dependent inhibition of growth in the cultures of two transformed lines of hamster fibroblasts and in primary cultures of their parent normal cells. Similar manifestations of density dependent inhibition were found in the isolated cultures of normal and neoplastic cells: at saturation densities these cultures had low labelling indices; these indices considerably increased when the cells migrated into the wound from the dense sheet, prelabelled cells seeded on the dense sheets of unlabelled homologous cells did not proliferate. However, proliferation of neoplastic cells was not inhibited when they were seeded on the dense sheet of normal fibroblasts. Thus, neoplastic hamster fibroblasts of both lines retained sensitivity to the inhibiting effect of homologous neoplastic cells but completely lost sensitivity to the inhibiting effect of normal fibroblasts. The possible significance of this selective loss of the sensitivity to normal cells is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Neoplastic fibroblasts sensitive to the growth inhibition by homologous cells but insensitive to inhibition by parent normal cells. 3H-thymidine labelling and autoradiography were used to compare density dependent inhibition of growth in the cultures of two transformed lines of hamster fibroblasts and in primary cultures of their parent normal cells. Similar manifestations of density dependent inhibition were found in the isolated cultures of normal and neoplastic cells: at saturation densities these cultures had low labelling indices; these indices considerably increased when the cells migrated into the wound from the dense sheet, prelabelled cells seeded on the dense sheets of unlabelled homologous cells did not proliferate. However, proliferation of neoplastic cells was not inhibited when they were seeded on the dense sheet of normal fibroblasts. Thus, neoplastic hamster fibroblasts of both lines retained sensitivity to the inhibiting effect of homologous neoplastic cells but completely lost sensitivity to the inhibiting effect of normal fibroblasts. The possible significance of this selective loss of the sensitivity to normal cells is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 1171694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3526", "title": "Determination of benzene and toluene in blood by means of a syringe-equilibration method using a small amount of blood.", "content": "A gas chromatographic determination of benzene and toluene in blood with a small amount of blood sample, 0.02 or 0.1 ml, is described. In the method an aliquot of the blood sample in a sealed hypodermic syringe of 2 ml capacity is equilibrated at 37 degrees C in a thermo-regulated water-bath. After establishing equilibrium 1 ml of overlying air is submitted to gas chromatographic analysis. The value of this method was verified by experiments in which men, rabbits, and rats were exposed to benzene and toluene mixtures of various concentrations.", "contents": "Determination of benzene and toluene in blood by means of a syringe-equilibration method using a small amount of blood. A gas chromatographic determination of benzene and toluene in blood with a small amount of blood sample, 0.02 or 0.1 ml, is described. In the method an aliquot of the blood sample in a sealed hypodermic syringe of 2 ml capacity is equilibrated at 37 degrees C in a thermo-regulated water-bath. After establishing equilibrium 1 ml of overlying air is submitted to gas chromatographic analysis. The value of this method was verified by experiments in which men, rabbits, and rats were exposed to benzene and toluene mixtures of various concentrations.", "PMID": 1171695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3527", "title": "RNA synthesis in Chinese hamster cells. III. Non-coordinate increases during interphase in synthesis rates for informosomal, polysomal and heterogeneous nuclear RNAs.", "content": "Cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells were synchronized by mitotic selection. Relative synthesis rates for informosomal messenger-like RNA (mlRNA), polysomal messenger RNA (mRNA), and heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HnRNA) were estimated from the amount of labeled adenosine or uridine incorporated into these species in early and late interphase. The amounts of uridine incorporated into HnRNA, mRNA, and mlRNA during a pulse administered 9.75-10.75 h post-mitosis were 3.48 4.64, and 2.82 times the amounts incorporated 1.5-2.5 h post-mitosis. Adenosine incorporation values 9.5-11.0 h post-mitosis were 1.64 (HnRNA), 2.49 (mRNA), and 1.18 (mlRNA) times the 1.5-3.0 h values. The realitive incorporation into MRNA of large polysomes corresponded to incorporation into mRNA of smell polysomes. Thus, the synthesis rates of mRNA, mlRNA, and HnRNA increase during interphase in a noncoordinate fashion.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in Chinese hamster cells. III. Non-coordinate increases during interphase in synthesis rates for informosomal, polysomal and heterogeneous nuclear RNAs. Cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells were synchronized by mitotic selection. Relative synthesis rates for informosomal messenger-like RNA (mlRNA), polysomal messenger RNA (mRNA), and heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HnRNA) were estimated from the amount of labeled adenosine or uridine incorporated into these species in early and late interphase. The amounts of uridine incorporated into HnRNA, mRNA, and mlRNA during a pulse administered 9.75-10.75 h post-mitosis were 3.48 4.64, and 2.82 times the amounts incorporated 1.5-2.5 h post-mitosis. Adenosine incorporation values 9.5-11.0 h post-mitosis were 1.64 (HnRNA), 2.49 (mRNA), and 1.18 (mlRNA) times the 1.5-3.0 h values. The realitive incorporation into MRNA of large polysomes corresponded to incorporation into mRNA of smell polysomes. Thus, the synthesis rates of mRNA, mlRNA, and HnRNA increase during interphase in a noncoordinate fashion.", "PMID": 1171696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3528", "title": "Studies of the mitochondria from Eimeria tenella and inhibition of the electron transport by quinolone coccidiostats.", "content": "Intact but fragile mitochondria were isolated from unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella. The mitochondria respired in response to succinate, malate plus pyruvate, and L-ascorbate at rates of 1.00, 0.40, and 0.25 mu1 O2/min/mg protein, respectively. Spectrophotometric analyses of the cytochromes in mitochondria and whole oocysts revealed b-type and o-type cytochromes, at roughly similar levels, but no cytochrome c could be detected. The mitochondrial respiration was inhibited by cyanide, azide, carbon monoxide, antimycin A, and 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, but was relatively resistant to rotenone and amytal. The quinolone coccidiostats buquinolate, amquinate, methyl benzoquate, and decoquinate were identified as very powerful inhibitiors of succinate and malate plus pyruvate supported respiration in E. tenella mitochondria. None of these four drugs exhibited any inhibitory effect on chicken liver mitochondria. Only 3 pmol of the quinolones per mg mitochondrial protein was needed to achieve 50% inhibition. The inhibition could not be reversed by coenzymes Q6 or Q10. Since the quinolones did not affect L-ascorbate-supported respiration or the activities of submitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase, the site of action of the quinolone coccidiostats was tentatively identified as probably near cytochrome b in E. tenella mitochondria. Mitochondria isolated from an E. tenella amquinate-resistant mutant were much less susceptible to quinolone coccidiostats; 50% inhibition was attained by 300 pmol of the drugs/mg mitochondrial protein. The results suggest that the mechanisms of action of quinolone coccidiostats is by inhibiting the cytochrome-mediated electron transport in the mitochondria of coccidia. 2-Hydroxynaphthoquinone coccidiostats were identified as inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration of both E. tenella and chicken liver. They inhibited submitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase of E. tenella, and remained equally active against the mitochondrial function of E. tenella amquinolate-resistant mutant.", "contents": "Studies of the mitochondria from Eimeria tenella and inhibition of the electron transport by quinolone coccidiostats. Intact but fragile mitochondria were isolated from unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella. The mitochondria respired in response to succinate, malate plus pyruvate, and L-ascorbate at rates of 1.00, 0.40, and 0.25 mu1 O2/min/mg protein, respectively. Spectrophotometric analyses of the cytochromes in mitochondria and whole oocysts revealed b-type and o-type cytochromes, at roughly similar levels, but no cytochrome c could be detected. The mitochondrial respiration was inhibited by cyanide, azide, carbon monoxide, antimycin A, and 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, but was relatively resistant to rotenone and amytal. The quinolone coccidiostats buquinolate, amquinate, methyl benzoquate, and decoquinate were identified as very powerful inhibitiors of succinate and malate plus pyruvate supported respiration in E. tenella mitochondria. None of these four drugs exhibited any inhibitory effect on chicken liver mitochondria. Only 3 pmol of the quinolones per mg mitochondrial protein was needed to achieve 50% inhibition. The inhibition could not be reversed by coenzymes Q6 or Q10. Since the quinolones did not affect L-ascorbate-supported respiration or the activities of submitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase, the site of action of the quinolone coccidiostats was tentatively identified as probably near cytochrome b in E. tenella mitochondria. Mitochondria isolated from an E. tenella amquinate-resistant mutant were much less susceptible to quinolone coccidiostats; 50% inhibition was attained by 300 pmol of the drugs/mg mitochondrial protein. The results suggest that the mechanisms of action of quinolone coccidiostats is by inhibiting the cytochrome-mediated electron transport in the mitochondria of coccidia. 2-Hydroxynaphthoquinone coccidiostats were identified as inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration of both E. tenella and chicken liver. They inhibited submitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase of E. tenella, and remained equally active against the mitochondrial function of E. tenella amquinolate-resistant mutant.", "PMID": 1171697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3529", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of the lipase reaction. II. Comparative studies on the adsorption of lipases and various proteins at the air-water interface.", "content": "Adsorption of lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) and various proteins at the air-water interface has been investigated in relation to the mechanism of lipase reaction. Aqueous solutions of lipases and denaturated proteins show surface activity as strong as that of synthetic detergents. However, ths surface activity of esterases and various other proteins is little or none. By foam fractionation it was shown that lipases were adsorbed at the air-water interface and the adsorption followed the equation of Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. The properties of lipase at the interface are discussed in relation to the mechanism of lipase reaction and the differences from the esterase reaction.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of the lipase reaction. II. Comparative studies on the adsorption of lipases and various proteins at the air-water interface. Adsorption of lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) and various proteins at the air-water interface has been investigated in relation to the mechanism of lipase reaction. Aqueous solutions of lipases and denaturated proteins show surface activity as strong as that of synthetic detergents. However, ths surface activity of esterases and various other proteins is little or none. By foam fractionation it was shown that lipases were adsorbed at the air-water interface and the adsorption followed the equation of Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. The properties of lipase at the interface are discussed in relation to the mechanism of lipase reaction and the differences from the esterase reaction.", "PMID": 1171698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3530", "title": "Studies of the interaction of the fluorophores harmine and harmaline with calf thymus DNA.", "content": "The binding to calf thymus DNA of the hallucinogen harmine and one of its analogues harmaline was studied by absorption spectrophotometry and fluorescence quenching analysis. Viscosity measurements were also carried out. For both molecules, quenched and unquenched sites on DNA are present. For each type of binding site, the value of the product of the number of sites times the association constant was determined. Harmine is more strongly bound than harmaline. Viscosity measurements indicate intercalation in the case of harmine only.", "contents": "Studies of the interaction of the fluorophores harmine and harmaline with calf thymus DNA. The binding to calf thymus DNA of the hallucinogen harmine and one of its analogues harmaline was studied by absorption spectrophotometry and fluorescence quenching analysis. Viscosity measurements were also carried out. For both molecules, quenched and unquenched sites on DNA are present. For each type of binding site, the value of the product of the number of sites times the association constant was determined. Harmine is more strongly bound than harmaline. Viscosity measurements indicate intercalation in the case of harmine only.", "PMID": 1171699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3531", "title": "Properties and synthesis of ribosomal RNA in the free-living nematode Panagrellus silusiae.", "content": "The normal S values of ribosomes and ribosomal subunits extracted from the free-living nematode. Panagrellus silusiae are similar to those of other eukaryotic organisms. Upon heating (70 degrees C, 15 min) a 5.5-S RNA is released from the larger ribosomal RNA (27 S; 1.40-10(6) daltons). Unlike other protostomes, however, the 27-S rRNA does not dissociate in an orderly manner to yield 18-S components. The electrophoretic mobility of the small ribosomal RNA species (18 S; 0.72-10(6) daltons) is unaltered by heat treatment. The base composition of both Panagrellus rRNA species has a 51% G+C content. Labelling worms with either [Me-3H] methionine or [14C] uridine at various stages of postembryonic development and subsequent analysis of the extracted RNA revealed eight radioactive fractions, two of which were the mature ribosomal RNAs. From both the time sequence of appearance of the eight RNA species and the relative degree of methylation of the various RNA fractions two maturation pathways for ribosomal RNA processing were deduced. A 37-S (3.6-10(6) daltons) RNA is the precursor to both 27-S and 18-S RNA. During processing about two-fifths of the original transcriptional unit is lost. In this organism the \"transcribed spacer\" regions may be methylated although alternate interpretations have not been precluded.", "contents": "Properties and synthesis of ribosomal RNA in the free-living nematode Panagrellus silusiae. The normal S values of ribosomes and ribosomal subunits extracted from the free-living nematode. Panagrellus silusiae are similar to those of other eukaryotic organisms. Upon heating (70 degrees C, 15 min) a 5.5-S RNA is released from the larger ribosomal RNA (27 S; 1.40-10(6) daltons). Unlike other protostomes, however, the 27-S rRNA does not dissociate in an orderly manner to yield 18-S components. The electrophoretic mobility of the small ribosomal RNA species (18 S; 0.72-10(6) daltons) is unaltered by heat treatment. The base composition of both Panagrellus rRNA species has a 51% G+C content. Labelling worms with either [Me-3H] methionine or [14C] uridine at various stages of postembryonic development and subsequent analysis of the extracted RNA revealed eight radioactive fractions, two of which were the mature ribosomal RNAs. From both the time sequence of appearance of the eight RNA species and the relative degree of methylation of the various RNA fractions two maturation pathways for ribosomal RNA processing were deduced. A 37-S (3.6-10(6) daltons) RNA is the precursor to both 27-S and 18-S RNA. During processing about two-fifths of the original transcriptional unit is lost. In this organism the \"transcribed spacer\" regions may be methylated although alternate interpretations have not been precluded.", "PMID": 1171700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3532", "title": "Different binding of poly(A)-containing and poly(A)-free fractions of nuclear ribonucleic acid to ribosomes from rat liver.", "content": "Total nuclear RNA extracted from nuclei of rat liver cells by phenol/chloroform in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate was separated by combined gel filtration on Sepharose 4 B and affinity chromatography on poly(U) Sepharose into fractions differing in their molecular weights and contents of poly(A) sequences. The poly(A)-containing 45-S RNA became labelled most rapidly if rats were administered [3H] orotic acid. This fraction showed a high template activity when added to postmitochondrial supernatants of the Krebs ascites tumour. Fractions of nRNA, free of poly(A) sequences, had no stimulating effect on protein synthesis in this system. The 45-S RNA-containing poly(A) was readily bound to crude polyribosomes from rat liver at 0 degrees C and both ATP and GTP were necessary for this reaction. Sucrose gradient analyses provided evidence that this RNA species is bound predominantly to 80-S ribosomes. No binding was obtained with polyribosomes washed with 0.5 M KCl. The binding ability of washed polyribosomes was restored by the addition of the ribosomal wash fraction or rat liver cytosol. Crude polyribosomes bound significantly lower quantities of nRNA species free of poly(A) when compared with poly(A)-45-S RNA. The label was scattered through the whole ribosomal sedimentation pattern with no predominant peaks and the binding reaction required neither soluble factors nor nucleotide cofactors. The labelling kinetics and high template activity of poly(A)-45-S nRNA indicate that this fraction contains precursors of cytoplasmic mRNA. Requirements for soluble factors and nucleotide cofactors in the binding of this RNA species to 80-S ribosomes suggest that this binding, unlike that of other nRNA species, has a specific mechanism resembling that of mRNA binding during peptide initiation.", "contents": "Different binding of poly(A)-containing and poly(A)-free fractions of nuclear ribonucleic acid to ribosomes from rat liver. Total nuclear RNA extracted from nuclei of rat liver cells by phenol/chloroform in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate was separated by combined gel filtration on Sepharose 4 B and affinity chromatography on poly(U) Sepharose into fractions differing in their molecular weights and contents of poly(A) sequences. The poly(A)-containing 45-S RNA became labelled most rapidly if rats were administered [3H] orotic acid. This fraction showed a high template activity when added to postmitochondrial supernatants of the Krebs ascites tumour. Fractions of nRNA, free of poly(A) sequences, had no stimulating effect on protein synthesis in this system. The 45-S RNA-containing poly(A) was readily bound to crude polyribosomes from rat liver at 0 degrees C and both ATP and GTP were necessary for this reaction. Sucrose gradient analyses provided evidence that this RNA species is bound predominantly to 80-S ribosomes. No binding was obtained with polyribosomes washed with 0.5 M KCl. The binding ability of washed polyribosomes was restored by the addition of the ribosomal wash fraction or rat liver cytosol. Crude polyribosomes bound significantly lower quantities of nRNA species free of poly(A) when compared with poly(A)-45-S RNA. The label was scattered through the whole ribosomal sedimentation pattern with no predominant peaks and the binding reaction required neither soluble factors nor nucleotide cofactors. The labelling kinetics and high template activity of poly(A)-45-S nRNA indicate that this fraction contains precursors of cytoplasmic mRNA. Requirements for soluble factors and nucleotide cofactors in the binding of this RNA species to 80-S ribosomes suggest that this binding, unlike that of other nRNA species, has a specific mechanism resembling that of mRNA binding during peptide initiation.", "PMID": 1171701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3533", "title": "Electrocorticographic distrubances after portacaval shunt in the rat: a quantitative evaluation.", "content": "Electrocorticographic recordings were analyzed in two groups of Wistar rats with end-to-side portacaval shunt and sham portacaval shunt. The main electrical abnormalities observed in the shunted rats concerned slow wave sleep. Quantitative evaluation of these disturbances was made by measuring the duration of spindles normally present in this phase of sleep. Longer duration of the spindles appears to be a reliable index of electrocorticographic disorders after portacaval shunt in the rat.", "contents": "Electrocorticographic distrubances after portacaval shunt in the rat: a quantitative evaluation. Electrocorticographic recordings were analyzed in two groups of Wistar rats with end-to-side portacaval shunt and sham portacaval shunt. The main electrical abnormalities observed in the shunted rats concerned slow wave sleep. Quantitative evaluation of these disturbances was made by measuring the duration of spindles normally present in this phase of sleep. Longer duration of the spindles appears to be a reliable index of electrocorticographic disorders after portacaval shunt in the rat.", "PMID": 1171705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3534", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy. Part I. Diurnal plasma glucose profile in normal and diabetic women.", "content": "Diurnal plasma glucose profiles and oral glucose tolerance during pregnancy were studied in normal women, chemical diabetics, and insulin-requiring diabetics. In normal women the mean diurnal plasma glucose rose by only 0.22 mmol/1 (4 mg/100 m1) during pregnancy. Mild chemical diabetes resulted in an increase in both the mean diurnal glucose concentration and the fluctuation of plasma glucose levels during the day. Fluctuation in glucose concentration in insulin-dependent diabetics was about three times that found in non-diabetic women of similar gestation, with relative hyperglycaemia during the day and hypoglycaemia at night. In non-diabetic women and those with chemical diabetes the mean dirunal glucose correlated closely with the total area under the three-hour oral glucose tolerance curve and significantly, but less closely, with the two-hour glucose tolerance test value.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy. Part I. Diurnal plasma glucose profile in normal and diabetic women. Diurnal plasma glucose profiles and oral glucose tolerance during pregnancy were studied in normal women, chemical diabetics, and insulin-requiring diabetics. In normal women the mean diurnal plasma glucose rose by only 0.22 mmol/1 (4 mg/100 m1) during pregnancy. Mild chemical diabetes resulted in an increase in both the mean diurnal glucose concentration and the fluctuation of plasma glucose levels during the day. Fluctuation in glucose concentration in insulin-dependent diabetics was about three times that found in non-diabetic women of similar gestation, with relative hyperglycaemia during the day and hypoglycaemia at night. In non-diabetic women and those with chemical diabetes the mean dirunal glucose correlated closely with the total area under the three-hour oral glucose tolerance curve and significantly, but less closely, with the two-hour glucose tolerance test value.", "PMID": 1171710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3535", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy. Part II. Relation between maternal glucose tolerance and glucose metabolism in the newborn.", "content": "The objective of clinical management of the pregnant diabetic woman is to prevent the serious adverse effects of an abnormal glucose environment on the fetus. Neonatal glucose assimilation and insulin release over the first two hours of life were correlated with various indices of maternal carbohydrate metabolism in the third trimester. Of the 31 mothers studied 21 were defined as normal and 10 as having chemical diabetes. Neontal glucose assimilation during the first two hours of life correlated strongly with functions of both maternal glucose tolerance and mean diurnal glucose level, the strongest correlation being with the area under the three-hour oral glucose tolerance curve (P less than 0.001), Two-hour neonatal plasma glucose values of under 1.7 mmol/1 (30 mg/100 ml) were found only in the newborn of women whose glucose tolerance area measured over 41.6 area units (750 traditional units); thus, even in the borderline diabetic range glucose tolerance testing during the last trimester of pregnancy may be valuable in predicting likelihood of neonatal hypoglycaemia. The findings also shed light on the possible sensitizing role of mild maternal hyperglycaemia on fetal insulin production and secretion.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy. Part II. Relation between maternal glucose tolerance and glucose metabolism in the newborn. The objective of clinical management of the pregnant diabetic woman is to prevent the serious adverse effects of an abnormal glucose environment on the fetus. Neonatal glucose assimilation and insulin release over the first two hours of life were correlated with various indices of maternal carbohydrate metabolism in the third trimester. Of the 31 mothers studied 21 were defined as normal and 10 as having chemical diabetes. Neontal glucose assimilation during the first two hours of life correlated strongly with functions of both maternal glucose tolerance and mean diurnal glucose level, the strongest correlation being with the area under the three-hour oral glucose tolerance curve (P less than 0.001), Two-hour neonatal plasma glucose values of under 1.7 mmol/1 (30 mg/100 ml) were found only in the newborn of women whose glucose tolerance area measured over 41.6 area units (750 traditional units); thus, even in the borderline diabetic range glucose tolerance testing during the last trimester of pregnancy may be valuable in predicting likelihood of neonatal hypoglycaemia. The findings also shed light on the possible sensitizing role of mild maternal hyperglycaemia on fetal insulin production and secretion.", "PMID": 1171711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3536", "title": "Amphetamine and apomorphine responses in the rat following 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi and corpus striatum.", "content": "Eight mug of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injected bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) or the caudate nucleus of the rat resulted in 79% and 50% depletion of endogenous dopamine (DA) at these respective sites. Fourteen days after the injection a low dose of amphetamine failed to induce the characteristic locomotor response in the NAS-lesioned rats but did so in the caudate-lesioned animals. By contrast the caudate lesion, but not the NAS lesions, abolished intense forms of stereotyped behaviour induced by higher doses of amphetamine. Both lesioned groups exhibited supersensitivity to the dopamine agonist, apomorphine; the NAS group showed enhanced locomotor activity and the caudate group enhanced stereotyped behaviour. The block of amphetamine locomotion and the enhanced response to apomorphine were maximal around 14 days after the operation and gradually attenuated up to 90 days. Theer is evidence that remaining DA levels in the NAS are greater at 90 than at 14 days postoperatively. Thus recovery of behavioural effects correlated with an increase in the remaining levels of DA in the NAS.", "contents": "Amphetamine and apomorphine responses in the rat following 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi and corpus striatum. Eight mug of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injected bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) or the caudate nucleus of the rat resulted in 79% and 50% depletion of endogenous dopamine (DA) at these respective sites. Fourteen days after the injection a low dose of amphetamine failed to induce the characteristic locomotor response in the NAS-lesioned rats but did so in the caudate-lesioned animals. By contrast the caudate lesion, but not the NAS lesions, abolished intense forms of stereotyped behaviour induced by higher doses of amphetamine. Both lesioned groups exhibited supersensitivity to the dopamine agonist, apomorphine; the NAS group showed enhanced locomotor activity and the caudate group enhanced stereotyped behaviour. The block of amphetamine locomotion and the enhanced response to apomorphine were maximal around 14 days after the operation and gradually attenuated up to 90 days. Theer is evidence that remaining DA levels in the NAS are greater at 90 than at 14 days postoperatively. Thus recovery of behavioural effects correlated with an increase in the remaining levels of DA in the NAS.", "PMID": 1171714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3537", "title": "Behavioral effects in rats following intrastriatal microinjection of manganese.", "content": "We have demonstrated that injection of manganese into one caudate nucleus in rats results in a predominant ipsilateral turning behavior, accompanied at higher doses by an intermittent, alternating and dose-related incidence of contralateral turning and stereotypies. Although the pharmacological evidence produced (effect of alpha-MT, L-DOPA, pargyline) indicates a definite participation of the dopaminergic system in the latter two phenomena, it is probable that ipsilateral turning is the result of involvement of other transmitter systems as well. Tegmental serotoninergic and intrastriatal cholinergic pathways appear to be involved in the production of the basic postural asymmetry resulting in turning. The amount of interference with the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways may determine the speed of circling, and the concurrent inhibition of locomotion. This is more evident with bilateral injections. Manganese appears to act at presynaptic levels within the striatum by blocking release of the transmitter, thus creating a localized, relative deficit in caudate function. The end result is the release of the dominant \"ipsilateral syndrome-inducing system' from its inhibitory control. Repeated or chronic administration of this metal in man or animals is known to result in a brain dopamine and/or serotonin deficit commensurate with the clinical manifestations of bradykinesia and dystonia. Our results are compatible with the anatomical findings of Poirier and collaborators and tend to support the dual ipsilateral and contralateral syndrome-inducing systems in the caudate postulated by Cools, and the complementary roles of dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine within that nucleus. No one transmitter is involved alone in the experimental production of the manganese syndrome, or of its component symptoms.", "contents": "Behavioral effects in rats following intrastriatal microinjection of manganese. We have demonstrated that injection of manganese into one caudate nucleus in rats results in a predominant ipsilateral turning behavior, accompanied at higher doses by an intermittent, alternating and dose-related incidence of contralateral turning and stereotypies. Although the pharmacological evidence produced (effect of alpha-MT, L-DOPA, pargyline) indicates a definite participation of the dopaminergic system in the latter two phenomena, it is probable that ipsilateral turning is the result of involvement of other transmitter systems as well. Tegmental serotoninergic and intrastriatal cholinergic pathways appear to be involved in the production of the basic postural asymmetry resulting in turning. The amount of interference with the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways may determine the speed of circling, and the concurrent inhibition of locomotion. This is more evident with bilateral injections. Manganese appears to act at presynaptic levels within the striatum by blocking release of the transmitter, thus creating a localized, relative deficit in caudate function. The end result is the release of the dominant \"ipsilateral syndrome-inducing system' from its inhibitory control. Repeated or chronic administration of this metal in man or animals is known to result in a brain dopamine and/or serotonin deficit commensurate with the clinical manifestations of bradykinesia and dystonia. Our results are compatible with the anatomical findings of Poirier and collaborators and tend to support the dual ipsilateral and contralateral syndrome-inducing systems in the caudate postulated by Cools, and the complementary roles of dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine within that nucleus. No one transmitter is involved alone in the experimental production of the manganese syndrome, or of its component symptoms.", "PMID": 1171715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3538", "title": "Testosterone metabolism in benign and malignant breast lesions.", "content": "Tissues from a variety of breast lesions were incubated with 14C-testosterone (17beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one). Conversion to 14C-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) and 14C-androstenedione (4-androsten-3,17-dione) was measured. Normal breast tissue showed formation of 14C-androstenedione but no formation of 14C-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Fibroadenomas showed a high degree of testosterone metabolism forming both 14C-androstenedione and 14C-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. The adenocarcinomas of the breast, contrary to a previous report in the literature, showed no conversion to 14C-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. The data suggest that formation of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone is a predominant metabolic pathway in fibroadenoma.", "contents": "Testosterone metabolism in benign and malignant breast lesions. Tissues from a variety of breast lesions were incubated with 14C-testosterone (17beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one). Conversion to 14C-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) and 14C-androstenedione (4-androsten-3,17-dione) was measured. Normal breast tissue showed formation of 14C-androstenedione but no formation of 14C-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Fibroadenomas showed a high degree of testosterone metabolism forming both 14C-androstenedione and 14C-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. The adenocarcinomas of the breast, contrary to a previous report in the literature, showed no conversion to 14C-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. The data suggest that formation of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone is a predominant metabolic pathway in fibroadenoma.", "PMID": 1171721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3539", "title": "Ph1-positive megakaryoblastic leukemia.", "content": "A case of megakaryoblastic leukemia is presented. Megakaryoblastosis and erythrocytic hyperplasia of the bone marrow, thrombocythemia, and hepatosplenomegaly were the essential features; 100% of the marrow-derived metaphases were found to be Ph1-positive. Cytologic and chromosomal findings are compatible with the assumption that all three marrow systems were involved in the leukemic process.", "contents": "Ph1-positive megakaryoblastic leukemia. A case of megakaryoblastic leukemia is presented. Megakaryoblastosis and erythrocytic hyperplasia of the bone marrow, thrombocythemia, and hepatosplenomegaly were the essential features; 100% of the marrow-derived metaphases were found to be Ph1-positive. Cytologic and chromosomal findings are compatible with the assumption that all three marrow systems were involved in the leukemic process.", "PMID": 1171722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3540", "title": "External beam radiation therapy of primary carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "During the past 10 years, some 15 publications have appeared in the English literature on the definitive radiotherapy of prostatic cancer. The long-term followup required for rational assessment of the treatment of prostatic cancer is not yet available for most of these studies. However, in the Stanford series, the direct disease-free survival at 5 years for patients with disease localized to the prostate is 70%; at 10 years, 42%. The direct disease-free survival at 5 years for patients with extracapsular extension in 36%, and at 10 years, 29%. Recently, mapping of potential lymph node metastases has been studies by several authors.Early results of extended-field irradiation required for regional treatment are presented.", "contents": "External beam radiation therapy of primary carcinoma of the prostate. During the past 10 years, some 15 publications have appeared in the English literature on the definitive radiotherapy of prostatic cancer. The long-term followup required for rational assessment of the treatment of prostatic cancer is not yet available for most of these studies. However, in the Stanford series, the direct disease-free survival at 5 years for patients with disease localized to the prostate is 70%; at 10 years, 42%. The direct disease-free survival at 5 years for patients with extracapsular extension in 36%, and at 10 years, 29%. Recently, mapping of potential lymph node metastases has been studies by several authors.Early results of extended-field irradiation required for regional treatment are presented.", "PMID": 1171723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3541", "title": "Immunosuppression in primary liver and colon tumor induction with N-hydroxy-N-2-fluorenylacetamide and azoxymethane.", "content": "The question was examined as to whether immunosuppression in a rat model system would affect the carcinogenic processes leading to tumors in the liver and the large bowel. The protocols were designed to detect an increased incidence or a shorter latent period stemming from a change in immune status. Groups of rats were given injections prior to initiation of the carcinogen regimen and continuously thereafter with a purified gamma fraction of antilymphocytic serum (ALG). Appropriate controls received the gamma fraction of normal rabbit serum or 0.9% NaCl solution. Permanence of skin allografts showed that ALG was an effective immunosuppressive treatment. For liver cancer induction, rats were fed 120 ppm N-hydroxy-N-2-fluorenylacetamide in the diet for 16 weeks, then were continued on control diet. The animals given ALG developed liver tumors at a rate similar to that of controls. For cancer of the large bowel, rats received a single s.c. dose of 7.5 mg azoxymethane per kg per week for 16 weeks and were then held on control diet. With an identical ALG treatment, there were fewer intestinal tumors in the early part of the treatment, because of the important early development of liver angiosarcoma, not seen in control rats given injections of 0.9% NaCl solution. At a later time, the incidence of intestinal cancer was similar in rats on ALG or on 0.9% NaCl solution. Thus, immunosuppression had little effect on the rate of liver tumor formation with a liver carcinogen. Also, ALG led to the precocious development of liver angiosarcomas, but failed to affect intestinal cancer induction in animals given azoxymethane.", "contents": "Immunosuppression in primary liver and colon tumor induction with N-hydroxy-N-2-fluorenylacetamide and azoxymethane. The question was examined as to whether immunosuppression in a rat model system would affect the carcinogenic processes leading to tumors in the liver and the large bowel. The protocols were designed to detect an increased incidence or a shorter latent period stemming from a change in immune status. Groups of rats were given injections prior to initiation of the carcinogen regimen and continuously thereafter with a purified gamma fraction of antilymphocytic serum (ALG). Appropriate controls received the gamma fraction of normal rabbit serum or 0.9% NaCl solution. Permanence of skin allografts showed that ALG was an effective immunosuppressive treatment. For liver cancer induction, rats were fed 120 ppm N-hydroxy-N-2-fluorenylacetamide in the diet for 16 weeks, then were continued on control diet. The animals given ALG developed liver tumors at a rate similar to that of controls. For cancer of the large bowel, rats received a single s.c. dose of 7.5 mg azoxymethane per kg per week for 16 weeks and were then held on control diet. With an identical ALG treatment, there were fewer intestinal tumors in the early part of the treatment, because of the important early development of liver angiosarcoma, not seen in control rats given injections of 0.9% NaCl solution. At a later time, the incidence of intestinal cancer was similar in rats on ALG or on 0.9% NaCl solution. Thus, immunosuppression had little effect on the rate of liver tumor formation with a liver carcinogen. Also, ALG led to the precocious development of liver angiosarcomas, but failed to affect intestinal cancer induction in animals given azoxymethane.", "PMID": 1171724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3542", "title": "The amino acid sequence of thymopoietin II.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of bovine thymopoietin II is presented. This T cell differentiating hormone of the thymus is a single 49 amino acid polypeptide chain of 5562 daltons. There is microheterogeneity at the C terminus with approximately two thirds of the molecules lacking the C terminal arginine found on the remaining molecules. Determination of the primary structure of thymopoietin II was facilitated by a long automated sequenator run on thymopoietin II coupled to 2-isothiocyanonaphthalene-4,8-disulfonic acid (NITC), tryptic cleavage of maleated thymopoietin II to yield the overlapping C terminal peptide, and efficient manual sequencing of this peptide using benzene extractions to minimize extractive losses of peptide.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of thymopoietin II. The amino acid sequence of bovine thymopoietin II is presented. This T cell differentiating hormone of the thymus is a single 49 amino acid polypeptide chain of 5562 daltons. There is microheterogeneity at the C terminus with approximately two thirds of the molecules lacking the C terminal arginine found on the remaining molecules. Determination of the primary structure of thymopoietin II was facilitated by a long automated sequenator run on thymopoietin II coupled to 2-isothiocyanonaphthalene-4,8-disulfonic acid (NITC), tryptic cleavage of maleated thymopoietin II to yield the overlapping C terminal peptide, and efficient manual sequencing of this peptide using benzene extractions to minimize extractive losses of peptide.", "PMID": 1171728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3543", "title": "Structural organization of the genome of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum: interspersion of repetitive and single-copy DNA sequences.", "content": "The length and interspersion of reiterated and single-copy DNA sequences in Dictyostelium have been examined. The results indicate that approximately 50-60% of the single-copy sequences in DNA fragments 1500 nucleotides long and 75% of the single-copy sequences in fragments 3000 nucleotides long are linked to short interspersed repeat DNA sequences. The average length of these single-copy sequences is 1500 nucleotides. The length of the reiterated DNA has also been analyzed and shows a bimodal distribution. One half is present in sequences greater than 2000 nucleotides long, while the remainder is present as short fragments 250-450 nucleotides long. These shorter fragments are interspersed with the bulk of the single-copy DNA.", "contents": "Structural organization of the genome of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum: interspersion of repetitive and single-copy DNA sequences. The length and interspersion of reiterated and single-copy DNA sequences in Dictyostelium have been examined. The results indicate that approximately 50-60% of the single-copy sequences in DNA fragments 1500 nucleotides long and 75% of the single-copy sequences in fragments 3000 nucleotides long are linked to short interspersed repeat DNA sequences. The average length of these single-copy sequences is 1500 nucleotides. The length of the reiterated DNA has also been analyzed and shows a bimodal distribution. One half is present in sequences greater than 2000 nucleotides long, while the remainder is present as short fragments 250-450 nucleotides long. These shorter fragments are interspersed with the bulk of the single-copy DNA.", "PMID": 1171729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3544", "title": "Simultaneous operative correction of aortic valve stenosis and idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) may coexist with aortic valve stenosis (AVS). This combination of lesions is uncommon and may not be identified by the usual preoperative clinical evaluation and laboratory studies including cardiac catheterization. Surgical relief of AVS without concomitant septal myectomy to relieve unrecognized underlying IHSS may be followed by a low cardiac output, evidence of residual outflow tract obstruction, and death. Echocardiography (ECHO) will accurately identify IHSS and should be performed in all patients suspected of having AVS. This report describes the first three patients in whom the preoperative diagnosis of both AVS and IHSS was made and who subsequently had both lesions corrected at the same operation. All patients survived operation. The outflow tract gradient was abolished in two patients and significantly reduced in the third. All patients with this combination of lesions should be offered operation for the same indication as isolated aortic valve stenosis. The operation should include a septal myectomy as well as relief of the aortic valve stenosis.", "contents": "Simultaneous operative correction of aortic valve stenosis and idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) may coexist with aortic valve stenosis (AVS). This combination of lesions is uncommon and may not be identified by the usual preoperative clinical evaluation and laboratory studies including cardiac catheterization. Surgical relief of AVS without concomitant septal myectomy to relieve unrecognized underlying IHSS may be followed by a low cardiac output, evidence of residual outflow tract obstruction, and death. Echocardiography (ECHO) will accurately identify IHSS and should be performed in all patients suspected of having AVS. This report describes the first three patients in whom the preoperative diagnosis of both AVS and IHSS was made and who subsequently had both lesions corrected at the same operation. All patients survived operation. The outflow tract gradient was abolished in two patients and significantly reduced in the third. All patients with this combination of lesions should be offered operation for the same indication as isolated aortic valve stenosis. The operation should include a septal myectomy as well as relief of the aortic valve stenosis.", "PMID": 1171737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3545", "title": "Behaviour of doxycycline in the tissues.", "content": "Little is known about the behaviour of antibiotics in the tissues. To investigate this problem, rats were sacrificed in groups of six, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 18 h after an intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg doxycycline/kg body weight. The antibiotic levels were determined in the nine major organs and in the serum by a microbiological method. One hour after injection, the doxycycline concentrations in all the tissues were already higher than the serum concentrations. After 4 h, the concentration exceeded 2.5 mug/ml in the lungs, muscles, testes and heart, and were much greater in the excretory organs: 11.4 +/- 4.1 mug/ml in the liver, 10.2 +/- 1.6 in the renal medulla and 27.8 +/- 7.0 in the renal cortex. Throughout the experiment, the lung and muscle concentrations were about double the serum concentrations, and this occurred with great regularity. Doxycycline is thus capable of penetrating extremely rapidly and intensely into tissues, while still retaining a great degree of freedom of movement between plasma and tissues.", "contents": "Behaviour of doxycycline in the tissues. Little is known about the behaviour of antibiotics in the tissues. To investigate this problem, rats were sacrificed in groups of six, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 18 h after an intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg doxycycline/kg body weight. The antibiotic levels were determined in the nine major organs and in the serum by a microbiological method. One hour after injection, the doxycycline concentrations in all the tissues were already higher than the serum concentrations. After 4 h, the concentration exceeded 2.5 mug/ml in the lungs, muscles, testes and heart, and were much greater in the excretory organs: 11.4 +/- 4.1 mug/ml in the liver, 10.2 +/- 1.6 in the renal medulla and 27.8 +/- 7.0 in the renal cortex. Throughout the experiment, the lung and muscle concentrations were about double the serum concentrations, and this occurred with great regularity. Doxycycline is thus capable of penetrating extremely rapidly and intensely into tissues, while still retaining a great degree of freedom of movement between plasma and tissues.", "PMID": 1171754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3546", "title": "[Diagnostic criteria of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in the echocardiogram(author's transl)].", "content": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) is morphologically characterized by ventricular septal hypertrophy. It is asymmetrical because there is no corresponding hypertrophy of the posterior wall of the ventricle. The proportion between septal thickness and posterior wall thickness is more than 1.2. In addition, the anterior mitral leaflet moves towards the ventricular septum during the ventricular systole. Finally, the aortic cusps may close prematurely, even during ventricular systole, if there is a marked outflow-tract obstruction. The thickness of the septum and posterior wall, as well as the movement of the mitral and the aortic valves, can be easily registered by the echocardiograph. IHSS is, therefore, more easily diagnosed by this non-invasive method than by any other method. The echocardiogram demonstrates (1) asymmetrical septal hypertrophy, (2) anterior movement of the anterior and frequently also the posterior mitral leaflet in midsystole, (3) partial or complete closure of the aortic valve in mid-systole, (4) relatively small end-diastolic and systolic diameters of the left ventricle, (5) delayed early-systolic closure movement of the anterior mitral leaflet in the sense of a functional mitral stenosis, (6) decreased systolic septal movement.", "contents": "[Diagnostic criteria of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in the echocardiogram(author's transl)]. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) is morphologically characterized by ventricular septal hypertrophy. It is asymmetrical because there is no corresponding hypertrophy of the posterior wall of the ventricle. The proportion between septal thickness and posterior wall thickness is more than 1.2. In addition, the anterior mitral leaflet moves towards the ventricular septum during the ventricular systole. Finally, the aortic cusps may close prematurely, even during ventricular systole, if there is a marked outflow-tract obstruction. The thickness of the septum and posterior wall, as well as the movement of the mitral and the aortic valves, can be easily registered by the echocardiograph. IHSS is, therefore, more easily diagnosed by this non-invasive method than by any other method. The echocardiogram demonstrates (1) asymmetrical septal hypertrophy, (2) anterior movement of the anterior and frequently also the posterior mitral leaflet in midsystole, (3) partial or complete closure of the aortic valve in mid-systole, (4) relatively small end-diastolic and systolic diameters of the left ventricle, (5) delayed early-systolic closure movement of the anterior mitral leaflet in the sense of a functional mitral stenosis, (6) decreased systolic septal movement.", "PMID": 1171757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3547", "title": "[Platelet dysfunction as a result of inhibition of ADP release (aspirin-like defect) in two identical twins(author's transl)].", "content": "An abnormal release of platelet adenosine diphosphate (ADP), as seen after intake of acetylsalicylic acid, was demonstrated to be the cause of a clotting disorder in two identical female twins. The signs of bleeding occurred at the age of 26 and consisted of an increased frequency of haematomas, hypermenorrhoea not explained on gynaecological grounds, and prolonged bleeding after minor injuries. Increased bleeding time, abnormal aggregation after stimulation with collagen and absence of the second aggregation phase after addition of ADP were the abnormal findings of this clearly hereditary form of platelet dysfunction. The platelets were slightly larger than normal ones and there were changes in ultrastructure.", "contents": "[Platelet dysfunction as a result of inhibition of ADP release (aspirin-like defect) in two identical twins(author's transl)]. An abnormal release of platelet adenosine diphosphate (ADP), as seen after intake of acetylsalicylic acid, was demonstrated to be the cause of a clotting disorder in two identical female twins. The signs of bleeding occurred at the age of 26 and consisted of an increased frequency of haematomas, hypermenorrhoea not explained on gynaecological grounds, and prolonged bleeding after minor injuries. Increased bleeding time, abnormal aggregation after stimulation with collagen and absence of the second aggregation phase after addition of ADP were the abnormal findings of this clearly hereditary form of platelet dysfunction. The platelets were slightly larger than normal ones and there were changes in ultrastructure.", "PMID": 1171758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3548", "title": "Relationship of steroid structure to induction of chymotrypsinogen in embryonic chick pancreas in vitro.", "content": "The effect of steroid structure on induction of chymotrypsinogen in embryonic chick pancreas was examined in vitro. In order of decreasing potency cortisol, corticosterone, and 21-deoxycortisol are classified as optimal inducers, whereas 11beta-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisone, 11-deoxycorticosterone and 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone are classified as suboptimal inducers. Progesterone was inactive. It is concluded that the relative importance of the steroid hydroxyl groups for activity is 11beta greater than 21 greater than 17 alpha, and that their effect is cumulative.", "contents": "Relationship of steroid structure to induction of chymotrypsinogen in embryonic chick pancreas in vitro. The effect of steroid structure on induction of chymotrypsinogen in embryonic chick pancreas was examined in vitro. In order of decreasing potency cortisol, corticosterone, and 21-deoxycortisol are classified as optimal inducers, whereas 11beta-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisone, 11-deoxycorticosterone and 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone are classified as suboptimal inducers. Progesterone was inactive. It is concluded that the relative importance of the steroid hydroxyl groups for activity is 11beta greater than 21 greater than 17 alpha, and that their effect is cumulative.", "PMID": 1171759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3549", "title": "[Spontaneous infection of Hymenolepis nana in hamsters (author's transl)].", "content": "Hymenolepis nana (von Siebold, 1852), the dwarf tapeworm causing hymenolepiasis, has been reported to be the common intestinal cestode of rodents and man throughout the world. The authors found spontaneously occurred hymenolepiasis in conventional laboratory hamsters with mass and heavy infections. Some individuals were infected with as many as 188 to 290 worms and in addition, numerous cysticercoids were found in the intestinal villi from the same hamsters. According to the early investigations it is said that there are two ways of infection to rodents. In this study the authors considered a natural autoinfection is to be the case because cysticercoids and immature worms were abundant in the intestines of hamsters. The infection rate of the hamsters was 15% as 6 hamsters were found infected out of 40. All the cases of the heavily infected hamsters showed showed loss of weight and some of them died. Particular damage of the intestinal mucosa was not seen by post-mortem examinations, however, chronic inflammation and destruction of intestinal mucosa caused by the worms observed microscopically (the given pictures). Heavy infection of Hymenolepis nana occurred spontaneously in hamsters has rarely been found in Japan. The case reported here seems to be very peculiar one.", "contents": "[Spontaneous infection of Hymenolepis nana in hamsters (author's transl)]. Hymenolepis nana (von Siebold, 1852), the dwarf tapeworm causing hymenolepiasis, has been reported to be the common intestinal cestode of rodents and man throughout the world. The authors found spontaneously occurred hymenolepiasis in conventional laboratory hamsters with mass and heavy infections. Some individuals were infected with as many as 188 to 290 worms and in addition, numerous cysticercoids were found in the intestinal villi from the same hamsters. According to the early investigations it is said that there are two ways of infection to rodents. In this study the authors considered a natural autoinfection is to be the case because cysticercoids and immature worms were abundant in the intestines of hamsters. The infection rate of the hamsters was 15% as 6 hamsters were found infected out of 40. All the cases of the heavily infected hamsters showed showed loss of weight and some of them died. Particular damage of the intestinal mucosa was not seen by post-mortem examinations, however, chronic inflammation and destruction of intestinal mucosa caused by the worms observed microscopically (the given pictures). Heavy infection of Hymenolepis nana occurred spontaneously in hamsters has rarely been found in Japan. The case reported here seems to be very peculiar one.", "PMID": 1171765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3550", "title": "[The effect of nasal obstruction on the susceptibility of mice to noxious gases (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of nasal obstruction on mice--the maice were forced to breathe through the mouth--was studied when the animals were exposed to noxious gases. It was noted that the forced mouth breathing made the mice less vulnerable to hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide and toluen vapor when expressed by the time interval before they lost righting reflex or showed respiratory arrest. The levels of the gases which could induce these sings within 5-10 minutes were significantly elevated with the \"mouth breathing\" mice. Possible mechanisms for this phenomenon and its application for men were discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of nasal obstruction on the susceptibility of mice to noxious gases (author's transl)]. The effect of nasal obstruction on mice--the maice were forced to breathe through the mouth--was studied when the animals were exposed to noxious gases. It was noted that the forced mouth breathing made the mice less vulnerable to hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide and toluen vapor when expressed by the time interval before they lost righting reflex or showed respiratory arrest. The levels of the gases which could induce these sings within 5-10 minutes were significantly elevated with the \"mouth breathing\" mice. Possible mechanisms for this phenomenon and its application for men were discussed.", "PMID": 1171766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3551", "title": "[Normal prenatal growth of the golden hamster (author's transl)].", "content": "In the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) the gestation period and the loculus size of the gravid uterus from day 6 to day 15.5 (parturition) of gestation as well as the weight, width (umbilcus-black) and lenght (crown-rump) of the embryos from day 9 to the parturition were measured. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The gestation period of the golden hamster was 15 days and 15 +/- 3 hours post coitum. 2. The average values of the length (in the direction of uterine long axis) and width (mesome-trial-antimesometrial axis) in the loculus of the gravid uterus were 0.39 cm and 0.56 cm at 6 days, and 2.42 cm and 1.74 cm at 15.5 days (partiurition), respectively. 3. The average values of the crown-rump measurements, width (umblicus-back) and weight in the hamster embryos were 0.42 cm, 0.24 cm and 0.026 g at 9 days, and 2.40 cm, 1.39 cm and 2.272 g at 15.5 days (parturition), respectively. 4. The loculus size of the gravid uterus, the crown-rump measurements and width (umblicus-back) of the embryos in the period from day 13 to day 14 of gestation were markedly increased in comparison with any other period, and the weight increase of the embryos occurred rapidly from day 13 of gestation. 5. The shape of the loculus during the gestation was ovoid (mesometrial-antimesometrial axis) until the end of 10 days converged to the spherical form and thereafter changed gradually to the ovoid from in the direction of uterine long axis contraly to the previous days.", "contents": "[Normal prenatal growth of the golden hamster (author's transl)]. In the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) the gestation period and the loculus size of the gravid uterus from day 6 to day 15.5 (parturition) of gestation as well as the weight, width (umbilcus-black) and lenght (crown-rump) of the embryos from day 9 to the parturition were measured. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The gestation period of the golden hamster was 15 days and 15 +/- 3 hours post coitum. 2. The average values of the length (in the direction of uterine long axis) and width (mesome-trial-antimesometrial axis) in the loculus of the gravid uterus were 0.39 cm and 0.56 cm at 6 days, and 2.42 cm and 1.74 cm at 15.5 days (partiurition), respectively. 3. The average values of the crown-rump measurements, width (umblicus-back) and weight in the hamster embryos were 0.42 cm, 0.24 cm and 0.026 g at 9 days, and 2.40 cm, 1.39 cm and 2.272 g at 15.5 days (parturition), respectively. 4. The loculus size of the gravid uterus, the crown-rump measurements and width (umblicus-back) of the embryos in the period from day 13 to day 14 of gestation were markedly increased in comparison with any other period, and the weight increase of the embryos occurred rapidly from day 13 of gestation. 5. The shape of the loculus during the gestation was ovoid (mesometrial-antimesometrial axis) until the end of 10 days converged to the spherical form and thereafter changed gradually to the ovoid from in the direction of uterine long axis contraly to the previous days.", "PMID": 1171767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3552", "title": "[Present status of experimental animals in Japan (author's transl)].", "content": "The movement for modernization of experimental animals in Japan started around 1950. Since that time, a quarter of a century has passed. This article outlines the present status of experimental animals in Japan and makes comparisons with various other countries. Number of animals used: According to three surveys performed in the past (1956, 1960 and 1970), the numbers used of many species are increasing (Table 1). However, it can not be said simply that the numbers are increasing every year. Taking the United States where surveys are performed every year as an example (Table 3), it is evident that the peaks for use of some species are past (the same tendencies were seen in India and Sweden which have conducted more than four surveys in the past (Table 4). The same tendencies would probably also be seen in Japan if surveys were conducted annually. Quality of animals: It is easy to procure genetically and microbiologically controlled rats and mice. However, investigations into the establishment, production and supply of other species of such high quality are insufficient. This situation is almost the same as that in European countries. Miscellaneous: The present status of other items related to experimental animals is as follows: Facilities and equipment: Higher level facilities were first provided in companies, followed by testing and research institutes. At present, medical universities are providing such facilities. Feed: Pellet type diets are widely used for the various species. Care and management: In April, 1974, \"The Law for the Protection and Control of Animals\" came into force. This law includes regulations concerning animal experimentation but investigations concerning these standards have just begun. Training of technicians and specialists: The Japan Experimental Animal Research Association provides a correspondence course, tests and recognition for technicians. About 10 veterinary colleges have undergraduate or postgraduate courses for the training of specialists but these are elective except in two or three cases.", "contents": "[Present status of experimental animals in Japan (author's transl)]. The movement for modernization of experimental animals in Japan started around 1950. Since that time, a quarter of a century has passed. This article outlines the present status of experimental animals in Japan and makes comparisons with various other countries. Number of animals used: According to three surveys performed in the past (1956, 1960 and 1970), the numbers used of many species are increasing (Table 1). However, it can not be said simply that the numbers are increasing every year. Taking the United States where surveys are performed every year as an example (Table 3), it is evident that the peaks for use of some species are past (the same tendencies were seen in India and Sweden which have conducted more than four surveys in the past (Table 4). The same tendencies would probably also be seen in Japan if surveys were conducted annually. Quality of animals: It is easy to procure genetically and microbiologically controlled rats and mice. However, investigations into the establishment, production and supply of other species of such high quality are insufficient. This situation is almost the same as that in European countries. Miscellaneous: The present status of other items related to experimental animals is as follows: Facilities and equipment: Higher level facilities were first provided in companies, followed by testing and research institutes. At present, medical universities are providing such facilities. Feed: Pellet type diets are widely used for the various species. Care and management: In April, 1974, \"The Law for the Protection and Control of Animals\" came into force. This law includes regulations concerning animal experimentation but investigations concerning these standards have just begun. Training of technicians and specialists: The Japan Experimental Animal Research Association provides a correspondence course, tests and recognition for technicians. About 10 veterinary colleges have undergraduate or postgraduate courses for the training of specialists but these are elective except in two or three cases.", "PMID": 1171769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3553", "title": "Trehalose of Culex pipiens fatigans.", "content": "Trehalose was found to occur in the mosquito, Culex pipiens fatigans, to the extent of 23 to 49% of total free sugars in different developmental stages of the insect. Induction of stress to the insects led to significant reduction in the trehalose of larvae and glucose of adults. The label from alpha,alpha'-U-14C-trehalose readily incorporated into lipids of the adults in which triglycerides seemed to undergo rapid turnover.", "contents": "Trehalose of Culex pipiens fatigans. Trehalose was found to occur in the mosquito, Culex pipiens fatigans, to the extent of 23 to 49% of total free sugars in different developmental stages of the insect. Induction of stress to the insects led to significant reduction in the trehalose of larvae and glucose of adults. The label from alpha,alpha'-U-14C-trehalose readily incorporated into lipids of the adults in which triglycerides seemed to undergo rapid turnover.", "PMID": 1171775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3554", "title": "A preliminary report on the fine structure of Tripneustes esculentus eggs.", "content": "The fine structure of Tripneustes esculentus eggs was studied with the aid of an electron microscope. Cells obtained from this West Indies sea urchin showed cortical granules, mitochondria forming a rosette around lipid granules, endoplasmic reticula, Golgi apparatus and annulated lamellae. These structures appear identical to those seen in eggs of the Atlantic sea urchin: Arbacia punctulata.", "contents": "A preliminary report on the fine structure of Tripneustes esculentus eggs. The fine structure of Tripneustes esculentus eggs was studied with the aid of an electron microscope. Cells obtained from this West Indies sea urchin showed cortical granules, mitochondria forming a rosette around lipid granules, endoplasmic reticula, Golgi apparatus and annulated lamellae. These structures appear identical to those seen in eggs of the Atlantic sea urchin: Arbacia punctulata.", "PMID": 1171776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3555", "title": "[Differences in RNA related to the intersterility of wild type strains of Ascobolus immersus (author's transl)].", "content": "Fractionation of total RNA prepared from intersterile wild type strains of Ascobolus immersus revealed the existence of differences at the 4S and 5S levels which may be related to the polymorphism of these species or sub-species, bearing the same name and coasting along in nature.", "contents": "[Differences in RNA related to the intersterility of wild type strains of Ascobolus immersus (author's transl)]. Fractionation of total RNA prepared from intersterile wild type strains of Ascobolus immersus revealed the existence of differences at the 4S and 5S levels which may be related to the polymorphism of these species or sub-species, bearing the same name and coasting along in nature.", "PMID": 1171777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3556", "title": "Endocrine control of mating instinct in Dysdercus koenigii (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae).", "content": "Five pairs of median and 1 pair of lateral neurosecretory cell groups occur in the protocerebrum of Dysdercus koenigii, a hemipteran pest on the ladies finger plant (Hibiscus esculentus). The lateral neurosecretory cells (LNSC) become active prior to, and at the time of commencement of mating and release their secretion within 24 h of commencement. The female never mates again after laying eggs and the LNSC also never become active. It is believed that LNSC secretion induces the urge for mating in the freshly emerged female and the lateral groups of NSC form the receptivity centre in the brain.", "contents": "Endocrine control of mating instinct in Dysdercus koenigii (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae). Five pairs of median and 1 pair of lateral neurosecretory cell groups occur in the protocerebrum of Dysdercus koenigii, a hemipteran pest on the ladies finger plant (Hibiscus esculentus). The lateral neurosecretory cells (LNSC) become active prior to, and at the time of commencement of mating and release their secretion within 24 h of commencement. The female never mates again after laying eggs and the LNSC also never become active. It is believed that LNSC secretion induces the urge for mating in the freshly emerged female and the lateral groups of NSC form the receptivity centre in the brain.", "PMID": 1171778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3557", "title": "[Separation of ribonucleoprotein particles (Hn-RNP) from nuclei of L cells, in two classes, by isopycnic centrifugation in metrizamide gradients].", "content": "Separation of nuclear Hn-RNP particles into two density classes, following isopy cnic centrifugation in metrizamide gradients, is reported. One class (density 1.31 g/ml) is rapidly labelled, and contains polydisperse heterogeneous high molecular weight particles, easily diffusible from intact nuclei under certain conditions. The other class (density 1.18 g/ml) is of lower molecular weight, not diffusible, and needs apparently a longer time to be labelled and/or to accumulate inside the nuclei.", "contents": "[Separation of ribonucleoprotein particles (Hn-RNP) from nuclei of L cells, in two classes, by isopycnic centrifugation in metrizamide gradients]. Separation of nuclear Hn-RNP particles into two density classes, following isopy cnic centrifugation in metrizamide gradients, is reported. One class (density 1.31 g/ml) is rapidly labelled, and contains polydisperse heterogeneous high molecular weight particles, easily diffusible from intact nuclei under certain conditions. The other class (density 1.18 g/ml) is of lower molecular weight, not diffusible, and needs apparently a longer time to be labelled and/or to accumulate inside the nuclei.", "PMID": 1171785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3558", "title": "Amino acid constitution of the contraceptive polypeptide from hamster zygotes.", "content": "A final separation, on Sephadex G-10, of a biologically active fraction from hamster zygotes has been achieved. The compounds acts to prevent ovulation when it is injected into nonbred hamsters. The active fraction has been analyzed and found to consist of four amino acids: arginine, lysine, proline, and threonine.", "contents": "Amino acid constitution of the contraceptive polypeptide from hamster zygotes. A final separation, on Sephadex G-10, of a biologically active fraction from hamster zygotes has been achieved. The compounds acts to prevent ovulation when it is injected into nonbred hamsters. The active fraction has been analyzed and found to consist of four amino acids: arginine, lysine, proline, and threonine.", "PMID": 1171787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3559", "title": "[Simultaneous measurements of free thyroxine and triiodothyronine fractions in human serum by means of equilibrium dialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Simultaneous measurements of serum free thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) fractions were studied using a modification of equilibrium dialysis described by Sterling and Brenner. To 1.2 ml of the serum to be assayed, 131I-T4 and 125I-T3 were added in a concentration of 2 mug/dl and 25 ng/dl, respectively, both of which were preliminarily dialysed according to Schussler and Plager. Half ml of the serum with tracers added was dialysed against 9 ml of phosphate buffer (ionic strength 0.15, pH 7.4) for 18 hours at 37 degrees C and 0.1 ml was reserved from the rest in a counting tube (in duplicate). After the completion of dialysis, the dialysate was mixed with 1 ml of pool serum and the contaminating inorganic iodide (in the form of 131I or 125I) was eliminated by adsorption on anion exchange resin. The radioactivity of 3 ml of the dialysate and 0.1 ml of the preserved serum (with the tracers added) was counted and the free (or dialysable) fractions were expressed as a ratio of the count of the former divided by that of the latter adjusted to an equal volume by calculation. The amount of either T4 or T3 added as tracers had no influence on free T4 or T3 fraction unless either of them was added to a concentration of 10 mug/dl. When 125I-T3 of low specific activity (50 muCi/ug) was used as a tracer, free T3 fraction measured simultaneously with free T4 fraction tended to be higher than that measured with a single tracer. When 125I-T3 of higher specific activity (300 muCi/mug) was employed, free T3 fraction obtained with two methods did not differ significantly. Using serum T4 and T3 concentrations measured by competitive protein binding analysis and radioimmunoassay, respectively, the free T4 and T3 concentrations were estimated with sera of normal, hyperthyroid, hypothyroid and uncomplicated pregnant subjects.", "contents": "[Simultaneous measurements of free thyroxine and triiodothyronine fractions in human serum by means of equilibrium dialysis (author's transl)]. Simultaneous measurements of serum free thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) fractions were studied using a modification of equilibrium dialysis described by Sterling and Brenner. To 1.2 ml of the serum to be assayed, 131I-T4 and 125I-T3 were added in a concentration of 2 mug/dl and 25 ng/dl, respectively, both of which were preliminarily dialysed according to Schussler and Plager. Half ml of the serum with tracers added was dialysed against 9 ml of phosphate buffer (ionic strength 0.15, pH 7.4) for 18 hours at 37 degrees C and 0.1 ml was reserved from the rest in a counting tube (in duplicate). After the completion of dialysis, the dialysate was mixed with 1 ml of pool serum and the contaminating inorganic iodide (in the form of 131I or 125I) was eliminated by adsorption on anion exchange resin. The radioactivity of 3 ml of the dialysate and 0.1 ml of the preserved serum (with the tracers added) was counted and the free (or dialysable) fractions were expressed as a ratio of the count of the former divided by that of the latter adjusted to an equal volume by calculation. The amount of either T4 or T3 added as tracers had no influence on free T4 or T3 fraction unless either of them was added to a concentration of 10 mug/dl. When 125I-T3 of low specific activity (50 muCi/ug) was used as a tracer, free T3 fraction measured simultaneously with free T4 fraction tended to be higher than that measured with a single tracer. When 125I-T3 of higher specific activity (300 muCi/mug) was employed, free T3 fraction obtained with two methods did not differ significantly. Using serum T4 and T3 concentrations measured by competitive protein binding analysis and radioimmunoassay, respectively, the free T4 and T3 concentrations were estimated with sera of normal, hyperthyroid, hypothyroid and uncomplicated pregnant subjects.", "PMID": 1171788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3560", "title": "[Incidence of thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies in normal subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "In the course of studies on the occurrence of antithyroid antibodies in various thyroid disorders, serum antibodies to microsome of thyroid epithelial cells, as well as circulating antibodies to thyroglobulin, are demonstrated by tanned red cell hemaggulutination. These thyroglobulin and microsome-coated tanned red blood cells can be efficiently demonstrated with a commercially prepared reagent. (Fuji-Zoki Co.) The sera of 2,350 normal subjects were tested by these thryoid autoantibodies tests. Fifty-one (2.3 per cent) of the sera of 2,350 normal subjects showed a positive reaction for thyroglobulin antibodies, and fifty-nine (2.5 per cent) persons showed a positive reaction for microsomal antibodies. The incidence of thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies in males and females were progressively greater with age, particularly between ages 60 to 69.", "contents": "[Incidence of thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies in normal subjects (author's transl)]. In the course of studies on the occurrence of antithyroid antibodies in various thyroid disorders, serum antibodies to microsome of thyroid epithelial cells, as well as circulating antibodies to thyroglobulin, are demonstrated by tanned red cell hemaggulutination. These thyroglobulin and microsome-coated tanned red blood cells can be efficiently demonstrated with a commercially prepared reagent. (Fuji-Zoki Co.) The sera of 2,350 normal subjects were tested by these thryoid autoantibodies tests. Fifty-one (2.3 per cent) of the sera of 2,350 normal subjects showed a positive reaction for thyroglobulin antibodies, and fifty-nine (2.5 per cent) persons showed a positive reaction for microsomal antibodies. The incidence of thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies in males and females were progressively greater with age, particularly between ages 60 to 69.", "PMID": 1171789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3561", "title": "[Solid phase radioimmunoassay for plasma testosterone using plastic microtiter tray (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to simply radioimmunoassay for plasma testosterone and to measure many samples at the same time, a method of solid phase radioimmunoassay utilizing a plastic disposable microtiter tray (DMT) by which chromatography can be omitted was investigated. The antiserum was obtained by immunizing rabbits with testosterone-3 BSA which had been synthesized according to the Erlarnger's method. Plasma samples (male: 0.05ml, female: 0.2 ml) were extracted with 1.0 ml of ether. After freezing the plasma layer in an acetone-dryice bath, the ether phase was transfered to a glass tube and evaporated to dryness. These samples and the dried standard testosterone were dissolved with borate buffer containing 3H-testosterone and transfered to plastic DMT which had been precoated with the diluted antiserum, and incubated for 24 hrs. After removal of the incubated solution, the cups of DMT were cut off and were dissolved with toluene scintillator in counting vials. The radioactivity was counted with a liquid scintillation counter. Other steroids except for 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT) had a low degree of cross reactivity with the antiserum. Five alpha-DHT which could be measured together with testosterone in this assay was not a problem clinically because of its strong androgenic activity. The best standard curve was obtained when the antiserum was diluted to 1:1000. The sensitivity of this assay was 10 pg/tube. The maximal adsorption of antibody to plastic DMT was observed when the pH of antiserum was within the range of 6.5-9.5 and the precoating time was 24 hr at room termperature. The best pH of incubation buffer was 8.0, and the antigen-antibody reaction became a plateau when the incubation exceeded 6 hrs. Water blank in this assay was 4.6 +/- 2.1 pg/tube. The recovery of testosterone (50, 100, 200 pg) added to 0.1 ml female plasma was 99 +/- 6.8%. Coefficients of variation within assay and between assay were below 11.2% and 20.0%, respectively. Correlation between this method and the dextran-coated charcoal method was fairly good (r=0.938). Plasma testosterone levels in 10 normal males and 12 normal females were 616 +/- 202 (mean +/- SD) ng/dl and 66 +/- 29 (mean +/- SD) ng/dl, respectively. The levels were low in patients with hypopituitarism, hypogonadism and acromegaly. They were normal in patients with Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal hyperplasia and adenoma, but they were high in a patient with adrenal carcinoma. In a patient with testicular feminization, the level was 632 ng/dl. This increased after the administration of HCG, and decreased to 127.5 ng/dl after castration. This solid phase radioimmunoassay (using plastic DMT) is economically feasible as well as simple because it is possible to separate the bound hormone from the free hormone of all samples at the same time and there is little restriction in time and temperature. According to the above results, this method is suitable for routine clinical use.", "contents": "[Solid phase radioimmunoassay for plasma testosterone using plastic microtiter tray (author's transl)]. In order to simply radioimmunoassay for plasma testosterone and to measure many samples at the same time, a method of solid phase radioimmunoassay utilizing a plastic disposable microtiter tray (DMT) by which chromatography can be omitted was investigated. The antiserum was obtained by immunizing rabbits with testosterone-3 BSA which had been synthesized according to the Erlarnger's method. Plasma samples (male: 0.05ml, female: 0.2 ml) were extracted with 1.0 ml of ether. After freezing the plasma layer in an acetone-dryice bath, the ether phase was transfered to a glass tube and evaporated to dryness. These samples and the dried standard testosterone were dissolved with borate buffer containing 3H-testosterone and transfered to plastic DMT which had been precoated with the diluted antiserum, and incubated for 24 hrs. After removal of the incubated solution, the cups of DMT were cut off and were dissolved with toluene scintillator in counting vials. The radioactivity was counted with a liquid scintillation counter. Other steroids except for 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT) had a low degree of cross reactivity with the antiserum. Five alpha-DHT which could be measured together with testosterone in this assay was not a problem clinically because of its strong androgenic activity. The best standard curve was obtained when the antiserum was diluted to 1:1000. The sensitivity of this assay was 10 pg/tube. The maximal adsorption of antibody to plastic DMT was observed when the pH of antiserum was within the range of 6.5-9.5 and the precoating time was 24 hr at room termperature. The best pH of incubation buffer was 8.0, and the antigen-antibody reaction became a plateau when the incubation exceeded 6 hrs. Water blank in this assay was 4.6 +/- 2.1 pg/tube. The recovery of testosterone (50, 100, 200 pg) added to 0.1 ml female plasma was 99 +/- 6.8%. Coefficients of variation within assay and between assay were below 11.2% and 20.0%, respectively. Correlation between this method and the dextran-coated charcoal method was fairly good (r=0.938). Plasma testosterone levels in 10 normal males and 12 normal females were 616 +/- 202 (mean +/- SD) ng/dl and 66 +/- 29 (mean +/- SD) ng/dl, respectively. The levels were low in patients with hypopituitarism, hypogonadism and acromegaly. They were normal in patients with Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal hyperplasia and adenoma, but they were high in a patient with adrenal carcinoma. In a patient with testicular feminization, the level was 632 ng/dl. This increased after the administration of HCG, and decreased to 127.5 ng/dl after castration. This solid phase radioimmunoassay (using plastic DMT) is economically feasible as well as simple because it is possible to separate the bound hormone from the free hormone of all samples at the same time and there is little restriction in time and temperature. According to the above results, this method is suitable for routine clinical use.", "PMID": 1171790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3562", "title": "[Stimulatory effect of prostaglandins on biosynthesis of thyroid hormones and plasma TSH levels in the rats (author's transl)].", "content": "It is now postulated that prostaglandins (PG) are widely distributed in mammalian tissues and stimulate adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system in various organs. The present study was undertaken in an attempt to clarify the effect of PG on pituitary-thyroid axis in vivo. Rats were maintained on a low-iodine diet for 8 days. The animals received graded doses (10-500 mug) of PGE1, PGE2 and PGF2alpha ip daily from day 5 to the day of autopsy. The 4-hr thyroid 131O uptake was consistenly higher in 10 mug PGE1, 10 mug PGE2 and 100 mug PGF2alpha-treated rats than in the controls. Higher T3/T4 ratios were found in the diagested thyroids of PG-tristration. However, a single injection of PG did not affect thyroid 131I uptake in iodine-deficient animals. No change in the thyroid 131I uptake was found in iodine-replete rats chronically treated with PG. The increase in plasma TSH levels during treatment with 30 mug PGE1 and PGE2 was clearly shown. A similar result was also obtained with 100 mug PGF2alpha. The increase in thyroid 131I metabolism produced by the repeated administration of PG in iodine-deficient rats is due presumably to the direct stimulation on the thyorids of rats. In addition, PG elevated plasma TSH levels in such animals, probably mediated through the hypothalamic-pituitary system.", "contents": "[Stimulatory effect of prostaglandins on biosynthesis of thyroid hormones and plasma TSH levels in the rats (author's transl)]. It is now postulated that prostaglandins (PG) are widely distributed in mammalian tissues and stimulate adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system in various organs. The present study was undertaken in an attempt to clarify the effect of PG on pituitary-thyroid axis in vivo. Rats were maintained on a low-iodine diet for 8 days. The animals received graded doses (10-500 mug) of PGE1, PGE2 and PGF2alpha ip daily from day 5 to the day of autopsy. The 4-hr thyroid 131O uptake was consistenly higher in 10 mug PGE1, 10 mug PGE2 and 100 mug PGF2alpha-treated rats than in the controls. Higher T3/T4 ratios were found in the diagested thyroids of PG-tristration. However, a single injection of PG did not affect thyroid 131I uptake in iodine-deficient animals. No change in the thyroid 131I uptake was found in iodine-replete rats chronically treated with PG. The increase in plasma TSH levels during treatment with 30 mug PGE1 and PGE2 was clearly shown. A similar result was also obtained with 100 mug PGF2alpha. The increase in thyroid 131I metabolism produced by the repeated administration of PG in iodine-deficient rats is due presumably to the direct stimulation on the thyorids of rats. In addition, PG elevated plasma TSH levels in such animals, probably mediated through the hypothalamic-pituitary system.", "PMID": 1171791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3563", "title": "[Comparison of blood glucose and insulin concentrations in man after intravenous injection of 1.0, 0.1 and 0.01 mg of glucagon (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of various doses of glucagon on hyperglycemic action and insulin secretion was studied in 12 healthy volunteers to determine whether 1.0 mg of glucagon, the usual dose, is indeed necessary to obtain an adequate hyperglycemic response. For this purpose 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.1 and 0.01 mg of glucagon (Novo) were used respectively to confirm the existence of a dose response relationship. Of these doses, three different doses were administered to one subject within a week after overnight fasting. Maximum increment of blood glucose was not statistically significant between 1.0 (32.5+/-4.4mg/dl) and 0.01 mg (29.5+/-2.7 mg/dl), averaging about 30 mg/dl. The peak time of blood glucose concentration was 30 min. with 1.0 mg, and 10 min. with 0.01 mg. On the contrary, insulin secretion after glucagon injection decerased as the dose decreased. Maximum blood insulin (IRI) concentration was 69.7+/-17.2muu/ml with 1.0 mg, and 25.3+/-11.3 muu/ml with 0.0l mg (p less than 0.05). The peak time of insulin concentration was 2 min. with 1.0 mg, and 10 min. with 0.01 mg. From these data it is concluded that the dose response relationship after intravenous glucagon injection of between 1.0 mg and 0.01 mg doses exist concerning insulin sercretion, but not concerning hyperglycemic response.", "contents": "[Comparison of blood glucose and insulin concentrations in man after intravenous injection of 1.0, 0.1 and 0.01 mg of glucagon (author's transl)]. The effect of various doses of glucagon on hyperglycemic action and insulin secretion was studied in 12 healthy volunteers to determine whether 1.0 mg of glucagon, the usual dose, is indeed necessary to obtain an adequate hyperglycemic response. For this purpose 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.1 and 0.01 mg of glucagon (Novo) were used respectively to confirm the existence of a dose response relationship. Of these doses, three different doses were administered to one subject within a week after overnight fasting. Maximum increment of blood glucose was not statistically significant between 1.0 (32.5+/-4.4mg/dl) and 0.01 mg (29.5+/-2.7 mg/dl), averaging about 30 mg/dl. The peak time of blood glucose concentration was 30 min. with 1.0 mg, and 10 min. with 0.01 mg. On the contrary, insulin secretion after glucagon injection decerased as the dose decreased. Maximum blood insulin (IRI) concentration was 69.7+/-17.2muu/ml with 1.0 mg, and 25.3+/-11.3 muu/ml with 0.0l mg (p less than 0.05). The peak time of insulin concentration was 2 min. with 1.0 mg, and 10 min. with 0.01 mg. From these data it is concluded that the dose response relationship after intravenous glucagon injection of between 1.0 mg and 0.01 mg doses exist concerning insulin sercretion, but not concerning hyperglycemic response.", "PMID": 1171792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3564", "title": "[Studies on the renin-angiotensin system in adrenal regeneration hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "1) To clarify the role of adrenal enucleation on plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma renin substrate (PRS), PRA response to furosemide administration and vacular reaction to renin in adrenal regeneration hypertension (ARH), serial changes of PRA and PRS during adrenal regeneration, PRA response to furosemide administration, and pressor response to exogenous renin in ARH were investigated by comparison with those of intact rats, unilaterally adrenalectomized rats, and unilaterally nephroadrenalectomized rats with contralateral adrenalectomy or with contralateral adrenal exploration (control) on both tap water and high sodium intake. 2) The control rats drinking saline, when compared with intact rats drinking tap water, showed significant decreases in PRA and, concomitantly, significant increases in PRS throughout the experimental period. In the unilaterally nephroadrenalectomized rats drinking saline, two days after adrenal enucleation or adrenalectomy, a significant increase in PRA, with a concomitant decrease in PRS, was observed. Those changes were less pronounced in the adrenal enucleated group than in the adrenalectomized group. Ten days later PRA markedly decreased to the control level in both groups. PRS rose to the control level on the 10th day after adrenal enucleation without increasing further, while that in the adrenalectomized group remained as low as before. 3) No significant differences in any of the experimental groups were found in diuresis, natriuresis, or in changes in body weight and hematocrit during the one and a half hours after furosemide administration performed at the 9th experimental week. The basal PRA was significantly decreased in the other groups with unilateral nephroadrenalectomy and/or a high sodium intake as compared with the unilaterally adrenalectomized rats drinking tap water. The decrease in basal PRA was much more pronounced in the unilaterally nephroadrenalectomized rats drinking saline, with or without adrenal enucleation. After furosemide administration, PRA significantly increased in the unilaterally adrenalectomized rats drinking saline as well as in the unilaterally nephroadrenalectomized rats drinking tap water, with or without adrenal enucleation, while PRA values in three groups were only a half of the unilaterally adrenalectomized rats drinking tap water. An insignificant increase was found in the unilaterally nephroadrenalectomized rats drinking saline, independent of adrenall enucleation. 4) Pressor responses to hog renin in rats with ARH at the 10th postoperative day, and the 4th and 9th postoperative week did not show any significant differences as compared with those of intact rats drinking tap water and unilaterally nephroadrenalectomized rats drinking saline. 5) The effects of adrenal enucleation on PRA, PRS, PRA response to furosemide administration and pressor response to renin in ARH were discussed based on the observed results.", "contents": "[Studies on the renin-angiotensin system in adrenal regeneration hypertension (author's transl)]. 1) To clarify the role of adrenal enucleation on plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma renin substrate (PRS), PRA response to furosemide administration and vacular reaction to renin in adrenal regeneration hypertension (ARH), serial changes of PRA and PRS during adrenal regeneration, PRA response to furosemide administration, and pressor response to exogenous renin in ARH were investigated by comparison with those of intact rats, unilaterally adrenalectomized rats, and unilaterally nephroadrenalectomized rats with contralateral adrenalectomy or with contralateral adrenal exploration (control) on both tap water and high sodium intake. 2) The control rats drinking saline, when compared with intact rats drinking tap water, showed significant decreases in PRA and, concomitantly, significant increases in PRS throughout the experimental period. In the unilaterally nephroadrenalectomized rats drinking saline, two days after adrenal enucleation or adrenalectomy, a significant increase in PRA, with a concomitant decrease in PRS, was observed. Those changes were less pronounced in the adrenal enucleated group than in the adrenalectomized group. Ten days later PRA markedly decreased to the control level in both groups. PRS rose to the control level on the 10th day after adrenal enucleation without increasing further, while that in the adrenalectomized group remained as low as before. 3) No significant differences in any of the experimental groups were found in diuresis, natriuresis, or in changes in body weight and hematocrit during the one and a half hours after furosemide administration performed at the 9th experimental week. The basal PRA was significantly decreased in the other groups with unilateral nephroadrenalectomy and/or a high sodium intake as compared with the unilaterally adrenalectomized rats drinking tap water. The decrease in basal PRA was much more pronounced in the unilaterally nephroadrenalectomized rats drinking saline, with or without adrenal enucleation. After furosemide administration, PRA significantly increased in the unilaterally adrenalectomized rats drinking saline as well as in the unilaterally nephroadrenalectomized rats drinking tap water, with or without adrenal enucleation, while PRA values in three groups were only a half of the unilaterally adrenalectomized rats drinking tap water. An insignificant increase was found in the unilaterally nephroadrenalectomized rats drinking saline, independent of adrenall enucleation. 4) Pressor responses to hog renin in rats with ARH at the 10th postoperative day, and the 4th and 9th postoperative week did not show any significant differences as compared with those of intact rats drinking tap water and unilaterally nephroadrenalectomized rats drinking saline. 5) The effects of adrenal enucleation on PRA, PRS, PRA response to furosemide administration and pressor response to renin in ARH were discussed based on the observed results.", "PMID": 1171793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3565", "title": "[Psychoendocrinological studies on the pituitary-adrenocortical system in rats. part 1: Relationship between emotional stress (novel stimulus) and plasma corticosterone (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of emotional stress on the pituitary-adrenocortical system in the rat was studied. Hall's open field apparatus was used to give a novel stimulus, a mild and purely not show any significant differences among all the experimental groups. Psychological stimulus produced by a novel environment. Animals were male albino rats of the Wistar-strain, bred in groups and weighing about 250 gm. They were taken out of their home cage and placed gently in the centre of an open field, a novel environment. After a certain period of time, they were returned to the cage and decapitated. Plasma corticosterone was determined by the fluorometric method of van der Vies. The results were as follows: 1. When the animals were exposed to the novel stimulus for 3 min., plasma corticosterone showed a definite increase 15 min. after the end of the stimulus, reached a maximal level at 30 min. and returned to the resting level at 60 min. 2. When the duration of the stimulus, i.e. time spent in the open field, was changed, a 15min.-stay in the field gave the maximal rise of plasma corticosterone and 30, 45, 60min.-stays maintained the plateau level. When the 3 min. open field test was repeated every day, the plasma coritcosterone response was definite in the first trial, but was suppressed at the second and absent at the third and fifth episodes. The results indicate that the acquisition of adaptation to a novel stimulus depends upon the repetition, but not upon the duration of stimulus. 3. Plasma corticosterone responded in the same manner as in the standard open field test, even when olfactory, visual and special factor were changed. This indicates that no special cue (s) is responsible for the adrenocortical response to a novel stimulus. 4. The pretreatment of the animals with tranquilizers such as chloropromazine and diazepam showed no inhibitory effect on the plasma corticosterone response to novel stimulus.", "contents": "[Psychoendocrinological studies on the pituitary-adrenocortical system in rats. part 1: Relationship between emotional stress (novel stimulus) and plasma corticosterone (author's transl)]. The effect of emotional stress on the pituitary-adrenocortical system in the rat was studied. Hall's open field apparatus was used to give a novel stimulus, a mild and purely not show any significant differences among all the experimental groups. Psychological stimulus produced by a novel environment. Animals were male albino rats of the Wistar-strain, bred in groups and weighing about 250 gm. They were taken out of their home cage and placed gently in the centre of an open field, a novel environment. After a certain period of time, they were returned to the cage and decapitated. Plasma corticosterone was determined by the fluorometric method of van der Vies. The results were as follows: 1. When the animals were exposed to the novel stimulus for 3 min., plasma corticosterone showed a definite increase 15 min. after the end of the stimulus, reached a maximal level at 30 min. and returned to the resting level at 60 min. 2. When the duration of the stimulus, i.e. time spent in the open field, was changed, a 15min.-stay in the field gave the maximal rise of plasma corticosterone and 30, 45, 60min.-stays maintained the plateau level. When the 3 min. open field test was repeated every day, the plasma coritcosterone response was definite in the first trial, but was suppressed at the second and absent at the third and fifth episodes. The results indicate that the acquisition of adaptation to a novel stimulus depends upon the repetition, but not upon the duration of stimulus. 3. Plasma corticosterone responded in the same manner as in the standard open field test, even when olfactory, visual and special factor were changed. This indicates that no special cue (s) is responsible for the adrenocortical response to a novel stimulus. 4. The pretreatment of the animals with tranquilizers such as chloropromazine and diazepam showed no inhibitory effect on the plasma corticosterone response to novel stimulus.", "PMID": 1171794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3566", "title": "[Psychoendocrinological study on the pituitary-adrenocortical system in rats. Part 2: The relationship of the nature of emotional stress and individual emotionality to plasma corticosterone (author's transl)].", "content": "In the previous paper the author described the effect of one kind of emotional stress (novel stimulus) on adrenocortical activity. In this study, two experiments were performed; the first experiment was to determine the relationship between the emotional state and adrenocortical response. The second experiment was to compare the effects of different kinds of emotional stress on corticosterone response. 1. An abnormal emotional state, i.e. a hyperemotional state, was induced by raising animals in a solitary condition for 3 weeks. Both group- and single-housed rats were subjected to repeated 3-min open field tests every day. At the first exposure to the stimulus, both rats responded with an almost identical rise of plasma corticosterone. In contrast with the group-housed animals, in which plasma corticosterone response to the stimulus diminished progressively during the repeated trials, plasma corticosterone in the single-housed rats continued to respond with almost the same magnitude as in the first trial. This indicates a defect in adaptation to a novel stimulus in rats raised alone. 2. Another type of emotional stress (communicated anxiety) was produced by an apparatus, called a communication box, in which test animals can sense the reaction of foot-shocked animals in the neighboring compartments. In contrast with the novel stimulus in the open field, the effect of communicated anxiety on plasma corticosterone did not diminish by repetition of the stimulus. This suggests that adaptation to a communicated anxiety stimulus is difficult to acquire as compared to that of a novel stimulus.", "contents": "[Psychoendocrinological study on the pituitary-adrenocortical system in rats. Part 2: The relationship of the nature of emotional stress and individual emotionality to plasma corticosterone (author's transl)]. In the previous paper the author described the effect of one kind of emotional stress (novel stimulus) on adrenocortical activity. In this study, two experiments were performed; the first experiment was to determine the relationship between the emotional state and adrenocortical response. The second experiment was to compare the effects of different kinds of emotional stress on corticosterone response. 1. An abnormal emotional state, i.e. a hyperemotional state, was induced by raising animals in a solitary condition for 3 weeks. Both group- and single-housed rats were subjected to repeated 3-min open field tests every day. At the first exposure to the stimulus, both rats responded with an almost identical rise of plasma corticosterone. In contrast with the group-housed animals, in which plasma corticosterone response to the stimulus diminished progressively during the repeated trials, plasma corticosterone in the single-housed rats continued to respond with almost the same magnitude as in the first trial. This indicates a defect in adaptation to a novel stimulus in rats raised alone. 2. Another type of emotional stress (communicated anxiety) was produced by an apparatus, called a communication box, in which test animals can sense the reaction of foot-shocked animals in the neighboring compartments. In contrast with the novel stimulus in the open field, the effect of communicated anxiety on plasma corticosterone did not diminish by repetition of the stimulus. This suggests that adaptation to a communicated anxiety stimulus is difficult to acquire as compared to that of a novel stimulus.", "PMID": 1171795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3567", "title": "The influence of women's work opportunities on marriage rates.", "content": "Several authors have argued that increased work opportunities for women have helped to produce a reduction in the average age at marriage in the United States. This paper tests this proposition on data for the 100 largest SMSA's in 1960. Using ordinary least-squares regression, we find that areas of relatively attractive female employment opportunities had relatively low proportions of women ever married in the age interval 22-24. Other variables significantly related to the proportion married in an SMSA are its sex ratio, percent Catholic, and number of inhabitants. A decline in the sex ratio and improvements in female employment opportunities appear to have been equally influential in producing declines in proportions married between 1960 and 1970.", "contents": "The influence of women's work opportunities on marriage rates. Several authors have argued that increased work opportunities for women have helped to produce a reduction in the average age at marriage in the United States. This paper tests this proposition on data for the 100 largest SMSA's in 1960. Using ordinary least-squares regression, we find that areas of relatively attractive female employment opportunities had relatively low proportions of women ever married in the age interval 22-24. Other variables significantly related to the proportion married in an SMSA are its sex ratio, percent Catholic, and number of inhabitants. A decline in the sex ratio and improvements in female employment opportunities appear to have been equally influential in producing declines in proportions married between 1960 and 1970.", "PMID": 1171796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3568", "title": "Insulin-like insulinase-resistant material, distinguishable from normal insulin, in juvenile diabetes.", "content": "This study compares some properties of the immunoreactive insulin-like material extracted from the urine of children with overt diabetes with that from normal children. Insulin-like species were fractionated by gel filtration and by isoelectric focusing and were tested for sensitivity to an insulin-specific degradative enzyme. Insulin concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. The major insulin-like component from the urine of ten normal children and fifteen untreated juvenile diabetics and from the urine of four and the serum of one latent diabetics behaved (on gel filtration) as normal insulin, was sensitive to insulinase, and (in all cases studied) had an identical isoelectric point (resolution 0.1 pH units). A proportion of the immunoreactivity extracted from urine (0-4 per cent from normal children, 5-30 per cent from twelve of the thirteen nonobese untreated diabetic children) eluted from the gel filtration column before insulin. This material from diabetic urine was of two size classes, \"proinsulin-like\" and \"mid-insulin,\" both resistant to degradation by insulinase. Insulinase-resistant immunoreactivity from one patient was analyzed by isoelectric focusing. Urine samples from two obese children with overt diabetes and four children with latent diabetes contained normal proportions (less than 4 per cent) of immunoreactive species larger than insulin. The possible nature and significance of the present insulinase-resistant species are briefly considered.", "contents": "Insulin-like insulinase-resistant material, distinguishable from normal insulin, in juvenile diabetes. This study compares some properties of the immunoreactive insulin-like material extracted from the urine of children with overt diabetes with that from normal children. Insulin-like species were fractionated by gel filtration and by isoelectric focusing and were tested for sensitivity to an insulin-specific degradative enzyme. Insulin concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. The major insulin-like component from the urine of ten normal children and fifteen untreated juvenile diabetics and from the urine of four and the serum of one latent diabetics behaved (on gel filtration) as normal insulin, was sensitive to insulinase, and (in all cases studied) had an identical isoelectric point (resolution 0.1 pH units). A proportion of the immunoreactivity extracted from urine (0-4 per cent from normal children, 5-30 per cent from twelve of the thirteen nonobese untreated diabetic children) eluted from the gel filtration column before insulin. This material from diabetic urine was of two size classes, \"proinsulin-like\" and \"mid-insulin,\" both resistant to degradation by insulinase. Insulinase-resistant immunoreactivity from one patient was analyzed by isoelectric focusing. Urine samples from two obese children with overt diabetes and four children with latent diabetes contained normal proportions (less than 4 per cent) of immunoreactive species larger than insulin. The possible nature and significance of the present insulinase-resistant species are briefly considered.", "PMID": 1171803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3569", "title": "Antigenicity of \"monocomponent\" pork insulin in diabetic subjects.", "content": "\"Single-peak,\" \"single-component,\" and \"monocomponent\" insulins have been produced in an attempt to eliminate insulin antigenicity. Recently \"single-peak insulin\" has been shown to be antigenic. From animal experiments and preliminary human studies it has been claimed that monocomponent (MC) insulin is nonantigenic or only negligibly so. In this study the antigenicity of MC insulin was determined in two groups of diabetic patients. In group 1, seven patients treated with insulin for the first time were given MC insulin for seven to fifteen months. Four of the seven patients developed significant IgG insulin antibodies after four to ten months. In one patient the IgG insulin antibody concentration was high (8.51 mU./ml.). In two patients, IgG proinsulin-specific antibodies were detected. In group 2, fourteen patients with unstable diabetes, insulin allergy, or resistance were changed from conventional to MC insulin. Treatment with MC insulin did not decrease insulin requirement or improve diabetic control when assayed by the M factor. After seven to eleven months of therapy there was no significant fall in insulin antibodies except in two patients in whom corticosteroids had been administered simultaneously. These results differ significantly from those previously reported and could be interpreted as suggesting that insulin itself is antigenic. When the purity of the MC insulin was determined, significant contaminants could be demonstrated in all of ten separate batches of MC insulin. Gel chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and proinsulin radioimmunoassay were used to identify the presence of nonconvertible insulin dimer, proinsulin, and monodesamido insulin in antigenically significant concentrations. The generation of IgG insulin antibodies in MC-insulin-treated patients cannot be interpreted as a true indication that insulin itself is antigenic. The problem of insulin antigenicity has not been resolved and will not be until a highly purified insulin is available. Unfortunately, the MC insulins do not meet these requirements.", "contents": "Antigenicity of \"monocomponent\" pork insulin in diabetic subjects. \"Single-peak,\" \"single-component,\" and \"monocomponent\" insulins have been produced in an attempt to eliminate insulin antigenicity. Recently \"single-peak insulin\" has been shown to be antigenic. From animal experiments and preliminary human studies it has been claimed that monocomponent (MC) insulin is nonantigenic or only negligibly so. In this study the antigenicity of MC insulin was determined in two groups of diabetic patients. In group 1, seven patients treated with insulin for the first time were given MC insulin for seven to fifteen months. Four of the seven patients developed significant IgG insulin antibodies after four to ten months. In one patient the IgG insulin antibody concentration was high (8.51 mU./ml.). In two patients, IgG proinsulin-specific antibodies were detected. In group 2, fourteen patients with unstable diabetes, insulin allergy, or resistance were changed from conventional to MC insulin. Treatment with MC insulin did not decrease insulin requirement or improve diabetic control when assayed by the M factor. After seven to eleven months of therapy there was no significant fall in insulin antibodies except in two patients in whom corticosteroids had been administered simultaneously. These results differ significantly from those previously reported and could be interpreted as suggesting that insulin itself is antigenic. When the purity of the MC insulin was determined, significant contaminants could be demonstrated in all of ten separate batches of MC insulin. Gel chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and proinsulin radioimmunoassay were used to identify the presence of nonconvertible insulin dimer, proinsulin, and monodesamido insulin in antigenically significant concentrations. The generation of IgG insulin antibodies in MC-insulin-treated patients cannot be interpreted as a true indication that insulin itself is antigenic. The problem of insulin antigenicity has not been resolved and will not be until a highly purified insulin is available. Unfortunately, the MC insulins do not meet these requirements.", "PMID": 1171804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3570", "title": "[Effect of beta-phenylethylamine derivatives on the central nervous system. II. Pharmacological effect of the intracerebral administration of metaraminol on the central nervous system].", "content": "Six hours after intracerebral administration, the central effects of metaraminol were examined with the following results. 1) Metaraminol in doses of 40 approximately 160 mug decreased spontaneous motor activity in mice as measured by the photo-cell counters method, the wheel cage method or the open-field test. Ptosis and catalepsy induced at these doses. 2) Metaraminol in doses of 40 approximately 80 mug which influenced the spontaneous motor activity in mice, blocked the avoidance behaviour but not escape. 3) Metaraminol in doses of 1.25 approximately 10 mug which did not influence the spontaneous motor activity in mice, markedly blocked the attaching response induced by the electroshock. 4) Ten min after intraventricular administration, metaraminol in a dose of 500 mug induced the arousal pattern of EEG in sensory cortex of cats and this pattern lasted for 30 min. Ninety min after administration, EEG tracings reverted to the drowsy pattern.", "contents": "[Effect of beta-phenylethylamine derivatives on the central nervous system. II. Pharmacological effect of the intracerebral administration of metaraminol on the central nervous system]. Six hours after intracerebral administration, the central effects of metaraminol were examined with the following results. 1) Metaraminol in doses of 40 approximately 160 mug decreased spontaneous motor activity in mice as measured by the photo-cell counters method, the wheel cage method or the open-field test. Ptosis and catalepsy induced at these doses. 2) Metaraminol in doses of 40 approximately 80 mug which influenced the spontaneous motor activity in mice, blocked the avoidance behaviour but not escape. 3) Metaraminol in doses of 1.25 approximately 10 mug which did not influence the spontaneous motor activity in mice, markedly blocked the attaching response induced by the electroshock. 4) Ten min after intraventricular administration, metaraminol in a dose of 500 mug induced the arousal pattern of EEG in sensory cortex of cats and this pattern lasted for 30 min. Ninety min after administration, EEG tracings reverted to the drowsy pattern.", "PMID": 1171807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3571", "title": "[Assay of cardiotonic steroids based on a 2-compartment model].", "content": "In an attempt to develop an assay method for cardiotonic steroids (CS), a two compartment model was applied to the whole dog. As representative CS, g-strophanthin, digoxin and digoxigenin were infused continuously to the animal, and the minimal cardiotonic, irregularity and lethal doses were determined, together with indices K1 and K2, representing the rate of uptake and elimination, respectively, of these compounds into and out of a specific site within the myocardium. The order of cardiotonic potency was: g-strophanthin greater than digoxin greater than digoxigenin. The indices K1 (and K2) were the greatest with digoxigenin )digoxigenin), the second greatest with g-strophanthin (digoxin) and the smallest with digoxin (g-strophanthin). The order of the margin of safety as a ratio between the minimal irregularity and the minimal cardiotonic doses was: digoxin greather than g-strrophanthin greather than lethal and the minimal cardiotonic doses. The cardiotonic, irregularity and lethal doses obtained in the present study coincided well with the values obtained in the canine heart-lung preparations, thus lending further support to the idea that effects of the CS appear when the substances accumulated to a definite amount at a specific site within the myocardium.", "contents": "[Assay of cardiotonic steroids based on a 2-compartment model]. In an attempt to develop an assay method for cardiotonic steroids (CS), a two compartment model was applied to the whole dog. As representative CS, g-strophanthin, digoxin and digoxigenin were infused continuously to the animal, and the minimal cardiotonic, irregularity and lethal doses were determined, together with indices K1 and K2, representing the rate of uptake and elimination, respectively, of these compounds into and out of a specific site within the myocardium. The order of cardiotonic potency was: g-strophanthin greater than digoxin greater than digoxigenin. The indices K1 (and K2) were the greatest with digoxigenin )digoxigenin), the second greatest with g-strophanthin (digoxin) and the smallest with digoxin (g-strophanthin). The order of the margin of safety as a ratio between the minimal irregularity and the minimal cardiotonic doses was: digoxin greather than g-strrophanthin greather than lethal and the minimal cardiotonic doses. The cardiotonic, irregularity and lethal doses obtained in the present study coincided well with the values obtained in the canine heart-lung preparations, thus lending further support to the idea that effects of the CS appear when the substances accumulated to a definite amount at a specific site within the myocardium.", "PMID": 1171808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3572", "title": "[Effect of beta-phenylethylamine derivatives on the central nervous system. III. Motor activity changes in mice due to the intracerebral administration of metaraminol].", "content": "Influence of metaraminol on behavioural changes in mice was studied with the following results. 1) When metaraminol was injected i.c., spontaneous motor activity as tested by either the photocell counters method or open-field test markedly increased within 90 min after injection, while on the contrary greatly decreased 3 hr later as compared with control group. Thus, these biphasic effects of metaraminol were clearly established. 2) 30 min after injection, metaraminol in doses of 160 mug did not alter brain catecholamines in mice, however, 6 hr after injection, brain dopamine and norepinephrine markedly decreased. 3) When metaraminol was injected into mice pretreated with reserpine of 6-hydroxydopamine, spontaneous motor activity tested by photo-cell counters method markedly increased and anti-6-hydroxydopamine activity of metaraminol was stronger than anti-reserpine. 4) Metaraminol completely antagonized ptosis and catalepsy induced by rerserpine. 5) Six hr after injection, anti-methamphetamine activity was observed.", "contents": "[Effect of beta-phenylethylamine derivatives on the central nervous system. III. Motor activity changes in mice due to the intracerebral administration of metaraminol]. Influence of metaraminol on behavioural changes in mice was studied with the following results. 1) When metaraminol was injected i.c., spontaneous motor activity as tested by either the photocell counters method or open-field test markedly increased within 90 min after injection, while on the contrary greatly decreased 3 hr later as compared with control group. Thus, these biphasic effects of metaraminol were clearly established. 2) 30 min after injection, metaraminol in doses of 160 mug did not alter brain catecholamines in mice, however, 6 hr after injection, brain dopamine and norepinephrine markedly decreased. 3) When metaraminol was injected into mice pretreated with reserpine of 6-hydroxydopamine, spontaneous motor activity tested by photo-cell counters method markedly increased and anti-6-hydroxydopamine activity of metaraminol was stronger than anti-reserpine. 4) Metaraminol completely antagonized ptosis and catalepsy induced by rerserpine. 5) Six hr after injection, anti-methamphetamine activity was observed.", "PMID": 1171809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3573", "title": "[Pharmacological action of cattle prostate extracts (PE). V. Effect on the bladder].", "content": "As the extract of cattle prostate (PE) is clinically effective in treating prostatic hypertrophy, a study was carried out on urinary bladders of rat, guinea pig, rabbit and dog as well as on guinea pig ileum. Muscle strip of rat and/or dog bladder contracted with PE with increasing spontaneous movement, and was unaffected by atropine. The isolated ileum of guinea pig also contracted with PE, and the contraction was inhibited by papaverine, but not by atropine. A rise in intravesical pressure was observed with increasing spontaneous movement in guinea pig bladder treated with PE, as well as in rabbit bladder in vitro or in situ. The sphincter vesica of guinea pig was dilated by PE as well as by ACh and methacholine.", "contents": "[Pharmacological action of cattle prostate extracts (PE). V. Effect on the bladder]. As the extract of cattle prostate (PE) is clinically effective in treating prostatic hypertrophy, a study was carried out on urinary bladders of rat, guinea pig, rabbit and dog as well as on guinea pig ileum. Muscle strip of rat and/or dog bladder contracted with PE with increasing spontaneous movement, and was unaffected by atropine. The isolated ileum of guinea pig also contracted with PE, and the contraction was inhibited by papaverine, but not by atropine. A rise in intravesical pressure was observed with increasing spontaneous movement in guinea pig bladder treated with PE, as well as in rabbit bladder in vitro or in situ. The sphincter vesica of guinea pig was dilated by PE as well as by ACh and methacholine.", "PMID": 1171810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3574", "title": "[Relation of time of administration of drugs to their acute toxicity to experimental animals].", "content": "The circadian rhythms of acute toxicity of N-methyl D-aspartic acid, picrotoxin, pentetrazol, strychnine, chlorpromazine and Na-methylhexabital in dd-mice were investigated. The drugs were injected into mice on the hour at 2, 6, 10, 14, 18 or 22 in one day, after which the cumulative mortalities were calculated for 72 hours. Regarding central stimulants, the mortality of mice injected at 22 (o'clock) was lowest, and when injections were given at 2, 10 or 18 (o'clock), the mortality was higher than at any other time. On the other hand, regarding central depressants, the mortality was lowest at 10, and highest at 14 or at 18 o'clock. Thus, the administration time of central stimulants showing the lowest mortality was shifted about 12 hours in comparison with central depressants. As compared to the central depressants, the mortality rate as the result of central stimulants showed a great contrast when injected at 10 o'clock.", "contents": "[Relation of time of administration of drugs to their acute toxicity to experimental animals]. The circadian rhythms of acute toxicity of N-methyl D-aspartic acid, picrotoxin, pentetrazol, strychnine, chlorpromazine and Na-methylhexabital in dd-mice were investigated. The drugs were injected into mice on the hour at 2, 6, 10, 14, 18 or 22 in one day, after which the cumulative mortalities were calculated for 72 hours. Regarding central stimulants, the mortality of mice injected at 22 (o'clock) was lowest, and when injections were given at 2, 10 or 18 (o'clock), the mortality was higher than at any other time. On the other hand, regarding central depressants, the mortality was lowest at 10, and highest at 14 or at 18 o'clock. Thus, the administration time of central stimulants showing the lowest mortality was shifted about 12 hours in comparison with central depressants. As compared to the central depressants, the mortality rate as the result of central stimulants showed a great contrast when injected at 10 o'clock.", "PMID": 1171811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3575", "title": "[Adrenoceptors and autonomic nerve control mechanisms in the biliary tract].", "content": "Effects of sympathomimetics and sympatholitics were studied on the biliary system of guinea-pigs (in vitro) and rabbits (in vitro and in vivo). Contractions and relaxations produced by sympathomimetic amines are mediated by alpha-excitatory and beta-inhibitoray adrenoceptors in the biliary system (gallbladder, common bile duct and sphinctor of oddi) of guinea-pigs. Sympathomimetic amines caused relaxations in the sphincter of oddi in rabbits (in vitro and in vivo) and responses were antagonized by alpha- and beta-blockade or a combination of both. Sympathomimetic amines caused contraction and relaxation on the common bile duct of rabbits. Transmural stimulation to guinea-pig gallbladder and rabbit common bile duct is mediated by cholinergic and adrenergic nerves, alpha-inhibitory adrenoceptor would thus be involved in the postanglionic cholinergic nerve endings in the gallbladder of guinea-pig. No difference was observed in mechanical responses to transmural stimulation in either the isolated sphincter of oddi or the duodenum of rabbits. It is concluded that the guinea-pig biliary system is functionally independent of the gastro-intestinal system and that the rabbit sphincter of oddi is functionally similar to the duodenal wall.", "contents": "[Adrenoceptors and autonomic nerve control mechanisms in the biliary tract]. Effects of sympathomimetics and sympatholitics were studied on the biliary system of guinea-pigs (in vitro) and rabbits (in vitro and in vivo). Contractions and relaxations produced by sympathomimetic amines are mediated by alpha-excitatory and beta-inhibitoray adrenoceptors in the biliary system (gallbladder, common bile duct and sphinctor of oddi) of guinea-pigs. Sympathomimetic amines caused relaxations in the sphincter of oddi in rabbits (in vitro and in vivo) and responses were antagonized by alpha- and beta-blockade or a combination of both. Sympathomimetic amines caused contraction and relaxation on the common bile duct of rabbits. Transmural stimulation to guinea-pig gallbladder and rabbit common bile duct is mediated by cholinergic and adrenergic nerves, alpha-inhibitory adrenoceptor would thus be involved in the postanglionic cholinergic nerve endings in the gallbladder of guinea-pig. No difference was observed in mechanical responses to transmural stimulation in either the isolated sphincter of oddi or the duodenum of rabbits. It is concluded that the guinea-pig biliary system is functionally independent of the gastro-intestinal system and that the rabbit sphincter of oddi is functionally similar to the duodenal wall.", "PMID": 1171812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3576", "title": "[Effect of dopamine on perfusion pressure in rat peripheral blood vessels].", "content": "Rat mesenteric and hind limb arteries were perfused with the rat's own blood under constant perfusion rate, in situ. The effect of dopamine (DA) administered intraarterially was investigated and compared with effects of norepinephrine (NE), tyramine (Tyr), and phenylephrine (PHE). The magnitude of the vasoconstrictive maximum response of both vasculatures to NE and PHE was larger than those to DA and Tyr, and those to DA were larger than those to Tyr in hind limb, but those to Tyr were more potent than those to DA in the mesenteric artery. The vasoconstriction evoked by celiac ganglionic stimulation was much the same to that evoked by NE and PHE. Under cocaine infusion, the rise in perfusion pressure of both vasculatures evoked by NE and PHE. Under cocaine infusion, the rise in perfusion pressure of both vasculatures evoked by NE was slight, but the duration was markedly potentiated. However, the effect of Tyr was suppressed and that of DA was not changed. In rats on alpha-methyl-rho-tyrosine, the responses of both vasculatures to Tyr were reduced and those to NE and DA were not changed. In the reserpinized rat, the effect of NE was not changed and that of Tyr was reduced, while that of D was more evident in both vasculatures. After phenoxybenzamine treatment, vasoconstrictive effect of DA was reversed in mesenteric and reduced in hind limb artery. Vasodilating effect of DA after phenoxybenzamine, was not changed by treatment with propranolol, atropine, and diphenhydramine but was reduced with reserpine and abolished with haloperidol. These results suggest that the vasoconstrictive effect of DA depends partly on indirect sympathomimetic action, and after phenoxybenzamine, DA acts by vasodilating the DA receptor. Potentiation with reserpine may depend on a post-synaptic mechanism and increase in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity.", "contents": "[Effect of dopamine on perfusion pressure in rat peripheral blood vessels]. Rat mesenteric and hind limb arteries were perfused with the rat's own blood under constant perfusion rate, in situ. The effect of dopamine (DA) administered intraarterially was investigated and compared with effects of norepinephrine (NE), tyramine (Tyr), and phenylephrine (PHE). The magnitude of the vasoconstrictive maximum response of both vasculatures to NE and PHE was larger than those to DA and Tyr, and those to DA were larger than those to Tyr in hind limb, but those to Tyr were more potent than those to DA in the mesenteric artery. The vasoconstriction evoked by celiac ganglionic stimulation was much the same to that evoked by NE and PHE. Under cocaine infusion, the rise in perfusion pressure of both vasculatures evoked by NE and PHE. Under cocaine infusion, the rise in perfusion pressure of both vasculatures evoked by NE was slight, but the duration was markedly potentiated. However, the effect of Tyr was suppressed and that of DA was not changed. In rats on alpha-methyl-rho-tyrosine, the responses of both vasculatures to Tyr were reduced and those to NE and DA were not changed. In the reserpinized rat, the effect of NE was not changed and that of Tyr was reduced, while that of D was more evident in both vasculatures. After phenoxybenzamine treatment, vasoconstrictive effect of DA was reversed in mesenteric and reduced in hind limb artery. Vasodilating effect of DA after phenoxybenzamine, was not changed by treatment with propranolol, atropine, and diphenhydramine but was reduced with reserpine and abolished with haloperidol. These results suggest that the vasoconstrictive effect of DA depends partly on indirect sympathomimetic action, and after phenoxybenzamine, DA acts by vasodilating the DA receptor. Potentiation with reserpine may depend on a post-synaptic mechanism and increase in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity.", "PMID": 1171813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3577", "title": "Blockage of induced pseudopregnancy by electrochemical stimulation of the limbic system.", "content": "Pseudopregnancy induced by cervical stimulation was inhibited by acute electrochemical stimulation of the corticomedial amygdala or dorsal hippocampus under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (40 mg/kg) in adult, cyclic female Sprague-Dawley rats. The degree to which pseudopregnancy was blocked depended on temporal conditions of brain stimulation and sodium pentobarbital administration. Pentobarbital alone had a suppressing effect on the incidence of pseudopregnancy, especially when it preceded cervical stimulation. Limbic stimulation before cervical stimulation had a tendency to potentiate the suppression of pseudopregnancy by pentobarbital. After cervical stimulation, hippocampal stimulation tended to inhibit the development of pseudopregnancy, potentiating the pentobarbital suppression, while amygdala stimulation tended to override the pentobarbital blockage of pseudopregnancy. These findings suggest a negative influence of these two limbic structures and pentobarbital on the secretion of prolactin.", "contents": "Blockage of induced pseudopregnancy by electrochemical stimulation of the limbic system. Pseudopregnancy induced by cervical stimulation was inhibited by acute electrochemical stimulation of the corticomedial amygdala or dorsal hippocampus under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (40 mg/kg) in adult, cyclic female Sprague-Dawley rats. The degree to which pseudopregnancy was blocked depended on temporal conditions of brain stimulation and sodium pentobarbital administration. Pentobarbital alone had a suppressing effect on the incidence of pseudopregnancy, especially when it preceded cervical stimulation. Limbic stimulation before cervical stimulation had a tendency to potentiate the suppression of pseudopregnancy by pentobarbital. After cervical stimulation, hippocampal stimulation tended to inhibit the development of pseudopregnancy, potentiating the pentobarbital suppression, while amygdala stimulation tended to override the pentobarbital blockage of pseudopregnancy. These findings suggest a negative influence of these two limbic structures and pentobarbital on the secretion of prolactin.", "PMID": 1171816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3578", "title": "The influence of the nematode Syphacia oblevata on adjuvant arthritis in the rat.", "content": "The effect of infestation with the nematode Syphacia oblevata on adjuvant arthritis was studied in the rat. Animals with an established infestation with Syphacia were found to have a reduced incidence of arthritis after injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. Infested animals developing adjuvant arthritis were found to suffer from a less severe form of the disease than animals in which infestation had been eliminated with piperazine before immunization.", "contents": "The influence of the nematode Syphacia oblevata on adjuvant arthritis in the rat. The effect of infestation with the nematode Syphacia oblevata on adjuvant arthritis was studied in the rat. Animals with an established infestation with Syphacia were found to have a reduced incidence of arthritis after injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. Infested animals developing adjuvant arthritis were found to suffer from a less severe form of the disease than animals in which infestation had been eliminated with piperazine before immunization.", "PMID": 1171819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3579", "title": "Serological studies of Actinomyces israelii by crossed immunoelectrophoresis: taxonomic and diagnostic applications.", "content": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) with intermediate gel was applied to the serological analysis of Actinomyces israelii to develop a test with high efficiency in the laboratory diagnosis of human actinomycosis and classification of A. israelii. Recently developed standard antigen-antibody systems for A. israelii by CIE were used as reference. The reference systems were based on standard preparations of cytoplasmic and whole cell-associated antigens of A. israelii and a standard immunoglobulin G pool purified from rabbit antisera to formalin-treated whole cells and cell lysates of A. israelii. The specificity of the standard antigens for A. israelii was evaluated in CIE studies by screening for antibodies to components of the antigens in rabbit antisera raised against related bacteria. The standard system for A. israelii based on cytoplasmic antigens formed species-specific precipitins whereas antisera raised against A. naeslundii and/or Propionibacterium acnes precipitated components of the other standard antigens. As a result of these analyses, the standard system for A. israelii based on 10 cytoplasmic antigens was used as reference for CIE studies to detect humoral antibodies to A. israelii in sera from nine patients with actinomycosis. All the sera from the patients formed at the time of diagnosis one or more precipitins in terms of the 10 reference precipitins. Up to five precipitins were found in single sera. Follow-up studies covering a period of one-half year after treatment showed a gradually decreased precipitin response in the course of time. In control sera from patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis, nocardiosis, deep Candida infection, and aspergillosis, and in sera from healthy blood donors, no antibodies were detected with specificity for the reference antigens.", "contents": "Serological studies of Actinomyces israelii by crossed immunoelectrophoresis: taxonomic and diagnostic applications. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) with intermediate gel was applied to the serological analysis of Actinomyces israelii to develop a test with high efficiency in the laboratory diagnosis of human actinomycosis and classification of A. israelii. Recently developed standard antigen-antibody systems for A. israelii by CIE were used as reference. The reference systems were based on standard preparations of cytoplasmic and whole cell-associated antigens of A. israelii and a standard immunoglobulin G pool purified from rabbit antisera to formalin-treated whole cells and cell lysates of A. israelii. The specificity of the standard antigens for A. israelii was evaluated in CIE studies by screening for antibodies to components of the antigens in rabbit antisera raised against related bacteria. The standard system for A. israelii based on cytoplasmic antigens formed species-specific precipitins whereas antisera raised against A. naeslundii and/or Propionibacterium acnes precipitated components of the other standard antigens. As a result of these analyses, the standard system for A. israelii based on 10 cytoplasmic antigens was used as reference for CIE studies to detect humoral antibodies to A. israelii in sera from nine patients with actinomycosis. All the sera from the patients formed at the time of diagnosis one or more precipitins in terms of the 10 reference precipitins. Up to five precipitins were found in single sera. Follow-up studies covering a period of one-half year after treatment showed a gradually decreased precipitin response in the course of time. In control sera from patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis, nocardiosis, deep Candida infection, and aspergillosis, and in sera from healthy blood donors, no antibodies were detected with specificity for the reference antigens.", "PMID": 1171825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3580", "title": "Natural antibodies in human cerebrospinal fluid to rabbit erythrocytes.", "content": "With an indirect agglutination technique using rabbit antisera to human immunoglobulin, IgG antibodies to rabbit erythrocytes were detected in 211 of 221 unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluids from patients with diseases of the nervous system and controls. The titres varied from 0.25 to 128. The highest titre in the control group was 4, the geometric mean 1.5. The titres were highest in the groups with elevated total protein, for instance inflammatory diseases with mean titre of 9.25. The titre divided by total protein concentration did not vary much in the different groups, but tended to be higher than controls in multiple sclerosis, inflammatory diseases and vascular brain lesions, and lower in the other groups. It did not increase parallel to IgG in multiple sclerosis and inflammatory diseases.", "contents": "Natural antibodies in human cerebrospinal fluid to rabbit erythrocytes. With an indirect agglutination technique using rabbit antisera to human immunoglobulin, IgG antibodies to rabbit erythrocytes were detected in 211 of 221 unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluids from patients with diseases of the nervous system and controls. The titres varied from 0.25 to 128. The highest titre in the control group was 4, the geometric mean 1.5. The titres were highest in the groups with elevated total protein, for instance inflammatory diseases with mean titre of 9.25. The titre divided by total protein concentration did not vary much in the different groups, but tended to be higher than controls in multiple sclerosis, inflammatory diseases and vascular brain lesions, and lower in the other groups. It did not increase parallel to IgG in multiple sclerosis and inflammatory diseases.", "PMID": 1171826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3581", "title": "The response of Xeroderma pigmentosum cells and controls to the activated mycotoxins, aflatoxins and sterigmatocystin.", "content": "The activation of the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, G1, B2, G2, aflatoxicol and sterigmatocystin by 9S fraction, microsomal preparation (105,000 times g) and supernatant (105,000 times g) of livers of several species was examined. DNA repair synthesis, chromosome aberrations and clone forming capacity were used as endpoints. Cultured fibroblasts of normal persons and DNA repair deficient Xeroderma pigmentosum patients were employed as test subjects. The activation mixtures significantly increase the chromosome breaking function, lethality and DNA damaging effect (measured as DNA repair synthesis) of aflatoxin B1, G1, aflatoxicol ans sterigmatocystin. The DNA repair-deficient XP cells respond to the activated mycotoxins with a low level of unscheduled 3HTdR incorporation as compared to that of control cells, but show a highly elevated sensitivity to the chromosome-damaging and lethal effect of aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin.", "contents": "The response of Xeroderma pigmentosum cells and controls to the activated mycotoxins, aflatoxins and sterigmatocystin. The activation of the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, G1, B2, G2, aflatoxicol and sterigmatocystin by 9S fraction, microsomal preparation (105,000 times g) and supernatant (105,000 times g) of livers of several species was examined. DNA repair synthesis, chromosome aberrations and clone forming capacity were used as endpoints. Cultured fibroblasts of normal persons and DNA repair deficient Xeroderma pigmentosum patients were employed as test subjects. The activation mixtures significantly increase the chromosome breaking function, lethality and DNA damaging effect (measured as DNA repair synthesis) of aflatoxin B1, G1, aflatoxicol ans sterigmatocystin. The DNA repair-deficient XP cells respond to the activated mycotoxins with a low level of unscheduled 3HTdR incorporation as compared to that of control cells, but show a highly elevated sensitivity to the chromosome-damaging and lethal effect of aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin.", "PMID": 1171827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3582", "title": "Nerve conduction studies in leprosy.", "content": "Motor and sensory nerve conduction studies have been performed on the peripheral nerves in the upper and lower limbs of 30 control subjects, and 36 subjects with leprosy from the Aboriginal population of the Northern Territory of Australia. Impairment of conduction was demonstrated in the vast majority of clinically abnormal nerves, and a large proportion of nerves which appeared clinically to be uninvolved. In a third group of subjects, abnormal conduction was demonstrated in a significant number of nerves which were considered to be clinically enlarged but in whom the diagnosis was initially in doubt. The majority of these patients were subsequently proven to have leprosy. It is concluded that nerve conduction studies are of considerable value in the diagnosis and management of leprosy.", "contents": "Nerve conduction studies in leprosy. Motor and sensory nerve conduction studies have been performed on the peripheral nerves in the upper and lower limbs of 30 control subjects, and 36 subjects with leprosy from the Aboriginal population of the Northern Territory of Australia. Impairment of conduction was demonstrated in the vast majority of clinically abnormal nerves, and a large proportion of nerves which appeared clinically to be uninvolved. In a third group of subjects, abnormal conduction was demonstrated in a significant number of nerves which were considered to be clinically enlarged but in whom the diagnosis was initially in doubt. The majority of these patients were subsequently proven to have leprosy. It is concluded that nerve conduction studies are of considerable value in the diagnosis and management of leprosy.", "PMID": 1171828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3583", "title": "Surgical decompression of posterior tibial neurovascular complex in treatment of certain chronic plantar ulcers and posterior tibial neuritis in leprosy.", "content": "Seventy-one cases of posterior tibial neurovascular surgical decompression in leprosy are analyzed and reviewed. Thirteen had chronic refractory posterior tibial neuritis while 58 had chronic nonhealing plantar ulcers. The plantar ulcers were associated with posterior tibial neuritis and/or vascular insufficiency. The clinical and operative findings together with the results are presented and the physiopathology of neurovascular compression is discussed. The operative procedure is described. The presence of pale granulation tissue in a nonhealing ulcer seems to be a characteristic finding in these cases. Neurovascular compression in the tunnel, behind and also below the malleolus, was present in all. In operative procedures, the importance of incising the inferior calcaneal bands is stressed. The results show that the neuritis was cured in all cases, while in 53 of 58 cases the plantar ulcers healed in a short period after the decompression. This stresses the value of this procedure. The prophylactic potential of this procedure needs to be evaluated.", "contents": "Surgical decompression of posterior tibial neurovascular complex in treatment of certain chronic plantar ulcers and posterior tibial neuritis in leprosy. Seventy-one cases of posterior tibial neurovascular surgical decompression in leprosy are analyzed and reviewed. Thirteen had chronic refractory posterior tibial neuritis while 58 had chronic nonhealing plantar ulcers. The plantar ulcers were associated with posterior tibial neuritis and/or vascular insufficiency. The clinical and operative findings together with the results are presented and the physiopathology of neurovascular compression is discussed. The operative procedure is described. The presence of pale granulation tissue in a nonhealing ulcer seems to be a characteristic finding in these cases. Neurovascular compression in the tunnel, behind and also below the malleolus, was present in all. In operative procedures, the importance of incising the inferior calcaneal bands is stressed. The results show that the neuritis was cured in all cases, while in 53 of 58 cases the plantar ulcers healed in a short period after the decompression. This stresses the value of this procedure. The prophylactic potential of this procedure needs to be evaluated.", "PMID": 1171829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3584", "title": "Transmission of leprosy within households.", "content": "As part of the leprosy control program, population follow-up studies were carried out during 1962 to 1970 in Gudiyatham Taluk, an administrative unit in South India (population: 400,000). More than 97% of the 23,285 contacts from 5,088 families having a leprosy patient were clinically examined using accepted methodology and confirmed as having or not having leprosy. New cases developing among household contacts of leprosy (secondary attack rates) were determined and studied in relation to characteristics of the index case and that of contacts. The secondary attack rate is defined as the number of new cases discovered in the contacts of leprosy patients per 1,000 person-years, which is equivalent to observing 1,000 persons per year. Nearly two-thirds of all new cases were of the tuberculoid type of leprosy and another one-sixth of indeterminate type. Lepromatous and borderline cases each constituted about ten percent of the total new cases. The total secondary attack rate was 6.8 per 1,000 person-years. Compared to an annual incidence rate of 0.8 per 1,000 in the total population, this incidence rate among the contacts is nearly ten times higher. Such enhanced risks are observed clearly and consistently when studied by the number of patients within a family for both sexes and in various age-groups. The rate for females (6.3 per 1,000 person-year) though less, was not significantly different from that of males (7.1 per 1,000 person-year). The differences observed between males and females for each type of leprosy were also not statistically significant. The risks for children (less than 15 years) are significantly higher than those for adults. Among boys, the maximum risk was observed in the age-group 5-14 years, whereas for females the risk is highest in the age-group 5-9 years, dropping down significantly after that. Furthermore, it was observed that significant differences existed between children and adults only in males but not in females. The secondary attack rates almost doubled when there were multiple index cases in the family. Regardless of the number of index cases, the male-female differences were not statistically significant. Attack rates were significantly enhanced when there was a bacilliferous type of leprosy (lepromatous or borderline) in the family. This was true for the specific attack rates of each type of leprosy too. However, a significantly higher proportion of lepromatous and borderline types is also seen when there is a bacilliferous type of leprosy present. The study reiterates the differences in susceptibility to leprosy among males and females, especially during younger ages. Further immunological studies are necessary to determine the differences in host responses in males and females that produce such a characteristic sex-ratio in prevalence of leprosy. There is still a great need to obtain more data on incidence rates both in general population and among contacts on the basis of prospective observation using acceptable statistical technics in design and analysis.", "contents": "Transmission of leprosy within households. As part of the leprosy control program, population follow-up studies were carried out during 1962 to 1970 in Gudiyatham Taluk, an administrative unit in South India (population: 400,000). More than 97% of the 23,285 contacts from 5,088 families having a leprosy patient were clinically examined using accepted methodology and confirmed as having or not having leprosy. New cases developing among household contacts of leprosy (secondary attack rates) were determined and studied in relation to characteristics of the index case and that of contacts. The secondary attack rate is defined as the number of new cases discovered in the contacts of leprosy patients per 1,000 person-years, which is equivalent to observing 1,000 persons per year. Nearly two-thirds of all new cases were of the tuberculoid type of leprosy and another one-sixth of indeterminate type. Lepromatous and borderline cases each constituted about ten percent of the total new cases. The total secondary attack rate was 6.8 per 1,000 person-years. Compared to an annual incidence rate of 0.8 per 1,000 in the total population, this incidence rate among the contacts is nearly ten times higher. Such enhanced risks are observed clearly and consistently when studied by the number of patients within a family for both sexes and in various age-groups. The rate for females (6.3 per 1,000 person-year) though less, was not significantly different from that of males (7.1 per 1,000 person-year). The differences observed between males and females for each type of leprosy were also not statistically significant. The risks for children (less than 15 years) are significantly higher than those for adults. Among boys, the maximum risk was observed in the age-group 5-14 years, whereas for females the risk is highest in the age-group 5-9 years, dropping down significantly after that. Furthermore, it was observed that significant differences existed between children and adults only in males but not in females. The secondary attack rates almost doubled when there were multiple index cases in the family. Regardless of the number of index cases, the male-female differences were not statistically significant. Attack rates were significantly enhanced when there was a bacilliferous type of leprosy (lepromatous or borderline) in the family. This was true for the specific attack rates of each type of leprosy too. However, a significantly higher proportion of lepromatous and borderline types is also seen when there is a bacilliferous type of leprosy present. The study reiterates the differences in susceptibility to leprosy among males and females, especially during younger ages. Further immunological studies are necessary to determine the differences in host responses in males and females that produce such a characteristic sex-ratio in prevalence of leprosy. There is still a great need to obtain more data on incidence rates both in general population and among contacts on the basis of prospective observation using acceptable statistical technics in design and analysis.", "PMID": 1171831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3585", "title": "In vitro effect of dapsone on human chromosomes.", "content": "The proportion of accumulated metaphases, as well as the frequency of aneuploidies and structural chromosome aberrations were investigated in DDS-treated and untreated (controls) leukocyte cultures from two samples of healthy adult Caucasoid individuals. In one sample, the sulfone-treated cultures differed from the controls in that they contained 0.4 mug of DDS per ml of tissue culture medium plus phytohemagglutinin. In the other sample, these cultures differed from the controls in that they contained a tenfold higher concentration of DDS. The two concentrations of DDS used have not significantly affected the rate of metaphases, while 0.4 mug/ml DDS did not increase the frequency of chromosome aberrations. The same was not true for the cultures treated with 4 mug/ml DDS in which the proportion of aneuploides and achromatic gaps increased significantly.", "contents": "In vitro effect of dapsone on human chromosomes. The proportion of accumulated metaphases, as well as the frequency of aneuploidies and structural chromosome aberrations were investigated in DDS-treated and untreated (controls) leukocyte cultures from two samples of healthy adult Caucasoid individuals. In one sample, the sulfone-treated cultures differed from the controls in that they contained 0.4 mug of DDS per ml of tissue culture medium plus phytohemagglutinin. In the other sample, these cultures differed from the controls in that they contained a tenfold higher concentration of DDS. The two concentrations of DDS used have not significantly affected the rate of metaphases, while 0.4 mug/ml DDS did not increase the frequency of chromosome aberrations. The same was not true for the cultures treated with 4 mug/ml DDS in which the proportion of aneuploides and achromatic gaps increased significantly.", "PMID": 1171830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3586", "title": "Fournier's gangrene of the scrotum.", "content": "Gangrene involving the male genitalia is extremely rare. It may occur without any predisposing cause. This necrotic process passes through various stages, and is self-limited. No radical surgical procedure is indicated. A case of typical Fournier's gangrene of the scrotum is presented.", "contents": "Fournier's gangrene of the scrotum. Gangrene involving the male genitalia is extremely rare. It may occur without any predisposing cause. This necrotic process passes through various stages, and is self-limited. No radical surgical procedure is indicated. A case of typical Fournier's gangrene of the scrotum is presented.", "PMID": 1171836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3587", "title": "Grudge and the hysteric.", "content": "Our understanding of the bizarre sexuality of the hysteric began with Freud's discovery that its roots lay in infantile sexuality, but since then little knowledge has been added. This paper argues that the hysteric in early childhood deals with the failures of good-enough mothering and care by precocious sexual development, which is accompanied by an inability to be nurtured by any loving relationship. Sexual solutions to problems prove, for the hysteric, temporary, and inevitably end in grudge and complaints, as the love-object misreads the hysteric's gestures as expressing sexual wishes and desires instead of as a symbolic body language for care and protection. The author briefly examines the nature of the deprivation in childhood and the reason that the hysteric is such a promising yet recalcitrant patient, and offers a case illustration.", "contents": "Grudge and the hysteric. Our understanding of the bizarre sexuality of the hysteric began with Freud's discovery that its roots lay in infantile sexuality, but since then little knowledge has been added. This paper argues that the hysteric in early childhood deals with the failures of good-enough mothering and care by precocious sexual development, which is accompanied by an inability to be nurtured by any loving relationship. Sexual solutions to problems prove, for the hysteric, temporary, and inevitably end in grudge and complaints, as the love-object misreads the hysteric's gestures as expressing sexual wishes and desires instead of as a symbolic body language for care and protection. The author briefly examines the nature of the deprivation in childhood and the reason that the hysteric is such a promising yet recalcitrant patient, and offers a case illustration.", "PMID": 1171842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3588", "title": "Narcissistic personality disorder in an identical twin.", "content": "An identical twin with a narcissistic personality disturbance was analyzed. Clinical and metapsychological issues were discussed. Phenomena of narcissistic pathology and twinship clarify one another. Persistence of the twin as a need-satisfying, mirroring, idealized object interferes with the maternal symbiosis, and the separation-individuation experience. If any object, be it twin, mother, nurse or sibling, retards individuation, there may be instability of the self-representation as well as faulty development of ego and superego structures. Confusing and primitive identifications, as occur in twinship, impair the more stabilizing identifications of the oedipal period, and promote narcissistic character malformation.", "contents": "Narcissistic personality disorder in an identical twin. An identical twin with a narcissistic personality disturbance was analyzed. Clinical and metapsychological issues were discussed. Phenomena of narcissistic pathology and twinship clarify one another. Persistence of the twin as a need-satisfying, mirroring, idealized object interferes with the maternal symbiosis, and the separation-individuation experience. If any object, be it twin, mother, nurse or sibling, retards individuation, there may be instability of the self-representation as well as faulty development of ego and superego structures. Confusing and primitive identifications, as occur in twinship, impair the more stabilizing identifications of the oedipal period, and promote narcissistic character malformation.", "PMID": 1171843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3589", "title": "Fractionation, isolation and characterization of nonhistone chromosomal protein from calf thymus.", "content": "1) A method is described for the separation and fractionation of nonhistone chromosomal proteins from salt-urea dissociated calf thymus chromatin. After precipitating DNA in the dissociated chromatin solution with LaCl3, the chromosomal proteins in the supernatant were fractionated by SP-Sephadex C-25 column chromatography using a combination of NaCl stepwise and linear gradient elutions. Much care was taken to prevent proteolytic degradation of the chromosomal proteins during the preparation. 2) Among the protein fractions separated by this chromatography, twenty subfractions were found to be homogeneous on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These purified proteins account for about 18% of the whole chromosomal protein. Eleven subfractions of these purified nonhistone proteins had ratios of acidic to basic amino acids above 1.0 and the nine remaining subfractions had ratios below 1.0, corresponding to nonhistone proteins of basic character. 3) The molecular weights of the purified nonhistone proteins ranged from 7,400 to 19,000.", "contents": "Fractionation, isolation and characterization of nonhistone chromosomal protein from calf thymus. 1) A method is described for the separation and fractionation of nonhistone chromosomal proteins from salt-urea dissociated calf thymus chromatin. After precipitating DNA in the dissociated chromatin solution with LaCl3, the chromosomal proteins in the supernatant were fractionated by SP-Sephadex C-25 column chromatography using a combination of NaCl stepwise and linear gradient elutions. Much care was taken to prevent proteolytic degradation of the chromosomal proteins during the preparation. 2) Among the protein fractions separated by this chromatography, twenty subfractions were found to be homogeneous on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These purified proteins account for about 18% of the whole chromosomal protein. Eleven subfractions of these purified nonhistone proteins had ratios of acidic to basic amino acids above 1.0 and the nine remaining subfractions had ratios below 1.0, corresponding to nonhistone proteins of basic character. 3) The molecular weights of the purified nonhistone proteins ranged from 7,400 to 19,000.", "PMID": 1171860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3590", "title": "Calcium-dependent interactions of F-actin filaments under the influence of troponin components.", "content": "The effect of three components of troponin (TN C, I, T) on the gelation of F-actin was investigated by measuring the increase in viscosity at a very low velocity gradient in a rotating viscometer. TN I or TN T greatly enhanced the generation of F-actin. The effect of TN I-C or T-C complex became Ca-dependent: in the absence of Ca, the complex increased the rate of viscosity rise of F-actin, but in its presence this enhancing effect was almost absent. For these actions, the presence of tropomyosin or heat treatment at 45 degrees was not required. These results can be explained in terms of strengthened interactions of F-actin particles bound with TN T or TN I and the release of TN I-C or TN T-C in the presence of Ca.", "contents": "Calcium-dependent interactions of F-actin filaments under the influence of troponin components. The effect of three components of troponin (TN C, I, T) on the gelation of F-actin was investigated by measuring the increase in viscosity at a very low velocity gradient in a rotating viscometer. TN I or TN T greatly enhanced the generation of F-actin. The effect of TN I-C or T-C complex became Ca-dependent: in the absence of Ca, the complex increased the rate of viscosity rise of F-actin, but in its presence this enhancing effect was almost absent. For these actions, the presence of tropomyosin or heat treatment at 45 degrees was not required. These results can be explained in terms of strengthened interactions of F-actin particles bound with TN T or TN I and the release of TN I-C or TN T-C in the presence of Ca.", "PMID": 1171861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3591", "title": "Fluorimetric and spectrophotometric studies of DPN-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase from bovine heart. Properties of tyrosyl and tryptophyl residues.", "content": "The emission maximum of DPN-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase in pH 7.07 buffer is shifted from 317 to 324 nm and fluorescence intensity is decreased when the excitation wave-length is varied from 270 to 290 nm; in 0.2 M KOH, where the fluorescence of tyrosyl residues is almost completely quenched, a further substantial decline in quantum yield of protein fluorescence and a red shift of the emission peak to 339 nm occur. The latter should be due mainly to tryptophyl residues. The enzyme contains 9.4 tyrosyl residues per subunit of molecular weight 42,000 determined spectrophotometrically (295 nm) at pH 13, in good agreement with a tyrosine content of 9.7 by amino acid analysis. No more than 1.1 tyrosyl residues per subunit can be detected up to pH 10.6 at 7 degrees upon prolonged incubation. The increase in absorption at 295 nm with increasing pH is related to loss of enzyme activity and results in a red shift of the emission maximum, and decreased fluorescence intensity. Treatment of the enzyme in a Li+-containing buffer at pH 7.5 with an excess of N-acetylimidazole results in (a) modification of 1.1 tyrosyl residues per subunit, (b) a 30% decrease in enzyme activity, (c) a 6-nm red shift in emission maximum, and (d) a decrease in fluorescence intensity. Manganous DL-isocitrate (1.06 mM) prevents the acetylation of the enzyme. Deacetylation of the O-acetylated enzyme by hydroxylamine completely restores the enzyme activity and reverses the spectral changes. The acetylation studies indicate that the reactive tyrosyl residue does not participate directly in catalysis but may be involved in maintaining the proper conformation of the active enzyme center. A net of 1 of the 2 tryptophyl residues per subunit is perturbed immediately by a number of solvents. This perturbation is not affected by manganous isocitrate, whereas exposure of tyrosyl residues occurs only with time and is prevented by the substrate. The perturbation of the tryptophyl residue is accompanied by a red shift of the fluorescence emission maximum. The more exposed tryptophyl residue may contribute to the energy transfer from protein to nucleotides since the quenching of protein fluorescence upon binding of DPN+, DPNH, or ADP by enzyme results in a blue shift of the emission maximum. Manganous DL-isocitrate (1.06 mM) quenches protein fluorescence by 16% without a shift in emission peak and does not affect the relative extent of fluorescence quenching induced by the nucleotides.", "contents": "Fluorimetric and spectrophotometric studies of DPN-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase from bovine heart. Properties of tyrosyl and tryptophyl residues. The emission maximum of DPN-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase in pH 7.07 buffer is shifted from 317 to 324 nm and fluorescence intensity is decreased when the excitation wave-length is varied from 270 to 290 nm; in 0.2 M KOH, where the fluorescence of tyrosyl residues is almost completely quenched, a further substantial decline in quantum yield of protein fluorescence and a red shift of the emission peak to 339 nm occur. The latter should be due mainly to tryptophyl residues. The enzyme contains 9.4 tyrosyl residues per subunit of molecular weight 42,000 determined spectrophotometrically (295 nm) at pH 13, in good agreement with a tyrosine content of 9.7 by amino acid analysis. No more than 1.1 tyrosyl residues per subunit can be detected up to pH 10.6 at 7 degrees upon prolonged incubation. The increase in absorption at 295 nm with increasing pH is related to loss of enzyme activity and results in a red shift of the emission maximum, and decreased fluorescence intensity. Treatment of the enzyme in a Li+-containing buffer at pH 7.5 with an excess of N-acetylimidazole results in (a) modification of 1.1 tyrosyl residues per subunit, (b) a 30% decrease in enzyme activity, (c) a 6-nm red shift in emission maximum, and (d) a decrease in fluorescence intensity. Manganous DL-isocitrate (1.06 mM) prevents the acetylation of the enzyme. Deacetylation of the O-acetylated enzyme by hydroxylamine completely restores the enzyme activity and reverses the spectral changes. The acetylation studies indicate that the reactive tyrosyl residue does not participate directly in catalysis but may be involved in maintaining the proper conformation of the active enzyme center. A net of 1 of the 2 tryptophyl residues per subunit is perturbed immediately by a number of solvents. This perturbation is not affected by manganous isocitrate, whereas exposure of tyrosyl residues occurs only with time and is prevented by the substrate. The perturbation of the tryptophyl residue is accompanied by a red shift of the fluorescence emission maximum. The more exposed tryptophyl residue may contribute to the energy transfer from protein to nucleotides since the quenching of protein fluorescence upon binding of DPN+, DPNH, or ADP by enzyme results in a blue shift of the emission maximum. Manganous DL-isocitrate (1.06 mM) quenches protein fluorescence by 16% without a shift in emission peak and does not affect the relative extent of fluorescence quenching induced by the nucleotides.", "PMID": 1171862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3592", "title": "The action of plasma amine oxidase on beta-haloamines. Evidence for proton abstraction in the oxidative reaction.", "content": "The action of plasma amine oxidase upon beta-Br-ethylamine beta-Cl-ethylamine, beta-OH-phenylethylamine, and beta-Cl-phenylethylamine was examined. Beta-Br-ethylamine is a substrate and irreversible inactivator of the enzyme. The enzyme becomes covalently labeled by the inactivator. Approximately 2 mol of inactivator are incorporated per mol of enzyme (MW 170,000). The reduced enzyme is not inactivated. The enzyme catalyzes the elimination of HCl from beta-Cl-phenylethylamine to produce phenylacetaldehyde. The rate of the elimination reaction is comparable to the normal oxidative reaction. We conclude that the occurrence of this elimination reaction establishes the ability of the enzyme to catalyze proton abstraction from C-1 of the substrate and that proton abstraction occurs during the catalytic oxidation normally catalyzed by plasma amine oxidase. Beta-Cl-ethylamine is only oxidized to corresponding aldehyde. Beta-OH-phenylethylamine is neither oxidized, nor does elimination occur. It is a competitive inhibitor in the oxidation of benzylamine and in the elimination of HCl from beta-Cl-phenylethylamine.", "contents": "The action of plasma amine oxidase on beta-haloamines. Evidence for proton abstraction in the oxidative reaction. The action of plasma amine oxidase upon beta-Br-ethylamine beta-Cl-ethylamine, beta-OH-phenylethylamine, and beta-Cl-phenylethylamine was examined. Beta-Br-ethylamine is a substrate and irreversible inactivator of the enzyme. The enzyme becomes covalently labeled by the inactivator. Approximately 2 mol of inactivator are incorporated per mol of enzyme (MW 170,000). The reduced enzyme is not inactivated. The enzyme catalyzes the elimination of HCl from beta-Cl-phenylethylamine to produce phenylacetaldehyde. The rate of the elimination reaction is comparable to the normal oxidative reaction. We conclude that the occurrence of this elimination reaction establishes the ability of the enzyme to catalyze proton abstraction from C-1 of the substrate and that proton abstraction occurs during the catalytic oxidation normally catalyzed by plasma amine oxidase. Beta-Cl-ethylamine is only oxidized to corresponding aldehyde. Beta-OH-phenylethylamine is neither oxidized, nor does elimination occur. It is a competitive inhibitor in the oxidation of benzylamine and in the elimination of HCl from beta-Cl-phenylethylamine.", "PMID": 1171863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3593", "title": "Characterization of bovine plasma retinol-binding protein and evidence for lack of binding between it and other bovine plasma proteins.", "content": "Bovine retinol-retinol-binding protein (RBP) was isolated from serum as a free, uncomplexed protein under experimental conditions in which human, rabbit, and chicken retinol-RBP are present as tight complexes with prealbumin (thyroxine-binding protein). Purified bovine retinol-RBP formed tight complexes with purified human and chicken prealbumin in physiological ionic strength buffers as judged by gel filtration chromatography, hyperchromic effect on the absorption spectrum of retinol-RBP, and changes in the circular dichroism spectrum. Addition of purified human prealbumin to whole bovine serum shifted the elution position of the specific retinol-RBP fluorescence from a gel filtration column, indicating complex formation in the whole bovine serum. It was concluded from this series of experiments that bovine serum lacks a protein with the binding properties of prealbumin and that bovine retinol-RBP has the normal potential binding to human, chicken, and presumably other prealbumins. Bovine retinol-RBP has a molecular weight, amino acid composition, absorption, and fluorescence spectra which are indistinguishable from that of human retinol-RBP, although the magnitude of the optical rotatory strength of the induced circular dichroism signal at 330 nm was 50% larger in the bovine than in the human material (1.65 and 1.1 Debye-Bohr magnetons, respectively). About 12 liters of bovine and human urine were concentrated by pressure dialysis and a search was made for retinol-RBP using gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. No retinol-RBP was found in either of these species. This suggested that if, indeed, bovine retinol-RBP is filtered through the kidney's glomeruli due to small molecular size (molecular weight 21,000), there are efficient mechanisms of tubular reabsorption.", "contents": "Characterization of bovine plasma retinol-binding protein and evidence for lack of binding between it and other bovine plasma proteins. Bovine retinol-retinol-binding protein (RBP) was isolated from serum as a free, uncomplexed protein under experimental conditions in which human, rabbit, and chicken retinol-RBP are present as tight complexes with prealbumin (thyroxine-binding protein). Purified bovine retinol-RBP formed tight complexes with purified human and chicken prealbumin in physiological ionic strength buffers as judged by gel filtration chromatography, hyperchromic effect on the absorption spectrum of retinol-RBP, and changes in the circular dichroism spectrum. Addition of purified human prealbumin to whole bovine serum shifted the elution position of the specific retinol-RBP fluorescence from a gel filtration column, indicating complex formation in the whole bovine serum. It was concluded from this series of experiments that bovine serum lacks a protein with the binding properties of prealbumin and that bovine retinol-RBP has the normal potential binding to human, chicken, and presumably other prealbumins. Bovine retinol-RBP has a molecular weight, amino acid composition, absorption, and fluorescence spectra which are indistinguishable from that of human retinol-RBP, although the magnitude of the optical rotatory strength of the induced circular dichroism signal at 330 nm was 50% larger in the bovine than in the human material (1.65 and 1.1 Debye-Bohr magnetons, respectively). About 12 liters of bovine and human urine were concentrated by pressure dialysis and a search was made for retinol-RBP using gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. No retinol-RBP was found in either of these species. This suggested that if, indeed, bovine retinol-RBP is filtered through the kidney's glomeruli due to small molecular size (molecular weight 21,000), there are efficient mechanisms of tubular reabsorption.", "PMID": 1171864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3594", "title": "Rapid purification of phospholipase A2 from Crotalus adamanteus venom by affinity chromatography.", "content": "We have used alkyl ether analogs of ethanolamine and choline phospholipids as ligands to purify phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) from Crotalus adamanteus venom by affinity chromatography. One of the affinity columns was prepared with rac-1-(9-carboxy)nonyl-2-hexadecylglycero-3-phosphocholine linked to AH-Sepharose 4B via the carboxyl group. Specific adsorption of phospholipase A2 to this column was achieved in buffer containing Ca2+, and the enzyme was eluted in buffer containing EDTA. The two enzymes from this venom were prepared in good yield (greater than 90%), and were homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Retention of phospholipase A2 did not occur when the initial irrigant was devoid of Ca2+. These results support the compulsory ordered mechanism for this enzyme proposed by Wells ((1972), Biochemistry 11, 1030-1041) on the basis of kinetic considerations. The second affinity support was prepared with 1,2-dihexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine attached through the amine moiety to CH-Sepharose 4B. Specific adsorption of phospholipase A2 to this column did not occur. These data indicate that the phospholipid base group must be accessible to the enzyme for optimal binding, and that modifications in the alkyl side chains are more desirable when designing affinity matrices for purification of enzymes involved in phospholipid metabolism.", "contents": "Rapid purification of phospholipase A2 from Crotalus adamanteus venom by affinity chromatography. We have used alkyl ether analogs of ethanolamine and choline phospholipids as ligands to purify phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) from Crotalus adamanteus venom by affinity chromatography. One of the affinity columns was prepared with rac-1-(9-carboxy)nonyl-2-hexadecylglycero-3-phosphocholine linked to AH-Sepharose 4B via the carboxyl group. Specific adsorption of phospholipase A2 to this column was achieved in buffer containing Ca2+, and the enzyme was eluted in buffer containing EDTA. The two enzymes from this venom were prepared in good yield (greater than 90%), and were homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Retention of phospholipase A2 did not occur when the initial irrigant was devoid of Ca2+. These results support the compulsory ordered mechanism for this enzyme proposed by Wells ((1972), Biochemistry 11, 1030-1041) on the basis of kinetic considerations. The second affinity support was prepared with 1,2-dihexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine attached through the amine moiety to CH-Sepharose 4B. Specific adsorption of phospholipase A2 to this column did not occur. These data indicate that the phospholipid base group must be accessible to the enzyme for optimal binding, and that modifications in the alkyl side chains are more desirable when designing affinity matrices for purification of enzymes involved in phospholipid metabolism.", "PMID": 1171865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3595", "title": "Studies of the cell surface of Dictyostelium discoideum during differentiation. The binding of 125I-concanavalin A to the cell surface.", "content": "125I-concanavalin A (125I-Con A) was found to be equally effective as native Con A in binding to and agglutinating cells of Dictyostelium discoideum, suggesting that iodination of the molecule had no effect on the interaction of the protein with the cell surface. Almost all of the 125I-Con A binding to the cells was inhibited by alpha-methyl glucoside. The binding of 125I-Con A to the cells was extremely rapid, and once bound, the molecule was not readily displaced by prolonged incubation or by the addition of excess native concanavalin A (Con A). In contrast, the 125I-Con A was displaced rapidly from the cell surface by alpha-methyl glucoside. The binding of 125I-Con A to D. discoideum was identical at 22 degrees and 4 degrees, and was unaffected by metabolic inhibitors, suggesting that the protein was not subject to endocytosis. The cell surface Con A binding sites became saturated at high 125I-Con A concentrations. Scatchard plots of the data indicated that growing cells possessed 4 X 10(7) sites/cell, all of equal affinity. Similar plots for \"aggregation phase\" cells indicated at least two classes of binding sites. A small proportion of the sites had an affinity close to that for the sites on growing cells, but the majority of the sites had a markedly decreased affinity. The total number of binding sites increased only slightly during aggregation to 5.6 X 10(7) sites/cell.", "contents": "Studies of the cell surface of Dictyostelium discoideum during differentiation. The binding of 125I-concanavalin A to the cell surface. 125I-concanavalin A (125I-Con A) was found to be equally effective as native Con A in binding to and agglutinating cells of Dictyostelium discoideum, suggesting that iodination of the molecule had no effect on the interaction of the protein with the cell surface. Almost all of the 125I-Con A binding to the cells was inhibited by alpha-methyl glucoside. The binding of 125I-Con A to the cells was extremely rapid, and once bound, the molecule was not readily displaced by prolonged incubation or by the addition of excess native concanavalin A (Con A). In contrast, the 125I-Con A was displaced rapidly from the cell surface by alpha-methyl glucoside. The binding of 125I-Con A to D. discoideum was identical at 22 degrees and 4 degrees, and was unaffected by metabolic inhibitors, suggesting that the protein was not subject to endocytosis. The cell surface Con A binding sites became saturated at high 125I-Con A concentrations. Scatchard plots of the data indicated that growing cells possessed 4 X 10(7) sites/cell, all of equal affinity. Similar plots for \"aggregation phase\" cells indicated at least two classes of binding sites. A small proportion of the sites had an affinity close to that for the sites on growing cells, but the majority of the sites had a markedly decreased affinity. The total number of binding sites increased only slightly during aggregation to 5.6 X 10(7) sites/cell.", "PMID": 1171866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3596", "title": "Sialic acids. Enzymatic synthesis of Tay-Sachs ganglioside.", "content": "A particulate preparation from embryonic chicken brain catalyzed the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine from uridine diphospho-N-acetylgalactosamine to the ganglioside GM3 (hematoside, sialyllactosylceramide). The kinetic properties of the transferase were determined. The product was isolated and on the basis of chemical analysis and chromatographic behavior was shown to be Tay-Sachs ganglioside (GM2). The particulate preparation also utilized N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and some of its derivatives as acceptors, but partial heat inactivation and substrate competition experiments indicated that the two classes of acceptors, hematoside and N-acetylglucosamine, were substrates for different N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases. The enzyme that utilized hematoside showed low but detectable activity with analogues such as lactosylceramide and sialyllactose, but no activity with a wide range of other beta-galactosides and glycosphingolipids. These results are in accord with a proposed pathway for the biosynthesis of the gangliosides and for the patterns of these substances in different cell types and tissues.", "contents": "Sialic acids. Enzymatic synthesis of Tay-Sachs ganglioside. A particulate preparation from embryonic chicken brain catalyzed the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine from uridine diphospho-N-acetylgalactosamine to the ganglioside GM3 (hematoside, sialyllactosylceramide). The kinetic properties of the transferase were determined. The product was isolated and on the basis of chemical analysis and chromatographic behavior was shown to be Tay-Sachs ganglioside (GM2). The particulate preparation also utilized N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and some of its derivatives as acceptors, but partial heat inactivation and substrate competition experiments indicated that the two classes of acceptors, hematoside and N-acetylglucosamine, were substrates for different N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases. The enzyme that utilized hematoside showed low but detectable activity with analogues such as lactosylceramide and sialyllactose, but no activity with a wide range of other beta-galactosides and glycosphingolipids. These results are in accord with a proposed pathway for the biosynthesis of the gangliosides and for the patterns of these substances in different cell types and tissues.", "PMID": 1171867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3597", "title": "The circular dichroism of lysozyme.", "content": "The circular dichroism spectra of hen egg white lysozyme, and of lysozyme derivatives in which tryptophan residues 62 or 108, or both, are selectively oxidized, have been measured as a function of pH over the range of 200 to 310 nm. Neither Trp-62 nor Trp-108 is principally responsible for the positive rotational strength in the 280 to 300 nm region. The spectrum in the 200 to 230 nm region is nearly the same in the native protein and in the derivatives, and is little affected by binding of saccharide. These results are used to reinterpret the circular dichroism spectra of the lysozymes and alpha-lactalbumins.", "contents": "The circular dichroism of lysozyme. The circular dichroism spectra of hen egg white lysozyme, and of lysozyme derivatives in which tryptophan residues 62 or 108, or both, are selectively oxidized, have been measured as a function of pH over the range of 200 to 310 nm. Neither Trp-62 nor Trp-108 is principally responsible for the positive rotational strength in the 280 to 300 nm region. The spectrum in the 200 to 230 nm region is nearly the same in the native protein and in the derivatives, and is little affected by binding of saccharide. These results are used to reinterpret the circular dichroism spectra of the lysozymes and alpha-lactalbumins.", "PMID": 1171868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3598", "title": "Calcaneo-valgus deformity.", "content": "A discussion of the essential deformity in calcaneo-valgus feet develops a theme originally put forward in 1961 on the relapsed club foot (Evans 1961). Whereas in the normal foot the medial and lateral columns are about equal in length, in talipes equino-varus the lateral column is longer and in calcaneo-valgus shorter than the medial column. The suggestion is that in the treatment of both deformities the length of the columns be made equal. A method is described of treating calcaneo-valgus deformity by inserting cortical bone grafts taken from the tibia to elongate the anterior end of the calcaneus.", "contents": "Calcaneo-valgus deformity. A discussion of the essential deformity in calcaneo-valgus feet develops a theme originally put forward in 1961 on the relapsed club foot (Evans 1961). Whereas in the normal foot the medial and lateral columns are about equal in length, in talipes equino-varus the lateral column is longer and in calcaneo-valgus shorter than the medial column. The suggestion is that in the treatment of both deformities the length of the columns be made equal. A method is described of treating calcaneo-valgus deformity by inserting cortical bone grafts taken from the tibia to elongate the anterior end of the calcaneus.", "PMID": 1171869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3599", "title": "Sylvatic pulmonary hydatid disease a radiologic survey.", "content": "The study assesses the radiologic pattern of endemic sylvatic hydatid disease in Canada. Seventy-five pulmonary hydatid cysts, proved surgically and histologically, were studied from a group comprising fifty-five Indians, five Eskimos and four white patients for the years 1949-1972. Cysts were classified as unruptured or ruptured. Epidemiology, life cycle and pathophysiology are considered in addition to radiology. The majority of cysts appeared to be smaller than the pastoral form found abroad, most were solitary, and all showed characteristic features during growth. The features of cyst rupture are classified and assessed.", "contents": "Sylvatic pulmonary hydatid disease a radiologic survey. The study assesses the radiologic pattern of endemic sylvatic hydatid disease in Canada. Seventy-five pulmonary hydatid cysts, proved surgically and histologically, were studied from a group comprising fifty-five Indians, five Eskimos and four white patients for the years 1949-1972. Cysts were classified as unruptured or ruptured. Epidemiology, life cycle and pathophysiology are considered in addition to radiology. The majority of cysts appeared to be smaller than the pastoral form found abroad, most were solitary, and all showed characteristic features during growth. The features of cyst rupture are classified and assessed.", "PMID": 1171870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3600", "title": "Segmental multicystic renal dysplasia.", "content": "Two cases of \"segmental multicystic renal dysplasia\" are presented, both of which showed calcification. Arteriographic findings are described and the feasibility of preoperative diagnosis in such cases suggested.", "contents": "Segmental multicystic renal dysplasia. Two cases of \"segmental multicystic renal dysplasia\" are presented, both of which showed calcification. Arteriographic findings are described and the feasibility of preoperative diagnosis in such cases suggested.", "PMID": 1171871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3601", "title": "RNA synthesis in the ultrastructural and biochemical components of the nucleolus of Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "A correlated autoradiographic and biochemical study of RNA synthesis in the nucleoli of chinese hamster ovary cells has been made.  Quantitative analysis of the labeling indicates that the fibrillar ribonucleoprotein (RNP) component is labeled faster than 80S RNP and 45S RNA molecules, but approaches simultaneously a steady-state 3H to 14C ratio or grains/mum2 after 30 min of [3H]uridine incorporation.  On the other hand, the 55S RNP, the 36S + 32S RNA, and the granular RNP components have the same kinetic of labeling with [3H]uridine.  These results suggest that the fibrillar and granular RNP components of the nucleolus are the ultrastructural substratum of, respectively, the 80S RNP (45S RNA) and 55S RNP (36S + 32S RNA).  The possibility that precursors to 80S RNP exist also in the fibrillar region of the nucleolus is strongly suggested by the rapid labeling of the fibrils on the autoradiographs.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in the ultrastructural and biochemical components of the nucleolus of Chinese hamster ovary cells. A correlated autoradiographic and biochemical study of RNA synthesis in the nucleoli of chinese hamster ovary cells has been made.  Quantitative analysis of the labeling indicates that the fibrillar ribonucleoprotein (RNP) component is labeled faster than 80S RNP and 45S RNA molecules, but approaches simultaneously a steady-state 3H to 14C ratio or grains/mum2 after 30 min of [3H]uridine incorporation.  On the other hand, the 55S RNP, the 36S + 32S RNA, and the granular RNP components have the same kinetic of labeling with [3H]uridine.  These results suggest that the fibrillar and granular RNP components of the nucleolus are the ultrastructural substratum of, respectively, the 80S RNP (45S RNA) and 55S RNP (36S + 32S RNA).  The possibility that precursors to 80S RNP exist also in the fibrillar region of the nucleolus is strongly suggested by the rapid labeling of the fibrils on the autoradiographs.", "PMID": 1171872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3602", "title": "The induction of DNA synthesis in the chick red cell nucleus in heterokaryons during the first cell cycle after fusion with HeLa cells.", "content": "Induction of DNA synthesis in embryonic chick red cells has been examined during the first and second cell cycles after fusion with HeLa cells synchronized in different parts of G1 and S-phase. The data indicate that: (i) the younger the embryonic blood the more rapidly the red cells are induced into DNA synthesis; (ii) the greater the ratio of HeLa to chick nuclei in the heterokaryon, the more rapidly the induction occurs; (iii) DNA synthesis in the chick nucleus can continue after the HeLa nucleus has left S-phase and entered either G2 or mitosis; (iv) the induction potential of late S-phase HeLa is somewhat lower than that of early or mid S-phase cells; (v) less than 10% of the chick DNA is replicated during the first cycle after fusion and only a small proportion (15%) of the chick nuclei approach the 4C value of DNA during the second cycle after fusion; (vi) the newly synthesized DNA is associated either with the condensed regions of the nucleus or with the boundaries between condensed and non-condensed regions; (vii) the chick chromosomes at the first and second mitosis after fusion are in the form of PCC prematurely condensed chromosomes); they are never fully replicated and are often fragmentary; (viii) DNA synthesis in the chick nuclei is accompanied by an influx of protein (both G1 and S-phase protein) from the HeLa component of the heterokaryon.", "contents": "The induction of DNA synthesis in the chick red cell nucleus in heterokaryons during the first cell cycle after fusion with HeLa cells. Induction of DNA synthesis in embryonic chick red cells has been examined during the first and second cell cycles after fusion with HeLa cells synchronized in different parts of G1 and S-phase. The data indicate that: (i) the younger the embryonic blood the more rapidly the red cells are induced into DNA synthesis; (ii) the greater the ratio of HeLa to chick nuclei in the heterokaryon, the more rapidly the induction occurs; (iii) DNA synthesis in the chick nucleus can continue after the HeLa nucleus has left S-phase and entered either G2 or mitosis; (iv) the induction potential of late S-phase HeLa is somewhat lower than that of early or mid S-phase cells; (v) less than 10% of the chick DNA is replicated during the first cycle after fusion and only a small proportion (15%) of the chick nuclei approach the 4C value of DNA during the second cycle after fusion; (vi) the newly synthesized DNA is associated either with the condensed regions of the nucleus or with the boundaries between condensed and non-condensed regions; (vii) the chick chromosomes at the first and second mitosis after fusion are in the form of PCC prematurely condensed chromosomes); they are never fully replicated and are often fragmentary; (viii) DNA synthesis in the chick nuclei is accompanied by an influx of protein (both G1 and S-phase protein) from the HeLa component of the heterokaryon.", "PMID": 1171873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3603", "title": "Electron-microscope observations of mitosis and cytokinesis in multinucleate protoplasts of soybean.", "content": "Multinucleate soybean protoplasts produced by spontaneous fusion during enzyme digestion of the cell wall initiated cell division after approximately 40 h in culture. The structure of these protoplasts during mitosis and cytokinesis was studied with both light and electron microscopes. Most nuclei did not fuse but divided synchronously. Interphase nuclei was commonly connected by short narrow nuclear bridges. At prophase and metaphase the nuclei appeared typical of those in most higher plants; technical difficulties prevented an adequate examination of protoplasts at anaphase. Telophase was characterized by cytokinesis involving phragmoplast and cell plate formation; however, complete partitioning of the cytoplasm by cell plants was not observed. Numerous coated vesicles were present near to or continuous with the cell plate and plasmalemma. The presence of a few dividing protoplasts with at least double the normal chromosome number suggests that some nuclear fusion occurred prior to mitosis. Very little cell wall material was detected at the margin of the dividing protoplasts.", "contents": "Electron-microscope observations of mitosis and cytokinesis in multinucleate protoplasts of soybean. Multinucleate soybean protoplasts produced by spontaneous fusion during enzyme digestion of the cell wall initiated cell division after approximately 40 h in culture. The structure of these protoplasts during mitosis and cytokinesis was studied with both light and electron microscopes. Most nuclei did not fuse but divided synchronously. Interphase nuclei was commonly connected by short narrow nuclear bridges. At prophase and metaphase the nuclei appeared typical of those in most higher plants; technical difficulties prevented an adequate examination of protoplasts at anaphase. Telophase was characterized by cytokinesis involving phragmoplast and cell plate formation; however, complete partitioning of the cytoplasm by cell plants was not observed. Numerous coated vesicles were present near to or continuous with the cell plate and plasmalemma. The presence of a few dividing protoplasts with at least double the normal chromosome number suggests that some nuclear fusion occurred prior to mitosis. Very little cell wall material was detected at the margin of the dividing protoplasts.", "PMID": 1171874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3604", "title": "TLC, GLC and MS of complex lipid mixtures from uropygial secretions.", "content": "A general technique of investigation of uropygial gland secretions is described including sample collection and extraction as well as partition, TLC and column chromatography of the crude lipids. The main components, generally ester waxes, are cleaved by CH3OH/HCl followed by conversion into fractions ready for GLC. Some GLC and MS details are reported.", "contents": "TLC, GLC and MS of complex lipid mixtures from uropygial secretions. A general technique of investigation of uropygial gland secretions is described including sample collection and extraction as well as partition, TLC and column chromatography of the crude lipids. The main components, generally ester waxes, are cleaved by CH3OH/HCl followed by conversion into fractions ready for GLC. Some GLC and MS details are reported.", "PMID": 1171895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3605", "title": "Diurnal variation of plasma vasopressin in man.", "content": "Plasma arginine vasopressin (PAV) concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay during the diurnal cycle in 8 recombent healthy male subjects. Two subjects were studied again 3 weeks later while receiving 1 mycles. In 8 out of 10 cycles, a nocturnal increase in PAV was found; there was a progressive rise during the night in 5 subjects and a peak occurred at 2400 or 3400 h. In 1 subject no variation was detected and in another, the pattern was compleetly different. The mean PAV in the 10 cycles was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher during the night than during the day. Dexamethasone did not modify the pattern of variation, but induced a significant (P less than 0.001) decrease in PAV. Hematocrit remained stable throughout the study as did osmolality, except at 2000 h, when a significant (P less than 0.001) increase (5 mOsm) on average occurred in every subject. Blood sugar, sodium or chloride did not account for the observed rise in osmolality and no simultaneous change in PAV occurred. A rise in PAV explains, to some extent, the known nocturnal decrease in urine output. Diurnal variations in PAV must be taken into account in clinical investigations involving vasopressin.", "contents": "Diurnal variation of plasma vasopressin in man. Plasma arginine vasopressin (PAV) concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay during the diurnal cycle in 8 recombent healthy male subjects. Two subjects were studied again 3 weeks later while receiving 1 mycles. In 8 out of 10 cycles, a nocturnal increase in PAV was found; there was a progressive rise during the night in 5 subjects and a peak occurred at 2400 or 3400 h. In 1 subject no variation was detected and in another, the pattern was compleetly different. The mean PAV in the 10 cycles was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher during the night than during the day. Dexamethasone did not modify the pattern of variation, but induced a significant (P less than 0.001) decrease in PAV. Hematocrit remained stable throughout the study as did osmolality, except at 2000 h, when a significant (P less than 0.001) increase (5 mOsm) on average occurred in every subject. Blood sugar, sodium or chloride did not account for the observed rise in osmolality and no simultaneous change in PAV occurred. A rise in PAV explains, to some extent, the known nocturnal decrease in urine output. Diurnal variations in PAV must be taken into account in clinical investigations involving vasopressin.", "PMID": 1171896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3606", "title": "A case of hypopituitarism with diabetes insipidus and loss of thirst. Role of antidiuretic hormone and angiotensin II in the control of urine flow and osmolality.", "content": "A 20-yr-old male was found to have diabetes insipidus is association with panhypopituitarism but without any focal neurological lesion being identified. He was initially treated with steroid supplements, the features of diabetes insipidus being controlled with a thiazide diuretic. Eighteen months later the patient lost thirst sensation and stopped treatment, subsequently being re-admitted with severe dehydration, oliguria and focal neurological signs. Further investigation, including brain biopsy, confirmed the presence of an atypical pinealoma which was considered inoperable. Measurements of plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and angiotensin II (AII) concentrations during the severe dehydration showed very high levels of AII, but inappropriately low plasma ADH levels for the severity of dehydration. We consider that the evidence obtained from this case supports the view that the oliguria with hypertonic urine present during severe dehydration was due to a direct renal action of the very high AII levels, possibly supplemented by the residual ADH secretion.", "contents": "A case of hypopituitarism with diabetes insipidus and loss of thirst. Role of antidiuretic hormone and angiotensin II in the control of urine flow and osmolality. A 20-yr-old male was found to have diabetes insipidus is association with panhypopituitarism but without any focal neurological lesion being identified. He was initially treated with steroid supplements, the features of diabetes insipidus being controlled with a thiazide diuretic. Eighteen months later the patient lost thirst sensation and stopped treatment, subsequently being re-admitted with severe dehydration, oliguria and focal neurological signs. Further investigation, including brain biopsy, confirmed the presence of an atypical pinealoma which was considered inoperable. Measurements of plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and angiotensin II (AII) concentrations during the severe dehydration showed very high levels of AII, but inappropriately low plasma ADH levels for the severity of dehydration. We consider that the evidence obtained from this case supports the view that the oliguria with hypertonic urine present during severe dehydration was due to a direct renal action of the very high AII levels, possibly supplemented by the residual ADH secretion.", "PMID": 1171897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3607", "title": "In vitro analysis of experimental avian viral myocarditis.", "content": "The cardiotropism of mumps virus in ovo was reproduced in vitro in a comparative study of the replication of mumps virus in cultivated heart, lung, and liver cells from 11-to 19-day-old chicken embryos. The increased proportion of virus-producing cells in the heart was shown not to be due to greater adsorption of virus to heart cells. Neither interferon nor other cellular inhibitory products were responsible for the lower level of production of virus by lung and liver cells. The proportion of cells producing virus in relation to the amount of virus adsorbed and the proportion of hemadsorbing cells that released infectious virus were greater in heart cells; this finding suggested more efficient viral release in the heart than at the other sites. Inhibition of protein synthesis by puromycin after infection rapidly stimulated the production of mumps virus only in liver cells. Thus a relatively late stage in viral synthesis may be attenuated in the less susceptible liver cells, and events late in viral synthesis may determine organ-related differences in the multiplication of mumps virus in ovo.", "contents": "In vitro analysis of experimental avian viral myocarditis. The cardiotropism of mumps virus in ovo was reproduced in vitro in a comparative study of the replication of mumps virus in cultivated heart, lung, and liver cells from 11-to 19-day-old chicken embryos. The increased proportion of virus-producing cells in the heart was shown not to be due to greater adsorption of virus to heart cells. Neither interferon nor other cellular inhibitory products were responsible for the lower level of production of virus by lung and liver cells. The proportion of cells producing virus in relation to the amount of virus adsorbed and the proportion of hemadsorbing cells that released infectious virus were greater in heart cells; this finding suggested more efficient viral release in the heart than at the other sites. Inhibition of protein synthesis by puromycin after infection rapidly stimulated the production of mumps virus only in liver cells. Thus a relatively late stage in viral synthesis may be attenuated in the less susceptible liver cells, and events late in viral synthesis may determine organ-related differences in the multiplication of mumps virus in ovo.", "PMID": 1171903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3608", "title": "His bundle electrogram in trifascicular disease: report of a case studied with His bundle electrograms.", "content": "His bundle electrograms were performed on a 75 year old female with trifascicular block and digitalis induced junctional block. The usefulness of this technique in understanding the patients' electrocardiographic abnormalities and the relationship to phase-3 and phse-4 block is discussed.", "contents": "His bundle electrogram in trifascicular disease: report of a case studied with His bundle electrograms. His bundle electrograms were performed on a 75 year old female with trifascicular block and digitalis induced junctional block. The usefulness of this technique in understanding the patients' electrocardiographic abnormalities and the relationship to phase-3 and phse-4 block is discussed.", "PMID": 1171929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3609", "title": "Routes of nonelectrolyte permeability in gallbladder. Effects of 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidinium (TAP).", "content": "The organic cation 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidinium (TAP), which blocks the tight junction channels for cation permeability across gallbladder, also inhibits gallbladder permeability (P) to urea and glycerol without significantly affecting P to Cl(-), sucrose, 1,7-heptanediol, or water (osmotic or diffusional permeabilities). These effects together with the comparisons of P's in frog with P's in rabbit gallbladder suggest that sucrose migrates exclusively through the leakage pathway (through where Cl(-) permeates), and that urea and glycerol permeate in addition through both, the tight junction channels for cations and a polar pathway at the cell membranes. Water and 1,7-heptanediol probably permeate mainly through the epithelial cell membranes.", "contents": "Routes of nonelectrolyte permeability in gallbladder. Effects of 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidinium (TAP). The organic cation 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidinium (TAP), which blocks the tight junction channels for cation permeability across gallbladder, also inhibits gallbladder permeability (P) to urea and glycerol without significantly affecting P to Cl(-), sucrose, 1,7-heptanediol, or water (osmotic or diffusional permeabilities). These effects together with the comparisons of P's in frog with P's in rabbit gallbladder suggest that sucrose migrates exclusively through the leakage pathway (through where Cl(-) permeates), and that urea and glycerol permeate in addition through both, the tight junction channels for cations and a polar pathway at the cell membranes. Water and 1,7-heptanediol probably permeate mainly through the epithelial cell membranes.", "PMID": 1171931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3610", "title": "Studies on infectious pancreatic necrosis virus interactions with RTG-2 and FHM cells: selection of a variant virus-type in FHM cells.", "content": "Evidence is presented that adaptation of IPN virus (strain VR 299) to FHM cells entails the selection of a variant virus type that differs significantly from the parental, and most representative, RTG-2 virus type in being able to adsorb efficiently to, and form plaques in, FHM cells. The plaque titre of FHM-non-adapted virus stocks (RTG-2 viruses) was reduced by at least 99-99% in FHM cells, while FHM-adapted virus stocks (FHM viruses) produced plaques at equally high titres in both RTG-2 and FHM cells. FHM viruses and RTG-2 viruses differed also in their behavior in RTG-2 cells in respect to plaque size distribution and growth characteristics, but both virus-types were shown to be morphologically identical, and no significant difference in reactivity against specific antiserum could be detected. Analysis of virus in individual RTG-2 plaque isolates or plaque progeny shows that a mutation of relatively high frequency (10(-4) to 10(-5))robably causes the ability to infect the FHM cells efficiently. Only these mutant virus-types were found in FHM plaque isolates.", "contents": "Studies on infectious pancreatic necrosis virus interactions with RTG-2 and FHM cells: selection of a variant virus-type in FHM cells. Evidence is presented that adaptation of IPN virus (strain VR 299) to FHM cells entails the selection of a variant virus type that differs significantly from the parental, and most representative, RTG-2 virus type in being able to adsorb efficiently to, and form plaques in, FHM cells. The plaque titre of FHM-non-adapted virus stocks (RTG-2 viruses) was reduced by at least 99-99% in FHM cells, while FHM-adapted virus stocks (FHM viruses) produced plaques at equally high titres in both RTG-2 and FHM cells. FHM viruses and RTG-2 viruses differed also in their behavior in RTG-2 cells in respect to plaque size distribution and growth characteristics, but both virus-types were shown to be morphologically identical, and no significant difference in reactivity against specific antiserum could be detected. Analysis of virus in individual RTG-2 plaque isolates or plaque progeny shows that a mutation of relatively high frequency (10(-4) to 10(-5))robably causes the ability to infect the FHM cells efficiently. Only these mutant virus-types were found in FHM plaque isolates.", "PMID": 1171932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3611", "title": "High resolution investigations with the scanning and transmission electron microscope of haemadsorption binding sites of mumps virus-infected HeLa cells.", "content": "Specific changes at the surface of HeLa cells infected with mumps virus were investigated in parallel with the scanning and transmission electron microscope. The distribution of haemadsorption binding sites and virus-induced antigens at cell surfaces was simultaneously studied by labelling virus-specific antigens with peroxidase-conjugated antibodies after haemadsorption. New information was obtained upon the three-dimensional aspect of the red blood cells, the topographical distribution of their binding sites on the infected cells, and the specific structures at the cell surface which are involved in the process of haemadsorption.", "contents": "High resolution investigations with the scanning and transmission electron microscope of haemadsorption binding sites of mumps virus-infected HeLa cells. Specific changes at the surface of HeLa cells infected with mumps virus were investigated in parallel with the scanning and transmission electron microscope. The distribution of haemadsorption binding sites and virus-induced antigens at cell surfaces was simultaneously studied by labelling virus-specific antigens with peroxidase-conjugated antibodies after haemadsorption. New information was obtained upon the three-dimensional aspect of the red blood cells, the topographical distribution of their binding sites on the infected cells, and the specific structures at the cell surface which are involved in the process of haemadsorption.", "PMID": 1171933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3612", "title": "Supersensitivity to d-amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior induced by chronic d-amphetamine administration.", "content": "Guinea pigs exhibit an increased sensitivity to both d-amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior following chronic pretreatment with d-amphetamine. This chronic agonist or \"innervation\" supersensitivity is believed to be a reflection of an increased sensitivity of dopamine receptor sites within the corpus striatum to dopaminergic agonists. The appearance of dyskinetic movement disorders in humans following the chronic use of levodopa or amphetamine may be a manifestation of similarly increased dopamine receptor site sensitivity within the striatum. It is suggested that the animal model of \"innervation\" supersensitivity may be useful in the investigation of these human movement disorders.", "contents": "Supersensitivity to d-amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior induced by chronic d-amphetamine administration. Guinea pigs exhibit an increased sensitivity to both d-amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior following chronic pretreatment with d-amphetamine. This chronic agonist or \"innervation\" supersensitivity is believed to be a reflection of an increased sensitivity of dopamine receptor sites within the corpus striatum to dopaminergic agonists. The appearance of dyskinetic movement disorders in humans following the chronic use of levodopa or amphetamine may be a manifestation of similarly increased dopamine receptor site sensitivity within the striatum. It is suggested that the animal model of \"innervation\" supersensitivity may be useful in the investigation of these human movement disorders.", "PMID": 1171935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3613", "title": "Multiple cystic and focal encephalomalacia in infancy and childhood with brain stem damage.", "content": "Two cases are described in which damage to the brain stem was associated with extensive necrosis of the cerebral hemisphere. In the first case--a monochorionic twin--there was clear evidence that injury of an ischaemic or hypoxic type had occurred during fetal life and some evidence that an inadequate share of the placental circulation was an important aetiological factor. In the second case death occurred 4 yr after an asphyxial episode at birth. The lesions in the hemispheres and brain stem were extensive, although less than in the first example. The lesions are discussed in the context of our knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the developing nervous system. Although they cannot as yet be fitted into the concepts of \"critical periods\" and \"vulnerable periods\" of development, this is perhaps because observations on human cases are scanty in comparison with the extensive animal studies which have been reported. The lesions are contrasted and compared with those seen in animals.", "contents": "Multiple cystic and focal encephalomalacia in infancy and childhood with brain stem damage. Two cases are described in which damage to the brain stem was associated with extensive necrosis of the cerebral hemisphere. In the first case--a monochorionic twin--there was clear evidence that injury of an ischaemic or hypoxic type had occurred during fetal life and some evidence that an inadequate share of the placental circulation was an important aetiological factor. In the second case death occurred 4 yr after an asphyxial episode at birth. The lesions in the hemispheres and brain stem were extensive, although less than in the first example. The lesions are discussed in the context of our knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the developing nervous system. Although they cannot as yet be fitted into the concepts of \"critical periods\" and \"vulnerable periods\" of development, this is perhaps because observations on human cases are scanty in comparison with the extensive animal studies which have been reported. The lesions are contrasted and compared with those seen in animals.", "PMID": 1171936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3614", "title": "Evaluation of various protein sequences on the nutritional carry-over from gestation to lactation with first-litter sows.", "content": "First-litter sows and their progeny were used to evaluate the interaction effects of three gestation crude protein levels (9, 13, or 17%) and two lactation protein levels (12 or 18%) on sow reproduction and litter performance. Diets were formulated to contain the desired protein level by altering the ratio of corn and soybean meal. Daily rations of 1.82 kg were individually fed during gestation and were offered ad libitum to the sows by 7 days postpartum. Litters were equalized to eight pigs each by 1 week of age and held constant to weaning (28 days). Sows fed the 9% protein diet gained less during gestation than those fed the 13 or 17% protein diets. Progeny parturition data were similar for the three gestation protein levels. Sows fed the 18% protein lactation diet and their litters performed similarly in regards to feed intake and progeny performance regardless of previous gestation protein level, while those sows fed the 12% protein lactation diet had decreasing lactation weight losses, but increasing fed intakes and litter gains as the level of gestation protein increased from 9 to 17%. There were significant gestation by lactation protein level sequence interactions on sow feed intakes and litter gains, suggesting a nutritional carry-over effect from gestation to lactation. Sows fed the 17% protein gestation diet had the greatest tissue buffer while those fed the 9% protein gestation diet had the least. These results further demonstrate that dams fed a 9% protein gestation diet perform similarly to those fed higher gestation diets, if the lactation dietary protein level is adequate to meet the lactation amino acid requirements.", "contents": "Evaluation of various protein sequences on the nutritional carry-over from gestation to lactation with first-litter sows. First-litter sows and their progeny were used to evaluate the interaction effects of three gestation crude protein levels (9, 13, or 17%) and two lactation protein levels (12 or 18%) on sow reproduction and litter performance. Diets were formulated to contain the desired protein level by altering the ratio of corn and soybean meal. Daily rations of 1.82 kg were individually fed during gestation and were offered ad libitum to the sows by 7 days postpartum. Litters were equalized to eight pigs each by 1 week of age and held constant to weaning (28 days). Sows fed the 9% protein diet gained less during gestation than those fed the 13 or 17% protein diets. Progeny parturition data were similar for the three gestation protein levels. Sows fed the 18% protein lactation diet and their litters performed similarly in regards to feed intake and progeny performance regardless of previous gestation protein level, while those sows fed the 12% protein lactation diet had decreasing lactation weight losses, but increasing fed intakes and litter gains as the level of gestation protein increased from 9 to 17%. There were significant gestation by lactation protein level sequence interactions on sow feed intakes and litter gains, suggesting a nutritional carry-over effect from gestation to lactation. Sows fed the 17% protein gestation diet had the greatest tissue buffer while those fed the 9% protein gestation diet had the least. These results further demonstrate that dams fed a 9% protein gestation diet perform similarly to those fed higher gestation diets, if the lactation dietary protein level is adequate to meet the lactation amino acid requirements.", "PMID": 1171937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3615", "title": "Free fatty acids identified as antitryptic factor in soybeans fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus.", "content": "The trypsin-inhibitory activity observed in cooked soybeans fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus (fungus used in tempeh fermentation) has been examined. The active compounds have now been isolated by ethanol extraction and thin-layer chromatography and have been identified as free fatty acids by infrared spectroscopy and gas-liquid chromatography. Oleic, lineoleic, and linolenic acids are primarily responsible for the increased trypsin-inhibiting activity of cooked soybeans after fermentation. The free fatty acids are liberated from oil in the soybeans by fungal lipase, and they differ from other reported soybean trypsin inhibitors that are protein in nature. Free fatty acids have been previously reported to inhibit various enzymes, such as glycolytic, glyconeogenic, lipogenic, and also proteolytic. Their effect appears to be a nonspecific type of inhibition. Further studies are required to determine their physiological relevance, if any.", "contents": "Free fatty acids identified as antitryptic factor in soybeans fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus. The trypsin-inhibitory activity observed in cooked soybeans fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus (fungus used in tempeh fermentation) has been examined. The active compounds have now been isolated by ethanol extraction and thin-layer chromatography and have been identified as free fatty acids by infrared spectroscopy and gas-liquid chromatography. Oleic, lineoleic, and linolenic acids are primarily responsible for the increased trypsin-inhibiting activity of cooked soybeans after fermentation. The free fatty acids are liberated from oil in the soybeans by fungal lipase, and they differ from other reported soybean trypsin inhibitors that are protein in nature. Free fatty acids have been previously reported to inhibit various enzymes, such as glycolytic, glyconeogenic, lipogenic, and also proteolytic. Their effect appears to be a nonspecific type of inhibition. Further studies are required to determine their physiological relevance, if any.", "PMID": 1171938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3616", "title": "Milk production and nitrogen utilization in response to postruminal infusion of sodium caseinate in lactating cows.", "content": "Five lactating, rumen-fistulated Holstein cows were used to obtain additional information concerning the effects of postruminal infusion of sodium caseinate on milk production and amino acid utilization. A 7-day continuous abomasal infusion of approximately 450 g/day of sodium caseinate was preceded and followed by 7-day infusions of an isonitrogenous-isocaloric solution of glucose, monosodium glutamate, and urea. Total collections of milk, urine, and feces were obtained during the last 5 days of each infusion period. On the last day of each period, arterial and mammary venous blood samples were obtained for analysis of plasma free amino acids. During infusion of sodium caseinate, milk production, milk protein (N times 6.38) production, and efficiency of nitrogen utilization for milk crude protein production were increased. Arterial plasma concentrations of free histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, valine, and total essential amino acids were elevated above control levels during infusion of sodium caseinate, while ornithine and tryrosine were decreased. Calculation of the relative concentration of essential amino acids in arterial plasma and in milk protein indicated that methionine and lysine were least abundant in plasma relative to their requirement for milk protein synthesis. A high precentage extraction from arterial plasma by the mammary gland also suggested that methionine and lysine may have been the essential amino acids in most critical supply for milk protein synthesis. Calculation of uptake to output ratios of individual plasma amino acids by the mammary gland suggested that significant quantities of extracted arginine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, and valine were utilized in pathways other than direct incorporation into milk protein.", "contents": "Milk production and nitrogen utilization in response to postruminal infusion of sodium caseinate in lactating cows. Five lactating, rumen-fistulated Holstein cows were used to obtain additional information concerning the effects of postruminal infusion of sodium caseinate on milk production and amino acid utilization. A 7-day continuous abomasal infusion of approximately 450 g/day of sodium caseinate was preceded and followed by 7-day infusions of an isonitrogenous-isocaloric solution of glucose, monosodium glutamate, and urea. Total collections of milk, urine, and feces were obtained during the last 5 days of each infusion period. On the last day of each period, arterial and mammary venous blood samples were obtained for analysis of plasma free amino acids. During infusion of sodium caseinate, milk production, milk protein (N times 6.38) production, and efficiency of nitrogen utilization for milk crude protein production were increased. Arterial plasma concentrations of free histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, valine, and total essential amino acids were elevated above control levels during infusion of sodium caseinate, while ornithine and tryrosine were decreased. Calculation of the relative concentration of essential amino acids in arterial plasma and in milk protein indicated that methionine and lysine were least abundant in plasma relative to their requirement for milk protein synthesis. A high precentage extraction from arterial plasma by the mammary gland also suggested that methionine and lysine may have been the essential amino acids in most critical supply for milk protein synthesis. Calculation of uptake to output ratios of individual plasma amino acids by the mammary gland suggested that significant quantities of extracted arginine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, and valine were utilized in pathways other than direct incorporation into milk protein.", "PMID": 1171939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3617", "title": "Quantitation of the biosynthesis of immunoglobulin in peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal and immunodeficient patients.", "content": "A solid phase radioimmunoassay was applied to the study of biosynthesis of immunoglobulins in lymphocytes cultured from peripheral blood of normal and immunodeficient patients. Total immunoglobulin and IgG were readily detected in lymphocyte culture fluids in studies of all normal individuals (age range 28 weeks, gestation to adulthood). In contrast, synthesis of immunoglobulins was absent or markedly reduced in cultures from patients with humoral immunodeficiencies. Inasmuch as this method requires relatively small amounts of blood, it may be of particular value in the diagnosis of humoral immunodeficiencies in infants and young children.", "contents": "Quantitation of the biosynthesis of immunoglobulin in peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal and immunodeficient patients. A solid phase radioimmunoassay was applied to the study of biosynthesis of immunoglobulins in lymphocytes cultured from peripheral blood of normal and immunodeficient patients. Total immunoglobulin and IgG were readily detected in lymphocyte culture fluids in studies of all normal individuals (age range 28 weeks, gestation to adulthood). In contrast, synthesis of immunoglobulins was absent or markedly reduced in cultures from patients with humoral immunodeficiencies. Inasmuch as this method requires relatively small amounts of blood, it may be of particular value in the diagnosis of humoral immunodeficiencies in infants and young children.", "PMID": 1171951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3618", "title": "Radiation effects on rat testes. V. Studies on lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase and acid DNAse) and their physiological significance following partial body gamma-irradiation.", "content": "Acid phosphatase is present in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells in the seminiferous tubules and the interstitium of rat testes. The effect of irradiation on acid phosphatase is dependent on the environmental temperature and the dose of irradiation. It appears that initial rise in the enzyme at a low radiation dose and a high environmental temperature or at a high dose and low temperature is associated with a lysosomal breakdown of the germinal cells of the testes. A decrease in acid phosphatase in the advanced stages of radiation injury is a secondary radiation effect which may lead to decreased metabolic synthesis of phosphate esters owing to the unavailability of orthophosphate in the testicular tubules. The reduced acid phosphatase activity can be detected in the seminiferous tubules, suggesting that the enzyme activity is related to the state of the germ cell population. An initial increase in acid phosphatase is matched by an initial rise in acid DNAse within hours of irradiation, further suggesting that there is radiation interaction with the cells of the germinal epithelium. The enhanced activity of DNAse following a 2nd week of irradiation at 2000 R confirms the phagocytic activity of the non-germinal cells.", "contents": "Radiation effects on rat testes. V. Studies on lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase and acid DNAse) and their physiological significance following partial body gamma-irradiation. Acid phosphatase is present in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells in the seminiferous tubules and the interstitium of rat testes. The effect of irradiation on acid phosphatase is dependent on the environmental temperature and the dose of irradiation. It appears that initial rise in the enzyme at a low radiation dose and a high environmental temperature or at a high dose and low temperature is associated with a lysosomal breakdown of the germinal cells of the testes. A decrease in acid phosphatase in the advanced stages of radiation injury is a secondary radiation effect which may lead to decreased metabolic synthesis of phosphate esters owing to the unavailability of orthophosphate in the testicular tubules. The reduced acid phosphatase activity can be detected in the seminiferous tubules, suggesting that the enzyme activity is related to the state of the germ cell population. An initial increase in acid phosphatase is matched by an initial rise in acid DNAse within hours of irradiation, further suggesting that there is radiation interaction with the cells of the germinal epithelium. The enhanced activity of DNAse following a 2nd week of irradiation at 2000 R confirms the phagocytic activity of the non-germinal cells.", "PMID": 1171978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3619", "title": "The penetrability of rabbit ova treated with enzymes or anti-progesterone antibody: a probe into the nature of a mammalian fertilizin.", "content": "The acrosome reaction of rabbit spermatozoa, an essential prerequiste for penetration of the zona, occurs usually in the vicinity of the egg, suggesting that the rabbit may produce a factor akin to the 'fertilizin' of some invertebrates. Specific inactivation of such a factor should render eggs impenetrable and possibly point to the nature of a 'fertilizin' in mammals. Rabbit eggs with granulosa cells removed were treated for different periods with trypsin, chymotrypsin, neuraminidase or anti-progesterone antiserum, and then transferred alone, or together with control eggs (one group labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate), to the oviducts of inseminated recipients. Three hours later the eggs were recovered and the experimental and control groups were compared for penetration of the vitellus and for numbers of spermatozoa within the perivitelline space or in the zona pellucida. None of these treatments affected the penetrability of the zona pellucida significantly since the number of spermatozoa within treated eggs in any one experiment was always comparable to that of untreated eggs exposed to the same fertilization environment. If there is a specific substance emanating from or present on the surface of the rabbit egg which induces the acrosome reaction, its activity seems unaffected by trypsin or chymotrypsin; the charged radicals of N-acetyl neuraminic acid or local concentrations of progesterone do not appear to be involved.", "contents": "The penetrability of rabbit ova treated with enzymes or anti-progesterone antibody: a probe into the nature of a mammalian fertilizin. The acrosome reaction of rabbit spermatozoa, an essential prerequiste for penetration of the zona, occurs usually in the vicinity of the egg, suggesting that the rabbit may produce a factor akin to the 'fertilizin' of some invertebrates. Specific inactivation of such a factor should render eggs impenetrable and possibly point to the nature of a 'fertilizin' in mammals. Rabbit eggs with granulosa cells removed were treated for different periods with trypsin, chymotrypsin, neuraminidase or anti-progesterone antiserum, and then transferred alone, or together with control eggs (one group labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate), to the oviducts of inseminated recipients. Three hours later the eggs were recovered and the experimental and control groups were compared for penetration of the vitellus and for numbers of spermatozoa within the perivitelline space or in the zona pellucida. None of these treatments affected the penetrability of the zona pellucida significantly since the number of spermatozoa within treated eggs in any one experiment was always comparable to that of untreated eggs exposed to the same fertilization environment. If there is a specific substance emanating from or present on the surface of the rabbit egg which induces the acrosome reaction, its activity seems unaffected by trypsin or chymotrypsin; the charged radicals of N-acetyl neuraminic acid or local concentrations of progesterone do not appear to be involved.", "PMID": 1171979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3620", "title": "Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of (3-beta-(2-thienyl)-L-alanine)-8-lysine-vasopressin.", "content": "[3-beta-(2-Thienyl)-L-alanine]-8-lysine-vasopressin was synthesized by solution techniques. The partially protected heptapeptide Boc-Cys(Ec)-Tyr-Thi-Gln-Asn-Cys(Ec)-Pro (1) was synthesized in a stepwise manner using the active ester method or the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) coupling technique mediated by 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBt). The protected nonapeptide amide Boc-Cys(Ec)-Tyr-Thi-Gin-Asn-Cys(Ec)-Pro-Lys(Coc)-Gly-NH2 (2) was prepared by coupling 1 with Lys(Coc)-Gly-NH2 using DCC-HBt. From 2, [3-thienylalanine]-8-lysine-vasopressin was obtained by removing the Boc-protecting groups with trifluoroacetic acid and ethylcarbamoyl (Ec) protecting groups in refluxing liquid NH3 followed by oxidative cyclization in H2O-MeOH using ICH2CH2I. Purification was effected by partition chromatography followed by gel filtration. The highly purified product possesses activities in the oxytocic, avian vasodepressor, rat pressor, and antidiuretic assays of 19.0 +/- 0.5, 87 +/- 4, 243 +/- 5, and 332 +/- 32 units/mg, respectively. Thus [3-thienylalanine]-8-lysine-vasopressin has higher oxytocic, avian vasodepressor, and antidiuretic potencies than does 8-lysine-vasopressin, whereas its pressor potency is about the same as or slightly lower than that of 8-lysine-vasopressin.", "contents": "Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of (3-beta-(2-thienyl)-L-alanine)-8-lysine-vasopressin. [3-beta-(2-Thienyl)-L-alanine]-8-lysine-vasopressin was synthesized by solution techniques. The partially protected heptapeptide Boc-Cys(Ec)-Tyr-Thi-Gln-Asn-Cys(Ec)-Pro (1) was synthesized in a stepwise manner using the active ester method or the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) coupling technique mediated by 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBt). The protected nonapeptide amide Boc-Cys(Ec)-Tyr-Thi-Gin-Asn-Cys(Ec)-Pro-Lys(Coc)-Gly-NH2 (2) was prepared by coupling 1 with Lys(Coc)-Gly-NH2 using DCC-HBt. From 2, [3-thienylalanine]-8-lysine-vasopressin was obtained by removing the Boc-protecting groups with trifluoroacetic acid and ethylcarbamoyl (Ec) protecting groups in refluxing liquid NH3 followed by oxidative cyclization in H2O-MeOH using ICH2CH2I. Purification was effected by partition chromatography followed by gel filtration. The highly purified product possesses activities in the oxytocic, avian vasodepressor, rat pressor, and antidiuretic assays of 19.0 +/- 0.5, 87 +/- 4, 243 +/- 5, and 332 +/- 32 units/mg, respectively. Thus [3-thienylalanine]-8-lysine-vasopressin has higher oxytocic, avian vasodepressor, and antidiuretic potencies than does 8-lysine-vasopressin, whereas its pressor potency is about the same as or slightly lower than that of 8-lysine-vasopressin.", "PMID": 1171984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3621", "title": "Synthesis and neuroleptic activity of isomeric thieno(1,4)benzothiazines.", "content": "To investigate the influence of electronic properties of the tricyclic thiazine system on neuroleptic activity, a series of the isomeric N-dimethylaminopropylthienobenzothiazines was synthesized. All compounds were screened for neuroleptic activity in mice and rats. For the active compounds lowest active doses in the antiamphetamine test were determined. Activity appeared to be dependent on the mode of annelation of the thiophene molecule: compunds bearing the same substituent and side chain with the thiophene molecule in 2,3 and 3,4 annelation were active, while those compounds with a 3,2 annelation seemed to be devoid of activity at the given dose.", "contents": "Synthesis and neuroleptic activity of isomeric thieno(1,4)benzothiazines. To investigate the influence of electronic properties of the tricyclic thiazine system on neuroleptic activity, a series of the isomeric N-dimethylaminopropylthienobenzothiazines was synthesized. All compounds were screened for neuroleptic activity in mice and rats. For the active compounds lowest active doses in the antiamphetamine test were determined. Activity appeared to be dependent on the mode of annelation of the thiophene molecule: compunds bearing the same substituent and side chain with the thiophene molecule in 2,3 and 3,4 annelation were active, while those compounds with a 3,2 annelation seemed to be devoid of activity at the given dose.", "PMID": 1171985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3622", "title": "4-Trifluoromethylimidazoles and 5-(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazoles, new classes of xanthine oxidase inhibitors.", "content": "The syntheses of a number of 2-substituted 4-trifluoromethylimidazoles and 3-substituted 5-(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazoles are described. The trifluoromethylimidazoles were prepared from 3,3-dibromo-1,1,1-trifluoroacetone after hydrolysis with aqueous sodium acetate solution and condensation with an aldehyde in the presence of ammonia. Basic hydrolysis of the trifluoromethyl group was found to provide a facile method for the synthesis of imidazole-4-carboxylic acids. In the imidazole series a 2-aryl substituent and a free imino group were required for xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. The triazoles were obtained through the reaction of an aroylhydrazine and an imino ether followed by thermal ring closure of the intermediate acylamidrazone. As in the imidazole series, a free imino group is an absolute requirement for in vitro activity. Additional structure-activity relationships of these compounds are presented.", "contents": "4-Trifluoromethylimidazoles and 5-(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazoles, new classes of xanthine oxidase inhibitors. The syntheses of a number of 2-substituted 4-trifluoromethylimidazoles and 3-substituted 5-(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazoles are described. The trifluoromethylimidazoles were prepared from 3,3-dibromo-1,1,1-trifluoroacetone after hydrolysis with aqueous sodium acetate solution and condensation with an aldehyde in the presence of ammonia. Basic hydrolysis of the trifluoromethyl group was found to provide a facile method for the synthesis of imidazole-4-carboxylic acids. In the imidazole series a 2-aryl substituent and a free imino group were required for xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. The triazoles were obtained through the reaction of an aroylhydrazine and an imino ether followed by thermal ring closure of the intermediate acylamidrazone. As in the imidazole series, a free imino group is an absolute requirement for in vitro activity. Additional structure-activity relationships of these compounds are presented.", "PMID": 1171986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3623", "title": "Gene flow versus selection pressure and ancestral differentiation in the composition of species: analysis of population variation of Juniperus ashei Buch. using terpenoid data.", "content": "Twenty-four populations of Juniperus ashei were sampled throughout the range of this taxon and the terpenoids of the foliage were analyzed by gas/liquid chromatography.  Population differentiation was investigated by analysis of variance and numerical taxonomy.  Three south Texas and one Mexican population clustered together with the rest of the taxon appearing fairly uniform.  No evidence was found of hybridization or introgression with other taxa.  Disjunct populations in Oklahoma and the Ozarks, which have been genetically isolated from the central population for thousands of years, showed no signs of differentiation nor genetic drift.  The present pattern of distribution probably dates from the Pleistocene.  The south Texas and Mexican populations appear to be the primitive elements of the species.  Populational differences have apparently been maintained in adjacent populations in spite of seemingly large gene flow and conversely, chemical uniformity is being maintained in many disjunct populations where there is little or no gene flow.", "contents": "Gene flow versus selection pressure and ancestral differentiation in the composition of species: analysis of population variation of Juniperus ashei Buch. using terpenoid data. Twenty-four populations of Juniperus ashei were sampled throughout the range of this taxon and the terpenoids of the foliage were analyzed by gas/liquid chromatography.  Population differentiation was investigated by analysis of variance and numerical taxonomy.  Three south Texas and one Mexican population clustered together with the rest of the taxon appearing fairly uniform.  No evidence was found of hybridization or introgression with other taxa.  Disjunct populations in Oklahoma and the Ozarks, which have been genetically isolated from the central population for thousands of years, showed no signs of differentiation nor genetic drift.  The present pattern of distribution probably dates from the Pleistocene.  The south Texas and Mexican populations appear to be the primitive elements of the species.  Populational differences have apparently been maintained in adjacent populations in spite of seemingly large gene flow and conversely, chemical uniformity is being maintained in many disjunct populations where there is little or no gene flow.", "PMID": 1171987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3624", "title": "Effect of lifetime exposure to aflatoxin b1 in rats.", "content": "Aflatoxin B1 was fed at 2 ppm in the diet to a group of pregnant F344 rats from the time of conception; it was then fed to their offspring until death. This diet was also given to another group of rats 6-7 weeks old for comparison. The survival time of male rats was significantly shorter than that of the female rats of both groups. However, the survival times of rats of the same sex in both groups did not differ significantly. The major causes of death were hepatic neoplasms with matastases, although some early deaths occurred before neoplasms developed. Most deaths were from a malignant hemorrhagic liver tumor, histologically diagnosed as a hemangiosarcoma, which caused rupture and hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity or metastases to the lungs. These hemangiosarcomas were readily transplantable and did not produce alpha-fetoprotein. Ultrastructurally, they were composed of poorly differentiated cells resembling endothelial cells. Nodules of hyperplasia induced by aflatoxin B1 sometimes grew large (greater than 1.5 cm), and 2 were transplanted. Approximately 20% of the rats had colon tumors; a few rats had tumors of the kidney, oral cavity, and hematopoietic system.", "contents": "Effect of lifetime exposure to aflatoxin b1 in rats. Aflatoxin B1 was fed at 2 ppm in the diet to a group of pregnant F344 rats from the time of conception; it was then fed to their offspring until death. This diet was also given to another group of rats 6-7 weeks old for comparison. The survival time of male rats was significantly shorter than that of the female rats of both groups. However, the survival times of rats of the same sex in both groups did not differ significantly. The major causes of death were hepatic neoplasms with matastases, although some early deaths occurred before neoplasms developed. Most deaths were from a malignant hemorrhagic liver tumor, histologically diagnosed as a hemangiosarcoma, which caused rupture and hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity or metastases to the lungs. These hemangiosarcomas were readily transplantable and did not produce alpha-fetoprotein. Ultrastructurally, they were composed of poorly differentiated cells resembling endothelial cells. Nodules of hyperplasia induced by aflatoxin B1 sometimes grew large (greater than 1.5 cm), and 2 were transplanted. Approximately 20% of the rats had colon tumors; a few rats had tumors of the kidney, oral cavity, and hematopoietic system.", "PMID": 1171988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3625", "title": "In vitro stimulation of human breast tissue by human prolactin.", "content": "Normal human breast tissue was cultured with defined media plus hormones. The epithelium survived at least 4 days in culture but did not grow in the absence of hormones. Both insulin and human prolactin stimulated growth, but ovine prolactin did not.", "contents": "In vitro stimulation of human breast tissue by human prolactin. Normal human breast tissue was cultured with defined media plus hormones. The epithelium survived at least 4 days in culture but did not grow in the absence of hormones. Both insulin and human prolactin stimulated growth, but ovine prolactin did not.", "PMID": 1171989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3626", "title": "Virus replication and cell modifications in organ cultures of tumor tissue from chickens with Marek's disease.", "content": "Organ cultures of lymphomas from chickens infected with Marek's disease (MD) virus were examined by electron microscopy at various periods after explantation. Non-enveloped herpes-type virions  were observed in explants 18 days after the culture was initiated. Cytolytic virus was replicated often in lymphoblastoid cells and occasionally in other cell types (permissive and nonpermissive transformed). The permissive cells were numerous, but nonpermissive transformed cells were also present as indicated by the longevity of some cultures. The presence of both permissive and transformed cell types in the organ cultures and reasons for their sequential appearance were discussed. The results unequivocally demonstrated that lymphoid cells of tumors induced by MD virus were sites of virus replication under proper culture conditions.", "contents": "Virus replication and cell modifications in organ cultures of tumor tissue from chickens with Marek's disease. Organ cultures of lymphomas from chickens infected with Marek's disease (MD) virus were examined by electron microscopy at various periods after explantation. Non-enveloped herpes-type virions  were observed in explants 18 days after the culture was initiated. Cytolytic virus was replicated often in lymphoblastoid cells and occasionally in other cell types (permissive and nonpermissive transformed). The permissive cells were numerous, but nonpermissive transformed cells were also present as indicated by the longevity of some cultures. The presence of both permissive and transformed cell types in the organ cultures and reasons for their sequential appearance were discussed. The results unequivocally demonstrated that lymphoid cells of tumors induced by MD virus were sites of virus replication under proper culture conditions.", "PMID": 1171990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3627", "title": "RNA:DNA ratios in a developing fibrosarcoma and its lung metastases in C3H mice.", "content": "The quantitative ratios of RNA:DNA were followed in a developing transplanted fibrosarcoma in C3H mice and in its lung metastases. There was a significant increase in these ratios in developing tumors originating from cell suspensions (P smaller than 0.001) and a single implanted piece (P smaller than 0.05). No significant change was demonstrated in developing fibrosarcoma originating from two pieces of this tumor (P greater than 0.05) which were implanted simultaneously. When comparing the ratios of RNA and DNA of developing lung metastases to the primary tumors, we found a significantly higher ratio in the metastases (P smaller than 0.001). No significant changes in RNA:DNA ratios were demonstrated in normal proliferating tissues either in physiologic hyperplasia or embryo tissue culture (P greater than 0.05).", "contents": "RNA:DNA ratios in a developing fibrosarcoma and its lung metastases in C3H mice. The quantitative ratios of RNA:DNA were followed in a developing transplanted fibrosarcoma in C3H mice and in its lung metastases. There was a significant increase in these ratios in developing tumors originating from cell suspensions (P smaller than 0.001) and a single implanted piece (P smaller than 0.05). No significant change was demonstrated in developing fibrosarcoma originating from two pieces of this tumor (P greater than 0.05) which were implanted simultaneously. When comparing the ratios of RNA and DNA of developing lung metastases to the primary tumors, we found a significantly higher ratio in the metastases (P smaller than 0.001). No significant changes in RNA:DNA ratios were demonstrated in normal proliferating tissues either in physiologic hyperplasia or embryo tissue culture (P greater than 0.05).", "PMID": 1171991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3628", "title": "Sindbis virus glycoproteins: effect of the host cell on the oligosaccharides.", "content": "Sindbis virus was grown in four different host cells and the carbohydrate portions of the glycoproteins were analyzed. Sindbis virus grown in BHK-21 cells has more sialic acid and galactose than Sindbis virus grown in chicken embryo cells. In other respects the carbohydrates from virus grown in these two hosts are very similar. Sindbis virus grown either in chick cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus or in BHK cells transformed by polyoma virus was also examined. In comparisons of virus from normal and transformed cells, differences in the amount of sialic acid were observed; but otherwise the carbohydrate structures appeared basically similar. The growth conditions used for the host cell also affected the degree of completion of the carbohydrate chains of the viral glycoproteins.", "contents": "Sindbis virus glycoproteins: effect of the host cell on the oligosaccharides. Sindbis virus was grown in four different host cells and the carbohydrate portions of the glycoproteins were analyzed. Sindbis virus grown in BHK-21 cells has more sialic acid and galactose than Sindbis virus grown in chicken embryo cells. In other respects the carbohydrates from virus grown in these two hosts are very similar. Sindbis virus grown either in chick cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus or in BHK cells transformed by polyoma virus was also examined. In comparisons of virus from normal and transformed cells, differences in the amount of sialic acid were observed; but otherwise the carbohydrate structures appeared basically similar. The growth conditions used for the host cell also affected the degree of completion of the carbohydrate chains of the viral glycoproteins.", "PMID": 1171992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3629", "title": "Biochemical studies on bovine adenovirus type 3. I. Purification and properties.", "content": "Bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV3) was purified and its properties were studied. On productive infection of CKT1 cells (a cell line derived from calf kidney) with BAV3, it was observed that viral DNA synthesis was initiated after about 24 h and its rate was maximal after about 40 h. Maturation of the virus occurred several hours after this. Purified BAV3 was separated into four discrete bands by CsCl density gradient centrifugation (complete, incomplete, empty, and degraded viruses). The complete BAV3 was similar in size and structure to human and avian adenoviruses. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the complete BAV3 virion contained at least 10 polypeptides. The total structural proteins of the virion had a similar amino acid composition to those of human adenoviruses. DNA of the complete virus was a linear duplex and its contour length was 12.3 +/- 0.9 mum. The So20,w value of the DNA was 32.9S and its buoyant density in CsCl was 1.717 g/ml. There was about 25% homology between the DNAs of BAV3 and human adenovirus type 5 by filter hybridization. It was also noted that BAV3 produced incomplete virus. The incomplete virus was similar in morphology to the complete virus and contained almost all the structural polypeptides of the latter, but lacked infectivity. However, its DNA had a deletion(s) (13%) which seemed to locate near a terminal.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on bovine adenovirus type 3. I. Purification and properties. Bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV3) was purified and its properties were studied. On productive infection of CKT1 cells (a cell line derived from calf kidney) with BAV3, it was observed that viral DNA synthesis was initiated after about 24 h and its rate was maximal after about 40 h. Maturation of the virus occurred several hours after this. Purified BAV3 was separated into four discrete bands by CsCl density gradient centrifugation (complete, incomplete, empty, and degraded viruses). The complete BAV3 was similar in size and structure to human and avian adenoviruses. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the complete BAV3 virion contained at least 10 polypeptides. The total structural proteins of the virion had a similar amino acid composition to those of human adenoviruses. DNA of the complete virus was a linear duplex and its contour length was 12.3 +/- 0.9 mum. The So20,w value of the DNA was 32.9S and its buoyant density in CsCl was 1.717 g/ml. There was about 25% homology between the DNAs of BAV3 and human adenovirus type 5 by filter hybridization. It was also noted that BAV3 produced incomplete virus. The incomplete virus was similar in morphology to the complete virus and contained almost all the structural polypeptides of the latter, but lacked infectivity. However, its DNA had a deletion(s) (13%) which seemed to locate near a terminal.", "PMID": 1171993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3630", "title": "Biochemical studies on bovine adenovirus type 3. II. Incomplete virus.", "content": "Incomplete virus of oncogenic bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV3) was highly purified and its biological activity was studied. The production of incomplete virus was found to increase with a high multiplicity of infection and with a large amount of arginine in the growth medium. On infection of contact-inhibited mouse cells, incomplete virus induced cellular DNA synthesis and focus formation. Moreover, this virus was oncogenic to newborn hamsters. On infection of calf kidney cells, a permissive cell line, viral early and late RNA, viral DNA, and almost all the viral late proteins were produced, but no mature progeny virus was detected. It is, therefore, suggested that incomplete virus of BAV3 may be unable to synthesize a protein(s) (perhaps a kind of maturation protein[s]) essential for assembly of viral macromolecules for maturation.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on bovine adenovirus type 3. II. Incomplete virus. Incomplete virus of oncogenic bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV3) was highly purified and its biological activity was studied. The production of incomplete virus was found to increase with a high multiplicity of infection and with a large amount of arginine in the growth medium. On infection of contact-inhibited mouse cells, incomplete virus induced cellular DNA synthesis and focus formation. Moreover, this virus was oncogenic to newborn hamsters. On infection of calf kidney cells, a permissive cell line, viral early and late RNA, viral DNA, and almost all the viral late proteins were produced, but no mature progeny virus was detected. It is, therefore, suggested that incomplete virus of BAV3 may be unable to synthesize a protein(s) (perhaps a kind of maturation protein[s]) essential for assembly of viral macromolecules for maturation.", "PMID": 1171994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3631", "title": "Low frequency of (5'-3') -C-G- connection in 70S RNA from simian sarcoma virus.", "content": "The frequency of oligonucleotides obtained from simian sarcoma virus RNA by digestion with ribonuclease T1 was compared with the frequency expected of an RNA molecule in which nucleotides are arranged in random distribution. Oligonucleotides containing C-residue attached to 3'-Gp were found significantly less in simian sarcoma virus 70S RNA than expected by random distribution.", "contents": "Low frequency of (5'-3') -C-G- connection in 70S RNA from simian sarcoma virus. The frequency of oligonucleotides obtained from simian sarcoma virus RNA by digestion with ribonuclease T1 was compared with the frequency expected of an RNA molecule in which nucleotides are arranged in random distribution. Oligonucleotides containing C-residue attached to 3'-Gp were found significantly less in simian sarcoma virus 70S RNA than expected by random distribution.", "PMID": 1171995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3632", "title": "Skin testing in genitourinary carcinoma: 2-year followup.", "content": "Compound 2,4 dinitrofluorobenzene was used to sensitize 115 patients with genitourinary cancer to test their ability to be immunized with a newly encountered antigen. In general, patients in whom a cutaneous hypersensitivity response did not develop were more likely to have advanced stage tumors than patients whose immunocompetence was intact. A 2 to 3-year followup showed that patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity were more likely to undergo disease advancement than patients of similar stage whose immunity was normal. Unfortunately, these results cannot be extrapolated for application to a given patient.", "contents": "Skin testing in genitourinary carcinoma: 2-year followup. Compound 2,4 dinitrofluorobenzene was used to sensitize 115 patients with genitourinary cancer to test their ability to be immunized with a newly encountered antigen. In general, patients in whom a cutaneous hypersensitivity response did not develop were more likely to have advanced stage tumors than patients whose immunocompetence was intact. A 2 to 3-year followup showed that patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity were more likely to undergo disease advancement than patients of similar stage whose immunity was normal. Unfortunately, these results cannot be extrapolated for application to a given patient.", "PMID": 1171996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3633", "title": "Duplex kidneys: a correlation of renal dysplasia with position of the ureteral orifice.", "content": "A study was made of 51 duplex kidneys, ureters and bladders to assess the types of abnormalities seen in duplex kidneys. The abnormalities affected ectopic and orthotopic segments equally. The occurrence of renal abnormality was closely correlated to the abnormal locations of the segment's ureteral orifice. When the orifice was displaced either cranially (orifice positions B, C and D) or caudally (orifices G and H) the orthotopic and ectopic segments, respectively, showed more severe hypoplasia and dysplasia. Faulty embryogenesis is proposed to explain these findings and the importance of endoscopic positioning of the ureteral orifice is emphasized in determining whether heminephrectomy will be necessary.", "contents": "Duplex kidneys: a correlation of renal dysplasia with position of the ureteral orifice. A study was made of 51 duplex kidneys, ureters and bladders to assess the types of abnormalities seen in duplex kidneys. The abnormalities affected ectopic and orthotopic segments equally. The occurrence of renal abnormality was closely correlated to the abnormal locations of the segment's ureteral orifice. When the orifice was displaced either cranially (orifice positions B, C and D) or caudally (orifices G and H) the orthotopic and ectopic segments, respectively, showed more severe hypoplasia and dysplasia. Faulty embryogenesis is proposed to explain these findings and the importance of endoscopic positioning of the ureteral orifice is emphasized in determining whether heminephrectomy will be necessary.", "PMID": 1171997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3634", "title": "An unusual pattern of the mitral echocardiogram observed in cases of congestive cardiomyopathy and other myocardial diseases.", "content": "(1) Narrowness of the early-diastolic and presystolic peaks on the echo curve of the anterior mitral leaflet and an abnormal step formation at the middle or higher level on the descending limb of the presystolic peak were observed in 7 cases with congestive cardiomyopathy or myocardial fibrosis, 1 case with myocardial infarction, and 1 case with cardiomyopathy due to progressive muscular dystrophy. (2) This abnormal pattern is considered to be closely related to the myocardial condition in the above-mentioned diseases. (3) Probable mechanisms for this pattern formation are considered as follows: (i) a sudden reduction of distensibility of the left ventricle after filling of the ventricle over a certain limit near full-filling, and impaired ventricular contractility, (ii) restriction in the mobility of the mitral valve and its chardae due to thier inability to adapt themselves to a developed dilatation of the left ventricle. (4) A similar presystolic step formation on the echo curve of the anterior mitral leaflet was observed in 3 of 25 cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of Goodwin's sense. Differences between the myocardial state in congestive cardiomyopathy or in similar myocardial diseases and that in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were also discussed.", "contents": "An unusual pattern of the mitral echocardiogram observed in cases of congestive cardiomyopathy and other myocardial diseases. (1) Narrowness of the early-diastolic and presystolic peaks on the echo curve of the anterior mitral leaflet and an abnormal step formation at the middle or higher level on the descending limb of the presystolic peak were observed in 7 cases with congestive cardiomyopathy or myocardial fibrosis, 1 case with myocardial infarction, and 1 case with cardiomyopathy due to progressive muscular dystrophy. (2) This abnormal pattern is considered to be closely related to the myocardial condition in the above-mentioned diseases. (3) Probable mechanisms for this pattern formation are considered as follows: (i) a sudden reduction of distensibility of the left ventricle after filling of the ventricle over a certain limit near full-filling, and impaired ventricular contractility, (ii) restriction in the mobility of the mitral valve and its chardae due to thier inability to adapt themselves to a developed dilatation of the left ventricle. (4) A similar presystolic step formation on the echo curve of the anterior mitral leaflet was observed in 3 of 25 cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of Goodwin's sense. Differences between the myocardial state in congestive cardiomyopathy or in similar myocardial diseases and that in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were also discussed.", "PMID": 1172035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3635", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity to Dirofilaria immitis.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity to Dirofilaria immitis (DI) in guinea pigs was confirmed by the migration inhibition test (MIT), the blast transformation test (BTT), the delayed skin reaction, and the skin reaction by passive transfer with sensitized peritoneal exudate (PE) cells. All migration inhibition (MI) positive cases were always associated with positive skin reactions and two cases showed positive skin reactions without MI. The cellular antibody confirmed by MIT first appeared on the 4th day after single sensitization, but DNA synthesis in splenic lymphocytes had already started on the 3rd day in the absence of delayed skin reaction and MI. Then, the role of this cellular antibody in the immune mechanism against DI infection was investigated by the in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity test using microfilariae (Mf) of this species as a target. The cytotoxic activity significantly increased in the sensitized splenic and PE cells, and in vivo normal PE cells implanted into sensitized animals.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity to Dirofilaria immitis. Cell-mediated immunity to Dirofilaria immitis (DI) in guinea pigs was confirmed by the migration inhibition test (MIT), the blast transformation test (BTT), the delayed skin reaction, and the skin reaction by passive transfer with sensitized peritoneal exudate (PE) cells. All migration inhibition (MI) positive cases were always associated with positive skin reactions and two cases showed positive skin reactions without MI. The cellular antibody confirmed by MIT first appeared on the 4th day after single sensitization, but DNA synthesis in splenic lymphocytes had already started on the 3rd day in the absence of delayed skin reaction and MI. Then, the role of this cellular antibody in the immune mechanism against DI infection was investigated by the in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity test using microfilariae (Mf) of this species as a target. The cytotoxic activity significantly increased in the sensitized splenic and PE cells, and in vivo normal PE cells implanted into sensitized animals.", "PMID": 1172086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3636", "title": "[A trial for electromyography of the detrusor muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "The author developed a new electromyography of the detrusor muscle which is applicable also for clinical examinations and obtained the following results: 1. In the normal bladder no action potential appeared when the organ was not full yet. 2. When the intravesical pressure was raised by introducing saline into the bladder, spikes appeared. 3. Spikes of high frequency appeared with the onset of voiding. 4. In the normal bladder no action potential appeared by administration of 5 to 7 mg mecholyl. 5. From some muscles of the dome of the bladder was obtained spontaneous spike potential consisting of spike burst of about 10 spikes. In an animal experiment using adult dogs the spikes of the simple type appeared. The discharged interval was about 5 seconds. 6. In the bladder with damaged nerve, spikes appeared during veridical quiescence. 7. In the bladder with damaged peripheral nerve, spikes of high frequency appeared by administration of 5 to 7 mg mecholyl.", "contents": "[A trial for electromyography of the detrusor muscle (author's transl)]. The author developed a new electromyography of the detrusor muscle which is applicable also for clinical examinations and obtained the following results: 1. In the normal bladder no action potential appeared when the organ was not full yet. 2. When the intravesical pressure was raised by introducing saline into the bladder, spikes appeared. 3. Spikes of high frequency appeared with the onset of voiding. 4. In the normal bladder no action potential appeared by administration of 5 to 7 mg mecholyl. 5. From some muscles of the dome of the bladder was obtained spontaneous spike potential consisting of spike burst of about 10 spikes. In an animal experiment using adult dogs the spikes of the simple type appeared. The discharged interval was about 5 seconds. 6. In the bladder with damaged nerve, spikes appeared during veridical quiescence. 7. In the bladder with damaged peripheral nerve, spikes of high frequency appeared by administration of 5 to 7 mg mecholyl.", "PMID": 1172141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3637", "title": "[Electromyogram of the alimentary tract by chronically implanted bipolar electrodes (author's transl)].", "content": "For the long term observation of the electrical activity of the canine alimentary tract, a bipolar silver electrode was devised in our laboratory. The electrode has been demonstrated to be satisfactory in sensing the electrical activity of the alimentary tract. The electromyogram of the esophagus was consisted of very fast spike burst lasting for about 3 to 5 seconds in swallowing actions. The stomach showed a cyclically recurring basic electrical rhythm (BER), which was propagated caudally, and spike burst which was related to the contractile activity of the gastric smooth muscle. The duodenum and small bowel also showed both BER and spike burst in their electrical activity. Thus the electromyograms obtained by our electrode have shown their similarity to those by monopolar electrodes. Furthermore, our electrode has proved its durability, functioning for more than 5 months. Details of the construction of our electrode were described.", "contents": "[Electromyogram of the alimentary tract by chronically implanted bipolar electrodes (author's transl)]. For the long term observation of the electrical activity of the canine alimentary tract, a bipolar silver electrode was devised in our laboratory. The electrode has been demonstrated to be satisfactory in sensing the electrical activity of the alimentary tract. The electromyogram of the esophagus was consisted of very fast spike burst lasting for about 3 to 5 seconds in swallowing actions. The stomach showed a cyclically recurring basic electrical rhythm (BER), which was propagated caudally, and spike burst which was related to the contractile activity of the gastric smooth muscle. The duodenum and small bowel also showed both BER and spike burst in their electrical activity. Thus the electromyograms obtained by our electrode have shown their similarity to those by monopolar electrodes. Furthermore, our electrode has proved its durability, functioning for more than 5 months. Details of the construction of our electrode were described.", "PMID": 1172142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3638", "title": "[The effects of flavoxate hydrochloride on the gastrointestinal motility (author's transl)].", "content": "The experiments were performed to study the effects of Flavoxate hydrochloride on the gastrointestinal motility and its underlying mechanism. Gastrointestinal motility was inhibited at first and then accelerated markedly after the intravenous injection of Flavoxate hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) in the experiments of anesthetized dogs. For analyzing the underlying mechanism of this response the following experiments were executed. 1) The pendular movements of isolated ileum of rabbits were accelerated with administration of low concentration of Flavoxate hydrochloride less than 10(5) g/ml, while these were reduced with administration of high concentration more than 10(4) g/ml. Because the tetrodotoxin (2.5 times 10(7) g/ml) has no essential effect on these responses, it could be postulated that Flavoxate hydrochloride has direct effect on intestinal smooth muscle itself. 2) Flavoxate hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) induced the differentiated regional response of the sympathetic outflow, that is, the parallel decrease of cutaneous and cardiac sympathetic activities, and the converse increase of splanchnic activity. Therefore, Flavoxate hydrochloride is thought to have an effect on the integrating mechanism of the sympathetic nervous system. This view was also supported by the experiments with neuromuscular preparation of lobster (Panulirus japonicus). It is concluded from these results, that the change of gastrointestinal motility induced by intravenous injection of Flavoxate hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) is influenced both by its effect on the gastrointestinal smooth muscle itself and by its effect via the autonomic nervous system.", "contents": "[The effects of flavoxate hydrochloride on the gastrointestinal motility (author's transl)]. The experiments were performed to study the effects of Flavoxate hydrochloride on the gastrointestinal motility and its underlying mechanism. Gastrointestinal motility was inhibited at first and then accelerated markedly after the intravenous injection of Flavoxate hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) in the experiments of anesthetized dogs. For analyzing the underlying mechanism of this response the following experiments were executed. 1) The pendular movements of isolated ileum of rabbits were accelerated with administration of low concentration of Flavoxate hydrochloride less than 10(5) g/ml, while these were reduced with administration of high concentration more than 10(4) g/ml. Because the tetrodotoxin (2.5 times 10(7) g/ml) has no essential effect on these responses, it could be postulated that Flavoxate hydrochloride has direct effect on intestinal smooth muscle itself. 2) Flavoxate hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) induced the differentiated regional response of the sympathetic outflow, that is, the parallel decrease of cutaneous and cardiac sympathetic activities, and the converse increase of splanchnic activity. Therefore, Flavoxate hydrochloride is thought to have an effect on the integrating mechanism of the sympathetic nervous system. This view was also supported by the experiments with neuromuscular preparation of lobster (Panulirus japonicus). It is concluded from these results, that the change of gastrointestinal motility induced by intravenous injection of Flavoxate hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) is influenced both by its effect on the gastrointestinal smooth muscle itself and by its effect via the autonomic nervous system.", "PMID": 1172143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3639", "title": "[Monitoring heart frequency (beat to beat) and excursions of the thoracic wall--cardiorespirography--during exchange transfusion in newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "Heart rate (calculated beat to beat) and excursions of the thoracic wall were registered continuously during exchange transfusions in the newborn period (N equals 29). Short time changes of heart rate ranging from 5 to 10 (N equals 11) and from 11 to 25 beats per minute (N equals 11) were usually present before exchange transfusion. In two cases \"silent\" (i.e. short time changes of heart rate lower than 5 bpm) heart rate pattern was registered before and in another two cases appeared during the exchange transfusions. This pattern is of prognostic value, 3 of these 4 children showed severe complications during the therapeutic procedure. Of particular interest is, that the \"silent\" pattern could be detected before other clinical signs of shock appeared. Monitoring heart frequency (beat to beat) therefore gives the possibility to start the therapy of complications early.", "contents": "[Monitoring heart frequency (beat to beat) and excursions of the thoracic wall--cardiorespirography--during exchange transfusion in newborn (author's transl)]. Heart rate (calculated beat to beat) and excursions of the thoracic wall were registered continuously during exchange transfusions in the newborn period (N equals 29). Short time changes of heart rate ranging from 5 to 10 (N equals 11) and from 11 to 25 beats per minute (N equals 11) were usually present before exchange transfusion. In two cases \"silent\" (i.e. short time changes of heart rate lower than 5 bpm) heart rate pattern was registered before and in another two cases appeared during the exchange transfusions. This pattern is of prognostic value, 3 of these 4 children showed severe complications during the therapeutic procedure. Of particular interest is, that the \"silent\" pattern could be detected before other clinical signs of shock appeared. Monitoring heart frequency (beat to beat) therefore gives the possibility to start the therapy of complications early.", "PMID": 1172154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3640", "title": "[Significance of the 2-deoxy-d-glucose-test on the differentiation of hypoglycemia in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The 2-deoxy-D-glucose-test (2-DG-test) was applied to 4 children with idiopathic hypoglycemia along with some other tolerance tests. In comparison with the measurement of urinary catecholamine excretion during insulin-induced hypoglycemia, the 2-DG-test seems to be more useful because it is easier to apply and better tolerable. With regard to treatment one should differentiate between an isolated type of adrenal medullary unresponsiveness and a ketotic hypoglycemia with impaired regulation of epinephrine secretion.", "contents": "[Significance of the 2-deoxy-d-glucose-test on the differentiation of hypoglycemia in childhood (author's transl)]. The 2-deoxy-D-glucose-test (2-DG-test) was applied to 4 children with idiopathic hypoglycemia along with some other tolerance tests. In comparison with the measurement of urinary catecholamine excretion during insulin-induced hypoglycemia, the 2-DG-test seems to be more useful because it is easier to apply and better tolerable. With regard to treatment one should differentiate between an isolated type of adrenal medullary unresponsiveness and a ketotic hypoglycemia with impaired regulation of epinephrine secretion.", "PMID": 1172155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3641", "title": "[Virologic and serologic findings in an epidemic of abacterial meningitis of unknown origin (author's transl)].", "content": "In the summer of 1972 there occurred an epidemic of abacterial meningitis in Bayreuth and its surroundings. We received material of 52 ill children, aged 2 months to 14 years. A virus could be isolated in 10 (5 Coxsackie A4, 2 ECHO 6, 1 Coxsackie B 5 and twice enterovirus which would not be typed). Only in another 13 children could we make unequivocal diagnoses (7 Coxsackie A4, 2 Coxsackie B5, one each Coxsackie A 2, ECHO 3, Mumps, RRS-virus). With the other 29 patients a safe laboratory diagnosis could not be made, because there were either antibody titers against several virus from the same blood specimen (10) or nothing abnormal could be found (19). Therefore, since in a third of those examined no laboratory diagnostic basis for the cause of the epidemic could be found, we felt that we had not established the cause. The large number of positive findings we believe to be due to more or less \"normal\" epidemiologic processes in this child-population during the summer-fall period. The obvious limits of serologic diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Virologic and serologic findings in an epidemic of abacterial meningitis of unknown origin (author's transl)]. In the summer of 1972 there occurred an epidemic of abacterial meningitis in Bayreuth and its surroundings. We received material of 52 ill children, aged 2 months to 14 years. A virus could be isolated in 10 (5 Coxsackie A4, 2 ECHO 6, 1 Coxsackie B 5 and twice enterovirus which would not be typed). Only in another 13 children could we make unequivocal diagnoses (7 Coxsackie A4, 2 Coxsackie B5, one each Coxsackie A 2, ECHO 3, Mumps, RRS-virus). With the other 29 patients a safe laboratory diagnosis could not be made, because there were either antibody titers against several virus from the same blood specimen (10) or nothing abnormal could be found (19). Therefore, since in a third of those examined no laboratory diagnostic basis for the cause of the epidemic could be found, we felt that we had not established the cause. The large number of positive findings we believe to be due to more or less \"normal\" epidemiologic processes in this child-population during the summer-fall period. The obvious limits of serologic diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 1172156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3642", "title": "[Genetic studies in hypoplastic left heart syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The families of the 18 patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLH), who died in the Universit\u00e4tskinderklinik Erlangen between 1967 and January 1974, have been investigated. There was no consanguinity of the parents. Only one sib has died of a cardiac failure which possibly could have been HLH. Therefore it could be excluded that HLH is an autosomal-recessive disorder. The overall incidence of cardiac failure in the sibs of patients was 3. Most of the patients with HLH have been born in June-August and December-January. Environmental factors seem to be of importance in the genesis of HLH. Our results suggest multifactorial inheritance of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome.", "contents": "[Genetic studies in hypoplastic left heart syndrome (author's transl)]. The families of the 18 patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLH), who died in the Universit\u00e4tskinderklinik Erlangen between 1967 and January 1974, have been investigated. There was no consanguinity of the parents. Only one sib has died of a cardiac failure which possibly could have been HLH. Therefore it could be excluded that HLH is an autosomal-recessive disorder. The overall incidence of cardiac failure in the sibs of patients was 3. Most of the patients with HLH have been born in June-August and December-January. Environmental factors seem to be of importance in the genesis of HLH. Our results suggest multifactorial inheritance of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome.", "PMID": 1172158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3643", "title": "[Quantitative changes of serum immunglobulins during infectous diseases in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunelektrophoreses and quantitative determinations of serum immunglobulins were performed for 298 children with infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, chronic and recurrent infections, pyelonephritis and Salmonella infections. Minor changes were seen for IgG, 80% of the patients had levels within the normal range. Many patients, however had increased levels of IgA and IgM, while a decrease of these immunglobulins below the normal range were rarely detected. Children with upper respiratory tract infections had increased IgA in 28 per cent and increased IgM in 44 per cent, those with bronchitis in 21 per cent an IgA and in 45 an IgM increase. Most frequently immunglobulin elevations were seen in patients with pneumonia: IgA was in 50% and IgM in 67% increased above the normal range. Patients with recurrent infections had an IgA elevation in 34% and an IgM increase in 33%. 35% of children with pyelonephritis had an IgA and IgM increase. Children suffering from Salmonella infections had an increased IgA in 29 and IgM in 67%. The result of other authors and of factors leading to an elevation of serum immunglobulins are discussed.", "contents": "[Quantitative changes of serum immunglobulins during infectous diseases in childhood (author's transl)]. Immunelektrophoreses and quantitative determinations of serum immunglobulins were performed for 298 children with infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, chronic and recurrent infections, pyelonephritis and Salmonella infections. Minor changes were seen for IgG, 80% of the patients had levels within the normal range. Many patients, however had increased levels of IgA and IgM, while a decrease of these immunglobulins below the normal range were rarely detected. Children with upper respiratory tract infections had increased IgA in 28 per cent and increased IgM in 44 per cent, those with bronchitis in 21 per cent an IgA and in 45 an IgM increase. Most frequently immunglobulin elevations were seen in patients with pneumonia: IgA was in 50% and IgM in 67% increased above the normal range. Patients with recurrent infections had an IgA elevation in 34% and an IgM increase in 33%. 35% of children with pyelonephritis had an IgA and IgM increase. Children suffering from Salmonella infections had an increased IgA in 29 and IgM in 67%. The result of other authors and of factors leading to an elevation of serum immunglobulins are discussed.", "PMID": 1172157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3644", "title": "[Secondary drowning (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical features, pathophysiology, pathology and therapy of secondary drowning are described. This is a little-known complication of drowning accidents which needs intensive therapy, since it is often lethal.", "contents": "[Secondary drowning (author's transl)]. Clinical features, pathophysiology, pathology and therapy of secondary drowning are described. This is a little-known complication of drowning accidents which needs intensive therapy, since it is often lethal.", "PMID": 1172159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3645", "title": "[Unilateral agenesis of the common femoral vein in a young boy with Klippel-Tr\u00e9naunay syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A boy aged 4 years and 3 months with Klippel-Tr\u00e9naunay syndrome showed a vein the thickness of a finger running suprapubicly. When he was standing it was filled tightly. Angiography showed agenesis of the right common femoral vein. Reflux from the right leg passed through this vein to the left common femoral vein. On the basis of the literature the place of these vascular dysplasias in the Klippel-Tr\u00e9naunay syndrome is discussed. Diagnosis and treatment of such venous malformations are mentioned.", "contents": "[Unilateral agenesis of the common femoral vein in a young boy with Klippel-Tr\u00e9naunay syndrome (author's transl)]. A boy aged 4 years and 3 months with Klippel-Tr\u00e9naunay syndrome showed a vein the thickness of a finger running suprapubicly. When he was standing it was filled tightly. Angiography showed agenesis of the right common femoral vein. Reflux from the right leg passed through this vein to the left common femoral vein. On the basis of the literature the place of these vascular dysplasias in the Klippel-Tr\u00e9naunay syndrome is discussed. Diagnosis and treatment of such venous malformations are mentioned.", "PMID": 1172160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3646", "title": "[Renal sarcoma in neonates (author's transl)].", "content": "Sarcoma of the kidney is rare. Report on a neonate aged 9 days with highly differentiated leiomyosarcoma of the right kidney. Diagnosis certain only histologically. nephroblastoma, renal carcinoma, neuroblastoma, thrombosis of renal vein, hydronephrosis or cystic kidneys.", "contents": "[Renal sarcoma in neonates (author's transl)]. Sarcoma of the kidney is rare. Report on a neonate aged 9 days with highly differentiated leiomyosarcoma of the right kidney. Diagnosis certain only histologically. nephroblastoma, renal carcinoma, neuroblastoma, thrombosis of renal vein, hydronephrosis or cystic kidneys.", "PMID": 1172161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3647", "title": "[Cardiac arrhythmias in vector cardiograms in the \"Leopard\" syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Disturbances of Cardial conduction in the Leopard syndrome are described. In this syndrome disturbances of cardial conduction are better demonstrated and diagnosed in the VCG than in the ECG.", "contents": "[Cardiac arrhythmias in vector cardiograms in the \"Leopard\" syndrome (author's transl)]. Disturbances of Cardial conduction in the Leopard syndrome are described. In this syndrome disturbances of cardial conduction are better demonstrated and diagnosed in the VCG than in the ECG.", "PMID": 1172162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3648", "title": "[Congenital chylous ascites. Case reports and review of 51 recorded cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a nearly 3-year old girl with chylous ascites in neonatal period is reported. Repeated paracentesis were performed and the child was treated with a low fat diet. After time of 8 weeks ascites did not recur. It is purposed, that there was an abdominal lymphdysplasia. The 51 cases in the reviewed literature are analyzed in terms of symptoms, treatment, etiology and prognosis. It is suggested, that congenital chylous ascites should be treated conservative at first.", "contents": "[Congenital chylous ascites. Case reports and review of 51 recorded cases (author's transl)]. A case of a nearly 3-year old girl with chylous ascites in neonatal period is reported. Repeated paracentesis were performed and the child was treated with a low fat diet. After time of 8 weeks ascites did not recur. It is purposed, that there was an abdominal lymphdysplasia. The 51 cases in the reviewed literature are analyzed in terms of symptoms, treatment, etiology and prognosis. It is suggested, that congenital chylous ascites should be treated conservative at first.", "PMID": 1172163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3649", "title": "[Persisting ductus arteriosus botalli in a new-born with the hyaline membrane syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a female premature (1410 g/46 cm) with severe respiratory distress syndrome is presented, which after initial improvement of the hyaline membrane disease developed the typical clinical findings of a persistent ductus arteriosus with severe congestive heart failure. As pharmacologic treatment failed to improve the condition, after a heart catheterisation the surgical ligation of the persistent ductus was necessary. The frequence of occurence, the symptomatology and the indication for surgical treatment of the persistent ductus arteriosus following respiratory distress syndrome in the premature infant are discussed.", "contents": "[Persisting ductus arteriosus botalli in a new-born with the hyaline membrane syndrome (author's transl)]. The case of a female premature (1410 g/46 cm) with severe respiratory distress syndrome is presented, which after initial improvement of the hyaline membrane disease developed the typical clinical findings of a persistent ductus arteriosus with severe congestive heart failure. As pharmacologic treatment failed to improve the condition, after a heart catheterisation the surgical ligation of the persistent ductus was necessary. The frequence of occurence, the symptomatology and the indication for surgical treatment of the persistent ductus arteriosus following respiratory distress syndrome in the premature infant are discussed.", "PMID": 1172164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3650", "title": "[Unusual combination of absence of the left pulmonary artery and homolateral malformation of the kidney and ureter (author's transl)].", "content": "In an one year old asymptomatic girl with a slight levoposition of the heart on chest X-ray and mild right ventricular hypertrophy in the ECG further cardiological investigation disclosed several anomalies: Absence of the left pulmonary artery, collateral vessels to the left lung both from the abdominal aorta and from a left brachiocephalic trunc, hypoplasia of the left lung, right sided aortic arch. There was no malformation of the heart itself. This is supposed to be the first reported case, in which the aforementioned anomalies were associated with hypoplasia and hydronephrosis of the left kidney and stenosis of the ostium on the left ureter. Considering the normal and pathologic development of the human embryo it may be assumed, that there is no immediate relationship between the malformation of the left lung and its vessels on one hand and the defects of the left kidney and ureter on the other hand. The hypothesis is put forward, that the damage of the embryo occurred limited to one side during the period of teratogenetic determination common to both of the organ systems involved.", "contents": "[Unusual combination of absence of the left pulmonary artery and homolateral malformation of the kidney and ureter (author's transl)]. In an one year old asymptomatic girl with a slight levoposition of the heart on chest X-ray and mild right ventricular hypertrophy in the ECG further cardiological investigation disclosed several anomalies: Absence of the left pulmonary artery, collateral vessels to the left lung both from the abdominal aorta and from a left brachiocephalic trunc, hypoplasia of the left lung, right sided aortic arch. There was no malformation of the heart itself. This is supposed to be the first reported case, in which the aforementioned anomalies were associated with hypoplasia and hydronephrosis of the left kidney and stenosis of the ostium on the left ureter. Considering the normal and pathologic development of the human embryo it may be assumed, that there is no immediate relationship between the malformation of the left lung and its vessels on one hand and the defects of the left kidney and ureter on the other hand. The hypothesis is put forward, that the damage of the embryo occurred limited to one side during the period of teratogenetic determination common to both of the organ systems involved.", "PMID": 1172165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3651", "title": "[Gallstones in childhood-special problems in diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Several pediatric textbooks mention hemolytic anemia as the most frequent cause of cholelithiasis. However cholesterol containing concrements seem to be more frequent. In lack of jaundice the diagnosis of gallstones is difficult, especially, when appearing as uncharacteristic abdominal pain. In a case of a ten year old girl the basic diagnosis of cholelithiasis lasted two years. Wrong diagnoses (appendicitis, duodenal ulcer) associated diseases (carditis, complete heart block) and minor troubles (menarche, oxyuriasis, constipation) were responsible for this long period. Oral cholecystography brought on definitive diagnosis. Liberal indication of this investigation is recommended, especially in corpulent girls.", "contents": "[Gallstones in childhood-special problems in diagnosis (author's transl)]. Several pediatric textbooks mention hemolytic anemia as the most frequent cause of cholelithiasis. However cholesterol containing concrements seem to be more frequent. In lack of jaundice the diagnosis of gallstones is difficult, especially, when appearing as uncharacteristic abdominal pain. In a case of a ten year old girl the basic diagnosis of cholelithiasis lasted two years. Wrong diagnoses (appendicitis, duodenal ulcer) associated diseases (carditis, complete heart block) and minor troubles (menarche, oxyuriasis, constipation) were responsible for this long period. Oral cholecystography brought on definitive diagnosis. Liberal indication of this investigation is recommended, especially in corpulent girls.", "PMID": 1172166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3652", "title": "[Spheroplasts of Torulopsis candida yeasts and their oxidizing activity].", "content": "The paper describes the conditions in which the spheroplasts of the yeast Torulopsis candida IBFM-Y-127 with a high respiration rate can be isolated. The preliminary incubation of the cells with SH-reagents has to be carried out in a buffer without an osmotic stabilizer, and the incubation in a medium containing 0.6 M KCL, 0.1 M MgSO4, 0.1 MKH2PO4, pH 5.2. In these conditions the cells are incubated with the enzyme from Helix pomatia during 15 to 20 minutes, and the yield of the spheroplasts is 95 to 100 per cent. The spheroplasts oxidize various substrates (glucose, acetate, ethanol) at the same, or even higher, rate as the intact cells.", "contents": "[Spheroplasts of Torulopsis candida yeasts and their oxidizing activity]. The paper describes the conditions in which the spheroplasts of the yeast Torulopsis candida IBFM-Y-127 with a high respiration rate can be isolated. The preliminary incubation of the cells with SH-reagents has to be carried out in a buffer without an osmotic stabilizer, and the incubation in a medium containing 0.6 M KCL, 0.1 M MgSO4, 0.1 MKH2PO4, pH 5.2. In these conditions the cells are incubated with the enzyme from Helix pomatia during 15 to 20 minutes, and the yield of the spheroplasts is 95 to 100 per cent. The spheroplasts oxidize various substrates (glucose, acetate, ethanol) at the same, or even higher, rate as the intact cells.", "PMID": 1172174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3653", "title": "Some ecological correlates of perinatal mortality in a metropolis.", "content": "In a study of the geographical distribution of 22 population characteristics in metropolitan Sydney, perinatla mortality was found to coincide with adverse socioeconomic conditions, juvenile and adult crime, child neglect and high birth rate. The findings suggested that in areas with specific population characteristics there is a need for long-term and short-term preventive measures, both social and medical.", "contents": "Some ecological correlates of perinatal mortality in a metropolis. In a study of the geographical distribution of 22 population characteristics in metropolitan Sydney, perinatla mortality was found to coincide with adverse socioeconomic conditions, juvenile and adult crime, child neglect and high birth rate. The findings suggested that in areas with specific population characteristics there is a need for long-term and short-term preventive measures, both social and medical.", "PMID": 1172179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3654", "title": "[Comparative study of the ultrastructural characteristics of Torulopsis candida yeasts grown on glucose and hexadecane].", "content": "Electron-microscopic examination of the ultrastructure of Torulopsis candida cells grown on glucose and hexadecane revealed a well-developed network of canals in the cell wall of yeasts grown on hexadecane. These canals appeared in the non-adapted cells at the initial hours of the cultivation and completed their formation at the end of the logarithmic phase. The investigation by the freeze-etching showed the exocytosis of \"secretory granules\" to take place at the periplasma of the cells, and the morphological relationship of the granules to the canals in the cell wall.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the ultrastructural characteristics of Torulopsis candida yeasts grown on glucose and hexadecane]. Electron-microscopic examination of the ultrastructure of Torulopsis candida cells grown on glucose and hexadecane revealed a well-developed network of canals in the cell wall of yeasts grown on hexadecane. These canals appeared in the non-adapted cells at the initial hours of the cultivation and completed their formation at the end of the logarithmic phase. The investigation by the freeze-etching showed the exocytosis of \"secretory granules\" to take place at the periplasma of the cells, and the morphological relationship of the granules to the canals in the cell wall.", "PMID": 1172176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3655", "title": "[NMR spin-echo study of the lyophilized biomass of Candida utilis yeasts at different growth stages].", "content": "Characteristics of the mobile water fraction isolated from some intracellular structures of freeze-dried cells of Candida utilis were studied as a function of the growth phase by the NMR spin-echo method. Part of the mobile water fraction in the log phase decreases down to ten percent of the biomass weight as compared with 2,5-4% in the stationary phase and in the beginning of the lag phases. Mobility of this water is invariable. A considerable decrease of the mobile water fraction is observed in the post-stationary phase too. A decrease of the mobile water fraction correlates with a decrease of the durability of C. utilis cells and is connected probably with some defects in the membrane structure of the cells and their incomplete development in the log phase of the growth.", "contents": "[NMR spin-echo study of the lyophilized biomass of Candida utilis yeasts at different growth stages]. Characteristics of the mobile water fraction isolated from some intracellular structures of freeze-dried cells of Candida utilis were studied as a function of the growth phase by the NMR spin-echo method. Part of the mobile water fraction in the log phase decreases down to ten percent of the biomass weight as compared with 2,5-4% in the stationary phase and in the beginning of the lag phases. Mobility of this water is invariable. A considerable decrease of the mobile water fraction is observed in the post-stationary phase too. A decrease of the mobile water fraction correlates with a decrease of the durability of C. utilis cells and is connected probably with some defects in the membrane structure of the cells and their incomplete development in the log phase of the growth.", "PMID": 1172177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3656", "title": "Accessibility of the minor groove of DNA in chromatin to the binding of antibiotics netropsin and distamycin A.", "content": "The interaction of the antibiotics distamycin A, distamycin analogue and netropsin with chromatin of calf thymus has been studied by circular dichroism measurements and by gel filtration. The minor groove of DNA in chromatin is accessible by 83-89% to the binding of these antibiotics as compared with that of free DNA. The present results combined with our data on the methylation of chromatin with dimethylsulphate [3] strongly suggest that the minor groove of DNA in chromatin is not occupied by chromatin proteins.", "contents": "Accessibility of the minor groove of DNA in chromatin to the binding of antibiotics netropsin and distamycin A. The interaction of the antibiotics distamycin A, distamycin analogue and netropsin with chromatin of calf thymus has been studied by circular dichroism measurements and by gel filtration. The minor groove of DNA in chromatin is accessible by 83-89% to the binding of these antibiotics as compared with that of free DNA. The present results combined with our data on the methylation of chromatin with dimethylsulphate [3] strongly suggest that the minor groove of DNA in chromatin is not occupied by chromatin proteins.", "PMID": 1172183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3657", "title": "[Allergentesting in children with asthma bronchiale (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of altogether 938 intradermal tests and 298 bronchial challenges with 14 allergens are presented. 67 non selected asthmatic children from 5 1/2 to 14 years of age were studied in symptom free period: 1.298 intradermal tests( 31.8% of all tests) were positive. Of these positive reactions 61.2% were positive to grasses; 55.2% to rye; 50.7% to wheat; 44.7% to house-dust, 40.3% to cat; 37.3% to horse; 19.4% to molds and 24.4% to feathers.--2. We performed the bronchial inhalation tests by the allergens, which had positive reactions in the skin (n = 298). 193 of these bronchial inhalation tests were negative (no obstruction of the bronchies), this is 2/3 of all intradermal tests with positive reactions.--3. 105 of the 298 bronchial inhalation tests were positive, that means an increased total lung resistance during inhalation of the allergen. These 105 positive reactions of the bronchies were shown in only 44 of the 67 children: in 23 children with positive intradermal reactions it was not possible to provoke a bronchus obstruction after inhalation of the corresponding allergens. Of the 44 children with bronchusobstruction during allergen inhalation 55% had a reaction to grasses; 43.2% to rye; 31.8% to horse; 31.8% to cat; 29.5% to wheat; 11.4% to house-dust and 6.8% to molds. No child reacted by bronchus-obstruction after inhalation of feathers.--4.13 of the 67 children showed a severe hyperirritability of the bronchies after inhalation of histamin: threshold below 1000 y/ml of histamin. In 9 children, the threshold for histamin was not diminished in comparison to healthy children.--The method fo the so-called controlled bronchial inhalation test is described and compared  to other methods. We did not observe any incidents. In 8 of 105 cases the provoked bronchus obstruction was not completely reversible after inhalation of a bronchodilator, but now severe clinical symptoms of bronchial obstruction remained evident. We observed \"late\" reaction in the following 8-24 hrs after inhalation of house-dust in more than 50% of the positive tests, after inhalation of the other allergens only in 2%. By bronchial inhalation tests we select of all allergens with a positive reaction in the skin only those, which provoke a bronchus obstruction. The hyposensitization is performed by these selected allergens only.", "contents": "[Allergentesting in children with asthma bronchiale (author's transl)]. The results of altogether 938 intradermal tests and 298 bronchial challenges with 14 allergens are presented. 67 non selected asthmatic children from 5 1/2 to 14 years of age were studied in symptom free period: 1.298 intradermal tests( 31.8% of all tests) were positive. Of these positive reactions 61.2% were positive to grasses; 55.2% to rye; 50.7% to wheat; 44.7% to house-dust, 40.3% to cat; 37.3% to horse; 19.4% to molds and 24.4% to feathers.--2. We performed the bronchial inhalation tests by the allergens, which had positive reactions in the skin (n = 298). 193 of these bronchial inhalation tests were negative (no obstruction of the bronchies), this is 2/3 of all intradermal tests with positive reactions.--3. 105 of the 298 bronchial inhalation tests were positive, that means an increased total lung resistance during inhalation of the allergen. These 105 positive reactions of the bronchies were shown in only 44 of the 67 children: in 23 children with positive intradermal reactions it was not possible to provoke a bronchus obstruction after inhalation of the corresponding allergens. Of the 44 children with bronchusobstruction during allergen inhalation 55% had a reaction to grasses; 43.2% to rye; 31.8% to horse; 31.8% to cat; 29.5% to wheat; 11.4% to house-dust and 6.8% to molds. No child reacted by bronchus-obstruction after inhalation of feathers.--4.13 of the 67 children showed a severe hyperirritability of the bronchies after inhalation of histamin: threshold below 1000 y/ml of histamin. In 9 children, the threshold for histamin was not diminished in comparison to healthy children.--The method fo the so-called controlled bronchial inhalation test is described and compared  to other methods. We did not observe any incidents. In 8 of 105 cases the provoked bronchus obstruction was not completely reversible after inhalation of a bronchodilator, but now severe clinical symptoms of bronchial obstruction remained evident. We observed \"late\" reaction in the following 8-24 hrs after inhalation of house-dust in more than 50% of the positive tests, after inhalation of the other allergens only in 2%. By bronchial inhalation tests we select of all allergens with a positive reaction in the skin only those, which provoke a bronchus obstruction. The hyposensitization is performed by these selected allergens only.", "PMID": 1172185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3658", "title": "[Derepression of cellulase synthesis in Trichoderma lignorum during limitation of consumption of readily available carbon sources].", "content": "The synthesis of Cx-cellulase was de-repressed in Trichoderma lignorum growing on various easily metabolized carbon sources when their assimilation was limited. A reverse correlation has been established between the growth rate and the rate of the enzyme synthesis in the fungus.", "contents": "[Derepression of cellulase synthesis in Trichoderma lignorum during limitation of consumption of readily available carbon sources]. The synthesis of Cx-cellulase was de-repressed in Trichoderma lignorum growing on various easily metabolized carbon sources when their assimilation was limited. A reverse correlation has been established between the growth rate and the rate of the enzyme synthesis in the fungus.", "PMID": 1172175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3659", "title": "Autoimmune neutropenia.", "content": "Serologic tests for antineutrophil antibodies were used to determine if autoantibodies cause neutropenia. The serums of five patients with idiopathic neutropeniaopsonized normal neutrophils, causing them to be ingested by rabbit macrophages or else to activate glucose oxidation rates of other normal neutrophils by at least twice the rate of controls. Some of the serums inhibited the ability of normal neutrophils to ingest by 62 to 56 per cent. At splenectomy in two of the patients splenic macrophages contained ingested neutrophils, suggesting that the opsonic activity of the serum demonstrated in vitro had pathogenetic importance. In two adults, and possibly in an infant, corticosteroids raised the neutrophil count, although antibody activity remained in the serum of the adults. The findings indicate that autoantibodies are the basis of some cases of idiopathic neutropenia, and that they act by promoting the clearance of neutrophils by mononuclear phagocytes.", "contents": "Autoimmune neutropenia. Serologic tests for antineutrophil antibodies were used to determine if autoantibodies cause neutropenia. The serums of five patients with idiopathic neutropeniaopsonized normal neutrophils, causing them to be ingested by rabbit macrophages or else to activate glucose oxidation rates of other normal neutrophils by at least twice the rate of controls. Some of the serums inhibited the ability of normal neutrophils to ingest by 62 to 56 per cent. At splenectomy in two of the patients splenic macrophages contained ingested neutrophils, suggesting that the opsonic activity of the serum demonstrated in vitro had pathogenetic importance. In two adults, and possibly in an infant, corticosteroids raised the neutrophil count, although antibody activity remained in the serum of the adults. The findings indicate that autoantibodies are the basis of some cases of idiopathic neutropenia, and that they act by promoting the clearance of neutrophils by mononuclear phagocytes.", "PMID": 1172188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3660", "title": "Some physico-chemical properties of phallolysin obtained from Amanita phalloides.", "content": "The molecular weight of phallolysin, the toxic haemolysin from Amanita phalloides, was established by gel chromatography to be 30000 daltons. The isoelectric point (I.P.) was found in Ampholine pH 7-10 at 8.34. In Ampholine pH 7-9 the gel chromatographically homogeneous phallolysin was separated into phallolysin A (I.P. 8.06) and phallolysin B (I.P. 7.49). Sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated a molecular weight of 33000 daltons for phallolysin A. Phallolysin was thermo- and acid-labile. It was relatively stable in alkaline solutions. 8 M urea as well as 0.1% sodium dodecylsulphate caused irreversible denaturation. On the other hand, phallolysin showed resistance to diverse proteases (pepsin, trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, subtilisin, pronase E, bromelin, proteinase K) and also alpha-amylase and pancreatin. Treatment with proteinase K did not change the molecular weight and the isoelectric points of phallolysin. Resistance to proteases was not due to inhibition of proteases by phallolysin.", "contents": "Some physico-chemical properties of phallolysin obtained from Amanita phalloides. The molecular weight of phallolysin, the toxic haemolysin from Amanita phalloides, was established by gel chromatography to be 30000 daltons. The isoelectric point (I.P.) was found in Ampholine pH 7-10 at 8.34. In Ampholine pH 7-9 the gel chromatographically homogeneous phallolysin was separated into phallolysin A (I.P. 8.06) and phallolysin B (I.P. 7.49). Sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated a molecular weight of 33000 daltons for phallolysin A. Phallolysin was thermo- and acid-labile. It was relatively stable in alkaline solutions. 8 M urea as well as 0.1% sodium dodecylsulphate caused irreversible denaturation. On the other hand, phallolysin showed resistance to diverse proteases (pepsin, trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, subtilisin, pronase E, bromelin, proteinase K) and also alpha-amylase and pancreatin. Treatment with proteinase K did not change the molecular weight and the isoelectric points of phallolysin. Resistance to proteases was not due to inhibition of proteases by phallolysin.", "PMID": 1172197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3661", "title": "New potential cytotoxic and antitumor substances I. In vitro effect of bikaverin and its derivatives on cells of certain tumors.", "content": "Bikaverin and its derivatives have been found to affect precursor utilization of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in the cells of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC). Mainly the uridine incorporation into EAC cells was inhibited. This is in agreement with the known concept that anthraquinones, to which bikaverin may also be assigned, intervene into RNA synthesis. The substances followed exerted a cytotoxic effect on in vitro proliferating cells of the three studied tumors. The ED50 values found for cells of these tumors were: EAC 0.5 mug/ml; leukemia L 5178 1.4 mug/ml; sarcoma 37 4.2 mug/ml.", "contents": "New potential cytotoxic and antitumor substances I. In vitro effect of bikaverin and its derivatives on cells of certain tumors. Bikaverin and its derivatives have been found to affect precursor utilization of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in the cells of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC). Mainly the uridine incorporation into EAC cells was inhibited. This is in agreement with the known concept that anthraquinones, to which bikaverin may also be assigned, intervene into RNA synthesis. The substances followed exerted a cytotoxic effect on in vitro proliferating cells of the three studied tumors. The ED50 values found for cells of these tumors were: EAC 0.5 mug/ml; leukemia L 5178 1.4 mug/ml; sarcoma 37 4.2 mug/ml.", "PMID": 1172201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3662", "title": "Neurologic manifestations of intravascular coagulation in patients with cancer. A clinicopathologic analysis of 12 cases.", "content": "Among 1,459 autopsied patients with cancer, 12 had multifocal infarcts of the brain that appeared to be caused by intravascular coagulation. Most of these patients were women with leukemia or lymphoma, and all had a clinical course in which neurologic signs and symptoms were prominent. All had evidence of generalized brain disease (delirium and stupor or coma), and several also had focal brain disease (focal seizures, hemiparesis). All patients had laboratory evidence of coagulation abnormalities, although these were often not severe when neurologic symptoms began. Pathologically, there were multifocal hemorrhagic or ischemic infarcts in the distribution of several cerebral vessels, without a systemic source for cerebral emboli. Fibrin thrombi were identified in cerebral vessels and in vessels of several other organs. The clinical findings fit the pathologic picture, and in most instances the correct diagnosis might have been made earlier had it been considered.", "contents": "Neurologic manifestations of intravascular coagulation in patients with cancer. A clinicopathologic analysis of 12 cases. Among 1,459 autopsied patients with cancer, 12 had multifocal infarcts of the brain that appeared to be caused by intravascular coagulation. Most of these patients were women with leukemia or lymphoma, and all had a clinical course in which neurologic signs and symptoms were prominent. All had evidence of generalized brain disease (delirium and stupor or coma), and several also had focal brain disease (focal seizures, hemiparesis). All patients had laboratory evidence of coagulation abnormalities, although these were often not severe when neurologic symptoms began. Pathologically, there were multifocal hemorrhagic or ischemic infarcts in the distribution of several cerebral vessels, without a systemic source for cerebral emboli. Fibrin thrombi were identified in cerebral vessels and in vessels of several other organs. The clinical findings fit the pathologic picture, and in most instances the correct diagnosis might have been made earlier had it been considered.", "PMID": 1172202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3663", "title": "The motor unit profile in two experimental chronic myopathies.", "content": "The motor unit profile of the rat soleus muscle has been studied in two types of experimentally induced chronic myopathy. Tetrabenazine administered for 6 weeks resulted in a moderate myopathy characterized by necrosis, regeneration, and hypertrophy of muscle fibers. This model was associated with a normal motor unit count. The twitch tension of the muscle remained normal, presumably because of hypertrophy of some of the soleus muscle fibers; however, tetanic tension was reduced. The twitch time to peak became very prolonged. Another myopathy, characterized only by regenerating muscle fibers, was produced 6 weeks after abdominal aortic ligation. In this model, the soleus motor unit count was also normal. Twitch and tetanic tensions were reduced, and the contraction time was prolonged. The findings are discussed in relation to the motor unit profile reported in human neuromuscular diseases.", "contents": "The motor unit profile in two experimental chronic myopathies. The motor unit profile of the rat soleus muscle has been studied in two types of experimentally induced chronic myopathy. Tetrabenazine administered for 6 weeks resulted in a moderate myopathy characterized by necrosis, regeneration, and hypertrophy of muscle fibers. This model was associated with a normal motor unit count. The twitch tension of the muscle remained normal, presumably because of hypertrophy of some of the soleus muscle fibers; however, tetanic tension was reduced. The twitch time to peak became very prolonged. Another myopathy, characterized only by regenerating muscle fibers, was produced 6 weeks after abdominal aortic ligation. In this model, the soleus motor unit count was also normal. Twitch and tetanic tensions were reduced, and the contraction time was prolonged. The findings are discussed in relation to the motor unit profile reported in human neuromuscular diseases.", "PMID": 1172203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3664", "title": "Development of above normal language and intelligence 21 years after left hemispherectomy.", "content": "Neuropsychologic follow-up studies of a 5 1/2-year-old boy who had left hemispherectomy for seizures showed that he had developed superior language and intellectual abilities. These findings contrast with recent reports indicating that the plasticity of the nervous system may have been overrated and contradict reports of restricted development of language functions after left and of nonlanguage functions after right hemispherectomy for perinatal lateralized brain lesions. Following removal of the left hemisphere, including \"the classical language zones,\" the right hemisphere and other intact residual structures may provide the necessary substrata for the development of above normal adult language and intellectual capacities.", "contents": "Development of above normal language and intelligence 21 years after left hemispherectomy. Neuropsychologic follow-up studies of a 5 1/2-year-old boy who had left hemispherectomy for seizures showed that he had developed superior language and intellectual abilities. These findings contrast with recent reports indicating that the plasticity of the nervous system may have been overrated and contradict reports of restricted development of language functions after left and of nonlanguage functions after right hemispherectomy for perinatal lateralized brain lesions. Following removal of the left hemisphere, including \"the classical language zones,\" the right hemisphere and other intact residual structures may provide the necessary substrata for the development of above normal adult language and intellectual capacities.", "PMID": 1172204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3665", "title": "Location of human pyramidal tract in the internal capsule: anatomic evidence.", "content": "A patient with a small infarct located posteriorly in the internal capsule had 9 years of weakness of the contralateral face, arm, and leg. At necropsy, it was found that degeneration of the corticospinal tract was almost complete in the midbrain and medullary pyramid. This case supports the increasing evidence that the human pyramidal tract is located in the third quarter of the posterior limb of the internal capsule.", "contents": "Location of human pyramidal tract in the internal capsule: anatomic evidence. A patient with a small infarct located posteriorly in the internal capsule had 9 years of weakness of the contralateral face, arm, and leg. At necropsy, it was found that degeneration of the corticospinal tract was almost complete in the midbrain and medullary pyramid. This case supports the increasing evidence that the human pyramidal tract is located in the third quarter of the posterior limb of the internal capsule.", "PMID": 1172205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3666", "title": "A comparative study of myelin fractions from metachromatic and globoid leukodystrophies.", "content": "Myelin was isolated post mortem from brains of patients with metachromatic and globoid forms of leukodystrophy. In the leukodystrophies, isolates were obtained from central white matter and subcortical \"U\" fiber areas. Myelin also was obtained from age-matched human controls, and the method yielded light and heavy myelin fractions. In both disorders, the pathologic process affected the heavy isolates to a relatively greater degree. Comparative chemical analyses were made of the myelin isolates, and we concluded that a similar pathogenesis--the production of an unstable membrane in later stages of myelin formation--affects both disorders.", "contents": "A comparative study of myelin fractions from metachromatic and globoid leukodystrophies. Myelin was isolated post mortem from brains of patients with metachromatic and globoid forms of leukodystrophy. In the leukodystrophies, isolates were obtained from central white matter and subcortical \"U\" fiber areas. Myelin also was obtained from age-matched human controls, and the method yielded light and heavy myelin fractions. In both disorders, the pathologic process affected the heavy isolates to a relatively greater degree. Comparative chemical analyses were made of the myelin isolates, and we concluded that a similar pathogenesis--the production of an unstable membrane in later stages of myelin formation--affects both disorders.", "PMID": 1172206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3667", "title": "Nationwide survey of multiple sclerosis in Japan. Clinical analysis of 1,084 cases.", "content": "Between October 1972 and October 1973, the first nationwide survey of the multiple sclerosis group of diseases in Japan was performed by the Multiple Sclerosis Research Committee of Japan, supported by the Japan Ministry of Health and Welfare. Reports on 1,084 patients with the multiple sclerosis group were collected: 509 patients with multiple sclerosis, 82 with Devic's disease, 357 with \"multiple sclerosis possible,\" and 136 with \"other or unclassified demyelinating diseases.\" The natural history in the present nationwide series of multiple sclerosis patients showed considerable similarity to that of patients in Western countries, suggesting that multiple sclerosis in Japan is essentially the same as that in the Western countries. However, the previously reported special characteristics of Japanese multiple sclerosis patients, namely, a higher rate of visual impairment at onset, a higher rate of optic nerve involvement during the course of illness, and a higher rate of Devic's disease, were reconfirmed in the present series.", "contents": "Nationwide survey of multiple sclerosis in Japan. Clinical analysis of 1,084 cases. Between October 1972 and October 1973, the first nationwide survey of the multiple sclerosis group of diseases in Japan was performed by the Multiple Sclerosis Research Committee of Japan, supported by the Japan Ministry of Health and Welfare. Reports on 1,084 patients with the multiple sclerosis group were collected: 509 patients with multiple sclerosis, 82 with Devic's disease, 357 with \"multiple sclerosis possible,\" and 136 with \"other or unclassified demyelinating diseases.\" The natural history in the present nationwide series of multiple sclerosis patients showed considerable similarity to that of patients in Western countries, suggesting that multiple sclerosis in Japan is essentially the same as that in the Western countries. However, the previously reported special characteristics of Japanese multiple sclerosis patients, namely, a higher rate of visual impairment at onset, a higher rate of optic nerve involvement during the course of illness, and a higher rate of Devic's disease, were reconfirmed in the present series.", "PMID": 1172207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3668", "title": "Effect of hypertonic solutions on the blood-brain barrier.", "content": "The effect of hypertonic urea and saline on the blood-brain barrier of the dog was quantitatively measured by the indicator diffusion technique. Urea appeared to stimulate glucose transport into the brain, while the diffusionary loss of fructose was enhanced. Hypertonic saline affected the diffusionary loss of the test sugars in a similar manner, but had no effect on glucose transport. The blood-brain barrier alterations were not reversible, but did decrease somewhat with time.", "contents": "Effect of hypertonic solutions on the blood-brain barrier. The effect of hypertonic urea and saline on the blood-brain barrier of the dog was quantitatively measured by the indicator diffusion technique. Urea appeared to stimulate glucose transport into the brain, while the diffusionary loss of fructose was enhanced. Hypertonic saline affected the diffusionary loss of the test sugars in a similar manner, but had no effect on glucose transport. The blood-brain barrier alterations were not reversible, but did decrease somewhat with time.", "PMID": 1172208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3669", "title": "Linear nevus sebaceous syndrome associated with porencephaly and nonfunctioning major cerebral venous sinuses.", "content": "An infant with the linear nevus sebaceous syndrome also had new findings of porencephaly and nonfunctioning major cerebral venous sinuses. This infant is the first described with the syndrome to undergo angiographic study. Similar nonfunctioning major cerebral venous sinuses are seen in the Sturge-Weber syndrome. A leptomeningeal angioma recently was reported in a newborn with the linear nevus sebaceous syndrome. The central nervous system disturbances in this syndrome might be secondary to developmental vascular anomalies. Therefore, the linear nevus sebaceous syndrome exhibits important similarities to the Sturge-Weber variety of neurocutaneous syndrome.", "contents": "Linear nevus sebaceous syndrome associated with porencephaly and nonfunctioning major cerebral venous sinuses. An infant with the linear nevus sebaceous syndrome also had new findings of porencephaly and nonfunctioning major cerebral venous sinuses. This infant is the first described with the syndrome to undergo angiographic study. Similar nonfunctioning major cerebral venous sinuses are seen in the Sturge-Weber syndrome. A leptomeningeal angioma recently was reported in a newborn with the linear nevus sebaceous syndrome. The central nervous system disturbances in this syndrome might be secondary to developmental vascular anomalies. Therefore, the linear nevus sebaceous syndrome exhibits important similarities to the Sturge-Weber variety of neurocutaneous syndrome.", "PMID": 1172209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3670", "title": "Normalization of brain serotonin by L-tryptophan in levodopa-treated rats.", "content": "To test possible biochemical mechanisms by which L-tryptophan may reverse mental side effects of levodopa therapy in parkinsonism we administered levodopa, 250 mg per kilogram intraperitoneally, alone and with L-tryptophan, 500 mg per kilogram intraperitoneally, to rats pretreated with the peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, carbidopa (25 mg per kilogram). Rats were decapitated 0.5, 1, and 2 hours following amino acid injection and brain levels of amino acids, amines, and acid metabolites were determined. As expected, levodopa alone reduced tryptophan and serotonin and increased dopa and dopamine at the 1 and 2 hour intervals. Concurrent administration of L-tryptophan did not significantly alter the increased dopa and dopamine but did restore serotonin levels to within normal range at all time points. If similar events occur in parkinsonian patients, normalization of brain serotonin and not competitive reduction of brain dopa and dopamine may be the basis for the improvement in mental status.", "contents": "Normalization of brain serotonin by L-tryptophan in levodopa-treated rats. To test possible biochemical mechanisms by which L-tryptophan may reverse mental side effects of levodopa therapy in parkinsonism we administered levodopa, 250 mg per kilogram intraperitoneally, alone and with L-tryptophan, 500 mg per kilogram intraperitoneally, to rats pretreated with the peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, carbidopa (25 mg per kilogram). Rats were decapitated 0.5, 1, and 2 hours following amino acid injection and brain levels of amino acids, amines, and acid metabolites were determined. As expected, levodopa alone reduced tryptophan and serotonin and increased dopa and dopamine at the 1 and 2 hour intervals. Concurrent administration of L-tryptophan did not significantly alter the increased dopa and dopamine but did restore serotonin levels to within normal range at all time points. If similar events occur in parkinsonian patients, normalization of brain serotonin and not competitive reduction of brain dopa and dopamine may be the basis for the improvement in mental status.", "PMID": 1172210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3671", "title": "Motor unit control in Parkinson's disease and the influence of levodopa.", "content": "Patients with Parkinson's disease are unable to adjust the firing rate of motor units that initiate contraction from zero to higher rates; the frequency modulation of motor units is not normal, but motor units recruit normally as effort is increased. Treatment with levodopa makes these motor units accessible to activation and frequency control. Elderly subjects also have difficulty in the activation of minimal contraction and in the maintenance of firing but to a significantly lesser degree than do parkinsonian patients. In this respect, the elderly patient and the parkinsonian patient are qualitatively similar.", "contents": "Motor unit control in Parkinson's disease and the influence of levodopa. Patients with Parkinson's disease are unable to adjust the firing rate of motor units that initiate contraction from zero to higher rates; the frequency modulation of motor units is not normal, but motor units recruit normally as effort is increased. Treatment with levodopa makes these motor units accessible to activation and frequency control. Elderly subjects also have difficulty in the activation of minimal contraction and in the maintenance of firing but to a significantly lesser degree than do parkinsonian patients. In this respect, the elderly patient and the parkinsonian patient are qualitatively similar.", "PMID": 1172211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3672", "title": "Syringobulbia as a cause of laryngeal stridor in childhood.", "content": "A 10-year, 11-month-old boy who had had chronic stridor since birth died suddenly following the development of slowly progressive symptoms of respiratory obstruction due to vocal cord paralysis. Autopsy showed extensive bilateral syringobulbia, with the greatest involvement in the nuclei ambigui. Other brain-stem tracts and nuclei were only partially affected. These findings support the theory of the early developmental origin of syringobulbia.", "contents": "Syringobulbia as a cause of laryngeal stridor in childhood. A 10-year, 11-month-old boy who had had chronic stridor since birth died suddenly following the development of slowly progressive symptoms of respiratory obstruction due to vocal cord paralysis. Autopsy showed extensive bilateral syringobulbia, with the greatest involvement in the nuclei ambigui. Other brain-stem tracts and nuclei were only partially affected. These findings support the theory of the early developmental origin of syringobulbia.", "PMID": 1172212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3673", "title": "Distinct subtypes of type I fibers of human skeletal muscle.", "content": "We have identified two distinct and consistent type I fiber subtypes in histochemically normal biopsies (vastus lateralis or biceps brachialis) from 12 healthy persons, both sexes, ages 15 to 42. The type I fibers were uniformly light with the regular ATPase (9.4) and uniformly dark with the acid-preincubated reverse ATPase reactions. However, the subtype IA fibers were stained darker than subtype IB fibers with the nicotinamide adenine nucleotide dehydrogenase-tetrazolium reductase, Oil red O, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-tetrazolium reductase, nonspecific esterase, succinic-tetrazolium reductase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked malic-tetrazolium reductase, and \"nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked lactic-tetrazolium reductase,\" and stained lighter with the phosphorylase, periodic acid-Schiff for glycogen, and menadione-mediated alpha-glycerophosphate-tetrazolium reductase reactions. The IB fibers were not as light (or as dark, depending on the stain) as any of the type II fibers. In one pathologic case, all the \"hypotrophic type I muscle fibers with central nuclei\" were subtype IB. In case of chronic infantile spinal atrophy the muscle showed some type-grouping and marked type I fiber predominance--the great majority of type I fibers were subtype IB, among which were islands (subtype-groups) of IA fibers. Subtyping of type I fibers may be informative in evaluating the pathologic process of certain human neuromuscular diseases.", "contents": "Distinct subtypes of type I fibers of human skeletal muscle. We have identified two distinct and consistent type I fiber subtypes in histochemically normal biopsies (vastus lateralis or biceps brachialis) from 12 healthy persons, both sexes, ages 15 to 42. The type I fibers were uniformly light with the regular ATPase (9.4) and uniformly dark with the acid-preincubated reverse ATPase reactions. However, the subtype IA fibers were stained darker than subtype IB fibers with the nicotinamide adenine nucleotide dehydrogenase-tetrazolium reductase, Oil red O, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-tetrazolium reductase, nonspecific esterase, succinic-tetrazolium reductase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked malic-tetrazolium reductase, and \"nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked lactic-tetrazolium reductase,\" and stained lighter with the phosphorylase, periodic acid-Schiff for glycogen, and menadione-mediated alpha-glycerophosphate-tetrazolium reductase reactions. The IB fibers were not as light (or as dark, depending on the stain) as any of the type II fibers. In one pathologic case, all the \"hypotrophic type I muscle fibers with central nuclei\" were subtype IB. In case of chronic infantile spinal atrophy the muscle showed some type-grouping and marked type I fiber predominance--the great majority of type I fibers were subtype IB, among which were islands (subtype-groups) of IA fibers. Subtyping of type I fibers may be informative in evaluating the pathologic process of certain human neuromuscular diseases.", "PMID": 1172213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3674", "title": "Spontaneous pneumoventriculogram following radiation of a pituitary adenoma.", "content": "Three years after radiation therapy for an intrasellar tumor, a 42-year-old housewife presented with headache, lethargy, and remarkable plain skull roentgenograms, in which dilated lateral and third ventricles were filled with air. Air apparently had entered the cranium through the sphenoid sinus and eroded sellar floor, extending directly through intrasellar remnants of the chromophobe adenoma and into the floor of the third ventricle. Frontal exploration showed an empty sella turcica and no residual tumor. She made an excellent recovery and has done well for 5 years after operative closure of the defect.", "contents": "Spontaneous pneumoventriculogram following radiation of a pituitary adenoma. Three years after radiation therapy for an intrasellar tumor, a 42-year-old housewife presented with headache, lethargy, and remarkable plain skull roentgenograms, in which dilated lateral and third ventricles were filled with air. Air apparently had entered the cranium through the sphenoid sinus and eroded sellar floor, extending directly through intrasellar remnants of the chromophobe adenoma and into the floor of the third ventricle. Frontal exploration showed an empty sella turcica and no residual tumor. She made an excellent recovery and has done well for 5 years after operative closure of the defect.", "PMID": 1172214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3675", "title": "Continuous vertical pendular eye movements after brain-stem hemorrhage.", "content": "Electro-oculographic studies are reported in a 33-year-old man with bilateral horizontal gaze palsies and continuous pendular eye movements in the vertical plane secondary to hemorrhage from a pontine arteriovenous malformation. The effects of pharmacologic and physiologic stimuli on the movements are described.", "contents": "Continuous vertical pendular eye movements after brain-stem hemorrhage. Electro-oculographic studies are reported in a 33-year-old man with bilateral horizontal gaze palsies and continuous pendular eye movements in the vertical plane secondary to hemorrhage from a pontine arteriovenous malformation. The effects of pharmacologic and physiologic stimuli on the movements are described.", "PMID": 1172215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3676", "title": "[Surgery of pre-valvular aortic stenosis].", "content": "An anatomic and functional classification of the malformation and its associated faults is followed by an account of its physiopathological and clinical features, with particular reference to questions of diagnosis and the indications for surgery. Surgical management is explained and a personal series is presented. Finally, an account is given of the modern approach to treatment particulary in cases of muscular-type prevalvular stenosis of the aorta.", "contents": "[Surgery of pre-valvular aortic stenosis]. An anatomic and functional classification of the malformation and its associated faults is followed by an account of its physiopathological and clinical features, with particular reference to questions of diagnosis and the indications for surgery. Surgical management is explained and a personal series is presented. Finally, an account is given of the modern approach to treatment particulary in cases of muscular-type prevalvular stenosis of the aorta.", "PMID": 1172218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3677", "title": "Plasma estrogen monitoring of ovulation induction.", "content": "Eight hMG-hCG therapy cycles in 6 anovulatory infertile patients are presented. Daily plasma estrogen monitoring during the therapy contributed to success in inducing ovulation in all 6, 3 of whom established pregnancies and delivered healthy babies. The duration of hMG therapy required varies among individuals. Duration and dosage can be determined on the basis of daily plasma estrogen levels. Administration hCG is recommended to trigger ovulation when these levels reach 300 to 600 pg/ml. Although success in ovulation induction and pregnancy is achievable, multiple ovulation and multiple pregnancy cannot be predicted or prevented.", "contents": "Plasma estrogen monitoring of ovulation induction. Eight hMG-hCG therapy cycles in 6 anovulatory infertile patients are presented. Daily plasma estrogen monitoring during the therapy contributed to success in inducing ovulation in all 6, 3 of whom established pregnancies and delivered healthy babies. The duration of hMG therapy required varies among individuals. Duration and dosage can be determined on the basis of daily plasma estrogen levels. Administration hCG is recommended to trigger ovulation when these levels reach 300 to 600 pg/ml. Although success in ovulation induction and pregnancy is achievable, multiple ovulation and multiple pregnancy cannot be predicted or prevented.", "PMID": 1172219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3678", "title": "Clinical implications of lactose-positive breast secretions in nonpuerperal females.", "content": "Inappropriate milk-like secretion from the breasts is not infrequently encountered in patients. Usually these secretions have been identified as milk on the basis of their characteristic appearance, and only rarely has their identity as milk been proven by appropriate analysis. Since milk is chemically defined as a lactose-containing mammary secretion, the presence of lactose in a breast secretion identifies it as milk irrespective of its appearance or the presence of other constituents. Lactose can be readily identified by thin-layer chromatographic methods, which despite their inherent speed and sensitivity have not been widely utilized. A method using commercially prepared cellulose layers and a sandwich developing apparatus is presented in detail. This method utilizes current advances in  chromatographic techniques and permits rapid and accurate identification of lactose in breast secretions. Such secretions from 10 nonpuerperal women were screened for the presence of lactose. The milk-like secretions from 8 contained varying amounts of lactose, which was not detectable in the secretions from the other 2. There was no correlation between the appearance of the secretion and the presence of lactose.", "contents": "Clinical implications of lactose-positive breast secretions in nonpuerperal females. Inappropriate milk-like secretion from the breasts is not infrequently encountered in patients. Usually these secretions have been identified as milk on the basis of their characteristic appearance, and only rarely has their identity as milk been proven by appropriate analysis. Since milk is chemically defined as a lactose-containing mammary secretion, the presence of lactose in a breast secretion identifies it as milk irrespective of its appearance or the presence of other constituents. Lactose can be readily identified by thin-layer chromatographic methods, which despite their inherent speed and sensitivity have not been widely utilized. A method using commercially prepared cellulose layers and a sandwich developing apparatus is presented in detail. This method utilizes current advances in  chromatographic techniques and permits rapid and accurate identification of lactose in breast secretions. Such secretions from 10 nonpuerperal women were screened for the presence of lactose. The milk-like secretions from 8 contained varying amounts of lactose, which was not detectable in the secretions from the other 2. There was no correlation between the appearance of the secretion and the presence of lactose.", "PMID": 1172220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3679", "title": "Mosaicism and lack of fluorescence of Y chromosome.", "content": "A patient with a female phenotype with XO/XY and possibly XYY mosaicism is presented. In all cells studied, there was no fluorescence of the Y chromosome. It appears that a tendency exists for an association of a defective Y chromosome with chromosomal mosaicism.", "contents": "Mosaicism and lack of fluorescence of Y chromosome. A patient with a female phenotype with XO/XY and possibly XYY mosaicism is presented. In all cells studied, there was no fluorescence of the Y chromosome. It appears that a tendency exists for an association of a defective Y chromosome with chromosomal mosaicism.", "PMID": 1172221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3680", "title": "Viscous and inertial fractions of total perfusion energy dissipation in the coronary circulation of the in situ perfused dog heart.", "content": "The effects of changes in viscosity on pressure flow relations in the in situ perfused left circumflex coronary artery were studied in open chest dogs. Vascular reactivity was abolished by maximal pharmacological coronary dilatation. Blood and suspensions of red cells (hematocrit 8-14%) in dextran solutions were used as perfusates. Total perfusion energy dissipation, represented by perfusion pressure drop across the perfused vascular bed, can be separated into a viscous and an inertial fraction: P = Pvisc + Pinert. Perfusing the heart with approximately Newtonian fluids of different viscosities enabled us to compute the amount of the inertial fraction of total perfusion pressure dissipation. At constant viscosity, the inertial fraction increased with flow rate. However, the rise of the inertial fraction due to reduced viscosity at a constant perfusion pressure was much more pronounced. Variations of perfusion pressure and viscosity of the perfusates between 70 to 130 mm Hg and 1.2-3.2 cP, respectively, resulted in inertial perfusion pressure dissipation between 16 and 54%. This inertial pressure drop may become a noteworthy factor under conditions of low whole blood viscosity (e.g. anemia or therapeutical hemodilution.", "contents": "Viscous and inertial fractions of total perfusion energy dissipation in the coronary circulation of the in situ perfused dog heart. The effects of changes in viscosity on pressure flow relations in the in situ perfused left circumflex coronary artery were studied in open chest dogs. Vascular reactivity was abolished by maximal pharmacological coronary dilatation. Blood and suspensions of red cells (hematocrit 8-14%) in dextran solutions were used as perfusates. Total perfusion energy dissipation, represented by perfusion pressure drop across the perfused vascular bed, can be separated into a viscous and an inertial fraction: P = Pvisc + Pinert. Perfusing the heart with approximately Newtonian fluids of different viscosities enabled us to compute the amount of the inertial fraction of total perfusion pressure dissipation. At constant viscosity, the inertial fraction increased with flow rate. However, the rise of the inertial fraction due to reduced viscosity at a constant perfusion pressure was much more pronounced. Variations of perfusion pressure and viscosity of the perfusates between 70 to 130 mm Hg and 1.2-3.2 cP, respectively, resulted in inertial perfusion pressure dissipation between 16 and 54%. This inertial pressure drop may become a noteworthy factor under conditions of low whole blood viscosity (e.g. anemia or therapeutical hemodilution.", "PMID": 1172234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3681", "title": "Spontaneous tension oscillations in guinea-pig atrial trabeculae.", "content": "Spontaneous tension oscillations have been recorded from intact guinea-pig auricular trabeculae bathed in Na-poor and/or Ca-rich solutions. The frequency of these oscillations and that of after-contractions (oscillations following an electrically induced contraction) evoked under identical experimental conditions was the same (33 degrees C). The amplitude of the oscillations rose when the [Ca2+]0/[Na+]0(2)-ratio or the intracellular Na-concentration was increased. When the increase of the [Ca2+]0/[Na+]0(2)-ratio was relatively small, tension oscillations only occured after a period of electrical stimulation. The oscillation-frequency increased slightly in media containing 70 instead of 5.4 mM KCl. MnCl2 (3 mM) did not affect either the amplitude or the frequency of the oscillations. Caffeine (0.5-2.5 mM) decreased the amplitude and enhanced the frequency of the oscillations. After-contractions were diminished and, at higher concentrations, abolished. It is demonstrated that the membrane potential does not participate in the process causing the tension oscillations. An increased [Ca2+]i is a prerequisite for the occurrence of these oscillations. Characteristics of intracellular Ca-movement probably determine the amplitude and frequency of the spontaneous oscillations of tension.", "contents": "Spontaneous tension oscillations in guinea-pig atrial trabeculae. Spontaneous tension oscillations have been recorded from intact guinea-pig auricular trabeculae bathed in Na-poor and/or Ca-rich solutions. The frequency of these oscillations and that of after-contractions (oscillations following an electrically induced contraction) evoked under identical experimental conditions was the same (33 degrees C). The amplitude of the oscillations rose when the [Ca2+]0/[Na+]0(2)-ratio or the intracellular Na-concentration was increased. When the increase of the [Ca2+]0/[Na+]0(2)-ratio was relatively small, tension oscillations only occured after a period of electrical stimulation. The oscillation-frequency increased slightly in media containing 70 instead of 5.4 mM KCl. MnCl2 (3 mM) did not affect either the amplitude or the frequency of the oscillations. Caffeine (0.5-2.5 mM) decreased the amplitude and enhanced the frequency of the oscillations. After-contractions were diminished and, at higher concentrations, abolished. It is demonstrated that the membrane potential does not participate in the process causing the tension oscillations. An increased [Ca2+]i is a prerequisite for the occurrence of these oscillations. Characteristics of intracellular Ca-movement probably determine the amplitude and frequency of the spontaneous oscillations of tension.", "PMID": 1172235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3682", "title": "The role of the lateral intercellular spaces in the control of ion permeation across the rabbit gall bladder.", "content": "Diffusion potentials and conducatance measurements were used to evaluate the changes in permeability of the rabbit gall bladder when the lateral spaces were 1) closed by the addition of sucrose to the mucosal fluid, and 2) dilated by the addition of sucrose to the serosal fluid. The results showed that when the lateral spaces were closed (less than 10 nm/ 1) there was a significant decrease in the conductance of the epithelium, and 2) the ion selectivity of the epithelium moved towards the free solution sequence. The conductance decreased from 31 to 13 mmhos/cm2, and the selectivety changed from Na(1) greater than Li(0.92) greater than Cs(0.85) to Cs(1.27) greater than Na(1) greater than Li(0.84). Neither dilation of the spaces to greater than 1.5 mum nor addition of sucrose to both sides of the gall bladder changed the conductance or the ion selectivity. These results are consistant with the hypothesis that in the gall bladder the major barrier to ion permeation across the epithelium lies in 1) the tight junctions, when the lateral spaces are dilated, 2) the lateral spaces when the spaces are collapsed, and 3) a combination of both the spaces and the junctions when the spaces are reduced much below 0.5 mum. Consequently the status of the lateral intercellular spaces has to be taken into account when assessing the mechanisms of ion permeation across low resistance epithelia.", "contents": "The role of the lateral intercellular spaces in the control of ion permeation across the rabbit gall bladder. Diffusion potentials and conducatance measurements were used to evaluate the changes in permeability of the rabbit gall bladder when the lateral spaces were 1) closed by the addition of sucrose to the mucosal fluid, and 2) dilated by the addition of sucrose to the serosal fluid. The results showed that when the lateral spaces were closed (less than 10 nm/ 1) there was a significant decrease in the conductance of the epithelium, and 2) the ion selectivity of the epithelium moved towards the free solution sequence. The conductance decreased from 31 to 13 mmhos/cm2, and the selectivety changed from Na(1) greater than Li(0.92) greater than Cs(0.85) to Cs(1.27) greater than Na(1) greater than Li(0.84). Neither dilation of the spaces to greater than 1.5 mum nor addition of sucrose to both sides of the gall bladder changed the conductance or the ion selectivity. These results are consistant with the hypothesis that in the gall bladder the major barrier to ion permeation across the epithelium lies in 1) the tight junctions, when the lateral spaces are dilated, 2) the lateral spaces when the spaces are collapsed, and 3) a combination of both the spaces and the junctions when the spaces are reduced much below 0.5 mum. Consequently the status of the lateral intercellular spaces has to be taken into account when assessing the mechanisms of ion permeation across low resistance epithelia.", "PMID": 1172236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3683", "title": "Intrarenal distribution of albumin and immunoglobulin M in the non-diuretic-rat.", "content": "The intrarenal distribution of 125I-immunoglobulin M (125I-IgM) and 131I-albumin was studied in non-diuretic rats. Tracer equilibration times of 1, 10 and 60 min were used. In the 1 min series, in all renal zones (cortex, outer and inner medulla) the albumin volumes did not differ significantly from those of the much larger molecule, IgM. The 1 min values were found to be 9, 6, 17, and 24 mul per 100 mg tissue for whole kidney, cortex, outer and inner medulla, respectively. In the 10 and 60 min series the cortical albumin and IgM volumes did not differ significantly either, while in the medulla the albumin volumes slightly exceeded the IgM volumes. The 10 min values did not differ significantly from the corresponding 1 min values, except that in the cortex the albumin value was higher at 10 than at 1 min. All 60 min values were significantly higher than the corresponding 1 min values. In the medullary zones these differences can be explained for the most part as caused by accumulation of free radioiodide. In the cortex free radioiodide plays a minor role and the 60 min distribution volumes of both proteins (whether corrected for free radioiodide or not) exceed the 1 min volumes by some 50 per cent. The 1 min values can be taken to represent the intravascular compartment; the 60 min values include the extravascular compartment. In conclusion, the present study indicates that: 1. The extravascular pool of albumin constitutes only a minor fraction of the total intrarenal pool-in the cortex about one third. 2. The equilibration of tracer proteins (IgM or albumin) between plasma and the extravascular compartments of the kidney is a rather slow process; the results are compatible with a mean transit time of tracer albumin from plasma to lymph of 26.5 min, as found by others [19]. 3. Extravasation of IgM and albumin most likely takes place via large vescicles or \"big leaks\".", "contents": "Intrarenal distribution of albumin and immunoglobulin M in the non-diuretic-rat. The intrarenal distribution of 125I-immunoglobulin M (125I-IgM) and 131I-albumin was studied in non-diuretic rats. Tracer equilibration times of 1, 10 and 60 min were used. In the 1 min series, in all renal zones (cortex, outer and inner medulla) the albumin volumes did not differ significantly from those of the much larger molecule, IgM. The 1 min values were found to be 9, 6, 17, and 24 mul per 100 mg tissue for whole kidney, cortex, outer and inner medulla, respectively. In the 10 and 60 min series the cortical albumin and IgM volumes did not differ significantly either, while in the medulla the albumin volumes slightly exceeded the IgM volumes. The 10 min values did not differ significantly from the corresponding 1 min values, except that in the cortex the albumin value was higher at 10 than at 1 min. All 60 min values were significantly higher than the corresponding 1 min values. In the medullary zones these differences can be explained for the most part as caused by accumulation of free radioiodide. In the cortex free radioiodide plays a minor role and the 60 min distribution volumes of both proteins (whether corrected for free radioiodide or not) exceed the 1 min volumes by some 50 per cent. The 1 min values can be taken to represent the intravascular compartment; the 60 min values include the extravascular compartment. In conclusion, the present study indicates that: 1. The extravascular pool of albumin constitutes only a minor fraction of the total intrarenal pool-in the cortex about one third. 2. The equilibration of tracer proteins (IgM or albumin) between plasma and the extravascular compartments of the kidney is a rather slow process; the results are compatible with a mean transit time of tracer albumin from plasma to lymph of 26.5 min, as found by others [19]. 3. Extravasation of IgM and albumin most likely takes place via large vescicles or \"big leaks\".", "PMID": 1172237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3684", "title": "[Cerebral blood flow in rabbits during hypoperfusion of the brain. Flow distribution and methodological problems (author's transl)].", "content": "Brains of rabbits were perfused by arterial blood via the internal carotids after ligation of vertebral and external carotid arteries. The effect of the reduction of cerebral perfusion volume on cerebral blood flow was studied by recording the clearance of Krypton-85 from the brains. The clearance curves obtained by recording the gamma radiation of the Krypton-85 represented the sum of tissue clearances from the whole brain (about 10 g) and about 45 g of extracerebral tissue and so were not representative of cerebral or cortical bloow flow. Using external beta-counting the cortical blood flows calculated from the tissue-clearance curves reached mean values of 87 and 159 ml/100 g/min in perfusions with 12 and 18 ml/min respectively. But during reduced cerebral perfusion (2 ml/min) the clearance curves gave cortical blood flow values of 56 ml/100 g/min on the average and so exceeded the values calculated from the perfusion volume (2 ml/min) and the brain-weight (10 g) two to three times. It is concluded that regions of nonperfusion exceeding 50% of the cerebral tissue coexisted with adequately perfused areas. In hypoperfusion the cortical metabolic state was sufficiently correlated with the perfusion volume, but no correlation existed with the cortical blood flow calculated from the clearance curves.", "contents": "[Cerebral blood flow in rabbits during hypoperfusion of the brain. Flow distribution and methodological problems (author's transl)]. Brains of rabbits were perfused by arterial blood via the internal carotids after ligation of vertebral and external carotid arteries. The effect of the reduction of cerebral perfusion volume on cerebral blood flow was studied by recording the clearance of Krypton-85 from the brains. The clearance curves obtained by recording the gamma radiation of the Krypton-85 represented the sum of tissue clearances from the whole brain (about 10 g) and about 45 g of extracerebral tissue and so were not representative of cerebral or cortical bloow flow. Using external beta-counting the cortical blood flows calculated from the tissue-clearance curves reached mean values of 87 and 159 ml/100 g/min in perfusions with 12 and 18 ml/min respectively. But during reduced cerebral perfusion (2 ml/min) the clearance curves gave cortical blood flow values of 56 ml/100 g/min on the average and so exceeded the values calculated from the perfusion volume (2 ml/min) and the brain-weight (10 g) two to three times. It is concluded that regions of nonperfusion exceeding 50% of the cerebral tissue coexisted with adequately perfused areas. In hypoperfusion the cortical metabolic state was sufficiently correlated with the perfusion volume, but no correlation existed with the cortical blood flow calculated from the clearance curves.", "PMID": 1172238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3685", "title": "Dynamics of canine pancreatic blood flow and of insulin secretion during an intravenous glucose load.", "content": "Blood flow through the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery of anaesthetized dogs increases immediately after an i.v. glucose load and parallels to glycemia, but not to insulin output. Flow of superior mesenteric, and femoral arteries as well as of portal vein are also enhanced after rapid i.v. injections of glucose or mannitol. Extent and duration of all flow increases are dose-dependent and strongly related to the alterations of arterial plasma osmolality (maximum increase 24 mosmoles/kg). Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and hematocrit remain unchanged after the first test minute. There is a considerable decrease of peripheral vascular resistance in the circulatory regions investigated. Flow through aorta ascendens is augmented for a short time. Possible mechanisms of vasodilatation are reflexes produced by osmoreceptors and/or local effects of osmolality on the tonus of vascular muscle. Within the physiological range pancreatic perfusion does not determine the amount of insulin released.", "contents": "Dynamics of canine pancreatic blood flow and of insulin secretion during an intravenous glucose load. Blood flow through the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery of anaesthetized dogs increases immediately after an i.v. glucose load and parallels to glycemia, but not to insulin output. Flow of superior mesenteric, and femoral arteries as well as of portal vein are also enhanced after rapid i.v. injections of glucose or mannitol. Extent and duration of all flow increases are dose-dependent and strongly related to the alterations of arterial plasma osmolality (maximum increase 24 mosmoles/kg). Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and hematocrit remain unchanged after the first test minute. There is a considerable decrease of peripheral vascular resistance in the circulatory regions investigated. Flow through aorta ascendens is augmented for a short time. Possible mechanisms of vasodilatation are reflexes produced by osmoreceptors and/or local effects of osmolality on the tonus of vascular muscle. Within the physiological range pancreatic perfusion does not determine the amount of insulin released.", "PMID": 1172239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3686", "title": "Retrograde enhancement of memory by mild flurothyl treatment in the chick.", "content": "Strong flurothyl treatment (1.7% v/v for 8 min) produces retrograde amnesia in chicks when administered as long as 24 hr after one-trial avoidance training with a strongly aversive stimulus. Mild flurothyl treatment (0.2% v/v for 8 min) produced retrograde enhancement when administered as long as 16 min after similar training with a moderately aversive stimulus. The moderate training followed by mild flurothyl treatment enhanced 24-hr retention to the level found after strong training alone. Enhanced retention persisted for at least 72 hr; nonspecific performance effects faded within 48 hr. The predominant dose-dependent and time-dependent enhancement effect of mild flurothyl treatment is interpreted as improved memory consolidation.", "contents": "Retrograde enhancement of memory by mild flurothyl treatment in the chick. Strong flurothyl treatment (1.7% v/v for 8 min) produces retrograde amnesia in chicks when administered as long as 24 hr after one-trial avoidance training with a strongly aversive stimulus. Mild flurothyl treatment (0.2% v/v for 8 min) produced retrograde enhancement when administered as long as 16 min after similar training with a moderately aversive stimulus. The moderate training followed by mild flurothyl treatment enhanced 24-hr retention to the level found after strong training alone. Enhanced retention persisted for at least 72 hr; nonspecific performance effects faded within 48 hr. The predominant dose-dependent and time-dependent enhancement effect of mild flurothyl treatment is interpreted as improved memory consolidation.", "PMID": 1172242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3687", "title": "Effects of age and food deprivation on the development of muricidal behavior in rats.", "content": "The induction of muricidal behavior in the rat, under various experimental conditions, was studied in order to determine whether mouse killing is a form of predatory aggression that is closely related to feeding behavior. Rats of various ages were socially isolated and subjected to various degrees of food deprivation to determine whether the same laws that govern feeding also govern muricidal behavior. The age of the rat at the beginning of the study (8, 12 or 18 weeks of age) did not appear to significantly affect the induction of muricide by food deprivation. Chronic food deprivation caused non-killer rats to kill mice. In addition, the severity of the food deprivation influenced the induction of mouse killing such that the greater the degree of deprivation, the greater the number of rats that became killers. The effects of food deprivation on the induction of mouse killing were reversed by giving the rats access to food ad lib. Since many of the laws that govern feeding also appear to be the laws which govern mouse killing, the two behaviors may be highly inter-related.", "contents": "Effects of age and food deprivation on the development of muricidal behavior in rats. The induction of muricidal behavior in the rat, under various experimental conditions, was studied in order to determine whether mouse killing is a form of predatory aggression that is closely related to feeding behavior. Rats of various ages were socially isolated and subjected to various degrees of food deprivation to determine whether the same laws that govern feeding also govern muricidal behavior. The age of the rat at the beginning of the study (8, 12 or 18 weeks of age) did not appear to significantly affect the induction of muricide by food deprivation. Chronic food deprivation caused non-killer rats to kill mice. In addition, the severity of the food deprivation influenced the induction of mouse killing such that the greater the degree of deprivation, the greater the number of rats that became killers. The effects of food deprivation on the induction of mouse killing were reversed by giving the rats access to food ad lib. Since many of the laws that govern feeding also appear to be the laws which govern mouse killing, the two behaviors may be highly inter-related.", "PMID": 1172243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3688", "title": "Temporal effects of castration on emotionality and shock-induced aggression in adult male rats.", "content": "Alterations in shock-induced aggressive behavior, general emotional reactivity and flinch thresholds in 61 and 82 day old male rats were analyzed at either 3 or 6 weeks following castration. Castrated animals were significantly less aggressive than sham-operated controls at the 6 week but not the 3 week interval. These findings could not be attributed to changes in flinch threshold as neither treatment nor time affected this measure. With regard to emotionality, castrated animals were significantly more reactive than the control animals at the 3 week but not 6 week interval. The data are interpreted as indicating that castration altered shock-induced aggression by preventing a maturational increase in such behavior. These behavioral alterations are compared to previously reported time-dependent changes in brain monoaminergic dynamics following gonadectomy. The conclusions support the concept of a necessary balance between catecholaminergic and serotonergic systems with regard to affective behavior.", "contents": "Temporal effects of castration on emotionality and shock-induced aggression in adult male rats. Alterations in shock-induced aggressive behavior, general emotional reactivity and flinch thresholds in 61 and 82 day old male rats were analyzed at either 3 or 6 weeks following castration. Castrated animals were significantly less aggressive than sham-operated controls at the 6 week but not the 3 week interval. These findings could not be attributed to changes in flinch threshold as neither treatment nor time affected this measure. With regard to emotionality, castrated animals were significantly more reactive than the control animals at the 3 week but not 6 week interval. The data are interpreted as indicating that castration altered shock-induced aggression by preventing a maturational increase in such behavior. These behavioral alterations are compared to previously reported time-dependent changes in brain monoaminergic dynamics following gonadectomy. The conclusions support the concept of a necessary balance between catecholaminergic and serotonergic systems with regard to affective behavior.", "PMID": 1172244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3689", "title": "Changes of sodium appetite during the estrous cycle of sheep.", "content": "The relative preference for sodium solutions and water was observed during a succession of estrous cycles in housed sheep. The luteal phase of the cycle was associated with statistically significant rises of sodium preference compared with the 6 days following estrus. These reflected changes in the intake both of sodium and water. The similar pattern with both bicarbonate and chloride suggests that it is the acceptability of the sodium which changes. The results are discussed in relation to sodium appetite and electrolyte homeostasis. The possible significance of any similar changes during the menstrual cycle is considered.", "contents": "Changes of sodium appetite during the estrous cycle of sheep. The relative preference for sodium solutions and water was observed during a succession of estrous cycles in housed sheep. The luteal phase of the cycle was associated with statistically significant rises of sodium preference compared with the 6 days following estrus. These reflected changes in the intake both of sodium and water. The similar pattern with both bicarbonate and chloride suggests that it is the acceptability of the sodium which changes. The results are discussed in relation to sodium appetite and electrolyte homeostasis. The possible significance of any similar changes during the menstrual cycle is considered.", "PMID": 1172245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3690", "title": "Some characteristics of verbal behaviour in presenile dementia.", "content": "Two experiments concerned with the statistical characteristics of speech in presenile dementia are described. Apart from a lowered rate of production of words under certain conditions no speech abnormalities were detected on the variables examined.", "contents": "Some characteristics of verbal behaviour in presenile dementia. Two experiments concerned with the statistical characteristics of speech in presenile dementia are described. Apart from a lowered rate of production of words under certain conditions no speech abnormalities were detected on the variables examined.", "PMID": 1172246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3691", "title": "Chlordiazepoxide (librium)-induced changes in intraspecific attack and selected non-agonistic behaviors in male Siamese fighting fish.", "content": "Two experiments were undertaken to determine the effects of chlordiazepoxide on intraspecific attack behavior and selected non-aggressive behaviors in male Siamese fighting fish. In Exp. 1, pairs of fish fought while immersed in either 15 mug/ml or 30 mug/ml of chlordiazepoxide, or plain water. The drug groups showed significantly less attack (e.g., biting, jawlocking) than the control group, without noticeable behavioral toxicity. Also, in the drug groups alone, some variants of the copulatory clasp, seen in normal mating, occurred in many pairs. In Exp. 2, individual fish were isolated in one of the same doses or plain water for a period equivalent to that of Exp. 1. These doses produced no changes in measures of arousal, locomotion, and feeding behavior, as compared to the control condition. The drug-related appearance of the intermale mating-like behavior is discussed in terms of a theoretical formulation postulating a mutually inhibitory relationship between sex and aggression in fish.", "contents": "Chlordiazepoxide (librium)-induced changes in intraspecific attack and selected non-agonistic behaviors in male Siamese fighting fish. Two experiments were undertaken to determine the effects of chlordiazepoxide on intraspecific attack behavior and selected non-aggressive behaviors in male Siamese fighting fish. In Exp. 1, pairs of fish fought while immersed in either 15 mug/ml or 30 mug/ml of chlordiazepoxide, or plain water. The drug groups showed significantly less attack (e.g., biting, jawlocking) than the control group, without noticeable behavioral toxicity. Also, in the drug groups alone, some variants of the copulatory clasp, seen in normal mating, occurred in many pairs. In Exp. 2, individual fish were isolated in one of the same doses or plain water for a period equivalent to that of Exp. 1. These doses produced no changes in measures of arousal, locomotion, and feeding behavior, as compared to the control condition. The drug-related appearance of the intermale mating-like behavior is discussed in terms of a theoretical formulation postulating a mutually inhibitory relationship between sex and aggression in fish.", "PMID": 1172247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3692", "title": "Effects of scopolamine and alpha-methylparatyrosine upon predatory attack in cats.", "content": "The effects of scopolamine were compared with the effects of alpha-methylparatyrosine methyl ester (AMPT) upon several aspects of electrically elicited predatory attack in cats. Thresholds of current necessary to elicit predation increased under both drugs. Furthermore, specific deficits developed in suprathreshold predatory patterns for both drugs compared with nondrug baselines. Scopolamine suppressed all aspects of attack, while AMPT suppressed approach of the attack object while leaving reflexive biting intact.", "contents": "Effects of scopolamine and alpha-methylparatyrosine upon predatory attack in cats. The effects of scopolamine were compared with the effects of alpha-methylparatyrosine methyl ester (AMPT) upon several aspects of electrically elicited predatory attack in cats. Thresholds of current necessary to elicit predation increased under both drugs. Furthermore, specific deficits developed in suprathreshold predatory patterns for both drugs compared with nondrug baselines. Scopolamine suppressed all aspects of attack, while AMPT suppressed approach of the attack object while leaving reflexive biting intact.", "PMID": 1172248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3693", "title": "Behavioural supersensitivity to apomorphine following cerebral dopaminergic denervation by 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "Intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine that induce a marked and long lasting depletion of cerebral dopamine as well as noradrenaline, greatly enhanced the stimulation of locomotor activity of mice produced by the injection of apomorphine. Dose-response relationships indicated that the maximal response to apomorphine was greatly increased but that there was no apparent change in the ED50 from the response in vehicle-treated mice. 6-Hydroxydopamine treated mice were also considerably less susceptible to the cataleptic activity of pimozide and it is suggested that cerebral dopaminergic denervation may result in an increased number of available post-synaptic dopamine receptors.", "contents": "Behavioural supersensitivity to apomorphine following cerebral dopaminergic denervation by 6-hydroxydopamine. Intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine that induce a marked and long lasting depletion of cerebral dopamine as well as noradrenaline, greatly enhanced the stimulation of locomotor activity of mice produced by the injection of apomorphine. Dose-response relationships indicated that the maximal response to apomorphine was greatly increased but that there was no apparent change in the ED50 from the response in vehicle-treated mice. 6-Hydroxydopamine treated mice were also considerably less susceptible to the cataleptic activity of pimozide and it is suggested that cerebral dopaminergic denervation may result in an increased number of available post-synaptic dopamine receptors.", "PMID": 1172249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3694", "title": "The effects of chronic cannabis treatment upon brain 5-hydroxytryptamine, plasma corticosterone and aggressive behavior in female rats with different hormonal status.", "content": "Ovariectomized rats, chronically treated with cannabis extract or control solution, were given different hormonal treatments. Results indicated that both cannabis-treated and estrogen-treated animals were more aggressive than controls. Furthermore, aggressiveness was virtually abolished when cannabis-treated females were made sexually receptive by estrogen and progesterone treatments. After 25 days of cannabis or control solution treatment, all subjects were sacrificed. The levels and turnover rate of brain 5-HT and peripheral plasma corticosterone were then assayed. Data indicated both a significant inverse relationship between plasma corticosterone and whole brain levels of 5-HT(r = -0.742 to -0.985) for all groups and a significant positive relationship between aggressive behavior and plasma corticosterone (r = +0.675 to +0.946) in all groups that were fighting prior to decapitation. Results are tentatively explained, suggesting that the variability of the female response to stress during the different phases of the estrus cycle, permitted them to perform differently after chronic cannabis treatment. 5-HT is apparently involved, either directly in its effects on aggressive behavior or indirectly through the pituitary-adrenocortical axis activation.", "contents": "The effects of chronic cannabis treatment upon brain 5-hydroxytryptamine, plasma corticosterone and aggressive behavior in female rats with different hormonal status. Ovariectomized rats, chronically treated with cannabis extract or control solution, were given different hormonal treatments. Results indicated that both cannabis-treated and estrogen-treated animals were more aggressive than controls. Furthermore, aggressiveness was virtually abolished when cannabis-treated females were made sexually receptive by estrogen and progesterone treatments. After 25 days of cannabis or control solution treatment, all subjects were sacrificed. The levels and turnover rate of brain 5-HT and peripheral plasma corticosterone were then assayed. Data indicated both a significant inverse relationship between plasma corticosterone and whole brain levels of 5-HT(r = -0.742 to -0.985) for all groups and a significant positive relationship between aggressive behavior and plasma corticosterone (r = +0.675 to +0.946) in all groups that were fighting prior to decapitation. Results are tentatively explained, suggesting that the variability of the female response to stress during the different phases of the estrus cycle, permitted them to perform differently after chronic cannabis treatment. 5-HT is apparently involved, either directly in its effects on aggressive behavior or indirectly through the pituitary-adrenocortical axis activation.", "PMID": 1172250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3695", "title": "Effect of isolation induced aggression in mice on serum creatine kinase.", "content": "It is known that the serum creatine kinase increases as a result of different conditions and that isolation in male mice induces aggressive behaviour after regrouping. The levels of serum creatine kinase were studied in isolated and in regrouped male albino mice. A considerable increase of creatine kinase was found in regrouped male mice fighting for different hours. Further studies are needed to prove whether these results are due to isolation, aggression or motor activity.", "contents": "Effect of isolation induced aggression in mice on serum creatine kinase. It is known that the serum creatine kinase increases as a result of different conditions and that isolation in male mice induces aggressive behaviour after regrouping. The levels of serum creatine kinase were studied in isolated and in regrouped male albino mice. A considerable increase of creatine kinase was found in regrouped male mice fighting for different hours. Further studies are needed to prove whether these results are due to isolation, aggression or motor activity.", "PMID": 1172251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3696", "title": "Does chronic morphine treatment induce a supersensitivity of dopamine receptors in rat brain?", "content": "These experiments were carried out to investigate whether chronic morphine treatment increases the sensitivity of dopamine receptors in rat brain. This was studied by considering apomorphine effectiveness in a) inducing stereotyped behaviour and b) decreasing the dopamine turnover in the striata. Acute morphine treatment slightly reduced stereotyped behaviour induced by L-Dopa and by apomorphine. In morphine-withdrawn rats, apomorphine was no more effective than saline in inducing stereotypies (sniffing, licking, gnawing). However, the ability of apomorphine to lower striatal dopamine turnover was increased in morphine-withdrawn rats. Despite these latter observations, chronic morphine treatment probably did not induce a supersensitivity of dopamine receptors in rat brain.", "contents": "Does chronic morphine treatment induce a supersensitivity of dopamine receptors in rat brain? These experiments were carried out to investigate whether chronic morphine treatment increases the sensitivity of dopamine receptors in rat brain. This was studied by considering apomorphine effectiveness in a) inducing stereotyped behaviour and b) decreasing the dopamine turnover in the striata. Acute morphine treatment slightly reduced stereotyped behaviour induced by L-Dopa and by apomorphine. In morphine-withdrawn rats, apomorphine was no more effective than saline in inducing stereotypies (sniffing, licking, gnawing). However, the ability of apomorphine to lower striatal dopamine turnover was increased in morphine-withdrawn rats. Despite these latter observations, chronic morphine treatment probably did not induce a supersensitivity of dopamine receptors in rat brain.", "PMID": 1172252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3697", "title": "Methadone dependence in the rat.", "content": "Physical dependence on methadone was induced in rats by an initial \"forced drinking\" procedure and subsequently by i.p. administration of the drug. In a subsequent Experimental Phase of the study the physical dependence of one group was sustained by a \"methadone maintenance\" treatment, while two other groups were withdrawn from the drug, one gradually and one abruptly. When relapse trials were carried out during a Readdiction Phase it was found that the maintained group voluntarily consumed significantly greater amounts of methadone than did the two withdrawal groups. These groups did not differ between themselves but did in turn ingest significantly more methadone than a control group with no prior exposure to the drug. The characteristic loss of body weight reliably found during withdrawal from morphine was not demonstrated. This may have been due to the unexpected weight loss which occurred during the last stage of the initial Addiction Phase. The dependent variables of amount of methadone solution and the percentage of fluid consumed as methadone solution correlated highly. However the amount of methadone solution ingested was a better indicator of addiction liability as it was not influenced by fluctuations in the amount of water consumed by the animals.", "contents": "Methadone dependence in the rat. Physical dependence on methadone was induced in rats by an initial \"forced drinking\" procedure and subsequently by i.p. administration of the drug. In a subsequent Experimental Phase of the study the physical dependence of one group was sustained by a \"methadone maintenance\" treatment, while two other groups were withdrawn from the drug, one gradually and one abruptly. When relapse trials were carried out during a Readdiction Phase it was found that the maintained group voluntarily consumed significantly greater amounts of methadone than did the two withdrawal groups. These groups did not differ between themselves but did in turn ingest significantly more methadone than a control group with no prior exposure to the drug. The characteristic loss of body weight reliably found during withdrawal from morphine was not demonstrated. This may have been due to the unexpected weight loss which occurred during the last stage of the initial Addiction Phase. The dependent variables of amount of methadone solution and the percentage of fluid consumed as methadone solution correlated highly. However the amount of methadone solution ingested was a better indicator of addiction liability as it was not influenced by fluctuations in the amount of water consumed by the animals.", "PMID": 1172253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3698", "title": "Dopaminergic drugs antagonize the psychotomimetic effects of partial-agonist analgesics.", "content": "The psychotomimetic actions of the partial-agonist analgesic drugs cyclazocine and levallophan have been demonstrated using a quantitative behavioural test in young rats which measures lateral head movements and pivoting on the hind paws. This drug induced behaviour is antagonized by low doses of the dopaminergic agonists apomorphine and piribedil, the dopamine releasing drug amphetamine, the dopamine reuptake blocking agent benztropine and by large doses of the dopamine precursor L-Dopa. Naloxone antagonize the behaviour, but only at one hundred times the analgesic antagonist dose. These results show that dopaminergic systems are implicated in the mechanism of action of partial-agonist induced psychotomimetic side effects.", "contents": "Dopaminergic drugs antagonize the psychotomimetic effects of partial-agonist analgesics. The psychotomimetic actions of the partial-agonist analgesic drugs cyclazocine and levallophan have been demonstrated using a quantitative behavioural test in young rats which measures lateral head movements and pivoting on the hind paws. This drug induced behaviour is antagonized by low doses of the dopaminergic agonists apomorphine and piribedil, the dopamine releasing drug amphetamine, the dopamine reuptake blocking agent benztropine and by large doses of the dopamine precursor L-Dopa. Naloxone antagonize the behaviour, but only at one hundred times the analgesic antagonist dose. These results show that dopaminergic systems are implicated in the mechanism of action of partial-agonist induced psychotomimetic side effects.", "PMID": 1172254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3699", "title": "Paradoxical absence of aggression during naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal.", "content": "Aggression, which is normally seen during withdrawal from narcotics, could not be produced in morphine-dependent rats by the administration of naloxone at doses which causes other signs of withdrawal. Apomorphine injected instead of naloxone was capable of producing aggression, without other withdrawal signs. Naturally occurring aggression (72-hr withdrawal) was enhanced by apomorphine and unaffected by naloxone.", "contents": "Paradoxical absence of aggression during naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal. Aggression, which is normally seen during withdrawal from narcotics, could not be produced in morphine-dependent rats by the administration of naloxone at doses which causes other signs of withdrawal. Apomorphine injected instead of naloxone was capable of producing aggression, without other withdrawal signs. Naturally occurring aggression (72-hr withdrawal) was enhanced by apomorphine and unaffected by naloxone.", "PMID": 1172256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3700", "title": "Effects of d- and l-amphetamine on habituation and sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats.", "content": "In a series of 3 experiments the effects of 2, 4, 8, or 16 mg/kg d-amphetamine and 4, 8, 16, or 32 mg/kg l-amphetamine on acoustic startle amplitude in the rat were investigated. d-Amphetamine was 4--5 times as potent as l-amphetamine in augmenting startle amplitude. Startle potentiation was associated with vigorous stereotypies but the resultant cage movement could not account for the change in startle. Pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (100 mg/kg, 1 hr before) had only a slight depressant effect on startle but essentially eliminated augmentation of startle by either d-amphetamine (8 mg/kg) or l-amphetamine (32 mg/kg). d-Amphetamine did not have a direct effect on startle but instead enhanced sensitization produced by the startle stimuli without altering sensitization produced by background white noise or habituation. The results suggest that startle sensitization is enhanced by increased availability of catecholamines and, by virtue of the different potencies of the d- and l-isomers, that dopamine and norepinephrine may affect startle differently.", "contents": "Effects of d- and l-amphetamine on habituation and sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats. In a series of 3 experiments the effects of 2, 4, 8, or 16 mg/kg d-amphetamine and 4, 8, 16, or 32 mg/kg l-amphetamine on acoustic startle amplitude in the rat were investigated. d-Amphetamine was 4--5 times as potent as l-amphetamine in augmenting startle amplitude. Startle potentiation was associated with vigorous stereotypies but the resultant cage movement could not account for the change in startle. Pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (100 mg/kg, 1 hr before) had only a slight depressant effect on startle but essentially eliminated augmentation of startle by either d-amphetamine (8 mg/kg) or l-amphetamine (32 mg/kg). d-Amphetamine did not have a direct effect on startle but instead enhanced sensitization produced by the startle stimuli without altering sensitization produced by background white noise or habituation. The results suggest that startle sensitization is enhanced by increased availability of catecholamines and, by virtue of the different potencies of the d- and l-isomers, that dopamine and norepinephrine may affect startle differently.", "PMID": 1172255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3701", "title": "[Influence of the administration of psychopharmacological compounds on the take up time of an alimentary material in the hamster and a study of the associated behaviour (author's transl)].", "content": "The take up time of a standardized alimentary material is a simple component of hamster hoarding behaviour. This value was modified by administrations of the following compounds: diazepam, chlorpromazine, meprobamate, apomorphine, d-amphetamine, piribedil, fenfluramine, sulpiride, imipramine, phenobarbital, clonidine and morphine. The change consisted of a varying increase in the take up time, dependent upon the substance and dosage. High doses of chlorpromazine, apomorphine and fenfluramine inhibited the take up. A behavioural study connected with alimentary take up was included in the experiment. Some behavioural modifications (increase or decrease in motor activity, myorelaxation, stereotyped exploration, reciprocating movements) demonstrated differences between the studied compounds related to their pharmacological properties. The immediate consumption of food, without take up and hoarding behaviour, observed with meprobamate treatment, was an interesting and unexpected change in hamster behaviour. The measurement of the take up time and analysis of behavioural modifications may be useful in comparing and preliminary screening of new psychopharmacological compounds.", "contents": "[Influence of the administration of psychopharmacological compounds on the take up time of an alimentary material in the hamster and a study of the associated behaviour (author's transl)]. The take up time of a standardized alimentary material is a simple component of hamster hoarding behaviour. This value was modified by administrations of the following compounds: diazepam, chlorpromazine, meprobamate, apomorphine, d-amphetamine, piribedil, fenfluramine, sulpiride, imipramine, phenobarbital, clonidine and morphine. The change consisted of a varying increase in the take up time, dependent upon the substance and dosage. High doses of chlorpromazine, apomorphine and fenfluramine inhibited the take up. A behavioural study connected with alimentary take up was included in the experiment. Some behavioural modifications (increase or decrease in motor activity, myorelaxation, stereotyped exploration, reciprocating movements) demonstrated differences between the studied compounds related to their pharmacological properties. The immediate consumption of food, without take up and hoarding behaviour, observed with meprobamate treatment, was an interesting and unexpected change in hamster behaviour. The measurement of the take up time and analysis of behavioural modifications may be useful in comparing and preliminary screening of new psychopharmacological compounds.", "PMID": 1172257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3702", "title": "Detection of the nueroleptic properties of clozapine, sulpiride and thioridazine.", "content": "The cataleptic and antistereotypic abilities of clozapine, sulpiride and thioridazine were determined in the rat and compared with the responses of typical neuroleptic agents, haloperidol, fluphenazine and pimozide. Haloperidol and fluphenazine caused a dose-dependent cataleptic state which attained maximum intensity: the effects of pimozide were also dose-dependent but, although the catalepsy was marked, maximum intensity was not attained. In contrast, thioridazine, clozapine and sulpiride each caused a very weak, but definite, cataleptic response although a dose-dependency could not be demonstrated. Pretreatment of animals with alpha-methylparatyrosine was shown to significantly potentiate the cataleptic actions of haloperidol, fluphenazine, pimozide, thioridazine and sulpiride but failed to modify the action of clozapine, Threshold cataleptic doses of all agents markedly synergised in the production of catalepsy with threshold doses of the cholinergic drug RS86. Similarly, all \"neuroleptic\" agents tested were shown to reduce the intensity of the stereotyped behaviour induced by amphetamine, apomorphine and nomifensine in a dose-dependent manner but only haloperidol, fluphenazine and pimozide were shown to be capable of 100% inhibition. The antistereotypic abilities of haloperidol, fluphenazine and pimozide were most marked against amphetamine, but this was not a consistent observation for thioridazine, clozapine and sulpiride. Threshold, or even subthreshold, doses of both the typical and atypical neuroleptic agents combined with threshold doses of RS86 markedly synergised in the antagonism of the stereotypic actions of amphetamine, apomorphine and nomifensine.", "contents": "Detection of the nueroleptic properties of clozapine, sulpiride and thioridazine. The cataleptic and antistereotypic abilities of clozapine, sulpiride and thioridazine were determined in the rat and compared with the responses of typical neuroleptic agents, haloperidol, fluphenazine and pimozide. Haloperidol and fluphenazine caused a dose-dependent cataleptic state which attained maximum intensity: the effects of pimozide were also dose-dependent but, although the catalepsy was marked, maximum intensity was not attained. In contrast, thioridazine, clozapine and sulpiride each caused a very weak, but definite, cataleptic response although a dose-dependency could not be demonstrated. Pretreatment of animals with alpha-methylparatyrosine was shown to significantly potentiate the cataleptic actions of haloperidol, fluphenazine, pimozide, thioridazine and sulpiride but failed to modify the action of clozapine, Threshold cataleptic doses of all agents markedly synergised in the production of catalepsy with threshold doses of the cholinergic drug RS86. Similarly, all \"neuroleptic\" agents tested were shown to reduce the intensity of the stereotyped behaviour induced by amphetamine, apomorphine and nomifensine in a dose-dependent manner but only haloperidol, fluphenazine and pimozide were shown to be capable of 100% inhibition. The antistereotypic abilities of haloperidol, fluphenazine and pimozide were most marked against amphetamine, but this was not a consistent observation for thioridazine, clozapine and sulpiride. Threshold, or even subthreshold, doses of both the typical and atypical neuroleptic agents combined with threshold doses of RS86 markedly synergised in the antagonism of the stereotypic actions of amphetamine, apomorphine and nomifensine.", "PMID": 1172258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3703", "title": "Dose and time dependent luteotropic and luteolytic action of prostaglandin F2alpha in the luteinized rabbit ovary.", "content": "The mechanism of stimulatory and inhibitory action of PGF2alpha on ovarian steroidogenesis both under in vitro and in vivo conditions has been studied in the pseudopregnant rabbits. Short term incubation of the ovaries with PGF2alpha (2.82 times 10(-5)M) resulted in an increased synthesis of progesterone and 20alpha-OH P. The addition of PGF2alpha in the medium and further incubation of the ovaries obtained from rabbits that had been constantly infused with PGF2alpha (0.5 mug/min.) for two hours resulted in increased synthesis of these progestins. The ratio of progesterone to 20alpha -OH P was also enhanced under these conditions and thus supported the luteotropic action of small doses of PGF2 under short term incubations. However, as the amount of PGF2alpha infused was increased to 5 mug/min., the addition of PGF2alpha under in vitro conditions strikingly decreased the production of these progestins. The ratio decreased the production of these progestins. The ratio of progesterone to 20alpha -OH P was also decreased and thus was indicative of luteolytic action of higher doses of PGF2alpha. High doses of PGF2alpha (5.64 times 10(-4)M) failed to cause any significant change in the progestin synthesis under short term incubation. These results thus suggest that the luteotropic and luteolytic action of PGF2alpha in the luteinized rabbit ovary is dose and time dependent.", "contents": "Dose and time dependent luteotropic and luteolytic action of prostaglandin F2alpha in the luteinized rabbit ovary. The mechanism of stimulatory and inhibitory action of PGF2alpha on ovarian steroidogenesis both under in vitro and in vivo conditions has been studied in the pseudopregnant rabbits. Short term incubation of the ovaries with PGF2alpha (2.82 times 10(-5)M) resulted in an increased synthesis of progesterone and 20alpha-OH P. The addition of PGF2alpha in the medium and further incubation of the ovaries obtained from rabbits that had been constantly infused with PGF2alpha (0.5 mug/min.) for two hours resulted in increased synthesis of these progestins. The ratio of progesterone to 20alpha -OH P was also enhanced under these conditions and thus supported the luteotropic action of small doses of PGF2 under short term incubations. However, as the amount of PGF2alpha infused was increased to 5 mug/min., the addition of PGF2alpha under in vitro conditions strikingly decreased the production of these progestins. The ratio decreased the production of these progestins. The ratio of progesterone to 20alpha -OH P was also decreased and thus was indicative of luteolytic action of higher doses of PGF2alpha. High doses of PGF2alpha (5.64 times 10(-4)M) failed to cause any significant change in the progestin synthesis under short term incubation. These results thus suggest that the luteotropic and luteolytic action of PGF2alpha in the luteinized rabbit ovary is dose and time dependent.", "PMID": 1172263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3704", "title": "The relationship between a mother's menstrual status and her response to illness in her child.", "content": "From over 1500 women who brought children to the Los Angeles County--U.S.C. Pediatric Outpatient Department during a 1 month period, 140 were randomly selected and interviewed to determine whether a woman's menstrual status (her position within the menstrual cycle) affects the way she responds to illness in her child. The study found that paramenstrual women (those who were about to have or who were having their period) were more apt to bring their children to the Pediatric OPD than women between periods (intermenstrual women). Children brought in by paramenstrual women were considered to be less sick, to be suffering from different types of illnesses, and to have been sick for a shorter period of time than children brought in by intermenstrual women. The study presents evidence suggesting that paramenstrual and intermenstrual women have different motivations for bringing their children to the doctor.", "contents": "The relationship between a mother's menstrual status and her response to illness in her child. From over 1500 women who brought children to the Los Angeles County--U.S.C. Pediatric Outpatient Department during a 1 month period, 140 were randomly selected and interviewed to determine whether a woman's menstrual status (her position within the menstrual cycle) affects the way she responds to illness in her child. The study found that paramenstrual women (those who were about to have or who were having their period) were more apt to bring their children to the Pediatric OPD than women between periods (intermenstrual women). Children brought in by paramenstrual women were considered to be less sick, to be suffering from different types of illnesses, and to have been sick for a shorter period of time than children brought in by intermenstrual women. The study presents evidence suggesting that paramenstrual and intermenstrual women have different motivations for bringing their children to the doctor.", "PMID": 1172259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3705", "title": "Steroid-independent effect of gonadotropins on prostaglandin synthesis in rat Graafian follicles in vitro.", "content": "The content of prostaglandins of the E-group (PGE) or F-group (PGF) was determined by radioimmunoassay in rat ovaries and in homogenates of cultured Graafian follicles. Intraperitoneal administration of luteinizing hormone (NIH-LH-S18; 10 mug/rat) at 9.00 h on any day of the estrous cycle caused an increase in ovarian PGE content within 5 h. The response was greatest on the day of proestrus (940% rise), i.e. when the ovary contains large follicles, and least at metestrus (80%). Follicles explanted from proestrous rats before the preovulatory gonadotropin surge responded to addition of LH (1-5 mug/ml) to the culture medium with a 10 to 30-fold increase in PGE and a 5-fold increase in PGF accumulation over a 5-h-period. Follicle stimulating hormone (NIH-FSH-S9; 10 mug/ml) caused a similar rise in follicular PGE accumulation, even after treatment of the FSH preparation with excess of an antiserum to the beta-subunit of LH. Stimulation of follicular PG accumulation was unimpaired during suppression of progesterone and estrogen synthesis by aminoglutethimide. It is concluded that these steroids play no part in the mediation of the LH-effect on follicular prostaglandin formation.", "contents": "Steroid-independent effect of gonadotropins on prostaglandin synthesis in rat Graafian follicles in vitro. The content of prostaglandins of the E-group (PGE) or F-group (PGF) was determined by radioimmunoassay in rat ovaries and in homogenates of cultured Graafian follicles. Intraperitoneal administration of luteinizing hormone (NIH-LH-S18; 10 mug/rat) at 9.00 h on any day of the estrous cycle caused an increase in ovarian PGE content within 5 h. The response was greatest on the day of proestrus (940% rise), i.e. when the ovary contains large follicles, and least at metestrus (80%). Follicles explanted from proestrous rats before the preovulatory gonadotropin surge responded to addition of LH (1-5 mug/ml) to the culture medium with a 10 to 30-fold increase in PGE and a 5-fold increase in PGF accumulation over a 5-h-period. Follicle stimulating hormone (NIH-FSH-S9; 10 mug/ml) caused a similar rise in follicular PGE accumulation, even after treatment of the FSH preparation with excess of an antiserum to the beta-subunit of LH. Stimulation of follicular PG accumulation was unimpaired during suppression of progesterone and estrogen synthesis by aminoglutethimide. It is concluded that these steroids play no part in the mediation of the LH-effect on follicular prostaglandin formation.", "PMID": 1172264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3706", "title": "Marijuana: heart rate and EEG response.", "content": "The present experiment examines changes in heart rate (HR) and EEG under different doses of marijuana and delta9THC. The design differs from earlier investigation in that (1) the subjects (Ss) were kept constantly alert by being involved in problem-solving tasks; (2) HR and EEG recordings were analyzed by time-locked evoked averaging techniques; and (3) the presentation of each problem task was under computer control and depended on the Ss' return to base-line level of physiological functioning. EEG and ?HR patterns were shown to be significantly related to dose levels and to the different tasks being performed. In addition, the results suggest that marijuana interferes very little with cognitive functions except for impairing short-term memory at all dose levels of marijuana. The procedure described for the measurement of Ss' HR and EEG changes while they are alert as they respond to various perceptual stimuli, and for the analyses of these changes, offers a particularly powerful technique for looking at subtle drug treatment effects not only of marijuana but also of other drugs.", "contents": "Marijuana: heart rate and EEG response. The present experiment examines changes in heart rate (HR) and EEG under different doses of marijuana and delta9THC. The design differs from earlier investigation in that (1) the subjects (Ss) were kept constantly alert by being involved in problem-solving tasks; (2) HR and EEG recordings were analyzed by time-locked evoked averaging techniques; and (3) the presentation of each problem task was under computer control and depended on the Ss' return to base-line level of physiological functioning. EEG and ?HR patterns were shown to be significantly related to dose levels and to the different tasks being performed. In addition, the results suggest that marijuana interferes very little with cognitive functions except for impairing short-term memory at all dose levels of marijuana. The procedure described for the measurement of Ss' HR and EEG changes while they are alert as they respond to various perceptual stimuli, and for the analyses of these changes, offers a particularly powerful technique for looking at subtle drug treatment effects not only of marijuana but also of other drugs.", "PMID": 1172265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3707", "title": "The effect of chronic conflict on the blood pressure of rats with a genetic susceptibility to experimental hypertension.", "content": "Rats with a genetic susceptibility to experimental hypertension were exposed daily for 13 weeks to a conflict situation that resulted in food deprivation and the application of electric shock. Other subjects were either food deprived, shocked, both food deprived and shocked but without conflict, or not experimentally manipulated (control). Despite weekly fluctuations, a pattern emerged wherein subjects exposed to conflict usually exhibited the highest systolic blood pressures followed in order by subjects exposed to food deprivation and shock without conflict, rats food deprived, rats exposed to shock, and control subjects. Following this 13 week period, some of the rats in each group were allowed a 13 week stress-free-recovery period while the rest of the subjects were treated as before. During the recovery period most subjects' blood pressure returned to control levels. However, there was some indication in a few rats that elevations could persist for extended periods after the aversive treatment had been terminated. There is probably a genetic component involved in the reaction to stress that promotes the development of hypertension, just as there is to other hypertensinogenic stimuli.", "contents": "The effect of chronic conflict on the blood pressure of rats with a genetic susceptibility to experimental hypertension. Rats with a genetic susceptibility to experimental hypertension were exposed daily for 13 weeks to a conflict situation that resulted in food deprivation and the application of electric shock. Other subjects were either food deprived, shocked, both food deprived and shocked but without conflict, or not experimentally manipulated (control). Despite weekly fluctuations, a pattern emerged wherein subjects exposed to conflict usually exhibited the highest systolic blood pressures followed in order by subjects exposed to food deprivation and shock without conflict, rats food deprived, rats exposed to shock, and control subjects. Following this 13 week period, some of the rats in each group were allowed a 13 week stress-free-recovery period while the rest of the subjects were treated as before. During the recovery period most subjects' blood pressure returned to control levels. However, there was some indication in a few rats that elevations could persist for extended periods after the aversive treatment had been terminated. There is probably a genetic component involved in the reaction to stress that promotes the development of hypertension, just as there is to other hypertensinogenic stimuli.", "PMID": 1172260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3708", "title": "Epidermal growth factor: identification of a new hormone in human urine.", "content": "Epidermal growth factor is a polypeptide hormone that was previously identified only in mice. It causes proliferation and keratinization of epidermal tissues. An immune affinity column extraction technique was used to purify partially a substance from human urine which was similar to the mouse hormone in both its biological activity and immunoreactivity.", "contents": "Epidermal growth factor: identification of a new hormone in human urine. Epidermal growth factor is a polypeptide hormone that was previously identified only in mice. It causes proliferation and keratinization of epidermal tissues. An immune affinity column extraction technique was used to purify partially a substance from human urine which was similar to the mouse hormone in both its biological activity and immunoreactivity.", "PMID": 1172293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3709", "title": "Transmission of the nucleic acid-induced character, caudal fin, to the offspring in goldfish.", "content": "The carp's egg-mRNA and DNA induced, single-tail-finned goldfish were used for mating. The offspring developed double, single and modified single tail fin. The combined frequency of the single and modified single tail fin formation in the mRNA-and DNA-injected series were 39.6% and 38.3% respectively. The corresponding frequency of the control series was 3.8%. These results show that the exogenous mRNA and DNA have altered the tail fin formation not only in the goldfish developed from the injected eggs but also in their offspring.", "contents": "Transmission of the nucleic acid-induced character, caudal fin, to the offspring in goldfish. The carp's egg-mRNA and DNA induced, single-tail-finned goldfish were used for mating. The offspring developed double, single and modified single tail fin. The combined frequency of the single and modified single tail fin formation in the mRNA-and DNA-injected series were 39.6% and 38.3% respectively. The corresponding frequency of the control series was 3.8%. These results show that the exogenous mRNA and DNA have altered the tail fin formation not only in the goldfish developed from the injected eggs but also in their offspring.", "PMID": 1172292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3710", "title": "Hospital morbidity in the Fiji islands with special reference to the saccharine disease.", "content": "The concept of the excessive consumption of carbohydrates as a cause of many diseases of civilisation has previously been proposed under the name of the 'saccharine disease'. A review of the hospital morbidity figures for these diseases in a divisional hospital in the Fiji Islands is presented. The hospital serves a population comprised of Indians and Fijians, suggesting comparison with the province of Natal, South Africa. Indians have a higher incidence of diabetes melitus, myocardial infarction, duodenal ulcer, acute appendicitis, gallstones, renal stones and eclampsia. Their diets differ mainly in the higher consumption of refined fibre-depleted carbohydrates, and it is suggested that the association is compatible with the concept of the \"saccharine disease\".", "contents": "Hospital morbidity in the Fiji islands with special reference to the saccharine disease. The concept of the excessive consumption of carbohydrates as a cause of many diseases of civilisation has previously been proposed under the name of the 'saccharine disease'. A review of the hospital morbidity figures for these diseases in a divisional hospital in the Fiji Islands is presented. The hospital serves a population comprised of Indians and Fijians, suggesting comparison with the province of Natal, South Africa. Indians have a higher incidence of diabetes melitus, myocardial infarction, duodenal ulcer, acute appendicitis, gallstones, renal stones and eclampsia. Their diets differ mainly in the higher consumption of refined fibre-depleted carbohydrates, and it is suggested that the association is compatible with the concept of the \"saccharine disease\".", "PMID": 1172298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3711", "title": "The ecology of keratinophilic fungi at different depths of soil.", "content": "The influence of depth and humus content of soil, on the presence of keratinophilic fungi in 4 layers (1-10 cm, 11-25 cm, 26-40 cm, 41-55 cm) of carbonate meadow, chernozem carbonate meadow and carbonate alluvial soils was studied. Different keratinophilic fungi were found not only in individual soils but also in different layers of the same soil. The greatest number and quantity occurred in soil with highest humus content. These fungi were present in greatest amount in the superficial layers (1-10 cm and 11-25 cm) of all soils investigated.", "contents": "The ecology of keratinophilic fungi at different depths of soil. The influence of depth and humus content of soil, on the presence of keratinophilic fungi in 4 layers (1-10 cm, 11-25 cm, 26-40 cm, 41-55 cm) of carbonate meadow, chernozem carbonate meadow and carbonate alluvial soils was studied. Different keratinophilic fungi were found not only in individual soils but also in different layers of the same soil. The greatest number and quantity occurred in soil with highest humus content. These fungi were present in greatest amount in the superficial layers (1-10 cm and 11-25 cm) of all soils investigated.", "PMID": 1172299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3712", "title": "Teratogenic effects of chlorambucil on in vivo and in vitro organogenesis in mice.", "content": "Pregnant ICR/DUB mice were each given a single oral injection of chlorambucil (14.2 or 20 mg/kg) on the 10th, 11th, 12th, or 13th day of gestation (plug day = 1st day). Fetuses examined on the 18th day were decreased in weight and had tail, cranial, and limb defects. They type and frequency of malformations differed according to the dosage and day of treatment. Limb defects resulted from treatment on the 11th or 12th days of gestation and tail defects from treatment on all days. Control limb buds from 12th day embryos cultured for 6 days in serum-supplemented BGJ medium containing 0.5-2 mug/ml chlorambucil were retarded in development and had cartilage abnormalities. The extent of the deformities was dose related. Limb buds were also taken from embryos 24 h after in vivo exposure to teratogenic doses of chlorambucil and cultured in control medium. After 6 days in culture these limbs also had growth impairment and cartilage abnormalities. The defects in limbs exposed in vitro were similar to those in limbs exposed in vivo.", "contents": "Teratogenic effects of chlorambucil on in vivo and in vitro organogenesis in mice. Pregnant ICR/DUB mice were each given a single oral injection of chlorambucil (14.2 or 20 mg/kg) on the 10th, 11th, 12th, or 13th day of gestation (plug day = 1st day). Fetuses examined on the 18th day were decreased in weight and had tail, cranial, and limb defects. They type and frequency of malformations differed according to the dosage and day of treatment. Limb defects resulted from treatment on the 11th or 12th days of gestation and tail defects from treatment on all days. Control limb buds from 12th day embryos cultured for 6 days in serum-supplemented BGJ medium containing 0.5-2 mug/ml chlorambucil were retarded in development and had cartilage abnormalities. The extent of the deformities was dose related. Limb buds were also taken from embryos 24 h after in vivo exposure to teratogenic doses of chlorambucil and cultured in control medium. After 6 days in culture these limbs also had growth impairment and cartilage abnormalities. The defects in limbs exposed in vitro were similar to those in limbs exposed in vivo.", "PMID": 1172300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3713", "title": "Mastitis; a survey on the inter-dependence of the quarters of a cow.", "content": "This survey shows the dependence of the diagnosis \"non-specific mastitis\" on the method and interpretation of laboratory examination. Failures in bacteriological diagnosis will often lead to quarters being incorrectly diagnosed as being affected by \"non-specific mastitis\". The main aim of this survey was to study the interdependence of the quarters of cows with regard to laboratory results on mastitis. This survey shows that the criteria \"high cell number\" and \"bacteriologically positive\" in quarters have no random distribution. The number of cows with nil or four quarters positive is significantly higher than with a random distribution. Genetical difference in susceptibility could be the cause of the phenomenon. But this survey shows that non-genetical factors as age and difference between herds in level of mastitis are largely involved. It seems impossible in a field survey to estimate the genetical share in the high coincidence of the mastitis criteria within cows. In mathematical statistical analysis of the results in quarter-samples, with the aim to compare two groups of cows, the number of elements to compare is the number of cows and not the number of quarters. Because of the coincidence of mastitis symptoms in individual cows, the possibility for statistical evaluation of quarter results is restricted.", "contents": "Mastitis; a survey on the inter-dependence of the quarters of a cow. This survey shows the dependence of the diagnosis \"non-specific mastitis\" on the method and interpretation of laboratory examination. Failures in bacteriological diagnosis will often lead to quarters being incorrectly diagnosed as being affected by \"non-specific mastitis\". The main aim of this survey was to study the interdependence of the quarters of cows with regard to laboratory results on mastitis. This survey shows that the criteria \"high cell number\" and \"bacteriologically positive\" in quarters have no random distribution. The number of cows with nil or four quarters positive is significantly higher than with a random distribution. Genetical difference in susceptibility could be the cause of the phenomenon. But this survey shows that non-genetical factors as age and difference between herds in level of mastitis are largely involved. It seems impossible in a field survey to estimate the genetical share in the high coincidence of the mastitis criteria within cows. In mathematical statistical analysis of the results in quarter-samples, with the aim to compare two groups of cows, the number of elements to compare is the number of cows and not the number of quarters. Because of the coincidence of mastitis symptoms in individual cows, the possibility for statistical evaluation of quarter results is restricted.", "PMID": 1172302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3714", "title": "Oestrus synchronization and fertility in heifers treated with prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "Oestrus was synchronized with prostaglandin F2alpha in Tham salt buffer (25 mg. and 12.5 mg.) injected intramuscularly on two consecutive days in 41 Dutch Friesian heifers. Thirty-five animals (85,3%) showed heat within 2-5 days of the start of treatment. Degree of synchronization was low if PGF 2alpha was injected before D5. Conception rate was low (31,4%) in the synchronized oestrus, but was normal (58%) at the post-synchronized oestrus. Based on observation for oestrus and rectal palpation of ovaries at 8 hourly intervals, oestrus occurred over a period of 62,1 +/- 3,0 hours and ovulation occurred 29,8 +/- 1,4 hours after the onset of oestrus. The average time from first treatment to ovulation was 93,0 +/- 18,8 hours. The length of the synchronized oestrus was significantly longer (P less than 0,05) than the pretreatment oestrus.", "contents": "Oestrus synchronization and fertility in heifers treated with prostaglandin F2alpha. Oestrus was synchronized with prostaglandin F2alpha in Tham salt buffer (25 mg. and 12.5 mg.) injected intramuscularly on two consecutive days in 41 Dutch Friesian heifers. Thirty-five animals (85,3%) showed heat within 2-5 days of the start of treatment. Degree of synchronization was low if PGF 2alpha was injected before D5. Conception rate was low (31,4%) in the synchronized oestrus, but was normal (58%) at the post-synchronized oestrus. Based on observation for oestrus and rectal palpation of ovaries at 8 hourly intervals, oestrus occurred over a period of 62,1 +/- 3,0 hours and ovulation occurred 29,8 +/- 1,4 hours after the onset of oestrus. The average time from first treatment to ovulation was 93,0 +/- 18,8 hours. The length of the synchronized oestrus was significantly longer (P less than 0,05) than the pretreatment oestrus.", "PMID": 1172303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3715", "title": "The influence of oestradiol benzoate and progesterone on the secretory activity of the epithelium of the ampulla tubae in ovariectomized ewes: an electron microscopical study.", "content": "The influence of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) and progesterone on the ultrastructural organization of secretory and ciliated cells of the ovine oviduct was studied in ovariectomized animals. In untreated control animals, the absence of any influence of ovarian steroids resulted in a low cuboidal epithelium with a quiescent ultrastructural appearance. A loss of cilia has not been clearly established. The first sign of an oestrogenic influence, such as an increasing number of ribosomes and RER profiles can be observed 24 hours after a single injection of 75 mcg ODB, but immature granules do not appear in the cells until the third day after treatment. In normal cycling ewes, however, immature granules and release can be observed on D-O (first day of heat) and on D-1, i.e., 1-2 days after the peak level of oestradiol-17 beta. Some possible explanations for this difference in time are discussed. On the fourth and fifth day after ODB treatment, a similar ultrastructural organization of the secretory cells has developed as on D-2 and D-3 of the oestrous cycle. A combined treatment of ODB and progesterone resulted in a distinctly lesser secretory activity than with ODB only. An extended ODB treatment, consisting of three daily injections of 8.25 mcg ODB during 5-9 successive days, did not prevent release, The probability that a declining  oestrogen level serves as the trigger for the onset thereof, must be excluded. It is concluded, that progesterone is probably not involved in creating the optimal environment in the ampullae tubae, which seems to be essential to a satisfactory completion of processes like survival of the gametes, fertilization and early embryonic development. Progesterone might be able to shorten the response of the epithelium to oestrogen, so that the optimal intratubal environmental conditions are attained at the proper time after ovulation.", "contents": "The influence of oestradiol benzoate and progesterone on the secretory activity of the epithelium of the ampulla tubae in ovariectomized ewes: an electron microscopical study. The influence of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) and progesterone on the ultrastructural organization of secretory and ciliated cells of the ovine oviduct was studied in ovariectomized animals. In untreated control animals, the absence of any influence of ovarian steroids resulted in a low cuboidal epithelium with a quiescent ultrastructural appearance. A loss of cilia has not been clearly established. The first sign of an oestrogenic influence, such as an increasing number of ribosomes and RER profiles can be observed 24 hours after a single injection of 75 mcg ODB, but immature granules do not appear in the cells until the third day after treatment. In normal cycling ewes, however, immature granules and release can be observed on D-O (first day of heat) and on D-1, i.e., 1-2 days after the peak level of oestradiol-17 beta. Some possible explanations for this difference in time are discussed. On the fourth and fifth day after ODB treatment, a similar ultrastructural organization of the secretory cells has developed as on D-2 and D-3 of the oestrous cycle. A combined treatment of ODB and progesterone resulted in a distinctly lesser secretory activity than with ODB only. An extended ODB treatment, consisting of three daily injections of 8.25 mcg ODB during 5-9 successive days, did not prevent release, The probability that a declining  oestrogen level serves as the trigger for the onset thereof, must be excluded. It is concluded, that progesterone is probably not involved in creating the optimal environment in the ampullae tubae, which seems to be essential to a satisfactory completion of processes like survival of the gametes, fertilization and early embryonic development. Progesterone might be able to shorten the response of the epithelium to oestrogen, so that the optimal intratubal environmental conditions are attained at the proper time after ovulation.", "PMID": 1172304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3716", "title": "The Onchocerca volvulus transmission potentials and associated patterns of onchocerciasis at four Cameroon Sudan-savanna villages.", "content": "The intensity of O. volvulus infection, and the prevalence of certain eye lesions and of blindness, are compared in 4 hyperendemic Cameroon Sudan-savanna villages. The pattern of the disease is related to the annual transmission potentials to which the communities were exposed, and the results are compared with those obtained previously in forest villages. The prevalence and intensity of O. volvulus infections in S. damnosun were more closely related to the prevalence of positive skin snip than to the mean concentrations of microfilariae in the skin. Owing to the differential dispersal of nulliparous and parous flies in savanna, the annual transmission potentials were related more closely to the numbers of parous flies than to the total fly population. Factors governing the exposure of persons to infective flies are discussed. Seasonal transmission, which was usually light, did not lead to severe onchocerciasis; the more perennial the transmission the heavier was its degree, and the more prevalent were eye lesions and blindness. Annual transmission potentials of about 500, 1750, 1800+ and 2900 were associated with an increase in the mean intensity of infection and in the prevalence of eye lesions, while the onchocerciasis blindness rate in persons over 20 years old rose from nil to 3.3, 9.2 and 10 per cent respectively. Annual transmission potentials of 4400 and 19000 were recorded on the banks of S. damnosum breeding rivers in the area, but no villages were sited at such places and it is probable that no community could survive under such conditions. The bearing of these findings on the anticipated effects of S. damnosum control operations in savanna is discussed.", "contents": "The Onchocerca volvulus transmission potentials and associated patterns of onchocerciasis at four Cameroon Sudan-savanna villages. The intensity of O. volvulus infection, and the prevalence of certain eye lesions and of blindness, are compared in 4 hyperendemic Cameroon Sudan-savanna villages. The pattern of the disease is related to the annual transmission potentials to which the communities were exposed, and the results are compared with those obtained previously in forest villages. The prevalence and intensity of O. volvulus infections in S. damnosun were more closely related to the prevalence of positive skin snip than to the mean concentrations of microfilariae in the skin. Owing to the differential dispersal of nulliparous and parous flies in savanna, the annual transmission potentials were related more closely to the numbers of parous flies than to the total fly population. Factors governing the exposure of persons to infective flies are discussed. Seasonal transmission, which was usually light, did not lead to severe onchocerciasis; the more perennial the transmission the heavier was its degree, and the more prevalent were eye lesions and blindness. Annual transmission potentials of about 500, 1750, 1800+ and 2900 were associated with an increase in the mean intensity of infection and in the prevalence of eye lesions, while the onchocerciasis blindness rate in persons over 20 years old rose from nil to 3.3, 9.2 and 10 per cent respectively. Annual transmission potentials of 4400 and 19000 were recorded on the banks of S. damnosum breeding rivers in the area, but no villages were sited at such places and it is probable that no community could survive under such conditions. The bearing of these findings on the anticipated effects of S. damnosum control operations in savanna is discussed.", "PMID": 1172308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3717", "title": "[Observations on the behaviour of coxiella burneti in the argasid tick ornithodoros moubata (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on a long-term study of many years, a report is given on the behaviour of Coxiella burneti in the argasid tick, Ornithodoros moubata. Recent observations were made on ticks infected on mice and subsequently maintained separately. Particular emphasis was placed upon the localization of the ricksettsiae in certain organs of the ticks, its excretion -also with regard to routes of transmission - and transovarial passage. C. burneti invade primarily the gut epithelial cells of the tick and these cells remain infested with the causative agent throughout the entire life of the vector. After a certain infection period, other organs of the tick may become also infected. Thus, infection of the coxal organ, of salivary glands, rectal ampullae and ovaries has been confirmed through the presence of the rickettsiae in the coxal fluid, saliva and excreta or through transovarial passage of the agent with the saliva during feeding transmission to a new host takes place. Infection of the various organs of the tick and excretion or passage of the agent is not necessarily the rule, but may be even considered as an exception. This is especially the case for transovarial passage. On the other side, the multiplication of rickettsiae in the tick can be so intensive that the haemolymph and all internal organs become flooded with the organisms. These observations have been made in moribund and dead ticks. One of the most remarkable results was that the behaviour of C. burneti in its tick host varied considerably not only within the same series of experiments but more frequently in one and the same individual tick as well. Thus, e.g. excretion of the agent - with the saliva or coxal fluid - could be interrupted and resumed again later on. Evidently, these variations indicate a shift in the host-parasite interrelationship in which the multiplication of the rickettsiae is greatly enhanced by a decrease in the host's immune response, whereas an increase in its defence reaction will cause suppression of multiplication. It is not known, however, if the relevant impulse is primarily given by the tick or the rickettsial organism. The behaviour of C. burneti in O. moubata which does not follow a definite pattern coincides well with the high adaptability and variability characterizing this microorganism in other aspects as well.", "contents": "[Observations on the behaviour of coxiella burneti in the argasid tick ornithodoros moubata (author's transl)]. Based on a long-term study of many years, a report is given on the behaviour of Coxiella burneti in the argasid tick, Ornithodoros moubata. Recent observations were made on ticks infected on mice and subsequently maintained separately. Particular emphasis was placed upon the localization of the ricksettsiae in certain organs of the ticks, its excretion -also with regard to routes of transmission - and transovarial passage. C. burneti invade primarily the gut epithelial cells of the tick and these cells remain infested with the causative agent throughout the entire life of the vector. After a certain infection period, other organs of the tick may become also infected. Thus, infection of the coxal organ, of salivary glands, rectal ampullae and ovaries has been confirmed through the presence of the rickettsiae in the coxal fluid, saliva and excreta or through transovarial passage of the agent with the saliva during feeding transmission to a new host takes place. Infection of the various organs of the tick and excretion or passage of the agent is not necessarily the rule, but may be even considered as an exception. This is especially the case for transovarial passage. On the other side, the multiplication of rickettsiae in the tick can be so intensive that the haemolymph and all internal organs become flooded with the organisms. These observations have been made in moribund and dead ticks. One of the most remarkable results was that the behaviour of C. burneti in its tick host varied considerably not only within the same series of experiments but more frequently in one and the same individual tick as well. Thus, e.g. excretion of the agent - with the saliva or coxal fluid - could be interrupted and resumed again later on. Evidently, these variations indicate a shift in the host-parasite interrelationship in which the multiplication of the rickettsiae is greatly enhanced by a decrease in the host's immune response, whereas an increase in its defence reaction will cause suppression of multiplication. It is not known, however, if the relevant impulse is primarily given by the tick or the rickettsial organism. The behaviour of C. burneti in O. moubata which does not follow a definite pattern coincides well with the high adaptability and variability characterizing this microorganism in other aspects as well.", "PMID": 1172309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3718", "title": "[Effect of actinomycin D on RNA synthesis in a stationary culture of Chinese hamster cells stimulated to proliferate].", "content": "The study of the effects of actinomycin D on stationary cultures of Chinese hamster cells and those stimulated by medium changing has revealed that RNA synthesis is more sensitive in the latter, the difference in the first place being attributed to the rate of labeled uridine incorporation into cell nucleoli. There is no significant difference in H3-actinomycin D uptake between stationary and stimulated cells, but the latter incorporate more labeled actinomycin D into their nuclei. A pronounced variation in sensitivity to actinomycin D is observed during the prereplicative period of stimulated cells. The first part of this period is more sensitive, which may be due to the necessity for stimulated cells to synthesize a great number of ribosomes to enter the mitotic cycle and to proceed through it.", "contents": "[Effect of actinomycin D on RNA synthesis in a stationary culture of Chinese hamster cells stimulated to proliferate]. The study of the effects of actinomycin D on stationary cultures of Chinese hamster cells and those stimulated by medium changing has revealed that RNA synthesis is more sensitive in the latter, the difference in the first place being attributed to the rate of labeled uridine incorporation into cell nucleoli. There is no significant difference in H3-actinomycin D uptake between stationary and stimulated cells, but the latter incorporate more labeled actinomycin D into their nuclei. A pronounced variation in sensitivity to actinomycin D is observed during the prereplicative period of stimulated cells. The first part of this period is more sensitive, which may be due to the necessity for stimulated cells to synthesize a great number of ribosomes to enter the mitotic cycle and to proceed through it.", "PMID": 1172310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3719", "title": "[Inhibition by actinomycin D of ribosomal RNA synthesis in the presynthesis period of the mitotic cycle of Chinese hamster cell cultures].", "content": "Using radioautographic technique actinomycin D at a concentration of 0.08 mug/ml was shown to inhibit selectively ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis in monolayer cultures of Chinese hamster cells. The treatment with actinomycin D of cells synchronized by mitotic selection in the beginning of the G1 period causes a delay in the onset of DNA synthesis. However, a similar treatment in the late G1 period does not prevent cells from entering the S-period. The same effect has been produced by 9 mug/ml lucanthone, another inhibitor of rRNA synthesis. The experiments demonstrate a pronounced difference in cell reaction to the depression of rRNA synthesis in early and late G1 period. The data imply that the formation of rRNA, essential for the initiation of DNA synthesis, is accomplished in the first half of the G1 period, while part of rRNA has been already formed in the previous cycle.", "contents": "[Inhibition by actinomycin D of ribosomal RNA synthesis in the presynthesis period of the mitotic cycle of Chinese hamster cell cultures]. Using radioautographic technique actinomycin D at a concentration of 0.08 mug/ml was shown to inhibit selectively ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis in monolayer cultures of Chinese hamster cells. The treatment with actinomycin D of cells synchronized by mitotic selection in the beginning of the G1 period causes a delay in the onset of DNA synthesis. However, a similar treatment in the late G1 period does not prevent cells from entering the S-period. The same effect has been produced by 9 mug/ml lucanthone, another inhibitor of rRNA synthesis. The experiments demonstrate a pronounced difference in cell reaction to the depression of rRNA synthesis in early and late G1 period. The data imply that the formation of rRNA, essential for the initiation of DNA synthesis, is accomplished in the first half of the G1 period, while part of rRNA has been already formed in the previous cycle.", "PMID": 1172311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3720", "title": "[Structure and histone composition of chromatin in Physarum polycephalum].", "content": "In Physarum polycephalum several degrees of organisation of deoxyribonucleoprotein fibres were found. The complexes of histones and the DNA duplex seem to \"be packed\" at first into a 100 A fibre and then into a 200 A fibre of DNP. In Ph. polycephalum the electrophoretic mobilities of histone fractions 4 and 6 are comparable to that of fractions f3/f2b and f2a1 of calf thymus, resp. Histone fractions 3 and 5 move a bit faster than fractions f1 and f2a2, resp. Thus, the myxomycete P. polycephalum is similar to higher eukaryotes as concerns the ultrastructure of chromatin and electrophoretic properties of histones.", "contents": "[Structure and histone composition of chromatin in Physarum polycephalum]. In Physarum polycephalum several degrees of organisation of deoxyribonucleoprotein fibres were found. The complexes of histones and the DNA duplex seem to \"be packed\" at first into a 100 A fibre and then into a 200 A fibre of DNP. In Ph. polycephalum the electrophoretic mobilities of histone fractions 4 and 6 are comparable to that of fractions f3/f2b and f2a1 of calf thymus, resp. Histone fractions 3 and 5 move a bit faster than fractions f1 and f2a2, resp. Thus, the myxomycete P. polycephalum is similar to higher eukaryotes as concerns the ultrastructure of chromatin and electrophoretic properties of histones.", "PMID": 1172312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3721", "title": "Incidence of prostatic carcinoma in the elderly.", "content": "Published reports vary greatly in their estimation of the incidence of prostatic carcinoma. To obtain statistically valid data on the occurrence of this entity in the elderly, serial sections of the entire prostate obtained at 57 consecutive autopsies in males eighty years of age and over were analyzed. The incidence of prostatic carcinoma in this group was 66.7 per cent. The stage and grade of lesions are noted, and a correlation between specimen weight and incidence of malignancy is confirmed. Apparently disparate reports are analyzed.", "contents": "Incidence of prostatic carcinoma in the elderly. Published reports vary greatly in their estimation of the incidence of prostatic carcinoma. To obtain statistically valid data on the occurrence of this entity in the elderly, serial sections of the entire prostate obtained at 57 consecutive autopsies in males eighty years of age and over were analyzed. The incidence of prostatic carcinoma in this group was 66.7 per cent. The stage and grade of lesions are noted, and a correlation between specimen weight and incidence of malignancy is confirmed. Apparently disparate reports are analyzed.", "PMID": 1172317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3722", "title": "Perinatal torsion of spermatic cord.", "content": "A case of torsion of the testis in the newborn is presented. A review of the literature indicates that this condition tends to occur in babies weighing over 3,000 Gm., born of primigravida; the involved testicle is usually nontender, and frequently there is adhesion of the skin to the mass. Controversies in regard to methods of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Perinatal torsion of spermatic cord. A case of torsion of the testis in the newborn is presented. A review of the literature indicates that this condition tends to occur in babies weighing over 3,000 Gm., born of primigravida; the involved testicle is usually nontender, and frequently there is adhesion of the skin to the mass. Controversies in regard to methods of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 1172318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3723", "title": "[Long-term results and planning of therapy of seminal tumors of the testis].", "content": "The paper retrospectively reviews the modalities and the long-term results of treatment of 200 consecutive patients with pure seminoma and of 125 patients with testicular carcinomas admitted to the Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori of Milan from 1929 to Jan 1973. Radical orchiectomy with high ligation of the spermatic cord at the internal inguinal ring was performed in all previously untreated patients. Those who had had a scrotal operation performed elsewhere were radically reoperated upon. Lymphography and cobalt 60 telecurietherapy were introduced in 1960 and new treatment plans were employed for the irradiation of the deep lymphnodes. Since 1968 all operable carcinomas have undergone bilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and since 1964 all patients with advanced disease have been treated with chemotherapy (single agent or combination). Survival rates were calculated by the actuarial method. The new treatment modalities proved to be significantly superior to the old ones. In pure seminoma a 92% cure rate was obtained in NO patients after prophylactic irradiation of retroperitoneal nodes (2,500-3,000 rad in 3 weeks). In NI-3 patients the cure rate was as high as 75% after radical irradiation of retroperitoneal nodes (3,500-4,000 rad in 4 weeks) as well as prophylactic irradiation of mediastinum and both supraclavicular fossae. Extended radical radiotherapy (combined with chemotherapy in some patients) cured 2/6 N4 and 3/8 M1 patients. According to the old modalities of treatment, figures were respectively 72% in NO cases, 40% in N1-3 and 0% in N4 and M1 patients. In carcinomas, the cure rate after retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy was 91% in N--patients and 47% in N+ cases. In N+ patients post-operative radiation was also performed (4,000-5,000 rad in 5 weeks). After radiotherapy alone (without lymphadenectomy) the rates were 62% in NO and 28% in N1-2 patients. In primary inoperable patients (N3-4 and M1) chemotherapy, with or without radiation, significantly prolonged the survival rate. It is concluded that radiotherapy is the treatment of choice for pure seminoma and in N4 and M1 cases a full course of chemotherapy must be combined with extensive irradiation. Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is mandatory in all operable cases of testicular carcinoma while adjuvant chemotherapy may further improve the prognosis in N+ cases. For inoperable carcinomas chemotherapy (plus radiotherapy) is the treatment of choice. The new multiple drug regimens are providing encouraging results.", "contents": "[Long-term results and planning of therapy of seminal tumors of the testis]. The paper retrospectively reviews the modalities and the long-term results of treatment of 200 consecutive patients with pure seminoma and of 125 patients with testicular carcinomas admitted to the Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori of Milan from 1929 to Jan 1973. Radical orchiectomy with high ligation of the spermatic cord at the internal inguinal ring was performed in all previously untreated patients. Those who had had a scrotal operation performed elsewhere were radically reoperated upon. Lymphography and cobalt 60 telecurietherapy were introduced in 1960 and new treatment plans were employed for the irradiation of the deep lymphnodes. Since 1968 all operable carcinomas have undergone bilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and since 1964 all patients with advanced disease have been treated with chemotherapy (single agent or combination). Survival rates were calculated by the actuarial method. The new treatment modalities proved to be significantly superior to the old ones. In pure seminoma a 92% cure rate was obtained in NO patients after prophylactic irradiation of retroperitoneal nodes (2,500-3,000 rad in 3 weeks). In NI-3 patients the cure rate was as high as 75% after radical irradiation of retroperitoneal nodes (3,500-4,000 rad in 4 weeks) as well as prophylactic irradiation of mediastinum and both supraclavicular fossae. Extended radical radiotherapy (combined with chemotherapy in some patients) cured 2/6 N4 and 3/8 M1 patients. According to the old modalities of treatment, figures were respectively 72% in NO cases, 40% in N1-3 and 0% in N4 and M1 patients. In carcinomas, the cure rate after retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy was 91% in N--patients and 47% in N+ cases. In N+ patients post-operative radiation was also performed (4,000-5,000 rad in 5 weeks). After radiotherapy alone (without lymphadenectomy) the rates were 62% in NO and 28% in N1-2 patients. In primary inoperable patients (N3-4 and M1) chemotherapy, with or without radiation, significantly prolonged the survival rate. It is concluded that radiotherapy is the treatment of choice for pure seminoma and in N4 and M1 cases a full course of chemotherapy must be combined with extensive irradiation. Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is mandatory in all operable cases of testicular carcinoma while adjuvant chemotherapy may further improve the prognosis in N+ cases. For inoperable carcinomas chemotherapy (plus radiotherapy) is the treatment of choice. The new multiple drug regimens are providing encouraging results.", "PMID": 1172313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3724", "title": "Leiomyoma of vesicovaginal septum causing urinary retention.", "content": "A case of leiomyoma of the vesicovaginal septum causing acute urinary retention and an unusual radiographic filling defect in the flood of the bladder is presented. This is a rare lesion which can be the source of confusion. It has similar microscopic appearance to lesions which the patient had previously in the esophagus and stomach, left labia, and the uterus. Microscopically, all of the tumors were benign.", "contents": "Leiomyoma of vesicovaginal septum causing urinary retention. A case of leiomyoma of the vesicovaginal septum causing acute urinary retention and an unusual radiographic filling defect in the flood of the bladder is presented. This is a rare lesion which can be the source of confusion. It has similar microscopic appearance to lesions which the patient had previously in the esophagus and stomach, left labia, and the uterus. Microscopically, all of the tumors were benign.", "PMID": 1172319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3725", "title": "[Sudden death due to lung tumor embolism of an angioplastic sarcoma of the inferior vena cava].", "content": "Report on a sudden death from natural cause by embolism due to a pulmonary tumour in a 20-year-old girl. Starting point of the angiospastic sarcoma was the lower third of the inferior vena cava. It is referred to the extreme rarity of such tumours as well as to problems of nomenclature and diagnostics.", "contents": "[Sudden death due to lung tumor embolism of an angioplastic sarcoma of the inferior vena cava]. Report on a sudden death from natural cause by embolism due to a pulmonary tumour in a 20-year-old girl. Starting point of the angiospastic sarcoma was the lower third of the inferior vena cava. It is referred to the extreme rarity of such tumours as well as to problems of nomenclature and diagnostics.", "PMID": 1172331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3726", "title": "[Abortive myxovirus infection of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Analysis of virus-specific structures in the ascitic fluid].", "content": "In the course of classical fowl plague virus reproduction in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells both hemagglutinins and S-antigen accumulate and titers of the infectious activity increase. However virus reproduction does not terminate in formation of virus, and subviral structures are found in the liquid fraction of the infected cells. Analysis of these structures has shown them to have a sedimentation coefficient of 350-370S and buovant density 1.29 g/ml. The rapidly sedimenting structure has complement-fixing hemagglutinating activity but bow infectivity.", "contents": "[Abortive myxovirus infection of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Analysis of virus-specific structures in the ascitic fluid]. In the course of classical fowl plague virus reproduction in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells both hemagglutinins and S-antigen accumulate and titers of the infectious activity increase. However virus reproduction does not terminate in formation of virus, and subviral structures are found in the liquid fraction of the infected cells. Analysis of these structures has shown them to have a sedimentation coefficient of 350-370S and buovant density 1.29 g/ml. The rapidly sedimenting structure has complement-fixing hemagglutinating activity but bow infectivity.", "PMID": 1172326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3727", "title": "[Temperature-sensitive mutants of Japanese encephalitis virus, isolated from chronically infected cultures of suckling mouse brain cells].", "content": "Reproduction of Japanese encephalitis virus isolated at various passage levels from chronically infected GMS-1-K33 cell cultures was maximum in chick embryo fibroblast cultures at a temperature of 28 degrees C. A temperature of 42 degrees C was found to be nonpermissive for the majority of variants and restrictive for the 20th passage virus. Some decline in titers was also observed at 37 degrees C. The ts mutants derived from the population of the persisting virus had lower pathogenicity for laboratory animals, were sensitive to RNA-ase and resistant to 4 M urea. The data obtained by us and other authors suggest that appearance and selection of ts mutants in persistent infection in cell cultures in a regular phenomenon playing a significant role both in establishment and maintenance of persistently infected systems.", "contents": "[Temperature-sensitive mutants of Japanese encephalitis virus, isolated from chronically infected cultures of suckling mouse brain cells]. Reproduction of Japanese encephalitis virus isolated at various passage levels from chronically infected GMS-1-K33 cell cultures was maximum in chick embryo fibroblast cultures at a temperature of 28 degrees C. A temperature of 42 degrees C was found to be nonpermissive for the majority of variants and restrictive for the 20th passage virus. Some decline in titers was also observed at 37 degrees C. The ts mutants derived from the population of the persisting virus had lower pathogenicity for laboratory animals, were sensitive to RNA-ase and resistant to 4 M urea. The data obtained by us and other authors suggest that appearance and selection of ts mutants in persistent infection in cell cultures in a regular phenomenon playing a significant role both in establishment and maintenance of persistently infected systems.", "PMID": 1172327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3728", "title": "Syndrome of mental retardation, seizures, hypotonic cerebral palsy and megalocorneae, recessively inherited.", "content": "A previously apparently undescribed \"syndrome\" is reported in which megalocornea and iris anomalies are accompanied by minor facial and skeletal anomalies, severe mental retardation, hypotonia, and seizures. The condition was found in 3 siblings of one family and in 4 sporadic cases; it is thought to be recessively inherited.", "contents": "Syndrome of mental retardation, seizures, hypotonic cerebral palsy and megalocorneae, recessively inherited. A previously apparently undescribed \"syndrome\" is reported in which megalocornea and iris anomalies are accompanied by minor facial and skeletal anomalies, severe mental retardation, hypotonia, and seizures. The condition was found in 3 siblings of one family and in 4 sporadic cases; it is thought to be recessively inherited.", "PMID": 1172332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3729", "title": "A description and inventory of the displays of the Maccoa Duck Oxyura maccoa.", "content": "Wild maccoa ducks were observed and filmed in the south-western Cape, South Africa, and individually marked captive ducks were closely studied over several years.  The displays of the maccoa duck are described.  Accounts are given of the incidence of the displays and the sequences in which they occur.  Comments are offered on the taxonomic significance of particular displays.", "contents": "A description and inventory of the displays of the Maccoa Duck Oxyura maccoa. Wild maccoa ducks were observed and filmed in the south-western Cape, South Africa, and individually marked captive ducks were closely studied over several years.  The displays of the maccoa duck are described.  Accounts are given of the incidence of the displays and the sequences in which they occur.  Comments are offered on the taxonomic significance of particular displays.", "PMID": 1172338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3730", "title": "Spatial associations and social interactions in a \"solitary\" ungulate: the bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus (Pallas).", "content": "The bushbuck population in a study area of 0.7 km2 in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, was observed between June 22 and July 30, 1971.  The animals (4 male male, 10 female female, 4 immat.) were individually recognizable.  Observations consisted of census sightings and longitudinal observations; during the latter location, neighbours, social encounters and other behaviour of focal animals were recorded continuously.  71% of the census sightings were of single animals.  Hardly any aggression was observed, nor did the bushbuck actively avoid oneanother.  The definition of the term \"solitary\" and possible advantages of a dispersed social system for the bushbuck are discussed.", "contents": "Spatial associations and social interactions in a \"solitary\" ungulate: the bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus (Pallas). The bushbuck population in a study area of 0.7 km2 in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, was observed between June 22 and July 30, 1971.  The animals (4 male male, 10 female female, 4 immat.) were individually recognizable.  Observations consisted of census sightings and longitudinal observations; during the latter location, neighbours, social encounters and other behaviour of focal animals were recorded continuously.  71% of the census sightings were of single animals.  Hardly any aggression was observed, nor did the bushbuck actively avoid oneanother.  The definition of the term \"solitary\" and possible advantages of a dispersed social system for the bushbuck are discussed.", "PMID": 1172339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3731", "title": "A comparative field study of the social behavior and related ecology of reef fishes of the family Chaetodontidae1)2).", "content": "20 Species of Chaetodontidae were observed in the field for a total of about 150 hrs at Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands, at Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef, and at Johnson Island.  During observations the diver either stayed in one place for 30 min, swam transects or followed individual fish.  Social groupings of the different species, their intra- and interspecific agonistic interactions and their feeding are described.  The frequent occurrence of Chaetodontidae in pairs and the relatively low observed level of agonistic encounters are discussed.", "contents": "A comparative field study of the social behavior and related ecology of reef fishes of the family Chaetodontidae1)2). 20 Species of Chaetodontidae were observed in the field for a total of about 150 hrs at Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands, at Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef, and at Johnson Island.  During observations the diver either stayed in one place for 30 min, swam transects or followed individual fish.  Social groupings of the different species, their intra- and interspecific agonistic interactions and their feeding are described.  The frequent occurrence of Chaetodontidae in pairs and the relatively low observed level of agonistic encounters are discussed.", "PMID": 1172340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3732", "title": "[Colony defence of Asian honey bees].", "content": "Colony Defence in Asian Honey Bees.  1. In Ais cerana, Apis dorsata and Apis florea a defence behaviour (K\u00f6rpersch\u00fctteln) can be released by the approach of flying insects.  Films of Apis cerana colonies exhibiting this behaviour were made and anaylysed.  2. K\u00f6rpersch\u00fctteln \"could not be released by various mechanical and chemical\" stimuli.  Only the movement of a dark object before light background was effective in releasing this behaviour.  3. The optimal angular velocity of the dark object when moved on a moving disk was between 80 degrees to 250 degrees per sec.  The optimal size for stimulation was between 5 degrees and 12 degrees (visual angle).  4. The stimulatory effect was not greatly influenced by the shape of the dark object.  5. Continued stimulation over a 90 min period resulted in 80% reduction in the number of responding bees.  6. The colony's ability to discriminate between returning forager bees and other flying insects is discussed.", "contents": "[Colony defence of Asian honey bees]. Colony Defence in Asian Honey Bees.  1. In Ais cerana, Apis dorsata and Apis florea a defence behaviour (K\u00f6rpersch\u00fctteln) can be released by the approach of flying insects.  Films of Apis cerana colonies exhibiting this behaviour were made and anaylysed.  2. K\u00f6rpersch\u00fctteln \"could not be released by various mechanical and chemical\" stimuli.  Only the movement of a dark object before light background was effective in releasing this behaviour.  3. The optimal angular velocity of the dark object when moved on a moving disk was between 80 degrees to 250 degrees per sec.  The optimal size for stimulation was between 5 degrees and 12 degrees (visual angle).  4. The stimulatory effect was not greatly influenced by the shape of the dark object.  5. Continued stimulation over a 90 min period resulted in 80% reduction in the number of responding bees.  6. The colony's ability to discriminate between returning forager bees and other flying insects is discussed.", "PMID": 1172342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3733", "title": "The variability of innate darkness preference in mice: an evaluation of Ungar's design.", "content": "This study attempted to elucidate the controversy surrounding the experiments of Ungar examining the effects of scotophobin on dark preference in mice. The behavior of 45 noninjected mice in the type of maze described by Ungar was examined. Seven subsequent tests were conducted for dark box time (DBT) and motor activity. In general, the results indicated that DBT in all subpopulations of mice selected according to different criteria on the preference test fluctuated during the course of experimentation. Further, on the basis of the present data, the problem of summation effects from combined probabilities in the series of independent comparisons was readily apparent, so that the probability of obtaining significant differences between groups was increased as the results of Ungar's data analysis. A strong relationship between motor activity and DBT was also obtained, suggesting that other, nonspecific factors may influence motor activity and shorten the elevation of DBT.", "contents": "The variability of innate darkness preference in mice: an evaluation of Ungar's design. This study attempted to elucidate the controversy surrounding the experiments of Ungar examining the effects of scotophobin on dark preference in mice. The behavior of 45 noninjected mice in the type of maze described by Ungar was examined. Seven subsequent tests were conducted for dark box time (DBT) and motor activity. In general, the results indicated that DBT in all subpopulations of mice selected according to different criteria on the preference test fluctuated during the course of experimentation. Further, on the basis of the present data, the problem of summation effects from combined probabilities in the series of independent comparisons was readily apparent, so that the probability of obtaining significant differences between groups was increased as the results of Ungar's data analysis. A strong relationship between motor activity and DBT was also obtained, suggesting that other, nonspecific factors may influence motor activity and shorten the elevation of DBT.", "PMID": 1172344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3734", "title": "Benign cystic tumours of the cerebellum.", "content": "In a series of 4.915 surgically treated intracranial tumours and other space-occupying lesions, excluding those due to trauma, the two main groups of benign cerebellar tumours were found to be the astrocytomas (172) and the cystic haemangioblastomas (35). Cerebellar astrocytomas represented 3.5% of all the brain tumour material and 8% of the total number of gliomas. The clinical features are reviewed, and the necessity for surgical and histological verification of the posterior fossa tumours of childhood and youth is emphasized. Preoperative positive contrast ventriculography was usually performed followed by temporal ventricular drainage or ventriculo-peritoneal shunting. Cystic astrocytomas predominated. Radical removal of the solid part of these should be carried out. Total post-operative case mortality varied between 16 and 22% but has become lower in recent years. Good late results varied between 40 and 70%. Angioblastomas of the cerebellum are usually benign tumours, with a cystic component in 70% or more. Usually they represent the most important part of the so-called Lindau complex with possible associated angiomatosis of the retina (von Hippel-Lindau disease) and, more rarely, visceral lesions or haemangioblastomas of the spinal cord. Cystic cerebellar angioblastomas represented 0.7% of all brain tumours. The proportion of male patients was double that of females and the age peak appeared between 30 and 40 years. An increase of red blood cells above five million per mm3 appeared in 9% of our cases. The value of vertebral angiography is emphasized. After emptying the cyst careful removal of the nodule gives a good late result in more than 70% of patients. However, recurrences have been noted in the literature in about 14% of patients due to the frequency of multiple tumour nodules in the posterior fossa (10% in some vertebral angiographic series). Finally, a most careful clinical and radiological search for other lesions in the rest of the body is imperative in these patients.", "contents": "Benign cystic tumours of the cerebellum. In a series of 4.915 surgically treated intracranial tumours and other space-occupying lesions, excluding those due to trauma, the two main groups of benign cerebellar tumours were found to be the astrocytomas (172) and the cystic haemangioblastomas (35). Cerebellar astrocytomas represented 3.5% of all the brain tumour material and 8% of the total number of gliomas. The clinical features are reviewed, and the necessity for surgical and histological verification of the posterior fossa tumours of childhood and youth is emphasized. Preoperative positive contrast ventriculography was usually performed followed by temporal ventricular drainage or ventriculo-peritoneal shunting. Cystic astrocytomas predominated. Radical removal of the solid part of these should be carried out. Total post-operative case mortality varied between 16 and 22% but has become lower in recent years. Good late results varied between 40 and 70%. Angioblastomas of the cerebellum are usually benign tumours, with a cystic component in 70% or more. Usually they represent the most important part of the so-called Lindau complex with possible associated angiomatosis of the retina (von Hippel-Lindau disease) and, more rarely, visceral lesions or haemangioblastomas of the spinal cord. Cystic cerebellar angioblastomas represented 0.7% of all brain tumours. The proportion of male patients was double that of females and the age peak appeared between 30 and 40 years. An increase of red blood cells above five million per mm3 appeared in 9% of our cases. The value of vertebral angiography is emphasized. After emptying the cyst careful removal of the nodule gives a good late result in more than 70% of patients. However, recurrences have been noted in the literature in about 14% of patients due to the frequency of multiple tumour nodules in the posterior fossa (10% in some vertebral angiographic series). Finally, a most careful clinical and radiological search for other lesions in the rest of the body is imperative in these patients.", "PMID": 1172345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3735", "title": "Perinatal narcotic addiction in mice: sensitization to morphine stimulation.", "content": "The injection of morphine sulfate into baby mice twice daily for 5 days increased their running reaponse to morphine when they were tested as adults. If treatment was completed before the mice were )5 days old there was no effect. Sensitization to morphine running was longer-lasting than either analgesic tolerance or tolerance to morphine running may be a form of denervation hypersensitivity that has several features in common with noise-induced sensitization to audiogenic seizures.", "contents": "Perinatal narcotic addiction in mice: sensitization to morphine stimulation. The injection of morphine sulfate into baby mice twice daily for 5 days increased their running reaponse to morphine when they were tested as adults. If treatment was completed before the mice were )5 days old there was no effect. Sensitization to morphine running was longer-lasting than either analgesic tolerance or tolerance to morphine running may be a form of denervation hypersensitivity that has several features in common with noise-induced sensitization to audiogenic seizures.", "PMID": 1172350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3736", "title": "Morphine administration to pregnant rabbits: effect on fetal growth and lung development.", "content": "Morphine was injected subcutaneously in doses of 2.5 to 10 mg/kg every 6 hours into pregnant rabbits from early pregnancy until delivery by hysterotomy on the 27th, 28th or 29th day. Pregnant control animals received 0.9% NaC1 injections. Abortions occurred in 34% of the morphine-treated does as a doserelated effect and in 6.5% of the controls. In preserved pregnancies the prevalence of intrauterine death was identical in both samples. Fetuses of treated animals weighed significantly less than those of the controls.However, the normally present effect of intrauterine position on fetal growth was not altered in fetuses of treated animals, so that growth-retarded as well as normal fetuses weighed more when located in the ovarium rather than the cervical portion of the uterus. The fetal lungs were inflated to 35 cm H2O and the remaining air at a deflation pressure of 10 cm H2O (V10) was determined as a measure of lung stability. There were no differences in this indicator of fetal lung maturity between fetuses of treated and control animals. It was found that the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in the amniotic fluid of rabbits does not correlate with lung maturity; there were no differences between fetuses of treated and control animals. Morphine, when administered to pregnant rabbits does not accelerate fetal lung development. Therefore, the observed reduction in the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in infants of heroin-addicted women has no direct equivalent in this animal model.", "contents": "Morphine administration to pregnant rabbits: effect on fetal growth and lung development. Morphine was injected subcutaneously in doses of 2.5 to 10 mg/kg every 6 hours into pregnant rabbits from early pregnancy until delivery by hysterotomy on the 27th, 28th or 29th day. Pregnant control animals received 0.9% NaC1 injections. Abortions occurred in 34% of the morphine-treated does as a doserelated effect and in 6.5% of the controls. In preserved pregnancies the prevalence of intrauterine death was identical in both samples. Fetuses of treated animals weighed significantly less than those of the controls.However, the normally present effect of intrauterine position on fetal growth was not altered in fetuses of treated animals, so that growth-retarded as well as normal fetuses weighed more when located in the ovarium rather than the cervical portion of the uterus. The fetal lungs were inflated to 35 cm H2O and the remaining air at a deflation pressure of 10 cm H2O (V10) was determined as a measure of lung stability. There were no differences in this indicator of fetal lung maturity between fetuses of treated and control animals. It was found that the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in the amniotic fluid of rabbits does not correlate with lung maturity; there were no differences between fetuses of treated and control animals. Morphine, when administered to pregnant rabbits does not accelerate fetal lung development. Therefore, the observed reduction in the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in infants of heroin-addicted women has no direct equivalent in this animal model.", "PMID": 1172351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3737", "title": "Sound production by Simochromis diagramma (G\u00fcnther) (Pisces, Cichlidae).", "content": "Two types of sounds produced by the cichlid fish Simochromis diagramma, are recorded and analysed. A br-r-r sound, with a main frequency of 200 Hz and a chewing sound with a main frequency of 6,000-10,000 Hz are produced during threatening; the former sound can also be heard during quivering. No sound was recorded with fighting or anxious fishes.", "contents": "Sound production by Simochromis diagramma (G\u00fcnther) (Pisces, Cichlidae). Two types of sounds produced by the cichlid fish Simochromis diagramma, are recorded and analysed. A br-r-r sound, with a main frequency of 200 Hz and a chewing sound with a main frequency of 6,000-10,000 Hz are produced during threatening; the former sound can also be heard during quivering. No sound was recorded with fighting or anxious fishes.", "PMID": 1172364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3738", "title": "On the diurnal rhythm of activity of Meriones unguiculatus (Milne-Edwards, 1867).", "content": "The diurnal rhythm of activity of Meriones unguiculatus (Milne-Edwards, 1867) is examined under natural and artificial light. The activity of 2 animals in captivity was registered actographically. Meriones unguiculatus seems to be more active during the night than during the day and showsed activity in the forenoon was registered.", "contents": "On the diurnal rhythm of activity of Meriones unguiculatus (Milne-Edwards, 1867). The diurnal rhythm of activity of Meriones unguiculatus (Milne-Edwards, 1867) is examined under natural and artificial light. The activity of 2 animals in captivity was registered actographically. Meriones unguiculatus seems to be more active during the night than during the day and showsed activity in the forenoon was registered.", "PMID": 1172365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3739", "title": "On the diurnal rhythm of activity of Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linne, 1758).", "content": "The diurnal rhythm of activity of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linn\u00e9, 1758)) is examined under artificial and natural circumstances. Two male rabbits were examined actographically in special registration cages in artificial and natural light. A population of rabbits was observed in nature and its rhythm of activity investigated by different methods: counting the animals and marking their burrows. The rabbit shows a diurnal rhythm of activity with a main maximum just after sunset and a secondary maximum at sunrise. With artificial light the rabbit has a different rhythm than with natural light. The importance of the choice of the parameter of activity is shown, as is the fact that a change of the actual timegiver brings about greater changes than its absence.", "contents": "On the diurnal rhythm of activity of Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linne, 1758). The diurnal rhythm of activity of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linn\u00e9, 1758)) is examined under artificial and natural circumstances. Two male rabbits were examined actographically in special registration cages in artificial and natural light. A population of rabbits was observed in nature and its rhythm of activity investigated by different methods: counting the animals and marking their burrows. The rabbit shows a diurnal rhythm of activity with a main maximum just after sunset and a secondary maximum at sunrise. With artificial light the rabbit has a different rhythm than with natural light. The importance of the choice of the parameter of activity is shown, as is the fact that a change of the actual timegiver brings about greater changes than its absence.", "PMID": 1172366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3740", "title": "Contribution to the ethology of Simochromis diagramma (G\u00fcnther) (Pisces, Cichlidae).", "content": "The behaviour of Simochromis diagramma, a cichlid fish of Lake Tanganyika, is studied. Seven colour patterns were distinguished, corresponding to well-defined behaviour displays or moods. A description of the aggressive behaviour is given for threatening, fighting and feigned attacking. Two forms of aggression inhibiting displays are described. Further, we payed attention to sexual behaviour, parental care and the behaviour of the yound. Simochromis diagramma is a maternal mouth breeder.", "contents": "Contribution to the ethology of Simochromis diagramma (G\u00fcnther) (Pisces, Cichlidae). The behaviour of Simochromis diagramma, a cichlid fish of Lake Tanganyika, is studied. Seven colour patterns were distinguished, corresponding to well-defined behaviour displays or moods. A description of the aggressive behaviour is given for threatening, fighting and feigned attacking. Two forms of aggression inhibiting displays are described. Further, we payed attention to sexual behaviour, parental care and the behaviour of the yound. Simochromis diagramma is a maternal mouth breeder.", "PMID": 1172367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3741", "title": "Pulmonary arterial oxygen saturation during treadmill exercise. A discriminative index of functional class.", "content": "Six patients in functional class II and 11 in functional class III underwent graded treadmill exercise, with severe fatigue as their limiting symptom. During exercise, none of the patients developed chest pain, or significant arrhythmia. Our data suggest that at a treadmill workload of 2 mph and 7 per cent slope, with an oxygen consumption four times that at rest, measurement of the pulmonary arterial oxygen saturation permits clear separation of functional class II from functional class III. Although there was a significant difference in the heart rate response, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, and percentage change in pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure, considerable overlap occurred. The use of pulmonary arterial oxygen saturation may prove to be of value in instances in which the functional cardiac status is not reasonably clear from the clinical interview or routine exercise testing. It requires less than maximal effort on the part of the patient, and provides an objective end point to distinguish between two important groups of patients.", "contents": "Pulmonary arterial oxygen saturation during treadmill exercise. A discriminative index of functional class. Six patients in functional class II and 11 in functional class III underwent graded treadmill exercise, with severe fatigue as their limiting symptom. During exercise, none of the patients developed chest pain, or significant arrhythmia. Our data suggest that at a treadmill workload of 2 mph and 7 per cent slope, with an oxygen consumption four times that at rest, measurement of the pulmonary arterial oxygen saturation permits clear separation of functional class II from functional class III. Although there was a significant difference in the heart rate response, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, and percentage change in pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure, considerable overlap occurred. The use of pulmonary arterial oxygen saturation may prove to be of value in instances in which the functional cardiac status is not reasonably clear from the clinical interview or routine exercise testing. It requires less than maximal effort on the part of the patient, and provides an objective end point to distinguish between two important groups of patients.", "PMID": 1172368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3742", "title": "Vitamin A transport in human fetal blood.", "content": "The average concentration of retinol in the serum of 20 newborn Thai infants was 23.1 +/- 6.0 mug/100 ml, with a range of 14.3-36.6 mug/100 ml, about 60% that found in a group of healthy Thai women (39.8 mug/100 ml). Retinol containing components in pooled fetal serum and in adult serum were purified by chromatography first on DEAE cellulose and then twice on Sephadex G-100 columns. Over 90% of the retinol in fetal serum was associated with a complex between retinol binding protein and prealbumin. By several criteria fetal and adult retinol binding protein appear to be identical.", "contents": "Vitamin A transport in human fetal blood. The average concentration of retinol in the serum of 20 newborn Thai infants was 23.1 +/- 6.0 mug/100 ml, with a range of 14.3-36.6 mug/100 ml, about 60% that found in a group of healthy Thai women (39.8 mug/100 ml). Retinol containing components in pooled fetal serum and in adult serum were purified by chromatography first on DEAE cellulose and then twice on Sephadex G-100 columns. Over 90% of the retinol in fetal serum was associated with a complex between retinol binding protein and prealbumin. By several criteria fetal and adult retinol binding protein appear to be identical.", "PMID": 1172369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3743", "title": "Localization of human gene loci using spontaneous chromosome rearrangements in human-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Analysis of human-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids with spontaneously derived chromosome structural changes has provided data for the regional and subregional localization of gene loci which have previously been assigned to human chromosomes 2, 12, and X. Correlation of the expression of human gene loci with the human chromosome complements present in somatic cell hybrids indicates that the cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (MDH1) locus is in the 2p23yields2pter region, and red cell acid phosphatase (AcP1) is at or adjacent to 2p23. The cytoplasmic isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1) locus is at or adjacent to 2q11, peptidase B (Pep B) is at or adjacent to 12q21, lactate dehydrogenase B (LDH B) is in the 12q21yiedls12pter region, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is in the Xq24yieldsXqter region, and the gene loci for phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), alpha-galactosidase (alpha-gal), and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (GPRT) are in the Xp21yieldsXq24 region.", "contents": "Localization of human gene loci using spontaneous chromosome rearrangements in human-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. Analysis of human-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids with spontaneously derived chromosome structural changes has provided data for the regional and subregional localization of gene loci which have previously been assigned to human chromosomes 2, 12, and X. Correlation of the expression of human gene loci with the human chromosome complements present in somatic cell hybrids indicates that the cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (MDH1) locus is in the 2p23yields2pter region, and red cell acid phosphatase (AcP1) is at or adjacent to 2p23. The cytoplasmic isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1) locus is at or adjacent to 2q11, peptidase B (Pep B) is at or adjacent to 12q21, lactate dehydrogenase B (LDH B) is in the 12q21yiedls12pter region, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is in the Xq24yieldsXqter region, and the gene loci for phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), alpha-galactosidase (alpha-gal), and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (GPRT) are in the Xp21yieldsXq24 region.", "PMID": 1172370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3744", "title": "A syndrome of recurrent intrauterine adhesions.", "content": "Traumatic intrauterine adhesions are known to be reversible. In some cases, following lysis of adhesions we find residual adhesions on hysterography. We have studied 11 cases in whom new adhesion formation, of different type and location have recurred following curettage for lysis of adhesions or in subsequent pregnancy. In each case there were between two and five different forms of intrauterine adhesions during the course of study. In all 11 cases hypomenorrhea was a prominent symptom. On premestrual curettage a scanty amount of endometrium was removed. Their obstetric history was characterized by sterility (four cases) and repeated early abortions, spontaneous or missed. Treatment consisted of repeated curettage and placement of an IUD. Four patients who subsequently become pregnant carried pregnancy to term or near term. Intrauterine adhesions may be considered as a localized manifestation of more generalized process of endometrial fibrosis. This may explain this syndrome of recurrent intrauterine adhesions and the paradoxical phenomenon of limited adhesions being associated with amenorrhea and hypomenorrhea.", "contents": "A syndrome of recurrent intrauterine adhesions. Traumatic intrauterine adhesions are known to be reversible. In some cases, following lysis of adhesions we find residual adhesions on hysterography. We have studied 11 cases in whom new adhesion formation, of different type and location have recurred following curettage for lysis of adhesions or in subsequent pregnancy. In each case there were between two and five different forms of intrauterine adhesions during the course of study. In all 11 cases hypomenorrhea was a prominent symptom. On premestrual curettage a scanty amount of endometrium was removed. Their obstetric history was characterized by sterility (four cases) and repeated early abortions, spontaneous or missed. Treatment consisted of repeated curettage and placement of an IUD. Four patients who subsequently become pregnant carried pregnancy to term or near term. Intrauterine adhesions may be considered as a localized manifestation of more generalized process of endometrial fibrosis. This may explain this syndrome of recurrent intrauterine adhesions and the paradoxical phenomenon of limited adhesions being associated with amenorrhea and hypomenorrhea.", "PMID": 1172372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3745", "title": "Clinical fetal monitoring. VII. The evaluation and significance of intrapartum baseline FHR variability.", "content": "The clinical usage of intrapartum fetal monitoring has increased dramatically in the past few years. Understanding of the pathophysiologic significance of FHR patterns has been further elucidated, but quantitation and prediction on an individual basis at times present a practical clinical dilemma. Baseline FHR variability was evaluated in order to see if it provided additional commentary on fetal status. The presence of FHR variability appears to be a favorable commentary regarding both fetal and newborn status. A clinical method of apprasing FHR is presented and the significance of FHR variability suggested.", "contents": "Clinical fetal monitoring. VII. The evaluation and significance of intrapartum baseline FHR variability. The clinical usage of intrapartum fetal monitoring has increased dramatically in the past few years. Understanding of the pathophysiologic significance of FHR patterns has been further elucidated, but quantitation and prediction on an individual basis at times present a practical clinical dilemma. Baseline FHR variability was evaluated in order to see if it provided additional commentary on fetal status. The presence of FHR variability appears to be a favorable commentary regarding both fetal and newborn status. A clinical method of apprasing FHR is presented and the significance of FHR variability suggested.", "PMID": 1172373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3746", "title": "Iridocyclitis associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In a study of 45 patients, those with monarticular and pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and with antinuclear antibodies, were likely also to have chronic, persistent iridocyclitis. In cases where iridocyclitis was present, topical mydriatics were used to prevent formation of posterior synechiae. Topical corticosteroids were used but discontinued if the uveitis failed to respond. Despite the generally poor prognosis for the vision of these patients, surgery for complicated cataract was often successful.", "contents": "Iridocyclitis associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In a study of 45 patients, those with monarticular and pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and with antinuclear antibodies, were likely also to have chronic, persistent iridocyclitis. In cases where iridocyclitis was present, topical mydriatics were used to prevent formation of posterior synechiae. Topical corticosteroids were used but discontinued if the uveitis failed to respond. Despite the generally poor prognosis for the vision of these patients, surgery for complicated cataract was often successful.", "PMID": 1172374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3747", "title": "Nictitating membrane in trisomy 18 syndrome.", "content": "A 2,290-g infant boy born after a 43-week gestation had the classic, somatic, and dermatoglyphic findings of trisomy 18 (Edwards) syndrome. The diagnosis was established cytogenetically. A bilateral nictitating membrane was present. In contrast to those in lower species this membrane was established horizontally and moved cephalad for closure. Thus, the membrane occasionally coverd the conjunctiva and cornea completely, giving the impression of corneal clouding. Postmortem studies were not permitted.", "contents": "Nictitating membrane in trisomy 18 syndrome. A 2,290-g infant boy born after a 43-week gestation had the classic, somatic, and dermatoglyphic findings of trisomy 18 (Edwards) syndrome. The diagnosis was established cytogenetically. A bilateral nictitating membrane was present. In contrast to those in lower species this membrane was established horizontally and moved cephalad for closure. Thus, the membrane occasionally coverd the conjunctiva and cornea completely, giving the impression of corneal clouding. Postmortem studies were not permitted.", "PMID": 1172375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3748", "title": "Adaptation to fasting in baboon. II. Regulation of lipolysis early and late in fasting.", "content": "Regulation of lipolysis by the sympathetic nervous system, basal insulin, and glucagon was studied in fasted baboons. Beta-Adrenergic mechanisms were evaluated by blockade with propranolol after 24, 40, and 65 h of fasting. Inhibition of lipolysis decreased with increasing duration of fasting. Insulin concentrations were markedly reduced by propranolol at all stages of fasting, whereas glucose and glucagon concentrations were unchanged. The roles of insulin and glucagon were evaluated by a 2-h infusion of somatostatin after 18 and 65 h of fasting. At both times, insulin and glucagon concentrations were markedly reduced. At 18 h of fasting but not at 65 h, lipolysis doubled. At both times the plasma glucose concentration fell 15-30%. At 18 h, preventing the decrease in glucose with glucose infusion prevented the increase in lipolysis. These data suggest that a beta-adrenergic mechanism is largely responsible for regulation of lipolysis early in fasting and that insulin, glucagon, and beta-adrenergic mechanisms play no major part in the maintenance of the accelerated lipolysis later in fasting.", "contents": "Adaptation to fasting in baboon. II. Regulation of lipolysis early and late in fasting. Regulation of lipolysis by the sympathetic nervous system, basal insulin, and glucagon was studied in fasted baboons. Beta-Adrenergic mechanisms were evaluated by blockade with propranolol after 24, 40, and 65 h of fasting. Inhibition of lipolysis decreased with increasing duration of fasting. Insulin concentrations were markedly reduced by propranolol at all stages of fasting, whereas glucose and glucagon concentrations were unchanged. The roles of insulin and glucagon were evaluated by a 2-h infusion of somatostatin after 18 and 65 h of fasting. At both times, insulin and glucagon concentrations were markedly reduced. At 18 h of fasting but not at 65 h, lipolysis doubled. At both times the plasma glucose concentration fell 15-30%. At 18 h, preventing the decrease in glucose with glucose infusion prevented the increase in lipolysis. These data suggest that a beta-adrenergic mechanism is largely responsible for regulation of lipolysis early in fasting and that insulin, glucagon, and beta-adrenergic mechanisms play no major part in the maintenance of the accelerated lipolysis later in fasting.", "PMID": 1172376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3749", "title": "Cardiac glycogen in long-evans rats: diurnal pattern and response to exercise.", "content": "The 24-h pattern of cardiac glycogen was determined in normally active, caged male Long-Evans rats. Relatively small fluctuation was observed during a 24-h cycle with maximal difference between mean values ranging from 3.41 +/- 0.28 (dark room) to 5.15 +/- 0.19 (light room) mg glycogen/g wet wt heart, suggesting that the substantial diurnal variation of cardiac glycogen reported in Wistar rats is not a universally observed phenomenon. Cardiac glycogen during and following a single bout of moderate running was compared to a bout of strenuous running in fed male Long-Evans rats. Moderate continuous running at 20 m/min for 30 min did not decrease cardiac glycogen below the average control level (4.09 +/- 0.10 mg glycogen/g heart) but did cause a short period of supercompensation, which reached a peak of 6.27 +/- 0.19 mg/g heart at 2 h postexercise. Strenuous running in bouts at 30 m/min over a 2-h period for a distance of 1,413 m caused a significant decrease in cardiac glycogen to 2.66 +/- 0.20 mg/g heart followed by an extended period of supercompensation, which reached a peak of 9.01 +/- 1.41 mg/g heart at 4 h postexercise and remained significantly elevated during the next 13 h. Thus, the severity of exercise in normal, fed rats determines not only the extent of cardiac depletion, but also the supercompensation pattern of glycogen repletion following exercise.", "contents": "Cardiac glycogen in long-evans rats: diurnal pattern and response to exercise. The 24-h pattern of cardiac glycogen was determined in normally active, caged male Long-Evans rats. Relatively small fluctuation was observed during a 24-h cycle with maximal difference between mean values ranging from 3.41 +/- 0.28 (dark room) to 5.15 +/- 0.19 (light room) mg glycogen/g wet wt heart, suggesting that the substantial diurnal variation of cardiac glycogen reported in Wistar rats is not a universally observed phenomenon. Cardiac glycogen during and following a single bout of moderate running was compared to a bout of strenuous running in fed male Long-Evans rats. Moderate continuous running at 20 m/min for 30 min did not decrease cardiac glycogen below the average control level (4.09 +/- 0.10 mg glycogen/g heart) but did cause a short period of supercompensation, which reached a peak of 6.27 +/- 0.19 mg/g heart at 2 h postexercise. Strenuous running in bouts at 30 m/min over a 2-h period for a distance of 1,413 m caused a significant decrease in cardiac glycogen to 2.66 +/- 0.20 mg/g heart followed by an extended period of supercompensation, which reached a peak of 9.01 +/- 1.41 mg/g heart at 4 h postexercise and remained significantly elevated during the next 13 h. Thus, the severity of exercise in normal, fed rats determines not only the extent of cardiac depletion, but also the supercompensation pattern of glycogen repletion following exercise.", "PMID": 1172377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3750", "title": "The ovary of the insectivorous bat Otomops martiensseni.", "content": "Ovaries from 30 bats were investigated. The left ovary is atrophic in Otomops martiensseni. The histology and ultrastructure of the right ovary are described. The corpus luteum degenerates during early pregnancy. The interstitial gland tissue is well developed.", "contents": "The ovary of the insectivorous bat Otomops martiensseni. Ovaries from 30 bats were investigated. The left ovary is atrophic in Otomops martiensseni. The histology and ultrastructure of the right ovary are described. The corpus luteum degenerates during early pregnancy. The interstitial gland tissue is well developed.", "PMID": 1172388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3751", "title": "[Attempts at localisation and evaluation of the RNA amounts in the tail and the cytoplasmic droplet of bull spermatozoa].", "content": "The RNA has been located and proportioned by a spectrophotometric method which absorbs the ultra-violet light. The technique used allows us to execute punctual dosage into the spermatozoon's tail. Each of these punctual dosages makes us realise the RNA localisation; and the sum of these dosages makes us realise the total quantity which is contained in one spermatozoon. The signification of the collected data is debated. A comparison has been made with chemical methods. These methods give the advantage to obtain valuations on large quantities of spermatozoa. But these valuations are always global value, and the individual value is always a mean's expression. Without being dull, the microspectophotometry is slow and brings about to effect on much restricted numbers, but the data are all individual measurements, (and we can even obtain punctual measurements in the range of 400 to 500 for the tail only. So that we can interprete these individual measurements and make very interesting comparisons from cell to cell. The possibilities are therefore very large and they complete fortunately the chemical methods.", "contents": "[Attempts at localisation and evaluation of the RNA amounts in the tail and the cytoplasmic droplet of bull spermatozoa]. The RNA has been located and proportioned by a spectrophotometric method which absorbs the ultra-violet light. The technique used allows us to execute punctual dosage into the spermatozoon's tail. Each of these punctual dosages makes us realise the RNA localisation; and the sum of these dosages makes us realise the total quantity which is contained in one spermatozoon. The signification of the collected data is debated. A comparison has been made with chemical methods. These methods give the advantage to obtain valuations on large quantities of spermatozoa. But these valuations are always global value, and the individual value is always a mean's expression. Without being dull, the microspectophotometry is slow and brings about to effect on much restricted numbers, but the data are all individual measurements, (and we can even obtain punctual measurements in the range of 400 to 500 for the tail only. So that we can interprete these individual measurements and make very interesting comparisons from cell to cell. The possibilities are therefore very large and they complete fortunately the chemical methods.", "PMID": 1172390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3752", "title": "Comparative aggression in Sceloporus virgatus, S. undulatus consobrinus, and S. u. tristichus (Sauria: iguanidae).", "content": "Aggressive behaviour in both sexes of Sceloporus virgatus, S. undulatus consobrinus, and S. u. tristichus were compared by introducing a conspecific to a resident lizard in the field.  Males of S. u. consobrinus exhibited high intensity aggression more commonly than did males of the other forms.  Of the females, S. u. tristichus showed the greatest propensity for aggressive behaviour; S. u. consobrinus showed the least.  In males, degree of aggression was correlated positively with degree of sexual dichromatism.  The high degree of aggression in male S. u. consobrinus may be selectively advantageous because of (1) low density increasing space between females, (2) low density reducing selection against a relatively high frequency of violent fighting, and (3) high predation favouring lizards that do not leave their sites upon intrusion of another male.  High aggression in female S. u. tristichus may be selectively advantageous because of (1) higher density leading to reduced food supply and fewer egg-laying sites, and (2) lower predation reducing selection against mobility and fighting in females.", "contents": "Comparative aggression in Sceloporus virgatus, S. undulatus consobrinus, and S. u. tristichus (Sauria: iguanidae). Aggressive behaviour in both sexes of Sceloporus virgatus, S. undulatus consobrinus, and S. u. tristichus were compared by introducing a conspecific to a resident lizard in the field.  Males of S. u. consobrinus exhibited high intensity aggression more commonly than did males of the other forms.  Of the females, S. u. tristichus showed the greatest propensity for aggressive behaviour; S. u. consobrinus showed the least.  In males, degree of aggression was correlated positively with degree of sexual dichromatism.  The high degree of aggression in male S. u. consobrinus may be selectively advantageous because of (1) low density increasing space between females, (2) low density reducing selection against a relatively high frequency of violent fighting, and (3) high predation favouring lizards that do not leave their sites upon intrusion of another male.  High aggression in female S. u. tristichus may be selectively advantageous because of (1) higher density leading to reduced food supply and fewer egg-laying sites, and (2) lower predation reducing selection against mobility and fighting in females.", "PMID": 1172391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3753", "title": "Social interactions and antibody titres in young male chickens (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "The influence of social interactions on established antibody titres to a Salmonella pullorum antigen was determined in several Athens Randombred families.  In two experiments, a large-bodied, aggresive family and a small-bodied, relatively non-aggressive family were placed in three social environments:  (1) Four-bird control groups with no changes in membership once formed; (2) three-bird resident groups to which a new fourth bird was introduced daily; (3) the single bird that had been moved to a new group each day.  The normal rate of decline in antibody titres was significantly accelerated in birds that were introduced as new members daily (group 3), but only in members of the small non-aggressive family.  In a third experiment, using families relatively close in size and aggressiveness, the effects of social grouping on antibody titres were not significant.", "contents": "Social interactions and antibody titres in young male chickens (Gallus domesticus). The influence of social interactions on established antibody titres to a Salmonella pullorum antigen was determined in several Athens Randombred families.  In two experiments, a large-bodied, aggresive family and a small-bodied, relatively non-aggressive family were placed in three social environments:  (1) Four-bird control groups with no changes in membership once formed; (2) three-bird resident groups to which a new fourth bird was introduced daily; (3) the single bird that had been moved to a new group each day.  The normal rate of decline in antibody titres was significantly accelerated in birds that were introduced as new members daily (group 3), but only in members of the small non-aggressive family.  In a third experiment, using families relatively close in size and aggressiveness, the effects of social grouping on antibody titres were not significant.", "PMID": 1172392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3754", "title": "Aggression and dominance in the weaver bird, Quelea quelea.", "content": "Previous work on agonistic behaviour in Quelea has been concerned primarily with hormonal variables.  In the present series of experiments, a number of behavioural correlates of aggression and dominance are examined in male and bisexual groups.  These include the effects of group arousal level on rates of agonistic encounters, the relationship between an individual's habitual level of activity and its relative dominance, aggressiveness and position on the perch in a resting \"flock\".  The temporal patterning of encounters is analysed and the reasons why encounters tend to clump in time determined.  The relationship between dominance in encounters over individual-distance infringements and dominance in encounters over access to a restricted food source is investigated and the effects of this on loss of weight in males and females determined.  The results are discussed in relation to Ward's (1965) finging that in the wild females suffer higher mortality than males during the dry season and in relation to the general determinants of aggression in Quelea.", "contents": "Aggression and dominance in the weaver bird, Quelea quelea. Previous work on agonistic behaviour in Quelea has been concerned primarily with hormonal variables.  In the present series of experiments, a number of behavioural correlates of aggression and dominance are examined in male and bisexual groups.  These include the effects of group arousal level on rates of agonistic encounters, the relationship between an individual's habitual level of activity and its relative dominance, aggressiveness and position on the perch in a resting \"flock\".  The temporal patterning of encounters is analysed and the reasons why encounters tend to clump in time determined.  The relationship between dominance in encounters over individual-distance infringements and dominance in encounters over access to a restricted food source is investigated and the effects of this on loss of weight in males and females determined.  The results are discussed in relation to Ward's (1965) finging that in the wild females suffer higher mortality than males during the dry season and in relation to the general determinants of aggression in Quelea.", "PMID": 1172393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3755", "title": "Aggressive behaviour of male mice (Mus musculus) towards familiar and unfamiliar opponents.", "content": "Two types of colonies of laboratory mice were employed; hierarchically organized ones formed by placing five unfamiliar 8-week-old mice in a cage together and amicably organized colonies in which four male litter mates were kept together throughout the whole period of the experiment.  During a 21-day pre-experimental period intra-colony aggressive behaviour was recorded.  A dominant animal and ranked subordinates occurred in every hierarchical colony, whilst no aggression was recorded in any of the amicable colonies.  During a 25-day period unfamiliar adult male or female mice were introduced daily into the amicable or hierarchical colonies for 10 min.  In a third experiment juvenile mice 17, 24, 31 or 38 days old were introduced into hierarchically organized colonies during a 20-day period.  In all hierarchical colonies the stranger was attacked irrespective of sex and age; the majority of attacks were carried out by the dominant mouse.  Aggression by the dominant declined exponentially throughout the experimental period and regression analyses compared the different data.  Unfamiliar adult females were the recipients of fewer attacks than unfamiliar adult males and the age of juvenile strangers was found to be an important factor.  Amicably organized mice initially did not attack strangers, but over a period of 25 days the number of attacks on unfamiliar males gradually increased.", "contents": "Aggressive behaviour of male mice (Mus musculus) towards familiar and unfamiliar opponents. Two types of colonies of laboratory mice were employed; hierarchically organized ones formed by placing five unfamiliar 8-week-old mice in a cage together and amicably organized colonies in which four male litter mates were kept together throughout the whole period of the experiment.  During a 21-day pre-experimental period intra-colony aggressive behaviour was recorded.  A dominant animal and ranked subordinates occurred in every hierarchical colony, whilst no aggression was recorded in any of the amicable colonies.  During a 25-day period unfamiliar adult male or female mice were introduced daily into the amicable or hierarchical colonies for 10 min.  In a third experiment juvenile mice 17, 24, 31 or 38 days old were introduced into hierarchically organized colonies during a 20-day period.  In all hierarchical colonies the stranger was attacked irrespective of sex and age; the majority of attacks were carried out by the dominant mouse.  Aggression by the dominant declined exponentially throughout the experimental period and regression analyses compared the different data.  Unfamiliar adult females were the recipients of fewer attacks than unfamiliar adult males and the age of juvenile strangers was found to be an important factor.  Amicably organized mice initially did not attack strangers, but over a period of 25 days the number of attacks on unfamiliar males gradually increased.", "PMID": 1172394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3756", "title": "Aggression patterns in three chromosome forms of the mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi.", "content": "Three chromosome forms of the mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi, 2n = 52, 2n = 58 and 2n = 60 were studied in an especially designed apparatus which simulated a natural territorial situation by permitting the animal free movement into and out of its home cage. Observed were variables representing agonistic, conflict and territorial behaviour. The data were analysed by means of a Smallest Space Analysis, SSA-II, which gave a graphic portrayal of the interrelations of behaviour categories where differences between means of single traits had been of no significance. 2n = 52 animals were found to be 'losers' in encounters. 'Lose', 'win' and 'draw' could be characterized by specific behaviour patterns: each outcome of encounter was surrounded by a cluster of behaviour categories consisting of agonistic, conflict and territorial activities that characterized its region of the SSA space.", "contents": "Aggression patterns in three chromosome forms of the mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi. Three chromosome forms of the mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi, 2n = 52, 2n = 58 and 2n = 60 were studied in an especially designed apparatus which simulated a natural territorial situation by permitting the animal free movement into and out of its home cage. Observed were variables representing agonistic, conflict and territorial behaviour. The data were analysed by means of a Smallest Space Analysis, SSA-II, which gave a graphic portrayal of the interrelations of behaviour categories where differences between means of single traits had been of no significance. 2n = 52 animals were found to be 'losers' in encounters. 'Lose', 'win' and 'draw' could be characterized by specific behaviour patterns: each outcome of encounter was surrounded by a cluster of behaviour categories consisting of agonistic, conflict and territorial activities that characterized its region of the SSA space.", "PMID": 1172395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3757", "title": "Open-field behaviour of oestrous and dioestrous rats: evidence against an 'emotionality' interpretation.", "content": "Oestrous and dioestrous rats were observed during the initial 2 min of open-field exposure, and after a loud bell had sounded. Although defecation and ambulation showed characteristic difference between the two phases (less defecation and more ambulation at oestrus), other measures associated with emotional behaviour (latency to move from the wall, flight, and freezing to the bell) showed no differences. These findings supported Drewett's suggestion that open-field defecation and ambulation change with oestrous phase because of general metabolic changes and not as a result of 'emotionality' changes.", "contents": "Open-field behaviour of oestrous and dioestrous rats: evidence against an 'emotionality' interpretation. Oestrous and dioestrous rats were observed during the initial 2 min of open-field exposure, and after a loud bell had sounded. Although defecation and ambulation showed characteristic difference between the two phases (less defecation and more ambulation at oestrus), other measures associated with emotional behaviour (latency to move from the wall, flight, and freezing to the bell) showed no differences. These findings supported Drewett's suggestion that open-field defecation and ambulation change with oestrous phase because of general metabolic changes and not as a result of 'emotionality' changes.", "PMID": 1172396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3758", "title": "The relationship between the physiological condition of female mice and the effects of their urine on the social behaviour of adult males.", "content": "The effect, on the agonistic behaviour of male mice, of urine from females which were either in oestrus or dioestrus, intact or ovariectomized, was examined. It was shown that the inhibitory effect on aggression previously demonstrated was independent of the state of oestrus and was unaffected by ovariectomy. In addition the presence of a factor in female urine which potentiates sexual behaviour in males was revealed. This effect was shown to be present at oestrus and not at dioestrus and to be abolished by ovariectomy.", "contents": "The relationship between the physiological condition of female mice and the effects of their urine on the social behaviour of adult males. The effect, on the agonistic behaviour of male mice, of urine from females which were either in oestrus or dioestrus, intact or ovariectomized, was examined. It was shown that the inhibitory effect on aggression previously demonstrated was independent of the state of oestrus and was unaffected by ovariectomy. In addition the presence of a factor in female urine which potentiates sexual behaviour in males was revealed. This effect was shown to be present at oestrus and not at dioestrus and to be abolished by ovariectomy.", "PMID": 1172397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3759", "title": "The influence of the sex of litter-mates on subsequent maternal behaviour in Rattus norvegicus.", "content": "Female rats reared in unisexual (U) or bisexual (B) cross-fostered litters were mated at 75 days of age and their maternal behaviour compared by periodic observation over 20 days following birth of their litters. In two separate experiments, U-females showed a lower incidence of pregnancy and, at birth, of litters with ten or more pups than B-females (P less than 0-05). Litters culled to ten animals on the day after birth were significantly heavier in B- than in U-females, although this difference was not evident at weaning as litters reared by U-females showed a relatively greater (P less than 0-01) increase in weight during the investigation than the corresponding litters reared by B-females. Using a scoring method, no difference was evident in the opportunities that U- and B-females offered for their pups to suck, and, when not nursing pups in the nest, both groups of females engaged equally in activities such as grooming, sleeping, eating, and rearing on their hind legs. Throughout the 20-day observation period, B-females maintained significantly more elaborate nests (as scored on an arbitrary scale) than U-females. This difference was evident in females rearing litters of both five and ten animals, and was observed in two separate experiments. In addition, whereas only 15 per cent of U-females were observed nest-building, over 60 per cent of B-females were noted to be engaged in this activity on one or more occasions (P less than 0-001). It is suggested that, in the light of previous findings, these results may reflect differences in oestrogen and/or progesterone metabolism in unisexually-reared and bisexually-reared female rats.", "contents": "The influence of the sex of litter-mates on subsequent maternal behaviour in Rattus norvegicus. Female rats reared in unisexual (U) or bisexual (B) cross-fostered litters were mated at 75 days of age and their maternal behaviour compared by periodic observation over 20 days following birth of their litters. In two separate experiments, U-females showed a lower incidence of pregnancy and, at birth, of litters with ten or more pups than B-females (P less than 0-05). Litters culled to ten animals on the day after birth were significantly heavier in B- than in U-females, although this difference was not evident at weaning as litters reared by U-females showed a relatively greater (P less than 0-01) increase in weight during the investigation than the corresponding litters reared by B-females. Using a scoring method, no difference was evident in the opportunities that U- and B-females offered for their pups to suck, and, when not nursing pups in the nest, both groups of females engaged equally in activities such as grooming, sleeping, eating, and rearing on their hind legs. Throughout the 20-day observation period, B-females maintained significantly more elaborate nests (as scored on an arbitrary scale) than U-females. This difference was evident in females rearing litters of both five and ten animals, and was observed in two separate experiments. In addition, whereas only 15 per cent of U-females were observed nest-building, over 60 per cent of B-females were noted to be engaged in this activity on one or more occasions (P less than 0-001). It is suggested that, in the light of previous findings, these results may reflect differences in oestrogen and/or progesterone metabolism in unisexually-reared and bisexually-reared female rats.", "PMID": 1172398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3760", "title": "The inheritance of aggressiveness in the convict cichlid fish, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Pisces: Cichlidae).", "content": "Intraspecific comparisons in aggression were made between X-irradiated (2 times 500 R) ancestors and untreated control animals. Bites delivered to sub-adult conspecifics were counted to measure aggressiveness. When compared with corresponding controls, a significant reduction in male aggressiveness was found in the post-irradiation F1 generation. A greater variation in bites delivered occurred among the F2 post-irradiation generations than among the control equivalents. Three distinct back-cross generations were obtained as follows. a single F1 female from the irradiated line was mated to (a) her high aggressive (I-A) and (b) her low aggressive (I-NA) F2 son; a F1 control female was mated to her low aggressive F2 son. In the back-cross generations, both I-A and C-NA males were more aggressive than I-NA males. No differences were found between I-A and C-NA back-cross males. The findings are discussed in terms of a two-factor model based on Mendelian laws.", "contents": "The inheritance of aggressiveness in the convict cichlid fish, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Pisces: Cichlidae). Intraspecific comparisons in aggression were made between X-irradiated (2 times 500 R) ancestors and untreated control animals. Bites delivered to sub-adult conspecifics were counted to measure aggressiveness. When compared with corresponding controls, a significant reduction in male aggressiveness was found in the post-irradiation F1 generation. A greater variation in bites delivered occurred among the F2 post-irradiation generations than among the control equivalents. Three distinct back-cross generations were obtained as follows. a single F1 female from the irradiated line was mated to (a) her high aggressive (I-A) and (b) her low aggressive (I-NA) F2 son; a F1 control female was mated to her low aggressive F2 son. In the back-cross generations, both I-A and C-NA males were more aggressive than I-NA males. No differences were found between I-A and C-NA back-cross males. The findings are discussed in terms of a two-factor model based on Mendelian laws.", "PMID": 1172399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3761", "title": "Effects of xylazine and acetylpromazine upon induced ventricular fibrillation in dogs anesthetized with thiamylal and halothane.", "content": "Ventricular arryhythmias including ventricular fibrillation were produced with epinephrine in dogs induced to an anesthetic state with thiamylal and maintained with halothane. In dogs given (premedicated) xylazine 20 minutes prior to anesthesia, ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular fibrillation, were induced with much smaller doses of epinephrine than in nonpremedicated dogs. Dogs premedicated with acetylpromazine 20 minutes prior to anesthesia with thiamylal and halothane displayed protection from epinephrine-induced arrhythmias. Caution is advised from using xylazine in the presence of halothane if epinephrine is to be administered.", "contents": "Effects of xylazine and acetylpromazine upon induced ventricular fibrillation in dogs anesthetized with thiamylal and halothane. Ventricular arryhythmias including ventricular fibrillation were produced with epinephrine in dogs induced to an anesthetic state with thiamylal and maintained with halothane. In dogs given (premedicated) xylazine 20 minutes prior to anesthesia, ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular fibrillation, were induced with much smaller doses of epinephrine than in nonpremedicated dogs. Dogs premedicated with acetylpromazine 20 minutes prior to anesthesia with thiamylal and halothane displayed protection from epinephrine-induced arrhythmias. Caution is advised from using xylazine in the presence of halothane if epinephrine is to be administered.", "PMID": 1172400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3762", "title": "Effect of tissue temperature on ulnar nerve conduction velocity in the dog.", "content": "The motor conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve of 19 mature dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital was electromyographically determined before and at tissue temperature decrements of 2 degrees (C) during cooling of the forelimb. Precooling (37 C) conduction velocity was 56 +/- 7.6 m/second (mean +/- standard deviation). At a tissue temperature of 20 C, conduction velocity was reduced to 31 +/- 6.3 m/second. Regression analysis indicated that conduction velocity decreased linearly by 1.7 m/second for each degree of decrease in tissue temperature between 37 and 20 C.", "contents": "Effect of tissue temperature on ulnar nerve conduction velocity in the dog. The motor conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve of 19 mature dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital was electromyographically determined before and at tissue temperature decrements of 2 degrees (C) during cooling of the forelimb. Precooling (37 C) conduction velocity was 56 +/- 7.6 m/second (mean +/- standard deviation). At a tissue temperature of 20 C, conduction velocity was reduced to 31 +/- 6.3 m/second. Regression analysis indicated that conduction velocity decreased linearly by 1.7 m/second for each degree of decrease in tissue temperature between 37 and 20 C.", "PMID": 1172401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3763", "title": "Tuberculin sensitivity in pregnancy.", "content": "Of 452 women who had been tuberculin tested twice with an interval of one year between tests, there were 105 who were pregnant at the first test and 121 others who were pregnant at the second test. An equal number of matched control subjects were selected who were not pregnant on either occasion. All 3 groups showed slight and similar increases in median diameter of induration during the one-year interval. There was no indication that pregnancy affected the level of tuberculin sensitivity.", "contents": "Tuberculin sensitivity in pregnancy. Of 452 women who had been tuberculin tested twice with an interval of one year between tests, there were 105 who were pregnant at the first test and 121 others who were pregnant at the second test. An equal number of matched control subjects were selected who were not pregnant on either occasion. All 3 groups showed slight and similar increases in median diameter of induration during the one-year interval. There was no indication that pregnancy affected the level of tuberculin sensitivity.", "PMID": 1172402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3764", "title": "[Histological tissue study of cattly harboring the Hypoderma lineatum parasite (De Vill.) (Diptera-Oestriform) (author's transl)].", "content": "The migrating larvae of H. lineatum throughout the submucosal connective tissue of the oesophagus of cattle induce an acute inflammatory reaction. The aim of this study is to investigate histopathological tissue changes. Connective tissue damage is produced by the inflammatory reaction, but mostly by larval proteolytic enzymes. Fibrous proteins and matrix are all largely affected. Around the larvae there are 3 concentric levels of degradation. The external one is characterized by vascular response. No tissue component is destroyed, but the collagen fibers dissociate into fibrils. In the 2 internal levels (B, C) the fibrils lying along the larvae progressively degrade, splitting into large then small fragments. The elastic fibers are differently affected, but also show breaking and thinness. Finally, the matrix increases, metabhromatic reactions appear, and many mononuclear cells and granulocytes invade this injured area. Fibrin network generally present in inflammatory reaction is not found around the larvae except posteriorly in the regenerative zone. All the changes in the fibrous proteic structures of connective tissue facilitate larval migration. Repair in the larval pathway commences shortly after the passage of the larvae. Necrotic tissues are rapidly destroyed by larval enzymes and tissular and cellular enzymes, macrophages and granulocytes are abundant. The respective importance of larval enzymes and cellular enzymes in the necrotic phase is analyzed. This study, carried out between October and March, also shows an increase of inflammatory reaction and tissular degradation. The immune response of the host and the nutritional habits of the larvae are probably involved.", "contents": "[Histological tissue study of cattly harboring the Hypoderma lineatum parasite (De Vill.) (Diptera-Oestriform) (author's transl)]. The migrating larvae of H. lineatum throughout the submucosal connective tissue of the oesophagus of cattle induce an acute inflammatory reaction. The aim of this study is to investigate histopathological tissue changes. Connective tissue damage is produced by the inflammatory reaction, but mostly by larval proteolytic enzymes. Fibrous proteins and matrix are all largely affected. Around the larvae there are 3 concentric levels of degradation. The external one is characterized by vascular response. No tissue component is destroyed, but the collagen fibers dissociate into fibrils. In the 2 internal levels (B, C) the fibrils lying along the larvae progressively degrade, splitting into large then small fragments. The elastic fibers are differently affected, but also show breaking and thinness. Finally, the matrix increases, metabhromatic reactions appear, and many mononuclear cells and granulocytes invade this injured area. Fibrin network generally present in inflammatory reaction is not found around the larvae except posteriorly in the regenerative zone. All the changes in the fibrous proteic structures of connective tissue facilitate larval migration. Repair in the larval pathway commences shortly after the passage of the larvae. Necrotic tissues are rapidly destroyed by larval enzymes and tissular and cellular enzymes, macrophages and granulocytes are abundant. The respective importance of larval enzymes and cellular enzymes in the necrotic phase is analyzed. This study, carried out between October and March, also shows an increase of inflammatory reaction and tissular degradation. The immune response of the host and the nutritional habits of the larvae are probably involved.", "PMID": 1172406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3765", "title": "Effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and 5-iododeoxyuridine on a latent herpes simplex virus infection.", "content": "A latent herpes simplex virus infection was established in rabbit kidney cells. Treatment of the cells with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine after the latent infection was established had no effect on the rate of virus recovery but did extend the latent period before active virus growth resumed. In contrast to this, treatment of cells with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine or 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine prior to infection with virus increased the subsequent rate of virus recovery.", "contents": "Effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and 5-iododeoxyuridine on a latent herpes simplex virus infection. A latent herpes simplex virus infection was established in rabbit kidney cells. Treatment of the cells with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine after the latent infection was established had no effect on the rate of virus recovery but did extend the latent period before active virus growth resumed. In contrast to this, treatment of cells with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine or 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine prior to infection with virus increased the subsequent rate of virus recovery.", "PMID": 1172408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3766", "title": "Production of cephalosporin C by single and double sulfur auxotrophic mutants of Cephalosporium acremonium.", "content": "An early blocked sulfur amino acid auxotroph, Cephalosporium acremonium mutant 274-1 (which could be satisfied by methionine or cysteine), utilized organic sulfur compounds for cephalosporin C production in the following order of decreasing effectiveness; methionine > cystathionine > cysteine, despite the fact that cysteine is considered to be the immediate precursor of the antibiotic. When a genetic block was added to mutant 274-1 in the transsulfuration pathway from cysteine to methionine, the double mutant 11-8 (which grows on methonine but not cysteine) failed to produce cephalosporin C from cysteine even though enough methionine was added to support normal growth. Addition of the non-sulfur analogue, norleucine, resulted in antibiotic production from cysteine in the double mutant. These facts support the hypothesis that methionine stimulation of cephalosporin C production is due to a role of methionine other than that of sulfur donation.", "contents": "Production of cephalosporin C by single and double sulfur auxotrophic mutants of Cephalosporium acremonium. An early blocked sulfur amino acid auxotroph, Cephalosporium acremonium mutant 274-1 (which could be satisfied by methionine or cysteine), utilized organic sulfur compounds for cephalosporin C production in the following order of decreasing effectiveness; methionine > cystathionine > cysteine, despite the fact that cysteine is considered to be the immediate precursor of the antibiotic. When a genetic block was added to mutant 274-1 in the transsulfuration pathway from cysteine to methionine, the double mutant 11-8 (which grows on methonine but not cysteine) failed to produce cephalosporin C from cysteine even though enough methionine was added to support normal growth. Addition of the non-sulfur analogue, norleucine, resulted in antibiotic production from cysteine in the double mutant. These facts support the hypothesis that methionine stimulation of cephalosporin C production is due to a role of methionine other than that of sulfur donation.", "PMID": 1172409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3767", "title": "Bright greenish-yellow fluorescence and aflatoxin in agricultural commodities.", "content": "The corn milling industry has widely accepted the presence of bright greenish-yellow fluorescence under a black light as a presumptive indicator of aflatoxin (a poison produced by the mold Aspergillus flavus). This test was applied to wheat, oats, barley, rice, coconut, white corn, yellow corn, peanuts, sorghum, and soybeans, and evaluated in the laboratory. Our study supported the use of bright greenish-yellow fluorescence as a presumptive test for aflatoxin in wheat, oats, barley, corn, and sorghum.", "contents": "Bright greenish-yellow fluorescence and aflatoxin in agricultural commodities. The corn milling industry has widely accepted the presence of bright greenish-yellow fluorescence under a black light as a presumptive indicator of aflatoxin (a poison produced by the mold Aspergillus flavus). This test was applied to wheat, oats, barley, rice, coconut, white corn, yellow corn, peanuts, sorghum, and soybeans, and evaluated in the laboratory. Our study supported the use of bright greenish-yellow fluorescence as a presumptive test for aflatoxin in wheat, oats, barley, corn, and sorghum.", "PMID": 1172410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3768", "title": "Tracheobronchial particle deposition and clearance. A study of the effects of cigarette smoking in monozygotic twins.", "content": "Particle deposition and tracheobronchial clearance were measured in six pairs of male monozygotic twins, four of which were discordant for cigarette smoking. The fraction of an inhaled aerosol that deposited on the ciliated airways showed variations within twin pairs comparable with variations in repeated tests on a single subject, and significantly smaller (P less than .001) than among tests on different subjects. Variations that did occur were consistent with differences in forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0) values. The proximal shift of aerosol deposition and reduced FEV1.0 values in smokers indicated that they had some degree of bronchoconstriction. Mucociliary clearance characteristics are qualitatively and quantitatively similar for nonsmoking and smoking concordant monozygotic twins, ie, comparable with repeated tests on a single individual, reflecting their constitutional similarity. With one exception, clearance curves for twin pairs discordant with respect to smoking were also qualitatively indistinguishable. Nonsmokers, however, had greater upper bronchial clearance rates than their smoking twins.", "contents": "Tracheobronchial particle deposition and clearance. A study of the effects of cigarette smoking in monozygotic twins. Particle deposition and tracheobronchial clearance were measured in six pairs of male monozygotic twins, four of which were discordant for cigarette smoking. The fraction of an inhaled aerosol that deposited on the ciliated airways showed variations within twin pairs comparable with variations in repeated tests on a single subject, and significantly smaller (P less than .001) than among tests on different subjects. Variations that did occur were consistent with differences in forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0) values. The proximal shift of aerosol deposition and reduced FEV1.0 values in smokers indicated that they had some degree of bronchoconstriction. Mucociliary clearance characteristics are qualitatively and quantitatively similar for nonsmoking and smoking concordant monozygotic twins, ie, comparable with repeated tests on a single individual, reflecting their constitutional similarity. With one exception, clearance curves for twin pairs discordant with respect to smoking were also qualitatively indistinguishable. Nonsmokers, however, had greater upper bronchial clearance rates than their smoking twins.", "PMID": 1172413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3769", "title": "Hexamitiasis in cadmium-exposed mice.", "content": "Mortality was observed in 4- to 5-week-old Swiss Webster mice exposed to 300 or 3 ppm cadmium as cadmium chloride in the drinking water. Mice receiving 300 ppm cadium suffered 26% mortality as compared with 7% of those on the low cadmium dose. Death did not occur in control mice. Clinical signs and histopathology established Hexamita muris as the causative agent. Cadmium lesions were not observed. It is suggested that mortality due to hexamitiasis resulted from synergism between cadmium and H muris.", "contents": "Hexamitiasis in cadmium-exposed mice. Mortality was observed in 4- to 5-week-old Swiss Webster mice exposed to 300 or 3 ppm cadmium as cadmium chloride in the drinking water. Mice receiving 300 ppm cadium suffered 26% mortality as compared with 7% of those on the low cadmium dose. Death did not occur in control mice. Clinical signs and histopathology established Hexamita muris as the causative agent. Cadmium lesions were not observed. It is suggested that mortality due to hexamitiasis resulted from synergism between cadmium and H muris.", "PMID": 1172414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3770", "title": "Effects of hydroxylamine on the consequences of long-lasting administration of morphine in mice. I. Effect on the morphine tolerance.", "content": "C57BL/6J mice were injected daily with increasing doses of morphine sulfate for 5 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the final morphine administration, they were injected intracranially with 10, 20 or 50 mul of a 0.3 M solution of hydroxylamine. Two weeks later, hot plate testing indicated that hydroxylamine interfered with the developed tolerance of the mice to morphine.", "contents": "Effects of hydroxylamine on the consequences of long-lasting administration of morphine in mice. I. Effect on the morphine tolerance. C57BL/6J mice were injected daily with increasing doses of morphine sulfate for 5 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the final morphine administration, they were injected intracranially with 10, 20 or 50 mul of a 0.3 M solution of hydroxylamine. Two weeks later, hot plate testing indicated that hydroxylamine interfered with the developed tolerance of the mice to morphine.", "PMID": 1172415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3771", "title": "Teratogenicity of cyproheptadine in pregnant rats.", "content": "The teratogenicity of cyproheptadine HCL (Periactin) was studied in 3 groups of pregnant rats which received respectively 0.5 mg/kg/day, 2.5 mg/kg/day and 5 mg/kg/day cyproheptadine subcutaneously and in a control group of pregnant rats which received 0.2 ml/day of the solvent normal saline. Higher doses were toxic to pregnant rats. There was no significant difference in the birth rate, foetal resorption rate and malformation rate between the 4 groups. Moreover, there was no significant difference between average weights, average foetal placental weights and male/female ratio in the experimental and control foetuses. It is concluded that cyproheptadine is devoid of any teratogenic effect in rats.", "contents": "Teratogenicity of cyproheptadine in pregnant rats. The teratogenicity of cyproheptadine HCL (Periactin) was studied in 3 groups of pregnant rats which received respectively 0.5 mg/kg/day, 2.5 mg/kg/day and 5 mg/kg/day cyproheptadine subcutaneously and in a control group of pregnant rats which received 0.2 ml/day of the solvent normal saline. Higher doses were toxic to pregnant rats. There was no significant difference in the birth rate, foetal resorption rate and malformation rate between the 4 groups. Moreover, there was no significant difference between average weights, average foetal placental weights and male/female ratio in the experimental and control foetuses. It is concluded that cyproheptadine is devoid of any teratogenic effect in rats.", "PMID": 1172416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3772", "title": "Factors associated with mortality in brain abscess.", "content": "Coma on admission, multiple, deep, or ruptured abscess, inaccurate diagnosis, and inability to prove the diagnosis were factors contributing to mortality. In survivors, abscess generally followed cranial injury, surgery, or contiguous infection; in most fatal cases, brain abscess was secondary to a more remote primary infection. Ruptured or multiple abscesses or positive spinal fluid cultures were not found in survivors, and coma was present in only one. Fatal cases in patients admitted in coma usually did not exhibit focal signs, seizures, or symptoms of meningitis early in the illness; none of these patients had prior cranial injury or surgery. Absence of these delayed their seeking care and accurate diagnosis. Ruptured abscess was frequent in these patients. Most patients not in coma on admission had focal signs, seizures, symptoms or meningitis, or had prior cranial injury or surgery.", "contents": "Factors associated with mortality in brain abscess. Coma on admission, multiple, deep, or ruptured abscess, inaccurate diagnosis, and inability to prove the diagnosis were factors contributing to mortality. In survivors, abscess generally followed cranial injury, surgery, or contiguous infection; in most fatal cases, brain abscess was secondary to a more remote primary infection. Ruptured or multiple abscesses or positive spinal fluid cultures were not found in survivors, and coma was present in only one. Fatal cases in patients admitted in coma usually did not exhibit focal signs, seizures, or symptoms of meningitis early in the illness; none of these patients had prior cranial injury or surgery. Absence of these delayed their seeking care and accurate diagnosis. Ruptured abscess was frequent in these patients. Most patients not in coma on admission had focal signs, seizures, symptoms or meningitis, or had prior cranial injury or surgery.", "PMID": 1172417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3773", "title": "Central action of drugs acting on the cholinergic muscarinic receptor I. Influence of cholinomimetic drugs administered into the lateral cerebral ventricle on behavior in rats.", "content": "Carbachol (CCh), physostigmine (Pht) and pilocarpine (Pil) injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle (ivtr), diminished spontaneous motility and open-field performance, lowered body temperature, depressed amphetamine-induced hypermotility, and inhibited amphetamine stereotypy. On the other hand, they had no effect on duration of hexobarbital anesthesia, except Pil, which slightly prolonged it, or on the action of threshold dose of pentetrazole and maximal electroshock. The compounds raised levels of \"free\" and \"total\" ACh, but not those of \"bound\" ACh. Level of NA in the brain was decreased, while level of DA was unaltered. These results are further evidence of an inhibitory influence of cholinomimetic drugs on behavior in animals.", "contents": "Central action of drugs acting on the cholinergic muscarinic receptor I. Influence of cholinomimetic drugs administered into the lateral cerebral ventricle on behavior in rats. Carbachol (CCh), physostigmine (Pht) and pilocarpine (Pil) injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle (ivtr), diminished spontaneous motility and open-field performance, lowered body temperature, depressed amphetamine-induced hypermotility, and inhibited amphetamine stereotypy. On the other hand, they had no effect on duration of hexobarbital anesthesia, except Pil, which slightly prolonged it, or on the action of threshold dose of pentetrazole and maximal electroshock. The compounds raised levels of \"free\" and \"total\" ACh, but not those of \"bound\" ACh. Level of NA in the brain was decreased, while level of DA was unaltered. These results are further evidence of an inhibitory influence of cholinomimetic drugs on behavior in animals.", "PMID": 1172419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3774", "title": "Central action of drugs acting on the cholinergic muscarinic receptor. II. Influence of ecothiopate administered into the lateral cerebral ventricle on behavior in rats.", "content": "Ecothiopate (Etp), 10 mug injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle (ivtr), diminished spontaneous motility and open-field performance, lowered body temperature, inhibited amphetamine-induced hypermotility and stereotypy, prolonged hexobarbital anesthesia and did not induce catalepsy. These behavioral symptoms were accompanied by lowered level of NA and elevated levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the brain. No change in levels of DA were noted. Smaller doses (0-1 and 1 mug) had virtually no influence on behavior of the animals. The dose of 1 mug caused a rise in levels of 5-HIAA in the brain, but had no influence on levels of NA, DA and 5-HT.", "contents": "Central action of drugs acting on the cholinergic muscarinic receptor. II. Influence of ecothiopate administered into the lateral cerebral ventricle on behavior in rats. Ecothiopate (Etp), 10 mug injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle (ivtr), diminished spontaneous motility and open-field performance, lowered body temperature, inhibited amphetamine-induced hypermotility and stereotypy, prolonged hexobarbital anesthesia and did not induce catalepsy. These behavioral symptoms were accompanied by lowered level of NA and elevated levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the brain. No change in levels of DA were noted. Smaller doses (0-1 and 1 mug) had virtually no influence on behavior of the animals. The dose of 1 mug caused a rise in levels of 5-HIAA in the brain, but had no influence on levels of NA, DA and 5-HT.", "PMID": 1172420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3775", "title": "Central action of drugs acting on the cholinergic muscarinic receptor. III. Influence of atropine and scopolamine injected intraventricularly on behavior and levels of biogenic amines in the rat brain.", "content": "Atropine (At) and scopolamine (Sc) in low doses intensify basic activity, increase amphetamine stereotypy, and suppress catalepsy induced by injection of haloperidol. High doses lower body temperature, antagonize amphetamine stereotypy, and intensify the hypnotic action of chloral hydrate. Doses of about 1/2 LD50 induce narcotic sleep. Both At and Sc in a wide range of dosage protect against the tonic phase of convulsions produced by electroshock. Sc depresses content of acetylcholine in the brain proportionally to its dosage; At had a similar effect only at the lower of the two doses that were used. Both compounds had no effect on levels of noradrenaline and dopamine in the brain. The results indicate that low doses of blockers of the cholinergic muscarinic receptor, injected intraventricularly, produce strong central stimulation, whereas high doses produce depression of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Central action of drugs acting on the cholinergic muscarinic receptor. III. Influence of atropine and scopolamine injected intraventricularly on behavior and levels of biogenic amines in the rat brain. Atropine (At) and scopolamine (Sc) in low doses intensify basic activity, increase amphetamine stereotypy, and suppress catalepsy induced by injection of haloperidol. High doses lower body temperature, antagonize amphetamine stereotypy, and intensify the hypnotic action of chloral hydrate. Doses of about 1/2 LD50 induce narcotic sleep. Both At and Sc in a wide range of dosage protect against the tonic phase of convulsions produced by electroshock. Sc depresses content of acetylcholine in the brain proportionally to its dosage; At had a similar effect only at the lower of the two doses that were used. Both compounds had no effect on levels of noradrenaline and dopamine in the brain. The results indicate that low doses of blockers of the cholinergic muscarinic receptor, injected intraventricularly, produce strong central stimulation, whereas high doses produce depression of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 1172421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3776", "title": "The effect of 5-hydroxytrytamine synthesis inhibitors on neuroleptic-induced catalepsy in rats.", "content": "The influence of factors which inhibit 5-hydoxytryptamine (5-HT) synthesis, i.e. p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) and p-chloroamphetamine (PCA), on cataleptic action of the neuroleptics: spiroperiodol, pimozide, reserpine and fluphenazine was studied. PCPA showed weak anticataleptic activity in reserpine-induced catalepsy but had no effect on catalepsy induced by spiroperidol or fluphenazine. PCPA also tended to depress the cataleptic effect of pimozide, but the results were not statistically significant. PCA had no influence on catalepsy induced by neuroleptics from the group of butyrophenones, potentiated the cataleptic action of reserpine in the dose of 5 mg/kg, and suppressed catalepsy induced by reserpine in the dose of 10 mg/kg. The results suggest that under conditions of the inhibition of the inhibition of 5-HT synthesis the cataleptic action of some neuroleptics may be slightly modified.", "contents": "The effect of 5-hydroxytrytamine synthesis inhibitors on neuroleptic-induced catalepsy in rats. The influence of factors which inhibit 5-hydoxytryptamine (5-HT) synthesis, i.e. p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) and p-chloroamphetamine (PCA), on cataleptic action of the neuroleptics: spiroperiodol, pimozide, reserpine and fluphenazine was studied. PCPA showed weak anticataleptic activity in reserpine-induced catalepsy but had no effect on catalepsy induced by spiroperidol or fluphenazine. PCPA also tended to depress the cataleptic effect of pimozide, but the results were not statistically significant. PCA had no influence on catalepsy induced by neuroleptics from the group of butyrophenones, potentiated the cataleptic action of reserpine in the dose of 5 mg/kg, and suppressed catalepsy induced by reserpine in the dose of 10 mg/kg. The results suggest that under conditions of the inhibition of the inhibition of 5-HT synthesis the cataleptic action of some neuroleptics may be slightly modified.", "PMID": 1172422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3777", "title": "Studies on ovine infertility in agricultural regions of western Australia: plasma progesterone levels of fertile and infertile ewes.", "content": "No differences were observed in the levels or patterns of production of progesterone between fertile ewes and ewes with the \"permanent\" type of infertility due to ingestion of phyto-oestrogens.", "contents": "Studies on ovine infertility in agricultural regions of western Australia: plasma progesterone levels of fertile and infertile ewes. No differences were observed in the levels or patterns of production of progesterone between fertile ewes and ewes with the \"permanent\" type of infertility due to ingestion of phyto-oestrogens.", "PMID": 1172426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3778", "title": "Meningeal haemorrhage and congestion associated with the perinatal mortality of beef calves.", "content": "Thirty Angus, Hereford and Shorthorn term calves dying before, during or within 7 days of birth in a large beef herd were autopsied. Selected specimens were examined histologically. Two carcasses were classified in the category of ante-parturient death, 24 as parturient, and 4 were classified in the post-parturient death category. Three of the latter showed evidence of starvation. Eight of the calves in the parturient death category were assisted during delivery, and 16 were not assisted. The incidence of nulliparous dams among assisted parturient deaths was significantly higher than among the unassisted group. A high incidence of meningeal haemorrhages and congestion were observed at single or multiple sites, within and around the cranial and spinal meninges. The lesions comprised subdural and epidural haemorrhages, bloodstained cerebrospinal fluid and leptomeningeal haemorrhage and congestion. They were seen in calves in both parturient and post-parturient death categories but not in the ante-parturient group. All calves classified in the parturient death category which were assisted during delivery showed haemorrhages involving the cranial and/or spinal meninges. Additional birth injuries, including separation of the costo-chondral junctions, fractured ribs, haemorrhage into the hip joints, inter-vertebral fibrocartilages and axillae, and rupture of the liver, were frequently present. Ten of the calves in the parturient death category which were unassisted during delivery showed meningeal haemorrhage and congestion. Two of the 4 calves in the post-parturient death category showed similar lesions and both showed evidence of starvation. The meningeal haemorrhages and congestion were similar to those observed in perinatal lamb mortality. They are considered manifestations of injury to the CNS arising from trauma and/or hypoxia during birth. Gross or microscopic evidence of infection was present in 2 calves in the post-parturient death category. Calves which had starved showed subcutaneous oedema of the distal limbs, congestion and focal haemorrhage of the adrenal cortex and red-brown fat depots. It is suggested that these changes are evidence of cold injury, and that fat in newborn calves responds to cold and starvation in a manner similar to the brown fat of newborn lambs.", "contents": "Meningeal haemorrhage and congestion associated with the perinatal mortality of beef calves. Thirty Angus, Hereford and Shorthorn term calves dying before, during or within 7 days of birth in a large beef herd were autopsied. Selected specimens were examined histologically. Two carcasses were classified in the category of ante-parturient death, 24 as parturient, and 4 were classified in the post-parturient death category. Three of the latter showed evidence of starvation. Eight of the calves in the parturient death category were assisted during delivery, and 16 were not assisted. The incidence of nulliparous dams among assisted parturient deaths was significantly higher than among the unassisted group. A high incidence of meningeal haemorrhages and congestion were observed at single or multiple sites, within and around the cranial and spinal meninges. The lesions comprised subdural and epidural haemorrhages, bloodstained cerebrospinal fluid and leptomeningeal haemorrhage and congestion. They were seen in calves in both parturient and post-parturient death categories but not in the ante-parturient group. All calves classified in the parturient death category which were assisted during delivery showed haemorrhages involving the cranial and/or spinal meninges. Additional birth injuries, including separation of the costo-chondral junctions, fractured ribs, haemorrhage into the hip joints, inter-vertebral fibrocartilages and axillae, and rupture of the liver, were frequently present. Ten of the calves in the parturient death category which were unassisted during delivery showed meningeal haemorrhage and congestion. Two of the 4 calves in the post-parturient death category showed similar lesions and both showed evidence of starvation. The meningeal haemorrhages and congestion were similar to those observed in perinatal lamb mortality. They are considered manifestations of injury to the CNS arising from trauma and/or hypoxia during birth. Gross or microscopic evidence of infection was present in 2 calves in the post-parturient death category. Calves which had starved showed subcutaneous oedema of the distal limbs, congestion and focal haemorrhage of the adrenal cortex and red-brown fat depots. It is suggested that these changes are evidence of cold injury, and that fat in newborn calves responds to cold and starvation in a manner similar to the brown fat of newborn lambs.", "PMID": 1172427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3779", "title": "Anthelmintic efficiency related to strategic control schemes for helminthiasis in sheep.", "content": "A comparison was made of the effects on worm egg output from groups of sheep treated with either thiabendazole or levamisole at 3 dose rates in different weight categories of weaned lambs. Neither thiabendazole at 79.8 mg/kg nor levamisol at 12.8 mg/kg completely prevented worm egg output by treated sheep. Over all dose rates thiabendazole was significantly more effective than levamisole. The data indicated that dose rates may need to be increased for use in strategic control schemes for helminthiasis.", "contents": "Anthelmintic efficiency related to strategic control schemes for helminthiasis in sheep. A comparison was made of the effects on worm egg output from groups of sheep treated with either thiabendazole or levamisole at 3 dose rates in different weight categories of weaned lambs. Neither thiabendazole at 79.8 mg/kg nor levamisol at 12.8 mg/kg completely prevented worm egg output by treated sheep. Over all dose rates thiabendazole was significantly more effective than levamisole. The data indicated that dose rates may need to be increased for use in strategic control schemes for helminthiasis.", "PMID": 1172429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3780", "title": "Perinatal lamb mortality in Western Australia. 7. Congenital defects.", "content": "Four hundred and one malformed lambs were examined during a 3-year investigation into the causes of perinatal lamb mortality. Frequence of involvement of the various body systems was: musculo-skeletal 55.4%, digestive 12.7%, cardiovascular 9.7%, uro-genital 7.1%, nervous 6.0%, special senses 3.5%, integument 3.2%, and endocrine 1.5%. A third of the defects (32.9%) involved more than one body system. There was a sex difference of 3 males: 2 females. The common defects in the lambs autopsied in order of frequence were: agnathia, atresia ani, cardiac defects, arthrogryposis, micrognathia, scrotal bifurcation, embryonic duplications, hernias, meningocele, and perosomus elumbis. Agnathia, atresia ani and persistent umbilical haemorrhage appeared to be hereditary. There was no relationship between congenital defects and the time of lambing and phytoestrogens.", "contents": "Perinatal lamb mortality in Western Australia. 7. Congenital defects. Four hundred and one malformed lambs were examined during a 3-year investigation into the causes of perinatal lamb mortality. Frequence of involvement of the various body systems was: musculo-skeletal 55.4%, digestive 12.7%, cardiovascular 9.7%, uro-genital 7.1%, nervous 6.0%, special senses 3.5%, integument 3.2%, and endocrine 1.5%. A third of the defects (32.9%) involved more than one body system. There was a sex difference of 3 males: 2 females. The common defects in the lambs autopsied in order of frequence were: agnathia, atresia ani, cardiac defects, arthrogryposis, micrognathia, scrotal bifurcation, embryonic duplications, hernias, meningocele, and perosomus elumbis. Agnathia, atresia ani and persistent umbilical haemorrhage appeared to be hereditary. There was no relationship between congenital defects and the time of lambing and phytoestrogens.", "PMID": 1172430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3781", "title": "Embryonic duplications in sheep.", "content": "Twenty-seven embryonic duplications were examined during a 3-year investigation into the causes of perinatal lamb mortality. Twenty of the 27 were anomalous twins with 19 being conjoined (diplopagus 9 and heteropagus 10). The various duplications were: haloacardius acephalus 1, diprosopus 2, dicephalus 2, dipypus 3, diprosopus dipygus 1, syncephalus dipygus 1, pygopagus parasiticus 1, heteropagus dipygus 3, melodidymus 6, polyury 4, penile duplication 2, and bilateral otognathia 1. Four lambs were living and the time of death of the others was: parturient 8, and post-parturient 15. Average dry weight of the lambs was 3.35 kg (range 1.59 to 5.45 kg). Breed distribution was: Merino 77.8%, Crossbred 14.8%, Dorset Horn 3.7%, and Corriedale 3.7%. The caudal region was involved in 10 of the conjoined twins (52.6%), anterior region in 7 (36.9%), and both anterior and caudal regions in 2 (10.5%). Associated defects were present in 70.4% of the 27 lambs, the most common being atresia ani.", "contents": "Embryonic duplications in sheep. Twenty-seven embryonic duplications were examined during a 3-year investigation into the causes of perinatal lamb mortality. Twenty of the 27 were anomalous twins with 19 being conjoined (diplopagus 9 and heteropagus 10). The various duplications were: haloacardius acephalus 1, diprosopus 2, dicephalus 2, dipypus 3, diprosopus dipygus 1, syncephalus dipygus 1, pygopagus parasiticus 1, heteropagus dipygus 3, melodidymus 6, polyury 4, penile duplication 2, and bilateral otognathia 1. Four lambs were living and the time of death of the others was: parturient 8, and post-parturient 15. Average dry weight of the lambs was 3.35 kg (range 1.59 to 5.45 kg). Breed distribution was: Merino 77.8%, Crossbred 14.8%, Dorset Horn 3.7%, and Corriedale 3.7%. The caudal region was involved in 10 of the conjoined twins (52.6%), anterior region in 7 (36.9%), and both anterior and caudal regions in 2 (10.5%). Associated defects were present in 70.4% of the 27 lambs, the most common being atresia ani.", "PMID": 1172431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3782", "title": "Laboratory and field studies with a bovine ephemeral fever vaccine.", "content": "Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus vaccines, prepared from the brains of suckling mice infected with strain 525 BEF virus, were evaluated in housed cattle and in the field. The virus in lyophilised preparations was stable for 6 months at -50 degrees C. Thirty-four calves, 5 to 18 months old, were used in laboratory vaccination trials. An increase in serum neutralising antibody was detected in 13 of 14 calves initially free of serum antibody, and all 13 failed to develop clinical illness following challenge with virulent BEF virus. Vaccination resulted in no detectable serum antibody increase in 4 calves, 5 months old, with pre-existing antibody of presumed maternal origin. Seven animals, 18 months of age with serum antibody presumed due to previous BEF infection, developed increased antibody titres following vaccination. In 3 animals vaccinated but not challenged, vaccine-induced antibodies decreased to low levels over 5 months. In contrast, the antibody titres following infection with virulent virus in 2 calves were maintained over 5 months. Field trials, involving 236 animals initially free of serum antibody, were conducted on 5 properties near Mackay and 4 properties near Brisbane. Most of 164 animals were vaccinated with a single dose of lyophilised vaccine containing aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. Only 4 animals failed to develop serum antibody and no adverse reactions to vaccination were reported. Natural infection with BEF occurred in 4 herds at Mackay and clinically mild BEF occurred in 3 of 109 vaccinated and 3 of 46 control animals. On the basis of measured serum antibody titres it was assumed that 8 of 53 animals receiving full vaccine volume, 20 of 40 animals receiving half vaccine volume and 18 of 40 control animals became infected with BEF virus. Two dairy herds in Brisbane became naturally infected with virulent BEF virus 7 months after vaccination. Clinical BEF was observed in 8 of 11 control animals and in 3 of 26 animals which received 2 doses of vaccine. Two strains of BEF virus were isolated from unvaccinated animals that developed clinically mild BEF in the field. These strains either failed to infect, or produced subclinical or very mild BEF, when inoculated intravenously into susceptible calves. The anitbody response to natural infection with apparently mild viruses was short-lived, similar to that produced by vaccination.", "contents": "Laboratory and field studies with a bovine ephemeral fever vaccine. Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus vaccines, prepared from the brains of suckling mice infected with strain 525 BEF virus, were evaluated in housed cattle and in the field. The virus in lyophilised preparations was stable for 6 months at -50 degrees C. Thirty-four calves, 5 to 18 months old, were used in laboratory vaccination trials. An increase in serum neutralising antibody was detected in 13 of 14 calves initially free of serum antibody, and all 13 failed to develop clinical illness following challenge with virulent BEF virus. Vaccination resulted in no detectable serum antibody increase in 4 calves, 5 months old, with pre-existing antibody of presumed maternal origin. Seven animals, 18 months of age with serum antibody presumed due to previous BEF infection, developed increased antibody titres following vaccination. In 3 animals vaccinated but not challenged, vaccine-induced antibodies decreased to low levels over 5 months. In contrast, the antibody titres following infection with virulent virus in 2 calves were maintained over 5 months. Field trials, involving 236 animals initially free of serum antibody, were conducted on 5 properties near Mackay and 4 properties near Brisbane. Most of 164 animals were vaccinated with a single dose of lyophilised vaccine containing aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. Only 4 animals failed to develop serum antibody and no adverse reactions to vaccination were reported. Natural infection with BEF occurred in 4 herds at Mackay and clinically mild BEF occurred in 3 of 109 vaccinated and 3 of 46 control animals. On the basis of measured serum antibody titres it was assumed that 8 of 53 animals receiving full vaccine volume, 20 of 40 animals receiving half vaccine volume and 18 of 40 control animals became infected with BEF virus. Two dairy herds in Brisbane became naturally infected with virulent BEF virus 7 months after vaccination. Clinical BEF was observed in 8 of 11 control animals and in 3 of 26 animals which received 2 doses of vaccine. Two strains of BEF virus were isolated from unvaccinated animals that developed clinically mild BEF in the field. These strains either failed to infect, or produced subclinical or very mild BEF, when inoculated intravenously into susceptible calves. The anitbody response to natural infection with apparently mild viruses was short-lived, similar to that produced by vaccination.", "PMID": 1172432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3783", "title": "Induction of globin mRNA in Friend leukemia virus-infected cells and its presence in viral 60S RNA.", "content": "The Friend leukemia virus (FLV)-infected cell line, T-3-Cl-2, undergoes a form of erythroid differentiation in culture when treated with an appropriate inducer, such as dimethylsulfoxide ((CH3)2SO). Thus, whereas untreated cells contain no detectable hemoglobin, treated cells accumulate hemoglobin in quantities comparable to those in the mature mouse red blood cell. We have investigated the mechanism of hemoglobin induction by quantitating the number of globin genes and the amount of globin mRNA in cells before and during the period of hemoglobin accumulation. The results indicate the number of globin genes does not change as the cells accumulate hemogtobin: There are less than 5 globin genes per haploid genome. On the other hand, whereas cells lacking hemoglobin contain little, if any, globin mRNA, hemoglobin-containing cells accumulate, on the average, 8,000 molecules of globin mRNA per cell. The most direct, although, by no means, the only interpretation of these results is that the induction of hemoglobin synthesis involves transcriptional activation of the globin genes. Using this same cell line, we show that mouse globin mRNA sequences are also present in viral particles purified from the culture medium of globin-producing cells. These globin mRNA sequences are absent from viral particles derived from T-3-Cl-2 cells which are not producing globin mRNA. Virus-associated globin mRNA sequences sediment in association with 60S viral RNA complex as well as in free, 9S form. However, under mild denaturing conditions which result in the conversion of viral 60 S RNA to 30S and smaller forms, all the globin sequences sediment as 9S RNA. Appropriate control experiments indicate that the virus-associated globin mRNA is resistant to degradation by exogenous ribonuclease; that exogenously added globin mRNA does not become associated with the 60S viral RNA complex; and that globin mRNA can be detected in virions derived from cells both induced for and constitutively synthesizing globin mRNA. The presence of globin mRNA sequences in FLV particles has important implications in terms of our ability to distinguish between host and viral RNAs in viral particles and in terms of the possible role RNA tumor viruses might play in transduction of genetic information.", "contents": "Induction of globin mRNA in Friend leukemia virus-infected cells and its presence in viral 60S RNA. The Friend leukemia virus (FLV)-infected cell line, T-3-Cl-2, undergoes a form of erythroid differentiation in culture when treated with an appropriate inducer, such as dimethylsulfoxide ((CH3)2SO). Thus, whereas untreated cells contain no detectable hemoglobin, treated cells accumulate hemoglobin in quantities comparable to those in the mature mouse red blood cell. We have investigated the mechanism of hemoglobin induction by quantitating the number of globin genes and the amount of globin mRNA in cells before and during the period of hemoglobin accumulation. The results indicate the number of globin genes does not change as the cells accumulate hemogtobin: There are less than 5 globin genes per haploid genome. On the other hand, whereas cells lacking hemoglobin contain little, if any, globin mRNA, hemoglobin-containing cells accumulate, on the average, 8,000 molecules of globin mRNA per cell. The most direct, although, by no means, the only interpretation of these results is that the induction of hemoglobin synthesis involves transcriptional activation of the globin genes. Using this same cell line, we show that mouse globin mRNA sequences are also present in viral particles purified from the culture medium of globin-producing cells. These globin mRNA sequences are absent from viral particles derived from T-3-Cl-2 cells which are not producing globin mRNA. Virus-associated globin mRNA sequences sediment in association with 60S viral RNA complex as well as in free, 9S form. However, under mild denaturing conditions which result in the conversion of viral 60 S RNA to 30S and smaller forms, all the globin sequences sediment as 9S RNA. Appropriate control experiments indicate that the virus-associated globin mRNA is resistant to degradation by exogenous ribonuclease; that exogenously added globin mRNA does not become associated with the 60S viral RNA complex; and that globin mRNA can be detected in virions derived from cells both induced for and constitutively synthesizing globin mRNA. The presence of globin mRNA sequences in FLV particles has important implications in terms of our ability to distinguish between host and viral RNAs in viral particles and in terms of the possible role RNA tumor viruses might play in transduction of genetic information.", "PMID": 1172437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3784", "title": "Separation and properties of DNA polymerase from murine leukemia L1210 cells.", "content": "The possible existence of several species of DNA-dependent DNA polymerases in mammalian cells in addition to those 2 polymerases which are the smaller enzyme from nucleus and larger one from cytoplasm each having distinct characteristics, have been reported recently. In order to examine the heterogeneity of DNA polymerases in murine leukemia L1210 cells and to characterize their general properties, we have attempted to separate the DNA polymerase activities from L1210 cells. By diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose chromatography (0.2 M-1M KCl) of the whole cell extract from L1210 solubilized by 1% Triton X-100 and 0.5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), 4 fractions with DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities were obtained and designated as DD-1, DD-2, DD-3, and DD-4 for eluents with each corresponding concentration of 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 M KCl, respectively. They were distinguishable in properties such as template preference, divalent cation requirement, DNase sensitivity, isoelectric point (pI) and the behavior on the phosphocellulose chromatography. DD-1 preferred native DNA as template exhibiting similar characteristic as nuclear polymerase with low molecular weight and insensitivity to SH-inhibitors. DD-2, DD-3, and DD-4 utilized activated DNA most efficiently, while activity of DD-3 increased even in the presence of DNase 1 under the condition where the others were completely inhibited. Distribution of DNA polymerase activities in the cells is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Separation and properties of DNA polymerase from murine leukemia L1210 cells. The possible existence of several species of DNA-dependent DNA polymerases in mammalian cells in addition to those 2 polymerases which are the smaller enzyme from nucleus and larger one from cytoplasm each having distinct characteristics, have been reported recently. In order to examine the heterogeneity of DNA polymerases in murine leukemia L1210 cells and to characterize their general properties, we have attempted to separate the DNA polymerase activities from L1210 cells. By diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose chromatography (0.2 M-1M KCl) of the whole cell extract from L1210 solubilized by 1% Triton X-100 and 0.5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), 4 fractions with DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities were obtained and designated as DD-1, DD-2, DD-3, and DD-4 for eluents with each corresponding concentration of 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 M KCl, respectively. They were distinguishable in properties such as template preference, divalent cation requirement, DNase sensitivity, isoelectric point (pI) and the behavior on the phosphocellulose chromatography. DD-1 preferred native DNA as template exhibiting similar characteristic as nuclear polymerase with low molecular weight and insensitivity to SH-inhibitors. DD-2, DD-3, and DD-4 utilized activated DNA most efficiently, while activity of DD-3 increased even in the presence of DNase 1 under the condition where the others were completely inhibited. Distribution of DNA polymerase activities in the cells is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 1172438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3785", "title": "The association of bovine beta-casein. The importance of the C-terminal region.", "content": "Bovine beta-casein exists in the monomer form in solution (pH 6.5, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.5% w/v) at low temperatures, but associates to form polymers at higher temperatures. Gel filtration chromatography at 36 degrees showed that the polymer is large with a hydrodynamic size greater than that of a globular protein with a mol wt of 1.34 times 10(6). Removal of two C-terminal amino acids per molecule decreased the proportion of polymer in the solution, although the chromatographic behavior of the modified beta-casein monomers and polymers was retained. Removal of a 20 amino acid peptide from the C terminus of the beta-casein completely destroyed its ability to form polymers and removed the 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate binding site. However, deletion of segments of the protein from the N terminus did not decrease the ability of the modified beta-casein to associate, nor did it affect the 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate binding site greatly. It seems likely that all, or some, of the 20 amino acids at the C terminus are responsible for the associative behavior of beta-casein, possibly by the direct participation of their side chains in hydrophobic bond formation. However, removal of the C-terminal peptides may have disrupted the spatial structure of the native protein so that it could no longer associate normally.", "contents": "The association of bovine beta-casein. The importance of the C-terminal region. Bovine beta-casein exists in the monomer form in solution (pH 6.5, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.5% w/v) at low temperatures, but associates to form polymers at higher temperatures. Gel filtration chromatography at 36 degrees showed that the polymer is large with a hydrodynamic size greater than that of a globular protein with a mol wt of 1.34 times 10(6). Removal of two C-terminal amino acids per molecule decreased the proportion of polymer in the solution, although the chromatographic behavior of the modified beta-casein monomers and polymers was retained. Removal of a 20 amino acid peptide from the C terminus of the beta-casein completely destroyed its ability to form polymers and removed the 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate binding site. However, deletion of segments of the protein from the N terminus did not decrease the ability of the modified beta-casein to associate, nor did it affect the 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate binding site greatly. It seems likely that all, or some, of the 20 amino acids at the C terminus are responsible for the associative behavior of beta-casein, possibly by the direct participation of their side chains in hydrophobic bond formation. However, removal of the C-terminal peptides may have disrupted the spatial structure of the native protein so that it could no longer associate normally.", "PMID": 1172442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3786", "title": "Studies on interaction between poly(L-lysine58, L-phenylalanine42) and deoxyribonucleic acids.", "content": "A random copolymer of 58% L-lysine and 42% L-phenylalanine, poly(Lys58Phe42), was used as a model protein for studying the role of phenylalanine residues in protein-DNA interaction. Complexes between this copolypeptide and DNA, made by direct mixing, were studied by absorbance, circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence, and thermal denaturation. Complex formation results in an increase in absorbance, and an enhancement, red-shift, and broadening of phenylalanine fluorescence. The fluorescence enhancement is opposite to the quenching observed when a tyrosine copolypeptide is bound to DNA (R. M. Santella and H.J. Li (1974), Biopolymers 13, 1909). The positive CD band of DNA near 275 nm is reduced and red-shifted by the binding of the phenylalanine copolypeptide to a greater extent than by the tyrosine copolypeptide. Thermal denaturation of the complexes in 2.5 times 10(-4) M EDTA (pH 8.0) shows three characteristic melting bands. For complexes with calf thymus DNA, free base pairs melt at Tm,I (47-49 degrees) and copolypeptide-bound base pairs show two melting bands (Tm,II at 73-75 degrees, and Tm,III at 88 -90 degrees). Similar thermal denaturation results have been observed for complexes with Micrococcus luteus DNA. The fluorecence intensity of the complexes is greatly increased when the temperature is raised to the Tm,II region. In addition to fluorescence measurements, the effects of increasing temperature on absorption and CD spectra of the complexes were also studied. Stacking interaction between the phenylalanine chromophore and DNA bases, either partial or full intercalation, is implicated by the experimental results. Several mechanisms are proposed to describe the reaction between the copolypeptide and DNA, and thermal denaturation of the complex.", "contents": "Studies on interaction between poly(L-lysine58, L-phenylalanine42) and deoxyribonucleic acids. A random copolymer of 58% L-lysine and 42% L-phenylalanine, poly(Lys58Phe42), was used as a model protein for studying the role of phenylalanine residues in protein-DNA interaction. Complexes between this copolypeptide and DNA, made by direct mixing, were studied by absorbance, circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence, and thermal denaturation. Complex formation results in an increase in absorbance, and an enhancement, red-shift, and broadening of phenylalanine fluorescence. The fluorescence enhancement is opposite to the quenching observed when a tyrosine copolypeptide is bound to DNA (R. M. Santella and H.J. Li (1974), Biopolymers 13, 1909). The positive CD band of DNA near 275 nm is reduced and red-shifted by the binding of the phenylalanine copolypeptide to a greater extent than by the tyrosine copolypeptide. Thermal denaturation of the complexes in 2.5 times 10(-4) M EDTA (pH 8.0) shows three characteristic melting bands. For complexes with calf thymus DNA, free base pairs melt at Tm,I (47-49 degrees) and copolypeptide-bound base pairs show two melting bands (Tm,II at 73-75 degrees, and Tm,III at 88 -90 degrees). Similar thermal denaturation results have been observed for complexes with Micrococcus luteus DNA. The fluorecence intensity of the complexes is greatly increased when the temperature is raised to the Tm,II region. In addition to fluorescence measurements, the effects of increasing temperature on absorption and CD spectra of the complexes were also studied. Stacking interaction between the phenylalanine chromophore and DNA bases, either partial or full intercalation, is implicated by the experimental results. Several mechanisms are proposed to describe the reaction between the copolypeptide and DNA, and thermal denaturation of the complex.", "PMID": 1172443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3787", "title": "The kinetics and specificity of the reaction of 2'(3')-O-bromoacetyluridine with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A.", "content": "2'(3')-O-Bromoacetyluridine reacts rapidly and selectively with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A at pH 5.5 and 25 degrees. Under conditions of high molar ratios of nucleoside derivative to enzyme, the only derivative is N-3-carboxymethylhistidine-12 ribonuclease A. The reaction occurs almost exclusively with the histidine-12 residue at the active site inactivation of the enzyme is accompanied by the stoichiometric disappearance of unmodified ribonuclease A and appearance of the product, N-3-carboxymethylhistidine-12 ribonuclease A. Kinetic studies indicate a mechanism involving saturation of the enzyme by the nucleoside derivative. The inhibitor constant, Kb, is 0.087 M and k3 is 35.1 times 10(-4) sec minus 1. The reaction of 2'(3')-O-bromoacetyluridine with the enzyme occurs at a rate approximately 3100 times greater than that corresponding to the reaction with L-histidine. The alkylation reaction is inhibited competitively by uridine with a Ki of 0.013 M. 2'(3')-O-Bromoacetyluridine inactivates ribonuclease A 4.5 times faster than bromoacetic acid and the specificity for alkylation of active-site histidine residues is different. 2'(3')-O-Bromoacetyluridine reacts 1000 times more rapidly with ribonuclease A than iodoacetamide. The contribution of nucleoside binding to the overall rate of alkylation is discussed.", "contents": "The kinetics and specificity of the reaction of 2'(3')-O-bromoacetyluridine with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A. 2'(3')-O-Bromoacetyluridine reacts rapidly and selectively with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A at pH 5.5 and 25 degrees. Under conditions of high molar ratios of nucleoside derivative to enzyme, the only derivative is N-3-carboxymethylhistidine-12 ribonuclease A. The reaction occurs almost exclusively with the histidine-12 residue at the active site inactivation of the enzyme is accompanied by the stoichiometric disappearance of unmodified ribonuclease A and appearance of the product, N-3-carboxymethylhistidine-12 ribonuclease A. Kinetic studies indicate a mechanism involving saturation of the enzyme by the nucleoside derivative. The inhibitor constant, Kb, is 0.087 M and k3 is 35.1 times 10(-4) sec minus 1. The reaction of 2'(3')-O-bromoacetyluridine with the enzyme occurs at a rate approximately 3100 times greater than that corresponding to the reaction with L-histidine. The alkylation reaction is inhibited competitively by uridine with a Ki of 0.013 M. 2'(3')-O-Bromoacetyluridine inactivates ribonuclease A 4.5 times faster than bromoacetic acid and the specificity for alkylation of active-site histidine residues is different. 2'(3')-O-Bromoacetyluridine reacts 1000 times more rapidly with ribonuclease A than iodoacetamide. The contribution of nucleoside binding to the overall rate of alkylation is discussed.", "PMID": 1172444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3788", "title": "Role of tyrosine residues in mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from beef kidney.", "content": "Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from beef kidney is 50% inhibited after 2 hr treatment with 2.5 mM tetranitromethane at pH 8. Two tyrosine residues per enzyme protomer (46,000 daltons) are modified by the reagent either in the holoenzyme or in the apoenzyme. In both cases the five SH groups titratable with p-mercuribenzoate are not modified by the reagent. However, with a tetranitromethane concentration higher than 2.5 mM and 10 mM mercaptoethanol, an additional tyrosine residue is nitrated in both holo- and apoenzymes. These results are not affected by the presence in the incubation mixture of the substrates alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate both at ten times their Km values. Mercaptoethanol does not impair the recombination of native or nitrated apoenzyme with the coenzyme and does not reduce the coenzyme moiety of native or nitrated holoenzyme, but promotes a conformational change in the nitrated holoenzyme which causes inactivation. Hydrosulfite promotes the reduction of the coenzyme moiety of native and nitro holoenzyme resulting in their inactivation, largely in the nitrated form. The recombination of the coenzyme with native or nitrated apoenzyme is not influenced by hydrosulfite.", "contents": "Role of tyrosine residues in mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from beef kidney. Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from beef kidney is 50% inhibited after 2 hr treatment with 2.5 mM tetranitromethane at pH 8. Two tyrosine residues per enzyme protomer (46,000 daltons) are modified by the reagent either in the holoenzyme or in the apoenzyme. In both cases the five SH groups titratable with p-mercuribenzoate are not modified by the reagent. However, with a tetranitromethane concentration higher than 2.5 mM and 10 mM mercaptoethanol, an additional tyrosine residue is nitrated in both holo- and apoenzymes. These results are not affected by the presence in the incubation mixture of the substrates alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate both at ten times their Km values. Mercaptoethanol does not impair the recombination of native or nitrated apoenzyme with the coenzyme and does not reduce the coenzyme moiety of native or nitrated holoenzyme, but promotes a conformational change in the nitrated holoenzyme which causes inactivation. Hydrosulfite promotes the reduction of the coenzyme moiety of native and nitro holoenzyme resulting in their inactivation, largely in the nitrated form. The recombination of the coenzyme with native or nitrated apoenzyme is not influenced by hydrosulfite.", "PMID": 1172445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3789", "title": "Low molecular weight RNA species from chromatin.", "content": "Several methods of preparing low molecular weight RNA from chick embryo chromatin have been examined. Traditional methods for dissociating chromatin utilizing high concentrations of salt (greater than 2 M) followed by high-speed centrifugation resulted in very low yields of RNA. Increased yields of RNA were obtained by treating chromatin at lower salt concentration (0.2-0.5 M). By using low salt extraction and sodium dodecyl sulfate-phenol deproteinization, six to eight low molecular weight homogeneous RNA species were isolated from chick embryo chromatin and mouse myeloma chromatin. In the myeloma system, all these RNAs are metabolically stable. Each component is homogeneous as examined by gel electrophoresis and hybridizes with mouse DNA at a rate consistent with a single species. There are multiple gene copies for these RNA species in the mouse genome, varying from 100 to 2000 copies for the different species. One of these RNAs is identical with 5S rRNA. In addition, the redundancy of genes for 18S, 28S, and 5S rRNA and tRNA was determined. Approximately 300 copies for 18 and 28S rTRNA and 500 copies for 5S rRNA were found. tRNAs were on an average 110-fold redundant with about 55 different species measured.", "contents": "Low molecular weight RNA species from chromatin. Several methods of preparing low molecular weight RNA from chick embryo chromatin have been examined. Traditional methods for dissociating chromatin utilizing high concentrations of salt (greater than 2 M) followed by high-speed centrifugation resulted in very low yields of RNA. Increased yields of RNA were obtained by treating chromatin at lower salt concentration (0.2-0.5 M). By using low salt extraction and sodium dodecyl sulfate-phenol deproteinization, six to eight low molecular weight homogeneous RNA species were isolated from chick embryo chromatin and mouse myeloma chromatin. In the myeloma system, all these RNAs are metabolically stable. Each component is homogeneous as examined by gel electrophoresis and hybridizes with mouse DNA at a rate consistent with a single species. There are multiple gene copies for these RNA species in the mouse genome, varying from 100 to 2000 copies for the different species. One of these RNAs is identical with 5S rRNA. In addition, the redundancy of genes for 18S, 28S, and 5S rRNA and tRNA was determined. Approximately 300 copies for 18 and 28S rTRNA and 500 copies for 5S rRNA were found. tRNAs were on an average 110-fold redundant with about 55 different species measured.", "PMID": 1172446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3790", "title": "Casein micelle size from elastic and quasi-elastic light scattering measurements.", "content": "The average molecular weight, particle radius and size distribution of particles in skim milk from eight cows in mid-lactation have been measured by means of elastic and quasi-elastic light scattering techniques. The properties of sub-micellar casein particles in the milk of each cow were also studied. Particular attention has been given to the effects of particle size heterogeneity in the interpretation of results. The weight average molecular weight of the particles from different cows varied from 2.6-10(8) to 15-10(8) and the corresponding average particle radius varied between 90 and 130 nm. An unusual feature of these particles is their high water content, which was found to vary from 2.4 to 6.4 ml/g with a positive correlation between average particle density and average particle mass. Variations in particle water content can be most readily understood in terms of a gel-like casein micelle.", "contents": "Casein micelle size from elastic and quasi-elastic light scattering measurements. The average molecular weight, particle radius and size distribution of particles in skim milk from eight cows in mid-lactation have been measured by means of elastic and quasi-elastic light scattering techniques. The properties of sub-micellar casein particles in the milk of each cow were also studied. Particular attention has been given to the effects of particle size heterogeneity in the interpretation of results. The weight average molecular weight of the particles from different cows varied from 2.6-10(8) to 15-10(8) and the corresponding average particle radius varied between 90 and 130 nm. An unusual feature of these particles is their high water content, which was found to vary from 2.4 to 6.4 ml/g with a positive correlation between average particle density and average particle mass. Variations in particle water content can be most readily understood in terms of a gel-like casein micelle.", "PMID": 1172447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3791", "title": "Hydration and thermal denaturation of beta-lactoglobulin. A calorimetric study.", "content": "The thermal properties of the beta-lactoglobulin-water system were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry in the temperature range from -50 to 130 degrees C. Determination of the heat and temperature of fusion of the absorbed water allowed resolution of the water into four different states. The amounts of water in these states were different for samples before and after heat denaturation. In the case of denatured beta-lactoglobulin, a smaller amount of water with thermal properties different from ordinary water was observed and its total water binding capacity was lower. The thermal stability of beta-lactoglobulin in the water content range from 0 to 0.75 g/g showed a strong dependence on the degree of hydration. A correlation was observed between the changes in the thermal stability of the protein and the changes in the state of the absorbed water. The results are compared with those obtained from similar measurements of other globular proteins and of fibrillar proteins.", "contents": "Hydration and thermal denaturation of beta-lactoglobulin. A calorimetric study. The thermal properties of the beta-lactoglobulin-water system were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry in the temperature range from -50 to 130 degrees C. Determination of the heat and temperature of fusion of the absorbed water allowed resolution of the water into four different states. The amounts of water in these states were different for samples before and after heat denaturation. In the case of denatured beta-lactoglobulin, a smaller amount of water with thermal properties different from ordinary water was observed and its total water binding capacity was lower. The thermal stability of beta-lactoglobulin in the water content range from 0 to 0.75 g/g showed a strong dependence on the degree of hydration. A correlation was observed between the changes in the thermal stability of the protein and the changes in the state of the absorbed water. The results are compared with those obtained from similar measurements of other globular proteins and of fibrillar proteins.", "PMID": 1172448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3792", "title": "DNA replication by a possible continuous-discontinuous mechanism in homogenates of Physarum polycephalum containing dextran.", "content": "Nuclear DNA synthesis in homogenates of Physarum is greatly stimulated by the presence of dextran in the homogenizing medium. In this cell-free system, the DNA precursor is incorporated approximately equally into two classes of DNA intermediates. On of these is similar in size to that observed previously in the intact organism, i.e. its sedimentation rate in alkaline sucrose density gradients increases, presumably by chain elongation, as the organism progresses through the S phase. The other class (approx. 10 S) is similar to 'Okazaki' fragments. Thus, nuclear DNA synthesis in homogenates of Physarum may occur by a continuous-discontinuous mechanism. Substantial DNA-synthetic activity is obtained by the addition of dextran to dextran-free homogenates. Maximal activity in this system requires the presence of both the nuclear and post-nuclear supernatant fractions. It is possible that a partial separation and recombination of a DNA polymerase and the endogenous template is effected by this procedure.", "contents": "DNA replication by a possible continuous-discontinuous mechanism in homogenates of Physarum polycephalum containing dextran. Nuclear DNA synthesis in homogenates of Physarum is greatly stimulated by the presence of dextran in the homogenizing medium. In this cell-free system, the DNA precursor is incorporated approximately equally into two classes of DNA intermediates. On of these is similar in size to that observed previously in the intact organism, i.e. its sedimentation rate in alkaline sucrose density gradients increases, presumably by chain elongation, as the organism progresses through the S phase. The other class (approx. 10 S) is similar to 'Okazaki' fragments. Thus, nuclear DNA synthesis in homogenates of Physarum may occur by a continuous-discontinuous mechanism. Substantial DNA-synthetic activity is obtained by the addition of dextran to dextran-free homogenates. Maximal activity in this system requires the presence of both the nuclear and post-nuclear supernatant fractions. It is possible that a partial separation and recombination of a DNA polymerase and the endogenous template is effected by this procedure.", "PMID": 1172449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3793", "title": "Efficient experimental designs for the estimation of genetic parameters in plant populations.", "content": "Procedures for estimating the genetic parameters of plant populations frequently employ progeny testing to ascertain the genotype of maternal plants. However, when experimental resources are limited (e.g., electrophoretic markers), the large progeny sizes required for accurate typing severely restricts the numbers of families which can be tested. In this paper, four experimental designs with partial progeny testing are compared with the standard procedure of complete testing for their statistical efficiency in estimating the gene frequency, fixation index, and outcrossing rate at a single diallelic locus. It is shown that substantial increases in efficiency can be obtained (especially in inbred populations) if one or two individuals per family are assayed, and then further progeny testing is confined to those families which give rise to a heterozygote in this initial screening. Sample size for various purposes are computed and factors affecting the applicability of such \"censored\" designs are discussed.", "contents": "Efficient experimental designs for the estimation of genetic parameters in plant populations. Procedures for estimating the genetic parameters of plant populations frequently employ progeny testing to ascertain the genotype of maternal plants. However, when experimental resources are limited (e.g., electrophoretic markers), the large progeny sizes required for accurate typing severely restricts the numbers of families which can be tested. In this paper, four experimental designs with partial progeny testing are compared with the standard procedure of complete testing for their statistical efficiency in estimating the gene frequency, fixation index, and outcrossing rate at a single diallelic locus. It is shown that substantial increases in efficiency can be obtained (especially in inbred populations) if one or two individuals per family are assayed, and then further progeny testing is confined to those families which give rise to a heterozygote in this initial screening. Sample size for various purposes are computed and factors affecting the applicability of such \"censored\" designs are discussed.", "PMID": 1172450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3794", "title": "The gamma-aminobutyric acid system in rat cerebellum during cannabinoid-induced cataleptoid state.", "content": "Repeated, but not single, intraperitoneal injections of delta1,6-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta1,6-THC) 20 mg/kg to rats administered daily for two weeks, produced increased gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration and decreased glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity in the cerebellum, as well as enhancement of [3H]-GABA uptake by cerebellar crude synaptosomes. It seems that the motor impairment elicited by delta1,6-THC was not associated with the GABA system, but presumably might be related to changes in brain excitability.", "contents": "The gamma-aminobutyric acid system in rat cerebellum during cannabinoid-induced cataleptoid state. Repeated, but not single, intraperitoneal injections of delta1,6-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta1,6-THC) 20 mg/kg to rats administered daily for two weeks, produced increased gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration and decreased glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity in the cerebellum, as well as enhancement of [3H]-GABA uptake by cerebellar crude synaptosomes. It seems that the motor impairment elicited by delta1,6-THC was not associated with the GABA system, but presumably might be related to changes in brain excitability.", "PMID": 1172451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3795", "title": "Phospholipids of Cladosporium resinae cultured on glucose and on n-alkanes.", "content": "Cladosporium resinae was grown on glucose, on n-dodecane, and on n-hexadecane. Total lipid was greatest in dodecane-grown cells and least in hexadecane-grown cells, while glucose-grown cells contained the most phospholipid and hexadecane-grown cells contained the least. Cells from all three media contained phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine as their major phospholipids, with lesser amounts of phosphatidylserine and traces of a cardiolipin-like compound. The major fatty acids associated with each phospholipid were palmitic acid and one or more 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids. There was no correlation between n-alkane growth substrate and fatty acyl components of cellular phospholipids.", "contents": "Phospholipids of Cladosporium resinae cultured on glucose and on n-alkanes. Cladosporium resinae was grown on glucose, on n-dodecane, and on n-hexadecane. Total lipid was greatest in dodecane-grown cells and least in hexadecane-grown cells, while glucose-grown cells contained the most phospholipid and hexadecane-grown cells contained the least. Cells from all three media contained phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine as their major phospholipids, with lesser amounts of phosphatidylserine and traces of a cardiolipin-like compound. The major fatty acids associated with each phospholipid were palmitic acid and one or more 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids. There was no correlation between n-alkane growth substrate and fatty acyl components of cellular phospholipids.", "PMID": 1172456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3796", "title": "Role of pectic and cellulolytic enzymes in the invasion of the soybean by Rhizobium japonicum.", "content": "Past workers have suggested pectic enzyme involvement in the invasion of legumes by Rhizobium. However, no role for pectic acid, pectin, or methyl cellulose depolymerase enzymes in the invasion of R. japonicum was suggested by the current study. Seedling inoculation with infective bacteria did not result in increased enzyme activity. Rhizobium japonicum cell-free culture extracts and 3-indoleacetic acid did not affect the activation, induction, or binding of these enzymes.", "contents": "Role of pectic and cellulolytic enzymes in the invasion of the soybean by Rhizobium japonicum. Past workers have suggested pectic enzyme involvement in the invasion of legumes by Rhizobium. However, no role for pectic acid, pectin, or methyl cellulose depolymerase enzymes in the invasion of R. japonicum was suggested by the current study. Seedling inoculation with infective bacteria did not result in increased enzyme activity. Rhizobium japonicum cell-free culture extracts and 3-indoleacetic acid did not affect the activation, induction, or binding of these enzymes.", "PMID": 1172457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3797", "title": "Subcellular compartmentalization of the luteal cell in the ovary of the dog.", "content": "The compartmentalization of the parenchyma of the corpus luteum in the dog was studied by both 100 and 1000 KV electron microscopy. The organells within the luteal cell are oriented with a high degree of consistency towards the pericapillary space. Characteristically, the avascular pole and the lateral margins of the cell posses predominantly stacked and whorled cisternae of agranular ER. In the central medial portions of the cell, pleomorphic mitochondria with tubulo-vesicular cristae and anastomosing tubules of agranular ER predominate. However, the distribution of organelles in this compartment is graded. Mitochondria predominate in the central medial areas while tubular ER is more dominant peripherally. Microfilaments are ubiquitous in this compartment and run a longitudinal course between and around the subcellular components towards the pericapillary space. The Golgi apparatus is large and prominent and is positioned over the pole of the nucleus that faces the basal lamina. Coated vesicles are abundant in the Golgi regions and along the lateral surface of the cell. Three distinct regional specializations of the cell surface exist. The basal surface contains long pleomorphic cytoplasmic folds that fill the pericapillary space, are interconnected by small gap junctions and contain abundant multivesicular bodies. The lateral cell surface is covered with microvilli and is organized into tortuous intercellular channels and canaliculi. These are interrupted at intervals by cytoplasmic protrusions that extend from one cell well into the cytoplasm of the next. Large, well-developed gap junctions line the margins of the cells furthest removed from the pericapillary space. Finally, the individual cells exhibit heterogeneity with respect to the amount one subcellular organelle or compartment is expressed relative to another. These observations are discussed in relation to the subcellular compartmentalization of progesterone synthesis and release.", "contents": "Subcellular compartmentalization of the luteal cell in the ovary of the dog. The compartmentalization of the parenchyma of the corpus luteum in the dog was studied by both 100 and 1000 KV electron microscopy. The organells within the luteal cell are oriented with a high degree of consistency towards the pericapillary space. Characteristically, the avascular pole and the lateral margins of the cell posses predominantly stacked and whorled cisternae of agranular ER. In the central medial portions of the cell, pleomorphic mitochondria with tubulo-vesicular cristae and anastomosing tubules of agranular ER predominate. However, the distribution of organelles in this compartment is graded. Mitochondria predominate in the central medial areas while tubular ER is more dominant peripherally. Microfilaments are ubiquitous in this compartment and run a longitudinal course between and around the subcellular components towards the pericapillary space. The Golgi apparatus is large and prominent and is positioned over the pole of the nucleus that faces the basal lamina. Coated vesicles are abundant in the Golgi regions and along the lateral surface of the cell. Three distinct regional specializations of the cell surface exist. The basal surface contains long pleomorphic cytoplasmic folds that fill the pericapillary space, are interconnected by small gap junctions and contain abundant multivesicular bodies. The lateral cell surface is covered with microvilli and is organized into tortuous intercellular channels and canaliculi. These are interrupted at intervals by cytoplasmic protrusions that extend from one cell well into the cytoplasm of the next. Large, well-developed gap junctions line the margins of the cells furthest removed from the pericapillary space. Finally, the individual cells exhibit heterogeneity with respect to the amount one subcellular organelle or compartment is expressed relative to another. These observations are discussed in relation to the subcellular compartmentalization of progesterone synthesis and release.", "PMID": 1172459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3798", "title": "[Severe side-effects of treatment with D-penicillamine (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 53-year-old woman an acute allergic thrombocytopenia (acute Werlhf's disease) occurred after treatment with D-penicillamine for one month which led to death. In two further patients transitory platelet deficiencies were observed after six and two months which regressed completely in six months and four weeks, respectively. One of the patients had nephrotic syndrome and a retrobulbar neuritis at the same time. Both symptoms were equally transitory and could not be demonstrated five weeks after cessation of therapy. In a further case a lethal Lyell syndrome developed three weeks after therapy was started. These observations show that during D-penicillamine treatment weekly, and later fornightly, blood counts should be performed. In the occurence of thrombocytopenia, leucopenia or anaemia treatments should be stopped; Signs of drug intolerance together with exanthemata should also led to a critical review of the indications and the dosage. D-Penicillamine should not be used when hypersensitivity to penicillin exists or when cell deficiencies have occurred after anti-reheumatic medication. The development of proteinuria should also result in withdrawal of the drug. Therapy with D-penicillamine requires conscientious follow-up urinalyses and blood counts as well as attention to allergic rashes.", "contents": "[Severe side-effects of treatment with D-penicillamine (author's transl)]. In a 53-year-old woman an acute allergic thrombocytopenia (acute Werlhf's disease) occurred after treatment with D-penicillamine for one month which led to death. In two further patients transitory platelet deficiencies were observed after six and two months which regressed completely in six months and four weeks, respectively. One of the patients had nephrotic syndrome and a retrobulbar neuritis at the same time. Both symptoms were equally transitory and could not be demonstrated five weeks after cessation of therapy. In a further case a lethal Lyell syndrome developed three weeks after therapy was started. These observations show that during D-penicillamine treatment weekly, and later fornightly, blood counts should be performed. In the occurence of thrombocytopenia, leucopenia or anaemia treatments should be stopped; Signs of drug intolerance together with exanthemata should also led to a critical review of the indications and the dosage. D-Penicillamine should not be used when hypersensitivity to penicillin exists or when cell deficiencies have occurred after anti-reheumatic medication. The development of proteinuria should also result in withdrawal of the drug. Therapy with D-penicillamine requires conscientious follow-up urinalyses and blood counts as well as attention to allergic rashes.", "PMID": 1172464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3799", "title": "Preparation and some properties of strongly acidic proteins from calf-thymus nucleohistone.", "content": "The isolation of acidic proteins from calf-thymus nucleohistone (starting from purified nuclei) is reported. The method involved dissociation in 1 M KCl solution. Denaturating agents were not used at all. After electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel, fractions containing a small number of components were obtained. The fractions display high ratios of acidic to basic amino acids, the ratios ranging from 4.0 to 1.5. In all fractions, the major components were of molecular weights in the ranges 12000-15000 and 24000-28000 as determined by gel-disc electrophoresis in dodecylsulphate and by equilibrium ultracentrifugation. Minor components of high molecular weights were also present. Amino-acid analyses are also reported. The tryptophan content was determined by a fluorometric method. Circular dichroism spectra depict a very low content of alpha-helicity that did not increase at higher ionic strength. A marked RNA-polymerase activity was found in one fraction.", "contents": "Preparation and some properties of strongly acidic proteins from calf-thymus nucleohistone. The isolation of acidic proteins from calf-thymus nucleohistone (starting from purified nuclei) is reported. The method involved dissociation in 1 M KCl solution. Denaturating agents were not used at all. After electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel, fractions containing a small number of components were obtained. The fractions display high ratios of acidic to basic amino acids, the ratios ranging from 4.0 to 1.5. In all fractions, the major components were of molecular weights in the ranges 12000-15000 and 24000-28000 as determined by gel-disc electrophoresis in dodecylsulphate and by equilibrium ultracentrifugation. Minor components of high molecular weights were also present. Amino-acid analyses are also reported. The tryptophan content was determined by a fluorometric method. Circular dichroism spectra depict a very low content of alpha-helicity that did not increase at higher ionic strength. A marked RNA-polymerase activity was found in one fraction.", "PMID": 1172465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3800", "title": "Red cell esterase-D polymorphism in the population of Tuscany.", "content": "Esterase-D phenotypes were determined in a population sample of Tuscany, Italy. The observed frequencies of the three alleles are: EsD1 = 0.856, EsD2 = 0.143 and EsD3 = 0.001. Studies of the pedigree of the propositus's EsD 3--1 family and mother-child combinations confirm an autosomal co-dominant inheritance.", "contents": "Red cell esterase-D polymorphism in the population of Tuscany. Esterase-D phenotypes were determined in a population sample of Tuscany, Italy. The observed frequencies of the three alleles are: EsD1 = 0.856, EsD2 = 0.143 and EsD3 = 0.001. Studies of the pedigree of the propositus's EsD 3--1 family and mother-child combinations confirm an autosomal co-dominant inheritance.", "PMID": 1172483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3801", "title": "Dextran sulphate: a synthetic activator of C3 via the alternative pathway. I. Influence of molecular size and degree of sulphation on the activation potency.", "content": "The polyanion dextran sulphate (DS) triggers the alternative pathway of complement. The influence of the molecular weight and degree of sulphation on this potency was studied. The degree of substitution turned out to be the critical parameter for optimal C3 turnover: 60 SO4/100 glucose units (Glc) showed optimal activity; an increase up to 190 SO4/100 Glc did not increase the activation potency, while lowering the degree of sulphation diminished this activity. DS preparations (120 SO4/100 Glc) of molecular weight: 1 x 10(4); 8 x 10(4); 2-5 x 10(5); 2 x 10(6) were equally active; a DS of molecular weight 5 x 10(3) was inactive. These results indicate that above a critical molecular size (greater than 5 x 10(3)) only the degree of substitution is responsible for the C3 activating capacity. Clusters of several glucose residues each carrying one or two sulphate groups are thought to be the essential structure in DS for the activation of the alternative pathway.", "contents": "Dextran sulphate: a synthetic activator of C3 via the alternative pathway. I. Influence of molecular size and degree of sulphation on the activation potency. The polyanion dextran sulphate (DS) triggers the alternative pathway of complement. The influence of the molecular weight and degree of sulphation on this potency was studied. The degree of substitution turned out to be the critical parameter for optimal C3 turnover: 60 SO4/100 glucose units (Glc) showed optimal activity; an increase up to 190 SO4/100 Glc did not increase the activation potency, while lowering the degree of sulphation diminished this activity. DS preparations (120 SO4/100 Glc) of molecular weight: 1 x 10(4); 8 x 10(4); 2-5 x 10(5); 2 x 10(6) were equally active; a DS of molecular weight 5 x 10(3) was inactive. These results indicate that above a critical molecular size (greater than 5 x 10(3)) only the degree of substitution is responsible for the C3 activating capacity. Clusters of several glucose residues each carrying one or two sulphate groups are thought to be the essential structure in DS for the activation of the alternative pathway.", "PMID": 1172484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3802", "title": "Ultrastructural cytochemical evidence for the activation of lysosomes in the cytocidal effect of Chlamydia psittaci.", "content": "The cytopathic effect of the polyarthritis strain of Chlamydia psittaci was studied in cultured bovine fetal spleen cells and found to be mediated by the release of lysosomal enzymes into the host cytoplasm during the late stages of chlamydial development. Ultrastructural cytochemical analysis and cell fractionation studies of infected cells revealed a close relationship between the stage of chlamydial development, fine structural features of the host, and localization of lysosomal enzyme activities. After adsorption, chlamydiae entered the host cells by endocytosis. The endocytic vacuoles containing individual chlamydiae and later the inclusion vacuoles containing the different chlamydial developmental forms were always free from lysosomal enzyme activity. Even after extensive multiplication of chlamydiae, lysosomal enzymes remained localized within lysosomes or their precursors in the host cell. Coincident with the process of chlamydial maturation, lysosomal enzymes were released into the host cytoplasm and were always associated with disintegration of host cell constituents and lysis. The chlamydiae appeared to be protected from this lysosomal enzyme activity by the inclusion membrane. After release from the inclusion, elementary bodies maintained their fine structural features, whereas all other chlamydial developmental forms lost their ultrasturctural integrity.", "contents": "Ultrastructural cytochemical evidence for the activation of lysosomes in the cytocidal effect of Chlamydia psittaci. The cytopathic effect of the polyarthritis strain of Chlamydia psittaci was studied in cultured bovine fetal spleen cells and found to be mediated by the release of lysosomal enzymes into the host cytoplasm during the late stages of chlamydial development. Ultrastructural cytochemical analysis and cell fractionation studies of infected cells revealed a close relationship between the stage of chlamydial development, fine structural features of the host, and localization of lysosomal enzyme activities. After adsorption, chlamydiae entered the host cells by endocytosis. The endocytic vacuoles containing individual chlamydiae and later the inclusion vacuoles containing the different chlamydial developmental forms were always free from lysosomal enzyme activity. Even after extensive multiplication of chlamydiae, lysosomal enzymes remained localized within lysosomes or their precursors in the host cell. Coincident with the process of chlamydial maturation, lysosomal enzymes were released into the host cytoplasm and were always associated with disintegration of host cell constituents and lysis. The chlamydiae appeared to be protected from this lysosomal enzyme activity by the inclusion membrane. After release from the inclusion, elementary bodies maintained their fine structural features, whereas all other chlamydial developmental forms lost their ultrasturctural integrity.", "PMID": 1172486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3803", "title": "Inhibitory effect of flavin mononucleotide on the hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes by staphylococcal alpha-toxin.", "content": "Flavin mononucleotide diminished the hemolytic action of staphylococcal alpha-toxin on rabbit erythrocytes by competitive inhibition, probably by its interaction with the alpha-toxin binding sites on the cell membrane.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of flavin mononucleotide on the hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes by staphylococcal alpha-toxin. Flavin mononucleotide diminished the hemolytic action of staphylococcal alpha-toxin on rabbit erythrocytes by competitive inhibition, probably by its interaction with the alpha-toxin binding sites on the cell membrane.", "PMID": 1172487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3804", "title": "Outline of the World Health Organization's programme on epidemiological studies of non-medical drug use and drug dependence.", "content": "The establishment of prevalence and incidence rates relative to drug use can help authorities to plan the development of health and welfare services for the drug users. An analysis of epidemiological data permits a discussion concerning action to be taken to prevent non-medical use of drugs. Research in this area is very complex; results must be interpreted with extreme caution; statistically significant data might not necessarily create a safe basis for decision-taking; nevertheless, epidemiological research provides important information about trends and changes in the use of patterns and the magnitude of drug use related problems, and helps to clarify etiology of drug use. Such studies are also critical for the evaluation of effectiveness of prevention and treatment programmes. Epidemiological research requires a multidisciplinary approach and careful planning over years; comparability of such studies is of utmost importance. The World Health Organization within the framework of its expanded drug dependence programme has developed WHO guidelines for reporting available information on the non-medical use of dependence-producing drugs. WHO has begun field testing these guidelines and is undertaking the creation of a number of drug dependence research and training centres to foster epidemiological and other research, and to help to develop badly wanted manpower.", "contents": "Outline of the World Health Organization's programme on epidemiological studies of non-medical drug use and drug dependence. The establishment of prevalence and incidence rates relative to drug use can help authorities to plan the development of health and welfare services for the drug users. An analysis of epidemiological data permits a discussion concerning action to be taken to prevent non-medical use of drugs. Research in this area is very complex; results must be interpreted with extreme caution; statistically significant data might not necessarily create a safe basis for decision-taking; nevertheless, epidemiological research provides important information about trends and changes in the use of patterns and the magnitude of drug use related problems, and helps to clarify etiology of drug use. Such studies are also critical for the evaluation of effectiveness of prevention and treatment programmes. Epidemiological research requires a multidisciplinary approach and careful planning over years; comparability of such studies is of utmost importance. The World Health Organization within the framework of its expanded drug dependence programme has developed WHO guidelines for reporting available information on the non-medical use of dependence-producing drugs. WHO has begun field testing these guidelines and is undertaking the creation of a number of drug dependence research and training centres to foster epidemiological and other research, and to help to develop badly wanted manpower.", "PMID": 1172488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3805", "title": "Studies on dopamine kinetics in rat brain tissue under the influence of morphine.", "content": "The effects of several drugs on the kinetics of 14C-dopamine were studied in slices of rat striata in vitro. While morphine (35 muM) did not affect the uptake of 14C-dopamine into the slices, d-amphetamine (50muM) and imipramine (100 muM) strongly inhibited it. Morphine significantly slowed the K+ -induced release of the labelled dopamine; imipramine almost completely blocked it, while amphetamine h had no clear effect. The effect of morphine was dose-dependent and could be inhibited by the narcotic antagonist naloxone. The results demonstrate that each of the drug had a characteristic pattern of effects in our system studied. The inhibitory action of morphine on the dopamine release in vitro probably reflects in vivo symptoms of a central dopamine deficiency in rats (catalepsy, akinesia, muscular rigidity) after morphine application. In further series of experiments, it was studied if the sensitivity of brain dopamine receptors increased after repeated applications of morphine, which induced clear signs of physical dependence. Since chronic morphine treatment did not increase the potency of apomorphine (which directly stimulates dopamine receptors) in inducing stereotyped behavior, it is concluded that an increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors is not necessarily involved in morphine tolerance and dependence.", "contents": "Studies on dopamine kinetics in rat brain tissue under the influence of morphine. The effects of several drugs on the kinetics of 14C-dopamine were studied in slices of rat striata in vitro. While morphine (35 muM) did not affect the uptake of 14C-dopamine into the slices, d-amphetamine (50muM) and imipramine (100 muM) strongly inhibited it. Morphine significantly slowed the K+ -induced release of the labelled dopamine; imipramine almost completely blocked it, while amphetamine h had no clear effect. The effect of morphine was dose-dependent and could be inhibited by the narcotic antagonist naloxone. The results demonstrate that each of the drug had a characteristic pattern of effects in our system studied. The inhibitory action of morphine on the dopamine release in vitro probably reflects in vivo symptoms of a central dopamine deficiency in rats (catalepsy, akinesia, muscular rigidity) after morphine application. In further series of experiments, it was studied if the sensitivity of brain dopamine receptors increased after repeated applications of morphine, which induced clear signs of physical dependence. Since chronic morphine treatment did not increase the potency of apomorphine (which directly stimulates dopamine receptors) in inducing stereotyped behavior, it is concluded that an increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors is not necessarily involved in morphine tolerance and dependence.", "PMID": 1172489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3806", "title": "Effects of street drugs on anesthesia.", "content": "The magnitude of the drug abuse problem in the United States and the pharmacological and toxicological actions of street drugs are discussed. The interactions of these drugs with anesthetics and related drugs and with the anesthetist and members of the health care team involved in pre- and post-operative care are pointed out, and methods of dealing with various problems are suggested.", "contents": "Effects of street drugs on anesthesia. The magnitude of the drug abuse problem in the United States and the pharmacological and toxicological actions of street drugs are discussed. The interactions of these drugs with anesthetics and related drugs and with the anesthetist and members of the health care team involved in pre- and post-operative care are pointed out, and methods of dealing with various problems are suggested.", "PMID": 1172490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3807", "title": "Metabolic N-oxidation products of aliphatic amines as potential mediators in amine pharmacology.", "content": "Whilst it has long been recognized that many tertiary amines are converted by the body into the corresponding amine oxides, little attention has, until recently, been paid to the metabolic oxidation of the nitrogen occurring in primary and secondary basic amines. Moreover, the extreme water solubility of tertiary amine oxides generally rendered them pharmacologically inert. In contrast, the primary and secondary hydroxylamines derived from aralkylamines are lipophilic substances and could well be involved in the pharmacological activity of this group of drugs. Data are presented on the metabolic formation of these N-oxidation products from a variety of basic drugs, and evidence for the involvement of these metabolites in the pharmacology of these drugs is discussed.", "contents": "Metabolic N-oxidation products of aliphatic amines as potential mediators in amine pharmacology. Whilst it has long been recognized that many tertiary amines are converted by the body into the corresponding amine oxides, little attention has, until recently, been paid to the metabolic oxidation of the nitrogen occurring in primary and secondary basic amines. Moreover, the extreme water solubility of tertiary amine oxides generally rendered them pharmacologically inert. In contrast, the primary and secondary hydroxylamines derived from aralkylamines are lipophilic substances and could well be involved in the pharmacological activity of this group of drugs. Data are presented on the metabolic formation of these N-oxidation products from a variety of basic drugs, and evidence for the involvement of these metabolites in the pharmacology of these drugs is discussed.", "PMID": 1172491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3808", "title": "The clinical application of laboratory animal experimental findings: treatment of hypersexualized behavior in a male.", "content": "Exposure of animals to drugs which induce hepatic enzymes results in an acceleration of hydroxylation of endogenous as well as exogenous steroid hormones (Conney, A.H., Pharma. 19 [1967] 317). Fahim et al. in a two part study, noticed when phenobarbital was administered to sexually mature male rats, it accelerated the metabolism of androgen as reflected by significant reductions in weight and RNA content of male accessory organs [3]; it was also observed that vitamin B 12 is an enzyme inducer [2]. Currently we observed a significant synergism between vitamin B 12 and phenobarbital in acceleration of drug metabolizing enzymes in rats. This demonstration of drug-steroid interaction reinforces the possibility of utilizing such phenomena as therapeutic modalities for human reproductive syndromes associated with overprodduction of sex hormones. This was applied in a young 16 year old mildly retarded male who was having much difficulty coping with sexual urges. His serum testosterone level was 960 ng%, which is abnormally high for his age. The patient was treated with 30 mg phenobarbital, morning and evening, and 50 mcg vitamin B 12 daily. After three months of treatment, his testosterone level decreased significantly to 620 ng%, and his hypersexualized behavior with girls had completely dropped out. There were no side effects in his physical appearance or general health. This therapy encourages its utilisation in humans with androgen overproduction instead of utilizing estrogen or other drugs which may have side effects.", "contents": "The clinical application of laboratory animal experimental findings: treatment of hypersexualized behavior in a male. Exposure of animals to drugs which induce hepatic enzymes results in an acceleration of hydroxylation of endogenous as well as exogenous steroid hormones (Conney, A.H., Pharma. 19 [1967] 317). Fahim et al. in a two part study, noticed when phenobarbital was administered to sexually mature male rats, it accelerated the metabolism of androgen as reflected by significant reductions in weight and RNA content of male accessory organs [3]; it was also observed that vitamin B 12 is an enzyme inducer [2]. Currently we observed a significant synergism between vitamin B 12 and phenobarbital in acceleration of drug metabolizing enzymes in rats. This demonstration of drug-steroid interaction reinforces the possibility of utilizing such phenomena as therapeutic modalities for human reproductive syndromes associated with overprodduction of sex hormones. This was applied in a young 16 year old mildly retarded male who was having much difficulty coping with sexual urges. His serum testosterone level was 960 ng%, which is abnormally high for his age. The patient was treated with 30 mg phenobarbital, morning and evening, and 50 mcg vitamin B 12 daily. After three months of treatment, his testosterone level decreased significantly to 620 ng%, and his hypersexualized behavior with girls had completely dropped out. There were no side effects in his physical appearance or general health. This therapy encourages its utilisation in humans with androgen overproduction instead of utilizing estrogen or other drugs which may have side effects.", "PMID": 1172492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3809", "title": "Narcotic addiction in the newborn: differences in behavior generated by methadone and heroin.", "content": "The nutritive sucking performance of congenitally addicted infants undergoing narcotic withdrawal was used to provide objective measures of adaptive behavior in a series of 50 infants born to mothers addicted either to heroin or methadone. Sucking rates as well as average pressures developed during sucking were significantly reduced for the addicted infants relative to a control group born to normal mothers and a second control group born to toxemic mothers. The subgroup of infants born to methadone-addicted mothers was significantly more depressed with regard to sucking behavior than the infants of heroin-addicted mothers. Furthermore, infants treated with paregoric (an opiate) for symptoms of the narcotic withdrawal syndrome showed significantly less depression of the sucking response than those treated with sedatives such as phenobarbital.", "contents": "Narcotic addiction in the newborn: differences in behavior generated by methadone and heroin. The nutritive sucking performance of congenitally addicted infants undergoing narcotic withdrawal was used to provide objective measures of adaptive behavior in a series of 50 infants born to mothers addicted either to heroin or methadone. Sucking rates as well as average pressures developed during sucking were significantly reduced for the addicted infants relative to a control group born to normal mothers and a second control group born to toxemic mothers. The subgroup of infants born to methadone-addicted mothers was significantly more depressed with regard to sucking behavior than the infants of heroin-addicted mothers. Furthermore, infants treated with paregoric (an opiate) for symptoms of the narcotic withdrawal syndrome showed significantly less depression of the sucking response than those treated with sedatives such as phenobarbital.", "PMID": 1172493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3810", "title": "The effects of high and low erucic acid rapeseed oils in diets for rats.", "content": "Fully refined rapessed oils of high (regular rapeseed oil, B. campestris) and low erucic acid content (Span oil, B. campestris; commercially hydrogenated Span oil and Zephyr oil, B. napus) and soybean oil were fed to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats at a level of 15% by weight in the diet. In the first experiment, 5 male and 5 female rats per treatment were housed individually, whereas in the second experiment 5 male or 5 female rats per treatment were housed in groups of five. Body weight gain was not influenced by the dietary treatments in experiment 1. However, in experiment 2 the groups fed the diets containing regular rapeseed oil or Span oil showed significantly (P less than 0.05) lower body weight gains when compared to soybean oil fed groups but not when compared to the hydrogenated Span or Zephyr oil fed groups. Focal lesions were found in cardiac tissue of the rats, but not in liver and spleen tissue. The incidence of lesions was similar on all ration treatments. A significantly (P LESS THAN 0.01) higher incidence of cardiac lesions was found in male rats than in female rats.", "contents": "The effects of high and low erucic acid rapeseed oils in diets for rats. Fully refined rapessed oils of high (regular rapeseed oil, B. campestris) and low erucic acid content (Span oil, B. campestris; commercially hydrogenated Span oil and Zephyr oil, B. napus) and soybean oil were fed to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats at a level of 15% by weight in the diet. In the first experiment, 5 male and 5 female rats per treatment were housed individually, whereas in the second experiment 5 male or 5 female rats per treatment were housed in groups of five. Body weight gain was not influenced by the dietary treatments in experiment 1. However, in experiment 2 the groups fed the diets containing regular rapeseed oil or Span oil showed significantly (P less than 0.05) lower body weight gains when compared to soybean oil fed groups but not when compared to the hydrogenated Span or Zephyr oil fed groups. Focal lesions were found in cardiac tissue of the rats, but not in liver and spleen tissue. The incidence of lesions was similar on all ration treatments. A significantly (P LESS THAN 0.01) higher incidence of cardiac lesions was found in male rats than in female rats.", "PMID": 1172494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3811", "title": "Occurrence of a new cephalosporoate in a culture broth of a Cephalosporium acremonium mutant.", "content": "A new metabolite was isolated from the culture filtrate of a deacetylcephalosporin C-producing mutant, derived from Cephalosporium acremonium ATCC 14553, by means of adsorption on activated carbon, column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and gel filtration through a Sephadex G-10 column. The compound was identified as D-5-amino-5-carboxyvaleramido-(5-formyl-4-carboxy-2H, 3H, 6H-tetrahydro-1, 3-thiazinyl) glycine by spectral analyses, elucidation of hydrolysis products of the compound, and comparison of characteristics of the compound with those of a synthetic authentic compound.", "contents": "Occurrence of a new cephalosporoate in a culture broth of a Cephalosporium acremonium mutant. A new metabolite was isolated from the culture filtrate of a deacetylcephalosporin C-producing mutant, derived from Cephalosporium acremonium ATCC 14553, by means of adsorption on activated carbon, column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and gel filtration through a Sephadex G-10 column. The compound was identified as D-5-amino-5-carboxyvaleramido-(5-formyl-4-carboxy-2H, 3H, 6H-tetrahydro-1, 3-thiazinyl) glycine by spectral analyses, elucidation of hydrolysis products of the compound, and comparison of characteristics of the compound with those of a synthetic authentic compound.", "PMID": 1172499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3812", "title": "Aminopeptidases of Physarum polycephalum. Activity, isoenzyme pattern, and synthesis during differentiation.", "content": "In extracts from both growing and differentiating (spherulating) plasmodia of the true slime mold Physarum polycephalum, high aminopeptidase activities were found. The specificity of the aminopeptidases changed during differentiation with a higher relative activity towards hydrophobic NH2-terminal amino acids. This change in specificity was found to be the result of a shift in the isoenzyme spectrum during differentiation as was tested by isoelectric focusing in sucrose gradients. Three different classes of isoenzymes were found: one band which was present in both growing and differentiating cultures; two bands which were found only in growing cultures; and four bands which were detectable only in differentiating plasmodia. If cycloheximide was applied during the induction of differentiation, only one band, the one present in both types of plasmodia, was found in the isoelectric focusing. Density labeling experiments using deuterated amino acids revealed that the bands which are present in differentiated plasmodia only are synthesized de novo during this differentiation.", "contents": "Aminopeptidases of Physarum polycephalum. Activity, isoenzyme pattern, and synthesis during differentiation. In extracts from both growing and differentiating (spherulating) plasmodia of the true slime mold Physarum polycephalum, high aminopeptidase activities were found. The specificity of the aminopeptidases changed during differentiation with a higher relative activity towards hydrophobic NH2-terminal amino acids. This change in specificity was found to be the result of a shift in the isoenzyme spectrum during differentiation as was tested by isoelectric focusing in sucrose gradients. Three different classes of isoenzymes were found: one band which was present in both growing and differentiating cultures; two bands which were found only in growing cultures; and four bands which were detectable only in differentiating plasmodia. If cycloheximide was applied during the induction of differentiation, only one band, the one present in both types of plasmodia, was found in the isoelectric focusing. Density labeling experiments using deuterated amino acids revealed that the bands which are present in differentiated plasmodia only are synthesized de novo during this differentiation.", "PMID": 1172502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3813", "title": "Supramolecular forms of actin from amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Actin purified from amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum polymerizes into filaments at 24 degrees upon addition of KCl, as judged by a change in optical density at 232 nm and by electron microscopy. The rate and extent of formation of this supramolecular assembly and the optimal KCl concentrations (0.1 M) for assembly are similar to those of striated muscle actin. The apparent equilibrium constant for the monomer-polymer transition is 1.3 muM for both Dictyostelium and muscle actin. Although assembly of highly purified Dictyostelium actin monomers into individual actin filaments resembles that of muscle actin, Dictyostelium actin but not muscle actin was observed to assemble into two-dimensional nets in 10 mM CaCl2. The Dictyostelium actin also forms filament bundles which are 0.1 mum in diameter and which assemble in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2. These bundles formed from partially purified Dictyostelium actin preparations but not from highly purified preparations, suggesting that their formation may depend on the presence of another component. These actin bundles reconstituted in vitro resemble the actin-containing bundles found in situ by microscopy in many non-muscle cells.", "contents": "Supramolecular forms of actin from amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum. Actin purified from amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum polymerizes into filaments at 24 degrees upon addition of KCl, as judged by a change in optical density at 232 nm and by electron microscopy. The rate and extent of formation of this supramolecular assembly and the optimal KCl concentrations (0.1 M) for assembly are similar to those of striated muscle actin. The apparent equilibrium constant for the monomer-polymer transition is 1.3 muM for both Dictyostelium and muscle actin. Although assembly of highly purified Dictyostelium actin monomers into individual actin filaments resembles that of muscle actin, Dictyostelium actin but not muscle actin was observed to assemble into two-dimensional nets in 10 mM CaCl2. The Dictyostelium actin also forms filament bundles which are 0.1 mum in diameter and which assemble in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2. These bundles formed from partially purified Dictyostelium actin preparations but not from highly purified preparations, suggesting that their formation may depend on the presence of another component. These actin bundles reconstituted in vitro resemble the actin-containing bundles found in situ by microscopy in many non-muscle cells.", "PMID": 1172503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3814", "title": "Morbidity of the lower genital tract during pregnancy.", "content": "The lower genital tract of 280 pregnant women was studied in detail, and symptoms relevant to its morbidity were elicited and recorded. The study was contemporaneous with a study of microbial flora in the genital tract of these women (de Louvois et al, 1975). Complaint was made frequently of discharge (42%), irritation (15%), or both (11%). Apart from these symptoms, 14% admitted a past history of vulvovaginitis, emphasizing the importance of this condition in obstetric and gynaecological practice. The notorious discrepancy between the complaint, and the objective demonstration of discharge, was confirmed, but a significant difference in observations, varying with the clinical observer (P less than 0-001), was also demonstrated. This illustrates the necessity of even more accurate grading of signs when clinicopathological correlations are to be attempted. Only 30% of women had no evidence of vulvovaginitis or cervicitis. Morbidity did not relate to age, gestation or parity, but there was a significant correlation between clinical acumen, as evidenced by a request for a microbiological report with a view to treatment, and morbidity (P less than 0-001), between past vulvovaginitis and present morbidity (P less than 0-01), and between cervicitis and the presence of pus cells in the smear (P less than 0-001). The results indicate that microbiological investigations should be requested when there is past history of vulvovaginitis, and that lesions of the cervix, if not already noted, should be suspected if pus cells are demonstrable in stained smears.", "contents": "Morbidity of the lower genital tract during pregnancy. The lower genital tract of 280 pregnant women was studied in detail, and symptoms relevant to its morbidity were elicited and recorded. The study was contemporaneous with a study of microbial flora in the genital tract of these women (de Louvois et al, 1975). Complaint was made frequently of discharge (42%), irritation (15%), or both (11%). Apart from these symptoms, 14% admitted a past history of vulvovaginitis, emphasizing the importance of this condition in obstetric and gynaecological practice. The notorious discrepancy between the complaint, and the objective demonstration of discharge, was confirmed, but a significant difference in observations, varying with the clinical observer (P less than 0-001), was also demonstrated. This illustrates the necessity of even more accurate grading of signs when clinicopathological correlations are to be attempted. Only 30% of women had no evidence of vulvovaginitis or cervicitis. Morbidity did not relate to age, gestation or parity, but there was a significant correlation between clinical acumen, as evidenced by a request for a microbiological report with a view to treatment, and morbidity (P less than 0-001), between past vulvovaginitis and present morbidity (P less than 0-01), and between cervicitis and the presence of pus cells in the smear (P less than 0-001). The results indicate that microbiological investigations should be requested when there is past history of vulvovaginitis, and that lesions of the cervix, if not already noted, should be suspected if pus cells are demonstrable in stained smears.", "PMID": 1172512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3815", "title": "Mechanism of action of glucocorticoids in induction of ovine parturition: effect on placental steroid metabolism.", "content": "Maternal plasma progesterone levels in sheep may fall dramatically druing the last few days of gestation and following the administration of glucocorticoids to the foetus. To investigate the mechanism of the fall, metabolism of [3H] progesterone in vitro by ovin placental tissue was studied in five ewes before and after intra-foetal administration of dexamethasone in a dosage sufficient to induce parturition, and in one ewe after the spontaneous onset of labour at 143 days of gestation. Manual separation of maternal and foetal placental tissues showed that, in 11 out of 12 cases, the foetal and not the maternal placenta produced progesterone from pregnenolone in vitro. Total activities of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme and 3beta-hydroxysteroid  dehydrogenase in the foetal placenta were not influenced by intra-foetal dexamethasone. Befre administration of dexamethasone, homogenates of foetal placenta converted [3H] progesterone to 20alpha-hydroxy [3H]pregn-4-en-3-one in the presence of NADPH. Within 12 h of administration of dexamethasone, and after the natural onset of labour at 143 days, large amounts of 17alpha, 20alpha-dihydroxyI1pregn-4-en-3-one were formed form [3H]progesterone. Intra-foetal dexamethasone treatment also induced the formation of 17alpha, 20alpha-dihydroxy[3H]pregn-4-en-3-one by miced foetal placental tissue incubated with [3H]pregnenolone. This change in steroid metabolism did not occur in foetal placental tissue from a sham-operated animal receiving no dexamethasone. Assay of progesterone in foetal placentae showed that the increased fromation of 17alpha,20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one was unlikely to be caused by a change in the specific activity of added 3H-labelled precursor, although the production of 17alpha, 20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one in vitro increased at a time when both foetal placental and utero-ovarian venous levels of progesterone were decreasing in response to dexamethasone treatment. These observations indicate that intra-foetal dexamethasone treatment induces a placental 17alpha-hydroxylase enzyme, which is also present in foetal placental tissue after the spontaneous onset of labour at term.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of glucocorticoids in induction of ovine parturition: effect on placental steroid metabolism. Maternal plasma progesterone levels in sheep may fall dramatically druing the last few days of gestation and following the administration of glucocorticoids to the foetus. To investigate the mechanism of the fall, metabolism of [3H] progesterone in vitro by ovin placental tissue was studied in five ewes before and after intra-foetal administration of dexamethasone in a dosage sufficient to induce parturition, and in one ewe after the spontaneous onset of labour at 143 days of gestation. Manual separation of maternal and foetal placental tissues showed that, in 11 out of 12 cases, the foetal and not the maternal placenta produced progesterone from pregnenolone in vitro. Total activities of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme and 3beta-hydroxysteroid  dehydrogenase in the foetal placenta were not influenced by intra-foetal dexamethasone. Befre administration of dexamethasone, homogenates of foetal placenta converted [3H] progesterone to 20alpha-hydroxy [3H]pregn-4-en-3-one in the presence of NADPH. Within 12 h of administration of dexamethasone, and after the natural onset of labour at 143 days, large amounts of 17alpha, 20alpha-dihydroxyI1pregn-4-en-3-one were formed form [3H]progesterone. Intra-foetal dexamethasone treatment also induced the formation of 17alpha, 20alpha-dihydroxy[3H]pregn-4-en-3-one by miced foetal placental tissue incubated with [3H]pregnenolone. This change in steroid metabolism did not occur in foetal placental tissue from a sham-operated animal receiving no dexamethasone. Assay of progesterone in foetal placentae showed that the increased fromation of 17alpha,20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one was unlikely to be caused by a change in the specific activity of added 3H-labelled precursor, although the production of 17alpha, 20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one in vitro increased at a time when both foetal placental and utero-ovarian venous levels of progesterone were decreasing in response to dexamethasone treatment. These observations indicate that intra-foetal dexamethasone treatment induces a placental 17alpha-hydroxylase enzyme, which is also present in foetal placental tissue after the spontaneous onset of labour at term.", "PMID": 1172518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3816", "title": "Ultrastructure of the mammary gland in lactating rats after local implantation of oestrogen.", "content": "Cannulae containing oestrogen were implanted in the mammary glands of rats on the first day after parturition and lactation assessed by daily measurements of the litter weight. Sham-implanted and intact lactating rats were used as controls. A clear-cut inhibition of the milk yield was observed in the oestrogen-implanted group. Mammary tissue was processed for fine structural study after 4, 8 or 10 days. The initial phase showed milk stasis and secretion of colostrum progressively involving the alveoli and culminating in regression of the mammary tissue. Disappearance of myofilaments from the myoepithelial cells was consistently observed. Secretion of colostrum and mammary regression could be the result of the stasis produced by an abnormal dynamic state of the myoepithelial cell elicited by the steroid.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the mammary gland in lactating rats after local implantation of oestrogen. Cannulae containing oestrogen were implanted in the mammary glands of rats on the first day after parturition and lactation assessed by daily measurements of the litter weight. Sham-implanted and intact lactating rats were used as controls. A clear-cut inhibition of the milk yield was observed in the oestrogen-implanted group. Mammary tissue was processed for fine structural study after 4, 8 or 10 days. The initial phase showed milk stasis and secretion of colostrum progressively involving the alveoli and culminating in regression of the mammary tissue. Disappearance of myofilaments from the myoepithelial cells was consistently observed. Secretion of colostrum and mammary regression could be the result of the stasis produced by an abnormal dynamic state of the myoepithelial cell elicited by the steroid.", "PMID": 1172519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3817", "title": "Influence of serum free fatty acid levels on growth hormone secretion in lactating cows.", "content": "The influence of intravenous injections or infusions of insulin (0-2 i.u./kg), propranolol (150 mg), 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (3 mg/kg), 3,5-dimethylisoxazole (0-08 mg/kg), glucose (0-5 g/kg), nicotinic acid (120 mg/kg), arginine (0-5 g/kg) or butyrate (0-5 mmol/kg) on plasma glucose levels, and on serum concentrations of growth hormone and free fatty acids of lactating cows was investigated. In all of these experiments we noted an increase in the level of growth hormone. This increase was not a direct consequence of alterations in the glucose concentration, since the growth hormone peak occurred both during a decrease (insulin, 3,5-dimethylisoxazole, nicotinic acid and butyrate tests), and during an increase of the glucose level (glucose, arginine and propranolol tests), whereas the glucose concentration remained unchanged during the 3,5-dimethylpyrazole experiments. However, in each instance a precipitous fall of the free fatty acid level was noted. The glucose, growth hormone, and free fatty acid levels of lactating cows were not affected by either i.v. injection or infusion of saline.", "contents": "Influence of serum free fatty acid levels on growth hormone secretion in lactating cows. The influence of intravenous injections or infusions of insulin (0-2 i.u./kg), propranolol (150 mg), 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (3 mg/kg), 3,5-dimethylisoxazole (0-08 mg/kg), glucose (0-5 g/kg), nicotinic acid (120 mg/kg), arginine (0-5 g/kg) or butyrate (0-5 mmol/kg) on plasma glucose levels, and on serum concentrations of growth hormone and free fatty acids of lactating cows was investigated. In all of these experiments we noted an increase in the level of growth hormone. This increase was not a direct consequence of alterations in the glucose concentration, since the growth hormone peak occurred both during a decrease (insulin, 3,5-dimethylisoxazole, nicotinic acid and butyrate tests), and during an increase of the glucose level (glucose, arginine and propranolol tests), whereas the glucose concentration remained unchanged during the 3,5-dimethylpyrazole experiments. However, in each instance a precipitous fall of the free fatty acid level was noted. The glucose, growth hormone, and free fatty acid levels of lactating cows were not affected by either i.v. injection or infusion of saline.", "PMID": 1172520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3818", "title": "Hysterectomy of the newborn guinea-pig, subsequent effects on the oestrous cycle and life span of the corpora lutea.", "content": "Longer oestrous cycles result from neonatal hysterectomy than from hysterectomy in adult life. Section and cauterization of the utero-vaginal union also prolonged the vaginal closure period up to an average of 55 days. The destruction of the mesometrium did not lengthen the oestrous cycle. Uterine autografts in hysterectomized newoborn guinea-pigs did not prevent the long cycles.", "contents": "Hysterectomy of the newborn guinea-pig, subsequent effects on the oestrous cycle and life span of the corpora lutea. Longer oestrous cycles result from neonatal hysterectomy than from hysterectomy in adult life. Section and cauterization of the utero-vaginal union also prolonged the vaginal closure period up to an average of 55 days. The destruction of the mesometrium did not lengthen the oestrous cycle. Uterine autografts in hysterectomized newoborn guinea-pigs did not prevent the long cycles.", "PMID": 1172521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3819", "title": "Sectorial mosaics in the domestic pigeion: 25 more years.", "content": "The hypothesis of bipaternity--incorporation of tissue derived from supernumerary sperms into an embryo--to explain the origin of sectorial mosaicism in pigeons was advanced in 1949. Since then, 182 additional examples have come to my attention. Only one was reported to be a gynandromorph; sex ratios generally have been near 1 : 1. No environmental variable has shown significant relation to the origin of the mosaics, and only a slight familial tendency has been indicated. At least 15 color and pattern mutants have been involved, usually contrasting only two alleles. The frequency and its use in crosses. Complex mosaics, involving two or more loci in the contrasts numbered at least 38 cases, of which 11 are examined in more detail, and 6 shown in photographs. Several instances of germinal as well as somatic mosaicism were demonstrated by progeny tests. The bipaternity hypothesis has not been ruled out by evidence in any case.", "contents": "Sectorial mosaics in the domestic pigeion: 25 more years. The hypothesis of bipaternity--incorporation of tissue derived from supernumerary sperms into an embryo--to explain the origin of sectorial mosaicism in pigeons was advanced in 1949. Since then, 182 additional examples have come to my attention. Only one was reported to be a gynandromorph; sex ratios generally have been near 1 : 1. No environmental variable has shown significant relation to the origin of the mosaics, and only a slight familial tendency has been indicated. At least 15 color and pattern mutants have been involved, usually contrasting only two alleles. The frequency and its use in crosses. Complex mosaics, involving two or more loci in the contrasts numbered at least 38 cases, of which 11 are examined in more detail, and 6 shown in photographs. Several instances of germinal as well as somatic mosaicism were demonstrated by progeny tests. The bipaternity hypothesis has not been ruled out by evidence in any case.", "PMID": 1172514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3820", "title": "Congenic strains of RCS rats with inherited retinal dystrophy.", "content": "Two congenic strains of RCS rats, RCS-p/+ and RCS-c, have been developed that differ from the parental strain at genetic loci affecting pigmentation. Inbred RCS rats are pink-eyed, while RCS-p/+ rats produce segregating litters of pink-eyed (p/p) and black-eyed (p/+) offspring, and RCS-c rats are albinos. All the strains are homozygous for the mutant form of the retinal dystrophy gene. The black eye pigment in RCS-p/+ rats slows the progression of the retinal degeneration by about 10 days in the posterior retina and by about 30-35 days in the peripheral retina in the superior half of the eye. No slowing of the disease occurs in the inferior half of the eye along the vertical meridian. All the strains are similar in body weight and litter size, and show a low incidence of cataract and microphthalmia.", "contents": "Congenic strains of RCS rats with inherited retinal dystrophy. Two congenic strains of RCS rats, RCS-p/+ and RCS-c, have been developed that differ from the parental strain at genetic loci affecting pigmentation. Inbred RCS rats are pink-eyed, while RCS-p/+ rats produce segregating litters of pink-eyed (p/p) and black-eyed (p/+) offspring, and RCS-c rats are albinos. All the strains are homozygous for the mutant form of the retinal dystrophy gene. The black eye pigment in RCS-p/+ rats slows the progression of the retinal degeneration by about 10 days in the posterior retina and by about 30-35 days in the peripheral retina in the superior half of the eye. No slowing of the disease occurs in the inferior half of the eye along the vertical meridian. All the strains are similar in body weight and litter size, and show a low incidence of cataract and microphthalmia.", "PMID": 1172515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3821", "title": "The potentiation of the anti akinetic effect after L-dopa treatment by an inhibitor of MAO-B, Deprenil.", "content": "The potentiation of the anti akinetic effect after L-Dopa treatment by an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) \"B\", Deprenil, has been demonstrated in parkinsonian patients with or without previous L-Dopa theapy. Application of the drug has been performed orally, intravenously and intramuscularly. Excellent kinetic effects resulted when combined with Madopar. The combined treatment with L-Dopa was highly effective when applicated i.v. or i.m. Deprenil is an inhibitor of MAO-B and is characterized by less frequent side effects. These are predominantly involuntary movements and confusion, which can be eliminated by lowering the dosage of Deprenil. A daily rhythm of MAO could be demonstrated in several areas of human brains as well as in a control group as in parkinsonian patients with or without L-Dopa therapy. Maximal activity of MAO occurs between noon and 6p.m. The clinical and biochemical data are discussed regarding the off-phenomenons as Deprenil is an excellent drug for preventing these.", "contents": "The potentiation of the anti akinetic effect after L-dopa treatment by an inhibitor of MAO-B, Deprenil. The potentiation of the anti akinetic effect after L-Dopa treatment by an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) \"B\", Deprenil, has been demonstrated in parkinsonian patients with or without previous L-Dopa theapy. Application of the drug has been performed orally, intravenously and intramuscularly. Excellent kinetic effects resulted when combined with Madopar. The combined treatment with L-Dopa was highly effective when applicated i.v. or i.m. Deprenil is an inhibitor of MAO-B and is characterized by less frequent side effects. These are predominantly involuntary movements and confusion, which can be eliminated by lowering the dosage of Deprenil. A daily rhythm of MAO could be demonstrated in several areas of human brains as well as in a control group as in parkinsonian patients with or without L-Dopa therapy. Maximal activity of MAO occurs between noon and 6p.m. The clinical and biochemical data are discussed regarding the off-phenomenons as Deprenil is an excellent drug for preventing these.", "PMID": 1172524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3822", "title": "Pediatric echocardiography: a review of its clinical utility.", "content": "Echocardiography is a new noninvasive tool which provides real-time motion visualization of intracardiac structures for the evaluation of anatomy and physiology in patients with congenital heart disease. This paper is presented to acquaint the pediatrician with the utilization and potential of this technique as practiced by pediatric cardiologists. A discussion of principles of physics and instrumentation in echocardiography is followed by a description of normal echocardiographic anatomy. Specific malformations which can be diagnosed reliably by this technique include: hypoplastic left heart syndrome, transposition of the great vessels, tetralogy of Fallot, idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, mitral valve prolapse, and pericardial effusion. In addition, the evaluation of patients with atrial septal defects and patent ductus arteriosus is discussed. New advances in instrumentation and their potential impact in pediatric cardiology are reviewed.", "contents": "Pediatric echocardiography: a review of its clinical utility. Echocardiography is a new noninvasive tool which provides real-time motion visualization of intracardiac structures for the evaluation of anatomy and physiology in patients with congenital heart disease. This paper is presented to acquaint the pediatrician with the utilization and potential of this technique as practiced by pediatric cardiologists. A discussion of principles of physics and instrumentation in echocardiography is followed by a description of normal echocardiographic anatomy. Specific malformations which can be diagnosed reliably by this technique include: hypoplastic left heart syndrome, transposition of the great vessels, tetralogy of Fallot, idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, mitral valve prolapse, and pericardial effusion. In addition, the evaluation of patients with atrial septal defects and patent ductus arteriosus is discussed. New advances in instrumentation and their potential impact in pediatric cardiology are reviewed.", "PMID": 1172531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3823", "title": "Experimental infection of cats with Dirofilaria immitis.", "content": "Natural and experimental infections of cats with Dirofilaria immitis have been reported. Experimental infections of D. immitis in cats with the subsequent detection of microfilaremia and immediate skin hypersensitivity to antigen to D. immitis were produced. Cutaneous nodules and chylothorax were also detected in some infected cats. Adult worm recoveries were low and dead worms were found in some cats indicating the unsuitability of the cat as a host for D. immitis. However, one successful mosquito passager of D. immitis from a cat to a dog was accomplished.", "contents": "Experimental infection of cats with Dirofilaria immitis. Natural and experimental infections of cats with Dirofilaria immitis have been reported. Experimental infections of D. immitis in cats with the subsequent detection of microfilaremia and immediate skin hypersensitivity to antigen to D. immitis were produced. Cutaneous nodules and chylothorax were also detected in some infected cats. Adult worm recoveries were low and dead worms were found in some cats indicating the unsuitability of the cat as a host for D. immitis. However, one successful mosquito passager of D. immitis from a cat to a dog was accomplished.", "PMID": 1172533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3824", "title": "Intragenic complementation by gene 42 amber mutations of bacteriophage T4.", "content": "Phage T4 amber mutants defective in gene 42 (dCMP hydroxymethylase) were shown by in vivo and in vitro experiments to participate in both positive and negative intragenic complementation. This argues that incomplete polypeptide chains can participate in subunit interaction.", "contents": "Intragenic complementation by gene 42 amber mutations of bacteriophage T4. Phage T4 amber mutants defective in gene 42 (dCMP hydroxymethylase) were shown by in vivo and in vitro experiments to participate in both positive and negative intragenic complementation. This argues that incomplete polypeptide chains can participate in subunit interaction.", "PMID": 1172535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3825", "title": "[The effect of actinomycin d, acridine dyes and related substances on the biosynthesis of nucleic acids in normal and leukemic white blood cells. Comparative investigation in intact cells and in a cell-free system (author's transl)].", "content": "Acridine dyes inhibit the incorporation of 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine in intact cells to the same extent as Actinomycin D. In contrast to Actinomycin D, RNA synthesis by DNA - dependent RNA polymerase in a cell-free system is inhibited at lo2 higher concentrations of acridine dyes, only. Possible differential effects on the cell membrane resulting in decreased intracellular pools of uridine and thymidine are discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of actinomycin d, acridine dyes and related substances on the biosynthesis of nucleic acids in normal and leukemic white blood cells. Comparative investigation in intact cells and in a cell-free system (author's transl)]. Acridine dyes inhibit the incorporation of 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine in intact cells to the same extent as Actinomycin D. In contrast to Actinomycin D, RNA synthesis by DNA - dependent RNA polymerase in a cell-free system is inhibited at lo2 higher concentrations of acridine dyes, only. Possible differential effects on the cell membrane resulting in decreased intracellular pools of uridine and thymidine are discussed.", "PMID": 1172598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3826", "title": "[Bioavailability of beta-acetyldigoxin and digoxin (author's transl)].", "content": "Five beta-acetyldigoxin and two digoxin preparations were given orally to eleven healthy volunteers. In a single dose crossover study bioavailability of the oral preparations was compared to an intravenous injection of digoxin as a standard for complete bioavailability. A mean bioavailability of 82% (sx = 1.8) was found for beta-acetyldigoxin tablets (Novodigal\u00bf), PETN/beta-acetyldigoxin tablets (Nitro-Novodigal\u00bf), oxyfedrin/beta-acetyldigoxin tablets (ildamen\u00bf-Novodigal\u00bf) and beta-acetyldigoxin liquid. Analysis of variance shows no differences in absorption for the five tested beta-acetyldigoxin preparations. Beta-Acetyldigoxin administered orally in an alcoholic solution is nearly completely absorbed (94%) whereas a corresponding digoxin solution is available to a significantly lesser content (79.2%). Comparable differences in absorption were found for beta-acetyldigoxin tablets (81%) and digoxin tablets (Digacin\u00bf) (63.5%).", "contents": "[Bioavailability of beta-acetyldigoxin and digoxin (author's transl)]. Five beta-acetyldigoxin and two digoxin preparations were given orally to eleven healthy volunteers. In a single dose crossover study bioavailability of the oral preparations was compared to an intravenous injection of digoxin as a standard for complete bioavailability. A mean bioavailability of 82% (sx = 1.8) was found for beta-acetyldigoxin tablets (Novodigal\u00bf), PETN/beta-acetyldigoxin tablets (Nitro-Novodigal\u00bf), oxyfedrin/beta-acetyldigoxin tablets (ildamen\u00bf-Novodigal\u00bf) and beta-acetyldigoxin liquid. Analysis of variance shows no differences in absorption for the five tested beta-acetyldigoxin preparations. Beta-Acetyldigoxin administered orally in an alcoholic solution is nearly completely absorbed (94%) whereas a corresponding digoxin solution is available to a significantly lesser content (79.2%). Comparable differences in absorption were found for beta-acetyldigoxin tablets (81%) and digoxin tablets (Digacin\u00bf) (63.5%).", "PMID": 1172599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3827", "title": "Mathematical modeling of differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Methods for the dynamic analysis of biochemical differentiation are presented. These are demonstrated in the analysis of biochemical differentiation of the carbohydrate system in D. discoideum. Procedures for simplification which are presented are projection and contraction of the system trajectory in state space and the generation of reduced equivalent dynamic metabolic networks. The importance of the hierarchical structure of differentiating systems is discussed and the concept of a dynamic embedding diagram is introduced. It is shown that complex systems must be analyzed on an epoch by epoch basis, each epoch being a period of time characterized by a constant dynamic embedding diagram, and that widely different time scales and state space scales may be necessary in different epochs. In particular there is no a priori lower limit to the time scale which may be necessary during the analysis. Some problems in mathematically defining differentiation are discussed.", "contents": "Mathematical modeling of differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Methods for the dynamic analysis of biochemical differentiation are presented. These are demonstrated in the analysis of biochemical differentiation of the carbohydrate system in D. discoideum. Procedures for simplification which are presented are projection and contraction of the system trajectory in state space and the generation of reduced equivalent dynamic metabolic networks. The importance of the hierarchical structure of differentiating systems is discussed and the concept of a dynamic embedding diagram is introduced. It is shown that complex systems must be analyzed on an epoch by epoch basis, each epoch being a period of time characterized by a constant dynamic embedding diagram, and that widely different time scales and state space scales may be necessary in different epochs. In particular there is no a priori lower limit to the time scale which may be necessary during the analysis. Some problems in mathematically defining differentiation are discussed.", "PMID": 1172602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3828", "title": "Effects of differential hippocampal damage upon rhythmic and stress-induced corticosterone secretion in the rat.", "content": "The effects of dorsal, ventral, and near-total hippocampal lesions upon both rhythmic and stress-induced corticosterone secretion in adult male rats were examined. All hippocampally-damaged, cortically-damaged, and intact rats showed rhythmic corticosterone secretion as measured in 4 blood samples for each animal taken at 6-h intervals at least 1 week apart. There were no significant differences among the groups. In addition, there were no significant differences in the amount of stress-induced corticosterone across experimental groups.", "contents": "Effects of differential hippocampal damage upon rhythmic and stress-induced corticosterone secretion in the rat. The effects of dorsal, ventral, and near-total hippocampal lesions upon both rhythmic and stress-induced corticosterone secretion in adult male rats were examined. All hippocampally-damaged, cortically-damaged, and intact rats showed rhythmic corticosterone secretion as measured in 4 blood samples for each animal taken at 6-h intervals at least 1 week apart. There were no significant differences among the groups. In addition, there were no significant differences in the amount of stress-induced corticosterone across experimental groups.", "PMID": 1172607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3829", "title": "Effects of estrogen on neuronal excitability in the hippocampal-septal-hypothalamic system.", "content": "The effects of electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic area (MPO) upon unit firing in the periventricular arcuate nucleus, and that of the dorsal hippocampus (DHPC) on medial septo-preoptic and arcuate (ARC) neurons, were investigated in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley female rats throughout the 4-day estrous cycle. Unit activity was recorded using stereotaxically-oriented tungsten microelectrodes under light urethane anesthesia. Repetitive stimulation of monophasic square waves varying only in current intensity was used. The following results were obtained: (a) An increase in activity of all ARC neurons recorded was induced by MPO stimulation on each day of the estrous cycle. (b) The minimum current (threshold) effective in increasing activity in the ARC neurons varied throughout the estrous cycle; the lowest threshold was observed in proestrus and the highest on the first day of diestrus. Also, the threshold current of MPO stimulation required in increase ARC activity was found to be elevated after ovariectomy and markedly reduced to the levels of the proestrous animal by estrogen treatment. (c) Stimulation of the DHPC (field CA3) increased activity in the medial septum but decreased activity in the MPO. Two pools of neurons, one increased and one decreased by DHPC stimulation, were observed in the ARC. (d) Variation in the threshold hippocampal stimulation during the estrous cycle was observed in the response of MPO and ARC neurons (the stimulation was effective only in proestrus and estrus); but not in that of medial septal neurons. (e) In addition, the spontaneous activity of septal; MPO; and ARC neurons was increased at proestrus or after estrogen injection. The present results suggest that plasma levels of estrogen play an essential role in the cyclic process of the regulation of ovulation by way of the selective facilitation of neuronal excitability in specific functional neural pathways. Furthermore, the results support the existence of a hippocampal inhibitory projection originating in field CA3 and terminating in the final common pathway, MPO to ARC.", "contents": "Effects of estrogen on neuronal excitability in the hippocampal-septal-hypothalamic system. The effects of electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic area (MPO) upon unit firing in the periventricular arcuate nucleus, and that of the dorsal hippocampus (DHPC) on medial septo-preoptic and arcuate (ARC) neurons, were investigated in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley female rats throughout the 4-day estrous cycle. Unit activity was recorded using stereotaxically-oriented tungsten microelectrodes under light urethane anesthesia. Repetitive stimulation of monophasic square waves varying only in current intensity was used. The following results were obtained: (a) An increase in activity of all ARC neurons recorded was induced by MPO stimulation on each day of the estrous cycle. (b) The minimum current (threshold) effective in increasing activity in the ARC neurons varied throughout the estrous cycle; the lowest threshold was observed in proestrus and the highest on the first day of diestrus. Also, the threshold current of MPO stimulation required in increase ARC activity was found to be elevated after ovariectomy and markedly reduced to the levels of the proestrous animal by estrogen treatment. (c) Stimulation of the DHPC (field CA3) increased activity in the medial septum but decreased activity in the MPO. Two pools of neurons, one increased and one decreased by DHPC stimulation, were observed in the ARC. (d) Variation in the threshold hippocampal stimulation during the estrous cycle was observed in the response of MPO and ARC neurons (the stimulation was effective only in proestrus and estrus); but not in that of medial septal neurons. (e) In addition, the spontaneous activity of septal; MPO; and ARC neurons was increased at proestrus or after estrogen injection. The present results suggest that plasma levels of estrogen play an essential role in the cyclic process of the regulation of ovulation by way of the selective facilitation of neuronal excitability in specific functional neural pathways. Furthermore, the results support the existence of a hippocampal inhibitory projection originating in field CA3 and terminating in the final common pathway, MPO to ARC.", "PMID": 1172608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3830", "title": "Quantitative determination of the content of available methionine and cysteine in food proteins.", "content": "The content of available sulphur amino acids in food proteins has been determined by the chemical methods after preliminary digestion of proteins with pancreatin. The values for the available methionine and cysteine contents of pure protein (casein, bovine serum albumin) and protein of food (fresh milk, whey, mackerel, beef, pork, wheat flour) estimated by the specific chemical methods were similar to those for the total content determined by the method of Moore et al. (6). Differences between total and available methionine and cysteine contents of heated casein were found.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of the content of available methionine and cysteine in food proteins. The content of available sulphur amino acids in food proteins has been determined by the chemical methods after preliminary digestion of proteins with pancreatin. The values for the available methionine and cysteine contents of pure protein (casein, bovine serum albumin) and protein of food (fresh milk, whey, mackerel, beef, pork, wheat flour) estimated by the specific chemical methods were similar to those for the total content determined by the method of Moore et al. (6). Differences between total and available methionine and cysteine contents of heated casein were found.", "PMID": 1172609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3831", "title": "Contribution of an electrogenic sodium pump to the membrane potential in rabbit sinoatrial node cells.", "content": "A study has been made of the transient hyperpolarization (K+-induced hyperpolarization) which developed following readmission of potassium after having pre-treated the rabbit sinoatrial node tissue with K+-depleted Tyrode solution for 4--5 min at 35 degrees C. Evidence is presented indicating that the K+-induced hyperpolarization results from the activity of an electrogenic sodium pump: The K+-induced hyperpolarization was inhibited by substituting Li+ for Na+ and by cooling the tissue. The amplitude of the K+-induced hyperpolarization was increased either by increasing K+ concentration in the recovery solution or by decreasing K+ concentration in the pre-treatment K+-depleted solution. By removing Cl- from the perfusates, the amplitude of the K+-induced hyperpolarization increased. In a Cl--depleted solution, the sinoatrial node cell membrane hyperpolarized by approximately 15 mV without a transient depolarization.", "contents": "Contribution of an electrogenic sodium pump to the membrane potential in rabbit sinoatrial node cells. A study has been made of the transient hyperpolarization (K+-induced hyperpolarization) which developed following readmission of potassium after having pre-treated the rabbit sinoatrial node tissue with K+-depleted Tyrode solution for 4--5 min at 35 degrees C. Evidence is presented indicating that the K+-induced hyperpolarization results from the activity of an electrogenic sodium pump: The K+-induced hyperpolarization was inhibited by substituting Li+ for Na+ and by cooling the tissue. The amplitude of the K+-induced hyperpolarization was increased either by increasing K+ concentration in the recovery solution or by decreasing K+ concentration in the pre-treatment K+-depleted solution. By removing Cl- from the perfusates, the amplitude of the K+-induced hyperpolarization increased. In a Cl--depleted solution, the sinoatrial node cell membrane hyperpolarized by approximately 15 mV without a transient depolarization.", "PMID": 1172612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3832", "title": "Effects of unilateral nephrectomy on plasma renin substrate and renin concentration in rats.", "content": "Effects of unilateral nephrectomy on plasma renin concentration and renin substrate (angiotensinogen) concentration were studied over an experimental period of 10 days in rats. The maximum increase in plasma renin substrate concentration after bilateral nephrectomy was 9 times higher than the preoperative level. Very low but measureable plasma renin concentrations were found in rats nephrectomized bilaterally 24 hrs previously. In unilateral nephrectomized rats the concentration of renin substrate in plasma increased maximumly 3.5-fold within 24 hrs after the operation and on the third day it was decreased to half of the maximum level. Even 10 days after uninephrectomy the concentration of plasma renin substrate was significantly higher than that of normal rats. Twenty four hours after unilateral nephrectomy plasma renin concentration decreased to similar low levels as those found in bilateral nephrectomized rats. The decreased concentration of plasma renin, however, returned to normal 3 days after uninephrectomy. The inverse relationship was seen between the concentrations of plasma renin and plasma renin substrate. However, substrate concentration in plasma rised faster and longer than plasma renin decreased.", "contents": "Effects of unilateral nephrectomy on plasma renin substrate and renin concentration in rats. Effects of unilateral nephrectomy on plasma renin concentration and renin substrate (angiotensinogen) concentration were studied over an experimental period of 10 days in rats. The maximum increase in plasma renin substrate concentration after bilateral nephrectomy was 9 times higher than the preoperative level. Very low but measureable plasma renin concentrations were found in rats nephrectomized bilaterally 24 hrs previously. In unilateral nephrectomized rats the concentration of renin substrate in plasma increased maximumly 3.5-fold within 24 hrs after the operation and on the third day it was decreased to half of the maximum level. Even 10 days after uninephrectomy the concentration of plasma renin substrate was significantly higher than that of normal rats. Twenty four hours after unilateral nephrectomy plasma renin concentration decreased to similar low levels as those found in bilateral nephrectomized rats. The decreased concentration of plasma renin, however, returned to normal 3 days after uninephrectomy. The inverse relationship was seen between the concentrations of plasma renin and plasma renin substrate. However, substrate concentration in plasma rised faster and longer than plasma renin decreased.", "PMID": 1172613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3833", "title": "Impaired potency for feedback regulation of glomerular filtration rate in DOCA escaped rats.", "content": "The present experiments were performed to study the effect of chronic extracellular volume expansion on the magnitude of tubulo-glomerular feedback responses in the rat kidney. Extracellular volume expansion was achieved by giving isotonic saline as drinking water and by injecting DOCA in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg - day. When Ringer perfusion rate through the loop of Henle was elevated in control rats (receiving only saline as drinking water) stop flow pressure (SFP) fell by an average of 0.47 +/- 0.81 mm Hg (mean +/- S.D.) and 7.93 +/- 2.85 mm Hg at the flow rate steps of 0--15 nl/min and 15--40 nl/min respectively. SN-GFR was reduced by a mean of 1.3 +/- 0.97 nl/min (0--15 nl/min) and 10.3 +/- 2.45 nl/min (15--40 nl/min). In DOCA treated rats the mean reductions of SFP were 0.98 +/- 0.9 mmHg and 2.1 +/- 1.4 mmHg and of SN-GFR 0.06 +/- 1.8 nl/min and 1.94 +/- 2.3 nl/min. Thus, significantly smaller changes of both SFP and SN-GFR were found in DOCA treated animals when flow rate was elevated from 15--40 nl/min. Net loop NaCl absorption rates did not significantly differ between control and DOCA rats. Renin activity of 5 pooled microdissected glomeruli was 15.6 +/- 17.1 ng/hr-0.1 ml in control and 2.94 +/- 2.6 ng/hr-0.1 ml in DOCA treated rats (P less than 0.01). It is possible therefore that the reduced feedback reactivity in DOCA treated rats is related to the diminished juxtaglomerular renin activity.", "contents": "Impaired potency for feedback regulation of glomerular filtration rate in DOCA escaped rats. The present experiments were performed to study the effect of chronic extracellular volume expansion on the magnitude of tubulo-glomerular feedback responses in the rat kidney. Extracellular volume expansion was achieved by giving isotonic saline as drinking water and by injecting DOCA in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg - day. When Ringer perfusion rate through the loop of Henle was elevated in control rats (receiving only saline as drinking water) stop flow pressure (SFP) fell by an average of 0.47 +/- 0.81 mm Hg (mean +/- S.D.) and 7.93 +/- 2.85 mm Hg at the flow rate steps of 0--15 nl/min and 15--40 nl/min respectively. SN-GFR was reduced by a mean of 1.3 +/- 0.97 nl/min (0--15 nl/min) and 10.3 +/- 2.45 nl/min (15--40 nl/min). In DOCA treated rats the mean reductions of SFP were 0.98 +/- 0.9 mmHg and 2.1 +/- 1.4 mmHg and of SN-GFR 0.06 +/- 1.8 nl/min and 1.94 +/- 2.3 nl/min. Thus, significantly smaller changes of both SFP and SN-GFR were found in DOCA treated animals when flow rate was elevated from 15--40 nl/min. Net loop NaCl absorption rates did not significantly differ between control and DOCA rats. Renin activity of 5 pooled microdissected glomeruli was 15.6 +/- 17.1 ng/hr-0.1 ml in control and 2.94 +/- 2.6 ng/hr-0.1 ml in DOCA treated rats (P less than 0.01). It is possible therefore that the reduced feedback reactivity in DOCA treated rats is related to the diminished juxtaglomerular renin activity.", "PMID": 1172614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3834", "title": "Ventral midbrain stimulation, blood pressure responses and their relation to the dopaminergic nigro-striatal pathways.", "content": "In 40 cats systematic, electrical stimulation of ventral midbrain structures was performed. In the lightly anaesthetised animals, fixed in a stereotaxic frame, ECoG and arterial blood pressure were registrated. As a result stimulation-induced phasic blood pressure increases have been found within a distinct area including substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum. From the same region nonspecific responses in the ECoG (spindling, recruiting and desynchronisation by low and middle frequent stimulation) could be obtained. The blood pressure responses were enhanced after hemisection at the level of the posterior hypothalamus ipsilateral to the stimulation side. Drugs (Haloperidol, alpha-methyltyrosin and 6-hydroxydopamine), affecting the dopamine metabolism in different ways, abolished the stimulation-induced blood pressure responses. In agreement with previous findings it is concluded that motor and autonomic activation, elicited in ventral midbrain structures are mediated by catecholaminergic transmission.", "contents": "Ventral midbrain stimulation, blood pressure responses and their relation to the dopaminergic nigro-striatal pathways. In 40 cats systematic, electrical stimulation of ventral midbrain structures was performed. In the lightly anaesthetised animals, fixed in a stereotaxic frame, ECoG and arterial blood pressure were registrated. As a result stimulation-induced phasic blood pressure increases have been found within a distinct area including substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum. From the same region nonspecific responses in the ECoG (spindling, recruiting and desynchronisation by low and middle frequent stimulation) could be obtained. The blood pressure responses were enhanced after hemisection at the level of the posterior hypothalamus ipsilateral to the stimulation side. Drugs (Haloperidol, alpha-methyltyrosin and 6-hydroxydopamine), affecting the dopamine metabolism in different ways, abolished the stimulation-induced blood pressure responses. In agreement with previous findings it is concluded that motor and autonomic activation, elicited in ventral midbrain structures are mediated by catecholaminergic transmission.", "PMID": 1172615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3835", "title": "Vitamin B12 absorption from eggs.", "content": "The assimilation of 57Co B12 from in vivo labeled eggs was much inferior to that of a comparable amount of crystalline 57Co B12. Furthermore, the absorption varied with the form in which the eggs were served. Judged by the urinary excretion test and the plasma absorption of radioactivity the average absorption from boiled and fried eggs was more than twice that from scrambled whole eggs, but less than half that absorbed from crystalline 57Co B12.", "contents": "Vitamin B12 absorption from eggs. The assimilation of 57Co B12 from in vivo labeled eggs was much inferior to that of a comparable amount of crystalline 57Co B12. Furthermore, the absorption varied with the form in which the eggs were served. Judged by the urinary excretion test and the plasma absorption of radioactivity the average absorption from boiled and fried eggs was more than twice that from scrambled whole eggs, but less than half that absorbed from crystalline 57Co B12.", "PMID": 1172618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3836", "title": "Sesquiterpene lactones. Part XIII. Cytotoxic activity of eupatolide and eupatoriopicrin on human and animal malignant cells in tissue culture in vitro.", "content": "The activity was determined in tissue culture of KB, HeLa human tumor cells. RK normal animal and EAC-E4 Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Eupatolide (EUP) and eupatoriopicrin (EUPP) show similar cytotoxic activity (ED50 from 0-5 to 1-3 mug/ml), dependent on the cell strain used. In plate test EUP and EUPP give inhibition zones of 18--19 mm. EUPP exerts progressively destructive influence on EAC-E4 cells in the conditions of Miyamura test. The decrease in EUPP activity was noted in aqueous (pH = 9) and acetone solutions.", "contents": "Sesquiterpene lactones. Part XIII. Cytotoxic activity of eupatolide and eupatoriopicrin on human and animal malignant cells in tissue culture in vitro. The activity was determined in tissue culture of KB, HeLa human tumor cells. RK normal animal and EAC-E4 Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Eupatolide (EUP) and eupatoriopicrin (EUPP) show similar cytotoxic activity (ED50 from 0-5 to 1-3 mug/ml), dependent on the cell strain used. In plate test EUP and EUPP give inhibition zones of 18--19 mm. EUPP exerts progressively destructive influence on EAC-E4 cells in the conditions of Miyamura test. The decrease in EUPP activity was noted in aqueous (pH = 9) and acetone solutions.", "PMID": 1172616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3837", "title": "Spontaneous and oxytocin induced uterine motility during the oestrous cycle in goats.", "content": "Spontaneous uterine motility and reactivity to intravenously administered oxytocin were recorded through the oestrous cycle in a group of goats. Contractions during oestrus were of significantly greater amplitude than in dioestrus and both the sensitivity and degree of response to oxytocin were greater in the oestrous phase. Evidence from a previous study suggests that the depressed spontaneous and oxytocin-induced motility in dioestrus is due to the predominating influence of progesterone during this stage of the cycle.", "contents": "Spontaneous and oxytocin induced uterine motility during the oestrous cycle in goats. Spontaneous uterine motility and reactivity to intravenously administered oxytocin were recorded through the oestrous cycle in a group of goats. Contractions during oestrus were of significantly greater amplitude than in dioestrus and both the sensitivity and degree of response to oxytocin were greater in the oestrous phase. Evidence from a previous study suggests that the depressed spontaneous and oxytocin-induced motility in dioestrus is due to the predominating influence of progesterone during this stage of the cycle.", "PMID": 1172621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3838", "title": "Further studies on the adjuvant effect of an interferon inducer (BRL 5907) on Newcastle disease and avian influenza inactivated vaccines.", "content": "Vaccination of fowls with inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) virus and avian influenza (AI) virus oil emulsion vaccines containing an interferon inducer (BRL 5907) produced an enhanced immunological response. The Newcastle disease vaccine containing BRL 5907 induced earlier protection to challenge than Newcastle disease vaccine by itself and also produced an increase immune response when administered to day-old maternally immune and susceptible chicks.", "contents": "Further studies on the adjuvant effect of an interferon inducer (BRL 5907) on Newcastle disease and avian influenza inactivated vaccines. Vaccination of fowls with inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) virus and avian influenza (AI) virus oil emulsion vaccines containing an interferon inducer (BRL 5907) produced an enhanced immunological response. The Newcastle disease vaccine containing BRL 5907 induced earlier protection to challenge than Newcastle disease vaccine by itself and also produced an increase immune response when administered to day-old maternally immune and susceptible chicks.", "PMID": 1172622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3839", "title": "Comparative value of arecoline hydrobromide and bunamidine hydrochloride for the treatment of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs.", "content": "A controlled trial involving 122 dogs experimentally infected with Echinococcus granulosus was carried out to compare the efficiency of arecoline hydrobromide and bunamidine hydrochloride. A single treatment with arecoline hydrobromide at a dose rate of 4 mg/kg or with bunamidine hydrochloride at 50 mg/kg gave a similar degree of efficiency against young worms. At these dose rates, worms were still present in almost half the dogs at autopsy.", "contents": "Comparative value of arecoline hydrobromide and bunamidine hydrochloride for the treatment of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs. A controlled trial involving 122 dogs experimentally infected with Echinococcus granulosus was carried out to compare the efficiency of arecoline hydrobromide and bunamidine hydrochloride. A single treatment with arecoline hydrobromide at a dose rate of 4 mg/kg or with bunamidine hydrochloride at 50 mg/kg gave a similar degree of efficiency against young worms. At these dose rates, worms were still present in almost half the dogs at autopsy.", "PMID": 1172623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3840", "title": "The effect of nitroscanate on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.", "content": "Trials with nitroscanate carried out on 186 dogs infected with either Echinococcus granulosus or Taenia hydatigena indicated that a single treatment at a dose rate of 1000 mg/kg or two treatments at 250 mg/kg eliminated the former, but a single treatment at 64 mg/kg was sufficient to eliminate the latter. At this dosing schedule, vomiting and diarrhoea occurred, as well as a transient 'tranquillising' effect on some dogs.", "contents": "The effect of nitroscanate on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs. Trials with nitroscanate carried out on 186 dogs infected with either Echinococcus granulosus or Taenia hydatigena indicated that a single treatment at a dose rate of 1000 mg/kg or two treatments at 250 mg/kg eliminated the former, but a single treatment at 64 mg/kg was sufficient to eliminate the latter. At this dosing schedule, vomiting and diarrhoea occurred, as well as a transient 'tranquillising' effect on some dogs.", "PMID": 1172624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3841", "title": "A pilot study on the effect of BCG vaccination in patients with bronchial carcinoma.", "content": "Eight patients with non-resectable bronchial carcinoma were treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide and BCG. No effect on survival was noted; mean survival was 11 months from the first admission to hospital.", "contents": "A pilot study on the effect of BCG vaccination in patients with bronchial carcinoma. Eight patients with non-resectable bronchial carcinoma were treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide and BCG. No effect on survival was noted; mean survival was 11 months from the first admission to hospital.", "PMID": 1172630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3842", "title": "Abdominal urethropexy: Vesicourethrolysis vs Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure.", "content": "In a series of 35 cases, I used a relatively uncommon but simple operation to correct urinary stress incontinence by the abdominal route. The operation is known as vesicourethrolysis and consists of dissection of the tissues in the space of Retzius. This establishes an anatomical urethrovesical angle without suturing and relieves urinary stress incontinence. The operation was first described in 1951 by Mulvaney, and although it has been done by others since, apparently with good results, the operation has never gained great popularity. Comparison of this operation with the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure shows that vesicourethrolysis yields excellent results with minimal complications. Different criteria are used to establish the indications for vesicourethrolysis versus the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure.", "contents": "Abdominal urethropexy: Vesicourethrolysis vs Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure. In a series of 35 cases, I used a relatively uncommon but simple operation to correct urinary stress incontinence by the abdominal route. The operation is known as vesicourethrolysis and consists of dissection of the tissues in the space of Retzius. This establishes an anatomical urethrovesical angle without suturing and relieves urinary stress incontinence. The operation was first described in 1951 by Mulvaney, and although it has been done by others since, apparently with good results, the operation has never gained great popularity. Comparison of this operation with the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure shows that vesicourethrolysis yields excellent results with minimal complications. Different criteria are used to establish the indications for vesicourethrolysis versus the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure.", "PMID": 1172632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3843", "title": "[Some ethological features in farm animals (author's transl)].", "content": "A number of general ethological principles are discussed in the present paper. Attention is paid to normal and ritualized behaviour of cattle and swine during mating and on aggression. The fact is stressed that external stimuli during the period of so-called imprinting may also affect the future behaviour of cattle and swine. This is of particular importance in male animals used in artificial insemination. Finally, the effect of social stress on symptoms such as cannibalism, gastric ulcers and avian hysteria is discussed.", "contents": "[Some ethological features in farm animals (author's transl)]. A number of general ethological principles are discussed in the present paper. Attention is paid to normal and ritualized behaviour of cattle and swine during mating and on aggression. The fact is stressed that external stimuli during the period of so-called imprinting may also affect the future behaviour of cattle and swine. This is of particular importance in male animals used in artificial insemination. Finally, the effect of social stress on symptoms such as cannibalism, gastric ulcers and avian hysteria is discussed.", "PMID": 1172634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3844", "title": "[Fertility problems caused by infectious agents pigs in the Netherlands(author's transl)].", "content": "The concept of fertility problems is defined in the introduction and their economic importance in pig breeding are pointed out. The infectious causes of the problem are reviewed. Infections with L. tarassovi and with Aujezky's virus regularly lead to practically endemic abortions; Brucella suis and swine-plague infections do so sporadically. The SMEDI syndrom is considered. The clinical symptoms, diagnosis, epizootiology, and the therapeutical and prophylactic measures of these infections are discussed. In the case of brucellosis, attention is paid to the differential diagnosis in the serological examination. The incidence of Yersinia enterocolitica among the Dutch pig population is high. This micro-organism has antigen components in common with brucellae. In Holland the significance of infectious agents as the causes of sterility is not considered to be high.", "contents": "[Fertility problems caused by infectious agents pigs in the Netherlands(author's transl)]. The concept of fertility problems is defined in the introduction and their economic importance in pig breeding are pointed out. The infectious causes of the problem are reviewed. Infections with L. tarassovi and with Aujezky's virus regularly lead to practically endemic abortions; Brucella suis and swine-plague infections do so sporadically. The SMEDI syndrom is considered. The clinical symptoms, diagnosis, epizootiology, and the therapeutical and prophylactic measures of these infections are discussed. In the case of brucellosis, attention is paid to the differential diagnosis in the serological examination. The incidence of Yersinia enterocolitica among the Dutch pig population is high. This micro-organism has antigen components in common with brucellae. In Holland the significance of infectious agents as the causes of sterility is not considered to be high.", "PMID": 1172635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3845", "title": "[Anaphrodisia in gilts and sows(author's transl)].", "content": "The economy of pig breeding and rearing farms is determined mainly by the fertility of the animals. Anaphrodisia causes a considerable disturbance of the fertility. This has a direct effect on the number of litters born per sow per year and thus on the economic results. On the basis of several years of experience at the research station and the production unit of Varkensonderzoekcentrum Nieuw-Dalland the clinical symptoms in gilts and sows are described. Gilts should normally have come into oestrus at the age of about 8 months, and on a well-managed farm about 80% of the sows should come into oestrus within 10 days of weaning, provided that weaning takes place at 5 to 6 weeks. Different forms of anaphrodisia are described, based on the findings of post mortem examinations. These show that in 65-75% of the anaphrodisiac animals the ovaries were insufficiently active. In 20% of the animals that had not shown signs of oestrus, ovulation had in fact taken place. The causes of anaphrodisia must be sought in a disturbance of the hypothalamo-hypophysial ovarian system, in which genetic and health factors play an important role, besides housing and management (insluding feeding). A good keeping of records of sows is indispensable in the solving of the anaphrodisia problem on farms, and this hinges also on an analysis of the farm management and on the power of observation of the farmer. Finally, hormonal therapy is discussed, a distinction being made between breeding and rearing farms.", "contents": "[Anaphrodisia in gilts and sows(author's transl)]. The economy of pig breeding and rearing farms is determined mainly by the fertility of the animals. Anaphrodisia causes a considerable disturbance of the fertility. This has a direct effect on the number of litters born per sow per year and thus on the economic results. On the basis of several years of experience at the research station and the production unit of Varkensonderzoekcentrum Nieuw-Dalland the clinical symptoms in gilts and sows are described. Gilts should normally have come into oestrus at the age of about 8 months, and on a well-managed farm about 80% of the sows should come into oestrus within 10 days of weaning, provided that weaning takes place at 5 to 6 weeks. Different forms of anaphrodisia are described, based on the findings of post mortem examinations. These show that in 65-75% of the anaphrodisiac animals the ovaries were insufficiently active. In 20% of the animals that had not shown signs of oestrus, ovulation had in fact taken place. The causes of anaphrodisia must be sought in a disturbance of the hypothalamo-hypophysial ovarian system, in which genetic and health factors play an important role, besides housing and management (insluding feeding). A good keeping of records of sows is indispensable in the solving of the anaphrodisia problem on farms, and this hinges also on an analysis of the farm management and on the power of observation of the farmer. Finally, hormonal therapy is discussed, a distinction being made between breeding and rearing farms.", "PMID": 1172636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3846", "title": "[Combined artificial insemination and synchronisation of oestrus in sheep (author's transl)].", "content": "A brief introduction is followed by a description of artificial insemination in sheep, based on a review of the literature. A number of experiments are then discussed, which were mainly concerned with the possibilities arising when artificial insemination and synchronisation of oestrus are combined. It is concluded that satisfactory results (70-80 per cent pregnant) may be obtained, provided a large number of live spermatozoa (500 x 10(6)) are inseminated at the right time.", "contents": "[Combined artificial insemination and synchronisation of oestrus in sheep (author's transl)]. A brief introduction is followed by a description of artificial insemination in sheep, based on a review of the literature. A number of experiments are then discussed, which were mainly concerned with the possibilities arising when artificial insemination and synchronisation of oestrus are combined. It is concluded that satisfactory results (70-80 per cent pregnant) may be obtained, provided a large number of live spermatozoa (500 x 10(6)) are inseminated at the right time.", "PMID": 1172638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3847", "title": "[Inability to have erections in male swine (author's transl)].", "content": "There are three degrees of impotence or diminished ability to have an erection: (a) there is no erection at all; (b) erection only occurs prior to ejaculation; (c) there is a short-lived erection at the beginning of ejaculation and occasionally also during the final stage of ejaculation. There are differences of degree in erection, ranging from the absence of erection to normal erection. When abnormalities such as those referred to under (b) and (c) are observed in young male swine, the mating pattern may be restored to normal as time goes on.", "contents": "[Inability to have erections in male swine (author's transl)]. There are three degrees of impotence or diminished ability to have an erection: (a) there is no erection at all; (b) erection only occurs prior to ejaculation; (c) there is a short-lived erection at the beginning of ejaculation and occasionally also during the final stage of ejaculation. There are differences of degree in erection, ranging from the absence of erection to normal erection. When abnormalities such as those referred to under (b) and (c) are observed in young male swine, the mating pattern may be restored to normal as time goes on.", "PMID": 1172639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3848", "title": "An epidemiological assessment of the residual effect of DDT on Anopheles hyrcanus sensulato and A. pulcherrimus (Theobold) in the North eastern region of Afghanistan.", "content": "In the irrigated zones of North-eastern region of Afghanistan malaria transmission is sustained by A. pulcherrimus and A. hyrcanus despite many years of DDT spraying. A. hyrcanus is an exophilic and exophagic mosquito, strongly resistant to DDT. A. pulcherrimus is still largely susceptible to the insecticide but seems to be deterred from entering houses when these are sprayed with DDT. Entomological and parasitological studies in an area of the province of Kunduz where DDT has not been applied for 2 consecutive years have clearly indicated that the insecticide still plays an important role in reducing malaria transmission in the area though, as expected, it cannot interrupt transmission. A deterioration of the epidemiological situation in the area can be expected if the insecticide is withdrawn. The technical problems now existing in the irrigated zones of the North-eastern region of Afghanistan cannot be solved by routine attack measures. Malaria in the area can be eradicated only with the introduction of new attack measures which are very expensive and for which, at present, the necessary funds are not available.", "contents": "An epidemiological assessment of the residual effect of DDT on Anopheles hyrcanus sensulato and A. pulcherrimus (Theobold) in the North eastern region of Afghanistan. In the irrigated zones of North-eastern region of Afghanistan malaria transmission is sustained by A. pulcherrimus and A. hyrcanus despite many years of DDT spraying. A. hyrcanus is an exophilic and exophagic mosquito, strongly resistant to DDT. A. pulcherrimus is still largely susceptible to the insecticide but seems to be deterred from entering houses when these are sprayed with DDT. Entomological and parasitological studies in an area of the province of Kunduz where DDT has not been applied for 2 consecutive years have clearly indicated that the insecticide still plays an important role in reducing malaria transmission in the area though, as expected, it cannot interrupt transmission. A deterioration of the epidemiological situation in the area can be expected if the insecticide is withdrawn. The technical problems now existing in the irrigated zones of the North-eastern region of Afghanistan cannot be solved by routine attack measures. Malaria in the area can be eradicated only with the introduction of new attack measures which are very expensive and for which, at present, the necessary funds are not available.", "PMID": 1172640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3849", "title": "Quantitative determination of immunoglobulins, lysozyme, and certain electrolytes in breast milk during the entire period of lactation, during a 24-hour period, and in milk from the individual mammary gland.", "content": "During a period commencing at birth and lasting for up to 27 months 193 milk samples have been collected from 29 mothers. The IgA globulin content was high immediately after birth, averaging 2.7 arb.U, decreasing to 0.3 arb.U within the first 2 to 3 weeks after birth, then remaining almost constant for the rest of the lactational period. In the case of IgG globulin, similar results were obtained, but the quantity was much smaller. IgM globulin was demonstrated in small quantities during the first 3 weeks of lactation. The lysozyme content varied considerably during the whole lactational period. Individual variations were found for all the immunoglobulins, while the concentration in the individual woman varied only slightly from day to day following in other respects the pattern described above. In 19 mothers IgA, IgG, IgM, lysozyme and electrolyte content were determined in serum and in milk from the right and the left breast on the same day. No difference in content was found between milk from the left and the right mammary gland. A positive correlation was found between the concentrations of IgA and sodium chloride in milk, between those of IgG in milk and serum, and between those of lysozyme in milk and serum. No variations were registered during the individual breast feeding, nor for the 24-hour period as a whole.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of immunoglobulins, lysozyme, and certain electrolytes in breast milk during the entire period of lactation, during a 24-hour period, and in milk from the individual mammary gland. During a period commencing at birth and lasting for up to 27 months 193 milk samples have been collected from 29 mothers. The IgA globulin content was high immediately after birth, averaging 2.7 arb.U, decreasing to 0.3 arb.U within the first 2 to 3 weeks after birth, then remaining almost constant for the rest of the lactational period. In the case of IgG globulin, similar results were obtained, but the quantity was much smaller. IgM globulin was demonstrated in small quantities during the first 3 weeks of lactation. The lysozyme content varied considerably during the whole lactational period. Individual variations were found for all the immunoglobulins, while the concentration in the individual woman varied only slightly from day to day following in other respects the pattern described above. In 19 mothers IgA, IgG, IgM, lysozyme and electrolyte content were determined in serum and in milk from the right and the left breast on the same day. No difference in content was found between milk from the left and the right mammary gland. A positive correlation was found between the concentrations of IgA and sodium chloride in milk, between those of IgG in milk and serum, and between those of lysozyme in milk and serum. No variations were registered during the individual breast feeding, nor for the 24-hour period as a whole.", "PMID": 1172647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3850", "title": "Production of gibberellin-like substances by fungi isolated from mycorrhizae of pine (Pinus silvestris/L.).", "content": "Gibberellin-like substances were found to be produced by fungi isolated from mycorrhizae of pine. Among the isolates studied gibberellin-like substances producers were most numerous among the Basidiomycetes forming ectotrophic mycorrhiza and among non-sporulating fungi forming no mycorrhiza. In most strains the gibberellin-like subtances were elaborated after 10--20 days of incubation. The Rf values of the gibberellin-like compounds were different in various strains, but in most of them substances showing gibberellin activity appeared on the chromatograms run with benzene, acetic acid (10:3 v/v) at Rf 0.2--0.6.", "contents": "Production of gibberellin-like substances by fungi isolated from mycorrhizae of pine (Pinus silvestris/L.). Gibberellin-like substances were found to be produced by fungi isolated from mycorrhizae of pine. Among the isolates studied gibberellin-like substances producers were most numerous among the Basidiomycetes forming ectotrophic mycorrhiza and among non-sporulating fungi forming no mycorrhiza. In most strains the gibberellin-like subtances were elaborated after 10--20 days of incubation. The Rf values of the gibberellin-like compounds were different in various strains, but in most of them substances showing gibberellin activity appeared on the chromatograms run with benzene, acetic acid (10:3 v/v) at Rf 0.2--0.6.", "PMID": 1172649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3851", "title": "Studies on the decomposition of lignosulfonates by the fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes pubescens.", "content": "The fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes pubescens were grown in a mineral medium containing 1% of glucose and 0.9% of lignosulfonates introduced into the culture medium in the form of yeast waste liquor. Chromatography of extracts of the medium and determinations of sulphur and lignosulfonates have revealed that the fungi studied utilized the constituents of the yeast waste liquor (lignosulfonates) as carbon source. This was manifested in an increase of dry mass of the mycelium and protein as compared with the control. The constituents of the yeast waste liquor were also found to have a stimulating effect on the formation of both exo-and endoenzymes, laccase and peroxidase. This may indicate that these oxidases take part in the decomposition of lignosulfonates.", "contents": "Studies on the decomposition of lignosulfonates by the fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes pubescens. The fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes pubescens were grown in a mineral medium containing 1% of glucose and 0.9% of lignosulfonates introduced into the culture medium in the form of yeast waste liquor. Chromatography of extracts of the medium and determinations of sulphur and lignosulfonates have revealed that the fungi studied utilized the constituents of the yeast waste liquor (lignosulfonates) as carbon source. This was manifested in an increase of dry mass of the mycelium and protein as compared with the control. The constituents of the yeast waste liquor were also found to have a stimulating effect on the formation of both exo-and endoenzymes, laccase and peroxidase. This may indicate that these oxidases take part in the decomposition of lignosulfonates.", "PMID": 1172650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3852", "title": "Ultrastructure of the early ovary and testis in pig embryos.", "content": "Pig embryos aged 26-27 days were used for an ultrastructural study of the early ovary and testis. Sex was identified by both chromosomal analysis and gonadal histology, with consistent results. The gonads occupied their original site in the medial coelomic angles in both sexes. The female gonad was composed of three tissues: the surface epithelium, the gonadal blastema and the mesenchyme. The gonadal structure was similar to that seen earlier at the age of 24 days. At 26 days the testis had distinctly differentiated into four tissues. The new components were the testicular cords and the interstitium, both derived from the gonadal blastema. The testicular cords resembled anastomosing sheets more than cords. The ultrastructure of the tissues and their cell types are described and compared to the previous indifferent stage at the age of 24 days. The cells of the surface epithelium, of the primitive cords, of the mesenchyme, and the primordial germ cells had an ultrastructure that was similar in both sexes. The sustentacular cells of the testicular cords resembled the primitive cord cells and the spermatogonia were similar to the primordial germ cells. No Leydig cells were present yet. The process of testicular differentiation is described on the basis of the present and a previous study, and a new hypothesis, based on the vascular organization, is presented.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the early ovary and testis in pig embryos. Pig embryos aged 26-27 days were used for an ultrastructural study of the early ovary and testis. Sex was identified by both chromosomal analysis and gonadal histology, with consistent results. The gonads occupied their original site in the medial coelomic angles in both sexes. The female gonad was composed of three tissues: the surface epithelium, the gonadal blastema and the mesenchyme. The gonadal structure was similar to that seen earlier at the age of 24 days. At 26 days the testis had distinctly differentiated into four tissues. The new components were the testicular cords and the interstitium, both derived from the gonadal blastema. The testicular cords resembled anastomosing sheets more than cords. The ultrastructure of the tissues and their cell types are described and compared to the previous indifferent stage at the age of 24 days. The cells of the surface epithelium, of the primitive cords, of the mesenchyme, and the primordial germ cells had an ultrastructure that was similar in both sexes. The sustentacular cells of the testicular cords resembled the primitive cord cells and the spermatogonia were similar to the primordial germ cells. No Leydig cells were present yet. The process of testicular differentiation is described on the basis of the present and a previous study, and a new hypothesis, based on the vascular organization, is presented.", "PMID": 1172651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3853", "title": "Dilatation of the mitral anulus. A rare cause of mitral regurgitation.", "content": "To confirm or deny the thesis that mitral anular dilatation is a cause of mitral regurgitation, this anulus was measured in 102 patients, 24 of whom had normal hearts and 78 of whom had dilated left ventricles, some associated with mitral regurgitation, others not. The circumference of the mitral anulus in the 24 patients with normal hearts averaged 9 cm (range 7 to 11 cm); in 24 patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy of the ventricular dilated type, both with (12 patients) and without (12 patients) mild to moderate regurgitation, 11 cm (range 10 to 14 cm); and in 31 patients with severe mitral regurgitation, 12 cm (range 8 to 18 cm). Among the latter 31 patients with severe mitral regurgitation, the anulus was only mildly dilated in the 15 with rheumatic disease (average 11 cm) and in the six with ruptured chordae tendinease on previously normal valves (average 10 cm); in contrast, in the 10 patients with floppy mitral valves with or without the Marfan syndrome the mitral anulus was greatly dilated (average 15.5 cm). Thus, only in patients with floppy valves with or without the Marfan syndrome or both does anular dilatation by itself appear great enough to cause mitral regurgitation. It appears, therefore, that dilatation of the mitral anulus is a rare cause of mitral regurgitation and that abnormality of the fibrous skeleton of the heart is necessary for the mitral anulus to dilate enough to cause mitral regurgitation.", "contents": "Dilatation of the mitral anulus. A rare cause of mitral regurgitation. To confirm or deny the thesis that mitral anular dilatation is a cause of mitral regurgitation, this anulus was measured in 102 patients, 24 of whom had normal hearts and 78 of whom had dilated left ventricles, some associated with mitral regurgitation, others not. The circumference of the mitral anulus in the 24 patients with normal hearts averaged 9 cm (range 7 to 11 cm); in 24 patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy of the ventricular dilated type, both with (12 patients) and without (12 patients) mild to moderate regurgitation, 11 cm (range 10 to 14 cm); and in 31 patients with severe mitral regurgitation, 12 cm (range 8 to 18 cm). Among the latter 31 patients with severe mitral regurgitation, the anulus was only mildly dilated in the 15 with rheumatic disease (average 11 cm) and in the six with ruptured chordae tendinease on previously normal valves (average 10 cm); in contrast, in the 10 patients with floppy mitral valves with or without the Marfan syndrome the mitral anulus was greatly dilated (average 15.5 cm). Thus, only in patients with floppy valves with or without the Marfan syndrome or both does anular dilatation by itself appear great enough to cause mitral regurgitation. It appears, therefore, that dilatation of the mitral anulus is a rare cause of mitral regurgitation and that abnormality of the fibrous skeleton of the heart is necessary for the mitral anulus to dilate enough to cause mitral regurgitation.", "PMID": 1172652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3854", "title": "Clinical criteria for psychiatric diagnosis and DSM-III.", "content": "The authors identify the differences in formal inclusion and exclusion criteria used to classify patient data into diagnoses as the largest source of diagnostic unreliability in psychiatry. They describe the efforts that have been made to reduce these differences, particularly the specified criteria approach to defining diagnostic categories, which was developed for research purposes. On the basis of studies showing that the use of specified criteria increases the reliability of diagnostic judgments, they suggest that including such criteria in the next edition of APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) would improve the reliability and validity of routine psychiatric diagnosis.", "contents": "Clinical criteria for psychiatric diagnosis and DSM-III. The authors identify the differences in formal inclusion and exclusion criteria used to classify patient data into diagnoses as the largest source of diagnostic unreliability in psychiatry. They describe the efforts that have been made to reduce these differences, particularly the specified criteria approach to defining diagnostic categories, which was developed for research purposes. On the basis of studies showing that the use of specified criteria increases the reliability of diagnostic judgments, they suggest that including such criteria in the next edition of APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) would improve the reliability and validity of routine psychiatric diagnosis.", "PMID": 1172654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3855", "title": "A comprehensive approach to psychiatric diagnosis.", "content": "The author discusses problems of the typological diagnostic system currently used in psychiatry, which focuses primarily on symptoms in classifying psychiatric disorders. He describes a comprehensive diagnostic system that would involve routine evaluation of five patient characteristics: symptoms, circumstances associated with symptoms, previous duration and course of illness, quality of personal relationships, and level of work function. He suggests that such a multivariable approach to psychiatric diagnosis can provide valuable information about the patient to clinicians, researchers, and other mental health workers.", "contents": "A comprehensive approach to psychiatric diagnosis. The author discusses problems of the typological diagnostic system currently used in psychiatry, which focuses primarily on symptoms in classifying psychiatric disorders. He describes a comprehensive diagnostic system that would involve routine evaluation of five patient characteristics: symptoms, circumstances associated with symptoms, previous duration and course of illness, quality of personal relationships, and level of work function. He suggests that such a multivariable approach to psychiatric diagnosis can provide valuable information about the patient to clinicians, researchers, and other mental health workers.", "PMID": 1172655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3856", "title": "Human complement C7 and C9 in fetal and newborn sera.", "content": "Using specific immune sera, C7, C9, and C3 activator were detected in sera from human fetuses more than 16 weeks old and in newborn samples. Levels of C9 in cord sera ranged between 10 and 30% of those present in sera from adult subjects. The mean value of Ce activator was about half that in maternal blood. The mean level of C7 in newborns was nearly 70% of the amount in normal adults.", "contents": "Human complement C7 and C9 in fetal and newborn sera. Using specific immune sera, C7, C9, and C3 activator were detected in sera from human fetuses more than 16 weeks old and in newborn samples. Levels of C9 in cord sera ranged between 10 and 30% of those present in sera from adult subjects. The mean value of Ce activator was about half that in maternal blood. The mean level of C7 in newborns was nearly 70% of the amount in normal adults.", "PMID": 1172656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3857", "title": "The influence of diabetic regulation on the diurnal variation in blood and the urinary excretion of ketone bodies. Studies in newly diagnosed diabetics.", "content": "A typical diurnal variation of blood ketone bodies (acetacetate+3-hydroxybutyrate) has been found in 23 newly diagnosed, untreated diabetics regardless of diabetic type. It was characterized by high morning concentrations, followed by a fall, and later on a rise in concentration during the evening and night. Satisfactory diabetic regulation, judged from glucose measurements, did not change this diabetic pattern, which differed fundamentally from the normal diurnal variation. In the regulated state the morning concentration of ketone bodies in blood was still abnormally high in the juvenile and the non-obese maturity onset diabetics, while the concentration in the phenformin-treated diabetics had increased on each sampling time. The 24-hour urinary excretion of ketone bodies also remained abnormally high in the phenformin-treated patients.", "contents": "The influence of diabetic regulation on the diurnal variation in blood and the urinary excretion of ketone bodies. Studies in newly diagnosed diabetics. A typical diurnal variation of blood ketone bodies (acetacetate+3-hydroxybutyrate) has been found in 23 newly diagnosed, untreated diabetics regardless of diabetic type. It was characterized by high morning concentrations, followed by a fall, and later on a rise in concentration during the evening and night. Satisfactory diabetic regulation, judged from glucose measurements, did not change this diabetic pattern, which differed fundamentally from the normal diurnal variation. In the regulated state the morning concentration of ketone bodies in blood was still abnormally high in the juvenile and the non-obese maturity onset diabetics, while the concentration in the phenformin-treated diabetics had increased on each sampling time. The 24-hour urinary excretion of ketone bodies also remained abnormally high in the phenformin-treated patients.", "PMID": 1172648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3858", "title": "[Identification and differentiation of lens cells in tissue culture].", "content": "The cells of S-phase labelled prior to cultivation with H3-thymidine and other neighbouring cambial cells of the lens of the pig, cattle and sheep were found to form morphologically underdifferentiated zones of growth. The zones of growth were formed in the culture from differentiating in vivo cells of the lens. The cells of these zones occasionally resembled abortively differentiated lens fibres in vivo. The growth zones of the lens cells in vitro are comparable by its growings in trauma or cataract in vivo. In lens cultures under routine conditions of cultivation there occurs disturbance of normal embryonic histogenesis and abortive differentiation of the already differentiated in vivo cells.", "contents": "[Identification and differentiation of lens cells in tissue culture]. The cells of S-phase labelled prior to cultivation with H3-thymidine and other neighbouring cambial cells of the lens of the pig, cattle and sheep were found to form morphologically underdifferentiated zones of growth. The zones of growth were formed in the culture from differentiating in vivo cells of the lens. The cells of these zones occasionally resembled abortively differentiated lens fibres in vivo. The growth zones of the lens cells in vitro are comparable by its growings in trauma or cataract in vivo. In lens cultures under routine conditions of cultivation there occurs disturbance of normal embryonic histogenesis and abortive differentiation of the already differentiated in vivo cells.", "PMID": 1172657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3859", "title": "[Morphological changes in the thyroid gland of rats during various phases of the estral cycle].", "content": "The functional state of the thyroid gland and the concentration of thyroid hormones in the peripheral blood were studied in 20 mature female albino rats during their estral cycle. Evaluation of the thyroid functional state was made according to data of histological, morphological (the diameter of folliculi, the height of the thyroid epithelium) and histochemical analysis (determination of NAD and NADP-dehydrogenase, succinatedehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, peroxydase, acid and alkaline phosphatase) as well as biochemical determination of iodine bound with protein (IBP) in the blood plasma and investigation of the ratio of the parameters in question under conditions of the sex cycle. The cyclic changes of the morphological state of the thyroid gland attended by the phases of the estral cycle were revealed. The activation of the organ was observed in proestrus and estrus which was evidenced by high levels of activity of the enzymes under study, high concentration of IBP in the blood and increased height of thyreocytes. A decreased function of the thyroid parenchyma was observed at the period of metaestrus-diestrus.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the thyroid gland of rats during various phases of the estral cycle]. The functional state of the thyroid gland and the concentration of thyroid hormones in the peripheral blood were studied in 20 mature female albino rats during their estral cycle. Evaluation of the thyroid functional state was made according to data of histological, morphological (the diameter of folliculi, the height of the thyroid epithelium) and histochemical analysis (determination of NAD and NADP-dehydrogenase, succinatedehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, peroxydase, acid and alkaline phosphatase) as well as biochemical determination of iodine bound with protein (IBP) in the blood plasma and investigation of the ratio of the parameters in question under conditions of the sex cycle. The cyclic changes of the morphological state of the thyroid gland attended by the phases of the estral cycle were revealed. The activation of the organ was observed in proestrus and estrus which was evidenced by high levels of activity of the enzymes under study, high concentration of IBP in the blood and increased height of thyreocytes. A decreased function of the thyroid parenchyma was observed at the period of metaestrus-diestrus.", "PMID": 1172658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3860", "title": "Effects of egg yolk, glycerol and the freezing rate on the viability and acrosomal structures of frozen ram spermatozoa.", "content": "The influence of egg yolk, glycerol and the freezing rate on the survival of ram spermatozoa and on the structure of their acrosomes after freezing was investigated. Egg yolk was shown to be beneficial not only during chilling but also during freezing; of the levels examined, 1-5% gave the greatest protection. Although the presence of glycerol in the diluent improved the survival of spermatozoa, increasing concentrations produced significant deterioration of the acrosomes. With closely controlled linear cooling rates, no overall difference was detected in the survival of spermatozoa frozen at rates between 6 and 24 degrees C per min. However, a significant interaction between freezing rate and the inclusion of glycerol in the diluent showed that glycerol was less important at the highest freezing rate. A sudden cooling phase near to the freezing point following the release of the latent heat of fusion was not detrimental to spermatozoa.", "contents": "Effects of egg yolk, glycerol and the freezing rate on the viability and acrosomal structures of frozen ram spermatozoa. The influence of egg yolk, glycerol and the freezing rate on the survival of ram spermatozoa and on the structure of their acrosomes after freezing was investigated. Egg yolk was shown to be beneficial not only during chilling but also during freezing; of the levels examined, 1-5% gave the greatest protection. Although the presence of glycerol in the diluent improved the survival of spermatozoa, increasing concentrations produced significant deterioration of the acrosomes. With closely controlled linear cooling rates, no overall difference was detected in the survival of spermatozoa frozen at rates between 6 and 24 degrees C per min. However, a significant interaction between freezing rate and the inclusion of glycerol in the diluent showed that glycerol was less important at the highest freezing rate. A sudden cooling phase near to the freezing point following the release of the latent heat of fusion was not detrimental to spermatozoa.", "PMID": 1172659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3861", "title": "The duration of the oestrous cycle of ewes affected with clover disease.", "content": "Oestrous cycles in ewes affected with clover disease were compared with those for control animals at two locations. Significantly fewer diseased ewes were observed in oestrus. There was a significant increase in variability of oestrous cycle duration in the diseased ewes at one location. Some of the cycle irregularities could be related to gross lesions in the internal genitalia. Despite these findings, there was no association between oestrous cycle abnormalities and previous fertility records, suggesting that they are of little consequence to the infertility of clover disease under field conditions.", "contents": "The duration of the oestrous cycle of ewes affected with clover disease. Oestrous cycles in ewes affected with clover disease were compared with those for control animals at two locations. Significantly fewer diseased ewes were observed in oestrus. There was a significant increase in variability of oestrous cycle duration in the diseased ewes at one location. Some of the cycle irregularities could be related to gross lesions in the internal genitalia. Despite these findings, there was no association between oestrous cycle abnormalities and previous fertility records, suggesting that they are of little consequence to the infertility of clover disease under field conditions.", "PMID": 1172660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3862", "title": "Association of xanthine oxidase with the bovine milk-fat-globule membrane. Nature of the enzyme-membrane association.", "content": "1. Xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.3.2) was found to represent more than 8% of the intrinsic protein of the bovine milk-fat-globule membranes. 2. Less than 25% of the xanthine oxidase activity of the fat-globule membrane was solubilized with 0.1 M-sodium pyrophosphate buffer or 2M-NaCl. Of the particulate activity remaining 56% was solubilized with Triton X-100. 3. The xanthine oxidase activity solubilized with buffer, 2M-NaCl or Triton X-100 was not liberated as the free enzyme. Only tryptic digestion was found to release the free enzyme from the fat-globule membrane. Tryptic digestion also liberated free xanthine oxidase from those fractions solubilized by buffer or NaCl, but not from those fractions solubilized with Triton X-100 or by sonication. 4. The effect of membrane association on the catalytic properties of the enzyme could be mimicked by low pH or by the presence in the assay mixture of certain concentrations of 2-methyl-propan-2-ol, but not 1,4-dioxan, suggesting that hydrogen-bonding rather than low dielectric constant may be involved. 5. The origin of the milk-fat-globule membrane is discussed with reference to the intrinsic nature of the associated xanthine oxidase activity.", "contents": "Association of xanthine oxidase with the bovine milk-fat-globule membrane. Nature of the enzyme-membrane association. 1. Xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.3.2) was found to represent more than 8% of the intrinsic protein of the bovine milk-fat-globule membranes. 2. Less than 25% of the xanthine oxidase activity of the fat-globule membrane was solubilized with 0.1 M-sodium pyrophosphate buffer or 2M-NaCl. Of the particulate activity remaining 56% was solubilized with Triton X-100. 3. The xanthine oxidase activity solubilized with buffer, 2M-NaCl or Triton X-100 was not liberated as the free enzyme. Only tryptic digestion was found to release the free enzyme from the fat-globule membrane. Tryptic digestion also liberated free xanthine oxidase from those fractions solubilized by buffer or NaCl, but not from those fractions solubilized with Triton X-100 or by sonication. 4. The effect of membrane association on the catalytic properties of the enzyme could be mimicked by low pH or by the presence in the assay mixture of certain concentrations of 2-methyl-propan-2-ol, but not 1,4-dioxan, suggesting that hydrogen-bonding rather than low dielectric constant may be involved. 5. The origin of the milk-fat-globule membrane is discussed with reference to the intrinsic nature of the associated xanthine oxidase activity.", "PMID": 1172661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3863", "title": "Stability of pyrimidine oligodeoxyribonucleotides released during degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid with formic acid-diphenylamine reagent.", "content": "A small release of Pi from a diphenylamine-formic acid digest of DNA was detected after elimination of interpurine phosphodiester bonds was complete. Minor components in the DNA digest were identified as pyrimidine oligonucleotides which had lost one terminal phosphate. Isolated pyrimidine tracts released Pi on  redigestion with the formic acid-diphenylamine reagent in amounts that increased with the number of nucleotides in the oligonucleotide taken. The oligonucleotides were also partially degraded by the formic acid-diphenylamine reagent and the degradation (2-3% of phosphodiester bonds between consecutive nucleotides) was almost independent of chain length. The cleavage was random with no preference for a phosphodiester bond flanked by particular nucleosides. This minor lack of specificity in the formic acid-diphenylamine-catalysed degradation of DNA can, however, account for the low recoveries of long pyrimidine tracts previously reported. Any analysis of pyrimidine tracts in a DNA molecule should make some correction for this small degree of degradation if exact assignments of the numbers of pyrimidine tracts are to be made.", "contents": "Stability of pyrimidine oligodeoxyribonucleotides released during degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid with formic acid-diphenylamine reagent. A small release of Pi from a diphenylamine-formic acid digest of DNA was detected after elimination of interpurine phosphodiester bonds was complete. Minor components in the DNA digest were identified as pyrimidine oligonucleotides which had lost one terminal phosphate. Isolated pyrimidine tracts released Pi on  redigestion with the formic acid-diphenylamine reagent in amounts that increased with the number of nucleotides in the oligonucleotide taken. The oligonucleotides were also partially degraded by the formic acid-diphenylamine reagent and the degradation (2-3% of phosphodiester bonds between consecutive nucleotides) was almost independent of chain length. The cleavage was random with no preference for a phosphodiester bond flanked by particular nucleosides. This minor lack of specificity in the formic acid-diphenylamine-catalysed degradation of DNA can, however, account for the low recoveries of long pyrimidine tracts previously reported. Any analysis of pyrimidine tracts in a DNA molecule should make some correction for this small degree of degradation if exact assignments of the numbers of pyrimidine tracts are to be made.", "PMID": 1172662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3864", "title": "The amino acid sequence of a carbohydrate-containing fragment of hen ovotransferrin.", "content": "1. Hen ovotransferrin was treated with CNBr and fractionated by gel filtration. 2. After further treatment by reduction and carboxymethylation a carbohydrate-containing fragment of molecular weight 11990 was obtained (fragment BCd). 3. The amino acid sequence of this fragment was determined. It consists of a single chain of 94 residues. 4. The structure of a tryptic glycopeptide derived from whole ovotransferrin permitted a further eight residues to be assigned at the N-terminus of fragment BCd. 5. Heterogeneity was found at two positions. 6. Further evidence has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50045 (19 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1975), 145, 5.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of a carbohydrate-containing fragment of hen ovotransferrin. 1. Hen ovotransferrin was treated with CNBr and fractionated by gel filtration. 2. After further treatment by reduction and carboxymethylation a carbohydrate-containing fragment of molecular weight 11990 was obtained (fragment BCd). 3. The amino acid sequence of this fragment was determined. It consists of a single chain of 94 residues. 4. The structure of a tryptic glycopeptide derived from whole ovotransferrin permitted a further eight residues to be assigned at the N-terminus of fragment BCd. 5. Heterogeneity was found at two positions. 6. Further evidence has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50045 (19 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1975), 145, 5.", "PMID": 1172663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3865", "title": "Acyl intermediates in penicillopepsin-catalysed reactions and a discussion of the mechanism of action of pepsins.", "content": "Penicillopepsin catalyses transpeptidation reactions involving the transfer of the N-terminal amino acids of suitable substrates via covalent acyl intermediates to acceptor peptides, usually the substrate. The major products obtained when Phe-Tyr-Thr-Pro-Lys-Ala and Met-Leu-Gly were used as substrates were Phe-Phe and Met-Met respectively. With Met-Leu-Gly the tetrapeptide Met-Met-Leu-Gly was observed as probable intermediate. Co-incubation of Leu-Tyr-Leu and Phe-Tyr-Thr-Pro-Lys-Ala led to the formation of Leu-Phe and Phe-Leu as well as Leu-Leu and Phe-Phe. No reaction was observed with tripeptides in which the first or second amino acid is glycine. It appears that two amino aicds with large hydrophobic residues are needed for the transpeptidation reaction. Nucleophilic compounds other than peptides, such as hydroxylamine, aliphatic alcohols and dinitrophenylhydrazine, were not acceptors for the acyl group. Leucine, phenylalanine and leucine methyl ester also had no effect on the reaction. The transpeptidation reaction proceeded readily at pH 3.6 and 4.7. At pH 6.0 the reaction was slow and at pH 1.9 little or no transpeptidation was observed. Porcine pepsin catalyses similar transpeptidation reactions. Sequence studies show that porcine pepsin and penicillopepsin are homologous. The present study also suggests that they have a very similar mechanism. Evidence available at this time indicates that the mechanism of these enzymes is complex and may be modulated by secondary substrate-enzyme interactions. A hypothesis is presented which proposes that pepsin-catalysed reactions proceed via different covalent intermediates (amino-intermediates or acylintermediates) depending on the nature of the substrate. The possibility that some reactions do not involve covalent intermediates is also discussed.", "contents": "Acyl intermediates in penicillopepsin-catalysed reactions and a discussion of the mechanism of action of pepsins. Penicillopepsin catalyses transpeptidation reactions involving the transfer of the N-terminal amino acids of suitable substrates via covalent acyl intermediates to acceptor peptides, usually the substrate. The major products obtained when Phe-Tyr-Thr-Pro-Lys-Ala and Met-Leu-Gly were used as substrates were Phe-Phe and Met-Met respectively. With Met-Leu-Gly the tetrapeptide Met-Met-Leu-Gly was observed as probable intermediate. Co-incubation of Leu-Tyr-Leu and Phe-Tyr-Thr-Pro-Lys-Ala led to the formation of Leu-Phe and Phe-Leu as well as Leu-Leu and Phe-Phe. No reaction was observed with tripeptides in which the first or second amino acid is glycine. It appears that two amino aicds with large hydrophobic residues are needed for the transpeptidation reaction. Nucleophilic compounds other than peptides, such as hydroxylamine, aliphatic alcohols and dinitrophenylhydrazine, were not acceptors for the acyl group. Leucine, phenylalanine and leucine methyl ester also had no effect on the reaction. The transpeptidation reaction proceeded readily at pH 3.6 and 4.7. At pH 6.0 the reaction was slow and at pH 1.9 little or no transpeptidation was observed. Porcine pepsin catalyses similar transpeptidation reactions. Sequence studies show that porcine pepsin and penicillopepsin are homologous. The present study also suggests that they have a very similar mechanism. Evidence available at this time indicates that the mechanism of these enzymes is complex and may be modulated by secondary substrate-enzyme interactions. A hypothesis is presented which proposes that pepsin-catalysed reactions proceed via different covalent intermediates (amino-intermediates or acylintermediates) depending on the nature of the substrate. The possibility that some reactions do not involve covalent intermediates is also discussed.", "PMID": 1172664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3866", "title": "Glucose- and phlorrhizin-protected thiol groups in pig intestinal brush-border membranes.", "content": "Purified brush borders, prepared fro newborn pig intestine, were incubated in the presence of 203Hg-labelled p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonic acid and the membrane proteins later separated by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The presence of either D-glucose or phlorrhizin, during a preliminary incubation in non-radioactive p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonic acid, increased the subsequent binding of the 203Hg-labelled compound to a protein of molecular weight 31500. This increase appeared to be specific for the low-molecular-weight protein, provided that the concentration of protecting agent used corresponded to that used to produce a biological response in the intact tissue. These results are discussed in relation to the known properties of other presumptive sugar carriers isolated from different membranes.", "contents": "Glucose- and phlorrhizin-protected thiol groups in pig intestinal brush-border membranes. Purified brush borders, prepared fro newborn pig intestine, were incubated in the presence of 203Hg-labelled p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonic acid and the membrane proteins later separated by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The presence of either D-glucose or phlorrhizin, during a preliminary incubation in non-radioactive p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonic acid, increased the subsequent binding of the 203Hg-labelled compound to a protein of molecular weight 31500. This increase appeared to be specific for the low-molecular-weight protein, provided that the concentration of protecting agent used corresponded to that used to produce a biological response in the intact tissue. These results are discussed in relation to the known properties of other presumptive sugar carriers isolated from different membranes.", "PMID": 1172665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3867", "title": "The presence of a high-molecular-weight (guanine-plus-cytosine)-rich segment at the 3' end of rabbit 28S ribosomal ribonucleic acid.", "content": "The 3' hydroxyl end of 28S L-rRNA (major RNA species of the larger subribosomal particle) was labelled by coupling its 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid hydrazine with diazotized [3H]aniline. The RNA was hydrolysed partially with ribonuclease T1 and fractionated on Sephadex G-200. The results show that a highly structured segment with 78% G+C content and a number-average molecular weight of at least 1.0x10(5)-1.8x10(5) is located at the 3' hydroxyl end of the 28S rRNA molecule.", "contents": "The presence of a high-molecular-weight (guanine-plus-cytosine)-rich segment at the 3' end of rabbit 28S ribosomal ribonucleic acid. The 3' hydroxyl end of 28S L-rRNA (major RNA species of the larger subribosomal particle) was labelled by coupling its 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid hydrazine with diazotized [3H]aniline. The RNA was hydrolysed partially with ribonuclease T1 and fractionated on Sephadex G-200. The results show that a highly structured segment with 78% G+C content and a number-average molecular weight of at least 1.0x10(5)-1.8x10(5) is located at the 3' hydroxyl end of the 28S rRNA molecule.", "PMID": 1172666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3868", "title": "The effect of Tuftsin on the nitrous blue tetrazolium reduction of normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "The influence of Tuftsin, the synthetic phagocytosis-stimulating tetrapeptide (L-threonyl-L-lysyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine), on the nitrous blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was investigated. It was found that this substance increases the NBT reduction by approximately as much as endotoxin. Other tetrapeptides do not share this property. When Tuftsin analogs are added to the cell suspension and incubated, they prevent the action of both Tuftsin and endotoxin but not of methylene blue. When washed of the analogs, the cells regain the property to be activated by both Tuftsin and endotoxin. It appears that methylene blue on one hand and Tuftsin and endotoxin on the other hand have different sites for their actions. We suggest that whereas methylene blue diffuses into the cell and acts directly upon the hexosemonophosphate shunt activation, Tuftsin and endotoxin appear to act on the cell membrane binding to specific receptors. By treating the cells with Tuftsin analogs, we probably block these receptors.", "contents": "The effect of Tuftsin on the nitrous blue tetrazolium reduction of normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The influence of Tuftsin, the synthetic phagocytosis-stimulating tetrapeptide (L-threonyl-L-lysyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine), on the nitrous blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was investigated. It was found that this substance increases the NBT reduction by approximately as much as endotoxin. Other tetrapeptides do not share this property. When Tuftsin analogs are added to the cell suspension and incubated, they prevent the action of both Tuftsin and endotoxin but not of methylene blue. When washed of the analogs, the cells regain the property to be activated by both Tuftsin and endotoxin. It appears that methylene blue on one hand and Tuftsin and endotoxin on the other hand have different sites for their actions. We suggest that whereas methylene blue diffuses into the cell and acts directly upon the hexosemonophosphate shunt activation, Tuftsin and endotoxin appear to act on the cell membrane binding to specific receptors. By treating the cells with Tuftsin analogs, we probably block these receptors.", "PMID": 1172670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3869", "title": "Acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Complication by disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "A 31-year-old white woman had idiopathic acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Shortly after admission to the hospital, it became apparent that she was also suffering from disseminated intravascular coagulation. This was treated with heparin sodium, resulting in cessation of overt bleeding and laboratory evidence of moderate abatement of her coagulation abnormalities. Nevertheless, both patient and fetus died. This case report reemphasizes the need for recognition and therapy for the nonhepatic complications of this syndrome.", "contents": "Acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Complication by disseminated intravascular coagulation. A 31-year-old white woman had idiopathic acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Shortly after admission to the hospital, it became apparent that she was also suffering from disseminated intravascular coagulation. This was treated with heparin sodium, resulting in cessation of overt bleeding and laboratory evidence of moderate abatement of her coagulation abnormalities. Nevertheless, both patient and fetus died. This case report reemphasizes the need for recognition and therapy for the nonhepatic complications of this syndrome.", "PMID": 1172681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3870", "title": "Chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella typhi in Saigon.", "content": "Chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella typhi was detected in Saigon in September 1971. Subsequently, 163 strains of S typhi were isolated, 46 percent of which were resistant to choramphenicol by the agar-disk method. Sixty-two strains were studied by the broth-dilution method; 37 percent had minimal inhibitory concentrations for chloramphenicol greater than 250mug/ml, but all strains were susceptible to 0.4mug/ml of ampicillin and to a disk of a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim). Persons infected with chloramphenicol-resistant strains of S typhi responded poorly to chloramphenicol alone, but ampicillin or the combination drug was effective.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella typhi in Saigon. Chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella typhi was detected in Saigon in September 1971. Subsequently, 163 strains of S typhi were isolated, 46 percent of which were resistant to choramphenicol by the agar-disk method. Sixty-two strains were studied by the broth-dilution method; 37 percent had minimal inhibitory concentrations for chloramphenicol greater than 250mug/ml, but all strains were susceptible to 0.4mug/ml of ampicillin and to a disk of a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim). Persons infected with chloramphenicol-resistant strains of S typhi responded poorly to chloramphenicol alone, but ampicillin or the combination drug was effective.", "PMID": 1172682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3871", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation and head trauma. Two case studies.", "content": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) developed in two patients following head trauma. Brain parenchyma and highly vascular connective tissue of the choroid plexus and meninges are important pools of systemic coagulation components. This is an important consideration in the treatment of head injury.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation and head trauma. Two case studies. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) developed in two patients following head trauma. Brain parenchyma and highly vascular connective tissue of the choroid plexus and meninges are important pools of systemic coagulation components. This is an important consideration in the treatment of head injury.", "PMID": 1172684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3872", "title": "The bizarre stiff hip. Possible idiopathic chondrolysis.", "content": "Idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip is characterized by pain and limp in adolescence, with progressive loss of articular cartilage space and stiffness of the hip. In our five cases, the best results were obtained in those patients immobilized in a position of function. Those cases in which range-of-motion exercises were carried out resulted in ankylosis in a position of excessive flexion.", "contents": "The bizarre stiff hip. Possible idiopathic chondrolysis. Idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip is characterized by pain and limp in adolescence, with progressive loss of articular cartilage space and stiffness of the hip. In our five cases, the best results were obtained in those patients immobilized in a position of function. Those cases in which range-of-motion exercises were carried out resulted in ankylosis in a position of excessive flexion.", "PMID": 1172705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3873", "title": "Adjuvant therapy of cancer via the cellular immune mechanism or fibrin by induced fibrinolysis and oral anticoagulants.", "content": "The value of the oral anticoagulant warfarin sodium and fibrinolytic agents is discussed in relation to cancer surgery. A controlled trial of 128 patients showed that in a variety of recurrent cases the addition of warfarin to chemotherapy doubled the 2-year survival rate. The best results were obtained in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. Warfarin depresses cellular immune responses which might militate against its use for cases undergoing \"curative\" surgery. Instead, induction of fibrinolysis by streptokinase or Brinase is suggested, because it increases the activity of the cellular immune mechanism. The results to date of an ongoing controlled randomized trial of streptokinase with surgery of tumors of the large bowel are presented, showing that the trends are in favor of streptokinase therapy; however, insufficient time has elapsed to make it, as yet, statistically significant. The action of streptokinase-induced plasmin and Brinase on lymphocytes is described.", "contents": "Adjuvant therapy of cancer via the cellular immune mechanism or fibrin by induced fibrinolysis and oral anticoagulants. The value of the oral anticoagulant warfarin sodium and fibrinolytic agents is discussed in relation to cancer surgery. A controlled trial of 128 patients showed that in a variety of recurrent cases the addition of warfarin to chemotherapy doubled the 2-year survival rate. The best results were obtained in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. Warfarin depresses cellular immune responses which might militate against its use for cases undergoing \"curative\" surgery. Instead, induction of fibrinolysis by streptokinase or Brinase is suggested, because it increases the activity of the cellular immune mechanism. The results to date of an ongoing controlled randomized trial of streptokinase with surgery of tumors of the large bowel are presented, showing that the trends are in favor of streptokinase therapy; however, insufficient time has elapsed to make it, as yet, statistically significant. The action of streptokinase-induced plasmin and Brinase on lymphocytes is described.", "PMID": 1172718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3874", "title": "RNA polymerase isolated from bovine lymphosarcoma by sequential low- and high-salt extraction.", "content": "Bovine lymphosarcoma tissue has been extracted with low- and high-salt buffers [0.05 M Tris-C1 plus or minus 0.3 M (NH4) 2S04]. Diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex chromatography of both the high-salt and low-salt extracts yields RNA polymerases I and II, although low-salt extraction releases only one-third as much activity. Extraction by high salt of the residue from the low-salt extract, followed by diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex chromatography, yields additional enzyme activity with properties of Form II. Purification of the low-salt extract by protamine precipitation, elution with sodium succinate, and phosphocellulose chromatography yields a preparation of RNA polymerase (RNAP) with hybrid properties, combining the salt optimum of Form I, diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex elution pattern of form II, and alpha-amanitin sensitivity of Form III. RNAP. transcribes native D,A and chromatin efficiently. More RNAPL is recovered from lymphosarcoma tissue than from calf thymus.", "contents": "RNA polymerase isolated from bovine lymphosarcoma by sequential low- and high-salt extraction. Bovine lymphosarcoma tissue has been extracted with low- and high-salt buffers [0.05 M Tris-C1 plus or minus 0.3 M (NH4) 2S04]. Diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex chromatography of both the high-salt and low-salt extracts yields RNA polymerases I and II, although low-salt extraction releases only one-third as much activity. Extraction by high salt of the residue from the low-salt extract, followed by diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex chromatography, yields additional enzyme activity with properties of Form II. Purification of the low-salt extract by protamine precipitation, elution with sodium succinate, and phosphocellulose chromatography yields a preparation of RNA polymerase (RNAP) with hybrid properties, combining the salt optimum of Form I, diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex elution pattern of form II, and alpha-amanitin sensitivity of Form III. RNAP. transcribes native D,A and chromatin efficiently. More RNAPL is recovered from lymphosarcoma tissue than from calf thymus.", "PMID": 1172719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3875", "title": "Infiltrative retinopathy in systemic lymphoma.", "content": "A 48-year-old woman with a diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma developed an unusually extensive bilateral infilfrative retinopathy during a period of quiescence of her systemic illness. Although radiation therapy to each orbit initially induced clearing of the infiltration and significant improvement in visual acuity, late visual acuity loss due to retinal and optic nerve changes ensued.", "contents": "Infiltrative retinopathy in systemic lymphoma. A 48-year-old woman with a diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma developed an unusually extensive bilateral infilfrative retinopathy during a period of quiescence of her systemic illness. Although radiation therapy to each orbit initially induced clearing of the infiltration and significant improvement in visual acuity, late visual acuity loss due to retinal and optic nerve changes ensued.", "PMID": 1172721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3876", "title": "Early changes in lungs of rats exposed to 70 per cent O2.", "content": "Sixty-six respiratory disease-free rats, divided into four groups, were exposed to 70% O2 for 1.5, 4, 7, and 10 days and compared with 31 littermates exposed to room air for equal times. Lung surfactant was separated from macrophages and potential serum protein contamination by differential centrifugation of endobronchial washings. In the O2-exposed rats, developing lung edema was demonstrated by decreased dried/fresh lung weight ratio and increased alveolar protein content at 7 and 10 days. At 7 days, lung compliance slope and hysteresis loop area decreased, while critical opening pressure increased. Ultrastructurally, the only abnormality seen was an irregular widening of the alveolar capillary basement membrane on day 10. Alveolar lecithin content decreased slightly during the 10 days exposure, but remained highly saturated, whereas whole lung lecithin content increased. These results suggest that the initial mechanical and morphological alterations in rats exposed to 70% O2 are related to lung edema and are not dependent upon lung surfactant alterations.", "contents": "Early changes in lungs of rats exposed to 70 per cent O2. Sixty-six respiratory disease-free rats, divided into four groups, were exposed to 70% O2 for 1.5, 4, 7, and 10 days and compared with 31 littermates exposed to room air for equal times. Lung surfactant was separated from macrophages and potential serum protein contamination by differential centrifugation of endobronchial washings. In the O2-exposed rats, developing lung edema was demonstrated by decreased dried/fresh lung weight ratio and increased alveolar protein content at 7 and 10 days. At 7 days, lung compliance slope and hysteresis loop area decreased, while critical opening pressure increased. Ultrastructurally, the only abnormality seen was an irregular widening of the alveolar capillary basement membrane on day 10. Alveolar lecithin content decreased slightly during the 10 days exposure, but remained highly saturated, whereas whole lung lecithin content increased. These results suggest that the initial mechanical and morphological alterations in rats exposed to 70% O2 are related to lung edema and are not dependent upon lung surfactant alterations.", "PMID": 1172722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3877", "title": "Methods of burn treatment. Comparison by probit analysis.", "content": "No one method of burn treatment has been shown to give results clearly superior to any other, although results of therapy in units using different methods do vary significantly. Probit analysis can be used to see whether or not a burn unit meets the standard of care of representative units.", "contents": "Methods of burn treatment. Comparison by probit analysis. No one method of burn treatment has been shown to give results clearly superior to any other, although results of therapy in units using different methods do vary significantly. Probit analysis can be used to see whether or not a burn unit meets the standard of care of representative units.", "PMID": 1172729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3878", "title": "HL-A antigens and sacroiliitis.", "content": "The histocompatibility antigen W27 has been found to have a high incidence in ankylosing spondylitis (96%), Reiter syndrome (74%), and other forms of arthritis that may involve the axial skeleton. In patients with Reiter syndrome, there was no correlation between the presence of W27 antigen and the extent or duration of the symptoms. Sacroiliitis was predominantly found in those patients with W27 antigen in all the axial arthropathies. Tissue-typing techniques may be of value in detecting early or atypical disease.", "contents": "HL-A antigens and sacroiliitis. The histocompatibility antigen W27 has been found to have a high incidence in ankylosing spondylitis (96%), Reiter syndrome (74%), and other forms of arthritis that may involve the axial skeleton. In patients with Reiter syndrome, there was no correlation between the presence of W27 antigen and the extent or duration of the symptoms. Sacroiliitis was predominantly found in those patients with W27 antigen in all the axial arthropathies. Tissue-typing techniques may be of value in detecting early or atypical disease.", "PMID": 1172731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3879", "title": "Pentazocine-induced fibrous myopathy.", "content": "Fibrous myopathy was found in three patients who had taken pentazocine intramuscularly for years. Fibrotic induration in the quadriceps and deltoid muscles, the considerable limitation of motion due to the fibrotic muscle contracture, and the minimal weakness of involved muscles are the most characteristic findings in this condition. Results of animal experiments support the close relationship between myopathy and pentazocine. This serious complication emphasizes more judicious use of pentazocine", "contents": "Pentazocine-induced fibrous myopathy. Fibrous myopathy was found in three patients who had taken pentazocine intramuscularly for years. Fibrotic induration in the quadriceps and deltoid muscles, the considerable limitation of motion due to the fibrotic muscle contracture, and the minimal weakness of involved muscles are the most characteristic findings in this condition. Results of animal experiments support the close relationship between myopathy and pentazocine. This serious complication emphasizes more judicious use of pentazocine", "PMID": 1172732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3880", "title": "Influenza type B-related encephalopathy. The 1971 outbreak of Reye syndrome in Chicago.", "content": "Between Jan 15 and March 15, 1971, forty-eight grade-school patients living in western Chicago were hospitalized with an encephalopathic illness. Fourteen of these children had illnesses compatible with Reye syndrome (encephalpathy with liver impairment). Most of the children showed evidence of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction within ten days after onset of a febrile upper respiratory tract illness. Seizures developed in 11 of the 48 patients (including 4 of the 14 with Reye syndrome). Eight of the encephalopathic patients, including 6 of the 14 with Reye syndrome, died. Two children without Reye syndrome had abnormalities of liver enzymes coincident with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Sixteen of the 24 patients tested had titer rises in serum against influenza type B only; influenza type B was isolated from throat cultures of 2 patients. This, the seventh report of CNS complications (Reye syndrome) associated with influenza type B, suggests that surveillance for neurologic sequelae should become part of the epidemiologic evaluation of influenza epidemics.", "contents": "Influenza type B-related encephalopathy. The 1971 outbreak of Reye syndrome in Chicago. Between Jan 15 and March 15, 1971, forty-eight grade-school patients living in western Chicago were hospitalized with an encephalopathic illness. Fourteen of these children had illnesses compatible with Reye syndrome (encephalpathy with liver impairment). Most of the children showed evidence of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction within ten days after onset of a febrile upper respiratory tract illness. Seizures developed in 11 of the 48 patients (including 4 of the 14 with Reye syndrome). Eight of the encephalopathic patients, including 6 of the 14 with Reye syndrome, died. Two children without Reye syndrome had abnormalities of liver enzymes coincident with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Sixteen of the 24 patients tested had titer rises in serum against influenza type B only; influenza type B was isolated from throat cultures of 2 patients. This, the seventh report of CNS complications (Reye syndrome) associated with influenza type B, suggests that surveillance for neurologic sequelae should become part of the epidemiologic evaluation of influenza epidemics.", "PMID": 1172750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3881", "title": "Intracranial pressure in Reye syndrome. Monitoring and control.", "content": "Two patients who became comatose with Reye syndrome had continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure and blood pressure. Respirations were controlled, and mannitol and urea were administered to control elevated intracranial pressure. Continuous intracranial pressure monitoring proved to be a valuable adjunct to therapy for Reye syndrome.", "contents": "Intracranial pressure in Reye syndrome. Monitoring and control. Two patients who became comatose with Reye syndrome had continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure and blood pressure. Respirations were controlled, and mannitol and urea were administered to control elevated intracranial pressure. Continuous intracranial pressure monitoring proved to be a valuable adjunct to therapy for Reye syndrome.", "PMID": 1172751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3882", "title": "Potassium chloride preparations and fecal blood loss. A parallel study with a 10 percent solution and a non-enteric-coated waxy-matrix tablet.", "content": "Concentrated potassium chloride produces ulceration of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Dilute solutions are frequently not acceptable to the patient. A tablet containing potassium chloride crystals suspended in a waxy matrix has been developed to avoid these drawbacks. We measured fecal blood loss by a radioactive chromium technique on 20 subjects during five days while they were given potassium chloride, 40mEq/day; ten subjects took a 10% solution; the others the waxy-matrix tablet. Fecal blood loss did not differ significantly between these groups. Mean fecal blood losses in both groups were slightly increased during the potassium chloride administration but never exceeded acceptable normal limits.", "contents": "Potassium chloride preparations and fecal blood loss. A parallel study with a 10 percent solution and a non-enteric-coated waxy-matrix tablet. Concentrated potassium chloride produces ulceration of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Dilute solutions are frequently not acceptable to the patient. A tablet containing potassium chloride crystals suspended in a waxy matrix has been developed to avoid these drawbacks. We measured fecal blood loss by a radioactive chromium technique on 20 subjects during five days while they were given potassium chloride, 40mEq/day; ten subjects took a 10% solution; the others the waxy-matrix tablet. Fecal blood loss did not differ significantly between these groups. Mean fecal blood losses in both groups were slightly increased during the potassium chloride administration but never exceeded acceptable normal limits.", "PMID": 1172753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3883", "title": "Insoluble particulate antigen(s) in cell-mediated immunity of autoimmune thyroid disease.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in patients with Grave's disease, chronic thyroiditis, and primary hypothyroidism was observed by assay of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) and leukocyte migration inhibition (LMC). Lymphocyte responsivity to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is normal in these disease. In the LMC assay, lymphocytes of patients in each category responded to the antigens of thyroid homogenates, but not purified human thyroglobulin. Cytotoxicity is least in Graves disease and most obvious in primary hypothyroidism. In the LMI assay, patients lymphocytes responded to thyroid microsomal--mitochondrial antigens, but not to thyroid cell sap. Lymphocytes of Graves disease patients also responded to liver microsomal mitochondrial antigens. The particulate antigens lost activity when solubilized by ultrasonication or KCL extraction. There is no correlation between the PHA responsivity of lymphocytes and thyroid function, or between CMI and serum antithyroid antibodies or thyroid size. Treated and untreated patients had similar evidence of CMI. These data indicate that function of thymus-derived lymphocyte in vitro is not disturbed in autommune thyroid disease and that CMI against thyroid antigens can be demonstrated by assay of LMC and LMI. Insoluble particulate antigens appear more important than soluble antigens in CMI. LMC, resumably induced by soluble cytotoxic factor, \"lymphotoxin,\" may play an important role in the progress of the autoimmune thyroid disease to hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Insoluble particulate antigen(s) in cell-mediated immunity of autoimmune thyroid disease. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in patients with Grave's disease, chronic thyroiditis, and primary hypothyroidism was observed by assay of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) and leukocyte migration inhibition (LMC). Lymphocyte responsivity to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is normal in these disease. In the LMC assay, lymphocytes of patients in each category responded to the antigens of thyroid homogenates, but not purified human thyroglobulin. Cytotoxicity is least in Graves disease and most obvious in primary hypothyroidism. In the LMI assay, patients lymphocytes responded to thyroid microsomal--mitochondrial antigens, but not to thyroid cell sap. Lymphocytes of Graves disease patients also responded to liver microsomal mitochondrial antigens. The particulate antigens lost activity when solubilized by ultrasonication or KCL extraction. There is no correlation between the PHA responsivity of lymphocytes and thyroid function, or between CMI and serum antithyroid antibodies or thyroid size. Treated and untreated patients had similar evidence of CMI. These data indicate that function of thymus-derived lymphocyte in vitro is not disturbed in autommune thyroid disease and that CMI against thyroid antigens can be demonstrated by assay of LMC and LMI. Insoluble particulate antigens appear more important than soluble antigens in CMI. LMC, resumably induced by soluble cytotoxic factor, \"lymphotoxin,\" may play an important role in the progress of the autoimmune thyroid disease to hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 1172762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3884", "title": "[Macronucleolar transformation of a leukemic lymphosarcoma. Clinical morphologic and molecular biologic parameters].", "content": "In a case with leukemic lymphosarcomatosis huge nucleoli developed at a final stage refractory to chemotherapy. The lymphosarcoma cells were characterized before and after their macronucleolar transformation by cell fractionation and by biochemical characterization of their nuclear 45S RNA fraction after high specific labelling with 32P-orthophosphate. The analyses provided evidence for a marked increase in nucleolar 45S RNA production. Processing of preribosomal RNA did not seem to be blocked. The biochemical alterations are discussed especially with respect to a possible significance of biological changes during the development of drug resistance against cytostatic agents.", "contents": "[Macronucleolar transformation of a leukemic lymphosarcoma. Clinical morphologic and molecular biologic parameters]. In a case with leukemic lymphosarcomatosis huge nucleoli developed at a final stage refractory to chemotherapy. The lymphosarcoma cells were characterized before and after their macronucleolar transformation by cell fractionation and by biochemical characterization of their nuclear 45S RNA fraction after high specific labelling with 32P-orthophosphate. The analyses provided evidence for a marked increase in nucleolar 45S RNA production. Processing of preribosomal RNA did not seem to be blocked. The biochemical alterations are discussed especially with respect to a possible significance of biological changes during the development of drug resistance against cytostatic agents.", "PMID": 1172767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3885", "title": "Bovine leukosis. IV. Trypanosomiasis, lymphocytosis and DNA synthesis.", "content": "The possible influence of natural trypanosome infection on lymphocytosis and DNA synthesizing lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood was determined on 220 cows from two leukosis herds and 25 cows from leukosis free control herd. Trypanosome incidences were determined during summers of 1969 and 1970 by inoculating whole blood onto blood agar slants and incubating at room temperature. Incidence of trypanosomiasis in cattle was found to be variable, possibly due to factors affecting the primary isolation of Trypanosoma theileri. A small trypanosome resembling Trypanosoma uniforme was found occasionally as a concomitant infection with T. theileri. Trypanosomiasis occurred with equal frequency in the animals of the leukosis and the control herds. No correlations were noted between trypanosomiasis, lymphocytosis and DNA synthesizing lymphocytes in peripheral circulation.", "contents": "Bovine leukosis. IV. Trypanosomiasis, lymphocytosis and DNA synthesis. The possible influence of natural trypanosome infection on lymphocytosis and DNA synthesizing lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood was determined on 220 cows from two leukosis herds and 25 cows from leukosis free control herd. Trypanosome incidences were determined during summers of 1969 and 1970 by inoculating whole blood onto blood agar slants and incubating at room temperature. Incidence of trypanosomiasis in cattle was found to be variable, possibly due to factors affecting the primary isolation of Trypanosoma theileri. A small trypanosome resembling Trypanosoma uniforme was found occasionally as a concomitant infection with T. theileri. Trypanosomiasis occurred with equal frequency in the animals of the leukosis and the control herds. No correlations were noted between trypanosomiasis, lymphocytosis and DNA synthesizing lymphocytes in peripheral circulation.", "PMID": 1172771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3886", "title": "Splenectomy for hematologic depression in lymphocytic lymphoma and leukemia.", "content": "Fifty patients with lymphocytic lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia underwent splenectomy for various combinations of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. All of these patients had advanced lymphoproliferative disease, and most had infiltration of bone marrow by neoplastic cells. Good response in all hematologic parameters was obtained in 27 of 48 evaluable patients. An additional 13 patients responded in one or two parameters; there were only 8 complete failures. The over-all surgical mortality was 8%. The median duration of response was 4 months, and the mean, 7 months. Increased tolerance to further antitumor therapy and a decreased transfusion requirement were seen among responding patients. Those patients with anemia who had evidence of shortened erythrocyte survival and splenic sequestration of 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes uniformly responded with rises in hemoglobin. However, half of the patients with negative splenic sequestration also showed improvement of anemia. Preoperative diagnostic studies failed to predict favorable responses of patients with thrombocytopenia or leukopenia. The classical criteria for the diagnosis of hypersplenism are not applicable in many cases of neoplastic lymphoproliferative disease; splenectomy could have been considered \"contraindicated\" in most of the patients in this series. We conclude that splenectomy is worth undertaking in patients with lymphoproliferative disease complicated by hematologic depression regardless of marrow findings or the results of other diagnostic studies.", "contents": "Splenectomy for hematologic depression in lymphocytic lymphoma and leukemia. Fifty patients with lymphocytic lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia underwent splenectomy for various combinations of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. All of these patients had advanced lymphoproliferative disease, and most had infiltration of bone marrow by neoplastic cells. Good response in all hematologic parameters was obtained in 27 of 48 evaluable patients. An additional 13 patients responded in one or two parameters; there were only 8 complete failures. The over-all surgical mortality was 8%. The median duration of response was 4 months, and the mean, 7 months. Increased tolerance to further antitumor therapy and a decreased transfusion requirement were seen among responding patients. Those patients with anemia who had evidence of shortened erythrocyte survival and splenic sequestration of 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes uniformly responded with rises in hemoglobin. However, half of the patients with negative splenic sequestration also showed improvement of anemia. Preoperative diagnostic studies failed to predict favorable responses of patients with thrombocytopenia or leukopenia. The classical criteria for the diagnosis of hypersplenism are not applicable in many cases of neoplastic lymphoproliferative disease; splenectomy could have been considered \"contraindicated\" in most of the patients in this series. We conclude that splenectomy is worth undertaking in patients with lymphoproliferative disease complicated by hematologic depression regardless of marrow findings or the results of other diagnostic studies.", "PMID": 1172772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3887", "title": "The destruction of type 2 pneumocytes by airborne influenza PR8-A virus; its effect on surfactant and lecithin content of the pneumonic lesions of mice.", "content": "Influenzal pneumonia has been studied in mice subjected to sublethal doses of airborne PR8-A influenza virus. Electron microscopy revealed that the virus propagated in and at the same time destroyed the ciliated and nonciliated bronchial cells and the types 1 and 2 alveolar pneumocytes. The regenerating bronchial membranes were metaplastic and grew peripherally into the surrounding alveolar ducts and alveoli to form epithelial nodules which caused obstruction and collapse of the involved lobes. The development of the lung lesions was correlated with phospholipid (lecithin) levels in consolidated and unconsolidated infected and normal lungs. As the lungs became more and more consolidated, there was a corresponding and significant decrease in the amount of phospholipid (dipalmitoyl lecithin) compared to the amount of normal or unconsolidated infected tissue. The destruction of the type 2 pneumocytes by the influenza virus and their failure to regenerate is considered to be the reason for the low phospholipid levels in the involved lobes, and thus an important cause of post-influenzal collapse in mice. The above adds additional evidence to the view that the type 2 pneumocytes are a major source of surfactant in mammalian lungs.", "contents": "The destruction of type 2 pneumocytes by airborne influenza PR8-A virus; its effect on surfactant and lecithin content of the pneumonic lesions of mice. Influenzal pneumonia has been studied in mice subjected to sublethal doses of airborne PR8-A influenza virus. Electron microscopy revealed that the virus propagated in and at the same time destroyed the ciliated and nonciliated bronchial cells and the types 1 and 2 alveolar pneumocytes. The regenerating bronchial membranes were metaplastic and grew peripherally into the surrounding alveolar ducts and alveoli to form epithelial nodules which caused obstruction and collapse of the involved lobes. The development of the lung lesions was correlated with phospholipid (lecithin) levels in consolidated and unconsolidated infected and normal lungs. As the lungs became more and more consolidated, there was a corresponding and significant decrease in the amount of phospholipid (dipalmitoyl lecithin) compared to the amount of normal or unconsolidated infected tissue. The destruction of the type 2 pneumocytes by the influenza virus and their failure to regenerate is considered to be the reason for the low phospholipid levels in the involved lobes, and thus an important cause of post-influenzal collapse in mice. The above adds additional evidence to the view that the type 2 pneumocytes are a major source of surfactant in mammalian lungs.", "PMID": 1172777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3888", "title": "Major fatty acids and proximate composition of dairy products.", "content": "Data are reported on the major fatty acids and moisture, protein, fat, lactose, and ash content of several important dairy products, including major cheeses, presently available to the consumer. Samples of milk products, cheeses, wheys produced in processing, and the original milks from which the products were made were obtained from dairy processing plants. Samples of cheeses were also obtained from retail markets in six geographic areas of the United States. Nonfat fluid whole milk contained amounts of protein, lactose, and ash similar to those found in fluid whole milk. The fatty acid distribution of milk fat was not appreciably altered by the processing employed for this study. Protein and fat values were quite constant among samples of each cheese. No lactose was detected in the ripened cheeses. Mean fatty acid patterns for the different cheeses were not appreciably different from each other. The butyric acid (4:0) in the cheeses showed the greatest sample variation. The cheeses did not contain appreciably different proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Procedures for converting data on fatty acid methyl ester to fatty acids (free acids or triglycerides) as weight percentages of the food are presented.", "contents": "Major fatty acids and proximate composition of dairy products. Data are reported on the major fatty acids and moisture, protein, fat, lactose, and ash content of several important dairy products, including major cheeses, presently available to the consumer. Samples of milk products, cheeses, wheys produced in processing, and the original milks from which the products were made were obtained from dairy processing plants. Samples of cheeses were also obtained from retail markets in six geographic areas of the United States. Nonfat fluid whole milk contained amounts of protein, lactose, and ash similar to those found in fluid whole milk. The fatty acid distribution of milk fat was not appreciably altered by the processing employed for this study. Protein and fat values were quite constant among samples of each cheese. No lactose was detected in the ripened cheeses. Mean fatty acid patterns for the different cheeses were not appreciably different from each other. The butyric acid (4:0) in the cheeses showed the greatest sample variation. The cheeses did not contain appreciably different proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Procedures for converting data on fatty acid methyl ester to fatty acids (free acids or triglycerides) as weight percentages of the food are presented.", "PMID": 1172781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3889", "title": "Pathophysiology of chronic communicating hydrocephalus in dogs (Canis familiaris). Experimental studies.", "content": "A model designed to produce chronic communicating hydrocephalus in dogs has been developed in our laboratory. The animals tolerate the procedure well and the yield of animals with communicating hydrocephalus is high. Serial cisternograms show ventricular entry first with \"clearing\" and later with \"stasis\". CSF pressures are initially increased, but when the ventricles become enlarged the pressure falls into the normal range. Grossly there is generalized ventricular enlargement and, on histological studies, the ependyma is flattened and denuded. Periventricular edema occurs in the white matter. Autoradiographs show transependymal movement of protein. CSF production appears to be normal despite obstruction to flow of CSF to areas where resorption is greatest. Diversionary shunting probably produces relief of many of the neurological symptoms by providing an efficient pathway for the removal of CSF and thus by lessening edema and ventricular enlargement. A more appropriate treatment would appear to be a noninvasive method of decreasing CSF production. Only when the basic pathophysiological alterations of CSF production and absorption are understood will this be possible. We believe that this animal model affords us the opportunity of studying these mechanisms.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of chronic communicating hydrocephalus in dogs (Canis familiaris). Experimental studies. A model designed to produce chronic communicating hydrocephalus in dogs has been developed in our laboratory. The animals tolerate the procedure well and the yield of animals with communicating hydrocephalus is high. Serial cisternograms show ventricular entry first with \"clearing\" and later with \"stasis\". CSF pressures are initially increased, but when the ventricles become enlarged the pressure falls into the normal range. Grossly there is generalized ventricular enlargement and, on histological studies, the ependyma is flattened and denuded. Periventricular edema occurs in the white matter. Autoradiographs show transependymal movement of protein. CSF production appears to be normal despite obstruction to flow of CSF to areas where resorption is greatest. Diversionary shunting probably produces relief of many of the neurological symptoms by providing an efficient pathway for the removal of CSF and thus by lessening edema and ventricular enlargement. A more appropriate treatment would appear to be a noninvasive method of decreasing CSF production. Only when the basic pathophysiological alterations of CSF production and absorption are understood will this be possible. We believe that this animal model affords us the opportunity of studying these mechanisms.", "PMID": 1172782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3890", "title": "Experimental meconium aspiration: Effects of glucocorticoid treatment.", "content": "An animal model of meconium aspiration was developed to determine the efficacy of glucocorticoids in its treatment. Rabbit pups were made to aspirate either meconium or saline prior to the onset of respiration. Cortisol was administered in a random, blind fashion. Slight decrease in respiratory rate and less severe histopathologic changes in the lungs were seen in corticosteroid-treated animals. Survival was significantly decreased, without definite cause, in the glucocorticoid-treated animals whether or not they had aspirated meconium. Because of this decreased survival and the relatively insignificant improvement in clinical course and histopathology found with glucocorticoid treatment, we cannot recommend cortisol for the treatment of meconium aspiration.", "contents": "Experimental meconium aspiration: Effects of glucocorticoid treatment. An animal model of meconium aspiration was developed to determine the efficacy of glucocorticoids in its treatment. Rabbit pups were made to aspirate either meconium or saline prior to the onset of respiration. Cortisol was administered in a random, blind fashion. Slight decrease in respiratory rate and less severe histopathologic changes in the lungs were seen in corticosteroid-treated animals. Survival was significantly decreased, without definite cause, in the glucocorticoid-treated animals whether or not they had aspirated meconium. Because of this decreased survival and the relatively insignificant improvement in clinical course and histopathology found with glucocorticoid treatment, we cannot recommend cortisol for the treatment of meconium aspiration.", "PMID": 1172783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3891", "title": "Blast injury of the chest. A review of the problem and its treatment.", "content": "Primary blast injury of the chest is a potentially lethal entity. Immersion blast is even more damaging than that incurred out of water. Illustrative cases of a group of patients injured by an underwater explosion are presented. The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and diagnosis of the entity are described. Complications include arterial occlusion by air emboli, affecting the central nervous system and heart, and respiratory insufficiency and failure. Conventional management of respiratory failure with intermittent positive pressure breathing may further aggravate the air embolism. An attempt to circumvent this conflict with the aid of the membrane oxygenator and hyperbaric facilities is discussed. It is suggested that expeditious compression with oxygen in a one-man chamber might be the most favorable emergency measure, to be followed later by more extensive and definitive treatment in a major hospital equipped for such contingencies.", "contents": "Blast injury of the chest. A review of the problem and its treatment. Primary blast injury of the chest is a potentially lethal entity. Immersion blast is even more damaging than that incurred out of water. Illustrative cases of a group of patients injured by an underwater explosion are presented. The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and diagnosis of the entity are described. Complications include arterial occlusion by air emboli, affecting the central nervous system and heart, and respiratory insufficiency and failure. Conventional management of respiratory failure with intermittent positive pressure breathing may further aggravate the air embolism. An attempt to circumvent this conflict with the aid of the membrane oxygenator and hyperbaric facilities is discussed. It is suggested that expeditious compression with oxygen in a one-man chamber might be the most favorable emergency measure, to be followed later by more extensive and definitive treatment in a major hospital equipped for such contingencies.", "PMID": 1172780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3892", "title": "Embryonic antigens shared between chemically induced lymphosarcomas and fibrosarcomas of the mouse.", "content": "An antiserum obtained by the immunization of C57BL/HeDp mice with a pool of C3HF/Dp 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (DMBA)-induced fibrosarcomas exerted a specific cytotoxic activity in vitro on C57BL/HeDp chemically induced lymphosarcomas. Conversely, C57BL/HeDp spleen cells sensitized against C3Hf/Dp chemically induced lymphosarcomas or embryo cells were cytotoxic for plated cells of syngeneic DMBA-induced fibrosarcomas. Absorption studies with antiembryo and antilymphoma antisera showed that embryonic antigens were shared between lymphosarcomas and fibrosarcomas and that all serologically defined antigens present on lymphoma cells, including virus-related antigens, were also on fibrosarcoma cells.", "contents": "Embryonic antigens shared between chemically induced lymphosarcomas and fibrosarcomas of the mouse. An antiserum obtained by the immunization of C57BL/HeDp mice with a pool of C3HF/Dp 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (DMBA)-induced fibrosarcomas exerted a specific cytotoxic activity in vitro on C57BL/HeDp chemically induced lymphosarcomas. Conversely, C57BL/HeDp spleen cells sensitized against C3Hf/Dp chemically induced lymphosarcomas or embryo cells were cytotoxic for plated cells of syngeneic DMBA-induced fibrosarcomas. Absorption studies with antiembryo and antilymphoma antisera showed that embryonic antigens were shared between lymphosarcomas and fibrosarcomas and that all serologically defined antigens present on lymphoma cells, including virus-related antigens, were also on fibrosarcoma cells.", "PMID": 1172784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3893", "title": "Renovascular occlusive disease. Results of operative treatment.", "content": "The blood pressure response to operative treatment in 502 patients with renal artery stenosis and coexisting hypertension was as follows: 51% cured, 15% improved, and 34% failure. The operative mortality was 5.9%. Patients with unilateral fibromuscular disease had a favorable blood pressure response (79.8%) more frequently than the patients with unilateral atherosclerosis (63.4%). In patients with bilateral stenosis, a favorable result occurred in 56%. The anatomic failure rate due to thrombosis of arterial reconstructions, as well as the operative mortality, varied considerably between institutions. If preoperative diagnostic studies demonstrated significant functional disparity between kidneys, and if the operation was anatomically successful, then approximately 80% of these patients were benefited by surgical intervention.", "contents": "Renovascular occlusive disease. Results of operative treatment. The blood pressure response to operative treatment in 502 patients with renal artery stenosis and coexisting hypertension was as follows: 51% cured, 15% improved, and 34% failure. The operative mortality was 5.9%. Patients with unilateral fibromuscular disease had a favorable blood pressure response (79.8%) more frequently than the patients with unilateral atherosclerosis (63.4%). In patients with bilateral stenosis, a favorable result occurred in 56%. The anatomic failure rate due to thrombosis of arterial reconstructions, as well as the operative mortality, varied considerably between institutions. If preoperative diagnostic studies demonstrated significant functional disparity between kidneys, and if the operation was anatomically successful, then approximately 80% of these patients were benefited by surgical intervention.", "PMID": 1172791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3894", "title": "Food-borne hepatitis A in a general hospital. Epidemiologic study of an outbreak attributed to sandwiches.", "content": "In November and December 1973, an outbreak of food-borne hepatitis A occurred in a busy general hospital. Epidemiologic investigation implicated cafeteria-made sandwiches. Eventually, 44 clinical and 22 subclinical cases of hepatitis were diagnosed among hospital employees. In addition, at least seven persons in the community became ill with hepatitis after eating in the hospital cafeteria; hospital patients were not, in general, affected. Two cafeteria workers were potentially implicated in the spread of hepatitis; both would have had subclinical hepatitis during the probable transmission period. It was recommended that food-handlers with icteric hepatitis remain out of work for at least two to three weeks after the onset of jaundice, while food-handlers with subclinical hepatitis remain out of work for at least two to three weeks after the peak of enzyme level elevation.", "contents": "Food-borne hepatitis A in a general hospital. Epidemiologic study of an outbreak attributed to sandwiches. In November and December 1973, an outbreak of food-borne hepatitis A occurred in a busy general hospital. Epidemiologic investigation implicated cafeteria-made sandwiches. Eventually, 44 clinical and 22 subclinical cases of hepatitis were diagnosed among hospital employees. In addition, at least seven persons in the community became ill with hepatitis after eating in the hospital cafeteria; hospital patients were not, in general, affected. Two cafeteria workers were potentially implicated in the spread of hepatitis; both would have had subclinical hepatitis during the probable transmission period. It was recommended that food-handlers with icteric hepatitis remain out of work for at least two to three weeks after the onset of jaundice, while food-handlers with subclinical hepatitis remain out of work for at least two to three weeks after the peak of enzyme level elevation.", "PMID": 1172792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3895", "title": "Radionuclide imaging in intrascrotal lesions.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with a variety of intrascrotal lesions were studied by means of imaging after the intravenous injection of sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m. The features of the radionuclide image correlated well with the clinical course or findings at surgical exploration or both. The conditions in which this technique was helpful in diagnosis included testicular torsion, acute inflammatory lesions, abscess, and hematoma.", "contents": "Radionuclide imaging in intrascrotal lesions. Twenty-three patients with a variety of intrascrotal lesions were studied by means of imaging after the intravenous injection of sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m. The features of the radionuclide image correlated well with the clinical course or findings at surgical exploration or both. The conditions in which this technique was helpful in diagnosis included testicular torsion, acute inflammatory lesions, abscess, and hematoma.", "PMID": 1172794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3896", "title": "Allopurinol and gouty hyperuricemia. Efficacy of a single daily dose.", "content": "The effect of daily administration of a single 300-mg tablet of allopurinol on serum urate levels was compared with the effect of divided doses of the drug (100 mg three times a day) in an open-labeled crossover trial of 20 patients with hyperuricemia and gout. Under both regimens of treatment there was a prompt fall in serum urate levels, and analysis of variance indicated no significant difference between the two modes of administration of allopurinol. Nor was there any significant difference in the minimum serum levels of oxypurinol. On the basis of this short-term study, the use of a single 300-mg tablet of allopurinol per day appears to be an effective means of lowering the elevated serum urate levels of individuals with gouty hyperuricemia and compares favorably with the results obtained by allopurinol in divided doses.", "contents": "Allopurinol and gouty hyperuricemia. Efficacy of a single daily dose. The effect of daily administration of a single 300-mg tablet of allopurinol on serum urate levels was compared with the effect of divided doses of the drug (100 mg three times a day) in an open-labeled crossover trial of 20 patients with hyperuricemia and gout. Under both regimens of treatment there was a prompt fall in serum urate levels, and analysis of variance indicated no significant difference between the two modes of administration of allopurinol. Nor was there any significant difference in the minimum serum levels of oxypurinol. On the basis of this short-term study, the use of a single 300-mg tablet of allopurinol per day appears to be an effective means of lowering the elevated serum urate levels of individuals with gouty hyperuricemia and compares favorably with the results obtained by allopurinol in divided doses.", "PMID": 1172813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3897", "title": "Operative morbidity and mortality in renovascular disease.", "content": "There were 104 major complications (13.1%) and 34 deaths (5.9%) among 502 patients with evidence of renovascular disease who underwent 577 operative procedures. The operative mortality rate in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease was 9.3% vs 3.4% with fibromuscular hyperplasia. Important determinants of renovascular operative mortality are (1) cause of disease, (2) presence of coronary artery disease, (3) presence of bilateral renal functional impairment, (4) the complexity of the renal operative procedure, and (5) concurrent extrarenal surgery.", "contents": "Operative morbidity and mortality in renovascular disease. There were 104 major complications (13.1%) and 34 deaths (5.9%) among 502 patients with evidence of renovascular disease who underwent 577 operative procedures. The operative mortality rate in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease was 9.3% vs 3.4% with fibromuscular hyperplasia. Important determinants of renovascular operative mortality are (1) cause of disease, (2) presence of coronary artery disease, (3) presence of bilateral renal functional impairment, (4) the complexity of the renal operative procedure, and (5) concurrent extrarenal surgery.", "PMID": 1172814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3898", "title": "Immunotherapy in bee-sting anaphylaxis. Use of honeybee venom.", "content": "After nine months of immunotherapy with commercially prepared wholebody bee extract, a beekeeper's wife experienced anaphylaxis after a controlled bee-sting challenge. High risk of future bee stings prompted a decision to attempt desensitization with honeybee venom. This was extracted from the bee into Coca solution and administered parenterally in increasing daily doses until an equivalent of one venom sac was given per day. This maintenance dosage was continued for a month. Anaphylaxis did not occur after another bee-sting challenge. Therapy has been maintained with venom. With this treatment, there has been an increase in the level of IgG-blocking antibody and a fall in IgE titer to bee venom (radioallergosorbent test [RAST]).", "contents": "Immunotherapy in bee-sting anaphylaxis. Use of honeybee venom. After nine months of immunotherapy with commercially prepared wholebody bee extract, a beekeeper's wife experienced anaphylaxis after a controlled bee-sting challenge. High risk of future bee stings prompted a decision to attempt desensitization with honeybee venom. This was extracted from the bee into Coca solution and administered parenterally in increasing daily doses until an equivalent of one venom sac was given per day. This maintenance dosage was continued for a month. Anaphylaxis did not occur after another bee-sting challenge. Therapy has been maintained with venom. With this treatment, there has been an increase in the level of IgG-blocking antibody and a fall in IgE titer to bee venom (radioallergosorbent test [RAST]).", "PMID": 1172815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3899", "title": "Pseudomembranous colitis. Association with antibiotics and therapy with cholestyramine.", "content": "Two patients with diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis associated with lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate and clindamycin phosphate therapy were treated with cholestyramine resin, with prompt remission of symptoms.", "contents": "Pseudomembranous colitis. Association with antibiotics and therapy with cholestyramine. Two patients with diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis associated with lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate and clindamycin phosphate therapy were treated with cholestyramine resin, with prompt remission of symptoms.", "PMID": 1172816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3900", "title": "Lead in pet foods and processed organ meats. A human problem?", "content": "The finding that canned pet foods contain considerable amounts of lead is important, since it had been alleged that some of these products are used for human consumption. The lead content of canned dog and cat food ranged from 0.9 to 7 ppm, and ingestion of 170 gm (6 oz) could provide up to 0.95 mg of this toxic element. The lead probably comes from organ meats used in the manufacture of pet foods. The lead content of liverwurst ranged from 1.6 to 7.6 ppm.", "contents": "Lead in pet foods and processed organ meats. A human problem? The finding that canned pet foods contain considerable amounts of lead is important, since it had been alleged that some of these products are used for human consumption. The lead content of canned dog and cat food ranged from 0.9 to 7 ppm, and ingestion of 170 gm (6 oz) could provide up to 0.95 mg of this toxic element. The lead probably comes from organ meats used in the manufacture of pet foods. The lead content of liverwurst ranged from 1.6 to 7.6 ppm.", "PMID": 1172828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3901", "title": "Further reflections on cervical discography.", "content": "Ten years ago in THE JOURNAL, I-1 presented evidence that cervical discography was without diagnostic value and was prompting overdiagnosis and serving as an excuse for unnecessary surgical treatment. Evidence has accumulated to uphold this view, and, in my opinion, unless some modification of method and interpretation of the test is forthcoming, it should be abolished.", "contents": "Further reflections on cervical discography. Ten years ago in THE JOURNAL, I-1 presented evidence that cervical discography was without diagnostic value and was prompting overdiagnosis and serving as an excuse for unnecessary surgical treatment. Evidence has accumulated to uphold this view, and, in my opinion, unless some modification of method and interpretation of the test is forthcoming, it should be abolished.", "PMID": 1172844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3902", "title": "The diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Overnight excretion of catecholamine metabolites.", "content": "The diurnal variation of urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and metanephrine-normetanephrine levels was studied in six patients with phechromocytoma and 32 patients with essential hypertension. Despite variable degrees of day-night differences, urinary excretion of VMA and metanephrines, per unit of time or per gram of urinary creatinine, was invariably higher in patients with pheochromocytoma than in controls whether the collection was 7 AM through 7 PM or 7 PM through 7 AM. Thus, shorter study periods are sufficient to exclude the presence of a chromaffinoma in most patients with hypertension.", "contents": "The diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Overnight excretion of catecholamine metabolites. The diurnal variation of urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and metanephrine-normetanephrine levels was studied in six patients with phechromocytoma and 32 patients with essential hypertension. Despite variable degrees of day-night differences, urinary excretion of VMA and metanephrines, per unit of time or per gram of urinary creatinine, was invariably higher in patients with pheochromocytoma than in controls whether the collection was 7 AM through 7 PM or 7 PM through 7 AM. Thus, shorter study periods are sufficient to exclude the presence of a chromaffinoma in most patients with hypertension.", "PMID": 1172846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3903", "title": "Muscial hallucinations in deafness.", "content": "Formed auditory hallucinations associated with acquired deafness have seldom been reported in the English literature. In the past year we have had the unusual opportunity of examining two deaf patients whose complaint when first seen was that of hearing music.", "contents": "Muscial hallucinations in deafness. Formed auditory hallucinations associated with acquired deafness have seldom been reported in the English literature. In the past year we have had the unusual opportunity of examining two deaf patients whose complaint when first seen was that of hearing music.", "PMID": 1172847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3904", "title": "Evaluation of an anti-infective combination. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra).", "content": "Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, combined in a synthetic anti-infective preparation, act  synergistically to inhibit the growth of certain microorganisms. This  combination is effective orally in acute and chronic urinary tract infections. It also has been used successfully to treat other infectious conditions, including bacterial upper respiratory tract infections, ear infections, skin and soft-tissue infections, septicemias, acute and subacute bacterial endocarditis, enteric fever, brucellosis, prostatitis, and gonorrhea. It is well tolerated by most patients.", "contents": "Evaluation of an anti-infective combination. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra). Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, combined in a synthetic anti-infective preparation, act  synergistically to inhibit the growth of certain microorganisms. This  combination is effective orally in acute and chronic urinary tract infections. It also has been used successfully to treat other infectious conditions, including bacterial upper respiratory tract infections, ear infections, skin and soft-tissue infections, septicemias, acute and subacute bacterial endocarditis, enteric fever, brucellosis, prostatitis, and gonorrhea. It is well tolerated by most patients.", "PMID": 1172850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3905", "title": "The Dalkon Shield controversy. Structural and bacteriological studies of IUD tails.", "content": "The recent report of 209 cases of septic spontaneous abortion and 11 maternal deaths in the United States in women using the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device (IUD) raised the question about a possible causal relationship between the IUD and pelvic sepsis. It is essential to determine whether or not this sipsis is unique to the Dalkon Shield or generic to all types of IUDs. Our studies permit the conclusion that the tail of the Dalkon Shield is structurally and functionally different from the tails of the four other IUDs tested. The unique characteristics of the Dalkon tail theoretically could provide a mechanism whereby pathogenic bacteria from the vagina enter the uterine cavity and cause sepsis.", "contents": "The Dalkon Shield controversy. Structural and bacteriological studies of IUD tails. The recent report of 209 cases of septic spontaneous abortion and 11 maternal deaths in the United States in women using the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device (IUD) raised the question about a possible causal relationship between the IUD and pelvic sepsis. It is essential to determine whether or not this sipsis is unique to the Dalkon Shield or generic to all types of IUDs. Our studies permit the conclusion that the tail of the Dalkon Shield is structurally and functionally different from the tails of the four other IUDs tested. The unique characteristics of the Dalkon tail theoretically could provide a mechanism whereby pathogenic bacteria from the vagina enter the uterine cavity and cause sepsis.", "PMID": 1172860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3906", "title": "Oral contraceptives and stroke in young women. Associated risk factors.", "content": "Oral contraceptive use alone, in the absence of smoking, hypertension, or migraine, significantly increases the risk of stroke. Regardless of use or nonuse of these agents, hypertension is a risk factor for development of either thrombotic or hemorrhagic stroke. Regular cigarette smoking and a history of symptoms indicative of migraine also increase the likelihood of one or the other type of stroke, but more information is needed before a definite relationship can be established between these clinical factors and cerebrovascular disease.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and stroke in young women. Associated risk factors. Oral contraceptive use alone, in the absence of smoking, hypertension, or migraine, significantly increases the risk of stroke. Regardless of use or nonuse of these agents, hypertension is a risk factor for development of either thrombotic or hemorrhagic stroke. Regular cigarette smoking and a history of symptoms indicative of migraine also increase the likelihood of one or the other type of stroke, but more information is needed before a definite relationship can be established between these clinical factors and cerebrovascular disease.", "PMID": 1172861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3907", "title": "Gastrointestinal illness on passenger cruise ships.", "content": "Medical logs of 2,445 cruises taken by 38 vessels over a 20-month period beginning Jan 1, 1972, were reviewed. On 92% of the cruises, the recorded incidence of gastrointestinal illness was 1% or less; on 2% of cruises, it was 5% or greater. The actual incidence of gastrointestinal illness determined by a questionnaire survey of passengers sailing on nine cruises was found to be at least four times as high as that recorded in the medical logs. Although the cause of the illnesses was not known, there was evidence that transmission took place aboard ship. A survey of food-handling practices and water systems aboard selected ships demonstrated a significant potential for transmission of foodborne and waterborne disease.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal illness on passenger cruise ships. Medical logs of 2,445 cruises taken by 38 vessels over a 20-month period beginning Jan 1, 1972, were reviewed. On 92% of the cruises, the recorded incidence of gastrointestinal illness was 1% or less; on 2% of cruises, it was 5% or greater. The actual incidence of gastrointestinal illness determined by a questionnaire survey of passengers sailing on nine cruises was found to be at least four times as high as that recorded in the medical logs. Although the cause of the illnesses was not known, there was evidence that transmission took place aboard ship. A survey of food-handling practices and water systems aboard selected ships demonstrated a significant potential for transmission of foodborne and waterborne disease.", "PMID": 1172862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3908", "title": "Controlled study of the cytotoxic food test.", "content": "The cytotoxic food test was not found to be an accurate method for diagnosing atopic reactions to foods. Claims that the test correlated with other untoward reactions to foods (eg, headache, diarrhea, fatigue) could not be corroborated. The test itself is time-consuming, dependent on subjective interpretation, and inconsistent in results when repetitive runs are performed on the same patient.", "contents": "Controlled study of the cytotoxic food test. The cytotoxic food test was not found to be an accurate method for diagnosing atopic reactions to foods. Claims that the test correlated with other untoward reactions to foods (eg, headache, diarrhea, fatigue) could not be corroborated. The test itself is time-consuming, dependent on subjective interpretation, and inconsistent in results when repetitive runs are performed on the same patient.", "PMID": 1172863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3909", "title": "Oral contraceptives, serum folate, and hematologic status.", "content": "Previous reports have suggested deleterious effects on folate balance in users of contraceptives. A study of folate in 526 women attending a family-planning clinic demonstrated, both with the Lactobacillus casei assay and with a new radioassay, that the mean serum folate level for women taking oral contraceptives was not significantly lower than that for women in a control group. There was no correlation between serum folate level and length of time oral contraceptives were taken. Also, there was no macrocytosis or hypersegmentation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and no case of macrocytic anemia in the 280 users of oral contraceptive agents. Probably, oral contraceptive agents do not cause folate deficiency anemia in otherwise normal subjects.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives, serum folate, and hematologic status. Previous reports have suggested deleterious effects on folate balance in users of contraceptives. A study of folate in 526 women attending a family-planning clinic demonstrated, both with the Lactobacillus casei assay and with a new radioassay, that the mean serum folate level for women taking oral contraceptives was not significantly lower than that for women in a control group. There was no correlation between serum folate level and length of time oral contraceptives were taken. Also, there was no macrocytosis or hypersegmentation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and no case of macrocytic anemia in the 280 users of oral contraceptive agents. Probably, oral contraceptive agents do not cause folate deficiency anemia in otherwise normal subjects.", "PMID": 1172864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3910", "title": "Pulmonary sling. Case report and collective review.", "content": "The eighteenth survivor of correction of an anomalous left pulmonary artery arising from the right pulmonary artery is reported. This is the first case in which postoperative angiography demonstrated patency of the left pulmonary artery. The onset of symptoms in infancy, predominance of expiratory rather than inspiratory stridor, anterior indentation of the esophagus, and lethal progression of symptoms during the first year of life are peculiar to this anomaly. Operation through a left thoracotomy is advocated, with division of the proximal left pulmonary artery and implantation into the main pulmonary artery posterior to the phrenic nerve. Previously reported cases are collectively reviewed.", "contents": "Pulmonary sling. Case report and collective review. The eighteenth survivor of correction of an anomalous left pulmonary artery arising from the right pulmonary artery is reported. This is the first case in which postoperative angiography demonstrated patency of the left pulmonary artery. The onset of symptoms in infancy, predominance of expiratory rather than inspiratory stridor, anterior indentation of the esophagus, and lethal progression of symptoms during the first year of life are peculiar to this anomaly. Operation through a left thoracotomy is advocated, with division of the proximal left pulmonary artery and implantation into the main pulmonary artery posterior to the phrenic nerve. Previously reported cases are collectively reviewed.", "PMID": 1172884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3911", "title": "Malignancy and the benign lymphoepithelial lesion.", "content": "The benign lymphoepithelial lesion of salivary glands is now considered the histological hallmark of a variety of clinical and pathological disorders affecting salivary tissues. Malignancy arising in the lesion is uncommon, but may take origin in either the epithelial or lymphoreticular components. Lymphomas and pseudolymphomas associated with salivary gland lymphoepithelial lesions have been predominately extra-salivary and strongly correlated with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Epithelial malignancy has not been associated with autoimmunity and with few exceptions has been of the anaplastic type. This report presents two patients with intra-salivary lymphomas arising in a benign lymphoepithelial lesion of salivary glands and a patient with anaplastic carcinoma arising in the epithelial islands of the lesion. The fourth patient manifested pseudolymphomatous lymphoreticular hyperplasia in lung and submandibular gland and illustrates the possible multiple organ involvement that may occur in patients with benign lymphoepithelial lesion, even without clinical evidence of concommitant autoimmune disorders.", "contents": "Malignancy and the benign lymphoepithelial lesion. The benign lymphoepithelial lesion of salivary glands is now considered the histological hallmark of a variety of clinical and pathological disorders affecting salivary tissues. Malignancy arising in the lesion is uncommon, but may take origin in either the epithelial or lymphoreticular components. Lymphomas and pseudolymphomas associated with salivary gland lymphoepithelial lesions have been predominately extra-salivary and strongly correlated with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Epithelial malignancy has not been associated with autoimmunity and with few exceptions has been of the anaplastic type. This report presents two patients with intra-salivary lymphomas arising in a benign lymphoepithelial lesion of salivary glands and a patient with anaplastic carcinoma arising in the epithelial islands of the lesion. The fourth patient manifested pseudolymphomatous lymphoreticular hyperplasia in lung and submandibular gland and illustrates the possible multiple organ involvement that may occur in patients with benign lymphoepithelial lesion, even without clinical evidence of concommitant autoimmune disorders.", "PMID": 1172885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3912", "title": "[Pulmonary surfactants].", "content": "Reference is made to classic studies pointing to the existence of lung surfactants in the alveolar lining layer and more recent investigations of their chemical nature. Attention is also given to work on biochemical and lung elasticity modifications caused by the employment of various drugs.", "contents": "[Pulmonary surfactants]. Reference is made to classic studies pointing to the existence of lung surfactants in the alveolar lining layer and more recent investigations of their chemical nature. Attention is also given to work on biochemical and lung elasticity modifications caused by the employment of various drugs.", "PMID": 1172887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3913", "title": "Further characterization of some heterophile agglutinins reacting with alkali-labile carbohydrate chains of human erythrocyte glycoproteins.", "content": "The nature of the receptor sites for several agglutinins is characterized by hemagglutination inhibition assays. The inhibitory activity of human erythrocytes glycoproteins, from which sialic acid, sialic acid and galactose or alkali-labile oligosaccharides have been removed, is compared to the inhibitory effect of compounds with known structure. It is shown that the lectin from Arachis hypogea and anti-T bind to alkali-labile galactosyl-residues. Agglutinins from Bauhinia purpurea and variegata (non- or N-specific), Maclura aurantiaca, Iberis amara, sempervirens, umbellata hybrida and umbellata nana (M- or nonspecific), Moluccella laevis (A- plus N-specific), Helix pomatia, Helix aspersa, Helix lucorum and Caucasotachea atrolabiata interact with alkali-labile N-acetylgalactosamine. The results obtained with the anti-A agglutinins from various snails suggest that human erythrocyte glycoproteins contain, besides the alkali-labile tetrasaccharide, a peptide-linked sialyl-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl-residue. The investigations do not allow a precise definition of the receptor sites for the lectins having M- or N-specificity.", "contents": "Further characterization of some heterophile agglutinins reacting with alkali-labile carbohydrate chains of human erythrocyte glycoproteins. The nature of the receptor sites for several agglutinins is characterized by hemagglutination inhibition assays. The inhibitory activity of human erythrocytes glycoproteins, from which sialic acid, sialic acid and galactose or alkali-labile oligosaccharides have been removed, is compared to the inhibitory effect of compounds with known structure. It is shown that the lectin from Arachis hypogea and anti-T bind to alkali-labile galactosyl-residues. Agglutinins from Bauhinia purpurea and variegata (non- or N-specific), Maclura aurantiaca, Iberis amara, sempervirens, umbellata hybrida and umbellata nana (M- or nonspecific), Moluccella laevis (A- plus N-specific), Helix pomatia, Helix aspersa, Helix lucorum and Caucasotachea atrolabiata interact with alkali-labile N-acetylgalactosamine. The results obtained with the anti-A agglutinins from various snails suggest that human erythrocyte glycoproteins contain, besides the alkali-labile tetrasaccharide, a peptide-linked sialyl-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl-residue. The investigations do not allow a precise definition of the receptor sites for the lectins having M- or N-specificity.", "PMID": 1172890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3914", "title": "Effects of LH and HCG on the metabolism of the prepubertal rat ovary: stimulation of amino acid transport, protein synthesis, and glycolysis.", "content": "It has earlier been reported from this laboratory that FSH can stimulate amino acid uptake, protein synthesis and glycolysis in the isolated prepubertal rat ovary. In the present investigation to the effects of LH and HCG were studied. The hormones were injected to prepubertal female rats, and the ovaries were extirpated for incubation in Krebs bicarbonate buffer 120 min later. Injected of 1 mu g/100g body weight of a bovine LH preparation (NIH-LH-B8) produced a significant increase in the in vitro uptake of (14C) alpha-amino-isobutyric acid (14C)AIB) and (3H)leucine as well as of the incorporation of radioactivity into the ovarian protein. Higher doses (10 and 100 mu g) of NIH-LH-B8 gave only minor futher increases. Lactic acid production during the incubation period was also measured as a determination of the rate of glycolysis. Lactic acid production was stimulated by the LH injections with a clear dose-response between 0.1 and 10 mu g/100 g body weight. The effects of LH were also investigated with shorter intervals between the injection of the hormone and the extirpation of the ovaries. While lactic acid production was maximally stimulated at a time interval of 30 min (the shortest time interval studied), 60 min was necessary for the stimulation of amino acid uptake and amino acid incorporation into protein. Injections of HCG mimicked the effects of LH on all parameters studied.", "contents": "Effects of LH and HCG on the metabolism of the prepubertal rat ovary: stimulation of amino acid transport, protein synthesis, and glycolysis. It has earlier been reported from this laboratory that FSH can stimulate amino acid uptake, protein synthesis and glycolysis in the isolated prepubertal rat ovary. In the present investigation to the effects of LH and HCG were studied. The hormones were injected to prepubertal female rats, and the ovaries were extirpated for incubation in Krebs bicarbonate buffer 120 min later. Injected of 1 mu g/100g body weight of a bovine LH preparation (NIH-LH-B8) produced a significant increase in the in vitro uptake of (14C) alpha-amino-isobutyric acid (14C)AIB) and (3H)leucine as well as of the incorporation of radioactivity into the ovarian protein. Higher doses (10 and 100 mu g) of NIH-LH-B8 gave only minor futher increases. Lactic acid production during the incubation period was also measured as a determination of the rate of glycolysis. Lactic acid production was stimulated by the LH injections with a clear dose-response between 0.1 and 10 mu g/100 g body weight. The effects of LH were also investigated with shorter intervals between the injection of the hormone and the extirpation of the ovaries. While lactic acid production was maximally stimulated at a time interval of 30 min (the shortest time interval studied), 60 min was necessary for the stimulation of amino acid uptake and amino acid incorporation into protein. Injections of HCG mimicked the effects of LH on all parameters studied.", "PMID": 1172891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3915", "title": "Glucose tolerance in newborn infants of healthy mothers: its relationship to the mothers' insulin response to glucose infusion.", "content": "It has earlier been postulated that a low insulin response to a glucose infusion is characteristic for the prediabetic individual (Cerasi & Luft 1967c). There is also evidence that some infants of individuals with low insulin response might have a carbohydrate metabolism that is in some respects similar to that of newborn infants to diabetic mothers (Edstr\u00f6m et al. 1974). In the present study 15 infants to low insulin responders (ILR) and 22 infants to high insulin responders (IHR) were subjected to an intravenous glucose load (IVGTT) at 2-24 h age. A significant difference in glucose tolerance was found between the groups, the mean k-value for the ILR being 1.39 plus or minus 0.41 and that for the IHR 1.05 plus or minus 0.09 (P smaller than 0.05). No mothers were found to have a gestational diabetes (with the possible exception of one low insulin responders) but during late pregnancy the mean k-value at IVGTT in the low responders decreased from non-pregnant values (the mean difference being 0.41 plus or minus 0.20, P smaller 0.025) while the high responders did not show a corresponding decrease (mean difference 0.12 plus or minus 0.25, P greater than 0.05). No other differences between the groups of infants that could influence the k-value could be found apart from the mothers being low or high insulin responders. Our findings show that a low insulin response in the mothers might effect the glucose tolerance of the foetus even in the absence of continuous maternal hyperglycaemia in late pregnancy.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance in newborn infants of healthy mothers: its relationship to the mothers' insulin response to glucose infusion. It has earlier been postulated that a low insulin response to a glucose infusion is characteristic for the prediabetic individual (Cerasi & Luft 1967c). There is also evidence that some infants of individuals with low insulin response might have a carbohydrate metabolism that is in some respects similar to that of newborn infants to diabetic mothers (Edstr\u00f6m et al. 1974). In the present study 15 infants to low insulin responders (ILR) and 22 infants to high insulin responders (IHR) were subjected to an intravenous glucose load (IVGTT) at 2-24 h age. A significant difference in glucose tolerance was found between the groups, the mean k-value for the ILR being 1.39 plus or minus 0.41 and that for the IHR 1.05 plus or minus 0.09 (P smaller than 0.05). No mothers were found to have a gestational diabetes (with the possible exception of one low insulin responders) but during late pregnancy the mean k-value at IVGTT in the low responders decreased from non-pregnant values (the mean difference being 0.41 plus or minus 0.20, P smaller 0.025) while the high responders did not show a corresponding decrease (mean difference 0.12 plus or minus 0.25, P greater than 0.05). No other differences between the groups of infants that could influence the k-value could be found apart from the mothers being low or high insulin responders. Our findings show that a low insulin response in the mothers might effect the glucose tolerance of the foetus even in the absence of continuous maternal hyperglycaemia in late pregnancy.", "PMID": 1172893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3916", "title": "Dose-dependent effects of ethinyloestradiol, diethylstilboestrol and oestradiol on the metabolism of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in rat liver microsomes.", "content": "The effects of administration of ethinyloestradiol (EtE2), 0.1, 0.5 or 1 mu g per day, diethylstilboestrol, 5, 100 or 500 mu g per day, and oestradiol, 1 or 100 mu g per day for 12 days on the hepatic microsomal metabolism of 4-(4-14C)androstene-3,17-dione were studied in castrated male and female rats. When rats were given EtE2 in daily doses of 0.1 and 0.5 mu g, the activities of the 3 alpha- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreducatses increased in both male and female rats. A similar tendency was noted for the 5 alpha-reductase in female rats. On the other hand, the activities of the 3 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase and 7 alpha-hydroxylase enzyme systems were suppressed in both male and female rats already after administration of 0.1 mu g of EtE2. Diethylstilboestrol, administered in doses of 100 and 500 mu g, and oestradiol, given in a dose of 100 mu g, suppressed the microsomal enzyme activities whereas the lower doses of 5 mu g of diethylstilboestrol and 1 mu g of oestradiol were without effects. The results indicate that oestrogenic compounds given in doses higher than the physiological one have a suppressing effect on microsomal steroid metabolizing enzyme activities. Ethinyloestradiol has a stimulating effect on certain microsomal enzyme activities and an inhibiting effect on others when administered in an amount of 0.5 mu g-kg-1 per day. The findings are discussed in relation to recent reports on impaired drug metabolism in women taking contraceptives.", "contents": "Dose-dependent effects of ethinyloestradiol, diethylstilboestrol and oestradiol on the metabolism of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in rat liver microsomes. The effects of administration of ethinyloestradiol (EtE2), 0.1, 0.5 or 1 mu g per day, diethylstilboestrol, 5, 100 or 500 mu g per day, and oestradiol, 1 or 100 mu g per day for 12 days on the hepatic microsomal metabolism of 4-(4-14C)androstene-3,17-dione were studied in castrated male and female rats. When rats were given EtE2 in daily doses of 0.1 and 0.5 mu g, the activities of the 3 alpha- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreducatses increased in both male and female rats. A similar tendency was noted for the 5 alpha-reductase in female rats. On the other hand, the activities of the 3 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase and 7 alpha-hydroxylase enzyme systems were suppressed in both male and female rats already after administration of 0.1 mu g of EtE2. Diethylstilboestrol, administered in doses of 100 and 500 mu g, and oestradiol, given in a dose of 100 mu g, suppressed the microsomal enzyme activities whereas the lower doses of 5 mu g of diethylstilboestrol and 1 mu g of oestradiol were without effects. The results indicate that oestrogenic compounds given in doses higher than the physiological one have a suppressing effect on microsomal steroid metabolizing enzyme activities. Ethinyloestradiol has a stimulating effect on certain microsomal enzyme activities and an inhibiting effect on others when administered in an amount of 0.5 mu g-kg-1 per day. The findings are discussed in relation to recent reports on impaired drug metabolism in women taking contraceptives.", "PMID": 1172894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3917", "title": "Urinary excretion of free cortisol in impaired renal function.", "content": "Total cortisol and free, non protein-bound coritsol in plasma and urinary excretion of unconjugated free cortisol were measured during iv infusion of cortisol at varying dose rates in eight patients with impaired renal function. The results showed that free urinary cortisol decreased with decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), also compared to free cortisol level in plasma. An increase in free cortisol in plasma had no influence on GFR. It is concluded that determination of free urinary cortisol, otherwise useful in diagnosing Cushing's syndrome, may be of less value in patients with impaired renal function.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of free cortisol in impaired renal function. Total cortisol and free, non protein-bound coritsol in plasma and urinary excretion of unconjugated free cortisol were measured during iv infusion of cortisol at varying dose rates in eight patients with impaired renal function. The results showed that free urinary cortisol decreased with decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), also compared to free cortisol level in plasma. An increase in free cortisol in plasma had no influence on GFR. It is concluded that determination of free urinary cortisol, otherwise useful in diagnosing Cushing's syndrome, may be of less value in patients with impaired renal function.", "PMID": 1172895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3918", "title": "The in vivo metabolism of cortisol and corticosterone by the macaque monkey (Macaca fascicularis).", "content": "(4-14C) Cortisol was administered intramuscularly to one adult female macaque monkey, MF3 (Macaca fascicularis). To adult female macaque monkey, MF4, (4-14C)corticosterone was administered intramuscularly. Urine samples were collected and the metabolites excreted identified using gas chromatography, radio-gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The principal metabolites of cortisol were identified as glucuronide conjugates of 11-oxygenated-17-oxosteroids. The excretion of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone relative to the other corticosteroid metabolites was low compared with that of man. Two compounds, 3 beta-cortol and 3 beta-cortolone not normally present in human urine were identified in the urine from this species. The prinicpal metabolites of corticosterone were glucuronide conjugates of hexahydroCompound A and hexahydrocorticosterone. Two unidentified radioactive compounds were also present.", "contents": "The in vivo metabolism of cortisol and corticosterone by the macaque monkey (Macaca fascicularis). (4-14C) Cortisol was administered intramuscularly to one adult female macaque monkey, MF3 (Macaca fascicularis). To adult female macaque monkey, MF4, (4-14C)corticosterone was administered intramuscularly. Urine samples were collected and the metabolites excreted identified using gas chromatography, radio-gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The principal metabolites of cortisol were identified as glucuronide conjugates of 11-oxygenated-17-oxosteroids. The excretion of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone relative to the other corticosteroid metabolites was low compared with that of man. Two compounds, 3 beta-cortol and 3 beta-cortolone not normally present in human urine were identified in the urine from this species. The prinicpal metabolites of corticosterone were glucuronide conjugates of hexahydroCompound A and hexahydrocorticosterone. Two unidentified radioactive compounds were also present.", "PMID": 1172896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3919", "title": "Correlation between somatomedin A in serum and body height development in healthy children and children with certain growth disturbances.", "content": "The somatomedin A level in serum was determined in a series of 66 children in whom longitudinal data on body height growth and dental development were available. The series comprised normal children as well as children with some different types of growth disturbances. A high correlation was found between the somatomedin A level and the age at a certain stage of the dental maturity (r equals to minus 0.67) and between the somatomedrin A level and the growth rate at this age (r equals to 0.67). The different groups of patients ranging from pituitary dwarfs to unusually tall children demonstrated a continuous gradient in the correlation between the level of somatomedin A and the different variables of the somatic development.", "contents": "Correlation between somatomedin A in serum and body height development in healthy children and children with certain growth disturbances. The somatomedin A level in serum was determined in a series of 66 children in whom longitudinal data on body height growth and dental development were available. The series comprised normal children as well as children with some different types of growth disturbances. A high correlation was found between the somatomedin A level and the age at a certain stage of the dental maturity (r equals to minus 0.67) and between the somatomedrin A level and the growth rate at this age (r equals to 0.67). The different groups of patients ranging from pituitary dwarfs to unusually tall children demonstrated a continuous gradient in the correlation between the level of somatomedin A and the different variables of the somatic development.", "PMID": 1172897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3920", "title": "Effects of general anaesthesia and severity of surgical stress on serum LH and testosterone in males.", "content": "Significantly decreased levels of serum testosterone from the pre-anaesthesia level were found during and up to 7 days following major surgery under general anaesthesia (nitrous oxide, oxygen and halothane following induction with thiopental and succinylcholine chloride) in 18 male patients. On the other hand in the same patients, the serum lutenizing hormone (LH) increased significantly from the pre-anaesthesia level 30 min and 1 h after the beginning of anaesthesia. A slight increase in LH level was also noted on the 7th post-operative day. The determinations of serum testosterone and LH in fiberoptic bronchoscopy under the same general anaesthesia as that used in surgery or local anaesthesia in 26 male patients, revealed that the change in the serum LH during and following surgery seemed to be mainly induced by the general anaesthesia and that the rate of decrease in the serum testosterone may be related to the severity of surgical stress including the anaesthesia. The rate of increase in serum testosterone following the injection of gonadotrophin in 20 males on the 6th post-operative day was similar to that in 10 pre-operative males. The effects of pulmonary lobectomy on serum testosterone and urinary steroids were also studied in 6 males under adrenal suppression with dexamethasone. On the 6th post-operative day, the urinary aetiocholanolone plus androsterone and serum testosterone were found to be half the level of those on the pre-operative day, while the urinary 5beta-pregnane-3alpha, 17alpha, 20alpha-triol remained unchanged. These observations in human are not inconsistent with the report of Tcholakian and Eik-Nes (1971) in dogs namely that a shift in androgen biosynthetic pathway is present in the testis under surgical stress.", "contents": "Effects of general anaesthesia and severity of surgical stress on serum LH and testosterone in males. Significantly decreased levels of serum testosterone from the pre-anaesthesia level were found during and up to 7 days following major surgery under general anaesthesia (nitrous oxide, oxygen and halothane following induction with thiopental and succinylcholine chloride) in 18 male patients. On the other hand in the same patients, the serum lutenizing hormone (LH) increased significantly from the pre-anaesthesia level 30 min and 1 h after the beginning of anaesthesia. A slight increase in LH level was also noted on the 7th post-operative day. The determinations of serum testosterone and LH in fiberoptic bronchoscopy under the same general anaesthesia as that used in surgery or local anaesthesia in 26 male patients, revealed that the change in the serum LH during and following surgery seemed to be mainly induced by the general anaesthesia and that the rate of decrease in the serum testosterone may be related to the severity of surgical stress including the anaesthesia. The rate of increase in serum testosterone following the injection of gonadotrophin in 20 males on the 6th post-operative day was similar to that in 10 pre-operative males. The effects of pulmonary lobectomy on serum testosterone and urinary steroids were also studied in 6 males under adrenal suppression with dexamethasone. On the 6th post-operative day, the urinary aetiocholanolone plus androsterone and serum testosterone were found to be half the level of those on the pre-operative day, while the urinary 5beta-pregnane-3alpha, 17alpha, 20alpha-triol remained unchanged. These observations in human are not inconsistent with the report of Tcholakian and Eik-Nes (1971) in dogs namely that a shift in androgen biosynthetic pathway is present in the testis under surgical stress.", "PMID": 1172898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3921", "title": "On the modulating effects of ovaries on neonatal androgen programming of rat liver enzymes.", "content": "The metabolism of 4-[4-14C]androstene-3,17-dione in rat liver microsomal and cytosol fractions was investigated in adult female rats treated with 1.45 mumole of testosterone propionate at birth. The effects of ovariectomy at 14 and 43 days of age on neonatal testosterone imprinting of enzyme levels were studied. Animals spayed 14 days after birth showed a typical masculinized hepatic enzyme activity pattern with a decreased level of the 5alpha-reductase activity and increased level of 5beta-reductase, 16alpha-hydroxylase and 17alpha- and 3beta-hydroxysteroid reductase levels. The pattern was essentially the same in testosterone propionate-treated rats spayed 43 days after birth - with the exception of a feminized 5alpha-reductase activity - whereas a completely feminized (\"de-imprinted\") pattern of enzyme activities was found in the rats with intact ovaries at the time of death. It is concluded that de-imprinting action of ovaries is mainly of a reversible nature.", "contents": "On the modulating effects of ovaries on neonatal androgen programming of rat liver enzymes. The metabolism of 4-[4-14C]androstene-3,17-dione in rat liver microsomal and cytosol fractions was investigated in adult female rats treated with 1.45 mumole of testosterone propionate at birth. The effects of ovariectomy at 14 and 43 days of age on neonatal testosterone imprinting of enzyme levels were studied. Animals spayed 14 days after birth showed a typical masculinized hepatic enzyme activity pattern with a decreased level of the 5alpha-reductase activity and increased level of 5beta-reductase, 16alpha-hydroxylase and 17alpha- and 3beta-hydroxysteroid reductase levels. The pattern was essentially the same in testosterone propionate-treated rats spayed 43 days after birth - with the exception of a feminized 5alpha-reductase activity - whereas a completely feminized (\"de-imprinted\") pattern of enzyme activities was found in the rats with intact ovaries at the time of death. It is concluded that de-imprinting action of ovaries is mainly of a reversible nature.", "PMID": 1172899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3922", "title": "Corticosteroids in nocturnal blood plasma of cows in the field related to stage of lactation and plasma acetoacetate.", "content": "Two materials of nocturnal blood plasma samples, each representing more than 100 cows unselected with respect to health condition, showed acetoacetate variations within a wide range, overlapping with the range for animals with clinical ketosis. Within each of the two materials a statistically significant (P smaller than 0.001) negative correlation (r equal to minus 0.30) was obtained between plasma corticosteroids and log acetoacetate. The lowest corticosteroid and the highest acetoacetate averages were obtained for animals which were within the first month of the lactation cycle. With increasing time post-partum the two components varied inversely, a maximum in corticosteroids coinciding with a minimum in acetoacetate in cows which had calved 2 1/2 to 3 months before the date of sampling. At this stage the mean plasma sugar was about 10 per cent higher than in early lactation. The corticosteroid ranges for different levels of acetoacetate overlapped extensively. Still cows with acetoacetate smaller than or equal to 0.6 mg/100 ml gave significantly higher corticosteroid averages than the rest of the material. But in animals exceeding the 0.6 mg limit no relationship was found between the severity of the ketonaemia and the steroid level. Thus, no difference was obtained between cows with clinical ketosis and animals which were moderately ketonaemic. Some change in adrenal function may be associated with the development of ketonaemic conditions in cows. But no proof has been provided of a direct adrenal involvement in the transformation of a case of subclinical ketosis to the clinical stage.", "contents": "Corticosteroids in nocturnal blood plasma of cows in the field related to stage of lactation and plasma acetoacetate. Two materials of nocturnal blood plasma samples, each representing more than 100 cows unselected with respect to health condition, showed acetoacetate variations within a wide range, overlapping with the range for animals with clinical ketosis. Within each of the two materials a statistically significant (P smaller than 0.001) negative correlation (r equal to minus 0.30) was obtained between plasma corticosteroids and log acetoacetate. The lowest corticosteroid and the highest acetoacetate averages were obtained for animals which were within the first month of the lactation cycle. With increasing time post-partum the two components varied inversely, a maximum in corticosteroids coinciding with a minimum in acetoacetate in cows which had calved 2 1/2 to 3 months before the date of sampling. At this stage the mean plasma sugar was about 10 per cent higher than in early lactation. The corticosteroid ranges for different levels of acetoacetate overlapped extensively. Still cows with acetoacetate smaller than or equal to 0.6 mg/100 ml gave significantly higher corticosteroid averages than the rest of the material. But in animals exceeding the 0.6 mg limit no relationship was found between the severity of the ketonaemia and the steroid level. Thus, no difference was obtained between cows with clinical ketosis and animals which were moderately ketonaemic. Some change in adrenal function may be associated with the development of ketonaemic conditions in cows. But no proof has been provided of a direct adrenal involvement in the transformation of a case of subclinical ketosis to the clinical stage.", "PMID": 1172900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3923", "title": "Androgenic properties and adrenal depressant activity of megestrol acetate observed in castrated male rats.", "content": "Megestrol acetate (17alpha-acetoxy-6-dehydro-6-methylprogesterone), a synthetic steroid with high progestational activity, is used in oral contraceptives but also in the treatment of prostatic diseases in man. To investigate whether megestrol acetate has any androgenic properties the growth of the ventral and dorsolateral prostate, the coagulating glands and the seminal vesicles was studied morphologically in castrated rats treated with megestrol acetate and in non-treated castrated rats. The effect of megestrol acetate on the body weight, the levator ani muscle and the adrenals was also studied. Megestrol acetate was administered in daily doses of 0.02 mg, 0.2 mg, 2.0 mg or 20.0 mg for a period of 21 days. Megestrol acetate in the two higher doses retarded growth and gave a low weight for the levator ani muscle at autopsy indicating an anti-anabolic or catabolic action of megestrol acetate in high doses. Megestrol acetate in daily doses of 0.2, 2.0 and 20.0 mg caused an involution of the adrenal glands. After the two higher doses the weight of the adrenals amounted to only about a third of that of the untreated rats. Megestrol acetate in the lower doses had no demonstrable effect on the growth of the accessory reproductive glands. After the two higher doses of megestrol acetate some growth of the dorsal part of the dorsolateral prostate and of the coagulating glands was observed. Only the seminal vesicles exhibited complete morphological criteria of an androgenic stimulation and then only after the largest dose of megestrol acetate. The investigation shows that megesterol acetate has weak androgenic properties which are apparent at a dose per kg body weight approximately 200 times greater than that used in the treatment of prostatic diseases in man.", "contents": "Androgenic properties and adrenal depressant activity of megestrol acetate observed in castrated male rats. Megestrol acetate (17alpha-acetoxy-6-dehydro-6-methylprogesterone), a synthetic steroid with high progestational activity, is used in oral contraceptives but also in the treatment of prostatic diseases in man. To investigate whether megestrol acetate has any androgenic properties the growth of the ventral and dorsolateral prostate, the coagulating glands and the seminal vesicles was studied morphologically in castrated rats treated with megestrol acetate and in non-treated castrated rats. The effect of megestrol acetate on the body weight, the levator ani muscle and the adrenals was also studied. Megestrol acetate was administered in daily doses of 0.02 mg, 0.2 mg, 2.0 mg or 20.0 mg for a period of 21 days. Megestrol acetate in the two higher doses retarded growth and gave a low weight for the levator ani muscle at autopsy indicating an anti-anabolic or catabolic action of megestrol acetate in high doses. Megestrol acetate in daily doses of 0.2, 2.0 and 20.0 mg caused an involution of the adrenal glands. After the two higher doses the weight of the adrenals amounted to only about a third of that of the untreated rats. Megestrol acetate in the lower doses had no demonstrable effect on the growth of the accessory reproductive glands. After the two higher doses of megestrol acetate some growth of the dorsal part of the dorsolateral prostate and of the coagulating glands was observed. Only the seminal vesicles exhibited complete morphological criteria of an androgenic stimulation and then only after the largest dose of megestrol acetate. The investigation shows that megesterol acetate has weak androgenic properties which are apparent at a dose per kg body weight approximately 200 times greater than that used in the treatment of prostatic diseases in man.", "PMID": 1172901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3924", "title": "Ovarian function during treatment with lynoestrenol 0.5 mg daily.", "content": "Twenty-four women, all with normal ovulatory menstrual periods, were studied during in total 64 cycles on lynoestrenol 0.5 mg daily and during 11 control cycles. The 24-hour urines were collected for assay of total oestrogens on the 21st, 22nd and 23rd days of viz. the 1st, 4th, 6th and 12th cycles and for pregnanediol on the 22nd and 23rd days of the same cycles. Oestrogen excretion was at the same level during treatment and control cycles. All the control cycles and 9 and 14 % respectively of the treatment cycles were ovulatory judging by the plasma progesterone and the pregnanediol excretion. On the basis of the latter parameter there was a certain luteal activity during 36 % of the treatment cycles. In all cycles but one, however, the plasma progesterone and the pregnanediol excretion were lower than during the control cycles. It must be assumed, therefore, that lynoestrenol in a dose of 0.5 mg daily inhibits the ovulation or function of the corpora lutea in practically all cases.", "contents": "Ovarian function during treatment with lynoestrenol 0.5 mg daily. Twenty-four women, all with normal ovulatory menstrual periods, were studied during in total 64 cycles on lynoestrenol 0.5 mg daily and during 11 control cycles. The 24-hour urines were collected for assay of total oestrogens on the 21st, 22nd and 23rd days of viz. the 1st, 4th, 6th and 12th cycles and for pregnanediol on the 22nd and 23rd days of the same cycles. Oestrogen excretion was at the same level during treatment and control cycles. All the control cycles and 9 and 14 % respectively of the treatment cycles were ovulatory judging by the plasma progesterone and the pregnanediol excretion. On the basis of the latter parameter there was a certain luteal activity during 36 % of the treatment cycles. In all cycles but one, however, the plasma progesterone and the pregnanediol excretion were lower than during the control cycles. It must be assumed, therefore, that lynoestrenol in a dose of 0.5 mg daily inhibits the ovulation or function of the corpora lutea in practically all cases.", "PMID": 1172902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3925", "title": "Ovulation inhibition with human chorionic gonadotrophin.", "content": "Eight women with regular menstrual cycles were treated daily during 9 cycles with HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin) 3000 or 5000 IU daily for a period of 4-7 days. This treatment was started between the 1st and the 6th day after the onset of menstruation. Control of the treatment cycles was performed by basal body temperature, pregnanediol serial estimations, endometrial biopsies and in addition in 5 treatment cycles by radio-immunological assay of estradiol-17 beta (Oe2), progesterone, LH and FSH from the serum at intervals of 1 to 3 days. In 6 of these cycles where treatment started on the 4th day or later, ovulation was inhibited (2 cycles) or postponed (4 cycles) to the 24th-46th day. In these 6 treatment cycles the progesterone and pregnanediol increase during HCG treatment was poor or absent. The typical Oe2 increase of the normal menstrual cycle was impaired. In the 3 remaining cycles where treatment was started on the 1st, 2nd and 4th day, we observed during HCG treatment increases in Oe2 and progesterone serum values similar to that found during corpus luteum activity, and menstruation from a secretory endometrium between the 13th-19th day of the cycle. The histologically examined ovaries of one woman who was treated with HCG from the 2nd to the 6th day of the cycle showed distinct luteinization of the theca interna of all tertiary follicles and a beginning degeneration of the granulosa. These findings give support to the hypothesis that the luteinization of the theca interna leads to degeneration of the tertiary follicles thereby causing ovulation inhibition or postponent of ovulation.", "contents": "Ovulation inhibition with human chorionic gonadotrophin. Eight women with regular menstrual cycles were treated daily during 9 cycles with HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin) 3000 or 5000 IU daily for a period of 4-7 days. This treatment was started between the 1st and the 6th day after the onset of menstruation. Control of the treatment cycles was performed by basal body temperature, pregnanediol serial estimations, endometrial biopsies and in addition in 5 treatment cycles by radio-immunological assay of estradiol-17 beta (Oe2), progesterone, LH and FSH from the serum at intervals of 1 to 3 days. In 6 of these cycles where treatment started on the 4th day or later, ovulation was inhibited (2 cycles) or postponed (4 cycles) to the 24th-46th day. In these 6 treatment cycles the progesterone and pregnanediol increase during HCG treatment was poor or absent. The typical Oe2 increase of the normal menstrual cycle was impaired. In the 3 remaining cycles where treatment was started on the 1st, 2nd and 4th day, we observed during HCG treatment increases in Oe2 and progesterone serum values similar to that found during corpus luteum activity, and menstruation from a secretory endometrium between the 13th-19th day of the cycle. The histologically examined ovaries of one woman who was treated with HCG from the 2nd to the 6th day of the cycle showed distinct luteinization of the theca interna of all tertiary follicles and a beginning degeneration of the granulosa. These findings give support to the hypothesis that the luteinization of the theca interna leads to degeneration of the tertiary follicles thereby causing ovulation inhibition or postponent of ovulation.", "PMID": 1172903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3926", "title": "Effect of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis on the length of pseudopregnancy in rats and hamsters.", "content": "Pseudopregnancy (PSP) in rats was significantly lengthened after subcutaneous administration of 0.2-1.0 mg indomethacin/day, starting on day 5 of PSP. Injections of 1 mg indomethacin on days 5 and 6 or days 7 and 8, as well as a single injection of 2 mg indomethacin on day 6, also produced a significant increase of the duration of PSP. In hamsters, doses of 300-500 mug indomethacin per day starting on day 5 of PSP did not alter the length of PSP, but a significant prolongation varying from 11 to more than 30 days was observed after a treatment with 1 mg of indomethacin daily. It was further observed that the ovaries of hamsters autopsied on day 31 of PSP were very small and the uteri resembled those of ovariectomized animals. It is concluded that indomethacin lengthens pseudopregnancy in both rats and hamsters and that the latter species showed a more variable response. It seems that chronic administration of indomethacin in hamsters caused a long-lasting suppression of ovarian hormone production.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis on the length of pseudopregnancy in rats and hamsters. Pseudopregnancy (PSP) in rats was significantly lengthened after subcutaneous administration of 0.2-1.0 mg indomethacin/day, starting on day 5 of PSP. Injections of 1 mg indomethacin on days 5 and 6 or days 7 and 8, as well as a single injection of 2 mg indomethacin on day 6, also produced a significant increase of the duration of PSP. In hamsters, doses of 300-500 mug indomethacin per day starting on day 5 of PSP did not alter the length of PSP, but a significant prolongation varying from 11 to more than 30 days was observed after a treatment with 1 mg of indomethacin daily. It was further observed that the ovaries of hamsters autopsied on day 31 of PSP were very small and the uteri resembled those of ovariectomized animals. It is concluded that indomethacin lengthens pseudopregnancy in both rats and hamsters and that the latter species showed a more variable response. It seems that chronic administration of indomethacin in hamsters caused a long-lasting suppression of ovarian hormone production.", "PMID": 1172904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3927", "title": "Influence of progesterone in the mitochondrial size in the uterine glands of the rat mouse, hamster, and guinea-pig.", "content": "The administration of progesterone produced giant mitochondria in the gland cells of the rat uterus but not in those of the mouse, hamster, and guinea-pig uteri. Chloramphenicol did not impede the appearance of the giant mitochondria. The implication of the differential response of the mitochondria is not yet known.", "contents": "Influence of progesterone in the mitochondrial size in the uterine glands of the rat mouse, hamster, and guinea-pig. The administration of progesterone produced giant mitochondria in the gland cells of the rat uterus but not in those of the mouse, hamster, and guinea-pig uteri. Chloramphenicol did not impede the appearance of the giant mitochondria. The implication of the differential response of the mitochondria is not yet known.", "PMID": 1172905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3928", "title": "Effect of long-term testosterone oenanthate administration on male reproductive function: clinical evaluation, serum FSH, LH, testosterone, and seminal fluid analyses in normal men.", "content": "The effect of long-term testosterone administration on male reproductive function has been investigated in seven healthy young men age 20 to 27 years. Testosterone oenanthate (TOe) was administered in doses of 250 mg per week for 21 weeks. No toxic side-effects were observed. Libido, sexual potency, frequency of sexual intercourse and body hair development generally remained unaffected, but there was a reversible mean weight gain of 3.6 kg during TOe administration. Seminal fluid parameters and radioimmunoassayable serum FSH, LH, testosterone, and androstenedione levels were monitored before, during, and after TOe administration. The serum testosterone rose approximately by a factor of two, while the serum FSH and LH were rapidly suppressed after the initiation of the TOe therapy. The mean sperm concentration fell to values below three million spermatozoa per ml, and changes in sperm motility, the percentage of normal sperm morphology, and seminal fructose concentrations generally paralleled those of the mean sperm concentrations. In contrast, the mean seminal fluid volume and serum androstenedione levels did not change significantly during TOe administration. The mean sperm concentration showed a marked recovery 13 to 16 weeks after TOe withdrawal, but sperm counts remained below pre-treatment levels in three out of seven subjects 25 to 28 weeks after discontinuation of TOe.", "contents": "Effect of long-term testosterone oenanthate administration on male reproductive function: clinical evaluation, serum FSH, LH, testosterone, and seminal fluid analyses in normal men. The effect of long-term testosterone administration on male reproductive function has been investigated in seven healthy young men age 20 to 27 years. Testosterone oenanthate (TOe) was administered in doses of 250 mg per week for 21 weeks. No toxic side-effects were observed. Libido, sexual potency, frequency of sexual intercourse and body hair development generally remained unaffected, but there was a reversible mean weight gain of 3.6 kg during TOe administration. Seminal fluid parameters and radioimmunoassayable serum FSH, LH, testosterone, and androstenedione levels were monitored before, during, and after TOe administration. The serum testosterone rose approximately by a factor of two, while the serum FSH and LH were rapidly suppressed after the initiation of the TOe therapy. The mean sperm concentration fell to values below three million spermatozoa per ml, and changes in sperm motility, the percentage of normal sperm morphology, and seminal fructose concentrations generally paralleled those of the mean sperm concentrations. In contrast, the mean seminal fluid volume and serum androstenedione levels did not change significantly during TOe administration. The mean sperm concentration showed a marked recovery 13 to 16 weeks after TOe withdrawal, but sperm counts remained below pre-treatment levels in three out of seven subjects 25 to 28 weeks after discontinuation of TOe.", "PMID": 1172906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3929", "title": "5alpha-androstenone in peripheral plasma of pigs, diurnal variation in boars, effects of intravenous HCG administration and castration.", "content": "5alpha-Androstenone2) has been measured in pig peripheral plasma by radioimmunoassay (RIA). In 73 mature boars values ranging from 1.2 ng to 54.1 ng per ml plasma with a mean value of 18.3 ng/ml and SD equal to 15.9 were found. In female pigs and castrated male pigs the mean concentrations were 2.3 ng/ml (n equal to 18) and 1.1 ng/ml (n equal to 19) with SD equal to 0.8 and SD equal to 0.3 respectively. Clear-cut diurnal variations in the concentration of 5alpha-androstenone in plasma samples from boars were not observed. Intravenous injection of HCG in boars caused an abrupt rise in the 5alpha-androstenone level reaching a maximum in 90 min. Twenty-eight hours after the injection a second peak of plasma 5alpha-androstenone was observed. Following castration of boars the level of 5alpha-androstenone in peripheral plasma fell within 4 days, to levels found in female pigs.", "contents": "5alpha-androstenone in peripheral plasma of pigs, diurnal variation in boars, effects of intravenous HCG administration and castration. 5alpha-Androstenone2) has been measured in pig peripheral plasma by radioimmunoassay (RIA). In 73 mature boars values ranging from 1.2 ng to 54.1 ng per ml plasma with a mean value of 18.3 ng/ml and SD equal to 15.9 were found. In female pigs and castrated male pigs the mean concentrations were 2.3 ng/ml (n equal to 18) and 1.1 ng/ml (n equal to 19) with SD equal to 0.8 and SD equal to 0.3 respectively. Clear-cut diurnal variations in the concentration of 5alpha-androstenone in plasma samples from boars were not observed. Intravenous injection of HCG in boars caused an abrupt rise in the 5alpha-androstenone level reaching a maximum in 90 min. Twenty-eight hours after the injection a second peak of plasma 5alpha-androstenone was observed. Following castration of boars the level of 5alpha-androstenone in peripheral plasma fell within 4 days, to levels found in female pigs.", "PMID": 1172907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3930", "title": "Hemiagenesis of the thyroid gland.", "content": "Three patients with hemiagenesis of the typhoid gland are described. One was clinically euthyroid, whereas the other two were more unusual in that one had coincident Graves' disease with thyrotoxicosis, and one had primary myxodema. In all three cases diagnosis of hemiagenesis was established by the administration of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The literature on hemiagenetic thyroid glands with and without associated thyroid disease is reviewed. Although the anomaly is uncommon, awareness and recogniton of its existence may clarify an otherwise puzzling clinical thyroid evaluation, and thus possible avert an unnecessary surgical procedure.", "contents": "Hemiagenesis of the thyroid gland. Three patients with hemiagenesis of the typhoid gland are described. One was clinically euthyroid, whereas the other two were more unusual in that one had coincident Graves' disease with thyrotoxicosis, and one had primary myxodema. In all three cases diagnosis of hemiagenesis was established by the administration of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The literature on hemiagenetic thyroid glands with and without associated thyroid disease is reviewed. Although the anomaly is uncommon, awareness and recogniton of its existence may clarify an otherwise puzzling clinical thyroid evaluation, and thus possible avert an unnecessary surgical procedure.", "PMID": 1172918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3931", "title": "A prospective evaluation of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and the rapid surfactant test in relation to fetal pulmonary maturity.", "content": "Fetal lung maturity was correlated to the results of amniatic fluid analysis in 578 samples obtained over a 2 1/2 year interval. Lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios obtained by planimetric and densitometric methods were compared to the rapid surfactant test (RST). Both the planimetric L/S ratio (P L/S) and the densitometric L/S ratio (D L/S) correlated positively in a highly significant fashion with the RST. Both RST and D L/S were reliable in predicting fetal lung maturity (99 to 100 per cent, respectively). The RST was the most reliable test for fetal lung immaturity (69 per cent). Therefore, this series indicates that the RST could be used as a primary method with the D L/S being useful as an additional indicator of fetal maturity when the RST was intermediate, or the sample contaminated with blood and/or meconium.", "contents": "A prospective evaluation of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and the rapid surfactant test in relation to fetal pulmonary maturity. Fetal lung maturity was correlated to the results of amniatic fluid analysis in 578 samples obtained over a 2 1/2 year interval. Lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios obtained by planimetric and densitometric methods were compared to the rapid surfactant test (RST). Both the planimetric L/S ratio (P L/S) and the densitometric L/S ratio (D L/S) correlated positively in a highly significant fashion with the RST. Both RST and D L/S were reliable in predicting fetal lung maturity (99 to 100 per cent, respectively). The RST was the most reliable test for fetal lung immaturity (69 per cent). Therefore, this series indicates that the RST could be used as a primary method with the D L/S being useful as an additional indicator of fetal maturity when the RST was intermediate, or the sample contaminated with blood and/or meconium.", "PMID": 1172919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3932", "title": "IgA associated lymphoplasmacytic tumor involving the conjunctiva, eyelid, and orbit.", "content": "A 65-year-old white man had an unusual disseminated lymphoid tumor that first appeared in the subconjunctival tissues of the right eye. The tumor later appeared in the skin, lymph nodes, and left upper eyelid and orbit. A monoclonal serum IgA spike was present although the urine did not contain Bence Jones proteins. The cells of the tumor appeared to be plasmacytoid lymphocytes. Prominent intranuclear inclusions, or Dutcher bodies, were present. Throughtout the 11-year history, the patient has been treated only with local excision and radiation.", "contents": "IgA associated lymphoplasmacytic tumor involving the conjunctiva, eyelid, and orbit. A 65-year-old white man had an unusual disseminated lymphoid tumor that first appeared in the subconjunctival tissues of the right eye. The tumor later appeared in the skin, lymph nodes, and left upper eyelid and orbit. A monoclonal serum IgA spike was present although the urine did not contain Bence Jones proteins. The cells of the tumor appeared to be plasmacytoid lymphocytes. Prominent intranuclear inclusions, or Dutcher bodies, were present. Throughtout the 11-year history, the patient has been treated only with local excision and radiation.", "PMID": 1172920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3933", "title": "Orbital radiation for the ocular changes of Gravess' disease.", "content": "We reviewed the records of 37 patients who received orbital radiation for ocular changes of Graves' disease. Signs of orbital congestion improved in many patients. Proptosis extraocular muscle involvement, and corneal involvement were not appreciably altered. The best response was found in patients with optic nerve involvement. Radiation therapy is recommended as an initial therapeutic attack for the optic neuropathy of Graves' disease.", "contents": "Orbital radiation for the ocular changes of Gravess' disease. We reviewed the records of 37 patients who received orbital radiation for ocular changes of Graves' disease. Signs of orbital congestion improved in many patients. Proptosis extraocular muscle involvement, and corneal involvement were not appreciably altered. The best response was found in patients with optic nerve involvement. Radiation therapy is recommended as an initial therapeutic attack for the optic neuropathy of Graves' disease.", "PMID": 1172921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3934", "title": "Bilateral trephine bone marrow biopsies in lymphoma and other neoplastic diseases.", "content": "We have evaluated the usefulness of bilateral rather than unilateral posterior iliac spine trephine biopsies in searching for lymphoma and other neoplastic diseases in the bone marrow. Two hundred and eighty-two patients with these diseases were studied. Tumor was found on only one side in 22% of patients with non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma, in 43% of patients with Hodgkin's disease, and in 36% of patients with other neoplastic processes. Thus, the second biopsy yields an additional 11% to 22% of positive biopsies. We conclude that bilateral trephine bone marrow biopsies should be routinely performed when searching for tumor in the bone marrow.", "contents": "Bilateral trephine bone marrow biopsies in lymphoma and other neoplastic diseases. We have evaluated the usefulness of bilateral rather than unilateral posterior iliac spine trephine biopsies in searching for lymphoma and other neoplastic diseases in the bone marrow. Two hundred and eighty-two patients with these diseases were studied. Tumor was found on only one side in 22% of patients with non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma, in 43% of patients with Hodgkin's disease, and in 36% of patients with other neoplastic processes. Thus, the second biopsy yields an additional 11% to 22% of positive biopsies. We conclude that bilateral trephine bone marrow biopsies should be routinely performed when searching for tumor in the bone marrow.", "PMID": 1172924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3935", "title": "Clinical manifestations of splenic abscess.", "content": "Two patients with splenic abscess were successfully treated. In one patient, Streptococcus viridans, possibly arising in a dental abscess, led to inflammatory left upper quadrant signs. An exploratory laparotomy was performed, and the spleen, being found enlarged, was removed. The other patient showed no peritoneal signs. Laparotomy was done for pyrexia of unknown origin, and the removal of a normal-sized spleen was elected on the suspicion of lymphosarcoma. The spleen was abscessed, apparently because of old infarcts. A high index of suspicion is important in diagnosis, and selective angiography, not used in these two patients, is recommended.", "contents": "Clinical manifestations of splenic abscess. Two patients with splenic abscess were successfully treated. In one patient, Streptococcus viridans, possibly arising in a dental abscess, led to inflammatory left upper quadrant signs. An exploratory laparotomy was performed, and the spleen, being found enlarged, was removed. The other patient showed no peritoneal signs. Laparotomy was done for pyrexia of unknown origin, and the removal of a normal-sized spleen was elected on the suspicion of lymphosarcoma. The spleen was abscessed, apparently because of old infarcts. A high index of suspicion is important in diagnosis, and selective angiography, not used in these two patients, is recommended.", "PMID": 1172926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3936", "title": "Effects of long-term exposures to 100% oxygen at selected simulated altitudes on the pulmonary surfactant in mice.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects on pulmonary surfactant in mice after long-duration exposure to 100% oxygen at various partial pressures equivalent to 842 mb (632) mmHg) or less. Six-month-old female CBA mice, weighing 25-35 g, were exposed to the pure oxygen environment. The effect on pulmonary surfactant was evaluated in two groups of 16 experimental animals and compared with control groups which were maintained in a similar environmentally controlled chamber at sea level conditions. Group I was exposed to pure oxygen at 842 mb (632 mmHg), a level known to be toxic and lethal. Group II was initially exposed for 60 d to pure oxygen at 420 mb (315 mmHg), a level not expected to be lethal, and the oxygen partial pressure gradually increased in steps over a 150-d period until an oxygen partial pressure at 842 mb (632 mmHg) was reached. In Group I, 12 out of 16 mice died of respiratory distress within 7 d. One died on the 10th day and three survived to complete 15 d of exposure but were euthanized because of severe despiratory distress. Mice in Group II which were exposed to pregressively increasing oxygen partial pressures survived. Pulmonary surfactant was obtained by saline lavage of the lungs. Chloroform/methanol extracted samples from oxygen-exposed mice in Group I displayed lower surfactant activity than Group II or controls. In fact, surfactant activity of mice dying in respiratory distress after 7 d was markedly lower than that of all other animals. Mice in Group II exhibited significantly lower(p less than 0.05) surfactant activity than controls, X = 34.71 and 38.58 respectively. This lower surfactant activity was consistent for Group II throughout the 150-d exposure except at the 90-d and 150-d exposures. The findings of this investigation support preceding studies which contend that the lung is the most vulnerable target for oxygen toxicity at altitude. It appears that an adaptive process involving both quantitative and qualitative changes in the pulmonary surfactant enabled animals in Group II to survive the progressively increasing ocygen partial pressures in an environment where survival would not normally be possible.", "contents": "Effects of long-term exposures to 100% oxygen at selected simulated altitudes on the pulmonary surfactant in mice. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects on pulmonary surfactant in mice after long-duration exposure to 100% oxygen at various partial pressures equivalent to 842 mb (632) mmHg) or less. Six-month-old female CBA mice, weighing 25-35 g, were exposed to the pure oxygen environment. The effect on pulmonary surfactant was evaluated in two groups of 16 experimental animals and compared with control groups which were maintained in a similar environmentally controlled chamber at sea level conditions. Group I was exposed to pure oxygen at 842 mb (632 mmHg), a level known to be toxic and lethal. Group II was initially exposed for 60 d to pure oxygen at 420 mb (315 mmHg), a level not expected to be lethal, and the oxygen partial pressure gradually increased in steps over a 150-d period until an oxygen partial pressure at 842 mb (632 mmHg) was reached. In Group I, 12 out of 16 mice died of respiratory distress within 7 d. One died on the 10th day and three survived to complete 15 d of exposure but were euthanized because of severe despiratory distress. Mice in Group II which were exposed to pregressively increasing oxygen partial pressures survived. Pulmonary surfactant was obtained by saline lavage of the lungs. Chloroform/methanol extracted samples from oxygen-exposed mice in Group I displayed lower surfactant activity than Group II or controls. In fact, surfactant activity of mice dying in respiratory distress after 7 d was markedly lower than that of all other animals. Mice in Group II exhibited significantly lower(p less than 0.05) surfactant activity than controls, X = 34.71 and 38.58 respectively. This lower surfactant activity was consistent for Group II throughout the 150-d exposure except at the 90-d and 150-d exposures. The findings of this investigation support preceding studies which contend that the lung is the most vulnerable target for oxygen toxicity at altitude. It appears that an adaptive process involving both quantitative and qualitative changes in the pulmonary surfactant enabled animals in Group II to survive the progressively increasing ocygen partial pressures in an environment where survival would not normally be possible.", "PMID": 1172927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3937", "title": "Increased susceptibility to pulmonary oxygen toxicity after cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition.", "content": "AY-9944, a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, reduces adrenal corticosteroid production and may accelerate pulmonary surfactant production. Divided into four experimental groups were 130 male 100-g, 5-week-old Wistar-Lewis rats. Group 1 received no injections. Group 2 received 0.5 ml N NaCl ip qd times 21 d, and Group 3 received 1.5 mg AY-9944 in 0.5 ml N NaCl ip qd times 21 d. Group 4 animals received 5.0 mg hydrocortisone phosphate in 0.5 ml N NaCl sc qd times 7 d. All injections were done prior to exposing the animals to 98-99 plus % oxygen at 1 atmospheric pressure (OAP) for varying lengths of time. AY-9944 treatment resulted in a significant (p smaller than 0.05) reduction in body growth by Day 7 when compared to saline-injected litter-mates. By Day 21 this difference was highly significant (p equals 0.00002). Lungs from AY-9944 treated rats were heavier than the lungs from the other groups. Surprisingly, there were no differences in lung deflation compliance or area of pressure-volume loop hysteresis between groups before expsoure to O2. Exposure to OAP caused significant increases in lung weights and lung weight/body weight ratios by 48 h in all groups. Lung dry/wet weight ratios decreased in all groups initially but returned to non-OAP levels at 72 h. Lung compliance had decreased significantly from non-OAP levels 56 h in the normal (p equals 0.018), AY-9944 (p equals 0.045) and hydrocortisone (p equals 0.002) groups and after 72 h in the saline group (p equals 0.0015). AY-9944-treated rats had the highest mortality rate from OAP. By 72 h OAP, 40.0% of the normal, 42.9% of the hydrocortisone, 50.0% of the saline, and 100% of the AY-9944 animals were dead. Our study suggests that the effect of AY-9944 on lung lipid metabolism is more detrimental in OAP-exposed rats than the expected benefit of AY-9944's simultaneous reduction in adrenal cortical activity.", "contents": "Increased susceptibility to pulmonary oxygen toxicity after cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition. AY-9944, a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, reduces adrenal corticosteroid production and may accelerate pulmonary surfactant production. Divided into four experimental groups were 130 male 100-g, 5-week-old Wistar-Lewis rats. Group 1 received no injections. Group 2 received 0.5 ml N NaCl ip qd times 21 d, and Group 3 received 1.5 mg AY-9944 in 0.5 ml N NaCl ip qd times 21 d. Group 4 animals received 5.0 mg hydrocortisone phosphate in 0.5 ml N NaCl sc qd times 7 d. All injections were done prior to exposing the animals to 98-99 plus % oxygen at 1 atmospheric pressure (OAP) for varying lengths of time. AY-9944 treatment resulted in a significant (p smaller than 0.05) reduction in body growth by Day 7 when compared to saline-injected litter-mates. By Day 21 this difference was highly significant (p equals 0.00002). Lungs from AY-9944 treated rats were heavier than the lungs from the other groups. Surprisingly, there were no differences in lung deflation compliance or area of pressure-volume loop hysteresis between groups before expsoure to O2. Exposure to OAP caused significant increases in lung weights and lung weight/body weight ratios by 48 h in all groups. Lung dry/wet weight ratios decreased in all groups initially but returned to non-OAP levels at 72 h. Lung compliance had decreased significantly from non-OAP levels 56 h in the normal (p equals 0.018), AY-9944 (p equals 0.045) and hydrocortisone (p equals 0.002) groups and after 72 h in the saline group (p equals 0.0015). AY-9944-treated rats had the highest mortality rate from OAP. By 72 h OAP, 40.0% of the normal, 42.9% of the hydrocortisone, 50.0% of the saline, and 100% of the AY-9944 animals were dead. Our study suggests that the effect of AY-9944 on lung lipid metabolism is more detrimental in OAP-exposed rats than the expected benefit of AY-9944's simultaneous reduction in adrenal cortical activity.", "PMID": 1172928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3938", "title": "Nutritional studies on East African herbivores. 1. Digestibilities of dry matter , crude fibre and crude protein in antelope, cattle and sheep.", "content": "1. A series of digestibility trials was done using four animals of each of the following species: Friesian cattle (Bos taurus), Boran zebu cattle (Bos indicus), Corriedale sheep, fat-tailed sheep, eland (Taurotragus oryx Pallas), Coke's hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokei G\u00fcnther), Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsonii G\u00fcnther) and bush duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia L.). 2. Two batches of pelleted food were prepared from ground maize cobs, cassava, whs (A-E) were prepared containing 65 (A)-135 (E) g crude protein (nitrogen times 6-25)/kg dry matter. The crude-fibre contents of all the diets were similar (120-138 g/kg dry matter). 3. The animals were given the high-protein diet (E), then given diets with decreasing protein contents finishing with the low-protein (A). The antelope and half the sheep were given diets from the first batch of pelleted food, the other four sheep and all the cattle were given diets from the second batch of food. 4. In sheep, there were significant differences in digestibility between the two batches of food. 5. There were no significant differences in the over-all mean digestibilities of all diets when given to cattle (both species) and sheep. However, with diet E, dry-matter digestibility was higher in sheep than in cattle (P smaller than 0-05): the reverse was true with diet A (P smaller than 0-001). Crude-fibre and crude-protein digestibilities followed a similar pattern. The differences between Corriedale and fat-tailed sheep were not significant. The only significant difference between the two species of cattle was the higher digestibility of crude protein in Borans given diet E (P smaller than 0-05). 6. The over-all mean digestibility of the dry matter was higher (P smaller than 0-001) in hartebeest and duiker than in sheep; in Thomson's gazelle (P smaller than 0-01) and eland (P smaller than 0-001) it was lower than in sheep. The values for crude-fibre digestibilities varied in a similar way. 7. The mean apparent digestibility of crude protein was higher (P smaller than 0-001) in eland, hartebeest and duiker than in sheep and gazelle. 8. The results are discussed in relation to the feeding habits and digestive physiology of the various species.", "contents": "Nutritional studies on East African herbivores. 1. Digestibilities of dry matter , crude fibre and crude protein in antelope, cattle and sheep. 1. A series of digestibility trials was done using four animals of each of the following species: Friesian cattle (Bos taurus), Boran zebu cattle (Bos indicus), Corriedale sheep, fat-tailed sheep, eland (Taurotragus oryx Pallas), Coke's hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokei G\u00fcnther), Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsonii G\u00fcnther) and bush duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia L.). 2. Two batches of pelleted food were prepared from ground maize cobs, cassava, whs (A-E) were prepared containing 65 (A)-135 (E) g crude protein (nitrogen times 6-25)/kg dry matter. The crude-fibre contents of all the diets were similar (120-138 g/kg dry matter). 3. The animals were given the high-protein diet (E), then given diets with decreasing protein contents finishing with the low-protein (A). The antelope and half the sheep were given diets from the first batch of pelleted food, the other four sheep and all the cattle were given diets from the second batch of food. 4. In sheep, there were significant differences in digestibility between the two batches of food. 5. There were no significant differences in the over-all mean digestibilities of all diets when given to cattle (both species) and sheep. However, with diet E, dry-matter digestibility was higher in sheep than in cattle (P smaller than 0-05): the reverse was true with diet A (P smaller than 0-001). Crude-fibre and crude-protein digestibilities followed a similar pattern. The differences between Corriedale and fat-tailed sheep were not significant. The only significant difference between the two species of cattle was the higher digestibility of crude protein in Borans given diet E (P smaller than 0-05). 6. The over-all mean digestibility of the dry matter was higher (P smaller than 0-001) in hartebeest and duiker than in sheep; in Thomson's gazelle (P smaller than 0-01) and eland (P smaller than 0-001) it was lower than in sheep. The values for crude-fibre digestibilities varied in a similar way. 7. The mean apparent digestibility of crude protein was higher (P smaller than 0-001) in eland, hartebeest and duiker than in sheep and gazelle. 8. The results are discussed in relation to the feeding habits and digestive physiology of the various species.", "PMID": 1172929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3939", "title": "The effect of dietary lipids on lipolysis in rat adipose tissue.", "content": "1. Rats were fed for 8 weeks on one of five diets differing in the amount of fatty acids 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3. Lipolysis, in vitro, of epididymal fat from fed and fasted rats was measured both basally and in the presence of noradrenaline with and without prostaglandin E1. 2. Lipolysis was markedly influenced by the type of dietary fat. In particular, lipolysis in adipose tissue from rats given diets rich in the fatty acid 18:3 was higher than in the rats given diets containing 18:2. 3. Results showing the effects of fasting on adipose tissue lipolysis are also presented. 4. The results are discussed in relation to the known effects of unsaturated fats on hyperplasia and protein synthesis in adipose tissue and on the possible role of prostaglandins.", "contents": "The effect of dietary lipids on lipolysis in rat adipose tissue. 1. Rats were fed for 8 weeks on one of five diets differing in the amount of fatty acids 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3. Lipolysis, in vitro, of epididymal fat from fed and fasted rats was measured both basally and in the presence of noradrenaline with and without prostaglandin E1. 2. Lipolysis was markedly influenced by the type of dietary fat. In particular, lipolysis in adipose tissue from rats given diets rich in the fatty acid 18:3 was higher than in the rats given diets containing 18:2. 3. Results showing the effects of fasting on adipose tissue lipolysis are also presented. 4. The results are discussed in relation to the known effects of unsaturated fats on hyperplasia and protein synthesis in adipose tissue and on the possible role of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 1172930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3940", "title": "Phosphatidyglycerol in rat lung. II. Comparison of occurrence, composition, and metabolism in surfactant and residual lung fractions.", "content": "A comparison of the occurrence, fatty acid composition, and metabolism of phosphatidyglycerol and phosphatidylcholine in the surfactant and residual fraction of rat lung has been carried out. The surfactant and residual fractions were separated by discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The surfactant fraction was found to contain 69 percent phosphatidylcholine and 7 percent phosphatidylglycerol. The residual fraction contained 46 percent phosphatidylcholine and 3 percent phosphatidylglycerol. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol were found to contain 85 and 79 percent palmitate in the surfactant fraction and 67 and 68 percent in the residual fraction, respectively. Isolated rat lungs were perfused with medium containing [U-14C]glucose, [9,10-3H]palmitate, and [1-14C]acetate and the incorporation into palmitate isolated from the alpha and beta position of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol was determined. Each radioactive substrate was found to be incorporated into palmitate of phosphatidylcholine equally at the alpha and beta position of the surfactant fraction. In the residual fraction the specific activity of the beta position palmitate was found to be twice that of the alpha position. The incorporation of [9,10-3H]palmitate and [1-14C]acetate into palmitate at the alpha and beta positions of phosphatidylglycerol was similar in both the surfactant and residual fractions. In each case palmitate at the alpha position had approximately twice the specific activity of that at the beta position. The incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into phosphatidylglycerol of the surfactant fraction was, however, greater in palmitate at the beta position than at the alpha. The results show that phosphatidylglycerol is associated with the lung surfactant fraction and suggest that palmitate esterified to the alpha and beta positions of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine occurs at different rates and is dependent upon the precursor source of palmitate.", "contents": "Phosphatidyglycerol in rat lung. II. Comparison of occurrence, composition, and metabolism in surfactant and residual lung fractions. A comparison of the occurrence, fatty acid composition, and metabolism of phosphatidyglycerol and phosphatidylcholine in the surfactant and residual fraction of rat lung has been carried out. The surfactant and residual fractions were separated by discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The surfactant fraction was found to contain 69 percent phosphatidylcholine and 7 percent phosphatidylglycerol. The residual fraction contained 46 percent phosphatidylcholine and 3 percent phosphatidylglycerol. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol were found to contain 85 and 79 percent palmitate in the surfactant fraction and 67 and 68 percent in the residual fraction, respectively. Isolated rat lungs were perfused with medium containing [U-14C]glucose, [9,10-3H]palmitate, and [1-14C]acetate and the incorporation into palmitate isolated from the alpha and beta position of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol was determined. Each radioactive substrate was found to be incorporated into palmitate of phosphatidylcholine equally at the alpha and beta position of the surfactant fraction. In the residual fraction the specific activity of the beta position palmitate was found to be twice that of the alpha position. The incorporation of [9,10-3H]palmitate and [1-14C]acetate into palmitate at the alpha and beta positions of phosphatidylglycerol was similar in both the surfactant and residual fractions. In each case palmitate at the alpha position had approximately twice the specific activity of that at the beta position. The incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into phosphatidylglycerol of the surfactant fraction was, however, greater in palmitate at the beta position than at the alpha. The results show that phosphatidylglycerol is associated with the lung surfactant fraction and suggest that palmitate esterified to the alpha and beta positions of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine occurs at different rates and is dependent upon the precursor source of palmitate.", "PMID": 1172931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3941", "title": "Self-inoculation with milk as a cause of recurrent cellulitis.", "content": "A 21-year-old patient had six admissions to hospital for recurrent cellulitis over a 6-month period. She underwent extensive investigations, which failed to reveal any underlying predisposing factors. On the final admission she admitted to injecting herself subcutaneously with milk to induce the lesion. Self-inoculation with foreign material must be considered in patients presenting with recurrent cellulitis.", "contents": "Self-inoculation with milk as a cause of recurrent cellulitis. A 21-year-old patient had six admissions to hospital for recurrent cellulitis over a 6-month period. She underwent extensive investigations, which failed to reveal any underlying predisposing factors. On the final admission she admitted to injecting herself subcutaneously with milk to induce the lesion. Self-inoculation with foreign material must be considered in patients presenting with recurrent cellulitis.", "PMID": 1172935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3942", "title": "Inhibition of DNA chain growth by alpha-2'-deoxythioguanosine.", "content": "Mecca lymphosarcoma cells were incubated with (35-S)-alpha-2'-deoxythioguanosine for 8 hr and DNA was analyzed in alkaline sucrose gradients. 35-S radioactivity was found exclusively in a low-molecular-weight fraction. Pulse-chase experiments showed that 35-S-containing DNA fragments formed during the pulse were not incorporated into high-molecular-weight DNA following the chase. These results, together with the previous observation that (35-S)-alpha-2'-deoxythioguanosine was found predominantly in the terminal nucleoside position of DNA chains, suggested that alpha-2'deoxythioguanosine, once incorporated, terminates chain elongation.", "contents": "Inhibition of DNA chain growth by alpha-2'-deoxythioguanosine. Mecca lymphosarcoma cells were incubated with (35-S)-alpha-2'-deoxythioguanosine for 8 hr and DNA was analyzed in alkaline sucrose gradients. 35-S radioactivity was found exclusively in a low-molecular-weight fraction. Pulse-chase experiments showed that 35-S-containing DNA fragments formed during the pulse were not incorporated into high-molecular-weight DNA following the chase. These results, together with the previous observation that (35-S)-alpha-2'-deoxythioguanosine was found predominantly in the terminal nucleoside position of DNA chains, suggested that alpha-2'deoxythioguanosine, once incorporated, terminates chain elongation.", "PMID": 1172936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3943", "title": "A remission of goitrous hypothyroidism during pregnancy.", "content": "A 21-yr-old female with a diffuse goiter, hypothyroidism, elevated thyroid autoantibodies, and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis on needle biopsy, was subsequently nongoitrous and euthyroid with normal antibody titers during pregnancy. Following deliver, the goiter reappeared, autoantibody titers rose and hypothyroidism recurred. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis may undergo spontaneous remission during pregnancy.", "contents": "A remission of goitrous hypothyroidism during pregnancy. A 21-yr-old female with a diffuse goiter, hypothyroidism, elevated thyroid autoantibodies, and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis on needle biopsy, was subsequently nongoitrous and euthyroid with normal antibody titers during pregnancy. Following deliver, the goiter reappeared, autoantibody titers rose and hypothyroidism recurred. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis may undergo spontaneous remission during pregnancy.", "PMID": 1172939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3944", "title": "Studies on the reproductive system of Hymenolepis diminuta using autoradiography and transplantation.", "content": "Adult Hymenolepis diminuta exposed in vitro for 3 hr to 3H-thymidine showed incorporation of the isotope on autoradiograms over nuclei of actively dividing cells in the testes, ovary, vitellaria, and developing embryos in the eggs. Timing studies utilizing labeled worms transplanted to uninfected hosts showed that it took 18 hr for spermatogonia to develop to primary spermatocytes, 24 hr to secondary spermatocytes, 36 hr to spermatids, and 48 hr to sperm bundles. Self-insemination was confirmed in single worm transplants of 3 days by the presence of labeled sperm in the seminal receptacles. In multiple worm transplants labeled worms inseminated themselves in each case and cross-inseminated with 92% of the unlabeled worms present.", "contents": "Studies on the reproductive system of Hymenolepis diminuta using autoradiography and transplantation. Adult Hymenolepis diminuta exposed in vitro for 3 hr to 3H-thymidine showed incorporation of the isotope on autoradiograms over nuclei of actively dividing cells in the testes, ovary, vitellaria, and developing embryos in the eggs. Timing studies utilizing labeled worms transplanted to uninfected hosts showed that it took 18 hr for spermatogonia to develop to primary spermatocytes, 24 hr to secondary spermatocytes, 36 hr to spermatids, and 48 hr to sperm bundles. Self-insemination was confirmed in single worm transplants of 3 days by the presence of labeled sperm in the seminal receptacles. In multiple worm transplants labeled worms inseminated themselves in each case and cross-inseminated with 92% of the unlabeled worms present.", "PMID": 1172942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3945", "title": "Primary osteoarthrosis of the knee or hip. Prevalence of Heberden nodes in relation to age and sex.", "content": "One hundred twenty probands with primary osteoarthrosis of the hip or knee were examined prospectively; there were 194 controls. In addition, 193 patients with hip or knee arthrosis were examined retrospectively. Restriction of rotation on physical examination accurately differentiated arthrotic hips from normal ones. Among women, 38% of the controls and 49% of the probands had Heberden nodes (P more than .1). Their prevalence increased with age. Individuals with multiple arthrosis joints were not older than those with single joint involvement, and they has a similar prevalence of nodes. Of the probands, 14% had arthrosis of both the knee and hip. Of those with bilateral hip arthrosis, 33% had knee arthrosis as well. Heberden nodes are unrelated to osteoarthrosis of the knee or hip. Knee and hip arthroses frequently occur together and remain confined to the initially affected joints. They may have a common cause.", "contents": "Primary osteoarthrosis of the knee or hip. Prevalence of Heberden nodes in relation to age and sex. One hundred twenty probands with primary osteoarthrosis of the hip or knee were examined prospectively; there were 194 controls. In addition, 193 patients with hip or knee arthrosis were examined retrospectively. Restriction of rotation on physical examination accurately differentiated arthrotic hips from normal ones. Among women, 38% of the controls and 49% of the probands had Heberden nodes (P more than .1). Their prevalence increased with age. Individuals with multiple arthrosis joints were not older than those with single joint involvement, and they has a similar prevalence of nodes. Of the probands, 14% had arthrosis of both the knee and hip. Of those with bilateral hip arthrosis, 33% had knee arthrosis as well. Heberden nodes are unrelated to osteoarthrosis of the knee or hip. Knee and hip arthroses frequently occur together and remain confined to the initially affected joints. They may have a common cause.", "PMID": 1172952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3946", "title": "Detection of hypertension. Blood pressure determination in outpatient clinics of medical school-affiliated training programs.", "content": "We evaluated past medical records and conducted a hypertension screening program in the outpatient clinic of a university hospital, a community hospital, and a city hospital, with the aid of specially trained high school students under the direction of a cardiovascular nurse. Fifty-one percent of the adult black outpatients had elevations of arterial blood pressure; one half of these patients were aware of a history of hypertension. Analysis of the clinic records showed that many patients who had made multiple visits to the clinic had never had a blood pressure recorded in their charts. If progress is to be made in the detection of hypertension, blood pressures must be routinely determined. This should be incorporated into all clinic routines, particularly in clinics staffed by physicians-in-training.", "contents": "Detection of hypertension. Blood pressure determination in outpatient clinics of medical school-affiliated training programs. We evaluated past medical records and conducted a hypertension screening program in the outpatient clinic of a university hospital, a community hospital, and a city hospital, with the aid of specially trained high school students under the direction of a cardiovascular nurse. Fifty-one percent of the adult black outpatients had elevations of arterial blood pressure; one half of these patients were aware of a history of hypertension. Analysis of the clinic records showed that many patients who had made multiple visits to the clinic had never had a blood pressure recorded in their charts. If progress is to be made in the detection of hypertension, blood pressures must be routinely determined. This should be incorporated into all clinic routines, particularly in clinics staffed by physicians-in-training.", "PMID": 1172953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3947", "title": "Human disease caused by Brucella canis. A clinical and epidemiologic study of two cases.", "content": "Nonlaboratory-associated human illness caused by Brucella canis occurred in two persons. Fever, chills, malaise, and weight loss were prominent symptoms in both patients. Epidemiologic investigation identified a household dog as the likely source of one patient's infection, and serologic studies and blood cultures on neighborhood dogs showed that approximately 30% were positive for B canis. Persons exposed to infected dogs appeared to have a low risk of disease. Although routine Brucella agglutinin tests do not detect antibodies to B canis, available methods for diagnosis include a specific B canis serologic test and culture techniques.", "contents": "Human disease caused by Brucella canis. A clinical and epidemiologic study of two cases. Nonlaboratory-associated human illness caused by Brucella canis occurred in two persons. Fever, chills, malaise, and weight loss were prominent symptoms in both patients. Epidemiologic investigation identified a household dog as the likely source of one patient's infection, and serologic studies and blood cultures on neighborhood dogs showed that approximately 30% were positive for B canis. Persons exposed to infected dogs appeared to have a low risk of disease. Although routine Brucella agglutinin tests do not detect antibodies to B canis, available methods for diagnosis include a specific B canis serologic test and culture techniques.", "PMID": 1172954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3948", "title": "Hypertensive crisis and death associated with phencyclidine poisoning.", "content": "Phencyclidine hydrochloride is a dangerous drug. Its incidence as the causative agent in childhood poisoning is increasing. A pressor effect of phencyclidine has been noted in studies both in man and in experimental animals. We summarize seven cases of poisoning with this drug, including one in which death occurred following a hypertensive crisis. Patients who have ingested this drug should have continuous monitoring of blood pressure in an intensive care unit.", "contents": "Hypertensive crisis and death associated with phencyclidine poisoning. Phencyclidine hydrochloride is a dangerous drug. Its incidence as the causative agent in childhood poisoning is increasing. A pressor effect of phencyclidine has been noted in studies both in man and in experimental animals. We summarize seven cases of poisoning with this drug, including one in which death occurred following a hypertensive crisis. Patients who have ingested this drug should have continuous monitoring of blood pressure in an intensive care unit.", "PMID": 1172955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3949", "title": "Minibike and motorcycle accidents in adolescents. A new epidemic.", "content": "Twenty-one adolescents, ranging in age from 9 to 16 years, sustained accidental injuries while operating a minibike, motorcycle, or go-cart. Their injuries ranged from lacerations and contusions to paraplegia and amputation. This study suggests that this new pattern of injury is reaching epidemic levels in this age group.", "contents": "Minibike and motorcycle accidents in adolescents. A new epidemic. Twenty-one adolescents, ranging in age from 9 to 16 years, sustained accidental injuries while operating a minibike, motorcycle, or go-cart. Their injuries ranged from lacerations and contusions to paraplegia and amputation. This study suggests that this new pattern of injury is reaching epidemic levels in this age group.", "PMID": 1172972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3950", "title": "Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Relative efficiency of serum enzyme and isoenzyme measurements.", "content": "Total serum enzyme activity for creatine phosphokinase (CPK), alpha-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (HBDH), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), as well as the isoenzymes of CPK and LDH, were measured on admission and for ten subsequent days in 100 patients admitted consecutively to a coronary care unit. On discharge, patients were classified by a cardiologist as either having or not having suffered an acute myocardial infarction (MI) on the basis of clinical and electrocardiographic criteria--without knowledge of the enzyme studies. The combined use of CPK and LDH isoenzyme levels provided the greatest laboratory discrimination between the two clinical groups (MI vs non-MI). The routine use of HBDH and SGOT levels can be abandoned in the setting of a coronary care unit if CPK and LDH isoenzyme assays are available.", "contents": "Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Relative efficiency of serum enzyme and isoenzyme measurements. Total serum enzyme activity for creatine phosphokinase (CPK), alpha-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (HBDH), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), as well as the isoenzymes of CPK and LDH, were measured on admission and for ten subsequent days in 100 patients admitted consecutively to a coronary care unit. On discharge, patients were classified by a cardiologist as either having or not having suffered an acute myocardial infarction (MI) on the basis of clinical and electrocardiographic criteria--without knowledge of the enzyme studies. The combined use of CPK and LDH isoenzyme levels provided the greatest laboratory discrimination between the two clinical groups (MI vs non-MI). The routine use of HBDH and SGOT levels can be abandoned in the setting of a coronary care unit if CPK and LDH isoenzyme assays are available.", "PMID": 1172987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3951", "title": "Feasibility of open heart surgery in a community hospital.", "content": "A program for open heart surgery in one community hospital was formulated and put into practice. Experience gained indicates that such services are a necessity in hospitals that fulfill certain criteria. The program is safe and inexpensive. A house staff is not a prerequisite. Finally, the analysis of data obtained from the first 100 cases compares very favorably with results in large medical centers, indicating that the patient's recovery is not compromised.", "contents": "Feasibility of open heart surgery in a community hospital. A program for open heart surgery in one community hospital was formulated and put into practice. Experience gained indicates that such services are a necessity in hospitals that fulfill certain criteria. The program is safe and inexpensive. A house staff is not a prerequisite. Finally, the analysis of data obtained from the first 100 cases compares very favorably with results in large medical centers, indicating that the patient's recovery is not compromised.", "PMID": 1172988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3952", "title": "Osteoarthritis beginning with inflammation. Definitions and correlations.", "content": "A syndrome of acute onset of inflammation over interphalangeal joints heralding deforming osteoarthritis may be intermediate between degenerative and rheumatoid joint diseases. The syndrome appears predominantly in women of menopausal age and is remarkably symmetrical. In a prospective study of 170 propositi, later changes more characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis than of generalized or erosive osteoarthritis developed in 15.3%.", "contents": "Osteoarthritis beginning with inflammation. Definitions and correlations. A syndrome of acute onset of inflammation over interphalangeal joints heralding deforming osteoarthritis may be intermediate between degenerative and rheumatoid joint diseases. The syndrome appears predominantly in women of menopausal age and is remarkably symmetrical. In a prospective study of 170 propositi, later changes more characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis than of generalized or erosive osteoarthritis developed in 15.3%.", "PMID": 1172989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3953", "title": "LH and its subunits in human pituitary, serum and urine.", "content": "Human postmenopausal serum and urine, and saline extracts of human pituitaries were gel-filtered on Sephadex G-100. The eluted fractions were radioimmunoassayed using 3 specific assays for native hLh, hLHalpha and hLHbeta. The elution profile of immunoreactive components in postmenopausal urine exhibited 2 peaks of activity corresponding to those demonstrated for 125I-labeled hLH and hLHalpha. No LHbeta was demonstrated. The immunoreactive components of post-menopausal serum eluted identically to 125I-LH, LHalpha and LHbeta. In addition, a peak of immunoreactive LH material was observed in the pre-LH region of the elution profile, distinctly separate from the void volume. The percent of the total immunoassayable serum LH contained in this peak varied. In elution profiles of all pituitary extracts, LH, LHalpha and LHbeta elution peaks corresponding to the respective labeled preparations were observed. An apparent excess of free alpha subunit was noted. All three antisera demonstrated immunoassayable LH material in the void volume. This large species contained a higher proportion of material reacting in the anti-hLHalpha system than did native hLH. Examination of the void volume material by electron microscopy indicated membrane material, but no ribosomes. Chemical assay failed to detect RNA. When void volume material was subjected to conditions which are known to (a) disrupt membrane continuity and (b) dissociate the noncovalently bonded subunits of native LH, this large species of LH failed to dissociate into smaller molecular species. These studies reveal: (1) an excess of free alpha subunit in the pituitary, serum and urine; (2) a large species of LH in the pituitary which upon analysis does not appear to be simple aggregation of LH, MEMBRANE ENTRAPPED NATIVE LH, OR RIBOSOMAL BOUND LH.", "contents": "LH and its subunits in human pituitary, serum and urine. Human postmenopausal serum and urine, and saline extracts of human pituitaries were gel-filtered on Sephadex G-100. The eluted fractions were radioimmunoassayed using 3 specific assays for native hLh, hLHalpha and hLHbeta. The elution profile of immunoreactive components in postmenopausal urine exhibited 2 peaks of activity corresponding to those demonstrated for 125I-labeled hLH and hLHalpha. No LHbeta was demonstrated. The immunoreactive components of post-menopausal serum eluted identically to 125I-LH, LHalpha and LHbeta. In addition, a peak of immunoreactive LH material was observed in the pre-LH region of the elution profile, distinctly separate from the void volume. The percent of the total immunoassayable serum LH contained in this peak varied. In elution profiles of all pituitary extracts, LH, LHalpha and LHbeta elution peaks corresponding to the respective labeled preparations were observed. An apparent excess of free alpha subunit was noted. All three antisera demonstrated immunoassayable LH material in the void volume. This large species contained a higher proportion of material reacting in the anti-hLHalpha system than did native hLH. Examination of the void volume material by electron microscopy indicated membrane material, but no ribosomes. Chemical assay failed to detect RNA. When void volume material was subjected to conditions which are known to (a) disrupt membrane continuity and (b) dissociate the noncovalently bonded subunits of native LH, this large species of LH failed to dissociate into smaller molecular species. These studies reveal: (1) an excess of free alpha subunit in the pituitary, serum and urine; (2) a large species of LH in the pituitary which upon analysis does not appear to be simple aggregation of LH, MEMBRANE ENTRAPPED NATIVE LH, OR RIBOSOMAL BOUND LH.", "PMID": 1172998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3954", "title": "Thyroid imaging in lymphocytic throiditis.", "content": "The thyroid radionuclide images of 51 adult patients with a histological diagnosis of either Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) were reviewed. The findings were variable but similar in the two groups, the most common being a multinodular pattern and the presence of hypofunctional nodules. Thyroid carcinoma was found in 2 of 41 patients with CLT and in 4 of 10 with HT. In a patient with clinical or laboratory evidence of HT and the radionuclide image finding of a cold nodule, thyroid carcinoma should be excluded by surgical biopsy.", "contents": "Thyroid imaging in lymphocytic throiditis. The thyroid radionuclide images of 51 adult patients with a histological diagnosis of either Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) were reviewed. The findings were variable but similar in the two groups, the most common being a multinodular pattern and the presence of hypofunctional nodules. Thyroid carcinoma was found in 2 of 41 patients with CLT and in 4 of 10 with HT. In a patient with clinical or laboratory evidence of HT and the radionuclide image finding of a cold nodule, thyroid carcinoma should be excluded by surgical biopsy.", "PMID": 1173005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3955", "title": "Pattle's bubble-stability method in the rat.", "content": "The following report deals with Pattle's alveolar bubble-stability method for surfactant studies in rats. There was no difference in stability ratio of bubbles obtained from separate lung lobes without gross pathological lesions. Bubble stability was not influenced by microscopic illumination (used only briefly for photographing) and by 1-day storage at plus 4degrees C. The stability ratio was significantly lower in distilled water in comparison with the value obtained in isotonic saline. If the time interval passing from squeezing of the bubbles to the time of the first measurement is strictly retained, the reliability of the method is satisfactory. The use of cummulative distribution curves of individual stability ratios' values and non-parametric testing of such results is recommended.", "contents": "Pattle's bubble-stability method in the rat. The following report deals with Pattle's alveolar bubble-stability method for surfactant studies in rats. There was no difference in stability ratio of bubbles obtained from separate lung lobes without gross pathological lesions. Bubble stability was not influenced by microscopic illumination (used only briefly for photographing) and by 1-day storage at plus 4degrees C. The stability ratio was significantly lower in distilled water in comparison with the value obtained in isotonic saline. If the time interval passing from squeezing of the bubbles to the time of the first measurement is strictly retained, the reliability of the method is satisfactory. The use of cummulative distribution curves of individual stability ratios' values and non-parametric testing of such results is recommended.", "PMID": 1173006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3956", "title": "Protein-losing enteropathy in lymphoma of the small intestine.", "content": "A patient with crampy abdominal pain was found to have involvement of the jejunum and ileum with innumerable small polypoid filling defects. At laparotomy, dilated serosal lymphatics were seen, and a diagnosis of lymphoma was established on the basis of intestinal and lymph node biopsy. Later, he was determined to have protein-losing enteropathy, and this parameter was used to assess his response to chemotherapy directed at the lymphoma.", "contents": "Protein-losing enteropathy in lymphoma of the small intestine. A patient with crampy abdominal pain was found to have involvement of the jejunum and ileum with innumerable small polypoid filling defects. At laparotomy, dilated serosal lymphatics were seen, and a diagnosis of lymphoma was established on the basis of intestinal and lymph node biopsy. Later, he was determined to have protein-losing enteropathy, and this parameter was used to assess his response to chemotherapy directed at the lymphoma.", "PMID": 1173007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3957", "title": "Technical advances in resection and graft replacement of thoracic, abdominal, peripheral aneurysms.", "content": "Condition we now term aneurysm, deriving from the Greek word for \"a sidening,\" has been recognized since the earliest days of medical history. The predilection of such lesions to rupture, with resultant hemorrhage, thrombosis, and distal ischemia, has led to constant attempts at surgical management, including ligation and incision, wrapping, wiring, plasticizing, packing, obliterative and reconstructive endoaneurysmorrhaphy, and a wide variety of procedures both ingenious and ingenuous. Modern treatment depends on minimal dissection, to obtain proximal and distal control, incision of only the anterior wall, and every attempt to maintain the integrity of the major portion of the involved vessel. A technique of intrasaccular interpolative anastomosis is used, taking deep and generous. The posterior wall of the aneurysm supports the suture lines and splints the graft firmly. Coverage of the graft with the residual sac protects the surrounding organs, minimizing possible complications. The method is applicable to aneurysms of a variety of anatomic sites, even in the presence of dissection, except those aneurysms involving the transverse aortic arch and thoracoabdominal aneurysms involving major visceral branches. Finally, the described techniques lend themselves easily to any sizable peripheral aneurysm and are simpler and safer than other surgical modalities such as total extirpation and bypass procedures.", "contents": "Technical advances in resection and graft replacement of thoracic, abdominal, peripheral aneurysms. Condition we now term aneurysm, deriving from the Greek word for \"a sidening,\" has been recognized since the earliest days of medical history. The predilection of such lesions to rupture, with resultant hemorrhage, thrombosis, and distal ischemia, has led to constant attempts at surgical management, including ligation and incision, wrapping, wiring, plasticizing, packing, obliterative and reconstructive endoaneurysmorrhaphy, and a wide variety of procedures both ingenious and ingenuous. Modern treatment depends on minimal dissection, to obtain proximal and distal control, incision of only the anterior wall, and every attempt to maintain the integrity of the major portion of the involved vessel. A technique of intrasaccular interpolative anastomosis is used, taking deep and generous. The posterior wall of the aneurysm supports the suture lines and splints the graft firmly. Coverage of the graft with the residual sac protects the surrounding organs, minimizing possible complications. The method is applicable to aneurysms of a variety of anatomic sites, even in the presence of dissection, except those aneurysms involving the transverse aortic arch and thoracoabdominal aneurysms involving major visceral branches. Finally, the described techniques lend themselves easily to any sizable peripheral aneurysm and are simpler and safer than other surgical modalities such as total extirpation and bypass procedures.", "PMID": 1173008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3958", "title": "Corticosteroids and bioavailability.", "content": "This presentation has attempted to provide a brief view of the importance of bioavailability and bioequivalence to those physicians who use corticosteroids. In particular it emphasizes that in vitro tests may not be reliable for predicting variability between formulations and, more importantly, cannot take the place of a bioavailability study. The implication would seen clear: namely, that a manufacturer who wishes to market a formulation similar to that already available and found to be acceptable clinically cannot rely on merely matching the standard formulation with in vitro tests but should substantiate that his formulation is, indeed, bioequivalent to the standard. In addition, data have been presented that clearly suggest the importance of bioavailability methodology as a new and useful pharmacological tool. In conclusion, as far as the bioavailability of corticosteroids in the marketplace is concerned, an old adage may be paraphrased: \"If you don't know your bioavailability, know your manufacturer.\"", "contents": "Corticosteroids and bioavailability. This presentation has attempted to provide a brief view of the importance of bioavailability and bioequivalence to those physicians who use corticosteroids. In particular it emphasizes that in vitro tests may not be reliable for predicting variability between formulations and, more importantly, cannot take the place of a bioavailability study. The implication would seen clear: namely, that a manufacturer who wishes to market a formulation similar to that already available and found to be acceptable clinically cannot rely on merely matching the standard formulation with in vitro tests but should substantiate that his formulation is, indeed, bioequivalent to the standard. In addition, data have been presented that clearly suggest the importance of bioavailability methodology as a new and useful pharmacological tool. In conclusion, as far as the bioavailability of corticosteroids in the marketplace is concerned, an old adage may be paraphrased: \"If you don't know your bioavailability, know your manufacturer.\"", "PMID": 1173009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3959", "title": "Trends in radiologic technology education.", "content": "Allied health person-power education has for the past ten years shifted significantly from the hospital to college-based degree programs.  Academically strong co-sponsored (college-hospital) programs offer considerable advantage for the health professional.  Radiologic technology education generally has not kept pace with this trend.  The need in radiologic technology education is not for additional training programs, but for better ones, and for continuing education for in-service personnel.  Radiologic technologists should challenge their local institutions of higher education to provide for their needs and aspirations.", "contents": "Trends in radiologic technology education. Allied health person-power education has for the past ten years shifted significantly from the hospital to college-based degree programs.  Academically strong co-sponsored (college-hospital) programs offer considerable advantage for the health professional.  Radiologic technology education generally has not kept pace with this trend.  The need in radiologic technology education is not for additional training programs, but for better ones, and for continuing education for in-service personnel.  Radiologic technologists should challenge their local institutions of higher education to provide for their needs and aspirations.", "PMID": 1173004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3960", "title": "Photoperiodic control of LH release in the ram. I. Influence of increasing and decreasing light photoperiods.", "content": "The influence of variations in the duration of light photoperiod on LH release has been studied in intact and castrated rams submitted to a 6 months \"annual\" light rhythm. Blood was collected once a month and the plasma LH levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. In intact rams, the LH level is decreased when the light photoperiod is increased, but as soon as this photoperiod begins to decrease, a sharp increase (about 80%) in the LH level is observed. Thereafter a slow decline in plasma LH occurs until the photoperiod reaches a minimum. In the castrated animals, the plasma LH level is three to four times higher than in the intact animals but the pattern of the variations with regard to the light photoperiod duration, is essentially the same. Thus an increase of 59 and 43% in plasma LH occurs in the two breeds used when the light photoperiod begins to decrease. These results indicate that hypothalamo-hypophyseal activity is modulated by gradual changes in the duration of light photoperiods either in the presence or absence of androgens.", "contents": "Photoperiodic control of LH release in the ram. I. Influence of increasing and decreasing light photoperiods. The influence of variations in the duration of light photoperiod on LH release has been studied in intact and castrated rams submitted to a 6 months \"annual\" light rhythm. Blood was collected once a month and the plasma LH levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. In intact rams, the LH level is decreased when the light photoperiod is increased, but as soon as this photoperiod begins to decrease, a sharp increase (about 80%) in the LH level is observed. Thereafter a slow decline in plasma LH occurs until the photoperiod reaches a minimum. In the castrated animals, the plasma LH level is three to four times higher than in the intact animals but the pattern of the variations with regard to the light photoperiod duration, is essentially the same. Thus an increase of 59 and 43% in plasma LH occurs in the two breeds used when the light photoperiod begins to decrease. These results indicate that hypothalamo-hypophyseal activity is modulated by gradual changes in the duration of light photoperiods either in the presence or absence of androgens.", "PMID": 1173012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3961", "title": "Photoperiodic control of LH release in the ram. II. Light-androgens interaction.", "content": "The intensity of negative feedback of androgens on hypothalamo-hypophyseal activity was compared in two groups of castrated rams under 8.00 or 16.00 h of daily illumination respectively following a conditioning period. In experiment I, two groups of 15 rams under each light photoperiod were slaughtered at different times after a 200 mg testosterone propionate (TP) intramuscular injection. Animals receiving the vehicle only acted as controls. The hypophyseal LH concentration, which increases when there is temporary inhibition of the release into the blood, was taken as a criterion of the inhibition due to TP. In both groups of rams the LH concentration increased in the pituitary following TP treatment. A return to the pre-injection level was observed 48 h later only in animals under a 8.00 h light photoperiod, indicating a shorter negative effect of the injection than in the case of rams under 16.00 h light photoperiod. In experiment II, the inhibitory effect of TP was assessed at two doses, i. e. 300 and 600 mg, by the decrease in the plasma LH level following an intramuscularly injection. In both cases the decrease in LH release was more pronounced in rams under 16.00 h of daily illumination than in those under 8.00 h (mean decrease in LH release: 21.2 and 33.2% respectively in 300 and 600 mg treated rams under 16.00 h daylight as against 9.2 and 14.8% in rams under 8.00 h). Thus it appears that to the intrinsic action of the photoperiod is superposed on a modulatory effect of steroid action on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal activity. The hypothesis is therefore presented that, in rams a decreasing light photoperiod acts in two ways: 1) by stimulating the activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system, 2) by decreasing the intensity of the negative feedback effect of steroids.", "contents": "Photoperiodic control of LH release in the ram. II. Light-androgens interaction. The intensity of negative feedback of androgens on hypothalamo-hypophyseal activity was compared in two groups of castrated rams under 8.00 or 16.00 h of daily illumination respectively following a conditioning period. In experiment I, two groups of 15 rams under each light photoperiod were slaughtered at different times after a 200 mg testosterone propionate (TP) intramuscular injection. Animals receiving the vehicle only acted as controls. The hypophyseal LH concentration, which increases when there is temporary inhibition of the release into the blood, was taken as a criterion of the inhibition due to TP. In both groups of rams the LH concentration increased in the pituitary following TP treatment. A return to the pre-injection level was observed 48 h later only in animals under a 8.00 h light photoperiod, indicating a shorter negative effect of the injection than in the case of rams under 16.00 h light photoperiod. In experiment II, the inhibitory effect of TP was assessed at two doses, i. e. 300 and 600 mg, by the decrease in the plasma LH level following an intramuscularly injection. In both cases the decrease in LH release was more pronounced in rams under 16.00 h of daily illumination than in those under 8.00 h (mean decrease in LH release: 21.2 and 33.2% respectively in 300 and 600 mg treated rams under 16.00 h daylight as against 9.2 and 14.8% in rams under 8.00 h). Thus it appears that to the intrinsic action of the photoperiod is superposed on a modulatory effect of steroid action on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal activity. The hypothesis is therefore presented that, in rams a decreasing light photoperiod acts in two ways: 1) by stimulating the activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system, 2) by decreasing the intensity of the negative feedback effect of steroids.", "PMID": 1173013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3962", "title": "Effect of the exposure to cold on the extrathyroidal conversion of L-thyroxine to triiodo-L-thyronine, and on intramitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in thyroidectomized rats on L-thyroxine.", "content": "Thyroidectomized rats have been injected daily with 125-I labelled L-thyroxine (T4) and, once isotopic equilibrium was attained, divided into cold-exposed (4-10 degrees C) and control (21-24 degrees C) groups, the daily T4 administration being continued till the end of the experiment. Fourteen days after onset of cold exposure, the total I of different organs and of the carcass was determined and the tissues submitted to extraction and paper chromatography for the separation of T4 and T4-derived I-containing compounds. The Activity of intramitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) was measured in kidneys and liver. It was found that the total amount of I was intensely decreased in all samples from cold-exposed animals. The proportion of this Iwhich was non-extractable was the same, in all tissues, for cold-exposed and control rats. The % of extractable tissue radioactivity in the form of T4 was decreased, and that found as T4-derived T3 was increased, in all samples from cold-exposed animals. The T3/T4 ratio was increased more than two-fold in all tissues studied. The concentration of T4 decreased significantly in all tissues, whereas the concentration of T3 in tissues of cold-exposed rats did not decrease. It actually increased in kidneys and lungs, and remained the same in liver and carcass. Despite the decrease in the concentration of T4 in the kidneys, alpha-GPD activity was increased in this tissue, where the concentration of T3 was increased. No change in the alpha-GPD activity was found for the liver, where the concentration of T3 was the same for cold-exposed and control rats. Thus, it appears likely that the conversion of T4 AND T3 is increased by the exposure to cold of thyroidectomized rats on a constant dose of T4.alpha-GPD activity in a given tissue appears to be more closely related to the concentration of T3, than to that of T4.", "contents": "Effect of the exposure to cold on the extrathyroidal conversion of L-thyroxine to triiodo-L-thyronine, and on intramitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in thyroidectomized rats on L-thyroxine. Thyroidectomized rats have been injected daily with 125-I labelled L-thyroxine (T4) and, once isotopic equilibrium was attained, divided into cold-exposed (4-10 degrees C) and control (21-24 degrees C) groups, the daily T4 administration being continued till the end of the experiment. Fourteen days after onset of cold exposure, the total I of different organs and of the carcass was determined and the tissues submitted to extraction and paper chromatography for the separation of T4 and T4-derived I-containing compounds. The Activity of intramitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) was measured in kidneys and liver. It was found that the total amount of I was intensely decreased in all samples from cold-exposed animals. The proportion of this Iwhich was non-extractable was the same, in all tissues, for cold-exposed and control rats. The % of extractable tissue radioactivity in the form of T4 was decreased, and that found as T4-derived T3 was increased, in all samples from cold-exposed animals. The T3/T4 ratio was increased more than two-fold in all tissues studied. The concentration of T4 decreased significantly in all tissues, whereas the concentration of T3 in tissues of cold-exposed rats did not decrease. It actually increased in kidneys and lungs, and remained the same in liver and carcass. Despite the decrease in the concentration of T4 in the kidneys, alpha-GPD activity was increased in this tissue, where the concentration of T3 was increased. No change in the alpha-GPD activity was found for the liver, where the concentration of T3 was the same for cold-exposed and control rats. Thus, it appears likely that the conversion of T4 AND T3 is increased by the exposure to cold of thyroidectomized rats on a constant dose of T4.alpha-GPD activity in a given tissue appears to be more closely related to the concentration of T3, than to that of T4.", "PMID": 1173014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3963", "title": "The diagnostic value of a radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone in human serum.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) in human serum is described. The assay is based on the ability of human parathyroid hormone (h-PTH) to compete with 125I-labelled bovine parathyroid hormone (b-PTH) for binding to a guinea-pig antiserum directed against b-PTH. The linear part of the standard curve was parallel with dose response curves for anti-b-PTH serum reacting with dilutions of sera from patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and from h-PTH purified from human parathyroid adenomas, indicating that levels of immunoreactive PTH could be expressed as b-PTH equivalents. The range in 62 healthy blood donors was 1.1-2.5 ng b-PTH Eg./ml. The reproducibility was satisfactory, and the sensitivity permitted the measurement of PTH concentrations down to 0.8 ng b-PTH Eg./ml. No crossreaction with h-CT, h-STH or h-ACTH was observed. The clinical value of the assay has been considered in a number of patients with various disorders of calcium metabolism, diagnosed and treated conventionally. About 80 per cent of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism had elevated PTH levels on one or more occasions before surgery. In patients with chronic renal failure of other aetiology than primary hyperparathyroidism the levels were usually far higher. Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and increased S-creatinine had higher PTH levels than those with normal S-creatinine. After parathyroidectomy all previously increased PTH levels became normal or low. High PTH concentrations were found in 3 patients with normocalcaemic hyperparathyroidism who at operation were shown to have parathyroid adenomas. However, in normocalcaemic patients there were also some falsely elevated PTH values which limit the diagnostic value of the assay in this group of patients. Low PTH values were observed in patients with hypercalcaemia due to malignant disorders, indicating that PTH determination may be of some value in the diagnosis of patients with hypercalcaemia of unknown origin.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of a radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone in human serum. A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) in human serum is described. The assay is based on the ability of human parathyroid hormone (h-PTH) to compete with 125I-labelled bovine parathyroid hormone (b-PTH) for binding to a guinea-pig antiserum directed against b-PTH. The linear part of the standard curve was parallel with dose response curves for anti-b-PTH serum reacting with dilutions of sera from patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and from h-PTH purified from human parathyroid adenomas, indicating that levels of immunoreactive PTH could be expressed as b-PTH equivalents. The range in 62 healthy blood donors was 1.1-2.5 ng b-PTH Eg./ml. The reproducibility was satisfactory, and the sensitivity permitted the measurement of PTH concentrations down to 0.8 ng b-PTH Eg./ml. No crossreaction with h-CT, h-STH or h-ACTH was observed. The clinical value of the assay has been considered in a number of patients with various disorders of calcium metabolism, diagnosed and treated conventionally. About 80 per cent of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism had elevated PTH levels on one or more occasions before surgery. In patients with chronic renal failure of other aetiology than primary hyperparathyroidism the levels were usually far higher. Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and increased S-creatinine had higher PTH levels than those with normal S-creatinine. After parathyroidectomy all previously increased PTH levels became normal or low. High PTH concentrations were found in 3 patients with normocalcaemic hyperparathyroidism who at operation were shown to have parathyroid adenomas. However, in normocalcaemic patients there were also some falsely elevated PTH values which limit the diagnostic value of the assay in this group of patients. Low PTH values were observed in patients with hypercalcaemia due to malignant disorders, indicating that PTH determination may be of some value in the diagnosis of patients with hypercalcaemia of unknown origin.", "PMID": 1173015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3964", "title": "Complete inhibition of adrenocortical responses following sciatic nerve stimulation in rats with hypothalamic islands.", "content": "Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that in rats with hypothalamic islands the adrenocortical response to photic and acoustic stimulation was partially inhibited indicating that they were at least to a certain degree neurally mediated, though ether stress produced normal adrenocortical responses. With the purpose of determining to what extent afferent somatosensory connections to the hypothalamus participate in the activation of adrenocortical responses following sciatic nerve stimulation, the effects of this stimulus applied through chronically implanted electrodes were studied on the plasma corticosterone levels in pentobarbital anaesthetized intact animals and in rats with hypothalamic islands. Ether stress or sciatic nerve stimulation for 2 min in intact rats produced a rise of plasma corticosterone to 32.1 plus or minus 1.2 and 32.1 plus or minus 1.8 mug/100 ml, respectively. However, in animals with hypothalamic islands the corresponding values were 29.2 plus or minus 1.8 and 12.4 plus or minus 0.8 mug/100 ml, respectively. The latter value was not significantly different from the basal corticosterone levels (13.0 plus or minus 1.2 mug/100 ml) found in rats 15 min after pentobarbital anaesthesia, the time when the sciatic stimulus was applied. The present data indicate that the adrenocortical discharge following sciatic nerve stimulation is completely inhibited by hypothalamic deafferentation and therefore depends entirely on the activation of the afferent neural pathways to the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Complete inhibition of adrenocortical responses following sciatic nerve stimulation in rats with hypothalamic islands. Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that in rats with hypothalamic islands the adrenocortical response to photic and acoustic stimulation was partially inhibited indicating that they were at least to a certain degree neurally mediated, though ether stress produced normal adrenocortical responses. With the purpose of determining to what extent afferent somatosensory connections to the hypothalamus participate in the activation of adrenocortical responses following sciatic nerve stimulation, the effects of this stimulus applied through chronically implanted electrodes were studied on the plasma corticosterone levels in pentobarbital anaesthetized intact animals and in rats with hypothalamic islands. Ether stress or sciatic nerve stimulation for 2 min in intact rats produced a rise of plasma corticosterone to 32.1 plus or minus 1.2 and 32.1 plus or minus 1.8 mug/100 ml, respectively. However, in animals with hypothalamic islands the corresponding values were 29.2 plus or minus 1.8 and 12.4 plus or minus 0.8 mug/100 ml, respectively. The latter value was not significantly different from the basal corticosterone levels (13.0 plus or minus 1.2 mug/100 ml) found in rats 15 min after pentobarbital anaesthesia, the time when the sciatic stimulus was applied. The present data indicate that the adrenocortical discharge following sciatic nerve stimulation is completely inhibited by hypothalamic deafferentation and therefore depends entirely on the activation of the afferent neural pathways to the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 1173016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3965", "title": "Influence of prolactin on the metabolism of steroid hormones in rat liver and adrenals.", "content": "The influence of prolactin treatment on the hepatic metabolism of 4-(4-14C) androstene-3, 17-doine (in the microsomal and 105 000 times g supernatant fractions) and 5alpha-(4-14C) androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (in the microsomal fraction) and on the adrenal metabolism of 4-(4-14C) androstene-3, 17-dione was studied in intact and castrated male and female rats with and without concomitant treatment with testosterone propionate. Whereas prolactin gave a significant and specific decrease in the activity of adrenal 5alpha-reductase by about 20-30% in both male and female rats no specific effects were noted in the metabolism of steroids in the liver. Neither did prolactin compensate for the relative androgen unresponsiveness characteristic of neonatally castrated male rats. These results suggest that prolactin does not play any significant role in mediating the recently discovered hypophyseal control of sexual differentiation of hepatic steroid metabolism in the rat whereas it may have a function in maintaining sexual differences in alrenal 5alpha-reductase activity.", "contents": "Influence of prolactin on the metabolism of steroid hormones in rat liver and adrenals. The influence of prolactin treatment on the hepatic metabolism of 4-(4-14C) androstene-3, 17-doine (in the microsomal and 105 000 times g supernatant fractions) and 5alpha-(4-14C) androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (in the microsomal fraction) and on the adrenal metabolism of 4-(4-14C) androstene-3, 17-dione was studied in intact and castrated male and female rats with and without concomitant treatment with testosterone propionate. Whereas prolactin gave a significant and specific decrease in the activity of adrenal 5alpha-reductase by about 20-30% in both male and female rats no specific effects were noted in the metabolism of steroids in the liver. Neither did prolactin compensate for the relative androgen unresponsiveness characteristic of neonatally castrated male rats. These results suggest that prolactin does not play any significant role in mediating the recently discovered hypophyseal control of sexual differentiation of hepatic steroid metabolism in the rat whereas it may have a function in maintaining sexual differences in alrenal 5alpha-reductase activity.", "PMID": 1173017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3966", "title": "Blood plasma levels of progesterone and oestradiol in the dog during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma oestradiol and progesterone levels were studied in German Shepherd and Greyhound bitches during the normal oestrous cycle, pregnancy and at parturition. The mean oestradiol level increased from approximately 7 to 13 pg/ml during the fifth week before onset of oestrus. Oestradiol stayed at this level until pro oestrus which was characterized by a steady increase to a mean peak level of about 30 pg/ml 5-6 days before oestrus. At the start of oestrus the level was approximately 12 pg/ml. A level between 10-15 pg/ml was kept during the following 10 weeks whether or not the bitch was pregnant and no change occurred at parturition. The mean progesterone level was found to be very low, around or under 1 ng/ml, until 1-4 days after the oestradiol peak after which the level gradually increased to around 10 ng/ml at the start of oestrus. During oestrus and metoestrus or pregnancy the pattern was inconsistent. In some bitches the level gradually increased during 3-4 weeks and reached a peak value of 30-50 ng/ml. The level then gradually decreased during 5-6 weeks. During the first 5 weeks of the same period progesterone in other bitches fluctuated between similar maximum levels and extremely low levels. After the fifth week the pattern was the same for all bitches. In the pregnant bitches there was a significant drop of the progesterone level at parturition. The data suggest that the dog is not an ideal test animal for steroids synthetized for use in man.", "contents": "Blood plasma levels of progesterone and oestradiol in the dog during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy. Plasma oestradiol and progesterone levels were studied in German Shepherd and Greyhound bitches during the normal oestrous cycle, pregnancy and at parturition. The mean oestradiol level increased from approximately 7 to 13 pg/ml during the fifth week before onset of oestrus. Oestradiol stayed at this level until pro oestrus which was characterized by a steady increase to a mean peak level of about 30 pg/ml 5-6 days before oestrus. At the start of oestrus the level was approximately 12 pg/ml. A level between 10-15 pg/ml was kept during the following 10 weeks whether or not the bitch was pregnant and no change occurred at parturition. The mean progesterone level was found to be very low, around or under 1 ng/ml, until 1-4 days after the oestradiol peak after which the level gradually increased to around 10 ng/ml at the start of oestrus. During oestrus and metoestrus or pregnancy the pattern was inconsistent. In some bitches the level gradually increased during 3-4 weeks and reached a peak value of 30-50 ng/ml. The level then gradually decreased during 5-6 weeks. During the first 5 weeks of the same period progesterone in other bitches fluctuated between similar maximum levels and extremely low levels. After the fifth week the pattern was the same for all bitches. In the pregnant bitches there was a significant drop of the progesterone level at parturition. The data suggest that the dog is not an ideal test animal for steroids synthetized for use in man.", "PMID": 1173018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3967", "title": "Simultaneous determinations of oestradiol-17 beta, progesterone and luteinizing hormone in the plasma during the ovulatory cycle of the hen.", "content": "Simultaneous determinations of plasma levels of oestradiol-17beta, progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) during the ovulatory cycles of hens were performed using radioimmunoassay techniques without chromatography. Blood samples were collected from the wing vein of 7 hens with regular ovulatory cycle at intervals of 1, 2 or 4 h throughout 36 h starting 24-25 h before the second egg (C-2) ovulation of the clutch and ending 11-12 h after C-2 ovulation. The oestradiol-17 beta level of the plasma during the ovulatory cycle varied from 50 pg/ml to 250 pg/ml. The value was high 24 h before ovulation and decreased until 10 h before ovulation, then increased and reached a peak 4-5 h before ovulation, when it started to decrease again until 12 h after ovulation. The plasma levels of progesterone varied from 1 ng/ml to 6 ng/ml, and reached a peak 4-6 h before ovulation. The plasma LH value varied from 1 ng/ml to 4 ng/ml, and the changes in the levels corresponded well with that of progesterone, also showing a coincident peak.", "contents": "Simultaneous determinations of oestradiol-17 beta, progesterone and luteinizing hormone in the plasma during the ovulatory cycle of the hen. Simultaneous determinations of plasma levels of oestradiol-17beta, progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) during the ovulatory cycles of hens were performed using radioimmunoassay techniques without chromatography. Blood samples were collected from the wing vein of 7 hens with regular ovulatory cycle at intervals of 1, 2 or 4 h throughout 36 h starting 24-25 h before the second egg (C-2) ovulation of the clutch and ending 11-12 h after C-2 ovulation. The oestradiol-17 beta level of the plasma during the ovulatory cycle varied from 50 pg/ml to 250 pg/ml. The value was high 24 h before ovulation and decreased until 10 h before ovulation, then increased and reached a peak 4-5 h before ovulation, when it started to decrease again until 12 h after ovulation. The plasma levels of progesterone varied from 1 ng/ml to 6 ng/ml, and reached a peak 4-6 h before ovulation. The plasma LH value varied from 1 ng/ml to 4 ng/ml, and the changes in the levels corresponded well with that of progesterone, also showing a coincident peak.", "PMID": 1173019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3968", "title": "The hypercalcaemic syndrome in rats bearing the Walker carcinosarcoma 256.", "content": "The strain of Walker carcinosarcoma 256 described induces hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and hyperuraemia in tumour bearing rats. Changes in calcium and phosphorus excretion are observed as well as accompanying calcification of soft tissue organs and loss of bone calcium. These changes in calcium metabolism disappear after removal of the tumour, so that long-range action of the tumour can be stated. The results are discussed in comparison with three other animal models of tumour dependent hypercalcaemia.", "contents": "The hypercalcaemic syndrome in rats bearing the Walker carcinosarcoma 256. The strain of Walker carcinosarcoma 256 described induces hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and hyperuraemia in tumour bearing rats. Changes in calcium and phosphorus excretion are observed as well as accompanying calcification of soft tissue organs and loss of bone calcium. These changes in calcium metabolism disappear after removal of the tumour, so that long-range action of the tumour can be stated. The results are discussed in comparison with three other animal models of tumour dependent hypercalcaemia.", "PMID": 1173020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3969", "title": "Risk of respiratory distress syndrome as determined by amniotic fluid lecithin concentration.", "content": "Lecithin concentration has been determined in 476 samples of amniotic fluid collected within 72 hours of delivery. If delivery is associated with a level of lecithin of 0.100 mg/100 ml. of lecithin phosphorus or greater, the risk of RDS in the neonate is minimal, if any. If delivery is associated with a level of lecithin less than 0.100 mg/100 ml. of lecithin phosphorus, a definite risk of RDS is present. This \"risk factor\" is a function of the lecithin concentraion and may be expressed in terms of a simple mathematical equation. The equation, log y equals minus 1.0187 minus 0.0101 chi, expresses the relationship in a highly significant manner (r equals 0.99) where y equals lecithin concentration and chi equals risk of RDS. In managing individual high-risk patients, our general policy is to weigh the chemically determined \"risk factor\" of RDS if delivery is done against the clinically determined \"risk factors\" involved if delivery is delayed. By comparing the various risks involved, appropriate management is decided upon.", "contents": "Risk of respiratory distress syndrome as determined by amniotic fluid lecithin concentration. Lecithin concentration has been determined in 476 samples of amniotic fluid collected within 72 hours of delivery. If delivery is associated with a level of lecithin of 0.100 mg/100 ml. of lecithin phosphorus or greater, the risk of RDS in the neonate is minimal, if any. If delivery is associated with a level of lecithin less than 0.100 mg/100 ml. of lecithin phosphorus, a definite risk of RDS is present. This \"risk factor\" is a function of the lecithin concentraion and may be expressed in terms of a simple mathematical equation. The equation, log y equals minus 1.0187 minus 0.0101 chi, expresses the relationship in a highly significant manner (r equals 0.99) where y equals lecithin concentration and chi equals risk of RDS. In managing individual high-risk patients, our general policy is to weigh the chemically determined \"risk factor\" of RDS if delivery is done against the clinically determined \"risk factors\" involved if delivery is delayed. By comparing the various risks involved, appropriate management is decided upon.", "PMID": 1173022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3970", "title": "Amniotic fluid phospholipids and fetal lung maturity. I. Assessment of various methods of determining lecithin and sphingomyelin.", "content": "The measurement of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid as an index of fetal lung maturity has been a controversial and much-discussed topic since the initial report of this procedure appeared in the literature in 1971. Our laboratory has investigated several methods of measuring phospholipid components of amniotic fluid and compared relative reproducibility and accuracy. Correlation of these phospholipid determinations with the clinical presence or absence and relative severity of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome forms the basis of this report. Our findings indicate that careful attention to the biochemical basis of this test results in the ability to predict with great accuracy developmental respiratory distress syndrome. This presentation describes our method of determining lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios in amniotic fluid, compares our results with other tests for determining fetal maturity, and assesses the value of this procedure in clinical situations.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid phospholipids and fetal lung maturity. I. Assessment of various methods of determining lecithin and sphingomyelin. The measurement of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid as an index of fetal lung maturity has been a controversial and much-discussed topic since the initial report of this procedure appeared in the literature in 1971. Our laboratory has investigated several methods of measuring phospholipid components of amniotic fluid and compared relative reproducibility and accuracy. Correlation of these phospholipid determinations with the clinical presence or absence and relative severity of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome forms the basis of this report. Our findings indicate that careful attention to the biochemical basis of this test results in the ability to predict with great accuracy developmental respiratory distress syndrome. This presentation describes our method of determining lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios in amniotic fluid, compares our results with other tests for determining fetal maturity, and assesses the value of this procedure in clinical situations.", "PMID": 1173023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3971", "title": "Benign lymphoepithelial lesions of the salivary glands.", "content": "The benign lymphoepithelial lesion of the salivary glands has been labeled with multiple, confusing terms. We recommend the abandonment of the vague term of Mikulicz disease. The histopathologic findings of lymphoid infiltration, intraductal proliferation, epimyoepithelial islands, and acinar atrophy are presented. The relationship between this lesion and autoimmune diseases, including Sj\u00f6gren syndrome, is noted. Difficulty of histopathologic differentiation between this lesion and malignant lymphoma can occur. The association of the benign lymphoepithelial lesion with the simultaneous presence or future development of lymphoma is discussed.", "contents": "Benign lymphoepithelial lesions of the salivary glands. The benign lymphoepithelial lesion of the salivary glands has been labeled with multiple, confusing terms. We recommend the abandonment of the vague term of Mikulicz disease. The histopathologic findings of lymphoid infiltration, intraductal proliferation, epimyoepithelial islands, and acinar atrophy are presented. The relationship between this lesion and autoimmune diseases, including Sj\u00f6gren syndrome, is noted. Difficulty of histopathologic differentiation between this lesion and malignant lymphoma can occur. The association of the benign lymphoepithelial lesion with the simultaneous presence or future development of lymphoma is discussed.", "PMID": 1173025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3972", "title": "In vitro inhibition of aggregation of human erythrocytes by synthetic fibrinolytic compounds.", "content": "It has been shown that a variety of synthetic organic anions which induce fibrinolytic activity in human plasma in vitro and which in addition inhibit collagen-induced aggregation of human platelets, also exert to various degrees an inhibition of dextran, fibrinogen and gelatin induced aggregation of human erythrocytes and of the pathologically accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate.  Since increased erythrocyte aggregation is contributing to thrombogenesis, ability to prevent erythrocyte aggregation is a desirable feature for synthetic antithrombotic compounds.  They should exert three actions: induce fibrinolytic activity, prevent platelet aggregation, and inhibit erythrocyte aggregation.  This communication refers to prototypes of such compounds.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of aggregation of human erythrocytes by synthetic fibrinolytic compounds. It has been shown that a variety of synthetic organic anions which induce fibrinolytic activity in human plasma in vitro and which in addition inhibit collagen-induced aggregation of human platelets, also exert to various degrees an inhibition of dextran, fibrinogen and gelatin induced aggregation of human erythrocytes and of the pathologically accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate.  Since increased erythrocyte aggregation is contributing to thrombogenesis, ability to prevent erythrocyte aggregation is a desirable feature for synthetic antithrombotic compounds.  They should exert three actions: induce fibrinolytic activity, prevent platelet aggregation, and inhibit erythrocyte aggregation.  This communication refers to prototypes of such compounds.", "PMID": 1173027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3973", "title": "[Sense and applicability of means.  Various critical considerations].", "content": "The range of application and account of the arithmetic and geometric mean, the mode and the median set different standards to the frequency distribution of the original data.  The quite frequently inadequate use of the geometric mean in serological dilution series will be demonstrated in a practical example.  The interview of 66 physicians and 31 graduate and postgraduate engineers was made to give an impression of the participants' knowledge of the above mentioned statistical mean values and their practical application. The arithmetic mean proved to be the best known and most popular method in use, closely followed by the geometric mean and far of by the median and the mode.  Other questions were to find out, why the arithmetic mean was the favourite.  The result was as astonishing as it was simple:  The arithmetic mean seemed to be used most because it was known best at school and university.  Therefore in a great number of cases statistical means were chosen from a formalistic point of view and not, as it would be much more appreciated, according to the specific nature of the data or to pertinent accounts.", "contents": "[Sense and applicability of means.  Various critical considerations]. The range of application and account of the arithmetic and geometric mean, the mode and the median set different standards to the frequency distribution of the original data.  The quite frequently inadequate use of the geometric mean in serological dilution series will be demonstrated in a practical example.  The interview of 66 physicians and 31 graduate and postgraduate engineers was made to give an impression of the participants' knowledge of the above mentioned statistical mean values and their practical application. The arithmetic mean proved to be the best known and most popular method in use, closely followed by the geometric mean and far of by the median and the mode.  Other questions were to find out, why the arithmetic mean was the favourite.  The result was as astonishing as it was simple:  The arithmetic mean seemed to be used most because it was known best at school and university.  Therefore in a great number of cases statistical means were chosen from a formalistic point of view and not, as it would be much more appreciated, according to the specific nature of the data or to pertinent accounts.", "PMID": 1173028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3974", "title": "[Pyrogen testing in vitro using the Limulus test].", "content": "The applicability of the Limulus test for the pyrogen test was checked in comparison to the pyrogen test in rabbits.  In 6 out of 24 lots of raw materials and drugs pyrogens could be detected by means of the pyrogen test in rabbits. 2 of these 6 lots showed positive reaction in the Limulus test, there were no false positive results.  Testing 7 bacterial strains in modified quantity of germs the Limulus test turned out to be more sensitive than the pyrogen test in rabbits.  The application of this in vitro test as a complement to the pyrogen test in rabbits for a certain kind of problems is discussed.", "contents": "[Pyrogen testing in vitro using the Limulus test]. The applicability of the Limulus test for the pyrogen test was checked in comparison to the pyrogen test in rabbits.  In 6 out of 24 lots of raw materials and drugs pyrogens could be detected by means of the pyrogen test in rabbits. 2 of these 6 lots showed positive reaction in the Limulus test, there were no false positive results.  Testing 7 bacterial strains in modified quantity of germs the Limulus test turned out to be more sensitive than the pyrogen test in rabbits.  The application of this in vitro test as a complement to the pyrogen test in rabbits for a certain kind of problems is discussed.", "PMID": 1173029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3975", "title": "[Pharmacology of D-penicillamine].", "content": "In acute pharmacological experiments, D-betta,betta-dimethylcysteine (D-penicillamine, Metalcaptase) stands out for its good oral and intravenous tolerance.  In case of high dosage, slight analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects can be found.  The influence on newly formed connective tissue is not uniform.  While the wet and dry weights of granulomata are not influenced, D-penicillamine causes a retardation of the healing process in standardised burns.  Mechanical properties of connective tissue such as the resistance of cut wounds, the tearing strength of excised dorsal skin strips or of the capsule of the knee-joint show after long-term treatment with D-penicillamine a dose-dependent change in the sense of a decrease of the data obtained.  After discontinuation of the test substance, the data reach standard values within a few days.", "contents": "[Pharmacology of D-penicillamine]. In acute pharmacological experiments, D-betta,betta-dimethylcysteine (D-penicillamine, Metalcaptase) stands out for its good oral and intravenous tolerance.  In case of high dosage, slight analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects can be found.  The influence on newly formed connective tissue is not uniform.  While the wet and dry weights of granulomata are not influenced, D-penicillamine causes a retardation of the healing process in standardised burns.  Mechanical properties of connective tissue such as the resistance of cut wounds, the tearing strength of excised dorsal skin strips or of the capsule of the knee-joint show after long-term treatment with D-penicillamine a dose-dependent change in the sense of a decrease of the data obtained.  After discontinuation of the test substance, the data reach standard values within a few days.", "PMID": 1173030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3976", "title": "[The antihepatotoxic effect of silymarine on lipid metabolism in the rat disturbed by phalloidine intoxication].", "content": "Single application of 600-750 mug phalloidine/kg body weight produces within 4-6 h a decrease of serum cholesterol esters and a rising concentration of free fatty acids and lysophosphatidyl choline in liver homogenate.  Analysis of fatty acids compounds in liver lipid fractions indicates an increase of shorter-chain fatty acids and a percentage diminution of highly unsaturated longer-chain fatty acids.  In the prophylactic test, and also when giving silymarine-N-methylglucamine-salt simultaneously with the toxic agent, most analysed parameters show a variance according to those of the nonintoxicated control group.  Correlation analysis of paramenters points out typical variations between normal, control and experimental animals.", "contents": "[The antihepatotoxic effect of silymarine on lipid metabolism in the rat disturbed by phalloidine intoxication]. Single application of 600-750 mug phalloidine/kg body weight produces within 4-6 h a decrease of serum cholesterol esters and a rising concentration of free fatty acids and lysophosphatidyl choline in liver homogenate.  Analysis of fatty acids compounds in liver lipid fractions indicates an increase of shorter-chain fatty acids and a percentage diminution of highly unsaturated longer-chain fatty acids.  In the prophylactic test, and also when giving silymarine-N-methylglucamine-salt simultaneously with the toxic agent, most analysed parameters show a variance according to those of the nonintoxicated control group.  Correlation analysis of paramenters points out typical variations between normal, control and experimental animals.", "PMID": 1173031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3977", "title": "Pharmacokinetic study of maleate acid of 2-(N,N-dimethylaminoethanol-14C1)-cyclohexylpropionate (cyprodenate) and of N,N-dimethylaminoethanol-14C1 in animals.", "content": "The localization, distribution, and elimination of maleate acid 2-(N,N-dimethylaminoethanol-14C1)-cyclohexylpropionate (14C-cyprodenate, Actebral) was studied in rats and pigs.  Beside this, dimethylaminoethanol-14C (DMAE) was also administered to rats enabling a comparison of the pharmacokinetics of the two 14C-labelled molecules to be made.  The study of the localization by autoradiography and the study of the quantitative distribution of the radioactivity showed that cyprodenate, a psychotonic drug, diffused more rapidly than DMAE through the hemo-encephalic barrier.  However, it was also observed that the radioactivity found in the brain rises continually as a function of time, regardless of the product administered.  The two labelled products were primarily excreted in the urine (30-35 per cent of the dose in 72 h in rats and 6 per cent of the dose in 48 h in pigs) following oral administration of cyprodenate.  Radioactivity found in the feces was practically nil and in rats the biliary elimination of the drug was very weak.  Thus, whichever animal is used, it was found that 14C-cyprodenate is totally absorbed. Radioactivity expired as 14CO2 was negligible (around 1 per cent of the administered dose in 8 h), however, this value increases as a function of time, becoming 4 per cent in 24 h.  In rats the maximum radioactivity in the blood was found at 45 min to 1 h after oral administration of 14C-cyprodenate.  These values decrease slowly until 3 h when they begin to increase again.  The rising of the blood level values is practically the same for pigs, the maximum being attained at 1 h.  Therefore, whatever route of administration, whichever dose or animal, we always found a progressive elevation of the protein binding to the plasma proteins for these two labelled products in vivo.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic study of maleate acid of 2-(N,N-dimethylaminoethanol-14C1)-cyclohexylpropionate (cyprodenate) and of N,N-dimethylaminoethanol-14C1 in animals. The localization, distribution, and elimination of maleate acid 2-(N,N-dimethylaminoethanol-14C1)-cyclohexylpropionate (14C-cyprodenate, Actebral) was studied in rats and pigs.  Beside this, dimethylaminoethanol-14C (DMAE) was also administered to rats enabling a comparison of the pharmacokinetics of the two 14C-labelled molecules to be made.  The study of the localization by autoradiography and the study of the quantitative distribution of the radioactivity showed that cyprodenate, a psychotonic drug, diffused more rapidly than DMAE through the hemo-encephalic barrier.  However, it was also observed that the radioactivity found in the brain rises continually as a function of time, regardless of the product administered.  The two labelled products were primarily excreted in the urine (30-35 per cent of the dose in 72 h in rats and 6 per cent of the dose in 48 h in pigs) following oral administration of cyprodenate.  Radioactivity found in the feces was practically nil and in rats the biliary elimination of the drug was very weak.  Thus, whichever animal is used, it was found that 14C-cyprodenate is totally absorbed. Radioactivity expired as 14CO2 was negligible (around 1 per cent of the administered dose in 8 h), however, this value increases as a function of time, becoming 4 per cent in 24 h.  In rats the maximum radioactivity in the blood was found at 45 min to 1 h after oral administration of 14C-cyprodenate.  These values decrease slowly until 3 h when they begin to increase again.  The rising of the blood level values is practically the same for pigs, the maximum being attained at 1 h.  Therefore, whatever route of administration, whichever dose or animal, we always found a progressive elevation of the protein binding to the plasma proteins for these two labelled products in vivo.", "PMID": 1173032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3978", "title": "Pharmacokinetic study of maleate acid of 2-(N,N-dimethylaminoethanol-14C1)-cyclohexylpropionate (cyprodenate) and of N,N-dimethylaminoethanol-14C1 in animals.", "content": "The study of the biotransformation of 2-(N,N-dimethylaminoethanol)-cyclohexylpropionate-meleate acid (cyprodenate, Actebral), a psychotonic brain stimulant, was carried out on two species of animals (rats and pigs) with the aid of 14C-labelled molecules. Following i.v. administration in rats it was found that 14C-cyprodenate diffuses very rapidly to the principal organs (liver, brain, kidneys) preceding a hydrolysis which gives 14C-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE). The latter undergoes N-oxidation but the major portion of DMAE goes directly into the metabolic cycle of the phospholipids up to the formation of 14C-choline, as shown in the metabolic scheme proposed by the authors that identifies the principal labelled intermediaries: 14C-phosphoryl-DMAE (P-DMAE), 14C-glycerophosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine (GP-DMAE), 14C-glycerophosphatidyl-choline (GP-choline). Similar results were found with the oral administration of 14C-cyprodenate in pigs, thus showing a more intense participation of the product at the level of the intermediary metabolism of phospholipids, precursors of choline.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic study of maleate acid of 2-(N,N-dimethylaminoethanol-14C1)-cyclohexylpropionate (cyprodenate) and of N,N-dimethylaminoethanol-14C1 in animals. The study of the biotransformation of 2-(N,N-dimethylaminoethanol)-cyclohexylpropionate-meleate acid (cyprodenate, Actebral), a psychotonic brain stimulant, was carried out on two species of animals (rats and pigs) with the aid of 14C-labelled molecules. Following i.v. administration in rats it was found that 14C-cyprodenate diffuses very rapidly to the principal organs (liver, brain, kidneys) preceding a hydrolysis which gives 14C-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE). The latter undergoes N-oxidation but the major portion of DMAE goes directly into the metabolic cycle of the phospholipids up to the formation of 14C-choline, as shown in the metabolic scheme proposed by the authors that identifies the principal labelled intermediaries: 14C-phosphoryl-DMAE (P-DMAE), 14C-glycerophosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine (GP-DMAE), 14C-glycerophosphatidyl-choline (GP-choline). Similar results were found with the oral administration of 14C-cyprodenate in pigs, thus showing a more intense participation of the product at the level of the intermediary metabolism of phospholipids, precursors of choline.", "PMID": 1173033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3979", "title": "Pharmacological action of FD-008, a new dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor.", "content": "The effects of 5-(4'-chlorobutyl)-picolinic acid (FD-008), a new dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor of fusaric acid derivatives, on the central nervous system in mice and rats were investigated. FD-008 and fusaric acid did not show marked effects on spontaneous movement, convulsion, sleeping time, tremor and conditioned avoidance response but lowered the body temperature of rats at 100 mg/kg p.o. FD-008 potentiated the depressive action of ethanol on conditioned avoidance response in spite of the lack of aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition. FD-008 markedly depressed the performance on a shuttle box and lowered the body temperature in rats after reserpine treatment at a dose at which FD-008 per se had no effect.", "contents": "Pharmacological action of FD-008, a new dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. The effects of 5-(4'-chlorobutyl)-picolinic acid (FD-008), a new dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor of fusaric acid derivatives, on the central nervous system in mice and rats were investigated. FD-008 and fusaric acid did not show marked effects on spontaneous movement, convulsion, sleeping time, tremor and conditioned avoidance response but lowered the body temperature of rats at 100 mg/kg p.o. FD-008 potentiated the depressive action of ethanol on conditioned avoidance response in spite of the lack of aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition. FD-008 markedly depressed the performance on a shuttle box and lowered the body temperature in rats after reserpine treatment at a dose at which FD-008 per se had no effect.", "PMID": 1173034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3980", "title": "[Effect of the antrum and vagus nerve on the stimulation of the rat stomach by betazol in the perfusion test].", "content": "In the perfusion model on Wistar rats the action of a single s. c. injection of betazol (Histalog) in a dose of 50 mg/kg b. w. in dependence on various types of stomach operations was studied.  The following effects were observed: 1. the vagotomy shortly before the perfusion test did not reduce the effect of betazol. 2. If the vagotomy dated back at least 4 weeks, a reduction of the stimulated maximum secretion to half of the controls was seen. 3. The combination of the vagotomy with a pyloroplasty led to a reduction of the stimulated maximum acid secretion to half the amount.  Futhermore, the betazol effect was shortened considerably and was demonstrable for no more than 2 h after the injection. 4. The antrectomy without vagotomy, however, casued a retardation of the answer to betazol with a maximum of the stimulated secretion in the 4th hour after s.c. injection. The dissociation of the effect of betazol caused by vagotomy or antrectomy leads to the conclusion that betazol has a direct site of action in the parietal cell and a second one in the cholinergic stimulation of the vagal system.", "contents": "[Effect of the antrum and vagus nerve on the stimulation of the rat stomach by betazol in the perfusion test]. In the perfusion model on Wistar rats the action of a single s. c. injection of betazol (Histalog) in a dose of 50 mg/kg b. w. in dependence on various types of stomach operations was studied.  The following effects were observed: 1. the vagotomy shortly before the perfusion test did not reduce the effect of betazol. 2. If the vagotomy dated back at least 4 weeks, a reduction of the stimulated maximum secretion to half of the controls was seen. 3. The combination of the vagotomy with a pyloroplasty led to a reduction of the stimulated maximum acid secretion to half the amount.  Futhermore, the betazol effect was shortened considerably and was demonstrable for no more than 2 h after the injection. 4. The antrectomy without vagotomy, however, casued a retardation of the answer to betazol with a maximum of the stimulated secretion in the 4th hour after s.c. injection. The dissociation of the effect of betazol caused by vagotomy or antrectomy leads to the conclusion that betazol has a direct site of action in the parietal cell and a second one in the cholinergic stimulation of the vagal system.", "PMID": 1173035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3981", "title": "Bilogical and toxicological properties of econazole, a broad-spectrum antimycotic.", "content": "The spectrum of activity of 1-(2,4-dichloro-beta-[(p-chlorobenzoyl)oxy]phenethyl)imidazole-nitrate (econazole, R 14827) was tested in vitro on various pathogenic fungi and bacteria, and also in vivo in guinea-pigs and rats experimentally infected with dermatophytes and C. albicans. The in vitro activity spectrum is very broad: the dermatophytes, the yeasts, the dimorphic fungi, the aspergilli, the mycetoma causing agents and the Gram-positive bacteria being most sensitive. Guinea-pigs infected with T. mentagrophytes, M. canis or C. albicans and treated topically or orally with econazole, were cured. In each of these tests the activity of econazole was compared with that of different reference drugs. Vaginal candidiasis in rats was cured after oral administration of econazole. Toxicity and teratogenicity studies in different laboratory animals indicate that econazole is well tolerated.", "contents": "Bilogical and toxicological properties of econazole, a broad-spectrum antimycotic. The spectrum of activity of 1-(2,4-dichloro-beta-[(p-chlorobenzoyl)oxy]phenethyl)imidazole-nitrate (econazole, R 14827) was tested in vitro on various pathogenic fungi and bacteria, and also in vivo in guinea-pigs and rats experimentally infected with dermatophytes and C. albicans. The in vitro activity spectrum is very broad: the dermatophytes, the yeasts, the dimorphic fungi, the aspergilli, the mycetoma causing agents and the Gram-positive bacteria being most sensitive. Guinea-pigs infected with T. mentagrophytes, M. canis or C. albicans and treated topically or orally with econazole, were cured. In each of these tests the activity of econazole was compared with that of different reference drugs. Vaginal candidiasis in rats was cured after oral administration of econazole. Toxicity and teratogenicity studies in different laboratory animals indicate that econazole is well tolerated.", "PMID": 1173036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3982", "title": "Anti-inflammatory action of an s-triazine derivative in rats.", "content": "Anti-inflammatory action of an s-triazine derivate (M 1704, 2-amino-4-(p-fluoroanilino)-6-n-propyl-1,3,5-triazine) was studied in rats. M 1704 inhibited carrageenan edema, cotton-pellet granuloma and adjuvant arthritis in intact rats. M 1704 was not effective on carrageenan edema in adrenalectomized rats, but effective when administered with cortisol. The drug appeared to potentiate the anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol on cotton-pellet granuloma. The results obtained in this and a previous study suggest that M 1704 exerts the anti-inflammatory action mainly by potentiating the peripheral anti-inflammatory action of endogenous steroid and partly by stimulating the secretion of corticosteroids.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory action of an s-triazine derivative in rats. Anti-inflammatory action of an s-triazine derivate (M 1704, 2-amino-4-(p-fluoroanilino)-6-n-propyl-1,3,5-triazine) was studied in rats. M 1704 inhibited carrageenan edema, cotton-pellet granuloma and adjuvant arthritis in intact rats. M 1704 was not effective on carrageenan edema in adrenalectomized rats, but effective when administered with cortisol. The drug appeared to potentiate the anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol on cotton-pellet granuloma. The results obtained in this and a previous study suggest that M 1704 exerts the anti-inflammatory action mainly by potentiating the peripheral anti-inflammatory action of endogenous steroid and partly by stimulating the secretion of corticosteroids.", "PMID": 1173037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3983", "title": "Absorption of morphine, butylscopolamine, mecamylamine and phenobarbitone from the small intestine of the triparanol-treated rat in situ.", "content": "The absorption of three basic drugs (morphine, butylscopolamine and mecamylamine) and an acidic drug (phenobarbitone) from the rat small intestine in situ was investigated by using a single perfusion technique.  The effect of intestinal damage on absorption was studied by treating rats with triparanol 25-50 mg/kg every 24 h for three weeks.  Treatment with triparanol decreased the cholesterol concentration in the intestinal wall.  The absorption of morphine and mecamylamine was increased by treatment with triparanol, whereas the absorption of butylscopolamine was decreased and that of phenobarbitone remained unaltered.  Treatment with triparanol decreased the concentration of mecamylamine in the intestinal wall, but the concentrations of other drugs were unchanged.  When comparing the present in situ and previous in vitro results the decreased absorption of butylscopolamine after triparanol in situ was opposite to the finding in vitro.  The increased absorption of morphine and unaltered absorption of phenobarbitone were in accordance with the finding in vitro.  In situ the absorption of mecamylamine was increased, although in vitro it was unchanged.  The structural damage, differences in composition of the intestinal wall and intestinal blood flow are supposed to be the reasons for changes in absorption.", "contents": "Absorption of morphine, butylscopolamine, mecamylamine and phenobarbitone from the small intestine of the triparanol-treated rat in situ. The absorption of three basic drugs (morphine, butylscopolamine and mecamylamine) and an acidic drug (phenobarbitone) from the rat small intestine in situ was investigated by using a single perfusion technique.  The effect of intestinal damage on absorption was studied by treating rats with triparanol 25-50 mg/kg every 24 h for three weeks.  Treatment with triparanol decreased the cholesterol concentration in the intestinal wall.  The absorption of morphine and mecamylamine was increased by treatment with triparanol, whereas the absorption of butylscopolamine was decreased and that of phenobarbitone remained unaltered.  Treatment with triparanol decreased the concentration of mecamylamine in the intestinal wall, but the concentrations of other drugs were unchanged.  When comparing the present in situ and previous in vitro results the decreased absorption of butylscopolamine after triparanol in situ was opposite to the finding in vitro.  The increased absorption of morphine and unaltered absorption of phenobarbitone were in accordance with the finding in vitro.  In situ the absorption of mecamylamine was increased, although in vitro it was unchanged.  The structural damage, differences in composition of the intestinal wall and intestinal blood flow are supposed to be the reasons for changes in absorption.", "PMID": 1173038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3984", "title": "[Structure-activity relationships in the diuretic xipamide (4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2', 6' -salicyloxylidide)].", "content": "The synthesis of various derivatives of 4-chlorosalicylic acid substituted in position 5 is described.  The evaluation of their diuretic potency on the rat showed 4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2,6-salicyloxylidide (BE 1293, xipamide, Aquaphor) as the most effective one.  The normal urinary volume is increased tenfold by a oral dose of 100 mg/kg body weight.  All changes in the molecular structure of xipamide, even acetylation, the introduction of a second sulfamoyl group or the exchange of the sulfonic group for the carbonyl group, lead to a decrease in activity.", "contents": "[Structure-activity relationships in the diuretic xipamide (4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2', 6' -salicyloxylidide)]. The synthesis of various derivatives of 4-chlorosalicylic acid substituted in position 5 is described.  The evaluation of their diuretic potency on the rat showed 4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2,6-salicyloxylidide (BE 1293, xipamide, Aquaphor) as the most effective one.  The normal urinary volume is increased tenfold by a oral dose of 100 mg/kg body weight.  All changes in the molecular structure of xipamide, even acetylation, the introduction of a second sulfamoyl group or the exchange of the sulfonic group for the carbonyl group, lead to a decrease in activity.", "PMID": 1173040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3985", "title": "[Nicotinic acid blood levels after application of xanthinolnicotinate in a new galenic retard preparation].", "content": "Nicotinic acid blood level determinations were carried out in 30 male test subjects following application of xantinol-nicotinate in a new galenic retard preparation.  The investigations showed that there is a continuous absorption of the agent--lasting for a longer period--with a maximum of blood level values between the 5th and 7th hour.  In comparative studies with non-retarded xantinol-nicotinate the peak of concentration is already reached 1 h after application.  The use of pharmacokinetic methods showed that by the retardation of xantinol-nicotinate there are no losses of absorption of nicotinic acid--as compared with the non-retarded forms.  By the special galenic properties of the new retard form therapeutically effective nicotinic acid blood levels lasting for more than 8 h with an ascertained biological availability are attained.", "contents": "[Nicotinic acid blood levels after application of xanthinolnicotinate in a new galenic retard preparation]. Nicotinic acid blood level determinations were carried out in 30 male test subjects following application of xantinol-nicotinate in a new galenic retard preparation.  The investigations showed that there is a continuous absorption of the agent--lasting for a longer period--with a maximum of blood level values between the 5th and 7th hour.  In comparative studies with non-retarded xantinol-nicotinate the peak of concentration is already reached 1 h after application.  The use of pharmacokinetic methods showed that by the retardation of xantinol-nicotinate there are no losses of absorption of nicotinic acid--as compared with the non-retarded forms.  By the special galenic properties of the new retard form therapeutically effective nicotinic acid blood levels lasting for more than 8 h with an ascertained biological availability are attained.", "PMID": 1173039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3986", "title": "[Pharmacological and toxicological properties of the saluretic xipamide (4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2',6'-salicyloxylidide)].", "content": "Xipamide (4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2',6'-salicyloxylidide, Aquaphor), a new compound is a derivate of salicylic acid with marked sodium and water excreting potency.  Its effect is dosage dependent.  Dosages as low as 0.001 mg/kg p.o. in rats and 0.04 mg/kg p.o. in dogs lead to a statistically significant increase of sodium and water excretion.  Potassium excretion was less affected and showed to be rather constant in a dosage range between 0.01 and 10.0 mg/kg.  In rats a maximum of sodium and water excretion could be reached by a dose of 200 mg/kg duration of action in rats was approximately 10 h.  In dogs a statistically significant sodium and chloride excretion could be detected after oral application of 0.04 mg/kg.  Xipamide increased diuresis started with an oral dose of 0.1 mg/kg.  Intravenous application of xipamide in a dose of 0.2 mg/kg in dogs accompanied by permanent infusion of 5 per cent mannit solution clearly showed the diuretic profile of the substance: increased diuresis started within 40 min.  A peak was reached within 40-60 min post injectionem.  Then excretion decreased slowly.  Even 120 min post injectionem a diuretic action could be detected.  Diuresis and sodium excretion could be demonstrated in rats with experimentally predamaged kidneys and with steroid dependent sodium retention.  As could be demonstrated in hypertensive rats xipamide had a hypotensive effect, normotensive rats were not affected.  In animal studies xipamide was excellently tolerated.  The therapeutic range of the substance was high in single doses as well as when the drug administered over 6 weeks.", "contents": "[Pharmacological and toxicological properties of the saluretic xipamide (4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2',6'-salicyloxylidide)]. Xipamide (4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2',6'-salicyloxylidide, Aquaphor), a new compound is a derivate of salicylic acid with marked sodium and water excreting potency.  Its effect is dosage dependent.  Dosages as low as 0.001 mg/kg p.o. in rats and 0.04 mg/kg p.o. in dogs lead to a statistically significant increase of sodium and water excretion.  Potassium excretion was less affected and showed to be rather constant in a dosage range between 0.01 and 10.0 mg/kg.  In rats a maximum of sodium and water excretion could be reached by a dose of 200 mg/kg duration of action in rats was approximately 10 h.  In dogs a statistically significant sodium and chloride excretion could be detected after oral application of 0.04 mg/kg.  Xipamide increased diuresis started with an oral dose of 0.1 mg/kg.  Intravenous application of xipamide in a dose of 0.2 mg/kg in dogs accompanied by permanent infusion of 5 per cent mannit solution clearly showed the diuretic profile of the substance: increased diuresis started within 40 min.  A peak was reached within 40-60 min post injectionem.  Then excretion decreased slowly.  Even 120 min post injectionem a diuretic action could be detected.  Diuresis and sodium excretion could be demonstrated in rats with experimentally predamaged kidneys and with steroid dependent sodium retention.  As could be demonstrated in hypertensive rats xipamide had a hypotensive effect, normotensive rats were not affected.  In animal studies xipamide was excellently tolerated.  The therapeutic range of the substance was high in single doses as well as when the drug administered over 6 weeks.", "PMID": 1173041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3987", "title": "[The saluretic effect of xipamide (4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2',6'-salicyloxylilide) in normal subjects].", "content": "The diuretic and saluretic effectiveness of xipamide (4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2',6'-salicyloxylidide, Aquaphor) is determined and compared to those of chlortalidone and furosemid in normal subjects. The substance is revealed as a potent diuretic agent. In the range of 0.035--0.750 mg/kg body weight the dose-response curve of orally administered xipamide for the increase of excretion of urine, sodium and potassium ion and chloride during 24 h is described. Observing the renal activity over a period of 3 days after a single administration the duration of action is found to be up to 24 h with its maximum within the first 12 h. In the following 2 days the degree of the physiological rebound effect depends on the preceding saluretic effect and thus on the given dose. The pattern of ion-excretion (Na", "contents": "[The saluretic effect of xipamide (4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2',6'-salicyloxylilide) in normal subjects]. The diuretic and saluretic effectiveness of xipamide (4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2',6'-salicyloxylidide, Aquaphor) is determined and compared to those of chlortalidone and furosemid in normal subjects. The substance is revealed as a potent diuretic agent. In the range of 0.035--0.750 mg/kg body weight the dose-response curve of orally administered xipamide for the increase of excretion of urine, sodium and potassium ion and chloride during 24 h is described. Observing the renal activity over a period of 3 days after a single administration the duration of action is found to be up to 24 h with its maximum within the first 12 h. In the following 2 days the degree of the physiological rebound effect depends on the preceding saluretic effect and thus on the given dose. The pattern of ion-excretion (Na", "PMID": 1173042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3988", "title": "[Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by xipamide (4-chloro-sulfamoyl-2',6'-salicyloxylidide) in the modified Philpot test].", "content": "The inhibition  of carbonic anhydrase by xipamide (4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2',6'-salicyloxylidide, Aquaphor), a poorly watersoluble saluretic agent, is determined with the Philpot method in the presence of 5 per cent N,N-dimethyl-formamide.  The addition of the amide does not affect the enzyme.  For xipamide 1.1 times 10-5 M is found as the 50 per cent inhibitory concentration.", "contents": "[Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by xipamide (4-chloro-sulfamoyl-2',6'-salicyloxylidide) in the modified Philpot test]. The inhibition  of carbonic anhydrase by xipamide (4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2',6'-salicyloxylidide, Aquaphor), a poorly watersoluble saluretic agent, is determined with the Philpot method in the presence of 5 per cent N,N-dimethyl-formamide.  The addition of the amide does not affect the enzyme.  For xipamide 1.1 times 10-5 M is found as the 50 per cent inhibitory concentration.", "PMID": 1173045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3989", "title": "[Effect of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin in limited renal function].", "content": "U-Deamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin (DDAVP) is a new synthetic antidiuretic hormone with prolonged action. 0.02 mg given intranasally to 38 patients with far advanced chronic renal failure effected an instantaneous decrease in urine volume as well as an augmentation of U/P-inulin ratio, fraction of filtered sodium and chloride excreted and of the absolute elimination of these ions. These findings suggest an improvement of permeability at the descending limb of Henle, too, the latter and a diminution of circulation in the renal medulla being responsible for the increase in renal salt loss after DDAVP. A rise of blood pressure or other side effects could not be observed.", "contents": "[Effect of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin in limited renal function]. U-Deamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin (DDAVP) is a new synthetic antidiuretic hormone with prolonged action. 0.02 mg given intranasally to 38 patients with far advanced chronic renal failure effected an instantaneous decrease in urine volume as well as an augmentation of U/P-inulin ratio, fraction of filtered sodium and chloride excreted and of the absolute elimination of these ions. These findings suggest an improvement of permeability at the descending limb of Henle, too, the latter and a diminution of circulation in the renal medulla being responsible for the increase in renal salt loss after DDAVP. A rise of blood pressure or other side effects could not be observed.", "PMID": 1173046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3990", "title": "[Methodological problems in studying psychotropic drugs with special reference of the AMP system].", "content": "There are several methodical problems that have to be coped with when testing psychotropic drugs in psychiatric clinics. In this paper some relevant problems have been discussed which are encountered during that part of a clinical trial, starting with the assessment of the initial psychopathological state of the patients and ending with the statistical analysis. Especially the AMP-System was considered. Particularly the following points have been dealt with: comparison of different methods for the assessment of psychotropic effects, special problems of rating scales, studies on the AMP-system concerning psychopathological and methodical aspects, conversion and processing of AMP-data, general considerations on the statistical analysis of drug trials.", "contents": "[Methodological problems in studying psychotropic drugs with special reference of the AMP system]. There are several methodical problems that have to be coped with when testing psychotropic drugs in psychiatric clinics. In this paper some relevant problems have been discussed which are encountered during that part of a clinical trial, starting with the assessment of the initial psychopathological state of the patients and ending with the statistical analysis. Especially the AMP-System was considered. Particularly the following points have been dealt with: comparison of different methods for the assessment of psychotropic effects, special problems of rating scales, studies on the AMP-system concerning psychopathological and methodical aspects, conversion and processing of AMP-data, general considerations on the statistical analysis of drug trials.", "PMID": 1173047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3991", "title": "Tests of the carrier model for ion transport by nonactin and trinactin.", "content": "The fluxes of K+ and NH+4 carried by nonactin and trinactin across thin lipid membranes have been measured as functions of ion activity, electric potential and time. In agreement with the predictions of a version of the carrier model in common use, the shape of the initial current-voltage relation is independent of the activity of the electrolyte, alpha-i, while the ratio of the initial conductance, G-o, to the steady-state conductance, G infinity, increases according to G-o/G infinity equals const1+const2 times alpha-i. For trinactin the data presented allow the estimation of the rate constants of the carrier process (in the limit of zero potential) in a manner which does not assume any particular variation with potential for the constants. Using empirically determined functions of potential, a complete set of values is also available for nonactin. The curve fitting which is necessary is described in the following paper. The data presently available for valinomycin are sufficient neither to test the model nor to determine a complete set of constants.", "contents": "Tests of the carrier model for ion transport by nonactin and trinactin. The fluxes of K+ and NH+4 carried by nonactin and trinactin across thin lipid membranes have been measured as functions of ion activity, electric potential and time. In agreement with the predictions of a version of the carrier model in common use, the shape of the initial current-voltage relation is independent of the activity of the electrolyte, alpha-i, while the ratio of the initial conductance, G-o, to the steady-state conductance, G infinity, increases according to G-o/G infinity equals const1+const2 times alpha-i. For trinactin the data presented allow the estimation of the rate constants of the carrier process (in the limit of zero potential) in a manner which does not assume any particular variation with potential for the constants. Using empirically determined functions of potential, a complete set of values is also available for nonactin. The curve fitting which is necessary is described in the following paper. The data presently available for valinomycin are sufficient neither to test the model nor to determine a complete set of constants.", "PMID": 1173048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3992", "title": "Steady-state ion transport by nonactin and trinactin.", "content": "The steady-state fluxes of Na+, K+, and NH4+ carried by nonactin and trinactin across thin lipid membranes have been measured as functions of ion activity, carrier concentration, and the applied potential. In agreement with earlier studies the conductance, G(O), is found to be proportional to the carrier concentration and, for low activities, to the ion activity. The determination of the dependence of G(O) on activity at high activities is, however, apparently obscured by changes in the concentration of carrier in the membrane. Using the values for the rate constants at zero potential which were determined in the preceding paper, it is possible to adjust the potential dependence of the constants so as to achieve a reasonable fit to the current-voltage relations. The data presented provide further evidence that a single molecule of nonactin or trinactin acts cyclicly as a carrier of univalent cations.", "contents": "Steady-state ion transport by nonactin and trinactin. The steady-state fluxes of Na+, K+, and NH4+ carried by nonactin and trinactin across thin lipid membranes have been measured as functions of ion activity, carrier concentration, and the applied potential. In agreement with earlier studies the conductance, G(O), is found to be proportional to the carrier concentration and, for low activities, to the ion activity. The determination of the dependence of G(O) on activity at high activities is, however, apparently obscured by changes in the concentration of carrier in the membrane. Using the values for the rate constants at zero potential which were determined in the preceding paper, it is possible to adjust the potential dependence of the constants so as to achieve a reasonable fit to the current-voltage relations. The data presented provide further evidence that a single molecule of nonactin or trinactin acts cyclicly as a carrier of univalent cations.", "PMID": 1173049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3993", "title": "Nutritional effects on precursor uptake and compartmentalization of intracellular pools in relation to RNA synthesis.", "content": "The effects of nutritional variables on the processing of exogenous precursors into RNA was examined. General nutritional deprivation, or asparagine depletion, led to significant changes in the absolute pool sizes, especially of ATP, UTP and CTP. Fluctuations were found depending on the elapsed time after the nutritional perturbations occurred, and the cell density of the cultures. Depletion of the medium by 28 h of growth, or 1 h of guinea pig asparaginase action, led to considerable inhibition of the conversion of exogenous uridine to CTP by the cells. A series of experiments indicated that in 6C3HED lymphoma cells the uridine nucleotide pool which provided the immediate precursors to RNA (denoted UTP-NA) behaves as a small compartment in rapid equilibrium with exogenously supplied nucleosides. The resemblance to the compartmentation model described by Plagemann (Plagemann, P.G.W. (1972) J. Cell Biol. 52, 131-146 and (1971) J. Cell. Physiol. 77, 241-258) for rat hepatoma cells was close. The UTP-NA pool of the 6C3HED cells constitutes no more than 5% of the cellular UTP pool and is relatively slow in equilibrating with the general cell pool. Correction of the rates of incorporation of isotope into RNA by using some function of the whole cell UTP specific activity to normalize the pool effects, was shown to be invalid.", "contents": "Nutritional effects on precursor uptake and compartmentalization of intracellular pools in relation to RNA synthesis. The effects of nutritional variables on the processing of exogenous precursors into RNA was examined. General nutritional deprivation, or asparagine depletion, led to significant changes in the absolute pool sizes, especially of ATP, UTP and CTP. Fluctuations were found depending on the elapsed time after the nutritional perturbations occurred, and the cell density of the cultures. Depletion of the medium by 28 h of growth, or 1 h of guinea pig asparaginase action, led to considerable inhibition of the conversion of exogenous uridine to CTP by the cells. A series of experiments indicated that in 6C3HED lymphoma cells the uridine nucleotide pool which provided the immediate precursors to RNA (denoted UTP-NA) behaves as a small compartment in rapid equilibrium with exogenously supplied nucleosides. The resemblance to the compartmentation model described by Plagemann (Plagemann, P.G.W. (1972) J. Cell Biol. 52, 131-146 and (1971) J. Cell. Physiol. 77, 241-258) for rat hepatoma cells was close. The UTP-NA pool of the 6C3HED cells constitutes no more than 5% of the cellular UTP pool and is relatively slow in equilibrating with the general cell pool. Correction of the rates of incorporation of isotope into RNA by using some function of the whole cell UTP specific activity to normalize the pool effects, was shown to be invalid.", "PMID": 1173050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3994", "title": "Replication of mitochondrial DNA. Selective inhibition of the H-strand synthesis in isolated mitochondria by sibiromycin.", "content": "Sibiromycin, an antitumour antibiotic forming a stable complex with the double-stranded DNA selectively inhibits the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the H-strand of mtDNA during the incubation of isolated rat liver mitochondria in vitro. A model accounting for this result is presented. It is concluded that the H-strand is a leading strand throughout mtDNA replication adn consequently the replication of rat liver monomer mtDNA is unidirectional.", "contents": "Replication of mitochondrial DNA. Selective inhibition of the H-strand synthesis in isolated mitochondria by sibiromycin. Sibiromycin, an antitumour antibiotic forming a stable complex with the double-stranded DNA selectively inhibits the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the H-strand of mtDNA during the incubation of isolated rat liver mitochondria in vitro. A model accounting for this result is presented. It is concluded that the H-strand is a leading strand throughout mtDNA replication adn consequently the replication of rat liver monomer mtDNA is unidirectional.", "PMID": 1173051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3995", "title": "Hemolysis and iodination of erythrocyte components by a myeloperoxidase-mediated system.", "content": "Erythrocytes are hemolyzed by myeloperoxidase, an H2O2-generating system (glucose + glucose oxidase; hypoxanthine + xanthine oxidase) and an oxidizable cofactor (chloride, iodide, thyroxine, triiodothyronine). The combined effect of chloride and either iodide or the thyroid hormones is greater than additive. Myeloperoxidase can be replaced by lactoperoxidase in the iodide-, thyroxine and triiodothyronine-dependent, but not in the chloride-dependent, systems. Hemolysis is is inhibited by the peroxidase inhibitors, azide and cyanide, and by catalase and is stimulated by superoxide dismutase when the xanthine oxidase system is employed as the source of H2O2. Hemolysis by the iodide-dependent system is associated with the iodination of erythrocyte components.", "contents": "Hemolysis and iodination of erythrocyte components by a myeloperoxidase-mediated system. Erythrocytes are hemolyzed by myeloperoxidase, an H2O2-generating system (glucose + glucose oxidase; hypoxanthine + xanthine oxidase) and an oxidizable cofactor (chloride, iodide, thyroxine, triiodothyronine). The combined effect of chloride and either iodide or the thyroid hormones is greater than additive. Myeloperoxidase can be replaced by lactoperoxidase in the iodide-, thyroxine and triiodothyronine-dependent, but not in the chloride-dependent, systems. Hemolysis is is inhibited by the peroxidase inhibitors, azide and cyanide, and by catalase and is stimulated by superoxide dismutase when the xanthine oxidase system is employed as the source of H2O2. Hemolysis by the iodide-dependent system is associated with the iodination of erythrocyte components.", "PMID": 1173052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3996", "title": "Thyroid cancer: twenty years' experience in a general hospital.", "content": "Twenty year's experience of thyroid cancer in a district general hospital has been reviewed. Its incidence, prognosis and natural history have been studied. Particular attention has been focused on the relationship of malignant to benign goitre. The relevance of this to the treatment of 'apparently benign goitre' is discussed. Clinical evidence is presented supporting the hypothesis that differentiated thyroid carcinoma evolves from a solitary focus through a multinodular form before presenting the picture of a frankly malignant locally invasive cancer. An increase in the incidence of papillary carcinoma is confirmed.", "contents": "Thyroid cancer: twenty years' experience in a general hospital. Twenty year's experience of thyroid cancer in a district general hospital has been reviewed. Its incidence, prognosis and natural history have been studied. Particular attention has been focused on the relationship of malignant to benign goitre. The relevance of this to the treatment of 'apparently benign goitre' is discussed. Clinical evidence is presented supporting the hypothesis that differentiated thyroid carcinoma evolves from a solitary focus through a multinodular form before presenting the picture of a frankly malignant locally invasive cancer. An increase in the incidence of papillary carcinoma is confirmed.", "PMID": 1173053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3997", "title": "Malignant lymphoma of the thyroid following irradiation.", "content": "A case of primary lymphocytic lymphoma of the thyroid is presented occurring in a 19-year-old woman. The young age of this patient, as well as the possibility of thymic radiation therapy as an infant, being a predisposing factor makes this case unique. The association with Hashimoto's thyroiditis has been previously reported.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma of the thyroid following irradiation. A case of primary lymphocytic lymphoma of the thyroid is presented occurring in a 19-year-old woman. The young age of this patient, as well as the possibility of thymic radiation therapy as an infant, being a predisposing factor makes this case unique. The association with Hashimoto's thyroiditis has been previously reported.", "PMID": 1173054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3998", "title": "Poly (A) polymerase of bovine lymphosarcoma.", "content": "Poly(A) polymerase has been extensively purified from low-salt extracts of bovine lymphosarcoma. The enzyme is Mn2+ dependent, requires an oligonucleotide or RNA primer, incorporates only adenosine triphosphate, and is inhibited by other ribonucleotides or deoxynucleotides. Oligoadenylate and ribosomal RNA are good primers for the enzyme; transfer RNA and poly(A) are poor. RNA transcribed in vitro by homologous RNA polymerase is an efficient primer. The properties of the enzyme are similar to the properties of the Mn2+ -activated poly(A) polymerase of calf thymus. Approximately the same amount of enzyme appears to be present in lymphosarcoma and calf thymus.", "contents": "Poly (A) polymerase of bovine lymphosarcoma. Poly(A) polymerase has been extensively purified from low-salt extracts of bovine lymphosarcoma. The enzyme is Mn2+ dependent, requires an oligonucleotide or RNA primer, incorporates only adenosine triphosphate, and is inhibited by other ribonucleotides or deoxynucleotides. Oligoadenylate and ribosomal RNA are good primers for the enzyme; transfer RNA and poly(A) are poor. RNA transcribed in vitro by homologous RNA polymerase is an efficient primer. The properties of the enzyme are similar to the properties of the Mn2+ -activated poly(A) polymerase of calf thymus. Approximately the same amount of enzyme appears to be present in lymphosarcoma and calf thymus.", "PMID": 1173055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_3999", "title": "Ultrastructural study of the uptake of peroxidase by the rat median eminence.", "content": "An active role of the ependymal cells (tanycytes) of the median eminence in the transport of hypothalamic hormones has been recently suggested. In order to investigate the fate of material present in the cerebrospinal fluid, a protein tracer, horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the left lateral ventricle of rats. Two minutes after the injection, HRP had largely diffused between tanycytes and hypendymal cells. As soon as 5 min after the injection, HRP had completely penetrated all the layers of the median eminence. A few labelled vesicles and lysosomes were occasionally seen in ependymal and glial cells. At longer time intervals (20 min, 1 and 4 hrs), a reaction was observed in the lumen of fenestrated capillaries of the pituitary portal plexus. In many nerve endings of the external zone, vesicles and lysosomes were seen to contain HRP. An interesting observation was the localization of HRP between nerve endings and cells in both the pars nervosa and the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland. No reaction was recorded in the anterior pituitary and the kidney. Seventeen hours after the injection, the extracellular space was free of reaction but a few positive intracellular structure were still found. These results clearly indicate that some material from the third ventricle can rapidly diffuse between cells and axons of the median eminence to reach the fenestrated capillaries of the pituitary portal plexus and the posterior pituitary without involving an active transport by tanycytes.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of the uptake of peroxidase by the rat median eminence. An active role of the ependymal cells (tanycytes) of the median eminence in the transport of hypothalamic hormones has been recently suggested. In order to investigate the fate of material present in the cerebrospinal fluid, a protein tracer, horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the left lateral ventricle of rats. Two minutes after the injection, HRP had largely diffused between tanycytes and hypendymal cells. As soon as 5 min after the injection, HRP had completely penetrated all the layers of the median eminence. A few labelled vesicles and lysosomes were occasionally seen in ependymal and glial cells. At longer time intervals (20 min, 1 and 4 hrs), a reaction was observed in the lumen of fenestrated capillaries of the pituitary portal plexus. In many nerve endings of the external zone, vesicles and lysosomes were seen to contain HRP. An interesting observation was the localization of HRP between nerve endings and cells in both the pars nervosa and the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland. No reaction was recorded in the anterior pituitary and the kidney. Seventeen hours after the injection, the extracellular space was free of reaction but a few positive intracellular structure were still found. These results clearly indicate that some material from the third ventricle can rapidly diffuse between cells and axons of the median eminence to reach the fenestrated capillaries of the pituitary portal plexus and the posterior pituitary without involving an active transport by tanycytes.", "PMID": 1173056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4000", "title": "A comparative cytological study between hepatocytes of insecticide-resistant and susceptible mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis).", "content": "The livers from a naturally occurring insecticide-resistant mosquitofish population were examined cytologically and compared to liver preparations from a susceptible population. There was a marked increase in cell size and lipid inclusions in the hepatocytes of resistant mosquitofish as compared to susceptible mosquitofish. The pronounced lipid inclusions in the liver preparations of resistant mosquitofish remained essentially unchanged in mosquitofish starved for up to 2 weeks. No observable differences were noted in any cellular organelles.", "contents": "A comparative cytological study between hepatocytes of insecticide-resistant and susceptible mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). The livers from a naturally occurring insecticide-resistant mosquitofish population were examined cytologically and compared to liver preparations from a susceptible population. There was a marked increase in cell size and lipid inclusions in the hepatocytes of resistant mosquitofish as compared to susceptible mosquitofish. The pronounced lipid inclusions in the liver preparations of resistant mosquitofish remained essentially unchanged in mosquitofish starved for up to 2 weeks. No observable differences were noted in any cellular organelles.", "PMID": 1173057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4001", "title": "Clincal pharmacology of O2,2'-cyclocytidine.", "content": "Two metabolites of 2-14C-cyclocytidine (cyclo-C) were found in the plasma and urine and a hydrolytic product, arabinosylcytosine (ara-C), and its deaminated product, arabinosyluracil (ara-U), were found in patients with cancer; 80% of the dose was found in urine in 24 hr, 70% as cyclo-C and 10% as ara-C and ara-U. The plasma disappearance curve of ara-C curvilinear; the half-life of ara-C estimated from the terminal phase is 8 hr. By 6 hr, the ara-C level is 0.35 mug/ml and falls exponentially to 0.006 mug/ml by 24 hr. Plasma concentration ratios of ara-U to ara-C are 0.1 to 0.3, 0.3 to 0.4, and 1.1 to 1.3 at 10 min, 1 hr, and 4 hr following intravenous injection of cyclo-C at 200 mg/m2. Five min after an equal dose of ara-C, this ratio is approximately 2, and by 4 hr, plasma ara-C levels are immeasurable. After intramuscular and subcutaneous administration, cyclo-C is rapidly absorbed. The plasma disappearance curves of the cyclo-C hydrolytic product, ara-C, are similar to those of the intravenous route. Intramuscularly, subcutaneously, and intravenously cyclo-C should be equally effective. Intrathecal injections of cyclo-C (50 mg/m2) result in an effective ara-C level (0.1 mug/ml) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at 24 hr. When cyclo-C is given orally to fasting patients, less than 15% of the dose is excreted in urine in 24 hr and none can be detected in the plasma.", "contents": "Clincal pharmacology of O2,2'-cyclocytidine. Two metabolites of 2-14C-cyclocytidine (cyclo-C) were found in the plasma and urine and a hydrolytic product, arabinosylcytosine (ara-C), and its deaminated product, arabinosyluracil (ara-U), were found in patients with cancer; 80% of the dose was found in urine in 24 hr, 70% as cyclo-C and 10% as ara-C and ara-U. The plasma disappearance curve of ara-C curvilinear; the half-life of ara-C estimated from the terminal phase is 8 hr. By 6 hr, the ara-C level is 0.35 mug/ml and falls exponentially to 0.006 mug/ml by 24 hr. Plasma concentration ratios of ara-U to ara-C are 0.1 to 0.3, 0.3 to 0.4, and 1.1 to 1.3 at 10 min, 1 hr, and 4 hr following intravenous injection of cyclo-C at 200 mg/m2. Five min after an equal dose of ara-C, this ratio is approximately 2, and by 4 hr, plasma ara-C levels are immeasurable. After intramuscular and subcutaneous administration, cyclo-C is rapidly absorbed. The plasma disappearance curves of the cyclo-C hydrolytic product, ara-C, are similar to those of the intravenous route. Intramuscularly, subcutaneously, and intravenously cyclo-C should be equally effective. Intrathecal injections of cyclo-C (50 mg/m2) result in an effective ara-C level (0.1 mug/ml) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at 24 hr. When cyclo-C is given orally to fasting patients, less than 15% of the dose is excreted in urine in 24 hr and none can be detected in the plasma.", "PMID": 1173058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4002", "title": "Effect of tolamolol and propranolol on exercise heart rate and angina.", "content": "Fifteen patients with angina pectoris participated in a double-blind study evaluating the effect of intravenous saline, 10 mg of intravenous tolamolol, 20 mg of intravenous tolamolol, and 10 mg of intravenous propranolol on resting and exercise heart rate and on exercise time until angina. Twenty mg of tolamolol and 10 mg of propranolol caused a similar decrease in mean resting heart rate, heart rate after a similar amount of exercise, heart rate at angina, resting product of systolic blood pressure times heart rate, and product of systolic blood pressure times heart rate at angina and were, therefore, judged equipotent. Tolamolol, 10 and 20 mg, and propranolol, 10 mg. were not followed by a significant change in mean exercise duration until angina, but there was a 25 percent increase in exercise time until angina in 4 of 15 patients (27 percent) after 10 mg of propranolol and in 3 of 15 patients (20 percent) after 20 mg of tolamolol.", "contents": "Effect of tolamolol and propranolol on exercise heart rate and angina. Fifteen patients with angina pectoris participated in a double-blind study evaluating the effect of intravenous saline, 10 mg of intravenous tolamolol, 20 mg of intravenous tolamolol, and 10 mg of intravenous propranolol on resting and exercise heart rate and on exercise time until angina. Twenty mg of tolamolol and 10 mg of propranolol caused a similar decrease in mean resting heart rate, heart rate after a similar amount of exercise, heart rate at angina, resting product of systolic blood pressure times heart rate, and product of systolic blood pressure times heart rate at angina and were, therefore, judged equipotent. Tolamolol, 10 and 20 mg, and propranolol, 10 mg. were not followed by a significant change in mean exercise duration until angina, but there was a 25 percent increase in exercise time until angina in 4 of 15 patients (27 percent) after 10 mg of propranolol and in 3 of 15 patients (20 percent) after 20 mg of tolamolol.", "PMID": 1173059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4003", "title": "Propranolol-induced urticaria: successful therapy with tolamolol.", "content": "Urticaria with systemic effects occurred in a patient being treated with propranolol and was reproducible upon rechallenge with the drug; Successful beta-adrenergic blocking therapy was achieved using a new agent, tolamolol, with no evidence of any adverse effects.", "contents": "Propranolol-induced urticaria: successful therapy with tolamolol. Urticaria with systemic effects occurred in a patient being treated with propranolol and was reproducible upon rechallenge with the drug; Successful beta-adrenergic blocking therapy was achieved using a new agent, tolamolol, with no evidence of any adverse effects.", "PMID": 1173060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4004", "title": "An attempt to eliminate platelet antibodies from antilymphocyte serum (ALS) by absorption with unwashed human erythrocytes.", "content": "After repeated, 10-20 absorptions of ALS with one-half of its volume of unwashed human erythrocytes, performed each time for 30 min. at room temperature, the titres of the undesired thrombo-agglutinins and thrombolysins can be reduced or these antibodies can be eliminated from ALS. After absorption anticomplementarity of ALS increases and the lymphocytotoxin titre declines. The optimal number of absorptions which would not reduce markedly the immunosuppressive activity of ALS remains to be determined.", "contents": "An attempt to eliminate platelet antibodies from antilymphocyte serum (ALS) by absorption with unwashed human erythrocytes. After repeated, 10-20 absorptions of ALS with one-half of its volume of unwashed human erythrocytes, performed each time for 30 min. at room temperature, the titres of the undesired thrombo-agglutinins and thrombolysins can be reduced or these antibodies can be eliminated from ALS. After absorption anticomplementarity of ALS increases and the lymphocytotoxin titre declines. The optimal number of absorptions which would not reduce markedly the immunosuppressive activity of ALS remains to be determined.", "PMID": 1173062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4005", "title": "Mycotic aneurysm of the internal carotid artery in an unusual intra-cranial location.", "content": "A child is reported who developed a mycotic aneurysm of the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery following staphylococcal cellulitis and septicemia. The unique feature of this case was the conspicuous absence of clinical or arteriographic evidence of carvernous sinus thrombosis. The pathogenesis of mycotic aneurysms is discussed.", "contents": "Mycotic aneurysm of the internal carotid artery in an unusual intra-cranial location. A child is reported who developed a mycotic aneurysm of the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery following staphylococcal cellulitis and septicemia. The unique feature of this case was the conspicuous absence of clinical or arteriographic evidence of carvernous sinus thrombosis. The pathogenesis of mycotic aneurysms is discussed.", "PMID": 1173063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4006", "title": "Cross-protection among feline caliciviruses.", "content": "Each of five groups of specific-pathogen-free and conventionally reared cats was infected with a different strain of feline calicivirus. Two of the strains were pathogenic, producing characteristically fever, depression, loss of appetite, buccal ulceration, and occasionally increased ocular and nasal secretion. Two of the other strains were midly pathogenic and associated with fever or buccal ulceration or both; the fifth strain was nonpathogenic. The two pathogenic strains plus three others shown also to be pathogenic were used 3 months after the initial infection to challenge the cats in rearranged groupings. Of the 28 conventional cats challenged six (21.4%) showed at least a febrile response, although none of the 30 specific-pathogen-free cats showed any clinical signs. After challenge, virus was recovered from throat swabs of 37 or the 58 cats (63.8%) including the six which showed symptoms, but the duration of the excretion of virus was significantly less than that seen with the initial infection. The homologous and heterotypic antibody responses correlated well with the clinical protection, or lack of it, seen on challenge. The results provide further evidence for significant cross-relationships between feline caliciviruses.", "contents": "Cross-protection among feline caliciviruses. Each of five groups of specific-pathogen-free and conventionally reared cats was infected with a different strain of feline calicivirus. Two of the strains were pathogenic, producing characteristically fever, depression, loss of appetite, buccal ulceration, and occasionally increased ocular and nasal secretion. Two of the other strains were midly pathogenic and associated with fever or buccal ulceration or both; the fifth strain was nonpathogenic. The two pathogenic strains plus three others shown also to be pathogenic were used 3 months after the initial infection to challenge the cats in rearranged groupings. Of the 28 conventional cats challenged six (21.4%) showed at least a febrile response, although none of the 30 specific-pathogen-free cats showed any clinical signs. After challenge, virus was recovered from throat swabs of 37 or the 58 cats (63.8%) including the six which showed symptoms, but the duration of the excretion of virus was significantly less than that seen with the initial infection. The homologous and heterotypic antibody responses correlated well with the clinical protection, or lack of it, seen on challenge. The results provide further evidence for significant cross-relationships between feline caliciviruses.", "PMID": 1173064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4007", "title": "Citrate utilization in milk by Leuconostoc cremoris and Streptococcus diacetilactis.", "content": "Citrate utilization and diacetyl, acetoin and acetaldehyde production by 2 strains each of Leuconostoc cremoris and Streptococcus diacetilactis in milk were studied. With the leuconostoc bacteria no growth and little citrate utilization occurred unless a stimulant (yeast extract) was present, when complete utilization of citrate without concomitant production of diacetyl or acetoin was obtained. The additon of Mn2+ stimulated growth resulted in diacetyl and acetoin production. Destruction of diacetyl and acetoin occurred when the citric acid level fell to c.1000 and 600 mug/g in the case of Leuc. cremoris FR8-1 and CAF1, respectively. Only strain FR8-1 produced acetaldehyde. In contrast, Str. diacetilactis produced diacetyl, acetoin and acetaldehyde concomitant with citrate utilization.", "contents": "Citrate utilization in milk by Leuconostoc cremoris and Streptococcus diacetilactis. Citrate utilization and diacetyl, acetoin and acetaldehyde production by 2 strains each of Leuconostoc cremoris and Streptococcus diacetilactis in milk were studied. With the leuconostoc bacteria no growth and little citrate utilization occurred unless a stimulant (yeast extract) was present, when complete utilization of citrate without concomitant production of diacetyl or acetoin was obtained. The additon of Mn2+ stimulated growth resulted in diacetyl and acetoin production. Destruction of diacetyl and acetoin occurred when the citric acid level fell to c.1000 and 600 mug/g in the case of Leuc. cremoris FR8-1 and CAF1, respectively. Only strain FR8-1 produced acetaldehyde. In contrast, Str. diacetilactis produced diacetyl, acetoin and acetaldehyde concomitant with citrate utilization.", "PMID": 1173068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4008", "title": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Treatment with oxygen via close-fitting mask.", "content": "Four patients with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis were recently treated with oxygen via a close-fitting mask. They responded initially to this therapy, with cessation of all symptoms and, after seven days of treatment, with return of proctoscopic and barium-contrast roentgenographic findings in the colon to normal. However, the disease recurred in one of the four patients after six months. There is a potential hazard of toxic effects from oxygen, and this may be detected by frequent measurement of pulmonary vital capacity. Our experience corroborates the efficacy of oxygen therapy in the treatment of this disorder but we question its long-term effectiveness in all cases.", "contents": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Treatment with oxygen via close-fitting mask. Four patients with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis were recently treated with oxygen via a close-fitting mask. They responded initially to this therapy, with cessation of all symptoms and, after seven days of treatment, with return of proctoscopic and barium-contrast roentgenographic findings in the colon to normal. However, the disease recurred in one of the four patients after six months. There is a potential hazard of toxic effects from oxygen, and this may be detected by frequent measurement of pulmonary vital capacity. Our experience corroborates the efficacy of oxygen therapy in the treatment of this disorder but we question its long-term effectiveness in all cases.", "PMID": 1173079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4009", "title": "Therapeutic regimens in advanced breast cancer.", "content": "A retrospective study of the methods of treatment in 98 patients with advanced breast cancer over the past five years showed striking differences in remission rates, duration of remissions, and overall survival according to the method of treatment. Adrenalectomy and oophorectomy produced remissions in 58% of patients, with a median duration of 22 months. Survival curves were impressive and favored the surgically ablated group, who had a median survival of 32 months. Sixty-seven percent of responders continue to survive at four years. Chemotherapy with single agents produced remissions in 30% of patients, having a median duration of nine months. Additive endocrine therapy produced 33% to 36% remission rates, with median durations of 12 to 16 months. Responses were more frequent and longer lasting in older patients. Radiotherapy, when used without supplemental therapy, resulted in good local control, but a short median survival of 7.5 months.", "contents": "Therapeutic regimens in advanced breast cancer. A retrospective study of the methods of treatment in 98 patients with advanced breast cancer over the past five years showed striking differences in remission rates, duration of remissions, and overall survival according to the method of treatment. Adrenalectomy and oophorectomy produced remissions in 58% of patients, with a median duration of 22 months. Survival curves were impressive and favored the surgically ablated group, who had a median survival of 32 months. Sixty-seven percent of responders continue to survive at four years. Chemotherapy with single agents produced remissions in 30% of patients, having a median duration of nine months. Additive endocrine therapy produced 33% to 36% remission rates, with median durations of 12 to 16 months. Responses were more frequent and longer lasting in older patients. Radiotherapy, when used without supplemental therapy, resulted in good local control, but a short median survival of 7.5 months.", "PMID": 1173080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4010", "title": "Imipramine-induced heart block. A longitudinal case study.", "content": "A 2:1 atrioventricular block developed during treatment with the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine in a 74-year-old man with a three-year history of right bundle-branch block. Serial cardiographic studies and determinations of blood imipramine concentrations showed that the heart block was directly related to the plasma concentration of the drug and occurred below the atrioventricular node in the His-Purkinje system.", "contents": "Imipramine-induced heart block. A longitudinal case study. A 2:1 atrioventricular block developed during treatment with the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine in a 74-year-old man with a three-year history of right bundle-branch block. Serial cardiographic studies and determinations of blood imipramine concentrations showed that the heart block was directly related to the plasma concentration of the drug and occurred below the atrioventricular node in the His-Purkinje system.", "PMID": 1173081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4011", "title": "Guillan-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in heroin addiction.", "content": "In two cases of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (acute polyneuritis) as a complication of narcotic abuse, the onset of paralysis began approximately 4 and 12 hours after self-administration of opiates intravenously. Bulbar and respiratory paralysis developed in one patient and required prolonged ventilation therapy; the other patient had peripheral muscular and unilateral facial weakness, with notable pleocytosis was present in both.", "contents": "Guillan-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in heroin addiction. In two cases of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (acute polyneuritis) as a complication of narcotic abuse, the onset of paralysis began approximately 4 and 12 hours after self-administration of opiates intravenously. Bulbar and respiratory paralysis developed in one patient and required prolonged ventilation therapy; the other patient had peripheral muscular and unilateral facial weakness, with notable pleocytosis was present in both.", "PMID": 1173082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4012", "title": "Recurrent urinary tract infections. Prevention by prophylactic antibiotics after sexual intercourse.", "content": "Fourteen patients with chronic or multiple recurrences of infection of the urinary tract have self-administered a single oral dose of one of five antibiotics after sexual intercourse for periods of 19 to 111 months for a total of 761 months. Infections did not occur among 15 of 22 treatment periods. A total of 19 infections occurred while the patients were taking prophylactic medication, significantly less than the total of 90 infections recorded during the 705 months when these patients did not take prophylactic doses of antibiotics. Patients taking nitrofurantoin, a cephalosporin, or nalidixic acid had a significant reduction in the proportion of specimens of urine containing any Gram-negative bacteria. Serious toxic effects were not encountered.", "contents": "Recurrent urinary tract infections. Prevention by prophylactic antibiotics after sexual intercourse. Fourteen patients with chronic or multiple recurrences of infection of the urinary tract have self-administered a single oral dose of one of five antibiotics after sexual intercourse for periods of 19 to 111 months for a total of 761 months. Infections did not occur among 15 of 22 treatment periods. A total of 19 infections occurred while the patients were taking prophylactic medication, significantly less than the total of 90 infections recorded during the 705 months when these patients did not take prophylactic doses of antibiotics. Patients taking nitrofurantoin, a cephalosporin, or nalidixic acid had a significant reduction in the proportion of specimens of urine containing any Gram-negative bacteria. Serious toxic effects were not encountered.", "PMID": 1173099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4013", "title": "Physostigmine salicylate in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdosage.", "content": "Following intravenous administration of physostigmine salicylate for tricyclic antidepressant poisoning in 21 patients, convulsions occurred in two patients, and severe cholinergic manifestations occurred in two others. Because of these untoward effects and the very short duration of its beneficial action, it is very doubtful that physostigmine has any place in the routine management of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning.", "contents": "Physostigmine salicylate in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdosage. Following intravenous administration of physostigmine salicylate for tricyclic antidepressant poisoning in 21 patients, convulsions occurred in two patients, and severe cholinergic manifestations occurred in two others. Because of these untoward effects and the very short duration of its beneficial action, it is very doubtful that physostigmine has any place in the routine management of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning.", "PMID": 1173100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4014", "title": "Hypersensitivity alveolitis.", "content": "Hypersensitivity alveolitis developed in an 11-year-old girl during heavy exposure to mold spores contaminating the straw filters of an evaporation-type home air cooler. It is likely that the causative organism was Micropolyspora faeni, the mold responsible for farmer's lung.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity alveolitis. Hypersensitivity alveolitis developed in an 11-year-old girl during heavy exposure to mold spores contaminating the straw filters of an evaporation-type home air cooler. It is likely that the causative organism was Micropolyspora faeni, the mold responsible for farmer's lung.", "PMID": 1173101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4015", "title": "Sickle cell crisis treated by exchange transfusion. Treatment of two patients with heterozygous sickle cell syndrome.", "content": "In two patients with severe painful sickle cell crisis and a deteriorating clinical course, recovery coincided with large-scale exchange transfusions (6 liters). The one patient, with sickle cell beta thalassemia, achieved a 90% exchange, calculated on the sickle cell hemoglobin present before and after transfusion. The other patient, with sickle cell hemoglobin Hb A, S, and (Hb) C disease, also achieved an 80% exchange calculated on the level of HbA.S. AND C in samples before and after transfusion.", "contents": "Sickle cell crisis treated by exchange transfusion. Treatment of two patients with heterozygous sickle cell syndrome. In two patients with severe painful sickle cell crisis and a deteriorating clinical course, recovery coincided with large-scale exchange transfusions (6 liters). The one patient, with sickle cell beta thalassemia, achieved a 90% exchange, calculated on the sickle cell hemoglobin present before and after transfusion. The other patient, with sickle cell hemoglobin Hb A, S, and (Hb) C disease, also achieved an 80% exchange calculated on the level of HbA.S. AND C in samples before and after transfusion.", "PMID": 1173102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4016", "title": "Secondary hyperparathyroidism. Conservative management in patients with renal insufficiency.", "content": "In three patients with advanced renal disease (inulin clearance, 4.6 to 9.1 ml/min) and systemic manifestations of secondary hyperparathyroidism, concentrations of serum calcium and phosphorus were maintained within our normal limits (9 and 3.5 mg/100 ml, respectively) with phosphate-binding antacids and orally given calcium carbonate. The result was progressive disappearance of symptoms related to secondary hyperparathyroidism, healing of osteitis fibrosa, and normalization of serum concentrations of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "Secondary hyperparathyroidism. Conservative management in patients with renal insufficiency. In three patients with advanced renal disease (inulin clearance, 4.6 to 9.1 ml/min) and systemic manifestations of secondary hyperparathyroidism, concentrations of serum calcium and phosphorus were maintained within our normal limits (9 and 3.5 mg/100 ml, respectively) with phosphate-binding antacids and orally given calcium carbonate. The result was progressive disappearance of symptoms related to secondary hyperparathyroidism, healing of osteitis fibrosa, and normalization of serum concentrations of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone.", "PMID": 1173103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4017", "title": "Infarction of breast fibroadenomas during pregnancy.", "content": "Two cases of infarcted fibroadenomas of the breast during pregnancy represent the total incidence of this entity from a total of 404 fibroadenomas diagnosed during the last five years in our department. Gross and microscopic pathologic findings of these breast tumors must be carefully evaluated, since the relative rarity of this lesion may lead to suspicion of carcinoma.", "contents": "Infarction of breast fibroadenomas during pregnancy. Two cases of infarcted fibroadenomas of the breast during pregnancy represent the total incidence of this entity from a total of 404 fibroadenomas diagnosed during the last five years in our department. Gross and microscopic pathologic findings of these breast tumors must be carefully evaluated, since the relative rarity of this lesion may lead to suspicion of carcinoma.", "PMID": 1173104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4018", "title": "Hyperlipoproteinemia in occlusive cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "The distribution of occlusive atherosclerotic lesions in the aortocranial circulation as determined by arteriography was correlated with results of plasma lipid and lipoprotein determinations of patients with symptoms and signs of cerebrovascular disease. The incidence of hyperlipoproteinemia in the total study population was 31.8%. The frequency of hyperlipoproteinemia was signigicantly higher in patients with atherosclerotic lesions limited to extracranial (51%) and intracranial major vessels (44.2%) when compared to the total number of patients and patients with only intracranial small-vessel disease (P less than .05). Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia was the most common abnormality (extracranial group, 42% type IV, 9% type II; intracranial major-vessel group, 35.8% type IV, 8.4% type II). Patients with intracranial small-vessel disease had the lowest frequency of hyperlipoproteinemia (14.2%). The frequency of hypertension with or without hyperlipoproteinemia was higher in patients with intracranial small-vessel disease (P less than .01).", "contents": "Hyperlipoproteinemia in occlusive cerebrovascular disease. The distribution of occlusive atherosclerotic lesions in the aortocranial circulation as determined by arteriography was correlated with results of plasma lipid and lipoprotein determinations of patients with symptoms and signs of cerebrovascular disease. The incidence of hyperlipoproteinemia in the total study population was 31.8%. The frequency of hyperlipoproteinemia was signigicantly higher in patients with atherosclerotic lesions limited to extracranial (51%) and intracranial major vessels (44.2%) when compared to the total number of patients and patients with only intracranial small-vessel disease (P less than .05). Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia was the most common abnormality (extracranial group, 42% type IV, 9% type II; intracranial major-vessel group, 35.8% type IV, 8.4% type II). Patients with intracranial small-vessel disease had the lowest frequency of hyperlipoproteinemia (14.2%). The frequency of hypertension with or without hyperlipoproteinemia was higher in patients with intracranial small-vessel disease (P less than .01).", "PMID": 1173117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4019", "title": "Penicillin treatment of neurosyphilis. Are recommended dosages sufficient?", "content": "A 60-year-old man with symptomatic neurosyphilis was treated with penicillin G procaine in the dosages recommended by the Public Health Service, and a less than spirocheticidal level of penicillin G was found in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Penicillin treatment of neurosyphilis. Are recommended dosages sufficient? A 60-year-old man with symptomatic neurosyphilis was treated with penicillin G procaine in the dosages recommended by the Public Health Service, and a less than spirocheticidal level of penicillin G was found in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 1173118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4020", "title": "Lymphocytic choriomeningitis outbreak associated with pet hamsters. Fifty-seven cases from New York State;.", "content": "An outbreak of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) associated with pet hamsters adquired through nationwide distributor was recognized in New York in February 1974. In upstate a New York, 57 cases occurred in a four-month period. Complete information was obtained on 49 patients ranging in age from 3 to 70 years. Characteristic findings included fever (90%), headache (85%), and severe myalgia (80%). Typically, laboratory findings consisted of a normal blood cell count and cerebrospinal fluid with mononuclear leukocyte pleocytosis and moderate hypoglycorrhacia. Al patients had contact with hamsters from one distributor. Most of the hamsters were acquired in mid to late December 1973, but some as late as March 1974. From each of eight families in which hamsters were available, at least one hamster had detectable complement-fixing antibodies for LCM. Infection rates within families varied with location and type of hamster cage; open cages and cages situated in common living areas were associated with highest infection rates (45% and 52%, respectively). Severity of illness was not associated with direct contact with hamsters. Onset of illness occurred between 8 and 90 days after initial exposure to hamsters.", "contents": "Lymphocytic choriomeningitis outbreak associated with pet hamsters. Fifty-seven cases from New York State;. An outbreak of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) associated with pet hamsters adquired through nationwide distributor was recognized in New York in February 1974. In upstate a New York, 57 cases occurred in a four-month period. Complete information was obtained on 49 patients ranging in age from 3 to 70 years. Characteristic findings included fever (90%), headache (85%), and severe myalgia (80%). Typically, laboratory findings consisted of a normal blood cell count and cerebrospinal fluid with mononuclear leukocyte pleocytosis and moderate hypoglycorrhacia. Al patients had contact with hamsters from one distributor. Most of the hamsters were acquired in mid to late December 1973, but some as late as March 1974. From each of eight families in which hamsters were available, at least one hamster had detectable complement-fixing antibodies for LCM. Infection rates within families varied with location and type of hamster cage; open cages and cages situated in common living areas were associated with highest infection rates (45% and 52%, respectively). Severity of illness was not associated with direct contact with hamsters. Onset of illness occurred between 8 and 90 days after initial exposure to hamsters.", "PMID": 1173141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4021", "title": "Library and information services for small hospitals.", "content": "The quality of medical care is dependent on effective and expeditious information services for physicians and other health workers. Small hospitals have been at a particular disadvantage in this respect, mainly because unit costs of library services have been quite high when delivered on a small scale with traditional resources and methods. The importance of this problem is suggested by the fact that more than half of the US hospitals have less than 100 beds, and that library services have been primitive or nonexistent in most of these institutions. Certain recent developments will permit most of these smaller hospitals to provide creditable information services at modest cost.", "contents": "Library and information services for small hospitals. The quality of medical care is dependent on effective and expeditious information services for physicians and other health workers. Small hospitals have been at a particular disadvantage in this respect, mainly because unit costs of library services have been quite high when delivered on a small scale with traditional resources and methods. The importance of this problem is suggested by the fact that more than half of the US hospitals have less than 100 beds, and that library services have been primitive or nonexistent in most of these institutions. Certain recent developments will permit most of these smaller hospitals to provide creditable information services at modest cost.", "PMID": 1173142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4022", "title": "Venereal disease control among homosexuals; An outreach program.", "content": "With the support and participation of area homosexual organizations and a local bar, the City Health Department developed an outreach/education/screening program for venereal disease (VD) control. Venereal disease education and blood testing were conducted during four sequential Wednesday evenings in the bar on a volunteer basis, anonymously if requested. Of the 118 sera drawn, ten were reactive on serologic testing. Two of these reactive blood tests led to the discovery of two new cases of primary syphiles. No cultures were positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The subject response rate confirms the value of an anonymous reporting method; the discovery of two cases of primary syphilis lends credence to case finding by field-screening a high-risk population.", "contents": "Venereal disease control among homosexuals; An outreach program. With the support and participation of area homosexual organizations and a local bar, the City Health Department developed an outreach/education/screening program for venereal disease (VD) control. Venereal disease education and blood testing were conducted during four sequential Wednesday evenings in the bar on a volunteer basis, anonymously if requested. Of the 118 sera drawn, ten were reactive on serologic testing. Two of these reactive blood tests led to the discovery of two new cases of primary syphiles. No cultures were positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The subject response rate confirms the value of an anonymous reporting method; the discovery of two cases of primary syphilis lends credence to case finding by field-screening a high-risk population.", "PMID": 1173143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4023", "title": "Medullary cystic disease vs nephronophthisis. A valid distinction?", "content": "It has been proposed that medullary cystic disease and nephronophthisis are distinguishable by the mode of inheritance and the age of onset. The former is inherited as an autosomal dominant, the latter as an autosomal recessive, with the onset at the average age of 26.7 years and 10.5 years, respectively. The present kindred would appear to have a dominant inheritance and onset at 10.1 years of age. This emphasizes the importance of examining those families in whom medullary cystic disease is suspected, prior to genetic consultation.", "contents": "Medullary cystic disease vs nephronophthisis. A valid distinction? It has been proposed that medullary cystic disease and nephronophthisis are distinguishable by the mode of inheritance and the age of onset. The former is inherited as an autosomal dominant, the latter as an autosomal recessive, with the onset at the average age of 26.7 years and 10.5 years, respectively. The present kindred would appear to have a dominant inheritance and onset at 10.1 years of age. This emphasizes the importance of examining those families in whom medullary cystic disease is suspected, prior to genetic consultation.", "PMID": 1173153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4024", "title": "Brucellosis linked to Mexican cheese.", "content": "Three cases of brucellosis occurred, two acute cases and one chronic, all of which likely resulted from the ingestion of fresh cheese containing Brucella melitensis. A history of patients with illness suggestive of brucellosis should include details about food ingested recently in addition to the usual questions about travel and occupation. As the US domestic-animal disease comes under better control, and travel to Mexico, Spain, and Italy increases, it seems likely that human disease caused by B melitensis will become relatively more common.", "contents": "Brucellosis linked to Mexican cheese. Three cases of brucellosis occurred, two acute cases and one chronic, all of which likely resulted from the ingestion of fresh cheese containing Brucella melitensis. A history of patients with illness suggestive of brucellosis should include details about food ingested recently in addition to the usual questions about travel and occupation. As the US domestic-animal disease comes under better control, and travel to Mexico, Spain, and Italy increases, it seems likely that human disease caused by B melitensis will become relatively more common.", "PMID": 1173155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4025", "title": "Hepatitis B and the HB-SAg carrier. An outbreak related to sexual contact.", "content": "Within six months, acute viral hepatitis, type B, developed in three individuals associated with a nursing home in Denver. This attack rate, 1.4 cases per 100 patients and employees, was apparently higher than the reported incidence of hepatitis B in Denver during the same period. Parenteral inoculations could not be implicated as the means of acquiring hepatitis B. However, two of the hepatitis patients had had sexual contact within six months before their illness with an employee who was an insulin-dependent diabetic and a symptomatic carrier of HB-Sg. In addition, anti-HB-S antibodies were detected in his homosexual roommate. Although the chronic carrier was a food-handler, a seroepidemiologic survey of the employee population showed no spread of HB-Sag by means of food or casual contact. Only 1 (4.6%) of 22 employees tested had anti-HB-S antibodies. These results suggest that household and, in particular, sexual contact with a symptomatic HB-SAg carrier may be an effective nonparenteral or inapparent parenteral mode of transmitting HB-SAg.", "contents": "Hepatitis B and the HB-SAg carrier. An outbreak related to sexual contact. Within six months, acute viral hepatitis, type B, developed in three individuals associated with a nursing home in Denver. This attack rate, 1.4 cases per 100 patients and employees, was apparently higher than the reported incidence of hepatitis B in Denver during the same period. Parenteral inoculations could not be implicated as the means of acquiring hepatitis B. However, two of the hepatitis patients had had sexual contact within six months before their illness with an employee who was an insulin-dependent diabetic and a symptomatic carrier of HB-Sg. In addition, anti-HB-S antibodies were detected in his homosexual roommate. Although the chronic carrier was a food-handler, a seroepidemiologic survey of the employee population showed no spread of HB-Sag by means of food or casual contact. Only 1 (4.6%) of 22 employees tested had anti-HB-S antibodies. These results suggest that household and, in particular, sexual contact with a symptomatic HB-SAg carrier may be an effective nonparenteral or inapparent parenteral mode of transmitting HB-SAg.", "PMID": 1173169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4026", "title": "A computerized national Blood Donor Deferral Register.", "content": "With blood given exclusively by volunteer donors, the American National Red Cross (ANRC) Blood Program aims to supply patients needing transfusion with blood products of the highest quality. The use of blood from volunteers, with its established greater safety, combined with laboratory testing to detect carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HB-SAg) and modern computer technology, creates an effective system to reduce the risk of post-transfusion hepatitis. The ANRC has devised a national Donor Deferral System, which is designed to minimize the transmission of hepatitis by blood and blood products.", "contents": "A computerized national Blood Donor Deferral Register. With blood given exclusively by volunteer donors, the American National Red Cross (ANRC) Blood Program aims to supply patients needing transfusion with blood products of the highest quality. The use of blood from volunteers, with its established greater safety, combined with laboratory testing to detect carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HB-SAg) and modern computer technology, creates an effective system to reduce the risk of post-transfusion hepatitis. The ANRC has devised a national Donor Deferral System, which is designed to minimize the transmission of hepatitis by blood and blood products.", "PMID": 1173170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4027", "title": "The mentally ill physician as practitioner.", "content": "Mentally ill physicians may hurt patients through direct involvement of physicians' symptoms. Not all mentally ill physicians are disqualified by their illness from practicing medicine. Some may be disqualified for some time or permanently; some may be able to continue to function effectively. Certain characteristics of the physician-patient relationship and physicians' beliefs about their own and their colleagues' work make it difficult to discern harm done to patients.", "contents": "The mentally ill physician as practitioner. Mentally ill physicians may hurt patients through direct involvement of physicians' symptoms. Not all mentally ill physicians are disqualified by their illness from practicing medicine. Some may be disqualified for some time or permanently; some may be able to continue to function effectively. Certain characteristics of the physician-patient relationship and physicians' beliefs about their own and their colleagues' work make it difficult to discern harm done to patients.", "PMID": 1173171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4028", "title": "Childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Aggressive management of life-threatening complications.", "content": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in childhood is usually a benign, self-limited illness. Life-threatening complications, such as central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhage, occur in less than 1% of cases. We report a case in which the patient failed to respond to splenectomy and high-dose corticosteroid therapy. Immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, and corticosteroids in conjunction with frequent transfusions of platelets was associated with a complete remission that persisted after therapy was discontinued.", "contents": "Childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Aggressive management of life-threatening complications. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in childhood is usually a benign, self-limited illness. Life-threatening complications, such as central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhage, occur in less than 1% of cases. We report a case in which the patient failed to respond to splenectomy and high-dose corticosteroid therapy. Immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, and corticosteroids in conjunction with frequent transfusions of platelets was associated with a complete remission that persisted after therapy was discontinued.", "PMID": 1173173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4029", "title": "Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in sickle cell anemia.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in sera from patients with sickle cell anemia were separated by electrophoresis on starch gel. Physical and biochemical criteria identified bone alkaline phosphatase as the principal, although not necessarily the sole, enzyme fraction that increases during symptomatic sickle cell crises. Moreover, there appeared to be concordance between crisis severity, serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, and isoenzyme patterns; electrophoretic and biochemical abnormalities could be detected even when the patients were asymptomatic. The present data suggest that the serum alkaline phosphatase level may be an additional indicator of the degree, frequency, and persistence of tissue injuries that occur in sickle cell anemia.", "contents": "Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in sickle cell anemia. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in sera from patients with sickle cell anemia were separated by electrophoresis on starch gel. Physical and biochemical criteria identified bone alkaline phosphatase as the principal, although not necessarily the sole, enzyme fraction that increases during symptomatic sickle cell crises. Moreover, there appeared to be concordance between crisis severity, serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, and isoenzyme patterns; electrophoretic and biochemical abnormalities could be detected even when the patients were asymptomatic. The present data suggest that the serum alkaline phosphatase level may be an additional indicator of the degree, frequency, and persistence of tissue injuries that occur in sickle cell anemia.", "PMID": 1173174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4030", "title": "Anicteric carbenicillin hepatitis. Eight episodes in four patients.", "content": "Carbenicillin disodium was temporally associated with eight episodes of a mild reversible anicteric hepatitis characterized by nausea, vomiting, and a tender, somewhat enlarged liver. Serum glutamic and oxaloacetic transaminase as well as alkaline phosphatase levels rose, but serum bilirubin values remained normal. There usually were no signs of concomitant allergy to penicillin, and other penicillins could be given subsequently without ill effects. Biopsy specimens of the liver showed spotty liver cell necrosis with no cholestasis.", "contents": "Anicteric carbenicillin hepatitis. Eight episodes in four patients. Carbenicillin disodium was temporally associated with eight episodes of a mild reversible anicteric hepatitis characterized by nausea, vomiting, and a tender, somewhat enlarged liver. Serum glutamic and oxaloacetic transaminase as well as alkaline phosphatase levels rose, but serum bilirubin values remained normal. There usually were no signs of concomitant allergy to penicillin, and other penicillins could be given subsequently without ill effects. Biopsy specimens of the liver showed spotty liver cell necrosis with no cholestasis.", "PMID": 1173185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4031", "title": "Surgical treatment of diverticulitis. Experience at a large Municipal Hospital.", "content": "In the past 5 1/2 years, 71 patients with diverticulitis were operated on--20.8% of all cases of diverticulitis admitted to the Bronx Municipal Hospital Center. Operative mortality was 22%, primarily because of delayed diagnosis, inadequate surgery, and a high incidence of associated disease. Only 20% of patients operated on had a previous history of diverticular disease. Hemorrhage was the indication for surgery in 16 cases; in this situation, a subtotal colectomy in one stage is the operation of choice. Perforation was the indication in 47 cases, eight of these being acute and with free air under the diaphragm. In cases with peritoneal contamination, a two-stage procedure (removing the diseased portion of colon at stage one) is advocated. Colostomy without drainage, or closure of a free perforation, is condemned.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of diverticulitis. Experience at a large Municipal Hospital. In the past 5 1/2 years, 71 patients with diverticulitis were operated on--20.8% of all cases of diverticulitis admitted to the Bronx Municipal Hospital Center. Operative mortality was 22%, primarily because of delayed diagnosis, inadequate surgery, and a high incidence of associated disease. Only 20% of patients operated on had a previous history of diverticular disease. Hemorrhage was the indication for surgery in 16 cases; in this situation, a subtotal colectomy in one stage is the operation of choice. Perforation was the indication in 47 cases, eight of these being acute and with free air under the diaphragm. In cases with peritoneal contamination, a two-stage procedure (removing the diseased portion of colon at stage one) is advocated. Colostomy without drainage, or closure of a free perforation, is condemned.", "PMID": 1173186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4032", "title": "The type II epithelial cells of the lung. II. Chemical composition and phospholipid synthesis.", "content": "A method to isolate 93 per cent viable (trypan blue), 95 plus or minus 2 per cent pure type II alveolar epithelial cells (Kikkawa, Y., and Yoneda, K. Lab. Invest. 30: 76, 1974) was slightly modified and was used to isolate type II cells of similar purity and viability from New Zealand White male rabbits. The modification as described in this report now permits the regular harvest of 20 to 30 times 10-6 cells from a rabbit weighing 2 to 4 kg. Lipid composition of type II cell pools thus collected was compared with that of macrophages collected by alveolar washing. Per milligram of protein, type II cells contained 19 mug. of lipid phosphorus, compared with 11 mug. for macrophages. Per 1 times 10-8 cells, type II cells contained 110 mug. of lipid phosphorus compared with 155 mug. for macrophages; Phosphatidylcholine comprised 48 per cent of total phospholipid in type II cells and 34 per cent in macrophages. Forty-nine per cent of the phosphatidylcholine in type II cells was disaturated, compared with 29 per cent in macrophages. These data indicate that, per cell, type II cells contain almost twice as much disaturated phosphatidycholine as do alveolar macrophages. Radiolabeled precursor studies suggest that isolated type II cells synthesize disaturated lecithin predominantly through the cytidine diphosphocholine pathway. -14C-choline incorporation into disaturated lecithin was 3 times as active in type II cells as in macrophages. No evidence was found for a significant contribution to synthesis of disaturated lecithin by the transmethylation pathway in isolated type II cell preparations. These results offer the most direct evidence to date of the significant role of the type II alveolar epithelial cell in the synthesis of disaturated lecithin, a major constituent of pulmonary surfactant.", "contents": "The type II epithelial cells of the lung. II. Chemical composition and phospholipid synthesis. A method to isolate 93 per cent viable (trypan blue), 95 plus or minus 2 per cent pure type II alveolar epithelial cells (Kikkawa, Y., and Yoneda, K. Lab. Invest. 30: 76, 1974) was slightly modified and was used to isolate type II cells of similar purity and viability from New Zealand White male rabbits. The modification as described in this report now permits the regular harvest of 20 to 30 times 10-6 cells from a rabbit weighing 2 to 4 kg. Lipid composition of type II cell pools thus collected was compared with that of macrophages collected by alveolar washing. Per milligram of protein, type II cells contained 19 mug. of lipid phosphorus, compared with 11 mug. for macrophages. Per 1 times 10-8 cells, type II cells contained 110 mug. of lipid phosphorus compared with 155 mug. for macrophages; Phosphatidylcholine comprised 48 per cent of total phospholipid in type II cells and 34 per cent in macrophages. Forty-nine per cent of the phosphatidylcholine in type II cells was disaturated, compared with 29 per cent in macrophages. These data indicate that, per cell, type II cells contain almost twice as much disaturated phosphatidycholine as do alveolar macrophages. Radiolabeled precursor studies suggest that isolated type II cells synthesize disaturated lecithin predominantly through the cytidine diphosphocholine pathway. -14C-choline incorporation into disaturated lecithin was 3 times as active in type II cells as in macrophages. No evidence was found for a significant contribution to synthesis of disaturated lecithin by the transmethylation pathway in isolated type II cell preparations. These results offer the most direct evidence to date of the significant role of the type II alveolar epithelial cell in the synthesis of disaturated lecithin, a major constituent of pulmonary surfactant.", "PMID": 1173190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4033", "title": "Lactose and milk intolerance: clinical implications.", "content": "We studied 166 hospitalized male patients to determine the clinical importance of tolerance-test-determined \"lactose intolerance,\" assumed to affect most of the world's adults. Abnormal lactose tolerance tests were found in 81% of 98 blacks, 12% of 59 whites of Scandinavian or Northwestern European extraction, and three of nine non-European whites. Seventy-two per cent of the \"lactose-intolerant\" subjects had previously realized that milk drinking could induce abdominal and bowel symptoms. Two hundred and forty milliliters of low-fat milk produced gaseousness or cramps in 59% of 44 \"lactose-intolerant\" men, and 68% were symptomatic with the equivalent amount of lactose. None of 18 \"lactose-tolerant\" men noted symptoms with milk or lactose. Refusal to drink 240 ml of low-fat milk served with meals correlated significantly with \"lactose-intolerance\": 31.4% versus 12.9% among \"lactose-tolerant\" patients. \"Lactose intolerance\" is common in adults and is a clinically relevant problem.", "contents": "Lactose and milk intolerance: clinical implications. We studied 166 hospitalized male patients to determine the clinical importance of tolerance-test-determined \"lactose intolerance,\" assumed to affect most of the world's adults. Abnormal lactose tolerance tests were found in 81% of 98 blacks, 12% of 59 whites of Scandinavian or Northwestern European extraction, and three of nine non-European whites. Seventy-two per cent of the \"lactose-intolerant\" subjects had previously realized that milk drinking could induce abdominal and bowel symptoms. Two hundred and forty milliliters of low-fat milk produced gaseousness or cramps in 59% of 44 \"lactose-intolerant\" men, and 68% were symptomatic with the equivalent amount of lactose. None of 18 \"lactose-tolerant\" men noted symptoms with milk or lactose. Refusal to drink 240 ml of low-fat milk served with meals correlated significantly with \"lactose-intolerance\": 31.4% versus 12.9% among \"lactose-tolerant\" patients. \"Lactose intolerance\" is common in adults and is a clinically relevant problem.", "PMID": 1173192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4034", "title": "Eye signs of Graves' disease.", "content": "Graves' disease can affect the eyes and orbits in many ways, some seemingly trivial, others obviously devastating to vision. Because of the relative simplicity of diagnosing Graves' disease in the majority of cases, and now with the addition of B-scan ultrasonography, much expense and needless risk is avoidable in most patients with ophthalmopathic Graves' disease. Those patients whose diagnosis cannot be confirmed by noninvasive techniques may not have Graves' disease and deserve more in-depth study.", "contents": "Eye signs of Graves' disease. Graves' disease can affect the eyes and orbits in many ways, some seemingly trivial, others obviously devastating to vision. Because of the relative simplicity of diagnosing Graves' disease in the majority of cases, and now with the addition of B-scan ultrasonography, much expense and needless risk is avoidable in most patients with ophthalmopathic Graves' disease. Those patients whose diagnosis cannot be confirmed by noninvasive techniques may not have Graves' disease and deserve more in-depth study.", "PMID": 1173195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4035", "title": "[Angiography and pharmacoangiography of tumors and inflammatory lesions of the lower extremities].", "content": "Pharmacoangiography has not yet become a routine method to differentiate inflammatory and tumorous processes of the lower extremities. Noradrenalin and Vasoxin was compared in its effect on the peripheral blood vessels in inflammatory and tumourous disease.", "contents": "[Angiography and pharmacoangiography of tumors and inflammatory lesions of the lower extremities]. Pharmacoangiography has not yet become a routine method to differentiate inflammatory and tumorous processes of the lower extremities. Noradrenalin and Vasoxin was compared in its effect on the peripheral blood vessels in inflammatory and tumourous disease.", "PMID": 1173196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4036", "title": "[Clinical and experimental contribution concerning the pathogenesis of acute life-threatening complications during neck anaesthesia].", "content": "Apart from the usual hazards of local anesthesia (toxic reaction due to overdose or intravasal administration, allergic reaction, reaction to the vasoconstrictor), a further risk which should be borne in mind in local anesthesia of the neck region is inadvertent epidural or intrathecal administration of the local anesthetic agent. Depression of respiration or total respiratory failure may occur due to blockade of the superficially located medullary chemoreceptors in the form of a high or total spinal block. The pathogenesis of these incidents is investigated. Respiratory failure is usually reversible and requires immediate and effective therapy (artificial respiration, oxygen administration). The indications for neck anesthesia and their relativity within the entire therapeutic program should be given careful consideration. If (radicular) pain occurs during the injection, or if cerebrospinal fluid is aspirated, the procedure should be interrupted immediately and some time allowed to elapse. In fatal cases the injection channel must be dissected layer-wise in local anemia down to the dural sac. The possible pathway of toxic administration (epidural, subdural, intravasal) must be demonstrated chemically.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental contribution concerning the pathogenesis of acute life-threatening complications during neck anaesthesia]. Apart from the usual hazards of local anesthesia (toxic reaction due to overdose or intravasal administration, allergic reaction, reaction to the vasoconstrictor), a further risk which should be borne in mind in local anesthesia of the neck region is inadvertent epidural or intrathecal administration of the local anesthetic agent. Depression of respiration or total respiratory failure may occur due to blockade of the superficially located medullary chemoreceptors in the form of a high or total spinal block. The pathogenesis of these incidents is investigated. Respiratory failure is usually reversible and requires immediate and effective therapy (artificial respiration, oxygen administration). The indications for neck anesthesia and their relativity within the entire therapeutic program should be given careful consideration. If (radicular) pain occurs during the injection, or if cerebrospinal fluid is aspirated, the procedure should be interrupted immediately and some time allowed to elapse. In fatal cases the injection channel must be dissected layer-wise in local anemia down to the dural sac. The possible pathway of toxic administration (epidural, subdural, intravasal) must be demonstrated chemically.", "PMID": 1173198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4037", "title": "Availability of phendimetrazine from sustained and non-sustained action formulations.", "content": "Two tablet formulations of d-phendimetrazine bitartrate, Obex (35 mg non-sustained action) and Obex-LA (105 my sustained action), were compared in terms of biological availability in 9 volunteers on the basis of serum level findings. The ratio of the areas under the absorption and elimination curves was 1:2,2 (Obex:Oves-LA), indicating that the biological availability of phendimetrazine from Obex-LA was plus or minus 70% of that from Obex. The elimination half-life of phendimetrazine was found to be 9,1 hours. An evaluation of appetite suppression revealed that the two formulations were equally effective at breakfast and at dinner, with Obex-LA significantly superior to Obex at lunch.", "contents": "Availability of phendimetrazine from sustained and non-sustained action formulations. Two tablet formulations of d-phendimetrazine bitartrate, Obex (35 mg non-sustained action) and Obex-LA (105 my sustained action), were compared in terms of biological availability in 9 volunteers on the basis of serum level findings. The ratio of the areas under the absorption and elimination curves was 1:2,2 (Obex:Oves-LA), indicating that the biological availability of phendimetrazine from Obex-LA was plus or minus 70% of that from Obex. The elimination half-life of phendimetrazine was found to be 9,1 hours. An evaluation of appetite suppression revealed that the two formulations were equally effective at breakfast and at dinner, with Obex-LA significantly superior to Obex at lunch.", "PMID": 1173199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4038", "title": "Importance of multiple episodes of hypoxia or cold stress on the development of enterocolitis in an animal model.", "content": "Necrotizing enterocolitis, a highly lethal disease in the newborn infant characterized by ischemic necrosis of the gastrointestinal tract frequently leading to perforation, is seen primarily in low birth weight infants who have undergone stress, such as hypoxia. In an animal model it was demonstrated that cold stress was as effective as hypoxia in producing the disease in formula-fed newborn rats. Breast milk was completely protective in both cold- and hypoxic-stressed animals. Presumably cold stress produces the same selective circulatory ischemia as does hypoxia. The experiment further supports the concept that any insult or stress which decreases mesenteric blood flow may initiate the changes leading to necrotizing enterocolitis. It was shown also that the incidence of the disease in formula-fed rats was related directly to the number of episodes of either cold or hypoxic stress. These results suggest that a critical amount of ischemia is necessary to initiate these changes and may help to explain the fact that not all infants exposed to hypoxia or cold stress developthe disease.", "contents": "Importance of multiple episodes of hypoxia or cold stress on the development of enterocolitis in an animal model. Necrotizing enterocolitis, a highly lethal disease in the newborn infant characterized by ischemic necrosis of the gastrointestinal tract frequently leading to perforation, is seen primarily in low birth weight infants who have undergone stress, such as hypoxia. In an animal model it was demonstrated that cold stress was as effective as hypoxia in producing the disease in formula-fed newborn rats. Breast milk was completely protective in both cold- and hypoxic-stressed animals. Presumably cold stress produces the same selective circulatory ischemia as does hypoxia. The experiment further supports the concept that any insult or stress which decreases mesenteric blood flow may initiate the changes leading to necrotizing enterocolitis. It was shown also that the incidence of the disease in formula-fed rats was related directly to the number of episodes of either cold or hypoxic stress. These results suggest that a critical amount of ischemia is necessary to initiate these changes and may help to explain the fact that not all infants exposed to hypoxia or cold stress developthe disease.", "PMID": 1173200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4039", "title": "Fatal combined anileridine-pethidine poisoning. A gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry investigation.", "content": "Anileridine and pethidine were established by gas and thin layer chromatography and mass spectroscopy. In the mass spectrum the main peak of anileridine is found at m/e 246 and that of pethidine at m/e 71. The determination was made by gas chromatography from the blood, urine, liver, muscle and stomach contents.", "contents": "Fatal combined anileridine-pethidine poisoning. A gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry investigation. Anileridine and pethidine were established by gas and thin layer chromatography and mass spectroscopy. In the mass spectrum the main peak of anileridine is found at m/e 246 and that of pethidine at m/e 71. The determination was made by gas chromatography from the blood, urine, liver, muscle and stomach contents.", "PMID": 1173201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4040", "title": "Fine needle and open biopsy in thyroid disorders.", "content": "The diagnostic value of cytological, serological and scintigraphical examination was evaluated in 20 histologically verified cases of thyroid disorder. The predictive values of specificity as to malignancy, thyroiditis and thyroid autoantibodies were respectively 0 percent (0-71), 80 percent (28-99) and 75 percent (19-99), and the predictive values of sensitivity were 88 percent (64-99), 100 percent (78-100) and 94 percent (70-100). Cold nodules were malignant in 40 percent. Fine needle biopsy can be used as a supplementary test without any risks and is a valuable aid in the diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but not in the diagnosis of malignant lesions. If any clinical or scintigraphical (cold nodule) suspicion of malignancy exists, a surgical biopsy must be done.", "contents": "Fine needle and open biopsy in thyroid disorders. The diagnostic value of cytological, serological and scintigraphical examination was evaluated in 20 histologically verified cases of thyroid disorder. The predictive values of specificity as to malignancy, thyroiditis and thyroid autoantibodies were respectively 0 percent (0-71), 80 percent (28-99) and 75 percent (19-99), and the predictive values of sensitivity were 88 percent (64-99), 100 percent (78-100) and 94 percent (70-100). Cold nodules were malignant in 40 percent. Fine needle biopsy can be used as a supplementary test without any risks and is a valuable aid in the diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but not in the diagnosis of malignant lesions. If any clinical or scintigraphical (cold nodule) suspicion of malignancy exists, a surgical biopsy must be done.", "PMID": 1173202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4041", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic observations of the human respiratory tract.", "content": "As viewed by scanning electron microscopy, the luminal surface of the human trachea at 12 weeks' gestation shows a predominance of microvillous-covered, nonciliated cells, in contrast to the heavily ciliated tracheobronchial surface seen at 34 weeks' gestation. Hyaline membrane disease produces a confluent lining material in the lung periphery that obscures the bronchiolar and alveolar surface architecture. Large saucer-shaped alveoli, numerous alveolar pores, and an abundance of in situ alveolar macrophages are observed in chronic bronchitis and in emphysematous lungs; The scanning electron microscope offers an additional tool for the study of developmental and pathological processes in the human respiratory tract.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic observations of the human respiratory tract. As viewed by scanning electron microscopy, the luminal surface of the human trachea at 12 weeks' gestation shows a predominance of microvillous-covered, nonciliated cells, in contrast to the heavily ciliated tracheobronchial surface seen at 34 weeks' gestation. Hyaline membrane disease produces a confluent lining material in the lung periphery that obscures the bronchiolar and alveolar surface architecture. Large saucer-shaped alveoli, numerous alveolar pores, and an abundance of in situ alveolar macrophages are observed in chronic bronchitis and in emphysematous lungs; The scanning electron microscope offers an additional tool for the study of developmental and pathological processes in the human respiratory tract.", "PMID": 1173203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4042", "title": "Multiple food allergy.", "content": "This paper is devoted to a study of multiple food allergy, here defined as sensitivity to three or more foods. The purpose of the study is to report findings obtained from a study of 250 private patients and to show what type of persons develop this condition, how it affects them, and what their common allergens are. It was found that multiple food allergy occurs in both sexes and at all ages but is more common in boys than in girls and more common in women then in men. The clinical manifestations were much like those caused by the more familiar inhalant allergy but with a much more widespread constitutional disturbance. The great majority of patients (86%) also reacted to such air-borne allergens as molds, pollens, house dust, and animal epithelials. This indicates that food allergy and inhalant allergy are fundamentally the same phenomenon. The common food allergens were such everyday foods as milk, chocolate, corn, egg, tomato, peanut, and citrus fruits.", "contents": "Multiple food allergy. This paper is devoted to a study of multiple food allergy, here defined as sensitivity to three or more foods. The purpose of the study is to report findings obtained from a study of 250 private patients and to show what type of persons develop this condition, how it affects them, and what their common allergens are. It was found that multiple food allergy occurs in both sexes and at all ages but is more common in boys than in girls and more common in women then in men. The clinical manifestations were much like those caused by the more familiar inhalant allergy but with a much more widespread constitutional disturbance. The great majority of patients (86%) also reacted to such air-borne allergens as molds, pollens, house dust, and animal epithelials. This indicates that food allergy and inhalant allergy are fundamentally the same phenomenon. The common food allergens were such everyday foods as milk, chocolate, corn, egg, tomato, peanut, and citrus fruits.", "PMID": 1173207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4043", "title": "Dudenal ulceration in allergic children.", "content": "Forty-three children were studied. All had allergies and peptic ulceration. Twenty-five of them had a demonstrated niche on roentgenological examination. The \"functional\" stomach ache, often observed in allergic children, might be explained by the organic changes. It is postulated that these changes are influenced by the action of the chemical mediators, liberated during allergic reactions and by multiple accompanying allergies of childhood.", "contents": "Dudenal ulceration in allergic children. Forty-three children were studied. All had allergies and peptic ulceration. Twenty-five of them had a demonstrated niche on roentgenological examination. The \"functional\" stomach ache, often observed in allergic children, might be explained by the organic changes. It is postulated that these changes are influenced by the action of the chemical mediators, liberated during allergic reactions and by multiple accompanying allergies of childhood.", "PMID": 1173208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4044", "title": "Bovine venereal vibriosis: activity of inflammatory cells in protective immunity.", "content": "The capability of bovine polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear phagocytes to kill Campylobacter (Vibrio) fetus venerealis was tested under various conditions in order to judge their roles in protective immunity. Bovine PMN killed C fetus in the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) but not immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies. Some phagocytosis occurred in the absence of antibody in glass-adherent cultures, but not in suspension cultures--indicating that surface phagocytosis by the neutrophils normally present during estrus could account for natural protection at this time. Mononuclear phagocytes also killed C fetus in the presence of opsonins, making this a likely factor in protection during the later stages of inflammation when mononuclear cells predominate. The presence of numerous lymphocytes in this mononuclear infiltration and the capability of C fetus antigens to induce delayed hypersensitivity (DH) are consistent with the possibility that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) also may be involved in protective immunity.", "contents": "Bovine venereal vibriosis: activity of inflammatory cells in protective immunity. The capability of bovine polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear phagocytes to kill Campylobacter (Vibrio) fetus venerealis was tested under various conditions in order to judge their roles in protective immunity. Bovine PMN killed C fetus in the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) but not immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies. Some phagocytosis occurred in the absence of antibody in glass-adherent cultures, but not in suspension cultures--indicating that surface phagocytosis by the neutrophils normally present during estrus could account for natural protection at this time. Mononuclear phagocytes also killed C fetus in the presence of opsonins, making this a likely factor in protection during the later stages of inflammation when mononuclear cells predominate. The presence of numerous lymphocytes in this mononuclear infiltration and the capability of C fetus antigens to induce delayed hypersensitivity (DH) are consistent with the possibility that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) also may be involved in protective immunity.", "PMID": 1173209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4045", "title": "Detection of activity for various anthelmintics against in vitro-produced Cooperia punctata.", "content": "The in vitro-grown parasitic stages of Cooperia punctata were used to evaluate 28 compounds with different kinds and degrees of in vivo activity. Using presumptive and confirmatory tests, it was possible to establish a group order of in vitro potency that compared favorably with an order based on established in vivo use of these compounds. The procedure lends itself to evaluating activity against a given parasitic growth stage and gives a quantitative estimate (range) of the concentration that produces 50% nematode kill. The system was most successful in detecting compounds with in vivo activity for C punctata, followed in order by compounds active against Cooperia spp, other gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants, and other nematodes of non-bovine hosts. The procedure showed some differentiation between activity against nematodes versus that against cestodes, trematodes, and arthropods. The system permits considerable flexibility in experimental design, thus making possible the acquisition of the particular information desired. In addition to establishing lethal effects on the nematode, the procedure detected compounds with nematode-anesthetizing effects. The results indicate this in vitro system can be used with some expediency as a preliminary screening method in the search for new anthelmintic compounds.", "contents": "Detection of activity for various anthelmintics against in vitro-produced Cooperia punctata. The in vitro-grown parasitic stages of Cooperia punctata were used to evaluate 28 compounds with different kinds and degrees of in vivo activity. Using presumptive and confirmatory tests, it was possible to establish a group order of in vitro potency that compared favorably with an order based on established in vivo use of these compounds. The procedure lends itself to evaluating activity against a given parasitic growth stage and gives a quantitative estimate (range) of the concentration that produces 50% nematode kill. The system was most successful in detecting compounds with in vivo activity for C punctata, followed in order by compounds active against Cooperia spp, other gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants, and other nematodes of non-bovine hosts. The procedure showed some differentiation between activity against nematodes versus that against cestodes, trematodes, and arthropods. The system permits considerable flexibility in experimental design, thus making possible the acquisition of the particular information desired. In addition to establishing lethal effects on the nematode, the procedure detected compounds with nematode-anesthetizing effects. The results indicate this in vitro system can be used with some expediency as a preliminary screening method in the search for new anthelmintic compounds.", "PMID": 1173210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4046", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of C14-olivomycin in the body of mice with lymphosarcoma (L10-1 strain)].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of C14-olivomycin after its single intravenous administration to mice with lymphosarcome (LIO-I) was studied. It was shown that according to the specific radioactivity the organs may be placed in the following order: I hour after the antibiotic administration-the blood, liver, spleen, thymus, tumor, muscle; 3 hour after the administration-the liver, spleen, thymus, blood, tumor, muscle. Accumulation of olivomycin in the mouse organs was mainly in direct dependence on the dose of the antibiotic administered. Chromatography of the substances extraceted with ethylacetate from the urine collected at various periods after C14-olivomycin administration showed the presence of a new radioactive product (Rf 0.35-0.37) in addition to the unchanged antibiotic (Rf 0.53). Bioautographic analysis of the chromatograms showed that the product of C14-olivomycin conversion preserved its biological activity. The analysis of the substances extracted with ethylacetate from the liver, spleen and tumors 3 hours after the antibiotic administration reveiled (except of the liver) the presence of a spot with Rf corresponding to that of the initial drug.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of C14-olivomycin in the body of mice with lymphosarcoma (L10-1 strain)]. The pharmacokinetics of C14-olivomycin after its single intravenous administration to mice with lymphosarcome (LIO-I) was studied. It was shown that according to the specific radioactivity the organs may be placed in the following order: I hour after the antibiotic administration-the blood, liver, spleen, thymus, tumor, muscle; 3 hour after the administration-the liver, spleen, thymus, blood, tumor, muscle. Accumulation of olivomycin in the mouse organs was mainly in direct dependence on the dose of the antibiotic administered. Chromatography of the substances extraceted with ethylacetate from the urine collected at various periods after C14-olivomycin administration showed the presence of a new radioactive product (Rf 0.35-0.37) in addition to the unchanged antibiotic (Rf 0.53). Bioautographic analysis of the chromatograms showed that the product of C14-olivomycin conversion preserved its biological activity. The analysis of the substances extracted with ethylacetate from the liver, spleen and tumors 3 hours after the antibiotic administration reveiled (except of the liver) the presence of a spot with Rf corresponding to that of the initial drug.", "PMID": 1173211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4047", "title": "[Use of prodigioza in the overall treatment of chronic osteomyelitis].", "content": "Treatment of 188 patients suffering from chronic osteomyelitis of various etiology and localization with prodigiosan, a bacterial lipopolysaccharide favoured an increase in the nonspecific immunobiological reactivity: the phagocytic activity and leucocytic intensity increased, the average titers of iso- and heteroagglutinins, as well as the complementary activity of the serum became higher. The results of the clinico-laboratory studies are indicative of advisable use of prodigiosan in complex therapy of cases with chronic osteomyelitis.", "contents": "[Use of prodigioza in the overall treatment of chronic osteomyelitis]. Treatment of 188 patients suffering from chronic osteomyelitis of various etiology and localization with prodigiosan, a bacterial lipopolysaccharide favoured an increase in the nonspecific immunobiological reactivity: the phagocytic activity and leucocytic intensity increased, the average titers of iso- and heteroagglutinins, as well as the complementary activity of the serum became higher. The results of the clinico-laboratory studies are indicative of advisable use of prodigiosan in complex therapy of cases with chronic osteomyelitis.", "PMID": 1173212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4048", "title": "Psychotherapy in hospitalized research patients.", "content": "Operations at the clinical-research interface exert a signal influence on the therapy of patients being treated on investigative units. The effect on the treatment milieu has been described but the impact of a research climate on individual psychotheraphy of hospitalized patients has not. We observed research-therapy interaction in 25 acutely schizophrenic patients. Analytically oriented psychotherapy was carried out on a National Institutes of Health clinical research unit where drugs are only occasionally used, and patients are subjects in psychobiological investigation. The subtle, and often neglected, interplay between therapy and research is examined, with emphasis on the shifting meanings of the patient's participation or refusal to participate in therapy, research, or both. A research transference and countertransference are defined, and some special behavioral patterns of research patients receiving dynamic therapy are considered in this framework.", "contents": "Psychotherapy in hospitalized research patients. Operations at the clinical-research interface exert a signal influence on the therapy of patients being treated on investigative units. The effect on the treatment milieu has been described but the impact of a research climate on individual psychotheraphy of hospitalized patients has not. We observed research-therapy interaction in 25 acutely schizophrenic patients. Analytically oriented psychotherapy was carried out on a National Institutes of Health clinical research unit where drugs are only occasionally used, and patients are subjects in psychobiological investigation. The subtle, and often neglected, interplay between therapy and research is examined, with emphasis on the shifting meanings of the patient's participation or refusal to participate in therapy, research, or both. A research transference and countertransference are defined, and some special behavioral patterns of research patients receiving dynamic therapy are considered in this framework.", "PMID": 1173213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4049", "title": "Oscillation phenomena in black lipid membranes induced by a single alamethicin pore.", "content": "In this paper we  show how alamethicin (a small cyclic peptide of molecular weight 1691) can produce voltage oscillations in black lipid membranes and how a nonactin-alamethicin oscillator can be constructed. Alamethicin alone induces oscillations only with an applied bias current, but with nonactin and appropriate salt solutions oscillations occur with no bias current. Both kinds of oscillations can be quantitatively understood in terms of the known properties of alamethicin and nonactin and both depend on the statistical nature of the formation opores in the membrane by alamethicin.", "contents": "Oscillation phenomena in black lipid membranes induced by a single alamethicin pore. In this paper we  show how alamethicin (a small cyclic peptide of molecular weight 1691) can produce voltage oscillations in black lipid membranes and how a nonactin-alamethicin oscillator can be constructed. Alamethicin alone induces oscillations only with an applied bias current, but with nonactin and appropriate salt solutions oscillations occur with no bias current. Both kinds of oscillations can be quantitatively understood in terms of the known properties of alamethicin and nonactin and both depend on the statistical nature of the formation opores in the membrane by alamethicin.", "PMID": 1173216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4050", "title": "Psychological morbidity in a clinic for sexually transmitted disease.", "content": "100 first attenders at a clinic for sexually-transmitted diseases were interviewed using a semistructured schedule. 20 per cent. were regarded as probable psychiatric cases and a considerable amount of psychosocial morbidity was observed. Whilst the majority reported anxiety about their possible illness, in a quarter the anxiety and distress appeared to be of long standing, having arisen before the genital symptoms or risk of infection and being related to chronic social and psychological difficulties. There were no significant differences between those diagnosed as having or not having STD in such characteristics as psychological symptoms, mean psychiatric score, and delya in consulting. Whilst those without a sexually-transmitted infection were less likely to be female, and more likely to feel guilty, to have had a casual sexual partner, and not to complain of specific genital symptoms, there was no evidence to support the concept of a syndrome of 'venereophobia'.", "contents": "Psychological morbidity in a clinic for sexually transmitted disease. 100 first attenders at a clinic for sexually-transmitted diseases were interviewed using a semistructured schedule. 20 per cent. were regarded as probable psychiatric cases and a considerable amount of psychosocial morbidity was observed. Whilst the majority reported anxiety about their possible illness, in a quarter the anxiety and distress appeared to be of long standing, having arisen before the genital symptoms or risk of infection and being related to chronic social and psychological difficulties. There were no significant differences between those diagnosed as having or not having STD in such characteristics as psychological symptoms, mean psychiatric score, and delya in consulting. Whilst those without a sexually-transmitted infection were less likely to be female, and more likely to feel guilty, to have had a casual sexual partner, and not to complain of specific genital symptoms, there was no evidence to support the concept of a syndrome of 'venereophobia'.", "PMID": 1173225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4051", "title": "Streptococcal pyoderma of the penis following fellatio.", "content": "Gonococcal pharyngitis has been correlated with fellatio in both heterosexual females and homosexual males. This report describes another complication of fellatio, group A beta-eaemolytic streptococcal pyroderma on the penis after exposure to a male who probably had pharyngitis. the erythematous, purulent lesions should be cultured. After the organism has been identified, adequate treatment with either a long-acting parenteral penicillin or a 10-day course of oral penicillin is important in order to prevent the possible life-threatening complication of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Streptococcal pyoderma of the penis following fellatio. Gonococcal pharyngitis has been correlated with fellatio in both heterosexual females and homosexual males. This report describes another complication of fellatio, group A beta-eaemolytic streptococcal pyroderma on the penis after exposure to a male who probably had pharyngitis. the erythematous, purulent lesions should be cultured. After the organism has been identified, adequate treatment with either a long-acting parenteral penicillin or a 10-day course of oral penicillin is important in order to prevent the possible life-threatening complication of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 1173226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4052", "title": "The use of intrathecal phenol for muscle spasms in multiple sclerosis. A description of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of multiple sclerosis are described, in both of whom the disease started in yound adult life. This disability gradually progressed to the stage of paraplegia-in-flexion in which the lower limbs were fixed in adduction-and-flexion. Both patients developed painful muscle spasms which made life intolerable. These patients were treated by intrathecal phenol in glycerine in an effort to convert this spastic paralysis into a flaccid paralysis. The three advantages sought were: 1. To relieve the muscle spasms so that the patient could sit in a wheelchair and propel herself. 2. To relieve the pain of the spasms. 3. To allow access to the perineum for proper hygienic care of bladder and bowel function. The first patient obtained an excellent result (Figures 1, 2, 3) but blocks had to be repeated after approximately five months. The second patient after the block developed a good result in the right leg, but still had mild, but painless spasms in the muscles of the left leg (Figures 4 and 5). However, she was able to use a wheelchair and was discharged to a chronic hospital where she died of bulbar paralysis six months later. Intrathecal phenol thus appears to be a useful method for relieving muscle spasms and pain in the lower extremities in advanced cases of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "The use of intrathecal phenol for muscle spasms in multiple sclerosis. A description of two cases. Two cases of multiple sclerosis are described, in both of whom the disease started in yound adult life. This disability gradually progressed to the stage of paraplegia-in-flexion in which the lower limbs were fixed in adduction-and-flexion. Both patients developed painful muscle spasms which made life intolerable. These patients were treated by intrathecal phenol in glycerine in an effort to convert this spastic paralysis into a flaccid paralysis. The three advantages sought were: 1. To relieve the muscle spasms so that the patient could sit in a wheelchair and propel herself. 2. To relieve the pain of the spasms. 3. To allow access to the perineum for proper hygienic care of bladder and bowel function. The first patient obtained an excellent result (Figures 1, 2, 3) but blocks had to be repeated after approximately five months. The second patient after the block developed a good result in the right leg, but still had mild, but painless spasms in the muscles of the left leg (Figures 4 and 5). However, she was able to use a wheelchair and was discharged to a chronic hospital where she died of bulbar paralysis six months later. Intrathecal phenol thus appears to be a useful method for relieving muscle spasms and pain in the lower extremities in advanced cases of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 1173228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4053", "title": "A cat with Corynebacterium equi lymphadenitis clinically simulating lymphosarcoma.", "content": "A cat with granulomatous lymphadenitis due to Corynebacterium equi is described. Clinically the cat was diagnosed as having lymphosarcoma. Bacteria were cultured from the lymph nodes.", "contents": "A cat with Corynebacterium equi lymphadenitis clinically simulating lymphosarcoma. A cat with granulomatous lymphadenitis due to Corynebacterium equi is described. Clinically the cat was diagnosed as having lymphosarcoma. Bacteria were cultured from the lymph nodes.", "PMID": 1173231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4054", "title": "Exophthalmogenic activity of the beta subunit of thyrotropin.", "content": "The exophthalmogenic activity of the beta subunit of bovine thyrotropin is only 10% to 20% that of the thyrotropin molecule or of an exophthalmogenic factor produced by partial pepsin digestion of purified thyrotropin preparations. The alpha subunit of thyrotropin, luteinizing hormone, and both subunits of luteinizing hormone have no exophthalmogenic activity.", "contents": "Exophthalmogenic activity of the beta subunit of thyrotropin. The exophthalmogenic activity of the beta subunit of bovine thyrotropin is only 10% to 20% that of the thyrotropin molecule or of an exophthalmogenic factor produced by partial pepsin digestion of purified thyrotropin preparations. The alpha subunit of thyrotropin, luteinizing hormone, and both subunits of luteinizing hormone have no exophthalmogenic activity.", "PMID": 1173233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4055", "title": "Minocycline: A review of its antibacterial and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use.", "content": "Minocycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline derivative which is well absorbed and distributed in body tissues and is suitable for twice daily administration.  It appears to be as generally effective as other tetracyclines and analogues, but also to be effective in infections due to tetracycline-resistant staphylococci.  Side-effects are typical of those of other tetracyclines, but minocycline has been associated with a high incidence of vertigo in some studies.  On the other hand, minocycline appears to have little or no photosensitising potential.  It is not yet clear whether minocycline can be safely used in patients with moderate or severe impairment of renal function, but if used in renal failure, the plasma urea concentration should be monitored.", "contents": "Minocycline: A review of its antibacterial and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Minocycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline derivative which is well absorbed and distributed in body tissues and is suitable for twice daily administration.  It appears to be as generally effective as other tetracyclines and analogues, but also to be effective in infections due to tetracycline-resistant staphylococci.  Side-effects are typical of those of other tetracyclines, but minocycline has been associated with a high incidence of vertigo in some studies.  On the other hand, minocycline appears to have little or no photosensitising potential.  It is not yet clear whether minocycline can be safely used in patients with moderate or severe impairment of renal function, but if used in renal failure, the plasma urea concentration should be monitored.", "PMID": 1173232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4056", "title": "Effect of ergot drugs on central 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons: evidence for 5-hydroxytryptamine release or 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor stimulation.", "content": "In combined biochemical and functional studies it has been possible to show that ergocornine (0.5-5 mg/kg) and the ergolene derivative (5R,8R)-8-(4-p-methoxyphenyl-1-piperazinylmethyl)-6-methylergolene (PTR 17402; MPME) (0.25-5 mg/kg) reduce in a dose-dependent way brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) turnover in rat as evaluated with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, alpha-propyl-dopacetamide (H 22/54), whereas 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB 154; Br-EC) had no effect on brain 5-HT turnover. Effects on 5-HT receptor activity were evaluated using the extensor hindlimb reflex of acutely spinalized rats. It was found that ergocornine increased the 5-HT receptor activity independent of presynaptic 5-HT stores and that it didnot have any effects on uptake, retention and spontaneous overflow of 3-H-5-HT in vitro but reduced the fiedl stimulation-induced release of 3-H-5-HT in vitro. Therefore, it is suggested that ergocornine is a 5-HT recpetor-stimulating agent, an effect which may lead to reduction of nervous impulse flow in the 5-HT neurons and subsequently of 5-HT release and turnover. MPME, on the other hand, seems to increase 5-HT receptor release of 5-HT stores, mainly from extragranular sites. Thus, the increase in extensor reflex activity found after MPME was reduced by reserpine and H 22/54 and enhanced by nialamide and in vitro MPME markedly increased 3-H-5-HT overflow in cortical slices of nialamide-pretreated rats and inhibited uptake and retention of 3-H-5-HT (EC50 equals 1.6 times 10-minus 6 M) in cortical slices of normal rats. Inhibition of the 5-HT membrane pump does not seem to be of any major importance, since chlorimipramine was only weakly active on the extensor reflex in the pharmacological models used and since MPME did not block but rather enhanced the 5-HT depletion caused by 4-methyl-alpha-ethyl-m-tyramine. It is suggested that MPME is a releaser of extragranular 5-HT stores leading to increased 5-HT receptor activity and reduction of 5-HT turnover in the same way as indicated for ergocornine. This new ergolene derivative may represent a new class of antidepressant drugs acting via release of extragranular 5-HT stores.", "contents": "Effect of ergot drugs on central 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons: evidence for 5-hydroxytryptamine release or 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor stimulation. In combined biochemical and functional studies it has been possible to show that ergocornine (0.5-5 mg/kg) and the ergolene derivative (5R,8R)-8-(4-p-methoxyphenyl-1-piperazinylmethyl)-6-methylergolene (PTR 17402; MPME) (0.25-5 mg/kg) reduce in a dose-dependent way brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) turnover in rat as evaluated with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, alpha-propyl-dopacetamide (H 22/54), whereas 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB 154; Br-EC) had no effect on brain 5-HT turnover. Effects on 5-HT receptor activity were evaluated using the extensor hindlimb reflex of acutely spinalized rats. It was found that ergocornine increased the 5-HT receptor activity independent of presynaptic 5-HT stores and that it didnot have any effects on uptake, retention and spontaneous overflow of 3-H-5-HT in vitro but reduced the fiedl stimulation-induced release of 3-H-5-HT in vitro. Therefore, it is suggested that ergocornine is a 5-HT recpetor-stimulating agent, an effect which may lead to reduction of nervous impulse flow in the 5-HT neurons and subsequently of 5-HT release and turnover. MPME, on the other hand, seems to increase 5-HT receptor release of 5-HT stores, mainly from extragranular sites. Thus, the increase in extensor reflex activity found after MPME was reduced by reserpine and H 22/54 and enhanced by nialamide and in vitro MPME markedly increased 3-H-5-HT overflow in cortical slices of nialamide-pretreated rats and inhibited uptake and retention of 3-H-5-HT (EC50 equals 1.6 times 10-minus 6 M) in cortical slices of normal rats. Inhibition of the 5-HT membrane pump does not seem to be of any major importance, since chlorimipramine was only weakly active on the extensor reflex in the pharmacological models used and since MPME did not block but rather enhanced the 5-HT depletion caused by 4-methyl-alpha-ethyl-m-tyramine. It is suggested that MPME is a releaser of extragranular 5-HT stores leading to increased 5-HT receptor activity and reduction of 5-HT turnover in the same way as indicated for ergocornine. This new ergolene derivative may represent a new class of antidepressant drugs acting via release of extragranular 5-HT stores.", "PMID": 1173234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4057", "title": "[Thermography in sport injuries and lesions of the locomotor system due to sport].", "content": "Using the infrared-thermography a exact picture of the body surface can be obtained. Injuries are recognized by a local hyperthermy, if the impaired structures do not lie too deep under the body surface. In combination with anamnesis and clinical and radiological examination the infrared-thermography plays an important role in the diagnosis, management and control of therapy. The results of examinations of 82 patients with distorsions, ruptures of tendons or ligaments, injuries of the meniscus and tendo- and chondropathias as well as of 50 athletes are described. In all cases a hyperthermy was found in the area of injury. In those cases, in which an injury was not the cause of the hyperthermy, other processes could be found (furunculosis, phlebitis, tumor).", "contents": "[Thermography in sport injuries and lesions of the locomotor system due to sport]. Using the infrared-thermography a exact picture of the body surface can be obtained. Injuries are recognized by a local hyperthermy, if the impaired structures do not lie too deep under the body surface. In combination with anamnesis and clinical and radiological examination the infrared-thermography plays an important role in the diagnosis, management and control of therapy. The results of examinations of 82 patients with distorsions, ruptures of tendons or ligaments, injuries of the meniscus and tendo- and chondropathias as well as of 50 athletes are described. In all cases a hyperthermy was found in the area of injury. In those cases, in which an injury was not the cause of the hyperthermy, other processes could be found (furunculosis, phlebitis, tumor).", "PMID": 1173237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4058", "title": "A comparative report on an on-line retrieval service employing two distinct software systems.", "content": "A subjective evaluation comparing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration RECON and National Library of Medicine ELHILL 2 on-line information retrieval systems is presented as they relate to the delivery of a major service dealing with a collection of toxicological bibliographic references (TOXLINE). Comparisons of file structure, response time, command language, system environment, and other relevant features are made based upon actual experience with both systems.", "contents": "A comparative report on an on-line retrieval service employing two distinct software systems. A subjective evaluation comparing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration RECON and National Library of Medicine ELHILL 2 on-line information retrieval systems is presented as they relate to the delivery of a major service dealing with a collection of toxicological bibliographic references (TOXLINE). Comparisons of file structure, response time, command language, system environment, and other relevant features are made based upon actual experience with both systems.", "PMID": 1173239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4059", "title": "SDC experiences with large data bases.", "content": "SDC operates a large-data-base system that permits users all over the United States and in several foreign countries to search very large bibliographic files interactively, by means of a terminal and telephone connection. Developing extensive use of such systems requires not only technical considerations--such as proper selection and handling of data base elements--but also a massive educational effort, to help provide the large user community necessary to share the sizable costs of data base acquisition, file development, and storage. The growing acceptance of on-line retrieval services attests to the success of that effort, as well as to their inherent cost-effectiveness.", "contents": "SDC experiences with large data bases. SDC operates a large-data-base system that permits users all over the United States and in several foreign countries to search very large bibliographic files interactively, by means of a terminal and telephone connection. Developing extensive use of such systems requires not only technical considerations--such as proper selection and handling of data base elements--but also a massive educational effort, to help provide the large user community necessary to share the sizable costs of data base acquisition, file development, and storage. The growing acceptance of on-line retrieval services attests to the success of that effort, as well as to their inherent cost-effectiveness.", "PMID": 1173240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4060", "title": "Integration of pulsatile gonadotropin secretion by timed urinary measurements: an accurate and sensitive 3-hour test.", "content": "The integration of pulsatile gonadotropin secretion by the radioimmunoassay of an acetone precipitation from a short-term urine sample was evaluated. FSH and LH excretion over a 3-h period was compared to the mean level of 10 blood samples obtained every 20 min for a similar time period from 71 patients. A highly significant correlation existed between blood and urine results. In addition, the gonadotropin levels obtained from a 3-h sample correlated well with the 24 h excretion of FSH and LH from the same individual. A 3-h urine collection can provide a simple, sensititve, and accurate means of assessing circulating FSH and LH levels.", "contents": "Integration of pulsatile gonadotropin secretion by timed urinary measurements: an accurate and sensitive 3-hour test. The integration of pulsatile gonadotropin secretion by the radioimmunoassay of an acetone precipitation from a short-term urine sample was evaluated. FSH and LH excretion over a 3-h period was compared to the mean level of 10 blood samples obtained every 20 min for a similar time period from 71 patients. A highly significant correlation existed between blood and urine results. In addition, the gonadotropin levels obtained from a 3-h sample correlated well with the 24 h excretion of FSH and LH from the same individual. A 3-h urine collection can provide a simple, sensititve, and accurate means of assessing circulating FSH and LH levels.", "PMID": 1173241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4061", "title": "Reduction in extrathyroidal triiodothyronine production by propylthiouracil in man.", "content": "To determine if propylthiouracil (PTU) inhibited extrathyroidal thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) conversion in man, PTU was administered to T4-treated hypothyroid patients and serial measurements of T4, T3, and thyrotropin (TSH) carried out. All patients had proven thyroidal hypothyroidism and had been receiving 0.1 or 0.2 mg T4 daily for at least 2 mo before study. Hormone measurements were made for 5 consecutive days before and daily during a 7-day treatment period with PTU, 1,000 mg/day. In eight patients receiving 0.1 mg T4 daily, administration of PTU resulted in a prompt fall in mean serum T3 concentrations from 78 plus or minus 6 ng/100 ml (SEM) to 61 plus or minus 3 ng/100 ml after 1 day. The mean serum T3 concentrations ranged from 55 to 60 ng/100 ml during the remainder of the PTU treatment period (P less than 0.01). The mean control serum TSH concentration was 29.6 muU/ml and it increased to a peak of 40 muU/ml on the 5th and 6th days. In five patients receiving 0.2 mg T4 daily, the mean control serum T3 concentration was 84 plus or minus 7 NG/100ML. It fell to 70 plus or minus 5 ng/100 ml after 1 day and 63 plus or minus 7 ng/100 ml after 2 days of PTU administration and thereafter ranged from 6) to 69 ng/100 ml (P LESS THAN 0.01). Serum TSH concentrations did not increase. No changes in serum T4 concentrations were found in either group. In five patients who received 100 mg methimazole (MMI) daily for 7 days there were no changes in serum T4, T3, or TSH concentrations. These results indicate that PTU, but not MMI, produces a prompt and sustained, albeit modest, reduction in serum T3 concentrations in patients whose sole or major source of T3 is ingested T4. These findings most likely result from inhibition of extrathyroidal formation of T3 from T4.", "contents": "Reduction in extrathyroidal triiodothyronine production by propylthiouracil in man. To determine if propylthiouracil (PTU) inhibited extrathyroidal thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) conversion in man, PTU was administered to T4-treated hypothyroid patients and serial measurements of T4, T3, and thyrotropin (TSH) carried out. All patients had proven thyroidal hypothyroidism and had been receiving 0.1 or 0.2 mg T4 daily for at least 2 mo before study. Hormone measurements were made for 5 consecutive days before and daily during a 7-day treatment period with PTU, 1,000 mg/day. In eight patients receiving 0.1 mg T4 daily, administration of PTU resulted in a prompt fall in mean serum T3 concentrations from 78 plus or minus 6 ng/100 ml (SEM) to 61 plus or minus 3 ng/100 ml after 1 day. The mean serum T3 concentrations ranged from 55 to 60 ng/100 ml during the remainder of the PTU treatment period (P less than 0.01). The mean control serum TSH concentration was 29.6 muU/ml and it increased to a peak of 40 muU/ml on the 5th and 6th days. In five patients receiving 0.2 mg T4 daily, the mean control serum T3 concentration was 84 plus or minus 7 NG/100ML. It fell to 70 plus or minus 5 ng/100 ml after 1 day and 63 plus or minus 7 ng/100 ml after 2 days of PTU administration and thereafter ranged from 6) to 69 ng/100 ml (P LESS THAN 0.01). Serum TSH concentrations did not increase. No changes in serum T4 concentrations were found in either group. In five patients who received 100 mg methimazole (MMI) daily for 7 days there were no changes in serum T4, T3, or TSH concentrations. These results indicate that PTU, but not MMI, produces a prompt and sustained, albeit modest, reduction in serum T3 concentrations in patients whose sole or major source of T3 is ingested T4. These findings most likely result from inhibition of extrathyroidal formation of T3 from T4.", "PMID": 1173242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4062", "title": "Food intake and growth of guinea pigs fed a cholesterol-containing diet.", "content": "Food intake and liveweight gain of 11 cholesterol-fed and 10 control guinea pigs were measured for 33 days to determine whether depressed growth previously observed in young guinea pigs fed cholesterol was due to decreased food intake or to reduced food utilization. The guinea pigs were fed a laboratory stock diet containing 5% cottonseed oil; 1% cholesterol was added to the diet for the experimental group. Results showed that food intake was significantly less in the cholesterol-fed group, while requirements for maintenance and for liveweight gain, as adjusted to metabolic body size (Wkg-0.75), were not significantly different. Food energy retention was estimated by comparing dry body weight and moisture, fat and protein content of two groups of four controls and four cholesterol-fed guinea pigs at the beginning and at the end of a 20-day food-intake period. Values derived for maintenance requirement in this comparative body composition study correlated well with those of the 33-day experiment. We conclude that feeding cholesterol to guinea pigs reduced food intake for unknown reasons but does not affect food utilization.", "contents": "Food intake and growth of guinea pigs fed a cholesterol-containing diet. Food intake and liveweight gain of 11 cholesterol-fed and 10 control guinea pigs were measured for 33 days to determine whether depressed growth previously observed in young guinea pigs fed cholesterol was due to decreased food intake or to reduced food utilization. The guinea pigs were fed a laboratory stock diet containing 5% cottonseed oil; 1% cholesterol was added to the diet for the experimental group. Results showed that food intake was significantly less in the cholesterol-fed group, while requirements for maintenance and for liveweight gain, as adjusted to metabolic body size (Wkg-0.75), were not significantly different. Food energy retention was estimated by comparing dry body weight and moisture, fat and protein content of two groups of four controls and four cholesterol-fed guinea pigs at the beginning and at the end of a 20-day food-intake period. Values derived for maintenance requirement in this comparative body composition study correlated well with those of the 33-day experiment. We conclude that feeding cholesterol to guinea pigs reduced food intake for unknown reasons but does not affect food utilization.", "PMID": 1173244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4063", "title": "Physical and mental status at 4 years of age of survivors of the respiratory distress syndrome. Follow-up report from the collaborative study.", "content": "Fifty-eight survivors of the respiratory distress syndrome were evaluated at age 4 years for deficits in neuromotor performance and physical growth in a prospective study. Comparisons between RDS survivors and 290 matched controls plus 35,198 unmatched controls demonstrated that for each group the neuromotor performance was adversely affected by either low birth weight or low socioeconomic standing. Except for infants with birth weights above 2.5 kg, the RDS survivors performed as well as the two control groups. Comparisons with siblings failed to reveal a decrement in the RDS survivors. Hypothyroidism was more frequent among the RDS survivors than among the control subjects in the highest category of birth weight.", "contents": "Physical and mental status at 4 years of age of survivors of the respiratory distress syndrome. Follow-up report from the collaborative study. Fifty-eight survivors of the respiratory distress syndrome were evaluated at age 4 years for deficits in neuromotor performance and physical growth in a prospective study. Comparisons between RDS survivors and 290 matched controls plus 35,198 unmatched controls demonstrated that for each group the neuromotor performance was adversely affected by either low birth weight or low socioeconomic standing. Except for infants with birth weights above 2.5 kg, the RDS survivors performed as well as the two control groups. Comparisons with siblings failed to reveal a decrement in the RDS survivors. Hypothyroidism was more frequent among the RDS survivors than among the control subjects in the highest category of birth weight.", "PMID": 1173245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4064", "title": "Efficacy of BCG vaccination in prevention of cancer.", "content": "From 1949 to 1951, a total of 191,827 children in Puerto Rico were enrolled in a controlled trial of BCG vaccination. Of these children, 1 through 18 years of age, 82,269 were classified as reactors to tuberculin and 109,558 as nonreactors. Of the nonreactors, 31,856 refused vaccination, 27,338 were left unvaccinated as controls, and 50,674 were vaccinated with BCG. By the end of June 1969, a total of 37 cases of cancer had been diagnosed among the controls and 98 among the \"vaccinees,\" yielding average annual rates of 7.2 and 10.3 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. The vaccinated group had a slight deficiency of leukemia cases and an excess of lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease. The excess risk of cancer was concentrated among children age 10 through 18 on entry into the trial.", "contents": "Efficacy of BCG vaccination in prevention of cancer. From 1949 to 1951, a total of 191,827 children in Puerto Rico were enrolled in a controlled trial of BCG vaccination. Of these children, 1 through 18 years of age, 82,269 were classified as reactors to tuberculin and 109,558 as nonreactors. Of the nonreactors, 31,856 refused vaccination, 27,338 were left unvaccinated as controls, and 50,674 were vaccinated with BCG. By the end of June 1969, a total of 37 cases of cancer had been diagnosed among the controls and 98 among the \"vaccinees,\" yielding average annual rates of 7.2 and 10.3 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. The vaccinated group had a slight deficiency of leukemia cases and an excess of lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease. The excess risk of cancer was concentrated among children age 10 through 18 on entry into the trial.", "PMID": 1173247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4065", "title": "Pulmonary surface tension and head injury.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that exposure of monkeys to lethal experimental head injury by means of a captive-bolt mechanism results in a decreased lung compliance and a high minimum surface tension. Such changes which occurred in the absence of any increase in lung weight/body weight ratios were ameliorated by the prior administration of various sympathetic blocking agents. Exposure of monkeys and cats to stimulation of the pulmonary sympathetics via the stellate ganglion also resulted in similar compliance and surface tension changes without any increase in lung weight. The present experiments were carried out in order to determine the effect of lethal mechanical head injury in the cat on the surface tension of the alveolar lining layer and reasons for any possible changes. Previous reports have shown that the addition of very small amounts of cholesterol to lung wash fluid raised the minimum surface tension to abnormal levels. The results from the present study show that a sudden lethal blow to the occiput in cats results in an abnormally high minimum surface tension (over 20 dynes/cm) in the lung wash fluid and a nearly 200% increase in cholesterol content. There was little or no change in lung wet weight/dry weight ratios or gross lung appearance following this head injury. Thus the results from the present study strongly suggests that the previously reported decreased lung compliance and high minimum surface tension following a blow to the head may be due in part at least to the presence of increased intra-alveolar cholesterol.", "contents": "Pulmonary surface tension and head injury. Previous studies have shown that exposure of monkeys to lethal experimental head injury by means of a captive-bolt mechanism results in a decreased lung compliance and a high minimum surface tension. Such changes which occurred in the absence of any increase in lung weight/body weight ratios were ameliorated by the prior administration of various sympathetic blocking agents. Exposure of monkeys and cats to stimulation of the pulmonary sympathetics via the stellate ganglion also resulted in similar compliance and surface tension changes without any increase in lung weight. The present experiments were carried out in order to determine the effect of lethal mechanical head injury in the cat on the surface tension of the alveolar lining layer and reasons for any possible changes. Previous reports have shown that the addition of very small amounts of cholesterol to lung wash fluid raised the minimum surface tension to abnormal levels. The results from the present study show that a sudden lethal blow to the occiput in cats results in an abnormally high minimum surface tension (over 20 dynes/cm) in the lung wash fluid and a nearly 200% increase in cholesterol content. There was little or no change in lung wet weight/dry weight ratios or gross lung appearance following this head injury. Thus the results from the present study strongly suggests that the previously reported decreased lung compliance and high minimum surface tension following a blow to the head may be due in part at least to the presence of increased intra-alveolar cholesterol.", "PMID": 1173248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4066", "title": "Blastomycosis of the genitourinary tract.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 51 cases of systemic North American blastomycosis 11 patients were found to have genitourinary tract involvement, the prostate and epididymis being most commonly affected. Diagnosis was made by culture of the fungus from urine, abscess or prostate secretions, morphologic identification of the characteristic organism in urine or secretions, or histologic examination of tissue specimens. Treatment with amphotericin B reduced the mortality rate of 90 per cent to as low as 10 per cent. Long-term followup is necessary because of a relapse rate of 10 to 15 per cent.", "contents": "Blastomycosis of the genitourinary tract. In a retrospective study of 51 cases of systemic North American blastomycosis 11 patients were found to have genitourinary tract involvement, the prostate and epididymis being most commonly affected. Diagnosis was made by culture of the fungus from urine, abscess or prostate secretions, morphologic identification of the characteristic organism in urine or secretions, or histologic examination of tissue specimens. Treatment with amphotericin B reduced the mortality rate of 90 per cent to as low as 10 per cent. Long-term followup is necessary because of a relapse rate of 10 to 15 per cent.", "PMID": 1173249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4067", "title": "US citizens and foreign medical schools.", "content": "The foreign medical schools that are accepting an increasing number of applicants rejected by US medical schools are not comparable to US medical schools. Until population trends lessen the number seeking a medical education, several pathways are available to identify and assist the qualified student to return to US medicine.", "contents": "US citizens and foreign medical schools. The foreign medical schools that are accepting an increasing number of applicants rejected by US medical schools are not comparable to US medical schools. Until population trends lessen the number seeking a medical education, several pathways are available to identify and assist the qualified student to return to US medicine.", "PMID": 1173260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4068", "title": "Fifth pathway in New Jersey. House officer preparatory course for US foreign medical graduates.", "content": "The Fifth Channel in New Jersey is a Fifth Pathway program for US foreign medical graduates. In its third year, 83 percent of its 81 graduates are house officers at 18 US medical school-affiliated hospitals. Performance as house officers is characterized as competitive with peers, including US graduates. Positive attitudes toward work load, fellow workers, and patients compared with those of fellow house staff are noted. Quality of performance as house officers correlates most strongly with the change in mean scores of two batteries of clinical National Board examinations taken during the Fifth Pathway and less strongly with mean scores of single batteries of National Boards, Intelligence quotient, Educational Council for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) examination, ang age. Recommendations concerning the implementing of similar programs in other states are presented.", "contents": "Fifth pathway in New Jersey. House officer preparatory course for US foreign medical graduates. The Fifth Channel in New Jersey is a Fifth Pathway program for US foreign medical graduates. In its third year, 83 percent of its 81 graduates are house officers at 18 US medical school-affiliated hospitals. Performance as house officers is characterized as competitive with peers, including US graduates. Positive attitudes toward work load, fellow workers, and patients compared with those of fellow house staff are noted. Quality of performance as house officers correlates most strongly with the change in mean scores of two batteries of clinical National Board examinations taken during the Fifth Pathway and less strongly with mean scores of single batteries of National Boards, Intelligence quotient, Educational Council for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) examination, ang age. Recommendations concerning the implementing of similar programs in other states are presented.", "PMID": 1173261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4069", "title": "Warm bodies in white coats.", "content": "Few generalizations can be made about graduates of medical schools outside of the United States and Canada, as these graduates vary tremendously in educational and cultural background. Of primary concern is the foreign medical graduate, with inferior education and limited knowledge of English, who does not quality for regular licensure in the United States but who, because of acute manpower shortages, is placed in a position of authority in a state hospital. This situation is possible because of existing state laws.", "contents": "Warm bodies in white coats. Few generalizations can be made about graduates of medical schools outside of the United States and Canada, as these graduates vary tremendously in educational and cultural background. Of primary concern is the foreign medical graduate, with inferior education and limited knowledge of English, who does not quality for regular licensure in the United States but who, because of acute manpower shortages, is placed in a position of authority in a state hospital. This situation is possible because of existing state laws.", "PMID": 1173262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4070", "title": "Acquired circulating anticoagulant to factor VIII. Response to high doses of cryoprecipitate and immunosuppressive therapy.", "content": "Hematuria, arthralgias, and bleeding from subcutaneous and soft tissues developed in a 56-year-old man with an allergic background following a course of sulfisoxazole for urinary tract infection, Coagulation studies demonstrated the presence of an inhibitor to factor VIII in high titers. Massive doses of antihemophilic factor concentrate (30,000 to 60,000 units/day), azathioprine, and corticosteroids were followed by an immediate decrease in bleeding and a reduced level of inhibitor units. Three months after the onset of symptoms, the partial thromboplastin time returned to normal and inhibitor units to factor VIII became undetectable.", "contents": "Acquired circulating anticoagulant to factor VIII. Response to high doses of cryoprecipitate and immunosuppressive therapy. Hematuria, arthralgias, and bleeding from subcutaneous and soft tissues developed in a 56-year-old man with an allergic background following a course of sulfisoxazole for urinary tract infection, Coagulation studies demonstrated the presence of an inhibitor to factor VIII in high titers. Massive doses of antihemophilic factor concentrate (30,000 to 60,000 units/day), azathioprine, and corticosteroids were followed by an immediate decrease in bleeding and a reduced level of inhibitor units. Three months after the onset of symptoms, the partial thromboplastin time returned to normal and inhibitor units to factor VIII became undetectable.", "PMID": 1173264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4071", "title": "Exophthalmos. The more commonly encountered neurosurgical lesions.", "content": "A recent discussion of exophthalmos prompted a review of the medical literature and revealed the absence of a report that summarized the diagnosis and management of the more important neurosurgical lesions that produce exophthalmos. A general survey of lesions producing either unilateral or bilateral exophthalmos was therefore conducted. The more common pathophysiologic entities that lend themselves to neurosurgical intervention was selected for review. The present manuscript aims to unify previous studies into an informative survey that combines isolated diagnostic and technical details into a single report.", "contents": "Exophthalmos. The more commonly encountered neurosurgical lesions. A recent discussion of exophthalmos prompted a review of the medical literature and revealed the absence of a report that summarized the diagnosis and management of the more important neurosurgical lesions that produce exophthalmos. A general survey of lesions producing either unilateral or bilateral exophthalmos was therefore conducted. The more common pathophysiologic entities that lend themselves to neurosurgical intervention was selected for review. The present manuscript aims to unify previous studies into an informative survey that combines isolated diagnostic and technical details into a single report.", "PMID": 1173272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4072", "title": "Distribution of fatty acids during germination of cottonseeds.", "content": "Gas chromatographic determination of the fatty acids in the seeds of cottonseed (Gossypium sp.) showed linoleic, palmitic, oleic, and stearic acids, with linoleic acid being the major component. Changes in the composition of fatty acids during various stages of germination were measured in the cotyledons and in the roots. A decrease in the content of all the fatty acids and an 8-fold increase in the moisture content of the cotyledons were observed during the 10 days of germination. There were no significant changes in the fatty acid contents of the roots with the exception of those in linoleic acid which increased by 50 percent during 4-10 days of germination. The possible significance of these changes is discussed.", "contents": "Distribution of fatty acids during germination of cottonseeds. Gas chromatographic determination of the fatty acids in the seeds of cottonseed (Gossypium sp.) showed linoleic, palmitic, oleic, and stearic acids, with linoleic acid being the major component. Changes in the composition of fatty acids during various stages of germination were measured in the cotyledons and in the roots. A decrease in the content of all the fatty acids and an 8-fold increase in the moisture content of the cotyledons were observed during the 10 days of germination. There were no significant changes in the fatty acid contents of the roots with the exception of those in linoleic acid which increased by 50 percent during 4-10 days of germination. The possible significance of these changes is discussed.", "PMID": 1173274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4073", "title": "[Data on the epidemiology of venereal diseases in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region].", "content": "Data relating to the diffusion of venereal diseases in the Fiuli and Venezia-Giulia region over the period 1946-71 are presented. The picture is much the same as that observed elsewhere in Italy and in other European and non-European countries. This was more true of the provinces of Trieste and Gorizia than those of Udine and Pordenone. Cases of syphilis fell after the war to minimum figures in 1955-57, since when there has been a considerable increase. Blenorrhoea has followed a more fluctuating pattern, but is still an epidemiological factor of some importance, particularly in the province of Trieste. These various patterns in terms of the many factors that may be involved. The main clinical features of venereal diseases today are described. While less striking than in the past, they still result in serious and by no means negligible pictures.", "contents": "[Data on the epidemiology of venereal diseases in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region]. Data relating to the diffusion of venereal diseases in the Fiuli and Venezia-Giulia region over the period 1946-71 are presented. The picture is much the same as that observed elsewhere in Italy and in other European and non-European countries. This was more true of the provinces of Trieste and Gorizia than those of Udine and Pordenone. Cases of syphilis fell after the war to minimum figures in 1955-57, since when there has been a considerable increase. Blenorrhoea has followed a more fluctuating pattern, but is still an epidemiological factor of some importance, particularly in the province of Trieste. These various patterns in terms of the many factors that may be involved. The main clinical features of venereal diseases today are described. While less striking than in the past, they still result in serious and by no means negligible pictures.", "PMID": 1173280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4074", "title": "Prolonged fever in children: review of 100 cases.", "content": "One hundred children admitted to a hospital over a six-year period with temperatures over 38.5 C for longer than two weeks and of undetermined etiology are reviewed. Fifty-two were infectious (21 presumed viral), 20 collagen-inflammatory, 6 malignancy, 10 miscellaneous, and 12 discharged undiagnosed. Children less than 6 years were more likely to have an infectious etiology while 80% of collagen-inflammatory disease occurred in the group older than 6. The overall mortality (9%) was not age-related. Careful history and physical examinations were helpful but the usual laboratory data (CBC, urinalysis, X-ray) were notably disappointing; however, sedimentation rates and serum protein electrophoresis were often reliable screening tests. Biopsy and laparotomy were less frequently done but when performed yielded productive information. Unusual presentations of common diseases comprised the majority of childhood fevers.", "contents": "Prolonged fever in children: review of 100 cases. One hundred children admitted to a hospital over a six-year period with temperatures over 38.5 C for longer than two weeks and of undetermined etiology are reviewed. Fifty-two were infectious (21 presumed viral), 20 collagen-inflammatory, 6 malignancy, 10 miscellaneous, and 12 discharged undiagnosed. Children less than 6 years were more likely to have an infectious etiology while 80% of collagen-inflammatory disease occurred in the group older than 6. The overall mortality (9%) was not age-related. Careful history and physical examinations were helpful but the usual laboratory data (CBC, urinalysis, X-ray) were notably disappointing; however, sedimentation rates and serum protein electrophoresis were often reliable screening tests. Biopsy and laparotomy were less frequently done but when performed yielded productive information. Unusual presentations of common diseases comprised the majority of childhood fevers.", "PMID": 1173282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4075", "title": "Dietary fluoride intake of infants.", "content": "The fluoride content of various commercially available food items used in the preparation of the infant diet for the age groups from birth to 6 months has been analyzed and the total daily fluoride intake has been calculated on the basis of these data. The dietary fluoride intake totaled 0.32 mg/day for infants in the age group 1 to 4 weeks, increased in the subsequent months due to increasing food intake, and totaled 1.23 mg for infants 4 to 6 months of age. These fluoride intakes expressed per kilogram of body weight ranged from 0.07 mg/kg in the newborn to 0.16 mg/kg in the 6-month-old infant.", "contents": "Dietary fluoride intake of infants. The fluoride content of various commercially available food items used in the preparation of the infant diet for the age groups from birth to 6 months has been analyzed and the total daily fluoride intake has been calculated on the basis of these data. The dietary fluoride intake totaled 0.32 mg/day for infants in the age group 1 to 4 weeks, increased in the subsequent months due to increasing food intake, and totaled 1.23 mg for infants 4 to 6 months of age. These fluoride intakes expressed per kilogram of body weight ranged from 0.07 mg/kg in the newborn to 0.16 mg/kg in the 6-month-old infant.", "PMID": 1173283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4076", "title": "Colony stimulating factor levels in human serum and urine following chemotherapy.", "content": "The colony stimulating activity (CSA) of serum and urine specimens from 10 patients with lymphomas before and after treatment with standard multidrug chemotherapeutic regimens has been studied. Prominent rises in the CSA in the urine of eight of these 10 patients correlating temporally with initiation of therapy was demonstrated when compared to pretreatment control values. Hourly serum specimens were collected following the administration of intravenous chemotherapeutic agents in two of these patients. In one of these two patients there was a prominent and early rise in CSA which returned to control values by the 12th hr after intravenous drug administration. In two patients who developed little or no increase in CSA during therapy, urine specimens were studied for the presence of inhibitors to colony stimulating factor. Aliquots of urine from each of these two patients when mixed with a standard control urine of known CSA, produced marked inhibition.", "contents": "Colony stimulating factor levels in human serum and urine following chemotherapy. The colony stimulating activity (CSA) of serum and urine specimens from 10 patients with lymphomas before and after treatment with standard multidrug chemotherapeutic regimens has been studied. Prominent rises in the CSA in the urine of eight of these 10 patients correlating temporally with initiation of therapy was demonstrated when compared to pretreatment control values. Hourly serum specimens were collected following the administration of intravenous chemotherapeutic agents in two of these patients. In one of these two patients there was a prominent and early rise in CSA which returned to control values by the 12th hr after intravenous drug administration. In two patients who developed little or no increase in CSA during therapy, urine specimens were studied for the presence of inhibitors to colony stimulating factor. Aliquots of urine from each of these two patients when mixed with a standard control urine of known CSA, produced marked inhibition.", "PMID": 1173288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4077", "title": "Effects of heterologous anti-erythrocyte antibodies on the generation cycle of erythroblasts in rats.", "content": "An injection of anti-rat erythrocyte rabbit serum or its 7S globulin fraction into rats resulted in immunohemolytic anemia associated with a positive anti-gloublin test examined with anti-rabbit gammaglobulin serum. However, an injection of 19S globulin fraction from the anti-erythrocyte serum failed to cause immunohemolytic anemia, although it induced a transient decrease in red cell count. These results indicate that 7S antibodies are responsible for the induction of anti-globulin test positive, experimental immunohemolytic anemia. The ferrokinetic and stathmokinetic studies revealed the prolongation of generation time of basophilic and polychromatic erythroblasts in rats injected with anti-erythrocyte serum or its 7S globulin fraction. The results from in vitro [3H] thymidine incorporation experiments also confirmed this prolongation. The analysis of in vivo [3H] thymidine labeling of erythroblasts in rats which were given the 7S GLOBULIN ANTIBODIES SUGGESTED THE PROLONGATION OF THE G1 time of the erythroblasts. These results suggest that the effects of anti-erythrocyte antibodies on the generation cycle of erythroblasts are to prolong their G1 time and keep them dormant.", "contents": "Effects of heterologous anti-erythrocyte antibodies on the generation cycle of erythroblasts in rats. An injection of anti-rat erythrocyte rabbit serum or its 7S globulin fraction into rats resulted in immunohemolytic anemia associated with a positive anti-gloublin test examined with anti-rabbit gammaglobulin serum. However, an injection of 19S globulin fraction from the anti-erythrocyte serum failed to cause immunohemolytic anemia, although it induced a transient decrease in red cell count. These results indicate that 7S antibodies are responsible for the induction of anti-globulin test positive, experimental immunohemolytic anemia. The ferrokinetic and stathmokinetic studies revealed the prolongation of generation time of basophilic and polychromatic erythroblasts in rats injected with anti-erythrocyte serum or its 7S globulin fraction. The results from in vitro [3H] thymidine incorporation experiments also confirmed this prolongation. The analysis of in vivo [3H] thymidine labeling of erythroblasts in rats which were given the 7S GLOBULIN ANTIBODIES SUGGESTED THE PROLONGATION OF THE G1 time of the erythroblasts. These results suggest that the effects of anti-erythrocyte antibodies on the generation cycle of erythroblasts are to prolong their G1 time and keep them dormant.", "PMID": 1173293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4078", "title": "Effect of oxethazaine HCl on control of food and water intake in the rat.", "content": "Oral administration of the local anesthetic oxethazaine HCl was used to modify eating and drinking patterns in the rat. The addition of the oxethazaine HCl to the diet (0.5 gm/100 gm diet) markedly reduced food intake. Similarly, administration of the drug by gastric intubation (gavage) also reduced food intake. This reduction was of short duration. The inhibition of water intake associated with administration of the drug was shown to be a secondary effect of reduced food intake, rather than a direct action of the drug. The data indicate that local anesthesia of the gastrointestinal tract results in an inhibition of food intake.", "contents": "Effect of oxethazaine HCl on control of food and water intake in the rat. Oral administration of the local anesthetic oxethazaine HCl was used to modify eating and drinking patterns in the rat. The addition of the oxethazaine HCl to the diet (0.5 gm/100 gm diet) markedly reduced food intake. Similarly, administration of the drug by gastric intubation (gavage) also reduced food intake. This reduction was of short duration. The inhibition of water intake associated with administration of the drug was shown to be a secondary effect of reduced food intake, rather than a direct action of the drug. The data indicate that local anesthesia of the gastrointestinal tract results in an inhibition of food intake.", "PMID": 1173289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4079", "title": "Exophthalmus-myxoedema circumscriptum praetibiale-osteoarthropathia hypertrophicans (E.M.O.) syndrome in Graves' disease: a review of eight cases reported in Japan.", "content": "Case 1 showed recurrence of hyperthyroidism accompanied by pretibial myxedema and digital clubbing 14 years after thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. Case 2 had had pretibial myxedema for the past 20 years and myxedema tuberosum at the right shoulder for the past 10 years, and on admission showed exophthalmos and digital clubbing with thyroid gland demonstrating histological picture of chronic thyroiditis. This case was in slight hypothyroidism and serum LATS was highly positive. Eight cases of E.M.O. syndrome have so far been reported in Japan, including our own. Six cases of these were males. Two cases did not show any sign of hyperthyroidism throughout their entire courses, including our Case 2 described here. Three cases had never received treatment for Graves' disease prior to the occurrence of this syndrome. The serum LATS was positive in all 5 cases thus far reported.", "contents": "Exophthalmus-myxoedema circumscriptum praetibiale-osteoarthropathia hypertrophicans (E.M.O.) syndrome in Graves' disease: a review of eight cases reported in Japan. Case 1 showed recurrence of hyperthyroidism accompanied by pretibial myxedema and digital clubbing 14 years after thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. Case 2 had had pretibial myxedema for the past 20 years and myxedema tuberosum at the right shoulder for the past 10 years, and on admission showed exophthalmos and digital clubbing with thyroid gland demonstrating histological picture of chronic thyroiditis. This case was in slight hypothyroidism and serum LATS was highly positive. Eight cases of E.M.O. syndrome have so far been reported in Japan, including our own. Six cases of these were males. Two cases did not show any sign of hyperthyroidism throughout their entire courses, including our Case 2 described here. Three cases had never received treatment for Graves' disease prior to the occurrence of this syndrome. The serum LATS was positive in all 5 cases thus far reported.", "PMID": 1173294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4080", "title": "Kaposi's sarcoma of genitourinary tract.", "content": "Kaposi's sarcoma of the external genitalia is rare.  Four cases with the initial lesion on the glans penis and 13 cases with secondary involvement of the external genitalia are presented.  A high association between Kaposi's sarcoma and malignant lymphoma is noted.  The natural history is one of multiple recurrences in the immediate vicinity of the primary site or at distant locations at varying time intervals.  Wide margin electron beam irradiation is the recommended treatment.  A variety of chemotherapeutic agents also have produced favorable responses; yet prognosis for cure is poor because of the generalized nature of the disease--the course of which is nevertheless often prolonged.", "contents": "Kaposi's sarcoma of genitourinary tract. Kaposi's sarcoma of the external genitalia is rare.  Four cases with the initial lesion on the glans penis and 13 cases with secondary involvement of the external genitalia are presented.  A high association between Kaposi's sarcoma and malignant lymphoma is noted.  The natural history is one of multiple recurrences in the immediate vicinity of the primary site or at distant locations at varying time intervals.  Wide margin electron beam irradiation is the recommended treatment.  A variety of chemotherapeutic agents also have produced favorable responses; yet prognosis for cure is poor because of the generalized nature of the disease--the course of which is nevertheless often prolonged.", "PMID": 1173295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4081", "title": "[Splenoportography in pancreatic tumors and retroperitoneal neoplasms].", "content": "Along with other methods of investigation splenoportography was performed in 29 patients  with tumors and in 2 patients with cystic affection of the pancreas. Moreover, in 5 cases splenoportography was performed due to a suspicion to pancreatic tumor, and also in 6 patients  with retroperitoneal tumors and in 7-with renal tumors. In all these patients with pancreatic tumors splenoportograms have shown changes on the part of a splenoportal trunk, which corresponded to the localization and degree of spread of a tumor in most cases. Splenoportography is felt to be rational in retroperitoneal tumors. In such cases splenoportography would contribute to a detailed determination of tumor localization and its relation with the liver.", "contents": "[Splenoportography in pancreatic tumors and retroperitoneal neoplasms]. Along with other methods of investigation splenoportography was performed in 29 patients  with tumors and in 2 patients with cystic affection of the pancreas. Moreover, in 5 cases splenoportography was performed due to a suspicion to pancreatic tumor, and also in 6 patients  with retroperitoneal tumors and in 7-with renal tumors. In all these patients with pancreatic tumors splenoportograms have shown changes on the part of a splenoportal trunk, which corresponded to the localization and degree of spread of a tumor in most cases. Splenoportography is felt to be rational in retroperitoneal tumors. In such cases splenoportography would contribute to a detailed determination of tumor localization and its relation with the liver.", "PMID": 1173296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4082", "title": "[Raising the sensitivity threshold of the hypothalamohypophyseal system to the homeostatic action of estrogens in rats with transplanted tumors].", "content": "Daily injections of 0.57 mKg of diethylstylboestrol-propionate in hemicastrated female rats inhibited the compensatory ovarian hypertrophy in control animals by 50%, and in rats with transplanted homologous fat-muscular tissue--by 4-%. In animals with subcutaneously transplanted Walker carcinoma-256, sarcome-45 and Pliss lymphosarcome this effect of estrogens was not manifested at all. The data obtained appear to evidence an increased threshold of sensitivity of the hypothalamol-hypophyseal system to a suppressing effect of estrogens in animals during the process of growth of transplantable tumors.", "contents": "[Raising the sensitivity threshold of the hypothalamohypophyseal system to the homeostatic action of estrogens in rats with transplanted tumors]. Daily injections of 0.57 mKg of diethylstylboestrol-propionate in hemicastrated female rats inhibited the compensatory ovarian hypertrophy in control animals by 50%, and in rats with transplanted homologous fat-muscular tissue--by 4-%. In animals with subcutaneously transplanted Walker carcinoma-256, sarcome-45 and Pliss lymphosarcome this effect of estrogens was not manifested at all. The data obtained appear to evidence an increased threshold of sensitivity of the hypothalamol-hypophyseal system to a suppressing effect of estrogens in animals during the process of growth of transplantable tumors.", "PMID": 1173297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4083", "title": "[Dermatoglyphic investigations in respect to the genetic basis of autoimmune diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Dermatoglyphics of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome were very different from the striking findings in Hashimoto's thyroiditis established in 1971 (Weninger and coworkers). Hence, it was concluded that the characteristic dermatoglyphic pattern of Hashimoto's thyroiditis is specific for this autoimmune disease, but not the expression of a general genetic predisposition to autoimmunity.", "contents": "[Dermatoglyphic investigations in respect to the genetic basis of autoimmune diseases (author's transl)]. Dermatoglyphics of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome were very different from the striking findings in Hashimoto's thyroiditis established in 1971 (Weninger and coworkers). Hence, it was concluded that the characteristic dermatoglyphic pattern of Hashimoto's thyroiditis is specific for this autoimmune disease, but not the expression of a general genetic predisposition to autoimmunity.", "PMID": 1173298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4084", "title": "A transducer probe for the detection of oestrogen effects on vaginal blood flow in sheep.", "content": "A simple prototype vaginal probe was designid for the electronic detection of oestrogen-induced blood flow changes by measuring thermal conductivity, tissue temperature, and light reflectance. The probe was tested in six castrate ewes. Treatment with oestradiol-17beta (1.0 mg iv) produced marked changes in thermal conductivity and temperature, but had no detectable effect on reflectance. The study demonstrates the feasibility of multiple-sensor electronic probes for non-invasive monitoring of peripheral oestrogen effects in vivo.", "contents": "A transducer probe for the detection of oestrogen effects on vaginal blood flow in sheep. A simple prototype vaginal probe was designid for the electronic detection of oestrogen-induced blood flow changes by measuring thermal conductivity, tissue temperature, and light reflectance. The probe was tested in six castrate ewes. Treatment with oestradiol-17beta (1.0 mg iv) produced marked changes in thermal conductivity and temperature, but had no detectable effect on reflectance. The study demonstrates the feasibility of multiple-sensor electronic probes for non-invasive monitoring of peripheral oestrogen effects in vivo.", "PMID": 1173299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4085", "title": "Effects of the luteinizing hormone on blood flow in the follicular rabbit ovary, as measured by radioactive microspheres.", "content": "Previous reports on the ovarian hyperaemia induced by luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) were based largely on direct observations and semi-quantitative methods. An accurate quantitation of ovarian blood flow changes would contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms for and physiological significance of this rapid effect of the hormones. In the present study ovarian blood flow was determined before and after a single intravenous injection of LH to anaesthetized, post-pubertal virgin rabbits, using 15 plus or minus 5 mum microspheres, labelled with Ytterbium-169 and Scandium-46. Two min after administration of 100 mug of bovine LH a significant decrease in ovarian vascular resistance was noted. The response was even more pronounced after 20 min. Pre-treatment of the animals with an adrenergic beta-receptor blocker did not diminish the LH induced ovarian vasodilatation. The vasodilatation appeared specific to the ovary, as indicated by simultaneous determinations of blood flow and vascular resistance in other organs and tissues. The microsphere technique is considered to be the method of choice for future studies of the mechanism of the LH induced ovarian vasodilatation.", "contents": "Effects of the luteinizing hormone on blood flow in the follicular rabbit ovary, as measured by radioactive microspheres. Previous reports on the ovarian hyperaemia induced by luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) were based largely on direct observations and semi-quantitative methods. An accurate quantitation of ovarian blood flow changes would contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms for and physiological significance of this rapid effect of the hormones. In the present study ovarian blood flow was determined before and after a single intravenous injection of LH to anaesthetized, post-pubertal virgin rabbits, using 15 plus or minus 5 mum microspheres, labelled with Ytterbium-169 and Scandium-46. Two min after administration of 100 mug of bovine LH a significant decrease in ovarian vascular resistance was noted. The response was even more pronounced after 20 min. Pre-treatment of the animals with an adrenergic beta-receptor blocker did not diminish the LH induced ovarian vasodilatation. The vasodilatation appeared specific to the ovary, as indicated by simultaneous determinations of blood flow and vascular resistance in other organs and tissues. The microsphere technique is considered to be the method of choice for future studies of the mechanism of the LH induced ovarian vasodilatation.", "PMID": 1173300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4086", "title": "Studies on 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human endometrium and endometrial carcinoma I. Subcellular distribution and variations of specific enzyme activity.", "content": "Specific activity of  17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) was measured in subcellular fractions of normal endometrium at different phases of the menstrual cycle, and of endometrial carcinoma at different degrees of differentiation. The purity of fractions was determined by marker enzymes, RNA/DNA ratio or electronmicrographs. Both in normal and neoplastic tissue 17beta-HSD activity was located mainly in mitochrondria and microsomal enzyme is bound tightly to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. While in normal endometrium specific enzyme activity in subcellular fractions depended on the phase of the cycle, in endometrial carcinoma it depended on the degree of differtiation of the tumours. The highest values of 17beta-HSD activity were found in mitochondria and microsomes of early secretory endometrium (factor in mitochondria and microsomes of early secretory endometrium (factor 10 as compared to proliferative endometrium) and in particulate fractions of well differentiated carcinoma (factor 10 to  greater than 10 as compared to undifferentiated carcinoma).", "contents": "Studies on 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human endometrium and endometrial carcinoma I. Subcellular distribution and variations of specific enzyme activity. Specific activity of  17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) was measured in subcellular fractions of normal endometrium at different phases of the menstrual cycle, and of endometrial carcinoma at different degrees of differentiation. The purity of fractions was determined by marker enzymes, RNA/DNA ratio or electronmicrographs. Both in normal and neoplastic tissue 17beta-HSD activity was located mainly in mitochrondria and microsomal enzyme is bound tightly to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. While in normal endometrium specific enzyme activity in subcellular fractions depended on the phase of the cycle, in endometrial carcinoma it depended on the degree of differtiation of the tumours. The highest values of 17beta-HSD activity were found in mitochondria and microsomes of early secretory endometrium (factor in mitochondria and microsomes of early secretory endometrium (factor 10 as compared to proliferative endometrium) and in particulate fractions of well differentiated carcinoma (factor 10 to  greater than 10 as compared to undifferentiated carcinoma).", "PMID": 1173301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4087", "title": "Immunohistological localization of antigens related to human chorionic gonadotrophin and human placental lactogen in the uterus of pregnant beagle dogs.", "content": "A cross-reaction of anti-HCG and anti-HPL sera with related tissue antigens in normal beagle dog pregnant uteri, from thirty days of pregnancy to term, is reported. Using the immunoglobulin-peroxidase bridge technique, specific staining is localized in the glands of the spongy layer and in the deep uterine glands, but it is absent from the trophoblasts of the placental labyrinth. A specific reaction product is also observed in the surface and glandular epithelium of the chorion laeve. These findings suggest that certain antigens, which share antigenic determinants with HCG and HPL, are produced in the endometrial epithelium and not in the trophoblastic villi of pregnant beagle dogs.", "contents": "Immunohistological localization of antigens related to human chorionic gonadotrophin and human placental lactogen in the uterus of pregnant beagle dogs. A cross-reaction of anti-HCG and anti-HPL sera with related tissue antigens in normal beagle dog pregnant uteri, from thirty days of pregnancy to term, is reported. Using the immunoglobulin-peroxidase bridge technique, specific staining is localized in the glands of the spongy layer and in the deep uterine glands, but it is absent from the trophoblasts of the placental labyrinth. A specific reaction product is also observed in the surface and glandular epithelium of the chorion laeve. These findings suggest that certain antigens, which share antigenic determinants with HCG and HPL, are produced in the endometrial epithelium and not in the trophoblastic villi of pregnant beagle dogs.", "PMID": 1173302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4088", "title": "Influence of acute administration of human growth hormone and alpha-MSH on plasma concentrations of aldosterone, cortisol, corticosterone and growth hormone in man.", "content": "The effect of acute administration of human growth hormone (HGH) and of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) on plasma aldosterone, cortisol, corticosterone and growth hormone has been studied in normal man and in patients with panhypopituitarism. There is no acute effect of exogenous HGH on plasma levels of aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone in normal man and in patients with panhypopituitarism. The plasma level of immunoreactive HGH measured during acute HGH infusion in man does not seem to be proportional to the dose administred in our study. Alpha-MSH raises the concentartion of plasma HGH, BYT THIS STIMULATION IS NOT DOSE-DEPENDENT. Aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone concentrations are not influenced by the elevation of HGH mediated by alpha-MSH in normal man. Although in some patients with panhypopituitarism an elevation of plasma aldosterone concenntration following alpha-MSH infusion is observed, it is unlikely that MSH is directly involved in the acute regulation of aldosterone secretion in healthy subjects.", "contents": "Influence of acute administration of human growth hormone and alpha-MSH on plasma concentrations of aldosterone, cortisol, corticosterone and growth hormone in man. The effect of acute administration of human growth hormone (HGH) and of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) on plasma aldosterone, cortisol, corticosterone and growth hormone has been studied in normal man and in patients with panhypopituitarism. There is no acute effect of exogenous HGH on plasma levels of aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone in normal man and in patients with panhypopituitarism. The plasma level of immunoreactive HGH measured during acute HGH infusion in man does not seem to be proportional to the dose administred in our study. Alpha-MSH raises the concentartion of plasma HGH, BYT THIS STIMULATION IS NOT DOSE-DEPENDENT. Aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone concentrations are not influenced by the elevation of HGH mediated by alpha-MSH in normal man. Although in some patients with panhypopituitarism an elevation of plasma aldosterone concenntration following alpha-MSH infusion is observed, it is unlikely that MSH is directly involved in the acute regulation of aldosterone secretion in healthy subjects.", "PMID": 1173303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4089", "title": "Testosterone 5alpha-reduction in the skin of normal subjects and of patients with abnormal sex development.", "content": "Human pubic skin was obtained from normal subjects and patients with abnormal sex differentiation. Skin samples (200 mg) supplemented with NADPH, were incubated for 1 h with labelled testosterone. The conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, 3alpha- and 3beta-androstanediol was calculated. This conversion averaged 14.9 plus or minus 3.4% (SE) in 11 normal men and 3.6 plus or minus 1.4% (SE) in 8 normal women. In 4 children as in 4 young hypogonadotrophic hypogonadal men, the conversion rate of testosterone to 5alpha-reduced metabolites was low (0.8 to 3.5%) and increased at puberty (13.5 to 19.2%). After administration of HCG for 3 months to 1 of the hypogonadal men, it reached 30.2%. Inversely, the formation of dihydrotestosterone and androstanediols from testosterone was suppressed in 2 men treated with large doses of oestrogen. In 3 subjects with an incomplete form of testicular feminization syndrome, the conversion rate of testosterone to 5alpha-reduced metabolites was in the normal male range (6.4 to 18.3%), whereas it was low in one case of the complete form of the syndrome (1.5%). In 9 women with idiopathic hirsutism the rate of 5alpha-reduced metabolites recovered from testosterone was close to that of normal men (13.5 plus or minus 5.5% (SE). From these results, it is postulated that in human subjects, there is a good correlation between hair growth in skin from a sexual area and the extent of testosterone 5alpha-reduction in this tissue. Such an enzymatic activity might be induced by active androgens; this latter hypothesis is in good agreement with the increase of 5alpha-reduction activity observed at puberty or after treatment of young hypogonadal males. In addition, it is pointed out that a positive correlation is observed between the 5alpha-reductase activity present in each skin sample studied and the urinary 3alpha-androstanediol found for the same individual. This confirms our previous findings suggesting that the determination of urinary 3alpha-androstanediol might prove of clinical interest in the evaluation of the androgenic status in human subjects.", "contents": "Testosterone 5alpha-reduction in the skin of normal subjects and of patients with abnormal sex development. Human pubic skin was obtained from normal subjects and patients with abnormal sex differentiation. Skin samples (200 mg) supplemented with NADPH, were incubated for 1 h with labelled testosterone. The conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, 3alpha- and 3beta-androstanediol was calculated. This conversion averaged 14.9 plus or minus 3.4% (SE) in 11 normal men and 3.6 plus or minus 1.4% (SE) in 8 normal women. In 4 children as in 4 young hypogonadotrophic hypogonadal men, the conversion rate of testosterone to 5alpha-reduced metabolites was low (0.8 to 3.5%) and increased at puberty (13.5 to 19.2%). After administration of HCG for 3 months to 1 of the hypogonadal men, it reached 30.2%. Inversely, the formation of dihydrotestosterone and androstanediols from testosterone was suppressed in 2 men treated with large doses of oestrogen. In 3 subjects with an incomplete form of testicular feminization syndrome, the conversion rate of testosterone to 5alpha-reduced metabolites was in the normal male range (6.4 to 18.3%), whereas it was low in one case of the complete form of the syndrome (1.5%). In 9 women with idiopathic hirsutism the rate of 5alpha-reduced metabolites recovered from testosterone was close to that of normal men (13.5 plus or minus 5.5% (SE). From these results, it is postulated that in human subjects, there is a good correlation between hair growth in skin from a sexual area and the extent of testosterone 5alpha-reduction in this tissue. Such an enzymatic activity might be induced by active androgens; this latter hypothesis is in good agreement with the increase of 5alpha-reduction activity observed at puberty or after treatment of young hypogonadal males. In addition, it is pointed out that a positive correlation is observed between the 5alpha-reductase activity present in each skin sample studied and the urinary 3alpha-androstanediol found for the same individual. This confirms our previous findings suggesting that the determination of urinary 3alpha-androstanediol might prove of clinical interest in the evaluation of the androgenic status in human subjects.", "PMID": 1173304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4090", "title": "Patterns of body weight change in rats following neonatal hormone manipulation: a \"critical period\" for androgen-induced growth increases.", "content": "The development of sexual behaviour and gonadal function is largely determined by the early postnatal hormone environment in the rat; testosterone propionate (TP) treatment in the neonatal female will stimulate development of predominantly masculine functional characteristics. On the other hand, removal of the testes from neonatal males results in feminization of these characteristics. It has been shown that an optimal neonatal steroid hormone environment is also essential for normal growth. We now report the effects of different doses of TP (10, 30, 90, or 270 mug) given on postnatal days 2, 3, 4, or 5 on growth as measured primarily by body weight. Only treatment in the 30-270 mug range on days 2 or 3 was effective in causing significant growth changes, however, these same doses caused sterility and impaired female sexual behaviour when given on days 4 or 5. Therefore, there appears to be a \"critical period\" before the fourth postnatal day when TP can affect processes leading to increased growth. Removal of the neonatal testes retards growth to the levels of the androgenized females. The ovaries of the female TP treated rats still have a restraining influence on growth since their removal produces an increment in body weight similar to, though not as great as, that of the normal ovariectomized rat. These findings suggest that neonatal TP administration may possibly reduce the responsiveness of rats to the growth depressing effect of ovarian steroids by action at a site functionally different from that producing sterility and impaired sexual behaviour.", "contents": "Patterns of body weight change in rats following neonatal hormone manipulation: a \"critical period\" for androgen-induced growth increases. The development of sexual behaviour and gonadal function is largely determined by the early postnatal hormone environment in the rat; testosterone propionate (TP) treatment in the neonatal female will stimulate development of predominantly masculine functional characteristics. On the other hand, removal of the testes from neonatal males results in feminization of these characteristics. It has been shown that an optimal neonatal steroid hormone environment is also essential for normal growth. We now report the effects of different doses of TP (10, 30, 90, or 270 mug) given on postnatal days 2, 3, 4, or 5 on growth as measured primarily by body weight. Only treatment in the 30-270 mug range on days 2 or 3 was effective in causing significant growth changes, however, these same doses caused sterility and impaired female sexual behaviour when given on days 4 or 5. Therefore, there appears to be a \"critical period\" before the fourth postnatal day when TP can affect processes leading to increased growth. Removal of the neonatal testes retards growth to the levels of the androgenized females. The ovaries of the female TP treated rats still have a restraining influence on growth since their removal produces an increment in body weight similar to, though not as great as, that of the normal ovariectomized rat. These findings suggest that neonatal TP administration may possibly reduce the responsiveness of rats to the growth depressing effect of ovarian steroids by action at a site functionally different from that producing sterility and impaired sexual behaviour.", "PMID": 1173305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4091", "title": "Organ-specific ontogeneses of steroid hormone metabolizing enzyme activities in the rat.", "content": "The development and sexual differentiation of 11beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities was investigated in the liver, kidney, adrenal and gonads of rats over a perioid of 15-120 days of life. 11beta-Hydoxysteroid dehydrogenase in the adrenal and ovary was at the limit of detectibility at all the stages of life investigated. In the liver, kidney and testis the enzyme activity is restricted to the microsomal fraction and demonstrates an age-dependent development; in the liver, kidney and in the gonads it is additionally characterized by a sexual differentiation to higher values in the male sex. In all the organs investigated the cytoplasmic and microsomal fractons contain 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity; the activities are very low in the microsomal fraction of the kidney and in the cytosol of the testis. In all the organs the enzyme activity of at least one cell fraction displays an age-dependent development. The only activities, not demonstrating an ontogenesis are those of the cytosol of the adrenal and those of the microsomal fraction of the kedney. The age-dependent development is accompanied by a sexual differentiation of the enzymes activities. The only activities, not demonstrating an ontogenesis are those of the cytosol of the adrnal and those of the microsomal sexual differentation of the enzyme activities. The only exception is the microsomal activity of the liver. The female sex shows the higher activity in the kidney, adrenal and gonads; whereas the male animal shows the higher activity only in the cytosol of the liver. The developmental processes of 11beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase have the following properties in common: In the immature phase (day 15-30) the activities of the enzyme develop either very rapidly to manifold higher values or remain constant at the low neonatal level; no sexual differentiation of the enzymes activities occurs at this stage of life. The rapid increase in activity is found only in the liver and kidney, that is in the steroid hormone catabolizing organs. It does not occur in the steroid hormone producing glands.", "contents": "Organ-specific ontogeneses of steroid hormone metabolizing enzyme activities in the rat. The development and sexual differentiation of 11beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities was investigated in the liver, kidney, adrenal and gonads of rats over a perioid of 15-120 days of life. 11beta-Hydoxysteroid dehydrogenase in the adrenal and ovary was at the limit of detectibility at all the stages of life investigated. In the liver, kidney and testis the enzyme activity is restricted to the microsomal fraction and demonstrates an age-dependent development; in the liver, kidney and in the gonads it is additionally characterized by a sexual differentiation to higher values in the male sex. In all the organs investigated the cytoplasmic and microsomal fractons contain 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity; the activities are very low in the microsomal fraction of the kidney and in the cytosol of the testis. In all the organs the enzyme activity of at least one cell fraction displays an age-dependent development. The only activities, not demonstrating an ontogenesis are those of the cytosol of the adrenal and those of the microsomal fraction of the kedney. The age-dependent development is accompanied by a sexual differentiation of the enzymes activities. The only activities, not demonstrating an ontogenesis are those of the cytosol of the adrnal and those of the microsomal sexual differentation of the enzyme activities. The only exception is the microsomal activity of the liver. The female sex shows the higher activity in the kidney, adrenal and gonads; whereas the male animal shows the higher activity only in the cytosol of the liver. The developmental processes of 11beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase have the following properties in common: In the immature phase (day 15-30) the activities of the enzyme develop either very rapidly to manifold higher values or remain constant at the low neonatal level; no sexual differentiation of the enzymes activities occurs at this stage of life. The rapid increase in activity is found only in the liver and kidney, that is in the steroid hormone catabolizing organs. It does not occur in the steroid hormone producing glands.", "PMID": 1173306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4092", "title": "Effect of CB-154 (2 Br-a-ergocryptine) on serum follicle stimulating hormone, luteinzing hormone and prolactin in women with the amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome.", "content": "Four women with the amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome were treated with 2-Br-a-ergocryptine (CB-154). In 3 patients, lactation was inhibited and ovulation was induced. Furthermore, pregnancy was achieved in one of them. In the remaining case, neither was lactation inhibited nor ovulation induced. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) were measured sequentially in the 4 CB- 154 treated women. They showed high serum PRL levels and acyclic patterns of serum FSH and LH. CB-154 suppressed PRL secretion and stimulated FSH and LH secretion in 3 cases where lactation was inhibited and ovulation was induced. In the one unsuccessful case, serum PRL decreased only slightly and the serum FSH and LH showed no marked changes.", "contents": "Effect of CB-154 (2 Br-a-ergocryptine) on serum follicle stimulating hormone, luteinzing hormone and prolactin in women with the amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome. Four women with the amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome were treated with 2-Br-a-ergocryptine (CB-154). In 3 patients, lactation was inhibited and ovulation was induced. Furthermore, pregnancy was achieved in one of them. In the remaining case, neither was lactation inhibited nor ovulation induced. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) were measured sequentially in the 4 CB- 154 treated women. They showed high serum PRL levels and acyclic patterns of serum FSH and LH. CB-154 suppressed PRL secretion and stimulated FSH and LH secretion in 3 cases where lactation was inhibited and ovulation was induced. In the one unsuccessful case, serum PRL decreased only slightly and the serum FSH and LH showed no marked changes.", "PMID": 1173307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4093", "title": "Biological action of the lipotrophic peptides A and B from pig pituitary glands.", "content": "In vitro lipolysis was stimulated by porcine pituitary peptides A and B in the rabbit, rat, mouse, and guinea pig. The minimal effective doses were calculated from log dose response curves for free fatty acids and free glycerol liberation. The rabbit was most sensitive responding to 0.008 mug/ml (1.4 pM/ml) peptide A and 0.06 mug/ml (5.3 pM/ml) peptide B respectively. Minipig adipose tissue showed no reaction up to a peptide concentration of 100 mug/ml. After intravenous injection of either peptide at the concentration of 50 mug/kg, FFA and free glycerol increased rapidly in the rabbit with maximal concentrations at 30 min, returning to near normal concentrations after 240 min. Blood glucose concentrations increased continuously in spite of hyperinsulinaemia with a peak concentration at 60 min and complete normalisation after 2 h. Hypertriglyceridaemia and hypocalcaemia were observed in both lipotrophin and control groups. Furthermore, the saline injected rabbits also displayed a slight increase of glucose, FFA, and free glycerol plasma concentrations towards the end of the experiments, suggesting stress stimulated lipolysis. The insulinotrophic effect of both peptides was verified by the fact that injection of lipid emulsion plus heparin led to a comparable increase in FFA and glucose, but to no change in insulin concentrations.", "contents": "Biological action of the lipotrophic peptides A and B from pig pituitary glands. In vitro lipolysis was stimulated by porcine pituitary peptides A and B in the rabbit, rat, mouse, and guinea pig. The minimal effective doses were calculated from log dose response curves for free fatty acids and free glycerol liberation. The rabbit was most sensitive responding to 0.008 mug/ml (1.4 pM/ml) peptide A and 0.06 mug/ml (5.3 pM/ml) peptide B respectively. Minipig adipose tissue showed no reaction up to a peptide concentration of 100 mug/ml. After intravenous injection of either peptide at the concentration of 50 mug/kg, FFA and free glycerol increased rapidly in the rabbit with maximal concentrations at 30 min, returning to near normal concentrations after 240 min. Blood glucose concentrations increased continuously in spite of hyperinsulinaemia with a peak concentration at 60 min and complete normalisation after 2 h. Hypertriglyceridaemia and hypocalcaemia were observed in both lipotrophin and control groups. Furthermore, the saline injected rabbits also displayed a slight increase of glucose, FFA, and free glycerol plasma concentrations towards the end of the experiments, suggesting stress stimulated lipolysis. The insulinotrophic effect of both peptides was verified by the fact that injection of lipid emulsion plus heparin led to a comparable increase in FFA and glucose, but to no change in insulin concentrations.", "PMID": 1173308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4094", "title": "Changes in pituitary prolactin levels of female hamsters as a function of age, photoperiod, and pinealectomy.", "content": "Exposure of intact female hamsters to light:dark cycles of 1 h light alternating with 23 h darkness (LD 1:23) led to involution of the reproductive organs, a drop in prolactin levels within the anterior pituitary gland, and hypertrophy of the intrascapular brown fat. All of these changes were prevented if the animals were pinealectomized. Pituitary prolactin levels in control hamsters maintained in LD 14:10 cycles also decreased during the 8 week experimental period. Pituitaries of hansters killed at the end of the experiment contained about four-fifths less prolactin than those necropsied at the beginning of the study.", "contents": "Changes in pituitary prolactin levels of female hamsters as a function of age, photoperiod, and pinealectomy. Exposure of intact female hamsters to light:dark cycles of 1 h light alternating with 23 h darkness (LD 1:23) led to involution of the reproductive organs, a drop in prolactin levels within the anterior pituitary gland, and hypertrophy of the intrascapular brown fat. All of these changes were prevented if the animals were pinealectomized. Pituitary prolactin levels in control hamsters maintained in LD 14:10 cycles also decreased during the 8 week experimental period. Pituitaries of hansters killed at the end of the experiment contained about four-fifths less prolactin than those necropsied at the beginning of the study.", "PMID": 1173309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4095", "title": "Effects of calcium and sodium on vasopressin release in vitro induced by a prolonged potassium stimulation.", "content": "Groups of isolated hemilobes of rat neurohypophyses were stimulated for 90 min with a 56 mM K+ concentration in the surrounding medium. The rate of release of vasopressin into the medium showed an early maximum followed by a long phase of decline which lasted for most of the stimulation period. When 3 min collection periods were employed, higher secretion rates were obtained than when using 10 min periods. This may be due to a higher rate of removal of vasopressin from the tissue and a lower vasopressin inactivation when 3 min periods are used. When Na+ was replaced by sucrose in the incubation medium for the whole stimulation period, much higher secretion rates than previously reported were obtained (13% of the total hormone content in the first 30 min period and 21% for the total 90 min period). When Na+ was removed from the incubation medium late in the stimulation period, a new high secretion rate was induced, provided that extracellular calcium was present. When Ca-2+ was removed from the medium 3 min after start of the stimulation with 56 mM K+, the secretion rate fell very rapidly. Reintroduction of a normal Ca-2+ concentration caused a new marked increase in secretion rate. These results further stress the importance of extra-cellular calcium for release of vasopressin. In addition they show that a considerable fraction of the vasopressin present in the neurohypophysis can be mobilized during a continued strong stimulation if sodium is omitted from the medium.", "contents": "Effects of calcium and sodium on vasopressin release in vitro induced by a prolonged potassium stimulation. Groups of isolated hemilobes of rat neurohypophyses were stimulated for 90 min with a 56 mM K+ concentration in the surrounding medium. The rate of release of vasopressin into the medium showed an early maximum followed by a long phase of decline which lasted for most of the stimulation period. When 3 min collection periods were employed, higher secretion rates were obtained than when using 10 min periods. This may be due to a higher rate of removal of vasopressin from the tissue and a lower vasopressin inactivation when 3 min periods are used. When Na+ was replaced by sucrose in the incubation medium for the whole stimulation period, much higher secretion rates than previously reported were obtained (13% of the total hormone content in the first 30 min period and 21% for the total 90 min period). When Na+ was removed from the incubation medium late in the stimulation period, a new high secretion rate was induced, provided that extracellular calcium was present. When Ca-2+ was removed from the medium 3 min after start of the stimulation with 56 mM K+, the secretion rate fell very rapidly. Reintroduction of a normal Ca-2+ concentration caused a new marked increase in secretion rate. These results further stress the importance of extra-cellular calcium for release of vasopressin. In addition they show that a considerable fraction of the vasopressin present in the neurohypophysis can be mobilized during a continued strong stimulation if sodium is omitted from the medium.", "PMID": 1173310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4096", "title": "Age dependent changes in iodine metabolism and thyroid function.", "content": "Absolute iodine uptake (AIU), serum thyroxine (T4), free T4 index and serum triiodothyronine (T3) were studied in 48 women and 63 men aged 20 to 90 years. AIU decreased with age in both sexes to values in the oldest age groups of about 60% of the values in the youngest age groups. AIU values for females were about 75% of the values for males. Free T4 index was found to be unaltered with increasing age but serum T3 decreased with age. These findings and the previous demonstrated decrease in T4 degradation rate seem consistent with the assumption that T4 and T3 production decreases with advancing age.", "contents": "Age dependent changes in iodine metabolism and thyroid function. Absolute iodine uptake (AIU), serum thyroxine (T4), free T4 index and serum triiodothyronine (T3) were studied in 48 women and 63 men aged 20 to 90 years. AIU decreased with age in both sexes to values in the oldest age groups of about 60% of the values in the youngest age groups. AIU values for females were about 75% of the values for males. Free T4 index was found to be unaltered with increasing age but serum T3 decreased with age. These findings and the previous demonstrated decrease in T4 degradation rate seem consistent with the assumption that T4 and T3 production decreases with advancing age.", "PMID": 1173311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4097", "title": "Correlation of lactase activity, lactose tolerance and milk consumption in different age groups.", "content": "Small intestinal lactase activity in the health adult is either the same as in early infancy or may drop to very low levels. The behavior of the enzymatic state varies with the ethnic group studied. In those adults with low lactase activity little information is availalbe as to the age at which the lactase decreases. We attempted to determine a) the frequency of low intestinal lactase activity and b) the age at which the change occurs. For this purpose we reviewed in a large number of intestinal biopsies both histologically as well as for disaccharidase activities. The biopsies were obtained from a heterogeneous group of Caucasians, including patients, their siblings and parents. The patients were those with failure to thrive in whom no organic cause could be elicited, and those with the irritable colon syndrome. Patients ranged in age from 6 weeks to 50 years and out of a total of 1, 077 jejunal biopsies, 172 morphologically normal biopsies were selected. The milk drinking habits of 118 subjects and their families were elicited and 31 oral lactose tolerance tests performed. The mucosal lactase activity and sucrase-to-lactase ratio in those 172 individuals were plotted against age. In the first 3 years the mean lactase activity was 32.1 plus or minus 10.1 mumoles/g protein per min and the sucrase-to-lactase ratio was 1.7 plus or minus 0.5 with no change from year to year. However, after age 5 two separate groups emerge. A small group (24.6% of the population) with low lactase activity, and a second group possessing the same mean value for lactase activity as noted in the first 3 years. The low lactase activity group included children and adults with clinical lactose intolerance. These individuals consumed relatively small amounts of milk and when 12 of them were tested with an oral lactose tolerance test the result was a \"flat\" curve with a maximum rise in blood glucose of 9 plus or minus 3.2 mg/100 ml. The second group consumed more milk averaging 1 quart/day with no discomfort and when 19 were tested with oral lactose tolerance tests the values were normal. This study indicates that low lactase activity in the Caucasian population may make its appearance at the age of 5 years.", "contents": "Correlation of lactase activity, lactose tolerance and milk consumption in different age groups. Small intestinal lactase activity in the health adult is either the same as in early infancy or may drop to very low levels. The behavior of the enzymatic state varies with the ethnic group studied. In those adults with low lactase activity little information is availalbe as to the age at which the lactase decreases. We attempted to determine a) the frequency of low intestinal lactase activity and b) the age at which the change occurs. For this purpose we reviewed in a large number of intestinal biopsies both histologically as well as for disaccharidase activities. The biopsies were obtained from a heterogeneous group of Caucasians, including patients, their siblings and parents. The patients were those with failure to thrive in whom no organic cause could be elicited, and those with the irritable colon syndrome. Patients ranged in age from 6 weeks to 50 years and out of a total of 1, 077 jejunal biopsies, 172 morphologically normal biopsies were selected. The milk drinking habits of 118 subjects and their families were elicited and 31 oral lactose tolerance tests performed. The mucosal lactase activity and sucrase-to-lactase ratio in those 172 individuals were plotted against age. In the first 3 years the mean lactase activity was 32.1 plus or minus 10.1 mumoles/g protein per min and the sucrase-to-lactase ratio was 1.7 plus or minus 0.5 with no change from year to year. However, after age 5 two separate groups emerge. A small group (24.6% of the population) with low lactase activity, and a second group possessing the same mean value for lactase activity as noted in the first 3 years. The low lactase activity group included children and adults with clinical lactose intolerance. These individuals consumed relatively small amounts of milk and when 12 of them were tested with an oral lactose tolerance test the result was a \"flat\" curve with a maximum rise in blood glucose of 9 plus or minus 3.2 mg/100 ml. The second group consumed more milk averaging 1 quart/day with no discomfort and when 19 were tested with oral lactose tolerance tests the values were normal. This study indicates that low lactase activity in the Caucasian population may make its appearance at the age of 5 years.", "PMID": 1173320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4098", "title": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in two children with Graves disease.", "content": "Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and hyperthyroidism coexisted in two children. In one, hyperthyroidism developed nine years after the onset of purpura. In the other, the two diseases appeared concomitantly. It is important to distinguish the thrombocytopenia due to ITP from that due to antithyroid drugs.", "contents": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in two children with Graves disease. Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and hyperthyroidism coexisted in two children. In one, hyperthyroidism developed nine years after the onset of purpura. In the other, the two diseases appeared concomitantly. It is important to distinguish the thrombocytopenia due to ITP from that due to antithyroid drugs.", "PMID": 1173321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4099", "title": "Eggshell aspiration in infants.", "content": "Two infants inhaled eggshell fragments. The first aspirated a small fragment into the upper part of the trachea and resuscitation attempts resulted in descent of the foreign body to the right lower lobe bronchus. Two attempts at bronchoscopy were unsuccessful and spontaneous disintegration occurred. The second infant aspirated an eggshell fragment to the entrance of the larynx where it was removed by laryngoscopy. Laryngeal or tracheal foreign body in infants under 1 year of age are rare, and the diagnosis and removal are difficult.", "contents": "Eggshell aspiration in infants. Two infants inhaled eggshell fragments. The first aspirated a small fragment into the upper part of the trachea and resuscitation attempts resulted in descent of the foreign body to the right lower lobe bronchus. Two attempts at bronchoscopy were unsuccessful and spontaneous disintegration occurred. The second infant aspirated an eggshell fragment to the entrance of the larynx where it was removed by laryngoscopy. Laryngeal or tracheal foreign body in infants under 1 year of age are rare, and the diagnosis and removal are difficult.", "PMID": 1173322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4100", "title": "Recognition and treatment of adult respiratroy distress syndrome secondary to viral interstitial pneumonia.", "content": "Four cases of adult respiratory distress syndrome secondary to viral interstital pneumonia were treated successfully. The illnesses started with a prodrome of upper respiratory symptoms. The development of dyspnea was a key symptom from which point respiratory failure developed within 24 to 48 hours. Chest roentgenograms showed alveolar infiltrative patterns which later became coalescent. The clinical course consisted of fever, dyspnea, hypoxia and acidosis, There was no response to therapy with antibiotics, 100 per cent oxygen by mask and intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) over the first 24 hours. Supportive therapy then initiated included endotracheal intubation, the administration of humidified oxygen by volume cycled respirator with positive end expiratory pressures of 10 to 15 cm H2O and corticosteroids. It is concluded that early recognition of the syndrome, coupled with prompt insituition of aggressive supportive respiratory management may be lifesaving in patints with severe interstitial pneumonia.", "contents": "Recognition and treatment of adult respiratroy distress syndrome secondary to viral interstitial pneumonia. Four cases of adult respiratory distress syndrome secondary to viral interstital pneumonia were treated successfully. The illnesses started with a prodrome of upper respiratory symptoms. The development of dyspnea was a key symptom from which point respiratory failure developed within 24 to 48 hours. Chest roentgenograms showed alveolar infiltrative patterns which later became coalescent. The clinical course consisted of fever, dyspnea, hypoxia and acidosis, There was no response to therapy with antibiotics, 100 per cent oxygen by mask and intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) over the first 24 hours. Supportive therapy then initiated included endotracheal intubation, the administration of humidified oxygen by volume cycled respirator with positive end expiratory pressures of 10 to 15 cm H2O and corticosteroids. It is concluded that early recognition of the syndrome, coupled with prompt insituition of aggressive supportive respiratory management may be lifesaving in patints with severe interstitial pneumonia.", "PMID": 1173323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4101", "title": "The amniotic fluid foam test, L/S ratio, and total phospholipids in the evaluation of fetal lung maturity.", "content": "The results of the L/S ratio, TPL (total phospholipids) concentration, and the FT (foam test) from 126 amniotic fluid samples (105 of which were obtained less than 48 hours before delivery) between weeks 26 and 43 of gestation were compared in evaluating fetal lung maturity. A perfect correlation between an L/S ratio of 2 or more and TPL of 2.8 mg./100 ml. or more and pulmonary maturity was found. L/S ratio of 1.4 or less and TPL of 1.5 mg./100 ml. or less were associated in all cases with RDS. The intermediate zone between these values, where pulmonary maturity could not be predicted, contained 3.8 per cent of the cases when L/S ratio is evaluated compared to 21.9 per cent by TPL assessment. The intermediate and positive FT were associated in all cases with fetal lung maturity and mature values of L/S ratio and TPL; the negative FT cases (36 out of 105) were associated with a wide range of TPL and L/S ratio values including immature, intermediate, and mature values. No RDS occurred in cases in which the FT was positive or intermediate. It is concluded that the FT is highly valuable as a screening test. If positive or intermediate, the risk of RDS is very small; when negative, the sample should be subjected to chemical analysis.", "contents": "The amniotic fluid foam test, L/S ratio, and total phospholipids in the evaluation of fetal lung maturity. The results of the L/S ratio, TPL (total phospholipids) concentration, and the FT (foam test) from 126 amniotic fluid samples (105 of which were obtained less than 48 hours before delivery) between weeks 26 and 43 of gestation were compared in evaluating fetal lung maturity. A perfect correlation between an L/S ratio of 2 or more and TPL of 2.8 mg./100 ml. or more and pulmonary maturity was found. L/S ratio of 1.4 or less and TPL of 1.5 mg./100 ml. or less were associated in all cases with RDS. The intermediate zone between these values, where pulmonary maturity could not be predicted, contained 3.8 per cent of the cases when L/S ratio is evaluated compared to 21.9 per cent by TPL assessment. The intermediate and positive FT were associated in all cases with fetal lung maturity and mature values of L/S ratio and TPL; the negative FT cases (36 out of 105) were associated with a wide range of TPL and L/S ratio values including immature, intermediate, and mature values. No RDS occurred in cases in which the FT was positive or intermediate. It is concluded that the FT is highly valuable as a screening test. If positive or intermediate, the risk of RDS is very small; when negative, the sample should be subjected to chemical analysis.", "PMID": 1173324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4102", "title": "Changes in amniotic fluid lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio following maternal dexamethasone administration.", "content": "The effect of dexamethasone on amniotic fluid lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio was measured in 15 fetuses of 34 weeks or less of gestation. Six of the patients presented with premature rupture of the membranes. A rise in the L/S ratio is mature levels (two or more) was observed 24 hours to 11 days after the start of treatment in 12 patients. In 2 patients (one second twin and one anencephalic fetus), no rise in L/S ratio occurred. Of 12 cases whch ended in premature delivery (29 to 35 weeks) only one infant, a second twin delivered at the thirtieth week with a posttreatment L/S ration o1.4 weighing 1,240 grams, developed severe respiratory distress syndrome and died. Tt is suggested that dexamethasome accelerates fetal lung maturation by increasing surfactant synthesis or release, and this may be achieved as early as the twenty-eighth week of pregnancy.", "contents": "Changes in amniotic fluid lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio following maternal dexamethasone administration. The effect of dexamethasone on amniotic fluid lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio was measured in 15 fetuses of 34 weeks or less of gestation. Six of the patients presented with premature rupture of the membranes. A rise in the L/S ratio is mature levels (two or more) was observed 24 hours to 11 days after the start of treatment in 12 patients. In 2 patients (one second twin and one anencephalic fetus), no rise in L/S ratio occurred. Of 12 cases whch ended in premature delivery (29 to 35 weeks) only one infant, a second twin delivered at the thirtieth week with a posttreatment L/S ration o1.4 weighing 1,240 grams, developed severe respiratory distress syndrome and died. Tt is suggested that dexamethasome accelerates fetal lung maturation by increasing surfactant synthesis or release, and this may be achieved as early as the twenty-eighth week of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1173325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4103", "title": "Studies of paralytic ileus. Effects of intraperitoneal injury on motility of the canine small intestine.", "content": "This study is significant in demonstrating that the small intestine of the dog is extremely resistant to paralytic ileus. The various types of intra-abdominal irritation studied were quite severe. After a transient period of inhibition, however, in most instances motility of the small intestine returned and continued until near the time of death. Various types of intra-abdominal irritation were used to study paralytic ileus in dogs, including intraperitoneal injection of gastric juice, gastroperitoneal fistula, appendiceal ligation, intraperitoneal injection of Lugol's iodine solution, retroperitoneal injection of blood, and mechanical and thermal irritation of the intestine and peritoneum. The electrical and mechanical activity of the small intestine was observed by means of a Thomas cannula implanted in the jejunum. The presence or absence of fluid accumulation within the intestinal lumen or peritoneal cavity was noted at autopsy. Intra-abdominal chemical irritation caused a transient inhibition of intestinal motility, which was reversed when the irritation was stopped. Repeated irritation did not appear to cause progressive, irreversible inhibition of intestinal motility. When intestinal motility was depressed, spike potentials were absent in the recordings of electrical activity of the intestine. The \"slow\" electrical waves were distinguishable at all times. With the exception of the gastroperitoneal fistulas, the procedures were tolerated with only transient inhibition of intestinal motility. Accumulation of intraperitoneal fluid occurred in dogs subjected to gastroperitoneal fistulas. A small amount of intraluminal fluid accumulated in dogs subjected to repeated thermal and mechanical irritation of the intestines and peritoneum. In the other groups of dogs no significant increase in intestinal or intraperitoneal fluid was observed.", "contents": "Studies of paralytic ileus. Effects of intraperitoneal injury on motility of the canine small intestine. This study is significant in demonstrating that the small intestine of the dog is extremely resistant to paralytic ileus. The various types of intra-abdominal irritation studied were quite severe. After a transient period of inhibition, however, in most instances motility of the small intestine returned and continued until near the time of death. Various types of intra-abdominal irritation were used to study paralytic ileus in dogs, including intraperitoneal injection of gastric juice, gastroperitoneal fistula, appendiceal ligation, intraperitoneal injection of Lugol's iodine solution, retroperitoneal injection of blood, and mechanical and thermal irritation of the intestine and peritoneum. The electrical and mechanical activity of the small intestine was observed by means of a Thomas cannula implanted in the jejunum. The presence or absence of fluid accumulation within the intestinal lumen or peritoneal cavity was noted at autopsy. Intra-abdominal chemical irritation caused a transient inhibition of intestinal motility, which was reversed when the irritation was stopped. Repeated irritation did not appear to cause progressive, irreversible inhibition of intestinal motility. When intestinal motility was depressed, spike potentials were absent in the recordings of electrical activity of the intestine. The \"slow\" electrical waves were distinguishable at all times. With the exception of the gastroperitoneal fistulas, the procedures were tolerated with only transient inhibition of intestinal motility. Accumulation of intraperitoneal fluid occurred in dogs subjected to gastroperitoneal fistulas. A small amount of intraluminal fluid accumulated in dogs subjected to repeated thermal and mechanical irritation of the intestines and peritoneum. In the other groups of dogs no significant increase in intestinal or intraperitoneal fluid was observed.", "PMID": 1173326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4104", "title": "Treatment of intermittent claudication. Lumbar paravertebral somatic block with phenol.", "content": "Our experience of twenty-eight patients with intermittent claudication treated by means of paravertebral lumbar somatic nerve block is presented. There was immediate demonstrable improvement in 92-5% of the twenty-six patients included in this follow up. At the end of 6 months the improvement was maintained in 72-7% of the patients and in about 70-0% of patients at 6 months and at 9 months. Six of the seven patients followed up for 1 year had a claudication distance at least twice that prior to the block. The results of this indicate that lumbar somatic nerve block is less disturbing and more effective than other forms of conservative treatment for intermittent claudication.", "contents": "Treatment of intermittent claudication. Lumbar paravertebral somatic block with phenol. Our experience of twenty-eight patients with intermittent claudication treated by means of paravertebral lumbar somatic nerve block is presented. There was immediate demonstrable improvement in 92-5% of the twenty-six patients included in this follow up. At the end of 6 months the improvement was maintained in 72-7% of the patients and in about 70-0% of patients at 6 months and at 9 months. Six of the seven patients followed up for 1 year had a claudication distance at least twice that prior to the block. The results of this indicate that lumbar somatic nerve block is less disturbing and more effective than other forms of conservative treatment for intermittent claudication.", "PMID": 1173335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4105", "title": "Prolonged sympathetic activation and pulmonary surfactant: absence of effect in anesthetized cats.", "content": "Cats were anesthetized with either sodium pentobarbital or ketamine hydrochloride, paralyzed, and artifically ventilated. The stellate ganglion was electrically stimulated for one hour (10 V, frequency = 10 per sec, and 0.5 to 1.0 msec pulse duration), alternating periods of stimulation and rest of 20 sec each, while control animals were sham operated. After stimulation, static deflation pressure-volume relationships of the excised lungs were compared. Regardless of the anesthetic used, no change in static lung compliance was found between experimental and control groups, and one hour of stellate stimulation did not produce significant changes in lung volumes at maximum distending pressures, in lung weight/body weight ratios, or in minimum surface tension measurements of lung extracts. We concluded that prolonged intermittent stimulation of the stellate ganglion does not alter significantly the function of alveolar surfactant.", "contents": "Prolonged sympathetic activation and pulmonary surfactant: absence of effect in anesthetized cats. Cats were anesthetized with either sodium pentobarbital or ketamine hydrochloride, paralyzed, and artifically ventilated. The stellate ganglion was electrically stimulated for one hour (10 V, frequency = 10 per sec, and 0.5 to 1.0 msec pulse duration), alternating periods of stimulation and rest of 20 sec each, while control animals were sham operated. After stimulation, static deflation pressure-volume relationships of the excised lungs were compared. Regardless of the anesthetic used, no change in static lung compliance was found between experimental and control groups, and one hour of stellate stimulation did not produce significant changes in lung volumes at maximum distending pressures, in lung weight/body weight ratios, or in minimum surface tension measurements of lung extracts. We concluded that prolonged intermittent stimulation of the stellate ganglion does not alter significantly the function of alveolar surfactant.", "PMID": 1173336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4106", "title": "Electroanatomy of the lateral wall of the cochlea.", "content": "Metabolically, the most active membrane in the stria vascularis is the marginal cell membrane adjacent to the intermediate cells. It is probably at this site that K+ions are actively transported in and Cl minus ions are actively transported out by the Na+ in equilibrium K+, K+in equilibrium H+, and Cl minus ion pumps. Support for this hypothesis was derived from the work of other authors, from our own earlier results and the experimental results presented in this paper. Our experiments indicate that the marginal cells of the stria vascularis facing the endolymphatic space have a positive intracellular potential similar to the potential of the scala media, Therefore, the major portion of the active ion transport takes place on the intermediate cell side of the marginal cells. The pumping mechanisms, localized in this membrane, are responsible for the generation of the positive endocochlear potential (EP).", "contents": "Electroanatomy of the lateral wall of the cochlea. Metabolically, the most active membrane in the stria vascularis is the marginal cell membrane adjacent to the intermediate cells. It is probably at this site that K+ions are actively transported in and Cl minus ions are actively transported out by the Na+ in equilibrium K+, K+in equilibrium H+, and Cl minus ion pumps. Support for this hypothesis was derived from the work of other authors, from our own earlier results and the experimental results presented in this paper. Our experiments indicate that the marginal cells of the stria vascularis facing the endolymphatic space have a positive intracellular potential similar to the potential of the scala media, Therefore, the major portion of the active ion transport takes place on the intermediate cell side of the marginal cells. The pumping mechanisms, localized in this membrane, are responsible for the generation of the positive endocochlear potential (EP).", "PMID": 1173339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4107", "title": "Verrucous carcinoma of the larynx.", "content": "Verrucous carcinoma of the larynx in a middle-aged male patient is reported. The related diagnostic problems are described in detail and clinical and morphological differentiating features from other variants of squamous cell carcinoma are outlined on the basis of literary data and our own experience.", "contents": "Verrucous carcinoma of the larynx. Verrucous carcinoma of the larynx in a middle-aged male patient is reported. The related diagnostic problems are described in detail and clinical and morphological differentiating features from other variants of squamous cell carcinoma are outlined on the basis of literary data and our own experience.", "PMID": 1173340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4108", "title": "Histological research concerning cryotonsillectomy in dogs.", "content": "Resistance to freezing can be considered in connective tissue, blood vessels, and also epithelium and mature lymphocytes, but the tonsils are highly receptive to freezing, and thus during the 2 min two-cycle freezing the tonsils were able to be removed sufficiently. In addition, the edema in the peripheral tissue reached its peak in 12 to 24 hrs, and during this period it can be thought that dyspnoe could easily be induced. Histologically as well, necrosis was apparent after 12 hrs, with the peak coming during the first 3 days, and it was difficult to discern necrotic areas after 7 days. Revitalization of the epithelium, thrombosis, and fibrosis were also apparent as the 7th day. At the same time, dilated and regenerated capillary vellels were apparent. On the 14th day, collagen fibrosis of the deep layer tissue was found, and as of the 24-day collagen fibrosis up to the level of the epithelium was observed.", "contents": "Histological research concerning cryotonsillectomy in dogs. Resistance to freezing can be considered in connective tissue, blood vessels, and also epithelium and mature lymphocytes, but the tonsils are highly receptive to freezing, and thus during the 2 min two-cycle freezing the tonsils were able to be removed sufficiently. In addition, the edema in the peripheral tissue reached its peak in 12 to 24 hrs, and during this period it can be thought that dyspnoe could easily be induced. Histologically as well, necrosis was apparent after 12 hrs, with the peak coming during the first 3 days, and it was difficult to discern necrotic areas after 7 days. Revitalization of the epithelium, thrombosis, and fibrosis were also apparent as the 7th day. At the same time, dilated and regenerated capillary vellels were apparent. On the 14th day, collagen fibrosis of the deep layer tissue was found, and as of the 24-day collagen fibrosis up to the level of the epithelium was observed.", "PMID": 1173341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4109", "title": "The effect of clonidine treatment on the salivary glands of the rat. Results of biochemical and histological investigations.", "content": "The side-effects of clonidine, dryness of the mouth and parotid pain, as displayed by this clinically frequently used antihypertensive drug prompted us to investigate its effect on the salivary glands of the rat. After daily intraperitoneal injections for 3 weeks clonidine decreased the specific amylase content of the submaxillary glands caused by fall of activity in 2 of the 4 isoamylases. On the other hand, both activity of alpha-amylase and its isoenzyme pattern remained unchanged in the parotid glands as did their histological and histochemical appearance. The lymph nodes situated in front of the submaxillary glands, however, were considerably affected showing large abscesses. In the adjacent glandular parenchyma, round cell infiltrations and, occasionally, acinic cell necroses were observed.", "contents": "The effect of clonidine treatment on the salivary glands of the rat. Results of biochemical and histological investigations. The side-effects of clonidine, dryness of the mouth and parotid pain, as displayed by this clinically frequently used antihypertensive drug prompted us to investigate its effect on the salivary glands of the rat. After daily intraperitoneal injections for 3 weeks clonidine decreased the specific amylase content of the submaxillary glands caused by fall of activity in 2 of the 4 isoamylases. On the other hand, both activity of alpha-amylase and its isoenzyme pattern remained unchanged in the parotid glands as did their histological and histochemical appearance. The lymph nodes situated in front of the submaxillary glands, however, were considerably affected showing large abscesses. In the adjacent glandular parenchyma, round cell infiltrations and, occasionally, acinic cell necroses were observed.", "PMID": 1173342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4110", "title": "Aortic bacterial endarteritis.", "content": "Micotic aneurisms are very rare. They are produced as a consequence of a bacterial infection of the endartery. They are divided into \"primary\", or those of an unknown septic focus, and \"secondary\" to bacterial endocarditis, to intravascular in infection or to infection located in a neighboring region. Two cases of the National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico are presented, with \"primary\" micotic aneurysm, which is the least frequent. One of them was because of bacterial endarteritis located in the thoracic aorta, an extremely rate entity. Due to the frequent rupture of these aneurysm with a very high mortality, emphasis is placed on the convenience of rapid surgical treatment of patients diagnosed.", "contents": "Aortic bacterial endarteritis. Micotic aneurisms are very rare. They are produced as a consequence of a bacterial infection of the endartery. They are divided into \"primary\", or those of an unknown septic focus, and \"secondary\" to bacterial endocarditis, to intravascular in infection or to infection located in a neighboring region. Two cases of the National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico are presented, with \"primary\" micotic aneurysm, which is the least frequent. One of them was because of bacterial endarteritis located in the thoracic aorta, an extremely rate entity. Due to the frequent rupture of these aneurysm with a very high mortality, emphasis is placed on the convenience of rapid surgical treatment of patients diagnosed.", "PMID": 1173338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4111", "title": "[Electronystagmographic esaminations of caloric latency (author's transl)].", "content": "The initial phase of caloric nystagmus has been investigated. The nystagmussignal does not start in a really discrete manner. It shows a development from eye movements which are no clear cut sawtooth signals to the real nystagmus beats with easily detectable slow and fast phases. 601 ENGs of caloric tests have statistically been evaluated during the first 80 sec from the onset of the irrigation. In 68% of all of the reactions there was an underlying spontaneous nystagmus. A same directional spontaneous nystagmus covers the latency period mostly that much, that the latency period is short or hidden. An opposite directional spontaneous nystagmus leads to a prolongation of the latency period. This definition refers to the real saw tooth nystagmus signals, which are beating in the expected direction. A definition of the latency period after the so called initial nystagmoids is being discussed, too.", "contents": "[Electronystagmographic esaminations of caloric latency (author's transl)]. The initial phase of caloric nystagmus has been investigated. The nystagmussignal does not start in a really discrete manner. It shows a development from eye movements which are no clear cut sawtooth signals to the real nystagmus beats with easily detectable slow and fast phases. 601 ENGs of caloric tests have statistically been evaluated during the first 80 sec from the onset of the irrigation. In 68% of all of the reactions there was an underlying spontaneous nystagmus. A same directional spontaneous nystagmus covers the latency period mostly that much, that the latency period is short or hidden. An opposite directional spontaneous nystagmus leads to a prolongation of the latency period. This definition refers to the real saw tooth nystagmus signals, which are beating in the expected direction. A definition of the latency period after the so called initial nystagmoids is being discussed, too.", "PMID": 1173343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4112", "title": "Effect of aerosolized dipalmitoyl lecithin on oxygen-toxic rat lungs.", "content": "Pulmonary surfactant is reduced in oxygen toxicity but whether this represents a decrease in production or inactivation of surface-active material already present is not known. We divided 200 g male Wister-Lewis rats into different experimental groups. The animals were exposed continuously to 0, 48, 56 or 72 h of close to 100% oxygen at atmospheric pressure. Administration of aerosolized dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL) in phosphate buffer had no effect on lung deflation compliances or lung stability indices of any group. Exposure to DPL by spontaneous respiration and/or controlled ventilation made no difference. Lung dry/wet weight ratios fell in animals exposed to aerosols of DPL + buffer + O2, buffer + O2, or water + O2, to aerosols of DPL + buffer + O2, buffer + O2, or water + O2, as compared to animals with similar lengths of oxygen exposure not exposed to an aerosol. If the initial pulmonary pathophysiological response to 100% oxygen at 1 atm pressure is capillary logical response to 100% oxygen at 1 atm pressure is capillary endothelial damage with leakage of intravascular fluids into the alveoli, then exogenously administered DPL would not be of benefit in pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Our study suggests that aerosolized DPL administered to normal animals and animals exposed to oxygen for 48-72 h had no effect on lung compliance or stability.", "contents": "Effect of aerosolized dipalmitoyl lecithin on oxygen-toxic rat lungs. Pulmonary surfactant is reduced in oxygen toxicity but whether this represents a decrease in production or inactivation of surface-active material already present is not known. We divided 200 g male Wister-Lewis rats into different experimental groups. The animals were exposed continuously to 0, 48, 56 or 72 h of close to 100% oxygen at atmospheric pressure. Administration of aerosolized dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL) in phosphate buffer had no effect on lung deflation compliances or lung stability indices of any group. Exposure to DPL by spontaneous respiration and/or controlled ventilation made no difference. Lung dry/wet weight ratios fell in animals exposed to aerosols of DPL + buffer + O2, buffer + O2, or water + O2, to aerosols of DPL + buffer + O2, buffer + O2, or water + O2, as compared to animals with similar lengths of oxygen exposure not exposed to an aerosol. If the initial pulmonary pathophysiological response to 100% oxygen at 1 atm pressure is capillary logical response to 100% oxygen at 1 atm pressure is capillary endothelial damage with leakage of intravascular fluids into the alveoli, then exogenously administered DPL would not be of benefit in pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Our study suggests that aerosolized DPL administered to normal animals and animals exposed to oxygen for 48-72 h had no effect on lung compliance or stability.", "PMID": 1173344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4113", "title": "Effects of apomorphine, ergocornine and piribedil on audiogenic seizures in DBA/2 mice.", "content": "Audiogenic seizures in DBA/2 mice have been studied after administration of drugs believed to act as dopamine agonists. Apomorphine at 0.4 mg/kg delays all phases of the response, the tonic phase is absent after 2.0 mg/kg; the clonic phase is abolished by 10 mg/kg. Ergocornine (0.5-8.0 mg/kg) produces effects on the latency and occurrence of seizure stages similar to those of apomorphine. Piribedil, ET 495 (4-100 mg/kg) is less potent; even after 100 mg/kg clonic and tonic phases occurred in 50% of the mice.", "contents": "Effects of apomorphine, ergocornine and piribedil on audiogenic seizures in DBA/2 mice. Audiogenic seizures in DBA/2 mice have been studied after administration of drugs believed to act as dopamine agonists. Apomorphine at 0.4 mg/kg delays all phases of the response, the tonic phase is absent after 2.0 mg/kg; the clonic phase is abolished by 10 mg/kg. Ergocornine (0.5-8.0 mg/kg) produces effects on the latency and occurrence of seizure stages similar to those of apomorphine. Piribedil, ET 495 (4-100 mg/kg) is less potent; even after 100 mg/kg clonic and tonic phases occurred in 50% of the mice.", "PMID": 1173346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4114", "title": "Histopathology of regression of tumor metastasis in the lymph nodes.", "content": "A transplanted rat lymphosarcoma (SGT-4), induced by Gross virus and inoculated s.c. into the foot of a normal syngeneic rat, initially grew but ultimately regressed. The tumor cells metastasized to the regional popliteal, lumbar, and inguinal lymph nodes and formed massive metastatic foci there. These lymph node metastases also regressed spontaneously. However, in Gross-tolerant rats inoculated with Gross virus at birth, no regression was observed. Histopathologically, infiltration and proliferation of lymphoid cells, reticulum cells, and bifrocytes occurred in the regressing metastatic tumor in lymph nodes as well as in the regressing transplanted tumor in the foot. Only in lymph nodes of normal rats, in which tumor metastasis regressed, was the characteristic \"starry sky\" appearance observed. Our results suggest that regression of metastatic tumor in lymph nodes, as well as of transplanted tumor in syngeneic rats, was due to an immunological reaction by the host and that an immunological factor may be responsible for the \"starry sky\" picture.", "contents": "Histopathology of regression of tumor metastasis in the lymph nodes. A transplanted rat lymphosarcoma (SGT-4), induced by Gross virus and inoculated s.c. into the foot of a normal syngeneic rat, initially grew but ultimately regressed. The tumor cells metastasized to the regional popliteal, lumbar, and inguinal lymph nodes and formed massive metastatic foci there. These lymph node metastases also regressed spontaneously. However, in Gross-tolerant rats inoculated with Gross virus at birth, no regression was observed. Histopathologically, infiltration and proliferation of lymphoid cells, reticulum cells, and bifrocytes occurred in the regressing metastatic tumor in lymph nodes as well as in the regressing transplanted tumor in the foot. Only in lymph nodes of normal rats, in which tumor metastasis regressed, was the characteristic \"starry sky\" appearance observed. Our results suggest that regression of metastatic tumor in lymph nodes, as well as of transplanted tumor in syngeneic rats, was due to an immunological reaction by the host and that an immunological factor may be responsible for the \"starry sky\" picture.", "PMID": 1173350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4115", "title": "Serum triiodothyronine concentration in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism.", "content": "The serum triiodothyronine concentration is superior to the serum thyroxine concentration, the resin uptake test and the free thyroxine index in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Over a 14 month period fifty-five patients attending an endocrine clinic with suspected thyrotoxicosis of all degrees of severity had blood taken on initial attendance and the serum was stored for routine thyroid function tests and triiodothyronine estimation. The patients were followed up and forty-six proved to be toxic and seven to be euthyroid; two could not be classified. Analysis of the initial serum showed that the serum triiodothyronine concentration was superior to the serum thyroxine concentration, the resin uptake test and the free thyroxine index in predicting the clinical outcome.", "contents": "Serum triiodothyronine concentration in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. The serum triiodothyronine concentration is superior to the serum thyroxine concentration, the resin uptake test and the free thyroxine index in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Over a 14 month period fifty-five patients attending an endocrine clinic with suspected thyrotoxicosis of all degrees of severity had blood taken on initial attendance and the serum was stored for routine thyroid function tests and triiodothyronine estimation. The patients were followed up and forty-six proved to be toxic and seven to be euthyroid; two could not be classified. Analysis of the initial serum showed that the serum triiodothyronine concentration was superior to the serum thyroxine concentration, the resin uptake test and the free thyroxine index in predicting the clinical outcome.", "PMID": 1173354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4116", "title": "Arthrography of the knee.", "content": "Arthrography of the knee is  becoming an integral part of the evaluation of the patient with a suspected internal derangement of the knee. The examination is relatively simple, and can be performed on out-patients with conventional radiographic equipment or a modified fluoroscope. Knee arthrography has been proven safe in a large series of patients. The technique is reliable, particularly in the diagnosis of meniscus lesions. The knee arthrogram is helpful to the orthopedic surgeon to confirm suspected abnormalities, to reveal unsuspected or multiple lesions, to exclude some conditions which could be confusing clinically, or to plan a surgical approach to the knee.", "contents": "Arthrography of the knee. Arthrography of the knee is  becoming an integral part of the evaluation of the patient with a suspected internal derangement of the knee. The examination is relatively simple, and can be performed on out-patients with conventional radiographic equipment or a modified fluoroscope. Knee arthrography has been proven safe in a large series of patients. The technique is reliable, particularly in the diagnosis of meniscus lesions. The knee arthrogram is helpful to the orthopedic surgeon to confirm suspected abnormalities, to reveal unsuspected or multiple lesions, to exclude some conditions which could be confusing clinically, or to plan a surgical approach to the knee.", "PMID": 1173355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4117", "title": "Double contrast knee arthrography in the evaluation of osteochondritis dissecans.", "content": "Double contrast knee arthrography is an invaluable adjunct in the evaluation of patients with osteochondritis dissecans. The cartilage overlying the osteochondritic defect can be evaluated and unsuspected meniscal pathology accurately diagnosed. In our series, there were three unsuspected medial meniscal tears, diagnosed by arthrography and confirmed at surgery. The location of the osteochondritic defect was atypical in all four of our female patients.", "contents": "Double contrast knee arthrography in the evaluation of osteochondritis dissecans. Double contrast knee arthrography is an invaluable adjunct in the evaluation of patients with osteochondritis dissecans. The cartilage overlying the osteochondritic defect can be evaluated and unsuspected meniscal pathology accurately diagnosed. In our series, there were three unsuspected medial meniscal tears, diagnosed by arthrography and confirmed at surgery. The location of the osteochondritic defect was atypical in all four of our female patients.", "PMID": 1173356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4118", "title": "Development of a knee scoring scale.", "content": "Two knee scoring scales have been tested against post-osteotomy knees for degeneration arthritis and post-arthroplasty knees (McIntosh Operation) and were found to be acceptable for both conditions. Scoring Scale I was slightly better than Scale II. This scale should be tested on other types of knee reconstruction. Modifications in this scale may be needed in the future in an effort to produce as near perfect an objective knee function scoring method as is possible.", "contents": "Development of a knee scoring scale. Two knee scoring scales have been tested against post-osteotomy knees for degeneration arthritis and post-arthroplasty knees (McIntosh Operation) and were found to be acceptable for both conditions. Scoring Scale I was slightly better than Scale II. This scale should be tested on other types of knee reconstruction. Modifications in this scale may be needed in the future in an effort to produce as near perfect an objective knee function scoring method as is possible.", "PMID": 1173358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4119", "title": "The degenerative effects of partial and total resection of the medial meniscus in dogs' knees.", "content": "An experimental effort to determine the degenerative effects in the articular cartilage of the knee joint caused by meniscectomy was performed by doing partial and total meniscectomies on the medial compartment of dogs' knees.  Gross and microscopic pathological changes in teh articular cartilage were studied by sacrificing the dogs at intervals of three to ten months.  Results indicated that meniscectomy is not a benign procedure, and the removal of a meniscus in itself can lead to degenerative changes in the knee joint.  Partial meniscectomy leads to less severe degenerative changes with the degree of change directly related to the amount of meniscus removed.  In total meniscectomies when meniscus regeneration occurred, the cartilage surfaces where the meniscus had regenerated were protected.  The degree of degenerative change was directly related to the amount of fibrocartilage that remained absent.  Therefore, the knee menisci function to protect the articular cartilages from degenerative damages, but the exact mechanism of this is unknown.", "contents": "The degenerative effects of partial and total resection of the medial meniscus in dogs' knees. An experimental effort to determine the degenerative effects in the articular cartilage of the knee joint caused by meniscectomy was performed by doing partial and total meniscectomies on the medial compartment of dogs' knees.  Gross and microscopic pathological changes in teh articular cartilage were studied by sacrificing the dogs at intervals of three to ten months.  Results indicated that meniscectomy is not a benign procedure, and the removal of a meniscus in itself can lead to degenerative changes in the knee joint.  Partial meniscectomy leads to less severe degenerative changes with the degree of change directly related to the amount of meniscus removed.  In total meniscectomies when meniscus regeneration occurred, the cartilage surfaces where the meniscus had regenerated were protected.  The degree of degenerative change was directly related to the amount of fibrocartilage that remained absent.  Therefore, the knee menisci function to protect the articular cartilages from degenerative damages, but the exact mechanism of this is unknown.", "PMID": 1173359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4120", "title": "The role of the menisci in force transmission across the knee.", "content": "Fourteen knees were studied by a method called spatial location, to determine the contact and load-bearing areas between the femur and the upper tibia in non-loaded and loaded conditions, at various angles of flexion.  Under no load, contact occurred primarily on the menisci; the lateral aspects contacted at 0 degrees flexion, moving to the posterolateral aspects at 90 degrees flexion.  An area of cartilage which frequently contacted was the medial tibial spine.  Under loads of up to 150 kg, the lateral meniscus appeared to carry most of the load on that side of the joint, while on the medial side, the load was shared approximately equally by the meniscus and the exposed cartilage.  These findings were verified on two knees by measuring contact pressure with a miniature transducer.  Two implications of these findings are that the area of load-bearing is greatly increased and that the stability of the knee joint is enhanced by the menisci.", "contents": "The role of the menisci in force transmission across the knee. Fourteen knees were studied by a method called spatial location, to determine the contact and load-bearing areas between the femur and the upper tibia in non-loaded and loaded conditions, at various angles of flexion.  Under no load, contact occurred primarily on the menisci; the lateral aspects contacted at 0 degrees flexion, moving to the posterolateral aspects at 90 degrees flexion.  An area of cartilage which frequently contacted was the medial tibial spine.  Under loads of up to 150 kg, the lateral meniscus appeared to carry most of the load on that side of the joint, while on the medial side, the load was shared approximately equally by the meniscus and the exposed cartilage.  These findings were verified on two knees by measuring contact pressure with a miniature transducer.  Two implications of these findings are that the area of load-bearing is greatly increased and that the stability of the knee joint is enhanced by the menisci.", "PMID": 1173360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4121", "title": "Electromyography in the localization of spinal cord and nerve root neoplasia in dogs and cats.", "content": "In 8 cases (6 dogs and 2 cats) of spinal cord and nerve root neoplasia, electromyography was used to localize the area of involvement. The locations of the lesions were confirmed at necropsy.", "contents": "Electromyography in the localization of spinal cord and nerve root neoplasia in dogs and cats. In 8 cases (6 dogs and 2 cats) of spinal cord and nerve root neoplasia, electromyography was used to localize the area of involvement. The locations of the lesions were confirmed at necropsy.", "PMID": 1173365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4122", "title": "Hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy in the dog.", "content": "Thirteen dogs with hepatic encephalopathy were found to have hyperammonemia and increased retention of plasma sulfobromophthalein. Six dogs had abnormal portal circulatory systems and 4 had heptic disease. The cause of illness was undetermined in 3.", "contents": "Hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy in the dog. Thirteen dogs with hepatic encephalopathy were found to have hyperammonemia and increased retention of plasma sulfobromophthalein. Six dogs had abnormal portal circulatory systems and 4 had heptic disease. The cause of illness was undetermined in 3.", "PMID": 1173366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4123", "title": "Dissociation of serum LATS activity and hyperfunction and autonomy of the thyroid gland in Graves' disease.", "content": "LATS was measured with the double isotope technique in IgG serum concentrates of 23 patients with Graves' disease before treatment and of 18 patients during treatment with carbimazole and triiodothyronine. LATS activity was present in 18 out of 23 patients before treatment (78%). When the second measurement was taken into account the incidence did increase to 95%. No difference could be found in the mean values of total thyroxine, thyroid 131-I uptake and thyroid weight of the group of LATS positive and LATS negative patients before treatment. Also no relation could be established between LATS activity and suppressibility of thyroid 131-I uptake during treatment. It was found that LATS positive patients who suppress during therapy have lower initial LATS blood levels than LATS positive patients who remain unsuppressed. It is concluded that it is more likely that LATS is a \"marker\" of Graves' disease rather than the cause of the hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Dissociation of serum LATS activity and hyperfunction and autonomy of the thyroid gland in Graves' disease. LATS was measured with the double isotope technique in IgG serum concentrates of 23 patients with Graves' disease before treatment and of 18 patients during treatment with carbimazole and triiodothyronine. LATS activity was present in 18 out of 23 patients before treatment (78%). When the second measurement was taken into account the incidence did increase to 95%. No difference could be found in the mean values of total thyroxine, thyroid 131-I uptake and thyroid weight of the group of LATS positive and LATS negative patients before treatment. Also no relation could be established between LATS activity and suppressibility of thyroid 131-I uptake during treatment. It was found that LATS positive patients who suppress during therapy have lower initial LATS blood levels than LATS positive patients who remain unsuppressed. It is concluded that it is more likely that LATS is a \"marker\" of Graves' disease rather than the cause of the hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 1173367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4124", "title": "Hippocampal and cortical activity during sexual behavior in the female rat.", "content": "Hippocampal and cortical activity were studied during sexual behavior in the female rat. Hippocampal theta appeared during her soliciting behavior. High-frequency theta accompanying the male's pursuit slowed when the male mounted the female and then increased in frequency during the brief continuation of lordosis following mounts without vaginal penetration. During prolonged lordosis after intromissions and ejaculations, slow theta continued. No changes in cortical frequencies were observed during mounts, intromissions, or ejaculations. During immobility (standing, sitting, and lying down) hippocampal activity became slow and irregular. High-amplitude hippocampal and, eventually, cortical spindles developed during immobility as sexual exhaustion was approached. Immobility and its accompanying electroencephalographic spindling are interpreted as indicative of a sexual satiety or inhibitory process.", "contents": "Hippocampal and cortical activity during sexual behavior in the female rat. Hippocampal and cortical activity were studied during sexual behavior in the female rat. Hippocampal theta appeared during her soliciting behavior. High-frequency theta accompanying the male's pursuit slowed when the male mounted the female and then increased in frequency during the brief continuation of lordosis following mounts without vaginal penetration. During prolonged lordosis after intromissions and ejaculations, slow theta continued. No changes in cortical frequencies were observed during mounts, intromissions, or ejaculations. During immobility (standing, sitting, and lying down) hippocampal activity became slow and irregular. High-amplitude hippocampal and, eventually, cortical spindles developed during immobility as sexual exhaustion was approached. Immobility and its accompanying electroencephalographic spindling are interpreted as indicative of a sexual satiety or inhibitory process.", "PMID": 1173368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4125", "title": "Changes in the concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone in plasma during development in the guinea-pig.", "content": "The concentration of FSH in the plasma of guinea-pigs from day 50 of gestation to day 45 of postnatal life was assayed by a radioimmunological procedure utilizing a cross-reaction with the NIAMDD S6 antiserum to rat FSH. At 68 days of gestation the mean plasma FSH concentration of female foetuses was greater than that of the males, although the concentrations in the two sexes were similar on day 50 of gestation. Maternal levels remained consistently low throughout gestation. Postnatally there were no marked changes in plasma FSH levels through to maturity, although a transient rise in the male occurred over the first 3 days after birth. Gonadectomy on days 0, 5, 10, 15, 25 or 35 of postnatal life, or when adult, resulted in a significant increase in plasma levels of FSH within 10 days. The rise in plasma FSH concentration was greater in males than in females at all ages, although, a larger increase was observed in females spayed at 5 or 10 days of age than at other times.", "contents": "Changes in the concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone in plasma during development in the guinea-pig. The concentration of FSH in the plasma of guinea-pigs from day 50 of gestation to day 45 of postnatal life was assayed by a radioimmunological procedure utilizing a cross-reaction with the NIAMDD S6 antiserum to rat FSH. At 68 days of gestation the mean plasma FSH concentration of female foetuses was greater than that of the males, although the concentrations in the two sexes were similar on day 50 of gestation. Maternal levels remained consistently low throughout gestation. Postnatally there were no marked changes in plasma FSH levels through to maturity, although a transient rise in the male occurred over the first 3 days after birth. Gonadectomy on days 0, 5, 10, 15, 25 or 35 of postnatal life, or when adult, resulted in a significant increase in plasma levels of FSH within 10 days. The rise in plasma FSH concentration was greater in males than in females at all ages, although, a larger increase was observed in females spayed at 5 or 10 days of age than at other times.", "PMID": 1173371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4126", "title": "GLC determination of phendimetrazine in serum.", "content": "A sensitive, specific, and quantitative GLC method for the determination of phendimetrazine in serum is described. The procedure involves the addition of an internal standard to serum samples, followed by extraction at pH 13 into toluene. The extracted bases are back-extracted into 1 ml of 4 M hydrochloric acid and again into 100 mu1 of chloroform after making the 4 M hydrochloric acid extract basic with 1.5 ml of 4 M sodium hydroxide. The sensitivity of the method is such that 25 ng of material can be detected in 5 ml of serum.", "contents": "GLC determination of phendimetrazine in serum. A sensitive, specific, and quantitative GLC method for the determination of phendimetrazine in serum is described. The procedure involves the addition of an internal standard to serum samples, followed by extraction at pH 13 into toluene. The extracted bases are back-extracted into 1 ml of 4 M hydrochloric acid and again into 100 mu1 of chloroform after making the 4 M hydrochloric acid extract basic with 1.5 ml of 4 M sodium hydroxide. The sensitivity of the method is such that 25 ng of material can be detected in 5 ml of serum.", "PMID": 1173373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4127", "title": "Freeze-fracturing and freeze-etching of cardiac myosin filaments.", "content": "Myofilament structure was studied in freeze-etch replicas of unfixed, glycerinated beef cardiac muscle. The information which is revealed depends upon the direction of metal shadowing in relation to the filament axis. Shadows oblique to this axis reveal that the outer surface of a longitudinal half of a thick filament comprises three, sometimes four, rows of myosin molecules. These molecules are generally assembled in a braided manner with both left and right-handed helical components. Occasionally a more parallel to the myofilament axis reveal cross-bridges linking thick and thin filaments. These bridges are readily detectable by optical diffraction techniques, giving an axial bridge spacing of approximately 40 nm. In unetched preparations cross bridges appear as vertical rows of beads. In all replicas the effects of plastic deformation of proteins must be considered.", "contents": "Freeze-fracturing and freeze-etching of cardiac myosin filaments. Myofilament structure was studied in freeze-etch replicas of unfixed, glycerinated beef cardiac muscle. The information which is revealed depends upon the direction of metal shadowing in relation to the filament axis. Shadows oblique to this axis reveal that the outer surface of a longitudinal half of a thick filament comprises three, sometimes four, rows of myosin molecules. These molecules are generally assembled in a braided manner with both left and right-handed helical components. Occasionally a more parallel to the myofilament axis reveal cross-bridges linking thick and thin filaments. These bridges are readily detectable by optical diffraction techniques, giving an axial bridge spacing of approximately 40 nm. In unetched preparations cross bridges appear as vertical rows of beads. In all replicas the effects of plastic deformation of proteins must be considered.", "PMID": 1173374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4128", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the binding of 3-H-chlorambucil to cells of a drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strain of the Yoshida ascites sarcoma.", "content": "The binding of chlorambucil to drug-sensitive and drug-resistant. Yoshida sarcoma cells has been investigated by an autoradiographic technique. The cells were treated with the drug at various concentrations both in vitro and in vivo. Using both light and electron microscope techniques, and by counting grains on various areas of the cell, the following conclusions were reached. (1) At all drug concentrations there was general cytoplasmic and nuclear uptake by both cell lines. There was no evidence of a specific localization in one site only or for specific exclusion of any one site. (2) At high dose levels (equivalent to 2 mM) the binding was approximately equal in both cell lines, although a few damaged cells bound much greater amounts of drug. (3) At low dose levels (equivalent to 3 mu-M) there was a higher uptake by the nucleus of the sensitive cells compared with the nucleus of the resistant cells; the cytoplasmic binding was similar.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the binding of 3-H-chlorambucil to cells of a drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strain of the Yoshida ascites sarcoma. The binding of chlorambucil to drug-sensitive and drug-resistant. Yoshida sarcoma cells has been investigated by an autoradiographic technique. The cells were treated with the drug at various concentrations both in vitro and in vivo. Using both light and electron microscope techniques, and by counting grains on various areas of the cell, the following conclusions were reached. (1) At all drug concentrations there was general cytoplasmic and nuclear uptake by both cell lines. There was no evidence of a specific localization in one site only or for specific exclusion of any one site. (2) At high dose levels (equivalent to 2 mM) the binding was approximately equal in both cell lines, although a few damaged cells bound much greater amounts of drug. (3) At low dose levels (equivalent to 3 mu-M) there was a higher uptake by the nucleus of the sensitive cells compared with the nucleus of the resistant cells; the cytoplasmic binding was similar.", "PMID": 1173375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4129", "title": "A robust micromanipulator for the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "A simple device for holding and moving mechanical tools in the region of a sample being viewed in the scanning electron microscope is described. The unit has a 20:1 mechanical reduction and when fitted with a tungsten carbide dental chisel, it is sufficiently rigid to cut biological hard tissues. Alternately, when fitted with an electro-etched tungsten needle, it can be used, in conjunction with specimen stage controls, to remove individual cells from the surface of soft tissues. Examples of these applications are illustrated.", "contents": "A robust micromanipulator for the scanning electron microscope. A simple device for holding and moving mechanical tools in the region of a sample being viewed in the scanning electron microscope is described. The unit has a 20:1 mechanical reduction and when fitted with a tungsten carbide dental chisel, it is sufficiently rigid to cut biological hard tissues. Alternately, when fitted with an electro-etched tungsten needle, it can be used, in conjunction with specimen stage controls, to remove individual cells from the surface of soft tissues. Examples of these applications are illustrated.", "PMID": 1173376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4130", "title": "Cortisol-induced lymphocytolysis of P1798 tumor cells in glucose-free, pyruvate-free medium.", "content": "Exposure of corticoid-sensitive P1798 tumor lymphocytes to cortisol resulted in progressive cell dissolution either with or without exogenous glucose and pyruvate. Therefore, inhibition of glucose transport is not required for cortisol-induced lymphocytolysis.", "contents": "Cortisol-induced lymphocytolysis of P1798 tumor cells in glucose-free, pyruvate-free medium. Exposure of corticoid-sensitive P1798 tumor lymphocytes to cortisol resulted in progressive cell dissolution either with or without exogenous glucose and pyruvate. Therefore, inhibition of glucose transport is not required for cortisol-induced lymphocytolysis.", "PMID": 1173377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4131", "title": "Hepatitis in dental professionals.", "content": "To characterize some epidemiologic characteristics of viral hepatitis among dentists, information was obtained with a mailed questionnaire from 434 dentists and 787 attorneys in Dade County, Florida. Dentists had a significantly higher incidence of hepatitis than did lawyers, 6.7% vs 2.4%, with the highest rate among oral surgeons (21%). The incidence of hepatitis B antigenemia among asymptomatic dentists was not significantly higher than that of volunteer blood donors. Twenty-two percent of dentists with hepatitis reported treating more than ten drug addicts per year, as compared with 10% of those dentists without hepatitis. No differences were noted between dentists with and without hepatitis in methods of sterilization, the wearing of gloves during procedures, or the use of disposable needles. The increased risk of hepatitis among dentists, however, may be related to the omission of adequate prophylatic measures, particularly when treating high-risk patients such as drug abusers.", "contents": "Hepatitis in dental professionals. To characterize some epidemiologic characteristics of viral hepatitis among dentists, information was obtained with a mailed questionnaire from 434 dentists and 787 attorneys in Dade County, Florida. Dentists had a significantly higher incidence of hepatitis than did lawyers, 6.7% vs 2.4%, with the highest rate among oral surgeons (21%). The incidence of hepatitis B antigenemia among asymptomatic dentists was not significantly higher than that of volunteer blood donors. Twenty-two percent of dentists with hepatitis reported treating more than ten drug addicts per year, as compared with 10% of those dentists without hepatitis. No differences were noted between dentists with and without hepatitis in methods of sterilization, the wearing of gloves during procedures, or the use of disposable needles. The increased risk of hepatitis among dentists, however, may be related to the omission of adequate prophylatic measures, particularly when treating high-risk patients such as drug abusers.", "PMID": 1173383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4132", "title": "Medical care by nurses in an internal medicine clinic. Analysis of quality and its cost.", "content": "The quality and cost of medical care provided by specially trained nurses in an internal medicine clinic was evaluated prospectively during a three-month period. Clinic physicians referred patients to these nurses when they believed that the nurse could contribute to the patient's overall health care. Nurse care was judged to be adequate in dealing with 98% of old problems (defined by the physician) and 85% of new problems (detected by nurse). Scheduled visits to the physician and unscheduled visits decreased significantly (P less than .05) during the period of nurse care vs a control period, but the overall cost of health care per patient was increased significantly during the nurse care period (P less than .01) because of a disproportionate increase in visits to the nurse. We conclude that nurse care was feasible and of adequate quality. However, it was not cost-effective.", "contents": "Medical care by nurses in an internal medicine clinic. Analysis of quality and its cost. The quality and cost of medical care provided by specially trained nurses in an internal medicine clinic was evaluated prospectively during a three-month period. Clinic physicians referred patients to these nurses when they believed that the nurse could contribute to the patient's overall health care. Nurse care was judged to be adequate in dealing with 98% of old problems (defined by the physician) and 85% of new problems (detected by nurse). Scheduled visits to the physician and unscheduled visits decreased significantly (P less than .05) during the period of nurse care vs a control period, but the overall cost of health care per patient was increased significantly during the nurse care period (P less than .01) because of a disproportionate increase in visits to the nurse. We conclude that nurse care was feasible and of adequate quality. However, it was not cost-effective.", "PMID": 1173384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4133", "title": "Abdominal bruits. Clinical and angiographic correlation.", "content": "The results of abdominal auscultation were correlated with abdominal angiograms in 503 patients. Bruits were heard in 106 (21%). The majority of bruitswere in the epigastrium, mainly because of a high incidence of celiac artery stenosis usually of the extrinsic compression type. Sixty-seven patients had stenoses or occlusions of one or more renal arteries and 27 (40%) had bruits. Most of these patients, however, had other possible causes for their bruits, usually related to atherosclerosis of coincidental celiac compression. Collateral channels were considered to be the cause of epigastric bruits in eight of ten patients with complete occlusion of the celiac artery and in two patients with spelic artery occlusions. Collateral channels may be partly responsible for bruits in many patients with celiac artery  stenosis.", "contents": "Abdominal bruits. Clinical and angiographic correlation. The results of abdominal auscultation were correlated with abdominal angiograms in 503 patients. Bruits were heard in 106 (21%). The majority of bruitswere in the epigastrium, mainly because of a high incidence of celiac artery stenosis usually of the extrinsic compression type. Sixty-seven patients had stenoses or occlusions of one or more renal arteries and 27 (40%) had bruits. Most of these patients, however, had other possible causes for their bruits, usually related to atherosclerosis of coincidental celiac compression. Collateral channels were considered to be the cause of epigastric bruits in eight of ten patients with complete occlusion of the celiac artery and in two patients with spelic artery occlusions. Collateral channels may be partly responsible for bruits in many patients with celiac artery  stenosis.", "PMID": 1173385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4134", "title": "Habituation and urinary retention.", "content": "Four subjects with partial or episodic complete urinary retention and bladder hypotonicity with large urinary residuals underwent \"habituation\" treatment. Results indicated an exponential decrease in urinary residuals to 0 ml and disappearance of partial or complete urinary retention within 20 weeks. This study is presented as an example of how conditioning therapy may be applied to the treatment of certain neurological disorders.", "contents": "Habituation and urinary retention. Four subjects with partial or episodic complete urinary retention and bladder hypotonicity with large urinary residuals underwent \"habituation\" treatment. Results indicated an exponential decrease in urinary residuals to 0 ml and disappearance of partial or complete urinary retention within 20 weeks. This study is presented as an example of how conditioning therapy may be applied to the treatment of certain neurological disorders.", "PMID": 1173386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4135", "title": "Reye syndrome. A correlated electron-microscopic, viral, and biochemical observation.", "content": "Liver biopsy specimens of two patients with Reye syndrome were examined for ultrastructural features, viral isolation, and urea-cycle enzyme activity. Concurrent presence of herpes-like virus and myxovirus/paramyxovirus was demonstrated by electron microscopy, and viral infections were confirmed by isolation or serologic tests. A concomitant hepatic ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency was also noted. The pathogenesis in these instances seems to consist of an initial synergistic insult on the liver by mixed types of viruses and subsequent breakdown of urea cycle, Krebs cycle, and possible other hepatic functions. An exodus of glycogen granules into the hepatic spaces of Disse and sinusoids suggests that the viruses have injured the plasma membranes as well as the mitochondria of hepatocytes. Since Kapila et al reported similar disorders five years before Reye et al, the name of Kapila-Reye disease is suggested.", "contents": "Reye syndrome. A correlated electron-microscopic, viral, and biochemical observation. Liver biopsy specimens of two patients with Reye syndrome were examined for ultrastructural features, viral isolation, and urea-cycle enzyme activity. Concurrent presence of herpes-like virus and myxovirus/paramyxovirus was demonstrated by electron microscopy, and viral infections were confirmed by isolation or serologic tests. A concomitant hepatic ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency was also noted. The pathogenesis in these instances seems to consist of an initial synergistic insult on the liver by mixed types of viruses and subsequent breakdown of urea cycle, Krebs cycle, and possible other hepatic functions. An exodus of glycogen granules into the hepatic spaces of Disse and sinusoids suggests that the viruses have injured the plasma membranes as well as the mitochondria of hepatocytes. Since Kapila et al reported similar disorders five years before Reye et al, the name of Kapila-Reye disease is suggested.", "PMID": 1173398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4136", "title": "Antibiotic batch certification and bioequivalence.", "content": "All antibiotics marketed in the United States must undergo batch certification by the Food and Drug Administration. It is often assumed that the different brands of a particular antibiotic that pass in vitro batch certification tests have equal in vivo bioavailability. The fallacy of this assumption is clearly supported for commercially available lots of tetracycline hydrochloride that had passed batch certification tests yet had different serial serum concentrations.", "contents": "Antibiotic batch certification and bioequivalence. All antibiotics marketed in the United States must undergo batch certification by the Food and Drug Administration. It is often assumed that the different brands of a particular antibiotic that pass in vitro batch certification tests have equal in vivo bioavailability. The fallacy of this assumption is clearly supported for commercially available lots of tetracycline hydrochloride that had passed batch certification tests yet had different serial serum concentrations.", "PMID": 1173399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4137", "title": "Intensive respiratory care unit. Review of ten years' experience.", "content": "In ten years' experience in the respiratory care units serving both medical and surgical patients, 18,077 consecutive patients received ventilatory support for 24 hours or more. The overall survival rate including all patients was 75.2%. Survival rate has not changed appreciably during the past five years. The respiratory care unit provides technical assistance and consultation to primary physicians of the medical and surgical services. This system of intensive respiratory care is flexible and applicable to general hospitals that treat large numbers of patients with acute respiratory respiratory failure.", "contents": "Intensive respiratory care unit. Review of ten years' experience. In ten years' experience in the respiratory care units serving both medical and surgical patients, 18,077 consecutive patients received ventilatory support for 24 hours or more. The overall survival rate including all patients was 75.2%. Survival rate has not changed appreciably during the past five years. The respiratory care unit provides technical assistance and consultation to primary physicians of the medical and surgical services. This system of intensive respiratory care is flexible and applicable to general hospitals that treat large numbers of patients with acute respiratory respiratory failure.", "PMID": 1173419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4138", "title": "Pasteurella multocida. Infections after domestic animal bites and scratches.", "content": "Pasteurella multocida is a common cause of infection followingbites or scratches caused by dogs and cats.  However, it is rarely reported and appar-ently often overlooked as a pathogen.  It causes the typical clinical manifestationsof a rapidly developing cellulitis at the site of injury.  The infection is potentiallydangerous and can cause a chronic local infection of deep tissues and septicemia.  However, it responds well to several antimicrobials, with penicillin being the drug ofchoice", "contents": "Pasteurella multocida. Infections after domestic animal bites and scratches. Pasteurella multocida is a common cause of infection followingbites or scratches caused by dogs and cats.  However, it is rarely reported and appar-ently often overlooked as a pathogen.  It causes the typical clinical manifestationsof a rapidly developing cellulitis at the site of injury.  The infection is potentiallydangerous and can cause a chronic local infection of deep tissues and septicemia.  However, it responds well to several antimicrobials, with penicillin being the drug ofchoice", "PMID": 1173420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4139", "title": "Acute venous thrombosis. A case of progress and confusion.", "content": "Acute venous thrombosis is a common peripheral vascular disorder that is frequently difficult to diagnose on clinical grounds alone. We describe several new diagnostic methods availabe that can be helpful.", "contents": "Acute venous thrombosis. A case of progress and confusion. Acute venous thrombosis is a common peripheral vascular disorder that is frequently difficult to diagnose on clinical grounds alone. We describe several new diagnostic methods availabe that can be helpful.", "PMID": 1173421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4140", "title": "Medical school, residency, and eventual practice location. Toward a rationale for state support of medical education.", "content": "Because of the shrinking charity dollar, a growing number of state governments are being asked to provide financial support to private medical schools. Such expenditures are more likely to appeal to legislators and to benefit medicine in the state if they can be related to existing manpower deficits.", "contents": "Medical school, residency, and eventual practice location. Toward a rationale for state support of medical education. Because of the shrinking charity dollar, a growing number of state governments are being asked to provide financial support to private medical schools. Such expenditures are more likely to appeal to legislators and to benefit medicine in the state if they can be related to existing manpower deficits.", "PMID": 1173422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4141", "title": "Epidemiology of congenital rubella syndrome. The role of maternal parity.", "content": "Rubella vaccination policies are primarily directed at control of congenital rubella syndrome. In the United States, vaccination of children of both sexes, ages 1 theough 12 years, has been recommended. This policy depends on the hypothesis that children are the major source of infection for pregnant women. If true, then as maternal parity increases one would expect an increasing prevalence of rubella antibody or an increase in the frequence of rubella syndrome in babies. A serologic survey of 3,081 pregnant women has failed to show an increase in prevalence of rubella antibody with increasing parity. Case-control studies comparing groups of children with rubella syndrome to birth certificate and hospital control groups also have failed to show an excess of multiparae among the mothers of babies with rubella syndrome. Thus, these results do not support the hypothesis that children are the major source of infection for pregnant women.", "contents": "Epidemiology of congenital rubella syndrome. The role of maternal parity. Rubella vaccination policies are primarily directed at control of congenital rubella syndrome. In the United States, vaccination of children of both sexes, ages 1 theough 12 years, has been recommended. This policy depends on the hypothesis that children are the major source of infection for pregnant women. If true, then as maternal parity increases one would expect an increasing prevalence of rubella antibody or an increase in the frequence of rubella syndrome in babies. A serologic survey of 3,081 pregnant women has failed to show an increase in prevalence of rubella antibody with increasing parity. Case-control studies comparing groups of children with rubella syndrome to birth certificate and hospital control groups also have failed to show an excess of multiparae among the mothers of babies with rubella syndrome. Thus, these results do not support the hypothesis that children are the major source of infection for pregnant women.", "PMID": 1173441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4142", "title": "A rapid test for sickle hemoglobin.", "content": "Vigorous shaking of oxygenated sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) in solution causes precipitation of the hemoglobin. This unusual property of Hb S forms the basis of a simple test for the presence of Hb S. Comparison of results of this test with those from cellulose acetate electrophoresis in blood samples from 599 patients showed no false-positive or false-negative results. The group tested included 55 persons with sickling disorders and 47 others with unusual hemoglobin patterns. This test may be used to confirm the presence of Hb S or to establish the diagnosis of sickling disorders rapidly in the clinic or at the bedside.", "contents": "A rapid test for sickle hemoglobin. Vigorous shaking of oxygenated sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) in solution causes precipitation of the hemoglobin. This unusual property of Hb S forms the basis of a simple test for the presence of Hb S. Comparison of results of this test with those from cellulose acetate electrophoresis in blood samples from 599 patients showed no false-positive or false-negative results. The group tested included 55 persons with sickling disorders and 47 others with unusual hemoglobin patterns. This test may be used to confirm the presence of Hb S or to establish the diagnosis of sickling disorders rapidly in the clinic or at the bedside.", "PMID": 1173442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4143", "title": "Superior vena cava obstruction and dissecting aortic aneurysm.", "content": "A dissecting aneurysm of the aorta led to formation of a fistula from the aneurysmal sac to the left atrium and caused obstruction of the superior vena cava. We do not know of any previous reports of this clinical syndrome.", "contents": "Superior vena cava obstruction and dissecting aortic aneurysm. A dissecting aneurysm of the aorta led to formation of a fistula from the aneurysmal sac to the left atrium and caused obstruction of the superior vena cava. We do not know of any previous reports of this clinical syndrome.", "PMID": 1173444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4144", "title": "Osteoarthritis in knees of aged persons. Relationship between roentgenographic and clinical manifestations.", "content": "One hundred five (70%) of the knee joints of 75 elderly people showed roentgenographic changes of osteoarthritis (OA); occurrence rates for each of ten clinical manifestations ranged from 7% to 76%. Clinical manifestations were more common in knees with OA by x-ray film than in those without. Crepitus, decreased range of motion, pain, bony enlargement, and instability were simultaneously common in the roentgenographically abnormal knees and significantly less frequent in normal knees. Overall functional disability was verified in 22% of the knees with changes on x-ray film. The findings suggest a more positive and specific pattern of correlation between clinical and roentgenographic findings than has generally been believed. Nevertheless, the frequency of dissociation confirms the importance of making therapeutic decisions according to each patient's individual situation.", "contents": "Osteoarthritis in knees of aged persons. Relationship between roentgenographic and clinical manifestations. One hundred five (70%) of the knee joints of 75 elderly people showed roentgenographic changes of osteoarthritis (OA); occurrence rates for each of ten clinical manifestations ranged from 7% to 76%. Clinical manifestations were more common in knees with OA by x-ray film than in those without. Crepitus, decreased range of motion, pain, bony enlargement, and instability were simultaneously common in the roentgenographically abnormal knees and significantly less frequent in normal knees. Overall functional disability was verified in 22% of the knees with changes on x-ray film. The findings suggest a more positive and specific pattern of correlation between clinical and roentgenographic findings than has generally been believed. Nevertheless, the frequency of dissociation confirms the importance of making therapeutic decisions according to each patient's individual situation.", "PMID": 1173445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4145", "title": "Evaluation of clonidine hydrochloride (Catapres). A new antihypertensive agent.", "content": "Clonidine hydrochloride is a new antihypertensive agent with a primary site of action in the central nervous system. When administered with a diuretic, it is effective for long-term therapy and may be particularly useful in patients with moderately severe hypertension. Clonidine is comparable to methyldopa in efficacy but may cause side-effects more frequently. The only potentially serious adverse reaction that has been reported is a rebound increase in blood pressure that may occur following rapid withdrawal.", "contents": "Evaluation of clonidine hydrochloride (Catapres). A new antihypertensive agent. Clonidine hydrochloride is a new antihypertensive agent with a primary site of action in the central nervous system. When administered with a diuretic, it is effective for long-term therapy and may be particularly useful in patients with moderately severe hypertension. Clonidine is comparable to methyldopa in efficacy but may cause side-effects more frequently. The only potentially serious adverse reaction that has been reported is a rebound increase in blood pressure that may occur following rapid withdrawal.", "PMID": 1173448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4146", "title": "[New findings in the differential diagnosis of acute ileus (author's transl)].", "content": "Knowledge of the patho-physiological behaviour present in the colon is the deciding factor for a reliable differential diagnosis of mechanical or paralytic ileus. A quick and sure diagnosis can be got with irrigoscopy (barium enema). In paralytic ileus, a radical change in the function of the right colon is present; instead of resorption, exudation and paralysis have taken place. Barium enema shows this behaviour; the left colon stays contracted, the contrast medium passes easily into the right colon, where it mixes with the fluid levels. This picture is proof of paralytic ileus. A completely different picture is to be found in mechanical ileus of the small intestine; the small intestine is gas-inflated, with fluid levels, and passes nothing on to the colon which, therefore, is contracted in its whole length. This picture also is diagnostic. Barium enema is already known in the diagnosis of mechanical ileus of the large intestine. It can also be used in the diagnosis of paralytic enterocolitis (without diarrhoea) in childhood and old age. In the case of post-operative early ileus it gives a quick and sure differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[New findings in the differential diagnosis of acute ileus (author's transl)]. Knowledge of the patho-physiological behaviour present in the colon is the deciding factor for a reliable differential diagnosis of mechanical or paralytic ileus. A quick and sure diagnosis can be got with irrigoscopy (barium enema). In paralytic ileus, a radical change in the function of the right colon is present; instead of resorption, exudation and paralysis have taken place. Barium enema shows this behaviour; the left colon stays contracted, the contrast medium passes easily into the right colon, where it mixes with the fluid levels. This picture is proof of paralytic ileus. A completely different picture is to be found in mechanical ileus of the small intestine; the small intestine is gas-inflated, with fluid levels, and passes nothing on to the colon which, therefore, is contracted in its whole length. This picture also is diagnostic. Barium enema is already known in the diagnosis of mechanical ileus of the large intestine. It can also be used in the diagnosis of paralytic enterocolitis (without diarrhoea) in childhood and old age. In the case of post-operative early ileus it gives a quick and sure differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 1173464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4147", "title": "Total body irradiation in lymphosarcoma.", "content": "Total body irradiation has shown encouraging result in the treatment of advanced lymphosarcomas. The response rate and remission rates are high. 66 percent (4/6) went in unmaintained complete remission. Good response was also observed in patients who had previous chemotherapy.", "contents": "Total body irradiation in lymphosarcoma. Total body irradiation has shown encouraging result in the treatment of advanced lymphosarcomas. The response rate and remission rates are high. 66 percent (4/6) went in unmaintained complete remission. Good response was also observed in patients who had previous chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1173465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4148", "title": "[The interrelationship between electrolytes and phase analysis of systole in toxic goiter].", "content": "Potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium were determined in the plasma and erythrocytes of 129 patients suffering from toxic goiter; phasic structure of the systole of the left ventricle was studied as well.  Correlation coefficients between the indices of electrolyte metabolism and the phasic structure of the systole were studied for the purpose of ascertaining the relationship between the changes in the contractile function of the myocardium and the electrolyte level.  The most significant correlative association was revealed between the electrolytes and the period of ejection, the mechanical and the acoustic systoles.", "contents": "[The interrelationship between electrolytes and phase analysis of systole in toxic goiter]. Potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium were determined in the plasma and erythrocytes of 129 patients suffering from toxic goiter; phasic structure of the systole of the left ventricle was studied as well.  Correlation coefficients between the indices of electrolyte metabolism and the phasic structure of the systole were studied for the purpose of ascertaining the relationship between the changes in the contractile function of the myocardium and the electrolyte level.  The most significant correlative association was revealed between the electrolytes and the period of ejection, the mechanical and the acoustic systoles.", "PMID": 1173461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4149", "title": "[The concentration of nucleic acids in the subcellular structures of the thyroid gland in several of its diseases].", "content": "As a result of examination of whole tissue and subcellular structures of the human thyroid gland there was revealed an increase in the nucleic acid content in the whole tissue, nuclei and the RNA in the microsomal fractions--in toxic goiter, adenoma of the thyroid gland, and strumitis.  The content of nucleic acids in the mitochondria increased only in strumitis.  Nucleic acid level changed but little in the whole tissue and subcellular structures in nontoxic goiter.", "contents": "[The concentration of nucleic acids in the subcellular structures of the thyroid gland in several of its diseases]. As a result of examination of whole tissue and subcellular structures of the human thyroid gland there was revealed an increase in the nucleic acid content in the whole tissue, nuclei and the RNA in the microsomal fractions--in toxic goiter, adenoma of the thyroid gland, and strumitis.  The content of nucleic acids in the mitochondria increased only in strumitis.  Nucleic acid level changed but little in the whole tissue and subcellular structures in nontoxic goiter.", "PMID": 1173462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4150", "title": "Polyspermy block of Spisula eggs is prevented by cytochalasin B.", "content": "The eggs of the surf clam Spisula solidissima have a built-in mechanism that prevents polyspermy: the eggs show a 70 percent decrease in sperm receptivity 5 seconds after fertilization, and become completely resistant to sperm by 15 seconds. When the outer egg coat (vitelline layer) was removed, there was no change in fertilizability or the timing of the block to polyspermy. This suggests that the alteration occurs in or at the plasma membrane. Such changes in the egg surface were sensitive to low concentrations of cytochalasin B.", "contents": "Polyspermy block of Spisula eggs is prevented by cytochalasin B. The eggs of the surf clam Spisula solidissima have a built-in mechanism that prevents polyspermy: the eggs show a 70 percent decrease in sperm receptivity 5 seconds after fertilization, and become completely resistant to sperm by 15 seconds. When the outer egg coat (vitelline layer) was removed, there was no change in fertilizability or the timing of the block to polyspermy. This suggests that the alteration occurs in or at the plasma membrane. Such changes in the egg surface were sensitive to low concentrations of cytochalasin B.", "PMID": 1173469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4151", "title": "IgG monoclonal gammopathy associated with lymphoproliferative disorders.", "content": "The association of IgG monoclonal gammopathy with lymphocytic lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is reported. Although rare, such immunoglobulin synthesis may have prognostic importance and is of value in monitoring the effect of therapy. The morphological features which should draw attention to this pattern of protein abnormality are briefly reviewed. This finding emphasises the histogenesis of these tumours from the immune system and questions their classification on a purely morphological basis.", "contents": "IgG monoclonal gammopathy associated with lymphoproliferative disorders. The association of IgG monoclonal gammopathy with lymphocytic lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is reported. Although rare, such immunoglobulin synthesis may have prognostic importance and is of value in monitoring the effect of therapy. The morphological features which should draw attention to this pattern of protein abnormality are briefly reviewed. This finding emphasises the histogenesis of these tumours from the immune system and questions their classification on a purely morphological basis.", "PMID": 1173471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4152", "title": "Histological survey of tumours of the horse, with particular reference to those ofthe skin.", "content": "In a histological survey of 244 tumerous growths from 155 horses, the tumours commonly found were fibromas, squamous cell carcinomas, sarcoids and papillomas, most frequently affecting the skin, external genitalia, eye and orbit. The histological features that differentiate fibroblastic citaneous growths are detailed so that the clinical behaviour of these distinct neoplasms can be studied.", "contents": "Histological survey of tumours of the horse, with particular reference to those ofthe skin. In a histological survey of 244 tumerous growths from 155 horses, the tumours commonly found were fibromas, squamous cell carcinomas, sarcoids and papillomas, most frequently affecting the skin, external genitalia, eye and orbit. The histological features that differentiate fibroblastic citaneous growths are detailed so that the clinical behaviour of these distinct neoplasms can be studied.", "PMID": 1173477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4153", "title": "Role of growth hormone in the enhancement of the propylthiouracil-induced goitrogenesis by small doses of thyroxine.", "content": "The potentiation of the propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced goitrogenesis after chronic administration of small doses of thyroid hormone has been attributed to the high circulating level of thyrotrophin (TSH) or to the re-instatement of insulin. In re-examining this problem radioimmunoassayable concentrations of TSH, thyroxine (T4), insulin, and growth hormone (GH) were observed in sera of rats at sequential intervals after surgical or chemical thyroidectomy and after thyroidectomy and replacement therapy with GH or T4. In addition, TSH, GH or a combination of both hormones were injected into hypophysectomized recipients in a further attempt to delineate the effect of either hormone on the thyroid. As expected, the rate of body growth was inversely proportional to the apparent severity of the hypothyroidism achieved in the several experimental groups. Goitrogenesis was enhanced after T4 treatment but evidently was not the exclusive result of increased blood levels of TSH or insulin. Evidence is presented that suggest the enhancement of goitrogenesis may be a growth phenomenon involving the additive or synergistic action of GH and TSH and possible of other hormones.", "contents": "Role of growth hormone in the enhancement of the propylthiouracil-induced goitrogenesis by small doses of thyroxine. The potentiation of the propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced goitrogenesis after chronic administration of small doses of thyroid hormone has been attributed to the high circulating level of thyrotrophin (TSH) or to the re-instatement of insulin. In re-examining this problem radioimmunoassayable concentrations of TSH, thyroxine (T4), insulin, and growth hormone (GH) were observed in sera of rats at sequential intervals after surgical or chemical thyroidectomy and after thyroidectomy and replacement therapy with GH or T4. In addition, TSH, GH or a combination of both hormones were injected into hypophysectomized recipients in a further attempt to delineate the effect of either hormone on the thyroid. As expected, the rate of body growth was inversely proportional to the apparent severity of the hypothyroidism achieved in the several experimental groups. Goitrogenesis was enhanced after T4 treatment but evidently was not the exclusive result of increased blood levels of TSH or insulin. Evidence is presented that suggest the enhancement of goitrogenesis may be a growth phenomenon involving the additive or synergistic action of GH and TSH and possible of other hormones.", "PMID": 1173483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4154", "title": "Organ culture of human somatotrophic pituitary adenomas: ultrastructure and growth hormone production.", "content": "Ten somatotrophic adenomas removed from acromegalic patients and fragments of the non-tumoural surrounding pituitary were submitted to organ culture for periods of up to one month. Electron microscopic observation shows that these tumours retain their histological differentiation throughout the culture period. The cell morphology of the cultured tumours remains essentially unchanged and in particular the secretory granules keep their initial size (150 and 130 nm). However, the granules disappear gradually so that most of the cells look chromophobic by the 4th week of culture, and numerous lysosomes as well as autophagic figures appear at the same time. The hGH concentration in the culture medium has been measured of 4 adenomas. It is very high (10-fold greater than that from non-tumoural pituitary medium) during the first week (range 200-300 mug/ml). It still remains very high in the same experiments until the second week of culture in one experiment (200 mug/ml). After incubation of cultures with 3-H-leucine 3 H-hGH is obtained in the medium giving evidence of hormone synthesis by adenoma cells in culture. 3-H-hGH represents 40 percent of 3-H-proteins in the culture medium and gives the same elution pattern as standard hGH on Sephadex G 100 chromatography. A certain degree of correlation is observed between morphological and biological results: the greatest hGH production is obtained from explants which maintain the best histological appearance.", "contents": "Organ culture of human somatotrophic pituitary adenomas: ultrastructure and growth hormone production. Ten somatotrophic adenomas removed from acromegalic patients and fragments of the non-tumoural surrounding pituitary were submitted to organ culture for periods of up to one month. Electron microscopic observation shows that these tumours retain their histological differentiation throughout the culture period. The cell morphology of the cultured tumours remains essentially unchanged and in particular the secretory granules keep their initial size (150 and 130 nm). However, the granules disappear gradually so that most of the cells look chromophobic by the 4th week of culture, and numerous lysosomes as well as autophagic figures appear at the same time. The hGH concentration in the culture medium has been measured of 4 adenomas. It is very high (10-fold greater than that from non-tumoural pituitary medium) during the first week (range 200-300 mug/ml). It still remains very high in the same experiments until the second week of culture in one experiment (200 mug/ml). After incubation of cultures with 3-H-leucine 3 H-hGH is obtained in the medium giving evidence of hormone synthesis by adenoma cells in culture. 3-H-hGH represents 40 percent of 3-H-proteins in the culture medium and gives the same elution pattern as standard hGH on Sephadex G 100 chromatography. A certain degree of correlation is observed between morphological and biological results: the greatest hGH production is obtained from explants which maintain the best histological appearance.", "PMID": 1173482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4155", "title": "Binding of the 35-s of 35-s-propylthiouracil by follicular thyroglobulin in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Radioactivity was found bound to follicular thyroglobulin after administration of 35-S-propylthiouracil (PTU) to rats. Denaturation of the thyroglobulin using various procedures could not separate the 35-S from the protein; it was concluded that the 35-S is bound to thyroglobulin covalently. Fractionation of saline-soluble thyroid proteins was performed by ultracentrifugation on sucrose gradients. The PTU-sulphur/thyroglobulin (S/Tg) molar ratio was calculated in all fractions. One hour after the injection of PTU the S/Tg molar ratio was the same for 19S thyroglobulin from rats on stock diet and 18S thyroglobulin from rats on low iodine diet. Injection of KI to the animals before administration of 35-S-PTU significantly reduced the ratio. The highest S/Tg ratio 1.10 was noted at 19S thyroglobulin, 17 h after a single injection of PTU. Daily injection of PTU for six days increased the S/Tg ratio to 3.3. Inverse relationship between dose of PTU and S/Tg ratio was noted at one hour. In animals injected with large dose of 35-S-PTU and sacrificed several hours later the S/Tg was higher at the 12S subunits than at the 19S protein. The amount of PTU bound to 3-8S subunits was minimal. Sulphite liberated 64 percent of the 35-S bound to thyroglobulin which appeared as four compounds on thin layer chromatography plates. The main 35-S compound liberated by sulphite was sulphate.", "contents": "Binding of the 35-s of 35-s-propylthiouracil by follicular thyroglobulin in vivo and in vitro. Radioactivity was found bound to follicular thyroglobulin after administration of 35-S-propylthiouracil (PTU) to rats. Denaturation of the thyroglobulin using various procedures could not separate the 35-S from the protein; it was concluded that the 35-S is bound to thyroglobulin covalently. Fractionation of saline-soluble thyroid proteins was performed by ultracentrifugation on sucrose gradients. The PTU-sulphur/thyroglobulin (S/Tg) molar ratio was calculated in all fractions. One hour after the injection of PTU the S/Tg molar ratio was the same for 19S thyroglobulin from rats on stock diet and 18S thyroglobulin from rats on low iodine diet. Injection of KI to the animals before administration of 35-S-PTU significantly reduced the ratio. The highest S/Tg ratio 1.10 was noted at 19S thyroglobulin, 17 h after a single injection of PTU. Daily injection of PTU for six days increased the S/Tg ratio to 3.3. Inverse relationship between dose of PTU and S/Tg ratio was noted at one hour. In animals injected with large dose of 35-S-PTU and sacrificed several hours later the S/Tg was higher at the 12S subunits than at the 19S protein. The amount of PTU bound to 3-8S subunits was minimal. Sulphite liberated 64 percent of the 35-S bound to thyroglobulin which appeared as four compounds on thin layer chromatography plates. The main 35-S compound liberated by sulphite was sulphate.", "PMID": 1173484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4156", "title": "Receptors mediating epinephrine effect on thyroid 131-i uptake and thyroxine synthesis in the rat.", "content": "The adrenergic receptors mediating the inhibitory effect of epinephrine on the rat thyroid in vivo have been studied by the use of more specific alpha- and beta-adrenergic stimulators, and blocking agents. The effect of methoxamine was similar to that of epinephrine, while isoproterenol stimulated 131-I uptake slightly, and did not alter the ratio of monoiodotyrosine (MIT) to diiodotyrosine (DIT). However, like methoxamine, isoproterenol resulted in a decrease in thyroxine (T4) formation. Phentolamine could partially prevent epinephrine-induced decrease in 131-I uptake and T4 synthesis. The changes in the MIT/DIT ratio could be completely prevented by high doses of phentolamine. Propranolol enhanced the effects of epinephrine. It is concluded that the effect of epinephrine on the rat thyroid in vivo is predominantly alpha-adrenergic, but T4 synthesis may be decreased by stimulation of either receptor.", "contents": "Receptors mediating epinephrine effect on thyroid 131-i uptake and thyroxine synthesis in the rat. The adrenergic receptors mediating the inhibitory effect of epinephrine on the rat thyroid in vivo have been studied by the use of more specific alpha- and beta-adrenergic stimulators, and blocking agents. The effect of methoxamine was similar to that of epinephrine, while isoproterenol stimulated 131-I uptake slightly, and did not alter the ratio of monoiodotyrosine (MIT) to diiodotyrosine (DIT). However, like methoxamine, isoproterenol resulted in a decrease in thyroxine (T4) formation. Phentolamine could partially prevent epinephrine-induced decrease in 131-I uptake and T4 synthesis. The changes in the MIT/DIT ratio could be completely prevented by high doses of phentolamine. Propranolol enhanced the effects of epinephrine. It is concluded that the effect of epinephrine on the rat thyroid in vivo is predominantly alpha-adrenergic, but T4 synthesis may be decreased by stimulation of either receptor.", "PMID": 1173485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4157", "title": "Reduction of circulating insulin levels during the infusion of different prostaglandins in the rat.", "content": "The intravenous infusion of prostaglandin (PG) E1, E2, and A1 into normal rats at a dose of 2 mug/min significantly lowered plasma insulin levels with a tendency to recovery in the post infusion period. Whereas PGA1 infusion resulted in a moderate but significant hypoglycaemia, the administration of E-series PGs always produced a hyperglycaemic effect. The interference of PGE1 on insulin response to classical insulinogogues (glucagon, aminophylline, and tolbutamide) was also investigated. The results of these experiments demonstrate that PGE1 exerts an inhibitory action on insulin response to all insulin releasing agents investigated. As regards the haemodynamic effects of PGs, PGE1 and PGE2 lowered the arterial blood pressure by about 20 percent, while PGA1 was almost completely ineffective. On the other hand, the lowering effect of PGE1 on circulating insulin levels remained unchanged in rats treated with reserpine. These findings thus rule out a sympathetic over-activity secondary to the lowered arterial blood pressure as the mechanism of action of PGE1. A possible direct interference with the adrenergic receptor system of the pancreatic islets was also ruled out since the inhibitory effect of PGE1 was not overcome by phentolamine pre-treatment.", "contents": "Reduction of circulating insulin levels during the infusion of different prostaglandins in the rat. The intravenous infusion of prostaglandin (PG) E1, E2, and A1 into normal rats at a dose of 2 mug/min significantly lowered plasma insulin levels with a tendency to recovery in the post infusion period. Whereas PGA1 infusion resulted in a moderate but significant hypoglycaemia, the administration of E-series PGs always produced a hyperglycaemic effect. The interference of PGE1 on insulin response to classical insulinogogues (glucagon, aminophylline, and tolbutamide) was also investigated. The results of these experiments demonstrate that PGE1 exerts an inhibitory action on insulin response to all insulin releasing agents investigated. As regards the haemodynamic effects of PGs, PGE1 and PGE2 lowered the arterial blood pressure by about 20 percent, while PGA1 was almost completely ineffective. On the other hand, the lowering effect of PGE1 on circulating insulin levels remained unchanged in rats treated with reserpine. These findings thus rule out a sympathetic over-activity secondary to the lowered arterial blood pressure as the mechanism of action of PGE1. A possible direct interference with the adrenergic receptor system of the pancreatic islets was also ruled out since the inhibitory effect of PGE1 was not overcome by phentolamine pre-treatment.", "PMID": 1173486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4158", "title": "Steroid hormones and their binding in plasma of male patients with fatty liver, chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis.", "content": "Oestrone (E1), oestradiol (E2), testosterone (T), androstenedione (A) and cortisol (F) as well as LH and the percentage of binding of E1, E2, T and F in plasma were measured and compared in normal young and old male subjects and in male patients with fatty liver, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver. The alterations seen were most marked in the cirrhotic patients, but were partially also found in patients with fatty liver and in normal old subjects: a definite increase in E1, a smaller increase in E2, a decrease in T and a rise in LH. F remained unchanged. The ratios of E2/T and E1/T were higher in cirrhotic patients than in healthy young subjects. As the percentage of bound T in plasma rose, the oestrogen/androgen imbalance was greater in patients with liver disease and in old subjects than the ratio of total hormone plasma concentration indicates. The biological relevance of the extremely high E1 plasma concentrations in patients with cirrhosis of the liver is not known. It is suggested that the combination of elevated E1 and E2 and reduced T, which is strongly bound by increased sexual hormone binding globulin (SHBG) may be responsible for gynaecomastia and hypogonadism in chronic liver diseases. As similar alterations of steroid plasma concentrations and their binding to plasma proteins are found both in patients with liver disease and in old men, these changes may be caused by the same mechanism: namely an altered liver function.", "contents": "Steroid hormones and their binding in plasma of male patients with fatty liver, chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Oestrone (E1), oestradiol (E2), testosterone (T), androstenedione (A) and cortisol (F) as well as LH and the percentage of binding of E1, E2, T and F in plasma were measured and compared in normal young and old male subjects and in male patients with fatty liver, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver. The alterations seen were most marked in the cirrhotic patients, but were partially also found in patients with fatty liver and in normal old subjects: a definite increase in E1, a smaller increase in E2, a decrease in T and a rise in LH. F remained unchanged. The ratios of E2/T and E1/T were higher in cirrhotic patients than in healthy young subjects. As the percentage of bound T in plasma rose, the oestrogen/androgen imbalance was greater in patients with liver disease and in old subjects than the ratio of total hormone plasma concentration indicates. The biological relevance of the extremely high E1 plasma concentrations in patients with cirrhosis of the liver is not known. It is suggested that the combination of elevated E1 and E2 and reduced T, which is strongly bound by increased sexual hormone binding globulin (SHBG) may be responsible for gynaecomastia and hypogonadism in chronic liver diseases. As similar alterations of steroid plasma concentrations and their binding to plasma proteins are found both in patients with liver disease and in old men, these changes may be caused by the same mechanism: namely an altered liver function.", "PMID": 1173487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4159", "title": "The influence of short term submaximal work on the plasma concentrations of catecholamines, pancreatic glucagon and growth hormone in man.", "content": "Studies were performed in 6 healthy, male volunteers to explore the effect of a work load on the blood concentrations of catecholamines in relation to pulse rate and blood pressure and the blood levels of pancreatic glucagon, insulin, growth hormone, glucose and glycerol. The work load consisted of 300 kpm/min for 5 min, followed by 600 kpm/min during the next 5 min and 900 kpm/min under a third 5 min period. The work load resulted in a marked increase in noradrenaline and adrenaline at 10 and 15 min of exercise. The pulse rate, the systolic pressure and the mean blood pressure were correlated to the blood levels of both adrenaline and noradrenaline. In spite of the rather marked activation of the sympathetic nervous system no increase occurred in glucagon as measured under exercise and up to 60 min after its completion. In 4 of the subjects the work load was followed by a prompt growth hormone response. The same 4 subjects also showed a marked increase in catecholamines. The 2 remaining subjects presented no change in growth hormone and their increase in catecholamines was relatively minor. Glycerol increased significantly during work and there was a positive correlation between the values recorded for glycerol and adrenaline. No significant changes occurred in blood sugar or insulin during work.", "contents": "The influence of short term submaximal work on the plasma concentrations of catecholamines, pancreatic glucagon and growth hormone in man. Studies were performed in 6 healthy, male volunteers to explore the effect of a work load on the blood concentrations of catecholamines in relation to pulse rate and blood pressure and the blood levels of pancreatic glucagon, insulin, growth hormone, glucose and glycerol. The work load consisted of 300 kpm/min for 5 min, followed by 600 kpm/min during the next 5 min and 900 kpm/min under a third 5 min period. The work load resulted in a marked increase in noradrenaline and adrenaline at 10 and 15 min of exercise. The pulse rate, the systolic pressure and the mean blood pressure were correlated to the blood levels of both adrenaline and noradrenaline. In spite of the rather marked activation of the sympathetic nervous system no increase occurred in glucagon as measured under exercise and up to 60 min after its completion. In 4 of the subjects the work load was followed by a prompt growth hormone response. The same 4 subjects also showed a marked increase in catecholamines. The 2 remaining subjects presented no change in growth hormone and their increase in catecholamines was relatively minor. Glycerol increased significantly during work and there was a positive correlation between the values recorded for glycerol and adrenaline. No significant changes occurred in blood sugar or insulin during work.", "PMID": 1173488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4160", "title": "Combination contraceptive effects on monthly cycle of plasma aldosterone, renin activity and renin substrate.", "content": "A post-ovulatory peak of fasting supine plasma aldosterone (PA) preceded or accompanied by an increase in plasma renin activity (PRA) was previously reported. These studies have now been extended in 4 additional normal menstruating women and 4 women taking oestrogen-progestogen oral contraceptive pills (OCP), all studied daily for an entire cycle. Distinct luteal phase increases in PRA were seen in the 4 normals, with 2 also demonstrating a rise in PA. Plasma renin substrate (PRS) was usually unvarying throughout the control cycles. The women taking OCP, on the other hand, all had PA and PRA peaks that were apparent by the fourth or fifth day of taking \"the pill\". All 4 of the treated women had elevated PRS levels but only one woman showed an increase which preceded the elevation of PRA and PA. Plasma cortisol levels were usually above the normal range in the women taking OCP. This study thus indicates that factors other than oestrogen-induced increased substrate production may be responsible for the PRA and PA rise during OCP treatment. Such factors might be the natri-uretic effects of oestrogens and progestogens or a direct effect on renin secretion by one of these steroids.", "contents": "Combination contraceptive effects on monthly cycle of plasma aldosterone, renin activity and renin substrate. A post-ovulatory peak of fasting supine plasma aldosterone (PA) preceded or accompanied by an increase in plasma renin activity (PRA) was previously reported. These studies have now been extended in 4 additional normal menstruating women and 4 women taking oestrogen-progestogen oral contraceptive pills (OCP), all studied daily for an entire cycle. Distinct luteal phase increases in PRA were seen in the 4 normals, with 2 also demonstrating a rise in PA. Plasma renin substrate (PRS) was usually unvarying throughout the control cycles. The women taking OCP, on the other hand, all had PA and PRA peaks that were apparent by the fourth or fifth day of taking \"the pill\". All 4 of the treated women had elevated PRS levels but only one woman showed an increase which preceded the elevation of PRA and PA. Plasma cortisol levels were usually above the normal range in the women taking OCP. This study thus indicates that factors other than oestrogen-induced increased substrate production may be responsible for the PRA and PA rise during OCP treatment. Such factors might be the natri-uretic effects of oestrogens and progestogens or a direct effect on renin secretion by one of these steroids.", "PMID": 1173489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4161", "title": "Aldosterone and corticosterone production in renal hypertensive rats.", "content": "The development of hypertension, which had been elicited by clamping one renal artery in the presence of an untouched contralateral kidney, has been pursued in rats for up to six weeks after operation, and aldosterone and corticosterone production was studied at various intervals.", "contents": "Aldosterone and corticosterone production in renal hypertensive rats. The development of hypertension, which had been elicited by clamping one renal artery in the presence of an untouched contralateral kidney, has been pursued in rats for up to six weeks after operation, and aldosterone and corticosterone production was studied at various intervals.", "PMID": 1173490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4162", "title": "Effect of post-ovulatory administered oestrogens on corpus luteum function.", "content": "The effect of orally given diethystilboestroldiphophate (DES) and 17alpha-ethinyl-oestradiol-3-methylether (EEM) on plasma progesterone levels was studied. Both compounds were administered for 5 days to 5 women in daily doses of 60 mg (DES) and 30 mg (EEM). The fully informed volunteers were found to have a normal menstrual cycle before the study. The mean corpus luteum phase (corpus luteum phase = days between LH surge and onset of menstruation) of all control cycles lasted 12.8 days. Daily plasma samples were collected for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of progesterone, immunoreactive oestrogens and LH. After a control cycle the first treatment was carried out with DES. The third and the fifth cycle were control cycles again. The EEM-treatment was done in the fourth cycle. Although the effect of the two compounds was different, a dependence of the age of the corpus luteum (CL) could be demonstrated for both. DES-treatment lowered plasma progesterone levels during administration. This effect was only demonstrable if the treatment was begun on the day of the LH-peak. The length of the CL-phase remained unaltered. EEM-treatment if started on the day of the LH surge, suppressed corpus luteum function in the late luteal phase. If the treatment was started later, the effect was less pronounced. The administration of both compounds did not shorten the time between ovulation and the next bleeding. After DES-treatment this interval was not altered. After EEM-treatment the subsequent bleeding was even delayed depending on slowly decreasing levels of plasma oestrogens.", "contents": "Effect of post-ovulatory administered oestrogens on corpus luteum function. The effect of orally given diethystilboestroldiphophate (DES) and 17alpha-ethinyl-oestradiol-3-methylether (EEM) on plasma progesterone levels was studied. Both compounds were administered for 5 days to 5 women in daily doses of 60 mg (DES) and 30 mg (EEM). The fully informed volunteers were found to have a normal menstrual cycle before the study. The mean corpus luteum phase (corpus luteum phase = days between LH surge and onset of menstruation) of all control cycles lasted 12.8 days. Daily plasma samples were collected for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of progesterone, immunoreactive oestrogens and LH. After a control cycle the first treatment was carried out with DES. The third and the fifth cycle were control cycles again. The EEM-treatment was done in the fourth cycle. Although the effect of the two compounds was different, a dependence of the age of the corpus luteum (CL) could be demonstrated for both. DES-treatment lowered plasma progesterone levels during administration. This effect was only demonstrable if the treatment was begun on the day of the LH-peak. The length of the CL-phase remained unaltered. EEM-treatment if started on the day of the LH surge, suppressed corpus luteum function in the late luteal phase. If the treatment was started later, the effect was less pronounced. The administration of both compounds did not shorten the time between ovulation and the next bleeding. After DES-treatment this interval was not altered. After EEM-treatment the subsequent bleeding was even delayed depending on slowly decreasing levels of plasma oestrogens.", "PMID": 1173491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4163", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin f2a on ovarian blood flow and vascular resistance in the pseudopregnant rabbit.", "content": "In the search for data supporting the hypothesis that the luteolytic effect of prostaglandins (PG) is initiated by a vascular mechanism, some haemodynamic parameters including ovarian blood flow and vascular resistance were measured in pseudopregnant anaesthetized rabbits before and after exogenous administration of PGF2a. The measurements were performed on days 5-10 of pseudopregnancy induced by 500 IU HCG iv.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin f2a on ovarian blood flow and vascular resistance in the pseudopregnant rabbit. In the search for data supporting the hypothesis that the luteolytic effect of prostaglandins (PG) is initiated by a vascular mechanism, some haemodynamic parameters including ovarian blood flow and vascular resistance were measured in pseudopregnant anaesthetized rabbits before and after exogenous administration of PGF2a. The measurements were performed on days 5-10 of pseudopregnancy induced by 500 IU HCG iv.", "PMID": 1173492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4164", "title": "The use of antiserum to rat prolactin to evaluate its role as luteotrophin in the hamster.", "content": "Rabbit antisera to rat prolactin was found to cross-react with the hamster pituitary extract by double diffusion and quantitative precipitin techniques. Short term neutralization of prolactin by antiserum to rat prolactin either in early or late stages of gestation did not have any deleterious effects. Prolonged administration of rat prolactin antiserum resulted in an increase in the incidence of resorptions, but pregnancy was still maintained followed by normal parturition. This is in marked contrast to the abortive effects of an antiserum of ICSH. It was concluded that prolactin does not play a major role in maintaining pregnancy of the hamster.", "contents": "The use of antiserum to rat prolactin to evaluate its role as luteotrophin in the hamster. Rabbit antisera to rat prolactin was found to cross-react with the hamster pituitary extract by double diffusion and quantitative precipitin techniques. Short term neutralization of prolactin by antiserum to rat prolactin either in early or late stages of gestation did not have any deleterious effects. Prolonged administration of rat prolactin antiserum resulted in an increase in the incidence of resorptions, but pregnancy was still maintained followed by normal parturition. This is in marked contrast to the abortive effects of an antiserum of ICSH. It was concluded that prolactin does not play a major role in maintaining pregnancy of the hamster.", "PMID": 1173493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4165", "title": "Plasma dihydrotestosterone in normal adult males and its relation to testosterone.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in plasma was developed using an antiserum raised against testosterone-3-oxime-bovine-serum-albumin. After extraction of 1 ml male plasma with diethylether, DHT was separated from testosterone (T) by thin-layer chromatography. A dextran-charcoal-suspension was used for the separation of bound and free ligand. The inter-assay variability was 10.4 percent (C.V.) and the detection limit 1.77 ng/100 ml. The accuracy of the method as determined by mass recoveries and the specificity were shown to be satisfactory. Normal values were obtained in 45 young to middle-aged (22-61 years) and 37 old (68-93 years) men. The median and the 95 percentiles were 20.5-51.9-76.3 (ng/100 ml) and 19.5-50.9-101.5 (ng/100 ml) respectively. While DHT did not change in old age T fell by 20.6 percent. DHT and T showed a significant correlation: rS = 0.426, P smaller than 0.01 (young men), rS = 0.752, P smaller than 0.001 (old men). After 3 daily im injections of 5000 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), DHT increased 1.50 times (range: 1.15-2.09, n = 12), T 1.86 times (range: 1.20-2.91, n = 12). After 4 daily administrations of 40 mg fluoxymesterone DHT fell to 29.6 percent of the control level (range: 16.0-48.2 percent, n = 12). Blood samples were obtained from a 24 year old man every 15 min for 24 h. A close parallelism was observed between the concentrations of DHT and T in the plasma.", "contents": "Plasma dihydrotestosterone in normal adult males and its relation to testosterone. A radioimmunoassay for dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in plasma was developed using an antiserum raised against testosterone-3-oxime-bovine-serum-albumin. After extraction of 1 ml male plasma with diethylether, DHT was separated from testosterone (T) by thin-layer chromatography. A dextran-charcoal-suspension was used for the separation of bound and free ligand. The inter-assay variability was 10.4 percent (C.V.) and the detection limit 1.77 ng/100 ml. The accuracy of the method as determined by mass recoveries and the specificity were shown to be satisfactory. Normal values were obtained in 45 young to middle-aged (22-61 years) and 37 old (68-93 years) men. The median and the 95 percentiles were 20.5-51.9-76.3 (ng/100 ml) and 19.5-50.9-101.5 (ng/100 ml) respectively. While DHT did not change in old age T fell by 20.6 percent. DHT and T showed a significant correlation: rS = 0.426, P smaller than 0.01 (young men), rS = 0.752, P smaller than 0.001 (old men). After 3 daily im injections of 5000 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), DHT increased 1.50 times (range: 1.15-2.09, n = 12), T 1.86 times (range: 1.20-2.91, n = 12). After 4 daily administrations of 40 mg fluoxymesterone DHT fell to 29.6 percent of the control level (range: 16.0-48.2 percent, n = 12). Blood samples were obtained from a 24 year old man every 15 min for 24 h. A close parallelism was observed between the concentrations of DHT and T in the plasma.", "PMID": 1173494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4166", "title": "Plasma androgen levels in men after oral administration of testosterone or testosterone undecanoate.", "content": "Plasma testosterone and androstenedione levels in men were measured after oral administration of free testosterone and testosterone undecanoate. Both androgens were determined by simultaneous, specific radioimmunoassays after separation and isolation by thin layer chromatography. While free unesterified testosterone had no effect on plasma androgen levels, a striking increase of both testosterone and androstenedione levels was noted after administration of testosterone undecanoate, which is otherwise only achieved by parenteral testosterone application. This effect of testosterone undecanoate is probably due to absorption via the lymph rather than via the portal vessels so that peripheral circulation is reached before metabolism in the liver. Testosterone undecanoate promises to be an effective medication for oral androgen replacement.", "contents": "Plasma androgen levels in men after oral administration of testosterone or testosterone undecanoate. Plasma testosterone and androstenedione levels in men were measured after oral administration of free testosterone and testosterone undecanoate. Both androgens were determined by simultaneous, specific radioimmunoassays after separation and isolation by thin layer chromatography. While free unesterified testosterone had no effect on plasma androgen levels, a striking increase of both testosterone and androstenedione levels was noted after administration of testosterone undecanoate, which is otherwise only achieved by parenteral testosterone application. This effect of testosterone undecanoate is probably due to absorption via the lymph rather than via the portal vessels so that peripheral circulation is reached before metabolism in the liver. Testosterone undecanoate promises to be an effective medication for oral androgen replacement.", "PMID": 1173495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4167", "title": "Endocrine testicular function in mink during the first year of life.", "content": "The endocrine testicular function in mink (Mustela vison) was investigated during the first year of life encompassing puberty, the first mating season and the phase of regression thereafter. The mink, relatively easily accessible as a semi-domesticated animal, was chosen as an example of a mammalian seasonal breeder. In plasma samples from 7 to 17 animals collected on 10 occasions between July and April testosterone and delta4-androstenedione were determined by simultaneous radioimmunoassay. A steady increase of both androgens from November to early March, when the mating season occurs, and a rapid decline to pre-pubertal levels thereafter was observed. The ratio of testosterone to delta4-androstenedione was 1:1 from November to April. These findings parallel the known morphological transitions of the testes.", "contents": "Endocrine testicular function in mink during the first year of life. The endocrine testicular function in mink (Mustela vison) was investigated during the first year of life encompassing puberty, the first mating season and the phase of regression thereafter. The mink, relatively easily accessible as a semi-domesticated animal, was chosen as an example of a mammalian seasonal breeder. In plasma samples from 7 to 17 animals collected on 10 occasions between July and April testosterone and delta4-androstenedione were determined by simultaneous radioimmunoassay. A steady increase of both androgens from November to early March, when the mating season occurs, and a rapid decline to pre-pubertal levels thereafter was observed. The ratio of testosterone to delta4-androstenedione was 1:1 from November to April. These findings parallel the known morphological transitions of the testes.", "PMID": 1173496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4168", "title": "Relation between circulating levels of testosterone lh and fsh in intact and castrated, adult, male rats after testosterone administration.", "content": "Serum levels of LH, FSH and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in intact and castrated, adult, male rats after testosterone was administered subcutaneously for seven days in doses ranging from 25 to 200 mug per 100 g body weight per day. Such treatment increased circulating testosterone both in intact and castrated rats, but its effects on serum gonadotrophins were different in these animal groups. All doses of testosterone suppressed serum LH and FSH in the normal rat. In the castrates, treatment with the lowest dose of testosterone resulted in serum LH levels significantly above the high castrate levels, while serum FSH tended to drop. Administration of the highest doses of testosterone did not depress serum LH and FSH in the castrates to those of intact, normal animals, though serum testosterone in these castrates was much higher than in normal, male rats. It is concluded, that the sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary system for daily, subcutaneous testosterone administration during seven days is not the same in the intact and castrated, adult, male rat and that testicular factors different from testosterone may play a role in regulating production and/or secretion of gonadotrophins by the hypophysis in male animals.", "contents": "Relation between circulating levels of testosterone lh and fsh in intact and castrated, adult, male rats after testosterone administration. Serum levels of LH, FSH and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in intact and castrated, adult, male rats after testosterone was administered subcutaneously for seven days in doses ranging from 25 to 200 mug per 100 g body weight per day. Such treatment increased circulating testosterone both in intact and castrated rats, but its effects on serum gonadotrophins were different in these animal groups. All doses of testosterone suppressed serum LH and FSH in the normal rat. In the castrates, treatment with the lowest dose of testosterone resulted in serum LH levels significantly above the high castrate levels, while serum FSH tended to drop. Administration of the highest doses of testosterone did not depress serum LH and FSH in the castrates to those of intact, normal animals, though serum testosterone in these castrates was much higher than in normal, male rats. It is concluded, that the sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary system for daily, subcutaneous testosterone administration during seven days is not the same in the intact and castrated, adult, male rat and that testicular factors different from testosterone may play a role in regulating production and/or secretion of gonadotrophins by the hypophysis in male animals.", "PMID": 1173497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4169", "title": "Effect of transplantation of the foetal testis to neonatal female rats on differentiation of the postpubertal secretory pattern of gonadotrophin.", "content": "Rat foetal testes (day 19 or 20 pregnancy) were transplanted into the neck of 3-day-old female rats. When testicular grafts were left in the recipients until autopsy (at 90 days of age), anovulatory persistent oestrous syndrome developed in most of the recipient females. These changes were not influenced by the removal at 45 days of age of the testicular grafts. However, the incidence of anovulatory sterility was significantly reduced when the foetal testicular grafts had been removed 5 days after transplantation. Treatment of these recipient females with 40 IU HCG from the day of the transplantation to the day before the removal of the transplants markedly increased the incidence of anovulatory sterility in the recipient females. In histological examinations of the testicular grafts upon their removal, a significant stimulation of Leydig cell elements was noted in the groups of rats treated with HCG. It is highly probable that if sufficient levels of gonadotrophin (GTH) are present in the recipient females, testicular tissues from day 18-20 foetuses can secrete sufficient amounts of androgen for masculinizing GTH regulation.", "contents": "Effect of transplantation of the foetal testis to neonatal female rats on differentiation of the postpubertal secretory pattern of gonadotrophin. Rat foetal testes (day 19 or 20 pregnancy) were transplanted into the neck of 3-day-old female rats. When testicular grafts were left in the recipients until autopsy (at 90 days of age), anovulatory persistent oestrous syndrome developed in most of the recipient females. These changes were not influenced by the removal at 45 days of age of the testicular grafts. However, the incidence of anovulatory sterility was significantly reduced when the foetal testicular grafts had been removed 5 days after transplantation. Treatment of these recipient females with 40 IU HCG from the day of the transplantation to the day before the removal of the transplants markedly increased the incidence of anovulatory sterility in the recipient females. In histological examinations of the testicular grafts upon their removal, a significant stimulation of Leydig cell elements was noted in the groups of rats treated with HCG. It is highly probable that if sufficient levels of gonadotrophin (GTH) are present in the recipient females, testicular tissues from day 18-20 foetuses can secrete sufficient amounts of androgen for masculinizing GTH regulation.", "PMID": 1173498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4170", "title": "Correlation of diameters of secretory granules in clinically non-functioning chromophobe adenomas of the pituitary with those of normal thyrotrophs.", "content": "Diameters of secretory granules in thyrotrophs in gonadotrophs were measured in electron micrographs of operation specimens of 4 pituitary glands and of the secretory granules in operation specimens of 10 clinically non-functioning chromophobe adenomas. The mean diameter of the thyrotroph granules was 137 plus or minus 26 nm, of the gonadotrophs 204 plus or minus 38 nm, of 9 of the adenomas 141 plus or minus 20 nm and of the remaining adenoma 248 plus or minus 67 nm. The significance of the close correlation in granule size in most of the adenomas with that of thyrotrophin granules is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Correlation of diameters of secretory granules in clinically non-functioning chromophobe adenomas of the pituitary with those of normal thyrotrophs. Diameters of secretory granules in thyrotrophs in gonadotrophs were measured in electron micrographs of operation specimens of 4 pituitary glands and of the secretory granules in operation specimens of 10 clinically non-functioning chromophobe adenomas. The mean diameter of the thyrotroph granules was 137 plus or minus 26 nm, of the gonadotrophs 204 plus or minus 38 nm, of 9 of the adenomas 141 plus or minus 20 nm and of the remaining adenoma 248 plus or minus 67 nm. The significance of the close correlation in granule size in most of the adenomas with that of thyrotrophin granules is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 1173499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4171", "title": "Serum tsh and serum t3 levels during normal menstrual cycles and during cycles on oral contraceptives.", "content": "Serum TSH and serum T3 levels were studied in 35 normally menstruating women and in 35 women on oral contraceptives in order to find out whether the levels of TSH and T3 were related to the menstrual cycle or changed by oral contraceptives. Serum TSH AND T3 were found to be unchanged throughout the normal menstrual cycles and during the cycles of oral contraceptives. The TSH level was higher in the women on oral contraceptives than in the normally menstruating women. This might be due to a direct thyroid inhibitory effect of oestrogen. As could be expected the levels of T3 and T4 were higher in women on oral contraceptives than in normally menstruating women.", "contents": "Serum tsh and serum t3 levels during normal menstrual cycles and during cycles on oral contraceptives. Serum TSH and serum T3 levels were studied in 35 normally menstruating women and in 35 women on oral contraceptives in order to find out whether the levels of TSH and T3 were related to the menstrual cycle or changed by oral contraceptives. Serum TSH AND T3 were found to be unchanged throughout the normal menstrual cycles and during the cycles of oral contraceptives. The TSH level was higher in the women on oral contraceptives than in the normally menstruating women. This might be due to a direct thyroid inhibitory effect of oestrogen. As could be expected the levels of T3 and T4 were higher in women on oral contraceptives than in normally menstruating women.", "PMID": 1173500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4172", "title": "Relation between thyroid function and serum levels of long-acting thyroid stimulator.", "content": "Bioassays of long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) were performed in three groups of subjects: in normal controls, in thyrotoxic patients before and serially after 131-I treatment, and in patients with hypopituitarism. Of the untreated thyrotoxic patients, 27.7% had raised serum LATS levels initially. There was no correlation between the relapse rate after 131-I therapy and the initial or subsequent LATS titres: in particular, thyrotoxicosis sometimes recurred after an initially high LATS titre had fallen into the normal range. The distribution of the results of LATS assays in the hypopituitary patients was significantly different from that in the normal subjects; 4 out of 27 hypopituitary patients had LATS levels above the normal range, although they had no thyrotoxicosis. On the other hand, the majority of the patients with hypopituitarism, 19 out of 27, had LATS titres below the mean normal level, possibly due to deficiency of a substance we have termed pseudo LATS. These results raise doubts about a direct causative role for LATS in most cases of thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "Relation between thyroid function and serum levels of long-acting thyroid stimulator. Bioassays of long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) were performed in three groups of subjects: in normal controls, in thyrotoxic patients before and serially after 131-I treatment, and in patients with hypopituitarism. Of the untreated thyrotoxic patients, 27.7% had raised serum LATS levels initially. There was no correlation between the relapse rate after 131-I therapy and the initial or subsequent LATS titres: in particular, thyrotoxicosis sometimes recurred after an initially high LATS titre had fallen into the normal range. The distribution of the results of LATS assays in the hypopituitary patients was significantly different from that in the normal subjects; 4 out of 27 hypopituitary patients had LATS levels above the normal range, although they had no thyrotoxicosis. On the other hand, the majority of the patients with hypopituitarism, 19 out of 27, had LATS titres below the mean normal level, possibly due to deficiency of a substance we have termed pseudo LATS. These results raise doubts about a direct causative role for LATS in most cases of thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 1173501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4173", "title": "Iodinated particles in the rat thyroid. II. Lysosomal characteristics.", "content": "In a previous study (Simon et al. 1971) a procedure for the preparation and separation of iodinated particles was described in the rat. The present paper deals with further investigations on the nature of these particles. Acid phosphatase and iodine are conjointly sedimentable and display a latency that is unmasked on dilution in a hypo-osmotic medium and under acidification to pH 5.0. These properties together with the sensitivity to Triton X-100 are best accounted for by assuming that iodinated particles of the thyroid gland are lysosomes. Part of the particulate iodine is soluble in n-butanol (BEI fraction). The existence of this BEI fraction demonstrates that hydrolysis of thyroglobulin occurs within the particles which thus exhibit an acid protease activity. Both the sedimentable iodine pool and acid phosphatase are increased under TSH stimulation and decreased after thyroxine treatment. In addition, the general activity of the iodinated particles is dependent on the daily iodine intake as shown by the variation of their iodine pool, acid phosphatase activity and BEI fraction with the iodine diet. It is concluded that iodinated particles of the thyroid gland are secondary lysosomes which participate in iodine secretion under TSH control. By in vitro treatment with destabilizing media or after in vivo treatment with thyroxine, iodinated particles exhibit a parallel loss of iodine and acid phosphatase. After a short-term TSH treatment in vivo, their iodine pool is more increased than their acid phosphatase activity. It is concluded that, at least in the normal rat thyroid, iodinated particles are essentially secondary lysosomes; true colloid droplets actually accumulate only after sufficient TSH stimulation.", "contents": "Iodinated particles in the rat thyroid. II. Lysosomal characteristics. In a previous study (Simon et al. 1971) a procedure for the preparation and separation of iodinated particles was described in the rat. The present paper deals with further investigations on the nature of these particles. Acid phosphatase and iodine are conjointly sedimentable and display a latency that is unmasked on dilution in a hypo-osmotic medium and under acidification to pH 5.0. These properties together with the sensitivity to Triton X-100 are best accounted for by assuming that iodinated particles of the thyroid gland are lysosomes. Part of the particulate iodine is soluble in n-butanol (BEI fraction). The existence of this BEI fraction demonstrates that hydrolysis of thyroglobulin occurs within the particles which thus exhibit an acid protease activity. Both the sedimentable iodine pool and acid phosphatase are increased under TSH stimulation and decreased after thyroxine treatment. In addition, the general activity of the iodinated particles is dependent on the daily iodine intake as shown by the variation of their iodine pool, acid phosphatase activity and BEI fraction with the iodine diet. It is concluded that iodinated particles of the thyroid gland are secondary lysosomes which participate in iodine secretion under TSH control. By in vitro treatment with destabilizing media or after in vivo treatment with thyroxine, iodinated particles exhibit a parallel loss of iodine and acid phosphatase. After a short-term TSH treatment in vivo, their iodine pool is more increased than their acid phosphatase activity. It is concluded that, at least in the normal rat thyroid, iodinated particles are essentially secondary lysosomes; true colloid droplets actually accumulate only after sufficient TSH stimulation.", "PMID": 1173502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4174", "title": "Acute suppressive effect of human growth hormone on basal insulin secretion in man.", "content": "The acute effects of human growth hormone (GH) on the basal levels of glucose and insulin in blood were investigated in 11 healthy men. GH doses of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mug/kg body weight were given iv as a constant-rate infusion over 30 min, and resulted in peak hormone levels (30 min) of 20.5 plus or minus 1.0, 48.5 plus or minus 2.2, 108.2 plus or minus 4.5, and 229.2 plus or minus 14.6 ng/ml, respectively. There was a small (max 9.8 plus or minus 2.6%) but significant decrease in the blood glucose level, observed already at 15 min after the beginning of the GH infusion and persisting up to 90 min. The highest dose of GH induced the most marked changes, but there was otherwise no clear correlation between dose and effect. The basal plasma insulin levels showed a more marked (max 16.0 plus or minus 4.7%) decrease which was not correlated, in time or in magnitude, with the changes in blood glucose. In some subjects, in whom no significant decrease in blood glucose was observed, plasma insulin still demonstrated a similar fall (max 20.2 plus or minus 7.6%). Neither were these changes in plasma insulin correlated to the dose of GH within the range used in this study. The findings suggested that the early, insulin-like effect of GH on blood glucose is distinct from its effect on the pancreas. The latter is a suppressive one, consistent with earlier findings on glucose-induced insulin release.", "contents": "Acute suppressive effect of human growth hormone on basal insulin secretion in man. The acute effects of human growth hormone (GH) on the basal levels of glucose and insulin in blood were investigated in 11 healthy men. GH doses of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mug/kg body weight were given iv as a constant-rate infusion over 30 min, and resulted in peak hormone levels (30 min) of 20.5 plus or minus 1.0, 48.5 plus or minus 2.2, 108.2 plus or minus 4.5, and 229.2 plus or minus 14.6 ng/ml, respectively. There was a small (max 9.8 plus or minus 2.6%) but significant decrease in the blood glucose level, observed already at 15 min after the beginning of the GH infusion and persisting up to 90 min. The highest dose of GH induced the most marked changes, but there was otherwise no clear correlation between dose and effect. The basal plasma insulin levels showed a more marked (max 16.0 plus or minus 4.7%) decrease which was not correlated, in time or in magnitude, with the changes in blood glucose. In some subjects, in whom no significant decrease in blood glucose was observed, plasma insulin still demonstrated a similar fall (max 20.2 plus or minus 7.6%). Neither were these changes in plasma insulin correlated to the dose of GH within the range used in this study. The findings suggested that the early, insulin-like effect of GH on blood glucose is distinct from its effect on the pancreas. The latter is a suppressive one, consistent with earlier findings on glucose-induced insulin release.", "PMID": 1173503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4175", "title": "Potentiation of insulin release by glucose in man. I. Quantitative analysis of the enhancement of glucose-induced insulin secretion by pretreatment with glucose in normal subjects.", "content": "The effect of repeating a 60 min glucose infusion at a 40 to 70 min interval was investigated after an overnight fast in 14 healthy, non-obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance and normal insulin response to glucose administration. When a hyperglycaemic plateau of around 300 mg/100 ml was induced by the first glucose infusion, the insulin response to a second challenge was enhanced over the range of stimulations used. Both the early and late phase insulin responses were amplified, the enhancement being more marked with higher stimulatory levels of glucose. The blood glucose-insulin dose-response curve became steeper after pretreatment with glucose, the stimulatory threshold level not being altered. These findings suggest that the synergism between the glucose pretreatment, and the insulin releasing effect of glucose, is of multiplicative type, resulting in increase of the maximum effect of the glucose.", "contents": "Potentiation of insulin release by glucose in man. I. Quantitative analysis of the enhancement of glucose-induced insulin secretion by pretreatment with glucose in normal subjects. The effect of repeating a 60 min glucose infusion at a 40 to 70 min interval was investigated after an overnight fast in 14 healthy, non-obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance and normal insulin response to glucose administration. When a hyperglycaemic plateau of around 300 mg/100 ml was induced by the first glucose infusion, the insulin response to a second challenge was enhanced over the range of stimulations used. Both the early and late phase insulin responses were amplified, the enhancement being more marked with higher stimulatory levels of glucose. The blood glucose-insulin dose-response curve became steeper after pretreatment with glucose, the stimulatory threshold level not being altered. These findings suggest that the synergism between the glucose pretreatment, and the insulin releasing effect of glucose, is of multiplicative type, resulting in increase of the maximum effect of the glucose.", "PMID": 1173504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4176", "title": "Potentiation of insulin release by glucose in man. II. Role of the insulin response, and enhancement of stimuli other than glucose.", "content": "If two consecutive glucose infusions are administered with 40 min of rest between, the insulin response to the second challenge is markedly potentiated. When the insulin response to the first glucose infusion was suppressed by 65% with the aid of adrenaline, potentiation of the insulin response to the second infusion was not modified. This suggests that the generation of a state of enhancement in the islet does not necessitate that glucose exerts its insulin releasing action. It is postulated that islet glucose metabolism may be involved in producing the potentiation. Pretreatment of the subjects with a glucose infusion enhanced also the insulin responses to glucagon and to tolbutamide, given intravenously 50 min later. Thus, the potentiation generated by glucose is not restricted to the insulinogenic signal induced by glucose. The eventual role that the beta-cell adenylate cyclase may play in this respect is discussed.", "contents": "Potentiation of insulin release by glucose in man. II. Role of the insulin response, and enhancement of stimuli other than glucose. If two consecutive glucose infusions are administered with 40 min of rest between, the insulin response to the second challenge is markedly potentiated. When the insulin response to the first glucose infusion was suppressed by 65% with the aid of adrenaline, potentiation of the insulin response to the second infusion was not modified. This suggests that the generation of a state of enhancement in the islet does not necessitate that glucose exerts its insulin releasing action. It is postulated that islet glucose metabolism may be involved in producing the potentiation. Pretreatment of the subjects with a glucose infusion enhanced also the insulin responses to glucagon and to tolbutamide, given intravenously 50 min later. Thus, the potentiation generated by glucose is not restricted to the insulinogenic signal induced by glucose. The eventual role that the beta-cell adenylate cyclase may play in this respect is discussed.", "PMID": 1173505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4177", "title": "Potentiation of insulin release by glucose in man.", "content": "Glucose-induced potentiation of glucose-induced insulin release was quantitatively evaluated in 14 non-obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance but decreased insulin response, and in six non-obese patients with mild, adult-onset diabetes, by measuring the insulin responses to two consecutive glucose infusion tests, administered with 40 or 70 min interval. Enhancement of the second insulin response occurred in both groups. In low insulin responders, the dose-response relationship between blood glucose and plasma insulin was flatter and shifted to the right when compared to the control. Pretreatment with glucose increased strikingly the slope of this relationship, the responses now being within the normal range. The enhancement induced by glucose seems to be of multiplicative type. In mildly diabetic subjects, insulin response to glucose infusion was low and sluggish, only a minor initial response being observed. Pretreatment with glucose modified the profile of the insulin response, a clear-cut initial response of greater magnitude being obtained at least in some of the patients. The sensitivity of the islet to the potentiating action of glucose was higher in low insulin responders than in controls, the minimal glucose concentration needed to induce potentiations of the forthcoming response being much lower. The dose-response curve for the relationship between the blood glucose level of the preinfusion period and the percentual enhancement of the insulin response obtained at the second stimulation was, in low insulin response obtained at the second stimulation was, in low insulin responders, higher than and shifted to the left of the curve of the control subjects. In the group of diabetics, sensitivity for potentiation by glucose seemed not different from the controls.", "contents": "Potentiation of insulin release by glucose in man. Glucose-induced potentiation of glucose-induced insulin release was quantitatively evaluated in 14 non-obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance but decreased insulin response, and in six non-obese patients with mild, adult-onset diabetes, by measuring the insulin responses to two consecutive glucose infusion tests, administered with 40 or 70 min interval. Enhancement of the second insulin response occurred in both groups. In low insulin responders, the dose-response relationship between blood glucose and plasma insulin was flatter and shifted to the right when compared to the control. Pretreatment with glucose increased strikingly the slope of this relationship, the responses now being within the normal range. The enhancement induced by glucose seems to be of multiplicative type. In mildly diabetic subjects, insulin response to glucose infusion was low and sluggish, only a minor initial response being observed. Pretreatment with glucose modified the profile of the insulin response, a clear-cut initial response of greater magnitude being obtained at least in some of the patients. The sensitivity of the islet to the potentiating action of glucose was higher in low insulin responders than in controls, the minimal glucose concentration needed to induce potentiations of the forthcoming response being much lower. The dose-response curve for the relationship between the blood glucose level of the preinfusion period and the percentual enhancement of the insulin response obtained at the second stimulation was, in low insulin response obtained at the second stimulation was, in low insulin responders, higher than and shifted to the left of the curve of the control subjects. In the group of diabetics, sensitivity for potentiation by glucose seemed not different from the controls.", "PMID": 1173506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4178", "title": "The characterization of polar corticosteroids in the urine of the macaque monkey (macaca fascicularis) and the baboon (papio hamadryas).", "content": "Computerised gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed in the identification of polar corticosteroid metabolites excreted in the urine from the macaque monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and the baboon (Papio hamadryas). The following steroids were identified in significant amounts in the urine from both species: 3alpha,17alpha,20alpha, 21-tetrahydroxy-5beta-pregnan-11-one; 3alpha,17alpha,20beta,21-tetrahydroxy-5beta-pregnan-11-one; 5beta-pregnane-3alpha,11beta,17alpha,20alpha,21-pentol; 5beta-pregnane-3alpha,11beta,17alpha,20beta-pentol; 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,11beta,17alpha,20beta,21-pentol. 11beta,17alpha,21-Trihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (cortisol), 11beta,17alpha,20beta,21-tetrahydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and 11beta,17alpha,20beta,21-tetrahydroxy-5xi-pregnan-3-one were identified in macaque monkey urine. Two steroids, 17alpha,20beta,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnane-3,11-dione and 17alpha,20alpha,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,11-dione were excreted as major C21 metabolites in the baboon but were not identified in the urine from the macaque monkey. 3beta-Hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane metabolites were identified in the urine from both species. All these steroids were excreted conjugated to glucuronic acid, evidenced by their recovery after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase enzyme. An efficient 20beta-reduction of corticosteroids in both species is apparent, and the excretion pattern of polar steroid metabolites in the two species was shown to be similar.", "contents": "The characterization of polar corticosteroids in the urine of the macaque monkey (macaca fascicularis) and the baboon (papio hamadryas). Computerised gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed in the identification of polar corticosteroid metabolites excreted in the urine from the macaque monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and the baboon (Papio hamadryas). The following steroids were identified in significant amounts in the urine from both species: 3alpha,17alpha,20alpha, 21-tetrahydroxy-5beta-pregnan-11-one; 3alpha,17alpha,20beta,21-tetrahydroxy-5beta-pregnan-11-one; 5beta-pregnane-3alpha,11beta,17alpha,20alpha,21-pentol; 5beta-pregnane-3alpha,11beta,17alpha,20beta-pentol; 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,11beta,17alpha,20beta,21-pentol. 11beta,17alpha,21-Trihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (cortisol), 11beta,17alpha,20beta,21-tetrahydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and 11beta,17alpha,20beta,21-tetrahydroxy-5xi-pregnan-3-one were identified in macaque monkey urine. Two steroids, 17alpha,20beta,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnane-3,11-dione and 17alpha,20alpha,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,11-dione were excreted as major C21 metabolites in the baboon but were not identified in the urine from the macaque monkey. 3beta-Hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane metabolites were identified in the urine from both species. All these steroids were excreted conjugated to glucuronic acid, evidenced by their recovery after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase enzyme. An efficient 20beta-reduction of corticosteroids in both species is apparent, and the excretion pattern of polar steroid metabolites in the two species was shown to be similar.", "PMID": 1173507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4179", "title": "The lh-hcg receptor of human ovary at various stages of the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Receptors specific for hCG were found in human corpora lutea and follicles. hCG and LH were found to bind at a similar receptor site. The dissociation constant for hCG ranged from 10-minus 10 to 10-minus 11 mol/1 in human corpora lutea. The number of binding sites for 125-I-hCG ranged from 10-minus 14 to 10-minus 15 moles/mg protein in human corpora lutea. The binding of 125-I-hCG to ovary was found to vary at different stages of the menstrual cycle. The binding of 125-I-hCG to human ovaries increased on days 13-15 of the cycle, then declined slightly, and increased again on days 22-23. Following day 23, there was a slow decline until day 27 when binding activity could no longer be measured. No binding could be measured by the corpus luteum after the onset of menstruation or in corpora albicans.", "contents": "The lh-hcg receptor of human ovary at various stages of the menstrual cycle. Receptors specific for hCG were found in human corpora lutea and follicles. hCG and LH were found to bind at a similar receptor site. The dissociation constant for hCG ranged from 10-minus 10 to 10-minus 11 mol/1 in human corpora lutea. The number of binding sites for 125-I-hCG ranged from 10-minus 14 to 10-minus 15 moles/mg protein in human corpora lutea. The binding of 125-I-hCG to ovary was found to vary at different stages of the menstrual cycle. The binding of 125-I-hCG to human ovaries increased on days 13-15 of the cycle, then declined slightly, and increased again on days 22-23. Following day 23, there was a slow decline until day 27 when binding activity could no longer be measured. No binding could be measured by the corpus luteum after the onset of menstruation or in corpora albicans.", "PMID": 1173508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4180", "title": "The concentration of prostaglandin f2alpha in maternal plasma, foetal plasma and amniotic fluid during pregnancy in women.", "content": "The concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha has been determined in serial samples of peripheral venous plasma from women at defined times during labour, and studied in detail throughout two consecutive uterine contractions. In addition, the same compound has been measured in single samples of uterine venous plasma, cord venous plasma, and amniotic fluid in groups of patients during early and late pregnancy, labour and at delivery of the baby.", "contents": "The concentration of prostaglandin f2alpha in maternal plasma, foetal plasma and amniotic fluid during pregnancy in women. The concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha has been determined in serial samples of peripheral venous plasma from women at defined times during labour, and studied in detail throughout two consecutive uterine contractions. In addition, the same compound has been measured in single samples of uterine venous plasma, cord venous plasma, and amniotic fluid in groups of patients during early and late pregnancy, labour and at delivery of the baby.", "PMID": 1173509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4181", "title": "Implantation and maintenance of pregnancy in mated rhesus monkeys following bilateral oophorectomy or luteectomy with and without progesterone replacement.", "content": "Six mated rhesus monkeys were bilaterally oophorectomized between the fourth and sixth day after ovulation, and received silastic implants containing crystalline progesterone subcutaneously. Five mated monkeys were subjected to luteectomy 5 or 6 days after ovulation. Three of these received progesterone implants subcutaneously. Pregnancy occurred in one oophorectomised monkey and in all three luteectomised monkeys treated with progesterone. It was evident from the steroid patterns observed in the pregnant monkeys that the ovarian tissue other than the corpus luteum contributes to part of the oestrogen seen around the time of implantation. The corpus luteum apears to be the main source of progesterone in the peripheral plasma during this period. Placental progesterone production in early pregnant rhesus monkeys starts at three weeks after ovulation and the placental production of progesterone precedes that of oestrogen.", "contents": "Implantation and maintenance of pregnancy in mated rhesus monkeys following bilateral oophorectomy or luteectomy with and without progesterone replacement. Six mated rhesus monkeys were bilaterally oophorectomized between the fourth and sixth day after ovulation, and received silastic implants containing crystalline progesterone subcutaneously. Five mated monkeys were subjected to luteectomy 5 or 6 days after ovulation. Three of these received progesterone implants subcutaneously. Pregnancy occurred in one oophorectomised monkey and in all three luteectomised monkeys treated with progesterone. It was evident from the steroid patterns observed in the pregnant monkeys that the ovarian tissue other than the corpus luteum contributes to part of the oestrogen seen around the time of implantation. The corpus luteum apears to be the main source of progesterone in the peripheral plasma during this period. Placental progesterone production in early pregnant rhesus monkeys starts at three weeks after ovulation and the placental production of progesterone precedes that of oestrogen.", "PMID": 1173510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4182", "title": "Correlation between hcg (lh)-binding capacity, leydig cell number and secretory activity of rat testis throughout pubescence.", "content": "Male rats varying in age from 10 to 110 days were examined for testosterone concentration of serum and testicular tissue and 125-I-HCG-binding capacity of testicular tissue. In addition, the Leydig cell number of testes was determined using two different staining methods. It could be demonstrated that specific 125-I-HCG-binding capacity of rat testis increased with age up to 60 days of life. This rise was accompanied by an increase in serum and testicular testosterone concentrations and can be explained by a concomitant increase in Leydig cell number up to this age. The calculated specific 125-HCG-binding capacity per Leydig cell does not change from day 30 to 110 of life. This finding is in contrast to the 125-I-HCG-binding capacity per Leydig cell at day 10 and 20, the former being 5-6 times higher than in the age groups of 30 to 110 days. The observation of high 125-I-HCG-binding capacity per Leydig cell at day 10 and 20 is discussed in the light of simultaneous elevated serum and testicular testosterone concentrations.", "contents": "Correlation between hcg (lh)-binding capacity, leydig cell number and secretory activity of rat testis throughout pubescence. Male rats varying in age from 10 to 110 days were examined for testosterone concentration of serum and testicular tissue and 125-I-HCG-binding capacity of testicular tissue. In addition, the Leydig cell number of testes was determined using two different staining methods. It could be demonstrated that specific 125-I-HCG-binding capacity of rat testis increased with age up to 60 days of life. This rise was accompanied by an increase in serum and testicular testosterone concentrations and can be explained by a concomitant increase in Leydig cell number up to this age. The calculated specific 125-HCG-binding capacity per Leydig cell does not change from day 30 to 110 of life. This finding is in contrast to the 125-I-HCG-binding capacity per Leydig cell at day 10 and 20, the former being 5-6 times higher than in the age groups of 30 to 110 days. The observation of high 125-I-HCG-binding capacity per Leydig cell at day 10 and 20 is discussed in the light of simultaneous elevated serum and testicular testosterone concentrations.", "PMID": 1173511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4183", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one in porcine adipose tissue.", "content": "A simple and reliable radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the estimation of 5alpha-androstenone (5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one) in porcine adipose tissue has been developed. Fatty tissue samples weighing 40-60 mg were used for assay. The bulk of fat was separated from the steroid by centrifugation in an ethylacetate-ethanol solution at about -70 degrees C. The sensitivity of the standard curve was found to be 25 pg (P smaller than 0.01) and the smallest amount of 5alpha-androstenone added to adipose tissue from castrated male pigs, that can be estimated by the method, is 0.09 mug/g. Analysis of the data from the accuracy study gave the regression line y equals 1.09 times + 2.7. The mean coefficients of variation for the inter- and intra-assay precision were 11.1 and 5.9%, respectively. In boars (n equals 9) a mean value of 2.09 mug/g adipose tissue was found (SD equals 2.56). In adipose tissue from 9 female pigs and 8 castrated male pigs the level of 5alpha-androstenone was found to be undetectable by the present method. In adipose tissue from one castrated male pig trace amounts of 5alpha-androstenone were found.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one in porcine adipose tissue. A simple and reliable radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the estimation of 5alpha-androstenone (5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one) in porcine adipose tissue has been developed. Fatty tissue samples weighing 40-60 mg were used for assay. The bulk of fat was separated from the steroid by centrifugation in an ethylacetate-ethanol solution at about -70 degrees C. The sensitivity of the standard curve was found to be 25 pg (P smaller than 0.01) and the smallest amount of 5alpha-androstenone added to adipose tissue from castrated male pigs, that can be estimated by the method, is 0.09 mug/g. Analysis of the data from the accuracy study gave the regression line y equals 1.09 times + 2.7. The mean coefficients of variation for the inter- and intra-assay precision were 11.1 and 5.9%, respectively. In boars (n equals 9) a mean value of 2.09 mug/g adipose tissue was found (SD equals 2.56). In adipose tissue from 9 female pigs and 8 castrated male pigs the level of 5alpha-androstenone was found to be undetectable by the present method. In adipose tissue from one castrated male pig trace amounts of 5alpha-androstenone were found.", "PMID": 1173512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4184", "title": "Mammary excretion of digoxin in goats.", "content": "The binding of digoxin to proteins in plasma and milk was about 20% lower after the addition of the drug to plasma and milk (in vitro) than its binding in plasma and milk from animals administered digoxin parenterally. The mammary excretion of digoxin was examined in the experiments on goats. The concentration of non-protein-bound digoxin in milk was slightly lower than the concentration of non-protein-bound in plasma suggesting a passive diffusion. The amount of digoxin excreted with the milk per day should be far below the dose usually recommended for a newborn child.", "contents": "Mammary excretion of digoxin in goats. The binding of digoxin to proteins in plasma and milk was about 20% lower after the addition of the drug to plasma and milk (in vitro) than its binding in plasma and milk from animals administered digoxin parenterally. The mammary excretion of digoxin was examined in the experiments on goats. The concentration of non-protein-bound digoxin in milk was slightly lower than the concentration of non-protein-bound in plasma suggesting a passive diffusion. The amount of digoxin excreted with the milk per day should be far below the dose usually recommended for a newborn child.", "PMID": 1173527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4185", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressant agents. I. Comparison of the inhibition of the uptake of 3-H-noradrenaline and 14-C-5-hydroxytryptamine in slices and crude synaptosome preparations of the midbrain-hypothalamus region of the rat brain.", "content": "The simultaneous uptake of 3-H-l-noradrenaline (NA) and 14-C-5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in slices from the midbrain-hypothalamus region of the rat brain was compared with the corresponding uptake in crude synaptosome preparations of the same brain region. In both preparations the uptake of the two amines was selective at the concentration used (1 times 10- minus 7 M or lower). The KM values for the amines (NA: 2 times 10- minus 7 M in synaptosomes and 5 times 10- minus 7 M in slices; 5-HT: 8 times 10- minus 8 M in synaptosomes and 6 times 10- minus 7 M in slices) and the inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the antidepressant agents were lower in the synaptosome experiments than in the slices experiments. Moreover the order of the inhibitory activities differed between the two preparations. In the slices experiments the NA uptake was inhibited most markedly by desipramine followed by imipramine greater than chlorimipramine = nortriptyline greater than or equal to amitriptyline greater than or equal to chlordesipramine whereas in the synaptosome experiments the order was desipramine greater than nortriptyline greater than or equal to chlordesipramine greater than or equal to imipramine greater than amitriptyline greater than or equal to chlorimipramine. For the 5-HT uptake in slices the order of activity was: chlorimipramine greater than imipramine greater than or equal to amitriptyline greater than or equal to chlordesipramine = desipramine greater than or equal to nortriptyline whereas in the synaptosome preparations the order was: chlorimipramine greater than imipramine greater than or equal to amitriptyline greater than or equal to chlordesipramine greater than nortriptyline = desipramine. The role of protein binding and diffusion barriers in the causation of the difference in the results obtained with the two preparations is discussed.", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressant agents. I. Comparison of the inhibition of the uptake of 3-H-noradrenaline and 14-C-5-hydroxytryptamine in slices and crude synaptosome preparations of the midbrain-hypothalamus region of the rat brain. The simultaneous uptake of 3-H-l-noradrenaline (NA) and 14-C-5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in slices from the midbrain-hypothalamus region of the rat brain was compared with the corresponding uptake in crude synaptosome preparations of the same brain region. In both preparations the uptake of the two amines was selective at the concentration used (1 times 10- minus 7 M or lower). The KM values for the amines (NA: 2 times 10- minus 7 M in synaptosomes and 5 times 10- minus 7 M in slices; 5-HT: 8 times 10- minus 8 M in synaptosomes and 6 times 10- minus 7 M in slices) and the inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the antidepressant agents were lower in the synaptosome experiments than in the slices experiments. Moreover the order of the inhibitory activities differed between the two preparations. In the slices experiments the NA uptake was inhibited most markedly by desipramine followed by imipramine greater than chlorimipramine = nortriptyline greater than or equal to amitriptyline greater than or equal to chlordesipramine whereas in the synaptosome experiments the order was desipramine greater than nortriptyline greater than or equal to chlordesipramine greater than or equal to imipramine greater than amitriptyline greater than or equal to chlorimipramine. For the 5-HT uptake in slices the order of activity was: chlorimipramine greater than imipramine greater than or equal to amitriptyline greater than or equal to chlordesipramine = desipramine greater than or equal to nortriptyline whereas in the synaptosome preparations the order was: chlorimipramine greater than imipramine greater than or equal to amitriptyline greater than or equal to chlordesipramine greater than nortriptyline = desipramine. The role of protein binding and diffusion barriers in the causation of the difference in the results obtained with the two preparations is discussed.", "PMID": 1173528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4186", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressant agents. II. Effect of oral administration on the uptake of 3-H-noradrenaline and 14-C-5-hydroxytryptamine in slices of the midbrain-hypothalamus region of the rat.", "content": "The inhibition of the simultaneous uptake of 3-H-l-noradrenaline (NA) and 14-C-5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in slices of the midbrain-hypothalamus region of the rat brain after oral administration of desipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline, amitriptyline, chlordesipramine and chlorimipramine was determined. All compounds were more active in inhibiting the NA uptake than the 5-HT uptake. This difference was very marked for desipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline and chlordesipramine. Chlorimipramine was almost as active on the 5-HT uptake (ED50 = 35 mg/kg orally) as on the NA uptake (ED50 = 20mg/kg orally) and amitriptyline had low activity on both uptake mechanisms (ED50 greater than 50 mg/kg orally). Desipramine and imipramine were the most active compounds on the NA uptake (ED50 = 8 mg/kg orally for both compounds) and the duration of the action was very long. The ED50 values for nortriptyline and chlordesipramine in inhibiting the NA uptake were about 20 mg/kg orally for both compounds. The inhibition of the 5-HT uptake was less than 50% at 50 mg/kg orally for all compounds except for imipramine (ED50 = 50 mg/kg orally) and for chlorimipramine. The role of the biotransformation for the inhibitory activities of imipramine, chlorimipramine and amitriptyline was investigated in animals pre-treated with SKF 525 A. The inhibitory potency of imipramine was increased by the same factor for both uptake mechanisms probably due to the large increase in the concentration of imipramine in the rat brain, which was demonstrated after the administration of 14-C-imipramine. The inhibitory activity of chlorimipramine was somewhat more increased for the5-HT uptake than for the NA uptake. The low activity of amitriptyline seems to be mainly due to poor resorption, since pretreatment of the animals with SKF 525 A only slightly increased the potency whereas intraperitoneal injection of amitriptyline had a rather marked effect on the NA uptake (ED50 = 11 mg/kg intraperitoneally).", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressant agents. II. Effect of oral administration on the uptake of 3-H-noradrenaline and 14-C-5-hydroxytryptamine in slices of the midbrain-hypothalamus region of the rat. The inhibition of the simultaneous uptake of 3-H-l-noradrenaline (NA) and 14-C-5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in slices of the midbrain-hypothalamus region of the rat brain after oral administration of desipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline, amitriptyline, chlordesipramine and chlorimipramine was determined. All compounds were more active in inhibiting the NA uptake than the 5-HT uptake. This difference was very marked for desipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline and chlordesipramine. Chlorimipramine was almost as active on the 5-HT uptake (ED50 = 35 mg/kg orally) as on the NA uptake (ED50 = 20mg/kg orally) and amitriptyline had low activity on both uptake mechanisms (ED50 greater than 50 mg/kg orally). Desipramine and imipramine were the most active compounds on the NA uptake (ED50 = 8 mg/kg orally for both compounds) and the duration of the action was very long. The ED50 values for nortriptyline and chlordesipramine in inhibiting the NA uptake were about 20 mg/kg orally for both compounds. The inhibition of the 5-HT uptake was less than 50% at 50 mg/kg orally for all compounds except for imipramine (ED50 = 50 mg/kg orally) and for chlorimipramine. The role of the biotransformation for the inhibitory activities of imipramine, chlorimipramine and amitriptyline was investigated in animals pre-treated with SKF 525 A. The inhibitory potency of imipramine was increased by the same factor for both uptake mechanisms probably due to the large increase in the concentration of imipramine in the rat brain, which was demonstrated after the administration of 14-C-imipramine. The inhibitory activity of chlorimipramine was somewhat more increased for the5-HT uptake than for the NA uptake. The low activity of amitriptyline seems to be mainly due to poor resorption, since pretreatment of the animals with SKF 525 A only slightly increased the potency whereas intraperitoneal injection of amitriptyline had a rather marked effect on the NA uptake (ED50 = 11 mg/kg intraperitoneally).", "PMID": 1173529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4187", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide in renal failure.", "content": "The metabolism of cyclophosphamide was determined in five patients with severe renal insufficiency. After the intravenous injection of 14-C-cyclophosphamide the activities due to unchanged cyclophosphamide and metabolites were determined in samples from urine and serum for 2-3 days. Only 22% of the injected radioactivity could be recovered in the urine during the first 3 days as against the normal of some 65% The rate of biotransformation seemed normal and in agreement with these findings a very long term retention of metabolites could be demonstrated. The clinical implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide in renal failure. The metabolism of cyclophosphamide was determined in five patients with severe renal insufficiency. After the intravenous injection of 14-C-cyclophosphamide the activities due to unchanged cyclophosphamide and metabolites were determined in samples from urine and serum for 2-3 days. Only 22% of the injected radioactivity could be recovered in the urine during the first 3 days as against the normal of some 65% The rate of biotransformation seemed normal and in agreement with these findings a very long term retention of metabolites could be demonstrated. The clinical implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 1173530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4188", "title": "Effect of stress on the pharmacokinetics of sodium salicylate and quinidine sulphate in rats.", "content": "Studies on the influence of foot shock stress on the absorption, distribution and overall serum elimination of sodium salicylate and guinidine sulphate were performed in rats. Foot shock stress was produced by grid floor electrical stimulation. The animals were stressed 1 hr before administration of the drugs and then throughout the experimental period. A significant induced stress was demonstrated by increased blood glucose levels and increased whole brain turnover of noradrenaline. Gastric emptying and intestinal transit as well as tissue levels of the drugs in the serum, heart, brain, liver, muscle and fat were determined. Results were obtained indicating that stress produced a significant increase in the gastro-intestinal absorption of quinidine sulphate while no change in the distribution pattern of overall elimination was noted. On the other hand, sodium salicylate did not show any marked change in the pharmacokinetic parameters during a stressful situation.", "contents": "Effect of stress on the pharmacokinetics of sodium salicylate and quinidine sulphate in rats. Studies on the influence of foot shock stress on the absorption, distribution and overall serum elimination of sodium salicylate and guinidine sulphate were performed in rats. Foot shock stress was produced by grid floor electrical stimulation. The animals were stressed 1 hr before administration of the drugs and then throughout the experimental period. A significant induced stress was demonstrated by increased blood glucose levels and increased whole brain turnover of noradrenaline. Gastric emptying and intestinal transit as well as tissue levels of the drugs in the serum, heart, brain, liver, muscle and fat were determined. Results were obtained indicating that stress produced a significant increase in the gastro-intestinal absorption of quinidine sulphate while no change in the distribution pattern of overall elimination was noted. On the other hand, sodium salicylate did not show any marked change in the pharmacokinetic parameters during a stressful situation.", "PMID": 1173531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4189", "title": "Effects of single doses and daily administration of pyrithioxine (pyritinolum,NFN, RINN) on the alcohol withdrawal syndrome in rats.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were made physically dependent on ethanol by intragastric administration (4-10 g/kg/day) for 20 days. The dose of ethanol was adjusted to maintain the maximal level of intoxication compatible with adequate intake of a liquid diet. After withdrawal of ethanol a few animals developed spontaneous tonic-clonic convulsions. A marked increase in susceptibility to sound-induced convulsions and decrease in sensitivity to pain were observed in the rats after withdrawal, and their serum and red cell Mg++ contents were found to be significantly lower and red cell K+ content higher than in controls. Therapeutic amounts (0.01 g/kg/day) of pyrithioxine (pyritinolum NFN, rINN) (bis-3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyridyl-(5)-methyl)-disulphide dihydrochloride monohydrate) given with the ethanol for 20 days made the rats with withdrawal symptoms significantly more responsive to pain and slightly but insignificantly less susceptible to sound-induced withdrawal convulsions, but this pretreatment did not markedly prevent the deviations in electrolyte concentrations. Large amounts of the drug (0.2-0.3 g/kg/day), however, increased the number of spontaneous withdrawal convulsions. Acute administration of pyrithioxine (0.01 g/kg) after cessation of the intoxication period did not mitigate the withdrawal symptoms, and massive amounts (2 g/kg) killed the animals within a few hours. Voluntary alcohol consumption of Alko AA rats ( a high-consumer strain) was not altered by pyrithioxine. The results indicate that pyrithioxine may affect the symptoms of ethanol withdrawal in different ways, the effect depending on both dose level and time of administration. It is suggested that the reason for the slight beneficial effect of pyrithioxine on the withdrawal symptoms when taken regularly in combination with ethanol is the slight protection afforded against intoxication.", "contents": "Effects of single doses and daily administration of pyrithioxine (pyritinolum,NFN, RINN) on the alcohol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Male Wistar rats were made physically dependent on ethanol by intragastric administration (4-10 g/kg/day) for 20 days. The dose of ethanol was adjusted to maintain the maximal level of intoxication compatible with adequate intake of a liquid diet. After withdrawal of ethanol a few animals developed spontaneous tonic-clonic convulsions. A marked increase in susceptibility to sound-induced convulsions and decrease in sensitivity to pain were observed in the rats after withdrawal, and their serum and red cell Mg++ contents were found to be significantly lower and red cell K+ content higher than in controls. Therapeutic amounts (0.01 g/kg/day) of pyrithioxine (pyritinolum NFN, rINN) (bis-3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyridyl-(5)-methyl)-disulphide dihydrochloride monohydrate) given with the ethanol for 20 days made the rats with withdrawal symptoms significantly more responsive to pain and slightly but insignificantly less susceptible to sound-induced withdrawal convulsions, but this pretreatment did not markedly prevent the deviations in electrolyte concentrations. Large amounts of the drug (0.2-0.3 g/kg/day), however, increased the number of spontaneous withdrawal convulsions. Acute administration of pyrithioxine (0.01 g/kg) after cessation of the intoxication period did not mitigate the withdrawal symptoms, and massive amounts (2 g/kg) killed the animals within a few hours. Voluntary alcohol consumption of Alko AA rats ( a high-consumer strain) was not altered by pyrithioxine. The results indicate that pyrithioxine may affect the symptoms of ethanol withdrawal in different ways, the effect depending on both dose level and time of administration. It is suggested that the reason for the slight beneficial effect of pyrithioxine on the withdrawal symptoms when taken regularly in combination with ethanol is the slight protection afforded against intoxication.", "PMID": 1173532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4190", "title": "The effect of glycerol on the lacrate metabolism in the perfused tat liver.", "content": "The effect of glycerol on the lactate metabolism was studied on the perfused rat liver. Addition of glycerol to the perfusion medium caused a significant output of lactate and uptake of pyruvate. The lactate/pyruvate- and beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratios rose indicating an effect of glycerol on the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox potentials which became more reduced. The output of lactate by the liver may be a result of the reduction in the redox level induced by the oxidation of glycerol.", "contents": "The effect of glycerol on the lacrate metabolism in the perfused tat liver. The effect of glycerol on the lactate metabolism was studied on the perfused rat liver. Addition of glycerol to the perfusion medium caused a significant output of lactate and uptake of pyruvate. The lactate/pyruvate- and beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratios rose indicating an effect of glycerol on the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox potentials which became more reduced. The output of lactate by the liver may be a result of the reduction in the redox level induced by the oxidation of glycerol.", "PMID": 1173533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4191", "title": "The effects of cyclophosphamide and azathioprine on collagen in skin and granulation tissue in rats, and the effects of cyclophosphamide on collagen in human skin.", "content": "Granulation tissue was produced in rats by subcutaneous implantation of cellulose sponges. The effect of daily intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide or azathioprine on rat skin and granulation tissue was examined after 14 and 42 days. Skin biopsies from patients with glomerulonephritis were analyzed before and after 42 days of treatment with cyclophosphamide or placebo. In the rats, cytostatic treatment caused an increase in the dry weight of the skin, and azathioprine increased the dry weight and the protein content of the granulomas. The increase in the dry weight was accompanied by a decrease in water percentage. The alpha-amino nitrogen/OH-proline ratio in purified acid soluble collagen from skin and granulation tissue increased with the dose and duration of cytostatic treatment. No effect on the aldehyde content was observed. Cyclophosphamide caused a decrease in the alpha/beta ratio in acid soluble collagen from granulation tissue, but not in the collagen from the skin. Salt soluble collagen was increased in the skin after 14 days of cytostatic treatment, but remained unchanged in the granulation tissue. In human skin cyclophosphamide caused no statistically significant changes in the amount of salt soluble or total collagen. It is concluded, that daily treatment of rats with cyclophosphamide or azathioprine from 14 to 42 days seems to inhibit the catabolic processes in the skin and granulation tissue, to decrease the hydroxylation of proline in collagen, and to inhibit the intermolecular cross-linking in collagen.?222", "contents": "The effects of cyclophosphamide and azathioprine on collagen in skin and granulation tissue in rats, and the effects of cyclophosphamide on collagen in human skin. Granulation tissue was produced in rats by subcutaneous implantation of cellulose sponges. The effect of daily intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide or azathioprine on rat skin and granulation tissue was examined after 14 and 42 days. Skin biopsies from patients with glomerulonephritis were analyzed before and after 42 days of treatment with cyclophosphamide or placebo. In the rats, cytostatic treatment caused an increase in the dry weight of the skin, and azathioprine increased the dry weight and the protein content of the granulomas. The increase in the dry weight was accompanied by a decrease in water percentage. The alpha-amino nitrogen/OH-proline ratio in purified acid soluble collagen from skin and granulation tissue increased with the dose and duration of cytostatic treatment. No effect on the aldehyde content was observed. Cyclophosphamide caused a decrease in the alpha/beta ratio in acid soluble collagen from granulation tissue, but not in the collagen from the skin. Salt soluble collagen was increased in the skin after 14 days of cytostatic treatment, but remained unchanged in the granulation tissue. In human skin cyclophosphamide caused no statistically significant changes in the amount of salt soluble or total collagen. It is concluded, that daily treatment of rats with cyclophosphamide or azathioprine from 14 to 42 days seems to inhibit the catabolic processes in the skin and granulation tissue, to decrease the hydroxylation of proline in collagen, and to inhibit the intermolecular cross-linking in collagen.?222", "PMID": 1173534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4192", "title": "Therapeutic effect of Leo 1031, an alkylating corticosteroid ester; in lymphoproliferative disorders. II. Lymphocytic lymphoma.", "content": "Leo 1031, a chlorambucil ester of prednisolone, has been administered to 20 patients with generalized lymphocytic lymphoma (LL) fo various histologic types. The average daily dose was 40 mg orally; the treatment was given continuously for 1-17 months (mean 7). Complete remission was obtained in five patients and partial remission in ten. The best results were obtained in patients with a nodular type of LL. Significant leucopenia was induced in two patients; no thrombocytopenia has occurred in any patient. In two patients a cushingoid habitus developed after 8 and 4 months, respectively. Leo 1031 may be of value as the single drug in the treatment of some types of LL. A combination therapy will Leo 1031 and vincristine has been tried in 5 of these patients; in 2 as initial therapy and in 3 later in association with relapse. Further trials to assess the value of Leo 1031 as part of a combination schedule are desirable.", "contents": "Therapeutic effect of Leo 1031, an alkylating corticosteroid ester; in lymphoproliferative disorders. II. Lymphocytic lymphoma. Leo 1031, a chlorambucil ester of prednisolone, has been administered to 20 patients with generalized lymphocytic lymphoma (LL) fo various histologic types. The average daily dose was 40 mg orally; the treatment was given continuously for 1-17 months (mean 7). Complete remission was obtained in five patients and partial remission in ten. The best results were obtained in patients with a nodular type of LL. Significant leucopenia was induced in two patients; no thrombocytopenia has occurred in any patient. In two patients a cushingoid habitus developed after 8 and 4 months, respectively. Leo 1031 may be of value as the single drug in the treatment of some types of LL. A combination therapy will Leo 1031 and vincristine has been tried in 5 of these patients; in 2 as initial therapy and in 3 later in association with relapse. Further trials to assess the value of Leo 1031 as part of a combination schedule are desirable.", "PMID": 1173538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4193", "title": "Ocular myasthenia gravis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "content": "Two patients had ocular myasthenia gravis coexistent with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A 37-year-old woman presented with diplopia and displayed a head tremor and thyroid enlargement. Thyroid function tests showed an elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). A quantitative Tensilon test yeilded a \"perverse\" response and a needle biopsy indicated Hashimoto's disease. A 26-year-old woman presented with diplopia and subsequently developed blepharoptosis and thyroid enlargement. Examination revealed Cogan's eyelid twitch sign, a paradoxical quantitative Tensilon test, and laboratory studies revealed normal thyroid function tests. Treatment was directed at each disease entity separately. Ocular myasthenia gravis was managed with an anticholinesterase agent in combination with oral corticosteroids that provided additional control. Suppressive therapy with desiccated thyroid hormone reduced the size of the thyroid gland, diminished the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism, and lowered the levels of TSH, possibly decreasing the risk of thyroid carcinoma. Both patients showed gratifying responses to therapy.", "contents": "Ocular myasthenia gravis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Two patients had ocular myasthenia gravis coexistent with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A 37-year-old woman presented with diplopia and displayed a head tremor and thyroid enlargement. Thyroid function tests showed an elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). A quantitative Tensilon test yeilded a \"perverse\" response and a needle biopsy indicated Hashimoto's disease. A 26-year-old woman presented with diplopia and subsequently developed blepharoptosis and thyroid enlargement. Examination revealed Cogan's eyelid twitch sign, a paradoxical quantitative Tensilon test, and laboratory studies revealed normal thyroid function tests. Treatment was directed at each disease entity separately. Ocular myasthenia gravis was managed with an anticholinesterase agent in combination with oral corticosteroids that provided additional control. Suppressive therapy with desiccated thyroid hormone reduced the size of the thyroid gland, diminished the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism, and lowered the levels of TSH, possibly decreasing the risk of thyroid carcinoma. Both patients showed gratifying responses to therapy.", "PMID": 1173540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4194", "title": "Strabismus and pseudostrabismus with retrolental fibroplasia.", "content": "Three patients with temporal displacement of the macular secondary to retrolental fibroplasia had true strabismus in associations with amblyopia and pseudostrabismus related to a large, positive angle kappa. In one case, a headturn associated with the neutral point of nystagmus was also a presenting problem. Ocular deviation was measured by the light reflex test and the prism cover test, with particular attention paid to adequate cosmetic alignment. Large amounts of prism placed before the fixating eye resulted in loss of visual acuity, while eyes placed in a parallel position by surgical means may not appear to be straight. Thus, surgery can result in parallel ocular alignment while prismatic therapy may be required to center the pupillary light reflex and to provide satisfactory cosmetic appearance.", "contents": "Strabismus and pseudostrabismus with retrolental fibroplasia. Three patients with temporal displacement of the macular secondary to retrolental fibroplasia had true strabismus in associations with amblyopia and pseudostrabismus related to a large, positive angle kappa. In one case, a headturn associated with the neutral point of nystagmus was also a presenting problem. Ocular deviation was measured by the light reflex test and the prism cover test, with particular attention paid to adequate cosmetic alignment. Large amounts of prism placed before the fixating eye resulted in loss of visual acuity, while eyes placed in a parallel position by surgical means may not appear to be straight. Thus, surgery can result in parallel ocular alignment while prismatic therapy may be required to center the pupillary light reflex and to provide satisfactory cosmetic appearance.", "PMID": 1173541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4195", "title": "Malignant lymphoma presenting as unilateral eyelid mass.", "content": "A 58 year-old man presented with a large mass in the upper eyelid of his only eye. He had no systemic symptoms, but his physical examination revealed slightly enlarged preauricular and axillary lymph nodes. Biopsies of the upper eyelid mass and the ipsilateral preauricular lymph node revealed a poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. This case is of ophthalmic interest because the eyelid mass was the initial manifestation of the lymphoma.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma presenting as unilateral eyelid mass. A 58 year-old man presented with a large mass in the upper eyelid of his only eye. He had no systemic symptoms, but his physical examination revealed slightly enlarged preauricular and axillary lymph nodes. Biopsies of the upper eyelid mass and the ipsilateral preauricular lymph node revealed a poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. This case is of ophthalmic interest because the eyelid mass was the initial manifestation of the lymphoma.", "PMID": 1173543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4196", "title": "Effect of pituitary gonadotrophins on tritiated thymidine uptake by rat ovary. An autoradiographic study.", "content": "The effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) on the follicular growth in the ovary of the hypophysectomized rat was investigated using autoradiography. The numbers of DNA-synthesizing nuclei in the granulosa cell were measured by autoradiography after flashlabelling with tritiated (3-H) thymidine. The frequency of 3-H-thymidine labelled nuclei in the granulosa cell enhanced in the presence of FSH. In contrast, LH had no significant effect on thymidine uptake. The result suggests that FSH stimulates follicle cell division, whereas LH does not.", "contents": "Effect of pituitary gonadotrophins on tritiated thymidine uptake by rat ovary. An autoradiographic study. The effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) on the follicular growth in the ovary of the hypophysectomized rat was investigated using autoradiography. The numbers of DNA-synthesizing nuclei in the granulosa cell were measured by autoradiography after flashlabelling with tritiated (3-H) thymidine. The frequency of 3-H-thymidine labelled nuclei in the granulosa cell enhanced in the presence of FSH. In contrast, LH had no significant effect on thymidine uptake. The result suggests that FSH stimulates follicle cell division, whereas LH does not.", "PMID": 1173544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4197", "title": "[The effect of cyclophosphamide on tumors in the sensitivity-test (author's transl)].", "content": "The sensitivity of tumors to cyclophosphamide was tested in vitro. For this purpose, the urine of cyclophosphamide-treated rats (90 min., 500 mg/kg) was used. This method of activating cyclophosphamid proved more advantageous than other methods; all cytostatically effective metabolites can be used in the test and the production of metabolites can easily be standardized. Consequently results with good reproducibility can be obtained. In various long-term and short-term test models with animal transplantation-tumors in vitro, the effects of the cyclophosphamide metabolites depended on the dose used. This test results in the various test models are comparable. In the tissue-culture of tumors (long-term test) sensitivity was evaluated by using morphological criteria as well as by counting cell numbers. In the short-term test the sensitivity of tumors was found out by influencing the nucleic acid syntheses (3-H-thymidine-, 3-H-uridine-incorporation). As the tissue-culture meets with difficulties as a routine clinical examination, the use of the short-term test is recommended. Using as model the fast proliferating WALKER-256-carcinosarcoma and a slowly proliferating rat adenocarcinoma, the results of the sensitivity-test in vitro were compared with the effects of therapy in animal tests. Tumor remissions corresponding with the results reached in vitro, which depended on dosis, could also be achieved in both transplantation-tumors. Human tumors, tested in in vitro studies (short-term-test), show a different sensitivity to cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "[The effect of cyclophosphamide on tumors in the sensitivity-test (author's transl)]. The sensitivity of tumors to cyclophosphamide was tested in vitro. For this purpose, the urine of cyclophosphamide-treated rats (90 min., 500 mg/kg) was used. This method of activating cyclophosphamid proved more advantageous than other methods; all cytostatically effective metabolites can be used in the test and the production of metabolites can easily be standardized. Consequently results with good reproducibility can be obtained. In various long-term and short-term test models with animal transplantation-tumors in vitro, the effects of the cyclophosphamide metabolites depended on the dose used. This test results in the various test models are comparable. In the tissue-culture of tumors (long-term test) sensitivity was evaluated by using morphological criteria as well as by counting cell numbers. In the short-term test the sensitivity of tumors was found out by influencing the nucleic acid syntheses (3-H-thymidine-, 3-H-uridine-incorporation). As the tissue-culture meets with difficulties as a routine clinical examination, the use of the short-term test is recommended. Using as model the fast proliferating WALKER-256-carcinosarcoma and a slowly proliferating rat adenocarcinoma, the results of the sensitivity-test in vitro were compared with the effects of therapy in animal tests. Tumor remissions corresponding with the results reached in vitro, which depended on dosis, could also be achieved in both transplantation-tumors. Human tumors, tested in in vitro studies (short-term-test), show a different sensitivity to cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 1173545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4198", "title": "[Regional different cell-proliferation in placetones (materno-fetal circulation-units) of mature human placenta (author's transl)].", "content": "The examinations presented are based on earlier histological, histochemical, ultra-histochemical and biochemical studies about regional differences of placental villi in the center and the periphery of the placentons (materno-fetal circulation-units) of mature human placentas. In this study the question was followed up whether the morphological \"immature\" imposing villi lying in the centers of the circulation-units are immature like the villi of placentas of earlier stages of pregnancy also referring their proliferation. Autoradiograms were made from specimens of placentas of 38.-41. weak of uncomplicated pregnancies. The degree of nuclear labeling was higher in the villi situated in the center of the placentons. By these findings the centers of the placentons are interpreted to be not areas of lower metabolism - possibly conditioned by maternal blood flow - but regions of growth and regeneration. The results comply well with our up to date conception of formation and growth of the placentons.", "contents": "[Regional different cell-proliferation in placetones (materno-fetal circulation-units) of mature human placenta (author's transl)]. The examinations presented are based on earlier histological, histochemical, ultra-histochemical and biochemical studies about regional differences of placental villi in the center and the periphery of the placentons (materno-fetal circulation-units) of mature human placentas. In this study the question was followed up whether the morphological \"immature\" imposing villi lying in the centers of the circulation-units are immature like the villi of placentas of earlier stages of pregnancy also referring their proliferation. Autoradiograms were made from specimens of placentas of 38.-41. weak of uncomplicated pregnancies. The degree of nuclear labeling was higher in the villi situated in the center of the placentons. By these findings the centers of the placentons are interpreted to be not areas of lower metabolism - possibly conditioned by maternal blood flow - but regions of growth and regeneration. The results comply well with our up to date conception of formation and growth of the placentons.", "PMID": 1173546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4199", "title": "[LH, FSH and ovarian steroids in serum during normal menstrual cycles and cycles with corpus luteum insufficiency in the human female (author's transl)].", "content": "LH, FSH, estradiol-17beta, progesterone, 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, delta4-androstenedione and testosterone are determined by radioimmunoassay in serum daily during 11 menstrual cycles. Three of them had to be considered as cycles with corpus luteum insufficiency on the basis of basal body temperature, length of the luteal phase and the pattern of progesterone concentration in serum. One woman conceived during the investigated cycle. The present concepts of the regulation of ovulation are discussed on the basis of the chronological relationshp of changing endocrine parameters in serum during the cycles. The analysis of the hormone concentrations in serum during the cycles with corpus luteum insufficiency supports the view that corpus luteum insufficiency could be caused by an insufficient stimulation of the growing follicle, but other ethiological factors have also to be considered.", "contents": "[LH, FSH and ovarian steroids in serum during normal menstrual cycles and cycles with corpus luteum insufficiency in the human female (author's transl)]. LH, FSH, estradiol-17beta, progesterone, 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, delta4-androstenedione and testosterone are determined by radioimmunoassay in serum daily during 11 menstrual cycles. Three of them had to be considered as cycles with corpus luteum insufficiency on the basis of basal body temperature, length of the luteal phase and the pattern of progesterone concentration in serum. One woman conceived during the investigated cycle. The present concepts of the regulation of ovulation are discussed on the basis of the chronological relationshp of changing endocrine parameters in serum during the cycles. The analysis of the hormone concentrations in serum during the cycles with corpus luteum insufficiency supports the view that corpus luteum insufficiency could be caused by an insufficient stimulation of the growing follicle, but other ethiological factors have also to be considered.", "PMID": 1173547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4200", "title": "The amniotic fluid foam test and fat cell count in malnourished and well-nourished fetuses.", "content": "A malnourished fetus has a higher concentration of pulmonary surfactant in the amniotic fluid than its well-nourished contemporary. The clinical value of this observation is discussed. Malnourished fetuses have higher \"fat cell\" counts in their amniotic fluid than well-nourished contemporaries. Well-nourished fetuses, at the same gestational age have high fat cell counts when the surfactant concentration is high, and low fat cell counts when the surfactant concentration is low. The relationship between surfactant concentration and the fat cell count is discussed.", "contents": "The amniotic fluid foam test and fat cell count in malnourished and well-nourished fetuses. A malnourished fetus has a higher concentration of pulmonary surfactant in the amniotic fluid than its well-nourished contemporary. The clinical value of this observation is discussed. Malnourished fetuses have higher \"fat cell\" counts in their amniotic fluid than well-nourished contemporaries. Well-nourished fetuses, at the same gestational age have high fat cell counts when the surfactant concentration is high, and low fat cell counts when the surfactant concentration is low. The relationship between surfactant concentration and the fat cell count is discussed.", "PMID": 1173548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4201", "title": "Palmitic acid and lecithin measurements in amniotic fluid.", "content": "A method is described for the rapid and quantitative estimation of total amniotic fluid palmitic acid. Palmitic acid and lecithin were measured in 140 samples of amniotic fluid in normal and abnormal pregnancy, and the correlation coefficient between the two parameters was 0.93. It is concluded that amniotic fluid palmitic acid measurements are of value in the prenatal determination of fetal pulmonary maturity.", "contents": "Palmitic acid and lecithin measurements in amniotic fluid. A method is described for the rapid and quantitative estimation of total amniotic fluid palmitic acid. Palmitic acid and lecithin were measured in 140 samples of amniotic fluid in normal and abnormal pregnancy, and the correlation coefficient between the two parameters was 0.93. It is concluded that amniotic fluid palmitic acid measurements are of value in the prenatal determination of fetal pulmonary maturity.", "PMID": 1173549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4202", "title": "Deuterium order parameters in relation to thermodynamic properties of a phospholiped bilayer. A statistical mechanical interpretation.", "content": "The physical properties of bilayers of dipalmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine are analyzed in terms of a statistical model proposed by Marcelja (S. Marcelja (1974), Biochim. Biophys. Acta 367, 165). The model is used to calculate the segmental order parameters of the hydrocarbon chains, the transition temperature of the crystalline leads to liquid crystalline phase transition, the entropy change of the transition, the bilayer thickness, and the linear thermal expansion coefficient. The theoretical predictions are in excellent agreement with experimental results obtained by deuterium magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction. The model yields the probabilities of trans and gauche conformations and also those of more specific conformational defects like kinks or jogs.", "contents": "Deuterium order parameters in relation to thermodynamic properties of a phospholiped bilayer. A statistical mechanical interpretation. The physical properties of bilayers of dipalmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine are analyzed in terms of a statistical model proposed by Marcelja (S. Marcelja (1974), Biochim. Biophys. Acta 367, 165). The model is used to calculate the segmental order parameters of the hydrocarbon chains, the transition temperature of the crystalline leads to liquid crystalline phase transition, the entropy change of the transition, the bilayer thickness, and the linear thermal expansion coefficient. The theoretical predictions are in excellent agreement with experimental results obtained by deuterium magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction. The model yields the probabilities of trans and gauche conformations and also those of more specific conformational defects like kinks or jogs.", "PMID": 1173551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4203", "title": "Cleanup of extracts using sweep co-distillation adapted to gas chromatograph.", "content": "An adaptation of the Varian Aerograph gas chromatograph to the sweep co-distillation cleanup using the modified Storherr tube is described. The recoveries of this cleanup technique were evaluated for the mixture of four organophosphoru pesticides added to extracts from ten crop and milk. Pesticides were analyzed by gas chromatography with a cesium thermionic detector.", "contents": "Cleanup of extracts using sweep co-distillation adapted to gas chromatograph. An adaptation of the Varian Aerograph gas chromatograph to the sweep co-distillation cleanup using the modified Storherr tube is described. The recoveries of this cleanup technique were evaluated for the mixture of four organophosphoru pesticides added to extracts from ten crop and milk. Pesticides were analyzed by gas chromatography with a cesium thermionic detector.", "PMID": 1173556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4204", "title": "The SUNY biomedical communication network: six years of progress in on-line bibiographic retrieval.", "content": "The SUNY Biomedical Communication Network became operational in 1968 as the first on-line bibliograhpic retrieval service for biomedical literature. Since 1968, the SUNY/BCN has grown in size from nine to thirty-two medical and university libraries and has expanded its data base coverage to include the ERIC and Psychological Abstracts data bases in addition to the full ten-year retrospective MEDLARS data base. Aside from the continuous provision of an on-line searching system, the SUNY experience over the last six years has yielded valuable information in the following areas of: (1) monograph indexing and retrieval, (2) shared cataloging, (3) user interaction and education in on-line systems, and (4) member participation in Network policy-making processes. The continued success of the SUNY/BCN  is evidence that it is possible to provide a high quality on-line bibliographic retrieval system at cost to academic institutions. SUNY's success in this effort is the result of centralized resource sharing and effective regional networking, combined with thoughtful planning by user advisory committees.", "contents": "The SUNY biomedical communication network: six years of progress in on-line bibiographic retrieval. The SUNY Biomedical Communication Network became operational in 1968 as the first on-line bibliograhpic retrieval service for biomedical literature. Since 1968, the SUNY/BCN has grown in size from nine to thirty-two medical and university libraries and has expanded its data base coverage to include the ERIC and Psychological Abstracts data bases in addition to the full ten-year retrospective MEDLARS data base. Aside from the continuous provision of an on-line searching system, the SUNY experience over the last six years has yielded valuable information in the following areas of: (1) monograph indexing and retrieval, (2) shared cataloging, (3) user interaction and education in on-line systems, and (4) member participation in Network policy-making processes. The continued success of the SUNY/BCN  is evidence that it is possible to provide a high quality on-line bibliographic retrieval system at cost to academic institutions. SUNY's success in this effort is the result of centralized resource sharing and effective regional networking, combined with thoughtful planning by user advisory committees.", "PMID": 1173557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4205", "title": "Renal tubular excretion of triethylcholine (TEC) in the chicken: enhancement and inhibition of renal excretion of choline and acetylcholine by TEC.", "content": "1. [3H]-triethylcholine (TEC) was actively transported by the renal tubule of the chicken at a rate 85% that of simultaneously administered p-aminohippuric acid (PAH). 2. TEC was demonstrated to be transported by the organic cation transport system in the kidney through inhibition with quinine and the bio-cation choline. 3. When the infusion of TEC was increased to 2 times 10(-6) mol kg(-1) min(-1) reaching the infused kidney, the transport of [3H]-TEC was inhibited, suggesting that an excretory transport maximum for TEC in the renal tubules had been reached. 4. The excretion of both choline and acetylcholine was enhanced by TEC loads as low as 1 times 10(-18) mol kg(-1) min(-1). Enhancement continued as TEC infusion was increased up to approximately 1 times 10(-7) mol kg(-1) min(-1) at which point this enhancement was converted to inhibition. 5. Possible mechanisms for the biphasic effect of TEC on organic cation transport are discussed.", "contents": "Renal tubular excretion of triethylcholine (TEC) in the chicken: enhancement and inhibition of renal excretion of choline and acetylcholine by TEC. 1. [3H]-triethylcholine (TEC) was actively transported by the renal tubule of the chicken at a rate 85% that of simultaneously administered p-aminohippuric acid (PAH). 2. TEC was demonstrated to be transported by the organic cation transport system in the kidney through inhibition with quinine and the bio-cation choline. 3. When the infusion of TEC was increased to 2 times 10(-6) mol kg(-1) min(-1) reaching the infused kidney, the transport of [3H]-TEC was inhibited, suggesting that an excretory transport maximum for TEC in the renal tubules had been reached. 4. The excretion of both choline and acetylcholine was enhanced by TEC loads as low as 1 times 10(-18) mol kg(-1) min(-1). Enhancement continued as TEC infusion was increased up to approximately 1 times 10(-7) mol kg(-1) min(-1) at which point this enhancement was converted to inhibition. 5. Possible mechanisms for the biphasic effect of TEC on organic cation transport are discussed.", "PMID": 1173558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4206", "title": "Placental transmission of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins.", "content": "Long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) and LATS protector (LATS-P) were assayed at or near delivery in serum from 18 pregnant women with a history of past or present thyrotoxicosis. The results suggested that neonatal thyrotoxicosis may be predicted prenatally if maternal serum LATS and LATS-P concentrations near delivery are above certain levels.", "contents": "Placental transmission of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins. Long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) and LATS protector (LATS-P) were assayed at or near delivery in serum from 18 pregnant women with a history of past or present thyrotoxicosis. The results suggested that neonatal thyrotoxicosis may be predicted prenatally if maternal serum LATS and LATS-P concentrations near delivery are above certain levels.", "PMID": 1173561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4207", "title": "How useful are our present statistics on sexually-transmitted diseases?", "content": "Various aspects of the British statistics relating to sexually-transmitted diseases are examined. Defects in these are illustrated by data from a series of surveys. It is suggested that the information being collected and published is incomplete by an unknown amount, inadequate because it tells only of laboratory diagnoses, and unusable at a local level because it relates to no identifiable population. Some suggestions are made as to how the data collected might be made more useful: the first and most important is that a working party should decide for what purposes the statistics are required.", "contents": "How useful are our present statistics on sexually-transmitted diseases? Various aspects of the British statistics relating to sexually-transmitted diseases are examined. Defects in these are illustrated by data from a series of surveys. It is suggested that the information being collected and published is incomplete by an unknown amount, inadequate because it tells only of laboratory diagnoses, and unusable at a local level because it relates to no identifiable population. Some suggestions are made as to how the data collected might be made more useful: the first and most important is that a working party should decide for what purposes the statistics are required.", "PMID": 1173564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4208", "title": "Laryngeal sarcoma.", "content": "Of the 6,067 malignant laryngeal tumors treated at the Ear, Nose and Throat Clinical Hospitals in Yugoslavia, a total of 20 were sarcoma. Eighteen of these patients were men. The most frequent forms were chondrosarcoma and fusocellular sarcoma - four cases of each. A survival rate of more than five years was seen in only four patients (one fibrosarcoma, two lymphosarcomas, and one chondrosarcoma).", "contents": "Laryngeal sarcoma. Of the 6,067 malignant laryngeal tumors treated at the Ear, Nose and Throat Clinical Hospitals in Yugoslavia, a total of 20 were sarcoma. Eighteen of these patients were men. The most frequent forms were chondrosarcoma and fusocellular sarcoma - four cases of each. A survival rate of more than five years was seen in only four patients (one fibrosarcoma, two lymphosarcomas, and one chondrosarcoma).", "PMID": 1173565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4209", "title": "Normal total plasma calcium in the newborn.", "content": "The first week of human life is characterized by rapidly changing plasma calcium levels, as well as low concentrations in comparison with adults. Whereas the infant's cord blood has a higher concentration than the mother's blood, the level drops precipitously in the first 24 hr (first drop) after birth and reaches a minimum level (second drop) at about 48 hr. A third drop may follow between the fourth and seventh days, but is different from the other two in that it is generally preventable with proper milk feeding. The level is markedly influenced by starvation, diet, and age. During the first week, the full-term newborn may show calcium levels in the range of 1.75 to 3.00 mmol/1, whereas the premature newborn shows values of 1.50 to 2.50 mmol/1. The low birth weight infant displays intermediate values. The literature on diseases involving calcium in the newborn, particularly neonatal tetany, is especially helpful in establishing a concept of normal levels, providing clinically supported upper and lower values. Calcium studies on the new born have been notably advanced by use of sound ultramicrochemical analytical methods.", "contents": "Normal total plasma calcium in the newborn. The first week of human life is characterized by rapidly changing plasma calcium levels, as well as low concentrations in comparison with adults. Whereas the infant's cord blood has a higher concentration than the mother's blood, the level drops precipitously in the first 24 hr (first drop) after birth and reaches a minimum level (second drop) at about 48 hr. A third drop may follow between the fourth and seventh days, but is different from the other two in that it is generally preventable with proper milk feeding. The level is markedly influenced by starvation, diet, and age. During the first week, the full-term newborn may show calcium levels in the range of 1.75 to 3.00 mmol/1, whereas the premature newborn shows values of 1.50 to 2.50 mmol/1. The low birth weight infant displays intermediate values. The literature on diseases involving calcium in the newborn, particularly neonatal tetany, is especially helpful in establishing a concept of normal levels, providing clinically supported upper and lower values. Calcium studies on the new born have been notably advanced by use of sound ultramicrochemical analytical methods.", "PMID": 1173568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4210", "title": "Effect of acute hypobaric hypoxia on 32-P incorporation into phospholipids of alveolar surfactant, lung, liver and plasma of rat.", "content": "Exposure of adult rats to hypobaric hypoxia caused hypolipidemia, hypotriglyceridemia and hypophospholipidemia. Hypobaric hypoxia produced an increase in liver triglyceride and cholesterol levels and a decrease in lung triglyceride, total phospholipid and phosphatidyl choline. The proportion of phosphatidyl choline in the pulmonary surfactant fraction I phospholipids (responsible for reducing surface tension) decreased (55.2% as compared to 80.4% in control animals). Incorporation of 32-P into liver phosphatidyl ethanolamine was significantly increased, incorporation into lung phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine was increased whereas a decreased incorporation into plasma phosphatidyl choline was observed. The data suggest an enhanced lipid synthesis in liver with a probable impairment of mobilization into plasma.", "contents": "Effect of acute hypobaric hypoxia on 32-P incorporation into phospholipids of alveolar surfactant, lung, liver and plasma of rat. Exposure of adult rats to hypobaric hypoxia caused hypolipidemia, hypotriglyceridemia and hypophospholipidemia. Hypobaric hypoxia produced an increase in liver triglyceride and cholesterol levels and a decrease in lung triglyceride, total phospholipid and phosphatidyl choline. The proportion of phosphatidyl choline in the pulmonary surfactant fraction I phospholipids (responsible for reducing surface tension) decreased (55.2% as compared to 80.4% in control animals). Incorporation of 32-P into liver phosphatidyl ethanolamine was significantly increased, incorporation into lung phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine was increased whereas a decreased incorporation into plasma phosphatidyl choline was observed. The data suggest an enhanced lipid synthesis in liver with a probable impairment of mobilization into plasma.", "PMID": 1173571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4211", "title": "[Prevention of respiratory distress syndrome with betamethasone. Preliminary communication].", "content": "A controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment for prevention of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants was carried out. 37 mothers, in whom premature delivery threatened between 28 and 37 weeks of gestation, were given intramuscular injections 8-12 mg of betamethasone as well as medication inhibiting uterine activity and strict bedrest to delay premature delivery for at least 24 to 48 hours. In comparison with a control group of 16 mothers, who received tocolytic and sedative medication and were on strict bedrest and another control group of 42 untreated patients, there was no difference in the 3 groups concerning the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants, but there was a lower perinatal mortality rate of respiratory distress syndrome in the betamethasone treated group, than in the controls, possibly due to a milder course of respiratory distress syndrome disease by accelerating functional maturation of the fetal lung with betamethasone.", "contents": "[Prevention of respiratory distress syndrome with betamethasone. Preliminary communication]. A controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment for prevention of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants was carried out. 37 mothers, in whom premature delivery threatened between 28 and 37 weeks of gestation, were given intramuscular injections 8-12 mg of betamethasone as well as medication inhibiting uterine activity and strict bedrest to delay premature delivery for at least 24 to 48 hours. In comparison with a control group of 16 mothers, who received tocolytic and sedative medication and were on strict bedrest and another control group of 42 untreated patients, there was no difference in the 3 groups concerning the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants, but there was a lower perinatal mortality rate of respiratory distress syndrome in the betamethasone treated group, than in the controls, possibly due to a milder course of respiratory distress syndrome disease by accelerating functional maturation of the fetal lung with betamethasone.", "PMID": 1173572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4212", "title": "Leuc\u00e9mog\u00e9n\u00e9se et r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration du syst\u00e9m\u00e9 lympho\u00efde chez des hybrides f1 (c3h x akr/t1ald) restaur\u00e9s par des cellules m\u00e9dullaires et thymiques parentales.", "content": "Luekaemogenesis and repopulation of the lymphoid system have been studied in sub-lethally irradiated (c3h x akr/t1ald) f1 hybrids which have been restored with parental Bone Marrow (BM) cells with or without thymic cells. The metacentric marker of the T1ALD sub-strain made it possible to identify the host or donor orgin of leukaemias. Leukaemias occur either in the thymuc (lymphosarcomas) or in the other lymphoid tissues (extra-thymic leukaemias). After irradiation, the precentage of lymphosarcomas increases from 5 to 95%. The rate of leukaemias in hybrids which have been restored only with BM cells is 55, 56 and 100% respectively depending on the origin of BM: syngenic, C3H and AKR. In this last group 75% of the lymphosarcomas originate from donor cells. The inhibitory efficiency of the three kinds of BM on luekaemogenesis seems to be related to their respective abilities to spontaneous malignant transformation. When AKR or C3H thymic cells are injected together with BM cells, leukaemogenesis is altered. The effect is indirect as these cells are not actually concerned by the malignant transformation. The percentage of LS is significantly reduced and the mean survival improved in hybrids restored with C3H thymic, mixed AKR or C3H BM cells. AKR thymic cells are less efficient. In both cases, the percentage of extra thymic leukaemias increases at the expense of lymphosarcomas. Thymic cells do not change the kinetics of repopulation in thymus and lymph-node by the BM cells, except when C3H thymic cells are mixed with T1ALD BM cells; in this case, the lymph-node repopulation is temporarily enhanced. Different hypotheses might explain the effect of thymic cells on leukaemogenesis: enhanced recovery of the postirradiation immunological deficiency, transfer of virus by the AKR thymic cells, and more probably influence of the thymic cells on the maturation or/and differentiation of the lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Leuc\u00e9mog\u00e9n\u00e9se et r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration du syst\u00e9m\u00e9 lympho\u00efde chez des hybrides f1 (c3h x akr/t1ald) restaur\u00e9s par des cellules m\u00e9dullaires et thymiques parentales. Luekaemogenesis and repopulation of the lymphoid system have been studied in sub-lethally irradiated (c3h x akr/t1ald) f1 hybrids which have been restored with parental Bone Marrow (BM) cells with or without thymic cells. The metacentric marker of the T1ALD sub-strain made it possible to identify the host or donor orgin of leukaemias. Leukaemias occur either in the thymuc (lymphosarcomas) or in the other lymphoid tissues (extra-thymic leukaemias). After irradiation, the precentage of lymphosarcomas increases from 5 to 95%. The rate of leukaemias in hybrids which have been restored only with BM cells is 55, 56 and 100% respectively depending on the origin of BM: syngenic, C3H and AKR. In this last group 75% of the lymphosarcomas originate from donor cells. The inhibitory efficiency of the three kinds of BM on luekaemogenesis seems to be related to their respective abilities to spontaneous malignant transformation. When AKR or C3H thymic cells are injected together with BM cells, leukaemogenesis is altered. The effect is indirect as these cells are not actually concerned by the malignant transformation. The percentage of LS is significantly reduced and the mean survival improved in hybrids restored with C3H thymic, mixed AKR or C3H BM cells. AKR thymic cells are less efficient. In both cases, the percentage of extra thymic leukaemias increases at the expense of lymphosarcomas. Thymic cells do not change the kinetics of repopulation in thymus and lymph-node by the BM cells, except when C3H thymic cells are mixed with T1ALD BM cells; in this case, the lymph-node repopulation is temporarily enhanced. Different hypotheses might explain the effect of thymic cells on leukaemogenesis: enhanced recovery of the postirradiation immunological deficiency, transfer of virus by the AKR thymic cells, and more probably influence of the thymic cells on the maturation or/and differentiation of the lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 1173574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4213", "title": "An additional younger-age peak for cancer of the nasopharynx.", "content": "The age distribution of 666 masopharyngeal cancer patients attending the Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay, during 1941-72 was found to show an additional younger-age peak in the age-group 13-22. The peak was found in both sexes, in different communnities, at two time periods and in histologically proved cases. One hundred cases of nasopharyngeal lymphosarcoma showed no deviation from a uniform age distribution. Pooled incidence data for 48 population groups showed the peak in the age-group 15-19 for males and in the age-group 10-14 for females. No such peak was observed for malignancies of the nose, sinuses, etc. (ICD NO:160)", "contents": "An additional younger-age peak for cancer of the nasopharynx. The age distribution of 666 masopharyngeal cancer patients attending the Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay, during 1941-72 was found to show an additional younger-age peak in the age-group 13-22. The peak was found in both sexes, in different communnities, at two time periods and in histologically proved cases. One hundred cases of nasopharyngeal lymphosarcoma showed no deviation from a uniform age distribution. Pooled incidence data for 48 population groups showed the peak in the age-group 15-19 for males and in the age-group 10-14 for females. No such peak was observed for malignancies of the nose, sinuses, etc. (ICD NO:160)", "PMID": 1173575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4214", "title": "Gastric neoplasms in the dog: a report of 20 cases.", "content": "Twenty dogs with gastric tumors were admitted to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Hospital and Diagnostic Laboratory from 1951 to 1974. The tumors included 14 carcinomas, 3 lymphosarcomas, 2 leiomyomas, and 1 leiomyosarcoma. The carcinomas were categorized morphologically as carcinoma (5), adenocarcinoma (2), scirrhous carcinoma (5), and scirrhous adenocarcinoma (2). Most of the tumors were located in the body and pylorus. Ulceration occurred in 11 dogs, with 2 ulcers penetrating and resulting in peritonitis. Metastasis occurred in 4 of the dogs. The mean age of the dogs was 9.7 years. The male-to-female ratio was 12 to 8. There was no significant breed predominance. The mean duration of illness was 2.14 months. Radiographic features were consistent with gastric neoplasia in 2 of 6 dogs radiographed.", "contents": "Gastric neoplasms in the dog: a report of 20 cases. Twenty dogs with gastric tumors were admitted to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Hospital and Diagnostic Laboratory from 1951 to 1974. The tumors included 14 carcinomas, 3 lymphosarcomas, 2 leiomyomas, and 1 leiomyosarcoma. The carcinomas were categorized morphologically as carcinoma (5), adenocarcinoma (2), scirrhous carcinoma (5), and scirrhous adenocarcinoma (2). Most of the tumors were located in the body and pylorus. Ulceration occurred in 11 dogs, with 2 ulcers penetrating and resulting in peritonitis. Metastasis occurred in 4 of the dogs. The mean age of the dogs was 9.7 years. The male-to-female ratio was 12 to 8. There was no significant breed predominance. The mean duration of illness was 2.14 months. Radiographic features were consistent with gastric neoplasia in 2 of 6 dogs radiographed.", "PMID": 1173578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4215", "title": "Determination of hexachlorobenzene and mirex in fatty products.", "content": "A procedure is described for the isolation and cleanup of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and mirex in fats and oils for gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis. The fat or oil is distributed on unactivated Florisil, and the HCB and mirex are eluted with acetonitrile. The pesticides are then partitioned into petroleum ether. Elution through activated Florisil with methylene chloride-hexane (20+80) is used for the final cleanup. HCB and mirex are then measured by GLC, using the appropriate electron capture conditions with a 15% OV-210 column for HCB and a 3% OV-101 column for mirex. The method demonstrates recoveries greater than 90% for HCB and mirex and allows screening at or below the 0.1 ppm level in fats with a 3 mg fat injection.", "contents": "Determination of hexachlorobenzene and mirex in fatty products. A procedure is described for the isolation and cleanup of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and mirex in fats and oils for gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis. The fat or oil is distributed on unactivated Florisil, and the HCB and mirex are eluted with acetonitrile. The pesticides are then partitioned into petroleum ether. Elution through activated Florisil with methylene chloride-hexane (20+80) is used for the final cleanup. HCB and mirex are then measured by GLC, using the appropriate electron capture conditions with a 15% OV-210 column for HCB and a 3% OV-101 column for mirex. The method demonstrates recoveries greater than 90% for HCB and mirex and allows screening at or below the 0.1 ppm level in fats with a 3 mg fat injection.", "PMID": 1173580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4216", "title": "Collaborative study of the glass wool filtration method for the recovery of virus inoculated into ground beef.", "content": "A method for estimating viral population levels in ground beef was studied collaboratively in 7 laboratories. The collaborators recovered virus from 6 inoculated samples. Three samples were replicates of the high virus concentration 050 plaque-forming units (pfu)/g) and 3 replicates represented the low concentration (10 pfu/g). Six of the 7 collaborators recovered acceptable levels of virus from the samples. The per cent of variation was 30.6 for the high concentration and 18.5 for the low concentration. Collaborators did not differ from one another significantly in the results obtained for the 10 pfu/g samples, but results from one collaborator were significantly low for the recovery of virus from the 50 pfu/g samples. The results indicate that the glass wool filtration method is adequate for the detection of a number of viruses that may be found in foods. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of the glass wool filtration method for the recovery of virus inoculated into ground beef. A method for estimating viral population levels in ground beef was studied collaboratively in 7 laboratories. The collaborators recovered virus from 6 inoculated samples. Three samples were replicates of the high virus concentration 050 plaque-forming units (pfu)/g) and 3 replicates represented the low concentration (10 pfu/g). Six of the 7 collaborators recovered acceptable levels of virus from the samples. The per cent of variation was 30.6 for the high concentration and 18.5 for the low concentration. Collaborators did not differ from one another significantly in the results obtained for the 10 pfu/g samples, but results from one collaborator were significantly low for the recovery of virus from the 50 pfu/g samples. The results indicate that the glass wool filtration method is adequate for the detection of a number of viruses that may be found in foods. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 1173581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4217", "title": "Age and type of onset as critical variables in early infantile autism.", "content": "A retrospective study of 131 autistic children was made in which 2 groups, Natal and Acquired, were defined on the bases of age at onset and type of onset. Prenatal and perinatal variables were found to be significantly related to Natal onset, whereas in the Acquired group the significant variables were those occurring in early childhood, between years 1 and 3. Follow-up data on intellectual functioning and language development indicated a better prognosis for the Acquired group. An inability to cope with stress is postulated as an underlying feature in both instances, present from birth in the Natal group and occurring in the face of developmental stresses in the Acquired group.", "contents": "Age and type of onset as critical variables in early infantile autism. A retrospective study of 131 autistic children was made in which 2 groups, Natal and Acquired, were defined on the bases of age at onset and type of onset. Prenatal and perinatal variables were found to be significantly related to Natal onset, whereas in the Acquired group the significant variables were those occurring in early childhood, between years 1 and 3. Follow-up data on intellectual functioning and language development indicated a better prognosis for the Acquired group. An inability to cope with stress is postulated as an underlying feature in both instances, present from birth in the Natal group and occurring in the face of developmental stresses in the Acquired group.", "PMID": 1173582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4218", "title": "Multiple response to sound in dysfunctional children.", "content": "Methods and findings derived from over a decade of linguistic-kinesic microanalysis of sound films of human behavior were appled to the analysis of sound films of 25 dysfunctional children. Of the children, 17 were markedly dysfunctional (autistic-like) while 8 had milder reading problems. All of these children appeared to respond to sound more than once: when it actually occurred and again after a delay ranging from a fraction of a second up to a full second, depending on the child. Most of the children did not seem to actually hear the sound more than once; however, there is some indication that a few children may have done so. Evidence was also found suggesting a continuum from the longer delay of autistic-like children to the briefer delay of children with reading problems.", "contents": "Multiple response to sound in dysfunctional children. Methods and findings derived from over a decade of linguistic-kinesic microanalysis of sound films of human behavior were appled to the analysis of sound films of 25 dysfunctional children. Of the children, 17 were markedly dysfunctional (autistic-like) while 8 had milder reading problems. All of these children appeared to respond to sound more than once: when it actually occurred and again after a delay ranging from a fraction of a second up to a full second, depending on the child. Most of the children did not seem to actually hear the sound more than once; however, there is some indication that a few children may have done so. Evidence was also found suggesting a continuum from the longer delay of autistic-like children to the briefer delay of children with reading problems.", "PMID": 1173583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4219", "title": "Increasing isolate and social play in severely disturbed children: intervention and postintervention effectiveness.", "content": "A group treatment procedure was instituted in Study 1 to increase the isolate and social play of 4 severely disturbed children. The results indicated that play behavior could be increased significantly by the use of food and social reinforcement and by the use of passive shaping, but that it quickly declined when the intervention was terminated. Social play, however, did remain above baseline levels during extinction. Study 2 replicated the results of Study 1 with a second group of older children, also severely disturbed. However, the procedure of fading adult intervention proved an effective method for increasing the resistance of social play to extinction relative to Study 1. A PROCEDURE OF CONtinuous and multiple-observer reliability assessment was employed for both studies, and the positive results and the methodological implications of the procedure are discussed.", "contents": "Increasing isolate and social play in severely disturbed children: intervention and postintervention effectiveness. A group treatment procedure was instituted in Study 1 to increase the isolate and social play of 4 severely disturbed children. The results indicated that play behavior could be increased significantly by the use of food and social reinforcement and by the use of passive shaping, but that it quickly declined when the intervention was terminated. Social play, however, did remain above baseline levels during extinction. Study 2 replicated the results of Study 1 with a second group of older children, also severely disturbed. However, the procedure of fading adult intervention proved an effective method for increasing the resistance of social play to extinction relative to Study 1. A PROCEDURE OF CONtinuous and multiple-observer reliability assessment was employed for both studies, and the positive results and the methodological implications of the procedure are discussed.", "PMID": 1173584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4220", "title": "The pathology of the degenerate meniscus lesion.", "content": "The incidence of horizontal cleavage lesions of the menisci was studied in 100 random necropsy examinations. Sixty per cent of subjects had at least one such tear, the incidence being 29 per cent out of the 400 menisci. Eighty-five per cent of the subjects showed changes of osteoarthritis in the patello-femoral or tibio-femoral joint compartments. The coincidence of horizontal cleavage lesion and osteoarthritis was frequent. Horizontal cleavage lesions were commoner in medial or larger menisci and in males. Eighteen per cent of the menisci were calcified and this was twice as common in those menisci with a degenerate tear. Because the horizontal cleavage lesion was so common in the older knee, it must usually remain unrecognised clinically with other factors causing symptoms of night pain and tenderness.", "contents": "The pathology of the degenerate meniscus lesion. The incidence of horizontal cleavage lesions of the menisci was studied in 100 random necropsy examinations. Sixty per cent of subjects had at least one such tear, the incidence being 29 per cent out of the 400 menisci. Eighty-five per cent of the subjects showed changes of osteoarthritis in the patello-femoral or tibio-femoral joint compartments. The coincidence of horizontal cleavage lesion and osteoarthritis was frequent. Horizontal cleavage lesions were commoner in medial or larger menisci and in males. Eighteen per cent of the menisci were calcified and this was twice as common in those menisci with a degenerate tear. Because the horizontal cleavage lesion was so common in the older knee, it must usually remain unrecognised clinically with other factors causing symptoms of night pain and tenderness.", "PMID": 1173585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4221", "title": "Animal experiments in radiotherapy III: large versus small animals.", "content": "An evaluation is made of the conflicting claims of large and small animals as models in experimental radiotherapy. The pro's and con's of each are examined in relationship to both tumor and normal tissue studies. It is concluded that there are few, if any, tumor-related studies in which large animals are preferable, and that a somewhat similar situation exists with investigations of early reactions on normal tissues (at least to the extent that these are governed by the cell survival curve). The conclusion emerges, however, that a large animal may be required in certain investigations of late effects. Examples of the very different late effect tolerance levels between mouse and man are given.", "contents": "Animal experiments in radiotherapy III: large versus small animals. An evaluation is made of the conflicting claims of large and small animals as models in experimental radiotherapy. The pro's and con's of each are examined in relationship to both tumor and normal tissue studies. It is concluded that there are few, if any, tumor-related studies in which large animals are preferable, and that a somewhat similar situation exists with investigations of early reactions on normal tissues (at least to the extent that these are governed by the cell survival curve). The conclusion emerges, however, that a large animal may be required in certain investigations of late effects. Examples of the very different late effect tolerance levels between mouse and man are given.", "PMID": 1173586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4222", "title": "Altering iodine metabolism in the calf by feeding iodine-binding agents.", "content": "Effects of feeding cottonseed meal and anion-exchange resin on iodine absorption and excretion by calves were investigated. Each additional amount of resin fed from .3 to 3.5 g/kg body weight further increased fecal excretion from single oral iodine-131 and intravenous iodine-125 doses. By feeding 3 to 10 g cottonseed meal/kg body weight, excretion of oral iodine-131 given daily was increased 7 to 94% in feces and reduced as much as 35% in urine, but plasma iodine-131 was not changed. Introducing 1 g resin/kg body weight daily into the diet increased fecal iodine-131 excretion three to five times that with cottonseed meal alone and reduced both plasma and urinary iodine-131. The same amount of resin fed daily had similar effects on excretion of iodine-131 injected subcutaneously each day. Although iodine depletion by a highly efficient iodine binder (resin) in the gastrointestinal tract is probable, iodine binding by a natural feed constituent (cottonseed meal) was relatively inefficient.", "contents": "Altering iodine metabolism in the calf by feeding iodine-binding agents. Effects of feeding cottonseed meal and anion-exchange resin on iodine absorption and excretion by calves were investigated. Each additional amount of resin fed from .3 to 3.5 g/kg body weight further increased fecal excretion from single oral iodine-131 and intravenous iodine-125 doses. By feeding 3 to 10 g cottonseed meal/kg body weight, excretion of oral iodine-131 given daily was increased 7 to 94% in feces and reduced as much as 35% in urine, but plasma iodine-131 was not changed. Introducing 1 g resin/kg body weight daily into the diet increased fecal iodine-131 excretion three to five times that with cottonseed meal alone and reduced both plasma and urinary iodine-131. The same amount of resin fed daily had similar effects on excretion of iodine-131 injected subcutaneously each day. Although iodine depletion by a highly efficient iodine binder (resin) in the gastrointestinal tract is probable, iodine binding by a natural feed constituent (cottonseed meal) was relatively inefficient.", "PMID": 1173587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4223", "title": "Bilateral lymphosarcoma of the breast.", "content": "A case is presented of bilateral lymphosarcoma of the breast in a 77-year-old woman. The pre-admission surgical history recorded a mastectomy in July 1972, for lymphosarcoma of the right breast. She had been well until shortly before admission in March 1974 because of a tumor in her left breast. This proved to be lymphosarcoma. Treatment consisted of a left mastectomy. At that time there were no signs of axillary or systemic involvement. Later, evidence of systemic lymphosarcomatosis necessitated starting chemotherapy.", "contents": "Bilateral lymphosarcoma of the breast. A case is presented of bilateral lymphosarcoma of the breast in a 77-year-old woman. The pre-admission surgical history recorded a mastectomy in July 1972, for lymphosarcoma of the right breast. She had been well until shortly before admission in March 1974 because of a tumor in her left breast. This proved to be lymphosarcoma. Treatment consisted of a left mastectomy. At that time there were no signs of axillary or systemic involvement. Later, evidence of systemic lymphosarcomatosis necessitated starting chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1173591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4224", "title": "Hypercalcaemic stupor as a presentation of lymphosarcoma.", "content": "A case is reported of a 32 year old woman with a two year history suggestive of schizophrenia who presented in stupor. This proved to be due to hypercalcaemia with a concomitant high cerebrospinal fluid calcium concentration associated with previously unsuspected lymphosarcoma. Necropsy revealed no significant intracranial abnormality, and mechanisms that may have been involved in the production of the impaired consciousness are discussed.", "contents": "Hypercalcaemic stupor as a presentation of lymphosarcoma. A case is reported of a 32 year old woman with a two year history suggestive of schizophrenia who presented in stupor. This proved to be due to hypercalcaemia with a concomitant high cerebrospinal fluid calcium concentration associated with previously unsuspected lymphosarcoma. Necropsy revealed no significant intracranial abnormality, and mechanisms that may have been involved in the production of the impaired consciousness are discussed.", "PMID": 1173596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4225", "title": "Drug absorption VII: influence of mesenteric blood flow on intestinal drug absorption in dogs.", "content": "Intestinal absorption of sulfaethidole and haloperidol was determined using an in situ canine intestinal preparation. Intestinal absorption of sulfaethidole was determined at three or four mesenteric blood flow rates in each dog, ranging from unaltered flow (100%) to no flow (0%). A relatively small change in absorption rate occurred when the splanchnic blood flow rate was decreased about 35%. Further reductions in mesenteric blood flow resulted in progressive impairment of sulfaethidole absorption. The simultaneous measurement of sulfaethidole intestinal disappearance and appearance in blood indicates that sulfaethidole disappearance is equivalent to absorption. Haloperidol absorption also decreased with decreased intestinal perfusion but differed from sulfaethidole in that membrane storage of haloperidol appeared to take place during its absorption.", "contents": "Drug absorption VII: influence of mesenteric blood flow on intestinal drug absorption in dogs. Intestinal absorption of sulfaethidole and haloperidol was determined using an in situ canine intestinal preparation. Intestinal absorption of sulfaethidole was determined at three or four mesenteric blood flow rates in each dog, ranging from unaltered flow (100%) to no flow (0%). A relatively small change in absorption rate occurred when the splanchnic blood flow rate was decreased about 35%. Further reductions in mesenteric blood flow resulted in progressive impairment of sulfaethidole absorption. The simultaneous measurement of sulfaethidole intestinal disappearance and appearance in blood indicates that sulfaethidole disappearance is equivalent to absorption. Haloperidol absorption also decreased with decreased intestinal perfusion but differed from sulfaethidole in that membrane storage of haloperidol appeared to take place during its absorption.", "PMID": 1173597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4226", "title": "Respiratory stimulant effects of ethamivan and picrotoxin.", "content": "The respiratory stimulant effects of ethamivan and picrotoxin were studied in unanesthetized decerebrate cats. It was found that neither compound exhibited selective stimulant action on the respiratory neurons. Ethamivan evoked increases in respiratory rate but not in tidal volume, whereas picrotoxin profoundly altered both of these variables. The increases in respiratory rate evoked by ethamivan required intact vagus nerves since midcervical vagotomy abolished this effect. It is conceivable that ethamivan stimulated pulmonary chemoreflexes which then led to increased respiratory rate. Picrotoxin had no discernible effect on peripheral chemoreflexes. It altered, however, the central respiratory rhythmicity, or rate, depth and rhythm of respiration. There was a marked effect on central respiratory control which led to cycling between slow and deep, and rapid and shallow breathing. These were interspersed with periods of rapid and deep respiration.", "contents": "Respiratory stimulant effects of ethamivan and picrotoxin. The respiratory stimulant effects of ethamivan and picrotoxin were studied in unanesthetized decerebrate cats. It was found that neither compound exhibited selective stimulant action on the respiratory neurons. Ethamivan evoked increases in respiratory rate but not in tidal volume, whereas picrotoxin profoundly altered both of these variables. The increases in respiratory rate evoked by ethamivan required intact vagus nerves since midcervical vagotomy abolished this effect. It is conceivable that ethamivan stimulated pulmonary chemoreflexes which then led to increased respiratory rate. Picrotoxin had no discernible effect on peripheral chemoreflexes. It altered, however, the central respiratory rhythmicity, or rate, depth and rhythm of respiration. There was a marked effect on central respiratory control which led to cycling between slow and deep, and rapid and shallow breathing. These were interspersed with periods of rapid and deep respiration.", "PMID": 1173598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4227", "title": "Charge pulse studies of transport phenomena in bilayer membranes. I. Steady-state measurements of actin- and valinomycin-mediated transport in glycerol monooleate bilayers.", "content": "A charge pulse technique has been applied to studies of transport phenomena in bilayer membranes. The membrane capacitance can be rapidly charged (in less than a microsecond). The charge then decays through the membrane's conductive mechanism-no current flows through the solution or external circuitry. The resulting voltage decay is thus a manifestation of membrane and boundary layer phenomena only. There are a number of advantages to this approach over conventional voltage or current-clamp techniques: the rise-time of the voltage perturbation is not limited by the time constant deriving from the membrane capacitance and solution resistance, thus permitting study of extremely rapid rate processes; the membrane is exposed to high voltage for relatively short times and thus can be subjected to higher voltages without breakdown; the steady-state current-voltage behavior of the membrane can be deduced from a single charge pulse experiment; the charge (and therefore the integral of the ion flux through the membrane) is monitored allowing detection of rate processes too rapid to follow directly. In this paper we present what is primarily a steady-state analysis of actin (non-, mon-, din-, trin-)-mediated transport of ammonium ion and valinomycin-mediated transport of cesium and potassium ions through glycerol monooleate bilayers. We introduce the concept of the \"intercept discrepancy\", a method for measuring charge lost through extremely rapid rate processes. Directly observable pre-steady-state phenomena are also discussed but will be the main subject of part II.", "contents": "Charge pulse studies of transport phenomena in bilayer membranes. I. Steady-state measurements of actin- and valinomycin-mediated transport in glycerol monooleate bilayers. A charge pulse technique has been applied to studies of transport phenomena in bilayer membranes. The membrane capacitance can be rapidly charged (in less than a microsecond). The charge then decays through the membrane's conductive mechanism-no current flows through the solution or external circuitry. The resulting voltage decay is thus a manifestation of membrane and boundary layer phenomena only. There are a number of advantages to this approach over conventional voltage or current-clamp techniques: the rise-time of the voltage perturbation is not limited by the time constant deriving from the membrane capacitance and solution resistance, thus permitting study of extremely rapid rate processes; the membrane is exposed to high voltage for relatively short times and thus can be subjected to higher voltages without breakdown; the steady-state current-voltage behavior of the membrane can be deduced from a single charge pulse experiment; the charge (and therefore the integral of the ion flux through the membrane) is monitored allowing detection of rate processes too rapid to follow directly. In this paper we present what is primarily a steady-state analysis of actin (non-, mon-, din-, trin-)-mediated transport of ammonium ion and valinomycin-mediated transport of cesium and potassium ions through glycerol monooleate bilayers. We introduce the concept of the \"intercept discrepancy\", a method for measuring charge lost through extremely rapid rate processes. Directly observable pre-steady-state phenomena are also discussed but will be the main subject of part II.", "PMID": 1173599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4228", "title": "Preparing sections of skeletal muscle for transmission electron analytical microscopy (TEAM) of diffusible elements.", "content": "Comparative morphological examination and elemental analysis were carried out in structural compartments of sections of skeletal muscles. These had been prepared either by conventional plastic embedding technique or by various methods of cryo-ultramicrotomy. The analyses were performed in a Philips EM 301 with an Edax energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Spectra obtained from sections of plastic-embedded muscle depended on the reagents used for fixation and staining and were absent if these were omitted. Brief fixation with glutaraldehyde resulted in gross ionic changes, and sectioning of frozen material with trough liquid led to extraction of elements. Sections cut from unfixed and frozen muscle without trough liquid showed numerous peaks. (Mg, P, S, Cl, K, Ca). In the superficial parts of the fibres of freeze-dried sections reproducible spectral differences were found between different structures. Thus, rapid freezing of unfixed tissue, dry cutting in the frozen state, and freeze-drying should be the procedure of choice if data on diffusible ions are desired.", "contents": "Preparing sections of skeletal muscle for transmission electron analytical microscopy (TEAM) of diffusible elements. Comparative morphological examination and elemental analysis were carried out in structural compartments of sections of skeletal muscles. These had been prepared either by conventional plastic embedding technique or by various methods of cryo-ultramicrotomy. The analyses were performed in a Philips EM 301 with an Edax energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Spectra obtained from sections of plastic-embedded muscle depended on the reagents used for fixation and staining and were absent if these were omitted. Brief fixation with glutaraldehyde resulted in gross ionic changes, and sectioning of frozen material with trough liquid led to extraction of elements. Sections cut from unfixed and frozen muscle without trough liquid showed numerous peaks. (Mg, P, S, Cl, K, Ca). In the superficial parts of the fibres of freeze-dried sections reproducible spectral differences were found between different structures. Thus, rapid freezing of unfixed tissue, dry cutting in the frozen state, and freeze-drying should be the procedure of choice if data on diffusible ions are desired.", "PMID": 1173600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4229", "title": "Tungsten coating--a method of improving glass microtome knives for cutting ultrathin sections.", "content": "Glass knives for ultramicrotomy were considerably improved by coating the cutting edge with a film of evaporated tungsten metal. Knives treated by this method gave up to tem times as many acceptable sections as uncoated glass knives. They could also cut thinner sections and harder tissues than ordinary glass knives, and eliminated some of the cutting artefacts produced by them. No explanation for this improvement was found although several possibilities were examined.", "contents": "Tungsten coating--a method of improving glass microtome knives for cutting ultrathin sections. Glass knives for ultramicrotomy were considerably improved by coating the cutting edge with a film of evaporated tungsten metal. Knives treated by this method gave up to tem times as many acceptable sections as uncoated glass knives. They could also cut thinner sections and harder tissues than ordinary glass knives, and eliminated some of the cutting artefacts produced by them. No explanation for this improvement was found although several possibilities were examined.", "PMID": 1173601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4230", "title": "A microspectrofluorometer with on line real time correction of spectra.", "content": "A microspectrofluorometer incorporating analogue computing segments and suitable for recording corrected spectra instantaneously on an X-Y recorder is described.", "contents": "A microspectrofluorometer with on line real time correction of spectra. A microspectrofluorometer incorporating analogue computing segments and suitable for recording corrected spectra instantaneously on an X-Y recorder is described.", "PMID": 1173602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4231", "title": "High resolution electron microscope study of lattice images in biological apatites.", "content": "Lattice (Fourier) images of crystallites in human bone and teeth, and calcified atherosclerotic plaque were studied using high resolution transmission electron microscope techniques. The lattice images observed in the normal and diseased calcified tissue were compared with the images of synthetic hydroxyapatite crystallites.", "contents": "High resolution electron microscope study of lattice images in biological apatites. Lattice (Fourier) images of crystallites in human bone and teeth, and calcified atherosclerotic plaque were studied using high resolution transmission electron microscope techniques. The lattice images observed in the normal and diseased calcified tissue were compared with the images of synthetic hydroxyapatite crystallites.", "PMID": 1173603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4232", "title": "A wet stage modification to a scanning electron microscope.", "content": "A modification to the vacuum system of a JSM2 scanning electron microscope has enabled hydrated specimens to be placed inside the specimen chamber of the instrument and to be surronded by water vapour at a pressure up to approximately I 3-kPa (10 Torr). The surface topography was observed by detecting the backscattered electrons using a wide angle backscattered electron detector placed close to the specimen. The microscope was operated in the normal scanning mode which allowed the examination of the surface topography of the specimens, whilst still retaining the depth of focus which is a feature of the SEM. This modification has enabled a resolution of approximately 0.2 mum to be obtained from biological specimens partially immersed in water at temperatures just above 0 degrees C.", "contents": "A wet stage modification to a scanning electron microscope. A modification to the vacuum system of a JSM2 scanning electron microscope has enabled hydrated specimens to be placed inside the specimen chamber of the instrument and to be surronded by water vapour at a pressure up to approximately I 3-kPa (10 Torr). The surface topography was observed by detecting the backscattered electrons using a wide angle backscattered electron detector placed close to the specimen. The microscope was operated in the normal scanning mode which allowed the examination of the surface topography of the specimens, whilst still retaining the depth of focus which is a feature of the SEM. This modification has enabled a resolution of approximately 0.2 mum to be obtained from biological specimens partially immersed in water at temperatures just above 0 degrees C.", "PMID": 1173604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4233", "title": "Photographic aspects of scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Factors governing photographic image quality in the scanning electron microscope are discussed with particular reference to the commonly used EXA camera on the Cambridge Stereoscan IIa. It is shown that the small image on the medium speed film suffers considerable loss of information due to the turbid nature of the photographic emulsion. Inexpensive modifications to the oscilloscope camera supplied with the Stereoscan are described which enable the superior quality of a larger format to be utilized. Appropriate settings of the brightness and contrast controls of the image tube with respect to the photographic system is discussed and the results illustrated in a series of micrographs.", "contents": "Photographic aspects of scanning electron microscopy. Factors governing photographic image quality in the scanning electron microscope are discussed with particular reference to the commonly used EXA camera on the Cambridge Stereoscan IIa. It is shown that the small image on the medium speed film suffers considerable loss of information due to the turbid nature of the photographic emulsion. Inexpensive modifications to the oscilloscope camera supplied with the Stereoscan are described which enable the superior quality of a larger format to be utilized. Appropriate settings of the brightness and contrast controls of the image tube with respect to the photographic system is discussed and the results illustrated in a series of micrographs.", "PMID": 1173605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4234", "title": "Treatment of chronic pain with acupuncture.", "content": "We performed 979 acupuncture treatments in 261 patients with chronic pain.  A substantial number of patients stated that they had relief immediately following a series of four acupuncture treatments.  It did not matter whether the needles were placed in the traditional meridian locations of in arbitrary fixed control points.  Four weeks following treatment, 65% of the patients reported little or no reduction in the  intensity of their pain, 17% reported a 50% reduction, and 18% at least a 75% reduction.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic pain with acupuncture. We performed 979 acupuncture treatments in 261 patients with chronic pain.  A substantial number of patients stated that they had relief immediately following a series of four acupuncture treatments.  It did not matter whether the needles were placed in the traditional meridian locations of in arbitrary fixed control points.  Four weeks following treatment, 65% of the patients reported little or no reduction in the  intensity of their pain, 17% reported a 50% reduction, and 18% at least a 75% reduction.", "PMID": 1173614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4235", "title": "Hazards of overconcentrated milk formula.  Hyperosmolality, disseminated intravascular coagulation and gangrene.", "content": "Severe hypertonic dehydration with hyperglycemia developed in a 7-week-old infant girl after she was fed an overconcentrated milk formula for five days.  Renal failure,disseminated intravascular coagulation, gangrene of the legs, and coma were added complications.  Intravenous rehydration, peritoneal dialysis, and heparin administration corrected the metabolic and coagulation derangements, and renal function returned to normal.  Bilateral below-the-knee amputations were performed and the child subsequently learned to walk with artificial limbs.  The dangers of overconcentrated formulas in infant feeding should be widely publicized through warnings printed on all commercial milk preparations.", "contents": "Hazards of overconcentrated milk formula.  Hyperosmolality, disseminated intravascular coagulation and gangrene. Severe hypertonic dehydration with hyperglycemia developed in a 7-week-old infant girl after she was fed an overconcentrated milk formula for five days.  Renal failure,disseminated intravascular coagulation, gangrene of the legs, and coma were added complications.  Intravenous rehydration, peritoneal dialysis, and heparin administration corrected the metabolic and coagulation derangements, and renal function returned to normal.  Bilateral below-the-knee amputations were performed and the child subsequently learned to walk with artificial limbs.  The dangers of overconcentrated formulas in infant feeding should be widely publicized through warnings printed on all commercial milk preparations.", "PMID": 1173615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4236", "title": "Career decisions of unaccepted applicants to Medical School.", "content": "To investigate the admissions process to medical school and the post-rejection behavior of unaccepted applicants, a national sample of the 16,837 such applicants to the entering medical school class of 1971-1972 was studied in 1973.  The majority of the 1,933 respondents had reapplied to medical school following rejection, and 27% had gained entrance to either US or foreign schools by the time of study.  Of those still unaccepted, about half were studying or working in health-related fields of study or occupations at least 2 1/2 years following the initial rejection.  We conclude that unaccepted applicants demonstrate considerable variance in postrejection behavior, which is associated with both personal and institutional factors.", "contents": "Career decisions of unaccepted applicants to Medical School. To investigate the admissions process to medical school and the post-rejection behavior of unaccepted applicants, a national sample of the 16,837 such applicants to the entering medical school class of 1971-1972 was studied in 1973.  The majority of the 1,933 respondents had reapplied to medical school following rejection, and 27% had gained entrance to either US or foreign schools by the time of study.  Of those still unaccepted, about half were studying or working in health-related fields of study or occupations at least 2 1/2 years following the initial rejection.  We conclude that unaccepted applicants demonstrate considerable variance in postrejection behavior, which is associated with both personal and institutional factors.", "PMID": 1173616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4237", "title": "Fetal alcohol syndrome:  Report of a case.", "content": "A boy born to a known alcoholic mother demonstrated the fetal alcohol syndrome.  Although considerably postterm, he weighed less than 1.5 kg (3 lb) at birth and has failed to catch up at 2 1/2 years of age.  In addition to continuing prenatal and postnatal growth and developmental deficits, he has many of the other stigmata described as characteristic of this syndrome.  To this list have been added other findings from our case.", "contents": "Fetal alcohol syndrome:  Report of a case. A boy born to a known alcoholic mother demonstrated the fetal alcohol syndrome.  Although considerably postterm, he weighed less than 1.5 kg (3 lb) at birth and has failed to catch up at 2 1/2 years of age.  In addition to continuing prenatal and postnatal growth and developmental deficits, he has many of the other stigmata described as characteristic of this syndrome.  To this list have been added other findings from our case.", "PMID": 1173617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4238", "title": "Acute rheumatic fever in adults.", "content": "Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in 53 adults was characterized by a severe, febrile migratory polyarthritis involving primarily large joints in the lower extremities, with evidence of an antecedent streptococcal infection. Carditis, present in only eight (15%) of the adults, was mild and transient. The characteristic abnormality in laboratory findings was an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren) greater than 100 mm/hr. Response to high-dose aspirin therapy was prompt and dramatic in all patients. Mild andevanescent abnormalities of both renal function and hepatic function (not aspirin-mediated) were detected in 51% and 64%, respectively. A common disorder in San Antonio, ARF has distinctive symptoms. It can be readily diagnosed and promptly treated. In the adult, it is almost exclusively a syndrome of events severe but transient in the joints, and mild and transient in the heart, kidneys, and liver.", "contents": "Acute rheumatic fever in adults. Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in 53 adults was characterized by a severe, febrile migratory polyarthritis involving primarily large joints in the lower extremities, with evidence of an antecedent streptococcal infection. Carditis, present in only eight (15%) of the adults, was mild and transient. The characteristic abnormality in laboratory findings was an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren) greater than 100 mm/hr. Response to high-dose aspirin therapy was prompt and dramatic in all patients. Mild andevanescent abnormalities of both renal function and hepatic function (not aspirin-mediated) were detected in 51% and 64%, respectively. A common disorder in San Antonio, ARF has distinctive symptoms. It can be readily diagnosed and promptly treated. In the adult, it is almost exclusively a syndrome of events severe but transient in the joints, and mild and transient in the heart, kidneys, and liver.", "PMID": 1173629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4239", "title": "Posterior fossa hemorrhage. Localization by computerized tomography.", "content": "The differentiation between pontine and cerebellar hemorrhage is important both prognostically and therapeutically but is often very difficult. Computerized axial tomography of the brain is a new, rapid, nonivasive method of studying intracranial disease. This technique proved useful in making this important differential diagnosis in the case reported here.", "contents": "Posterior fossa hemorrhage. Localization by computerized tomography. The differentiation between pontine and cerebellar hemorrhage is important both prognostically and therapeutically but is often very difficult. Computerized axial tomography of the brain is a new, rapid, nonivasive method of studying intracranial disease. This technique proved useful in making this important differential diagnosis in the case reported here.", "PMID": 1173630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4240", "title": "Erythroplasia of Queyrat. Treatment with topically applied fluorouracil.", "content": "Three patients with biopsy-confirmed erythroplasia of Queyrat were treated with topically applied fluorouracil. The lesions cleared completely, and recurrence-free follow-up periods ranged from 20 to 60 months. There were normal histological findings in posttreatment biopsy specimens in two of the patients. A literature review yielded five additional cases successfully treated with fluorouracil applied topically. Patients with histologically confirmed erythroplasia of Queyrat should be afforded treatment with topically applied fluorouracil, as results appear to be superior to those of surgical or radiological treatment, with less morbidity.", "contents": "Erythroplasia of Queyrat. Treatment with topically applied fluorouracil. Three patients with biopsy-confirmed erythroplasia of Queyrat were treated with topically applied fluorouracil. The lesions cleared completely, and recurrence-free follow-up periods ranged from 20 to 60 months. There were normal histological findings in posttreatment biopsy specimens in two of the patients. A literature review yielded five additional cases successfully treated with fluorouracil applied topically. Patients with histologically confirmed erythroplasia of Queyrat should be afforded treatment with topically applied fluorouracil, as results appear to be superior to those of surgical or radiological treatment, with less morbidity.", "PMID": 1173631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4241", "title": "Voodoo in the general hospital. A case of hexing and regional enteritis.", "content": "We have observed the case of a hexed patient that emphasizes the interplay between modern medical practice and the influence of a supernatural voodoo subculture. Psychosocial stresses involved in the patient's illness (regional enteritis) added to the complexity of the clinical problem. The presence of ambivalence in the patient and her mother concerning their systems of belief, and their unwillingness to accept totally the treatment modalities of either modern medicine or voodoo, probably prevented the patient's predicted death.", "contents": "Voodoo in the general hospital. A case of hexing and regional enteritis. We have observed the case of a hexed patient that emphasizes the interplay between modern medical practice and the influence of a supernatural voodoo subculture. Psychosocial stresses involved in the patient's illness (regional enteritis) added to the complexity of the clinical problem. The presence of ambivalence in the patient and her mother concerning their systems of belief, and their unwillingness to accept totally the treatment modalities of either modern medicine or voodoo, probably prevented the patient's predicted death.", "PMID": 1173632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4242", "title": "Elevated carcinoembryonic antigen levels and biliary tract obstruction.", "content": "Circulating carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels and their relation to liver function test values were studied in 29 jaundiced patients with benign extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction and inflammation. During the obstructive and inflammatory phase, 15 (52%) of the patients had CEA levels greater than 2.5 ng/ml. Elevated CEA levels were associated more frequently with common bile duct stones (and cholangitis) than with gallbladder stones (and cholecystitis) alone, although this difference was not statistically significant. The former often had values greater than 5.0 ng/ml. The highest values were found in two patients with liver abscesses. T'HE CEA levels returned to normal following relief of obstruction in seven of ten patients and increased in two patients who had progressive inflammation. Serum alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels were significantly higher in the patients with elevated CEA levels (p smaller than .05). Serum alkaline phosphatase levels showed a significant positive correlation with CEA levels (p smaller than .02). Patients with obstructive jaundice and elevated CEA levels do not necessarily have cancer.", "contents": "Elevated carcinoembryonic antigen levels and biliary tract obstruction. Circulating carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels and their relation to liver function test values were studied in 29 jaundiced patients with benign extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction and inflammation. During the obstructive and inflammatory phase, 15 (52%) of the patients had CEA levels greater than 2.5 ng/ml. Elevated CEA levels were associated more frequently with common bile duct stones (and cholangitis) than with gallbladder stones (and cholecystitis) alone, although this difference was not statistically significant. The former often had values greater than 5.0 ng/ml. The highest values were found in two patients with liver abscesses. T'HE CEA levels returned to normal following relief of obstruction in seven of ten patients and increased in two patients who had progressive inflammation. Serum alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels were significantly higher in the patients with elevated CEA levels (p smaller than .05). Serum alkaline phosphatase levels showed a significant positive correlation with CEA levels (p smaller than .02). Patients with obstructive jaundice and elevated CEA levels do not necessarily have cancer.", "PMID": 1173645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4243", "title": "Air-rinsing after dialysis. A mode of transmission of hepatitis virus.", "content": "During a recent outbreak of hepatitis B among patients receiving dialysis, georgraphic and temporal distribution of cases in the absence of exposure to blood products suggested patient-to-patient transmission. The patients who contracted hepatitis used Kiil dialyzers with a single-pass dialysate system, while patients who used hollow-fiber dialyzers appeared to be protected. Blood was returned to patients after Kiil dialysis by the air-rinse technique with the use of a nonsterile plastic tube attached to a manometer bulb. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that Staphylococcus aureus and poliovirus became widely distributed throughout the Kiil dialyzer when introduced during the rinse phase by contaminating the air-rinse tubing.", "contents": "Air-rinsing after dialysis. A mode of transmission of hepatitis virus. During a recent outbreak of hepatitis B among patients receiving dialysis, georgraphic and temporal distribution of cases in the absence of exposure to blood products suggested patient-to-patient transmission. The patients who contracted hepatitis used Kiil dialyzers with a single-pass dialysate system, while patients who used hollow-fiber dialyzers appeared to be protected. Blood was returned to patients after Kiil dialysis by the air-rinse technique with the use of a nonsterile plastic tube attached to a manometer bulb. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that Staphylococcus aureus and poliovirus became widely distributed throughout the Kiil dialyzer when introduced during the rinse phase by contaminating the air-rinse tubing.", "PMID": 1173646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4244", "title": "Beverage can pull-tabs. Inadvertent ingestion or aspiration.", "content": "Potential medical hazards are involved in the procedure of dropping the \"pull-tab\" into an aluminum beverage can before drinking the contents. We have seen two cases of inadvertent ingestion and one of inadvertent aspiration of the pull-tab. One of the patients who had ingested a pull-tab required endorcopic extraction of the pull-tab from the esophagus, and the patient who had inhaled a pull-tab required an open thoracotomy for removal of the foreign body from the bronchus. Aluminum is not as dense as radiopaque or other metals and is, therefore, frequently difficult to identify on standard roentgenograms.", "contents": "Beverage can pull-tabs. Inadvertent ingestion or aspiration. Potential medical hazards are involved in the procedure of dropping the \"pull-tab\" into an aluminum beverage can before drinking the contents. We have seen two cases of inadvertent ingestion and one of inadvertent aspiration of the pull-tab. One of the patients who had ingested a pull-tab required endorcopic extraction of the pull-tab from the esophagus, and the patient who had inhaled a pull-tab required an open thoracotomy for removal of the foreign body from the bronchus. Aluminum is not as dense as radiopaque or other metals and is, therefore, frequently difficult to identify on standard roentgenograms.", "PMID": 1173648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4245", "title": "Recurrent acute renal failure with idiopathic paroxysmal myoglobinuria.", "content": "A second episode of myoglobinuric renal failure requiring dialysis developed in a muscular 30-year-old man. His first episode, which was not exercise-related, had occurred in childhood and was accompanied by chills, fever, and leukocytosis, whereas the second followed unaccustomed exertion 15 years later. Despite two occurrences of severe renal failure and intermittent episodes of myoglobinuria, renal function is presently normal. Idiopathic paroxysmal myoglobinuria may produce recurrent life-threatening acute renal failure; however, the prognosis for recovery, as evidenced by this case, appears favorable.", "contents": "Recurrent acute renal failure with idiopathic paroxysmal myoglobinuria. A second episode of myoglobinuric renal failure requiring dialysis developed in a muscular 30-year-old man. His first episode, which was not exercise-related, had occurred in childhood and was accompanied by chills, fever, and leukocytosis, whereas the second followed unaccustomed exertion 15 years later. Despite two occurrences of severe renal failure and intermittent episodes of myoglobinuria, renal function is presently normal. Idiopathic paroxysmal myoglobinuria may produce recurrent life-threatening acute renal failure; however, the prognosis for recovery, as evidenced by this case, appears favorable.", "PMID": 1173649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4246", "title": "The toxicity of intravenously used marihuana.", "content": "While no unanimity of opinion exists regarding the risk to physical health from smoking marihuana, we have seen four cases that demonstrate clearly that intravenous usage is hazardous. The severity of the multisystemic involvement is dose-related. On initial examination, signs of most severe overdosage included fulminant gastroenteritis, hypoalbuminemia, toxic hepatitis confirmed by serial biopsy, acute renal failure, electrolyte disturbances, leukocytosis, anemia, and a relative thrombocytopenia. In three patients who shared a common needle, gingivostomatitis also developed.", "contents": "The toxicity of intravenously used marihuana. While no unanimity of opinion exists regarding the risk to physical health from smoking marihuana, we have seen four cases that demonstrate clearly that intravenous usage is hazardous. The severity of the multisystemic involvement is dose-related. On initial examination, signs of most severe overdosage included fulminant gastroenteritis, hypoalbuminemia, toxic hepatitis confirmed by serial biopsy, acute renal failure, electrolyte disturbances, leukocytosis, anemia, and a relative thrombocytopenia. In three patients who shared a common needle, gingivostomatitis also developed.", "PMID": 1173650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4247", "title": "Evaluation of ibuprofen (Motrin). A new antirheumatic agent.", "content": "Ibuprofen is a new, mild analgesic agent that may be useful in the symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Results of clinical studies have shown that its beneficial effects in these conditions are comparable, but not superior, to those of aspirin. However, at recommended doses it has less anti-inflammatory effect than aspirin. Its usefulness as an analgesic in the treatment of other types of pain and as an antipyretic has not yet been established. Ibuprofen causes fewer adverse effects on the gastrointestinal system, including occult bleeding, than aspirin. Serious adverse reactions have not been reported. Thus, ibuprofen may be acceptable for use in patients who cannot tolerate aspirin or other antirheumatic drugs.", "contents": "Evaluation of ibuprofen (Motrin). A new antirheumatic agent. Ibuprofen is a new, mild analgesic agent that may be useful in the symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Results of clinical studies have shown that its beneficial effects in these conditions are comparable, but not superior, to those of aspirin. However, at recommended doses it has less anti-inflammatory effect than aspirin. Its usefulness as an analgesic in the treatment of other types of pain and as an antipyretic has not yet been established. Ibuprofen causes fewer adverse effects on the gastrointestinal system, including occult bleeding, than aspirin. Serious adverse reactions have not been reported. Thus, ibuprofen may be acceptable for use in patients who cannot tolerate aspirin or other antirheumatic drugs.", "PMID": 1173655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4248", "title": "Preoperative bone scans. Use in women with early breast cancer.", "content": "Strontium nitrate Sr 87m bone scans were made preoperatively in a group of women with suspected breast cancer, 35 of whom subsequently underwent radical mastectomy. In 3 of the 35 (9%), the scans were abnormal despite the absence of clinical or roentgenographic evidence of metastatic disease. All three patients has extensive axillary lymph node involvement by tumor, and went on to have additional bone metastases, from which one died. Roentgenograms failed to detect the metastases in all three. Occult bone metastases account in part for the failure of radical mastectomy to cure some patients with breast cancer. It is recommended that all candidates for radical mastectomy have a preoperative bone scan.", "contents": "Preoperative bone scans. Use in women with early breast cancer. Strontium nitrate Sr 87m bone scans were made preoperatively in a group of women with suspected breast cancer, 35 of whom subsequently underwent radical mastectomy. In 3 of the 35 (9%), the scans were abnormal despite the absence of clinical or roentgenographic evidence of metastatic disease. All three patients has extensive axillary lymph node involvement by tumor, and went on to have additional bone metastases, from which one died. Roentgenograms failed to detect the metastases in all three. Occult bone metastases account in part for the failure of radical mastectomy to cure some patients with breast cancer. It is recommended that all candidates for radical mastectomy have a preoperative bone scan.", "PMID": 1173664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4249", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism. Laboratory and clinical data in 73 cases.", "content": "The serum calcium level measured in the research laboratory was 10.8 mg/100 ml or more in all of 73 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, though many of the values were normal when measured in the hospital laboratories. Postoperatively, all patients successfully operated on showed an immediate increase in renal phosphorus reabsorption to 95% to 100%, and a decrease, which averaged 54%, in urinary hydroxyproline levels. Seven patients who had hyperplasia had no clinical or laboratory features distinguishing them from those with adenomas. Uremia, an ominous sign, was found in six patients, five of whom died.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism. Laboratory and clinical data in 73 cases. The serum calcium level measured in the research laboratory was 10.8 mg/100 ml or more in all of 73 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, though many of the values were normal when measured in the hospital laboratories. Postoperatively, all patients successfully operated on showed an immediate increase in renal phosphorus reabsorption to 95% to 100%, and a decrease, which averaged 54%, in urinary hydroxyproline levels. Seven patients who had hyperplasia had no clinical or laboratory features distinguishing them from those with adenomas. Uremia, an ominous sign, was found in six patients, five of whom died.", "PMID": 1173665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4250", "title": "[Effect of rubratoxin B on the respiration of liver mitochondria in the rat].", "content": "The in vitro effect of rubratoxin B on the electron transport system of rat liver mitochondira was investigated. This mycotoxin depressed oxygen consumption in ADP-lacking mitochondira and in ADP-coupled mitochondria, using succinate or beta-hydroxybutyrate as substrats. Rubratoxin B is neither an oxidative-phosphorylation inhibitor nor uncoupling agent. Its effect is compared with aflatoxin B1.", "contents": "[Effect of rubratoxin B on the respiration of liver mitochondria in the rat]. The in vitro effect of rubratoxin B on the electron transport system of rat liver mitochondira was investigated. This mycotoxin depressed oxygen consumption in ADP-lacking mitochondira and in ADP-coupled mitochondria, using succinate or beta-hydroxybutyrate as substrats. Rubratoxin B is neither an oxidative-phosphorylation inhibitor nor uncoupling agent. Its effect is compared with aflatoxin B1.", "PMID": 1173681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4251", "title": "Proximal small bowel transit pattern in patients with malabsorption induced by bovine milk protein ingestion.", "content": "Seven allergic patients with bovine milk or milk protein-inducible transient intestinal malabsorption exhibited radiologic signs of rapid transit of ingested barium through the proximal small intestine hours following oral challenge with bovine milk or milk protein solution. Control studies in the same patients without prior milk challenge revealed significantly more leisurely progress of contrast medium in the proximal small bowel. The possible pathogenetic role of such hasty transit through the functionally most effective portion of the digestive tract in patients with malabsorption points up the physiologic importance of roentgen examination of motility patterns in this particular segment of small bowel.", "contents": "Proximal small bowel transit pattern in patients with malabsorption induced by bovine milk protein ingestion. Seven allergic patients with bovine milk or milk protein-inducible transient intestinal malabsorption exhibited radiologic signs of rapid transit of ingested barium through the proximal small intestine hours following oral challenge with bovine milk or milk protein solution. Control studies in the same patients without prior milk challenge revealed significantly more leisurely progress of contrast medium in the proximal small bowel. The possible pathogenetic role of such hasty transit through the functionally most effective portion of the digestive tract in patients with malabsorption points up the physiologic importance of roentgen examination of motility patterns in this particular segment of small bowel.", "PMID": 1173693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4252", "title": "Intrarenal mycotic (false) aneurysm secondary to staphylococcal septicemia. Report of a case detected arteriographically in a 10-month-old infant.", "content": "Gross hematuria, a flank mass, and a nonfunctioning kidney were seen at excretory urography in a 10-month-old infant with staphylococcal pneumonia and septicemia. Selective renal arteriography revealed a mycotic (false) intrarenal artery aneurysm with an intrarenal and perinephric hematoma.", "contents": "Intrarenal mycotic (false) aneurysm secondary to staphylococcal septicemia. Report of a case detected arteriographically in a 10-month-old infant. Gross hematuria, a flank mass, and a nonfunctioning kidney were seen at excretory urography in a 10-month-old infant with staphylococcal pneumonia and septicemia. Selective renal arteriography revealed a mycotic (false) intrarenal artery aneurysm with an intrarenal and perinephric hematoma.", "PMID": 1173694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4253", "title": "A natural anti-A agglutinin in the serum of the brown trout (Salmo trutta).", "content": "20% of normal serum samples from adult brown trout (Salmo trutta) possess an agglutinin for human erythrocytes with anti-blood-group A specificity. This agglutinin has properties which clearly distinguish it from the agglutinin with anti-(B+'P') specificity found in ova from fish of the same species and from anti-blood A antibodies found in human serum.", "contents": "A natural anti-A agglutinin in the serum of the brown trout (Salmo trutta). 20% of normal serum samples from adult brown trout (Salmo trutta) possess an agglutinin for human erythrocytes with anti-blood-group A specificity. This agglutinin has properties which clearly distinguish it from the agglutinin with anti-(B+'P') specificity found in ova from fish of the same species and from anti-blood A antibodies found in human serum.", "PMID": 1173701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4254", "title": "Molecular basis of Tn-polyagglutinability.", "content": "Spectrophotometric and gas-liquid chromatographic analyses on the carbohydrate moiety of tryptic erythrocyte glycopeptides from persons with Tn-syndrome reveal a selective lowering of the galactose and sialic acid content, the degree being dependent on the percentage of polyagglutinable cells. Alkaline borohydride specifically releases N-acetylgalactosaminitol, and the amount is correlated to the percentage of pathological acetylgalactosaminitol, and the amount is correlated to the percentage of pathological erythrocytes. It is concluded that the alkali-labile carbohydrate chains of Tn-polyagglutinable red cells solely consist of N-acetylgalactosamine linked to serine or threonine. Experiments with heterophile agglutinins whose specificity is known are in line with the above-mentioned results. As judged from SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the three major membrane glycoproteins are affected to a different extent by the defect.", "contents": "Molecular basis of Tn-polyagglutinability. Spectrophotometric and gas-liquid chromatographic analyses on the carbohydrate moiety of tryptic erythrocyte glycopeptides from persons with Tn-syndrome reveal a selective lowering of the galactose and sialic acid content, the degree being dependent on the percentage of polyagglutinable cells. Alkaline borohydride specifically releases N-acetylgalactosaminitol, and the amount is correlated to the percentage of pathological acetylgalactosaminitol, and the amount is correlated to the percentage of pathological erythrocytes. It is concluded that the alkali-labile carbohydrate chains of Tn-polyagglutinable red cells solely consist of N-acetylgalactosamine linked to serine or threonine. Experiments with heterophile agglutinins whose specificity is known are in line with the above-mentioned results. As judged from SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the three major membrane glycoproteins are affected to a different extent by the defect.", "PMID": 1173700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4255", "title": "Studies on anti-Mi-a and the MiIII complex.", "content": "Some Ms/Ms MiIII red cells react weakly with rabbit anti-N but not with human anti-N sera. Specificities of different anti-Mi-a within the Miltenberger complex have been defined by absorbtion studies with different Mi classes.", "contents": "Studies on anti-Mi-a and the MiIII complex. Some Ms/Ms MiIII red cells react weakly with rabbit anti-N but not with human anti-N sera. Specificities of different anti-Mi-a within the Miltenberger complex have been defined by absorbtion studies with different Mi classes.", "PMID": 1173702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4256", "title": "Amyloidosis of the orbit and adnexae.", "content": "Five patients representing a spectrum of orbital and adnexal amyloidosis are presented. One patient with conjunctival amyloidosis did not have antecedent infection nor systemic disease (primary localized amyloidosis), while another patient with conjunctival amyloidosis had a long history of repeated attacks of bacterial conjunctivitis (secondary localized amyloidosis). The third patient presented with serial bilateral lacrimal gland amyloid without systemic disease (primary localized orbital amyloidosis). Another patient had intraorbital amyloid associated with metastatic deposits or immunoglobulin-producing lymphoma cells in the orbit (secondary systemic amyloidosis) and a fifth patient, with borderline Congo red staining for amyloid, was shown by electron microscopy to have macrophages with intracellular amyloid-like fibrils and extracellular crystalline material resembling immunoglobulin deposits. Amyloidosis has been clearly shown to be associated with immunoglobulins and plasma cells. Electron microscopic findings in our two cases of primary localized orbital amyloidosis leave unresolved the suggestion that mesenchymal cells, in addition to plasma cells, may be responsible for the production of amyloid. It should be emphasized for the clinician that amyloidosis of the conjunctiva and orbit is almost always a benign disease without systemic implications. On the other hand, amyloid of the skin of the eyelids, is a hallmark of generalized amyloidosis.", "contents": "Amyloidosis of the orbit and adnexae. Five patients representing a spectrum of orbital and adnexal amyloidosis are presented. One patient with conjunctival amyloidosis did not have antecedent infection nor systemic disease (primary localized amyloidosis), while another patient with conjunctival amyloidosis had a long history of repeated attacks of bacterial conjunctivitis (secondary localized amyloidosis). The third patient presented with serial bilateral lacrimal gland amyloid without systemic disease (primary localized orbital amyloidosis). Another patient had intraorbital amyloid associated with metastatic deposits or immunoglobulin-producing lymphoma cells in the orbit (secondary systemic amyloidosis) and a fifth patient, with borderline Congo red staining for amyloid, was shown by electron microscopy to have macrophages with intracellular amyloid-like fibrils and extracellular crystalline material resembling immunoglobulin deposits. Amyloidosis has been clearly shown to be associated with immunoglobulins and plasma cells. Electron microscopic findings in our two cases of primary localized orbital amyloidosis leave unresolved the suggestion that mesenchymal cells, in addition to plasma cells, may be responsible for the production of amyloid. It should be emphasized for the clinician that amyloidosis of the conjunctiva and orbit is almost always a benign disease without systemic implications. On the other hand, amyloid of the skin of the eyelids, is a hallmark of generalized amyloidosis.", "PMID": 1173698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4257", "title": "Further studies on the isolation of injured Salmonellae from foods.", "content": "Two series of experiments with artificially contaminated milk powder were carried out. In the first series the influence of storage on the minimal resuscitation time was studied. In the second series the influence of ox bile versus taurocholate as inhibitive substances in tetrathionate bile brilliant green broth was studied. The results clearly indicate that in a given population cells may be present which are injured to various degrees, and that studies to determine minimal resuscitation times may be complicated by this fact.", "contents": "Further studies on the isolation of injured Salmonellae from foods. Two series of experiments with artificially contaminated milk powder were carried out. In the first series the influence of storage on the minimal resuscitation time was studied. In the second series the influence of ox bile versus taurocholate as inhibitive substances in tetrathionate bile brilliant green broth was studied. The results clearly indicate that in a given population cells may be present which are injured to various degrees, and that studies to determine minimal resuscitation times may be complicated by this fact.", "PMID": 1173713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4258", "title": "Relationship of milk consumption to blood glucose rise in lactose intolerant individuals.", "content": "Lactose intolerant populations are heterogeneous with respect to their milk-drinking habits. A gradation of lactase activity in the intolerant population may result in sufficient lactose hydrolysis to obviate symptoms and lead to continued milk consumption. This paper reports on differences in maximum blood sugar rise in lactose intolerant children who are observed to consume or reject milk. Of the 89 black elementary school children, 48 (54 per cent) evidenced a flat lactose tolerance curve. Twenty-eight of these 48 children (58 per cent) were defined as nonmilk drinkers. The maximum blood sugar rise was 12.3 mg/100 in the 20 lactose malabsorbers who were defined as milk drinkers. It appears that some lactose malabsorbing children may have sufficient, albeit lower, levels of lactase to hydrolyze moderate amounts of milk.", "contents": "Relationship of milk consumption to blood glucose rise in lactose intolerant individuals. Lactose intolerant populations are heterogeneous with respect to their milk-drinking habits. A gradation of lactase activity in the intolerant population may result in sufficient lactose hydrolysis to obviate symptoms and lead to continued milk consumption. This paper reports on differences in maximum blood sugar rise in lactose intolerant children who are observed to consume or reject milk. Of the 89 black elementary school children, 48 (54 per cent) evidenced a flat lactose tolerance curve. Twenty-eight of these 48 children (58 per cent) were defined as nonmilk drinkers. The maximum blood sugar rise was 12.3 mg/100 in the 20 lactose malabsorbers who were defined as milk drinkers. It appears that some lactose malabsorbing children may have sufficient, albeit lower, levels of lactase to hydrolyze moderate amounts of milk.", "PMID": 1173735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4259", "title": "Effects of dietary lactose and lactase preparation on the intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium in normal infants.", "content": "Effects of dietary lactose and a lactase preparation on the intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium were studied in 3 groups under 8 months of age; infants on a proprietary milk, infants on a lactose-free milk, and infants on a proprietary milk to which a lactase preparation was added. The intestinal absorption of both elements was reduced in infants on a lactose-free milk and enhanced in infants who were fed on a proprietary milk and given a lactase preparation.", "contents": "Effects of dietary lactose and lactase preparation on the intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium in normal infants. Effects of dietary lactose and a lactase preparation on the intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium were studied in 3 groups under 8 months of age; infants on a proprietary milk, infants on a lactose-free milk, and infants on a proprietary milk to which a lactase preparation was added. The intestinal absorption of both elements was reduced in infants on a lactose-free milk and enhanced in infants who were fed on a proprietary milk and given a lactase preparation.", "PMID": 1173736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4260", "title": "Lactose hydrolyzed milk.", "content": "Lactose intolerance is being reported in many populations. Yet, milk is highly nutritious and methods are being explored to use milk while limiting the lactose content. Thirty-two blacks 13-19 years of age were studied to determine a blood sugar rise with 8 ounces of the following test milks: 1) untreated whole milk (12 g/lactose); 2) 90% lactose hydrolyzed milk (1.2 g/lactose); and 3) 50% lactose hydrolyzed milk (6 g/lactose). In the 22 lactose malabsorbers, the peak blood sugars were: 1) untreated whole milk--4.4 mg/100 ml, 2) 90% lactose hydrolyzed milk--14.5 mg/100 ml, and 3) 50% lactose hydrolyzed milk--8.8 mg/100 ml. The 10 blacks with normal lactose absorption had a comparably high peak blood sugar on all three test milks. Differences between the blood sugar in the lactose absorbing and malabsorbing subjects when drinking untreated whole milk are significant (P less than 0.001); so are differences in the lactose malabsorbing subjects consuming untreated whole milk and 90% lactose hydrolyzed milk (P less than 0.001) as well as 50 and 90% lactose hydrolyzed milk. Symptoms were reported by three lactose malabsorbing subjects with untreated whole milk with two of the three symptomatic with 90% lactose hydrolyzed milk and none with 50% lactose hydrolyzed milk. No symptoms were reported by the lactose absorbers. Significant improvement in absorption with 90% lactose hydrolyzed milk is seen in low lactase subjects. Lactose hydrolyzed milk may serve as an important alternative for food planners wanting to provide milk to high risk populations with low lactase levels.", "contents": "Lactose hydrolyzed milk. Lactose intolerance is being reported in many populations. Yet, milk is highly nutritious and methods are being explored to use milk while limiting the lactose content. Thirty-two blacks 13-19 years of age were studied to determine a blood sugar rise with 8 ounces of the following test milks: 1) untreated whole milk (12 g/lactose); 2) 90% lactose hydrolyzed milk (1.2 g/lactose); and 3) 50% lactose hydrolyzed milk (6 g/lactose). In the 22 lactose malabsorbers, the peak blood sugars were: 1) untreated whole milk--4.4 mg/100 ml, 2) 90% lactose hydrolyzed milk--14.5 mg/100 ml, and 3) 50% lactose hydrolyzed milk--8.8 mg/100 ml. The 10 blacks with normal lactose absorption had a comparably high peak blood sugar on all three test milks. Differences between the blood sugar in the lactose absorbing and malabsorbing subjects when drinking untreated whole milk are significant (P less than 0.001); so are differences in the lactose malabsorbing subjects consuming untreated whole milk and 90% lactose hydrolyzed milk (P less than 0.001) as well as 50 and 90% lactose hydrolyzed milk. Symptoms were reported by three lactose malabsorbing subjects with untreated whole milk with two of the three symptomatic with 90% lactose hydrolyzed milk and none with 50% lactose hydrolyzed milk. No symptoms were reported by the lactose absorbers. Significant improvement in absorption with 90% lactose hydrolyzed milk is seen in low lactase subjects. Lactose hydrolyzed milk may serve as an important alternative for food planners wanting to provide milk to high risk populations with low lactase levels.", "PMID": 1173737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4261", "title": "Reed-Sternberg-like cells in nodular lymphoma involving the bone marrow.", "content": "McKenna, Robert W., and Brunning, Richard D. Reed-Sternberg-like cells in nodular lymphoma involving the bone marrow. Am JClin Pathol 63: 779-785, 1975. Two patients with cells indistinguishable from Reed-Sternberg cells in bone marrow lesions of nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma are described. Both patients had lymph node biopsies showing nodular lymphoma. Bone marrow and blood involvement with the lymphoma was demonstrated at the time of initial diagnosis. Reed-Sternberg-like cells were not demonstrated in either case until later in the course of the disease, after the patients had been treated with numerous chemotherapeutic agents. Other similarities of bone marrow involvement with nodular lymphoma to Hodgkin's disease of the bone marrow are noted. The origin of the Reed-Sternberg-like cells in nodular lymphoma is not clear, but they could result from morphologicalteration of lymphoma cells by chemotherapy. The finding of Reed-Sternberg cells in bone marrow lesions should be interpreted with caution unless diagnostic biopsy material from other sites is available for study. (Key words: Bone marrow lymphoma' nodular lymphoma; Reed-Sternberg cells).", "contents": "Reed-Sternberg-like cells in nodular lymphoma involving the bone marrow. McKenna, Robert W., and Brunning, Richard D. Reed-Sternberg-like cells in nodular lymphoma involving the bone marrow. Am JClin Pathol 63: 779-785, 1975. Two patients with cells indistinguishable from Reed-Sternberg cells in bone marrow lesions of nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma are described. Both patients had lymph node biopsies showing nodular lymphoma. Bone marrow and blood involvement with the lymphoma was demonstrated at the time of initial diagnosis. Reed-Sternberg-like cells were not demonstrated in either case until later in the course of the disease, after the patients had been treated with numerous chemotherapeutic agents. Other similarities of bone marrow involvement with nodular lymphoma to Hodgkin's disease of the bone marrow are noted. The origin of the Reed-Sternberg-like cells in nodular lymphoma is not clear, but they could result from morphologicalteration of lymphoma cells by chemotherapy. The finding of Reed-Sternberg cells in bone marrow lesions should be interpreted with caution unless diagnostic biopsy material from other sites is available for study. (Key words: Bone marrow lymphoma' nodular lymphoma; Reed-Sternberg cells).", "PMID": 1173738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4262", "title": "Radiologic evaluation of the premature newborn rabbit after pharyngeal deposition of surfactant.", "content": "Premature rabbit fetuses were delivered by hysterotomy and, prior to the first breath, a concentrated homologous surfactant suspension was deposited in the pharynx. With repeated radiograms, the effect of this treatment was studied during the first two hours of extrauterine life. The lung aeration was quantitated with densitometry, and the chest expansion was assessed by measuring the inferior angle formed by the fourth ribs. In comparison with control animals, the treated animals demonstrated a greater chest expansion, and their lungs were significantly better aerated. Clinical application has to await further studies.", "contents": "Radiologic evaluation of the premature newborn rabbit after pharyngeal deposition of surfactant. Premature rabbit fetuses were delivered by hysterotomy and, prior to the first breath, a concentrated homologous surfactant suspension was deposited in the pharynx. With repeated radiograms, the effect of this treatment was studied during the first two hours of extrauterine life. The lung aeration was quantitated with densitometry, and the chest expansion was assessed by measuring the inferior angle formed by the fourth ribs. In comparison with control animals, the treated animals demonstrated a greater chest expansion, and their lungs were significantly better aerated. Clinical application has to await further studies.", "PMID": 1173739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4263", "title": "Response in mice to an erythropoietin-generating factor.", "content": "The bioassay for erythropoietin-stimulating factor (ESF) was compared in 3 strains of mice. One strain was made polycythemic by hypertransfusion and the other 2 by hypoxia. An erythropoiesis-generating factor (EGF) measured in the 3 strains generated approximately the same amounts of ESF, determined with log dose-log response curves for the respective techniques, after incubation with normal rabbit serum (NRS). The amount of ESF generated by EGF without prior incubation with NRS was also approximately the same in the 3 strains of mice.", "contents": "Response in mice to an erythropoietin-generating factor. The bioassay for erythropoietin-stimulating factor (ESF) was compared in 3 strains of mice. One strain was made polycythemic by hypertransfusion and the other 2 by hypoxia. An erythropoiesis-generating factor (EGF) measured in the 3 strains generated approximately the same amounts of ESF, determined with log dose-log response curves for the respective techniques, after incubation with normal rabbit serum (NRS). The amount of ESF generated by EGF without prior incubation with NRS was also approximately the same in the 3 strains of mice.", "PMID": 1173743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4264", "title": "Coincidence of Sarcoidosis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "content": "A 59-year-old, female patient died of pulmonary embolus 16 days after an operation for a Moore prosthesis. At autopsy, previously unsuspected sarcoidosis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis were found. The sarcoidosis was noted in one focus in the lung and in all lymph nodes examined. In the thyroid gland, Hashimoto's thyroiditis was observed. In addition, structures that could not be differentiated morphologically from papillary Hurthle cell carcinoma were seen in the thyroid.", "contents": "Coincidence of Sarcoidosis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A 59-year-old, female patient died of pulmonary embolus 16 days after an operation for a Moore prosthesis. At autopsy, previously unsuspected sarcoidosis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis were found. The sarcoidosis was noted in one focus in the lung and in all lymph nodes examined. In the thyroid gland, Hashimoto's thyroiditis was observed. In addition, structures that could not be differentiated morphologically from papillary Hurthle cell carcinoma were seen in the thyroid.", "PMID": 1173744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4265", "title": "Azaribine therapy for psoriasis. Evaluation of potential effects on the liver and other organ systems.", "content": "An open study of azaribine was carried out on 38 psoriatic patients for two years. Thirty-five patients had previously taken methotrexate. Thirty-four patients had liver biopsies performed before azaribine therapy and 14 had liver biopsies performed after azaribine therapy. Of these 14, five had grade 1 liver biopsies before and after therapy; one had grade III before and after therapy; and three had grade IV before and after therapy. Liver biopsy findings were slightly worse in two patients, and three patients showed improvement in liver biopsy findings.", "contents": "Azaribine therapy for psoriasis. Evaluation of potential effects on the liver and other organ systems. An open study of azaribine was carried out on 38 psoriatic patients for two years. Thirty-five patients had previously taken methotrexate. Thirty-four patients had liver biopsies performed before azaribine therapy and 14 had liver biopsies performed after azaribine therapy. Of these 14, five had grade 1 liver biopsies before and after therapy; one had grade III before and after therapy; and three had grade IV before and after therapy. Liver biopsy findings were slightly worse in two patients, and three patients showed improvement in liver biopsy findings.", "PMID": 1173747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4266", "title": "Lymphosarcoma of the right atrium. Angiographic and hemodynamic documentation of response to chemotherapy.", "content": "A patient had metastatic lymphosarcoma involving the right atrium and tricuspid valve in which functional tricuspid valve obstruction was relieved by chemotherapy. Patients with disseminated or mediastinal lymphoma in whom cardiopulmonary symptoms occur should be considered for catheterization of the right side of the heart and angiography. These procedures may be useful for determining the presence, location, and nature of cardiac disease and may aid in deciding the proper course of therapy.", "contents": "Lymphosarcoma of the right atrium. Angiographic and hemodynamic documentation of response to chemotherapy. A patient had metastatic lymphosarcoma involving the right atrium and tricuspid valve in which functional tricuspid valve obstruction was relieved by chemotherapy. Patients with disseminated or mediastinal lymphoma in whom cardiopulmonary symptoms occur should be considered for catheterization of the right side of the heart and angiography. These procedures may be useful for determining the presence, location, and nature of cardiac disease and may aid in deciding the proper course of therapy.", "PMID": 1173749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4267", "title": "Metabolism of trichloroethylene in man. III. Interaction of trichloroethylene and ethanol.", "content": "Volunteers inhaled a constant concentration of 50 ppm trichloroethylene (Tri) for 6 hrs per day on 5 consecutive days. Simultaneous ethanol (EtOH) ingestion (blood level 0.6%) inhibits the metabolization of Tri to trichloroethanol (TCE) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) by 40% on the average. Oxidation of Tri to TCA does not occur as long as EtOH is present. During this time period the blood Tri-concentration increases 2 1/2-fold, that in the expired air rising 4-fold, as compared to Tri inhalation without EtOH. TCE glucuronidation is not subject to inhibition. On concurrent inhalation of Tri, the EtOH and acetaldehyde levels are slightly increased over the control values without Tri. The mechanisms underlying the alternate inhibition of mixed-function oxygenases and aldehyde dehydrogenase on simultaneous intake of Tri and EtOH are discussed. The intolerance reaction occurring on combined exposure to Tri and EtOH can be interpreted as an accumulation of Tri in the CNS resulting from the complete depression of Tri oxidation.", "contents": "Metabolism of trichloroethylene in man. III. Interaction of trichloroethylene and ethanol. Volunteers inhaled a constant concentration of 50 ppm trichloroethylene (Tri) for 6 hrs per day on 5 consecutive days. Simultaneous ethanol (EtOH) ingestion (blood level 0.6%) inhibits the metabolization of Tri to trichloroethanol (TCE) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) by 40% on the average. Oxidation of Tri to TCA does not occur as long as EtOH is present. During this time period the blood Tri-concentration increases 2 1/2-fold, that in the expired air rising 4-fold, as compared to Tri inhalation without EtOH. TCE glucuronidation is not subject to inhibition. On concurrent inhalation of Tri, the EtOH and acetaldehyde levels are slightly increased over the control values without Tri. The mechanisms underlying the alternate inhibition of mixed-function oxygenases and aldehyde dehydrogenase on simultaneous intake of Tri and EtOH are discussed. The intolerance reaction occurring on combined exposure to Tri and EtOH can be interpreted as an accumulation of Tri in the CNS resulting from the complete depression of Tri oxidation.", "PMID": 1173750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4268", "title": "[Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of derivatives of 1,3-indandion (author's transl)].", "content": "The embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of 1,3-indandion and of 3 of its derivatives were proved. Pregnant SWS mice were given single i.p. injections on day 9 of gestation. A mixture of physiologic saline and TWEEN20 (3:1) was used as a solvent. The results refute the hypothesis of the action of thalidomide as an acylating agent responsible for the embryotoxic and teratogenic effect. The results favor instead the hypothesis of an intercalation of the flat purine-like molecule moieties of thalidomide and some of its analogues between base pairs of the DNA double helix.", "contents": "[Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of derivatives of 1,3-indandion (author's transl)]. The embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of 1,3-indandion and of 3 of its derivatives were proved. Pregnant SWS mice were given single i.p. injections on day 9 of gestation. A mixture of physiologic saline and TWEEN20 (3:1) was used as a solvent. The results refute the hypothesis of the action of thalidomide as an acylating agent responsible for the embryotoxic and teratogenic effect. The results favor instead the hypothesis of an intercalation of the flat purine-like molecule moieties of thalidomide and some of its analogues between base pairs of the DNA double helix.", "PMID": 1173751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4269", "title": "In vivo cytogenetic investigations in bone marrow cells of rats, Chinese hamsters and mice treated with 6-mercaptopurine.", "content": "The chromosome-damaging effect of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) was investigated in bone marrow cells of rats, Chinese hamsters, and mice after single intraperitoneal injections of doses from 3.125 to 250 mg/kg, and after multiple applications of 10, 25, 50, and 125 mg/kg. The optimal time of investigation after single administration in these studies was 48 hrs after treatment for all 3 species. A nearly linear dose-response relationship with a low quadratic component was observed. The \"critical dose\" for all 3 species was 12.5 mg 6-MP/kg. However, mice generally demonstrated the highest sensitivity to the \"clastogenic\" effect of 6-MP. In agreement with results of acute toxicity studies, Chinese hamsters generally were less (and rats least) sensitive than the mouse to chromosomal damage induced by higher doses of 6-MP. After repeated treatment with low doses, the chromosome-damaging effect of 6-MP was less pronounced than after one single administration of a large dose equaling the total amount of substance applied in chronic treatment.", "contents": "In vivo cytogenetic investigations in bone marrow cells of rats, Chinese hamsters and mice treated with 6-mercaptopurine. The chromosome-damaging effect of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) was investigated in bone marrow cells of rats, Chinese hamsters, and mice after single intraperitoneal injections of doses from 3.125 to 250 mg/kg, and after multiple applications of 10, 25, 50, and 125 mg/kg. The optimal time of investigation after single administration in these studies was 48 hrs after treatment for all 3 species. A nearly linear dose-response relationship with a low quadratic component was observed. The \"critical dose\" for all 3 species was 12.5 mg 6-MP/kg. However, mice generally demonstrated the highest sensitivity to the \"clastogenic\" effect of 6-MP. In agreement with results of acute toxicity studies, Chinese hamsters generally were less (and rats least) sensitive than the mouse to chromosomal damage induced by higher doses of 6-MP. After repeated treatment with low doses, the chromosome-damaging effect of 6-MP was less pronounced than after one single administration of a large dose equaling the total amount of substance applied in chronic treatment.", "PMID": 1173752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4270", "title": "[The inhalation toxicity of tertiary butylisonitril in rats and mice. Acute toxicity and evaluation of embryotoxic and mutagenic effects (author's transl)].", "content": "The inhalation toxicity of tertiary butylisonitril (TBIN) was evaluated in rats and mice. In addition, pregnant rats were exposed to TBIN aerosols to test its embryotoxic effects and male mice were exposed to TBIN aerosols to evaluate its mutagenic effects using the dominant lethal test. Inhalation of TBIN aerosols caused death in rats only at high concentrations. The following inhalation LC50 values were determined for rats and mice following inhalation of TBIN aerosols: 4-hr exposure: male rats 715, female rats 710, male mice 377; five 4-hr exposures: male and female rats between 356 and 583 mg/m-3 air. The animals were impaired for a long period of time, and death occurred up to 10 days after the exposure. Female rats were exposed to TBIN aerosols from the 6th to the 15th day of gestation daily for 4 hrs. The used concentrations were not toxic to the pregnant rats. It became evident that only the lowest concentration (14 mg/m-3) was not effective to the development of the fetus. A TBIN concentration of 36 mg/m-3 definetely increased the resorption in embryos, and with 71 mg/m-3 a complete loss of the fetus occurred due to resorption. A teratogenic effect could not be determined. A single 4-hr inhalation of 125 mg TBIN/m-3 air caused changes of the sperms of male mice. There was a decreased fertilization capability during the first week of mating after the exposure and a decreased implantation rate with a simultaneous increase of pre-implantation losses in the females. With respect to industrial hygiene it is important that concentrations of TBIN in the air show embryotoxic and anti-spermatogenic effects in animals, which they tolerated without symptoms of poisoning.", "contents": "[The inhalation toxicity of tertiary butylisonitril in rats and mice. Acute toxicity and evaluation of embryotoxic and mutagenic effects (author's transl)]. The inhalation toxicity of tertiary butylisonitril (TBIN) was evaluated in rats and mice. In addition, pregnant rats were exposed to TBIN aerosols to test its embryotoxic effects and male mice were exposed to TBIN aerosols to evaluate its mutagenic effects using the dominant lethal test. Inhalation of TBIN aerosols caused death in rats only at high concentrations. The following inhalation LC50 values were determined for rats and mice following inhalation of TBIN aerosols: 4-hr exposure: male rats 715, female rats 710, male mice 377; five 4-hr exposures: male and female rats between 356 and 583 mg/m-3 air. The animals were impaired for a long period of time, and death occurred up to 10 days after the exposure. Female rats were exposed to TBIN aerosols from the 6th to the 15th day of gestation daily for 4 hrs. The used concentrations were not toxic to the pregnant rats. It became evident that only the lowest concentration (14 mg/m-3) was not effective to the development of the fetus. A TBIN concentration of 36 mg/m-3 definetely increased the resorption in embryos, and with 71 mg/m-3 a complete loss of the fetus occurred due to resorption. A teratogenic effect could not be determined. A single 4-hr inhalation of 125 mg TBIN/m-3 air caused changes of the sperms of male mice. There was a decreased fertilization capability during the first week of mating after the exposure and a decreased implantation rate with a simultaneous increase of pre-implantation losses in the females. With respect to industrial hygiene it is important that concentrations of TBIN in the air show embryotoxic and anti-spermatogenic effects in animals, which they tolerated without symptoms of poisoning.", "PMID": 1173753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4271", "title": "On the question of extracorporeal hemodialysis in diquat intoxication.", "content": "Extracorporeal hemodialyses were carried out in a female patient with severe diquat intoxication. Diquat clearance was on average, 3.17 ml/min. Only 0.84 mg diquat could be eliminated from the blood serum by 11.5 hrs of dialysis. Hemodialysis is therefore not an efficient technique for removing amounts of diquat from the organism that are toxicologically relevant one day after ingestion.", "contents": "On the question of extracorporeal hemodialysis in diquat intoxication. Extracorporeal hemodialyses were carried out in a female patient with severe diquat intoxication. Diquat clearance was on average, 3.17 ml/min. Only 0.84 mg diquat could be eliminated from the blood serum by 11.5 hrs of dialysis. Hemodialysis is therefore not an efficient technique for removing amounts of diquat from the organism that are toxicologically relevant one day after ingestion.", "PMID": 1173754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4272", "title": "Antidote effect of liquid paraffin in oral solvent intoxication.", "content": "The antidote efficacy of liquid paraffin in oral solvent intoxications was investigated in dogs. Groups of 3 to 4 animals each received 1 ml/kg of methylchloroform, 0.3 ml/kg of benzene, or 3 ml/kg of a synthetic gasoline mixture (hexane/heptane/octane, ratio 30:50:20) by gastric intubation. After a prolonged interval the same animals were given 5 ml/kg of liquid paraffin by a separate tube in addition to one of the above solvents. The solvent concentrations in the blood were determined by gas chromatography at appropriate intervals. Administration of liquid paraffin in conjunction with methylchloroform does not significantly affect the absorption process. In the case of benzene and the synthetic gasoline mixture, however, liquid paraffin produces a distinct reduction in the rate of absorption. It is thus concluded that in the therapy of oral solvent-intoxication, liquid paraffin exhibits favorable antidote properties which may however differ from one solvent to the other. In clinically relevant situations involving coadministration of purgatives, the antidote effect must be assessed as being of a higher order than in our animal experiments in which purgatives had to be omitted for external reasons.", "contents": "Antidote effect of liquid paraffin in oral solvent intoxication. The antidote efficacy of liquid paraffin in oral solvent intoxications was investigated in dogs. Groups of 3 to 4 animals each received 1 ml/kg of methylchloroform, 0.3 ml/kg of benzene, or 3 ml/kg of a synthetic gasoline mixture (hexane/heptane/octane, ratio 30:50:20) by gastric intubation. After a prolonged interval the same animals were given 5 ml/kg of liquid paraffin by a separate tube in addition to one of the above solvents. The solvent concentrations in the blood were determined by gas chromatography at appropriate intervals. Administration of liquid paraffin in conjunction with methylchloroform does not significantly affect the absorption process. In the case of benzene and the synthetic gasoline mixture, however, liquid paraffin produces a distinct reduction in the rate of absorption. It is thus concluded that in the therapy of oral solvent-intoxication, liquid paraffin exhibits favorable antidote properties which may however differ from one solvent to the other. In clinically relevant situations involving coadministration of purgatives, the antidote effect must be assessed as being of a higher order than in our animal experiments in which purgatives had to be omitted for external reasons.", "PMID": 1173755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4273", "title": "[Examinations of the thresholds of discomfort of the ears treated by stapedectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Ears treated by stapedectomy often are extremely irritated by noise. To clear up this phenomenon were plotted the thresholds of discomfort by tone- and speechaudiograms in the operated ears as well as in the non-operated. All our patients being examined had the stapedius muscle tendons cut. There was no clinical otosclerosis in the non-operated ears and the audition was the same on either side. A significant increase of the discomfort threshold was seen in the operated ears (93.8% in the toneaudiograms and 78.1% in the speech audiograms). In the tone audiograms the frequencies of 500, 1000 and 2000 cps were the most concerned. We consider this increase of discomfort as a consecutive result of the stapedius tendon cutting. It verifies the protecting function of the stapedius muscle against low frequencies.", "contents": "[Examinations of the thresholds of discomfort of the ears treated by stapedectomy (author's transl)]. Ears treated by stapedectomy often are extremely irritated by noise. To clear up this phenomenon were plotted the thresholds of discomfort by tone- and speechaudiograms in the operated ears as well as in the non-operated. All our patients being examined had the stapedius muscle tendons cut. There was no clinical otosclerosis in the non-operated ears and the audition was the same on either side. A significant increase of the discomfort threshold was seen in the operated ears (93.8% in the toneaudiograms and 78.1% in the speech audiograms). In the tone audiograms the frequencies of 500, 1000 and 2000 cps were the most concerned. We consider this increase of discomfort as a consecutive result of the stapedius tendon cutting. It verifies the protecting function of the stapedius muscle against low frequencies.", "PMID": 1173756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4274", "title": "[The protein- and nucleic acid biosynthese in isolated human tonsilar cells and his dependence of age (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of our investigations was to discriminate unspecific age-depending function of the tonsil. In an in-vitro system of tonsillar lymphocytes we could show, that there are differences in the DNA-, RNA- and Proteinbiosynthese between children and adults. The children organ is more active. It could be shown that the observed differences are only age depending and not influenced by the clinical state of the organ.", "contents": "[The protein- and nucleic acid biosynthese in isolated human tonsilar cells and his dependence of age (author's transl)]. The aim of our investigations was to discriminate unspecific age-depending function of the tonsil. In an in-vitro system of tonsillar lymphocytes we could show, that there are differences in the DNA-, RNA- and Proteinbiosynthese between children and adults. The children organ is more active. It could be shown that the observed differences are only age depending and not influenced by the clinical state of the organ.", "PMID": 1173757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4275", "title": "[About the influence of body posture on the result of acoustical examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "Effect of socalled tonic reflexes on central processing of acoustic stimuli was studied by stimulating the patterns of tonic reflexes in 18 adults with normal hearing abilities. The parameters were: hearing threshold level, acoustical stapedius reflex and slow auditory evoked potential. Only in three positions-corresponding to the symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR) and tonic labyrinthine reflex in supine and prone position a hearing threshold shift of 1 dB could be observed. The level of the stapedius reflex showed an increase of 5 dB in one of these three positions. In the acoustical evoked slow potential only the amplitude but not the latency was influenced. In some cases we found an increase of amplitude, in others a decrease or even a complete suppression. In using ERA to evaluate possible auditory disturbances in children with cerebral palsy it seems necessary to consider these possible influences on the evoked potential.", "contents": "[About the influence of body posture on the result of acoustical examinations (author's transl)]. Effect of socalled tonic reflexes on central processing of acoustic stimuli was studied by stimulating the patterns of tonic reflexes in 18 adults with normal hearing abilities. The parameters were: hearing threshold level, acoustical stapedius reflex and slow auditory evoked potential. Only in three positions-corresponding to the symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR) and tonic labyrinthine reflex in supine and prone position a hearing threshold shift of 1 dB could be observed. The level of the stapedius reflex showed an increase of 5 dB in one of these three positions. In the acoustical evoked slow potential only the amplitude but not the latency was influenced. In some cases we found an increase of amplitude, in others a decrease or even a complete suppression. In using ERA to evaluate possible auditory disturbances in children with cerebral palsy it seems necessary to consider these possible influences on the evoked potential.", "PMID": 1173758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4276", "title": "Aberrant carotid artery in the middle ear.", "content": "A myringotomy performed on a 2-year-old girl, resulted in profuse aural hemorrhage which recurred when the patient cried. Carotid angiography revealed bilateral aberrant internal carotid arteries in the middle ears. In this case, and in previously reported cases as well, otalgia was one of the initial symptoms of the anomaly. So as to avoid faulty myringotomy, recognition of this entity is essential in cases presenting reddish swelling of the inferior quadrant of the tympanic membrane.", "contents": "Aberrant carotid artery in the middle ear. A myringotomy performed on a 2-year-old girl, resulted in profuse aural hemorrhage which recurred when the patient cried. Carotid angiography revealed bilateral aberrant internal carotid arteries in the middle ears. In this case, and in previously reported cases as well, otalgia was one of the initial symptoms of the anomaly. So as to avoid faulty myringotomy, recognition of this entity is essential in cases presenting reddish swelling of the inferior quadrant of the tympanic membrane.", "PMID": 1173759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4277", "title": "[ERA and dichotic test by Feldmann of dyslectic children (author's transl)].", "content": "Many elementary school-children (nearly 20%-for the West German Republic) have difficulties in reading and writing. In most cases these troubles will cease during the further school development, only very few must be classified as dyslectic. Dyslexia and its audiological problems was studied in over 100 children ranging from the age of 5-16 years. Hearing thresholds showed only in a few cases pathological results. The dichotic discrimination test by Feldmann revealed significant lower results compared with normal children and same age group. EEG audiometry (ERA) showed in over 30% of all dyslectic children a two phasic curve with two negative deflections. Most of these pathological curves could be separated into groups by superimposing them accordingly to the first and second negative deflection.", "contents": "[ERA and dichotic test by Feldmann of dyslectic children (author's transl)]. Many elementary school-children (nearly 20%-for the West German Republic) have difficulties in reading and writing. In most cases these troubles will cease during the further school development, only very few must be classified as dyslectic. Dyslexia and its audiological problems was studied in over 100 children ranging from the age of 5-16 years. Hearing thresholds showed only in a few cases pathological results. The dichotic discrimination test by Feldmann revealed significant lower results compared with normal children and same age group. EEG audiometry (ERA) showed in over 30% of all dyslectic children a two phasic curve with two negative deflections. Most of these pathological curves could be separated into groups by superimposing them accordingly to the first and second negative deflection.", "PMID": 1173760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4278", "title": "[Aromatic N-mustard compounds. 1. Derivatives of 3-N, N-bis-(2-chlorethyl)amino-4-methylbenzoid acid].", "content": "Twenty-seven new derivatives of the 3-N,N-bis-(2-chlorethyl)-amino-4-methyl-benzoic-acid were synthesized and pharmacologically examined. The compounds showed to be highly active in the in vitro-vivo screening models (Crocker sarcoma 180, Sa-180; Friend virus leukemia, FVL) but less active in the in vivo screening models (leukemia L-1210; L-1210; Nemeth-Kellner lympho-sarcoma, NKL). The in vivo tumor growth inhibitions show that this class of compounds has possibilities for further improvement.", "contents": "[Aromatic N-mustard compounds. 1. Derivatives of 3-N, N-bis-(2-chlorethyl)amino-4-methylbenzoid acid]. Twenty-seven new derivatives of the 3-N,N-bis-(2-chlorethyl)-amino-4-methyl-benzoic-acid were synthesized and pharmacologically examined. The compounds showed to be highly active in the in vitro-vivo screening models (Crocker sarcoma 180, Sa-180; Friend virus leukemia, FVL) but less active in the in vivo screening models (leukemia L-1210; L-1210; Nemeth-Kellner lympho-sarcoma, NKL). The in vivo tumor growth inhibitions show that this class of compounds has possibilities for further improvement.", "PMID": 1173761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4279", "title": "Effect ofO-(beta-hydroxyethyl)rutoside on intestinal tract cells following partial body irradiation.", "content": "In the present study the influence of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside (HR) on the intestinal cells of irradiated mice was investigated. The mitotic activity in the duodenum after irradiation of the abdomen with 800 and 1200 R was shown to be significantly increased during the recovery phase after application of HR. The number of irradiation induced stem cell pycnoses was markedly reduced by HR in the case of both radiation doses. The initially decreased incorporation rate of H3-thymidine was found to increase more rapidly during the first few hours after irradiation in animals pretreated with HR than in those untreated. Cytogenesis of goblet cells, in the duodenum proved to be favourably influenced by HR. During the recovery phase the values were found to be above those observed in the control group and in the untreated animals. The mitosis free interval in the rectal cells immediately after irradiation proved to be shortened in the pretreated animals and the re-increase of the mitotic activity was found to be accelerated. The number of cell pycnoses was also markedly reduced after application of HR, while the incorporation rate of H3-thymidine was accelerated. The radiosensitivity of the goblet cells was not influenced by HR. Disorders in differentiation of the muciferous cells were observed in both test groups.", "contents": "Effect ofO-(beta-hydroxyethyl)rutoside on intestinal tract cells following partial body irradiation. In the present study the influence of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside (HR) on the intestinal cells of irradiated mice was investigated. The mitotic activity in the duodenum after irradiation of the abdomen with 800 and 1200 R was shown to be significantly increased during the recovery phase after application of HR. The number of irradiation induced stem cell pycnoses was markedly reduced by HR in the case of both radiation doses. The initially decreased incorporation rate of H3-thymidine was found to increase more rapidly during the first few hours after irradiation in animals pretreated with HR than in those untreated. Cytogenesis of goblet cells, in the duodenum proved to be favourably influenced by HR. During the recovery phase the values were found to be above those observed in the control group and in the untreated animals. The mitosis free interval in the rectal cells immediately after irradiation proved to be shortened in the pretreated animals and the re-increase of the mitotic activity was found to be accelerated. The number of cell pycnoses was also markedly reduced after application of HR, while the incorporation rate of H3-thymidine was accelerated. The radiosensitivity of the goblet cells was not influenced by HR. Disorders in differentiation of the muciferous cells were observed in both test groups.", "PMID": 1173762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4280", "title": "[Comparative studies of oral \"quick-release\" and \"slowrelease\" iron preparations in the postabsorption serum iron concentration test].", "content": "In Heilmeyer's iron-loading test the iron preparation SA (Eryfer) proved greatly superior to a commercially available effervescent tablet (iron preparation SC), to an iron preparation in a sustained release from (iron preparation SD) and to an iron preparation in the form of enteric-coated pellets (iron preparation SE), in producing and maintaining an increased serum iron level. As compared to a sodium bicarbonate-free preparation (iron preparation SB) the iron preparation SA must be considered equivalent. The results of our investigations made with iron preparation SA are supported by experiences made by other authors with therapeutic application.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of oral \"quick-release\" and \"slowrelease\" iron preparations in the postabsorption serum iron concentration test]. In Heilmeyer's iron-loading test the iron preparation SA (Eryfer) proved greatly superior to a commercially available effervescent tablet (iron preparation SC), to an iron preparation in a sustained release from (iron preparation SD) and to an iron preparation in the form of enteric-coated pellets (iron preparation SE), in producing and maintaining an increased serum iron level. As compared to a sodium bicarbonate-free preparation (iron preparation SB) the iron preparation SA must be considered equivalent. The results of our investigations made with iron preparation SA are supported by experiences made by other authors with therapeutic application.", "PMID": 1173763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4281", "title": "[Experiences with niflumic acid in inflammatory glomerulopathies].", "content": "Thirty patients with histologically ascertained blomerulonephritis and proteinuria were treated over an average period of 4 months with 750 mg/die 2-m-trigluoromethylanilino-nicotinic acid (niflumic acid, Actol). The following was shown: 1. In 73% of the cases the proteinuria diminished. 2. Kidney function remained unchanged, that is, it worsened only in such cases in which there was already limited functioning. 3. In case of initially increased values the secretion of fibrinogen degradation products diminished in 70% of the cases. 4. When the medication was stopped, its effects vanished. Niflumic acid shows to be an effective drug in the treatment of the nephrotic syndrome and the number of complications is smaller due to the improved condition of protein metabolism. Therefore, this form of treatment, in certain ways, influences the prognosis of the disease.", "contents": "[Experiences with niflumic acid in inflammatory glomerulopathies]. Thirty patients with histologically ascertained blomerulonephritis and proteinuria were treated over an average period of 4 months with 750 mg/die 2-m-trigluoromethylanilino-nicotinic acid (niflumic acid, Actol). The following was shown: 1. In 73% of the cases the proteinuria diminished. 2. Kidney function remained unchanged, that is, it worsened only in such cases in which there was already limited functioning. 3. In case of initially increased values the secretion of fibrinogen degradation products diminished in 70% of the cases. 4. When the medication was stopped, its effects vanished. Niflumic acid shows to be an effective drug in the treatment of the nephrotic syndrome and the number of complications is smaller due to the improved condition of protein metabolism. Therefore, this form of treatment, in certain ways, influences the prognosis of the disease.", "PMID": 1173764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4282", "title": "Therapy of depression by phenylalanine. Preliminary note.", "content": "To 23 subjects with endogenous depression after a previous unsuccessful treatment with common antidepressive drugs (imipramine-like or MAO inhibitors) dl- or d-phenylalanine was given in dialy oral doses of 50 or 100 mg during 15 days. A complete euthymia was obtained in 17 subjects between one and 13 days of treatment. No important adverse reaction was observed.", "contents": "Therapy of depression by phenylalanine. Preliminary note. To 23 subjects with endogenous depression after a previous unsuccessful treatment with common antidepressive drugs (imipramine-like or MAO inhibitors) dl- or d-phenylalanine was given in dialy oral doses of 50 or 100 mg during 15 days. A complete euthymia was obtained in 17 subjects between one and 13 days of treatment. No important adverse reaction was observed.", "PMID": 1173765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4283", "title": "[Relations between chemical structure, physico-chemical properties, chemical reactivity and effect of various positionally isomeric local anesthetics 31.2].", "content": "1. In the introduction, a short survey on the effect of different structural isomers on the activity of drugs is giben. The inductive, resonance and steric effect of the ring substitution are discussed and probable mechanism of local-anesthetic action is dealth with. 2. As model substances in this work, the diethylamino-ethyl-ester-hydrochlorides of amino-, butylamino, butoxy- and butyl-benzoic acids are synthesized and their purity tests as well as the spectroscopic identifications are made. Further more the data on the pKa, ionisation degree, turbidity pH, water solubility of the bases, partition coefficient and the surface activity of these substances are given. 3. The electron density of the carbonyl groups (sigma-values and IR-frequencies), the hydrolysis constants and the protein-binding values are studied as the measure of the chemical reactivity of the model substances. 4. Although a fairly good correlation between different physico-chemical properties of these substances was found, a satisfactory correlation of the hydrolysis constants, the partition constants, the electronic densities as well as the sigma-constants to the local anesthetic activity of these substances is compared only in the p-substituted compounds. For the inconsistency in the o- and m-derivatives, the steric effect of the substituents could be called responsible.", "contents": "[Relations between chemical structure, physico-chemical properties, chemical reactivity and effect of various positionally isomeric local anesthetics 31.2]. 1. In the introduction, a short survey on the effect of different structural isomers on the activity of drugs is giben. The inductive, resonance and steric effect of the ring substitution are discussed and probable mechanism of local-anesthetic action is dealth with. 2. As model substances in this work, the diethylamino-ethyl-ester-hydrochlorides of amino-, butylamino, butoxy- and butyl-benzoic acids are synthesized and their purity tests as well as the spectroscopic identifications are made. Further more the data on the pKa, ionisation degree, turbidity pH, water solubility of the bases, partition coefficient and the surface activity of these substances are given. 3. The electron density of the carbonyl groups (sigma-values and IR-frequencies), the hydrolysis constants and the protein-binding values are studied as the measure of the chemical reactivity of the model substances. 4. Although a fairly good correlation between different physico-chemical properties of these substances was found, a satisfactory correlation of the hydrolysis constants, the partition constants, the electronic densities as well as the sigma-constants to the local anesthetic activity of these substances is compared only in the p-substituted compounds. For the inconsistency in the o- and m-derivatives, the steric effect of the substituents could be called responsible.", "PMID": 1173766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4284", "title": "Dissolution and polymorphism of metolazone.", "content": "The solubility and dissolution rate of five different solid forms of 7-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-oxo-o-tolyl-6-quinazoline-sulfonamide (metolazone) in n-butanol, water and 0.01 n HCl are investigated and thermodynamic values have been computed. The amorphous metolazone dissolves about 8 times faster than the stable modification I (mp. 267-270 degrees C) in 0.01 n HCl at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Dissolution and polymorphism of metolazone. The solubility and dissolution rate of five different solid forms of 7-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-oxo-o-tolyl-6-quinazoline-sulfonamide (metolazone) in n-butanol, water and 0.01 n HCl are investigated and thermodynamic values have been computed. The amorphous metolazone dissolves about 8 times faster than the stable modification I (mp. 267-270 degrees C) in 0.01 n HCl at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 1173767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4285", "title": "[Metabolism of retro-progesterone and 17-hydroxy-retro-progesterone].", "content": "In comparative studes, the metabolism of retro-progesterone (9 beta,10alpha-pregn-4-ene-3, 20-dinoe) and 17-hydrozy-retro-progesterone (17-hydroxy-9 beta, 10 alpha-prgn-4-ene-3, 20-dione) as well as of progesterone and 17-hydroxy progesterone was investigated. The microsomal fraction from rat tests served as enzmye preparation. Whereas progesterone was metablised to 17-hydroxy-progesterone, testosterone and androstendion, retno-progesterone did not yield the corresponding reaction products. 16 alpha-Hydroxy-retro progresterone was found to be the main metabolite of retro-progesterone and identified by gas-liquid chromatopgray/mass spectrometry. In contrast to 17-hydroxy-progesterone,  no transformation of 17-hudroxy-retro-progesterone to C19-steriods was observed. From these experiments, it can beconcluded that C21 -retro-steriods are not attacked by the 17alpha-hydrozylase and the C17-C20-desmolase of mammalian origin.", "contents": "[Metabolism of retro-progesterone and 17-hydroxy-retro-progesterone]. In comparative studes, the metabolism of retro-progesterone (9 beta,10alpha-pregn-4-ene-3, 20-dinoe) and 17-hydrozy-retro-progesterone (17-hydroxy-9 beta, 10 alpha-prgn-4-ene-3, 20-dione) as well as of progesterone and 17-hydroxy progesterone was investigated. The microsomal fraction from rat tests served as enzmye preparation. Whereas progesterone was metablised to 17-hydroxy-progesterone, testosterone and androstendion, retno-progesterone did not yield the corresponding reaction products. 16 alpha-Hydroxy-retro progresterone was found to be the main metabolite of retro-progesterone and identified by gas-liquid chromatopgray/mass spectrometry. In contrast to 17-hydroxy-progesterone,  no transformation of 17-hudroxy-retro-progesterone to C19-steriods was observed. From these experiments, it can beconcluded that C21 -retro-steriods are not attacked by the 17alpha-hydrozylase and the C17-C20-desmolase of mammalian origin.", "PMID": 1173768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4286", "title": "Pharmacological action of FD-008, a new dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. I. Effects on blood pressure in rats and dogs.", "content": "Hypotensive action of a new dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitor, 5-(4'-chlorobutyl)picolinic acid (FD-008) was investigated in dogs and rats. FD-008, which is one of the most potent inhibitors among fusaric acid derivatives, decreased blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats relatively parallel to DBH inhibition in vitro. The effect of FD-008 on blood pressure was stronger in hypertensive rats than in normotensive rats. No cumulative effect was observed in rats by repeated administration, On the other hand, repeated administration was required to lower blood pressure in normotensive dogs. The acute effect of FD-008 on blood pressure of anesthetized dogs was somewhat different from that of its mother compound, fusaric acid.", "contents": "Pharmacological action of FD-008, a new dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. I. Effects on blood pressure in rats and dogs. Hypotensive action of a new dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitor, 5-(4'-chlorobutyl)picolinic acid (FD-008) was investigated in dogs and rats. FD-008, which is one of the most potent inhibitors among fusaric acid derivatives, decreased blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats relatively parallel to DBH inhibition in vitro. The effect of FD-008 on blood pressure was stronger in hypertensive rats than in normotensive rats. No cumulative effect was observed in rats by repeated administration, On the other hand, repeated administration was required to lower blood pressure in normotensive dogs. The acute effect of FD-008 on blood pressure of anesthetized dogs was somewhat different from that of its mother compound, fusaric acid.", "PMID": 1173769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4287", "title": "[Modification of hematotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide by anabolid steroids].", "content": "Human malignant tumors have been shown to be highly resistant to the chemotherapeutic agents so far available. Since these have to be administered in high doses, hematotoxic effects occur frequently during such treatment. Androgens and anabolic steroids being potent stimulators of normal and of some forms of impaired erythropoiesis, studies were initiated in rats to assess the possibility of a protective role of these steroids against the toxicity of cyclophosphamide. The following results were obtained: 1. A single dose of cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) significantly lowered the erythrocyte, reticulocyte, hemoglobin, leucocyte and platelet counts. 2. An initial treatment with nandrolone phenylpropionate signifiantly reduced the decrease of both the erythrocyte and the hemoglobin counts. 3. An initial treatment with metenolone enanthate (Primobolan-Depot) completely prevented the reduction of erythrocytes in appropriate experimental conditions and significantly reduced the decrease of hemoglobins. 4. There was no effect of these steroids on the drop of granulocytes, lymphocytes and platelets. These observations suggest that combination of anabolic steroid therapy with cyclophosphamide therapy may be worthy of clinical trial in patients whose tumors are not subject to growth stimulation by androgenic steroids.", "contents": "[Modification of hematotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide by anabolid steroids]. Human malignant tumors have been shown to be highly resistant to the chemotherapeutic agents so far available. Since these have to be administered in high doses, hematotoxic effects occur frequently during such treatment. Androgens and anabolic steroids being potent stimulators of normal and of some forms of impaired erythropoiesis, studies were initiated in rats to assess the possibility of a protective role of these steroids against the toxicity of cyclophosphamide. The following results were obtained: 1. A single dose of cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) significantly lowered the erythrocyte, reticulocyte, hemoglobin, leucocyte and platelet counts. 2. An initial treatment with nandrolone phenylpropionate signifiantly reduced the decrease of both the erythrocyte and the hemoglobin counts. 3. An initial treatment with metenolone enanthate (Primobolan-Depot) completely prevented the reduction of erythrocytes in appropriate experimental conditions and significantly reduced the decrease of hemoglobins. 4. There was no effect of these steroids on the drop of granulocytes, lymphocytes and platelets. These observations suggest that combination of anabolic steroid therapy with cyclophosphamide therapy may be worthy of clinical trial in patients whose tumors are not subject to growth stimulation by androgenic steroids.", "PMID": 1173770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4288", "title": "Biochemical effects of 2-aryl- and 2,3-diarylindoles on the biosynthesis of zoxazolamine hydroxylase in rats.", "content": "In continuation of our pharmacological research on the in vivo induction or inhibition of the drug metabolizing enzymes system, a series of 32 derivatives of indole bearing aryl substituents in position 2 and 3 were investigated in regard to their effect on the in vivo synthesis of zoxazolamine hydroxylase in the young rat. Most fo the compounds examined proved to be inducers of this enzyme; however, as is the case with polycyclic carcinogens, the inducing activity was found to be significantly dependent on molecular structure.", "contents": "Biochemical effects of 2-aryl- and 2,3-diarylindoles on the biosynthesis of zoxazolamine hydroxylase in rats. In continuation of our pharmacological research on the in vivo induction or inhibition of the drug metabolizing enzymes system, a series of 32 derivatives of indole bearing aryl substituents in position 2 and 3 were investigated in regard to their effect on the in vivo synthesis of zoxazolamine hydroxylase in the young rat. Most fo the compounds examined proved to be inducers of this enzyme; however, as is the case with polycyclic carcinogens, the inducing activity was found to be significantly dependent on molecular structure.", "PMID": 1173771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4289", "title": "[Stimulation of the acid secretion of the stomach in rats with and without antrectomy in the perfusion test with betazole].", "content": "In the perfusion test of the stomach of rats the stimulation of acid secretion by betazol (Histalog) after one or repeated injections was studied. The experiments yielded the following results: 1. The i.v. injection of 20 mg/kg b.w. betazol was followed by a maximun acid secretion. 2. Another infusion two hours later intensified this effect. The same acid secretion was seen after a small initial dose (5 mg/kg b.w.) half an hour before the infusion of betazol. 3. The i.v. infusion of 30 mg/kg b.w. betazol showed in the intact rat stomach a smaller acid dsecretion response than did the dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. In comparison there was a significant higher stimulation with 30 mg/kg b.w. betzaol in the rat after a distal gastrectomy (antrectomy). 4. One s.c. injection of 50 mg/kg b.w. betazol showed a significant acid response of the parietal cells with a duration of at least 7 h on a percentage comparison.", "contents": "[Stimulation of the acid secretion of the stomach in rats with and without antrectomy in the perfusion test with betazole]. In the perfusion test of the stomach of rats the stimulation of acid secretion by betazol (Histalog) after one or repeated injections was studied. The experiments yielded the following results: 1. The i.v. injection of 20 mg/kg b.w. betazol was followed by a maximun acid secretion. 2. Another infusion two hours later intensified this effect. The same acid secretion was seen after a small initial dose (5 mg/kg b.w.) half an hour before the infusion of betazol. 3. The i.v. infusion of 30 mg/kg b.w. betazol showed in the intact rat stomach a smaller acid dsecretion response than did the dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. In comparison there was a significant higher stimulation with 30 mg/kg b.w. betzaol in the rat after a distal gastrectomy (antrectomy). 4. One s.c. injection of 50 mg/kg b.w. betazol showed a significant acid response of the parietal cells with a duration of at least 7 h on a percentage comparison.", "PMID": 1173773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4290", "title": "Chemistry and pharmacology of naproxen.", "content": "The need for a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent effective in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis and related diseases with reduced side effects when compared to existing drugs led us to develop naproxen: d-2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-propionic acid. This new agent is a highly effective anti-inflammatory, analgetic, and antipyretic agent in the rodent administered orally. In a rat paw edema test for anti-inflammatory activity naproxen was 55 times more active than aspirin. Analgetic activity was assessed by three different assay procedures. In the mouse phenylquinone writhing test naproxen was 7 times as effective as aspirin. In the rat yeast-induced paw edema and the rat carrageenin paw edema analgetic assays the test compound was 10 and 20 times more effective than aspirin, respectively. A yeast-induced pyresis model in the rat indicated that naproxen was 22 times more potent than the standard aspirin. The relative potency of naproxen to phenylbutazone and indometacin is presented.", "contents": "Chemistry and pharmacology of naproxen. The need for a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent effective in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis and related diseases with reduced side effects when compared to existing drugs led us to develop naproxen: d-2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-propionic acid. This new agent is a highly effective anti-inflammatory, analgetic, and antipyretic agent in the rodent administered orally. In a rat paw edema test for anti-inflammatory activity naproxen was 55 times more active than aspirin. Analgetic activity was assessed by three different assay procedures. In the mouse phenylquinone writhing test naproxen was 7 times as effective as aspirin. In the rat yeast-induced paw edema and the rat carrageenin paw edema analgetic assays the test compound was 10 and 20 times more effective than aspirin, respectively. A yeast-induced pyresis model in the rat indicated that naproxen was 22 times more potent than the standard aspirin. The relative potency of naproxen to phenylbutazone and indometacin is presented.", "PMID": 1173774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4291", "title": "[Effect of naproxen on the semiconservative DNA synthesis and DNA repair of various cell systems].", "content": "d-2-(6'Methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen) in different concentrations was investigated as to its influence on the semiconservative DNA synthesis and DNA repair of human lymphocytes and mouse speen cells. As could be shown, there was a slight diminuation of the DNA synthesis. In view of a desired antiproliferating effect in the treatment of rheumatic diseases this fact could certainly prove useful. Additionally, with a naproxen concentration of 30 ppm, a diminuation of the endonuclease activity in mouse spleen cells could be shown. With naproxen concentrations higher than 60 ppm a slight lowering of the exonuclease and polymerase activities in mouse spleen cells as well as in human lymphocytes were observed. With naproxen in a concentration of 120 ppm, all three enzymes of the excision repair investigated showed a distinct loss of activity. Results of investigations on ligase activity will be presented separately. Under the administration of naproxen, late effects on the genetic material are rather improbable, as long as the substance is not admininstered concomitantly with agents which have a direct effect on the DNA.", "contents": "[Effect of naproxen on the semiconservative DNA synthesis and DNA repair of various cell systems]. d-2-(6'Methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen) in different concentrations was investigated as to its influence on the semiconservative DNA synthesis and DNA repair of human lymphocytes and mouse speen cells. As could be shown, there was a slight diminuation of the DNA synthesis. In view of a desired antiproliferating effect in the treatment of rheumatic diseases this fact could certainly prove useful. Additionally, with a naproxen concentration of 30 ppm, a diminuation of the endonuclease activity in mouse spleen cells could be shown. With naproxen concentrations higher than 60 ppm a slight lowering of the exonuclease and polymerase activities in mouse spleen cells as well as in human lymphocytes were observed. With naproxen in a concentration of 120 ppm, all three enzymes of the excision repair investigated showed a distinct loss of activity. Results of investigations on ligase activity will be presented separately. Under the administration of naproxen, late effects on the genetic material are rather improbable, as long as the substance is not admininstered concomitantly with agents which have a direct effect on the DNA.", "PMID": 1173775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4292", "title": "[Effect of naproxen on DNA synthesis and DNA repair of human lymphocytes in in vivo experiments].", "content": "This investigation was conducted in order to evaluate the possibility of late defects caused by drugs. After their base-line blood levels had been assessed, 3 patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis (according to ARA criteria; American Rheumatism Association) received 500 mg of d-2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen) daily (in capsules). At the peak of naproxen blood levels following the first naproxen dose, and once monthly for 7 months, thereafter, blood samples were drawn. After separating the lymphocytes from the whole blood, they were damaged by means of 60-Co. Hydroxyurea was added for the suppression of their semiconservative DNA-synthesis. The incorporation of 3-H-THYMIDINE INTO THE DNA of the cells was measured after radiation at different incubation periods. The results showed normal behaviour of the DNA-synthesis following naproxen administration in all three patients. The DNA-repair capacity was normal in one female patient, but slightly lowered in the remaining two.", "contents": "[Effect of naproxen on DNA synthesis and DNA repair of human lymphocytes in in vivo experiments]. This investigation was conducted in order to evaluate the possibility of late defects caused by drugs. After their base-line blood levels had been assessed, 3 patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis (according to ARA criteria; American Rheumatism Association) received 500 mg of d-2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen) daily (in capsules). At the peak of naproxen blood levels following the first naproxen dose, and once monthly for 7 months, thereafter, blood samples were drawn. After separating the lymphocytes from the whole blood, they were damaged by means of 60-Co. Hydroxyurea was added for the suppression of their semiconservative DNA-synthesis. The incorporation of 3-H-THYMIDINE INTO THE DNA of the cells was measured after radiation at different incubation periods. The results showed normal behaviour of the DNA-synthesis following naproxen administration in all three patients. The DNA-repair capacity was normal in one female patient, but slightly lowered in the remaining two.", "PMID": 1173776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4293", "title": "[Naproxen, a 'specific\" antirheumatic drug?].", "content": "Inhibition of endonuclease by d-2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen) is discussed as a possible therapeutic principle of the antiinflammatory action in polyarthritis. Infections by 'slow viruses\" and mycoplasma have to be considered as possible etiologic factors for rheumatoid arthritis. The incorporation of the viral or mycoplasmatic DNA into the genetic material of the host cell depends on the function of endonucleases, which can be inhibited by naproxen. The advantages and the drawbacks of this type of mechanism of action are discussed.", "contents": "[Naproxen, a 'specific\" antirheumatic drug?]. Inhibition of endonuclease by d-2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen) is discussed as a possible therapeutic principle of the antiinflammatory action in polyarthritis. Infections by 'slow viruses\" and mycoplasma have to be considered as possible etiologic factors for rheumatoid arthritis. The incorporation of the viral or mycoplasmatic DNA into the genetic material of the host cell depends on the function of endonucleases, which can be inhibited by naproxen. The advantages and the drawbacks of this type of mechanism of action are discussed.", "PMID": 1173777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4294", "title": "[Steroid saving effect of naproxen].", "content": "Since for various reasons the Lansbury Index appeared inadequate to define the therapeutic efficacy of antirheumatic compounds, we chose to investigate in our trials the prednisolone saving effect in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Our investigations with the new antirheumatic substance d-2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen) in most cases showed a prednisolone saving effect of 5 mg/day with a naproxen dose of 750 mg daily. In cases where a daily dose of 10 mg of prednisolone was necessary, a saving of 7.5 mg up to 10 mg was registered. But there were also failures and lesser saving effects. The steroid saving effect differs from one individual to another. In an additional study naproxen in a daily dose of 500 mg was compared with other antirheumatic agents (indometacin, azapropazon, and nifluminic acid) in patients not requiring steroids. The results were not uniform. In some cases naproxen was more effective, in other cases the substances mentioned were better. In these series joint function and subjective changes only were evaluated. Apart from a few cases of gastrointestinal side effects the drug was well tolerated.", "contents": "[Steroid saving effect of naproxen]. Since for various reasons the Lansbury Index appeared inadequate to define the therapeutic efficacy of antirheumatic compounds, we chose to investigate in our trials the prednisolone saving effect in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Our investigations with the new antirheumatic substance d-2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen) in most cases showed a prednisolone saving effect of 5 mg/day with a naproxen dose of 750 mg daily. In cases where a daily dose of 10 mg of prednisolone was necessary, a saving of 7.5 mg up to 10 mg was registered. But there were also failures and lesser saving effects. The steroid saving effect differs from one individual to another. In an additional study naproxen in a daily dose of 500 mg was compared with other antirheumatic agents (indometacin, azapropazon, and nifluminic acid) in patients not requiring steroids. The results were not uniform. In some cases naproxen was more effective, in other cases the substances mentioned were better. In these series joint function and subjective changes only were evaluated. Apart from a few cases of gastrointestinal side effects the drug was well tolerated.", "PMID": 1173778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4295", "title": "[Experiences with the effect of naproxen in chronic and degenerative diseases as in overload conditions of the postural and locomotor system].", "content": "At the Orthopaedic University Clinic, Homburg, a total of 127 patients was treated with d-2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen) from June 1973 up to June 1974. The indications were chronic degenerative changes of the joints, muscles and tendons. In the first series naproxen was administered orally. In these 45 cases a very low rate of side effects was observed. Only 4 times nausea or vomiting occurred, which in one case had been caused by an overdosage. Generally tolerance was excellent and there was a very good relief of symptoms in early all patients. Particularly in those patients whose arthrotic alterations did not yet require surgical intervention the effect as to symptomatology was extremely good. In a second series initially 63 patients and, later on, another 19 patients were treated with naproxen suppositories. As before, concomitant medication was avoided. The therapeutic results were mostly very good to good, and only in a few cases no success was seen. It should be mentioned, however, that after application of the suppositories, a few patients noted a slight local burning after insertion of the suppository. Also blood in the feces and circulatory symptoms were reported. We believe that naproxen can achieve a very good improvement of subjective symptoms, particularly when combined with other therapeutic measures such as physiotherapy and intra- or periarticular injections. This drug should not only be used in the conservative treatment of degenerative joint diseases, but also -- as shown by our experience -- after palliative surgical procedures employed in the treatment of severe arthroses. Also in these cases a positive influence on the symptoms can be achieved.", "contents": "[Experiences with the effect of naproxen in chronic and degenerative diseases as in overload conditions of the postural and locomotor system]. At the Orthopaedic University Clinic, Homburg, a total of 127 patients was treated with d-2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen) from June 1973 up to June 1974. The indications were chronic degenerative changes of the joints, muscles and tendons. In the first series naproxen was administered orally. In these 45 cases a very low rate of side effects was observed. Only 4 times nausea or vomiting occurred, which in one case had been caused by an overdosage. Generally tolerance was excellent and there was a very good relief of symptoms in early all patients. Particularly in those patients whose arthrotic alterations did not yet require surgical intervention the effect as to symptomatology was extremely good. In a second series initially 63 patients and, later on, another 19 patients were treated with naproxen suppositories. As before, concomitant medication was avoided. The therapeutic results were mostly very good to good, and only in a few cases no success was seen. It should be mentioned, however, that after application of the suppositories, a few patients noted a slight local burning after insertion of the suppository. Also blood in the feces and circulatory symptoms were reported. We believe that naproxen can achieve a very good improvement of subjective symptoms, particularly when combined with other therapeutic measures such as physiotherapy and intra- or periarticular injections. This drug should not only be used in the conservative treatment of degenerative joint diseases, but also -- as shown by our experience -- after palliative surgical procedures employed in the treatment of severe arthroses. Also in these cases a positive influence on the symptoms can be achieved.", "PMID": 1173779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4296", "title": "Radioactive contamination of the environment and the possible consequences.", "content": "To find the optimum solution to the problem of how to protect the environment from pollution by industrial waste, it is necessary, first and foremost, to obtain information on the existing levels of various forms of pollution and the damage caused by them. In this review data are given on all the main sources of contamination of the environment by radioactive substances. The pathways by which these substances reach and affect the human body are discussed, the doses incurred are characterized and the possible consequences of existing levels of exposure are assessed in the light of the latest data on the dose-effect relationship. The wisdom of treating the evaluation of radiation hazards arising from the use of atomic energy not in isolation but as part of a whole complex of ecological factors - including the use of conventional fuels for power generation and transport - is duly noted.", "contents": "Radioactive contamination of the environment and the possible consequences. To find the optimum solution to the problem of how to protect the environment from pollution by industrial waste, it is necessary, first and foremost, to obtain information on the existing levels of various forms of pollution and the damage caused by them. In this review data are given on all the main sources of contamination of the environment by radioactive substances. The pathways by which these substances reach and affect the human body are discussed, the doses incurred are characterized and the possible consequences of existing levels of exposure are assessed in the light of the latest data on the dose-effect relationship. The wisdom of treating the evaluation of radiation hazards arising from the use of atomic energy not in isolation but as part of a whole complex of ecological factors - including the use of conventional fuels for power generation and transport - is duly noted.", "PMID": 1173780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4297", "title": "Changes in the rumen metabolism of sheep given increasing amounts of linseed oil in their diet.", "content": "1. Linseed oil was incorporated gradually into the diet of four sheep until the animals received 90 g additional fat/d. Attempts were made to measure changes in concentration of substances and rates of synthesis in the rumen directly, and by incubation of rumen contents in vitro (zero-time technique). 2. The high-fat diet increased the dilution rate and the volume of rumen contents and decreased the synthesis of diaminopimelic acid in the rumen. The number of protozoa decreased and the number of bacteria increased in the rumen of animals receiving the high-fat diet. 3. The concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen decreased for sheep given the high-fat diet, but the capacity of rumen contents to produce VFA in vitro increased. 4. The incorporation of radioactivity from [14C]acetate into lipids during incubation of rumen contents vitro increased with the amount of linseed oil in the diet. The greatest proportional increase was with the bacterial fraction of rumen contents. 5. In the group of four animals used, one animal showed consistent differences in the magnitude of the measured varibles. This animal appeared to have a smaller rumen, a lower dilution rate and larger concentrations of some substances in the rumen. A higher proportion of fatty acids appeared to be synthsized by the micro-organisms from this animal.", "contents": "Changes in the rumen metabolism of sheep given increasing amounts of linseed oil in their diet. 1. Linseed oil was incorporated gradually into the diet of four sheep until the animals received 90 g additional fat/d. Attempts were made to measure changes in concentration of substances and rates of synthesis in the rumen directly, and by incubation of rumen contents in vitro (zero-time technique). 2. The high-fat diet increased the dilution rate and the volume of rumen contents and decreased the synthesis of diaminopimelic acid in the rumen. The number of protozoa decreased and the number of bacteria increased in the rumen of animals receiving the high-fat diet. 3. The concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen decreased for sheep given the high-fat diet, but the capacity of rumen contents to produce VFA in vitro increased. 4. The incorporation of radioactivity from [14C]acetate into lipids during incubation of rumen contents vitro increased with the amount of linseed oil in the diet. The greatest proportional increase was with the bacterial fraction of rumen contents. 5. In the group of four animals used, one animal showed consistent differences in the magnitude of the measured varibles. This animal appeared to have a smaller rumen, a lower dilution rate and larger concentrations of some substances in the rumen. A higher proportion of fatty acids appeared to be synthsized by the micro-organisms from this animal.", "PMID": 1173782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4298", "title": "The contribution made by school milk to the nutrition of primary schoolchildren.", "content": "1. The contribution of school milk to the nutrition of 396 Kent primary schoolchildren aged 8-11 years was assessed using information collected in a survey which included a weighed-diet record, a socio-economic questionnaire and a medical examination. 2. Over half the children (59% for boys, 54% for girls) drank school milk every school day of the diet-record week. 3. Children who drank school milk every school day, when compared with those not drinking it, had a significantly higher mean daily intake of liquid milk, a higher total daily intake of several important nutrients including animal protein, calcium, thiamin and riboflavin, and a diet richer in Ca and riboflavin (boys) and animal protein and Ca (girls). They were also less likely to have intakes of Ca and riboflavin below the recommended daily intakes for these nutrients, (Department of Health and Social Security, 1969). 4. The increased nutritional intake associated with school milk consumption was not related to any differences in height, weight, arm circumference or skinfold thickness. 5. There was no evidence that school milk consumption was associated with obesity (as assessed clinically).", "contents": "The contribution made by school milk to the nutrition of primary schoolchildren. 1. The contribution of school milk to the nutrition of 396 Kent primary schoolchildren aged 8-11 years was assessed using information collected in a survey which included a weighed-diet record, a socio-economic questionnaire and a medical examination. 2. Over half the children (59% for boys, 54% for girls) drank school milk every school day of the diet-record week. 3. Children who drank school milk every school day, when compared with those not drinking it, had a significantly higher mean daily intake of liquid milk, a higher total daily intake of several important nutrients including animal protein, calcium, thiamin and riboflavin, and a diet richer in Ca and riboflavin (boys) and animal protein and Ca (girls). They were also less likely to have intakes of Ca and riboflavin below the recommended daily intakes for these nutrients, (Department of Health and Social Security, 1969). 4. The increased nutritional intake associated with school milk consumption was not related to any differences in height, weight, arm circumference or skinfold thickness. 5. There was no evidence that school milk consumption was associated with obesity (as assessed clinically).", "PMID": 1173783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4299", "title": "Effect of metopirone on the synthesis of lung surfactant in does and fetal rabbits.", "content": "The possible role of endogenous corticosteroids in the induction of synthesis of lung surfactant in both maternal and fetal rabbits was investigated. Metopirone (SU 4885), which specifically inhibits B hydroxylation in the adrenal gland, thus preventing endogenous cortisol production was used in this study. Pregnant rabbits received one of four treatment regimens: saline, metopirone, cortisone or metopirone plus steroid for 6 days before delivery. Studies of the lungs of the adult rabbits revealed that lung weights and percent dry weight were not influenced by drug injection. However, lung DNA content (mg/g) in the metopirone-treated group was higher than the control group, indicating an increase in cell number. Compared to the saline-treated group there was a significant decrease in lung phospholipid content in the other three groups (p smaller than 0.005). A decrease in lung lecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine was also noted in these three groups indicating that the inhibition was in the early steps of biosynthesis of lung lecithin. The specific activity of 14C-labelled palmitate in lung lecithin was not altered by drug treatment indicating that saturated fatty acid incorporation into lung lecithin is not influenced by metopirone, steroid or a combination of both drugs. Quasi-static deflation pressure-volume characteristics of the lung were also similar in all groups. However, lungs of animals receiving both metopirone and steroid had a small but statistically significant decrease in minimum surface tension (p smaller than 0.05). The change in surface tension did not correlate with a change in lung retractive forces or with lung lipid content and was, therefore, of dubious biological significance. Metopirone administration to pregnant rabbits did not alter surface active properties in the fetus from the 26th to the 29th day of gestation when compared to control fetuses. At day 30-31 gestation the offsprings of metopirone-treated rabbits had lung total phospholipid and lecithin contents, and deflation pressure-volume curves similar to control group, but minimum surface tension of minced lung extracts were high in about 60% of the fetal lungs studied (p smaller than 0.05). These results suggest that endogenous steroid production may play a significant role in the maturation of the fetal lung.", "contents": "Effect of metopirone on the synthesis of lung surfactant in does and fetal rabbits. The possible role of endogenous corticosteroids in the induction of synthesis of lung surfactant in both maternal and fetal rabbits was investigated. Metopirone (SU 4885), which specifically inhibits B hydroxylation in the adrenal gland, thus preventing endogenous cortisol production was used in this study. Pregnant rabbits received one of four treatment regimens: saline, metopirone, cortisone or metopirone plus steroid for 6 days before delivery. Studies of the lungs of the adult rabbits revealed that lung weights and percent dry weight were not influenced by drug injection. However, lung DNA content (mg/g) in the metopirone-treated group was higher than the control group, indicating an increase in cell number. Compared to the saline-treated group there was a significant decrease in lung phospholipid content in the other three groups (p smaller than 0.005). A decrease in lung lecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine was also noted in these three groups indicating that the inhibition was in the early steps of biosynthesis of lung lecithin. The specific activity of 14C-labelled palmitate in lung lecithin was not altered by drug treatment indicating that saturated fatty acid incorporation into lung lecithin is not influenced by metopirone, steroid or a combination of both drugs. Quasi-static deflation pressure-volume characteristics of the lung were also similar in all groups. However, lungs of animals receiving both metopirone and steroid had a small but statistically significant decrease in minimum surface tension (p smaller than 0.05). The change in surface tension did not correlate with a change in lung retractive forces or with lung lipid content and was, therefore, of dubious biological significance. Metopirone administration to pregnant rabbits did not alter surface active properties in the fetus from the 26th to the 29th day of gestation when compared to control fetuses. At day 30-31 gestation the offsprings of metopirone-treated rabbits had lung total phospholipid and lecithin contents, and deflation pressure-volume curves similar to control group, but minimum surface tension of minced lung extracts were high in about 60% of the fetal lungs studied (p smaller than 0.05). These results suggest that endogenous steroid production may play a significant role in the maturation of the fetal lung.", "PMID": 1173784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4300", "title": "The Twin Cities biomedical consortium.", "content": "Twenty-eight health science libraries in the St. Paul-Minneapolis area formed the Twin Cities Biomedical Consortium with the intention of developing a strong network of biomedical libraries in the Twin Cities area. Toward this end, programs were designed to strengthen lines of communication and increase cooperation among local health science libraries; improve access to biomedical information at the local level; and enable the Consortium, as a group, to meet an increasing proportion of its members' needs for biomedical information. Presently, the TCBC comprises libraries in twenty-two hospitals, two county medical societies, one school of nursing, one junior college, and two private corporations.", "contents": "The Twin Cities biomedical consortium. Twenty-eight health science libraries in the St. Paul-Minneapolis area formed the Twin Cities Biomedical Consortium with the intention of developing a strong network of biomedical libraries in the Twin Cities area. Toward this end, programs were designed to strengthen lines of communication and increase cooperation among local health science libraries; improve access to biomedical information at the local level; and enable the Consortium, as a group, to meet an increasing proportion of its members' needs for biomedical information. Presently, the TCBC comprises libraries in twenty-two hospitals, two county medical societies, one school of nursing, one junior college, and two private corporations.", "PMID": 1173785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4301", "title": "A description of the catalog division project at the College of Physicians of Philadelphia Library.", "content": "This paper describes the procedures used at the Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia to divide its ninety-year-old dictionary card catalog. The division was necessitated by overcrowding, obsolete subject headings, and lack of a complete authority list which resulted in like materials being scattered throughout the catalog under several headings. Two catalogs were created: the historical-biographical catalog, representing all works published before 1950 and all works of historical or biographical nature; and the current catalog, containing all works published from 1950 on, excepting historical or biographical materials. The 1950-    catalog was further divided into name and subject catalogs, and the subject section was revised according to MeSH. The project was completed in about two years. As a result, searching time has been much reduced, and the library is able to take advantage of the annual revisions of MeSH to update the subject catalog.", "contents": "A description of the catalog division project at the College of Physicians of Philadelphia Library. This paper describes the procedures used at the Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia to divide its ninety-year-old dictionary card catalog. The division was necessitated by overcrowding, obsolete subject headings, and lack of a complete authority list which resulted in like materials being scattered throughout the catalog under several headings. Two catalogs were created: the historical-biographical catalog, representing all works published before 1950 and all works of historical or biographical nature; and the current catalog, containing all works published from 1950 on, excepting historical or biographical materials. The 1950-    catalog was further divided into name and subject catalogs, and the subject section was revised according to MeSH. The project was completed in about two years. As a result, searching time has been much reduced, and the library is able to take advantage of the annual revisions of MeSH to update the subject catalog.", "PMID": 1173786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4302", "title": "A second cell type in Stannius bodies of two euryhaline telecost species.", "content": "In the corpuscles of Stannius of sticklebacks and eels two cell types are described of presumably endocrine nature. The predominating type, comparable to the cells observed in other species, responds to variation in calcium content of the medium and possibly produces a hypocalcemic hormone. The second cell type is unreactive to calcium. Since it is more active in freshwater than in seawater specimens, this cell type is possibly involved in ionic regulation. It was not found in two seawater teleost species.", "contents": "A second cell type in Stannius bodies of two euryhaline telecost species. In the corpuscles of Stannius of sticklebacks and eels two cell types are described of presumably endocrine nature. The predominating type, comparable to the cells observed in other species, responds to variation in calcium content of the medium and possibly produces a hypocalcemic hormone. The second cell type is unreactive to calcium. Since it is more active in freshwater than in seawater specimens, this cell type is possibly involved in ionic regulation. It was not found in two seawater teleost species.", "PMID": 1173790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4303", "title": "Tyrosinemia and tyrosyluria in healthy prematures: time courses not vitamin C-dependent.", "content": "Tyrosyluria and for a part also tyrosinemia were studied in 60 healthy prematures of various birth weights and gestational ages. The first analyses were performed between the 6th and the 14th day after birth. A normal milk diet was given and the protein-intake was between 3 and 4 g/kg. After the first collection of urine half the patients received extra ascorbic acid, 100 mg/kg daily. Urinary analyses of tyrosine and p-hydroxyphenyl metabolites were performed once a week, until the excretion of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic plus p-hydroxyphenyllactic acids was lower than 5 mmoles per gram creatinine. In 22 out of the 60 prematures (or 37%) a tyrosyluria of more than 5 mmoles/g creatinine and in 19 out of 44 (43%) patients analysed serum tyrosine was higher than 5 mg/100 ml at first analysis. No inverse correlation between tyrosyluria and tyrosinemia on the one hand and birth weight and gestational age on the other hand existed. But in children with a delayed intra-uterine development the incidence of tyrosyluria was higher as prematurity was more pronounced. Ascorbic acid had no effect on the rate of disappearance of tyrosyluria. It was concluded that the addition of extra vitamin C to the diet of prematures is not useful for the normalization of tyrosine metabolism.", "contents": "Tyrosinemia and tyrosyluria in healthy prematures: time courses not vitamin C-dependent. Tyrosyluria and for a part also tyrosinemia were studied in 60 healthy prematures of various birth weights and gestational ages. The first analyses were performed between the 6th and the 14th day after birth. A normal milk diet was given and the protein-intake was between 3 and 4 g/kg. After the first collection of urine half the patients received extra ascorbic acid, 100 mg/kg daily. Urinary analyses of tyrosine and p-hydroxyphenyl metabolites were performed once a week, until the excretion of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic plus p-hydroxyphenyllactic acids was lower than 5 mmoles per gram creatinine. In 22 out of the 60 prematures (or 37%) a tyrosyluria of more than 5 mmoles/g creatinine and in 19 out of 44 (43%) patients analysed serum tyrosine was higher than 5 mg/100 ml at first analysis. No inverse correlation between tyrosyluria and tyrosinemia on the one hand and birth weight and gestational age on the other hand existed. But in children with a delayed intra-uterine development the incidence of tyrosyluria was higher as prematurity was more pronounced. Ascorbic acid had no effect on the rate of disappearance of tyrosyluria. It was concluded that the addition of extra vitamin C to the diet of prematures is not useful for the normalization of tyrosine metabolism.", "PMID": 1173792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4304", "title": "Studies on human iodide peroxidase: its activity in various thyroid disorders.", "content": "Iodide peroxidase activities in the human thyroid gland were measured in various thyroid disorders. The peroxidase activities in the thyroid gland revealed high values in Graves' disease, normal levels in thyroid adenoma and low values in thyroid carcinoma as compared to those in normal thyroid glands. A high activity of this enzyme was observed in toxic adenoma. The same results were observed whether 10% (W/V) homogenate or mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of the thyroid gland were used.", "contents": "Studies on human iodide peroxidase: its activity in various thyroid disorders. Iodide peroxidase activities in the human thyroid gland were measured in various thyroid disorders. The peroxidase activities in the thyroid gland revealed high values in Graves' disease, normal levels in thyroid adenoma and low values in thyroid carcinoma as compared to those in normal thyroid glands. A high activity of this enzyme was observed in toxic adenoma. The same results were observed whether 10% (W/V) homogenate or mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of the thyroid gland were used.", "PMID": 1173793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4305", "title": "Ultrasonics in the diagnosis of thyroid disease.", "content": "Ultrasonic A scans of the thyroid have been carried out on 47 patients with suspected thyroid disease. It was possible to measure the antero-posterior diameter of each lobe and to identify whether the tissue was homogeneous, nodular or cystic. Measurement of individual nodules or cysts was accurate to within 5 mm when compared with the tissue removed at operation. Ultrasonic examination was able to differentiate other lumps, in the neck from those arising in the thyroid gland. It is concluded that ultrasonic examination of the thyroid is a useful adjunct to other conventional tests and deserves to be used more widely.", "contents": "Ultrasonics in the diagnosis of thyroid disease. Ultrasonic A scans of the thyroid have been carried out on 47 patients with suspected thyroid disease. It was possible to measure the antero-posterior diameter of each lobe and to identify whether the tissue was homogeneous, nodular or cystic. Measurement of individual nodules or cysts was accurate to within 5 mm when compared with the tissue removed at operation. Ultrasonic examination was able to differentiate other lumps, in the neck from those arising in the thyroid gland. It is concluded that ultrasonic examination of the thyroid is a useful adjunct to other conventional tests and deserves to be used more widely.", "PMID": 1173796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4306", "title": "Proliferative patterns in the mouse jejunal epithelium after fractionated abdominal x-irradiation.", "content": "Cell proliferation was studied in the intestinal epithelium of mice exposed to fractionated abdominal X-irradiation. Exposures were separated by 12, 24, 48 or 72 hr. Labelled nuclei and mitotic figures per crypt using the crypt squash technique were determined at closely-spaced time intervals (1 to 96 hr) after 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 exposures. Cell cycle times including estimates of G-1, S, G-2 and M were determined at 12 and 24 hr. These data show that the intestinal epithelium has a remarkable potential to repair damage and recover following severe injury if sufficient time is allowed for the acceleration in proliferative activity. The damage-repair-recovery pattern, i.e., increase in size of proliferative population and acceleration of the generation cycle, is similar for single and fractionated exposures. The number of 300 R exposures which can be tolerated by a highly organized in vivo cell population is dependent upon time interval between fractions; e.g., when interval between fractions is 12 hr eight 300 R exposures kill all animals, but when the interval is increased to 72 hr some animals survive 20 doses, although time of death is highly variable. The compensatory recovery potential is maintained over a large number of exposures.", "contents": "Proliferative patterns in the mouse jejunal epithelium after fractionated abdominal x-irradiation. Cell proliferation was studied in the intestinal epithelium of mice exposed to fractionated abdominal X-irradiation. Exposures were separated by 12, 24, 48 or 72 hr. Labelled nuclei and mitotic figures per crypt using the crypt squash technique were determined at closely-spaced time intervals (1 to 96 hr) after 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 exposures. Cell cycle times including estimates of G-1, S, G-2 and M were determined at 12 and 24 hr. These data show that the intestinal epithelium has a remarkable potential to repair damage and recover following severe injury if sufficient time is allowed for the acceleration in proliferative activity. The damage-repair-recovery pattern, i.e., increase in size of proliferative population and acceleration of the generation cycle, is similar for single and fractionated exposures. The number of 300 R exposures which can be tolerated by a highly organized in vivo cell population is dependent upon time interval between fractions; e.g., when interval between fractions is 12 hr eight 300 R exposures kill all animals, but when the interval is increased to 72 hr some animals survive 20 doses, although time of death is highly variable. The compensatory recovery potential is maintained over a large number of exposures.", "PMID": 1173798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4307", "title": "Ability of the leprous macrophage to accept cytophilic antibodies.", "content": "The ability of leprous macrophages to accept cytophilic antibodies was not damaged. Blood macrophages derived from both types of leprosy formed rosettes with cytophilic antibody sensitized goat red cells. The rosette forming rates of tuberculoid (65.0%) and lepromatous macrophages (66.4%) were essentially the same as that of normal blood macrophages (68.8%).", "contents": "Ability of the leprous macrophage to accept cytophilic antibodies. The ability of leprous macrophages to accept cytophilic antibodies was not damaged. Blood macrophages derived from both types of leprosy formed rosettes with cytophilic antibody sensitized goat red cells. The rosette forming rates of tuberculoid (65.0%) and lepromatous macrophages (66.4%) were essentially the same as that of normal blood macrophages (68.8%).", "PMID": 1173799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4308", "title": "Clinical studies on thyroidal autoantibodies.", "content": "In an attempt to clarify autoimmune nature of Grave's disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroidal autoantibodies have been studied on 86 cases of Grave's disease, 54 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 31 cases of simple goiter, 11 cases of primary hypothyroidism a-d 22 cases of thyroid neoplasia as well as on 364 healthy subjects.  Two kinds of tanned red cell hemagglutination tests were carreid out on each case.  One method using refined human thyroglobulin for sensitization of sheep red cells has been found to be specifice for anti-thyroglobulin antibody and to be frequently positive in Hashimoto patients.  However, in another method using human thyroidal microsomes (purified by ultracentrifugation) as sensitizing antigen, some heterogenous antibodies including anti-thyroglobulin antibody might be detected together with the antibody against the antigen proper to thyroidal micorsome (HF antigen)which is derived from hyperfunctioning thyroidal follicular cells of Grave's patients.  hAnti-HF antibody is frequently detected both in Hashimoto and Grave's patients.  In other thyroid diseases the titers of both thyroidal autoantibodies were generally low, though higher than in healthy subjects.  The effect of aging on thyroidal autoantibodies in healthy subjects was clearly observed in females but not in males.  From the results of these two test, it is possible to speculate that high=columnar and hyperfunctioning thyroidal follicular cells might exist focally in most cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "contents": "Clinical studies on thyroidal autoantibodies. In an attempt to clarify autoimmune nature of Grave's disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroidal autoantibodies have been studied on 86 cases of Grave's disease, 54 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 31 cases of simple goiter, 11 cases of primary hypothyroidism a-d 22 cases of thyroid neoplasia as well as on 364 healthy subjects.  Two kinds of tanned red cell hemagglutination tests were carreid out on each case.  One method using refined human thyroglobulin for sensitization of sheep red cells has been found to be specifice for anti-thyroglobulin antibody and to be frequently positive in Hashimoto patients.  However, in another method using human thyroidal microsomes (purified by ultracentrifugation) as sensitizing antigen, some heterogenous antibodies including anti-thyroglobulin antibody might be detected together with the antibody against the antigen proper to thyroidal micorsome (HF antigen)which is derived from hyperfunctioning thyroidal follicular cells of Grave's patients.  hAnti-HF antibody is frequently detected both in Hashimoto and Grave's patients.  In other thyroid diseases the titers of both thyroidal autoantibodies were generally low, though higher than in healthy subjects.  The effect of aging on thyroidal autoantibodies in healthy subjects was clearly observed in females but not in males.  From the results of these two test, it is possible to speculate that high=columnar and hyperfunctioning thyroidal follicular cells might exist focally in most cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "PMID": 1173802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4309", "title": "The interaction of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) with cholinomimetics and atropine.", "content": "In either spontaneously beating or electrically driven atrial preparations of the guinea pig HC-3 (0.01-1 mM) inhibited negative inotropic responses to acetylcholine or carbachol. Although there was a parallel rightwards shift of the log concentration--response curves for acetylcholine or carbachol and no depression of the maximal response the type of antagonism was not competitive as the relationship between dose ratio -- 1) and concentration of HC-3 was not linear over the whole range investigated. A lesser degree of antagonism than expected for a competitive antagonist was observed with higher concentrations of HC-3. HC-3 was a more effective antagonist of responses to carbachol than to acetylcholine and pretreatment of animals with dyflos did not modify this difference. In addition, HC-3 was found to antagonize the inhibitory action of atropine on responses to acetylcholine and to a lesser extent carbachol. The results can be explained in terms of the interaction of HC-3 at a regulatory site distinct from the binding sites for cholinomimetics and atropinics. Interaction of HC-3 at the postulated site produces a noncompetitive antagonism of both agonists and competitive antagonists by modifying the affinities of the compounds for their respective binding sites.", "contents": "The interaction of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) with cholinomimetics and atropine. In either spontaneously beating or electrically driven atrial preparations of the guinea pig HC-3 (0.01-1 mM) inhibited negative inotropic responses to acetylcholine or carbachol. Although there was a parallel rightwards shift of the log concentration--response curves for acetylcholine or carbachol and no depression of the maximal response the type of antagonism was not competitive as the relationship between dose ratio -- 1) and concentration of HC-3 was not linear over the whole range investigated. A lesser degree of antagonism than expected for a competitive antagonist was observed with higher concentrations of HC-3. HC-3 was a more effective antagonist of responses to carbachol than to acetylcholine and pretreatment of animals with dyflos did not modify this difference. In addition, HC-3 was found to antagonize the inhibitory action of atropine on responses to acetylcholine and to a lesser extent carbachol. The results can be explained in terms of the interaction of HC-3 at a regulatory site distinct from the binding sites for cholinomimetics and atropinics. Interaction of HC-3 at the postulated site produces a noncompetitive antagonism of both agonists and competitive antagonists by modifying the affinities of the compounds for their respective binding sites.", "PMID": 1173803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4310", "title": "A review of bromine determination in foods.", "content": "Organic compounds containing bromine, including methyl bromide, ethylene dibromide, and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, have been used extensively for the fumigation of foods, or soils in which foods grow, making it necessary to determine residues of bromine and bromine-containing organic compounds. A large number of methods for the determination of bromine in foods, as organic, inorganic, and combined total bromide, have been developed. In methods for organic bromide, the bromine is converted to the inorganic form for measurement by titration, photometry, or other means. In recent years, instrumental methods have been developed in which the total bromine in the sample is determined, regardless of the state in which it exists. X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analysis are the 2 instrumental methods used most widely. Residue data are presented for some typical bromine-containing samples.", "contents": "A review of bromine determination in foods. Organic compounds containing bromine, including methyl bromide, ethylene dibromide, and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, have been used extensively for the fumigation of foods, or soils in which foods grow, making it necessary to determine residues of bromine and bromine-containing organic compounds. A large number of methods for the determination of bromine in foods, as organic, inorganic, and combined total bromide, have been developed. In methods for organic bromide, the bromine is converted to the inorganic form for measurement by titration, photometry, or other means. In recent years, instrumental methods have been developed in which the total bromine in the sample is determined, regardless of the state in which it exists. X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analysis are the 2 instrumental methods used most widely. Residue data are presented for some typical bromine-containing samples.", "PMID": 1173809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4311", "title": "Collaborative study of a rapid method for determing aflatoxins in cottonseed products.", "content": "Eleven laboratories collaboratively studied a modification of the official final action AOAC method, 26.048-26.056, for determining aflatoxins in cottonseed products. An aflatoxin-negative meal, 6 contaminated meals, 4 contaminated meats (kernels) samples, and 2 ammonia-inactivated meals were used. Mean aflatoxin values, mug/kg, ranged from 6 to 223 (B1), 2 to 44 (B2), and 7 to 266 (total: B1 + B2). Only one laboratory reported a false-positive for the negative meal. The mean coefficients of variation for B1, B2, and total were 28, 56, and 29%, respectively, for meals; 35, 54, and 37%, respectively, for meats; and 35, 58 and 38%, respectively, for ammoniated meals. Statistical treatment of data from triplicate sets of meals and meats showed evidence for systematic error between laboratories. Since the modified method is considerably faster than the official method and yields precision estimates consistent with previous AOAC collaborative studies on determining aflatoxins, the method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of a rapid method for determing aflatoxins in cottonseed products. Eleven laboratories collaboratively studied a modification of the official final action AOAC method, 26.048-26.056, for determining aflatoxins in cottonseed products. An aflatoxin-negative meal, 6 contaminated meals, 4 contaminated meats (kernels) samples, and 2 ammonia-inactivated meals were used. Mean aflatoxin values, mug/kg, ranged from 6 to 223 (B1), 2 to 44 (B2), and 7 to 266 (total: B1 + B2). Only one laboratory reported a false-positive for the negative meal. The mean coefficients of variation for B1, B2, and total were 28, 56, and 29%, respectively, for meals; 35, 54, and 37%, respectively, for meats; and 35, 58 and 38%, respectively, for ammoniated meals. Statistical treatment of data from triplicate sets of meals and meats showed evidence for systematic error between laboratories. Since the modified method is considerably faster than the official method and yields precision estimates consistent with previous AOAC collaborative studies on determining aflatoxins, the method has been adopted as official first action.", "PMID": 1173810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4312", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of total cholesterol in multicomponent foods.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of total cholesterol in multicomponent foods and also other products such as nonfat dry milk, dried whole egg solids, and certain candy bars. The lipid is extracted from the sample by a mixed solvent and saponified. The unsaponifiable fraction which contains the cholesterol and other sterols is extracted with benzene. An aliquot is evaporated to dryness and the residue is dissolved in dimethylformamide. The sterols are derivatized to form trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers. The TMS-cholesterol derivative is quantitatively determined by gas-liquid chromatography, using 5alpha-cholestane as an internal standard. Nine laboratories participated in a collaborative study of the determination of total cholesterol in deviled ham sandwich spread, vegetable beef stew, corned beef hash, frozen chicken pot pie, pizza pepperoni, fish sticks, breaded shrimp, chocolate-covered candy bars, dried whole egg solids, and nonfat dry milk and the results are reported here. The coefficient of variation ranged from 5.64 to 23.2%, with an average coefficient of variation of 14.8%.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of total cholesterol in multicomponent foods. A method is described for the determination of total cholesterol in multicomponent foods and also other products such as nonfat dry milk, dried whole egg solids, and certain candy bars. The lipid is extracted from the sample by a mixed solvent and saponified. The unsaponifiable fraction which contains the cholesterol and other sterols is extracted with benzene. An aliquot is evaporated to dryness and the residue is dissolved in dimethylformamide. The sterols are derivatized to form trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers. The TMS-cholesterol derivative is quantitatively determined by gas-liquid chromatography, using 5alpha-cholestane as an internal standard. Nine laboratories participated in a collaborative study of the determination of total cholesterol in deviled ham sandwich spread, vegetable beef stew, corned beef hash, frozen chicken pot pie, pizza pepperoni, fish sticks, breaded shrimp, chocolate-covered candy bars, dried whole egg solids, and nonfat dry milk and the results are reported here. The coefficient of variation ranged from 5.64 to 23.2%, with an average coefficient of variation of 14.8%.", "PMID": 1173811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4313", "title": "In vivo protein secretion by lung. Evidence for active secretion and interspecies differences.", "content": "The present study is an attempt to determine (a) if the lung actively secretes protein into the surface-active fraction of lung lavage returns; (b) if there are interspecies differences in this secretory activity; and (c) if the amount of nonradioactive protein in the lavage surface-active fraction shows interspecies variation. I found that pilocarpine stimulates the release of radioactive protein into the lavage surface-active fraction of rabbits and that this pilocarpine effect is completely blocked by atropine. Inhibition of lung oxygen consumption by iodoacetate is associaged with a dose-dependent inhibition of the pilocarpine-induced secretion. Microtubules may be involved in this secretory process because colchicine inhibits the pilocarpine effect. Of the radioactive protein in the total surface-active fraction (tissue plus lavage returns), a greater percent appears in the lavage surface-active fraction at 2 and 4 h, after a pulsed injection [U-14C] leucine, in the mouse than in the rat, which in turn has a greater amount than the rabbit. There is also a difference in the amount of nonradioactive protein per square meter of alveolar surface area in the lavage surface-active fraction of different species: mouse greater than rabbit greater than cat greater than dog. The amount of nonradioactive protein per square meter of alveolar surface area in the lavage surface-active fraction is directly proportional to the species respiratory rate; the log of the nonradioactive protein in the lavage surface-active fraction is inversely proportional to the log of the species alveolar diameter. I conclude that the lung actively secretes protein into the lavage surface-active fraction, that this secretion is under neurohumoral regulation, and that respiratory rate and alveolar size may influence this secretory activity and the amount of protein in this surface-active fraction.", "contents": "In vivo protein secretion by lung. Evidence for active secretion and interspecies differences. The present study is an attempt to determine (a) if the lung actively secretes protein into the surface-active fraction of lung lavage returns; (b) if there are interspecies differences in this secretory activity; and (c) if the amount of nonradioactive protein in the lavage surface-active fraction shows interspecies variation. I found that pilocarpine stimulates the release of radioactive protein into the lavage surface-active fraction of rabbits and that this pilocarpine effect is completely blocked by atropine. Inhibition of lung oxygen consumption by iodoacetate is associaged with a dose-dependent inhibition of the pilocarpine-induced secretion. Microtubules may be involved in this secretory process because colchicine inhibits the pilocarpine effect. Of the radioactive protein in the total surface-active fraction (tissue plus lavage returns), a greater percent appears in the lavage surface-active fraction at 2 and 4 h, after a pulsed injection [U-14C] leucine, in the mouse than in the rat, which in turn has a greater amount than the rabbit. There is also a difference in the amount of nonradioactive protein per square meter of alveolar surface area in the lavage surface-active fraction of different species: mouse greater than rabbit greater than cat greater than dog. The amount of nonradioactive protein per square meter of alveolar surface area in the lavage surface-active fraction is directly proportional to the species respiratory rate; the log of the nonradioactive protein in the lavage surface-active fraction is inversely proportional to the log of the species alveolar diameter. I conclude that the lung actively secretes protein into the lavage surface-active fraction, that this secretion is under neurohumoral regulation, and that respiratory rate and alveolar size may influence this secretory activity and the amount of protein in this surface-active fraction.", "PMID": 1173812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4314", "title": "Beverage consumption patterns in New York State.", "content": "Beverage consumption rates for consumers between twelve and sixty-five years of age in three New York cities were estimated, using a 24 hr. recall procedure with each of the 8,492 respondents. Individual consumers were interviewed to collect detailed data on the type and quantity of beverage, time of day, and place of consumption (home or away from home). Data on mean per capital consumption and market penetration were computed for seven beverage categories and are summarized according to age, sex, race, and market classifications. Data are also presented concerning consumption at home and away from home, during both meal and non-meal periods. Differences appeared in comparisons of adults vs. teenagers, males vs. females, and Upstate vs. New York City respondent.", "contents": "Beverage consumption patterns in New York State. Beverage consumption rates for consumers between twelve and sixty-five years of age in three New York cities were estimated, using a 24 hr. recall procedure with each of the 8,492 respondents. Individual consumers were interviewed to collect detailed data on the type and quantity of beverage, time of day, and place of consumption (home or away from home). Data on mean per capital consumption and market penetration were computed for seven beverage categories and are summarized according to age, sex, race, and market classifications. Data are also presented concerning consumption at home and away from home, during both meal and non-meal periods. Differences appeared in comparisons of adults vs. teenagers, males vs. females, and Upstate vs. New York City respondent.", "PMID": 1173814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4315", "title": "Suppression of progesterone secretion in lactating rats by administration of ergocornine and the effect of prolactin replacement.", "content": "In order to assess the stimulatory effect of prolactin on the secretion of progesterone from corpora lutea in lactating rats, ergocornine meleate (ECO; 1 mg/day), an inhibitor of prolactin secretion, was administered subcutaneously on days 6 and 7 of lactation in primiparous rats. By day 8 of lactation, the concentration of progesterone in ovarian venous blood fell to a undetectable level in the ECO-treated animals, while the concentration in the control animals was very high at this stage of lactation. The level of 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one was significantly higher on day 8 of lactation in ECO-treated than in control rats. Lactational dioestrus was interrupted by treatment with ECO and vaginal oestrus appeared 3-4 days after the start of treatment. Administration of ECO caused deleterious depression of milk production and of food intake of mother rats. In the pair-fed control animals, lactation continued almost normally throughout the experimental period. Prolactin (1 mg/day) administered simultaneously with ECO increased progesterone to levels even higher than those in control rats and restored 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-oen levels to those of the controls. The effect of the drug on milk production was alleviated. The results strongly suggest that prolactin is the most important factor in maintaining the function of corpora lutea in the lactating rats.", "contents": "Suppression of progesterone secretion in lactating rats by administration of ergocornine and the effect of prolactin replacement. In order to assess the stimulatory effect of prolactin on the secretion of progesterone from corpora lutea in lactating rats, ergocornine meleate (ECO; 1 mg/day), an inhibitor of prolactin secretion, was administered subcutaneously on days 6 and 7 of lactation in primiparous rats. By day 8 of lactation, the concentration of progesterone in ovarian venous blood fell to a undetectable level in the ECO-treated animals, while the concentration in the control animals was very high at this stage of lactation. The level of 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one was significantly higher on day 8 of lactation in ECO-treated than in control rats. Lactational dioestrus was interrupted by treatment with ECO and vaginal oestrus appeared 3-4 days after the start of treatment. Administration of ECO caused deleterious depression of milk production and of food intake of mother rats. In the pair-fed control animals, lactation continued almost normally throughout the experimental period. Prolactin (1 mg/day) administered simultaneously with ECO increased progesterone to levels even higher than those in control rats and restored 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-oen levels to those of the controls. The effect of the drug on milk production was alleviated. The results strongly suggest that prolactin is the most important factor in maintaining the function of corpora lutea in the lactating rats.", "PMID": 1173815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4316", "title": "Adverse reactions to intrathecal saline injection for control of pain.", "content": "The authors report the results of a questionnaire regarding the use of hypertonic saline for the control of pain. Of 2105 patients so treated, nearly 11% had an adverse temporary symptom or sign, reported as an untoward reaction; slightly over 1% suffered a significant morbidity, of which paraplegia or quadriplegia was by far the most common, and two patients died (0.1%).", "contents": "Adverse reactions to intrathecal saline injection for control of pain. The authors report the results of a questionnaire regarding the use of hypertonic saline for the control of pain. Of 2105 patients so treated, nearly 11% had an adverse temporary symptom or sign, reported as an untoward reaction; slightly over 1% suffered a significant morbidity, of which paraplegia or quadriplegia was by far the most common, and two patients died (0.1%).", "PMID": 1173818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4317", "title": "Hyperreactivity to cow milk in young children with pulmonary hemosiderosis and cor pulmonale secondary to nasopharyngeal obstruction.", "content": "Six black infants and young children with high titers of milk precipitins were identified by screening the sera of 160 children with idiopathic chronic lung disease. None of the six had immunoglobulin deficiency, elevation of sweat chlorides, SS hemoglobin, or recurrent aspiration. All six children had typical manifestations of milk-induced pulmonary hemosiderosis: recurrent pulmonary infiltrates (6/6), hemosiderin-laden pulmonary macrophages (5/6), intermittent wheezing (5/6), eosinophilia (4/6), anemia (4/6), iron deficiency (4/4), failure to thrive (4/6), and elevated levels of serum IgE (4/4). Three children also had chronic rhinitis and eventually developed large adenoids, hypercapnia and acidosis during sleep, and right heart failure. Elimination of cow milk from the diet, symptomatic therapy, and adenoidectomy when indicated resulted in improvement of all six patients. Pulmonary hemosiderosis and some cases of upper airway obstruction with pulmonary hypertension appear to be two stages, early and delayed, of the same immunophysiologic process. Early dietary intervention may prevent the cardiovascular complications of this process.", "contents": "Hyperreactivity to cow milk in young children with pulmonary hemosiderosis and cor pulmonale secondary to nasopharyngeal obstruction. Six black infants and young children with high titers of milk precipitins were identified by screening the sera of 160 children with idiopathic chronic lung disease. None of the six had immunoglobulin deficiency, elevation of sweat chlorides, SS hemoglobin, or recurrent aspiration. All six children had typical manifestations of milk-induced pulmonary hemosiderosis: recurrent pulmonary infiltrates (6/6), hemosiderin-laden pulmonary macrophages (5/6), intermittent wheezing (5/6), eosinophilia (4/6), anemia (4/6), iron deficiency (4/4), failure to thrive (4/6), and elevated levels of serum IgE (4/4). Three children also had chronic rhinitis and eventually developed large adenoids, hypercapnia and acidosis during sleep, and right heart failure. Elimination of cow milk from the diet, symptomatic therapy, and adenoidectomy when indicated resulted in improvement of all six patients. Pulmonary hemosiderosis and some cases of upper airway obstruction with pulmonary hypertension appear to be two stages, early and delayed, of the same immunophysiologic process. Early dietary intervention may prevent the cardiovascular complications of this process.", "PMID": 1173819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4318", "title": "The kinetics of methotrexate distribution in spontaneous canine lymphosarcoma.", "content": "A mathematical model is presented to simulate the time-dependent uptake of methotrexate in spontaneous canine lymphosarcomas in vivo. Blood flow ratew in these tumors are high so that transport to the tumor is limited by cell membrane resistance. A significant amount of rapidly exchangeable methotrexate appears to exist in extracellular space loosely bound to proteins or cell membranes. Transmembrane drug transport follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics, wigh the maximum facilitated transport ranging from 0.002 to 0.007 mug/min/ml for the separate tumors studied and a Michaelis constant for transport equal to 0.2 mug/ml. This is in the range of Michaelis constants reported for normal tissues in rats in vivo and in several cell linnes in vitro.", "contents": "The kinetics of methotrexate distribution in spontaneous canine lymphosarcoma. A mathematical model is presented to simulate the time-dependent uptake of methotrexate in spontaneous canine lymphosarcomas in vivo. Blood flow ratew in these tumors are high so that transport to the tumor is limited by cell membrane resistance. A significant amount of rapidly exchangeable methotrexate appears to exist in extracellular space loosely bound to proteins or cell membranes. Transmembrane drug transport follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics, wigh the maximum facilitated transport ranging from 0.002 to 0.007 mug/min/ml for the separate tumors studied and a Michaelis constant for transport equal to 0.2 mug/ml. This is in the range of Michaelis constants reported for normal tissues in rats in vivo and in several cell linnes in vitro.", "PMID": 1173821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4319", "title": "Cardiac arrest related to anesthesia.  Contributing factors in infants and children.", "content": "A collaborative retrospective study undertaken to investigate cardiac arrest related to pediatric anesthesia in seven institutions between 1960 and 1972 showed 73 instances in which anesthesia was thought to have been either directly responsible or had played an important contributing role.  About two thirds of these patients were successfully resuscitated.  Cases were found to fit into one of two major categories: cardiovascular and respiratory.  Among cardiovascular factors, blood loss, preoperative anemia, inappropriate administration of succinylcholine, and accidental administration of potassium were important contributing causes.  Respiratory factors included failure to maintain a patent airway and ventilatory problems.  In retrospect, most of these accidents were preventable.  Such information should indicate where research emphasis needs to be placed and that our current methods of teaching and training need to be reevaluated.", "contents": "Cardiac arrest related to anesthesia.  Contributing factors in infants and children. A collaborative retrospective study undertaken to investigate cardiac arrest related to pediatric anesthesia in seven institutions between 1960 and 1972 showed 73 instances in which anesthesia was thought to have been either directly responsible or had played an important contributing role.  About two thirds of these patients were successfully resuscitated.  Cases were found to fit into one of two major categories: cardiovascular and respiratory.  Among cardiovascular factors, blood loss, preoperative anemia, inappropriate administration of succinylcholine, and accidental administration of potassium were important contributing causes.  Respiratory factors included failure to maintain a patent airway and ventilatory problems.  In retrospect, most of these accidents were preventable.  Such information should indicate where research emphasis needs to be placed and that our current methods of teaching and training need to be reevaluated.", "PMID": 1173829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4320", "title": "Management of hypertension.  Effect of improving patient compliance for follow-up care.", "content": "A radomized controlled trial was conducted in a metropolitan teaching hospital to determine whether improving follow-up of emergency room patients who had hypertension led to improvements in their medical care and blood pressure control.  One hundred fourty four patients were randomly assigned into an intervention group and a control group.  In the former, a follow-up clerk assigned patients in returning for follow-up care.  Eighty-four percent of patients in this group and 63% of control patients returned to the clinic (P less than 0.1).  However, five months after the patients' emergency room visits, 51% of patients in the intervention group and 53% of control patients were normotensive.  There were more diagnostic and therapeutic measures in the intervention group, but long-term management was similar in both groups.  Improvement in follow-up may not be by itself lead to blood pressure control among hypertensive patients.", "contents": "Management of hypertension.  Effect of improving patient compliance for follow-up care. A radomized controlled trial was conducted in a metropolitan teaching hospital to determine whether improving follow-up of emergency room patients who had hypertension led to improvements in their medical care and blood pressure control.  One hundred fourty four patients were randomly assigned into an intervention group and a control group.  In the former, a follow-up clerk assigned patients in returning for follow-up care.  Eighty-four percent of patients in this group and 63% of control patients returned to the clinic (P less than 0.1).  However, five months after the patients' emergency room visits, 51% of patients in the intervention group and 53% of control patients were normotensive.  There were more diagnostic and therapeutic measures in the intervention group, but long-term management was similar in both groups.  Improvement in follow-up may not be by itself lead to blood pressure control among hypertensive patients.", "PMID": 1173830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4321", "title": "Hypertension.  Management in a prepaid health care project.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that care for hypertension in clinical practice is not optimal.  This study consists of a review of medical records of 101 hypertensive patients enrolled in a community prepaid health care project, in which all direct costs to patients are eliminated and in which patients are known to have geographical access to care.  The results show that even under such conditions, there are deficiencies in what is done in the diagnosis and management of hypertension (process of care).  Furthermore, recorded blood pressures in the medical records indicate that 34% of identified patients had diastolic pressures greater than 95 mm Hg at the time of last visit for hypertension.", "contents": "Hypertension.  Management in a prepaid health care project. Previous studies have shown that care for hypertension in clinical practice is not optimal.  This study consists of a review of medical records of 101 hypertensive patients enrolled in a community prepaid health care project, in which all direct costs to patients are eliminated and in which patients are known to have geographical access to care.  The results show that even under such conditions, there are deficiencies in what is done in the diagnosis and management of hypertension (process of care).  Furthermore, recorded blood pressures in the medical records indicate that 34% of identified patients had diastolic pressures greater than 95 mm Hg at the time of last visit for hypertension.", "PMID": 1173831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4322", "title": "Severe hypertension.  Treatment with minoxidil.", "content": "Seventeen patients who were partially or totally refractory to maximal doses of conventional antihypertensive agents were treated with minoxidil.  Three patients were receiving long-term maintenance dialysis.  Propranolol and diuretics were given to prevent reflex tachycardia and fluid retention.  Initial control of blood pressure was excellent in 16 patient.  In one patient, diastolic blood pressure remained unchanged (120 mm Hg) despite 60 mg of minoxidil and volume depletion.  In three other patients, secondary resistance developed, and the addition of guanethidine was necessary.  The main side-effects were fluid retention (in eight) and hypertrichosis (in ten), accompanied in some by a peculiar coarsening of the facial features.  Renal function stabilized or improved in most, and urine output increased in the three hemodialysis patients.  We conclude that minoxidil is a valuable drug in severe hypertension.", "contents": "Severe hypertension.  Treatment with minoxidil. Seventeen patients who were partially or totally refractory to maximal doses of conventional antihypertensive agents were treated with minoxidil.  Three patients were receiving long-term maintenance dialysis.  Propranolol and diuretics were given to prevent reflex tachycardia and fluid retention.  Initial control of blood pressure was excellent in 16 patient.  In one patient, diastolic blood pressure remained unchanged (120 mm Hg) despite 60 mg of minoxidil and volume depletion.  In three other patients, secondary resistance developed, and the addition of guanethidine was necessary.  The main side-effects were fluid retention (in eight) and hypertrichosis (in ten), accompanied in some by a peculiar coarsening of the facial features.  Renal function stabilized or improved in most, and urine output increased in the three hemodialysis patients.  We conclude that minoxidil is a valuable drug in severe hypertension.", "PMID": 1173832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4323", "title": "Outreach by primary-care physicians.", "content": "Outreach can be accomplished by the primary-care physician if he institutes data systems that permit identification of cohorts of his patients by age, sex, diagnoses, and area of residence.  These systems were used by the Rochester Family Medical Program to identify and invite patients at risk to receive prophylactic influenza immunization, participate in an obesity treatment group, and receive screening tests for lead intoxication.", "contents": "Outreach by primary-care physicians. Outreach can be accomplished by the primary-care physician if he institutes data systems that permit identification of cohorts of his patients by age, sex, diagnoses, and area of residence.  These systems were used by the Rochester Family Medical Program to identify and invite patients at risk to receive prophylactic influenza immunization, participate in an obesity treatment group, and receive screening tests for lead intoxication.", "PMID": 1173833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4324", "title": "Sustained bacteremia and transvenous cardiac pacemakers.", "content": "Five patients with transvenous cardiac pacemakers had sustained staphylococcal bacteremia (defined as bacteremia for at least 12 hours) two weeks to ten months after pacemaker insertion.  Three of the five patients had no evidence of an extravascular focus of infection at the time of stphylococcal bacteremia.  An additional patient had a petechial rash, which is unusual in staphylococcal bacteremia, unless endocarditis is present.  All patients were treated with antibiotics and drainage of the pacemaker packet when it was infected, removal of the pacemaker generator, or removal of the catheter electrode.  One patient without evidence of pocket infection was treated successfully with antibiotic therapy alone.", "contents": "Sustained bacteremia and transvenous cardiac pacemakers. Five patients with transvenous cardiac pacemakers had sustained staphylococcal bacteremia (defined as bacteremia for at least 12 hours) two weeks to ten months after pacemaker insertion.  Three of the five patients had no evidence of an extravascular focus of infection at the time of stphylococcal bacteremia.  An additional patient had a petechial rash, which is unusual in staphylococcal bacteremia, unless endocarditis is present.  All patients were treated with antibiotics and drainage of the pacemaker packet when it was infected, removal of the pacemaker generator, or removal of the catheter electrode.  One patient without evidence of pocket infection was treated successfully with antibiotic therapy alone.", "PMID": 1173835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4325", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction.  Prognostic value of white blood cell count and blood glucose level.", "content": "Data obtained in the course of a nationwide study of patients with first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) demonstrated substantially higher hospital mortality among patients with leukocytosis or elevated blood glucose levels, or both.  It is suggested that the combination of these two measurements could be used as a handy diagnostic indicator in the evaluation of some AMI patients and as a criterion for the patients' immediate disposition to a coronary care unit, rather than to a general ward.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction.  Prognostic value of white blood cell count and blood glucose level. Data obtained in the course of a nationwide study of patients with first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) demonstrated substantially higher hospital mortality among patients with leukocytosis or elevated blood glucose levels, or both.  It is suggested that the combination of these two measurements could be used as a handy diagnostic indicator in the evaluation of some AMI patients and as a criterion for the patients' immediate disposition to a coronary care unit, rather than to a general ward.", "PMID": 1173836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4326", "title": "Penicillin-induced immune hemolytic anemia. Occurrence of massive intravascular hemolysis.", "content": "A patient with penicillin-induced immune hemolytic anemia had massive intravascular hemolysis with hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria. Substantial amounts of complement components C3 and C4 were detected on the patient's red blood cells (RBCs), in addition to the usual IgG antibody to penicillin. The patient's serum demonstrated a high titer of antibody to penicillin (8,000), which did not cause hemolysis in vitro, but did cause complement fixation when incubated with normal serum. The presence of complement components on the patient's RBCs, and the finding that the serum fixed complement in vitro suggests that penicillin-antipenicillin immune complexes may have been present in the serum. We attribute the severity of the hemolysis to participation of the complement system in the hemolytic process and to the high titer of antibody to pencillin.", "contents": "Penicillin-induced immune hemolytic anemia. Occurrence of massive intravascular hemolysis. A patient with penicillin-induced immune hemolytic anemia had massive intravascular hemolysis with hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria. Substantial amounts of complement components C3 and C4 were detected on the patient's red blood cells (RBCs), in addition to the usual IgG antibody to penicillin. The patient's serum demonstrated a high titer of antibody to penicillin (8,000), which did not cause hemolysis in vitro, but did cause complement fixation when incubated with normal serum. The presence of complement components on the patient's RBCs, and the finding that the serum fixed complement in vitro suggests that penicillin-antipenicillin immune complexes may have been present in the serum. We attribute the severity of the hemolysis to participation of the complement system in the hemolytic process and to the high titer of antibody to pencillin.", "PMID": 1173853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4327", "title": "Startle reaction to air-bag restraints.", "content": "Air bags in vehicles constitute a means of passive restraint for individuals involved in auto accidents. There is fear, however, that the inadvertent nonaccident-connected deployment of one of these air bags might substantially interfere with the handling of a vehicle in which such deployment occurred. We have found that while physiologic and physical evidence of startle accompanies such unexpected deployment, good control of the vehicle continues to be exercised by the test subjects under the conditions of our experimental protocol.", "contents": "Startle reaction to air-bag restraints. Air bags in vehicles constitute a means of passive restraint for individuals involved in auto accidents. There is fear, however, that the inadvertent nonaccident-connected deployment of one of these air bags might substantially interfere with the handling of a vehicle in which such deployment occurred. We have found that while physiologic and physical evidence of startle accompanies such unexpected deployment, good control of the vehicle continues to be exercised by the test subjects under the conditions of our experimental protocol.", "PMID": 1173854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4328", "title": "The postmortem examination. Scientific necessity or folly?", "content": "Review of 252 autopsies on adult inpatients showed substantial differences between the major postmortem findings and the clinical diagnoses in 30 cases (11.9%). The clinical errors in at least half of these patients were of academic interest only. Errors in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasm occurred in 29 (25.7%) of 113 patients with cancer; however, all but three (2.7%) were of academic interest only. The results indicate that current diagnostic techniques may have decreased the value of the \"routine\" autopsy. Greater stress should be placed on the postmortem examination in selected cases rather than in a fixed percentage of deaths.", "contents": "The postmortem examination. Scientific necessity or folly? Review of 252 autopsies on adult inpatients showed substantial differences between the major postmortem findings and the clinical diagnoses in 30 cases (11.9%). The clinical errors in at least half of these patients were of academic interest only. Errors in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasm occurred in 29 (25.7%) of 113 patients with cancer; however, all but three (2.7%) were of academic interest only. The results indicate that current diagnostic techniques may have decreased the value of the \"routine\" autopsy. Greater stress should be placed on the postmortem examination in selected cases rather than in a fixed percentage of deaths.", "PMID": 1173855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4329", "title": "Endoscopy with endoscopic cholangiopancreatography. The combination as a primary diagnostic procedure.", "content": "The combination of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was evaluated as a primary diagnostic procedure in 91 consecutive patients suspected of pancreatic or biliary tract disease. In 77 (85%) of the patients, the origin, nature, or extent of disease was established by endoscopy (13 patients), pancreatography (25 patients), or cholangiography (39 patients). This combined technique compares favorably with other means of diagnosing pancreatic or biliary tract disease.", "contents": "Endoscopy with endoscopic cholangiopancreatography. The combination as a primary diagnostic procedure. The combination of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was evaluated as a primary diagnostic procedure in 91 consecutive patients suspected of pancreatic or biliary tract disease. In 77 (85%) of the patients, the origin, nature, or extent of disease was established by endoscopy (13 patients), pancreatography (25 patients), or cholangiography (39 patients). This combined technique compares favorably with other means of diagnosing pancreatic or biliary tract disease.", "PMID": 1173856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4330", "title": "The hyperperfused lung. Detection in congenital heart disease.", "content": "Thirty-nine children with various cardiac abnormalities were examined with perfusion lung scintigraphy with technetium Tc 99m macroaggregated albumin. Nuclide accumulation within each lung, which is proportional to the division of pulmonary arterial flow, was determined. Twenty-six patients had hyperperfusion of one lung, with a particularly high incidence occurring with the tetraoloy of Fallot, pulmonary artery stenosis or atresia, and following surgical systemic-pulmonic anastomoses. Consistent detection of imbalance in pulmonary flow by inspection of chest x-ray films was possible when one lung received at least 2 1/2 times the blood flow of the opposite side; with angiography, flow imbalance could be recognized when flow in one lung exceeded flow in the other by only 1 1/2 times. The radionuclide quantitative method was a more sensitive means of detecting early cases of mismatched pulmonary blood flow than roentgenography, which was nonquantitative and required the presence of relatively gross perfusion abnormalities before visual perception was possible.", "contents": "The hyperperfused lung. Detection in congenital heart disease. Thirty-nine children with various cardiac abnormalities were examined with perfusion lung scintigraphy with technetium Tc 99m macroaggregated albumin. Nuclide accumulation within each lung, which is proportional to the division of pulmonary arterial flow, was determined. Twenty-six patients had hyperperfusion of one lung, with a particularly high incidence occurring with the tetraoloy of Fallot, pulmonary artery stenosis or atresia, and following surgical systemic-pulmonic anastomoses. Consistent detection of imbalance in pulmonary flow by inspection of chest x-ray films was possible when one lung received at least 2 1/2 times the blood flow of the opposite side; with angiography, flow imbalance could be recognized when flow in one lung exceeded flow in the other by only 1 1/2 times. The radionuclide quantitative method was a more sensitive means of detecting early cases of mismatched pulmonary blood flow than roentgenography, which was nonquantitative and required the presence of relatively gross perfusion abnormalities before visual perception was possible.", "PMID": 1173876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4331", "title": "Help stamp out mandatory continuing education!", "content": "Mandatory continuing education programs for health professionals, as they are now administered, are predictable failures. Such programs may destroy the will to learn. Objective studies indicate that current continuing education programs do not influence the methods of practice of the health professional. Current programs are primarily pedagogical, reflecting the philosophies and techniques of child-youth education. Present methods of program evaluation are sorely inadequate. Adults may be coerced into attendance, but learning and subsequent application of knowledge may not be forced. Future continuing education programs should be problem-centered. The adult practitioner must become actively involved in the planning and execution of these programs.", "contents": "Help stamp out mandatory continuing education! Mandatory continuing education programs for health professionals, as they are now administered, are predictable failures. Such programs may destroy the will to learn. Objective studies indicate that current continuing education programs do not influence the methods of practice of the health professional. Current programs are primarily pedagogical, reflecting the philosophies and techniques of child-youth education. Present methods of program evaluation are sorely inadequate. Adults may be coerced into attendance, but learning and subsequent application of knowledge may not be forced. Future continuing education programs should be problem-centered. The adult practitioner must become actively involved in the planning and execution of these programs.", "PMID": 1173877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4332", "title": "A surrogate system for informed consent.", "content": "Since \"informed consent\" is frequently obtained in a clinical setting where the patient is anxious and overwhelmed with feelings, toward the physician, of awe, trust, and dependency, it is often of dubious value in protecting human subjects. We devised, as a possible alternative mechanism for uncovering patient views toward a specific research protocol, a surrogate system of consent. The surrogates' responses seemed more candid and diverse than the responses one usually hears in the \"real\" clinical setting. Potential applications of such a system lie in further study of the consent process, and as a means for individual investigators to better gauge consumer attitudes toward specific projects.", "contents": "A surrogate system for informed consent. Since \"informed consent\" is frequently obtained in a clinical setting where the patient is anxious and overwhelmed with feelings, toward the physician, of awe, trust, and dependency, it is often of dubious value in protecting human subjects. We devised, as a possible alternative mechanism for uncovering patient views toward a specific research protocol, a surrogate system of consent. The surrogates' responses seemed more candid and diverse than the responses one usually hears in the \"real\" clinical setting. Potential applications of such a system lie in further study of the consent process, and as a means for individual investigators to better gauge consumer attitudes toward specific projects.", "PMID": 1173878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4333", "title": "Corticosteroid therapy for the pregnant asthmatic patient.", "content": "Corticosteroids were used during seventy pregnancies in 55 asthmatic patients. In this series there was one spontaneous abortion and 71 live births (including two sets of twins). There was no maternal, fetal, or neonatal deaths. On the basis of recorded gestation, slightly more premature births were noted in this series than would be expected in the general population. However, there was no increased incidence of toxemia, uterine hemorrhage, or congenital malformations when compared to the general population, Corticosteroids, when indicated for the treatment of severe asthma, do not appear to noticeably increase the risk of maternal or fetal complications, and thus should not be contraindicated in pregnancy.", "contents": "Corticosteroid therapy for the pregnant asthmatic patient. Corticosteroids were used during seventy pregnancies in 55 asthmatic patients. In this series there was one spontaneous abortion and 71 live births (including two sets of twins). There was no maternal, fetal, or neonatal deaths. On the basis of recorded gestation, slightly more premature births were noted in this series than would be expected in the general population. However, there was no increased incidence of toxemia, uterine hemorrhage, or congenital malformations when compared to the general population, Corticosteroids, when indicated for the treatment of severe asthma, do not appear to noticeably increase the risk of maternal or fetal complications, and thus should not be contraindicated in pregnancy.", "PMID": 1173879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4334", "title": "Hyperglycemia during acute myocardial infarction. A six-year follow-up study.", "content": "Fasting blood glucose (FBG) level and oral glucose tolerance (OGT) were determined in 169 patients within 72 hours of an acute myocardial infarction. Elevated FBG levels were found in 47.5% and a reduced OGT in 72.5%. Of 32 patients who died in the hospital, FBG value was elevated in 72% and the OGT was abnormal in 89%. Of 91 patients who survived longer than six years, the initial FBG level had been elevated in 33%, and the OGT had been abnormal in 67%. Eighty percent of the group with initially raised FBG values had either latent or overt diabetes, while more than 95% of the patients with initially normal FBG values had a normal OGT. Fifty-five percent of the patients with abnormal OGT during myocardial infarction showed normal OGT six years later. The FBG level shortly after an acute myocardial infarction is a better guide to prognosis and to the prediction of subsequent development of diabetes mellitus than the OGT test.", "contents": "Hyperglycemia during acute myocardial infarction. A six-year follow-up study. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) level and oral glucose tolerance (OGT) were determined in 169 patients within 72 hours of an acute myocardial infarction. Elevated FBG levels were found in 47.5% and a reduced OGT in 72.5%. Of 32 patients who died in the hospital, FBG value was elevated in 72% and the OGT was abnormal in 89%. Of 91 patients who survived longer than six years, the initial FBG level had been elevated in 33%, and the OGT had been abnormal in 67%. Eighty percent of the group with initially raised FBG values had either latent or overt diabetes, while more than 95% of the patients with initially normal FBG values had a normal OGT. Fifty-five percent of the patients with abnormal OGT during myocardial infarction showed normal OGT six years later. The FBG level shortly after an acute myocardial infarction is a better guide to prognosis and to the prediction of subsequent development of diabetes mellitus than the OGT test.", "PMID": 1173880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4335", "title": "Limited form of Wegener granulomatosis. Eye involvement as a major sign.", "content": "Bilateral uveitis was the initial manifestation of a limited form of Wegener granulomatosis in a 47-year-old man. Diagnosis was established by biopsy of a pulmonary nodule. Subsequently, evidence of lesions developed in the patient's central and peripheral nervous systems, but renal lesions were absent. Pulmonary lesions regressed on therapy with azathioprine and prednisone. Blindness ultimately resulted from retinal phlebitis, vitreous hemorrhages, and neovascular glaucoma.", "contents": "Limited form of Wegener granulomatosis. Eye involvement as a major sign. Bilateral uveitis was the initial manifestation of a limited form of Wegener granulomatosis in a 47-year-old man. Diagnosis was established by biopsy of a pulmonary nodule. Subsequently, evidence of lesions developed in the patient's central and peripheral nervous systems, but renal lesions were absent. Pulmonary lesions regressed on therapy with azathioprine and prednisone. Blindness ultimately resulted from retinal phlebitis, vitreous hemorrhages, and neovascular glaucoma.", "PMID": 1173895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4336", "title": "Coronary heart disease in Western Collaborative Group Study. Final follow-up experience of 8 1/2 years.", "content": "Clinical coronary heart disease (CHD) occurred in 257 subjects during eight to nine years of follow-up (average, 8 1/2 years) in a prospective study of 39- to 59-year-old employed men. Incidence of CHD was significantly associated with parental CHD history, reported diabetes, schooling, smoking habits, overt behavior pattern, blood pressure, and serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, and beta-lipoproteins. The type A behavior pattern was strongly related to the CHD incidence, and this association could not be explained by association of behavior pattern with any single predictive risk factor or with any combination of them.", "contents": "Coronary heart disease in Western Collaborative Group Study. Final follow-up experience of 8 1/2 years. Clinical coronary heart disease (CHD) occurred in 257 subjects during eight to nine years of follow-up (average, 8 1/2 years) in a prospective study of 39- to 59-year-old employed men. Incidence of CHD was significantly associated with parental CHD history, reported diabetes, schooling, smoking habits, overt behavior pattern, blood pressure, and serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, and beta-lipoproteins. The type A behavior pattern was strongly related to the CHD incidence, and this association could not be explained by association of behavior pattern with any single predictive risk factor or with any combination of them.", "PMID": 1173896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4337", "title": "Physician manpower and distribution. The primary care physician.", "content": "This is a condensed version of the full report of the Coordinating Council on Medical Education on the Primary Care Physician. The full report is available on request from the coordinating Council on Medical Education, PO Box 7586, Chicago, IL 60680.", "contents": "Physician manpower and distribution. The primary care physician. This is a condensed version of the full report of the Coordinating Council on Medical Education on the Primary Care Physician. The full report is available on request from the coordinating Council on Medical Education, PO Box 7586, Chicago, IL 60680.", "PMID": 1173897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4338", "title": "Today's scabies.", "content": "In the past several years there has been a noticeable increase of scabies in the United States; the magnitude of this is not known. An expanding epidemic continues in most parts of the world. Scabies is frequently seen in many guises that may be difficult to diagnose: scabies in the clean, scabies incognito, nodular scabies, animal-transmitted scabies, scabies in infants, scabies with syphillis, and Norwegian scabies. If the diagnosis cannot be confirmed by identifying the mite, synthesis of suggestive features may establish the diagnosis. Recently adopted children from foreign countries, especially southeastern Asia, have had a high frequency of scabies, which may appear after the children arrive in the United States.  Acute glomerulonephritis may develop in patients whose scabetic lesions are complicated by a Virulent nephritogenic streptococcal strain.", "contents": "Today's scabies. In the past several years there has been a noticeable increase of scabies in the United States; the magnitude of this is not known. An expanding epidemic continues in most parts of the world. Scabies is frequently seen in many guises that may be difficult to diagnose: scabies in the clean, scabies incognito, nodular scabies, animal-transmitted scabies, scabies in infants, scabies with syphillis, and Norwegian scabies. If the diagnosis cannot be confirmed by identifying the mite, synthesis of suggestive features may establish the diagnosis. Recently adopted children from foreign countries, especially southeastern Asia, have had a high frequency of scabies, which may appear after the children arrive in the United States.  Acute glomerulonephritis may develop in patients whose scabetic lesions are complicated by a Virulent nephritogenic streptococcal strain.", "PMID": 1173898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4339", "title": "Death patterns in sickle cell anemia.", "content": "In Ibadan, Nigeria, 28 patients with sickle cell disease (hemoglobin SS and SC) died and were autopsied. Fifty percent of these had died by the age of 5 years, as did 21 (68%) with homozygous hemoglobin SS disease. No death occurred in infancy or childhood among the patients with hemoglobin SC disease. Serious intercurrent disease that could have been responsible for death was present in ten patients (36%). The type and frequency of intercurrent disease appears to be related to the environment.", "contents": "Death patterns in sickle cell anemia. In Ibadan, Nigeria, 28 patients with sickle cell disease (hemoglobin SS and SC) died and were autopsied. Fifty percent of these had died by the age of 5 years, as did 21 (68%) with homozygous hemoglobin SS disease. No death occurred in infancy or childhood among the patients with hemoglobin SC disease. Serious intercurrent disease that could have been responsible for death was present in ten patients (36%). The type and frequency of intercurrent disease appears to be related to the environment.", "PMID": 1173899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4340", "title": "Septic endocarditis and indwelling pulmonary artery catheters.", "content": "A pulmonary artery catheter removed from a man with idiopathic cardiomyopathy yielded Staphylococcus aureus in culture, as did blood and sputum. Septic endocarditis of the right side of the heart was found at autopsy. A review of 438 autopsy reports in which an indwelling pulmonary catheter had been used and of another 493 reports preceding its use at our medical center suggests no association between the use of indwelling catheters in the right side of the heart and endocarditis in the left, although there is a risk of thrombotic endocardial vegetation formation in the right side of the heart, with possible infection or embolization.", "contents": "Septic endocarditis and indwelling pulmonary artery catheters. A pulmonary artery catheter removed from a man with idiopathic cardiomyopathy yielded Staphylococcus aureus in culture, as did blood and sputum. Septic endocarditis of the right side of the heart was found at autopsy. A review of 438 autopsy reports in which an indwelling pulmonary catheter had been used and of another 493 reports preceding its use at our medical center suggests no association between the use of indwelling catheters in the right side of the heart and endocarditis in the left, although there is a risk of thrombotic endocardial vegetation formation in the right side of the heart, with possible infection or embolization.", "PMID": 1173900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4341", "title": "Indwelling pulmonary artery catheters. Their relationship to aspetic thrombotic endocardial vegetations.", "content": "To assess the incidence of aseptic thrombotic endocardial vegetations (TEV) after pulmonary artery catheterization with Swan-Ganz catheters we reviewed all autopsy reports for a two-year period in our hospital. In 413 autopsies there were five instances of aseptic TEV: 3 in 88 patients with Swan-Ganz catheters, 1 in 120 patients with central venous catheters, and 1 in the 205 patients without central vascular catheters. The incidence of TEV is significantly greater in patients with Swan-Ganz catheters than in other patients.", "contents": "Indwelling pulmonary artery catheters. Their relationship to aspetic thrombotic endocardial vegetations. To assess the incidence of aseptic thrombotic endocardial vegetations (TEV) after pulmonary artery catheterization with Swan-Ganz catheters we reviewed all autopsy reports for a two-year period in our hospital. In 413 autopsies there were five instances of aseptic TEV: 3 in 88 patients with Swan-Ganz catheters, 1 in 120 patients with central venous catheters, and 1 in the 205 patients without central vascular catheters. The incidence of TEV is significantly greater in patients with Swan-Ganz catheters than in other patients.", "PMID": 1173901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4342", "title": "The prostaglandins.", "content": "The introduction of dinoprost tromethamine (Prostin F2 Alpha) as an abortifacient in the second trimester of pregnancy represents the first clinical use of a prostaglandin. Various synthetic analogues of the naturally occurring derivatives are being employed investigationally in the treatment of peptic ulcer, hypertension, asthma, and hypercalcemia. In the United States, dinoprost tromethamine is primarily administered intra-amniotically. Despite the fact that a substantial number of patients experience allergic reactions, hypertension, bronchospasm, nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea, the efficacy and relative safety of dinoprost tromethamine establish it as superior to intra-amniotic instillation of hypertonic saline. Cervical laceration, laceration or rupture of the lower uterine segment, retention of the placenta, and hemorrhage in part reflect the intensity of uterine contraction induced by dinoprost. Experience in administration improves the therapeutic response and diminishes adverse reactions.", "contents": "The prostaglandins. The introduction of dinoprost tromethamine (Prostin F2 Alpha) as an abortifacient in the second trimester of pregnancy represents the first clinical use of a prostaglandin. Various synthetic analogues of the naturally occurring derivatives are being employed investigationally in the treatment of peptic ulcer, hypertension, asthma, and hypercalcemia. In the United States, dinoprost tromethamine is primarily administered intra-amniotically. Despite the fact that a substantial number of patients experience allergic reactions, hypertension, bronchospasm, nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea, the efficacy and relative safety of dinoprost tromethamine establish it as superior to intra-amniotic instillation of hypertonic saline. Cervical laceration, laceration or rupture of the lower uterine segment, retention of the placenta, and hemorrhage in part reflect the intensity of uterine contraction induced by dinoprost. Experience in administration improves the therapeutic response and diminishes adverse reactions.", "PMID": 1173907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4343", "title": "Nonclostridial gas gangrene. Report of 48 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Gangrenous lesions accompanied by evidence of subcutaneous gas usually are diagnosed as \"clostridial gas gangrene.\" The occurrence of nonclostridial gas gangrene has been infrequently reported and is thought to be relatively rare. Review of 278 admissions of diabetic patients with orthopedic vascular problems disclosed a 17% (48 patients) incidence of nonclostridial gas infections and a 3% (one patient) occurrence of clostridial gas gangrene. Clinical characteristics ranged from severe to benign toxicity. Appreciation of the causative organisms (usually mixed Gram-negative rod and enterococcus) of this syndrome is essential, especially in the diabetic patient, since appropriate antibiotic therapy and surgery can result in a low mortality (4%) and a high incidence (80%) of ambulatory, independent patients.", "contents": "Nonclostridial gas gangrene. Report of 48 cases and review of the literature. Gangrenous lesions accompanied by evidence of subcutaneous gas usually are diagnosed as \"clostridial gas gangrene.\" The occurrence of nonclostridial gas gangrene has been infrequently reported and is thought to be relatively rare. Review of 278 admissions of diabetic patients with orthopedic vascular problems disclosed a 17% (48 patients) incidence of nonclostridial gas infections and a 3% (one patient) occurrence of clostridial gas gangrene. Clinical characteristics ranged from severe to benign toxicity. Appreciation of the causative organisms (usually mixed Gram-negative rod and enterococcus) of this syndrome is essential, especially in the diabetic patient, since appropriate antibiotic therapy and surgery can result in a low mortality (4%) and a high incidence (80%) of ambulatory, independent patients.", "PMID": 1173916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4344", "title": "Liver disease in nonparenteral drug abusers.", "content": "Liver function tests were performed in 500 young servicemen with a history of drug abuse. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) level was abnormal in 66% of 68 patients with a history of parenteral drug abuse. Forty-one percent of 432 patients with a history of only nonparenteral drug abuse also had elevated SGOT levels. A high incidence of liver disease in parenteral drug abusers is well established; however, to our knowledge, the magnitude of the problem in nonparenteral drug abusers has not been noted previously. Liver biopsy specimens in 34 of our patients showed either a classic viral hepatitis or a mild nonspecific hepatitis. Limited follow-up suggested a slowly resolving process. We conclude that hepatitis may be a common sequel to epidemic nonparenteral drug abuse.", "contents": "Liver disease in nonparenteral drug abusers. Liver function tests were performed in 500 young servicemen with a history of drug abuse. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) level was abnormal in 66% of 68 patients with a history of parenteral drug abuse. Forty-one percent of 432 patients with a history of only nonparenteral drug abuse also had elevated SGOT levels. A high incidence of liver disease in parenteral drug abusers is well established; however, to our knowledge, the magnitude of the problem in nonparenteral drug abusers has not been noted previously. Liver biopsy specimens in 34 of our patients showed either a classic viral hepatitis or a mild nonspecific hepatitis. Limited follow-up suggested a slowly resolving process. We conclude that hepatitis may be a common sequel to epidemic nonparenteral drug abuse.", "PMID": 1173917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4345", "title": "Primary care within the academic tradition.", "content": "In the rush to train primary-care physicians, the bioscience tradition must remain inviolate. At the same time, however, academic medicine should recognize that the actual practice of medicine has a special content and operational philosophy that is indispensable for patient care and in which, therefore, every student should be versed.", "contents": "Primary care within the academic tradition. In the rush to train primary-care physicians, the bioscience tradition must remain inviolate. At the same time, however, academic medicine should recognize that the actual practice of medicine has a special content and operational philosophy that is indispensable for patient care and in which, therefore, every student should be versed.", "PMID": 1173918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4346", "title": "The bureaucrat. The taming of the DHEW.", "content": "America's dim view of the bureaucrat needs reassessment because professional standards review organizations (PSROs) and national health insurance will increase the amount of contact between physician and bureaucrat. Inevitable conflict between The Organization and the physician is aggravated by the government-business adversary relationship based on constitutionalism. With more public funds, the budget-based health institution may acquire more of the characteristics of bureaucracy. For better understanding, the bureaucrat is described, and his main types and natural history outlined. Contrasts between business and government as revealed by interchange of executives are reported. Remedies for better interaction are suggested, including liaison groups and use of the apolitical, career bureaucrat. Rules for dealing with bureaucracies are listed, including The Constituent's Letter.", "contents": "The bureaucrat. The taming of the DHEW. America's dim view of the bureaucrat needs reassessment because professional standards review organizations (PSROs) and national health insurance will increase the amount of contact between physician and bureaucrat. Inevitable conflict between The Organization and the physician is aggravated by the government-business adversary relationship based on constitutionalism. With more public funds, the budget-based health institution may acquire more of the characteristics of bureaucracy. For better understanding, the bureaucrat is described, and his main types and natural history outlined. Contrasts between business and government as revealed by interchange of executives are reported. Remedies for better interaction are suggested, including liaison groups and use of the apolitical, career bureaucrat. Rules for dealing with bureaucracies are listed, including The Constituent's Letter.", "PMID": 1173919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4347", "title": "Oral contraceptives in acute viral hepatitis.", "content": "Thirty-four women took oral contraceptives during a major part, or throughout the course, of acute viral hepatitis. The acute illness and sequelae during the following year were compared to those of 34 matched control women with acute viral hepatitis who never took oral contraceptives. Statistical and clinical analysis showed no difference in severity of acute illness or frequency of sequelae. These findings suggest that oral contraceptives are not detrimental when taken during a course of acute viral hepatitis.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives in acute viral hepatitis. Thirty-four women took oral contraceptives during a major part, or throughout the course, of acute viral hepatitis. The acute illness and sequelae during the following year were compared to those of 34 matched control women with acute viral hepatitis who never took oral contraceptives. Statistical and clinical analysis showed no difference in severity of acute illness or frequency of sequelae. These findings suggest that oral contraceptives are not detrimental when taken during a course of acute viral hepatitis.", "PMID": 1173920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4348", "title": "Serum creatine phosphokinase in leptospirosis.", "content": "Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic and pyruvic transaminase (SGOT, SGPT) levels were determined in 61 patients with leptospirosis and 16 with viral hepatitis during the acute phase of illness. The CPK value was elevated in 29 leptospirosis patients and normal in all 16 hepatitis patients. Conversely, mean SGOT and SGPT levels were lower in leptospirosis patients. The CPK determination is a simple test that may provide diagnostic information in a jaundiced patient, particularly when characteristic manifestations of leptospirosis are absent. The pattern of greatly elevated CPK levels with only modest elevations in transaminase values in an acutely jaundiced patient should strongly suggest a diagnosis of leptospirosis.", "contents": "Serum creatine phosphokinase in leptospirosis. Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic and pyruvic transaminase (SGOT, SGPT) levels were determined in 61 patients with leptospirosis and 16 with viral hepatitis during the acute phase of illness. The CPK value was elevated in 29 leptospirosis patients and normal in all 16 hepatitis patients. Conversely, mean SGOT and SGPT levels were lower in leptospirosis patients. The CPK determination is a simple test that may provide diagnostic information in a jaundiced patient, particularly when characteristic manifestations of leptospirosis are absent. The pattern of greatly elevated CPK levels with only modest elevations in transaminase values in an acutely jaundiced patient should strongly suggest a diagnosis of leptospirosis.", "PMID": 1173921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4349", "title": "Metabolic studies on metiazinic acid I. Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism in rats and rabbits.", "content": "Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism after oral administration of 3-H-labelled metiazinic acid were studied. The administered radioactivity was excreted through both the urinary and fecal routes. The maximum levels of concentration in blood and most tissues were shown with 3 hr after dosing. The highest radioactivity was found in the kidney throughout all experiments. Relatively high radioactivity was observed in inflammatory-treated parts in rats. Unchanged compound, metiazinic acid S-oxide and these conjugates were found in urine and feces. Approximately 60% of the unchanged form was observed in plasma after 6 hr.", "contents": "Metabolic studies on metiazinic acid I. Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism in rats and rabbits. Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism after oral administration of 3-H-labelled metiazinic acid were studied. The administered radioactivity was excreted through both the urinary and fecal routes. The maximum levels of concentration in blood and most tissues were shown with 3 hr after dosing. The highest radioactivity was found in the kidney throughout all experiments. Relatively high radioactivity was observed in inflammatory-treated parts in rats. Unchanged compound, metiazinic acid S-oxide and these conjugates were found in urine and feces. Approximately 60% of the unchanged form was observed in plasma after 6 hr.", "PMID": 1173931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4350", "title": "Venereal disease in a war environment: incidence and management.", "content": "The improved control over most infectious disease does not extend to venereal infections, and these now provide the major medical problem encountered in wartime. This factor should be recognized when staff and facilities are being provided for wartime medical services. Unique problems of management of both physical and psychological illness may result from promiscuity in a foreign land during war, and specialist venereologists are as necessary as surgeons and physicians.", "contents": "Venereal disease in a war environment: incidence and management. The improved control over most infectious disease does not extend to venereal infections, and these now provide the major medical problem encountered in wartime. This factor should be recognized when staff and facilities are being provided for wartime medical services. Unique problems of management of both physical and psychological illness may result from promiscuity in a foreign land during war, and specialist venereologists are as necessary as surgeons and physicians.", "PMID": 1173933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4351", "title": "Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, and low radioactive iodine uptake. Report of four cases.", "content": "To characterize four patients with thyrotoxicosis and a low radioactive iodine uptake, thyroid biopsies were performed, and iodine metabolism was studied. Histologic examination showed the presence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, with no features of Graves's disease, in all. Detailed studies in one patient revealed insufficient metabolism of iodine to account for the clinical and chemical features of thyrotoxicosis, which implies that release of stored hormone by the inflammatory process causes the thyrotoxic state. The thyrotoxicosis in this entity subsides spontaneously. Thus, this form of thyrotoxicosis differs from the usual form found in Graves's disease in that histologie features of Graves's disease are absent, the radioactive iodine uptake is low, and specific antithyroid therapy is contraindicated. The observations further demonstrate that the radioactive iodine uptake remains a valuable tool in the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis and the differentiation of its various forms.", "contents": "Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, and low radioactive iodine uptake. Report of four cases. To characterize four patients with thyrotoxicosis and a low radioactive iodine uptake, thyroid biopsies were performed, and iodine metabolism was studied. Histologic examination showed the presence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, with no features of Graves's disease, in all. Detailed studies in one patient revealed insufficient metabolism of iodine to account for the clinical and chemical features of thyrotoxicosis, which implies that release of stored hormone by the inflammatory process causes the thyrotoxic state. The thyrotoxicosis in this entity subsides spontaneously. Thus, this form of thyrotoxicosis differs from the usual form found in Graves's disease in that histologie features of Graves's disease are absent, the radioactive iodine uptake is low, and specific antithyroid therapy is contraindicated. The observations further demonstrate that the radioactive iodine uptake remains a valuable tool in the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis and the differentiation of its various forms.", "PMID": 1173935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4352", "title": "The sterol hydrocarbons in edible oils.", "content": "Since 1957 we have published the results of our research on the transformation of sterols in vegetable oils due the industrial treatment. During bleaching sterol hydrocarbons are formed which are partly removed due the deodorising. Hardening transforms them partly into other steroids. Thus the sterol hydrocarbons are also present in margarine. We have found that the content of those compounds amounted to a quantity of 0.023%. The apolar steroids are highly sensitive to the conditions of autoxidation. All margarines and edible oils contain not only steroid hydrocarbons but also the products of their oxidation and hydrogenation.", "contents": "The sterol hydrocarbons in edible oils. Since 1957 we have published the results of our research on the transformation of sterols in vegetable oils due the industrial treatment. During bleaching sterol hydrocarbons are formed which are partly removed due the deodorising. Hardening transforms them partly into other steroids. Thus the sterol hydrocarbons are also present in margarine. We have found that the content of those compounds amounted to a quantity of 0.023%. The apolar steroids are highly sensitive to the conditions of autoxidation. All margarines and edible oils contain not only steroid hydrocarbons but also the products of their oxidation and hydrogenation.", "PMID": 1173937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4353", "title": "The effects of combined administration of cytembena and cyclophosphamide on the blood count and morphology of nucleoli in peripheral-blood lymphocytes in patients with malignant tumors.", "content": "In patients with malignant tumors, changes in the blood count and morphological changes in the nucleoli in peripheral-blood lymphocytes were studied during treatment with Cytembena, Cyclophosphamide, or combinations of both drugs. After administration of Cyclophosphamide (400 mg i.v. daily for 10 days, then 100 mg orally daily), the counts of leukocytes, especially of neutrophils, sank (by 40% maximally), and the erythrocyte count and the haemoglobin content in blood sank moderately. In peripheral-blood lymphocytes, the proportion of ring-shaped nucleoli (stimulable to synthesis of RNA) reversibly sank, and the proportion of micronucleoli (nonstimulable) rose. After administration of Cytembena (400 mg i.v. daily for 10 days, then 200 mg i.m. at intervals of 2--4 days), neither the leukocyte counts nor the relative percentages of lymphocytic nucleoli signigicantly changed; the mean corpuscular haemoglobin content (MCH) transitorily increased (by 10 percent max.). In the group receiving combined cytostatics (Cytembena 400 mg i.v. daily for 10 days, then 200 mg i.m. at intervals of 2--4 days plus Cyclophosphamide 50 mg orally daily), the erythrocyte count and the haemoglobin content in blood sank moderately. In the population of peripheral-blood lymphocytes in this group, there sank the absolute counts of lymphocytes with ring-shaped nucleoli (by 44% max.) and those with micronucleoli (by 33% max.).", "contents": "The effects of combined administration of cytembena and cyclophosphamide on the blood count and morphology of nucleoli in peripheral-blood lymphocytes in patients with malignant tumors. In patients with malignant tumors, changes in the blood count and morphological changes in the nucleoli in peripheral-blood lymphocytes were studied during treatment with Cytembena, Cyclophosphamide, or combinations of both drugs. After administration of Cyclophosphamide (400 mg i.v. daily for 10 days, then 100 mg orally daily), the counts of leukocytes, especially of neutrophils, sank (by 40% maximally), and the erythrocyte count and the haemoglobin content in blood sank moderately. In peripheral-blood lymphocytes, the proportion of ring-shaped nucleoli (stimulable to synthesis of RNA) reversibly sank, and the proportion of micronucleoli (nonstimulable) rose. After administration of Cytembena (400 mg i.v. daily for 10 days, then 200 mg i.m. at intervals of 2--4 days), neither the leukocyte counts nor the relative percentages of lymphocytic nucleoli signigicantly changed; the mean corpuscular haemoglobin content (MCH) transitorily increased (by 10 percent max.). In the group receiving combined cytostatics (Cytembena 400 mg i.v. daily for 10 days, then 200 mg i.m. at intervals of 2--4 days plus Cyclophosphamide 50 mg orally daily), the erythrocyte count and the haemoglobin content in blood sank moderately. In the population of peripheral-blood lymphocytes in this group, there sank the absolute counts of lymphocytes with ring-shaped nucleoli (by 44% max.) and those with micronucleoli (by 33% max.).", "PMID": 1173938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4354", "title": "[Corticoids and alveolar surfactant. Experimental study].", "content": "The effect of cortisone on the production of surfactant was studied by measuring the tensioactive property of the alveolar fluid, evaluated with Pattle's method. The stability ratio (R.S.) values obtained in 12 guinea-pigs following cortisone administration were all within normal limits. In rabbits treated with prednisolone during a number of fast days, S.R. values were lower than normal in 9 cases out of 10. The results of this study would seem to exclude any influence of the administration of cortisone on the activity of the alveolar surfactant.", "contents": "[Corticoids and alveolar surfactant. Experimental study]. The effect of cortisone on the production of surfactant was studied by measuring the tensioactive property of the alveolar fluid, evaluated with Pattle's method. The stability ratio (R.S.) values obtained in 12 guinea-pigs following cortisone administration were all within normal limits. In rabbits treated with prednisolone during a number of fast days, S.R. values were lower than normal in 9 cases out of 10. The results of this study would seem to exclude any influence of the administration of cortisone on the activity of the alveolar surfactant.", "PMID": 1173939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4355", "title": "Mycotic aneurysms of the pulmonary artery and aorta.", "content": "The clinical presentation and characteristic radiographic and angiographic findings in 6 patients with mycotic aneurysms of the pulmonary artery of aorta are presented. Radiographic findings that may suggest a mycotic aneurysm of the pulmonary artery include a rapid change in its coutour, which may be aneurysmal in character, and multiple septic pulmonary emboli or bacterial pneumonia. Patients with mycotic aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta may have a middle or posterior mediastinal mass in close association with the aorta, and a pulmonary infiltrate may be seen surrounding the aneurysm. A barium swallow will often demonstrate esophageal displacement by the extrinsic mass.", "contents": "Mycotic aneurysms of the pulmonary artery and aorta. The clinical presentation and characteristic radiographic and angiographic findings in 6 patients with mycotic aneurysms of the pulmonary artery of aorta are presented. Radiographic findings that may suggest a mycotic aneurysm of the pulmonary artery include a rapid change in its coutour, which may be aneurysmal in character, and multiple septic pulmonary emboli or bacterial pneumonia. Patients with mycotic aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta may have a middle or posterior mediastinal mass in close association with the aorta, and a pulmonary infiltrate may be seen surrounding the aneurysm. A barium swallow will often demonstrate esophageal displacement by the extrinsic mass.", "PMID": 1173944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4356", "title": "Roentgen anatomy of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus.", "content": "The roentgen anatomy of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus of the knee is presented with particular attention to the relationships between the popliteus tendon, joint capsule and meniscus. The popliteus tendon creates a tunnel as it passes obliquely through the posterior half of the meniscus creating two walls (medial and lateral) and a roof (superior attachment) and a floor (inferior attachment). The boundaries are readily visible on the double-contrast knee arthrogram. Familiarity with these relationships aids in the diagnosis of meniscal injuries.", "contents": "Roentgen anatomy of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus. The roentgen anatomy of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus of the knee is presented with particular attention to the relationships between the popliteus tendon, joint capsule and meniscus. The popliteus tendon creates a tunnel as it passes obliquely through the posterior half of the meniscus creating two walls (medial and lateral) and a roof (superior attachment) and a floor (inferior attachment). The boundaries are readily visible on the double-contrast knee arthrogram. Familiarity with these relationships aids in the diagnosis of meniscal injuries.", "PMID": 1173945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4357", "title": "A comparative study of the effects of dry vs. humidified ventilation on canine lungs.", "content": "To compare the effects on canine ciliary and bronchial mucosal function of varying periods of ventilation with dry vs. humidified gas mixtures, 29 anesthetized dogs underwent 2, 4, and 6 hours of ventilation through a Carlen's double-lumen tube. Six dogs were evaluated by clearance studies, nine by differential bronchospirometry, six by surfactant studies, six by electron microscopy, and two by ventilation scanning. By means of two separate respiratory systems, dry gas (DG) was used to ventilate the right lung, and humidified gas (HG) ventilated the left lung in each dog. Serial chest roentgenograms showed more rapid clearance of inspired tantalum dust from the HG-ventilated lung in each of the six dogs, the disparity in clearance between the two lungs being more pronounced after longer periods of ventilation. The surface tension in DG-ventilated lungs increased fourfold, whereas in HG-ventilated lungs it increased only twofold as compared to preoperative values. Longer periods of ventilation did not change the surface tension appreciably in either DG- or HG-ventilated lungs. Scanning electron micrographs of bronchial mucosa from DG-ventilated lungs showed tangling and matting of cilia with a granular and stringy material attached to most cilia; these changes were much less pronounced in HG-ventilated lungs. Bronchospirometric studies showed an increase in ventilatory function in each of the lungs ventilated with the HG mixture (percent Vo2 on 100 percent oxygen increased 27.7 percent) to compensate for the decreased gas exchange provided by the contralateral DG-ventilated lung. Function in each of the lungs returned to normal within 24 hours. Ventilation scans with Xenon133 showed no apparent change in isotope uptake in the HG-ventilated lungs as compared to the DG lungs during the first 24 hours after ventilation. The observations from the present study suggest that ventilation of canine lungs with DG for 4 or more hours dries mucus and transiently retards mucociliary clearance and gas exchange. These changes may be minimized by ventilation with a humidified gas mixture. Application of these findings to patients undergoing prolonged general anesthesia and to lung preservation studies is suggested.", "contents": "A comparative study of the effects of dry vs. humidified ventilation on canine lungs. To compare the effects on canine ciliary and bronchial mucosal function of varying periods of ventilation with dry vs. humidified gas mixtures, 29 anesthetized dogs underwent 2, 4, and 6 hours of ventilation through a Carlen's double-lumen tube. Six dogs were evaluated by clearance studies, nine by differential bronchospirometry, six by surfactant studies, six by electron microscopy, and two by ventilation scanning. By means of two separate respiratory systems, dry gas (DG) was used to ventilate the right lung, and humidified gas (HG) ventilated the left lung in each dog. Serial chest roentgenograms showed more rapid clearance of inspired tantalum dust from the HG-ventilated lung in each of the six dogs, the disparity in clearance between the two lungs being more pronounced after longer periods of ventilation. The surface tension in DG-ventilated lungs increased fourfold, whereas in HG-ventilated lungs it increased only twofold as compared to preoperative values. Longer periods of ventilation did not change the surface tension appreciably in either DG- or HG-ventilated lungs. Scanning electron micrographs of bronchial mucosa from DG-ventilated lungs showed tangling and matting of cilia with a granular and stringy material attached to most cilia; these changes were much less pronounced in HG-ventilated lungs. Bronchospirometric studies showed an increase in ventilatory function in each of the lungs ventilated with the HG mixture (percent Vo2 on 100 percent oxygen increased 27.7 percent) to compensate for the decreased gas exchange provided by the contralateral DG-ventilated lung. Function in each of the lungs returned to normal within 24 hours. Ventilation scans with Xenon133 showed no apparent change in isotope uptake in the HG-ventilated lungs as compared to the DG lungs during the first 24 hours after ventilation. The observations from the present study suggest that ventilation of canine lungs with DG for 4 or more hours dries mucus and transiently retards mucociliary clearance and gas exchange. These changes may be minimized by ventilation with a humidified gas mixture. Application of these findings to patients undergoing prolonged general anesthesia and to lung preservation studies is suggested.", "PMID": 1173950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4358", "title": "Health and disease in rural Ethiopia.", "content": "Ethiopia, among the world's poorest countries, suffers from a full spectrum of health problems. A plastic surgeon and a public health physician present their experiences in Sidamo province in the Rift Valley.", "contents": "Health and disease in rural Ethiopia. Ethiopia, among the world's poorest countries, suffers from a full spectrum of health problems. A plastic surgeon and a public health physician present their experiences in Sidamo province in the Rift Valley.", "PMID": 1173955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4359", "title": "The plasma prolactin levels in man during prolongation of darkness in the morning.", "content": "The plasma prolactin levels were studied in 4 healthy subjects with a constant sleep-waking cycle and a constant activity schedule before and after experimental alteration of the dark-light cycle.  The subjects slept in the dark from 10.30 p.m. to 6.30 a.m.  During a control period of 10 days the subjects stayed in rooms which were well lighted after 6.30 a.m.  During the following 10 days darkness was prolonged by 4 hours until 10.30 a.m. Blood samples were obtained at 10.30 p.m., and each hour from 2.30 to 11.30 a.m. on days 9 and 10 of each period of investigation.  In all the subjects an increase of the plasma prolactin level occurred during sleep.  At about the time of waking the concentration fell rapidly.  There was no apparent shift in the waking-related decrease in the prolactin level during the experimental period with extended darkness.  Present data do not indicate that the dark-light transition in the morning is essential for the waking-related decrease in the prolactin level.", "contents": "The plasma prolactin levels in man during prolongation of darkness in the morning. The plasma prolactin levels were studied in 4 healthy subjects with a constant sleep-waking cycle and a constant activity schedule before and after experimental alteration of the dark-light cycle.  The subjects slept in the dark from 10.30 p.m. to 6.30 a.m.  During a control period of 10 days the subjects stayed in rooms which were well lighted after 6.30 a.m.  During the following 10 days darkness was prolonged by 4 hours until 10.30 a.m. Blood samples were obtained at 10.30 p.m., and each hour from 2.30 to 11.30 a.m. on days 9 and 10 of each period of investigation.  In all the subjects an increase of the plasma prolactin level occurred during sleep.  At about the time of waking the concentration fell rapidly.  There was no apparent shift in the waking-related decrease in the prolactin level during the experimental period with extended darkness.  Present data do not indicate that the dark-light transition in the morning is essential for the waking-related decrease in the prolactin level.", "PMID": 1173957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4360", "title": "Differential effects of castration on LH and FSH secretion in male and female rats.", "content": "Serum levels of LH and of FSH have been measured using specific radioimmunological procedures in normal controls and in male and female rats submitted to castration 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days before.  Gonadectomy is followed by a rapid increase of serum levels of LH in males, and by a delayed response in females.  The responses of serum FSH to castration are quantitatively and qualitatively similar in the two sexes.  Both in males and in females an elevation of serum FSH levels is already present 1 day after the operation.  Serum FSH continues to rise, between post-castration days 1 and 7 with a rather rapid slope, and at later intervals with a smoother progression.", "contents": "Differential effects of castration on LH and FSH secretion in male and female rats. Serum levels of LH and of FSH have been measured using specific radioimmunological procedures in normal controls and in male and female rats submitted to castration 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days before.  Gonadectomy is followed by a rapid increase of serum levels of LH in males, and by a delayed response in females.  The responses of serum FSH to castration are quantitatively and qualitatively similar in the two sexes.  Both in males and in females an elevation of serum FSH levels is already present 1 day after the operation.  Serum FSH continues to rise, between post-castration days 1 and 7 with a rather rapid slope, and at later intervals with a smoother progression.", "PMID": 1173958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4361", "title": "Effect of ovariectomy on oestrogen-sensitive feedback elements.", "content": "Serum LH and FSH were determined by radioimmunoassay in untreated and oestrogen-treated ovariectomized rats.  The animals were sacrificed 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after ovariectomy.  Oestradiol benzoate was administered in the daily dose of 50 mug on the 2 days preceeding sacrifice.  It has been found that oestrogens exert a strong inhibitory effect on the release of LH, as evidenced by a decrease in serum titers of the hormone.  Oestradiol suppressed LH almost completely in animals with both low (7 or 14 days post-ovariectomy), and high levels of serum LH(21 or 28 days post-ovariectomy).  Oestradiol failed to totally suppress serum FSH at any post-castration time considered.  Moreover, the inhibitory effect of oestradiol on FSH release decreased as post-castration time increased.  These data suggest that the feedback mechanisms which control the secretion of LH and those which control the secretion of FSH are substantially different.", "contents": "Effect of ovariectomy on oestrogen-sensitive feedback elements. Serum LH and FSH were determined by radioimmunoassay in untreated and oestrogen-treated ovariectomized rats.  The animals were sacrificed 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after ovariectomy.  Oestradiol benzoate was administered in the daily dose of 50 mug on the 2 days preceeding sacrifice.  It has been found that oestrogens exert a strong inhibitory effect on the release of LH, as evidenced by a decrease in serum titers of the hormone.  Oestradiol suppressed LH almost completely in animals with both low (7 or 14 days post-ovariectomy), and high levels of serum LH(21 or 28 days post-ovariectomy).  Oestradiol failed to totally suppress serum FSH at any post-castration time considered.  Moreover, the inhibitory effect of oestradiol on FSH release decreased as post-castration time increased.  These data suggest that the feedback mechanisms which control the secretion of LH and those which control the secretion of FSH are substantially different.", "PMID": 1173959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4362", "title": "Studies on hearing loss in a community with endemic cretinism in Central Java, Indonesia.", "content": "An audiometric study was carried out in a community of 642 subjects severly affected by endemic goitre and cretinism.  Hearing loss was measured in 34 out of 41 subjects diagnosed as cretins, 92 normal subjects aged 5-20 years from the same community and 54 subjects (also of 5-20 years) living in a nearby control area without endemic goitre.  The excess number of hearing defects in the endemic area seems to be entirely due to the process that leads to cretinism.  There is no reason to describe deafness and deafmutism in an area with severe endemic goitre as a separate entity.  The hearing defect showed a definite greater loss in the higher frequencies than in the lower frequencies and was found in 92% of the cretins.  Deafmutism was present in 5, a loss of more than 60 db in 8, a loss of 40-60 db in 10 cretins.  A loss of 20-30 db was found in 2.2% of normal subjects in the endemic area and 1.8% of those living in the control area.  It is concluded that audiometry is a simple and significant test to establish the presence of the neurological form of endemic cretinism, which is the most prevalent form in most endemias.  The differential diagnosis and pathogenesis of the described hearing defect are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on hearing loss in a community with endemic cretinism in Central Java, Indonesia. An audiometric study was carried out in a community of 642 subjects severly affected by endemic goitre and cretinism.  Hearing loss was measured in 34 out of 41 subjects diagnosed as cretins, 92 normal subjects aged 5-20 years from the same community and 54 subjects (also of 5-20 years) living in a nearby control area without endemic goitre.  The excess number of hearing defects in the endemic area seems to be entirely due to the process that leads to cretinism.  There is no reason to describe deafness and deafmutism in an area with severe endemic goitre as a separate entity.  The hearing defect showed a definite greater loss in the higher frequencies than in the lower frequencies and was found in 92% of the cretins.  Deafmutism was present in 5, a loss of more than 60 db in 8, a loss of 40-60 db in 10 cretins.  A loss of 20-30 db was found in 2.2% of normal subjects in the endemic area and 1.8% of those living in the control area.  It is concluded that audiometry is a simple and significant test to establish the presence of the neurological form of endemic cretinism, which is the most prevalent form in most endemias.  The differential diagnosis and pathogenesis of the described hearing defect are discussed.", "PMID": 1173960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4363", "title": "Thyroxine metabolism in the rat: effect of varying doses of exogenous thyroxine.", "content": "Experiments were performed to determine quantitatively the peripheral metabolism of exogenous thyroxine (T4) in rats brought to isotopic equilibrium with doses of -131I-T4 ranging from 1 to 20 mug/100 g body weight/day.  It was found that, although the absolute amount of T4 either deiodinated and excreted as iodide in urine or excreted as T4 in faeces increased as the dose of T4 increased, the percentage of hormone excreted by either pathway at each dose level was relatively constant.  In other words, the fractional rate of deiodination is not greatly influenced by the amount of T4 administered.  A 20-fold increase in the dose of T4 resulted in only a 4-fold increase in serum T4 concentration measured 24 h after injection, but serum T4 levels were elevated considerably more than this for several hours between injections.  Nevertheless, the highest dose of T4 was not greatly thyrotoxic.  The implications of these findings in relation to the possible association between the metabolism and action of T4 are discussed.", "contents": "Thyroxine metabolism in the rat: effect of varying doses of exogenous thyroxine. Experiments were performed to determine quantitatively the peripheral metabolism of exogenous thyroxine (T4) in rats brought to isotopic equilibrium with doses of -131I-T4 ranging from 1 to 20 mug/100 g body weight/day.  It was found that, although the absolute amount of T4 either deiodinated and excreted as iodide in urine or excreted as T4 in faeces increased as the dose of T4 increased, the percentage of hormone excreted by either pathway at each dose level was relatively constant.  In other words, the fractional rate of deiodination is not greatly influenced by the amount of T4 administered.  A 20-fold increase in the dose of T4 resulted in only a 4-fold increase in serum T4 concentration measured 24 h after injection, but serum T4 levels were elevated considerably more than this for several hours between injections.  Nevertheless, the highest dose of T4 was not greatly thyrotoxic.  The implications of these findings in relation to the possible association between the metabolism and action of T4 are discussed.", "PMID": 1173961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4364", "title": "The immunogenic properties of highly purified insulin preparations:  The clinical importance of insulin-binding antibodies.", "content": "Twenty-four diabetic patients were treated with porcine protamine-insulin (NPH-insulin) containing 7-13 mmol proinsulin per mol insulin and 27 diabetic patients were treated with porcine protamine-insuline (HP-insulin) containing 0.36 mmol proinsulin per mol insulin.  75% of the patients treated with NPH-insulin and 15% of the patients treated with HP-insulin formed detectable insulin-binding antibodies.  The difference in the antibody titre in the two groups was significant.  As a group, patients treated with HP-insulin did not have significant rise in the plasma insulin-binding capacity when compared to pre-treated values.  When comparing patients with antibodies and patients without detectable antibodies no difference in the degree of regulation could be demonstrated between the two groups.  Young patients with antibodies had a higher insulin requirement per kg per day than patients without detectable antibodies. Among patients in remission those without detectable antibodies had a longer remission period than those with antibodies.  Apart from the difference in antibody formation and hence a different distribution in the groups compared, the patients treated with NPH-insulin and HP-insulin did not differ with regard to the degree of regulation, the insulin requirement or the duration of the remission period.", "contents": "The immunogenic properties of highly purified insulin preparations:  The clinical importance of insulin-binding antibodies. Twenty-four diabetic patients were treated with porcine protamine-insulin (NPH-insulin) containing 7-13 mmol proinsulin per mol insulin and 27 diabetic patients were treated with porcine protamine-insuline (HP-insulin) containing 0.36 mmol proinsulin per mol insulin.  75% of the patients treated with NPH-insulin and 15% of the patients treated with HP-insulin formed detectable insulin-binding antibodies.  The difference in the antibody titre in the two groups was significant.  As a group, patients treated with HP-insulin did not have significant rise in the plasma insulin-binding capacity when compared to pre-treated values.  When comparing patients with antibodies and patients without detectable antibodies no difference in the degree of regulation could be demonstrated between the two groups.  Young patients with antibodies had a higher insulin requirement per kg per day than patients without detectable antibodies. Among patients in remission those without detectable antibodies had a longer remission period than those with antibodies.  Apart from the difference in antibody formation and hence a different distribution in the groups compared, the patients treated with NPH-insulin and HP-insulin did not differ with regard to the degree of regulation, the insulin requirement or the duration of the remission period.", "PMID": 1173962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4365", "title": "16-Dehydrogenase in human placenta.", "content": "Human placenta subfractions were incubated with radioactive oestriol and 16-oxo-oestradiol.  16-oxo-oestradiol was identified from the oestriol incubation.  Oestriol and 16-epi-oestriol were characterized from the incubation while 16-epi-oestriol were characterized from the incubation with 16-oxo-oestradiol.  The 16alpha-dehydrogenase has been located in the soluble fraction (105 000 g supernatant) of the human placenta.", "contents": "16-Dehydrogenase in human placenta. Human placenta subfractions were incubated with radioactive oestriol and 16-oxo-oestradiol.  16-oxo-oestradiol was identified from the oestriol incubation.  Oestriol and 16-epi-oestriol were characterized from the incubation while 16-epi-oestriol were characterized from the incubation with 16-oxo-oestradiol.  The 16alpha-dehydrogenase has been located in the soluble fraction (105 000 g supernatant) of the human placenta.", "PMID": 1173964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4366", "title": "Respiratory activity of oocytes isolated from ovarian follicles of the rat.", "content": "In order to study substrate dependent respiration oocytes were isolated from antrum follicles obtained from ovaries of prepubertal rats.  The oocytes used were either surrounded by 1 to 3 layers of granulosa cells (oocyte + corona radiata), or mechanically denuded from surrounding cells (denuded oocytes).  By use of Cartesian micro-diver technique the respiratory rate could be determined in single oocyte + corona radiata cell complexes or in samples of a few denuded oocytes.  The oocytes were incubated either in an isotonic Tris-HCL buffer or in a hypotonic phosphate buffer.  The rate of respiration was determined without addition of exogenous substrate and with addition of different substrates in varying concentrations.  Cellular respiration was linear 2-4 h both in absence and presence of substrate.  Both types of oocyte preparations were unable to utilize glucose as substrate.  Lactate stimulated slightly the respiration of the denuded oocyte while pyruvate and oxalcetate increased markedly the respiratory activity of both types of oocyte preparations.  Succinate had an influence on the oocyte + corona radiata only when the hypotonic medium was used while it was easily utilized in both media by the denuded oocyte.  In a preliminary series of experiments the in vitro influence of bovine lutienizing hormone (LH) on the cellular respiration was studied.  Both in presence and absence of corona radiata a significant decrease in oxygen uptake was registered, consistently appearing within 30 min after the addition of the hormone.  As the relationship of the phenomenon to ovum maturation was not studied, the possible biological meaning remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Respiratory activity of oocytes isolated from ovarian follicles of the rat. In order to study substrate dependent respiration oocytes were isolated from antrum follicles obtained from ovaries of prepubertal rats.  The oocytes used were either surrounded by 1 to 3 layers of granulosa cells (oocyte + corona radiata), or mechanically denuded from surrounding cells (denuded oocytes).  By use of Cartesian micro-diver technique the respiratory rate could be determined in single oocyte + corona radiata cell complexes or in samples of a few denuded oocytes.  The oocytes were incubated either in an isotonic Tris-HCL buffer or in a hypotonic phosphate buffer.  The rate of respiration was determined without addition of exogenous substrate and with addition of different substrates in varying concentrations.  Cellular respiration was linear 2-4 h both in absence and presence of substrate.  Both types of oocyte preparations were unable to utilize glucose as substrate.  Lactate stimulated slightly the respiration of the denuded oocyte while pyruvate and oxalcetate increased markedly the respiratory activity of both types of oocyte preparations.  Succinate had an influence on the oocyte + corona radiata only when the hypotonic medium was used while it was easily utilized in both media by the denuded oocyte.  In a preliminary series of experiments the in vitro influence of bovine lutienizing hormone (LH) on the cellular respiration was studied.  Both in presence and absence of corona radiata a significant decrease in oxygen uptake was registered, consistently appearing within 30 min after the addition of the hormone.  As the relationship of the phenomenon to ovum maturation was not studied, the possible biological meaning remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 1173963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4367", "title": "DNA and protein synthesis of prostatic cultures in relation to histological response under the influence of testosterone and its metabolites.", "content": "Testosterone as well as dihydrotestosterone and 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol were capable of maintaining, in rather low concentrations (0.02, 0.02 and 1.0 mug/ml, respectively), the histological structure of the rat ventral prostate in organotypic tissue culture.  By means of histometrical analysis testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were found to be active in lower concentration (0.05 mug/ml) than adrostanediol.  In addition to the visual evaluation of the structure of the explants their total DNA and protein content was measured as well as their rate of incorporation of tritiated thymidine and leucine.  In a concentration of 1 mug/ml the response of the ventral prostate culture was almost equal to all the steroids.  Androstanediol, however, caused no stimulation in lowest concentrations (0.02-0.1 mug/ml) and was not toxic in the highest concentrations (100 mug/ml) at which testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were definately cytolytic.  When the serum from the culture medium was omitted even hormone concentrations close to the physiological level (0.003 mug/ml) could stimulate thymidine and leucine incorporation into the cultured ventral prostate.", "contents": "DNA and protein synthesis of prostatic cultures in relation to histological response under the influence of testosterone and its metabolites. Testosterone as well as dihydrotestosterone and 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol were capable of maintaining, in rather low concentrations (0.02, 0.02 and 1.0 mug/ml, respectively), the histological structure of the rat ventral prostate in organotypic tissue culture.  By means of histometrical analysis testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were found to be active in lower concentration (0.05 mug/ml) than adrostanediol.  In addition to the visual evaluation of the structure of the explants their total DNA and protein content was measured as well as their rate of incorporation of tritiated thymidine and leucine.  In a concentration of 1 mug/ml the response of the ventral prostate culture was almost equal to all the steroids.  Androstanediol, however, caused no stimulation in lowest concentrations (0.02-0.1 mug/ml) and was not toxic in the highest concentrations (100 mug/ml) at which testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were definately cytolytic.  When the serum from the culture medium was omitted even hormone concentrations close to the physiological level (0.003 mug/ml) could stimulate thymidine and leucine incorporation into the cultured ventral prostate.", "PMID": 1173965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4368", "title": "Metabolites of lynestrenol acetate in the bile of rats after intravenous administration; a comparison with lynestrenol.", "content": "Some aspects of the metabolism of lynestrenol acetate, an orally active contraceptive compound, were studied in female rats.  Lynestrenol acetate is stable in gastric and intestinal juice in vitro.  After intravenous administration of lynestrenol acetate and lynestrenol with a -14C label in the nucleus approximately 40% of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the bile within 90 min.  After administration of lynestrenol acetate labelled in the ester group, 6% of the radioactivity was found in the bile.  This means that the greater part of the lynestrenol acetate had lost its acetate group during the process of metabolism.  There was an important difference between the autoradiograms of the thin layer patterns of post-hydrolysis extracts after administration of [4-14C]lynestrenol acetate and those after administration of [1'-14C]lynestrenol acetate and [4-14C]lynestrenol: the major metabolite of [4-14C]lynestrenol acetate did not appear on the autoradiograms of [1'--14C]lynestrenol acetate and [4-14C]lynestrenol.  This indicates that lynestrenol acetate was altered in the nucleus in the presence of the acetate group.  The acetate group itself was removed, either when the alterations took place, or after it had been completed.  The results of IR, NMR and mass spectrometry analysis indicate the introduction of a 15alpha hydroxyl group.  Results of gas-liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography indicate that a second important metabolic is 19-nor-17alpha-pregn-20-yne-3alpha, 17beta-diol.  The main conclusions are: 1. A part of the lynestrenol acetate is metabolized and excreted in the bile, the acetate group still being present.  2. Lynestrenol acetate is to some extent metabolized via another pathway than lynestrenol.  This indicates that esterification of a steroid can lead to deviation from the metabolic pathway of the free original steroid.", "contents": "Metabolites of lynestrenol acetate in the bile of rats after intravenous administration; a comparison with lynestrenol. Some aspects of the metabolism of lynestrenol acetate, an orally active contraceptive compound, were studied in female rats.  Lynestrenol acetate is stable in gastric and intestinal juice in vitro.  After intravenous administration of lynestrenol acetate and lynestrenol with a -14C label in the nucleus approximately 40% of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the bile within 90 min.  After administration of lynestrenol acetate labelled in the ester group, 6% of the radioactivity was found in the bile.  This means that the greater part of the lynestrenol acetate had lost its acetate group during the process of metabolism.  There was an important difference between the autoradiograms of the thin layer patterns of post-hydrolysis extracts after administration of [4-14C]lynestrenol acetate and those after administration of [1'-14C]lynestrenol acetate and [4-14C]lynestrenol: the major metabolite of [4-14C]lynestrenol acetate did not appear on the autoradiograms of [1'--14C]lynestrenol acetate and [4-14C]lynestrenol.  This indicates that lynestrenol acetate was altered in the nucleus in the presence of the acetate group.  The acetate group itself was removed, either when the alterations took place, or after it had been completed.  The results of IR, NMR and mass spectrometry analysis indicate the introduction of a 15alpha hydroxyl group.  Results of gas-liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography indicate that a second important metabolic is 19-nor-17alpha-pregn-20-yne-3alpha, 17beta-diol.  The main conclusions are: 1. A part of the lynestrenol acetate is metabolized and excreted in the bile, the acetate group still being present.  2. Lynestrenol acetate is to some extent metabolized via another pathway than lynestrenol.  This indicates that esterification of a steroid can lead to deviation from the metabolic pathway of the free original steroid.", "PMID": 1173966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4369", "title": "An improved technique for transauricular hypophysectomy and auto transplant of isolated pieces of pars intermedia tissue in the evacuated pituitary capsule of the rat.", "content": "An improved technique for transauricular hypophysectomy in rats, weighing 120-300 g, is described.  This method can be used for transplantation studies, which is demonstrated by transplanting pars intermedia tissue into the evacuated pituitary capsule.  Our technique has been carried out, successfully, in various laboratories.  The success, however, depends upon the skill and care of the investigator.", "contents": "An improved technique for transauricular hypophysectomy and auto transplant of isolated pieces of pars intermedia tissue in the evacuated pituitary capsule of the rat. An improved technique for transauricular hypophysectomy in rats, weighing 120-300 g, is described.  This method can be used for transplantation studies, which is demonstrated by transplanting pars intermedia tissue into the evacuated pituitary capsule.  Our technique has been carried out, successfully, in various laboratories.  The success, however, depends upon the skill and care of the investigator.", "PMID": 1173967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4370", "title": "Ophthalmopathy associated with primary hypothyroidism.", "content": "Ten patients with primary hypothyroidism and ophthalmopathy are reported.  None of the patients had previously received any form of therapy for thyrotoxicosis.  In some patients hypothyroidism and exophthalmos presented simultaneously, but in others one clinical feature preceded the other by many years.  Elevated titres of thyroid antibodies were found in 7 of the 10 patients and LATS was detected in 1 of the 10 patients.  Increased 35S-sulphate uptake by the mouse Harderian gland technique occurred with serum from 1 of the 7 patients tested.", "contents": "Ophthalmopathy associated with primary hypothyroidism. Ten patients with primary hypothyroidism and ophthalmopathy are reported.  None of the patients had previously received any form of therapy for thyrotoxicosis.  In some patients hypothyroidism and exophthalmos presented simultaneously, but in others one clinical feature preceded the other by many years.  Elevated titres of thyroid antibodies were found in 7 of the 10 patients and LATS was detected in 1 of the 10 patients.  Increased 35S-sulphate uptake by the mouse Harderian gland technique occurred with serum from 1 of the 7 patients tested.", "PMID": 1173968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4371", "title": "Glucose metabolism during and after pregnancy in normal and gestational diabetic women.  1. Influence of normal pregnancy on serum glucose and insulin concentration during basal fasting conditions and after a challenge with glucose.", "content": "Glucose and insulin concentrations during basal fasting conditions and after an oral challenge with glucose have been studied during early, mid and late pregnancy and also after delivery in a group of 9 normal women.  No significant changes in the fasting serum glucose concentration was observed during pregnancy.  In contrast the fasting serum insulin gradually increased.  No changes in the mean glucose concentration curve were observed until the second half of pregnancy where the level of the curve was significantly elevated, but statistically calculated limits of normality derived from a special study of non-pregnant normal controls were not exceeded.  The serum insulin response to glucose was significantly increased at all stages of gestation and in parallel the insulin-to-glucose index calculated for the total areas below the insulin and glucose concentration curves increased significantly.  The fasting insulin-to-glucose index also increased and was found to be significantly correlated to the stage of gestation.  The shape of the glucose and insulin curves was modified in the opposite direction by pregnancy:  the peak value of glucose was delayed whereas that of insulin was advanced.  The results indicate that in pregnancy a diminished \"peripheral sensitivity\" to endogenous insulin apparently develops.", "contents": "Glucose metabolism during and after pregnancy in normal and gestational diabetic women.  1. Influence of normal pregnancy on serum glucose and insulin concentration during basal fasting conditions and after a challenge with glucose. Glucose and insulin concentrations during basal fasting conditions and after an oral challenge with glucose have been studied during early, mid and late pregnancy and also after delivery in a group of 9 normal women.  No significant changes in the fasting serum glucose concentration was observed during pregnancy.  In contrast the fasting serum insulin gradually increased.  No changes in the mean glucose concentration curve were observed until the second half of pregnancy where the level of the curve was significantly elevated, but statistically calculated limits of normality derived from a special study of non-pregnant normal controls were not exceeded.  The serum insulin response to glucose was significantly increased at all stages of gestation and in parallel the insulin-to-glucose index calculated for the total areas below the insulin and glucose concentration curves increased significantly.  The fasting insulin-to-glucose index also increased and was found to be significantly correlated to the stage of gestation.  The shape of the glucose and insulin curves was modified in the opposite direction by pregnancy:  the peak value of glucose was delayed whereas that of insulin was advanced.  The results indicate that in pregnancy a diminished \"peripheral sensitivity\" to endogenous insulin apparently develops.", "PMID": 1173969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4372", "title": "Inhibition of placental 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase by naturally occurring steroids. A potential mechanism regulating oestrogen synthesis from unconjugated precursors.", "content": "We have proposed that inhibition of placental steroid 3-sulphatase by endogenous steroids may regulate oestrogen synthesis during human pregnancy. The possibility that an additional regulatory mechanism, involving the placental 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase (SDH), may also be operative has now been examined. Inhibitory effects of naturally occurring steroids on SDH activity were determined from the reduction in initial rate of conversion of 3H-dehydroepiandrosterone to non-digitonin precipitable products by 10 000 x g supernatant from homogenates of human term placentae. The apparent Km for dehydroepiandrosterone was 0.33 x 10(-6) M. delta4-3-Oxo products of SDH action (4-androstene-3,17-dione, app. Ki=0.60x10(-6) M; progesterone, app. Ki=1.5x10(-6) M) were the most potent inhibitors and appeared to act non-competitively. Delta5-3beta-Hydroxy alternative substrates were less inhibitory and in the case of pregnenolone (app. Ki=4.5x10(-6) M) behaved competitively. 11beta-, 16alpha-, 17alpha- or 21-hydroxylation and epimerization of 3beta- or 17beta-hydroxyl functions of inhibitors decreased their activity. It is concluded that inhibition of both sulphatase and SDH by endogenous steroids may provide complementary methods of regulating placental oestrogen synthesis in vivo. The SDH mechanism may regulate oestrogen synthesis from unconjugated precursors, either formed within the placenta or derived from the circulation. The major potential inhibitors appear to be delta4-3-ketones, acting non-competitively, and formed within the placenta. In the sulphatase mechanism alternative substrates of extraplacenta origin, acting competitively, are the major potential inhibitors controlling utilization of conjugated precursors.", "contents": "Inhibition of placental 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase by naturally occurring steroids. A potential mechanism regulating oestrogen synthesis from unconjugated precursors. We have proposed that inhibition of placental steroid 3-sulphatase by endogenous steroids may regulate oestrogen synthesis during human pregnancy. The possibility that an additional regulatory mechanism, involving the placental 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase (SDH), may also be operative has now been examined. Inhibitory effects of naturally occurring steroids on SDH activity were determined from the reduction in initial rate of conversion of 3H-dehydroepiandrosterone to non-digitonin precipitable products by 10 000 x g supernatant from homogenates of human term placentae. The apparent Km for dehydroepiandrosterone was 0.33 x 10(-6) M. delta4-3-Oxo products of SDH action (4-androstene-3,17-dione, app. Ki=0.60x10(-6) M; progesterone, app. Ki=1.5x10(-6) M) were the most potent inhibitors and appeared to act non-competitively. Delta5-3beta-Hydroxy alternative substrates were less inhibitory and in the case of pregnenolone (app. Ki=4.5x10(-6) M) behaved competitively. 11beta-, 16alpha-, 17alpha- or 21-hydroxylation and epimerization of 3beta- or 17beta-hydroxyl functions of inhibitors decreased their activity. It is concluded that inhibition of both sulphatase and SDH by endogenous steroids may provide complementary methods of regulating placental oestrogen synthesis in vivo. The SDH mechanism may regulate oestrogen synthesis from unconjugated precursors, either formed within the placenta or derived from the circulation. The major potential inhibitors appear to be delta4-3-ketones, acting non-competitively, and formed within the placenta. In the sulphatase mechanism alternative substrates of extraplacenta origin, acting competitively, are the major potential inhibitors controlling utilization of conjugated precursors.", "PMID": 1173970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4373", "title": "Subunits of human chorionic gonadotrophin: immunological and biological studies.", "content": "The alpha and beta subunits of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) were prepared by incubation in 8 M urea, pH 4.5. The separation of the two subunits was obtained by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography and purification was carried out by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The beta subunit obtained was biologically active and was therefore further purified by affinity chromatography using as immuno-adsorbent the alpha antibodies coupled to Sepharose 4B. The beta subunit so purified showed a biological activity less than 1 IU/mg. The immunological and biological properties of the hCG subunits have been studied. It was found that the anti HCG beta serum can discriminate between hCG and hLH and that in the 125I-hCG + anti-beta serum radioimmunoassay, the cross-reactivity of pituitary hLH was lower than that of urinary hLH. Moreover, it was observed that the less purified was the urinary LH preparation, the higher was the cross-reactivity. Therefore we considered the hypothesis that during the purification of human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG) some LH subunits or smaller immunoreactive fragments could have been discarded with the waste fractions. In order to test the validity of this hypophysis, all the protein fractions obtained during the purification of the hMG were gel-filtered on Sephadex G-100. The immunoreactivity of the effluents from the gel filtration was tested by hCG, hCG-beta, hCG-alpha and hLH radioimmunoassays. While the alpha reactive material was found in some fractions as a peak having the same Ve/Vo value as hCG-alpha, the beta reactive material presenude hMG fractions was not observed in other fractions. The cross-reactivity with the anti beta serum was very low and was found in the LH region of the gel chromatogram. Furthermore, the neutralization of the biological activity of hCG and of urinary and pituitary LH by the anti hCG beta serum was studied by incubating a fixed amount of the three hormones with increasing volumes of antiserum and measuring the LH ACTIVITY AFTER INCUBATION BY THE OADD test. It was observed that the anti hCG beta serum inhibits hCG more than urinary or pituitary LH.", "contents": "Subunits of human chorionic gonadotrophin: immunological and biological studies. The alpha and beta subunits of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) were prepared by incubation in 8 M urea, pH 4.5. The separation of the two subunits was obtained by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography and purification was carried out by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The beta subunit obtained was biologically active and was therefore further purified by affinity chromatography using as immuno-adsorbent the alpha antibodies coupled to Sepharose 4B. The beta subunit so purified showed a biological activity less than 1 IU/mg. The immunological and biological properties of the hCG subunits have been studied. It was found that the anti HCG beta serum can discriminate between hCG and hLH and that in the 125I-hCG + anti-beta serum radioimmunoassay, the cross-reactivity of pituitary hLH was lower than that of urinary hLH. Moreover, it was observed that the less purified was the urinary LH preparation, the higher was the cross-reactivity. Therefore we considered the hypothesis that during the purification of human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG) some LH subunits or smaller immunoreactive fragments could have been discarded with the waste fractions. In order to test the validity of this hypophysis, all the protein fractions obtained during the purification of the hMG were gel-filtered on Sephadex G-100. The immunoreactivity of the effluents from the gel filtration was tested by hCG, hCG-beta, hCG-alpha and hLH radioimmunoassays. While the alpha reactive material was found in some fractions as a peak having the same Ve/Vo value as hCG-alpha, the beta reactive material presenude hMG fractions was not observed in other fractions. The cross-reactivity with the anti beta serum was very low and was found in the LH region of the gel chromatogram. Furthermore, the neutralization of the biological activity of hCG and of urinary and pituitary LH by the anti hCG beta serum was studied by incubating a fixed amount of the three hormones with increasing volumes of antiserum and measuring the LH ACTIVITY AFTER INCUBATION BY THE OADD test. It was observed that the anti hCG beta serum inhibits hCG more than urinary or pituitary LH.", "PMID": 1173971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4374", "title": "Auto-transplantation of rabbit myometrium into ear-chamber and recording of its activity.", "content": "A transparent ear-chamber and its installation in the rabbit is described as well as the subsequent autografting of myometrial tissue into the connective tissue formed in the chamber. Of the rabbits initially provided with ear-chambers 65% were found to be suitable for grafting while finally only 40% of these presented activity either spontaneously or induced by stretch or oxytocin. Qualitative evaluation of the mechanical activity was obtained by photo-electric recording of the transmission of light through the graft. An evaluation of the electrical activity was made possible by recording volume conducted potentials from wire electrodes in contact with the grafted tissue. A close time interrelationship between electrical potentials and change in transmission of light of the graft was found. Oxytocin produced electrical activity and blanching of the graft. It is concluded that recording of the electrical activity provides the most reliable way of expressing the activity of grafted myometrium.", "contents": "Auto-transplantation of rabbit myometrium into ear-chamber and recording of its activity. A transparent ear-chamber and its installation in the rabbit is described as well as the subsequent autografting of myometrial tissue into the connective tissue formed in the chamber. Of the rabbits initially provided with ear-chambers 65% were found to be suitable for grafting while finally only 40% of these presented activity either spontaneously or induced by stretch or oxytocin. Qualitative evaluation of the mechanical activity was obtained by photo-electric recording of the transmission of light through the graft. An evaluation of the electrical activity was made possible by recording volume conducted potentials from wire electrodes in contact with the grafted tissue. A close time interrelationship between electrical potentials and change in transmission of light of the graft was found. Oxytocin produced electrical activity and blanching of the graft. It is concluded that recording of the electrical activity provides the most reliable way of expressing the activity of grafted myometrium.", "PMID": 1173972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4375", "title": "Function of myometrial graft at time of parturition in the rabbit.", "content": "Thirteen rabbits equipped with ear chambers containing myometrial grafts were studied during late pregnancy, spontaneous and induced parturition and early puerperium. Spontaneous electrical activity of the graft was recorded by means of F.-M. telemetry transmission in the unrestrained animals. Furthermore the reaction to intravenously injected oxytocin (threshold determination) was recorded daily. During the last 5 days before spontaneous delivery increasing spontaneous activity of the tissue was observed. During the same period the response to oxytocin increased. Concomitantly with the delivery of the litter a period of rhythmic activity was observed. This period had a sudden onset and lasted 12-55 min, while the delivery itself only lasted 6-16 min. Similar activity patterns could be evoked in the early post-partum period by 100 mU oxytocin given iv. In 3 rabbits, doses from 80-300 mU oxytocin induced complete delivery. During the 48 hours' period after delivery spontaneous activity (single spikes and series of bursts) was observed. The response to oxytocin was further increased. It is concluded that as the graft is not influenced by nervous regulation, mechanical influence or local humoral factors the spontaneous parturition and the change in excitability must therefore be due to one (or more) systemic, humoral factor(s).", "contents": "Function of myometrial graft at time of parturition in the rabbit. Thirteen rabbits equipped with ear chambers containing myometrial grafts were studied during late pregnancy, spontaneous and induced parturition and early puerperium. Spontaneous electrical activity of the graft was recorded by means of F.-M. telemetry transmission in the unrestrained animals. Furthermore the reaction to intravenously injected oxytocin (threshold determination) was recorded daily. During the last 5 days before spontaneous delivery increasing spontaneous activity of the tissue was observed. During the same period the response to oxytocin increased. Concomitantly with the delivery of the litter a period of rhythmic activity was observed. This period had a sudden onset and lasted 12-55 min, while the delivery itself only lasted 6-16 min. Similar activity patterns could be evoked in the early post-partum period by 100 mU oxytocin given iv. In 3 rabbits, doses from 80-300 mU oxytocin induced complete delivery. During the 48 hours' period after delivery spontaneous activity (single spikes and series of bursts) was observed. The response to oxytocin was further increased. It is concluded that as the graft is not influenced by nervous regulation, mechanical influence or local humoral factors the spontaneous parturition and the change in excitability must therefore be due to one (or more) systemic, humoral factor(s).", "PMID": 1173973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4376", "title": "The pharmacology and metabolism of testosterone undecanoate (TU), a new orally active androgen.", "content": "Testosterone undecanoate (TU), either dissolved in arachis oil or as micro-crystal suspension, displays androgenic activity on oral administration to rats in the Hershberger test.  The solution in arachis oil is more active than the crystal suspension.  When [3H]TU is administered orally to rats, most of it is metabolized in the intestinal wall.  The majority of the metabolites probably lose their undecanoate group and are absorbed via the portal vein.  The non-metabolized [3H]TU and at least two metabolites are absorbed exclusively via the lymphatic system.  One of these metabolites has been identified as 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone undecanoate (5alpha-DHTU).  TU has no harmful effects on the liver of the rabbits on oral administration.", "contents": "The pharmacology and metabolism of testosterone undecanoate (TU), a new orally active androgen. Testosterone undecanoate (TU), either dissolved in arachis oil or as micro-crystal suspension, displays androgenic activity on oral administration to rats in the Hershberger test.  The solution in arachis oil is more active than the crystal suspension.  When [3H]TU is administered orally to rats, most of it is metabolized in the intestinal wall.  The majority of the metabolites probably lose their undecanoate group and are absorbed via the portal vein.  The non-metabolized [3H]TU and at least two metabolites are absorbed exclusively via the lymphatic system.  One of these metabolites has been identified as 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone undecanoate (5alpha-DHTU).  TU has no harmful effects on the liver of the rabbits on oral administration.", "PMID": 1173974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4377", "title": "Endocrine disturbances in patients with congenital aqueductal stenosis.", "content": "Congenital stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius is reported to be associated with sella turcia enlargement and clinical and laboratory abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-target-organ axis. It is a surgically reversible lesion. In the present report, 3 female patients with this lesion were studied with tests of basal endocrine function, as well as insulin tolerance tests, response to metyrapone and determination of circadian periodicity of plasma cortisol levels. In one patient all testing was normal and no surgery was performed. In 2 other patients the insulin tolerance test revealed either abnormal cortisol or growth hormone responses and in one patient urinary gonadotrophins were absent. All tests became normal post-operatively although in one instance not completely so until 5 years after surgery.", "contents": "Endocrine disturbances in patients with congenital aqueductal stenosis. Congenital stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius is reported to be associated with sella turcia enlargement and clinical and laboratory abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-target-organ axis. It is a surgically reversible lesion. In the present report, 3 female patients with this lesion were studied with tests of basal endocrine function, as well as insulin tolerance tests, response to metyrapone and determination of circadian periodicity of plasma cortisol levels. In one patient all testing was normal and no surgery was performed. In 2 other patients the insulin tolerance test revealed either abnormal cortisol or growth hormone responses and in one patient urinary gonadotrophins were absent. All tests became normal post-operatively although in one instance not completely so until 5 years after surgery.", "PMID": 1173975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4378", "title": "Adrenal potassium and sodium in experimental hyper- and hypoaldosteronism in the rat. Determination by electron probe x-ray microanalysis.", "content": "Potassium and sodium contents in the various adrenal zones were determined in experimental hyper- and hypoaldosteronism in the rat by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The analysis aimed at revealing intracellular values. There was no change in the potassium content of the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and medulla neither in hyperaldosteronism induced by Na-deficiency, nor in hypoaldosteronism, elicited by Na-rich diet. The sodium content in the zona glomerulosa and zona fascicularis was increased in the Na-loaded rats, while that of the medulla was not changed. Our data are not consistent with the hypothesis that a change of adrenal intracellular potassium would act as a final stimulus in the regulation of aldosterone secretion.", "contents": "Adrenal potassium and sodium in experimental hyper- and hypoaldosteronism in the rat. Determination by electron probe x-ray microanalysis. Potassium and sodium contents in the various adrenal zones were determined in experimental hyper- and hypoaldosteronism in the rat by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The analysis aimed at revealing intracellular values. There was no change in the potassium content of the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and medulla neither in hyperaldosteronism induced by Na-deficiency, nor in hypoaldosteronism, elicited by Na-rich diet. The sodium content in the zona glomerulosa and zona fascicularis was increased in the Na-loaded rats, while that of the medulla was not changed. Our data are not consistent with the hypothesis that a change of adrenal intracellular potassium would act as a final stimulus in the regulation of aldosterone secretion.", "PMID": 1173976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4379", "title": "Metabolism of (4-14C)progesterone and (7alpha-3H)pregnenolone by human ovaries perfused in vitro.", "content": "Nine human ovaries were perfused in vitro with [4-14C]progesterone and in addition one ovary with [7-3H]pregnenolone. From the perfusate unchanged progesterone and five different metabolites were isolated: 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and 4-androstene-3,17-dione. In the ovarian tissue saturated pregnane derivatives were the main metabolites. When [3H]pregnenolone and [14C]progesterone were perfused simultaneously a stimulation of delta4-5-isomerase and 3beta-dehydrogenase activity by HCG was demonstrated.", "contents": "Metabolism of (4-14C)progesterone and (7alpha-3H)pregnenolone by human ovaries perfused in vitro. Nine human ovaries were perfused in vitro with [4-14C]progesterone and in addition one ovary with [7-3H]pregnenolone. From the perfusate unchanged progesterone and five different metabolites were isolated: 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and 4-androstene-3,17-dione. In the ovarian tissue saturated pregnane derivatives were the main metabolites. When [3H]pregnenolone and [14C]progesterone were perfused simultaneously a stimulation of delta4-5-isomerase and 3beta-dehydrogenase activity by HCG was demonstrated.", "PMID": 1173977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4380", "title": "The binding of insulin and somatomedin A to human placental membrane.", "content": "A particulate membrane fraction from human placental membrane was shown to be rich in binding sites not only for insulin but also for somatomedin A. The binding of the 125I-labelled peptide was time and temperature dependent. Degrading activity present in the membrane fraction was negligible at +4 degrees C. The Scatchard plot for insulin binding revealed two types of binding sites with an apparent high affinity constant of 3.8 times 108 M(-1) and with 5.4 times 10(-9) moles of binding sites per mg of membrane protein. The Scatchard analysis of somatomedin A revealed two classes of binding sites with an apparent high affinity constant of 2.7 times 107 M(-1) and with 1.9 times 10(-8) moles of binding sites per mg of membrane protein. In high concentrations insulin interfered with the specific binding sites for somatomedin A and vice versa. In comparison with insulin the somatomedin A preparation was one million times more potent in displacing labelled somatomedin A than in displacing labelled insulin from their respective binding sites. A radioreceptor assay utilizing particulate placental membrane and labelled somatomedin A purified on the membrane enabled the determination of somatomedin in unextracted serum. The mean values of somatomedin A in sera from patients with pituitary dwarfism and acromegaly were 0.57 and 3.2 U/ml, respectively by radioreceptor assay and 0.41 and 1.61 U/ml, respectively by bioassay. Various causes of this discrepancy between the methods are discussed.", "contents": "The binding of insulin and somatomedin A to human placental membrane. A particulate membrane fraction from human placental membrane was shown to be rich in binding sites not only for insulin but also for somatomedin A. The binding of the 125I-labelled peptide was time and temperature dependent. Degrading activity present in the membrane fraction was negligible at +4 degrees C. The Scatchard plot for insulin binding revealed two types of binding sites with an apparent high affinity constant of 3.8 times 108 M(-1) and with 5.4 times 10(-9) moles of binding sites per mg of membrane protein. The Scatchard analysis of somatomedin A revealed two classes of binding sites with an apparent high affinity constant of 2.7 times 107 M(-1) and with 1.9 times 10(-8) moles of binding sites per mg of membrane protein. In high concentrations insulin interfered with the specific binding sites for somatomedin A and vice versa. In comparison with insulin the somatomedin A preparation was one million times more potent in displacing labelled somatomedin A than in displacing labelled insulin from their respective binding sites. A radioreceptor assay utilizing particulate placental membrane and labelled somatomedin A purified on the membrane enabled the determination of somatomedin in unextracted serum. The mean values of somatomedin A in sera from patients with pituitary dwarfism and acromegaly were 0.57 and 3.2 U/ml, respectively by radioreceptor assay and 0.41 and 1.61 U/ml, respectively by bioassay. Various causes of this discrepancy between the methods are discussed.", "PMID": 1173978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4381", "title": "Identification and quantitative determination of steroids in bovine corpus luteum during oestrous cycle and pregnancy.", "content": "Neutral steroids in bovine corpus luteum were isolated by liquid-gel chromatography on hydrophobic Sephadex, and were analyzed by computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of progesterone and 20beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one was confirmed. In addition, 3beta-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one, 5-pregnene-3beta,20beta-diol, 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one and 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,20beta-diol were fully identified, and 3-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one, 4 pregnene-3,20-diol, 22-hydroxycholesterol and 20,22-dihydroxycholesterol were partially characterized. Steroid sulphates were not detected. Quantification of the six fully identified steroids was based on peak areas in specific fragment ion current chromatograms constructed by the computer. During the 4th-19th day of the oestrous cycle the steroid concentrations varied as follows: progesterone 6.0-36.7 mug/g wet luteal weight, 20beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one 0.8-5.5 mug/g, 3beta-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one 1.0-7.1mug/g, 5-pregnene-3beta,20beta-diol smaller than 0.2-0.9 mug/g, 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one 1.7-8.6 mug/g, and 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,20beta-diol smaller than 0.2-1.2 mug/g. The concentrations of progesterone and 3beta-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one seemed to vary in parallel and were low during days 11-17. During this period the concentrations of 5-pregnene-3beta,20beta-diol and 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,20beta-diol were highest as was the relative contribution of all three 20beta-hydroxysteroids to the total amount of steroids. The relative amount of 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one seemed to be highest during days 4-6. The total steroid concentration in corpora lutea taken in early pregnancy (75-105 days) was 18-47 mug/g. In the period 75-90 days, progesterone constituted only 35-42% of the total steroids, 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one as much as 23-40% and the total 20beta-hydroxysteroids 18-30%. The total steroid concentration in corpora lutea taken in midterm and late pregnancy was 21-77 mug/g. In this period progesterone was by far the predominant steroid and constituted about 80-90% of the total steroids in corpora lutea taken between days 150 and 240. Possible correlations between luteal growth, steroid oxidoreductases and steroid concentrations are discussed.", "contents": "Identification and quantitative determination of steroids in bovine corpus luteum during oestrous cycle and pregnancy. Neutral steroids in bovine corpus luteum were isolated by liquid-gel chromatography on hydrophobic Sephadex, and were analyzed by computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of progesterone and 20beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one was confirmed. In addition, 3beta-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one, 5-pregnene-3beta,20beta-diol, 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one and 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,20beta-diol were fully identified, and 3-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one, 4 pregnene-3,20-diol, 22-hydroxycholesterol and 20,22-dihydroxycholesterol were partially characterized. Steroid sulphates were not detected. Quantification of the six fully identified steroids was based on peak areas in specific fragment ion current chromatograms constructed by the computer. During the 4th-19th day of the oestrous cycle the steroid concentrations varied as follows: progesterone 6.0-36.7 mug/g wet luteal weight, 20beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one 0.8-5.5 mug/g, 3beta-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one 1.0-7.1mug/g, 5-pregnene-3beta,20beta-diol smaller than 0.2-0.9 mug/g, 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one 1.7-8.6 mug/g, and 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,20beta-diol smaller than 0.2-1.2 mug/g. The concentrations of progesterone and 3beta-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one seemed to vary in parallel and were low during days 11-17. During this period the concentrations of 5-pregnene-3beta,20beta-diol and 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,20beta-diol were highest as was the relative contribution of all three 20beta-hydroxysteroids to the total amount of steroids. The relative amount of 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one seemed to be highest during days 4-6. The total steroid concentration in corpora lutea taken in early pregnancy (75-105 days) was 18-47 mug/g. In the period 75-90 days, progesterone constituted only 35-42% of the total steroids, 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one as much as 23-40% and the total 20beta-hydroxysteroids 18-30%. The total steroid concentration in corpora lutea taken in midterm and late pregnancy was 21-77 mug/g. In this period progesterone was by far the predominant steroid and constituted about 80-90% of the total steroids in corpora lutea taken between days 150 and 240. Possible correlations between luteal growth, steroid oxidoreductases and steroid concentrations are discussed.", "PMID": 1173979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4382", "title": "Suprasellar disturbance in the syndrome of fertile eunuchoidism: case report.", "content": "A case of fertile eunuchoidism is presented. The diagnosis was established on the basis of low androgen secretion in the presence of active spermatogenesis, increase in testosterone output after gonadotrophin stimulation, and adequate peripheral response to exogenous testosterone. Resistance to clomiphene stimulation but normal pituitary response to LH-RH was elicited indicating a suprasellar disturbance as the cause of the disorder.", "contents": "Suprasellar disturbance in the syndrome of fertile eunuchoidism: case report. A case of fertile eunuchoidism is presented. The diagnosis was established on the basis of low androgen secretion in the presence of active spermatogenesis, increase in testosterone output after gonadotrophin stimulation, and adequate peripheral response to exogenous testosterone. Resistance to clomiphene stimulation but normal pituitary response to LH-RH was elicited indicating a suprasellar disturbance as the cause of the disorder.", "PMID": 1173980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4383", "title": "Age related changes in free plasma testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol.", "content": "The age related changes on free plasma testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and oestradiol (OE2) were determined in 82 healthy adult males. Forty-six subjects were between 22 and 61 years of age (group I), 36 between 67 and 93 years (group II). The percentage of free, non protein bound hormone was determined by equilibrium dialysis of undiluted plasma against isotonic phosphate buffer at 37 degrees C. Total hormone concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. The percentage of free T was 2.24% (median), 1.65-3.42 (95 percentiles) in group I and 1.65% (1.24-2.26) in group II. The percentage of free DHT decreased from 1.17% (0.80-2.03) in group I to 0.83% (0.52-1.55) in group II. The decrease in % free Oe2 was only very small: group I = 2.49% (2.13-2.96), ad group II = 2.31% (1.95-3.17). The fall in free T by 43.3% from 12.2 ng/100 ml (6.74-25.0) in group I to 6.90 ng/ml (3.57-10.6) in group II was twice as high as that of total T, which decreased on an average by 20.6%. Free DHT decreased by 25.8%: group I = 578 pg/100 ml (266-987), group II =429 pg/100 ml (168-723), while total DHT was not significantly different between the two groups (-1.9%). Free Oe2 was increased in old age: group I = 42.4 PG/100 ML (26.0-69.4), GROUP II = 55.7 PG/100 ML (35.8-118.9). The increase in free Oe2 by 31.4% was almost as high as that of the total Oe2 (46.9%).", "contents": "Age related changes in free plasma testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol. The age related changes on free plasma testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and oestradiol (OE2) were determined in 82 healthy adult males. Forty-six subjects were between 22 and 61 years of age (group I), 36 between 67 and 93 years (group II). The percentage of free, non protein bound hormone was determined by equilibrium dialysis of undiluted plasma against isotonic phosphate buffer at 37 degrees C. Total hormone concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. The percentage of free T was 2.24% (median), 1.65-3.42 (95 percentiles) in group I and 1.65% (1.24-2.26) in group II. The percentage of free DHT decreased from 1.17% (0.80-2.03) in group I to 0.83% (0.52-1.55) in group II. The decrease in % free Oe2 was only very small: group I = 2.49% (2.13-2.96), ad group II = 2.31% (1.95-3.17). The fall in free T by 43.3% from 12.2 ng/100 ml (6.74-25.0) in group I to 6.90 ng/ml (3.57-10.6) in group II was twice as high as that of total T, which decreased on an average by 20.6%. Free DHT decreased by 25.8%: group I = 578 pg/100 ml (266-987), group II =429 pg/100 ml (168-723), while total DHT was not significantly different between the two groups (-1.9%). Free Oe2 was increased in old age: group I = 42.4 PG/100 ML (26.0-69.4), GROUP II = 55.7 PG/100 ML (35.8-118.9). The increase in free Oe2 by 31.4% was almost as high as that of the total Oe2 (46.9%).", "PMID": 1173981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4384", "title": "The effect of oestradiol-3N-bis-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate-17beta-phosphate (estracyt) on the 5alpha-reductase in the rat ventral prostate.", "content": "The ventral prostate of the rat both after in vitro incubation and in vivo experiments was found to contain appreciable 5alpha-reductase activity, whilst a very low activity was registered in the diaphragm and liver. Neither Estracyt nor LEO275 (Estracyt without the phosphate group in position 17 of the oestradiol moiety) had an inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity after in vitro incubation but equivalent amounts of oestradiol-17beta and oestradiol-17beta-phosphate significantly reduced 5alpha-reductase activity. When Estracyt was injected in vivo no influence on activity was registered in \"short term\" experiments while a significant inhibition was found after \"long term\" treatment in vivo. Possible explanations for this \"long term\" effect of Estracyt on 5alpha-reductase activity are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of oestradiol-3N-bis-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate-17beta-phosphate (estracyt) on the 5alpha-reductase in the rat ventral prostate. The ventral prostate of the rat both after in vitro incubation and in vivo experiments was found to contain appreciable 5alpha-reductase activity, whilst a very low activity was registered in the diaphragm and liver. Neither Estracyt nor LEO275 (Estracyt without the phosphate group in position 17 of the oestradiol moiety) had an inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity after in vitro incubation but equivalent amounts of oestradiol-17beta and oestradiol-17beta-phosphate significantly reduced 5alpha-reductase activity. When Estracyt was injected in vivo no influence on activity was registered in \"short term\" experiments while a significant inhibition was found after \"long term\" treatment in vivo. Possible explanations for this \"long term\" effect of Estracyt on 5alpha-reductase activity are discussed.", "PMID": 1173982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4385", "title": "Effect of pentobarbital anaesthesia on luteinizing hormone levels in intact and ovariectomized ewes.", "content": "In six intact ewes, deep anaesthesia lasting 1-2 h was induced with pentobarbital given intravenously at the onset of oestrus. In a second group of six ovariectomized ewes, light pentobarbital anaesthesia was induced following a control period of 4 h and then maintained for 2, 3, or 4 h. No drug was given to control animals (seven in the first group, three in the second). Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) were determined by radioimmunoassay hourly in the first group, and at intervals of 5 or 10 min in the second. In the oestrous ewes, pentobarbital did not prevent or modify the expected LH surge. In the ovariectomized ewes, the drug, while not affecting the pulsatile release pattern of LH, reduced average LH levels to about half their control values (P smaller than 0.001) when given in a dosage maintaining 3 or 4 of light sleep; the 2-h dosage had no such effect. These differential effects of pentobarbital indicate that LH secretion in ewes is regulated by more than one mechanism. In particular, our findings are consistent with a hypothesis that there are, in ovariectomized ewes, independent central regulatory mechanisms for the amount of LH released, and for the time pattern of its release.", "contents": "Effect of pentobarbital anaesthesia on luteinizing hormone levels in intact and ovariectomized ewes. In six intact ewes, deep anaesthesia lasting 1-2 h was induced with pentobarbital given intravenously at the onset of oestrus. In a second group of six ovariectomized ewes, light pentobarbital anaesthesia was induced following a control period of 4 h and then maintained for 2, 3, or 4 h. No drug was given to control animals (seven in the first group, three in the second). Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) were determined by radioimmunoassay hourly in the first group, and at intervals of 5 or 10 min in the second. In the oestrous ewes, pentobarbital did not prevent or modify the expected LH surge. In the ovariectomized ewes, the drug, while not affecting the pulsatile release pattern of LH, reduced average LH levels to about half their control values (P smaller than 0.001) when given in a dosage maintaining 3 or 4 of light sleep; the 2-h dosage had no such effect. These differential effects of pentobarbital indicate that LH secretion in ewes is regulated by more than one mechanism. In particular, our findings are consistent with a hypothesis that there are, in ovariectomized ewes, independent central regulatory mechanisms for the amount of LH released, and for the time pattern of its release.", "PMID": 1173983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4386", "title": "Radioimmunoassays of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine with and without a prior extraction step.", "content": "Two radioimmunoassays for triiodothyronine (T3) are described, one of which includes an extraction step, while the other does not. To raise antibodies, two carrier proteins and different coupling agents were used, namely haemocyanin and diazotized benzidine or human serum albumin and carbodiimide. In the case of T3 coupled to haemocyanin by diazotized benzidine, evidence of covalent binding of the hapten to the protein was obtained. In the case of T3 coupled to human serum albumin, little evidence of covalent linkage was available. Nevertheless immunization was successful in both cases. The radioimmunoassay in unextracted serum was highly reproducible and precise (intra-assay variability 5.2% inter-assay variability 8.1%). Normal values were determined which clearly indicate a fall in the serum T3 concentration with increasing age. In men the fall occurs in the fifth decade. In women the T3 starts to fall only after 70 years of age. In 31 cases of hyperthyroidism the serum T3 concentration ranged from 2.26 to 10.4 ng T3/ml. In 10 cases of hypothyroidism the values ranged from 0 to 0.8 ng T3/ml. The radioimmunoassay using an extraction procedure was less extensively used since it was found to be less reproducible (intra-assay variability 7.5%, inter-assay 12.25%). The normal values were determined with a mixed population aged 20-50. The mean +/- 2 SD was 0.9 /- .36 ng T3/ml (n = 52). In 17 cases of hypothyroidism the values ranged from 0 to 0.6 ng T3/ml and in 22 cases of hyperthyroidism from 2 to 14.4 ng T3/ml.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassays of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine with and without a prior extraction step. Two radioimmunoassays for triiodothyronine (T3) are described, one of which includes an extraction step, while the other does not. To raise antibodies, two carrier proteins and different coupling agents were used, namely haemocyanin and diazotized benzidine or human serum albumin and carbodiimide. In the case of T3 coupled to haemocyanin by diazotized benzidine, evidence of covalent binding of the hapten to the protein was obtained. In the case of T3 coupled to human serum albumin, little evidence of covalent linkage was available. Nevertheless immunization was successful in both cases. The radioimmunoassay in unextracted serum was highly reproducible and precise (intra-assay variability 5.2% inter-assay variability 8.1%). Normal values were determined which clearly indicate a fall in the serum T3 concentration with increasing age. In men the fall occurs in the fifth decade. In women the T3 starts to fall only after 70 years of age. In 31 cases of hyperthyroidism the serum T3 concentration ranged from 2.26 to 10.4 ng T3/ml. In 10 cases of hypothyroidism the values ranged from 0 to 0.8 ng T3/ml. The radioimmunoassay using an extraction procedure was less extensively used since it was found to be less reproducible (intra-assay variability 7.5%, inter-assay 12.25%). The normal values were determined with a mixed population aged 20-50. The mean +/- 2 SD was 0.9 /- .36 ng T3/ml (n = 52). In 17 cases of hypothyroidism the values ranged from 0 to 0.6 ng T3/ml and in 22 cases of hyperthyroidism from 2 to 14.4 ng T3/ml.", "PMID": 1173984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4387", "title": "A comparative study of serum growth hormone and plasma cortisol levels in stimulation tests with insulin and propranolol-glucagon.", "content": "Insulin and propranolol-glucagon stimulation tests were carried out on 28 children and 5 adolescents and the results of their growth hormone and plasma cortisol estimations were compared. Twenty-nine subjects with normal growth hormone reserves showed a mean maximum rise of 17.4 muU/ml of serum growth hormone in the insulin test whereas the intramuscular injection of glucagon after oral premedication with propranolol produced a rise of 38.5 muU/ml. Five subjects with normal growth hormone reserves showed a reduced hormone output in the insulin stimulation tests but normal response in the propranolol-glucagon stimulation tests. Only one subject showed a poor response in the propranolol-glucagon but normal response in the insulin stimulation test. In 30 subjects with normal adrenocortical function the mean maximum increase of plasma cortisol was 15.6 muU/ml in the insulin - and 14.9 muU/ml in the propranolol-glucagon stimulation tests, respectively. Both methods are suitable for studying the pituitary-adrenocortical interrelationships. The mechanism of the release of glucagon-induced growth hormone is not clear but the fall in blood glucose does not seem to play a major role in the process. A stress-like mechanism is equally unlikely because vegetative symptoms occurred only i a small number of subjects after intramuscular glucagon administration. It is possible that glucagon possesses a releasing-like mechanism which operates in the pituitary itself.", "contents": "A comparative study of serum growth hormone and plasma cortisol levels in stimulation tests with insulin and propranolol-glucagon. Insulin and propranolol-glucagon stimulation tests were carried out on 28 children and 5 adolescents and the results of their growth hormone and plasma cortisol estimations were compared. Twenty-nine subjects with normal growth hormone reserves showed a mean maximum rise of 17.4 muU/ml of serum growth hormone in the insulin test whereas the intramuscular injection of glucagon after oral premedication with propranolol produced a rise of 38.5 muU/ml. Five subjects with normal growth hormone reserves showed a reduced hormone output in the insulin stimulation tests but normal response in the propranolol-glucagon stimulation tests. Only one subject showed a poor response in the propranolol-glucagon but normal response in the insulin stimulation test. In 30 subjects with normal adrenocortical function the mean maximum increase of plasma cortisol was 15.6 muU/ml in the insulin - and 14.9 muU/ml in the propranolol-glucagon stimulation tests, respectively. Both methods are suitable for studying the pituitary-adrenocortical interrelationships. The mechanism of the release of glucagon-induced growth hormone is not clear but the fall in blood glucose does not seem to play a major role in the process. A stress-like mechanism is equally unlikely because vegetative symptoms occurred only i a small number of subjects after intramuscular glucagon administration. It is possible that glucagon possesses a releasing-like mechanism which operates in the pituitary itself.", "PMID": 1173985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4388", "title": "131I-19-iodocholesterol scintigraphy of the adrenal cortex.", "content": "131-I-19-iodocholesterol scintigraphy of the adrenal cortex has been carried out in 26 patients. In 4 patients with normal adrenocortical function the tracer was equally accumulated on the two sides. In 7 patients with untreated Cushing's syndrome, bilateral uptake was found in 4 patients with bilateral hyperplasia whereas unilateral visualization was obtained in three cases of cortisol producing adenomas. The side localization was confirmed at operation. Eight patients had been operated for Cushings syndrome prior to the scintigraphy. Remnant adrenocortical tissue with negligible or subnormal function (4 patients) could not be visualized. Normo- or hyperfunctioning remnant tissue was visualized in 3 patients. One patient had recurrent hypercorticism due to metastases from a previously removed adrenocortical carcinoma; a single pelvic accumulation was seen, whereas several metastases in the abdomen and thorax were not visualized. Four patients with aldosteronism were investigated. Three had primary aldosteronism due to an adrenocortical adenoma. In two of these, the site of the adrenal lesion was localized pre-operatively. In the third patient, equal bilateral accumulation of iodocholesterol was seen even after suppression with dexamethasone. At operation a small tumour was found. In 1 patient with indeterminate aldosteronism both glands were visualized and at a second examination the uptake was equally suppressed by dexamethasone.", "contents": "131I-19-iodocholesterol scintigraphy of the adrenal cortex. 131-I-19-iodocholesterol scintigraphy of the adrenal cortex has been carried out in 26 patients. In 4 patients with normal adrenocortical function the tracer was equally accumulated on the two sides. In 7 patients with untreated Cushing's syndrome, bilateral uptake was found in 4 patients with bilateral hyperplasia whereas unilateral visualization was obtained in three cases of cortisol producing adenomas. The side localization was confirmed at operation. Eight patients had been operated for Cushings syndrome prior to the scintigraphy. Remnant adrenocortical tissue with negligible or subnormal function (4 patients) could not be visualized. Normo- or hyperfunctioning remnant tissue was visualized in 3 patients. One patient had recurrent hypercorticism due to metastases from a previously removed adrenocortical carcinoma; a single pelvic accumulation was seen, whereas several metastases in the abdomen and thorax were not visualized. Four patients with aldosteronism were investigated. Three had primary aldosteronism due to an adrenocortical adenoma. In two of these, the site of the adrenal lesion was localized pre-operatively. In the third patient, equal bilateral accumulation of iodocholesterol was seen even after suppression with dexamethasone. At operation a small tumour was found. In 1 patient with indeterminate aldosteronism both glands were visualized and at a second examination the uptake was equally suppressed by dexamethasone.", "PMID": 1173986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4389", "title": "New bronchodilator aerosol, salmefamol, in asthma.", "content": "Twenty-five asthmatics were tested with salmefamol aerosol (200 mug q.d.s.) for a period of 3 months. The ventilatory capacity before and after adrenaline was measured weekly and symptoms were assessed daily using a scoring system over a period of 9 months. The results during the 3 months' treatment with salmefamol were compared with the preceding and succeeding 3-month-periods when patients were receiving either salbutamol aerosol or orciprenaline aerosol. Statistically significant improvements were seen in ventilatory capacity before adrenaline inhalation and in symptom scores while on salmefamol. Ventilatory capacity after adrenaline inhalation remained unchanged throughout the study: thus there was no evidence of tachyphylaxis. A significantly greater number of patients preferred the new drug. Four patients developed slight muscle tremor in the first few days of salmefamol therapy, but there were no changes in haematological or biochemical values after 3 months' therapy. Thus, salmefamol seems to have marked efficacy with low toxicity and is generally well tolerated.", "contents": "New bronchodilator aerosol, salmefamol, in asthma. Twenty-five asthmatics were tested with salmefamol aerosol (200 mug q.d.s.) for a period of 3 months. The ventilatory capacity before and after adrenaline was measured weekly and symptoms were assessed daily using a scoring system over a period of 9 months. The results during the 3 months' treatment with salmefamol were compared with the preceding and succeeding 3-month-periods when patients were receiving either salbutamol aerosol or orciprenaline aerosol. Statistically significant improvements were seen in ventilatory capacity before adrenaline inhalation and in symptom scores while on salmefamol. Ventilatory capacity after adrenaline inhalation remained unchanged throughout the study: thus there was no evidence of tachyphylaxis. A significantly greater number of patients preferred the new drug. Four patients developed slight muscle tremor in the first few days of salmefamol therapy, but there were no changes in haematological or biochemical values after 3 months' therapy. Thus, salmefamol seems to have marked efficacy with low toxicity and is generally well tolerated.", "PMID": 1173987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4390", "title": "Antigen-induced lymphoblast transformation in the diagnosis of cow's milk allergic diseases in infancy and early childhood.", "content": "The in vitro lymphocyte stimulation of 17 milk-allergic and eight control children was carried out with beta-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin, bovine hair extract and phytohaemagglutinin. The blastic transformation was significant with at least one of the milk antigens in 15 of the patients, but only in one of the controls. In two clinical pictures, corresponding to milk allergy of Arthus type (Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura and Heiner pneumonitis), besides the high ratio of specific blastic transformation of the lymphocytes the cellular reaction to PHA was pathologically decreased. A significant correlation could be demonstrated between the degrees of blastic transformation to BSA and bovine hair extract.", "contents": "Antigen-induced lymphoblast transformation in the diagnosis of cow's milk allergic diseases in infancy and early childhood. The in vitro lymphocyte stimulation of 17 milk-allergic and eight control children was carried out with beta-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin, bovine hair extract and phytohaemagglutinin. The blastic transformation was significant with at least one of the milk antigens in 15 of the patients, but only in one of the controls. In two clinical pictures, corresponding to milk allergy of Arthus type (Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura and Heiner pneumonitis), besides the high ratio of specific blastic transformation of the lymphocytes the cellular reaction to PHA was pathologically decreased. A significant correlation could be demonstrated between the degrees of blastic transformation to BSA and bovine hair extract.", "PMID": 1173988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4391", "title": "Comparison of allergenicity of a perfume in animals (guinea pig maximization test) and in humans (usage test).", "content": "Using the Guinea Pig Maximization Test, the sensitization rate of a perfume was shown to be 10 per cent, which means a mild allergenicity rate. A usage sensitization trial was performed with the same perfume included in a soap, on 300 persons for 2-3 months. Seventy-five of these, all house-wives, were randomly selected and tested epicutaneously, after the trial. One woman reacted allergically towards the perfume. This means a sensitization rate of 1.3 per cent, which is a maximum value, as she could, theoretically, have been sensitized before.", "contents": "Comparison of allergenicity of a perfume in animals (guinea pig maximization test) and in humans (usage test). Using the Guinea Pig Maximization Test, the sensitization rate of a perfume was shown to be 10 per cent, which means a mild allergenicity rate. A usage sensitization trial was performed with the same perfume included in a soap, on 300 persons for 2-3 months. Seventy-five of these, all house-wives, were randomly selected and tested epicutaneously, after the trial. One woman reacted allergically towards the perfume. This means a sensitization rate of 1.3 per cent, which is a maximum value, as she could, theoretically, have been sensitized before.", "PMID": 1173989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4392", "title": "Morphological studies on allergen induced blast transformation of sensitized lymphocytes.", "content": "The morphological and ultrastructural changes occurring in blast transformed lymphocytes, isolated from patients sensitive to grass pollen and penicillin, were studied. Certain differences in the appearance of the blast cells, as evidenced by light microscopic observation, were not found by electron microscopy. The blast cells showed foamy protoplasm regardless of the nature of the allergens employed. An increased number of either single or rosette-forming ribosomes was established. Numerous vesicles were visible in the cytoplasm. The endoplasmic sacs were more numerous. Golgi apparatus was well-developed; the mitochondria were increased and had a dense matrix.", "contents": "Morphological studies on allergen induced blast transformation of sensitized lymphocytes. The morphological and ultrastructural changes occurring in blast transformed lymphocytes, isolated from patients sensitive to grass pollen and penicillin, were studied. Certain differences in the appearance of the blast cells, as evidenced by light microscopic observation, were not found by electron microscopy. The blast cells showed foamy protoplasm regardless of the nature of the allergens employed. An increased number of either single or rosette-forming ribosomes was established. Numerous vesicles were visible in the cytoplasm. The endoplasmic sacs were more numerous. Golgi apparatus was well-developed; the mitochondria were increased and had a dense matrix.", "PMID": 1173990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4393", "title": "An in vitro assay of leukocyte migration inhibitory activity from human lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A.", "content": "Human venous blood lymphocytes, incubated for 22 h in serum-free culture medium with the plant mitogen concanavalin A (Con-A), elaborated products, which inhibited the migration of human buffy coat cells under agarose. Con-A was removed by applying the supernatants on small Sephadex G-100 columns. The leukocyte migration inhibitory activity (LMIA) was tested in a semi-quantitative modification of the indirect leukocyte migration agarose technique, which is described. Lymphokine activity, demonstrable as early as 9 h after activation of lymphocytes, was most pronounced after 22 h. Significant LMIA was demonstrated in 12 of 17 normal individuals at standard dilution of culture supernatants I/3. In 9 of the 12 experiments, assays of LMIA were carried out on stepwise diluted supernatants with detection of the greatest dilution with significant LMIA. In four experiments LMIA could only be detected after 3- to 12-fold concentrations of supernatants. Considerable individual variation was found, the amounts of LMIA varying by a factor of about 300. The reproducibility appeared to be quite high, but the factor stability of supernatants stored at -20 degrees C was surprisingly low.", "contents": "An in vitro assay of leukocyte migration inhibitory activity from human lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A. Human venous blood lymphocytes, incubated for 22 h in serum-free culture medium with the plant mitogen concanavalin A (Con-A), elaborated products, which inhibited the migration of human buffy coat cells under agarose. Con-A was removed by applying the supernatants on small Sephadex G-100 columns. The leukocyte migration inhibitory activity (LMIA) was tested in a semi-quantitative modification of the indirect leukocyte migration agarose technique, which is described. Lymphokine activity, demonstrable as early as 9 h after activation of lymphocytes, was most pronounced after 22 h. Significant LMIA was demonstrated in 12 of 17 normal individuals at standard dilution of culture supernatants I/3. In 9 of the 12 experiments, assays of LMIA were carried out on stepwise diluted supernatants with detection of the greatest dilution with significant LMIA. In four experiments LMIA could only be detected after 3- to 12-fold concentrations of supernatants. Considerable individual variation was found, the amounts of LMIA varying by a factor of about 300. The reproducibility appeared to be quite high, but the factor stability of supernatants stored at -20 degrees C was surprisingly low.", "PMID": 1173991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4394", "title": "Cutaneous reactions to pollen extracts in patients with hay fever. Special references to grass pollen recommended for treatment in fixed combination.", "content": "Skin reactivity to 8 common grass pollens was investigated in patients with hay fever using commercial, unfractionated extracts in serial dilution technique. The highest degree of sensitivity was observed for cocksfoot, meadow fescue, meadow foxtail, rye grass, timothy and Yorkshire fog. Five of those are included in the Allpyral 5-Grass Mix. The cutaneous responses to rye grass pollen overlap with those to timothy in a high degree.", "contents": "Cutaneous reactions to pollen extracts in patients with hay fever. Special references to grass pollen recommended for treatment in fixed combination. Skin reactivity to 8 common grass pollens was investigated in patients with hay fever using commercial, unfractionated extracts in serial dilution technique. The highest degree of sensitivity was observed for cocksfoot, meadow fescue, meadow foxtail, rye grass, timothy and Yorkshire fog. Five of those are included in the Allpyral 5-Grass Mix. The cutaneous responses to rye grass pollen overlap with those to timothy in a high degree.", "PMID": 1173992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4395", "title": "Electron microscopy of the adrenal medulla of the newborn dog under hypothermia and asphyxia.", "content": "The left adrenal medullas of 20 (5 litters of 4) day-old dogs were studied with the electron microscope. The right adrenal medullas of the same animals had been examined by fluorescence microscopy and the results reported previously. In each litter one animal served as a coenothermic (37 degrees C) and one a hypothermic control (15 degrees C). The third animal (at 37 degrees C) was asphyxiated until twice its time of last gasp (about 32 min) and the fourth was cooled to 15 degrees C and asphyxiated for the same length of time as the third animal. The induction of hypothermia (to 15 degrees C) in unanesthetized puppies results in a decrease (32%) in dense-cored granules, an enlargement of mitochondria, and slight dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum. In coenothermic puppies asphyxiation to twice the time of last gasp is accompanied by the following changes: loss of dense-cored granules (52%); swelling of nuclei; clumping and marginal aggregation of nuclear chromatin material; dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum; swelling, loss of cristae and rarefaction of the matrices of mitochondria. The changes in some cells were greater than others. Many of these changes are considered to demonstrate anoxic damage. Under the conditions of the present experiments, hypothermia protected most of the adrenal medullary cells from anoxic damage.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of the adrenal medulla of the newborn dog under hypothermia and asphyxia. The left adrenal medullas of 20 (5 litters of 4) day-old dogs were studied with the electron microscope. The right adrenal medullas of the same animals had been examined by fluorescence microscopy and the results reported previously. In each litter one animal served as a coenothermic (37 degrees C) and one a hypothermic control (15 degrees C). The third animal (at 37 degrees C) was asphyxiated until twice its time of last gasp (about 32 min) and the fourth was cooled to 15 degrees C and asphyxiated for the same length of time as the third animal. The induction of hypothermia (to 15 degrees C) in unanesthetized puppies results in a decrease (32%) in dense-cored granules, an enlargement of mitochondria, and slight dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum. In coenothermic puppies asphyxiation to twice the time of last gasp is accompanied by the following changes: loss of dense-cored granules (52%); swelling of nuclei; clumping and marginal aggregation of nuclear chromatin material; dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum; swelling, loss of cristae and rarefaction of the matrices of mitochondria. The changes in some cells were greater than others. Many of these changes are considered to demonstrate anoxic damage. Under the conditions of the present experiments, hypothermia protected most of the adrenal medullary cells from anoxic damage.", "PMID": 1173993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4396", "title": "The value of an ophthalmic tumour centre.", "content": "An account is given of the clinician's experience of an ophthalmic tumour centre established in an institute of ophthalmic pathology serving the whole of Denmark (population 5 mill). The Tumour Centre performs supplementary preoperative examination of patients, and gives advice with respect to biopsy, attempted total extirpation, enucleation or observation. The activities of the tumour centre have proved extremely valuable as it contributes to establishing more general lines concerning biopsy, attempted total extirpation, observation, or enucleation, to the benefit of patients as well as research. It is a presupposition that the advisory activity is carried out as an intimate collaboration between ophthalmic pathology and clinical ophthalmology.", "contents": "The value of an ophthalmic tumour centre. An account is given of the clinician's experience of an ophthalmic tumour centre established in an institute of ophthalmic pathology serving the whole of Denmark (population 5 mill). The Tumour Centre performs supplementary preoperative examination of patients, and gives advice with respect to biopsy, attempted total extirpation, enucleation or observation. The activities of the tumour centre have proved extremely valuable as it contributes to establishing more general lines concerning biopsy, attempted total extirpation, observation, or enucleation, to the benefit of patients as well as research. It is a presupposition that the advisory activity is carried out as an intimate collaboration between ophthalmic pathology and clinical ophthalmology.", "PMID": 1173994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4397", "title": "Malignant melanoma of the choroid as related to coexistent benign nevus.", "content": "Ninety-five cases of malignant choroidal melanoma collected during a 15-year period have been studied with special emphasis on histological type, coexistence of benign nevus, and prognosis. Elements of benign nevus were found in 78% of the cases. The data tend to support the hyposis that most cases of malignant choroidal melanoma have their origin in a preexisting benign nevus, and that the tumours undergo a gradual change from a differentiated to a less differentiated type.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma of the choroid as related to coexistent benign nevus. Ninety-five cases of malignant choroidal melanoma collected during a 15-year period have been studied with special emphasis on histological type, coexistence of benign nevus, and prognosis. Elements of benign nevus were found in 78% of the cases. The data tend to support the hyposis that most cases of malignant choroidal melanoma have their origin in a preexisting benign nevus, and that the tumours undergo a gradual change from a differentiated to a less differentiated type.", "PMID": 1173995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4398", "title": "Bilateral massive gliosis of the retina involving the optic nerves. Report of a case.", "content": "A 40-year old woman, blind in her right eye since childhood and in the left since the age of 15, presented a gliomatous tumoral mass filling up the eyes completely. Sections of the optic nerve of one eye showed the same cellular aspect noted in both intraocular tumors. The optic foramina had a normal size and there were no signs of Recklinghausen's disease. The diagnosis was bilateral reactive gliosis but the presence of a congenital anomaly has to be postulated in order to explain the involvement of the optic nerve in the process of intraocular gliosis.", "contents": "Bilateral massive gliosis of the retina involving the optic nerves. Report of a case. A 40-year old woman, blind in her right eye since childhood and in the left since the age of 15, presented a gliomatous tumoral mass filling up the eyes completely. Sections of the optic nerve of one eye showed the same cellular aspect noted in both intraocular tumors. The optic foramina had a normal size and there were no signs of Recklinghausen's disease. The diagnosis was bilateral reactive gliosis but the presence of a congenital anomaly has to be postulated in order to explain the involvement of the optic nerve in the process of intraocular gliosis.", "PMID": 1173996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4399", "title": "Malignant melanoma of the choroid in an 11-month-old infant.", "content": "A malignant melanoma of the choroid was observed in an 11-month-old fair-skinned Danish boy - one of the youngest cases ever published. There was no evidence of pre-existing melanosis of eyes or skin. The tumour showed histopathologically a typical \"adult\" pattern and was classified as a mixed tumour. The melanin content was marked. In some earlier reports on uveal tumours within the first year of life, pigmentation was sparse or lacking; a hypothesis has therefore previously been advanced: That melanomas are unable to produce melanin so early in life. The present case renders proof against this hypothesis.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma of the choroid in an 11-month-old infant. A malignant melanoma of the choroid was observed in an 11-month-old fair-skinned Danish boy - one of the youngest cases ever published. There was no evidence of pre-existing melanosis of eyes or skin. The tumour showed histopathologically a typical \"adult\" pattern and was classified as a mixed tumour. The melanin content was marked. In some earlier reports on uveal tumours within the first year of life, pigmentation was sparse or lacking; a hypothesis has therefore previously been advanced: That melanomas are unable to produce melanin so early in life. The present case renders proof against this hypothesis.", "PMID": 1173997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4400", "title": "Conjunctival goblet cells in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "In five patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas the mucous glandular system of the conjunctiva was studied, as changes, if any, in the conjunctival goblet cells might be applicable as a diagnostic test in questionable cases. A whole-mount technique was used, specially developed for studying conjunctival goblet cells. In all five cases the qualitative as well as quantitative goblet-cell findings were in accordance with a previously reported normal material. In particular, there were no signs of stagnated secretion.", "contents": "Conjunctival goblet cells in patients with cystic fibrosis. In five patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas the mucous glandular system of the conjunctiva was studied, as changes, if any, in the conjunctival goblet cells might be applicable as a diagnostic test in questionable cases. A whole-mount technique was used, specially developed for studying conjunctival goblet cells. In all five cases the qualitative as well as quantitative goblet-cell findings were in accordance with a previously reported normal material. In particular, there were no signs of stagnated secretion.", "PMID": 1173998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4401", "title": "Ouclar calcifications in primary hyperparathyroidism. Histochemical and ultrastructural study of a case. Comparison with ocular calcifications in idiopathic hypercalcaemia of infancy and in renal failure.", "content": "In a case of primary hyperparathyroidism, ocular changes were observed as vacuoles in the basal cells of the corneal epithelium, and by staining procedures, calcium was found in the corneal and conjunctival epithelia, the corneal endothelium and in the sclera. By electron microscopy, needle-like crystals of calcium hydroxyapatite precursors were found intracellularly, also in keratocytes. The crystals in the epithelial cells were often confined to the nucleus. In a case of idiopathic hypercalcaemia of infancy, similar crystals were found intracellularly in the corneal epithelial and stromal cells, and in this case extracellular deposits, morphologically identical with extracellular deposits in conjunctival biopsies from patients with renal failure, were also seen. These extracellular aggregations were probably also composed of hydroxyapatite. The difference in morphology between intracellular and extracellular deposits is discussed in the light of the serum values of the mineral ions found in the three groups of cases.", "contents": "Ouclar calcifications in primary hyperparathyroidism. Histochemical and ultrastructural study of a case. Comparison with ocular calcifications in idiopathic hypercalcaemia of infancy and in renal failure. In a case of primary hyperparathyroidism, ocular changes were observed as vacuoles in the basal cells of the corneal epithelium, and by staining procedures, calcium was found in the corneal and conjunctival epithelia, the corneal endothelium and in the sclera. By electron microscopy, needle-like crystals of calcium hydroxyapatite precursors were found intracellularly, also in keratocytes. The crystals in the epithelial cells were often confined to the nucleus. In a case of idiopathic hypercalcaemia of infancy, similar crystals were found intracellularly in the corneal epithelial and stromal cells, and in this case extracellular deposits, morphologically identical with extracellular deposits in conjunctival biopsies from patients with renal failure, were also seen. These extracellular aggregations were probably also composed of hydroxyapatite. The difference in morphology between intracellular and extracellular deposits is discussed in the light of the serum values of the mineral ions found in the three groups of cases.", "PMID": 1173999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4402", "title": "Calcium oxalate crystals localized in the eye. Subretinal and retinal deposits, including deposits in the pigment epithelium.", "content": "Calcium oxalate crystals, identified morphologically, chemically and histochemically, were found in the eyes of two patients, one with congenital buphthalmia and one with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The deposits had not been observed clinically or by macroscopic examination during sectioning of the eyeballs. Generalized oxalosis could be ruled out as a source of the oxalates. The crystals were localized in the detached, degenerated retina, subretinally and in the retinal pigment epithelium. Previously, deposition in the last-named layer has been reported only once and only in a case of generalized oxalosis. The literature is reviewed, and suggestions concerning the formation of localized oxalate crystals are advanced. It is concluded that the pigment epithelium is probably involved in the production, perhaps through a changed metabolism.", "contents": "Calcium oxalate crystals localized in the eye. Subretinal and retinal deposits, including deposits in the pigment epithelium. Calcium oxalate crystals, identified morphologically, chemically and histochemically, were found in the eyes of two patients, one with congenital buphthalmia and one with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The deposits had not been observed clinically or by macroscopic examination during sectioning of the eyeballs. Generalized oxalosis could be ruled out as a source of the oxalates. The crystals were localized in the detached, degenerated retina, subretinally and in the retinal pigment epithelium. Previously, deposition in the last-named layer has been reported only once and only in a case of generalized oxalosis. The literature is reviewed, and suggestions concerning the formation of localized oxalate crystals are advanced. It is concluded that the pigment epithelium is probably involved in the production, perhaps through a changed metabolism.", "PMID": 1174000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4403", "title": "Lymphoma and other lymphoid lesions of the orbit. Preliminary report.", "content": "The orbit differs from the rest of the organism, excluding the central nervous system, as concerns lymph drainage. This may possible explain some of the peculiar features in lymphoid orbital lesions. The lymphoid tumours of the orbit are discussed on the basis of the classification most widely applied. An illustrative case is reported and it is concluded that even if local therapy may prove successful, patients in whom orbital lymphoid tumours have been diagnosed should be kept under constant observation with a view to prompt institution of treatment upon evidence of generalized disease.", "contents": "Lymphoma and other lymphoid lesions of the orbit. Preliminary report. The orbit differs from the rest of the organism, excluding the central nervous system, as concerns lymph drainage. This may possible explain some of the peculiar features in lymphoid orbital lesions. The lymphoid tumours of the orbit are discussed on the basis of the classification most widely applied. An illustrative case is reported and it is concluded that even if local therapy may prove successful, patients in whom orbital lymphoid tumours have been diagnosed should be kept under constant observation with a view to prompt institution of treatment upon evidence of generalized disease.", "PMID": 1174001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4404", "title": "Symptoms, signs and early course of optic neuritis.", "content": "The study was an anlysis of the early course of optic neuritis based on the case histories of 185 patients, 57% of whom were females and 43% males. More than half of the patients suffered from multiple sclerosis. In 28% of the patients the etiology remained unknown. The most common initial symptom was acute decrease in visual acuity, but in 25% the onset was subacute or slow. Pain occured in 62% and preceded decrease in visual acuity in 16% of the cases. The initial attack was unilateral in 70% and bilateral in 30% of the patients. On admission, in 64% of the involved eyes, visual acuity was poor and in 73% the defect in the visual field involved the central field. The optic disc was normal in 46%, blurred and /or hyperaemic in 20%, oedematous in 23% and in 11% there was temporal or total pallor already on admission. The last finding was common in patients with bilateral optic neuritis with a slow onset. Six months after admission visual acuity was good or excellent in 56% and the visual field was normal in 45% of the involved eyes.", "contents": "Symptoms, signs and early course of optic neuritis. The study was an anlysis of the early course of optic neuritis based on the case histories of 185 patients, 57% of whom were females and 43% males. More than half of the patients suffered from multiple sclerosis. In 28% of the patients the etiology remained unknown. The most common initial symptom was acute decrease in visual acuity, but in 25% the onset was subacute or slow. Pain occured in 62% and preceded decrease in visual acuity in 16% of the cases. The initial attack was unilateral in 70% and bilateral in 30% of the patients. On admission, in 64% of the involved eyes, visual acuity was poor and in 73% the defect in the visual field involved the central field. The optic disc was normal in 46%, blurred and /or hyperaemic in 20%, oedematous in 23% and in 11% there was temporal or total pallor already on admission. The last finding was common in patients with bilateral optic neuritis with a slow onset. Six months after admission visual acuity was good or excellent in 56% and the visual field was normal in 45% of the involved eyes.", "PMID": 1174002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4405", "title": "Later course and prognosis of optic neuritis.", "content": "The study was a re-examination of 176 patients with optic neuritis. The follow-up period was for 38 patients, 6-12 months, for 52 patients, 1-5 years and for 86 patients, 6-24 years from the initial attack of optic neuritis. In 66% of the involved eyes visual acuity had again become good or excellent, but in 25% it was poor. The visual field was normal in only 38%, in 30% there was an absolute or relative central defect and in 31% a paracentral or peripheral defect. Recurrent attacks of optic neuritis occurred in one fourth of the patients and was a common finding in MS patients. Nineteen per cent of the eyes had suffered from more than one attack. Visual acuity was good or excellent in more than half, but the visual field was normal in only 29% of the eyes with more than one attack of optic neuritis. The frequency of bilateral involvement was high at the end of the follow-up period, 44% of patients had both eyes involved by optic neuritis. In 47 patients the initial attack was bilateral optic neuritis and 34% of these patient had permanently poor vision in both eyes. The initial attack was unilateral in 30 patients but the other eye became involved later. In 26% of all patients with bilateral involvement, visual acuity was permanently poor in both eyes. Bilateral papillitis was a common manifestation in young patients and in this age group the disease had a tendency towards good recovery.", "contents": "Later course and prognosis of optic neuritis. The study was a re-examination of 176 patients with optic neuritis. The follow-up period was for 38 patients, 6-12 months, for 52 patients, 1-5 years and for 86 patients, 6-24 years from the initial attack of optic neuritis. In 66% of the involved eyes visual acuity had again become good or excellent, but in 25% it was poor. The visual field was normal in only 38%, in 30% there was an absolute or relative central defect and in 31% a paracentral or peripheral defect. Recurrent attacks of optic neuritis occurred in one fourth of the patients and was a common finding in MS patients. Nineteen per cent of the eyes had suffered from more than one attack. Visual acuity was good or excellent in more than half, but the visual field was normal in only 29% of the eyes with more than one attack of optic neuritis. The frequency of bilateral involvement was high at the end of the follow-up period, 44% of patients had both eyes involved by optic neuritis. In 47 patients the initial attack was bilateral optic neuritis and 34% of these patient had permanently poor vision in both eyes. The initial attack was unilateral in 30 patients but the other eye became involved later. In 26% of all patients with bilateral involvement, visual acuity was permanently poor in both eyes. Bilateral papillitis was a common manifestation in young patients and in this age group the disease had a tendency towards good recovery.", "PMID": 1174003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4406", "title": "Circulatory and respiratory effects evoked by hypertonic ventriculo-cisternal perfusion.", "content": "The cerebral ventricular system of anesthetized dogs was perfused with synthetic isotonic CSF and, for 80 s intervals, with hypertonic CSF of various compositions. Hypertonic perfusion evoked centrally mediated marked increases in arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and ventilation and, after some delay, an excitatory reaction resembling arousal. The responses were coordinated in time with the induced CSF hypertonicity, graded in relation to its magnitude, and reversible on return to isotonicity. The effects, which seemed to be elicited from periventricular structures in the brain stem, were more pronounced and consistent when CSF hypertonicity was produced by adding NaCl or Na-lactate than monosacharides to the isotonic CSF solution. Analysis of the cardiobascular responses indicated that they were caused by increased sympathetic vasoconstrictor and cardiac accelerance fibre activity and by inhibition of vagal discharge to the heart. The described pattern of response much resembles that evoked by physical exercise, a state which might lead to osmolar changes in the brain and CSF of a similar kind to that in the present study as a consequence of the pronounced work-induced arterial hyperosmolality. It is suggested that such an osmotic mechanism might constitute a \"metabolic link\" in the centrally mediated circulatory and respiratory adjustments in exercise.", "contents": "Circulatory and respiratory effects evoked by hypertonic ventriculo-cisternal perfusion. The cerebral ventricular system of anesthetized dogs was perfused with synthetic isotonic CSF and, for 80 s intervals, with hypertonic CSF of various compositions. Hypertonic perfusion evoked centrally mediated marked increases in arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and ventilation and, after some delay, an excitatory reaction resembling arousal. The responses were coordinated in time with the induced CSF hypertonicity, graded in relation to its magnitude, and reversible on return to isotonicity. The effects, which seemed to be elicited from periventricular structures in the brain stem, were more pronounced and consistent when CSF hypertonicity was produced by adding NaCl or Na-lactate than monosacharides to the isotonic CSF solution. Analysis of the cardiobascular responses indicated that they were caused by increased sympathetic vasoconstrictor and cardiac accelerance fibre activity and by inhibition of vagal discharge to the heart. The described pattern of response much resembles that evoked by physical exercise, a state which might lead to osmolar changes in the brain and CSF of a similar kind to that in the present study as a consequence of the pronounced work-induced arterial hyperosmolality. It is suggested that such an osmotic mechanism might constitute a \"metabolic link\" in the centrally mediated circulatory and respiratory adjustments in exercise.", "PMID": 1174005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4407", "title": "Nutrition of the elderly at home. III. Intakes of minerals.", "content": "Intakes of calcium, iron, potassium, and magnesium are reported for 77 men and 187 women aged 65 and over and living at home in N. Glasgow. Calcium intakes were below the national average. The importance of milk as a source of calcium and the relevance of calcium intake to bone disease in old age are discussed. Iron intakes were probably adequate, but those of potassium and magnesium may well be below optimum levels.", "contents": "Nutrition of the elderly at home. III. Intakes of minerals. Intakes of calcium, iron, potassium, and magnesium are reported for 77 men and 187 women aged 65 and over and living at home in N. Glasgow. Calcium intakes were below the national average. The importance of milk as a source of calcium and the relevance of calcium intake to bone disease in old age are discussed. Iron intakes were probably adequate, but those of potassium and magnesium may well be below optimum levels.", "PMID": 1174007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4408", "title": "Stabilization of rat erythrocytes against the haemolytic effect of glass particles by tribenoside.", "content": "Incubation of washed rat erythrocytes with minute glass particles results in haemolysis varying in degree according to the concentration of particles in the incubation medium. Cells pre-incubated with tribenoside1) display resistance to the destructive action of the glass particles. This protective effect is demonstrable at constant concentrations of tribenoside and varying concentrations of glass particles and conversely at constant particle concentrations and varying concentrations of tribenoside. Tribenoside thus also exerts a membrane-stabilizing action on red cells.", "contents": "Stabilization of rat erythrocytes against the haemolytic effect of glass particles by tribenoside. Incubation of washed rat erythrocytes with minute glass particles results in haemolysis varying in degree according to the concentration of particles in the incubation medium. Cells pre-incubated with tribenoside1) display resistance to the destructive action of the glass particles. This protective effect is demonstrable at constant concentrations of tribenoside and varying concentrations of glass particles and conversely at constant particle concentrations and varying concentrations of tribenoside. Tribenoside thus also exerts a membrane-stabilizing action on red cells.", "PMID": 1174008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4409", "title": "Penetration of azidocillin into the secretion and tissues in chronic maxillary sinusitis and tonsillitis.", "content": "The penetration of azidocillin into the sinus mucosa and secretion as well as into tonsils and adenoids was studied. Altogehter 73 patients were included and they were arranged in four groups according to age, diagnosis and drug dose. The average azidocillin concentration was satisfactory and predictable in all tissues and well over the MIC for most upper respiratory tract pathogens studied. In the maxillary antrum secretion the values were much lower and in many cases under the MIC for hemophilus. This is thought to depend upon the drug's being bound to proteins in the secretions. The clinical results were good in all cases and the contribution of the surgical operation, particularly in providing drainage for the secretion, is obvious.", "contents": "Penetration of azidocillin into the secretion and tissues in chronic maxillary sinusitis and tonsillitis. The penetration of azidocillin into the sinus mucosa and secretion as well as into tonsils and adenoids was studied. Altogehter 73 patients were included and they were arranged in four groups according to age, diagnosis and drug dose. The average azidocillin concentration was satisfactory and predictable in all tissues and well over the MIC for most upper respiratory tract pathogens studied. In the maxillary antrum secretion the values were much lower and in many cases under the MIC for hemophilus. This is thought to depend upon the drug's being bound to proteins in the secretions. The clinical results were good in all cases and the contribution of the surgical operation, particularly in providing drainage for the secretion, is obvious.", "PMID": 1174004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4410", "title": "Effect of steroids on definitive localization of primordial germ cells in the chick embryo.", "content": "It has been suggested that PGCs are attracted to developing gonads by a chemotactic-like agent secreted by the gonads and that this agent might be steroidal in nature. This study was undertaken to ascertain whether specific exogenous steroid hormones exert an influence on germ cell colonization of the gonads, by enhancing, inhibiting or otherwise interfering with it. Testosterone cypionate in cottonseed oil, crystalline testosterone propionate, estrone in aqueous suspension and crystalline estradiol-17beta were adminstered to chick embryos at 33 hours incubation. Normally developed embryos, those receiving cottonseed oil (vehicle for testosterone cypionate) and those receiving cholesterol served as controls. A decrease in the number of germ cells in the gonadal area at five days of incubation occurred in all groups receiving the androgens and estrogens. However, in only one group (that receiving testosterone cypionate) was this decrease found to be significant. The mean number of germ cells found in the cottonseed oil controls and the cholesterol controls closely paralleled that of the normally developed controls. Normal asymmetry in the distribution of the germ cells favoring the left side in the chick was not affected in any of the groups; however, the percentage distribution of the germ cells between the right and left gonads at this early stage appeared to be affected.", "contents": "Effect of steroids on definitive localization of primordial germ cells in the chick embryo. It has been suggested that PGCs are attracted to developing gonads by a chemotactic-like agent secreted by the gonads and that this agent might be steroidal in nature. This study was undertaken to ascertain whether specific exogenous steroid hormones exert an influence on germ cell colonization of the gonads, by enhancing, inhibiting or otherwise interfering with it. Testosterone cypionate in cottonseed oil, crystalline testosterone propionate, estrone in aqueous suspension and crystalline estradiol-17beta were adminstered to chick embryos at 33 hours incubation. Normally developed embryos, those receiving cottonseed oil (vehicle for testosterone cypionate) and those receiving cholesterol served as controls. A decrease in the number of germ cells in the gonadal area at five days of incubation occurred in all groups receiving the androgens and estrogens. However, in only one group (that receiving testosterone cypionate) was this decrease found to be significant. The mean number of germ cells found in the cottonseed oil controls and the cholesterol controls closely paralleled that of the normally developed controls. Normal asymmetry in the distribution of the germ cells favoring the left side in the chick was not affected in any of the groups; however, the percentage distribution of the germ cells between the right and left gonads at this early stage appeared to be affected.", "PMID": 1174010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4411", "title": "Rentrolental fibroplasia in a full-term infant.", "content": "A 3,800-g infant, born after 40 weeks' gestation, developed retrolental fibroplasia, documented by indirect ophthalmoscopy. Elevated arterial oxygen tensions may have occurred during brief treatment for two episodes of cyanosis.", "contents": "Rentrolental fibroplasia in a full-term infant. A 3,800-g infant, born after 40 weeks' gestation, developed retrolental fibroplasia, documented by indirect ophthalmoscopy. Elevated arterial oxygen tensions may have occurred during brief treatment for two episodes of cyanosis.", "PMID": 1174012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4412", "title": "Functioning at the clinical-research interface: the clinical-research meeting.", "content": "The authors describe their experience in carrying out clinical and psychobiological research in a therapeutic milieu setting. The clinical-research meeting, composed of clinical-care staff with secondary research responsibilities, researchers, and acutely psychotic patients, proved to be a useful mechanism for identifying and resolving inevitable problems at the clinical-research interface and enhanced the effectiveness of research implementation and patient care. The authors discuss three specific areas where covert issues threatened to undermine the work of the unit-the abrogation of research responsibility, the abrogation of clinical responsibility, and intergroup competition and envy.", "contents": "Functioning at the clinical-research interface: the clinical-research meeting. The authors describe their experience in carrying out clinical and psychobiological research in a therapeutic milieu setting. The clinical-research meeting, composed of clinical-care staff with secondary research responsibilities, researchers, and acutely psychotic patients, proved to be a useful mechanism for identifying and resolving inevitable problems at the clinical-research interface and enhanced the effectiveness of research implementation and patient care. The authors discuss three specific areas where covert issues threatened to undermine the work of the unit-the abrogation of research responsibility, the abrogation of clinical responsibility, and intergroup competition and envy.", "PMID": 1174013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4413", "title": "Lymphosarcoma of the breast.", "content": "Four patients with lymphosarcoma of the breast are reported. Three had involvement of some nodes at the time of diagnosis. Violaceous skin discoloration was observed in two patients. A review of the literature indicates that although many of these patients present with disease initially localized to the breast, dissemination eventually occurs.", "contents": "Lymphosarcoma of the breast. Four patients with lymphosarcoma of the breast are reported. Three had involvement of some nodes at the time of diagnosis. Violaceous skin discoloration was observed in two patients. A review of the literature indicates that although many of these patients present with disease initially localized to the breast, dissemination eventually occurs.", "PMID": 1174011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4414", "title": "Arbovirus studies in Angola: Serological survey for antibodies to arboviruses.", "content": "A serological survey was made comprising 4,590 human sera collected in 16 areas of Angola, in order to determine the distribution of arboviruses. The results obtained with the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test have shown that the activity of the arboviruses is more prevalent in northern Angola, where a larger number of sera reacted in the HI test against group A and B arboviruses (7% and 32..6%, respectively). Several sera with HI reactions against Bunyamwera, group C, and Rift Valley fever viruses were also found.", "contents": "Arbovirus studies in Angola: Serological survey for antibodies to arboviruses. A serological survey was made comprising 4,590 human sera collected in 16 areas of Angola, in order to determine the distribution of arboviruses. The results obtained with the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test have shown that the activity of the arboviruses is more prevalent in northern Angola, where a larger number of sera reacted in the HI test against group A and B arboviruses (7% and 32..6%, respectively). Several sera with HI reactions against Bunyamwera, group C, and Rift Valley fever viruses were also found.", "PMID": 1174019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4415", "title": "Antigenic relationships of group A arboviruses by plaque reduction neutralization testing.", "content": "Antigenic relationships of 20 group A arboviruses were assessed by the plaque reduction neutralization test, using highly specific hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluids and antisera. The existence of three complexes of group A viruses was verified. With rare exceptions, heterologous neutralization reactions were observed only among viruses in the same complex; however there were at least one or two immune reagents in each complex which were broadly cross-reactive within that complex.", "contents": "Antigenic relationships of group A arboviruses by plaque reduction neutralization testing. Antigenic relationships of 20 group A arboviruses were assessed by the plaque reduction neutralization test, using highly specific hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluids and antisera. The existence of three complexes of group A viruses was verified. With rare exceptions, heterologous neutralization reactions were observed only among viruses in the same complex; however there were at least one or two immune reagents in each complex which were broadly cross-reactive within that complex.", "PMID": 1174020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4416", "title": "Comparison of cardiovascular, hyperthermic, and toxic effects of para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) and 3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA).", "content": "Para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) and 3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) both had potent stimulatory effects on mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate in the cat. These effects were antagonized by bretylium, a compound which blocks release of norepinephrine. The increases in heart rate were also antagonized by propranolol and the blood pressure increases by phenoxybenzamine. PMA and MDA were nearly equipotent. In male albino mice, determination of 6 hr LD50's indicated PMA to be most toxic although 24 hr LD50's showed nearly equal toxicity. MDA had a potent hyperthermic effect in mice which was partially antagonized by bretylium and was blocked by haloperidol. The hyperthermic effect of PMA was not as pronounced and was followed by hypothermia.", "contents": "Comparison of cardiovascular, hyperthermic, and toxic effects of para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) and 3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). Para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) and 3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) both had potent stimulatory effects on mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate in the cat. These effects were antagonized by bretylium, a compound which blocks release of norepinephrine. The increases in heart rate were also antagonized by propranolol and the blood pressure increases by phenoxybenzamine. PMA and MDA were nearly equipotent. In male albino mice, determination of 6 hr LD50's indicated PMA to be most toxic although 24 hr LD50's showed nearly equal toxicity. MDA had a potent hyperthermic effect in mice which was partially antagonized by bretylium and was blocked by haloperidol. The hyperthermic effect of PMA was not as pronounced and was followed by hypothermia.", "PMID": 1174022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4417", "title": "[Triploidy as a cause of midtrimester gestosis(author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of triploidy in a prematurely born child. The pregnancy was complicated by severe toxemia beginning during the second trimester and terminating in preeclampsia leading to cesarian section in the 33th week of gestation. The externally female child was underweight, hypotonic and asphyctic and died shortly after birth. She exhibited a complex brain malformation including excessive hydrocephaly, cebocephaly and aplasia of the piturary gland, and multiple dysmorphic signs. Autopsy revealed hypoplasia and dysplasia of the adrenal glands; no uterus, tubes and ovaries were present, but no testes were found. The placenta showed localized hydatidiform degeneration and was relatively large. The karyotype was 69,XXY, and with the aid of fluorescence markers, paternal origin of the additional haploid chromosome set was demonstrated. Typical findings in pregnancies with fetal triploidy are discussed and the possibility of prenatal diagnosis of triploidy by chromosome analysis in cultivated amniotic fluid cells is pointed out.", "contents": "[Triploidy as a cause of midtrimester gestosis(author's transl)]. The authors report a case of triploidy in a prematurely born child. The pregnancy was complicated by severe toxemia beginning during the second trimester and terminating in preeclampsia leading to cesarian section in the 33th week of gestation. The externally female child was underweight, hypotonic and asphyctic and died shortly after birth. She exhibited a complex brain malformation including excessive hydrocephaly, cebocephaly and aplasia of the piturary gland, and multiple dysmorphic signs. Autopsy revealed hypoplasia and dysplasia of the adrenal glands; no uterus, tubes and ovaries were present, but no testes were found. The placenta showed localized hydatidiform degeneration and was relatively large. The karyotype was 69,XXY, and with the aid of fluorescence markers, paternal origin of the additional haploid chromosome set was demonstrated. Typical findings in pregnancies with fetal triploidy are discussed and the possibility of prenatal diagnosis of triploidy by chromosome analysis in cultivated amniotic fluid cells is pointed out.", "PMID": 1174023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4418", "title": "Influence of preoperative radiotherapy on postoperative morbidity in patients with endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "In a total of 284 patients with endometrial carcinoma, stage I, the influence of preoperative intracavitary radiation on the postoperative morbidity was evaluated. In preoperatively radiated patients there was a postoperative increase in the number of wound healing disorders, urinary tract infections, febrile courses, and in the total number of patients with complications. Moreover, surgical difficulties were increased. These increases are statistically significant. Advantages and disadvantages of preoperative radiation are discussed. The influence of a febrile postoperative course on the 5-years-survival-rate is considered.", "contents": "Influence of preoperative radiotherapy on postoperative morbidity in patients with endometrial carcinoma. In a total of 284 patients with endometrial carcinoma, stage I, the influence of preoperative intracavitary radiation on the postoperative morbidity was evaluated. In preoperatively radiated patients there was a postoperative increase in the number of wound healing disorders, urinary tract infections, febrile courses, and in the total number of patients with complications. Moreover, surgical difficulties were increased. These increases are statistically significant. Advantages and disadvantages of preoperative radiation are discussed. The influence of a febrile postoperative course on the 5-years-survival-rate is considered.", "PMID": 1174024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4419", "title": "[Review of cervical smears in a gynaecologic department after a period of ten years under the consideration of colposcopic findings(author's transl)].", "content": "The study comprises 96042 cytologic cases within a period of 10 years. After screening women were admitted for biopsies. The histologic findings are reported. By 690 \"right positive smears\" 71 squamous cell cervical cancers stage Ib or more 87 microcarcinomata-1, 377 carcinomata-in-situ of the cervix, 100 dysplasias, 47 adenocarcinomata and 8 different malign tumors were found. 61 cases having histologic diagnosis outside are just mentioned. 629 cases which had been diagnosed in our hospital are described extensively. The first biopsy was nearly always taken by selective scraping of the ecto- and endocervix. Technical improvements of this method are explained. The efficiency of cytodiagnosis is especially pointed out by separating cases which could have been recognized or suspected by means of inspection or colposcopy only. 140 out of 282 carcinomata-in-situ and 7 invasive, mainly endocervical cancers (Ib-III), could only be diagnosed by a smear. In 17 woemn who turned out to have invasive cancer (Ib -III) a positive smear was the only reason for admission. Careful inspection of the cervix in the hospital, however, was sufficent to reveal the correct diagnosis. In our material the cervical smear could be of little help in cancer diagnosis of the upper genital tract such as adenocarcinoma of the corpus uteri, sarcoma and ovarian cancer. 39 of the 45 women with endometrial cancer cells in the specimen had bleeding anomalies, especially postmenopausal. The number of \"false negative smears\" mainly yields from histologic examination of 2415 uteri after hysterectomy and 4497 specimen after curettage of cervix and corpus uteri. In the first group 1 microcarcinoma-2 and 5 carcinomata-in-situ, in the second group which obviously is less representative 4 carcinomata-in-situ were found unexpectedly. It is also searched for cases which had a negative smear first and a positive or suspect smear later. This happened in 41 patients. The underlying lesion were 5 advanced cancers, 2 microcarcinomata-3 and 34 carcinomata-in-situ. Up to 30 months elapsed between the last negative cytologic finding and histologic diagnosis. 121 out of 811 suspect or positive smears were \"false positive\". Cytologic grouping III, IV and V inconsistently matched with the corresponding histologic results. The type and extension of squamous cell atypias are anticipated with little certainty. The great number of suspect specimen (group III) both in microcarcinoma-4 (6 in 78) and carcinoma-in-situ (33 in 344) was striking. Therefore we consider a histologic diagnosis to be necessary in this group as well as in group IV and V. The method of fractioned cervical scraping makes the decision of hospital admission easier. Low risk for the patient does not imply any loss in diagnostic security.", "contents": "[Review of cervical smears in a gynaecologic department after a period of ten years under the consideration of colposcopic findings(author's transl)]. The study comprises 96042 cytologic cases within a period of 10 years. After screening women were admitted for biopsies. The histologic findings are reported. By 690 \"right positive smears\" 71 squamous cell cervical cancers stage Ib or more 87 microcarcinomata-1, 377 carcinomata-in-situ of the cervix, 100 dysplasias, 47 adenocarcinomata and 8 different malign tumors were found. 61 cases having histologic diagnosis outside are just mentioned. 629 cases which had been diagnosed in our hospital are described extensively. The first biopsy was nearly always taken by selective scraping of the ecto- and endocervix. Technical improvements of this method are explained. The efficiency of cytodiagnosis is especially pointed out by separating cases which could have been recognized or suspected by means of inspection or colposcopy only. 140 out of 282 carcinomata-in-situ and 7 invasive, mainly endocervical cancers (Ib-III), could only be diagnosed by a smear. In 17 woemn who turned out to have invasive cancer (Ib -III) a positive smear was the only reason for admission. Careful inspection of the cervix in the hospital, however, was sufficent to reveal the correct diagnosis. In our material the cervical smear could be of little help in cancer diagnosis of the upper genital tract such as adenocarcinoma of the corpus uteri, sarcoma and ovarian cancer. 39 of the 45 women with endometrial cancer cells in the specimen had bleeding anomalies, especially postmenopausal. The number of \"false negative smears\" mainly yields from histologic examination of 2415 uteri after hysterectomy and 4497 specimen after curettage of cervix and corpus uteri. In the first group 1 microcarcinoma-2 and 5 carcinomata-in-situ, in the second group which obviously is less representative 4 carcinomata-in-situ were found unexpectedly. It is also searched for cases which had a negative smear first and a positive or suspect smear later. This happened in 41 patients. The underlying lesion were 5 advanced cancers, 2 microcarcinomata-3 and 34 carcinomata-in-situ. Up to 30 months elapsed between the last negative cytologic finding and histologic diagnosis. 121 out of 811 suspect or positive smears were \"false positive\". Cytologic grouping III, IV and V inconsistently matched with the corresponding histologic results. The type and extension of squamous cell atypias are anticipated with little certainty. The great number of suspect specimen (group III) both in microcarcinoma-4 (6 in 78) and carcinoma-in-situ (33 in 344) was striking. Therefore we consider a histologic diagnosis to be necessary in this group as well as in group IV and V. The method of fractioned cervical scraping makes the decision of hospital admission easier. Low risk for the patient does not imply any loss in diagnostic security.", "PMID": 1174025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4420", "title": "[Mycotic aneurysm of the ascending thoracic aorta. Clinico-pathological report of a case].", "content": "The case of a six year old girl with a congenital aortic stenosis is presented. A few months before being admitted to the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia; her clinical manifestations suggested a bacterial endocarditis. The existance of an aneurismatic area in the ascending aorta and the later development of a crisis of angor pectoris, suggested a mycotic aneurism of the ascending aorta as a possible diagnosis; and the dissection or migration of septic material to the aneurism was found, it has a sacular form of 3.5 by 3.8 cm in the ascending aorta. There was also dissection into the left coronary artery at  the ostium level. Microscopic study showed areas of recent myocardial necrosis on the free wall of the left ventricle and in the lower part of the interventricular septum. The etiopathogeny, clinical manifesations, radiology, evolution and treatment of mycotic aneurism were considered. The need of an early clinical diagnosis and early medical and surgical treatment is emphasized.", "contents": "[Mycotic aneurysm of the ascending thoracic aorta. Clinico-pathological report of a case]. The case of a six year old girl with a congenital aortic stenosis is presented. A few months before being admitted to the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia; her clinical manifestations suggested a bacterial endocarditis. The existance of an aneurismatic area in the ascending aorta and the later development of a crisis of angor pectoris, suggested a mycotic aneurism of the ascending aorta as a possible diagnosis; and the dissection or migration of septic material to the aneurism was found, it has a sacular form of 3.5 by 3.8 cm in the ascending aorta. There was also dissection into the left coronary artery at  the ostium level. Microscopic study showed areas of recent myocardial necrosis on the free wall of the left ventricle and in the lower part of the interventricular septum. The etiopathogeny, clinical manifesations, radiology, evolution and treatment of mycotic aneurism were considered. The need of an early clinical diagnosis and early medical and surgical treatment is emphasized.", "PMID": 1174021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4421", "title": "Treatment of galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome with 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptin (CB 154). Clinical response and pattern of pituitary and steriod hormones before and during therapy.", "content": "2 Bromo-alpha-ergocryptine, a specific prolactin inhibitor, was administered to 9 patients suffering from galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome of varying aetiology. Plasma levels of FSH, LH, prolactin, total estrogens and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassy before and after treatment initiation. Prior to treatment, plasma prolactin levels were in all cases supraphysiological. FSH and LH levels were, with the exception of one patient, in the low cyclic range. One patient had subnormal gonadotropin levels, presumably reflecting hypophyseal insufficiency following surgical removal of a pituitary adenoma. Mean plasma levels of total estrogens were in the lower normal range. Administration of CB 154 led in all cases to a reduction of plasma prolactin levels. In eight cases, galactorrhea was suppressed during the first month of treatment. Eight patients menstruated and seven ovulated as indicated by the basal body temperature (BBT) or plasma progesterone measurement. The postoperative hypophyseal tumor patient did not, with the exception of galactorrhea suppression, respond to treatment, presumably due to hypophyseal insufficiency. 2 patients conceived during the course of treatment. One patient, who developed galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome as a result of psychopharmacological drug administration received 7,5 mg/day CB 154. Prolactin secretion, as indicated by plasma levels, was inhibited but the inhibitation was much slower in onset than that exhibited by the other patients and this patient ovulated only after 5 months of treatment. Upon withdrawal of CB 154 therapy after 6 to 7 months, the patients redeveloped galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome, so that a definitive cure could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Treatment of galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome with 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptin (CB 154). Clinical response and pattern of pituitary and steriod hormones before and during therapy. 2 Bromo-alpha-ergocryptine, a specific prolactin inhibitor, was administered to 9 patients suffering from galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome of varying aetiology. Plasma levels of FSH, LH, prolactin, total estrogens and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassy before and after treatment initiation. Prior to treatment, plasma prolactin levels were in all cases supraphysiological. FSH and LH levels were, with the exception of one patient, in the low cyclic range. One patient had subnormal gonadotropin levels, presumably reflecting hypophyseal insufficiency following surgical removal of a pituitary adenoma. Mean plasma levels of total estrogens were in the lower normal range. Administration of CB 154 led in all cases to a reduction of plasma prolactin levels. In eight cases, galactorrhea was suppressed during the first month of treatment. Eight patients menstruated and seven ovulated as indicated by the basal body temperature (BBT) or plasma progesterone measurement. The postoperative hypophyseal tumor patient did not, with the exception of galactorrhea suppression, respond to treatment, presumably due to hypophyseal insufficiency. 2 patients conceived during the course of treatment. One patient, who developed galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome as a result of psychopharmacological drug administration received 7,5 mg/day CB 154. Prolactin secretion, as indicated by plasma levels, was inhibited but the inhibitation was much slower in onset than that exhibited by the other patients and this patient ovulated only after 5 months of treatment. Upon withdrawal of CB 154 therapy after 6 to 7 months, the patients redeveloped galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome, so that a definitive cure could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1174026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4422", "title": "[Synthesis of virostatically acting N[adamantyl-(1)]-carbonic acid amides].", "content": "By introduction of carboxylic acid amide groupings into 1-amino-adamantant (I), remarkable virustatic effects have been obtained, particularly which N-(1-adamantyl) cinnamic acid amide (VIIa) and N-(1-adamantyl)-3-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-acrylic acid amide (VIIc). The synthesis of the N-(1-adamantyl)-carboxylic acid amides (IV, VII, X) could be reallzed by interaction of I with carboxylic acids (II, V, VIII) via the carboxylic acid chlorides (III, VI, IX), the latter not being isolated for the simplification of the process.", "contents": "[Synthesis of virostatically acting N[adamantyl-(1)]-carbonic acid amides]. By introduction of carboxylic acid amide groupings into 1-amino-adamantant (I), remarkable virustatic effects have been obtained, particularly which N-(1-adamantyl) cinnamic acid amide (VIIa) and N-(1-adamantyl)-3-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-acrylic acid amide (VIIc). The synthesis of the N-(1-adamantyl)-carboxylic acid amides (IV, VII, X) could be reallzed by interaction of I with carboxylic acids (II, V, VIII) via the carboxylic acid chlorides (III, VI, IX), the latter not being isolated for the simplification of the process.", "PMID": 1174028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4423", "title": "Chiral 1,4-benzodiazepine. VII. Cyclization rates of 2-(n-alpha-ammoniumacyl)-amino-5-chloro-benzophenones in the chiral 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones.", "content": "Cyclisation rates of some S-alpha-amino acid derivatives (I--VII) into chiral 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones were determined under physiological-like conditions (pH, temperature) and plotted against pKa values of the corresponding alpha-amino acids. No correlation between k, i.e. t1/2 values, of the acidic precursors, and pharmacodynamic activity, as determined by some standard tests, were observed, however. Unambiguity of cyclisation, and its t1/2 values reveal benefit for physico-chemical properties of the investigated acyclic precursors as transport-forms of the chiral 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones with prolonged pharmacological activity.", "contents": "Chiral 1,4-benzodiazepine. VII. Cyclization rates of 2-(n-alpha-ammoniumacyl)-amino-5-chloro-benzophenones in the chiral 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones. Cyclisation rates of some S-alpha-amino acid derivatives (I--VII) into chiral 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones were determined under physiological-like conditions (pH, temperature) and plotted against pKa values of the corresponding alpha-amino acids. No correlation between k, i.e. t1/2 values, of the acidic precursors, and pharmacodynamic activity, as determined by some standard tests, were observed, however. Unambiguity of cyclisation, and its t1/2 values reveal benefit for physico-chemical properties of the investigated acyclic precursors as transport-forms of the chiral 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones with prolonged pharmacological activity.", "PMID": 1174029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4424", "title": "Chemico-pharmacological studies on saponins of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. I. Chemical part.", "content": "For the purpose of clarification of pharmacological actions of ginseng saponins we tried the isolation of ginseng saponins on a larger scale and succeeded in the isolation of eight saponins in a pure state and in sufficient amounts for the pharmacological assay. These eight saponins agreed all completely with the authentic samples of Shibata-Shoji and co-workers in molecular formula of saponins and sapogenins, sugars and TLC. The physical properties of saponins were shown. As other components of ginseng, there were isolated small amounts of panaxadiol, panaxatriol, daucosterol from the first running of column chromatography and mannitol, sucrose and glucose from the ethanol insoluble aqueous extract.", "contents": "Chemico-pharmacological studies on saponins of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. I. Chemical part. For the purpose of clarification of pharmacological actions of ginseng saponins we tried the isolation of ginseng saponins on a larger scale and succeeded in the isolation of eight saponins in a pure state and in sufficient amounts for the pharmacological assay. These eight saponins agreed all completely with the authentic samples of Shibata-Shoji and co-workers in molecular formula of saponins and sapogenins, sugars and TLC. The physical properties of saponins were shown. As other components of ginseng, there were isolated small amounts of panaxadiol, panaxatriol, daucosterol from the first running of column chromatography and mannitol, sucrose and glucose from the ethanol insoluble aqueous extract.", "PMID": 1174030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4425", "title": "[Time of onset and regression of D-penicillamine activity, measured by rupture load of rat skin].", "content": "Two experiments were carried out to determine the period of time for a) the decrease of the load resulting in rupture of excised dorsal skin strips of the rat induced by daily oral treatment with D-beta, beta-dimethylcysteine (D-penicillamine, Metalcaptase) and b) the effect produced by D-penicillamine treatment to subside after discontinuation of the substance. 1. On the 5th day of treatment (320 mg/kg/day), the load resulting in rupture of excised dorsal skin strips of rats from an animal group decreased from 3480 p (initial value) to 2350 p. On the 9th day of treatment, the value for the load resulting in rupture dropped to 1790 p. Further decrease of the load resulting in rupture cannot be obtained even after a 2 weeks' treatment with 320 mg/kg D-penicillamine. 2. An animal group was treated with 320 mg/kg D-penicillamine for 7 days. At the end of this period of treatment, the load resulting in rupture of excised dorsal skin strips amounts to 1400 p. After discontinuation of the medication, the load resulting in rupture of the dorsal skin is determined at intervals of several days. 6 days after discontinuation of the test substance, a marked rise was observed and after 15 days, no difference was found between the initial value of non-treated animals and previously treated animals. Thus, it takes a few days only to induce a decrease of the load resulting in rupture by D-penicillamine and its recovery after discontinuing the medication.", "contents": "[Time of onset and regression of D-penicillamine activity, measured by rupture load of rat skin]. Two experiments were carried out to determine the period of time for a) the decrease of the load resulting in rupture of excised dorsal skin strips of the rat induced by daily oral treatment with D-beta, beta-dimethylcysteine (D-penicillamine, Metalcaptase) and b) the effect produced by D-penicillamine treatment to subside after discontinuation of the substance. 1. On the 5th day of treatment (320 mg/kg/day), the load resulting in rupture of excised dorsal skin strips of rats from an animal group decreased from 3480 p (initial value) to 2350 p. On the 9th day of treatment, the value for the load resulting in rupture dropped to 1790 p. Further decrease of the load resulting in rupture cannot be obtained even after a 2 weeks' treatment with 320 mg/kg D-penicillamine. 2. An animal group was treated with 320 mg/kg D-penicillamine for 7 days. At the end of this period of treatment, the load resulting in rupture of excised dorsal skin strips amounts to 1400 p. After discontinuation of the medication, the load resulting in rupture of the dorsal skin is determined at intervals of several days. 6 days after discontinuation of the test substance, a marked rise was observed and after 15 days, no difference was found between the initial value of non-treated animals and previously treated animals. Thus, it takes a few days only to induce a decrease of the load resulting in rupture by D-penicillamine and its recovery after discontinuing the medication.", "PMID": 1174031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4426", "title": "[Spectrophotometric determination of methaqualone in biologic material].", "content": "A rapid and simple spectrophotometric procedure for the determination of 2-methyl-3-o-tolyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone (methaqualone) in biological material is described. After extraction of the specimen with chloroform and washing with 0.5 N sodium hydroxide and 0.5 N sulfuric acid methaqualone is extracted with 5 ml 50% sulfuric acid and read in a spectrophotometer at 234 nm. The procedure is suitable to determine serum levels of methaqualone after a therapeutic dose.", "contents": "[Spectrophotometric determination of methaqualone in biologic material]. A rapid and simple spectrophotometric procedure for the determination of 2-methyl-3-o-tolyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone (methaqualone) in biological material is described. After extraction of the specimen with chloroform and washing with 0.5 N sodium hydroxide and 0.5 N sulfuric acid methaqualone is extracted with 5 ml 50% sulfuric acid and read in a spectrophotometer at 234 nm. The procedure is suitable to determine serum levels of methaqualone after a therapeutic dose.", "PMID": 1174032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4427", "title": "The solution of pharmacological problems with computers. Part 9: Kinetics of the inhibition of the enzyme morphine-N-demethylase by N-allylnormorphine. Mathematical analysis by a FORTRAN-program.", "content": "In this paper, we present a method for statistical analysis of enzyme-kinetic data. This analysis allows determination of the character of the inhibition of an enzyme reaction, and computes the 95% confidence limits of the dissociation constants and of Vmax. This method involves the solution of the Michaelis-Menten equation, (see article for formula), using the Guass-Newton iteration.", "contents": "The solution of pharmacological problems with computers. Part 9: Kinetics of the inhibition of the enzyme morphine-N-demethylase by N-allylnormorphine. Mathematical analysis by a FORTRAN-program. In this paper, we present a method for statistical analysis of enzyme-kinetic data. This analysis allows determination of the character of the inhibition of an enzyme reaction, and computes the 95% confidence limits of the dissociation constants and of Vmax. This method involves the solution of the Michaelis-Menten equation, (see article for formula), using the Guass-Newton iteration.", "PMID": 1174033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4428", "title": "DNA complexing antibiotics: daunomycin, adriamycin and their derivatives.", "content": "9-Acetyl-4-methoxy-7,8,9,11-tetrahydroxy-6,7,9,11-tetrahydroxy-o-(3'-amino-2',3',6'-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxohexopyranoside) (daunomycin, daunorubicin, NSC-82 131, Daunoblasin), 14-hydroxy-daunorubicin (adriamycin, doxorubicin, NSC-123 127, Adriblastin), dihydrodaunomycin, their aglycones and other related compounds represent the group of S. peucetius derived antibiotics. The biosynthetic glycosides as well as some semisynthetic analogues or derivatives form strong complexes with double stranded DNA, which can be understood in terms of the known intercalation model. A clear relationship is found between the complex forming ability and the biological activity of the different compounds. The structure and configuration of the sugar moiety appear of primary importance for the stabilization of the complex and, therefore, for action. A class of side chain derivatives, namely adriamycin 14-0-esters, looks promising. Different tissue distribution of such derivatives may result in new useful anticancer drugs.", "contents": "DNA complexing antibiotics: daunomycin, adriamycin and their derivatives. 9-Acetyl-4-methoxy-7,8,9,11-tetrahydroxy-6,7,9,11-tetrahydroxy-o-(3'-amino-2',3',6'-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxohexopyranoside) (daunomycin, daunorubicin, NSC-82 131, Daunoblasin), 14-hydroxy-daunorubicin (adriamycin, doxorubicin, NSC-123 127, Adriblastin), dihydrodaunomycin, their aglycones and other related compounds represent the group of S. peucetius derived antibiotics. The biosynthetic glycosides as well as some semisynthetic analogues or derivatives form strong complexes with double stranded DNA, which can be understood in terms of the known intercalation model. A clear relationship is found between the complex forming ability and the biological activity of the different compounds. The structure and configuration of the sugar moiety appear of primary importance for the stabilization of the complex and, therefore, for action. A class of side chain derivatives, namely adriamycin 14-0-esters, looks promising. Different tissue distribution of such derivatives may result in new useful anticancer drugs.", "PMID": 1174034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4429", "title": "Conformational analysis of atropine.", "content": "The conformation of atropine was studied by nmr and dipole moment measurements. It was shown that there is a cis conformation between the C = O bond in the ester group and the tropanyl group. The nmr measurements indicated that the Ph--CH(CH2OH)--CO-- grouping assumes conformations I and II in equilibrium, while the conformational isomer III can be excluded. Consequently, the distance between the nitrogen atom and the carbonyl group is 4.5--5.0 A, and this determines the binding to the cholinergic receptor. This distance is substantially less than the 7 A presumed by other authors earlier.", "contents": "Conformational analysis of atropine. The conformation of atropine was studied by nmr and dipole moment measurements. It was shown that there is a cis conformation between the C = O bond in the ester group and the tropanyl group. The nmr measurements indicated that the Ph--CH(CH2OH)--CO-- grouping assumes conformations I and II in equilibrium, while the conformational isomer III can be excluded. Consequently, the distance between the nitrogen atom and the carbonyl group is 4.5--5.0 A, and this determines the binding to the cholinergic receptor. This distance is substantially less than the 7 A presumed by other authors earlier.", "PMID": 1174035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4430", "title": "Pharmacological action of FD-008, a new dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. III. Effects on endogenous biogenic amine levels in rats.", "content": "Effect of a new dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, 5-(4'-chlorobutyl)-picolinic acid (FD-008) on endogenous amine levels in various tissue of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats were determined in comparison with its mother compound, fusaric acid, and disulfiram. FD-008 decreased norepinephrine (NE) levels in the brain and heart with a slight increase of dopamine (DA) level in the brain. NE lowering activity of FD-008 was stronger than that of fusaric acid. Disulfiram was less active and the activity was one-tenth of FD-008. FD-008 lowered NE level even when DA was increased by pretreatment with L-DOPA or iproniazid but did not cause a further significant reduction of NE when catecholamines were practically depleted by pretreatment with reserpine.", "contents": "Pharmacological action of FD-008, a new dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. III. Effects on endogenous biogenic amine levels in rats. Effect of a new dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, 5-(4'-chlorobutyl)-picolinic acid (FD-008) on endogenous amine levels in various tissue of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats were determined in comparison with its mother compound, fusaric acid, and disulfiram. FD-008 decreased norepinephrine (NE) levels in the brain and heart with a slight increase of dopamine (DA) level in the brain. NE lowering activity of FD-008 was stronger than that of fusaric acid. Disulfiram was less active and the activity was one-tenth of FD-008. FD-008 lowered NE level even when DA was increased by pretreatment with L-DOPA or iproniazid but did not cause a further significant reduction of NE when catecholamines were practically depleted by pretreatment with reserpine.", "PMID": 1174036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4431", "title": "[Pharmacologic effects in combined use of oxyfedrine and beta-acetyldiogoxin].", "content": "In guinea pigs the toxic effect of beta-acetyldigoxin was not increased by simultaneously administered 3-(beta-hydroxy-alpha-methyl-phenethyl-amino)-3'-methoxy-propiophenone (oxy-fedrine). There was no evidence of a potentiation of the glycoside effect by the combination with oxyfedrine (ildamen-Novodigal). The threshold dose for arrhythmia was increased: typical glycoside tachyarrhythmias only occurred after higher infused doses. In anesthetized dogs with heart failure by overdosed pentobarbital, the therapeutic effects of beta-acetyldigoxin were sustained and enhanced by oxyfedrine.", "contents": "[Pharmacologic effects in combined use of oxyfedrine and beta-acetyldiogoxin]. In guinea pigs the toxic effect of beta-acetyldigoxin was not increased by simultaneously administered 3-(beta-hydroxy-alpha-methyl-phenethyl-amino)-3'-methoxy-propiophenone (oxy-fedrine). There was no evidence of a potentiation of the glycoside effect by the combination with oxyfedrine (ildamen-Novodigal). The threshold dose for arrhythmia was increased: typical glycoside tachyarrhythmias only occurred after higher infused doses. In anesthetized dogs with heart failure by overdosed pentobarbital, the therapeutic effects of beta-acetyldigoxin were sustained and enhanced by oxyfedrine.", "PMID": 1174037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4432", "title": "[Effect of a protein-free hemoderivative on recovering capability of rat liver following 60 minutes of hemorrhagic shock].", "content": "The effect of the protein-free standardized blood extract from calves Actihaemyl on the concentration of ATP, ADP, AMP, lactate, pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and glycogen of the rat liver after a 60 min hemorrhagic shock and recovery times of 30, 60 and 120 min has been investigated. Actihaemyl lowered the shock induced increased values of lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate within the first 30 and 60 min after termination of shock at a faster rate than did the placebo. Consequently, the ratios lactate/pyruvate and beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate were found to be decreased. The remaining parameters showed no significant differences between the placebo and the Actihaemyl group. The results suggest that Actihaemyl increases the oxydative energy metabolism after a hemorrhagic shock.", "contents": "[Effect of a protein-free hemoderivative on recovering capability of rat liver following 60 minutes of hemorrhagic shock]. The effect of the protein-free standardized blood extract from calves Actihaemyl on the concentration of ATP, ADP, AMP, lactate, pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and glycogen of the rat liver after a 60 min hemorrhagic shock and recovery times of 30, 60 and 120 min has been investigated. Actihaemyl lowered the shock induced increased values of lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate within the first 30 and 60 min after termination of shock at a faster rate than did the placebo. Consequently, the ratios lactate/pyruvate and beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate were found to be decreased. The remaining parameters showed no significant differences between the placebo and the Actihaemyl group. The results suggest that Actihaemyl increases the oxydative energy metabolism after a hemorrhagic shock.", "PMID": 1174038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4433", "title": "[Anti-phalloidine activity of the silymarins silybine and disilybine].", "content": "Originating from silybin, a phenylchromanone from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., a dimer -- disilybin -- was prepared. Disilybin exhibits a phalloidin antagonistic activity at least 10 times that of silybin with regards to a dose of the same weight.", "contents": "[Anti-phalloidine activity of the silymarins silybine and disilybine]. Originating from silybin, a phenylchromanone from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., a dimer -- disilybin -- was prepared. Disilybin exhibits a phalloidin antagonistic activity at least 10 times that of silybin with regards to a dose of the same weight.", "PMID": 1174039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4434", "title": "[Phalloidine antagonists. 1. Effects of silybine derivatives on isolated perfused rat liver].", "content": "The protective effect of two silybin derivatives against phalloidin was tested in isolated rat livers, perfused with an erythrocyte free medium. Both liver swelling and potassium loss were examined for the evaluation of antagonism. Liver swelling and potassium loss were markedly decreased when silybin hemisuccinate was added to the perfusion medium before the application of phalloidin. In contrast, the protective effect of this compound was minimal after the mushroom toxin was partially absorbed by the liver. The protective efficiency of a dimer derivative (disilybin) was much greater than that of the monomer product. The binding of both derivatives in the liver cannot be very strong because the protective effect mainly could be washed out by a single change of the perfusion medium. Spectroscopical studies on isolated hepatocytes indicate that silybin inhibits the interaction of phalloidin with the cell surface.", "contents": "[Phalloidine antagonists. 1. Effects of silybine derivatives on isolated perfused rat liver]. The protective effect of two silybin derivatives against phalloidin was tested in isolated rat livers, perfused with an erythrocyte free medium. Both liver swelling and potassium loss were examined for the evaluation of antagonism. Liver swelling and potassium loss were markedly decreased when silybin hemisuccinate was added to the perfusion medium before the application of phalloidin. In contrast, the protective effect of this compound was minimal after the mushroom toxin was partially absorbed by the liver. The protective efficiency of a dimer derivative (disilybin) was much greater than that of the monomer product. The binding of both derivatives in the liver cannot be very strong because the protective effect mainly could be washed out by a single change of the perfusion medium. Spectroscopical studies on isolated hepatocytes indicate that silybin inhibits the interaction of phalloidin with the cell surface.", "PMID": 1174040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4435", "title": "[Toxicology of epidithio-dioxopiperazines. 1. Studies on toxicity of cyclosarcosylsarcosineepitetrasulfide in guinea pigs and rats].", "content": "The present paper deals with the toxic effect of a mycotoxin of the group of epidithio-dioxopiperazines: cyclo-sarcosyl-sarcosin-epitetrasulfide, particularly upon the liver of guinea-pigs and rats. The sporidesmines, related to the compound tested, cause chronic obstructive cholangitis characteristic of a disease in sheep endemic in New Zealand. This type of cholangitis was attempted to be reproduced in order to establish an experimental model of producing biliary cirrhosis in animals. The acute and subacute LD50 in rats and guinea-pigs were determined intraperitoneally and intragastrally. In neither mode of application nor in short-term nor in chronic test could we find any specific, dose dependent changes of bile ducts. Merely, parenteral administration of lethal doses led to unspecific subcapsular liver necroses obviously due to direct diffusion of the toxic agent. The discrepancy between the efficacy of the toxic grass in New Zealand and the substance tested in the study is discussed.", "contents": "[Toxicology of epidithio-dioxopiperazines. 1. Studies on toxicity of cyclosarcosylsarcosineepitetrasulfide in guinea pigs and rats]. The present paper deals with the toxic effect of a mycotoxin of the group of epidithio-dioxopiperazines: cyclo-sarcosyl-sarcosin-epitetrasulfide, particularly upon the liver of guinea-pigs and rats. The sporidesmines, related to the compound tested, cause chronic obstructive cholangitis characteristic of a disease in sheep endemic in New Zealand. This type of cholangitis was attempted to be reproduced in order to establish an experimental model of producing biliary cirrhosis in animals. The acute and subacute LD50 in rats and guinea-pigs were determined intraperitoneally and intragastrally. In neither mode of application nor in short-term nor in chronic test could we find any specific, dose dependent changes of bile ducts. Merely, parenteral administration of lethal doses led to unspecific subcapsular liver necroses obviously due to direct diffusion of the toxic agent. The discrepancy between the efficacy of the toxic grass in New Zealand and the substance tested in the study is discussed.", "PMID": 1174041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4436", "title": "Stereospecificity in some central and circulatory effects of phenylisopropyl-adenosine (PIA).", "content": "The effects of l- and d-stereoisomers of phenylisopropyl-adenosine (PIA) were tested on the central nervous and circulatory system. In mice l-PIA in doses of 0.1--0.2 mg/kg i.p. reduced motor activity and muscular coordination, prolonged barbiturate sleeping time and exerted a hypothermic and analgetic effect. In most of these tests even 10--20 times higher doses of d-PIA proved to be ineffective. In isolated guinea-pig heart preparation l-PIA increased the coronary flow, diminished the contraction amplitude and frequency in approximately 1/20 of the doses than did d-PIA. Blood pressure of rats was markedly lowered by l-PIA in doses of 6--15 mug/kg i.v. but not by the same dose of d-PIA. There seems to be stereospecificity for PIA in various tissues and animals in vivo as well as in isolated organs. The l-isomer is usually 10--20 times more active than the d-form. In addition to stereospecificity at receptor sites, differences in lipid solubility of the stereoisomers could explain these findings.", "contents": "Stereospecificity in some central and circulatory effects of phenylisopropyl-adenosine (PIA). The effects of l- and d-stereoisomers of phenylisopropyl-adenosine (PIA) were tested on the central nervous and circulatory system. In mice l-PIA in doses of 0.1--0.2 mg/kg i.p. reduced motor activity and muscular coordination, prolonged barbiturate sleeping time and exerted a hypothermic and analgetic effect. In most of these tests even 10--20 times higher doses of d-PIA proved to be ineffective. In isolated guinea-pig heart preparation l-PIA increased the coronary flow, diminished the contraction amplitude and frequency in approximately 1/20 of the doses than did d-PIA. Blood pressure of rats was markedly lowered by l-PIA in doses of 6--15 mug/kg i.v. but not by the same dose of d-PIA. There seems to be stereospecificity for PIA in various tissues and animals in vivo as well as in isolated organs. The l-isomer is usually 10--20 times more active than the d-form. In addition to stereospecificity at receptor sites, differences in lipid solubility of the stereoisomers could explain these findings.", "PMID": 1174042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4437", "title": "Study of the protection on afforded by nicergoline against the effects of cerebral ischemia in the cat.", "content": "The cortical evoked potential of the two cerebral hemispheres of the cat is taken as the parameter of brain function; its course is studied during strangulation which determines its disappearance, and especially during strangulation release (recovery phase). Under these experimental conditions, the injection of 9% NaCl solution in each carotid does not modify the symmetry of recovery in the two cerebral hemispheres. The unilateral injection of increasing doses of 1,6-dimethyl-8beta-(5-bromonicotinoyl-oxymethyl)-10alpha-methoxyergoline tartrate (nicergoline) (20 to 400 mug) produces more rapid recovery on the treated side. This is also the case for the unilateral injection of 40 mg of sodium malonate. Observation of this effect in the hypoventilated, hypercapnic animal, with an already dilated cerebral network suggests that the mechanism of the protection afforded is not due to vasodilatation of the cerebral network produced by either of the two products. The effect of nicergoline disappears when a previous i.v. injection of sodium malonate has inhibited anoxic depolarization of the cellular membrane and inhibited the fall in cerebral ATP caused by ischemia. It would thus appear that the anti-ischemic properties of nicergoline, acting at the level of the central nervous system, are due to an effect on the cellular membrane or to an inhibiting effect on the metabolism of the brain cell. Supplementary experiments, involving the use of more specific pharmacological reagents should allow its action to be localized at the level of the membrane and/or of cellular metabolism.", "contents": "Study of the protection on afforded by nicergoline against the effects of cerebral ischemia in the cat. The cortical evoked potential of the two cerebral hemispheres of the cat is taken as the parameter of brain function; its course is studied during strangulation which determines its disappearance, and especially during strangulation release (recovery phase). Under these experimental conditions, the injection of 9% NaCl solution in each carotid does not modify the symmetry of recovery in the two cerebral hemispheres. The unilateral injection of increasing doses of 1,6-dimethyl-8beta-(5-bromonicotinoyl-oxymethyl)-10alpha-methoxyergoline tartrate (nicergoline) (20 to 400 mug) produces more rapid recovery on the treated side. This is also the case for the unilateral injection of 40 mg of sodium malonate. Observation of this effect in the hypoventilated, hypercapnic animal, with an already dilated cerebral network suggests that the mechanism of the protection afforded is not due to vasodilatation of the cerebral network produced by either of the two products. The effect of nicergoline disappears when a previous i.v. injection of sodium malonate has inhibited anoxic depolarization of the cellular membrane and inhibited the fall in cerebral ATP caused by ischemia. It would thus appear that the anti-ischemic properties of nicergoline, acting at the level of the central nervous system, are due to an effect on the cellular membrane or to an inhibiting effect on the metabolism of the brain cell. Supplementary experiments, involving the use of more specific pharmacological reagents should allow its action to be localized at the level of the membrane and/or of cellular metabolism.", "PMID": 1174043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4438", "title": "Multivariate analysis in the pharmacological evaluation of a saluretic compound.", "content": "The pharmacological evaluation of the diuretic activity of a compound -- performed measuring the urinary volume and determining its electrolyte content -- may be usefully integrated by a multivariate analysis, in order to: express a general evaluation for each animal in terms of positive or negative response; evaluate the false positive responses of the control group animals and the negative responses in the treated animals on the basis of the general response. An example of application relating to a well-known saluretic, 4-chloro-N-(2-furfuryl)-5-sulfamoyl-anthranilic acid (furosemide), is reported.", "contents": "Multivariate analysis in the pharmacological evaluation of a saluretic compound. The pharmacological evaluation of the diuretic activity of a compound -- performed measuring the urinary volume and determining its electrolyte content -- may be usefully integrated by a multivariate analysis, in order to: express a general evaluation for each animal in terms of positive or negative response; evaluate the false positive responses of the control group animals and the negative responses in the treated animals on the basis of the general response. An example of application relating to a well-known saluretic, 4-chloro-N-(2-furfuryl)-5-sulfamoyl-anthranilic acid (furosemide), is reported.", "PMID": 1174044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4439", "title": "[Effect of terodiline on bronchial muscles and on tracheobronchial clearance in the rat].", "content": "Effects of 1-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1N-tert.-butyl-propylamine-hydrochloride (terodilin, Bicor) on bronchial muscle and mucociliary function was studie in isolated airways preparations of rats. Terodilin blocked the bronchoconstrictor effect of acetylcholine but was ineffective against that caused by serotonin and bradykinin. The alteration of the dose-respone curves of acetylcholine by terodilin indicated that terodilin is a partial agonist of acetylcholine with a very small intrinsic activity. This finding may explain the ciliostimulatory effect of this drug.", "contents": "[Effect of terodiline on bronchial muscles and on tracheobronchial clearance in the rat]. Effects of 1-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1N-tert.-butyl-propylamine-hydrochloride (terodilin, Bicor) on bronchial muscle and mucociliary function was studie in isolated airways preparations of rats. Terodilin blocked the bronchoconstrictor effect of acetylcholine but was ineffective against that caused by serotonin and bradykinin. The alteration of the dose-respone curves of acetylcholine by terodilin indicated that terodilin is a partial agonist of acetylcholine with a very small intrinsic activity. This finding may explain the ciliostimulatory effect of this drug.", "PMID": 1174045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4440", "title": "The role of sex differences in the effect of anabolics on the liver.", "content": "The effect of two anabolic steroids, norandrostenolone-phenylpropionate (Nerobolil) and norandrostenolone-decanoate (Retabolil) on the liver was studied in rats. Body weight, wet liver weight and the protein content of the liver homogenisates were found to increase under the effect of anabolic treatment, the most explicitely in females treated with Nerobolil. The function of the liver to metabolize hexobarbital, measured in vivo, is increased by a single dose of anabolic. The prolongation of treatment keeps on shortening hexobarbital anaesthesia only in females. Even 8 weeks after the end of treatment the effect is invariably lasting in females, in males it is not. Studies of the vaginal cycle cannot prove a decline of ovarial function. In females the hepatotropic effect of anabolic treatment, performed simultaneously with the chronic carbon tetrachloride lesion can be demonstrated. The liver weight and protein content are maintained on the control level. Under the effect of anabolic treatment the function to metabolize the effect of anabolic treatment the function to metabolize hexobarbital, which has been impaired by the lesion, remains near the level of the untreated animals. Our experiments support the observations of the inductive property of the steroids being parallel to their anabolic characteristics. Their catatoxic effect is pronounced in females. Nerobolil was found to be more advantageous from the point of view of both anabolic and hepatotropic effect. Our experiments do not suggest the possibility of liver damage during the administration of these two anabolics. The effect of the anabolics on the enzymatic induction may be of therapeutic value when adequate preparations are selected and sex differences as well as the character of the liver damage are taken into consideration.", "contents": "The role of sex differences in the effect of anabolics on the liver. The effect of two anabolic steroids, norandrostenolone-phenylpropionate (Nerobolil) and norandrostenolone-decanoate (Retabolil) on the liver was studied in rats. Body weight, wet liver weight and the protein content of the liver homogenisates were found to increase under the effect of anabolic treatment, the most explicitely in females treated with Nerobolil. The function of the liver to metabolize hexobarbital, measured in vivo, is increased by a single dose of anabolic. The prolongation of treatment keeps on shortening hexobarbital anaesthesia only in females. Even 8 weeks after the end of treatment the effect is invariably lasting in females, in males it is not. Studies of the vaginal cycle cannot prove a decline of ovarial function. In females the hepatotropic effect of anabolic treatment, performed simultaneously with the chronic carbon tetrachloride lesion can be demonstrated. The liver weight and protein content are maintained on the control level. Under the effect of anabolic treatment the function to metabolize the effect of anabolic treatment the function to metabolize hexobarbital, which has been impaired by the lesion, remains near the level of the untreated animals. Our experiments support the observations of the inductive property of the steroids being parallel to their anabolic characteristics. Their catatoxic effect is pronounced in females. Nerobolil was found to be more advantageous from the point of view of both anabolic and hepatotropic effect. Our experiments do not suggest the possibility of liver damage during the administration of these two anabolics. The effect of the anabolics on the enzymatic induction may be of therapeutic value when adequate preparations are selected and sex differences as well as the character of the liver damage are taken into consideration.", "PMID": 1174046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4441", "title": "Bioavailability of trivalent iron in oral iron preparations. Therapeutic efficacy and iron absorption from simple ferric compounds and high- or low-molecular weight ferric hydroxide-carbohydrate complexes.", "content": "All available results from critical hemoglobin regeneration tests, postabsorption serum iron concentration studies, 59Fe erythrocyte incorporation and 59Fe whole-body retention measurements demonstrate that humans do absorb ferrous iron between 4 and 10 times (in the average about 5 times) better than ferric iron from therapeutic oral 50--250 mg iron doses. Ferrous sulfate iron is 3 to 4 times better available than the iron from ferric ammonium citrate or sulfate. Whereas 100 mg of ferrous sulfate iron/day are sufficient for an optimal oral compensation iron therapy and to produce initial hemoglobin regeneration rates of about 0.26 g/100 ml/day, 400 to 1000 mg of ferric iron/day are necessary for the same therapeutic effect because of the poor bioavailability of ferric iron. The ratio of the dose-absorption relationships for ferric and ferrous 59Fe was shown to decrease from 0.43 for a diagnostic 0.56 mg Fe dose to 0.21 for the therapeutic 50 mg Fe dose in subjects with normal iron stores. Absorption ratios of 0.65 for the 0.56 mg Fe dose and 0.26 for the 50 mg Fe dose were measured in subjects with depleted iron stores. At all dose levels the superior bioavailability of ferrous iron was demonstrable. A high-molecular weight ferric hydroxide-carbohydrate complex (MW similar to 30 000) was palatable but so poorly absorbed that is was practically without effect on hemoglobin regeneration even at a daily 300 mg Fe dose. Following several warnings such a useless commerecial oral iron preparation was finally withdrawn from the market. The iron from any high-molecular weight carbohydrate complex of ferric hydroxide has to be suspected to be poorly absorbed and therefore therapeutical useless, unless the opposite has been demonstrated with a reliable bioassay (59Fe absorption whole-body retention and hemoglobin regeneration test). A low-molecular weight so-called ferric hydroxide-fructose complex was shown to contain iron of more or less the same poor bioavailability as contained in ferric chloride since the iron from ferrous sulfate was about 5 times better absorable. The good absorption of ferrous sulfate iron was not further augmented by even very large oral doses of fructose since this carbohydrate did not improve the ferrous iron absorption at a fructose: Fe molar ratio of 106:1. Trivalent iron in simple compounds like ferric ammonium citrate or in low- and high-molecular weight carbohydrate complexes of ferric hydroxide is so poorly available for intestinal iron absorption in man that it cannot be used for a fast and reliable oral iron therapy with reasonably low doses as it can be easily practised with quick-lease preparations of ferrous sulfate at a 100 mg Fe2", "contents": "Bioavailability of trivalent iron in oral iron preparations. Therapeutic efficacy and iron absorption from simple ferric compounds and high- or low-molecular weight ferric hydroxide-carbohydrate complexes. All available results from critical hemoglobin regeneration tests, postabsorption serum iron concentration studies, 59Fe erythrocyte incorporation and 59Fe whole-body retention measurements demonstrate that humans do absorb ferrous iron between 4 and 10 times (in the average about 5 times) better than ferric iron from therapeutic oral 50--250 mg iron doses. Ferrous sulfate iron is 3 to 4 times better available than the iron from ferric ammonium citrate or sulfate. Whereas 100 mg of ferrous sulfate iron/day are sufficient for an optimal oral compensation iron therapy and to produce initial hemoglobin regeneration rates of about 0.26 g/100 ml/day, 400 to 1000 mg of ferric iron/day are necessary for the same therapeutic effect because of the poor bioavailability of ferric iron. The ratio of the dose-absorption relationships for ferric and ferrous 59Fe was shown to decrease from 0.43 for a diagnostic 0.56 mg Fe dose to 0.21 for the therapeutic 50 mg Fe dose in subjects with normal iron stores. Absorption ratios of 0.65 for the 0.56 mg Fe dose and 0.26 for the 50 mg Fe dose were measured in subjects with depleted iron stores. At all dose levels the superior bioavailability of ferrous iron was demonstrable. A high-molecular weight ferric hydroxide-carbohydrate complex (MW similar to 30 000) was palatable but so poorly absorbed that is was practically without effect on hemoglobin regeneration even at a daily 300 mg Fe dose. Following several warnings such a useless commerecial oral iron preparation was finally withdrawn from the market. The iron from any high-molecular weight carbohydrate complex of ferric hydroxide has to be suspected to be poorly absorbed and therefore therapeutical useless, unless the opposite has been demonstrated with a reliable bioassay (59Fe absorption whole-body retention and hemoglobin regeneration test). A low-molecular weight so-called ferric hydroxide-fructose complex was shown to contain iron of more or less the same poor bioavailability as contained in ferric chloride since the iron from ferrous sulfate was about 5 times better absorable. The good absorption of ferrous sulfate iron was not further augmented by even very large oral doses of fructose since this carbohydrate did not improve the ferrous iron absorption at a fructose: Fe molar ratio of 106:1. Trivalent iron in simple compounds like ferric ammonium citrate or in low- and high-molecular weight carbohydrate complexes of ferric hydroxide is so poorly available for intestinal iron absorption in man that it cannot be used for a fast and reliable oral iron therapy with reasonably low doses as it can be easily practised with quick-lease preparations of ferrous sulfate at a 100 mg Fe2", "PMID": 1174047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4442", "title": "[Effect of xylitol on increased intracranial pressure].", "content": "Increased intracranial pressure could be lowered by means of 250 ml 40% xylite (1,2,3,4,5-pentanpentol) in 17 patients, the average dosage amounted to 1.36 mg/kg, the lowering of the pressure to 54.4 plus or minus 18.4%. The effect lasted 109.5 plus or minus 35.4 min; the maximum occurring after 50.4 plus or minus 14.8 min. With the exception of 3 patients who complained of slight gastrointestinal disturbances, no side reactions were observed. Paralleling the lowering of CSF-pressure increased diuresis occurred amounting to 400% (including the infusion volume). The maxima of diuresis and lowering of CSF-pressure concur. Simultaneously we can see a highly significant lowering of urine potassium and a slightly significant lowering of sodium within the first 2 h, which after 3 h is clearly receding. There was no significant change in the values of serum electrolytes, bilirubin and transaminases (SGOT and SGPT); the residual urea was just a little lowered. The lowering of CSF-pressure after xylite surpasses the effect of the same dosage of sorbit and fructose.", "contents": "[Effect of xylitol on increased intracranial pressure]. Increased intracranial pressure could be lowered by means of 250 ml 40% xylite (1,2,3,4,5-pentanpentol) in 17 patients, the average dosage amounted to 1.36 mg/kg, the lowering of the pressure to 54.4 plus or minus 18.4%. The effect lasted 109.5 plus or minus 35.4 min; the maximum occurring after 50.4 plus or minus 14.8 min. With the exception of 3 patients who complained of slight gastrointestinal disturbances, no side reactions were observed. Paralleling the lowering of CSF-pressure increased diuresis occurred amounting to 400% (including the infusion volume). The maxima of diuresis and lowering of CSF-pressure concur. Simultaneously we can see a highly significant lowering of urine potassium and a slightly significant lowering of sodium within the first 2 h, which after 3 h is clearly receding. There was no significant change in the values of serum electrolytes, bilirubin and transaminases (SGOT and SGPT); the residual urea was just a little lowered. The lowering of CSF-pressure after xylite surpasses the effect of the same dosage of sorbit and fructose.", "PMID": 1174048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4443", "title": "[Effect of naftidrofuryl on creatinine serum concentration and on PAH/inulin clearance in peripheral arterial occlusive diseases].", "content": "The effect of 200 mg 3-(1-naphthyl)-2-tetrahydrofurfurylpropionic acid beta-diethylaminoethylester (naftidrofuryl, Dusodril) administered as a single i.v. infusion, on serum creatinine was investigated in 10 patients with occlusive disease of the peripheral arteries (average age 58.6 years). In a second group of similar patients (average age 60.5 years) determinations of PAH/inulin clearance and serum creatinine were performed prior to and immediately after treatment with 400 mg naftidrofuryl per day over a period of two weeks. Creatinine concentration did not change following acute or chronic administration of naftidrofuryl; glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were not affected by prolonged treatment (2 alpha less than 0.05). An obligatorily nephrotoxic effect of naftidrofuryl can therefore be ruled out.", "contents": "[Effect of naftidrofuryl on creatinine serum concentration and on PAH/inulin clearance in peripheral arterial occlusive diseases]. The effect of 200 mg 3-(1-naphthyl)-2-tetrahydrofurfurylpropionic acid beta-diethylaminoethylester (naftidrofuryl, Dusodril) administered as a single i.v. infusion, on serum creatinine was investigated in 10 patients with occlusive disease of the peripheral arteries (average age 58.6 years). In a second group of similar patients (average age 60.5 years) determinations of PAH/inulin clearance and serum creatinine were performed prior to and immediately after treatment with 400 mg naftidrofuryl per day over a period of two weeks. Creatinine concentration did not change following acute or chronic administration of naftidrofuryl; glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were not affected by prolonged treatment (2 alpha less than 0.05). An obligatorily nephrotoxic effect of naftidrofuryl can therefore be ruled out.", "PMID": 1174049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4444", "title": "[New method for the exact determination of changes in the size of the leg for the quantification of therapeutic success in various angiopathies].", "content": "For a quantitative evaluation of foot or leg volume and its alterations, a new type of instrument is presented. With this apparatus exact results will be achieved in a simple and quick method, which has proved true in several previous investigations. The apparatus is also suitable for the evaluation of therapeutic results concerning swelling of the extremities. This statement is based on measurements of the foot volume of five healthy male volunteers to whom in a double-blind test were administered wto different doses of the active substance ethyl-3,5,6-tri-O-benzyl-D-glucofuranoside (tribenoside, Glyvenol); for comparison also a placebo was used. The dose-response relationship in the foot volume reducing activity of the drug was measured quantitatively. Statistical analysis of the values measured revealed a significant difference at the 1% confidence level between the effects of Glyvenol and placebo on foot volume changes. Further investigations in patients are in preparations.", "contents": "[New method for the exact determination of changes in the size of the leg for the quantification of therapeutic success in various angiopathies]. For a quantitative evaluation of foot or leg volume and its alterations, a new type of instrument is presented. With this apparatus exact results will be achieved in a simple and quick method, which has proved true in several previous investigations. The apparatus is also suitable for the evaluation of therapeutic results concerning swelling of the extremities. This statement is based on measurements of the foot volume of five healthy male volunteers to whom in a double-blind test were administered wto different doses of the active substance ethyl-3,5,6-tri-O-benzyl-D-glucofuranoside (tribenoside, Glyvenol); for comparison also a placebo was used. The dose-response relationship in the foot volume reducing activity of the drug was measured quantitatively. Statistical analysis of the values measured revealed a significant difference at the 1% confidence level between the effects of Glyvenol and placebo on foot volume changes. Further investigations in patients are in preparations.", "PMID": 1174050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4445", "title": "[Stability of amphetaminil. 1. In-vitro studies].", "content": "The decomposition of alpha-phenyl-alpha-N-(beta-phenyl-isopropyl)-aminoacetonitrile (amphetaminil, AN 1\u00bf) in different solvent mixtures seems to depend on their polarity. The rate of hydrolysis of amphetaminil is much higher when the compound is dissolved in a methanol/0.1 N HCl (75/25; v/v) or in methanol containing traces of concentrated HCl (36%) (97.5/2.5; v/v). Using radioactively labelled amphetaminil we were able to demonstrate the decomposition of the compound on TLC plates coated with silica gel--independent from the solvent applied. When plates with cellulose as stationary phase were used for chromatography, amphetaminil proved to be stable in cyclohexan/ethylacetate but underwent decomposition in more polar solvents, for example, methanol and chloroform, respectively.", "contents": "[Stability of amphetaminil. 1. In-vitro studies]. The decomposition of alpha-phenyl-alpha-N-(beta-phenyl-isopropyl)-aminoacetonitrile (amphetaminil, AN 1\u00bf) in different solvent mixtures seems to depend on their polarity. The rate of hydrolysis of amphetaminil is much higher when the compound is dissolved in a methanol/0.1 N HCl (75/25; v/v) or in methanol containing traces of concentrated HCl (36%) (97.5/2.5; v/v). Using radioactively labelled amphetaminil we were able to demonstrate the decomposition of the compound on TLC plates coated with silica gel--independent from the solvent applied. When plates with cellulose as stationary phase were used for chromatography, amphetaminil proved to be stable in cyclohexan/ethylacetate but underwent decomposition in more polar solvents, for example, methanol and chloroform, respectively.", "PMID": 1174051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4446", "title": "[Bacterial growth in the perfusion medium of the isolated rat brain and its inhibition by antibiotics].", "content": "In the perfusion medium of the isolated rat brain the bacterial content was examined. The perfusion medium used contained 30% bovine erythrocytes, 2 g% bovine serum albumin and about 13 mM glucose in Krebs-Henseleit-solution. Before the perfusion of the isolated rat brain was started the medium recirculated up to two hours in the perfusion apparatus. After this, the perfusion of the isolated rat brain was carried out for four hours. At various times and at different points of the circulating system samples of the perfusion medium were withdrawn and tested for their bacterial content. Using the plate count procedure, at the end of the perfusion 10(5) to 10(6) bacteria per ml medium were found. This order of magnitude of the bacterial content suggested that it is not necessary to add antibacterial substances to the medium when perfusions lasted up to 4 hours. Nevertheless, from each sample 10 bacteria species were isolated and their sensitivity against 15 different antibacterial substances was tested. The substances were ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephaloridine, chloramphenicol, cloxacillin, erythromycin, gentamycin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, polymyxin B, sulfadiazine, tetracycline and trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole. Tetracycline was most active in inhibiting bacterial growth. 1 mg and 0.5 mg tetracycline added to 100 ml perfusion medium were able to prevent an increase of the bacterial count during the perfusion experiments.", "contents": "[Bacterial growth in the perfusion medium of the isolated rat brain and its inhibition by antibiotics]. In the perfusion medium of the isolated rat brain the bacterial content was examined. The perfusion medium used contained 30% bovine erythrocytes, 2 g% bovine serum albumin and about 13 mM glucose in Krebs-Henseleit-solution. Before the perfusion of the isolated rat brain was started the medium recirculated up to two hours in the perfusion apparatus. After this, the perfusion of the isolated rat brain was carried out for four hours. At various times and at different points of the circulating system samples of the perfusion medium were withdrawn and tested for their bacterial content. Using the plate count procedure, at the end of the perfusion 10(5) to 10(6) bacteria per ml medium were found. This order of magnitude of the bacterial content suggested that it is not necessary to add antibacterial substances to the medium when perfusions lasted up to 4 hours. Nevertheless, from each sample 10 bacteria species were isolated and their sensitivity against 15 different antibacterial substances was tested. The substances were ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephaloridine, chloramphenicol, cloxacillin, erythromycin, gentamycin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, polymyxin B, sulfadiazine, tetracycline and trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole. Tetracycline was most active in inhibiting bacterial growth. 1 mg and 0.5 mg tetracycline added to 100 ml perfusion medium were able to prevent an increase of the bacterial count during the perfusion experiments.", "PMID": 1174052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4447", "title": "[Chromatographic studies of four water-soluble rutosides].", "content": "The water-soluble rutosides O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (HR), trihydroxyethylrutoside (tri-HR) and tetrahydroxyethylrutoside (tetra-HR), with and without NaCl, were separated by means of both thin-layer chromatographic and paper-chromatographic methods; separation of mono-HR was carried out using only the product with NaCl. The results of these studies show: 1. According to the procedure employed, the chromatograms of the tested rutosides showed several spots up to a maximum of 12 in each product. 2. Under certain methodical conditions the chromatograms of tri-HR and tetra-HR with and without NaCl differed; in the chromatograms of the tetra products either 12 or 9 components were detected. 7 spots were found in the chromatogram of tri-I, and 6 spots were observed in that of tri-II. The tetra-HR with NaCl was found to contain a substance which reacted with the diazonium salt fast blue salt B adopting a red coloring. This substance might be responsible for the biological effects, such as the influence exerted on yeast cell respiration. 3. At present, difficulties are still encountered in separating the substance. A comparison of its chromatograms with those of rutin, quercetin, and the bivalent phenols hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcin suggests the substance to be a mono-isomer or a di-isomer of rutin with a resorcin-like structure in the A ring. 4. Preliminary studies on yeast cell respiration using tetra-HR seem to confirm the biological effectiveness of the substance.", "contents": "[Chromatographic studies of four water-soluble rutosides]. The water-soluble rutosides O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (HR), trihydroxyethylrutoside (tri-HR) and tetrahydroxyethylrutoside (tetra-HR), with and without NaCl, were separated by means of both thin-layer chromatographic and paper-chromatographic methods; separation of mono-HR was carried out using only the product with NaCl. The results of these studies show: 1. According to the procedure employed, the chromatograms of the tested rutosides showed several spots up to a maximum of 12 in each product. 2. Under certain methodical conditions the chromatograms of tri-HR and tetra-HR with and without NaCl differed; in the chromatograms of the tetra products either 12 or 9 components were detected. 7 spots were found in the chromatogram of tri-I, and 6 spots were observed in that of tri-II. The tetra-HR with NaCl was found to contain a substance which reacted with the diazonium salt fast blue salt B adopting a red coloring. This substance might be responsible for the biological effects, such as the influence exerted on yeast cell respiration. 3. At present, difficulties are still encountered in separating the substance. A comparison of its chromatograms with those of rutin, quercetin, and the bivalent phenols hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcin suggests the substance to be a mono-isomer or a di-isomer of rutin with a resorcin-like structure in the A ring. 4. Preliminary studies on yeast cell respiration using tetra-HR seem to confirm the biological effectiveness of the substance.", "PMID": 1174068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4448", "title": "[Gas chromatographic analysis of benzodiazepines. 2. Diazepam and its metabolites].", "content": "A gas-chromatographic method is reported which completely resolves diazepam and its major metabolites and thus enables the specific quantitation of these compounds after extraction from serum and urine. The sensitivity limits are about 3 ng/ml if 4 ml serum or urine are extracted.", "contents": "[Gas chromatographic analysis of benzodiazepines. 2. Diazepam and its metabolites]. A gas-chromatographic method is reported which completely resolves diazepam and its major metabolites and thus enables the specific quantitation of these compounds after extraction from serum and urine. The sensitivity limits are about 3 ng/ml if 4 ml serum or urine are extracted.", "PMID": 1174069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4449", "title": "[Polarographic determination of some phenylsubstituted anticonvulsants].", "content": "A method is described to determine the anticonvulsive drugs phenobarbital, phenytoin, mephenytoin, methylphenobarbital and primidone. A serum extract is nitrated, separated by thin-layer chromatography, and the nitro compounds are determined by polarography. The rates of recovery are: phenobarbital 81%, phenytoin 79%, mephenytoin 80%, methylphenobarbital 86% and primidone 84%. The sensitivity limits range from 3.5 mug/ml plasma for phenytoin to 5.5 mug/ml for mephenytoin and methylphenobarbital. This method might be useful not only for determination of therapeutic blood levels but also for toxicology because it saves time and the expenditure of work is small. The mean deviation for mononitrated anticonvulsive drugs is +/- 2.8% (for 50 mug/ml) and +/- 11.6% (for 10 mug/ml). For phenytoin being dinitrated, the values are +/- 0.6% and +/- 7.5% for 50 mug and 5 mug, respectively). We determined blood levels of out-patients containing phenobarbital and phenytoin besides other substances. Having once established calibrating curvers internal or external standards are not required.", "contents": "[Polarographic determination of some phenylsubstituted anticonvulsants]. A method is described to determine the anticonvulsive drugs phenobarbital, phenytoin, mephenytoin, methylphenobarbital and primidone. A serum extract is nitrated, separated by thin-layer chromatography, and the nitro compounds are determined by polarography. The rates of recovery are: phenobarbital 81%, phenytoin 79%, mephenytoin 80%, methylphenobarbital 86% and primidone 84%. The sensitivity limits range from 3.5 mug/ml plasma for phenytoin to 5.5 mug/ml for mephenytoin and methylphenobarbital. This method might be useful not only for determination of therapeutic blood levels but also for toxicology because it saves time and the expenditure of work is small. The mean deviation for mononitrated anticonvulsive drugs is +/- 2.8% (for 50 mug/ml) and +/- 11.6% (for 10 mug/ml). For phenytoin being dinitrated, the values are +/- 0.6% and +/- 7.5% for 50 mug and 5 mug, respectively). We determined blood levels of out-patients containing phenobarbital and phenytoin besides other substances. Having once established calibrating curvers internal or external standards are not required.", "PMID": 1174070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4450", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay of n-butylbiguanide in human serum].", "content": "A radioimmuno assay for butylbiguanide in human serum is described. The detection limit is 1.5 ng per assay tube, the intra assay variance 3 percent, and the inter assay variability 12 percent. Antibodies to the biguanide group were obtained by immunizing rabbits with p-carboxy-phenethyl-biguanide coupled to bovine serum albumin. The affinity of the antibodies for tyrosine, urea, guanidine, butylbiguanide, phenethyl-biguanide, and p-hydroxy-phenethyl-biguanide is shown by competitive binding studies. The recovery rate is 100 percent.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay of n-butylbiguanide in human serum]. A radioimmuno assay for butylbiguanide in human serum is described. The detection limit is 1.5 ng per assay tube, the intra assay variance 3 percent, and the inter assay variability 12 percent. Antibodies to the biguanide group were obtained by immunizing rabbits with p-carboxy-phenethyl-biguanide coupled to bovine serum albumin. The affinity of the antibodies for tyrosine, urea, guanidine, butylbiguanide, phenethyl-biguanide, and p-hydroxy-phenethyl-biguanide is shown by competitive binding studies. The recovery rate is 100 percent.", "PMID": 1174071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4451", "title": "Antiaccelerator and decelerator activity of eleven phenothiazine derivatives.", "content": "Eleven N-substituted phenothiazine derivatives were studied for their antiaccelerator and decelerator activities on the dog heart. The antiaccelerator activity was determined in heart-lung preparation in dogs. Taking into consideration the percentage inhibition of cardio-acceleration produced by continuous infusion of 3 mug/min of adrenaline, all the drugs except chlorpromazine and 10-butyl-phenothiazine in two experiments caused more than 50 percent inhibition. 10-Propylphenothiazine induced maximum inhibitory effect, i.e. 90.1 percent in a total dose of 20 mg. Two types of effects were observed upon impulse generation in the sinus node. Acceleration was produced by chlorpromazine, 10-cyclopentyl-phenothiazine, prothipendyl, and thiazinamium, which was very short-lived, whereas other drugs produced deceleration. The correlation between antiaccelerator and decelerator properties is rather a close one.", "contents": "Antiaccelerator and decelerator activity of eleven phenothiazine derivatives. Eleven N-substituted phenothiazine derivatives were studied for their antiaccelerator and decelerator activities on the dog heart. The antiaccelerator activity was determined in heart-lung preparation in dogs. Taking into consideration the percentage inhibition of cardio-acceleration produced by continuous infusion of 3 mug/min of adrenaline, all the drugs except chlorpromazine and 10-butyl-phenothiazine in two experiments caused more than 50 percent inhibition. 10-Propylphenothiazine induced maximum inhibitory effect, i.e. 90.1 percent in a total dose of 20 mg. Two types of effects were observed upon impulse generation in the sinus node. Acceleration was produced by chlorpromazine, 10-cyclopentyl-phenothiazine, prothipendyl, and thiazinamium, which was very short-lived, whereas other drugs produced deceleration. The correlation between antiaccelerator and decelerator properties is rather a close one.", "PMID": 1174072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4452", "title": "[Compative studies of effects and side effects of hydrocortisone, prednisone, triamcinoline and dexamethasone].", "content": "Based on literature reports and own experiences effects and side-effects of four different corticosteroids were compared, i.e. hydrocortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, triamcinolone, and dexamethasone. By additional graphs the following effects of the four corticosteroids were explained: inhibition of the hypophysis, ulcerogenic effect, influence on body weight, occurrence of edema, sodium retention as well as catabolic, calcipriving, diabetogenic, and psychotropic effects.", "contents": "[Compative studies of effects and side effects of hydrocortisone, prednisone, triamcinoline and dexamethasone]. Based on literature reports and own experiences effects and side-effects of four different corticosteroids were compared, i.e. hydrocortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, triamcinolone, and dexamethasone. By additional graphs the following effects of the four corticosteroids were explained: inhibition of the hypophysis, ulcerogenic effect, influence on body weight, occurrence of edema, sodium retention as well as catabolic, calcipriving, diabetogenic, and psychotropic effects.", "PMID": 1174073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4453", "title": "[Effect of some N-alkyl-N-NO-carbamyl esters on leukemia L 5222].", "content": "Contrary to N-methyl-N-NO-carbamyl esters, two N-ethyl-N-NO-urethanes have shown, at s.c. application, good chemotherapeutic effectiveness on the monocytic-myelogeneous rat leukaemia L 5222. It was possible to achieve definite healing. Single doses of N-ethyl-N-NO-n-butyl-urethane were equally effective as repeatedly applied smaller doses, the rate of curing amounting in both cases to 80 percent. N-Ethyl-N-NO-ethyl-urethane, however, can be compared to N-ethyl-N-NO-n-butyl-urethane only at repeated application. As suggested by orientative experiments, N-ethyl-N-NO-n-butyl urethane acts directly upon leukaemic cells and does not need any activation in the organism. Whether or not splitting by esterases, which are present in the cells of L 5222, should be decisive for the chemotherapeutic effectiveness of these substances can only be elucidated by further investigation. It is yet too early to form a definite opinion on the carcinogenicity of s.c. applied N-ethyl-N-NO-n-butyl-urethane.", "contents": "[Effect of some N-alkyl-N-NO-carbamyl esters on leukemia L 5222]. Contrary to N-methyl-N-NO-carbamyl esters, two N-ethyl-N-NO-urethanes have shown, at s.c. application, good chemotherapeutic effectiveness on the monocytic-myelogeneous rat leukaemia L 5222. It was possible to achieve definite healing. Single doses of N-ethyl-N-NO-n-butyl-urethane were equally effective as repeatedly applied smaller doses, the rate of curing amounting in both cases to 80 percent. N-Ethyl-N-NO-ethyl-urethane, however, can be compared to N-ethyl-N-NO-n-butyl-urethane only at repeated application. As suggested by orientative experiments, N-ethyl-N-NO-n-butyl urethane acts directly upon leukaemic cells and does not need any activation in the organism. Whether or not splitting by esterases, which are present in the cells of L 5222, should be decisive for the chemotherapeutic effectiveness of these substances can only be elucidated by further investigation. It is yet too early to form a definite opinion on the carcinogenicity of s.c. applied N-ethyl-N-NO-n-butyl-urethane.", "PMID": 1174074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4454", "title": "[Autoradiographic studies on the distribution of 14C-piracetam in rat and dog].", "content": "Autoradiographic and scintillation counting techniques were used to show that after p.o. and i.v. application of radioactivity labelled piracetam (2-oxo-pyrrolidine-1-acetamide-2-14C) the distribution patterns of this compound are similar in dog and rat. Whereas the level of the drug reaches its maximum in many organs between 30 and 120 min the uptake of piracetam-14C in the brain is somewhat retarded. On the other hand the substance seems to be present much longer in the central nervous system than in most of the other organs. As shown by autoradiographic analysis of brain slices of the dog piracetam-14C is preferably concentrated in the grey matter of the cerebrum and cerebellum, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, lateral geniculate body and chorioide plexus. On the other hand the content in the white matter is low. The heuristic conclusions of this characteristic pattern of distribution of piracetam-14C in the central nervous system are discussed.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic studies on the distribution of 14C-piracetam in rat and dog]. Autoradiographic and scintillation counting techniques were used to show that after p.o. and i.v. application of radioactivity labelled piracetam (2-oxo-pyrrolidine-1-acetamide-2-14C) the distribution patterns of this compound are similar in dog and rat. Whereas the level of the drug reaches its maximum in many organs between 30 and 120 min the uptake of piracetam-14C in the brain is somewhat retarded. On the other hand the substance seems to be present much longer in the central nervous system than in most of the other organs. As shown by autoradiographic analysis of brain slices of the dog piracetam-14C is preferably concentrated in the grey matter of the cerebrum and cerebellum, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, lateral geniculate body and chorioide plexus. On the other hand the content in the white matter is low. The heuristic conclusions of this characteristic pattern of distribution of piracetam-14C in the central nervous system are discussed.", "PMID": 1174075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4455", "title": "[Bromhexine residues in calves, pigs, and in the milk of cows].", "content": "After several oral applications of N-cyclohexyl-N-methyl-(2-amino-3,5-dibromobenzyl)-aminehydrochloride (bromhexine, Bisolvon-R) to various calves and pigs the residue behaviour was examined. In animals slaughtered immediately after the final application significant amounts of Bisolvon were found. The substance showed a greater affinity to liver and fat tissue whilst, in general, in the muscle tissue, the lungs and kidneys only very small amounts were traceable. In the liver and lungs 3 different metabolites appeared in small quantities. They were partly in conjugated and partly in free form. Within 2 days the amounts greatly decreased and after 7 days at the latest, no residues were traceable; only in the fat of both animal species and in the kidneys of the calves were small quantities of Bisolvon still to be found. Excretion by the milk following oral and parenteral application was also studied. Only traces of Bisolvon were found, which rapidly decreased. Results of the studies show that, neither at a later date of slaughtering nor immediately after the final application, the residues in the animal tissues and in the milk examined present a danger to the health of the human consumer.", "contents": "[Bromhexine residues in calves, pigs, and in the milk of cows]. After several oral applications of N-cyclohexyl-N-methyl-(2-amino-3,5-dibromobenzyl)-aminehydrochloride (bromhexine, Bisolvon-R) to various calves and pigs the residue behaviour was examined. In animals slaughtered immediately after the final application significant amounts of Bisolvon were found. The substance showed a greater affinity to liver and fat tissue whilst, in general, in the muscle tissue, the lungs and kidneys only very small amounts were traceable. In the liver and lungs 3 different metabolites appeared in small quantities. They were partly in conjugated and partly in free form. Within 2 days the amounts greatly decreased and after 7 days at the latest, no residues were traceable; only in the fat of both animal species and in the kidneys of the calves were small quantities of Bisolvon still to be found. Excretion by the milk following oral and parenteral application was also studied. Only traces of Bisolvon were found, which rapidly decreased. Results of the studies show that, neither at a later date of slaughtering nor immediately after the final application, the residues in the animal tissues and in the milk examined present a danger to the health of the human consumer.", "PMID": 1174076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4456", "title": "[Serotonin effect on the fetus and the feto-maternal relationship in the rat].", "content": "1. Treatment with serotonin of pregnant rats does not lead to congenital malformations of the fetus. The substance, however, owns a remarkable lethal effect. With increasing differentiation during day 8-11 of pregnancy, the rate of resorptions grows, beginning with umbilication, death of the fetus occurs generally. 2. 6, 12 and 24 h after application of serotonin on the 15th or 18th day of pregnancy, the placenta is examined. The results support the presumption that death of the fetus after treatment with serotonin refers to a contraction of the umbilical cord. The resulting hyperemia in the placenta can be followed up macroscopically as well as histologically, likewise the rapid beginning of cell death. 3. The very quick proceeding of the necrotic process in brain and liver of the fetus, 15 or 18 days old, is described 6, 12 and 24 h after s.c. serotonin injection. An essentially slower proceeding of destruction is characteristical for cyclophosphamide. 4. Simultaneous treatment of pregnant rats with serotonin and procarbazine or iproniazide, respectively, in small doses intensifies the effect of serotonin. But, vice versa, an intensification of the teratogenical effect of small doses of hydrazine cannot be seen.", "contents": "[Serotonin effect on the fetus and the feto-maternal relationship in the rat]. 1. Treatment with serotonin of pregnant rats does not lead to congenital malformations of the fetus. The substance, however, owns a remarkable lethal effect. With increasing differentiation during day 8-11 of pregnancy, the rate of resorptions grows, beginning with umbilication, death of the fetus occurs generally. 2. 6, 12 and 24 h after application of serotonin on the 15th or 18th day of pregnancy, the placenta is examined. The results support the presumption that death of the fetus after treatment with serotonin refers to a contraction of the umbilical cord. The resulting hyperemia in the placenta can be followed up macroscopically as well as histologically, likewise the rapid beginning of cell death. 3. The very quick proceeding of the necrotic process in brain and liver of the fetus, 15 or 18 days old, is described 6, 12 and 24 h after s.c. serotonin injection. An essentially slower proceeding of destruction is characteristical for cyclophosphamide. 4. Simultaneous treatment of pregnant rats with serotonin and procarbazine or iproniazide, respectively, in small doses intensifies the effect of serotonin. But, vice versa, an intensification of the teratogenical effect of small doses of hydrazine cannot be seen.", "PMID": 1174077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4457", "title": "Pharmacological studies of 3-[bis(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-amino]-propan-1-ol hydrochloride, (PF-244), a new cerebral vasodilator.", "content": "Pharmacological effects of 3-[bis(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-amino]-propan-1-ol-hydrochloride (PF-244) mainly on cerebral and cardiovascular systems, were studied. PF-244 indicated a potent cerebral vasodilation effect and a marked increase in oxygen supply to cerebral tissue with only weak inotropic action and depressor effect. This cerebral vasodilation was more potent and specific than that of papaverine hydrochloride in regional cerebral flow. PF-244 also indicated an antibarium action, although it did not show the properties related to the cholinergic and/or adrenergic mechanism. PF-244 appears to be one of the potent cerebral vascular dilators, and the nature of its mechanism was discussed.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies of 3-[bis(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-amino]-propan-1-ol hydrochloride, (PF-244), a new cerebral vasodilator. Pharmacological effects of 3-[bis(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-amino]-propan-1-ol-hydrochloride (PF-244) mainly on cerebral and cardiovascular systems, were studied. PF-244 indicated a potent cerebral vasodilation effect and a marked increase in oxygen supply to cerebral tissue with only weak inotropic action and depressor effect. This cerebral vasodilation was more potent and specific than that of papaverine hydrochloride in regional cerebral flow. PF-244 also indicated an antibarium action, although it did not show the properties related to the cholinergic and/or adrenergic mechanism. PF-244 appears to be one of the potent cerebral vascular dilators, and the nature of its mechanism was discussed.", "PMID": 1174078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4458", "title": "[Occasional temperature rises following streptokinase infusions. Animal experiment findings].", "content": "The mechanism of the rises in temperature which have been observed in the clinic during long-term infusions with streptokinase (SK, Streptase-R) was clarified in animal experiments. After pyrogenic substances had been excluded as the possible cause of this side-effect and no rises in temperature in normal rabbits during SK infusions had been observed, this effect was imitated in animals immunised with SK. A clear fever reaction could be induced. Control experiments with rabbits which had been sensitised with human albumin, confirmed the hypothesis that the rise in body temperature is caused by anaphylactic fever. Neutralisation of the SK antibodies prevents the rise in temperature. Injecting high-titre gamma-globulin solution from animals immunised with SK, cannot suppress the fever reaction; this also applies to antihistamine (pheniramine-p-aminosalicylate) and hydrocortisone acetate therapy. During the lysis of thrombi induced by thrombin in the ear veins of rabbits, a rise in body temperature is obtained during the SK infusion and during treatment with a thrombolytic gel. Untreated control animals also showed the same rise in temperature during thrombolysis. The possibility that the fever reaction is set off by components of the dissolving thrombus is also discussed.", "contents": "[Occasional temperature rises following streptokinase infusions. Animal experiment findings]. The mechanism of the rises in temperature which have been observed in the clinic during long-term infusions with streptokinase (SK, Streptase-R) was clarified in animal experiments. After pyrogenic substances had been excluded as the possible cause of this side-effect and no rises in temperature in normal rabbits during SK infusions had been observed, this effect was imitated in animals immunised with SK. A clear fever reaction could be induced. Control experiments with rabbits which had been sensitised with human albumin, confirmed the hypothesis that the rise in body temperature is caused by anaphylactic fever. Neutralisation of the SK antibodies prevents the rise in temperature. Injecting high-titre gamma-globulin solution from animals immunised with SK, cannot suppress the fever reaction; this also applies to antihistamine (pheniramine-p-aminosalicylate) and hydrocortisone acetate therapy. During the lysis of thrombi induced by thrombin in the ear veins of rabbits, a rise in body temperature is obtained during the SK infusion and during treatment with a thrombolytic gel. Untreated control animals also showed the same rise in temperature during thrombolysis. The possibility that the fever reaction is set off by components of the dissolving thrombus is also discussed.", "PMID": 1174079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4459", "title": "[Teratogenic effect of busulfan on testis cells of the rat (postnatal development)].", "content": "10-mg/kg of 1,4-bis-(methanesulfonyloxy)-butane (busulfan) are administered on various days of gestation to Wistar rats. The testes of the male pubs of these litters are examined histologically. Depending on the time of application of busulfan the cells of spermiogenesis are dimished and the meiosis is delayed. The Leydig cells are unchanged. In a second experiment, the weight of the seminal vesicles, LH and FSH in the serum show no differences versus the control group.", "contents": "[Teratogenic effect of busulfan on testis cells of the rat (postnatal development)]. 10-mg/kg of 1,4-bis-(methanesulfonyloxy)-butane (busulfan) are administered on various days of gestation to Wistar rats. The testes of the male pubs of these litters are examined histologically. Depending on the time of application of busulfan the cells of spermiogenesis are dimished and the meiosis is delayed. The Leydig cells are unchanged. In a second experiment, the weight of the seminal vesicles, LH and FSH in the serum show no differences versus the control group.", "PMID": 1174080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4460", "title": "[Results of some clinical-pharmacological studies on ambroxol (NA 872)].", "content": "In the beginning objects and problems of clinical pharmacology were outlined. Results from experimental studies in animals with the metabolite VIII of bromhexine (N-[trans-4-hydroxy-cyclohexyl]=[2-amino-3,5-dibromo-benzyl]-amine, Ambroxol (NA 842)) are described in order to contribute to the understanding of this substance's mode of action. Hence NA 872 is an expectorant which fully meets all requirements expected from this category of druggs -- increase in sputum amount, easement in breathing, reducing the viscosity, and depression of coughing. The dose-effect rate of the substance was tested in 54 adults and 32 children. The average dose of 45.0 mg/kg for adults was determined as sufficient for the majority of patients. In the following test in 124 patients on dose tolerance and efficacy, the substance proved to be tolerated extremely well, to cause no adverse side effects while achieving good effects particularly with regard to improvement of expectoration. There was no casual relationship between some occurring changes in laboratory data and the application of the substance.", "contents": "[Results of some clinical-pharmacological studies on ambroxol (NA 872)]. In the beginning objects and problems of clinical pharmacology were outlined. Results from experimental studies in animals with the metabolite VIII of bromhexine (N-[trans-4-hydroxy-cyclohexyl]=[2-amino-3,5-dibromo-benzyl]-amine, Ambroxol (NA 842)) are described in order to contribute to the understanding of this substance's mode of action. Hence NA 872 is an expectorant which fully meets all requirements expected from this category of druggs -- increase in sputum amount, easement in breathing, reducing the viscosity, and depression of coughing. The dose-effect rate of the substance was tested in 54 adults and 32 children. The average dose of 45.0 mg/kg for adults was determined as sufficient for the majority of patients. In the following test in 124 patients on dose tolerance and efficacy, the substance proved to be tolerated extremely well, to cause no adverse side effects while achieving good effects particularly with regard to improvement of expectoration. There was no casual relationship between some occurring changes in laboratory data and the application of the substance.", "PMID": 1174081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4461", "title": "[Effect of papaverine hydrochloride on brain circulation. Studies using a scintillation camera computer system].", "content": "The effect of papaverihnydrochlorid (Panergon-R) on the cerebral circulation time was studied in 20 sclerotic patients by means of radionuclide circulography as established by a scintillation camera-computer system. After a 28-days period of treatment a mean effective change of circulation time of minus 10.6 +/- 4.8 percent was to be observed. This change was statistically significant.", "contents": "[Effect of papaverine hydrochloride on brain circulation. Studies using a scintillation camera computer system]. The effect of papaverihnydrochlorid (Panergon-R) on the cerebral circulation time was studied in 20 sclerotic patients by means of radionuclide circulography as established by a scintillation camera-computer system. After a 28-days period of treatment a mean effective change of circulation time of minus 10.6 +/- 4.8 percent was to be observed. This change was statistically significant.", "PMID": 1174082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4462", "title": "[Blood, urine and bile levels of ampicillin during continuous intravenous infusion].", "content": "During and after continuous i.v. infusion of 0.25 g ampicillin (Binotal-R) per hour, serum and urine concentrations were determined in 6 healthy adults (volunteers) and in 12 geriatric patients with normal liver and kidney function. In old persons serum levels were higher and after the end of infusion decreased more slowly than in young adults. These data may be explained by a lower capillary permeability and renal clearance in older people. In patients with T-tube drainage after cholecystectomy, bile levels of ampicillin (during i.v. continuous infusion of 0.25 g/h) were equal to double those in serum. Recovery from the file was calculated as 0.1-0.2 percent.", "contents": "[Blood, urine and bile levels of ampicillin during continuous intravenous infusion]. During and after continuous i.v. infusion of 0.25 g ampicillin (Binotal-R) per hour, serum and urine concentrations were determined in 6 healthy adults (volunteers) and in 12 geriatric patients with normal liver and kidney function. In old persons serum levels were higher and after the end of infusion decreased more slowly than in young adults. These data may be explained by a lower capillary permeability and renal clearance in older people. In patients with T-tube drainage after cholecystectomy, bile levels of ampicillin (during i.v. continuous infusion of 0.25 g/h) were equal to double those in serum. Recovery from the file was calculated as 0.1-0.2 percent.", "PMID": 1174083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4463", "title": "[Comparison of pharmacokinetics of the combination trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in patients with liver diseases and healthy persons].", "content": "Pharmacokinetic characteristics of the antibacterial combination sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) plus trimethoprim (TMP) have been compared, following a single oral dose of 800 mg SMZ plus 160 mg TMP, between 3 groups of adult humans: A = 13 healthy persons, B = 4 patients with minor hepatic injury and C = 7 patients with severe, decompensated liver damage. The following data were determined: 1. the time tmax; 2. the maximum concentrations (cmax) of the two drugs reached in the plasma; 3. the half-life t1/2 of their elimination from the plasma; 4. their apparent distribution volume indicated in percent of body weight; 5. the share of metabolized SMZ in percent of total sulfonamide; 6. the concentration ratio of active SMZ to TMP, both total and unbound to plasma proteins; 7. the cumulative renal excretion of total sulfonamide and of non-metabolized TMP. Only the following differences between groups were observed: 1. The maximum plasma level of active SMZ as well as TMP was lower by an average factor of 1.5 to 2.0 in the two groups B and C as compared to group A. An analogous but diminishing difference lasted for the active SMZ up to the 24th, for TMP up to the 12th hour following medication. An influence of the liver disease on the absorption rate via alteration of the biliary conditions is envisaged as a possible explanation. 2. The elimination half-life of TMP, although lying in most of the liver patients within the range of healthy persons, was lengthened up to twice normal in some of the patients with severe liver damage. Such unusually long half-lives for TMP, however, are considered to be in the range of an individual peculiarity. 3. The renal excretion of TMP occurred in the liver-diseased patients on the average more slowly during the first 24 h and its cumulative value reached at the end of the 72 h observation time was somewhat lower than in the healthy persons. In group C at least this may be in connection with a concomitant reduction of the kidney function. None of the features indicated are considered to be of essential clinical importance, such as to discourage the use of the combination in cases of liver disease.", "contents": "[Comparison of pharmacokinetics of the combination trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in patients with liver diseases and healthy persons]. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of the antibacterial combination sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) plus trimethoprim (TMP) have been compared, following a single oral dose of 800 mg SMZ plus 160 mg TMP, between 3 groups of adult humans: A = 13 healthy persons, B = 4 patients with minor hepatic injury and C = 7 patients with severe, decompensated liver damage. The following data were determined: 1. the time tmax; 2. the maximum concentrations (cmax) of the two drugs reached in the plasma; 3. the half-life t1/2 of their elimination from the plasma; 4. their apparent distribution volume indicated in percent of body weight; 5. the share of metabolized SMZ in percent of total sulfonamide; 6. the concentration ratio of active SMZ to TMP, both total and unbound to plasma proteins; 7. the cumulative renal excretion of total sulfonamide and of non-metabolized TMP. Only the following differences between groups were observed: 1. The maximum plasma level of active SMZ as well as TMP was lower by an average factor of 1.5 to 2.0 in the two groups B and C as compared to group A. An analogous but diminishing difference lasted for the active SMZ up to the 24th, for TMP up to the 12th hour following medication. An influence of the liver disease on the absorption rate via alteration of the biliary conditions is envisaged as a possible explanation. 2. The elimination half-life of TMP, although lying in most of the liver patients within the range of healthy persons, was lengthened up to twice normal in some of the patients with severe liver damage. Such unusually long half-lives for TMP, however, are considered to be in the range of an individual peculiarity. 3. The renal excretion of TMP occurred in the liver-diseased patients on the average more slowly during the first 24 h and its cumulative value reached at the end of the 72 h observation time was somewhat lower than in the healthy persons. In group C at least this may be in connection with a concomitant reduction of the kidney function. None of the features indicated are considered to be of essential clinical importance, such as to discourage the use of the combination in cases of liver disease.", "PMID": 1174084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4464", "title": "[Dose-response relationship of bumetanide in healthy subjects].", "content": "A diuretic effect is demonstrated following oral administration of 0.25 mg 3-n-butylamino-4-phenoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid (bumetanide, Burinex-R), the maximum response apparently not being reached by a dose of 0.5 mg. Within this range the dose-response curve is steep and approximately linear. The pattern of urinary volume and electrolyte excretion bears close resemblance to the \"high-ceiling\" diuretics known so far. Bumetanide differs from them by a markedly increased potency compared on the basis of molar dosage.", "contents": "[Dose-response relationship of bumetanide in healthy subjects]. A diuretic effect is demonstrated following oral administration of 0.25 mg 3-n-butylamino-4-phenoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid (bumetanide, Burinex-R), the maximum response apparently not being reached by a dose of 0.5 mg. Within this range the dose-response curve is steep and approximately linear. The pattern of urinary volume and electrolyte excretion bears close resemblance to the \"high-ceiling\" diuretics known so far. Bumetanide differs from them by a markedly increased potency compared on the basis of molar dosage.", "PMID": 1174085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4465", "title": "[Proinsulin and insulin secretion in obese females before and after administration of metformin].", "content": "In 49 normal and overweighty women the basal and reactive proinsulin and insulin level as well as serum cholesterol and triglycerides were determined before and after the application of N,N-dimethylbiguanide-hydrochloride (metformin, Glucophage retard-R). The proinsulin fraction of the basal total insulin is 70 percent in normal women. With increasing overweight the percentage of proinsulin decreases in favor of insulin. Stimulation with 100 g oral glucose, in analogy to the total insulin, significantly increased proinsulin levels, remaining, however, below the insulin levels. Accordingly the increased secretion of total insulin  in overweighty persons consists mostly of insulin and to a lesser degree of proinsulin. Additionally there exists a significant correlation between the triglycerides and the degree of overweight. After 4 weeks application of 1.7 g metformin daily the weight reduction reached on an average 1.4 kg, after 16 weeks 5.2 kg. In relation to the weight reduction lower proinsulin and insulin levels were noticed before and after stimulation with glucose. Even those test persons who did not lose weight under metformin showed lower proinsulin and insulin levels. It might be that metformin leads to a slow-down in glucose absorption and as a consequence to a decrease of insulin secretion. Lower triglyceride values after treatment with metformin not only were a sign of weight reduction: biguanides also influence the fat metabolism independently of the carbohydrate metabolism. Additional to the reduction diet the treatment with metformin seems to be very appropriate for overweighty patients with hyperinsulinism and hypertriglyceridemia.", "contents": "[Proinsulin and insulin secretion in obese females before and after administration of metformin]. In 49 normal and overweighty women the basal and reactive proinsulin and insulin level as well as serum cholesterol and triglycerides were determined before and after the application of N,N-dimethylbiguanide-hydrochloride (metformin, Glucophage retard-R). The proinsulin fraction of the basal total insulin is 70 percent in normal women. With increasing overweight the percentage of proinsulin decreases in favor of insulin. Stimulation with 100 g oral glucose, in analogy to the total insulin, significantly increased proinsulin levels, remaining, however, below the insulin levels. Accordingly the increased secretion of total insulin  in overweighty persons consists mostly of insulin and to a lesser degree of proinsulin. Additionally there exists a significant correlation between the triglycerides and the degree of overweight. After 4 weeks application of 1.7 g metformin daily the weight reduction reached on an average 1.4 kg, after 16 weeks 5.2 kg. In relation to the weight reduction lower proinsulin and insulin levels were noticed before and after stimulation with glucose. Even those test persons who did not lose weight under metformin showed lower proinsulin and insulin levels. It might be that metformin leads to a slow-down in glucose absorption and as a consequence to a decrease of insulin secretion. Lower triglyceride values after treatment with metformin not only were a sign of weight reduction: biguanides also influence the fat metabolism independently of the carbohydrate metabolism. Additional to the reduction diet the treatment with metformin seems to be very appropriate for overweighty patients with hyperinsulinism and hypertriglyceridemia.", "PMID": 1174086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4466", "title": "[Experimental exophthalmos. Preliminary communication].", "content": "Pyrogallol and N1-(d,1-seryl)-N2-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-benzyl)-hydrazine (RO-4-4602), two inhibitors of catechol-O-methyl-transferase, produce exophthalmus in mice and rats. This exophthalmus can be suppressed by local application of guanethidine.", "contents": "[Experimental exophthalmos. Preliminary communication]. Pyrogallol and N1-(d,1-seryl)-N2-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-benzyl)-hydrazine (RO-4-4602), two inhibitors of catechol-O-methyl-transferase, produce exophthalmus in mice and rats. This exophthalmus can be suppressed by local application of guanethidine.", "PMID": 1174087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4467", "title": "[New method for intranodular administration of 2,4-dinitro-1-chlorobenzene].", "content": "2,4-Dinitro-1-chlorobenzene (DNCB) proved to be an excellent stimulator for immunotherapy of melanom. Because of its poor solubility the therapy is limited to topical application. Our investigations have shown that an aqueous, injectable solution may be obtained by using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) that permits solubilization.", "contents": "[New method for intranodular administration of 2,4-dinitro-1-chlorobenzene]. 2,4-Dinitro-1-chlorobenzene (DNCB) proved to be an excellent stimulator for immunotherapy of melanom. Because of its poor solubility the therapy is limited to topical application. Our investigations have shown that an aqueous, injectable solution may be obtained by using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) that permits solubilization.", "PMID": 1174088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4468", "title": "\"A spoonful of sugar\" - trans-alveolar nutrition.", "content": "In this initial study, it has been postulated that even the simple bronchial administration of isotonic glucose and insulin can maintain alveolar cell metabolism as measured by A.T.P. activity; further studies, using aerosolized glucose solutions, will test the validity of the hypothesis that alveolar metabolism can be maintained by the administration of substrate in aerosolized form by the alveolar route and will determine whether this form of substrate administration has clinical potential.", "contents": "\"A spoonful of sugar\" - trans-alveolar nutrition. In this initial study, it has been postulated that even the simple bronchial administration of isotonic glucose and insulin can maintain alveolar cell metabolism as measured by A.T.P. activity; further studies, using aerosolized glucose solutions, will test the validity of the hypothesis that alveolar metabolism can be maintained by the administration of substrate in aerosolized form by the alveolar route and will determine whether this form of substrate administration has clinical potential.", "PMID": 1174097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4469", "title": "The indications for equine laparotomy--an analysis of 140 cases.", "content": "The indications for laparotomy in 140 horses are analysed, with particular emphasis on the operative or autopsy findings in 82 cases of colic. In cases of exploratory laparotomy, the overall recovery rate was only 28 per cent but 48 of the 82 animals were considered to have inoperable lesions. The recovery rate and causes of death for each indication are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "The indications for equine laparotomy--an analysis of 140 cases. The indications for laparotomy in 140 horses are analysed, with particular emphasis on the operative or autopsy findings in 82 cases of colic. In cases of exploratory laparotomy, the overall recovery rate was only 28 per cent but 48 of the 82 animals were considered to have inoperable lesions. The recovery rate and causes of death for each indication are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 1174099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4470", "title": "Malabsorption in the horse associated with alimentary lymphosarcoma.", "content": "Three horses suffering from malabsorption were shown to have alimentary lymphosarcoma predominantly affecting the small intestine and the associated lymph nodes. The diffuse cellular infiltration in two of the case produced marked changes in the villous architecture reducing the available mucosal surface area, and, with lowered or barely detectable disaccharidase activities, contributed to the impairment of digestive-absorptive processes. One of the horses maintained a voracious appetite and was not diarrhoeic, but failed to gain weight, indicating differences in the production and utilisation of energy sources absorbed from the small and the large intestines. A large proportion of plasma cells in the infiltrate, and the resulting morphological changes in two of the cases bore a striking resemblance to features of alpha chain disease, an immunodeficiency disease of man, although immunological studies were not conducted on these horses.", "contents": "Malabsorption in the horse associated with alimentary lymphosarcoma. Three horses suffering from malabsorption were shown to have alimentary lymphosarcoma predominantly affecting the small intestine and the associated lymph nodes. The diffuse cellular infiltration in two of the case produced marked changes in the villous architecture reducing the available mucosal surface area, and, with lowered or barely detectable disaccharidase activities, contributed to the impairment of digestive-absorptive processes. One of the horses maintained a voracious appetite and was not diarrhoeic, but failed to gain weight, indicating differences in the production and utilisation of energy sources absorbed from the small and the large intestines. A large proportion of plasma cells in the infiltrate, and the resulting morphological changes in two of the cases bore a striking resemblance to features of alpha chain disease, an immunodeficiency disease of man, although immunological studies were not conducted on these horses.", "PMID": 1174100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4471", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of action of continuous microdose quingestanol acetate.", "content": "The contraceptive mechanism of action of quingestanol acetate administered as a minipill was investigated in five healthy, ovulating women. Each woman served as her own control and was studied during a normal menstrual cycle followed by a cycle in which she received quingestanol acetate, 300 mug/day given orally beginning on cycle day 1, for 30 days. Urinary estrone, estradiol, estriol, total estrogens, pregnanediol; serum progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone, together with cervical mucus properties (including viscosity, ferning, spinnbarkheit, cell content, pH, and proteins), sperm transport through mucus, vaginal cytology, and basal body temperature were studied serially during the control and study cycles. Endometrial biopsy specimens were obtained at the end of each cycle. The results indicated that all control cycles were ovulatory. In the treated cycles, endometrial morphology was slightly altered. There was also suppression of preovulatory follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone peaks, alteration of urinary estrogens, and a decrease in serum progesterone during the luteal phase. Cervical mucus properties and sperm penetration were inhibited to varying degress during the treatment cycle. These findings suggested that at least three different factors, i.e., alteration of ovulation, disturbances of corpus luteum function, and cervical mucus changes causing inhibition of sperm penetration, were involved in the contraceptive mechanism of microdose quingestanol acetate.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of action of continuous microdose quingestanol acetate. The contraceptive mechanism of action of quingestanol acetate administered as a minipill was investigated in five healthy, ovulating women. Each woman served as her own control and was studied during a normal menstrual cycle followed by a cycle in which she received quingestanol acetate, 300 mug/day given orally beginning on cycle day 1, for 30 days. Urinary estrone, estradiol, estriol, total estrogens, pregnanediol; serum progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone, together with cervical mucus properties (including viscosity, ferning, spinnbarkheit, cell content, pH, and proteins), sperm transport through mucus, vaginal cytology, and basal body temperature were studied serially during the control and study cycles. Endometrial biopsy specimens were obtained at the end of each cycle. The results indicated that all control cycles were ovulatory. In the treated cycles, endometrial morphology was slightly altered. There was also suppression of preovulatory follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone peaks, alteration of urinary estrogens, and a decrease in serum progesterone during the luteal phase. Cervical mucus properties and sperm penetration were inhibited to varying degress during the treatment cycle. These findings suggested that at least three different factors, i.e., alteration of ovulation, disturbances of corpus luteum function, and cervical mucus changes causing inhibition of sperm penetration, were involved in the contraceptive mechanism of microdose quingestanol acetate.", "PMID": 1174101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4472", "title": "An international perspective on strikes and strike threats by physicians: the case of Chile.", "content": "The program for health services developed by the government of Dr. Salvador Allende Gossens in Chile is outlined, as well as its early effects. A review of this development is necessary to an understanding of the systematic opposition of the organized medical profession to this program in particular, and to the broad socialist goals of the government in general. Three periods of activity by the medical profession are traced, beginning in September 1970 and culminating in September 1973 with the military coup and overthrow of the democratically elected government of Chile and the murder of its president, a physician. While the medical profession was opposed to the government program for community participation in health care and to changes in the models for delivery of care, and feared a changed status for the physician, clearly there were broader political links between the organized medical profession and the political opponents of the government which sought its overthrow.", "contents": "An international perspective on strikes and strike threats by physicians: the case of Chile. The program for health services developed by the government of Dr. Salvador Allende Gossens in Chile is outlined, as well as its early effects. A review of this development is necessary to an understanding of the systematic opposition of the organized medical profession to this program in particular, and to the broad socialist goals of the government in general. Three periods of activity by the medical profession are traced, beginning in September 1970 and culminating in September 1973 with the military coup and overthrow of the democratically elected government of Chile and the murder of its president, a physician. While the medical profession was opposed to the government program for community participation in health care and to changes in the models for delivery of care, and feared a changed status for the physician, clearly there were broader political links between the organized medical profession and the political opponents of the government which sought its overthrow.", "PMID": 1174109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4473", "title": "The nature of the neuropsychological disability in autistic children.", "content": "In previous studies the author and her associates found that the IQs of autistic children can be measured and are also predictive of the child's future functioning. Contrary to earlier opinion, autistic children were found to have subnormal intelligence and more signs of neurological dysfunction than subnormal controls. In this study test data were reviewed to see what subtests differentiated a group of 66 autistic children from a group of 29 children with subnormal intelligence. Results indicated that \"high autistic\" children were similar to subnormal children on verbal subtests. However, subnormal children were superior to autistic children in some performance areas as in ball play. Findings are interpreted to suggest that autistic children with severe visual/motor disabilities as indicated by low ball play scores may be propelled into emotional withdrawal, even though they are only moderately retarded on verbal subtests.", "contents": "The nature of the neuropsychological disability in autistic children. In previous studies the author and her associates found that the IQs of autistic children can be measured and are also predictive of the child's future functioning. Contrary to earlier opinion, autistic children were found to have subnormal intelligence and more signs of neurological dysfunction than subnormal controls. In this study test data were reviewed to see what subtests differentiated a group of 66 autistic children from a group of 29 children with subnormal intelligence. Results indicated that \"high autistic\" children were similar to subnormal children on verbal subtests. However, subnormal children were superior to autistic children in some performance areas as in ball play. Findings are interpreted to suggest that autistic children with severe visual/motor disabilities as indicated by low ball play scores may be propelled into emotional withdrawal, even though they are only moderately retarded on verbal subtests.", "PMID": 1174115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4474", "title": "Childhood psychosis. The problem of differential diagnosis.", "content": "In a study of 66 former child psychiatric patients, Form E-1 of Rimland's Diagnostic Check List (DCL) was found to be an effective instrument for differentiating autistic, other psychotic, and nonpsychotic disturbed children. Follow-up study revealed more favorable outcomes in nonpsychotic cases, with significant association between DCL scores and improvement following discharge. Scores indicative of autism on the DCL were also significantly associated with being of the Jewish faith.", "contents": "Childhood psychosis. The problem of differential diagnosis. In a study of 66 former child psychiatric patients, Form E-1 of Rimland's Diagnostic Check List (DCL) was found to be an effective instrument for differentiating autistic, other psychotic, and nonpsychotic disturbed children. Follow-up study revealed more favorable outcomes in nonpsychotic cases, with significant association between DCL scores and improvement following discharge. Scores indicative of autism on the DCL were also significantly associated with being of the Jewish faith.", "PMID": 1174116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4475", "title": "Modifying the verbal expression of a child with autistic behaviors.", "content": "The Bell and Howell Language Master was used in conjunction with the Monterey Language Program to modify the verbal expression of a nine-year-old boy with autistic behaviors. The goal was to train the child to correctly name up to 10 pictures presented individually. Two training modes were used. For one, the therapist spoke at the time (live voice). For the other, she presented a tape recording of her voice via a Language Master. The results suggested that the child's responses to the Language Master were as good as, if not better than, his responses to the live-voice presentations. In addition, observation indicated that he responded more readily to the Language Master presentations. His spontaneous speech was also noted by independent observers to improve in his classroom and in his home. Possible reasons for the improvement in verbal expression are considered.", "contents": "Modifying the verbal expression of a child with autistic behaviors. The Bell and Howell Language Master was used in conjunction with the Monterey Language Program to modify the verbal expression of a nine-year-old boy with autistic behaviors. The goal was to train the child to correctly name up to 10 pictures presented individually. Two training modes were used. For one, the therapist spoke at the time (live voice). For the other, she presented a tape recording of her voice via a Language Master. The results suggested that the child's responses to the Language Master were as good as, if not better than, his responses to the live-voice presentations. In addition, observation indicated that he responded more readily to the Language Master presentations. His spontaneous speech was also noted by independent observers to improve in his classroom and in his home. Possible reasons for the improvement in verbal expression are considered.", "PMID": 1174117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4476", "title": "Concept usage in schizophrenic children.", "content": "This study compares concept usage and categorizing behavior among schizophrenic, normal, and brain-damaged children. Two sets of tasks were administered to each subject, the child being required to match an index object with one of a group of three choice objects. On the first task, the choice objects were related to the index object by class, function, or stimulus similarity; on the second task, the two choice objects were unrelated to the index object, while the remaining choice object was related by class or function. For both tasks the subjects were asked to state which of the choice objects was related to the index object, and why. Results indicated that the schizophrenic, normal, and brain-damaged children showed a significant improvement with increased age in utilizing class or function concepts. However, the schizophrenics, unlike the normal and brain-damaged children, did not benefit consistently from a reduction in stimulus competition. Within the schizophrenics, grouping by IQ revealed a dichotomous type of concept usage. Low IQ patients performed like the brain-damaged group; high IQ children failed to benefit from reduction in stimulus competition and produced more bizarre and irrelevant responses.", "contents": "Concept usage in schizophrenic children. This study compares concept usage and categorizing behavior among schizophrenic, normal, and brain-damaged children. Two sets of tasks were administered to each subject, the child being required to match an index object with one of a group of three choice objects. On the first task, the choice objects were related to the index object by class, function, or stimulus similarity; on the second task, the two choice objects were unrelated to the index object, while the remaining choice object was related by class or function. For both tasks the subjects were asked to state which of the choice objects was related to the index object, and why. Results indicated that the schizophrenic, normal, and brain-damaged children showed a significant improvement with increased age in utilizing class or function concepts. However, the schizophrenics, unlike the normal and brain-damaged children, did not benefit consistently from a reduction in stimulus competition. Within the schizophrenics, grouping by IQ revealed a dichotomous type of concept usage. Low IQ patients performed like the brain-damaged group; high IQ children failed to benefit from reduction in stimulus competition and produced more bizarre and irrelevant responses.", "PMID": 1174118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4477", "title": "An operant procedure to teach an echolalic, autistic child to answer questions appropriately.", "content": "An operant conditioning procedure to teach an autistic patient with rapid immediate echolalia to answer questions correctly was devised. The procedure involved positively reinforcing the patient immediately after a correct response and preventing incorrect responses. It is simple to implement and eliminates some of the structure and constraints inherent in previously described operant methods. This allows the procedure to be administered by a variety of therapeutic personnel and parents and in a variety of living situations.", "contents": "An operant procedure to teach an echolalic, autistic child to answer questions appropriately. An operant conditioning procedure to teach an autistic patient with rapid immediate echolalia to answer questions correctly was devised. The procedure involved positively reinforcing the patient immediately after a correct response and preventing incorrect responses. It is simple to implement and eliminates some of the structure and constraints inherent in previously described operant methods. This allows the procedure to be administered by a variety of therapeutic personnel and parents and in a variety of living situations.", "PMID": 1174119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4478", "title": "Uptake and efflux of serotonin from platelets of autistic and nonautistic children.", "content": "This study examined, in vitro, the uptake and efflux of serotonin by platelets from autistic children, nonautistic hospitalized comparison cases, and normal children. The autistic patients were carefully selected according to previously established diagnostic criteria. The hospitalized comparison children were utilized to assess possible environmental and dietary influences upon the results. Uptake methods were similar to those used by previous investigators. Two efflux procedures were utilized to explore the possibility that methodological factors accounted for previously reported differences between autistic and comparison groups. The results failed to indicate statistically significant differences in uptake or efflux between the autistic and the hospitalized comparison groups or the normals. Methodologic considerations which could possibly account for the failure to confirm previous findings are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Uptake and efflux of serotonin from platelets of autistic and nonautistic children. This study examined, in vitro, the uptake and efflux of serotonin by platelets from autistic children, nonautistic hospitalized comparison cases, and normal children. The autistic patients were carefully selected according to previously established diagnostic criteria. The hospitalized comparison children were utilized to assess possible environmental and dietary influences upon the results. Uptake methods were similar to those used by previous investigators. Two efflux procedures were utilized to explore the possibility that methodological factors accounted for previously reported differences between autistic and comparison groups. The results failed to indicate statistically significant differences in uptake or efflux between the autistic and the hospitalized comparison groups or the normals. Methodologic considerations which could possibly account for the failure to confirm previous findings are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 1174122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4479", "title": "On the organic nature of some forms of schizoid or autistic psychopathy.", "content": "Representative case histories are presented to illustrate the typical clinical features of autistic psychopathy. These patients showed several clinical features compatible with organic encephalopathy. Physical signs suggesting the presence of an underlying cerebral dysgenesis were particularly frequent. These patients superficially resembled schizophrenics but differed in their delayed and peculiar intellectual development, the response of their behavior to external stimuli, and their frequent and severe motoric defects. From these observations and a review of the pertinent literature, we conclude that the patients described in this report have an organic deficiency of brain function, determined congenitally or in the early postnatal period.", "contents": "On the organic nature of some forms of schizoid or autistic psychopathy. Representative case histories are presented to illustrate the typical clinical features of autistic psychopathy. These patients showed several clinical features compatible with organic encephalopathy. Physical signs suggesting the presence of an underlying cerebral dysgenesis were particularly frequent. These patients superficially resembled schizophrenics but differed in their delayed and peculiar intellectual development, the response of their behavior to external stimuli, and their frequent and severe motoric defects. From these observations and a review of the pertinent literature, we conclude that the patients described in this report have an organic deficiency of brain function, determined congenitally or in the early postnatal period.", "PMID": 1174123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4480", "title": "Language, communication, and the use of symbols in normal and autistic children.", "content": "The characteristics of language and other forms of communication in normal and autistic children are described. The main basis of comparison is the extent to which each group can comprehend and use spoken and nonspoken language and also develop inner language. It is suggested that the central problem in early childhood autism is an impairment of complex symbolic function affecting all forms of communication. This problem can occur on its own, but, in the majority of cases, it is associated with other impairments of the central nervous system. The relationship of early childhood autism to mental retardation and to normal intellectual function is discussed.", "contents": "Language, communication, and the use of symbols in normal and autistic children. The characteristics of language and other forms of communication in normal and autistic children are described. The main basis of comparison is the extent to which each group can comprehend and use spoken and nonspoken language and also develop inner language. It is suggested that the central problem in early childhood autism is an impairment of complex symbolic function affecting all forms of communication. This problem can occur on its own, but, in the majority of cases, it is associated with other impairments of the central nervous system. The relationship of early childhood autism to mental retardation and to normal intellectual function is discussed.", "PMID": 1174124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4481", "title": "The ecology of child treatment. A developmental/educational approach to the therapeutic milieu.", "content": "Many residential and day treatment programs for troubled children have experienced only limited success because of their inability to impact the child's total life sphere: family, peer group, school, and neighborhood. This has prompted the present move to deinstitutionalize children's mental health services--a movement which is sound in its underlying purpose, but which sometimes falls prey to the notion that merely altering the location of treatment from the ward or institution to the community setting will dramatically alter its results. It will not. This paper begins with the assumption that the focus of child treatment is as important as the locus and attempts to identify the critical elements in a therapeutic community-based program for the troubled child and his parents.", "contents": "The ecology of child treatment. A developmental/educational approach to the therapeutic milieu. Many residential and day treatment programs for troubled children have experienced only limited success because of their inability to impact the child's total life sphere: family, peer group, school, and neighborhood. This has prompted the present move to deinstitutionalize children's mental health services--a movement which is sound in its underlying purpose, but which sometimes falls prey to the notion that merely altering the location of treatment from the ward or institution to the community setting will dramatically alter its results. It will not. This paper begins with the assumption that the focus of child treatment is as important as the locus and attempts to identify the critical elements in a therapeutic community-based program for the troubled child and his parents.", "PMID": 1174125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4482", "title": "Changing diagnosis of childhood psychosis.", "content": "The case findings of thirty-three children given a diagnosis of psychosis during hospitalization in the '50s and '60s were reviewed and rediagnosed in 1973. Childhood schizophrenia was the original diagnosis in 58% of the cases but was the rediagnosis in only 18% of those same cases. Chronic brain syndrome with various reactions (psychotic reaction, nonpsychotic behavioral reaction, and mental retardation and autism) was the diagnosis in 27% of the cases, originally, but was given to 67% of the cases on rediagnosis. One-third of the children originally diagnosed as psychotic were rediagnosed as nonpsychotic. Approximately two-thirds of the children were nonpsychotic according to the DeMyer-Churchill guidelines.", "contents": "Changing diagnosis of childhood psychosis. The case findings of thirty-three children given a diagnosis of psychosis during hospitalization in the '50s and '60s were reviewed and rediagnosed in 1973. Childhood schizophrenia was the original diagnosis in 58% of the cases but was the rediagnosis in only 18% of those same cases. Chronic brain syndrome with various reactions (psychotic reaction, nonpsychotic behavioral reaction, and mental retardation and autism) was the diagnosis in 27% of the cases, originally, but was given to 67% of the cases on rediagnosis. One-third of the children originally diagnosed as psychotic were rediagnosed as nonpsychotic. Approximately two-thirds of the children were nonpsychotic according to the DeMyer-Churchill guidelines.", "PMID": 1174126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4483", "title": "Diagnosis of internal derangements of the knee. The role of arthroscopy.", "content": "In a prospective study of 100 patients with internal derangement of the knee, clinical diagnosis, arthrography, arthroscopy, and arthrotomy findings were compared. The clinical diagnosis was correct in seventy-two patients, correct but incomplete in ten, and incorrect in eighteen. Arthroscopy was accurate in ninety-four, influenced surgical therapy in fifty-five, and revealed unexpected disease in twenty-five patients. It was found to be critical for diagnosis in sixteen patients. Twenty-three additional patients were analyzed who underwent arthroscopy but not arthrotomy. Unnecessary operations were avoided in twenty-one of these twenty-three patients.", "contents": "Diagnosis of internal derangements of the knee. The role of arthroscopy. In a prospective study of 100 patients with internal derangement of the knee, clinical diagnosis, arthrography, arthroscopy, and arthrotomy findings were compared. The clinical diagnosis was correct in seventy-two patients, correct but incomplete in ten, and incorrect in eighteen. Arthroscopy was accurate in ninety-four, influenced surgical therapy in fifty-five, and revealed unexpected disease in twenty-five patients. It was found to be critical for diagnosis in sixteen patients. Twenty-three additional patients were analyzed who underwent arthroscopy but not arthrotomy. Unnecessary operations were avoided in twenty-one of these twenty-three patients.", "PMID": 1174129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4484", "title": "Interaction of phospholipid vesicles with cells.  Endocytosis and fusion as alternate mechanisms for the uptake of lipid-soluble and water-soluble molecules.", "content": "Depending on their phospholipid composition, liposomes are endocytosed by, or fuse with, the plasma membrane, of Acanthamoeba castellanii.  Unilamellar egg lecithin vesicles are endocytosed by amoeba at 28 degrees C with equal uptake of the phospholipid bilayer and the contents of the internal aqueous space of the vesicles.  Uptake is inhibited almost completely by incubation at 4 degrees C or in the presence of dinitrophenol.  After uptake at 28 degrees C, the vesicle phospholipid can be visualized by electron microscope autoradiography within cytoplasmic vacuoles.  In contrast, uptake of unilamellar dipalmitoyl lecithin vesicles and multilamellar dipalmitoyl lecithin liposomes is only partially inhibited at 4 degrees C, by dinitrophenol and by prior fixation of the amoebae with glutaraldehyde, each of which inhibits pinocytosis.  Vesicle contents are taken up only about 40% as well as the phospholipid bilayer.  Electron micrographs are compatible with the interpretation that dipalmitoyl lecithin vesicles fuse with the amoeba plasma membrane, adding their phospholipid to the cell surface, while their contents enter the cell cytoplasm.  Dimyristoyl lecithin vesicles behave like egg lecithin vesicles while distearoyl lecithin vesicles behave like dipalmitoyl lecithin vesicles.", "contents": "Interaction of phospholipid vesicles with cells.  Endocytosis and fusion as alternate mechanisms for the uptake of lipid-soluble and water-soluble molecules. Depending on their phospholipid composition, liposomes are endocytosed by, or fuse with, the plasma membrane, of Acanthamoeba castellanii.  Unilamellar egg lecithin vesicles are endocytosed by amoeba at 28 degrees C with equal uptake of the phospholipid bilayer and the contents of the internal aqueous space of the vesicles.  Uptake is inhibited almost completely by incubation at 4 degrees C or in the presence of dinitrophenol.  After uptake at 28 degrees C, the vesicle phospholipid can be visualized by electron microscope autoradiography within cytoplasmic vacuoles.  In contrast, uptake of unilamellar dipalmitoyl lecithin vesicles and multilamellar dipalmitoyl lecithin liposomes is only partially inhibited at 4 degrees C, by dinitrophenol and by prior fixation of the amoebae with glutaraldehyde, each of which inhibits pinocytosis.  Vesicle contents are taken up only about 40% as well as the phospholipid bilayer.  Electron micrographs are compatible with the interpretation that dipalmitoyl lecithin vesicles fuse with the amoeba plasma membrane, adding their phospholipid to the cell surface, while their contents enter the cell cytoplasm.  Dimyristoyl lecithin vesicles behave like egg lecithin vesicles while distearoyl lecithin vesicles behave like dipalmitoyl lecithin vesicles.", "PMID": 1174130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4485", "title": "Acute effects of corticosteroids on thyroid activity in Graves' disease.", "content": "We studied the effects of administration of dexamethasone, 2 mg orally every 6 hr for 4 doses, on circulating thyroid hormone levels in hyperthyroid Graves' disease patients and in normal subjects. Serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroglobulin (Tg) fell significantly below baseline values within 24 to 48 h after the first dose of dexamethasone in hyperthyroid patients; the values returned to or toward baseline levels in the subsequent 5 to 6 days. Serum T3 fell transiently in normals but to a much smaller degree than in hyperthyroid patients; T4 and Tg showed no significant change. Dexamethasone had ni inhibitory effect on the thyroid response to exogenous TSH in the hyperthyroid patients. Studies in vitro demonstrated lack of any appreciable effect by dexamethasone or hydrocortisone on stimulation of human thyroid adenyl cyclase by TSH or immunoglobulin G(IgG) from patient with Graves' disease. The fall in serum T3 without a change in serum T4 in normals suggested an effect of dexamethasone on peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. However, the markedly greater, more persistent drop in T3 in the hyperthyroid patients, as well as the associated drop in T4 and Tg, suggested an additional effect of dexamethasone administration on thyroid secretion in these patients. Preservation of thyroidal response to TSH during dexamethasone administration both in vivo and in vitro indicated that dexamethasone had not impaired thyroidal cellular processes per se. The data were consistent with an effect of dexamethasone on thyroid stimulator. The putative stimulator does not appear to be normal pituitary thyrotropin (TSH), since TSH was not detected in serum of anyof the patients studied. Additionally, the changes observed were too rapid to be explained by a steroid-induced fall in the level of a circulating IgG thyroid stimulator. The data are consistent with the possibility that there may be a non-TSH non-IgG thyroid stimulator in Graves' disease.", "contents": "Acute effects of corticosteroids on thyroid activity in Graves' disease. We studied the effects of administration of dexamethasone, 2 mg orally every 6 hr for 4 doses, on circulating thyroid hormone levels in hyperthyroid Graves' disease patients and in normal subjects. Serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroglobulin (Tg) fell significantly below baseline values within 24 to 48 h after the first dose of dexamethasone in hyperthyroid patients; the values returned to or toward baseline levels in the subsequent 5 to 6 days. Serum T3 fell transiently in normals but to a much smaller degree than in hyperthyroid patients; T4 and Tg showed no significant change. Dexamethasone had ni inhibitory effect on the thyroid response to exogenous TSH in the hyperthyroid patients. Studies in vitro demonstrated lack of any appreciable effect by dexamethasone or hydrocortisone on stimulation of human thyroid adenyl cyclase by TSH or immunoglobulin G(IgG) from patient with Graves' disease. The fall in serum T3 without a change in serum T4 in normals suggested an effect of dexamethasone on peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. However, the markedly greater, more persistent drop in T3 in the hyperthyroid patients, as well as the associated drop in T4 and Tg, suggested an additional effect of dexamethasone administration on thyroid secretion in these patients. Preservation of thyroidal response to TSH during dexamethasone administration both in vivo and in vitro indicated that dexamethasone had not impaired thyroidal cellular processes per se. The data were consistent with an effect of dexamethasone on thyroid stimulator. The putative stimulator does not appear to be normal pituitary thyrotropin (TSH), since TSH was not detected in serum of anyof the patients studied. Additionally, the changes observed were too rapid to be explained by a steroid-induced fall in the level of a circulating IgG thyroid stimulator. The data are consistent with the possibility that there may be a non-TSH non-IgG thyroid stimulator in Graves' disease.", "PMID": 1174132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4486", "title": "Iodoamino acid content and distribution in normal and abnormal human thyroids.", "content": "Iodoamino acid content and distribution were measured in adenomas, nodular goiters, thyroiditis and carcinomas and compared to thyroids from patients who died suddenly and normal thyroid tissues originally adjacent to diseased tissue. Tissues were hydrolyzed with Pronase, derivatized and analyzed by gas chromatography as had previously been reported for rat thyroids. Considerable overlap in values was found among adenomas, nodular goiters and papillary and follicular carcinomas as compared to values in normal thyroid tissue, but low values were also found in several diseased tissues. MIT/DIT and T3/T4 ratios were essentially constant in most tissues, even when T4 values were low. MIT/DIT ratios were, however, high and iodothyronines undetectable in all Hurthle cell neoplasms, clearly differentiating them from other thyroid conditions.", "contents": "Iodoamino acid content and distribution in normal and abnormal human thyroids. Iodoamino acid content and distribution were measured in adenomas, nodular goiters, thyroiditis and carcinomas and compared to thyroids from patients who died suddenly and normal thyroid tissues originally adjacent to diseased tissue. Tissues were hydrolyzed with Pronase, derivatized and analyzed by gas chromatography as had previously been reported for rat thyroids. Considerable overlap in values was found among adenomas, nodular goiters and papillary and follicular carcinomas as compared to values in normal thyroid tissue, but low values were also found in several diseased tissues. MIT/DIT and T3/T4 ratios were essentially constant in most tissues, even when T4 values were low. MIT/DIT ratios were, however, high and iodothyronines undetectable in all Hurthle cell neoplasms, clearly differentiating them from other thyroid conditions.", "PMID": 1174133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4487", "title": "Endotoxin as a cause of aseptic meningitis after radionuclide cisternography.", "content": "The role of pyrogens in aseptic meningitis after radionuclide cisternography was studied by means of the Limulus test, a sensitive detector of endotoxin. During a 15-month period, 39 reactions associated with cisternography were reported. Ten samples of specific lots of the radioactive drugs implicated in 20 of these reactions were tested and all reacted strongly positive to the Limulus test. The less sensitive rabbit pyrogen test was negative for these preparations when tested on a dose-per-weight basis. Our findings apparently provide clinical evidence for the observation made in animals that endotoxin is at least 1,000 times more toxic intrathecally than intravenously. The data implicate endotoxin contamination as a cause of adverse reactions to radionuclide cisternography. We conclude that the USP pyrogen test is insufficiently sensitive for intrathecal injectables and should be supplemented by the Limulus test.", "contents": "Endotoxin as a cause of aseptic meningitis after radionuclide cisternography. The role of pyrogens in aseptic meningitis after radionuclide cisternography was studied by means of the Limulus test, a sensitive detector of endotoxin. During a 15-month period, 39 reactions associated with cisternography were reported. Ten samples of specific lots of the radioactive drugs implicated in 20 of these reactions were tested and all reacted strongly positive to the Limulus test. The less sensitive rabbit pyrogen test was negative for these preparations when tested on a dose-per-weight basis. Our findings apparently provide clinical evidence for the observation made in animals that endotoxin is at least 1,000 times more toxic intrathecally than intravenously. The data implicate endotoxin contamination as a cause of adverse reactions to radionuclide cisternography. We conclude that the USP pyrogen test is insufficiently sensitive for intrathecal injectables and should be supplemented by the Limulus test.", "PMID": 1174137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4488", "title": "Necrotizing enterocolitis in low-birth-weight infants fed an elemental formula.", "content": "The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in the newborn infant has increased within the same time period that increasing emphasis has been placed on oral alimentation of very small infants. A prospective investigation was conducted to determine the nutritional efficacy as well as the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis of a standard cow milk formula compared with an elemental formula. Sixteen infants who weighed less than 1,200 gm were randomized and fed one of the two formulas. The clinical status of the two groups was similar. Seven of eight (87.5%) infants fed the elemental formula and two of eitht (25%) fed the standard cow milk formula developed necrotizing enterocolitis (p less than 0.02). The hypertonicity of the elemental diet may have contributed to the increased incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in infants fed this formula.", "contents": "Necrotizing enterocolitis in low-birth-weight infants fed an elemental formula. The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in the newborn infant has increased within the same time period that increasing emphasis has been placed on oral alimentation of very small infants. A prospective investigation was conducted to determine the nutritional efficacy as well as the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis of a standard cow milk formula compared with an elemental formula. Sixteen infants who weighed less than 1,200 gm were randomized and fed one of the two formulas. The clinical status of the two groups was similar. Seven of eight (87.5%) infants fed the elemental formula and two of eitht (25%) fed the standard cow milk formula developed necrotizing enterocolitis (p less than 0.02). The hypertonicity of the elemental diet may have contributed to the increased incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in infants fed this formula.", "PMID": 1174138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4489", "title": "Conformational effects on the activity of drugs. 5. Pharmacological properties of 2-(p-nitrophenyl)-4-isopropylmorpholine, a cyclic analog of INPEA.", "content": "2-(p-Nitrophenyl)-4-isopropylmorphine (V), an analog of 1-(p-nitrophenyl)-2-isopropylaminoethanol (INPEA, I) in which the OCHCHN chain of I is locked in a morpholine ring, loses the beta-receptor blocking activity of I on various isolated preparations. The same ineffectiveness is observed in the O-methyl (II), N-methyl (III), and N,O-dimethyl analog (IV) of I. However, some other properties which are present in I, such as inhibitory effect on acetylcholine or on 5-HT, intrinsic alpha-sympathomimetic activity, and potentiation of catecholamines, are maintained; this demonstrates a complete dissociation of these effects from beta-receptor blockade. The interactions with the alpha-adrenoceptors and with the uptake mechanism are discussed on the basis of the structure-activity relationship between I and its analogs II-V.", "contents": "Conformational effects on the activity of drugs. 5. Pharmacological properties of 2-(p-nitrophenyl)-4-isopropylmorpholine, a cyclic analog of INPEA. 2-(p-Nitrophenyl)-4-isopropylmorphine (V), an analog of 1-(p-nitrophenyl)-2-isopropylaminoethanol (INPEA, I) in which the OCHCHN chain of I is locked in a morpholine ring, loses the beta-receptor blocking activity of I on various isolated preparations. The same ineffectiveness is observed in the O-methyl (II), N-methyl (III), and N,O-dimethyl analog (IV) of I. However, some other properties which are present in I, such as inhibitory effect on acetylcholine or on 5-HT, intrinsic alpha-sympathomimetic activity, and potentiation of catecholamines, are maintained; this demonstrates a complete dissociation of these effects from beta-receptor blockade. The interactions with the alpha-adrenoceptors and with the uptake mechanism are discussed on the basis of the structure-activity relationship between I and its analogs II-V.", "PMID": 1174140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4490", "title": "Distribution of anticancer agents in spontaneous animal tumors. II. Distribution of gallium in canine lymphosarcoma.", "content": "The physiologic disposition of pharmacologic doses of gallium was studied in control dogs and dogs with spontaneous lymphosarcoma. Gallium 67 (67Ga) was administered iv with carrier gallium added at a dose of 8 mg/kg. About 50% of the injected dose was excreted in the urine by 48 hours (mostly in the first 12 hr), whereas negligible amounts were excreted in bile. The distribution of 67Ga in normal tissues was similar in control and tumor-bearing dogs. The tissue-to-plasma concentrations of gallium were considerably greater than 1 in the kidney cortex, bone marrow, bone, small intestine, and liver 6-72 hours after administration of the drug. At comparable time periods, tissue-to-plasma ratios of gallium were less than 1 in skeletal muscle and brain. In dogs with lymphosarcoma there was neither selective uptake nor selective retention of gallium in comparison to most normal tissues. In fact, several normal tissues, particularly kidney cortex and bone marrow, concentrated gallium greatly in excess of tumors. Qualitatively similar findings were obtained in a dog with malignant melanoma. These findings were contrary to what one would predict from reports showing that carrier-free 67Ga is selectively concentrated in various human and animal tumors. This indicates the need for more extensive studies of the physiologic disposition of pharmacologic (antitumor) doses of gallium in humans and appropriate animal models.", "contents": "Distribution of anticancer agents in spontaneous animal tumors. II. Distribution of gallium in canine lymphosarcoma. The physiologic disposition of pharmacologic doses of gallium was studied in control dogs and dogs with spontaneous lymphosarcoma. Gallium 67 (67Ga) was administered iv with carrier gallium added at a dose of 8 mg/kg. About 50% of the injected dose was excreted in the urine by 48 hours (mostly in the first 12 hr), whereas negligible amounts were excreted in bile. The distribution of 67Ga in normal tissues was similar in control and tumor-bearing dogs. The tissue-to-plasma concentrations of gallium were considerably greater than 1 in the kidney cortex, bone marrow, bone, small intestine, and liver 6-72 hours after administration of the drug. At comparable time periods, tissue-to-plasma ratios of gallium were less than 1 in skeletal muscle and brain. In dogs with lymphosarcoma there was neither selective uptake nor selective retention of gallium in comparison to most normal tissues. In fact, several normal tissues, particularly kidney cortex and bone marrow, concentrated gallium greatly in excess of tumors. Qualitatively similar findings were obtained in a dog with malignant melanoma. These findings were contrary to what one would predict from reports showing that carrier-free 67Ga is selectively concentrated in various human and animal tumors. This indicates the need for more extensive studies of the physiologic disposition of pharmacologic (antitumor) doses of gallium in humans and appropriate animal models.", "PMID": 1174141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4491", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases of Ehrlich carcinoma, other murine ascites tumors, and murine normal tissues.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase was solubilized from nuclei of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells by sonic disruption in the presence of 0.3 M (NH4)2 SO4, and the multiple RNA polymerases were separated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25. Elution with a nine-step gradient of (NH4)2 SO4 yielded five peaks of activity designated RNA polymerases Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, and III, of which IIb was the most prominent. Linear-gradient elusion also yielded five peaks of the same designation, but Ia and Ib, as well as IIa and IIb, were not well separated. IIa and IIb were inhibited completely by 0.1 mug alpha-amanitin/ml, whereas the other forms were not. EAC RNA polymerases Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb possessed Mg2+ ion, Mn2+ ion, and (NH4)2 SO4 optima, molecular weights, and thermal sensitivities similar to those reported for other mammalian DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. As measured by relative ribonucleoside monophosphate incorporation, with native calf thymus DNA template, EAC RNA polymerases Ia and Ib synthesized ribosomal RNA-like products, whereas forms IIa, IIb, and the parent enzyme mixture synthesized compounds that were more similar to DNA. No species specificity was found for DNA templates, and denatured DNA was consistently preferred to the native template by RNA polymerases IIa and IIb; the two kinds of template were about equally efficient for RNA polymerases Ia and Ib. Although EAC RNA polymerases Ia, IIa, and IIb were inhibited by daunomycin, form IIa was preferentially affected. 3',5'-Cyclic AMP, 3',5'-Cyclic GMP, and gibberellic acid, implicated as RNA polymerase regulators in other systems, were generally ineffective. The levels of nuclear RNA polymerase activities, per mg DNA, of 3 mouse ascites tumors (EAC, 6C3HED lymphosarcoma, and TA3 adenocarcinoma) were compared with those from 3 normal mouse tissues (kidney, liver, and spleen). On the average, the tumor cell nuclei contained (per mg of DNA) 8.9, 1.5, 2.7, 20.0, and 3.8 times the activities of RNA polymerases Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, and III, respectively, as the normal cells, but the difference was significantly only for IIb.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases of Ehrlich carcinoma, other murine ascites tumors, and murine normal tissues. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase was solubilized from nuclei of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells by sonic disruption in the presence of 0.3 M (NH4)2 SO4, and the multiple RNA polymerases were separated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25. Elution with a nine-step gradient of (NH4)2 SO4 yielded five peaks of activity designated RNA polymerases Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, and III, of which IIb was the most prominent. Linear-gradient elusion also yielded five peaks of the same designation, but Ia and Ib, as well as IIa and IIb, were not well separated. IIa and IIb were inhibited completely by 0.1 mug alpha-amanitin/ml, whereas the other forms were not. EAC RNA polymerases Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb possessed Mg2+ ion, Mn2+ ion, and (NH4)2 SO4 optima, molecular weights, and thermal sensitivities similar to those reported for other mammalian DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. As measured by relative ribonucleoside monophosphate incorporation, with native calf thymus DNA template, EAC RNA polymerases Ia and Ib synthesized ribosomal RNA-like products, whereas forms IIa, IIb, and the parent enzyme mixture synthesized compounds that were more similar to DNA. No species specificity was found for DNA templates, and denatured DNA was consistently preferred to the native template by RNA polymerases IIa and IIb; the two kinds of template were about equally efficient for RNA polymerases Ia and Ib. Although EAC RNA polymerases Ia, IIa, and IIb were inhibited by daunomycin, form IIa was preferentially affected. 3',5'-Cyclic AMP, 3',5'-Cyclic GMP, and gibberellic acid, implicated as RNA polymerase regulators in other systems, were generally ineffective. The levels of nuclear RNA polymerase activities, per mg DNA, of 3 mouse ascites tumors (EAC, 6C3HED lymphosarcoma, and TA3 adenocarcinoma) were compared with those from 3 normal mouse tissues (kidney, liver, and spleen). On the average, the tumor cell nuclei contained (per mg of DNA) 8.9, 1.5, 2.7, 20.0, and 3.8 times the activities of RNA polymerases Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, and III, respectively, as the normal cells, but the difference was significantly only for IIb.", "PMID": 1174142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4492", "title": "Oyster-associated hepatitis. Failure of shellfish certification programs to prevent outbreaks.", "content": "During October and November 1973, outbreaks of hepatitis A associated with consumption of raw oysters occurred in Houston and in Calhoun, Ga. The oysters implicated in both outbreaks had been harvested in two Louisiana bays. Although the bays had been contaminated with polluted Mississippi River water two months before the oysters were harvested, at the time of harvesting the bays met national sanitation standards for shellfish growing and were certified for oyster fishing. These epidemics raise serious questions about the adequacy of shellfish sanitation monitoring systems currently in use.", "contents": "Oyster-associated hepatitis. Failure of shellfish certification programs to prevent outbreaks. During October and November 1973, outbreaks of hepatitis A associated with consumption of raw oysters occurred in Houston and in Calhoun, Ga. The oysters implicated in both outbreaks had been harvested in two Louisiana bays. Although the bays had been contaminated with polluted Mississippi River water two months before the oysters were harvested, at the time of harvesting the bays met national sanitation standards for shellfish growing and were certified for oyster fishing. These epidemics raise serious questions about the adequacy of shellfish sanitation monitoring systems currently in use.", "PMID": 1174151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4493", "title": "Thyroid nodularity in children.", "content": "Of 5,179 school children surveyed in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona for thyroid abnormalities because of possible exposure to radiation from fallout, nodularity of the thyroid was found in 98 (1.8%). In 34, the nodularity represented lobulation associated with adolescent goiter, and in 31, thyroiditis. Two malignant neoplasms were found. In a normal childhood population in which nodularity is incidentally discovered on physical examination, the risk of nodularity being malignant is approximately 2%. Factors that favor exploration of thyroid nodules in children are discreteness, growth of the mass, singleness, and absence of other thyroid disease.", "contents": "Thyroid nodularity in children. Of 5,179 school children surveyed in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona for thyroid abnormalities because of possible exposure to radiation from fallout, nodularity of the thyroid was found in 98 (1.8%). In 34, the nodularity represented lobulation associated with adolescent goiter, and in 31, thyroiditis. Two malignant neoplasms were found. In a normal childhood population in which nodularity is incidentally discovered on physical examination, the risk of nodularity being malignant is approximately 2%. Factors that favor exploration of thyroid nodules in children are discreteness, growth of the mass, singleness, and absence of other thyroid disease.", "PMID": 1174152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4494", "title": "Gallium citrate Ga 67 scans in febrile patients.", "content": "Scanning with gallium citrate Ga 67 is a sensitive technique for the detection of localized inflammatory disease. In a group of 22 febrile patients, 17 had one or more abnormal areas of radioactive gallium localization. Eight patients showed localized areas of inflammation; five showed no area of local inflammation within the field of the scan. The remaining patients had excellent clinical and laboratory confirmation of neoplastic or inflammatory disease. These cases illustrate the usefulness of radioactive gallium in febrile patients in whom the cause of the fever cannot be otherwise determined.", "contents": "Gallium citrate Ga 67 scans in febrile patients. Scanning with gallium citrate Ga 67 is a sensitive technique for the detection of localized inflammatory disease. In a group of 22 febrile patients, 17 had one or more abnormal areas of radioactive gallium localization. Eight patients showed localized areas of inflammation; five showed no area of local inflammation within the field of the scan. The remaining patients had excellent clinical and laboratory confirmation of neoplastic or inflammatory disease. These cases illustrate the usefulness of radioactive gallium in febrile patients in whom the cause of the fever cannot be otherwise determined.", "PMID": 1174153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4495", "title": "Alcohol and malnutrition in the pathogenesis of liver disease..", "content": "Malnutrition is common among alcoholics because alcohol displaces protein-, vitamin-, and mineral-containing foods in the diet, and chronic alcohol consumption results in maldigestion and malabsorption of essential nutrients. In addition, alcohol exerts direct toxic effects on both the liver and gut, resulting in structural alterations in the intestine and the development of fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Liver injury is preceded by an adaptive phase characterized by accelerated metabolism of drugs (including ethanol), and hyperlipemia, secondary to hypertrophy and hyperactivity of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Side effects include enhanced hepatotoxicity of CCI4 and possibly energy wastage. Alcoholics should not be led to beleive that correction or prevention of nutritional deficiency will prevent liver damage in the face of continued alcohol abuse.", "contents": "Alcohol and malnutrition in the pathogenesis of liver disease.. Malnutrition is common among alcoholics because alcohol displaces protein-, vitamin-, and mineral-containing foods in the diet, and chronic alcohol consumption results in maldigestion and malabsorption of essential nutrients. In addition, alcohol exerts direct toxic effects on both the liver and gut, resulting in structural alterations in the intestine and the development of fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Liver injury is preceded by an adaptive phase characterized by accelerated metabolism of drugs (including ethanol), and hyperlipemia, secondary to hypertrophy and hyperactivity of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Side effects include enhanced hepatotoxicity of CCI4 and possibly energy wastage. Alcoholics should not be led to beleive that correction or prevention of nutritional deficiency will prevent liver damage in the face of continued alcohol abuse.", "PMID": 1174154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4496", "title": "Successful carotid endarterectomy for cerebrovascular insufficiency. Nineteen-year follow-up.", "content": "This is believed to be the first successful case of thromboendarterectomy for cerebrovascular insufficiency caused by atherosclerotic occlusion of the carotid artery, as well as the longest follow-up study. At the time of the patient's death from coronary occlusion, 19 years after operation, he had no cerebrovascular symptoms, and there was clinical evidence of maintenance of the restored circulation in the carotid artery.", "contents": "Successful carotid endarterectomy for cerebrovascular insufficiency. Nineteen-year follow-up. This is believed to be the first successful case of thromboendarterectomy for cerebrovascular insufficiency caused by atherosclerotic occlusion of the carotid artery, as well as the longest follow-up study. At the time of the patient's death from coronary occlusion, 19 years after operation, he had no cerebrovascular symptoms, and there was clinical evidence of maintenance of the restored circulation in the carotid artery.", "PMID": 1174155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4497", "title": "Hypertension and unilateral parenchymal renal disease. Evidence for abnormal vasoconstriction-volume interaction.", "content": "Hypertension was not renin-dependent in the majority of 62 hypertensive patients with seemingly unilateral renal parenchymal disease, as indicated by plasma renin activity: low in 14 (23%), normal in 40 (56%), and high in only 8 (13%). By a weighted scoring system for analysis of differential renal-vein and peripheral renin levels, 70% (16 of 23) of these patients did not give scores predictive of cure by nephrectomy. Thus, occult bilateral disease reflected by attendant volume expansion and consequent reactive renin suppression may explain the well-known disappointing cure rate after uninephrectomy in this group. Since unilateral hypersecretion of renin with a completely normal contralateral kidney is rare in this group, abnormal renal-vein and peripheral renin values should be a prerequisite for advising nephrectomy, especially when the suspected kidney shows considerable excretory function.", "contents": "Hypertension and unilateral parenchymal renal disease. Evidence for abnormal vasoconstriction-volume interaction. Hypertension was not renin-dependent in the majority of 62 hypertensive patients with seemingly unilateral renal parenchymal disease, as indicated by plasma renin activity: low in 14 (23%), normal in 40 (56%), and high in only 8 (13%). By a weighted scoring system for analysis of differential renal-vein and peripheral renin levels, 70% (16 of 23) of these patients did not give scores predictive of cure by nephrectomy. Thus, occult bilateral disease reflected by attendant volume expansion and consequent reactive renin suppression may explain the well-known disappointing cure rate after uninephrectomy in this group. Since unilateral hypersecretion of renin with a completely normal contralateral kidney is rare in this group, abnormal renal-vein and peripheral renin values should be a prerequisite for advising nephrectomy, especially when the suspected kidney shows considerable excretory function.", "PMID": 1174172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4498", "title": "Genetic disorders of human red blood cells.", "content": "Human red blood cells (RBCs) are subject to an enormous degree of genetic diversity. The variability that occurs may result in anemia, cyanosis, polycythemia, or may cause no hematologic alterations. Genetic abnormalities affecting hemoglobin include the sickling disorders, the unstable hemoglobinopathies, hemoglobinopathies associated with polycythemia or with methemoglobinemia, and the alpha- and beta-thalassemias. The most common enzymatic abnormality of RBCs is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, but defects of many other enzymes leading to hemolytic anemia have been identified. Deficiences of RBC enzymes may also be important in the diagnosis of nonhematologic disease and in the evaluation of dietary status.", "contents": "Genetic disorders of human red blood cells. Human red blood cells (RBCs) are subject to an enormous degree of genetic diversity. The variability that occurs may result in anemia, cyanosis, polycythemia, or may cause no hematologic alterations. Genetic abnormalities affecting hemoglobin include the sickling disorders, the unstable hemoglobinopathies, hemoglobinopathies associated with polycythemia or with methemoglobinemia, and the alpha- and beta-thalassemias. The most common enzymatic abnormality of RBCs is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, but defects of many other enzymes leading to hemolytic anemia have been identified. Deficiences of RBC enzymes may also be important in the diagnosis of nonhematologic disease and in the evaluation of dietary status.", "PMID": 1174173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4499", "title": "Gastrointestinal dysfunction in immunoglobulin deficiency. Effect of corticosteroids and tetracycline.", "content": "Idiopathic late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency in a young man was associated with achlorhydria and a severe intestinal malabsorption syndrome that did not respond to conventional therapy. Combined therapy with high doses of prednisone and tetracycline hydrochloride resulted in weight gain, cessation of diarrhea, improved absorption of water, fat, and vitamin B12, and production of gastric acid after stimulation with histamine. Serum immunoglobulin levels, however, did not increase.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal dysfunction in immunoglobulin deficiency. Effect of corticosteroids and tetracycline. Idiopathic late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency in a young man was associated with achlorhydria and a severe intestinal malabsorption syndrome that did not respond to conventional therapy. Combined therapy with high doses of prednisone and tetracycline hydrochloride resulted in weight gain, cessation of diarrhea, improved absorption of water, fat, and vitamin B12, and production of gastric acid after stimulation with histamine. Serum immunoglobulin levels, however, did not increase.", "PMID": 1174174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4500", "title": "Acromegaly. Treatment by transsphenoidal microsurgery.", "content": "Serum growth hormone levels, thyroid function, and adrenal function were measured before and after surgery in 16 of 17 acromegalic patients undergoing undergoing transnasal transsphenoidal microsurgery of the pituitary. Thirteen patients have been followed up for 12 to 24 months; three patients have been followed up for three to six months. Serum growth hormone levels decreased to less than 5 ng/ml in seven of nine previously untreated patients; thyroid and adrenal function were preserved in eight of these nine patients. In seven patients treated previously by other modes of therapy, growth hormone levels after transsphenoidal surgery decreased to less than 5 ng/ml in three, to between 5 and 10 ng/ml in three, and from 98 to 41 ng/ml in one. Preoperative adrenal function was normal in six of these seven patients and was preserved in four; thyroid function was normal in five patients preoperatively and was preserved in three. Transsphenoidal microsurgery appears to offer an effective means of lowering growth hormone levels and a possiblity of preserving any remaining normal pituitary function. It may be considered for initial treatment in selected patients in whom more rapid arrest of acromegaly is indicated.", "contents": "Acromegaly. Treatment by transsphenoidal microsurgery. Serum growth hormone levels, thyroid function, and adrenal function were measured before and after surgery in 16 of 17 acromegalic patients undergoing undergoing transnasal transsphenoidal microsurgery of the pituitary. Thirteen patients have been followed up for 12 to 24 months; three patients have been followed up for three to six months. Serum growth hormone levels decreased to less than 5 ng/ml in seven of nine previously untreated patients; thyroid and adrenal function were preserved in eight of these nine patients. In seven patients treated previously by other modes of therapy, growth hormone levels after transsphenoidal surgery decreased to less than 5 ng/ml in three, to between 5 and 10 ng/ml in three, and from 98 to 41 ng/ml in one. Preoperative adrenal function was normal in six of these seven patients and was preserved in four; thyroid function was normal in five patients preoperatively and was preserved in three. Transsphenoidal microsurgery appears to offer an effective means of lowering growth hormone levels and a possiblity of preserving any remaining normal pituitary function. It may be considered for initial treatment in selected patients in whom more rapid arrest of acromegaly is indicated.", "PMID": 1174188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4501", "title": "Pulmonary and articular sporotrichosis. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two rare forms of sporotrichosis were seen in one hospital within a two-year period. One, a case of primary sporotrichosis of the lung, represents the eighth case on record, to our knowledge. The other, a case of articular sporotrichosis, is not as rare, but is still uncommon manifestation of the disease. The problems in management of these two patients are of interest because of the challenge of conventional concepts of therapy.", "contents": "Pulmonary and articular sporotrichosis. Report of two cases. Two rare forms of sporotrichosis were seen in one hospital within a two-year period. One, a case of primary sporotrichosis of the lung, represents the eighth case on record, to our knowledge. The other, a case of articular sporotrichosis, is not as rare, but is still uncommon manifestation of the disease. The problems in management of these two patients are of interest because of the challenge of conventional concepts of therapy.", "PMID": 1174189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4502", "title": "Giardiasis.", "content": "The recent near-epidemic incidence of Giardia lamblia infection in visitors to the Soviet Union illustrates the importance of this intestinal flagellate as a cause of diarrhea in travelers worldwide. Clinical states range from the asymptomatic cyst-passing stage, to the chronic or subacute stage mimicking gallbladder or ulcer disease, to the transient or, rarer, persistent acute stage with steatorrhea and substantial weight loss. Symptoms may be related to IgA deficiency. Secondary lactose intolerance may follow eradication of the parasite. Diagnosis is usually based on repeated stool examinations or examination of duodenal contents. Quinacrine hydrochloride is the most effective treatment, but metronidazole and furazolidone are also useful. Contaminated water is the most likely source of infection.", "contents": "Giardiasis. The recent near-epidemic incidence of Giardia lamblia infection in visitors to the Soviet Union illustrates the importance of this intestinal flagellate as a cause of diarrhea in travelers worldwide. Clinical states range from the asymptomatic cyst-passing stage, to the chronic or subacute stage mimicking gallbladder or ulcer disease, to the transient or, rarer, persistent acute stage with steatorrhea and substantial weight loss. Symptoms may be related to IgA deficiency. Secondary lactose intolerance may follow eradication of the parasite. Diagnosis is usually based on repeated stool examinations or examination of duodenal contents. Quinacrine hydrochloride is the most effective treatment, but metronidazole and furazolidone are also useful. Contaminated water is the most likely source of infection.", "PMID": 1174208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4503", "title": "Medical information bureau.", "content": "The Medical Information Bureau (MIB) is a nonprofit trade association with approximately 700 life insurance companies as members in the United States and Canada. A computer bank that contains primarily medical information is maintained by the MIB. Safeguards are taken to assure confidentiality, and there is no linkage with other computer banks. Information is submitted to the MIB only after the individuals involved give authorization, and they have access to their records and can make corrections if necessary. Dissemination of computer information is made only to member companies when they have a bona fide application or claim and then only with the consent of the person involved. Medical directors of member companies have the primary responsibility for maintaining integrity and seeing that their companies adhere to the rules of the MIB.", "contents": "Medical information bureau. The Medical Information Bureau (MIB) is a nonprofit trade association with approximately 700 life insurance companies as members in the United States and Canada. A computer bank that contains primarily medical information is maintained by the MIB. Safeguards are taken to assure confidentiality, and there is no linkage with other computer banks. Information is submitted to the MIB only after the individuals involved give authorization, and they have access to their records and can make corrections if necessary. Dissemination of computer information is made only to member companies when they have a bona fide application or claim and then only with the consent of the person involved. Medical directors of member companies have the primary responsibility for maintaining integrity and seeing that their companies adhere to the rules of the MIB.", "PMID": 1174209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4504", "title": "Giardia-induced malabsorption in pancreatitis.", "content": "This report deals with the onset of Giardia-induced, primary malabsorption in patients with chronic pancreatitis. To our knowledge, this association has been reported only once previously. A further review of the literature suggests that malnourished patients with chronic pancreatitis may be susceptible to G lamblia infection. Therapy for giardiasis rapidly reverses the diarrhea, malabsorption, and edema seen in these patients.", "contents": "Giardia-induced malabsorption in pancreatitis. This report deals with the onset of Giardia-induced, primary malabsorption in patients with chronic pancreatitis. To our knowledge, this association has been reported only once previously. A further review of the literature suggests that malnourished patients with chronic pancreatitis may be susceptible to G lamblia infection. Therapy for giardiasis rapidly reverses the diarrhea, malabsorption, and edema seen in these patients.", "PMID": 1174210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4505", "title": "Furuncular myiasis.", "content": "We saw two cases of cutaneous myiasis from the larvae of the botfly, Dermatobia hominis. The first patient acquired the disease in Brazil, the second in Guatemala. The appearance is quite similar to furunculosis, but is not responsive to antibiotic therapy. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Furuncular myiasis. We saw two cases of cutaneous myiasis from the larvae of the botfly, Dermatobia hominis. The first patient acquired the disease in Brazil, the second in Guatemala. The appearance is quite similar to furunculosis, but is not responsive to antibiotic therapy. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 1174211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4506", "title": "Sporadic puerperal mastitis. An infection that need not interrupt lactation.", "content": "Sporadic (nonepidemic) acute puerperal mastitis was diagnosed 65 times over a period of 26 months in 2.5% of mothers who elected to nurse their infants. Staphylococcus auereus was cultured from the milk of 23 of 48 infected breasts, but from only one breast of 19 normal mothers. Forty-one women with mastitis continued to nurse without difficulty for an average of 13 weeks, although mastitis recurred in four women. Three breast abscesses resulted from the 65 infections (4.6%).", "contents": "Sporadic puerperal mastitis. An infection that need not interrupt lactation. Sporadic (nonepidemic) acute puerperal mastitis was diagnosed 65 times over a period of 26 months in 2.5% of mothers who elected to nurse their infants. Staphylococcus auereus was cultured from the milk of 23 of 48 infected breasts, but from only one breast of 19 normal mothers. Forty-one women with mastitis continued to nurse without difficulty for an average of 13 weeks, although mastitis recurred in four women. Three breast abscesses resulted from the 65 infections (4.6%).", "PMID": 1174212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4507", "title": "1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in chronic renal failure. A potent analogue of the kidney hormone, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "content": "In chronic renal disease, the synthesis of the kidney hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3), is impaired, thus contributing to the development of renal osteodystrophy. The clinical use of 1,25-(OH)2D3 is limited, due to the complexity and expense of its chemical synthesis. This study reports the use of 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1-alpha-OH-D3), an active analogue of 1,25-(OH)2D3, in eight patients with chronic renal failure, five of whom were undergoing long-term hemodialysis. The drug was given orally for 6 to 260 days at a dosage of 1mug to 4mug/day. Short-term (21 days) balance studies showed an increase in intestinal calcium absorption and a simultaneous fall in serum parathyroid hormone levels during administration of 1-alpha-OH-D3. In two long-term studies (160 and 260 days), roentgenographic improvement of renal osteodystrophy was seen after 45 and 185 days, respectively. The data indicate that 1-alpha-OH-D3 holds considerable promise for the prevention and treatment of renal osteodystrophy.", "contents": "1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in chronic renal failure. A potent analogue of the kidney hormone, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. In chronic renal disease, the synthesis of the kidney hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3), is impaired, thus contributing to the development of renal osteodystrophy. The clinical use of 1,25-(OH)2D3 is limited, due to the complexity and expense of its chemical synthesis. This study reports the use of 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1-alpha-OH-D3), an active analogue of 1,25-(OH)2D3, in eight patients with chronic renal failure, five of whom were undergoing long-term hemodialysis. The drug was given orally for 6 to 260 days at a dosage of 1mug to 4mug/day. Short-term (21 days) balance studies showed an increase in intestinal calcium absorption and a simultaneous fall in serum parathyroid hormone levels during administration of 1-alpha-OH-D3. In two long-term studies (160 and 260 days), roentgenographic improvement of renal osteodystrophy was seen after 45 and 185 days, respectively. The data indicate that 1-alpha-OH-D3 holds considerable promise for the prevention and treatment of renal osteodystrophy.", "PMID": 1174223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4508", "title": "IUD-related hospitalizations. United States and Puerto Rico, 1973.", "content": "In a mail survey of physicians likely to be involved with intrauterine contraception in the United States and Puerto Rico, 49.2% of the physicians responded, describing 3,502 unduplicated reports of hospitalizations related to the use of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) during the first six months of 1973. We estimate from this response that approximately 7,900 IUD-related hospitalizations occurred during that period. Interviews with a probability sample of nonrespondents demonstrated that their IUD complication experience was not substantially different from that reported through the mail survey. Estimates of the number of IUDs worn in 1973 permit rate calculations of three to ten IUD-related hospitalizations per 1,000 woman-years of IUD use. The rate of hospitalizations attributable to the IUD is probably higher that that attributable to combination oral contraceptives.", "contents": "IUD-related hospitalizations. United States and Puerto Rico, 1973. In a mail survey of physicians likely to be involved with intrauterine contraception in the United States and Puerto Rico, 49.2% of the physicians responded, describing 3,502 unduplicated reports of hospitalizations related to the use of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) during the first six months of 1973. We estimate from this response that approximately 7,900 IUD-related hospitalizations occurred during that period. Interviews with a probability sample of nonrespondents demonstrated that their IUD complication experience was not substantially different from that reported through the mail survey. Estimates of the number of IUDs worn in 1973 permit rate calculations of three to ten IUD-related hospitalizations per 1,000 woman-years of IUD use. The rate of hospitalizations attributable to the IUD is probably higher that that attributable to combination oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 1174224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4509", "title": "Mortality associated with use of IUDs.", "content": "Five deaths associated with the use of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) were reported during the first half of 1973 through a nationwide mail survey of physicians whose practices were likely to be involved with intrauterine contraception. Four of the five reported deaths involved serious infections, and two of these four occurred in relation to a pregnancy. Use of an IUD prior to death ranged from seven months to 3 1/2 years. The mortality attributable to IUDs is estimated to be lower than that attributable to combination oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Mortality associated with use of IUDs. Five deaths associated with the use of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) were reported during the first half of 1973 through a nationwide mail survey of physicians whose practices were likely to be involved with intrauterine contraception. Four of the five reported deaths involved serious infections, and two of these four occurred in relation to a pregnancy. Use of an IUD prior to death ranged from seven months to 3 1/2 years. The mortality attributable to IUDs is estimated to be lower than that attributable to combination oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 1174225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4510", "title": "On awakening paralyzed during surgery. A syndrome of traumatic neurosis.", "content": "We have observed several cases of a traumatic neurotic syndrome in patients who awakened from light anesthesia while still unable to move. The subsequent symptoms of anxiety and irritability, preoccupation with death, and repetitive nightmares should lead the physician to suspect the condition even though the patient is reluctant to talk about it. A direct explanation of the situation often serves as a dramatic cure.", "contents": "On awakening paralyzed during surgery. A syndrome of traumatic neurosis. We have observed several cases of a traumatic neurotic syndrome in patients who awakened from light anesthesia while still unable to move. The subsequent symptoms of anxiety and irritability, preoccupation with death, and repetitive nightmares should lead the physician to suspect the condition even though the patient is reluctant to talk about it. A direct explanation of the situation often serves as a dramatic cure.", "PMID": 1174226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4511", "title": "Bitemporal visual field defects in presumed multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Three patients with presumed multiple sclerosis had bitemporal hemianopia mimicking that caused by parasellar tumors; the visual loss was probably due to a plaque within the chiasm. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis was made on the basis of a history of relapse and remission, signs and symptoms indicating involvement of different levels of the central nervous system, and normal neuroradiological studies. Extensive neuroradiological studies may be delayed or omitted in patients with established multiple sclerosis and nonprogressive bitemporal visual field defects if central visual acuity is not greatly reduced.", "contents": "Bitemporal visual field defects in presumed multiple sclerosis. Three patients with presumed multiple sclerosis had bitemporal hemianopia mimicking that caused by parasellar tumors; the visual loss was probably due to a plaque within the chiasm. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis was made on the basis of a history of relapse and remission, signs and symptoms indicating involvement of different levels of the central nervous system, and normal neuroradiological studies. Extensive neuroradiological studies may be delayed or omitted in patients with established multiple sclerosis and nonprogressive bitemporal visual field defects if central visual acuity is not greatly reduced.", "PMID": 1174227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4512", "title": "Cardiac pacemakers. Does radiation therapy affect performance?", "content": "Representative deman cardiac pacemakers were tested with several common radiation therapy devices and ancillary equipment. The experimental set-up essentially duplicated the dosimetric and electroconductive environment of the radiation therapy patient bearing a pacemaker. Observations of pulse width and interval confirmed that pacemaker output was generally not appreciably affected by the simulated treatments. Occasionally, changes were caused by ancillary equipment and start-up of treatment. We conclude that although interference hazards are sometimes seen, radiation therapy is not contraindicated in patients wearing pacemakers.", "contents": "Cardiac pacemakers. Does radiation therapy affect performance? Representative deman cardiac pacemakers were tested with several common radiation therapy devices and ancillary equipment. The experimental set-up essentially duplicated the dosimetric and electroconductive environment of the radiation therapy patient bearing a pacemaker. Observations of pulse width and interval confirmed that pacemaker output was generally not appreciably affected by the simulated treatments. Occasionally, changes were caused by ancillary equipment and start-up of treatment. We conclude that although interference hazards are sometimes seen, radiation therapy is not contraindicated in patients wearing pacemakers.", "PMID": 1174228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4513", "title": "A large food-borne outbreak of hepatitis A. Possible transmission via oropharyngeal secretions.", "content": "In Minneapolis, 107 cases of hepatitis A were identified and traced primarily to consumption of cold sandwiches served for lunch in a department store's popular basement restaurant. A sandwich-maker in the restaurant was the index patient. The date of onset of her illness and the dates of food consumption and onset of illness of infrequent restaurant patrons were consistent with accepted periods of infectivity and incubation for hepatitis A. Because the sandwich-maker frequently touched her hands to her mouth when she worked, and because we could not find evidence for fecal, airborne, or other modes of transmission, we believe that she may have contaminated food with infectious oropharyngeal secretions. The secondary attack rate was much lower among household contacts who received immune serum globulin than among those who had not.", "contents": "A large food-borne outbreak of hepatitis A. Possible transmission via oropharyngeal secretions. In Minneapolis, 107 cases of hepatitis A were identified and traced primarily to consumption of cold sandwiches served for lunch in a department store's popular basement restaurant. A sandwich-maker in the restaurant was the index patient. The date of onset of her illness and the dates of food consumption and onset of illness of infrequent restaurant patrons were consistent with accepted periods of infectivity and incubation for hepatitis A. Because the sandwich-maker frequently touched her hands to her mouth when she worked, and because we could not find evidence for fecal, airborne, or other modes of transmission, we believe that she may have contaminated food with infectious oropharyngeal secretions. The secondary attack rate was much lower among household contacts who received immune serum globulin than among those who had not.", "PMID": 1174241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4514", "title": "Effect of peyote on human chromosomes. Cytogenetic study of the Huichol Indians of Northern Mexico.", "content": "Fify-seven Huichol Indians with a lifelong individual history and a 1,600-year cultural tradition of ingestion of peyote, a mescaline-containing cactus possessing hallucinogenic properties, were compared with 50 Huichol Indian controls and ten laboratory controls for effects on lymphocyte chromosomes. The frequency of abnormalities in the experimental and control groups did not differ significantly. Our results indicate that multigenerational ingestion of peyote is not associated with abnormalities in lymphocyte chromosomes.", "contents": "Effect of peyote on human chromosomes. Cytogenetic study of the Huichol Indians of Northern Mexico. Fify-seven Huichol Indians with a lifelong individual history and a 1,600-year cultural tradition of ingestion of peyote, a mescaline-containing cactus possessing hallucinogenic properties, were compared with 50 Huichol Indian controls and ten laboratory controls for effects on lymphocyte chromosomes. The frequency of abnormalities in the experimental and control groups did not differ significantly. Our results indicate that multigenerational ingestion of peyote is not associated with abnormalities in lymphocyte chromosomes.", "PMID": 1174242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4515", "title": "Unilateral exophthalmos. Occurrence after treatment for perichiasmatic neoplasms.", "content": "Unilateral exophthalmos developed shortly after treatment in three patients with chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary gland and craniopharyngioma. In two patients, the exophthalmos followed surgery, while in the third it did not appear until after radiation treatment. The pathogenesis of the exophthalmos in these cases in obscure. However, the other findings and subsequent course indicate that the exophthalmos is not due to recurrence of the neoplasm nor to a complication of therapy.", "contents": "Unilateral exophthalmos. Occurrence after treatment for perichiasmatic neoplasms. Unilateral exophthalmos developed shortly after treatment in three patients with chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary gland and craniopharyngioma. In two patients, the exophthalmos followed surgery, while in the third it did not appear until after radiation treatment. The pathogenesis of the exophthalmos in these cases in obscure. However, the other findings and subsequent course indicate that the exophthalmos is not due to recurrence of the neoplasm nor to a complication of therapy.", "PMID": 1174243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4516", "title": "Injectable fluid silicone therapy. Human morbidity and mortality.", "content": "Four patients who had received silicone injections had the following complications: migration, hepatic disease manifested as granulomatous hepatitis (previously undescribed, to our knowledge), hypopigmentation, and death. Silicone should now be considered as a possible cause of hepatic granulomas in an appropriate host.", "contents": "Injectable fluid silicone therapy. Human morbidity and mortality. Four patients who had received silicone injections had the following complications: migration, hepatic disease manifested as granulomatous hepatitis (previously undescribed, to our knowledge), hypopigmentation, and death. Silicone should now be considered as a possible cause of hepatic granulomas in an appropriate host.", "PMID": 1174244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4517", "title": "Nontoxic goiter-diffuse or nodular.", "content": "Nontoxic goiters are very common. A single hyperfunctioning nodule is never malignant. Treatment is required only if the patient is hyperthyroid. Most single hypofunctioning thyroid nodules are cool and most are benign; however, it is important to rule out malignancy. The presence of microcalcification is consistent with psammoma bodies and the presence of papillary cancer of the thyroid. An elevated plasma calcitonin level with a further increase in calcitonin after calcium infusion is usually characteristic of medullary cancer of the thyroid. Needle biopsy of the thyroid is recommended when an experienced surgeon and pathologist are available. The treatment of benign thyroid lesions may include a trial of fully suppressive doses of thyroxine.", "contents": "Nontoxic goiter-diffuse or nodular. Nontoxic goiters are very common. A single hyperfunctioning nodule is never malignant. Treatment is required only if the patient is hyperthyroid. Most single hypofunctioning thyroid nodules are cool and most are benign; however, it is important to rule out malignancy. The presence of microcalcification is consistent with psammoma bodies and the presence of papillary cancer of the thyroid. An elevated plasma calcitonin level with a further increase in calcitonin after calcium infusion is usually characteristic of medullary cancer of the thyroid. Needle biopsy of the thyroid is recommended when an experienced surgeon and pathologist are available. The treatment of benign thyroid lesions may include a trial of fully suppressive doses of thyroxine.", "PMID": 1174255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4518", "title": "Social background of 171 women attending a femal venereal disease clinic in Brisbane.", "content": "A survey over 12 months was carried out on 171 women and girls attending the State Health Department Women's Clinic in Brisbane. Each person was interviewed to obtain data on occupation and educational and family background, attitude to sex, knowledge of venereal disease and other pertinent attitudes. It was obvious that most patients came from lower socioeconomic groups and had little knowledge of venereal disease. The former finding may have been because women from the upper middle and professional classes seek private advice. The need for social workers in venereal disease clinics has been emphasized.", "contents": "Social background of 171 women attending a femal venereal disease clinic in Brisbane. A survey over 12 months was carried out on 171 women and girls attending the State Health Department Women's Clinic in Brisbane. Each person was interviewed to obtain data on occupation and educational and family background, attitude to sex, knowledge of venereal disease and other pertinent attitudes. It was obvious that most patients came from lower socioeconomic groups and had little knowledge of venereal disease. The former finding may have been because women from the upper middle and professional classes seek private advice. The need for social workers in venereal disease clinics has been emphasized.", "PMID": 1174257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4519", "title": "Iron nutrition in infancy: effect of an iron-fortified milk formula.", "content": "Iron nutrition in infants was studied in a double-blind trial with artificial milk formula. Statistically significant differences were observed with the iron-fortified formula. Not all haematological indices showed significant differences. The fragiligraph technique result was the only parameter showing differences not influenced by other variables examined.", "contents": "Iron nutrition in infancy: effect of an iron-fortified milk formula. Iron nutrition in infants was studied in a double-blind trial with artificial milk formula. Statistically significant differences were observed with the iron-fortified formula. Not all haematological indices showed significant differences. The fragiligraph technique result was the only parameter showing differences not influenced by other variables examined.", "PMID": 1174258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4520", "title": "Morphological changes in the nucleoli of peripheral-blood lymphocytes as prognostic criteria in the chemotherapy of malignant tumors.", "content": "By a simple cytochemical demonstration of RNA, the percentages of various nucleolar types, reflecting the activity of RNA synthesis in peripheral-blood lymphocytes, were established. The checkings were done in patients with advanced stages of malignant tumors processes with primary localization in the digestive tract, receiving cytostatic treatment with Cytembena Spofa and Cyclophosphamide Germed. Evidence has been brought that significant differences in the indicators investigated existed between a healthy population and patients with cancer before the start of the treatment. In the further course of the disease, during cytostatic treatment, peripheral lymphocytes underwent changes followed sooner of later by changes in the clinical state of the patients: a decrease in the percentage of activable (ring-shaped) nucleoli, and increase in the percentage of irreversibly inactivated nucleoli (micronucleoli) incapable of RNA synthesis, and an elevation of the nucleolar coefficient were followed by a deterioration of the patients' clinical state and a progression of the tumorous disease. With an opposite trend of the nucleolar-test findings (an increase in the percentage of nucleoli capable of RNA synthesis, a decrease in the percentage of nucleoli incapable of RNA synthesis, and a lowering of the nucleolar coefficient), the further development of the disease appeared to be favourable.", "contents": "Morphological changes in the nucleoli of peripheral-blood lymphocytes as prognostic criteria in the chemotherapy of malignant tumors. By a simple cytochemical demonstration of RNA, the percentages of various nucleolar types, reflecting the activity of RNA synthesis in peripheral-blood lymphocytes, were established. The checkings were done in patients with advanced stages of malignant tumors processes with primary localization in the digestive tract, receiving cytostatic treatment with Cytembena Spofa and Cyclophosphamide Germed. Evidence has been brought that significant differences in the indicators investigated existed between a healthy population and patients with cancer before the start of the treatment. In the further course of the disease, during cytostatic treatment, peripheral lymphocytes underwent changes followed sooner of later by changes in the clinical state of the patients: a decrease in the percentage of activable (ring-shaped) nucleoli, and increase in the percentage of irreversibly inactivated nucleoli (micronucleoli) incapable of RNA synthesis, and an elevation of the nucleolar coefficient were followed by a deterioration of the patients' clinical state and a progression of the tumorous disease. With an opposite trend of the nucleolar-test findings (an increase in the percentage of nucleoli capable of RNA synthesis, a decrease in the percentage of nucleoli incapable of RNA synthesis, and a lowering of the nucleolar coefficient), the further development of the disease appeared to be favourable.", "PMID": 1174261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4521", "title": "What are infants fed in the United States?", "content": "Estimates of calorie intake from various sources during infancy are presented in relation to age. The estimates, based on published reports and personal communications to the author, concern total calorie intake and its distribution between milk or formula and beikost (i.e., foods other than milk or formula fed to infants), relative prevalence of breast, formula- and milk-feedings, relative popularity of specific commercially prepared formulas, and percentage of calories consumed in the form of commercially prepared strained and junior foods and \"table\" foods.", "contents": "What are infants fed in the United States? Estimates of calorie intake from various sources during infancy are presented in relation to age. The estimates, based on published reports and personal communications to the author, concern total calorie intake and its distribution between milk or formula and beikost (i.e., foods other than milk or formula fed to infants), relative prevalence of breast, formula- and milk-feedings, relative popularity of specific commercially prepared formulas, and percentage of calories consumed in the form of commercially prepared strained and junior foods and \"table\" foods.", "PMID": 1174263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4522", "title": "The role of BCG vaccination in producing tumor immunity. An experimental study.", "content": "A transplantable hamster lymphoma was investigated to determine the role of BCG-immune macrophages in killing tumor cells. The suppression tumor cell growth was tested by the transfer of different combinations of lymphoid and tumor cells into 162 normal inbred (LHC) hamsters. The results demonstrated that the transfer of a combination of BCG-immune macrophages and tumor-immune lymphocytes to normal hamsters suppressed the growth of these tumor cells. We suggest that immunization with BCG increases the killing potential of macrophages, and that tumor-immune lymphocytes may cause these \"activated\" macrophages to release their toxic enzymes to cause necrosis of adjacent tumor cells.", "contents": "The role of BCG vaccination in producing tumor immunity. An experimental study. A transplantable hamster lymphoma was investigated to determine the role of BCG-immune macrophages in killing tumor cells. The suppression tumor cell growth was tested by the transfer of different combinations of lymphoid and tumor cells into 162 normal inbred (LHC) hamsters. The results demonstrated that the transfer of a combination of BCG-immune macrophages and tumor-immune lymphocytes to normal hamsters suppressed the growth of these tumor cells. We suggest that immunization with BCG increases the killing potential of macrophages, and that tumor-immune lymphocytes may cause these \"activated\" macrophages to release their toxic enzymes to cause necrosis of adjacent tumor cells.", "PMID": 1174267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4523", "title": "A technique for thyroidectomy.", "content": "For several decades following the turn of the century, most thyroid surgery was necessary because of endemic goiter and Grave's disease. A lack of safe anesthesia and an inability to control hyperthyroidism preoperatively necessitated a rapid operating technique. This often meant blind resection of the bulbous anterior and lateral portions of the gland, resulting in considerable hemorrhage and injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve in a significant number of cases. With the subsequent introduction of iodine into food and the use of radioactive iodine and the antithyroid drugs, surgery for these conditions was largely eliminated. Nevertheless, the thyroid surgeon of today still has a role in surgery of thyroid cysts, nodular goiter, and multinodular goiter either for cosmetic reasons or because of tracheal or esophageal obstruction. In addition, surgery is still required for nodular goiter with hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancers. Modern anesthetics and preoperative control of thyrotoxic patients afford the surgeon an opportunity for anatomic dissection of the thyroid. This article deals with an evolving technique for thyroidectomy individualized according to the pathophysiologic requirements of each case. The illustrations apply to a patient with a right lobe thyroid nodule. The variations in technique required for different thyroid disorders will be reviewed.", "contents": "A technique for thyroidectomy. For several decades following the turn of the century, most thyroid surgery was necessary because of endemic goiter and Grave's disease. A lack of safe anesthesia and an inability to control hyperthyroidism preoperatively necessitated a rapid operating technique. This often meant blind resection of the bulbous anterior and lateral portions of the gland, resulting in considerable hemorrhage and injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve in a significant number of cases. With the subsequent introduction of iodine into food and the use of radioactive iodine and the antithyroid drugs, surgery for these conditions was largely eliminated. Nevertheless, the thyroid surgeon of today still has a role in surgery of thyroid cysts, nodular goiter, and multinodular goiter either for cosmetic reasons or because of tracheal or esophageal obstruction. In addition, surgery is still required for nodular goiter with hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancers. Modern anesthetics and preoperative control of thyrotoxic patients afford the surgeon an opportunity for anatomic dissection of the thyroid. This article deals with an evolving technique for thyroidectomy individualized according to the pathophysiologic requirements of each case. The illustrations apply to a patient with a right lobe thyroid nodule. The variations in technique required for different thyroid disorders will be reviewed.", "PMID": 1174270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4524", "title": "Effect of methylergobasine maleate on serum gonadotrophin and prolactin in humans.", "content": "Intramuscular injection of 0.2 mg methylergobasine maleate3) (Methergin, Sandoz) in women on day 3 post-partum, in regularly menstruating women and in adult men, is followed within 30 to 75 min by a 50% decrease in serum prolactin concentration: the levels remain low until 180 min and increase between 180 and 240 min. The amplitude of the decrease is the same when prolactin is measured in terms of the same serum prolactin standard by a homologous ovine assay and by a homologous human assay. However, in the case of regularly menstruating  women and of men serum prolactin concentration is some three times higher when estimated by the ovine assay than when estimated by the human assay. This difference between assay results obtained by the two radioimmunoassay methods could be due to heterogeneity of serum prolactin. However, non-specific effects of serum are not excluded. In regularly menstruating women and in men, intramuscular injection of 0.2 mg methylergobasine maleate is followed within 45 to 75 min by a 50% decrease in immunoreactive serum LH concentration without concomtant change in immunoreactive FSH. The depression of LH secretion lasts for 1 to 2 h. The circulating levels of HCG in post-partum women are not modified after intramuscular injection of Methergin. In humans as in animals and in in vitro studies, inhibition of prolactin and LH release induced by ergot drugs are likely due to both an indirect effect via the hypothalamus and to a direct effect on the pituitary cells.", "contents": "Effect of methylergobasine maleate on serum gonadotrophin and prolactin in humans. Intramuscular injection of 0.2 mg methylergobasine maleate3) (Methergin, Sandoz) in women on day 3 post-partum, in regularly menstruating women and in adult men, is followed within 30 to 75 min by a 50% decrease in serum prolactin concentration: the levels remain low until 180 min and increase between 180 and 240 min. The amplitude of the decrease is the same when prolactin is measured in terms of the same serum prolactin standard by a homologous ovine assay and by a homologous human assay. However, in the case of regularly menstruating  women and of men serum prolactin concentration is some three times higher when estimated by the ovine assay than when estimated by the human assay. This difference between assay results obtained by the two radioimmunoassay methods could be due to heterogeneity of serum prolactin. However, non-specific effects of serum are not excluded. In regularly menstruating women and in men, intramuscular injection of 0.2 mg methylergobasine maleate is followed within 45 to 75 min by a 50% decrease in immunoreactive serum LH concentration without concomtant change in immunoreactive FSH. The depression of LH secretion lasts for 1 to 2 h. The circulating levels of HCG in post-partum women are not modified after intramuscular injection of Methergin. In humans as in animals and in in vitro studies, inhibition of prolactin and LH release induced by ergot drugs are likely due to both an indirect effect via the hypothalamus and to a direct effect on the pituitary cells.", "PMID": 1174274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4525", "title": "Paradoxical effect of salmon calcitonin on serum calcium: studies in intact and thyroparathyroidectomized men and dogs.", "content": "Total serum calcium of normal men, a hypoparathyroid man, two thyroparathyroidectomized men, and intact and thyroparathyroidectomized dogs were studied at multiple intervals following the acute administration of synthetic salmon calcitonin. Calcitonin produced marked fluctuations in serum calcium in one normal man and a biphasic hypocalcaemic response in another. In four of five intact dogs, calcitonin caused absolute or relative hypercalcaemia. In contrast, administration of calcitonin to thyroparathyroidectomized dogs caused a hypocalcaemia with less fluctuations and with no periods of hypercalcaemia. It is possible that some of the paradoxical responses of serum calcium induced by exogenous calcitonin are due to overcompensation by parathyroid hormone. However, other mechanisms may be involved. Our findings indicate that when the disturbing influence is sufficiently great, the control of serum calcium is not as well modulated as previously suspected. In addition, our findings of paradoxically hypercalcaemic responses to calcitonin indicates that the pathophysiologic interpretation of serum calcium at any single moment in time following the administration of this hormone to either intact or thyroparathyroidectomized men or dogs is a precarious endeavour.", "contents": "Paradoxical effect of salmon calcitonin on serum calcium: studies in intact and thyroparathyroidectomized men and dogs. Total serum calcium of normal men, a hypoparathyroid man, two thyroparathyroidectomized men, and intact and thyroparathyroidectomized dogs were studied at multiple intervals following the acute administration of synthetic salmon calcitonin. Calcitonin produced marked fluctuations in serum calcium in one normal man and a biphasic hypocalcaemic response in another. In four of five intact dogs, calcitonin caused absolute or relative hypercalcaemia. In contrast, administration of calcitonin to thyroparathyroidectomized dogs caused a hypocalcaemia with less fluctuations and with no periods of hypercalcaemia. It is possible that some of the paradoxical responses of serum calcium induced by exogenous calcitonin are due to overcompensation by parathyroid hormone. However, other mechanisms may be involved. Our findings indicate that when the disturbing influence is sufficiently great, the control of serum calcium is not as well modulated as previously suspected. In addition, our findings of paradoxically hypercalcaemic responses to calcitonin indicates that the pathophysiologic interpretation of serum calcium at any single moment in time following the administration of this hormone to either intact or thyroparathyroidectomized men or dogs is a precarious endeavour.", "PMID": 1174275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4526", "title": "Studies in congenital generalized lipodystrophy.  VI. Suppressible and non-suppressible insulin-like activities of plasma.", "content": "1. Suppressible and non-suppressible insulin-like activities (ILA) of plasma from 3 patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy have been studied, employing isolated fat cells from rat epididymal adipose tissue. 2. In all 3 patients the fasting ILA was markedly increased compared with the normal controls. In one of the patients (I.T.) total ILA rose to about 800 muU per ml during an iv glucose tolerance test. 3. The observed total ILA was in all cases (controls included) equal to or slightly higher than the previously determined immunoreactive plasma insulin (IRI). The exact determination of ILA was, however, hampered by a dilution effect, which was present even at high plasma dilutions. 4. In 2 of the patients addition of insulin antiserum inhibited plasma ILA by about 50%. In the third patient (I.T.), who exhibited the highest insulin level, at least 85% of the activity was suppressed by insulin antibodies. The levels of non-suppressible ILA were higher than in the controls in terms of muU per ml, but lower than in the controls when related to total ILA. 5. These findings strongly support our previous conclusion that the elevated plasma insulin seen in congenital generalized lipodystrophy is mainly due to true pancreatic insulin. 6. Since the effect of plasma insulin on isolated fat cells were freely expressed, i.e. suppressible ILA was equal to or slightly lower than IRI, the presence of a circulating insulin antagonist in this disease may be excluded.", "contents": "Studies in congenital generalized lipodystrophy.  VI. Suppressible and non-suppressible insulin-like activities of plasma. 1. Suppressible and non-suppressible insulin-like activities (ILA) of plasma from 3 patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy have been studied, employing isolated fat cells from rat epididymal adipose tissue. 2. In all 3 patients the fasting ILA was markedly increased compared with the normal controls. In one of the patients (I.T.) total ILA rose to about 800 muU per ml during an iv glucose tolerance test. 3. The observed total ILA was in all cases (controls included) equal to or slightly higher than the previously determined immunoreactive plasma insulin (IRI). The exact determination of ILA was, however, hampered by a dilution effect, which was present even at high plasma dilutions. 4. In 2 of the patients addition of insulin antiserum inhibited plasma ILA by about 50%. In the third patient (I.T.), who exhibited the highest insulin level, at least 85% of the activity was suppressed by insulin antibodies. The levels of non-suppressible ILA were higher than in the controls in terms of muU per ml, but lower than in the controls when related to total ILA. 5. These findings strongly support our previous conclusion that the elevated plasma insulin seen in congenital generalized lipodystrophy is mainly due to true pancreatic insulin. 6. Since the effect of plasma insulin on isolated fat cells were freely expressed, i.e. suppressible ILA was equal to or slightly lower than IRI, the presence of a circulating insulin antagonist in this disease may be excluded.", "PMID": 1174276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4527", "title": "[Value of determination of mononuclear blood cell proliferation in vitro in the diagnosis of lymphosarcoma].", "content": "The authors describe mitotic activity in non-stimulated cultures of mononuclear cells obtained from the peripheral blood of patients with lymphosarcoma. The investigations were carried out on 3 patients in stage 3rd and 4th of this disease and 5 patients in the stage of sarcomatous-cell leukaemia. During a period of 24-48 hours after setting up of culture a rise was observed in the number of blast cells and appearance of up to 10% of mitotic figures. This observation may be useful for differentiation of sarcomatous-cell leukaemia from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in which cells obtained from the peripheral blood and cultured in vitro without addition of mitogen do not demonstrate mitotic activity.", "contents": "[Value of determination of mononuclear blood cell proliferation in vitro in the diagnosis of lymphosarcoma]. The authors describe mitotic activity in non-stimulated cultures of mononuclear cells obtained from the peripheral blood of patients with lymphosarcoma. The investigations were carried out on 3 patients in stage 3rd and 4th of this disease and 5 patients in the stage of sarcomatous-cell leukaemia. During a period of 24-48 hours after setting up of culture a rise was observed in the number of blast cells and appearance of up to 10% of mitotic figures. This observation may be useful for differentiation of sarcomatous-cell leukaemia from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in which cells obtained from the peripheral blood and cultured in vitro without addition of mitogen do not demonstrate mitotic activity.", "PMID": 1174277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4528", "title": "Hemodialysis for acute anuric uric acid nephropathy.", "content": "A patient with acute oliguric uric acid nephropathy was treated with hemodialysis. Recovery in this disorder is based on treatment of both the uremic state and the intrarenal crystal obstruction. Hemodialysis with high uric acid clearance is much more efficient than other forms of therapy in this disorder.", "contents": "Hemodialysis for acute anuric uric acid nephropathy. A patient with acute oliguric uric acid nephropathy was treated with hemodialysis. Recovery in this disorder is based on treatment of both the uremic state and the intrarenal crystal obstruction. Hemodialysis with high uric acid clearance is much more efficient than other forms of therapy in this disorder.", "PMID": 1174288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4529", "title": "Mechanism of release of endogenous cholecystokinin by jejunal amino acid perfusion in man.", "content": "Ertan et al have shown that the perfusion of the proximal jejunum with a mixture of amino acids (MAA) in physiological concentration releases endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) in man. In the present experiment, we investigate the mechanism by which jejunal MAA perfusion mediates an increase in exocrine pancreatic and biliary secretions. The effects of a bolus of topical anesthetic (oxethazaine, 0.5 mg/kg of 0.4% solution) or the simultaneous jejunal perfusion of a topical anticholinergic agent (atropine, 1 mg/liter) were studied in the same five normal patients on different days. Suppression of the response to jejunal MAA perfusion but not to intravenous infusion of CCK or jejunal saline perfusion, was noted in these normal subjects following jejunal application of oxethazaine and atropine. These results suggest a local involvement of the cholinergic mechanism for the endogenous release of CCK, while exogenous CCK acts directly on the pancreatic cells.", "contents": "Mechanism of release of endogenous cholecystokinin by jejunal amino acid perfusion in man. Ertan et al have shown that the perfusion of the proximal jejunum with a mixture of amino acids (MAA) in physiological concentration releases endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) in man. In the present experiment, we investigate the mechanism by which jejunal MAA perfusion mediates an increase in exocrine pancreatic and biliary secretions. The effects of a bolus of topical anesthetic (oxethazaine, 0.5 mg/kg of 0.4% solution) or the simultaneous jejunal perfusion of a topical anticholinergic agent (atropine, 1 mg/liter) were studied in the same five normal patients on different days. Suppression of the response to jejunal MAA perfusion but not to intravenous infusion of CCK or jejunal saline perfusion, was noted in these normal subjects following jejunal application of oxethazaine and atropine. These results suggest a local involvement of the cholinergic mechanism for the endogenous release of CCK, while exogenous CCK acts directly on the pancreatic cells.", "PMID": 1174289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4530", "title": "Prevalence of hepatitis B antibody in prostitutes.", "content": "The possibility that hepatitis B is transmitted venereally was examined by determining the prevalence of hepatitis B antibody (anti-HB(S)) in populations with different levels of promiscuity. Of 258 prostitutes, 31% were anti-HB(S) positive, compared to 10% of 258 female age-matched blood donors, 10% of 48 nuns living in a convent and 15% of 94 nuns working as teachers. Prevalence of anti-HB(S) increased with increasing age. In the age group 40-49 years up to 72% of prostitutes were anti-HB(S) positive, whereas anti-HB(S) was found in only 23% of blood donors. The correlation of length of the registration period as a prostitute and frequency of venereal diseases to prevalence of anti-HB(S) supported the hypothesis that the agent of hepatitis B was transmitted sexually. This correlation was absent for echovirus type 12 and adenovirus type 10 antibody.", "contents": "Prevalence of hepatitis B antibody in prostitutes. The possibility that hepatitis B is transmitted venereally was examined by determining the prevalence of hepatitis B antibody (anti-HB(S)) in populations with different levels of promiscuity. Of 258 prostitutes, 31% were anti-HB(S) positive, compared to 10% of 258 female age-matched blood donors, 10% of 48 nuns living in a convent and 15% of 94 nuns working as teachers. Prevalence of anti-HB(S) increased with increasing age. In the age group 40-49 years up to 72% of prostitutes were anti-HB(S) positive, whereas anti-HB(S) was found in only 23% of blood donors. The correlation of length of the registration period as a prostitute and frequency of venereal diseases to prevalence of anti-HB(S) supported the hypothesis that the agent of hepatitis B was transmitted sexually. This correlation was absent for echovirus type 12 and adenovirus type 10 antibody.", "PMID": 1174290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4531", "title": "Cancer of the breast: Its outcome as measured by the rate of dying and causes of death.", "content": "Mortality forces in women with cancer of the breast were measured by calculating the rate of dying and determining the cause of death in women who develop breast cancer. In the Syracuse-Upstate Medical Center Cancer Registry, 1,513 patients were followed for 15 years. The death curve of this group assumed a major slope characteristic of a single exponential curve, with a half life of 5.9 years. The cause of death was examined in a randomly selected group of patients from the Ontario Cancer Foundation, Hamilton, Ontario, and a group from the Syracuse Registry dying after 10 years. In these 136 patients, 130 died of breast cancer. From the National Cancer Institute Cooperative Studies of 3,225 women undergoing treatment for primary breast cancer, 914 died during the study---705 of cancer of the breast and 209 of competing risks. These data suggest that 80-85% of all women who die after developing cancer of the breast die of their breast cancer. Modification of the time of dying (rate of dying) or cause of death should be used as objectives of management rather than 5-year survival figures.", "contents": "Cancer of the breast: Its outcome as measured by the rate of dying and causes of death. Mortality forces in women with cancer of the breast were measured by calculating the rate of dying and determining the cause of death in women who develop breast cancer. In the Syracuse-Upstate Medical Center Cancer Registry, 1,513 patients were followed for 15 years. The death curve of this group assumed a major slope characteristic of a single exponential curve, with a half life of 5.9 years. The cause of death was examined in a randomly selected group of patients from the Ontario Cancer Foundation, Hamilton, Ontario, and a group from the Syracuse Registry dying after 10 years. In these 136 patients, 130 died of breast cancer. From the National Cancer Institute Cooperative Studies of 3,225 women undergoing treatment for primary breast cancer, 914 died during the study---705 of cancer of the breast and 209 of competing risks. These data suggest that 80-85% of all women who die after developing cancer of the breast die of their breast cancer. Modification of the time of dying (rate of dying) or cause of death should be used as objectives of management rather than 5-year survival figures.", "PMID": 1174299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4532", "title": "Triiodothyronine-induced thyrotoxicosis in ophthalmic Graves disease.", "content": "A euthyroid woman with ophthalmic Graves disease developed endogenous hyperthyroidism coincident with T3 suppression test. There is a putative role of liothyronine administration in precipitating or activating hyperthyroidism. Aberrancies in T3 suppression testing in graves disease occur.", "contents": "Triiodothyronine-induced thyrotoxicosis in ophthalmic Graves disease. A euthyroid woman with ophthalmic Graves disease developed endogenous hyperthyroidism coincident with T3 suppression test. There is a putative role of liothyronine administration in precipitating or activating hyperthyroidism. Aberrancies in T3 suppression testing in graves disease occur.", "PMID": 1174301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4533", "title": "A method for determination of lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid.", "content": "A method is described for the evaluation of amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios. The acetone precipitation step is eliminated, resulting in higher concentrations of phospholipids. Silica gel-impregnated glass fiber papers are used for rapid chromatography. For spot detection, a bismuth reagent is used which is specific for lecithin and sphingomyelin. The method is simple, inexpensive, rapid and a reliable indicator of the L/S ratio, and useful in laboratories that are not equipped with a densitometer.", "contents": "A method for determination of lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid. A method is described for the evaluation of amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios. The acetone precipitation step is eliminated, resulting in higher concentrations of phospholipids. Silica gel-impregnated glass fiber papers are used for rapid chromatography. For spot detection, a bismuth reagent is used which is specific for lecithin and sphingomyelin. The method is simple, inexpensive, rapid and a reliable indicator of the L/S ratio, and useful in laboratories that are not equipped with a densitometer.", "PMID": 1174303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4534", "title": "[Ultrasound localization of intrauterine contraceptive devices in the laboratory and in patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Three frequently used IUD's were studied in model experiments by ultrasound. The position of the IUD in the uterine cavity can be best outlined by longitudinal and transverse ultrasound section of the uterus in the anteflected or retroflected position. Only rarely can the position of the IUD be properly visualized if the uterus is in middle position and the applicator placed transversly. There is the possibility of misinterpretation of the string as an IUD. The data correlate well with ultrasound results of women wearing an IUD.", "contents": "[Ultrasound localization of intrauterine contraceptive devices in the laboratory and in patients (author's transl)]. Three frequently used IUD's were studied in model experiments by ultrasound. The position of the IUD in the uterine cavity can be best outlined by longitudinal and transverse ultrasound section of the uterus in the anteflected or retroflected position. Only rarely can the position of the IUD be properly visualized if the uterus is in middle position and the applicator placed transversly. There is the possibility of misinterpretation of the string as an IUD. The data correlate well with ultrasound results of women wearing an IUD.", "PMID": 1174304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4535", "title": "[Oocytes from polycystic human ovaries (author's transl)].", "content": "Little is known whether oocytes of polycystic ovaries, espacially those of the Stein-Leventhal-syndrome, are able to perform complete maturation. Therefore the maturation capacity of ova derived from biopsies of two patients with polycystic ovaries was investigated using the culture technique with subsequent meiotic preparations. A remarkably high number of 42 and 54 oocytes have been found. The degeneration rates were 76.20% in the polycystic and 85.20% in the Stein-Leventhal-ovaries. The degenerative changes mainly appeared as shrinkage of the ooplasm and partial or total loss of corona cells. 14.28 and 7.40% resp. showed no or incomplete maturation, whether ova remained in dictyotene stage or were found arrested shortly after resuming meiosis. Four oocytes from each of the two patients underwent normal meiosis. A biovular follicle, observed in the Stein-Leventhal-ovary, is particularly mentioned. It may be concluded, that the majority of the oocytes of polycystic ovaries is degenerate, but there are a few ova able to mature in vitro.", "contents": "[Oocytes from polycystic human ovaries (author's transl)]. Little is known whether oocytes of polycystic ovaries, espacially those of the Stein-Leventhal-syndrome, are able to perform complete maturation. Therefore the maturation capacity of ova derived from biopsies of two patients with polycystic ovaries was investigated using the culture technique with subsequent meiotic preparations. A remarkably high number of 42 and 54 oocytes have been found. The degeneration rates were 76.20% in the polycystic and 85.20% in the Stein-Leventhal-ovaries. The degenerative changes mainly appeared as shrinkage of the ooplasm and partial or total loss of corona cells. 14.28 and 7.40% resp. showed no or incomplete maturation, whether ova remained in dictyotene stage or were found arrested shortly after resuming meiosis. Four oocytes from each of the two patients underwent normal meiosis. A biovular follicle, observed in the Stein-Leventhal-ovary, is particularly mentioned. It may be concluded, that the majority of the oocytes of polycystic ovaries is degenerate, but there are a few ova able to mature in vitro.", "PMID": 1174305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4536", "title": "[The so-called \"reserve cells\" of the human cervical (author's transl)].", "content": "I. Basal cells occurring focally beneath the columnar epithelium of the endocervix are generally regarded as \"reserve cells\". Single \"reserve cells\" cannot be identified among the columnar epithelial cells. II. Single \"reserve cells\" would not be needed for the regeneration of the cervical mucosa, since the normal columnar, cells themselves are capable of undergoing mitotic division. During such mitoses the mitotic spindle is located above the regular row of nuclei, the axis of the spindle running parallel to the basement membrane and surface of the cell, so that the daughter cells separate in a horizontal direction. Consequently, the term \"reserve cell\" with its functional implication is misleading and should be replaced by a more descriptive term such as the \"subcylindrical\"cell. III. It seems that for development of focal groups of subcylindrical cells according to I the columnar cells must proliferate locally. That proliferation could occur with the axis of the mitotic spindle rotated 90 degrees to be perpendicular to the basement membrane. More likely, however, the columnar cells seem to undergo mitoses with their spindles parallel to the basement membrane and accumulate locally to form two layers. On further proliferation of the basal layer, with the mitotic spindles rotated 90 degrees to be perpendicular to the basement membrane and with desquamation of the overlying columnar cells, the than multilayered epithelium may differentiate by indirect metaplasia into squamous epithelium.", "contents": "[The so-called \"reserve cells\" of the human cervical (author's transl)]. I. Basal cells occurring focally beneath the columnar epithelium of the endocervix are generally regarded as \"reserve cells\". Single \"reserve cells\" cannot be identified among the columnar epithelial cells. II. Single \"reserve cells\" would not be needed for the regeneration of the cervical mucosa, since the normal columnar, cells themselves are capable of undergoing mitotic division. During such mitoses the mitotic spindle is located above the regular row of nuclei, the axis of the spindle running parallel to the basement membrane and surface of the cell, so that the daughter cells separate in a horizontal direction. Consequently, the term \"reserve cell\" with its functional implication is misleading and should be replaced by a more descriptive term such as the \"subcylindrical\"cell. III. It seems that for development of focal groups of subcylindrical cells according to I the columnar cells must proliferate locally. That proliferation could occur with the axis of the mitotic spindle rotated 90 degrees to be perpendicular to the basement membrane. More likely, however, the columnar cells seem to undergo mitoses with their spindles parallel to the basement membrane and accumulate locally to form two layers. On further proliferation of the basal layer, with the mitotic spindles rotated 90 degrees to be perpendicular to the basement membrane and with desquamation of the overlying columnar cells, the than multilayered epithelium may differentiate by indirect metaplasia into squamous epithelium.", "PMID": 1174307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4537", "title": "Endometriosis of the lung: case report.", "content": "The first case of a clinically and histologically verified miliary form of endometriosis of the lung is reported here. The cardinal symptom was a menstrually synchronised hemoptysis, which by treatment with high doses of progestins disappeared. After operative castration a complete remittence with normal chest X ray was attained. Pathogenesis and frequency were briefly described. The 11 previously published cases served as a basis. Taking into account experimental and clinical experience, we propound the opinion the endometriosis of the lung occurs via hematological spread as a result of uterine operations or pregnancy. The conditions under which endometrium survives in the lung remain uncertain. Large doses of gestagen drugs are to be recommended as therapy and should be this prove unsuccessful operative castration.", "contents": "Endometriosis of the lung: case report. The first case of a clinically and histologically verified miliary form of endometriosis of the lung is reported here. The cardinal symptom was a menstrually synchronised hemoptysis, which by treatment with high doses of progestins disappeared. After operative castration a complete remittence with normal chest X ray was attained. Pathogenesis and frequency were briefly described. The 11 previously published cases served as a basis. Taking into account experimental and clinical experience, we propound the opinion the endometriosis of the lung occurs via hematological spread as a result of uterine operations or pregnancy. The conditions under which endometrium survives in the lung remain uncertain. Large doses of gestagen drugs are to be recommended as therapy and should be this prove unsuccessful operative castration.", "PMID": 1174308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4538", "title": "Results of in vitro sperm penetration tests in cervical mucus in the normal cycle and in mucus under the influence of the contraceptive pill.", "content": "Women who are either menstruating normally or taking a combined or sequential preparation for hormonal contraception were examined at intervals of 2 days with reference to the day of the cycle. The parameter studied was the in-vitro penetrability of the cervical mucus for sperms. Whilst the combined preparation completely blocked the cervical canal for the spermatozoa, the distance travelled by the spermatozoa under the influence of the sequential preparation was approximately the same as in the normal cycle. This study of the depth of penetration of the spermatozoa in relation to the hormonal situation was prompted not by contraceptive but rather by epidemiological considerations of cervical carcinoma.", "contents": "Results of in vitro sperm penetration tests in cervical mucus in the normal cycle and in mucus under the influence of the contraceptive pill. Women who are either menstruating normally or taking a combined or sequential preparation for hormonal contraception were examined at intervals of 2 days with reference to the day of the cycle. The parameter studied was the in-vitro penetrability of the cervical mucus for sperms. Whilst the combined preparation completely blocked the cervical canal for the spermatozoa, the distance travelled by the spermatozoa under the influence of the sequential preparation was approximately the same as in the normal cycle. This study of the depth of penetration of the spermatozoa in relation to the hormonal situation was prompted not by contraceptive but rather by epidemiological considerations of cervical carcinoma.", "PMID": 1174309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4539", "title": "How do oocytes disappear?", "content": "It has been study using transmission and scanner electron microscopy the mean procedures of dessaparence of the oocytes. On described three methods: 1. The necrosis of the oocytes. 2. The autolysis and fagocitosis by granulosa cells. 3. The migration of those to the superphicie and fall into the peritoneal cavity. Using the scanner electron microscopy in ovaries of fetus and newborn it seems the latest method to bee the most important during the intrauterine life. After the birth, this last phenomenon seems to disappear.", "contents": "How do oocytes disappear? It has been study using transmission and scanner electron microscopy the mean procedures of dessaparence of the oocytes. On described three methods: 1. The necrosis of the oocytes. 2. The autolysis and fagocitosis by granulosa cells. 3. The migration of those to the superphicie and fall into the peritoneal cavity. Using the scanner electron microscopy in ovaries of fetus and newborn it seems the latest method to bee the most important during the intrauterine life. After the birth, this last phenomenon seems to disappear.", "PMID": 1174310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4540", "title": "Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis with cerebral mycotic aneurysm.", "content": "Cardiobacterium hominis, a recently recognized Gram-negative pathogen, was recovered in blood cultures from a 65-year-old man with indolent endocarditis of previously normal heart valves. Despite the low virulence of the organism, major cardiac damage required valvular replacement, and there were multiple cerebral emboli with development of a mycotic aneurysm. After bacteriological cure, he died of a ruptured aneurysm.", "contents": "Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis with cerebral mycotic aneurysm. Cardiobacterium hominis, a recently recognized Gram-negative pathogen, was recovered in blood cultures from a 65-year-old man with indolent endocarditis of previously normal heart valves. Despite the low virulence of the organism, major cardiac damage required valvular replacement, and there were multiple cerebral emboli with development of a mycotic aneurysm. After bacteriological cure, he died of a ruptured aneurysm.", "PMID": 1174312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4541", "title": "[Light and electron microscopic investigations on the chorionic plate of the human placenta at term (author's transl)].", "content": "The chorionic plate of the human placenta at term consists of amniotic epithelium, amniotic connective tissue, intermediate layer, chorionic connective tissue, cytotrophoblast, and syncytiotrophoblast. - The connective tissue layers are divided into unorientated (situated just below the amniotic epithelium and in direct contact with the trophoblast) and orientated layers (between the two unorientated connective tissue layers). Besides an accelular border below the amniotic epithelium the connective tissue includes fibrocytes, fibroblasts, histiocytes, and old Hofbauer cells in the intermediate layer. - From the edge of the chorionic plate to its centre, the number of well preserved cytotrophoblasts decreases; instead of them especially intercellular substances (subchorial fibrinoid) but also degenerating cells predominate. In the trophoblast layer rests of chorionic villi are localized. Among the intact cytotrophoblasts 4 types can be distinguished (less differentiated, well differentiated, spongiotrophoblast-like, and glycogen-rich cytotrophoblastic cells). They are interpreted as different developmental stages of one and the same cell population. - The syncytiotrophoblast is inter rupted at many places; only fragments can be observed. Then cytotrophoblastic cells or intercellular substances may form the border to the intervillous space.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopic investigations on the chorionic plate of the human placenta at term (author's transl)]. The chorionic plate of the human placenta at term consists of amniotic epithelium, amniotic connective tissue, intermediate layer, chorionic connective tissue, cytotrophoblast, and syncytiotrophoblast. - The connective tissue layers are divided into unorientated (situated just below the amniotic epithelium and in direct contact with the trophoblast) and orientated layers (between the two unorientated connective tissue layers). Besides an accelular border below the amniotic epithelium the connective tissue includes fibrocytes, fibroblasts, histiocytes, and old Hofbauer cells in the intermediate layer. - From the edge of the chorionic plate to its centre, the number of well preserved cytotrophoblasts decreases; instead of them especially intercellular substances (subchorial fibrinoid) but also degenerating cells predominate. In the trophoblast layer rests of chorionic villi are localized. Among the intact cytotrophoblasts 4 types can be distinguished (less differentiated, well differentiated, spongiotrophoblast-like, and glycogen-rich cytotrophoblastic cells). They are interpreted as different developmental stages of one and the same cell population. - The syncytiotrophoblast is inter rupted at many places; only fragments can be observed. Then cytotrophoblastic cells or intercellular substances may form the border to the intervillous space.", "PMID": 1174311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4542", "title": "Lymphosarcoma involving cranial nerves in a cat.", "content": "A case of lymphosarcoma involving some cranial nerves in a cat is described. Clinical diagnosis of the condition was complicated by a concurrent bilateral otitis media; however, at autopsy it was determined that the signs seen were a direct result of the involvement of 6 cranial nerves, and the anterior cervical ganglion, by the neoplasm.", "contents": "Lymphosarcoma involving cranial nerves in a cat. A case of lymphosarcoma involving some cranial nerves in a cat is described. Clinical diagnosis of the condition was complicated by a concurrent bilateral otitis media; however, at autopsy it was determined that the signs seen were a direct result of the involvement of 6 cranial nerves, and the anterior cervical ganglion, by the neoplasm.", "PMID": 1174313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4543", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen and pulmonary surface tension.", "content": "Previous work has shown that short-term exposure of cats to oxygen at high pressure (OHP), to the extent of overt convulsive seizures, has little or no effect on the lung appearance or lung weight but does alter the alveolar surfactants. More prolonged exposure results in hemorrhagic edema of the cat lung similar to that observed in rats after only short-term exposure. Previous work showed that sympathetic stimulation via the stellate ganglion and mechanical CNS injury results in altered surfactants attributed to increased intra-alveolar cholesterol. In the present study, cats exposed to OHP until the animals convulsed intermittently for 3 min (approximately 1 hour, 6 ATA) similarly showed altered surfactants with a high minimum surface tension and a 150% increase in intra-alveolar cholesterol. These changes also occurred in the absence of any gross lung injury. The results from the present study suggest that an important causal mechanism involved in the development of gross lung injury associated with prolonged OHP exposure is an initial increase in minimum surface tension due to increased intra-alveolar cholesterol.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen and pulmonary surface tension. Previous work has shown that short-term exposure of cats to oxygen at high pressure (OHP), to the extent of overt convulsive seizures, has little or no effect on the lung appearance or lung weight but does alter the alveolar surfactants. More prolonged exposure results in hemorrhagic edema of the cat lung similar to that observed in rats after only short-term exposure. Previous work showed that sympathetic stimulation via the stellate ganglion and mechanical CNS injury results in altered surfactants attributed to increased intra-alveolar cholesterol. In the present study, cats exposed to OHP until the animals convulsed intermittently for 3 min (approximately 1 hour, 6 ATA) similarly showed altered surfactants with a high minimum surface tension and a 150% increase in intra-alveolar cholesterol. These changes also occurred in the absence of any gross lung injury. The results from the present study suggest that an important causal mechanism involved in the development of gross lung injury associated with prolonged OHP exposure is an initial increase in minimum surface tension due to increased intra-alveolar cholesterol.", "PMID": 1174314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4544", "title": "Tumors in fish caught in polluted waters: possible explanations.", "content": "The largest excess in tumor incidence due to pollution (616%) was observed in the fish species: Ictalurus nebulosis (the brown bullhead). Extensive analysis of waters on the Fox River in Illinois disclosed a heavy chemical and physical organic and inorganic materials far exceeding State and Federal minimal safety standards. Additional tests showed the presence of numerous human viral agents in the Fox River. Certain chemicals in the water appear to be potential carcinogens for fish. Two types of leukemia were found in 11% of the Esox lucius caught in the Fox River. It is hypothesized that these leukemias might also be of viral etiology. Experiments were conducted on Esox lucius caught in the Fox River. It is hypothesized that these leukemias might also be of viral etiology. Experiments were conducted on Esox lucius (Northern Pike). Interest centered around the possible viral origin of lymphosarcoma of the jaw in that species. Cell-free filtrates of this tumor were inoculated into a test group of fish from pollution-free waters. At the end of seven weeks, lymphosarcoma developed in 89% of the fish inoculated with cell-free homogenates. Control fish receiving inoculation of either Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) or normal tissues and kept in separate tanks at all times did not develop lymphosarcomas.", "contents": "Tumors in fish caught in polluted waters: possible explanations. The largest excess in tumor incidence due to pollution (616%) was observed in the fish species: Ictalurus nebulosis (the brown bullhead). Extensive analysis of waters on the Fox River in Illinois disclosed a heavy chemical and physical organic and inorganic materials far exceeding State and Federal minimal safety standards. Additional tests showed the presence of numerous human viral agents in the Fox River. Certain chemicals in the water appear to be potential carcinogens for fish. Two types of leukemia were found in 11% of the Esox lucius caught in the Fox River. It is hypothesized that these leukemias might also be of viral etiology. Experiments were conducted on Esox lucius caught in the Fox River. It is hypothesized that these leukemias might also be of viral etiology. Experiments were conducted on Esox lucius (Northern Pike). Interest centered around the possible viral origin of lymphosarcoma of the jaw in that species. Cell-free filtrates of this tumor were inoculated into a test group of fish from pollution-free waters. At the end of seven weeks, lymphosarcoma developed in 89% of the fish inoculated with cell-free homogenates. Control fish receiving inoculation of either Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) or normal tissues and kept in separate tanks at all times did not develop lymphosarcomas.", "PMID": 1174315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4545", "title": "Biohazards in the field of microbiology.", "content": "Eighty cases of laboratory infection observed in our institute during 25 years were summarized. They were mostly research workers. Cases include not only manifestation of disease but also incidence of allergic responses. Causal agents were viral 22, rickettsial 14, bacterial or fungi 33, and toxin 11. Air contamination was considered to be the main cause of the above biohazard. Therefore, most of those accidents must be avoided by careful installation of the laboratory. Special attention should be given in laboratories where field specimens are treated and experimental animals housed. It was pointed out that most of the autopsy halls in Japan are little equipped to protect biohazard.", "contents": "Biohazards in the field of microbiology. Eighty cases of laboratory infection observed in our institute during 25 years were summarized. They were mostly research workers. Cases include not only manifestation of disease but also incidence of allergic responses. Causal agents were viral 22, rickettsial 14, bacterial or fungi 33, and toxin 11. Air contamination was considered to be the main cause of the above biohazard. Therefore, most of those accidents must be avoided by careful installation of the laboratory. Special attention should be given in laboratories where field specimens are treated and experimental animals housed. It was pointed out that most of the autopsy halls in Japan are little equipped to protect biohazard.", "PMID": 1174316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4546", "title": "Protection against biohazards in animal laboratories.", "content": "An outline of the animal facilities known as the \"Quarters for Experimentally Infected Animals\" of the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, is presented as one example of the approaches used for protecting against biohazards in animal laboratories. The quarters are contained in a 2-story building which is in the form of small cubicles for housing the experimentally infected animals. Each cubicle is equipped with specially designed cabinet compartments in which the animal cages are placed. The anterior surface of the compartments consists of an outward inclining door. Vigorous air-mixing between compartments and the interiors of the cubicles can be avoided by this arrangement. The air for ventilation is sucked through a gap between the edge of the door and the wall of each compartment and the collected air is finally filtered through Cambridge \"Aerosolve\" and \"Absolute\" filters before being exhausted into the atmosphere. In the central corridor connecting each cubicle the air pressure is maintained at a higher level than that in the cubicle but lower than that outdoors. Thus, the air stream is always kept flowing from the outside to the inside of the cubicle and from the inside of the cubicle to the compartments but never vice versa. Each cubicle is equipped with an individual, pass-through autoclave. All soiled materials are sterilized before being removed from the cubicle. The drained water from each cubicle is chlorinated in a tank by chloride of lime. In these facilities experimentally infected animals can be handled with little danger of accidental contamination of personnel, other animals, or the external environment. The authors emphasize the importance of complete adherence to the rules in such animal facilities.", "contents": "Protection against biohazards in animal laboratories. An outline of the animal facilities known as the \"Quarters for Experimentally Infected Animals\" of the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, is presented as one example of the approaches used for protecting against biohazards in animal laboratories. The quarters are contained in a 2-story building which is in the form of small cubicles for housing the experimentally infected animals. Each cubicle is equipped with specially designed cabinet compartments in which the animal cages are placed. The anterior surface of the compartments consists of an outward inclining door. Vigorous air-mixing between compartments and the interiors of the cubicles can be avoided by this arrangement. The air for ventilation is sucked through a gap between the edge of the door and the wall of each compartment and the collected air is finally filtered through Cambridge \"Aerosolve\" and \"Absolute\" filters before being exhausted into the atmosphere. In the central corridor connecting each cubicle the air pressure is maintained at a higher level than that in the cubicle but lower than that outdoors. Thus, the air stream is always kept flowing from the outside to the inside of the cubicle and from the inside of the cubicle to the compartments but never vice versa. Each cubicle is equipped with an individual, pass-through autoclave. All soiled materials are sterilized before being removed from the cubicle. The drained water from each cubicle is chlorinated in a tank by chloride of lime. In these facilities experimentally infected animals can be handled with little danger of accidental contamination of personnel, other animals, or the external environment. The authors emphasize the importance of complete adherence to the rules in such animal facilities.", "PMID": 1174317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4547", "title": "[The optimization of the availability of homologous quaternary ammonium compounds. 2. In vitro studies on the partition of homologous benzilic acid esters of dimethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-alkylammonium bromides].", "content": "The partition of homologous quaternary esters of benzilic acid is studied in a modified three-phase model according to Schulmann (water-n-octanol-water). The logarithms of the partition coefficients of the compounds increase linearly with increasing alkyl chain. The rate determining step for the interphase transport of hydrophilic compound is the diffusion through the organic diffusion layer. The rate constants for the transfer from the aqueous to the organic phase increase linearly with the corresponding partition coefficient, whereas the rate constants for the reverse reaction are not influenced. With increasing chain length the diffusion through the aqueous diffusion layer becomes rate determining for the interphase transport. Thus the rate constants for the transfer from the aqueous to the organic phase are independent of partition coefficients. The rate constants for the reverse transfer are inversely proportional to the corresponding partition coefficients. The half-lives of the transfer of the homologous compounds under sink conditions show a minimum between the heptyl and octyl derivative. The equilibration time decreases with increasing agitation, concentration and temperature. The significance of the results for biological problems is discussed.", "contents": "[The optimization of the availability of homologous quaternary ammonium compounds. 2. In vitro studies on the partition of homologous benzilic acid esters of dimethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-alkylammonium bromides]. The partition of homologous quaternary esters of benzilic acid is studied in a modified three-phase model according to Schulmann (water-n-octanol-water). The logarithms of the partition coefficients of the compounds increase linearly with increasing alkyl chain. The rate determining step for the interphase transport of hydrophilic compound is the diffusion through the organic diffusion layer. The rate constants for the transfer from the aqueous to the organic phase increase linearly with the corresponding partition coefficient, whereas the rate constants for the reverse reaction are not influenced. With increasing chain length the diffusion through the aqueous diffusion layer becomes rate determining for the interphase transport. Thus the rate constants for the transfer from the aqueous to the organic phase are independent of partition coefficients. The rate constants for the reverse transfer are inversely proportional to the corresponding partition coefficients. The half-lives of the transfer of the homologous compounds under sink conditions show a minimum between the heptyl and octyl derivative. The equilibration time decreases with increasing agitation, concentration and temperature. The significance of the results for biological problems is discussed.", "PMID": 1174318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4548", "title": "Biopharmaceutical factors influencing LD50. Part II: Particle size.", "content": "The effect of particle size on the time elapsing between administration and loss of righting reflex and % of deaths by determining the LD50 has been studied in mice. The drug used was pentobarbituric acid. In one preparation the particle size was less than 44 mum and in the other preparation it was greater than 297 mum and less than 420 mum. For both preparations a 1% sodium carboxymethylcellulose solution was used as suspending medium. It was found that both the curve for loss of righting reflex and the log dose-response curve, and hence the LD50, were significantly shifted to the right. There is a reflex LRR between the suspended pentobarbituric acid and the equivalent amount of sodium pentobarbital, both in 1% sodium carboxymethylcellulose solution. In reporting LD50 data it is essential not only to state the exact composition of the vehicle (viscosity factor) but also to state the exact particle size or particle size range, because by using increasing particle size the LD50 decreases.", "contents": "Biopharmaceutical factors influencing LD50. Part II: Particle size. The effect of particle size on the time elapsing between administration and loss of righting reflex and % of deaths by determining the LD50 has been studied in mice. The drug used was pentobarbituric acid. In one preparation the particle size was less than 44 mum and in the other preparation it was greater than 297 mum and less than 420 mum. For both preparations a 1% sodium carboxymethylcellulose solution was used as suspending medium. It was found that both the curve for loss of righting reflex and the log dose-response curve, and hence the LD50, were significantly shifted to the right. There is a reflex LRR between the suspended pentobarbituric acid and the equivalent amount of sodium pentobarbital, both in 1% sodium carboxymethylcellulose solution. In reporting LD50 data it is essential not only to state the exact composition of the vehicle (viscosity factor) but also to state the exact particle size or particle size range, because by using increasing particle size the LD50 decreases.", "PMID": 1174319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4549", "title": "[Stability of oxyfedrine in pharmacological experiments in vitro].", "content": "15% of L-3-(beta-hydroxy-alpha-methyl-phenethyl-amino)-3'-methoxy-propiophenone-hydrochloride (oxyfedrine [OF]; ildamen\u00bf) are degradated in Krebs-Henseleit solution under conditions which are necessary for recording a complete concentration-effect curve on guinea-pig papillary muscle (total time max. 100 min). Norephedrine and 3-methoxyacrylophenone are qualitatively analysed as products of degradation by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Secondary reaction products of the primary degradation are not detectable under these conditions. The quantitative analysis of oxyfedrine, norephedrine and 3-methoxyacrylophenone was carried out by spectrophotometry. Comparatively oxyfedrine and norephedrine were analysed by direct quantitative TLC (measuring of reflectance). The same results were obtained, in principle, by both methods. The importance of this relatively slow degradation for pharmacological in vitro experiments on the mode of action of oxyfedrine is pointed out.", "contents": "[Stability of oxyfedrine in pharmacological experiments in vitro]. 15% of L-3-(beta-hydroxy-alpha-methyl-phenethyl-amino)-3'-methoxy-propiophenone-hydrochloride (oxyfedrine [OF]; ildamen\u00bf) are degradated in Krebs-Henseleit solution under conditions which are necessary for recording a complete concentration-effect curve on guinea-pig papillary muscle (total time max. 100 min). Norephedrine and 3-methoxyacrylophenone are qualitatively analysed as products of degradation by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Secondary reaction products of the primary degradation are not detectable under these conditions. The quantitative analysis of oxyfedrine, norephedrine and 3-methoxyacrylophenone was carried out by spectrophotometry. Comparatively oxyfedrine and norephedrine were analysed by direct quantitative TLC (measuring of reflectance). The same results were obtained, in principle, by both methods. The importance of this relatively slow degradation for pharmacological in vitro experiments on the mode of action of oxyfedrine is pointed out.", "PMID": 1174320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4550", "title": "[A new method for calculating a compensation function in power series].", "content": "A new method for the derivation of a compensation function in power series is developed and compared with the linear regression of the logarithms. At the same time from the formulas of the linear regression corresponding formulas for the regression of power series without the need of logarithms are derived. Comparing the newly developed method of the \"persistence report\" with the linear regression of the logarithms it results that the new method often reaches a better approach of the values of the compensation function to the measured values; furthermore the new formulas are simpler and applicable without computers.", "contents": "[A new method for calculating a compensation function in power series]. A new method for the derivation of a compensation function in power series is developed and compared with the linear regression of the logarithms. At the same time from the formulas of the linear regression corresponding formulas for the regression of power series without the need of logarithms are derived. Comparing the newly developed method of the \"persistence report\" with the linear regression of the logarithms it results that the new method often reaches a better approach of the values of the compensation function to the measured values; furthermore the new formulas are simpler and applicable without computers.", "PMID": 1174321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4551", "title": "Effect of human plasma lipase on smooth muscle.", "content": "In the presence of serum albumin, the enzyme human plasma lipase produces a slow contraction of smooth muscle. This effect was not antagonized by antazoline or by atropine, and was completely abolished by heating the enzyme prepartion for 1 min at 60 degrees C. Calcium ions were found to potentiate the effect of plasma lipase on smooth muscle.", "contents": "Effect of human plasma lipase on smooth muscle. In the presence of serum albumin, the enzyme human plasma lipase produces a slow contraction of smooth muscle. This effect was not antagonized by antazoline or by atropine, and was completely abolished by heating the enzyme prepartion for 1 min at 60 degrees C. Calcium ions were found to potentiate the effect of plasma lipase on smooth muscle.", "PMID": 1174322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4552", "title": "[On the absorption and excretion of raubasin in rats with particular reference to a method for the direct determination of the alkaloid].", "content": "A sensitive method has been developed for the determination of raubasin in biological fluids. The procedure involves preliminary solvent extraction of raubasin and its metabolites from alkaline body fluids into chloroform, followed by thin-layer chromatography and in situ fluorimetric quantitation. This method permits the quantitative assay of raubasin down to 0.02 mug with a standard deviation of less than 5%. Drug recovery from plasma is greater than 85%. The method has been applied to the measurement of raubasin concentrations found in rat plasma and urine after a single, oral dose of the alkaloid. A biliary elimination of the unchanged drug and of some metabolites has been demonstrated.", "contents": "[On the absorption and excretion of raubasin in rats with particular reference to a method for the direct determination of the alkaloid]. A sensitive method has been developed for the determination of raubasin in biological fluids. The procedure involves preliminary solvent extraction of raubasin and its metabolites from alkaline body fluids into chloroform, followed by thin-layer chromatography and in situ fluorimetric quantitation. This method permits the quantitative assay of raubasin down to 0.02 mug with a standard deviation of less than 5%. Drug recovery from plasma is greater than 85%. The method has been applied to the measurement of raubasin concentrations found in rat plasma and urine after a single, oral dose of the alkaloid. A biliary elimination of the unchanged drug and of some metabolites has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 1174323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4553", "title": "Some pharmacological properties of 2-aryl-1,3-indandione derivatives.", "content": "Some pharmacological properties of indandione derivatives have been studied in laboratory animals. These substances possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-coagulent effects, as already known for other indandione derivatives. In addition they possess anti-tussive effects in mice. Unfortunately many of these molecules have also ulcerogenic effects. This fact is disappointing for those indandione derivatives which already are in therapeutic use, as G/18 (Uridion\u00bf) and Emandione\u00bf. It appears that compounds which have two Br in R1 and R4 position possess at the same time low toxicity and no ulcerogenic effects in addition to anti-inflammatory (G/21) and also anti-coagulant (G/22) interesting activity.", "contents": "Some pharmacological properties of 2-aryl-1,3-indandione derivatives. Some pharmacological properties of indandione derivatives have been studied in laboratory animals. These substances possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-coagulent effects, as already known for other indandione derivatives. In addition they possess anti-tussive effects in mice. Unfortunately many of these molecules have also ulcerogenic effects. This fact is disappointing for those indandione derivatives which already are in therapeutic use, as G/18 (Uridion\u00bf) and Emandione\u00bf. It appears that compounds which have two Br in R1 and R4 position possess at the same time low toxicity and no ulcerogenic effects in addition to anti-inflammatory (G/21) and also anti-coagulant (G/22) interesting activity.", "PMID": 1174324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4554", "title": "Effects of ajmaline and N-propylajmaline on maximum follow frequency and contractility of the dog heart: short communication.", "content": "With intravenous infusion in the anesthetized dog N-propylajmaline (NPA) as compared to ajmaline leads to a significantly larger decrease in left ventricular dp/dtmax with equieffective reduction of maximum follow frequency by 25%, and, also in contrast to ajmaline, to a significant increase of left ventricular enddiastolic pressure.", "contents": "Effects of ajmaline and N-propylajmaline on maximum follow frequency and contractility of the dog heart: short communication. With intravenous infusion in the anesthetized dog N-propylajmaline (NPA) as compared to ajmaline leads to a significantly larger decrease in left ventricular dp/dtmax with equieffective reduction of maximum follow frequency by 25%, and, also in contrast to ajmaline, to a significant increase of left ventricular enddiastolic pressure.", "PMID": 1174325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4555", "title": "An investigation and some parameters that affect the galactosamine model of hepatitis in the rat.", "content": "1. The effect of d-galactosamine hydrochloride on the livers of rats was observed by measuring serum transaminase levels and histological examination. 2. Galactosamine caused dose related liver cell damage when given i.p. and s.c. but was ineffective when given orally. 3. The time of maximum effect was 24--48 h after administration. 4. The liver cell damage was modified by the oestrus cycle in female rats. 5. Galactosamine when given in proportion to body weight tended to be less effective as body weight increased.", "contents": "An investigation and some parameters that affect the galactosamine model of hepatitis in the rat. 1. The effect of d-galactosamine hydrochloride on the livers of rats was observed by measuring serum transaminase levels and histological examination. 2. Galactosamine caused dose related liver cell damage when given i.p. and s.c. but was ineffective when given orally. 3. The time of maximum effect was 24--48 h after administration. 4. The liver cell damage was modified by the oestrus cycle in female rats. 5. Galactosamine when given in proportion to body weight tended to be less effective as body weight increased.", "PMID": 1174326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4556", "title": "[Studies of the metabolism and excretion of silybin in the rat].", "content": "The metabolism and excretion of silybin (as N-methyl-glucamine salt) was investigated after intravenous and oral administration to rats. In the urine, silybin was excreted mostly in the unchanged form after intravenous as well as oral application, whilst in the bile it appeared above all in the form of metabolites. By hydrolysis with arylsulfatase/beta-glucuronidase, the metabolites were identified as sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of silybin and dehyrosilybin; the latter appeared in small quantities as a dehydrated product of silybin. After intravenous injection of 20 mg silybin per kg body weight, the excreted amount of silybin after 48 h was 8%, whereas 76% was eliminated in the bile within the same period of time. After oral application of 2--20 mg silybin/kg body weight 20% after 40 mg/kg 35% and after 120 mg/kg 20% of the administered silybin was excreted in the bile during 48 h. The maximum excretion rate was achieved at application of 20 mg/kg p.o. after 1 h. At this dosage, 2--5% was eliminated within the same time in the urine. The excretion of silybin mainly took place (more than 80% of the total of excreted bilybin) in the bile, both after oral and intravenous administration.", "contents": "[Studies of the metabolism and excretion of silybin in the rat]. The metabolism and excretion of silybin (as N-methyl-glucamine salt) was investigated after intravenous and oral administration to rats. In the urine, silybin was excreted mostly in the unchanged form after intravenous as well as oral application, whilst in the bile it appeared above all in the form of metabolites. By hydrolysis with arylsulfatase/beta-glucuronidase, the metabolites were identified as sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of silybin and dehyrosilybin; the latter appeared in small quantities as a dehydrated product of silybin. After intravenous injection of 20 mg silybin per kg body weight, the excreted amount of silybin after 48 h was 8%, whereas 76% was eliminated in the bile within the same period of time. After oral application of 2--20 mg silybin/kg body weight 20% after 40 mg/kg 35% and after 120 mg/kg 20% of the administered silybin was excreted in the bile during 48 h. The maximum excretion rate was achieved at application of 20 mg/kg p.o. after 1 h. At this dosage, 2--5% was eliminated within the same time in the urine. The excretion of silybin mainly took place (more than 80% of the total of excreted bilybin) in the bile, both after oral and intravenous administration.", "PMID": 1174327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4557", "title": "Influence of sulpiride on gastrointestinal motility: experimental radiological study in the dog.", "content": "A radiological study has been carried out in the dog to control the influence of N-ethyl-2(2-methoxy-5-sulfamido-benzamidomethyl)-pyrrolidine (sulpiride) on the motility of the gastrointestinal tract. The drug was administered orally and parenterally at different doses for each pharmaceutical form and for such route of doses for each pharmaceutical form and for each route of administration. In doses which were considered optimal, the results have demonstrated that sulpiride exerts hypertonic and hyperphasic effects on the smooth musculature of the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, there is a reduction of the transit time and of the emptying of the opaque meal in the various sectors of the gastrointestinal tract, which is in the order of about 50% with respect to normal. Using doses which are inferior to those considered optimal, no significant results were obtained, while following higher doses the action of sulpiride is manifested by an inhibitory effect on gastrointestinal motility.", "contents": "Influence of sulpiride on gastrointestinal motility: experimental radiological study in the dog. A radiological study has been carried out in the dog to control the influence of N-ethyl-2(2-methoxy-5-sulfamido-benzamidomethyl)-pyrrolidine (sulpiride) on the motility of the gastrointestinal tract. The drug was administered orally and parenterally at different doses for each pharmaceutical form and for such route of doses for each pharmaceutical form and for each route of administration. In doses which were considered optimal, the results have demonstrated that sulpiride exerts hypertonic and hyperphasic effects on the smooth musculature of the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, there is a reduction of the transit time and of the emptying of the opaque meal in the various sectors of the gastrointestinal tract, which is in the order of about 50% with respect to normal. Using doses which are inferior to those considered optimal, no significant results were obtained, while following higher doses the action of sulpiride is manifested by an inhibitory effect on gastrointestinal motility.", "PMID": 1174328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4558", "title": "[The physiology of the isolated dog pancreas--the influence of the actual blood glucose level on the blood circulation in the pancreas].", "content": "1. Glucose loading tests were undertaken on isolated pancreas or pancreas-duodenal preparations. 2. In 75% of cases a vasodilatation can be observed which leads to enhanced blood circulation under constant pressure in the isolated organ. 3. This vasodilatation persists until the level of blood sugar has normalized. 4. The experiment being carried out on an isolated organ, external factors such as the vagus nerve, do not become active.", "contents": "[The physiology of the isolated dog pancreas--the influence of the actual blood glucose level on the blood circulation in the pancreas]. 1. Glucose loading tests were undertaken on isolated pancreas or pancreas-duodenal preparations. 2. In 75% of cases a vasodilatation can be observed which leads to enhanced blood circulation under constant pressure in the isolated organ. 3. This vasodilatation persists until the level of blood sugar has normalized. 4. The experiment being carried out on an isolated organ, external factors such as the vagus nerve, do not become active.", "PMID": 1174329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4559", "title": "Morphological changes after simultaneous administration of isoproterenol (ISO) and K+,MG2+-Aspartate (KMg-ASP) as a physiological Ca2+ antagonist.", "content": "Calcium antagonistic compounds including physiological ions of K and Mg are supposed to protect the heart against the deleterious effect of calcium overload. Pretreatment with K,Mg-aspartate in a single i.v. dose of 100 mg/kg was performed in dogs 5--10 min prior to isoproterenol chloride injection in a single dose of 7 mg/kh s.c. Administration of K,Mg-aspartate alone in the above-mentioned dose produced reversible changes of mitochondria after 2--6 hr. K,Mg-aspartate pretreatment applied prior to isoproterenol application revealed summarization of both K,Mg-aspartate and isoproterenol-produced changes after 2--6 h without significantly preventing hypoxic-like alterations. However, the final result after 24 h was good improvement of ultrastructure generally resembling metabolic regeneration and/or enhanced metabolic activity.", "contents": "Morphological changes after simultaneous administration of isoproterenol (ISO) and K+,MG2+-Aspartate (KMg-ASP) as a physiological Ca2+ antagonist. Calcium antagonistic compounds including physiological ions of K and Mg are supposed to protect the heart against the deleterious effect of calcium overload. Pretreatment with K,Mg-aspartate in a single i.v. dose of 100 mg/kg was performed in dogs 5--10 min prior to isoproterenol chloride injection in a single dose of 7 mg/kh s.c. Administration of K,Mg-aspartate alone in the above-mentioned dose produced reversible changes of mitochondria after 2--6 hr. K,Mg-aspartate pretreatment applied prior to isoproterenol application revealed summarization of both K,Mg-aspartate and isoproterenol-produced changes after 2--6 h without significantly preventing hypoxic-like alterations. However, the final result after 24 h was good improvement of ultrastructure generally resembling metabolic regeneration and/or enhanced metabolic activity.", "PMID": 1174330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4560", "title": "Comparative studies concerning the suitability of European hamsters and Syrian golden hamsters for investigations on smoke exposure.", "content": "The suitability of the European hamster and the Syrian golden hamster for experiments with tobacco smoke has been tested under various conditions by exposure of the animals to total smoke and the gas vapour phase of two cigarettes. Respiration rate, tidal volume and CO-Hb concentrations were measured before and after the exposures. The results demonstrate that the European hamster tolerates smoke inhalation under all conditions studied better than the Syrian golden hamster. In addition, the haemoglobin of the European hamster showed a markedly lower affinity for carbon monoxide than that of the Syrian golden hamster. In the European hamster, therefore, the danger of CO poisoning after repeated exposures to tobacco is much smaller than in the Syrian golden hamster. The European hamster can be regarded as a more suitable model for investigations with highly concentrated and prolonged smoke inhalations.", "contents": "Comparative studies concerning the suitability of European hamsters and Syrian golden hamsters for investigations on smoke exposure. The suitability of the European hamster and the Syrian golden hamster for experiments with tobacco smoke has been tested under various conditions by exposure of the animals to total smoke and the gas vapour phase of two cigarettes. Respiration rate, tidal volume and CO-Hb concentrations were measured before and after the exposures. The results demonstrate that the European hamster tolerates smoke inhalation under all conditions studied better than the Syrian golden hamster. In addition, the haemoglobin of the European hamster showed a markedly lower affinity for carbon monoxide than that of the Syrian golden hamster. In the European hamster, therefore, the danger of CO poisoning after repeated exposures to tobacco is much smaller than in the Syrian golden hamster. The European hamster can be regarded as a more suitable model for investigations with highly concentrated and prolonged smoke inhalations.", "PMID": 1174331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4561", "title": "Pharmacological properties of 6,7-tetramethylene-5-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-thieno[2,3-e](1,4)-diazepin-2-one (QM-6008, thiadipone), a new psychotropic drug.", "content": "The pharmacological actions of 6,7-tetramethylene-5-phenyl-1,2,-dihydro-3H-thieno]2,3-e](1,4)-diazepin-2-one (QM-6008, thiadiapone), a new psychotropic drug, have been studied. QM-6008 shares many of the psychosedative effects in rodents of benzodiazepines. The electroencephalographic actions in rats and rabbits of QM-6008 and chlordiazepoxide are also rather similar. This new compounds is endowed with clear conflict attenuating properties in an approach-avoidance schedule and can be considered, in consequence, as a new potentially useful anxiolytic drug. In other operant conditioning procedures in rats--Variable Interval and Discriminated Avoidance--QM-6008 induces an increase in response rate which is not generally shared by chlordiazepoxide. The psychopharmacological data collected in the present work leal to classify this new thienodiazepine derviative within the fram of tranquilizers of the benxodaizapine type. The sedative effects of QM-6008 appear howerer to be less potent and the psychostimulatn effects more markde than those ofchlordiazeposide.", "contents": "Pharmacological properties of 6,7-tetramethylene-5-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-thieno[2,3-e](1,4)-diazepin-2-one (QM-6008, thiadipone), a new psychotropic drug. The pharmacological actions of 6,7-tetramethylene-5-phenyl-1,2,-dihydro-3H-thieno]2,3-e](1,4)-diazepin-2-one (QM-6008, thiadiapone), a new psychotropic drug, have been studied. QM-6008 shares many of the psychosedative effects in rodents of benzodiazepines. The electroencephalographic actions in rats and rabbits of QM-6008 and chlordiazepoxide are also rather similar. This new compounds is endowed with clear conflict attenuating properties in an approach-avoidance schedule and can be considered, in consequence, as a new potentially useful anxiolytic drug. In other operant conditioning procedures in rats--Variable Interval and Discriminated Avoidance--QM-6008 induces an increase in response rate which is not generally shared by chlordiazepoxide. The psychopharmacological data collected in the present work leal to classify this new thienodiazepine derviative within the fram of tranquilizers of the benxodaizapine type. The sedative effects of QM-6008 appear howerer to be less potent and the psychostimulatn effects more markde than those ofchlordiazeposide.", "PMID": 1174332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4562", "title": "[Quantitative determination of the main metabolites of acetylsalicylic acid. 1. A method for the quantitative determination of salicylic acid and its metabolites. Studies in healthy individuals].", "content": "For special purposes a combination of methods is described which allows to determine salicylic acid (including acetylsalicylic acid) and its main metabolites in blood plasma and urine separately and quantitatively. Salicylic acid (SA) and salicyluric acid (SU) are extracted from the acidified fluid with ether and afterwards reextracted in an aqueous phase. By fluorometry at different wavelengths, it is possible to differentiate between SA and SU. The conjugates of SA and SU are hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid and then extracted in the form of SA and SU. The four analyses (SA, SU and their conjugates) are of satisfying accuracy and sensitivity. To test the validity of the method in vivo, the concentrations of SA and its conjugates were determined in the plasma and urines of healthy volunteers. By a simplified, but nevertheless accurate, modification of the described method total salicylate in the urine can be determined.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of the main metabolites of acetylsalicylic acid. 1. A method for the quantitative determination of salicylic acid and its metabolites. Studies in healthy individuals]. For special purposes a combination of methods is described which allows to determine salicylic acid (including acetylsalicylic acid) and its main metabolites in blood plasma and urine separately and quantitatively. Salicylic acid (SA) and salicyluric acid (SU) are extracted from the acidified fluid with ether and afterwards reextracted in an aqueous phase. By fluorometry at different wavelengths, it is possible to differentiate between SA and SU. The conjugates of SA and SU are hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid and then extracted in the form of SA and SU. The four analyses (SA, SU and their conjugates) are of satisfying accuracy and sensitivity. To test the validity of the method in vivo, the concentrations of SA and its conjugates were determined in the plasma and urines of healthy volunteers. By a simplified, but nevertheless accurate, modification of the described method total salicylate in the urine can be determined.", "PMID": 1174333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4563", "title": "Pharmacokinetic analysis of ampicillin concentration in neonates: comparison of two pharmacokinetic models and of two numerical methods.", "content": "Ampicillin blood levels after i.m. injection were analysed according to a one and a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The two-compartment model gave no substantially better fit to the data than a one-compartment model. To fit the one-compartment model two computer programs based on different numerical methods, were tested. The BMD program gave satisfactory results in all cases.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic analysis of ampicillin concentration in neonates: comparison of two pharmacokinetic models and of two numerical methods. Ampicillin blood levels after i.m. injection were analysed according to a one and a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The two-compartment model gave no substantially better fit to the data than a one-compartment model. To fit the one-compartment model two computer programs based on different numerical methods, were tested. The BMD program gave satisfactory results in all cases.", "PMID": 1174334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4564", "title": "Conformation and motion of the choline head group in bilayers of dipalmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine.", "content": "The conformation and motion of the choline head group in lipid bilayers above and below the gel-to-liquid crystal transition point are studied by means of deuterium and phosphorus magnetic resonance. For this purpose dipalmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine is selectively deuterated at various positions on the choline and glycerol constituents. The residual deuteron quadrupole couplings and the phosphorus chemical-shift anisotropy of the corresponding lipid-water mixtures yield quantitative information on the segmental motions. The choline methyl group is only slightly hindered in its movement, but the motional freedom becomes increasingly restricted the closer the segment is located to the glycerol backbone. The average value of the OC-CN bond rotation angle changes with temperature. Increasing the temperature rotates the choline methyl group into the vicinity of the phosphorus atom. The choline group as a whole is thus characterized by a flexible, temperature-dependent structure. Its orientation in space is not fixed, either parallel or perpendicular to the bilayer surface. Instead all segments execute angular oscillations with varying degrees of restriction around the normal on the bilayer surface. The gel-to-liquid crystal phase transition at 41 degrees is clearly reflected in the deuterium and phosphorus resonance spectra of the choline moiety, while no change is observed at 34 degrees. The calorimetric pretransition at 34 degrees seems not to be associated with a conformational change in the choline group.", "contents": "Conformation and motion of the choline head group in bilayers of dipalmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine. The conformation and motion of the choline head group in lipid bilayers above and below the gel-to-liquid crystal transition point are studied by means of deuterium and phosphorus magnetic resonance. For this purpose dipalmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine is selectively deuterated at various positions on the choline and glycerol constituents. The residual deuteron quadrupole couplings and the phosphorus chemical-shift anisotropy of the corresponding lipid-water mixtures yield quantitative information on the segmental motions. The choline methyl group is only slightly hindered in its movement, but the motional freedom becomes increasingly restricted the closer the segment is located to the glycerol backbone. The average value of the OC-CN bond rotation angle changes with temperature. Increasing the temperature rotates the choline methyl group into the vicinity of the phosphorus atom. The choline group as a whole is thus characterized by a flexible, temperature-dependent structure. Its orientation in space is not fixed, either parallel or perpendicular to the bilayer surface. Instead all segments execute angular oscillations with varying degrees of restriction around the normal on the bilayer surface. The gel-to-liquid crystal phase transition at 41 degrees is clearly reflected in the deuterium and phosphorus resonance spectra of the choline moiety, while no change is observed at 34 degrees. The calorimetric pretransition at 34 degrees seems not to be associated with a conformational change in the choline group.", "PMID": 1174349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4565", "title": "On the mechanism of sugar and amino acid interaction in intestinal transport.", "content": "The influence of amino acids on D-glucose transport was studied in isolated vesicles of brush border membrane from rat small intestine. It is demonstrated that: (a) Uptake of D-glucose by the membranes is inhibited by simultaneous flow of L- and D-alanine into the vesicles. (b) Addition of L-alanine to membranes pre-equilibrated with D-glucose causes efflux of this sugar. (c) The influence of amino acids on D-glucose is dependent on the presence of Na+. (d) The ionophorous agents monactin and valinomycin are able to prevent the transport interaction of D-glucose and amino acids. Monactin is effective in the presence of Na+ without further addition of other cations, while valinomycin is effective only with added K+, in accordance with the known specificity of these antibiotics. (e) The inhibitory effect increases with L-alanine concentration up to about 50 mM after which it levels off. The experiments provide evident that the Na+-dependent sugar and amino acid fluxes across the brush border membrane are coupled electrically.", "contents": "On the mechanism of sugar and amino acid interaction in intestinal transport. The influence of amino acids on D-glucose transport was studied in isolated vesicles of brush border membrane from rat small intestine. It is demonstrated that: (a) Uptake of D-glucose by the membranes is inhibited by simultaneous flow of L- and D-alanine into the vesicles. (b) Addition of L-alanine to membranes pre-equilibrated with D-glucose causes efflux of this sugar. (c) The influence of amino acids on D-glucose is dependent on the presence of Na+. (d) The ionophorous agents monactin and valinomycin are able to prevent the transport interaction of D-glucose and amino acids. Monactin is effective in the presence of Na+ without further addition of other cations, while valinomycin is effective only with added K+, in accordance with the known specificity of these antibiotics. (e) The inhibitory effect increases with L-alanine concentration up to about 50 mM after which it levels off. The experiments provide evident that the Na+-dependent sugar and amino acid fluxes across the brush border membrane are coupled electrically.", "PMID": 1174356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4566", "title": "Electrical relaxation processes in black lipid membranes in the presence of a cation-selective ionophore.", "content": "The time course of relaxation of the electric current following steps in the applied potential across lipid bilayer membranes has been measured. The membranes were made cation-selective by the addition of nonactin. To permit the measurement of very short time constants a voltage clamp device was developed in order to reduce the charging period to less than 1 musec, regardless of the magnitude of the series resistances in the external solutions. It was possible by this method to establish the presence of two electric processes, which were found to behave differently with respect to temperature, applied potential and external solution conditions. The rapid process (tau approximately 10 musec) was interpreted in terms of the electric parameters of the polar part of the membrane according to the theory developed by H\u00e4gglund and Sandblom (T.I.T.J. Life Sic. 2: 107, 1972). The second process (tau approximately 100 musec) showed a behavior consistent with the model of Stark, Ketterer, Benz and L\u00e4uger (Biophys. J. 11:981, 1971), which considers the different rate constants involved in the net transfer of carriermediated ion transport across bilayer membranes.", "contents": "Electrical relaxation processes in black lipid membranes in the presence of a cation-selective ionophore. The time course of relaxation of the electric current following steps in the applied potential across lipid bilayer membranes has been measured. The membranes were made cation-selective by the addition of nonactin. To permit the measurement of very short time constants a voltage clamp device was developed in order to reduce the charging period to less than 1 musec, regardless of the magnitude of the series resistances in the external solutions. It was possible by this method to establish the presence of two electric processes, which were found to behave differently with respect to temperature, applied potential and external solution conditions. The rapid process (tau approximately 10 musec) was interpreted in terms of the electric parameters of the polar part of the membrane according to the theory developed by H\u00e4gglund and Sandblom (T.I.T.J. Life Sic. 2: 107, 1972). The second process (tau approximately 100 musec) showed a behavior consistent with the model of Stark, Ketterer, Benz and L\u00e4uger (Biophys. J. 11:981, 1971), which considers the different rate constants involved in the net transfer of carriermediated ion transport across bilayer membranes.", "PMID": 1174357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4567", "title": "Pneumothorax complicating pulmonary emphysema.", "content": "Clinical and roentgenographic findings were compared in patients 40 years of age and over and in those under 40 who were treated for acute unilateral pneumothorax. Dyspnea and anxiety were pominent in the older individuals, although pneumothoraces were usually small. Because physical findings were often unreliable, roentgenograms were required. In the presence of pulmonary emphysema, loss of retractility prevented total collapse of the underlying lung. Increased intrapleural pressure caused over-expansion of the chest wall and the depression of the diaphragm without much mediastinal shifting. Partial collapse of emphysematous lobes demonstrated bullae that were not previously obvious. Respiratory failure developed in five patients over 40 years of age, but four of them recovered after relief of the pneumothorax. Mortality for the group was low and related to associated pulmonary diseases.", "contents": "Pneumothorax complicating pulmonary emphysema. Clinical and roentgenographic findings were compared in patients 40 years of age and over and in those under 40 who were treated for acute unilateral pneumothorax. Dyspnea and anxiety were pominent in the older individuals, although pneumothoraces were usually small. Because physical findings were often unreliable, roentgenograms were required. In the presence of pulmonary emphysema, loss of retractility prevented total collapse of the underlying lung. Increased intrapleural pressure caused over-expansion of the chest wall and the depression of the diaphragm without much mediastinal shifting. Partial collapse of emphysematous lobes demonstrated bullae that were not previously obvious. Respiratory failure developed in five patients over 40 years of age, but four of them recovered after relief of the pneumothorax. Mortality for the group was low and related to associated pulmonary diseases.", "PMID": 1174369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4568", "title": "Chronic lead absorption. Result of poor ventilation in an indoor pistol range.", "content": "Three cases of mild lead poisoning were discovered among instructors at an indoor pistol range. These cases were characterized by blood lead levels greater than 100 mug/100 ml, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels greater than 450 mug/100 ml of red blood cells, abdominal pain, and, in one instance, by slowing of motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity. Exposure to airborne lead produced during revolver-firing and bullet-molding accounted for the lead absorption. Ventilation in the range was inadequate.", "contents": "Chronic lead absorption. Result of poor ventilation in an indoor pistol range. Three cases of mild lead poisoning were discovered among instructors at an indoor pistol range. These cases were characterized by blood lead levels greater than 100 mug/100 ml, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels greater than 450 mug/100 ml of red blood cells, abdominal pain, and, in one instance, by slowing of motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity. Exposure to airborne lead produced during revolver-firing and bullet-molding accounted for the lead absorption. Ventilation in the range was inadequate.", "PMID": 1174370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4569", "title": "Reye syndrome with associated influenza A and B infection.", "content": "In early 1974, seventeen children were treated for Reye syndrome. Thirteen of these were studied for laboratory evidence of concomitant viral infection. Influenza B/Hong Kong was isolated from the pharynx in four of nine 1974 cases tested. One child had just recovered from varicella. Adenovirus type 2 and respiratory syncytial virus were isolated from two additional patients. Serologic tests for influenza suggested concomitant or recent influenza B infection in ten of 13 of 1971 cases. During February 1975, six children were treated for this syndrome. Influenza A/Port Chalmers was recovered from three in six 1975 cases, and all six showed significant antibody rises to influenza A. These studies suggest that influenza viruses provide a trigger mechanism for the development of Reye syndrome in susceptible children.", "contents": "Reye syndrome with associated influenza A and B infection. In early 1974, seventeen children were treated for Reye syndrome. Thirteen of these were studied for laboratory evidence of concomitant viral infection. Influenza B/Hong Kong was isolated from the pharynx in four of nine 1974 cases tested. One child had just recovered from varicella. Adenovirus type 2 and respiratory syncytial virus were isolated from two additional patients. Serologic tests for influenza suggested concomitant or recent influenza B infection in ten of 13 of 1971 cases. During February 1975, six children were treated for this syndrome. Influenza A/Port Chalmers was recovered from three in six 1975 cases, and all six showed significant antibody rises to influenza A. These studies suggest that influenza viruses provide a trigger mechanism for the development of Reye syndrome in susceptible children.", "PMID": 1174373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4570", "title": "Traumatic left ventricular aneurysm. Two cases with normal coronary angiograms.", "content": "Two young males had traumatic left ventricular aneurysm and normal coronary angiograms. Trauma was penetrating (bullet) in one and nonpenetrating (fist blow) in the other. Recurrent ventricular tachycardia in one and a systemic embolus in the other required aneurysmectomy. The patients are free of symptoms 42 and 21 months after surgery. The presence of traumatic ventricular aneurysm and normal coronary angiograms suggests that myocardial necrosis following chest trauma is often caused by direct injury to the myocardium rather than by injury to occlusion of the coronary arteries. Therefore, coronary artery bypass surgery may be unnecessary or even hazardous in persons with chest trauma and evidence of early myocardial necrosis.", "contents": "Traumatic left ventricular aneurysm. Two cases with normal coronary angiograms. Two young males had traumatic left ventricular aneurysm and normal coronary angiograms. Trauma was penetrating (bullet) in one and nonpenetrating (fist blow) in the other. Recurrent ventricular tachycardia in one and a systemic embolus in the other required aneurysmectomy. The patients are free of symptoms 42 and 21 months after surgery. The presence of traumatic ventricular aneurysm and normal coronary angiograms suggests that myocardial necrosis following chest trauma is often caused by direct injury to the myocardium rather than by injury to occlusion of the coronary arteries. Therefore, coronary artery bypass surgery may be unnecessary or even hazardous in persons with chest trauma and evidence of early myocardial necrosis.", "PMID": 1174374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4571", "title": "[Infulence of pyrasanone on the index of articular radioisotope (tc99m) uptake in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "Objective and instrumental appraisal of the therapeutic effect of a new inflammatory molecule (pyrasanone) via radio-isotope and clinical assessment is reported. A highly significant decrease in articular uptake of radiotechnetium was observed when pyrasanone was administered for a short period to 6 subjects with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical assessment after prolonged aministration in 40 patients with various rheumatic diseases with pathogenetice inflammation showed a marked anc clinically important anti-inflammatory (and hence analgesic) effct; tolerance was good and there were no side-effects.", "contents": "[Infulence of pyrasanone on the index of articular radioisotope (tc99m) uptake in rheumatoid arthritis]. Objective and instrumental appraisal of the therapeutic effect of a new inflammatory molecule (pyrasanone) via radio-isotope and clinical assessment is reported. A highly significant decrease in articular uptake of radiotechnetium was observed when pyrasanone was administered for a short period to 6 subjects with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical assessment after prolonged aministration in 40 patients with various rheumatic diseases with pathogenetice inflammation showed a marked anc clinically important anti-inflammatory (and hence analgesic) effct; tolerance was good and there were no side-effects.", "PMID": 1174381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4572", "title": "Surfactant in the lung and tracheal fluid of the fetal lamb and acceleration of its appearance by dexamethasone.", "content": "We measured tracheal fluid production rate and pulmonary surfactant flux in 12 sets of twin fetal lambs of 102 to 135 days' gestation. In nine of these sets we also measured surfactant flux and the concentration of saturated lecithin in the lungs before and during dexamethasone infusion into one of the twins. The average tracheal fluid flow rate was 3.25 ml/kg/hr (SD 1.6) and, relative to body weight, did not change between 103 and 135 days' gestation or during the infusion of dexamethasone. In untreated fetuses, surfactant was detected between 108 and 130 days and its flux gradually increased but remained less than 150mug/kg/hr at 135 days' gestation; the amount of disaturated lecithin in the lung relative to body weight increased 13-fold from 108 to 134 days. From these data we calculated that the minimal rate of synthesis of disaturated lecithin was increased about 4-fold by dexamethasone from 108 to 120 days; this enhancement fell to about 1.8-fold by 135 days. The rate of secretion of disaturated lecithin, as estimated by surfactant flux in tracheal fluid, was increased by dexamethasone throughout the interval of the study.", "contents": "Surfactant in the lung and tracheal fluid of the fetal lamb and acceleration of its appearance by dexamethasone. We measured tracheal fluid production rate and pulmonary surfactant flux in 12 sets of twin fetal lambs of 102 to 135 days' gestation. In nine of these sets we also measured surfactant flux and the concentration of saturated lecithin in the lungs before and during dexamethasone infusion into one of the twins. The average tracheal fluid flow rate was 3.25 ml/kg/hr (SD 1.6) and, relative to body weight, did not change between 103 and 135 days' gestation or during the infusion of dexamethasone. In untreated fetuses, surfactant was detected between 108 and 130 days and its flux gradually increased but remained less than 150mug/kg/hr at 135 days' gestation; the amount of disaturated lecithin in the lung relative to body weight increased 13-fold from 108 to 134 days. From these data we calculated that the minimal rate of synthesis of disaturated lecithin was increased about 4-fold by dexamethasone from 108 to 120 days; this enhancement fell to about 1.8-fold by 135 days. The rate of secretion of disaturated lecithin, as estimated by surfactant flux in tracheal fluid, was increased by dexamethasone throughout the interval of the study.", "PMID": 1174383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4573", "title": "Ejaculatory pattern in female rats without androgen treatment.", "content": "Adult female rats receiving long-term estrogen treatment displayed the species-typical motor pattern of ejaculation during copulation. This hormone treatment produced pituitary hypertrophy and concomitant pressure damage to brain areas dorsal to the pituitary, but did not cause clitoral hypertrophy. The demonstration of the ejaculatory pattern in perinatally untreated female rats indicates that the potential for the expression of the ejaculatory or \"orgasmic\" pattern is not dependent on exogenous androgen at any stage of development and is more widely represented among female mammals than previously believed.", "contents": "Ejaculatory pattern in female rats without androgen treatment. Adult female rats receiving long-term estrogen treatment displayed the species-typical motor pattern of ejaculation during copulation. This hormone treatment produced pituitary hypertrophy and concomitant pressure damage to brain areas dorsal to the pituitary, but did not cause clitoral hypertrophy. The demonstration of the ejaculatory pattern in perinatally untreated female rats indicates that the potential for the expression of the ejaculatory or \"orgasmic\" pattern is not dependent on exogenous androgen at any stage of development and is more widely represented among female mammals than previously believed.", "PMID": 1174387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4574", "title": "Remnant function after subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves' disease.", "content": "Although it has been thought that future thyroid function after subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves' disease was intimately related to the mass of the thyroid remnant, long-term functional results have not been clearly established. These questions were examined in a retrospective study of 86 surgical cases with histologically confirmed Graves' disease. Operation resulted in euthyroidism in 76% of cases. Recurrent thyrotoxicosis appeared in 8%. Hypothyroidism developed in 14 patients (16%), all with estimated remnant weights of less than 8 gm. In each case, hypothyroidism was diagnosed within the first postoperative year. The capability for early diagnosis of hypothyroidism, however, is a significant advantage of surgical treatment. Within the range of estimated remnant weights, a significant and negative correlation was found between remnant size and the subsequent development of hypothyroidism, but neither euthyroidism nor recurrence of thyrotoxicosis could be correlated with remnant size. In the individual patient, therefore, estimated remnant size is of limited value in predicting future thyroid function.", "contents": "Remnant function after subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. Although it has been thought that future thyroid function after subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves' disease was intimately related to the mass of the thyroid remnant, long-term functional results have not been clearly established. These questions were examined in a retrospective study of 86 surgical cases with histologically confirmed Graves' disease. Operation resulted in euthyroidism in 76% of cases. Recurrent thyrotoxicosis appeared in 8%. Hypothyroidism developed in 14 patients (16%), all with estimated remnant weights of less than 8 gm. In each case, hypothyroidism was diagnosed within the first postoperative year. The capability for early diagnosis of hypothyroidism, however, is a significant advantage of surgical treatment. Within the range of estimated remnant weights, a significant and negative correlation was found between remnant size and the subsequent development of hypothyroidism, but neither euthyroidism nor recurrence of thyrotoxicosis could be correlated with remnant size. In the individual patient, therefore, estimated remnant size is of limited value in predicting future thyroid function.", "PMID": 1174388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4575", "title": "Elevation of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) level in patients with brain tumors.", "content": "Sera of 43 brain tumor patients were analyzed along with various other control groups for serum immunoglobulin, cold and sheep cell hemagglutinin and a heterophile type antibody. Serum IgM and heterophile antibody (non-Forssman type) were found elevated in brain tumor and various acute viral meningoencephalitis groups. Serum IgA and IgG levels were essentially unchanged. IgM levels appear to be particularly stimulated by the meningioma class because the removal of tumor from the host was accompanied by its return to normal range. This system of IgM measurement may prove to be a valuable tool in preliminary diagnosis of brain tumors.", "contents": "Elevation of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) level in patients with brain tumors. Sera of 43 brain tumor patients were analyzed along with various other control groups for serum immunoglobulin, cold and sheep cell hemagglutinin and a heterophile type antibody. Serum IgM and heterophile antibody (non-Forssman type) were found elevated in brain tumor and various acute viral meningoencephalitis groups. Serum IgA and IgG levels were essentially unchanged. IgM levels appear to be particularly stimulated by the meningioma class because the removal of tumor from the host was accompanied by its return to normal range. This system of IgM measurement may prove to be a valuable tool in preliminary diagnosis of brain tumors.", "PMID": 1174390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4576", "title": "Intracerebral toxoplasmosis presenting as a mass lesion.", "content": "Intracerebral toxoplasmosis is an uncommon condition and for it a produce an intracerebral mass is rare. A case is reported in a patient also suffering from lymphosarcoma, who had received immunosuppressive therapy and who had recently had herpes zoster ophthalmica.", "contents": "Intracerebral toxoplasmosis presenting as a mass lesion. Intracerebral toxoplasmosis is an uncommon condition and for it a produce an intracerebral mass is rare. A case is reported in a patient also suffering from lymphosarcoma, who had received immunosuppressive therapy and who had recently had herpes zoster ophthalmica.", "PMID": 1174391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4577", "title": "The metabolism of tolamolol in the mouse, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit and dog.", "content": "1. [3H, 14C]Tolamolol was well absorbed after oral administration to mice, rats, guinea-pigs, rabbits and dogs. 2. The major route for excretion of radioactivity by mice, rats and guinea-pigs was the faeces; in rabbits the major route was the urine. Dogs excreted similar amounts of radioactivity by both routes. Biliary excretion of radioactivity by the rat and guinea-pig was demonstrated. 3. Tolamolol was extensively metabolized by all five species. The major metabolite in mice, rats, guinea-pigs and rabbits was the product of hydroxylation of the tolyl ring, which was excreted as such as the glucuronide and sulphate conjugates. 4. In the dog the major metabolite was the acid resulting from hydrolysis of the carbamoyl group. This acid was also excreted by the rabbit, but was only a minor metabolite in the other species studied.", "contents": "The metabolism of tolamolol in the mouse, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit and dog. 1. [3H, 14C]Tolamolol was well absorbed after oral administration to mice, rats, guinea-pigs, rabbits and dogs. 2. The major route for excretion of radioactivity by mice, rats and guinea-pigs was the faeces; in rabbits the major route was the urine. Dogs excreted similar amounts of radioactivity by both routes. Biliary excretion of radioactivity by the rat and guinea-pig was demonstrated. 3. Tolamolol was extensively metabolized by all five species. The major metabolite in mice, rats, guinea-pigs and rabbits was the product of hydroxylation of the tolyl ring, which was excreted as such as the glucuronide and sulphate conjugates. 4. In the dog the major metabolite was the acid resulting from hydrolysis of the carbamoyl group. This acid was also excreted by the rabbit, but was only a minor metabolite in the other species studied.", "PMID": 1174392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4578", "title": "Age and individual differences in infants' learning abilities.", "content": "To assess age and individual differences in infants' learning abilities the method of conditioned head turning toward the source of milk was applied to 20 infants at two different age periods - one month and four months. The results indicate that with increasing age the conditioned reflex is established more speedily in the first six months of life with a corresponding shortening of the mean latency. Extinction, however, occurs more speedily in one-month-old infants than in four-month-old infants. There are no differences in the mean latency of positive reaction during extinction and establishment of the conditioned reflex in both age categories. Considerable individual differences were ascertained in the rate of establishment and extinction of the conditioned reflex. Differences in the rate of extinction of the conditioned reaction appeared to be relatively stable.", "contents": "Age and individual differences in infants' learning abilities. To assess age and individual differences in infants' learning abilities the method of conditioned head turning toward the source of milk was applied to 20 infants at two different age periods - one month and four months. The results indicate that with increasing age the conditioned reflex is established more speedily in the first six months of life with a corresponding shortening of the mean latency. Extinction, however, occurs more speedily in one-month-old infants than in four-month-old infants. There are no differences in the mean latency of positive reaction during extinction and establishment of the conditioned reflex in both age categories. Considerable individual differences were ascertained in the rate of establishment and extinction of the conditioned reflex. Differences in the rate of extinction of the conditioned reaction appeared to be relatively stable.", "PMID": 1174393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4579", "title": "An automatic static perimeter, design and pilot study.", "content": "An instrument for automatic static perimetry at 14 points across a meridian was constructed and used in a pilot study. The machine was controlled by a computer and the subjects responded to the light stimuli by pressing one of two push-buttons. Most people investigated readily understood the rules at testing. \"Blunders\" made by the subject were, however, so common, that allowance had to be made in the test programme for a number of mistakes. The test stimuli should be exposed in random order. When the zone of uncertain seeing is wide - this occurs especially in untrained subjects - a simple test logic gives a fairly large variation. An improvement in reproducibility is then obtained by applying a more complicated logic, though at the cost of an increased duration of the test session.", "contents": "An automatic static perimeter, design and pilot study. An instrument for automatic static perimetry at 14 points across a meridian was constructed and used in a pilot study. The machine was controlled by a computer and the subjects responded to the light stimuli by pressing one of two push-buttons. Most people investigated readily understood the rules at testing. \"Blunders\" made by the subject were, however, so common, that allowance had to be made in the test programme for a number of mistakes. The test stimuli should be exposed in random order. When the zone of uncertain seeing is wide - this occurs especially in untrained subjects - a simple test logic gives a fairly large variation. An improvement in reproducibility is then obtained by applying a more complicated logic, though at the cost of an increased duration of the test session.", "PMID": 1174394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4580", "title": "Smoking and intraocular pressure.", "content": "The intraocular pressure - as measured by Schi\u00f6tz tonometer - was studied in 378 smokers, 151 ex-smokers, and 495 non-smokers. It was found the the three groups have practically the same distribution of intraocular pressure, and that the latter has non relationship to the smoking habit.", "contents": "Smoking and intraocular pressure. The intraocular pressure - as measured by Schi\u00f6tz tonometer - was studied in 378 smokers, 151 ex-smokers, and 495 non-smokers. It was found the the three groups have practically the same distribution of intraocular pressure, and that the latter has non relationship to the smoking habit.", "PMID": 1174395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4581", "title": "Permeability of rabbit corneal epithelium to horseradish peroxidase after the influence of benzalkonium chloride.", "content": "A tight barrier against permeation of horseradish peroxidase into the corneal epithelium exists at the corneal surface adjacent to the tear film. The present light and transmission electron microscopic study reveals that the cationic surfactant, benzalkonium chloride, which is commonly added to eye drops as a preservative, breaks down this barrier. Lysis of the cell membranes was demonstrated, resulting in a leakage of the tracer into and underneath the superficial cells. The grade of cellular destruction caused by benzalkonium chloride was dependent upon the concentration and exposure time of the drug.", "contents": "Permeability of rabbit corneal epithelium to horseradish peroxidase after the influence of benzalkonium chloride. A tight barrier against permeation of horseradish peroxidase into the corneal epithelium exists at the corneal surface adjacent to the tear film. The present light and transmission electron microscopic study reveals that the cationic surfactant, benzalkonium chloride, which is commonly added to eye drops as a preservative, breaks down this barrier. Lysis of the cell membranes was demonstrated, resulting in a leakage of the tracer into and underneath the superficial cells. The grade of cellular destruction caused by benzalkonium chloride was dependent upon the concentration and exposure time of the drug.", "PMID": 1174396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4582", "title": "The effect of benzalkonium chloride on the electropotential of the rabbit cornea.", "content": "The effect of benzalkonium chloride on the electropotenial of the cornea has been examined. The anterior surface of the in vivo or in vitro cornea was exposed to various concentrations of the surfactant, from 0.005% to 0.02%, for either 1 or 2 min. The initial effect is a hyperpolarization lasting up to 30 sec, followed by a rapid fall in potential difference with a subsequent recovery. The degree of potential difference decrease and the recovery rate was dependent upon both the concentration of the detergent, and the exposure time. There is excellent correlation between the previous anatomical and physiological studies on tracer penetration across the in vivo and in vitro cornea and our present work. The data indicate that benzalkonium chloride acts by breaking down the physiological and anatomical diffusion barrier to solute and solvent which is located in the outer layer of the epithelium.", "contents": "The effect of benzalkonium chloride on the electropotential of the rabbit cornea. The effect of benzalkonium chloride on the electropotenial of the cornea has been examined. The anterior surface of the in vivo or in vitro cornea was exposed to various concentrations of the surfactant, from 0.005% to 0.02%, for either 1 or 2 min. The initial effect is a hyperpolarization lasting up to 30 sec, followed by a rapid fall in potential difference with a subsequent recovery. The degree of potential difference decrease and the recovery rate was dependent upon both the concentration of the detergent, and the exposure time. There is excellent correlation between the previous anatomical and physiological studies on tracer penetration across the in vivo and in vitro cornea and our present work. The data indicate that benzalkonium chloride acts by breaking down the physiological and anatomical diffusion barrier to solute and solvent which is located in the outer layer of the epithelium.", "PMID": 1174397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4583", "title": "Intramuscular rabbit anesthesia ketamine hydrochloride and mebumalnatrium (NFN). A safe and easy combination.", "content": "For the attainment of deep anesthesia in rabbits, a combination of ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar) and mebumalnatrium (NFN) (Nembutal), administered intramuscularly, was evaluated. The anesthetic effect was satisfactory and no deaths or side effects were recorded.", "contents": "Intramuscular rabbit anesthesia ketamine hydrochloride and mebumalnatrium (NFN). A safe and easy combination. For the attainment of deep anesthesia in rabbits, a combination of ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar) and mebumalnatrium (NFN) (Nembutal), administered intramuscularly, was evaluated. The anesthetic effect was satisfactory and no deaths or side effects were recorded.", "PMID": 1174398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4584", "title": "Concentrations of some metabolites in the aqueous humour of human senile cataractous eyes.", "content": "Glucose, pyruvate, l-lactate, and citrate concentrations of the aqueous humour were examined in 51 patients aged 54-87 years with senile cataracts, and in one patient with a clear lens. Furthermore, the ratios of glucose in aqueous/glucose in plasma and citrate in aqueous/citrate in plasma were investigated. Among the parameters recorded, age dependence could only be demonstrated for glucose concentrations in the aqueous humour, as this parameter decreases with increasing age. However, a chance significance because of multipleignificance tests cannot be left out of account in this material. The parameters in question are unfit for an evaluation of possible changes in the energy metabolism of the lens in relation to cataract development because no significant differences were found between concentrations and ratios in different clinical types of cataract. Also, considerable ranges of variation were recorded.", "contents": "Concentrations of some metabolites in the aqueous humour of human senile cataractous eyes. Glucose, pyruvate, l-lactate, and citrate concentrations of the aqueous humour were examined in 51 patients aged 54-87 years with senile cataracts, and in one patient with a clear lens. Furthermore, the ratios of glucose in aqueous/glucose in plasma and citrate in aqueous/citrate in plasma were investigated. Among the parameters recorded, age dependence could only be demonstrated for glucose concentrations in the aqueous humour, as this parameter decreases with increasing age. However, a chance significance because of multipleignificance tests cannot be left out of account in this material. The parameters in question are unfit for an evaluation of possible changes in the energy metabolism of the lens in relation to cataract development because no significant differences were found between concentrations and ratios in different clinical types of cataract. Also, considerable ranges of variation were recorded.", "PMID": 1174399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4585", "title": "Objective recognition of abnormal isopters.", "content": "We have examined the hypothesis that normal and only normal isopters of the central visual field are elliptical, except for random deviations. Statistical methods capable of recognizing small deviations from elliptical shape have been developed. Theses methods have been devised to meet the special demands of clinical testing of visual fields and require only simple calculations. The qualities of these methods were examined by theoretical analysis, by large-scale simulations, and by experimental comparison with subjective evaluations. The new methods proved very useful in these examinations. A clinical study using a servo-equipped Goldman perimeter demonstrated that normal central isopters are elliptical enough for the proposed test characteristic to be of practical value in clinical work. The method allows an objective recognition of abnormal isopters with a high degree of sensitivity.", "contents": "Objective recognition of abnormal isopters. We have examined the hypothesis that normal and only normal isopters of the central visual field are elliptical, except for random deviations. Statistical methods capable of recognizing small deviations from elliptical shape have been developed. Theses methods have been devised to meet the special demands of clinical testing of visual fields and require only simple calculations. The qualities of these methods were examined by theoretical analysis, by large-scale simulations, and by experimental comparison with subjective evaluations. The new methods proved very useful in these examinations. A clinical study using a servo-equipped Goldman perimeter demonstrated that normal central isopters are elliptical enough for the proposed test characteristic to be of practical value in clinical work. The method allows an objective recognition of abnormal isopters with a high degree of sensitivity.", "PMID": 1174400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4586", "title": "Quadrant sparing of the macula.", "content": "Macular sparing is an indisputable clinical finding in cases of hemianopia. Several explanations have been given, some of which are not mutually exclusive. Eight cases, encountered in a study of more than 100 hemianopias, are presented, in which the sparing has the form of a quadrant, either upper or lower. The explanation in these cases seems to be the double vascular supply to the tip of the occipital pole. It is stressed, however, that macular sparing may have a different explanation in other cases.", "contents": "Quadrant sparing of the macula. Macular sparing is an indisputable clinical finding in cases of hemianopia. Several explanations have been given, some of which are not mutually exclusive. Eight cases, encountered in a study of more than 100 hemianopias, are presented, in which the sparing has the form of a quadrant, either upper or lower. The explanation in these cases seems to be the double vascular supply to the tip of the occipital pole. It is stressed, however, that macular sparing may have a different explanation in other cases.", "PMID": 1174401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4587", "title": "The vitrophage in ocular trauma. Report of 15 cases.", "content": "Fifteen patients underwent a pars plana approach vitrectomy and membranectomy after acute and chronic injury. In all cases the lens fragments, hemorrhage, and secondary membranes were removed restoring clarity to the ocular media. In two cases the final visual acuity was limited by preexisting retinal injury. The advantages of pars plana approach are the small incision and minimal ocular manipulation during surgery. In the presence of retinal injury, diathermy during the procedure or photocoagulation within 24 hours is also indicated.", "contents": "The vitrophage in ocular trauma. Report of 15 cases. Fifteen patients underwent a pars plana approach vitrectomy and membranectomy after acute and chronic injury. In all cases the lens fragments, hemorrhage, and secondary membranes were removed restoring clarity to the ocular media. In two cases the final visual acuity was limited by preexisting retinal injury. The advantages of pars plana approach are the small incision and minimal ocular manipulation during surgery. In the presence of retinal injury, diathermy during the procedure or photocoagulation within 24 hours is also indicated.", "PMID": 1174402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4588", "title": "Anterior chamber depth and primary angle-closure glaucoma. II. A genetic study.", "content": "The genetics of primary angle-closure glaucome (a.c.g.) was studied: a) through the prevalence in sibs and children of a.c.g. probands, and b) through the family distribution of the closely correlated axial anterior chamber depth (ACD). The material emerged from an epidemiologic study in Greeland Eskimos. a) Compared with the general population, the observed prevalence of a.c.g. was increased in sibs of a.c.g. probands and the estimated, future prevalence was found to be the same in sibs and children. Age influence prevented a proper Mendelian analysis, but no simple monogenic inheritance seems probable. b) The biometric study showed a relatively shallow chamber in sibs, children, nephews, nieces and grandchildren of a.c.g. probands. Regression analyses revealed a corresponding pattern, also in control families of probands with shallow chambers and in general population families. A heritability of 70% was found, indicating that about two thirds of the age and sex independent variation in ACD seems to be genetic.", "contents": "Anterior chamber depth and primary angle-closure glaucoma. II. A genetic study. The genetics of primary angle-closure glaucome (a.c.g.) was studied: a) through the prevalence in sibs and children of a.c.g. probands, and b) through the family distribution of the closely correlated axial anterior chamber depth (ACD). The material emerged from an epidemiologic study in Greeland Eskimos. a) Compared with the general population, the observed prevalence of a.c.g. was increased in sibs of a.c.g. probands and the estimated, future prevalence was found to be the same in sibs and children. Age influence prevented a proper Mendelian analysis, but no simple monogenic inheritance seems probable. b) The biometric study showed a relatively shallow chamber in sibs, children, nephews, nieces and grandchildren of a.c.g. probands. Regression analyses revealed a corresponding pattern, also in control families of probands with shallow chambers and in general population families. A heritability of 70% was found, indicating that about two thirds of the age and sex independent variation in ACD seems to be genetic.", "PMID": 1174403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4589", "title": "Carotid artery aneurysm of granulomatous origin.", "content": "A native of the Western Caroline Islands presented with a granulomatous aneurysm of the right common carotid artery measuring 7 to 8 cm, which was resected and replaced with a reversed segment of saphenous vein. Adequacy of the collateral circulation to the brain was established by occlusion of the common carotid artery with local anesthesia. This was followed by definitive operation with general endotracheal anesthesia and induced hypertension. Although tuberculosis was the most likely etiologic agent, sarcoid could not be ruled out. Granulomatous aneurysms of the common carotid are extremely rare, and if this case was sarcoid in origin, it is the first such case reported. Only one other similar aneurysm could be found in the literature. Of the various methods of reconstruction of the common carotid artery reported, autogenous reversed saphenous vein is recommended strongly.", "contents": "Carotid artery aneurysm of granulomatous origin. A native of the Western Caroline Islands presented with a granulomatous aneurysm of the right common carotid artery measuring 7 to 8 cm, which was resected and replaced with a reversed segment of saphenous vein. Adequacy of the collateral circulation to the brain was established by occlusion of the common carotid artery with local anesthesia. This was followed by definitive operation with general endotracheal anesthesia and induced hypertension. Although tuberculosis was the most likely etiologic agent, sarcoid could not be ruled out. Granulomatous aneurysms of the common carotid are extremely rare, and if this case was sarcoid in origin, it is the first such case reported. Only one other similar aneurysm could be found in the literature. Of the various methods of reconstruction of the common carotid artery reported, autogenous reversed saphenous vein is recommended strongly.", "PMID": 1174404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4590", "title": "Human-to-human transmission of Pseudomonas pseudomallei.", "content": "Melioidosis, the clinical manifestation of infection with Pseudomonas pseudomallei, has occurred infrequently in American citizens; almost all reported cases have been in Vietnam veterans, usually associated with respiratory disease. A Vietnam veteran from Mississippi developed chronic prostatitis, with no other clinical manifestations, during service in Vietnam, and P. pseudomallei was isolated from prostatic secretions 2 years after his return to the United States. The patient had had sexual contact with four women including his wife since his return from Vietnam. Vaginal and cervical cultures and serum samples were obtained from the four women, and serum samples and cultures of semen were obtained from the patient. Vaginal swabs and semen cultures were negative for P. pseudomallei. The patient and his wife had hemagglutination titers (greater than 640) diagnostic of P. pseudominallei infection. This occurrence of venereal transmission is the first report of person-to-person spread of P. pseudomallei infection.", "contents": "Human-to-human transmission of Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Melioidosis, the clinical manifestation of infection with Pseudomonas pseudomallei, has occurred infrequently in American citizens; almost all reported cases have been in Vietnam veterans, usually associated with respiratory disease. A Vietnam veteran from Mississippi developed chronic prostatitis, with no other clinical manifestations, during service in Vietnam, and P. pseudomallei was isolated from prostatic secretions 2 years after his return to the United States. The patient had had sexual contact with four women including his wife since his return from Vietnam. Vaginal and cervical cultures and serum samples were obtained from the four women, and serum samples and cultures of semen were obtained from the patient. Vaginal swabs and semen cultures were negative for P. pseudomallei. The patient and his wife had hemagglutination titers (greater than 640) diagnostic of P. pseudominallei infection. This occurrence of venereal transmission is the first report of person-to-person spread of P. pseudomallei infection.", "PMID": 1174405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4591", "title": "Structure and actions of saikosaponins isolated from Bupleurum falcatum L. I. Anti-inflammatory action of saikosaponins.", "content": "Anti-inflammatory action of saikosaponins isolated from the root of Bupleurum falcatum L were examined using female albino rats. The anti-exudative action by granuloma pouch method and the antigranulomatous action by cotton pellet method were demonstrated with i.m. and oral administrations of saikosaponins. The oral administration of saikosaponins in 10 times the dosage of i.m. injection showed almost the same effect. Among saikosaponins isolated from Bupleurum falcatum, saikosaponins a and d, not c, were demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory action. The relationship between structure and action of saikosaponins was discussed. No changes in body weight, adrenal weight, plasma-11-OH-corticosteroid level and hematocrit value were observed.", "contents": "Structure and actions of saikosaponins isolated from Bupleurum falcatum L. I. Anti-inflammatory action of saikosaponins. Anti-inflammatory action of saikosaponins isolated from the root of Bupleurum falcatum L were examined using female albino rats. The anti-exudative action by granuloma pouch method and the antigranulomatous action by cotton pellet method were demonstrated with i.m. and oral administrations of saikosaponins. The oral administration of saikosaponins in 10 times the dosage of i.m. injection showed almost the same effect. Among saikosaponins isolated from Bupleurum falcatum, saikosaponins a and d, not c, were demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory action. The relationship between structure and action of saikosaponins was discussed. No changes in body weight, adrenal weight, plasma-11-OH-corticosteroid level and hematocrit value were observed.", "PMID": 1174407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4592", "title": "Comparative study of the activity of boric, benzene-boronic and methyl-benzene-boronic acids upon respiration, general metabolism and systemic hemodynamics of the anesthetized dog.", "content": "The authors compared the action of boric, benzene-boronic and p-methyl-benzene-boronic acids on respiration and general metabolism and on systemic hemodynamics of the anesthetized dog. They further investigated the effects on the arterial blood pressure in the rat and on the isolated rabbit heart. In the dogs, the three acids were shown to have no significant action on the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures and a slight stimulating action on the differential arterial blood pressure. On the contrary, in the rat, all the acids were hypotensive. This action was dose dependent. In the entire animal, as well as in the isolated rabbit heart, benzene-boronic and p-methyl-benzene-boronic acids depressed the myocardial contractility. Whereas boric acid did not act on the heart contractility in situ in anesthetized dogs, it slightly stimulated the myocardial contractility of the isolated rabbit heart. The two acids seemed to be directly active on the myocardial cell. In the anesthetized dog, cardiac performances were first depressed then stimulated. Both benzene-boronic and p-methyl-benzene-boronic acids were ventilatory depressors: they reduced ventilatory output and rhythm, they first decreased then increased total O2 consumption and CO2 production.", "contents": "Comparative study of the activity of boric, benzene-boronic and methyl-benzene-boronic acids upon respiration, general metabolism and systemic hemodynamics of the anesthetized dog. The authors compared the action of boric, benzene-boronic and p-methyl-benzene-boronic acids on respiration and general metabolism and on systemic hemodynamics of the anesthetized dog. They further investigated the effects on the arterial blood pressure in the rat and on the isolated rabbit heart. In the dogs, the three acids were shown to have no significant action on the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures and a slight stimulating action on the differential arterial blood pressure. On the contrary, in the rat, all the acids were hypotensive. This action was dose dependent. In the entire animal, as well as in the isolated rabbit heart, benzene-boronic and p-methyl-benzene-boronic acids depressed the myocardial contractility. Whereas boric acid did not act on the heart contractility in situ in anesthetized dogs, it slightly stimulated the myocardial contractility of the isolated rabbit heart. The two acids seemed to be directly active on the myocardial cell. In the anesthetized dog, cardiac performances were first depressed then stimulated. Both benzene-boronic and p-methyl-benzene-boronic acids were ventilatory depressors: they reduced ventilatory output and rhythm, they first decreased then increased total O2 consumption and CO2 production.", "PMID": 1174408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4593", "title": "The relevance of the osmolarity of the instillation fluid to the effectiveness and toxicity of drugs given by the intraduodenal route--solvent drug influence on the intestinal absorption of drugs.", "content": "The influence  of movements of fluid from the blood into the bowel lumen (solvent drag) on absorption of drugs from the intestine was studied in conscious rats with surgically implanted duodenal tubes. The drugs were given to the rats by intraduodenal instillation either in isotonic saline or in solutions of mannite having twice or three times the osmotic pressure of the blood. The instillation of hypertonic mannite solutions leads to concentration-dependent exsorption of fluid. The drugs tested were atropine and azoniaspiro compound XVII (azoniaspiro[3alpha-benziloyloxy-nortropan-8,1'-pyrrolidine]-chloride), both of which are poorly absorbed, and phenobarbital and nicotine, both of which are well absorbed. The criteria used to assess the rate of entry of the drugs into the blood stream were \"efficacy\" and \"toxicity\". In the case of atropine, azoniaspiro compound XVII and nicotine mortality rate and survival time were measured, while in the case of phenobarbital the latent period between instillation of the solution and onset of the hypnotic effect was used. As the tonicity of the solution was raised, so the concentration-dependent \"efficacy\" and \"toxicity\" declined. This meant that the latent period after instillation of phenobarbital lengthened, while after instillation of atropine, azoniaspiro compound XVII and nicotine in solutions of increasing tonicity the mortality fell and survival was prolonged. The only exception to this generalization was found when azoniaspiro compound XVII was instilled in triple strength mannite solution. The reasons for this exception were not ascertained. From the results it is concluded that \"solvent drag\" is an important factor in the absorption of drugs from the intestine. A stream of fluid passing into the lumen interferes with absorption, and this is reflected in the diminished \"efficacy\" and \"toxicity\" of the drug. Another factor which may influence the absorption of the drugs tested is the fall in concentration resulting from the inflow of fluid into the bowel lumen. This tends to flatten the concentration gradient between the bowel lumen and the blood and therefore delays absorption.", "contents": "The relevance of the osmolarity of the instillation fluid to the effectiveness and toxicity of drugs given by the intraduodenal route--solvent drug influence on the intestinal absorption of drugs. The influence  of movements of fluid from the blood into the bowel lumen (solvent drag) on absorption of drugs from the intestine was studied in conscious rats with surgically implanted duodenal tubes. The drugs were given to the rats by intraduodenal instillation either in isotonic saline or in solutions of mannite having twice or three times the osmotic pressure of the blood. The instillation of hypertonic mannite solutions leads to concentration-dependent exsorption of fluid. The drugs tested were atropine and azoniaspiro compound XVII (azoniaspiro[3alpha-benziloyloxy-nortropan-8,1'-pyrrolidine]-chloride), both of which are poorly absorbed, and phenobarbital and nicotine, both of which are well absorbed. The criteria used to assess the rate of entry of the drugs into the blood stream were \"efficacy\" and \"toxicity\". In the case of atropine, azoniaspiro compound XVII and nicotine mortality rate and survival time were measured, while in the case of phenobarbital the latent period between instillation of the solution and onset of the hypnotic effect was used. As the tonicity of the solution was raised, so the concentration-dependent \"efficacy\" and \"toxicity\" declined. This meant that the latent period after instillation of phenobarbital lengthened, while after instillation of atropine, azoniaspiro compound XVII and nicotine in solutions of increasing tonicity the mortality fell and survival was prolonged. The only exception to this generalization was found when azoniaspiro compound XVII was instilled in triple strength mannite solution. The reasons for this exception were not ascertained. From the results it is concluded that \"solvent drag\" is an important factor in the absorption of drugs from the intestine. A stream of fluid passing into the lumen interferes with absorption, and this is reflected in the diminished \"efficacy\" and \"toxicity\" of the drug. Another factor which may influence the absorption of the drugs tested is the fall in concentration resulting from the inflow of fluid into the bowel lumen. This tends to flatten the concentration gradient between the bowel lumen and the blood and therefore delays absorption.", "PMID": 1174409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4594", "title": "Kinetic study of the percutaneous absorption of 1,2,4-3H-labelled flupamesone.", "content": "Two different creams containing 4,4'-methylene bis-[(9 alpha-fluor-11 beta,21-dihydroxy-16alpha,17alpha-isopropylidenedioxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione)-3-methoxy-2-naphthoate] (flupamesone) and triamcinolone-acetonide, both labelled with tritium, were prepared in order to study their absorption kinetics. Results were compared in order to find structure-activity relations following Malkinson's hypothesis. The radioactivity was measured in samples of skin taken at various intervals of time after the application of the cream. The results showed a reservoir of corticoids at 400--700 mu depth and that flupamesone remains longer in skin than does triamcinolone-acetonide.", "contents": "Kinetic study of the percutaneous absorption of 1,2,4-3H-labelled flupamesone. Two different creams containing 4,4'-methylene bis-[(9 alpha-fluor-11 beta,21-dihydroxy-16alpha,17alpha-isopropylidenedioxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione)-3-methoxy-2-naphthoate] (flupamesone) and triamcinolone-acetonide, both labelled with tritium, were prepared in order to study their absorption kinetics. Results were compared in order to find structure-activity relations following Malkinson's hypothesis. The radioactivity was measured in samples of skin taken at various intervals of time after the application of the cream. The results showed a reservoir of corticoids at 400--700 mu depth and that flupamesone remains longer in skin than does triamcinolone-acetonide.", "PMID": 1174410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4595", "title": "[Studies on the penetrability of skin (author's transl)].", "content": "Subcutaneous implantation of small pieces of plastic foam leads to an exudation, the amount of which can be influenced by experimental conditions. The reproducibility of the amount of the exudation is very satisfactory. For 3 examples the possibility could be demonstrated that after cutaneous application of specific substances these can be analysed in the exudate. This could be done in the case of escin and salicylic acid (which is formed from the applied ester by enzymatic break-down during penetration of the epidermis) using thin-layer chromatography while heparin could be demonstrated disc-electrophoretically. All these substances lead to a statistically significant effect on the exudation process. Combining the 3 substances the therapeutic effect is very long lasting.", "contents": "[Studies on the penetrability of skin (author's transl)]. Subcutaneous implantation of small pieces of plastic foam leads to an exudation, the amount of which can be influenced by experimental conditions. The reproducibility of the amount of the exudation is very satisfactory. For 3 examples the possibility could be demonstrated that after cutaneous application of specific substances these can be analysed in the exudate. This could be done in the case of escin and salicylic acid (which is formed from the applied ester by enzymatic break-down during penetration of the epidermis) using thin-layer chromatography while heparin could be demonstrated disc-electrophoretically. All these substances lead to a statistically significant effect on the exudation process. Combining the 3 substances the therapeutic effect is very long lasting.", "PMID": 1174411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4596", "title": "[The effect of bencyclan on shear induced platelet aggregation (author's transl)].", "content": "The platelet aggregation inhibiting effect of N-[3-(1-benzyl-cycloheptyloxy)-propyl]-N,N-dimethyl-amine (bencyclan, Fludilat) was studied by a new method for quantification of platelet aggregation in viscometric flow. In vitro-addition of bencyclan shows significant inhibition in a concentration of 1 mg/100 ml, total inhibition of platelet aggregation is found at a concentration of 5 mg/100 ml. Peroral application of bencyclan shows no significant effect on platelet aggregation. Intravenous application of bencyclan studied in three patients results in inhibition of platelet aggregation, however, no information about the duration of this platelet-inhibiting effect is yielded.", "contents": "[The effect of bencyclan on shear induced platelet aggregation (author's transl)]. The platelet aggregation inhibiting effect of N-[3-(1-benzyl-cycloheptyloxy)-propyl]-N,N-dimethyl-amine (bencyclan, Fludilat) was studied by a new method for quantification of platelet aggregation in viscometric flow. In vitro-addition of bencyclan shows significant inhibition in a concentration of 1 mg/100 ml, total inhibition of platelet aggregation is found at a concentration of 5 mg/100 ml. Peroral application of bencyclan shows no significant effect on platelet aggregation. Intravenous application of bencyclan studied in three patients results in inhibition of platelet aggregation, however, no information about the duration of this platelet-inhibiting effect is yielded.", "PMID": 1174412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4597", "title": "[Quantitative determination of the main metabolites of acetylsalicylic acid/2nd communication: the concentrations of salicylic acid and its metabolites in patients with renal insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Quantitative Determination of the Main Metabolites of Acetylsalicylic Acid / 2nd Communication: The concentrations of salicylic acid and its metabolies in patients with renal insufficiency 9 patients suffering from renal insufficiencies of varing degrees and treated regularly by hemodialysis were given 1.5 g Colfarit (microcapsulated acetyl salicylic acid) as a single dose. The concentrations of salicylic acid (SA), salicyluric acid (SU), further salicylic acid conjugates (SAC) and salicyluric acid conjugates (SUC) were determined in the blood plasma. Likewise urea and creatinine were determined. SA concentration decreased continually and, at the end of the trial (72 h after application), had vanished almost completely from the plasma of most patients. SU increased at first and decreased afterwards. With the exception of the dailysis time SAC and SUC increased during the trial. After 3 days the SUC level was more than 50% of total salicylate (SSS) in most patients. SSS (the sum of SA + SU + SAC + SUC) did not change very much before dialysis, but showed a rather high decrease during the first hours of dialysis. tafter dialysis the SSS levels rose again, apparently as a consequence of a redistribution and of the synthesis of conjugates with decreased tissue affinity. It could be shown that SSS in the blood plasma does not parallel SSS in the whole body. The interindividual variation of SA metabolism as well as the variation of the biological blank values was rather high. The results are discussed with regard to salicylate pharmacokinetics in renal insufficiency and to normal salicylate metabolism.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of the main metabolites of acetylsalicylic acid/2nd communication: the concentrations of salicylic acid and its metabolites in patients with renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. Quantitative Determination of the Main Metabolites of Acetylsalicylic Acid / 2nd Communication: The concentrations of salicylic acid and its metabolies in patients with renal insufficiency 9 patients suffering from renal insufficiencies of varing degrees and treated regularly by hemodialysis were given 1.5 g Colfarit (microcapsulated acetyl salicylic acid) as a single dose. The concentrations of salicylic acid (SA), salicyluric acid (SU), further salicylic acid conjugates (SAC) and salicyluric acid conjugates (SUC) were determined in the blood plasma. Likewise urea and creatinine were determined. SA concentration decreased continually and, at the end of the trial (72 h after application), had vanished almost completely from the plasma of most patients. SU increased at first and decreased afterwards. With the exception of the dailysis time SAC and SUC increased during the trial. After 3 days the SUC level was more than 50% of total salicylate (SSS) in most patients. SSS (the sum of SA + SU + SAC + SUC) did not change very much before dialysis, but showed a rather high decrease during the first hours of dialysis. tafter dialysis the SSS levels rose again, apparently as a consequence of a redistribution and of the synthesis of conjugates with decreased tissue affinity. It could be shown that SSS in the blood plasma does not parallel SSS in the whole body. The interindividual variation of SA metabolism as well as the variation of the biological blank values was rather high. The results are discussed with regard to salicylate pharmacokinetics in renal insufficiency and to normal salicylate metabolism.", "PMID": 1174413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4598", "title": "[Blood-liquor distribution of ampicillin in children with meningitis and without (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of ampicillin between blood and cerebrospinal fluid was compared in patients with serous meningitis to that in patients without inflammation of the meningeal membranes. Ampicillin was applied as a continuous intravenous infusion. Samples of blood and cerebrospinal fluid were taken after 1,2,4 or 12 h for the determination of the ampicillin concentrations. In both groups of patients the ratio of concentration in cerebrospinal fluid to concentration in plasma rose between the first and second hour after administration and reached a steady-state value thereafter. This steady-state ratio was 0.025 in patients without meningitis and 0.061 in patients with meningitis. These results are discussed in the context of a pharmacokinetic model which describes the distribution of drugs between blood and cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "[Blood-liquor distribution of ampicillin in children with meningitis and without (author's transl)]. The distribution of ampicillin between blood and cerebrospinal fluid was compared in patients with serous meningitis to that in patients without inflammation of the meningeal membranes. Ampicillin was applied as a continuous intravenous infusion. Samples of blood and cerebrospinal fluid were taken after 1,2,4 or 12 h for the determination of the ampicillin concentrations. In both groups of patients the ratio of concentration in cerebrospinal fluid to concentration in plasma rose between the first and second hour after administration and reached a steady-state value thereafter. This steady-state ratio was 0.025 in patients without meningitis and 0.061 in patients with meningitis. These results are discussed in the context of a pharmacokinetic model which describes the distribution of drugs between blood and cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 1174414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4599", "title": "[Antiviral agents/4th communication: the aromatically substituted carbonic acid amide structure in potentically virustatic compounds (author's transl)].", "content": "After the conversion of nitrosubstituted aromatic carboxylic acids (3) into the corresponding carboxylic acid chlorides (2), the N-[1-adamantyl]-carboxylic acid amides 4a, 4b, and 4c may be obtained through interaction with 1-amino-adamantane (1). By the same reaction principle,1-adamantyl acetylchloride (6) obtained from 1-adamantyl acetic acid (7) reacts with 2-nitroaniline (5) to give 1-adamantyl-acetic acid-[2-nitroanilide] (8), which may be converted into 2-[1-adamantyl-methyl]-benzimidazole (10) via N-[1-adamantyl-acetyl-]-o-phenylenediamine (9).", "contents": "[Antiviral agents/4th communication: the aromatically substituted carbonic acid amide structure in potentically virustatic compounds (author's transl)]. After the conversion of nitrosubstituted aromatic carboxylic acids (3) into the corresponding carboxylic acid chlorides (2), the N-[1-adamantyl]-carboxylic acid amides 4a, 4b, and 4c may be obtained through interaction with 1-amino-adamantane (1). By the same reaction principle,1-adamantyl acetylchloride (6) obtained from 1-adamantyl acetic acid (7) reacts with 2-nitroaniline (5) to give 1-adamantyl-acetic acid-[2-nitroanilide] (8), which may be converted into 2-[1-adamantyl-methyl]-benzimidazole (10) via N-[1-adamantyl-acetyl-]-o-phenylenediamine (9).", "PMID": 1174415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4600", "title": "[Relations between the physico-chemical properties, the chemical reactivity and the local anesthetic activity. 32. (Part 1): Binding capacity of a structural protein (wool) to local anesthetics].", "content": "1. The general part deals with the molecular structure of nerve membranes and different local-anesthetic substances as well as the various possibilities of local-anesthetic binding to the nerve membrane. Albumin is usually chosen as a model protein in such investigations, a short extract of which is given. 2. The special part includes the chemical composition and properties of wool macroprotein, the model system used in the present paper. We determined its protein-binding values with cinchocain and tetracain homologues and various known commercial products of local anesthetics (oxybuprocain, parethoxyprocain and tetracain). The binding constants of  these substances on wool protein are shown. 3. A statistically confirmed relationship between the alkyl chain length and the strength of protein binding is given. The free energy per CH2-group ranges between 400 and 500 cal/mol and its larger in cases of low pH values. 4. From the present data, a relationship between the binding constant and the partition constant of each substance of the homologous series studied could easily be observed, which further makes it possible to estimate the characteristic protein-binding constant Kp and also the change in pi-values with the change in free reaction energy of the substances. 5. The large differences in the binding values of the different binding mechanisms, which most probably are dependent on the variable binding affinities of the functional groups as well as on steric factors. But as in the homologous series, only substituents like alkyl amino and alkoxy could be changed, the possibility of some other binding process depending on the alkyl chain length of these groups could not be ruled out. Since the alky groups are non-polar, hydrophobic binding plays a role.", "contents": "[Relations between the physico-chemical properties, the chemical reactivity and the local anesthetic activity. 32. (Part 1): Binding capacity of a structural protein (wool) to local anesthetics]. 1. The general part deals with the molecular structure of nerve membranes and different local-anesthetic substances as well as the various possibilities of local-anesthetic binding to the nerve membrane. Albumin is usually chosen as a model protein in such investigations, a short extract of which is given. 2. The special part includes the chemical composition and properties of wool macroprotein, the model system used in the present paper. We determined its protein-binding values with cinchocain and tetracain homologues and various known commercial products of local anesthetics (oxybuprocain, parethoxyprocain and tetracain). The binding constants of  these substances on wool protein are shown. 3. A statistically confirmed relationship between the alkyl chain length and the strength of protein binding is given. The free energy per CH2-group ranges between 400 and 500 cal/mol and its larger in cases of low pH values. 4. From the present data, a relationship between the binding constant and the partition constant of each substance of the homologous series studied could easily be observed, which further makes it possible to estimate the characteristic protein-binding constant Kp and also the change in pi-values with the change in free reaction energy of the substances. 5. The large differences in the binding values of the different binding mechanisms, which most probably are dependent on the variable binding affinities of the functional groups as well as on steric factors. But as in the homologous series, only substituents like alkyl amino and alkoxy could be changed, the possibility of some other binding process depending on the alkyl chain length of these groups could not be ruled out. Since the alky groups are non-polar, hydrophobic binding plays a role.", "PMID": 1174416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4601", "title": "Protection of mice against cancer by immunization with membranes but not purified virions from virus infected cancer cells.", "content": "The life span of C57/Bl mice inoculated with Lewis lung carcinoma cells was prolonged if the mice were pre-immunized with membranes from these cells infected in vitro with influenza virus. Likewise, BALB/c mice were protected against the malignant tumour WEHI-11 by prior immunization with extracts of cultured WEHI-11 cells which had been infected with influenza virus or Semiliki Forest virus (SFV). Partially purified SFV grown in WEHI-11 cells also protected mice from cancer grafts but neither highly purified SFV nor the glycoprotein from the envelope of this virus protected the mice. It is concluded that SFV-induced immunopotentiation against cancer is not due to covalent linkage of tumour specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) to viral envelope protein but more probably is due to the apposition of viral glycoprotein and cellular TSTA in the plasma membrane of the cancer cell.", "contents": "Protection of mice against cancer by immunization with membranes but not purified virions from virus infected cancer cells. The life span of C57/Bl mice inoculated with Lewis lung carcinoma cells was prolonged if the mice were pre-immunized with membranes from these cells infected in vitro with influenza virus. Likewise, BALB/c mice were protected against the malignant tumour WEHI-11 by prior immunization with extracts of cultured WEHI-11 cells which had been infected with influenza virus or Semiliki Forest virus (SFV). Partially purified SFV grown in WEHI-11 cells also protected mice from cancer grafts but neither highly purified SFV nor the glycoprotein from the envelope of this virus protected the mice. It is concluded that SFV-induced immunopotentiation against cancer is not due to covalent linkage of tumour specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) to viral envelope protein but more probably is due to the apposition of viral glycoprotein and cellular TSTA in the plasma membrane of the cancer cell.", "PMID": 1174440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4602", "title": "Lymphoreticular response to a syngeneic rat tumour: gravimetric and histological studies.", "content": "Gravimetric and histological studies of lymphoreticular tissues during growth of a syngeneic squamous cell carcinoma in Wistar rats show that the regional lymph node anergy reported previously in this system is associated with replacement of paracortical small lymphocytes by large blastoid cells. The regional node continued to gain weight throughout the period of anergy and showed no atrophy and minimal necrosis. Over the same period the spleen increased in both weight and cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Lymphoreticular response to a syngeneic rat tumour: gravimetric and histological studies. Gravimetric and histological studies of lymphoreticular tissues during growth of a syngeneic squamous cell carcinoma in Wistar rats show that the regional lymph node anergy reported previously in this system is associated with replacement of paracortical small lymphocytes by large blastoid cells. The regional node continued to gain weight throughout the period of anergy and showed no atrophy and minimal necrosis. Over the same period the spleen increased in both weight and cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 1174441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4603", "title": "Cell surface antigen expression on chemically induced murine leukaemias.", "content": "The immunogenicity of murine leukaemias induced by chemical carcinogens or irradiation in C57Bl or (C57Bl times DBA2) F1 hybrid mice has been studied in vivo by transplantation and in vitro by indirect membrane immunofluorescence (IF) using syngeneic immune or allogeneic immune antisera. Two of 5 leukaemias tested for immunogenicity by assessment of the capacity of syngeneic mice specifically immunized with irradiated (3 Krad) cells to reject small challenge inocula (10(3)-10(4) cells) displayed weak neoantigenicity while 3 were non-immunogenic by this criterion. Antibodies directed against cell-surface antigens of the immunizing cells of 7 leukaemias were not detectable by immunofluorescence tests using sera from the respective immunized mice. H-2 histocompatibility antigens readily identified on normal lymphoid cells using reference Balb/c anti-C57Bl (H-2d anti-H-2b) alloantisera could neither be detected on the majority of transplanted leukaemias nor on 9 primary leukaemias in C57Bl mice induced by N-butyl-N-nitrosourea (BNU). Two of the transplanted leukaemias showed greatly diminished capacity for absorption of alloantibody compared with normal spleen cells. Transplantation to H-2 different recipients, in which the leukaemic cells were invariably rejected, generated a strong humoral antibody response, which was demonstrable against normal lymphoid cells. Failure to demonstrate significant antibody binding by indirect immunofluroescence tests with immune sera, or by absorption, is presented as evidency that H-2 antigen expression is substantially modified on BNU induced leukaemia cells. These findings have implications for the detection of tumour neoantigens on chemically induced leukaemias.", "contents": "Cell surface antigen expression on chemically induced murine leukaemias. The immunogenicity of murine leukaemias induced by chemical carcinogens or irradiation in C57Bl or (C57Bl times DBA2) F1 hybrid mice has been studied in vivo by transplantation and in vitro by indirect membrane immunofluorescence (IF) using syngeneic immune or allogeneic immune antisera. Two of 5 leukaemias tested for immunogenicity by assessment of the capacity of syngeneic mice specifically immunized with irradiated (3 Krad) cells to reject small challenge inocula (10(3)-10(4) cells) displayed weak neoantigenicity while 3 were non-immunogenic by this criterion. Antibodies directed against cell-surface antigens of the immunizing cells of 7 leukaemias were not detectable by immunofluorescence tests using sera from the respective immunized mice. H-2 histocompatibility antigens readily identified on normal lymphoid cells using reference Balb/c anti-C57Bl (H-2d anti-H-2b) alloantisera could neither be detected on the majority of transplanted leukaemias nor on 9 primary leukaemias in C57Bl mice induced by N-butyl-N-nitrosourea (BNU). Two of the transplanted leukaemias showed greatly diminished capacity for absorption of alloantibody compared with normal spleen cells. Transplantation to H-2 different recipients, in which the leukaemic cells were invariably rejected, generated a strong humoral antibody response, which was demonstrable against normal lymphoid cells. Failure to demonstrate significant antibody binding by indirect immunofluroescence tests with immune sera, or by absorption, is presented as evidency that H-2 antigen expression is substantially modified on BNU induced leukaemia cells. These findings have implications for the detection of tumour neoantigens on chemically induced leukaemias.", "PMID": 1174442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4604", "title": "Prediction of local recurrence in colorectal carcinoma: an LDH isoenzymatic assay.", "content": "In a previous study of colorectal carcinoma, the LDH isoenzyme pattern was determined in 420 tissue biopsies from 36 surgical specimens. The LDHIV/LDHII ratio was increased in tumour tissue, but in a number of cases increased ratios were found in the morphologically uninvolved tissue as well. This was especially pronounced in cases with multiple tumours. The isoenzymatic changes were interpreted therefore as a possible indicator of an early process of malignant conversion. In order to test this hypothesis the original material has been reviewed after observation periods ranging from 5 to 7 years. It appears that the mean LDHVI/LDHII isoenzyme ratio of resection edge biopsies is high (0-92) in patients succumbing with local recurrence, differing significantly (P less than 0-01) from the corresponding mean ratio (0-66) in patients clinically cured.", "contents": "Prediction of local recurrence in colorectal carcinoma: an LDH isoenzymatic assay. In a previous study of colorectal carcinoma, the LDH isoenzyme pattern was determined in 420 tissue biopsies from 36 surgical specimens. The LDHIV/LDHII ratio was increased in tumour tissue, but in a number of cases increased ratios were found in the morphologically uninvolved tissue as well. This was especially pronounced in cases with multiple tumours. The isoenzymatic changes were interpreted therefore as a possible indicator of an early process of malignant conversion. In order to test this hypothesis the original material has been reviewed after observation periods ranging from 5 to 7 years. It appears that the mean LDHVI/LDHII isoenzyme ratio of resection edge biopsies is high (0-92) in patients succumbing with local recurrence, differing significantly (P less than 0-01) from the corresponding mean ratio (0-66) in patients clinically cured.", "PMID": 1174443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4605", "title": "A spatial and temporal analysis of four cancers in African gold miners from Southern Africa.", "content": "The pattern of cancer in African gold miners over the 8-year period 1964-71, comprising 2,926,461 man-years of employment was studied. Of the 1344 cancers found, primary liver cancer accounted for 52-8%, oesophageal cancer 12-1%, cancer of the respiratory system 5-4% and cancer of the bladder 4-8%. Analysis of the spatial distribution of these four cancers, both on subcontinental and local scale, showed distinct gradients of occurrence between areas of significantly higher and lower incidence than expected. In the case of primary liver cancer in Mozambique and oesophageal cancer in the Transkei, the spatial distribution reflects closely that found in the general resident population of each territory. The crude incidence rate of primary liver cancer in gold miners from Mozambique dropped sharply over the period of the survey.", "contents": "A spatial and temporal analysis of four cancers in African gold miners from Southern Africa. The pattern of cancer in African gold miners over the 8-year period 1964-71, comprising 2,926,461 man-years of employment was studied. Of the 1344 cancers found, primary liver cancer accounted for 52-8%, oesophageal cancer 12-1%, cancer of the respiratory system 5-4% and cancer of the bladder 4-8%. Analysis of the spatial distribution of these four cancers, both on subcontinental and local scale, showed distinct gradients of occurrence between areas of significantly higher and lower incidence than expected. In the case of primary liver cancer in Mozambique and oesophageal cancer in the Transkei, the spatial distribution reflects closely that found in the general resident population of each territory. The crude incidence rate of primary liver cancer in gold miners from Mozambique dropped sharply over the period of the survey.", "PMID": 1174444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4606", "title": "A retrospective study of the cancer patterns among hospital in-patients in Botswana 1960-72.", "content": "Records of approximately 310,000 patients admitted to the 10 hospitals in Botswana between 1960 and 1972 have been studied and details of 1445 patients with malignant tumours abstracted. For the 894 tumours for which there was some supporting evidence--at best histological proof and minimally a clinical description of symptoms--proportional frequencies have been calculated for all sites and comparison made with the findings of other surveys. Cancer of the cervix uteri is overwhelmingly the most commonly occurring malignant tumour and the proportional frequency is among the highest observed in Africa south of the Sahara. Skin tumours are unusually common for Southern Africa in both sexes. In males, penile and prostatic tumours have a relatively high frequency whilst the frequencies for liver and lung are lower than in other parts of Southern Africa. Oesophageal cancer in males has a moderate frequency. Other tumours which show a marked variation of frequency within Africa--Kaposi's sarcoma and cancers of the stomach and bladder--are all low in frequency in Botswana. Tumours which are rare throughout Africa but common in Western Europe and North America--cancers of the colon, rectum and corpus uteri--are also rare in Botswana.", "contents": "A retrospective study of the cancer patterns among hospital in-patients in Botswana 1960-72. Records of approximately 310,000 patients admitted to the 10 hospitals in Botswana between 1960 and 1972 have been studied and details of 1445 patients with malignant tumours abstracted. For the 894 tumours for which there was some supporting evidence--at best histological proof and minimally a clinical description of symptoms--proportional frequencies have been calculated for all sites and comparison made with the findings of other surveys. Cancer of the cervix uteri is overwhelmingly the most commonly occurring malignant tumour and the proportional frequency is among the highest observed in Africa south of the Sahara. Skin tumours are unusually common for Southern Africa in both sexes. In males, penile and prostatic tumours have a relatively high frequency whilst the frequencies for liver and lung are lower than in other parts of Southern Africa. Oesophageal cancer in males has a moderate frequency. Other tumours which show a marked variation of frequency within Africa--Kaposi's sarcoma and cancers of the stomach and bladder--are all low in frequency in Botswana. Tumours which are rare throughout Africa but common in Western Europe and North America--cancers of the colon, rectum and corpus uteri--are also rare in Botswana.", "PMID": 1174450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4607", "title": "Mucous secretion in rat colonic mucosa during carcinogenesis induced by dimethylhydrazine. A morphological and histochemical study.", "content": "Our previous studies, in specimens of large intestine resected for carcinoma, have shown abnormal patterns of mucous secretion in areas of apparently \"normal\" mucosa, where goblet cells produce mainly sialomucins as compared with the true normal colonic mucosa in which sulphomucins predominate. In the present work, large bowel cancer was induced in rats by the administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-2HCl (DMH). We attempted to study the sequential histological and secretory abnormalities which developed in the colonic epithelium during carcinogenesis, and to correlate these changes with those described above in the human. The microscopical and histological lesions observed in the colonic mucosa of DMH treated rats confirmed the findings of other authors and resembled the human colorectal cancer. The earliest changes detected were small foci of hyperplasia accompanied from the 6th week onwards by several foci of dysplasia. Carcinoma in situ appeared at the 15th week and finally invasive carcinoma developed from the 19th week onwards. Changes in the type of mucous secretion, with predominance of sialomucins, were observed in the majority of the areas showing mild to moderate dysplasia whilst the surrounding normal epithelium produced suphated material. Mucous depletion was a common feature in areas of severe dysplasia and carcinoma. These findings correlated well with the similar variations in the mucin composition observed in human colonic mucosa in carcinoma and further supported our previous hypothesis that mucin changes characterized by an increase in sialomucins might reflect early malignant transformation. If this hypothesis proved to be correct, the use of a simple method for the identification of mucins in large bowel biopsies would be of great help in detecting early malignancy.", "contents": "Mucous secretion in rat colonic mucosa during carcinogenesis induced by dimethylhydrazine. A morphological and histochemical study. Our previous studies, in specimens of large intestine resected for carcinoma, have shown abnormal patterns of mucous secretion in areas of apparently \"normal\" mucosa, where goblet cells produce mainly sialomucins as compared with the true normal colonic mucosa in which sulphomucins predominate. In the present work, large bowel cancer was induced in rats by the administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-2HCl (DMH). We attempted to study the sequential histological and secretory abnormalities which developed in the colonic epithelium during carcinogenesis, and to correlate these changes with those described above in the human. The microscopical and histological lesions observed in the colonic mucosa of DMH treated rats confirmed the findings of other authors and resembled the human colorectal cancer. The earliest changes detected were small foci of hyperplasia accompanied from the 6th week onwards by several foci of dysplasia. Carcinoma in situ appeared at the 15th week and finally invasive carcinoma developed from the 19th week onwards. Changes in the type of mucous secretion, with predominance of sialomucins, were observed in the majority of the areas showing mild to moderate dysplasia whilst the surrounding normal epithelium produced suphated material. Mucous depletion was a common feature in areas of severe dysplasia and carcinoma. These findings correlated well with the similar variations in the mucin composition observed in human colonic mucosa in carcinoma and further supported our previous hypothesis that mucin changes characterized by an increase in sialomucins might reflect early malignant transformation. If this hypothesis proved to be correct, the use of a simple method for the identification of mucins in large bowel biopsies would be of great help in detecting early malignancy.", "PMID": 1174451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4608", "title": "The influence of site of metastasis on tumour growth and response to chemotherapy.", "content": "Drug screening trials and general treatment of solid tumours in advanced cancer patients have been concerned only with the site of primary origin, regardless of where metastases might have seeded. Since the environment for tumour growth can differ appreciably at various anatomical sites, an investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of metastatic site on response to chemotherapy. Data from 1961 to 1965 of the screening trials of the Eastern Clinical Drug Evaluation Program were utilized. Response and location data extensive enough for analysis represented 6 sites of primary origin and 6 metastatic site groups, totalling 1687 lesions. Analysis of percentage reduction in tumour size after chemotherapy regimens of up to 60 days revealed a significant amount of variation associated with metastatic sites and a non-significant amount associated with sites of primary origin. Advanced primary tumours showed marked variation in responsiveness and some showed a difference in response to different drug groups. Generally, metastases responded better than the advanced primaries from which they were derived, except for those from breast tumours.", "contents": "The influence of site of metastasis on tumour growth and response to chemotherapy. Drug screening trials and general treatment of solid tumours in advanced cancer patients have been concerned only with the site of primary origin, regardless of where metastases might have seeded. Since the environment for tumour growth can differ appreciably at various anatomical sites, an investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of metastatic site on response to chemotherapy. Data from 1961 to 1965 of the screening trials of the Eastern Clinical Drug Evaluation Program were utilized. Response and location data extensive enough for analysis represented 6 sites of primary origin and 6 metastatic site groups, totalling 1687 lesions. Analysis of percentage reduction in tumour size after chemotherapy regimens of up to 60 days revealed a significant amount of variation associated with metastatic sites and a non-significant amount associated with sites of primary origin. Advanced primary tumours showed marked variation in responsiveness and some showed a difference in response to different drug groups. Generally, metastases responded better than the advanced primaries from which they were derived, except for those from breast tumours.", "PMID": 1174452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4609", "title": "Topographical and ultrastructural alterations of smooth muscle cells lining damaged rabbit aorta.", "content": "The notion that medial smooth muscle cells can be a source of neointima has been a subject of several recent publications. However, the morphological and topographical changes and the degree of thrombogenicity of these cells once they are lining the vessel wall have not been investigated. We were able to inflict a lesion on the rabbit abdominal aorta which resulted in the sloughing of the intima and several layers of the media. As a result, a layer of medial smooth muscle cells was exposed to the circulating blood. Each of these cells retained its characteristic myofilaments but underwent structural as well as topographical changes. The ribosomal elements were greatly increased and mitochondrial cristea obliterated. The cells were closely approximated, leaving no large gaps to permit escape of blood cells. The subjacent region of the lining cells was somewhat oedematous and the internal elastic lamina was absent. On the luminal surface of the lining cells, remnants of connective tissue fibres were not detected and the cell surface was free of platelets, fibrin strands or other formed elements of the blood.", "contents": "Topographical and ultrastructural alterations of smooth muscle cells lining damaged rabbit aorta. The notion that medial smooth muscle cells can be a source of neointima has been a subject of several recent publications. However, the morphological and topographical changes and the degree of thrombogenicity of these cells once they are lining the vessel wall have not been investigated. We were able to inflict a lesion on the rabbit abdominal aorta which resulted in the sloughing of the intima and several layers of the media. As a result, a layer of medial smooth muscle cells was exposed to the circulating blood. Each of these cells retained its characteristic myofilaments but underwent structural as well as topographical changes. The ribosomal elements were greatly increased and mitochondrial cristea obliterated. The cells were closely approximated, leaving no large gaps to permit escape of blood cells. The subjacent region of the lining cells was somewhat oedematous and the internal elastic lamina was absent. On the luminal surface of the lining cells, remnants of connective tissue fibres were not detected and the cell surface was free of platelets, fibrin strands or other formed elements of the blood.", "PMID": 1174453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4610", "title": "Adrenal glandular lipids and circulating corticosterone in severely diabetic rats.", "content": "Young, adult, female Sprague-Dawley rats were fasted for 18 h and then given a single s.c. injection of alloxan (10 mg/100 g body weight) which promptly induced a severe state of diabetes. The animals were killed at frequent time intervals during the 7-day study period in order to record the dynamic changes in their capacity for adrenal steroidogenesis and secretion as measured by fluorometric determination of their circulating corticosterone (Cmpd B) levels as well as by thin layer chromatographic identification of cortical lipid moieties used for steroidogenesis. In addition to severe polydypsia, polyuria and polyphagia, these animals manifested super-normal glucose, triglycerides, free fatty acids and cholesterol in their blood, severe hepatic steatosis, adrenal hyperplasia with lipid depletion from the mineralocorticoid producing z. glomerulosa, thymus gland involution and complete degranulation of their insulin producing islet beta cells. Despite an initial high output of Cmpd B and despite progressive cortical hyperplasia, the serum Cmpd B levels became reduced and many of the animals succumbed suddenly, due most likely to inadequate adrenocortical steroidogenesis. Adrenocortical lipids showed a progressive accumulation of free fatty acids, di- and triglycerides, suggesting that some lipid enzymatic defect could be responsible for the lack of conversion of these lipid entities essential for proper steroidogenesis.", "contents": "Adrenal glandular lipids and circulating corticosterone in severely diabetic rats. Young, adult, female Sprague-Dawley rats were fasted for 18 h and then given a single s.c. injection of alloxan (10 mg/100 g body weight) which promptly induced a severe state of diabetes. The animals were killed at frequent time intervals during the 7-day study period in order to record the dynamic changes in their capacity for adrenal steroidogenesis and secretion as measured by fluorometric determination of their circulating corticosterone (Cmpd B) levels as well as by thin layer chromatographic identification of cortical lipid moieties used for steroidogenesis. In addition to severe polydypsia, polyuria and polyphagia, these animals manifested super-normal glucose, triglycerides, free fatty acids and cholesterol in their blood, severe hepatic steatosis, adrenal hyperplasia with lipid depletion from the mineralocorticoid producing z. glomerulosa, thymus gland involution and complete degranulation of their insulin producing islet beta cells. Despite an initial high output of Cmpd B and despite progressive cortical hyperplasia, the serum Cmpd B levels became reduced and many of the animals succumbed suddenly, due most likely to inadequate adrenocortical steroidogenesis. Adrenocortical lipids showed a progressive accumulation of free fatty acids, di- and triglycerides, suggesting that some lipid enzymatic defect could be responsible for the lack of conversion of these lipid entities essential for proper steroidogenesis.", "PMID": 1174454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4611", "title": "Glomerular localization of aggregated protein in mice; effect of strain difference and relationship to systemic macrophage function.", "content": "Glomerular uptake of aggregated bovine serum albumin has been studied in 3 different mouse strains. Systemic macrophage activity in the same 3 strains has been estimated by measuring the uptake of carbon particles. The amount of aggregated protein taken up by the glomerular mesangium in each strain appears to be inversely related to the systemic macrophage activity. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Glomerular localization of aggregated protein in mice; effect of strain difference and relationship to systemic macrophage function. Glomerular uptake of aggregated bovine serum albumin has been studied in 3 different mouse strains. Systemic macrophage activity in the same 3 strains has been estimated by measuring the uptake of carbon particles. The amount of aggregated protein taken up by the glomerular mesangium in each strain appears to be inversely related to the systemic macrophage activity. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1174455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4612", "title": "Role of cellular proliferation in the stimulation of MPS phagocytic activity.", "content": "Administration of agents such as stilboestrol, endotoxin, C. parvum and zymosan, which enhance the phagocytic activity of the mononuclear phagocyte system, also stimulated cellular proliferation in the liver and spleen as assessed by [13H] thymidine incorporation into these organs, and by autoradiography and the number of mitoses in the liver. Sublethal whole body irradiation abolished the proliferative response to stimulation and also reduced or prevented the increase in phagocytic activity. This latter effect depended on the stimulatory agent used, dose of radiation and time of irradiation with respect to stimulation. The results indicate that cell proliferation is important for the increase in phagocytic activity after administration of C. parvum, zymosan and stilboestrol. Endotoxin, however, appears to act primarily by increasing the capacity of existing cells while at the same time causing cell proliferation. The population of cells responding to zymosan by increased phagocytic activity through proliferation was shown to be resident in the liver.", "contents": "Role of cellular proliferation in the stimulation of MPS phagocytic activity. Administration of agents such as stilboestrol, endotoxin, C. parvum and zymosan, which enhance the phagocytic activity of the mononuclear phagocyte system, also stimulated cellular proliferation in the liver and spleen as assessed by [13H] thymidine incorporation into these organs, and by autoradiography and the number of mitoses in the liver. Sublethal whole body irradiation abolished the proliferative response to stimulation and also reduced or prevented the increase in phagocytic activity. This latter effect depended on the stimulatory agent used, dose of radiation and time of irradiation with respect to stimulation. The results indicate that cell proliferation is important for the increase in phagocytic activity after administration of C. parvum, zymosan and stilboestrol. Endotoxin, however, appears to act primarily by increasing the capacity of existing cells while at the same time causing cell proliferation. The population of cells responding to zymosan by increased phagocytic activity through proliferation was shown to be resident in the liver.", "PMID": 1174456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4613", "title": "A scanning electron microscopy study of the endothelial folds in normal and anastomosed common carotid arteries in albino rats.", "content": "The results of this scanning electron microscopy study show that the endothelial folds of the common carotid arteries of rats are composed of rows of 2 or 3 endothelial cells standing alongside one another on the underlying internal elastic lamina. If anastomosed arteries develop a stenosis the endothelial folds, instead of running longitudinally along the vessels, are rotated through 90 degrees to run transversely. The most important factor causing this change in direction of the endothelial folds is fibrosis of the arterial wall following damage to the blood supply of the vessel during dissection and anastomosis.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopy study of the endothelial folds in normal and anastomosed common carotid arteries in albino rats. The results of this scanning electron microscopy study show that the endothelial folds of the common carotid arteries of rats are composed of rows of 2 or 3 endothelial cells standing alongside one another on the underlying internal elastic lamina. If anastomosed arteries develop a stenosis the endothelial folds, instead of running longitudinally along the vessels, are rotated through 90 degrees to run transversely. The most important factor causing this change in direction of the endothelial folds is fibrosis of the arterial wall following damage to the blood supply of the vessel during dissection and anastomosis.", "PMID": 1174457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4614", "title": "A simple method for detecting antibodies to rubella.", "content": "A simple microplate method of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for Rubella antibody is described. This Micro-ELISA was compared with haemagglutination inhibition in a study of 188 human sera. The total discrepancy rate between the two tests was only 3-7%.", "contents": "A simple method for detecting antibodies to rubella. A simple microplate method of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for Rubella antibody is described. This Micro-ELISA was compared with haemagglutination inhibition in a study of 188 human sera. The total discrepancy rate between the two tests was only 3-7%.", "PMID": 1174458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4615", "title": "The scanning electron microscopy of the lysis of fibrin by endothelium.", "content": "The lysis of a fibrin clot by sheets of endothelium one cell thick was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The unlysed fibrin film appeared as a densely matted surface, without interstices. Commencing lysis appeared as parallel ovals in which the dense matting was altered to show many strands of fibrin criss-crossing the lytic \"window\" with many interstices. The wall of the lytic crater surrounding the sheets of endothelium revealed a network of fibrin strands. There was condensation of the fibrin at the edge of the hole at the external surface. The floor of the crater contained sheets of endothelium which were recognized by the  shape and size of the nuclei. Flocculent masses of precipitate were present on the endothelial cells in the floor of the crater and occasionally within the lysed ovals at the edge. These may be fibrin degradation products.", "contents": "The scanning electron microscopy of the lysis of fibrin by endothelium. The lysis of a fibrin clot by sheets of endothelium one cell thick was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The unlysed fibrin film appeared as a densely matted surface, without interstices. Commencing lysis appeared as parallel ovals in which the dense matting was altered to show many strands of fibrin criss-crossing the lytic \"window\" with many interstices. The wall of the lytic crater surrounding the sheets of endothelium revealed a network of fibrin strands. There was condensation of the fibrin at the edge of the hole at the external surface. The floor of the crater contained sheets of endothelium which were recognized by the  shape and size of the nuclei. Flocculent masses of precipitate were present on the endothelial cells in the floor of the crater and occasionally within the lysed ovals at the edge. These may be fibrin degradation products.", "PMID": 1174459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4616", "title": "Interaction of pig lymphocytes with allogenic kidney cells in vitro.", "content": "Three lines of epithelial-like cells have been developed from the renal cortices of pigs of known histocompatibility type; the cells have been shown to stimulate the development of cytotoxicity in allogenic lymphocytes cultured in contact with them. For this stimulation to occur, it was necessary for the lymphocytes to be of a type that would show blastogenesis in mixed culture with those from the pig used as the source of the renal tissue; serological differences between stimulator and responder cells, as demonstrated by the use of the cytotoxic alloantisera at present available, did not appear to be required.", "contents": "Interaction of pig lymphocytes with allogenic kidney cells in vitro. Three lines of epithelial-like cells have been developed from the renal cortices of pigs of known histocompatibility type; the cells have been shown to stimulate the development of cytotoxicity in allogenic lymphocytes cultured in contact with them. For this stimulation to occur, it was necessary for the lymphocytes to be of a type that would show blastogenesis in mixed culture with those from the pig used as the source of the renal tissue; serological differences between stimulator and responder cells, as demonstrated by the use of the cytotoxic alloantisera at present available, did not appear to be required.", "PMID": 1174460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4617", "title": "The use of Chang cells cultured in vitro for the investigation of cellular iron metabolism.", "content": "Chang cells have been used as a stable model system for the study of cellular iron metabolism. Iron uptake and the stimulation of ferritin synthesis have been studied together with iron incorporation into the ferritin molecule. About 25-30% of the iron taken up by the cells is found in a soluble, non-haem, non-ferritin form which can be chelated by a number of compounds. Ferritin synthesis is inhibited by the presence of desferrioxamine but not by zinc ions.", "contents": "The use of Chang cells cultured in vitro for the investigation of cellular iron metabolism. Chang cells have been used as a stable model system for the study of cellular iron metabolism. Iron uptake and the stimulation of ferritin synthesis have been studied together with iron incorporation into the ferritin molecule. About 25-30% of the iron taken up by the cells is found in a soluble, non-haem, non-ferritin form which can be chelated by a number of compounds. Ferritin synthesis is inhibited by the presence of desferrioxamine but not by zinc ions.", "PMID": 1174461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4618", "title": "Production of defective interfering virus in the brains of mice by an avirulent, in contrast with a virulent, strain of Semliki forest virus.", "content": "An avirulent strain (A7) of Semliki Forest virus formed nearly as much haemagglutinating and complement fixing antigen in the brains of adult mice as a virulent (V13) strain, yet the infectivities of the brain tissues were different by about 100-fold. It appeared therefore that defective virus particles were fomed by A7 but these were not demonstrated by fluorescent antibody studies. In short-term organ cultures of adult mouse brain, A7 derived from mouse brain showed a typical interference pattern in inoculum infectivity response curves. Furthermore, when mixed suspensions of brain-grown V13 and A7 with equal infectivities were inoculated the inoculum infectivity response patterns showed significant depressions of the V13 response at higher inocula. Such interference was not detected if chick cell grown A7 and V13 were substituted for the mouse grown virus. The avirulence of A7 in adult mice and its rapid protective effect against lethal V13 infection could be due to the production of defective interfering virus particles in the brain.", "contents": "Production of defective interfering virus in the brains of mice by an avirulent, in contrast with a virulent, strain of Semliki forest virus. An avirulent strain (A7) of Semliki Forest virus formed nearly as much haemagglutinating and complement fixing antigen in the brains of adult mice as a virulent (V13) strain, yet the infectivities of the brain tissues were different by about 100-fold. It appeared therefore that defective virus particles were fomed by A7 but these were not demonstrated by fluorescent antibody studies. In short-term organ cultures of adult mouse brain, A7 derived from mouse brain showed a typical interference pattern in inoculum infectivity response curves. Furthermore, when mixed suspensions of brain-grown V13 and A7 with equal infectivities were inoculated the inoculum infectivity response patterns showed significant depressions of the V13 response at higher inocula. Such interference was not detected if chick cell grown A7 and V13 were substituted for the mouse grown virus. The avirulence of A7 in adult mice and its rapid protective effect against lethal V13 infection could be due to the production of defective interfering virus particles in the brain.", "PMID": 1174462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4619", "title": "Pathological changes in pregnant mice infected with Coxsackievirus B3 and given dietary casein hydrolysate supplement.", "content": "Coxsackievirus B3 infection in pregnant mice leads to a severe pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in the mothers and retarded foetal growth. As a consequence of the pancreatic damage, the animals are rendered incapable of digesting sufficient amounts of dietary proteins to allow maternal liver development to proceed as normal for the pregnant rodent. Faecal nitrogen was increased and the maternal livers were small for the weights of the animals and exhibited a lower than normal nitrogen content. Feeding of additional amino acids and simple peptides in the diet in the form of casein hydrolysate either from before or after virus injection appeared to compensate for the inability of these animals to digest dietary protein nitrogen and allowed maternal liver development and foetal growth to proceed at a rate not significantly different from normal. Although these results apply to infections with Coxsackievirus B3 in pregnancy, they may be relevant to other infections which adversely affect foetal growth by their pathological effects on maternal organs necessary for maintaining optimal foetal growth.", "contents": "Pathological changes in pregnant mice infected with Coxsackievirus B3 and given dietary casein hydrolysate supplement. Coxsackievirus B3 infection in pregnant mice leads to a severe pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in the mothers and retarded foetal growth. As a consequence of the pancreatic damage, the animals are rendered incapable of digesting sufficient amounts of dietary proteins to allow maternal liver development to proceed as normal for the pregnant rodent. Faecal nitrogen was increased and the maternal livers were small for the weights of the animals and exhibited a lower than normal nitrogen content. Feeding of additional amino acids and simple peptides in the diet in the form of casein hydrolysate either from before or after virus injection appeared to compensate for the inability of these animals to digest dietary protein nitrogen and allowed maternal liver development and foetal growth to proceed at a rate not significantly different from normal. Although these results apply to infections with Coxsackievirus B3 in pregnancy, they may be relevant to other infections which adversely affect foetal growth by their pathological effects on maternal organs necessary for maintaining optimal foetal growth.", "PMID": 1174463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4620", "title": "Albinism in Nigeria. A clinical and social study.", "content": "A study of 1000 Nigerian albinos, all of Negro stock, showed various types of albinism with their different modes of transmission--oculocutaneous, ocular and cutaneous. The much higher incidence among the more settled communities in the south, compared with the more nomadic communities in the north, may be related to greater inbreeding tendencies in the south. The sun and society are hostile to the albinos. Under the tropical sunshine, their melanin-deficient skin develops wrinkles, lentigines, actinic keratoses and epitheliomata from which they may die in early adult life or in middle age. Myopia and other ocular defects retard the progress of many albinos in school and they eventually drop out to seek disastrous menial outdoor occupations. Registering albinos early in life, assuring their families that albino defects are confined to the skin and eyes, advising on protective clothing and sun-screening agents, correcting myopia, assisting with indooor occupations, and early treatment of actinic keratoses and skin cancer should help many albinos to attain social acceptance and a ripe old age.", "contents": "Albinism in Nigeria. A clinical and social study. A study of 1000 Nigerian albinos, all of Negro stock, showed various types of albinism with their different modes of transmission--oculocutaneous, ocular and cutaneous. The much higher incidence among the more settled communities in the south, compared with the more nomadic communities in the north, may be related to greater inbreeding tendencies in the south. The sun and society are hostile to the albinos. Under the tropical sunshine, their melanin-deficient skin develops wrinkles, lentigines, actinic keratoses and epitheliomata from which they may die in early adult life or in middle age. Myopia and other ocular defects retard the progress of many albinos in school and they eventually drop out to seek disastrous menial outdoor occupations. Registering albinos early in life, assuring their families that albino defects are confined to the skin and eyes, advising on protective clothing and sun-screening agents, correcting myopia, assisting with indooor occupations, and early treatment of actinic keratoses and skin cancer should help many albinos to attain social acceptance and a ripe old age.", "PMID": 1174464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4621", "title": "The effect of the activity of psoriasis on the response to autologous ground skin extract.", "content": "The effects of autologous extracts of involved and macroscopically uninvolved psoriatic skin on epidermal DNA synthesis have been studied. Previous reports of inhibition of DNA synthesis were confirmed but in a number of patients a stimulant, rather than an inhibitory effect, was observed. The stimulant effect was only present when the disease was in an acute, eruptive phase and was more marked in the involved than in the macroscopically uninvolved skin.", "contents": "The effect of the activity of psoriasis on the response to autologous ground skin extract. The effects of autologous extracts of involved and macroscopically uninvolved psoriatic skin on epidermal DNA synthesis have been studied. Previous reports of inhibition of DNA synthesis were confirmed but in a number of patients a stimulant, rather than an inhibitory effect, was observed. The stimulant effect was only present when the disease was in an acute, eruptive phase and was more marked in the involved than in the macroscopically uninvolved skin.", "PMID": 1174465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4622", "title": "The effect of transfer factor on the in vitro migration of tuberculin stimulated white cells from sarcoid and normal subjects.", "content": "In the mixed leukocyte migration test, white cells from Mantoux positive and Mantoux negative individuals and from patients with sarcoidosis responded similarly to tuberculin, there being no significant difference in the migration index of the three groups. The cells from patients with sarcoidosis, however, showed a depressed response to phytohaemagglutinin. Transfer factor prepared from an individual with a very positive Mantoux reaction did not have any significant effect on the migration index when added to the white cells from sarcoid patients either in the presence or absence of tuberculin.", "contents": "The effect of transfer factor on the in vitro migration of tuberculin stimulated white cells from sarcoid and normal subjects. In the mixed leukocyte migration test, white cells from Mantoux positive and Mantoux negative individuals and from patients with sarcoidosis responded similarly to tuberculin, there being no significant difference in the migration index of the three groups. The cells from patients with sarcoidosis, however, showed a depressed response to phytohaemagglutinin. Transfer factor prepared from an individual with a very positive Mantoux reaction did not have any significant effect on the migration index when added to the white cells from sarcoid patients either in the presence or absence of tuberculin.", "PMID": 1174466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4623", "title": "Study of a new anomaly of the vermilion border of the lip.", "content": "A new anomaly of the vermilion border of the lip is described in which part of the vermilion border is replaced by normal skin. Thirty-six cases are reported of this new anomaly, seven of which sought medical advice for this condition.", "contents": "Study of a new anomaly of the vermilion border of the lip. A new anomaly of the vermilion border of the lip is described in which part of the vermilion border is replaced by normal skin. Thirty-six cases are reported of this new anomaly, seven of which sought medical advice for this condition.", "PMID": 1174467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4624", "title": "The absorption of arsenic and its relation to carcinoma.", "content": "A test dose of arsenic was given to four patients with arsenical carcinoma. Blood arsenic levels, urinary and faecal excretion were measured and compared with those of three normal control subjects. Blood levels and urinary excretion were lower in the carcinoma subjects, suggesting increased storage. Abnormally high retention of arsenic, either medicinal or environmental, may be an individual metabolic trait and may be an important factor in carcinogenesis.", "contents": "The absorption of arsenic and its relation to carcinoma. A test dose of arsenic was given to four patients with arsenical carcinoma. Blood arsenic levels, urinary and faecal excretion were measured and compared with those of three normal control subjects. Blood levels and urinary excretion were lower in the carcinoma subjects, suggesting increased storage. Abnormally high retention of arsenic, either medicinal or environmental, may be an individual metabolic trait and may be an important factor in carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 1174468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4625", "title": "Evaluation of coal tar fractions for use in psoriasiform diseases using the mouse tail test. (I) High and low temperature tars and their constituents.", "content": "'High' and 'low' temperature tars were evaluated on parakeratotic mouse tail skin, which was used as a model for the psoriatic keratinization process. The skin was examined histologically for signs of induced granular layers in previously scaly areas; epidermal thicknesses were also measured. It appears that the acidic (phenolic) fractions of coal tars induce granular layers and cause epidermal thickening, whereas neutral constituents alone only cause thickening. It is suggested that tar acids should be further investigated for anti-psoriatic activity.", "contents": "Evaluation of coal tar fractions for use in psoriasiform diseases using the mouse tail test. (I) High and low temperature tars and their constituents. 'High' and 'low' temperature tars were evaluated on parakeratotic mouse tail skin, which was used as a model for the psoriatic keratinization process. The skin was examined histologically for signs of induced granular layers in previously scaly areas; epidermal thicknesses were also measured. It appears that the acidic (phenolic) fractions of coal tars induce granular layers and cause epidermal thickening, whereas neutral constituents alone only cause thickening. It is suggested that tar acids should be further investigated for anti-psoriatic activity.", "PMID": 1174469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4626", "title": "Evaluation of coal tar fractions for use in psoriasiform diseases using the mouse tail test. (II) Tar oil acids.", "content": "Mouse tail scale epidermis was used as a model to evaluate anti-parakeratotic activity of tar oil acids (phenols) boiling between 175 and 400 degrees C. Lower boiling phenols seemed to cause more irritation, whereas high boiling phenols caused granular layer induction in formerly parakeratotic skin.", "contents": "Evaluation of coal tar fractions for use in psoriasiform diseases using the mouse tail test. (II) Tar oil acids. Mouse tail scale epidermis was used as a model to evaluate anti-parakeratotic activity of tar oil acids (phenols) boiling between 175 and 400 degrees C. Lower boiling phenols seemed to cause more irritation, whereas high boiling phenols caused granular layer induction in formerly parakeratotic skin.", "PMID": 1174470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4627", "title": "Bio-assay of corticosteroids for topical application.", "content": "Five commercially available corticosteroid creams were compared with respect to their thinning action on mouse tail epidermis. The greatest effects were produced by Synalar and Sintisone; hydrocortisone had the least action. In addition it was shown that the epidermal thickening induced by vitamin A could be significantly reduced by Ledercort cream. The thinning action of the fluorinated steroids on the epidermis is an important property of these agents when used for the treatment of dermatoses having a hyperactive epidermis. The mouse tail test is considered to be a useful screening test for new topical applications of these substances.", "contents": "Bio-assay of corticosteroids for topical application. Five commercially available corticosteroid creams were compared with respect to their thinning action on mouse tail epidermis. The greatest effects were produced by Synalar and Sintisone; hydrocortisone had the least action. In addition it was shown that the epidermal thickening induced by vitamin A could be significantly reduced by Ledercort cream. The thinning action of the fluorinated steroids on the epidermis is an important property of these agents when used for the treatment of dermatoses having a hyperactive epidermis. The mouse tail test is considered to be a useful screening test for new topical applications of these substances.", "PMID": 1174471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4628", "title": "Temperature dependence of water content of stratum corneum.", "content": "The water content of human stratum corneum has been measured gravimetrically in vitro in relation to relative humidity (RH) and temperature. Water content increased with increasing RH. Stratum corneum water content increased 50% when the temperature was raised from 20 to 35 degrees C at RH below 60%. Temperature dependence decreased with increasing RH until there was essentially no temperature dependence at 90% RH. The conclusion is that temperature changes could significantly affect water content in vivo and pliability of skin at RH below 60%.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of water content of stratum corneum. The water content of human stratum corneum has been measured gravimetrically in vitro in relation to relative humidity (RH) and temperature. Water content increased with increasing RH. Stratum corneum water content increased 50% when the temperature was raised from 20 to 35 degrees C at RH below 60%. Temperature dependence decreased with increasing RH until there was essentially no temperature dependence at 90% RH. The conclusion is that temperature changes could significantly affect water content in vivo and pliability of skin at RH below 60%.", "PMID": 1174474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4629", "title": "Tissue nickel levels and nickel dermatitis. I. Nickel in hair.", "content": "The determination of nickel by instrumental neutron activation is presented. The 58Ni (n, p) 58Co reaction and high-resolution gamma spectroscopy were employed in these measurements. The nickel content of human hair was found to be more dependent upon the sex of the donor than upon other parameters. Mean values for males (1.01 +/- 0.23 ppm) and females (4.21 +/- 0.54 ppm) agreed with values for the nickel content of hair obtained by other methods in most cases. Nickel sensitivity was not reflected in the nickel contents of hair in the female.", "contents": "Tissue nickel levels and nickel dermatitis. I. Nickel in hair. The determination of nickel by instrumental neutron activation is presented. The 58Ni (n, p) 58Co reaction and high-resolution gamma spectroscopy were employed in these measurements. The nickel content of human hair was found to be more dependent upon the sex of the donor than upon other parameters. Mean values for males (1.01 +/- 0.23 ppm) and females (4.21 +/- 0.54 ppm) agreed with values for the nickel content of hair obtained by other methods in most cases. Nickel sensitivity was not reflected in the nickel contents of hair in the female.", "PMID": 1174475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4630", "title": "Case report: an asthmatic adolescent and his \"repressed cry\" for his mother.", "content": "A case of asthma in an adolescent male is presented. Involvement of the patient in individual, group and family psychotherapy is discussed in detail and particular emphasis placed on the use of family sessions as a therapeutic tool. Alexander's concept of the \"repressed cry for the lost mother\" is suggested as of aetiological importance.", "contents": "Case report: an asthmatic adolescent and his \"repressed cry\" for his mother. A case of asthma in an adolescent male is presented. Involvement of the patient in individual, group and family psychotherapy is discussed in detail and particular emphasis placed on the use of family sessions as a therapeutic tool. Alexander's concept of the \"repressed cry for the lost mother\" is suggested as of aetiological importance.", "PMID": 1174484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4631", "title": "Effect of adrenaline and guanethidine in reducing intraocular pressure in rabbits' eyes.", "content": "The effect of Adrenaline 0.5 per cent and Guanethidine 2.5 per cent alone and in combination in reducing intraocular pressure in rabbits has been studied. Six rabbits were used and the efficiencies of 5 different dosage protocols was estimated both as intensity and duration of activity. The 5 dosage protocols were Adrenaline alone; Guanethidine alone; Adrenaline and Guanethidine together; Adrenaline followed in 30 min by ?Guanethidine; and Guanethidine followed in 30 min by Adrenaline. The single formulation containing both drugs appeared to be at least as efficient as the others. Eye drops containing 1 per cent Adrenaline and 5 per cent Guanethidine having sufficient stability for normal use have therefore been formulated.", "contents": "Effect of adrenaline and guanethidine in reducing intraocular pressure in rabbits' eyes. The effect of Adrenaline 0.5 per cent and Guanethidine 2.5 per cent alone and in combination in reducing intraocular pressure in rabbits has been studied. Six rabbits were used and the efficiencies of 5 different dosage protocols was estimated both as intensity and duration of activity. The 5 dosage protocols were Adrenaline alone; Guanethidine alone; Adrenaline and Guanethidine together; Adrenaline followed in 30 min by ?Guanethidine; and Guanethidine followed in 30 min by Adrenaline. The single formulation containing both drugs appeared to be at least as efficient as the others. Eye drops containing 1 per cent Adrenaline and 5 per cent Guanethidine having sufficient stability for normal use have therefore been formulated.", "PMID": 1174485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4632", "title": "Quantitative lacrimal scintillography. I. Method and physiological application.", "content": "Quantitative lacrimal scintillography, using 99mTc sulphur colloid, a high resolution gamma camera, and quantification using a digital computer, is a highly effective way of assessing lacrimal physiology, and of establishing normal flow and drainage values against which pathological cases may be compared.", "contents": "Quantitative lacrimal scintillography. I. Method and physiological application. Quantitative lacrimal scintillography, using 99mTc sulphur colloid, a high resolution gamma camera, and quantification using a digital computer, is a highly effective way of assessing lacrimal physiology, and of establishing normal flow and drainage values against which pathological cases may be compared.", "PMID": 1174486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4633", "title": "Quantitative lacrimal scintillography. II. Lacrimal pathology.", "content": "Quantitative lacrimal scintillography is a useful clinical procedure in assessing lacrimal drainage function in patients with epiphora. Examples are presented of patients with canalicular disease, lid abnormalities, 'functional blocks', and dysthroid disease, in which this technique was valuable. Information regarding the dynamics of a functioning and non-functioning dacryocystorhinostomy is elucidated with quantitative scintillography.", "contents": "Quantitative lacrimal scintillography. II. Lacrimal pathology. Quantitative lacrimal scintillography is a useful clinical procedure in assessing lacrimal drainage function in patients with epiphora. Examples are presented of patients with canalicular disease, lid abnormalities, 'functional blocks', and dysthroid disease, in which this technique was valuable. Information regarding the dynamics of a functioning and non-functioning dacryocystorhinostomy is elucidated with quantitative scintillography.", "PMID": 1174487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4634", "title": "Cortical blindness in cranial arteritis.", "content": "A case is presented of cortical blindness in cranial arteritis. A clinical diagnosis at the time of presentation was based on the integrity of the pupillary light reflex and the absence of visually evoked responses. Pathological examination confirmed bilateral occipital infarction. This report stresses the need for recognizing this presentation of cranial arteritis and initiating immediate treatment.", "contents": "Cortical blindness in cranial arteritis. A case is presented of cortical blindness in cranial arteritis. A clinical diagnosis at the time of presentation was based on the integrity of the pupillary light reflex and the absence of visually evoked responses. Pathological examination confirmed bilateral occipital infarction. This report stresses the need for recognizing this presentation of cranial arteritis and initiating immediate treatment.", "PMID": 1174488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4635", "title": "Lens fringe in homocystinuria.", "content": "The lens from a patient with homocystinuria was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A fringe of zonular remnants was found attached to the anterior lens capsule, and was observed to be composed of masses of short filaments in disarray, together with occasional bundles of normal-appearing zonular filaments. Although a pericapsular membrane (zonular lamella) was not observed, the remainder of the lens capsule and epithelium appeared unremarkable. The lens fringe of white zonular remnants may be characteristic, if not pathognomic, for homocystinuria.", "contents": "Lens fringe in homocystinuria. The lens from a patient with homocystinuria was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A fringe of zonular remnants was found attached to the anterior lens capsule, and was observed to be composed of masses of short filaments in disarray, together with occasional bundles of normal-appearing zonular filaments. Although a pericapsular membrane (zonular lamella) was not observed, the remainder of the lens capsule and epithelium appeared unremarkable. The lens fringe of white zonular remnants may be characteristic, if not pathognomic, for homocystinuria.", "PMID": 1174489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4636", "title": "Cataract aspiration-irrigation. Modified needle-tubing-handle combination for push-pull machine.", "content": "A modification of the needle-tubing combination for the push-pull machine used for aspiration-irrigation of congenital and traumatic cataracts, is described. The new needle-tubing-handle combination is advantageous in that the incorporated handle makes the insertion and maneouvring in the anterior chamber easier and also the whole combination can easily be autoclaved as silastic tubing is used.", "contents": "Cataract aspiration-irrigation. Modified needle-tubing-handle combination for push-pull machine. A modification of the needle-tubing combination for the push-pull machine used for aspiration-irrigation of congenital and traumatic cataracts, is described. The new needle-tubing-handle combination is advantageous in that the incorporated handle makes the insertion and maneouvring in the anterior chamber easier and also the whole combination can easily be autoclaved as silastic tubing is used.", "PMID": 1174490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4637", "title": "The participation of methionine and cysteine in the formation of bonds resistant to the action of proteolytic enzymes in heated casein.", "content": "1. The influence of temperature, moisture content and the presence of glucose on the level of available methionine and cysteine in casein was studied. 2. Differences between total and available methionine and cysteine contents of heated casein (90 degrees for 24 h) were determined by an in vitro method. The maximum losses in total and available methionine content were 22 and 51% respectively. The losses in total and available cysteine content were 24 and 100% respectively. 3. The results indicated that for heated casein the release of amino acids by proteolytic enzymes was less complete than for native casein. 4. The results of rat growth assays suggested that diets containing oxidized casein are less well utilized by rats than those containing native casein. The decrease in body-weight of rats receiving the diets containing oxidized casein could be counteracted by the addition of methionine and 20 g unoxidized casein/kg diet. 5. There was a lower level of some available amino acids (determined after enzymic hydrolysis using pancreatopeptidase E (EC 3-4-4-7), leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3-4-I-I) and prolidase (EC 3-4-3-7)), including those essential for the rat, in oxidized casein as compared with native casein. 6. Cysteic acid, in oxidized casein, probably makes impossible the utilization of the amino acids in its neighbourhood. 7. From the differences in the available amino acid contents of the native, oxidized and heated casein it was concluded that the oxidation of casein causes the formation of complexes in the polypeptide chain, resistant to enzymic hydrolysis, but to a much lesser extent than does heating.", "contents": "The participation of methionine and cysteine in the formation of bonds resistant to the action of proteolytic enzymes in heated casein. 1. The influence of temperature, moisture content and the presence of glucose on the level of available methionine and cysteine in casein was studied. 2. Differences between total and available methionine and cysteine contents of heated casein (90 degrees for 24 h) were determined by an in vitro method. The maximum losses in total and available methionine content were 22 and 51% respectively. The losses in total and available cysteine content were 24 and 100% respectively. 3. The results indicated that for heated casein the release of amino acids by proteolytic enzymes was less complete than for native casein. 4. The results of rat growth assays suggested that diets containing oxidized casein are less well utilized by rats than those containing native casein. The decrease in body-weight of rats receiving the diets containing oxidized casein could be counteracted by the addition of methionine and 20 g unoxidized casein/kg diet. 5. There was a lower level of some available amino acids (determined after enzymic hydrolysis using pancreatopeptidase E (EC 3-4-4-7), leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3-4-I-I) and prolidase (EC 3-4-3-7)), including those essential for the rat, in oxidized casein as compared with native casein. 6. Cysteic acid, in oxidized casein, probably makes impossible the utilization of the amino acids in its neighbourhood. 7. From the differences in the available amino acid contents of the native, oxidized and heated casein it was concluded that the oxidation of casein causes the formation of complexes in the polypeptide chain, resistant to enzymic hydrolysis, but to a much lesser extent than does heating.", "PMID": 1174491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4638", "title": "Estimation of available methionine and cysteine in proteins of food products by in vivo and in vitro methods.", "content": "1. The available methionine and cysteine of proteins were determined by chemical methods after preliminary enzymic hydrolysis. 2. The values for the available methionine and cysteine contents of pure proteins (casein and bovine serum albumin) estimated by chemical methods were similar to those for the total content determined by the method of Moore, Spackman & Stein (1958). 3. Reductions of 15 and 11% respectively, when compared with unprocessed samples, were found in the available methionine contents of sweetened and unsweetened, condensed milks; of roller-dried milk and whey powders, and of mackerel sterilized at 126 degrees, the reductions were 22, 14 and 19% respectively. 4. The available cysteine content of sweetened, condensed milk was reduced by about 32%, whereas for mackerel sterilized at 115 and 126 degrees it was reduced by 64 and 75% respectively. 5. The contents of total sulphur amino acids for these food products did not differ from those for the unprocessed samples. 6. Values obtained for available S amino acid contents by rat bioassay confirmed the results of the in vitro estimations.", "contents": "Estimation of available methionine and cysteine in proteins of food products by in vivo and in vitro methods. 1. The available methionine and cysteine of proteins were determined by chemical methods after preliminary enzymic hydrolysis. 2. The values for the available methionine and cysteine contents of pure proteins (casein and bovine serum albumin) estimated by chemical methods were similar to those for the total content determined by the method of Moore, Spackman & Stein (1958). 3. Reductions of 15 and 11% respectively, when compared with unprocessed samples, were found in the available methionine contents of sweetened and unsweetened, condensed milks; of roller-dried milk and whey powders, and of mackerel sterilized at 126 degrees, the reductions were 22, 14 and 19% respectively. 4. The available cysteine content of sweetened, condensed milk was reduced by about 32%, whereas for mackerel sterilized at 115 and 126 degrees it was reduced by 64 and 75% respectively. 5. The contents of total sulphur amino acids for these food products did not differ from those for the unprocessed samples. 6. Values obtained for available S amino acid contents by rat bioassay confirmed the results of the in vitro estimations.", "PMID": 1174492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4639", "title": "The role of energy and fluid imbalance in weight changes found during field work in Antarctica.", "content": "1. The effect on body-weight of field work in Antarctica when travelling by mechanical transport has been studied. 2. A steady loss of weight (mean 6-2 kg) was found in field, and there was a slow gain on return to less arduous conditions. 3. Changes in skinfold thickness and hip girth suggested that the loss of weight was due to an energy deficit, and the gain was due to an excess of energy. 4. However, although weight was being lost the energy balance was calculated to be positive. This was probably because the expenditure was underestimated as the result of a failure to take into account: (a) the weight and restriction of heavy clothing, (b) the high-protein diet, (c) the difficulty imposed by the terrain, (d) the intensity of the subjects' response to the cold. 5. Daily weight changes were significantly related to climatic conditions. 6. Daily weight changes were significantly related to fluid intakes, but it was not possible to assess with certainty the contribution made by dehydration to the recorded weight loss. 7. Daily fluctuations in weight were greater than those previously found under more standard conditions.", "contents": "The role of energy and fluid imbalance in weight changes found during field work in Antarctica. 1. The effect on body-weight of field work in Antarctica when travelling by mechanical transport has been studied. 2. A steady loss of weight (mean 6-2 kg) was found in field, and there was a slow gain on return to less arduous conditions. 3. Changes in skinfold thickness and hip girth suggested that the loss of weight was due to an energy deficit, and the gain was due to an excess of energy. 4. However, although weight was being lost the energy balance was calculated to be positive. This was probably because the expenditure was underestimated as the result of a failure to take into account: (a) the weight and restriction of heavy clothing, (b) the high-protein diet, (c) the difficulty imposed by the terrain, (d) the intensity of the subjects' response to the cold. 5. Daily weight changes were significantly related to climatic conditions. 6. Daily weight changes were significantly related to fluid intakes, but it was not possible to assess with certainty the contribution made by dehydration to the recorded weight loss. 7. Daily fluctuations in weight were greater than those previously found under more standard conditions.", "PMID": 1174493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4640", "title": "The relationship of the age of onset of obesity to the success of its treatment in the adult.", "content": "1. A survey was done of 2333 men and women who claimed experience of slimming. 2. Their loss of weight was determined from their maximum stated weight and their present weight. The loss of weight was calculated as the percentage of the maximum weight and was related to the stated age of onset of obesity. 3. The results showed that those people in the survey who had been fat since childhood had lost just as much weight as those people who had become fat as adults. 4. These results suggest that the treatment of early-onset obesity may not be an unrealistic objective.", "contents": "The relationship of the age of onset of obesity to the success of its treatment in the adult. 1. A survey was done of 2333 men and women who claimed experience of slimming. 2. Their loss of weight was determined from their maximum stated weight and their present weight. The loss of weight was calculated as the percentage of the maximum weight and was related to the stated age of onset of obesity. 3. The results showed that those people in the survey who had been fat since childhood had lost just as much weight as those people who had become fat as adults. 4. These results suggest that the treatment of early-onset obesity may not be an unrealistic objective.", "PMID": 1174494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4641", "title": "Substrate interactions on the intestinal mucosa: a concept for the regulation of intestinal digestion.", "content": "1. The hydrolysis of glycyl-L-leucine, glycyl-L-tyrosine, tributyrin, sucrose, maltose, soluble starch and alpha- and beta-glycerophosphates by everted segments of rat intestine was estimated separately or in combination. 2. A comparative study showed significant interaction between different substrates which affected their digestion. 3. Two types of interaction were identified: products of hydrolysis (1) affected the hydrolysis of homologous substances, e.g. methionine and alanine inhibited glycyl-L-leucine hydrolysis, maltose reduced glucoamylase (alpha-1,4-glucan glucohydrolase; EC 3-2-1-3) activity (intracatenary interactions); (2) interfered with the hydrolysis of a different group of substances, e.g. tributyrin inhibited dipeptidase (glycyl-L-leucine hydrolase; EC 3-4-3-2) and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3-1-3-1), glycyl-L-leucine interfered with the activity of the latter enzyme (intercatenary interactions). 4. Mechanisms of interactions were suggested by the results of a comparison of the extent of inhibition or activation of two enzymes (glycyl-L-leucine hydrolase and alkaline phosphatase) in situ in everted intestinal segments or after solubilization with papain or Triton X-100, and different treatments known to affect allosteric sites of these enzymes. 5. Tributyrin and dipeptides were found to act on alkaline phosphatase as allosteric regulators. A discontinuity of the Arrhenius plot suggested the existence of different enzyme conformations which were re-arranged by tributyrin. 6. Substrate interactions in digestion were found in adult rat, cat, rabbit and hen. Substantial differences were found between classes (Aves and Mammalia), orders (rodents, lagomorphs and carnivores) and between age-groups within an animal strain (in this instance, for the rat). 7. These interactions are thought to be involved in the co-ordination of digestion with intestinal absorption and to regulate the time and site of subsequent hydrolysis.", "contents": "Substrate interactions on the intestinal mucosa: a concept for the regulation of intestinal digestion. 1. The hydrolysis of glycyl-L-leucine, glycyl-L-tyrosine, tributyrin, sucrose, maltose, soluble starch and alpha- and beta-glycerophosphates by everted segments of rat intestine was estimated separately or in combination. 2. A comparative study showed significant interaction between different substrates which affected their digestion. 3. Two types of interaction were identified: products of hydrolysis (1) affected the hydrolysis of homologous substances, e.g. methionine and alanine inhibited glycyl-L-leucine hydrolysis, maltose reduced glucoamylase (alpha-1,4-glucan glucohydrolase; EC 3-2-1-3) activity (intracatenary interactions); (2) interfered with the hydrolysis of a different group of substances, e.g. tributyrin inhibited dipeptidase (glycyl-L-leucine hydrolase; EC 3-4-3-2) and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3-1-3-1), glycyl-L-leucine interfered with the activity of the latter enzyme (intercatenary interactions). 4. Mechanisms of interactions were suggested by the results of a comparison of the extent of inhibition or activation of two enzymes (glycyl-L-leucine hydrolase and alkaline phosphatase) in situ in everted intestinal segments or after solubilization with papain or Triton X-100, and different treatments known to affect allosteric sites of these enzymes. 5. Tributyrin and dipeptides were found to act on alkaline phosphatase as allosteric regulators. A discontinuity of the Arrhenius plot suggested the existence of different enzyme conformations which were re-arranged by tributyrin. 6. Substrate interactions in digestion were found in adult rat, cat, rabbit and hen. Substantial differences were found between classes (Aves and Mammalia), orders (rodents, lagomorphs and carnivores) and between age-groups within an animal strain (in this instance, for the rat). 7. These interactions are thought to be involved in the co-ordination of digestion with intestinal absorption and to regulate the time and site of subsequent hydrolysis.", "PMID": 1174495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4642", "title": "The effects of phytate on intestinal absorption and secretion of zinc, and whole-body retention of Zn, copper, iron and manganese in rats.", "content": "1. The inclusion of phytate (10 g/kg) in a purified diet containing zinc (15 mg/kg) fed to young male rats significantly reduced growth rate and food intake, and promoted a cyclic pattern of food intake characteristic of an uncomplicated Zn deficiency. The decreased growth rate could be accounted for by the reduced food consumption. 2. Rats maintained on a Zn-deficient diet (0.5 mg Zn/kg) were found to have a cyclic pattern of food intake and a very slight weight gain. The addition of phytate (10 g/kg) to the Zn-deficient diet promoted a net loss of mean body-weight. 3. Rats maintained on the Zn-supplemented diet containing phytate excreted significantly more Zn in their faeces than either pair-fed or ad lib.-fed control rats. Rats given the Zn-deficient diet supplemented with phytate excreted more Zn in their faeces than Zn-deficient control rats. 4. Dietary phytate significantly reduced the average daily accumulation (mug/d) and whole-body retention (relative to dietary intake) of iron, copper, manganese and Zn, whether or not the diet was supplemented with Zn. 5. The addition of phytate to the lumen fluid of ligated loops of rat duodenum maintained in situ significantly inhibited 65Zn absorption, compared with the control systems without added phytate. 6. Other studies using ligated duodenal and ileal loops indicated that Zn is secreted into the gut lumen and approximately one-third of this is normally reabsorbed. Recycling of endogenous Zn may be a significant process in the over-all body economy of this trace element. 7. The absorption of 65Zn added to the diet was significantly reduced by dietary phytate. Dietary phytate also reduced the biological half-life of body 65Zn from 61 to 211 h post-administration, possibly by inhibiting reabsorption of endogenous 65Zn and thus promoting a more rapid loss from the body.", "contents": "The effects of phytate on intestinal absorption and secretion of zinc, and whole-body retention of Zn, copper, iron and manganese in rats. 1. The inclusion of phytate (10 g/kg) in a purified diet containing zinc (15 mg/kg) fed to young male rats significantly reduced growth rate and food intake, and promoted a cyclic pattern of food intake characteristic of an uncomplicated Zn deficiency. The decreased growth rate could be accounted for by the reduced food consumption. 2. Rats maintained on a Zn-deficient diet (0.5 mg Zn/kg) were found to have a cyclic pattern of food intake and a very slight weight gain. The addition of phytate (10 g/kg) to the Zn-deficient diet promoted a net loss of mean body-weight. 3. Rats maintained on the Zn-supplemented diet containing phytate excreted significantly more Zn in their faeces than either pair-fed or ad lib.-fed control rats. Rats given the Zn-deficient diet supplemented with phytate excreted more Zn in their faeces than Zn-deficient control rats. 4. Dietary phytate significantly reduced the average daily accumulation (mug/d) and whole-body retention (relative to dietary intake) of iron, copper, manganese and Zn, whether or not the diet was supplemented with Zn. 5. The addition of phytate to the lumen fluid of ligated loops of rat duodenum maintained in situ significantly inhibited 65Zn absorption, compared with the control systems without added phytate. 6. Other studies using ligated duodenal and ileal loops indicated that Zn is secreted into the gut lumen and approximately one-third of this is normally reabsorbed. Recycling of endogenous Zn may be a significant process in the over-all body economy of this trace element. 7. The absorption of 65Zn added to the diet was significantly reduced by dietary phytate. Dietary phytate also reduced the biological half-life of body 65Zn from 61 to 211 h post-administration, possibly by inhibiting reabsorption of endogenous 65Zn and thus promoting a more rapid loss from the body.", "PMID": 1174496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4643", "title": "The rate of heat loss during fasting in the growing pig.", "content": "1. The heat loss for individual growing pigs, whose initial body-weight was 25-40 kg, was measured continuously for periods of 14 or 21 d when they were maintained at an environmental temperature of either 20 or 30 degrees. For each temperature the feeding level before and after a period of fasting was held at either 39 or 45g/kg body-weight per d. Four pigs were given each treatment; food was withheld from three animals for a 4 d period in each experiment, and the fourth pig (control) was fed for the whole experimental period. 2. After the withdrawal of food, the heat loss decreased rapidly and minimum values were recorded during the third and fourth days of fasting. Fasting heat loss was higher at 20 degrees than at 30 degrees and was not significantly dependent on the preceeding level of feeding. The mean values obtained at 20 and 30 degrees were 457 and 380 KJ/kg 0.75 per d respectively. 3. The heat loss during the periods of feeding was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) at 30 degrees than at 20 degrees, and  was also higher at the higher level of feeding. 4. The apparent efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for maintenance was calculated as 0.80. 5. It was concluded that the critical temperature for a fasting pig weighing 25-40 kg is approximately 25 degrees.", "contents": "The rate of heat loss during fasting in the growing pig. 1. The heat loss for individual growing pigs, whose initial body-weight was 25-40 kg, was measured continuously for periods of 14 or 21 d when they were maintained at an environmental temperature of either 20 or 30 degrees. For each temperature the feeding level before and after a period of fasting was held at either 39 or 45g/kg body-weight per d. Four pigs were given each treatment; food was withheld from three animals for a 4 d period in each experiment, and the fourth pig (control) was fed for the whole experimental period. 2. After the withdrawal of food, the heat loss decreased rapidly and minimum values were recorded during the third and fourth days of fasting. Fasting heat loss was higher at 20 degrees than at 30 degrees and was not significantly dependent on the preceeding level of feeding. The mean values obtained at 20 and 30 degrees were 457 and 380 KJ/kg 0.75 per d respectively. 3. The heat loss during the periods of feeding was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) at 30 degrees than at 20 degrees, and  was also higher at the higher level of feeding. 4. The apparent efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for maintenance was calculated as 0.80. 5. It was concluded that the critical temperature for a fasting pig weighing 25-40 kg is approximately 25 degrees.", "PMID": 1174497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4644", "title": "Metabolism of epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine in the rat.", "content": "1. Study was made of the metabolism of epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L[4,5-3H]lysine (GL) in the rat. 2. The compound was largely absorbed from the intestine and metabolized. Labelled lysine was incorporated into blood proteins. 3. In an in vitro experiment with everted sacs of rat small intestine, GL passed through the intestinal wall unchanged. 4. The results of comparative tests using homogenates of different body tissues indicated that the kidneys were particularly active in hydrolysing GL. Their activity was nine times greater than that of the liver and eighteen times greater than that of the small intestine.", "contents": "Metabolism of epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine in the rat. 1. Study was made of the metabolism of epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L[4,5-3H]lysine (GL) in the rat. 2. The compound was largely absorbed from the intestine and metabolized. Labelled lysine was incorporated into blood proteins. 3. In an in vitro experiment with everted sacs of rat small intestine, GL passed through the intestinal wall unchanged. 4. The results of comparative tests using homogenates of different body tissues indicated that the kidneys were particularly active in hydrolysing GL. Their activity was nine times greater than that of the liver and eighteen times greater than that of the small intestine.", "PMID": 1174498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4645", "title": "Studies on the absorption and retention of calcium and phosphorus by young and mature Ca-deficient sheep.", "content": "1. A combination of a mineral balance and a radioactive technique has been used to study the effects of increased levels of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the Ca and P metabolism of young and mature wether sheep previously made Ca-deficient. 2. Ca absorption was directly related to Ca intake until an absorption maximum was reached. Young animals absorbed dietary Ca more efficiently than mature animals and had a much higher maximum rate of absorption. Apparent P absorption was directly related to P intake and maximum P absorption was also higher for the young animals. 3. Excretion of Ca in the urine and into the intestine was not altered by changes in Ca intake. Excretion of P in the urine, however, varied considerably and it is suggested that this process may be largely responsible for P homoeostasis. 4. Ca retention was directly related to Ca absorption. Maximum retention was considerably higher for the young animals than for the mature animals and occurred for each group of animals at exactly the same dietary intake as maximum Ca absorption. 5. Ca and P were retained in a constant ratio of 1-25:1 and the results suggested that P retention was controlled by the rate of Ca retention. 6. Bone turnover was higher for the young than for the mature animals. Animals mobilized skeletal Ca when receiving the Ca-deficient diet and replaced their Ca losses when the dietary Ca was plentiful by changing the relative rates of bone resorption and bone accretion. Although bone resorption was mainly responsible for Ca homoeostasis, bone accretion appeared to play some part in the young animals. 7. Maximum retention of Ca occurred just as the rate of bone resorption became zero and was equal to the rate of bone accretion. The lower maximum retention of Ca for mature animals was due to a lower rate of bone accretion. 8. Results suggested that when bone resorption ceased, Ca absorption was regulated by homoeostatic mechanisms at a level just sufficient to maintain maximum retention, and that the maximum rates of absorption measured may not have been true maximum rates. 9. The consequences of a relationship between bone accretion and maximum Ca retention are discussed with reference to older, pregnant and lactating animals.", "contents": "Studies on the absorption and retention of calcium and phosphorus by young and mature Ca-deficient sheep. 1. A combination of a mineral balance and a radioactive technique has been used to study the effects of increased levels of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the Ca and P metabolism of young and mature wether sheep previously made Ca-deficient. 2. Ca absorption was directly related to Ca intake until an absorption maximum was reached. Young animals absorbed dietary Ca more efficiently than mature animals and had a much higher maximum rate of absorption. Apparent P absorption was directly related to P intake and maximum P absorption was also higher for the young animals. 3. Excretion of Ca in the urine and into the intestine was not altered by changes in Ca intake. Excretion of P in the urine, however, varied considerably and it is suggested that this process may be largely responsible for P homoeostasis. 4. Ca retention was directly related to Ca absorption. Maximum retention was considerably higher for the young animals than for the mature animals and occurred for each group of animals at exactly the same dietary intake as maximum Ca absorption. 5. Ca and P were retained in a constant ratio of 1-25:1 and the results suggested that P retention was controlled by the rate of Ca retention. 6. Bone turnover was higher for the young than for the mature animals. Animals mobilized skeletal Ca when receiving the Ca-deficient diet and replaced their Ca losses when the dietary Ca was plentiful by changing the relative rates of bone resorption and bone accretion. Although bone resorption was mainly responsible for Ca homoeostasis, bone accretion appeared to play some part in the young animals. 7. Maximum retention of Ca occurred just as the rate of bone resorption became zero and was equal to the rate of bone accretion. The lower maximum retention of Ca for mature animals was due to a lower rate of bone accretion. 8. Results suggested that when bone resorption ceased, Ca absorption was regulated by homoeostatic mechanisms at a level just sufficient to maintain maximum retention, and that the maximum rates of absorption measured may not have been true maximum rates. 9. The consequences of a relationship between bone accretion and maximum Ca retention are discussed with reference to older, pregnant and lactating animals.", "PMID": 1174499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4646", "title": "Mechanisms of heat damage in proteins. 5. The nutritional values of heat-damaged and propionylated proteins as sources of lysine, methionine and tryptophan.", "content": "The preparation of a propionylated protein is described, and the effects of this treatment on amino acid composition and availability are compared with the effects of severe heat treatment (autoclaving) of a protein. 2. Using chemical analyses, changes exceeding 5% for total tyrosine, histidine, methionine and cystine contents were found after propionylation of the protein. Autoclaving of the protein resulted in changes in total serine, lysine, methionine, cystine and tryptophan contents. 3. Microbiological estimates of total amino acid contents were not in close agreement with the chemical estimates for the autoclaved protein. 4. Fluorodinitrobenzene-reactive lysine content was reduced to almost zero by propionylation, and by almost 40% by autoclaving. 5. Both propionylating and autoclaving protein reduced the amount of lysine available to the chick by about half. In contrast, the availabilities of methionine and tryptophan to the chick were unchanged by propionylation, but were reduced to 0.66 and 0.44 respectively, relative to the untreated protein, by autoclaving. 6. Because of the difficulties of obtaining reliable absolute estimates of amino acid availability using chick growth assays, our interpretation of results is mainly based on relative values. The merits of microbiological estimates of amino acid availability are assessed.", "contents": "Mechanisms of heat damage in proteins. 5. The nutritional values of heat-damaged and propionylated proteins as sources of lysine, methionine and tryptophan. The preparation of a propionylated protein is described, and the effects of this treatment on amino acid composition and availability are compared with the effects of severe heat treatment (autoclaving) of a protein. 2. Using chemical analyses, changes exceeding 5% for total tyrosine, histidine, methionine and cystine contents were found after propionylation of the protein. Autoclaving of the protein resulted in changes in total serine, lysine, methionine, cystine and tryptophan contents. 3. Microbiological estimates of total amino acid contents were not in close agreement with the chemical estimates for the autoclaved protein. 4. Fluorodinitrobenzene-reactive lysine content was reduced to almost zero by propionylation, and by almost 40% by autoclaving. 5. Both propionylating and autoclaving protein reduced the amount of lysine available to the chick by about half. In contrast, the availabilities of methionine and tryptophan to the chick were unchanged by propionylation, but were reduced to 0.66 and 0.44 respectively, relative to the untreated protein, by autoclaving. 6. Because of the difficulties of obtaining reliable absolute estimates of amino acid availability using chick growth assays, our interpretation of results is mainly based on relative values. The merits of microbiological estimates of amino acid availability are assessed.", "PMID": 1174500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4647", "title": "Mechanisms of heat damage in proteins. 6. The digestibility of individual amino acids in heated and propionylated proteins.", "content": "1. The digestibilities of protein and amino acids have been estimated by two different techniques: the analysis of faeces (conventional method) and the analysis of ileal contents (ileal technique). 2. Freeze-dried muscle protein was found by both techniques to be almost completely digested. After autoclaving, the digestibility for the same protein was estimated by the conventional and ileal techniques to be 0.65 and 0.57 respectively. 3. Unmodified lactalbumin was found by both techniques to have digestibility of about 0.90. Propionylation of the lactalbumin reduced digestibility to 0.82 and 0.79 as indicated by faecal analysis and ileal content analysis respectively. 4. In general, the digestibilities of individual amino acids in any one protein sample were rather uniform, and reflected over-all protein digestibility. For each amino acid, digestibility, as determined by both methods, was lower for the modified protein than for the corresponding control protein: estimates based on ileal content analyses were consistently lower than those obtained by conventional analyses. The ileal technique was considered to be both more convenient and meaningful. 5. From the results obtained by the ileal technique it appears that reduced digestibility is an adequate explanation for the reduction found in nutritional value of the autoclaved protein. In contrast, for the propionylated protein, reduced digestibility of lysine is only a partial explanation of the low availability of this amino acid as estimated by chick growth assay. 6. In our experiments we found that the type of dietary protein used did influence the amino acid composition of the ileal contents. This was most marked with the least-digestible protein. These findings do not support the views of Nasset (1962).", "contents": "Mechanisms of heat damage in proteins. 6. The digestibility of individual amino acids in heated and propionylated proteins. 1. The digestibilities of protein and amino acids have been estimated by two different techniques: the analysis of faeces (conventional method) and the analysis of ileal contents (ileal technique). 2. Freeze-dried muscle protein was found by both techniques to be almost completely digested. After autoclaving, the digestibility for the same protein was estimated by the conventional and ileal techniques to be 0.65 and 0.57 respectively. 3. Unmodified lactalbumin was found by both techniques to have digestibility of about 0.90. Propionylation of the lactalbumin reduced digestibility to 0.82 and 0.79 as indicated by faecal analysis and ileal content analysis respectively. 4. In general, the digestibilities of individual amino acids in any one protein sample were rather uniform, and reflected over-all protein digestibility. For each amino acid, digestibility, as determined by both methods, was lower for the modified protein than for the corresponding control protein: estimates based on ileal content analyses were consistently lower than those obtained by conventional analyses. The ileal technique was considered to be both more convenient and meaningful. 5. From the results obtained by the ileal technique it appears that reduced digestibility is an adequate explanation for the reduction found in nutritional value of the autoclaved protein. In contrast, for the propionylated protein, reduced digestibility of lysine is only a partial explanation of the low availability of this amino acid as estimated by chick growth assay. 6. In our experiments we found that the type of dietary protein used did influence the amino acid composition of the ileal contents. This was most marked with the least-digestible protein. These findings do not support the views of Nasset (1962).", "PMID": 1174501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4648", "title": "Proton magnetic resonance relaxation studies on the structure of mixed micelles of Triton X-100 and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine.", "content": "Proton magnetic resonance and gel chromatographic studies on mixtures of phospholipid and the nonionic surfactant Triton X-200 have shown that at temperatures above the thermotropic phase transition of the phospholipid and below the cloud point of Triton, mixed micelles are present at molar ratios above about 2:1 Triton/phospholipid. Proton T1 and T2 (from line widths) relaxation times are reported for protons in Triton micelles and in mixed micelles of Triton and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine at a molar ratio of 3:1 Triton/phospholipid. The T1 values and their temperature dependence and the activation energies of the various Triton proton groups appear to reflect internal motions of the Triton molecules in the micelle. Measurements of the T1/T2 ratio and frequency dependence (55-220 MHz) suggest that the hydrophobic tert-butyl group in Triton is observed under extreme narrowing conditions. The T1 and T2 values of Triton are unchanged in the presence of phosphatidylcholine. The T1 values of various protons of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine in mixed micelles are similar to those reported for the phospholipid in sonicated vesicles, which are used as membrane models, and presumably the same coupled trans-gauche motions dominate. The T2 values for the terminal methyl and choline methyl protons in the phospholipid are longer than those reported for these groups in vesicles. Hence, the motion of the phospholipid in the mixed micelles appears to be less restricted than in vesicles. T1 measurements in H20/D20 mixtures are consistent with the idea that water does not penetrate the hydrophobic core of the mixed micelles, while water does solvate the polar oxyethylene and choline methyl groups. Titration with Mn2+ confirms that the oxyethylene and choline methyl groups are on the exterior of the mixed micelle while the hydrophobic groups are located in the micellar interior.", "contents": "Proton magnetic resonance relaxation studies on the structure of mixed micelles of Triton X-100 and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. Proton magnetic resonance and gel chromatographic studies on mixtures of phospholipid and the nonionic surfactant Triton X-200 have shown that at temperatures above the thermotropic phase transition of the phospholipid and below the cloud point of Triton, mixed micelles are present at molar ratios above about 2:1 Triton/phospholipid. Proton T1 and T2 (from line widths) relaxation times are reported for protons in Triton micelles and in mixed micelles of Triton and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine at a molar ratio of 3:1 Triton/phospholipid. The T1 values and their temperature dependence and the activation energies of the various Triton proton groups appear to reflect internal motions of the Triton molecules in the micelle. Measurements of the T1/T2 ratio and frequency dependence (55-220 MHz) suggest that the hydrophobic tert-butyl group in Triton is observed under extreme narrowing conditions. The T1 and T2 values of Triton are unchanged in the presence of phosphatidylcholine. The T1 values of various protons of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine in mixed micelles are similar to those reported for the phospholipid in sonicated vesicles, which are used as membrane models, and presumably the same coupled trans-gauche motions dominate. The T2 values for the terminal methyl and choline methyl protons in the phospholipid are longer than those reported for these groups in vesicles. Hence, the motion of the phospholipid in the mixed micelles appears to be less restricted than in vesicles. T1 measurements in H20/D20 mixtures are consistent with the idea that water does not penetrate the hydrophobic core of the mixed micelles, while water does solvate the polar oxyethylene and choline methyl groups. Titration with Mn2+ confirms that the oxyethylene and choline methyl groups are on the exterior of the mixed micelle while the hydrophobic groups are located in the micellar interior.", "PMID": 1174502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4649", "title": "Ion binding by X-537A. Rates of complexation of Ni2+ and Mn2+ in methanol.", "content": "The rates of complexation are studied through the effects of the paramagnetic ions upon the magnetic resonances of three of the proton species in X-537A = XH. For the dissociation of the complex MX+ leads to M2+ + X- at 25 degrees the rate is (2.4 plus or minus 0.4) x 10(2) sec-1 for Ni2+ and in the range from 2 x 10(4) to 1 x 10(6) sec-1 for Mn2+. For the Ni2+ complex the activation parameters are also determined and discussed in terms of the details of the process. The difference in rate constants found here is much greater than the difference in the dissociation constants.", "contents": "Ion binding by X-537A. Rates of complexation of Ni2+ and Mn2+ in methanol. The rates of complexation are studied through the effects of the paramagnetic ions upon the magnetic resonances of three of the proton species in X-537A = XH. For the dissociation of the complex MX+ leads to M2+ + X- at 25 degrees the rate is (2.4 plus or minus 0.4) x 10(2) sec-1 for Ni2+ and in the range from 2 x 10(4) to 1 x 10(6) sec-1 for Mn2+. For the Ni2+ complex the activation parameters are also determined and discussed in terms of the details of the process. The difference in rate constants found here is much greater than the difference in the dissociation constants.", "PMID": 1174503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4650", "title": "Chain length determination of small double- and single-stranded DNA molecules by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "We describe the use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to estimate chain lengths of double- and single-stranded DNA molecules in the size range 20-1000 base pairs (or nucleotides). Double-stranded DNA molecules of known length produced either by organic synthesis or by restriction endonuclease digestion of viral DNAs were used as standards. The relative electrophoretic mobilities of these standards were examined on both nondenaturing (aqueous) polyacrylamide gels and on denaturing gels containing 7 M urea or 98% formamide. Electrophoretic mobility of DNA is a linear function of the log of molecular weight if appropriate conditions are used, although exceptions are noted. Chain lengths can be conveniently estimated by using as standards bacteriophage gamma DNA restriction fragments or commercially available tracking dyes.", "contents": "Chain length determination of small double- and single-stranded DNA molecules by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We describe the use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to estimate chain lengths of double- and single-stranded DNA molecules in the size range 20-1000 base pairs (or nucleotides). Double-stranded DNA molecules of known length produced either by organic synthesis or by restriction endonuclease digestion of viral DNAs were used as standards. The relative electrophoretic mobilities of these standards were examined on both nondenaturing (aqueous) polyacrylamide gels and on denaturing gels containing 7 M urea or 98% formamide. Electrophoretic mobility of DNA is a linear function of the log of molecular weight if appropriate conditions are used, although exceptions are noted. Chain lengths can be conveniently estimated by using as standards bacteriophage gamma DNA restriction fragments or commercially available tracking dyes.", "PMID": 1174504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4651", "title": "Isolation of a nuclear ribonucleoprotein network that contains heterogeneous RNA and is bound to the nuclear envelope.", "content": "Rapidly labeled polydispersed nuclear RNA is part of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) network which in turn is tightly bound to the nuclear membrane. The membranous attachment, therefore, established a connection between chromatin and cytoplasm. The ultrastructure of the RNP network comprises fibrils and granules similar to those observed in intact nuclei. When bound to the nuclear membrane it has the composition of 63% protein, 14% RNA, 0.4% DNA, and 22.6% lipids. The proportion of lipids diminishes to 2.2% when nuclear membrane is not present. Chromatin, nucleoli, and ribosomes are minor contaminants since histones and ribosomal proteins are not detectable in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nuclear disruption at high pressure in a French pressure cell causes fragmentation of the RNP network into a series of polydispersed RNP particles. Fragmentation can be prevented by using mild pressure, or by disrupting nuclei with high salt buffer and digesting the dispersed chromatin with deoxyribonuclease. A RNP network, almost free of membrane, is also obtained if the nucleus is deprived of its envelope by treatment with Triton X-100. Since no polydispersed RNP particles are found following dissolution of the nuclear membrane, it is assumed that the particles are components of the RNP network whose fragmentation occurs as a consequence of two processes: (a) activation of nuclear nucleases and (b) shearing forces.", "contents": "Isolation of a nuclear ribonucleoprotein network that contains heterogeneous RNA and is bound to the nuclear envelope. Rapidly labeled polydispersed nuclear RNA is part of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) network which in turn is tightly bound to the nuclear membrane. The membranous attachment, therefore, established a connection between chromatin and cytoplasm. The ultrastructure of the RNP network comprises fibrils and granules similar to those observed in intact nuclei. When bound to the nuclear membrane it has the composition of 63% protein, 14% RNA, 0.4% DNA, and 22.6% lipids. The proportion of lipids diminishes to 2.2% when nuclear membrane is not present. Chromatin, nucleoli, and ribosomes are minor contaminants since histones and ribosomal proteins are not detectable in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nuclear disruption at high pressure in a French pressure cell causes fragmentation of the RNP network into a series of polydispersed RNP particles. Fragmentation can be prevented by using mild pressure, or by disrupting nuclei with high salt buffer and digesting the dispersed chromatin with deoxyribonuclease. A RNP network, almost free of membrane, is also obtained if the nucleus is deprived of its envelope by treatment with Triton X-100. Since no polydispersed RNP particles are found following dissolution of the nuclear membrane, it is assumed that the particles are components of the RNP network whose fragmentation occurs as a consequence of two processes: (a) activation of nuclear nucleases and (b) shearing forces.", "PMID": 1174505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4652", "title": "Surface polypeptides of the cultured Chinese hamster ovary cell.", "content": "The organization of the plasma membrane of logarithmically growing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) suspension cells has been probed using surface label techniques in conjunction with subcellular fractionation and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Five components of apparent molecular weights 137,000, 121,000, 97,000, 67,000, and 57,000 have been shown to be exposed at the outer surface of the cell. These components fully meet the criteria of being (a) reactive with two or more surface label reagents, (b) enriched in a purified plasma membrane fraction, and (c) sensitive to proteolytic digestion of intact cells. Three other components of molecular weights 200,000, 44,000 and 30,000 are also reactive with certain surface label reagents, but fail to meet other criteria for cell surface components. Two polypeptides of molecular weights 180,000 and 37,000 are substantially enriched in the plasma membrane fraction, but are unreactive with surface label reagents. The organization of the CHO cell membrane and the applicability of surface label techniques to cultured cell systems are discussed.", "contents": "Surface polypeptides of the cultured Chinese hamster ovary cell. The organization of the plasma membrane of logarithmically growing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) suspension cells has been probed using surface label techniques in conjunction with subcellular fractionation and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Five components of apparent molecular weights 137,000, 121,000, 97,000, 67,000, and 57,000 have been shown to be exposed at the outer surface of the cell. These components fully meet the criteria of being (a) reactive with two or more surface label reagents, (b) enriched in a purified plasma membrane fraction, and (c) sensitive to proteolytic digestion of intact cells. Three other components of molecular weights 200,000, 44,000 and 30,000 are also reactive with certain surface label reagents, but fail to meet other criteria for cell surface components. Two polypeptides of molecular weights 180,000 and 37,000 are substantially enriched in the plasma membrane fraction, but are unreactive with surface label reagents. The organization of the CHO cell membrane and the applicability of surface label techniques to cultured cell systems are discussed.", "PMID": 1174506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4653", "title": "Methylated messenger RNA in mouse kidney.", "content": "Polyadenylated messenger RNA from mouse kidney labeled in vivo exhibited a pattern of methylation distinct from that of rRNA and tRNA. After mice were given L-[methyl-3H]methionine, 4% of the polyribosomal RNA label was bound to oligo (dT)-cellulose; 20-24% of orotate- or adenine-labeled polyribosomal RNA eluted in the poly(A)+ RNA fraction under similar conditions. [3H]Methyl radioactivity was not incorporated into low molecular weight (5-5.8 S) rRNA, indicating the extent of nonmethylpurine ring labeling was negligible. [3H]Methyl-labeled poly(A)+ RNA sedimented heterogeneously in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing gradients similarly to poly(A)+ mRNA labeled with [3H]orotic acid. Based on an average molecular length of 2970 nucleotides, renal mRNA was estimated to contain 8.6 methyl moieties per molecule. Analysis of alkaline-hydrolyzed RNA sampled by DEAE-Sephadex-urea chromatography provided estimates of the relative amounts of base and ribose methylation. Although 83% of the [3H]methyl radioactivity in rRNA was in the 2'-0-methylnucleotide fraction, no methylated dinucleotides were found in mRNA. In poly(A)+ mRNA 60% of the [3H]methyl label was in the mononucleotide fraction; the remainder eluted between the trinucleotide and tetranucleotide markers and had a net negative charge between -4 and -5. The larger structure, not yet charcterized, could result from two or three consecutive 2'-0-ribose methylations and is estimated to contain 2.6 methyl residues. Alternatively, the oligonucleotide could be a 5'-terminal methylated nucleotide species containing 5'-phosphate(s) in addition to the 3'-phosphate moiety resulting from alkaline hydrolysis. Either structure could have a role in the processing or translation of mRNA in mammalian cells.", "contents": "Methylated messenger RNA in mouse kidney. Polyadenylated messenger RNA from mouse kidney labeled in vivo exhibited a pattern of methylation distinct from that of rRNA and tRNA. After mice were given L-[methyl-3H]methionine, 4% of the polyribosomal RNA label was bound to oligo (dT)-cellulose; 20-24% of orotate- or adenine-labeled polyribosomal RNA eluted in the poly(A)+ RNA fraction under similar conditions. [3H]Methyl radioactivity was not incorporated into low molecular weight (5-5.8 S) rRNA, indicating the extent of nonmethylpurine ring labeling was negligible. [3H]Methyl-labeled poly(A)+ RNA sedimented heterogeneously in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing gradients similarly to poly(A)+ mRNA labeled with [3H]orotic acid. Based on an average molecular length of 2970 nucleotides, renal mRNA was estimated to contain 8.6 methyl moieties per molecule. Analysis of alkaline-hydrolyzed RNA sampled by DEAE-Sephadex-urea chromatography provided estimates of the relative amounts of base and ribose methylation. Although 83% of the [3H]methyl radioactivity in rRNA was in the 2'-0-methylnucleotide fraction, no methylated dinucleotides were found in mRNA. In poly(A)+ mRNA 60% of the [3H]methyl label was in the mononucleotide fraction; the remainder eluted between the trinucleotide and tetranucleotide markers and had a net negative charge between -4 and -5. The larger structure, not yet charcterized, could result from two or three consecutive 2'-0-ribose methylations and is estimated to contain 2.6 methyl residues. Alternatively, the oligonucleotide could be a 5'-terminal methylated nucleotide species containing 5'-phosphate(s) in addition to the 3'-phosphate moiety resulting from alkaline hydrolysis. Either structure could have a role in the processing or translation of mRNA in mammalian cells.", "PMID": 1174507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4654", "title": "Segregation of chlorophyll a incorporated into lipid bilayers.", "content": "Absorption and fluorescence spectra are reported for chlorophyll a incorporated into a number of aqueous phospholipid dispersions. Absorption spectra show that in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers, monomeric and oligomeric forms of chlorophyll a are present in both the gel and liquid crystalline phases. The formation of aggregates of chlorophyll a is reflected in the fluorescence spectra by a marked concentration quenching. In bilayers conatining small proportions of chlorophyll a, a marked increase in aggregation occurs at the transition temperatures that can be detected calorimetrically. At higher concentrations (greater than 1 chlorophyll:100 lipid), the \"pretransition\" is abolished in the phosphatidylcholines, and the main transition is broadened, consistent with an orientation for the chlorophyll a with the chlorine ring in the head group region and the phytol chain in the fatty acid chain region of the bilayer. In mixtures of saturated and unsaturated lipids, there is no preferential segregation of the chlorophyll a into the unsaturated lipid.", "contents": "Segregation of chlorophyll a incorporated into lipid bilayers. Absorption and fluorescence spectra are reported for chlorophyll a incorporated into a number of aqueous phospholipid dispersions. Absorption spectra show that in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers, monomeric and oligomeric forms of chlorophyll a are present in both the gel and liquid crystalline phases. The formation of aggregates of chlorophyll a is reflected in the fluorescence spectra by a marked concentration quenching. In bilayers conatining small proportions of chlorophyll a, a marked increase in aggregation occurs at the transition temperatures that can be detected calorimetrically. At higher concentrations (greater than 1 chlorophyll:100 lipid), the \"pretransition\" is abolished in the phosphatidylcholines, and the main transition is broadened, consistent with an orientation for the chlorophyll a with the chlorine ring in the head group region and the phytol chain in the fatty acid chain region of the bilayer. In mixtures of saturated and unsaturated lipids, there is no preferential segregation of the chlorophyll a into the unsaturated lipid.", "PMID": 1174508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4655", "title": "Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase in 3T3 cells by putrescine and spermidine: indirect evidence for translational control.", "content": "Addition of putrescine of spermidine prevents the increase in ornithine  decarboxylase activity in cultures of 3T3 cells brought about by pituitary growth factors and results in a rapid, specific, and reversible reduction of enzyme activity in cultures previously stimulated by the growth factors. These effects are not due to polyamine toxicity and do not require other organic medium components. The amines apparently share a single carrier-mediated transport system in 3T3 cells. Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), an inhibitor of spermidine synthesis from putrescine was found to also inhibit uptake of each amine. Studies with this drug indicate that each amine is effective without further metabolism. Since ornithine decarboxylase activity decays more rapidly in the presence of each polyamine after addition of camptothecin, the major locus of amine action appears to be in the cytoplasm. However, direct inhibition of the enzyme in vivo by assimilated amines appears to account for at most a small part of the reduction in activity, a conclusion supported by the inability to recover activity in vitro. Also, neither amine seems to act by accelerating enzyme inactivation. When amines are removed from the medium, the subsequent recovery of enzyme activity is totally prevented by trichodermin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, but is only slightly reduced by camptothecin. It is suggested that both putrescine and spermidine reduce ornithine decarboxylase activity by selectively inhibiting translation.", "contents": "Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase in 3T3 cells by putrescine and spermidine: indirect evidence for translational control. Addition of putrescine of spermidine prevents the increase in ornithine  decarboxylase activity in cultures of 3T3 cells brought about by pituitary growth factors and results in a rapid, specific, and reversible reduction of enzyme activity in cultures previously stimulated by the growth factors. These effects are not due to polyamine toxicity and do not require other organic medium components. The amines apparently share a single carrier-mediated transport system in 3T3 cells. Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), an inhibitor of spermidine synthesis from putrescine was found to also inhibit uptake of each amine. Studies with this drug indicate that each amine is effective without further metabolism. Since ornithine decarboxylase activity decays more rapidly in the presence of each polyamine after addition of camptothecin, the major locus of amine action appears to be in the cytoplasm. However, direct inhibition of the enzyme in vivo by assimilated amines appears to account for at most a small part of the reduction in activity, a conclusion supported by the inability to recover activity in vitro. Also, neither amine seems to act by accelerating enzyme inactivation. When amines are removed from the medium, the subsequent recovery of enzyme activity is totally prevented by trichodermin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, but is only slightly reduced by camptothecin. It is suggested that both putrescine and spermidine reduce ornithine decarboxylase activity by selectively inhibiting translation.", "PMID": 1174509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4656", "title": "Isolation and structure of a cross-linked tripeptide from calf bone collagen.", "content": "A cross-linked tripeptide has been isolated from alkaline hydrolysates of NaB3H4-reduced calf bone collagen. The peptide contains dihydroxylysinonorleucine, the most abundant cross-link in bone collagen, and it has a single N-terminal proline and a single C-terminal valine. These amino acids are in peptide linkage with the cross-link, in a trans configuration with respect to the secondary amine.", "contents": "Isolation and structure of a cross-linked tripeptide from calf bone collagen. A cross-linked tripeptide has been isolated from alkaline hydrolysates of NaB3H4-reduced calf bone collagen. The peptide contains dihydroxylysinonorleucine, the most abundant cross-link in bone collagen, and it has a single N-terminal proline and a single C-terminal valine. These amino acids are in peptide linkage with the cross-link, in a trans configuration with respect to the secondary amine.", "PMID": 1174510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4657", "title": "Charge-transfer studies of the availability of aromatic side chains of proteins in guanidine hydrochloride.", "content": "The ability of aromatic tryptophyl and tyrosyl side-chain donors to form charge-transfer (CT) complexes with the acceptor 1-methyl-3-carbamidopyridinium chloride has been used to investigate the degree of exposure of these aromatic residues in denaturated proteins. The coplanar geometry of the CT complexes requires that virtually a full ring face of the donor be available for interaction with the acceptor, and the aromatic donor residues of lysozyme, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and the zymogens of the latter two enzymes do not appear to be wholly \"exposed\" in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. Comparison of the CT proerties of the proteins with the corresponding properties of model complexes suggests that the incomplete exposure is due at least in part to statistical fluctuations in the continuously mobile, randomly coiled polypeptide chain which result in residues being alternately fully exposed and partly covered. Reduction and alkylation of the disulfide cross-links increase the apparent availability of the aromatic residues but the exposure is still less than that expected from a comparable mixture of tryptophan and tyrosine residues. Previous studies on the exposure of the aromatic residues of lysozyme and trypsin in aqueous salt solutions, when taken together with the present results, further suggest that there are two distinct kinds of surface environment possible on native proteins in solution. Some residues appear to be located in areas of the protein surface which are characterized by relatively fixed or stable local conformations, and have apparent CT association constants closely resembling these of comparable model complexes. Other residues may be located in a region where the protein conformation is flexible or continuously mobile, as evidenced by their smaller apparent association constants. It is probably significant that Trp-62 of lysozyme and Trp-215 of trypsin, both specificity site residues, appear to belong to the class of residues which can be considered as being in a flexible environment on the protein surface.", "contents": "Charge-transfer studies of the availability of aromatic side chains of proteins in guanidine hydrochloride. The ability of aromatic tryptophyl and tyrosyl side-chain donors to form charge-transfer (CT) complexes with the acceptor 1-methyl-3-carbamidopyridinium chloride has been used to investigate the degree of exposure of these aromatic residues in denaturated proteins. The coplanar geometry of the CT complexes requires that virtually a full ring face of the donor be available for interaction with the acceptor, and the aromatic donor residues of lysozyme, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and the zymogens of the latter two enzymes do not appear to be wholly \"exposed\" in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. Comparison of the CT proerties of the proteins with the corresponding properties of model complexes suggests that the incomplete exposure is due at least in part to statistical fluctuations in the continuously mobile, randomly coiled polypeptide chain which result in residues being alternately fully exposed and partly covered. Reduction and alkylation of the disulfide cross-links increase the apparent availability of the aromatic residues but the exposure is still less than that expected from a comparable mixture of tryptophan and tyrosine residues. Previous studies on the exposure of the aromatic residues of lysozyme and trypsin in aqueous salt solutions, when taken together with the present results, further suggest that there are two distinct kinds of surface environment possible on native proteins in solution. Some residues appear to be located in areas of the protein surface which are characterized by relatively fixed or stable local conformations, and have apparent CT association constants closely resembling these of comparable model complexes. Other residues may be located in a region where the protein conformation is flexible or continuously mobile, as evidenced by their smaller apparent association constants. It is probably significant that Trp-62 of lysozyme and Trp-215 of trypsin, both specificity site residues, appear to belong to the class of residues which can be considered as being in a flexible environment on the protein surface.", "PMID": 1174511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4658", "title": "Selective oxidation of methionine residues in proteins.", "content": "Methionine residues in peptides and proteins were oxidized to methionine sulfoxides by mild oxidizing reagents such as chloramine-T and N-chlorosuccinimide at neutral and slightly alkaline pH. With chloramine-T cysteine was also oxidized to cystine but no other amino acid was modified; with N-chlorosuccinimide tryptophans were oxidized as well. In peptides and denaturated proteins all methionine residues were quantitatively oxidized, while in native proteins only exposed methionine residues could be modified. Extent of oxidation of methionine residues was determined by quantitative modification of the unoxidized methionine residues with cyanogen bromide (while methionine sulfoxide residues remained intact), followed by acid hydrolysis and amino acid analysis. Methionine was determined as homoserine and methionine sulfoxide was reduced back to methionine. Sites of oxidation were identified in a similar way by cleaving the unoxidized methionyl peptide bonds with cyanogen bromide, followed by quantitative end-group analysis of the new amino-terminal amino acids (by an automatic sequencer).", "contents": "Selective oxidation of methionine residues in proteins. Methionine residues in peptides and proteins were oxidized to methionine sulfoxides by mild oxidizing reagents such as chloramine-T and N-chlorosuccinimide at neutral and slightly alkaline pH. With chloramine-T cysteine was also oxidized to cystine but no other amino acid was modified; with N-chlorosuccinimide tryptophans were oxidized as well. In peptides and denaturated proteins all methionine residues were quantitatively oxidized, while in native proteins only exposed methionine residues could be modified. Extent of oxidation of methionine residues was determined by quantitative modification of the unoxidized methionine residues with cyanogen bromide (while methionine sulfoxide residues remained intact), followed by acid hydrolysis and amino acid analysis. Methionine was determined as homoserine and methionine sulfoxide was reduced back to methionine. Sites of oxidation were identified in a similar way by cleaving the unoxidized methionyl peptide bonds with cyanogen bromide, followed by quantitative end-group analysis of the new amino-terminal amino acids (by an automatic sequencer).", "PMID": 1174512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4659", "title": "Reaction mechanism and structure of the active site of proline racemase.", "content": "Proline racemase catalyzes the interconversion of D- and L-proline. Previous studies in this laboratory have established that the reaction proceeds by means of a two-base mechanism in which one base on the enzyme removes the substrate alpha-hydrogen as a proton and the conjugate acid of another base donates a proton to the opposite side of the alpha-carbon (Cardinale, G.J., and Abeles, R.H., (1968), Biochemistry 7, 3970. An assumption of the proposed mechanism was that no proton exchange occurs from the enzyme-substrate complex. In the present study, we have shown that the rate of 3H release from DL-[alpha-3H]proline, in the presence of proline racemase, decreases with increasing proline concentrations. These results establish that release of the substrate derived proton from the enzyme occurs largely, possibly exclusively, after release of the product. Under initial velocity conditions, the rate of 3H release from L-[alpha-3H]proline is not reduced with increasing L-proline concentrations. Thus, the enzyme-bound proton derived from one isomer can only be \"captured\" by the other isomer. We conclude that there are two forms of the enzyme; one binds L-proline and the other D-proline. Release of the substrate derived proton from enzyme is more rapid than the interconversion of these two forms. These results are consistent with the previously proposed mechanism. Proline racemase is composed of similar subunits of mol wt 38,000 as determined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Equilibrium dialysis experiments detect only one substrate binding site for every two subunits. When the oxidized form of the enzyme, which is inactive and cannot bind substrate, is reduced by thiol to yield active enzyme, two cysteine sulfhydryl groups per dimer become available to react with iodoacetate. Inactivation of the enzyme occurs upon modification of one of these cysteines. All iodoacetate incorporation occurs at the same point in the primary sequence of the enzyme, and can be prevented by the presence of proline or pyrrole-2-carboxylate, a substrate analog. A model is proposed in which a single active site is formed by elements of two identical subunits. Although the data are consistent with this model, another interpretation, in which half of the subunits are nonfunctional, cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Reaction mechanism and structure of the active site of proline racemase. Proline racemase catalyzes the interconversion of D- and L-proline. Previous studies in this laboratory have established that the reaction proceeds by means of a two-base mechanism in which one base on the enzyme removes the substrate alpha-hydrogen as a proton and the conjugate acid of another base donates a proton to the opposite side of the alpha-carbon (Cardinale, G.J., and Abeles, R.H., (1968), Biochemistry 7, 3970. An assumption of the proposed mechanism was that no proton exchange occurs from the enzyme-substrate complex. In the present study, we have shown that the rate of 3H release from DL-[alpha-3H]proline, in the presence of proline racemase, decreases with increasing proline concentrations. These results establish that release of the substrate derived proton from the enzyme occurs largely, possibly exclusively, after release of the product. Under initial velocity conditions, the rate of 3H release from L-[alpha-3H]proline is not reduced with increasing L-proline concentrations. Thus, the enzyme-bound proton derived from one isomer can only be \"captured\" by the other isomer. We conclude that there are two forms of the enzyme; one binds L-proline and the other D-proline. Release of the substrate derived proton from enzyme is more rapid than the interconversion of these two forms. These results are consistent with the previously proposed mechanism. Proline racemase is composed of similar subunits of mol wt 38,000 as determined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Equilibrium dialysis experiments detect only one substrate binding site for every two subunits. When the oxidized form of the enzyme, which is inactive and cannot bind substrate, is reduced by thiol to yield active enzyme, two cysteine sulfhydryl groups per dimer become available to react with iodoacetate. Inactivation of the enzyme occurs upon modification of one of these cysteines. All iodoacetate incorporation occurs at the same point in the primary sequence of the enzyme, and can be prevented by the presence of proline or pyrrole-2-carboxylate, a substrate analog. A model is proposed in which a single active site is formed by elements of two identical subunits. Although the data are consistent with this model, another interpretation, in which half of the subunits are nonfunctional, cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 1174513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4660", "title": "Hybridization of glutamate aspartate transaminase. Investigation of subunit interaction.", "content": "Glutamate aspartate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1) is a dimeric enzyme with identical subunits with each active site containing pyridoxal 5'-phosphate linked via an internal Shiff's base to a lysine residue. It is not known if these sites interact during catalysis but negative cooperativity has been reported for binding of the coenzyme (Arrio-Dupont, M. (1972), Eur. J. Biochem. 30, 307). Also nonequivalence of its subunits in binding 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate (Harris, H.E., and Bayley, P. M. (1975), Biochem. J. 145, 125), in modification of only a single tyrosine with full loss of activity (Christen, P., and Riordan, J.F. (1970), Biochemistry 9, 3025), and following modification with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Cournil, I., and Arrio-Dupont, M. (1973), Biochemie 55, 103) has been reported. However, steady-state and transient kinetic methods as well as direct titration of the active site chromophore with substrates and substrate analogs have not revealed any cooperative phenomena (Braunstein, A. E. (1973), Enzymes, 3rd Ed. 9, 379). It was therefore decided that a more direct approach should be used to clarify the quistion of subunit interaction during the covalent phase of catalysis. To this end a hybrid method was devised in which a hybrid transaminase was prepared which contained one subunit with a functional active site while the other subunit has the internal Shiff's base reduced with NaBH4. The specific activities and amount of \"actively bound\" pyridoxal 5'-phosphate are both in a 2:1 ratio for the native and hybrid forms. Comparison of the steady-state kinetic properties of the hybrid and native enzyme forms shows that both forms gave parallel double reciprocal plots which is characteristic of the Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism of transamination. The Km values for the substrates L-aspartic acid and alpha-ketoglutaric acid are nearly identical while the Vmax value for the hybrid is one-half the value of the native transaminase. It therefore appears that the active sites of glutamate aspartate transaminase function independently and a compulsory flip-flop mechanism is not involved.", "contents": "Hybridization of glutamate aspartate transaminase. Investigation of subunit interaction. Glutamate aspartate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1) is a dimeric enzyme with identical subunits with each active site containing pyridoxal 5'-phosphate linked via an internal Shiff's base to a lysine residue. It is not known if these sites interact during catalysis but negative cooperativity has been reported for binding of the coenzyme (Arrio-Dupont, M. (1972), Eur. J. Biochem. 30, 307). Also nonequivalence of its subunits in binding 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate (Harris, H.E., and Bayley, P. M. (1975), Biochem. J. 145, 125), in modification of only a single tyrosine with full loss of activity (Christen, P., and Riordan, J.F. (1970), Biochemistry 9, 3025), and following modification with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Cournil, I., and Arrio-Dupont, M. (1973), Biochemie 55, 103) has been reported. However, steady-state and transient kinetic methods as well as direct titration of the active site chromophore with substrates and substrate analogs have not revealed any cooperative phenomena (Braunstein, A. E. (1973), Enzymes, 3rd Ed. 9, 379). It was therefore decided that a more direct approach should be used to clarify the quistion of subunit interaction during the covalent phase of catalysis. To this end a hybrid method was devised in which a hybrid transaminase was prepared which contained one subunit with a functional active site while the other subunit has the internal Shiff's base reduced with NaBH4. The specific activities and amount of \"actively bound\" pyridoxal 5'-phosphate are both in a 2:1 ratio for the native and hybrid forms. Comparison of the steady-state kinetic properties of the hybrid and native enzyme forms shows that both forms gave parallel double reciprocal plots which is characteristic of the Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism of transamination. The Km values for the substrates L-aspartic acid and alpha-ketoglutaric acid are nearly identical while the Vmax value for the hybrid is one-half the value of the native transaminase. It therefore appears that the active sites of glutamate aspartate transaminase function independently and a compulsory flip-flop mechanism is not involved.", "PMID": 1174514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4661", "title": "Possible mechanisms of the efflux of glutamate from kidney mitochondria generated by the activity of mitochondrial glutaminase.", "content": "The transport of glutamate across the inner membrane of kidney mitochondria and the influx of glutamine into the mitochondria was studied using an oxygen electrode, the swelling technique and by continous recording of the activity of the mitochondrial glutaminase by an NH4+-sensitive electrode. It is well known that the enzyme is activated by inorganic phosphate and strongly inhibited by glutamate. 1. Avenaciolide, Bromocresal purple and Bromothymol blue inhibited the respiration of the mitochondria almost completely in the presence of glutamate as substrate but not in the presence of glutamine. Production of aspartate during the oxidation of glutamine was not significantly inhibited by avenaciolide but it was markedly suppressed by Bomocresol purple and Bromothymol blue. 2. Swelling of kidney mitochondria in an isosmotic solution of glutamine and ammonium phosphate was not inhibted by avenaciolide or Bromocresol purple indicating that these substances do not inhibit the penetration of the mitochondrial membrane by glutamine or phosphate. 3. The activity of the mitochondrial glutaminase was strongly inhibited by avenaciolide or Bromocresol purple in the presence of inhibitos of respiration or an uncoupler but not in ther absence. Experimental data suggest that this was caused by the inhibition of glutamate efflux. The addition of a detergent removed this inhibition. On the basis of these observations it was concluded that two mechanisms exist which enable glutamate to leave the inner space of kidney mitochondria: (a) an electrogenic efflux coupled to the respiration-driven proton translocation and the presence of a membrane potential (positive outside) and (b) an electroneutral glutamate-hydroxyl antiporter which is inhibted by avenaciolide and which operates in both directions. Our observations do not support the existence of the electrogenic glutamine-glutamate antiporter or glutamate-aspartate exchange in the mitochondria studied.", "contents": "Possible mechanisms of the efflux of glutamate from kidney mitochondria generated by the activity of mitochondrial glutaminase. The transport of glutamate across the inner membrane of kidney mitochondria and the influx of glutamine into the mitochondria was studied using an oxygen electrode, the swelling technique and by continous recording of the activity of the mitochondrial glutaminase by an NH4+-sensitive electrode. It is well known that the enzyme is activated by inorganic phosphate and strongly inhibited by glutamate. 1. Avenaciolide, Bromocresal purple and Bromothymol blue inhibited the respiration of the mitochondria almost completely in the presence of glutamate as substrate but not in the presence of glutamine. Production of aspartate during the oxidation of glutamine was not significantly inhibited by avenaciolide but it was markedly suppressed by Bomocresol purple and Bromothymol blue. 2. Swelling of kidney mitochondria in an isosmotic solution of glutamine and ammonium phosphate was not inhibted by avenaciolide or Bromocresol purple indicating that these substances do not inhibit the penetration of the mitochondrial membrane by glutamine or phosphate. 3. The activity of the mitochondrial glutaminase was strongly inhibited by avenaciolide or Bromocresol purple in the presence of inhibitos of respiration or an uncoupler but not in ther absence. Experimental data suggest that this was caused by the inhibition of glutamate efflux. The addition of a detergent removed this inhibition. On the basis of these observations it was concluded that two mechanisms exist which enable glutamate to leave the inner space of kidney mitochondria: (a) an electrogenic efflux coupled to the respiration-driven proton translocation and the presence of a membrane potential (positive outside) and (b) an electroneutral glutamate-hydroxyl antiporter which is inhibted by avenaciolide and which operates in both directions. Our observations do not support the existence of the electrogenic glutamine-glutamate antiporter or glutamate-aspartate exchange in the mitochondria studied.", "PMID": 1174515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4662", "title": "Electron transport in photosystem I in spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "We have studied the recovery of the photochemical activity of Photosystem I after the charge separation induced by a flash under conditions where the secondary donors are in the reduced form. The rate-limiting steps are on the donor side. The first step is completed within 400 mus. The second step is much slower (half time approximately equal to 1 ms) and corresponds to the transfer of electrons from plastoquinone. Under our conditions, only one intermediate is involved in electron transfer between the centers and the plastoquinone pool. Electron exchange between the Sytem I centers has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Electron transport in photosystem I in spinach chloroplasts. We have studied the recovery of the photochemical activity of Photosystem I after the charge separation induced by a flash under conditions where the secondary donors are in the reduced form. The rate-limiting steps are on the donor side. The first step is completed within 400 mus. The second step is much slower (half time approximately equal to 1 ms) and corresponds to the transfer of electrons from plastoquinone. Under our conditions, only one intermediate is involved in electron transfer between the centers and the plastoquinone pool. Electron exchange between the Sytem I centers has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 1174516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4663", "title": "Binding of the inhibitor NH3 to the oxygen-evolving apparatus of spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "Experiments are described on flash-induced luminescence of isolated spinach chloroplasts after addition of NH4Cl. The results indicate a binding of NH3, presumably in competition with water, in the oxidation states S2 and S3, i.e. the states reached upon illumination of dark-adapted material with one and two flashes, respectively. In the initial state S1, no binding of NH3 occurs. In state S2 the binding of ammonia is rapid (half-time about 0.5 s) and rapidly reversible; in state S3 the binding is slower (half-time about 10 s) and slowly reversible. NH3 bound to S4 prevents the oxidation of water. NH3 bound to S2 decreases the rate of the back reaction of reduced primary acceptor (Q-), indicating a charge stabilization, i.e. a decrease in the redox potential of S2 due to interaction with ammonia. In Tris-washed chloroplasts, the stability of the positive charge generated in a flash is much smaller than in normal chloroplasts and not increased by NH3. On the basis of these observations it is postulated that, in the absence of NH3, states S2 and S3 are stabilized by manganese-coordinated, bound water.", "contents": "Binding of the inhibitor NH3 to the oxygen-evolving apparatus of spinach chloroplasts. Experiments are described on flash-induced luminescence of isolated spinach chloroplasts after addition of NH4Cl. The results indicate a binding of NH3, presumably in competition with water, in the oxidation states S2 and S3, i.e. the states reached upon illumination of dark-adapted material with one and two flashes, respectively. In the initial state S1, no binding of NH3 occurs. In state S2 the binding of ammonia is rapid (half-time about 0.5 s) and rapidly reversible; in state S3 the binding is slower (half-time about 10 s) and slowly reversible. NH3 bound to S4 prevents the oxidation of water. NH3 bound to S2 decreases the rate of the back reaction of reduced primary acceptor (Q-), indicating a charge stabilization, i.e. a decrease in the redox potential of S2 due to interaction with ammonia. In Tris-washed chloroplasts, the stability of the positive charge generated in a flash is much smaller than in normal chloroplasts and not increased by NH3. On the basis of these observations it is postulated that, in the absence of NH3, states S2 and S3 are stabilized by manganese-coordinated, bound water.", "PMID": 1174517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4664", "title": "Multiple-flash activation of the water-photolysis system in wheat leaves as observed by delayed emission.", "content": "The chloroplasts from wheat leaves greened under intermittent illuminations (1 ms in duration) at long intervals (5 min) are capable of photoreducing DCIP (2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol) with diphenylcarbazide as an electron donor but are incapable of photoreducing DCIP with water as the donor. On exposure of such intermittently illuminated leaves to flashes spaced at intervals of less than 10s, the delayed light emission from the leaves was greatly enhanced in parallel with the generation of Hill activity. The mechanism of this photoactivation was studied by following the changes of the delayed emission from intermittently illuminated leaves exposed to short-interval flashes programmed in various ways. Analysis of the kinetic data indicated that the photoactivation involves three consecutive photoreactions with a rate-limiting dark reaction between them; P-light leads to A0-light leads to A1-dark leads to A2-light leads to A3 in which P is a precursor convertible to A0, the first intermediate with a longer lifetime of t 1/2 approximately 100s and A3 is the final activated compound or state converted by short-interval flashes from A0 through A1 and A2, two other intermediates with shorter lifetimes of t 1/2 approximately 0.4s and 5s, respectively.", "contents": "Multiple-flash activation of the water-photolysis system in wheat leaves as observed by delayed emission. The chloroplasts from wheat leaves greened under intermittent illuminations (1 ms in duration) at long intervals (5 min) are capable of photoreducing DCIP (2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol) with diphenylcarbazide as an electron donor but are incapable of photoreducing DCIP with water as the donor. On exposure of such intermittently illuminated leaves to flashes spaced at intervals of less than 10s, the delayed light emission from the leaves was greatly enhanced in parallel with the generation of Hill activity. The mechanism of this photoactivation was studied by following the changes of the delayed emission from intermittently illuminated leaves exposed to short-interval flashes programmed in various ways. Analysis of the kinetic data indicated that the photoactivation involves three consecutive photoreactions with a rate-limiting dark reaction between them; P-light leads to A0-light leads to A1-dark leads to A2-light leads to A3 in which P is a precursor convertible to A0, the first intermediate with a longer lifetime of t 1/2 approximately 100s and A3 is the final activated compound or state converted by short-interval flashes from A0 through A1 and A2, two other intermediates with shorter lifetimes of t 1/2 approximately 0.4s and 5s, respectively.", "PMID": 1174518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4665", "title": "Evidence for 5- and 6-coordinated magnesium in bacterio-chlorophyll a from visible absorption spectroscopy.", "content": "The visible absorption spectrum of bacteriochlorophyll a (Bchl) in the 560-620 nm (yellow) region can be used to establish the coordination state of the central Mg atom. Five-coordinated Mg species absorb near 580 nm, whereas 6-coordinated Mg species are red-shifted to about 610 nm. Five-coordination is confirmed to be the principal coordination state of Mg in self-aggregated bacteriochlorophyll. The equilibrium constant for the reaction Bchl - Py + Py equilibrium Bchl - Py2 has been determined from computer-assisted analyses of spectral data, where Py represents pyridine. The spectral criteria for the coordination state of Mg in bacteriochlorophyll advanced here are shown to be applicable to both in vitro and in vivo systems. Similar spectral behavior is exhibited by chlorophylls a and b, and a band at 633 nm is shown to be associated with the presence of 6-coordinated Mg in chlorophyll a.", "contents": "Evidence for 5- and 6-coordinated magnesium in bacterio-chlorophyll a from visible absorption spectroscopy. The visible absorption spectrum of bacteriochlorophyll a (Bchl) in the 560-620 nm (yellow) region can be used to establish the coordination state of the central Mg atom. Five-coordinated Mg species absorb near 580 nm, whereas 6-coordinated Mg species are red-shifted to about 610 nm. Five-coordination is confirmed to be the principal coordination state of Mg in self-aggregated bacteriochlorophyll. The equilibrium constant for the reaction Bchl - Py + Py equilibrium Bchl - Py2 has been determined from computer-assisted analyses of spectral data, where Py represents pyridine. The spectral criteria for the coordination state of Mg in bacteriochlorophyll advanced here are shown to be applicable to both in vitro and in vivo systems. Similar spectral behavior is exhibited by chlorophylls a and b, and a band at 633 nm is shown to be associated with the presence of 6-coordinated Mg in chlorophyll a.", "PMID": 1174519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4666", "title": "Studies to determine the role rates of chain elongation and desaturation play in regulating the unsaturated fatty acid composition of rat liver lipids.", "content": "Rat liver microsomes were used to measure the rates of chain elongation and desaturation of acids in the linoleate, oleate and palmitoleate biosynthetic pathways. These studies were designed to determine whether there is a relationship between rates of conversion and the types of unsaturated fatty acids found in rat liver lipids. In some cases rates of conversion correlate well with the types of unsaturated fatty acid found inrat liver lipids. In other cases, rates of conversion must be correlated with other controls such as competitive interactions, retroconversion, and specificities for incorporating given acids into lipids in order to explain the unsaturated fatty acid composition of rat liver lipids. The roles and interrelationships of these various metabolic processes are discussed relative to the control of polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis.", "contents": "Studies to determine the role rates of chain elongation and desaturation play in regulating the unsaturated fatty acid composition of rat liver lipids. Rat liver microsomes were used to measure the rates of chain elongation and desaturation of acids in the linoleate, oleate and palmitoleate biosynthetic pathways. These studies were designed to determine whether there is a relationship between rates of conversion and the types of unsaturated fatty acids found in rat liver lipids. In some cases rates of conversion correlate well with the types of unsaturated fatty acid found inrat liver lipids. In other cases, rates of conversion must be correlated with other controls such as competitive interactions, retroconversion, and specificities for incorporating given acids into lipids in order to explain the unsaturated fatty acid composition of rat liver lipids. The roles and interrelationships of these various metabolic processes are discussed relative to the control of polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1174521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4667", "title": "Effects of colchicine and cycloheximide on the functional and non-functional lipoprotein lipase fractions of rat heart.", "content": "In response to food deprivation, total myocardial lipoprotein lipase activity increased gradually over a period of 9 h. Although lipoprotein lipase exists in a functional and non-functional form in the myocardium, most of the increas in activity occurred in the functional (heparin-releasable) lipoprotein lipase fraction. The administration of colchicine, while having no effect on the increase seen in total lipoprotein lipase activity, did inhibit the increase in the functional fraction, while at the same time, caused a marked rise in the activity of the non-functional (non-releasable) fraction. In rats injected with colchicine after a 24-h fast, total lipoprotein lipase activity was not affected, but activity levels in the functional fraction declined while that in the non-functional fraction increased. These results suggest that the functional lipoprotein lipase is constantly being formed in sites not readily accessible to heparin (presumably the myocardial cells) and transported to its site of action, the surface of the endothelial cells of the capillaries. Cycloheximide administration to rats starved for 24 h caused a decline in activity in both the functional (half-life of about 2 h) and the non-functional (half-life of about 4 h) lipoprotein lipase fractions. These results suggest that the functional and non-functional lipoprotein lipase fractions may correspond to two distinct enzyme species.", "contents": "Effects of colchicine and cycloheximide on the functional and non-functional lipoprotein lipase fractions of rat heart. In response to food deprivation, total myocardial lipoprotein lipase activity increased gradually over a period of 9 h. Although lipoprotein lipase exists in a functional and non-functional form in the myocardium, most of the increas in activity occurred in the functional (heparin-releasable) lipoprotein lipase fraction. The administration of colchicine, while having no effect on the increase seen in total lipoprotein lipase activity, did inhibit the increase in the functional fraction, while at the same time, caused a marked rise in the activity of the non-functional (non-releasable) fraction. In rats injected with colchicine after a 24-h fast, total lipoprotein lipase activity was not affected, but activity levels in the functional fraction declined while that in the non-functional fraction increased. These results suggest that the functional lipoprotein lipase is constantly being formed in sites not readily accessible to heparin (presumably the myocardial cells) and transported to its site of action, the surface of the endothelial cells of the capillaries. Cycloheximide administration to rats starved for 24 h caused a decline in activity in both the functional (half-life of about 2 h) and the non-functional (half-life of about 4 h) lipoprotein lipase fractions. These results suggest that the functional and non-functional lipoprotein lipase fractions may correspond to two distinct enzyme species.", "PMID": 1174522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4668", "title": "Action of phospholipases on the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from beef liver.", "content": "The phospholipases A2, C and D have been used to investigate the localization of phosphatidylcholine in the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from beef liver. The rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of the protein-bound phosphatidylcholine was found to be very low. Addition of deoxycholate, isobutanol or dioxane to the native protein, under conditions where delipidation did not occur, greatly enhanced the hydrolytic action of the phospholipases. From these results it is concluded that phosphatidylcholine may be buried in the protein molecule.", "contents": "Action of phospholipases on the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from beef liver. The phospholipases A2, C and D have been used to investigate the localization of phosphatidylcholine in the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from beef liver. The rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of the protein-bound phosphatidylcholine was found to be very low. Addition of deoxycholate, isobutanol or dioxane to the native protein, under conditions where delipidation did not occur, greatly enhanced the hydrolytic action of the phospholipases. From these results it is concluded that phosphatidylcholine may be buried in the protein molecule.", "PMID": 1174523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4669", "title": "Different selectivities in acylation and methylation pathways of phosphatidylcholine formation in guinea pig and rat livers.", "content": "Radioactivity from intraperitoneally or intraportally injected 1-acyl-snglycero-3-phosphorylcholine, doubly labelled in either palmitoyl, glycerol or phosphoryl moities, was incorporated largely into disaturated or mixed disaturated-oligoenoic fractions of phosphatidylcholine in guinea pig liver. In rat liver the tetraenoic class was the most highly labelled and only very low radioactivity was recovered from disaturated or monoenoic species. The methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine, as judged by the incorporation of intraperitoneally injected L-[Me-14 C] methionine, involved selectively tetraenoic and polyenoic (greater than 4 double bonds) classes in rat liver. In guinea pig liver, methylation activity was much lower and led to the formation principally of dienoic classes of phosphatidylcholine. These experiments confirm the work of others that in rat liver, which has a high level of polyunsaturated classes of phosphatidylcholine, the \"indirect\" pathways of synthesis give rise chiefly to these classes. However, the priorties in guinea pig liver are different, since the levels of polyunsaturated classes are much lower, and although the \"indirect\" pathways of synthesis are operative they are directed mainly toward the formation of more saturated classes.", "contents": "Different selectivities in acylation and methylation pathways of phosphatidylcholine formation in guinea pig and rat livers. Radioactivity from intraperitoneally or intraportally injected 1-acyl-snglycero-3-phosphorylcholine, doubly labelled in either palmitoyl, glycerol or phosphoryl moities, was incorporated largely into disaturated or mixed disaturated-oligoenoic fractions of phosphatidylcholine in guinea pig liver. In rat liver the tetraenoic class was the most highly labelled and only very low radioactivity was recovered from disaturated or monoenoic species. The methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine, as judged by the incorporation of intraperitoneally injected L-[Me-14 C] methionine, involved selectively tetraenoic and polyenoic (greater than 4 double bonds) classes in rat liver. In guinea pig liver, methylation activity was much lower and led to the formation principally of dienoic classes of phosphatidylcholine. These experiments confirm the work of others that in rat liver, which has a high level of polyunsaturated classes of phosphatidylcholine, the \"indirect\" pathways of synthesis give rise chiefly to these classes. However, the priorties in guinea pig liver are different, since the levels of polyunsaturated classes are much lower, and although the \"indirect\" pathways of synthesis are operative they are directed mainly toward the formation of more saturated classes.", "PMID": 1174524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4670", "title": "Activity of human hepatic beta-galactosidase toward natural glycosphingolipid substrates.", "content": "1. Human hepatic \"acid\" beta-galactosidase preparations, which had been purified approximately 250-fold, were examined for activities toward 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-galactoside, galactosylceramide, lactosylceramide, galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-[N-acetylneuraminyl]-galactosyl-glucosylceramide (GM1-Ganglioside) and galactosyl-Cacetylgalactosaminyl-galactosyl-glucosylceramide (asialo GM1-ganglioside). 2. The enzyme was active toward the synthetic substrate, GM1-ganglioside and asialo GM1-ganglioside but was inactive toward galactosylceramide. Under our assay conditions, optimized for lactosylceramidase II, the preparations were as active toward lactosylceramide as toward GM1-ganglioside or its asialo derivative. Teh apparent Km values for the three natural substrates were similar. When determined by the assay system of Wenger, D.A., Sattler, M., Clark, C. and McKelvey, H. (1974) Clin. Chim. Acta 56, 199-206, lactosylceramidecleaving activity was 0.2% of that determined by our assay system. This confirmed our previous suggestion that the Wenger assay system determines exclusively the activity of lactosylceramidase I, which is probably identical with galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase. 3. Crude sodium taurocholate was far more effective than pure taurocholate in stimualting hydrolysis of the three glycosphingolipids by the beta-galactosidase. However, crude tauroxycholate, suggesting that the unique activating capacity of the crude taurocholate might be due to taurodeoxycholate present as the major impurity. 4. Cl- was generally stimulatory for hydrolysis of the natural glycosphingolipids by our enzyme preparation. Effects of additional oleic acid and Triton X-100 Were generally minor in either direction. 5. When the enzyme preparation was diluted with water, activity toward the synthetic substrate declined rapidly while those toward the natural substrates were essentially stable. Activity toward the synthetic substrate remained much more stable when the enzyme was diluted with 0.1 M sodium citrate/phosphate buffer, pH 5.0. 6. These observations provide insight into the complex relationship among the human hepatic beta-galactosidases.", "contents": "Activity of human hepatic beta-galactosidase toward natural glycosphingolipid substrates. 1. Human hepatic \"acid\" beta-galactosidase preparations, which had been purified approximately 250-fold, were examined for activities toward 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-galactoside, galactosylceramide, lactosylceramide, galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-[N-acetylneuraminyl]-galactosyl-glucosylceramide (GM1-Ganglioside) and galactosyl-Cacetylgalactosaminyl-galactosyl-glucosylceramide (asialo GM1-ganglioside). 2. The enzyme was active toward the synthetic substrate, GM1-ganglioside and asialo GM1-ganglioside but was inactive toward galactosylceramide. Under our assay conditions, optimized for lactosylceramidase II, the preparations were as active toward lactosylceramide as toward GM1-ganglioside or its asialo derivative. Teh apparent Km values for the three natural substrates were similar. When determined by the assay system of Wenger, D.A., Sattler, M., Clark, C. and McKelvey, H. (1974) Clin. Chim. Acta 56, 199-206, lactosylceramidecleaving activity was 0.2% of that determined by our assay system. This confirmed our previous suggestion that the Wenger assay system determines exclusively the activity of lactosylceramidase I, which is probably identical with galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase. 3. Crude sodium taurocholate was far more effective than pure taurocholate in stimualting hydrolysis of the three glycosphingolipids by the beta-galactosidase. However, crude tauroxycholate, suggesting that the unique activating capacity of the crude taurocholate might be due to taurodeoxycholate present as the major impurity. 4. Cl- was generally stimulatory for hydrolysis of the natural glycosphingolipids by our enzyme preparation. Effects of additional oleic acid and Triton X-100 Were generally minor in either direction. 5. When the enzyme preparation was diluted with water, activity toward the synthetic substrate declined rapidly while those toward the natural substrates were essentially stable. Activity toward the synthetic substrate remained much more stable when the enzyme was diluted with 0.1 M sodium citrate/phosphate buffer, pH 5.0. 6. These observations provide insight into the complex relationship among the human hepatic beta-galactosidases.", "PMID": 1174525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4671", "title": "The lipid composition of a halotolerant species of Staphylococcus epidermidis.", "content": "Studies were carried out on the lipid composition of a halotolerant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated in pure culture from a growth medium for extreme halophiles containing 25% NaCl. The four major polar lipid components in this bacterium were found to be: (a) glycerophosphoryl diglucosyl diglyceride (10% by weight) with structure 3(1)-O-(-sn-glycerol-1-phosphoryl-6'-O=(beta-D glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)- O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1(3),2-diacyl-sn-glycerol; (b) diglucosyl diglyceride (15% by weight) with structure 3(1)-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1 leads to 6)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1(3),2-diacyl-sn-glycerol; (c) monoglucosyl diglyceride (3% by weight) with structure 3(1)-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1(3),2-diacyl-sn-glycerol, and (d) phosphatidylglycerol (60% by weight) with structure 1,2 diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl-1'-sn-glycerol. Phosphatidic acid, cardiolipin, lysophosphatidylglycerol and three unidentified phospholipids were also detected in small amounts. Each lipid component had essentially the same fatty acid composition namely, anteiso-15:0 (60-75%), anteiso-17:0 (18-24%), iso-17:0 (8--10%), and small amounts of palmitic and stearic acids (2-5%). The fatty acids were non-randomly distributed in phosphatidylglycerol, the shorter chain anteiso 15:0 fatty acid being exclusively esterified to the 2-position and the longer chain anteiso- and iso-17:0 fatty acids at the 1-position. The fatty acid composition was not affected by increaseing NaCl content in the medium in the rande 0--15% but the proportion of anteiso-15:0 increased greatly when the salt concentration was increased to 25%. The proportions of ionic polar lipids were modified to give an increased net negative charge per mol ionic lipids when NaCl in the medium was increased from 15 to 25%, but the proportions of neutral glycolipids remained fairly constant.", "contents": "The lipid composition of a halotolerant species of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Studies were carried out on the lipid composition of a halotolerant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated in pure culture from a growth medium for extreme halophiles containing 25% NaCl. The four major polar lipid components in this bacterium were found to be: (a) glycerophosphoryl diglucosyl diglyceride (10% by weight) with structure 3(1)-O-(-sn-glycerol-1-phosphoryl-6'-O=(beta-D glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)- O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1(3),2-diacyl-sn-glycerol; (b) diglucosyl diglyceride (15% by weight) with structure 3(1)-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1 leads to 6)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1(3),2-diacyl-sn-glycerol; (c) monoglucosyl diglyceride (3% by weight) with structure 3(1)-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1(3),2-diacyl-sn-glycerol, and (d) phosphatidylglycerol (60% by weight) with structure 1,2 diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl-1'-sn-glycerol. Phosphatidic acid, cardiolipin, lysophosphatidylglycerol and three unidentified phospholipids were also detected in small amounts. Each lipid component had essentially the same fatty acid composition namely, anteiso-15:0 (60-75%), anteiso-17:0 (18-24%), iso-17:0 (8--10%), and small amounts of palmitic and stearic acids (2-5%). The fatty acids were non-randomly distributed in phosphatidylglycerol, the shorter chain anteiso 15:0 fatty acid being exclusively esterified to the 2-position and the longer chain anteiso- and iso-17:0 fatty acids at the 1-position. The fatty acid composition was not affected by increaseing NaCl content in the medium in the rande 0--15% but the proportion of anteiso-15:0 increased greatly when the salt concentration was increased to 25%. The proportions of ionic polar lipids were modified to give an increased net negative charge per mol ionic lipids when NaCl in the medium was increased from 15 to 25%, but the proportions of neutral glycolipids remained fairly constant.", "PMID": 1174526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4672", "title": "Activities of enzymes concerned with pyruvate and oxaloacetate metabolism in the heart and liver of developing sheep.", "content": "1. In order to assess whether the potential ability of heart ventricular muscle and liver to metabolise substrates such as alanine, aspartate and lactate varies as the sheep matures and its nutrition changes, the activities of the following enzymes were determined in tissues of lambs obtained at varying intervals between 50 days after conception to 16 weeks after birth and in livers from adult pregnant ewes: lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40), pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP)(EC 4.1.1.32), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) and citrate (si)-synthase (EC 4.1.3.7). 2. In the heart a most marked increase in alanine aminotransferase activity was found throughout development. During this period the activities of citrate (si)-synthase, lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase also increased. There were no substantial changes in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, malate dehydrogenase or pyruvate kinase. Pyruvate kinase activities were five times greater in the heart compared with those found in the liver. No significant activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) was detected in heart muscle. 3. In the liver the activities of both alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase increased immediately following birth although the activity of alanine aminotransferase was lower in livers of pregnant ewes than in any of the lambs. As with alanine aminotransferase the highest activities of lactate dehydrogenase were found during the period of postnatal growth. No marked changes were observed in malate dehydrogenase or citrate (si)-synthase activities during development. A small decline in pyruvate kinase activity occurred whilst the activities of pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) tended to rise during development.", "contents": "Activities of enzymes concerned with pyruvate and oxaloacetate metabolism in the heart and liver of developing sheep. 1. In order to assess whether the potential ability of heart ventricular muscle and liver to metabolise substrates such as alanine, aspartate and lactate varies as the sheep matures and its nutrition changes, the activities of the following enzymes were determined in tissues of lambs obtained at varying intervals between 50 days after conception to 16 weeks after birth and in livers from adult pregnant ewes: lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40), pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP)(EC 4.1.1.32), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) and citrate (si)-synthase (EC 4.1.3.7). 2. In the heart a most marked increase in alanine aminotransferase activity was found throughout development. During this period the activities of citrate (si)-synthase, lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase also increased. There were no substantial changes in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, malate dehydrogenase or pyruvate kinase. Pyruvate kinase activities were five times greater in the heart compared with those found in the liver. No significant activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) was detected in heart muscle. 3. In the liver the activities of both alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase increased immediately following birth although the activity of alanine aminotransferase was lower in livers of pregnant ewes than in any of the lambs. As with alanine aminotransferase the highest activities of lactate dehydrogenase were found during the period of postnatal growth. No marked changes were observed in malate dehydrogenase or citrate (si)-synthase activities during development. A small decline in pyruvate kinase activity occurred whilst the activities of pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) tended to rise during development.", "PMID": 1174528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4673", "title": "The effect of methionine on the metabolism of serine and glycine in vitamin B-12-deficient rats.", "content": "The effect of methionine supplementation on glycine and serine metabolism was studied in vitamin B-12-deficient rats which received only 0.2% methionine in the diet. In the perfused liver, incorporation of the C-2 of glycine to the C-3 of serine was increased by addition of methionine to the perfusate. The oxidation of [1-14C]glycine to 14CO2 was however depressed. Unlike methionine, glycine did not have any significant effect on the liver folate coenzyme distribution. Oxidation of [3-14C]serine to 14CO2 both in vivo and in perfused liver was increased by methionine. A major portion of the C-3 radioactivity however was recovered in glucose. Data presented indicate that the rate of oxidation of [2-14C]histidine to 14CO2 is a more sensitive indicator of folate deficiency than the rate of oxidation of [3-14C]serine to 14CO2 although both are presumably tetrahydrofolate dependent.", "contents": "The effect of methionine on the metabolism of serine and glycine in vitamin B-12-deficient rats. The effect of methionine supplementation on glycine and serine metabolism was studied in vitamin B-12-deficient rats which received only 0.2% methionine in the diet. In the perfused liver, incorporation of the C-2 of glycine to the C-3 of serine was increased by addition of methionine to the perfusate. The oxidation of [1-14C]glycine to 14CO2 was however depressed. Unlike methionine, glycine did not have any significant effect on the liver folate coenzyme distribution. Oxidation of [3-14C]serine to 14CO2 both in vivo and in perfused liver was increased by methionine. A major portion of the C-3 radioactivity however was recovered in glucose. Data presented indicate that the rate of oxidation of [2-14C]histidine to 14CO2 is a more sensitive indicator of folate deficiency than the rate of oxidation of [3-14C]serine to 14CO2 although both are presumably tetrahydrofolate dependent.", "PMID": 1174529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4674", "title": "The effect of serum and experimental variables on the transferrin and reticulocyte interaction.", "content": "The transfer of iron from transferrin to the developing erythrocyte is a research area of high interest and considerable controversy. We have found that the results of transferrin-reticulocyte incubation studies are quite sensitive to the experimental procedures that are utilized. Reticulocytosis has been induced in rabbits by phelbotomy and phenylhydrazine injections. While the latter gives a higher reticulocyte count, the cells appear to exhibit an altered transferrin-membrane interaction. Transferrin has been iodinated by published methods utilizing chloramine-T and molecular iodine. The iodotransferrin products exhibit the same iron donation ability, however, evidence was found that the chloramine-T treatment leads to a nonspecific binding of transferrin to the reticulocyte. The means of saturating transferrin with 59Fe is also of prime importance. Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 and especially FeCl3 were found to yield nonspecifically bound iron when added to transferrin or serum. This artifact was reflected in an altered transferrin-reticulocyte interaction. Using what we believe to be optimal conditions, the effect of serum on the transferrin-reticulocyte system was re-examined. The results clearly indicated an enhancement of iron uptake by reticulocytes in the presence of serum, as well as an accelerated incorporation of iron by the cytoplasmic fraction.", "contents": "The effect of serum and experimental variables on the transferrin and reticulocyte interaction. The transfer of iron from transferrin to the developing erythrocyte is a research area of high interest and considerable controversy. We have found that the results of transferrin-reticulocyte incubation studies are quite sensitive to the experimental procedures that are utilized. Reticulocytosis has been induced in rabbits by phelbotomy and phenylhydrazine injections. While the latter gives a higher reticulocyte count, the cells appear to exhibit an altered transferrin-membrane interaction. Transferrin has been iodinated by published methods utilizing chloramine-T and molecular iodine. The iodotransferrin products exhibit the same iron donation ability, however, evidence was found that the chloramine-T treatment leads to a nonspecific binding of transferrin to the reticulocyte. The means of saturating transferrin with 59Fe is also of prime importance. Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 and especially FeCl3 were found to yield nonspecifically bound iron when added to transferrin or serum. This artifact was reflected in an altered transferrin-reticulocyte interaction. Using what we believe to be optimal conditions, the effect of serum on the transferrin-reticulocyte system was re-examined. The results clearly indicated an enhancement of iron uptake by reticulocytes in the presence of serum, as well as an accelerated incorporation of iron by the cytoplasmic fraction.", "PMID": 1174530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4675", "title": "Activation of adenylate cyclase in renal medulla by bovine growth hormone. An artifact attributable to vasopressin.", "content": "The effect of bovine growth hormone on adenylate cyclase activity was studied in bovine and rat renal medulla. Highly purified growth hormone (lot B1003A) increased adenylate cyclase activity in plasma membranes from bovine renal medulla from 132+/-6 pmol cyclic AMP formed/mg protein per 10 min to 364+/-10 pmol cyclic AMP formed/mg protein per 10 min. Similar results were seen with homogenates of rat renal medulla. The minimum effective concentration of bovine growth hormone required to activate adenylate cyclase was 0.5 mug/ml and maximum activation was detected at 500 mug/ml. The amount of vasopressin determined by radioimmunoassay to contaminate the growth hormone caused an increase in adenylate cyclase activity comparable to that of the corresponding concentration of growth hormone that was tested. Dialysis of growth hormone and vasopressin resulted in parallel reductions in the effect of each hormone on adenylate cyclase activity. Similarly, both growth hormone and vasopressin produced increases in short circuit current in isolated toad bladders but these effects were not detectable after dialysis of the hormones. In contrast, the effect of growth hormone on the uptake of 35SO2-4 by cartilage from hypophysectomized rats was not decreased after dialysis. These results indicate that available preparations of growth hormone are contaminated by small but physiologically significant amounts of vasopressin and that the activation of adenylate cyclase activity in renal medulla in response to growth hormone can be explained by this contamination rather than by an effect of growth hormone per se.", "contents": "Activation of adenylate cyclase in renal medulla by bovine growth hormone. An artifact attributable to vasopressin. The effect of bovine growth hormone on adenylate cyclase activity was studied in bovine and rat renal medulla. Highly purified growth hormone (lot B1003A) increased adenylate cyclase activity in plasma membranes from bovine renal medulla from 132+/-6 pmol cyclic AMP formed/mg protein per 10 min to 364+/-10 pmol cyclic AMP formed/mg protein per 10 min. Similar results were seen with homogenates of rat renal medulla. The minimum effective concentration of bovine growth hormone required to activate adenylate cyclase was 0.5 mug/ml and maximum activation was detected at 500 mug/ml. The amount of vasopressin determined by radioimmunoassay to contaminate the growth hormone caused an increase in adenylate cyclase activity comparable to that of the corresponding concentration of growth hormone that was tested. Dialysis of growth hormone and vasopressin resulted in parallel reductions in the effect of each hormone on adenylate cyclase activity. Similarly, both growth hormone and vasopressin produced increases in short circuit current in isolated toad bladders but these effects were not detectable after dialysis of the hormones. In contrast, the effect of growth hormone on the uptake of 35SO2-4 by cartilage from hypophysectomized rats was not decreased after dialysis. These results indicate that available preparations of growth hormone are contaminated by small but physiologically significant amounts of vasopressin and that the activation of adenylate cyclase activity in renal medulla in response to growth hormone can be explained by this contamination rather than by an effect of growth hormone per se.", "PMID": 1174531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4676", "title": "Biosynthesis of starch. Formation of a glucoproteic acceptor by a potato non-sedimentable preparation.", "content": "1. A non-sedimentable fraction of potato tuber has been found to catalyze [14C]glucose transfer from [14C]glucose 1-phosphate to an endogenous proteic acceptor in the absence of added primer. This transfer is activated by Mn2+. 2. The labeled glucosylated product formed is trichloroacetic acid insoluble and sensitive to proteolytic and amylolytic digestions. It appears to be a glucoprotein with glucosyl chains bound to the peptide portion of the molecule through an unknown linkage. 3. The carbohydrate portion of the glucoprotein can be released by prolonged incubations with the enzymatic preparation, and becomes in turn, trichloroacetic acid soluble and alcohol precipitable. 4. Both products, the glucoprotein as well as the alpha-1,4-glucan that seems to arise from the enzymatic cleavage of the former, can be used as primers by the transglucosylating system with ADP[14C]glucose, UDP[14C]glucose or GDP[14C]glucose as glucosyl donors. The results presented in this paper are the first demonstration of soluble glucosyl transferases with the same glucose donor specificity to that of the particulate starch synthetase. 5. This report presents further evidence in favor of the assumption of a glucoproteic intermediate in alpha-a,4-glucan synthesis initiation.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of starch. Formation of a glucoproteic acceptor by a potato non-sedimentable preparation. 1. A non-sedimentable fraction of potato tuber has been found to catalyze [14C]glucose transfer from [14C]glucose 1-phosphate to an endogenous proteic acceptor in the absence of added primer. This transfer is activated by Mn2+. 2. The labeled glucosylated product formed is trichloroacetic acid insoluble and sensitive to proteolytic and amylolytic digestions. It appears to be a glucoprotein with glucosyl chains bound to the peptide portion of the molecule through an unknown linkage. 3. The carbohydrate portion of the glucoprotein can be released by prolonged incubations with the enzymatic preparation, and becomes in turn, trichloroacetic acid soluble and alcohol precipitable. 4. Both products, the glucoprotein as well as the alpha-1,4-glucan that seems to arise from the enzymatic cleavage of the former, can be used as primers by the transglucosylating system with ADP[14C]glucose, UDP[14C]glucose or GDP[14C]glucose as glucosyl donors. The results presented in this paper are the first demonstration of soluble glucosyl transferases with the same glucose donor specificity to that of the particulate starch synthetase. 5. This report presents further evidence in favor of the assumption of a glucoproteic intermediate in alpha-a,4-glucan synthesis initiation.", "PMID": 1174532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4677", "title": "Interaction of furazolidone with DNA.", "content": "DN forms a complex with furazolidone producing thereby a quenching and a bathochromic shift of the drug absorption pattern. The binding isotherm was a non-linear one indicating involvement of more than one binding process in the formation of the furazolidone - DNA complex. The furazolidone - DNA complex inhibited digestion of DNA by DNAase and stabilized DNA against thermal strand separation by a significant degree.", "contents": "Interaction of furazolidone with DNA. DN forms a complex with furazolidone producing thereby a quenching and a bathochromic shift of the drug absorption pattern. The binding isotherm was a non-linear one indicating involvement of more than one binding process in the formation of the furazolidone - DNA complex. The furazolidone - DNA complex inhibited digestion of DNA by DNAase and stabilized DNA against thermal strand separation by a significant degree.", "PMID": 1174533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4678", "title": "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of DNA-Pt complexes. Evidence of O6 (Gua)-N7 (Gua) chelation of DNA with cis- dichlorodiamine platinum(II).", "content": "The binding energies of nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, chlorine and Pt in several DNA - Pt (II) complexes are reported and discussed. The nitrogen band of DNA is slightly shifted upon complexation with Pt. Oxygen binding energies in the complexes studied clearly show that cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 forms a specific chelate N7(Gua) - O6 (Gua) with DNA as opposed to trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 and the other Pt compounds which react only with the N7(Gua) site of DNA.", "contents": "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of DNA-Pt complexes. Evidence of O6 (Gua)-N7 (Gua) chelation of DNA with cis- dichlorodiamine platinum(II). The binding energies of nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, chlorine and Pt in several DNA - Pt (II) complexes are reported and discussed. The nitrogen band of DNA is slightly shifted upon complexation with Pt. Oxygen binding energies in the complexes studied clearly show that cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 forms a specific chelate N7(Gua) - O6 (Gua) with DNA as opposed to trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 and the other Pt compounds which react only with the N7(Gua) site of DNA.", "PMID": 1174534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4679", "title": "S-phase dependent forms of DNA - nuclear membrane complexes in HeLa cells.", "content": "DNA - nuclear membrane complexes were isolated from HeLa cells and examined by either zone sedimentation analysis or isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose/CsCl gradients. The data suggest that the complexes formed during the first 10 min of the S-phase remain as stable structures throughout the cell cycle. Other DNA - nuclear membrane complexes are formed at later times during replication. These later complexes appear as multiple species and the association of DNA and the nuclear membrane seems to be of a transient nature. Together, these results suggest that both the replicative origins and the replication points of the DNA are associated with the nuclear membrane. Although the complexes formed at the start of the S-phase and at later times during the S-phase appear to differ, these differences may provide them with the needed properties to serve as spatial organizers for the temporal regulation of DNA replication.", "contents": "S-phase dependent forms of DNA - nuclear membrane complexes in HeLa cells. DNA - nuclear membrane complexes were isolated from HeLa cells and examined by either zone sedimentation analysis or isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose/CsCl gradients. The data suggest that the complexes formed during the first 10 min of the S-phase remain as stable structures throughout the cell cycle. Other DNA - nuclear membrane complexes are formed at later times during replication. These later complexes appear as multiple species and the association of DNA and the nuclear membrane seems to be of a transient nature. Together, these results suggest that both the replicative origins and the replication points of the DNA are associated with the nuclear membrane. Although the complexes formed at the start of the S-phase and at later times during the S-phase appear to differ, these differences may provide them with the needed properties to serve as spatial organizers for the temporal regulation of DNA replication.", "PMID": 1174535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4680", "title": "Characterization of N-ethylmaleimide-reactive proteins from human tonsillar ribosomes by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Human tonsillar 80-S ribosomes were 17% and 43% inactivated by 1 mM N-ethylmaleimide after 12 min at 30 or 37 degrees C, respectively. The ribosomes were unaffected by the reagent during the same period of time at 0 or 20 degrees C. 4, 12, 27 and 59 sulfhydryl groups per 80-S ribosomes were found labeled by 1 mM N-ethyl[14C] maleimide after 12 min at 0, 20, 30 or 37 degrees C, respectively. The analysis of radioactively labeled proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed the following: after 3 min at 37 degrees C only two 40-S proteins, S3 and S7, displayed a significant amount of label. After 12 min at 37 degrees C, there was a several-fold increase in the extent of radioactivity found in each of these proteins and, additionally, S1, S2, S4, S5, S15, S22 and S31 were also found among labeled 40-S proteins. S3 appeared to be the most N-ethylmaleimide-reactive 40S protein. After 3 min at 37 degrees C, L10, L17, L20 (and/or S20), L26, L32 and L33, and after 12 min at 37 degrees C, additionally L1, L2, L7, L9, L11, L15, L16, L18, and L25 were labeled among 60-S proteins. l17 and 32 were the most N-ethylmaleimide-reactive proteins under these conditions. After 12 min at 37 degrees C, approx. 26% and 39% of the radioactivity incorporated into the 80 S or 60 S ribosomal protein, respectively, was found in these two proteins. After 12 min at 0 degrees C, S3, L17, L32 and L33 were the only labeled proteins.", "contents": "Characterization of N-ethylmaleimide-reactive proteins from human tonsillar ribosomes by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Human tonsillar 80-S ribosomes were 17% and 43% inactivated by 1 mM N-ethylmaleimide after 12 min at 30 or 37 degrees C, respectively. The ribosomes were unaffected by the reagent during the same period of time at 0 or 20 degrees C. 4, 12, 27 and 59 sulfhydryl groups per 80-S ribosomes were found labeled by 1 mM N-ethyl[14C] maleimide after 12 min at 0, 20, 30 or 37 degrees C, respectively. The analysis of radioactively labeled proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed the following: after 3 min at 37 degrees C only two 40-S proteins, S3 and S7, displayed a significant amount of label. After 12 min at 37 degrees C, there was a several-fold increase in the extent of radioactivity found in each of these proteins and, additionally, S1, S2, S4, S5, S15, S22 and S31 were also found among labeled 40-S proteins. S3 appeared to be the most N-ethylmaleimide-reactive 40S protein. After 3 min at 37 degrees C, L10, L17, L20 (and/or S20), L26, L32 and L33, and after 12 min at 37 degrees C, additionally L1, L2, L7, L9, L11, L15, L16, L18, and L25 were labeled among 60-S proteins. l17 and 32 were the most N-ethylmaleimide-reactive proteins under these conditions. After 12 min at 37 degrees C, approx. 26% and 39% of the radioactivity incorporated into the 80 S or 60 S ribosomal protein, respectively, was found in these two proteins. After 12 min at 0 degrees C, S3, L17, L32 and L33 were the only labeled proteins.", "PMID": 1174537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4681", "title": "Studies on structural proteins of the rat liver ribosomes. I. Molecular wights of the proteins of large and small subunits.", "content": "Structural proteins of active 60-S and 40-S subunits of rat liver ribosomes were analysed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 35 and 29 spots were shown on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins from large and small subunits, respectively. It was noted that the migration distances of stained proteins with Amido black 10B remained unchanged in the following sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis, although some minor degradation and/or aggregation products were observed in the case of several ribosomal proteins, especially of those with high molecular weights. This finding made it possible to measure the molecular weight of each ribosomal protein in the spot on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis by following sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of the protein components of two liver ribosomal subunits were determined by this 'three-dimensional' polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of proteins of 40-S subunits ranged from 10 000 to 38 000 and the number average molecular weight was 23 000. The molecular weights of proteins of 60-S subunits ranged from 10 000 to 60 000 and the number average molecular weight was 23 900.", "contents": "Studies on structural proteins of the rat liver ribosomes. I. Molecular wights of the proteins of large and small subunits. Structural proteins of active 60-S and 40-S subunits of rat liver ribosomes were analysed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 35 and 29 spots were shown on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins from large and small subunits, respectively. It was noted that the migration distances of stained proteins with Amido black 10B remained unchanged in the following sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis, although some minor degradation and/or aggregation products were observed in the case of several ribosomal proteins, especially of those with high molecular weights. This finding made it possible to measure the molecular weight of each ribosomal protein in the spot on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis by following sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of the protein components of two liver ribosomal subunits were determined by this 'three-dimensional' polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of proteins of 40-S subunits ranged from 10 000 to 38 000 and the number average molecular weight was 23 000. The molecular weights of proteins of 60-S subunits ranged from 10 000 to 60 000 and the number average molecular weight was 23 900.", "PMID": 1174538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4682", "title": "Ribosomal proteins of hamster, mouse and hybrid cells.", "content": "We hhave been analyzing what could be considered to be structural ribosomal proteins, that is, those that remain with the ribosome when it has been subjected to centrifugation through 1.75 M sucrose, treatment with puromycin and KCl, and centrifugation through 0.5 M KCl and sucrose. By two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, a mouse-specific protein and a Syrian hamster-specific protein are detected, using liver or cultured cell lines. With liquid scintillation counting after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis it is possible to estimate the proportion of species-specific ribosomal protein in a mouse-hamster somatic cell hybrid.", "contents": "Ribosomal proteins of hamster, mouse and hybrid cells. We hhave been analyzing what could be considered to be structural ribosomal proteins, that is, those that remain with the ribosome when it has been subjected to centrifugation through 1.75 M sucrose, treatment with puromycin and KCl, and centrifugation through 0.5 M KCl and sucrose. By two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, a mouse-specific protein and a Syrian hamster-specific protein are detected, using liver or cultured cell lines. With liquid scintillation counting after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis it is possible to estimate the proportion of species-specific ribosomal protein in a mouse-hamster somatic cell hybrid.", "PMID": 1174539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4683", "title": "Nucleolar RNA synthesis in the liver of partially hepatectomized and cortisol-treated rats.", "content": "RNA synthesis by isolated nucleoli from rat liver is significantly enhanced 12--14 h after partial hepatectomy and 4 h after cortisol administration. The increased RNA synthetic capactiy is demonstrable also in the respective high salt nucleolar extracts and in Biogel A-1.5 filtration fractions of the nucleolar extracts. DNA saturation experiments using nucleoli and Biogel fractions from control and treated animals as RNA polymerase source, have demonstrated, that independent of the extent of RNA synthesis, saturation of transcription is reached at the same concentration of exogenous template. We conclude that the activity and not the amount of nucleolar RNA polymerase is increased as a result of partial hepatectomy or cortisol administration. Parallel to the effects on RNA polymerase, the activity, of RNA-degrading enzymes present in nucleoli is also enhanced by the same treatment.", "contents": "Nucleolar RNA synthesis in the liver of partially hepatectomized and cortisol-treated rats. RNA synthesis by isolated nucleoli from rat liver is significantly enhanced 12--14 h after partial hepatectomy and 4 h after cortisol administration. The increased RNA synthetic capactiy is demonstrable also in the respective high salt nucleolar extracts and in Biogel A-1.5 filtration fractions of the nucleolar extracts. DNA saturation experiments using nucleoli and Biogel fractions from control and treated animals as RNA polymerase source, have demonstrated, that independent of the extent of RNA synthesis, saturation of transcription is reached at the same concentration of exogenous template. We conclude that the activity and not the amount of nucleolar RNA polymerase is increased as a result of partial hepatectomy or cortisol administration. Parallel to the effects on RNA polymerase, the activity, of RNA-degrading enzymes present in nucleoli is also enhanced by the same treatment.", "PMID": 1174540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4684", "title": "Interaction of uridine diphosphate glucose with calf liver uridine diphosphate glucose dehydrogenase. Significance of hydroxyl groups at C-3, C-4 and C-6 of hexosyl residue.", "content": "Analogs of uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPGlc) with a modified hexosyl residue which contained a deoxy-unit at C-3 or C-4 were tested as substrates of calf liver UDPGlc dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.22). The 3-deoxyglucose derivative was found not to serve as a substrate for the enzyme whereas the 4-deoxyglucose analog was able to participate in the reaction. The apparent Km of the latter was 5.3 times that of UDPGlc and the relative V was 0.04. The reaction product was identified as uridine diphosphate deoxyhexuronic acid. UDP-deoxyhexoses were non-competitive inhibitors of UDPGlc enzymic oxidation, inhibition increased in the sequence: 2-deoxy-less than 3-and 6-deoxy-less than 4-deoxyglucose derivative. The significance of different HO-groups in hexosyl residue for interaction of UDPGlc with the enzyme is discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of uridine diphosphate glucose with calf liver uridine diphosphate glucose dehydrogenase. Significance of hydroxyl groups at C-3, C-4 and C-6 of hexosyl residue. Analogs of uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPGlc) with a modified hexosyl residue which contained a deoxy-unit at C-3 or C-4 were tested as substrates of calf liver UDPGlc dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.22). The 3-deoxyglucose derivative was found not to serve as a substrate for the enzyme whereas the 4-deoxyglucose analog was able to participate in the reaction. The apparent Km of the latter was 5.3 times that of UDPGlc and the relative V was 0.04. The reaction product was identified as uridine diphosphate deoxyhexuronic acid. UDP-deoxyhexoses were non-competitive inhibitors of UDPGlc enzymic oxidation, inhibition increased in the sequence: 2-deoxy-less than 3-and 6-deoxy-less than 4-deoxyglucose derivative. The significance of different HO-groups in hexosyl residue for interaction of UDPGlc with the enzyme is discussed.", "PMID": 1174541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4685", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay of progesterone at the picogram level using beta-galactosidase as label.", "content": "We report here the first sensitive enzyme immunoassay of a hapten. A progesterone beta galactosidase conjugate was prepared using carbodiimide as a bifunctional reagent. Rabbit progesterone antisera were previously obtained. The separation of the bound from the free fraction of the label was performed with the help of polymerized anti rabbit gamma-globulins. The enzyme activity of the bound fraction was determined with O-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside as substrate. Specificity and sensitivity (approximately 15 pg) of this enzyme immunoassay can be successfully compared with radioimmunoassay performances. It thus provides a non radioactive, inexpensive and reliable method of small molecule quantitation.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay of progesterone at the picogram level using beta-galactosidase as label. We report here the first sensitive enzyme immunoassay of a hapten. A progesterone beta galactosidase conjugate was prepared using carbodiimide as a bifunctional reagent. Rabbit progesterone antisera were previously obtained. The separation of the bound from the free fraction of the label was performed with the help of polymerized anti rabbit gamma-globulins. The enzyme activity of the bound fraction was determined with O-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside as substrate. Specificity and sensitivity (approximately 15 pg) of this enzyme immunoassay can be successfully compared with radioimmunoassay performances. It thus provides a non radioactive, inexpensive and reliable method of small molecule quantitation.", "PMID": 1174542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4686", "title": "Studies on chicken liver xanthine dehydrogenase with reference to the problem of non-equivalence of FAD moieties.", "content": "1. Reduction of chicken liver xanthine dehydrogenase (xanthine: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.37) by xanthine under anaerobic condition proceeded in two phases. This biphasicity may be due to functional and non-functional enzymes in the enzyme preparation. 2. Cyanolysis of a persulfide group of chicken liver enzyme resulted in an inactivation of the enzyme. The non-functional enzyme in the standard enzyme preparation was found to lack persulfide groups at the active sites. 3. The remaining NADH-Methylene Blue oxidoreductase activity, after KI treatment of the xanthine-reduced enzyme of a high flavin activity ratio, is not at the level of 50% of the initial activity, differing from the report suggesting non-equivalence of FAD chromophores. 4. The findings in the present report indicate that FAD chromophores of chicken liver enzyme are essentially equivalent.", "contents": "Studies on chicken liver xanthine dehydrogenase with reference to the problem of non-equivalence of FAD moieties. 1. Reduction of chicken liver xanthine dehydrogenase (xanthine: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.37) by xanthine under anaerobic condition proceeded in two phases. This biphasicity may be due to functional and non-functional enzymes in the enzyme preparation. 2. Cyanolysis of a persulfide group of chicken liver enzyme resulted in an inactivation of the enzyme. The non-functional enzyme in the standard enzyme preparation was found to lack persulfide groups at the active sites. 3. The remaining NADH-Methylene Blue oxidoreductase activity, after KI treatment of the xanthine-reduced enzyme of a high flavin activity ratio, is not at the level of 50% of the initial activity, differing from the report suggesting non-equivalence of FAD chromophores. 4. The findings in the present report indicate that FAD chromophores of chicken liver enzyme are essentially equivalent.", "PMID": 1174543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4687", "title": "Enzymatic unpacking of bull sperm chromatin.", "content": "When isolated bull sperm chromatin is incubated with 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol at pH 8, an extensive proteolytic degradation of sperm histone occurs, being accompanied by a marked swelling of the chromatin masses. The degradation of sperm histone is strongly inhibited by monovalent or divalent metal ions. The protease found in isolated bull sperm chromatin possesses properties indistinguishable from those of an acrosomal protease of trypsin-type, acrosin (EC 3.4.21.10), and requires a combination of NaCl, urea and 2-mercaptoethanol for its extraction. Evidence suggests that the protease travels along chromatin strands and hydrolyzes essentially all the sperm histone molecules within the chromatin masses.", "contents": "Enzymatic unpacking of bull sperm chromatin. When isolated bull sperm chromatin is incubated with 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol at pH 8, an extensive proteolytic degradation of sperm histone occurs, being accompanied by a marked swelling of the chromatin masses. The degradation of sperm histone is strongly inhibited by monovalent or divalent metal ions. The protease found in isolated bull sperm chromatin possesses properties indistinguishable from those of an acrosomal protease of trypsin-type, acrosin (EC 3.4.21.10), and requires a combination of NaCl, urea and 2-mercaptoethanol for its extraction. Evidence suggests that the protease travels along chromatin strands and hydrolyzes essentially all the sperm histone molecules within the chromatin masses.", "PMID": 1174544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4688", "title": "Stable multisubstrate adducts as enzyme inhibitors. Potent inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase by N-(5'-phosphopyridoxyl)-ornithine.", "content": "The synthesis of several N-(5'-phosphopyridoxyl)-amino acids is described. These compounds, analogs of the Schiff base intermediate involved in enzyme-catalyzed decarboxylation, are potent inhibitors of the cognate amino acid decarboxylases. Kinetic studies using partially purified rat liver ornithine decarboxylase, have shown that N-(5'-phosphopyridoxyl)-ornithine inhibits the enzyme in a non-competitive manner with respect to both ornithine and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. These findings suggest that the inhibitor binds to the holoenzyme active site in place of the Schiff base intermediate.", "contents": "Stable multisubstrate adducts as enzyme inhibitors. Potent inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase by N-(5'-phosphopyridoxyl)-ornithine. The synthesis of several N-(5'-phosphopyridoxyl)-amino acids is described. These compounds, analogs of the Schiff base intermediate involved in enzyme-catalyzed decarboxylation, are potent inhibitors of the cognate amino acid decarboxylases. Kinetic studies using partially purified rat liver ornithine decarboxylase, have shown that N-(5'-phosphopyridoxyl)-ornithine inhibits the enzyme in a non-competitive manner with respect to both ornithine and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. These findings suggest that the inhibitor binds to the holoenzyme active site in place of the Schiff base intermediate.", "PMID": 1174545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4689", "title": "Studies on sulfhydryl groups of Aspergillus niger amine oxidase.", "content": "Amino acid analysis of the amine oxidase of Aspergillus niger (monoamine:O2 oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC 1.4.3.4) showed a composition similar to that of bovine plasma enzyme. One molecule of enzyme contained 25 Cys residues. It was shown that 9 to 11 residues of Cys were titrated to be SH groups. The amine oxidase reaction was markedly inhibited by metal ions (Cu2+, Hg2+, Ag+). The enzyme was inactivated with SH reagents (phenyl mercuric acetate, Cl-HgBzO-) and the extent of this inactivation was dependent on the time of incubation with SH reagents. Also, the Cl-HgBzO- -inactivated enzyme was reactivated with cysteine and this reactivation was biphasic with the time of incubation. The Cl-HgBzO--inactivated amine oxidase was compared with the native enzyme in their reactivity with phenylhydrazine and their spectral properties. The results showed that the Cl-HgBzO--inactivated enzyme had lower reactivity with phenylhydrazine than the native enzyme and had higher absorbance values than the native enzyme around 400 nm wavelengths.", "contents": "Studies on sulfhydryl groups of Aspergillus niger amine oxidase. Amino acid analysis of the amine oxidase of Aspergillus niger (monoamine:O2 oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC 1.4.3.4) showed a composition similar to that of bovine plasma enzyme. One molecule of enzyme contained 25 Cys residues. It was shown that 9 to 11 residues of Cys were titrated to be SH groups. The amine oxidase reaction was markedly inhibited by metal ions (Cu2+, Hg2+, Ag+). The enzyme was inactivated with SH reagents (phenyl mercuric acetate, Cl-HgBzO-) and the extent of this inactivation was dependent on the time of incubation with SH reagents. Also, the Cl-HgBzO- -inactivated enzyme was reactivated with cysteine and this reactivation was biphasic with the time of incubation. The Cl-HgBzO--inactivated amine oxidase was compared with the native enzyme in their reactivity with phenylhydrazine and their spectral properties. The results showed that the Cl-HgBzO--inactivated enzyme had lower reactivity with phenylhydrazine than the native enzyme and had higher absorbance values than the native enzyme around 400 nm wavelengths.", "PMID": 1174546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4690", "title": "The nature of the multiple forms of D-erythrodihydroneopterin triphosphate synthetase.", "content": "1. Three forms of the Lactobacillus plantarum enzyme D-erythro-dihydroneopterin triphosphate synthetase, the first enzyme in folate biosynthesis, have been demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme forms designated the alpha prime, alpha and beta forms have been shown to be conformers with molecular weights of approx. 200 000. Study of the subunit structure of the beta enzyme species by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single protein with an estimated molecular weight of 20 000 which suggests that the enzyme molecule may be composed of ten polypeptide chains. 2. Of the three conformers only one form, the beta form, appears to be enzymatically active. The two other conformers must undergo conformational changes to the beta species before enzymatic activity can be demonstrated in reaction mixtures containing these enzyme forms. 3. The three enzyme species are interconvertible. The removal of phosphate ions from the enzymatically active beta form results in the formation of two inactive species which suggests that the conformation of the active enzyme is stabilized by non-covalently bound phosphate ions. Conversion of the inactive species to the beta enzyme form may be effected by the readdition of phosphate, substrate or certain nucleotides.", "contents": "The nature of the multiple forms of D-erythrodihydroneopterin triphosphate synthetase. 1. Three forms of the Lactobacillus plantarum enzyme D-erythro-dihydroneopterin triphosphate synthetase, the first enzyme in folate biosynthesis, have been demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme forms designated the alpha prime, alpha and beta forms have been shown to be conformers with molecular weights of approx. 200 000. Study of the subunit structure of the beta enzyme species by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single protein with an estimated molecular weight of 20 000 which suggests that the enzyme molecule may be composed of ten polypeptide chains. 2. Of the three conformers only one form, the beta form, appears to be enzymatically active. The two other conformers must undergo conformational changes to the beta species before enzymatic activity can be demonstrated in reaction mixtures containing these enzyme forms. 3. The three enzyme species are interconvertible. The removal of phosphate ions from the enzymatically active beta form results in the formation of two inactive species which suggests that the conformation of the active enzyme is stabilized by non-covalently bound phosphate ions. Conversion of the inactive species to the beta enzyme form may be effected by the readdition of phosphate, substrate or certain nucleotides.", "PMID": 1174547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4691", "title": "Structural effects on the reactivity of substrates and inhibitors in the epoxidation system of Pseudomonas oleovorans.", "content": "The epoxidation reaction catalyzed by an enzyme system of Pseudomonas oleovorans exhibits a substrate specificity different from that expected on the basis of chemical reactivity in non-enzymatic epoxidation reactions. Cyclic and internal olefins, aromatic compounds and styrene are not epoxidated. The reactivity of straight chain diolefins is maximal for octadiene and falls off rapidly as the carbon chain is shortened, but decreases only slightly as the chain is lengthened. In contrast, methyl group hydroxylation is less sensitive to decreasing chain length. As a consequence, propylene and 1-butene are hydroxylated but not epoxidated by this enzyme system. With the substrate 1-decene, which is capable of undergoing both epoxidation and hydroxylation, the former reaction predominates. Methyl imidoesters were found to be inhibitors of enzymatic epoxidation, and the potency of a homologous series of imidoester inhibitors was examined. The results parallel the substrate specificity patterns observed, and support the conclusion that the mode of substrate binding severely moderates the inherent chemical reactivity of the activated oxygen in this system. The effect of the bifunctional imidoester, dimethyladipimidate, was also examined and the results compared with those obtained in other investigations.", "contents": "Structural effects on the reactivity of substrates and inhibitors in the epoxidation system of Pseudomonas oleovorans. The epoxidation reaction catalyzed by an enzyme system of Pseudomonas oleovorans exhibits a substrate specificity different from that expected on the basis of chemical reactivity in non-enzymatic epoxidation reactions. Cyclic and internal olefins, aromatic compounds and styrene are not epoxidated. The reactivity of straight chain diolefins is maximal for octadiene and falls off rapidly as the carbon chain is shortened, but decreases only slightly as the chain is lengthened. In contrast, methyl group hydroxylation is less sensitive to decreasing chain length. As a consequence, propylene and 1-butene are hydroxylated but not epoxidated by this enzyme system. With the substrate 1-decene, which is capable of undergoing both epoxidation and hydroxylation, the former reaction predominates. Methyl imidoesters were found to be inhibitors of enzymatic epoxidation, and the potency of a homologous series of imidoester inhibitors was examined. The results parallel the substrate specificity patterns observed, and support the conclusion that the mode of substrate binding severely moderates the inherent chemical reactivity of the activated oxygen in this system. The effect of the bifunctional imidoester, dimethyladipimidate, was also examined and the results compared with those obtained in other investigations.", "PMID": 1174548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4692", "title": "Determination of heat changes in the proximity of immobilised enzymes with an enzyme thermistor and its use for the assay of metabolites.", "content": "A device, the enzyme thermistor, is described which is capable of measuring changes in heat due to enzymic reactions. The sensor, a thermistor, is in direct contact with the site of reaction through its placement in a microcolumn filled with an immobilised enzyme preparation. The substrate solution flows past the thermistor tip, and as much as approx. one half of the total heat evolved can be registered as temperature change, deltat. Glass-bound glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4), penicillinase (EC 3.5.2.6), trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and urease (EC 3.5.1.5) were used for the determination of glucose, penicillin G, benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester and urea respectively. Linear relationships between the deltat recorded and the concentration of substrate were obtained in all cases.", "contents": "Determination of heat changes in the proximity of immobilised enzymes with an enzyme thermistor and its use for the assay of metabolites. A device, the enzyme thermistor, is described which is capable of measuring changes in heat due to enzymic reactions. The sensor, a thermistor, is in direct contact with the site of reaction through its placement in a microcolumn filled with an immobilised enzyme preparation. The substrate solution flows past the thermistor tip, and as much as approx. one half of the total heat evolved can be registered as temperature change, deltat. Glass-bound glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4), penicillinase (EC 3.5.2.6), trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and urease (EC 3.5.1.5) were used for the determination of glucose, penicillin G, benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester and urea respectively. Linear relationships between the deltat recorded and the concentration of substrate were obtained in all cases.", "PMID": 1174549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4693", "title": "Nitrogenase. VII. Effect of component ratio, ATP and H2 on the distribution of electrons to alternative substrates.", "content": "Some kinetic properties of purified component I (Mo-Fe protein) and component II (Fe protein) of nitrogenase (EC 1.7.99.2) from Azotobacter vinelandii have been examined. The apparent Km values for reducible substrates (0.1 atm for N2, 0.01 atm for acetylene) and dithionite (0.5 mM) are similar for osmotically shocked cell lysates and purified components. However, the ATP dependence of acetylene and N2 reduction varies sigmoidally with ATP concentration and as a function of the relative and absolute concentration of components I and II in the assay. Acetylene is reduced in preference to N2 in competitive assays when component I is in relative excess. Acetylene reduction is not as dependent upon ATP concentration as is N2 reduction, so that acetylene is also a preferred substrate at lower ATP levels. Hydrogen specifically inhibits N2 reduction, diverting electrons to acetylene when both substrates are present in the assay. We propose a model of the enzyme activity, in which the substrates for reduction are bound to component I with electrons being activated by component II. ATP may be involved in activating electrons and in maintaining the appropriate conformation or reduction state of components to allow effective reduction of substrates. The relative rate of reduction of alternative substrates is dependent on the concentration of the particular state(s) capable of reacting with each substrate. The concentration of a particular state of component I is a function of components I, II and ATPL", "contents": "Nitrogenase. VII. Effect of component ratio, ATP and H2 on the distribution of electrons to alternative substrates. Some kinetic properties of purified component I (Mo-Fe protein) and component II (Fe protein) of nitrogenase (EC 1.7.99.2) from Azotobacter vinelandii have been examined. The apparent Km values for reducible substrates (0.1 atm for N2, 0.01 atm for acetylene) and dithionite (0.5 mM) are similar for osmotically shocked cell lysates and purified components. However, the ATP dependence of acetylene and N2 reduction varies sigmoidally with ATP concentration and as a function of the relative and absolute concentration of components I and II in the assay. Acetylene is reduced in preference to N2 in competitive assays when component I is in relative excess. Acetylene reduction is not as dependent upon ATP concentration as is N2 reduction, so that acetylene is also a preferred substrate at lower ATP levels. Hydrogen specifically inhibits N2 reduction, diverting electrons to acetylene when both substrates are present in the assay. We propose a model of the enzyme activity, in which the substrates for reduction are bound to component I with electrons being activated by component II. ATP may be involved in activating electrons and in maintaining the appropriate conformation or reduction state of components to allow effective reduction of substrates. The relative rate of reduction of alternative substrates is dependent on the concentration of the particular state(s) capable of reacting with each substrate. The concentration of a particular state of component I is a function of components I, II and ATPL", "PMID": 1174550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4694", "title": "Immobilized glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase. Steady state kinetic analysis and stability studies.", "content": "1. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) was immobilized on amino ethyl cellulose using the bifunctional reagent diethyl adipimidate. 2. The steady state kinetic analysis was performed for the particulate and the free enzyme, and the Michaelis constants measured for the amino ethyl cellulose derivative were not greatly different from those measured for the free glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, while the latter were in good agreement with values in the literature. 3. The amino ethyl cellulose-glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase was slightly more stable than the free enzyme at 65 degrees C, but was stabilised less by polyethylene glycol than the free enzyme.", "contents": "Immobilized glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase. Steady state kinetic analysis and stability studies. 1. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) was immobilized on amino ethyl cellulose using the bifunctional reagent diethyl adipimidate. 2. The steady state kinetic analysis was performed for the particulate and the free enzyme, and the Michaelis constants measured for the amino ethyl cellulose derivative were not greatly different from those measured for the free glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, while the latter were in good agreement with values in the literature. 3. The amino ethyl cellulose-glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase was slightly more stable than the free enzyme at 65 degrees C, but was stabilised less by polyethylene glycol than the free enzyme.", "PMID": 1174551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4695", "title": "Interaction of uridine diphosphate glucose analogs with calf liver uridine diphosphate glucose dehydrogenase. Influence of substituents at C-5 of pyrimidine nucleus.", "content": "The interaction of alpha-D-glucopyranosyl pyrophosphates of 5-X-uridines (X = CH3, NH2, CH3O, I, Br, Cl, OH) with uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPGlc) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.22) from calf liver has been studied. All the derivatives investigated were able to serve as substrates for the enzyme. The apparent Michaelis constants for UDPGlc-analogs were dependent both on electronic and steric factors. Increase of substituent negative inductive effect lead to decrease of pKa for ionization of the NH-group in the uracil nucleus and, consequently, to a diminishing of the proportion of the active analog species under the conditions of assay. After correction for the ionization effect, the Km values were found to depend on the van der Waals radius of the substituent. The value of 1.95 A seems to be critical, as the analogs with bulkier substituents at C-5 showed a decreased affinity to the enzyme. The maximal velocity values of the analogs were also dependent on nature of the substituent. Good linear correlation between log V and substituent hydrophobic phi-constant was observed for a number of the analogs, although V values for the nucleotides with X = H, OH or NH2 were higher than would be expected on the basis of the correlation. The significance of the results for understanding of the topography of UDPGlc dehydrogenase active site is discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of uridine diphosphate glucose analogs with calf liver uridine diphosphate glucose dehydrogenase. Influence of substituents at C-5 of pyrimidine nucleus. The interaction of alpha-D-glucopyranosyl pyrophosphates of 5-X-uridines (X = CH3, NH2, CH3O, I, Br, Cl, OH) with uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPGlc) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.22) from calf liver has been studied. All the derivatives investigated were able to serve as substrates for the enzyme. The apparent Michaelis constants for UDPGlc-analogs were dependent both on electronic and steric factors. Increase of substituent negative inductive effect lead to decrease of pKa for ionization of the NH-group in the uracil nucleus and, consequently, to a diminishing of the proportion of the active analog species under the conditions of assay. After correction for the ionization effect, the Km values were found to depend on the van der Waals radius of the substituent. The value of 1.95 A seems to be critical, as the analogs with bulkier substituents at C-5 showed a decreased affinity to the enzyme. The maximal velocity values of the analogs were also dependent on nature of the substituent. Good linear correlation between log V and substituent hydrophobic phi-constant was observed for a number of the analogs, although V values for the nucleotides with X = H, OH or NH2 were higher than would be expected on the basis of the correlation. The significance of the results for understanding of the topography of UDPGlc dehydrogenase active site is discussed.", "PMID": 1174552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4696", "title": "Stimulation by glucagon of the incorporation of U-14C-labeled substrates into glucose by isolated hepatocytes from fed rats.", "content": "The effect of glucagon on the incorporation of U-14C-labeled lactate, pyruvate or alanine into glucose has been studied using isolated hepatocytes from livers of fed rats. Rates of incorporation into glucose were about the same as observed in perfused liver preparations provided precautions were taken to avoid depletion of certain metabolities by the preparative procedures. With each substrate, stimulation of the incorporation into glucose by a maximally effective concentration of glucagon (10 nM) was associated with about a 75% reduction in the substrate concentration required for a half-maximal rate and with about a 30% increase in maximum rate. Consequently, the hormone caused a substantial (2--4-fold) stimulation when any one of the above substrates was present at a near physiological concentration, but brought about only a relatively small stimulation (1.4-fold) when very high substrate concentrations were used. Provision of cytoplasmic reducing equivalents (by ethanol addition), or of precursor for acetyl-coenzyme A formation (by acetate addition)-stimulated incorporation of labeled alanine into glucose and their effects were additive with that of glucagon. This suggested that provision of either of these intermediates was not a means by which the hormone increased the incorporation of labeled substrate into glucose. NH4+ stimulated the incorporation of 20 mM [U-14C] lactate into glucose 2-fold, probably by promoting glutamate synthesis and thus enhancing the transamination of oxaloacetate to aspartate. Evidence was obtained to support the view that glucagon also increases glutamate production (presumably from endogenous protein). However, the stimulation of incorporation into glucose from 20 mM [U-14C] lactate by NH4+ plus glucagon was synergistic. This suggested that glucagon also stimulated the incorporation of labeled substrate into glucose by additional means. Stimulation of the incorporation of [U-14C] alanine into glucose by beta-hydroxybutyrate plus glucagon was also synergistic. This suggested that another action of glucagon may be to provide more intramitochondrial reducing potential.", "contents": "Stimulation by glucagon of the incorporation of U-14C-labeled substrates into glucose by isolated hepatocytes from fed rats. The effect of glucagon on the incorporation of U-14C-labeled lactate, pyruvate or alanine into glucose has been studied using isolated hepatocytes from livers of fed rats. Rates of incorporation into glucose were about the same as observed in perfused liver preparations provided precautions were taken to avoid depletion of certain metabolities by the preparative procedures. With each substrate, stimulation of the incorporation into glucose by a maximally effective concentration of glucagon (10 nM) was associated with about a 75% reduction in the substrate concentration required for a half-maximal rate and with about a 30% increase in maximum rate. Consequently, the hormone caused a substantial (2--4-fold) stimulation when any one of the above substrates was present at a near physiological concentration, but brought about only a relatively small stimulation (1.4-fold) when very high substrate concentrations were used. Provision of cytoplasmic reducing equivalents (by ethanol addition), or of precursor for acetyl-coenzyme A formation (by acetate addition)-stimulated incorporation of labeled alanine into glucose and their effects were additive with that of glucagon. This suggested that provision of either of these intermediates was not a means by which the hormone increased the incorporation of labeled substrate into glucose. NH4+ stimulated the incorporation of 20 mM [U-14C] lactate into glucose 2-fold, probably by promoting glutamate synthesis and thus enhancing the transamination of oxaloacetate to aspartate. Evidence was obtained to support the view that glucagon also increases glutamate production (presumably from endogenous protein). However, the stimulation of incorporation into glucose from 20 mM [U-14C] lactate by NH4+ plus glucagon was synergistic. This suggested that glucagon also stimulated the incorporation of labeled substrate into glucose by additional means. Stimulation of the incorporation of [U-14C] alanine into glucose by beta-hydroxybutyrate plus glucagon was also synergistic. This suggested that another action of glucagon may be to provide more intramitochondrial reducing potential.", "PMID": 1174553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4697", "title": "The relationship between GSH, GSSG and non-GSH thiol in GSH-deficient erythrocytes from Finnish landrace and Tasmanian merino sheep.", "content": "1. Two automated colorimetric methods have been developed for assaying the GSH and total thiol in protein-free extracts of erythrocytes. They employ as chromogens 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB) and alloxan. 2. The concentrations of GSH, GSSG and total non-protein thiol have been estimated in high and low GSH erythrocytes from Finnish Landrace and Tasmanian Merino sheep. 3. In both breeds of sheep low GSH cells were found to have low concentrations of total non-protein thiol and GSSG as well as of GSH. 4. Nevertheless high and low GSH cells have similar values for the oxidation-reduction potential of the GSH : GSSG couple.", "contents": "The relationship between GSH, GSSG and non-GSH thiol in GSH-deficient erythrocytes from Finnish landrace and Tasmanian merino sheep. 1. Two automated colorimetric methods have been developed for assaying the GSH and total thiol in protein-free extracts of erythrocytes. They employ as chromogens 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB) and alloxan. 2. The concentrations of GSH, GSSG and total non-protein thiol have been estimated in high and low GSH erythrocytes from Finnish Landrace and Tasmanian Merino sheep. 3. In both breeds of sheep low GSH cells were found to have low concentrations of total non-protein thiol and GSSG as well as of GSH. 4. Nevertheless high and low GSH cells have similar values for the oxidation-reduction potential of the GSH : GSSG couple.", "PMID": 1174554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4698", "title": "GSH biosynthesis in glutathione deficient erythrocytes from Finnish landrace and Tasmanian merino sheep.", "content": "1. The maximum activities of the enzymes for the biosynthesis of GSH (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase and GSH synthetase) have been assayed in high GSH and low GSH erythrocytes from Tasmanian Merino and Finnish Landrace sheep. 2. For the Merinos, the activities (mumol product/g haemoglobin per min +/- S.E.M. (n)) in the high and low GSH erythrocytes respectively were: gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase: 0.776 +/- 0.065 (11) and 0.375 +/- 0.063 (13); and GSH synthetase: 0.069 +/- 0.003 (11) and 0.066 +/- 0.002 (13). 3. For the Finnish Landrace sheep the activities in the high and low GSH erythrocytes respectively were: gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase: 0.595 +/- 0.063 (12) and 0.555 +/- 0.033 (10) and gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase: 0.073 +/- 0.002 (12) and 0.070 +/- 0.002 (10). 4. gamma-Glutamyl-cysteine synthetase was markedly inhibited by physiological GSH concentrations. No evidence was found for the presence of an inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis (other than GSH) in low GSH erythrocytes from Finnish Landrace sheep. 5. Although for the Merinos the low GSH trait can be explained in terms of a diminished activity of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase, no such explanation is tenable for the Finnish Landrace sheep.", "contents": "GSH biosynthesis in glutathione deficient erythrocytes from Finnish landrace and Tasmanian merino sheep. 1. The maximum activities of the enzymes for the biosynthesis of GSH (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase and GSH synthetase) have been assayed in high GSH and low GSH erythrocytes from Tasmanian Merino and Finnish Landrace sheep. 2. For the Merinos, the activities (mumol product/g haemoglobin per min +/- S.E.M. (n)) in the high and low GSH erythrocytes respectively were: gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase: 0.776 +/- 0.065 (11) and 0.375 +/- 0.063 (13); and GSH synthetase: 0.069 +/- 0.003 (11) and 0.066 +/- 0.002 (13). 3. For the Finnish Landrace sheep the activities in the high and low GSH erythrocytes respectively were: gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase: 0.595 +/- 0.063 (12) and 0.555 +/- 0.033 (10) and gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase: 0.073 +/- 0.002 (12) and 0.070 +/- 0.002 (10). 4. gamma-Glutamyl-cysteine synthetase was markedly inhibited by physiological GSH concentrations. No evidence was found for the presence of an inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis (other than GSH) in low GSH erythrocytes from Finnish Landrace sheep. 5. Although for the Merinos the low GSH trait can be explained in terms of a diminished activity of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase, no such explanation is tenable for the Finnish Landrace sheep.", "PMID": 1174555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4699", "title": "In vitro lipolytic effect of bovine pituitary diabetogenic protein.", "content": "Bovine diabetogenic protein has been further purified by gel filtration yielding a fraction (Mr 25 000--28 000) having increased diabetogenic and in vitro lipolytic activity. Using rat epididymal fat pads, this fraction was shown to be lipolytic at concentrations as low as 1--10 mug/ml. The in vitro lipolytic effect was unaffected by the nutritional state of the animals, was not potentiated by dexamethasone, could be demonstrated in the presence and absence of glucose and was not mediated by alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. A lag phase of greater than 1 h was observed before diabetogenic protein induced lipolysis occurred, suggesting that protein synthesis might be involved. Cycloheximide (10 mug/ml), added initially, prevented the diabetogenic protein-induced lipolysis. This direct effect of the purified protein on adipose tissue helps explain the elevation of free fatty acids seen when bovine diabetogenic hormone is administered in vivo and suggests that this anterior pituitary protein may be a new lipid-mobilizing hormone.", "contents": "In vitro lipolytic effect of bovine pituitary diabetogenic protein. Bovine diabetogenic protein has been further purified by gel filtration yielding a fraction (Mr 25 000--28 000) having increased diabetogenic and in vitro lipolytic activity. Using rat epididymal fat pads, this fraction was shown to be lipolytic at concentrations as low as 1--10 mug/ml. The in vitro lipolytic effect was unaffected by the nutritional state of the animals, was not potentiated by dexamethasone, could be demonstrated in the presence and absence of glucose and was not mediated by alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. A lag phase of greater than 1 h was observed before diabetogenic protein induced lipolysis occurred, suggesting that protein synthesis might be involved. Cycloheximide (10 mug/ml), added initially, prevented the diabetogenic protein-induced lipolysis. This direct effect of the purified protein on adipose tissue helps explain the elevation of free fatty acids seen when bovine diabetogenic hormone is administered in vivo and suggests that this anterior pituitary protein may be a new lipid-mobilizing hormone.", "PMID": 1174557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4700", "title": "Lactate formation by rat small intestine in vitro.", "content": "The formation of lactic acid by mucosal slices, rings and muscle from rat jejunum has been studied for periods of up to 8 min. Lactate output by mucosal slices incubated in the absence of glucose was characterised by two phases: a rapid, initial phase of release lasting about 1 min, followed by a much slower phase extending over the remainder of the incubation period. Glucose addition at 30 s initiated a second rapid phase of lactate release into the medium which was again followed by a slower rate of lactate output up to 8 min. The time course of lactate output suggested that there was a negative Pasteur effect in mucosal slices, which could not be reversed by the addition of ADP or glucose 6-phosphate. By contrast, the rate of lactate formation by rings and muscle from rat jejunum increased steadily over the incubation period, indicating a positive Pasteur effect. When Na+ in the incubating medium were replaced by K+, lactate formation by mucosal slices and rings was considerably reduced. Measurements of tissue lactate content before and during incubation revealed that about three-quarters of the lactate released by mucosal slices during the first 30 s of incubation was present initially in the tissue. After the first 30 s the tissue lactate remained constant both in the presence and absence of glucose so that the lactate released into the incubation medium is equivalent to the lactate formed by the slices. The role of the various tissue components of the small intestine in lactate formation is discussed in relation to sites of glucose entry.", "contents": "Lactate formation by rat small intestine in vitro. The formation of lactic acid by mucosal slices, rings and muscle from rat jejunum has been studied for periods of up to 8 min. Lactate output by mucosal slices incubated in the absence of glucose was characterised by two phases: a rapid, initial phase of release lasting about 1 min, followed by a much slower phase extending over the remainder of the incubation period. Glucose addition at 30 s initiated a second rapid phase of lactate release into the medium which was again followed by a slower rate of lactate output up to 8 min. The time course of lactate output suggested that there was a negative Pasteur effect in mucosal slices, which could not be reversed by the addition of ADP or glucose 6-phosphate. By contrast, the rate of lactate formation by rings and muscle from rat jejunum increased steadily over the incubation period, indicating a positive Pasteur effect. When Na+ in the incubating medium were replaced by K+, lactate formation by mucosal slices and rings was considerably reduced. Measurements of tissue lactate content before and during incubation revealed that about three-quarters of the lactate released by mucosal slices during the first 30 s of incubation was present initially in the tissue. After the first 30 s the tissue lactate remained constant both in the presence and absence of glucose so that the lactate released into the incubation medium is equivalent to the lactate formed by the slices. The role of the various tissue components of the small intestine in lactate formation is discussed in relation to sites of glucose entry.", "PMID": 1174558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4701", "title": "Subcellular and anatomical distribution in rat brain of glycoproteins that contain mannose-rich heteropolysaccharide chains.", "content": "Mannose-rich glycopeptides derived from brain glycoproteins were obtained by proteolysis of bovine brain tissue or subcellular fractions derived from rat brain tissue. The dialyzable mannose-rich glycopeptides were isolated by column electrophoresis and gel filtration. Theses glycopeptides contained, on the average, six mannose and two N-acetylglucosamine residues with variable amounts of fucose and galactose. Over 50% of the mannose-rich glycopeptides of rat brain were localized in the microsomal and synaptosomal fractions; myelin and the soluble fraction contained lesser amounts. None was recovered from the mitochondria. The amount, per mg protein, of mannose-rich oligosaccharide chains in the myelin exceeded the concentration found in the microsomal and synaptosomal fractions. The concentration of mannose-rich glycopeptides derived from glycoproteins was 50% higher in white matter than in gray. On the other hand, the non-dialyzable and acidic sialoglycopeptides showed a three-fold enrichment in gray matter compared to white. The relatively lower ratio of sialoglycopeptides to mannose-rich glycopeptides observed in white matter (2.5) compared to gray matter (6.9) is reflected in the lower value for the ratio in myelin (1.1) compared to synaptosomes (2.1). Although glycoproteins that contain mannose-rich oligosaccharide chains are present in the nerve cell and its terminals, these glycoproteins appear to be relatively enriched in myelin and/or glial membranes.", "contents": "Subcellular and anatomical distribution in rat brain of glycoproteins that contain mannose-rich heteropolysaccharide chains. Mannose-rich glycopeptides derived from brain glycoproteins were obtained by proteolysis of bovine brain tissue or subcellular fractions derived from rat brain tissue. The dialyzable mannose-rich glycopeptides were isolated by column electrophoresis and gel filtration. Theses glycopeptides contained, on the average, six mannose and two N-acetylglucosamine residues with variable amounts of fucose and galactose. Over 50% of the mannose-rich glycopeptides of rat brain were localized in the microsomal and synaptosomal fractions; myelin and the soluble fraction contained lesser amounts. None was recovered from the mitochondria. The amount, per mg protein, of mannose-rich oligosaccharide chains in the myelin exceeded the concentration found in the microsomal and synaptosomal fractions. The concentration of mannose-rich glycopeptides derived from glycoproteins was 50% higher in white matter than in gray. On the other hand, the non-dialyzable and acidic sialoglycopeptides showed a three-fold enrichment in gray matter compared to white. The relatively lower ratio of sialoglycopeptides to mannose-rich glycopeptides observed in white matter (2.5) compared to gray matter (6.9) is reflected in the lower value for the ratio in myelin (1.1) compared to synaptosomes (2.1). Although glycoproteins that contain mannose-rich oligosaccharide chains are present in the nerve cell and its terminals, these glycoproteins appear to be relatively enriched in myelin and/or glial membranes.", "PMID": 1174559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4702", "title": "Studies on the structure and properties of the lectins from Abrus precatorius and Ricinus communis.", "content": "The amino acid composition of the isolated A- and B-chains of the toxic lectins abrin and ricin was determined and compared. Even though the two toxins originate from widely different plants, statistical analysis of the amino acid content indicates extensive homologies in the amino acid sequence of the 4 chains. The intact lectins contain no free SH-groups whereas the isolated A- and B-chains contain close to one free SH-group each. The results indicate that in both toxins the A- and B-chains are connected by a single S-S bond. The B-chains of abrin and ricin contain similar amounts of mannose and glucosamine. The A-chain of ricin also contains some carbohydrate, whereas the A-chain of abrin appears not to be a glycoprotein. The non-toxic abrus and ricinus agglutinins contain more carbohydrate than abrin and ricin. The isoelectric points of the different lectin preparations were measured by isoelectrofocusing. The intact lectins are much more resistant to heat, freezing and chemical treatments than the isolated A- and B-chains. The intact lectins are also very resistant to treatment with proteolytic enzymes, whereas the isolated chains are easily digested. Evidence indicating that the toxins and their chains undergo extensive conformational changes upon reduction of the S-S bond is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the structure and properties of the lectins from Abrus precatorius and Ricinus communis. The amino acid composition of the isolated A- and B-chains of the toxic lectins abrin and ricin was determined and compared. Even though the two toxins originate from widely different plants, statistical analysis of the amino acid content indicates extensive homologies in the amino acid sequence of the 4 chains. The intact lectins contain no free SH-groups whereas the isolated A- and B-chains contain close to one free SH-group each. The results indicate that in both toxins the A- and B-chains are connected by a single S-S bond. The B-chains of abrin and ricin contain similar amounts of mannose and glucosamine. The A-chain of ricin also contains some carbohydrate, whereas the A-chain of abrin appears not to be a glycoprotein. The non-toxic abrus and ricinus agglutinins contain more carbohydrate than abrin and ricin. The isoelectric points of the different lectin preparations were measured by isoelectrofocusing. The intact lectins are much more resistant to heat, freezing and chemical treatments than the isolated A- and B-chains. The intact lectins are also very resistant to treatment with proteolytic enzymes, whereas the isolated chains are easily digested. Evidence indicating that the toxins and their chains undergo extensive conformational changes upon reduction of the S-S bond is discussed.", "PMID": 1174560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4703", "title": "The structure and properties of 27S and larger iodoproteins in the thyroid gland.", "content": "Iodoproteins larger than 19S were isolated from hog and calf thyroid glands using gel filtration on Sepharose 6B and one or two centrifugations in glycerol density gradients. Purified protein fractions were analysed in the analytical ultracentrifuge and characterized by the combined use of electrophoresis in continuous polyacrylamide gel gradients and electron microscopy. Three bands migrating more slowly than 19S could be identified in the polyacrylamide gels. Electron microscopy of the fastest of these species, having a sedimentation constant of 27S, showed pairs of 19S thyroglobulin molecules which had the same size and the same ovoid shape as normal, well-iodinated thyroglobulin molecules. The ovoids were randomly attached side to side, end to end. The more slowly migrating proteins were shown to consist of similar aggregates of three, four or more randomly attached molecules. Iodine and sialic acid determinations in 27S and 19S separated from the same pool of well iodinated protein showed no difference in iodine content but a larger amount of sialic acid in 27S than in 19S.", "contents": "The structure and properties of 27S and larger iodoproteins in the thyroid gland. Iodoproteins larger than 19S were isolated from hog and calf thyroid glands using gel filtration on Sepharose 6B and one or two centrifugations in glycerol density gradients. Purified protein fractions were analysed in the analytical ultracentrifuge and characterized by the combined use of electrophoresis in continuous polyacrylamide gel gradients and electron microscopy. Three bands migrating more slowly than 19S could be identified in the polyacrylamide gels. Electron microscopy of the fastest of these species, having a sedimentation constant of 27S, showed pairs of 19S thyroglobulin molecules which had the same size and the same ovoid shape as normal, well-iodinated thyroglobulin molecules. The ovoids were randomly attached side to side, end to end. The more slowly migrating proteins were shown to consist of similar aggregates of three, four or more randomly attached molecules. Iodine and sialic acid determinations in 27S and 19S separated from the same pool of well iodinated protein showed no difference in iodine content but a larger amount of sialic acid in 27S than in 19S.", "PMID": 1174561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4704", "title": "4,4'-Dinitrodiphenyldisulfides of different charge type as probes for the electrostatic environment of sulfhydryl groups.", "content": "5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitro-N-trimethylbenzyl ammonium iodide) (I) and 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitro-N-2'-hydroxyethyl benzamide) (II) were synthesized as positively charged and neutral analogs of Ellman's reagent (5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (III). Their reaction rates with a variety of thiols with different charge showed that sulfhydryl groups with no charge react about 25 times more rapidly with I than with III. A positive charge removed three single bonds from the sulfhydryl group decreases this ratio to about 3.5 to 1 while a negative charge within three single bonds increases it to 120 to 1. The reactivity of II was much higher than that of III but smaller than that of I. Comparison of the rates at 15 and 25 degrees C gave activation enthalpies (10.6-17.4 kcal/mol) that did not depend in a clear-cut way on the charge of the reacting species. Measurements at different salt concentrations showed an enhancement of the differences between I, II, and III at low ionic strength and a leveling effect of added salt.", "contents": "4,4'-Dinitrodiphenyldisulfides of different charge type as probes for the electrostatic environment of sulfhydryl groups. 5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitro-N-trimethylbenzyl ammonium iodide) (I) and 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitro-N-2'-hydroxyethyl benzamide) (II) were synthesized as positively charged and neutral analogs of Ellman's reagent (5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (III). Their reaction rates with a variety of thiols with different charge showed that sulfhydryl groups with no charge react about 25 times more rapidly with I than with III. A positive charge removed three single bonds from the sulfhydryl group decreases this ratio to about 3.5 to 1 while a negative charge within three single bonds increases it to 120 to 1. The reactivity of II was much higher than that of III but smaller than that of I. Comparison of the rates at 15 and 25 degrees C gave activation enthalpies (10.6-17.4 kcal/mol) that did not depend in a clear-cut way on the charge of the reacting species. Measurements at different salt concentrations showed an enhancement of the differences between I, II, and III at low ionic strength and a leveling effect of added salt.", "PMID": 1174562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4705", "title": "A new haemoglobin variant: haemoglobin Anantharaj alpha 11 (A9) lysine replaced by glutamic acid.", "content": "Four heterozygotes for a fast alpha-chain variant in a Thai family were detected on starch gel electrophoresis during a survey study on iron deficiency anaemia in a rural area not far from Bangkok. They were healthy and had normal haematological profiles except for the presence of around 44% abnormal pigment, quantitated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The structural characterization of the variant by globin chain separation, peptide mapping, and amino acid analyses of the abnormal peptides indicated that lysine residue 11 (A9) of alpha-chain was replaced by glutamic acid. This mutation has not been previously described and it is proposed that it be called Haemoglobin Anantharaj.", "contents": "A new haemoglobin variant: haemoglobin Anantharaj alpha 11 (A9) lysine replaced by glutamic acid. Four heterozygotes for a fast alpha-chain variant in a Thai family were detected on starch gel electrophoresis during a survey study on iron deficiency anaemia in a rural area not far from Bangkok. They were healthy and had normal haematological profiles except for the presence of around 44% abnormal pigment, quantitated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The structural characterization of the variant by globin chain separation, peptide mapping, and amino acid analyses of the abnormal peptides indicated that lysine residue 11 (A9) of alpha-chain was replaced by glutamic acid. This mutation has not been previously described and it is proposed that it be called Haemoglobin Anantharaj.", "PMID": 1174563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4706", "title": "Nuclear DNA codes for Nicotiana ferredoxin.", "content": "Ferredoxin was purified from 10 species of Nicotiana and spinach leaves. Fingerprints showed all to contain five major tryptic peptides. Some of the spinach peptides were different in RF and mobility from the Nicotiana peptides, but none of the Nicotiana ferredoxins had peptides which could distinguish one species of ferredoxin from another. Electrofocusing S-carbaminomethylcysteinyl ferredoxins showed spinach ferredoxin to have a more acidic and N. glutinosa ferredoxin a slightly more acidic isoelectric point than the other 9 Nicotiana species which were alike. Electro-focusing ferredoxin from the hybrid N. glutinosa female times N. glauca male resolved two bands or isozymes of ferredoxin, one corresponding to N. glutinosa, the other to N. glauca, the code for the latter having come from the DNA in the N. glauca pollen used to form the hybrid plant. N. glutinosa ferredoxin does not contain methionine and is different from N. tabacum and N. glauca ferredoxins which contain methionine. The N. glutinosa female times N. glauca male ferredoxin contained one-half the methionine found in N. glauca ferredoxin, thus confirming that some of the genetic information for ferredoxin in the hybrid was originally contained in the nuclear DNA of N. glauca.", "contents": "Nuclear DNA codes for Nicotiana ferredoxin. Ferredoxin was purified from 10 species of Nicotiana and spinach leaves. Fingerprints showed all to contain five major tryptic peptides. Some of the spinach peptides were different in RF and mobility from the Nicotiana peptides, but none of the Nicotiana ferredoxins had peptides which could distinguish one species of ferredoxin from another. Electrofocusing S-carbaminomethylcysteinyl ferredoxins showed spinach ferredoxin to have a more acidic and N. glutinosa ferredoxin a slightly more acidic isoelectric point than the other 9 Nicotiana species which were alike. Electro-focusing ferredoxin from the hybrid N. glutinosa female times N. glauca male resolved two bands or isozymes of ferredoxin, one corresponding to N. glutinosa, the other to N. glauca, the code for the latter having come from the DNA in the N. glauca pollen used to form the hybrid plant. N. glutinosa ferredoxin does not contain methionine and is different from N. tabacum and N. glauca ferredoxins which contain methionine. The N. glutinosa female times N. glauca male ferredoxin contained one-half the methionine found in N. glauca ferredoxin, thus confirming that some of the genetic information for ferredoxin in the hybrid was originally contained in the nuclear DNA of N. glauca.", "PMID": 1174564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4707", "title": "Enolase isoenzymes. II. Hybridization studies, developmental and phylogenetic aspects.", "content": "1. Hybridization studies have been carried out in vitro using mixtures of partially purified isoenzymes 1 and 3 of rat enolase (2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolyase, EC 4.1.1.11). Immunological methods were used to demonstrate the formation of the hybrid. 2. Immunological analysis of the elution peaks from QAE-Sephadex chromatography of heart enolase indicates the occurrence in vivo of the hybrid enolase 2. 3. Developmental changes in the proportions of isoenzymes 1, 2 and 3 in heart and skeletal muscle of rat have been studied quantitatively. In both tissues isoenzyme 1 predominates in the foetus, but is partially replaced by 2 and 3 in adult heart and completely by 3 in the adult muscle. 4. Evidence is given of the binomial distribution of the proportions of the three isoenzymes in the developing heart. 5. Phylogenetic studies of the immunological properties of enolases from muscle, liver and heart have been carried out. 6. It is concluded that the three isoenzymes arise from two independent genetic loci and it is suggested that these evolved from a common ancestral gene 200-300 million years ago.", "contents": "Enolase isoenzymes. II. Hybridization studies, developmental and phylogenetic aspects. 1. Hybridization studies have been carried out in vitro using mixtures of partially purified isoenzymes 1 and 3 of rat enolase (2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolyase, EC 4.1.1.11). Immunological methods were used to demonstrate the formation of the hybrid. 2. Immunological analysis of the elution peaks from QAE-Sephadex chromatography of heart enolase indicates the occurrence in vivo of the hybrid enolase 2. 3. Developmental changes in the proportions of isoenzymes 1, 2 and 3 in heart and skeletal muscle of rat have been studied quantitatively. In both tissues isoenzyme 1 predominates in the foetus, but is partially replaced by 2 and 3 in adult heart and completely by 3 in the adult muscle. 4. Evidence is given of the binomial distribution of the proportions of the three isoenzymes in the developing heart. 5. Phylogenetic studies of the immunological properties of enolases from muscle, liver and heart have been carried out. 6. It is concluded that the three isoenzymes arise from two independent genetic loci and it is suggested that these evolved from a common ancestral gene 200-300 million years ago.", "PMID": 1174565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4708", "title": "Properties of nerve growth factor from the venom of Bothrops atrox.", "content": "A glycoprotein fraction islated in poor yield (approx. 0.04%) from the venom of Bothrops atrox contained nerve growth factor. The material had biological activity, stability, the property of anomalous adsorption onto surfaces, apparent molecular weight and sub-unit structure that were similar to those for nerve growth factor that had been previously purified from the venom of Vipera russelli. Antiserum raised against nerve growth factor from Vipera russelli showed definite cross-reactivity with either the material from Bothrops atrox or a nerve growth factor-containing fraction from the venom of Ancistrodon piscivorus piscivorus, while antiserum against nerve growth factor from mouse had little effect on any of these preparations.", "contents": "Properties of nerve growth factor from the venom of Bothrops atrox. A glycoprotein fraction islated in poor yield (approx. 0.04%) from the venom of Bothrops atrox contained nerve growth factor. The material had biological activity, stability, the property of anomalous adsorption onto surfaces, apparent molecular weight and sub-unit structure that were similar to those for nerve growth factor that had been previously purified from the venom of Vipera russelli. Antiserum raised against nerve growth factor from Vipera russelli showed definite cross-reactivity with either the material from Bothrops atrox or a nerve growth factor-containing fraction from the venom of Ancistrodon piscivorus piscivorus, while antiserum against nerve growth factor from mouse had little effect on any of these preparations.", "PMID": 1174566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4709", "title": "The predicted structure of the calcium-binding component of troponin.", "content": "The structure prediction of the calcium binding component of troponin (TN-C) incorporates the following assumptions: (1) TN-C contains four regions homologous to the calcium binding \"EF hand\" of parvalbumin. (2) The four EF hands are arranged in two pairs with overall symmetry, 222. (3) The regions of the calcium binding component of troponin which are not in the four EF hands connect the hands within each pair, one to two and three to four, and connect the pairs, region two to region three. In the resulting model there is a well-defined hydrophobic core made from side chains of all eight helical regions and of the four calcium binding loops. The Ca2+ within pairs are separated by 11 A; while the pairs of Ca2+ are separated from one another by over 30 A. Cys-98 and Tyr-109 are suggested to be sensitive spectroscopic probes. Calcium(1) is suggested to be solvent accessible and most readily replaced by a lanthanide. Because of the overall symmetry of the calcium binding component of troponin, one can anticipate that the inhibitory- and the tropomyosin binding components of troponin are similar to one another.", "contents": "The predicted structure of the calcium-binding component of troponin. The structure prediction of the calcium binding component of troponin (TN-C) incorporates the following assumptions: (1) TN-C contains four regions homologous to the calcium binding \"EF hand\" of parvalbumin. (2) The four EF hands are arranged in two pairs with overall symmetry, 222. (3) The regions of the calcium binding component of troponin which are not in the four EF hands connect the hands within each pair, one to two and three to four, and connect the pairs, region two to region three. In the resulting model there is a well-defined hydrophobic core made from side chains of all eight helical regions and of the four calcium binding loops. The Ca2+ within pairs are separated by 11 A; while the pairs of Ca2+ are separated from one another by over 30 A. Cys-98 and Tyr-109 are suggested to be sensitive spectroscopic probes. Calcium(1) is suggested to be solvent accessible and most readily replaced by a lanthanide. Because of the overall symmetry of the calcium binding component of troponin, one can anticipate that the inhibitory- and the tropomyosin binding components of troponin are similar to one another.", "PMID": 1174567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4710", "title": "Precipitation and carbohydrate-binding specificity studies on wheat germ agglutinin.", "content": "The ability of wheat germ agglutinin to form precipitates with a series of synthetic carbohydrate-protein conjugates and with carcinoembryonic antigen and its Smith degradation products was investigated. The precipitation reaction between wheat germ agglutinin and  p-azophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside-bovine serum albumin was selected to examine the capacity of a  large number of sugar haptens to inhibit this system. Our results indicate that the wheat germ agglutinin binding site is complementary to a sequence of three beta-(1 leads to 4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units (N,N'N\"-triacetyl chitotriose). The internal carbohydrate portion of carcinoembryonic antigen probably contains two such units and wheat germ agglutinin precipitates with untreated as well as sequentially Smith degraded carcinoembryonic antigen. Compared with other reports certain discrepancies in the relative binding affinities of per N-acetylated chitodextrins and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine were found. These differences are discussed in terms of the methods used and the proposed subsite hypothesis of Allen, A.K., Neuberger, A. and Sharon, N. (1973) Biochem. J. 131, 155-162.", "contents": "Precipitation and carbohydrate-binding specificity studies on wheat germ agglutinin. The ability of wheat germ agglutinin to form precipitates with a series of synthetic carbohydrate-protein conjugates and with carcinoembryonic antigen and its Smith degradation products was investigated. The precipitation reaction between wheat germ agglutinin and  p-azophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside-bovine serum albumin was selected to examine the capacity of a  large number of sugar haptens to inhibit this system. Our results indicate that the wheat germ agglutinin binding site is complementary to a sequence of three beta-(1 leads to 4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units (N,N'N\"-triacetyl chitotriose). The internal carbohydrate portion of carcinoembryonic antigen probably contains two such units and wheat germ agglutinin precipitates with untreated as well as sequentially Smith degraded carcinoembryonic antigen. Compared with other reports certain discrepancies in the relative binding affinities of per N-acetylated chitodextrins and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine were found. These differences are discussed in terms of the methods used and the proposed subsite hypothesis of Allen, A.K., Neuberger, A. and Sharon, N. (1973) Biochem. J. 131, 155-162.", "PMID": 1174568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4711", "title": "Ntau-methylhistidine content of mixed proteins in various rat tissues.", "content": "In order to use Ntau-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine) excretion in the urine as a measure of muscle protein breakdown, it is necessary to demonstrate that other tissues are not important sources of this protein constituent. Accordingly, the concentration of Ntau-methylhistidine in blood serum and in the mixed proteins of heart, brain, lung, kidney, diaphragm, spleen, testis, stomach, liver and hind leg skeletal muscle was measured in male rats of approx. 400 g body weight. The free Ntau-methylhistidine concentration of rat serum was less than 2 nmol per ml. In contrast, measurable amounts of Ntau-methylhistidine were found in the mixed proteins of all tissues and organs examined. The highest concentration was found in skeletal muscle (658 nmol/g tissue). Assuming muscle mass to be 45% of body weight, it has been estimated that the muscle contains more than ten times the total amount of this amino acid present in all of the other organs analyzed, which together account for about 20% of total body weight. These findings indicate that skeletal muscle is likely to be the major source of urinary Ntau-methylhistidine and the latter is, in consequence, a reflection of myofibrillar protein breakdown in skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Ntau-methylhistidine content of mixed proteins in various rat tissues. In order to use Ntau-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine) excretion in the urine as a measure of muscle protein breakdown, it is necessary to demonstrate that other tissues are not important sources of this protein constituent. Accordingly, the concentration of Ntau-methylhistidine in blood serum and in the mixed proteins of heart, brain, lung, kidney, diaphragm, spleen, testis, stomach, liver and hind leg skeletal muscle was measured in male rats of approx. 400 g body weight. The free Ntau-methylhistidine concentration of rat serum was less than 2 nmol per ml. In contrast, measurable amounts of Ntau-methylhistidine were found in the mixed proteins of all tissues and organs examined. The highest concentration was found in skeletal muscle (658 nmol/g tissue). Assuming muscle mass to be 45% of body weight, it has been estimated that the muscle contains more than ten times the total amount of this amino acid present in all of the other organs analyzed, which together account for about 20% of total body weight. These findings indicate that skeletal muscle is likely to be the major source of urinary Ntau-methylhistidine and the latter is, in consequence, a reflection of myofibrillar protein breakdown in skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 1174569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4712", "title": "Purification of the phytohemagglutinin family of proteins from red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Half-gram quantities of phytohemagglutinin lectins are purified from saline extracts of red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) by affinity absorption on porcine thyroglobulin-Sepharose. All of the mitogenic and erythroagglutinin activity of the saline extract is removed by this absorbent, and 74% of the original erythroagglutinating activity elutes from the affinity absorbent representing a 25-fold purification. Five distinct proteins appear in the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the affinity absorbent eluate. Although all five proteins specifically bind to porcine thyroglobulin, the cathodal migrating proteins bind more strongly than the anodal migrating proteins. The most cathodal proteins are potent erythroagglutinins. This simple, efficient method is used to prepare all the active components of the phytohemagglutinin family in large yield and high purity.", "contents": "Purification of the phytohemagglutinin family of proteins from red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) by affinity chromatography. Half-gram quantities of phytohemagglutinin lectins are purified from saline extracts of red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) by affinity absorption on porcine thyroglobulin-Sepharose. All of the mitogenic and erythroagglutinin activity of the saline extract is removed by this absorbent, and 74% of the original erythroagglutinating activity elutes from the affinity absorbent representing a 25-fold purification. Five distinct proteins appear in the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the affinity absorbent eluate. Although all five proteins specifically bind to porcine thyroglobulin, the cathodal migrating proteins bind more strongly than the anodal migrating proteins. The most cathodal proteins are potent erythroagglutinins. This simple, efficient method is used to prepare all the active components of the phytohemagglutinin family in large yield and high purity.", "PMID": 1174570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4713", "title": "Isolation and purification of calcium-binding protein from electroplax of Electrophorus electricus.", "content": "An acidic calcium-binding phosphoprotein has been isolated from a cholinergic tissue, electroplax from Electrophorus electricus. The purification procedures included (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, boiling treatment, ECTEOLA-cellulose chromatography, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Experiments were performed to compare this protein and a calcium-binding protein isolated from mammalian brain, adrenal medulla, and testis. These experiments showed that the two proteins were identical in terms of molecular weight (14 000), calcium-binding dissociation constant (kd=2.1-10(-5) M), electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.7 in 15% polyacrylamide gels, and phosphorus content (1 mol phosphorus per mol protein). In addition, the two proteins had similar amino acid compositions and peptide maps. Although the electroplax protein was not present in eel skeletal muscle, preliminary experiments indicated that small amounts of the protein were present in other eel tissues, namely brain, liver and spleen. These results suggest an identity between the electroplax and mammalian calcium-binding proteins and extend the findind of comparatively large amounts of the protein from mammalian nervous tissue to a cholinergic nervous tissue, electroplax. The close similarity of the proteins suggests a conservation of structure during evolution which may be required to fulfill a role in neuronal function.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of calcium-binding protein from electroplax of Electrophorus electricus. An acidic calcium-binding phosphoprotein has been isolated from a cholinergic tissue, electroplax from Electrophorus electricus. The purification procedures included (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, boiling treatment, ECTEOLA-cellulose chromatography, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Experiments were performed to compare this protein and a calcium-binding protein isolated from mammalian brain, adrenal medulla, and testis. These experiments showed that the two proteins were identical in terms of molecular weight (14 000), calcium-binding dissociation constant (kd=2.1-10(-5) M), electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.7 in 15% polyacrylamide gels, and phosphorus content (1 mol phosphorus per mol protein). In addition, the two proteins had similar amino acid compositions and peptide maps. Although the electroplax protein was not present in eel skeletal muscle, preliminary experiments indicated that small amounts of the protein were present in other eel tissues, namely brain, liver and spleen. These results suggest an identity between the electroplax and mammalian calcium-binding proteins and extend the findind of comparatively large amounts of the protein from mammalian nervous tissue to a cholinergic nervous tissue, electroplax. The close similarity of the proteins suggests a conservation of structure during evolution which may be required to fulfill a role in neuronal function.", "PMID": 1174571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4714", "title": "Roles of sodium and potassium ions on p-aminohippurate transport in rabbit kidney slices.", "content": "This investigation was principally undertaken to test the ionic gradient hypothesis as applied to active p-aminohippurate uptake in the rabbit kidney cortical slice preparation. Efflux of p-aminohippurate from the slice was shown to be independent of external Na+ concentration. Transferring slices from a low sodium preincubation to a high sodium incubation medium containing p-aminohippurate increased intracellular concentrations of both Na+ and K+, and p-aminohippurate accumulation occurred. Transferring slices from a low sodium preincubation to a high sodium incubation medium containing ouabain and p-aminohippurate resulted in a net increase in intracellular Na+ concentration but no p-aminohippurate accumulation occurred. Different combinations of preincubation and incubation media gave a high to low array of intracellular Na+ concentrations and these directly reflected their respective p-aminohippurate uptake. These results suggest that the Na+ gradient hypothesis does not adequately explain the transport of organic acids in rabbit kidney. These results also suggest that Na+ possibly has an intracellular role through its stimulation of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase channeled to energizing the p-aminohippurate accumulative mechanism.", "contents": "Roles of sodium and potassium ions on p-aminohippurate transport in rabbit kidney slices. This investigation was principally undertaken to test the ionic gradient hypothesis as applied to active p-aminohippurate uptake in the rabbit kidney cortical slice preparation. Efflux of p-aminohippurate from the slice was shown to be independent of external Na+ concentration. Transferring slices from a low sodium preincubation to a high sodium incubation medium containing p-aminohippurate increased intracellular concentrations of both Na+ and K+, and p-aminohippurate accumulation occurred. Transferring slices from a low sodium preincubation to a high sodium incubation medium containing ouabain and p-aminohippurate resulted in a net increase in intracellular Na+ concentration but no p-aminohippurate accumulation occurred. Different combinations of preincubation and incubation media gave a high to low array of intracellular Na+ concentrations and these directly reflected their respective p-aminohippurate uptake. These results suggest that the Na+ gradient hypothesis does not adequately explain the transport of organic acids in rabbit kidney. These results also suggest that Na+ possibly has an intracellular role through its stimulation of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase channeled to energizing the p-aminohippurate accumulative mechanism.", "PMID": 1174572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4715", "title": "Mobility of water bound to biological membranes. A proton NMR relaxation study.", "content": "Water proton nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation measurements have been obtained for aqueous suspensions of red cell membranes. These data support a model in which water molecules are exchanging rapidly between a bound phase with restricted motions and a free phase with dynamic properties similar to liquid water. From this model and these data, estimates are obtained for the relaxation time for bound phase water. Possible relaxation mechanisms for bound phase water are discussed and some support is found for an intermolecular interaction modulated by translational motions characterized by a diffusion constant of 10(-9) cm2/s.", "contents": "Mobility of water bound to biological membranes. A proton NMR relaxation study. Water proton nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation measurements have been obtained for aqueous suspensions of red cell membranes. These data support a model in which water molecules are exchanging rapidly between a bound phase with restricted motions and a free phase with dynamic properties similar to liquid water. From this model and these data, estimates are obtained for the relaxation time for bound phase water. Possible relaxation mechanisms for bound phase water are discussed and some support is found for an intermolecular interaction modulated by translational motions characterized by a diffusion constant of 10(-9) cm2/s.", "PMID": 1174573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4716", "title": "Observations on Levitt's \"new theory of transport\".", "content": "Levitt (1974) (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 373, 115--131) has recently developed a \"New Theory of Transport for Cell Membrane Pores\" based on the supposition that equivalent pores in the red cell membrane are so small that water and small solute molecules such as urea can not pass each other. Levitt's concept is based on the implicit assumption that urea and water are spherical molecules. We have shown, using a scale model, that Levitt's supposition is not in agreement with the actual molecular shapes. Levitt has further asserted that there is a serious methodological error in measurements reported fifteen years ago by Goldstein and Solomon (1960) (J. Gen. Physiol. 44, 1--17). We have shown that the supposed \"methodological error\" lies in the fact that Levitt made his mathematical analysis of the appropriate equations under conditions significantly different from those employed by Goldstein and Solomon. A computer solution of the equations under the actual conditions used shows that Levitt's assertion is not justified.", "contents": "Observations on Levitt's \"new theory of transport\". Levitt (1974) (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 373, 115--131) has recently developed a \"New Theory of Transport for Cell Membrane Pores\" based on the supposition that equivalent pores in the red cell membrane are so small that water and small solute molecules such as urea can not pass each other. Levitt's concept is based on the implicit assumption that urea and water are spherical molecules. We have shown, using a scale model, that Levitt's supposition is not in agreement with the actual molecular shapes. Levitt has further asserted that there is a serious methodological error in measurements reported fifteen years ago by Goldstein and Solomon (1960) (J. Gen. Physiol. 44, 1--17). We have shown that the supposed \"methodological error\" lies in the fact that Levitt made his mathematical analysis of the appropriate equations under conditions significantly different from those employed by Goldstein and Solomon. A computer solution of the equations under the actual conditions used shows that Levitt's assertion is not justified.", "PMID": 1174574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4717", "title": "Anitroxide-sterol derivative potently modifies cholesterol biosynthesis by normal and neoplastic guinea pig lymphocytes.", "content": "Leukemic guinea pig lymphocytes (L2C) synthesise cholesterol in vitro at a forty-fold greater rate than normal cells. Equilibration (18 h) with lecithin or lecithin-cholesterol liposomes, respectively, enhances or suppresses sterol manufacture by normal lymphocytes but does not influence sterol production by L2C cells. In contrast, greater than 5-10(9) molecules/cell of a nitroxide-derivative of androstane, (17 beta-hydroxy-4',4'-dimethylspiro [5 alpha-androstan-3,2'-oxazolidin]-3'-yloxyl), commonly used as a membrane spin-probe, drastically inhibit sterol roduction by both normal and leukemic cells (maximum within 2 H). At less than 5-10(9) molecules/cell, this sterol stimulates cholesterol synthesis. 25-Hydroxycholesterol at low concentrations also stimulates sterol manufacture, whereas high concentrations are also inhibitory in both cell types.", "contents": "Anitroxide-sterol derivative potently modifies cholesterol biosynthesis by normal and neoplastic guinea pig lymphocytes. Leukemic guinea pig lymphocytes (L2C) synthesise cholesterol in vitro at a forty-fold greater rate than normal cells. Equilibration (18 h) with lecithin or lecithin-cholesterol liposomes, respectively, enhances or suppresses sterol manufacture by normal lymphocytes but does not influence sterol production by L2C cells. In contrast, greater than 5-10(9) molecules/cell of a nitroxide-derivative of androstane, (17 beta-hydroxy-4',4'-dimethylspiro [5 alpha-androstan-3,2'-oxazolidin]-3'-yloxyl), commonly used as a membrane spin-probe, drastically inhibit sterol roduction by both normal and leukemic cells (maximum within 2 H). At less than 5-10(9) molecules/cell, this sterol stimulates cholesterol synthesis. 25-Hydroxycholesterol at low concentrations also stimulates sterol manufacture, whereas high concentrations are also inhibitory in both cell types.", "PMID": 1174575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4718", "title": "Relation between various phospholipase actions on human red cell membranes and the interfacial phospholipid pressure in monolayers.", "content": "The action of purified phospholipases on monomolecular films of various interfacial pressures is compared with the action on erythrocyte membranes. The phospholipases which cannot hyorolyse phospholipids of the intact erythrocyte membrane, phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus, phospholipase A2 from pig pancreas and Crotalus adamanteus and phospholipase D from cabbage, can hydrolyse phospholipid monolayers at pressure below 31 dynes/cm only. The phospholipases which can hydrolyse phospholipids of the intact erythrocyte membrane, phospholipase C from Clostridium welchii phospholipase A2 from Naja naja and bee venom and sphingomyelinase from Staphylococcus aureus, can hydrolyse phospholipid monolayers at pressure above 31 dynes/cm. It is concluded that the lipid packing in the outer monolayer of the erythrocyte membrane is comparable with a lateral surface pressure between 31 and 34.8 dynes/cm.", "contents": "Relation between various phospholipase actions on human red cell membranes and the interfacial phospholipid pressure in monolayers. The action of purified phospholipases on monomolecular films of various interfacial pressures is compared with the action on erythrocyte membranes. The phospholipases which cannot hyorolyse phospholipids of the intact erythrocyte membrane, phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus, phospholipase A2 from pig pancreas and Crotalus adamanteus and phospholipase D from cabbage, can hydrolyse phospholipid monolayers at pressure below 31 dynes/cm only. The phospholipases which can hydrolyse phospholipids of the intact erythrocyte membrane, phospholipase C from Clostridium welchii phospholipase A2 from Naja naja and bee venom and sphingomyelinase from Staphylococcus aureus, can hydrolyse phospholipid monolayers at pressure above 31 dynes/cm. It is concluded that the lipid packing in the outer monolayer of the erythrocyte membrane is comparable with a lateral surface pressure between 31 and 34.8 dynes/cm.", "PMID": 1174576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4719", "title": "Chloroplast membrane structure. Intramembranous particles of different sizes make contact in stacked membrane regions.", "content": "The supramolecular architecture of stacked thylakoid membrane regions of class II spinach chloroplasts has been investigated by means of freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Such membranes contain two basic types of intramembranous particles: laarge particles, which are found on the fracture face of the lumenal membrane leaflet (Bs face), and smaller ones which are found on the fracture face of the external leaflet (Cs face). By analyzing thylakoid membranes containing geometrical arrangements of intramembranous particles it is shown (a) that within the plane of each membrane approximately two small particles are associated with each large particle, and (b) that normal thylakoid stacking involves the connection of large particles of one membrane to small particles of the other and vice versa. If the two types of particles are related to Photosystems I and II, as suggested by circumstantial evidence, then our observations provide support for the idea that maximum Photosystem I-photosystem II interaction is obtained by intermembrane subunit interaction in grana stacks. To this end, our results suggest that stacking should enhance the quantum yield at very low light intensities.", "contents": "Chloroplast membrane structure. Intramembranous particles of different sizes make contact in stacked membrane regions. The supramolecular architecture of stacked thylakoid membrane regions of class II spinach chloroplasts has been investigated by means of freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Such membranes contain two basic types of intramembranous particles: laarge particles, which are found on the fracture face of the lumenal membrane leaflet (Bs face), and smaller ones which are found on the fracture face of the external leaflet (Cs face). By analyzing thylakoid membranes containing geometrical arrangements of intramembranous particles it is shown (a) that within the plane of each membrane approximately two small particles are associated with each large particle, and (b) that normal thylakoid stacking involves the connection of large particles of one membrane to small particles of the other and vice versa. If the two types of particles are related to Photosystems I and II, as suggested by circumstantial evidence, then our observations provide support for the idea that maximum Photosystem I-photosystem II interaction is obtained by intermembrane subunit interaction in grana stacks. To this end, our results suggest that stacking should enhance the quantum yield at very low light intensities.", "PMID": 1174577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4720", "title": "Effect of phototherapy on hepatic excretory function in newborns as measured by bromsulphalein clearance.", "content": "BSP clearance from the plasma was studied during phototherapy in a group of jaundice newborns. This therapy did not have any influence on the plasma dye disappearance c curve. The obtained results are consistent with the hypothesis that this therapy causes the photodegradation of bilirubin, and that the increased excretion of unconjugated bilirubin is not mediated by a generalized enhancement of the hepatic output.", "contents": "Effect of phototherapy on hepatic excretory function in newborns as measured by bromsulphalein clearance. BSP clearance from the plasma was studied during phototherapy in a group of jaundice newborns. This therapy did not have any influence on the plasma dye disappearance c curve. The obtained results are consistent with the hypothesis that this therapy causes the photodegradation of bilirubin, and that the increased excretion of unconjugated bilirubin is not mediated by a generalized enhancement of the hepatic output.", "PMID": 1174594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4721", "title": "Effects of low humidity on small premature infants in servocontrol incubators. I. Decrease in rectal temperature.", "content": "19 small premature infants in servocontrol incubators, whose abdominal skin temperature was 36.0 +/- 0.3 degrees C, were subjected to alternate high- and low-humidity environments. With low humidity, rectal temperature dropped significantly below abdominal skin temperature. Skin was the predominant site of evaporative heat loss. The temperature was lower on naked skin than on an area covered by adhesive tape. Thus, servocontrol with low humidity increases evaporative heat loss and engenders a cycle of events that results in paradoxical body temperature decrease as the incubator temperature increases.", "contents": "Effects of low humidity on small premature infants in servocontrol incubators. I. Decrease in rectal temperature. 19 small premature infants in servocontrol incubators, whose abdominal skin temperature was 36.0 +/- 0.3 degrees C, were subjected to alternate high- and low-humidity environments. With low humidity, rectal temperature dropped significantly below abdominal skin temperature. Skin was the predominant site of evaporative heat loss. The temperature was lower on naked skin than on an area covered by adhesive tape. Thus, servocontrol with low humidity increases evaporative heat loss and engenders a cycle of events that results in paradoxical body temperature decrease as the incubator temperature increases.", "PMID": 1174595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4722", "title": "Effects of low humidity on small premature infants in servocontrol incubators. II. Increased severity of apnea.", "content": "Apneic spells were recorded in 8 of 19 premature infants nursed in high and low humidity alternately in servocontrol incubators. A significantly greater proportion of severe apnea occurred in low than in high humidity. It is postulated that this frequency and severity was due to the increased (as well as  widely fluctuating) ambient temperature during low humidity.", "contents": "Effects of low humidity on small premature infants in servocontrol incubators. II. Increased severity of apnea. Apneic spells were recorded in 8 of 19 premature infants nursed in high and low humidity alternately in servocontrol incubators. A significantly greater proportion of severe apnea occurred in low than in high humidity. It is postulated that this frequency and severity was due to the increased (as well as  widely fluctuating) ambient temperature during low humidity.", "PMID": 1174596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4723", "title": "Spectrographic analysis of pain cry in neonates with cleft palate.", "content": "52 phonations of 13 cleft palate neonates were analyzed by sound spectrographic methods. 17 phonetical attributes were included in the study and the first signal after the pain stimulus was analyzed. The cries of the cleft palate infants were compared with the crying of 75 normal babies of the same age. No change in the fundamental frequency, melody type and duration of the cries was seen in association with these anatomical defects. Two of the characteristics studied, vibrato and the 'tonal pit', occurred significantly more often in cries of the cleft palate infants than in cries of the control series. The changes in the qualities seen in association with cleft palate and/or cleft lip do not mimic the abnormalities produced by brain damage.", "contents": "Spectrographic analysis of pain cry in neonates with cleft palate. 52 phonations of 13 cleft palate neonates were analyzed by sound spectrographic methods. 17 phonetical attributes were included in the study and the first signal after the pain stimulus was analyzed. The cries of the cleft palate infants were compared with the crying of 75 normal babies of the same age. No change in the fundamental frequency, melody type and duration of the cries was seen in association with these anatomical defects. Two of the characteristics studied, vibrato and the 'tonal pit', occurred significantly more often in cries of the cleft palate infants than in cries of the control series. The changes in the qualities seen in association with cleft palate and/or cleft lip do not mimic the abnormalities produced by brain damage.", "PMID": 1174597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4724", "title": "Developmental abnormality of the retina caused by postnatal administration of cytosine arabinoside.", "content": "Suckling mice were injectd with 30 or 50 mg cytosine arabinoside/kg body weight 2, 3 and 4 days after birth. Within 6 h after the first injection, a number of pyknotic nuclei were found at the inner portion of the undifferentiated nuclear layer of the retinas. 24 h after the final injection, the retinas of these mice showed the large cavity resulting from necrosis of undifferentiated cells and the rosettes in the nuclear layer. The retinas of 20-day-old treated mice showed conspicuous abnormalities with many rosettes in the outer nuclear layer, heterotopic cell mass in the inner plexiform layer, and irregular arrangement of the ganglion cells. 240 days later, histological abnormalities in the retinas of the treated mice were considerably improved except for rosettes, which were still numerous but changed into arch-like structures.", "contents": "Developmental abnormality of the retina caused by postnatal administration of cytosine arabinoside. Suckling mice were injectd with 30 or 50 mg cytosine arabinoside/kg body weight 2, 3 and 4 days after birth. Within 6 h after the first injection, a number of pyknotic nuclei were found at the inner portion of the undifferentiated nuclear layer of the retinas. 24 h after the final injection, the retinas of these mice showed the large cavity resulting from necrosis of undifferentiated cells and the rosettes in the nuclear layer. The retinas of 20-day-old treated mice showed conspicuous abnormalities with many rosettes in the outer nuclear layer, heterotopic cell mass in the inner plexiform layer, and irregular arrangement of the ganglion cells. 240 days later, histological abnormalities in the retinas of the treated mice were considerably improved except for rosettes, which were still numerous but changed into arch-like structures.", "PMID": 1174598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4725", "title": "Ultrastructural study of the erythropoietic events in human embryonic livers.", "content": "The ultrastructural features of the erythropoietic events in 5- to 9-week embryonic livers are described. By the 5th week of gestation, the human embryonic liver becomes an active site of erythropoiesis represented by the formation of reticular-mesenchyme cells and hemocytoblasts. At the 6--7th week, the first proerythroblasts and islands of polychromatophilic and orthochromatic erythroblasts can be detected. From this stage, by the 8th week of embryonic development, the liver assumes its function as a fully developed embryonic organ. In the embryonic livers studied there were no signs of granuloor lymphopoiesis. Although megakaryocytes were found in the 8-week embryonic liver, there is no evidence that these cells are produced in the liver. Macrophages were found in the 5-week embryonic liver.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of the erythropoietic events in human embryonic livers. The ultrastructural features of the erythropoietic events in 5- to 9-week embryonic livers are described. By the 5th week of gestation, the human embryonic liver becomes an active site of erythropoiesis represented by the formation of reticular-mesenchyme cells and hemocytoblasts. At the 6--7th week, the first proerythroblasts and islands of polychromatophilic and orthochromatic erythroblasts can be detected. From this stage, by the 8th week of embryonic development, the liver assumes its function as a fully developed embryonic organ. In the embryonic livers studied there were no signs of granuloor lymphopoiesis. Although megakaryocytes were found in the 8-week embryonic liver, there is no evidence that these cells are produced in the liver. Macrophages were found in the 5-week embryonic liver.", "PMID": 1174599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4726", "title": "Serial measurements of plasma half-lives and urinary excretion of antipyrine in low-birth-weight infants.", "content": "Antipyrine has been used previously to estimate total body water in infants. In the present study, antipyrine spaces were determined early on the first day of life and again at the end of the fourth day in 22 early mild-fed low-birth-weight babies as part of a study of serial measurements of water balance. This report deals with findings arising from analysis of disappearance rates of antipyrine in plasma used for the determination of antipyrine space (total body water estimation). Urine excretion of antipyrine was measured from 24-hour urine outputs in 9 of these babies. The data showed that: (1) wide individual variants of plasma antipyrine half-life times occurred on both the first and fourth days of life; (2) plasma half-life times in the low-birth-weight infants were usually much longer than those of adults; (3) half-life times on the first day of life were significantly longer than on the fourth day of life; (4) urine excretion of unchanged antipyrine was a significant factor in the disappearance rate of antipyrine from the body with between 7 and 36% of the dose appearing in the urine (average 21%) within 96 h of the initial injection.", "contents": "Serial measurements of plasma half-lives and urinary excretion of antipyrine in low-birth-weight infants. Antipyrine has been used previously to estimate total body water in infants. In the present study, antipyrine spaces were determined early on the first day of life and again at the end of the fourth day in 22 early mild-fed low-birth-weight babies as part of a study of serial measurements of water balance. This report deals with findings arising from analysis of disappearance rates of antipyrine in plasma used for the determination of antipyrine space (total body water estimation). Urine excretion of antipyrine was measured from 24-hour urine outputs in 9 of these babies. The data showed that: (1) wide individual variants of plasma antipyrine half-life times occurred on both the first and fourth days of life; (2) plasma half-life times in the low-birth-weight infants were usually much longer than those of adults; (3) half-life times on the first day of life were significantly longer than on the fourth day of life; (4) urine excretion of unchanged antipyrine was a significant factor in the disappearance rate of antipyrine from the body with between 7 and 36% of the dose appearing in the urine (average 21%) within 96 h of the initial injection.", "PMID": 1174600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4727", "title": "Umbilical cord plasma estradiol levels in relation to complications of pregnancy and newborn and to cortisol levels.", "content": "The average estradiol concentrations in umbilical cord plasma from newborns which developed respiratory distress with or without hyaline membrane disease (RDS) were lower by 25% than in controls. Complication of pregnancy by maternal diabetes or pruritus has been associated with abnormalities in estrogen concentrations in the mother, but cord plasma estradiol levels in these cases were essentially normal. Because of reports that treatment of the mother before delivery with estrogens or glucocorticoids results in a decreased incidence of RDS in newborns the relationship between endogenous estradiol and cortisol levels in cord plasm was investigated. There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of these steroids in 65 specimens; the cortisol levels associated with two cases of severe RDS were low.", "contents": "Umbilical cord plasma estradiol levels in relation to complications of pregnancy and newborn and to cortisol levels. The average estradiol concentrations in umbilical cord plasma from newborns which developed respiratory distress with or without hyaline membrane disease (RDS) were lower by 25% than in controls. Complication of pregnancy by maternal diabetes or pruritus has been associated with abnormalities in estrogen concentrations in the mother, but cord plasma estradiol levels in these cases were essentially normal. Because of reports that treatment of the mother before delivery with estrogens or glucocorticoids results in a decreased incidence of RDS in newborns the relationship between endogenous estradiol and cortisol levels in cord plasm was investigated. There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of these steroids in 65 specimens; the cortisol levels associated with two cases of severe RDS were low.", "PMID": 1174601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4728", "title": "Correlation of head circumference and crown-rump length in newborn infants. A potential indicator of congenital maldevelopment.", "content": "A study of 305 consecutive neonatal autopsies done by two prosectors showed a high correlation between the head circumference (HC) and crown-rump length (CR). The calculated formula can be stated approximately as HC equals 0.9 CR + 2.5 cm, and the two measurements are for all practical purposes equal in the immediate neonatal period, regardless of race, sex, age and body weight. When the HC was found to be significantly larger than CR, hydrocephalus and certain types of chondrodystrophy were present. When the HC was significantly smaller than CR, there was a higher incidence of congenital heart disease, especially hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and congenital central nervous system disorders other than hydrocephalus. From a practical point of view, a significant difference is a discrepancy of more than 2.5 cm. 102 consecutive living neonates were also similarly studied. It appears that the CR length when carefully measured under standardized condition is more reliable than the crown-heel length.", "contents": "Correlation of head circumference and crown-rump length in newborn infants. A potential indicator of congenital maldevelopment. A study of 305 consecutive neonatal autopsies done by two prosectors showed a high correlation between the head circumference (HC) and crown-rump length (CR). The calculated formula can be stated approximately as HC equals 0.9 CR + 2.5 cm, and the two measurements are for all practical purposes equal in the immediate neonatal period, regardless of race, sex, age and body weight. When the HC was found to be significantly larger than CR, hydrocephalus and certain types of chondrodystrophy were present. When the HC was significantly smaller than CR, there was a higher incidence of congenital heart disease, especially hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and congenital central nervous system disorders other than hydrocephalus. From a practical point of view, a significant difference is a discrepancy of more than 2.5 cm. 102 consecutive living neonates were also similarly studied. It appears that the CR length when carefully measured under standardized condition is more reliable than the crown-heel length.", "PMID": 1174602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4729", "title": "Phagocytic cells in cord blood.", "content": "A suspension of fine carbon particles was added to cord blood of healthy premature and full-term infants, and the mixture was incubated for 3 h, after which the uptake of carbon particles by blood leukocytes was examined. The results were compared with those from the blood of adults. A gradient of phagocytic activity was observed. The most active uptake of carbon was by the leukocytes of premature infants, the least active by leukocytes of adults. In cord blood and blood of adults, phagocytic activity was evident in both monocytes and neutrophils. In addition, two types of what have been termed 'lymphocytoid' phagocytes were seen. These resemble lymphocytes in their morphology. One type possesses basophilic cytoplasm, and has been found only in premature cord blood. The presence of lymphocytoid phagocytes affords a further indication of the differences between the circulating lymphocyte population in the prenatal and perinatal period as compared with the adult.", "contents": "Phagocytic cells in cord blood. A suspension of fine carbon particles was added to cord blood of healthy premature and full-term infants, and the mixture was incubated for 3 h, after which the uptake of carbon particles by blood leukocytes was examined. The results were compared with those from the blood of adults. A gradient of phagocytic activity was observed. The most active uptake of carbon was by the leukocytes of premature infants, the least active by leukocytes of adults. In cord blood and blood of adults, phagocytic activity was evident in both monocytes and neutrophils. In addition, two types of what have been termed 'lymphocytoid' phagocytes were seen. These resemble lymphocytes in their morphology. One type possesses basophilic cytoplasm, and has been found only in premature cord blood. The presence of lymphocytoid phagocytes affords a further indication of the differences between the circulating lymphocyte population in the prenatal and perinatal period as compared with the adult.", "PMID": 1174603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4730", "title": "Formation of disaturated lecithin through the lysolecithin pathway in the lung of the developing rabbit.", "content": "The formation of disaturated lecithin in slices of developing rabbit lung was studied using 14C-CDP-choline, 3H-S-adenosylmethionine, and doubly labeled lecithin, lysolecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine as precursors. The labeling patterns suggest that some of the unsaturated lecithin becomes deacylated and subsequently reacylated to form disaturated surface-active lecithin. The rate of this pathway (lysolecithin 'loop') increases as a function of gestation and may contribute to the functional maturation of the lung.", "contents": "Formation of disaturated lecithin through the lysolecithin pathway in the lung of the developing rabbit. The formation of disaturated lecithin in slices of developing rabbit lung was studied using 14C-CDP-choline, 3H-S-adenosylmethionine, and doubly labeled lecithin, lysolecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine as precursors. The labeling patterns suggest that some of the unsaturated lecithin becomes deacylated and subsequently reacylated to form disaturated surface-active lecithin. The rate of this pathway (lysolecithin 'loop') increases as a function of gestation and may contribute to the functional maturation of the lung.", "PMID": 1174604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4731", "title": "Effect of weanling malnutrition upon hepatic drug metabolism.", "content": "Protein deficiency in post-suckling rats produced changes in the activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. Significant decreases occurred in the N-demethylation of aminopyrine, in the azo-reduction of neoprontosil and in sulfokinase activity (using p-nitrophenylsulfate as SO4 donor). An increase was recorded for the glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol and no changes were noted in the hydroxylations of hexobarbital and aniline. Refeeding the animals for 3 weeks returned all activities to control values. An exception was the azo-reductase activity indicating either a slower recovery or a permanent change.", "contents": "Effect of weanling malnutrition upon hepatic drug metabolism. Protein deficiency in post-suckling rats produced changes in the activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. Significant decreases occurred in the N-demethylation of aminopyrine, in the azo-reduction of neoprontosil and in sulfokinase activity (using p-nitrophenylsulfate as SO4 donor). An increase was recorded for the glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol and no changes were noted in the hydroxylations of hexobarbital and aniline. Refeeding the animals for 3 weeks returned all activities to control values. An exception was the azo-reductase activity indicating either a slower recovery or a permanent change.", "PMID": 1174605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4732", "title": "Histological observations on epidermal development in fetal mice subject to intrauterine growth retardation due to maternal infections with Coxsackievirus B3.", "content": "Infection of mice with Coxsackievirus B3 on the 8th day of pregnancy resulted in fetal growth retardation. A histological examination of interscapular back skin of infected fetuses revealed an immature pattern of differentiation at 18 days gestation with the epidermis being appreciably thinner than normal, but equivalent to that of a 15-day fetus. The pattern of keratinization as demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy, and the deposition of epidermal phospholipid were normal in these retarded fetuses but less well developed. Retarded keratinization in the infected fetuses was related to abnormal amniotic fluid compositions due to reduced maternal health resulting from virus-induced pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.", "contents": "Histological observations on epidermal development in fetal mice subject to intrauterine growth retardation due to maternal infections with Coxsackievirus B3. Infection of mice with Coxsackievirus B3 on the 8th day of pregnancy resulted in fetal growth retardation. A histological examination of interscapular back skin of infected fetuses revealed an immature pattern of differentiation at 18 days gestation with the epidermis being appreciably thinner than normal, but equivalent to that of a 15-day fetus. The pattern of keratinization as demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy, and the deposition of epidermal phospholipid were normal in these retarded fetuses but less well developed. Retarded keratinization in the infected fetuses was related to abnormal amniotic fluid compositions due to reduced maternal health resulting from virus-induced pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.", "PMID": 1174606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4733", "title": "Research in infantile autism: a strategy and its results.", "content": "Three major causation theories of infantile autism  were tested during 12 years of research: (i) \"nurture,\" (ii) \"nature,\" and (iii) \"nature-nurture\" interaction. Data from major studies are presented showing strong support for the nature causation theory. Aut parents, in comparison to two control groups (normal and nonpsychotic abnormal), were appropriately stimulating and warmly relating to their Aut infants. Aut parents had no greater amounts of psychopathology than control parents. Aut children had: (i) more signs of neurobiological pathology than normal children; (ii) a high preponderance (94%) of IQ's in mentally retarded ranges; (iii) central language disorders which precluded development of normal verbal abstraction ability and creative speech; (iv) visual-motor disorders akin to a dyspraxis interfering with normal acquisition of \"body language\". With a greatly reduced capacity for acquiring both verbal and nonverbal communication skills, the ability of Aut Children to use other humans as helpful interpreters of the environment was also seriously curtailed. Not finding other humans useful in such interpretation, the phenomenon of social withdrawal was the logical end product in Aut Child.", "contents": "Research in infantile autism: a strategy and its results. Three major causation theories of infantile autism  were tested during 12 years of research: (i) \"nurture,\" (ii) \"nature,\" and (iii) \"nature-nurture\" interaction. Data from major studies are presented showing strong support for the nature causation theory. Aut parents, in comparison to two control groups (normal and nonpsychotic abnormal), were appropriately stimulating and warmly relating to their Aut infants. Aut parents had no greater amounts of psychopathology than control parents. Aut children had: (i) more signs of neurobiological pathology than normal children; (ii) a high preponderance (94%) of IQ's in mentally retarded ranges; (iii) central language disorders which precluded development of normal verbal abstraction ability and creative speech; (iv) visual-motor disorders akin to a dyspraxis interfering with normal acquisition of \"body language\". With a greatly reduced capacity for acquiring both verbal and nonverbal communication skills, the ability of Aut Children to use other humans as helpful interpreters of the environment was also seriously curtailed. Not finding other humans useful in such interpretation, the phenomenon of social withdrawal was the logical end product in Aut Child.", "PMID": 1174608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4734", "title": "Defensive responses to phobic stimuli.", "content": "Physiological recordings were made while nine females who were afraid of spiders (group P) and nine who were not (group N) viewed a random series of spider and neutral slides. Group P's responses to the spider slides included heart rate (HR) acceleration, cephalic vasoconstriction and an increase in palmer skin conductance (SC), a pattern considered to be part of a defensive response (DR). Group N's responses, on the other hand, were indicative of an orienting response (OR), and included HR deceleration, cephalic vasodilation and an increase in palmar SC. The neutral slides elicited little in the way of responses from group N. However, they elicited the cardiovascular and electrodermal components of an OR from group P, presumably because of their contrast with the feared spider slides. Although the DR pattern observed in group P was often accompanied by increased somatic activity, HR acceleration and cephalic vasoconstriction still occurred even when somatic activity did not appear to increase.", "contents": "Defensive responses to phobic stimuli. Physiological recordings were made while nine females who were afraid of spiders (group P) and nine who were not (group N) viewed a random series of spider and neutral slides. Group P's responses to the spider slides included heart rate (HR) acceleration, cephalic vasoconstriction and an increase in palmer skin conductance (SC), a pattern considered to be part of a defensive response (DR). Group N's responses, on the other hand, were indicative of an orienting response (OR), and included HR deceleration, cephalic vasodilation and an increase in palmar SC. The neutral slides elicited little in the way of responses from group N. However, they elicited the cardiovascular and electrodermal components of an OR from group P, presumably because of their contrast with the feared spider slides. Although the DR pattern observed in group P was often accompanied by increased somatic activity, HR acceleration and cephalic vasoconstriction still occurred even when somatic activity did not appear to increase.", "PMID": 1174609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4735", "title": "Catecholamine excretion, conscience function and aggressive behaviour.", "content": "This report deals with a study--carried out among 46 12-17-year-old-boys--of the relationship between: (1) the excretion of waste products of catecholamines (methyladrenaline and methylnoradrenaline) and creatinine, (2) aggressive behaviour in a laboratory setting, and (3) data obtained via a conscience-function questionnaire. The hypothesis that aggressive behaviour is positively correlated with methylnoradrenaline excretion was confirmed. As far as the conscience-function questionnaire was concerned, three dimensions could be distinguished. Methyladrenaline and methylnoradrenaline excretion proved to be reversely related to one of them, indicated as the 'intropunitiveness-aggressiveness dimension'. Intropunitive subjects appeared to have a higher methyladrenaline and a lower methylnoradrenaline excretion than aggressive subjects. The aforesaid dimension also correlated significantly with creatinine excretion, a finding which led to the interpretation that aggressive people possess greater muscular strength than more intropunitively inclined people. However, no significant correlations between aggression scores and questionnaire scores were found. The results are discussed against the background of arousal theories of aggressive behaviour.", "contents": "Catecholamine excretion, conscience function and aggressive behaviour. This report deals with a study--carried out among 46 12-17-year-old-boys--of the relationship between: (1) the excretion of waste products of catecholamines (methyladrenaline and methylnoradrenaline) and creatinine, (2) aggressive behaviour in a laboratory setting, and (3) data obtained via a conscience-function questionnaire. The hypothesis that aggressive behaviour is positively correlated with methylnoradrenaline excretion was confirmed. As far as the conscience-function questionnaire was concerned, three dimensions could be distinguished. Methyladrenaline and methylnoradrenaline excretion proved to be reversely related to one of them, indicated as the 'intropunitiveness-aggressiveness dimension'. Intropunitive subjects appeared to have a higher methyladrenaline and a lower methylnoradrenaline excretion than aggressive subjects. The aforesaid dimension also correlated significantly with creatinine excretion, a finding which led to the interpretation that aggressive people possess greater muscular strength than more intropunitively inclined people. However, no significant correlations between aggression scores and questionnaire scores were found. The results are discussed against the background of arousal theories of aggressive behaviour.", "PMID": 1174610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4736", "title": "Visceral responses to opposite types of autogenic-training imagery.", "content": "The purpose of this experiment was to test whether suggestions of imagery of the type used in autogenic training have specific effects on autonomic responses. In order to control for the effort involved in imagery and to determine the specificity of the effect, opposite types of imagery were used: (a) hands warm and heavy, and (b) hands cool and light. Nine subjects were trained for six daily sessions. Within each day 16 stimulus presentations were made, equally balanced between the two types of imagery. Heart rate, respiration rate, and EEG in the alpha frequency were recorded throughout all sessions. The 'cool' instruction reliably increased heart rate and respiration above pre-stimulus baselines; the 'warm' instruction resulted in statistically insignificant changes in the opposite direction. Large, consistent individual differences in autonomic response were found.", "contents": "Visceral responses to opposite types of autogenic-training imagery. The purpose of this experiment was to test whether suggestions of imagery of the type used in autogenic training have specific effects on autonomic responses. In order to control for the effort involved in imagery and to determine the specificity of the effect, opposite types of imagery were used: (a) hands warm and heavy, and (b) hands cool and light. Nine subjects were trained for six daily sessions. Within each day 16 stimulus presentations were made, equally balanced between the two types of imagery. Heart rate, respiration rate, and EEG in the alpha frequency were recorded throughout all sessions. The 'cool' instruction reliably increased heart rate and respiration above pre-stimulus baselines; the 'warm' instruction resulted in statistically insignificant changes in the opposite direction. Large, consistent individual differences in autonomic response were found.", "PMID": 1174611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4737", "title": "Effects of attention, activation and stimulus regularity on short-term 'habituation' of the averaged evoked response.", "content": "Three studies are reported in which the effects of direction of attention, level of activation and regularity of stimulation on the rate of amplitude decrement over time of the auditory evoked vertex responses in humans were examined. Short-term, stimulus-by-stimulus changes were assessed by averaging across trains each of 10 click stimuli. The effect of directing attentions towards the stimuli was to enhance the N1 - P2 component, but usually only under conditions of high activation and with irregular stimulus presentation. Habituation rate was hardly affected by the experimental manipulations. The most clear-cut relationship between psychological influences and the AER was that between level of activation and the P2 - N2 component.", "contents": "Effects of attention, activation and stimulus regularity on short-term 'habituation' of the averaged evoked response. Three studies are reported in which the effects of direction of attention, level of activation and regularity of stimulation on the rate of amplitude decrement over time of the auditory evoked vertex responses in humans were examined. Short-term, stimulus-by-stimulus changes were assessed by averaging across trains each of 10 click stimuli. The effect of directing attentions towards the stimuli was to enhance the N1 - P2 component, but usually only under conditions of high activation and with irregular stimulus presentation. Habituation rate was hardly affected by the experimental manipulations. The most clear-cut relationship between psychological influences and the AER was that between level of activation and the P2 - N2 component.", "PMID": 1174612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4738", "title": "A \"super-population viewpoint' for finite population sampling.", "content": "Frequently it is reasonable for a sample surveyor to view the finite population of interest as an independent sample of size N from an infinite super-population. This super-population viewpoint is contrasted to the classical frequentist theory of finite population sampling and the classical theory of infinite population sampling. A new technique for making inferences about finite population \"parameters' is developed and shown to be applicable for any survey design. Two example applications are given: the estimation of strata- and population means in stratified sampling and the use of the so-called regression estimators for the same purpose.", "contents": "A \"super-population viewpoint' for finite population sampling. Frequently it is reasonable for a sample surveyor to view the finite population of interest as an independent sample of size N from an infinite super-population. This super-population viewpoint is contrasted to the classical frequentist theory of finite population sampling and the classical theory of infinite population sampling. A new technique for making inferences about finite population \"parameters' is developed and shown to be applicable for any survey design. Two example applications are given: the estimation of strata- and population means in stratified sampling and the use of the so-called regression estimators for the same purpose.", "PMID": 1174615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4739", "title": "Best linear unbiased estimation and prediction under a selection model.", "content": "Mixed linear models are assumed in most animal breeding applications. Convenient methods for computing BLUE of the estimable linear functions of the fixed elements of the model and for computing best linear unbiased predictions of the random elements of the model have been available. Most data available to animal breeders, however, do not meet the usual requirements of random sampling, the problem being that the data arise either from selection experiments or from breeders' herds which are undergoing selection. Consequently, the usual methods are likely to yield biased estimates and predictions. Methods for dealing with such data are presented in this paper.", "contents": "Best linear unbiased estimation and prediction under a selection model. Mixed linear models are assumed in most animal breeding applications. Convenient methods for computing BLUE of the estimable linear functions of the fixed elements of the model and for computing best linear unbiased predictions of the random elements of the model have been available. Most data available to animal breeders, however, do not meet the usual requirements of random sampling, the problem being that the data arise either from selection experiments or from breeders' herds which are undergoing selection. Consequently, the usual methods are likely to yield biased estimates and predictions. Methods for dealing with such data are presented in this paper.", "PMID": 1174616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4740", "title": "Higher-order diagnosis of two-way tables, illustrated on two sets of demographic empirical distributions.", "content": "Two-way tables of all kinds often require diagnosis, usually of the residuals after some simple fit such as row-PLUS-column or row-TIMES-column. The first step in diagnosis is likely to be either one-degree-of-freedom-for-non-additivity or a diagnositic plot (for which the former is the linear regression term). Not all diagnoses can be made at the first step. Some diagnostic plots appear like a diagonal cross, or, when such an appearance is not quite clear, become converted to oppositely tilted pictures when we look only at points with high fitted values and, separately, at those with low fitted values. Such behavior diagnoses a need for a more subtle re-expression than powers and logs, in our examples a need for a re-expression like plamda -(1 - p)lamda. The appearance and treatment of such diagnoses, in two examples, lead into the use of letter-value displays and the associated plots to study the character of non-normality, instances of the effect of the method of fitting on the shape of the distribution of residuals, and convenient algorithms for the iterative, recursive fitting of a variety of additive, multiplicative, and mixed additive-multiplicative models to any kind of two-way table, APL programs for which are appended.", "contents": "Higher-order diagnosis of two-way tables, illustrated on two sets of demographic empirical distributions. Two-way tables of all kinds often require diagnosis, usually of the residuals after some simple fit such as row-PLUS-column or row-TIMES-column. The first step in diagnosis is likely to be either one-degree-of-freedom-for-non-additivity or a diagnositic plot (for which the former is the linear regression term). Not all diagnoses can be made at the first step. Some diagnostic plots appear like a diagonal cross, or, when such an appearance is not quite clear, become converted to oppositely tilted pictures when we look only at points with high fitted values and, separately, at those with low fitted values. Such behavior diagnoses a need for a more subtle re-expression than powers and logs, in our examples a need for a re-expression like plamda -(1 - p)lamda. The appearance and treatment of such diagnoses, in two examples, lead into the use of letter-value displays and the associated plots to study the character of non-normality, instances of the effect of the method of fitting on the shape of the distribution of residuals, and convenient algorithms for the iterative, recursive fitting of a variety of additive, multiplicative, and mixed additive-multiplicative models to any kind of two-way table, APL programs for which are appended.", "PMID": 1174617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4741", "title": "Simultaneous estimation of parameters in different linear models and applications to biometric problems.", "content": "Empirical Bayes procedure is employed in simultaneous estimation of vector parameters from a number of Gauss-Markoff linear models. It is shown that with respect to quadratic loss function, empirical Bayes estimators are better than least squares estimators. While estimating the parameter for a particular linear model, a suggestion has been made for distinguishing between the loss due to decision maker and the loss due to individual. A method has been proposed but not fully studied to achieve balance between the two losses. Finally the problem of predicting future observations in a linear model has been considered.", "contents": "Simultaneous estimation of parameters in different linear models and applications to biometric problems. Empirical Bayes procedure is employed in simultaneous estimation of vector parameters from a number of Gauss-Markoff linear models. It is shown that with respect to quadratic loss function, empirical Bayes estimators are better than least squares estimators. While estimating the parameter for a particular linear model, a suggestion has been made for distinguishing between the loss due to decision maker and the loss due to individual. A method has been proposed but not fully studied to achieve balance between the two losses. Finally the problem of predicting future observations in a linear model has been considered.", "PMID": 1174618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4742", "title": "Unbalanced regression analysis with residuals having a covariance structure of intra-class form.", "content": "Let Yi be an ni X 1 vector of observations, Xi an ni X p matrix of known values, and beta an unknown p X 1 with the structure Yi = Xi beta + epsilon i, where the covariance matrix of epsilon i is of intra-class form, that is Cov (epsilon i) = sigma2[(1 - rho) Ii + rho e i e i'] where Ii is the ni X ni identity matrix and e i is the ni X 1 vector each element of which is unity. This article develops the maximum likelihood estimators of beta, sigma2, and rho when one observes N pairs (Xi, Yi). This situation arises typically in biological problems where one samples clusters of related organisms. The estimation procedure is illustrated in a commonly occurring genetics situation.", "contents": "Unbalanced regression analysis with residuals having a covariance structure of intra-class form. Let Yi be an ni X 1 vector of observations, Xi an ni X p matrix of known values, and beta an unknown p X 1 with the structure Yi = Xi beta + epsilon i, where the covariance matrix of epsilon i is of intra-class form, that is Cov (epsilon i) = sigma2[(1 - rho) Ii + rho e i e i'] where Ii is the ni X ni identity matrix and e i is the ni X 1 vector each element of which is unity. This article develops the maximum likelihood estimators of beta, sigma2, and rho when one observes N pairs (Xi, Yi). This situation arises typically in biological problems where one samples clusters of related organisms. The estimation procedure is illustrated in a commonly occurring genetics situation.", "PMID": 1174620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4743", "title": "Non-parametric interval estimation of relative potency for dilution assays, including the case of non-monotone dosage response curves.", "content": "Interval estimates of the relative potency of two preparations based on data from a dilution assay can be made using an extension of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure, this requiring only the assumption of a monotone dosage-response curve. An assay-design requirement is that dosage levels be equi-spaced logarithmically with a common logarithmic interval for both preparations. By use of ranks the method can be made independent of the scale in which responses are measured. The approach is illustrated using untransformed data, a logarithmic transform, a quantal transform, and a ranking scale. A procedure under which even the monotonicity assumption can be dropped is described and similarly illustrated.", "contents": "Non-parametric interval estimation of relative potency for dilution assays, including the case of non-monotone dosage response curves. Interval estimates of the relative potency of two preparations based on data from a dilution assay can be made using an extension of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure, this requiring only the assumption of a monotone dosage-response curve. An assay-design requirement is that dosage levels be equi-spaced logarithmically with a common logarithmic interval for both preparations. By use of ranks the method can be made independent of the scale in which responses are measured. The approach is illustrated using untransformed data, a logarithmic transform, a quantal transform, and a ranking scale. A procedure under which even the monotonicity assumption can be dropped is described and similarly illustrated.", "PMID": 1174621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4744", "title": "Maximum likelihood estimation for a special type of grouped data with an application to a dose-response problem.", "content": "A short-cut method is given for calculating grouped maximum likelihood (ML) estimates when the data are relatively coarsely grouped in some directions, but more finely grouped in others. The algebraic details are then worked out for a dose-response problem that generates data of this kind. The situation envisaged is a variation on the usual quantal response problem in that dosage levels are taken to be random but grouped. Finally, the method is applied both to real and simulated response data conforming to this pattern and shown to work well in practice.", "contents": "Maximum likelihood estimation for a special type of grouped data with an application to a dose-response problem. A short-cut method is given for calculating grouped maximum likelihood (ML) estimates when the data are relatively coarsely grouped in some directions, but more finely grouped in others. The algebraic details are then worked out for a dose-response problem that generates data of this kind. The situation envisaged is a variation on the usual quantal response problem in that dosage levels are taken to be random but grouped. Finally, the method is applied both to real and simulated response data conforming to this pattern and shown to work well in practice.", "PMID": 1174622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4745", "title": "Measuring agreement between two judges on the presence or absence of a trait.", "content": "At least a dozen indexes have been proposed for measuring agreement between two judges on a categorical scale. Using the binary (positive-negative) case as a model, this paper presents and critically evaluates some of these proposed measures. The importance of correcting for chance-expected agreement is emphasized, and identities with intraclass correlation coefficients are pointed out.", "contents": "Measuring agreement between two judges on the presence or absence of a trait. At least a dozen indexes have been proposed for measuring agreement between two judges on a categorical scale. Using the binary (positive-negative) case as a model, this paper presents and critically evaluates some of these proposed measures. The importance of correcting for chance-expected agreement is emphasized, and identities with intraclass correlation coefficients are pointed out.", "PMID": 1174623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4746", "title": "Estimation and computation of the growth rate in Leslie's and Lotka's population models.", "content": "Leslie's or Lotka's population model has a rate of natural increase (lambda or r) which represents the growth rate of the population and characterizes the ability of the population to attain a stable age distribution. In this article are presented upper and lower bounds on that rate, primarily in terms of the net reproduction rate and other commonly used parameters of the population. Also a discussion is given of quadratically convergent numerical iterative methods of computing the growth rate.", "contents": "Estimation and computation of the growth rate in Leslie's and Lotka's population models. Leslie's or Lotka's population model has a rate of natural increase (lambda or r) which represents the growth rate of the population and characterizes the ability of the population to attain a stable age distribution. In this article are presented upper and lower bounds on that rate, primarily in terms of the net reproduction rate and other commonly used parameters of the population. Also a discussion is given of quadratically convergent numerical iterative methods of computing the growth rate.", "PMID": 1174624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4747", "title": "Space-time clustering tests for more than two samples.", "content": "The two-sample randomization tests for space-time clustering of Klauber are extended to cases with more than two samples. The approach is that of Mantel's one-sample test. The q-sample test provides the opportunity to test up to 2q-1 different models, depending on which of one or more of the q samples are considered random. A normal approximation is provided. An example using contrived data is used to illustrate the computations. An additional example using actual human, canine and feline leukemia and lymphoma is provided, and for this example an \"analysis of clustering\" table, comparable to tables for the analysis of variance is shown.", "contents": "Space-time clustering tests for more than two samples. The two-sample randomization tests for space-time clustering of Klauber are extended to cases with more than two samples. The approach is that of Mantel's one-sample test. The q-sample test provides the opportunity to test up to 2q-1 different models, depending on which of one or more of the q samples are considered random. A normal approximation is provided. An example using contrived data is used to illustrate the computations. An additional example using actual human, canine and feline leukemia and lymphoma is provided, and for this example an \"analysis of clustering\" table, comparable to tables for the analysis of variance is shown.", "PMID": 1174625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4748", "title": "The equivalence of the generalized McNemar tests for marginal homogeneity in 2(3) and 3(2) tables.", "content": "The McNemar test for correlated proportions has been generalized to test for marginal homogeneity of either a 2c or an m2 contingency table. The tests for 2(3) and 3(2) tables turn out to be equivalent since each involves six non-diagonal elements; equal numbers of degrees of freedom in the associated chi square tests, m - 1 = c - 1 = 2; identical constraints on the fits to the non-diagonal elements; and identical measures of discrepancy between observed and fitted values to be optimized.", "contents": "The equivalence of the generalized McNemar tests for marginal homogeneity in 2(3) and 3(2) tables. The McNemar test for correlated proportions has been generalized to test for marginal homogeneity of either a 2c or an m2 contingency table. The tests for 2(3) and 3(2) tables turn out to be equivalent since each involves six non-diagonal elements; equal numbers of degrees of freedom in the associated chi square tests, m - 1 = c - 1 = 2; identical constraints on the fits to the non-diagonal elements; and identical measures of discrepancy between observed and fitted values to be optimized.", "PMID": 1174626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4749", "title": "Proportions with extraneous variance: two dependent samples.", "content": "Data which appear to be binomial proportions sometimes exhibit heterogeneity which results in greater variation than would be exhibited under the binomial distribution. Previous work by the author (Kleinman [1973]) in which estimates of the heterogeneity variances are obtained and used in weighting is extended to the case of comparing means in two dependent samples. The resulting empirical weighting estimates are asymptotically equivalent to exact least squares estimates and Monte Carlo studies for sample size 10 indicate high efficiency relative to exact least squares estimates.", "contents": "Proportions with extraneous variance: two dependent samples. Data which appear to be binomial proportions sometimes exhibit heterogeneity which results in greater variation than would be exhibited under the binomial distribution. Previous work by the author (Kleinman [1973]) in which estimates of the heterogeneity variances are obtained and used in weighting is extended to the case of comparing means in two dependent samples. The resulting empirical weighting estimates are asymptotically equivalent to exact least squares estimates and Monte Carlo studies for sample size 10 indicate high efficiency relative to exact least squares estimates.", "PMID": 1174627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4750", "title": "Correlation between the numbers of two types of children when the family size distribution is zero-truncated negative binomial.", "content": "Let family size N be a random variable formed from two types of children B and C (B + C = N). The correlation coefficient between B and C has been recently studied by Rao et al. [1973]. We consider this problem when the frequency of fertile childless families (N = 0) is not available or cannot be estimated. Assuming the distribution of N is zero-truncated negative binomial, a formula for the correlation coefficient is derived. Applying this formula to the data of Reed and Reed [1965] gives a correlation coefficient of 0.27. The corresponding empirical coefficient for non-zero size families calculated directly from the data is 0.24.", "contents": "Correlation between the numbers of two types of children when the family size distribution is zero-truncated negative binomial. Let family size N be a random variable formed from two types of children B and C (B + C = N). The correlation coefficient between B and C has been recently studied by Rao et al. [1973]. We consider this problem when the frequency of fertile childless families (N = 0) is not available or cannot be estimated. Assuming the distribution of N is zero-truncated negative binomial, a formula for the correlation coefficient is derived. Applying this formula to the data of Reed and Reed [1965] gives a correlation coefficient of 0.27. The corresponding empirical coefficient for non-zero size families calculated directly from the data is 0.24.", "PMID": 1174629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4751", "title": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine.", "content": "From sonicated log-phase L-cells (L929) crude enzyme fractions (particulate and soluble) were prepared by differential centrifugation, and assayed for replicative DNA polymerase activity. Treatment of the cells with ara-c in small doses (0,01/mug/ml) for 4 hours (1/2 Ts) resulted in 11 percent inhibition of their DNA synthesis, while the total DNA polymerase activity was inhibited by 14 percent. However, when assayed as soluble or particulate enzyme activities, the particulate fraction (replicative DNA polymerase) was found inhibited by 42 percent while the soluble fraction (reparative DNA polymerase) was stimulated by 14 percent. The DNA synthesis of L-cells treated with ara-c, and pulse-labeled with 3H-TdR for 2, 5 or 10 minutes at 23 degrees is inhibited by 5 percent, 22 percent and 23 percent respectively. When cells labeled at this temperature are lysed on alkaline sucrose gradients and their DNA is sedimented by ultracentrifugation, the incorporation into DNA smaller than 10S (Okazaki pieces), is found to be normal or slightly inhibited. However the incorporation into high molecular weight DNA (more than 35S) is inhibited by about 50 percent. Chase experiments (at 37 degrees) after ara-c treatment and labeling at 23 degrees indicate that the decrease of labeling in high molecular weight DNA at least to some extent is caused by inability of the cells to incorporate medium sized DNA (17-20S) into this fraction, because 17-20S DNA is accumulated with prolongation of the chase. The experiments indicate that the primary action of ara-c on DNA synthesis \"in vivo\" in mammalian cells may be an inhibition of DNA chain polymerisation.", "contents": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. From sonicated log-phase L-cells (L929) crude enzyme fractions (particulate and soluble) were prepared by differential centrifugation, and assayed for replicative DNA polymerase activity. Treatment of the cells with ara-c in small doses (0,01/mug/ml) for 4 hours (1/2 Ts) resulted in 11 percent inhibition of their DNA synthesis, while the total DNA polymerase activity was inhibited by 14 percent. However, when assayed as soluble or particulate enzyme activities, the particulate fraction (replicative DNA polymerase) was found inhibited by 42 percent while the soluble fraction (reparative DNA polymerase) was stimulated by 14 percent. The DNA synthesis of L-cells treated with ara-c, and pulse-labeled with 3H-TdR for 2, 5 or 10 minutes at 23 degrees is inhibited by 5 percent, 22 percent and 23 percent respectively. When cells labeled at this temperature are lysed on alkaline sucrose gradients and their DNA is sedimented by ultracentrifugation, the incorporation into DNA smaller than 10S (Okazaki pieces), is found to be normal or slightly inhibited. However the incorporation into high molecular weight DNA (more than 35S) is inhibited by about 50 percent. Chase experiments (at 37 degrees) after ara-c treatment and labeling at 23 degrees indicate that the decrease of labeling in high molecular weight DNA at least to some extent is caused by inability of the cells to incorporate medium sized DNA (17-20S) into this fraction, because 17-20S DNA is accumulated with prolongation of the chase. The experiments indicate that the primary action of ara-c on DNA synthesis \"in vivo\" in mammalian cells may be an inhibition of DNA chain polymerisation.", "PMID": 1174630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4752", "title": "Contribution of kidney basement membranes and collagen to the urinary excretion of hydroxylysyl glycosides.", "content": "Glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine and galactosyl-hydroxylysine are two substances present only in collagen and in basement membranes. The purpose of this study is to estimate to what extent the kidney contributes to urinary hydroxylysyl glycoside excretion. \"In vitro\" perfusion of isolated kidneys allows the measurement of hydroxylysyl glycosides independently of the important amount of interstitial collagen present in the whole body. It is shown that the kidney parenchyma contributes no more than 10 percent of the glycosylated hydroxylysine excreted in urine. GBM is not the only renal source of glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine in urine. Tubular basement membrane and intersitial collagen of kidney may contribute to the excretion by the isolated organ.", "contents": "Contribution of kidney basement membranes and collagen to the urinary excretion of hydroxylysyl glycosides. Glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine and galactosyl-hydroxylysine are two substances present only in collagen and in basement membranes. The purpose of this study is to estimate to what extent the kidney contributes to urinary hydroxylysyl glycoside excretion. \"In vitro\" perfusion of isolated kidneys allows the measurement of hydroxylysyl glycosides independently of the important amount of interstitial collagen present in the whole body. It is shown that the kidney parenchyma contributes no more than 10 percent of the glycosylated hydroxylysine excreted in urine. GBM is not the only renal source of glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine in urine. Tubular basement membrane and intersitial collagen of kidney may contribute to the excretion by the isolated organ.", "PMID": 1174631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4753", "title": "[Thermogenesis of mammary epitheliomas. III. Study, by means of fluvography, of the termal conductivity of mammary tissue and of the influence of tumor vascularization].", "content": "The effective thermal conductivity of different \"in vivo\" and excised breast tissues and the specific heat power of a series of 24 breast carcinomas have been measured \"in situ\" by means of intratissular thermometric and fluvographic needle probes, and using a mathematical model operated with a computer. The thermal conductivity which depends directly on the capillary blood flow is higher within irrigated tissues than in the excised ones and demonstrates significant changes according to the adipose, fibrous or glandular structure of the breast; furthermore, it is much higher within cancerous tissues, more especially in the surroundings of the tumour. The heat power changes largely from one cancer to another and may reach values higher than those measured on the most thermogenic normal tissues. At hand of comparison with thermography, radiography and arteriography, these results are discussed from the three following points of view: a) the vascularisation of cancers and the shell model of tumour growth; b) the distribution of arterial, venous and tumour temperatures and the origin of the cancerous heat; c) the heat transfer from cancer to skin and the formation of the malignant cutaneous thermal pattern pictured by thermography.", "contents": "[Thermogenesis of mammary epitheliomas. III. Study, by means of fluvography, of the termal conductivity of mammary tissue and of the influence of tumor vascularization]. The effective thermal conductivity of different \"in vivo\" and excised breast tissues and the specific heat power of a series of 24 breast carcinomas have been measured \"in situ\" by means of intratissular thermometric and fluvographic needle probes, and using a mathematical model operated with a computer. The thermal conductivity which depends directly on the capillary blood flow is higher within irrigated tissues than in the excised ones and demonstrates significant changes according to the adipose, fibrous or glandular structure of the breast; furthermore, it is much higher within cancerous tissues, more especially in the surroundings of the tumour. The heat power changes largely from one cancer to another and may reach values higher than those measured on the most thermogenic normal tissues. At hand of comparison with thermography, radiography and arteriography, these results are discussed from the three following points of view: a) the vascularisation of cancers and the shell model of tumour growth; b) the distribution of arterial, venous and tumour temperatures and the origin of the cancerous heat; c) the heat transfer from cancer to skin and the formation of the malignant cutaneous thermal pattern pictured by thermography.", "PMID": 1174632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4754", "title": "Congenital cataracts associated with disorganized meridional rows in a new laboratory animal: the degu (Octodon degus).", "content": "A new laboratory animal, Octodon degus, a hystricomorph rodent, was found to display a naturally occurring congenital cataract. Histological examination of the lens epithelium revealed that a marked disorganization of the meridional rows is associated with the opacity. Studies of offspring of cataractous parents indicates that the disorganization precedes cataract appearance. These findings are discussed in reference to a general theory of meridional row involvement in a number of types of cataracts.", "contents": "Congenital cataracts associated with disorganized meridional rows in a new laboratory animal: the degu (Octodon degus). A new laboratory animal, Octodon degus, a hystricomorph rodent, was found to display a naturally occurring congenital cataract. Histological examination of the lens epithelium revealed that a marked disorganization of the meridional rows is associated with the opacity. Studies of offspring of cataractous parents indicates that the disorganization precedes cataract appearance. These findings are discussed in reference to a general theory of meridional row involvement in a number of types of cataracts.", "PMID": 1174633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4755", "title": "Smoking during pregnancy, stillbirth and abruptio placentae.", "content": "In a prospective investigation on 9,169 pregnant women which showed a substantial increase in stillbirths among smokers, a large proportion of this increase is due to abruptio placentae. The percentage of smokers in this category rises to 46% while it is only 12% in the group of livebirths. Smoking appears to be an important risk factor in this occurence, the etiology of which is little known. The effect of parity and its possible interaction with smoking are discussed.", "contents": "Smoking during pregnancy, stillbirth and abruptio placentae. In a prospective investigation on 9,169 pregnant women which showed a substantial increase in stillbirths among smokers, a large proportion of this increase is due to abruptio placentae. The percentage of smokers in this category rises to 46% while it is only 12% in the group of livebirths. Smoking appears to be an important risk factor in this occurence, the etiology of which is little known. The effect of parity and its possible interaction with smoking are discussed.", "PMID": 1174634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4756", "title": "Gm and Inv allotypes in premature infants.", "content": "Using haemagglutination inhibition tests specific for Gm allotypes and similar tests for IgG4, the placental transfer of the four IgG subclasses from mother to foetus has been confirmed. The Gm phenotype of a cord serum is often identical to that in the corresponding maternal serum. However in 31 cases out of the 90 tested, Gm allotypes were present in the cord serum that were not present in the maternal serum. These allotypes produced by the foetus in utero are dependent on a paternal gene. The logarithm of the IgG level increase proportionately with gestational age (r = 0.59 p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Gm and Inv allotypes in premature infants. Using haemagglutination inhibition tests specific for Gm allotypes and similar tests for IgG4, the placental transfer of the four IgG subclasses from mother to foetus has been confirmed. The Gm phenotype of a cord serum is often identical to that in the corresponding maternal serum. However in 31 cases out of the 90 tested, Gm allotypes were present in the cord serum that were not present in the maternal serum. These allotypes produced by the foetus in utero are dependent on a paternal gene. The logarithm of the IgG level increase proportionately with gestational age (r = 0.59 p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 1174635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4757", "title": "Study of the mode of cyclophosphamide action on the rabbit arthritis according to Glynn's model.", "content": "A knee joint arthritis is induced in rabbits previously immunized by an intradermal injection of emulsified egg albumin (E.A.) a complete adjuvant, then by an intra-articular injection of E.A. alone. Histologically, the synovium shows at first an Arthus phenomenon and later an immune cellular reaction. Several immunological parameters are studied in these rabbits. Cyclophosphamide (CY), injected intravenously, in a high dose, during a short period from the day of the first immunization, inhibits in the same time the arthritis index, E.A. skin test, humoral and synovial anti-E.A. antibodies and lymphocyte response to P.H.A. Cy, injected I.V., in a low dose, for a long period from the day of the intra-articular immunization, decreases only the arthritis index, but does not modify the various immune reactions to E.A. These results suggest that, according to the timing and the dose, CY inhibits synovial inflammation either by a strict anti-inflammatory action, or by an immunosuppressive effect on the initial phase of the immune reaction inducing subsequently a synovial inflammation.", "contents": "Study of the mode of cyclophosphamide action on the rabbit arthritis according to Glynn's model. A knee joint arthritis is induced in rabbits previously immunized by an intradermal injection of emulsified egg albumin (E.A.) a complete adjuvant, then by an intra-articular injection of E.A. alone. Histologically, the synovium shows at first an Arthus phenomenon and later an immune cellular reaction. Several immunological parameters are studied in these rabbits. Cyclophosphamide (CY), injected intravenously, in a high dose, during a short period from the day of the first immunization, inhibits in the same time the arthritis index, E.A. skin test, humoral and synovial anti-E.A. antibodies and lymphocyte response to P.H.A. Cy, injected I.V., in a low dose, for a long period from the day of the intra-articular immunization, decreases only the arthritis index, but does not modify the various immune reactions to E.A. These results suggest that, according to the timing and the dose, CY inhibits synovial inflammation either by a strict anti-inflammatory action, or by an immunosuppressive effect on the initial phase of the immune reaction inducing subsequently a synovial inflammation.", "PMID": 1174636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4758", "title": "A vascular permeability factor elaborated from lymphocytes. I. Demonstration in patients with nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "P.H.A. and Concanavalin A stimulated lymphocytes culture supernatants were comparatively studied in 23 volontary normals and in 46 patients with nephrotic syndrome. Intradermal injections to guinea-pig demonstrated a permeability increasing and pro-inflammatory factor. Vascular permeability (immediate reaction) is determinated by blue Evans technique. Delayed reaction is assesed by the cutaneous inflammatory process (erythema, induration); pathologically it is defined as polymorphonuclear and mononuclear infiltration. Differences are highly significant between nephrotic patients and normal subjects. This biological activity is not observed with control supernatants (medium plus normal human serum and P.H.A. or Conca A). Positive results were also found with M.E.M. eagle culture supernatants of nephrotic stimulated lymphocytes. To date lymphokines have been studied especially in animals. In human, they have been found only after concentration. Variations in lymphokine production may be present in some pathologic states.", "contents": "A vascular permeability factor elaborated from lymphocytes. I. Demonstration in patients with nephrotic syndrome. P.H.A. and Concanavalin A stimulated lymphocytes culture supernatants were comparatively studied in 23 volontary normals and in 46 patients with nephrotic syndrome. Intradermal injections to guinea-pig demonstrated a permeability increasing and pro-inflammatory factor. Vascular permeability (immediate reaction) is determinated by blue Evans technique. Delayed reaction is assesed by the cutaneous inflammatory process (erythema, induration); pathologically it is defined as polymorphonuclear and mononuclear infiltration. Differences are highly significant between nephrotic patients and normal subjects. This biological activity is not observed with control supernatants (medium plus normal human serum and P.H.A. or Conca A). Positive results were also found with M.E.M. eagle culture supernatants of nephrotic stimulated lymphocytes. To date lymphokines have been studied especially in animals. In human, they have been found only after concentration. Variations in lymphokine production may be present in some pathologic states.", "PMID": 1174637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4759", "title": "Separation of human lymphoid cells by preparative cell electrophoresis. II. Free-flow electrophoretic separation of human blood cells.", "content": "By means of free-flow electrophoresis the different types of human blood leukocytes can be characterized by their electrophoretic distributions. In addition a separation of cells according to their electrophoretic mobility and at least an enrichment of certain cell types is achieved. The data given in this paper confirm that reproducible results can be obtained using this separation method and indicate that it can best be used to study populations of lymphocytes.", "contents": "Separation of human lymphoid cells by preparative cell electrophoresis. II. Free-flow electrophoretic separation of human blood cells. By means of free-flow electrophoresis the different types of human blood leukocytes can be characterized by their electrophoretic distributions. In addition a separation of cells according to their electrophoretic mobility and at least an enrichment of certain cell types is achieved. The data given in this paper confirm that reproducible results can be obtained using this separation method and indicate that it can best be used to study populations of lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1174638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4760", "title": "Deformation and fragmentation of human red blood cells in turbulent shear flow.", "content": "By means of glutaraldehyde fixation, human erythrocytes are \"frozen\" while suspended in turbulent shear flow. As the shearing is increased in steps from 100 to 2,500 dyn/cm2, the deformed cells evolve gradually toward a smooth ellipsoidal shape. At stresses above 2,500 dyn/cm2, approximately, fragmentation of the cells occurs with a concomitant increase in free hemoglobin content of the suspending medium. The photographic evidence suggests that the cells rupture in tension in the bulk flow.", "contents": "Deformation and fragmentation of human red blood cells in turbulent shear flow. By means of glutaraldehyde fixation, human erythrocytes are \"frozen\" while suspended in turbulent shear flow. As the shearing is increased in steps from 100 to 2,500 dyn/cm2, the deformed cells evolve gradually toward a smooth ellipsoidal shape. At stresses above 2,500 dyn/cm2, approximately, fragmentation of the cells occurs with a concomitant increase in free hemoglobin content of the suspending medium. The photographic evidence suggests that the cells rupture in tension in the bulk flow.", "PMID": 1174639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4761", "title": "Axon voltage-clamp simulations. I. Methods and tests.", "content": "This is the first in a series of four papers in which we present the numerical simulation of the application of the voltage clamp technique to excitable cells. In this paper we describe the application of the Crank-Nicolson (1947) method for the solution of the parabolic partial differential equations that describe a cylindrical cell in which the ionic conductances are functions of voltage and time (Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952). This method is compared with other methods in terms of accuracy and speed of solution for a propagated action potential. In addition, differential equations representing a simple voltage-clamp electronic circuit are presented. Using the voltage clamp circuit equations, we simulate the voltage clamp of a single isopotential membrane patch and show how the parameters of the circuit affect the transient response of the patch to a step change in the control potential. The stimulation methods presented in this series of papers allow the evaluation of voltage clamp control of an excitable cell or a syncytium of excitable cells. To the extent that membrane parameters and geometrical factors can be determined, the methods presented here provide solutions for the voltage profile as a function of time.", "contents": "Axon voltage-clamp simulations. I. Methods and tests. This is the first in a series of four papers in which we present the numerical simulation of the application of the voltage clamp technique to excitable cells. In this paper we describe the application of the Crank-Nicolson (1947) method for the solution of the parabolic partial differential equations that describe a cylindrical cell in which the ionic conductances are functions of voltage and time (Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952). This method is compared with other methods in terms of accuracy and speed of solution for a propagated action potential. In addition, differential equations representing a simple voltage-clamp electronic circuit are presented. Using the voltage clamp circuit equations, we simulate the voltage clamp of a single isopotential membrane patch and show how the parameters of the circuit affect the transient response of the patch to a step change in the control potential. The stimulation methods presented in this series of papers allow the evaluation of voltage clamp control of an excitable cell or a syncytium of excitable cells. To the extent that membrane parameters and geometrical factors can be determined, the methods presented here provide solutions for the voltage profile as a function of time.", "PMID": 1174640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4762", "title": "Axon voltage-clamp simulations. II. Double sucrose-gap method.", "content": "This is the second in a series of four papers on the simulation of the voltage clamp of cylindrical excitable cells. In this paper we evaluate the double sucrose-gap voltage-clamp technique for the squid and lobster giant axons. Using the Crank-Nicolson method of solution of the cable equations and differential equations representing the voltage clamp circuit we studied the effect of length of the sucrose gap \"node\" on the voltage profile along an excitable cell during a simulated voltage clamp. The voltage gradients along the region of the cell within the node produce \"notches\" in the current recording as well as changes in the magnitude of the sodium and potassium current for a given voltage step. Our results show that good voltage clamp control requires node lengths less than one-half the axon diameter.", "contents": "Axon voltage-clamp simulations. II. Double sucrose-gap method. This is the second in a series of four papers on the simulation of the voltage clamp of cylindrical excitable cells. In this paper we evaluate the double sucrose-gap voltage-clamp technique for the squid and lobster giant axons. Using the Crank-Nicolson method of solution of the cable equations and differential equations representing the voltage clamp circuit we studied the effect of length of the sucrose gap \"node\" on the voltage profile along an excitable cell during a simulated voltage clamp. The voltage gradients along the region of the cell within the node produce \"notches\" in the current recording as well as changes in the magnitude of the sodium and potassium current for a given voltage step. Our results show that good voltage clamp control requires node lengths less than one-half the axon diameter.", "PMID": 1174641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4763", "title": "Axon voltage-clamp simulations. A multicellular preparation.", "content": "In this paper we extend the simulation of the voltage clamp of a single nerve fiber to a bundle of axons. These simulations included not only the description of the voltage clamp circuit and a single unidimensional cable to represent the preparation in the \"node\" region of a double sucrose gap used previously but also a series resistance and a shunt pathway. The output of the voltage control amplifier is applied across the membrane plus the series resistance, producing a voltage drop across the series resistance due to the current generated by the membrane in response to a depolarizing voltage step. Since the membrane current has an inward and an outward phase, voltage drops of opposite sign are produced across the series resistance. During the transient current and at all points along an axon, the potential deviation produced by the series resistance is opposite to the deviation produced by the longitudinal gradient. Only at a command potential equal to the sodium equilibrium potential, the membrane potential transiently matches the command potential. For the attempted voltage clamp of an axon, values of series resistance larger than 50 omega-cm2 allowed propagated action potentials in the membrane. In spite of the presence of propagated action potentials at the calbe membrane, the recorded current does not show \"notches\" and it has a phase of inward current and a phase of outward current. It is concluded that, in a multicellular preparation with series resistance, the recording of a square voltage pulse does not indicate voltage control of the transmembrane potential. The presence of a shunt pathway produces inaccurate values of current density. Neither series or shunt resistance produce \"notches\" in the current records.", "contents": "Axon voltage-clamp simulations. A multicellular preparation. In this paper we extend the simulation of the voltage clamp of a single nerve fiber to a bundle of axons. These simulations included not only the description of the voltage clamp circuit and a single unidimensional cable to represent the preparation in the \"node\" region of a double sucrose gap used previously but also a series resistance and a shunt pathway. The output of the voltage control amplifier is applied across the membrane plus the series resistance, producing a voltage drop across the series resistance due to the current generated by the membrane in response to a depolarizing voltage step. Since the membrane current has an inward and an outward phase, voltage drops of opposite sign are produced across the series resistance. During the transient current and at all points along an axon, the potential deviation produced by the series resistance is opposite to the deviation produced by the longitudinal gradient. Only at a command potential equal to the sodium equilibrium potential, the membrane potential transiently matches the command potential. For the attempted voltage clamp of an axon, values of series resistance larger than 50 omega-cm2 allowed propagated action potentials in the membrane. In spite of the presence of propagated action potentials at the calbe membrane, the recorded current does not show \"notches\" and it has a phase of inward current and a phase of outward current. It is concluded that, in a multicellular preparation with series resistance, the recording of a square voltage pulse does not indicate voltage control of the transmembrane potential. The presence of a shunt pathway produces inaccurate values of current density. Neither series or shunt resistance produce \"notches\" in the current records.", "PMID": 1174642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4764", "title": "Kinetics of the cooperative association of actin to actin filaments.", "content": "The cooperative formation of actin filaments from monomers was followed by light scattering and electron microscopy. The results are well described by a simple model mechanism in which the growth and destruction of filaments occurs by stepwise addition or dissociation of protomers. All steps except the dimerisation step are assumed to have identical rate constants. These were found to be 5 X 10(3) M-1 - sec-1 and 3 X 10(-2) sec-1 for the association and dissociation, respectively (at pH 7.5 and in the presence of 10(-3) M calcium chloride). The equilibrium constant of elongation as obtained from the critical concentration is 1.7 X 10(5) M-1. The corresponding equilibrium constant of dimerisation is about 10 million times smaller (cooperativity parameter sigma = 2 X 10(-7)). This makes the nucleation extremely difficult and cooperativity very high. A best fit of the model to the experimental data is achieved when the destruction of a dimer is much faster than the addition of a third protomer (fast monomer- dimer pre-equilibrium). The size of the nucleus from which propagation becomes faster than dissociation is 3.", "contents": "Kinetics of the cooperative association of actin to actin filaments. The cooperative formation of actin filaments from monomers was followed by light scattering and electron microscopy. The results are well described by a simple model mechanism in which the growth and destruction of filaments occurs by stepwise addition or dissociation of protomers. All steps except the dimerisation step are assumed to have identical rate constants. These were found to be 5 X 10(3) M-1 - sec-1 and 3 X 10(-2) sec-1 for the association and dissociation, respectively (at pH 7.5 and in the presence of 10(-3) M calcium chloride). The equilibrium constant of elongation as obtained from the critical concentration is 1.7 X 10(5) M-1. The corresponding equilibrium constant of dimerisation is about 10 million times smaller (cooperativity parameter sigma = 2 X 10(-7)). This makes the nucleation extremely difficult and cooperativity very high. A best fit of the model to the experimental data is achieved when the destruction of a dimer is much faster than the addition of a third protomer (fast monomer- dimer pre-equilibrium). The size of the nucleus from which propagation becomes faster than dissociation is 3.", "PMID": 1174645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4765", "title": "Synchronization in two interacting oscillatory systems.", "content": "Nonlinear phenomena arising from the interaction of two oscillating systems of chemical reactions are studied experimentally. The system of two connected flow-through continuous stirred tank reactors (cells) with controlled exchange of reaction mixture is used. The Belousov reaction (oxidation of malonic acid by bromate in sulphuric acid with ceric/cerous ions as catalyst) served as model system. The frequency of oscillations was controlled by change of the reaction temperature. Phenomena such as synchronization of oscillations at a common frequency, synchronization at multiples of a common frequency, rhythm splitting and amplitude amplification were observed, depending on the degree of interaction and the differences in the original oscillation frequencies. Mathematical modelling of the above phenomena failed, probably due to insufficient knowledge of a kinetic model.", "contents": "Synchronization in two interacting oscillatory systems. Nonlinear phenomena arising from the interaction of two oscillating systems of chemical reactions are studied experimentally. The system of two connected flow-through continuous stirred tank reactors (cells) with controlled exchange of reaction mixture is used. The Belousov reaction (oxidation of malonic acid by bromate in sulphuric acid with ceric/cerous ions as catalyst) served as model system. The frequency of oscillations was controlled by change of the reaction temperature. Phenomena such as synchronization of oscillations at a common frequency, synchronization at multiples of a common frequency, rhythm splitting and amplitude amplification were observed, depending on the degree of interaction and the differences in the original oscillation frequencies. Mathematical modelling of the above phenomena failed, probably due to insufficient knowledge of a kinetic model.", "PMID": 1174646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4766", "title": "Basic polypeptides as histone models: circular dichroism of complexes of model polypeptides with DNA.", "content": "Circular dichroism (CD) was used to study the complexes of DNA (in 0.15M NaCl) with two polypeptides considered as models of the histone molecules. CD spectra in the region of DNA absorption were studied with respect to the concentration used for annealing and to the molecular weight and composition of the DNA used. The properties of supernatants after centrifugation of aggregated complexes were examined. The effect of selectively bound antibiotics (actinomycin D and netropsin) on CD sprectra of complexes was investigated. The induced CD of proflavine molecules bound to DNA in the various complexes was also studied. It was concluded that changes in the CD spectra of DNA in complexes with the polypeptides are due to the formation of chiral superstructures, even if some conformational changes of DNA molecules themselves may also be decisive in some cases. The superstructure is affected by the composition of DNA, the role of (G + C) rich segments being particularly important.", "contents": "Basic polypeptides as histone models: circular dichroism of complexes of model polypeptides with DNA. Circular dichroism (CD) was used to study the complexes of DNA (in 0.15M NaCl) with two polypeptides considered as models of the histone molecules. CD spectra in the region of DNA absorption were studied with respect to the concentration used for annealing and to the molecular weight and composition of the DNA used. The properties of supernatants after centrifugation of aggregated complexes were examined. The effect of selectively bound antibiotics (actinomycin D and netropsin) on CD sprectra of complexes was investigated. The induced CD of proflavine molecules bound to DNA in the various complexes was also studied. It was concluded that changes in the CD spectra of DNA in complexes with the polypeptides are due to the formation of chiral superstructures, even if some conformational changes of DNA molecules themselves may also be decisive in some cases. The superstructure is affected by the composition of DNA, the role of (G + C) rich segments being particularly important.", "PMID": 1174648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4767", "title": "Nonlinear phenomena in oscillatory systems of homogeneous reactions - experimental observations.", "content": "An oscillating system of homogeneous chemical reactions (oxidation of malonic acid by bromate with ceric/cerous ion system as the catalyst) was followed experimentally in several reactor configurations, operated both as close and open systems. Characteristic nonlinear phenomena observed include: damped oscillations of concentrations of reaction components in a well stirred batch reactor, undampted oscillations and sudden changes of oscillatory behaviour (jump to a new steady state) in CSTR and interaction of oscillations in the two connected CSTRs. In a tubular reactor stationary and travelling concentration waves were observed. In the system of CSTR connected with a tubular reactor spreading of waves from CSTR to the tubular reactor, and vice versa was followed. In the flow through tubular reactor the formation of non-monotomic concentration profiles was measured, which were basically stationary with respect to changing flow-rate. The course of oscillations in CSTR was simulated on the basis of a semiempirical reaction kinetics model. An attempt to simulate quantitatively the behaviour of the distributed system with the common type of Fickian diffusion balance equations failed. Difficulties in the proper description of the transport of ions through the concentration gradient and the gradient of the electrical potential found in this system are discussed.", "contents": "Nonlinear phenomena in oscillatory systems of homogeneous reactions - experimental observations. An oscillating system of homogeneous chemical reactions (oxidation of malonic acid by bromate with ceric/cerous ion system as the catalyst) was followed experimentally in several reactor configurations, operated both as close and open systems. Characteristic nonlinear phenomena observed include: damped oscillations of concentrations of reaction components in a well stirred batch reactor, undampted oscillations and sudden changes of oscillatory behaviour (jump to a new steady state) in CSTR and interaction of oscillations in the two connected CSTRs. In a tubular reactor stationary and travelling concentration waves were observed. In the system of CSTR connected with a tubular reactor spreading of waves from CSTR to the tubular reactor, and vice versa was followed. In the flow through tubular reactor the formation of non-monotomic concentration profiles was measured, which were basically stationary with respect to changing flow-rate. The course of oscillations in CSTR was simulated on the basis of a semiempirical reaction kinetics model. An attempt to simulate quantitatively the behaviour of the distributed system with the common type of Fickian diffusion balance equations failed. Difficulties in the proper description of the transport of ions through the concentration gradient and the gradient of the electrical potential found in this system are discussed.", "PMID": 1174649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4768", "title": "Hairy cell leukemia: functional, immunologic, kinetic, and ultrastructural characterization.", "content": "A diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia was made by optic microscopy, phase-contrast microscopy, electron microscopy, scanning microscopy, and histochemistry of the abnormal blood cells. In vivo these cells were found to have a half-time in the blood of approximately 150 hr. In vitro they had the capacity to adhere firmly to plastic, making it possible to obtain a pure population of hairy cells. Neither T-rosette formation nor phytohemagglutinin (PHA) transformation could be demonstrated in these cells. On the other hand, the presence of immunoglobulins on the surface of the hairy cells (HC) by immunofluorescence, and the synthesis and secretion by these cells of IgM type lambda-chains shown by radioimmunodiffusion, were in favor of their B-type lymphocyte origin. Similarities to chronic lymphocytic leukemia were apparent.", "contents": "Hairy cell leukemia: functional, immunologic, kinetic, and ultrastructural characterization. A diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia was made by optic microscopy, phase-contrast microscopy, electron microscopy, scanning microscopy, and histochemistry of the abnormal blood cells. In vivo these cells were found to have a half-time in the blood of approximately 150 hr. In vitro they had the capacity to adhere firmly to plastic, making it possible to obtain a pure population of hairy cells. Neither T-rosette formation nor phytohemagglutinin (PHA) transformation could be demonstrated in these cells. On the other hand, the presence of immunoglobulins on the surface of the hairy cells (HC) by immunofluorescence, and the synthesis and secretion by these cells of IgM type lambda-chains shown by radioimmunodiffusion, were in favor of their B-type lymphocyte origin. Similarities to chronic lymphocytic leukemia were apparent.", "PMID": 1174687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4769", "title": "DNA-metabolizing enzymes in normal human lymphoid cells. VI. Induction of DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma following stimulation with phytohemagglutinin.", "content": "At least three distinct DNA polymerases, named alpha, beta, and gamma, have been isolated from normal mammalian cells. The function of these enzymes in regard to DNA replication and repair remains unclear. Stimulation of blood lymphocytes with the plant mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA), is known to increase total DNA polymerase activity. In this study, we measured the change of each of these activities as lymphocytes intered a mitotic cycle. Aliquots of a pool of normal human blood lymphocytes were incubated with PHA for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hr, respectively, and the various DNA polymerase activities quantitated at each point. No significant DNA polymerase activity was detected in unstimulated cells. Low levels of polymerase beta were found at 24 hr. The average DNA content per cell doubled between 24 and 48 hr, and during this interval all three DNA polymerases increased to easily detectable levels. By far the greatest fractional increase in activity of all three polymerases was seen between 48 and 72 hr, after the average doubling of cellular DNA. In summary, these blood lymphocytes lack significant levels of DNA polymerases; stimulation with PHA induces all three of the major DNA polymerase species. In both these respects, these cells differ from other proliferating mammalian cell systems. The possible significance of this difference is discussed.", "contents": "DNA-metabolizing enzymes in normal human lymphoid cells. VI. Induction of DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma following stimulation with phytohemagglutinin. At least three distinct DNA polymerases, named alpha, beta, and gamma, have been isolated from normal mammalian cells. The function of these enzymes in regard to DNA replication and repair remains unclear. Stimulation of blood lymphocytes with the plant mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA), is known to increase total DNA polymerase activity. In this study, we measured the change of each of these activities as lymphocytes intered a mitotic cycle. Aliquots of a pool of normal human blood lymphocytes were incubated with PHA for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hr, respectively, and the various DNA polymerase activities quantitated at each point. No significant DNA polymerase activity was detected in unstimulated cells. Low levels of polymerase beta were found at 24 hr. The average DNA content per cell doubled between 24 and 48 hr, and during this interval all three DNA polymerases increased to easily detectable levels. By far the greatest fractional increase in activity of all three polymerases was seen between 48 and 72 hr, after the average doubling of cellular DNA. In summary, these blood lymphocytes lack significant levels of DNA polymerases; stimulation with PHA induces all three of the major DNA polymerase species. In both these respects, these cells differ from other proliferating mammalian cell systems. The possible significance of this difference is discussed.", "PMID": 1174688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4770", "title": "A new hematologic syndrome with a distinct karyotype: the 5 q--chromosome.", "content": "Five patients, four women and one man, age 32-8- yr, all whites, had refractory anemia with the same abnormal bone marrow karyotype, i.e., a partial deletion of the long arm of the No. 5 chromosome. The hematologic syndrome was practically the same in these five cases. Examination of the blood revealed a moderate to severe, generally macrocytic anemia with slight leukopenia but normal or elevated platelet count. The bone marrow showed a depressed erythroid series and some abnormalities of the granulocytic series with an occasional excess of myeloblasts. Most of the megakaryocytes had a nonlobulated nucleus. These features, as well as cytogenetic, electron microscopic, isotopic, platelet function, and immunologic studies, are described in detail. The relationship of this newly established syndrome to other hematologic diseases is discussed. The syndrome constitutes another example of the association between a specific abnormal chromosome and a distinct hematologic disorder.", "contents": "A new hematologic syndrome with a distinct karyotype: the 5 q--chromosome. Five patients, four women and one man, age 32-8- yr, all whites, had refractory anemia with the same abnormal bone marrow karyotype, i.e., a partial deletion of the long arm of the No. 5 chromosome. The hematologic syndrome was practically the same in these five cases. Examination of the blood revealed a moderate to severe, generally macrocytic anemia with slight leukopenia but normal or elevated platelet count. The bone marrow showed a depressed erythroid series and some abnormalities of the granulocytic series with an occasional excess of myeloblasts. Most of the megakaryocytes had a nonlobulated nucleus. These features, as well as cytogenetic, electron microscopic, isotopic, platelet function, and immunologic studies, are described in detail. The relationship of this newly established syndrome to other hematologic diseases is discussed. The syndrome constitutes another example of the association between a specific abnormal chromosome and a distinct hematologic disorder.", "PMID": 1174689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4771", "title": "Ultrastructural changes of endothelium associated with thrombocytopenia.", "content": "In a study of the relationship between thrombocytopenia and increased vascular fragility, changes in the endothelium of capillaries and postcapillary venules of the tongue were examined by electron microscopy. Adult male albino rabbits (4 kg) were maintained thrombocytopenic (platelets less than 20,000/cu mm) up to 24 hr by one to three injections of guinea pig antirabbit platelet serum. Within 6 hr the normal projections and folds of the lumenal surface of the endothelial surface were largely effaced. In addition, the endothelium became thinner. In places, pores and membranous diaphragms were observed. Endothelial junctions appeared normal. Identical findings were observed if rabbits were made thrombocytopenic by administration of intraperitoneal busulfan. Intravenously administered Thorotrast was observed in endothelial cells and in the extravascular spaces within 3 min after injection into thrombocytopenic animals, while it was seen only intravascularly in control rabbits. With the spontaneous restoration of circulating platelets, the endothelium reverted to normal.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes of endothelium associated with thrombocytopenia. In a study of the relationship between thrombocytopenia and increased vascular fragility, changes in the endothelium of capillaries and postcapillary venules of the tongue were examined by electron microscopy. Adult male albino rabbits (4 kg) were maintained thrombocytopenic (platelets less than 20,000/cu mm) up to 24 hr by one to three injections of guinea pig antirabbit platelet serum. Within 6 hr the normal projections and folds of the lumenal surface of the endothelial surface were largely effaced. In addition, the endothelium became thinner. In places, pores and membranous diaphragms were observed. Endothelial junctions appeared normal. Identical findings were observed if rabbits were made thrombocytopenic by administration of intraperitoneal busulfan. Intravenously administered Thorotrast was observed in endothelial cells and in the extravascular spaces within 3 min after injection into thrombocytopenic animals, while it was seen only intravascularly in control rabbits. With the spontaneous restoration of circulating platelets, the endothelium reverted to normal.", "PMID": 1174690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4772", "title": "Elevated platelet count and megathrombocyte number in sickle cell anemia.", "content": "Eight adult patients with sickle cell anemia were followed over a 6-mo period. During this time all patients had elevated plateletcounts, 1.7-fold (mean, 438,398 +/- 86,223), and megathrombocyte numbers, 2.3-fold (mean, 79,535 +/- 38,907), during asymptomatic periods. These data are interpreted as suggesting that the elevated platelets and megathrombocytes in asymptomatic sickle cell patients result from lack of splenic sequestration. During three crises in two patients, both megathrombocyte number and platelet count fell significantly. It is speculated that platelets may be associated with the pathology in this disease. Platelet function studies performed during crises, therefore, must take into account the number of megathrombocytes.", "contents": "Elevated platelet count and megathrombocyte number in sickle cell anemia. Eight adult patients with sickle cell anemia were followed over a 6-mo period. During this time all patients had elevated plateletcounts, 1.7-fold (mean, 438,398 +/- 86,223), and megathrombocyte numbers, 2.3-fold (mean, 79,535 +/- 38,907), during asymptomatic periods. These data are interpreted as suggesting that the elevated platelets and megathrombocytes in asymptomatic sickle cell patients result from lack of splenic sequestration. During three crises in two patients, both megathrombocyte number and platelet count fell significantly. It is speculated that platelets may be associated with the pathology in this disease. Platelet function studies performed during crises, therefore, must take into account the number of megathrombocytes.", "PMID": 1174691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4773", "title": "Iron metabolism, sickle cell disease, and response to cyanate.", "content": "In an attempt to understand the variability of the hematologic response to oral sodium cyanate, iron metabolism was studied in a group of 39 patients with sickel cell disease. Eleven of the 39 patients were found to have no stainable iron in the marrow despite the fact that patients with sickle cell disease are generally considered to have hemosiderosis. The mean per cent saturation and total iron-binding capacity were in the low-normal range in sickle cell patients whether or not stainable iron was present in the bone marrow aspirate. Serum ferritin concentrations, on the other hand, were found to be high in both groups (greater than 500 mu g/liter) when compared to controls (60 mu g/liter). The high serum ferritin levels denoted significant total-body iron deposition which may be unavailable for normal metabolic processes. One patient with no stainable iron in the bone marrow aspirate did respond to iron therapy alone with an increase in hemoglobin concentration. Serum ceruloplasmin levels were also found to be high in sickle cell disease patients. The ability to respond to oral cyanate therapy was correlated with the amount of stainable iron in the bone marrow aspirate. These studies emphasize the necessity of a reevaluation of iron metabolism in the pathophysiology and treatment of sickle cell disease.", "contents": "Iron metabolism, sickle cell disease, and response to cyanate. In an attempt to understand the variability of the hematologic response to oral sodium cyanate, iron metabolism was studied in a group of 39 patients with sickel cell disease. Eleven of the 39 patients were found to have no stainable iron in the marrow despite the fact that patients with sickle cell disease are generally considered to have hemosiderosis. The mean per cent saturation and total iron-binding capacity were in the low-normal range in sickle cell patients whether or not stainable iron was present in the bone marrow aspirate. Serum ferritin concentrations, on the other hand, were found to be high in both groups (greater than 500 mu g/liter) when compared to controls (60 mu g/liter). The high serum ferritin levels denoted significant total-body iron deposition which may be unavailable for normal metabolic processes. One patient with no stainable iron in the bone marrow aspirate did respond to iron therapy alone with an increase in hemoglobin concentration. Serum ceruloplasmin levels were also found to be high in sickle cell disease patients. The ability to respond to oral cyanate therapy was correlated with the amount of stainable iron in the bone marrow aspirate. These studies emphasize the necessity of a reevaluation of iron metabolism in the pathophysiology and treatment of sickle cell disease.", "PMID": 1174692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4774", "title": "Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and sickle cell anemia: frequency and features of the association in an African community.", "content": "The glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) genotype was determined in 100 male patients with homozygous sickle cell anemia (SS) by a combination of quantitative assay, cytochemical testing, and starch-gel electrophoresis. Of the 100 patients tested, 16 were found to be G6PD deficient (GdA-), AND 84 G6PD normal (22GsA and 62 GdB). This distribution of G6PD genotypes did not differ significantly from that observed in the general population. The level of G6PD activity in GdA- SS patients was nearly always higher than in G6PD-deficient subjects who did not have an associated hemolytic state, but it was nearly always lower than in G6PD-normal subjects. The clinical course of sickle cell disease, including the degree of anemia, was not milder in GdA- than in G6PD-normal patients but could not be proved to be significantly more severe. It was concluded that in this community the incidence of G6PD deficiency in sickle cell anemia was not greater than would be expected by chance, and there was no evidence that the coexistence of the GdA- gene in SS patients ameliorated their disease.", "contents": "Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and sickle cell anemia: frequency and features of the association in an African community. The glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) genotype was determined in 100 male patients with homozygous sickle cell anemia (SS) by a combination of quantitative assay, cytochemical testing, and starch-gel electrophoresis. Of the 100 patients tested, 16 were found to be G6PD deficient (GdA-), AND 84 G6PD normal (22GsA and 62 GdB). This distribution of G6PD genotypes did not differ significantly from that observed in the general population. The level of G6PD activity in GdA- SS patients was nearly always higher than in G6PD-deficient subjects who did not have an associated hemolytic state, but it was nearly always lower than in G6PD-normal subjects. The clinical course of sickle cell disease, including the degree of anemia, was not milder in GdA- than in G6PD-normal patients but could not be proved to be significantly more severe. It was concluded that in this community the incidence of G6PD deficiency in sickle cell anemia was not greater than would be expected by chance, and there was no evidence that the coexistence of the GdA- gene in SS patients ameliorated their disease.", "PMID": 1174693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4775", "title": "Clinical and laboratory observations on serum folate-binding protein.", "content": "We studied the effect of serum folate-binding protein (FBP) on folate radioassays and the relationship of the serum level of unsaturated FBP to the serum folate level in various clinical states. Our modification of a heat-extracted radioassay was compared to a whole serum radioassay. Our results confirmed the existence of elevated serum levels of unsaturated FBP in some normal subjects, in some women taking oral contraceptives, and in most patients with uremia. Elevated levels of unsaturated FBP will produce falsely low results in folate radioassay unless the FBP has been destroyed by heat, as was done in the modified radioassay here presented. In normal and uremic subjects, serum folate and unsaturated FBP levels tended to correlate, whereas in patients taking large doses of folic acid the level of unsaturated FBP fell as the level of serum folate rose.", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory observations on serum folate-binding protein. We studied the effect of serum folate-binding protein (FBP) on folate radioassays and the relationship of the serum level of unsaturated FBP to the serum folate level in various clinical states. Our modification of a heat-extracted radioassay was compared to a whole serum radioassay. Our results confirmed the existence of elevated serum levels of unsaturated FBP in some normal subjects, in some women taking oral contraceptives, and in most patients with uremia. Elevated levels of unsaturated FBP will produce falsely low results in folate radioassay unless the FBP has been destroyed by heat, as was done in the modified radioassay here presented. In normal and uremic subjects, serum folate and unsaturated FBP levels tended to correlate, whereas in patients taking large doses of folic acid the level of unsaturated FBP fell as the level of serum folate rose.", "PMID": 1174694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4776", "title": "The influence of temperature on red cell deformability.", "content": "This study was undertaken to examine the influence of temperature on physical properties of red cell membranes. Red cells adhering to cover slips were subjected to fluid shear stress in a rotating disc apparatus for 1 min or for 10 min at temperatures ranging from 2 degrees to 50 degress C. They were fixed while subject to shear stress by addition of glutaraldehyde and then processed for examination and photography by reflected-light microscopy. Cell dimensions were obtained with a computerized planimeter. At shear stresses under 2 dynes/sq cm, cells changed shape from biconcave discs to tear drops, the dimensions of which were influenced very little by temperature or duration of shear stress. Above 2 dynes/sq cm, filamentous processes or \"tethers\" developed at attachment points of cells to cover slips. Tether length and the percentage of cells possessing tethers increased markedly with increasing temperature and duration of shear stress. At approximately 48 degrees C, a dramatic change occurred over a narrow temperature range such that cells were markedly elongated and irregularly deformed by a shear stress of 1 dyne/sq cm or less. These observations demonstrate that elongation of human red cells subjected to fluid shear stress in a rotating disc system is markedly influenced by temperature as well as by magnitude and duration of shear stress. They also indicate that significant increases in red cell membrane fluidity occur between 2 degrees and 24 degrees-37 degrees C and again between 48 degrees and 50 degrees C.", "contents": "The influence of temperature on red cell deformability. This study was undertaken to examine the influence of temperature on physical properties of red cell membranes. Red cells adhering to cover slips were subjected to fluid shear stress in a rotating disc apparatus for 1 min or for 10 min at temperatures ranging from 2 degrees to 50 degress C. They were fixed while subject to shear stress by addition of glutaraldehyde and then processed for examination and photography by reflected-light microscopy. Cell dimensions were obtained with a computerized planimeter. At shear stresses under 2 dynes/sq cm, cells changed shape from biconcave discs to tear drops, the dimensions of which were influenced very little by temperature or duration of shear stress. Above 2 dynes/sq cm, filamentous processes or \"tethers\" developed at attachment points of cells to cover slips. Tether length and the percentage of cells possessing tethers increased markedly with increasing temperature and duration of shear stress. At approximately 48 degrees C, a dramatic change occurred over a narrow temperature range such that cells were markedly elongated and irregularly deformed by a shear stress of 1 dyne/sq cm or less. These observations demonstrate that elongation of human red cells subjected to fluid shear stress in a rotating disc system is markedly influenced by temperature as well as by magnitude and duration of shear stress. They also indicate that significant increases in red cell membrane fluidity occur between 2 degrees and 24 degrees-37 degrees C and again between 48 degrees and 50 degrees C.", "PMID": 1174695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4777", "title": "Abnormal erythroid maturation in mice induced by isoniazid.", "content": "Defective arythropoiesis characterizes the sideroblastic anemias. The present studies were undertaken to assess the effects of isoniazid, an inhibitor of heme synthesis, on erythropoietin-induced erythroid maturation in hypertransfused mice. Isoniazid was administered at intervals during a wave of induced erythropoiesis, and the effects were assessed in both the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The data showed that isoniazid interfered with heme synthesis and erythroid maturation. The most inhibitory effect of isoniazid was noted at the intermediate normoblast stage. A transient increase in the reticulocyte nonheme iron pool was also found.", "contents": "Abnormal erythroid maturation in mice induced by isoniazid. Defective arythropoiesis characterizes the sideroblastic anemias. The present studies were undertaken to assess the effects of isoniazid, an inhibitor of heme synthesis, on erythropoietin-induced erythroid maturation in hypertransfused mice. Isoniazid was administered at intervals during a wave of induced erythropoiesis, and the effects were assessed in both the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The data showed that isoniazid interfered with heme synthesis and erythroid maturation. The most inhibitory effect of isoniazid was noted at the intermediate normoblast stage. A transient increase in the reticulocyte nonheme iron pool was also found.", "PMID": 1174696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4778", "title": "Limitation of splenic growth as studied by heterotopic splenic implants.", "content": "Multiple spleens were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue or the peritoneal cavity of inbred rats which had undergone splenectomy. The total weight of regenerated implants was compared to the weight of implanted tissue. The weight of recovered tissue was not a function of implanted spleen mass; rather, it approximated the unit ratio of the animal's own spleen. Those animals receiving more than ten spleens died by days 3-6 postimplantation, probably as a result of massive necrosis that occurred during the process of regeneration. When implants were made in a temporal sequence of two spleens every 3 days, the first set was uniformly successful, whereas regeneration was aborted in subsequent sets of implants. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that certain factors control the total mass of spleen in any one animal.", "contents": "Limitation of splenic growth as studied by heterotopic splenic implants. Multiple spleens were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue or the peritoneal cavity of inbred rats which had undergone splenectomy. The total weight of regenerated implants was compared to the weight of implanted tissue. The weight of recovered tissue was not a function of implanted spleen mass; rather, it approximated the unit ratio of the animal's own spleen. Those animals receiving more than ten spleens died by days 3-6 postimplantation, probably as a result of massive necrosis that occurred during the process of regeneration. When implants were made in a temporal sequence of two spleens every 3 days, the first set was uniformly successful, whereas regeneration was aborted in subsequent sets of implants. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that certain factors control the total mass of spleen in any one animal.", "PMID": 1174697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4779", "title": "Hereditary stomatocytosis: membrane and metabolism studies.", "content": "A defect in the protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation of erythrocyte membrane proteins, previously unrecognized in stomatocytosis, was discovered in a boy with hereditary stomatocytosis and severe hemolytic anemia. The high-sodium, low-potassium erythrocytes of this patient were remarkably permeable to both sodium and potassium. The rate of ouabain-inhibitable active cation transport was more than ten times normal and was sustained by an increase of similar magnitude in glycolysis. The deformability in vitro of fresh stomatocytes was reduced and deteriorated further after a brief period of incubation with glucose. Ferrokinetic studies showed that these rigid cells were sequestered by the spleen. When stomatocytes were deprived of glucose in vitro, ATP depletion and ATPase cation pump failure rapidly ensued. Because of their permeability defect, such depleted cells rapidly became swollen and lysed. Prolonged entrapment in acidic, hypoglycemic regions of the spleen would recapitulate these unfavorable events in vivo. In this regard, splenectomy was followed by an improvement in erythrocyte survival, although evidence of continuing hemolysis was obtained.", "contents": "Hereditary stomatocytosis: membrane and metabolism studies. A defect in the protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation of erythrocyte membrane proteins, previously unrecognized in stomatocytosis, was discovered in a boy with hereditary stomatocytosis and severe hemolytic anemia. The high-sodium, low-potassium erythrocytes of this patient were remarkably permeable to both sodium and potassium. The rate of ouabain-inhibitable active cation transport was more than ten times normal and was sustained by an increase of similar magnitude in glycolysis. The deformability in vitro of fresh stomatocytes was reduced and deteriorated further after a brief period of incubation with glucose. Ferrokinetic studies showed that these rigid cells were sequestered by the spleen. When stomatocytes were deprived of glucose in vitro, ATP depletion and ATPase cation pump failure rapidly ensued. Because of their permeability defect, such depleted cells rapidly became swollen and lysed. Prolonged entrapment in acidic, hypoglycemic regions of the spleen would recapitulate these unfavorable events in vivo. In this regard, splenectomy was followed by an improvement in erythrocyte survival, although evidence of continuing hemolysis was obtained.", "PMID": 1174702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4780", "title": "A new form of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin in blacks and its association with sickle cell trait.", "content": "A new form of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) producing 3%-8% Hb F in heterozygotes and an elevation of F-cell counts as measured by both the Kleihauer test and an antibody fluorescent procedure was found during the study of a black family. Individuals with this anomaly also had sickle cell trait. A sickle cell homozygote who had apparently inherited the HPFH determinant had 20.3% Hb F. Both types of gamma-chains were present in equal proportions in the Hb F of these individuals. A population study revealed other AS individuals with increased Hb F synthesis, three of whom were sibs. The presence of this previously unrecognized form of HPFH might explain the mild clinical manifestations and the hemoglobin phenotypes of sickle cell homozygotes with unusual elevations of Hb F.", "contents": "A new form of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin in blacks and its association with sickle cell trait. A new form of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) producing 3%-8% Hb F in heterozygotes and an elevation of F-cell counts as measured by both the Kleihauer test and an antibody fluorescent procedure was found during the study of a black family. Individuals with this anomaly also had sickle cell trait. A sickle cell homozygote who had apparently inherited the HPFH determinant had 20.3% Hb F. Both types of gamma-chains were present in equal proportions in the Hb F of these individuals. A population study revealed other AS individuals with increased Hb F synthesis, three of whom were sibs. The presence of this previously unrecognized form of HPFH might explain the mild clinical manifestations and the hemoglobin phenotypes of sickle cell homozygotes with unusual elevations of Hb F.", "PMID": 1174703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4781", "title": "The relationship between anemia, fecal stercobilinogen, erythrocyte survival, and globin synthesis in heterozygotes for beta-thalassemia.", "content": "Erythrocyte survival, fecal stercobilinogen, and the alpha/beta-chain synthesis ratio in recticulocytes and bone marrow (six cases only) were determined and related to the hemoglobin levels in ten heterozygous carriers of beta-thalassemia with different degrees of anemia. Erythrocyte survival values were low, though not related to the degree of anemia, whereas stercobilinogen values and changes in the peripheral blood alpha/beta-chain ratios were so correlated. In the case of bone marrow, on the other hand, the ratio between alpha-chain and beta-chain synthesis was virtually 1, irrespective of the degree of anemia. It is suggested that the severity of anemia in heterozygous carriers is independent of peripheral hemolysis and entirely attributable to destruction of erythroblasts within the marrow.", "contents": "The relationship between anemia, fecal stercobilinogen, erythrocyte survival, and globin synthesis in heterozygotes for beta-thalassemia. Erythrocyte survival, fecal stercobilinogen, and the alpha/beta-chain synthesis ratio in recticulocytes and bone marrow (six cases only) were determined and related to the hemoglobin levels in ten heterozygous carriers of beta-thalassemia with different degrees of anemia. Erythrocyte survival values were low, though not related to the degree of anemia, whereas stercobilinogen values and changes in the peripheral blood alpha/beta-chain ratios were so correlated. In the case of bone marrow, on the other hand, the ratio between alpha-chain and beta-chain synthesis was virtually 1, irrespective of the degree of anemia. It is suggested that the severity of anemia in heterozygous carriers is independent of peripheral hemolysis and entirely attributable to destruction of erythroblasts within the marrow.", "PMID": 1174704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4782", "title": "Thymidylate synthetase activity in bone marrow cells in pernicious anemia.", "content": "The tritium release assay for the demonstration of thymidylate synthetase activity has been applied to the measurement of enzyme activity in the bone marrow of four patients with pernicious anemia and nine normal subjects. On the average, an approximately ninefold increase in enzyme activity was observed in patients with pernicious anemia. In the absence of 5, 10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate, enzyme activity was reduced in both normal and in pernicious anemia cells. Addition of 5, 10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate to the assay medium resulted in a far greater activation of thymidylate synthetase activity in megaloblastic bone marrow cells than in the cells of control subjects.", "contents": "Thymidylate synthetase activity in bone marrow cells in pernicious anemia. The tritium release assay for the demonstration of thymidylate synthetase activity has been applied to the measurement of enzyme activity in the bone marrow of four patients with pernicious anemia and nine normal subjects. On the average, an approximately ninefold increase in enzyme activity was observed in patients with pernicious anemia. In the absence of 5, 10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate, enzyme activity was reduced in both normal and in pernicious anemia cells. Addition of 5, 10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate to the assay medium resulted in a far greater activation of thymidylate synthetase activity in megaloblastic bone marrow cells than in the cells of control subjects.", "PMID": 1174705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4783", "title": "Use of cell separation and short-term culture techniques to study erythroid cell development.", "content": "Cell populations highly enriched for the different stages of erythroid cell maturation were obtained by three sequential operations: harvesting of erythroid cells after induction of erythroid hyperplasia in the spleens of mice, elimination of the more mature erythrocytes by immunologic techniques, and separation of the residual nucleated erythroid cells as a function of size by the velocity sedimentation technique. The resulting cell fractions were studied both directly and after overnight incubation in the presence or absence of erythropoietin. In short-term culture, erythropoietin stimulated proliferation of pronormoblasts and basophilic normoblasts but probably not cells at later stages of differentiation. Erythropoietin also appeared to recruit increased numbers of pronormoblasts. In this experimental system, erythroid cell differentiation was able to proceed in the absence of erythropoietin, but without proliferation of these early erythroid cells. These techniques have provided a model system for the study of erythroid cells at different stages of maturation isolated from a uniform source at one point in time. The morphologic observations indicated that erythropoietin stimulates erythroid cell proliferation at several early stages of the maturation pathway.", "contents": "Use of cell separation and short-term culture techniques to study erythroid cell development. Cell populations highly enriched for the different stages of erythroid cell maturation were obtained by three sequential operations: harvesting of erythroid cells after induction of erythroid hyperplasia in the spleens of mice, elimination of the more mature erythrocytes by immunologic techniques, and separation of the residual nucleated erythroid cells as a function of size by the velocity sedimentation technique. The resulting cell fractions were studied both directly and after overnight incubation in the presence or absence of erythropoietin. In short-term culture, erythropoietin stimulated proliferation of pronormoblasts and basophilic normoblasts but probably not cells at later stages of differentiation. Erythropoietin also appeared to recruit increased numbers of pronormoblasts. In this experimental system, erythroid cell differentiation was able to proceed in the absence of erythropoietin, but without proliferation of these early erythroid cells. These techniques have provided a model system for the study of erythroid cells at different stages of maturation isolated from a uniform source at one point in time. The morphologic observations indicated that erythropoietin stimulates erythroid cell proliferation at several early stages of the maturation pathway.", "PMID": 1174706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4784", "title": "Congenital neutropenia: neutrophil proliferation with abnormal maturation.", "content": "A child with congenital neutropenia was studied using bone marrow culture and ultrastructural and cytochemical techniques. The patient's marrow cells formed a large number of granulocytic colonies of normal size in culture, and her peripheral blood leukocytes produced adequate colony-stimulating factor. No serum inhibitors were identified. The patient's promyelocytes from direct marrow and culture appeared normal in ultrastructure, and primary granules, contained peroxidase and acid phosphatase activity. Myelocytes and rare segmented neutrophils from direct marrow specimens demonstrated atypical notched nuclei, myelin figures in Golgi lamellae and primary (azurophilic) granules, and no identifiable secondary (specific) granules. These data indicate an intrinsic neutrophil defect which allows normal proliferation of precursor cells, but results in abnormal granulogenesis and apparent inability to form secondary granules.", "contents": "Congenital neutropenia: neutrophil proliferation with abnormal maturation. A child with congenital neutropenia was studied using bone marrow culture and ultrastructural and cytochemical techniques. The patient's marrow cells formed a large number of granulocytic colonies of normal size in culture, and her peripheral blood leukocytes produced adequate colony-stimulating factor. No serum inhibitors were identified. The patient's promyelocytes from direct marrow and culture appeared normal in ultrastructure, and primary granules, contained peroxidase and acid phosphatase activity. Myelocytes and rare segmented neutrophils from direct marrow specimens demonstrated atypical notched nuclei, myelin figures in Golgi lamellae and primary (azurophilic) granules, and no identifiable secondary (specific) granules. These data indicate an intrinsic neutrophil defect which allows normal proliferation of precursor cells, but results in abnormal granulogenesis and apparent inability to form secondary granules.", "PMID": 1174707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4785", "title": "Correction of poor platelet transfusion responses with leukocyte-poor HL-A-matched platelet concentrates.", "content": "Matching donor-recipient pairs for HL-A antigens provides a logical starting point for selecting donors for recipients with extensive prior transfusion histories. However, during the course of continued exposure to even HL-A-matched platelet concentrates, further sensitization occurs, as indicated by progressively poorer post-transfusion increments and transfusion reactions. There is evidence that such sensitization may be due to non-HL-A antigens. Finally, it is postulated that the poor post-transfusion platelet increments obtained when standard platelet concentrates are used result from the leukoagglutinin antigen-antibody reaction involving the platelet as an \"innocent bystander.\" The standard platelet concentrate can be purified by a simple method of centrifugation (178 g times 3 min), removing about 96% of the contaminating white blood cells with concomitant loss of about 21% of the platelets. The use of these leukocyte-poor platelet concentrates can restore compatible transfusion increments in highly alloimmunized thrombocytopenic recipients. The luekocyte-poor concentrates can diminish undesirable transfusion reactions following imcompatible platelet transfusions.", "contents": "Correction of poor platelet transfusion responses with leukocyte-poor HL-A-matched platelet concentrates. Matching donor-recipient pairs for HL-A antigens provides a logical starting point for selecting donors for recipients with extensive prior transfusion histories. However, during the course of continued exposure to even HL-A-matched platelet concentrates, further sensitization occurs, as indicated by progressively poorer post-transfusion increments and transfusion reactions. There is evidence that such sensitization may be due to non-HL-A antigens. Finally, it is postulated that the poor post-transfusion platelet increments obtained when standard platelet concentrates are used result from the leukoagglutinin antigen-antibody reaction involving the platelet as an \"innocent bystander.\" The standard platelet concentrate can be purified by a simple method of centrifugation (178 g times 3 min), removing about 96% of the contaminating white blood cells with concomitant loss of about 21% of the platelets. The use of these leukocyte-poor platelet concentrates can restore compatible transfusion increments in highly alloimmunized thrombocytopenic recipients. The luekocyte-poor concentrates can diminish undesirable transfusion reactions following imcompatible platelet transfusions.", "PMID": 1174708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4786", "title": "A hitherto undescribed plasma factor acting at the contact phase of blood coagulation (Flaujeac factor): case report and coagulation studies.", "content": "This paper reports an asymptomatic coagulation defect responsible for an abnormality at the contact phase of blood coagulation in vitro, distinct from Hageman factor and Fletcher factor deficiencies. Coagulation studies in a 50-yr-old French woman without bleeding tendency revealed the following results: whole-blood clotting time in glass tubes and activated partial thromboplastin time with kaolin and ellagic acid were greatly prolonged; one-stage prothrombin was normal; no circulating anticoagulant was detected, and the infusion of normal plasma corrected the coagulation defect with an estimated half-life of 6.5 days; the levels of factor VIII, IX, XI, and XII were normal; mutual correction was obtained with a Fletcher factor-deficient plasma; the level of whole complement was normal. Studies of the contact phase of blood coagulation and contact-induced fibrinolysis showed the same abnormalities as in Hageman factor- and Fletcher-deficient plasmas. These results indicate that the patient's plasma is deficient in a previously undescribed coagulation factor, which participates in the initial stage of the blood coagulation process in vitro. Family studies revealed consanguinity in the propositus' parents. The assay of this newly described factor in the propositus' children revealed a partial defect, compatible with a heterozygous state, in three of the four tested children. This indicates a recessive inheritance of this new blood coagulation defect.", "contents": "A hitherto undescribed plasma factor acting at the contact phase of blood coagulation (Flaujeac factor): case report and coagulation studies. This paper reports an asymptomatic coagulation defect responsible for an abnormality at the contact phase of blood coagulation in vitro, distinct from Hageman factor and Fletcher factor deficiencies. Coagulation studies in a 50-yr-old French woman without bleeding tendency revealed the following results: whole-blood clotting time in glass tubes and activated partial thromboplastin time with kaolin and ellagic acid were greatly prolonged; one-stage prothrombin was normal; no circulating anticoagulant was detected, and the infusion of normal plasma corrected the coagulation defect with an estimated half-life of 6.5 days; the levels of factor VIII, IX, XI, and XII were normal; mutual correction was obtained with a Fletcher factor-deficient plasma; the level of whole complement was normal. Studies of the contact phase of blood coagulation and contact-induced fibrinolysis showed the same abnormalities as in Hageman factor- and Fletcher-deficient plasmas. These results indicate that the patient's plasma is deficient in a previously undescribed coagulation factor, which participates in the initial stage of the blood coagulation process in vitro. Family studies revealed consanguinity in the propositus' parents. The assay of this newly described factor in the propositus' children revealed a partial defect, compatible with a heterozygous state, in three of the four tested children. This indicates a recessive inheritance of this new blood coagulation defect.", "PMID": 1174709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4787", "title": "Enhanced prostaglandin synthesis contributes to the venoconstrictor activity of ergotamine.", "content": "Spiral strips from dog saphenous veins were contracted by 2.5 X 10(-9) M ergotamine, a concentration giving about 50% of maximal response. Phentolamine (3.6 X 10(-6) M) reduced these effects by 60% and indomethacin (2.8 X 10(-7) M) by 30%. Indomethacin was more effective in reducing ergotamine-induced increase of prostaglandin E-like activity in the bathing fluid than those induced by noradrenaline or potassium chloride. Arachidonic acid was more effective in increasing tension in ergotamine-stimulated than in noradrenaline- or potassium-stimulated veins. These findings suggest that the long-lasting venoconstrictor activity of ergotamine is mediated mainly by alpha-adrenoceptors but that enhanced formation of prostaglandin E-like substance(s) may also contribute.", "contents": "Enhanced prostaglandin synthesis contributes to the venoconstrictor activity of ergotamine. Spiral strips from dog saphenous veins were contracted by 2.5 X 10(-9) M ergotamine, a concentration giving about 50% of maximal response. Phentolamine (3.6 X 10(-6) M) reduced these effects by 60% and indomethacin (2.8 X 10(-7) M) by 30%. Indomethacin was more effective in reducing ergotamine-induced increase of prostaglandin E-like activity in the bathing fluid than those induced by noradrenaline or potassium chloride. Arachidonic acid was more effective in increasing tension in ergotamine-stimulated than in noradrenaline- or potassium-stimulated veins. These findings suggest that the long-lasting venoconstrictor activity of ergotamine is mediated mainly by alpha-adrenoceptors but that enhanced formation of prostaglandin E-like substance(s) may also contribute.", "PMID": 1174710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4788", "title": "Reactivity of aorta and portal vein in germfree rats.", "content": "The responsiveness of conventional and germfree rat aortas and portal veins to vasoactive agents were compared in vitro. The results indicate: (1) aortas and portal veins from germfree rats exhibit an attenuated reactivity to angiotensin, vasopressin and epinephrine but not to KC1; (2) the dose-response curves for epinephrine and the peptides were shifted to the right concomitant with a decrease in maximum contractile tension, and (3) CaC12 dose-response curves obtained on potassium-depolarized aorta were not different from one another, whereas those obtained on portal veins from germfree animals were shifted to the right with a concomitant decrease in maximum response. In addition, aortas and portal veins from germfree rats were found to exhibit a higher total Ca content (but not Mg or water) when compared to conventional animals.", "contents": "Reactivity of aorta and portal vein in germfree rats. The responsiveness of conventional and germfree rat aortas and portal veins to vasoactive agents were compared in vitro. The results indicate: (1) aortas and portal veins from germfree rats exhibit an attenuated reactivity to angiotensin, vasopressin and epinephrine but not to KC1; (2) the dose-response curves for epinephrine and the peptides were shifted to the right concomitant with a decrease in maximum contractile tension, and (3) CaC12 dose-response curves obtained on potassium-depolarized aorta were not different from one another, whereas those obtained on portal veins from germfree animals were shifted to the right with a concomitant decrease in maximum response. In addition, aortas and portal veins from germfree rats were found to exhibit a higher total Ca content (but not Mg or water) when compared to conventional animals.", "PMID": 1174711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4789", "title": "Comparison of net fluxes of Li and Na in vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "The rat tail artery enriched by incubation in a lithium-substituted medium loses Li at three distinct rates upon return to a normal medium at 37 degrees C. The first is very rapid with a single exponential rate constant of the order of 1 min-1, while the second and third are considerably slower with rate constants of the order of 3h-1 and 0.6h-1, respectively. Both slow components are cellular since they combine into a single component when active Na transport is inhibited by the absence of external K, by ouabain, or by low temperature. None of these procedures affects the rapid loss of Li from extracellular locations. It follows that cell Li can be measured simply by washing out extracellular Li at 2 degrees C, a procedure which removes only a small definable amount from cells. The influx of Li into cells during incubation in Li-substituted medium follows 1st order kinetics and exchanges 1:1 with cell K after a delay of about 20 min at 37 degrees C. This delay in influx is associated with active Na transport since it is abolished by the absence of external K, by low temperature, and by ouabain. The activation energy required for the influx of Li and of Na in K-free media is consistent, in the main, the passive diffusion through a restricted area although there is a suggestion in the case of Na that an additional mechanism (e.g. carrier) may be involved.", "contents": "Comparison of net fluxes of Li and Na in vascular smooth muscle. The rat tail artery enriched by incubation in a lithium-substituted medium loses Li at three distinct rates upon return to a normal medium at 37 degrees C. The first is very rapid with a single exponential rate constant of the order of 1 min-1, while the second and third are considerably slower with rate constants of the order of 3h-1 and 0.6h-1, respectively. Both slow components are cellular since they combine into a single component when active Na transport is inhibited by the absence of external K, by ouabain, or by low temperature. None of these procedures affects the rapid loss of Li from extracellular locations. It follows that cell Li can be measured simply by washing out extracellular Li at 2 degrees C, a procedure which removes only a small definable amount from cells. The influx of Li into cells during incubation in Li-substituted medium follows 1st order kinetics and exchanges 1:1 with cell K after a delay of about 20 min at 37 degrees C. This delay in influx is associated with active Na transport since it is abolished by the absence of external K, by low temperature, and by ouabain. The activation energy required for the influx of Li and of Na in K-free media is consistent, in the main, the passive diffusion through a restricted area although there is a suggestion in the case of Na that an additional mechanism (e.g. carrier) may be involved.", "PMID": 1174712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4790", "title": "Triglyceride lipase activity in bovine aorta.", "content": "The cell-free supernatant from homogenized bovine aorta hydrolyzed triglycerides, beta-naphthylesters of lauric and stearic acid and Tween 20, 40 and 60. The rate of hydrolysis decreases as the acyl chain length of the substrates increases. The activity against triglycerides of short-chain fatty acids and monoacylesters could be partially separated from that of glycerol-trioleate lipase by ammonium sulfate fractionation. The activity of glycerol-trioleate lipase remained unaffected by heating for 5 min at 60 degrees C or by addition of bile acids, whereas the activity causing hydrolysis of triglycerides with short-chain fatty acids and monoacylesters decreases up to 60% by analogous treatment.", "contents": "Triglyceride lipase activity in bovine aorta. The cell-free supernatant from homogenized bovine aorta hydrolyzed triglycerides, beta-naphthylesters of lauric and stearic acid and Tween 20, 40 and 60. The rate of hydrolysis decreases as the acyl chain length of the substrates increases. The activity against triglycerides of short-chain fatty acids and monoacylesters could be partially separated from that of glycerol-trioleate lipase by ammonium sulfate fractionation. The activity of glycerol-trioleate lipase remained unaffected by heating for 5 min at 60 degrees C or by addition of bile acids, whereas the activity causing hydrolysis of triglycerides with short-chain fatty acids and monoacylesters decreases up to 60% by analogous treatment.", "PMID": 1174713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4791", "title": "Effects of neomycin on 45Ca binding and distribution in canine arteries.", "content": "The effects of neomycin (7.0 mM) on 45Ca movements and distribution were investigated in canine aortae and in canine carotid and terminal mesenteric arteries. Uptake of 45Ca was measured in calcium-free solution; the 45Ca tissue spaces in the carotid and terminal mesenteric arteries were 2--4 times greater than those observed in the aorta. Exposure of the aortae and the terminal mesenteric arteries to 1.5 mM Ca++ during the washout elicited large increases in 45Ca efflux in both preparations (increase in terminal mesenteric greater than aorta). Moreover, in all three arterial preparations, neomycin reduced 45Ca uptake and induced a sustained increase in 45Ca efflux (effects on terminal mesenteric larger than or equal to carotid greater than aorta). The terminal mesenteric and carotid arteries may accumulate and bind 45Ca at superficial membrane sites (readily exchangeable 45Ca) to a greater degree than does the aorta. If Ca++ located at these membrane sites contributes directly to the maintenance of mechanical responsiveness, then agents which alter membrane binding of Ca++ (e.g. neomycin) may exert a stronger action on these highly reactive vessels. Thus, contractile responsiveness in peripheral arteries may depend upon depots of superficially bound Ca++ to a greater degree than in the more centrally located aorta.", "contents": "Effects of neomycin on 45Ca binding and distribution in canine arteries. The effects of neomycin (7.0 mM) on 45Ca movements and distribution were investigated in canine aortae and in canine carotid and terminal mesenteric arteries. Uptake of 45Ca was measured in calcium-free solution; the 45Ca tissue spaces in the carotid and terminal mesenteric arteries were 2--4 times greater than those observed in the aorta. Exposure of the aortae and the terminal mesenteric arteries to 1.5 mM Ca++ during the washout elicited large increases in 45Ca efflux in both preparations (increase in terminal mesenteric greater than aorta). Moreover, in all three arterial preparations, neomycin reduced 45Ca uptake and induced a sustained increase in 45Ca efflux (effects on terminal mesenteric larger than or equal to carotid greater than aorta). The terminal mesenteric and carotid arteries may accumulate and bind 45Ca at superficial membrane sites (readily exchangeable 45Ca) to a greater degree than does the aorta. If Ca++ located at these membrane sites contributes directly to the maintenance of mechanical responsiveness, then agents which alter membrane binding of Ca++ (e.g. neomycin) may exert a stronger action on these highly reactive vessels. Thus, contractile responsiveness in peripheral arteries may depend upon depots of superficially bound Ca++ to a greater degree than in the more centrally located aorta.", "PMID": 1174714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4792", "title": "The effect of several viper venoms on prothrombin Padua.", "content": "The effect of four viper venoms (Oxyuranus scutellatus, Notechis scutatus scutatus, Echis carinatus, Naja nigricollis) on prothrombin Padua has been studied. Using Oxyuranus scutellatus venom and Notechis scutatus scutatus venom, prothrombin activity resulted to be moderately decreased similarly to what observed with other one-stage and two-stage methods. On the contrary, using Echis carinatus venom a normal level was obtained. No clotting was observed using the Naja nigricollis venom, regardless of the concentration used. The normal level of factor II obtained with Echis carinatus venom as compared with the low levels obtained with the other venoms, suggests that it acts on a different site of the prothrombin molecule.", "contents": "The effect of several viper venoms on prothrombin Padua. The effect of four viper venoms (Oxyuranus scutellatus, Notechis scutatus scutatus, Echis carinatus, Naja nigricollis) on prothrombin Padua has been studied. Using Oxyuranus scutellatus venom and Notechis scutatus scutatus venom, prothrombin activity resulted to be moderately decreased similarly to what observed with other one-stage and two-stage methods. On the contrary, using Echis carinatus venom a normal level was obtained. No clotting was observed using the Naja nigricollis venom, regardless of the concentration used. The normal level of factor II obtained with Echis carinatus venom as compared with the low levels obtained with the other venoms, suggests that it acts on a different site of the prothrombin molecule.", "PMID": 1174715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4793", "title": "[Quantitative determination of human bone marrow proliferation kinetics during three culture days].", "content": "In order to obtaon of human bone marrow cells, fresh bioptic material was homogenized and the cell suspensions were incubated for 72 hs in a fluid medium. After 24, 48 and 72 hs of incubation the total cell number of the culture was determined. At the same time differential counts of stained smears were performed. Both, erythrocytopoiesis and granulocytopoiesis showed regeneration, maturation, and an absolute increase of the number of precursors and of mature cells. The quantitative data obtained in vitro during 24 hs correspond with our data of kinetics obtained by observed mitotic duration and cell differential countings in vivo. However, after a longer cultivation time we found a diminution of divisible precursors, and an increase of mature erythroblasts as well as an excessibe survival of the PMNs.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of human bone marrow proliferation kinetics during three culture days]. In order to obtaon of human bone marrow cells, fresh bioptic material was homogenized and the cell suspensions were incubated for 72 hs in a fluid medium. After 24, 48 and 72 hs of incubation the total cell number of the culture was determined. At the same time differential counts of stained smears were performed. Both, erythrocytopoiesis and granulocytopoiesis showed regeneration, maturation, and an absolute increase of the number of precursors and of mature cells. The quantitative data obtained in vitro during 24 hs correspond with our data of kinetics obtained by observed mitotic duration and cell differential countings in vivo. However, after a longer cultivation time we found a diminution of divisible precursors, and an increase of mature erythroblasts as well as an excessibe survival of the PMNs.", "PMID": 1174716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4794", "title": "[Fine structure of megakaryocytes in aleukemic megakaryocytic meyelosis].", "content": "Megakaryocytes from a case of aleukemic megakaryocytic myelosis were examined by electron microscope. They were considerably increased in number and their ultrastructure was different from normal megakaryocytes in certain aspects. Myelinfigures became demonstrable in the cytoplasm in increased number. An effective development of the demarcation membran system could not be observed.", "contents": "[Fine structure of megakaryocytes in aleukemic megakaryocytic meyelosis]. Megakaryocytes from a case of aleukemic megakaryocytic myelosis were examined by electron microscope. They were considerably increased in number and their ultrastructure was different from normal megakaryocytes in certain aspects. Myelinfigures became demonstrable in the cytoplasm in increased number. An effective development of the demarcation membran system could not be observed.", "PMID": 1174717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4795", "title": "Lymphocytosis induced by polymethacrylic acid. Dose-effect and toxicity.", "content": "Intravenous polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) significantly increases the number of lymphocytes in the blood of the rat. The relationship between dose-effect and lymphocytosis is linear. The lethal dose in 30 days of PMAA is 120 mg/kg b.w. and the half-lethal dose 80 mg/kg b.w. The treatment with 40 mg/kg b.w. intravenous PMAA gives no toxic histological changes either in the lymph organs, the liver or the kidneys. Thus, PMAA appears to be, at present, a most suitable agent by which to provoke experimentally, migration of the reserve lymphocytes into the blood.", "contents": "Lymphocytosis induced by polymethacrylic acid. Dose-effect and toxicity. Intravenous polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) significantly increases the number of lymphocytes in the blood of the rat. The relationship between dose-effect and lymphocytosis is linear. The lethal dose in 30 days of PMAA is 120 mg/kg b.w. and the half-lethal dose 80 mg/kg b.w. The treatment with 40 mg/kg b.w. intravenous PMAA gives no toxic histological changes either in the lymph organs, the liver or the kidneys. Thus, PMAA appears to be, at present, a most suitable agent by which to provoke experimentally, migration of the reserve lymphocytes into the blood.", "PMID": 1174718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4796", "title": "Toxicity of methylmercury: effects on different ages of rats.", "content": "LD50 of methylmercury chloride has been shown to be dependent on the ages of the rats. As the age increases, the LD50 decreases, i.e. the younger rats could tolerate higher doses of methylmercury than the older one. The LD50 were 39.6 +/- 2.3, 33.1 +/- 2.1, 30.3 +/- 1.0, 27.1 +/- 1.0, 24.7 +/- 1.5 and 23.9 +/- 1.1 mg Hg/kg for the 200 g, 300 g, 350 g, 400 g, 450 g and 500 g rates respectively. The elimination of mercury from blood showed little correspondence to age during the 30 days duration. The onset of neurological symptoms after receiving 25 mg Hg/kg of methylmercury chloride occurred between 8 to 15 days post dosing in the surviving rats. Rats unaffected during the latency period did not show neurological signs if their blood-mercury levels decreased to below 100 ppm. Young and old rats showed marked differences in the distribution of mercury in the blood. In the erythrocyte membrane, the eight week old rats retained a higher concentration of the toxic metal than did the 19.5 week old rats. Also,  there was significant differences in the ratios of mercury content in the red blood cells to that of plasma; young rats showing 115:1 and for the old ones being 5:1. The permeability of erythrocyte membrane to mercury might play an important role in the age factors on the suceptibility of methylmercury intoxication.", "contents": "Toxicity of methylmercury: effects on different ages of rats. LD50 of methylmercury chloride has been shown to be dependent on the ages of the rats. As the age increases, the LD50 decreases, i.e. the younger rats could tolerate higher doses of methylmercury than the older one. The LD50 were 39.6 +/- 2.3, 33.1 +/- 2.1, 30.3 +/- 1.0, 27.1 +/- 1.0, 24.7 +/- 1.5 and 23.9 +/- 1.1 mg Hg/kg for the 200 g, 300 g, 350 g, 400 g, 450 g and 500 g rates respectively. The elimination of mercury from blood showed little correspondence to age during the 30 days duration. The onset of neurological symptoms after receiving 25 mg Hg/kg of methylmercury chloride occurred between 8 to 15 days post dosing in the surviving rats. Rats unaffected during the latency period did not show neurological signs if their blood-mercury levels decreased to below 100 ppm. Young and old rats showed marked differences in the distribution of mercury in the blood. In the erythrocyte membrane, the eight week old rats retained a higher concentration of the toxic metal than did the 19.5 week old rats. Also,  there was significant differences in the ratios of mercury content in the red blood cells to that of plasma; young rats showing 115:1 and for the old ones being 5:1. The permeability of erythrocyte membrane to mercury might play an important role in the age factors on the suceptibility of methylmercury intoxication.", "PMID": 1174722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4797", "title": "The effect of DDT on spermatogenesis of the juvenile rat.", "content": "Juvenile male rats of Wistar/Han strain were fed DDT suspended in olive oil. They received either 500 mg/kg at the 4th and 5th or 300 mg/kg daily at the 4th till 23rd day of life. After certain interval the testes were examined histologically, and at the 60th and 90th day of life fertility was proved. The spermatogenetic cells showed an increase of the physiological degeneration in the course of spermatogenesis and a decrease of their total number. The number of Leydig cells was diminished. In parallel, the litters of normal female rats mated to treated males were smaller than those of controls. The hypothesis is suggested that the damage of the seminiferous epithelium can be explained by a lack of local testosterone.", "contents": "The effect of DDT on spermatogenesis of the juvenile rat. Juvenile male rats of Wistar/Han strain were fed DDT suspended in olive oil. They received either 500 mg/kg at the 4th and 5th or 300 mg/kg daily at the 4th till 23rd day of life. After certain interval the testes were examined histologically, and at the 60th and 90th day of life fertility was proved. The spermatogenetic cells showed an increase of the physiological degeneration in the course of spermatogenesis and a decrease of their total number. The number of Leydig cells was diminished. In parallel, the litters of normal female rats mated to treated males were smaller than those of controls. The hypothesis is suggested that the damage of the seminiferous epithelium can be explained by a lack of local testosterone.", "PMID": 1174726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4798", "title": "Persistence of parathion and its oxidation to paraoxon on the soil surface as related to worker reentry into treated crops.", "content": "Soil and dust samples from beneath citrus trees contained relatively high concentrations of paraoxon and parathion for at least 45 days after parathion was applied at normal rates. These data indicate that parathion dripping on dry soil from sprayed crops, or sprayed directly on the soil surface, can persist for long periods and be oxidized to the highly toxic paraoxon. The residue concentrations are much higher on the loose dust particles than in the bulk soil. The data indicate that the soil or grove floor should be considered as a possible contributing source of toxicant along with foliage, or dust on foliage, to workers reentering treated fields. In any event, the data confirmed the high rates of oxidation of parathion to paraoxon on particulate matter, whether on foliage (SPEAR et al., 1974) or at the soil surface. The particulate matter appears to contribute to the accumulation of paraoxon, either by enhancing oxidation of parathion to paraoxon or by decreasing dissipation of paraoxon.", "contents": "Persistence of parathion and its oxidation to paraoxon on the soil surface as related to worker reentry into treated crops. Soil and dust samples from beneath citrus trees contained relatively high concentrations of paraoxon and parathion for at least 45 days after parathion was applied at normal rates. These data indicate that parathion dripping on dry soil from sprayed crops, or sprayed directly on the soil surface, can persist for long periods and be oxidized to the highly toxic paraoxon. The residue concentrations are much higher on the loose dust particles than in the bulk soil. The data indicate that the soil or grove floor should be considered as a possible contributing source of toxicant along with foliage, or dust on foliage, to workers reentering treated fields. In any event, the data confirmed the high rates of oxidation of parathion to paraoxon on particulate matter, whether on foliage (SPEAR et al., 1974) or at the soil surface. The particulate matter appears to contribute to the accumulation of paraoxon, either by enhancing oxidation of parathion to paraoxon or by decreasing dissipation of paraoxon.", "PMID": 1174737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4799", "title": "Rapid determination and confirmation of low levels of hexachlorobenzene in adipose tissues.", "content": "The described procedure can be utilized for rapid, simple quantitation and confirmation of hexachlorobenzene in fatty tissue at levels as low as 5 ppb without the use of sophisticated and expensive equipment. Interferences can be circumvented in many instances without additional separation by selection and preparation of the appropriate derivative.", "contents": "Rapid determination and confirmation of low levels of hexachlorobenzene in adipose tissues. The described procedure can be utilized for rapid, simple quantitation and confirmation of hexachlorobenzene in fatty tissue at levels as low as 5 ppb without the use of sophisticated and expensive equipment. Interferences can be circumvented in many instances without additional separation by selection and preparation of the appropriate derivative.", "PMID": 1174738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4800", "title": "Uptake and excretion of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides by fresh water fish, motsugo, Pseudorasbora parva.", "content": "Fresh water fish, Motsugo was reared in aquarium water tank containing about 1 ppm of 3 organophosphorus and 3 carbamate insecticides for about 30 days. The persistence of these insecticides in water and uptake and excretion of insecticides by fish were examined. Among organophosphorus insecticides, malathion is the most unstable in water, and degraded more than 99% for 7 days. Fenitrothion is moderately stable, and degraded 97% for 29 days. Diazinon is the most stable, and degraded 72% for 30 days. Among carbamates, carbaryl is the most unstable in water, and degraded more than 95% for 6 days. BPMC is moderately stable, and degraded 80% for 32 days. XMC is the most stable, and degraded 45% for 34 days. As for the uptake of the pesticides by fish, organophosphorus insecticides were generally higher than carbamate insecticides. The concentration of diazinon in fish reached to 211 ppm of the maximum level after 3 days, and that of fenitrothion reached to 162 ppm of the maximum level after 4 days. Afterwards, the concentration of both the insecticides decreased gradually due to the metabolism and excretion of the insecticides in fish. Uptake of malathion was very low and metabolized rapidly, and its concentration became to less than 0.01 ppm after 7 days. Among carbamate insecticides, the concentration of carbaryl in fish after one day reached to 7.5 ppm which was the maximum level of uptake. On the other hand, the concentration of BPMC in fish after 4 days became to 4.8 ppm, which was the maximum level, and decreased gradually. The concentration of XMC in fish was only 1.4 ppm after one day, but the metabolism rate of XMC in fish was fairly slow. Therefore, 0.55 ppm of XMC in fish remained even after 34 days. Moreover, in the test tank of diazinon, fenitrothion and BPMC, the appearance of deformed fish with spinal curvature of back bone came out at the rate of 10 to 30%.", "contents": "Uptake and excretion of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides by fresh water fish, motsugo, Pseudorasbora parva. Fresh water fish, Motsugo was reared in aquarium water tank containing about 1 ppm of 3 organophosphorus and 3 carbamate insecticides for about 30 days. The persistence of these insecticides in water and uptake and excretion of insecticides by fish were examined. Among organophosphorus insecticides, malathion is the most unstable in water, and degraded more than 99% for 7 days. Fenitrothion is moderately stable, and degraded 97% for 29 days. Diazinon is the most stable, and degraded 72% for 30 days. Among carbamates, carbaryl is the most unstable in water, and degraded more than 95% for 6 days. BPMC is moderately stable, and degraded 80% for 32 days. XMC is the most stable, and degraded 45% for 34 days. As for the uptake of the pesticides by fish, organophosphorus insecticides were generally higher than carbamate insecticides. The concentration of diazinon in fish reached to 211 ppm of the maximum level after 3 days, and that of fenitrothion reached to 162 ppm of the maximum level after 4 days. Afterwards, the concentration of both the insecticides decreased gradually due to the metabolism and excretion of the insecticides in fish. Uptake of malathion was very low and metabolized rapidly, and its concentration became to less than 0.01 ppm after 7 days. Among carbamate insecticides, the concentration of carbaryl in fish after one day reached to 7.5 ppm which was the maximum level of uptake. On the other hand, the concentration of BPMC in fish after 4 days became to 4.8 ppm, which was the maximum level, and decreased gradually. The concentration of XMC in fish was only 1.4 ppm after one day, but the metabolism rate of XMC in fish was fairly slow. Therefore, 0.55 ppm of XMC in fish remained even after 34 days. Moreover, in the test tank of diazinon, fenitrothion and BPMC, the appearance of deformed fish with spinal curvature of back bone came out at the rate of 10 to 30%.", "PMID": 1174751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4801", "title": "Painful ophthalmoplegia: report of a case with cerebral involvement and psychiatric complications.", "content": "The diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome should be suspected in the presence of recurrent \"painful ophthalmoplegia.\" The most useful tests are the rapid (within 48 hours) response to steroids and positive findings on orbital venography. It should be emphasized that Tolosa-Hunt's syndrome may not be a \"pure syndrome.\" Perhaps it is only an occasional presentation of another rather poorly understood syndrome, that of \"recurrent cranial neuropathies.\" The present patient had at least three episodes of painful ophthalmoplegia prior to this hospitalization. During the last hospitalization, he presented with painful ophthalmoplegia, showed a rapid response to steroids, had narrowing of the carotid artery on arteriogram and an abnormal orbital venogram. However, during his hospitalization he developed involvement of cranial nerves II, III, V, VI and VII, papilledema, pyramidal tract signs and severe psychiatric disturbances, all of which remitted. This, coupled with the abnormal pneumoencephalogram and electroencephalogram and organicity on psychological testing, suggests cerebral involvement in our case.", "contents": "Painful ophthalmoplegia: report of a case with cerebral involvement and psychiatric complications. The diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome should be suspected in the presence of recurrent \"painful ophthalmoplegia.\" The most useful tests are the rapid (within 48 hours) response to steroids and positive findings on orbital venography. It should be emphasized that Tolosa-Hunt's syndrome may not be a \"pure syndrome.\" Perhaps it is only an occasional presentation of another rather poorly understood syndrome, that of \"recurrent cranial neuropathies.\" The present patient had at least three episodes of painful ophthalmoplegia prior to this hospitalization. During the last hospitalization, he presented with painful ophthalmoplegia, showed a rapid response to steroids, had narrowing of the carotid artery on arteriogram and an abnormal orbital venogram. However, during his hospitalization he developed involvement of cranial nerves II, III, V, VI and VII, papilledema, pyramidal tract signs and severe psychiatric disturbances, all of which remitted. This, coupled with the abnormal pneumoencephalogram and electroencephalogram and organicity on psychological testing, suggests cerebral involvement in our case.", "PMID": 1174755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4802", "title": "Ventricular perfusion for ventriculitis.", "content": "A system of ventricular perfusion of appropriate antibiotic solutions in the management of neonatal ventriculitis is described. The technique of perfusion as well as considerations in the appropriate selection of antibiotics and perfusates is detailed. The procedure was successfully utilized in a consecutive series of nine children refractory to conventional modes of therapy.", "contents": "Ventricular perfusion for ventriculitis. A system of ventricular perfusion of appropriate antibiotic solutions in the management of neonatal ventriculitis is described. The technique of perfusion as well as considerations in the appropriate selection of antibiotics and perfusates is detailed. The procedure was successfully utilized in a consecutive series of nine children refractory to conventional modes of therapy.", "PMID": 1174756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4803", "title": "Four cases of \"locked-in\" syndrome and review of the literature.", "content": "The clinical features, pathology, the autopsy studies, EEG correlation, and the cause of death were discussed. The difference between the locked-in syndrome and classical akinetic mutism was discussed. The importance of reaching a correct diagnosis was stressed to allow a different nursing care program for the conscious \"locked-in\" patient. Two of our cases were short-term survival, two were long-term survival, one of whom (Case 4) is still living and is the longest survival reported in the literature.", "contents": "Four cases of \"locked-in\" syndrome and review of the literature. The clinical features, pathology, the autopsy studies, EEG correlation, and the cause of death were discussed. The difference between the locked-in syndrome and classical akinetic mutism was discussed. The importance of reaching a correct diagnosis was stressed to allow a different nursing care program for the conscious \"locked-in\" patient. Two of our cases were short-term survival, two were long-term survival, one of whom (Case 4) is still living and is the longest survival reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1174757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4804", "title": "False localization of seizure activity in the EEG.", "content": "Traditional theories of EEG localization are discussed, along with their limitations and contemporary attempts to minimize false localization. Sources of error include: erratic epileptiform activity, local destruction of generators, evoked responses, and autonomous secondary foci. Several cases are presented which are thought to represent false localization by virtue of incompetent generators. It is emphasized that \"epileptiform activity\" and \"epileptogenicity\" are not synonomous.", "contents": "False localization of seizure activity in the EEG. Traditional theories of EEG localization are discussed, along with their limitations and contemporary attempts to minimize false localization. Sources of error include: erratic epileptiform activity, local destruction of generators, evoked responses, and autonomous secondary foci. Several cases are presented which are thought to represent false localization by virtue of incompetent generators. It is emphasized that \"epileptiform activity\" and \"epileptogenicity\" are not synonomous.", "PMID": 1174758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4805", "title": "The effect of anoxia on the ventricular fibrillation threshold in the rabbit isolated heart.", "content": "1. The ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was measured in the isolated heart of the rabbit perfused via the aorta with McEwen's solution at 37 degrees C by applying a single 10 ms pulse of current during the vulnerable period of late systole. The arrhythmia induced was either fibrillation or a rapid tachycardia. 2. Gassing the McEwen's solution with 5% CO2 in N2 (anoxia) instead of with carbogen caused a negative inotropic and chronotropic effect and significantly lowered the VFT. Although anoxia releases noradrenaline from the heart the effect of anoxia on the VFT was not prevented by beta-adrenoceptor blockade with propranolol or pindolol or by previous treatment with reserpine. 3. Perfusion with adenosine (5 muM) which is released from the heart muscle by anoxia, or with dipyridamole (10 muM) which protects the adenosine from binding or destruction by the tissues, or with both combined failed to alter the VFT significantly. Furthermore neither adenosine nor dipyridamole significantly altered the effect of anoxia on the VFT. 4. Anoxia, adenosine and dipyridamole significantly increased the duration of the induced arrhythmia when compared with that of the controls. 5. Anoxia and adenosine significantly shortened the vulnerable time, i.e., the minimal time after the R-wave of the ECG at which the pulse had to be applied to induce the arrhythmia. 6. Perfusion with the McEwen's solution gassed with 5% CO2 in air (hypoxia) significantly lowered the VFT but the effect was not as great as with anoxia. Isoprenaline when infused lowered the VFT but this effect was not potentiated by hypoxia. 7. The results indicate that (a) anoxia lowers the VFT in the perfused isolated heart of the rabbit and that this effect is not due to adenosine or noradrenaline released by the anoxia and (b) hypoxia does not sensitize the heart to the arrhythmic effect of isoprenaline.", "contents": "The effect of anoxia on the ventricular fibrillation threshold in the rabbit isolated heart. 1. The ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was measured in the isolated heart of the rabbit perfused via the aorta with McEwen's solution at 37 degrees C by applying a single 10 ms pulse of current during the vulnerable period of late systole. The arrhythmia induced was either fibrillation or a rapid tachycardia. 2. Gassing the McEwen's solution with 5% CO2 in N2 (anoxia) instead of with carbogen caused a negative inotropic and chronotropic effect and significantly lowered the VFT. Although anoxia releases noradrenaline from the heart the effect of anoxia on the VFT was not prevented by beta-adrenoceptor blockade with propranolol or pindolol or by previous treatment with reserpine. 3. Perfusion with adenosine (5 muM) which is released from the heart muscle by anoxia, or with dipyridamole (10 muM) which protects the adenosine from binding or destruction by the tissues, or with both combined failed to alter the VFT significantly. Furthermore neither adenosine nor dipyridamole significantly altered the effect of anoxia on the VFT. 4. Anoxia, adenosine and dipyridamole significantly increased the duration of the induced arrhythmia when compared with that of the controls. 5. Anoxia and adenosine significantly shortened the vulnerable time, i.e., the minimal time after the R-wave of the ECG at which the pulse had to be applied to induce the arrhythmia. 6. Perfusion with the McEwen's solution gassed with 5% CO2 in air (hypoxia) significantly lowered the VFT but the effect was not as great as with anoxia. Isoprenaline when infused lowered the VFT but this effect was not potentiated by hypoxia. 7. The results indicate that (a) anoxia lowers the VFT in the perfused isolated heart of the rabbit and that this effect is not due to adenosine or noradrenaline released by the anoxia and (b) hypoxia does not sensitize the heart to the arrhythmic effect of isoprenaline.", "PMID": 1174759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4806", "title": "Influence of anti-hypertensive drug treatment on vascular reactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. The effect of prolonged anti-hypertensive drug treatment on the blood pressure of conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SH-rats), and of age-matched normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats was determined during the development of hypertension in SH-rats and in the early stages of established hypertension. A comparison of the vascular reactivity to noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was also made in isolated perfused mesenteric artery preparations from treated and control SH- and Sprague-Dawley rats. 2. Chronic treatment from age 4 to 16 weeks with hydrallazine alone, or a combination of hydrallazine/hydrochlorothiazide/reserpine, ad libitum in the drinking water, prevented the development of hypertension in SH-rats and also reduced the vascular reactivity to NA and 5-HT in isolated vessel preparations from treated compared to control rats. 3. Similar drug treatments started in early established hypertension reduced blood pressure in SH-rats over the 12 week treatment period (from age 8 to 20 weeks) without affecting vascular reactivity to NA and 5-HT in the isolated vessel preparation. 4. Drug treatments had little effect on blood pressure of age-matched Sprague-Dawley rats and no effect on vascular reactivity to NA and 5-HT in the isolated perfused mesenteric artery preparation from treated compared to control rats. 5. These results indicate that the development of increased vascular reactivity and of hypertension in SH-rats occurs simultaneously and, therefore, the vascular changes may be a consequence of the structural changes induced by the raised blood pressure. 6. In established hypertension, no regression of vascular changes was observed despite prolonged reduction of blood pressure. The role of an increased vascular reactivity in the maintenance of hypertension is therefore questionable.", "contents": "Influence of anti-hypertensive drug treatment on vascular reactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1. The effect of prolonged anti-hypertensive drug treatment on the blood pressure of conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SH-rats), and of age-matched normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats was determined during the development of hypertension in SH-rats and in the early stages of established hypertension. A comparison of the vascular reactivity to noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was also made in isolated perfused mesenteric artery preparations from treated and control SH- and Sprague-Dawley rats. 2. Chronic treatment from age 4 to 16 weeks with hydrallazine alone, or a combination of hydrallazine/hydrochlorothiazide/reserpine, ad libitum in the drinking water, prevented the development of hypertension in SH-rats and also reduced the vascular reactivity to NA and 5-HT in isolated vessel preparations from treated compared to control rats. 3. Similar drug treatments started in early established hypertension reduced blood pressure in SH-rats over the 12 week treatment period (from age 8 to 20 weeks) without affecting vascular reactivity to NA and 5-HT in the isolated vessel preparation. 4. Drug treatments had little effect on blood pressure of age-matched Sprague-Dawley rats and no effect on vascular reactivity to NA and 5-HT in the isolated perfused mesenteric artery preparation from treated compared to control rats. 5. These results indicate that the development of increased vascular reactivity and of hypertension in SH-rats occurs simultaneously and, therefore, the vascular changes may be a consequence of the structural changes induced by the raised blood pressure. 6. In established hypertension, no regression of vascular changes was observed despite prolonged reduction of blood pressure. The role of an increased vascular reactivity in the maintenance of hypertension is therefore questionable.", "PMID": 1174760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4807", "title": "An increased reactivity in hypertensive rats unaffected by prolonged antihypertensive therapy.", "content": "1. Isolated perfused mesenteric arteries obtained from chronic experimental hypertensive rats (deoxycorticosterone/NaCl) exhibited an increased reactivity to noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) when compared with similar preparations from age-matched normotensive animals. 2. The dose-response curves to all three vasoconstrictor agents obtained from hypertensive animals exhibited a steeper slope, and higher maximum without any significant change in the threshold dose suggesting that adaptive/structural changes in the blood vessels had taken place. 3. Ten week treatments with antihypertensive combinations of hydrallazine, hydrochlorothiazide and reserpine or hydrallazine and mecamylamine lowered the systolic blood pressures of the hypertensive rats to those of normotensive animals and also reversed secondary changes such as periarteritis nodosa of the mesentery and cardiac hypertrophy. 4. The reactivity of these blood vessels to all these vasoconstrictor agents from the hypertensive rats with a normalized blood pressure was similar to those obtained with untreated hypertensive animals. 5. The persistent increased reactivity in the hypertensive rats after long-term anti-hypertensive treatment suggests that the hyperresponsiveness is secondary to the elevated blood pressures and that the adaptive/structural changes of the blood vessels in chronic hypertensive rats cannot be reversed by prolonged antihypertensive therapy.", "contents": "An increased reactivity in hypertensive rats unaffected by prolonged antihypertensive therapy. 1. Isolated perfused mesenteric arteries obtained from chronic experimental hypertensive rats (deoxycorticosterone/NaCl) exhibited an increased reactivity to noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) when compared with similar preparations from age-matched normotensive animals. 2. The dose-response curves to all three vasoconstrictor agents obtained from hypertensive animals exhibited a steeper slope, and higher maximum without any significant change in the threshold dose suggesting that adaptive/structural changes in the blood vessels had taken place. 3. Ten week treatments with antihypertensive combinations of hydrallazine, hydrochlorothiazide and reserpine or hydrallazine and mecamylamine lowered the systolic blood pressures of the hypertensive rats to those of normotensive animals and also reversed secondary changes such as periarteritis nodosa of the mesentery and cardiac hypertrophy. 4. The reactivity of these blood vessels to all these vasoconstrictor agents from the hypertensive rats with a normalized blood pressure was similar to those obtained with untreated hypertensive animals. 5. The persistent increased reactivity in the hypertensive rats after long-term anti-hypertensive treatment suggests that the hyperresponsiveness is secondary to the elevated blood pressures and that the adaptive/structural changes of the blood vessels in chronic hypertensive rats cannot be reversed by prolonged antihypertensive therapy.", "PMID": 1174761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4808", "title": "The effects of lysergic acid diethylamide on the response to field stimulation of the rat vas deferens and the rat and cat anococcygeus muscles.", "content": "1. The effect of lysergic acid diethylamid (LSD) on the response to field stimulation in vitro of the rat vas deferens and anococcygeus muscle was examined. 2. LSD in concentrations from 10(-9) to 10(-6) M caused an increase in tone or rhythmic activity in both tissues, effects identical to those produced by guanethidine or tyramine. The motor effects of all three drugs were abolished by phentolamine 2 x 10(-6) M. Methysergide 2 x 10(-7) M given before LSD reduced the motor effect but was ineffective once the LSD contraction had developed. 3. LSD 10(-9) to 10(-6) M reduced and eventually abolished the response to motor adrenergic nerve stimulation in the anococcygeus muscle with no effect on the response to noradrenaline (NA) and no evidence of differential sensitivity according to the number of stimulating pulses. In the vas deferens LSD abolished the initial twitch component with no effect on the secondary slow contraction. LSD had no effect on the response to inhibitory nerve stimulation in the anococcygeus. 4. These results suggest that in the anococcygeus LSD closely resembles guanethidine in its effects as an adrenergic neurone blocking drug with indirect sympathomimetic actions. In the vas deferens these properties would explain the block of the initial twitch component in the motor response to field stimulation and the increase in rhythmic activity but do not explain the resistance of the secondary slow component of the motor response.", "contents": "The effects of lysergic acid diethylamide on the response to field stimulation of the rat vas deferens and the rat and cat anococcygeus muscles. 1. The effect of lysergic acid diethylamid (LSD) on the response to field stimulation in vitro of the rat vas deferens and anococcygeus muscle was examined. 2. LSD in concentrations from 10(-9) to 10(-6) M caused an increase in tone or rhythmic activity in both tissues, effects identical to those produced by guanethidine or tyramine. The motor effects of all three drugs were abolished by phentolamine 2 x 10(-6) M. Methysergide 2 x 10(-7) M given before LSD reduced the motor effect but was ineffective once the LSD contraction had developed. 3. LSD 10(-9) to 10(-6) M reduced and eventually abolished the response to motor adrenergic nerve stimulation in the anococcygeus muscle with no effect on the response to noradrenaline (NA) and no evidence of differential sensitivity according to the number of stimulating pulses. In the vas deferens LSD abolished the initial twitch component with no effect on the secondary slow contraction. LSD had no effect on the response to inhibitory nerve stimulation in the anococcygeus. 4. These results suggest that in the anococcygeus LSD closely resembles guanethidine in its effects as an adrenergic neurone blocking drug with indirect sympathomimetic actions. In the vas deferens these properties would explain the block of the initial twitch component in the motor response to field stimulation and the increase in rhythmic activity but do not explain the resistance of the secondary slow component of the motor response.", "PMID": 1174762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4809", "title": "Release of prostaglandin-like substances by Shigella endotoxin and its inhibition by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds.", "content": "1. The effects of intravenous and intraocular injections of Shigella endotoxin on the inflammatory response, the release of prostaglandin-like substances into the aqueous humour, and the effects of indomethacin on the inflammatory response were studied in the rabbit eye. 2. Both intravenous and intraocular injection of endotoxin released 12.8 ng to 72 ng of prostaglandin-like substances per ml of aqueous humour and increased the permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier as shown by the rise in aqueous humour protein (26-52 mg protein/ml of aqueous humour). 3. Indomethacin, 0.25% administered topically completely inhibited the release of prostaglandin-like substances but was found to have inconsistent inhibitory effects on the clinical signs of inflammation and on the blood-aqueous barrier. Indomethacin was less effective in eyes receiving the higher dose of endotoxin. 4. It is suggested that prostaglandins and possibly other chemical mediators are involved in endotoxin-induced ocular inflammation.", "contents": "Release of prostaglandin-like substances by Shigella endotoxin and its inhibition by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds. 1. The effects of intravenous and intraocular injections of Shigella endotoxin on the inflammatory response, the release of prostaglandin-like substances into the aqueous humour, and the effects of indomethacin on the inflammatory response were studied in the rabbit eye. 2. Both intravenous and intraocular injection of endotoxin released 12.8 ng to 72 ng of prostaglandin-like substances per ml of aqueous humour and increased the permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier as shown by the rise in aqueous humour protein (26-52 mg protein/ml of aqueous humour). 3. Indomethacin, 0.25% administered topically completely inhibited the release of prostaglandin-like substances but was found to have inconsistent inhibitory effects on the clinical signs of inflammation and on the blood-aqueous barrier. Indomethacin was less effective in eyes receiving the higher dose of endotoxin. 4. It is suggested that prostaglandins and possibly other chemical mediators are involved in endotoxin-induced ocular inflammation.", "PMID": 1174763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4810", "title": "Reduction of antigen-induced contraction of sensitized human bronchus in vitro by indomethacin.", "content": "1. Contraction of passively sensitized human bronchus induced by antigen challenge in vitro, was reduced by the prostaglandin F2alpha synthetase inhibitor, indomethacin. 2. Prostaglandin F2alpha was released during challenge and this release was inhibited by indomethacin. 3. There was a significant correlation between prostaglandin F2alpha release and antigen challenge-induced contraction, suggesting that this substance may contribute to the bronchoconstrictor response of sensitized human bronchus to antigen.", "contents": "Reduction of antigen-induced contraction of sensitized human bronchus in vitro by indomethacin. 1. Contraction of passively sensitized human bronchus induced by antigen challenge in vitro, was reduced by the prostaglandin F2alpha synthetase inhibitor, indomethacin. 2. Prostaglandin F2alpha was released during challenge and this release was inhibited by indomethacin. 3. There was a significant correlation between prostaglandin F2alpha release and antigen challenge-induced contraction, suggesting that this substance may contribute to the bronchoconstrictor response of sensitized human bronchus to antigen.", "PMID": 1174764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4811", "title": "Prostaglandin release from cat and dog spleen.", "content": "1. The output of prostaglandins from the spleens of cats and dogs was studied. Comparison is made between the results found in the two species. 2. The release of prostaglandins was investigated in isolated saline-perfused spleens and in incubates of spleen slices. Release in response to nerve stimulation, and exposure to adrenaline or noradrenaline was compared with resting release. 3. A resting release of prostaglandins was found in the dog but not in the cat spleen. 4. Whereas stimulated dog spleens released microgram quantities of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha, prostaglandin output from the cat spleen under similar conditions was undectectable or barely detectable. 5. The identity of the prostaglandins released from the dog spleen (prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha) was confirmed by mass spectrometry. 6. The species difference in prostaglandin output from the spleen is discussed in relation to the hypothesis that endogenous prostaglandins modify the responses of this organ to nervous stimuli.", "contents": "Prostaglandin release from cat and dog spleen. 1. The output of prostaglandins from the spleens of cats and dogs was studied. Comparison is made between the results found in the two species. 2. The release of prostaglandins was investigated in isolated saline-perfused spleens and in incubates of spleen slices. Release in response to nerve stimulation, and exposure to adrenaline or noradrenaline was compared with resting release. 3. A resting release of prostaglandins was found in the dog but not in the cat spleen. 4. Whereas stimulated dog spleens released microgram quantities of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha, prostaglandin output from the cat spleen under similar conditions was undectectable or barely detectable. 5. The identity of the prostaglandins released from the dog spleen (prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha) was confirmed by mass spectrometry. 6. The species difference in prostaglandin output from the spleen is discussed in relation to the hypothesis that endogenous prostaglandins modify the responses of this organ to nervous stimuli.", "PMID": 1174765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4812", "title": "The role of H1 and H2-receptors in the coronary vascular response to histamine of isolated perfused hearts of guinea-pigs and rabbits.", "content": "1. The effects of histamine on the isolated perfused hearts of guinea-pigs and rabbits were examined. Records of contractile force, heart rate and coronary perfusion pressure were obtained. 2. Histamine exerted positive inotropic and chronotropic effects which were antagonized by burimamide and attributed to stimulation of H2-receptors. 3. The coronary vascular response to histamine differed between guinea-pigs and rabbits. In guinea-pig hearts, three phases were apparent: (a) An initial vasodilatation preceding any effects on heart force and rate was antagonized by mepyramine and therefore mediated by histamine H1-receptors in the coronary circulation. (b) A secondary vasoconstriction was attributed to the increased myocardial compression during the positive inotropic and chronotropic responses. (c) The final, more predominant, component was a prolonged vasodilatation probably associated with the increased metabolic activity of the heart. 4. The latter two components were abolished together with the myocardial responses by burimamide. The remaining coronary vascular response was biphasic, consisting of a vasodilatation immediately followed by vasoconstriction. Both were antagonized by mepyramine and therefore mediated by H1-receptors. 5. The coronary vascular response of rabbit hearts was similar but no direct vasodilatation was observed and it was concluded that histamine receptors in the coronary vasculature involve only vasoconstriction.", "contents": "The role of H1 and H2-receptors in the coronary vascular response to histamine of isolated perfused hearts of guinea-pigs and rabbits. 1. The effects of histamine on the isolated perfused hearts of guinea-pigs and rabbits were examined. Records of contractile force, heart rate and coronary perfusion pressure were obtained. 2. Histamine exerted positive inotropic and chronotropic effects which were antagonized by burimamide and attributed to stimulation of H2-receptors. 3. The coronary vascular response to histamine differed between guinea-pigs and rabbits. In guinea-pig hearts, three phases were apparent: (a) An initial vasodilatation preceding any effects on heart force and rate was antagonized by mepyramine and therefore mediated by histamine H1-receptors in the coronary circulation. (b) A secondary vasoconstriction was attributed to the increased myocardial compression during the positive inotropic and chronotropic responses. (c) The final, more predominant, component was a prolonged vasodilatation probably associated with the increased metabolic activity of the heart. 4. The latter two components were abolished together with the myocardial responses by burimamide. The remaining coronary vascular response was biphasic, consisting of a vasodilatation immediately followed by vasoconstriction. Both were antagonized by mepyramine and therefore mediated by H1-receptors. 5. The coronary vascular response of rabbit hearts was similar but no direct vasodilatation was observed and it was concluded that histamine receptors in the coronary vasculature involve only vasoconstriction.", "PMID": 1174766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4813", "title": "Attainment and adjustment in two geographical areas. II--The prevalence of specific reading retardation.", "content": "Specific reading retardation was found to occur in a minimum of 9-9 per cent of ten-year-old 'indigenous' children in one inner London borough. This rate was nearly three times that (3-9 per cent) in Isle of Wight children. There was a comparably higher rate of general reading backwardness in London (19-0 per cent vs 8-3 per cent). Since the same epidemiological methods were followed in the two areas, and since the reading-retarded children had similar psychological characteristics in both cases, it is concluded that there is a real difference between London and the Isle of Wight in the prevalence of reading retardation and of reading backwardness.", "contents": "Attainment and adjustment in two geographical areas. II--The prevalence of specific reading retardation. Specific reading retardation was found to occur in a minimum of 9-9 per cent of ten-year-old 'indigenous' children in one inner London borough. This rate was nearly three times that (3-9 per cent) in Isle of Wight children. There was a comparably higher rate of general reading backwardness in London (19-0 per cent vs 8-3 per cent). Since the same epidemiological methods were followed in the two areas, and since the reading-retarded children had similar psychological characteristics in both cases, it is concluded that there is a real difference between London and the Isle of Wight in the prevalence of reading retardation and of reading backwardness.", "PMID": 1174768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4814", "title": "Attainment and adjustment in two geographical areas: III--Some factors accounting for area differences.", "content": "It was found that emotional disorders, conduct disorders and specific reading retardation were all twice as common in ten-year-old children attending schools in an inner London borough as in children of the same age on the Isle of Wight. The correlates of these disorders in the two areas were investigated in order to explore possible reasons for these differences in prevalence. It was possible to identify four sets of variables (family discord, parental deviance, social disadvantage and certain school characteristics) which were associated with child disorder and deviance within both the two areas. As in almost all cases these same adverse factors were more commonly found in London, it may be concluded that the high rates of psychiatric disorder and specific reading retardation in London ten-year-olds are due in part to the fact that a relatively high proportion of London families experience marital discord and disruption, that many of the parents show mental disorder and antisocial behaviour, that families often live in poor social circumstances, and that the schools are more often characterized by a high rate of turnover in staff and pupils. The evidence suggests that these problems stemmed from living in an inner London borough, but further research is required to identify what it is about life in a metropolitan area that predisposes to the development of disorder and deviance.", "contents": "Attainment and adjustment in two geographical areas: III--Some factors accounting for area differences. It was found that emotional disorders, conduct disorders and specific reading retardation were all twice as common in ten-year-old children attending schools in an inner London borough as in children of the same age on the Isle of Wight. The correlates of these disorders in the two areas were investigated in order to explore possible reasons for these differences in prevalence. It was possible to identify four sets of variables (family discord, parental deviance, social disadvantage and certain school characteristics) which were associated with child disorder and deviance within both the two areas. As in almost all cases these same adverse factors were more commonly found in London, it may be concluded that the high rates of psychiatric disorder and specific reading retardation in London ten-year-olds are due in part to the fact that a relatively high proportion of London families experience marital discord and disruption, that many of the parents show mental disorder and antisocial behaviour, that families often live in poor social circumstances, and that the schools are more often characterized by a high rate of turnover in staff and pupils. The evidence suggests that these problems stemmed from living in an inner London borough, but further research is required to identify what it is about life in a metropolitan area that predisposes to the development of disorder and deviance.", "PMID": 1174769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4815", "title": "Studies of adoptees from psychiatrically disturbed biological parents: psychiatric conditions in childhood and adolescence.", "content": "Psychiatric problems were assessed in two groups of adoptees by interviewing the adopting parents. One group of 59 adoptees, the \"experimental', were born of psychiatrically disturbed biological parents; the other group, the \"control' of 54 adoptees, had psychiatrically \"normal' biological parents. Both groups had been separated from biological parents at birth. The incidence of psychiatric conditions requiring professional care was significantly higher in the experimental than in the controls (37 per cent vs. 14 per cent). In the experimental group more males than females were disturbed (59 per cent vs. 30 per cent). Most of the excess of disordered males were diagnosed hyperactive. There was some evidence of correlation of the type of psychiatric diagnosis of the biological parent with that of the adoptee.", "contents": "Studies of adoptees from psychiatrically disturbed biological parents: psychiatric conditions in childhood and adolescence. Psychiatric problems were assessed in two groups of adoptees by interviewing the adopting parents. One group of 59 adoptees, the \"experimental', were born of psychiatrically disturbed biological parents; the other group, the \"control' of 54 adoptees, had psychiatrically \"normal' biological parents. Both groups had been separated from biological parents at birth. The incidence of psychiatric conditions requiring professional care was significantly higher in the experimental than in the controls (37 per cent vs. 14 per cent). In the experimental group more males than females were disturbed (59 per cent vs. 30 per cent). Most of the excess of disordered males were diagnosed hyperactive. There was some evidence of correlation of the type of psychiatric diagnosis of the biological parent with that of the adoptee.", "PMID": 1174770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4816", "title": "Objectives and training in psychiatry.", "content": "The recommendations on postgraduate training made by the World Health Organization, the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust and the Royal Medico-Psychological Association are examined in the light of modern concepts of educational objectives. In this country no well defined, specific, assessable and detailed objectives have yet been formulated for postgraduate training in psychiatry.", "contents": "Objectives and training in psychiatry. The recommendations on postgraduate training made by the World Health Organization, the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust and the Royal Medico-Psychological Association are examined in the light of modern concepts of educational objectives. In this country no well defined, specific, assessable and detailed objectives have yet been formulated for postgraduate training in psychiatry.", "PMID": 1174771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4817", "title": "The mental health of Jehovah's Witnesses.", "content": "The function of religion in human society is complex. The part played by religion in psychiatric disorders is even more obscure. Previous literature and theories are divided into two groups: one school believes that intense religiosity is a symptom-complex indicative of psychiatric disorder, while the opposing view is that religious belief in some way acts as a defence mechanism protecting the individual and his psyche. The present study of 50 Jehovah's Witnesses admitted to the Mental Health Service facilities of Western Australia suggests that members of this section of the community are more likely to be admitted to a psychiatric hospital than the general population. Furthermore, followers of the sect are three times more likely to be diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia and nearly four times more likely from paranoid schizophrenia than the rest of the population at risk. These findings suggest that being a member of the Jehovah's Witnesses faith may be a risk factor predisposing to a schizophrenic illness. Further studies would be interesting in investigating whether pre-psychotic people are more likely to join the sect than normal people and what part (if any) membership has in bringing about such a breakdown.", "contents": "The mental health of Jehovah's Witnesses. The function of religion in human society is complex. The part played by religion in psychiatric disorders is even more obscure. Previous literature and theories are divided into two groups: one school believes that intense religiosity is a symptom-complex indicative of psychiatric disorder, while the opposing view is that religious belief in some way acts as a defence mechanism protecting the individual and his psyche. The present study of 50 Jehovah's Witnesses admitted to the Mental Health Service facilities of Western Australia suggests that members of this section of the community are more likely to be admitted to a psychiatric hospital than the general population. Furthermore, followers of the sect are three times more likely to be diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia and nearly four times more likely from paranoid schizophrenia than the rest of the population at risk. These findings suggest that being a member of the Jehovah's Witnesses faith may be a risk factor predisposing to a schizophrenic illness. Further studies would be interesting in investigating whether pre-psychotic people are more likely to join the sect than normal people and what part (if any) membership has in bringing about such a breakdown.", "PMID": 1174772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4818", "title": "Cross-national study of diagnosis of the mental disorders: a comparative psychometric assessment of elderly patients admitted to mental hospitals serving Queens County, New York, and the former borough of Camberwell, London.", "content": "In a cross-national comparison of the frequency of occurrence of various diagnoses among elderly psychiatric patients admitted to public mental hospitals in London and New York, a short battery of psychological tests was administered to all patients independently of psychiatric examination. The psychological assessment was focused on the differentiation between dementing and affective disorders. The test performance showed a highly significant difference between the two groups as diagnosed, and when patients were allocated to groups on the basis of tests alone these allocations showed a high rate of agreement with initial psychiatric diagnosis. There was a similar high rate of agreement between test allocation and hospital diagnosis in the U.K., but this was not so in the U.S. No significant differences were found between the test performance of U.K. and U.S. patients, except on the WAIS Vocabulary and the Angles Error measurement of the Bender-Gestalt test. When the effects of age and Vocabulary score were eliminated these differences disappeared. The hypothesis that the diagnosis of affective disorder would be confirmed by a relatively greater improvement in test performance over time in this group of patients was not upheld by the non-parametric analysis of change scores. However, an analysis of covariance utilizing age and initial score did indicate the expected differential improvement.", "contents": "Cross-national study of diagnosis of the mental disorders: a comparative psychometric assessment of elderly patients admitted to mental hospitals serving Queens County, New York, and the former borough of Camberwell, London. In a cross-national comparison of the frequency of occurrence of various diagnoses among elderly psychiatric patients admitted to public mental hospitals in London and New York, a short battery of psychological tests was administered to all patients independently of psychiatric examination. The psychological assessment was focused on the differentiation between dementing and affective disorders. The test performance showed a highly significant difference between the two groups as diagnosed, and when patients were allocated to groups on the basis of tests alone these allocations showed a high rate of agreement with initial psychiatric diagnosis. There was a similar high rate of agreement between test allocation and hospital diagnosis in the U.K., but this was not so in the U.S. No significant differences were found between the test performance of U.K. and U.S. patients, except on the WAIS Vocabulary and the Angles Error measurement of the Bender-Gestalt test. When the effects of age and Vocabulary score were eliminated these differences disappeared. The hypothesis that the diagnosis of affective disorder would be confirmed by a relatively greater improvement in test performance over time in this group of patients was not upheld by the non-parametric analysis of change scores. However, an analysis of covariance utilizing age and initial score did indicate the expected differential improvement.", "PMID": 1174773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4819", "title": "The prediction and predictability of speech in schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Previous research suggests, though by no means consistently, that schizophrenic patients may be less able than normals to predict the speech of other people, and that schizophrenic speech is less predictable than normal speech. The present experiment tests these two suggestions and also a third possibility, that the difference between schizophrenic and normal speech is less marked for schizophrenics asked to make the predictions than for normals. Twelve schizophrenic patients recently admitted to hospital, and twelve comparable, psychiatrically normal, orthopaedic patients, were asked to predict both schizophrenic and normal speech, using Cloze Procedure, under both fourth-word and fifth-word deletion. The first hypothesis was upheld, but the second and third received only very limited support. The findings are discussed in the light of previous work, and suggestions are made for future research.", "contents": "The prediction and predictability of speech in schizophrenic patients. Previous research suggests, though by no means consistently, that schizophrenic patients may be less able than normals to predict the speech of other people, and that schizophrenic speech is less predictable than normal speech. The present experiment tests these two suggestions and also a third possibility, that the difference between schizophrenic and normal speech is less marked for schizophrenics asked to make the predictions than for normals. Twelve schizophrenic patients recently admitted to hospital, and twelve comparable, psychiatrically normal, orthopaedic patients, were asked to predict both schizophrenic and normal speech, using Cloze Procedure, under both fourth-word and fifth-word deletion. The first hypothesis was upheld, but the second and third received only very limited support. The findings are discussed in the light of previous work, and suggestions are made for future research.", "PMID": 1174774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4820", "title": "Immediate effects of improved hospital environment on behaviour patterns of mentally handicapped patients.", "content": "In 1972 three old hospitals were closed and patients transferred to a new hospital for the mentally handicapped. Four to six weeks before transfer, disturbed and a sample of non-disturbed patients were rated on a selected scale; they were again rated four to six weeks after transfer. The disturbed patients numbered 39 per cent of the total and both men and women shared a significant improvement, though the men did not improve to the same extent as the women. There was also a significant improvement among the non-disturbed patients, though this did not apply to the epileptic patients.", "contents": "Immediate effects of improved hospital environment on behaviour patterns of mentally handicapped patients. In 1972 three old hospitals were closed and patients transferred to a new hospital for the mentally handicapped. Four to six weeks before transfer, disturbed and a sample of non-disturbed patients were rated on a selected scale; they were again rated four to six weeks after transfer. The disturbed patients numbered 39 per cent of the total and both men and women shared a significant improvement, though the men did not improve to the same extent as the women. There was also a significant improvement among the non-disturbed patients, though this did not apply to the epileptic patients.", "PMID": 1174775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4821", "title": "The removal of retained gallstones from the common bile duct: experience with sodium cholate infusion and the Burhenne catheter.", "content": "The use of cholic acid T tube infusion and of the Burhenne catheter has been investigated in the management of gallstones retained in the common bile duct following biliary surgery in 9 patients. Four of 7 patients treated with cholic acid infusion showed disappearance of the stones during treatment. The stones in a fifth subject were removed by a combination of cholic acid infusion (1 stone disappeared) and instrumentation with a Burhenne catheter (a second stone removed). Use of a Burhenne catheter was unsuccessful in 3 of 4 patients. Details of the technique of cholic acid infusion are given, and possible complications of the treatment are discussed. The use of cholic acid infusion for the dissolution of stones in the common bile duct is recommended.", "contents": "The removal of retained gallstones from the common bile duct: experience with sodium cholate infusion and the Burhenne catheter. The use of cholic acid T tube infusion and of the Burhenne catheter has been investigated in the management of gallstones retained in the common bile duct following biliary surgery in 9 patients. Four of 7 patients treated with cholic acid infusion showed disappearance of the stones during treatment. The stones in a fifth subject were removed by a combination of cholic acid infusion (1 stone disappeared) and instrumentation with a Burhenne catheter (a second stone removed). Use of a Burhenne catheter was unsuccessful in 3 of 4 patients. Details of the technique of cholic acid infusion are given, and possible complications of the treatment are discussed. The use of cholic acid infusion for the dissolution of stones in the common bile duct is recommended.", "PMID": 1174780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4822", "title": "Long term changes in total body water, total exchangable sodium and total body potassium before and after ileostomy.", "content": "In 10 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, total body water, total body potassium and total exchangable sodium were measured both before and 6 months after the establishment of a permanent iseostomy. All 10 patients underwent elective surgery for their inflammatory bowel disease but all were malnourished before surgery when their body composition was first measured. Six months later, when the body composition was again determined, all the patients were in good health and had normally functioning ileostomies. As a group they had gained 6-8 kg in body weight and 372 mEq total body potassium over the 6-month period. When the 'normal' total body water was calculated for each patient, a deficit of 12-4 per cent for the group was found before surgery and this was still present (11-1 per cent) 6 months later. The concentration of exchangable sodium in the body water fell from an abnormally high level before surgery to within the normal range 6 months later. These data show that defictis in total body water occurring preoperatively are not repaired in the months following the establishment of a well-functioning ileostomy, and that a reduction of total exchangeable sodium is present in patients with an ileostomy who are otherwise well. It is suggested that these findings should encourage the surgeon managing patients with intractable inflammatory bowel disease to strive for good nutrition and normal body composition before embarking on excisional surgery and the establishment of a permanent ileostomy.", "contents": "Long term changes in total body water, total exchangable sodium and total body potassium before and after ileostomy. In 10 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, total body water, total body potassium and total exchangable sodium were measured both before and 6 months after the establishment of a permanent iseostomy. All 10 patients underwent elective surgery for their inflammatory bowel disease but all were malnourished before surgery when their body composition was first measured. Six months later, when the body composition was again determined, all the patients were in good health and had normally functioning ileostomies. As a group they had gained 6-8 kg in body weight and 372 mEq total body potassium over the 6-month period. When the 'normal' total body water was calculated for each patient, a deficit of 12-4 per cent for the group was found before surgery and this was still present (11-1 per cent) 6 months later. The concentration of exchangable sodium in the body water fell from an abnormally high level before surgery to within the normal range 6 months later. These data show that defictis in total body water occurring preoperatively are not repaired in the months following the establishment of a well-functioning ileostomy, and that a reduction of total exchangeable sodium is present in patients with an ileostomy who are otherwise well. It is suggested that these findings should encourage the surgeon managing patients with intractable inflammatory bowel disease to strive for good nutrition and normal body composition before embarking on excisional surgery and the establishment of a permanent ileostomy.", "PMID": 1174781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4823", "title": "Results of surgery for Crohn's disease in the Glasgow region, 1961-70.", "content": "During the period 1961-70, 283 patients in the Glasgow region have been studied with regard to the outcome of 418 surgical procedures performed for Crohn's disease. Resection was followed by an overall recurrence rate of 33 per cent, but in disease confined to the large bowel the rate was 18 per cent. Exploratory operations and bypass procedures were followed by a recurrence rate of 70 per cent. Evidence is provided that recurrence following bypass procedures for small bowel disease and ileocolitis occurs at a later stage than after exploratory operations alone. By the end of the study 77 per cent of patients in this series had required one or more resections.", "contents": "Results of surgery for Crohn's disease in the Glasgow region, 1961-70. During the period 1961-70, 283 patients in the Glasgow region have been studied with regard to the outcome of 418 surgical procedures performed for Crohn's disease. Resection was followed by an overall recurrence rate of 33 per cent, but in disease confined to the large bowel the rate was 18 per cent. Exploratory operations and bypass procedures were followed by a recurrence rate of 70 per cent. Evidence is provided that recurrence following bypass procedures for small bowel disease and ileocolitis occurs at a later stage than after exploratory operations alone. By the end of the study 77 per cent of patients in this series had required one or more resections.", "PMID": 1174782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4824", "title": "Signifance of faecoliths in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.", "content": "Three cases are presented which demonstrate the significance of faecoliths in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in infants. A wide spectrum of symptoms is noteworthy. The usefulness of a plain X-ray of the abdomen in infants with acute abdomen is stressed.", "contents": "Signifance of faecoliths in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Three cases are presented which demonstrate the significance of faecoliths in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in infants. A wide spectrum of symptoms is noteworthy. The usefulness of a plain X-ray of the abdomen in infants with acute abdomen is stressed.", "PMID": 1174783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4825", "title": "The changing pattern of hospital admissions for divertical disease of the colon.", "content": "Hospital admissions for symptomatic diverticular disease of the colon were studied during two periods, 1958-61 and 1968-71, in a relatively closed community in north-east Scotland. There was a significant increase in the numbers admitted, from 206 to 366. In the earlier 4-year period among patients aged 70 years and over there was a preponderance of females, but in the later study period the risk of developing symptomatic disease was almost as great among elderly males. Most of the elderly female patients were widowed city dwellers. The proportion of patients requiring operation for or dying from diverticular disease declined, but perforation remained as a frequent complication carrying a high mortality.", "contents": "The changing pattern of hospital admissions for divertical disease of the colon. Hospital admissions for symptomatic diverticular disease of the colon were studied during two periods, 1958-61 and 1968-71, in a relatively closed community in north-east Scotland. There was a significant increase in the numbers admitted, from 206 to 366. In the earlier 4-year period among patients aged 70 years and over there was a preponderance of females, but in the later study period the risk of developing symptomatic disease was almost as great among elderly males. Most of the elderly female patients were widowed city dwellers. The proportion of patients requiring operation for or dying from diverticular disease declined, but perforation remained as a frequent complication carrying a high mortality.", "PMID": 1174784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4826", "title": "The nature of haemorrhoids.", "content": "An anatomical and clinical study aimed at uncovering factors likely to be helpful in understanding the true nature of haemorrhoids is described. The main finding was of specialized 'cushions' of submucosal tissue lining the anal canal; it is argued that piles are merely the result of their displacement.", "contents": "The nature of haemorrhoids. An anatomical and clinical study aimed at uncovering factors likely to be helpful in understanding the true nature of haemorrhoids is described. The main finding was of specialized 'cushions' of submucosal tissue lining the anal canal; it is argued that piles are merely the result of their displacement.", "PMID": 1174785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4827", "title": "Localization of parathyroid adenomas by computer-assisted parathyroid scanning.", "content": "In an attempt to localize adenomas of the parathyroid glands 36 patients with suspected hyperparathyroidism were studied with a computer-assisted double isotope scanning technique. Six patients were excluded from the statistical analysis because of uninterpretable scans. A definite localization was made with the computer-assisted scan in 16 patients. In 14 of these patients the site of the tumours was correctly predicted. In 14 patients no localization was seen on the scan. Four of these patients were classified as false negatives. In 14 out of the 16 correctly localized tumours two-thirds had weights equal to or less than 1-5 g.", "contents": "Localization of parathyroid adenomas by computer-assisted parathyroid scanning. In an attempt to localize adenomas of the parathyroid glands 36 patients with suspected hyperparathyroidism were studied with a computer-assisted double isotope scanning technique. Six patients were excluded from the statistical analysis because of uninterpretable scans. A definite localization was made with the computer-assisted scan in 16 patients. In 14 of these patients the site of the tumours was correctly predicted. In 14 patients no localization was seen on the scan. Four of these patients were classified as false negatives. In 14 out of the 16 correctly localized tumours two-thirds had weights equal to or less than 1-5 g.", "PMID": 1174786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4828", "title": "True recurrence of hyperparathyroidism: proposed criteria of recurrence.", "content": "Although recurrent hyperparathyroidism should not be rare on theoretical grounds, only a few cases of proved recurrence have been reported in the literature. In the present author's series only 4 patients (1 per cent) had true recurrence. Criteria for recurrence were: 1. Histological identification by biopsy and frozen section of all the parathyroid glands at the first operation. 2. Complete removal of the enlarged gland(s). 3. A normocalcaemic period of at least 1 year. 4. The finding of a tumour at the site of a previously normal-sized gland. The low incidence of recurrent hyperparathyroidism might be explained by the long period of time needed for the recurrence to develop. However, since diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism is now more easily made and patients are treated surgically earlier in the course of the disease, the incidence of true recurrence might be expected to rise. A meticulous exploration during operation and careful follow-up of the patients are therefore required.", "contents": "True recurrence of hyperparathyroidism: proposed criteria of recurrence. Although recurrent hyperparathyroidism should not be rare on theoretical grounds, only a few cases of proved recurrence have been reported in the literature. In the present author's series only 4 patients (1 per cent) had true recurrence. Criteria for recurrence were: 1. Histological identification by biopsy and frozen section of all the parathyroid glands at the first operation. 2. Complete removal of the enlarged gland(s). 3. A normocalcaemic period of at least 1 year. 4. The finding of a tumour at the site of a previously normal-sized gland. The low incidence of recurrent hyperparathyroidism might be explained by the long period of time needed for the recurrence to develop. However, since diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism is now more easily made and patients are treated surgically earlier in the course of the disease, the incidence of true recurrence might be expected to rise. A meticulous exploration during operation and careful follow-up of the patients are therefore required.", "PMID": 1174787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4829", "title": "Recurrent pleural effusion in chronic relapsing pancreatitis.", "content": "A case of recurrent pleural effusion occurring in a patient with chronic relapsing pancreatitis is presented. Although it is one of the less common manifestations of the pleuroplumonary complications of pancreatitis, the presence of such a lesion is of diagnostic importance when the enzyme content of the effusion is elevated above the levels in the serum. In most of the reported cases resolution has occurred with conservative therapy, but failure to do so necessitated subtotal pancreatectomy, following which the patient made an uneventful recovery.", "contents": "Recurrent pleural effusion in chronic relapsing pancreatitis. A case of recurrent pleural effusion occurring in a patient with chronic relapsing pancreatitis is presented. Although it is one of the less common manifestations of the pleuroplumonary complications of pancreatitis, the presence of such a lesion is of diagnostic importance when the enzyme content of the effusion is elevated above the levels in the serum. In most of the reported cases resolution has occurred with conservative therapy, but failure to do so necessitated subtotal pancreatectomy, following which the patient made an uneventful recovery.", "PMID": 1174788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4830", "title": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a report of 2 cases.", "content": "Two cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis are reported in Negroes. The clinical findings are similar to those in previously reported cases. In 1 case nephrolithotomy was followed by the development of a perinephric abcess 8 months later. Late diagnosis has limited experience with more conservative management, which should be reserved for demonstrably focal disease.", "contents": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a report of 2 cases. Two cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis are reported in Negroes. The clinical findings are similar to those in previously reported cases. In 1 case nephrolithotomy was followed by the development of a perinephric abcess 8 months later. Late diagnosis has limited experience with more conservative management, which should be reserved for demonstrably focal disease.", "PMID": 1174789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4831", "title": "An incision for en bloc nephrectomy.", "content": "A surgical approach is described for en bloc removal of a large renal mass, enabling easy removal of such a mass with early palpation and ligation of the renal pedicle and with the minimum of assistance. The principle underlying the approach is that of detaching the costal margin and the free ribs from the abdominal musculature. In the experience of the author the wound always heals by first intention. No complications have been encountered and the patients have been discharged from hospital within 10 days of operation.", "contents": "An incision for en bloc nephrectomy. A surgical approach is described for en bloc removal of a large renal mass, enabling easy removal of such a mass with early palpation and ligation of the renal pedicle and with the minimum of assistance. The principle underlying the approach is that of detaching the costal margin and the free ribs from the abdominal musculature. In the experience of the author the wound always heals by first intention. No complications have been encountered and the patients have been discharged from hospital within 10 days of operation.", "PMID": 1174790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4832", "title": "Undetected aorto-iliac insufficiency: a reason for early failure of saphenous vein bypass grafts for obstruction of the superficial femoral artery.", "content": "A series of 29 femoropopliteal bypass operations is described. The patients were selected carefully to exclude those with clinical and aortographic evidence of aorto-iliac disease. A pulsatility index was calculated from the velocity waveforms recorded over the common femoral and popliteal arteries. The pulsatility index is the ratio of the amplitude of the waveform to its mean height over one cardiac cycle. There was a highly significant difference in the result of the operation between patients with a pulsatility index of 4 or more in the common femoral artery and patients with a pulsatility index of less than 4. We concluded that calculation of this pulsatility index provides useful additional evidence when selecting patients suitable for a femoropopliteal bypass.", "contents": "Undetected aorto-iliac insufficiency: a reason for early failure of saphenous vein bypass grafts for obstruction of the superficial femoral artery. A series of 29 femoropopliteal bypass operations is described. The patients were selected carefully to exclude those with clinical and aortographic evidence of aorto-iliac disease. A pulsatility index was calculated from the velocity waveforms recorded over the common femoral and popliteal arteries. The pulsatility index is the ratio of the amplitude of the waveform to its mean height over one cardiac cycle. There was a highly significant difference in the result of the operation between patients with a pulsatility index of 4 or more in the common femoral artery and patients with a pulsatility index of less than 4. We concluded that calculation of this pulsatility index provides useful additional evidence when selecting patients suitable for a femoropopliteal bypass.", "PMID": 1174791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4833", "title": "Nodular fasciitis: an unusual cause of extradural spinal cord compression.", "content": "A case of nodular fasciitis causing extradural spinal cord compression with a successful outcome following removal is reported. Such a tumor within the spinal cord has never been reported. The pathogenesis of a nodular fasciitis in this situation and its differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Nodular fasciitis: an unusual cause of extradural spinal cord compression. A case of nodular fasciitis causing extradural spinal cord compression with a successful outcome following removal is reported. Such a tumor within the spinal cord has never been reported. The pathogenesis of a nodular fasciitis in this situation and its differential diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 1174792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4834", "title": "Peritoneal nesothelioma.", "content": "Two patients with primary peritoneal mesothelioma are reported. They had abdominal symptoms, no symptoms referable to the respiratory system and normal chest X-rays. There was no clinical evidence of impaired respiratory function. One of the patients had a history of brief asbestos exposure over 20 years before diagnosis. The procedure for obtaining compensation is outlined and the protean uses of, and hence possible exposure to, asbestos are noted. In screening programmes consideration should be given to both pulmonary and abdominal symptoms. Laparoscopy may have a part to play in earlier diagnosis of peritoneal mesothelioma.", "contents": "Peritoneal nesothelioma. Two patients with primary peritoneal mesothelioma are reported. They had abdominal symptoms, no symptoms referable to the respiratory system and normal chest X-rays. There was no clinical evidence of impaired respiratory function. One of the patients had a history of brief asbestos exposure over 20 years before diagnosis. The procedure for obtaining compensation is outlined and the protean uses of, and hence possible exposure to, asbestos are noted. In screening programmes consideration should be given to both pulmonary and abdominal symptoms. Laparoscopy may have a part to play in earlier diagnosis of peritoneal mesothelioma.", "PMID": 1174793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4835", "title": "The negative cholecystogram in gallbladder disease.", "content": "Seventeen cases of radiologically negative gallbladder disease are presented. In all it was possible to explain the symptoms on the basis of the 'disappearing stone' hypothesis. It is suggested that cholecystectomy should be advised in such patients provided that the symptoms are sufficiently characteristic and sufficiently severe.", "contents": "The negative cholecystogram in gallbladder disease. Seventeen cases of radiologically negative gallbladder disease are presented. In all it was possible to explain the symptoms on the basis of the 'disappearing stone' hypothesis. It is suggested that cholecystectomy should be advised in such patients provided that the symptoms are sufficiently characteristic and sufficiently severe.", "PMID": 1174794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4836", "title": "Observations on peripheral and central temperatures with particular reference to the occurrence of vasoconstriction.", "content": "The importance is emphasized of the inadequacy of the term 'body temperature', but that both core temperature and the peripheral temperature must be considered. The assessment of vasoconstriction is informative, and advantage should be taken of the exact information that can be provided by an electro-thermometer as opposed, for example, to a touch of the hand. The core temperature is taken from the rectum, the nasopharynx or tympanic membrane, and the peripheral temperature from the great toe. If the peripheral temperature falls the loss of body heat is prevented and the core temperature rises. If this is not understood or not recognized misguided attempts may be made to try to reduce the raised central temperature by cooling the skin. This can result in a further rise of central temperature. The recognition of peripheral vasoconstriction enables a proper assessment to be made of its basic cause and of the necessary treatment. The most important cause is hypovolaemia from blood loss and a detailed account is given of how this should be recognized, especially by a study of the gradient between central and peripheral temperatures. Such studies should be a routine in any severe illness, whether medical or surgical, in which circulatory deterioration is likely, especially after major operations or injuries. Study of the temperature of the heel (hindfoot) as well as of the toe (forefoot) can indicate a selective shutdown of peripheral circulation that reveals an especially critical circulatory state.", "contents": "Observations on peripheral and central temperatures with particular reference to the occurrence of vasoconstriction. The importance is emphasized of the inadequacy of the term 'body temperature', but that both core temperature and the peripheral temperature must be considered. The assessment of vasoconstriction is informative, and advantage should be taken of the exact information that can be provided by an electro-thermometer as opposed, for example, to a touch of the hand. The core temperature is taken from the rectum, the nasopharynx or tympanic membrane, and the peripheral temperature from the great toe. If the peripheral temperature falls the loss of body heat is prevented and the core temperature rises. If this is not understood or not recognized misguided attempts may be made to try to reduce the raised central temperature by cooling the skin. This can result in a further rise of central temperature. The recognition of peripheral vasoconstriction enables a proper assessment to be made of its basic cause and of the necessary treatment. The most important cause is hypovolaemia from blood loss and a detailed account is given of how this should be recognized, especially by a study of the gradient between central and peripheral temperatures. Such studies should be a routine in any severe illness, whether medical or surgical, in which circulatory deterioration is likely, especially after major operations or injuries. Study of the temperature of the heel (hindfoot) as well as of the toe (forefoot) can indicate a selective shutdown of peripheral circulation that reveals an especially critical circulatory state.", "PMID": 1174795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4837", "title": "Aorto-iliac reconstruction with special reference to the extraperitoneal approach.", "content": "We have used the extraperitoneal approach for aorto-iliac reconstruction for lower limb ischaemia in over 130 patients. The operative exposure is excellent. Operating time is shortened and the upset to the patient much less than in the transperitoneal approach. We now believe that the method is suitable for use in the majority of aorto-iliac reconstructions. Patency rate 4 years after surgery for claudication is 89 per cent.", "contents": "Aorto-iliac reconstruction with special reference to the extraperitoneal approach. We have used the extraperitoneal approach for aorto-iliac reconstruction for lower limb ischaemia in over 130 patients. The operative exposure is excellent. Operating time is shortened and the upset to the patient much less than in the transperitoneal approach. We now believe that the method is suitable for use in the majority of aorto-iliac reconstructions. Patency rate 4 years after surgery for claudication is 89 per cent.", "PMID": 1174796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4838", "title": "Oesophagogastrostomy without a drainage procedure in oesophageal carcinoma.", "content": "Ten patients with carcinoma of the lower third of the oexophagus who had oesophagogastrectomy followed by oesophagogastrostomy without a drainage procedure were investigated 6 months postoperatively. Postoperative symptomatic evaluation and modified Visick grading of the results were carried out by an independent observer. Objective assessment included fibre-optic endoscopy of the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum, gastric acid secretory studies and measurement of gastric emptying times following the ingestion of a barium food mixture. Eight of the 10 patients had an excellent or very good result and the remaining 2 were graded as satisfactory. No evidence of macroscopic oesophagitis or gastritis was detected and pyloric obstruction was never observed. Gastric emptying time was not prolonged. The results obtained support the concept that a drainage procedure is unnecessary after oesophagogastrostomy.", "contents": "Oesophagogastrostomy without a drainage procedure in oesophageal carcinoma. Ten patients with carcinoma of the lower third of the oexophagus who had oesophagogastrectomy followed by oesophagogastrostomy without a drainage procedure were investigated 6 months postoperatively. Postoperative symptomatic evaluation and modified Visick grading of the results were carried out by an independent observer. Objective assessment included fibre-optic endoscopy of the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum, gastric acid secretory studies and measurement of gastric emptying times following the ingestion of a barium food mixture. Eight of the 10 patients had an excellent or very good result and the remaining 2 were graded as satisfactory. No evidence of macroscopic oesophagitis or gastritis was detected and pyloric obstruction was never observed. Gastric emptying time was not prolonged. The results obtained support the concept that a drainage procedure is unnecessary after oesophagogastrostomy.", "PMID": 1174797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4839", "title": "Antrectomy with Roux-en-Y anastomosis in the treatment of peptic oesophagitis with stricture.", "content": "A series of 8 patients with severe oesophageal strictures secondary to reflux oesophagitis who have been treated by antrectomy with Roux-en-Y anastomosis is described. There was 1 postoperative death. The remaining patients have been completely relieved of heartburn and all have had a dramatic improvement in their dysphagia. This method of treatment is strongly recommended for patients who have had prior surgery to the hiatus which has failed, and for those who are too elderly or frail to withstand a direct attack on their oesophageal stricture.", "contents": "Antrectomy with Roux-en-Y anastomosis in the treatment of peptic oesophagitis with stricture. A series of 8 patients with severe oesophageal strictures secondary to reflux oesophagitis who have been treated by antrectomy with Roux-en-Y anastomosis is described. There was 1 postoperative death. The remaining patients have been completely relieved of heartburn and all have had a dramatic improvement in their dysphagia. This method of treatment is strongly recommended for patients who have had prior surgery to the hiatus which has failed, and for those who are too elderly or frail to withstand a direct attack on their oesophageal stricture.", "PMID": 1174798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4840", "title": "Gastric mucosal resection in the treatment of peptic ulcers: a 1-10 year clinical follow-up.", "content": "The clinical results of gastric mucosal resection are reported after a 1-10-year follow-up in which 76 per cent of patients were followed up for more than 5 years. There were 3 postopertive deaths in 152 patients. Mucosal antrectomy with vagotomy for duodenal ulcer in 96 patients, and for recurrent ulcer in 9 patients, has not been followed by a single recurrence. Gastric mucosal resection alone for the treatment of gastric ulcer in 21 patients resulted in 1 recurrence. Although vagotomy combined with resection is currently out of fashion for the initial treatment of duodenal ulcer in Britain, mucosal gastric resection has technical advantages in combination with vagotomy for the cure of recurrent ulcers following duodenal ulcer surgery.", "contents": "Gastric mucosal resection in the treatment of peptic ulcers: a 1-10 year clinical follow-up. The clinical results of gastric mucosal resection are reported after a 1-10-year follow-up in which 76 per cent of patients were followed up for more than 5 years. There were 3 postopertive deaths in 152 patients. Mucosal antrectomy with vagotomy for duodenal ulcer in 96 patients, and for recurrent ulcer in 9 patients, has not been followed by a single recurrence. Gastric mucosal resection alone for the treatment of gastric ulcer in 21 patients resulted in 1 recurrence. Although vagotomy combined with resection is currently out of fashion for the initial treatment of duodenal ulcer in Britain, mucosal gastric resection has technical advantages in combination with vagotomy for the cure of recurrent ulcers following duodenal ulcer surgery.", "PMID": 1174799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4841", "title": "Primary gastric tuberculosis: a case report.", "content": "A case of primary gastric tuberculosis is reported in a 34-year-old Negro male. The difficulty in diagnosis is emphasized. Surgical resection with postoperative anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy was followed by satisfactory recovery.", "contents": "Primary gastric tuberculosis: a case report. A case of primary gastric tuberculosis is reported in a 34-year-old Negro male. The difficulty in diagnosis is emphasized. Surgical resection with postoperative anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy was followed by satisfactory recovery.", "PMID": 1174800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4842", "title": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis: aspects of diagnosis and surgical management.", "content": "Five cases of congenital hepatic fibrosis are described. In all the patients the diagnosis was delayed as a result of either failure to perform liver biopsy or misinterpretation of the histological features. Four patients had multiple operations for the control of haematemesis or the relief of portal hypertension. It is stressed that a high index of suspicion, the use of endoscopy and a liver biopsy are essential to avoid delay in diagnosis. The patients have a good prognosis provided that the diagnosis is established at an early stage and portacaval anastomosis performed.", "contents": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis: aspects of diagnosis and surgical management. Five cases of congenital hepatic fibrosis are described. In all the patients the diagnosis was delayed as a result of either failure to perform liver biopsy or misinterpretation of the histological features. Four patients had multiple operations for the control of haematemesis or the relief of portal hypertension. It is stressed that a high index of suspicion, the use of endoscopy and a liver biopsy are essential to avoid delay in diagnosis. The patients have a good prognosis provided that the diagnosis is established at an early stage and portacaval anastomosis performed.", "PMID": 1174801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4843", "title": "Splenic-gonadal fusion.", "content": "Various aspects of splenic-gonadal fusion are discussed and 1 case of the continuous type is reported. A plea is made to include this condition in the differential diagnosis of scrotal masses, particularly those on the left side.", "contents": "Splenic-gonadal fusion. Various aspects of splenic-gonadal fusion are discussed and 1 case of the continuous type is reported. A plea is made to include this condition in the differential diagnosis of scrotal masses, particularly those on the left side.", "PMID": 1174802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4844", "title": "Abdominoscrotal hydrocele.", "content": "The number of cases of abdominoscrotal hydrocele reported in the leterature has been brought up to date, which, including the 3 cases reported here, is 83 of which 21 are from India. The pathogenesis of this lesion is discussed. It is concluded that all cases of abdominoscrotal hydrocele are due to progressive involvement and distension of the patent processus vaginalis which is cut off from the general peritoneal cavity. A new classification of abdominoscrotal hydrocele is suggested on the basis of experience gained from the 3 cases reported here.", "contents": "Abdominoscrotal hydrocele. The number of cases of abdominoscrotal hydrocele reported in the leterature has been brought up to date, which, including the 3 cases reported here, is 83 of which 21 are from India. The pathogenesis of this lesion is discussed. It is concluded that all cases of abdominoscrotal hydrocele are due to progressive involvement and distension of the patent processus vaginalis which is cut off from the general peritoneal cavity. A new classification of abdominoscrotal hydrocele is suggested on the basis of experience gained from the 3 cases reported here.", "PMID": 1174803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4845", "title": "Triorchidism with normal spermatogenesis: an unusual cause for failure of vasectomy.", "content": "The wife of a vasectomized man became pregnant by her husband. He was examined and a supernumerary testis with intact vas and with normal histology and normal spermatogenesis were discovered.", "contents": "Triorchidism with normal spermatogenesis: an unusual cause for failure of vasectomy. The wife of a vasectomized man became pregnant by her husband. He was examined and a supernumerary testis with intact vas and with normal histology and normal spermatogenesis were discovered.", "PMID": 1174804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4846", "title": "Immediate operative fitting of upper limb prosthesis at the time of amputation.", "content": "Three patients are described--2 with an above-elbow amputation and 1 with a through-wrist amputation--in whom a temporary prosthesis was applied on the operating table and in all of whom function was rapidly established. The patients did not become one-handed, with the result that they have all continued to wear their prosthesis throughout their working hours and use their artificial hand for all everday functions. The value of this technique in making the patient accept the prosthesis and therefore to make full use of it suggests that this procedure should be more widely applied in patients who require upper limb amputation.", "contents": "Immediate operative fitting of upper limb prosthesis at the time of amputation. Three patients are described--2 with an above-elbow amputation and 1 with a through-wrist amputation--in whom a temporary prosthesis was applied on the operating table and in all of whom function was rapidly established. The patients did not become one-handed, with the result that they have all continued to wear their prosthesis throughout their working hours and use their artificial hand for all everday functions. The value of this technique in making the patient accept the prosthesis and therefore to make full use of it suggests that this procedure should be more widely applied in patients who require upper limb amputation.", "PMID": 1174805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4847", "title": "The bacteraemia associated with burns surgery.", "content": "Fifty-four surgical procedures on 39 burnt patients were studied with serial blood cultures. In 25 (46 per cent) of these procedures the cultures were positive. In spite of the absence of prophylactic systemic antibiotics there were no clinical manifestations and not one of the bacteraemias developed into a septicaemia. The role of natural immunity in controlling the bacteraemia is discussed and it is suggested that prophylactic systemic antibiotic therapy covering burns surgery is unnecessary in the presence of normal immunoglobulin levels.", "contents": "The bacteraemia associated with burns surgery. Fifty-four surgical procedures on 39 burnt patients were studied with serial blood cultures. In 25 (46 per cent) of these procedures the cultures were positive. In spite of the absence of prophylactic systemic antibiotics there were no clinical manifestations and not one of the bacteraemias developed into a septicaemia. The role of natural immunity in controlling the bacteraemia is discussed and it is suggested that prophylactic systemic antibiotic therapy covering burns surgery is unnecessary in the presence of normal immunoglobulin levels.", "PMID": 1174806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4848", "title": "A rabbit model of perforated appendicitis with peritonitis.", "content": "No satisfactory animal model simulating acute perforating appendicitis followed by peritonitis in man has hitherto been achieved. A technique has been developed in New Zealand White rabbits to fulfil these desiderata. The bacterial flora associated with the ensuing peritonitis is similar to that found in man both as regards aerobes and anaerobes and their concentrations. The method effectively produces the required model in 70 per cent of rabbits subjected to the experiment. Satisfactory postoperative survival is achieved enabling therapeutic studies.", "contents": "A rabbit model of perforated appendicitis with peritonitis. No satisfactory animal model simulating acute perforating appendicitis followed by peritonitis in man has hitherto been achieved. A technique has been developed in New Zealand White rabbits to fulfil these desiderata. The bacterial flora associated with the ensuing peritonitis is similar to that found in man both as regards aerobes and anaerobes and their concentrations. The method effectively produces the required model in 70 per cent of rabbits subjected to the experiment. Satisfactory postoperative survival is achieved enabling therapeutic studies.", "PMID": 1174807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4849", "title": "The effect of noxytiolin in experimental peritonitis.", "content": "The evidence for the value of noxytiolin (Noxyflex) in peritonitis is contradictory. In a controlled trial of the effect of noxytiolin in pertonitis in rabbits we have found a significant increase in mortality in the trial group compared with a control group, but no significant difference when a dose equivalent to the recommended human dose is used. The postoperative course is adversely affected in the animals receiving noxytiolin.", "contents": "The effect of noxytiolin in experimental peritonitis. The evidence for the value of noxytiolin (Noxyflex) in peritonitis is contradictory. In a controlled trial of the effect of noxytiolin in pertonitis in rabbits we have found a significant increase in mortality in the trial group compared with a control group, but no significant difference when a dose equivalent to the recommended human dose is used. The postoperative course is adversely affected in the animals receiving noxytiolin.", "PMID": 1174808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4850", "title": "Results of modified Robert Jones operation for clawed hallux.", "content": "The results of modified Robert Jones operation for clawed hallux carried out on 36 feet were reviewed by clinical and radiological investigations. Twenty-nine feet (80 per cent) achieved good results while 3 feet (8-5 per cent) obtained fair results and in 4 feet (11 per cent) the results were poor. Better results were obtained in the poliomyelitis cases than in the other groups. Correction of deformity appears to be achieved by the transferred extensor hallucis longus elevating the first metatarsal neck and by the flexor hallucis longus flexing the rigid toe obtained by interphalangeal arthrodesis. Tendon regeneration which is associated with recurrent clawing remains a problem. Internal fixation should be used for the interphalangeal arthrodesis.", "contents": "Results of modified Robert Jones operation for clawed hallux. The results of modified Robert Jones operation for clawed hallux carried out on 36 feet were reviewed by clinical and radiological investigations. Twenty-nine feet (80 per cent) achieved good results while 3 feet (8-5 per cent) obtained fair results and in 4 feet (11 per cent) the results were poor. Better results were obtained in the poliomyelitis cases than in the other groups. Correction of deformity appears to be achieved by the transferred extensor hallucis longus elevating the first metatarsal neck and by the flexor hallucis longus flexing the rigid toe obtained by interphalangeal arthrodesis. Tendon regeneration which is associated with recurrent clawing remains a problem. Internal fixation should be used for the interphalangeal arthrodesis.", "PMID": 1174809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4851", "title": "Carcinoma arising in thyroglossal duct remnant: case reports and review of the literature.", "content": "Two cases of thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma are presented and the world literature is reviewed. There are only 74 cases reported to date. In nearly all the cases the clinical diagnosis was thyroglossal cyst. Although the great majority of the tumours were papillary adenocarcinomas, 13-15 per cent were of other histological types. The treatment has been quite variable, but the most common initial treatment was Sistrunk's (1928) operation. Following the establishment of the diagnosis of malignancy, thyroidectomy was done in several cases, but it failed to show any evidence of malignancy in most of the thyroids removed, which establishes firmly the de novo origin of these tumours from the thyroglossal duct remnant. In only one case had tumour disseminated to distant organs, the lung, liver, etc. The scepticism as to whether some of the carcinomas associated with thyroglossal duct remnants may not in fact represent metastases from a small primary tumour of thyroid gland is examined. It appears that, though a possibility of primary or metastatic tumour in the thyroid does exist, the probability does not appear to be high. From our own experience it is suggested that local excision followed by radiotherapy, irrespective of recurrence, may be worth considering for the treatment of such carcinomas.", "contents": "Carcinoma arising in thyroglossal duct remnant: case reports and review of the literature. Two cases of thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma are presented and the world literature is reviewed. There are only 74 cases reported to date. In nearly all the cases the clinical diagnosis was thyroglossal cyst. Although the great majority of the tumours were papillary adenocarcinomas, 13-15 per cent were of other histological types. The treatment has been quite variable, but the most common initial treatment was Sistrunk's (1928) operation. Following the establishment of the diagnosis of malignancy, thyroidectomy was done in several cases, but it failed to show any evidence of malignancy in most of the thyroids removed, which establishes firmly the de novo origin of these tumours from the thyroglossal duct remnant. In only one case had tumour disseminated to distant organs, the lung, liver, etc. The scepticism as to whether some of the carcinomas associated with thyroglossal duct remnants may not in fact represent metastases from a small primary tumour of thyroid gland is examined. It appears that, though a possibility of primary or metastatic tumour in the thyroid does exist, the probability does not appear to be high. From our own experience it is suggested that local excision followed by radiotherapy, irrespective of recurrence, may be worth considering for the treatment of such carcinomas.", "PMID": 1174810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4852", "title": "Secondary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.", "content": "Two patients are described who presented with clinically solitary thyroid nodules which were found to be due to metastatic disease from the kidney and colon respectively. Removal of the solitary metastatis in one patient resulted in disease-free survival for over 5 years.", "contents": "Secondary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Two patients are described who presented with clinically solitary thyroid nodules which were found to be due to metastatic disease from the kidney and colon respectively. Removal of the solitary metastatis in one patient resulted in disease-free survival for over 5 years.", "PMID": 1174811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4853", "title": "The significance of occult skeletal metastases, detected by skeletal scintigraphy, in patients with otherwise apparently 'early' mammary carcinoma.", "content": "Fifty patients with apparently 'early' mammary carcinoma on clinical, radiological and biochemical grounds had a skeletal scintigram carried out when they first presented. Twelve (24 per cent) of the patients had a positive scintigram. All these patients have developed metastatic disease in the first 5 years following mastectomy, and at least 9 (75 per cent), and probably 10 (83 per cent), have died from mammary carcinoma during this period. This compares with 10 (26 per cent) of the patients with a negative scintigram who have developed recurrent or metastatic disease, of whom 8 (21 per cent) have died from their disease. Five years following mastectomy none of the patients with a positive scintigram was alive and free from disease, compared with 25 (66 per cent) of the patients with a negative scintigram. It would appear that skeletal scintigraphy is the most sensitive method of detecting skeletal metastases and of staging breast carcinoma at the moment. Where practicable, this investigation should be carried out before embarking upon treatment for any particular patient, and this certaily should become part of any clinical trial comparing different therapeutic regimens. However, before some of the newer bone-seeking isotopes are used in this way, further studies are required to determine their false positive rate.", "contents": "The significance of occult skeletal metastases, detected by skeletal scintigraphy, in patients with otherwise apparently 'early' mammary carcinoma. Fifty patients with apparently 'early' mammary carcinoma on clinical, radiological and biochemical grounds had a skeletal scintigram carried out when they first presented. Twelve (24 per cent) of the patients had a positive scintigram. All these patients have developed metastatic disease in the first 5 years following mastectomy, and at least 9 (75 per cent), and probably 10 (83 per cent), have died from mammary carcinoma during this period. This compares with 10 (26 per cent) of the patients with a negative scintigram who have developed recurrent or metastatic disease, of whom 8 (21 per cent) have died from their disease. Five years following mastectomy none of the patients with a positive scintigram was alive and free from disease, compared with 25 (66 per cent) of the patients with a negative scintigram. It would appear that skeletal scintigraphy is the most sensitive method of detecting skeletal metastases and of staging breast carcinoma at the moment. Where practicable, this investigation should be carried out before embarking upon treatment for any particular patient, and this certaily should become part of any clinical trial comparing different therapeutic regimens. However, before some of the newer bone-seeking isotopes are used in this way, further studies are required to determine their false positive rate.", "PMID": 1174812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4854", "title": "Acute cholecystitis.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-six successive patients have been admitted with the clinical diagnosis of acute cholecystitis and have been treated by operation on the next operating list. The diagnosis was correct in 154 and a diagnostic pathway has been determined. The clinical features, investigations, bacteriology and pathology are discussed. There is an increased need for choledochotomy in acute cholecystitis and this bile is more commonly infected than in the elective patient. It is suggested that those with infection can be identified prior to operation and should be treated with antibiotics on admission. The morbidity of operation on patients with uninfected bile is no greater than in those receiving elective surgery, and operative treatment is recommended for both groups of patients.", "contents": "Acute cholecystitis. One hundred and fifty-six successive patients have been admitted with the clinical diagnosis of acute cholecystitis and have been treated by operation on the next operating list. The diagnosis was correct in 154 and a diagnostic pathway has been determined. The clinical features, investigations, bacteriology and pathology are discussed. There is an increased need for choledochotomy in acute cholecystitis and this bile is more commonly infected than in the elective patient. It is suggested that those with infection can be identified prior to operation and should be treated with antibiotics on admission. The morbidity of operation on patients with uninfected bile is no greater than in those receiving elective surgery, and operative treatment is recommended for both groups of patients.", "PMID": 1174813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4855", "title": "Prognosis after portocaval anastomosis: a 15-year follow-up.", "content": "A 15-year follow-up of 57 patients who underwent portocaval anastomosis is reported. Twenty-seven patients were still alive and the progress of these and of those who died is followed. The young cryptogenic cirrhotic with no encephalopathy, normal liver function tests and absence of portal vein mural thrombus at the time of operation is best benefited. The only factor from the series to suggest a poor prognosis is deterioration in liver function in the post-jaundice cirrhotic, and the development of encephalopathy in cryptogenic cirrhotics suggests a poor long term prognosis, but its onset is not related to the time before death.", "contents": "Prognosis after portocaval anastomosis: a 15-year follow-up. A 15-year follow-up of 57 patients who underwent portocaval anastomosis is reported. Twenty-seven patients were still alive and the progress of these and of those who died is followed. The young cryptogenic cirrhotic with no encephalopathy, normal liver function tests and absence of portal vein mural thrombus at the time of operation is best benefited. The only factor from the series to suggest a poor prognosis is deterioration in liver function in the post-jaundice cirrhotic, and the development of encephalopathy in cryptogenic cirrhotics suggests a poor long term prognosis, but its onset is not related to the time before death.", "PMID": 1174814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4856", "title": "The effect of acute ethanol administration on the exocrine pancreatic secretion of the pig.", "content": "The acute effect of intravenous and intragastric alcohol on exocrine pancreatic secretion was studied in pigs with chronic pancreatic and gastric fistulas. A new H-type pancreatic cannula was designed for the study. With intravenous alcohol and the gastric fistula open, increased gastric acid secretion occurred but pancreatic enzyme output was inhibited. When acid was allowed to inter the duodenum by closing the gastric fistula, intravenous alcohol produced a secretin-like effect of increased pancreatic volume and bicarbonate secretion. Intragastric alcohol caused an increase in volume, bicarbonate and enzyme output. This was probably due initially to direct gastroduodenal stimulation as the same response occurred following intragastric mannitol of similar volume, pH and osmolality. The subsequently sustained increase in volume and bicarbonate was possibly a secondary secretin-like response following absorption of alcohol. It is concluded that the pig pancreas responds to alcohol as has been described in other animals. The use of a single model has allowed clarification of various phases of response invoking the effects of secretin, gastric and glucagon.", "contents": "The effect of acute ethanol administration on the exocrine pancreatic secretion of the pig. The acute effect of intravenous and intragastric alcohol on exocrine pancreatic secretion was studied in pigs with chronic pancreatic and gastric fistulas. A new H-type pancreatic cannula was designed for the study. With intravenous alcohol and the gastric fistula open, increased gastric acid secretion occurred but pancreatic enzyme output was inhibited. When acid was allowed to inter the duodenum by closing the gastric fistula, intravenous alcohol produced a secretin-like effect of increased pancreatic volume and bicarbonate secretion. Intragastric alcohol caused an increase in volume, bicarbonate and enzyme output. This was probably due initially to direct gastroduodenal stimulation as the same response occurred following intragastric mannitol of similar volume, pH and osmolality. The subsequently sustained increase in volume and bicarbonate was possibly a secondary secretin-like response following absorption of alcohol. It is concluded that the pig pancreas responds to alcohol as has been described in other animals. The use of a single model has allowed clarification of various phases of response invoking the effects of secretin, gastric and glucagon.", "PMID": 1174815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4857", "title": "Cause and management of high volume output salt-depleting ileostomy.", "content": "Ileostomy function was studied in 12 patients with an established ileostomy following proctocolectomy, in 6 of whom minimal amounts (less than 9 cm) and in 6 significant amounts (30-120 cm, mean 60 cm) of terminal ileum had been removed. Patients who had undergone significant ileal resection had daily faecal volumes considerably greater than those with minimal ileal resection (1202 +/- 284 ml versus 401 +/- 92 ml, P less than 0.001), and also greater daily outputs of sodium (146 +/- 53 mEq versus 43 +/- 12 mEq) and potassium (12.7 +/- 9.0 mEq versus 4.0 +/- 0.99 mEq). The percentage water content of the ileostomy fluid was greater in patients who had had the ileum resected (93.1 +/- 1.8% versus 89.8 +/- 2.5%). In addition, the sodium/potassium ratio in the urine in patients with a properly acting ileostomy after ileal resection was low. It is concluded that when recurrent inflammatory bowel disease, partial small bowel obstruction and intraperitoneal sepsis have been excluded there remains a number of patients whose high ileostomy output is due entirely to the amount of ileum resected. The management of patients with a high output ileostomy with codeine phosphate, Lomotil and oral administration of sodium chloride tablets is discussed.", "contents": "Cause and management of high volume output salt-depleting ileostomy. Ileostomy function was studied in 12 patients with an established ileostomy following proctocolectomy, in 6 of whom minimal amounts (less than 9 cm) and in 6 significant amounts (30-120 cm, mean 60 cm) of terminal ileum had been removed. Patients who had undergone significant ileal resection had daily faecal volumes considerably greater than those with minimal ileal resection (1202 +/- 284 ml versus 401 +/- 92 ml, P less than 0.001), and also greater daily outputs of sodium (146 +/- 53 mEq versus 43 +/- 12 mEq) and potassium (12.7 +/- 9.0 mEq versus 4.0 +/- 0.99 mEq). The percentage water content of the ileostomy fluid was greater in patients who had had the ileum resected (93.1 +/- 1.8% versus 89.8 +/- 2.5%). In addition, the sodium/potassium ratio in the urine in patients with a properly acting ileostomy after ileal resection was low. It is concluded that when recurrent inflammatory bowel disease, partial small bowel obstruction and intraperitoneal sepsis have been excluded there remains a number of patients whose high ileostomy output is due entirely to the amount of ileum resected. The management of patients with a high output ileostomy with codeine phosphate, Lomotil and oral administration of sodium chloride tablets is discussed.", "PMID": 1174816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4858", "title": "Factors influencing local recurrence after abdominoperineal resection for cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-two patients who underwent abdominoperineal resection for cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid are reviewed. Six physicians were selected to predict which of these patients would have a local recurrence. All information available at the end of the operation was duplicated and submitted to the observers. None of the physicians was able to predict local recurrence significantly better than random. There were 31 local recurrences, i.e. an incidence of 20-4 per cent. Low level of tumour in the rectum, local spread into perirectal fat or serosa, lymph node involvement and age below 60 years at time of operation were the only factors that were statistically related to local recurrence. The strategy for careful follow-up of patients at risk is outlined and a plea is made for a controlled trial of postoperative radiotherapy.", "contents": "Factors influencing local recurrence after abdominoperineal resection for cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid. One hundred and fifty-two patients who underwent abdominoperineal resection for cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid are reviewed. Six physicians were selected to predict which of these patients would have a local recurrence. All information available at the end of the operation was duplicated and submitted to the observers. None of the physicians was able to predict local recurrence significantly better than random. There were 31 local recurrences, i.e. an incidence of 20-4 per cent. Low level of tumour in the rectum, local spread into perirectal fat or serosa, lymph node involvement and age below 60 years at time of operation were the only factors that were statistically related to local recurrence. The strategy for careful follow-up of patients at risk is outlined and a plea is made for a controlled trial of postoperative radiotherapy.", "PMID": 1174817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4859", "title": "The transdiaphragmatic approach to the heart.", "content": "A modification of the transdiaphragmatic approach to the heart is described. The technique has been used successfully in both adults and children, the youngest child being 8 years of age. The approach has advantages over others in gaining access to the heart for purposes of internal cardiac massage and drainage of suppurative pericarditis and is also a suitable manaeuvre in the surgical treatment of acute tamponade. Clinical experience in the use of this approach is summarized. The transdiaphragmatic approach is recommended as a standard technique for internal cardiac massage.", "contents": "The transdiaphragmatic approach to the heart. A modification of the transdiaphragmatic approach to the heart is described. The technique has been used successfully in both adults and children, the youngest child being 8 years of age. The approach has advantages over others in gaining access to the heart for purposes of internal cardiac massage and drainage of suppurative pericarditis and is also a suitable manaeuvre in the surgical treatment of acute tamponade. Clinical experience in the use of this approach is summarized. The transdiaphragmatic approach is recommended as a standard technique for internal cardiac massage.", "PMID": 1174818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4860", "title": "False abdominal aortic and iliac aneurysms.", "content": "A case of late postoperative false abdominal aortic an iliac aneurysms complicated by malposition of the inferior vana cava is presented and attention is drawn to its presentation, diagnosis and management. Several factors assumed to be responsible for the formation of the false aneurysms 7 years after the previous grafting operation are discussed.", "contents": "False abdominal aortic and iliac aneurysms. A case of late postoperative false abdominal aortic an iliac aneurysms complicated by malposition of the inferior vana cava is presented and attention is drawn to its presentation, diagnosis and management. Several factors assumed to be responsible for the formation of the false aneurysms 7 years after the previous grafting operation are discussed.", "PMID": 1174819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4861", "title": "Collagen biosynthesis in normal and hypertrophic scars and keloid as a function of the duration of the scar.", "content": "The rates of collagen biosynthesis and the tissue concentrations of collagen in normal scar, hypertrophic scar and keloid were determined as a function of the duration of the lesions. The rate of collagen synthesis in normal scar was approximately constant between 6 months and 20 years after the initial wounding, but in both hypertrophic scar and keloid the rate was initially approximately twice that in normal scar, and 2-3 years after wounding it fell to approximately the same level as in normal scar. The tissue concentration of collagen appeared to be relatively constant in normal scar with respect to the time elapsed after wounding, but in both types of abnormal scar it was initially somewhat lower than normal scar and then rose to values higher than in normal scar after about 2-3 years. Since similar results were obtained for both types of abnormal scar in terms of the rates of collagen biosynthesis with respect to the time elapsed after wounding and also in terms of the tissue concentrations of collagen, this may indicate that the events in the pathogenesis of both abnormal scar types are similar. The results also raise the possibility that the formation of both types of abnormal scar may occur in two phases: an initial phase characterized by abnormally high rates of collagen biosynthesis and a later phase characterized by essentially normal rates of collagen biosynthesis.", "contents": "Collagen biosynthesis in normal and hypertrophic scars and keloid as a function of the duration of the scar. The rates of collagen biosynthesis and the tissue concentrations of collagen in normal scar, hypertrophic scar and keloid were determined as a function of the duration of the lesions. The rate of collagen synthesis in normal scar was approximately constant between 6 months and 20 years after the initial wounding, but in both hypertrophic scar and keloid the rate was initially approximately twice that in normal scar, and 2-3 years after wounding it fell to approximately the same level as in normal scar. The tissue concentration of collagen appeared to be relatively constant in normal scar with respect to the time elapsed after wounding, but in both types of abnormal scar it was initially somewhat lower than normal scar and then rose to values higher than in normal scar after about 2-3 years. Since similar results were obtained for both types of abnormal scar in terms of the rates of collagen biosynthesis with respect to the time elapsed after wounding and also in terms of the tissue concentrations of collagen, this may indicate that the events in the pathogenesis of both abnormal scar types are similar. The results also raise the possibility that the formation of both types of abnormal scar may occur in two phases: an initial phase characterized by abnormally high rates of collagen biosynthesis and a later phase characterized by essentially normal rates of collagen biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1174820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4862", "title": "A technique for re-exploration of the saphenofemoral junction for recurrent varicose veins.", "content": "A safe and simple method is described for re-exploration of the saphenofemoral junction in patients with recurrent varicose veins following incomplete 'Trendelenburg operation'.", "contents": "A technique for re-exploration of the saphenofemoral junction for recurrent varicose veins. A safe and simple method is described for re-exploration of the saphenofemoral junction in patients with recurrent varicose veins following incomplete 'Trendelenburg operation'.", "PMID": 1174821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4863", "title": "Selective surgery for abdominal stab wounds.", "content": "The value of selective surgery for abdominal stab wounds was assessed in a prospective study of 226 patients admitted over an 18-month period. Two died soon after admission and before operation, the indications for which were signs of peritoneal irritation or haemorrhage, evisceration of bowel and omental protrusion. Of the 226 patients, 113 were selected for immediate surgery, which was carried out within 3 hours of admission. There were 12 deaths (10-6 per cent). Of the 111 patients initially selected for observation, 47 (42-3 per cent) underwent delayed operation with 4 deaths (8-5 per cent), but in only 1 (2-1 per cent) of these patients could the delay have influenced the adverse result. There were no deaths in the 64 patients treated conservatively. The overall mortality rate of patients who were initially selected for observation was 3-9 per cent. One hundred and fifty patients underwent laparotomy, positive findings justifying operation being present in 134 (89 per cent). Six patients required thoractomy for concomitant thoracic injuries, including 2 patients who required cardiorraphy. Four other patients required combined thoracic and abdominal exploration. The selection of patients for either conservative or operative management was based entirely on clinical criteris; abdominal X-rays were not helpful in the early diagnosis of visceral lesions. The indications for operation were evident within 12 hours of admission in 156 of the 160 patients who were treated surgically. A substantial reduction in the incidence of 'negative laparotomy' can be made by this process of selection, and without an associated increase in the morbidity and mortality rates.", "contents": "Selective surgery for abdominal stab wounds. The value of selective surgery for abdominal stab wounds was assessed in a prospective study of 226 patients admitted over an 18-month period. Two died soon after admission and before operation, the indications for which were signs of peritoneal irritation or haemorrhage, evisceration of bowel and omental protrusion. Of the 226 patients, 113 were selected for immediate surgery, which was carried out within 3 hours of admission. There were 12 deaths (10-6 per cent). Of the 111 patients initially selected for observation, 47 (42-3 per cent) underwent delayed operation with 4 deaths (8-5 per cent), but in only 1 (2-1 per cent) of these patients could the delay have influenced the adverse result. There were no deaths in the 64 patients treated conservatively. The overall mortality rate of patients who were initially selected for observation was 3-9 per cent. One hundred and fifty patients underwent laparotomy, positive findings justifying operation being present in 134 (89 per cent). Six patients required thoractomy for concomitant thoracic injuries, including 2 patients who required cardiorraphy. Four other patients required combined thoracic and abdominal exploration. The selection of patients for either conservative or operative management was based entirely on clinical criteris; abdominal X-rays were not helpful in the early diagnosis of visceral lesions. The indications for operation were evident within 12 hours of admission in 156 of the 160 patients who were treated surgically. A substantial reduction in the incidence of 'negative laparotomy' can be made by this process of selection, and without an associated increase in the morbidity and mortality rates.", "PMID": 1174822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4864", "title": "Response of fibrinolytic activity to venous occlusion.", "content": "Resting fibrinolytic activity and the response of the fibrinolytic system to venous occlusion were studied in a group of healthy middle-aged men. All subjects showed increased fibrinolytic activity but of varying degrees. There was a linear relationship between resting and occluded levels of fibrinolytic activity but many subjects with lower levels of fibrinolytic activity showed an anomalous response. Responses over the expected level were more common than unexpectedly low levels of response. Fibrinogen and plasminogen concentrations were inversely correlated with fibrinolytic activity.", "contents": "Response of fibrinolytic activity to venous occlusion. Resting fibrinolytic activity and the response of the fibrinolytic system to venous occlusion were studied in a group of healthy middle-aged men. All subjects showed increased fibrinolytic activity but of varying degrees. There was a linear relationship between resting and occluded levels of fibrinolytic activity but many subjects with lower levels of fibrinolytic activity showed an anomalous response. Responses over the expected level were more common than unexpectedly low levels of response. Fibrinogen and plasminogen concentrations were inversely correlated with fibrinolytic activity.", "PMID": 1174826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4865", "title": "Register of newly diagnosed diabetic children.", "content": "In November 1972 the British Diabetic Association sponsored a register to which notification was invited of all new cases of diabetes occurring in children aged 0-15 years in Great Britain and Ireland. More than 2000 cases were notified in the first two years. Notification suggested that there was a minimum yearly incidence of 7-67 cases per 100 000, though incidences varied from year to year and by geographical area. Several reports of simultaneous onset of diabetes in sibs of different ages provided evidence of clustering. A seasonal variation in incidence was found in children aged 5-15 years with peaks in the autumn and winter. The age distribution was bimodal with a main peak at about 11 years and a secondary peak at about 5 years. The sex ratio showed a male excess from 0-4 years and from 11-15 years and a female excess from 5-10 years. Overall there were slightly more male cases. Altogether 11% of patients had a first-degree relative with diabetes. The register and several investigations based on it will continue.", "contents": "Register of newly diagnosed diabetic children. In November 1972 the British Diabetic Association sponsored a register to which notification was invited of all new cases of diabetes occurring in children aged 0-15 years in Great Britain and Ireland. More than 2000 cases were notified in the first two years. Notification suggested that there was a minimum yearly incidence of 7-67 cases per 100 000, though incidences varied from year to year and by geographical area. Several reports of simultaneous onset of diabetes in sibs of different ages provided evidence of clustering. A seasonal variation in incidence was found in children aged 5-15 years with peaks in the autumn and winter. The age distribution was bimodal with a main peak at about 11 years and a secondary peak at about 5 years. The sex ratio showed a male excess from 0-4 years and from 11-15 years and a female excess from 5-10 years. Overall there were slightly more male cases. Altogether 11% of patients had a first-degree relative with diabetes. The register and several investigations based on it will continue.", "PMID": 1174829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4866", "title": "Community participation in primary health care.", "content": "A two and a half year's experience of a community participation group has shown that this can have a valuable role in suggesting practicable improvements in a group practice. Topics discussed by the group (which is composed of one representative from every known organization in the area) have included problems of receptionists; the role of the individual ancillary worker; and teaching in general practice. The high attendance rate at the group's meetings testifies to the community's interest in primary health care services.", "contents": "Community participation in primary health care. A two and a half year's experience of a community participation group has shown that this can have a valuable role in suggesting practicable improvements in a group practice. Topics discussed by the group (which is composed of one representative from every known organization in the area) have included problems of receptionists; the role of the individual ancillary worker; and teaching in general practice. The high attendance rate at the group's meetings testifies to the community's interest in primary health care services.", "PMID": 1174830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4867", "title": "Relation between lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and airways obstruction.", "content": "Since cigarette smoking is an important cause of lung cancer and chronic bronchitis both conditions should occur together more often in cigarette smokers than would result from chance. If they do commonly occur together then severe airways obstruction, which is often associated with chronic bronchitis, should also be often associated with lung cancer. To discover whether this were so three groups of patients were studied at the London Chest Hospital. Two hundred men and 43 women who presented with lung cancer provided information on the prevalence of defined chronic bronchitis and airways obstruction in those suffering from lung cancer. The third group consisted of 233 men presenting with defined chronic bronchitis who were kept under observation to discover how many would die from lung cancer. The results suggested that simple bronchitis and lung cancer often occur together but that obstructive bronchitis and lung cancer do not often occur together. The lack of association between lung cancer and severe airways obstruction requires an explanation.", "contents": "Relation between lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and airways obstruction. Since cigarette smoking is an important cause of lung cancer and chronic bronchitis both conditions should occur together more often in cigarette smokers than would result from chance. If they do commonly occur together then severe airways obstruction, which is often associated with chronic bronchitis, should also be often associated with lung cancer. To discover whether this were so three groups of patients were studied at the London Chest Hospital. Two hundred men and 43 women who presented with lung cancer provided information on the prevalence of defined chronic bronchitis and airways obstruction in those suffering from lung cancer. The third group consisted of 233 men presenting with defined chronic bronchitis who were kept under observation to discover how many would die from lung cancer. The results suggested that simple bronchitis and lung cancer often occur together but that obstructive bronchitis and lung cancer do not often occur together. The lack of association between lung cancer and severe airways obstruction requires an explanation.", "PMID": 1174852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4868", "title": "Whooping-cough vaccine. Statement by Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunization of the Central Health Services Council and the Scottish Health Service Planning Council.", "content": "In 1974 it was recommended that pertussis vaccine should continue to be offered in a triple vaccine together with diphtheria and tetanus vaccines. Further data on the prevalence of whooping cough and the incidence of adverse reactions have shown no reason to change this policy; the hazard of whooping cough remains greater than that of immunization.", "contents": "Whooping-cough vaccine. Statement by Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunization of the Central Health Services Council and the Scottish Health Service Planning Council. In 1974 it was recommended that pertussis vaccine should continue to be offered in a triple vaccine together with diphtheria and tetanus vaccines. Further data on the prevalence of whooping cough and the incidence of adverse reactions have shown no reason to change this policy; the hazard of whooping cough remains greater than that of immunization.", "PMID": 1174853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4869", "title": "Tuberculosis among immigrants related to length of residence in England and Wales. Report from the British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association.", "content": "Between 1965 and 1971 the notifications of tuberculosis among lifetime residents of the British Isles declined, but among those born in India, Pakistan, and new Commonwealth countries in Africa tuberculosis notifications increased appreciably. Furthermore, the long-held suspicion that among these immigrants the most recent arrivals in England and Wales have higher rates of tuberculosis than those who have lived here longer was confirmed.", "contents": "Tuberculosis among immigrants related to length of residence in England and Wales. Report from the British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association. Between 1965 and 1971 the notifications of tuberculosis among lifetime residents of the British Isles declined, but among those born in India, Pakistan, and new Commonwealth countries in Africa tuberculosis notifications increased appreciably. Furthermore, the long-held suspicion that among these immigrants the most recent arrivals in England and Wales have higher rates of tuberculosis than those who have lived here longer was confirmed.", "PMID": 1174856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4870", "title": "Moorgate tube train disaster. Part 1-Response of medical services.", "content": "Experience of the medical staff at a major subterranean accident scene showed that there appeared to be a substantial advantage in using site medical teams that could offer anaesthetic facilities. The need for adequate communication from the accident site to the hospital is emphasized.", "contents": "Moorgate tube train disaster. Part 1-Response of medical services. Experience of the medical staff at a major subterranean accident scene showed that there appeared to be a substantial advantage in using site medical teams that could offer anaesthetic facilities. The need for adequate communication from the accident site to the hospital is emphasized.", "PMID": 1174871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4871", "title": "Moorgate tube train disaster. Part II. Clinicopathological review.", "content": "A review of the injuries sustained by the 113 casualties of the Moorgate tube train disaster has shown the need for rapid evacuation of casualties. Recognition of the \"crush syndrome\" and its early consequence, hyperkalaemia, is important and a radical surgical approach is suggested. Chest injuries were common and contributed to many of the deaths.", "contents": "Moorgate tube train disaster. Part II. Clinicopathological review. A review of the injuries sustained by the 113 casualties of the Moorgate tube train disaster has shown the need for rapid evacuation of casualties. Recognition of the \"crush syndrome\" and its early consequence, hyperkalaemia, is important and a radical surgical approach is suggested. Chest injuries were common and contributed to many of the deaths.", "PMID": 1174872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4872", "title": "Retinoblastoma: a study of natural history and prognosis of 268 cases.", "content": "The natural history and prognosis of retinoblastoma were analysed using data relating to the 268 cases registered during 1962-8 in England, Scotland, and Wales. The children were followed up for a minimum of four years; the proportion surviving for four years was 86%. The most important factors affecting survival rate were the stage of the tumour at diagnosis and the hospital of treatment. Of children surviving for three years after treatment only three died during the subsequent period of follow-up, which varied from one to seven years. Among children with retinoblastoma treated between 1949 and 1968 nine died between seven and 13 years later of other cancers: seven from osteosarcomas, one from angiosarcoma, and one from fibrosarcoma.", "contents": "Retinoblastoma: a study of natural history and prognosis of 268 cases. The natural history and prognosis of retinoblastoma were analysed using data relating to the 268 cases registered during 1962-8 in England, Scotland, and Wales. The children were followed up for a minimum of four years; the proportion surviving for four years was 86%. The most important factors affecting survival rate were the stage of the tumour at diagnosis and the hospital of treatment. Of children surviving for three years after treatment only three died during the subsequent period of follow-up, which varied from one to seven years. Among children with retinoblastoma treated between 1949 and 1968 nine died between seven and 13 years later of other cancers: seven from osteosarcomas, one from angiosarcoma, and one from fibrosarcoma.", "PMID": 1174873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4873", "title": "Colonic carcinoma: clinicopathological correlation with immunoreactivity.", "content": "The relation between tumour spread, histological differentiation, and in-vitro antitumour immunoreactivity was studied in 132 cases of carcinoma of the large bowel. Positive correlations were found between blood lymphocyte antitumour cytotoxicity and both tumour differentiation and absence of recurrence or metastatic spread.", "contents": "Colonic carcinoma: clinicopathological correlation with immunoreactivity. The relation between tumour spread, histological differentiation, and in-vitro antitumour immunoreactivity was studied in 132 cases of carcinoma of the large bowel. Positive correlations were found between blood lymphocyte antitumour cytotoxicity and both tumour differentiation and absence of recurrence or metastatic spread.", "PMID": 1174874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4874", "title": "Suicide and \"The Befrienders\".", "content": "The short-term effect of \"The Befrienders\"--an 11-episode weekly series on B.B.C. 1 portraying the Samaritans as a suicide prevention service--on suicide and undetermined deaths was monitored in Edinburgh. No preventive effect was observed though the series was associated with a dramatic rise in new client referrals to the Edinburgh branch of the Samaritans.", "contents": "Suicide and \"The Befrienders\". The short-term effect of \"The Befrienders\"--an 11-episode weekly series on B.B.C. 1 portraying the Samaritans as a suicide prevention service--on suicide and undetermined deaths was monitored in Edinburgh. No preventive effect was observed though the series was associated with a dramatic rise in new client referrals to the Edinburgh branch of the Samaritans.", "PMID": 1174882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4875", "title": "Fibreoptic bronchoscopy today: a review of 255 cases.", "content": "An analysis of 255 fibreoptic bronchoscopies showed that the major indication for bronchoscopy was suspected bronchial carcinoma (93% of cases). Of the 183 patients finally shown to have bronchial carcinoma 83% had abnormal bronchoscopy findings and 65% had bronchial biopsy specimens diagnostic of malignancy. These figures were superior to those obtainable with rigid bronchoscopy, particularly with upper lobe and peripheral tumours. Brush biopsy and bronchography were useful supplementary techniques. Sputum cytology gave poorer results than fibreoptic bronchoscopy, but enabled diagnosis in some otherwise undiagnosed cases. The complication rate was low and the claim of this new technique to be the investigation of choice in bronchial carcinoma seemed to be justified in clinical practice.", "contents": "Fibreoptic bronchoscopy today: a review of 255 cases. An analysis of 255 fibreoptic bronchoscopies showed that the major indication for bronchoscopy was suspected bronchial carcinoma (93% of cases). Of the 183 patients finally shown to have bronchial carcinoma 83% had abnormal bronchoscopy findings and 65% had bronchial biopsy specimens diagnostic of malignancy. These figures were superior to those obtainable with rigid bronchoscopy, particularly with upper lobe and peripheral tumours. Brush biopsy and bronchography were useful supplementary techniques. Sputum cytology gave poorer results than fibreoptic bronchoscopy, but enabled diagnosis in some otherwise undiagnosed cases. The complication rate was low and the claim of this new technique to be the investigation of choice in bronchial carcinoma seemed to be justified in clinical practice.", "PMID": 1174883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4876", "title": "Needling renal cysts and tumours: cytology and radiology.", "content": "Renal masses found by intravenous urography, ultra-sound scanning, and arteriography were needled in 102 patients. Simple renal cysts containing clear fluid and no cytological abnormalities were found in 85 patients. Two unsuspected renal cell carcinomas were found on puncture; cytological examination showed malignant cells in the aspirate. Another five renal tumours were needled deliberately before nephrectomy, and a firm preoperative diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma was made on aspiration cytology in three. Benign cysts which had bled were particularly hard to diagnose. With care, radiology and cytology in combination can provide the firm diagnostic base needed for sound clinical management. The radiology-cytology team must be alert to the unusual finding that indicates a complex lesion, such as an unsuspected renal tumour.", "contents": "Needling renal cysts and tumours: cytology and radiology. Renal masses found by intravenous urography, ultra-sound scanning, and arteriography were needled in 102 patients. Simple renal cysts containing clear fluid and no cytological abnormalities were found in 85 patients. Two unsuspected renal cell carcinomas were found on puncture; cytological examination showed malignant cells in the aspirate. Another five renal tumours were needled deliberately before nephrectomy, and a firm preoperative diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma was made on aspiration cytology in three. Benign cysts which had bled were particularly hard to diagnose. With care, radiology and cytology in combination can provide the firm diagnostic base needed for sound clinical management. The radiology-cytology team must be alert to the unusual finding that indicates a complex lesion, such as an unsuspected renal tumour.", "PMID": 1174884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4877", "title": "Regular short haemodialysis in end-stage renal failure.", "content": "A study was made of thrice weekly haemodialysis of 3-3 1/2 hours' duration using a large surface area dialyser in patients with end-stage renal failure. Body water, potassium, and blood pressure control were satisfactory and comparable with the more widely used long dialysis schedules (6-9 hours thrice weekly). Patient rehabilitation was improved overall and the regimen enabled the dialysis unit to treat more patients despite a reduction in technical and nursing staff. The technique proved inadequate, however, in two patients with an intercurrent infection, and more intensive dialysis in recommended in such cases.", "contents": "Regular short haemodialysis in end-stage renal failure. A study was made of thrice weekly haemodialysis of 3-3 1/2 hours' duration using a large surface area dialyser in patients with end-stage renal failure. Body water, potassium, and blood pressure control were satisfactory and comparable with the more widely used long dialysis schedules (6-9 hours thrice weekly). Patient rehabilitation was improved overall and the regimen enabled the dialysis unit to treat more patients despite a reduction in technical and nursing staff. The technique proved inadequate, however, in two patients with an intercurrent infection, and more intensive dialysis in recommended in such cases.", "PMID": 1174885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4878", "title": "Transport of newborn infants for intensive care.", "content": "During the three years 1972-4 222 newborn infants were transported to this hospital for intensive care. They were collected by trained staff using a specially modified transport incubator with an in-built mechanical ventilator and facilities for monitoring body temperature, heart rate, and inspired oxygen concentration. Two of the infants came from home and the rest from 41 hospitals from half a mile (0-8 km) to 50 miles (80-5 km) (median eight miles (12-9 km)) away. The mean birth weight of the infants was 1702 g (range 520-4040 g) and their mean gestational age was 32 weeks (range 24-42 weeks). The principal reasons for referral were low birth weight and severe respiratory illnesses. Altogether 109 (49%) of the infants needed mechanical ventilation in transit and another 38 (17%) needed it later. During the journey the condition of 88 (40%) of the infants was thought to improve, in 125 (56%) it was static and in nine (4%)--four of whom died--it deteriorated. A total of 142 infants (64%) survived the neonatal period. There was no correlation between the distance travelled and the survival rate. Seriously ill newborn infants may be transported safely to a referral centre within a radius of 50 miles, and the risks of the journey are negligible compared with the risks of leaving the infant in a hospital that is not staffed or equipped for neonatal intensive care.", "contents": "Transport of newborn infants for intensive care. During the three years 1972-4 222 newborn infants were transported to this hospital for intensive care. They were collected by trained staff using a specially modified transport incubator with an in-built mechanical ventilator and facilities for monitoring body temperature, heart rate, and inspired oxygen concentration. Two of the infants came from home and the rest from 41 hospitals from half a mile (0-8 km) to 50 miles (80-5 km) (median eight miles (12-9 km)) away. The mean birth weight of the infants was 1702 g (range 520-4040 g) and their mean gestational age was 32 weeks (range 24-42 weeks). The principal reasons for referral were low birth weight and severe respiratory illnesses. Altogether 109 (49%) of the infants needed mechanical ventilation in transit and another 38 (17%) needed it later. During the journey the condition of 88 (40%) of the infants was thought to improve, in 125 (56%) it was static and in nine (4%)--four of whom died--it deteriorated. A total of 142 infants (64%) survived the neonatal period. There was no correlation between the distance travelled and the survival rate. Seriously ill newborn infants may be transported safely to a referral centre within a radius of 50 miles, and the risks of the journey are negligible compared with the risks of leaving the infant in a hospital that is not staffed or equipped for neonatal intensive care.", "PMID": 1174901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4879", "title": "Aminocaproic acid and menstrual loss in women using intrauterine devices.", "content": "A controlled study of the effect of aminocaproic acid 3 g six-hourly taken by mouth during menstruation was carried out on 56 women for eight months from the time of insertion of a Lippes D intrauterine device (IUD). Thirty-five women presenting with menorrhagia in association with an IUD were also treated during three out of six consecutive menses. A highly significant reduction in menstrual loss was observed during treatment in both groups.", "contents": "Aminocaproic acid and menstrual loss in women using intrauterine devices. A controlled study of the effect of aminocaproic acid 3 g six-hourly taken by mouth during menstruation was carried out on 56 women for eight months from the time of insertion of a Lippes D intrauterine device (IUD). Thirty-five women presenting with menorrhagia in association with an IUD were also treated during three out of six consecutive menses. A highly significant reduction in menstrual loss was observed during treatment in both groups.", "PMID": 1174902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4880", "title": "Vitamin E deficiency and platelet functional defect in a jaundiced infant.", "content": "A 16-month-old infant with hepatic fibrosis, cholestasis, and chronic jaundice had signs of vitamin E deficiency, including mild acanthocytosis, thrombocytosis, increased peroxide haemolysis, and absent serum vitamin E. Abormal prothrombin consumption and platelet restocetin aggregation suggested the presence of defective platelet function, and correction studies indicated that this was due to a plasma defect. The abnormality was corrected by treatment with vitamin E, and the findings suggest a possible role of this vitamin in platelet reactions.", "contents": "Vitamin E deficiency and platelet functional defect in a jaundiced infant. A 16-month-old infant with hepatic fibrosis, cholestasis, and chronic jaundice had signs of vitamin E deficiency, including mild acanthocytosis, thrombocytosis, increased peroxide haemolysis, and absent serum vitamin E. Abormal prothrombin consumption and platelet restocetin aggregation suggested the presence of defective platelet function, and correction studies indicated that this was due to a plasma defect. The abnormality was corrected by treatment with vitamin E, and the findings suggest a possible role of this vitamin in platelet reactions.", "PMID": 1174903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4881", "title": "Survey of dietary policy and management in British diabetic clinics.", "content": "Questionnaires about dietary policy were sent to 471 physicians in diabetic clinics throughout the United Kingdom, and usable replies were received from 281. Insulin-dependent patients were mostly taught to use carbohydrate-exchange units in regulating their diets; this method was used less often for maturity-onset diabetics. Restriction of sucrose and foods containing concentrated sugars was more rigorous in clinics in teaching hospitals than elsewhere; paediatric clinics were the most liberal. Maturity onset diabetics were generally advised to restrict their fat intake, but most clinics did not restrict fat for their insulin-dependent patients. Again teaching-hospital clinics were the most restrictive. Patients were rarely encouraged to weigh their food. In general physicians thought that insulin-dependent patients adhered to their diets but maturity-onset patients did not. There is uncertainty about the ideal dietary policy for diabetics and the best way of helping patients to follow the regimen prescribed.", "contents": "Survey of dietary policy and management in British diabetic clinics. Questionnaires about dietary policy were sent to 471 physicians in diabetic clinics throughout the United Kingdom, and usable replies were received from 281. Insulin-dependent patients were mostly taught to use carbohydrate-exchange units in regulating their diets; this method was used less often for maturity-onset diabetics. Restriction of sucrose and foods containing concentrated sugars was more rigorous in clinics in teaching hospitals than elsewhere; paediatric clinics were the most liberal. Maturity onset diabetics were generally advised to restrict their fat intake, but most clinics did not restrict fat for their insulin-dependent patients. Again teaching-hospital clinics were the most restrictive. Patients were rarely encouraged to weigh their food. In general physicians thought that insulin-dependent patients adhered to their diets but maturity-onset patients did not. There is uncertainty about the ideal dietary policy for diabetics and the best way of helping patients to follow the regimen prescribed.", "PMID": 1174929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4882", "title": "Notes on the hypothesis of columnar organization in somatosensory cerebral cortex.", "content": "The five principles that make up the hypothesis of columnar organization for somatosensory cerebral cortex are considered in relation to their experimental foundations. Several important implications that flow from these principles are examined, and the requirements for their experimental evaluation are elaborated. A number of specific measurements are found to be lacking in necessary precision: the total amount of somatosensory cerebral tissue in each area, the sizes, shapes and degree of overlap of aggregate excitatory receptive fields, the number of distinct modalities and the modality equivalences in our different linguistic categories, the sizes and shapes of the columns and, finally, the number of columns for each modality and the total number of columns. Some possible columnar arrangements are set up, and their experimental detectability is assessed, using optimal conditions and values. It is shown that if a columnar structure exists, it defies clear detection by current neurophysiological techniques and experimental approaches. The concept of an 'elementary functional unit' is found to need clear definition; taken at face value, it is shown to yield some rather unusual predictions. The conditions under which the hypothesis of columnar organization can be distinguished from its rival, the hypothesis of topographic organization, are also reviewed.", "contents": "Notes on the hypothesis of columnar organization in somatosensory cerebral cortex. The five principles that make up the hypothesis of columnar organization for somatosensory cerebral cortex are considered in relation to their experimental foundations. Several important implications that flow from these principles are examined, and the requirements for their experimental evaluation are elaborated. A number of specific measurements are found to be lacking in necessary precision: the total amount of somatosensory cerebral tissue in each area, the sizes, shapes and degree of overlap of aggregate excitatory receptive fields, the number of distinct modalities and the modality equivalences in our different linguistic categories, the sizes and shapes of the columns and, finally, the number of columns for each modality and the total number of columns. Some possible columnar arrangements are set up, and their experimental detectability is assessed, using optimal conditions and values. It is shown that if a columnar structure exists, it defies clear detection by current neurophysiological techniques and experimental approaches. The concept of an 'elementary functional unit' is found to need clear definition; taken at face value, it is shown to yield some rather unusual predictions. The conditions under which the hypothesis of columnar organization can be distinguished from its rival, the hypothesis of topographic organization, are also reviewed.", "PMID": 1174930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4883", "title": "Development of air righting in rats.", "content": "Rats aged between 13 and 18 days were dropped from different heights in order to establish the height at which 50% of the animals were able to perform complete air righting. The proportion of animals showing complete air righting abruptly increased at 16 days of age indicating maturation of the response at this age. No necessary relationship was observed between eye opening and air righting. At 15 days of age, when normally only a minority of the rats are able to display complete air righting, a marked effect of training was observed.", "contents": "Development of air righting in rats. Rats aged between 13 and 18 days were dropped from different heights in order to establish the height at which 50% of the animals were able to perform complete air righting. The proportion of animals showing complete air righting abruptly increased at 16 days of age indicating maturation of the response at this age. No necessary relationship was observed between eye opening and air righting. At 15 days of age, when normally only a minority of the rats are able to display complete air righting, a marked effect of training was observed.", "PMID": 1174931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4884", "title": "Eye movements evoked by electrical stimualtion of the brain in anesthetized fishes.", "content": "Several eye movements were evoked by electrical stimulation of the brain in anesthetized sunfish and goldfish. Conjugate lateral rolling movements, similar to eye movements observed when an unoperated fish is rotated about its long axis, were evoked from the acoustico-lateral area of the medulla and the eminentia granularis and an adjacent medial portion of the cerebellum. Bilateral and unilateral backward rotations, similar to the eye movements observed when unoperated fish are rotated forward about the interpupillary axis, were evoked from the medial longitudinal fasciculus and areas related to the oculomotor nerve. Bilateral forward rotations, comparable to the eye movements resulting when unoperated fish are rotated backward about the interpupillary axis, were elicited by stimulation near the trochlear nerve roots in the valvula of the cerebellum; unilateral responses resulted from stimulation near the exiting trochlear nerves. Convergence was elicited by stimulation in the midline near the oculomotor complex and the medial longitudinal fasciculus while unilateral vergence responses were triggered by stimulation in the medial longitudinal fasciculus and areas lateral to the oculomotor nucleus. Conjugate eye movements in the horizontal plane were frequently evoked but were not studied in detail.", "contents": "Eye movements evoked by electrical stimualtion of the brain in anesthetized fishes. Several eye movements were evoked by electrical stimulation of the brain in anesthetized sunfish and goldfish. Conjugate lateral rolling movements, similar to eye movements observed when an unoperated fish is rotated about its long axis, were evoked from the acoustico-lateral area of the medulla and the eminentia granularis and an adjacent medial portion of the cerebellum. Bilateral and unilateral backward rotations, similar to the eye movements observed when unoperated fish are rotated forward about the interpupillary axis, were evoked from the medial longitudinal fasciculus and areas related to the oculomotor nerve. Bilateral forward rotations, comparable to the eye movements resulting when unoperated fish are rotated backward about the interpupillary axis, were elicited by stimulation near the trochlear nerve roots in the valvula of the cerebellum; unilateral responses resulted from stimulation near the exiting trochlear nerves. Convergence was elicited by stimulation in the midline near the oculomotor complex and the medial longitudinal fasciculus while unilateral vergence responses were triggered by stimulation in the medial longitudinal fasciculus and areas lateral to the oculomotor nucleus. Conjugate eye movements in the horizontal plane were frequently evoked but were not studied in detail.", "PMID": 1174932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4885", "title": "Ontogeny of behavioral sensitivity to strychnine in the chick embryo: evidence for the early onset of CNS inhibition.", "content": "The development of behavioral sensitivity to strychnine has been studied in the chick embryo between day 7 of incubation and 1 day posthatching. The earliest response to systemically applied strychnine was a marked depression of spontaneous motility at high concentrations of the drug. Lower concentrations had no effect at this time (6-7 days). About 2 days later, on day 81/2 or 9, strychnine induced a statistically reliable increase in spontaneous motility (hyperactivity). This consisted of a brief (i.e. 1-2 min) excitatory response which was followed by a return to baseline activity levels in the case of low drug concentrations, or a depression of activity in the case of low drug concentrations, or a depression of activity in the case of higher concentrations. By 11 days of incubation the brief excitatory response following strychnine had increased in duration to about 4 min. This was also the case for 13-day embryos. At no time between 7 and 13 days were convulsions produced by strychnine, even at concentrations several times greater than that required to induce hyperactivity. For the first time at 16 days myoclonic convulsions were observed following strychnine. These usually began soon after the initial hyperactivity and frequently lasted for as long as 30 min. At the same time the sensitivity of the embryo to strychnine increased, compared to earlier stages. By 18 days strychnine most often induced an immediate convulsive response without the preceding brief hyperactivity. This was also typical of newly hatched chicks. The systemic application of glycine at 9 and 13 days of incubation produced a slight, but statistically reliable, depression of ongoing spontaneous motility, consistent with what one might expect if glycine were acting as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It typically took between 3 and 4 min following injection for this glycine response to occur. Biochemical, electrophysiological and neuroanatomical evidence was reviewed in an attempt to support the suggestion that the strychnine and glycine data summarized above may reflect the presence of strychnine-sensitive postsynaptic inhibitory processes in the chick spinal cord. Additionally, comparative data on the relative onset of excitatory and inhibitory  processes in the developing spinal cord were discussed. It was concluded that, although the data are still imcomplete concerning the question of whether, developmentally, inhibition is a primary or secondary acquisition, inhibitory mechanisms nevertheless appear rather early during vertebrate neurogenesis.", "contents": "Ontogeny of behavioral sensitivity to strychnine in the chick embryo: evidence for the early onset of CNS inhibition. The development of behavioral sensitivity to strychnine has been studied in the chick embryo between day 7 of incubation and 1 day posthatching. The earliest response to systemically applied strychnine was a marked depression of spontaneous motility at high concentrations of the drug. Lower concentrations had no effect at this time (6-7 days). About 2 days later, on day 81/2 or 9, strychnine induced a statistically reliable increase in spontaneous motility (hyperactivity). This consisted of a brief (i.e. 1-2 min) excitatory response which was followed by a return to baseline activity levels in the case of low drug concentrations, or a depression of activity in the case of low drug concentrations, or a depression of activity in the case of higher concentrations. By 11 days of incubation the brief excitatory response following strychnine had increased in duration to about 4 min. This was also the case for 13-day embryos. At no time between 7 and 13 days were convulsions produced by strychnine, even at concentrations several times greater than that required to induce hyperactivity. For the first time at 16 days myoclonic convulsions were observed following strychnine. These usually began soon after the initial hyperactivity and frequently lasted for as long as 30 min. At the same time the sensitivity of the embryo to strychnine increased, compared to earlier stages. By 18 days strychnine most often induced an immediate convulsive response without the preceding brief hyperactivity. This was also typical of newly hatched chicks. The systemic application of glycine at 9 and 13 days of incubation produced a slight, but statistically reliable, depression of ongoing spontaneous motility, consistent with what one might expect if glycine were acting as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It typically took between 3 and 4 min following injection for this glycine response to occur. Biochemical, electrophysiological and neuroanatomical evidence was reviewed in an attempt to support the suggestion that the strychnine and glycine data summarized above may reflect the presence of strychnine-sensitive postsynaptic inhibitory processes in the chick spinal cord. Additionally, comparative data on the relative onset of excitatory and inhibitory  processes in the developing spinal cord were discussed. It was concluded that, although the data are still imcomplete concerning the question of whether, developmentally, inhibition is a primary or secondary acquisition, inhibitory mechanisms nevertheless appear rather early during vertebrate neurogenesis.", "PMID": 1174933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4886", "title": "Changes in the size and organisation of the brain in man and his ancestors.", "content": "Changes in brain size are described during the evolution of man's ancestors and during man's development. It is shown that differences in size are accompanied by changes in the proportions of the brain, and that selection pressures have been greater for some parts than others.", "contents": "Changes in the size and organisation of the brain in man and his ancestors. Changes in brain size are described during the evolution of man's ancestors and during man's development. It is shown that differences in size are accompanied by changes in the proportions of the brain, and that selection pressures have been greater for some parts than others.", "PMID": 1174934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4887", "title": "Interhemispheric projections of the optic tectum in pigeon.", "content": "The anatomical patterns of intertectal pathways in pigeon (Columba livia) were studied with modifications of the Nauta-Gygax silver technique following discrete unilateral tectal lesions. No homotopic connections between the two optic tecta were found. The data do not support an anatomical basis for the behavioral observation of interhemispheric reversal of left-right mirror-image patterns in monocularly trained pigeons. Degenerated fibers of passage were identified in the tectal commissure, the posterior commissure, the ventral tegmental decussation and the supraoptic decussations. Preterminal fields were identified in the contralateral substantia grisea perinventricularis of the tectum, lateral mesencephalic reticularnuclei, area pretectalis, nucleus linearis caudalis, nuclues posteroventrialis, and lateral geniculate nucleus, pars ventralis. The possible significance of these findings is discussed with reference to behavioral, electrophysiologic and neuroanatomic studies.", "contents": "Interhemispheric projections of the optic tectum in pigeon. The anatomical patterns of intertectal pathways in pigeon (Columba livia) were studied with modifications of the Nauta-Gygax silver technique following discrete unilateral tectal lesions. No homotopic connections between the two optic tecta were found. The data do not support an anatomical basis for the behavioral observation of interhemispheric reversal of left-right mirror-image patterns in monocularly trained pigeons. Degenerated fibers of passage were identified in the tectal commissure, the posterior commissure, the ventral tegmental decussation and the supraoptic decussations. Preterminal fields were identified in the contralateral substantia grisea perinventricularis of the tectum, lateral mesencephalic reticularnuclei, area pretectalis, nucleus linearis caudalis, nuclues posteroventrialis, and lateral geniculate nucleus, pars ventralis. The possible significance of these findings is discussed with reference to behavioral, electrophysiologic and neuroanatomic studies.", "PMID": 1174935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4888", "title": "Retinal afferents to the pigeon optic tectum: discharge characteristics in response to whole field illumination.", "content": "Responses of pigeon retinotectal afferents to changes in whole field illumination are quantitatively analyzed for 313 units recorded in the stratum opticum. One hundred per cent of these units were responsive in unanesthetized birds and 92.9 percent in urethane anesthetized preparations. Of the responsive units, 92.4 percent (anesthetized) and 100 percent (unanesthetized) gave on-responses whose discharge characteristics showed an orderly relationship to stimulus intensity. Following the on-response, discharge generally ceased during sustained illumination. At stimulus termination off-responses frequently occurred, their probability being a function of stimulus intensity and duration. This probability, as well as specific response characteristics, could be predicted to a large extent from on-response characteristics. Anesthesia and level of background illumination predictably affected these response characteristics quantitatively but did not alter them qualitatively. It is hypothesized that with respect to whole field illumination the pigeon's retinotectal afferents constitute a homogeneous population continuously distributed according to threshold for intensity change.", "contents": "Retinal afferents to the pigeon optic tectum: discharge characteristics in response to whole field illumination. Responses of pigeon retinotectal afferents to changes in whole field illumination are quantitatively analyzed for 313 units recorded in the stratum opticum. One hundred per cent of these units were responsive in unanesthetized birds and 92.9 percent in urethane anesthetized preparations. Of the responsive units, 92.4 percent (anesthetized) and 100 percent (unanesthetized) gave on-responses whose discharge characteristics showed an orderly relationship to stimulus intensity. Following the on-response, discharge generally ceased during sustained illumination. At stimulus termination off-responses frequently occurred, their probability being a function of stimulus intensity and duration. This probability, as well as specific response characteristics, could be predicted to a large extent from on-response characteristics. Anesthesia and level of background illumination predictably affected these response characteristics quantitatively but did not alter them qualitatively. It is hypothesized that with respect to whole field illumination the pigeon's retinotectal afferents constitute a homogeneous population continuously distributed according to threshold for intensity change.", "PMID": 1174936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4889", "title": "The subfrontal lobe and touch learning in the octopus.", "content": "Octopuses with the supraoesophageal lobes of the brain divided longitudinally can be taught to discriminate using the arms on either side. If there is no further lesion the two sides behave alike. Lesions limited to one side did not affect the performance of the contralateral, \"control\" side. Lesions made in the vertical (n=7) lobes led to a slight drop in the quality of performance in training to take a smooth sphere, in discrimination training (rough vs. smooth spheres) and in subsequent extinction and transfer tests. After removal of the median inferior frontal lobe (n = 10) there were somewhat greater effects in the same direction. Much larger effects followed interference with the subfrontal lobe (n = 20). Removal of parts from this always led to a marked loss of capacity for touch learning, broadly dependent on the amount of tissue removed. Removal of the whole of the subfrontal lobe (n = 6) produced animals that showed, at best, only very slight signs of learning. Such animals can adjust their overall level of response as a result of training but they seem incapable of adjusting response levels to two objects independently. These results are discussed in relation to the function of the subfrontal lobe as a memory store.", "contents": "The subfrontal lobe and touch learning in the octopus. Octopuses with the supraoesophageal lobes of the brain divided longitudinally can be taught to discriminate using the arms on either side. If there is no further lesion the two sides behave alike. Lesions limited to one side did not affect the performance of the contralateral, \"control\" side. Lesions made in the vertical (n=7) lobes led to a slight drop in the quality of performance in training to take a smooth sphere, in discrimination training (rough vs. smooth spheres) and in subsequent extinction and transfer tests. After removal of the median inferior frontal lobe (n = 10) there were somewhat greater effects in the same direction. Much larger effects followed interference with the subfrontal lobe (n = 20). Removal of parts from this always led to a marked loss of capacity for touch learning, broadly dependent on the amount of tissue removed. Removal of the whole of the subfrontal lobe (n = 6) produced animals that showed, at best, only very slight signs of learning. Such animals can adjust their overall level of response as a result of training but they seem incapable of adjusting response levels to two objects independently. These results are discussed in relation to the function of the subfrontal lobe as a memory store.", "PMID": 1174937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4890", "title": "The effect of intravenously administered gamma-aminobutyric acid on afferent fiber polarization.", "content": "(1) The effect of intravenously administered gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on afferent fiber polarization in the feline spinal cord was ascertained from fluctuations induced in the DC level of dorsal root filaments. (2) A dose-related depolarization of the filament, with a concomitant reduction in the magnitude of the dorsal root potential, was observed after 50 and 100 mg/kg GABA. (3) GABA also depolarized filaments of preparations in which interneuronal activity was suppressed by pretreatment with tetrodotoxin. Since the magnitude of the depolarization induced in these preparations was equal to that observed in nonpretreated animals, it is likely that the depolarization in the latter preparations reflects a direct effect on afferent terminals or fibers rather than an action on interneurons. (4) GABA failed to depolarize filaments in animals pretreated with bicuculline. This suggests that intravenously administered GABA interacted with receptors that are identical with or similar to those involved in neurally evoked primary afferent depolarization (PAD). (5) The direct depolarization of afferent fibers by intravenous GABA and the blockade thereof by bicuculline are characteristics compatible with those of the endogenous axo-axonic transmitter operating in pathways mediating neurally evoked PAD. These data, therefore, support the involvement of GABA at this synapse in the mammalian spinal cord.", "contents": "The effect of intravenously administered gamma-aminobutyric acid on afferent fiber polarization. (1) The effect of intravenously administered gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on afferent fiber polarization in the feline spinal cord was ascertained from fluctuations induced in the DC level of dorsal root filaments. (2) A dose-related depolarization of the filament, with a concomitant reduction in the magnitude of the dorsal root potential, was observed after 50 and 100 mg/kg GABA. (3) GABA also depolarized filaments of preparations in which interneuronal activity was suppressed by pretreatment with tetrodotoxin. Since the magnitude of the depolarization induced in these preparations was equal to that observed in nonpretreated animals, it is likely that the depolarization in the latter preparations reflects a direct effect on afferent terminals or fibers rather than an action on interneurons. (4) GABA failed to depolarize filaments in animals pretreated with bicuculline. This suggests that intravenously administered GABA interacted with receptors that are identical with or similar to those involved in neurally evoked primary afferent depolarization (PAD). (5) The direct depolarization of afferent fibers by intravenous GABA and the blockade thereof by bicuculline are characteristics compatible with those of the endogenous axo-axonic transmitter operating in pathways mediating neurally evoked PAD. These data, therefore, support the involvement of GABA at this synapse in the mammalian spinal cord.", "PMID": 1174945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4891", "title": "CNS depressants: effects on post-synaptic pharmacology.", "content": "(1) The effects of 5 anesthetics (chloralose, chloroform, ethanol, pentobarbital and urethane) and one anticonvulsant (diphenylhydantoin) were studied on the membrane properties and post-synaptic responses of crustacean neuromuscular junction preparations and molluscan neurons to putative transmitters and peptides. (2) In crustacean preparations pentobarbital selectively depressed, in a dose-dependent, reversible manner, post-synaptic, Na+-dependent, depolarizing responses to the putative transmitter glutamate without altering post-synaptic, Cl(-)-dependent inhibitory responses to the putative transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid. (3) The effects of all the agents on post-synaptic pharmacology of a molluscan neurosecretory cell were studied either by causing the cell to hyperpolarize to about--100mV through repeated application of acetylcholine (ACh) in a K+-free, Ca++-containing solution or by hyperpolarization through injection of intracellular current in a K+-free solution. Effects of these agents on post-synaptic responses on other molluscan neurons were studied using intracellular current injection to manipulate membrane potential. (4) All of the agents tested selectively depressed the depolarizing Na+-K+-dependent post-synaptic responses of the neurosecretory cell to ACh in a dose-dependent reversible manner without appreciably altering the membrane properties of the cell (over the potential range of the ACh responses). (5) Pentobarbital did not alter the inversion potential of the ACh response. (6) Reciprocal plot analysis of all of the agents tested revealed that the antagonism of the ACh response was primarily non-competitive. (7) None of the agents tested altered hyperpolarizing, K+-dependent responses to dopamine and glutamate on the neurosecretory cell, nor did they affect either the induction or enhancement of BPP activity by the vertebrate peptide vasopressin on this cell.", "contents": "CNS depressants: effects on post-synaptic pharmacology. (1) The effects of 5 anesthetics (chloralose, chloroform, ethanol, pentobarbital and urethane) and one anticonvulsant (diphenylhydantoin) were studied on the membrane properties and post-synaptic responses of crustacean neuromuscular junction preparations and molluscan neurons to putative transmitters and peptides. (2) In crustacean preparations pentobarbital selectively depressed, in a dose-dependent, reversible manner, post-synaptic, Na+-dependent, depolarizing responses to the putative transmitter glutamate without altering post-synaptic, Cl(-)-dependent inhibitory responses to the putative transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid. (3) The effects of all the agents on post-synaptic pharmacology of a molluscan neurosecretory cell were studied either by causing the cell to hyperpolarize to about--100mV through repeated application of acetylcholine (ACh) in a K+-free, Ca++-containing solution or by hyperpolarization through injection of intracellular current in a K+-free solution. Effects of these agents on post-synaptic responses on other molluscan neurons were studied using intracellular current injection to manipulate membrane potential. (4) All of the agents tested selectively depressed the depolarizing Na+-K+-dependent post-synaptic responses of the neurosecretory cell to ACh in a dose-dependent reversible manner without appreciably altering the membrane properties of the cell (over the potential range of the ACh responses). (5) Pentobarbital did not alter the inversion potential of the ACh response. (6) Reciprocal plot analysis of all of the agents tested revealed that the antagonism of the ACh response was primarily non-competitive. (7) None of the agents tested altered hyperpolarizing, K+-dependent responses to dopamine and glutamate on the neurosecretory cell, nor did they affect either the induction or enhancement of BPP activity by the vertebrate peptide vasopressin on this cell.", "PMID": 1174946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4892", "title": "DNA, ganglioside and sulfatide in brains of rats given corticosterone in infancy, with an estimate of cell loss during development.", "content": "Evidence of a postnatal loss of cerebral cells has been presented, based on counts of the activity of cerebral DNA following labeling with [3H]thymidine on embryonic day 14. In otherwise untreated rats, the loss was about 15 percent of the labeled cells between postnatal days 3 and 15. There was no further loss of activity thereafter. Littermates given corticosterone at day 3 showed little additional loss of labeled cells. Ganglioside NANA (N-acetylneuraminic acid) was reduced in proportion to the reduction in cerebral weight in the corticosterone treated rats. Sulfatide was reduced more, so that the concentration was 11 percent below that of the controls; It is concluded that the deficit in DNA after postnatal corticosterone treatment must be due primarily to an irreversible suppression of DNA synthesis, involving mainly glia. The reduction in gangliosides may represent a deficit in the growth of neuronal processes, leading to a reduction in the amount of neuropil, and perhaps contributing to a decrease in the number or size of myelinated axons.", "contents": "DNA, ganglioside and sulfatide in brains of rats given corticosterone in infancy, with an estimate of cell loss during development. Evidence of a postnatal loss of cerebral cells has been presented, based on counts of the activity of cerebral DNA following labeling with [3H]thymidine on embryonic day 14. In otherwise untreated rats, the loss was about 15 percent of the labeled cells between postnatal days 3 and 15. There was no further loss of activity thereafter. Littermates given corticosterone at day 3 showed little additional loss of labeled cells. Ganglioside NANA (N-acetylneuraminic acid) was reduced in proportion to the reduction in cerebral weight in the corticosterone treated rats. Sulfatide was reduced more, so that the concentration was 11 percent below that of the controls; It is concluded that the deficit in DNA after postnatal corticosterone treatment must be due primarily to an irreversible suppression of DNA synthesis, involving mainly glia. The reduction in gangliosides may represent a deficit in the growth of neuronal processes, leading to a reduction in the amount of neuropil, and perhaps contributing to a decrease in the number or size of myelinated axons.", "PMID": 1174947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4893", "title": "Low molecular weight specific proteins in identified molluscan neurons. I. Synthesis and storage.", "content": "Low molecular weight specific proteins in phenotypically distinct, identified neurons of Aplysia californica, have been detected using a high resolution acid-urea polyacrylamide gel system, and the molecular weight of these proteins labeled by in vitro incubation in [3H]leucine were determined by two different methods. The relative mobilities of these proteins on the acid-urea gel differed significantly, even though they appeared to co-electrophorese on SDS gelss. These identified neurons, and the specific proteins that they synthesize and store represent excellent model systems for the study of specific protein regulation in neurons.", "contents": "Low molecular weight specific proteins in identified molluscan neurons. I. Synthesis and storage. Low molecular weight specific proteins in phenotypically distinct, identified neurons of Aplysia californica, have been detected using a high resolution acid-urea polyacrylamide gel system, and the molecular weight of these proteins labeled by in vitro incubation in [3H]leucine were determined by two different methods. The relative mobilities of these proteins on the acid-urea gel differed significantly, even though they appeared to co-electrophorese on SDS gelss. These identified neurons, and the specific proteins that they synthesize and store represent excellent model systems for the study of specific protein regulation in neurons.", "PMID": 1174948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4894", "title": "Computer simulation of the metabolism of guinea pig brain slices, and how they differ from the intact brain.", "content": "A computer model of the metabolism of glutamate, glutamine, gamma-aminobutyrate and the Krebs cycle in guinea pig cortex slices has been constructed in terms of 98 reactions among 38 unlabeled species. Fitting the data from slices required the addition of a third small compartment to previous 2-compartment models based on whole brain experiments. This third compartment corresponds to the tissue damaged during the slicing process, and dominates the metabolism of 14C-labeled substrates at early times. The times required for equilibration between this additional compartment and the bulk of the slice are no longer than expected. Interpretation of short-term slice experiments may be subject to appreciable error owing to the presence of this additional compartment.", "contents": "Computer simulation of the metabolism of guinea pig brain slices, and how they differ from the intact brain. A computer model of the metabolism of glutamate, glutamine, gamma-aminobutyrate and the Krebs cycle in guinea pig cortex slices has been constructed in terms of 98 reactions among 38 unlabeled species. Fitting the data from slices required the addition of a third small compartment to previous 2-compartment models based on whole brain experiments. This third compartment corresponds to the tissue damaged during the slicing process, and dominates the metabolism of 14C-labeled substrates at early times. The times required for equilibration between this additional compartment and the bulk of the slice are no longer than expected. Interpretation of short-term slice experiments may be subject to appreciable error owing to the presence of this additional compartment.", "PMID": 1174949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4895", "title": "Effects of exposure to an imprinting stimulus on the activity of enzymes involved in acetylcholine metabolism in chick brain.", "content": "One-day-old chicks were exposed for 60 min to either an imprinting stimulus or a dark-box. They were killed at 0, 1, 6 or 12 h after the end of this treatment, and the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) assayed in the forebrain roof, forebrain base and midbrain. The activity of AChE increased by 11% in the roof of stimulus-exposed birds 1 h after exposure and in base (by 13%) and midbrain (by 8%) 6 h after exposure. At 12 h the only difference was a lowered AChE (14%) activity in midbrain of stimulus-exposed animals. By contrast only one difference was found in ChAc activity between the two types of birds: an elevation of 10% immediately after the end of treatment (0 h) in the midbrain of the stimulus-exposed birds.", "contents": "Effects of exposure to an imprinting stimulus on the activity of enzymes involved in acetylcholine metabolism in chick brain. One-day-old chicks were exposed for 60 min to either an imprinting stimulus or a dark-box. They were killed at 0, 1, 6 or 12 h after the end of this treatment, and the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) assayed in the forebrain roof, forebrain base and midbrain. The activity of AChE increased by 11% in the roof of stimulus-exposed birds 1 h after exposure and in base (by 13%) and midbrain (by 8%) 6 h after exposure. At 12 h the only difference was a lowered AChE (14%) activity in midbrain of stimulus-exposed animals. By contrast only one difference was found in ChAc activity between the two types of birds: an elevation of 10% immediately after the end of treatment (0 h) in the midbrain of the stimulus-exposed birds.", "PMID": 1174950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4896", "title": "Changes in chick brain RNA polymerase associated with an imprinting procedure.", "content": "The specific activity of RNA polymerase was measured in nuclei from 3 brain regions of 1-day-old chicks which had been exposed for different periods to either an imprinting stimulus or diffuse light and compared to that in birds kept in the dark. Several differences were observed, all of which were short-lived. After 15 min treatment there was a decrease in enzyme activity in the forebrain base of both stimulus- and diffuse light-exposed birds as compared to dark birds, which disappeared by 30 min treatment. After 30 min treatment there was increased activity of the enzyme in the forebrain roof of the stimulus-exposed as compared to both diffuse light-exposed and dark-maintained birds. There were no differences in activity in any region from 45 min up to 120 min of treatment. These changes in RNA polymerase activity were in general accord with the altered uracil incorporation into RNA measured in previous experiments where birds were exposed to 38 or 76 min of treatment, and also with our earlier report on RNA polymerase activity after 30 min treatment.", "contents": "Changes in chick brain RNA polymerase associated with an imprinting procedure. The specific activity of RNA polymerase was measured in nuclei from 3 brain regions of 1-day-old chicks which had been exposed for different periods to either an imprinting stimulus or diffuse light and compared to that in birds kept in the dark. Several differences were observed, all of which were short-lived. After 15 min treatment there was a decrease in enzyme activity in the forebrain base of both stimulus- and diffuse light-exposed birds as compared to dark birds, which disappeared by 30 min treatment. After 30 min treatment there was increased activity of the enzyme in the forebrain roof of the stimulus-exposed as compared to both diffuse light-exposed and dark-maintained birds. There were no differences in activity in any region from 45 min up to 120 min of treatment. These changes in RNA polymerase activity were in general accord with the altered uracil incorporation into RNA measured in previous experiments where birds were exposed to 38 or 76 min of treatment, and also with our earlier report on RNA polymerase activity after 30 min treatment.", "PMID": 1174951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4897", "title": "A study of the de- and regenerative changes in the sympathetic nervous system of the adult mouse after treatment with the antiserum to nerve growth factor.", "content": "In the adult mouse, the antiserum to nerve growth factor (NGF) induced marked atrophic changes of the ganglionic cell bodies in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and a disappearance of adrenergic nerve terminals in several peripheral tissues. By fluorescence histochemistry a lower-than-normal content of the noradrenaline (NA) transmitter was observed within the entire adrenergic neurone only 1 day after a single injection of NGF-antiserum (0.1 ml/g body weight). An atrophy of adrenergic nerve cell bodies and a disappearance of adrenergic nerve terminals were observed after 3 days, but the antiserum-induced effects did not appear maximally developed until 7 days after treatment. These fluorescence histochemical findings were paralleled by a gradual decrease of the endogenous NA levels in peripheral tissues and also of the weight of the SCG. A gradually proceeding restoration towards normal of the adrenergic innervation apparatus was observed fluorescence histochemically following a 5-day treatment with NGF-antiserum (0.1 ml/g body weight each dose), and after 6 weeks to 3 months a normal or close to normal fluorescence microscopical appearance was regained in the peripheral tissues and also in the SCG. These findings were parelleled by the results of the determinations of endogenous NA in peripheral tissues and by the results of weighing the SCG. We discuss some important differences between NGF-antiserum and 6-hydroxydopamine with respect to their mode of action on the mature sympathetic nervous system. Finally, we suggest that a decreased availability of NGF in a terminal area, due to an interference with endogenous NGF by NGF-antibodies, may temporarily result in an impaired function of the supplying adrenergic neurone, including a degeneration of nerve terminals.", "contents": "A study of the de- and regenerative changes in the sympathetic nervous system of the adult mouse after treatment with the antiserum to nerve growth factor. In the adult mouse, the antiserum to nerve growth factor (NGF) induced marked atrophic changes of the ganglionic cell bodies in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and a disappearance of adrenergic nerve terminals in several peripheral tissues. By fluorescence histochemistry a lower-than-normal content of the noradrenaline (NA) transmitter was observed within the entire adrenergic neurone only 1 day after a single injection of NGF-antiserum (0.1 ml/g body weight). An atrophy of adrenergic nerve cell bodies and a disappearance of adrenergic nerve terminals were observed after 3 days, but the antiserum-induced effects did not appear maximally developed until 7 days after treatment. These fluorescence histochemical findings were paralleled by a gradual decrease of the endogenous NA levels in peripheral tissues and also of the weight of the SCG. A gradually proceeding restoration towards normal of the adrenergic innervation apparatus was observed fluorescence histochemically following a 5-day treatment with NGF-antiserum (0.1 ml/g body weight each dose), and after 6 weeks to 3 months a normal or close to normal fluorescence microscopical appearance was regained in the peripheral tissues and also in the SCG. These findings were parelleled by the results of the determinations of endogenous NA in peripheral tissues and by the results of weighing the SCG. We discuss some important differences between NGF-antiserum and 6-hydroxydopamine with respect to their mode of action on the mature sympathetic nervous system. Finally, we suggest that a decreased availability of NGF in a terminal area, due to an interference with endogenous NGF by NGF-antibodies, may temporarily result in an impaired function of the supplying adrenergic neurone, including a degeneration of nerve terminals.", "PMID": 1174952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4898", "title": "Secondary effects of fetal eye damage in rats on intact central optic projections.", "content": "Lesions have been made damaging the whole or part of the retina of one eye in a series of rats from fetal days 16 through 20. The projection from the unlesioned eye when tested at postnatal times fills the visual centers contralateral to the lesioned eye either completely (after total eye lesions) or partially (after subtotal retinal lesions). In no case is the density or distribution of the aberrant ipsilateral retinotectal pathway greater than after comparable lesions made at birth. The suggestion is offered that a particular population of ganglion cells contributes the aberrant ipsilateral pathway and that the stimulus for the pathway is effective close to birth and depends on damaging optic axons from one eye some time before then.", "contents": "Secondary effects of fetal eye damage in rats on intact central optic projections. Lesions have been made damaging the whole or part of the retina of one eye in a series of rats from fetal days 16 through 20. The projection from the unlesioned eye when tested at postnatal times fills the visual centers contralateral to the lesioned eye either completely (after total eye lesions) or partially (after subtotal retinal lesions). In no case is the density or distribution of the aberrant ipsilateral retinotectal pathway greater than after comparable lesions made at birth. The suggestion is offered that a particular population of ganglion cells contributes the aberrant ipsilateral pathway and that the stimulus for the pathway is effective close to birth and depends on damaging optic axons from one eye some time before then.", "PMID": 1174953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4899", "title": "Inhibition of both noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons in brain by the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine.", "content": "By means of single unit recording techniques it was found that a small systemically administered (intravenous) dose of the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine inhibited the spontaneous firing of brain norepinephrine (NE)-containing neurons in the locus coeruleus. In addition, the NE neurons were consistently inhibited by the direct (microiontophoretic) application of minute amounts of NE or clonidine. Intravenous clonidine also inhibited the firing of the great majority of (5-HT) neurons in the midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus. However, this action does not appearto be a direct one since clonidine (and NE) had relatively weak or variable effects when applied microiontophoretically to raphe neurons. The clonidine-induced depression of raphe firing may be secondary to an impairment in adrenergic transmission since (1) the depression could be reversed by the NE-releasing agents D- and L-amphetamine, (2) high doses of clonidine itself (which have been reported to have postsynaptic alpha-agonistic activity) reversed the depression produced by a low dose of clonidine and (3) prior destruction of NE neurons by 6-hydroxydopamine (7-12 days) rendered raphe neurons insensitive to the depressant effect of i.v. clonidine. Dopaminergic (substantia nigra, zona compacta) neurons did not respond to either low or high doses of clonidine. These results are consistent with previous data showing that clonidine decreases NE and 5-HT but not dopamine turnover. We conclude that systemically administered clonidine inhibits the firing of brain NE neurons by acting directly upon adrenergic receptors located on or near the soma of these neurons but that the concomitant inhibition of 5-HT neurons is an indirect effect (possibly secondary to an impairment in noracrenergic transmission).", "contents": "Inhibition of both noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons in brain by the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine. By means of single unit recording techniques it was found that a small systemically administered (intravenous) dose of the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine inhibited the spontaneous firing of brain norepinephrine (NE)-containing neurons in the locus coeruleus. In addition, the NE neurons were consistently inhibited by the direct (microiontophoretic) application of minute amounts of NE or clonidine. Intravenous clonidine also inhibited the firing of the great majority of (5-HT) neurons in the midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus. However, this action does not appearto be a direct one since clonidine (and NE) had relatively weak or variable effects when applied microiontophoretically to raphe neurons. The clonidine-induced depression of raphe firing may be secondary to an impairment in adrenergic transmission since (1) the depression could be reversed by the NE-releasing agents D- and L-amphetamine, (2) high doses of clonidine itself (which have been reported to have postsynaptic alpha-agonistic activity) reversed the depression produced by a low dose of clonidine and (3) prior destruction of NE neurons by 6-hydroxydopamine (7-12 days) rendered raphe neurons insensitive to the depressant effect of i.v. clonidine. Dopaminergic (substantia nigra, zona compacta) neurons did not respond to either low or high doses of clonidine. These results are consistent with previous data showing that clonidine decreases NE and 5-HT but not dopamine turnover. We conclude that systemically administered clonidine inhibits the firing of brain NE neurons by acting directly upon adrenergic receptors located on or near the soma of these neurons but that the concomitant inhibition of 5-HT neurons is an indirect effect (possibly secondary to an impairment in noracrenergic transmission).", "PMID": 1174954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4900", "title": "Divalent cations: effects on post-synaptic pharmacology of invertebrate synapses.", "content": "(1) The effects of divalent cations (Ca++, Mg++, Sr++ and Co++) were studied on the post-synaptic responses of crustacean neuromuscular junctions and identified molluscan neurons to bath and iontophoretic application of putative transmitters. (2) The glutamate response of the crustacean muscle was parabolically dependent on [Ca++]0, while the ACh response of an identified molluscan neuron was inversely dependent on[Ca++]0. Elevated [Ca++]0 depressed both glutamate and ACh depolarizations in a concentration-dependent, reversible manner. Low concentrations of Co++ also depressed both depolarizations in a concentration-dependent, reversible manner. (3) Double-reciprocal plot analyses of the Ca++ and Co++ depressions indicate that these agents were apparently not acting to reduce the affinity of the receptor for the agonist. Elevated concentrations of both Ca++ and Co++ shifted the inversion potential of the ACh response in a hyperpolarizing direction, suggesting a preferential block of the receptor-coupled Na+ conductance. (4) Neither Ca++ nor Co++ depressed Cl- or K+-dependent responses coupled to the putative transmitters GABA, glutamate, dopamine or ACh. (5) The selective inhibition of the ACh and glutamate responses by the general anesthetic pentobarbital was examined as a function of[Ca++]0. Decreasing [Ca++]0 by 5-fold decreased the pentobarbital inhibition by about 50% while increasing [Ca++]0 by 5-fold produced an insignificant increase in the inhibition. (6) The data indicate that divalent cations, like general anesthetics, selectively depress post-synaptic excitatory responses that are primarily Na+-dependent. This selective depression by Ca++ could contribute to its anesthetic and anticonvulsant properties when present in elevated concentrations in the ventricular fluid. The mechanism by which divalent ions and general anesthetics selectively depress receptor-coupled conductances appear to be different: divalent ions preferentially attack the Na+ component while anesthetics block Na+ and K+ conductance equally (possibly by affecting the kinetics of the mechanism).", "contents": "Divalent cations: effects on post-synaptic pharmacology of invertebrate synapses. (1) The effects of divalent cations (Ca++, Mg++, Sr++ and Co++) were studied on the post-synaptic responses of crustacean neuromuscular junctions and identified molluscan neurons to bath and iontophoretic application of putative transmitters. (2) The glutamate response of the crustacean muscle was parabolically dependent on [Ca++]0, while the ACh response of an identified molluscan neuron was inversely dependent on[Ca++]0. Elevated [Ca++]0 depressed both glutamate and ACh depolarizations in a concentration-dependent, reversible manner. Low concentrations of Co++ also depressed both depolarizations in a concentration-dependent, reversible manner. (3) Double-reciprocal plot analyses of the Ca++ and Co++ depressions indicate that these agents were apparently not acting to reduce the affinity of the receptor for the agonist. Elevated concentrations of both Ca++ and Co++ shifted the inversion potential of the ACh response in a hyperpolarizing direction, suggesting a preferential block of the receptor-coupled Na+ conductance. (4) Neither Ca++ nor Co++ depressed Cl- or K+-dependent responses coupled to the putative transmitters GABA, glutamate, dopamine or ACh. (5) The selective inhibition of the ACh and glutamate responses by the general anesthetic pentobarbital was examined as a function of[Ca++]0. Decreasing [Ca++]0 by 5-fold decreased the pentobarbital inhibition by about 50% while increasing [Ca++]0 by 5-fold produced an insignificant increase in the inhibition. (6) The data indicate that divalent cations, like general anesthetics, selectively depress post-synaptic excitatory responses that are primarily Na+-dependent. This selective depression by Ca++ could contribute to its anesthetic and anticonvulsant properties when present in elevated concentrations in the ventricular fluid. The mechanism by which divalent ions and general anesthetics selectively depress receptor-coupled conductances appear to be different: divalent ions preferentially attack the Na+ component while anesthetics block Na+ and K+ conductance equally (possibly by affecting the kinetics of the mechanism).", "PMID": 1174955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4901", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the projections from the lateral geniculate body of the rat.", "content": "The projections from the lateral geniculate body of the rat were followed using the technique of autoradiography after injections of [3H] proline into the dorsal and/or ventral nuclei of this diencephalic structure. Autoradiographs were prepared from either frozen or paraffin coronal sections through the rat brain. The dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate projected via the optic radiation to area 17 of the cerebral cortex. There was also a slight extension of label into the zones of transition between areas 17, 18 and 18a. The distribution of silver grains in the various layers of the cerebral cortex was analyzed quantitatively and showed a major peak of labeling in layer IV with minor peaks in outer layer I and the upper half and lowest part of layer VI. The significance of these peaks is discussed in respect to the distribution of geniculocortical terminals in other mammalian species. The ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate body had 5 major projections to brain stem structures both ipsilateral and contralateral to the injected nucleus. There were two dorsomedial projections: (1) a projection to the superior colliculus which terminated mainly in the medial third of the stratum opticum, and (2) a large projection via the superior thalamic radiation which terminated in the ipsilateral pretectal area; a continuation of this projection passed through the posterior commissure to attain the contralateral pretectal area. The three ventromedial projections involved: (1) a geniculopontine tract which coursed through the basis pedunculi and the lateral lemniscus to terminate in the dorsomedial and dorsolateral parts of the pons after giving terminals to the lateral terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract, (2) a projection via Meynert's commissure to the suprachiasmatic nuclei of both sides of the brain stem as well as to the contralateral ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and lateral terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract, and (3) a medial projection to the ipsilateral zona incerta. The results obtained in these experiments are contrasted with other data on the rat's central visual connections to illustrate the importance of these connections in many subcortical visual functions.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the projections from the lateral geniculate body of the rat. The projections from the lateral geniculate body of the rat were followed using the technique of autoradiography after injections of [3H] proline into the dorsal and/or ventral nuclei of this diencephalic structure. Autoradiographs were prepared from either frozen or paraffin coronal sections through the rat brain. The dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate projected via the optic radiation to area 17 of the cerebral cortex. There was also a slight extension of label into the zones of transition between areas 17, 18 and 18a. The distribution of silver grains in the various layers of the cerebral cortex was analyzed quantitatively and showed a major peak of labeling in layer IV with minor peaks in outer layer I and the upper half and lowest part of layer VI. The significance of these peaks is discussed in respect to the distribution of geniculocortical terminals in other mammalian species. The ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate body had 5 major projections to brain stem structures both ipsilateral and contralateral to the injected nucleus. There were two dorsomedial projections: (1) a projection to the superior colliculus which terminated mainly in the medial third of the stratum opticum, and (2) a large projection via the superior thalamic radiation which terminated in the ipsilateral pretectal area; a continuation of this projection passed through the posterior commissure to attain the contralateral pretectal area. The three ventromedial projections involved: (1) a geniculopontine tract which coursed through the basis pedunculi and the lateral lemniscus to terminate in the dorsomedial and dorsolateral parts of the pons after giving terminals to the lateral terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract, (2) a projection via Meynert's commissure to the suprachiasmatic nuclei of both sides of the brain stem as well as to the contralateral ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and lateral terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract, and (3) a medial projection to the ipsilateral zona incerta. The results obtained in these experiments are contrasted with other data on the rat's central visual connections to illustrate the importance of these connections in many subcortical visual functions.", "PMID": 1174957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4902", "title": "Muscle receptors with group IV afferent fibres responding to application of bradykinin.", "content": "In 60 anaesthetized cats the discharge characteristics of single group IV afferent fibres from skeletal muscle at rest, during local mechanical stimulation of the muscle, and in response to injections of bradykinin have been studied. 250 group IV fibres from the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle have been identified by their conduction velocity. Of these fibres 121 have been recorded from the dorsal root and 129 from the muscle nerve. A resting discharge was present in 52% of the dorsal root fibres and in 57% of the fibres recorded peripherally. Out of 203 units subjected to local mechanical stimulation of the muscle 9 responded to light, innocuous pressure; 129 fibres required strong, presumably noxious stimulation to be excited. The rest of 65 fibres could not be activated by the mechanical stimuli used. Intraarterial injection of bradykinin excited 88 out of 184 group IV fibres. Intramuscular injection of bradykinin was also found to be an effective stimulus. External application of bradykinin to the intact and to the dissected muscle nerve regularly had no excitatory effect on fibres being sensitive to intraarterially administered bradykinin. Injections of vasoactive drugs (nylidrine, noradrenaline) failed to affect the activity of group IV fibres responding to bradykinin. It is concluded that bradykinin is a potent stimulant for the intramuscular endings of afferent group IV fibres; the effective concentration lying within the range observed in pathologically altered tissues. This sensitivity to bradykinin together with a high mechanical threshold suggests that muscular group IV afferent units participate in the reception of muscular pain.", "contents": "Muscle receptors with group IV afferent fibres responding to application of bradykinin. In 60 anaesthetized cats the discharge characteristics of single group IV afferent fibres from skeletal muscle at rest, during local mechanical stimulation of the muscle, and in response to injections of bradykinin have been studied. 250 group IV fibres from the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle have been identified by their conduction velocity. Of these fibres 121 have been recorded from the dorsal root and 129 from the muscle nerve. A resting discharge was present in 52% of the dorsal root fibres and in 57% of the fibres recorded peripherally. Out of 203 units subjected to local mechanical stimulation of the muscle 9 responded to light, innocuous pressure; 129 fibres required strong, presumably noxious stimulation to be excited. The rest of 65 fibres could not be activated by the mechanical stimuli used. Intraarterial injection of bradykinin excited 88 out of 184 group IV fibres. Intramuscular injection of bradykinin was also found to be an effective stimulus. External application of bradykinin to the intact and to the dissected muscle nerve regularly had no excitatory effect on fibres being sensitive to intraarterially administered bradykinin. Injections of vasoactive drugs (nylidrine, noradrenaline) failed to affect the activity of group IV fibres responding to bradykinin. It is concluded that bradykinin is a potent stimulant for the intramuscular endings of afferent group IV fibres; the effective concentration lying within the range observed in pathologically altered tissues. This sensitivity to bradykinin together with a high mechanical threshold suggests that muscular group IV afferent units participate in the reception of muscular pain.", "PMID": 1174958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4903", "title": "Elaboration of a conditioned reflex in a single experiment with simultaneous recording of neural activity.", "content": "In 18 of 20 experiments with click CS, and in 5 of 10 experiments with flash CS, we have elaborated a conditioned EMG response in a single session (less than 60 pairings). The US was direct electrical stimulation of the rabbit's motor cortex that evoked a movement of the forelimb. Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus was used as reinforcement. Parameters for this reinforcement were chosen to evoke a feeding reaction or self-stimulation in the freely behaving animal. The elaborated EMG response satisfied most of the required characteristics of a conditioned reflex. These included spontaneous recovery after extinction, savings of long duration, specificity to stimulus pairing, and weak efferent and afferent generalization. In most experiments with click CS, the elaborated phasic response had an amplitude of 0.1-6 mV with a latency of 12-16 msec. In form and latency the conditioned response was similar to the unconditioned startle reaction of the same animal under chloralose anesthesia, or to its unanesthetized response to a loud sound. However, the conditioned response differed from the startle reaction in that it was localized. Extracellular recordings of 2-5 neurons were simultaneously made from sensory motor cortex near the point at which the US was applied. In 7 experiments 17 neurons were followed through the entire cycle of elaboration and extinction of the conditioned response. Seven neurons showed a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) increase of the response to CS during conditioning. Latencies were 20-140 msec. Interactions between neurons were studied by computing cross-correlograms and joint PST scatter diagrams. These measures were less informative than we had hoped because of the low level of spontaneous and evoked activity, and because of the small numbers of stimulus presentations that were needed for elaboration and extinction of the conditioned reflex. In isolated presentations of the CS after elaboration of the CR, we sometimes observed neural responses to click with a latency less than 6 msec. We propose that at least one of the pathways involved in the localized conditioned startle reflex reported here goes through the sensory motor cortex.", "contents": "Elaboration of a conditioned reflex in a single experiment with simultaneous recording of neural activity. In 18 of 20 experiments with click CS, and in 5 of 10 experiments with flash CS, we have elaborated a conditioned EMG response in a single session (less than 60 pairings). The US was direct electrical stimulation of the rabbit's motor cortex that evoked a movement of the forelimb. Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus was used as reinforcement. Parameters for this reinforcement were chosen to evoke a feeding reaction or self-stimulation in the freely behaving animal. The elaborated EMG response satisfied most of the required characteristics of a conditioned reflex. These included spontaneous recovery after extinction, savings of long duration, specificity to stimulus pairing, and weak efferent and afferent generalization. In most experiments with click CS, the elaborated phasic response had an amplitude of 0.1-6 mV with a latency of 12-16 msec. In form and latency the conditioned response was similar to the unconditioned startle reaction of the same animal under chloralose anesthesia, or to its unanesthetized response to a loud sound. However, the conditioned response differed from the startle reaction in that it was localized. Extracellular recordings of 2-5 neurons were simultaneously made from sensory motor cortex near the point at which the US was applied. In 7 experiments 17 neurons were followed through the entire cycle of elaboration and extinction of the conditioned response. Seven neurons showed a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) increase of the response to CS during conditioning. Latencies were 20-140 msec. Interactions between neurons were studied by computing cross-correlograms and joint PST scatter diagrams. These measures were less informative than we had hoped because of the low level of spontaneous and evoked activity, and because of the small numbers of stimulus presentations that were needed for elaboration and extinction of the conditioned reflex. In isolated presentations of the CS after elaboration of the CR, we sometimes observed neural responses to click with a latency less than 6 msec. We propose that at least one of the pathways involved in the localized conditioned startle reflex reported here goes through the sensory motor cortex.", "PMID": 1174959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4904", "title": "Behavioral changes in 2-month-old rats following prenatal exposure to antibodies against synaptic membranes.", "content": "Two-month-old male offspring of rats injected intravenously on day 19 of gestation with antiserum to synaptic membrane fraction showed marked behavioral deficits on a DRL (differential reinforcement at low rates) training paradigm. These behavioral deficits included perseveration, slow acquisition rates, and poor retention. Offspring of pregnant rats injected with antiserum to galactocerebroside or isotonic saline did not show these behavioral effects.", "contents": "Behavioral changes in 2-month-old rats following prenatal exposure to antibodies against synaptic membranes. Two-month-old male offspring of rats injected intravenously on day 19 of gestation with antiserum to synaptic membrane fraction showed marked behavioral deficits on a DRL (differential reinforcement at low rates) training paradigm. These behavioral deficits included perseveration, slow acquisition rates, and poor retention. Offspring of pregnant rats injected with antiserum to galactocerebroside or isotonic saline did not show these behavioral effects.", "PMID": 1174960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4905", "title": "Tolerance of protein and lipid synthesis to mild hyperphenylalaninemia in developing rat brain.", "content": "Chronic injection of low levels (1.5-2.5 mg/g body wt./day for 6-8 days) of L-phenylalanine which did not significantly affect body weight or brain to body weight ratios also did not significantly affect myelin accumulation or synthesis in developing rat brain. A single injection of L-phenylalanine (1 mg/g body wt.) significantly reduced in vivo protein synthesis by 10% in cerebral cortex of 7-day-old rats. Although transient reductions in protein synthesis are produced during low level daily injections, cumulative effects are not expressed in significant reductions in brain to body growth ratios. It is concluded that myelination is significantly inhibited in hyperphenylalaninemia only when other parameters of brain growth and development are affected.", "contents": "Tolerance of protein and lipid synthesis to mild hyperphenylalaninemia in developing rat brain. Chronic injection of low levels (1.5-2.5 mg/g body wt./day for 6-8 days) of L-phenylalanine which did not significantly affect body weight or brain to body weight ratios also did not significantly affect myelin accumulation or synthesis in developing rat brain. A single injection of L-phenylalanine (1 mg/g body wt.) significantly reduced in vivo protein synthesis by 10% in cerebral cortex of 7-day-old rats. Although transient reductions in protein synthesis are produced during low level daily injections, cumulative effects are not expressed in significant reductions in brain to body growth ratios. It is concluded that myelination is significantly inhibited in hyperphenylalaninemia only when other parameters of brain growth and development are affected.", "PMID": 1174961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4906", "title": "A study of so-called 'retrograde fine-grain' degeneration in the thalamus.", "content": "Following lesions of the neocortex a uniform dust-like silver deposit may appear in certain thalamic nuclei stained with the Nauta or Fink-Heimer methods. Because this deposit lacks the characteristic morphology of axons undergoing Wallerian degeneration and often appears in regions of retrograde cell degeneration, it has been interpreted as a retrograde reaction7,15. The present study, however, employing reduced silver and autoradiographic techniques, suggests that this silver deposit is an anterograde rather than a retrograde phenomenon. In cats with lesions of the posterior cingulate and presubicular cortex the Fink-Heimer method showed the fine-grain silver deposit in the lateralis dorsalis (LD) and the anteroventral nucleus (AV). The 'dust' was densest in the dorsomedial zones of the anteroventral nucleus. After the survival times used (6-8 days) no retrograde perikaryal changes were seen in these nuclei. In other cats, 3 weeks after injections of radioactive proline in the posterior cingulate cortex, the distribution of the label in the LD and AV nuclei was almost identical to the distribution of the 'dust' in the Fink-Heimer sections. Since the autoradiographic method reveals anterograde transport, it appears that both methods are demonstrating corticofugal axons. Thus it is suggested that the 'fine-grain' degeneration arises from an anterograde not a retrograde reaction.", "contents": "A study of so-called 'retrograde fine-grain' degeneration in the thalamus. Following lesions of the neocortex a uniform dust-like silver deposit may appear in certain thalamic nuclei stained with the Nauta or Fink-Heimer methods. Because this deposit lacks the characteristic morphology of axons undergoing Wallerian degeneration and often appears in regions of retrograde cell degeneration, it has been interpreted as a retrograde reaction7,15. The present study, however, employing reduced silver and autoradiographic techniques, suggests that this silver deposit is an anterograde rather than a retrograde phenomenon. In cats with lesions of the posterior cingulate and presubicular cortex the Fink-Heimer method showed the fine-grain silver deposit in the lateralis dorsalis (LD) and the anteroventral nucleus (AV). The 'dust' was densest in the dorsomedial zones of the anteroventral nucleus. After the survival times used (6-8 days) no retrograde perikaryal changes were seen in these nuclei. In other cats, 3 weeks after injections of radioactive proline in the posterior cingulate cortex, the distribution of the label in the LD and AV nuclei was almost identical to the distribution of the 'dust' in the Fink-Heimer sections. Since the autoradiographic method reveals anterograde transport, it appears that both methods are demonstrating corticofugal axons. Thus it is suggested that the 'fine-grain' degeneration arises from an anterograde not a retrograde reaction.", "PMID": 1174968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4907", "title": "Structural organization of 'callosal' OBg in human corpus callosum agenesis.", "content": "The structural organization of the 'callosal' OBg was studied in Nissl and Weil stained sections of two human brains completely lacking in the corpus callosum. OBg of the normal brain contains a set of distinctive large pyramidal cells in layer III. By contrast, in the brains with absence of the corpus callosum, layer III of OBg contained a slightly reduced number of smaller pyramidal cells than normal, and the characteristic large pyramidal cells were scarsely detectable. Other layers of OBg were not definitely changed. Furthermore, 'acallosal' striate cortex revealed no specific changes. From these observations, it was suggested that the large layer III pyramids of OBg might be closely related to callosal connections.", "contents": "Structural organization of 'callosal' OBg in human corpus callosum agenesis. The structural organization of the 'callosal' OBg was studied in Nissl and Weil stained sections of two human brains completely lacking in the corpus callosum. OBg of the normal brain contains a set of distinctive large pyramidal cells in layer III. By contrast, in the brains with absence of the corpus callosum, layer III of OBg contained a slightly reduced number of smaller pyramidal cells than normal, and the characteristic large pyramidal cells were scarsely detectable. Other layers of OBg were not definitely changed. Furthermore, 'acallosal' striate cortex revealed no specific changes. From these observations, it was suggested that the large layer III pyramids of OBg might be closely related to callosal connections.", "PMID": 1174969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4908", "title": "Catecholamines in mutant mouse cerebellum: fluorescence microscopic and chemical studies.", "content": "Catecholamine-containing fibers have been examined in the cerebella of normal and hypocerebellar mutant mice using Falck-Hillarp and glyoxylic acid histofluorescence techniques. The amounts of norepinephrine and dopamine were also determined chemically in the same mutants. Green fluorescent fibers in cerebella of normal mice are similar in size and distribution to those described in the rat. Weanling and adult weaver, reeler and staggerer mice all manifest greatly increased specific catecholamine fluorescence per unit area in cerebellar cortex, but the patterns of fluorescent fibers are distinctive. In weaver, the fibers are of normal diameter, surround Purkinje cell bodies and appear to climb along major dendrites. In reeler, similar fibers form a plexus around cortical and non-cortical Purkinje cells; relatively normal fluorescent fiber patterns are present in well-organized cortical regions, while stouter disoriented fibers course through the shallow molecular layer in disorganized regions. Staggerer cerebellar cortex exhibits the greatest fluorescence with most terminals appearing as matted tangles adjacent cell bodies. Clearly defined fibers, however, can be distinguished in the molecular layer running perpendicular to the pia or for long distances in the coronal plane parallel to the pia. The major catecholamine determined chemically is norepinephrine. Reeler cerebella contain normal absolute levels and a doubled concentration of norepinephrine. In contrast, and despite the fluorescence findings, the total norepinephrine content of weaver and staggerer cerebella is significantly reduced and concentrations are not significantly different from normal.", "contents": "Catecholamines in mutant mouse cerebellum: fluorescence microscopic and chemical studies. Catecholamine-containing fibers have been examined in the cerebella of normal and hypocerebellar mutant mice using Falck-Hillarp and glyoxylic acid histofluorescence techniques. The amounts of norepinephrine and dopamine were also determined chemically in the same mutants. Green fluorescent fibers in cerebella of normal mice are similar in size and distribution to those described in the rat. Weanling and adult weaver, reeler and staggerer mice all manifest greatly increased specific catecholamine fluorescence per unit area in cerebellar cortex, but the patterns of fluorescent fibers are distinctive. In weaver, the fibers are of normal diameter, surround Purkinje cell bodies and appear to climb along major dendrites. In reeler, similar fibers form a plexus around cortical and non-cortical Purkinje cells; relatively normal fluorescent fiber patterns are present in well-organized cortical regions, while stouter disoriented fibers course through the shallow molecular layer in disorganized regions. Staggerer cerebellar cortex exhibits the greatest fluorescence with most terminals appearing as matted tangles adjacent cell bodies. Clearly defined fibers, however, can be distinguished in the molecular layer running perpendicular to the pia or for long distances in the coronal plane parallel to the pia. The major catecholamine determined chemically is norepinephrine. Reeler cerebella contain normal absolute levels and a doubled concentration of norepinephrine. In contrast, and despite the fluorescence findings, the total norepinephrine content of weaver and staggerer cerebella is significantly reduced and concentrations are not significantly different from normal.", "PMID": 1174970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4909", "title": "The dependence of the blood to brain passage of radioactive sodium on blood pressure and temperature.", "content": "Brain sodium uptake (BSU) was calculated from estimated radioactivities of brain and blood, collected from rats which were given [24Na]sodium chloride 30 min and [22Na]sodium chloride 1 min before killing. The calculated BSU values, when plotted against the average blood pressure of the animal during the survival time of 30 min, showed a linear dependence of BSU on blood pressure. In another series of animals, in which in addition to variation of the blood pressure as in the former series, the brain was cooled to 15 degrees C, the resulting regression line showed the same slope, but a significantly lower intercept than at normal temperature. The results indicate the existence of a blood pressure-dependent component of sodium passage, reflecting the exchange of fluid at the blood-brain interface as governed by the Starling hypothesis, and an additional component which being temperature dependent, presumably constitutes an active transport mechanism.", "contents": "The dependence of the blood to brain passage of radioactive sodium on blood pressure and temperature. Brain sodium uptake (BSU) was calculated from estimated radioactivities of brain and blood, collected from rats which were given [24Na]sodium chloride 30 min and [22Na]sodium chloride 1 min before killing. The calculated BSU values, when plotted against the average blood pressure of the animal during the survival time of 30 min, showed a linear dependence of BSU on blood pressure. In another series of animals, in which in addition to variation of the blood pressure as in the former series, the brain was cooled to 15 degrees C, the resulting regression line showed the same slope, but a significantly lower intercept than at normal temperature. The results indicate the existence of a blood pressure-dependent component of sodium passage, reflecting the exchange of fluid at the blood-brain interface as governed by the Starling hypothesis, and an additional component which being temperature dependent, presumably constitutes an active transport mechanism.", "PMID": 1174971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4910", "title": "Magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain project to neocortex, brain stem, and olfactory bulb. Review of some functional correlates.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase was injected into the neocortex of squirrel monkeys, rats, tree shrews and one opossum, in the brain stem of one squirrel monkey and rats, and in the olfactory bulb, the corpus vitreum or the vascular system of rats. Following the cortical, brain stem and bulbar injections labeled cells were found (predominatly ipsilaterally) in the magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain: nucleus of the diagonal band, the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and nucleus basalis. These nuclei may, therefore, be classified together hodologically as well as cytologically and histochemically. The number of labeled cells was proportional to the size of the injected region. It is uncertain whether the same cells project to all target regions. Large labeled cells were found scattered among pallidal and entopeduncular neurons in rats with cortical or brain stem injections. These neurons may be the equivalent to the nucleus basalis in other species.", "contents": "Magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain project to neocortex, brain stem, and olfactory bulb. Review of some functional correlates. Horseradish peroxidase was injected into the neocortex of squirrel monkeys, rats, tree shrews and one opossum, in the brain stem of one squirrel monkey and rats, and in the olfactory bulb, the corpus vitreum or the vascular system of rats. Following the cortical, brain stem and bulbar injections labeled cells were found (predominatly ipsilaterally) in the magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain: nucleus of the diagonal band, the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and nucleus basalis. These nuclei may, therefore, be classified together hodologically as well as cytologically and histochemically. The number of labeled cells was proportional to the size of the injected region. It is uncertain whether the same cells project to all target regions. Large labeled cells were found scattered among pallidal and entopeduncular neurons in rats with cortical or brain stem injections. These neurons may be the equivalent to the nucleus basalis in other species.", "PMID": 1174977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4911", "title": "Responses of pontocerebellar neurones to stimulation of the parietal association and the frontal motor cortices.", "content": "The corticopontine projections from the parietal association cortex (the anterior portion of the middle suprasylvian gyrus) were electrophysiologically investigated and compared with those from the frontal motor cortex (the anterior sigmoid gyrus) in cats under light Nembutal anaesthesia. It was indicated by field potential study that the pontine nucleus (PN) neurones receive a significant amount of the direct corticopontine fibres from both the parietal and frontal cortical areas. In extracellular unitary study, out of 107 PN neurones identified by antidromic activation due to the brachium pontis stimulation, 33 responded with firings to stimulation of the parietal association area and 64 to the frontal motor area. Only 10 of them were excited by both parietal and frontal stimulations, but they were not estimated to receive the dual monosynaptic projections from both cortical areas. There were found data suggesting that the pontocerebellar neurones with faster conduction velocities respond at shorter latencies to the cortical stimulation and those with slower conduction velocities fire at longer latencies on the cortical stimulation. No remarkable difference was observed between the topographical localization of the PN neurones receiving the projection fibres from the parietal association and the frontal motor cortical areas. It was concluded that a vast majority of the pontocerebellar neurones possibly receive monosynaptic contacts differentially with the corticopontine fibres originating from the parietal association and the frontal motor areas.", "contents": "Responses of pontocerebellar neurones to stimulation of the parietal association and the frontal motor cortices. The corticopontine projections from the parietal association cortex (the anterior portion of the middle suprasylvian gyrus) were electrophysiologically investigated and compared with those from the frontal motor cortex (the anterior sigmoid gyrus) in cats under light Nembutal anaesthesia. It was indicated by field potential study that the pontine nucleus (PN) neurones receive a significant amount of the direct corticopontine fibres from both the parietal and frontal cortical areas. In extracellular unitary study, out of 107 PN neurones identified by antidromic activation due to the brachium pontis stimulation, 33 responded with firings to stimulation of the parietal association area and 64 to the frontal motor area. Only 10 of them were excited by both parietal and frontal stimulations, but they were not estimated to receive the dual monosynaptic projections from both cortical areas. There were found data suggesting that the pontocerebellar neurones with faster conduction velocities respond at shorter latencies to the cortical stimulation and those with slower conduction velocities fire at longer latencies on the cortical stimulation. No remarkable difference was observed between the topographical localization of the PN neurones receiving the projection fibres from the parietal association and the frontal motor cortical areas. It was concluded that a vast majority of the pontocerebellar neurones possibly receive monosynaptic contacts differentially with the corticopontine fibres originating from the parietal association and the frontal motor areas.", "PMID": 1174978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4912", "title": "Rhythmic firing of Deiters' neurons and synchronization by cerebellar inhibition in lidocaine-treated cats.", "content": "Cerebellar inhibition of spontaneous or homocysteic acid-induced activity of dorsal Deiters' neurons was studied in cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethane. Following intravenous lidocaine (5-10 mg/kg), cerebellar inhibition was not reduced but postinhibitory peaks (PIPs) appeared in the poststimulus histograms. The number of PIPs increased as variability in firing rate decreased after lidocaine. The frequency of PIPs observed in the histograms approximated the monitored firing rates of the cells. The peaks observed in autocorrelograms constructed after lidocaine had the same frequency, structure and variability as the PIPs. In 'dot diagrams', only one spike per corresponding PIP was observed. Similar PIPs were observed in poststimulus histograms constructed during inhibition of crayfish stretch receptor neurons which fired regularly in the absence of lidocaine. These studies indicate that the postinhibitory peaks and silent periods were due to synchronized firing of Deiters' neurons induced by cerebellar inhibition, which was detectable only after lidocaine regularized the firing of Deiters' neurons.", "contents": "Rhythmic firing of Deiters' neurons and synchronization by cerebellar inhibition in lidocaine-treated cats. Cerebellar inhibition of spontaneous or homocysteic acid-induced activity of dorsal Deiters' neurons was studied in cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethane. Following intravenous lidocaine (5-10 mg/kg), cerebellar inhibition was not reduced but postinhibitory peaks (PIPs) appeared in the poststimulus histograms. The number of PIPs increased as variability in firing rate decreased after lidocaine. The frequency of PIPs observed in the histograms approximated the monitored firing rates of the cells. The peaks observed in autocorrelograms constructed after lidocaine had the same frequency, structure and variability as the PIPs. In 'dot diagrams', only one spike per corresponding PIP was observed. Similar PIPs were observed in poststimulus histograms constructed during inhibition of crayfish stretch receptor neurons which fired regularly in the absence of lidocaine. These studies indicate that the postinhibitory peaks and silent periods were due to synchronized firing of Deiters' neurons induced by cerebellar inhibition, which was detectable only after lidocaine regularized the firing of Deiters' neurons.", "PMID": 1174979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4913", "title": "Tryptophan metabolism in developing chick brain.", "content": "The normal patterns of the occurrence of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in chick brain during development were investigated. Tryptophan level in the brain on the 7th day of embryonic development was rather high and decreased gradually until the 17th day, but increased markedly from the 17th day to hatching, then increased slightly from hatching to the 14th day after hatching. 5-HT, 5-HIAA and MAO were already present on the 7th day of incubation, increased gradually with a temporary peak on the 14th day, and increased remarkably from the 17th day to hatching, after which they reached a plateau and remained unchanged from the 7th to the 14th day after hatching. Since the increase between the 17th day and hatching was observed in the patterns of tryptophan, 5-HT, 5-HIAA and MAO activity, the critical period of tryptophan metabolism in the brain during development seems to exist in this period. In order to examine the formation of 5-HT from tryptophan in vivo, newly hatched chicks and chicks 2 weeks after hatching were injected intraperitoneally with L-tryptophan and brain 5-HT was measured. 5-HT was increased markedly, even in newborn chick brain. This might indicate that the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in newborn chick brain would be as high as that in adult chick brain.", "contents": "Tryptophan metabolism in developing chick brain. The normal patterns of the occurrence of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in chick brain during development were investigated. Tryptophan level in the brain on the 7th day of embryonic development was rather high and decreased gradually until the 17th day, but increased markedly from the 17th day to hatching, then increased slightly from hatching to the 14th day after hatching. 5-HT, 5-HIAA and MAO were already present on the 7th day of incubation, increased gradually with a temporary peak on the 14th day, and increased remarkably from the 17th day to hatching, after which they reached a plateau and remained unchanged from the 7th to the 14th day after hatching. Since the increase between the 17th day and hatching was observed in the patterns of tryptophan, 5-HT, 5-HIAA and MAO activity, the critical period of tryptophan metabolism in the brain during development seems to exist in this period. In order to examine the formation of 5-HT from tryptophan in vivo, newly hatched chicks and chicks 2 weeks after hatching were injected intraperitoneally with L-tryptophan and brain 5-HT was measured. 5-HT was increased markedly, even in newborn chick brain. This might indicate that the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in newborn chick brain would be as high as that in adult chick brain.", "PMID": 1174980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4914", "title": "Anatomical organization of retinotectal afferents in the cat: an autoradiographic study.", "content": "The distribution of retinotectal afferents has been studied by autoradiography in 4 adult cats. The findings suggest that crossed and uncrossed retinal fibers terminate in a striking cluster-and-sheet pattern that varies systematically with respect to the retinotopic map of the colliculus. Following unilateral eye injection, labelling was most pronounced in the contralateral colliculus but a suprising volume of label appeared on the ipsilateral side in all cases in the form of dense clumps of silver grains separated by sparsely labelled zones. The contralateral projection appeared densest in the most superficial of the 3 laminae of the stratum griseum superficiale; appreciable labelling was present also in the middle lamina at all survival times used (23-72 h). Near the area centralis representation labelling in both contralateral tiers weakened markedly and local gaps appeared densest in the more dorsal band. Elsewhere, labelling in this dorsal band was generally dense, though sharply interrupted at the optic disc representation and in a curious, elongated lateral zone at mid-collicular levels. In the caudal half of the binocular zone rarefications or 'holes', about 200 mum wide, appeared in the more ventral tier between more densely labelled zones of roughly similar width. On the ipsilateral side, labelling was sparse or absent at the rostral and caudal collicular poles, and was also weak in the region of the area centralis representation save for occasional very superficial grain-clusters. Farther caudally, however, prominent approx. 200 mum wide 'puffs' of label marked the middle lamina of the superficial gray layer. The puffs were most regular in shape in the caudal half of the ipsilateral zone and these were spaced at roughly 200 mum intervals. Puffs lateral to the horizontal meridian representation tended to lie more dorsal than those medial to this line and some of the most lateral puffs at mid-collicular levels invaded the upper lamina of the superficial gray layer. The optic disc representation was marked by a column of label extending through the upper and middle laminae. Similar experiments in cat fetuses suggest that these staggered--and possible even complementary--patterns of crossed and uncrossed retinotectal projection are innate: ipsilateral 'puffs' of labelling and contralateral 'holes' appear in the superior colliculus at least one week before term, as does the ipsilateral filling-in and contralateral gap at the optic disc representation. These observations suggest that in the cat, a vertical as well as horizontal organization may characterize the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. The additional finding of a similar, interrupted puff-like pattern of labelling in the stratum griseum medium following injections in the region of the substantia nigra makes it likely that a somewhat comparable cluster-and-sheet organization may exist also in the deep collicular layers.", "contents": "Anatomical organization of retinotectal afferents in the cat: an autoradiographic study. The distribution of retinotectal afferents has been studied by autoradiography in 4 adult cats. The findings suggest that crossed and uncrossed retinal fibers terminate in a striking cluster-and-sheet pattern that varies systematically with respect to the retinotopic map of the colliculus. Following unilateral eye injection, labelling was most pronounced in the contralateral colliculus but a suprising volume of label appeared on the ipsilateral side in all cases in the form of dense clumps of silver grains separated by sparsely labelled zones. The contralateral projection appeared densest in the most superficial of the 3 laminae of the stratum griseum superficiale; appreciable labelling was present also in the middle lamina at all survival times used (23-72 h). Near the area centralis representation labelling in both contralateral tiers weakened markedly and local gaps appeared densest in the more dorsal band. Elsewhere, labelling in this dorsal band was generally dense, though sharply interrupted at the optic disc representation and in a curious, elongated lateral zone at mid-collicular levels. In the caudal half of the binocular zone rarefications or 'holes', about 200 mum wide, appeared in the more ventral tier between more densely labelled zones of roughly similar width. On the ipsilateral side, labelling was sparse or absent at the rostral and caudal collicular poles, and was also weak in the region of the area centralis representation save for occasional very superficial grain-clusters. Farther caudally, however, prominent approx. 200 mum wide 'puffs' of label marked the middle lamina of the superficial gray layer. The puffs were most regular in shape in the caudal half of the ipsilateral zone and these were spaced at roughly 200 mum intervals. Puffs lateral to the horizontal meridian representation tended to lie more dorsal than those medial to this line and some of the most lateral puffs at mid-collicular levels invaded the upper lamina of the superficial gray layer. The optic disc representation was marked by a column of label extending through the upper and middle laminae. Similar experiments in cat fetuses suggest that these staggered--and possible even complementary--patterns of crossed and uncrossed retinotectal projection are innate: ipsilateral 'puffs' of labelling and contralateral 'holes' appear in the superior colliculus at least one week before term, as does the ipsilateral filling-in and contralateral gap at the optic disc representation. These observations suggest that in the cat, a vertical as well as horizontal organization may characterize the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. The additional finding of a similar, interrupted puff-like pattern of labelling in the stratum griseum medium following injections in the region of the substantia nigra makes it likely that a somewhat comparable cluster-and-sheet organization may exist also in the deep collicular layers.", "PMID": 1174990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4915", "title": "Interaction of cerebellar mutant genes. II. Mice doubly affected by 'reeler' and 'weaver' conditions.", "content": "An an extension of a study of the mode of ineraction of mutant genes that affect motor activities and cerebellar cytoarchitectonics, mice doubly affected by both the 'reeler' and 'weaver' conditions were produced. The cerebellum of the double mutant showed both reeler and weaver characteristics. Anomalies present in both mutants were greatly accentuated in the double mutant. In addition to the paucity of fissures and general cerebellar disorganization observed in reeler and the extreme scarcity of granule cells seen in weaver, double mutants showed an additional decrease in the cerebellar size and the molecular layer, and a further loss of external granule cells. These observations were interpreted as indicating that the effects of the reeler and weaver genes upon altering the cytoarchitectonics of the cerebellum were additive.", "contents": "Interaction of cerebellar mutant genes. II. Mice doubly affected by 'reeler' and 'weaver' conditions. An an extension of a study of the mode of ineraction of mutant genes that affect motor activities and cerebellar cytoarchitectonics, mice doubly affected by both the 'reeler' and 'weaver' conditions were produced. The cerebellum of the double mutant showed both reeler and weaver characteristics. Anomalies present in both mutants were greatly accentuated in the double mutant. In addition to the paucity of fissures and general cerebellar disorganization observed in reeler and the extreme scarcity of granule cells seen in weaver, double mutants showed an additional decrease in the cerebellar size and the molecular layer, and a further loss of external granule cells. These observations were interpreted as indicating that the effects of the reeler and weaver genes upon altering the cytoarchitectonics of the cerebellum were additive.", "PMID": 1175011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4916", "title": "GABA metabolism and cerebral protein synthesis.", "content": "Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity and [14C)leucine incorporation into brain protein in vivo were measured in mice injected with L-glutamic acid-gamma-hydrazide and 60 min later with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate; this combined treatment produces a decrease in GAD activity and an increase in GABA levels. Under such conditions, protein synthesis was inhibited to the same extent as GAD activity. A parellelism between the decrease in GAD activity and that in protein synthesis was also observed in brain cortex slices treated with GAD inhibitors. This treatment did  not affect leucine incorporation into protein in liver slices. The results support the previously suggested hypothesis that a certain pool of GABA may have a role in the regulation of protein synthesis in brain, and further suggest that the synthesis of GABA may be more important in this respect than its total concentration.", "contents": "GABA metabolism and cerebral protein synthesis. Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity and [14C)leucine incorporation into brain protein in vivo were measured in mice injected with L-glutamic acid-gamma-hydrazide and 60 min later with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate; this combined treatment produces a decrease in GAD activity and an increase in GABA levels. Under such conditions, protein synthesis was inhibited to the same extent as GAD activity. A parellelism between the decrease in GAD activity and that in protein synthesis was also observed in brain cortex slices treated with GAD inhibitors. This treatment did  not affect leucine incorporation into protein in liver slices. The results support the previously suggested hypothesis that a certain pool of GABA may have a role in the regulation of protein synthesis in brain, and further suggest that the synthesis of GABA may be more important in this respect than its total concentration.", "PMID": 1175012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4917", "title": "Effects of nerve growth factor administration of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea carcinogenesis.", "content": "We attempted to determine whether the sympathetic nervous system in rodents is susceptible to co-carcinogenesis, employing murine salivary nerve growth factor (NGF) as a co-carcinogenic agent. NGF had no co-carcinogenic effect with either methylcholanthrene or ethylnitrosourea (ENU) on the sympathetic nervous system of the mouse, whether administered transplacentally, postnatally, or both transplacentally and postnatally. At a dose of ENU of 30 mug/g body weight, NGF did not shorten the latent period for tumor induction of BD-IX rats. In contrast, a 25% reduction in latent period was brough about by NGF for tumor appearance in BD-IX rats receiving 90 mug/g ENU. In both cases the frequency of urogenital tumors in rats was increased as a result of NGF administration, at the apparent expense of neural tumors.", "contents": "Effects of nerve growth factor administration of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea carcinogenesis. We attempted to determine whether the sympathetic nervous system in rodents is susceptible to co-carcinogenesis, employing murine salivary nerve growth factor (NGF) as a co-carcinogenic agent. NGF had no co-carcinogenic effect with either methylcholanthrene or ethylnitrosourea (ENU) on the sympathetic nervous system of the mouse, whether administered transplacentally, postnatally, or both transplacentally and postnatally. At a dose of ENU of 30 mug/g body weight, NGF did not shorten the latent period for tumor induction of BD-IX rats. In contrast, a 25% reduction in latent period was brough about by NGF for tumor appearance in BD-IX rats receiving 90 mug/g ENU. In both cases the frequency of urogenital tumors in rats was increased as a result of NGF administration, at the apparent expense of neural tumors.", "PMID": 1175013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4918", "title": "The effect of trauma on the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of noradrenaline in the hypothalamus and brain stem of the rat.", "content": "Noradrenaline (NA) fluorescence in the hypothalamus and brain stem of the rat has been examined during and up to 1.5 h after a 4-h period of bilateral hind-limb ischaemia. A decrease in the fluorescence of the NA terminals in the n. supraopticus and n. paraventricularis was seen during the second half of the period of limb ischaemia and became more marked 1.5 h after removal of the tourniquets. Changes in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic (POAH) area and n. dorsomedialis occurred more slowly and depletion was best seen after the limb ischaemia. Measurements of the fluorescence with a microphotometer confirmed the changes seen in the POAH area, the n. supraopticus and the n. dorsomedialis 1.5 h after 4 h bilateral hind-limb ischaemia but suggested that the visual gradings of changes in the n. paraventricularis, which normally has a high NA content, could be unreliable. No changes were seen at any of the times studied in the ventral part of n. striae terminalis. The cells of origin of the affected terminals could not be identified since no changes were detected in the fluorescence of the cells in the NA nuclei of the brain stem. alpha-Methyl-p-typrosine, given at the start of the experiment to inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase, reduced the fluorescence  of these cells but still no difference could be discerned between those in the control and injured rats. These results confirm the previous chemical findings of a fall in the NA concentration in the hypothalamus after injury with little change in that of brain stem. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of the injury on the homoeostatic functions of the hypothalamus.", "contents": "The effect of trauma on the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of noradrenaline in the hypothalamus and brain stem of the rat. Noradrenaline (NA) fluorescence in the hypothalamus and brain stem of the rat has been examined during and up to 1.5 h after a 4-h period of bilateral hind-limb ischaemia. A decrease in the fluorescence of the NA terminals in the n. supraopticus and n. paraventricularis was seen during the second half of the period of limb ischaemia and became more marked 1.5 h after removal of the tourniquets. Changes in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic (POAH) area and n. dorsomedialis occurred more slowly and depletion was best seen after the limb ischaemia. Measurements of the fluorescence with a microphotometer confirmed the changes seen in the POAH area, the n. supraopticus and the n. dorsomedialis 1.5 h after 4 h bilateral hind-limb ischaemia but suggested that the visual gradings of changes in the n. paraventricularis, which normally has a high NA content, could be unreliable. No changes were seen at any of the times studied in the ventral part of n. striae terminalis. The cells of origin of the affected terminals could not be identified since no changes were detected in the fluorescence of the cells in the NA nuclei of the brain stem. alpha-Methyl-p-typrosine, given at the start of the experiment to inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase, reduced the fluorescence  of these cells but still no difference could be discerned between those in the control and injured rats. These results confirm the previous chemical findings of a fall in the NA concentration in the hypothalamus after injury with little change in that of brain stem. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of the injury on the homoeostatic functions of the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 1175026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4919", "title": "Incorporation of sialic acid into gangliosides and glycoproteins of the optic pathway following an intraocular injection of [N-3H]acetylmannosamine in the chicken.", "content": "Following an intraocular (i.o.) injection of [N-3H]acetylmannosamine, low molecular soluble radioactive label is distributed rapidly along the optic pathway.  At the same time glycoproteins and gangliosides were found radioactively labelled in the distal parts of the optic pathway. Negligible amounts of radioactivity were incorporated into the same structures via the blood. The present data confirm, that glycoproteins are transferred in the retinal ganglion cells by a rapid axonal transport mechanism towards the nerve endings. Unlike glycoproteins labelled gangliosides accumulated in the optic nerves up to 4 days after the precursor injection. Simultaneously radioactive material, soluble in TCA/PTA, disappeared from the optic nerves. The specific radioactivities (disint./min/mug NeuNAc) of the single ganglioside fractions of the optic lobes, which contain the nerve endings of the retinal ganglion cells, differed considerably. Especially one fraction, moving on TLC plates identically to 'GD1a', was up to 20 times higher labelled than the other gangliosides. After an intracerebral injection of the same precursor, radioactivity was incorporated into the ganglioside fractions of the optic lobes to the same extent.", "contents": "Incorporation of sialic acid into gangliosides and glycoproteins of the optic pathway following an intraocular injection of [N-3H]acetylmannosamine in the chicken. Following an intraocular (i.o.) injection of [N-3H]acetylmannosamine, low molecular soluble radioactive label is distributed rapidly along the optic pathway.  At the same time glycoproteins and gangliosides were found radioactively labelled in the distal parts of the optic pathway. Negligible amounts of radioactivity were incorporated into the same structures via the blood. The present data confirm, that glycoproteins are transferred in the retinal ganglion cells by a rapid axonal transport mechanism towards the nerve endings. Unlike glycoproteins labelled gangliosides accumulated in the optic nerves up to 4 days after the precursor injection. Simultaneously radioactive material, soluble in TCA/PTA, disappeared from the optic nerves. The specific radioactivities (disint./min/mug NeuNAc) of the single ganglioside fractions of the optic lobes, which contain the nerve endings of the retinal ganglion cells, differed considerably. Especially one fraction, moving on TLC plates identically to 'GD1a', was up to 20 times higher labelled than the other gangliosides. After an intracerebral injection of the same precursor, radioactivity was incorporated into the ganglioside fractions of the optic lobes to the same extent.", "PMID": 1175027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4920", "title": "Cysteine oxidase in brain.", "content": "Cysteine oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of cysteine to the neuroexcitatory and neurotoxic compounds cysteine sulfinic and sulfonic acids, previously has not been studied successfully in brain. Here we report optimal conditions for measuring cysteine oxidase activity in rat brain, describe its regional and subcellular distribution and compare activity during several stages of development. Employing NAD+ as cofactor, substantial activity was measurable in whole brain homogenate, 70% of which was localized to the microsomal fraction. Appreciable activity was present throughout brain with a 3-fold difference being detected between pons-medulla and cerebral cortex, the regions with the highest and lowest levels respectively. Cysteine oxidase activity in adult rat brain was approximately 5 times higher than that measured at birth. For the first 6 days of life there was very little change in activity; thereafter, a steady increase occurred with adult levels being reached between the 25th and 50th days.", "contents": "Cysteine oxidase in brain. Cysteine oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of cysteine to the neuroexcitatory and neurotoxic compounds cysteine sulfinic and sulfonic acids, previously has not been studied successfully in brain. Here we report optimal conditions for measuring cysteine oxidase activity in rat brain, describe its regional and subcellular distribution and compare activity during several stages of development. Employing NAD+ as cofactor, substantial activity was measurable in whole brain homogenate, 70% of which was localized to the microsomal fraction. Appreciable activity was present throughout brain with a 3-fold difference being detected between pons-medulla and cerebral cortex, the regions with the highest and lowest levels respectively. Cysteine oxidase activity in adult rat brain was approximately 5 times higher than that measured at birth. For the first 6 days of life there was very little change in activity; thereafter, a steady increase occurred with adult levels being reached between the 25th and 50th days.", "PMID": 1175028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4921", "title": "Self-stimulation and noradrenaline: evidence that inhibition of synthesis abolishes responding only if the \"reserve\" pool is dispersed first.", "content": "Although noradrenaline (NA) is thought to play a critical role in electrical self-stimulation, suppression of NA synthesis by injection of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, FLA-63 (H\u00e4ssle) (25 mg/kg), had little or no effect on response rates. But 3 or 5 days after prior reserpinisation, FLA-63 in the same dosage suppressed or profoundly depressed self-stimulation without eliciting signs of general incapacity. Suppression of self-stimulation could be reversed by intraventricular injection of NA, indicating that the depressant effect depended specifically on NA depletion. These findings support the view that NA may play a necessary role in self-stimulation and indicate that the NA available for this purpose included intraneuronal NA in a reserpine-sensitive reserve pool.", "contents": "Self-stimulation and noradrenaline: evidence that inhibition of synthesis abolishes responding only if the \"reserve\" pool is dispersed first. Although noradrenaline (NA) is thought to play a critical role in electrical self-stimulation, suppression of NA synthesis by injection of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, FLA-63 (H\u00e4ssle) (25 mg/kg), had little or no effect on response rates. But 3 or 5 days after prior reserpinisation, FLA-63 in the same dosage suppressed or profoundly depressed self-stimulation without eliciting signs of general incapacity. Suppression of self-stimulation could be reversed by intraventricular injection of NA, indicating that the depressant effect depended specifically on NA depletion. These findings support the view that NA may play a necessary role in self-stimulation and indicate that the NA available for this purpose included intraneuronal NA in a reserpine-sensitive reserve pool.", "PMID": 1175029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4922", "title": "Effect of stimulation of prefrontal cortex and amygdala on diencephalic neurons.", "content": "Extracellular unit recordings were obtained from the nucleus medialis dorsalis (MD) and adjacent thalamic nuclei and from the hypothalamus of anesthetized cats. Electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex produces suppression of unit activity and rebound excitation in MD. In addition antidromic and short latency excitation was found which was followed by prolonged suppression of firing. This suppression was also followed by a strong postinihibitory activation of unit firing which was, in some cases, again followed by a second phase of inhibition. Amygdala stimulation produced similar results except that antidromic responses were found only in the intralaminar nuclei, and short-latency transynaptic excitation occurred somewhat later. The results are in consonance with the hypothesis that the same interneuronal mechanism is engaged by both afferent sources to MD. In the hypothalamus, fewer units responded to cortical and amygdalar stimulation and alternating sequences of excitation-inhibition-excitation were not found.", "contents": "Effect of stimulation of prefrontal cortex and amygdala on diencephalic neurons. Extracellular unit recordings were obtained from the nucleus medialis dorsalis (MD) and adjacent thalamic nuclei and from the hypothalamus of anesthetized cats. Electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex produces suppression of unit activity and rebound excitation in MD. In addition antidromic and short latency excitation was found which was followed by prolonged suppression of firing. This suppression was also followed by a strong postinihibitory activation of unit firing which was, in some cases, again followed by a second phase of inhibition. Amygdala stimulation produced similar results except that antidromic responses were found only in the intralaminar nuclei, and short-latency transynaptic excitation occurred somewhat later. The results are in consonance with the hypothesis that the same interneuronal mechanism is engaged by both afferent sources to MD. In the hypothalamus, fewer units responded to cortical and amygdalar stimulation and alternating sequences of excitation-inhibition-excitation were not found.", "PMID": 1175035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4923", "title": "Patterns of cortical projection to hindlimb muscle motoneurone pools.", "content": "This study was undertaken to examine the organization of the hindlimb area of the motor cortex. Two specific questions were posed. The first was: are the cortical neurones which control the excitability of a given motoneurone pool localized in a small zone of corjex or are they diffuse? The second question was: does microstimulation in the hindlimb area of the motor cortex activate spinal motoneurones in a reciprocal fashion, i.e., is cortically elicited facilitation of a muscle accompanied by inhibition of the antagonist? Intracortical microstimulation was used to condition monosynaptic reflexes of the cat hindlimb to study the organization of a cortical projection to lumbar motoneurone pools. Cortical neurones which produced facilitation or inhibition of a given monosynaptic reflex were localized within a small zone of the cortex. Facilitatory and inhibitory effective zones were found to have similar shape and size. Intracortical microstimulation elicited facilitation or inhibition of individual monosynaptic reflexes without eliciting reciprocal effects on the antagonists. The pyramidal tract was shown to play an important role in the mediation of cortically elicited facilitation as well as inhibition of the monosynaptic reflexes in the lumbar cord.", "contents": "Patterns of cortical projection to hindlimb muscle motoneurone pools. This study was undertaken to examine the organization of the hindlimb area of the motor cortex. Two specific questions were posed. The first was: are the cortical neurones which control the excitability of a given motoneurone pool localized in a small zone of corjex or are they diffuse? The second question was: does microstimulation in the hindlimb area of the motor cortex activate spinal motoneurones in a reciprocal fashion, i.e., is cortically elicited facilitation of a muscle accompanied by inhibition of the antagonist? Intracortical microstimulation was used to condition monosynaptic reflexes of the cat hindlimb to study the organization of a cortical projection to lumbar motoneurone pools. Cortical neurones which produced facilitation or inhibition of a given monosynaptic reflex were localized within a small zone of the cortex. Facilitatory and inhibitory effective zones were found to have similar shape and size. Intracortical microstimulation elicited facilitation or inhibition of individual monosynaptic reflexes without eliciting reciprocal effects on the antagonists. The pyramidal tract was shown to play an important role in the mediation of cortically elicited facilitation as well as inhibition of the monosynaptic reflexes in the lumbar cord.", "PMID": 1175038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4924", "title": "Response patterns to noxious and non-noxious stimuli in rostral trigeminal relay nuclei.", "content": "Postimulus time histogram analysis of second-order neuron responses in rostral trigeminal relay nuclei of cat demonstrated characteristic firing patterns after noxious (tooth pulp) and non-noxious (tooth tap) stimuli. The response to noxious stimulation was prolonged and frequently bimodal while the response to non-noxious stimulation was brief. The same neurons were fired by electrical stimuli applied directly to nucleus caudalis but with longer latencies suggesting a contributory role of nucleus caudalis to the characteristic prolonged bimodal response pattern to noxious stimuli. Interacting noxious and non-noxious stimuli using condition-test sequences demonstrated further stimulus mode-related changes in firing patterns. Electrical conditioning stimuli in nucleus caudalis reduced some responses while strychnine sulfate applied into nucleus caudalis augmented the responses evoked in rostral nuclei by both noxious and non-noxious peripheral stimuli. Nucleus caudalis appeared to contain elements which may modulate activity in rostral trigeminal nuclei by either augmenting or reducing specific firing patterns of second-order neurons in rostral relay nuclei.", "contents": "Response patterns to noxious and non-noxious stimuli in rostral trigeminal relay nuclei. Postimulus time histogram analysis of second-order neuron responses in rostral trigeminal relay nuclei of cat demonstrated characteristic firing patterns after noxious (tooth pulp) and non-noxious (tooth tap) stimuli. The response to noxious stimulation was prolonged and frequently bimodal while the response to non-noxious stimulation was brief. The same neurons were fired by electrical stimuli applied directly to nucleus caudalis but with longer latencies suggesting a contributory role of nucleus caudalis to the characteristic prolonged bimodal response pattern to noxious stimuli. Interacting noxious and non-noxious stimuli using condition-test sequences demonstrated further stimulus mode-related changes in firing patterns. Electrical conditioning stimuli in nucleus caudalis reduced some responses while strychnine sulfate applied into nucleus caudalis augmented the responses evoked in rostral nuclei by both noxious and non-noxious peripheral stimuli. Nucleus caudalis appeared to contain elements which may modulate activity in rostral trigeminal nuclei by either augmenting or reducing specific firing patterns of second-order neurons in rostral relay nuclei.", "PMID": 1175039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4925", "title": "Slow potentials of the turtle olfactory bulb in response to odor stimulation of the nose.", "content": "Odor stimulation of the nose in the box turtle and the gopher tortoise produced a characteristic series of slow potentials in the olfactory bulb which were referred to as the odor evoked response. When recorded with direct coupling, the odor evoked response had 3 components: wave I, a short duration monophasic event; wave II, a long duration variation in the DC potential; and wave III, an oscillatory potential superimposed on wave II. Waves I and II were negative at bulbar surfaces receiving olfactory input and positive deep within the bulb. This series of potentials could be evoked by 3 methods of odor stimulation: (1) large puffs delivered from odorant test bottles, (2) small puffs delivered from a syringe and (3) continuous flow with concentration and nasal flow rate parameters controlled by an olfactometer. When the odor evoked response was recorded at a bulbar locus, these potentials were seen in response to each stimulation and the amplitudes of each wave were reproducible with the same stimulus. The amplitudes of the 3 waves were compared in the gopher tortoise and differed with the 3 odorants tested--high purity geraniol, technical grade geraniol and amyl acetate. Odorant concentration also directly affected the response amplitudes of all 3 wave components. The amplitudes of waves I and III markedly decreased with closely spaced stimulations recovering to near the initial values when the interstimulus interval was increased severalfold. This series of sensory evoked potentials is considered to reflect the processing of odor information from the olfactory receptors by the olfactory bulb.", "contents": "Slow potentials of the turtle olfactory bulb in response to odor stimulation of the nose. Odor stimulation of the nose in the box turtle and the gopher tortoise produced a characteristic series of slow potentials in the olfactory bulb which were referred to as the odor evoked response. When recorded with direct coupling, the odor evoked response had 3 components: wave I, a short duration monophasic event; wave II, a long duration variation in the DC potential; and wave III, an oscillatory potential superimposed on wave II. Waves I and II were negative at bulbar surfaces receiving olfactory input and positive deep within the bulb. This series of potentials could be evoked by 3 methods of odor stimulation: (1) large puffs delivered from odorant test bottles, (2) small puffs delivered from a syringe and (3) continuous flow with concentration and nasal flow rate parameters controlled by an olfactometer. When the odor evoked response was recorded at a bulbar locus, these potentials were seen in response to each stimulation and the amplitudes of each wave were reproducible with the same stimulus. The amplitudes of the 3 waves were compared in the gopher tortoise and differed with the 3 odorants tested--high purity geraniol, technical grade geraniol and amyl acetate. Odorant concentration also directly affected the response amplitudes of all 3 wave components. The amplitudes of waves I and III markedly decreased with closely spaced stimulations recovering to near the initial values when the interstimulus interval was increased severalfold. This series of sensory evoked potentials is considered to reflect the processing of odor information from the olfactory receptors by the olfactory bulb.", "PMID": 1175040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4926", "title": "The effect of passive eye movement on unit discharge in the superior colliculus of the cat.", "content": "The effects of passive eye rotation on unit discharge in the superior colliculus has been examined in the chloralose anaesthetized cat. Providing that velocity exceeded 50 degrees/sec, passive eye movement led to brief-burst discharges in the superior colliculus. This discharge occurred as the eye traversed a fixed point. The displacement of this point from the primary position has been defined as the displacement threshold for that unit. Displacement thresholds range from 3 to 30 degrees and are consistent over a wide range of velocities but become larger at the velocity threshold for the unit. Conduction times to the superior colliculus ranged from 7 to 108 msec.", "contents": "The effect of passive eye movement on unit discharge in the superior colliculus of the cat. The effects of passive eye rotation on unit discharge in the superior colliculus has been examined in the chloralose anaesthetized cat. Providing that velocity exceeded 50 degrees/sec, passive eye movement led to brief-burst discharges in the superior colliculus. This discharge occurred as the eye traversed a fixed point. The displacement of this point from the primary position has been defined as the displacement threshold for that unit. Displacement thresholds range from 3 to 30 degrees and are consistent over a wide range of velocities but become larger at the velocity threshold for the unit. Conduction times to the superior colliculus ranged from 7 to 108 msec.", "PMID": 1175041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4927", "title": "Purkinje cell dendritic alterations after transient developmental injury of theexternal granular layer.", "content": "To examine the influence of granule cell axons on morphogenesis of their major synaptic target, the Purkinje cell dendrites, a transient injury of the external granular layer of developing rat cerebellum was induced by injecting 10 mg/kg methylazoxymethanol acetate on postnatal days 1, 2, 3 and 4. The antiproliferative action of the drug resulted in a diminution of the mitotic population which slowed the expansion of the internal granular and molecular layers. This was followed by a reconstitution of a thicker than normal external granular layer and a late phase of extensive growth. Perturbations of Purkinje cell dendritic morphology induced by this altered timing of granule cell accumulation were studied with Golgi-Cox impregnation techniques. Systematic observation were made of a number of defined abnormalities of Purkinje cells which included somas positioned below the normal monolayer; elongated dendrites; multiple somatic dendrites; S-shaped dendrites; dendrites disoriented away from the radial direction; and portions of dendrites below the soma of origin. The results indicated that most of these 'abnormalities' occur to a small extent in normal cerebellum but that these experimental conditions induced a bias in favor of their appearance. Some dendritic abnormalities, i.e., dendrites tilted out of the sagittal plane, dendrites directed toward the white matter, and apical dendrites growing vertically between cells of the external granular layer, were not noted in normal cerebellum and we attribute these particular changes to unique developmental possibilities occuring only after a more or less severe injury. This analysis of bias in dendritic morphology subsequent to subtle developmental injury provides informat on on processes of normal development and on the genesis of phylogenetic variants of Purkinje cell morphology.", "contents": "Purkinje cell dendritic alterations after transient developmental injury of theexternal granular layer. To examine the influence of granule cell axons on morphogenesis of their major synaptic target, the Purkinje cell dendrites, a transient injury of the external granular layer of developing rat cerebellum was induced by injecting 10 mg/kg methylazoxymethanol acetate on postnatal days 1, 2, 3 and 4. The antiproliferative action of the drug resulted in a diminution of the mitotic population which slowed the expansion of the internal granular and molecular layers. This was followed by a reconstitution of a thicker than normal external granular layer and a late phase of extensive growth. Perturbations of Purkinje cell dendritic morphology induced by this altered timing of granule cell accumulation were studied with Golgi-Cox impregnation techniques. Systematic observation were made of a number of defined abnormalities of Purkinje cells which included somas positioned below the normal monolayer; elongated dendrites; multiple somatic dendrites; S-shaped dendrites; dendrites disoriented away from the radial direction; and portions of dendrites below the soma of origin. The results indicated that most of these 'abnormalities' occur to a small extent in normal cerebellum but that these experimental conditions induced a bias in favor of their appearance. Some dendritic abnormalities, i.e., dendrites tilted out of the sagittal plane, dendrites directed toward the white matter, and apical dendrites growing vertically between cells of the external granular layer, were not noted in normal cerebellum and we attribute these particular changes to unique developmental possibilities occuring only after a more or less severe injury. This analysis of bias in dendritic morphology subsequent to subtle developmental injury provides informat on on processes of normal development and on the genesis of phylogenetic variants of Purkinje cell morphology.", "PMID": 1175042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4928", "title": "Time-dependent changes in commissural field potentials in the dentate gyrus following lesions of the entorhinal cortex in adult rats.", "content": "Previous neuroanatomical work has shown that lesions of the entorhinal cortex in adult rats cause the commissural projections to spread from their normally restricted locus in the inner molecular layer approximately 40-50 mum into the outer molecular layer (that is, into the zone deafferented by the lesion). In the present study we measured the effects of the entorhinal lesion on the distribution of short-latency potentials elicited by commissural stimulation in the molecular layer. Studies with animals tested at various times after the lesion and with a preparation that permitted recording from the same rat at several post-lesion intervals both indicated that the commissural response spread 100-150 mum towards the deafferented outer molecular layer, while the maximum response spread 50-100 mum. These effects were first detectable by 9 days after the lesion and were fully developed by 15 days post-lesion. These findings suggest that the growth of the commissural system seen after entorhinal lesions results in the rapid formation of functional terminals and are discussed in relationship to the behavioral consequences of brain lesions.", "contents": "Time-dependent changes in commissural field potentials in the dentate gyrus following lesions of the entorhinal cortex in adult rats. Previous neuroanatomical work has shown that lesions of the entorhinal cortex in adult rats cause the commissural projections to spread from their normally restricted locus in the inner molecular layer approximately 40-50 mum into the outer molecular layer (that is, into the zone deafferented by the lesion). In the present study we measured the effects of the entorhinal lesion on the distribution of short-latency potentials elicited by commissural stimulation in the molecular layer. Studies with animals tested at various times after the lesion and with a preparation that permitted recording from the same rat at several post-lesion intervals both indicated that the commissural response spread 100-150 mum towards the deafferented outer molecular layer, while the maximum response spread 50-100 mum. These effects were first detectable by 9 days after the lesion and were fully developed by 15 days post-lesion. These findings suggest that the growth of the commissural system seen after entorhinal lesions results in the rapid formation of functional terminals and are discussed in relationship to the behavioral consequences of brain lesions.", "PMID": 1175043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4929", "title": "In vivo effects of glycine on retinal ultrastructure and averaged electroretinogram.", "content": "Glycine, when injected intravitreally, has an inhibitory action on the electroretinogram (ERG) of the rabbit resulting in a transient loss of the oscillatory potentials of the b-wave. This inhibitory action is reversible within 24 h after glycine injection. In autoradiographs, after [3H] glycine administration, the radioactive label is mainly found over the inner nuclear layer (INL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) without predilection of specific cell types and/or synapses. Electron microscopy reveals cytopathological changes in amacrine cells, in particular their cell membranes. These changes are conspicuous especially 1-2 h after the injection and the cells become normal again within 24 h. It is concluded that glycine has an inhibitory action upon the rabbit ERG in vivo. This action, on the basis of our morphological observations under our experimental conditions, may be due to an overall somatic membrane action rather than to an action as inhibitory neurotransmitter at the synaptic level. The reversible cellular lesions of amacrine cells after glycine administration with a concomitant, transient loss of oscillatory potentials (OP) supports the hypothesis that the cellular origin of OP is situated in amacrine cells.", "contents": "In vivo effects of glycine on retinal ultrastructure and averaged electroretinogram. Glycine, when injected intravitreally, has an inhibitory action on the electroretinogram (ERG) of the rabbit resulting in a transient loss of the oscillatory potentials of the b-wave. This inhibitory action is reversible within 24 h after glycine injection. In autoradiographs, after [3H] glycine administration, the radioactive label is mainly found over the inner nuclear layer (INL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) without predilection of specific cell types and/or synapses. Electron microscopy reveals cytopathological changes in amacrine cells, in particular their cell membranes. These changes are conspicuous especially 1-2 h after the injection and the cells become normal again within 24 h. It is concluded that glycine has an inhibitory action upon the rabbit ERG in vivo. This action, on the basis of our morphological observations under our experimental conditions, may be due to an overall somatic membrane action rather than to an action as inhibitory neurotransmitter at the synaptic level. The reversible cellular lesions of amacrine cells after glycine administration with a concomitant, transient loss of oscillatory potentials (OP) supports the hypothesis that the cellular origin of OP is situated in amacrine cells.", "PMID": 1175044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4930", "title": "Further evidence for cholinergic habenulo-interpeduncular neurons: pharmacologic and functional characteristics.", "content": "Placement of high frequency lesions in the medial habenular area results in a large depletion of acetylcholine (ACh) levels, choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) activity, and high affinity choline uptake in the interpeduncular nucleus area (IPN) at 1, 3 and 7 days post-lesion. Areas adjacent to the IPN did not have a reduction in ChAc activity. The reduction in high affinity choline uptake was selective in that there was no change in the uptake of L-[3H]tyrosine or L-[3H]glutamic acid. Unlike the cholinergic septal-hippocampal neurons, there was no rise in ACh levels in the IPN 1 h after placement of lesion, or 30 min after administration of pentobarbital. While the IPN probably has a much denser cholinergic innervation than the hippocampus (as evidenced by much higher ACh levels, ChAc activity and choline uptake levels), it has only one-fourth as many [3H]QNB binding sites (a measure of cholinergic muscarinic receptors). This, some of the habenulo-interpeduncular neurons are probably cholinergic, and they may have pharmacologic and functional differences compared to the septal-hippocampal neurons.", "contents": "Further evidence for cholinergic habenulo-interpeduncular neurons: pharmacologic and functional characteristics. Placement of high frequency lesions in the medial habenular area results in a large depletion of acetylcholine (ACh) levels, choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) activity, and high affinity choline uptake in the interpeduncular nucleus area (IPN) at 1, 3 and 7 days post-lesion. Areas adjacent to the IPN did not have a reduction in ChAc activity. The reduction in high affinity choline uptake was selective in that there was no change in the uptake of L-[3H]tyrosine or L-[3H]glutamic acid. Unlike the cholinergic septal-hippocampal neurons, there was no rise in ACh levels in the IPN 1 h after placement of lesion, or 30 min after administration of pentobarbital. While the IPN probably has a much denser cholinergic innervation than the hippocampus (as evidenced by much higher ACh levels, ChAc activity and choline uptake levels), it has only one-fourth as many [3H]QNB binding sites (a measure of cholinergic muscarinic receptors). This, some of the habenulo-interpeduncular neurons are probably cholinergic, and they may have pharmacologic and functional differences compared to the septal-hippocampal neurons.", "PMID": 1175046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4931", "title": "Interaction of glycine with brain-cortex membrane fragments: kinetics, ionic requirements and amino acid specificity.", "content": "The binding of [14]glycine to rat brain-cortex membrane fragments, incubated in artificial cerebrospinal fluid, was studied in vitro by means of a nitrocellulose filter assay. The membranes were obtained from the large granule fraction (P2) of a brain-cortex homogenate, which was osmotically shocked and the larger membrane fractions isolated by centrifugation. Initial binding velocity lasts for about 2 min and equilibrium is reached in 10 min. The binding reaction is reversible, and [14C]glycine can de displaced by an excess of [12C]glycine or by dilution. Binding is strongly dependent on temperature and on sodium ions. The latter activate the binding process in a cooperative manner. Two binding components may be discerned: one with high affinity for glycine (Km = 40 +/- 8 muM) and one with lower affinity. Lowering the sodium concentration to 60 mM increases the Km of the high-affinity component to 59 muM, with no change in Vmax. The bound product is, after incubating the membranes at 37 degrees C for 10 min, 85% glycine. A large fraction of it may released by hypo-osmotic media.", "contents": "Interaction of glycine with brain-cortex membrane fragments: kinetics, ionic requirements and amino acid specificity. The binding of [14]glycine to rat brain-cortex membrane fragments, incubated in artificial cerebrospinal fluid, was studied in vitro by means of a nitrocellulose filter assay. The membranes were obtained from the large granule fraction (P2) of a brain-cortex homogenate, which was osmotically shocked and the larger membrane fractions isolated by centrifugation. Initial binding velocity lasts for about 2 min and equilibrium is reached in 10 min. The binding reaction is reversible, and [14C]glycine can de displaced by an excess of [12C]glycine or by dilution. Binding is strongly dependent on temperature and on sodium ions. The latter activate the binding process in a cooperative manner. Two binding components may be discerned: one with high affinity for glycine (Km = 40 +/- 8 muM) and one with lower affinity. Lowering the sodium concentration to 60 mM increases the Km of the high-affinity component to 59 muM, with no change in Vmax. The bound product is, after incubating the membranes at 37 degrees C for 10 min, 85% glycine. A large fraction of it may released by hypo-osmotic media.", "PMID": 1175047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4932", "title": "Rapid transport of proteins in the sonic motor system of the toadfish.", "content": "A pure cholinergic, motor system of a marine fish has been utilized to study the kinetics and characteristics of proteins rapidly transported from the sonic motor nucleus to the musculature enveloping the swim bladder. Following microinjection of [3H]leucine, [3H]lysine, [35S]methionine, or [3H]fucose into the nucleus a wave of radioactivity was observed moving along the sonic motor nerves with an apparent rate of 96-120 mm/day. Analysis of the rapidly transported methionine-labeled protein using SDS gel electrophoresis revealed at least 9 major peaks of activity. Eight of these proteins were found to incorporate fucose, suggesting that most of the rapidly transported material consists of glycoproteins. These results are consistent with the previously suggested hypothesis relating the function of rapid transport to synaptic vesicles and the maintenance of pre-synaptic terminal membranes.", "contents": "Rapid transport of proteins in the sonic motor system of the toadfish. A pure cholinergic, motor system of a marine fish has been utilized to study the kinetics and characteristics of proteins rapidly transported from the sonic motor nucleus to the musculature enveloping the swim bladder. Following microinjection of [3H]leucine, [3H]lysine, [35S]methionine, or [3H]fucose into the nucleus a wave of radioactivity was observed moving along the sonic motor nerves with an apparent rate of 96-120 mm/day. Analysis of the rapidly transported methionine-labeled protein using SDS gel electrophoresis revealed at least 9 major peaks of activity. Eight of these proteins were found to incorporate fucose, suggesting that most of the rapidly transported material consists of glycoproteins. These results are consistent with the previously suggested hypothesis relating the function of rapid transport to synaptic vesicles and the maintenance of pre-synaptic terminal membranes.", "PMID": 1175048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4933", "title": "Circling behaviour produced by unilateral lesions in the region of the locus coeruleus in rats.", "content": "Rats with unilateral lesions in the region of the locus coeruleus circled tightly to the opposite side when given apomorphine or amphetamine. This turning behaviour was transient and disappeared within some 30 days after surgery. It was seen most obviously in animals with severe unilateral destruction of the locus coeruleus, which caused on average a 55% reduction in the level of noradrenaline in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex. It was not marked in animals with partial unilateral lesions of the locus coeruleus, which caused only an average fall in cortical noradrenaline of 22%. It was not seen in sham operated animals or animals in which lesions were placed into adjacent structures such as the cerebellum above, superior cerebellar peduncle laterally, and brain stem ventrally. A clue to the mechanism of this phenomenon may lie in the observation that dopamine in the ipsilateral striatum was increased 5 days after operation, when circling occurred, but had returned to normal by 30 days when circling had ceased. It is suggested that the lesion causes a reduction in impulse traffic in the ipsilateral nigrostriatal pathway, and that circling is due to preferential stimulation of the ipsilateral striatal dopamine receptors by both drugs; apomorphine directly, amphetamine by release of endogenous dopamine.", "contents": "Circling behaviour produced by unilateral lesions in the region of the locus coeruleus in rats. Rats with unilateral lesions in the region of the locus coeruleus circled tightly to the opposite side when given apomorphine or amphetamine. This turning behaviour was transient and disappeared within some 30 days after surgery. It was seen most obviously in animals with severe unilateral destruction of the locus coeruleus, which caused on average a 55% reduction in the level of noradrenaline in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex. It was not marked in animals with partial unilateral lesions of the locus coeruleus, which caused only an average fall in cortical noradrenaline of 22%. It was not seen in sham operated animals or animals in which lesions were placed into adjacent structures such as the cerebellum above, superior cerebellar peduncle laterally, and brain stem ventrally. A clue to the mechanism of this phenomenon may lie in the observation that dopamine in the ipsilateral striatum was increased 5 days after operation, when circling occurred, but had returned to normal by 30 days when circling had ceased. It is suggested that the lesion causes a reduction in impulse traffic in the ipsilateral nigrostriatal pathway, and that circling is due to preferential stimulation of the ipsilateral striatal dopamine receptors by both drugs; apomorphine directly, amphetamine by release of endogenous dopamine.", "PMID": 1175049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4934", "title": "Effect of activation and adaptation on the sensitivity of slowly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors.", "content": "The effect of adaptation on the sensitivity of type I and type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors was evaluated with test stimuli applied before, during and after a persistent indentation (offset) of the skin. It was found that the offset initially lowered the threshold to both high (100-200 Hz) and low (1-20 Hz) frequency sinusoidal stimuli, as compared with the preoffset condition. This lowered threshold increased for both stimuli as adaptation progressed. When adaptation was nearly complete, there was an appreciable residual reduction of threshold, as compared with preoffset values, for the low frequency stimuli but not for high frequency stimuli. For a time after the offset was removed, the threshold was increased above preoffset levels for both stimuli. Suprathreshold ramp displacements superimposed on an offset caused higher maximal frequencies and a larger change in frequency than before the offset was applied. This difference often was considerable (20-40 impulses/sec) even though the discharge produced by the offset had adapted to only 2-4 impulses/sec above the preoffset level. Shortly after removal of the offset, the ramp responses typically were less than before the offset was applied. Thus, these receptors are not \"reset\" to the preoffset condition by adaptation nor is their sensitivity reduced. On the contrary, they respond more vigorously to superimposed stimuli except for near threshold displacements that are brief and rapid.", "contents": "Effect of activation and adaptation on the sensitivity of slowly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors. The effect of adaptation on the sensitivity of type I and type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors was evaluated with test stimuli applied before, during and after a persistent indentation (offset) of the skin. It was found that the offset initially lowered the threshold to both high (100-200 Hz) and low (1-20 Hz) frequency sinusoidal stimuli, as compared with the preoffset condition. This lowered threshold increased for both stimuli as adaptation progressed. When adaptation was nearly complete, there was an appreciable residual reduction of threshold, as compared with preoffset values, for the low frequency stimuli but not for high frequency stimuli. For a time after the offset was removed, the threshold was increased above preoffset levels for both stimuli. Suprathreshold ramp displacements superimposed on an offset caused higher maximal frequencies and a larger change in frequency than before the offset was applied. This difference often was considerable (20-40 impulses/sec) even though the discharge produced by the offset had adapted to only 2-4 impulses/sec above the preoffset level. Shortly after removal of the offset, the ramp responses typically were less than before the offset was applied. Thus, these receptors are not \"reset\" to the preoffset condition by adaptation nor is their sensitivity reduced. On the contrary, they respond more vigorously to superimposed stimuli except for near threshold displacements that are brief and rapid.", "PMID": 1175054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4935", "title": "Anatomical, physiological and biochemical studies of the cerebellum from mutant mice. I. Electrophysiological analysis of cerebellar cortical neurons in the staggerer mouse.", "content": "An electrophysiological analysis of cerebellar cortical neurons was performed in staggerer mutant mice on postnatal days 18 to 22, and data were compared with cerebellar activities in normal mice of the same age. Bioelectrical activities were elicited through local (LOC) and juxtafastigial (JF) stimulation. In staggerer mice, parallel fibers (PF) exhibited no major alterations, i.e. they conducted impulses and they activated most of the cerebellar cortical units encountered, but some minor differences existed in comparison with normal mice, i.e. their excitability was reduced, as tested by their refractory period and conduction velocity. On the contrary, Purkinje cell (PC) responses presented marked abnormalities. (1) Depth profiles during antidromic invasion of PC and unitary antidromic responses revealed a lower safety factor than normal in the invasion of the somatodendritic region of PC. In particular, a marked IS-SD delay or block occurred in about 60% of unitary antidromic responses of the mutant mouse. (2) Spontaneous or evoked typical climbing fiber responses (CFR) were never recorded in staggerer mice, despite functional synapses between climbing fibers (CF) and PC disclosed with harmaline injections. Activation of PC via CF under harmaline consisted of rhythmical trains of simple spikes, Finally, most of the PC studies in the staggerer mice were certainly activated via PF but with a low efficacy. The results suggest that PC are directly affected by the mutation.", "contents": "Anatomical, physiological and biochemical studies of the cerebellum from mutant mice. I. Electrophysiological analysis of cerebellar cortical neurons in the staggerer mouse. An electrophysiological analysis of cerebellar cortical neurons was performed in staggerer mutant mice on postnatal days 18 to 22, and data were compared with cerebellar activities in normal mice of the same age. Bioelectrical activities were elicited through local (LOC) and juxtafastigial (JF) stimulation. In staggerer mice, parallel fibers (PF) exhibited no major alterations, i.e. they conducted impulses and they activated most of the cerebellar cortical units encountered, but some minor differences existed in comparison with normal mice, i.e. their excitability was reduced, as tested by their refractory period and conduction velocity. On the contrary, Purkinje cell (PC) responses presented marked abnormalities. (1) Depth profiles during antidromic invasion of PC and unitary antidromic responses revealed a lower safety factor than normal in the invasion of the somatodendritic region of PC. In particular, a marked IS-SD delay or block occurred in about 60% of unitary antidromic responses of the mutant mouse. (2) Spontaneous or evoked typical climbing fiber responses (CFR) were never recorded in staggerer mice, despite functional synapses between climbing fibers (CF) and PC disclosed with harmaline injections. Activation of PC via CF under harmaline consisted of rhythmical trains of simple spikes, Finally, most of the PC studies in the staggerer mice were certainly activated via PF but with a low efficacy. The results suggest that PC are directly affected by the mutation.", "PMID": 1175055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4936", "title": "Properties of motor units in the first deep lumbrical muscle of the cat's foot.", "content": "Isometric contractions of single motor units were studied in the first deep lumbrical muscle of the cat's hind-foot. Motor units with short twitch contraction times (15-20 msec) generally differed from those with longer ones (23-50 msec; contraction time measured in unpotentiated twitches) in showing (1) a greater maximum tetanic tension, (2) a smaller resistance to fatigue, (3) more post-tetanic potentiation of twitch tension, and (4) no post-tetanic occurrence of repetitive activity in response to single nerve stimuli (such \"post-tetanic repetitive activity\" was seen in several of the slower units). The ratio between unpotentiated twitch tension and maximum tetanic tension was similar for units with brief and long contraction times. The peak-to-peak amplitude of a single motor unit spike, recorded with gross electrodes, tended to be directly proportional to the maximum tetanic tension of the same motor unit.", "contents": "Properties of motor units in the first deep lumbrical muscle of the cat's foot. Isometric contractions of single motor units were studied in the first deep lumbrical muscle of the cat's hind-foot. Motor units with short twitch contraction times (15-20 msec) generally differed from those with longer ones (23-50 msec; contraction time measured in unpotentiated twitches) in showing (1) a greater maximum tetanic tension, (2) a smaller resistance to fatigue, (3) more post-tetanic potentiation of twitch tension, and (4) no post-tetanic occurrence of repetitive activity in response to single nerve stimuli (such \"post-tetanic repetitive activity\" was seen in several of the slower units). The ratio between unpotentiated twitch tension and maximum tetanic tension was similar for units with brief and long contraction times. The peak-to-peak amplitude of a single motor unit spike, recorded with gross electrodes, tended to be directly proportional to the maximum tetanic tension of the same motor unit.", "PMID": 1175059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4937", "title": "Functional significance of projection from the cerebellar nuclei to the motor cortex in the cat.", "content": "The functional organization of projections from the cerebellar subcortical nuclei to the motor cortex through the nucleus ventralis lateralis (VL) of the thalamus was studied using tungsten microelectrodes for stimulation and recordings in acute and chronic cats. The following results were obtained. (1) Microstimulation of a small area of the ventral thalamus produced contraction of a single limb muscle as well as movements of whiskers. (2) The stimulus parameters for producing low threshold contraction of limb muscles were different from those for face muscles. The decrease of the frequency gradualy increased the threshold values for face muscles whereas the decrease abruptly increased the threshold for limb muscles. The optimum duration of the train for the lowest thresholds was longer for face muscles. (3) Stimulation of cerebellar nuclei (interpositus and lateralis) produced contraction of limb muscles. The stimulus parameters for the minimum threshold were similar to those for producing contraction of limb muscles from the ventral thalamus. (4) The peripheral receptive fields of neurons located around the low threshold sites in the thalamus were diffuse, i.e. they were driven insecurely by twisting the joints or pressure to the deep structures, but could not be driven by touch or light pressure on a circumscribed area of the body. (5) Chronic ablation of the motor cortex did not abolish the muscle contractions produced by thalamic stimulation, excluding the possibility that the effects were produced by stimulation of the branches of the pyramidal tract fibers reaching the ventral thalamus. (6) Chronic section of the brachium conjunctivum abolished or changed the characteristics of the contractions produced by thalamic stimulation indicating that the previous effects were produced by stimulation of cerebellar efferent fibers reaching the thalamus. (7) From these results it was concluded that the efferent impulses originating from the cerebellar nuclei can produce contraction of a particular muscle through activation of the red nucleus. These impulses are, at the same time, transmitted to a small group of neurons in the VL and then forwarded to the neurons in the motor cortex. (8) The functional significance of the VL projection system has been discussed in relation to the efferent zones within the motor cortex.", "contents": "Functional significance of projection from the cerebellar nuclei to the motor cortex in the cat. The functional organization of projections from the cerebellar subcortical nuclei to the motor cortex through the nucleus ventralis lateralis (VL) of the thalamus was studied using tungsten microelectrodes for stimulation and recordings in acute and chronic cats. The following results were obtained. (1) Microstimulation of a small area of the ventral thalamus produced contraction of a single limb muscle as well as movements of whiskers. (2) The stimulus parameters for producing low threshold contraction of limb muscles were different from those for face muscles. The decrease of the frequency gradualy increased the threshold values for face muscles whereas the decrease abruptly increased the threshold for limb muscles. The optimum duration of the train for the lowest thresholds was longer for face muscles. (3) Stimulation of cerebellar nuclei (interpositus and lateralis) produced contraction of limb muscles. The stimulus parameters for the minimum threshold were similar to those for producing contraction of limb muscles from the ventral thalamus. (4) The peripheral receptive fields of neurons located around the low threshold sites in the thalamus were diffuse, i.e. they were driven insecurely by twisting the joints or pressure to the deep structures, but could not be driven by touch or light pressure on a circumscribed area of the body. (5) Chronic ablation of the motor cortex did not abolish the muscle contractions produced by thalamic stimulation, excluding the possibility that the effects were produced by stimulation of the branches of the pyramidal tract fibers reaching the ventral thalamus. (6) Chronic section of the brachium conjunctivum abolished or changed the characteristics of the contractions produced by thalamic stimulation indicating that the previous effects were produced by stimulation of cerebellar efferent fibers reaching the thalamus. (7) From these results it was concluded that the efferent impulses originating from the cerebellar nuclei can produce contraction of a particular muscle through activation of the red nucleus. These impulses are, at the same time, transmitted to a small group of neurons in the VL and then forwarded to the neurons in the motor cortex. (8) The functional significance of the VL projection system has been discussed in relation to the efferent zones within the motor cortex.", "PMID": 1175060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4938", "title": "Input-output relations of the red nucleus in the cat.", "content": "In unanesthetized cats, microstimulation within the red nucleus produces contraction of single muscles of the contralateral limbs and face. Separate zones may activate different muscles. Forelimb muscles were primarily activated from areas in the dorsomedial quadrants of the red nucleus whereas hindlimb muscles were predominantly activated from the ventorlateral quadrants. With stimulus currents of 10 muA there was considerable overlap in the effective zones activating different muscles. In the majority of cases the minimal threshold was under 10 muA when stimilating with a 50-msec pulse train. Current thresholds for electromypgraphic changes in the muscles varied inversely with pulse frequency and train duration. When long stimulus trains were applied to the red nucleus, the resulting muscle contraction was sustained for the duration of the stimulus. These motor effects did not depend upon the motor cortex or pyramidal tract but were mediated by a tract in contralateral dorsal quadrants of the spinal cord which was likely to be the rubrospinal tract. Units within the red nucleus typically had wide cutaneous receptive fields and responded to deep pressure and joint rotation in one or more limbs. Usually the focus driving the cell most briskly was located in one of the contralateral limbs and corresponded to the limb where muscle contraction was elicited by microstimulation with the same electrode. It is concluded that the red nucleus includes overlapping efferent neuronal colonies controlling individual muscles irrespective of their functional class. This property is shared by the motor cortex and suggests that these two structures may complement each other in the control of movement. The more diffuse activation of rubral than cortical neurons by natural stimuli suggests that rubral activity may not be as tightly linked as that of the motor cortex to specific peripheral input.", "contents": "Input-output relations of the red nucleus in the cat. In unanesthetized cats, microstimulation within the red nucleus produces contraction of single muscles of the contralateral limbs and face. Separate zones may activate different muscles. Forelimb muscles were primarily activated from areas in the dorsomedial quadrants of the red nucleus whereas hindlimb muscles were predominantly activated from the ventorlateral quadrants. With stimulus currents of 10 muA there was considerable overlap in the effective zones activating different muscles. In the majority of cases the minimal threshold was under 10 muA when stimilating with a 50-msec pulse train. Current thresholds for electromypgraphic changes in the muscles varied inversely with pulse frequency and train duration. When long stimulus trains were applied to the red nucleus, the resulting muscle contraction was sustained for the duration of the stimulus. These motor effects did not depend upon the motor cortex or pyramidal tract but were mediated by a tract in contralateral dorsal quadrants of the spinal cord which was likely to be the rubrospinal tract. Units within the red nucleus typically had wide cutaneous receptive fields and responded to deep pressure and joint rotation in one or more limbs. Usually the focus driving the cell most briskly was located in one of the contralateral limbs and corresponded to the limb where muscle contraction was elicited by microstimulation with the same electrode. It is concluded that the red nucleus includes overlapping efferent neuronal colonies controlling individual muscles irrespective of their functional class. This property is shared by the motor cortex and suggests that these two structures may complement each other in the control of movement. The more diffuse activation of rubral than cortical neurons by natural stimuli suggests that rubral activity may not be as tightly linked as that of the motor cortex to specific peripheral input.", "PMID": 1175061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4939", "title": "Canine glomerulonephritis: prevalence in dogs submitted at random for euthanasia.", "content": "The kidneys from 71 stray dogs submitted for euthanasia were examined by fluorescence microscopy (IF) for evidence of immunecomplex glomerulonephritis (GN) and by histology for evidence of renal pathology. Dogs were divided into three groups according to estimated age: less than one year old (A), adult (B) and aged (C). IgG deposits were found in 0/31 dogs in group A, 6/20 in group B and 10/20 in group C. Diffuse proliferative GN was evident in 0/31, 5/19 and 7/15 dogs in group A, B and C respectively. One dog in group B and two in group C had histological signs of membranous nephropathy. No definite correlation between results of IF and clinical findings were noted and in the aged group the correlation between results of IF and histopathology was poor. These results serve to show that GN may be more common in dogs than previously recognized and that pathological changes may be always accompanied by clinical nephritis.", "contents": "Canine glomerulonephritis: prevalence in dogs submitted at random for euthanasia. The kidneys from 71 stray dogs submitted for euthanasia were examined by fluorescence microscopy (IF) for evidence of immunecomplex glomerulonephritis (GN) and by histology for evidence of renal pathology. Dogs were divided into three groups according to estimated age: less than one year old (A), adult (B) and aged (C). IgG deposits were found in 0/31 dogs in group A, 6/20 in group B and 10/20 in group C. Diffuse proliferative GN was evident in 0/31, 5/19 and 7/15 dogs in group A, B and C respectively. One dog in group B and two in group C had histological signs of membranous nephropathy. No definite correlation between results of IF and clinical findings were noted and in the aged group the correlation between results of IF and histopathology was poor. These results serve to show that GN may be more common in dogs than previously recognized and that pathological changes may be always accompanied by clinical nephritis.", "PMID": 1175073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4940", "title": "Dairy calf mortality rate: the association of daily meteorological factors and calf mortality.", "content": "The number of dairy heifer calves born each day, the number of these calves which died prior to 36 days of age and the actual date of death were recorded and analyzed for possible associations with weather factors. The demographic data on dairy calves were supplied by 16 farms in Tulare County, California for the months of July to December 1973. High temperatures in the summer and low temperatures in the winter were associated with an increased risk of death. Calves born during the periods of extreme temperatures had a higher risk of death than those born on more temperate days, while death, when it occurred was temporally related to days of extreme temperatures. Periods of increased risk of death often were associated with large temperature fluctuations irrespective of the absolute temperature. Nonmeteorological factors specific to invidual farms also appeared to influence daily calf mortality rates.", "contents": "Dairy calf mortality rate: the association of daily meteorological factors and calf mortality. The number of dairy heifer calves born each day, the number of these calves which died prior to 36 days of age and the actual date of death were recorded and analyzed for possible associations with weather factors. The demographic data on dairy calves were supplied by 16 farms in Tulare County, California for the months of July to December 1973. High temperatures in the summer and low temperatures in the winter were associated with an increased risk of death. Calves born during the periods of extreme temperatures had a higher risk of death than those born on more temperate days, while death, when it occurred was temporally related to days of extreme temperatures. Periods of increased risk of death often were associated with large temperature fluctuations irrespective of the absolute temperature. Nonmeteorological factors specific to invidual farms also appeared to influence daily calf mortality rates.", "PMID": 1175074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4941", "title": "Histopathology of hereditary muscular dystrophy of the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).", "content": "The histopathology of hereditary muscular dystrophy was studied in homozygous dystrophic turkeys of various ages. Myopathy was severe at ten weeks of age but absent at seven weeks or less. Lesions at ten weeks consisted of variation in fiber size and contour with acute necrosis of individual muscle fibers. Myopathic characteristics were similar at 16 and 24 weeks but with fewer dystrophic fibers and slower fiber destruction. Fat deposition was mild at 24 weeks and there were disseminated foci or endomysial proliferation in dystrophic muscle at 16 and 24 weeks. Pectoral and alar muscles were dystrophic but no lesions were detected in gastrocnemius muscle, myocardium, central and peripheral nervous system tissue or visceral organs. Mean diameters and nuclear numbers of muscle fibers were significantly less in pectoral muscles of dystrophic turkeys than in controls and did not have increase significantly from ten to 24 weeks of age as did controls.", "contents": "Histopathology of hereditary muscular dystrophy of the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). The histopathology of hereditary muscular dystrophy was studied in homozygous dystrophic turkeys of various ages. Myopathy was severe at ten weeks of age but absent at seven weeks or less. Lesions at ten weeks consisted of variation in fiber size and contour with acute necrosis of individual muscle fibers. Myopathic characteristics were similar at 16 and 24 weeks but with fewer dystrophic fibers and slower fiber destruction. Fat deposition was mild at 24 weeks and there were disseminated foci or endomysial proliferation in dystrophic muscle at 16 and 24 weeks. Pectoral and alar muscles were dystrophic but no lesions were detected in gastrocnemius muscle, myocardium, central and peripheral nervous system tissue or visceral organs. Mean diameters and nuclear numbers of muscle fibers were significantly less in pectoral muscles of dystrophic turkeys than in controls and did not have increase significantly from ten to 24 weeks of age as did controls.", "PMID": 1175075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4942", "title": "The ocular lesions of naturally occurring lymphocystis in fish.", "content": "Six cases of ocular lymphocystis, a virus disease, are described. Lymphocystis is generally known as a benigh, unique, giant cell disease of fishes causing nodules on the skin and fins. It has been studied extensively because of the virus-host cell relationship that results in extreme size and lack of quick cellular destruction or stimulation to neoplasia. Lymphocystis cells were found behind or in one or both eyes and were also found on the cornea or adjacent skin surfaces. A retrobulbar mass produced extreme exophthalmos. Uveal (choroid and iris) masses were present in most cases. Optic nerve involvement was also seen. It is probable that the virus reached the eye by the blood with the resulting masses forming in situ rather than by direct extension from skin lesions.", "contents": "The ocular lesions of naturally occurring lymphocystis in fish. Six cases of ocular lymphocystis, a virus disease, are described. Lymphocystis is generally known as a benigh, unique, giant cell disease of fishes causing nodules on the skin and fins. It has been studied extensively because of the virus-host cell relationship that results in extreme size and lack of quick cellular destruction or stimulation to neoplasia. Lymphocystis cells were found behind or in one or both eyes and were also found on the cornea or adjacent skin surfaces. A retrobulbar mass produced extreme exophthalmos. Uveal (choroid and iris) masses were present in most cases. Optic nerve involvement was also seen. It is probable that the virus reached the eye by the blood with the resulting masses forming in situ rather than by direct extension from skin lesions.", "PMID": 1175076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4943", "title": "Studies on dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate toxicity: clinical, gross and microscopic pathology in the horse and guinea pig.", "content": "Concentrations of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) ranging from three to five times the recommended dosage produced severe diarrhea, rapid dehydration and death in seven horses and 66 guinea pigs when administered experimentally per os. Clinicopathological findings indicated hemoconcentration in both horses and guinea pigs. There was a leucocytosis in the guinea pigs given the highest dosages. In all cases the principal finding at necropsy was extreme fluid distention of the intestinal tract. There was histopathological evidence of epithelial denudation and vascular stasis. The LD50 in the guinea pig was approximately 0.65 g DSS/kg body weight.", "contents": "Studies on dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate toxicity: clinical, gross and microscopic pathology in the horse and guinea pig. Concentrations of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) ranging from three to five times the recommended dosage produced severe diarrhea, rapid dehydration and death in seven horses and 66 guinea pigs when administered experimentally per os. Clinicopathological findings indicated hemoconcentration in both horses and guinea pigs. There was a leucocytosis in the guinea pigs given the highest dosages. In all cases the principal finding at necropsy was extreme fluid distention of the intestinal tract. There was histopathological evidence of epithelial denudation and vascular stasis. The LD50 in the guinea pig was approximately 0.65 g DSS/kg body weight.", "PMID": 1175077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4944", "title": "Effects of asphyxia and potassium on canine and feline electrocardiograms.", "content": "The effects of asphyxia and potassium on the electrocardiogram (ECG), lead II, were recorded from dogs and cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and halothane. Electrocardiographic recordings were made during control periods, during asphyxia (occluded endotracheal tube), during infusion of an isotonic KCl solution and during infusion of an isotonic NaCl solution. Arterial and venous blood gas partial pressures (PaCO2, PvCO2, PaO2 and and PvO2), plasma Na+ and K+ concentrations, heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were measured during control periods, asphyxia and during the periods of infusion. The vagi were severed to assess the effect of vagal tone on the ECG changes. The characteristic ECG changes during asphyxia and the electrolyte imbalances resulting from infusion of isotonic KCl and NaCl were determined during sodium pentobarbital and halothane anesthesia in both dogs and cats. The combination of halothane and high PCO2 caused cardiac arrhythmias. Spontaneous recovery from ventricular fibrillation, as a result of hyperkalemia, was recorded from cats. Disappearance of the P waves, which is characteristic of hyperkalemia, was infrequent in this study and the U waves associated with hypokalemia were not found. Severing the vagi did not alter the ECG changes characteristic of asphyxia, hyperkalemia and hypokalemia. It was found that asphyxia and infusion of fluids high or low in potassium can produce ECG changes in both dogs and cats that can be correlated with blood gas partial pressure changes or plasma potassium concentrations.", "contents": "Effects of asphyxia and potassium on canine and feline electrocardiograms. The effects of asphyxia and potassium on the electrocardiogram (ECG), lead II, were recorded from dogs and cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and halothane. Electrocardiographic recordings were made during control periods, during asphyxia (occluded endotracheal tube), during infusion of an isotonic KCl solution and during infusion of an isotonic NaCl solution. Arterial and venous blood gas partial pressures (PaCO2, PvCO2, PaO2 and and PvO2), plasma Na+ and K+ concentrations, heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were measured during control periods, asphyxia and during the periods of infusion. The vagi were severed to assess the effect of vagal tone on the ECG changes. The characteristic ECG changes during asphyxia and the electrolyte imbalances resulting from infusion of isotonic KCl and NaCl were determined during sodium pentobarbital and halothane anesthesia in both dogs and cats. The combination of halothane and high PCO2 caused cardiac arrhythmias. Spontaneous recovery from ventricular fibrillation, as a result of hyperkalemia, was recorded from cats. Disappearance of the P waves, which is characteristic of hyperkalemia, was infrequent in this study and the U waves associated with hypokalemia were not found. Severing the vagi did not alter the ECG changes characteristic of asphyxia, hyperkalemia and hypokalemia. It was found that asphyxia and infusion of fluids high or low in potassium can produce ECG changes in both dogs and cats that can be correlated with blood gas partial pressure changes or plasma potassium concentrations.", "PMID": 1175078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4945", "title": "Combined scanning electron and light microscopy of biopsy samples of bovine uterus.", "content": "Uterine biopsies from normal cyclic cows were optimally prepared for examination in a scanning electron microscope. After examination in the scanning electron microscope the same tissues were routinely processed for paraffin sectioning and reexamined with the light microscope. Results indicate that the scanning electron microscope is satisfactory for examination of the fine surface structure of the endometrium and the light microscope for subsurface structures of the bovine uterus.", "contents": "Combined scanning electron and light microscopy of biopsy samples of bovine uterus. Uterine biopsies from normal cyclic cows were optimally prepared for examination in a scanning electron microscope. After examination in the scanning electron microscope the same tissues were routinely processed for paraffin sectioning and reexamined with the light microscope. Results indicate that the scanning electron microscope is satisfactory for examination of the fine surface structure of the endometrium and the light microscope for subsurface structures of the bovine uterus.", "PMID": 1175079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4946", "title": "The recovery of Mycoplasmas from the genital tracts of bulls in artificial breeding units in Ontar\u00efo.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-two penial-preputial swabbings, 140 raw and 42 processed semen samples were cultured for mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma or acholeplasma were recovered from 87, 32 and one respectively, while ureaplasmas were recovered from 46, 34 and six respectively.", "contents": "The recovery of Mycoplasmas from the genital tracts of bulls in artificial breeding units in Ontar\u00efo. One hundred and thirty-two penial-preputial swabbings, 140 raw and 42 processed semen samples were cultured for mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma or acholeplasma were recovered from 87, 32 and one respectively, while ureaplasmas were recovered from 46, 34 and six respectively.", "PMID": 1175080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4947", "title": "Effects of the diethyl and dimethyl esters of glutamic acid on morphine anti-nociception in the rat.", "content": "The effects of pretreatments with various doses of glutamic acid diethyl or dimethyl esters on morphine-induced anti-nociception in the hot-plate and tail-flick tests on rats were examined. While neither substance alone altered control reaction times, they both antagonized the effects of morphine, suggesting the possible involvement of glutamate receptors in narcotic \"analgesia\". However, several aspects of the data inveigh against the significance of the findings with regard to narcotic mechanisms.", "contents": "Effects of the diethyl and dimethyl esters of glutamic acid on morphine anti-nociception in the rat. The effects of pretreatments with various doses of glutamic acid diethyl or dimethyl esters on morphine-induced anti-nociception in the hot-plate and tail-flick tests on rats were examined. While neither substance alone altered control reaction times, they both antagonized the effects of morphine, suggesting the possible involvement of glutamate receptors in narcotic \"analgesia\". However, several aspects of the data inveigh against the significance of the findings with regard to narcotic mechanisms.", "PMID": 1175081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4948", "title": "Comparative effects of opiate agonists methadone, levorphanol, and their isomers on the release of cortical ACh in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The effect of analgesically active opiate agonists dl-methadone, levorphanol, and their less active forms d-methadone and dextrorphan, respectively, were tested on, (a) the spontaneous release of cortical acetylcholine (ACh) in vivo; (b) the spontaneous and K+-evoked release of cortical ACh in vitro. The injections of dl-methadone, but not d-methadone, inhibited the output of ACh in vivo. Naloxone completely reversed this effect of methadone. Levorphanol in small doses inhibited, and in larger doses stimulated, the in vivo release of ACh. Both effects were antagonized by naloxone. Its dextroisomer dextrorphan was completely inactive. The in vitro release of ACh from cortical slices was inhibited by all four agents. The effects of analgesically active opiates dl-methadone and levorphanol on the in vitro release were not clearly separable from the effects of their inactive forms d-methadone and dextrorphan.", "contents": "Comparative effects of opiate agonists methadone, levorphanol, and their isomers on the release of cortical ACh in vivo and in vitro. The effect of analgesically active opiate agonists dl-methadone, levorphanol, and their less active forms d-methadone and dextrorphan, respectively, were tested on, (a) the spontaneous release of cortical acetylcholine (ACh) in vivo; (b) the spontaneous and K+-evoked release of cortical ACh in vitro. The injections of dl-methadone, but not d-methadone, inhibited the output of ACh in vivo. Naloxone completely reversed this effect of methadone. Levorphanol in small doses inhibited, and in larger doses stimulated, the in vivo release of ACh. Both effects were antagonized by naloxone. Its dextroisomer dextrorphan was completely inactive. The in vitro release of ACh from cortical slices was inhibited by all four agents. The effects of analgesically active opiates dl-methadone and levorphanol on the in vitro release were not clearly separable from the effects of their inactive forms d-methadone and dextrorphan.", "PMID": 1175082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4949", "title": "Interactions of respiration and the bradycardia of submersion in harbor seals.", "content": "Six harbor seals with percutaneous tracheostomies were artificially ventilated while immersed. Changes in the oxygen content of the inspired gas and in the minute-volume altered the magnitude of the bradycardia observed after the animal had been submerged for 30 s. The average heart rate in five seals changed from 16.7 (S.D. = 4.4) beats per minute during artificial ventilation with N2, to 58.7 (S.D. = 10.4) beats per minute while breathing air, but this cardiac chronotropic effect of oxygen was blocked by addition of 7% CO2 to the inspired gas. Ventilatory minute-volumes above approximately 3 litres/min caused cardiac acceleration in a manner related to ventilation; below this, changes in heart rate were inconsistent. While being artificially ventilated with air, the average heart rate in five seals changed from 16.5 beats per minute to 73.4 beats per minute as ventilation was increased from 0 to greater than 8 litres/min. These experiments demonstrate that O2, CO2, and ventilatory minute-volume have significant effects upon the heart rate of seals under water and suggest the presence of chemoreceptor-mediated effects on heart rate during submersion.", "contents": "Interactions of respiration and the bradycardia of submersion in harbor seals. Six harbor seals with percutaneous tracheostomies were artificially ventilated while immersed. Changes in the oxygen content of the inspired gas and in the minute-volume altered the magnitude of the bradycardia observed after the animal had been submerged for 30 s. The average heart rate in five seals changed from 16.7 (S.D. = 4.4) beats per minute during artificial ventilation with N2, to 58.7 (S.D. = 10.4) beats per minute while breathing air, but this cardiac chronotropic effect of oxygen was blocked by addition of 7% CO2 to the inspired gas. Ventilatory minute-volumes above approximately 3 litres/min caused cardiac acceleration in a manner related to ventilation; below this, changes in heart rate were inconsistent. While being artificially ventilated with air, the average heart rate in five seals changed from 16.5 beats per minute to 73.4 beats per minute as ventilation was increased from 0 to greater than 8 litres/min. These experiments demonstrate that O2, CO2, and ventilatory minute-volume have significant effects upon the heart rate of seals under water and suggest the presence of chemoreceptor-mediated effects on heart rate during submersion.", "PMID": 1175083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4950", "title": "Endogenous prostaglandin release contributes directly to coronary artery tone.", "content": "An in vitro coronary artery preparation of beef heart was found to synthesize and release continuously large amounts of a prostaglandin of the E type. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with aspirin, indomethacin, or eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid induced a sustained contraction of the coronary artery, and pretreatment with indomethacin diminished markedly the output of prostaglandin into the bathing medium. It appears that prostaglandin E1, generated from within the vessel wall itself, may act as an intrinsic regulator of coronary artery tone in the beef heart, and that blockade of this function leads to vasospasm.", "contents": "Endogenous prostaglandin release contributes directly to coronary artery tone. An in vitro coronary artery preparation of beef heart was found to synthesize and release continuously large amounts of a prostaglandin of the E type. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with aspirin, indomethacin, or eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid induced a sustained contraction of the coronary artery, and pretreatment with indomethacin diminished markedly the output of prostaglandin into the bathing medium. It appears that prostaglandin E1, generated from within the vessel wall itself, may act as an intrinsic regulator of coronary artery tone in the beef heart, and that blockade of this function leads to vasospasm.", "PMID": 1175084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4951", "title": "Endogenous acetylcholine release and labelled acetylcholine formation from [3H]choline in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum.", "content": "The spontaneous release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the guinea-pig myenteric plexus - longitudinal muscle preparation superfused at a constant rate in the presence of physostigmine was 10 nmol-g-1-h-1. This release was decreased to one-third by tetradotoxin or by MnCl2 and increased 2.5 times by 0.1 Hz and 20 times by 16 Hz stimulation. The formation of [3H]ACh from [3H]choline increased from 3 to 33 nmol-g(-1)-h(-1) when the concentration of [3H]choline was increased from 1 muM to 50 muM. The rate of [3H]ACh formation was not affected by tetrodotoxin, MnCl2, or physostigmine in the absence of stimulation. It was increased by 50% by 0.1 Hz and by 100% by 16 Hz stimulation during the first 9 min of exposure to [3H]choline but not subsequently. The myenteric plexus - longitudinal muscle preparation contains 200 nmol/g choline. Results suggest that the apparent small [3H]ACh formation from low concentrations of [3H]choline is due to the dilution of [3H]choline by endogenous choline. The major part of [3H]ACh formation appears to be due to the intracellular turnover of ACh while the evoked release of [3H]ACh appears to originate from a small pool.", "contents": "Endogenous acetylcholine release and labelled acetylcholine formation from [3H]choline in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum. The spontaneous release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the guinea-pig myenteric plexus - longitudinal muscle preparation superfused at a constant rate in the presence of physostigmine was 10 nmol-g-1-h-1. This release was decreased to one-third by tetradotoxin or by MnCl2 and increased 2.5 times by 0.1 Hz and 20 times by 16 Hz stimulation. The formation of [3H]ACh from [3H]choline increased from 3 to 33 nmol-g(-1)-h(-1) when the concentration of [3H]choline was increased from 1 muM to 50 muM. The rate of [3H]ACh formation was not affected by tetrodotoxin, MnCl2, or physostigmine in the absence of stimulation. It was increased by 50% by 0.1 Hz and by 100% by 16 Hz stimulation during the first 9 min of exposure to [3H]choline but not subsequently. The myenteric plexus - longitudinal muscle preparation contains 200 nmol/g choline. Results suggest that the apparent small [3H]ACh formation from low concentrations of [3H]choline is due to the dilution of [3H]choline by endogenous choline. The major part of [3H]ACh formation appears to be due to the intracellular turnover of ACh while the evoked release of [3H]ACh appears to originate from a small pool.", "PMID": 1175085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4952", "title": "Roles of the AV junction in determining the ventricular response to atrial fibrillation.", "content": "The statistical properties of RR interval sequences during cholinergic atrial fibrillation were studied in anesthetized dogs both in control conditions and after the selective injection of dromotropic agents into the atrioventricular (AV) node artery. It was observed that RR interval histogram configurations depended mainly on the mean heart rate, regardless of whether it was a control or a post-injection sequence. The sequences were found to vary from almost regular at fast rates to highly irregular at slow rates, covering all intermediate possibilities. Since the injections of dromotropic agents into the AV node artery were carried out during sinus rhythm between the episodes of fibrillation, their influences on the AV junction, as reflected both on the length of the PR interval during sinus rhythm and on the RR interval dispersion during fibrillation, could be compared. The dispersion of RR intervals was found to increase as the PR interval duration became longer. In addition, it was observed that the generally random character of the RR interval sequences during fibrillation was not affected by the injection of dromotropic agents into the AV node artery. These results were interpreted as an indication that, for a well-established atrial fibrillation, the degree of ventricular irregularity (dispersion of RR intervals) is related to the conductivity within the AV junction and that the random character of RR interval sequences is related to the atrial fibrillatory activity itself.", "contents": "Roles of the AV junction in determining the ventricular response to atrial fibrillation. The statistical properties of RR interval sequences during cholinergic atrial fibrillation were studied in anesthetized dogs both in control conditions and after the selective injection of dromotropic agents into the atrioventricular (AV) node artery. It was observed that RR interval histogram configurations depended mainly on the mean heart rate, regardless of whether it was a control or a post-injection sequence. The sequences were found to vary from almost regular at fast rates to highly irregular at slow rates, covering all intermediate possibilities. Since the injections of dromotropic agents into the AV node artery were carried out during sinus rhythm between the episodes of fibrillation, their influences on the AV junction, as reflected both on the length of the PR interval during sinus rhythm and on the RR interval dispersion during fibrillation, could be compared. The dispersion of RR intervals was found to increase as the PR interval duration became longer. In addition, it was observed that the generally random character of the RR interval sequences during fibrillation was not affected by the injection of dromotropic agents into the AV node artery. These results were interpreted as an indication that, for a well-established atrial fibrillation, the degree of ventricular irregularity (dispersion of RR intervals) is related to the conductivity within the AV junction and that the random character of RR interval sequences is related to the atrial fibrillatory activity itself.", "PMID": 1175086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4953", "title": "Stability and biological activity of catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine immobilized to sepharose and glass beads.", "content": "[14C]Noradrenaline, [14C]adrenaline, and 5-[14C]hydroxytryptamine were complexed to several types of Sepharose derivatives through an amide or a diazo linkage. Complexes were also made with arylamine glass beads through a diazo linkage. After the reaction the complexes were extensively washed with distilled water or dilute HCl or both, plus other solvents. Radioactivity appeared in the storage solutions and the amount increased with time. When initial low levels of release were achieved by extensive washing, the addition of a different solvent produced a marked increase in release. The biological activity of these complexes was tested on isolated rabbit aortic strips and rat fundus strips. All complexes caused the tissues to contract. The biological activity, however, closely paralleled the release of the ligands from the complexes and the release of ligand was demonstrated through the use of oil immersion and dialysis sac. These data do not support the recent claims that catecholamines bound to glass beads exert their pharmacological effects as covalently bound complexes on isolated tissue. The lack of stability of these complexes indicates the need for caution in drawing conclusions as to the site or the mechanism of action of immobilized catecholamines and other drugs.", "contents": "Stability and biological activity of catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine immobilized to sepharose and glass beads. [14C]Noradrenaline, [14C]adrenaline, and 5-[14C]hydroxytryptamine were complexed to several types of Sepharose derivatives through an amide or a diazo linkage. Complexes were also made with arylamine glass beads through a diazo linkage. After the reaction the complexes were extensively washed with distilled water or dilute HCl or both, plus other solvents. Radioactivity appeared in the storage solutions and the amount increased with time. When initial low levels of release were achieved by extensive washing, the addition of a different solvent produced a marked increase in release. The biological activity of these complexes was tested on isolated rabbit aortic strips and rat fundus strips. All complexes caused the tissues to contract. The biological activity, however, closely paralleled the release of the ligands from the complexes and the release of ligand was demonstrated through the use of oil immersion and dialysis sac. These data do not support the recent claims that catecholamines bound to glass beads exert their pharmacological effects as covalently bound complexes on isolated tissue. The lack of stability of these complexes indicates the need for caution in drawing conclusions as to the site or the mechanism of action of immobilized catecholamines and other drugs.", "PMID": 1175087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4954", "title": "Stress response patterns of plasma corticosterone, prolactin, and growth hormone in the rat, following handling or exposure to novel environment.", "content": "Corticosterone, prolactin, and growth hormone responses to 5 s of handling or 3 min of novel environment were compared in rats at crest and trough of the diurnal adrenal rhythm 0, 5, 15, 30, and 60 min after stimulation. All hormones responded to stimulation, corticosterone and prolactin with a dramatic rise, and growth hormone with a precipitous fall. Resting corticosterone levels evidenced the expected diurnal variation, and prolactin but not growth hormone also showed a baseline diurnal variation of small magnitude at the times studied. Growth hormone response characteristics were unaffected by time of day or type of stimulation. Both corticosterone and prolactin response profiles differed at both times of day and following both types of stimulation. Corticosterone and prolactin levels were highly correlated and each was negatively correlated with growth hormone levels. This study confirms that hormone responses to stress are complex and depend not only on the stimulus but the context of stimulation.", "contents": "Stress response patterns of plasma corticosterone, prolactin, and growth hormone in the rat, following handling or exposure to novel environment. Corticosterone, prolactin, and growth hormone responses to 5 s of handling or 3 min of novel environment were compared in rats at crest and trough of the diurnal adrenal rhythm 0, 5, 15, 30, and 60 min after stimulation. All hormones responded to stimulation, corticosterone and prolactin with a dramatic rise, and growth hormone with a precipitous fall. Resting corticosterone levels evidenced the expected diurnal variation, and prolactin but not growth hormone also showed a baseline diurnal variation of small magnitude at the times studied. Growth hormone response characteristics were unaffected by time of day or type of stimulation. Both corticosterone and prolactin response profiles differed at both times of day and following both types of stimulation. Corticosterone and prolactin levels were highly correlated and each was negatively correlated with growth hormone levels. This study confirms that hormone responses to stress are complex and depend not only on the stimulus but the context of stimulation.", "PMID": 1175088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4955", "title": "Organ distribution of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid, a potential anticholesterolemic agent.", "content": "The distribution of radioactivity after oral administration of 3-hydroxy-3-[3-14C]methylglutaric acid has been studied by whole-body autoradiography in the mouse. The compound (a potential anticholesterolemic agent) was promptly and almost completely absorbed. Relatively high and persistent levels of radioactivity were seen in organs responsible for cholesterol synthesis, mainly liver and intestinal wall. Rapid and pronounced uptake of radioactivity was seen in the kidney and the time course of the level of radioactivity indicated that the kidney is not only the main excretory route of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid but also represents an important site of distribution of the compound. Detectable uptake of radioactivity, mainly in the first phase, occurred also in the lungs, the salivary glands, the lacrimal glands, the skin, and the brown fat. Results obtained by autoradiography have been checked in part by direct measurement of radioactivity in individual organs and data obtained with the two techniques are in agreement.", "contents": "Organ distribution of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid, a potential anticholesterolemic agent. The distribution of radioactivity after oral administration of 3-hydroxy-3-[3-14C]methylglutaric acid has been studied by whole-body autoradiography in the mouse. The compound (a potential anticholesterolemic agent) was promptly and almost completely absorbed. Relatively high and persistent levels of radioactivity were seen in organs responsible for cholesterol synthesis, mainly liver and intestinal wall. Rapid and pronounced uptake of radioactivity was seen in the kidney and the time course of the level of radioactivity indicated that the kidney is not only the main excretory route of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid but also represents an important site of distribution of the compound. Detectable uptake of radioactivity, mainly in the first phase, occurred also in the lungs, the salivary glands, the lacrimal glands, the skin, and the brown fat. Results obtained by autoradiography have been checked in part by direct measurement of radioactivity in individual organs and data obtained with the two techniques are in agreement.", "PMID": 1175089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4956", "title": "The effect of glucagon on glomerular filtration rate in dogs during reduction of renal blood flow.", "content": "Glucagon in small intravenous (i.v.) doses markedly increases glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in normal anesthetized dogs. In this study, the effects of glucagon 5 mug/min (i.v.) on renal hemodynamics was tested in four canine models of acute pre-renal failure (hemorrhage, barbiturate overdose; renal arterial clamping and renal arterial infusions of noradrenaline) and in a model of unilateral acute tubular necrosis at 4 h and 6-7 days following completion of the ischemic insult. Following hemorrhage and barbiturate excess, with arterial blood pressure maintained at 65-70 mm Hg, whole-kidney GFR and clearance rate of p-aminohippurate decreased by 50-70%. During this reduction of perfusion pressure, the subsequent infusion of glucagon increased GFR by 90-130%. In models where arterial pressure was normal during the period of ischemia (clamping and noradrenaline infusion), not only did glucagon significantly increase renal perfusion, but the ischemic kidney proved to be far more sensitive to the hemodynamic effects of glucagon (delta GFR - 120-160%) than the contralateral control (deltaGFR = 30-40%). In three dogs completely anuric following renal arterial clamping, glucagon was able to improve blood flow and restart urine formation. Glucagon, but not dopamine, was able to simulate the beneficial effects of hypertonic mannitol on renal function in dogs with hemorrhagic hypotension. Glucagon was without effect in established acute tubular necrosis. This study, therefore, indicates that, during renal ischemia, glucagon may be quite effective in preserving urine output and perfusion of the kidneys.", "contents": "The effect of glucagon on glomerular filtration rate in dogs during reduction of renal blood flow. Glucagon in small intravenous (i.v.) doses markedly increases glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in normal anesthetized dogs. In this study, the effects of glucagon 5 mug/min (i.v.) on renal hemodynamics was tested in four canine models of acute pre-renal failure (hemorrhage, barbiturate overdose; renal arterial clamping and renal arterial infusions of noradrenaline) and in a model of unilateral acute tubular necrosis at 4 h and 6-7 days following completion of the ischemic insult. Following hemorrhage and barbiturate excess, with arterial blood pressure maintained at 65-70 mm Hg, whole-kidney GFR and clearance rate of p-aminohippurate decreased by 50-70%. During this reduction of perfusion pressure, the subsequent infusion of glucagon increased GFR by 90-130%. In models where arterial pressure was normal during the period of ischemia (clamping and noradrenaline infusion), not only did glucagon significantly increase renal perfusion, but the ischemic kidney proved to be far more sensitive to the hemodynamic effects of glucagon (delta GFR - 120-160%) than the contralateral control (deltaGFR = 30-40%). In three dogs completely anuric following renal arterial clamping, glucagon was able to improve blood flow and restart urine formation. Glucagon, but not dopamine, was able to simulate the beneficial effects of hypertonic mannitol on renal function in dogs with hemorrhagic hypotension. Glucagon was without effect in established acute tubular necrosis. This study, therefore, indicates that, during renal ischemia, glucagon may be quite effective in preserving urine output and perfusion of the kidneys.", "PMID": 1175090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4957", "title": "The influence of chronic ethanol consumption on the distribution of thiopental in rats.", "content": "Ethanol was administered chronically for 14 days to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Day 15 was ethanol-free. On day 16 the rats received 25 mg of thiopental per kilogram (intravenously). One minute after the injection, the ethanol-treated rats showed lower blood levels of thiopental and higher liver levels of the drug than control rats given sucrose in place of ethanol. Samples of blood drawn 5 and 10 min after injection showed no significant difference in thiopental levels between the ethanol and control groups. The ethanol-treated group slept for a significantly shorter period of time. It is concluded that chronic ethanol consumption for 14 days decreases the pharmacological effects of thiopental and alters its initial distribution in the body.", "contents": "The influence of chronic ethanol consumption on the distribution of thiopental in rats. Ethanol was administered chronically for 14 days to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Day 15 was ethanol-free. On day 16 the rats received 25 mg of thiopental per kilogram (intravenously). One minute after the injection, the ethanol-treated rats showed lower blood levels of thiopental and higher liver levels of the drug than control rats given sucrose in place of ethanol. Samples of blood drawn 5 and 10 min after injection showed no significant difference in thiopental levels between the ethanol and control groups. The ethanol-treated group slept for a significantly shorter period of time. It is concluded that chronic ethanol consumption for 14 days decreases the pharmacological effects of thiopental and alters its initial distribution in the body.", "PMID": 1175091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4958", "title": "In vitro production of prostaglandins by isolated aorta strips of normotensive and hypertensive rats.", "content": "When suspended in oxygenated Krebs solution at 37 degrees C, strips derived from thoracic aortae of spontaneously hypertensive rats maintain their initial intrinsic tone and release prostaglandin-like material in the suspending medium, while similar preparations from normal Wistar rats relax progressively and produce significantly smaller amounts of prostaglandins. Indomethacin, a potent antagonist of prostaglandin synthesis, has two major effects: it favors the relaxation of both strips of hypertensive rats and of normal rats; and it inhibits the accumulation of prostaglandin-like material in the suspending medium, as evaluated with a specific and sensitive biological assay (rat stomach strip or chick rectum). Carotid and femoral arteries taken from the same animals show similar differences as the aorta strips, with regard to the production of prostaglandin-like material. The generation of prostaglandin is markedly decreased by the absence of O2, while it is unaffected by the absence of the extracellular Ca2+. It is proposed that the absence of relaxation of aorta strips taken from hypertensive, compared to normal rats, is due to increased intramural synthesis and release of prostaglandins.", "contents": "In vitro production of prostaglandins by isolated aorta strips of normotensive and hypertensive rats. When suspended in oxygenated Krebs solution at 37 degrees C, strips derived from thoracic aortae of spontaneously hypertensive rats maintain their initial intrinsic tone and release prostaglandin-like material in the suspending medium, while similar preparations from normal Wistar rats relax progressively and produce significantly smaller amounts of prostaglandins. Indomethacin, a potent antagonist of prostaglandin synthesis, has two major effects: it favors the relaxation of both strips of hypertensive rats and of normal rats; and it inhibits the accumulation of prostaglandin-like material in the suspending medium, as evaluated with a specific and sensitive biological assay (rat stomach strip or chick rectum). Carotid and femoral arteries taken from the same animals show similar differences as the aorta strips, with regard to the production of prostaglandin-like material. The generation of prostaglandin is markedly decreased by the absence of O2, while it is unaffected by the absence of the extracellular Ca2+. It is proposed that the absence of relaxation of aorta strips taken from hypertensive, compared to normal rats, is due to increased intramural synthesis and release of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 1175092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4959", "title": "Evidence for sodium specificity of the receptors in the fourth cerebral ventricle affecting sodium excretion in the cat.", "content": "Perfusion of the fourth cerebral ventricle with artificial cerebrospinal fluid, made hypertonic by the addition of 0.89 M sucrose, resulted in no change in the rate of renal sodium excretion. These data lead us to conclude that the putative receptive field in the area of the fourth ventricle which is capable of affecting urinary sodium excretion contains elements that are sodium-specific", "contents": "Evidence for sodium specificity of the receptors in the fourth cerebral ventricle affecting sodium excretion in the cat. Perfusion of the fourth cerebral ventricle with artificial cerebrospinal fluid, made hypertonic by the addition of 0.89 M sucrose, resulted in no change in the rate of renal sodium excretion. These data lead us to conclude that the putative receptive field in the area of the fourth ventricle which is capable of affecting urinary sodium excretion contains elements that are sodium-specific", "PMID": 1175093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4960", "title": "Morphine excitation in the cerebral cortex.", "content": "Microiontophoretic administrations of morphine to cholino-excitable neurones in the cerebral cortex of decerebrate cats evoked a weak excitation which became more prominent upon repeated administrations of the alkaloid. This effect was not antagonized by naloxone. Iontophoresis of methylatropine prevented the excitation induced with acetylcholine and morphine, leaving that caused by glutamate relatively unaltered. Similar applications of morphine to neurones which were not excited by test applications of acetylcholine did not result in excitation but elicited mainly a depression of glutamate-evoked firing. It is suggested that the muscarinic effect of morphine in the cortex may be related to the excitation and convulsions, but not the analgesia, which occurs upon systemic administrations of the narcotic.", "contents": "Morphine excitation in the cerebral cortex. Microiontophoretic administrations of morphine to cholino-excitable neurones in the cerebral cortex of decerebrate cats evoked a weak excitation which became more prominent upon repeated administrations of the alkaloid. This effect was not antagonized by naloxone. Iontophoresis of methylatropine prevented the excitation induced with acetylcholine and morphine, leaving that caused by glutamate relatively unaltered. Similar applications of morphine to neurones which were not excited by test applications of acetylcholine did not result in excitation but elicited mainly a depression of glutamate-evoked firing. It is suggested that the muscarinic effect of morphine in the cortex may be related to the excitation and convulsions, but not the analgesia, which occurs upon systemic administrations of the narcotic.", "PMID": 1175094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4961", "title": "Morphological responses of cerebral tissues to temporary ischemia.", "content": "The ultrastructural responses of cerebral tissue following temporary periods (1/2, 1,2,3, or 4 hour) of right, middle cerebral artery, (MCA) occlusion were studied acutely after a 3 day or 7 day interval following the removal of the MCA clip. Cortical and basal ganglia tissues for each ischemic duration were compared at 3 post-occlusive periods (acute, 3 days, 7 days). With the short periods of ischemic insult (1/2, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hour), the temporal and insular cortex contained no greater changes in the 7 day group than in the 3 day group. The basal ganglia were more susceptible to MCA occlusion as indicated by more marked cytological changes and/or necrosis in all intervals of ischemia.", "contents": "Morphological responses of cerebral tissues to temporary ischemia. The ultrastructural responses of cerebral tissue following temporary periods (1/2, 1,2,3, or 4 hour) of right, middle cerebral artery, (MCA) occlusion were studied acutely after a 3 day or 7 day interval following the removal of the MCA clip. Cortical and basal ganglia tissues for each ischemic duration were compared at 3 post-occlusive periods (acute, 3 days, 7 days). With the short periods of ischemic insult (1/2, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hour), the temporal and insular cortex contained no greater changes in the 7 day group than in the 3 day group. The basal ganglia were more susceptible to MCA occlusion as indicated by more marked cytological changes and/or necrosis in all intervals of ischemia.", "PMID": 1175098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4962", "title": "The effect of diazepam on presynaptic inhibition in patients with complete and incomplete spinal cord lesions.", "content": "The effect of diazepam on presynaptic inhibition in man has been examined in 5 patients with complete spinal transections and 7 patients with incomplete lesions. The inhibition of the H reflex by vibration applied to the tendo Achilles was used to assess presynaptic inhibition of the Ia monosynaptic pathway. Diazepam increased this inhibition in the patients with incomplete lesions, but had no significant effect on the inhibition in the patients with complete spinal transections. Evidently diazepam can enhance presynaptic inhibition in man. The effect, however, cannot be demonstrated in patients with longstanding complete spinal lesions possibly because of some alteration in the segmental presynaptic inhibitory mechanism in this group.", "contents": "The effect of diazepam on presynaptic inhibition in patients with complete and incomplete spinal cord lesions. The effect of diazepam on presynaptic inhibition in man has been examined in 5 patients with complete spinal transections and 7 patients with incomplete lesions. The inhibition of the H reflex by vibration applied to the tendo Achilles was used to assess presynaptic inhibition of the Ia monosynaptic pathway. Diazepam increased this inhibition in the patients with incomplete lesions, but had no significant effect on the inhibition in the patients with complete spinal transections. Evidently diazepam can enhance presynaptic inhibition in man. The effect, however, cannot be demonstrated in patients with longstanding complete spinal lesions possibly because of some alteration in the segmental presynaptic inhibitory mechanism in this group.", "PMID": 1175099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4963", "title": "Analysis of 128 patients with angiogram in acute head trauma.", "content": "A computerized analysis of 128 patients admitted with acute head injury and who underwent angiography is shown. Patients were divided into groups according to: age, sex, type of accident, state of consciousness and presence of localizing signs on admission, types of cerebral lesions on angiography, and discharge condition. There is a preponderance of young males in this series of patients, related mainly to MVA. A total of 71% of the patients had abnormal angiograms, but the incidence of normal and abnormal results did not correlate significantly with any of the chosen parameters. The same parameters were also analysed to assess their value as a prognostic index for the patient. The conclusion was drawn that the angiogram per se has no significant value as a prognostic tool, and that state of consciousness on admission is the best single index for prognosis.", "contents": "Analysis of 128 patients with angiogram in acute head trauma. A computerized analysis of 128 patients admitted with acute head injury and who underwent angiography is shown. Patients were divided into groups according to: age, sex, type of accident, state of consciousness and presence of localizing signs on admission, types of cerebral lesions on angiography, and discharge condition. There is a preponderance of young males in this series of patients, related mainly to MVA. A total of 71% of the patients had abnormal angiograms, but the incidence of normal and abnormal results did not correlate significantly with any of the chosen parameters. The same parameters were also analysed to assess their value as a prognostic index for the patient. The conclusion was drawn that the angiogram per se has no significant value as a prognostic tool, and that state of consciousness on admission is the best single index for prognosis.", "PMID": 1175100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4964", "title": "Memory and growth in the superior temporal gyri.", "content": "The superior temporal gyri were measured in 33 infants and in 33 adults. In the adults, most right superior temporal gyri were larger. This asymmetry was not found in infants, a difference which suggests greater growth of the right superior temporal gyri in the population from which our sample was taken. The asymmetry may be related to the functional asymmetry found by Penfield: some of his patients reported re-experiencing of past sensory experiences with electrical stimulation of the temporal lobe. This response was more frequently evoked from the right hemisphere.", "contents": "Memory and growth in the superior temporal gyri. The superior temporal gyri were measured in 33 infants and in 33 adults. In the adults, most right superior temporal gyri were larger. This asymmetry was not found in infants, a difference which suggests greater growth of the right superior temporal gyri in the population from which our sample was taken. The asymmetry may be related to the functional asymmetry found by Penfield: some of his patients reported re-experiencing of past sensory experiences with electrical stimulation of the temporal lobe. This response was more frequently evoked from the right hemisphere.", "PMID": 1175101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4965", "title": "The nature of primary vocal tremor.", "content": "Three elderly women with marked progressive voice tremor, without other neurological symptoms, and negative family histories were investigated. All had a 4-5 Hz respiratory tremor in expiration and, to a lesser degree, in inspiration; and all had vocal tremulousness synchronous with their respiratory irregularity. Articulation of phonemes was normal. In two cases the neurological examination was otherwise normal; in the third case there was a minimal 71/2 Hz tremor in the left thumb and index finger. Simultaneous speech and vocal air pressure recordings, as well as cinematographic studies of the vocal apparatus and diaphragm were carried out. It is suggested that these cases represent primarily an action tremor of respiration, that they belong in the spectrum of essential tremor, and hence may be amenable to treatment with propranolol.", "contents": "The nature of primary vocal tremor. Three elderly women with marked progressive voice tremor, without other neurological symptoms, and negative family histories were investigated. All had a 4-5 Hz respiratory tremor in expiration and, to a lesser degree, in inspiration; and all had vocal tremulousness synchronous with their respiratory irregularity. Articulation of phonemes was normal. In two cases the neurological examination was otherwise normal; in the third case there was a minimal 71/2 Hz tremor in the left thumb and index finger. Simultaneous speech and vocal air pressure recordings, as well as cinematographic studies of the vocal apparatus and diaphragm were carried out. It is suggested that these cases represent primarily an action tremor of respiration, that they belong in the spectrum of essential tremor, and hence may be amenable to treatment with propranolol.", "PMID": 1175102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4966", "title": "Clinical problems of motor system disease.", "content": "This prologue to a symposium of research studies on motor mechanisms is a general commentary by a clinical neurologist. The vast extent and intricacy of modern basic neurological scientific knowledge presents a rather bewildering challenge to reasonable clinical application. In some degree this is being handled by complex and diverse neurological subspecialization. It is recalled that many past advances in the knowledge of neurological disease were achieved by a series of alternating and supporting bedside and laboratory observations and studies.", "contents": "Clinical problems of motor system disease. This prologue to a symposium of research studies on motor mechanisms is a general commentary by a clinical neurologist. The vast extent and intricacy of modern basic neurological scientific knowledge presents a rather bewildering challenge to reasonable clinical application. In some degree this is being handled by complex and diverse neurological subspecialization. It is recalled that many past advances in the knowledge of neurological disease were achieved by a series of alternating and supporting bedside and laboratory observations and studies.", "PMID": 1175104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4967", "title": "Principles underlying new methods for chronic neural recording.", "content": "Chronic recording is possible from nerve fibers which have grown through holes in an insulating medium (regeneration electrodes) or which are enclosed by an insulating sheath (cuff electrodes). Use of three electrodes in a balanced configuration permits good rejection of electromyographic (EMG) signals and other sources of electrical interference (fluorescent lights, 60 Hz signals from the mains, etc.). Equations are derived and tested for predicting the amplitude and form of the signals expected for a given cuff length and diameter. These equations can be used to design electrode units optimally for a given application. Finally, the use of transformers permits the neural signals to be carefully matched to the recording apparatus and further optimizes the neural signal-to-noise and signal-to-EMG ratios. Use of these methods in several physiological and clinical applications, as well as potential abuses, are discussed.", "contents": "Principles underlying new methods for chronic neural recording. Chronic recording is possible from nerve fibers which have grown through holes in an insulating medium (regeneration electrodes) or which are enclosed by an insulating sheath (cuff electrodes). Use of three electrodes in a balanced configuration permits good rejection of electromyographic (EMG) signals and other sources of electrical interference (fluorescent lights, 60 Hz signals from the mains, etc.). Equations are derived and tested for predicting the amplitude and form of the signals expected for a given cuff length and diameter. These equations can be used to design electrode units optimally for a given application. Finally, the use of transformers permits the neural signals to be carefully matched to the recording apparatus and further optimizes the neural signal-to-noise and signal-to-EMG ratios. Use of these methods in several physiological and clinical applications, as well as potential abuses, are discussed.", "PMID": 1175105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4968", "title": "The effects of motor cortical stimulation on the excitability of spinal motoneurons in man.", "content": "The pyramidal tract and particularly the direct cortico-motoneuronal components (DCM) have become increasingly important in the higher primates. Minimal single pulse precentral stimulation in man evokes EMG discharges from the contralateral hand muscles with a latency of 18-21 milliseconds. The excitability changes produced by such cortical stimulation on the upper limb H-reflex has been observed to include a short duration early facilitation probably corresponding to the DCM input and a later, longer lasting facilitation mediated by the same and probably other corticofugal projections. Potentiation of the H-reflex in the upper libs by means of postcentral excitation required much higher single pulse stimulus intensities and the changes in excitability produced on the spinal motoneurons could have been explained by physical extension of the stimulus current to the precentral region. Isometric contraction potentiated the H-reflex produced by combinations of precentral cortical and peripheral nerve stimulation but no direct evidence was found to support a possible transcortical basis for the V2 stretch reflex.", "contents": "The effects of motor cortical stimulation on the excitability of spinal motoneurons in man. The pyramidal tract and particularly the direct cortico-motoneuronal components (DCM) have become increasingly important in the higher primates. Minimal single pulse precentral stimulation in man evokes EMG discharges from the contralateral hand muscles with a latency of 18-21 milliseconds. The excitability changes produced by such cortical stimulation on the upper limb H-reflex has been observed to include a short duration early facilitation probably corresponding to the DCM input and a later, longer lasting facilitation mediated by the same and probably other corticofugal projections. Potentiation of the H-reflex in the upper libs by means of postcentral excitation required much higher single pulse stimulus intensities and the changes in excitability produced on the spinal motoneurons could have been explained by physical extension of the stimulus current to the precentral region. Isometric contraction potentiated the H-reflex produced by combinations of precentral cortical and peripheral nerve stimulation but no direct evidence was found to support a possible transcortical basis for the V2 stretch reflex.", "PMID": 1175106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4969", "title": "Physiological basis of cerebellar dysmetria.", "content": "A primary control system for the arm position is formulated. The hypothesis that the cerebellum is a part of the system controller is checked by studying the nerve cells responses in the cerebellum, and motor cortex, to natural activation of muscular receptors. The results show that the cerebellum receives feedback information related to the speed of these receptors. The discussion concentrates on how the interruption of this feedback may result in excessive oscillations to instability. These observations are the base for evaluating how the cerebral lesions produce dismeasurements.", "contents": "Physiological basis of cerebellar dysmetria. A primary control system for the arm position is formulated. The hypothesis that the cerebellum is a part of the system controller is checked by studying the nerve cells responses in the cerebellum, and motor cortex, to natural activation of muscular receptors. The results show that the cerebellum receives feedback information related to the speed of these receptors. The discussion concentrates on how the interruption of this feedback may result in excessive oscillations to instability. These observations are the base for evaluating how the cerebral lesions produce dismeasurements.", "PMID": 1175107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4970", "title": "Fracture healing.", "content": "The sequence of events occurring after fracture is now relatively well understood. Healing takes place in three phases--inflammatory, reparative and remodelling. In each phase certain cells predominate and specific histologic and biochemical events are characteristic. Factors that influence fracture healing are both local and systemic; the former include particularly the degree of local trauma and bone loss, the type of bone affected, the degree of immobilization and local pathologic conditions; the latter include age, hormones, local stress and electric currents. Natural processes of healing should be allowed to take their usual course and interference should be attempted only when there is demonstrable need or substantial advantages for the patient.", "contents": "Fracture healing. The sequence of events occurring after fracture is now relatively well understood. Healing takes place in three phases--inflammatory, reparative and remodelling. In each phase certain cells predominate and specific histologic and biochemical events are characteristic. Factors that influence fracture healing are both local and systemic; the former include particularly the degree of local trauma and bone loss, the type of bone affected, the degree of immobilization and local pathologic conditions; the latter include age, hormones, local stress and electric currents. Natural processes of healing should be allowed to take their usual course and interference should be attempted only when there is demonstrable need or substantial advantages for the patient.", "PMID": 1175109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4971", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism: evaluation of four decades of parathyroid surgery.", "content": "A review of 98 patients with hyperparathyroidism operated on at the University of Iowa during a 45-year period reveals a very great increase in the frequency of the clinical diagnosis. More patients are being operated on each year and more glands are being removed or biopsied. The proportion of patients in whom light microscopic examination of the parathyroid reveals hyperplasia remains less than 25%. Better methods are needed for identification of hyperplasia. Clinically, a few patients in whom the diagnosis of adenoma is made appear later to have more diffuse parathyroid disease. At present, however, when an adenoma is found, the decision to perform subtotal removal of apparently normal parathyroid tissue is made only reluctantly. The conclusion drawn from this review is that patients with hyperparathyroidism must be studied more intensively and followed for many years, whether or not an operation is performed. Although the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism is now made readily and operative treatment seems to be more effective, much has yet to be learned about hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism: evaluation of four decades of parathyroid surgery. A review of 98 patients with hyperparathyroidism operated on at the University of Iowa during a 45-year period reveals a very great increase in the frequency of the clinical diagnosis. More patients are being operated on each year and more glands are being removed or biopsied. The proportion of patients in whom light microscopic examination of the parathyroid reveals hyperplasia remains less than 25%. Better methods are needed for identification of hyperplasia. Clinically, a few patients in whom the diagnosis of adenoma is made appear later to have more diffuse parathyroid disease. At present, however, when an adenoma is found, the decision to perform subtotal removal of apparently normal parathyroid tissue is made only reluctantly. The conclusion drawn from this review is that patients with hyperparathyroidism must be studied more intensively and followed for many years, whether or not an operation is performed. Although the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism is now made readily and operative treatment seems to be more effective, much has yet to be learned about hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 1175110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4972", "title": "Effect of sympathetic inhibition on maximal muscle blood flow in the normal and atherosclerotic human leg.", "content": "The control of blood flow in skeletal muscle is incompletely understood, and for this reason the effect of sympathetic inhibition on muscle blood flow in the leg was studied. One group of patients selected for study comprised 20 patients without evidence of vascular disease; a second comprised 20 with peripheral occlusive arterial disease, in whom the site of occlusion varied from the aorta to the lower leg arteries. None had undergone previous vascular surgery or sympathectomy. Variables studied included resting muscle blood flow; maximal muscle blood flow; interval from tourniquet release to onset of peak flow; duration of peak blood flow; muscle blood flow after tourniquet release; and skin temperature in the foot. Muscle blood flow was calculated from xenon-133 clearance. The variables were studied before and after ischemic (thigh tourniquet) and before and after sympathetic inhibition (immersion of hands and wrists in water at 45 degrees C). The significant differences between the two groups related to peak flow after ischemic exercise, the interval from tourniquet release to peak flow and duration of peak flow. Sympathetic inhibition was followed by no significant changes in maximal muscle blood flow, though there was a significant decrease in resting muscle blood flow. The results of the present study, in which noninvasive sympathetic blockade was used, confirm the findings of others that muscle blood flow does not change after operative sympathectomy.", "contents": "Effect of sympathetic inhibition on maximal muscle blood flow in the normal and atherosclerotic human leg. The control of blood flow in skeletal muscle is incompletely understood, and for this reason the effect of sympathetic inhibition on muscle blood flow in the leg was studied. One group of patients selected for study comprised 20 patients without evidence of vascular disease; a second comprised 20 with peripheral occlusive arterial disease, in whom the site of occlusion varied from the aorta to the lower leg arteries. None had undergone previous vascular surgery or sympathectomy. Variables studied included resting muscle blood flow; maximal muscle blood flow; interval from tourniquet release to onset of peak flow; duration of peak blood flow; muscle blood flow after tourniquet release; and skin temperature in the foot. Muscle blood flow was calculated from xenon-133 clearance. The variables were studied before and after ischemic (thigh tourniquet) and before and after sympathetic inhibition (immersion of hands and wrists in water at 45 degrees C). The significant differences between the two groups related to peak flow after ischemic exercise, the interval from tourniquet release to peak flow and duration of peak flow. Sympathetic inhibition was followed by no significant changes in maximal muscle blood flow, though there was a significant decrease in resting muscle blood flow. The results of the present study, in which noninvasive sympathetic blockade was used, confirm the findings of others that muscle blood flow does not change after operative sympathectomy.", "PMID": 1175111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4973", "title": "TNM classification of malignant tumours of the bladder, prostate, testis and kidney.", "content": "TNM classification is a short description of a cancer at a point in its natural history--the onset of definitive treatment--and should be considered in planning treatment, in assessing prognosis, in evaluating end results, in facilitating the exchange of information between treatment centres and thus in contributing to the continuing investigation of human cancer. For four cancers of urologic sites there are new TNM classifications. Although previous classifications of bladder cancer were satisfactory, the new classifications for kidney, prostate and testis are the first internationally accepted classifications for these three organs that are clinically practical. Widespread use of these classifications is recommended.", "contents": "TNM classification of malignant tumours of the bladder, prostate, testis and kidney. TNM classification is a short description of a cancer at a point in its natural history--the onset of definitive treatment--and should be considered in planning treatment, in assessing prognosis, in evaluating end results, in facilitating the exchange of information between treatment centres and thus in contributing to the continuing investigation of human cancer. For four cancers of urologic sites there are new TNM classifications. Although previous classifications of bladder cancer were satisfactory, the new classifications for kidney, prostate and testis are the first internationally accepted classifications for these three organs that are clinically practical. Widespread use of these classifications is recommended.", "PMID": 1175113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4974", "title": "Solitary epididymal schistosomiasis.", "content": "A 54-year-old Canadian presented with a 1-month history of painless swelling in the right testis. The diagnosis was thought to be a sperm granuloma, a leiomyoma, or an adenomatoid tumour of the epididymis; histologic examination, however, revealed evidence of schistosomiasis, probably due to Schistosoma haematobium. Solitary schistosomiasis of the epididymis has been reported previously in only two cases. Epididymal schistosomiasis has never been diagnosed preoperatively because it is so rare, but even if it were suspected preoperatively and confirmed by biopsy, chemotherapy alone would not prevent impairment of epididymal function due to scarring. Surgical excision of the lesion, therefore, is recommended.", "contents": "Solitary epididymal schistosomiasis. A 54-year-old Canadian presented with a 1-month history of painless swelling in the right testis. The diagnosis was thought to be a sperm granuloma, a leiomyoma, or an adenomatoid tumour of the epididymis; histologic examination, however, revealed evidence of schistosomiasis, probably due to Schistosoma haematobium. Solitary schistosomiasis of the epididymis has been reported previously in only two cases. Epididymal schistosomiasis has never been diagnosed preoperatively because it is so rare, but even if it were suspected preoperatively and confirmed by biopsy, chemotherapy alone would not prevent impairment of epididymal function due to scarring. Surgical excision of the lesion, therefore, is recommended.", "PMID": 1175114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4975", "title": "Prognostic factors in multiple myeloma.", "content": "The effect of certain disease parameters on remission and survial time was evaluated in 482 patients with multiple myeloma treated with intermittent courses of melphalan-prednisone combinations. Increasing degrees of anemia, hypercalcemia, azotemia, and high serum myeloma protein levels were associated with progressive lifespan shortening. The short survival of patients with anemia and hypercalcemia was associated with short remissions in responding patients with these abnormalities. The extent of tumor mass was defined from specific laboratory parameters reported by Durie to be associated with large numbers of plasma cells. More advanced stages of myeloma were associated with higher frequencies and degrees of normal immunoglobulin depression. The response rate was not affected by the tumor mass grade, but increasing tumor mass was associated with a shorter lifespan. Greater degrees of tumor reduction were associated with longer remission and survival times. Patients in whom a marked tumor reduction was rapid had shorter survival and remission times than patients who responded more slowly.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in multiple myeloma. The effect of certain disease parameters on remission and survial time was evaluated in 482 patients with multiple myeloma treated with intermittent courses of melphalan-prednisone combinations. Increasing degrees of anemia, hypercalcemia, azotemia, and high serum myeloma protein levels were associated with progressive lifespan shortening. The short survival of patients with anemia and hypercalcemia was associated with short remissions in responding patients with these abnormalities. The extent of tumor mass was defined from specific laboratory parameters reported by Durie to be associated with large numbers of plasma cells. More advanced stages of myeloma were associated with higher frequencies and degrees of normal immunoglobulin depression. The response rate was not affected by the tumor mass grade, but increasing tumor mass was associated with a shorter lifespan. Greater degrees of tumor reduction were associated with longer remission and survival times. Patients in whom a marked tumor reduction was rapid had shorter survival and remission times than patients who responded more slowly.", "PMID": 1175123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4976", "title": "A controlled study in the use of combined drug therapy for metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "Three prospectivelyly planned and controlled cooperative clinical studies in the use of combination drug therapy for metastatic breast cancer are reported. Each study contained two drug regimen arms.  A total of 326 evaluable patients were treated with one of the five various drug combinations employed. As the number of drugs used in each regimen was increased from two to five, a concommitant increase in remission rates from 50% to 75% was observed. Remission duration of approximately 8 months and survival from the onset of treatment, however, remained relatively constant at 13 to 16 months in all drug regimens. Patients achieving tumor remission survived an average of three times longer than those with progressive disease under therapy. The results are correlated to patient age and predominant metastatic type. Subjective improvement was definitely related to objective tumor regression or stabilization. Treatment was relatively well tolerated and well applicable to outpatient care. Dosage adjustments were often necessary during the initial phases of therapy. Combined cystostatic drug therapy is highly effective in the prognostically worst forms of metastatic breast cancer, and is the treatment of choice for younger patients with visceral type metastases.", "contents": "A controlled study in the use of combined drug therapy for metastatic breast cancer. Three prospectivelyly planned and controlled cooperative clinical studies in the use of combination drug therapy for metastatic breast cancer are reported. Each study contained two drug regimen arms.  A total of 326 evaluable patients were treated with one of the five various drug combinations employed. As the number of drugs used in each regimen was increased from two to five, a concommitant increase in remission rates from 50% to 75% was observed. Remission duration of approximately 8 months and survival from the onset of treatment, however, remained relatively constant at 13 to 16 months in all drug regimens. Patients achieving tumor remission survived an average of three times longer than those with progressive disease under therapy. The results are correlated to patient age and predominant metastatic type. Subjective improvement was definitely related to objective tumor regression or stabilization. Treatment was relatively well tolerated and well applicable to outpatient care. Dosage adjustments were often necessary during the initial phases of therapy. Combined cystostatic drug therapy is highly effective in the prognostically worst forms of metastatic breast cancer, and is the treatment of choice for younger patients with visceral type metastases.", "PMID": 1175124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4977", "title": "A comparison of nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) vs. nitrogen mustard in advanced Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A randomized study of patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease was designed to determine whether the improved therapeutic effectiveness of combination chemotherapy was due to the use of a combination of drugs or might be achieved with a single agent if given as intensively and for as long a period. A combination of nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) was compared with nitrogen mustard (HN2) alone. Treatment with both regimens was given to tolerance on cylic basis and was continued for six cycles of treatment. Sixty-one evaluable patients were treated with MOPP and 47 with HN2. The complete remission rate of 47.5% with MOPP was significantly better than the 12.8% with HN2 (p less than .05). Complete remission lasted a median of 15 months after MOPP and 12 months after HN2. The survival of patients initially treated with MOPP was significantly better than that of those initially treated with HN2.", "contents": "A comparison of nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) vs. nitrogen mustard in advanced Hodgkin's disease. A randomized study of patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease was designed to determine whether the improved therapeutic effectiveness of combination chemotherapy was due to the use of a combination of drugs or might be achieved with a single agent if given as intensively and for as long a period. A combination of nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) was compared with nitrogen mustard (HN2) alone. Treatment with both regimens was given to tolerance on cylic basis and was continued for six cycles of treatment. Sixty-one evaluable patients were treated with MOPP and 47 with HN2. The complete remission rate of 47.5% with MOPP was significantly better than the 12.8% with HN2 (p less than .05). Complete remission lasted a median of 15 months after MOPP and 12 months after HN2. The survival of patients initially treated with MOPP was significantly better than that of those initially treated with HN2.", "PMID": 1175125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4978", "title": "Effects of cyclophosphamide and adriamycin on the healing of surgical wounds in mice.", "content": "Administration of therapeutic dose levels of cyclophosphamide as a single dose or as daily treatments for 5 days during the perisurgical period resulted in a significant decrease in the strength of surgical skin wounds in mice as measured 21 days after surgery. Administration of a single dose of 200 mg/kg either at the time of surgery or up to 4 days prior to or after surgery impaired 21-day wound strength, with the most extensive depression observed when the drug was given 1 or 2 days after surgery. Earlier stages of wound healing (day 3 or day 7) were not as sensitive to cyclophosphamide. Adriamycin in the therapeutic dosage range for mice did not significantly impair wound healing. This drug had an effect only at the LD10 dosage level. Combination treatment with cyclophosphamide plus adriamycin at the time of surgery impaired 21-day wound strength to a greater degree than observed with either agent alone, but did not significantly depress wound strength 3 or 7 days after surgery. These studies indicate that dosage level, the time of drug administration relative to surgery, and the time at which wound strength measurements are made are important parameters in determination of the effects of antineoplastic agents on wound healing.", "contents": "Effects of cyclophosphamide and adriamycin on the healing of surgical wounds in mice. Administration of therapeutic dose levels of cyclophosphamide as a single dose or as daily treatments for 5 days during the perisurgical period resulted in a significant decrease in the strength of surgical skin wounds in mice as measured 21 days after surgery. Administration of a single dose of 200 mg/kg either at the time of surgery or up to 4 days prior to or after surgery impaired 21-day wound strength, with the most extensive depression observed when the drug was given 1 or 2 days after surgery. Earlier stages of wound healing (day 3 or day 7) were not as sensitive to cyclophosphamide. Adriamycin in the therapeutic dosage range for mice did not significantly impair wound healing. This drug had an effect only at the LD10 dosage level. Combination treatment with cyclophosphamide plus adriamycin at the time of surgery impaired 21-day wound strength to a greater degree than observed with either agent alone, but did not significantly depress wound strength 3 or 7 days after surgery. These studies indicate that dosage level, the time of drug administration relative to surgery, and the time at which wound strength measurements are made are important parameters in determination of the effects of antineoplastic agents on wound healing.", "PMID": 1175126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4979", "title": "Humoral and cell-mediated immune response in patients with malignant melanoma. I. In vitro lymphocyte reactivity to PHA and antigens following immunization.", "content": "In vitro lymphocyte function was evaluated in 61 patients with different clinical stages of malignant melanoma. Thirty-one of these patients had localized disease, 13 regional metastases, 10 distant lymph node or skin metastases, and 7 visceral metastases. Following immunization, in vitro lymphocyte reactivity to three antigens (diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid and alpha-hemocyanin of Helix pomatia) was studied in the presence of autologous serum, in addition to lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The relationship of these tests with the clinical stage and the subsequent course of the disease in a 6 months' observation period was determined. The patients with visceral metastases (7) had a lowered lymphocyte reactivity to PHA compared with controls and the patients with other stages, while they also had a low reactivity to the test antigens (only significantly lowered compared with patients with localized disease). All these patients showed tumor progression or died from metastatic disease. Between the other stages (54 patients) there was no difference in lymphocyte reactivity to the test antigens or PHA. No correlation between lymphocyte reactivity to PHA and the subsequent course of the disease could be demonstrated in these 54 patients. However, lymphocyte reactivity to the test antigens following immunization showed a definite correlation with the subsequent course. Sixty-four percent (9/14) of patients without any lymphocyte reactivity to the three antigens showed tumor recurrence or progression, against 3% (1/40) of patients with positive lymphocyte reactivity to one, two, or three antigens. A suppressive effect of autologous serum on lymphocyte reactivity could be found only in 1 of 20 patients with a low reactivity to PHA or antigens. It is concluded that defects in lymphocyte function are related to subsequent tumor growth in patients with malignant melanoma.", "contents": "Humoral and cell-mediated immune response in patients with malignant melanoma. I. In vitro lymphocyte reactivity to PHA and antigens following immunization. In vitro lymphocyte function was evaluated in 61 patients with different clinical stages of malignant melanoma. Thirty-one of these patients had localized disease, 13 regional metastases, 10 distant lymph node or skin metastases, and 7 visceral metastases. Following immunization, in vitro lymphocyte reactivity to three antigens (diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid and alpha-hemocyanin of Helix pomatia) was studied in the presence of autologous serum, in addition to lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The relationship of these tests with the clinical stage and the subsequent course of the disease in a 6 months' observation period was determined. The patients with visceral metastases (7) had a lowered lymphocyte reactivity to PHA compared with controls and the patients with other stages, while they also had a low reactivity to the test antigens (only significantly lowered compared with patients with localized disease). All these patients showed tumor progression or died from metastatic disease. Between the other stages (54 patients) there was no difference in lymphocyte reactivity to the test antigens or PHA. No correlation between lymphocyte reactivity to PHA and the subsequent course of the disease could be demonstrated in these 54 patients. However, lymphocyte reactivity to the test antigens following immunization showed a definite correlation with the subsequent course. Sixty-four percent (9/14) of patients without any lymphocyte reactivity to the three antigens showed tumor recurrence or progression, against 3% (1/40) of patients with positive lymphocyte reactivity to one, two, or three antigens. A suppressive effect of autologous serum on lymphocyte reactivity could be found only in 1 of 20 patients with a low reactivity to PHA or antigens. It is concluded that defects in lymphocyte function are related to subsequent tumor growth in patients with malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 1175127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4980", "title": "Efficacy of intralesional BCG therapy in guinea pigs with disseminated tumor.", "content": "It has been previously demonstrated that transplanted syngeneic tumors established in the skin of inbred (strain-2) guinea pigs regressed and regional lymph node metastases were eliminated after intralesional injection of viable Mycobacterium bovis (BCG). During the course of this reaction there is the development of tumor-specific immunity. This experimental model was further manipulated in order that it would more closely approximate a clinical reality. In the present study an evaluation was made of the effectiveness of the developing tumor-specific immunity in this BCG therapy model, to abrogate artifically induced distant tumor deposits and to assess the requirement for tumor-specific immunity in the local BCG-mediated tumor regression. During BCG-mediated regression of established intradermal tumor, the developing tumor-specific immunity inhibited the growth of artificially induced vascular metastases in animals receiving a 10(4) or 10(5) tumor cell dose. However, there is a direct causal relationship between the distant tumor burden and the escape of skin tumor and regional lymph node metastases from BCG-mediated regression. Thus, multiple tumor deposits as low as 10(4) cells are capable of competing for or preempting tumor-specific immune reactivity, which must be a requirement during some phase of the intralesional BCG-mediated therapy of established tumor and regional lymph node metastases. Thus, a significant therapeutic effect could be achieved in guinea pigs with established skin tumors and limited vascular metastases when the modality of therapy included BCG intralesional injection, followed 6 weeks later by surgery of the treated skin tumor and regional lymph node.", "contents": "Efficacy of intralesional BCG therapy in guinea pigs with disseminated tumor. It has been previously demonstrated that transplanted syngeneic tumors established in the skin of inbred (strain-2) guinea pigs regressed and regional lymph node metastases were eliminated after intralesional injection of viable Mycobacterium bovis (BCG). During the course of this reaction there is the development of tumor-specific immunity. This experimental model was further manipulated in order that it would more closely approximate a clinical reality. In the present study an evaluation was made of the effectiveness of the developing tumor-specific immunity in this BCG therapy model, to abrogate artifically induced distant tumor deposits and to assess the requirement for tumor-specific immunity in the local BCG-mediated tumor regression. During BCG-mediated regression of established intradermal tumor, the developing tumor-specific immunity inhibited the growth of artificially induced vascular metastases in animals receiving a 10(4) or 10(5) tumor cell dose. However, there is a direct causal relationship between the distant tumor burden and the escape of skin tumor and regional lymph node metastases from BCG-mediated regression. Thus, multiple tumor deposits as low as 10(4) cells are capable of competing for or preempting tumor-specific immune reactivity, which must be a requirement during some phase of the intralesional BCG-mediated therapy of established tumor and regional lymph node metastases. Thus, a significant therapeutic effect could be achieved in guinea pigs with established skin tumors and limited vascular metastases when the modality of therapy included BCG intralesional injection, followed 6 weeks later by surgery of the treated skin tumor and regional lymph node.", "PMID": 1175128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4981", "title": "Regression of pulmonary metastatic disease associated with intralesional BCG therapy of intracutaneous melanoma metastases.", "content": "A 77-year-old white man with 64 intracutaneous melanoma metastases and a pulmonary metastatic deposit was treated with immunotherapy. Over an 8-month period, 17 intracutaneous lesions were inoculated with BCG. All 17 injected lesions and all 47 uninjected intracutaneous lesions resolved; no new nodules appeared and the pulmonary metastasis regressed (greater than 50%). This is the first documented case of a pulmonary metastatic focus responding to intralesional BCG therapy of intracutaneous metastases.", "contents": "Regression of pulmonary metastatic disease associated with intralesional BCG therapy of intracutaneous melanoma metastases. A 77-year-old white man with 64 intracutaneous melanoma metastases and a pulmonary metastatic deposit was treated with immunotherapy. Over an 8-month period, 17 intracutaneous lesions were inoculated with BCG. All 17 injected lesions and all 47 uninjected intracutaneous lesions resolved; no new nodules appeared and the pulmonary metastasis regressed (greater than 50%). This is the first documented case of a pulmonary metastatic focus responding to intralesional BCG therapy of intracutaneous metastases.", "PMID": 1175129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4982", "title": "HL-A in cancer family \"N\".", "content": "Actual HL-A typing has been performed on 115 members of cancer family N, a large kindred (over 1000 members ascertained) showing the findings consistent with the cancer family syndrome. In the cancer-prone line (branches C and D) of the family, 20 of 21 members with cancer had one HL-A haplotype, HL-A2-HL-A12 (relative odds = 6.30), including some decreased family members who had haplotypes assigned. Eleven of 12 family members with cancer in branches C and D, actually typed, had HL-A2-HL-A12 (relative odds = 6.06). The single exception showing cancer and another haplotype in branch D is a child of a family member with haplotype HL-A2-HL-A12.", "contents": "HL-A in cancer family \"N\". Actual HL-A typing has been performed on 115 members of cancer family N, a large kindred (over 1000 members ascertained) showing the findings consistent with the cancer family syndrome. In the cancer-prone line (branches C and D) of the family, 20 of 21 members with cancer had one HL-A haplotype, HL-A2-HL-A12 (relative odds = 6.30), including some decreased family members who had haplotypes assigned. Eleven of 12 family members with cancer in branches C and D, actually typed, had HL-A2-HL-A12 (relative odds = 6.06). The single exception showing cancer and another haplotype in branch D is a child of a family member with haplotype HL-A2-HL-A12.", "PMID": 1175130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4983", "title": "Concurrent monoclonal IGM and IGA proteins in lymphocytic lymphoma.", "content": "A case of lymphocytic lymphoma with monoclonal elevations of both IgA and IgM is described. The cytogenetic and immunoglobulin findings in this case suggest that the cells producing the abnormal elevated proteins were different cells that appeared to be derived from a common percursor cell.", "contents": "Concurrent monoclonal IGM and IGA proteins in lymphocytic lymphoma. A case of lymphocytic lymphoma with monoclonal elevations of both IgA and IgM is described. The cytogenetic and immunoglobulin findings in this case suggest that the cells producing the abnormal elevated proteins were different cells that appeared to be derived from a common percursor cell.", "PMID": 1175131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4984", "title": "The platelet in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Functional and morphological evidence of a qualitative disorder.", "content": "Platelets were studied in a group of 10 patients with typical clinical course, morphological findings, and specific histochemical criteria for leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. In 8 of these, marked qualitative abnormalities were found. These included lack of aggregation following epinephrine stimulation (6 patients), and decreased platelet factor 3 availability following ADP stimulation (4 patients). In addition, platelets in 4 of the 10 patients were studied by electron microscopy. All had granular abnormality, and 1 case showed the presence of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The functional and ultrastructural abnormalities of platelets reported here may be responsible for the clinically important bleeding episodes which were not attributable to thrombocytopenia in 2 of our patients. The findings also provide a clue to the basic nature of this histogenetically controversial malignancy.", "contents": "The platelet in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Functional and morphological evidence of a qualitative disorder. Platelets were studied in a group of 10 patients with typical clinical course, morphological findings, and specific histochemical criteria for leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. In 8 of these, marked qualitative abnormalities were found. These included lack of aggregation following epinephrine stimulation (6 patients), and decreased platelet factor 3 availability following ADP stimulation (4 patients). In addition, platelets in 4 of the 10 patients were studied by electron microscopy. All had granular abnormality, and 1 case showed the presence of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The functional and ultrastructural abnormalities of platelets reported here may be responsible for the clinically important bleeding episodes which were not attributable to thrombocytopenia in 2 of our patients. The findings also provide a clue to the basic nature of this histogenetically controversial malignancy.", "PMID": 1175132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4985", "title": "Malignant lymphoma after diphenylhydantoin (dilantin) therapy.", "content": "A history of prolonged diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) therapy was reported by 8 of 516 patients (1.6%) with Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, as compared with 3 of 516 patients (0.6%) with other cancers, and 2 of 516 (0.4%) tumor-free individuals. The findings, together with other published data, suggest a small excess risk of malignant lymphomas in patients receiving long-term treatment with this drug. The immunosuppressive effects of chronic diphenylhydantoin therapy may be involved in the pathogenesis of these neoplasms.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma after diphenylhydantoin (dilantin) therapy. A history of prolonged diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) therapy was reported by 8 of 516 patients (1.6%) with Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, as compared with 3 of 516 patients (0.6%) with other cancers, and 2 of 516 (0.4%) tumor-free individuals. The findings, together with other published data, suggest a small excess risk of malignant lymphomas in patients receiving long-term treatment with this drug. The immunosuppressive effects of chronic diphenylhydantoin therapy may be involved in the pathogenesis of these neoplasms.", "PMID": 1175133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4986", "title": "Papillary meningioma: a malignant variant of meningioma.", "content": "A series of 17 meningiomas histologically characterized by a papillary pattern is reported. This pattern was invariably associated with other histologic features of malignancy. The tumors often displayed aggressive clinical behavior marked by a high rate of local recurrence or the development of distant metastases. A relatively large proportion occurred in children. It is suggested that this variant of meningioma is sufficiently characteristic to justify its separation as a distinct clinicopathologic entity.", "contents": "Papillary meningioma: a malignant variant of meningioma. A series of 17 meningiomas histologically characterized by a papillary pattern is reported. This pattern was invariably associated with other histologic features of malignancy. The tumors often displayed aggressive clinical behavior marked by a high rate of local recurrence or the development of distant metastases. A relatively large proportion occurred in children. It is suggested that this variant of meningioma is sufficiently characteristic to justify its separation as a distinct clinicopathologic entity.", "PMID": 1175134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4987", "title": "Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma after cholangiography with thorotrast.", "content": "Reported is a 59-year-old patient, who died of a peritoneal mesothelioma 36 years after contamination with thorotrast of the peritoneal cavity during cholangiography at cholecystectomy. Eleven years before death, the right kidney had to be removed for hydronephrosis due to fibrous stenosis of the pyeloureteral junction, because of thorium dioxide deposits.", "contents": "Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma after cholangiography with thorotrast. Reported is a 59-year-old patient, who died of a peritoneal mesothelioma 36 years after contamination with thorotrast of the peritoneal cavity during cholangiography at cholecystectomy. Eleven years before death, the right kidney had to be removed for hydronephrosis due to fibrous stenosis of the pyeloureteral junction, because of thorium dioxide deposits.", "PMID": 1175135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4988", "title": "Leukoplakia revisited. A clinicopathologic study 3256 oral leukoplakias.", "content": "During a 13-year period, 3256 specimens clinically diagnosed as leukoplakia (('keratosis,\" \"white patch\") were submitted to the oral pathology laboratories of Indiana University School of Dentistry and Emory University School of Dentistry. These comprised 6.2% of the tissue specimens processed by these laboratories. The cases were analyzed as to age of occurrence, site of involvement, and pathologic findings. It was found that: leukoplakia occurs chiefly in the 5th, 6th, and 7th decades; about half of the lesions involved the mandibular mucosa, mandibular sulcus, and buccal mucosa; leukoplakia was slightly more common in men (54.2%). Microscopic study showed that 80.1% of the leukoplakias were varying combinations of hyperorthokeratosis, hyperparakeratosis, and acanthosis without evidence of epithelial dysplasia. Mild to moderate epithelial dysplasia was noted in 12.2% of specimens, and severe epithelial dysplasia or carcinoma in situ was found in 4.5%. Infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed in 3.1% of specimens submitted with a clinical diagnosis of leukoplakia. The risk of epithelial dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, or carcinoma varied between the anatomical locations of leukoplakia. The incidence of epithelial alteration, ranging from dysplasia to carcinoma, was 42.9% for lesions of the floor of the mouth, 24.2% for tongue lesions, and 24.0% for lip leukoplakias. The incidence of similar epithelial alterations in other sites varied from 18.8% for palatal lesions to 11.7% for leukoplakias of the retromolar area. The data suggest that there are regional differences in the incidence and character of leukoplakia in the United States. The Emory material, obtained almost exclusively from patients residing in the Southeastern United States, showed a proportionately higher total incidence, a lower male/female ratio, and a greater frequency of epithelial dysplasia, particularly in females, than the Indiana material, which came almost entirely from residents in the Northcentral United States.", "contents": "Leukoplakia revisited. A clinicopathologic study 3256 oral leukoplakias. During a 13-year period, 3256 specimens clinically diagnosed as leukoplakia (('keratosis,\" \"white patch\") were submitted to the oral pathology laboratories of Indiana University School of Dentistry and Emory University School of Dentistry. These comprised 6.2% of the tissue specimens processed by these laboratories. The cases were analyzed as to age of occurrence, site of involvement, and pathologic findings. It was found that: leukoplakia occurs chiefly in the 5th, 6th, and 7th decades; about half of the lesions involved the mandibular mucosa, mandibular sulcus, and buccal mucosa; leukoplakia was slightly more common in men (54.2%). Microscopic study showed that 80.1% of the leukoplakias were varying combinations of hyperorthokeratosis, hyperparakeratosis, and acanthosis without evidence of epithelial dysplasia. Mild to moderate epithelial dysplasia was noted in 12.2% of specimens, and severe epithelial dysplasia or carcinoma in situ was found in 4.5%. Infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed in 3.1% of specimens submitted with a clinical diagnosis of leukoplakia. The risk of epithelial dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, or carcinoma varied between the anatomical locations of leukoplakia. The incidence of epithelial alteration, ranging from dysplasia to carcinoma, was 42.9% for lesions of the floor of the mouth, 24.2% for tongue lesions, and 24.0% for lip leukoplakias. The incidence of similar epithelial alterations in other sites varied from 18.8% for palatal lesions to 11.7% for leukoplakias of the retromolar area. The data suggest that there are regional differences in the incidence and character of leukoplakia in the United States. The Emory material, obtained almost exclusively from patients residing in the Southeastern United States, showed a proportionately higher total incidence, a lower male/female ratio, and a greater frequency of epithelial dysplasia, particularly in females, than the Indiana material, which came almost entirely from residents in the Northcentral United States.", "PMID": 1175136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4989", "title": "Autogenous leukocyte migration in human malignancies.", "content": "The leukocyte migration test (L.M.T.) was utilized for in vitro study of cell-mediated immunity in human malignancies. Tumor cells and autogenous peripheral blood leukocytes from 35 patients with various malignancies, who were not receiving any therapy, were studied. There was inhibition of the migration of the autogenous leukocytes in 18 of 20 patients with resectable tumors who had no evidence of hematogenous metastasis or widespread disease, whether the local lymph nodes were involved or not. However, the migration of autogenous leukocytes from patients with hematogenous metastasis or widespread disease was not inhibited in 14 of 15 patients whether the tumor cells were obtained from the primary or metastatic sites. The utilization of fresh, frozen-thawed (dead) tumor cells, or tumor cell extracts gave almost the same results. This could indicate that localized tumors were recognized as antigenic by the presensitized autogenous leukocytes, resulting in the inhibition of the migration. This state seemed to disappear in the presence of hematogenous metastasis. Normal tissues did not inhibit the migration of the autogenous leukocytes, presumably because these had not been recognized as foreign or antigenic.", "contents": "Autogenous leukocyte migration in human malignancies. The leukocyte migration test (L.M.T.) was utilized for in vitro study of cell-mediated immunity in human malignancies. Tumor cells and autogenous peripheral blood leukocytes from 35 patients with various malignancies, who were not receiving any therapy, were studied. There was inhibition of the migration of the autogenous leukocytes in 18 of 20 patients with resectable tumors who had no evidence of hematogenous metastasis or widespread disease, whether the local lymph nodes were involved or not. However, the migration of autogenous leukocytes from patients with hematogenous metastasis or widespread disease was not inhibited in 14 of 15 patients whether the tumor cells were obtained from the primary or metastatic sites. The utilization of fresh, frozen-thawed (dead) tumor cells, or tumor cell extracts gave almost the same results. This could indicate that localized tumors were recognized as antigenic by the presensitized autogenous leukocytes, resulting in the inhibition of the migration. This state seemed to disappear in the presence of hematogenous metastasis. Normal tissues did not inhibit the migration of the autogenous leukocytes, presumably because these had not been recognized as foreign or antigenic.", "PMID": 1175137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4990", "title": "Ultrastructural study of amyloid material in the calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor.", "content": "A typical calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor of the maxilla was examined with the electron microscope. The tumor cell resembles the ameloblast at an early stage of enamel deposition. Formation of extracellular amyloid masses probably proceeds both by active cellular secretion and cell death, each process adding similar granulofibrillar material to these masses, which tend to calcify. The amyloid masses are probably a relatively homogenous protein material and represent a specific tumor cell product. Further characterization of this neoplasm must include chemical and physical studies of this extracellular tumor product, which is an amyloid material because of classic staining characteristics.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of amyloid material in the calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. A typical calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor of the maxilla was examined with the electron microscope. The tumor cell resembles the ameloblast at an early stage of enamel deposition. Formation of extracellular amyloid masses probably proceeds both by active cellular secretion and cell death, each process adding similar granulofibrillar material to these masses, which tend to calcify. The amyloid masses are probably a relatively homogenous protein material and represent a specific tumor cell product. Further characterization of this neoplasm must include chemical and physical studies of this extracellular tumor product, which is an amyloid material because of classic staining characteristics.", "PMID": 1175138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4991", "title": "Burkitt's lymphoma cell leukemia in a Turish boy.", "content": "Burkitt's lymphoma, associated with massive bone marrow and eyelid involvement that terminated with a manifested leukemic picture, was observed in a Turkish boy. Review of the world literature revealed the fact that Burkitt's lymphoma with a frankly leukemic picture is a rare condition, and usually has a very acute course with a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Burkitt's lymphoma cell leukemia in a Turish boy. Burkitt's lymphoma, associated with massive bone marrow and eyelid involvement that terminated with a manifested leukemic picture, was observed in a Turkish boy. Review of the world literature revealed the fact that Burkitt's lymphoma with a frankly leukemic picture is a rare condition, and usually has a very acute course with a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 1175139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4992", "title": "Urinary cholesterol. VII. The significance of the excretion of nonesterified cholesterol in patients with uterine carcinomas.", "content": "The urinary excretion of nonesterified cholesterol (NEC) in 170 women with cervical and endometrial carcinomas has been investigated. Control patients (236) included: 1) women with other types of (benign and/or malignant diseases of the pelvic organs; 2) patients with non-steroid-related neoplasms; 3) patients with benign and/or malignant breast diseases other than carcinoma; and 4) patients with a variety of non-neoplastic diseases. NEC was determined by a gas-liquid chromatographic procedure. The range of NEC excretion for clinically healthy normal women (64) was previously established by this method. NEC hyperexcretion was defined as any NEC value over 1.5 mg/24 hours. The results showed NEC hyperexcretion in 65 of 68 women with active carcinoma of the cervix, including 13 patients with carcinoma in situ, and in 42 of 45 women with active carcinoma of the endometrium. In contrast, a normal excretion of NEC occurred in all the patients (77) of the first and second control groups, in 39 (80%) of the 48 patients of the third control group (high-risk group), and in 101 of the 111 patients of the fourth control group. Sequential studies performed in patients with uterine carcinomas have demonstrated an almost perfect correlation between the NEC excretion and the clinical status of the patient following surgical and/or radiation therapy. Of 57 patients (31 cervix and 26 endometrium) in which the NEC studies were started after treatment was instituted, 53 have normal NEC excretion in the multiple determination performed to date. Presently these patients have no clinical, chemical, or radiologic evidence of cancer. It is concluded that urinary NEC determination can be used as an additional diagnostic biochemical test to detect active carcinoma of the steroid-producing glands and their main target organs, and that in women with uterine carcinomas, the test can be used as an objective laboratory method to monitor the course of the disease and the response of the patient to therapy.", "contents": "Urinary cholesterol. VII. The significance of the excretion of nonesterified cholesterol in patients with uterine carcinomas. The urinary excretion of nonesterified cholesterol (NEC) in 170 women with cervical and endometrial carcinomas has been investigated. Control patients (236) included: 1) women with other types of (benign and/or malignant diseases of the pelvic organs; 2) patients with non-steroid-related neoplasms; 3) patients with benign and/or malignant breast diseases other than carcinoma; and 4) patients with a variety of non-neoplastic diseases. NEC was determined by a gas-liquid chromatographic procedure. The range of NEC excretion for clinically healthy normal women (64) was previously established by this method. NEC hyperexcretion was defined as any NEC value over 1.5 mg/24 hours. The results showed NEC hyperexcretion in 65 of 68 women with active carcinoma of the cervix, including 13 patients with carcinoma in situ, and in 42 of 45 women with active carcinoma of the endometrium. In contrast, a normal excretion of NEC occurred in all the patients (77) of the first and second control groups, in 39 (80%) of the 48 patients of the third control group (high-risk group), and in 101 of the 111 patients of the fourth control group. Sequential studies performed in patients with uterine carcinomas have demonstrated an almost perfect correlation between the NEC excretion and the clinical status of the patient following surgical and/or radiation therapy. Of 57 patients (31 cervix and 26 endometrium) in which the NEC studies were started after treatment was instituted, 53 have normal NEC excretion in the multiple determination performed to date. Presently these patients have no clinical, chemical, or radiologic evidence of cancer. It is concluded that urinary NEC determination can be used as an additional diagnostic biochemical test to detect active carcinoma of the steroid-producing glands and their main target organs, and that in women with uterine carcinomas, the test can be used as an objective laboratory method to monitor the course of the disease and the response of the patient to therapy.", "PMID": 1175140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4993", "title": "Plasmacytoma of the testis. Report of a case.", "content": "An unusual case is described of plasmacytoma of the testicle occurring in the absence of bone lesions, multiple myeloma, or immunoglobulin abnormalities.", "contents": "Plasmacytoma of the testis. Report of a case. An unusual case is described of plasmacytoma of the testicle occurring in the absence of bone lesions, multiple myeloma, or immunoglobulin abnormalities.", "PMID": 1175141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4994", "title": "Microscopic pulmonary tumor emboli associated with dyspnea.", "content": "A syndrome is described in which severe, clinically unexplained dyspnea is found at autopsy to be caused by multiple microscopic tumor emboli. Such a situation was found in 8 of 16 cases of multiple microscopic tumor emboli in the pulmonary arteries without significant lymphatic or parenchymal involvement of the lungs. The origins oftumor emboli included carcinomas of the prostate, breast, stomach, pancreas, and liver. In the 8 cases that presented with unexplained dyspnea, initial physical, roentgenographic, and electrocardiographic examinations were not diagnostic. Clinical or morphological evidence of car pulmonale was pre emboli did not invade the walls of pulmonary vessels but were frequently associated with thrombi. Recognition of this clinicopathologic entity becomes important as progress is made in cancer therapy.", "contents": "Microscopic pulmonary tumor emboli associated with dyspnea. A syndrome is described in which severe, clinically unexplained dyspnea is found at autopsy to be caused by multiple microscopic tumor emboli. Such a situation was found in 8 of 16 cases of multiple microscopic tumor emboli in the pulmonary arteries without significant lymphatic or parenchymal involvement of the lungs. The origins oftumor emboli included carcinomas of the prostate, breast, stomach, pancreas, and liver. In the 8 cases that presented with unexplained dyspnea, initial physical, roentgenographic, and electrocardiographic examinations were not diagnostic. Clinical or morphological evidence of car pulmonale was pre emboli did not invade the walls of pulmonary vessels but were frequently associated with thrombi. Recognition of this clinicopathologic entity becomes important as progress is made in cancer therapy.", "PMID": 1175142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4995", "title": "Measurement of urinary CEA-like substance. An aid in management of patients with bladder carcinoma.", "content": "Urine and serum samples from patients with bladder carcinomas were studied for the occurrence of and variations in CEA content before, during, and after radiation therapy. The concentration of CEA-like substances in urine increased with a more advanced clinical stage of the tumor, although there were large intercase variations. In serum, slightly increased values were noted only in advanced cases. During radiation therapy, high CEA values were found at around mid-course. This could be related to a breakdown of tumor tissue. Judging from data for urine from radiation-treated prostatic carcinomas without known tumors in the bladder, radiation alone was not responsible for the elevation of CEA. Urinary infections contributed to raised levels of CEA-like substances in some cases. At the end of successful radiation therapy (as verified by cystoscopy, cytology, and clinical examination), 25 patients had CEA values in the urine comparable to normal values (14 +/- 7 ng CEA/ml). The decrease was significant from the initial values to those after radiotherapy (p less than 0.01). Four patients whose tumors persisted had high values (68 +/- 46 ng CEA/ml). In patients who had previously received radiation treatment for bladder carcinomas, CEA values were high in 20 with recurrences (58 +/- 36 ng CEA/ml) while they were lower in 13 who were free of recurrence (14 +/- 6 ng CEA/ml). These findings indicate that urinary CEA determinations may be used in the immediate followup and management of patients treated for bladder carcinoma. It also appears to be of prognostic significance.", "contents": "Measurement of urinary CEA-like substance. An aid in management of patients with bladder carcinoma. Urine and serum samples from patients with bladder carcinomas were studied for the occurrence of and variations in CEA content before, during, and after radiation therapy. The concentration of CEA-like substances in urine increased with a more advanced clinical stage of the tumor, although there were large intercase variations. In serum, slightly increased values were noted only in advanced cases. During radiation therapy, high CEA values were found at around mid-course. This could be related to a breakdown of tumor tissue. Judging from data for urine from radiation-treated prostatic carcinomas without known tumors in the bladder, radiation alone was not responsible for the elevation of CEA. Urinary infections contributed to raised levels of CEA-like substances in some cases. At the end of successful radiation therapy (as verified by cystoscopy, cytology, and clinical examination), 25 patients had CEA values in the urine comparable to normal values (14 +/- 7 ng CEA/ml). The decrease was significant from the initial values to those after radiotherapy (p less than 0.01). Four patients whose tumors persisted had high values (68 +/- 46 ng CEA/ml). In patients who had previously received radiation treatment for bladder carcinomas, CEA values were high in 20 with recurrences (58 +/- 36 ng CEA/ml) while they were lower in 13 who were free of recurrence (14 +/- 6 ng CEA/ml). These findings indicate that urinary CEA determinations may be used in the immediate followup and management of patients treated for bladder carcinoma. It also appears to be of prognostic significance.", "PMID": 1175143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4996", "title": "Thermographically measured normal skin temperature asymmetry in the human male.", "content": "The detection of thermal asymmetry may lead to the diagnosis of significant disease states, especially those of a neoplastic or vascular nature. Estimates of acceptable thermal asymmetry have been made; thermal asymmetry has not previously been quantified in normal subjects. In 10 normal male volunteers, ages 17-38, thermal difference between symmetric areas of the chest, abdomen, and back never exceeded 1 degrees C. Statistical treatment of these data suggests that thermal differences in excess of this in the male are abnormal.", "contents": "Thermographically measured normal skin temperature asymmetry in the human male. The detection of thermal asymmetry may lead to the diagnosis of significant disease states, especially those of a neoplastic or vascular nature. Estimates of acceptable thermal asymmetry have been made; thermal asymmetry has not previously been quantified in normal subjects. In 10 normal male volunteers, ages 17-38, thermal difference between symmetric areas of the chest, abdomen, and back never exceeded 1 degrees C. Statistical treatment of these data suggests that thermal differences in excess of this in the male are abnormal.", "PMID": 1175144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4997", "title": "Pleural effusion in cancer patients. A prospective randomized study of pleural drainage with the addition of radioactive phsophorous to the pleural space vs. pleural drainage alone.", "content": "Sixty-seven patients with disseminated cancer were randomly allocated to treatment with continuous closed chest drainage removing all fluid for 72 hours (PD) or pleural drainage for 72 hours with the instillation into the pleural space of radioactive colloidal chromic phosphate (PD + 32P). Forty-nine patients had breast carcinoma, and the remaining 18 patients had other cancers. Four of 49 patients with breast cancer and 13 of 18 with other cancer were dead in 8 weeks from the onset of effusion. In the group of patients with breast cancer PD + 32P controlled the effusion in 12 of 22 (54%) and PD alone in 15 of 30 episodes (50%). In the nonbreast group of patients PD + 32P controlled the effusion in five of six evaluable episodes (83%), and PD alone was successful in two of nine (22%). In 33% of breast cancer patients and 25% of the nonbreast-cancer patients, systemic chemotherapy produced objective remissions. Pleural effusion did not recur in any of these patients.", "contents": "Pleural effusion in cancer patients. A prospective randomized study of pleural drainage with the addition of radioactive phsophorous to the pleural space vs. pleural drainage alone. Sixty-seven patients with disseminated cancer were randomly allocated to treatment with continuous closed chest drainage removing all fluid for 72 hours (PD) or pleural drainage for 72 hours with the instillation into the pleural space of radioactive colloidal chromic phosphate (PD + 32P). Forty-nine patients had breast carcinoma, and the remaining 18 patients had other cancers. Four of 49 patients with breast cancer and 13 of 18 with other cancer were dead in 8 weeks from the onset of effusion. In the group of patients with breast cancer PD + 32P controlled the effusion in 12 of 22 (54%) and PD alone in 15 of 30 episodes (50%). In the nonbreast group of patients PD + 32P controlled the effusion in five of six evaluable episodes (83%), and PD alone was successful in two of nine (22%). In 33% of breast cancer patients and 25% of the nonbreast-cancer patients, systemic chemotherapy produced objective remissions. Pleural effusion did not recur in any of these patients.", "PMID": 1175145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4998", "title": "Carcinoid tumors of the appendix in children.", "content": "Carcinoid tumors of the appendix in 30 children younger than 15 years showed no recurrence with up to 24 years' followup, regardless of size, depth of invasion, or presence of perineural involvement. All were treated by appendectomy. Twenty-three of the tumors were in girls, confirming the female preponderance reported in other series.", "contents": "Carcinoid tumors of the appendix in children. Carcinoid tumors of the appendix in 30 children younger than 15 years showed no recurrence with up to 24 years' followup, regardless of size, depth of invasion, or presence of perineural involvement. All were treated by appendectomy. Twenty-three of the tumors were in girls, confirming the female preponderance reported in other series.", "PMID": 1175146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_4999", "title": "Chemical assay for the antitumor agent inosine dialdehyde (NSC-118994) in biologic fluids.", "content": "Inosine dialdehyde, an antitumor agent highly active against several murine tumors, ispresently undergoing clinical trial for potential activity in man. To aid in the clinical evaluation of this drug, a chemical assay has been developed for the determination of concentrations of inosine dialdehyde in biologic fluids. The method involves reaction of inosine dialdehyde with phenylhydrazine in an acetic acid medium, followed by extraction of the product into ether and determining its absorbance at 378 nm. The reaction is specific for free inosine dialdehyde and will quantitate amounts as low as 1.0 mug.", "contents": "Chemical assay for the antitumor agent inosine dialdehyde (NSC-118994) in biologic fluids. Inosine dialdehyde, an antitumor agent highly active against several murine tumors, ispresently undergoing clinical trial for potential activity in man. To aid in the clinical evaluation of this drug, a chemical assay has been developed for the determination of concentrations of inosine dialdehyde in biologic fluids. The method involves reaction of inosine dialdehyde with phenylhydrazine in an acetic acid medium, followed by extraction of the product into ether and determining its absorbance at 378 nm. The reaction is specific for free inosine dialdehyde and will quantitate amounts as low as 1.0 mug.", "PMID": 1175162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5000", "title": "Enhancement of the effectiveness of daunorubicin (NSC-82151) or adriamycin (NSC-123127) against early mouse L1210 leukemia with ICRF-159 (NSC-129943).", "content": "The LD50 of intraperitoneally (ip) injected daunorubicin in nonleukemic mice (1.8 mg/kg, q4d times 3) can be increased several fold by the concomitant ip injection of ICRF-159. In addition, the survival of leukemic mice treated with daunorubicin and ICRF-159 on Days 1, 5, and 9 after ip inoculation of L1210 tumor cells was substantially greater than after treatment with either drug alone. This potentiation of survival with combination treatment usually occurred with doses of daunorubicin greater than the LD50 of daunorubicin alone. The LD50 of subcutaneously (sc) injected daunorubicin alone (14.0 mg/kg, q4d times 3) was not increased by concomitant ip treatment with ICRF-159. However, when leukemic mice were treated sc with daunorubicin and ip with ICRF-159 on Days 1, 5, and 9 after ip injection of L1210 leukemia cells, survival was greater than with treatment with either drug alone. The toxicity of ip injected adriamycin was not reduced by ICRF-159, but treatment of leukemic mice with this combination was more effective in prolonging survival than treatment with either drug alone. Combination treatment with daunorubicin plus ICRF-159 showed much less therapeutic enhancement against sc implanted L1210 leukemia than against the ip implanted tumor.", "contents": "Enhancement of the effectiveness of daunorubicin (NSC-82151) or adriamycin (NSC-123127) against early mouse L1210 leukemia with ICRF-159 (NSC-129943). The LD50 of intraperitoneally (ip) injected daunorubicin in nonleukemic mice (1.8 mg/kg, q4d times 3) can be increased several fold by the concomitant ip injection of ICRF-159. In addition, the survival of leukemic mice treated with daunorubicin and ICRF-159 on Days 1, 5, and 9 after ip inoculation of L1210 tumor cells was substantially greater than after treatment with either drug alone. This potentiation of survival with combination treatment usually occurred with doses of daunorubicin greater than the LD50 of daunorubicin alone. The LD50 of subcutaneously (sc) injected daunorubicin alone (14.0 mg/kg, q4d times 3) was not increased by concomitant ip treatment with ICRF-159. However, when leukemic mice were treated sc with daunorubicin and ip with ICRF-159 on Days 1, 5, and 9 after ip injection of L1210 leukemia cells, survival was greater than with treatment with either drug alone. The toxicity of ip injected adriamycin was not reduced by ICRF-159, but treatment of leukemic mice with this combination was more effective in prolonging survival than treatment with either drug alone. Combination treatment with daunorubicin plus ICRF-159 showed much less therapeutic enhancement against sc implanted L1210 leukemia than against the ip implanted tumor.", "PMID": 1175163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5001", "title": "Effects of levamisole (NSC-177023) and tetramisole (NSC-102063) in experimental tumor systems.", "content": "Levamisole and tetramisole had no antitumor effect against the following transplantable syngeneic murine tumors: L1210 leukemia, P388 leukemia, B16 melanoma, Madison 109 lung tumor, and Lewis lung carcinoma. In the Lewis lung carcinoma system there was no effect on primary tumor growth, metastasis, or survival. Tetramisole had a variable effect on the growth of rhabdomyosarcomas and the survival of BALB/c mice following intramuscular inoculation of Moloney sarcoma virus. In two experiments treatment with tetramisole either prior to or following inoculation of Moloney sarcoma virus increased the number of mice with tumor regression as opposed to progressive tumor growth, incrneased the number of long-term survivors, and prolonged the lifespan of mice that died of tumor. In two further tests neither levamisole nor tetramisole had an effect in this system. In mice immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide prior to virus inoculation, there was not effect of treatment with levamisole or tetramisole.", "contents": "Effects of levamisole (NSC-177023) and tetramisole (NSC-102063) in experimental tumor systems. Levamisole and tetramisole had no antitumor effect against the following transplantable syngeneic murine tumors: L1210 leukemia, P388 leukemia, B16 melanoma, Madison 109 lung tumor, and Lewis lung carcinoma. In the Lewis lung carcinoma system there was no effect on primary tumor growth, metastasis, or survival. Tetramisole had a variable effect on the growth of rhabdomyosarcomas and the survival of BALB/c mice following intramuscular inoculation of Moloney sarcoma virus. In two experiments treatment with tetramisole either prior to or following inoculation of Moloney sarcoma virus increased the number of mice with tumor regression as opposed to progressive tumor growth, incrneased the number of long-term survivors, and prolonged the lifespan of mice that died of tumor. In two further tests neither levamisole nor tetramisole had an effect in this system. In mice immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide prior to virus inoculation, there was not effect of treatment with levamisole or tetramisole.", "PMID": 1175164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5002", "title": "Toxicologic screening of daunorubicin (NSC-82151), adriamycin (NSC-123127), and their derivatives in rats.", "content": "The cardiotoxicity of seven anthracycline antibiotics was evaluated in small groups of rats treated with repeated intraperitoneal injections. The electrocardiogram showed a widening of the QRS complex often with the appearance of a distinct S-wave trough and occasionally with an increase or flattening of the T wave. Ventricular extrasystoles, intraventricular block, bradycardia, and heart failure developed either during treatment or after discontinuation of therapy. Based on the cumulative dose required to induce significant electrocardiographic changes, the compounds were ranked in the following order of decreasing cardiotoxicity: adriamycin, daunorubicin, NSC-149584, rubidazone, NSC-143496, daunomycin-semicarbazone, and NSC-118714. For three of these compounds used in humans (adriamycin, daunorubicin, and rubidazone) the rat screening results are in good agreement with the clinically observed cardiotoxicity.", "contents": "Toxicologic screening of daunorubicin (NSC-82151), adriamycin (NSC-123127), and their derivatives in rats. The cardiotoxicity of seven anthracycline antibiotics was evaluated in small groups of rats treated with repeated intraperitoneal injections. The electrocardiogram showed a widening of the QRS complex often with the appearance of a distinct S-wave trough and occasionally with an increase or flattening of the T wave. Ventricular extrasystoles, intraventricular block, bradycardia, and heart failure developed either during treatment or after discontinuation of therapy. Based on the cumulative dose required to induce significant electrocardiographic changes, the compounds were ranked in the following order of decreasing cardiotoxicity: adriamycin, daunorubicin, NSC-149584, rubidazone, NSC-143496, daunomycin-semicarbazone, and NSC-118714. For three of these compounds used in humans (adriamycin, daunorubicin, and rubidazone) the rat screening results are in good agreement with the clinically observed cardiotoxicity.", "PMID": 1175165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5003", "title": "Potential biologic markers in Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "Specific biochemical molecules used as potential biologic markers, including modified nucleosides, polyamines, and pyrimidine catabolic end-products, were quantitatively measured in the urine of seven patients with Burkitt's lymphoma before, during, and after one or more courses of therapy. The results of this preliminary study demonstrated that patients with this disease frequently excrete significantly increased amounts oof modified nuceleosides (considered to be derived primarily from transfer ribonucleic acid), polyamines, and beta-aminoisobutyric acid during the course of their disease. With successful treatment and rapid destruction of tumor cells, a concomitant rise in these molecules occurs. Elevations were observed prior to chemotherapy and changes in levels associated with treatment or tumor progression appeared to correlate with disease status and to aid in assessing antitumor response. Periodic follow-up analysis of these molecules may be helfful in appraising relapse or recurrence of the malignancy prior to overt evidence of tumor by existing clincial means.", "contents": "Potential biologic markers in Burkitt's lymphoma. Specific biochemical molecules used as potential biologic markers, including modified nucleosides, polyamines, and pyrimidine catabolic end-products, were quantitatively measured in the urine of seven patients with Burkitt's lymphoma before, during, and after one or more courses of therapy. The results of this preliminary study demonstrated that patients with this disease frequently excrete significantly increased amounts oof modified nuceleosides (considered to be derived primarily from transfer ribonucleic acid), polyamines, and beta-aminoisobutyric acid during the course of their disease. With successful treatment and rapid destruction of tumor cells, a concomitant rise in these molecules occurs. Elevations were observed prior to chemotherapy and changes in levels associated with treatment or tumor progression appeared to correlate with disease status and to aid in assessing antitumor response. Periodic follow-up analysis of these molecules may be helfful in appraising relapse or recurrence of the malignancy prior to overt evidence of tumor by existing clincial means.", "PMID": 1175166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5004", "title": "The effect of noradrenaline, adrenergic blocking agents, and tyramine on the intrarenal distribution of blood flow in the baboon.", "content": "The intrarenal distribution of blood flow in the baboon was measured using the 133xenon clearance technique, and dose-response curves for the various components of renal blood flow were determined during intra-arterial infusions of noradrenaline; the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phenoxybenzamine; the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol; and tyramine which causes the release of endogenous NA. High doses of noradrenaline reduced flow in the outer cortex; this effect was attenuated by phenoxybenzamine, but not by propranolol. Tyramine had no effect. These r results suggest that there are alpha-adrenergic receptors in the resistance vessels of the kidney but are inconsistent with an important role for NA-mediated autonomic control of renal blood flow.", "contents": "The effect of noradrenaline, adrenergic blocking agents, and tyramine on the intrarenal distribution of blood flow in the baboon. The intrarenal distribution of blood flow in the baboon was measured using the 133xenon clearance technique, and dose-response curves for the various components of renal blood flow were determined during intra-arterial infusions of noradrenaline; the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phenoxybenzamine; the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol; and tyramine which causes the release of endogenous NA. High doses of noradrenaline reduced flow in the outer cortex; this effect was attenuated by phenoxybenzamine, but not by propranolol. Tyramine had no effect. These r results suggest that there are alpha-adrenergic receptors in the resistance vessels of the kidney but are inconsistent with an important role for NA-mediated autonomic control of renal blood flow.", "PMID": 1175177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5005", "title": "Preliminary pharmacokinetic model for adriamycin (NSC-123127).", "content": "The systematic chemical control of cancer requires a quantitative knowledge of the pharmacologic disposition of antitumor drugs in both healthy and malignant tissues in the body. Pharmacokinetic models can predict the drug concentration in both tumor sites and healthy organs and hence may provide a predictive capability regarding both antitumor action and concomitant toxicity. Adriamycin is an anthracycline antibiotic that has been demonstrated to possess a broad spectrum of antitticularly solid tumors. Its major toxicity is manifested by the depression of normal cell proliferation in the bone marrow and a delayed dose-dependent cardiac toxicity eventually resulting in congestive heart failure. This study is concerned with the development of a predictve analytic model for the pharmacokinetics of adriamycin. The analytic approach embodies a physiologic multicompartmental model as a framework. This model postulates that specific organs or tissue masses may be simulated by a compartment whose elements consist of physiologic properties such as tissue volume and blood flow and pharmacologic behavior such as tissue binding and metabolic activity. A mass balance is set up across each compartment and all compartments are linked by an independent blood compartment. The mass balance includes terms representing inflow and outflow of the drug as well as its metabolism, protein-binding, and other pharmacologic behavior. A model has been developed that has ten compartments which represent the plasma, heart, liver, kidney, lung, lean tissue, adipose tissue, gut, bone marrow, and spleen. Solutions of the system of equations yield the time course of the drug in each organ. Predictions of adriamycin concentration-time curves in the ten tissues after intravenous (iv) administration were generated using this model. With few exceptions, agreement between predicted and actual tissue data in rabbits was excellent. Human plasma levels of adriamycin were predicted and comparison with patient data demonstrated a reasonable first approximation.", "contents": "Preliminary pharmacokinetic model for adriamycin (NSC-123127). The systematic chemical control of cancer requires a quantitative knowledge of the pharmacologic disposition of antitumor drugs in both healthy and malignant tissues in the body. Pharmacokinetic models can predict the drug concentration in both tumor sites and healthy organs and hence may provide a predictive capability regarding both antitumor action and concomitant toxicity. Adriamycin is an anthracycline antibiotic that has been demonstrated to possess a broad spectrum of antitticularly solid tumors. Its major toxicity is manifested by the depression of normal cell proliferation in the bone marrow and a delayed dose-dependent cardiac toxicity eventually resulting in congestive heart failure. This study is concerned with the development of a predictve analytic model for the pharmacokinetics of adriamycin. The analytic approach embodies a physiologic multicompartmental model as a framework. This model postulates that specific organs or tissue masses may be simulated by a compartment whose elements consist of physiologic properties such as tissue volume and blood flow and pharmacologic behavior such as tissue binding and metabolic activity. A mass balance is set up across each compartment and all compartments are linked by an independent blood compartment. The mass balance includes terms representing inflow and outflow of the drug as well as its metabolism, protein-binding, and other pharmacologic behavior. A model has been developed that has ten compartments which represent the plasma, heart, liver, kidney, lung, lean tissue, adipose tissue, gut, bone marrow, and spleen. Solutions of the system of equations yield the time course of the drug in each organ. Predictions of adriamycin concentration-time curves in the ten tissues after intravenous (iv) administration were generated using this model. With few exceptions, agreement between predicted and actual tissue data in rabbits was excellent. Human plasma levels of adriamycin were predicted and comparison with patient data demonstrated a reasonable first approximation.", "PMID": 1175172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5006", "title": "Plasma renin activity during and after dynamic and static exercise.", "content": "The effect of dynamic and static exercise on plasma renin activity was investigated in three normal males. Near maximal supine exercise for 10 min on a bicycle ergometer caused a small increase in plasma renin activity during exertion with a much larger increase during recovery which reached a peak between 10-20 min. Supine exercise at half this level and static exercise (hand-grip) had no detectable effect on plasma renin activity.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity during and after dynamic and static exercise. The effect of dynamic and static exercise on plasma renin activity was investigated in three normal males. Near maximal supine exercise for 10 min on a bicycle ergometer caused a small increase in plasma renin activity during exertion with a much larger increase during recovery which reached a peak between 10-20 min. Supine exercise at half this level and static exercise (hand-grip) had no detectable effect on plasma renin activity.", "PMID": 1175178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5007", "title": "Continuous measurement of left ventricular volume using a single dimensional transducer: a comparison of two techniques in open chested dogs.", "content": "A comparison has been made of the continuous measurement of left ventricular volume in open chested dogs by two simple dimensional transducer systems: a mercury-in-rubber strain gauge measuring epicardial arc length at the ventricular equator and a pair of electromagnetically coupled coils placed on opposite sides of the left ventricle to measure its diameter. The single dimensional measurements were converted to volume measurements after death by filling an intraventricular ballon with known volumes of liquid. The strain gauge proved clearly superior to the coupled coils because it was not possible in practice to position the coils precisely facing each other and they did not remain tangential to the epicardial surface throughout the cardiac cycle. A single epicardial strain gauge can provide sufficiently accurate measurements of left ventricular volume to warrant its use in physiological studies of cardiac function. Although considerable attention to detail is required this technique has the advantages of being inexpensive and producing a continuous record which is easily interpreted.", "contents": "Continuous measurement of left ventricular volume using a single dimensional transducer: a comparison of two techniques in open chested dogs. A comparison has been made of the continuous measurement of left ventricular volume in open chested dogs by two simple dimensional transducer systems: a mercury-in-rubber strain gauge measuring epicardial arc length at the ventricular equator and a pair of electromagnetically coupled coils placed on opposite sides of the left ventricle to measure its diameter. The single dimensional measurements were converted to volume measurements after death by filling an intraventricular ballon with known volumes of liquid. The strain gauge proved clearly superior to the coupled coils because it was not possible in practice to position the coils precisely facing each other and they did not remain tangential to the epicardial surface throughout the cardiac cycle. A single epicardial strain gauge can provide sufficiently accurate measurements of left ventricular volume to warrant its use in physiological studies of cardiac function. Although considerable attention to detail is required this technique has the advantages of being inexpensive and producing a continuous record which is easily interpreted.", "PMID": 1175179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5008", "title": "Some fundamental considerations of the applications of pharmacokinetics to cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to document the procedures needed to construct pharmacokinetic models based on physiologic, physicochemical, and pharmacologic principles. Extensive descriptions of the basic ideas are provided, along with the corresponding equations. The notions of scaling between various animal species will be described and examples will be given. The important factors determining the choice and number of compartments are based on the properties of the drug and the desired purposes of the pharmacokinetic model. The important concept of flow-limiting conditions with regard to local uptake will be described. The quantitative description of plasma and tissue binding is discussed, along with the notion of effective protein concentrations for the latter. Using these basic ideas, the fundamental mass balances describing the flow, diffusion, and reactions of the drug are presented. An example of the prediction of the pharmacokinetics of a strongly bound drug is used as an illustration of the methods, and this example also indicates the types of useful simplifications that can be made. The special, but important, case of linear binding is next derived, and an example involving the drug methotrexate will illustrate the principles involved. Finally, cytosine arabinoside will be used to indicate methods that can be used for rapidly metabolized drugs. Since existing examples are primarily utilized, this paper brings together a comprehensive collection of the several sets of physiologic data and modeling techniques that have been used for the past several years. It is hoped that this documentation will provide a useful basis for the those wishing to use this approach to pharmacokinetics.", "contents": "Some fundamental considerations of the applications of pharmacokinetics to cancer chemotherapy. The purpose of this paper is to document the procedures needed to construct pharmacokinetic models based on physiologic, physicochemical, and pharmacologic principles. Extensive descriptions of the basic ideas are provided, along with the corresponding equations. The notions of scaling between various animal species will be described and examples will be given. The important factors determining the choice and number of compartments are based on the properties of the drug and the desired purposes of the pharmacokinetic model. The important concept of flow-limiting conditions with regard to local uptake will be described. The quantitative description of plasma and tissue binding is discussed, along with the notion of effective protein concentrations for the latter. Using these basic ideas, the fundamental mass balances describing the flow, diffusion, and reactions of the drug are presented. An example of the prediction of the pharmacokinetics of a strongly bound drug is used as an illustration of the methods, and this example also indicates the types of useful simplifications that can be made. The special, but important, case of linear binding is next derived, and an example involving the drug methotrexate will illustrate the principles involved. Finally, cytosine arabinoside will be used to indicate methods that can be used for rapidly metabolized drugs. Since existing examples are primarily utilized, this paper brings together a comprehensive collection of the several sets of physiologic data and modeling techniques that have been used for the past several years. It is hoped that this documentation will provide a useful basis for the those wishing to use this approach to pharmacokinetics.", "PMID": 1175169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5009", "title": "Mathematic models for cancer chemotherapy: pharmacokinetic and cell kinetic considerations.", "content": "This paper presents a theoretic study of pharmacokinetic and cell kinetic models for cancer chemotherapeutic systems. The mathematic analysis is based on a modified procedure deduced from DeVita's scheme of the relationship between the cellular kinetics of normal and tumor tissues and the pharmacokinetics of antitumor agents for designing an optimal dose and schedule for cancer treatment. In this scheme pharmacokinetic models and cell-drug interactions at the tumor site are incorporated into the cell cycle kinetic models to form the cancer chemotherapeutic model systems. Three cell cycle kinetic models are presented under alternative hypotheses concerning the mechanism of the resting cells, while each tumor mass is comprised of cells in proliferating (consisting of the four cycle phases G1, S, G2, and M), resting (Go), and non dividing (D, dead) states. An algorithm and a computer program for simulating the tumor populations during scheduled treatments have been prepared. By a suitable selection of expressions for cell-drug interactions, the program is able to simulate tumor behavior during scheduled treatments with different classes of anticancer agent such as cell cycle phase-specific, cell cycle-specific, or cell cycle-specific, or cell cycle-nonspecific drugs. A preliminary study of the L1210-ara-C therapeutic system is included to demonstrate the computer simulation procedures.", "contents": "Mathematic models for cancer chemotherapy: pharmacokinetic and cell kinetic considerations. This paper presents a theoretic study of pharmacokinetic and cell kinetic models for cancer chemotherapeutic systems. The mathematic analysis is based on a modified procedure deduced from DeVita's scheme of the relationship between the cellular kinetics of normal and tumor tissues and the pharmacokinetics of antitumor agents for designing an optimal dose and schedule for cancer treatment. In this scheme pharmacokinetic models and cell-drug interactions at the tumor site are incorporated into the cell cycle kinetic models to form the cancer chemotherapeutic model systems. Three cell cycle kinetic models are presented under alternative hypotheses concerning the mechanism of the resting cells, while each tumor mass is comprised of cells in proliferating (consisting of the four cycle phases G1, S, G2, and M), resting (Go), and non dividing (D, dead) states. An algorithm and a computer program for simulating the tumor populations during scheduled treatments have been prepared. By a suitable selection of expressions for cell-drug interactions, the program is able to simulate tumor behavior during scheduled treatments with different classes of anticancer agent such as cell cycle phase-specific, cell cycle-specific, or cell cycle-specific, or cell cycle-nonspecific drugs. A preliminary study of the L1210-ara-C therapeutic system is included to demonstrate the computer simulation procedures.", "PMID": 1175173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5010", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of postectopic beats in the normal and failing human heart using indices derived from catheter-tip manometer readings.", "content": "Postextrasystolic potentiation was studied by means of a catheter-tip manometer in patients with and without cardiomyopathy. The results imply that the enhancement of the left ventricular contraction is increased in patients with cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of postectopic beats in the normal and failing human heart using indices derived from catheter-tip manometer readings. Postextrasystolic potentiation was studied by means of a catheter-tip manometer in patients with and without cardiomyopathy. The results imply that the enhancement of the left ventricular contraction is increased in patients with cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 1175180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5011", "title": "Stress-induced and sympathetically-mediated electrocardiographic and circulatory variations in the primary hyperkinetic heart syndrome.", "content": "As shown by the inotropic changes, the sympathetic discharge on the heart, is selectit syndrome. In the steady state the electrocardiogram shows flat, diphasic, or \"tucked' T waves. Mental stimulation or isoproterenol, and, respectively, pain or beta blockade induce changes of the repolarization phase divergent from steady state. The former causes ST depression and deep T-wave inversion and the latter fully normalizes the repolarization phase. It is concluded that the electrical activity of the heart is directly influenced by the adrenergic drive in this disorder, and that different stressful factors can alter the repolarization phase in opposite ways in relation to the influence of the stimulus on the cardiac sympathetic tone.", "contents": "Stress-induced and sympathetically-mediated electrocardiographic and circulatory variations in the primary hyperkinetic heart syndrome. As shown by the inotropic changes, the sympathetic discharge on the heart, is selectit syndrome. In the steady state the electrocardiogram shows flat, diphasic, or \"tucked' T waves. Mental stimulation or isoproterenol, and, respectively, pain or beta blockade induce changes of the repolarization phase divergent from steady state. The former causes ST depression and deep T-wave inversion and the latter fully normalizes the repolarization phase. It is concluded that the electrical activity of the heart is directly influenced by the adrenergic drive in this disorder, and that different stressful factors can alter the repolarization phase in opposite ways in relation to the influence of the stimulus on the cardiac sympathetic tone.", "PMID": 1175181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5012", "title": "Calcium-induced damage of rat heart mitochondria.", "content": "The damage which may be caused to heart mitochondria by the rapid uptake of calcium when oxygen is restored after a period of anoxia is monitored by the deterioration in phosphorylation performance. Methods of protecting mitochondria from this damage by preventing calcium uptake and by chelating cytoplasmic calcium are considered.", "contents": "Calcium-induced damage of rat heart mitochondria. The damage which may be caused to heart mitochondria by the rapid uptake of calcium when oxygen is restored after a period of anoxia is monitored by the deterioration in phosphorylation performance. Methods of protecting mitochondria from this damage by preventing calcium uptake and by chelating cytoplasmic calcium are considered.", "PMID": 1175182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5013", "title": "Myocardial function in general and regional left ventricular ischaemia in dogs at control and high aortic blood pressure.", "content": "End-diastolic dilation and reduced systolic shortening are the characteristic dimensional changes during myocardial ischaemia. Elevation of systolic aortic blood pressure by 5.3 kPa (40 mm Hg) normalized shortening and reduced myocardial dilatation when the tissue rendered ischaemic by coronary artery occlusion was less than 20% of the left ventricle. However, when the ischaemic lesion was more extensive, an adverse effect of raising aortic blood pressure was observed.", "contents": "Myocardial function in general and regional left ventricular ischaemia in dogs at control and high aortic blood pressure. End-diastolic dilation and reduced systolic shortening are the characteristic dimensional changes during myocardial ischaemia. Elevation of systolic aortic blood pressure by 5.3 kPa (40 mm Hg) normalized shortening and reduced myocardial dilatation when the tissue rendered ischaemic by coronary artery occlusion was less than 20% of the left ventricle. However, when the ischaemic lesion was more extensive, an adverse effect of raising aortic blood pressure was observed.", "PMID": 1175183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5014", "title": "Effects of dopamine on isolated canine coronary arteries.", "content": "Dopamine contracted isolated canine coronary arteries at initial concentrations of 5 times 10(-6) mol/l. In the presence of phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine and after contraction of the arteries with K+ or prostaglandin F2alpha, dopamine caused dose-related relaxation at initial concentrations of 5 times 10(-6) mol/l and 10(-6) mol/l. Propranolol, 10(-6) mol/l, and haloperidol, 10(-5) mol/l, did not antagonize the relaxation.", "contents": "Effects of dopamine on isolated canine coronary arteries. Dopamine contracted isolated canine coronary arteries at initial concentrations of 5 times 10(-6) mol/l. In the presence of phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine and after contraction of the arteries with K+ or prostaglandin F2alpha, dopamine caused dose-related relaxation at initial concentrations of 5 times 10(-6) mol/l and 10(-6) mol/l. Propranolol, 10(-6) mol/l, and haloperidol, 10(-5) mol/l, did not antagonize the relaxation.", "PMID": 1175184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5015", "title": "The feasibility of detecting His-bundle activity from the body surface.", "content": "Electrocardiograms were recorded from human patients using a bipolar chest lead together with simultaneous His-bundle electrograms. These were then subjected to the technique of signal averaging in an attempt to extract His-bundle activity from the surface record. This was successful in three out of 10 cases subjected to the truly non-invasive surface technique. Methods are discussed by which the technique could be improved.", "contents": "The feasibility of detecting His-bundle activity from the body surface. Electrocardiograms were recorded from human patients using a bipolar chest lead together with simultaneous His-bundle electrograms. These were then subjected to the technique of signal averaging in an attempt to extract His-bundle activity from the surface record. This was successful in three out of 10 cases subjected to the truly non-invasive surface technique. Methods are discussed by which the technique could be improved.", "PMID": 1175185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5016", "title": "Influence of hypertonic mannitol on regional myocardial blood flow and ventricular performance in awake, intact dogs with prolonged coronary artery occlusion.", "content": "The influence of hypertonic mannitol on regional myocardial blood flow and ventricular performance in awake, intact, unsedated dogs with myocardial infarction resulting from chronic occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery was studied. tmannitol given to increase serum osmolality 20 mOsm increased regional myocardial blood flow to that portion of the left ventricle supplied by the occluded left anterior descending coronary artery by 22 +/- 2.8% (1.06 +/- 0.19 to 1.36 +/- 0.23 ml/min with g-1) without changing the inner:outer wall flow ratio. Mannitol also significantly increased regional myocardial blood flow to other areas of the left ventricle and the ventricular septum. Mean aortic pressure, maximal LV dP/dt, LV dP/dt/P, and cardiac output also increased significantly after mannitol. Thus hypertonic mannitol increases regional myocardial blood flow and ventricular performance in the awake, unsedated dog with prolonged occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. The increase in regional myocardial blood flow after mannitol under these circumstances probably is at least in part secondary to the increase in blood pressure and contractility. The increases in regional myocardial blood flow after mannitol in this study are less impressive than those that have been previously reported in the setting of either no myocardial ischaemia or acute myocardial ischaemia; this is probably due to the vasodilatation that chronic myocardial ischaemia itself produces in the canine heart.", "contents": "Influence of hypertonic mannitol on regional myocardial blood flow and ventricular performance in awake, intact dogs with prolonged coronary artery occlusion. The influence of hypertonic mannitol on regional myocardial blood flow and ventricular performance in awake, intact, unsedated dogs with myocardial infarction resulting from chronic occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery was studied. tmannitol given to increase serum osmolality 20 mOsm increased regional myocardial blood flow to that portion of the left ventricle supplied by the occluded left anterior descending coronary artery by 22 +/- 2.8% (1.06 +/- 0.19 to 1.36 +/- 0.23 ml/min with g-1) without changing the inner:outer wall flow ratio. Mannitol also significantly increased regional myocardial blood flow to other areas of the left ventricle and the ventricular septum. Mean aortic pressure, maximal LV dP/dt, LV dP/dt/P, and cardiac output also increased significantly after mannitol. Thus hypertonic mannitol increases regional myocardial blood flow and ventricular performance in the awake, unsedated dog with prolonged occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. The increase in regional myocardial blood flow after mannitol under these circumstances probably is at least in part secondary to the increase in blood pressure and contractility. The increases in regional myocardial blood flow after mannitol in this study are less impressive than those that have been previously reported in the setting of either no myocardial ischaemia or acute myocardial ischaemia; this is probably due to the vasodilatation that chronic myocardial ischaemia itself produces in the canine heart.", "PMID": 1175186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5017", "title": "A statistical prognostic study of pump failure in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Repeated measurements of maemodynamic status were made and were subsequently subjected to analysis to assess prognosis in a group of patients with acute myocardial infarction and pump failure. Two multivariate methods were used: correspondence analysis and discriminant analysis. Both these methods agreed with the highest prognostic reliability of left ventricular function indices. Using various discriminant functions a prospective study was carried out on a test sample and a rate for well-classified subjects ranging from 80% to 90% was obtained. For each discriminant function the different causes of misclassification were analysed; among them a right ventricular dysfunction was allowed to account for discrepancies between expected and observed data on inferior infarction.", "contents": "A statistical prognostic study of pump failure in acute myocardial infarction. Repeated measurements of maemodynamic status were made and were subsequently subjected to analysis to assess prognosis in a group of patients with acute myocardial infarction and pump failure. Two multivariate methods were used: correspondence analysis and discriminant analysis. Both these methods agreed with the highest prognostic reliability of left ventricular function indices. Using various discriminant functions a prospective study was carried out on a test sample and a rate for well-classified subjects ranging from 80% to 90% was obtained. For each discriminant function the different causes of misclassification were analysed; among them a right ventricular dysfunction was allowed to account for discrepancies between expected and observed data on inferior infarction.", "PMID": 1175187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5018", "title": "A simplified technique for the production of experimental aortic regurgitation.", "content": "A simple and effective method for the production of aortic incompetence in dogs is described. The instrument used in the procedure can be made easily and is robust. Controlled rupture of one or more of the three aortic valve cusps can be achieved without thoracotomy. There was no immediate operative mortality in the study and the time required to complete the procedure averaged 30 min. No evidence of healing of the cusp rupture could be found at necropsy even in dogs sacrificed 480 days after operation.", "contents": "A simplified technique for the production of experimental aortic regurgitation. A simple and effective method for the production of aortic incompetence in dogs is described. The instrument used in the procedure can be made easily and is robust. Controlled rupture of one or more of the three aortic valve cusps can be achieved without thoracotomy. There was no immediate operative mortality in the study and the time required to complete the procedure averaged 30 min. No evidence of healing of the cusp rupture could be found at necropsy even in dogs sacrificed 480 days after operation.", "PMID": 1175188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5019", "title": "A new method for the direct estimation of blood oxygen content.", "content": "Identical blood samples were estimated for oxygen content by a fuel cell analyser (the \"Lex-O2-Con'), and by the Van Slyke manometric technique. The new instrument was found to be accurate and repeatable, as well as quicker and easier to operate. Its response to oxygen was found to be unaffected by the presence of common anaesthetic agents.", "contents": "A new method for the direct estimation of blood oxygen content. Identical blood samples were estimated for oxygen content by a fuel cell analyser (the \"Lex-O2-Con'), and by the Van Slyke manometric technique. The new instrument was found to be accurate and repeatable, as well as quicker and easier to operate. Its response to oxygen was found to be unaffected by the presence of common anaesthetic agents.", "PMID": 1175189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5020", "title": "Recovery of brain noradrenaline after 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-induced axonal lesions in the rat.", "content": "Time-dependent changes in regional CNS noradrenaline (NA) concentration, 3H-NA uptake and fluorescence morphology of CNS NA neurons were analysed in the adult rat up to 6 months after intraventricular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), and compared with the time-course of changes in brain and spinal cord indolamine neurons. Following a substantial depletion of both amines in all CNS regions (telodiencephalon, brainstem and spinal cord) at 10 days after 150 mug 5,7-DHT, brain NA--but not 5-HT--levels recovered to near-normal values in brainstem and forebrain (35% below the age-matched controls) within 4 months. This was accompanied by a total restoration of the initially decreased capacity of the brain tissue to accumulate 3H-NA in vitro. Within 10 days after 5,7-DHT, there was a disappearance of NA terminals from many telencephalic, diencephalic and lower brain stem nuclei, from the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and the grey matter of the spinal cord, concomitant with the appearance of numerous distorted, highly fluorescent swellings along the non-terminal axons of the major noradrenergic projection pathways. The recovery of the NA levels was paralleled by a re-appearance of fluorescent fibres, signifying an intense sprouting and regrowth of the drug-lesioned axons, which eventually re-innervated some of the previously denervated telodiencephalic regions. Except for a permanent loss of some surface-near perikarya in group A1 (the main source of the bulbospinal projections) there was no evidence of a retrograde degeneration of noradrenergic cell bodies in the rat CNS. The results are compatible with the idea that 5,7-DHT mainly causes a lesion of NA axons at a distance from the cell bodies, and this is followed by sprouting and regrowth of axons from the lisioned neurites, and formation of new terminal-like fibres in some previously denervated telodiencephalic regions. These findings indicate that chemical axotomy of central NA neurons induced by 5,7-DHT is--in contrast to that induced by 6-hydroxydopamine--followed by extensive axonal regeneration.", "contents": "Recovery of brain noradrenaline after 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-induced axonal lesions in the rat. Time-dependent changes in regional CNS noradrenaline (NA) concentration, 3H-NA uptake and fluorescence morphology of CNS NA neurons were analysed in the adult rat up to 6 months after intraventricular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), and compared with the time-course of changes in brain and spinal cord indolamine neurons. Following a substantial depletion of both amines in all CNS regions (telodiencephalon, brainstem and spinal cord) at 10 days after 150 mug 5,7-DHT, brain NA--but not 5-HT--levels recovered to near-normal values in brainstem and forebrain (35% below the age-matched controls) within 4 months. This was accompanied by a total restoration of the initially decreased capacity of the brain tissue to accumulate 3H-NA in vitro. Within 10 days after 5,7-DHT, there was a disappearance of NA terminals from many telencephalic, diencephalic and lower brain stem nuclei, from the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and the grey matter of the spinal cord, concomitant with the appearance of numerous distorted, highly fluorescent swellings along the non-terminal axons of the major noradrenergic projection pathways. The recovery of the NA levels was paralleled by a re-appearance of fluorescent fibres, signifying an intense sprouting and regrowth of the drug-lesioned axons, which eventually re-innervated some of the previously denervated telodiencephalic regions. Except for a permanent loss of some surface-near perikarya in group A1 (the main source of the bulbospinal projections) there was no evidence of a retrograde degeneration of noradrenergic cell bodies in the rat CNS. The results are compatible with the idea that 5,7-DHT mainly causes a lesion of NA axons at a distance from the cell bodies, and this is followed by sprouting and regrowth of axons from the lisioned neurites, and formation of new terminal-like fibres in some previously denervated telodiencephalic regions. These findings indicate that chemical axotomy of central NA neurons induced by 5,7-DHT is--in contrast to that induced by 6-hydroxydopamine--followed by extensive axonal regeneration.", "PMID": 1175203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5021", "title": "Electron microscopic observations on the innervation of the sphincter of Oddi in the dog.", "content": "The ultrastructure and acetylcholinesterase activity of the intrinsic innervation of the sphincter of Oddi of eight adult dogs was studied by electron microscopy. A rich distribution of unmyelinated axons embedded individually or as groups within Schwann cell cytoplasm (\"innervation fasciculee\"), is to be observed. A few myelinated fibres were also observed. Many of the axons are acetylcholinesterase-positive. Three main types of nerve terminals are distinguished according to their vesicle populations. Individual nerve cells or small groups of nerve cells were scattered between the smooth muscle bundles and in the lamina glandularis mucosae. The cytoplasm of some neurons contains many electron dense spherical bodies resembling \"myeloid bodies\", and many lysosomes. Nerve terminals synapse onto both neuronal perikarya and their dendrites. Within the nerve fascicles, close appositions between the terminals occur frequently probably representing the most peripheral inter-neuronal integrative link in the neural regulation of the function of the sphincter of Oddi. -- The gap between nerve terminals and smooth muscle cells usually measures several thousands of A. Closer appositions are seldom seen, and no synaptic complexes can be observed.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations on the innervation of the sphincter of Oddi in the dog. The ultrastructure and acetylcholinesterase activity of the intrinsic innervation of the sphincter of Oddi of eight adult dogs was studied by electron microscopy. A rich distribution of unmyelinated axons embedded individually or as groups within Schwann cell cytoplasm (\"innervation fasciculee\"), is to be observed. A few myelinated fibres were also observed. Many of the axons are acetylcholinesterase-positive. Three main types of nerve terminals are distinguished according to their vesicle populations. Individual nerve cells or small groups of nerve cells were scattered between the smooth muscle bundles and in the lamina glandularis mucosae. The cytoplasm of some neurons contains many electron dense spherical bodies resembling \"myeloid bodies\", and many lysosomes. Nerve terminals synapse onto both neuronal perikarya and their dendrites. Within the nerve fascicles, close appositions between the terminals occur frequently probably representing the most peripheral inter-neuronal integrative link in the neural regulation of the function of the sphincter of Oddi. -- The gap between nerve terminals and smooth muscle cells usually measures several thousands of A. Closer appositions are seldom seen, and no synaptic complexes can be observed.", "PMID": 1175204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5022", "title": "Lymphocyte capping and lymphocyte migration as associated events in the in vivo antigen trapping process. An electron-microscopic autoradiographic study in the spleen of mice.", "content": "The fate of 125I labeled antigen-antibody complexes in the first two hours after intravenous injection was followed in the spleen of mice by light and electron microscopic autoradiography. It appeared that AAC were phagocytized by granulocytes and by macrophages in the marginal zone and were present over the surface of lymphocytes in that area. By rinsing the spleen before fixation it could be shown that AAC were indeed bound to the lymphocyte membrane and not merely present in the blood plasma between the cells. The label was present in a spotty fashion or over a so-called uropod. The majority of labeled uropods (13 out of 17) pointed away from the follicle. From this it was inferred that these lymphocytes moved to and most probably into, the follicles. Inside the follicles, at 1 hour post injectionem, most of the label was associated with interfaces between lymphocytes. At 2 hours post injectionem there was a preferential localization over interfaces between lymphocytes and dendritic reticulum cells. It is conceivable that antigen that is introduced into the circulation is ultimately presented to dendritic reticulum cells in a complexed form with antibody, probably with complement, and with the B-cell receptor, since receptor shedding is a normal event following capping.", "contents": "Lymphocyte capping and lymphocyte migration as associated events in the in vivo antigen trapping process. An electron-microscopic autoradiographic study in the spleen of mice. The fate of 125I labeled antigen-antibody complexes in the first two hours after intravenous injection was followed in the spleen of mice by light and electron microscopic autoradiography. It appeared that AAC were phagocytized by granulocytes and by macrophages in the marginal zone and were present over the surface of lymphocytes in that area. By rinsing the spleen before fixation it could be shown that AAC were indeed bound to the lymphocyte membrane and not merely present in the blood plasma between the cells. The label was present in a spotty fashion or over a so-called uropod. The majority of labeled uropods (13 out of 17) pointed away from the follicle. From this it was inferred that these lymphocytes moved to and most probably into, the follicles. Inside the follicles, at 1 hour post injectionem, most of the label was associated with interfaces between lymphocytes. At 2 hours post injectionem there was a preferential localization over interfaces between lymphocytes and dendritic reticulum cells. It is conceivable that antigen that is introduced into the circulation is ultimately presented to dendritic reticulum cells in a complexed form with antibody, probably with complement, and with the B-cell receptor, since receptor shedding is a normal event following capping.", "PMID": 1175205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5023", "title": "Identification of neurophysin producing cells. III. Immunohistochemical demonstration of neurophysin I-producing neurons in the bovine infundibular nucleus.", "content": "Immuno-enzyme histochemical investigations on the bovine hypothalamus showed that the infundibular nucleus contains neurons that produce either neurophysin I or a neurophysin I-like substance. Fine processes of these neurons run in the direction of the median eminence. The possibility that these processes could be the origin of the \"neurophysin I-oxytocin\" containing nerve fibres of the external region of the median eminence is discussed.", "contents": "Identification of neurophysin producing cells. III. Immunohistochemical demonstration of neurophysin I-producing neurons in the bovine infundibular nucleus. Immuno-enzyme histochemical investigations on the bovine hypothalamus showed that the infundibular nucleus contains neurons that produce either neurophysin I or a neurophysin I-like substance. Fine processes of these neurons run in the direction of the median eminence. The possibility that these processes could be the origin of the \"neurophysin I-oxytocin\" containing nerve fibres of the external region of the median eminence is discussed.", "PMID": 1175206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5024", "title": "Correlations between brain catecholamines, neurosecretion, and serum corticoid levels in osmotically stressed mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos).", "content": "The effects of depleting brain catecholamines with a combined treatment of reserpine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine on serum corticosterone levels and release of immunoreactive neurophysin from the median eminence, in osmotically stressed and unstressed mallard ducks, were studied. Corticoid levels in salt loaded birds were more than three times that of unstressed birds. The combined treatment of reserpine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine significantly decreased the concentration of brain monoamines in all experimental groups and raised serum corticoid levels in non-stressed birds to the same level found in the osmotically stressed animals. Immunoreactive neurophysin in the zona externa of the median eminence was depleted in all birds subjected to either osmotic stress and/or reserpine treatment but not in unstressed control birds. These preliminary data indicate that catecholamines may exert an inhibitory influence on both ACTH release from the anterior pituitary and neurophysin from the median eminence and that these two events may in some way be interrelated in the duck.", "contents": "Correlations between brain catecholamines, neurosecretion, and serum corticoid levels in osmotically stressed mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). The effects of depleting brain catecholamines with a combined treatment of reserpine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine on serum corticosterone levels and release of immunoreactive neurophysin from the median eminence, in osmotically stressed and unstressed mallard ducks, were studied. Corticoid levels in salt loaded birds were more than three times that of unstressed birds. The combined treatment of reserpine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine significantly decreased the concentration of brain monoamines in all experimental groups and raised serum corticoid levels in non-stressed birds to the same level found in the osmotically stressed animals. Immunoreactive neurophysin in the zona externa of the median eminence was depleted in all birds subjected to either osmotic stress and/or reserpine treatment but not in unstressed control birds. These preliminary data indicate that catecholamines may exert an inhibitory influence on both ACTH release from the anterior pituitary and neurophysin from the median eminence and that these two events may in some way be interrelated in the duck.", "PMID": 1175207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5025", "title": "Comparative scanning electron microscope study of boar, bull and ram spermatozoa.", "content": "The comparative ultrastructure of ejaculated boar, bull and ram spermatozoa is studied by scanning electron microscopy. After washing, the spermatozoa are fixed in glutaraldehyde or im picric acid-formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde mixture. Samples are prepared either by critical point drying (Freon) on Millipore filters or by air drying on glass cover slips. In all the species studied, three regions may be distinguished in the paddle-shaped head of the sperm: an anterior segment (surrounded by the marginal thickening) and an equatorial segment constituting together the acrosome, and the postacrosomal region. Most of the feature of the postacrosomal lamina described in transmission electron microscopy are visible through the plasma membrane, particularly after air drying. The surface morphology of the neck and of the different segments of the flagellum is also evident. Some species differences are encountered, e.g. rough surface of acrosome and absence of serrations in postacrosomal lamina of boar spermatozoa only. The techniques employed result in good general morphology and fine resolution of surface detail of the sperm samples; they also permit analysis of spermatozoa treated by freezing or submitted to acrosomal extraction.", "contents": "Comparative scanning electron microscope study of boar, bull and ram spermatozoa. The comparative ultrastructure of ejaculated boar, bull and ram spermatozoa is studied by scanning electron microscopy. After washing, the spermatozoa are fixed in glutaraldehyde or im picric acid-formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde mixture. Samples are prepared either by critical point drying (Freon) on Millipore filters or by air drying on glass cover slips. In all the species studied, three regions may be distinguished in the paddle-shaped head of the sperm: an anterior segment (surrounded by the marginal thickening) and an equatorial segment constituting together the acrosome, and the postacrosomal region. Most of the feature of the postacrosomal lamina described in transmission electron microscopy are visible through the plasma membrane, particularly after air drying. The surface morphology of the neck and of the different segments of the flagellum is also evident. Some species differences are encountered, e.g. rough surface of acrosome and absence of serrations in postacrosomal lamina of boar spermatozoa only. The techniques employed result in good general morphology and fine resolution of surface detail of the sperm samples; they also permit analysis of spermatozoa treated by freezing or submitted to acrosomal extraction.", "PMID": 1175208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5026", "title": "An electron microscopic radioautographic study of the uptake of tritiated serotonin by nerve fibres in the posterior salivary duct and gland of cephalopods.", "content": "In the posterior salivary duct and gland of Octopus vulgaris and of Eledone cirrhosa, the duct secretory nerve trunks and their ramifications in the gland tubules include many fibres that incorporate labelled serotonin. However, there are also unlabelled secretory fibres, which cannot be discriminated from incorporating fibres on morphological grounds. Neuroglandular junctions are not apparently established by incorporating fibres. In the duct, the motor nerve trunks contain a small number of labelled fibres, and nerve bundles supplying the duct muscle contain, in variable proportions, serotonin incorporating fibres. Both labelled and unlabelled nerve fibres reach the duct muscle fibres, but neuromuscular junctions involve only unlabelled presynaptic fibres. The nerve fibres which join the gland muscle are usually unlabelled, and the small quota of incorporating fibres in the motor trunks apparently supply only duct tissues. Both secretory and motor trunks, originating from different ganglia, can be considered to contain heterogeneous fibres, releasing different neurotransmitters at the terminals. Certain of these fibres could be serotoninergic.", "contents": "An electron microscopic radioautographic study of the uptake of tritiated serotonin by nerve fibres in the posterior salivary duct and gland of cephalopods. In the posterior salivary duct and gland of Octopus vulgaris and of Eledone cirrhosa, the duct secretory nerve trunks and their ramifications in the gland tubules include many fibres that incorporate labelled serotonin. However, there are also unlabelled secretory fibres, which cannot be discriminated from incorporating fibres on morphological grounds. Neuroglandular junctions are not apparently established by incorporating fibres. In the duct, the motor nerve trunks contain a small number of labelled fibres, and nerve bundles supplying the duct muscle contain, in variable proportions, serotonin incorporating fibres. Both labelled and unlabelled nerve fibres reach the duct muscle fibres, but neuromuscular junctions involve only unlabelled presynaptic fibres. The nerve fibres which join the gland muscle are usually unlabelled, and the small quota of incorporating fibres in the motor trunks apparently supply only duct tissues. Both secretory and motor trunks, originating from different ganglia, can be considered to contain heterogeneous fibres, releasing different neurotransmitters at the terminals. Certain of these fibres could be serotoninergic.", "PMID": 1175209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5027", "title": "The structure of the rectal papilla in a parasitoid hymenopteran Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae).", "content": "The ultrastructure of the rectal papillae of the parasitoid hymenopteran, Nasonia vitripennis (Walk), is described. These organs in this insect consist of four distinct cell types arranged as a closed, hollow cone. The majority of the cells are present in the raised cone, and are characterised by large numbers of mitochondria arranged in a membranous labyrinth. A series of cells form a collar around the base of the cone. Junction cells have been identified which are present at the point of insertion of the cone into the rectal epithelium. The base of the cone consists of cells with elaborately folded plasma membranes facing both the central cavity of the cone, and the haemolymph. The structure of this rectal papilla is compared with those found in other insects.", "contents": "The structure of the rectal papilla in a parasitoid hymenopteran Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae). The ultrastructure of the rectal papillae of the parasitoid hymenopteran, Nasonia vitripennis (Walk), is described. These organs in this insect consist of four distinct cell types arranged as a closed, hollow cone. The majority of the cells are present in the raised cone, and are characterised by large numbers of mitochondria arranged in a membranous labyrinth. A series of cells form a collar around the base of the cone. Junction cells have been identified which are present at the point of insertion of the cone into the rectal epithelium. The base of the cone consists of cells with elaborately folded plasma membranes facing both the central cavity of the cone, and the haemolymph. The structure of this rectal papilla is compared with those found in other insects.", "PMID": 1175210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5028", "title": "The sensory cilium of retinal rods is analogous to the transitional zone of motile cilia.", "content": "The connecting cilium of rat retinal rods was studied by freeze-fracture and thin-sectioning techniques. Transverse strands of intramembranous particles could be observed on fracture face B on the ciliary plasma membrane. The strands were essentially similar to those found at the transitional zone of motile cilia (\"ciliary necklace\"). The larger number of intramembranous particles obscured the pattern on fracture face A of the membrane. On longitudinal sections of the cilia, beads showing a periodicity similar to the necklace strands were observed. Each bead consisted of two structures apposed to both sides of the plasma membrane. Transverse sections of the cilia revealed radial Y-shaped structures that connected each ciliary doublet with the plasma membrane. Axial tubules, central sheath, radial spokes and dynein arms were missing in the connecting cilium. Comparing the fine structure of the retinal cilia with that of motile cilia it becomes evident that the connecting cilium is analogous in structure with the transitional zone of motile cilia. The present observations suggest that periodic membrane beads along the plasma membrane on thin sections correspond to strands of necklace particles as observed on freeze-fractured membranes. The arrangement of the particles in transverse strands is probably ensured by the radial connecting structures.", "contents": "The sensory cilium of retinal rods is analogous to the transitional zone of motile cilia. The connecting cilium of rat retinal rods was studied by freeze-fracture and thin-sectioning techniques. Transverse strands of intramembranous particles could be observed on fracture face B on the ciliary plasma membrane. The strands were essentially similar to those found at the transitional zone of motile cilia (\"ciliary necklace\"). The larger number of intramembranous particles obscured the pattern on fracture face A of the membrane. On longitudinal sections of the cilia, beads showing a periodicity similar to the necklace strands were observed. Each bead consisted of two structures apposed to both sides of the plasma membrane. Transverse sections of the cilia revealed radial Y-shaped structures that connected each ciliary doublet with the plasma membrane. Axial tubules, central sheath, radial spokes and dynein arms were missing in the connecting cilium. Comparing the fine structure of the retinal cilia with that of motile cilia it becomes evident that the connecting cilium is analogous in structure with the transitional zone of motile cilia. The present observations suggest that periodic membrane beads along the plasma membrane on thin sections correspond to strands of necklace particles as observed on freeze-fractured membranes. The arrangement of the particles in transverse strands is probably ensured by the radial connecting structures.", "PMID": 1175211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5029", "title": "Ultrastructure of the grasshopper proximal femoral chordotonal organ.", "content": "This paper, the first in a series concerning the neurobiology of sensory cilia, describes the ultrastructure of our chosen model system--the proximal femoral chordotonal organ (FCO) in pro- and mesothoracic grasshopper legs. The FCO is a bundle of 150-200 longitudinally oriented chordotonal sensilla. Each chordotonal sensillum is a mechanoreceptive unit that contains two bipolar neurons whose dendrites bear sensory cilia. The structure of the sensory cilia leads us to suggest that they are motile cilia that respond to the mechanical stimulus with an \"active stroke\" which excites a transducer membrane at the dendrite tip.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the grasshopper proximal femoral chordotonal organ. This paper, the first in a series concerning the neurobiology of sensory cilia, describes the ultrastructure of our chosen model system--the proximal femoral chordotonal organ (FCO) in pro- and mesothoracic grasshopper legs. The FCO is a bundle of 150-200 longitudinally oriented chordotonal sensilla. Each chordotonal sensillum is a mechanoreceptive unit that contains two bipolar neurons whose dendrites bear sensory cilia. The structure of the sensory cilia leads us to suggest that they are motile cilia that respond to the mechanical stimulus with an \"active stroke\" which excites a transducer membrane at the dendrite tip.", "PMID": 1175212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5030", "title": "Studies on the juxtaglomerular apparatus. IV. Freeze-fracturing of membrane surfaces.", "content": "The juxtaglomerular apparatus of the rat was studied after freeze-fracturing with special respect to intercellular junctions. It was found that juxtaglomerular granulated cells of the vas afferens are interconnected by gap junctions to adjacent cells (granulated cells, possibly also smooth muscle cells). Gap junctions have also been found on the surface of lacis cells and mesangial cells. It is therefore concluded that these cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and the glomerulus--granulated cells (possibly also smooth muscle cells) of the vas afferens, lacis cells and mesangium cells--form a functional system reacting in a coordinated manner to physiological stimuli.", "contents": "Studies on the juxtaglomerular apparatus. IV. Freeze-fracturing of membrane surfaces. The juxtaglomerular apparatus of the rat was studied after freeze-fracturing with special respect to intercellular junctions. It was found that juxtaglomerular granulated cells of the vas afferens are interconnected by gap junctions to adjacent cells (granulated cells, possibly also smooth muscle cells). Gap junctions have also been found on the surface of lacis cells and mesangial cells. It is therefore concluded that these cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and the glomerulus--granulated cells (possibly also smooth muscle cells) of the vas afferens, lacis cells and mesangium cells--form a functional system reacting in a coordinated manner to physiological stimuli.", "PMID": 1175213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5031", "title": "Lymphoid cells in chicken intestinal epithelium.", "content": "The intraepithelial lymphoid cells of chicken small intestine were studied by light microscopy using 1 mu Epon sections, and by electron microscopy. Three cell types were found: small lymphocytes, large lymphoid cells, and granular cells. These cells correspond to the theliolymphocytes and globule leucocytes of previous authors. The numbers of all cell types increased with age. Correlation was found between the number of small lymphocytes and large lymphoid cells, but not between granular cells and either of the other two. A hypothesis is proposed, assigning these cells with a function in mucosal immunity.", "contents": "Lymphoid cells in chicken intestinal epithelium. The intraepithelial lymphoid cells of chicken small intestine were studied by light microscopy using 1 mu Epon sections, and by electron microscopy. Three cell types were found: small lymphocytes, large lymphoid cells, and granular cells. These cells correspond to the theliolymphocytes and globule leucocytes of previous authors. The numbers of all cell types increased with age. Correlation was found between the number of small lymphocytes and large lymphoid cells, but not between granular cells and either of the other two. A hypothesis is proposed, assigning these cells with a function in mucosal immunity.", "PMID": 1175214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5032", "title": "Innervation of the anterior byssal retractor muscle in Mytilus edulis L. II. Ultrastructure of the glio-interstitial cells.", "content": "Studies on the intrinsic innervation of the anterior byssal retractor muscle (ABRM) in Mytilus edulis L. were continued at the ultrastructural level. Electron micrographs show nerve processes ensheathed by glio-interstitial cells running between muscle fibers. The glio-interstitial cells may represent all the types of osmiophilic cells previously described by the light microscopic ZIO technique in the anterior byssal retractor muscle.", "contents": "Innervation of the anterior byssal retractor muscle in Mytilus edulis L. II. Ultrastructure of the glio-interstitial cells. Studies on the intrinsic innervation of the anterior byssal retractor muscle (ABRM) in Mytilus edulis L. were continued at the ultrastructural level. Electron micrographs show nerve processes ensheathed by glio-interstitial cells running between muscle fibers. The glio-interstitial cells may represent all the types of osmiophilic cells previously described by the light microscopic ZIO technique in the anterior byssal retractor muscle.", "PMID": 1175215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5033", "title": "Structural changes associated with parotid \"degeneration secretion\" after post-ganglionic sympathectomy in rats.", "content": "Parotid glands of rat have been examined 12, 24 and 48 hours after avulsion of the cervical sympathetic ganglion and compared with normally innervated left glands. Formaldehyde-induced fluorescence showed a relatively normal complement of adrenergic nerves at 12 hours but most of the nerves had lost their noradrenaline content by 24 hours and no fluorescent nerves were detected at 48 hours. Ultrastructural degenerative changes in axons were rare at 12 hours, common at 24 hours, and the degenerating axons appeared to have disappeared by 48 hours. The glands looked whitish and pale and similar to the controls at 12 and 48 hours but were pinkish and oedematous on the sympathectomised side at 24 hours. Correspondingly the acini were loaded with secretory granules at 12 and 48 hours but were extensively depleted of granules at 24 hours. This loss of granules is considered to be due to sympathetic \"degeneration secretion\" caused by the release of noradrenaline from the degenerating adrenergic nerves between 12 and 24 hours after ganglionectomy. This is thought to be the first example of morphological change resulting from \"degeneration activation\" to be recorded microscopically.", "contents": "Structural changes associated with parotid \"degeneration secretion\" after post-ganglionic sympathectomy in rats. Parotid glands of rat have been examined 12, 24 and 48 hours after avulsion of the cervical sympathetic ganglion and compared with normally innervated left glands. Formaldehyde-induced fluorescence showed a relatively normal complement of adrenergic nerves at 12 hours but most of the nerves had lost their noradrenaline content by 24 hours and no fluorescent nerves were detected at 48 hours. Ultrastructural degenerative changes in axons were rare at 12 hours, common at 24 hours, and the degenerating axons appeared to have disappeared by 48 hours. The glands looked whitish and pale and similar to the controls at 12 and 48 hours but were pinkish and oedematous on the sympathectomised side at 24 hours. Correspondingly the acini were loaded with secretory granules at 12 and 48 hours but were extensively depleted of granules at 24 hours. This loss of granules is considered to be due to sympathetic \"degeneration secretion\" caused by the release of noradrenaline from the degenerating adrenergic nerves between 12 and 24 hours after ganglionectomy. This is thought to be the first example of morphological change resulting from \"degeneration activation\" to be recorded microscopically.", "PMID": 1175216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5034", "title": "Electron microscopic observations on the castration-induced X zone in the adrenal cortex of male mice.", "content": "The secondary X zone induced by castration in the adrenal cortex of adult male mice was examined by electron microscopy and radioautography with 3H-thymidine. 10-15 days after castration a thin layer of small eosinophilic cells is formed in the inner-most cortex. Such eosinophilic cells contain irregulary shaped nuclei and spherical or ellipsoidal mitochondria with tubulolamellar cristae, 20-25 days after castration a prominent zone of small eosinophilic cells was clearly identified as the secondary X zone. The typical secondary X zone cells were characterized by the formation of peculiar mitochondrial complexes and whorled sER. The X zone cells with their characteristic organelles incorporated 3H-thymidine. The ultrastructure and formation of the secondary X zone were very similar to those of the primary X zone which appears during normal postnatal development. We demonstrate here the capacity of reticularis cells of adult male mice to transform into typical X zone cells following castration.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations on the castration-induced X zone in the adrenal cortex of male mice. The secondary X zone induced by castration in the adrenal cortex of adult male mice was examined by electron microscopy and radioautography with 3H-thymidine. 10-15 days after castration a thin layer of small eosinophilic cells is formed in the inner-most cortex. Such eosinophilic cells contain irregulary shaped nuclei and spherical or ellipsoidal mitochondria with tubulolamellar cristae, 20-25 days after castration a prominent zone of small eosinophilic cells was clearly identified as the secondary X zone. The typical secondary X zone cells were characterized by the formation of peculiar mitochondrial complexes and whorled sER. The X zone cells with their characteristic organelles incorporated 3H-thymidine. The ultrastructure and formation of the secondary X zone were very similar to those of the primary X zone which appears during normal postnatal development. We demonstrate here the capacity of reticularis cells of adult male mice to transform into typical X zone cells following castration.", "PMID": 1175217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5035", "title": "The mandibular organ of the lobster, Homarus americanus.", "content": "The lobster mandibular organ is well vascularized and its polygonal cells are arranged loosely around blood vessels and blood sinuses. Numerous mitochondria and microbodies (peroxisomes) give the acidophilic cytoplasm a finely granular appearance, but there is no evidence of secretory granules. The abundant endoplasmic reticulum is almost entirely agranular and occurs in two morphologically distinct forms: tubular and cisternal. The tubular reticulum is randomly distributed and may represent the site of synthesis and transport of the mandibular organ product. The cisternal reticulum is frequently associated with microbodies. Both forms of endoplasmic reticulum proliferate during mid to late premolt. Mandibular organ ultrastructure closely resembles that of cells known to synthesize steroids or lipids, which suggests that this organ may have a similar function. There is no functional evidence of involvement in molt control in Homarus, but ultrastructural and other evidence suggests an analogy with insect corpus allatum.", "contents": "The mandibular organ of the lobster, Homarus americanus. The lobster mandibular organ is well vascularized and its polygonal cells are arranged loosely around blood vessels and blood sinuses. Numerous mitochondria and microbodies (peroxisomes) give the acidophilic cytoplasm a finely granular appearance, but there is no evidence of secretory granules. The abundant endoplasmic reticulum is almost entirely agranular and occurs in two morphologically distinct forms: tubular and cisternal. The tubular reticulum is randomly distributed and may represent the site of synthesis and transport of the mandibular organ product. The cisternal reticulum is frequently associated with microbodies. Both forms of endoplasmic reticulum proliferate during mid to late premolt. Mandibular organ ultrastructure closely resembles that of cells known to synthesize steroids or lipids, which suggests that this organ may have a similar function. There is no functional evidence of involvement in molt control in Homarus, but ultrastructural and other evidence suggests an analogy with insect corpus allatum.", "PMID": 1175218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5036", "title": "Structural specialization in the dorsal retina of the bee, Apis mellifera.", "content": "Electron microscopic investigations on the eye of the worker bee showed that the ommatidia located in the uppermost part of the dorsal half of the eye are characterized by a distinct structural specialization: Nine visual cells contribute microvilli to the rhabdom over its full length. Within these rhabdoms the microvilli are arranged in at least three different directions. This specialization affects an area of at least 60 ommatidia. The most dorsal eye region differs, therefore, structurally from all other regions which have been investigated to date. Because the ommatidia in question are oriented skyward, their peculiar structure is discussed with respect to several concepts of polarized light detection by the bee.", "contents": "Structural specialization in the dorsal retina of the bee, Apis mellifera. Electron microscopic investigations on the eye of the worker bee showed that the ommatidia located in the uppermost part of the dorsal half of the eye are characterized by a distinct structural specialization: Nine visual cells contribute microvilli to the rhabdom over its full length. Within these rhabdoms the microvilli are arranged in at least three different directions. This specialization affects an area of at least 60 ommatidia. The most dorsal eye region differs, therefore, structurally from all other regions which have been investigated to date. Because the ommatidia in question are oriented skyward, their peculiar structure is discussed with respect to several concepts of polarized light detection by the bee.", "PMID": 1175219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5037", "title": "Myelin formation in cultures of previously dissociated mouse spinal cord.", "content": "Myelin formation in cultures of previously dissociated spinal cord from foetal mice is described. In addition to the expected pattern of myelination, in which axons are closely wrapped by myelin lamellae, redundant folds of myelin have been found, as have double sheaths surrounding a single axon. Hypotheses concerning the generation of these appearances are discussed. It is suggested that certain intracytoplasmic laminar bodies found in oligodendrocytes in vitro may be of mitochondrial origin.", "contents": "Myelin formation in cultures of previously dissociated mouse spinal cord. Myelin formation in cultures of previously dissociated spinal cord from foetal mice is described. In addition to the expected pattern of myelination, in which axons are closely wrapped by myelin lamellae, redundant folds of myelin have been found, as have double sheaths surrounding a single axon. Hypotheses concerning the generation of these appearances are discussed. It is suggested that certain intracytoplasmic laminar bodies found in oligodendrocytes in vitro may be of mitochondrial origin.", "PMID": 1175220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5038", "title": "Mercury inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in chicks.", "content": "Male chicks were fed a commercial ration and were given drinking water which contained 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 or 300 mug of mercury/ml as mercuric chloride from hatching to 3 weeks of age. In one experiment, the mercuric chloride was administered by injection into the abdominal cavity rather than in the drinking water. At 3 weeks the chicks were killed, and the livers were removed and weighed. The activity of fatty acid synthetase in the 800 X gav supernatant fractions of the liver homogenates and in vivo incorporation of [14C]acetate into liver and carcass fatty acids and respiratory 14CO2 was determined as indicated. Administration of mercury at a treatment level of 300 mug/ml of drinking water depressed growth, feed and water consumption, liver weight, hepatic fatty acid synthetase activity, and in vivo incorporation of [14C]acetate into liver and carcass fatty acids, and increased the production of respiratory 14CO2 as compared with controls. In experiments in which graded doses of mercury were administered, body weights, liver weights, and feed and water intakes of the chicks receiving 0, 50 and 100 mug of mercury/ml of drinking water were similar to each other, but these parameters were severely depressed by 200 mug of mercury/ml of drinking water. Mercury caused a dose-related decrease of fatty acid synthetase activity. Incorporation of [14C]acetate into carcass fatty acid was depressed by 50 and 200 mug of mercury/ml of drinking water; incorporation into liver fatty acids and production of respiratory 14CO2 was not affected by mercury. Intra-abdominal injection of 6 mg of mercury/100 g body weight (as mercuric chloride) into well alimented chicks depressed hepatic fatty acid synthetase activity at 1 h post-injection. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that a portion of the effects of mercury on fatty acid synthesis are direct rather than a secondary effect of inanition.", "contents": "Mercury inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in chicks. Male chicks were fed a commercial ration and were given drinking water which contained 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 or 300 mug of mercury/ml as mercuric chloride from hatching to 3 weeks of age. In one experiment, the mercuric chloride was administered by injection into the abdominal cavity rather than in the drinking water. At 3 weeks the chicks were killed, and the livers were removed and weighed. The activity of fatty acid synthetase in the 800 X gav supernatant fractions of the liver homogenates and in vivo incorporation of [14C]acetate into liver and carcass fatty acids and respiratory 14CO2 was determined as indicated. Administration of mercury at a treatment level of 300 mug/ml of drinking water depressed growth, feed and water consumption, liver weight, hepatic fatty acid synthetase activity, and in vivo incorporation of [14C]acetate into liver and carcass fatty acids, and increased the production of respiratory 14CO2 as compared with controls. In experiments in which graded doses of mercury were administered, body weights, liver weights, and feed and water intakes of the chicks receiving 0, 50 and 100 mug of mercury/ml of drinking water were similar to each other, but these parameters were severely depressed by 200 mug of mercury/ml of drinking water. Mercury caused a dose-related decrease of fatty acid synthetase activity. Incorporation of [14C]acetate into carcass fatty acid was depressed by 50 and 200 mug of mercury/ml of drinking water; incorporation into liver fatty acids and production of respiratory 14CO2 was not affected by mercury. Intra-abdominal injection of 6 mg of mercury/100 g body weight (as mercuric chloride) into well alimented chicks depressed hepatic fatty acid synthetase activity at 1 h post-injection. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that a portion of the effects of mercury on fatty acid synthesis are direct rather than a secondary effect of inanition.", "PMID": 1175245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5039", "title": "Replication of hepatic DNA in rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Replication of DNA containing unrepaired lesions such as depurinated sites, single-strand breaks or methylated bases such as O-6 and N-7 methylguanine was studied in the rat liver. Rat liver DNA was damaged by administering 10 mug dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)/g body wt i.p. 4 h prior to partial hepatectomy. The analysis of DNA on alkaline sucrose gradient revealed considerable damage to the parental strand at the time of and 48 h subsequent to partial hepatectomy. During this time interval, the synthesis of new strands was studied using labeled thymidine. In the control liver, radioactivity in DNA appeared as small fragments at 15 and 30 min following the administration of labeled thymidine which became bigger within 4 h. In the carcinogen-treated livers, the newly made DNA remained as small fragments for longer periods of time. Sometime between 4 and 24 h these became bigger in size than the parental damaged template DNA. Thus, with a delay, the newly made strands became eventually bigger, in spite of the fact that the parental template DNA strand was damaged. Such replication of DNA with unrepaired lesions (miscoding and/or non-coding) offers a mechanism by which the original damage to DNA caused by the carcinogen can be permanently imprinted on the newly made cell, a phenomenon that could account for the initiation of carcinogenesis under certain circumstances.", "contents": "Replication of hepatic DNA in rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine. Replication of DNA containing unrepaired lesions such as depurinated sites, single-strand breaks or methylated bases such as O-6 and N-7 methylguanine was studied in the rat liver. Rat liver DNA was damaged by administering 10 mug dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)/g body wt i.p. 4 h prior to partial hepatectomy. The analysis of DNA on alkaline sucrose gradient revealed considerable damage to the parental strand at the time of and 48 h subsequent to partial hepatectomy. During this time interval, the synthesis of new strands was studied using labeled thymidine. In the control liver, radioactivity in DNA appeared as small fragments at 15 and 30 min following the administration of labeled thymidine which became bigger within 4 h. In the carcinogen-treated livers, the newly made DNA remained as small fragments for longer periods of time. Sometime between 4 and 24 h these became bigger in size than the parental damaged template DNA. Thus, with a delay, the newly made strands became eventually bigger, in spite of the fact that the parental template DNA strand was damaged. Such replication of DNA with unrepaired lesions (miscoding and/or non-coding) offers a mechanism by which the original damage to DNA caused by the carcinogen can be permanently imprinted on the newly made cell, a phenomenon that could account for the initiation of carcinogenesis under certain circumstances.", "PMID": 1175246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5040", "title": "Effect of plumbous ion on messenger RNA.", "content": "The effects of Pb2+, a potent catalyst for the depolymerization of RNA have been studied on brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA, rabbit globin m-RNA and polyuridylic acid. After exposure of these natural and synthetic messengers to a sufficiently high concentration of Pb2+, they all lost their ability to stimulate amino acid incorporation in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems. There were differences in the susceptibilities of the messengers; gloing the m-RNA for 40 min revealed that there was a threshold Pb2+ concentration below which no loss of m-RNA activity was observed. The threshold concentration was considerably greater than the Pb2+ concentration at which protein synthesis is inhibited in reticulocytes and overt symptoms of plumbism are observed. However, when m-RNA were incubated for an extended period (24 h), even with sub-threshold concentrations of Pb2+, there was destruction of messenger function and globin m-RNA was more susceptible than BMV-RNA. Also the susceptibility of m-RNA to Pb2+ is temperature-dependent, which would indicate that m-RNA, like t-RNA, exists as a population of molecules in different conformational states that are not readily interconvertible.", "contents": "Effect of plumbous ion on messenger RNA. The effects of Pb2+, a potent catalyst for the depolymerization of RNA have been studied on brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA, rabbit globin m-RNA and polyuridylic acid. After exposure of these natural and synthetic messengers to a sufficiently high concentration of Pb2+, they all lost their ability to stimulate amino acid incorporation in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems. There were differences in the susceptibilities of the messengers; gloing the m-RNA for 40 min revealed that there was a threshold Pb2+ concentration below which no loss of m-RNA activity was observed. The threshold concentration was considerably greater than the Pb2+ concentration at which protein synthesis is inhibited in reticulocytes and overt symptoms of plumbism are observed. However, when m-RNA were incubated for an extended period (24 h), even with sub-threshold concentrations of Pb2+, there was destruction of messenger function and globin m-RNA was more susceptible than BMV-RNA. Also the susceptibility of m-RNA to Pb2+ is temperature-dependent, which would indicate that m-RNA, like t-RNA, exists as a population of molecules in different conformational states that are not readily interconvertible.", "PMID": 1175247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5041", "title": "The binding of [3H]chlorambucil to nuclear proteins of the Yoshida ascites sarcoma.", "content": "The binding of [3H]chlorambucil to nuclear proteins, extracted from Yoshida ascites sarcoma cells at 6 h and 24 h after administration of 3H-labelled drug to tumour-bearing animals, has been examined. Both covalent and non-covalent binding was detected. Considerably more drug was found associated with the proteins isolated from the tumour sensitive to the effects of the drug compared with similar proteins isolated from the tumour with an acquired resistance to the effects of alkylating agents. The two-fold difference in binding to total cell protein is attributed to a higher intranuclear protein binding in sensitive cells. In particular the soluble nuclear sap fraction from sensitive cells bound at least five times as much drug as the corresponding fraction from resistant cells. Low levels of binding to histones were demonstrated compared with that to the non-histone chromatin proteins. Binding to the nuclear sap and non-histone chromatin proteins was principally to high molecular weight protein species; these did not appear to represent aggregation products as scans of stained polyacrylamide gels of the extracted protein fractions were unaltered by the treatment of tumour-bearing animals with chlorambucil. Binding to the nuclear proteins from sensitive cells tended to persist over a 24-h period, whereas it was considerably reduced in resistant cells.", "contents": "The binding of [3H]chlorambucil to nuclear proteins of the Yoshida ascites sarcoma. The binding of [3H]chlorambucil to nuclear proteins, extracted from Yoshida ascites sarcoma cells at 6 h and 24 h after administration of 3H-labelled drug to tumour-bearing animals, has been examined. Both covalent and non-covalent binding was detected. Considerably more drug was found associated with the proteins isolated from the tumour sensitive to the effects of the drug compared with similar proteins isolated from the tumour with an acquired resistance to the effects of alkylating agents. The two-fold difference in binding to total cell protein is attributed to a higher intranuclear protein binding in sensitive cells. In particular the soluble nuclear sap fraction from sensitive cells bound at least five times as much drug as the corresponding fraction from resistant cells. Low levels of binding to histones were demonstrated compared with that to the non-histone chromatin proteins. Binding to the nuclear sap and non-histone chromatin proteins was principally to high molecular weight protein species; these did not appear to represent aggregation products as scans of stained polyacrylamide gels of the extracted protein fractions were unaltered by the treatment of tumour-bearing animals with chlorambucil. Binding to the nuclear proteins from sensitive cells tended to persist over a 24-h period, whereas it was considerably reduced in resistant cells.", "PMID": 1175248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5042", "title": "Cholesterol autoxidation: identification of the volatile fragments.", "content": "The volatile fragments of air-aged cholesterol were analysed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; The following fourteen compounds were identified: ethanol, acetic acid, acetone, 2-methylpropene, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 2-butanone, 2-methylpropionic acid, 2-methyl-2-butanol, 2-pentanone, 3-methyl-2-butanone, 2-methyl-1-pentene, 2-methyl-2-pentanol, and 2-methyl-4-penten-2-ol. Their formation via decomposition of initially formed sterol hydroperoxides is discussed.", "contents": "Cholesterol autoxidation: identification of the volatile fragments. The volatile fragments of air-aged cholesterol were analysed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; The following fourteen compounds were identified: ethanol, acetic acid, acetone, 2-methylpropene, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 2-butanone, 2-methylpropionic acid, 2-methyl-2-butanol, 2-pentanone, 3-methyl-2-butanone, 2-methyl-1-pentene, 2-methyl-2-pentanol, and 2-methyl-4-penten-2-ol. Their formation via decomposition of initially formed sterol hydroperoxides is discussed.", "PMID": 1175253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5043", "title": "13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 1,2-dioctadec-cis-enoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholines.", "content": "The 13C NMR spectra of all sixteen 1,2-dioctade-cis-enoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholines have been obtained. Resonance lines of the olefinic, methylene, methyl and carboxyl carbon nuclei are sufficiently characteristic to permit unequivocal designation of double bond position for each isomer. Two resonances of the sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine structure have been reassigned.", "contents": "13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 1,2-dioctadec-cis-enoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholines. The 13C NMR spectra of all sixteen 1,2-dioctade-cis-enoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholines have been obtained. Resonance lines of the olefinic, methylene, methyl and carboxyl carbon nuclei are sufficiently characteristic to permit unequivocal designation of double bond position for each isomer. Two resonances of the sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine structure have been reassigned.", "PMID": 1175254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5044", "title": "Observations on patients with primary ventricular fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In order to evaluate the events preceding primary ventricular fibrillation (PVF), continuous tape recording was performed in 262 patients consecutively admitted to the hospital within six hours of infarction in whom antiarrhythmic therapy was withheld. Warning arrhythmias (defined as ventricular ectopic beats occurring with a frequency of more than five beats per minute, in runs, falling in the vulnerable phase of the cardiac cycle or being multiformed) were registered in an equal percentage in patients who did or did not develop PVF. Immediately prior to PVF seven patients showed sinus tachycardia, 10 a sinus rate ranging from 60 to 100 beats per minute and two bradycardia due to complete atrioventricular block. The ventricular ectopic beat initiating PVF had a late coupling interval (QR'/QT larger than or equal to 0.85) in 11 patients and a left bundle branch block configuration as frequent as a right bundle branch block. 1) Warning arrhythmias are not considered good criteria for institution of antiarrhythmic therapy in order to prevent PVF. 2) In patients with sinus rhythm there may be an association between heart rate and onset of PVF. 3) The malignancy of a ventricular ectopic beat is not determined by its coupling interval or its configuration.", "contents": "Observations on patients with primary ventricular fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction. In order to evaluate the events preceding primary ventricular fibrillation (PVF), continuous tape recording was performed in 262 patients consecutively admitted to the hospital within six hours of infarction in whom antiarrhythmic therapy was withheld. Warning arrhythmias (defined as ventricular ectopic beats occurring with a frequency of more than five beats per minute, in runs, falling in the vulnerable phase of the cardiac cycle or being multiformed) were registered in an equal percentage in patients who did or did not develop PVF. Immediately prior to PVF seven patients showed sinus tachycardia, 10 a sinus rate ranging from 60 to 100 beats per minute and two bradycardia due to complete atrioventricular block. The ventricular ectopic beat initiating PVF had a late coupling interval (QR'/QT larger than or equal to 0.85) in 11 patients and a left bundle branch block configuration as frequent as a right bundle branch block. 1) Warning arrhythmias are not considered good criteria for institution of antiarrhythmic therapy in order to prevent PVF. 2) In patients with sinus rhythm there may be an association between heart rate and onset of PVF. 3) The malignancy of a ventricular ectopic beat is not determined by its coupling interval or its configuration.", "PMID": 1175257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5045", "title": "Electrophysiologic effects of coronary occlusion and reperfusion. Observations of dispersion of refractoriness and ventricular automaticity.", "content": "In order to determine the electrophysiological changes that occur during coronary occlusion and following reperfusion, 19 mongrel dogs were studied. Refractory periods were determined by the extrastimulus method in nonischemic and ischemic zones prior to and after variable periods of left anterior descending artery occlusion and reperfusion. After 15-30 minutes of occlusion, refractory periods in the nonischemic zones remained unchanged while in the ischemic zone they shortened by 17%, resulting in a dispersion of refractoriness. Within three minutes of reperfusion, arrhythmias appeared together with a marked directional change of refractory periods to a prolongation by 34% (P less than 0.001) in the ischemic zone and by 3% (P less than 0.02) in the nonischemic zone. Refractory periods returned to baseline values after 60 minutes of reperfusion. After 60-90 minutes of occlusion, refractory periods in the nonischemic zones were unchanged whereas in the ischemic zone they demonstrated a decrease by 28% (P less than 0.01), again resulting in a dispersion of refractoriness. Within five minutes of reperfusion, refractory periods in the ischemic zone prolonged by 44% (P less than 0.001). Similar but smaller directional changes were also seen in nonischemic zones. Concomitant with the observed prolongation in refractory periods frequent ventricular ectopic activity was again documented. In addition, refractory periods did not return to control values after periods of observation up to 120 minutes in this group. In seven dogs, complete heart block was induced to ascertain the rate of idioventricular pacemaker and the effect of ventricular overdrive on the escape interval. Control ventricular rates (53.3 +/- 5.7 beats/min) remained unchanged (52.3 +/- 5.6) following coronary occlusion, but decreased to 48.0 +/- 4.4 (P less than 0.05) during reperfusion. Mean control escape intervals (1.8 +/- 0.2 sec) did not change after occlusion (1.7 +/- 0.2 sec) but prolonged to 2.1 +/- 0.2 sec (P less than 0.05) following reperfusion. 1) sudden prolongation in refractory periods following reperfusion leads to an overshoot resulting in a dispersion of refractoriness temporally related to the onset of ventricular arrhythmias and 2) re-entry, and not enhanced automaticity, appears to be the mechanism for postperfusion arrhythmias.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic effects of coronary occlusion and reperfusion. Observations of dispersion of refractoriness and ventricular automaticity. In order to determine the electrophysiological changes that occur during coronary occlusion and following reperfusion, 19 mongrel dogs were studied. Refractory periods were determined by the extrastimulus method in nonischemic and ischemic zones prior to and after variable periods of left anterior descending artery occlusion and reperfusion. After 15-30 minutes of occlusion, refractory periods in the nonischemic zones remained unchanged while in the ischemic zone they shortened by 17%, resulting in a dispersion of refractoriness. Within three minutes of reperfusion, arrhythmias appeared together with a marked directional change of refractory periods to a prolongation by 34% (P less than 0.001) in the ischemic zone and by 3% (P less than 0.02) in the nonischemic zone. Refractory periods returned to baseline values after 60 minutes of reperfusion. After 60-90 minutes of occlusion, refractory periods in the nonischemic zones were unchanged whereas in the ischemic zone they demonstrated a decrease by 28% (P less than 0.01), again resulting in a dispersion of refractoriness. Within five minutes of reperfusion, refractory periods in the ischemic zone prolonged by 44% (P less than 0.001). Similar but smaller directional changes were also seen in nonischemic zones. Concomitant with the observed prolongation in refractory periods frequent ventricular ectopic activity was again documented. In addition, refractory periods did not return to control values after periods of observation up to 120 minutes in this group. In seven dogs, complete heart block was induced to ascertain the rate of idioventricular pacemaker and the effect of ventricular overdrive on the escape interval. Control ventricular rates (53.3 +/- 5.7 beats/min) remained unchanged (52.3 +/- 5.6) following coronary occlusion, but decreased to 48.0 +/- 4.4 (P less than 0.05) during reperfusion. Mean control escape intervals (1.8 +/- 0.2 sec) did not change after occlusion (1.7 +/- 0.2 sec) but prolonged to 2.1 +/- 0.2 sec (P less than 0.05) following reperfusion. 1) sudden prolongation in refractory periods following reperfusion leads to an overshoot resulting in a dispersion of refractoriness temporally related to the onset of ventricular arrhythmias and 2) re-entry, and not enhanced automaticity, appears to be the mechanism for postperfusion arrhythmias.", "PMID": 1175258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5046", "title": "A comparative analysis of antegrade and retrograde conduction patterns in man.", "content": "Patterns of antegrade and retrograde conduction and refractory periods were studied using His bundle electrogram recordings, incremental atrial and ventricular pacing and the extrastimulus technique. In 36/50 patients antegrade conduction was \"better\" than retrograde conduction (group I), as evidenced by a) onset of retrograde atrioventricular (A-V) nodal Wenckebach phenomenon at a slower rate compared to the antegrade counterpart (25 patients: group IA) or b) no ventriculo-atrial conduction at all ventricular paced rates (11 pts: group IB). The site of retrograde block in group IB patients was the A-V node. In eight patients (group II), antegrade and retrograde conduction appeared to be equal up to maximum paced rates of 160 beats/min. In six patients (group III) retrograde conduction was \"better\" than antegrade conduction, as indicated by onset of antegrade A-V nodal Wenckebach periods at slower rates than retrograde Wenckebach periods. During antegrade refractory period studies the area of maximum refractoriness was the A-V node in 19/40 patients, the His-Purkinje system (HPS) 6/40, and the atrial muscle in 15/40. During retrograde refractory period studies the A-V node was the area of maximum refractoriness in 12/36 pts (4/40 patients had A-V dissociation during ventricular pacing), the HPS in 12/36, and the ventricular muscle in 10/36. In 2/36 patients the site of maximum refractoriness retrogradely could not be determined: The area of maximum refractoriness during both antegrade and retrograde refractory period studies was the same in 11 patients (A-V node in seve and HPS in four), was different (i.e., A-V node or HPS) in 18 patients, and was the artrial or ventricular muscle in six patients. In five patients, including four patients in whom V-A conduction failed to occur, the above comparisons were not made. It is concluded that 1) antegrade conduction is better than retrograde conduction in most patients; 2) it is not always possible to predict area of maximum refractoriness during premature stimulation (both atrium and ventricle) from observations made during incremental pacing; 3) it is equally difficult to extrapolate patterns of retrograde conduction and refractory periods from results of antegrade conduction and refractory period studies.", "contents": "A comparative analysis of antegrade and retrograde conduction patterns in man. Patterns of antegrade and retrograde conduction and refractory periods were studied using His bundle electrogram recordings, incremental atrial and ventricular pacing and the extrastimulus technique. In 36/50 patients antegrade conduction was \"better\" than retrograde conduction (group I), as evidenced by a) onset of retrograde atrioventricular (A-V) nodal Wenckebach phenomenon at a slower rate compared to the antegrade counterpart (25 patients: group IA) or b) no ventriculo-atrial conduction at all ventricular paced rates (11 pts: group IB). The site of retrograde block in group IB patients was the A-V node. In eight patients (group II), antegrade and retrograde conduction appeared to be equal up to maximum paced rates of 160 beats/min. In six patients (group III) retrograde conduction was \"better\" than antegrade conduction, as indicated by onset of antegrade A-V nodal Wenckebach periods at slower rates than retrograde Wenckebach periods. During antegrade refractory period studies the area of maximum refractoriness was the A-V node in 19/40 patients, the His-Purkinje system (HPS) 6/40, and the atrial muscle in 15/40. During retrograde refractory period studies the A-V node was the area of maximum refractoriness in 12/36 pts (4/40 patients had A-V dissociation during ventricular pacing), the HPS in 12/36, and the ventricular muscle in 10/36. In 2/36 patients the site of maximum refractoriness retrogradely could not be determined: The area of maximum refractoriness during both antegrade and retrograde refractory period studies was the same in 11 patients (A-V node in seve and HPS in four), was different (i.e., A-V node or HPS) in 18 patients, and was the artrial or ventricular muscle in six patients. In five patients, including four patients in whom V-A conduction failed to occur, the above comparisons were not made. It is concluded that 1) antegrade conduction is better than retrograde conduction in most patients; 2) it is not always possible to predict area of maximum refractoriness during premature stimulation (both atrium and ventricle) from observations made during incremental pacing; 3) it is equally difficult to extrapolate patterns of retrograde conduction and refractory periods from results of antegrade conduction and refractory period studies.", "PMID": 1175259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5047", "title": "Demonstration of dual atrioventricular nodal pathways utilizing a ventricular extrastimulus in patients with atrioventricular nodal re-entrant paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.", "content": "In patients with atrioventricular (A-V) nodal re-entrant paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), atrial extrastimulus technique frequently reveals discontinuous A1-A2, H1-H2 curves suggestive of dual A-V nodal pathways. To further test the hypothesis that these curves in fact reflect dual A-V nodal pathways, a ventricular extrastimulus (VS) was coupled either to A2 at a fixed A1-A2 interval which reliably produced an A-V nodal re-entrant atrial echo (E) with a constant A2-E interval in two patients, or to QRS complex (V) during sustained PSVT with a constant E-E interval in one patient. Three response zones were defined: at longer A2-VS or V-VS coupling interval, VS manifested no effect on the timing of E (Zone 1). At closer A2-VS or V-VS coupling interval, VS conducted to the atrium, shortening the apparent A2-E or E-E interval (Zone 2). At shortest A2-VS or V-VS coupling interval, VS was blocked retrogradely, and no E was induced (Zone 3). The ability of VS to preempt control of the atria (Zone 2 response) strongly suggests the presence of dual A-V nodal pathways in these PSVT patients. If only a single pathway were present, VS would of necessity collide with the antegrade impulse and could not reach the atria. The Zone 3 response occurs because of retrograde refractoriness of the fast pathway. Failure of the echo during Zone 3 probably reflects concealed conduction to the fast pathway, or possibly interference in the slow pathway.", "contents": "Demonstration of dual atrioventricular nodal pathways utilizing a ventricular extrastimulus in patients with atrioventricular nodal re-entrant paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. In patients with atrioventricular (A-V) nodal re-entrant paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), atrial extrastimulus technique frequently reveals discontinuous A1-A2, H1-H2 curves suggestive of dual A-V nodal pathways. To further test the hypothesis that these curves in fact reflect dual A-V nodal pathways, a ventricular extrastimulus (VS) was coupled either to A2 at a fixed A1-A2 interval which reliably produced an A-V nodal re-entrant atrial echo (E) with a constant A2-E interval in two patients, or to QRS complex (V) during sustained PSVT with a constant E-E interval in one patient. Three response zones were defined: at longer A2-VS or V-VS coupling interval, VS manifested no effect on the timing of E (Zone 1). At closer A2-VS or V-VS coupling interval, VS conducted to the atrium, shortening the apparent A2-E or E-E interval (Zone 2). At shortest A2-VS or V-VS coupling interval, VS was blocked retrogradely, and no E was induced (Zone 3). The ability of VS to preempt control of the atria (Zone 2 response) strongly suggests the presence of dual A-V nodal pathways in these PSVT patients. If only a single pathway were present, VS would of necessity collide with the antegrade impulse and could not reach the atria. The Zone 3 response occurs because of retrograde refractoriness of the fast pathway. Failure of the echo during Zone 3 probably reflects concealed conduction to the fast pathway, or possibly interference in the slow pathway.", "PMID": 1175260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5048", "title": "Precordial ST-segment mapping 1. Clinical studies in the coronary care unit.", "content": "Precordial ST-segment mapping Was applied serially in the coronary care unit for the study of 46 patients with myocardial infarction (MI), using a 49-lead system. Data from the maps were compared with clinical status of patients, conventional ECGs obtained simultaneously, and serum enzyme levels. Stability of the maps over a one hour period was noted in the early phase of admission. However, a drop of 32% of the sum of ST-segment elevations (+sigma ST) was detected in eight patients with uncomplicated anterior MI over the first 24 hours after admission. Extension of infarction was associated with abrupt rise of + sigma ST, and was diagnosed in two cases from maps in the presence of unchanged standard ECGs. The course of ST elevations was followed more accurately by the map than the standard ECG in eight patients. Pericarditis invalidated the technique completely, due to persistent + sigma ST. The standard ECG was superior to the map in following patients with inferior MI. A case of true posterior MI was more accurately delineated by maps of the posterior thorax than by the standard ECG. Intraventricular conduction defects and pacemaking interfered with maps. Early repolarization produced stable maps; however, mapping showed no advantages over the standard ECG. Preinfarction angina can probably be followed by serial mapping of ST-segment depression.", "contents": "Precordial ST-segment mapping 1. Clinical studies in the coronary care unit. Precordial ST-segment mapping Was applied serially in the coronary care unit for the study of 46 patients with myocardial infarction (MI), using a 49-lead system. Data from the maps were compared with clinical status of patients, conventional ECGs obtained simultaneously, and serum enzyme levels. Stability of the maps over a one hour period was noted in the early phase of admission. However, a drop of 32% of the sum of ST-segment elevations (+sigma ST) was detected in eight patients with uncomplicated anterior MI over the first 24 hours after admission. Extension of infarction was associated with abrupt rise of + sigma ST, and was diagnosed in two cases from maps in the presence of unchanged standard ECGs. The course of ST elevations was followed more accurately by the map than the standard ECG in eight patients. Pericarditis invalidated the technique completely, due to persistent + sigma ST. The standard ECG was superior to the map in following patients with inferior MI. A case of true posterior MI was more accurately delineated by maps of the posterior thorax than by the standard ECG. Intraventricular conduction defects and pacemaking interfered with maps. Early repolarization produced stable maps; however, mapping showed no advantages over the standard ECG. Preinfarction angina can probably be followed by serial mapping of ST-segment depression.", "PMID": 1175261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5049", "title": "Echocardiographic features of supravalvular aortic stenosis.", "content": "A method for the echocardiographic detection of supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) is described and the findings in a series of patients are presented. When compared to angiography, the echo tended to underestimate the severity of the supravalvular aortic obstruction. However, echocardiography appears to be a valuable, noninvasive method for detecting SVAS.", "contents": "Echocardiographic features of supravalvular aortic stenosis. A method for the echocardiographic detection of supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) is described and the findings in a series of patients are presented. When compared to angiography, the echo tended to underestimate the severity of the supravalvular aortic obstruction. However, echocardiography appears to be a valuable, noninvasive method for detecting SVAS.", "PMID": 1175262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5050", "title": "Cross-sectional echocardiography in assessing the severity of valvular aortic stenosis.", "content": "Real-time, cross-sectional echocardiograms were recorded in 28 consecutive adult patients with valvular aortic stenosis using a high resolution, mechanical sector scanner. Using the cross-sectional technique, the aortic valve orifice diameter was recorded in each of the 28 patients. With M-mode echocardiographic examination of these same patients, this value could be estimated in only 21 of these 28 patients (75%). The maximum aortic valve diameter recorded during the cross-sectional study averaged 7.9 +/- 1.8 mm (range 4-11 mm) in 15 patients with severe aortic stenosis; 11.6 +/- 2.3 mm (range 9-15 mm) in five patients with moderate aortic stenosis; 16.9 +/- 2.0 mm (range 14-20 mm) in eight patients with mild aortic stenosis; and 20.5 +/- 2.8 mm (range 15-26 mm) in 25 patients with no evidence of aortic valve disease. Comparing the means of these groups yielded the following: severe vs moderate P less than 0.005; moderate vs mild P less than 0.001; and mild vs normal P less than 0.001. Although there was some overlap between the individual groups, a clear separation existed between patients with severe and mild aortic stenosis. In addition, the group of patients in whom surgical intervention was recommended was also separated from the other subjects. When the aortic valve orifice was recorded using the M-mode technique, there was also a good correlation with the severity of the stenosis; however, the tendency of the M-mode study to overestimate severity in individual patients with calcific aortic stenosis and to underestimate severity in congenital aortic stenosis was again demonstrated. This study suggests that real-time, high resolution, cross-sectional echocardiography should be valuable in the noninvasive assessment of patients with aortic stenosis.", "contents": "Cross-sectional echocardiography in assessing the severity of valvular aortic stenosis. Real-time, cross-sectional echocardiograms were recorded in 28 consecutive adult patients with valvular aortic stenosis using a high resolution, mechanical sector scanner. Using the cross-sectional technique, the aortic valve orifice diameter was recorded in each of the 28 patients. With M-mode echocardiographic examination of these same patients, this value could be estimated in only 21 of these 28 patients (75%). The maximum aortic valve diameter recorded during the cross-sectional study averaged 7.9 +/- 1.8 mm (range 4-11 mm) in 15 patients with severe aortic stenosis; 11.6 +/- 2.3 mm (range 9-15 mm) in five patients with moderate aortic stenosis; 16.9 +/- 2.0 mm (range 14-20 mm) in eight patients with mild aortic stenosis; and 20.5 +/- 2.8 mm (range 15-26 mm) in 25 patients with no evidence of aortic valve disease. Comparing the means of these groups yielded the following: severe vs moderate P less than 0.005; moderate vs mild P less than 0.001; and mild vs normal P less than 0.001. Although there was some overlap between the individual groups, a clear separation existed between patients with severe and mild aortic stenosis. In addition, the group of patients in whom surgical intervention was recommended was also separated from the other subjects. When the aortic valve orifice was recorded using the M-mode technique, there was also a good correlation with the severity of the stenosis; however, the tendency of the M-mode study to overestimate severity in individual patients with calcific aortic stenosis and to underestimate severity in congenital aortic stenosis was again demonstrated. This study suggests that real-time, high resolution, cross-sectional echocardiography should be valuable in the noninvasive assessment of patients with aortic stenosis.", "PMID": 1175263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5051", "title": "Influence of acute alterations in heart rate and systemic arterial pressure on echocardiographic measures of left ventricular perfornmance in normal human subjects.", "content": "To study the effects of acute alterations in heart rate and systemic arterial pressure on the mean velocity of left ventricular circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) and on mean posterior wall velocity (Vpw), we performed ultrasound studies in 25 normal human subjects between the ages of 21 and 29 years. When heart rate was augmented by the administration of intravenous atropine from 64 +/- 2.2 (SEM) to 98 +/- 2.7 beats/min, mean normalized Vcf increased from 1.22 +/- 0.05 to 1.38 +/- 0.06 circumferences (circ)/sec(P less than 0.001). Mean normalized Vpw increased from 0.76 +/- 0.03 to 0.89 +/- 0.04 sec-1 (P less than 0.001). Mean Vcf and mean Vpw uncorrected for end-diastolic diameter increased in a similar fashion (P less than 0.01). After atropine administration, systemic arterial pressure was augmented by means of a phenylephrine infusion in 23 subjects by an average of 39 mm Hg (range 20-50 mm Hg). During the phenylephrine infusion, average heart rate decreased from 96 +/- 2.6 to 91 +/- 3.1 beats/min (NS), while mean normalized Vcf declined from 1.38 +/- 0.06 to 1.09 +/- 0.05 circ/sec (P less than 0.001) and normalized Vpw from 0.89 +/- 0.04 to 0.65 +/- 0.04 sec-1 (P less than 0.001). Nonnormalized velocities exhibited similar alterations (P less than 0.01). We conclude that in the normal human subject mean Vcf and mean Vpw are sensitive to acute alterations in heart rate and systemic arterial pressure. Thus, when ultrasound measures are used for serial assessment of left ventricular performance, the level of heart rate and systemic arterial pressure at which studies  are obtained must be considered. Further, the sequential use of atropine and phenylephrine, as described in this study, provides an experimental model for the evaluation of the effects of drug treatment and other interventions on left ventricular performance in man.", "contents": "Influence of acute alterations in heart rate and systemic arterial pressure on echocardiographic measures of left ventricular perfornmance in normal human subjects. To study the effects of acute alterations in heart rate and systemic arterial pressure on the mean velocity of left ventricular circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) and on mean posterior wall velocity (Vpw), we performed ultrasound studies in 25 normal human subjects between the ages of 21 and 29 years. When heart rate was augmented by the administration of intravenous atropine from 64 +/- 2.2 (SEM) to 98 +/- 2.7 beats/min, mean normalized Vcf increased from 1.22 +/- 0.05 to 1.38 +/- 0.06 circumferences (circ)/sec(P less than 0.001). Mean normalized Vpw increased from 0.76 +/- 0.03 to 0.89 +/- 0.04 sec-1 (P less than 0.001). Mean Vcf and mean Vpw uncorrected for end-diastolic diameter increased in a similar fashion (P less than 0.01). After atropine administration, systemic arterial pressure was augmented by means of a phenylephrine infusion in 23 subjects by an average of 39 mm Hg (range 20-50 mm Hg). During the phenylephrine infusion, average heart rate decreased from 96 +/- 2.6 to 91 +/- 3.1 beats/min (NS), while mean normalized Vcf declined from 1.38 +/- 0.06 to 1.09 +/- 0.05 circ/sec (P less than 0.001) and normalized Vpw from 0.89 +/- 0.04 to 0.65 +/- 0.04 sec-1 (P less than 0.001). Nonnormalized velocities exhibited similar alterations (P less than 0.01). We conclude that in the normal human subject mean Vcf and mean Vpw are sensitive to acute alterations in heart rate and systemic arterial pressure. Thus, when ultrasound measures are used for serial assessment of left ventricular performance, the level of heart rate and systemic arterial pressure at which studies  are obtained must be considered. Further, the sequential use of atropine and phenylephrine, as described in this study, provides an experimental model for the evaluation of the effects of drug treatment and other interventions on left ventricular performance in man.", "PMID": 1175264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5052", "title": "Temporal heterogeneity of myocardial blood flow in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "Temporal variation in perfusion to small segments of the myocardium was studied in 19 opened-chest dogs. In six control dogs, three or four differently labeled 7-10 mu microspheres were injected simultaneously into the left atrium to assess the variability in measured myocardial perfusion due to the microsphere technique. In 13 other dogs, microspheres were injected four times at 5 minute intervals while various hemodynamics parameters (mean aortic pressure, peak systolic pressure, heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and Vmax) were stable (less than 10% variation in any one parameter). The left ventricles were divided into 96 segments, the mean weight+/- SD of each segment was 0.95+/-0.17 grams. The flow to each segment was expressed as a percent of the mean flow of the three or four measured flows to that segment, and the difference between the largest and the smallest percent of each segment was taken as a measure of the variability of flow to that segment. The average variability of segmental flow (mean +/-SD) when the three to four differently labeled microspheres were injected was 14.0+/-4.7; and the variability when differently labeled microspheres injected sequentially was 31.0+/-10.8% (P less than 0.001). Furthermore, in the sequentially injected animals the magnitude of temporal variation was similar in various subdivisions of the ventricle (layers, walls, apex to base). The mean and standard deviation of the variability of flow to the endo, mid, and epicardial layers were 28.7+/-10.2, 30.0+/-11.3 and 34.5+/-12.4%, respectively. These changes may reflect either spontaneous or local autoregulatory changes in precapillary sphincters or arterioles.", "contents": "Temporal heterogeneity of myocardial blood flow in anesthetized dogs. Temporal variation in perfusion to small segments of the myocardium was studied in 19 opened-chest dogs. In six control dogs, three or four differently labeled 7-10 mu microspheres were injected simultaneously into the left atrium to assess the variability in measured myocardial perfusion due to the microsphere technique. In 13 other dogs, microspheres were injected four times at 5 minute intervals while various hemodynamics parameters (mean aortic pressure, peak systolic pressure, heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and Vmax) were stable (less than 10% variation in any one parameter). The left ventricles were divided into 96 segments, the mean weight+/- SD of each segment was 0.95+/-0.17 grams. The flow to each segment was expressed as a percent of the mean flow of the three or four measured flows to that segment, and the difference between the largest and the smallest percent of each segment was taken as a measure of the variability of flow to that segment. The average variability of segmental flow (mean +/-SD) when the three to four differently labeled microspheres were injected was 14.0+/-4.7; and the variability when differently labeled microspheres injected sequentially was 31.0+/-10.8% (P less than 0.001). Furthermore, in the sequentially injected animals the magnitude of temporal variation was similar in various subdivisions of the ventricle (layers, walls, apex to base). The mean and standard deviation of the variability of flow to the endo, mid, and epicardial layers were 28.7+/-10.2, 30.0+/-11.3 and 34.5+/-12.4%, respectively. These changes may reflect either spontaneous or local autoregulatory changes in precapillary sphincters or arterioles.", "PMID": 1175265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5053", "title": "Impairment of myocardial O2 supply due to hyperventilation.", "content": "Thirteen patients with ischemic coronary heart disease purposely hyperventilated for seven minutes in order to induce hypocapnic alkalosis. One patient experienced chest pain, and one exhibited chemical signs of myocardial hypoxia. Heart rate, blood pressure and myocardial O2 consumption did not change significantly. Coronary blood flow decreased and coronary (a-v)O2 difference widened. Since the alkalosis increased the blood O2 affinity, the fall in PO2 in coronary venous blood was proportionately even greater than the fall in O2 concentration. Thus, hypocapnic alkalosis due to hyperventilation interferes with myocardial O2 supply by 1) coronary vasoconstriction and 2) increased O2 affinity of blood.", "contents": "Impairment of myocardial O2 supply due to hyperventilation. Thirteen patients with ischemic coronary heart disease purposely hyperventilated for seven minutes in order to induce hypocapnic alkalosis. One patient experienced chest pain, and one exhibited chemical signs of myocardial hypoxia. Heart rate, blood pressure and myocardial O2 consumption did not change significantly. Coronary blood flow decreased and coronary (a-v)O2 difference widened. Since the alkalosis increased the blood O2 affinity, the fall in PO2 in coronary venous blood was proportionately even greater than the fall in O2 concentration. Thus, hypocapnic alkalosis due to hyperventilation interferes with myocardial O2 supply by 1) coronary vasoconstriction and 2) increased O2 affinity of blood.", "PMID": 1175266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5054", "title": "Measurement of midwall myocardial dynamics in intact man by radiography of surgically implanted markers.", "content": "Tiny radiopaque helices (0.85 times 1.5 mm) of pure tantalum wire were implanted by means of a simple insertor instrument into the left ventricular myocardium in 24 patients at the time of cardiac surgery. The markers were positioned in such a way as to outline the profile of the left ventricle when viewed in a 30 degree right anterior oblique projection. Biplane studies showed that all markers could be placed very nearly in a plane using the surface anatomy of the heart as a guide to implantation. Implantation of markers required approximately two minutes. No intraoperative or postoperative complications ascribable to the markers have occurred. They remain firmly in place and allow acquisition of a noninvasive ventriculogram at any time after surgery. The dynamic geometry of the left ventricle was determined by analysis of cineradiograms of these markers. Utilization of a single-plane (right anterior oblique) cineradiogram to obtain measurements of major transverse ventricular diameters, mean circumferential shortening, and circumferential shortening velocity results in underestimation of lenghts by 1.4%, overestimation of shortening by 1.2% of end-diastolic length, and overestimation of velocity by 0.05 circ/sec, when compared with values obtained simultaneously from biplane cineradiograms.", "contents": "Measurement of midwall myocardial dynamics in intact man by radiography of surgically implanted markers. Tiny radiopaque helices (0.85 times 1.5 mm) of pure tantalum wire were implanted by means of a simple insertor instrument into the left ventricular myocardium in 24 patients at the time of cardiac surgery. The markers were positioned in such a way as to outline the profile of the left ventricle when viewed in a 30 degree right anterior oblique projection. Biplane studies showed that all markers could be placed very nearly in a plane using the surface anatomy of the heart as a guide to implantation. Implantation of markers required approximately two minutes. No intraoperative or postoperative complications ascribable to the markers have occurred. They remain firmly in place and allow acquisition of a noninvasive ventriculogram at any time after surgery. The dynamic geometry of the left ventricle was determined by analysis of cineradiograms of these markers. Utilization of a single-plane (right anterior oblique) cineradiogram to obtain measurements of major transverse ventricular diameters, mean circumferential shortening, and circumferential shortening velocity results in underestimation of lenghts by 1.4%, overestimation of shortening by 1.2% of end-diastolic length, and overestimation of velocity by 0.05 circ/sec, when compared with values obtained simultaneously from biplane cineradiograms.", "PMID": 1175267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5055", "title": "Left ventricular aneurysm. Preoperative hemodynamics, chamber volume, and results of aneurysmectomy.", "content": "Angiocardiographic characteristics of the residual contracting left ventricle (LV) have been examined in 16 patients with anterolateral ventricular aneurysms (VA). In each patient a contractile section (CS) of the LV was clearly demarcated from the remaining aneurysmal section (AS). Using a double hemispheroid model, volumes of CS and AS were separately estimated by a modified area-length method. The volume of CS plus AS agreed closely with the volume of total LV estimated by the conventional area-length method. End-diastolic volume (EDV) of total LV ranged from 79 to 312ml/72. Aneurysmal section volume ranged from 8 to 264 ml/m2. End-diastolic volume of the contractile section ranged from 52 to 159 ml/m2 (mean, 100+/-8 (se); normal, 78+/-6). Contractile section ejection fraction (EF) showed a wide range, from 15% to 79% (mean 40%+/-17% SD). Nine patients underwent resection of VA. Three of six operated patients with CS EF less than 44% died; no survivor in this group has improved by more than one functional class (New York Heart Association classification). Three operated patients had CS EF greater than 45%; all survived and are improved, two having moved from class IV to class I. These data suggest that the EF of the contracting residual LV may be an important predictor of the outcome of resection of VA.", "contents": "Left ventricular aneurysm. Preoperative hemodynamics, chamber volume, and results of aneurysmectomy. Angiocardiographic characteristics of the residual contracting left ventricle (LV) have been examined in 16 patients with anterolateral ventricular aneurysms (VA). In each patient a contractile section (CS) of the LV was clearly demarcated from the remaining aneurysmal section (AS). Using a double hemispheroid model, volumes of CS and AS were separately estimated by a modified area-length method. The volume of CS plus AS agreed closely with the volume of total LV estimated by the conventional area-length method. End-diastolic volume (EDV) of total LV ranged from 79 to 312ml/72. Aneurysmal section volume ranged from 8 to 264 ml/m2. End-diastolic volume of the contractile section ranged from 52 to 159 ml/m2 (mean, 100+/-8 (se); normal, 78+/-6). Contractile section ejection fraction (EF) showed a wide range, from 15% to 79% (mean 40%+/-17% SD). Nine patients underwent resection of VA. Three of six operated patients with CS EF less than 44% died; no survivor in this group has improved by more than one functional class (New York Heart Association classification). Three operated patients had CS EF greater than 45%; all survived and are improved, two having moved from class IV to class I. These data suggest that the EF of the contracting residual LV may be an important predictor of the outcome of resection of VA.", "PMID": 1175268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5056", "title": "Assessment of aortic insufficiency by transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound.", "content": "Using a 2.2 MHZ directional Doppler ultrasound unit, the instantaneous peak aortic velocity pattern was recorded transcutaneously in 15 normal persons and 15 patients with aortic insufficiency. The transducer was positioned in the suprasternal notch and aimed posteriorly to cross the descending aortic arch at an angle approximately parallel to blood flow. The electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, and carotid pulse tracings were recorded simultaneously. In patients with aortic insufficiency there was significant diastolic flow that was not present in normal persons. The planimetered area under the systolic and diastolic velocity tracings represents the distance forward and backward that the stroke volume moves. The ratio was used to approximate the percent regurgitation, which ranged from 9% to 68%. From left ventricular angiograms in the patients with aortic regurgitation single plane ventricular volume measurements were used to calculate ventricular output and when compared with the Fick cardiac output gave an estimate of true percent regurgitation. A strong correlation was obtained with the Doppler estimate (r=0.91), confirming that this simple ultrasound technique can accurately assess the degree of aortic insufficiency.", "contents": "Assessment of aortic insufficiency by transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound. Using a 2.2 MHZ directional Doppler ultrasound unit, the instantaneous peak aortic velocity pattern was recorded transcutaneously in 15 normal persons and 15 patients with aortic insufficiency. The transducer was positioned in the suprasternal notch and aimed posteriorly to cross the descending aortic arch at an angle approximately parallel to blood flow. The electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, and carotid pulse tracings were recorded simultaneously. In patients with aortic insufficiency there was significant diastolic flow that was not present in normal persons. The planimetered area under the systolic and diastolic velocity tracings represents the distance forward and backward that the stroke volume moves. The ratio was used to approximate the percent regurgitation, which ranged from 9% to 68%. From left ventricular angiograms in the patients with aortic regurgitation single plane ventricular volume measurements were used to calculate ventricular output and when compared with the Fick cardiac output gave an estimate of true percent regurgitation. A strong correlation was obtained with the Doppler estimate (r=0.91), confirming that this simple ultrasound technique can accurately assess the degree of aortic insufficiency.", "PMID": 1175269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5057", "title": "Clinical and hemodynamic results of mitral valve replacement with autologous fascia lata grafts. Studies in patients with competent prostheses.", "content": "Nine patients with severe mitral disease were studied before and six months after mitral valve replacement with a three-cusp stented prosthesis using fresh autologous fascia lata tissue. Only patients in whom there was no auscultatory and angiographic evidence of incompetence of the replaced valve were selected for restudy. All patients claimed a marked improvement in their exercise capacity after operation and there was a significant reduction in radiographic heart size. The cardiac output at rest and the response to exercise were both reduced before operation and were unchanged after valve replacement. The elevated pulmonary arterial and wedge pressures were significantly reduced after operation in all patients both at rest and during exercise, but in no instance were the postoperative exercise values within normal limits. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was within normal limits at rest and during exercise in all patients after  valve replacement but the average pressure gradient across the fascia lata valve was 6+/-1 mm Hg at rest and 18+/-3 mm Hg during exercise. These findings indicate that altough replacement of the diseased mitral valve with a competent fascia lata prosthesis afforded substantial symptomatic relief, reduction of cardiac enlargement and a lowering of the pulmonary vascular pressures, this artificial valve offered a significant obstruction to left ventricular diastolic filling, particularly during exercise.", "contents": "Clinical and hemodynamic results of mitral valve replacement with autologous fascia lata grafts. Studies in patients with competent prostheses. Nine patients with severe mitral disease were studied before and six months after mitral valve replacement with a three-cusp stented prosthesis using fresh autologous fascia lata tissue. Only patients in whom there was no auscultatory and angiographic evidence of incompetence of the replaced valve were selected for restudy. All patients claimed a marked improvement in their exercise capacity after operation and there was a significant reduction in radiographic heart size. The cardiac output at rest and the response to exercise were both reduced before operation and were unchanged after valve replacement. The elevated pulmonary arterial and wedge pressures were significantly reduced after operation in all patients both at rest and during exercise, but in no instance were the postoperative exercise values within normal limits. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was within normal limits at rest and during exercise in all patients after  valve replacement but the average pressure gradient across the fascia lata valve was 6+/-1 mm Hg at rest and 18+/-3 mm Hg during exercise. These findings indicate that altough replacement of the diseased mitral valve with a competent fascia lata prosthesis afforded substantial symptomatic relief, reduction of cardiac enlargement and a lowering of the pulmonary vascular pressures, this artificial valve offered a significant obstruction to left ventricular diastolic filling, particularly during exercise.", "PMID": 1175270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5058", "title": "Correlation of plasma propranolol concentration with therapeutic response in patients with angina pectoris.", "content": "The therapeutic response to propranolol was evaluated in patients with documented coronary artery disease at doses varying from 40 to 320 mg/day. Therapeutic response was quantified by evaluating exercise performance on a treadmill and then related to plasma propranolol concentration. Plasma propranolol was defined in terms of beta-adrenergic blockade by comparison with dose (concentration) response curves in normal subjects. Individual therapeutic benefit occurred at doses which averaged 144 +/- 21 mg/day and at concentrations which averaged 30 +/- 7 ng/ml. There was a wide variation between both dose and concentration among the patients at maximum therapeutic response, but when the plasma propranolol was related to pharmacologic activity, the maximum therapeutic response was observed between 64 to 98% of total blockade. Despite the increased exercise performance in these patients, the double product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure was always less, suggesting either an alteration of the relation between myocardial oxygen consumption and the double product during propranolol or a reduction on oxygen delivery to the myocardium as the result of beta-adrenergic blockade of the coronary vasculature.", "contents": "Correlation of plasma propranolol concentration with therapeutic response in patients with angina pectoris. The therapeutic response to propranolol was evaluated in patients with documented coronary artery disease at doses varying from 40 to 320 mg/day. Therapeutic response was quantified by evaluating exercise performance on a treadmill and then related to plasma propranolol concentration. Plasma propranolol was defined in terms of beta-adrenergic blockade by comparison with dose (concentration) response curves in normal subjects. Individual therapeutic benefit occurred at doses which averaged 144 +/- 21 mg/day and at concentrations which averaged 30 +/- 7 ng/ml. There was a wide variation between both dose and concentration among the patients at maximum therapeutic response, but when the plasma propranolol was related to pharmacologic activity, the maximum therapeutic response was observed between 64 to 98% of total blockade. Despite the increased exercise performance in these patients, the double product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure was always less, suggesting either an alteration of the relation between myocardial oxygen consumption and the double product during propranolol or a reduction on oxygen delivery to the myocardium as the result of beta-adrenergic blockade of the coronary vasculature.", "PMID": 1175271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5059", "title": "Analysis of left ventricular function in response to afterload changes in patients with mitral stenosis.", "content": "In order to assess left ventricular function in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis, left ventricular function curves (plotting stroke work index vs left ventricular end-diastolic pressure) were constructed using angiotensin to augment, and nitroprusside to reduce, afterload. Hemodynamic responses to these alterations in afterload were measured. Resting ejection fractions and qualitative assessment of left ventricular angiographic contraction abnormalities were also determined. Changes in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure following afterload interventions could be linearly related to changes in mean aortic pressure, but mitral valve gradients were unaffected. Afterload reduction with nitroprusside did not augment cardiac output. Afterload elevation with angiotensin significantly depressed both cardiac output and calculated mitral valve areas. Patients with normal resting ejection fractions evidenced normal ventricular function curves and those with depressed ejection fractions showed flat or declining function curves. Contraction abnormalities, generally in the posterobasal area, correlated well with abnormal left ventricular function curves.", "contents": "Analysis of left ventricular function in response to afterload changes in patients with mitral stenosis. In order to assess left ventricular function in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis, left ventricular function curves (plotting stroke work index vs left ventricular end-diastolic pressure) were constructed using angiotensin to augment, and nitroprusside to reduce, afterload. Hemodynamic responses to these alterations in afterload were measured. Resting ejection fractions and qualitative assessment of left ventricular angiographic contraction abnormalities were also determined. Changes in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure following afterload interventions could be linearly related to changes in mean aortic pressure, but mitral valve gradients were unaffected. Afterload reduction with nitroprusside did not augment cardiac output. Afterload elevation with angiotensin significantly depressed both cardiac output and calculated mitral valve areas. Patients with normal resting ejection fractions evidenced normal ventricular function curves and those with depressed ejection fractions showed flat or declining function curves. Contraction abnormalities, generally in the posterobasal area, correlated well with abnormal left ventricular function curves.", "PMID": 1175272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5060", "title": "Attributable risk, population attributable risk, and population attributable fraction of death associated with hypertension in a biracial population.", "content": "In 1961, blood pressure was measured in the 40-69-year-old segment of the population of Evans County, Georgia. Mortality was monitored for up to ten years. The relationship found between hypertension and mortality is characterized in this report by four parameters: attributable risk, prevalence, population attributable risk, and population attributable fraction. Attributable risk of death, a measure of the over-all impact of hypertension on those in each race-sex group with hypertension, is high in white males, black males, and black females, and is lowest in white females. Population attributable risk, a measure of the impact of hypertension on each entire race-sex group, is highest in black males and females due to the high prevalence of hypertension in blacks. It is somewhat lower in white males and lowest in white females. The fraction of all deaths attributable to hypertension (population attributable fraction) is highest in black females and lower in the other three groups. The population attributable fraction (ranging from 0.26 to 0.54 for systolic hypertension) is of such magnitude that if the 50% reduction in mortality achieved in the Veteran Administration Cooperative Study could be repeated in the general population, life expectancy after 40 years of age could be substantially increased.", "contents": "Attributable risk, population attributable risk, and population attributable fraction of death associated with hypertension in a biracial population. In 1961, blood pressure was measured in the 40-69-year-old segment of the population of Evans County, Georgia. Mortality was monitored for up to ten years. The relationship found between hypertension and mortality is characterized in this report by four parameters: attributable risk, prevalence, population attributable risk, and population attributable fraction. Attributable risk of death, a measure of the over-all impact of hypertension on those in each race-sex group with hypertension, is high in white males, black males, and black females, and is lowest in white females. Population attributable risk, a measure of the impact of hypertension on each entire race-sex group, is highest in black males and females due to the high prevalence of hypertension in blacks. It is somewhat lower in white males and lowest in white females. The fraction of all deaths attributable to hypertension (population attributable fraction) is highest in black females and lower in the other three groups. The population attributable fraction (ranging from 0.26 to 0.54 for systolic hypertension) is of such magnitude that if the 50% reduction in mortality achieved in the Veteran Administration Cooperative Study could be repeated in the general population, life expectancy after 40 years of age could be substantially increased.", "PMID": 1175273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5061", "title": "Comparison of ejection phase indices of left ventricular performance in infants and children.", "content": "Ejection phase indices of left ventricular myocardial performance, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mVcf), mean systolic ejection rate (mSER), and ejection fraction (EF) were determined in 248 pediatric patients, utilizing left ventricular projections of cineangiograms. Heart rate significantly affected mVcf and mSER values in the normal group (r=0.74, 0.79, respectively). A method for heart rate compensation was presented, utilizing a ratio of actual value to expected normal value (A/E) for that heart rate. All indices were significantly lower in the myocardial disease group (12 patients) than in the normal (NI) group (55 patients), but only mVcf (A/E) gave complete separation. There was complete or nearly complete overlap of right ventricular volume and pressure load and left ventricular (LV) pressure load groups (20, 38, and 28 patients each) with NI. For LV volume load (95 patients) mVcf, and mVcf (A/E) mean values were low (P less than 0.025, less than 0.001, resp.). Patients with patent ductus arteriosus had high mVcf and mSER values (P less than 0.05, less than 0.025). MVcf (A/E) was superior to the other indices in identifying patients with depressed myocardial performance.", "contents": "Comparison of ejection phase indices of left ventricular performance in infants and children. Ejection phase indices of left ventricular myocardial performance, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mVcf), mean systolic ejection rate (mSER), and ejection fraction (EF) were determined in 248 pediatric patients, utilizing left ventricular projections of cineangiograms. Heart rate significantly affected mVcf and mSER values in the normal group (r=0.74, 0.79, respectively). A method for heart rate compensation was presented, utilizing a ratio of actual value to expected normal value (A/E) for that heart rate. All indices were significantly lower in the myocardial disease group (12 patients) than in the normal (NI) group (55 patients), but only mVcf (A/E) gave complete separation. There was complete or nearly complete overlap of right ventricular volume and pressure load and left ventricular (LV) pressure load groups (20, 38, and 28 patients each) with NI. For LV volume load (95 patients) mVcf, and mVcf (A/E) mean values were low (P less than 0.025, less than 0.001, resp.). Patients with patent ductus arteriosus had high mVcf and mSER values (P less than 0.05, less than 0.025). MVcf (A/E) was superior to the other indices in identifying patients with depressed myocardial performance.", "PMID": 1175274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5062", "title": "Double-outlet right ventricle associated with persistent common atriventricular canal.", "content": "A variant of double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) associated with common atrioventricular (A-V) canal was identified. As yet, this syndrome has not been successfully repaired. Of 16 patients with this diagnosis, 14 had the diagnosis confirmed at postmortem examination and two had the diagnosis confirmed by exploratory cardiotomy. The 16 patients were divided into two groups according to the position of the cardiac apex: group 1, ten patients with levocardia, and group 2, six patients with dextrocardia and ventricular inverson. When pulmonary stenosis was present, the clinical presentation was similar to that in tetralogy of Fallot, and when such stenosis was not, the presentation was similar to that in ventricular septal defect with bidirectional shunting. The electrocardiogram had the typical feature of common A-V canal. The right ventricular angiocardiogram had features typical of DORV. The left ventricular angiocardiogram revealed left ventricular outflow deformity typical of A-V canal in patients with levocardia but not in those with dextrocardia. Splenic anomalies were commonly seen (nine of the 16 patients). Asplenia was present in seven, and polysplenia in two. Ten patients had persistent left superior vena cava, seven had common atricum, six had anomalous pulmonary venous connection, and three had subaortic stenosis. Twelve of the 16 patients had pulmonary stenosis. Of the 16, 14 had common A-V canal (Rastelli type C) and two had a ventricular septal defect of the persistent common A-V type.", "contents": "Double-outlet right ventricle associated with persistent common atriventricular canal. A variant of double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) associated with common atrioventricular (A-V) canal was identified. As yet, this syndrome has not been successfully repaired. Of 16 patients with this diagnosis, 14 had the diagnosis confirmed at postmortem examination and two had the diagnosis confirmed by exploratory cardiotomy. The 16 patients were divided into two groups according to the position of the cardiac apex: group 1, ten patients with levocardia, and group 2, six patients with dextrocardia and ventricular inverson. When pulmonary stenosis was present, the clinical presentation was similar to that in tetralogy of Fallot, and when such stenosis was not, the presentation was similar to that in ventricular septal defect with bidirectional shunting. The electrocardiogram had the typical feature of common A-V canal. The right ventricular angiocardiogram had features typical of DORV. The left ventricular angiocardiogram revealed left ventricular outflow deformity typical of A-V canal in patients with levocardia but not in those with dextrocardia. Splenic anomalies were commonly seen (nine of the 16 patients). Asplenia was present in seven, and polysplenia in two. Ten patients had persistent left superior vena cava, seven had common atricum, six had anomalous pulmonary venous connection, and three had subaortic stenosis. Twelve of the 16 patients had pulmonary stenosis. Of the 16, 14 had common A-V canal (Rastelli type C) and two had a ventricular septal defect of the persistent common A-V type.", "PMID": 1175275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5063", "title": "Coarctation of the aorta associated with aortic valvular atresia.", "content": "The aortas in 41 specimeans of aortic atresia (ten with associated mitral atresia) were studied for the presence of coarctation of the aorta. The basic lesion, causing varying degrees of obstruction, was observed in 31 instances (75%), 24 minor, seven with major degrees of obstruction. In half, the aortic lesion lay proximal to the ductus, and in the majority of the remainder, opposite the ductus arteriosus. The location of lesion and degree of obstruction was essentially the same whether aortic atresia occurred alone or in association with mitral atresia. Angiography is a fairly reliable method of identifying coarctation associated with aortic atresia. An additional point of interest was that in aortic atresia alone there was strong dominance of the male sex, while this tendency was not observed when mitral atresia was associated with aortic atresia.", "contents": "Coarctation of the aorta associated with aortic valvular atresia. The aortas in 41 specimeans of aortic atresia (ten with associated mitral atresia) were studied for the presence of coarctation of the aorta. The basic lesion, causing varying degrees of obstruction, was observed in 31 instances (75%), 24 minor, seven with major degrees of obstruction. In half, the aortic lesion lay proximal to the ductus, and in the majority of the remainder, opposite the ductus arteriosus. The location of lesion and degree of obstruction was essentially the same whether aortic atresia occurred alone or in association with mitral atresia. Angiography is a fairly reliable method of identifying coarctation associated with aortic atresia. An additional point of interest was that in aortic atresia alone there was strong dominance of the male sex, while this tendency was not observed when mitral atresia was associated with aortic atresia.", "PMID": 1175276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5064", "title": "Aberrant course of the left anterior descending coronary artery assoicated with anomalous left circumflex origin from the pulmonary artery.", "content": "We have presented a two year nonoperative follow-up of an asymptomatic 14-year-old girl with an unusual anomaly of the coronary arteries. Systolic and diastolic murmurs heard preoperatively did not change following severance of a patent ductus arteriosus. Postoperative selective coronary arteriography revealed (1) anomalous orgin of the left anterior descending artery from the right aortic sinus of Valsalva crossing between the aorta and pulmonary artery, (2) aberrant circumflex artery orgin from the pulmonary artery and (3) collaterals from the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries to the circumflex artery. This combination of coronary anomalies has never been described previously.", "contents": "Aberrant course of the left anterior descending coronary artery assoicated with anomalous left circumflex origin from the pulmonary artery. We have presented a two year nonoperative follow-up of an asymptomatic 14-year-old girl with an unusual anomaly of the coronary arteries. Systolic and diastolic murmurs heard preoperatively did not change following severance of a patent ductus arteriosus. Postoperative selective coronary arteriography revealed (1) anomalous orgin of the left anterior descending artery from the right aortic sinus of Valsalva crossing between the aorta and pulmonary artery, (2) aberrant circumflex artery orgin from the pulmonary artery and (3) collaterals from the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries to the circumflex artery. This combination of coronary anomalies has never been described previously.", "PMID": 1175277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5065", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic and mass fragmentographic determination of catecholamines in human plasma.", "content": "Quantitative analytical methods for plasma catecholamines and their conjugates by the use of gas-liquid chromatography have been developed. Epinephrine and dopamine have also been determined by mass fragmentography. The contents of catecholamines in the plasma of normal adults and patients with hypertension, neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma have been demonstrated.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic and mass fragmentographic determination of catecholamines in human plasma. Quantitative analytical methods for plasma catecholamines and their conjugates by the use of gas-liquid chromatography have been developed. Epinephrine and dopamine have also been determined by mass fragmentography. The contents of catecholamines in the plasma of normal adults and patients with hypertension, neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma have been demonstrated.", "PMID": 1175283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5066", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic and mass fragmentographic determination of 3-O-methylated catecholamines in human plasma.", "content": "Plasma 3-O-methylated catecholamines, i.e. 3-methoxytyramine, normetanephrine and metanephrine, were separated from catecholamines by passing through alumina and further purified by adsorbing on weakly acidic resin and Amberlite XAD-4. The amines were trifluoroacetylated and determined by gas chromatography or mass fragmentography. Tracer quantities of tritiated 3-MT, NMN or MN were used as internal standards for total recovery estimations. The contents of 3-O-methylated catecholamines in the plasma of normal persons and patients with hyperthyroidism, hypertension, neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma were measured.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic and mass fragmentographic determination of 3-O-methylated catecholamines in human plasma. Plasma 3-O-methylated catecholamines, i.e. 3-methoxytyramine, normetanephrine and metanephrine, were separated from catecholamines by passing through alumina and further purified by adsorbing on weakly acidic resin and Amberlite XAD-4. The amines were trifluoroacetylated and determined by gas chromatography or mass fragmentography. Tracer quantities of tritiated 3-MT, NMN or MN were used as internal standards for total recovery estimations. The contents of 3-O-methylated catecholamines in the plasma of normal persons and patients with hyperthyroidism, hypertension, neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma were measured.", "PMID": 1175284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5067", "title": "A simple chromatographic procedure for the concurrent estimation of urinary 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (HMMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) using a scanning technique.", "content": "A rapid and simple procedure is described for the concurrent determination of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (HMMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA). The acids are separated by chromatography and estimated by a scanning technique. The urinary output of HMMA and HVA over 24 h from 123 normals (80 males, 43 females) gave mean values of 3.3 +/- 0.94 and 4.9 +/- 1.3 mg, respectively. There was no significant difference in the 24 hour urinary output of HMMA and HVA between the male and femal groups.", "contents": "A simple chromatographic procedure for the concurrent estimation of urinary 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (HMMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) using a scanning technique. A rapid and simple procedure is described for the concurrent determination of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (HMMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA). The acids are separated by chromatography and estimated by a scanning technique. The urinary output of HMMA and HVA over 24 h from 123 normals (80 males, 43 females) gave mean values of 3.3 +/- 0.94 and 4.9 +/- 1.3 mg, respectively. There was no significant difference in the 24 hour urinary output of HMMA and HVA between the male and femal groups.", "PMID": 1175286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5068", "title": "[Study of the zinc levels in serum and erythrocytes in burn patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a statistical study of four groups of burned people, determined in function of the UBS coefficient, a curve of blood zinc variations has been drawn:Immediately after burning, blood zinc is low. It rises to normal and then increases above normal. A group of patients (very serious or lethal burns) definitely differs from the others in respect of an important and persistent fall of blood zinc. These blood zinc values suggest a possible need for a zinc supply to this group of patients.", "contents": "[Study of the zinc levels in serum and erythrocytes in burn patients (author's transl)]. Following a statistical study of four groups of burned people, determined in function of the UBS coefficient, a curve of blood zinc variations has been drawn:Immediately after burning, blood zinc is low. It rises to normal and then increases above normal. A group of patients (very serious or lethal burns) definitely differs from the others in respect of an important and persistent fall of blood zinc. These blood zinc values suggest a possible need for a zinc supply to this group of patients.", "PMID": 1175287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5069", "title": "The sialic acid and carbohydrate content and the synthesis of glycoprotein from radioactive precursors by tissues of the normal and diseases upper intestinal tract.", "content": "The sialic acid and total hexose content of perorally obtained mucosal biopsies have been determined. Gastric mucosa has a higher content of sialic acid/mg protein and a lower content of total hexoses/mg protein than does jejunal mucosa. There were no differences chemically between gastric biopsies from subjects with or without peptic ulcers. Neither were there any differences between normal jejunal mucosa and jejunal mucosa from patients with untreated or treated coeliac disease. The studies of the incorporation of radioactive glucose into glycoprotein using all these tissues indicate that bacteria make a major in vitro contribution. This method is not suitable for study of de novo synthesis in either gastric or jejunal mucosa. Results are presented which suggest that bacteria may normally be present within the mucous layer of the stomach.", "contents": "The sialic acid and carbohydrate content and the synthesis of glycoprotein from radioactive precursors by tissues of the normal and diseases upper intestinal tract. The sialic acid and total hexose content of perorally obtained mucosal biopsies have been determined. Gastric mucosa has a higher content of sialic acid/mg protein and a lower content of total hexoses/mg protein than does jejunal mucosa. There were no differences chemically between gastric biopsies from subjects with or without peptic ulcers. Neither were there any differences between normal jejunal mucosa and jejunal mucosa from patients with untreated or treated coeliac disease. The studies of the incorporation of radioactive glucose into glycoprotein using all these tissues indicate that bacteria make a major in vitro contribution. This method is not suitable for study of de novo synthesis in either gastric or jejunal mucosa. Results are presented which suggest that bacteria may normally be present within the mucous layer of the stomach.", "PMID": 1175288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5070", "title": "Lipidex chromatography in the radioimmunoassay of serum and urinary cortisol.", "content": "A highly specific method for the determination of cortisol in human serum and urine is described. The sample is first extracted with diethyl ether/ethyl acetate (1 : 1, by vol.), then chromatographed on a highly lipophilic derivative of Sephadex (hydroxyalkoxypropyl Sephadex, Lipidex) in light petroleum/chloroform (1 : 1, by vol.), and finally cortisol is measured by radioimmunoassay using a cortisol-21-BSA antiserum. Bound and unbound radioactivities are separated using dextran-coated charcoal technique. The 8 a.m. values (mean +/- S.D.) of cortisol among 11 young females and 16 young males were 152 +/- 32 ng/ml (range 111-235) and 185 +/- 21 ng/ml (103-232), respectively. The respective values at 4 p.m. were 84 +/- 29 ng/ml (26-117) and 84 +/- 36 ng/ml (32-172). The importance of Lipidex chromatography was demonstrated with assays of serum samples from children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia; without chromatography cortisol values were 6 times those with chromatography. Specific cortisol assays from pregnancy serum also necessitated Lipidex chromatography. Among 11 young men and 9 young women the mean daily urinary cortisol excretion was 56 +/- 26 mug (32-109) and 60 +/- 24 mug (39-109), respectively. Specific urinary cortisol determination could not be achieved without Lipidex chromatography.", "contents": "Lipidex chromatography in the radioimmunoassay of serum and urinary cortisol. A highly specific method for the determination of cortisol in human serum and urine is described. The sample is first extracted with diethyl ether/ethyl acetate (1 : 1, by vol.), then chromatographed on a highly lipophilic derivative of Sephadex (hydroxyalkoxypropyl Sephadex, Lipidex) in light petroleum/chloroform (1 : 1, by vol.), and finally cortisol is measured by radioimmunoassay using a cortisol-21-BSA antiserum. Bound and unbound radioactivities are separated using dextran-coated charcoal technique. The 8 a.m. values (mean +/- S.D.) of cortisol among 11 young females and 16 young males were 152 +/- 32 ng/ml (range 111-235) and 185 +/- 21 ng/ml (103-232), respectively. The respective values at 4 p.m. were 84 +/- 29 ng/ml (26-117) and 84 +/- 36 ng/ml (32-172). The importance of Lipidex chromatography was demonstrated with assays of serum samples from children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia; without chromatography cortisol values were 6 times those with chromatography. Specific cortisol assays from pregnancy serum also necessitated Lipidex chromatography. Among 11 young men and 9 young women the mean daily urinary cortisol excretion was 56 +/- 26 mug (32-109) and 60 +/- 24 mug (39-109), respectively. Specific urinary cortisol determination could not be achieved without Lipidex chromatography.", "PMID": 1175289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5071", "title": "Effect of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives on urinary corticosteroid sulfate excretion.", "content": "The excretion of corticosteroid sulfates and free cortisol in urine, and the total plasma cortisol, have been determined in 41 women receiving an estrogen-containing oral contraceptive and 53 age-matched female controls. The contraceptive steroids caused increases in the urinary corticosteroid sulfates and plasma cortisol similar to those observed in pregnancy; urinary free cortiscol was unchanged.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives on urinary corticosteroid sulfate excretion. The excretion of corticosteroid sulfates and free cortisol in urine, and the total plasma cortisol, have been determined in 41 women receiving an estrogen-containing oral contraceptive and 53 age-matched female controls. The contraceptive steroids caused increases in the urinary corticosteroid sulfates and plasma cortisol similar to those observed in pregnancy; urinary free cortiscol was unchanged.", "PMID": 1175290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5072", "title": "The determination of kynurenine in plasma.", "content": "A method is described for the estimation of kynurenine in plasma via alkaline cleavage, extraction and diazotisation and coupling. Tryptophan interference, which is demonstrated in an earlier method, has been eliminated. Data on the specificity of the present method and the normal adult male range of fasting plasma kynurenine are presented. The time course of plasma tryptophan and kynurenine after a tryptophan load are studied in 3 subjects as an additional validation of the method, and as an example of its application. The method described is convenient and requires no complex apparatus.", "contents": "The determination of kynurenine in plasma. A method is described for the estimation of kynurenine in plasma via alkaline cleavage, extraction and diazotisation and coupling. Tryptophan interference, which is demonstrated in an earlier method, has been eliminated. Data on the specificity of the present method and the normal adult male range of fasting plasma kynurenine are presented. The time course of plasma tryptophan and kynurenine after a tryptophan load are studied in 3 subjects as an additional validation of the method, and as an example of its application. The method described is convenient and requires no complex apparatus.", "PMID": 1175292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5073", "title": "Serum guanase activities after myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serum guanase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase and hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activities were measured in 290 blood samples from 96 consecutive patients admitted to a Coronary Care Unit. Elevated serum guanase activities (greater than 2 U/l) were found in 19 patients (20%). The magnitude and frequency of these elevations did not negate the value of guanase as a \"liver function test\", since all cases with raised guanase also had abnormal serum alanine aminotransferase activities. This fact, together with other information in the literature, indicated that elevated serum guanase activity following myocardial infarction was consequent upon some degree of sub-clinical hepatic necrosis. Caution must be exercised when serum asparate aminotransferase is used as an index of heart muscle necrosis unless guanase or some other \"liver specific\" enzyme is known to be normal, or unless creatine phosphokinase or hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activities are elevated.", "contents": "Serum guanase activities after myocardial infarction. Serum guanase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase and hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activities were measured in 290 blood samples from 96 consecutive patients admitted to a Coronary Care Unit. Elevated serum guanase activities (greater than 2 U/l) were found in 19 patients (20%). The magnitude and frequency of these elevations did not negate the value of guanase as a \"liver function test\", since all cases with raised guanase also had abnormal serum alanine aminotransferase activities. This fact, together with other information in the literature, indicated that elevated serum guanase activity following myocardial infarction was consequent upon some degree of sub-clinical hepatic necrosis. Caution must be exercised when serum asparate aminotransferase is used as an index of heart muscle necrosis unless guanase or some other \"liver specific\" enzyme is known to be normal, or unless creatine phosphokinase or hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activities are elevated.", "PMID": 1175293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5074", "title": "An estimate of the turnover rate of bone-derived plasma alkaline phosphatase in Paget's disease.", "content": "A through-knee amputation for suspected osteogenic sarcoma was performed on a patient with Paget's disease of the tibia. Plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity fell to normal values, apparently as a single exponential function of time, with a half-life of 1.7 days. The daily turnover of bone-derived plasma AP was estimated to be approximately 200 I.U. from the Pagetic tibia and 20 I.U. from the rest of the skeleton.", "contents": "An estimate of the turnover rate of bone-derived plasma alkaline phosphatase in Paget's disease. A through-knee amputation for suspected osteogenic sarcoma was performed on a patient with Paget's disease of the tibia. Plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity fell to normal values, apparently as a single exponential function of time, with a half-life of 1.7 days. The daily turnover of bone-derived plasma AP was estimated to be approximately 200 I.U. from the Pagetic tibia and 20 I.U. from the rest of the skeleton.", "PMID": 1175295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5075", "title": "The content of unbound polyamines in blood plasma and leukocytes of patients with polycythemia vera.", "content": "In the blood plasma and isolated leukocytes of 11 patients with polycythemia vera and 3 healthy subjects, the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine were determined. The average values in the leukocytes of the healthy volunteers were found to be 1.8 +/- 1.4 nmol putrescine/10(8) cells, 3.0 +/- 0.9 nmol spermidine/10(8) cells and 12.9 +/- 3.8 nmol spermine/10(8) cells. In the plasma of healthy persons the amounts of the polyamines were below the sensitivity level of the method employed. In 4 patients with polycythemia vera no polyamines were detected. In contrast, in 7 cases 0.1 to 3 nmol polyamines/ml were found. The level of polyamines in the leukocytes of 6 of these patients was decreased and in one patient corresponded to the values found in the normal range (17.7 +/- 6.0 nmol polyamines/10(8) cells). Continued blood-letting therapy on 3 patients led to values approaching the concentrations found in normal subjects in both blood plasma and leukocytes. A decreased amount of these diamines in the leukocytes of the patients was seen to correlate with an elevated concentration in the plasma.", "contents": "The content of unbound polyamines in blood plasma and leukocytes of patients with polycythemia vera. In the blood plasma and isolated leukocytes of 11 patients with polycythemia vera and 3 healthy subjects, the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine were determined. The average values in the leukocytes of the healthy volunteers were found to be 1.8 +/- 1.4 nmol putrescine/10(8) cells, 3.0 +/- 0.9 nmol spermidine/10(8) cells and 12.9 +/- 3.8 nmol spermine/10(8) cells. In the plasma of healthy persons the amounts of the polyamines were below the sensitivity level of the method employed. In 4 patients with polycythemia vera no polyamines were detected. In contrast, in 7 cases 0.1 to 3 nmol polyamines/ml were found. The level of polyamines in the leukocytes of 6 of these patients was decreased and in one patient corresponded to the values found in the normal range (17.7 +/- 6.0 nmol polyamines/10(8) cells). Continued blood-letting therapy on 3 patients led to values approaching the concentrations found in normal subjects in both blood plasma and leukocytes. A decreased amount of these diamines in the leukocytes of the patients was seen to correlate with an elevated concentration in the plasma.", "PMID": 1175298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5076", "title": "The measurement of sulphated and non-sulphated bile acids in serum using gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method is described to assay sulphated and non-sulphated bile acids in serum using gas-liquid chromatography. Previously described techniques have been substantially modified to allow analysis of free and conjugated salts of the four major bile acids with particular care to ensure quantitative recoveries of lithocholic acid, its conjugates and sulphate esters. Losses of lithocholic acid inherent in some methods have been reduced by avoidance of column chromatography with alumina and extraction of lipid contaminants into heptane. Assay of the proportion of serum bile acids present as sulphate esters is achieved by the routine use of column chromatography to separate sulphated bile acids from non-sulphated bile acids followed by solvolysis of the sulphated bile acids before deconjugation. Careful selection of the conditions of strong alkaline hydrolysis ensures deconjugation of all bile salt conjugates including lithocholic conjugates which are not completely hydrolysed in weaker alkaline solutions. The trifluoroacetate derivatives of the methyl esters of the bile acids are chromatographed using 5-beta-cholanic acid as an internal standard with clear separation of the four major bile acids from the internal standard. In 10 fasting control subjects the mean serum total bile acid concentration was 5.3 muM (RANGE 1.1-16.4) including 0.7 mum sulphated bile acid (range 0-1.8). In 10 patients with acute viral hepatitis the total bile acid concentration was elevated in some but normal in others (mean 44.9 muM, range 2.7-80.3). The percentage of the total bile acid sulphated was not significantly different in the hepatitis patients compared to controls (controls 13%, range 0-35; hepatitis 23%, range 0-52). Lithocholic acid made up 13% of the total bile acid in controls (0-32%) and 18% in hepatitis patients (0-53%). Most of this lithocholic acid was sulphated (controls 81%, range 30-100; hepatitis 67%, range 37-100). Unconjugated bile acids were demonstrated in the serum of a few patients with acute viral hepatitis but in no control subjects.", "contents": "The measurement of sulphated and non-sulphated bile acids in serum using gas-liquid chromatography. A method is described to assay sulphated and non-sulphated bile acids in serum using gas-liquid chromatography. Previously described techniques have been substantially modified to allow analysis of free and conjugated salts of the four major bile acids with particular care to ensure quantitative recoveries of lithocholic acid, its conjugates and sulphate esters. Losses of lithocholic acid inherent in some methods have been reduced by avoidance of column chromatography with alumina and extraction of lipid contaminants into heptane. Assay of the proportion of serum bile acids present as sulphate esters is achieved by the routine use of column chromatography to separate sulphated bile acids from non-sulphated bile acids followed by solvolysis of the sulphated bile acids before deconjugation. Careful selection of the conditions of strong alkaline hydrolysis ensures deconjugation of all bile salt conjugates including lithocholic conjugates which are not completely hydrolysed in weaker alkaline solutions. The trifluoroacetate derivatives of the methyl esters of the bile acids are chromatographed using 5-beta-cholanic acid as an internal standard with clear separation of the four major bile acids from the internal standard. In 10 fasting control subjects the mean serum total bile acid concentration was 5.3 muM (RANGE 1.1-16.4) including 0.7 mum sulphated bile acid (range 0-1.8). In 10 patients with acute viral hepatitis the total bile acid concentration was elevated in some but normal in others (mean 44.9 muM, range 2.7-80.3). The percentage of the total bile acid sulphated was not significantly different in the hepatitis patients compared to controls (controls 13%, range 0-35; hepatitis 23%, range 0-52). Lithocholic acid made up 13% of the total bile acid in controls (0-32%) and 18% in hepatitis patients (0-53%). Most of this lithocholic acid was sulphated (controls 81%, range 30-100; hepatitis 67%, range 37-100). Unconjugated bile acids were demonstrated in the serum of a few patients with acute viral hepatitis but in no control subjects.", "PMID": 1175299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5077", "title": "Clinical application of a new method for the determination of aminoacylase in human serum.", "content": "Serum aminoacylase was assayed in 242 patients with various internal disases. The enzyme activity was normal in 89 cases without hepatic involvement and above normal in all forms of liver disease, the highest values being seen in acute viral hepatitis. Obstructive liver disease and hepatic carcinoma likewise caused a distinct enzyme increase, but this elevation was referred to secondary liver damage as in cases of congestive heart failure. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and aminoacylase activities were closely correlated, and aminoacylase is regarded as a sensitive and specific indicator of hepatic affections.", "contents": "Clinical application of a new method for the determination of aminoacylase in human serum. Serum aminoacylase was assayed in 242 patients with various internal disases. The enzyme activity was normal in 89 cases without hepatic involvement and above normal in all forms of liver disease, the highest values being seen in acute viral hepatitis. Obstructive liver disease and hepatic carcinoma likewise caused a distinct enzyme increase, but this elevation was referred to secondary liver damage as in cases of congestive heart failure. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and aminoacylase activities were closely correlated, and aminoacylase is regarded as a sensitive and specific indicator of hepatic affections.", "PMID": 1175300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5078", "title": "A rapid quantitative determination of triglycerides by means of thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A quantitative chromatographic method for determining triglycerides in serum is described. The serum is applied directly to a thin-layer plate and after partition with one developing solvent the fractions are charred with 10% sulphuric acid. Charring takes 20 minutes. The concentration of triglycerides is measured against a triolein standard, which in itself is corrected for having too many double bonds by scanning the charring of the triglyceride fraction with a \"flying spot\"-scanner or a slitscanner. The results are compared with other methods of determination.", "contents": "A rapid quantitative determination of triglycerides by means of thin-layer chromatography. A quantitative chromatographic method for determining triglycerides in serum is described. The serum is applied directly to a thin-layer plate and after partition with one developing solvent the fractions are charred with 10% sulphuric acid. Charring takes 20 minutes. The concentration of triglycerides is measured against a triolein standard, which in itself is corrected for having too many double bonds by scanning the charring of the triglyceride fraction with a \"flying spot\"-scanner or a slitscanner. The results are compared with other methods of determination.", "PMID": 1175301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5079", "title": "Elastolytic activity of human duodenal contents.", "content": "Elastolytic activity of human duodenal contents was determined using the new chromogenic substrate succinyl-trialanine-p-nitroanilide (Suc-Ala3-NAp). The mean output values after pancreatic stimulation with pancreozymin and secretin were significantly higher in controls than in subjects with impairment of other secretory values (volume, bicarbonate, amylase, lipase). Agar gel electrophoresis and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex revealed one to two fractions which differed in mobility (cathodic and anodic fraction), elution with different NaCl concentrations (0.15 M, cathodic fraction; 0.3 M, anodic fraction), and in behaviour towards synthetic and natural substrate (Suc-Ala3-NAp) and elastin-Congo Red). The cathodic fraction cleaved both substrates, whereas the anodic fraction cleaved only Suc-Ala3-NAp. After trypsin and enterokinase treatment the anodic fraction behaved as the cathodic fraction on DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. The molecular weights (Sephadex G-100) and the Michaelis constants (Suc-Ala3-NAp) of both fractions were identical (24 500; 0.45 X 10(-3) M). These fractions represent probably diffenent activation forms of pancreatic elastase.", "contents": "Elastolytic activity of human duodenal contents. Elastolytic activity of human duodenal contents was determined using the new chromogenic substrate succinyl-trialanine-p-nitroanilide (Suc-Ala3-NAp). The mean output values after pancreatic stimulation with pancreozymin and secretin were significantly higher in controls than in subjects with impairment of other secretory values (volume, bicarbonate, amylase, lipase). Agar gel electrophoresis and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex revealed one to two fractions which differed in mobility (cathodic and anodic fraction), elution with different NaCl concentrations (0.15 M, cathodic fraction; 0.3 M, anodic fraction), and in behaviour towards synthetic and natural substrate (Suc-Ala3-NAp) and elastin-Congo Red). The cathodic fraction cleaved both substrates, whereas the anodic fraction cleaved only Suc-Ala3-NAp. After trypsin and enterokinase treatment the anodic fraction behaved as the cathodic fraction on DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. The molecular weights (Sephadex G-100) and the Michaelis constants (Suc-Ala3-NAp) of both fractions were identical (24 500; 0.45 X 10(-3) M). These fractions represent probably diffenent activation forms of pancreatic elastase.", "PMID": 1175303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5080", "title": "[Comparative studies of the initial rate method (modified Centrifi Chem method) and the Frankonit method to assay creatinine in serum and urine (author's transl)].", "content": "In the method described, by modification of the measurement according to changing reagent blanks (7 g albumin/100 ml + reagent for serum, and water + reagent for urine), excellent agreement with the results obtained by the Frankonit method was found. 262 parallel determinations with serum and 103 with urine were carried out. With a correlation of 0.99, the regression line y = x was almost maintained.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of the initial rate method (modified Centrifi Chem method) and the Frankonit method to assay creatinine in serum and urine (author's transl)]. In the method described, by modification of the measurement according to changing reagent blanks (7 g albumin/100 ml + reagent for serum, and water + reagent for urine), excellent agreement with the results obtained by the Frankonit method was found. 262 parallel determinations with serum and 103 with urine were carried out. With a correlation of 0.99, the regression line y = x was almost maintained.", "PMID": 1175304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5081", "title": "Characterization of protoporphyrin in red blood cells of patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria.", "content": "It was investigated whether the protoporphyrin that can be extracted from red blood cells of erythropoietic protoporphyria (E.P.P.) patients is present in the cells as free molecules or protein-bound. With isoelectric focusing and with starch gel electrophoresis it could be shown that virtually all protoporphyrin in the erythrocytes is protein-bound. It is very likely that the protoporphyrin is bound to hemoglobin at heme-binding sites. This was indicated by several observations: 1. With isoelectric focusing the protoporphyrin-protein complex is focused at a pH only slightly higher than the isoelectric point of hemoglobin. 2. With chromatography on Sephadex columns it appeared that hemoglobin and the protopotphyrin-protein complex have the same molecular weight. 3. A Heme-protoporphyrin exchange occurred when the heme-globin bond was labialized by conversion to hemiglobin. The resulting protoporphyrin-hemoglobin complex had the same electrophoretic mobility with starch gel electrophoresis as the protoporphyrin-protein complex, extracted from red blood cells of E.P.P. patients.", "contents": "Characterization of protoporphyrin in red blood cells of patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria. It was investigated whether the protoporphyrin that can be extracted from red blood cells of erythropoietic protoporphyria (E.P.P.) patients is present in the cells as free molecules or protein-bound. With isoelectric focusing and with starch gel electrophoresis it could be shown that virtually all protoporphyrin in the erythrocytes is protein-bound. It is very likely that the protoporphyrin is bound to hemoglobin at heme-binding sites. This was indicated by several observations: 1. With isoelectric focusing the protoporphyrin-protein complex is focused at a pH only slightly higher than the isoelectric point of hemoglobin. 2. With chromatography on Sephadex columns it appeared that hemoglobin and the protopotphyrin-protein complex have the same molecular weight. 3. A Heme-protoporphyrin exchange occurred when the heme-globin bond was labialized by conversion to hemiglobin. The resulting protoporphyrin-hemoglobin complex had the same electrophoretic mobility with starch gel electrophoresis as the protoporphyrin-protein complex, extracted from red blood cells of E.P.P. patients.", "PMID": 1175305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5082", "title": "[Comparative studies of the acid hydrolases of human leucocytes and human and guinea pig alveolar macrophages. I. Study of the activities of glycosidases, arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase (author's transl)].", "content": "Acid hydrolase activities were compared in human leucocytes, guinea pig and human alveolar macrophages. Several enzymes were characterized: N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, N-acetyl-alpha- and beta-D-galactosaminidase, alpha and beta-D-galactosidase, alpha-D-mannosidase, alpha-L-fucosidase, beta-D-glucuronidase, neuraminidase, acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase. The enzymatic activities were lower in leucocytes than in alveolar macrophages, higher in human macrophages than in guinea pig macrophages, except for beta-D-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of the acid hydrolases of human leucocytes and human and guinea pig alveolar macrophages. I. Study of the activities of glycosidases, arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase (author's transl)]. Acid hydrolase activities were compared in human leucocytes, guinea pig and human alveolar macrophages. Several enzymes were characterized: N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, N-acetyl-alpha- and beta-D-galactosaminidase, alpha and beta-D-galactosidase, alpha-D-mannosidase, alpha-L-fucosidase, beta-D-glucuronidase, neuraminidase, acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase. The enzymatic activities were lower in leucocytes than in alveolar macrophages, higher in human macrophages than in guinea pig macrophages, except for beta-D-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities.", "PMID": 1175306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5083", "title": "The influence of preoperative drug treatment on the histological appearances and in vitro 131I uptake of human hyperplastic thyroid gland.", "content": "The specimen of thyroid resected at partial thyroidectomy from 103 patients with primary thyrotoxicosis was studied with histometric and organ culture techniques. Twenty-seven patients had been prepared for operation with propranolol and seventy-six with carbimazole: all received Lugol's iodine for 10 days before operation. The resected specimen and deduced total thyroid weight was greater in the patients prepared with carbimazole. There was no absolute qualitative histopathological difference in the appearance of the glands of the two groups of patients, but histometry showed that the volume percentage of colloid and total gland colloid weight was significantly greater in the patients prepared with carbimazole: the volume percentage of epithelial cells and the total gland epithelial cell weight was similar in the two groups. The iodide concentrating capacity per g wet weight thyroid tissue or per unit volume of colloid did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, the iodide concentration capacity per unit volume of epithelial cells was significantly higher in the carbimazole prepared patients than in those prepared with propranolol.", "contents": "The influence of preoperative drug treatment on the histological appearances and in vitro 131I uptake of human hyperplastic thyroid gland. The specimen of thyroid resected at partial thyroidectomy from 103 patients with primary thyrotoxicosis was studied with histometric and organ culture techniques. Twenty-seven patients had been prepared for operation with propranolol and seventy-six with carbimazole: all received Lugol's iodine for 10 days before operation. The resected specimen and deduced total thyroid weight was greater in the patients prepared with carbimazole. There was no absolute qualitative histopathological difference in the appearance of the glands of the two groups of patients, but histometry showed that the volume percentage of colloid and total gland colloid weight was significantly greater in the patients prepared with carbimazole: the volume percentage of epithelial cells and the total gland epithelial cell weight was similar in the two groups. The iodide concentrating capacity per g wet weight thyroid tissue or per unit volume of colloid did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, the iodide concentration capacity per unit volume of epithelial cells was significantly higher in the carbimazole prepared patients than in those prepared with propranolol.", "PMID": 1175309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5084", "title": "Plasma glucagon response to arginine infusion in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Plasma glucagon response to an arginine infusion was studied in children and adolescents belonging to the following groups: (I) twenty-two controls; (II) six subjects with delayed insulin peak during oral GTT; (III) ten diabetics on diet and/or oral therapy; (IV) six newly diagnosed uncompensated diabetics; and (V) eight diabetics on insulin therapy. The fasting glucagon concentrations and rise of glucagon in response to arginine in the patients of Groups II, III and V were similar to those of the controls (Group I). The basal levels and rise of glucagon in the newly diagnosed, uncompensated dibetic children (Group IV) was elevated compared to the other groups but the difference was statistically not significant. The results of this investigation favour the hypothesis that the hyperglucagonaemia in diabetes is a secondary effect to the metabolic derangement, bearing a direct relationship to the degree of homeostastic decompensation.", "contents": "Plasma glucagon response to arginine infusion in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus. Plasma glucagon response to an arginine infusion was studied in children and adolescents belonging to the following groups: (I) twenty-two controls; (II) six subjects with delayed insulin peak during oral GTT; (III) ten diabetics on diet and/or oral therapy; (IV) six newly diagnosed uncompensated diabetics; and (V) eight diabetics on insulin therapy. The fasting glucagon concentrations and rise of glucagon in response to arginine in the patients of Groups II, III and V were similar to those of the controls (Group I). The basal levels and rise of glucagon in the newly diagnosed, uncompensated dibetic children (Group IV) was elevated compared to the other groups but the difference was statistically not significant. The results of this investigation favour the hypothesis that the hyperglucagonaemia in diabetes is a secondary effect to the metabolic derangement, bearing a direct relationship to the degree of homeostastic decompensation.", "PMID": 1175310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5085", "title": "Response of plasma aldosterone to fludrocortisone in primary hyperaldosteronism and other forms of hypertension.", "content": "The response of plasma aldosterone to fludrocortisone administration (400 mug 12-hourly for 3 days) was studied in twenty-two patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. No difference was observed in the response between those patients with an adrenal adenoma and those with bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia, there being no significant change in plasma aldosterone levels across the test period. No separation between the groups was seen when basal plasma renin concentration was related to the aldosterone level following fludrocortisone. It is concluded that the test is of little value in the pre-operative differentiation of these conditions. Twenty-three patients with no demonstrable cause for their hypertension and four with elevated levels of plasma deoxycorticosterone were similarly studied for comparison. These groups demonstrated a normal fall in plasma aldosterone levels following fludrocortisone.", "contents": "Response of plasma aldosterone to fludrocortisone in primary hyperaldosteronism and other forms of hypertension. The response of plasma aldosterone to fludrocortisone administration (400 mug 12-hourly for 3 days) was studied in twenty-two patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. No difference was observed in the response between those patients with an adrenal adenoma and those with bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia, there being no significant change in plasma aldosterone levels across the test period. No separation between the groups was seen when basal plasma renin concentration was related to the aldosterone level following fludrocortisone. It is concluded that the test is of little value in the pre-operative differentiation of these conditions. Twenty-three patients with no demonstrable cause for their hypertension and four with elevated levels of plasma deoxycorticosterone were similarly studied for comparison. These groups demonstrated a normal fall in plasma aldosterone levels following fludrocortisone.", "PMID": 1175311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5086", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of plasma dihydrotestosterone in normal and hypogonodal men.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for determination of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in man is described. After extraction from plasma, DHT is separated by paper chromatography. The radioimmunoassay is performed using an antiserum to dihydrotestosterone-3-oxime-BSA and a charcoal-dextran mixture is used to separate the free from the bound fraction. The reliability criteria of the method in terms of precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity have been evaluated. The mean level of DHT in plasma samples from young (age 21-37) and old (age 65-90) normal men is respectively (mean+/-SD) 54-7+/-19 ng/dl (n = 17) and 39-1+/-19 ng/dl (n = 14). The difference is statistically significant (P less than 0-01). The values found in seven patients with Klinefelter's syndrome (21-0+/-6 ng/dl) are significantly lower than normal young subjects (P less than 0-01). Lastly, the DHT levels found in a mixed group of male hypogonadism (azoospermia, due to tubular failure, germinal cell aplasia and anorchia) are reported.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of plasma dihydrotestosterone in normal and hypogonodal men. A radioimmunoassay for determination of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in man is described. After extraction from plasma, DHT is separated by paper chromatography. The radioimmunoassay is performed using an antiserum to dihydrotestosterone-3-oxime-BSA and a charcoal-dextran mixture is used to separate the free from the bound fraction. The reliability criteria of the method in terms of precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity have been evaluated. The mean level of DHT in plasma samples from young (age 21-37) and old (age 65-90) normal men is respectively (mean+/-SD) 54-7+/-19 ng/dl (n = 17) and 39-1+/-19 ng/dl (n = 14). The difference is statistically significant (P less than 0-01). The values found in seven patients with Klinefelter's syndrome (21-0+/-6 ng/dl) are significantly lower than normal young subjects (P less than 0-01). Lastly, the DHT levels found in a mixed group of male hypogonadism (azoospermia, due to tubular failure, germinal cell aplasia and anorchia) are reported.", "PMID": 1175312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5087", "title": "Plasma testosterone and prolactin in the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Daily hormonal studies during nine ovulatory menstrual cycles showed that plasma prolactin and testosterone concentrations fluctuated randomly and independently. Mean plasma testosterone levels were found to be higher during the 7 days before and after the mid-cycle LH peak when compared to the premenstrual phase (P less than 0-01). No correlation was found between daily levels of prolactin and those of LH, FSH, oestrogen or progesterone and no correlation was seen between peaks of prolactin and testosterone or mean prolactin and testosterone levels. The lack of correlation between blood levels of prolactin and testosterone during the menstrual cycle suggests that prolactin is unlikely to have any direct controlling influence on the cyclical nature of testosterone production observed during ovulatory menstrual cycles.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone and prolactin in the menstrual cycle. Daily hormonal studies during nine ovulatory menstrual cycles showed that plasma prolactin and testosterone concentrations fluctuated randomly and independently. Mean plasma testosterone levels were found to be higher during the 7 days before and after the mid-cycle LH peak when compared to the premenstrual phase (P less than 0-01). No correlation was found between daily levels of prolactin and those of LH, FSH, oestrogen or progesterone and no correlation was seen between peaks of prolactin and testosterone or mean prolactin and testosterone levels. The lack of correlation between blood levels of prolactin and testosterone during the menstrual cycle suggests that prolactin is unlikely to have any direct controlling influence on the cyclical nature of testosterone production observed during ovulatory menstrual cycles.", "PMID": 1175313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5088", "title": "The effects of large doses of the anabolic steroid, methandrostenolone, on an athlete.", "content": "Doses of the anabolic steroid, methandrostenolone, nearly ten times greater than those used therapeutically, have resulted in a marked depression of levels of testosterone in urine and blood, and in some depression of gonadotrophin excretion by a male athlete. The administration of the drug has been checked and its metabolism studied from the pattern of urinary metabolites.", "contents": "The effects of large doses of the anabolic steroid, methandrostenolone, on an athlete. Doses of the anabolic steroid, methandrostenolone, nearly ten times greater than those used therapeutically, have resulted in a marked depression of levels of testosterone in urine and blood, and in some depression of gonadotrophin excretion by a male athlete. The administration of the drug has been checked and its metabolism studied from the pattern of urinary metabolites.", "PMID": 1175314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5089", "title": "Familial translocation, t(2;5) (p23; g31).", "content": "A reciprocal translocation, t(2;5) (p23; q31) was found in healthy individuals through two generations of a family. The balanced aberration resulted in a derivate chromosome 2 in two malformed offspring in the third generation. The family was ascertained through the two unbalanced carriers whose phenotype abnormalities resembled those of two other offspring who died prior to the cytogenetic examination.", "contents": "Familial translocation, t(2;5) (p23; g31). A reciprocal translocation, t(2;5) (p23; q31) was found in healthy individuals through two generations of a family. The balanced aberration resulted in a derivate chromosome 2 in two malformed offspring in the third generation. The family was ascertained through the two unbalanced carriers whose phenotype abnormalities resembled those of two other offspring who died prior to the cytogenetic examination.", "PMID": 1175316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5090", "title": "A study of certain traits accompanying some inherted neurological disorders.", "content": "Feeblemindedness, dementia, mental disorders, and epilepsy, as well as optic atrophy, tapeto-retinal degenerations, cataract, ophthalmoplegias, and neural hearing loss were found more frequently in patients suffering from hereditary ataxias (HA) and allied disorders than in the general population. Mental disorders and squints, and in certain instances also ocular myopathy, feeblemindedness, and cataract were found also in non-HA family members. These traits were particularly frequent in subjects with minor neurological signs previously defined as having an \"unspecific neuropathy\" (Un), and belonging to kindreds in which autosomal dominant HA segregated. Un clustering in such families is probably caused by other genetic (or other) mechanisms different from that governing the classical HA in the family. These presumably polygenic conditions are thought to be introduced into the HA kindreds by a negative selection. Optic atrophy, tapeto-retinal degenerations, surdity, epilepsy, and possibly also dementia, were found together with monomeric disease, as well as in the Un subjects, particularly in families with recessive HA. Such traits were equally rare in unaffected family members and controls. Un in such families as well as the traits mentioned may reflect manifestation of HA genes in heterozygotes. They could also reflect the presence of genes linked to the HA genes.", "contents": "A study of certain traits accompanying some inherted neurological disorders. Feeblemindedness, dementia, mental disorders, and epilepsy, as well as optic atrophy, tapeto-retinal degenerations, cataract, ophthalmoplegias, and neural hearing loss were found more frequently in patients suffering from hereditary ataxias (HA) and allied disorders than in the general population. Mental disorders and squints, and in certain instances also ocular myopathy, feeblemindedness, and cataract were found also in non-HA family members. These traits were particularly frequent in subjects with minor neurological signs previously defined as having an \"unspecific neuropathy\" (Un), and belonging to kindreds in which autosomal dominant HA segregated. Un clustering in such families is probably caused by other genetic (or other) mechanisms different from that governing the classical HA in the family. These presumably polygenic conditions are thought to be introduced into the HA kindreds by a negative selection. Optic atrophy, tapeto-retinal degenerations, surdity, epilepsy, and possibly also dementia, were found together with monomeric disease, as well as in the Un subjects, particularly in families with recessive HA. Such traits were equally rare in unaffected family members and controls. Un in such families as well as the traits mentioned may reflect manifestation of HA genes in heterozygotes. They could also reflect the presence of genes linked to the HA genes.", "PMID": 1175317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5091", "title": "Otodental dysplasia: a \"new\" ectodermal dysplasia.", "content": "Otodental dysplasia is an ectodermal dysplasia characterized by abnormal crown morphology of the teeth and sensorineural hearing loss. It was documented in six generations of a kindred of Italian extraction. Thirty-three of the 119 examined family members were affected. Twenty-six persons had characteristic dental anomalies combined with a hearing loss. Two had the dental anomalies alone, four had a hearing loss only and one of those with dental anomalies could not be tested for hearing. The teeth of the 29 with dental anomalies had large, bulbous crowns. The normal relationship between cusps and grooves was obliterated. Molars, both deciduous and permanent, were involved. Deciduous canines were large and bulbous. Absence of premolars was documented in 14 of the 29 individuals with abnormal teeth. Those premolars which were present were frequently small. Radiographs of the teeth showed denticles and taurodontia. Twenty-six of the 30 individuals with a hearing loss had concomitant dental anomalies. Of the four with isolated hearing loss, one was proven to have the syndrome. The remaining three were conjectured to be affected. The age of onset of the hearing deficit ranged from early childhood to middle age. The results of a chi-square test supported autosomal dominant inheritance. The pleiotropy in this syndrome is postualed to be due to a genetic defect in the neuroectoderm.", "contents": "Otodental dysplasia: a \"new\" ectodermal dysplasia. Otodental dysplasia is an ectodermal dysplasia characterized by abnormal crown morphology of the teeth and sensorineural hearing loss. It was documented in six generations of a kindred of Italian extraction. Thirty-three of the 119 examined family members were affected. Twenty-six persons had characteristic dental anomalies combined with a hearing loss. Two had the dental anomalies alone, four had a hearing loss only and one of those with dental anomalies could not be tested for hearing. The teeth of the 29 with dental anomalies had large, bulbous crowns. The normal relationship between cusps and grooves was obliterated. Molars, both deciduous and permanent, were involved. Deciduous canines were large and bulbous. Absence of premolars was documented in 14 of the 29 individuals with abnormal teeth. Those premolars which were present were frequently small. Radiographs of the teeth showed denticles and taurodontia. Twenty-six of the 30 individuals with a hearing loss had concomitant dental anomalies. Of the four with isolated hearing loss, one was proven to have the syndrome. The remaining three were conjectured to be affected. The age of onset of the hearing deficit ranged from early childhood to middle age. The results of a chi-square test supported autosomal dominant inheritance. The pleiotropy in this syndrome is postualed to be due to a genetic defect in the neuroectoderm.", "PMID": 1175318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5092", "title": "Aminocentesis: its impact on mothers and infants. A 1-year follow-up study.", "content": "In a 1-year follow-up study, the effects of amniocentesis for genetic diagnosis upon 22 infants and their mothers were assessed. The infants were tested at 1 year of age on the Bayley Infant Scale of Mental and Motor Development. No deviations from normal mental or motor development were found. The mothers were interviewed at the same time, in order to better understand the emotional aspects of the experience. Women between ages 35-39 with no previously affected child tended to accept amniocentesis easily, as an appropriate part of parnatal care. Mothers with a previous defective child tended to have more painful emotional reactions, including higher anxiety over the test and more conflict about a possible abortion. They needed more intensive and extended counseling. We suggest that the issue of abortion is important, even if manageable by most women, and that a chance to discuss it may be significant.", "contents": "Aminocentesis: its impact on mothers and infants. A 1-year follow-up study. In a 1-year follow-up study, the effects of amniocentesis for genetic diagnosis upon 22 infants and their mothers were assessed. The infants were tested at 1 year of age on the Bayley Infant Scale of Mental and Motor Development. No deviations from normal mental or motor development were found. The mothers were interviewed at the same time, in order to better understand the emotional aspects of the experience. Women between ages 35-39 with no previously affected child tended to accept amniocentesis easily, as an appropriate part of parnatal care. Mothers with a previous defective child tended to have more painful emotional reactions, including higher anxiety over the test and more conflict about a possible abortion. They needed more intensive and extended counseling. We suggest that the issue of abortion is important, even if manageable by most women, and that a chance to discuss it may be significant.", "PMID": 1175319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5093", "title": "The effect of structural aberrations of the chromosomes on reproductive fitness in man. I. Methodology.", "content": "Methods are presented to estimate relative fitness of carriers as a function of fertility, survival, are generation time in pedigrees under incomplete ascertainment. A large sample of diverse chromosomal aberrations reveals significant effects on all three parameters, giving a relative fitness of .769 +/- .039. There is no significant shift in segregation frequency. Implications of these results for population dynamics of structural rearrangements are discussed. The following paper applies these methods to specific classes of aberrations.", "contents": "The effect of structural aberrations of the chromosomes on reproductive fitness in man. I. Methodology. Methods are presented to estimate relative fitness of carriers as a function of fertility, survival, are generation time in pedigrees under incomplete ascertainment. A large sample of diverse chromosomal aberrations reveals significant effects on all three parameters, giving a relative fitness of .769 +/- .039. There is no significant shift in segregation frequency. Implications of these results for population dynamics of structural rearrangements are discussed. The following paper applies these methods to specific classes of aberrations.", "PMID": 1175320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5094", "title": "The effect of structural aberrations of the chromosomes on reproductive fitness in man. II. Results.", "content": "Reproductive fitness was measured in the following seven classes of pedigrees: (1) D/D Robertsonian translocations ascertained through a euploid proband; (2) D/G Robertsonian translocations ascertained through a euploid proband: (3) reciprocal translocations ascertained through a euploid proband; (4) inversions ascertained through a euploid proband; (5) all translocations and inversions ascertained through an aneuploid proband; (6) those ascertained through a proband with a ring, marker, or supernumerary chromosome; (7) those ascertained through a proband with an extreme variant chromosome. For each group reproductive fitness was calculated in two ways. One method was based on live births, fetal and infant deaths and generation time of those individuals carrying a chromosome abnormality or variant by comparison with their first degree relatives who were known to have a normal chromosome constitution. The second method was based on the proportion of sporadic cases obtained from segregation analysis. The results obtained using both methods are presented and discussed.", "contents": "The effect of structural aberrations of the chromosomes on reproductive fitness in man. II. Results. Reproductive fitness was measured in the following seven classes of pedigrees: (1) D/D Robertsonian translocations ascertained through a euploid proband; (2) D/G Robertsonian translocations ascertained through a euploid proband: (3) reciprocal translocations ascertained through a euploid proband; (4) inversions ascertained through a euploid proband; (5) all translocations and inversions ascertained through an aneuploid proband; (6) those ascertained through a proband with a ring, marker, or supernumerary chromosome; (7) those ascertained through a proband with an extreme variant chromosome. For each group reproductive fitness was calculated in two ways. One method was based on live births, fetal and infant deaths and generation time of those individuals carrying a chromosome abnormality or variant by comparison with their first degree relatives who were known to have a normal chromosome constitution. The second method was based on the proportion of sporadic cases obtained from segregation analysis. The results obtained using both methods are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 1175321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5095", "title": "Adducted thumb syndromes.", "content": "The adducted thumbs syndrome is characterized by cleft palate, microcephaly, and dysmyelination. A fifth case of this syndrome is presented. Several other syndromes which may present with adducted thumbs are reviewed and re-assessed. The original contributions consist of discussions of (1) the possible pathogenesis of adducted thumbs in the congenital clasped thumb syndrome, and (3) the significance of adducted thumbs as a possible marker in sex-linked hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Adducted thumb syndromes. The adducted thumbs syndrome is characterized by cleft palate, microcephaly, and dysmyelination. A fifth case of this syndrome is presented. Several other syndromes which may present with adducted thumbs are reviewed and re-assessed. The original contributions consist of discussions of (1) the possible pathogenesis of adducted thumbs in the congenital clasped thumb syndrome, and (3) the significance of adducted thumbs as a possible marker in sex-linked hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 1175322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5096", "title": "The oro-facial-digital syndrome.", "content": "Two patients, a mother and her daughter, are presented who manifest the clinical features of the oro-facial-digital syndrome (OFD I). Many of these features are shared with Mohr's syndrome (OFD II). Confusion arises when a patient presents with features common to both syndromes. The features which are always or sometimes associated with these syndromes are tabulated. The Tables also show which abnormalities are common to both syndromes and to our cases. Additional clinical and radiological features which have not been considered part of these syndromes are described. We present these cases to suggest that these syndromes should be \"lumped\" together as one syndrome. We propose expanding this syndrome to include ear and renal abnormalities. Our cases follow an X-linked dominant inheritance pattern and, therefore, do not help determine the genetic controversy of these two syndromes.", "contents": "The oro-facial-digital syndrome. Two patients, a mother and her daughter, are presented who manifest the clinical features of the oro-facial-digital syndrome (OFD I). Many of these features are shared with Mohr's syndrome (OFD II). Confusion arises when a patient presents with features common to both syndromes. The features which are always or sometimes associated with these syndromes are tabulated. The Tables also show which abnormalities are common to both syndromes and to our cases. Additional clinical and radiological features which have not been considered part of these syndromes are described. We present these cases to suggest that these syndromes should be \"lumped\" together as one syndrome. We propose expanding this syndrome to include ear and renal abnormalities. Our cases follow an X-linked dominant inheritance pattern and, therefore, do not help determine the genetic controversy of these two syndromes.", "PMID": 1175324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5097", "title": "Variation in the centromeric banding of chromosome 19.", "content": "The centromeric banding pattern of chromosomes 19 exhibited considerable variation. The variants were present in the majority of cells from an individual and consisted of additional dark-staining areas. There was no abnormal phenotypic effect associated with any variant and it is concluded that these additional dark-staining areas do not contain any functional genes.", "contents": "Variation in the centromeric banding of chromosome 19. The centromeric banding pattern of chromosomes 19 exhibited considerable variation. The variants were present in the majority of cells from an individual and consisted of additional dark-staining areas. There was no abnormal phenotypic effect associated with any variant and it is concluded that these additional dark-staining areas do not contain any functional genes.", "PMID": 1175326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5098", "title": "Location of aldosterone-producing adenomas by the determination of plasma aldosterone in adrenal vein or renal vein blood.", "content": "1. Aldosterone-producing adenomas were located before operation in eighteen patients by comparison of aldosterone concentrations in blood obtained by percutaneous catheterization of the adrenal vein or renal vein. The concentration of aldosterone in the venous effluent from the adrenal glands containing adenomas was significantly greater than in the venous effluent from contralateral glands. 2. Cathetherization of the adrenal vein is, however, technically difficult. The location of adrenal adenomas was also possible by analysis of blood from the renal vein. 3. If the concentrations of aldosterone in blood from the left renal vein were higher than those from the right, the existence of a left adrenal adenoma was suggested. A high value in plasma, obtained from the inferior vena cava above the entry of the right adrenal vein, showed a right adrenal adenoma. This procedure identified very small functional adenomas which could not be demonstrated radiographically, or seen or palpated at surgery. 4. It was concluded that differential aldosterone measurement after percutaneous bilateral adrenal vein or renal vein catheterization can be used as a definitive test for the location of an aldosterone-producing adenoma, where this is uncertain.", "contents": "Location of aldosterone-producing adenomas by the determination of plasma aldosterone in adrenal vein or renal vein blood. 1. Aldosterone-producing adenomas were located before operation in eighteen patients by comparison of aldosterone concentrations in blood obtained by percutaneous catheterization of the adrenal vein or renal vein. The concentration of aldosterone in the venous effluent from the adrenal glands containing adenomas was significantly greater than in the venous effluent from contralateral glands. 2. Cathetherization of the adrenal vein is, however, technically difficult. The location of adrenal adenomas was also possible by analysis of blood from the renal vein. 3. If the concentrations of aldosterone in blood from the left renal vein were higher than those from the right, the existence of a left adrenal adenoma was suggested. A high value in plasma, obtained from the inferior vena cava above the entry of the right adrenal vein, showed a right adrenal adenoma. This procedure identified very small functional adenomas which could not be demonstrated radiographically, or seen or palpated at surgery. 4. It was concluded that differential aldosterone measurement after percutaneous bilateral adrenal vein or renal vein catheterization can be used as a definitive test for the location of an aldosterone-producing adenoma, where this is uncertain.", "PMID": 1175334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5099", "title": "Effect of proportional reduction of sodium intake on the adaptive increase in glomerular filtration rate/nephron and potassium and phosphate excretion in chronic renal failure in the rat.", "content": "1. The influence of dietary sodium intake on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR/nephron) and potassium and phosphate excretion was examined at three stages of progressive chronic renal failure produced in rats by sequential partial nephrectomies. 2. The adaptive increased sodium excretion per nephron in the control group receiving a constant sodium intake did not occur in the experimental group that had a gradual reduction of dietary sodium in direct proportion to the fall in GFR. 3. Despite the difference in sodium excretion, the increase in GFR/nephron, the daily variation in the amount of potassium and phosphate excreted, the increase in potassium and phosphate excretion per unit nephron, and the plasma potassium and phosphate concentrations were the same in the two groups. 4. The concept of 'autonomous adaptation' in chronic renal failure is presented.", "contents": "Effect of proportional reduction of sodium intake on the adaptive increase in glomerular filtration rate/nephron and potassium and phosphate excretion in chronic renal failure in the rat. 1. The influence of dietary sodium intake on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR/nephron) and potassium and phosphate excretion was examined at three stages of progressive chronic renal failure produced in rats by sequential partial nephrectomies. 2. The adaptive increased sodium excretion per nephron in the control group receiving a constant sodium intake did not occur in the experimental group that had a gradual reduction of dietary sodium in direct proportion to the fall in GFR. 3. Despite the difference in sodium excretion, the increase in GFR/nephron, the daily variation in the amount of potassium and phosphate excreted, the increase in potassium and phosphate excretion per unit nephron, and the plasma potassium and phosphate concentrations were the same in the two groups. 4. The concept of 'autonomous adaptation' in chronic renal failure is presented.", "PMID": 1175335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5100", "title": "Exaggerated phosphaturic response to volume expansion in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Tubular handling of sodium in hypertensive patients has been evaluated with urinary phosphate excretion used as a marker for proximal tubular reabsorptive capacity. 2. Nine hypertensive patients and nine normal control subjects were studied during sustained water diuresis and the intravenous infusion of isotonic sodium chloride solution to produce volume expansion. 3. In the hypertensive patients there was exaggerated phosphaturia, natriuresis and enhanced distal delivery of sodium. Sodium reabsorption in the diluting segment was normal. 4. The enhanced distal delivery and augmented phosphaturia suggest that a decreased reabsorption of sodium in the proximal tubule is the most likely explanation for the exaggerated natriuretic response to volume expansion in hypertensive patients.", "contents": "Exaggerated phosphaturic response to volume expansion in patients with essential hypertension. 1. Tubular handling of sodium in hypertensive patients has been evaluated with urinary phosphate excretion used as a marker for proximal tubular reabsorptive capacity. 2. Nine hypertensive patients and nine normal control subjects were studied during sustained water diuresis and the intravenous infusion of isotonic sodium chloride solution to produce volume expansion. 3. In the hypertensive patients there was exaggerated phosphaturia, natriuresis and enhanced distal delivery of sodium. Sodium reabsorption in the diluting segment was normal. 4. The enhanced distal delivery and augmented phosphaturia suggest that a decreased reabsorption of sodium in the proximal tubule is the most likely explanation for the exaggerated natriuretic response to volume expansion in hypertensive patients.", "PMID": 1175336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5101", "title": "Leucocyte sodium transport in uraemia.", "content": "1. In sixteen patients with severe chronic renal failure the rate constant for total sodium efflux from leucocytes was significantly reduced compared with that in thirty control subjects. This difference lay chiefly in the glycoside-sensitive ('active') moiety of sodium efflux. 2. In sixteen patients receiving regular haemodialysis, the rate constant for total sodium efflux from the leucocyte was significantly greater than in the undialysed uraemic patients though still subnormal. 3. In individual patients, an increase in sodium efflux could be detected as early as 1 week after regular haemodialysis was started. 4. These results are compatible with the existence of a dialysable molecule in uraemic plasma affecting leucocyte sodium transport.", "contents": "Leucocyte sodium transport in uraemia. 1. In sixteen patients with severe chronic renal failure the rate constant for total sodium efflux from leucocytes was significantly reduced compared with that in thirty control subjects. This difference lay chiefly in the glycoside-sensitive ('active') moiety of sodium efflux. 2. In sixteen patients receiving regular haemodialysis, the rate constant for total sodium efflux from the leucocyte was significantly greater than in the undialysed uraemic patients though still subnormal. 3. In individual patients, an increase in sodium efflux could be detected as early as 1 week after regular haemodialysis was started. 4. These results are compatible with the existence of a dialysable molecule in uraemic plasma affecting leucocyte sodium transport.", "PMID": 1175337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5102", "title": "Airway function in healthy subjects and patients with left heart disease.", "content": "1. In forty non-smoking healthy subjects and seventy-two patients with left heart diseases measurements were made of the volume expired in the first second of a forced expiration (FEV1) and the total volume expired in a forced expiration (FVC) before and after inhalation of salbutamol. Before and after salbutamol the healthy subjects and patients also inhaled maximally an inspirate, the first part of which contained 133Xe and, during controlled expiration, the radioactivity of the expirate was measured and plotted against its volume. the resulting curves were divided into phases of different slope by eye, the point at which phase 3 changed to phase 4 being nominated the closing volume. 2. In forty non-smoking healthy subjects inhalation of salbutamol was followed by significant increase in FEV1 but FVC and closing volume did not change. 3. Change in posture from seated erect to supine in thirty of these healthy subjects was accompanied by significant reduction in FEV1 and FVC and as closing volume was not significantly different in the two positions the ratio closing volume/vital capacity was increased with recumbency. 4. In seventy-two patients with left heart diseases without a history of cough or wheeze, FEV1, FVC, closing volume and the ratio closing volume/vital capacity were significantly different from values in the healthy subjects. There was no significant difference between non-smokers and ex-smokers amongst the patients. 5. Significant increase in FEV1, FVC and reduction in closing volume and the ratio closing volume/vital capacity followed inhalation of salbutamol in patients with heart diseases but the values remained significantly different from those recorded in the healthy subjects. 6. In twenty patients with heart diseases, FEV1 and FVC were reduced by change in posture from seated erect to supine but the ratio closing volume/vital capacity and the regression with age of this ratio were not significantly changed by change in position. 7. In patients with heart diseases the ratio closing volume/vital capacity was significantly correlated with severity of breathlessness and length of symptom-history but not with left ventricular end-diastolic or pulmonary vein wedge pressures.", "contents": "Airway function in healthy subjects and patients with left heart disease. 1. In forty non-smoking healthy subjects and seventy-two patients with left heart diseases measurements were made of the volume expired in the first second of a forced expiration (FEV1) and the total volume expired in a forced expiration (FVC) before and after inhalation of salbutamol. Before and after salbutamol the healthy subjects and patients also inhaled maximally an inspirate, the first part of which contained 133Xe and, during controlled expiration, the radioactivity of the expirate was measured and plotted against its volume. the resulting curves were divided into phases of different slope by eye, the point at which phase 3 changed to phase 4 being nominated the closing volume. 2. In forty non-smoking healthy subjects inhalation of salbutamol was followed by significant increase in FEV1 but FVC and closing volume did not change. 3. Change in posture from seated erect to supine in thirty of these healthy subjects was accompanied by significant reduction in FEV1 and FVC and as closing volume was not significantly different in the two positions the ratio closing volume/vital capacity was increased with recumbency. 4. In seventy-two patients with left heart diseases without a history of cough or wheeze, FEV1, FVC, closing volume and the ratio closing volume/vital capacity were significantly different from values in the healthy subjects. There was no significant difference between non-smokers and ex-smokers amongst the patients. 5. Significant increase in FEV1, FVC and reduction in closing volume and the ratio closing volume/vital capacity followed inhalation of salbutamol in patients with heart diseases but the values remained significantly different from those recorded in the healthy subjects. 6. In twenty patients with heart diseases, FEV1 and FVC were reduced by change in posture from seated erect to supine but the ratio closing volume/vital capacity and the regression with age of this ratio were not significantly changed by change in position. 7. In patients with heart diseases the ratio closing volume/vital capacity was significantly correlated with severity of breathlessness and length of symptom-history but not with left ventricular end-diastolic or pulmonary vein wedge pressures.", "PMID": 1175338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5103", "title": "The influence of diet on unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia in the Gunn rat.", "content": "1. The influence of dietary carbohydrate, protein and lipid on the unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia of Gunn rats has been studied. 2. In the first set of experiments, after a control period without restraint, the animals were restrained for 72 h and were either starved or received isocaloric amounts of glucose, protein hydrolysate or soya bean oil through a gastrotomy cannula. 3. A second study was performed with groups of unrestrained animals which were fed with diets supplemented with carbohydrate, protein and lipid for 7 days after a control period. 4. Both these studies showed that diets composed predominantly of carbohydrate or protein doubled the plasma bilirubin concentration. Starch, glucose and fructose produced similar effects. 5. A high-lipid diet in the absence of carbohydrate caused a slight reduction plasma bilirubin concentration. This effect was observed with both soya bean oil and pork fat. 6. It has not been established whether the increase in hyperbilirubinaemia resulted from the high-carbohydrate content of the diet or the absence of lipid.", "contents": "The influence of diet on unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia in the Gunn rat. 1. The influence of dietary carbohydrate, protein and lipid on the unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia of Gunn rats has been studied. 2. In the first set of experiments, after a control period without restraint, the animals were restrained for 72 h and were either starved or received isocaloric amounts of glucose, protein hydrolysate or soya bean oil through a gastrotomy cannula. 3. A second study was performed with groups of unrestrained animals which were fed with diets supplemented with carbohydrate, protein and lipid for 7 days after a control period. 4. Both these studies showed that diets composed predominantly of carbohydrate or protein doubled the plasma bilirubin concentration. Starch, glucose and fructose produced similar effects. 5. A high-lipid diet in the absence of carbohydrate caused a slight reduction plasma bilirubin concentration. This effect was observed with both soya bean oil and pork fat. 6. It has not been established whether the increase in hyperbilirubinaemia resulted from the high-carbohydrate content of the diet or the absence of lipid.", "PMID": 1175339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5104", "title": "Effect of lysine acetylsalicylate on biliary lipid secretion in dogs.", "content": "1. The influence of lysine acetylsalicylate on bile flow, erythritol clearance and bile salt, phospholipid and cholesterol secretion in bile was studied in unanaesthetized dogs fitted with a Thomas duodenal cannula. 2. Lysine acetylsalicylate induced a marked increase in bile flow and a parallel increase in erythritol clearance although the bile salt secretion remained unchanged; this suggests that the compound stimulated the formation of the canalicular (hepatocytic) bile salt-independent fraction of bile flow. 3. Lysine acetylsalicylate induced a significant decrease in biliary phospholipid and cholesterol secretion and the cholesterol saturation of bile was significantly reduced. 4. It is postulated that the decrease in phospholipid and cholesterol secretion resulted from the dilution of intracanalicular bile salts. This effect of lysine acetylsalicylate, and possibly of other bile salt-independent choleretics, may be of value in the treatment of cholesterol gallstones in man.", "contents": "Effect of lysine acetylsalicylate on biliary lipid secretion in dogs. 1. The influence of lysine acetylsalicylate on bile flow, erythritol clearance and bile salt, phospholipid and cholesterol secretion in bile was studied in unanaesthetized dogs fitted with a Thomas duodenal cannula. 2. Lysine acetylsalicylate induced a marked increase in bile flow and a parallel increase in erythritol clearance although the bile salt secretion remained unchanged; this suggests that the compound stimulated the formation of the canalicular (hepatocytic) bile salt-independent fraction of bile flow. 3. Lysine acetylsalicylate induced a significant decrease in biliary phospholipid and cholesterol secretion and the cholesterol saturation of bile was significantly reduced. 4. It is postulated that the decrease in phospholipid and cholesterol secretion resulted from the dilution of intracanalicular bile salts. This effect of lysine acetylsalicylate, and possibly of other bile salt-independent choleretics, may be of value in the treatment of cholesterol gallstones in man.", "PMID": 1175340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5105", "title": "Heterogeneity of hepatic vitamin B12 in the rat after parenteral cyanocobalamin.", "content": "1. The rate of radioactive vitamin B12 excretion into plasma and bile from the isolated perfused rat liver and into bile in vivo has been measured after the intramuscular injection of radioactive cyanocobalamin at various time-intervals before study. 2. With an interval of labelling of 10 or more days, the release of radioactive vitamin B12 over 4 h by the isolated perfused liver was linear and constituted approximately 3-5% and 1% of the hepatic radioactivity into plasma and bile respectively. 3. In contrast, after a shorter period of prelabelling (less than 7 days), there was a biphasic release of radioactive vitamin B12: an initial rapid rate followed by a slower rate after about 1 h of perfusion. The total radioactive vitamin B12 was considerably increased (e.g. 25% and 5% of hepatic radioactivity into plasma and bile respectively during a 4 h perfusion of a liver labelled 18 h previously). Confirmation of coexisting stable and labile pools of intrahepatic vitamin B12 was provided by: (a) the patterns of hepatic release after double labelling with 57Co-labelled and 58Co-labelled cyanocobalamin at different times before liver perfusion; (b) the rates of biliary excretion of 57Co-labelled and 58Co-labelled vitamin B12 in vivo after different periods of prelabelling. 5. The rate and pattern of release were not altered by changes in the quantity of precursor cyanocobalamin, by phenobarbitone treatment or by the addition of cycloheximide to the perfusion. 6. The injection into rats of subcellular preparations of rat liver labelled in vivo with radioactive vitamin B12 demonstrated that hepatic heterogeneity did not depend on physical compartmentation. 7. Despite the rapid release rate from the liver of recently administered radioactive cyanocobalamin, the hepatic radioactivity increased progressively with time after labelling in vivo, in contrast to the other tissues, where it decreased. In the presence of rapid bidirectional fluxes the ability of the liver to store vitamin B12 can be largely explained by the reduction in the rate of hepatic release that continues for about 10 days after parenteral administration of cyanocobalamin.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of hepatic vitamin B12 in the rat after parenteral cyanocobalamin. 1. The rate of radioactive vitamin B12 excretion into plasma and bile from the isolated perfused rat liver and into bile in vivo has been measured after the intramuscular injection of radioactive cyanocobalamin at various time-intervals before study. 2. With an interval of labelling of 10 or more days, the release of radioactive vitamin B12 over 4 h by the isolated perfused liver was linear and constituted approximately 3-5% and 1% of the hepatic radioactivity into plasma and bile respectively. 3. In contrast, after a shorter period of prelabelling (less than 7 days), there was a biphasic release of radioactive vitamin B12: an initial rapid rate followed by a slower rate after about 1 h of perfusion. The total radioactive vitamin B12 was considerably increased (e.g. 25% and 5% of hepatic radioactivity into plasma and bile respectively during a 4 h perfusion of a liver labelled 18 h previously). Confirmation of coexisting stable and labile pools of intrahepatic vitamin B12 was provided by: (a) the patterns of hepatic release after double labelling with 57Co-labelled and 58Co-labelled cyanocobalamin at different times before liver perfusion; (b) the rates of biliary excretion of 57Co-labelled and 58Co-labelled vitamin B12 in vivo after different periods of prelabelling. 5. The rate and pattern of release were not altered by changes in the quantity of precursor cyanocobalamin, by phenobarbitone treatment or by the addition of cycloheximide to the perfusion. 6. The injection into rats of subcellular preparations of rat liver labelled in vivo with radioactive vitamin B12 demonstrated that hepatic heterogeneity did not depend on physical compartmentation. 7. Despite the rapid release rate from the liver of recently administered radioactive cyanocobalamin, the hepatic radioactivity increased progressively with time after labelling in vivo, in contrast to the other tissues, where it decreased. In the presence of rapid bidirectional fluxes the ability of the liver to store vitamin B12 can be largely explained by the reduction in the rate of hepatic release that continues for about 10 days after parenteral administration of cyanocobalamin.", "PMID": 1175341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5106", "title": "Leg blood flow and muscle metabolism in occlusive arterial disease of the leg before and after reconstructive surgery.", "content": "1. Leg blood flow, uptake of oxygen and glucose and release of lactate by the leg and changes in intramuscular concentrations of metabolites were studied at rest and during exercise of increasing work loads in thirteen patients with occlusive disease of the iliac or superficial femoral arteries. 2. Leg blood flow (dye-dilution technique) and oxygen uptake during exercise were low and levelled with increasing work load. Considerable increases were noted in muscle lactate concentration and in the net release of lactate from the exercising leg. Muscle content (needle-biopsy technique) of ATP and creatine phosphate decreased during exercise, with an almost complete depletion of creatine phosphate in three patients. The decrease in muscle glycogen during work did not differ significantly from that of control subjects. 3. Repeated exercise after reconstructive surgery showed a considerable improvement in physical working capacity. Leg blood flow and oxygen uptake during exercise were significantly higher than before surgery and increased linearly in relation to work intensity. The decrease in creatine phosphate and lactate concentration of the thigh muscle during exercise was less pronounced and the release of lactate was lower than before vascular reconstruction. 4. It is suggested that the onset of the severe muscle symptoms during exercise in patients with occlusive arterial disease of the leg may be related to a low concentration of ATP and creatine phosphate in the affected muscles.", "contents": "Leg blood flow and muscle metabolism in occlusive arterial disease of the leg before and after reconstructive surgery. 1. Leg blood flow, uptake of oxygen and glucose and release of lactate by the leg and changes in intramuscular concentrations of metabolites were studied at rest and during exercise of increasing work loads in thirteen patients with occlusive disease of the iliac or superficial femoral arteries. 2. Leg blood flow (dye-dilution technique) and oxygen uptake during exercise were low and levelled with increasing work load. Considerable increases were noted in muscle lactate concentration and in the net release of lactate from the exercising leg. Muscle content (needle-biopsy technique) of ATP and creatine phosphate decreased during exercise, with an almost complete depletion of creatine phosphate in three patients. The decrease in muscle glycogen during work did not differ significantly from that of control subjects. 3. Repeated exercise after reconstructive surgery showed a considerable improvement in physical working capacity. Leg blood flow and oxygen uptake during exercise were significantly higher than before surgery and increased linearly in relation to work intensity. The decrease in creatine phosphate and lactate concentration of the thigh muscle during exercise was less pronounced and the release of lactate was lower than before vascular reconstruction. 4. It is suggested that the onset of the severe muscle symptoms during exercise in patients with occlusive arterial disease of the leg may be related to a low concentration of ATP and creatine phosphate in the affected muscles.", "PMID": 1175342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5107", "title": "Effect of diazoxide on renal handling of sodium in the rat.", "content": "1. To assess whether diazoxide-induced sodium retention is due to a direct renal action of the durg, independent of its systemic haemodynamic effects, diazoxide was infused directly into one renal artery of hydropenic rats. During the infusion period there was a small fall in mean systemic arterial blood pressure. There were no significant changes in the clearances of inulin or p-aminohippurate by either kidney. 2. Absolute and fractional excretion of sodium were unchanged on the non-infused side. On the side of infusion, there was a significant increase in absolute and in fractional sodium excretion. 3. Thus natriuresis rather than sodium retention seems to be the direct renal effect of diazoxide and may be related to its vasodilator properties.", "contents": "Effect of diazoxide on renal handling of sodium in the rat. 1. To assess whether diazoxide-induced sodium retention is due to a direct renal action of the durg, independent of its systemic haemodynamic effects, diazoxide was infused directly into one renal artery of hydropenic rats. During the infusion period there was a small fall in mean systemic arterial blood pressure. There were no significant changes in the clearances of inulin or p-aminohippurate by either kidney. 2. Absolute and fractional excretion of sodium were unchanged on the non-infused side. On the side of infusion, there was a significant increase in absolute and in fractional sodium excretion. 3. Thus natriuresis rather than sodium retention seems to be the direct renal effect of diazoxide and may be related to its vasodilator properties.", "PMID": 1175343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5108", "title": "A fatal case involving propranolol and codeine.", "content": "Tissue concentrations are given in a fatal case involving both propranolol and codeine. Methods for the detection and quantitation of the compounds are briefly described.", "contents": "A fatal case involving propranolol and codeine. Tissue concentrations are given in a fatal case involving both propranolol and codeine. Methods for the detection and quantitation of the compounds are briefly described.", "PMID": 1175344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5109", "title": "Thiopental suicide -- case report.", "content": "Thiopental was indicated in the suicide death of a hospital employee. The blood thiopental level was determined to be 27.9 mg% by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and positive identification was accomplished using gas chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and infrared spectrophotometry.", "contents": "Thiopental suicide -- case report. Thiopental was indicated in the suicide death of a hospital employee. The blood thiopental level was determined to be 27.9 mg% by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and positive identification was accomplished using gas chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and infrared spectrophotometry.", "PMID": 1175345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5110", "title": "Computer retrieval of articles on the therapy of poisonings.", "content": "This paper describes the joint efforts of the Cleveland Poison Information Center and the Cleveland Health Sciences Library to develop a workable system for scanning the current journal literature for relevant articles on the therapy of poisonings and to develop a suitable system for reorganizing the present reprint files for the city's two units of the Poison Information Center. The use of the MEDLINE computer retrieval system for retrieving relevant current articles is discussed in detail as is the proposed reorganization of the Center's reprint file.", "contents": "Computer retrieval of articles on the therapy of poisonings. This paper describes the joint efforts of the Cleveland Poison Information Center and the Cleveland Health Sciences Library to develop a workable system for scanning the current journal literature for relevant articles on the therapy of poisonings and to develop a suitable system for reorganizing the present reprint files for the city's two units of the Poison Information Center. The use of the MEDLINE computer retrieval system for retrieving relevant current articles is discussed in detail as is the proposed reorganization of the Center's reprint file.", "PMID": 1175346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5111", "title": "Single extraction GLC analysis of six commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs.", "content": "A simple gas-liquid chromatographic technique for the quantitation of ethosuximide (Zarontin), methsuximide (Celontin), mephobarbituate (Mebaral), phenobarbituate, primidone (Mysoline), and diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) is described. The drugs and internal standards are extracted from whole uncoagulated blood using an organic solvent, re-extracted to eliminate interferences, and chromatographed using temperature programming on 3% OV-225. The results compare very favorably and eliminate some difficulties associated with derivation methods.", "contents": "Single extraction GLC analysis of six commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs. A simple gas-liquid chromatographic technique for the quantitation of ethosuximide (Zarontin), methsuximide (Celontin), mephobarbituate (Mebaral), phenobarbituate, primidone (Mysoline), and diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) is described. The drugs and internal standards are extracted from whole uncoagulated blood using an organic solvent, re-extracted to eliminate interferences, and chromatographed using temperature programming on 3% OV-225. The results compare very favorably and eliminate some difficulties associated with derivation methods.", "PMID": 1175347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5112", "title": "Iterative computation of metabolic flux and stoichiometric parameters for alternate pathways in rumen fermentation.", "content": "A model is presented which has been derived to compute the end-products of rumen fermentation from knowledge of the input of feedstuff. The model comprises a set of algebraic equations for the fermentation of each of the following feedstuff components: soluble sugars, starch, cellulose, hemicellulose and protein. The equations were derived from known biochemical stoichiometric relationships. A iterative, non-linear least sqares method (steepest descent) was used to estimate parameter values. In a sample run the inputs used were from an experiment where eight sheep were fed white clover. The model predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental values.", "contents": "Iterative computation of metabolic flux and stoichiometric parameters for alternate pathways in rumen fermentation. A model is presented which has been derived to compute the end-products of rumen fermentation from knowledge of the input of feedstuff. The model comprises a set of algebraic equations for the fermentation of each of the following feedstuff components: soluble sugars, starch, cellulose, hemicellulose and protein. The equations were derived from known biochemical stoichiometric relationships. A iterative, non-linear least sqares method (steepest descent) was used to estimate parameter values. In a sample run the inputs used were from an experiment where eight sheep were fed white clover. The model predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental values.", "PMID": 1175367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5113", "title": "A model of heat flow in the sheep exposed to high levels of solar radiation.", "content": "The fleece is an important component in thermoregulation of sheep exposed to high levels of solar radiation. A model written in CSMP has been developed which represents the flow of energy between the sheep and its environment. This model is based on a set of differential equations which describe the flux of heat between the components of the system--fleece, tip, skin, body and environment. It requires as input parameters location, date, time of day, temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover, wind movement, animal weight and linear measurements and fleece length. At each integration interval incoming solar radiation and its components, the heat arising from the animal's metabolism and the heat exchange by long-wave radiation, convection, conduction and evaporative cooling are computed. Temperatures at the fleece tip, skin and body core are monitored.", "contents": "A model of heat flow in the sheep exposed to high levels of solar radiation. The fleece is an important component in thermoregulation of sheep exposed to high levels of solar radiation. A model written in CSMP has been developed which represents the flow of energy between the sheep and its environment. This model is based on a set of differential equations which describe the flux of heat between the components of the system--fleece, tip, skin, body and environment. It requires as input parameters location, date, time of day, temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover, wind movement, animal weight and linear measurements and fleece length. At each integration interval incoming solar radiation and its components, the heat arising from the animal's metabolism and the heat exchange by long-wave radiation, convection, conduction and evaporative cooling are computed. Temperatures at the fleece tip, skin and body core are monitored.", "PMID": 1175368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5114", "title": "A prototype segmental model for blood flow and heat transfer in the limb.", "content": "A general modeling technique for characterizing the blood flow and heat tranfer properties in the human limb is reported in this paper. The basic idea is to take the segmental approach so that a lumped model for each segment can be constructed. Consequently, a prototype segmental computer model is proposed which describes, in general terms, the interrelationships between the circulatory system and the thermal system of the limb. Simulation study of digital response to hand cooling is made and the results agree very well with the experimental data.", "contents": "A prototype segmental model for blood flow and heat transfer in the limb. A general modeling technique for characterizing the blood flow and heat tranfer properties in the human limb is reported in this paper. The basic idea is to take the segmental approach so that a lumped model for each segment can be constructed. Consequently, a prototype segmental computer model is proposed which describes, in general terms, the interrelationships between the circulatory system and the thermal system of the limb. Simulation study of digital response to hand cooling is made and the results agree very well with the experimental data.", "PMID": 1175369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5115", "title": "A computer algorithm for spatio-temporal patterns in interactive neuron populations.", "content": "A computer algorithm has been developed which enables numerical computations to be performed for interactive neuron populations whose spatio-temporal behaviors are represented by a set of certain integro-differential equations. The computation is based on the fact that the eigenfunctions of a symmetric Hilbert-Schmidt operator form a set of complete orthonormal functions in L2 space. This algorithm differs from the ones which computes the value of the solution at each (x,t) point in that it computes the coefficients corresponding to the eigenfunctions. Therefore it is shown that the error in the coefficient of one eigenfunction does not propagate to that of another eigenfunction from one sampling time to the next one. This enables us to analyze the temporal behavior of one spatial frequency which is not affected by that of the other spatial frequencies.", "contents": "A computer algorithm for spatio-temporal patterns in interactive neuron populations. A computer algorithm has been developed which enables numerical computations to be performed for interactive neuron populations whose spatio-temporal behaviors are represented by a set of certain integro-differential equations. The computation is based on the fact that the eigenfunctions of a symmetric Hilbert-Schmidt operator form a set of complete orthonormal functions in L2 space. This algorithm differs from the ones which computes the value of the solution at each (x,t) point in that it computes the coefficients corresponding to the eigenfunctions. Therefore it is shown that the error in the coefficient of one eigenfunction does not propagate to that of another eigenfunction from one sampling time to the next one. This enables us to analyze the temporal behavior of one spatial frequency which is not affected by that of the other spatial frequencies.", "PMID": 1175370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5116", "title": "Computer simulation of overshoot in saccadic eye movements.", "content": "The human horizontal eye movement system produces quick, precise, conjugate eye movements called saccades. These are important in normal vision. For example, reading tasks exclusively utilize saccadic eye movements. The majority of saccades have dynamic overshoot. The amplitude of this overshoot is independent of saccadic amplitude, and is such that it places the image of the stimulus within the retinal region of maximum acuity within a minimum of time. A computer based model of the saccadic mechanisms was used to study the origin of this overshoot. It was discussed that dynamic overshoot cannot be attributed to biomechanism properites of the eye movement mechanism, but must instead be explained by variations in the controlling nervous activity. The form of this neural controller signal is very similar to that required for a time optimal response of an inertial system.", "contents": "Computer simulation of overshoot in saccadic eye movements. The human horizontal eye movement system produces quick, precise, conjugate eye movements called saccades. These are important in normal vision. For example, reading tasks exclusively utilize saccadic eye movements. The majority of saccades have dynamic overshoot. The amplitude of this overshoot is independent of saccadic amplitude, and is such that it places the image of the stimulus within the retinal region of maximum acuity within a minimum of time. A computer based model of the saccadic mechanisms was used to study the origin of this overshoot. It was discussed that dynamic overshoot cannot be attributed to biomechanism properites of the eye movement mechanism, but must instead be explained by variations in the controlling nervous activity. The form of this neural controller signal is very similar to that required for a time optimal response of an inertial system.", "PMID": 1175371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5117", "title": "Integral control in accommodation.", "content": "Models of the accommodation system available inthe literature may be classified as proportional controller, optimal bang-bang controller and pure integral controller types. Each of these models explains only some aspects of the experimental behavior of the system and conflicts with other experimental observations. Based on two different experiments in which the built-in phyiological feedback loop has been opened, a leaky-integrator element is proposed for the accommodation controller. This element appears to resolve the conflict between the proportional and integral controller models and also explains the experimental observations better than any of the existing models.", "contents": "Integral control in accommodation. Models of the accommodation system available inthe literature may be classified as proportional controller, optimal bang-bang controller and pure integral controller types. Each of these models explains only some aspects of the experimental behavior of the system and conflicts with other experimental observations. Based on two different experiments in which the built-in phyiological feedback loop has been opened, a leaky-integrator element is proposed for the accommodation controller. This element appears to resolve the conflict between the proportional and integral controller models and also explains the experimental observations better than any of the existing models.", "PMID": 1175372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5118", "title": "Modeling static and dynamic human cardiovascular responses to exercise.", "content": "A human performance model has been developed and described [9] which portrays the human circulatory, thermo regulatory and energy-exchange systems as an intercoupled set. In this model, steady state or static relationships are used to describe oxygen consumption and blood flow. For example, heart rate (HTRT) is calculated  as a function of the oxygen and the thermo-regulatory requirements of each body compartment, using the steady state work values of cardiac output (CO, sum of all compartment blood flows) and stroke volume (SV, assumed maximal after 40% maximal oxygen consumption): HTRT=CO/SV. The steady state model has proven to be an acceptable first approximation, but the inclusion of transient characteristics are essential in describing the overall systems' adjustment to exercise stress. In the present study, the dynamic transient characteristics of heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output were obtained from experiments utilizing step and sinusoidal forcing of work. The gain and phase relationships reveal a probable first order system with a six minute time constant, and are utilized to model the transient characteristics of these parameters. This approach leads to a more complex model but a more accurate representation of the physiology involved. The instrumentation and programming essential to these experiments are described.", "contents": "Modeling static and dynamic human cardiovascular responses to exercise. A human performance model has been developed and described [9] which portrays the human circulatory, thermo regulatory and energy-exchange systems as an intercoupled set. In this model, steady state or static relationships are used to describe oxygen consumption and blood flow. For example, heart rate (HTRT) is calculated  as a function of the oxygen and the thermo-regulatory requirements of each body compartment, using the steady state work values of cardiac output (CO, sum of all compartment blood flows) and stroke volume (SV, assumed maximal after 40% maximal oxygen consumption): HTRT=CO/SV. The steady state model has proven to be an acceptable first approximation, but the inclusion of transient characteristics are essential in describing the overall systems' adjustment to exercise stress. In the present study, the dynamic transient characteristics of heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output were obtained from experiments utilizing step and sinusoidal forcing of work. The gain and phase relationships reveal a probable first order system with a six minute time constant, and are utilized to model the transient characteristics of these parameters. This approach leads to a more complex model but a more accurate representation of the physiology involved. The instrumentation and programming essential to these experiments are described.", "PMID": 1175373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5119", "title": "An inverse correlation (dose-response between 5-methyl-cytidine and the fate of spontaneous tumours in mice.", "content": "Tumour-bearing mice, 248 in number, have been injected with 5-methyl-cytidine dissolved in physiological salt solution. The mice were divided into 5 series depending upon the amount of 5-methyl-cytidine they received. Mice of a successive series received 43.2, 28.8, 14.4 and 7.2 mg/kg body weight. There was a progressive increase in the percentage of mice showing regression of tumours in the successive series, as follows: 45%, 50%, 65%, 60%, and 67.8% respectively, giving an average percentage of regressions of 59.7%. The incidence of mice developing multiple primary tumours increased in the same successive series respectively as follows: 25%, 43.8%, 58.3%, 73.3%, and 70%, thus giving an average of 58.3%. The evidence obtained indicates an inverse correlation (dose-response) between the amount of the 5-methyl-cytidine injected and the percentage of regressions of spontaneous tumours.", "contents": "An inverse correlation (dose-response between 5-methyl-cytidine and the fate of spontaneous tumours in mice. Tumour-bearing mice, 248 in number, have been injected with 5-methyl-cytidine dissolved in physiological salt solution. The mice were divided into 5 series depending upon the amount of 5-methyl-cytidine they received. Mice of a successive series received 43.2, 28.8, 14.4 and 7.2 mg/kg body weight. There was a progressive increase in the percentage of mice showing regression of tumours in the successive series, as follows: 45%, 50%, 65%, 60%, and 67.8% respectively, giving an average percentage of regressions of 59.7%. The incidence of mice developing multiple primary tumours increased in the same successive series respectively as follows: 25%, 43.8%, 58.3%, 73.3%, and 70%, thus giving an average of 58.3%. The evidence obtained indicates an inverse correlation (dose-response) between the amount of the 5-methyl-cytidine injected and the percentage of regressions of spontaneous tumours.", "PMID": 1175391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5120", "title": "Studies on the cytogenetic activity of some common fungicides in higher plants.", "content": "Seeds of barley and secondary roots of Vicia faba were exposed to treatments with 23 of the most commonly used fungicides with a view to discovering the effect of these fungicides on the germination, seedling injury and chromosome abnormalities in the former, and the spectrum and frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the latter. Sixteen fungicides reduced the percentage of seed germination, induced seedling injury and produced cytological anomalies of varying degrees in barley. More potent fungicides were further tested in the secondary roots of Vicia faba which were found to produce a significant amount of chromosomal aberrations in the form of chromatid and isolocus breaks and exchanges of chromatid type. Based on theseo bservations, fungicides Dexon, Benlat\u00e9, Cerasan, Copperson, Lonocol, Morestan, Hexasan and Karathane could be classified as strong radioimimetic agents. Their role as environmental mutagens in enhancing the spontaneous mutation rate has been discussed and it has been concluded that these constitute genetic and environmental hazards of great magnitude to the eco-system where they are released.", "contents": "Studies on the cytogenetic activity of some common fungicides in higher plants. Seeds of barley and secondary roots of Vicia faba were exposed to treatments with 23 of the most commonly used fungicides with a view to discovering the effect of these fungicides on the germination, seedling injury and chromosome abnormalities in the former, and the spectrum and frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the latter. Sixteen fungicides reduced the percentage of seed germination, induced seedling injury and produced cytological anomalies of varying degrees in barley. More potent fungicides were further tested in the secondary roots of Vicia faba which were found to produce a significant amount of chromosomal aberrations in the form of chromatid and isolocus breaks and exchanges of chromatid type. Based on theseo bservations, fungicides Dexon, Benlat\u00e9, Cerasan, Copperson, Lonocol, Morestan, Hexasan and Karathane could be classified as strong radioimimetic agents. Their role as environmental mutagens in enhancing the spontaneous mutation rate has been discussed and it has been concluded that these constitute genetic and environmental hazards of great magnitude to the eco-system where they are released.", "PMID": 1175392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5121", "title": "Ultrastructural aspects of infertility.", "content": "Organ culture studies have demonstrated that 17beta oestradiol can cause the rapid deterioration and dissolution of pre-existing nuclear channel systems in the human endometrial glandular cell. The importance of the nuclear channel system in implantation is emphasized and the implications of secretory activity in the endometrium of an infertile woman are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural aspects of infertility. Organ culture studies have demonstrated that 17beta oestradiol can cause the rapid deterioration and dissolution of pre-existing nuclear channel systems in the human endometrial glandular cell. The importance of the nuclear channel system in implantation is emphasized and the implications of secretory activity in the endometrium of an infertile woman are discussed.", "PMID": 1175393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5122", "title": "Long-term results of continuous oxygen therapy at sea level.", "content": "Twelve patients with hypoxemia associated with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were treated with continuous portable oxygen therapy and have been followed up for a mean period of 25.2 months at sea level. Pulmonary function testing has revealed no further significant deterioration at long-term follow-up (17 months). After oxygen therapy was initiated, arterial carbon dioxide tension increased slightly, but decreased to pretreatment levels when patients were allowed to breathe room air. The electrocardiogram, which was unchanged at one month, has shown some reversal of cor pulmonale in five patients. Six patients have died, yielding a 56 percent survival rate at two-and-one-half years by the life table analysis. Five patients were autopsied, with possible oxygen toxicity being present in only one. The quality of life in our patients was improved and was especially represented by a reduction in hospital admissions for respiratory illness. We believe that continuous oxygen therapy is beneficial and worthwhile economically in certain patients.", "contents": "Long-term results of continuous oxygen therapy at sea level. Twelve patients with hypoxemia associated with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were treated with continuous portable oxygen therapy and have been followed up for a mean period of 25.2 months at sea level. Pulmonary function testing has revealed no further significant deterioration at long-term follow-up (17 months). After oxygen therapy was initiated, arterial carbon dioxide tension increased slightly, but decreased to pretreatment levels when patients were allowed to breathe room air. The electrocardiogram, which was unchanged at one month, has shown some reversal of cor pulmonale in five patients. Six patients have died, yielding a 56 percent survival rate at two-and-one-half years by the life table analysis. Five patients were autopsied, with possible oxygen toxicity being present in only one. The quality of life in our patients was improved and was especially represented by a reduction in hospital admissions for respiratory illness. We believe that continuous oxygen therapy is beneficial and worthwhile economically in certain patients.", "PMID": 1175404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5123", "title": "Depression of hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory drives in severe asthma.", "content": "Because of the previous finding of an attenuated hypoxic ventilatory drive in a teenager with severe asthma, the ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia were examined during remission in 16 patients with the history of severe asthma. Spirometric and body plethysmographic pulmonary functions were normal or nearly normal just prior to ventilatory drive testing. The ventilatory responses to progressive isocapnic hypoxia and to hyperoxic hypercapnia were studied. Both hypoxic and hypercapnic drives were significantly depressed in the asthmatic patients. Factors known to blunt the ventilatory drives were not present in this group of patients. Hence, the etiology of these changes is unclear. In some patients, these depressed respiratory drives might contribute to hypoventilation, to severe hypoxemia, and to respiratory failure during severe asthma.", "contents": "Depression of hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory drives in severe asthma. Because of the previous finding of an attenuated hypoxic ventilatory drive in a teenager with severe asthma, the ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia were examined during remission in 16 patients with the history of severe asthma. Spirometric and body plethysmographic pulmonary functions were normal or nearly normal just prior to ventilatory drive testing. The ventilatory responses to progressive isocapnic hypoxia and to hyperoxic hypercapnia were studied. Both hypoxic and hypercapnic drives were significantly depressed in the asthmatic patients. Factors known to blunt the ventilatory drives were not present in this group of patients. Hence, the etiology of these changes is unclear. In some patients, these depressed respiratory drives might contribute to hypoventilation, to severe hypoxemia, and to respiratory failure during severe asthma.", "PMID": 1175405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5124", "title": "Determinants of survival following cardiac operations in elderly patients.", "content": "Ninety-four cardiac operations were performed on 92 patients 65 years of age and over at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Boston, from July 1970 to July 1974. There were 39 aortic valve replacements, 11 mitral valve replacements, 14 double valve operations, 16 coronary revascularizations, five repairs of aortic dissections, and one atrial septal defect closure. The operative mortality was 11 percent in elective cases and 40 percent in the emergency cases, an overall mortality of 17 percent. There were no hospital deaths following elective double valve operations or coronary bypass procedures. Combined hospital and late mortality of ventricular aneurysmectomy approached 100 percent. Myocardial infarction accounted for eight of the 16 hospital deaths. The overall late mortality has been 7.5 percent. Ninety-seven percent of surviving patients are functional class 1 or 2 with a follow-up of 4 to 48 months. These data suggest that any necessary cardiac surgery, excepting ventricular aneurysmectomies, may be performed electively with low risk and a high likelihood of satisfactory rehabilitation in the elderly age group. The major determinants of mortality are the urgency of the intervention and associated coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Determinants of survival following cardiac operations in elderly patients. Ninety-four cardiac operations were performed on 92 patients 65 years of age and over at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Boston, from July 1970 to July 1974. There were 39 aortic valve replacements, 11 mitral valve replacements, 14 double valve operations, 16 coronary revascularizations, five repairs of aortic dissections, and one atrial septal defect closure. The operative mortality was 11 percent in elective cases and 40 percent in the emergency cases, an overall mortality of 17 percent. There were no hospital deaths following elective double valve operations or coronary bypass procedures. Combined hospital and late mortality of ventricular aneurysmectomy approached 100 percent. Myocardial infarction accounted for eight of the 16 hospital deaths. The overall late mortality has been 7.5 percent. Ninety-seven percent of surviving patients are functional class 1 or 2 with a follow-up of 4 to 48 months. These data suggest that any necessary cardiac surgery, excepting ventricular aneurysmectomies, may be performed electively with low risk and a high likelihood of satisfactory rehabilitation in the elderly age group. The major determinants of mortality are the urgency of the intervention and associated coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 1175406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5125", "title": "Indications for prophylactic preoperative insertion of pacemakers in patients with right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock.", "content": "To determine the need for prophylactic temporary pacing in bifascicular block during surgical and other procedures, a retrospective analysis was carrried out in 38 patients who underwent a total of 74 procedures. The male:female sex ratio was 3.2:1 and mean age was 74 (range 48-96) years. Known organic heart disease was absent in 45 percent of the total group. Patients were divided into four groups on the basis of their preoperative electrocardiograms. Of the 74 procedures, 19 were carried out under general, 22 under spinal and 29 under regional anesthesia; four endoscopic procedures were done without anesthesia. There was only one complication relating to deterioration of AV conduction. It is concluded that asymptomatic patients with right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock do not require prophylactic preoperative pacemaker insertion. Though experience is limited, the same may be true of patients with the additional finding of prolongation of PR interval.", "contents": "Indications for prophylactic preoperative insertion of pacemakers in patients with right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock. To determine the need for prophylactic temporary pacing in bifascicular block during surgical and other procedures, a retrospective analysis was carrried out in 38 patients who underwent a total of 74 procedures. The male:female sex ratio was 3.2:1 and mean age was 74 (range 48-96) years. Known organic heart disease was absent in 45 percent of the total group. Patients were divided into four groups on the basis of their preoperative electrocardiograms. Of the 74 procedures, 19 were carried out under general, 22 under spinal and 29 under regional anesthesia; four endoscopic procedures were done without anesthesia. There was only one complication relating to deterioration of AV conduction. It is concluded that asymptomatic patients with right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock do not require prophylactic preoperative pacemaker insertion. Though experience is limited, the same may be true of patients with the additional finding of prolongation of PR interval.", "PMID": 1175407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5126", "title": "Treadmill exercise test in aortic stenosis and mitral stenosis.", "content": "The incidence of positive submaximal treadmill exercise tests was evaluated in patients with mitral stenosis and aortic stenosis, no electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy, and normal coronary arteries on angiography. Seven of 19 patients (37 percent) with aortic stenosis (53 to 80 mm Hg gradient across the aortic valve) had greater than or equal to 1.0 mm of ischemic S-T segment depression during or after a submaximal treadmill test. Three of 15 patients (20 percent) with mitral stenosis (11 to 22 mm Hg mean gradient across the mitral valve) had greater than or equal to 1.0 mm of ischemic S-T segment depression during or after a submaximal treadmill exercise test. Patients with significant valvular disease, no electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy, and normal coronary arteries may have a positive submaximal treadmill exercise test due to an unfavorable balance between myocardial oxygen supply and myocardial oxygen demand.", "contents": "Treadmill exercise test in aortic stenosis and mitral stenosis. The incidence of positive submaximal treadmill exercise tests was evaluated in patients with mitral stenosis and aortic stenosis, no electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy, and normal coronary arteries on angiography. Seven of 19 patients (37 percent) with aortic stenosis (53 to 80 mm Hg gradient across the aortic valve) had greater than or equal to 1.0 mm of ischemic S-T segment depression during or after a submaximal treadmill test. Three of 15 patients (20 percent) with mitral stenosis (11 to 22 mm Hg mean gradient across the mitral valve) had greater than or equal to 1.0 mm of ischemic S-T segment depression during or after a submaximal treadmill exercise test. Patients with significant valvular disease, no electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy, and normal coronary arteries may have a positive submaximal treadmill exercise test due to an unfavorable balance between myocardial oxygen supply and myocardial oxygen demand.", "PMID": 1175408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5127", "title": "Intrapleural tetracycline for malignant pleural effusions.", "content": "After drainage by closed-tube thoracostomy, tetracycline was instilled in seven patients with malignant pleural effusions. None of the patients had clinically significant recurrence of effusion, even though four patients worsened while receiving systemic chemotherapy and died.", "contents": "Intrapleural tetracycline for malignant pleural effusions. After drainage by closed-tube thoracostomy, tetracycline was instilled in seven patients with malignant pleural effusions. None of the patients had clinically significant recurrence of effusion, even though four patients worsened while receiving systemic chemotherapy and died.", "PMID": 1175409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5128", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of primary influenza pneumonia.", "content": "Primary influenza pneumonia is a disease of high mortality. Differentiation between a bacterial and viral etiology for the pulmonary infiltrates frequently presents a diagnostic dilemma. Rapid diagnosis is essential; and once established, the patient requires careful supportive therapy. This report describes two patients with primary influenza pneumonia complicated by severe respiratory failure. Early diagnosis of the pulmonary infiltrates was accomplished by obtaining bronchial secretions with fiberoptic bronchoscopy and staining them with influenza-A fluorescent conjugate. One patient died of the complications of this illness, despite maximal supportive therapy. The other patient survived the illness and at the time of hospital discharge was showing marked improvement in his exercise tolerance. There was subsequent gradual return of ventilation and gas transport function to normal values.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of primary influenza pneumonia. Primary influenza pneumonia is a disease of high mortality. Differentiation between a bacterial and viral etiology for the pulmonary infiltrates frequently presents a diagnostic dilemma. Rapid diagnosis is essential; and once established, the patient requires careful supportive therapy. This report describes two patients with primary influenza pneumonia complicated by severe respiratory failure. Early diagnosis of the pulmonary infiltrates was accomplished by obtaining bronchial secretions with fiberoptic bronchoscopy and staining them with influenza-A fluorescent conjugate. One patient died of the complications of this illness, despite maximal supportive therapy. The other patient survived the illness and at the time of hospital discharge was showing marked improvement in his exercise tolerance. There was subsequent gradual return of ventilation and gas transport function to normal values.", "PMID": 1175410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5129", "title": "P-A interval: lack of clinical, electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic correlations.", "content": "P-A interval is measured from the onset of the P wave to the onset of the low right atrial electrogram during His bundle recording. The significance of this interval was evaluated in 214 patients with intact A-V conduction and bundle branch block. One hundred fifty-eight patients had normal P-A (NPA) 27 +/- 9, mean +/- SD, and 56 had prolonged P-A (PPA). The NPA and PPA patients were similar (P greater than .10) in regard to sex, age, cardiac functional class, and P-R. PPA patients had significantly (P less than .05) greater P duration (mean +/- SEM, PPA vs NPA) 106 +/- 2 msec vs 100 +/- 1 msec), slower heart rates (72 +/- 2 vs 79 +/- 1), and longer sinus recovery times (1104 +/- 44 msec vs 980 +/- 38 msec). A-H was slightly shorter in PPA than in NPA patients suggesting that a systematic error in measruement of PA due to a relatively distal recording site may have been responsible for PA prolongation in some patients. Patients were prospectively followed for 16-56 months (mean 21.9 +/- 0.8 months). PPA was associated with only minor increase in P wave duration and decrease in sinus automaticity. PPA did not predict future occurrence of significant atrial dysrhythmia.", "contents": "P-A interval: lack of clinical, electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic correlations. P-A interval is measured from the onset of the P wave to the onset of the low right atrial electrogram during His bundle recording. The significance of this interval was evaluated in 214 patients with intact A-V conduction and bundle branch block. One hundred fifty-eight patients had normal P-A (NPA) 27 +/- 9, mean +/- SD, and 56 had prolonged P-A (PPA). The NPA and PPA patients were similar (P greater than .10) in regard to sex, age, cardiac functional class, and P-R. PPA patients had significantly (P less than .05) greater P duration (mean +/- SEM, PPA vs NPA) 106 +/- 2 msec vs 100 +/- 1 msec), slower heart rates (72 +/- 2 vs 79 +/- 1), and longer sinus recovery times (1104 +/- 44 msec vs 980 +/- 38 msec). A-H was slightly shorter in PPA than in NPA patients suggesting that a systematic error in measruement of PA due to a relatively distal recording site may have been responsible for PA prolongation in some patients. Patients were prospectively followed for 16-56 months (mean 21.9 +/- 0.8 months). PPA was associated with only minor increase in P wave duration and decrease in sinus automaticity. PPA did not predict future occurrence of significant atrial dysrhythmia.", "PMID": 1175411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5130", "title": "Effect of aging on lung mechanics in healthy nonsmokers.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effects of aging on air flow limitation. In 22 healthy nonsmoking subjects, we constructed maximum expiratory flow-static recoil pressure curves. Analysis indicates that with aging there was a progressive increase in the critical transmural pressure. The conductance of the S segment was not dependent on age, with the exception of a significant increase in the oldest group. This is probably due to a more peripheral location of the equal pressure point secondary to a loss of lung recoil or to increased resistance, or both.", "contents": "Effect of aging on lung mechanics in healthy nonsmokers. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effects of aging on air flow limitation. In 22 healthy nonsmoking subjects, we constructed maximum expiratory flow-static recoil pressure curves. Analysis indicates that with aging there was a progressive increase in the critical transmural pressure. The conductance of the S segment was not dependent on age, with the exception of a significant increase in the oldest group. This is probably due to a more peripheral location of the equal pressure point secondary to a loss of lung recoil or to increased resistance, or both.", "PMID": 1175412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5131", "title": "Assessing left ventricular filling pressure with flow-directed (Swan-Ganz) catheters. Detection of sudden changes in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.", "content": "The accuracy with which pulmonary pressures reflect sudden changes in left ventricular (LV) pressures was studied in 15 patients without mitral disease. Mean pulmonary artery (PA), pulmonary artery end-diastolic (PAd), mean pulmonary capillary (PC), and pulmonary capillary \"a\" wave (PCa) pressures were compared with simultaneous LV diastolic pressures measured before (LV pre \"a\") and after atrial systole (LVEDP). Recordings were made at rest and after angiography. There were significant correlations (r greater than 0.75, P less than 0.01) between LV diastolic pressures and each of the pulmonary pressures. The LVEDP and PCa related most closely (r = 0.98). Differences of 5 mm Hg or more between LVEDP and either PAd or PC occurred in more than 50 percent of the observations and were due to large LV \"a\" waves. The PC, and to a lesser degree the PAd, were more closely related to LV pre \"a\" than to LVEDP. Changes (delta) in PCa after LV angiography approximated deltaLVEDP, whild deltaPAD and deltaPC reflected deltaLV pre \"a\" more closely than deltaLVEDP. In conclusion, PCa reflects the LV \"a\" wave and, thus, is the most accurate index for LVEDP and deltaLVEDP in patients with LV dysfunction. The PC reflects LV pre \"a\" (mean LV filling pressure) but is an unreliable index of LVEDP. The PC is more easily measured than PCa and, with proper interpretation, should remain the most useful measurement for patient monitoring.", "contents": "Assessing left ventricular filling pressure with flow-directed (Swan-Ganz) catheters. Detection of sudden changes in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. The accuracy with which pulmonary pressures reflect sudden changes in left ventricular (LV) pressures was studied in 15 patients without mitral disease. Mean pulmonary artery (PA), pulmonary artery end-diastolic (PAd), mean pulmonary capillary (PC), and pulmonary capillary \"a\" wave (PCa) pressures were compared with simultaneous LV diastolic pressures measured before (LV pre \"a\") and after atrial systole (LVEDP). Recordings were made at rest and after angiography. There were significant correlations (r greater than 0.75, P less than 0.01) between LV diastolic pressures and each of the pulmonary pressures. The LVEDP and PCa related most closely (r = 0.98). Differences of 5 mm Hg or more between LVEDP and either PAd or PC occurred in more than 50 percent of the observations and were due to large LV \"a\" waves. The PC, and to a lesser degree the PAd, were more closely related to LV pre \"a\" than to LVEDP. Changes (delta) in PCa after LV angiography approximated deltaLVEDP, whild deltaPAD and deltaPC reflected deltaLV pre \"a\" more closely than deltaLVEDP. In conclusion, PCa reflects the LV \"a\" wave and, thus, is the most accurate index for LVEDP and deltaLVEDP in patients with LV dysfunction. The PC reflects LV pre \"a\" (mean LV filling pressure) but is an unreliable index of LVEDP. The PC is more easily measured than PCa and, with proper interpretation, should remain the most useful measurement for patient monitoring.", "PMID": 1175413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5132", "title": "Vectocardiography in tetralogy of Fallot before and after operation (palliative and corrective surgery).", "content": "Vectorcardiograms from 55 patients with diagnosed tetralogy of Fallot were studied and divided into the following three groups: A, 35 nonoperated cases; B, 23 with systemic-pulmonary shunt (nine studied preoperatively and also in A); and C, ten after total correction. In group A, two different types of QRS loop occurred in the horizontal plane (HP); 23 clinically and hemodynamically severe cases had right anterior position with clockwise (C) rotation, and 12 less severe cases had right posterior position with counterclockwise (CC) rotation or figure-8 morphology. In the frontal plane the QRS loop was located inferiorly and to the right, with C rotation (80 percent); two cases had the left anterior hemiblock (LAHB) pattern, and another two severe cases had CC rotation and right superior position. Group B had an evident increase of left ventricular forces in the HP, compared with group A; group-B rotation was preferentially CC or figure-8 morphology. Group C had a pattern of right bundle-branch block in nine cases (classic in one and uncharacteristic in eight); four cases also had LAHB.", "contents": "Vectocardiography in tetralogy of Fallot before and after operation (palliative and corrective surgery). Vectorcardiograms from 55 patients with diagnosed tetralogy of Fallot were studied and divided into the following three groups: A, 35 nonoperated cases; B, 23 with systemic-pulmonary shunt (nine studied preoperatively and also in A); and C, ten after total correction. In group A, two different types of QRS loop occurred in the horizontal plane (HP); 23 clinically and hemodynamically severe cases had right anterior position with clockwise (C) rotation, and 12 less severe cases had right posterior position with counterclockwise (CC) rotation or figure-8 morphology. In the frontal plane the QRS loop was located inferiorly and to the right, with C rotation (80 percent); two cases had the left anterior hemiblock (LAHB) pattern, and another two severe cases had CC rotation and right superior position. Group B had an evident increase of left ventricular forces in the HP, compared with group A; group-B rotation was preferentially CC or figure-8 morphology. Group C had a pattern of right bundle-branch block in nine cases (classic in one and uncharacteristic in eight); four cases also had LAHB.", "PMID": 1175414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5133", "title": "Repair of tetralogy of Fallot after catheterization-induced complete heart block.", "content": "The case of a four-year-old boy with tetralogy of Fallot who developed complete heart block during cardiac catheterization and subsequently underwent surgical repair in the presence of heart block is presented. Return to normal sinus rhythm occurred on the 11th postoperative day, and the manner in which increased atrioventricular conduction appeared was documented with the use of a continuous Holter monitor. Placement of a temporary transvenous pacemaker, systemic heparinization in the preoperative period, and the insertion of a permanent epicardial wire during surgery were performed.", "contents": "Repair of tetralogy of Fallot after catheterization-induced complete heart block. The case of a four-year-old boy with tetralogy of Fallot who developed complete heart block during cardiac catheterization and subsequently underwent surgical repair in the presence of heart block is presented. Return to normal sinus rhythm occurred on the 11th postoperative day, and the manner in which increased atrioventricular conduction appeared was documented with the use of a continuous Holter monitor. Placement of a temporary transvenous pacemaker, systemic heparinization in the preoperative period, and the insertion of a permanent epicardial wire during surgery were performed.", "PMID": 1175418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5134", "title": "Acute pulmonary hypersensitivity to carbamazepine.", "content": "Acute pulmonary hypersensitivity to carbamazepine (Tegretol) is reported, manifested by diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, skin rash, and eosinophilia. The reaction cleared on cessation of the drug. A lymphocyte transformation test was reactive to carbamazepine.", "contents": "Acute pulmonary hypersensitivity to carbamazepine. Acute pulmonary hypersensitivity to carbamazepine (Tegretol) is reported, manifested by diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, skin rash, and eosinophilia. The reaction cleared on cessation of the drug. A lymphocyte transformation test was reactive to carbamazepine.", "PMID": 1175419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5135", "title": "Malfunctioning electrocardiographic monitor simulating sinus arrest.", "content": "A 64-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital with a history of two syncopal episodes. The results of the physical examination, resting electrocardiogram and His-bundle study were all normal. Study with a 24-hour ECG monitor (Holter) was at first interpreted as demonstrating periods of sinus arrest. However, more careful examination revealed that these actually represented transient speeding of the monitor tape, perhaps secondary to a semiconductor malfunction. Such monitor malfunction may stimulate severe rhythm disturbances.", "contents": "Malfunctioning electrocardiographic monitor simulating sinus arrest. A 64-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital with a history of two syncopal episodes. The results of the physical examination, resting electrocardiogram and His-bundle study were all normal. Study with a 24-hour ECG monitor (Holter) was at first interpreted as demonstrating periods of sinus arrest. However, more careful examination revealed that these actually represented transient speeding of the monitor tape, perhaps secondary to a semiconductor malfunction. Such monitor malfunction may stimulate severe rhythm disturbances.", "PMID": 1175420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5136", "title": "Anomalous aortic origin of the right and left pulmonary arteries in a normally septated truncus arteriosus.", "content": "The first reported case of anomalous origin of the right and left pulmonary arteries with a normally septated truncus arteriosus is presented. Embryologic mechanisms are discussed, and a possible explanation for the development of the anomaly is advanced. Surgical correction was unsuccessful in this case, but is feasible and mandatory for long-term survival.", "contents": "Anomalous aortic origin of the right and left pulmonary arteries in a normally septated truncus arteriosus. The first reported case of anomalous origin of the right and left pulmonary arteries with a normally septated truncus arteriosus is presented. Embryologic mechanisms are discussed, and a possible explanation for the development of the anomaly is advanced. Surgical correction was unsuccessful in this case, but is feasible and mandatory for long-term survival.", "PMID": 1175421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5137", "title": "Intralobar pulmonary sequestration infected with a mycobacterium of the Battey-avium complex.", "content": "A 24-year-old man with an intralobar pulmonary sequestration infected with a Mycobacterium of the Battey-avium complex is presented and discussed.", "contents": "Intralobar pulmonary sequestration infected with a mycobacterium of the Battey-avium complex. A 24-year-old man with an intralobar pulmonary sequestration infected with a Mycobacterium of the Battey-avium complex is presented and discussed.", "PMID": 1175422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5138", "title": "Reactivation of pulmonary tuberculosis due to trauma.", "content": "A 53-year-old man developed pulmonary tuberculosis, presumably reactivation, with ten days of sustaining multiple fractured ribs. Tuberculous bronchopneumonia developed in the right lung adjacent to the site of injury and spread to the contralateral lung. Sputum smears were positive for acid-fast bacilli three weeks after trauma. Theories for the reactivation of pulmonary tuberculosis secondary to trauma are reviewed.", "contents": "Reactivation of pulmonary tuberculosis due to trauma. A 53-year-old man developed pulmonary tuberculosis, presumably reactivation, with ten days of sustaining multiple fractured ribs. Tuberculous bronchopneumonia developed in the right lung adjacent to the site of injury and spread to the contralateral lung. Sputum smears were positive for acid-fast bacilli three weeks after trauma. Theories for the reactivation of pulmonary tuberculosis secondary to trauma are reviewed.", "PMID": 1175423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5139", "title": "Chyliform pleural effusion. An unusual manifestation of hepatothoracic echinococcus cysts.", "content": "A case of hepatothoracic echinococcosis with the unusual manifestation of a large, right, chyliform pleural effusion is presented. The possible etiology, the pathogenesis, and the origin of this chyliform fluid are discussed, and the methods used to differentiate chyliform fluid from true chyle and pseudochyle are described.", "contents": "Chyliform pleural effusion. An unusual manifestation of hepatothoracic echinococcus cysts. A case of hepatothoracic echinococcosis with the unusual manifestation of a large, right, chyliform pleural effusion is presented. The possible etiology, the pathogenesis, and the origin of this chyliform fluid are discussed, and the methods used to differentiate chyliform fluid from true chyle and pseudochyle are described.", "PMID": 1175424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5140", "title": "Superior vena cava syndrome caused by bronchogenic cyst.", "content": "A patient with superior vena cava syndrome due to an infected benign mediastinal bronchogenic cyst is reported. Although bronchogenic cyst is a rare cause of the superior vena cava syndrome, it should be considered because it is a potentially treatable lesion. Patients with bronchogenic cysts should have elective surgery before major complication develop.", "contents": "Superior vena cava syndrome caused by bronchogenic cyst. A patient with superior vena cava syndrome due to an infected benign mediastinal bronchogenic cyst is reported. Although bronchogenic cyst is a rare cause of the superior vena cava syndrome, it should be considered because it is a potentially treatable lesion. Patients with bronchogenic cysts should have elective surgery before major complication develop.", "PMID": 1175425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5141", "title": "Right cervical aortic arch associated with a ventricular septal defect.", "content": "A patient with a right cervical aortic arch and ventricular septal defect is presented. This is the second reported case to have this rare combination of defects and the first to have survived corrective surgery. The x-ray film findings are discussed, and the similarity to the right posterior aortic arch is stressed.", "contents": "Right cervical aortic arch associated with a ventricular septal defect. A patient with a right cervical aortic arch and ventricular septal defect is presented. This is the second reported case to have this rare combination of defects and the first to have survived corrective surgery. The x-ray film findings are discussed, and the similarity to the right posterior aortic arch is stressed.", "PMID": 1175426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5142", "title": "Functional anatomy of cranial synostosis.", "content": "An understanding of how sutural growth processes relate to the totality of cranial growth is necessary to cure the cause and not just the symptoms of cranial synostosis. There is no direct genetic determination for the origin, growth, size, shape or maintenance of bones. Rather, phenotypic expression of skeletal tissues is regulated via genetic information encoded in the cells of functional matrices. The primary morphogenetic event in neurocranial growth is the volumetric expansion of the neural mass, which causes the surrounding neurocranial capsule to expand. Calvarial bones arise at widely separated ossification centers and spread centrifugally towards each other. Premature synostosis of the human metopic suture was noted as a frequent characteristic of the cleft-palate skull. Primary morphological event associated with premature synostosis was a cranial base malformation. Cranial sutures permit passage of the neonatal head through the birth canal, permit slight relative variations between adjacent bones while keeping these same bones relatively approximated. All morphological attributes of carnial bones and of their sutures are extrinsically determined and regulated, including both the normal and premature synostosis of the cranial sutures. It seems reasonable to the author that premature synostosis originates in the early embryonic prosencephalic head organizer, which makes it developmentally understandable.", "contents": "Functional anatomy of cranial synostosis. An understanding of how sutural growth processes relate to the totality of cranial growth is necessary to cure the cause and not just the symptoms of cranial synostosis. There is no direct genetic determination for the origin, growth, size, shape or maintenance of bones. Rather, phenotypic expression of skeletal tissues is regulated via genetic information encoded in the cells of functional matrices. The primary morphogenetic event in neurocranial growth is the volumetric expansion of the neural mass, which causes the surrounding neurocranial capsule to expand. Calvarial bones arise at widely separated ossification centers and spread centrifugally towards each other. Premature synostosis of the human metopic suture was noted as a frequent characteristic of the cleft-palate skull. Primary morphological event associated with premature synostosis was a cranial base malformation. Cranial sutures permit passage of the neonatal head through the birth canal, permit slight relative variations between adjacent bones while keeping these same bones relatively approximated. All morphological attributes of carnial bones and of their sutures are extrinsically determined and regulated, including both the normal and premature synostosis of the cranial sutures. It seems reasonable to the author that premature synostosis originates in the early embryonic prosencephalic head organizer, which makes it developmentally understandable.", "PMID": 1175435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5143", "title": "Coordinated investigation of cystic astrocytomas by nuclear medicine and neuroradiological techniques.", "content": "Astrocytomas are the most common intracranial neoplasm in children. It is necessary to demonstrate preoperatively the location and extent of a possible neoplastic cyst and to differentiate it from the part that is solid. This is achieved through brain scans, computer axial tomography and angiography. Though of considerable help, brain scan and computer axial tomography are insufficient in providing the neurosurgeon with the complete character and geography of the neoplasm necessary for successful surgical treatment. Demonstration of these features can only be elucidated by contrast angiography. Consequently, the coordination of these three techniques permits the precise evaluation of the presence, nature, and operative and postoperative course of cystic astrocytomas.", "contents": "Coordinated investigation of cystic astrocytomas by nuclear medicine and neuroradiological techniques. Astrocytomas are the most common intracranial neoplasm in children. It is necessary to demonstrate preoperatively the location and extent of a possible neoplastic cyst and to differentiate it from the part that is solid. This is achieved through brain scans, computer axial tomography and angiography. Though of considerable help, brain scan and computer axial tomography are insufficient in providing the neurosurgeon with the complete character and geography of the neoplasm necessary for successful surgical treatment. Demonstration of these features can only be elucidated by contrast angiography. Consequently, the coordination of these three techniques permits the precise evaluation of the presence, nature, and operative and postoperative course of cystic astrocytomas.", "PMID": 1175436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5144", "title": "Surgical treatment of hydatid cysts of the central nervous system in the pediatric age (Dowling's technique).", "content": "Single hydatid cysts of the brain are rarely seen by pediatric neurosurgeons who do not reside in certain countries, i.e. Australia, Uruguay, and Argentina. It is, however, of considerable importance that every pediatric neurosurgeon be aware of the manner of diagnosis of this condition and surgical management of these patients. Out of 35 cases of hydatidosis of the CNS and its covering observed over a 42-year period, there were 29 hydatid cysts of the brain and one of the spinal cord. Emphasis is placed on the former. Surgically, the hydatid cyst can be removed intact. The essential steps of the technique are: (1) a large flap; (2) careful handing during all the operative steps avoiding monopolar coagulation; (3) opening of the atrophic cortex overlying the cyst over an area whose diameter should be no less than three quarters of the diameter of the cyst, and (4) letting the cyst come out by just lowering the head of the operating table and instillating warm saline between the cyst and surrounding brain. In this series of hydatid cysts of the CNS, there was no operative mortality. The 20 cases in which the cyst was removed unbroken with Dowling's technique are alive and only two have sequelae of the preoperative lesion (blind). In the 11 cases in which Dowling's technique was not used and the cyst broke during ventriculography (3) or surgery (7, one broke spontaneously), only 7 are alive and well and there were 4 late deaths.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of hydatid cysts of the central nervous system in the pediatric age (Dowling's technique). Single hydatid cysts of the brain are rarely seen by pediatric neurosurgeons who do not reside in certain countries, i.e. Australia, Uruguay, and Argentina. It is, however, of considerable importance that every pediatric neurosurgeon be aware of the manner of diagnosis of this condition and surgical management of these patients. Out of 35 cases of hydatidosis of the CNS and its covering observed over a 42-year period, there were 29 hydatid cysts of the brain and one of the spinal cord. Emphasis is placed on the former. Surgically, the hydatid cyst can be removed intact. The essential steps of the technique are: (1) a large flap; (2) careful handing during all the operative steps avoiding monopolar coagulation; (3) opening of the atrophic cortex overlying the cyst over an area whose diameter should be no less than three quarters of the diameter of the cyst, and (4) letting the cyst come out by just lowering the head of the operating table and instillating warm saline between the cyst and surrounding brain. In this series of hydatid cysts of the CNS, there was no operative mortality. The 20 cases in which the cyst was removed unbroken with Dowling's technique are alive and only two have sequelae of the preoperative lesion (blind). In the 11 cases in which Dowling's technique was not used and the cyst broke during ventriculography (3) or surgery (7, one broke spontaneously), only 7 are alive and well and there were 4 late deaths.", "PMID": 1175437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5145", "title": "Freeze-fracture study of human brain tumors.", "content": "This freeze-fracture study was performed in 3 astrocytomas, 6 glioblastomas, 2 ependymomas, 3 medulloblastomas, 1 cerebellar sarcoma, 3 germinomas, and 1 medulloepithelioma. The number of nuclear pores/mum2 nuclear membrane was not correlated with biological malignancy. Fracture faces A and B were discernible in nuclear, Golgi and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondrial surface, and plasma membranes. Fenestrae were evident in Golgi and ER membranes. The transitional zone of cristae from the inner surface membrane appeared as a circular hole and broken-off neck on faces A and B of the inner surface membrane, respectively. The decrease in number of membrane particles in the plasma membrane seemed to correlate with the frequency of metastases, and, in addition, the membrane particles appeared to cluster in glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, and medulloepithelioma. The gap junctions were abundant in astrocytomas, moderate in number in ependymomas and germinomas, and rare in glioblastomas, cerebellar sarcoma, and medulloepithelioma. Tight junctions were often found in germinomas and medulloepithelioma, and rarely in ependymomas.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture study of human brain tumors. This freeze-fracture study was performed in 3 astrocytomas, 6 glioblastomas, 2 ependymomas, 3 medulloblastomas, 1 cerebellar sarcoma, 3 germinomas, and 1 medulloepithelioma. The number of nuclear pores/mum2 nuclear membrane was not correlated with biological malignancy. Fracture faces A and B were discernible in nuclear, Golgi and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondrial surface, and plasma membranes. Fenestrae were evident in Golgi and ER membranes. The transitional zone of cristae from the inner surface membrane appeared as a circular hole and broken-off neck on faces A and B of the inner surface membrane, respectively. The decrease in number of membrane particles in the plasma membrane seemed to correlate with the frequency of metastases, and, in addition, the membrane particles appeared to cluster in glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, and medulloepithelioma. The gap junctions were abundant in astrocytomas, moderate in number in ependymomas and germinomas, and rare in glioblastomas, cerebellar sarcoma, and medulloepithelioma. Tight junctions were often found in germinomas and medulloepithelioma, and rarely in ependymomas.", "PMID": 1175438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5146", "title": "Cerebral artery aneurysms in infancy, childhood and adolescence.", "content": "From this series of 16 cerebral artery aneurysms in the paediatric age group the following points can be made: (a) aneurysms in the paediatric age group may be found in unusual locations, more peripherally than usually seen in the adult population, (b) in seven patients, the aneurysm was of giant size; two of these produced symptoms by mass effect, (c) in two patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis the aneurysm was mycotic; the inflammatory fusiform dilatation of the entire circle of Willis in one case was associated with generalized candidiasis, (d) an antecedent head injury in a child may so prejudice the initial clinical assessment that the possibility of haemorrhage from aneurysm is overlooked, and (e) gradual vertebral artery ligation, to reduce the pressure-head in fusiform aneurysms, is well tolerated by the young patient, even when done bilaterally.", "contents": "Cerebral artery aneurysms in infancy, childhood and adolescence. From this series of 16 cerebral artery aneurysms in the paediatric age group the following points can be made: (a) aneurysms in the paediatric age group may be found in unusual locations, more peripherally than usually seen in the adult population, (b) in seven patients, the aneurysm was of giant size; two of these produced symptoms by mass effect, (c) in two patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis the aneurysm was mycotic; the inflammatory fusiform dilatation of the entire circle of Willis in one case was associated with generalized candidiasis, (d) an antecedent head injury in a child may so prejudice the initial clinical assessment that the possibility of haemorrhage from aneurysm is overlooked, and (e) gradual vertebral artery ligation, to reduce the pressure-head in fusiform aneurysms, is well tolerated by the young patient, even when done bilaterally.", "PMID": 1175439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5147", "title": "Perspectives in paediatric neuroradiology.", "content": "At The Hospital for Sick Children, there is a sufficient number of children who require neuroradiological procedures as to warrant a separate unit for Paediatric Neuroradiology. It functions within the Department of Radiology but is mostly involved with neurosurgery and neurology. Children under 15 kg in weight demand somewhat different technical procedures. Pneumoencephalography must be performed in a specially designed chair allowing isocentric position of the head, vertical 360 degrees rotation and side-to-side movements for tomography. Percutaneous femoral catheter cerebral angiography requires very small needles, guidewires, and catheters, so that vessels of 100 mum can be demonstrated. 2:1 magnification and subtraction are esential. Myelography is used to delineate the geography and the character of the noraml and abnormal central nervous system in infants. These studies permit accurate diagnosis of most neurosurgical and neurological diseases.", "contents": "Perspectives in paediatric neuroradiology. At The Hospital for Sick Children, there is a sufficient number of children who require neuroradiological procedures as to warrant a separate unit for Paediatric Neuroradiology. It functions within the Department of Radiology but is mostly involved with neurosurgery and neurology. Children under 15 kg in weight demand somewhat different technical procedures. Pneumoencephalography must be performed in a specially designed chair allowing isocentric position of the head, vertical 360 degrees rotation and side-to-side movements for tomography. Percutaneous femoral catheter cerebral angiography requires very small needles, guidewires, and catheters, so that vessels of 100 mum can be demonstrated. 2:1 magnification and subtraction are esential. Myelography is used to delineate the geography and the character of the noraml and abnormal central nervous system in infants. These studies permit accurate diagnosis of most neurosurgical and neurological diseases.", "PMID": 1175440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5148", "title": "Acute subdural hematoma in infancy and childhood.", "content": "27 cases of acute posttraumatic subdural hematomas diagnosed and treated by the authors from 1968 to 1972 are presented. Five were newborns, 18 were infants, and three were toddlers. The youngest patient was 38 h and the oldest 5 years old. The most common age was between 1 and 3 months. Falls were the most frequent cause of injury, parental or familial abuse was next. A correlative analysis of the different clinical pictures in each of these age groups is made. We stressed that the presence of hemorrhages in the fundi, and convulsions, in the infant who has suffered a head injury, are indications for contrast studies. A critical analysis of subdural taps, as a method of diagnosis and treatment, is made: we seriously doubt that subdural taps are of any real value in the clinical management of a child with acute head injury. Comparative analysis of the surgical treatment and results is made. Twelve patients were treated with repeated subdural taps, 15 with craniotomy. Of the former group, 41.6% developed a chronic subdural whereas only 13% of the latter group developed this complication. Five out of the 27 patients died. Comparative psychological evaluation of these two groups, surgical and nonsurgical, is presented. In the surgical group 72.7% had an IQ over 80 and in the nonsurgical group only 25% had an IQ over 80. A correlative analysis of the clinical picture, method of diagnosis, surgical result, and psychological tests are analyzed.", "contents": "Acute subdural hematoma in infancy and childhood. 27 cases of acute posttraumatic subdural hematomas diagnosed and treated by the authors from 1968 to 1972 are presented. Five were newborns, 18 were infants, and three were toddlers. The youngest patient was 38 h and the oldest 5 years old. The most common age was between 1 and 3 months. Falls were the most frequent cause of injury, parental or familial abuse was next. A correlative analysis of the different clinical pictures in each of these age groups is made. We stressed that the presence of hemorrhages in the fundi, and convulsions, in the infant who has suffered a head injury, are indications for contrast studies. A critical analysis of subdural taps, as a method of diagnosis and treatment, is made: we seriously doubt that subdural taps are of any real value in the clinical management of a child with acute head injury. Comparative analysis of the surgical treatment and results is made. Twelve patients were treated with repeated subdural taps, 15 with craniotomy. Of the former group, 41.6% developed a chronic subdural whereas only 13% of the latter group developed this complication. Five out of the 27 patients died. Comparative psychological evaluation of these two groups, surgical and nonsurgical, is presented. In the surgical group 72.7% had an IQ over 80 and in the nonsurgical group only 25% had an IQ over 80. A correlative analysis of the clinical picture, method of diagnosis, surgical result, and psychological tests are analyzed.", "PMID": 1175441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5149", "title": "Cystic cavum veli interpositi associated with normal or low pressure hydrocephalus.", "content": "A new clinical syndrome, characterized by progressive increase in head size (without intracranial hypertension), variable delay in milestones, moderate ventricular dilation, and the presence of a cavum veli interpositi is herein described. The arteriographic and venographic signs are suggestive, but not diagnostic, of the presence of a cavum veli interpositi. Pneumoencephalography, with adequate filling of the subarachnoid spaces and ventricles, is essential to confirming the diagnosis. Cerebrospinal fluid shunting appears to result in an improvement, but the results cannot as yet be considered definitive since only 10 of our 29 patients were shunted.", "contents": "Cystic cavum veli interpositi associated with normal or low pressure hydrocephalus. A new clinical syndrome, characterized by progressive increase in head size (without intracranial hypertension), variable delay in milestones, moderate ventricular dilation, and the presence of a cavum veli interpositi is herein described. The arteriographic and venographic signs are suggestive, but not diagnostic, of the presence of a cavum veli interpositi. Pneumoencephalography, with adequate filling of the subarachnoid spaces and ventricles, is essential to confirming the diagnosis. Cerebrospinal fluid shunting appears to result in an improvement, but the results cannot as yet be considered definitive since only 10 of our 29 patients were shunted.", "PMID": 1175442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5150", "title": "Treatment of infected ventricular shunts.", "content": "25 shunt infections following 23 vascular and 2 peritoneal shunts are reviewed, thus enlarging a previous review. Intraventricular administration of antibiotics are essential to reach the CSF beyond the blood-SF barrier, the tubing and the valve. Methicillin in dosages of 25-50 mg/day, intraventricularly combined with systemic therapy, have been used most often in this series. The only death in this series occurred when the infection was cured. The remaining 24 have no evidence of residual infection following 6 months to 5 years. Only 14 have had shunt removal. The results indicate that shunt removal should not be the initial means of treating infected shunts.", "contents": "Treatment of infected ventricular shunts. 25 shunt infections following 23 vascular and 2 peritoneal shunts are reviewed, thus enlarging a previous review. Intraventricular administration of antibiotics are essential to reach the CSF beyond the blood-SF barrier, the tubing and the valve. Methicillin in dosages of 25-50 mg/day, intraventricularly combined with systemic therapy, have been used most often in this series. The only death in this series occurred when the infection was cured. The remaining 24 have no evidence of residual infection following 6 months to 5 years. Only 14 have had shunt removal. The results indicate that shunt removal should not be the initial means of treating infected shunts.", "PMID": 1175443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5151", "title": "Ventriculovenous shunt to the proximal segment of a ligated neck vein. A new surgical technique for shunting the cerebrospinal fluid to the venous circulation (preliminary report).", "content": "The author proposes ventriculovenous shunts to a ligated neck vein (external jugular or facial) for the treatment of hydrocephalus. He postulates that the ligated neck vein is filled with CSF and becomes an extension of the shunt tube, which prevents venous thrombosis. The pressure of the shunt at the venous tube was shown to be about 90 mm H2O avoiding excessive ventricular decompression. Reflux of blood to the ventricle can occur if the infant's cranium is compressible and must be prevented by protecting the cranium from external pressure with a bandage or helmet or by incorporating a one-way valve into the shunt. 31 cases of advanced hydrocephalus were thus treated during a 4-year period. Ages ranged from 15 days to 55 years, the cranium was rigid in 13 and compressible in 18. A valve was used in only two cases. Shunts were patent 7-10 days after surgery, as shown at autopsies in two early postoperative deaths. In two cases meningitis occurred, one of them died. The shunt was removed in one case on account of meningitis and in 4 cases due to cervical CSF leakage. The former and three of the latter were reoperated with success. Three cases had distal shunt obstruction, two due to kinking of the tube, and one due to reflux of blood. One of the former died. 23 patients benefited from the operation, 5 of which were operated on twice. The follow-up period was from 0.5-44 months (average 11.5 months). The last two cases were operated on using one-way valve and a spiral wire in the venous segment of the tube. They are well 2 and 3 months, respectively, following surgery.", "contents": "Ventriculovenous shunt to the proximal segment of a ligated neck vein. A new surgical technique for shunting the cerebrospinal fluid to the venous circulation (preliminary report). The author proposes ventriculovenous shunts to a ligated neck vein (external jugular or facial) for the treatment of hydrocephalus. He postulates that the ligated neck vein is filled with CSF and becomes an extension of the shunt tube, which prevents venous thrombosis. The pressure of the shunt at the venous tube was shown to be about 90 mm H2O avoiding excessive ventricular decompression. Reflux of blood to the ventricle can occur if the infant's cranium is compressible and must be prevented by protecting the cranium from external pressure with a bandage or helmet or by incorporating a one-way valve into the shunt. 31 cases of advanced hydrocephalus were thus treated during a 4-year period. Ages ranged from 15 days to 55 years, the cranium was rigid in 13 and compressible in 18. A valve was used in only two cases. Shunts were patent 7-10 days after surgery, as shown at autopsies in two early postoperative deaths. In two cases meningitis occurred, one of them died. The shunt was removed in one case on account of meningitis and in 4 cases due to cervical CSF leakage. The former and three of the latter were reoperated with success. Three cases had distal shunt obstruction, two due to kinking of the tube, and one due to reflux of blood. One of the former died. 23 patients benefited from the operation, 5 of which were operated on twice. The follow-up period was from 0.5-44 months (average 11.5 months). The last two cases were operated on using one-way valve and a spiral wire in the venous segment of the tube. They are well 2 and 3 months, respectively, following surgery.", "PMID": 1175444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5152", "title": "Lateral asymmetry in human constitutive heterochromatin.", "content": "Human lymphocytes were grown for one replication cycle in BrdU, stained with 33258 Hoechst, exposed to UV light and subsequently treated with 2 x SSC and stained with Giemsa. This technique differentially stains the constitutive heterochromatin of chromosomes 1, 9, 15, 16, and the Y. In the heterochromatin of chromosome 9 both sister chromatids stained darkly and symmetrically but in the other four chromosomes the heterochromatin showed lateral asymmetry, one chromatid being darkly stained while its sister chromatid was a pale or paler than the rest of the chromosome. The lateral asymmetry is presumed to reflect an underlying asymmetry in distribution of thymine between the two strands of the DNA duplex in the satellite DNA component of the chromosomes. In some number 1 chromosomes compound lateral asymmetry was seen; darkly staining material was present on both sister chromatids although at any given point lateral asymmetry was maintained so that if one chromatid stained darkly the corresponding point on the sister chromatid was very pale. The pattern of compound lateral asymmetry varied among the number 1 chromosomes studied but was constant for any one homologue from one individual. This technique reveals a previously unsuspected type of polymorphism within the constitutive heterochromatin of man.", "contents": "Lateral asymmetry in human constitutive heterochromatin. Human lymphocytes were grown for one replication cycle in BrdU, stained with 33258 Hoechst, exposed to UV light and subsequently treated with 2 x SSC and stained with Giemsa. This technique differentially stains the constitutive heterochromatin of chromosomes 1, 9, 15, 16, and the Y. In the heterochromatin of chromosome 9 both sister chromatids stained darkly and symmetrically but in the other four chromosomes the heterochromatin showed lateral asymmetry, one chromatid being darkly stained while its sister chromatid was a pale or paler than the rest of the chromosome. The lateral asymmetry is presumed to reflect an underlying asymmetry in distribution of thymine between the two strands of the DNA duplex in the satellite DNA component of the chromosomes. In some number 1 chromosomes compound lateral asymmetry was seen; darkly staining material was present on both sister chromatids although at any given point lateral asymmetry was maintained so that if one chromatid stained darkly the corresponding point on the sister chromatid was very pale. The pattern of compound lateral asymmetry varied among the number 1 chromosomes studied but was constant for any one homologue from one individual. This technique reveals a previously unsuspected type of polymorphism within the constitutive heterochromatin of man.", "PMID": 1175450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5153", "title": "Chromosomes and DNA of Mus: terminal DNA synthetic sequences in three species.", "content": "The DNA replication patterns of the terminal S phase of three species of Mus were analyzed by tritiated thymidine autoradiography. The centromeric heterochromatin of M. fulvidiventris is the latest component to finish DNA synthesis. The Y chromosome finishes replication earlier than the centromeric heterochromatin. The centromeric heterochromatin of M. musculus, on the other hand, is not the latest component to finish DNA synthesis. At the very late S phase, grains are found in the euchromatic arms instead of the heterochromatic areas. The \"hot X\" and the \"hot Y\" can be identified in the majority of, but not all, cases. The heterochromatic short arms of the autosomes in M. dunni finish DNA replication earlier than many areas in the euchromatic long arms and the heterochromatin of the sex chromosomes. This indicates that in M. dunni there are at least two types of heterochromatin. The late-replicating zones in the euchromatic long arms are distinctly banded. This banded grain pattern can be seen in all Mus species observed, but in M. dunni it is most exaggerated. Late-replicating chromosome segments can be demonstrated also by 2+ cycles of BUdR incorporation and Giemsa staining.", "contents": "Chromosomes and DNA of Mus: terminal DNA synthetic sequences in three species. The DNA replication patterns of the terminal S phase of three species of Mus were analyzed by tritiated thymidine autoradiography. The centromeric heterochromatin of M. fulvidiventris is the latest component to finish DNA synthesis. The Y chromosome finishes replication earlier than the centromeric heterochromatin. The centromeric heterochromatin of M. musculus, on the other hand, is not the latest component to finish DNA synthesis. At the very late S phase, grains are found in the euchromatic arms instead of the heterochromatic areas. The \"hot X\" and the \"hot Y\" can be identified in the majority of, but not all, cases. The heterochromatic short arms of the autosomes in M. dunni finish DNA replication earlier than many areas in the euchromatic long arms and the heterochromatin of the sex chromosomes. This indicates that in M. dunni there are at least two types of heterochromatin. The late-replicating zones in the euchromatic long arms are distinctly banded. This banded grain pattern can be seen in all Mus species observed, but in M. dunni it is most exaggerated. Late-replicating chromosome segments can be demonstrated also by 2+ cycles of BUdR incorporation and Giemsa staining.", "PMID": 1175451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5154", "title": "Molecular properties of orthopteran DNA.", "content": "DNAs from three grasshopper species and three locust species (Family Acrididae, Order Orthoptera) have been characterised by a variety of biochemical techniques as part of a general investigation of their molecular evolution. Base compositions were inferred from thermal denaturation profiles and analytical CsCl and Cs2SO4 pcynography. Repeated sequence content of the genomes was studied by renaturation kinetics incorporating absorption measurements. Relative genome size was measured by microdensitometry of nuclear preparations.", "contents": "Molecular properties of orthopteran DNA. DNAs from three grasshopper species and three locust species (Family Acrididae, Order Orthoptera) have been characterised by a variety of biochemical techniques as part of a general investigation of their molecular evolution. Base compositions were inferred from thermal denaturation profiles and analytical CsCl and Cs2SO4 pcynography. Repeated sequence content of the genomes was studied by renaturation kinetics incorporating absorption measurements. Relative genome size was measured by microdensitometry of nuclear preparations.", "PMID": 1175452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5155", "title": "The location of 5S (ribosomal) RNA genes in Drosophila hydei.", "content": "The location of the 5S ribosomal RNA cistrons in band 2-23B1,2 of the polytene (salivary gland) chromosomes of Drosophila hydei was indicated by in situ hybridization of tritiated low molecular weight RNA fractionated from total in vivo synthesized larval RNA or from in vitro synthesized salivary gland RNA and competition of the hybridization of this RNA by 5S RNA obtained from calf lens ribosomes. -- At the submicroscopic level, band 2-23B1,2 in salivary gland chromosomes shows a compact organization. The adjacent region, 23B2, is slightly puffed and displays typical RNP particles, some of which may be observed close to band 2-23B1,2.", "contents": "The location of 5S (ribosomal) RNA genes in Drosophila hydei. The location of the 5S ribosomal RNA cistrons in band 2-23B1,2 of the polytene (salivary gland) chromosomes of Drosophila hydei was indicated by in situ hybridization of tritiated low molecular weight RNA fractionated from total in vivo synthesized larval RNA or from in vitro synthesized salivary gland RNA and competition of the hybridization of this RNA by 5S RNA obtained from calf lens ribosomes. -- At the submicroscopic level, band 2-23B1,2 in salivary gland chromosomes shows a compact organization. The adjacent region, 23B2, is slightly puffed and displays typical RNP particles, some of which may be observed close to band 2-23B1,2.", "PMID": 1175453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5156", "title": "Segregational mechanisms of sex chromosomes in Spongilla-flies (Neuroptera: Sisyridae).", "content": "Evolutionary loss of the Y chromosome has occurred in Climacia areolaris (Hagen) of the neuropteran family Sisyridae. The diploid set comprises 6 pairs of autosomes, plus 2 X chromosomes in the female and 1 X in the male. The Y is retained in Sisyra vicaria (Walker) of the same family: its chromosome number is 14 in both sexes including 2X chromosomes in the female and 1X plus Y in the male. Two alternative pathways for the segregation of the sex chromosomes-distance segregation and sex bivalent formation-co-exist in the latter species in a ratio of approximately 1 to 6; the possible phylogenetic significance of this feature is discussed.", "contents": "Segregational mechanisms of sex chromosomes in Spongilla-flies (Neuroptera: Sisyridae). Evolutionary loss of the Y chromosome has occurred in Climacia areolaris (Hagen) of the neuropteran family Sisyridae. The diploid set comprises 6 pairs of autosomes, plus 2 X chromosomes in the female and 1 X in the male. The Y is retained in Sisyra vicaria (Walker) of the same family: its chromosome number is 14 in both sexes including 2X chromosomes in the female and 1X plus Y in the male. Two alternative pathways for the segregation of the sex chromosomes-distance segregation and sex bivalent formation-co-exist in the latter species in a ratio of approximately 1 to 6; the possible phylogenetic significance of this feature is discussed.", "PMID": 1175454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5157", "title": "The synaptic behaviour of the X and Y chromosomes in the marsupial Monodelphis dimidiata.", "content": "The pairing behaviour of the X and Y chromosomes of Monodelphis dimidiata was studied with light and electron microscopy. Pairing of the sex chromosomes is delayed with respect to autosome synapsis. Both the X and the minute Y chromosome show an axis attached by its two ends to the nuclear envelope. Synapsis of the sex chromosomes occurs by the joining of the chromatin sheaths that surround the axes and by a small, three-layered structure close to the nuclear envelope. The X and Y chromosomes remain joined to each other during the diffuse stage and diplotene-diakinesis but they do not show a synaptonemal complex. During the diffuse stage a dense plate is formed at the boundary between the X-Y body and the nuclear envelope. During early metaphase a folded sheet is attached to the periphery of the X-Y body. This sheet is formed by a piece of the nuclear envelope carrying the dense plate and it shows transverse fibrils and a central element similar to synaptonemal-complex remains. No evidence of a non-chiasmate segregation mechanism was observed. Polarization of the axial ends of the sex chromosomes is observed after X-Y synapsis. These important departures from the X-Y pairing pattern of eutherian mammals are discussed and assumed to present a special mechanism for holding the minute Y joined to the X chromosome in this marsupial.", "contents": "The synaptic behaviour of the X and Y chromosomes in the marsupial Monodelphis dimidiata. The pairing behaviour of the X and Y chromosomes of Monodelphis dimidiata was studied with light and electron microscopy. Pairing of the sex chromosomes is delayed with respect to autosome synapsis. Both the X and the minute Y chromosome show an axis attached by its two ends to the nuclear envelope. Synapsis of the sex chromosomes occurs by the joining of the chromatin sheaths that surround the axes and by a small, three-layered structure close to the nuclear envelope. The X and Y chromosomes remain joined to each other during the diffuse stage and diplotene-diakinesis but they do not show a synaptonemal complex. During the diffuse stage a dense plate is formed at the boundary between the X-Y body and the nuclear envelope. During early metaphase a folded sheet is attached to the periphery of the X-Y body. This sheet is formed by a piece of the nuclear envelope carrying the dense plate and it shows transverse fibrils and a central element similar to synaptonemal-complex remains. No evidence of a non-chiasmate segregation mechanism was observed. Polarization of the axial ends of the sex chromosomes is observed after X-Y synapsis. These important departures from the X-Y pairing pattern of eutherian mammals are discussed and assumed to present a special mechanism for holding the minute Y joined to the X chromosome in this marsupial.", "PMID": 1175455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5158", "title": "Interphase chromosome arrangement in Anopheles atroparvus.", "content": "The arrangement of chromosomes in interphase nuclei of Anopheles atroparvus has been inferred from an analysis of: 1. The early stages of mitosis as seen following Quinacrine staining, and 2. The reversible effects on the chromatin pattern obtained following the treatment of living cells with various NaCl solutions, and the following conclusions have been reached: (a) The chromatin is connected to the nuclear membrane, (b) Homologous chromosomes show close side-by-side somatic pairing, (c) The long arms of the sex chromosomes form a fluorescent peripheral body, (d) The autosomes are strongly reflexed at the centromeres, (e) The autosomal centromeric regions are polarized towards the peripheral body, (f) The telomeric regions of all the autosomes are closely apposed.--A ring-shaped pattern of interphase chromatin is constantly and reversibly induced by NaCl 0.15 to 0.18 M solutions.--These relationships indicate a peripheral arrangement of the interphase somatic complement.--The distribution of the chromosomes in polytene nuclei and at the beginning of meiosis resembles that suggested above for somatic interphase cells. This distribution may apply more widely in the Diptera.", "contents": "Interphase chromosome arrangement in Anopheles atroparvus. The arrangement of chromosomes in interphase nuclei of Anopheles atroparvus has been inferred from an analysis of: 1. The early stages of mitosis as seen following Quinacrine staining, and 2. The reversible effects on the chromatin pattern obtained following the treatment of living cells with various NaCl solutions, and the following conclusions have been reached: (a) The chromatin is connected to the nuclear membrane, (b) Homologous chromosomes show close side-by-side somatic pairing, (c) The long arms of the sex chromosomes form a fluorescent peripheral body, (d) The autosomes are strongly reflexed at the centromeres, (e) The autosomal centromeric regions are polarized towards the peripheral body, (f) The telomeric regions of all the autosomes are closely apposed.--A ring-shaped pattern of interphase chromatin is constantly and reversibly induced by NaCl 0.15 to 0.18 M solutions.--These relationships indicate a peripheral arrangement of the interphase somatic complement.--The distribution of the chromosomes in polytene nuclei and at the beginning of meiosis resembles that suggested above for somatic interphase cells. This distribution may apply more widely in the Diptera.", "PMID": 1175456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5159", "title": "The organization of interphase chromatin in drosophilidae: the self adhesion of chromatin containing the same DNA sequences.", "content": "Cytological evidence is presented which shows that for Drosophila virilis and Samoaia leonensis at least, each satellite DNA is condensed into a distinct heterochromatic mass during interphase. This is seen as just one example of a general phenomenon in which chromatin containing a particular DNA sequence binds to other chromatin containing the same sequence. It is proposed that DNA sequence specific proteins can account for this phenomenon.", "contents": "The organization of interphase chromatin in drosophilidae: the self adhesion of chromatin containing the same DNA sequences. Cytological evidence is presented which shows that for Drosophila virilis and Samoaia leonensis at least, each satellite DNA is condensed into a distinct heterochromatic mass during interphase. This is seen as just one example of a general phenomenon in which chromatin containing a particular DNA sequence binds to other chromatin containing the same sequence. It is proposed that DNA sequence specific proteins can account for this phenomenon.", "PMID": 1175457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5160", "title": "5-Methylcytosine in heterochromatic regions of chromosomes: chimpanzee and gorilla compared to the human.", "content": "Fixed metaphase chromosomes of gorilla and chimpanzee were UV-irradiated to produce regions of single-stranded DNA and then treated with antibodies specific for the minor DNA base 5-methylcytosine (5 MeC). An indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to visualize sites of antibody binding. In the gorilla six pairs of autosomes contained major fluorescent regions, indicating localized regions of highly methylated DNA. These corresponded, with the exception of chromosome 19, to the major regions of constitutive heterochromatin as seen by C-banding. The Y chromosome also contained a highly fluorescent region which was located just proximal to the intense Q-band region. In the chimpanzee no comparable concentrations of highly methylated DNA were seen. Smaller regions of intense 5 MeC binding were present on perhaps six chimpanzee chromosomes, including the Y. Five of these corresponded to chromosomes which were highly methylated in the gorilla.--There is diversity among the human, gorilla and chimpanzee in both the size and location of concentrations of 5 MeC, supporting the idea that satellite DNA evolves more rapidly than DNA in the remainder of the chromosome.", "contents": "5-Methylcytosine in heterochromatic regions of chromosomes: chimpanzee and gorilla compared to the human. Fixed metaphase chromosomes of gorilla and chimpanzee were UV-irradiated to produce regions of single-stranded DNA and then treated with antibodies specific for the minor DNA base 5-methylcytosine (5 MeC). An indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to visualize sites of antibody binding. In the gorilla six pairs of autosomes contained major fluorescent regions, indicating localized regions of highly methylated DNA. These corresponded, with the exception of chromosome 19, to the major regions of constitutive heterochromatin as seen by C-banding. The Y chromosome also contained a highly fluorescent region which was located just proximal to the intense Q-band region. In the chimpanzee no comparable concentrations of highly methylated DNA were seen. Smaller regions of intense 5 MeC binding were present on perhaps six chimpanzee chromosomes, including the Y. Five of these corresponded to chromosomes which were highly methylated in the gorilla.--There is diversity among the human, gorilla and chimpanzee in both the size and location of concentrations of 5 MeC, supporting the idea that satellite DNA evolves more rapidly than DNA in the remainder of the chromosome.", "PMID": 1175458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5161", "title": "Binding of quinacrine to the human Y chromosome.", "content": "Human chromosome spreads were stained with 3H-quinacrine and their fluorescence observed. The exact location of specific spreads on each slide was noted and photographs taken. Autoradiographs were then prepared so that the quinacrine fluorescence of any specific chromosome could be compared directly with the distribution of grains over the same chromosome on the autoradiograph. The Y chromosome fluoresced much more intensely than any of the other chromosomes, but there were no more grains over the Y chromosome than over the other chromosomes. Therefore the enhanced fluorescence of the human Y chromosome is not due to an increased binding of quinacrine.", "contents": "Binding of quinacrine to the human Y chromosome. Human chromosome spreads were stained with 3H-quinacrine and their fluorescence observed. The exact location of specific spreads on each slide was noted and photographs taken. Autoradiographs were then prepared so that the quinacrine fluorescence of any specific chromosome could be compared directly with the distribution of grains over the same chromosome on the autoradiograph. The Y chromosome fluoresced much more intensely than any of the other chromosomes, but there were no more grains over the Y chromosome than over the other chromosomes. Therefore the enhanced fluorescence of the human Y chromosome is not due to an increased binding of quinacrine.", "PMID": 1175459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5162", "title": "Causes and consequences of Robertsonian exchange.", "content": "At least two types of Robertsonian exchange are now known in the acrocentric chromosomes of man. Both types involve breakage in the arms adjacent to the centromere. Evidence is presented for a third type of exchange, one involving breakage within the centromere itself, in the grasshopper Percassa rugifrons. In this species, which is regularly homozygous for a single fusion metacentric, the eighteen rod autosomes have small but pronounced granules at the centric end of the chromosome. When C-banded these granules show differential Giemsa staining and appear to represent centromeric chromomeres; these chromomeres are lacking in the metacentric fusion product. Equivalent fusions may have occurred in some mammal species too and possible examples of this are discussed in sheep and mice. The Percassa fusion has led to a modification in both the frequency and the distribution of chiasmata as judged by a comparison of these properties in the metacentric relative to the two next smallest rod equivalents. Comparable modifications are known to occur in other naturally occurring fusions but these changes are certainly not automatic consequences of fusion since they are not shown in at least some newly produced fusion mutants.", "contents": "Causes and consequences of Robertsonian exchange. At least two types of Robertsonian exchange are now known in the acrocentric chromosomes of man. Both types involve breakage in the arms adjacent to the centromere. Evidence is presented for a third type of exchange, one involving breakage within the centromere itself, in the grasshopper Percassa rugifrons. In this species, which is regularly homozygous for a single fusion metacentric, the eighteen rod autosomes have small but pronounced granules at the centric end of the chromosome. When C-banded these granules show differential Giemsa staining and appear to represent centromeric chromomeres; these chromomeres are lacking in the metacentric fusion product. Equivalent fusions may have occurred in some mammal species too and possible examples of this are discussed in sheep and mice. The Percassa fusion has led to a modification in both the frequency and the distribution of chiasmata as judged by a comparison of these properties in the metacentric relative to the two next smallest rod equivalents. Comparable modifications are known to occur in other naturally occurring fusions but these changes are certainly not automatic consequences of fusion since they are not shown in at least some newly produced fusion mutants.", "PMID": 1175460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5163", "title": "Anaphase transport of akinetochoric fragments in tipulid spermatocytes. Electron microscopic observations on fragment-spindle interactions.", "content": "Akinetochoric chromosomal fragments in spermatocytes of mutant Pales ferruginae are transported polewards in anaphase. During migration their surfaces form radial lamellar projections between which non-kinetochoric spindle microtubules become arranged in an orderly fashion. The same morphological features had been observed earlier in intact chromosomes in late anaphase. It is assumed that the fragments are transported by some kind of poleward directed \"streaming\" force of the anaphase spindle, which is applied to the fragment's surface. Non-kinetochoric microtubules are thought to be engaged in the generation or, at least, in the transmission of this spindle force. Due to the morphological similarities with akinetochoric fragments, extra-kinetochoral application sites for anaphase spindle forces can be also suggested for chromosomes possessing kinetochores.", "contents": "Anaphase transport of akinetochoric fragments in tipulid spermatocytes. Electron microscopic observations on fragment-spindle interactions. Akinetochoric chromosomal fragments in spermatocytes of mutant Pales ferruginae are transported polewards in anaphase. During migration their surfaces form radial lamellar projections between which non-kinetochoric spindle microtubules become arranged in an orderly fashion. The same morphological features had been observed earlier in intact chromosomes in late anaphase. It is assumed that the fragments are transported by some kind of poleward directed \"streaming\" force of the anaphase spindle, which is applied to the fragment's surface. Non-kinetochoric microtubules are thought to be engaged in the generation or, at least, in the transmission of this spindle force. Due to the morphological similarities with akinetochoric fragments, extra-kinetochoral application sites for anaphase spindle forces can be also suggested for chromosomes possessing kinetochores.", "PMID": 1175461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5164", "title": "The location of repeated DNA sequences in the chromosomes of Chironomus tentans.", "content": "Polytene chromosomes of Chironomus tentans were hybridized in situ with in vivo labelled nuclear and chromosomal RNA. Nuclear RNA formed hybrids preferentially in five distinct regions considered to contain clustered, repeated DNA sequences. These are the two nucleolar organizer regions, Balbiani ring 1 and 2, and the 5 S RNA genes in region 2A of chromosome II, which together comprised almost 70% of the total number of grains over the complement. The remaining grains were diffusely distributed over the chromosomes. There was a significant difference in the distribution of grains when RNA from different chromosomes was used for hybridization. Chromosome I RNA hybridized preferentially with chromosome I, and chromosome II+III RNA preferentially with chromosome II+III. Some regions within the chromosomes hybridized significantly more chromosomal RNA than other regions. A considerable cross-hybridization of RNA from one particular type of chromosome with the other chromosomes was also found. It is concluded that repeated DNA sequences which hybridize with heterogeneous chromosomal RNA in C. tentans are widely dispersed in the genome. Some of these sequences have a delimited localization, others are dispersed, and some sequences which are transcribed in one particular chromosome are present also in the other chromosomes.", "contents": "The location of repeated DNA sequences in the chromosomes of Chironomus tentans. Polytene chromosomes of Chironomus tentans were hybridized in situ with in vivo labelled nuclear and chromosomal RNA. Nuclear RNA formed hybrids preferentially in five distinct regions considered to contain clustered, repeated DNA sequences. These are the two nucleolar organizer regions, Balbiani ring 1 and 2, and the 5 S RNA genes in region 2A of chromosome II, which together comprised almost 70% of the total number of grains over the complement. The remaining grains were diffusely distributed over the chromosomes. There was a significant difference in the distribution of grains when RNA from different chromosomes was used for hybridization. Chromosome I RNA hybridized preferentially with chromosome I, and chromosome II+III RNA preferentially with chromosome II+III. Some regions within the chromosomes hybridized significantly more chromosomal RNA than other regions. A considerable cross-hybridization of RNA from one particular type of chromosome with the other chromosomes was also found. It is concluded that repeated DNA sequences which hybridize with heterogeneous chromosomal RNA in C. tentans are widely dispersed in the genome. Some of these sequences have a delimited localization, others are dispersed, and some sequences which are transcribed in one particular chromosome are present also in the other chromosomes.", "PMID": 1175462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5165", "title": "Autoradiographic demonstration of DNA replication in ultrathin sections of plastic-embedded tissues using an exogeneous DNA polymerase.", "content": "A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase isolated from regenerating rat liver can mediate the incorporation of tritiated nucleoside triphosphates into acid-insoluble polydeoxyribonucleotides using the DNA contained in ultrathin sections of glycol methacrylate-embedded crab testis as initiator-template. (Summary see p. 186).", "contents": "Autoradiographic demonstration of DNA replication in ultrathin sections of plastic-embedded tissues using an exogeneous DNA polymerase. A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase isolated from regenerating rat liver can mediate the incorporation of tritiated nucleoside triphosphates into acid-insoluble polydeoxyribonucleotides using the DNA contained in ultrathin sections of glycol methacrylate-embedded crab testis as initiator-template. (Summary see p. 186).", "PMID": 1175463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5166", "title": "Evidence for a subunit structure of chromatin in mouse myeloma cells.", "content": "If micrococcal nuclease is allowed to digest chromatin as it exists inside intact nuclei isolated from mouse myeloma tissue culture cells, more than 60% of the DNA can be isolated as a homogeneous fragment on a sucrose gradient. Analytical ultracentrifugation indicates that the protected DNA is native, unnicked, and about 140 +/- 10 base pairs long. After less extensive nuclease digestion, the protected DNA migrates in gels in lengths which are integral multiples of this 140 base pair \"monomer\" band. A submonomer band, 105 \"/- 10 base pairs long, can also be detected. Similar digestion patterns were obtained by two different nuclear isolation procedures and even when intact cells were gently lysed directly in the digestion medium. These results confirm and extend the chromatin digestion studies of previous investigators and provide support for a subunit model for eukaryotic chromatin. The single strand specific S1 nuclease did not digest intranuclear chromatin under the conditions used.", "contents": "Evidence for a subunit structure of chromatin in mouse myeloma cells. If micrococcal nuclease is allowed to digest chromatin as it exists inside intact nuclei isolated from mouse myeloma tissue culture cells, more than 60% of the DNA can be isolated as a homogeneous fragment on a sucrose gradient. Analytical ultracentrifugation indicates that the protected DNA is native, unnicked, and about 140 +/- 10 base pairs long. After less extensive nuclease digestion, the protected DNA migrates in gels in lengths which are integral multiples of this 140 base pair \"monomer\" band. A submonomer band, 105 \"/- 10 base pairs long, can also be detected. Similar digestion patterns were obtained by two different nuclear isolation procedures and even when intact cells were gently lysed directly in the digestion medium. These results confirm and extend the chromatin digestion studies of previous investigators and provide support for a subunit model for eukaryotic chromatin. The single strand specific S1 nuclease did not digest intranuclear chromatin under the conditions used.", "PMID": 1175464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5167", "title": "An open study of mesoridazine (Serentil) in chronic schizophrenics.", "content": "Mesoridazine besylate (Serentil) was evaluated in an eight-week open-label trial in 12 male and 41 female patients with chronic schizophrenia who had ceased to progress beyond a certain level of functioning despite continued psychotropic medication not including Serentil. After a ten-day washout period the patients received Serentil in I.M. doses of 25-150 mg daily on the first ten study days, followed by daily tablet doses ranging from 25 to 400 mg until the final day of the study. Observations were made before and after the washout period as well as on days 3, 10, 14, 28 and 56 of the study, and results were expressed in terms of the Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). The NOSIE ratings showed that the patients were significantly \"less mentally ill\" at the end of the washout period and underwent a statistically highly significant further improvement in the course of the Serentil treatment. These improvements occurred in irritability, manifest psychosis, retardation, and depressive manifestations, and social competence. Only two BPRS items improved significantly during the washout period. Treatment with Serentil led to improvement in thinking disturbances as well as in psychomotor, paranoid and depressive disturbances. In fact, between baseline and day 56 of the treatment period, all BPRs items except guilt feelings and all BPRS factors were improved to a highly significant (p less than 0.01) degree. Rating for mental illness from study day 10 onward showed that patients in a subgroup of depressive disturbances showed significantly greater improvement than patients in another subgroup, psychomotor disturbances. Adverse reactions were experienced by a total of 13 patients; in 7 of these a dosage adjustment became necessary for this reason. All patients completed the study program.", "contents": "An open study of mesoridazine (Serentil) in chronic schizophrenics. Mesoridazine besylate (Serentil) was evaluated in an eight-week open-label trial in 12 male and 41 female patients with chronic schizophrenia who had ceased to progress beyond a certain level of functioning despite continued psychotropic medication not including Serentil. After a ten-day washout period the patients received Serentil in I.M. doses of 25-150 mg daily on the first ten study days, followed by daily tablet doses ranging from 25 to 400 mg until the final day of the study. Observations were made before and after the washout period as well as on days 3, 10, 14, 28 and 56 of the study, and results were expressed in terms of the Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). The NOSIE ratings showed that the patients were significantly \"less mentally ill\" at the end of the washout period and underwent a statistically highly significant further improvement in the course of the Serentil treatment. These improvements occurred in irritability, manifest psychosis, retardation, and depressive manifestations, and social competence. Only two BPRS items improved significantly during the washout period. Treatment with Serentil led to improvement in thinking disturbances as well as in psychomotor, paranoid and depressive disturbances. In fact, between baseline and day 56 of the treatment period, all BPRs items except guilt feelings and all BPRS factors were improved to a highly significant (p less than 0.01) degree. Rating for mental illness from study day 10 onward showed that patients in a subgroup of depressive disturbances showed significantly greater improvement than patients in another subgroup, psychomotor disturbances. Adverse reactions were experienced by a total of 13 patients; in 7 of these a dosage adjustment became necessary for this reason. All patients completed the study program.", "PMID": 1175465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5168", "title": "A neglected modality in psychiatric treatment--the monoamine oxidase inhibitors.", "content": "The monoamine oxidase inhibitors are at present being used relatively infrequently in my opinion because of reports of severe and dangerous side effects such as toxic hepatocellular damage and hypertensive crises and also on account of several studies which have not given a very encouraging picture regarding the efficacy of this group of drugs. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that this group of antidepressant drugs is very useful when the proper indications for their employment are observed and are relatively safe provided that appropriate precautions such as the avoidance of cheese and other foods high in tyramine content are taken by the patients being treated with these compounds. The history, pharmacology, side effects, and indications for their use are reviewed, and it is indicated that the MAO inhibitors are the therapeutic agents of choice in atypical depressions associated with anxiety, phobic and hysterical symptoms, and depressive illnesses (including endogenous depressions) which have failed to respond satisfactorily to tricyclic antidepressants. It is then demonstrated both from a review of the literature relating to these drugs and also from my own clinical experience that these compounds are very effective when used in the treatment of the psychiatric conditions for which they are indicated and are also relatively safe when the appropriate precautions are conscienciously observed.", "contents": "A neglected modality in psychiatric treatment--the monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The monoamine oxidase inhibitors are at present being used relatively infrequently in my opinion because of reports of severe and dangerous side effects such as toxic hepatocellular damage and hypertensive crises and also on account of several studies which have not given a very encouraging picture regarding the efficacy of this group of drugs. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that this group of antidepressant drugs is very useful when the proper indications for their employment are observed and are relatively safe provided that appropriate precautions such as the avoidance of cheese and other foods high in tyramine content are taken by the patients being treated with these compounds. The history, pharmacology, side effects, and indications for their use are reviewed, and it is indicated that the MAO inhibitors are the therapeutic agents of choice in atypical depressions associated with anxiety, phobic and hysterical symptoms, and depressive illnesses (including endogenous depressions) which have failed to respond satisfactorily to tricyclic antidepressants. It is then demonstrated both from a review of the literature relating to these drugs and also from my own clinical experience that these compounds are very effective when used in the treatment of the psychiatric conditions for which they are indicated and are also relatively safe when the appropriate precautions are conscienciously observed.", "PMID": 1175468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5169", "title": "[Radio-iodine therapy of toxic adenoma of the thyroid (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1963 and 1971, radioiodine (133I) treatment of a toxic thyroid adenoma was performed in 229 patients, in 70% the dosage being 30000 rd. In 188 patients the results were checked an average of 2 1/2 years later. Subjective improvement or freedom from symptoms was achieved in 76% (in 85% within 3-6 months), body weight increased, serum cholesterol level rose significantly, while pulse rate, pulse amplitude, PB127I and index of free thyroid hormones significantly fell. The 131I two-phase test was inconclusive. 72% of toxic adenomas were inactivated and 88% of patients with still active adenomas were improved or free from symptoms. Clinical improvement apparently preceded the scanning results. Corresponding to the index of free thyroid hormones, 94% were euthyroid, 0.6% hyperthroid, and 2.8% suspected of being hypothryoid. In combination with other findings, especially isotope scanning, 1.7% of patients were suspected of having T3 hyperthyroidism after treatment. A recurrence was observed in 2.1%. The success rate increased with rising radiation dose up to 30000 rd.", "contents": "[Radio-iodine therapy of toxic adenoma of the thyroid (author's transl)]. Between 1963 and 1971, radioiodine (133I) treatment of a toxic thyroid adenoma was performed in 229 patients, in 70% the dosage being 30000 rd. In 188 patients the results were checked an average of 2 1/2 years later. Subjective improvement or freedom from symptoms was achieved in 76% (in 85% within 3-6 months), body weight increased, serum cholesterol level rose significantly, while pulse rate, pulse amplitude, PB127I and index of free thyroid hormones significantly fell. The 131I two-phase test was inconclusive. 72% of toxic adenomas were inactivated and 88% of patients with still active adenomas were improved or free from symptoms. Clinical improvement apparently preceded the scanning results. Corresponding to the index of free thyroid hormones, 94% were euthyroid, 0.6% hyperthroid, and 2.8% suspected of being hypothryoid. In combination with other findings, especially isotope scanning, 1.7% of patients were suspected of having T3 hyperthyroidism after treatment. A recurrence was observed in 2.1%. The success rate increased with rising radiation dose up to 30000 rd.", "PMID": 1175469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5170", "title": "[Chronic secondary hypoparathyroidism and pseudo-brain tumour (author's transl)].", "content": "A 31-year-old man developed chronic secondary hypoparathyroidism after removal of goitre. Asymmetric cerebral oedema occured and a classical picture of pseudo-brain tumour with severe cerebral involvement developed which regressed merely on administration of calcium ions. The patient has remained well for over a year on dihydrotachysterol maintenance.", "contents": "[Chronic secondary hypoparathyroidism and pseudo-brain tumour (author's transl)]. A 31-year-old man developed chronic secondary hypoparathyroidism after removal of goitre. Asymmetric cerebral oedema occured and a classical picture of pseudo-brain tumour with severe cerebral involvement developed which regressed merely on administration of calcium ions. The patient has remained well for over a year on dihydrotachysterol maintenance.", "PMID": 1175470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5171", "title": "[Vitiligo, hepato-splenomegaly, and goitre after working with paratertiary butylphenol (author's transl)].", "content": "In three men vitiligo-like skin changes, enlargement of liver and spleen and diffuse goitre (grade II) with increased TSH secretion developed within one to two years of their having started work in a factory producing paratertiary butylphenol. These observations also tend to confirm the often discussed pathogenetic connection between vitiligo and thyroid disease.", "contents": "[Vitiligo, hepato-splenomegaly, and goitre after working with paratertiary butylphenol (author's transl)]. In three men vitiligo-like skin changes, enlargement of liver and spleen and diffuse goitre (grade II) with increased TSH secretion developed within one to two years of their having started work in a factory producing paratertiary butylphenol. These observations also tend to confirm the often discussed pathogenetic connection between vitiligo and thyroid disease.", "PMID": 1175471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5172", "title": "[Attempt at classification and orientation of prescriptions using an index of psychotropic drugs in computers].", "content": "We designed a method of rational classification of psychotropic drugs belonging to neuroleptic class. Standard profiles were determined along BELSON'S Method (partially modified). Neuroleptic population is analysed according to two leading variables : desinhibiting action and powerful sedative action. The remaining variables are graded depending upon their binding with leading variable, we called them explanatory variables. Profile of drug is found along these explanatory variables. Results are set out with : list of decomposition with clauses, list of variables selected by method, dichotomic graphic, identification of drugs. Our purpose is to find objective tests, for classification of these therapeutic drugs. It must enable a best evaluation of indications and contra-indications, practice in every day.", "contents": "[Attempt at classification and orientation of prescriptions using an index of psychotropic drugs in computers]. We designed a method of rational classification of psychotropic drugs belonging to neuroleptic class. Standard profiles were determined along BELSON'S Method (partially modified). Neuroleptic population is analysed according to two leading variables : desinhibiting action and powerful sedative action. The remaining variables are graded depending upon their binding with leading variable, we called them explanatory variables. Profile of drug is found along these explanatory variables. Results are set out with : list of decomposition with clauses, list of variables selected by method, dichotomic graphic, identification of drugs. Our purpose is to find objective tests, for classification of these therapeutic drugs. It must enable a best evaluation of indications and contra-indications, practice in every day.", "PMID": 1175499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5173", "title": "[Use of a rating scale in transcultural psychiatry].", "content": "The Psychopharmacological Studies Group of Fann, Dakar, considered the cultural expression of mental illness as it would help for a new definition of the nosographic frames, and inside of them, the appreciation of symptoms. This new definition would be applied \"universally\" if it may be considered that some symptoms are \"culture-free\" and others deeply marked by the discourse held by the person or by his social group. The use of valuation scales for symptomatic change during a treatment (here anti-depressive one) become harder by the undifferenciation of these two types of symptoms. Further, it may exist nosographic masks which can hide more curable substructures ; as often happens here, in masked depressions when the presented symptoms are those of acute or chronic psychotic manifestations. The efficacy of depressive treatment is then remarkable.", "contents": "[Use of a rating scale in transcultural psychiatry]. The Psychopharmacological Studies Group of Fann, Dakar, considered the cultural expression of mental illness as it would help for a new definition of the nosographic frames, and inside of them, the appreciation of symptoms. This new definition would be applied \"universally\" if it may be considered that some symptoms are \"culture-free\" and others deeply marked by the discourse held by the person or by his social group. The use of valuation scales for symptomatic change during a treatment (here anti-depressive one) become harder by the undifferenciation of these two types of symptoms. Further, it may exist nosographic masks which can hide more curable substructures ; as often happens here, in masked depressions when the presented symptoms are those of acute or chronic psychotic manifestations. The efficacy of depressive treatment is then remarkable.", "PMID": 1175500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5174", "title": "[Self-rating of mood using a list of adjectives, Zersen's Befindlichkeits-Skala (BS)].", "content": "The ZERSSEN Mood Scale or \" Befindlichkeits-Skala \" is the only self-rating scale that is altogether specific (adjectives on mood states essentially), actual and therefore sensitive (lack of adjectives on the habitual state, on personality traits), bipolar (possible detection of a manic or depressive shift), easy to administrate and analyze, existing under 2 statistically equivalent forms. Each BS and BS' form contains 28 pairs of antonymic everyday adjectives, whose French translation has been checked by back-translation. The subject has to cross if he feels right now \" rather... \", \" rather... \" or \" neither nor \". The French translation was tested on 100 depressed and 6 manic newly hospitalized patients, on 30 depressed patients in the course of a 6-week antidepressant trial, and on 46 academic and administrative members of the staff. Various calculations on the validity, reliability and sensitivity of the scale confirm the original German data. The product-moment correlation between BS and BS' (split-half reliability) reaches .89 in the control group, .79 in the newly hospitalized depressives and .93 to .96 in the anti-depressant trial, a p less than .001 in all three studies. The correlation does not reach a significant level in neurotic depressives, who are a mean 11 y. younger than psychotic depressives and score significantly lower than the latter. Age, sex and sequence of administration do not influence the means, the standard deviations and the correlation between BS and BS'. The original German studies and our original French ones give convergent results as for means and extreme scores of the main mood levels, with a cutting score for mania at 6 and for depression at 27 : (see article) Thanks to their high intercorrelation, the BS and BS' scales may be given independently, thus allowing a daily or even twice daily administration. The range of application of the ZERSSEN Mood Scale is not limited to psychiatry but includes numerous medical, surgical and psychological fields.", "contents": "[Self-rating of mood using a list of adjectives, Zersen's Befindlichkeits-Skala (BS)]. The ZERSSEN Mood Scale or \" Befindlichkeits-Skala \" is the only self-rating scale that is altogether specific (adjectives on mood states essentially), actual and therefore sensitive (lack of adjectives on the habitual state, on personality traits), bipolar (possible detection of a manic or depressive shift), easy to administrate and analyze, existing under 2 statistically equivalent forms. Each BS and BS' form contains 28 pairs of antonymic everyday adjectives, whose French translation has been checked by back-translation. The subject has to cross if he feels right now \" rather... \", \" rather... \" or \" neither nor \". The French translation was tested on 100 depressed and 6 manic newly hospitalized patients, on 30 depressed patients in the course of a 6-week antidepressant trial, and on 46 academic and administrative members of the staff. Various calculations on the validity, reliability and sensitivity of the scale confirm the original German data. The product-moment correlation between BS and BS' (split-half reliability) reaches .89 in the control group, .79 in the newly hospitalized depressives and .93 to .96 in the anti-depressant trial, a p less than .001 in all three studies. The correlation does not reach a significant level in neurotic depressives, who are a mean 11 y. younger than psychotic depressives and score significantly lower than the latter. Age, sex and sequence of administration do not influence the means, the standard deviations and the correlation between BS and BS'. The original German studies and our original French ones give convergent results as for means and extreme scores of the main mood levels, with a cutting score for mania at 6 and for depression at 27 : (see article) Thanks to their high intercorrelation, the BS and BS' scales may be given independently, thus allowing a daily or even twice daily administration. The range of application of the ZERSSEN Mood Scale is not limited to psychiatry but includes numerous medical, surgical and psychological fields.", "PMID": 1175501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5175", "title": "[Pharmacoclinical value of the study of lithium cycles during 24 hours].", "content": "One cannot base a posology only upon morning lithiemy which turns out to be an unreliable criterion. It is useful to appreciate therapy equilibration through lithiemic cycle i.e. and every two hours dosage among patients on lithium carbonate or gluconate. Certain patients with quite an insufficient lithiemic morning level may be well equilibrated during day time. Lithiemy variations during the day are constantly reliable with the same patient. The study of nycthemeral variations among lithium salts treated patients allows us to understand some pathological subphenomena : intermittent tremor, subconfusional transitory onsets. Lastly lithiemic cycles allow comparison between lithiemy variations in manic or depressive relapses.", "contents": "[Pharmacoclinical value of the study of lithium cycles during 24 hours]. One cannot base a posology only upon morning lithiemy which turns out to be an unreliable criterion. It is useful to appreciate therapy equilibration through lithiemic cycle i.e. and every two hours dosage among patients on lithium carbonate or gluconate. Certain patients with quite an insufficient lithiemic morning level may be well equilibrated during day time. Lithiemy variations during the day are constantly reliable with the same patient. The study of nycthemeral variations among lithium salts treated patients allows us to understand some pathological subphenomena : intermittent tremor, subconfusional transitory onsets. Lastly lithiemic cycles allow comparison between lithiemy variations in manic or depressive relapses.", "PMID": 1175502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5176", "title": "A study of indoles which inhibit pineal antigonadotrophic activity in male hamsters.", "content": "Blinding adult male golden hamsters led to involution of the testes and accessory sex organs (seminal vesicles and coagulating glands) and to a regression in pituitary prolactin levels within 8 weeks. The subcutaneous implantation of either melatonin or 6-hydroxymelatonin (1 mg/wk in beeswax) prevented the atrophy of the reproductive organs and the decrease in the stores of pituitary prolactin. Two other indoles, N-acetylserotonin and 5-hydroxytryptophol, failed to counteract the reproductive effects of blinding. Both melatonin and 6-hydroxymelatonin significantly elevated plasma LH titers.", "contents": "A study of indoles which inhibit pineal antigonadotrophic activity in male hamsters. Blinding adult male golden hamsters led to involution of the testes and accessory sex organs (seminal vesicles and coagulating glands) and to a regression in pituitary prolactin levels within 8 weeks. The subcutaneous implantation of either melatonin or 6-hydroxymelatonin (1 mg/wk in beeswax) prevented the atrophy of the reproductive organs and the decrease in the stores of pituitary prolactin. Two other indoles, N-acetylserotonin and 5-hydroxytryptophol, failed to counteract the reproductive effects of blinding. Both melatonin and 6-hydroxymelatonin significantly elevated plasma LH titers.", "PMID": 1175503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5177", "title": "Uptake and conversion of progesterone and testosterone to 5alpha-reduced products by enriched gonadotropic and chromophobic rat anterior pituitary cell fractions.", "content": "Monodispersed cells from anterior pituitaries of male rats were prepared by Pronasedissociation and incubated with [3H]progesterone or [3H]testosterone. The cells were then separated into enriched fractions consisting of gonadotropic, somatotropic or chromophobic cells by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity for 4 h. The uptake of [3H]progesterone and [3H]testosterone by the gonadotropic enriched cell fraction was 1.8 to 3.2 times greater than the somatotropic and chromophobic enriched cell fractions. The gonadotropic and chromophobic enriched cell fractions metabolized [3H]progesterone and [3H]testosterone appreciably. The principal metabolites were identified and quantitated by reverse isotopic dilution. After incubation with [3H]progesterone, the principal metabolite was [3H]5alpha-dihydroprogesterone which ranged from 11.5% for the gonadotropic cells to 7.6% for the chromophobic cells. Smaller amounts of 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (3.7 to 4.8%) and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone (2.1 to 4.3%) were also identified. After incubation with [3H]testosterone, the principal metabolite was 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which ranged from 12.6% for the gonadotropic cells to 10.3% for the chromophobic cells. Smaller amounts of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (4.1 to 5.5%) and androstenedione (1.8 to 3.0%) were identified. After incubation with [3H]progesterone or [3H]testosterone the same metabolites were also identified in the somatotropic cell fraction but were thought to be present because of contamination with gonadotropic cells. Dissociated pituitary cells from orchidectomized rats had a 2-fold increase in the uptake of [3H]testosterone and a greater metabolism of [3H]testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone as compared to pituitary cells from intact rats (12.6 vs 25.7%).", "contents": "Uptake and conversion of progesterone and testosterone to 5alpha-reduced products by enriched gonadotropic and chromophobic rat anterior pituitary cell fractions. Monodispersed cells from anterior pituitaries of male rats were prepared by Pronasedissociation and incubated with [3H]progesterone or [3H]testosterone. The cells were then separated into enriched fractions consisting of gonadotropic, somatotropic or chromophobic cells by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity for 4 h. The uptake of [3H]progesterone and [3H]testosterone by the gonadotropic enriched cell fraction was 1.8 to 3.2 times greater than the somatotropic and chromophobic enriched cell fractions. The gonadotropic and chromophobic enriched cell fractions metabolized [3H]progesterone and [3H]testosterone appreciably. The principal metabolites were identified and quantitated by reverse isotopic dilution. After incubation with [3H]progesterone, the principal metabolite was [3H]5alpha-dihydroprogesterone which ranged from 11.5% for the gonadotropic cells to 7.6% for the chromophobic cells. Smaller amounts of 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (3.7 to 4.8%) and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone (2.1 to 4.3%) were also identified. After incubation with [3H]testosterone, the principal metabolite was 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which ranged from 12.6% for the gonadotropic cells to 10.3% for the chromophobic cells. Smaller amounts of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (4.1 to 5.5%) and androstenedione (1.8 to 3.0%) were identified. After incubation with [3H]progesterone or [3H]testosterone the same metabolites were also identified in the somatotropic cell fraction but were thought to be present because of contamination with gonadotropic cells. Dissociated pituitary cells from orchidectomized rats had a 2-fold increase in the uptake of [3H]testosterone and a greater metabolism of [3H]testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone as compared to pituitary cells from intact rats (12.6 vs 25.7%).", "PMID": 1175504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5178", "title": "The effects of intracerebroventricular administration of renin on drinking and blood pressure.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to (a) determine if renin-substrate (angiotensinogen) is present in cerebrospinal fluid; (b) investigate the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of renin on drinking and blood pressure; and (c) determine if such effects are mediated via the formation of angiotensin II. Angiotensinogen concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was measured in 15 dogs and averaged 205 +/- 34 ng/ml. This value was approximately 1/5th of the corresponding plasma angiotensinogen concentration but the ratio of angiotensinogen:total protein in cerebrospinal fluid was approximately 15 times greater than in plasma. Intraventricular injection of hog renin (0.1 Goldblatt units) stimulated drinking in each of 8 dogs; the mean volume drunk in the 15 min period following the injection was 485 +/- 84 ml. When the renin was preceded by intraventricular saralasin acetate, a specific antagonist of angiotensin II, the drinking response was reduced to 8 +/- 6 ml. In eight pentobarbital anesthetized dogs, intraventricular dog or hog renin (0.05-0.25 Goldblatt units) increased systolic pressure from 152 +/- 10 to 168 +/- 10 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) and diastolic pressure from 101 +/- 8 to 116 +/- 7 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). This response, which lasted from 30 min to more than 3 h, was also abolished by saralasin acetate. These data indicate that centrally administered renin increases drinking and blood pressure and that these effects are mediated via the formation of angiotensin II.", "contents": "The effects of intracerebroventricular administration of renin on drinking and blood pressure. The aim of the present investigation was to (a) determine if renin-substrate (angiotensinogen) is present in cerebrospinal fluid; (b) investigate the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of renin on drinking and blood pressure; and (c) determine if such effects are mediated via the formation of angiotensin II. Angiotensinogen concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was measured in 15 dogs and averaged 205 +/- 34 ng/ml. This value was approximately 1/5th of the corresponding plasma angiotensinogen concentration but the ratio of angiotensinogen:total protein in cerebrospinal fluid was approximately 15 times greater than in plasma. Intraventricular injection of hog renin (0.1 Goldblatt units) stimulated drinking in each of 8 dogs; the mean volume drunk in the 15 min period following the injection was 485 +/- 84 ml. When the renin was preceded by intraventricular saralasin acetate, a specific antagonist of angiotensin II, the drinking response was reduced to 8 +/- 6 ml. In eight pentobarbital anesthetized dogs, intraventricular dog or hog renin (0.05-0.25 Goldblatt units) increased systolic pressure from 152 +/- 10 to 168 +/- 10 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) and diastolic pressure from 101 +/- 8 to 116 +/- 7 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). This response, which lasted from 30 min to more than 3 h, was also abolished by saralasin acetate. These data indicate that centrally administered renin increases drinking and blood pressure and that these effects are mediated via the formation of angiotensin II.", "PMID": 1175505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5179", "title": "Effects of the octapeptide of cholecystokinin on insulin and glucagon secretion in the dog.", "content": "The effects of intravenous infusion of synthetic C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (OP-CCK) on concentrations of insulin and glucagon in peripheral venous plasma of conscious dogs were studied. Both hormones increased in response to 160 and 480 ng/kg/h of OP-CCK. The increases to 480 ng/kg/h were larger than those to 160 ng/kg/h. Peripheral venous concentrations of glucose and intestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity were not altered by OP-CCK. OP-CCK, 160 ng/kg/h, did not enhance insulin and glucagon responses to intravenous infusion of amino acids. The results suggest that insulin- and glucagon-releasing actions of porcine cholecystokinin preparations should not be attributed entirely to gastric inhibtory polypeptide or other impurities contained in these preparations since the synthetic active fragment of cholecystokinin alone increases insulin and and glucagon concentrations in peripheral plasma.", "contents": "Effects of the octapeptide of cholecystokinin on insulin and glucagon secretion in the dog. The effects of intravenous infusion of synthetic C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (OP-CCK) on concentrations of insulin and glucagon in peripheral venous plasma of conscious dogs were studied. Both hormones increased in response to 160 and 480 ng/kg/h of OP-CCK. The increases to 480 ng/kg/h were larger than those to 160 ng/kg/h. Peripheral venous concentrations of glucose and intestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity were not altered by OP-CCK. OP-CCK, 160 ng/kg/h, did not enhance insulin and glucagon responses to intravenous infusion of amino acids. The results suggest that insulin- and glucagon-releasing actions of porcine cholecystokinin preparations should not be attributed entirely to gastric inhibtory polypeptide or other impurities contained in these preparations since the synthetic active fragment of cholecystokinin alone increases insulin and and glucagon concentrations in peripheral plasma.", "PMID": 1175506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5180", "title": "Effects of hyper- and hypothyroidism on serum LH and FSH levels in intact and gonadectomized male and female rats.", "content": "The effects of hypo- and hyper-thyroidism on serum LH and FSH were determined in both intact and castrated male and female rats. Thyro-parathyroidectomy (Tx) for 30 days in rats with intact gonads resulted in a significant reduction in serum LH and FSH, and also in a decrease in serum testosterone in males. Administration of 2.5 mug thyroxine (T4)/100 g BW to Tx rats of both sexes returned serum LH and FSH levels to those of intact rats, and in males also restored normal serum testosterone levels. Tx superimposed upon castration resulted in a significantly greater increase in serum LH and FSH than produced by castration alone. Administration of 2.5 mug T4/100 g body weight to castrate-Tx rats reduced serum LH and FSH values to those of castrate rats, whereas 10 mug T4/100 g BW evoked a further decrease in serum LH but no additional reduction in serum FSH. When both 2.5 mug T4/100 g BW and 2 mug estradiol benzoate were injected into Tx-ovariectomized rats, the decrease in serum LH and FSH was much greater than produced by T4 alone. These observations indicate that hypothyroidism results in decreased release of LH and FSH in rats with intact gonads, and in increased release of LH and FSH in castrate rats of both sexes. Administration of a replacement dose of T4 can restore LH and FSH release to normal in Tx rats with intact gonads, and to castration levels in Tx-castrate rats.", "contents": "Effects of hyper- and hypothyroidism on serum LH and FSH levels in intact and gonadectomized male and female rats. The effects of hypo- and hyper-thyroidism on serum LH and FSH were determined in both intact and castrated male and female rats. Thyro-parathyroidectomy (Tx) for 30 days in rats with intact gonads resulted in a significant reduction in serum LH and FSH, and also in a decrease in serum testosterone in males. Administration of 2.5 mug thyroxine (T4)/100 g BW to Tx rats of both sexes returned serum LH and FSH levels to those of intact rats, and in males also restored normal serum testosterone levels. Tx superimposed upon castration resulted in a significantly greater increase in serum LH and FSH than produced by castration alone. Administration of 2.5 mug T4/100 g body weight to castrate-Tx rats reduced serum LH and FSH values to those of castrate rats, whereas 10 mug T4/100 g BW evoked a further decrease in serum LH but no additional reduction in serum FSH. When both 2.5 mug T4/100 g BW and 2 mug estradiol benzoate were injected into Tx-ovariectomized rats, the decrease in serum LH and FSH was much greater than produced by T4 alone. These observations indicate that hypothyroidism results in decreased release of LH and FSH in rats with intact gonads, and in increased release of LH and FSH in castrate rats of both sexes. Administration of a replacement dose of T4 can restore LH and FSH release to normal in Tx rats with intact gonads, and to castration levels in Tx-castrate rats.", "PMID": 1175507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5181", "title": "Interrelationships between alpha and beta-anomers of glucose affecting both insulin and glucagon secretion in the perfused rat pancreas. II.", "content": "Temporal and quantitative relationships between the alpha and beta anomers of glucose on insulin and glucagon secretion were studied in two surgical preparations of the in vitro perfused rat pancreas. Alpha-Glucose was a more effective stimulator of insulin release. Beta-Glucose, however, though less effective, was a positive modulator when admixed with alpha-glucose. Dose-response studies showed that alpha-glucose probably had a smaller apparent Km for insulin secretion, while the Vmax for the two anomers was the same-the effects of the two anomers being indistinguishable at high glucose concentrations (300 mg/dl). Alpha-Anomeric stereospecificity was demonstrable equally on both phases of insulin release and was maintained throughout 60-min perfusions. Spontaneous or arginine-stimulated glucagon release was also preferentially inhibited by alpha-glucose. Since others have shown that glucose uptake and phosphorylation in islets are not alpha-stereospecific, the data suggest that the initial signal for the first and second phases of insuulin release and glucose suppression of glucagon secretion is at the level of a glucoreceptor prior to, or indedendent of, major pathways of glucose metabolism.", "contents": "Interrelationships between alpha and beta-anomers of glucose affecting both insulin and glucagon secretion in the perfused rat pancreas. II. Temporal and quantitative relationships between the alpha and beta anomers of glucose on insulin and glucagon secretion were studied in two surgical preparations of the in vitro perfused rat pancreas. Alpha-Glucose was a more effective stimulator of insulin release. Beta-Glucose, however, though less effective, was a positive modulator when admixed with alpha-glucose. Dose-response studies showed that alpha-glucose probably had a smaller apparent Km for insulin secretion, while the Vmax for the two anomers was the same-the effects of the two anomers being indistinguishable at high glucose concentrations (300 mg/dl). Alpha-Anomeric stereospecificity was demonstrable equally on both phases of insulin release and was maintained throughout 60-min perfusions. Spontaneous or arginine-stimulated glucagon release was also preferentially inhibited by alpha-glucose. Since others have shown that glucose uptake and phosphorylation in islets are not alpha-stereospecific, the data suggest that the initial signal for the first and second phases of insuulin release and glucose suppression of glucagon secretion is at the level of a glucoreceptor prior to, or indedendent of, major pathways of glucose metabolism.", "PMID": 1175508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5182", "title": "The biological effects of injected antibodies to estradiol-17 beta and to progesterone in pregnant rats.", "content": "Estradiol-17 beta (E2) and progesterone (P) levels have been effectively reduced in pregnant rats by injecting them with antibodies which bind E2 or P (A-E2- or A-P) with high specificity. Before, and at daily intervals after treatment with A-E2 or A-P, blood was collected sequentially from the tail vein and the levels of circulating A-E2, A-P total E2 (E2t) and total P (Pt) determined. Having established the relationship between A-E2, E2t, bound E2 (E2b) and unbound E2 (E2u), as well as between A-P, Pt, bound P (Pb) and unbound P (Pu), the concentrations of E2u and Pu could be calculated reliably. Treatment of gestating rats with A-E2 and A-P lowered E2u and Pu levels significantly (P less than 0.001). In comparison with the 14 controls, the 17 A-E2 treated (and thus E2u-deficient) animals showed significant increases in placental weight (P less than 0.001). This effect of A-E2 was readily prevented by replacement therapy with diethylstilbestrol (DES), since A-E2 does not bind DES. In 21  pregnant rats, treatment at day 10 of gestation with only 2 ml A-P (total \"Binding Capacity\" = 6 mug P) critically lowered the Pu levels and provoked abortion. In contrast, the same treatment in 12 rats at day 6 of gestation (when the P levels are higher than at day 10) failed to provoke the appropriate degree of P-withdrawal (Pw) and abortion, illustrating the quantitative nature of the relationship between effective A-P treatment, Pw and the termination of pregnancy.", "contents": "The biological effects of injected antibodies to estradiol-17 beta and to progesterone in pregnant rats. Estradiol-17 beta (E2) and progesterone (P) levels have been effectively reduced in pregnant rats by injecting them with antibodies which bind E2 or P (A-E2- or A-P) with high specificity. Before, and at daily intervals after treatment with A-E2 or A-P, blood was collected sequentially from the tail vein and the levels of circulating A-E2, A-P total E2 (E2t) and total P (Pt) determined. Having established the relationship between A-E2, E2t, bound E2 (E2b) and unbound E2 (E2u), as well as between A-P, Pt, bound P (Pb) and unbound P (Pu), the concentrations of E2u and Pu could be calculated reliably. Treatment of gestating rats with A-E2 and A-P lowered E2u and Pu levels significantly (P less than 0.001). In comparison with the 14 controls, the 17 A-E2 treated (and thus E2u-deficient) animals showed significant increases in placental weight (P less than 0.001). This effect of A-E2 was readily prevented by replacement therapy with diethylstilbestrol (DES), since A-E2 does not bind DES. In 21  pregnant rats, treatment at day 10 of gestation with only 2 ml A-P (total \"Binding Capacity\" = 6 mug P) critically lowered the Pu levels and provoked abortion. In contrast, the same treatment in 12 rats at day 6 of gestation (when the P levels are higher than at day 10) failed to provoke the appropriate degree of P-withdrawal (Pw) and abortion, illustrating the quantitative nature of the relationship between effective A-P treatment, Pw and the termination of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1175509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5183", "title": "The purification and characterization of rat placental lactogen.", "content": "A method has been developed for the purification of rat placental lactogen employing a specific radioreceptor assay (RRA). The method involves precipitation with ammonium sulfate, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and CM-Sephadex, and preparative isoelectric focusing. The isolation precedure results in a 1300-fold purification and a 10% yield of rat placental lactogen. Potency estimates by RRA indicate that the purified hormone is 41% as active as the ovine prolactin standard (25 I U/mg), but 169% as active as the NIH human placental lactogen preparation. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.9 annd analytical isoelectric focusing of the rat placental lactogen reveal 2 major and 2 minor components, all of which are active in the RRA.", "contents": "The purification and characterization of rat placental lactogen. A method has been developed for the purification of rat placental lactogen employing a specific radioreceptor assay (RRA). The method involves precipitation with ammonium sulfate, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and CM-Sephadex, and preparative isoelectric focusing. The isolation precedure results in a 1300-fold purification and a 10% yield of rat placental lactogen. Potency estimates by RRA indicate that the purified hormone is 41% as active as the ovine prolactin standard (25 I U/mg), but 169% as active as the NIH human placental lactogen preparation. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.9 annd analytical isoelectric focusing of the rat placental lactogen reveal 2 major and 2 minor components, all of which are active in the RRA.", "PMID": 1175510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5184", "title": "Androgen binding protein as a biochemical marker of formation of the blood-testis barrier.", "content": "Androgen binding protein (ABP) was measured during postnatal development in normal and irradiated rats to determine whether development of a blood-testis barrier and formation of a continuous lumen from testis to epididymis is correlated with entry of ABP into the caput epididymis. ABP is found in normal testis as early as 14 days postnatally (0.2 pmol/mg), at which time no blood-testis barrier is observed by the peroxidase perfusion technique. Previous findings have shown a close correlation of blood-testis barrier development and lumen formation. Indeed, ABP is not detectable in the epididymis until 18-20 days of age (1.0 pmol/mg) at which time blood-testis barrier formation and lumen development is complete. Whole body irradiation (125 rads) of pregnant rats at 19-20 days of gestation produces male offspring with seminiferous tubules remarkably free of germinal epithelium and containing essentially only Sertoli cells. These Sertoli cell-enriched (SCE) testes produce normal amounts of ABP between 14 and 21 days postnatally. However, between 21 and 30 days of age the specific activity of ABP is significantly higher in the SCE tests (2.8 pmol/mg protein) than in normal testis (0.5 pmol/mg protein). In the SCE testis neither blood-testis barrier development nor lumen formation are complete until 30 days of age, at which time ABP is first detectable in epididymis of the irradiated rat. Thereafter there is a gradual decline of ABP in the SCE testis-and a dramatic increase in the epididymis. NIH-FSH-S-10 (200 mug/rat) injected SC into 14-day-old normal rats stimulated ABP in the testis from control levels of 0.15 pmol/mg to 1.46 pmol/mg within 4 h after injection. However, no ABP was detectable in the epididymis of either the control or the FSH-stimulated rats. These findings suggest that entry of ABP into caput epididymis is an index of blood-testis barrier formation and lumen development.", "contents": "Androgen binding protein as a biochemical marker of formation of the blood-testis barrier. Androgen binding protein (ABP) was measured during postnatal development in normal and irradiated rats to determine whether development of a blood-testis barrier and formation of a continuous lumen from testis to epididymis is correlated with entry of ABP into the caput epididymis. ABP is found in normal testis as early as 14 days postnatally (0.2 pmol/mg), at which time no blood-testis barrier is observed by the peroxidase perfusion technique. Previous findings have shown a close correlation of blood-testis barrier development and lumen formation. Indeed, ABP is not detectable in the epididymis until 18-20 days of age (1.0 pmol/mg) at which time blood-testis barrier formation and lumen development is complete. Whole body irradiation (125 rads) of pregnant rats at 19-20 days of gestation produces male offspring with seminiferous tubules remarkably free of germinal epithelium and containing essentially only Sertoli cells. These Sertoli cell-enriched (SCE) testes produce normal amounts of ABP between 14 and 21 days postnatally. However, between 21 and 30 days of age the specific activity of ABP is significantly higher in the SCE tests (2.8 pmol/mg protein) than in normal testis (0.5 pmol/mg protein). In the SCE testis neither blood-testis barrier development nor lumen formation are complete until 30 days of age, at which time ABP is first detectable in epididymis of the irradiated rat. Thereafter there is a gradual decline of ABP in the SCE testis-and a dramatic increase in the epididymis. NIH-FSH-S-10 (200 mug/rat) injected SC into 14-day-old normal rats stimulated ABP in the testis from control levels of 0.15 pmol/mg to 1.46 pmol/mg within 4 h after injection. However, no ABP was detectable in the epididymis of either the control or the FSH-stimulated rats. These findings suggest that entry of ABP into caput epididymis is an index of blood-testis barrier formation and lumen development.", "PMID": 1175511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5185", "title": "Comparison of somatomedin activity in rat serum and lymph.", "content": "A chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) assay has been used to measure the somatomedin activity in serum and lymph from normal rats. Lymph contains about one-half the SM activity found in serum. The somatomedin activites in serum and lymph have identical elution volumes on Sephadex G-50 in 1N acetic acid. Chromatography at neutral pH demonstrates that somatomedin peptides are bound to large proteins in both normal rat serum and lymph. The relative restriction of somatomedin to the intravascular space may be due to this protein binding.", "contents": "Comparison of somatomedin activity in rat serum and lymph. A chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) assay has been used to measure the somatomedin activity in serum and lymph from normal rats. Lymph contains about one-half the SM activity found in serum. The somatomedin activites in serum and lymph have identical elution volumes on Sephadex G-50 in 1N acetic acid. Chromatography at neutral pH demonstrates that somatomedin peptides are bound to large proteins in both normal rat serum and lymph. The relative restriction of somatomedin to the intravascular space may be due to this protein binding.", "PMID": 1175512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5186", "title": "Age-dependent loss of sensitivity of female urogenital sinus to androgenic conditions as a function of the epithelia-stromal interaction in mice.", "content": "The ability of the female urogenital sinus to respond to androgens in forming prostate was determined by growing 13- to 18-day old embryonic female urogenital sinuses and vaginas from 1- to 30-day old mice as grafts to male hosts. All embryonic unrogenital sinuses as well as vaginas from 1-day old mice were responsive to androgens and formed prostate, whereas vaginas from mice 5- or more days old never formed prostate. To determine which tissue, the epithelium or stroma, accounts for the age-dependent loss in responsiveness of the vagina to androgens in forming prostate, recombinations composed of epithelium and stroma from 16-day old embryonic urogenital sinuses and vaginas from 1- to 20-day old mice were grown as grafts to male hosts. The developmental response of these recombinants demonstrated that the age-dependent loss in responsiveness of the intact vagina to androgens results from an age-dependent loss in the ability of vaginal stroma to participate in prostatic morphogenesis. These data emphasize the importance of stromal factors during prostatic morphogenesis and the relationship of temporal factors to developmental properties of urogenital stroma.", "contents": "Age-dependent loss of sensitivity of female urogenital sinus to androgenic conditions as a function of the epithelia-stromal interaction in mice. The ability of the female urogenital sinus to respond to androgens in forming prostate was determined by growing 13- to 18-day old embryonic female urogenital sinuses and vaginas from 1- to 30-day old mice as grafts to male hosts. All embryonic unrogenital sinuses as well as vaginas from 1-day old mice were responsive to androgens and formed prostate, whereas vaginas from mice 5- or more days old never formed prostate. To determine which tissue, the epithelium or stroma, accounts for the age-dependent loss in responsiveness of the vagina to androgens in forming prostate, recombinations composed of epithelium and stroma from 16-day old embryonic urogenital sinuses and vaginas from 1- to 20-day old mice were grown as grafts to male hosts. The developmental response of these recombinants demonstrated that the age-dependent loss in responsiveness of the intact vagina to androgens results from an age-dependent loss in the ability of vaginal stroma to participate in prostatic morphogenesis. These data emphasize the importance of stromal factors during prostatic morphogenesis and the relationship of temporal factors to developmental properties of urogenital stroma.", "PMID": 1175513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5187", "title": "Reversal by vasotocin of pinealectomy and constant light effects on the pituitary melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) content in the mouse.", "content": "A single injection of 1 pg synthetic arginine vasotocin (AVT) into the third ventricle of the mouse completely prevented the pituitary MSH increase which occurs seven days after pinealectomy or 24 h after exposure to constant light. The same concentration of AVT injected into the third ventricle of normal mice markedly decreased the pituitary MSH content at 20 min following the injection. The present results suggest that AVT injected into the third ventricle of the mouse inhibits synthesis and/or release of MSH-release inhibiting factor (MIF).", "contents": "Reversal by vasotocin of pinealectomy and constant light effects on the pituitary melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) content in the mouse. A single injection of 1 pg synthetic arginine vasotocin (AVT) into the third ventricle of the mouse completely prevented the pituitary MSH increase which occurs seven days after pinealectomy or 24 h after exposure to constant light. The same concentration of AVT injected into the third ventricle of normal mice markedly decreased the pituitary MSH content at 20 min following the injection. The present results suggest that AVT injected into the third ventricle of the mouse inhibits synthesis and/or release of MSH-release inhibiting factor (MIF).", "PMID": 1175514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5188", "title": "Iodoacetate and iodoacetamide-induced alterations of pancreatic alpha- and beta-cell responses.", "content": "Iodoacetate and iodoacetamide were compared as to their capacity to block islet glycolysis and interfere with glucose inhibition of glucagon release and glucose stimulation of insulin release. Glycolysis was measured in isolated rat islet by the rate of lactate formation from 27 mM glucose. Hormone release was investigated by perfusing isolated rat pancreas with a 10 mM mixture of 19 amino acids, with and without 5 mM glucose. In perfusion experiments, lactate (2.5 mM) and pyruvate (0.5 mM) were present to provide alternate source of energy independent of glycolysis. Iodoacetate was about twice as potent as iodoacetamide in blocking glycolysis in islets, 0.2 and 0.5 mM, respectively being needed for complete inhibition of lactate production. Levels of either agent lower than 0.05 mM did not affect lactate accumulation. Iodoacetate, at the level which completely inhibited glycolysis did not interfere with the permissive action of glucose for insulin release. In contrast, iodoacetamide at a level (0.05 mM) which had no effect on lactate production, changed the response of the beta-cell dramatically: amino acids now released insulin even in the absence of glucose and insulin release by 5 mM glucose alone was greatly augmented. Both thiol reagents at 0.025 mM concentration completely prevented glucose from suppressing amino acid stimulated glucagon release, iodoacetamide being more potent than iodoacetate. These data indicate that the opposite physiological actions of glucose in alpha and beta-cells are in each case dissociable from the fuel function of the sugar molecule, and the results best support the concept that glucose and thiol reagents effect insulin and glucagon secretion by acting on sulfhydryl groups related to receptor sites in the alpha-and beta-cell membrane.", "contents": "Iodoacetate and iodoacetamide-induced alterations of pancreatic alpha- and beta-cell responses. Iodoacetate and iodoacetamide were compared as to their capacity to block islet glycolysis and interfere with glucose inhibition of glucagon release and glucose stimulation of insulin release. Glycolysis was measured in isolated rat islet by the rate of lactate formation from 27 mM glucose. Hormone release was investigated by perfusing isolated rat pancreas with a 10 mM mixture of 19 amino acids, with and without 5 mM glucose. In perfusion experiments, lactate (2.5 mM) and pyruvate (0.5 mM) were present to provide alternate source of energy independent of glycolysis. Iodoacetate was about twice as potent as iodoacetamide in blocking glycolysis in islets, 0.2 and 0.5 mM, respectively being needed for complete inhibition of lactate production. Levels of either agent lower than 0.05 mM did not affect lactate accumulation. Iodoacetate, at the level which completely inhibited glycolysis did not interfere with the permissive action of glucose for insulin release. In contrast, iodoacetamide at a level (0.05 mM) which had no effect on lactate production, changed the response of the beta-cell dramatically: amino acids now released insulin even in the absence of glucose and insulin release by 5 mM glucose alone was greatly augmented. Both thiol reagents at 0.025 mM concentration completely prevented glucose from suppressing amino acid stimulated glucagon release, iodoacetamide being more potent than iodoacetate. These data indicate that the opposite physiological actions of glucose in alpha and beta-cells are in each case dissociable from the fuel function of the sugar molecule, and the results best support the concept that glucose and thiol reagents effect insulin and glucagon secretion by acting on sulfhydryl groups related to receptor sites in the alpha-and beta-cell membrane.", "PMID": 1175515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5189", "title": "Effects of testosterone propionate or dihydrotestosterone propionate on plasma FSH and LH levels in neonatal rats and on sexual differentiation of the brain.", "content": "The present study tests the hypothesis that the effects of perinatal androgen administration on the development of the brain are brought about indirectly by a suppression of plasma gonadotropin (GTH) titers. Both castrated male and intact female rats were treated neonatally with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) or testosterone propionate (TP) throughout the first ten postnatal days of life and the corresponding effects on neonatal plasma FSH and LH levels and the subsequent ability of the adult to exhibit cyclic GTH release and female sex behavior (lordosis) were determined. In males castrated within 24 h of birth, subcutaneous injections of DHTP (60 or 180 mug per 100 g average body weight) or TP (60 mug/100 g) given on day 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 reduced plasma levels of FSH and LH as determined by radioimmunoassay 48 h following the first and last injections. However, TP but not DHTP masculinized the development of the regulation of GTH release as mesured by luteinization of subcutaneous ovarian grafts, and also suppressed the ability of adult neonatally castrated male primed with estradiol benzoate and progesterone to display lordosis behavior. In intact females, the same neonatal DHTP and TP injection regime lowered FSH and LH plasma levels following the last injection (day 12), while DHTP lowered LH, but not FSH, following the first injection (day 4). All TP treated females had ovaries devoid of CL by 45 days of age and showed prolonged vaginal cornification. However, DHTP failed to masculinize the pattern of GTH release in females since DHTP-treated females, like oil-treated females, possessed CL(days 45 and 100) and exhibited vaginal cycles (days 80-100). Lordosis quotients of females treated neonatally with DHTP were as high as those of oil-treated females and significantly  higher than those of TP-treated females. These results demonstrate that the ability of TP to induce maculine differentiation of the neural regulation of GTH release and female sex behavior does not depend on its ability to depress circulating LH and FSH levels in the neonatal male, or LH levels in the neonatal female rat.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone propionate or dihydrotestosterone propionate on plasma FSH and LH levels in neonatal rats and on sexual differentiation of the brain. The present study tests the hypothesis that the effects of perinatal androgen administration on the development of the brain are brought about indirectly by a suppression of plasma gonadotropin (GTH) titers. Both castrated male and intact female rats were treated neonatally with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) or testosterone propionate (TP) throughout the first ten postnatal days of life and the corresponding effects on neonatal plasma FSH and LH levels and the subsequent ability of the adult to exhibit cyclic GTH release and female sex behavior (lordosis) were determined. In males castrated within 24 h of birth, subcutaneous injections of DHTP (60 or 180 mug per 100 g average body weight) or TP (60 mug/100 g) given on day 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 reduced plasma levels of FSH and LH as determined by radioimmunoassay 48 h following the first and last injections. However, TP but not DHTP masculinized the development of the regulation of GTH release as mesured by luteinization of subcutaneous ovarian grafts, and also suppressed the ability of adult neonatally castrated male primed with estradiol benzoate and progesterone to display lordosis behavior. In intact females, the same neonatal DHTP and TP injection regime lowered FSH and LH plasma levels following the last injection (day 12), while DHTP lowered LH, but not FSH, following the first injection (day 4). All TP treated females had ovaries devoid of CL by 45 days of age and showed prolonged vaginal cornification. However, DHTP failed to masculinize the pattern of GTH release in females since DHTP-treated females, like oil-treated females, possessed CL(days 45 and 100) and exhibited vaginal cycles (days 80-100). Lordosis quotients of females treated neonatally with DHTP were as high as those of oil-treated females and significantly  higher than those of TP-treated females. These results demonstrate that the ability of TP to induce maculine differentiation of the neural regulation of GTH release and female sex behavior does not depend on its ability to depress circulating LH and FSH levels in the neonatal male, or LH levels in the neonatal female rat.", "PMID": 1175516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5190", "title": "The relationship between the rat of testosterone infusion and gonadotropin secretion.", "content": "Prepubertal and young adult male rats were castrated and continuous intravenous infusions of testosterone were administered for 2-3 days. Blood samples were obtained at various intervals and serum concentrations of FSH and LH were determined. In 43-day-old males a dose of approximately 57 mug/day was required to suppress serum LH to levels observed in intact controls, and FSH was also suppressed at this dose. Within one day after termination of infusions serum LH and FSH concentration had returned to (or exceeded) the levels observed in castrates infused with vehicle only. This was true even after a very large dose of testosterone had been administered (918 mug/day). In 59-day-old males serum LH was suppressed somewhat by 40 mug testosterone/day and further by 200 mug/day. FSH did not appear to be suppressed as readily in these rats as compared to the younger animals. Further experiments in which castrated rats were injected with testosterone or testosterone propionate revealed marked differences in the magnitude and time course of the action of these compounds upon LH release. It is suggested that the rate of metabolism of these steroids is important in limiting their effects, especially when administered by single daily injections. Furthermore, it appears that \"recovery\" of the hypothalamic-pituitary system from exposure to high concentrations of testosterone is rapid following clearance of the steroid from the blood.", "contents": "The relationship between the rat of testosterone infusion and gonadotropin secretion. Prepubertal and young adult male rats were castrated and continuous intravenous infusions of testosterone were administered for 2-3 days. Blood samples were obtained at various intervals and serum concentrations of FSH and LH were determined. In 43-day-old males a dose of approximately 57 mug/day was required to suppress serum LH to levels observed in intact controls, and FSH was also suppressed at this dose. Within one day after termination of infusions serum LH and FSH concentration had returned to (or exceeded) the levels observed in castrates infused with vehicle only. This was true even after a very large dose of testosterone had been administered (918 mug/day). In 59-day-old males serum LH was suppressed somewhat by 40 mug testosterone/day and further by 200 mug/day. FSH did not appear to be suppressed as readily in these rats as compared to the younger animals. Further experiments in which castrated rats were injected with testosterone or testosterone propionate revealed marked differences in the magnitude and time course of the action of these compounds upon LH release. It is suggested that the rate of metabolism of these steroids is important in limiting their effects, especially when administered by single daily injections. Furthermore, it appears that \"recovery\" of the hypothalamic-pituitary system from exposure to high concentrations of testosterone is rapid following clearance of the steroid from the blood.", "PMID": 1175517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5191", "title": "3Beta-hydroxy-20-oxo-pregn-5-ene-16 alpha-carbonitrile, a potent catatoxic steroid devoid of an abortifacient effect.", "content": "PCN (3beta-Hydroxy-20-oxo-pregn-5-ene-16alpha-carbonitrile), a potent catatoxic steroid devoid of all other classic hormonal properties, given in doses amply sufficient to induce hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes and inhibit the anesthesia caused by massive amounts of progesterone in pregnant rats, did not modify: 1. the pregnant:mated ratio, 2. the length of gestation, 3. the number of implantation sites, and 4. the size of the litter. The viability and postpartum development of the offspring were normal, as judged by gross macroscopic examination. PCN had no adverse effects on pregnancy after hypophysectomy (day 12), or ovariectomy (day 8) in rats treated with maintenance doses of progesterone and estrone. It would therefore appear that the pregnancy-maintaining capacity of endogenous or exogenous steroids (administered as substitution therapy following the glandular extirpations) was not altered by PCN and that hypothalamo-hypophyseal regulatory mechanisms were not responsible for the failure of the steroid to provoke abortion. As judged by our in vivo experiment, this pure hepatic microsomal exzyme inducer does not modify the steady state of steroid-dependent physiologic functions.", "contents": "3Beta-hydroxy-20-oxo-pregn-5-ene-16 alpha-carbonitrile, a potent catatoxic steroid devoid of an abortifacient effect. PCN (3beta-Hydroxy-20-oxo-pregn-5-ene-16alpha-carbonitrile), a potent catatoxic steroid devoid of all other classic hormonal properties, given in doses amply sufficient to induce hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes and inhibit the anesthesia caused by massive amounts of progesterone in pregnant rats, did not modify: 1. the pregnant:mated ratio, 2. the length of gestation, 3. the number of implantation sites, and 4. the size of the litter. The viability and postpartum development of the offspring were normal, as judged by gross macroscopic examination. PCN had no adverse effects on pregnancy after hypophysectomy (day 12), or ovariectomy (day 8) in rats treated with maintenance doses of progesterone and estrone. It would therefore appear that the pregnancy-maintaining capacity of endogenous or exogenous steroids (administered as substitution therapy following the glandular extirpations) was not altered by PCN and that hypothalamo-hypophyseal regulatory mechanisms were not responsible for the failure of the steroid to provoke abortion. As judged by our in vivo experiment, this pure hepatic microsomal exzyme inducer does not modify the steady state of steroid-dependent physiologic functions.", "PMID": 1175518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5192", "title": "Thyroid hormone regulation of the pulsatile discharges of luteinizing hormone in ovariectomized rats.", "content": "The pulsatile discharges of luteinizing hormone (LH) were characterized in ovariectomized rats in the presence or absence of thyroid hormone. LH secretion in ovariectomized rats with intact thyroid glands and thyroidectomized-ovariectomized rats receiving daily physiological doses of thyroxine (2 mug/100 g BW/day for 8 days) showed equivalent periodic discharges with frequencies between 15 and 45 min. Though the frequency of the plasma LH rhythm in untreated athyroid-ovariectomized rats was normal, the maximum and minimum concentrations were 2- to 3-fold higher than those of euthyroid-ovariectomized animals. On the other hand, treatment of athyroid-ovariectomized rats with a daily hyperthyroid dose of thyroxine (20 mug/100 g BW) for 8 days, attenuated pulsatile discharges of LH. The LH measured in the sera of these animals each gave dose-response curves by radioimmunoassay which were identical to the authentic rat LH reference preparation. Furthermore, neither the molecular profile nor the metabolic clearance rate of LH was affected by alterations in thyroid status. These results suggest that altered thyroid status does not influence the synthesis and metabolism of LH but does exert a profound effect on the secretion of this hormone by presumably acting directly on the hypothalamo-pituitary axis.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone regulation of the pulsatile discharges of luteinizing hormone in ovariectomized rats. The pulsatile discharges of luteinizing hormone (LH) were characterized in ovariectomized rats in the presence or absence of thyroid hormone. LH secretion in ovariectomized rats with intact thyroid glands and thyroidectomized-ovariectomized rats receiving daily physiological doses of thyroxine (2 mug/100 g BW/day for 8 days) showed equivalent periodic discharges with frequencies between 15 and 45 min. Though the frequency of the plasma LH rhythm in untreated athyroid-ovariectomized rats was normal, the maximum and minimum concentrations were 2- to 3-fold higher than those of euthyroid-ovariectomized animals. On the other hand, treatment of athyroid-ovariectomized rats with a daily hyperthyroid dose of thyroxine (20 mug/100 g BW) for 8 days, attenuated pulsatile discharges of LH. The LH measured in the sera of these animals each gave dose-response curves by radioimmunoassay which were identical to the authentic rat LH reference preparation. Furthermore, neither the molecular profile nor the metabolic clearance rate of LH was affected by alterations in thyroid status. These results suggest that altered thyroid status does not influence the synthesis and metabolism of LH but does exert a profound effect on the secretion of this hormone by presumably acting directly on the hypothalamo-pituitary axis.", "PMID": 1175519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5193", "title": "The effect of basal hypothalamic deafferentation on the nycthemeral rhythm of plasma TSH.", "content": "Basal hypothalamic deafferentation abolished the nycthemeral rhythm of both plasma TSH and corticosterone.", "contents": "The effect of basal hypothalamic deafferentation on the nycthemeral rhythm of plasma TSH. Basal hypothalamic deafferentation abolished the nycthemeral rhythm of both plasma TSH and corticosterone.", "PMID": 1175520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5194", "title": "The effect of somatostatin on platelet aggregation.", "content": "Somatostatin was infused intravenously over two hours to rabbits in a dose of 1.5 mug/kg min with an initial loading dose of 50 mug/kg. This dose inhibited platelet aggregation in response to both ADP and collagen. Lower doses of SRIF had no effect. The addition of SRIF in vitro to either human or rabbit platelet rich plasma also had no effect on collagen or ADP-induced platelet aggregation.", "contents": "The effect of somatostatin on platelet aggregation. Somatostatin was infused intravenously over two hours to rabbits in a dose of 1.5 mug/kg min with an initial loading dose of 50 mug/kg. This dose inhibited platelet aggregation in response to both ADP and collagen. Lower doses of SRIF had no effect. The addition of SRIF in vitro to either human or rabbit platelet rich plasma also had no effect on collagen or ADP-induced platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 1175521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5195", "title": "Demonstration of C-peptide immunoreactivity in various body fluids and clinical evaluation of the determination of urinary C-peptide immunoreactivity.", "content": "C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) was demonstrated not only in plasma, but in urine, ascites, cerebrospinal fluid and pleural effusion. The concentration of  CPR in urine was very high compared with that in the other body fluids and was easy to assay. CPR in urine after glucose administration or tolbutamide injection increased parallel to the change of CPR in plasma and also to that of IRI in normals or diabetics without renal disturbances. The result suggest that the determination of CPR in urine before and after stimulation of insulin secretion could serve as a simple indicator of insulin secretory function of pancreas.", "contents": "Demonstration of C-peptide immunoreactivity in various body fluids and clinical evaluation of the determination of urinary C-peptide immunoreactivity. C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) was demonstrated not only in plasma, but in urine, ascites, cerebrospinal fluid and pleural effusion. The concentration of  CPR in urine was very high compared with that in the other body fluids and was easy to assay. CPR in urine after glucose administration or tolbutamide injection increased parallel to the change of CPR in plasma and also to that of IRI in normals or diabetics without renal disturbances. The result suggest that the determination of CPR in urine before and after stimulation of insulin secretion could serve as a simple indicator of insulin secretory function of pancreas.", "PMID": 1175522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5196", "title": "Physical and radiological findings specific for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.", "content": "Preoperative physical and radiological findings, if specific to a certain extent, are important for detecting patients with sporadic form of medullary thyroid carcinoma and especially for the first patient in the family having a hereditary form of medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma syndrome. To delineate clinical features of medullary thyroid carcinoma, a total of 9 patients with this tumor were reviewed retrospectively. In most patients, the thyroid lesions were located in the upper two thirds of the lobe, which was determined by careful palpation or 131I scintiscanning of the thyroid. The primary lesion in the thyroid could be felt more or less as a round, sharply demarcated nodule with fairly good mobility. These findings suggested rather a benign thyroid nodule when there was no lymph node involvement. However, it could be considered a sign suggesting medullary thyroid carcinoma when accompanied by marked lymph node metastasis. In our recent 2 cases, the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma was strongly suspected on these clinical bases, one of the cases being presented in detail. In 4 patients, lymph node metastasis in the central neck extended to either submandibular or upper mediastinal regions or both. In about one third of the patients, calcified deposits were shown in the cervical roentgenograms. With the use of soft tissue roentgenography, grossly punctate calcific deposits associated with psammoma-like shadows were recognized and the pattern was a criterion for definitive diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma.", "contents": "Physical and radiological findings specific for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Preoperative physical and radiological findings, if specific to a certain extent, are important for detecting patients with sporadic form of medullary thyroid carcinoma and especially for the first patient in the family having a hereditary form of medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma syndrome. To delineate clinical features of medullary thyroid carcinoma, a total of 9 patients with this tumor were reviewed retrospectively. In most patients, the thyroid lesions were located in the upper two thirds of the lobe, which was determined by careful palpation or 131I scintiscanning of the thyroid. The primary lesion in the thyroid could be felt more or less as a round, sharply demarcated nodule with fairly good mobility. These findings suggested rather a benign thyroid nodule when there was no lymph node involvement. However, it could be considered a sign suggesting medullary thyroid carcinoma when accompanied by marked lymph node metastasis. In our recent 2 cases, the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma was strongly suspected on these clinical bases, one of the cases being presented in detail. In 4 patients, lymph node metastasis in the central neck extended to either submandibular or upper mediastinal regions or both. In about one third of the patients, calcified deposits were shown in the cervical roentgenograms. With the use of soft tissue roentgenography, grossly punctate calcific deposits associated with psammoma-like shadows were recognized and the pattern was a criterion for definitive diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma.", "PMID": 1175523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5197", "title": "Effects of x-ray irradiation on the subsequent gonadotropin secretion in normal and neonatally estrogenized female rats.", "content": "Female rats were irradiated with 190R of X-rays at 10 days of age and sacrificed 4, 7 or 12 months later. Their ovaries were histologically examined and serum levels and pituitary contents of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were determined by radioimmunoassay. Both serum levels and pituitary contents of LH and FSH rose significantly 4 and 7 months after irradiation, although the ovaries were markedly reduced in weight. On the contrary, 12 months after irradiation, the ovaries increased in weight and consisted mostly of polyhedral, hyperplastic interstitial cell masses, and both LH and FSH in the serum and pituitary were reduced to normal levels. These characteristic changes in the ovarian weight and histological appearance could not be observed in the similarly irradiated animals which were received daily injections of estrone for the first 30 days of postnatal life, i.e., daily injections of 50 mug for the first 10 days, 100 mug for the middle 10 days and 200 mug for the last 10 days. Serum LH levels of the estrogenized irradiated rats at 7 or 12 months of age did not elevate although those of FSH were significantly higher than the non-irradiated intact levels. From these results, a rise in the blood levels of LH and the FSH may be attributed to the increase in weight and the histological changes in the ovaries of the irradiated female rats, and the elevation of only FSh level may not result in the abnormal growth of the irradiated ovaries.", "contents": "Effects of x-ray irradiation on the subsequent gonadotropin secretion in normal and neonatally estrogenized female rats. Female rats were irradiated with 190R of X-rays at 10 days of age and sacrificed 4, 7 or 12 months later. Their ovaries were histologically examined and serum levels and pituitary contents of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were determined by radioimmunoassay. Both serum levels and pituitary contents of LH and FSH rose significantly 4 and 7 months after irradiation, although the ovaries were markedly reduced in weight. On the contrary, 12 months after irradiation, the ovaries increased in weight and consisted mostly of polyhedral, hyperplastic interstitial cell masses, and both LH and FSH in the serum and pituitary were reduced to normal levels. These characteristic changes in the ovarian weight and histological appearance could not be observed in the similarly irradiated animals which were received daily injections of estrone for the first 30 days of postnatal life, i.e., daily injections of 50 mug for the first 10 days, 100 mug for the middle 10 days and 200 mug for the last 10 days. Serum LH levels of the estrogenized irradiated rats at 7 or 12 months of age did not elevate although those of FSH were significantly higher than the non-irradiated intact levels. From these results, a rise in the blood levels of LH and the FSH may be attributed to the increase in weight and the histological changes in the ovaries of the irradiated female rats, and the elevation of only FSh level may not result in the abnormal growth of the irradiated ovaries.", "PMID": 1175524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5198", "title": "Female lordosis pattern in the male rat induced by estrogen and progesterone: effect of interruption of the dorsal inputs to the preoptic area and hypothalamus.", "content": "Lordosis behavior was very rare in castrated male rats which had been pretreated with 50 mug estradiol benzoate (EB) for successive 2 days and 1 mg progesterone (P) 6-8 hr prior to testing on the third day. Only one out of 8 rats displayed lordosis in response to mounts by the sexually matured males. However, the occurrence of lordosis behavior was markedly increased in similarly treated castrated males in which the dorsal afferents to the preoptic area (POA) and hypothalamus were removed by the surgical cut. Twelve out of 19 rats of the group showed lordosis response. The incidence was less frequent in rats receiving sham deafferentation. These results suggest that the dorsal inputs to the POA and hypothalamus may exert a tonic inhibitory influence on the lordosis mediating system in the male rat.", "contents": "Female lordosis pattern in the male rat induced by estrogen and progesterone: effect of interruption of the dorsal inputs to the preoptic area and hypothalamus. Lordosis behavior was very rare in castrated male rats which had been pretreated with 50 mug estradiol benzoate (EB) for successive 2 days and 1 mg progesterone (P) 6-8 hr prior to testing on the third day. Only one out of 8 rats displayed lordosis in response to mounts by the sexually matured males. However, the occurrence of lordosis behavior was markedly increased in similarly treated castrated males in which the dorsal afferents to the preoptic area (POA) and hypothalamus were removed by the surgical cut. Twelve out of 19 rats of the group showed lordosis response. The incidence was less frequent in rats receiving sham deafferentation. These results suggest that the dorsal inputs to the POA and hypothalamus may exert a tonic inhibitory influence on the lordosis mediating system in the male rat.", "PMID": 1175525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5199", "title": "Serum T3 level in the patients with hyperthyroidism after therapy.", "content": "Serum T3 level in various thyroid diseases was determined in unextracted serum with the Dainabot kit for T3 RIA. The serum T3 level in 33 normal subjects was 0.8-1.6 ng/ml. It was 5.7 +/- 3.5 ng/ml (mean +/- S.D.) in 36 hyperthyroid patients, and undetectable to 0.8 ng/ml in 21 hypothyroid patients. Generally the serum T4 and serum T3 decreased  in parallel after radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism. However, in some cases the serum T3 level remained high in spite of normalized serum T4 after radioiodine therapy. This state indicated \"T3-toxicosis\", and hyperthyroidism was apt to recur. When thyroid function was observed for 2 years following radioiodine treatment, the ratio of serum T3 (T3 level before treatment/T3 level after treatment) decreased more significantly as compared with the ratio of serum T4 in euthyroid cases. Serum T3 provides a more sensitive index of thyroid function than serum T4 in euthyroid states after radioiodine or anti-thyroid drug therapy. The present data indicate that the serum T3 level and the T4/T3 ratio are valuable aids in the estimation of prognosis of hyperthyroid patients after various treatments.", "contents": "Serum T3 level in the patients with hyperthyroidism after therapy. Serum T3 level in various thyroid diseases was determined in unextracted serum with the Dainabot kit for T3 RIA. The serum T3 level in 33 normal subjects was 0.8-1.6 ng/ml. It was 5.7 +/- 3.5 ng/ml (mean +/- S.D.) in 36 hyperthyroid patients, and undetectable to 0.8 ng/ml in 21 hypothyroid patients. Generally the serum T4 and serum T3 decreased  in parallel after radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism. However, in some cases the serum T3 level remained high in spite of normalized serum T4 after radioiodine therapy. This state indicated \"T3-toxicosis\", and hyperthyroidism was apt to recur. When thyroid function was observed for 2 years following radioiodine treatment, the ratio of serum T3 (T3 level before treatment/T3 level after treatment) decreased more significantly as compared with the ratio of serum T4 in euthyroid cases. Serum T3 provides a more sensitive index of thyroid function than serum T4 in euthyroid states after radioiodine or anti-thyroid drug therapy. The present data indicate that the serum T3 level and the T4/T3 ratio are valuable aids in the estimation of prognosis of hyperthyroid patients after various treatments.", "PMID": 1175526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5200", "title": "The size of the corpus luteum during pseudopregnancy and pregnancy in the rat.", "content": "The corpus luteum in mature Sprague Dawley rats was weighted at the various stages of pseudopregnancy and pregancy. The average size of these corpora lutea was 1.0 +/- 0.10 mg, 1.61 +/- 0.69 mg, 1.90 +/- 0.25 mg, 3.69 +/- 0.36 mg, and 4.37 +/- 0.50 mg on day 2 of diestrus, on days 10-15 of psuedopregnancy, on days 9-10, 14, and 20 of pregnancy, respectively. The fact that the average size of the corpus luteum on days 10-15 of pseudopregnancy was larger than that on day 2 of diestrus is thought to drive from prolonged exposure of the corpus luteum to prolactin. The average size of the corpus luteum on days 9-10 of pregnancy had a tendency to be larger than that on days 10-15 of pseudopregnancy and this seems to demonstrate that the placenta secreted placental lactogen by this stage of pregnancy. The average size of the corpus luteum on day 14 of pregnancy was larger than that on days 9-10 of pregnancy. This phenomenon might be attributed to the presence of large amounts of placental lactogen secreted from the placenta between days 10 and 14 of pregnancy. Furthermore, it was noted that the size of the corpus luteum on day 20 of pregnancy was larger than that of day 14, which suggests that further secretion of placental lactogen continued after day 14 of pregnancy. As there was a remarkable decrease in the number of fetuses on day 20 of pregnancy when overiectomy was performed on day 14 of pregnancy, the ovary was considered indispensable in maintaining pregnancy in the rat.", "contents": "The size of the corpus luteum during pseudopregnancy and pregnancy in the rat. The corpus luteum in mature Sprague Dawley rats was weighted at the various stages of pseudopregnancy and pregancy. The average size of these corpora lutea was 1.0 +/- 0.10 mg, 1.61 +/- 0.69 mg, 1.90 +/- 0.25 mg, 3.69 +/- 0.36 mg, and 4.37 +/- 0.50 mg on day 2 of diestrus, on days 10-15 of psuedopregnancy, on days 9-10, 14, and 20 of pregnancy, respectively. The fact that the average size of the corpus luteum on days 10-15 of pseudopregnancy was larger than that on day 2 of diestrus is thought to drive from prolonged exposure of the corpus luteum to prolactin. The average size of the corpus luteum on days 9-10 of pregnancy had a tendency to be larger than that on days 10-15 of pseudopregnancy and this seems to demonstrate that the placenta secreted placental lactogen by this stage of pregnancy. The average size of the corpus luteum on day 14 of pregnancy was larger than that on days 9-10 of pregnancy. This phenomenon might be attributed to the presence of large amounts of placental lactogen secreted from the placenta between days 10 and 14 of pregnancy. Furthermore, it was noted that the size of the corpus luteum on day 20 of pregnancy was larger than that of day 14, which suggests that further secretion of placental lactogen continued after day 14 of pregnancy. As there was a remarkable decrease in the number of fetuses on day 20 of pregnancy when overiectomy was performed on day 14 of pregnancy, the ovary was considered indispensable in maintaining pregnancy in the rat.", "PMID": 1175527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5201", "title": "Synthesis of two lactogenic proteins by the mouse placenta in vitro.", "content": "The culture medium of mouse placental tissues was analyzed on acrylamide gel electrophoresis to localize lactogenic substances. Placental explants from 12- or 14-day-pregnant BALB/cHe mice were organ-cultured for 6 days in leucine-free Way-mouth's medium supplemented with 3H-leucine (10 mu/Ci/ml) and insulin (0.12I.U./ml). The medium was collected every other day and subjected to acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The electrophoretic pattern of radioactive leucine incorporated into proteins was examined on stained 7% gels. Five protein bands were associated with high radioactivity. The location of lactogenic activity on acrylamide gel was when investigated by the technique of organ culture of mouse mammary tissues. Placental explants from 12- to 14-day-pregnant BALB/cHe mice were organ-cultured in Waymouth's medium supplemented with insulin for 2 days. After electrophoresis, proteins were eluted by keeping the segment of acrylamide gel in phosphate buffer, dialyzed and dissolved in tissue culture medium 199 supplemented with insulin and cortisol. Mammary tissues from 8-day-pregnant KA2 mice were cultured for 3 days in the medium containing each eluate. Mammary glands always responded to eluted proteins from two positions of 7% gel, as judged in histological sections. The data suggest the presence of two lactogenic substances in the mouse placenta.", "contents": "Synthesis of two lactogenic proteins by the mouse placenta in vitro. The culture medium of mouse placental tissues was analyzed on acrylamide gel electrophoresis to localize lactogenic substances. Placental explants from 12- or 14-day-pregnant BALB/cHe mice were organ-cultured for 6 days in leucine-free Way-mouth's medium supplemented with 3H-leucine (10 mu/Ci/ml) and insulin (0.12I.U./ml). The medium was collected every other day and subjected to acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The electrophoretic pattern of radioactive leucine incorporated into proteins was examined on stained 7% gels. Five protein bands were associated with high radioactivity. The location of lactogenic activity on acrylamide gel was when investigated by the technique of organ culture of mouse mammary tissues. Placental explants from 12- to 14-day-pregnant BALB/cHe mice were organ-cultured in Waymouth's medium supplemented with insulin for 2 days. After electrophoresis, proteins were eluted by keeping the segment of acrylamide gel in phosphate buffer, dialyzed and dissolved in tissue culture medium 199 supplemented with insulin and cortisol. Mammary tissues from 8-day-pregnant KA2 mice were cultured for 3 days in the medium containing each eluate. Mammary glands always responded to eluted proteins from two positions of 7% gel, as judged in histological sections. The data suggest the presence of two lactogenic substances in the mouse placenta.", "PMID": 1175528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5202", "title": "Long-term effect of vasectomy on the biochemical composition of testes and sex accessory organs of the Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurrianae Jerdon.", "content": "A long-term vasoligation operation in gerbils, Meriones hurrianae Jerdon did not reveal any consistent change in the weights of androgen dependent organs such as seminal vesicles, ventral prostate, epididymes and perineal complex (levator ani muscle and penis). Histological structure of the testis and caput epididymis remains normal after vasectomy. There was no effect of bilateral vasectomy on androgen production of the testes as reflected by fructose content of coagulating gland. No compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral testis was observed in unilaterally vasectomized gerbils. The RNA content of the testis and epididymis and ascorbic acid content of adrenal gland did not show appreciable change. No change in protein content of the testis was found but a significant increase was observed in the protein content of epididymis after the operation.", "contents": "Long-term effect of vasectomy on the biochemical composition of testes and sex accessory organs of the Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurrianae Jerdon. A long-term vasoligation operation in gerbils, Meriones hurrianae Jerdon did not reveal any consistent change in the weights of androgen dependent organs such as seminal vesicles, ventral prostate, epididymes and perineal complex (levator ani muscle and penis). Histological structure of the testis and caput epididymis remains normal after vasectomy. There was no effect of bilateral vasectomy on androgen production of the testes as reflected by fructose content of coagulating gland. No compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral testis was observed in unilaterally vasectomized gerbils. The RNA content of the testis and epididymis and ascorbic acid content of adrenal gland did not show appreciable change. No change in protein content of the testis was found but a significant increase was observed in the protein content of epididymis after the operation.", "PMID": 1175529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5203", "title": "[Influence of neonatally administered gonadotropin on the sexual function of adult rats].", "content": "Male and female rats were daily injected with 10 IU HCG plus 10 IU FSH from the 1st to 14th day of life in order to investigate the influence of neonatal gonadotrophin administration on the sex-specific differentiation of the brain. When adult, the males showed hypogonadism associated with approximately normal sexual activity. In the females, precocious puberty, indicated by premature vaginal opening and spontaneous estrus, occurred. Furthermore, bisexuality with a tendency towards more male behavioural patterns was observed, but no impairment of ovarian cyclicity. Thus, hypergonadotrophic hypergonadism during the hypothalamic differentiation phase gave rise to bisexual behaviour in adult female rats associated with normal ovarian cycles. The question of a direct or indirect influence of gonadotrophins on the sex-specific brain differentiation is discussed.", "contents": "[Influence of neonatally administered gonadotropin on the sexual function of adult rats]. Male and female rats were daily injected with 10 IU HCG plus 10 IU FSH from the 1st to 14th day of life in order to investigate the influence of neonatal gonadotrophin administration on the sex-specific differentiation of the brain. When adult, the males showed hypogonadism associated with approximately normal sexual activity. In the females, precocious puberty, indicated by premature vaginal opening and spontaneous estrus, occurred. Furthermore, bisexuality with a tendency towards more male behavioural patterns was observed, but no impairment of ovarian cyclicity. Thus, hypergonadotrophic hypergonadism during the hypothalamic differentiation phase gave rise to bisexual behaviour in adult female rats associated with normal ovarian cycles. The question of a direct or indirect influence of gonadotrophins on the sex-specific brain differentiation is discussed.", "PMID": 1175530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5204", "title": "[An ultrastructural study of the adrenal cortex in Cushing's syndrome without and with hyperaldosteronism].", "content": "This paper reports ultrastructural comparision of the adrenal gland zones of a rare case of a combination from Cushing's syndrome and hyperaldosteronism with a pure Cushing's syndrom and with a normal human adrenal gland. Whilst between the zona glomerulosa of the normal adrenal gland and of the Cushing's syndrom there are no differences, the morphological state of the glomerulosa cells of the Cushing's syndrom in combination with hyperaldosteronism is interpreted as an inhibition of the activity of these cells. In the cells of the hyperplastic zona fasciculata of Cushing's syndrom in combination with hyperaldosteronism, there are no electronmicroscopical characteristics, who are morphological equivalent of the production of aldosterone. The abundant quantity of steroid producing organells in these cells point to a high function. The cells of the adenoma of Cushing's syndrom contain abundant vacuols of lipids, in which presumable are stored steroid hormones.", "contents": "[An ultrastructural study of the adrenal cortex in Cushing's syndrome without and with hyperaldosteronism]. This paper reports ultrastructural comparision of the adrenal gland zones of a rare case of a combination from Cushing's syndrome and hyperaldosteronism with a pure Cushing's syndrom and with a normal human adrenal gland. Whilst between the zona glomerulosa of the normal adrenal gland and of the Cushing's syndrom there are no differences, the morphological state of the glomerulosa cells of the Cushing's syndrom in combination with hyperaldosteronism is interpreted as an inhibition of the activity of these cells. In the cells of the hyperplastic zona fasciculata of Cushing's syndrom in combination with hyperaldosteronism, there are no electronmicroscopical characteristics, who are morphological equivalent of the production of aldosterone. The abundant quantity of steroid producing organells in these cells point to a high function. The cells of the adenoma of Cushing's syndrom contain abundant vacuols of lipids, in which presumable are stored steroid hormones.", "PMID": 1175531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5205", "title": "[Diurnal rhythms of thyroid hormones in rooster chicks (Gallus domesticus). 1. Studies on the colloid epithelium portion, the radioiodine accumulation in the thyroid gland and the plasma radioiodide concentration].", "content": "Four and five week old White Leghorn cockerels were investigated concerning diurnal changes of thyroidal activity. They were kept under normal conditions, including the changes in day light (light from 5.00 am to 8.00 pm). In the thyroid maxima of the per cent amount of colloid were found at 3.00 am and at noon. The values differed significantly from the intermediate ones (2P less than 0.001) which reached only 22 per cent of the maxima. The thyroidal uptake of radioiodine had also a maximum at 3.00 am (51 percent and 78 percent resp., 90 min. or 24 hours p.i.). The 24-h uptake at 3.00 am was significant different from the corresponding uptakes between 6.00 am and 6.00 pm (53-61 percent; 2P less than 0.05). The plasma radioiodide increased at afternoon and in the evening. The 9.00 pm concentration differed significantly from the 9.00 am concentration (2P less than 0.001). Since in the afternoon most of the food is ingested the thyroid can take up a greater amount of untracered iodide and therefore the radioiodide concentration of plasma may remain high. The above observations may be explained in the following way: (1) The thyroidal iodine uptake is increased in the afternoon corresponding to the increase in colloid; however these increase is not detectable by measuring the radioiodine uptake because of dilution effects (during the night the increase in colloid coincidences with the increase in iodine uptake); (2) looking at the daily changes of colloid and radioiodine uptake the thyroid may be stimulated in the early morning and in the evening.", "contents": "[Diurnal rhythms of thyroid hormones in rooster chicks (Gallus domesticus). 1. Studies on the colloid epithelium portion, the radioiodine accumulation in the thyroid gland and the plasma radioiodide concentration]. Four and five week old White Leghorn cockerels were investigated concerning diurnal changes of thyroidal activity. They were kept under normal conditions, including the changes in day light (light from 5.00 am to 8.00 pm). In the thyroid maxima of the per cent amount of colloid were found at 3.00 am and at noon. The values differed significantly from the intermediate ones (2P less than 0.001) which reached only 22 per cent of the maxima. The thyroidal uptake of radioiodine had also a maximum at 3.00 am (51 percent and 78 percent resp., 90 min. or 24 hours p.i.). The 24-h uptake at 3.00 am was significant different from the corresponding uptakes between 6.00 am and 6.00 pm (53-61 percent; 2P less than 0.05). The plasma radioiodide increased at afternoon and in the evening. The 9.00 pm concentration differed significantly from the 9.00 am concentration (2P less than 0.001). Since in the afternoon most of the food is ingested the thyroid can take up a greater amount of untracered iodide and therefore the radioiodide concentration of plasma may remain high. The above observations may be explained in the following way: (1) The thyroidal iodine uptake is increased in the afternoon corresponding to the increase in colloid; however these increase is not detectable by measuring the radioiodine uptake because of dilution effects (during the night the increase in colloid coincidences with the increase in iodine uptake); (2) looking at the daily changes of colloid and radioiodine uptake the thyroid may be stimulated in the early morning and in the evening.", "PMID": 1175532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5206", "title": "[Diurnal rhythms of thyroid hormones in rooster chicks (Gallus domesticus). 3. Studies on the changes in deiodination rate of thyroxine-I-131].", "content": "As a measure for the availability and efficiency of the so-called free hormone to repress the thyreotropin-secretion (Mouriz et al., Endocr. 79, 248-260 (1966) we investigated the deiodination of thyroxine-I-131 (T4-I-131). This was done with special regard to a possible cyclic variation. By means of the reutilisation we could measure the removed radio-iodide in the thyroid 1-1/2 hours after T4-I-131 application. Using I-125 as a reference-isotope for the radioiodine uptake we could specify the actual extent of deiodination. The deiodination had a diurnal variation: The minimal values at 9 am and 9 pm (\"deiodination\" 10 or 9 percent) were significantly different (2 P less than 0.025) from the maximal values at 3.00 am and 3.00 pm (\"deiodination-rate\" about 17 percent). We propose the following explanation: 1) While the deiodination is decreasing in the morning and evening the pituitary releases more thyreotropin; 2) Thereby the thyroid releases more hormone and so the protein-bound iodine and the so-called free hormone raises. This would be in good agreement with our prior investigations.", "contents": "[Diurnal rhythms of thyroid hormones in rooster chicks (Gallus domesticus). 3. Studies on the changes in deiodination rate of thyroxine-I-131]. As a measure for the availability and efficiency of the so-called free hormone to repress the thyreotropin-secretion (Mouriz et al., Endocr. 79, 248-260 (1966) we investigated the deiodination of thyroxine-I-131 (T4-I-131). This was done with special regard to a possible cyclic variation. By means of the reutilisation we could measure the removed radio-iodide in the thyroid 1-1/2 hours after T4-I-131 application. Using I-125 as a reference-isotope for the radioiodine uptake we could specify the actual extent of deiodination. The deiodination had a diurnal variation: The minimal values at 9 am and 9 pm (\"deiodination\" 10 or 9 percent) were significantly different (2 P less than 0.025) from the maximal values at 3.00 am and 3.00 pm (\"deiodination-rate\" about 17 percent). We propose the following explanation: 1) While the deiodination is decreasing in the morning and evening the pituitary releases more thyreotropin; 2) Thereby the thyroid releases more hormone and so the protein-bound iodine and the so-called free hormone raises. This would be in good agreement with our prior investigations.", "PMID": 1175533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5207", "title": "[Determination of plasma progesterone using thin layer chromatography during pregnancy and normal menstrual cycle].", "content": "Plasma progesterone levels were measured during pregnancy and the normal human menstrual cycle by thin-layer densitometry of a specific fluorescence reaction for delta4-3-ketosteroids. 94 determinations were carried out from the 7th week of pregnancy until term. 84 plasma progesterone concentrations were estimated between day 16 and day 26 and other 10 during the preovulatory phase of the normal menstrual cycle.", "contents": "[Determination of plasma progesterone using thin layer chromatography during pregnancy and normal menstrual cycle]. Plasma progesterone levels were measured during pregnancy and the normal human menstrual cycle by thin-layer densitometry of a specific fluorescence reaction for delta4-3-ketosteroids. 94 determinations were carried out from the 7th week of pregnancy until term. 84 plasma progesterone concentrations were estimated between day 16 and day 26 and other 10 during the preovulatory phase of the normal menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 1175534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5208", "title": "[The mechanism of insulin secretion following oral glucose administration. 4. Inhibition of the early reflectoric phase of plasma insulin increase through atropine].", "content": "In the first phase after on oral glucose load or after sham-feeding of glucose in conscious intact or on the oesophagus fistulated dogs respectively, the peripheral venous plasma insulin concentration increases independently of any blood glucose alteration. After previous intravenous atropin injection, this reflectoric insulin secretion cannot be observed. The N. vagus is involved in the afferent and/or efferent side of the reinforcing mechanism of insulin secretion basing on the entero-insular axis. Additionally the enteral glucose absorption is inhibited.", "contents": "[The mechanism of insulin secretion following oral glucose administration. 4. Inhibition of the early reflectoric phase of plasma insulin increase through atropine]. In the first phase after on oral glucose load or after sham-feeding of glucose in conscious intact or on the oesophagus fistulated dogs respectively, the peripheral venous plasma insulin concentration increases independently of any blood glucose alteration. After previous intravenous atropin injection, this reflectoric insulin secretion cannot be observed. The N. vagus is involved in the afferent and/or efferent side of the reinforcing mechanism of insulin secretion basing on the entero-insular axis. Additionally the enteral glucose absorption is inhibited.", "PMID": 1175535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5209", "title": "Pulmonary response to polyurethane dust.", "content": "Weanling and 9 months or older rats were exposed to particles of an aged (PUF I) or freshly prepared (PUF II) rigid polyurethane foam by intratracheal intubation. The dose was 5 mg of particles. The response of the lung tissue was examined morphologically by serial sacrifices. Inflammation and macrophage activity were the initial responses. Fibrosis developed after 6 months. Nodular scars and perifocal emphysema were seen after 12 months. Four rats had a papillary adenoma in a major bronchus after 18 months exposure to PUF II.", "contents": "Pulmonary response to polyurethane dust. Weanling and 9 months or older rats were exposed to particles of an aged (PUF I) or freshly prepared (PUF II) rigid polyurethane foam by intratracheal intubation. The dose was 5 mg of particles. The response of the lung tissue was examined morphologically by serial sacrifices. Inflammation and macrophage activity were the initial responses. Fibrosis developed after 6 months. Nodular scars and perifocal emphysema were seen after 12 months. Four rats had a papillary adenoma in a major bronchus after 18 months exposure to PUF II.", "PMID": 1175548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5210", "title": "Biochemical toxicology of unsaturated halogenated monomers.", "content": "Previous inhalation toxicity studies from our laboratory have shown that 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), 1,1-dibromoethylene (1,1-DBE), and 2-chloro-1,3,-butadiene (2-CBD) are more toxic to fasted rats than to fed rats. Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) and 1,1-difluoroethylene (1,1-DFE) were not acutely hepatotoxic at 46,500 and 82,000 ppm, respectively, in normal male rats, whether fed or fasted. On a molar basis, 1,1-DBE and 1,1-DCE have similar toxicities while 2-CBD is less toxic. All three compounds produce similar elevation of serum transaminase and bloody ascites, although at differing times following differing exposure concentrations. 1,1-DCE produces massive midzonal hepatic necrosis with hepatic thrombosis and chromatolysis within 2 hr after a 4 hr exposure of fasted rats to 200 ppm. Subsequent to formation of this midzonal lesion, the central portion of the lobule collapses, accompanied by congestion, ascites, and in increased hematocrit in the rat. Serum transaminase and sorbital dehydrogenase are greatly elevated at 6 hr. This effect in fasted rats is associated with glutathione (GSH) depletion. Diethyl maleate (DEM) which depletes GSH in fed rats potentiates the injury associated with 1,1-DCE exposure as well as that produced by 2-CBD. Rats fed ad libitum and exposed to 1,1-DCE or 2-CBD at night, a time of low hepatic GSH concentration, exhibit enhancement of hepatotoxic response when compared to animals exposed during the day when GSH is high.", "contents": "Biochemical toxicology of unsaturated halogenated monomers. Previous inhalation toxicity studies from our laboratory have shown that 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), 1,1-dibromoethylene (1,1-DBE), and 2-chloro-1,3,-butadiene (2-CBD) are more toxic to fasted rats than to fed rats. Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) and 1,1-difluoroethylene (1,1-DFE) were not acutely hepatotoxic at 46,500 and 82,000 ppm, respectively, in normal male rats, whether fed or fasted. On a molar basis, 1,1-DBE and 1,1-DCE have similar toxicities while 2-CBD is less toxic. All three compounds produce similar elevation of serum transaminase and bloody ascites, although at differing times following differing exposure concentrations. 1,1-DCE produces massive midzonal hepatic necrosis with hepatic thrombosis and chromatolysis within 2 hr after a 4 hr exposure of fasted rats to 200 ppm. Subsequent to formation of this midzonal lesion, the central portion of the lobule collapses, accompanied by congestion, ascites, and in increased hematocrit in the rat. Serum transaminase and sorbital dehydrogenase are greatly elevated at 6 hr. This effect in fasted rats is associated with glutathione (GSH) depletion. Diethyl maleate (DEM) which depletes GSH in fed rats potentiates the injury associated with 1,1-DCE exposure as well as that produced by 2-CBD. Rats fed ad libitum and exposed to 1,1-DCE or 2-CBD at night, a time of low hepatic GSH concentration, exhibit enhancement of hepatotoxic response when compared to animals exposed during the day when GSH is high.", "PMID": 1175549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5211", "title": "Structure-activity relationships for ulcerogenic and adrenocorticolytic effects of alkyl nitriles, amines, and thiols.", "content": "In rats, a single administration of acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide) produces a rapidly occurring bilateral adrenal apoplexy. Structure-activity studies have shown that a close derivative, propionitrile (ethyl cyanide), causes duodenal ulcer without markedly affecting the adrenal glands. Prolonging the two-carbon chain of propionitrile by a methyl group (n-butyronitrile) enhances, replacing the methyl by bromide or nitrile decreases, while substitution by an amino group abolistes the ulcerogenic potency and variably affects the adrenocorticolytic action. On assaying a large number of nonnitrile compounds as well for ulcerogenic effect, such as thiols and amines, this effect was found to be related to a two-carbon structure bearing electronegative radicals on one or both ends of the chain.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships for ulcerogenic and adrenocorticolytic effects of alkyl nitriles, amines, and thiols. In rats, a single administration of acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide) produces a rapidly occurring bilateral adrenal apoplexy. Structure-activity studies have shown that a close derivative, propionitrile (ethyl cyanide), causes duodenal ulcer without markedly affecting the adrenal glands. Prolonging the two-carbon chain of propionitrile by a methyl group (n-butyronitrile) enhances, replacing the methyl by bromide or nitrile decreases, while substitution by an amino group abolistes the ulcerogenic potency and variably affects the adrenocorticolytic action. On assaying a large number of nonnitrile compounds as well for ulcerogenic effect, such as thiols and amines, this effect was found to be related to a two-carbon structure bearing electronegative radicals on one or both ends of the chain.", "PMID": 1175550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5212", "title": "Structure-toxicity relationships of acrylic monomers.", "content": "Esters of acrylic acid, in particular methyl methacrylate, have wide applications in a number of industrial and consumer products, forming very desirable nonbreakable glass-like materials. In dentistry, the monomers are used to prepare dentures and a variety of filling and coating materials for the teeth. Surgeons utilize the monomers to prepare a cement which helps anchor prosthetic devices to bone. Special types of acrylic monomers such as the cyano derivatives have found a useful application as adhesive materials. Most of the acrylic acid esters are volatile substances and can produce various levels of toxicity if inhaled. A large number of workers thus exposed to the vapors of these esters can develop clinical symptoms and signs of toxicity. This paper will discuss the toxicity of a large number of acrylic esters, and will attempt to show structure-activity relationships where such data are available. General comments will also be made as to the potential health hazards this variety of esters may present to selected segments of the population.", "contents": "Structure-toxicity relationships of acrylic monomers. Esters of acrylic acid, in particular methyl methacrylate, have wide applications in a number of industrial and consumer products, forming very desirable nonbreakable glass-like materials. In dentistry, the monomers are used to prepare dentures and a variety of filling and coating materials for the teeth. Surgeons utilize the monomers to prepare a cement which helps anchor prosthetic devices to bone. Special types of acrylic monomers such as the cyano derivatives have found a useful application as adhesive materials. Most of the acrylic acid esters are volatile substances and can produce various levels of toxicity if inhaled. A large number of workers thus exposed to the vapors of these esters can develop clinical symptoms and signs of toxicity. This paper will discuss the toxicity of a large number of acrylic esters, and will attempt to show structure-activity relationships where such data are available. General comments will also be made as to the potential health hazards this variety of esters may present to selected segments of the population.", "PMID": 1175551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5213", "title": "Experimental toxicology of pyrolysis and combustion hazards.", "content": "Data are presented on the acute toxicity (mortality only) of the thermal degradation products of polymers obtained by two methods of degradation. One system utilized a slowly increasing temperature (5 degrees C/min) and gradual degradation of the polymer with the rats being exposed to degradation products as they were evolved. In this system the more toxic polymers included wool, polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), and urethane foam. The second system utilized conditions of rapid combustion and exposure of rats to the total products of combustion for a period of 4 hr. In this system the more toxic materials included red oak, cotton, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), and styrene-acrylonitrile. It is of interest to note that the natural product wool is among the least toxic under these rapid combustion conditions and among the most toxic under slow pyrolysis conditions. Other materials also vary in the comparative toxicity of their thermal degradation products, depending upon the conditions of degradation and animal exposure. The two experimental techniques presented here may well represent the two extreme conditions of rapid combustion versus slow pyrolysis. Intermediate types of fire situations might be expected to result in relative acute toxicities somewhere between these two extremes. This report deals with acute toxicity on the basis of mortality data only and does not include other parameters of toxicity such as organ weights and histopathology.", "contents": "Experimental toxicology of pyrolysis and combustion hazards. Data are presented on the acute toxicity (mortality only) of the thermal degradation products of polymers obtained by two methods of degradation. One system utilized a slowly increasing temperature (5 degrees C/min) and gradual degradation of the polymer with the rats being exposed to degradation products as they were evolved. In this system the more toxic polymers included wool, polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), and urethane foam. The second system utilized conditions of rapid combustion and exposure of rats to the total products of combustion for a period of 4 hr. In this system the more toxic materials included red oak, cotton, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), and styrene-acrylonitrile. It is of interest to note that the natural product wool is among the least toxic under these rapid combustion conditions and among the most toxic under slow pyrolysis conditions. Other materials also vary in the comparative toxicity of their thermal degradation products, depending upon the conditions of degradation and animal exposure. The two experimental techniques presented here may well represent the two extreme conditions of rapid combustion versus slow pyrolysis. Intermediate types of fire situations might be expected to result in relative acute toxicities somewhere between these two extremes. This report deals with acute toxicity on the basis of mortality data only and does not include other parameters of toxicity such as organ weights and histopathology.", "PMID": 1175552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5214", "title": "An industrial approach to evaluation of pyrolysis and combustion hazards.", "content": "In addition to the usual toxicology studies necessary for the safe manufacture and use of polymers at room temperature, special studies are needed for polymers which will be used at elevated temperatures. This paper discusses various areas to be investigated and principles for deciding on test materials, tests, and test conditions, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and fluorinated polyethylene-propylene (PFEP) pyrolysis studies being used as an illustrative case history. Some limitations of animal testing also are mentioned. A toxicological spectrum relating toxicological determinants to PTFE temperature is developed.", "contents": "An industrial approach to evaluation of pyrolysis and combustion hazards. In addition to the usual toxicology studies necessary for the safe manufacture and use of polymers at room temperature, special studies are needed for polymers which will be used at elevated temperatures. This paper discusses various areas to be investigated and principles for deciding on test materials, tests, and test conditions, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and fluorinated polyethylene-propylene (PFEP) pyrolysis studies being used as an illustrative case history. Some limitations of animal testing also are mentioned. A toxicological spectrum relating toxicological determinants to PTFE temperature is developed.", "PMID": 1175553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5215", "title": "Environmental and toxicological planning in polymer production and disposal.", "content": "There is neither a prescribed format nor a rigid sequence of testing to follow for the assessment of health and environmental effects of chemicals. Conventional animal toxicity tests plus medical surveillance and monitoring of exposed human populations will provide knowledge of the biological effects of chemicals and assurance that they can be handled safely. Useful information also can be derived from other test procedures. These include extraction studies to measure the amounts of additives which can leach from polymers, toxicity tests using aquatic organisms and birds, and determination of the biodegradability of materials and their potential for accumulation and magnification in biological systems. Current concern over pyrolysis products of polymers points up the need for defining the variables involved and development of test procedures by which meaningful evaluations of potential health hazards can be made.", "contents": "Environmental and toxicological planning in polymer production and disposal. There is neither a prescribed format nor a rigid sequence of testing to follow for the assessment of health and environmental effects of chemicals. Conventional animal toxicity tests plus medical surveillance and monitoring of exposed human populations will provide knowledge of the biological effects of chemicals and assurance that they can be handled safely. Useful information also can be derived from other test procedures. These include extraction studies to measure the amounts of additives which can leach from polymers, toxicity tests using aquatic organisms and birds, and determination of the biodegradability of materials and their potential for accumulation and magnification in biological systems. Current concern over pyrolysis products of polymers points up the need for defining the variables involved and development of test procedures by which meaningful evaluations of potential health hazards can be made.", "PMID": 1175554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5216", "title": "Processing of plastics.", "content": "An overview is given of the processing of plastic materials from the handling of polymers in the pellet and powder form to manufacturing of a plastic fabricated product. Various types of equipment used and melt processing ranges of various polymer formulations to make the myriad of plastic products that are commercially available are discussed.", "contents": "Processing of plastics. An overview is given of the processing of plastic materials from the handling of polymers in the pellet and powder form to manufacturing of a plastic fabricated product. Various types of equipment used and melt processing ranges of various polymer formulations to make the myriad of plastic products that are commercially available are discussed.", "PMID": 1175556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5217", "title": "Mortality patterns among workers exposed to chloromethyl ethers--a preliminary report.", "content": "Chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME) has been used extensively as a crosslinking agent for ion-exchange resins. Commercial grades of CMME are contaminated to the extent of 2-8% with bischloromethyl ether, an alkylating agent which has been shown to be a very potent lung carcinogen in animals. Reports by other investigators in this and other countries have implicated CMME as a lung carcinogen in chemical workers. The purpose of the study reported here was to examine the lung cancer mortality experience with respect to intensity and duration of exposure in six of the seven chemical companies that account for virtually all of the CMME use in the United States. The study included about 1800 workers who were exposed in the period 1948 to 1972 and about 8000 workers not exposed to CMME from the same plants who served as controls. Exposed workers were characterized according to job description and duration of exposure. In several plants the intensity of exposure was numerically graded for each job category with adjustment for temporal changes in the plant processes. Social Security records were used to identify deaths among workers who had left the companies and death certificates have been obtained for virtually all known deaths. The age-adjusted death rate for respiratory cancer in the CMME exposed group as a whole was 2.5 times that in the control group, whereas death rates due to other causes were comparable. There was also a gradation of lung cancer risk according to intensity and duration of exposure and the time elapsed since the onset of exposure.", "contents": "Mortality patterns among workers exposed to chloromethyl ethers--a preliminary report. Chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME) has been used extensively as a crosslinking agent for ion-exchange resins. Commercial grades of CMME are contaminated to the extent of 2-8% with bischloromethyl ether, an alkylating agent which has been shown to be a very potent lung carcinogen in animals. Reports by other investigators in this and other countries have implicated CMME as a lung carcinogen in chemical workers. The purpose of the study reported here was to examine the lung cancer mortality experience with respect to intensity and duration of exposure in six of the seven chemical companies that account for virtually all of the CMME use in the United States. The study included about 1800 workers who were exposed in the period 1948 to 1972 and about 8000 workers not exposed to CMME from the same plants who served as controls. Exposed workers were characterized according to job description and duration of exposure. In several plants the intensity of exposure was numerically graded for each job category with adjustment for temporal changes in the plant processes. Social Security records were used to identify deaths among workers who had left the companies and death certificates have been obtained for virtually all known deaths. The age-adjusted death rate for respiratory cancer in the CMME exposed group as a whole was 2.5 times that in the control group, whereas death rates due to other causes were comparable. There was also a gradation of lung cancer risk according to intensity and duration of exposure and the time elapsed since the onset of exposure.", "PMID": 1175555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5218", "title": "Exposure to halogenated hydrocarbons in the indoor environment.", "content": "The indoor environment has frequently been ignored as a significant source of exposure to air pollutants. To date there are a number of documented examples of levels of indoor air pollutants greatly exceeding those levels which commonly occur in the outdoor environment. Among these instances are airborne buildup of polynuclear aromatics and cadmium from cigarette smoke, lead from burning candles, and vinyl chloride from use of aerosols containing this substance as a propellant. These examples suggest that there may be additional sources of indoor air pollutants, particularly halogenated hydrocarbons from aerosol products, which have heretofore not been generally recognized as important. The present paper endeavors to review those instances where halogenated hydrocarbons in the indoor air environment may build up to concentrations of potential public health concern. These considerations may be especially relevant in future years as increasing efforts are being made to insulate buildings more efficiently as a means to conserve energy. The available data strongly suggest that halogenated hydrocarbons are an important class of air pollutants in the indoor environment and that their presence in the outdoor environment should also be carefully examined. In this regard, halogenated hydrocarbons in the outdoor environment may also contaminate indoor air spaces.", "contents": "Exposure to halogenated hydrocarbons in the indoor environment. The indoor environment has frequently been ignored as a significant source of exposure to air pollutants. To date there are a number of documented examples of levels of indoor air pollutants greatly exceeding those levels which commonly occur in the outdoor environment. Among these instances are airborne buildup of polynuclear aromatics and cadmium from cigarette smoke, lead from burning candles, and vinyl chloride from use of aerosols containing this substance as a propellant. These examples suggest that there may be additional sources of indoor air pollutants, particularly halogenated hydrocarbons from aerosol products, which have heretofore not been generally recognized as important. The present paper endeavors to review those instances where halogenated hydrocarbons in the indoor air environment may build up to concentrations of potential public health concern. These considerations may be especially relevant in future years as increasing efforts are being made to insulate buildings more efficiently as a means to conserve energy. The available data strongly suggest that halogenated hydrocarbons are an important class of air pollutants in the indoor environment and that their presence in the outdoor environment should also be carefully examined. In this regard, halogenated hydrocarbons in the outdoor environment may also contaminate indoor air spaces.", "PMID": 1175557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5219", "title": "Acute liver injury by vinyl chloride: involvement of endoplasmic reticulum in phenobarbital-pretreated rats.", "content": "A single 6-hr exposure to vinyl chloride monomer (5%) produces extensive vacuolization of centrolobular liver parenchyma and focal midzonal necrosis in the hepatic lobuole in phenobarbital-pretreated rats. Ultrastructurally, vacuolization consists of dilation of cysternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the same cells smooth endoplasmic reticulum coalesces into discreet aggregates resembling denatured membranes. The findings support the hypothesis that vinyl chloride is hepatotoxic because it is converted into a toxic metabolite by components of the mixed function oxidase system of liver endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Acute liver injury by vinyl chloride: involvement of endoplasmic reticulum in phenobarbital-pretreated rats. A single 6-hr exposure to vinyl chloride monomer (5%) produces extensive vacuolization of centrolobular liver parenchyma and focal midzonal necrosis in the hepatic lobuole in phenobarbital-pretreated rats. Ultrastructurally, vacuolization consists of dilation of cysternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the same cells smooth endoplasmic reticulum coalesces into discreet aggregates resembling denatured membranes. The findings support the hypothesis that vinyl chloride is hepatotoxic because it is converted into a toxic metabolite by components of the mixed function oxidase system of liver endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 1175561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5220", "title": "Screening tests for pulmonary function abnormality.", "content": "Simple tests based on a voluntary forced expiration can detect pulmonary impairment of occupational or environmental origin earlier than can be done using clinical or radiographic examination. These tests are easily performed and repeated, require little time and can be readily set up in the field. Flow impairment (\"obstructive\") has conventionally been measured by the forced expiratory volume--1 sec (FEV1); earlier changes, in the small airways are more likely to be detected by the maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMF) and the maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curve at low lung volumes. Volume impairment (\"restrictive\") is detected by the forced vital capacity (FVC) from which the preceding measurements are made.", "contents": "Screening tests for pulmonary function abnormality. Simple tests based on a voluntary forced expiration can detect pulmonary impairment of occupational or environmental origin earlier than can be done using clinical or radiographic examination. These tests are easily performed and repeated, require little time and can be readily set up in the field. Flow impairment (\"obstructive\") has conventionally been measured by the forced expiratory volume--1 sec (FEV1); earlier changes, in the small airways are more likely to be detected by the maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMF) and the maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curve at low lung volumes. Volume impairment (\"restrictive\") is detected by the forced vital capacity (FVC) from which the preceding measurements are made.", "PMID": 1175563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5221", "title": "Effects of vinyl chloride exposures to rats pretreated with phenobarbital.", "content": "Male rats were exposed to 10 consecutive days, 6 hr/day, to vinyl chloride vapors at an average concentration of 13,500 ppm. The exposed rats were divided into three groups of eight rats each: one group was pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene, one group was pretreated with phenobarbital, and the third group received no treatment. Half the animals in each group were sacrificed 18 hr after the last exposure and half were sacrificed 4 days later. In a second experiment, four rats pretreated with phenobarbital were exposed to vinyl chloride vapors at a concentration of 17,300 ppm for 2 days and sacrificed about 9 A.M. on the third day. In both experiments control animals, also treated with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene, were exposed to air only. At the time of sacrifice, lungs, kidneys, spleen, heart, and a small piece of liver from each animal were preserved for histological examination. The remainder of the liver was processed for assay of microsomal enzyme activity. The following parameters were investigated: growth rate, organ weights, morphological changes, and both benzphetamine-N-demethylase activity and cytochrome P-450 content of microsomes prepared from the livers. In both experiments the only marked difference noted in any group was a decrease in the growth rate of the animals exposed to vinyl chloride and treated with phenobarbital. This decreased growth rate was particularly apparent on the third day of the vinyl chloride exposures. Occasional morphological changes were also seen in the livers of the animals treated with phenobarbital and exposed to vinyl chloride.", "contents": "Effects of vinyl chloride exposures to rats pretreated with phenobarbital. Male rats were exposed to 10 consecutive days, 6 hr/day, to vinyl chloride vapors at an average concentration of 13,500 ppm. The exposed rats were divided into three groups of eight rats each: one group was pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene, one group was pretreated with phenobarbital, and the third group received no treatment. Half the animals in each group were sacrificed 18 hr after the last exposure and half were sacrificed 4 days later. In a second experiment, four rats pretreated with phenobarbital were exposed to vinyl chloride vapors at a concentration of 17,300 ppm for 2 days and sacrificed about 9 A.M. on the third day. In both experiments control animals, also treated with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene, were exposed to air only. At the time of sacrifice, lungs, kidneys, spleen, heart, and a small piece of liver from each animal were preserved for histological examination. The remainder of the liver was processed for assay of microsomal enzyme activity. The following parameters were investigated: growth rate, organ weights, morphological changes, and both benzphetamine-N-demethylase activity and cytochrome P-450 content of microsomes prepared from the livers. In both experiments the only marked difference noted in any group was a decrease in the growth rate of the animals exposed to vinyl chloride and treated with phenobarbital. This decreased growth rate was particularly apparent on the third day of the vinyl chloride exposures. Occasional morphological changes were also seen in the livers of the animals treated with phenobarbital and exposed to vinyl chloride.", "PMID": 1175562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5222", "title": "Pulmonary function defects in nonsmoking vinyl chloride workers.", "content": "Pulmonary function was assessed by spirometry and maximum expiratory flow-volume curves to determine whether exposure to an occupational environment contaminated with vinyl chloride (VC) fumes and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) dust is associated with an increased risk of respiratory impairment. Data were analyzed for smoking, duration of exposure, and age. The high prevalence of impaired flow (57.5%) could not be attributed to smoking. Prevalence in nonsmokers was 36.4% when exposure was less than 10 yr, 42% when exposure was between 10 and 20 yr, and 80% when exposure exceeded 20 yr. The last is virtually the same rate as for smokers exposed more than 20 years. The same trend is shown with increasing age. Unlike younger workers, when smokers and nonsmokers more than or equal to 40 years of age are compared, prevalence rates of air flow impairment are not statistically different. The present investigation is one of the few in which the effects of occupational exposure could be separated from and were found to predominate over the effects of smoking.", "contents": "Pulmonary function defects in nonsmoking vinyl chloride workers. Pulmonary function was assessed by spirometry and maximum expiratory flow-volume curves to determine whether exposure to an occupational environment contaminated with vinyl chloride (VC) fumes and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) dust is associated with an increased risk of respiratory impairment. Data were analyzed for smoking, duration of exposure, and age. The high prevalence of impaired flow (57.5%) could not be attributed to smoking. Prevalence in nonsmokers was 36.4% when exposure was less than 10 yr, 42% when exposure was between 10 and 20 yr, and 80% when exposure exceeded 20 yr. The last is virtually the same rate as for smokers exposed more than 20 years. The same trend is shown with increasing age. Unlike younger workers, when smokers and nonsmokers more than or equal to 40 years of age are compared, prevalence rates of air flow impairment are not statistically different. The present investigation is one of the few in which the effects of occupational exposure could be separated from and were found to predominate over the effects of smoking.", "PMID": 1175564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5223", "title": "Aging of polymers.", "content": "This paper provides background on the basic chemical processes which can occur during the exposure of polymers to typical end-use environments such as air, sunlight, water vapor, and various atmospheric pollutant gases.", "contents": "Aging of polymers. This paper provides background on the basic chemical processes which can occur during the exposure of polymers to typical end-use environments such as air, sunlight, water vapor, and various atmospheric pollutant gases.", "PMID": 1175565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5224", "title": "Additives in plastics.", "content": "The polymers used in plastics are generally harmless. However, they are rarely used in pure form. In almost all commercial plastics, they are \"compounded\" with monomeric ingredients to improve their processing and end-use performance. In order of total volume used, these monomeric additives may be classified as follows: reinforcing fibers, fillers, and coupling agents; plasticizers; colorants; stabilizers (halogen stabilizers, antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, and biological preservatives); processing aids (lubricants, others, and flow controls); flame retardants, peroxides; and antistats. Some information is already available, and much more is needed, on potential toxicity and safe handling of these additives during processing and manufacture of plastics products.", "contents": "Additives in plastics. The polymers used in plastics are generally harmless. However, they are rarely used in pure form. In almost all commercial plastics, they are \"compounded\" with monomeric ingredients to improve their processing and end-use performance. In order of total volume used, these monomeric additives may be classified as follows: reinforcing fibers, fillers, and coupling agents; plasticizers; colorants; stabilizers (halogen stabilizers, antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, and biological preservatives); processing aids (lubricants, others, and flow controls); flame retardants, peroxides; and antistats. Some information is already available, and much more is needed, on potential toxicity and safe handling of these additives during processing and manufacture of plastics products.", "PMID": 1175566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5225", "title": "Industrial preparation of poly(vinyl chloride).", "content": "Vinyl chloride (VCM) is unloaded from railroad tank cars or tank trucks into pressurized storage spheres. VCM, emulsifiers, and catalysts are metered into polymerization vessels wherein PVC is produced through a chemical reaction in an aqueous medium under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure. After the reaction reaches a predetermined completion, the contents are transferred to a secondary vessel wherein steam is injected and the VCM containing vapors are pumped to a recovery system. The VCM-containing vapors are compressed, cooled, condensed, decanted, and recycled to the process for reuse. The stripped PVC resin water slurry is then pumped to blending tanks where the batches from multiple reaction vessels are blended for product uniformity. From the plant tanks the PVC resin water slurry is pumped to a dewatering centrifuge, where approximately 90% of the water is removed and subsequently discharged to the industrial sewer system. The PVC resin wet cake is conveyed from the centrifuge to a flash dryer where essentially all the remaining water is removed. At this point, the dry resin is buoyant in an air stream and enters a two-stage collection system for separation of conveying air. The PVC resin is then screened and air-conveyed to storage for bulk shipment, compounding, or bagging.", "contents": "Industrial preparation of poly(vinyl chloride). Vinyl chloride (VCM) is unloaded from railroad tank cars or tank trucks into pressurized storage spheres. VCM, emulsifiers, and catalysts are metered into polymerization vessels wherein PVC is produced through a chemical reaction in an aqueous medium under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure. After the reaction reaches a predetermined completion, the contents are transferred to a secondary vessel wherein steam is injected and the VCM containing vapors are pumped to a recovery system. The VCM-containing vapors are compressed, cooled, condensed, decanted, and recycled to the process for reuse. The stripped PVC resin water slurry is then pumped to blending tanks where the batches from multiple reaction vessels are blended for product uniformity. From the plant tanks the PVC resin water slurry is pumped to a dewatering centrifuge, where approximately 90% of the water is removed and subsequently discharged to the industrial sewer system. The PVC resin wet cake is conveyed from the centrifuge to a flash dryer where essentially all the remaining water is removed. At this point, the dry resin is buoyant in an air stream and enters a two-stage collection system for separation of conveying air. The PVC resin is then screened and air-conveyed to storage for bulk shipment, compounding, or bagging.", "PMID": 1175567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5226", "title": "Public health implications of components of plastics manufacture. Flame retardants.", "content": "The four processes involved in the flammability of materials are described and related to the various flame retardance mechanisms that may operate. Following this the four practical approaches used in improving flame retardance of materials are described. Each approach is illustrated with a number of typical examples of flame retardants or synthetic procedures used. This overview of flammability, flame retardance, and flame retardants used is followed by a more detailed examination of most of the plastics manufactured in the United States during 1973, their consumption patterns, and the primary types of flame retardants used in the flame retardance of the most used plastics. The main types of flame retardants are illustrated with a number of typical commercial examples. Statistical data on flame retardant market size, flame retardant growth in plastics, and price ranges of common flame retardants are presented.", "contents": "Public health implications of components of plastics manufacture. Flame retardants. The four processes involved in the flammability of materials are described and related to the various flame retardance mechanisms that may operate. Following this the four practical approaches used in improving flame retardance of materials are described. Each approach is illustrated with a number of typical examples of flame retardants or synthetic procedures used. This overview of flammability, flame retardance, and flame retardants used is followed by a more detailed examination of most of the plastics manufactured in the United States during 1973, their consumption patterns, and the primary types of flame retardants used in the flame retardance of the most used plastics. The main types of flame retardants are illustrated with a number of typical commercial examples. Statistical data on flame retardant market size, flame retardant growth in plastics, and price ranges of common flame retardants are presented.", "PMID": 1175568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5227", "title": "Cancer mortality in U.S. counties with plastics and related industries.", "content": "Counties in the United States have been identified with chemical establishments whose primary manufacturing processes use vinyl chloride. Site-specific cancer mortality comparisons have revealed an excess of multiple myeloma in males associated with two of the manufacturing categories, synthetic rubber and synthetic fibers. A causal relationship between these manufacturing categories and multiple myeloma could not be established. An industry-based assessment of the occupational contribution to this excess is needed to evaluate the etiologic importance of this relationship.", "contents": "Cancer mortality in U.S. counties with plastics and related industries. Counties in the United States have been identified with chemical establishments whose primary manufacturing processes use vinyl chloride. Site-specific cancer mortality comparisons have revealed an excess of multiple myeloma in males associated with two of the manufacturing categories, synthetic rubber and synthetic fibers. A causal relationship between these manufacturing categories and multiple myeloma could not be established. An industry-based assessment of the occupational contribution to this excess is needed to evaluate the etiologic importance of this relationship.", "PMID": 1175570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5228", "title": "Preliminary studies on the fate of inhaled vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) in rats.", "content": "Rats were exposed to vinyl chloride monomer gas (VCM) in a closed recirculating system. The rate at which VCM was removed from the system via metabolism was determined for rats exposed to initial concentrations of VCM ranging from 50 to 1167 ppm. Upon exposure to initial concentrations of 50 to 105 ppm, the rate of metabolism was 8.04 plus or minus 3.40 x 10(-3) min-1. Upon exposure to initial concentrations ranging from 202 to 1167 ppm, the rate constants were less; the mean value being 2.65 plus or minus 1.35 x 10(-3) min-1. Regardless of concentration, the disappearance followed apparent first order kinetics. Pretreatment of rats with pyrazole prior to exposure to initial concentrations of 65 and 1234 ppm VCM caused 71 and 87% reductions in the rate of metabolism. Ethanol caused 96% and 83% reductions in the rate of VCM metabolism by rats exposed to 56 and 97 ppm VCM, respectively. Ethanol was less effective in blocking the rate of metabolism by rats exposed to high concentrations of VCM; 46 and 36% in rats exposed to 1025 and 1034 ppm VCM. In rats exposed to an initial concentration of 65 ppm VCM, SKF-525-A administration caused no inhibition of the rate of VCM metabolism; however, a 19% inhibition was seen in rats exposed to 1038 ppm. The nonprotein sulfhydryl content of the liver (glutathione and cysteine) of rats exposed to VCM concentrations ranging from 50 to 15,000 ppm VCM is reduced without a relationship to dose. With repeated daily exposure the degree of reduction is reduced. Preliminary results indicate that the primary metabolites of VCM react with the nonprotein sulfhydryl. Final metabolic products excreted in the urine appear to be S-(2-hydroxyethyl) cysteine and S-(2-carboxymethyl)cysteine and the respective N-acetyl derivatives. Monochloroacetic acid was identified as another potential metabolite. Considering the results in toto, it is hypothesized that VCM is readily and extensively metabolized. Metabolism via the primary pathway, postulated to involve alcohol dehydrogenase, is swamped by exposures to concentrations exceeding 220 ppm. In rats exposed to concentrations at and exceeding this level, metabolism occurs via a secondary pathway(s), postulated to be epoxidation and/or peroxidation. These results are considered pertinent is assessing the potential hazard at low level exposures to VCM.", "contents": "Preliminary studies on the fate of inhaled vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) in rats. Rats were exposed to vinyl chloride monomer gas (VCM) in a closed recirculating system. The rate at which VCM was removed from the system via metabolism was determined for rats exposed to initial concentrations of VCM ranging from 50 to 1167 ppm. Upon exposure to initial concentrations of 50 to 105 ppm, the rate of metabolism was 8.04 plus or minus 3.40 x 10(-3) min-1. Upon exposure to initial concentrations ranging from 202 to 1167 ppm, the rate constants were less; the mean value being 2.65 plus or minus 1.35 x 10(-3) min-1. Regardless of concentration, the disappearance followed apparent first order kinetics. Pretreatment of rats with pyrazole prior to exposure to initial concentrations of 65 and 1234 ppm VCM caused 71 and 87% reductions in the rate of metabolism. Ethanol caused 96% and 83% reductions in the rate of VCM metabolism by rats exposed to 56 and 97 ppm VCM, respectively. Ethanol was less effective in blocking the rate of metabolism by rats exposed to high concentrations of VCM; 46 and 36% in rats exposed to 1025 and 1034 ppm VCM. In rats exposed to an initial concentration of 65 ppm VCM, SKF-525-A administration caused no inhibition of the rate of VCM metabolism; however, a 19% inhibition was seen in rats exposed to 1038 ppm. The nonprotein sulfhydryl content of the liver (glutathione and cysteine) of rats exposed to VCM concentrations ranging from 50 to 15,000 ppm VCM is reduced without a relationship to dose. With repeated daily exposure the degree of reduction is reduced. Preliminary results indicate that the primary metabolites of VCM react with the nonprotein sulfhydryl. Final metabolic products excreted in the urine appear to be S-(2-hydroxyethyl) cysteine and S-(2-carboxymethyl)cysteine and the respective N-acetyl derivatives. Monochloroacetic acid was identified as another potential metabolite. Considering the results in toto, it is hypothesized that VCM is readily and extensively metabolized. Metabolism via the primary pathway, postulated to involve alcohol dehydrogenase, is swamped by exposures to concentrations exceeding 220 ppm. In rats exposed to concentrations at and exceeding this level, metabolism occurs via a secondary pathway(s), postulated to be epoxidation and/or peroxidation. These results are considered pertinent is assessing the potential hazard at low level exposures to VCM.", "PMID": 1175571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5229", "title": "General aspects in polymer synthesis.", "content": "The term, synthetic polymer, denotes a macromolecule composed of simple structural units and usually derived from monomers by a process of polymerization. This process is possible only if certain chemical, thermodynamical, and mechanistic conditions are satisfied. The monomer must have a functionality of two or higher. The polymerization process must be characterized by a negative free energy change. The monomer must have activable or reactive functions. Activable structures are polarizable multiple bonds, and bonds entailing heteroatoms in ring compounds. Suitable reactive functions are those that participate in: carbonyl addition, substitution, multiple bond addition, and free-radical coupling. According to their growth mechanisms, polymerization reactions are divided into two major groups: chain-growth polymerization and step-growth polymerization. Polyaddition and polycondensation occur in either group, but polyinsertion is a chain-growth process exclusively. Radical, ionic, and heterogeneous initiations are entailed in chain growth, whereas both nucleophilic and electrophilic initiation prevails in step-growth. The chemical structure of polymers is determined mainly by constitutional and configuration parameters. Principal constitutional ones are related to interlinking of chains and structural units, composition, substituents, endgroups, and the molecular weight. Configurational ones refer particularly to the position of substituents on a central chain atom relative to the neighboring structural unit and thus to the tacticity of the polymer.", "contents": "General aspects in polymer synthesis. The term, synthetic polymer, denotes a macromolecule composed of simple structural units and usually derived from monomers by a process of polymerization. This process is possible only if certain chemical, thermodynamical, and mechanistic conditions are satisfied. The monomer must have a functionality of two or higher. The polymerization process must be characterized by a negative free energy change. The monomer must have activable or reactive functions. Activable structures are polarizable multiple bonds, and bonds entailing heteroatoms in ring compounds. Suitable reactive functions are those that participate in: carbonyl addition, substitution, multiple bond addition, and free-radical coupling. According to their growth mechanisms, polymerization reactions are divided into two major groups: chain-growth polymerization and step-growth polymerization. Polyaddition and polycondensation occur in either group, but polyinsertion is a chain-growth process exclusively. Radical, ionic, and heterogeneous initiations are entailed in chain growth, whereas both nucleophilic and electrophilic initiation prevails in step-growth. The chemical structure of polymers is determined mainly by constitutional and configuration parameters. Principal constitutional ones are related to interlinking of chains and structural units, composition, substituents, endgroups, and the molecular weight. Configurational ones refer particularly to the position of substituents on a central chain atom relative to the neighboring structural unit and thus to the tacticity of the polymer.", "PMID": 1175572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5230", "title": "Effect of X-irradiation on vitamin B12 binding capacity to intrinsic factor.", "content": "The effects of whole-body X-irradiation on vitamin B12-protein complex formation in gastric juice after oral administration of [57Co]-B12 have been studied. Two proteins with B12-binding activity have been isolated by gel filtration from gastric juice. 57Co-activity, recovered from B12-protein complex in gastric juice, is found to be about 30% less in the X-irradiated rat. In serum, vitamin B12 is mainly associated with alpha1-globulin. Radioactivity distribution in serum globulins after intraperitoneal injection of [57Co]-B12 was similar in control and X-irradiated rats.", "contents": "Effect of X-irradiation on vitamin B12 binding capacity to intrinsic factor. The effects of whole-body X-irradiation on vitamin B12-protein complex formation in gastric juice after oral administration of [57Co]-B12 have been studied. Two proteins with B12-binding activity have been isolated by gel filtration from gastric juice. 57Co-activity, recovered from B12-protein complex in gastric juice, is found to be about 30% less in the X-irradiated rat. In serum, vitamin B12 is mainly associated with alpha1-globulin. Radioactivity distribution in serum globulins after intraperitoneal injection of [57Co]-B12 was similar in control and X-irradiated rats.", "PMID": 1175581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5231", "title": "Dietary vitamin E and the effects of inhaled nitrogen dioxide on rat lungs.", "content": "Groups of rats were fed diets containing supplemented adequate, or deficient amounts of alpha-tocopherol. Some rats from each group were exposed for 2 h to high-level concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in their breathing air. A comparison of wet and dry lung weights did not indicate that exposure of the gas was a cause of edema. Proportion of lung weight to total body weight was increased in all animals with the lipid content diminishing according to the amount of dietary apha-tocopherol available. Dietary intake of the vitamin did not seem to protect the lipid content of lungs of the supplemented dietary group from oxidation. No difference in total peroxides was noted between any of the groups. Inflation and deflation compliance measurements were greater for both exposed and non-exposed supplemented animals when compared to the adequate and deficient groups.", "contents": "Dietary vitamin E and the effects of inhaled nitrogen dioxide on rat lungs. Groups of rats were fed diets containing supplemented adequate, or deficient amounts of alpha-tocopherol. Some rats from each group were exposed for 2 h to high-level concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in their breathing air. A comparison of wet and dry lung weights did not indicate that exposure of the gas was a cause of edema. Proportion of lung weight to total body weight was increased in all animals with the lipid content diminishing according to the amount of dietary apha-tocopherol available. Dietary intake of the vitamin did not seem to protect the lipid content of lungs of the supplemented dietary group from oxidation. No difference in total peroxides was noted between any of the groups. Inflation and deflation compliance measurements were greater for both exposed and non-exposed supplemented animals when compared to the adequate and deficient groups.", "PMID": 1175582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5232", "title": "Some properties of a unique cadmium-binding moiety in the soluble fraction of rat testes.", "content": "A 30,000 molecular weight testicular Cd-binding peak (30,000 MW Cd-BP) previously implicated in Cd-induced testicular injury was unstable during storage with respect to apparent molecular weight determined by Sephadex G-75 chromatography. Storage of testicular cytosol labeled with 109Cd in vivo or in vitro for several days at 4 degrees C under nitrogen resulted in disappearance of the 30,000 MW Cd-BP and increased 109Cd uptake in other protein fractions. Rechromatography of the previously isolated 30,000 MW Cd-BP after storage gave rise to a 109Cd peak eluting in the higher molecular weight region. The latter effect was prevented by 1 mM dithiothreitol, suggesting that sulfhydryl groups were involved in the apparent aggregation. The 30,000 MW Cd-BP found in testes of rats was not present in testes of roosters, nor in liver and kidney of either species, providing further evidence of a correlation between the occurrence of 30,000 MW Cd-BP protein in the tissue and susceptibility to Cd-injury. The inability of parenterally administered HgCl2 to induce testicular injury compared to the same dose of CdCl2(0.011 mmol/kg) is apparently related to the poor uptake of Hg in the testes (one-eighteenth that of Cd) rather than to an inability of Hg to bind to the 30,000 MW Cd-BP. Our studies indicate that binding of Cd to this unique 30,000 MW testicular component, as yet unidentified, is a possible basis for the unique sensitivity of the testis to Cd injury.", "contents": "Some properties of a unique cadmium-binding moiety in the soluble fraction of rat testes. A 30,000 molecular weight testicular Cd-binding peak (30,000 MW Cd-BP) previously implicated in Cd-induced testicular injury was unstable during storage with respect to apparent molecular weight determined by Sephadex G-75 chromatography. Storage of testicular cytosol labeled with 109Cd in vivo or in vitro for several days at 4 degrees C under nitrogen resulted in disappearance of the 30,000 MW Cd-BP and increased 109Cd uptake in other protein fractions. Rechromatography of the previously isolated 30,000 MW Cd-BP after storage gave rise to a 109Cd peak eluting in the higher molecular weight region. The latter effect was prevented by 1 mM dithiothreitol, suggesting that sulfhydryl groups were involved in the apparent aggregation. The 30,000 MW Cd-BP found in testes of rats was not present in testes of roosters, nor in liver and kidney of either species, providing further evidence of a correlation between the occurrence of 30,000 MW Cd-BP protein in the tissue and susceptibility to Cd-injury. The inability of parenterally administered HgCl2 to induce testicular injury compared to the same dose of CdCl2(0.011 mmol/kg) is apparently related to the poor uptake of Hg in the testes (one-eighteenth that of Cd) rather than to an inability of Hg to bind to the 30,000 MW Cd-BP. Our studies indicate that binding of Cd to this unique 30,000 MW testicular component, as yet unidentified, is a possible basis for the unique sensitivity of the testis to Cd injury.", "PMID": 1175583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5233", "title": "Effect of ethanol on the metabolism of the white blood cells.", "content": "Ethanol at a concentration of 40 mg% in the medium was found to inhibit the respiratory uptake of oxygen by polymorphonuclear cells obtained from rat peritoneal fluid. The stimulated oxygen uptake by these cells under conditions of phagocytosis was also inhibited with this concentration of ethanol. The quantities of hydrogen peroxide produced by these cells were also found to have been diminished. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on the metabolism of the white blood cells. Ethanol at a concentration of 40 mg% in the medium was found to inhibit the respiratory uptake of oxygen by polymorphonuclear cells obtained from rat peritoneal fluid. The stimulated oxygen uptake by these cells under conditions of phagocytosis was also inhibited with this concentration of ethanol. The quantities of hydrogen peroxide produced by these cells were also found to have been diminished. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1175584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5234", "title": "Polysome translational state during the cell cycle.", "content": "HeLa cells were synchronized with a double thymidine block. Ribosomal subunits, monomers and polyribosomes have been quantitatively analysed at hourly intervals, during interphase, and every 15 min, during mitosis. This analysis was performed on linear 7-47% sucrose gradients. From the beginning of G1 up to the end of S phase, a certain equilibrium among ribosomal subunits, monomers and polyribosomes is maintained, while from the time of entering G2 to M the translation machinery appears to be mobilized in the sense of polysome formation. Under these conditions, the amount of polysomes per cell during the mitotic cycle is expressed by a bi-phasic pattern showing pre- and post-mitotic peaks with a falling-off during S. The G1 peak, meanwhile, is much lower than the G2 peak. The incorporation of [3H]leucine into nascent polypeptide chains on polysomes, as well as into bulk cell proteins and into nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins considered separately, is also represented by a bi-phasic curve which shows, however, a higher peak in G1 and a lower peak in G2, with two fallings-off during S and M, respectively. Since between the G1 and the G2 amino acid pools there are not strong differences of leucine concentration, the discrepancy between the amount of polysomes and the rate of labelling is discussed on the basis of the differences of polysome shape found at the different stages of the cycle. In young cells, in fact, there is an abundance of small polysomes, while in the old cell large polysomes predominate. It is suggested that, in the old cell, the rate of translation on large polysomes could be relatively lower or that among these heavy aggregates a given number of \"frozen\" polysomes could be present. The ribosome state is considered as a probable limiting-factor of translation, particularly in mitosis.", "contents": "Polysome translational state during the cell cycle. HeLa cells were synchronized with a double thymidine block. Ribosomal subunits, monomers and polyribosomes have been quantitatively analysed at hourly intervals, during interphase, and every 15 min, during mitosis. This analysis was performed on linear 7-47% sucrose gradients. From the beginning of G1 up to the end of S phase, a certain equilibrium among ribosomal subunits, monomers and polyribosomes is maintained, while from the time of entering G2 to M the translation machinery appears to be mobilized in the sense of polysome formation. Under these conditions, the amount of polysomes per cell during the mitotic cycle is expressed by a bi-phasic pattern showing pre- and post-mitotic peaks with a falling-off during S. The G1 peak, meanwhile, is much lower than the G2 peak. The incorporation of [3H]leucine into nascent polypeptide chains on polysomes, as well as into bulk cell proteins and into nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins considered separately, is also represented by a bi-phasic curve which shows, however, a higher peak in G1 and a lower peak in G2, with two fallings-off during S and M, respectively. Since between the G1 and the G2 amino acid pools there are not strong differences of leucine concentration, the discrepancy between the amount of polysomes and the rate of labelling is discussed on the basis of the differences of polysome shape found at the different stages of the cycle. In young cells, in fact, there is an abundance of small polysomes, while in the old cell large polysomes predominate. It is suggested that, in the old cell, the rate of translation on large polysomes could be relatively lower or that among these heavy aggregates a given number of \"frozen\" polysomes could be present. The ribosome state is considered as a probable limiting-factor of translation, particularly in mitosis.", "PMID": 1175585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5235", "title": "Structural studies on the coat protein of alfalfa mosaic virus. Isolation and characterization of the tryptic peptides and the alignment of the cyanogen-bromide fragments.", "content": "The reduced and carboxymethylated coat protein of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV 425) was fragmented by means of cyanogen-bromide cleavage. The tryptic peptides from the protein and its four cyanogen-bromide fragments were isolated on a preparative scale by combinations of column and paper separation techniques. The tryptic digest of the carboxymethylated protein contained 24 peptides and two free amino acids. All peptides have been characterized by amino acid analyses and end-group determinations. Together the tryptic peptides account for a total chain length of 228 amino acids. The data are in good agreement with previous reports from this laboratory.", "contents": "Structural studies on the coat protein of alfalfa mosaic virus. Isolation and characterization of the tryptic peptides and the alignment of the cyanogen-bromide fragments. The reduced and carboxymethylated coat protein of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV 425) was fragmented by means of cyanogen-bromide cleavage. The tryptic peptides from the protein and its four cyanogen-bromide fragments were isolated on a preparative scale by combinations of column and paper separation techniques. The tryptic digest of the carboxymethylated protein contained 24 peptides and two free amino acids. All peptides have been characterized by amino acid analyses and end-group determinations. Together the tryptic peptides account for a total chain length of 228 amino acids. The data are in good agreement with previous reports from this laboratory.", "PMID": 1175586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5236", "title": "Liver 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. Physico-chemical characterization of the bovine-liver enzyme.", "content": "Homogeneous phosphoglycerate kinase from bovine liver possesses a maximum ultraviolet absorption at 278 nm (A 1%,1Cm 280 equals 6.7; Amax/Amin equals 2.26; e280 equals 31.5 mM(-1) X cm(-1). The enzyme consists of about 420 amino-acid residues and is a slightly acidic protein with an isoelectric point of 6.5 as expected from amino-acid analysis. The most notable features of the chemical composition are two tryptophan, 12 methionine and four half-cystine residues per enzyme molecule. Although phosphoglycerate kinases from mammalian tissues are partially similar to each other, clear differences in serine, glutamic acid, glycine, cysteine, valine, leucine, tyrosine, tryptophan and arginine contents were found. Fingerprinting and column chromatography of tryptic digests of the S-carboxymethylated protein confirm the data of amino-acid analysis. Liver phosphoglycerate kinase is inactivated when modified with either p-chloromercuribenzoate or 5,5'dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Nbs2). The enzyme has two thiol groups available for reaction with Nbs2 under denaturing conditions, one of which is essential for catalysis. After reduction by NaBH4 four cysteine residues per molecule were determined with Nbs2, sugessting the presence of a disulfide bridge. Using sedimentation equilibrium studies, the molecular weight was found to be 49600. Gel filtration yielded values of 43000-50000. By analytical dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a molecular weight of 45600 was estimated. Inconsistent with these results in the value 37500 obtained by thin-layer gel chromatography in 6 M guanidine-HCl. Sedimentation velocity experiments revealed a sedimentation coefficient s20,w equals 3.4 S. The Stokes radius was 2.77 nm, the partial specific volume v 0.747 ml x g(-1). The diffusion coefficient was found to be 76.9 mum2 x s(-1) by analytical gel filtration. From these data a molecular weight of 44000 was calculated. Other physical constants of bovine-liver phosphoglycerate kinase are: frictional ratio f/f0 equals 1.18, axial ratio equals 3.3, maximal degree of hydration equals 0.1 g per g of protein. Bovine-layer phosphoglycerate kinase could not be dissociated into smaller subunits by treatments which have caused dissociation of various other proteins (8 M urea, 6 M guanidine-HCl, dodecyl sulfate, carboxymethylation, maleylation). All experiments strongly support the lack of subunit structure of the enzyme. Some characteristics of bovine-liver phosphoglycerate kinase are compared with the corresponding proteins from rabbit muscle, yeast and human erythrocytes.", "contents": "Liver 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. Physico-chemical characterization of the bovine-liver enzyme. Homogeneous phosphoglycerate kinase from bovine liver possesses a maximum ultraviolet absorption at 278 nm (A 1%,1Cm 280 equals 6.7; Amax/Amin equals 2.26; e280 equals 31.5 mM(-1) X cm(-1). The enzyme consists of about 420 amino-acid residues and is a slightly acidic protein with an isoelectric point of 6.5 as expected from amino-acid analysis. The most notable features of the chemical composition are two tryptophan, 12 methionine and four half-cystine residues per enzyme molecule. Although phosphoglycerate kinases from mammalian tissues are partially similar to each other, clear differences in serine, glutamic acid, glycine, cysteine, valine, leucine, tyrosine, tryptophan and arginine contents were found. Fingerprinting and column chromatography of tryptic digests of the S-carboxymethylated protein confirm the data of amino-acid analysis. Liver phosphoglycerate kinase is inactivated when modified with either p-chloromercuribenzoate or 5,5'dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Nbs2). The enzyme has two thiol groups available for reaction with Nbs2 under denaturing conditions, one of which is essential for catalysis. After reduction by NaBH4 four cysteine residues per molecule were determined with Nbs2, sugessting the presence of a disulfide bridge. Using sedimentation equilibrium studies, the molecular weight was found to be 49600. Gel filtration yielded values of 43000-50000. By analytical dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a molecular weight of 45600 was estimated. Inconsistent with these results in the value 37500 obtained by thin-layer gel chromatography in 6 M guanidine-HCl. Sedimentation velocity experiments revealed a sedimentation coefficient s20,w equals 3.4 S. The Stokes radius was 2.77 nm, the partial specific volume v 0.747 ml x g(-1). The diffusion coefficient was found to be 76.9 mum2 x s(-1) by analytical gel filtration. From these data a molecular weight of 44000 was calculated. Other physical constants of bovine-liver phosphoglycerate kinase are: frictional ratio f/f0 equals 1.18, axial ratio equals 3.3, maximal degree of hydration equals 0.1 g per g of protein. Bovine-layer phosphoglycerate kinase could not be dissociated into smaller subunits by treatments which have caused dissociation of various other proteins (8 M urea, 6 M guanidine-HCl, dodecyl sulfate, carboxymethylation, maleylation). All experiments strongly support the lack of subunit structure of the enzyme. Some characteristics of bovine-liver phosphoglycerate kinase are compared with the corresponding proteins from rabbit muscle, yeast and human erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1175587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5237", "title": "The binding of atractylate and carboxy-atractylate to mitochondria.", "content": "35S-labelled atractylate and carboxy-atractylate are produced biosynthetically and used for studying the binding of these specific ligands to the ADP, ATP carrier in beef heart mitochondria. The following results are obtained. 1. Inhibition of translocation activity goes parallel to the increase of binding by [35S]atractylate. No additional binding is observed after full inhibition of translocation is reached giving evidence that atractylate binds exclusively to the carrier. 2. The maximum number of binding sites of both atractylates is about 1.6 mumol/g protein in beef heart mitochondria and decreases on treatment of the membrane by Pi, freezing, ageing, etc. The dissociation constants of the binding are approximately for atractylate Kd = 5-10(-8) M and for carboxy-atractylate Kd = 10(-8) M. The mass action plots of the concentration dependence for the binding are nonlinear-convex in particular with carboxy-atractylate and more linear with atractylate. Nonlinearity appears to be caused by some retardation of equilibration in the case of very high affinity binding. 3. The binding of atractylate and carboxy-atractylate is relatively fast in intact mitochondria and slower in aged membranes. There is a slower and a faster binding portion. 4. The atractylates remove ADP in a nearly 1:1 stoichiometry from untreated mitochondria. In aged and Pi-treated membranes the ratio deltaADP/deltaatractylate approaches 0. Obviously binding of carrier sites to ADP is more sensitive to alterations than that of the atractylates. The assumption is maintained that the binding site for atractylate is identical with that for ADP and ATP. 5. Bongkrekate prevents binding of both atractylates. However, when added after, it only removes atractylate but not the carboxy compound because of its different tight binding. The removal of atractylate depends on the synergistic effect of bongkrekate with ADP. 6. The binding studies with [35S]atractylate and in particular the interaction with bongkrekate support the reorienting carrier model in which atractylate as an impermeable ligand fixes the binding site of the carrier outside while with bongkrekate the carrier site is turned to the inside.", "contents": "The binding of atractylate and carboxy-atractylate to mitochondria. 35S-labelled atractylate and carboxy-atractylate are produced biosynthetically and used for studying the binding of these specific ligands to the ADP, ATP carrier in beef heart mitochondria. The following results are obtained. 1. Inhibition of translocation activity goes parallel to the increase of binding by [35S]atractylate. No additional binding is observed after full inhibition of translocation is reached giving evidence that atractylate binds exclusively to the carrier. 2. The maximum number of binding sites of both atractylates is about 1.6 mumol/g protein in beef heart mitochondria and decreases on treatment of the membrane by Pi, freezing, ageing, etc. The dissociation constants of the binding are approximately for atractylate Kd = 5-10(-8) M and for carboxy-atractylate Kd = 10(-8) M. The mass action plots of the concentration dependence for the binding are nonlinear-convex in particular with carboxy-atractylate and more linear with atractylate. Nonlinearity appears to be caused by some retardation of equilibration in the case of very high affinity binding. 3. The binding of atractylate and carboxy-atractylate is relatively fast in intact mitochondria and slower in aged membranes. There is a slower and a faster binding portion. 4. The atractylates remove ADP in a nearly 1:1 stoichiometry from untreated mitochondria. In aged and Pi-treated membranes the ratio deltaADP/deltaatractylate approaches 0. Obviously binding of carrier sites to ADP is more sensitive to alterations than that of the atractylates. The assumption is maintained that the binding site for atractylate is identical with that for ADP and ATP. 5. Bongkrekate prevents binding of both atractylates. However, when added after, it only removes atractylate but not the carboxy compound because of its different tight binding. The removal of atractylate depends on the synergistic effect of bongkrekate with ADP. 6. The binding studies with [35S]atractylate and in particular the interaction with bongkrekate support the reorienting carrier model in which atractylate as an impermeable ligand fixes the binding site of the carrier outside while with bongkrekate the carrier site is turned to the inside.", "PMID": 1175588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5238", "title": "Translational step inhibited in vivo by aflatoxin B1 in rat-liver polysomes.", "content": "Aflatoxin B1 strongly inhibits protein synthesis in rat liver cells. We previously demonstrated that this inhibition could be divided into two steps: up to 5 h aflatoxin blocks protein synthesis directly and specifically at the polysome level; beyond 7 h protein synthesis inhibition appears chiefly as a consequence of transcription impairment due to drug action. This paper confirms the foregoing results and represents an attempt to localize the translational step inhibited in vivo by aflatoxin B1. We used the simulation study developed by Li, Kisilevsky, Wasan and Hammond, 1972 (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 272, 451-462) to determine precisely the site inhibited in vivo after drug intoxication. This analysis is based on two parameters: the kinetics of polysome labeling to follow the nascent peptide synthesis, and the kinetics of supernatant labeling to follow the completed protein synthesis. Up to 5 h after dosing, aflatoxin specifically inhibits the elongation and/or termination steps during protein synthesis; after longer periods of time inhibition occurs essentially at the initiation step. When the intracellular concentration of aflatoxin is too high, particularly 2 h after dosing, each step of protein synthesis is blocked. Polypeptide synthesis by the postmitochondrial supernatants isolated from aflatoxin-treated animals is impaired in the same proportion as protein synthesis in vivo. The damage caused by aflatoxin is mostly observed on microsomes. However, purified polysomes isolated from aflatoxin-treated rats synthesize proteins in vitro to the same extent as those from controls. These results suggest that aflatoxin metabolite(s) are bound to polysomes with noncovalent bonds. These active metabolites are probably lost during polysome isolation procedures. Finally, relationships between protein metabolism and aflatoxin carcinogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Translational step inhibited in vivo by aflatoxin B1 in rat-liver polysomes. Aflatoxin B1 strongly inhibits protein synthesis in rat liver cells. We previously demonstrated that this inhibition could be divided into two steps: up to 5 h aflatoxin blocks protein synthesis directly and specifically at the polysome level; beyond 7 h protein synthesis inhibition appears chiefly as a consequence of transcription impairment due to drug action. This paper confirms the foregoing results and represents an attempt to localize the translational step inhibited in vivo by aflatoxin B1. We used the simulation study developed by Li, Kisilevsky, Wasan and Hammond, 1972 (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 272, 451-462) to determine precisely the site inhibited in vivo after drug intoxication. This analysis is based on two parameters: the kinetics of polysome labeling to follow the nascent peptide synthesis, and the kinetics of supernatant labeling to follow the completed protein synthesis. Up to 5 h after dosing, aflatoxin specifically inhibits the elongation and/or termination steps during protein synthesis; after longer periods of time inhibition occurs essentially at the initiation step. When the intracellular concentration of aflatoxin is too high, particularly 2 h after dosing, each step of protein synthesis is blocked. Polypeptide synthesis by the postmitochondrial supernatants isolated from aflatoxin-treated animals is impaired in the same proportion as protein synthesis in vivo. The damage caused by aflatoxin is mostly observed on microsomes. However, purified polysomes isolated from aflatoxin-treated rats synthesize proteins in vitro to the same extent as those from controls. These results suggest that aflatoxin metabolite(s) are bound to polysomes with noncovalent bonds. These active metabolites are probably lost during polysome isolation procedures. Finally, relationships between protein metabolism and aflatoxin carcinogenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 1175589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5239", "title": "Deficiency of joining of Okazaki-type fragments in absence of cellular protein synthesis.", "content": "The dependence of integration of newly formed DNA chain ( less than 10 S) into larger DNA on concomitant protein synthesis was studied in a special cellular system. Exponentially growing Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo show decreasing rated and finally complete cessation of protein and DNA synthesis upon transfer into an isotonic but non-nutritive environment (Hanks' balanced salt solution). Both protein and DNA synthesis is stimulated in these cells for a period of 30 min when they are placed into fresh Hanks' balanced salt solution; however, stimulation of protein synthesis is completely prevented in Hanks' balanced salt solution containing cycloheximide. This system allowed us to investigate the formation and fate of newly formed DNA chains ( less than 10 S) in dependence of protein synthesis. Analysis of DNA produced in [3H]thymidine pulses showed that DNA chains smaller than 18 S were still formed during the phase of totally delayed protein synthesis and in the presence of cycloheximide, but they were not converted into DNA molecules sedimenting faster than 18 S under these conditions. Stimulation of protein synthesis for a period of 30 min allowed the short DNA pieces to be chased into larger DNA 30 min post stimulation of protein synthesis. The results clearly indicate that DNA chain growth, by sealing of DNA chains smaller than 18 S, is strongly dependent of concomitant protein synthesis. Direct chain elongation by addition of new deoxyribonucleotides is less dependent on concomitant cellular protein synthesis.", "contents": "Deficiency of joining of Okazaki-type fragments in absence of cellular protein synthesis. The dependence of integration of newly formed DNA chain ( less than 10 S) into larger DNA on concomitant protein synthesis was studied in a special cellular system. Exponentially growing Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo show decreasing rated and finally complete cessation of protein and DNA synthesis upon transfer into an isotonic but non-nutritive environment (Hanks' balanced salt solution). Both protein and DNA synthesis is stimulated in these cells for a period of 30 min when they are placed into fresh Hanks' balanced salt solution; however, stimulation of protein synthesis is completely prevented in Hanks' balanced salt solution containing cycloheximide. This system allowed us to investigate the formation and fate of newly formed DNA chains ( less than 10 S) in dependence of protein synthesis. Analysis of DNA produced in [3H]thymidine pulses showed that DNA chains smaller than 18 S were still formed during the phase of totally delayed protein synthesis and in the presence of cycloheximide, but they were not converted into DNA molecules sedimenting faster than 18 S under these conditions. Stimulation of protein synthesis for a period of 30 min allowed the short DNA pieces to be chased into larger DNA 30 min post stimulation of protein synthesis. The results clearly indicate that DNA chain growth, by sealing of DNA chains smaller than 18 S, is strongly dependent of concomitant protein synthesis. Direct chain elongation by addition of new deoxyribonucleotides is less dependent on concomitant cellular protein synthesis.", "PMID": 1175590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5240", "title": "Interactions of heteroaromatic compounds with nucleic acids. A - T-specific non-intercalating DNA ligands.", "content": "In the present paper we report the results of a study on the base specificity and affinity of eight dyes potentially able to interact with DNA. These compounds include four triphenylmethane dyes used in histochemistry, auramine, \"Hoechst 33258\" and two acridines substituted with t-butyl groups. They were selected with regard to their inability to intercalate between the base pairs of helical polynucleotides due to structural limitations. Hydrodynamic studies performed with the DNA complexes of crystal violet and Hoechst 33258 confirmed our assumptions that compounds of this type bind to the outside of DNA. The main results from DNA binding studies indicate that the triphenylmethane dyes except p-fuchsin are bound with high preference to two adjacent A - T pairs while Hoechst 33258 seems to need three A - T pairs as the binding site. Model studies with synthetic polynucleotides revealed that not only a sequence of A - T pairs, but also their structural arrangement in a helix, is crucial for the high affinities observed for most of the ligands when interacting with natural DNA. Methyl green and Hoechst 33258 can be used for increasing the resolution power of cesium chloride density gradients for DNAs with different (A + T) content.", "contents": "Interactions of heteroaromatic compounds with nucleic acids. A - T-specific non-intercalating DNA ligands. In the present paper we report the results of a study on the base specificity and affinity of eight dyes potentially able to interact with DNA. These compounds include four triphenylmethane dyes used in histochemistry, auramine, \"Hoechst 33258\" and two acridines substituted with t-butyl groups. They were selected with regard to their inability to intercalate between the base pairs of helical polynucleotides due to structural limitations. Hydrodynamic studies performed with the DNA complexes of crystal violet and Hoechst 33258 confirmed our assumptions that compounds of this type bind to the outside of DNA. The main results from DNA binding studies indicate that the triphenylmethane dyes except p-fuchsin are bound with high preference to two adjacent A - T pairs while Hoechst 33258 seems to need three A - T pairs as the binding site. Model studies with synthetic polynucleotides revealed that not only a sequence of A - T pairs, but also their structural arrangement in a helix, is crucial for the high affinities observed for most of the ligands when interacting with natural DNA. Methyl green and Hoechst 33258 can be used for increasing the resolution power of cesium chloride density gradients for DNAs with different (A + T) content.", "PMID": 1175591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5241", "title": "Conformational changes of alamethicin induced by solvent and temperature. A 13C-NMR and circular-dichroism study.", "content": "13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and circular dichroism (CD) have been used for studies on the conformation of alamethicin. The 13C NMR spectrum is assigned with the aid of signals of synthetic partial sequences and selective proton decoupling. The solvent and temperature-dependence of the 13C NMR spectra, T1 measurements and the use of lanthanide-shift reagents allow the differentiation between the amino acids belonging to a rigid alpha-helical portion of the alamethicin sequence and those belonging to a more flexible part. The 13C NMR results are in agreement with results obtained from extended solvent and temperature-dependent CD studies which indicate a highly stabilized nonpolar and intrachenar alpha-helical part. The concentration-dependence of the CD spectrum of alamethicin in a nematic phase revealed aggregation phenomena which might simulate those observed in natural and synthetic membranes. After dissolving alamethicin in aqueous alcohol there is a time-dependence of the ellipticity of the Cotton effects showing a sort of memory effect on the mode of dissolution. Four different conformations can be characterized by CD spectra depending on the solvent and concentration. A model illustrating the dynamic conformations and aggregation phenomena within a membrane is proposed.", "contents": "Conformational changes of alamethicin induced by solvent and temperature. A 13C-NMR and circular-dichroism study. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and circular dichroism (CD) have been used for studies on the conformation of alamethicin. The 13C NMR spectrum is assigned with the aid of signals of synthetic partial sequences and selective proton decoupling. The solvent and temperature-dependence of the 13C NMR spectra, T1 measurements and the use of lanthanide-shift reagents allow the differentiation between the amino acids belonging to a rigid alpha-helical portion of the alamethicin sequence and those belonging to a more flexible part. The 13C NMR results are in agreement with results obtained from extended solvent and temperature-dependent CD studies which indicate a highly stabilized nonpolar and intrachenar alpha-helical part. The concentration-dependence of the CD spectrum of alamethicin in a nematic phase revealed aggregation phenomena which might simulate those observed in natural and synthetic membranes. After dissolving alamethicin in aqueous alcohol there is a time-dependence of the ellipticity of the Cotton effects showing a sort of memory effect on the mode of dissolution. Four different conformations can be characterized by CD spectra depending on the solvent and concentration. A model illustrating the dynamic conformations and aggregation phenomena within a membrane is proposed.", "PMID": 1175592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5242", "title": "Reassociation kinetics of deoxyribonucleic acid in antigen-stimulated mouse-spleen cells.", "content": "In order to directly compare the complexity of the genome of lymphoid cells which have been antigenically stimulated, with that of non-immunized and non-lymphoid cells, DNA was pulse labeled and extracted from BALB/c mouse spleen cells at various time intervals after antigenic stimulation in vivo; the reassociation rates of these newly synthesized DNA preparations were compared with those of the total mouse spleen DNA, obtained from same sources and at the same times. DNA labeled for 60 min at 43, 53, or 72 h after antigenic restimulation, reassociated faster than the corresponding total DNA. On the other hand, the ressociation profile of DNA, labeled for 60 min during the first 24 after restimulation did not differ from that of the total DNA extracted at the same time. When labeled thymidine was available for incorporation at a constant concentration over a period of 24 h, reassociation patterns of labeled DNA were identical to those of the corresponding total DNA at all times after restimulation. Newly synthesized nuclear DNA exhibited reassociation profiles identical to those of the corresponding total nuclear DNA at all times tested. Also, no differences between the reassociation rates of nuclear and total cellular DNA were observed. It was concluded that antigenic stimualtion does not induce a major amplification of genes in the stimulated cells, and that the rapidly reassociating DNA species described represent extranuclear (cytoplasmic) DNA.", "contents": "Reassociation kinetics of deoxyribonucleic acid in antigen-stimulated mouse-spleen cells. In order to directly compare the complexity of the genome of lymphoid cells which have been antigenically stimulated, with that of non-immunized and non-lymphoid cells, DNA was pulse labeled and extracted from BALB/c mouse spleen cells at various time intervals after antigenic stimulation in vivo; the reassociation rates of these newly synthesized DNA preparations were compared with those of the total mouse spleen DNA, obtained from same sources and at the same times. DNA labeled for 60 min at 43, 53, or 72 h after antigenic restimulation, reassociated faster than the corresponding total DNA. On the other hand, the ressociation profile of DNA, labeled for 60 min during the first 24 after restimulation did not differ from that of the total DNA extracted at the same time. When labeled thymidine was available for incorporation at a constant concentration over a period of 24 h, reassociation patterns of labeled DNA were identical to those of the corresponding total DNA at all times after restimulation. Newly synthesized nuclear DNA exhibited reassociation profiles identical to those of the corresponding total nuclear DNA at all times tested. Also, no differences between the reassociation rates of nuclear and total cellular DNA were observed. It was concluded that antigenic stimualtion does not induce a major amplification of genes in the stimulated cells, and that the rapidly reassociating DNA species described represent extranuclear (cytoplasmic) DNA.", "PMID": 1175593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5243", "title": "Interaction of a non-histone chromatin protein (high-mobility group protein 2) with DNA.", "content": "1. The interaction with DNA of the calf thymus chromatin non-histone protein termed the high-mobility group protein 2 has been studied by sedimentation analysis in the ultracentrifuge and by measuring the binding of the 125I-labelled protein to DNA. The results have been compared with those obtained previously by us [Eur. J. Biochem. (1974) 47, 263-270] for the interaction of high-mobility group protein 1 with DNA. Although the binding parameters are similar for these two proteins, high-mobility group protein 2 differs from high-mobility group protein 1 in that the former appears to change the shape of the DNA to a more compact form. 2. The molecular weight of high-mobility group protein 2 has been determined by equilibrium sedimentation and a mean value of 26 000 was obtained. 3. A low level of nuclease activity detected in one preparation of high-mobility group protein 2 has been investigated.", "contents": "Interaction of a non-histone chromatin protein (high-mobility group protein 2) with DNA. 1. The interaction with DNA of the calf thymus chromatin non-histone protein termed the high-mobility group protein 2 has been studied by sedimentation analysis in the ultracentrifuge and by measuring the binding of the 125I-labelled protein to DNA. The results have been compared with those obtained previously by us [Eur. J. Biochem. (1974) 47, 263-270] for the interaction of high-mobility group protein 1 with DNA. Although the binding parameters are similar for these two proteins, high-mobility group protein 2 differs from high-mobility group protein 1 in that the former appears to change the shape of the DNA to a more compact form. 2. The molecular weight of high-mobility group protein 2 has been determined by equilibrium sedimentation and a mean value of 26 000 was obtained. 3. A low level of nuclease activity detected in one preparation of high-mobility group protein 2 has been investigated.", "PMID": 1175594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5244", "title": "Effects of ricin on the ribosomal sites involved in the interaction of the elongation factors.", "content": "The effects of ricin on the different steps of the elongation cycle of protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system are studied in this paper. The toxin most probably acts by catalytically inactivating the ribosomes, since a single molecule of the toxin can inactivate 300 ribosomes for poly(U)-directed phenylalanine incorporation. The effect of the toxin on the ribosome is irreversible. Ricin specifically inhibits elongation-factor-1-dependent aminoacyl-tRNA binding to ribosomes but has no effect on the non-enzymic binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. Ricin also inhibits formation of the complex elongation-factor-2 - ribosome - nucleotide with GTP, GDP or GMP-P(CH2)P. However, the toxin has no effect on translocation. These apparently conflicting results are discussed in this study.", "contents": "Effects of ricin on the ribosomal sites involved in the interaction of the elongation factors. The effects of ricin on the different steps of the elongation cycle of protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system are studied in this paper. The toxin most probably acts by catalytically inactivating the ribosomes, since a single molecule of the toxin can inactivate 300 ribosomes for poly(U)-directed phenylalanine incorporation. The effect of the toxin on the ribosome is irreversible. Ricin specifically inhibits elongation-factor-1-dependent aminoacyl-tRNA binding to ribosomes but has no effect on the non-enzymic binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. Ricin also inhibits formation of the complex elongation-factor-2 - ribosome - nucleotide with GTP, GDP or GMP-P(CH2)P. However, the toxin has no effect on translocation. These apparently conflicting results are discussed in this study.", "PMID": 1175595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5245", "title": "Trans-N-deoxyribosylase: purification by affinity chromatography and characterization.", "content": "trans-N-Deoxyribosylase (EC 2.4.2.6) is usually considered as a single protein catalyzing indifferently the transfer of the deoxyribosyl moiety to and from a purine or a pyrimidine base. Affinity chromatography of an extract from Lactobacillus helveticus with two types of ligands allowed the separation and purification of two distinct trans-N-deoxyribosylases. One catalyzes specifically the deoxyribosyl transfer to and from purine bases exclusively: trans-N-deoxyribosylase-I, the other catalyzes the transfer to and from pyrimidine and purine bases: trans-N-deoxyribosylase-II. A Tris inhibition study showed a markedly different susceptibility of the two enzymes. Preliminary results indicate that the purine-specific enzyme is a polymeric enzyme of molecular weight 86 000 (+/- 4000).", "contents": "Trans-N-deoxyribosylase: purification by affinity chromatography and characterization. trans-N-Deoxyribosylase (EC 2.4.2.6) is usually considered as a single protein catalyzing indifferently the transfer of the deoxyribosyl moiety to and from a purine or a pyrimidine base. Affinity chromatography of an extract from Lactobacillus helveticus with two types of ligands allowed the separation and purification of two distinct trans-N-deoxyribosylases. One catalyzes specifically the deoxyribosyl transfer to and from purine bases exclusively: trans-N-deoxyribosylase-I, the other catalyzes the transfer to and from pyrimidine and purine bases: trans-N-deoxyribosylase-II. A Tris inhibition study showed a markedly different susceptibility of the two enzymes. Preliminary results indicate that the purine-specific enzyme is a polymeric enzyme of molecular weight 86 000 (+/- 4000).", "PMID": 1175596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5246", "title": "Trans-N-deoxyribosylase: substrate specificity studies. Purine bases as acceptors.", "content": "A series of purine bases and analogues were tested as substrates for trans-N-deoxyribosylase (EC 2.4.2.6). It was observed that the pyrimidine ring and its substituents on positions 1, 2 and 6, are of minor importance. On the other hand only a few modifications are tolerated on the imidazole moiety, as follows. 1. A tautomeric proton must be present on the imidazole ring. The \"usual\" shift is between position 9 and 7. 2. The position of the tautomeric proton governs the site of substitution. 3. For steric reasons no substituent is allowed on position 8.", "contents": "Trans-N-deoxyribosylase: substrate specificity studies. Purine bases as acceptors. A series of purine bases and analogues were tested as substrates for trans-N-deoxyribosylase (EC 2.4.2.6). It was observed that the pyrimidine ring and its substituents on positions 1, 2 and 6, are of minor importance. On the other hand only a few modifications are tolerated on the imidazole moiety, as follows. 1. A tautomeric proton must be present on the imidazole ring. The \"usual\" shift is between position 9 and 7. 2. The position of the tautomeric proton governs the site of substitution. 3. For steric reasons no substituent is allowed on position 8.", "PMID": 1175597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5247", "title": "The biosynthesis of basement-membrane collagen by isolated rat glomeruli.", "content": "A technique is described for the rapid isolation of highly purified preparations of viable glomeruli from rat kidney cortex. The synthesis of protein as judged by the incorporation of [14C]proline into non-diffusible material was shown to be linear for up to 6 h. The synthesis of collagen, measured as non-diffusible 4-hydroxy[14C]proline, was also linear over this period but represented only a small proportion of total protein synthesis. Similar studies conducted in vivo confirmed that collagen synthesis accounted for less than 5% of total protein synthesis in glomeruli. When isolated glomeruli were incubated with [14C]proline, it was found that approximately 16% of the hydroxyproline present in the collagenous component occurred as the 3-isomer. When glomeruli were incubated with [14C]lysine over 90% of the hydroxy[14C]lysine synthesised was glycosylated and most of the glycosylated hydroxy[14C]lysine was present as glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxy[14C]lysine. The size of the basement membrane collagen synthesised by the isolated glomeruli was estimated by treating the 14C-labelled protein with mercaptoethanol and sodium dodecyl sulphate and then chromatographing the 14C-labelled protein on an agarose column equilibrated and eluted with buffer containing 0.1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulphate. The initial form of [14C]collagen synthesised was found to consist of polypeptide chains which had molecular weights of approximately 140 000 and which were shown to be distinctly larger than the polypeptide chains from embryonic chick tendon procollagen. Also when glomeruli were labelled with [14C]proline for 2 h and chased with unlabelled proline for 4 h there was a time-dependent conversion of the initially synthesised collagen moiety to collagen polypeptide chains which co-chromatograph with tendon pro-alpha chains (molecular weight approx. 120 000).", "contents": "The biosynthesis of basement-membrane collagen by isolated rat glomeruli. A technique is described for the rapid isolation of highly purified preparations of viable glomeruli from rat kidney cortex. The synthesis of protein as judged by the incorporation of [14C]proline into non-diffusible material was shown to be linear for up to 6 h. The synthesis of collagen, measured as non-diffusible 4-hydroxy[14C]proline, was also linear over this period but represented only a small proportion of total protein synthesis. Similar studies conducted in vivo confirmed that collagen synthesis accounted for less than 5% of total protein synthesis in glomeruli. When isolated glomeruli were incubated with [14C]proline, it was found that approximately 16% of the hydroxyproline present in the collagenous component occurred as the 3-isomer. When glomeruli were incubated with [14C]lysine over 90% of the hydroxy[14C]lysine synthesised was glycosylated and most of the glycosylated hydroxy[14C]lysine was present as glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxy[14C]lysine. The size of the basement membrane collagen synthesised by the isolated glomeruli was estimated by treating the 14C-labelled protein with mercaptoethanol and sodium dodecyl sulphate and then chromatographing the 14C-labelled protein on an agarose column equilibrated and eluted with buffer containing 0.1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulphate. The initial form of [14C]collagen synthesised was found to consist of polypeptide chains which had molecular weights of approximately 140 000 and which were shown to be distinctly larger than the polypeptide chains from embryonic chick tendon procollagen. Also when glomeruli were labelled with [14C]proline for 2 h and chased with unlabelled proline for 4 h there was a time-dependent conversion of the initially synthesised collagen moiety to collagen polypeptide chains which co-chromatograph with tendon pro-alpha chains (molecular weight approx. 120 000).", "PMID": 1175598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5248", "title": "On the mechanism of action of alkylguanidines on oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.", "content": "The effect of octylguanidine and oligomycin on the oxygen uptake of rat liver mitochondria and on the ATPase activity of \"sonic\" submitochondrial particles has been studied. 1. Octylguanidine inhibits state 3 respiration with glutamate-malate and succinate as substrates, but much lower concentrations are required to inhibit oxygen uptake with the former substrates. State 4 respiration is unaffected by octylguanidine. 2. The titration-curve for the octylguanidine inhibition of glutamate-malate oxidation is hyperbolic and apparently biphasic, half-maximal inhibition is obtained at 30 muM octylguanidine. The octylguanidine-curve for inhibition of succinate oxidation is sigmoid with half-maximal inhibition at about 250 muM. 3. Octylguanidine and oligomycin show additive inhibitory action on state 3 respiration with both glutamate plus malage and succinate as respiratory substrates. 4. Concentrations of oligomycin or octylguanidine, which added separately are ineffective on state 3 respiration, become inhibitory when the two inhibitors are added together. 5. Octylguanidine inhibits the ATPase activity of sonic submitochondrial particles with a hyperbolic titration-curve analogous to that obtained for oligomycin inhibition. The inhibitory actions of octylguanidine and oligomycin on the ATPase activity are additive. 6. It is concluded that octylguanidine acts directly on the ATPase complex and that its binding at the action site is mutually exclusive with the binding of oligomycin. A kinetic explanation is given for the reported higher sensitivity of site I phosphorylation to octylguanidine.", "contents": "On the mechanism of action of alkylguanidines on oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. The effect of octylguanidine and oligomycin on the oxygen uptake of rat liver mitochondria and on the ATPase activity of \"sonic\" submitochondrial particles has been studied. 1. Octylguanidine inhibits state 3 respiration with glutamate-malate and succinate as substrates, but much lower concentrations are required to inhibit oxygen uptake with the former substrates. State 4 respiration is unaffected by octylguanidine. 2. The titration-curve for the octylguanidine inhibition of glutamate-malate oxidation is hyperbolic and apparently biphasic, half-maximal inhibition is obtained at 30 muM octylguanidine. The octylguanidine-curve for inhibition of succinate oxidation is sigmoid with half-maximal inhibition at about 250 muM. 3. Octylguanidine and oligomycin show additive inhibitory action on state 3 respiration with both glutamate plus malage and succinate as respiratory substrates. 4. Concentrations of oligomycin or octylguanidine, which added separately are ineffective on state 3 respiration, become inhibitory when the two inhibitors are added together. 5. Octylguanidine inhibits the ATPase activity of sonic submitochondrial particles with a hyperbolic titration-curve analogous to that obtained for oligomycin inhibition. The inhibitory actions of octylguanidine and oligomycin on the ATPase activity are additive. 6. It is concluded that octylguanidine acts directly on the ATPase complex and that its binding at the action site is mutually exclusive with the binding of oligomycin. A kinetic explanation is given for the reported higher sensitivity of site I phosphorylation to octylguanidine.", "PMID": 1175599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5249", "title": "Initiation of transcription within an RNA-polymerase binding site.", "content": "1. The 5'-terminal sequence of the RNA transcribed from bacteriophage fd replicative form DNA under the control of promotor region I has been determined to be ppp(Gp)nUpApApApGpApCpCpUpGpApUpUp. . . 2. This sequence is complementary to the 5'-terminal sequence of the minus strand of the corresponding RNA polymerase binding site I, the starting point for RNA synthesis lying approximately in the middle of the binding site. 3. This initial sequence is also transcribed faithfully from isolated complexes of RNA polymerase and binding site I, obtained by DNase digestion of complexes between RNA polymerase and fd replicative form DNA. These highly stable complexes can not be reconstituted from binding site and enzyme. 4. It is concluded that RNA polymerase binding site and initiation site are identical parts of a promoter region, and that no \"drift\" between these sites is required as a step in RNA chain initiation. An additional non-transcribed outside region is implicated as essential for full promoter function.", "contents": "Initiation of transcription within an RNA-polymerase binding site. 1. The 5'-terminal sequence of the RNA transcribed from bacteriophage fd replicative form DNA under the control of promotor region I has been determined to be ppp(Gp)nUpApApApGpApCpCpUpGpApUpUp. . . 2. This sequence is complementary to the 5'-terminal sequence of the minus strand of the corresponding RNA polymerase binding site I, the starting point for RNA synthesis lying approximately in the middle of the binding site. 3. This initial sequence is also transcribed faithfully from isolated complexes of RNA polymerase and binding site I, obtained by DNase digestion of complexes between RNA polymerase and fd replicative form DNA. These highly stable complexes can not be reconstituted from binding site and enzyme. 4. It is concluded that RNA polymerase binding site and initiation site are identical parts of a promoter region, and that no \"drift\" between these sites is required as a step in RNA chain initiation. An additional non-transcribed outside region is implicated as essential for full promoter function.", "PMID": 1175600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5250", "title": "Specific deuterium labelling and computerized gas chromatography -- mass spectrometry in studies on the metabolism in vivo of a steroid sulphate in the rat.", "content": "The metabolism of 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one sulphate was studied in bile fistula rats and in isolated perfused livers. Computerized gas chromatography--mass spectrometry, in combination with specific deuterium-labelling, was employed to follow the metabolic transformations. Male animals excreted metabolites into bile more rapidly than females, a finding which could be correlated with the preferential formation of glucuronide conjugates in the male liver. The major metabolic pathway in male rats involved the steps: hydrolysis, 2alpha-hydroxylation, oxidoreduction at C-3 and glucuronide conjugation, yielding 2alpha, 3alpha-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one glucuronide as the major metabolite. Only traces of the injected steroid sulphate were detected in bile from male animals. In contrast, the administered compound was the major steroid excreted in bile of female rats, where the main metabolite was identified as 3beta,15beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one sulphate. A minor metabolite, 3beta,16alpha-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one, was found as a monosulphate in female rats and as both a disulphate and a glucuronide conjugate in male rats. The deuterium content of the sulphated 15beta-and 16alpha-hydroxylated metabolites was consistent with metabolic pathways involving direct hydroxylation of the injected steroid sulphate. The results obtained from the liver perfusions were essentially the same as those from the experiments with bile fistula animals. This indicates that all the observed metabolic reactions took place in the liver.", "contents": "Specific deuterium labelling and computerized gas chromatography -- mass spectrometry in studies on the metabolism in vivo of a steroid sulphate in the rat. The metabolism of 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one sulphate was studied in bile fistula rats and in isolated perfused livers. Computerized gas chromatography--mass spectrometry, in combination with specific deuterium-labelling, was employed to follow the metabolic transformations. Male animals excreted metabolites into bile more rapidly than females, a finding which could be correlated with the preferential formation of glucuronide conjugates in the male liver. The major metabolic pathway in male rats involved the steps: hydrolysis, 2alpha-hydroxylation, oxidoreduction at C-3 and glucuronide conjugation, yielding 2alpha, 3alpha-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one glucuronide as the major metabolite. Only traces of the injected steroid sulphate were detected in bile from male animals. In contrast, the administered compound was the major steroid excreted in bile of female rats, where the main metabolite was identified as 3beta,15beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one sulphate. A minor metabolite, 3beta,16alpha-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one, was found as a monosulphate in female rats and as both a disulphate and a glucuronide conjugate in male rats. The deuterium content of the sulphated 15beta-and 16alpha-hydroxylated metabolites was consistent with metabolic pathways involving direct hydroxylation of the injected steroid sulphate. The results obtained from the liver perfusions were essentially the same as those from the experiments with bile fistula animals. This indicates that all the observed metabolic reactions took place in the liver.", "PMID": 1175601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5251", "title": "Broad-specificity proteinase inhibitors in Scopolia japonica (Solanaceae) cultured cells. Isolation, physicochemical properties, and inhibition kinetics.", "content": "Proteinase inhibitors were isolated from Scopolia japonica cultured cells. Isolation procedures involve concentration by a hydrophobic resin of Diaion HP-20, decolorization by Duolite A-7, affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose, and Bio-Gel P-4 chromatography. It was found that the proteinase inhibitors from S. japonica cells are a mixture of at least five components. For the inhibitory components except one, amino acid analyses, measurements of sedimentation equilibrium and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) were carried out. The inhibitors were shown to be the polypeptides with molecular weights in the range of approximately 4000 to 6000. In addition, one of them was found to have approximately 15% alpha-helical conformation by the Moffitt-Yang analysis of ORD data. The inhibitors were found to have potent inhibitory activity for trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin, kallikrein and pepsin but not for papain with synthetic and natural substrates. These inhibitors formed stable complexes with trypsin and chymotrypsin in an equimolar ratio, and their inhibitory mechanisms for both enzymes were of non-competitive type.", "contents": "Broad-specificity proteinase inhibitors in Scopolia japonica (Solanaceae) cultured cells. Isolation, physicochemical properties, and inhibition kinetics. Proteinase inhibitors were isolated from Scopolia japonica cultured cells. Isolation procedures involve concentration by a hydrophobic resin of Diaion HP-20, decolorization by Duolite A-7, affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose, and Bio-Gel P-4 chromatography. It was found that the proteinase inhibitors from S. japonica cells are a mixture of at least five components. For the inhibitory components except one, amino acid analyses, measurements of sedimentation equilibrium and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) were carried out. The inhibitors were shown to be the polypeptides with molecular weights in the range of approximately 4000 to 6000. In addition, one of them was found to have approximately 15% alpha-helical conformation by the Moffitt-Yang analysis of ORD data. The inhibitors were found to have potent inhibitory activity for trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin, kallikrein and pepsin but not for papain with synthetic and natural substrates. These inhibitors formed stable complexes with trypsin and chymotrypsin in an equimolar ratio, and their inhibitory mechanisms for both enzymes were of non-competitive type.", "PMID": 1175602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5252", "title": "Rat-liver cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. 1. Development of a new assay based on the enzymic exchange of the tritium located on the 7 alpha position of the substrate.", "content": "A new assay is described to measure the activity of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and compared to the conventional 14C method used by other investigators. This method is based on the mechanism of the enzymic hydroxylation, i.e. a direct and stereospecific substitution of the 7alpha-hydrogen by a hydroxyl group. [7alpha-3H]Cholesterol is incubated at 37 degrees C and in the presence of molecular O2, in a medium buffered by postassium phosphate at pH 7.4 and containing liver microsomes (or 9000 X g supernatant), NADPH, MgCl2 and cysteamine. Tween-80 (1.5 mg/ml) is used to introduce enough substrate (300 muM) in the incubation mixture to saturate the enzyme (Km = 100 muM). Under these conditions the tritiated water released into the incubation medium reflects accurately the enzymic activity. The results obtained with this method are similar to the one obtained with a [4-14C]cholesterol technique (r = 0.96; P less than 0.001). The main advantage of the [7alpha-3H]cholesterol method is a complete independence from further metabolism of the first enzymic product, the 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol, the tritiated water representing the entire cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity.", "contents": "Rat-liver cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. 1. Development of a new assay based on the enzymic exchange of the tritium located on the 7 alpha position of the substrate. A new assay is described to measure the activity of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and compared to the conventional 14C method used by other investigators. This method is based on the mechanism of the enzymic hydroxylation, i.e. a direct and stereospecific substitution of the 7alpha-hydrogen by a hydroxyl group. [7alpha-3H]Cholesterol is incubated at 37 degrees C and in the presence of molecular O2, in a medium buffered by postassium phosphate at pH 7.4 and containing liver microsomes (or 9000 X g supernatant), NADPH, MgCl2 and cysteamine. Tween-80 (1.5 mg/ml) is used to introduce enough substrate (300 muM) in the incubation mixture to saturate the enzyme (Km = 100 muM). Under these conditions the tritiated water released into the incubation medium reflects accurately the enzymic activity. The results obtained with this method are similar to the one obtained with a [4-14C]cholesterol technique (r = 0.96; P less than 0.001). The main advantage of the [7alpha-3H]cholesterol method is a complete independence from further metabolism of the first enzymic product, the 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol, the tritiated water representing the entire cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity.", "PMID": 1175603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5253", "title": "Fingerprinting studies of the maturation of ribosomal RNA in mammalian cells.", "content": "32P-labelled ribosomal RNA of L 5178 Y cells (a mouse cell line) was digested with T1 ribonuclease and fingerprinted by electrophoresis at pH 3.5 on cellulose acetate and homochromatography on DEAE-cellulose thin-layer plate. From this, it can be concluded that 18-S and 28-S RNA have different and characteristic fingerprints and that the number, the size and the frequency of the large T1 oligonucleotides demonstrate that the guanylic residues are randomly interspaced along the molecule. Using a double-labelling technique with 32P-labelled 45-S RNA and 14C-labelled 18-S RNA or 28-S RNA, long T1 oligonucleotides of the 45-S RNA can be divided into three classes: (a) those which are lost during the transition, (b) those which are present in the 18-S RNA and (c) those which are present in the 28-S RNA. These results provide direct evidence for the existence of one common precursor for the two mature ribosomal RNAs. The comparison of the fingerprints of T1-ribonuclease-digested 47-S, 45-S and 41-S RNA shows that the 47-S and 41-S RNA have a characteristic ribosomal pattern. Finally the size, the number and the mobility of the oligonucleotides present in the different RNA precursors but absent from the mature RNA demonstrate that the non-conversed RNA pieces do not have a monotonous and repetitive sequence.", "contents": "Fingerprinting studies of the maturation of ribosomal RNA in mammalian cells. 32P-labelled ribosomal RNA of L 5178 Y cells (a mouse cell line) was digested with T1 ribonuclease and fingerprinted by electrophoresis at pH 3.5 on cellulose acetate and homochromatography on DEAE-cellulose thin-layer plate. From this, it can be concluded that 18-S and 28-S RNA have different and characteristic fingerprints and that the number, the size and the frequency of the large T1 oligonucleotides demonstrate that the guanylic residues are randomly interspaced along the molecule. Using a double-labelling technique with 32P-labelled 45-S RNA and 14C-labelled 18-S RNA or 28-S RNA, long T1 oligonucleotides of the 45-S RNA can be divided into three classes: (a) those which are lost during the transition, (b) those which are present in the 18-S RNA and (c) those which are present in the 28-S RNA. These results provide direct evidence for the existence of one common precursor for the two mature ribosomal RNAs. The comparison of the fingerprints of T1-ribonuclease-digested 47-S, 45-S and 41-S RNA shows that the 47-S and 41-S RNA have a characteristic ribosomal pattern. Finally the size, the number and the mobility of the oligonucleotides present in the different RNA precursors but absent from the mature RNA demonstrate that the non-conversed RNA pieces do not have a monotonous and repetitive sequence.", "PMID": 1175604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5254", "title": "Stimulation of tumor-cell respiration by inhibitors of pyruvate kinase.", "content": "In a model system consisting of highly coupled rat liver mitochondria respiring in the presence of substrate, pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate, ATP, hexokinase and glucose, the increase in the mitochondrial concentration results in a progressive decrease in the activity of pyruvate kinase. These results are in accord with a role of pyruvate kinase as a determinant of glycolytic activity by competing with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for the available ADP. The addition of adequate amounts of the amino acids, cysteine, alanine and phenylalanine, known as inhibitors of pyruvate kinase, to living Ehrlich ascites tumor cell suspensions results in a stimulation of the respiratory rate and in a decrease of the glycolytic rate of the cells. Concomitant with these changes, there is an accumulation of intracellular phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP, and a decrease in pyruvate and ATP. These results provide additional evidence for paying attention to pyruvate kinase as another key enzyme whose properties and activities may be major determinants for the control of glycolysis and the Crabtree and Pasteur effects of tumor cells.", "contents": "Stimulation of tumor-cell respiration by inhibitors of pyruvate kinase. In a model system consisting of highly coupled rat liver mitochondria respiring in the presence of substrate, pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate, ATP, hexokinase and glucose, the increase in the mitochondrial concentration results in a progressive decrease in the activity of pyruvate kinase. These results are in accord with a role of pyruvate kinase as a determinant of glycolytic activity by competing with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for the available ADP. The addition of adequate amounts of the amino acids, cysteine, alanine and phenylalanine, known as inhibitors of pyruvate kinase, to living Ehrlich ascites tumor cell suspensions results in a stimulation of the respiratory rate and in a decrease of the glycolytic rate of the cells. Concomitant with these changes, there is an accumulation of intracellular phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP, and a decrease in pyruvate and ATP. These results provide additional evidence for paying attention to pyruvate kinase as another key enzyme whose properties and activities may be major determinants for the control of glycolysis and the Crabtree and Pasteur effects of tumor cells.", "PMID": 1175605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5255", "title": "Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. 2. Biochemical properties and participation of endogenous cholesterol in the assay in vitro.", "content": "70% of the microsome-bound cholesterol is directly accessible to cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase in an assay in vitro. After 5 min of incubation this endogenous cholesterol makes a single pool with the exogenously added substrate and modifies its specific radioactivity. Thus, an accurate estimation of the enzymic activity should take the participation of endogenous cholesterol into account. Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity is enhanced in vitro by thiol-containing substances like mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, or cysteamine. On the contrary, the enzymic activity is inhibited by heavy cations (Hg2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+), or --SH-blocking agents (mersalic acid p-chloro-mercuribenzoic acid). Several steroids are potent inhibitors (Ki less than Km) of the enzyme, among them pregnenolone and its acetate derivative and the cholesterol closely related 7-oxocholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol. The cholesterol esters are neither substrates nor inhibitors of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. Only a high concentration (1 mM) of biliary acids or of their glyco or tauro derivatives inhibits cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. The quantitatively less important lithocholic acid and deoxycholic acid are the strongest inhibitors; the most common cholic acid does not affect the enzymic activity even at 1 mM.", "contents": "Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. 2. Biochemical properties and participation of endogenous cholesterol in the assay in vitro. 70% of the microsome-bound cholesterol is directly accessible to cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase in an assay in vitro. After 5 min of incubation this endogenous cholesterol makes a single pool with the exogenously added substrate and modifies its specific radioactivity. Thus, an accurate estimation of the enzymic activity should take the participation of endogenous cholesterol into account. Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity is enhanced in vitro by thiol-containing substances like mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, or cysteamine. On the contrary, the enzymic activity is inhibited by heavy cations (Hg2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+), or --SH-blocking agents (mersalic acid p-chloro-mercuribenzoic acid). Several steroids are potent inhibitors (Ki less than Km) of the enzyme, among them pregnenolone and its acetate derivative and the cholesterol closely related 7-oxocholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol. The cholesterol esters are neither substrates nor inhibitors of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. Only a high concentration (1 mM) of biliary acids or of their glyco or tauro derivatives inhibits cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. The quantitatively less important lithocholic acid and deoxycholic acid are the strongest inhibitors; the most common cholic acid does not affect the enzymic activity even at 1 mM.", "PMID": 1175606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5256", "title": "Rat-liver cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. 3. New results about its circadian rhythm.", "content": "The establishement of the circadian rhythm of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity requires protein and RNA synthesis. The spontaneous decrease of the enzymic activity, at the end of the night, allows us to evaluate a half-life time of about two hours. The half-life time goes up to about four hours when the enzymatic activity decay is measured following cycloheximide administration. This difference suggests that an active mechanism is involved in the control of the enzyme degradation. The daily variation of the enzyme activity is regulated via the hypothalamo-hypophysis-adrenal axis. At the cellular level glucocorticoids are the most likely responsible agent. The hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase variations always parallel the plasmatic corticosterone concentration fluctuations, the latter being by far the most important adrenocortical excretion product. These two rhythms are modified in a similar manner under different physio-pathological conditions, such as the inversion of lighting in the animal room or the inversion of feeding time. Of these two parameters, the moment of food intake is the most important and accounts for the synchronisation of the rhythm in the animals. The rhythm is retained after several days of starvation but its amplitude decreases and the individual variations among the animals increase significantly at each time point.", "contents": "Rat-liver cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. 3. New results about its circadian rhythm. The establishement of the circadian rhythm of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity requires protein and RNA synthesis. The spontaneous decrease of the enzymic activity, at the end of the night, allows us to evaluate a half-life time of about two hours. The half-life time goes up to about four hours when the enzymatic activity decay is measured following cycloheximide administration. This difference suggests that an active mechanism is involved in the control of the enzyme degradation. The daily variation of the enzyme activity is regulated via the hypothalamo-hypophysis-adrenal axis. At the cellular level glucocorticoids are the most likely responsible agent. The hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase variations always parallel the plasmatic corticosterone concentration fluctuations, the latter being by far the most important adrenocortical excretion product. These two rhythms are modified in a similar manner under different physio-pathological conditions, such as the inversion of lighting in the animal room or the inversion of feeding time. Of these two parameters, the moment of food intake is the most important and accounts for the synchronisation of the rhythm in the animals. The rhythm is retained after several days of starvation but its amplitude decreases and the individual variations among the animals increase significantly at each time point.", "PMID": 1175607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5257", "title": "RNA metabolism in nuclei isolated from HeLa cells.", "content": "Nuclei with low cytoplasmic contamination, capable of synthesizing RNA for an extended period of time, were prepared from HeLa cells. Besides elongating RNA chains already initiated in vivo, the nuclear preparation initiates the synthesis of new RNA chains. This was shown by labelling the newly synthesized RNA with [gamma-32P]GTP and by detecting the presence of labelled guanosine tetraphosphate among the alkaline hydrolysis products of synthesized RNA. By synthesizing RNA in the presence of each of the four gamma-32P-labelled nucleoside triphosphates, it was possible to conclude that RNA chain synthesis starts predominantly with a purine base. Both nucleolar and nucleoplasmic RNAs are made. The nuclear preparation methylates the nucleolar RNA by utilizing S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a methyl-group donor.", "contents": "RNA metabolism in nuclei isolated from HeLa cells. Nuclei with low cytoplasmic contamination, capable of synthesizing RNA for an extended period of time, were prepared from HeLa cells. Besides elongating RNA chains already initiated in vivo, the nuclear preparation initiates the synthesis of new RNA chains. This was shown by labelling the newly synthesized RNA with [gamma-32P]GTP and by detecting the presence of labelled guanosine tetraphosphate among the alkaline hydrolysis products of synthesized RNA. By synthesizing RNA in the presence of each of the four gamma-32P-labelled nucleoside triphosphates, it was possible to conclude that RNA chain synthesis starts predominantly with a purine base. Both nucleolar and nucleoplasmic RNAs are made. The nuclear preparation methylates the nucleolar RNA by utilizing S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a methyl-group donor.", "PMID": 1175608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5258", "title": "Interconversion between different states of affinity for acetylcholine of the cholinergic receptor protein from Torpedo marmorata.", "content": "In receptor-rich membrane fragments from Torpedo, acetylcholine binds, in the presence of 70 muM Tetram, to a homogeneous population of high-affinity sites with Kd = (3.4 +/- 0.8) x 10(08) M. Dissolution of these membrane fragments by sodium cholate causes a decrease of affinity associated with the appearance of medium-affinity (Kd approximately 10(-7) M) and low-affinity (Kd greater than or equal to 10(-6) M) sites. Dissolution by neutral detergents Triton X-100 or Emulphogene preserves the high affinity of the acetylcholine binding sites. In all the soluble states of the receptor protein, Ca2+ ions and local anaesthetics no longer enhance the affinity for acetylcholine. Elimination of sodium cholate by dilution leads to the reassociation of the receptor protein, the recovery of high-affinity sites and the control by Ca2+ ions and local anaesthetics. Purification by affinity chromatography of the receptor protein in Triton X-100 is accompanied by a conversion of a majority of the acetylcholine sites into their state of low affinity. High-affinity sites can no longer be recovered by detergent dilution from these low-affinity ones.", "contents": "Interconversion between different states of affinity for acetylcholine of the cholinergic receptor protein from Torpedo marmorata. In receptor-rich membrane fragments from Torpedo, acetylcholine binds, in the presence of 70 muM Tetram, to a homogeneous population of high-affinity sites with Kd = (3.4 +/- 0.8) x 10(08) M. Dissolution of these membrane fragments by sodium cholate causes a decrease of affinity associated with the appearance of medium-affinity (Kd approximately 10(-7) M) and low-affinity (Kd greater than or equal to 10(-6) M) sites. Dissolution by neutral detergents Triton X-100 or Emulphogene preserves the high affinity of the acetylcholine binding sites. In all the soluble states of the receptor protein, Ca2+ ions and local anaesthetics no longer enhance the affinity for acetylcholine. Elimination of sodium cholate by dilution leads to the reassociation of the receptor protein, the recovery of high-affinity sites and the control by Ca2+ ions and local anaesthetics. Purification by affinity chromatography of the receptor protein in Triton X-100 is accompanied by a conversion of a majority of the acetylcholine sites into their state of low affinity. High-affinity sites can no longer be recovered by detergent dilution from these low-affinity ones.", "PMID": 1175609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5259", "title": "The relation of conformation and association of insulin to receptor binding; x-ray and circular-dichroism studies on bovine and hystricomorph insulins.", "content": "Crystal and solution structure studies on insulins of different sequences and of widely different receptor binding affinities are reported. Bovine insulin, studied as a control, has a circular dichroism spectrum which is dependent both on protein concentration and zinc concentration. The spectrum appears to be related to the level of association of the insulin molecules. This implies that when using circular dichroism to compare solution structures of insulin derivatives or species variants one must make the comparison at equivalent levels of association and not merely at the same concentration. Changes in circular dichroism are related to the known crystal structure of zinc insulin hexamers. The chinchilla insulin spectrum shows a reduced zinc dependence in low-salt conditions which correlates with the inability to form crystals in similar conditions. This is attributed to an amino acid substitution at position B4. Crystals are obtained in high-salt conditions and X-ray diffraction patterns show these to be isomorphous with bovine 4Zn insulin crystals. Guinea pig insulin failed to crystallise under conditions which are normally conducive to the formation of crystals of zinc insulin hexamers and the circular dichroism showed no zinc dependence. This is consistent with a monomeric structure. The significance of the association behaviour of chinchilla and guinea pig insulins may be in the storage of the hormone in vivo. Whereas the monomeric form of chinchilla insulin has a structure closely related to bovine insulin, the circular dichroism indicates a gross structural difference for guinea pig insulin. This may be similar to that in des-A21, des-B30-insulin, as both lack the Arg-B22--Asn-A21 carboxylate ion pair. The similarity of structure of chinchilla and bovine insulins is reflected in their receptor binding whereas the low receptor binding of guinea pig insulin probably results from the changes in its conformation rather than an alteration in residues of a receptor binding region.", "contents": "The relation of conformation and association of insulin to receptor binding; x-ray and circular-dichroism studies on bovine and hystricomorph insulins. Crystal and solution structure studies on insulins of different sequences and of widely different receptor binding affinities are reported. Bovine insulin, studied as a control, has a circular dichroism spectrum which is dependent both on protein concentration and zinc concentration. The spectrum appears to be related to the level of association of the insulin molecules. This implies that when using circular dichroism to compare solution structures of insulin derivatives or species variants one must make the comparison at equivalent levels of association and not merely at the same concentration. Changes in circular dichroism are related to the known crystal structure of zinc insulin hexamers. The chinchilla insulin spectrum shows a reduced zinc dependence in low-salt conditions which correlates with the inability to form crystals in similar conditions. This is attributed to an amino acid substitution at position B4. Crystals are obtained in high-salt conditions and X-ray diffraction patterns show these to be isomorphous with bovine 4Zn insulin crystals. Guinea pig insulin failed to crystallise under conditions which are normally conducive to the formation of crystals of zinc insulin hexamers and the circular dichroism showed no zinc dependence. This is consistent with a monomeric structure. The significance of the association behaviour of chinchilla and guinea pig insulins may be in the storage of the hormone in vivo. Whereas the monomeric form of chinchilla insulin has a structure closely related to bovine insulin, the circular dichroism indicates a gross structural difference for guinea pig insulin. This may be similar to that in des-A21, des-B30-insulin, as both lack the Arg-B22--Asn-A21 carboxylate ion pair. The similarity of structure of chinchilla and bovine insulins is reflected in their receptor binding whereas the low receptor binding of guinea pig insulin probably results from the changes in its conformation rather than an alteration in residues of a receptor binding region.", "PMID": 1175610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5260", "title": "Mode of action of the macrolide-type antibiotic, chlorothricin. Effect of the antibiotic on the catalytic activity and some structural parameters of pyruvate carboxylases purified from rat and chicken liver.", "content": "The macrolide-type antibiotic chlorothricin inhibits pyruvate carboxylases purified from rat liver, chicken liver and Azotobacter vinelandii. Under standard assay conditions the concentration of chlorothricin required for half-maximal inhibition of oxalacetate synthesis is 0.26 mM (rat liver), 0.12 mM (chicken liver), and 0.5 mM (Azobacter vinelandii). Inhibition by chlorothricin appears non-competitive in character when measured as a function of the concentration of the substrates of the pyruvate carboxylase reaction as well as of CoASAc and Mg2+. This pattern of inhibition suggests that this antibiotic interacts at unique sites on chicken and rat liver pyruvate carboxylase which are distinct from both the catalytic and activator sites. Interaction of chlorothricin with the two vertebrate liver pyruvate carboxylases differs from the effect exerted by this antibiotic on pyruvate carboxylase purified from Azotobacter vinelandii. A sigmoidal relationship between initial velocity and inhibitor concentration is observed for the vertebrate enzymes under most conditions whereas a hyperbolic profile characterizes the concentration dependence of inhibition of the Azotobacter vinelandii enzyme by chlorothricin. In the case of rat liver pyruvate carboxylase chlorothricin does not alter the extent of cooperativity in the relationship between initial rate and CoASAc concentration. However, a small but significant increase of the Hill coefficient from a value of 2.7 in the absence of antibiotic to that of 3.3 in the presence of 0.5 mM chlorothricin is observed for chicken liver pyruvate carboxylase. Chlorothricin decreases the rate of inactivation observed when rat liver pyruvate carboxylase is incubated with trinitrobenzenesulfonate and when chicken liver pyruvate carboxylase is incubated at 2 degrees C. The maximal decrease in inactivation observed in the presence of saturating concentrations of antibiotic is 50% for cold inactivation of the chicken liver enzyme and 60% for inactivation of the enzyme from rat liver by trinitrobenzenesulfonate. In both cases a sigmoidal relationship is observed between inactivation rate and chlorothricin concentration. These data as well as the initial rate studies suggest that multiple interacting sites for this antibiotic are present on the vertebrate liver pyruvate carboxylases. The occupancy of these sites appears to cause significant distortion of both the catalytic and the activator sites.", "contents": "Mode of action of the macrolide-type antibiotic, chlorothricin. Effect of the antibiotic on the catalytic activity and some structural parameters of pyruvate carboxylases purified from rat and chicken liver. The macrolide-type antibiotic chlorothricin inhibits pyruvate carboxylases purified from rat liver, chicken liver and Azotobacter vinelandii. Under standard assay conditions the concentration of chlorothricin required for half-maximal inhibition of oxalacetate synthesis is 0.26 mM (rat liver), 0.12 mM (chicken liver), and 0.5 mM (Azobacter vinelandii). Inhibition by chlorothricin appears non-competitive in character when measured as a function of the concentration of the substrates of the pyruvate carboxylase reaction as well as of CoASAc and Mg2+. This pattern of inhibition suggests that this antibiotic interacts at unique sites on chicken and rat liver pyruvate carboxylase which are distinct from both the catalytic and activator sites. Interaction of chlorothricin with the two vertebrate liver pyruvate carboxylases differs from the effect exerted by this antibiotic on pyruvate carboxylase purified from Azotobacter vinelandii. A sigmoidal relationship between initial velocity and inhibitor concentration is observed for the vertebrate enzymes under most conditions whereas a hyperbolic profile characterizes the concentration dependence of inhibition of the Azotobacter vinelandii enzyme by chlorothricin. In the case of rat liver pyruvate carboxylase chlorothricin does not alter the extent of cooperativity in the relationship between initial rate and CoASAc concentration. However, a small but significant increase of the Hill coefficient from a value of 2.7 in the absence of antibiotic to that of 3.3 in the presence of 0.5 mM chlorothricin is observed for chicken liver pyruvate carboxylase. Chlorothricin decreases the rate of inactivation observed when rat liver pyruvate carboxylase is incubated with trinitrobenzenesulfonate and when chicken liver pyruvate carboxylase is incubated at 2 degrees C. The maximal decrease in inactivation observed in the presence of saturating concentrations of antibiotic is 50% for cold inactivation of the chicken liver enzyme and 60% for inactivation of the enzyme from rat liver by trinitrobenzenesulfonate. In both cases a sigmoidal relationship is observed between inactivation rate and chlorothricin concentration. These data as well as the initial rate studies suggest that multiple interacting sites for this antibiotic are present on the vertebrate liver pyruvate carboxylases. The occupancy of these sites appears to cause significant distortion of both the catalytic and the activator sites.", "PMID": 1175611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5261", "title": "The distribution of J blood-group activity on lipoprotein and protein fractions of bovine serum.", "content": "There is a diversity of carriers of the J blood-group activity of bovine serum. The qualitative and quantitative distribution of the J activity on different carriers was studied, using various fractionation procedures. Approximately one third of J activity was found in the total lipids extracted from serum, two thirds in the lipid-free residue precipitated by lipid extraction. One third of the lipid J substance was found to be bound to the very low density lipoprotein, two thirds to the low density lipoprotein, while the high density lipoprotein was completely free of J activity. All non-lipidic J substance was present in the lipid-free protein. There was no J activity in the low molecular weight mucoproteins of serum and in the apoproteins of the lipoprotein fractions. The lipoprotein fractions were prepared by ultracentrifugation at different solvent densities. The lipoprotein fractions were characterized by chemical analyses and physical properties. The lower total cholesterol concentration of bovine serum, as compared to human serum, is reflected in a lower concentration of low density lipoprotein. The results obtained by ultracentrifugation coincide with the results obtained by precipitation of \"beta-lipoproteins\" with dextran sulfate and calcium chloride and with results obtained by gel filtration of bovine serum. The \"beta-lipoprotein\" fraction contains lipoproteins of very low and low density, and probably chylomicrons and a variety of other proteins, however no high density lipoprotein.", "contents": "The distribution of J blood-group activity on lipoprotein and protein fractions of bovine serum. There is a diversity of carriers of the J blood-group activity of bovine serum. The qualitative and quantitative distribution of the J activity on different carriers was studied, using various fractionation procedures. Approximately one third of J activity was found in the total lipids extracted from serum, two thirds in the lipid-free residue precipitated by lipid extraction. One third of the lipid J substance was found to be bound to the very low density lipoprotein, two thirds to the low density lipoprotein, while the high density lipoprotein was completely free of J activity. All non-lipidic J substance was present in the lipid-free protein. There was no J activity in the low molecular weight mucoproteins of serum and in the apoproteins of the lipoprotein fractions. The lipoprotein fractions were prepared by ultracentrifugation at different solvent densities. The lipoprotein fractions were characterized by chemical analyses and physical properties. The lower total cholesterol concentration of bovine serum, as compared to human serum, is reflected in a lower concentration of low density lipoprotein. The results obtained by ultracentrifugation coincide with the results obtained by precipitation of \"beta-lipoproteins\" with dextran sulfate and calcium chloride and with results obtained by gel filtration of bovine serum. The \"beta-lipoprotein\" fraction contains lipoproteins of very low and low density, and probably chylomicrons and a variety of other proteins, however no high density lipoprotein.", "PMID": 1175612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5262", "title": "Control of hepatic protein synthesis. Differential effects of ATP levels on the initiation and elongation steps.", "content": "The effect of nucleotide energy levels in vivo on the different steps of protein synthesis has been studied. Hepatic anoxia was induced by interrupting the blood portal-vein flow. At 5 min of anoxia ATP fell to 59% of the control values and the amino acid incorporation into protein was inhibited by more than 70%. This strong inhibition was not paralleled by polyribosomal breakdown. On the contrary, when fasted rats were used, at 5 min of anoxia the ribosomal state of aggregation was found to increase. Longer periods of anoxia resulted in a further decrease in triphosphonucleoside content and polyribosomal breakdown. Based on these results and other reports from the literature it is concluded that the Km for the GTP of the peptide-chain-elongation mechanism must be higher than the Km of the initiation step. This finding implies that variations of nucleotide levels in vivo within the physiological range may control protein synthesis at the elongation step without apparent changes in the polyribosomal profiles.", "contents": "Control of hepatic protein synthesis. Differential effects of ATP levels on the initiation and elongation steps. The effect of nucleotide energy levels in vivo on the different steps of protein synthesis has been studied. Hepatic anoxia was induced by interrupting the blood portal-vein flow. At 5 min of anoxia ATP fell to 59% of the control values and the amino acid incorporation into protein was inhibited by more than 70%. This strong inhibition was not paralleled by polyribosomal breakdown. On the contrary, when fasted rats were used, at 5 min of anoxia the ribosomal state of aggregation was found to increase. Longer periods of anoxia resulted in a further decrease in triphosphonucleoside content and polyribosomal breakdown. Based on these results and other reports from the literature it is concluded that the Km for the GTP of the peptide-chain-elongation mechanism must be higher than the Km of the initiation step. This finding implies that variations of nucleotide levels in vivo within the physiological range may control protein synthesis at the elongation step without apparent changes in the polyribosomal profiles.", "PMID": 1175613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5263", "title": "Effect of substrate structure on the pre-steady-state kinetics of oxidation by liver alcohol dehydrogenase. A correlation with the Taft sigma parameter.", "content": "The oxidation of a series of primary alcohols by liver alcohol dehydrogenase has been studied under conditions of [S]o greater than [E]o using the stopped-flow method. A biphasic process, with exponential rise to a steady state, was observed for most of the alcohols and the rate constants for the transient phase were determined. No transient phase could be detected for 2-chloroethanol and 2-nitroethanol and steady-state measurements were made for these alcohols. The rate constants for the hydrogen transfer step were obtained from the pre-steady-state rate constants for the various alcohols and correlated with the Taft sigma constant. The (see article) value obtained (-1.8) is consistent with rate-limiting hydride transfer coupled with removal of the hydroxyl proton by a suitable basic group on the enzyme. A possible identity for this group is suggested.", "contents": "Effect of substrate structure on the pre-steady-state kinetics of oxidation by liver alcohol dehydrogenase. A correlation with the Taft sigma parameter. The oxidation of a series of primary alcohols by liver alcohol dehydrogenase has been studied under conditions of [S]o greater than [E]o using the stopped-flow method. A biphasic process, with exponential rise to a steady state, was observed for most of the alcohols and the rate constants for the transient phase were determined. No transient phase could be detected for 2-chloroethanol and 2-nitroethanol and steady-state measurements were made for these alcohols. The rate constants for the hydrogen transfer step were obtained from the pre-steady-state rate constants for the various alcohols and correlated with the Taft sigma constant. The (see article) value obtained (-1.8) is consistent with rate-limiting hydride transfer coupled with removal of the hydroxyl proton by a suitable basic group on the enzyme. A possible identity for this group is suggested.", "PMID": 1175615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5264", "title": "Inhibition by carbon monoxide of the secondary-amine mono-oxygenase of Pseudomonas aminovorans and the photochemical action spectrum for its reversal.", "content": "The secondary-amine mono-oxygenase (EC 1.14.99.--) of Pseudomonas aminovorans is potently inhibited by carbon monoxide. The degree of inhibition of the purified enzyme was determined by the CO:O2 ratio rather than by the absolute concentration of carbon monoxide. The partition constant (the CO:O2 ratio causing 50% inhibition of activity) was 9.2 X 10(-4). The inhibition could be reversed by light, and the extent of reversal was proportional to the light intensity. With monochromatic light of wavelength 417 nm, the light sensitivity, L, was determined to be 2.5 X 10(8) cm2 min/mol quantum. The photochemical action spectrum for the light reversal of inhibition showed a single maximum of effectiveness at about 420 nm. The difference spectrum of the enzyme (reduced by NADH) on bubbling with CO (compared with an NADH-reduced reference sample) showed a peak at 426 nm. The preparations showed none of the spectral properties to cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase preparations, and was much more sensitive to carbon monoxide. The enzyme behaves as a typical o-type cytochrome (i.e. a carbon-monoxide-reactive b-type cytochrome), and its sensitivity to carbon monoxide as well as in its spectral properties, shows close resemblances to haemoglobin.", "contents": "Inhibition by carbon monoxide of the secondary-amine mono-oxygenase of Pseudomonas aminovorans and the photochemical action spectrum for its reversal. The secondary-amine mono-oxygenase (EC 1.14.99.--) of Pseudomonas aminovorans is potently inhibited by carbon monoxide. The degree of inhibition of the purified enzyme was determined by the CO:O2 ratio rather than by the absolute concentration of carbon monoxide. The partition constant (the CO:O2 ratio causing 50% inhibition of activity) was 9.2 X 10(-4). The inhibition could be reversed by light, and the extent of reversal was proportional to the light intensity. With monochromatic light of wavelength 417 nm, the light sensitivity, L, was determined to be 2.5 X 10(8) cm2 min/mol quantum. The photochemical action spectrum for the light reversal of inhibition showed a single maximum of effectiveness at about 420 nm. The difference spectrum of the enzyme (reduced by NADH) on bubbling with CO (compared with an NADH-reduced reference sample) showed a peak at 426 nm. The preparations showed none of the spectral properties to cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase preparations, and was much more sensitive to carbon monoxide. The enzyme behaves as a typical o-type cytochrome (i.e. a carbon-monoxide-reactive b-type cytochrome), and its sensitivity to carbon monoxide as well as in its spectral properties, shows close resemblances to haemoglobin.", "PMID": 1175614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5265", "title": "The properties of cytochrome f and P700 in chloroplasts suspended in fluid media at sub-zero temperatures.", "content": "1. The properties of P700 and cytochrome f have been studied at sub-zero temperatures in chloroplasts suspended in a medium containing 50% (v/v) ethylene glycol. The dark reduction of these components after a period of illumination provided information about the rate-limiting step of photosynthetic electron transport under these conditions. 2. The oxidation of P700 on illumination in the presence of methyl viologen and its subsequent dark reduction can be observed at -35 degrees C. This cycle of reactions could be repeated many times. The rate of reduction was increased by NH4Cl and reduction was inhibited by 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. 3. The oxidation and reduction of cytochrome f could also be observed under similar conditions. The activation energies for the reduction of cytochrome f and P700 are similar (about 75 kJ mol-1) and the reduction of cytochrome f is also inhibited by dichlorophenyldimethylurea and stimulated by NH4Cl. 4. The reduction of both cytochrome f and P700 seemed to follow first-order kinetics, but the t1/2 for the redcution of the cytochrome was at least three times that for the reduction of P700 at the same temperature. It was concluded that the results were only compatible with a model in which the main pathway of electrons from plastoquinone to P700 involved cytochrome f if the equilibrium constant between the cytochrome and P700 was very much less than that expected from their redox potentials.", "contents": "The properties of cytochrome f and P700 in chloroplasts suspended in fluid media at sub-zero temperatures. 1. The properties of P700 and cytochrome f have been studied at sub-zero temperatures in chloroplasts suspended in a medium containing 50% (v/v) ethylene glycol. The dark reduction of these components after a period of illumination provided information about the rate-limiting step of photosynthetic electron transport under these conditions. 2. The oxidation of P700 on illumination in the presence of methyl viologen and its subsequent dark reduction can be observed at -35 degrees C. This cycle of reactions could be repeated many times. The rate of reduction was increased by NH4Cl and reduction was inhibited by 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. 3. The oxidation and reduction of cytochrome f could also be observed under similar conditions. The activation energies for the reduction of cytochrome f and P700 are similar (about 75 kJ mol-1) and the reduction of cytochrome f is also inhibited by dichlorophenyldimethylurea and stimulated by NH4Cl. 4. The reduction of both cytochrome f and P700 seemed to follow first-order kinetics, but the t1/2 for the redcution of the cytochrome was at least three times that for the reduction of P700 at the same temperature. It was concluded that the results were only compatible with a model in which the main pathway of electrons from plastoquinone to P700 involved cytochrome f if the equilibrium constant between the cytochrome and P700 was very much less than that expected from their redox potentials.", "PMID": 1175616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5266", "title": "Evidence for cooperative effects in the exchange reaction catalysed by the oxoglutarate translocator of rat-heart mitochondria.", "content": "The initial rates of the exchange external oxoglutarate/internal malate through the inner membrane of rat-heart mitochondria, for various concentrations of the two substrates, have been reinvestigated for an extended range of concentrations of the external oxoglutarate. This has been made possible by use of the inhibitor-stop technique that allows 100 times smaller incubation times than the centrifugation-stop technique used previously. Under the experimental conditions the uptake of the external-labelled oxoglutarate into the mitochondrial-matrix space is mediated by the oxoglutarate translocator performing a ono-to-one exchange of the anions oxoglutarate (external) and malate (internal). Two intermediary-plateau regions are observed in the kinetic saturation curve of the translocator by the external oxoglutarate, revealing a complex rate equation which is found to be the product of two one-substrate functions. Analysing these features it is shown that the model, proposed earlier, of a \"double carrier\" as catalyst in a rapid-equilibrium random bi-bi mechanism, is still applicable but that several external binding sites have to be considered. As already noticed the external and the internal substrates bind to their respective sites independently of each other. Furthermore, some additional requirements imposed by the observed kinetics suggest that the exchange reaction is performed by only one translocator species made of identical interacting subunits. The anion exchange is tentatively viewed as a rotation of a subunit around an axis situated in the plane of the membrane after two independent local configuration changes induced by the binding of the two substrates on this subunit.", "contents": "Evidence for cooperative effects in the exchange reaction catalysed by the oxoglutarate translocator of rat-heart mitochondria. The initial rates of the exchange external oxoglutarate/internal malate through the inner membrane of rat-heart mitochondria, for various concentrations of the two substrates, have been reinvestigated for an extended range of concentrations of the external oxoglutarate. This has been made possible by use of the inhibitor-stop technique that allows 100 times smaller incubation times than the centrifugation-stop technique used previously. Under the experimental conditions the uptake of the external-labelled oxoglutarate into the mitochondrial-matrix space is mediated by the oxoglutarate translocator performing a ono-to-one exchange of the anions oxoglutarate (external) and malate (internal). Two intermediary-plateau regions are observed in the kinetic saturation curve of the translocator by the external oxoglutarate, revealing a complex rate equation which is found to be the product of two one-substrate functions. Analysing these features it is shown that the model, proposed earlier, of a \"double carrier\" as catalyst in a rapid-equilibrium random bi-bi mechanism, is still applicable but that several external binding sites have to be considered. As already noticed the external and the internal substrates bind to their respective sites independently of each other. Furthermore, some additional requirements imposed by the observed kinetics suggest that the exchange reaction is performed by only one translocator species made of identical interacting subunits. The anion exchange is tentatively viewed as a rotation of a subunit around an axis situated in the plane of the membrane after two independent local configuration changes induced by the binding of the two substrates on this subunit.", "PMID": 1175617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5267", "title": "Activity of polyribosomes from the muscle of normal and dystrophic mice in cell-free amino-acid incorporation.", "content": "Polyribosomes sedimenting in the manner characteristic of those from embryonic chick muscle, as described by Heywood et al. in 1967 (Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 57,1002--1009) were reproducibly obtained from normal mouse muscle by homogenization of the muscle with a Dounce homogenizer. The polyribosome profiles of dystrophic muscle were qualitatively similar to those of normal muscle except that the relative amount of ribosomes in polyribosome complexes was smaller (44% +/- 3S.E.) in dystrophic muscle than in normal muscle (67% +/- 4S.E.). In spite of this difference, polyribosomes from dystrophic muscle incorporated amino acids in vitro at a faster rate and produced a larger amount of polypeptide at the end of the reaction than polyribosomes from normal muscle.", "contents": "Activity of polyribosomes from the muscle of normal and dystrophic mice in cell-free amino-acid incorporation. Polyribosomes sedimenting in the manner characteristic of those from embryonic chick muscle, as described by Heywood et al. in 1967 (Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 57,1002--1009) were reproducibly obtained from normal mouse muscle by homogenization of the muscle with a Dounce homogenizer. The polyribosome profiles of dystrophic muscle were qualitatively similar to those of normal muscle except that the relative amount of ribosomes in polyribosome complexes was smaller (44% +/- 3S.E.) in dystrophic muscle than in normal muscle (67% +/- 4S.E.). In spite of this difference, polyribosomes from dystrophic muscle incorporated amino acids in vitro at a faster rate and produced a larger amount of polypeptide at the end of the reaction than polyribosomes from normal muscle.", "PMID": 1175618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5268", "title": "Antibodies to adenosine 5'-monophosphate: purification and specificity.", "content": "Antibodies to adenosine-5'-monophosphate were produced in rabbits by injecting a conjugate of the nucleotide (oxidized with periodate) with bovine serum albumin. Nucleotide-specific antibodies were isolated by affinity chromatography on oligoadenylic acids/agarose column. Pure immunoglobulin G antibodies were obtained by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. These antibodies, as analyzed by double diffusion react with adenosine 5'-monophosphate--bovine serum albumin, slightly with inosine-5'-monophosphate conjugate and not at all with the other nucleotide conjugates. The association constants for adenosine-5'-monophosphate--antibody complex formation obtained by dialysis equilibrium and fluorescence measurements, are in good agreement. This latter technique was used to study on one hand the influence of temperture and salt on complex formation, on the other hand the interaction of the antibodies with AMP derivatives. The phosphate group, the ribose and the base are recognized by the antibody, but the C-8 atom of adenine residues is not directly involved in the binding.", "contents": "Antibodies to adenosine 5'-monophosphate: purification and specificity. Antibodies to adenosine-5'-monophosphate were produced in rabbits by injecting a conjugate of the nucleotide (oxidized with periodate) with bovine serum albumin. Nucleotide-specific antibodies were isolated by affinity chromatography on oligoadenylic acids/agarose column. Pure immunoglobulin G antibodies were obtained by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. These antibodies, as analyzed by double diffusion react with adenosine 5'-monophosphate--bovine serum albumin, slightly with inosine-5'-monophosphate conjugate and not at all with the other nucleotide conjugates. The association constants for adenosine-5'-monophosphate--antibody complex formation obtained by dialysis equilibrium and fluorescence measurements, are in good agreement. This latter technique was used to study on one hand the influence of temperture and salt on complex formation, on the other hand the interaction of the antibodies with AMP derivatives. The phosphate group, the ribose and the base are recognized by the antibody, but the C-8 atom of adenine residues is not directly involved in the binding.", "PMID": 1175619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5269", "title": "A new mode of ring cleavage of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid in Tecoma stans (L.). Partial purification and properties of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2,3-oxygenase.", "content": "2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid has been shown to be oxidized via the 3-oxoadipate pathway in the leaves of Tecoma stans. The formation of 2-carboxy-cis,cis-muconic acid, a muconolactone, 3-oxoadipic acid and carbon dioxide during its metabolism has been demonstrated using an extract of Tecoma leaves. The first reaction of the pathway, viz., the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate to 2-carboxy-cis,cis-muconic acid has been shown to be catalysed by an enzyme designated as 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2,3-oxygenase. The enzyme has been partially purified and a few of its properties studied. The enzyme is very labile with a half-life of 3--4 h. It is maximally active with 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate as the substrate and does not exhibit any activity with catechol, 4-methyl catechol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, etc. However, 2,3-dihydroxy-p-toluate and 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate are also oxidized by the enzyme by about 38% and 28% respectively, compared to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate. Sulfhydryl reagents inhibit the enzyme reaction and the inhibition can be prevented by preincubation of the enzyme with the substrate. Substrate also affords protection to the enzyme against thermal inactivation. Sulfhydryl compounds strongly inhibit the reaction and the inhibition cannot be prevented by preincubation of the enzyme with its substrates. Data on the effect of metal ions as well as metal chelating agents suggest that copper is the metal cofactor of the enzyme. Evidence is presented which suggests that iron may not be participating in the overall catalytic mechanism.", "contents": "A new mode of ring cleavage of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid in Tecoma stans (L.). Partial purification and properties of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2,3-oxygenase. 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid has been shown to be oxidized via the 3-oxoadipate pathway in the leaves of Tecoma stans. The formation of 2-carboxy-cis,cis-muconic acid, a muconolactone, 3-oxoadipic acid and carbon dioxide during its metabolism has been demonstrated using an extract of Tecoma leaves. The first reaction of the pathway, viz., the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate to 2-carboxy-cis,cis-muconic acid has been shown to be catalysed by an enzyme designated as 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2,3-oxygenase. The enzyme has been partially purified and a few of its properties studied. The enzyme is very labile with a half-life of 3--4 h. It is maximally active with 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate as the substrate and does not exhibit any activity with catechol, 4-methyl catechol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, etc. However, 2,3-dihydroxy-p-toluate and 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate are also oxidized by the enzyme by about 38% and 28% respectively, compared to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate. Sulfhydryl reagents inhibit the enzyme reaction and the inhibition can be prevented by preincubation of the enzyme with the substrate. Substrate also affords protection to the enzyme against thermal inactivation. Sulfhydryl compounds strongly inhibit the reaction and the inhibition cannot be prevented by preincubation of the enzyme with its substrates. Data on the effect of metal ions as well as metal chelating agents suggest that copper is the metal cofactor of the enzyme. Evidence is presented which suggests that iron may not be participating in the overall catalytic mechanism.", "PMID": 1175620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5270", "title": "Isolation and identification of the urinary pigment uroerythrin.", "content": "The red pigment uroerythrin, a chromophore known to be adsorbed by the amorphous urate sediments (sedimentum lateritium), has been isolated from human urine and further purified as its trimethyl derivative. Urine was applied to a column of Amberlite XAD-2 resin on which uroerythrin and other pigments were adsorbed. The pigments were eluted with methanol and uroerythrin was further purified by extraction with ether at pH 4.0, repeated chromatography on lipophilic Sephadex LH-20 and thin-layer chromatography on silica gel. For optimal purification uroerythrin was converted into the trimethyl derivative and chromatographed on silical gel thin-layer plates. The structure of the pigment has been studied by chromate degradation followed by identification of the imide products by thin-layer chromatography. From these results and from infrared, mass spectral and nuclear magnetic resonance data a tripyrrole structure for uroerythrin is concluded. The proposed structure for the chromophore is related to that of the bile pigment biliverdin consisting, however, only of the rings A, B and C.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of the urinary pigment uroerythrin. The red pigment uroerythrin, a chromophore known to be adsorbed by the amorphous urate sediments (sedimentum lateritium), has been isolated from human urine and further purified as its trimethyl derivative. Urine was applied to a column of Amberlite XAD-2 resin on which uroerythrin and other pigments were adsorbed. The pigments were eluted with methanol and uroerythrin was further purified by extraction with ether at pH 4.0, repeated chromatography on lipophilic Sephadex LH-20 and thin-layer chromatography on silica gel. For optimal purification uroerythrin was converted into the trimethyl derivative and chromatographed on silical gel thin-layer plates. The structure of the pigment has been studied by chromate degradation followed by identification of the imide products by thin-layer chromatography. From these results and from infrared, mass spectral and nuclear magnetic resonance data a tripyrrole structure for uroerythrin is concluded. The proposed structure for the chromophore is related to that of the bile pigment biliverdin consisting, however, only of the rings A, B and C.", "PMID": 1175621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5271", "title": "Isolation and identification of 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid from the urine of a patient with sialuria.", "content": "N-Acetylneuraminic acid preparations from the urine of a patient with sialuria contain 1--2% of 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid. This new human sialic acid was isolated by ion-exchange and partition chromatography. The structure has been elucidated by mass spectrometry and confirmed by comparison with the synthetic compound. The properties of this unsaturated sialic acid in the orcinol/Fe3+/HCl and the periodic acid/thiobarbituric acid tests as well as in thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography are described. It does not react with acylneuraminate pyruvatelyase. The origin of this new human sialic acid is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid from the urine of a patient with sialuria. N-Acetylneuraminic acid preparations from the urine of a patient with sialuria contain 1--2% of 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid. This new human sialic acid was isolated by ion-exchange and partition chromatography. The structure has been elucidated by mass spectrometry and confirmed by comparison with the synthetic compound. The properties of this unsaturated sialic acid in the orcinol/Fe3+/HCl and the periodic acid/thiobarbituric acid tests as well as in thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography are described. It does not react with acylneuraminate pyruvatelyase. The origin of this new human sialic acid is discussed.", "PMID": 1175622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5272", "title": "Two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the proteins and glycoproteins of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "A two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique has been developed, improving the analytical separation of some proteins and glycoproteins of the human erythrocyte membrane. Freshly prepared membranes are totally solubilized, subjected to dodecylsulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the first dimension, followed by electrophoresis in the second dimension, using a detergent-free polyacrylamide gradient gel. By this method the proteins of the human erythrocyte membrane could be resolved into a two-dimensional pattern, which has been shown to be highly reproducible with respect to various blood-groups and within one blood-group from specimen to specimen. The method enables especially the investigation of the hydrophobic and very likely integrated membrane proteins and glycoproteins. Thus, band III[Fairbanks, G., Steck, Th. & Wallach, D. F. H., Biochemistry, 10, 2606--2617 (1971)] could be shown to consist of five proteins, one of them being the major glycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrand. The two spectrin bands differed considerably in their two-dimensional patterns. The value of the given method for the investigation of membrane defects, which may be linked with various diseases of human erythrocytes, could be demonstrated in the case of two patients suffering from congenital dyserythropoetic anaemia.", "contents": "Two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the proteins and glycoproteins of the human erythrocyte membrane. A two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique has been developed, improving the analytical separation of some proteins and glycoproteins of the human erythrocyte membrane. Freshly prepared membranes are totally solubilized, subjected to dodecylsulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the first dimension, followed by electrophoresis in the second dimension, using a detergent-free polyacrylamide gradient gel. By this method the proteins of the human erythrocyte membrane could be resolved into a two-dimensional pattern, which has been shown to be highly reproducible with respect to various blood-groups and within one blood-group from specimen to specimen. The method enables especially the investigation of the hydrophobic and very likely integrated membrane proteins and glycoproteins. Thus, band III[Fairbanks, G., Steck, Th. & Wallach, D. F. H., Biochemistry, 10, 2606--2617 (1971)] could be shown to consist of five proteins, one of them being the major glycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrand. The two spectrin bands differed considerably in their two-dimensional patterns. The value of the given method for the investigation of membrane defects, which may be linked with various diseases of human erythrocytes, could be demonstrated in the case of two patients suffering from congenital dyserythropoetic anaemia.", "PMID": 1175623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5273", "title": "Labile sulfur in human Superoxide dismutase.", "content": "1. The nautre of the intense absorption band at 320 nm of the copper and zinc-containing enzyme superoxide dismutase, from human red blood cells, has been investigated. The band does not depend on the metal prosthetic groups of the enzyme, as it is still present in the apo protein. When, however, copper alone is removed from the enzyme with a treatment involving the use of cyanide, the band is also lost. Nevertheless the copper-free protein is able to recover both the enzyme activity and the native electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum as easily as the apo protein. 2. A number of other treatments are able to abolish the band. They include reaction with reducing agents such as dithiothreitol, sulfite, borohydride, exposure to denaturants such as guanidine HCl and sodium dodecyl sulfate, and exposure to pH values below pH 3 or above pH 13. 3. Four sulfur atoms per protein molecule were found to be associated to the 320-nm chromophore on the basis of quantitative determinations following reaction with cyanide or sodium borohydride. 4. A molar absorption coefficient of 1150 M-1 cm-1 was determined per each chromophoric group. In spite of this relatively high value and unusual stability, a persulfide group, R-S-SH, seems to be the most likely structure for this chromophore. 5. Bovine and equine superoxide dismutase do not show spectral or chemical evidence for such a group. This, and the recovery of activity and spectral properties of copper in the cyanide-treated human enzyme, indicate that labile sulfur is not associated with the superoxide dismutase activity of this protein.", "contents": "Labile sulfur in human Superoxide dismutase. 1. The nautre of the intense absorption band at 320 nm of the copper and zinc-containing enzyme superoxide dismutase, from human red blood cells, has been investigated. The band does not depend on the metal prosthetic groups of the enzyme, as it is still present in the apo protein. When, however, copper alone is removed from the enzyme with a treatment involving the use of cyanide, the band is also lost. Nevertheless the copper-free protein is able to recover both the enzyme activity and the native electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum as easily as the apo protein. 2. A number of other treatments are able to abolish the band. They include reaction with reducing agents such as dithiothreitol, sulfite, borohydride, exposure to denaturants such as guanidine HCl and sodium dodecyl sulfate, and exposure to pH values below pH 3 or above pH 13. 3. Four sulfur atoms per protein molecule were found to be associated to the 320-nm chromophore on the basis of quantitative determinations following reaction with cyanide or sodium borohydride. 4. A molar absorption coefficient of 1150 M-1 cm-1 was determined per each chromophoric group. In spite of this relatively high value and unusual stability, a persulfide group, R-S-SH, seems to be the most likely structure for this chromophore. 5. Bovine and equine superoxide dismutase do not show spectral or chemical evidence for such a group. This, and the recovery of activity and spectral properties of copper in the cyanide-treated human enzyme, indicate that labile sulfur is not associated with the superoxide dismutase activity of this protein.", "PMID": 1175624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5274", "title": "Synthesis of apamin, a neurotoxic peptide from bee venom.", "content": "The apamin sequence has been synthesized by the solid-phase procedure. The synthetic peptide showed the same physiochemical and chemical properties as natural apamin in the following tests: paper electrophoresis, amino acid analyses after acid and enzymatic hydrolyses, sequence analysis, electrophoreses after tryptic and chymotryptic digestions. Synthetic apamin was as active as natural apamin in the neurotoxic assay in mice (LD50, after subcutaneous injection, for the 20-g mouse: 58 mug).", "contents": "Synthesis of apamin, a neurotoxic peptide from bee venom. The apamin sequence has been synthesized by the solid-phase procedure. The synthetic peptide showed the same physiochemical and chemical properties as natural apamin in the following tests: paper electrophoresis, amino acid analyses after acid and enzymatic hydrolyses, sequence analysis, electrophoreses after tryptic and chymotryptic digestions. Synthetic apamin was as active as natural apamin in the neurotoxic assay in mice (LD50, after subcutaneous injection, for the 20-g mouse: 58 mug).", "PMID": 1175625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5275", "title": "Flavocytochrome b2: simulation studies of the electron-transfer reactions among the prosthetic groups.", "content": "Simulation studies by digital computer were undertaken in order to test and clarify the interpretations deduced from experimental data concerning the electron transfer mechanism from L-lactate to flavocytochrome b2, which were presented in a preceding paper in this journal. The reaction scheme proposed as the \"best\" one is composed of 7 steps. It allows the best fitting of the time courses established for the oxidized flavin (Flox), the flavin semiquinone (Flsq), the fully reduced flavin (Flred), and the reduced haem (Hred); it can be extended to 1 s. This scheme also allows a good simulation of the general shape of preequilibrium titration curves obtained at a 200-ms reaction time for Hred and Flsq, and a valuable simulation of the reduction electron paramagnetic resonance time course established for Hred and Flsq at low lactate concentration. The agreement between experimental and simulated curves led to an estimation of some rate constants experimentally unknown, relative (in particular) to the electron exchange between flavin and haem and between couples of flavins. Another interest of these stimulation studies was to point out the obligatory involvement of a slow final step to perform the flavocytochrome b2 full reduction; this step could be controlled by some conformational change of the protein.", "contents": "Flavocytochrome b2: simulation studies of the electron-transfer reactions among the prosthetic groups. Simulation studies by digital computer were undertaken in order to test and clarify the interpretations deduced from experimental data concerning the electron transfer mechanism from L-lactate to flavocytochrome b2, which were presented in a preceding paper in this journal. The reaction scheme proposed as the \"best\" one is composed of 7 steps. It allows the best fitting of the time courses established for the oxidized flavin (Flox), the flavin semiquinone (Flsq), the fully reduced flavin (Flred), and the reduced haem (Hred); it can be extended to 1 s. This scheme also allows a good simulation of the general shape of preequilibrium titration curves obtained at a 200-ms reaction time for Hred and Flsq, and a valuable simulation of the reduction electron paramagnetic resonance time course established for Hred and Flsq at low lactate concentration. The agreement between experimental and simulated curves led to an estimation of some rate constants experimentally unknown, relative (in particular) to the electron exchange between flavin and haem and between couples of flavins. Another interest of these stimulation studies was to point out the obligatory involvement of a slow final step to perform the flavocytochrome b2 full reduction; this step could be controlled by some conformational change of the protein.", "PMID": 1175626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5276", "title": "Quantitative film detection of 3H and 14C in polyacrylamide gels by fluorography.", "content": "Methods which use the scintillator PPO to record film images of 3H in chromatograms and polyacrylamide gels (fluorography) have been described elsewhere. This paper demonstrates that pre-exposure of the film to a brief flash of light greatly increases the sensitivity of fluorography. Pre-exposure also permits quantitative interpretation of the film image, because it corrects the non-linear relationship between radioactivity of the sample and absorbance of the film image. Therefore the distribution of radioactivity in the sample is accurately represented by microdensitometry of the image obtained on pre-exposed film. Using pre-exposed film 300 dis. 3H/min or 30 dis. 14C/min can be detected in a band in a gel in a 24-h exposure. The Appendix describes revisions and extensions of existing fluorographic procedures, including application to agarose gels and a rapid procedure for recovering PPO for re-use.", "contents": "Quantitative film detection of 3H and 14C in polyacrylamide gels by fluorography. Methods which use the scintillator PPO to record film images of 3H in chromatograms and polyacrylamide gels (fluorography) have been described elsewhere. This paper demonstrates that pre-exposure of the film to a brief flash of light greatly increases the sensitivity of fluorography. Pre-exposure also permits quantitative interpretation of the film image, because it corrects the non-linear relationship between radioactivity of the sample and absorbance of the film image. Therefore the distribution of radioactivity in the sample is accurately represented by microdensitometry of the image obtained on pre-exposed film. Using pre-exposed film 300 dis. 3H/min or 30 dis. 14C/min can be detected in a band in a gel in a 24-h exposure. The Appendix describes revisions and extensions of existing fluorographic procedures, including application to agarose gels and a rapid procedure for recovering PPO for re-use.", "PMID": 1175627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5277", "title": "Metabolic activities of histones in rat liver and spleen.", "content": "Synthesis and turnover of histone I and II in normal rat liver and spleen were studied by Amberlite CG 50 column chromatography. Histone I was separated into three or four subfractions, each of which showed a different rate of incorporation of [3H]lysine. This was verified by a more shallow gradient chromatography developed by Kinkade and Cole [3] for very lysine-rich histone (F1), which showed tissue specific differences between liver and spleen in both the elution pattern and synthetic rates. These subfractions were distinguished from each other by dodecylsulphate electrophoresis. The turnover, or disassociation of histone I and II in chromatin was measured by double-labelling of normal rat liver with [3H] and [14C]lysine. A good correspondence was found between the synthesis and turnover patterns of individual histone I fractions, while the histone II synthesized was conserved for over a month. From consideration of the turnover in relation to the cell population of normal liver tissue, which consists of a very small fraction of growing cells and a very large fraction of resting ones, it was concluded that turnover of histone I must occur even in resting cells. When DNA synthesis in the spleen was completely inhibited by hydroxyurea, the synthesis of histone II was inhibited but that of histone I was only partially inhibited. The remaining synthesis seemed to occur in cells in the resting state. It was concluded tentatively, the continuous replacement of very lysine-rich histones of chromatin must occur even in resting cells in which DNA synthesis has ceased. The biological significance of disassociation of histones from chromatin was discussed.", "contents": "Metabolic activities of histones in rat liver and spleen. Synthesis and turnover of histone I and II in normal rat liver and spleen were studied by Amberlite CG 50 column chromatography. Histone I was separated into three or four subfractions, each of which showed a different rate of incorporation of [3H]lysine. This was verified by a more shallow gradient chromatography developed by Kinkade and Cole [3] for very lysine-rich histone (F1), which showed tissue specific differences between liver and spleen in both the elution pattern and synthetic rates. These subfractions were distinguished from each other by dodecylsulphate electrophoresis. The turnover, or disassociation of histone I and II in chromatin was measured by double-labelling of normal rat liver with [3H] and [14C]lysine. A good correspondence was found between the synthesis and turnover patterns of individual histone I fractions, while the histone II synthesized was conserved for over a month. From consideration of the turnover in relation to the cell population of normal liver tissue, which consists of a very small fraction of growing cells and a very large fraction of resting ones, it was concluded that turnover of histone I must occur even in resting cells. When DNA synthesis in the spleen was completely inhibited by hydroxyurea, the synthesis of histone II was inhibited but that of histone I was only partially inhibited. The remaining synthesis seemed to occur in cells in the resting state. It was concluded tentatively, the continuous replacement of very lysine-rich histones of chromatin must occur even in resting cells in which DNA synthesis has ceased. The biological significance of disassociation of histones from chromatin was discussed.", "PMID": 1175628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5278", "title": "Characterization of three new fucolipids from hog gastric mucosa.", "content": "Three new fucolioids have been isolated from the water-soluble glycolipid fraction of hog gastric mucosa. Fucolipid A and C exhibited blood-group-A activity, whereas Fucolipid B was not active in A-anti-A, B-anti-B and H-anti-H systems. The structures of these glycolipids were identified by partial acid hydrolysis and methylation analysis, as: (see article)", "contents": "Characterization of three new fucolipids from hog gastric mucosa. Three new fucolioids have been isolated from the water-soluble glycolipid fraction of hog gastric mucosa. Fucolipid A and C exhibited blood-group-A activity, whereas Fucolipid B was not active in A-anti-A, B-anti-B and H-anti-H systems. The structures of these glycolipids were identified by partial acid hydrolysis and methylation analysis, as: (see article)", "PMID": 1175629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5279", "title": "Glucagon and insulin control of gluconeogenesis in the perfused isolated rat liver. Effects on cellular metabolite distribution.", "content": "The metabolic effects of glucagon and glucagon plus insulin on the isolated rat livers perfused with 10 mM sodium L-lactate as substrate were studied. Glucagon stimulated gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis and ureogenesis at the concentration used of 2.1 nM. The addition of insulin to give a glucagon-to-insulin ratio of 0.2 reversed all the glucagon effects. The glucagon enhancement of gluconeogenesis was accompanied by a rise in cytosolic and mitochondrial state of reduction of the NAD system and a fall in the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio. The analysis of the intermediary metabolite concentrations suggested, as possible sites of glucagon action, the steps between pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate as well as the reactions catalyzed by phosphofructokinase and/or fructose bisphosphatase. All the changes in metabolite contents were abolished when insulin was present. Glucagon increased the intramitochondrial concentration of all the metabolites, whose intracellular distribution was calculated. The finding of a significant rise in the calculated intramitochondrial concentration of oxaloacetate points to pyruvate carboxylation as an important site of glucagon interaction with the gluconeogenic pathway. A primary event in the glucagon action redistributing intracellular metabolites seems to be the mitochondrial entry of malate. The possibility is discussed that the changes in metabolite cellular distribution were brought about by the increased cellular state of reduction caused by the hormone.", "contents": "Glucagon and insulin control of gluconeogenesis in the perfused isolated rat liver. Effects on cellular metabolite distribution. The metabolic effects of glucagon and glucagon plus insulin on the isolated rat livers perfused with 10 mM sodium L-lactate as substrate were studied. Glucagon stimulated gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis and ureogenesis at the concentration used of 2.1 nM. The addition of insulin to give a glucagon-to-insulin ratio of 0.2 reversed all the glucagon effects. The glucagon enhancement of gluconeogenesis was accompanied by a rise in cytosolic and mitochondrial state of reduction of the NAD system and a fall in the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio. The analysis of the intermediary metabolite concentrations suggested, as possible sites of glucagon action, the steps between pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate as well as the reactions catalyzed by phosphofructokinase and/or fructose bisphosphatase. All the changes in metabolite contents were abolished when insulin was present. Glucagon increased the intramitochondrial concentration of all the metabolites, whose intracellular distribution was calculated. The finding of a significant rise in the calculated intramitochondrial concentration of oxaloacetate points to pyruvate carboxylation as an important site of glucagon interaction with the gluconeogenic pathway. A primary event in the glucagon action redistributing intracellular metabolites seems to be the mitochondrial entry of malate. The possibility is discussed that the changes in metabolite cellular distribution were brought about by the increased cellular state of reduction caused by the hormone.", "PMID": 1175630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5280", "title": "Studies on the fate of homologous DNA applied to seedlings of Matthiola incana.", "content": "Seedlings of Matthiola incana (crucifer) are able to take up exogenous homologous DNA by the roots. DNA homogenously labelled with [3H]adenine and 5-bromodeoxyuridine is incorporated into the plants in a macromolecular form. Intact donor DNA and a fraction with a buoyant density intermediate between that of the donor and the recipient DNA can be recovered. Analysis of this intermediate fraction by ultrasonication and alkali treatment allows the suggestion that homologous DNA is integrated as a double-stranded DNA which becomes covalently linked to the recipient DNA. Control experiments in which seedlings were incubated in a mixture simulating donor DNA degradation products in the presence and absence of unlabelled competitors suggest that these results are not due to the breakdown of donor DNA and reincorporation of the products during DNA synthesis in the recipient plants. When ultrasonicated or thermally denatured DNA is applied to the plants it may be degraded and reused for recipient DNA synthesis but it is not recovered in a macromolecular form. The possibility that the intermediate DNA fraction arises by bacterial contamination of the plants can be excluded by several arguments. Autoradiographic studies show that at least part of the radioactivity of the donor DNA taken up by the plants is associated with the cell nucleus.", "contents": "Studies on the fate of homologous DNA applied to seedlings of Matthiola incana. Seedlings of Matthiola incana (crucifer) are able to take up exogenous homologous DNA by the roots. DNA homogenously labelled with [3H]adenine and 5-bromodeoxyuridine is incorporated into the plants in a macromolecular form. Intact donor DNA and a fraction with a buoyant density intermediate between that of the donor and the recipient DNA can be recovered. Analysis of this intermediate fraction by ultrasonication and alkali treatment allows the suggestion that homologous DNA is integrated as a double-stranded DNA which becomes covalently linked to the recipient DNA. Control experiments in which seedlings were incubated in a mixture simulating donor DNA degradation products in the presence and absence of unlabelled competitors suggest that these results are not due to the breakdown of donor DNA and reincorporation of the products during DNA synthesis in the recipient plants. When ultrasonicated or thermally denatured DNA is applied to the plants it may be degraded and reused for recipient DNA synthesis but it is not recovered in a macromolecular form. The possibility that the intermediate DNA fraction arises by bacterial contamination of the plants can be excluded by several arguments. Autoradiographic studies show that at least part of the radioactivity of the donor DNA taken up by the plants is associated with the cell nucleus.", "PMID": 1175631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5281", "title": "Specific enzymic cleavage of polypeptides at cysteine residues.", "content": "A method has been developed for specific enzymic cleavage of polypeptides at the N-terminal side of modified cysteine residues. Lysine residues are blocked by trifluoroacetylation and cysteine residues subsequently converted to the 2-aminoethyl derivatives. Digestion of the modified polypeptide with the lysine-specific protease from Armillaria mellea (patented by Walton et al., 1972) occurs only at 2-aminoethylcysteine residues. With the beta chain of human haemoglobin, which contains 2 cysteine and 11 lysine residues, cleavage was observed at both modified cysteines but at none of the lysines. In the case of a polypeptide from bee venom which contains 4 half-cystine and 5 lysine residues, cleavage occurred at only 2 of the modified cysteines and also at 2 lysine residues. The pattern of cleavage in the latter case can be interpreted in terms of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide.", "contents": "Specific enzymic cleavage of polypeptides at cysteine residues. A method has been developed for specific enzymic cleavage of polypeptides at the N-terminal side of modified cysteine residues. Lysine residues are blocked by trifluoroacetylation and cysteine residues subsequently converted to the 2-aminoethyl derivatives. Digestion of the modified polypeptide with the lysine-specific protease from Armillaria mellea (patented by Walton et al., 1972) occurs only at 2-aminoethylcysteine residues. With the beta chain of human haemoglobin, which contains 2 cysteine and 11 lysine residues, cleavage was observed at both modified cysteines but at none of the lysines. In the case of a polypeptide from bee venom which contains 4 half-cystine and 5 lysine residues, cleavage occurred at only 2 of the modified cysteines and also at 2 lysine residues. The pattern of cleavage in the latter case can be interpreted in terms of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide.", "PMID": 1175632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5282", "title": "On the biosynthesis of 5-methoxybenzimidazole. Precursor-function of 5-hydroxybenzimidazole, benzimidazole and riboflavin.", "content": "1. In Clostridium thermoaceticum 5-hydroxybenzimidazole is methylated to 5-methoxybenz-imidaxole and transformed to 5-methoxybenzimidazolylcobamide. 5-Hydroxybenzimidazolycobamide is also methylated to 5-methoxybenzimidazolylcobamide. These results indicate a possible precursor function of 5-hydroxybenzimidazole in the biosynthesis of 5-methoxybenzimidazole. 2. The same microorganism uses benzimidazole to form benzimidazolylcobamide. This or externally added benzimidazolylcobamide, although taken up by the cells, is not further transformed (i.e. hydroxylated and methylated to 5-methoxybenzimdazolylcobamidel). This excludes a precursor function of benzimidazole in the biosynthesis of 5-methoxybenzimidazole. 3. Contrary to the biosynthesis of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, 5-methoxybenzimidazole is not formed from riboflavin, but riboflavin inhibits the growth and the production of 5-methoxybenzimidazolylcobamide in Clostridium thermoaceticum. A tentative scheme for the biosynthesis of 5-methoxybenzimidazole via a riboflavin analog is discussed.", "contents": "On the biosynthesis of 5-methoxybenzimidazole. Precursor-function of 5-hydroxybenzimidazole, benzimidazole and riboflavin. 1. In Clostridium thermoaceticum 5-hydroxybenzimidazole is methylated to 5-methoxybenz-imidaxole and transformed to 5-methoxybenzimidazolylcobamide. 5-Hydroxybenzimidazolycobamide is also methylated to 5-methoxybenzimidazolylcobamide. These results indicate a possible precursor function of 5-hydroxybenzimidazole in the biosynthesis of 5-methoxybenzimidazole. 2. The same microorganism uses benzimidazole to form benzimidazolylcobamide. This or externally added benzimidazolylcobamide, although taken up by the cells, is not further transformed (i.e. hydroxylated and methylated to 5-methoxybenzimdazolylcobamidel). This excludes a precursor function of benzimidazole in the biosynthesis of 5-methoxybenzimidazole. 3. Contrary to the biosynthesis of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, 5-methoxybenzimidazole is not formed from riboflavin, but riboflavin inhibits the growth and the production of 5-methoxybenzimidazolylcobamide in Clostridium thermoaceticum. A tentative scheme for the biosynthesis of 5-methoxybenzimidazole via a riboflavin analog is discussed.", "PMID": 1175633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5283", "title": "The primary structure of a major polypeptide component from the venom of Naja melanoleuca.", "content": "The venom of the forest cobra, Naja melanoleuca, contains a number of homologous polypeptides containing between 60 and 71 amino acid resides. The primary structure of a major component (approx. 10% by weight of the crude venom) has been determined unambiguously. The molecule contians 61 amino acid residues and four disulphide bridges. It has not effect on neuromuscular transmission or the excitatory or inhibitory responses to acetylcholine of molluscan neurons. The molecule is similar to, but not identical with, the so-called cytotoxins VII2 and VII3 isolated, by others, from the same venom but reported to be minor components.", "contents": "The primary structure of a major polypeptide component from the venom of Naja melanoleuca. The venom of the forest cobra, Naja melanoleuca, contains a number of homologous polypeptides containing between 60 and 71 amino acid resides. The primary structure of a major component (approx. 10% by weight of the crude venom) has been determined unambiguously. The molecule contians 61 amino acid residues and four disulphide bridges. It has not effect on neuromuscular transmission or the excitatory or inhibitory responses to acetylcholine of molluscan neurons. The molecule is similar to, but not identical with, the so-called cytotoxins VII2 and VII3 isolated, by others, from the same venom but reported to be minor components.", "PMID": 1175634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5284", "title": "Conformational properties of pig-heart cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase. Circular-dichroism and absorption-spectroscopic study of dicarboxylate binding.", "content": "1. The interaction between aspartate aminotransferase and dicarboxylates of various chain lengths and geometries has been studied from pH 6.5 TO 8.5 by circular dichroism (CD) and absorption spectroscopy. Liganding causes protonation of the pyridoxal phosphate-enzyme Schiff's base complex; the consequent changes in optical properties deltaAlambda, deltaCDlambda at the coenzyme maxima (lambda = 363 or 430 nm) are analysed for binding constants and the degree of perturbation of the coenzyme protonic dissociation constant, pKa. 2. Aliphate dicarboxylates follow linear binding functions for all optical parameters; in contrast, m and p-phthalates follow non-linear binding functions for both deltaAlambda and deltaCDlambda, implying that successive phthalate ligands bind with decreasing affinity. The ratio detlaCDlambda is effectively constant for a given ligand and the characteristic values for aromatic ligands indicate a changed environment for the coenzyme. 3. Inspection of the non-linear process for phthalates suggests that initially, binding occurs with high affinity, but with characteristically small effects on pKa. It is inferred that alipathic and aromatic dicarboxylates bind at different subsites in the active site region, perturbing the coenzyme pKa by an indirect protein-mediated mechanism. 4. Non-linearity of binding could derive from multiple binding to an individual subunit. Alternatively, different single sites may exist on adjacent subunits of the dimer, implying non-equivalence between otherwise identical subunits, expressed in properties involving groups close to the active site.", "contents": "Conformational properties of pig-heart cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase. Circular-dichroism and absorption-spectroscopic study of dicarboxylate binding. 1. The interaction between aspartate aminotransferase and dicarboxylates of various chain lengths and geometries has been studied from pH 6.5 TO 8.5 by circular dichroism (CD) and absorption spectroscopy. Liganding causes protonation of the pyridoxal phosphate-enzyme Schiff's base complex; the consequent changes in optical properties deltaAlambda, deltaCDlambda at the coenzyme maxima (lambda = 363 or 430 nm) are analysed for binding constants and the degree of perturbation of the coenzyme protonic dissociation constant, pKa. 2. Aliphate dicarboxylates follow linear binding functions for all optical parameters; in contrast, m and p-phthalates follow non-linear binding functions for both deltaAlambda and deltaCDlambda, implying that successive phthalate ligands bind with decreasing affinity. The ratio detlaCDlambda is effectively constant for a given ligand and the characteristic values for aromatic ligands indicate a changed environment for the coenzyme. 3. Inspection of the non-linear process for phthalates suggests that initially, binding occurs with high affinity, but with characteristically small effects on pKa. It is inferred that alipathic and aromatic dicarboxylates bind at different subsites in the active site region, perturbing the coenzyme pKa by an indirect protein-mediated mechanism. 4. Non-linearity of binding could derive from multiple binding to an individual subunit. Alternatively, different single sites may exist on adjacent subunits of the dimer, implying non-equivalence between otherwise identical subunits, expressed in properties involving groups close to the active site.", "PMID": 1175635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5285", "title": "Effect of myosin on conformational changes of F-actin in thin filament in vivo induced by calcium ions.", "content": "The measurements of ultraviolet linear dichroism has been carried out on glycerinated muscle fibers of rabbit psoas and crab leg having various sarcomere lengths and the effect of interaction of the thin filament with myosin on the dichroism has been investigated under various conditions. The dichroism spectrum of the muscle fiber has a large positive peak at 285 nm (smaller absorption of light polarized perpendicular to the fiber axis) and a small negative peak at 297.5 nm. The negative peak at 297.5 nm, which comes from the dichroism of F-actin in the thin filament, became smaller in the presence of Ca2+ than in its absence. The positive peak at 285 nm, where the thick filament has main contribution, showed no appreciable change by Ca2+. The dichroism at 292.5 nm, where the thin filament has no contribution, showed no change either. Thus, the decrease of negative dichroism at 297.5 nm by Ca2+ indicates a conformational change in F-actin in the thin filament. With decreasing sarcomere length or increasing overlapping between thin and thick filaments, the dichroism decrease at 297.5 nm by Ca2+ increased, and attained a maximum at maximum overlapping. That is the conformational change of F-actin by Ca2+ was amplified by interaction with myosin. With further decrease of the sarcomere length, the dichroism decrease by Ca2+ decreased. In the absence of Ca2+, the addition of ATP or pyrophosphate induced a large change of transmittance and transmittance anisotropy, and also a large increase of birefringence at long wavelengths.", "contents": "Effect of myosin on conformational changes of F-actin in thin filament in vivo induced by calcium ions. The measurements of ultraviolet linear dichroism has been carried out on glycerinated muscle fibers of rabbit psoas and crab leg having various sarcomere lengths and the effect of interaction of the thin filament with myosin on the dichroism has been investigated under various conditions. The dichroism spectrum of the muscle fiber has a large positive peak at 285 nm (smaller absorption of light polarized perpendicular to the fiber axis) and a small negative peak at 297.5 nm. The negative peak at 297.5 nm, which comes from the dichroism of F-actin in the thin filament, became smaller in the presence of Ca2+ than in its absence. The positive peak at 285 nm, where the thick filament has main contribution, showed no appreciable change by Ca2+. The dichroism at 292.5 nm, where the thin filament has no contribution, showed no change either. Thus, the decrease of negative dichroism at 297.5 nm by Ca2+ indicates a conformational change in F-actin in the thin filament. With decreasing sarcomere length or increasing overlapping between thin and thick filaments, the dichroism decrease at 297.5 nm by Ca2+ increased, and attained a maximum at maximum overlapping. That is the conformational change of F-actin by Ca2+ was amplified by interaction with myosin. With further decrease of the sarcomere length, the dichroism decrease by Ca2+ decreased. In the absence of Ca2+, the addition of ATP or pyrophosphate induced a large change of transmittance and transmittance anisotropy, and also a large increase of birefringence at long wavelengths.", "PMID": 1175636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5286", "title": "Stabilization of promoter complexes with a single ribonucleoside triphosphate.", "content": "Under specific binding conditions RNA polymerase forms complexes at several sites of the replicative form DNA of bacteriophage fd. One of these complexes becomes stable to both high salt and low temperature after incubation with GTP. None of the complexes is stabilized by ATP. The stabilization by GTP results from the synthesis of an oligo(G) chain, which is bound in the complex. Size and pyrimidine fingerprints of the DNA segment protected by the enzyme against digestion with DNase are not changed upon initiation of oligo(G) synthesis. This result indicates that binding site and initiation site are identical parts of a promoter region.", "contents": "Stabilization of promoter complexes with a single ribonucleoside triphosphate. Under specific binding conditions RNA polymerase forms complexes at several sites of the replicative form DNA of bacteriophage fd. One of these complexes becomes stable to both high salt and low temperature after incubation with GTP. None of the complexes is stabilized by ATP. The stabilization by GTP results from the synthesis of an oligo(G) chain, which is bound in the complex. Size and pyrimidine fingerprints of the DNA segment protected by the enzyme against digestion with DNase are not changed upon initiation of oligo(G) synthesis. This result indicates that binding site and initiation site are identical parts of a promoter region.", "PMID": 1175637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5287", "title": "Action of glycosyl transferases upon \"Bombay\" (Oh) erythrocytes. Conversion to cells showing blood-group H and A specificities.", "content": "Individuals of the rare \"Bombay\" (Oh) blood-group phenotype lacking, due to a genetic defect, the alpha(1-2)fucosyl transferase, which is responsible for converting blood-group H precursor substances to H-specific structures. Treatment with GDP-fucose and alpha(1-2)fucosyl transferase prepared from gastric mucosa of O individuals to transform native or ficin-treated \"Bombay\" erythrocytes into cells phenotypically resembling O cells. The transformation was achieved, however,  after prior incubation of the \"Bombay\" erythrocytes with neuraminidase, indicating that blood-group H precursor molecules on the surface of these cells are masked by sialyl residues. Blood-group A specificity was conferred upon neuraminidase-treated \"Bombay\" cells by enzymatic transfer of alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine residues, in addition to alpha-fucose residues.", "contents": "Action of glycosyl transferases upon \"Bombay\" (Oh) erythrocytes. Conversion to cells showing blood-group H and A specificities. Individuals of the rare \"Bombay\" (Oh) blood-group phenotype lacking, due to a genetic defect, the alpha(1-2)fucosyl transferase, which is responsible for converting blood-group H precursor substances to H-specific structures. Treatment with GDP-fucose and alpha(1-2)fucosyl transferase prepared from gastric mucosa of O individuals to transform native or ficin-treated \"Bombay\" erythrocytes into cells phenotypically resembling O cells. The transformation was achieved, however,  after prior incubation of the \"Bombay\" erythrocytes with neuraminidase, indicating that blood-group H precursor molecules on the surface of these cells are masked by sialyl residues. Blood-group A specificity was conferred upon neuraminidase-treated \"Bombay\" cells by enzymatic transfer of alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine residues, in addition to alpha-fucose residues.", "PMID": 1175638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5288", "title": "The secondary structure and poly(A) content of globin messenger RNA as a pure RNA and in polyribosome-derived ribonucleoprotein complexes.", "content": "The conformation in solution of duck and rabbit globin mRNA, and of the duck mRNA in the mRNA - protein particle, has been investigated by optical methods and also by the use of the dye ethidium bromide which becomes highly fluorescent when intercalated into the double-stranded regions of a nucleic acid. On the basis of the properties of this dye and on the ability of homopolyribonucleotides to form double-stranded structures we have, in addition, developed a simple and sensitive assay for the detection and quantitisation of sequences rich in a particular residue that may be present in an RNA chain. In solution, 45 to 60% of the nucleotides of duck globin nRNA were found to be in bihelical regions. A similar degree of secondary structure was found in rabbit globin mRNA (this paper), as well as in calf lens mRNA and mRNAs from ewe mammary gland (other results). All samples of globin mRNA examined in this work containeda sequence of poly(A), which has poly(U) binding properties similar to that of synthetic poly(a): no specific interaction between the poly(A) sequence and the rest of the molecules can be detected. The fraction of adenosine residues within these poly(A) segments represents 4% in rabbit mRNA and 8 to 9% in duck mRNA. An additional adenosine-rich segment interspersed with guanosine and possibly other residues, was also detected in one duck mRNA sample. The RNA in the duck mRNA - protein particle is also highly structured. The melting profile in the range of 20 to 65 degrees C is quite similar to that of free mRNA and the ability of ethidium bromide to intercalate is reduced to the extent of 70%. Yet the dichroic spectra of free and bound mRNA are significantly distinct. These data suggest that free and protein-bound mRNA May have a very similar degree of secondary structure but with distinct detailed conformation in bihelical regions (change in base tilting for example). Direct evidence has been obtained that proteins stick to the poly(A) segment in the particle since the fraction of adenosine residues detectable by our poly(u) titration procedure is reduced to 50% of that observed in the free mRNA.", "contents": "The secondary structure and poly(A) content of globin messenger RNA as a pure RNA and in polyribosome-derived ribonucleoprotein complexes. The conformation in solution of duck and rabbit globin mRNA, and of the duck mRNA in the mRNA - protein particle, has been investigated by optical methods and also by the use of the dye ethidium bromide which becomes highly fluorescent when intercalated into the double-stranded regions of a nucleic acid. On the basis of the properties of this dye and on the ability of homopolyribonucleotides to form double-stranded structures we have, in addition, developed a simple and sensitive assay for the detection and quantitisation of sequences rich in a particular residue that may be present in an RNA chain. In solution, 45 to 60% of the nucleotides of duck globin nRNA were found to be in bihelical regions. A similar degree of secondary structure was found in rabbit globin mRNA (this paper), as well as in calf lens mRNA and mRNAs from ewe mammary gland (other results). All samples of globin mRNA examined in this work containeda sequence of poly(A), which has poly(U) binding properties similar to that of synthetic poly(a): no specific interaction between the poly(A) sequence and the rest of the molecules can be detected. The fraction of adenosine residues within these poly(A) segments represents 4% in rabbit mRNA and 8 to 9% in duck mRNA. An additional adenosine-rich segment interspersed with guanosine and possibly other residues, was also detected in one duck mRNA sample. The RNA in the duck mRNA - protein particle is also highly structured. The melting profile in the range of 20 to 65 degrees C is quite similar to that of free mRNA and the ability of ethidium bromide to intercalate is reduced to the extent of 70%. Yet the dichroic spectra of free and bound mRNA are significantly distinct. These data suggest that free and protein-bound mRNA May have a very similar degree of secondary structure but with distinct detailed conformation in bihelical regions (change in base tilting for example). Direct evidence has been obtained that proteins stick to the poly(A) segment in the particle since the fraction of adenosine residues detectable by our poly(u) titration procedure is reduced to 50% of that observed in the free mRNA.", "PMID": 1175639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5289", "title": "Synthesis of RNA molecules larger than 45 S by isolated rat-liver nucleoli.", "content": "Nucleoli, isolated from rat liver, synthesize in vitro high-molecular-weight RNA, the base composition and sedimentation pattern of which resembles that of ribosomal precursor RNA. In addition, RNA molecules larger than 45 S have been found. In this paper experiments are described which indicate that these large RNA molecules represent geniune transcription products and are not aggregates arising under the experimental conditions employed. This was established by comparing different extraction methods, by sedimentation analysis of the RNA after denaturation with formamide and by pulse-chase experiments. Hybridisation-competition studies showed that 45-S RNA competes with those rapidly molecules to about 80-90%, thus providing evidence for the presence of ribosomal precursor RNA sequences in those long transcription products. Intact nuclei are able to synthesize in the presence of Mg2+ and alpha-amanitin RNA molecules larger than 45 S too, provided that the RNAase activity is suppressed effectively by the addition of cytoplasmic RNAase inhibitor. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to the initial transcript of the rDNA genes in rat liver nucleoli.", "contents": "Synthesis of RNA molecules larger than 45 S by isolated rat-liver nucleoli. Nucleoli, isolated from rat liver, synthesize in vitro high-molecular-weight RNA, the base composition and sedimentation pattern of which resembles that of ribosomal precursor RNA. In addition, RNA molecules larger than 45 S have been found. In this paper experiments are described which indicate that these large RNA molecules represent geniune transcription products and are not aggregates arising under the experimental conditions employed. This was established by comparing different extraction methods, by sedimentation analysis of the RNA after denaturation with formamide and by pulse-chase experiments. Hybridisation-competition studies showed that 45-S RNA competes with those rapidly molecules to about 80-90%, thus providing evidence for the presence of ribosomal precursor RNA sequences in those long transcription products. Intact nuclei are able to synthesize in the presence of Mg2+ and alpha-amanitin RNA molecules larger than 45 S too, provided that the RNAase activity is suppressed effectively by the addition of cytoplasmic RNAase inhibitor. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to the initial transcript of the rDNA genes in rat liver nucleoli.", "PMID": 1175640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5290", "title": "Tertiary structure and function of closed-circular mitochondrial DNA and its transcription in vivo.", "content": "The conformation of the closed circular mitochondrial DNA in cultured human cells is changed by the addition of berenil to the culture medium in such a way that the 34-S mitochondrial DNA is converted into a 29-S DNA and finally into a 24-S DNA. The superhelix density of the covalently closed 29-S mitochondrial DNA is sigma O = -1.5 times 10(-2) (turns/10 base pairs) and consequently is intermediate between the superhelix density of the 34-S DNA (sigma0 = -2.8 times 10(-2)) and that of the closed circular 24-S DNA (sigmao appromiately 0). Removal of the drug reverses the transition, covalently closed circular 34-S DNA to covalently closed circular 29-S DNA to covalently closed circular 24-S DNA. The covalently closed circular 24-S mitochondrial DNA is not replicated. Transcription of this DNA is also inhibited as indicated by the fact that no synthesis of the mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs occurs as long as the mitochondrial DNA is in this conformation. The covalently closed circular 29-S mitochondrial DNA is replicated but not transcribed in vivo.", "contents": "Tertiary structure and function of closed-circular mitochondrial DNA and its transcription in vivo. The conformation of the closed circular mitochondrial DNA in cultured human cells is changed by the addition of berenil to the culture medium in such a way that the 34-S mitochondrial DNA is converted into a 29-S DNA and finally into a 24-S DNA. The superhelix density of the covalently closed 29-S mitochondrial DNA is sigma O = -1.5 times 10(-2) (turns/10 base pairs) and consequently is intermediate between the superhelix density of the 34-S DNA (sigma0 = -2.8 times 10(-2)) and that of the closed circular 24-S DNA (sigmao appromiately 0). Removal of the drug reverses the transition, covalently closed circular 34-S DNA to covalently closed circular 29-S DNA to covalently closed circular 24-S DNA. The covalently closed circular 24-S mitochondrial DNA is not replicated. Transcription of this DNA is also inhibited as indicated by the fact that no synthesis of the mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs occurs as long as the mitochondrial DNA is in this conformation. The covalently closed circular 29-S mitochondrial DNA is replicated but not transcribed in vivo.", "PMID": 1175641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5291", "title": "Studies on the control of ribosomal RNA synthesis in HeLa cells.", "content": "In many eucaryotic systems protein synthesis is coupled to ribosomal RNA synthesis such that shut-down of the former causes inhibition of the latter. We have investigated this stringency phenomenon in HeLa cells. The protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide and puromycin cause inactivation of both processes but valine starvation totally inhibits only the processing of 45-S RNA. DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from A, B and C (or I, II and III respectively) were extracted, separated partially by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and their activity levels determined. These do not decrease significantly during inhibition of protein synthesis. To find out whether or not form A is bound to its template under these conditions, proteins were removed from chromatin with the detergent sarkosyl. This does not affect bound RNA polymerase. Inhibition of protein synthesis caused up to 50% reduction in endogenous alpha-amanitin-insensitive chromatin-RNA-synthesising activity. This reduced level of activity was not affected by sarkosyl treatment. Levels in normal cells were stimulated. This result indicates that the form A RNA polymerase is not bound to its template when protein synthesis is inhibited.", "contents": "Studies on the control of ribosomal RNA synthesis in HeLa cells. In many eucaryotic systems protein synthesis is coupled to ribosomal RNA synthesis such that shut-down of the former causes inhibition of the latter. We have investigated this stringency phenomenon in HeLa cells. The protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide and puromycin cause inactivation of both processes but valine starvation totally inhibits only the processing of 45-S RNA. DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from A, B and C (or I, II and III respectively) were extracted, separated partially by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and their activity levels determined. These do not decrease significantly during inhibition of protein synthesis. To find out whether or not form A is bound to its template under these conditions, proteins were removed from chromatin with the detergent sarkosyl. This does not affect bound RNA polymerase. Inhibition of protein synthesis caused up to 50% reduction in endogenous alpha-amanitin-insensitive chromatin-RNA-synthesising activity. This reduced level of activity was not affected by sarkosyl treatment. Levels in normal cells were stimulated. This result indicates that the form A RNA polymerase is not bound to its template when protein synthesis is inhibited.", "PMID": 1175642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5292", "title": "Transcription of DNAs of known sequence after injection into eggs and oocytes of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "1. When the synthetic polynucleotide, poly[d(A-T) - d(A-T)] is injected into the eggs and oocytes of Xenopus laevis, a stimulation of RNA synthesis results. Analysis of extracted RNA by high-voltage electrophoresis, shows that this stimulation of RNA synthesis is due to the production of poly[r(A-U)] transcripts. The rate of poly[r(A-U)] synthesis is calculated to be at least ten-fold greater in eggs than in oocytes. The amount of poly[r(A-U)] detectable in injected eggs has reached a maximum by 1.5 h after injection; in oocytes, however, poly[r(A-U)] continues to accumulate between the third and 16th hour after injection. The transcripts range in length from less than 80 nucleotides up to over 2000 nucleotides long. The co-injection of poly[d(A-T)] - d(A-T)] and alpha-amanitin into oocytes, has shown that the synthesis of poly[r(A-U)] is approximately 90% inhibited at a concentration of alpha-amanitin which has no effect on the capacity of the oocyte to synthesize ribosomal and 4-S RNA; thus the nucleoplasmic RNA polymerases IIa and/or IIb, are implicated as playing a major role in poly[r(A-U)] synthesis in oocytes. 2. When poly(dG) - poly(d-C), poly(dA), poly(dA) - poly(dT) and poly[d(I-C) - d(I-C)] are individually injected into eggs only poly[d(I-C) - d(I-C)] is transcribed as efficiently as poly[d(A-T) - d(A-T)]. 3. When calf thymus native or denatured DNA, polyoma, T2, T4 and phiX DNAs are individually injected into eggs only the injection of calf thymus native DNA causes a detectable stimulation of RNA synthesis. 4. The activities of crude preparations of egg and oocyte RNA polymerases are tested in vitro with different DNA templates. In contrast to the situation in vivo, it is found that poly[d(A-T1 - d(A-T)] is as efficiently transcribed in vitro by oocyte polymerase as by egg polymerase. Additionally poly[d(A-T) - d(A-T)] is transcribed ten-fold more efficiently in vitro than calf thymus native DNA. When poly(dA) - poly(dT), poly(dA), phiX, T2, and calf thymus denatured DNA are tested in vitro, only calf thymus denatured DNA is transcribed to a significant extent. The above results are discussed in relation to the known synthetic activities of Xenopus eggs and oocytes.", "contents": "Transcription of DNAs of known sequence after injection into eggs and oocytes of Xenopus laevis. 1. When the synthetic polynucleotide, poly[d(A-T) - d(A-T)] is injected into the eggs and oocytes of Xenopus laevis, a stimulation of RNA synthesis results. Analysis of extracted RNA by high-voltage electrophoresis, shows that this stimulation of RNA synthesis is due to the production of poly[r(A-U)] transcripts. The rate of poly[r(A-U)] synthesis is calculated to be at least ten-fold greater in eggs than in oocytes. The amount of poly[r(A-U)] detectable in injected eggs has reached a maximum by 1.5 h after injection; in oocytes, however, poly[r(A-U)] continues to accumulate between the third and 16th hour after injection. The transcripts range in length from less than 80 nucleotides up to over 2000 nucleotides long. The co-injection of poly[d(A-T)] - d(A-T)] and alpha-amanitin into oocytes, has shown that the synthesis of poly[r(A-U)] is approximately 90% inhibited at a concentration of alpha-amanitin which has no effect on the capacity of the oocyte to synthesize ribosomal and 4-S RNA; thus the nucleoplasmic RNA polymerases IIa and/or IIb, are implicated as playing a major role in poly[r(A-U)] synthesis in oocytes. 2. When poly(dG) - poly(d-C), poly(dA), poly(dA) - poly(dT) and poly[d(I-C) - d(I-C)] are individually injected into eggs only poly[d(I-C) - d(I-C)] is transcribed as efficiently as poly[d(A-T) - d(A-T)]. 3. When calf thymus native or denatured DNA, polyoma, T2, T4 and phiX DNAs are individually injected into eggs only the injection of calf thymus native DNA causes a detectable stimulation of RNA synthesis. 4. The activities of crude preparations of egg and oocyte RNA polymerases are tested in vitro with different DNA templates. In contrast to the situation in vivo, it is found that poly[d(A-T1 - d(A-T)] is as efficiently transcribed in vitro by oocyte polymerase as by egg polymerase. Additionally poly[d(A-T) - d(A-T)] is transcribed ten-fold more efficiently in vitro than calf thymus native DNA. When poly(dA) - poly(dT), poly(dA), phiX, T2, and calf thymus denatured DNA are tested in vitro, only calf thymus denatured DNA is transcribed to a significant extent. The above results are discussed in relation to the known synthetic activities of Xenopus eggs and oocytes.", "PMID": 1175643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5293", "title": "Hydroxylation of testosterone at carbons 1, 2, 6, 7, 15 and 16 by the hepatic microsomal fraction from adult female C57BL/6J mice.", "content": "The metabolism of a mixture of [4-14C]- and [7 beta-2H]testosterone by the hepatic microsomal fraction from adult femal C57BL/6J mice has been investigated. The following metabolites were identified by their mass spectra and by their retention times on gas chromatography on one or two phases: 1epsilon-, 2beta-, 6alpha-, 6beta-, 7alpha-, 15alpha-, 15beta-, 16alpha- and 16beta-hydroxytestosterone; 6alpha-, 6beta- and 7alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione; and 4-androstene-3,17-dione. A compound tentatively identified as 6- or 7-oxotestosterone was also isolated. 17beta-Hydroxy-4,6-androstadien-3-one, 17beta-hydroxy-1,4-androstadien-3-one and 4,6-androstadiene-3,17-dione were identified but are considered to arise non-enzymatically from 7alpha-hydroxytestosterone, 1epsilon-hydroxytestosterone and 7alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione, respectively.", "contents": "Hydroxylation of testosterone at carbons 1, 2, 6, 7, 15 and 16 by the hepatic microsomal fraction from adult female C57BL/6J mice. The metabolism of a mixture of [4-14C]- and [7 beta-2H]testosterone by the hepatic microsomal fraction from adult femal C57BL/6J mice has been investigated. The following metabolites were identified by their mass spectra and by their retention times on gas chromatography on one or two phases: 1epsilon-, 2beta-, 6alpha-, 6beta-, 7alpha-, 15alpha-, 15beta-, 16alpha- and 16beta-hydroxytestosterone; 6alpha-, 6beta- and 7alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione; and 4-androstene-3,17-dione. A compound tentatively identified as 6- or 7-oxotestosterone was also isolated. 17beta-Hydroxy-4,6-androstadien-3-one, 17beta-hydroxy-1,4-androstadien-3-one and 4,6-androstadiene-3,17-dione were identified but are considered to arise non-enzymatically from 7alpha-hydroxytestosterone, 1epsilon-hydroxytestosterone and 7alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione, respectively.", "PMID": 1175644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5294", "title": "Studies on the role and mode of operation of the very-lysine-rich histone H1 (F1) in eukaryote chromatin. Histone H1 in chromatin and in H1 - DNA complexes.", "content": "The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of chromatin at ionic strengths below about 0.5 M may be attributed solely to its histone H1 component. The effect of various ions and urea on the complex has been investigated using NMR and confirm that the contraction of the complex on increase of ionic strength is largely due to electrostatic interactions. A detailed study of the H1 - DNA complex has also been undertaken. The behaviour of H1 in the two cases is virtually identical, implying that in chromatin the H1 is complexed with the DNA rather than with the other histones. Microcalorimetric measurements reveal that the binding of H1 to DNA is athermic or involves a heat of reaction which is very small indeed.", "contents": "Studies on the role and mode of operation of the very-lysine-rich histone H1 (F1) in eukaryote chromatin. Histone H1 in chromatin and in H1 - DNA complexes. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of chromatin at ionic strengths below about 0.5 M may be attributed solely to its histone H1 component. The effect of various ions and urea on the complex has been investigated using NMR and confirm that the contraction of the complex on increase of ionic strength is largely due to electrostatic interactions. A detailed study of the H1 - DNA complex has also been undertaken. The behaviour of H1 in the two cases is virtually identical, implying that in chromatin the H1 is complexed with the DNA rather than with the other histones. Microcalorimetric measurements reveal that the binding of H1 to DNA is athermic or involves a heat of reaction which is very small indeed.", "PMID": 1175645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5295", "title": "Human luteinizing hormone. Isolation and characterization of the native hormone and its alpha and beta subunits.", "content": "A new procedure is described for the isolation of the alpha and beta chains of the hormone. In this method, thenative hormone is incubated in acidic urea and the chains are then separated by ion-exchange chromatography. The amino-terminal residue of the alpha subunit is valine. The carboxy-terminal end of the alpha subunit is of variable length. No amino-terminal residue was detected for the beta chain; glycine was found at its carboxy-terminal end by the selective titration method. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of the hormone and both subunits are presented. The beta chain contains sialic acid and is devoid of galactosamine in contrast to the beta subunits of other species. Contamination of our human lutenizing hormone preparation by other pituitary glycoprotein hormones such as thyroid-stimulating hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone amounted to 0.5 and 0.25 percent by weight respectively. Cross-contamination of the initial alpha and beta subunit preparations was measured by specific radioimmunoassays and amounted to 4.1 and 2 percent by weight respecitively. Further extensive purification of these subunit preparations was then performed by means of affinity chromatography using immunosorbants. The final preparations exhibited a residual cross-contamination amounting to 0.2 and 0.02 percent by weight for the alpha and beta subunits respectively.", "contents": "Human luteinizing hormone. Isolation and characterization of the native hormone and its alpha and beta subunits. A new procedure is described for the isolation of the alpha and beta chains of the hormone. In this method, thenative hormone is incubated in acidic urea and the chains are then separated by ion-exchange chromatography. The amino-terminal residue of the alpha subunit is valine. The carboxy-terminal end of the alpha subunit is of variable length. No amino-terminal residue was detected for the beta chain; glycine was found at its carboxy-terminal end by the selective titration method. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of the hormone and both subunits are presented. The beta chain contains sialic acid and is devoid of galactosamine in contrast to the beta subunits of other species. Contamination of our human lutenizing hormone preparation by other pituitary glycoprotein hormones such as thyroid-stimulating hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone amounted to 0.5 and 0.25 percent by weight respectively. Cross-contamination of the initial alpha and beta subunit preparations was measured by specific radioimmunoassays and amounted to 4.1 and 2 percent by weight respecitively. Further extensive purification of these subunit preparations was then performed by means of affinity chromatography using immunosorbants. The final preparations exhibited a residual cross-contamination amounting to 0.2 and 0.02 percent by weight for the alpha and beta subunits respectively.", "PMID": 1175646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5296", "title": "Kinetics of interaction between the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase from Streptomyces R61 and beta-lactam antibiotics. A choice of models.", "content": "The simplest model for the interaction between the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase from Streptomyces R61 and beta-lactam antibiotics involves the three following steps: (a) the formation of a reversible equimolar enzyme - antibiotic complex; (b) the irreversible transformation of this complex into a modified enzyme - antibiotic complex; and (c) the breakdown of this latter complex and the concomitant release of a regenerated enzyme and a modified antibiotic molecule. The dissociation constant for step 1 and the rate constants for steps 2 and 3 were measured with various beta-lactam antibiotics. With antibiotic such as benzylpenicillin, which behaves as a good 'substrate', steps 1 and 2 occur at enzymic velocities, whereas step 3 occurs at a very low velocity and hence is responsible for the low efficiency of the overall process.", "contents": "Kinetics of interaction between the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase from Streptomyces R61 and beta-lactam antibiotics. A choice of models. The simplest model for the interaction between the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase from Streptomyces R61 and beta-lactam antibiotics involves the three following steps: (a) the formation of a reversible equimolar enzyme - antibiotic complex; (b) the irreversible transformation of this complex into a modified enzyme - antibiotic complex; and (c) the breakdown of this latter complex and the concomitant release of a regenerated enzyme and a modified antibiotic molecule. The dissociation constant for step 1 and the rate constants for steps 2 and 3 were measured with various beta-lactam antibiotics. With antibiotic such as benzylpenicillin, which behaves as a good 'substrate', steps 1 and 2 occur at enzymic velocities, whereas step 3 occurs at a very low velocity and hence is responsible for the low efficiency of the overall process.", "PMID": 1175647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5297", "title": "DNA replication in methotrexate-treated human lymphoblasts.", "content": "The rate of DNA synthesis in cultures of human lymphoblasts decreased more than 80% within 30 min after the cells were exposed to methotrexate, a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. Despite this rapid initial inhibition, DNA continued to be synthesized for at least an additional 6 h. The mode of this subsequent replication appeared to be semiconservative, as indicated by the buoyant density of 5-bromodeoxyuridine-substituted DNA in alkaline CsCl gradients. The growth rates of DNA chains in cells exposed to methotrexate were determined by sedimentation rate analysis in alkaline sucrose gradients. DNA synthesized during 2-min or 10-min pulses with labeled deoxycitidine in the presence of methotrexate had about the same sedimentation coefficient, 35 S, as controls. When methotrexate-treated cultures were pulse-labeled for 10 min and then chased for various times, DNA fragments of about 80 S accumulated. DNA synthesized in the presence of methotrexate was stable and elongated to bulk-size DNA after methotrexate inhibition of growth was removed by addition of thymidine and deoxycytidine. The data suggest that methotrexate reduces the rate of DNA replication by inhibiting chain initiation independently of chain elongation.", "contents": "DNA replication in methotrexate-treated human lymphoblasts. The rate of DNA synthesis in cultures of human lymphoblasts decreased more than 80% within 30 min after the cells were exposed to methotrexate, a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. Despite this rapid initial inhibition, DNA continued to be synthesized for at least an additional 6 h. The mode of this subsequent replication appeared to be semiconservative, as indicated by the buoyant density of 5-bromodeoxyuridine-substituted DNA in alkaline CsCl gradients. The growth rates of DNA chains in cells exposed to methotrexate were determined by sedimentation rate analysis in alkaline sucrose gradients. DNA synthesized during 2-min or 10-min pulses with labeled deoxycitidine in the presence of methotrexate had about the same sedimentation coefficient, 35 S, as controls. When methotrexate-treated cultures were pulse-labeled for 10 min and then chased for various times, DNA fragments of about 80 S accumulated. DNA synthesized in the presence of methotrexate was stable and elongated to bulk-size DNA after methotrexate inhibition of growth was removed by addition of thymidine and deoxycytidine. The data suggest that methotrexate reduces the rate of DNA replication by inhibiting chain initiation independently of chain elongation.", "PMID": 1175648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5298", "title": "Immunologically active and structurally similar fragments of protein A from Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "To study the active site(s) in protein A, partial tryptic digestions of the protein and of intact Staphylococcus aureus were performed. Fragments which bind to the Fc-part of human IgG were isolated by affinity chromatography on IgG-Sepharose 4B and purified by ion-exchange chromatography on phosphocellulose. From a partial tryptic digest of pure protein A at 30 degrees C, pH 8.2 for 30 min we have isolated and characterized six active fragments with molecular weights ranging from 6000 to 8000. Two active fragments, obtained in high yields by digestion at pH 7.2 of intact protein-A-containing bacteria, were shown to be similar to two of the six characterized fragments from the digest of pure protein A. All fragments appeared to have similar amino acid sequences, judged by peptide mapping, specific staining and amino acid analysis; some are very possibly overlapping peptides. Each fragment probably contains only one active site region since all are monovalent in the Fc-reaction when studied with a hemagglutination technique. The maximal molar yield of active fragments obtained from the digestion of pure protein A accounts for about 210% of the amount of protein A used. Thus protein A, suggested to consist of repeating units, should exhibit at least three similar if not identical active regions.", "contents": "Immunologically active and structurally similar fragments of protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. To study the active site(s) in protein A, partial tryptic digestions of the protein and of intact Staphylococcus aureus were performed. Fragments which bind to the Fc-part of human IgG were isolated by affinity chromatography on IgG-Sepharose 4B and purified by ion-exchange chromatography on phosphocellulose. From a partial tryptic digest of pure protein A at 30 degrees C, pH 8.2 for 30 min we have isolated and characterized six active fragments with molecular weights ranging from 6000 to 8000. Two active fragments, obtained in high yields by digestion at pH 7.2 of intact protein-A-containing bacteria, were shown to be similar to two of the six characterized fragments from the digest of pure protein A. All fragments appeared to have similar amino acid sequences, judged by peptide mapping, specific staining and amino acid analysis; some are very possibly overlapping peptides. Each fragment probably contains only one active site region since all are monovalent in the Fc-reaction when studied with a hemagglutination technique. The maximal molar yield of active fragments obtained from the digestion of pure protein A accounts for about 210% of the amount of protein A used. Thus protein A, suggested to consist of repeating units, should exhibit at least three similar if not identical active regions.", "PMID": 1175649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5299", "title": "Similarities and differences of five peroxidases from turnip and horseradish. Peptide mapping studies on glycoproteins.", "content": "Four isoperoxidases of turnip root and isoperoxidase C of horseradish root were digested with trypsin, and their peptide maps, prepared by high-voltage paper electrophoresis, were compared. All five tryptic digests were completely soluble at pH 8. The maps were developed with a variety of general and specific reagents: ninhydrin, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan and arginine reagents. Cystine peptides and cysteic acid derivatives have also been characterized. All detected half-cystine residues seemed engaged in disulfide bridges. For each individual peroxidase the number of specifically staining peptides agreed very well with the amino acid composition. The two most acidic peroxidases of turnip, P1 and P2, only differ significantly in one peptide. The P2 gene is tentatively proposed to have developed from the P1 gene by a single base mutation, changing an asparagine residue to alysine residue. A less acidic turnip peroxidase, P3, is distinct, although related to peroxidases P1 and P2. Horseradish isoperoxidase C also belongs to this group which appears to be closely related in the amino acid sequences around four disulfide bridges. Peroxidase P7 differs from this group, at least around two of its disulfide bridges, and therefore, may differ from the other four in parts of its three dimensional structure. Sequences of particular importance to peroxidase function must be present in all peroxidases. From the peptide mapping studies we only find two highly homologous sequences present in all five examined peroxidases. Both contain histidine. This finding corroborates previous suggestions of two histidine sequences near the peroxidase heme prosthetic group. The rules applied in relating peptides of different proteins are outlined, and the sources of errors in mapping of glycoproteins of high carbohydrate content (about 20%) are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Similarities and differences of five peroxidases from turnip and horseradish. Peptide mapping studies on glycoproteins. Four isoperoxidases of turnip root and isoperoxidase C of horseradish root were digested with trypsin, and their peptide maps, prepared by high-voltage paper electrophoresis, were compared. All five tryptic digests were completely soluble at pH 8. The maps were developed with a variety of general and specific reagents: ninhydrin, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan and arginine reagents. Cystine peptides and cysteic acid derivatives have also been characterized. All detected half-cystine residues seemed engaged in disulfide bridges. For each individual peroxidase the number of specifically staining peptides agreed very well with the amino acid composition. The two most acidic peroxidases of turnip, P1 and P2, only differ significantly in one peptide. The P2 gene is tentatively proposed to have developed from the P1 gene by a single base mutation, changing an asparagine residue to alysine residue. A less acidic turnip peroxidase, P3, is distinct, although related to peroxidases P1 and P2. Horseradish isoperoxidase C also belongs to this group which appears to be closely related in the amino acid sequences around four disulfide bridges. Peroxidase P7 differs from this group, at least around two of its disulfide bridges, and therefore, may differ from the other four in parts of its three dimensional structure. Sequences of particular importance to peroxidase function must be present in all peroxidases. From the peptide mapping studies we only find two highly homologous sequences present in all five examined peroxidases. Both contain histidine. This finding corroborates previous suggestions of two histidine sequences near the peroxidase heme prosthetic group. The rules applied in relating peptides of different proteins are outlined, and the sources of errors in mapping of glycoproteins of high carbohydrate content (about 20%) are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 1175650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5300", "title": "Analysis of the pancreatic-ribonuclease-digestion products of alfalfa-mosaic-virus ribonucleic acid. Sequence homologies between the different RNAs.", "content": "Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) genome consists of three pieces of RNA (24-S, 20-S and 17-s RNA). For infectivity these three RNAs and the coat protein are required. In the absence of coat protein, infectivity is obtained by adding the 12-S RNA also normally present in the virus. This 12-S RNA represents the message for coat protein. Thus a redundancy of the gene for coat protein exists between 12-S RNA and one of the other RNAs. Sequence analysis of the oligonucleotides resulting from pancreatic ribonuclease digestion of the AMV RNAs indicates that the nucleotide sequence of 12-S RNA occurs in 17-S RNA. Analysis of the pancreatic ribonuclease digestion products of the two larger alfalfa mosaic virus RNAs (20-S and 24-S RNA) shows some oligonucleotides containing seven, eight and nine nucleotides with the same structure present in both RNAs. The possibility of a limited nucleotide sequence homology between these two RNAs is discussed. The comparison of the RNase digestion products of 20-S and 24-S RNA with those of 12-S or 17-S RNA revealed no homologous oligonucleotides, thus the origin of 12-S RNA appears to be 17-S RNA.", "contents": "Analysis of the pancreatic-ribonuclease-digestion products of alfalfa-mosaic-virus ribonucleic acid. Sequence homologies between the different RNAs. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) genome consists of three pieces of RNA (24-S, 20-S and 17-s RNA). For infectivity these three RNAs and the coat protein are required. In the absence of coat protein, infectivity is obtained by adding the 12-S RNA also normally present in the virus. This 12-S RNA represents the message for coat protein. Thus a redundancy of the gene for coat protein exists between 12-S RNA and one of the other RNAs. Sequence analysis of the oligonucleotides resulting from pancreatic ribonuclease digestion of the AMV RNAs indicates that the nucleotide sequence of 12-S RNA occurs in 17-S RNA. Analysis of the pancreatic ribonuclease digestion products of the two larger alfalfa mosaic virus RNAs (20-S and 24-S RNA) shows some oligonucleotides containing seven, eight and nine nucleotides with the same structure present in both RNAs. The possibility of a limited nucleotide sequence homology between these two RNAs is discussed. The comparison of the RNase digestion products of 20-S and 24-S RNA with those of 12-S or 17-S RNA revealed no homologous oligonucleotides, thus the origin of 12-S RNA appears to be 17-S RNA.", "PMID": 1175651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5301", "title": "Identification of NADH-specific and NADPH-specific FMN reductases in Beneckea harveyi.", "content": "Distinct FMN reductases specific for NADH and NADPH were identified in extracts of Beneckea harveyi. These enzymes differ in their physical (molecular weight, thermostability) as well as in their chemical properties (binding constants for NADH and NADPH). The NADH-specific enzyme is more efficient than the NADPH-specific one with respect to the bioluminescent reaction.", "contents": "Identification of NADH-specific and NADPH-specific FMN reductases in Beneckea harveyi. Distinct FMN reductases specific for NADH and NADPH were identified in extracts of Beneckea harveyi. These enzymes differ in their physical (molecular weight, thermostability) as well as in their chemical properties (binding constants for NADH and NADPH). The NADH-specific enzyme is more efficient than the NADPH-specific one with respect to the bioluminescent reaction.", "PMID": 1175652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5302", "title": "Multiple molecular forms of purified human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "1. Human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase was solubilized by Triton X-100 and purified by affinity chromatography to a specific activity of 3800 IU/mg of protein. The yield of the purified enzyme was 25--45%. 2. Gel filtration on Sepharose 4-B in the presence of Triton X-100 revealed one peak of enzyme activity with a Stokes' radius of 8.7 nm. Density gradient centrifugation in 0.1% Triton X-100 showed one peak of enzyme activity with an S4 value of 6.3S. 3. Isoelectric focusing in Triton X-100 resolved the enzyme into five molecular forms with isoelectric points of 4.55, 4.68, 4.81, 4.98 and 5.18. Upon incubation with neuraminidase the enzyme activity in the first four forms was decreased with a concommitant increase in activity in the form with the higher isoelectric point. 4. After removal of excess Triton X-100 on Bio-Gel HTP, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed seven bands of protein and corresponding bands of enzyme activity. Density gradient centrifugation of the detergent-depleted enzyme at high ionic strength revealed five multiple molecular forms with S4 values of 6.3 S, 10.2 S, 12.2 S, 14.2 S and 16.3 S. At low ionic strength, higher aggregates were observed in addition to the other forms. Dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave one subunit only with an apparent molecular weight of 80 000. 5. These results suggest that human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase, solubilized by Triton X-100, exists in various forms differing in net charge but of apparently similar molecular dimensions. After removal of the detergent, forms with different molecular sizes are observed.", "contents": "Multiple molecular forms of purified human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. 1. Human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase was solubilized by Triton X-100 and purified by affinity chromatography to a specific activity of 3800 IU/mg of protein. The yield of the purified enzyme was 25--45%. 2. Gel filtration on Sepharose 4-B in the presence of Triton X-100 revealed one peak of enzyme activity with a Stokes' radius of 8.7 nm. Density gradient centrifugation in 0.1% Triton X-100 showed one peak of enzyme activity with an S4 value of 6.3S. 3. Isoelectric focusing in Triton X-100 resolved the enzyme into five molecular forms with isoelectric points of 4.55, 4.68, 4.81, 4.98 and 5.18. Upon incubation with neuraminidase the enzyme activity in the first four forms was decreased with a concommitant increase in activity in the form with the higher isoelectric point. 4. After removal of excess Triton X-100 on Bio-Gel HTP, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed seven bands of protein and corresponding bands of enzyme activity. Density gradient centrifugation of the detergent-depleted enzyme at high ionic strength revealed five multiple molecular forms with S4 values of 6.3 S, 10.2 S, 12.2 S, 14.2 S and 16.3 S. At low ionic strength, higher aggregates were observed in addition to the other forms. Dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave one subunit only with an apparent molecular weight of 80 000. 5. These results suggest that human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase, solubilized by Triton X-100, exists in various forms differing in net charge but of apparently similar molecular dimensions. After removal of the detergent, forms with different molecular sizes are observed.", "PMID": 1175653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5303", "title": "Isolation and characterization of active ribosomal subunits from human placenta.", "content": "We have developed a method for the large-scale isolation of active ribosomal subunits from human placenta. The technique involves incubating crude ribosomes for 15 min at 37 degrees C with 0.2 mM puromycin in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.6, 500 mM KCl and 3 mM MgCl2 followed by centrifugation at 5 degrees C in a BXV zonal rotor using an equivolumetric sucrose gradient in the same buffer, upon which 80--90% of all ribosomes are dissociated into subunits. The purified subunits differ in their chemical composition, the 60-S particle containing no more than 36% protein whereas the 40-S subunit consists of 43% protein. In poly(U)-directed protein synthesis, tested in a completely homologous cell-free system, one recombined couple polymerizes at 37 degrees C 12 to 17 phenylalanine residues at an initial rate of 0.7 residues per minute. However, free 80-S ribosomes obtained by puromycin treatment of the crude ribosomes and reassociation of the subunits without prior isolation, have an even higher incorporating activity (20--25 mol phenylalanine/mol of ribosome). At least 55% of the subunits were estimated to actively participate in the polyphenylalanine synthesis.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of active ribosomal subunits from human placenta. We have developed a method for the large-scale isolation of active ribosomal subunits from human placenta. The technique involves incubating crude ribosomes for 15 min at 37 degrees C with 0.2 mM puromycin in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.6, 500 mM KCl and 3 mM MgCl2 followed by centrifugation at 5 degrees C in a BXV zonal rotor using an equivolumetric sucrose gradient in the same buffer, upon which 80--90% of all ribosomes are dissociated into subunits. The purified subunits differ in their chemical composition, the 60-S particle containing no more than 36% protein whereas the 40-S subunit consists of 43% protein. In poly(U)-directed protein synthesis, tested in a completely homologous cell-free system, one recombined couple polymerizes at 37 degrees C 12 to 17 phenylalanine residues at an initial rate of 0.7 residues per minute. However, free 80-S ribosomes obtained by puromycin treatment of the crude ribosomes and reassociation of the subunits without prior isolation, have an even higher incorporating activity (20--25 mol phenylalanine/mol of ribosome). At least 55% of the subunits were estimated to actively participate in the polyphenylalanine synthesis.", "PMID": 1175654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5304", "title": "Hydroperoxide-metabolizing systems in rat liver.", "content": "1. Metabolism of added hydroperoxides was studied in hemoglobin-free perfused rat liver and in isolated rat hepatocytes as well as microsomal and mitochondrial fractions. 2. Perfused liver is capable of removing organic hydroperoxides [cumene and tert-butyl hydroperoxide] at rates up to 3--4 mumol X min-1 X gram liver-1. Concomitantly, there is a release of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) into the extracellular space in a relationship approx. linear with hydroperoxide infusion rates. About 30 nmol GSSG are released per mumol hydroperoxide added per min per gram liver. GSSG release is interpreted to indicate GSH peroxidase activity. 3. GSSG release is observed also with added H2O2. At rates of H2O2 infusion of about 1.5 mumol X min-1 X gram liver-1 a maximum of GSSG release is attained which, however, can be increased by inhibition of catalase with 3-amino-1,2,4-aminotriazole. 4. A contribution of the endoplasmic reticulum in addition to glutathione peroxidase in organic hydroperoxide removal is demonstrated (a) by comparison of perfused livers from untreated and phenobarbital-pretreated rats and (b) in isolated microsomal fractions, and a possible involvement of reactive iron species (e.g. cytochrome P-450-linked peroxidase activity) is discussed. 5. Hydroperoxide addition to microsomes leads to rapid and substantial lipid peroxidation as evidenced by formation of thiobarbituric-acid-reactive material (presumably malondialdehyde) and by O2 uptake. Like in other types of induction of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde/O2 ratios of 1/20 are observed. Cumene hydroperoxide (0.6 mM) gives rise to 4-fold higher rates of malondialdehyde formation than tert-butyl hydroperoxide (1 mM). Ethylenediamine tetraacetate does not inhibit this type of lipid peroxidation. 6. Lipid peroxidation in isolated hepatocytes upon hydroperoxide addition is much lower than in isolated microsomes or mitochondria, consistent with the presence of effective hydroperoxide-reducing systems. However, when NADPH is oxidized to the maximal extent as evidenced by dual-wavelength spectrophotometry, lipid peroxidation occurs at large amounts. 7. A dependence of hydroperoxide removal rates upon flux through the pentose phosphate pathway is suggested by a stimulatory effect of glucose in hepatocytes from fasted rats and by an increased rate of 14CO2 release from [1-14C]glucose during hydroperoxide metabolism in perfused liver.", "contents": "Hydroperoxide-metabolizing systems in rat liver. 1. Metabolism of added hydroperoxides was studied in hemoglobin-free perfused rat liver and in isolated rat hepatocytes as well as microsomal and mitochondrial fractions. 2. Perfused liver is capable of removing organic hydroperoxides [cumene and tert-butyl hydroperoxide] at rates up to 3--4 mumol X min-1 X gram liver-1. Concomitantly, there is a release of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) into the extracellular space in a relationship approx. linear with hydroperoxide infusion rates. About 30 nmol GSSG are released per mumol hydroperoxide added per min per gram liver. GSSG release is interpreted to indicate GSH peroxidase activity. 3. GSSG release is observed also with added H2O2. At rates of H2O2 infusion of about 1.5 mumol X min-1 X gram liver-1 a maximum of GSSG release is attained which, however, can be increased by inhibition of catalase with 3-amino-1,2,4-aminotriazole. 4. A contribution of the endoplasmic reticulum in addition to glutathione peroxidase in organic hydroperoxide removal is demonstrated (a) by comparison of perfused livers from untreated and phenobarbital-pretreated rats and (b) in isolated microsomal fractions, and a possible involvement of reactive iron species (e.g. cytochrome P-450-linked peroxidase activity) is discussed. 5. Hydroperoxide addition to microsomes leads to rapid and substantial lipid peroxidation as evidenced by formation of thiobarbituric-acid-reactive material (presumably malondialdehyde) and by O2 uptake. Like in other types of induction of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde/O2 ratios of 1/20 are observed. Cumene hydroperoxide (0.6 mM) gives rise to 4-fold higher rates of malondialdehyde formation than tert-butyl hydroperoxide (1 mM). Ethylenediamine tetraacetate does not inhibit this type of lipid peroxidation. 6. Lipid peroxidation in isolated hepatocytes upon hydroperoxide addition is much lower than in isolated microsomes or mitochondria, consistent with the presence of effective hydroperoxide-reducing systems. However, when NADPH is oxidized to the maximal extent as evidenced by dual-wavelength spectrophotometry, lipid peroxidation occurs at large amounts. 7. A dependence of hydroperoxide removal rates upon flux through the pentose phosphate pathway is suggested by a stimulatory effect of glucose in hepatocytes from fasted rats and by an increased rate of 14CO2 release from [1-14C]glucose during hydroperoxide metabolism in perfused liver.", "PMID": 1175655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5305", "title": "Oxidation of cytochrome b5 by hydroperoxides in rat liver.", "content": "1. Spectral changes following the addition of hydroperoxides to isolated hepatocytes and to perfused rat liver were observed. Cytochrome b5 is the major, if not the only, hemoprotein exhibiting redox changes under these conditions; cytochrome b5 is oxidized by added hydroperoxides, e.g. tert-butyl or cumene hydroperoxides. No spectral changes attributable to cytochrome b5 were observed with tert-butanol. 2. The effect is present also when the mitochondrial respiratory chain is inhibited by antimycin A, and it is not observable with isolated mitochondria. On the other hand, the oxidation of cytochrome b5 by hydroperoxides is readily demonstrable in microsomal fractions in presence of NADH. 3. Spectral evidence for a participation of the other microsomal hemoprotein, cytochrome P-450, in the hydroperoxide-linked effects was not obtained. Thus, in hepatocytes from phenobarbital-pretreated rats, no formation of cytochrome P-420, no displacement of a type I substrate, hexobarbital, and no major steady state redox change of cytochrome P-450 was detectable. However, when cytochrome P-450 was dithionite-reduced, an oxidation of this cytochrome occurred upon subsequent hydroperoxide addition. 4. Hydrogen peroxide addition to hepatocytes also leads to a lower steady-state degree of reduction of cytochrome b5. Evidence is provided with hepatocytes from rats pretreated with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole that H2O2 generated intracellularly, e.g. from added glycolate, also causes a detectable oxidation of cytochrome b5. 5. The mechanism of these hydroperoxide effects remains to be established, and it is not clear whether cytochrome b5 reacts directly or indirectly. However, it is suggested that these effects may be of significance for the further study of cytochrome-b5-linked metabolic pathways.", "contents": "Oxidation of cytochrome b5 by hydroperoxides in rat liver. 1. Spectral changes following the addition of hydroperoxides to isolated hepatocytes and to perfused rat liver were observed. Cytochrome b5 is the major, if not the only, hemoprotein exhibiting redox changes under these conditions; cytochrome b5 is oxidized by added hydroperoxides, e.g. tert-butyl or cumene hydroperoxides. No spectral changes attributable to cytochrome b5 were observed with tert-butanol. 2. The effect is present also when the mitochondrial respiratory chain is inhibited by antimycin A, and it is not observable with isolated mitochondria. On the other hand, the oxidation of cytochrome b5 by hydroperoxides is readily demonstrable in microsomal fractions in presence of NADH. 3. Spectral evidence for a participation of the other microsomal hemoprotein, cytochrome P-450, in the hydroperoxide-linked effects was not obtained. Thus, in hepatocytes from phenobarbital-pretreated rats, no formation of cytochrome P-420, no displacement of a type I substrate, hexobarbital, and no major steady state redox change of cytochrome P-450 was detectable. However, when cytochrome P-450 was dithionite-reduced, an oxidation of this cytochrome occurred upon subsequent hydroperoxide addition. 4. Hydrogen peroxide addition to hepatocytes also leads to a lower steady-state degree of reduction of cytochrome b5. Evidence is provided with hepatocytes from rats pretreated with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole that H2O2 generated intracellularly, e.g. from added glycolate, also causes a detectable oxidation of cytochrome b5. 5. The mechanism of these hydroperoxide effects remains to be established, and it is not clear whether cytochrome b5 reacts directly or indirectly. However, it is suggested that these effects may be of significance for the further study of cytochrome-b5-linked metabolic pathways.", "PMID": 1175656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5306", "title": "Studies on the role and mode of operation of the very-lysine-rich histone H1 (F1) in eukaryote chromatin. The properties of the N-terminal and C-terminal halves of histone H1.", "content": "Restricted chymotrypsin digestion of calf thymus H1 histone gives two fragments, residues 1--106 and 107--C-terminal. These were studied by proton magnetic resonance and circular dichroism. The N-terminal fragment exhibited some salt-induced structure in aqueous solution, but this did not parallel the globular structure of the intact H1 molecule. Comparison of circular dichroism results with helix predictions for this portion of the molecule suggests that the secondary structure may be the same in this fragment as it is in the corresponding region of the whole molecule. The C-terminal fragments show very little salt-induced structure. The N-terminal fragments binds to DNA very weakly, but the C-terminal fragment binds as strongly as the whole molecule. In the C-terminal fragment, about one quarter of the lysine residues are not bound to the DNA in water, but initial increase of salt concentration causes them to become bound. This increasing binding occurs under the same ionic conditions that cause chromatin condensation and condensation of H1 - DNA complexes, and it is suggested that there may be a connection between these phenomena.", "contents": "Studies on the role and mode of operation of the very-lysine-rich histone H1 (F1) in eukaryote chromatin. The properties of the N-terminal and C-terminal halves of histone H1. Restricted chymotrypsin digestion of calf thymus H1 histone gives two fragments, residues 1--106 and 107--C-terminal. These were studied by proton magnetic resonance and circular dichroism. The N-terminal fragment exhibited some salt-induced structure in aqueous solution, but this did not parallel the globular structure of the intact H1 molecule. Comparison of circular dichroism results with helix predictions for this portion of the molecule suggests that the secondary structure may be the same in this fragment as it is in the corresponding region of the whole molecule. The C-terminal fragments show very little salt-induced structure. The N-terminal fragments binds to DNA very weakly, but the C-terminal fragment binds as strongly as the whole molecule. In the C-terminal fragment, about one quarter of the lysine residues are not bound to the DNA in water, but initial increase of salt concentration causes them to become bound. This increasing binding occurs under the same ionic conditions that cause chromatin condensation and condensation of H1 - DNA complexes, and it is suggested that there may be a connection between these phenomena.", "PMID": 1175657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5307", "title": "GTP degradation to guanine catalyzed by ribosomal subunits and microsomal-wash factors.", "content": "Ribosomes from stringent strains of bacteria generate (p)ppGpp if incubated with uncharged tRNA, a ribosomal wash fraction, GTP and ATP. By contrast, an analogous system from rat liver does not transform GTP to (p)ppGpp but degrades it to guanine. The reaction requires the ribosomal subunits, a 40 000-Mr and a 60 000-Mr microsomal wash protein factor and is inhibited if the ribosomal A-site is charged with aminoacyl tRNA. The degradation of GTP to guanine occurs in the following four distinct reaction steps: (a) hydrolysis of GTP to GDP plus Pi, (b) hydrolysis of GDP to GMP plus Pi, (c) hydrolysis of GMP to guanosine plus Pi, (d) hydrolysis of guanosine to guanine plus ribose. The reaction step (a) is inhibited by fusidic acid, cycloheximide, emetine, tetracycline and puromycin. The hydrolysis of GDP is inhibited strongly by fusidic acid, emetine and tetracycline. A putative physiological significance of this ribosome-dependent pathway in the processes of growth control of animal cells under conditions of amino acid deprivation is discussed.", "contents": "GTP degradation to guanine catalyzed by ribosomal subunits and microsomal-wash factors. Ribosomes from stringent strains of bacteria generate (p)ppGpp if incubated with uncharged tRNA, a ribosomal wash fraction, GTP and ATP. By contrast, an analogous system from rat liver does not transform GTP to (p)ppGpp but degrades it to guanine. The reaction requires the ribosomal subunits, a 40 000-Mr and a 60 000-Mr microsomal wash protein factor and is inhibited if the ribosomal A-site is charged with aminoacyl tRNA. The degradation of GTP to guanine occurs in the following four distinct reaction steps: (a) hydrolysis of GTP to GDP plus Pi, (b) hydrolysis of GDP to GMP plus Pi, (c) hydrolysis of GMP to guanosine plus Pi, (d) hydrolysis of guanosine to guanine plus ribose. The reaction step (a) is inhibited by fusidic acid, cycloheximide, emetine, tetracycline and puromycin. The hydrolysis of GDP is inhibited strongly by fusidic acid, emetine and tetracycline. A putative physiological significance of this ribosome-dependent pathway in the processes of growth control of animal cells under conditions of amino acid deprivation is discussed.", "PMID": 1175658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5308", "title": "Evidence for essential histidine residues in bovine-liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase.", "content": "Ethoxyformic acid anhydride, amino-1H-tetrazole, and photooxidation in the presence of rose bengal, which are reagents known to react with histidine residues of proteins, were shown to inactivate monoamine oxidase. Ethoxyformic acid anhydride reacted with about 6 histidine residues per 100 000 g of protein under the experimental conditions adopted and completely inactivated the enzyme. However, NH2OH reactivated the ethaxyformic acid derivative t only. Since NH2OH specifically deacylates N-ethoxyformylimidazole, it was shown that at least some of the histidine residues are essential for activity. In addition, photooxidation experiments in the presence of 0.01% rose bengal confirmed that only histidine residues of bovine hepatic monoamine oxidase are destroyed under the designated experimental conditions. About 9 histidine residues per 100 000 g of protein were destroyed during the photooxidation experiments. In the presence of substrate, kynuramine or benzylamine, only 7 histidine residues were destroyed, which indicates that 2 histidine residues per 100 000 g of protein are essential for activity.", "contents": "Evidence for essential histidine residues in bovine-liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase. Ethoxyformic acid anhydride, amino-1H-tetrazole, and photooxidation in the presence of rose bengal, which are reagents known to react with histidine residues of proteins, were shown to inactivate monoamine oxidase. Ethoxyformic acid anhydride reacted with about 6 histidine residues per 100 000 g of protein under the experimental conditions adopted and completely inactivated the enzyme. However, NH2OH reactivated the ethaxyformic acid derivative t only. Since NH2OH specifically deacylates N-ethoxyformylimidazole, it was shown that at least some of the histidine residues are essential for activity. In addition, photooxidation experiments in the presence of 0.01% rose bengal confirmed that only histidine residues of bovine hepatic monoamine oxidase are destroyed under the designated experimental conditions. About 9 histidine residues per 100 000 g of protein were destroyed during the photooxidation experiments. In the presence of substrate, kynuramine or benzylamine, only 7 histidine residues were destroyed, which indicates that 2 histidine residues per 100 000 g of protein are essential for activity.", "PMID": 1175659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5309", "title": "Evidence for a halothane-dependent cyclic flux of calcium in rat-liver mitochondria.", "content": "The previously reported (Hall et al., Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1973) halothane-dependent, calcium-induced loss of respiratory control in rat liver mitochondria is relatively specific to calcium; the effect of strontium ions is much smaller, and comparable additions of potassium salts have no effect on mitochondrial respiration on succinate in the presence of halothane. The calcium-dependent loss of respiratory control can be prevented, or reversed, respectively, by the prior or subsequent addition of agents that either chelate extramitochondrial Ca2plus or inhibit calcium accumulation, or that inhibit the efflux of accumulatec calcium. These results suggest that the halothane-dependent, calcijm-induced loss of respiratory control is due to a cyclic flux of calcium uptake and release.", "contents": "Evidence for a halothane-dependent cyclic flux of calcium in rat-liver mitochondria. The previously reported (Hall et al., Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1973) halothane-dependent, calcium-induced loss of respiratory control in rat liver mitochondria is relatively specific to calcium; the effect of strontium ions is much smaller, and comparable additions of potassium salts have no effect on mitochondrial respiration on succinate in the presence of halothane. The calcium-dependent loss of respiratory control can be prevented, or reversed, respectively, by the prior or subsequent addition of agents that either chelate extramitochondrial Ca2plus or inhibit calcium accumulation, or that inhibit the efflux of accumulatec calcium. These results suggest that the halothane-dependent, calcijm-induced loss of respiratory control is due to a cyclic flux of calcium uptake and release.", "PMID": 1175660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5310", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of prostaglandins Falpha, E1 and E2 in human plasma.", "content": "Antibodies against prostaglandins (PG)F2alpha, E1 and E2 were obtained inrabbits immunized with respectively PG F2alpha, PG E1 and PG E2 conjugated to bovine serum albumin by carbodiimide. A radioimmunoassay capable of measuring 7 pg of PG Falpha, 2 pg of PG E2 and 14 pg of PG E1 in human peripheral plasma is described. Plasma samples (pH 3, citric acid) are extracted with cyclohexane: ethyl acetate, 1:1 and then chromatographed on silicic acid columns to separate the prostaglandins into three fractions: fraction I, PG A, PG B and some unknown immunoreactive compounds; fraction II, PG E and fraction III, PG Falpha. The recovery is 80+ +/- 6.2. Mean plasma levels in adults of PG Falpha and PG E, expressed in pg/ml: -PG Falpha 12 +/- 2.8 (n- 25 men), 8 +/- 2.3 (n= 18 women, follicular phase), 7 +/- 1.4 (n= 18 women, luteal phase).  -PG E1 40.5 +/- 7.6 (n= 13 men), 38 +/- 17.1 (n= 10 women). -PG E2 4.5 +/- 1 (n= 12 adult subjects). The major characteristics of the method described herein are the following: - a large volume of plasma has to be processed (10 ml or more for PG Falpha and PG E1, 5 ml or more ofr PG E2). - a chromatographic step is necessary to separate the different prostaglandins which makes it possible to circumvent probelms of immunological cross reactivity and interference with unknown immunoreactive compounds. - great care has been taken in collection of blood samples, especially to insure complete removal of blood cells namely platelets.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of prostaglandins Falpha, E1 and E2 in human plasma. Antibodies against prostaglandins (PG)F2alpha, E1 and E2 were obtained inrabbits immunized with respectively PG F2alpha, PG E1 and PG E2 conjugated to bovine serum albumin by carbodiimide. A radioimmunoassay capable of measuring 7 pg of PG Falpha, 2 pg of PG E2 and 14 pg of PG E1 in human peripheral plasma is described. Plasma samples (pH 3, citric acid) are extracted with cyclohexane: ethyl acetate, 1:1 and then chromatographed on silicic acid columns to separate the prostaglandins into three fractions: fraction I, PG A, PG B and some unknown immunoreactive compounds; fraction II, PG E and fraction III, PG Falpha. The recovery is 80+ +/- 6.2. Mean plasma levels in adults of PG Falpha and PG E, expressed in pg/ml: -PG Falpha 12 +/- 2.8 (n- 25 men), 8 +/- 2.3 (n= 18 women, follicular phase), 7 +/- 1.4 (n= 18 women, luteal phase).  -PG E1 40.5 +/- 7.6 (n= 13 men), 38 +/- 17.1 (n= 10 women). -PG E2 4.5 +/- 1 (n= 12 adult subjects). The major characteristics of the method described herein are the following: - a large volume of plasma has to be processed (10 ml or more for PG Falpha and PG E1, 5 ml or more ofr PG E2). - a chromatographic step is necessary to separate the different prostaglandins which makes it possible to circumvent probelms of immunological cross reactivity and interference with unknown immunoreactive compounds. - great care has been taken in collection of blood samples, especially to insure complete removal of blood cells namely platelets.", "PMID": 1175670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5311", "title": "The mechanism of action of mercuric chloride on the isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "Studies on 80 rat kidneys, perfused at constant flow, showed that mercuric chloride produced a marked increase in perfusion pressure within five minutes of administration. Adrenergic blocking agents (phentolamine and propranolol), angiotensin sensitivity depletion, bradykinin and low concentrations of mannitol had no effect on this increase in resistance. Perfusion of the kidney with 5 percent mannitol solution, however, significantly reduced the increase of vascular resistance induced by mercuric chloride. Evidence is presented that mercuric chloride may evoke an increase in vascular resistance by inducing endothelial cell swelling, an action antagonised by the hypertonic effect of mannitol. Other possible contributory mechanisms are also discussed.", "contents": "The mechanism of action of mercuric chloride on the isolated perfused rat kidney. Studies on 80 rat kidneys, perfused at constant flow, showed that mercuric chloride produced a marked increase in perfusion pressure within five minutes of administration. Adrenergic blocking agents (phentolamine and propranolol), angiotensin sensitivity depletion, bradykinin and low concentrations of mannitol had no effect on this increase in resistance. Perfusion of the kidney with 5 percent mannitol solution, however, significantly reduced the increase of vascular resistance induced by mercuric chloride. Evidence is presented that mercuric chloride may evoke an increase in vascular resistance by inducing endothelial cell swelling, an action antagonised by the hypertonic effect of mannitol. Other possible contributory mechanisms are also discussed.", "PMID": 1175671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5312", "title": "Effects of burn injury on insulin secretion and on sensitivity to insulin in the rat in vivo.", "content": "Both insulin resistance and impairment of insulin secretion are know to occur in man after injury. The relative importance of these effects was studied in rats 2 h after a non-lethal 20 percent dorsal scald. No impairment of insulin secretion was found after this injury. Concentrations of both blood glucose and plasma insulin were elevated in scalded rats. Scalded rats responded to intravenous glucose injection (1-0 g/kg) with a further rise in plasma insulin concentration, which remained normal for the prevailing blood glucose concentration. However, marked impairment of glucose tolerance was observed, indicating the presence of insulin resistance. After intravenous insulin injection (1-0 U/kg) the initial rate coefficient for fall of blood glucose concentration was significantly lower (p less than 0-02) in scalded (mean 3-9 percent min.(-1) than in control rats (mean 6-3 percent min.(-1). The minimum in blood glucose concentration after insulin injection was reached at 10 min. in control rats, but not until 60 min. after injection in scalded rats. This difference was due to a delay in compensation for the hypoglycaemia in the scalded rats, since the rate of disappearance of insulin measured by injection of a tracer of 125I-labelled bovine insulin was not decreased after this injury. It was concluded that the impairment of glucose utilization in scalded rats (Heath and Corney, 1973) is due to decreased sensitivity to insulin rather than to suppression of insulin release.", "contents": "Effects of burn injury on insulin secretion and on sensitivity to insulin in the rat in vivo. Both insulin resistance and impairment of insulin secretion are know to occur in man after injury. The relative importance of these effects was studied in rats 2 h after a non-lethal 20 percent dorsal scald. No impairment of insulin secretion was found after this injury. Concentrations of both blood glucose and plasma insulin were elevated in scalded rats. Scalded rats responded to intravenous glucose injection (1-0 g/kg) with a further rise in plasma insulin concentration, which remained normal for the prevailing blood glucose concentration. However, marked impairment of glucose tolerance was observed, indicating the presence of insulin resistance. After intravenous insulin injection (1-0 U/kg) the initial rate coefficient for fall of blood glucose concentration was significantly lower (p less than 0-02) in scalded (mean 3-9 percent min.(-1) than in control rats (mean 6-3 percent min.(-1). The minimum in blood glucose concentration after insulin injection was reached at 10 min. in control rats, but not until 60 min. after injection in scalded rats. This difference was due to a delay in compensation for the hypoglycaemia in the scalded rats, since the rate of disappearance of insulin measured by injection of a tracer of 125I-labelled bovine insulin was not decreased after this injury. It was concluded that the impairment of glucose utilization in scalded rats (Heath and Corney, 1973) is due to decreased sensitivity to insulin rather than to suppression of insulin release.", "PMID": 1175672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5313", "title": "The role of calcium in insulin action. III. Calcium distribution in fat cells; its kinetics and the effects of adrenaline, insulin and procaine-HCl.", "content": "The effects of adrenaline, insulin and procaine-HCl on Ca distribution in intact fat cells and on Ca binding to fat cell ghost membranes have been investigated. 1. Fat cells incubated in 45Ca containing media till isotopic equilibrium indicated that the exchangeable Ca in these cells averages 25.7 +/-3.2nmol/mg protein, which represents approximately 9.8% of their ttotal Ca content. 2. Perifusion of 45Ca prelabelled fat cells gave washout curves whose analysis conformed with three kinetically distinct Ca pools (Fig. 1). The fast exchangeable pool (Compartment A) had an efflux rate constant of 0.193 +/-0. 013 min.-. The release of Ca from the second and thrid pools (Compartments B and C) was much slower with efflux rate constants of 0.032 +/-0.0018 min.-1 and 0.0042 +/- 0.0006 min.-1 respectively. Changing the Ca concentration in the perifusing medium modified the initial fast phase and its rate constant, while added dinitrophenol (DNP) inhibited the efflux rate from the later compartments...", "contents": "The role of calcium in insulin action. III. Calcium distribution in fat cells; its kinetics and the effects of adrenaline, insulin and procaine-HCl. The effects of adrenaline, insulin and procaine-HCl on Ca distribution in intact fat cells and on Ca binding to fat cell ghost membranes have been investigated. 1. Fat cells incubated in 45Ca containing media till isotopic equilibrium indicated that the exchangeable Ca in these cells averages 25.7 +/-3.2nmol/mg protein, which represents approximately 9.8% of their ttotal Ca content. 2. Perifusion of 45Ca prelabelled fat cells gave washout curves whose analysis conformed with three kinetically distinct Ca pools (Fig. 1). The fast exchangeable pool (Compartment A) had an efflux rate constant of 0.193 +/-0. 013 min.-. The release of Ca from the second and thrid pools (Compartments B and C) was much slower with efflux rate constants of 0.032 +/-0.0018 min.-1 and 0.0042 +/- 0.0006 min.-1 respectively. Changing the Ca concentration in the perifusing medium modified the initial fast phase and its rate constant, while added dinitrophenol (DNP) inhibited the efflux rate from the later compartments...", "PMID": 1175673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5314", "title": "The role of calcium in insulin action. IV. Mechanism of insulin resistance in adipose tissue of obese (ob/ob) mice and old Wistar rats.", "content": "The in-vitro antilipolytic response to insulin and procaine hydrochloride by adipose tissue from young rats (150 - 180 g) and lean mice has been compared with that from aged Wistar rats (600 g) and obese (ob/ob) hyperglycaemic mice. 1. The adipose tissue from the obese mice showed diminished responsiveness to insulin and to procaine hydrochloride. Response to these agents, however, was restored by prewashing the tissue, suggesting that the apparent resistance in this tissue reflected saturation of the insulin receptors to endogenous insulin. 2. In adipose tissue of old Wistar rats the antilipolytic effect of insulin was also impaired, but this was not restored after extensive washing. Unlike adipose tissue ghosts prepared from young rats, insulin did not decrease the binding of calcium to ghost membrane preparations from old rats. Neither did insulin inhibit the adrenaline stimulated 45 calcium efflux from perifused isolated fat cells prepared from old rats. These results suggest that the insulin response of fat cells from old rats is impaired because of a defect either in their insulin receptors or in their post-receptor responses. 3. Procaine-hydrochloride, however, when added to the medium perifusing fat cells of these old rats inhibited the adrenaline stimulated lipolysis, reduced the Ca efflux and decreased the binding of Ca to fat cell ghosts; as it did with similar preparations of young rats. Thus the cells from old rats still show full post-receptor responsiveness to an insulin-like stimulus, provided the stimulus for such a response is given at a point beyond the insulin receptor itself. The results suggest that the insulin resistance observed in old rat fat cells may be related to some by deficiency in the insulin receptors, possibly due to their lower replacement with age.", "contents": "The role of calcium in insulin action. IV. Mechanism of insulin resistance in adipose tissue of obese (ob/ob) mice and old Wistar rats. The in-vitro antilipolytic response to insulin and procaine hydrochloride by adipose tissue from young rats (150 - 180 g) and lean mice has been compared with that from aged Wistar rats (600 g) and obese (ob/ob) hyperglycaemic mice. 1. The adipose tissue from the obese mice showed diminished responsiveness to insulin and to procaine hydrochloride. Response to these agents, however, was restored by prewashing the tissue, suggesting that the apparent resistance in this tissue reflected saturation of the insulin receptors to endogenous insulin. 2. In adipose tissue of old Wistar rats the antilipolytic effect of insulin was also impaired, but this was not restored after extensive washing. Unlike adipose tissue ghosts prepared from young rats, insulin did not decrease the binding of calcium to ghost membrane preparations from old rats. Neither did insulin inhibit the adrenaline stimulated 45 calcium efflux from perifused isolated fat cells prepared from old rats. These results suggest that the insulin response of fat cells from old rats is impaired because of a defect either in their insulin receptors or in their post-receptor responses. 3. Procaine-hydrochloride, however, when added to the medium perifusing fat cells of these old rats inhibited the adrenaline stimulated lipolysis, reduced the Ca efflux and decreased the binding of Ca to fat cell ghosts; as it did with similar preparations of young rats. Thus the cells from old rats still show full post-receptor responsiveness to an insulin-like stimulus, provided the stimulus for such a response is given at a point beyond the insulin receptor itself. The results suggest that the insulin resistance observed in old rat fat cells may be related to some by deficiency in the insulin receptors, possibly due to their lower replacement with age.", "PMID": 1175674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5315", "title": "Synthesis of immunoglobulins and 15 other proteins by diseased human kidneys.", "content": "In an effort to determine the synthetic capacity of human kidneys for serum proteins, pieces of both kidneys removed at operation prior to transplantation were placed in organ culture. Incubation with 14C labelled amino acids and subsequent radioimmunoelectrophoresis with antisera to all five classes of immunoglobulins showed synthesis of IgG by all 5 pairs of kidneys of IgA and IgE by 4, and of IgM by 2. None synthesized IgD. Radioimmunoelectrophoresis with specific antisera to 15 non-immunoglobulin proteins revealed synthesis of lactoferrin and uromucoid while several other serum proteins, such as alpha1 antitrypsin and alpha2 macroglobulin, known for their binding properties, showed apparent synthesis. No evidence for secretory component synthesis was seen despite positive immunofluorescent localization in the tubular cells. Further, Zn alpha2 and beta2GP I also showed positive immunofluorescence but negative synthesis. It seems possible that these latter proteins may not be synthesized by the tubular cells but rather may be actively excreted or reabsorbed by them.", "contents": "Synthesis of immunoglobulins and 15 other proteins by diseased human kidneys. In an effort to determine the synthetic capacity of human kidneys for serum proteins, pieces of both kidneys removed at operation prior to transplantation were placed in organ culture. Incubation with 14C labelled amino acids and subsequent radioimmunoelectrophoresis with antisera to all five classes of immunoglobulins showed synthesis of IgG by all 5 pairs of kidneys of IgA and IgE by 4, and of IgM by 2. None synthesized IgD. Radioimmunoelectrophoresis with specific antisera to 15 non-immunoglobulin proteins revealed synthesis of lactoferrin and uromucoid while several other serum proteins, such as alpha1 antitrypsin and alpha2 macroglobulin, known for their binding properties, showed apparent synthesis. No evidence for secretory component synthesis was seen despite positive immunofluorescent localization in the tubular cells. Further, Zn alpha2 and beta2GP I also showed positive immunofluorescence but negative synthesis. It seems possible that these latter proteins may not be synthesized by the tubular cells but rather may be actively excreted or reabsorbed by them.", "PMID": 1175675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5316", "title": "The effect of yohimbine on the turnover of brain catecholamines and serotonin.", "content": "Yohimbine moderately increased the depletion of brain dopamine (DA) after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMT) only when the two drugs were given at the same time; the baseline concentration of brain homovanillic acid (HVA) and its accumulation after probenecid were strongly increased by yohimbine. Yohimbine markedly decreased the concentration of brain noradrenaline (NA), both when given alone and before or at the same time as AMT; when it was given at an increasing interval after AMT, the effect became progressively smaller. The baseline concentration of brain 3-methyoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulphate and its accumulation after probenecid were increased by yohimbine; this effect was not as marked as that on HVA and was proportional to the quantity of NA depleted in the Amt method. The accumulation of brain k-hydroxyindoleacetic acid after probenecid was decreased by yohimbine pretreatment.", "contents": "The effect of yohimbine on the turnover of brain catecholamines and serotonin. Yohimbine moderately increased the depletion of brain dopamine (DA) after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMT) only when the two drugs were given at the same time; the baseline concentration of brain homovanillic acid (HVA) and its accumulation after probenecid were strongly increased by yohimbine. Yohimbine markedly decreased the concentration of brain noradrenaline (NA), both when given alone and before or at the same time as AMT; when it was given at an increasing interval after AMT, the effect became progressively smaller. The baseline concentration of brain 3-methyoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulphate and its accumulation after probenecid were increased by yohimbine; this effect was not as marked as that on HVA and was proportional to the quantity of NA depleted in the Amt method. The accumulation of brain k-hydroxyindoleacetic acid after probenecid was decreased by yohimbine pretreatment.", "PMID": 1175676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5317", "title": "Centrally mediated hypotension and bradycardia by methysergide in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "In anesthetized dogs, methysergide (1 and 3 mg/kg i.v.) caused reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular pressure and peripheral resistance. Caardiac output was unchanged because of an increase in stroke volume. Methysergide exhibited no alpha-receptor, ganglion, or adrenergic neuron-blocking properties nor did it have marked direct vasocilator action. The BCO, but not the orthostatic, reflex was severely inhibited by the drug, evidence for a central inhibitory action. Atropine, vagotomy or carotid sinus debuffering had little or no effect on the hypotension and bradycardia produced by methysergide, whereas guanethidine pretreatment essentially abolished these effects. Direct intracerebronventricular administration of small doses of methysergide (0.2 mg/kg) caused significant hypotension and bradycardia. It is concluded that methysergide causes centrally mediated hypotension and bradycardia, the mechanism of which is not clearly understood.", "contents": "Centrally mediated hypotension and bradycardia by methysergide in anesthetized dogs. In anesthetized dogs, methysergide (1 and 3 mg/kg i.v.) caused reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular pressure and peripheral resistance. Caardiac output was unchanged because of an increase in stroke volume. Methysergide exhibited no alpha-receptor, ganglion, or adrenergic neuron-blocking properties nor did it have marked direct vasocilator action. The BCO, but not the orthostatic, reflex was severely inhibited by the drug, evidence for a central inhibitory action. Atropine, vagotomy or carotid sinus debuffering had little or no effect on the hypotension and bradycardia produced by methysergide, whereas guanethidine pretreatment essentially abolished these effects. Direct intracerebronventricular administration of small doses of methysergide (0.2 mg/kg) caused significant hypotension and bradycardia. It is concluded that methysergide causes centrally mediated hypotension and bradycardia, the mechanism of which is not clearly understood.", "PMID": 1175677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5318", "title": "An autoradiographic method of mapping the distribution and density of monoamine neurons in mouse brain.", "content": "A combined in vitro uptake and autoradiographic procedure as an important complement to the histochemical fluorescence method is described. Slabs of fresh mouse brain were incubated with 14C-NE, 14C-DA or 14C-5-HT, freeze-dried, and placed against X-ray film for autoradiography, Catecholamine nerve terminals were labeled by in vitro incubation with 14C-NE or 14C-DA. Dopaminergic terminals were labeled by 14C-NE incubation preceded by desipramine (to block uptake into NE terminals). With 14C-5-HT incubation, the uptake pattern indicated the possibility that 5-HT nerve terminals were being labeled. Advantages of this method are that it allows the visualization of overall density and distribution of selected monoamine nerve terminals or uptake sites of other putative neurotransmitters in whole coronal or sagittal sections, so that data are obtained from many areas of brain or spinal cord rather than in only those areas preselected for microscopic viewing.", "contents": "An autoradiographic method of mapping the distribution and density of monoamine neurons in mouse brain. A combined in vitro uptake and autoradiographic procedure as an important complement to the histochemical fluorescence method is described. Slabs of fresh mouse brain were incubated with 14C-NE, 14C-DA or 14C-5-HT, freeze-dried, and placed against X-ray film for autoradiography, Catecholamine nerve terminals were labeled by in vitro incubation with 14C-NE or 14C-DA. Dopaminergic terminals were labeled by 14C-NE incubation preceded by desipramine (to block uptake into NE terminals). With 14C-5-HT incubation, the uptake pattern indicated the possibility that 5-HT nerve terminals were being labeled. Advantages of this method are that it allows the visualization of overall density and distribution of selected monoamine nerve terminals or uptake sites of other putative neurotransmitters in whole coronal or sagittal sections, so that data are obtained from many areas of brain or spinal cord rather than in only those areas preselected for microscopic viewing.", "PMID": 1175678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5319", "title": "Increased binding of quinidine to serum albumin and lipoproteins in anuric rats.", "content": "The purpose of this work was to identify the main quinidine binding molecules of rat serum and those macromolecules responsible for increased quinidine binding in serum from rats with acute anuria. Rat sera were fractionated by gel filtration, ultracentrifugation and anion exchange chromatography. The binding of quinidine to sera and serum fractions was determined by equilibrium dialysis. The experiments demonstrated that albumin and lipoproteins are the main quinidine binding molecules in serum from normal and anuric rats. The increased binding by serum from anuric rats is due to both serum lipoproteins and albumin, even though the concentration of albumin is decreased from 2.8 to 1.7 g/100 ml. The increased binding to albumin may be due to conformation changes induced by endogenous substances. The increased binding to lipoproteins may be caused by an increased concentration of pre-beta-lipoprotein.", "contents": "Increased binding of quinidine to serum albumin and lipoproteins in anuric rats. The purpose of this work was to identify the main quinidine binding molecules of rat serum and those macromolecules responsible for increased quinidine binding in serum from rats with acute anuria. Rat sera were fractionated by gel filtration, ultracentrifugation and anion exchange chromatography. The binding of quinidine to sera and serum fractions was determined by equilibrium dialysis. The experiments demonstrated that albumin and lipoproteins are the main quinidine binding molecules in serum from normal and anuric rats. The increased binding by serum from anuric rats is due to both serum lipoproteins and albumin, even though the concentration of albumin is decreased from 2.8 to 1.7 g/100 ml. The increased binding to albumin may be due to conformation changes induced by endogenous substances. The increased binding to lipoproteins may be caused by an increased concentration of pre-beta-lipoprotein.", "PMID": 1175679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5320", "title": "The effect of catecholamine depletion on the bradykinin-induced relaxation of isolated smooth muscle.", "content": "The effect of depletion of catecholamines by tyramine or reserpine on the bradykinin-induced relaxation of the rat duodenum aan rabbit ileum was the object of this study. The relaxation was not affected by catecholamine depletion due to repeated addition of tyramine to the isolated organs from either normal or reserpine-treated animals. From these findings and on the basis of other data in the literature it can be concluded that the bradykinin relaxation is not due to a release of catecholamines, but rather to a direct effect on the smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "The effect of catecholamine depletion on the bradykinin-induced relaxation of isolated smooth muscle. The effect of depletion of catecholamines by tyramine or reserpine on the bradykinin-induced relaxation of the rat duodenum aan rabbit ileum was the object of this study. The relaxation was not affected by catecholamine depletion due to repeated addition of tyramine to the isolated organs from either normal or reserpine-treated animals. From these findings and on the basis of other data in the literature it can be concluded that the bradykinin relaxation is not due to a release of catecholamines, but rather to a direct effect on the smooth muscle cells.", "PMID": 1175680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5321", "title": "Antagonism of corticosteroids against the lethal effects of hemicholinium-3 in rats and mice.", "content": "The corticosteroids prednisolone or dexamethasone administered simultaneously with hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) by i.p. injection, increased the LD50 of HC-3 in rats and mice about twofold. Daily treatment with prednisolone for 7 days also increased the LD50 of HC-3 in rats. Choline completely protected rats and mice against HC-3. A sublethal dose of physostigmine did not change the LD50 of HC-3 in rats but increased the LD50 in mice to a small extent. The possible implications of these experiments for the explanation of the beneficial effects of corticosteroids in myasthenia gravis are discussed.", "contents": "Antagonism of corticosteroids against the lethal effects of hemicholinium-3 in rats and mice. The corticosteroids prednisolone or dexamethasone administered simultaneously with hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) by i.p. injection, increased the LD50 of HC-3 in rats and mice about twofold. Daily treatment with prednisolone for 7 days also increased the LD50 of HC-3 in rats. Choline completely protected rats and mice against HC-3. A sublethal dose of physostigmine did not change the LD50 of HC-3 in rats but increased the LD50 in mice to a small extent. The possible implications of these experiments for the explanation of the beneficial effects of corticosteroids in myasthenia gravis are discussed.", "PMID": 1175681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5322", "title": "Effect of dopamine on renin secretion in the anesthetized dog.", "content": "Intrarenal perfusion of dopamine (6 mug/kg/min for 10 min) caused a significant increase of renin secretion, together with a significant increase in renal blood flow. This renin hypersecretion is not accompanied by any significant alteration in renal perfusion pressure, kalemia or natriuresis. The role of intrarenal dopaminergic receptors has been studied: (a) Haloperidol (intrarenal perfusion of 50 mug/kg/min for 20 min) suppresses the renal vasodilation and renin hypersecretion induced by dopamine. (b) Propranolol (intrarenal perfusion of 1 mg/kg in 15 min, then of 4 mg/kg/hr) alters neither the renal vasodilation nor the renin hypersecretion induced by dopamine. These observations support the assumption that the dopaminergic receptors are brought into play in the two renal responses to dopamine studied by us.", "contents": "Effect of dopamine on renin secretion in the anesthetized dog. Intrarenal perfusion of dopamine (6 mug/kg/min for 10 min) caused a significant increase of renin secretion, together with a significant increase in renal blood flow. This renin hypersecretion is not accompanied by any significant alteration in renal perfusion pressure, kalemia or natriuresis. The role of intrarenal dopaminergic receptors has been studied: (a) Haloperidol (intrarenal perfusion of 50 mug/kg/min for 20 min) suppresses the renal vasodilation and renin hypersecretion induced by dopamine. (b) Propranolol (intrarenal perfusion of 1 mg/kg in 15 min, then of 4 mg/kg/hr) alters neither the renal vasodilation nor the renin hypersecretion induced by dopamine. These observations support the assumption that the dopaminergic receptors are brought into play in the two renal responses to dopamine studied by us.", "PMID": 1175682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5323", "title": "Mechanisms of selective depletion of brain regional noradrenaline by systemic 6-hydroxydopamine in newborn rats.", "content": "6-Hydroxydopamine injected systemically into newborn rats caused permanent depletions of the noradrenaline content of only certain brain regions. When 6-hydroxydopamine was given i.p. on days 1 and 2 after birth only the cortex, hippocampus and spinal cord were permanently depleted. 6-Hydroxydopamine given on days 9 and 10 after birth caused a permenent depletion predominantly from the cerebellum. Other regions were unaffected or were depleted for 4 days or less. The hypothalamus showed a gradual recovery of noradrenaline levels over a period of more than 20 days after injection, suggesting that only in this region was the apparent lack of effect of 6-hydroxydopamine due to neuronal regrowth. 6-Hydroxydopamine appeared to gain access to all regions except the pons-medulla when injected up to 10 days after birth, since at least temporary effects on noradrenaline storage were observed. 3H-Noradrenaline after i.p. injection was found in similar relative amounts in all brain regions in rats up to 20 days old. Thus regional differences due to age in the ability of 6-hydroxydopamine to reach various brain regions apparently do not explain the selective susceptibility to permenent depletion. It is suggested that the selective depletion must be due to interactions between the maturity of the adrenergic neurones and other factors such as their ability to take up or retain the 6-hydroxydopamine.", "contents": "Mechanisms of selective depletion of brain regional noradrenaline by systemic 6-hydroxydopamine in newborn rats. 6-Hydroxydopamine injected systemically into newborn rats caused permanent depletions of the noradrenaline content of only certain brain regions. When 6-hydroxydopamine was given i.p. on days 1 and 2 after birth only the cortex, hippocampus and spinal cord were permanently depleted. 6-Hydroxydopamine given on days 9 and 10 after birth caused a permenent depletion predominantly from the cerebellum. Other regions were unaffected or were depleted for 4 days or less. The hypothalamus showed a gradual recovery of noradrenaline levels over a period of more than 20 days after injection, suggesting that only in this region was the apparent lack of effect of 6-hydroxydopamine due to neuronal regrowth. 6-Hydroxydopamine appeared to gain access to all regions except the pons-medulla when injected up to 10 days after birth, since at least temporary effects on noradrenaline storage were observed. 3H-Noradrenaline after i.p. injection was found in similar relative amounts in all brain regions in rats up to 20 days old. Thus regional differences due to age in the ability of 6-hydroxydopamine to reach various brain regions apparently do not explain the selective susceptibility to permenent depletion. It is suggested that the selective depletion must be due to interactions between the maturity of the adrenergic neurones and other factors such as their ability to take up or retain the 6-hydroxydopamine.", "PMID": 1175683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5324", "title": "The evaluation of anti-parkinson drugs on reserpine-induced rigidity in rats.", "content": "The effect of anti-parkinson drugs on reserpine-induced rigidity was examined using a technique which measured rigidity by hind limb palpation. Centrally acting dopaminergic and anti-cholinergic drugs were able to antagonize reserpine-induced rigidity, whereas peripherally acting drugs had no effect. Results are discussed in terms of possible modes of action. Relative potencies of the drugs studied in this model were well correlated with the dose ranges of clinically established anti-parkinson drugs. It is concluded that measurement of reserpine-induced rigidity by hind limb palpation is a rapid and sensitive technique to evaluate potential anti-parkinson drugs.", "contents": "The evaluation of anti-parkinson drugs on reserpine-induced rigidity in rats. The effect of anti-parkinson drugs on reserpine-induced rigidity was examined using a technique which measured rigidity by hind limb palpation. Centrally acting dopaminergic and anti-cholinergic drugs were able to antagonize reserpine-induced rigidity, whereas peripherally acting drugs had no effect. Results are discussed in terms of possible modes of action. Relative potencies of the drugs studied in this model were well correlated with the dose ranges of clinically established anti-parkinson drugs. It is concluded that measurement of reserpine-induced rigidity by hind limb palpation is a rapid and sensitive technique to evaluate potential anti-parkinson drugs.", "PMID": 1175684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5325", "title": "Blockade by metal complexing agents and by catalase of the effects of arachidonic acid on platelets: relevance to the study of anti-inflammatory mechanisms.", "content": "Metal-chelating agents inhibited platelet aggregation and the accompanying generation of rabbit aorta contracting and PG-like activities, when platelets were challenged with arachidonic acid. Inhibition required the presence of the chelating agents in the medium, and was insured by reagents avid for free or protein-bound copper. Catalase also prevented aggregation and generation of pharmacologically active substances; its activity was reversed by aminothiol agents and by Cu2+ and Zn2+, shown previously to potentiate the platelet effects of arachidonic acid. Inhibition by indomethacin was not prevented by amino-thiol drugs nor by Cu2+ or Zn2+. The catalase-induced inhibition was not affected by scavenging of thiol groups; this rules out, as a mechanism of action of catalase, the increased destruction of popoperoxides by glutathione peroxidase, which requires reduced glutathione as hydrogen donor. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the agent that mediates platelet aggregation by arachidonic acid is a popoperoxide, requiring the presence either of H2O2 or of a similarly catalase-sensitive substance to be generated.", "contents": "Blockade by metal complexing agents and by catalase of the effects of arachidonic acid on platelets: relevance to the study of anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Metal-chelating agents inhibited platelet aggregation and the accompanying generation of rabbit aorta contracting and PG-like activities, when platelets were challenged with arachidonic acid. Inhibition required the presence of the chelating agents in the medium, and was insured by reagents avid for free or protein-bound copper. Catalase also prevented aggregation and generation of pharmacologically active substances; its activity was reversed by aminothiol agents and by Cu2+ and Zn2+, shown previously to potentiate the platelet effects of arachidonic acid. Inhibition by indomethacin was not prevented by amino-thiol drugs nor by Cu2+ or Zn2+. The catalase-induced inhibition was not affected by scavenging of thiol groups; this rules out, as a mechanism of action of catalase, the increased destruction of popoperoxides by glutathione peroxidase, which requires reduced glutathione as hydrogen donor. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the agent that mediates platelet aggregation by arachidonic acid is a popoperoxide, requiring the presence either of H2O2 or of a similarly catalase-sensitive substance to be generated.", "PMID": 1175685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5326", "title": "The stimulation of renin secretion by diazoxide in the isolated rat kidney.", "content": "The intrarenal effect of diazoxide on renin secretion was examined in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Mean renin secretion measured at 2 min intervals during the continuous infusion of diazoxide for 6 min was consistently higher than the corresponding control values, although this was significantly different at the end of the infusion only. Since renal perfusion pressure during diazoxide infusion and control studies decreased to a similar extent, it is suggested that diazoxide stimulates renin secretion by a direct effect on the juxtaglomerular cell.", "contents": "The stimulation of renin secretion by diazoxide in the isolated rat kidney. The intrarenal effect of diazoxide on renin secretion was examined in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Mean renin secretion measured at 2 min intervals during the continuous infusion of diazoxide for 6 min was consistently higher than the corresponding control values, although this was significantly different at the end of the infusion only. Since renal perfusion pressure during diazoxide infusion and control studies decreased to a similar extent, it is suggested that diazoxide stimulates renin secretion by a direct effect on the juxtaglomerular cell.", "PMID": 1175686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5327", "title": "Effect of chronic pentobarbital treatment on blood-cerebrospinal fluid kinetics.", "content": "Cats were made tolerant and physically dependent by twice daily equieffective anesthetic dosing with sodium pentobarbital intragastrically for 5 weeks. Serial blood and CSF samples were simultaneously collected on day 1 and day 35 and analyzed for pentobarbital by a gas chromatographic method. Pentobarbital penetration into CSF was rapid and unchanged by chronic treatment. The concentration in blood and CSF increased significantly with chronic treatment; however, the relative CSF/blood concentration ratios were unchanged.", "contents": "Effect of chronic pentobarbital treatment on blood-cerebrospinal fluid kinetics. Cats were made tolerant and physically dependent by twice daily equieffective anesthetic dosing with sodium pentobarbital intragastrically for 5 weeks. Serial blood and CSF samples were simultaneously collected on day 1 and day 35 and analyzed for pentobarbital by a gas chromatographic method. Pentobarbital penetration into CSF was rapid and unchanged by chronic treatment. The concentration in blood and CSF increased significantly with chronic treatment; however, the relative CSF/blood concentration ratios were unchanged.", "PMID": 1175687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5328", "title": "The influence of piribedil (ET495) on components of locomotor activity.", "content": "Recent evidence suggests piribedil affects both cerebral NA neurones and DA neurones and receptors since it increases brain MOPEG-SO4, an observation confirmed presently. In the reserpinised mouse piribedil and apomorphine caused a reversal of akinesia, which was significantly enhanced by concurrent administration of clonidine. However, piribedil neither reduced nor increased the motor effects of apomorphine or L-DOPA in the reserpinised mouse, but slightly enhanced that of amphetamine. Phenoxybenzamine reduced the motor action of L-DOPA but had no effect on that of apomorphine or amphetamine. These results suggest piribedil has no significant NA receptor blocking or stimulating action in the reserpinised animal. They confirm the view that piribedil increases cerebral NA turnover due to a presynaptic action on NA neurones.", "contents": "The influence of piribedil (ET495) on components of locomotor activity. Recent evidence suggests piribedil affects both cerebral NA neurones and DA neurones and receptors since it increases brain MOPEG-SO4, an observation confirmed presently. In the reserpinised mouse piribedil and apomorphine caused a reversal of akinesia, which was significantly enhanced by concurrent administration of clonidine. However, piribedil neither reduced nor increased the motor effects of apomorphine or L-DOPA in the reserpinised mouse, but slightly enhanced that of amphetamine. Phenoxybenzamine reduced the motor action of L-DOPA but had no effect on that of apomorphine or amphetamine. These results suggest piribedil has no significant NA receptor blocking or stimulating action in the reserpinised animal. They confirm the view that piribedil increases cerebral NA turnover due to a presynaptic action on NA neurones.", "PMID": 1175688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5329", "title": "Prevention of 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity.", "content": "1-Phenyl-3-(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea (PTTU) prevented the neurotoxic actions of 6-hydroxydopamine on adrenergic nerves in the mouse atrium and iris. This is the first reported 6-hydroxydopamine antagonist that does not act by blocking uptake of catecholamines into nerve terminals. PTTU also prevented the diabetogenic action of alloxan.", "contents": "Prevention of 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity. 1-Phenyl-3-(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea (PTTU) prevented the neurotoxic actions of 6-hydroxydopamine on adrenergic nerves in the mouse atrium and iris. This is the first reported 6-hydroxydopamine antagonist that does not act by blocking uptake of catecholamines into nerve terminals. PTTU also prevented the diabetogenic action of alloxan.", "PMID": 1175689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5330", "title": "Changes in acetylcholine and noradrenaline sensitivity of chick smooth muscle wholly innervated by sympathetic nerve during development.", "content": "Developmental changes in sensitivity of the isolated expansor sedumdariorum muscle of posthatching chicks to noradrenaline (NA), Acetylcholine (ACh) and some other drugs were investigated. This muscle responded to both NA and ACh in early life. The sensitivity to ACh decreased progressively with increasing age and disappeared on day 40 after hatching, however, a corresponding elevation of cholinesterase activity was not observed. The sensitivity to NA remained at the same level during the period of 2-60 days after hatching. The Contractile action of ACh on this muscle was not affected by d-tubocurarine, hexamethonium or phentolamine, but was completely abolished by atropine. These results suggest that there are at least two kinds of responsive sites on the expansor secumdariorum muscle in the new-born chick and that the sites sensitive to ACh degenerate progressively during the developmental processes. The cholinergic sensitive sites of this muscle in the new-born chick may be muscarinic.", "contents": "Changes in acetylcholine and noradrenaline sensitivity of chick smooth muscle wholly innervated by sympathetic nerve during development. Developmental changes in sensitivity of the isolated expansor sedumdariorum muscle of posthatching chicks to noradrenaline (NA), Acetylcholine (ACh) and some other drugs were investigated. This muscle responded to both NA and ACh in early life. The sensitivity to ACh decreased progressively with increasing age and disappeared on day 40 after hatching, however, a corresponding elevation of cholinesterase activity was not observed. The sensitivity to NA remained at the same level during the period of 2-60 days after hatching. The Contractile action of ACh on this muscle was not affected by d-tubocurarine, hexamethonium or phentolamine, but was completely abolished by atropine. These results suggest that there are at least two kinds of responsive sites on the expansor secumdariorum muscle in the new-born chick and that the sites sensitive to ACh degenerate progressively during the developmental processes. The cholinergic sensitive sites of this muscle in the new-born chick may be muscarinic.", "PMID": 1175690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5331", "title": "Effects of N-acetylprocainamide as compared with procainamide in isolated rat atria.", "content": "The actions of procainamide and its major metabolite N-acetylprocainamide were tested and compared on isolated rat atria. While procainamide exerted a negative chronotropic and iontropic effect, N-acetylprocainamide had the opposite effect. It is suggested that a N-acetylprocainamide-induced increase in myocardial work can counteract the negative inotropic action of procainamide and thus to some extent explain the variable results with the latter compound on myocardial performance reported from in vivo experiments. Procainamide increased the refractory period and reduced the excitability of isolated rat atria. N-acetylprocainamide, on the other hand, caused negligible effects on these parameters.", "contents": "Effects of N-acetylprocainamide as compared with procainamide in isolated rat atria. The actions of procainamide and its major metabolite N-acetylprocainamide were tested and compared on isolated rat atria. While procainamide exerted a negative chronotropic and iontropic effect, N-acetylprocainamide had the opposite effect. It is suggested that a N-acetylprocainamide-induced increase in myocardial work can counteract the negative inotropic action of procainamide and thus to some extent explain the variable results with the latter compound on myocardial performance reported from in vivo experiments. Procainamide increased the refractory period and reduced the excitability of isolated rat atria. N-acetylprocainamide, on the other hand, caused negligible effects on these parameters.", "PMID": 1175691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5332", "title": "The effect of dopaminergic stimulation and blockade on the nociceptive and antinociceptive responses of mice.", "content": "Agents which stimulate dopaminergic receptors directly or indirectly such as apomorphine and L-dopa, increased the reactivity of mice to a nociceptive stimulus. The increased reactivity was pharmacologically quantitated by estimating the hyperalgesic ED50 to be 4.4 and 115 mg/kg for apomorphine and L-dopa, respectively. This hyperalgesia was blocked by the dopamine receptor blocking agents, haloperidol and pimozide, but not by the narcotic antagonist, naloxone. Apomorphine antagonizes morphine analgesia. However the induced hyperalgesia only accounts for part of the antagonistic activity of apomorphine. The majority of the antagonistic activity of apomorphine appears to be by means other than action on dopaminergic receptors.", "contents": "The effect of dopaminergic stimulation and blockade on the nociceptive and antinociceptive responses of mice. Agents which stimulate dopaminergic receptors directly or indirectly such as apomorphine and L-dopa, increased the reactivity of mice to a nociceptive stimulus. The increased reactivity was pharmacologically quantitated by estimating the hyperalgesic ED50 to be 4.4 and 115 mg/kg for apomorphine and L-dopa, respectively. This hyperalgesia was blocked by the dopamine receptor blocking agents, haloperidol and pimozide, but not by the narcotic antagonist, naloxone. Apomorphine antagonizes morphine analgesia. However the induced hyperalgesia only accounts for part of the antagonistic activity of apomorphine. The majority of the antagonistic activity of apomorphine appears to be by means other than action on dopaminergic receptors.", "PMID": 1175692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5333", "title": "Lidoplazine and Na and K distribution in normo-and hypokalaemic rats.", "content": "The effects of lidoplazine on K-metabolism were investigated in two types of experiments. (1) K and Na concentrations were measured in plasma, heart, diaphragm and erythrocytes in normo- and hypokalaemic rats with or without chronic (1 month) lidoplazine treatment. Total body weight, heart weight, dry weight/wet weight ratios and extracellular space were also determined. (2) Radioactive K influx in the heart was measured in acute in vitro experiments with or without lidoplazine. It is demonstrated that while lidoflazine has no effect on the Na and K distribution of normokalaemic animals, it has rather a K-saving effect in conditions of severe loss of intra- and extracellular K-ions. In normal in vitro preparations the unidirectional K-influx is not affected by lidoflazine.", "contents": "Lidoplazine and Na and K distribution in normo-and hypokalaemic rats. The effects of lidoplazine on K-metabolism were investigated in two types of experiments. (1) K and Na concentrations were measured in plasma, heart, diaphragm and erythrocytes in normo- and hypokalaemic rats with or without chronic (1 month) lidoplazine treatment. Total body weight, heart weight, dry weight/wet weight ratios and extracellular space were also determined. (2) Radioactive K influx in the heart was measured in acute in vitro experiments with or without lidoplazine. It is demonstrated that while lidoflazine has no effect on the Na and K distribution of normokalaemic animals, it has rather a K-saving effect in conditions of severe loss of intra- and extracellular K-ions. In normal in vitro preparations the unidirectional K-influx is not affected by lidoflazine.", "PMID": 1175693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5334", "title": "Localization of the central sympatho-inhibitory effect of a narcotic analgesic agent, fentanyl, in cats.", "content": "Fentanyl (10 and 30 mug/kg), a narcotic analgesic, induced in cats a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate and reduced spontaneous splanchnic nerve activity. Fentanyl reduced the pressor response to medullary stimulation, but did not change the pressor response to hypothalamic or cervical spinal cord stimulation. Fentanyl reduced the potential evoked in the splanchnic nerve by stimulation at low frequency of a pressor area of the medulla oblongata. The potentials evoked in the splanchnic nerve by hypothalamic or cervical spinal cord stimulation were only slightly changed. Nalorphine (0.5 mg/kg) or naloxone (30 mug/kg) induced a recovery in blood pressure, heart rate and spontaneous splanchnic discharges which had been reduced by fentanyl, but nalorphine or naloxone did not restore pressor response to medullary stimulation or potentials evoked in the splanchnic nerve by medullary stimulation, which had been decreased by fentanyl.", "contents": "Localization of the central sympatho-inhibitory effect of a narcotic analgesic agent, fentanyl, in cats. Fentanyl (10 and 30 mug/kg), a narcotic analgesic, induced in cats a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate and reduced spontaneous splanchnic nerve activity. Fentanyl reduced the pressor response to medullary stimulation, but did not change the pressor response to hypothalamic or cervical spinal cord stimulation. Fentanyl reduced the potential evoked in the splanchnic nerve by stimulation at low frequency of a pressor area of the medulla oblongata. The potentials evoked in the splanchnic nerve by hypothalamic or cervical spinal cord stimulation were only slightly changed. Nalorphine (0.5 mg/kg) or naloxone (30 mug/kg) induced a recovery in blood pressure, heart rate and spontaneous splanchnic discharges which had been reduced by fentanyl, but nalorphine or naloxone did not restore pressor response to medullary stimulation or potentials evoked in the splanchnic nerve by medullary stimulation, which had been decreased by fentanyl.", "PMID": 1175694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5335", "title": "[Mercury fixation in different subfractions of human serum albumin separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis].", "content": "Electrophoresis of mercurial serumalbumin allows isolation of 5 proteic sub-fractions, whose respective importance is appraised by densitometry. In a parallel direction mercury dosages are performed on each sub-fraction. They disclose that there is a relation between mercury fixation and the sub-fractions migration speeds: the 2 sub-fractions with the lowest migration speeds had fixated more mercury than the others.", "contents": "[Mercury fixation in different subfractions of human serum albumin separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis]. Electrophoresis of mercurial serumalbumin allows isolation of 5 proteic sub-fractions, whose respective importance is appraised by densitometry. In a parallel direction mercury dosages are performed on each sub-fraction. They disclose that there is a relation between mercury fixation and the sub-fractions migration speeds: the 2 sub-fractions with the lowest migration speeds had fixated more mercury than the others.", "PMID": 1175695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5336", "title": "[Distribution of organophosphate pesticides in two artificial plasmas: FSB-FSP].", "content": "Here is an attempt to establish that a close relation exists between the chemical formulae of organophosphates and their affinities for lipids, proteins and water. We carried out this study on two systems similar to human plasma. First, each component was sorted, then the organophosphates were detected and titrated by gas chromatography with flame photometry detector. Thiophosphates had a greater affinity for lipids than phosphates. Fixation of proteins was only observed on three hydrophilous organophosphates: phosphamidon, dichlorvos, ciodrin.", "contents": "[Distribution of organophosphate pesticides in two artificial plasmas: FSB-FSP]. Here is an attempt to establish that a close relation exists between the chemical formulae of organophosphates and their affinities for lipids, proteins and water. We carried out this study on two systems similar to human plasma. First, each component was sorted, then the organophosphates were detected and titrated by gas chromatography with flame photometry detector. Thiophosphates had a greater affinity for lipids than phosphates. Fixation of proteins was only observed on three hydrophilous organophosphates: phosphamidon, dichlorvos, ciodrin.", "PMID": 1175696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5337", "title": "Fine structure of lymphocytes from an immune deficient child before and after administration of transfer factor.", "content": "Lymphocytes from a male infant delivered by Cesarean section and placed into a germ-free environment were examined by electron microscopy (EM). The child had a sex-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. The lymphocytes were atypical, having sparse cytoplasm with little rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but abundant smooth ER. The nuclear membrane was pulled away from the nuclear space, and no evidence of nuclear pores or aggregated ribosomes was found. Mitochondria were intact. Repeated injections of the subject during the 9-month period with KLH, typhoid vaccine, and diphtheria toxoid yielded no significant observable change in the fine structure of the lymphocytes. At 11 months, the subject was given transfer factor. Following repeated injections of this material, the original cell type was still present but a new type of lymphocyte was also observed by EM examination. The new cell type resembled a more normal lymphocyte. It had a higher density of cytoplasmic material, in comparison with cells prior to administration of transfer factor. It was smaller in size with some aggregated ribosomes, had detectable amounts of rough ER, and more intact nuclear membranes. This new type of lymphocyte may represent a small population of B lymphocytes perhaps stimulated by T cells made immunocompetent by transfer factor.", "contents": "Fine structure of lymphocytes from an immune deficient child before and after administration of transfer factor. Lymphocytes from a male infant delivered by Cesarean section and placed into a germ-free environment were examined by electron microscopy (EM). The child had a sex-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. The lymphocytes were atypical, having sparse cytoplasm with little rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but abundant smooth ER. The nuclear membrane was pulled away from the nuclear space, and no evidence of nuclear pores or aggregated ribosomes was found. Mitochondria were intact. Repeated injections of the subject during the 9-month period with KLH, typhoid vaccine, and diphtheria toxoid yielded no significant observable change in the fine structure of the lymphocytes. At 11 months, the subject was given transfer factor. Following repeated injections of this material, the original cell type was still present but a new type of lymphocyte was also observed by EM examination. The new cell type resembled a more normal lymphocyte. It had a higher density of cytoplasmic material, in comparison with cells prior to administration of transfer factor. It was smaller in size with some aggregated ribosomes, had detectable amounts of rough ER, and more intact nuclear membranes. This new type of lymphocyte may represent a small population of B lymphocytes perhaps stimulated by T cells made immunocompetent by transfer factor.", "PMID": 1175703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5338", "title": "[The influence of dietary regimen on the stimulation of microsomal monooxygenases in rat liver induced by 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline].", "content": "Activities, on the hepatic microsomal fraction, of the following enzymes: aniline aromatic hydroxylase, p-nitroanisole O-demethylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase, N-methylaniline N-demethylases, as well as the P-450 cytochrome level, have been evaluated on female rats. During a period of 26 days, they are fed on 4 diets including either: 20% or 30% proteins, or: 1% or 30% lipids. A parallel study is carried out: animals fed on the same diets are given, orally on the 22nd day and for 4 days, a bactericide, the dimethyl-2.3 quinoxaline; the dose is 500 mg/kg/day, with an interval of 24 hours. 1) A stimulation of the microsomal monooxygenase activity and an increase in the P-450 cytochrome level are induced by the dimethyl-2.3 quinoxaline on all animals regardless the diet they are on. 2) The hyperlipidic diet is the only one to induce an increased activity of the same enzymes, but the P-450 cytochrome level remains unchanged. 3) In rats fed on the hyperlipidic diet and treated with dimethyl-2.3 quinoxaline, the effects of this substance and of this diet, on the drug-metabolizing enzymes, become additive.", "contents": "[The influence of dietary regimen on the stimulation of microsomal monooxygenases in rat liver induced by 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline]. Activities, on the hepatic microsomal fraction, of the following enzymes: aniline aromatic hydroxylase, p-nitroanisole O-demethylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase, N-methylaniline N-demethylases, as well as the P-450 cytochrome level, have been evaluated on female rats. During a period of 26 days, they are fed on 4 diets including either: 20% or 30% proteins, or: 1% or 30% lipids. A parallel study is carried out: animals fed on the same diets are given, orally on the 22nd day and for 4 days, a bactericide, the dimethyl-2.3 quinoxaline; the dose is 500 mg/kg/day, with an interval of 24 hours. 1) A stimulation of the microsomal monooxygenase activity and an increase in the P-450 cytochrome level are induced by the dimethyl-2.3 quinoxaline on all animals regardless the diet they are on. 2) The hyperlipidic diet is the only one to induce an increased activity of the same enzymes, but the P-450 cytochrome level remains unchanged. 3) In rats fed on the hyperlipidic diet and treated with dimethyl-2.3 quinoxaline, the effects of this substance and of this diet, on the drug-metabolizing enzymes, become additive.", "PMID": 1175697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5339", "title": "[Reactivation by 1-hydroxyimino-4-methyl-2-pentamone of plasma cholinesterases in the dog inhibited by different orgenophosphates].", "content": "The hydroxyimino-1 methyl-4 pentanone-2 was selected among several oximes because of its highly successful restoring action on dog plasmatic cholinesterases inhibited by DFP (diisopropyl fluorophosphate). During the in vitro study, this storing action was tested on 10 organophosphates. Results are compared to those obtained when contrathion is used.", "contents": "[Reactivation by 1-hydroxyimino-4-methyl-2-pentamone of plasma cholinesterases in the dog inhibited by different orgenophosphates]. The hydroxyimino-1 methyl-4 pentanone-2 was selected among several oximes because of its highly successful restoring action on dog plasmatic cholinesterases inhibited by DFP (diisopropyl fluorophosphate). During the in vitro study, this storing action was tested on 10 organophosphates. Results are compared to those obtained when contrathion is used.", "PMID": 1175698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5340", "title": "Estimation of the LD1 and extrapolation of the LD0.1 for five organothiophosphate pesticides.", "content": "The oral LD50's for five organothiophosphate pesticides have been determined in CD-1 strain male and female mice. The values in mg/kg are: parathion, 15.0 and 14.3; methyl parathion, 14.5 and 19.5; guthion, 7.15 and 6.35; imidan, 25.2 and 23.1; sumithion, 1,045 and 1,220 respectively. Toxicity was greater parathion but there was no difference in the males. The relationship between chemical structure and toxicity has been discussed. The addition of a methyl group in the meta position of the nitrophenyl group (sumithion) decreased toxicity 72 times compared to methyl parathion. The predicted LD1 and extrapolated LD0.1's have been determined for the five organothiophosphates and the conditions required for accurate results have been established. It has been shown that the slopes of the curves (males vs. females) obtained with 50, 100 and 660 animals are parallel for all compounds health implications of exposure to low levels of environmental pesticides have been discussed.", "contents": "Estimation of the LD1 and extrapolation of the LD0.1 for five organothiophosphate pesticides. The oral LD50's for five organothiophosphate pesticides have been determined in CD-1 strain male and female mice. The values in mg/kg are: parathion, 15.0 and 14.3; methyl parathion, 14.5 and 19.5; guthion, 7.15 and 6.35; imidan, 25.2 and 23.1; sumithion, 1,045 and 1,220 respectively. Toxicity was greater parathion but there was no difference in the males. The relationship between chemical structure and toxicity has been discussed. The addition of a methyl group in the meta position of the nitrophenyl group (sumithion) decreased toxicity 72 times compared to methyl parathion. The predicted LD1 and extrapolated LD0.1's have been determined for the five organothiophosphates and the conditions required for accurate results have been established. It has been shown that the slopes of the curves (males vs. females) obtained with 50, 100 and 660 animals are parallel for all compounds health implications of exposure to low levels of environmental pesticides have been discussed.", "PMID": 1175699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5341", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of a renal biopsy in a patient poisoned by paraquat].", "content": "It is possible through investigation under the electronic microscope to determine the location and nature of lesions with accuracy. These lesions are mainly found on the epithelium of proximal and distal convoluted tubules. However, the extent of lesions together with the deterioration process of the cell-constituents vary from one structure to the other and even from cell to cell. On the other hand, while blood capillary vessels pertaining to tubules may also show moderate lesions, glomerular and interstitial deterioration is rare. Kidney deterioration which may either result directly from one of the poison effects or from related phenomena, is under discussion.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of a renal biopsy in a patient poisoned by paraquat]. It is possible through investigation under the electronic microscope to determine the location and nature of lesions with accuracy. These lesions are mainly found on the epithelium of proximal and distal convoluted tubules. However, the extent of lesions together with the deterioration process of the cell-constituents vary from one structure to the other and even from cell to cell. On the other hand, while blood capillary vessels pertaining to tubules may also show moderate lesions, glomerular and interstitial deterioration is rare. Kidney deterioration which may either result directly from one of the poison effects or from related phenomena, is under discussion.", "PMID": 1175700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5342", "title": "Suicidal poisoning by nitrite.", "content": "The authors relate a suicidal poisoning by nitrites. Post mortem findings are reported as well as a method for the quantitative assessment of NO2- in blood, urine, gastric and intestinal contents, kidney and liver. The concentration values obtained are correlated with the methemoglobin figures which indeed are lethal. The highest concentrations of NO2- are found in the small intestine where the nitrites seem to resist chemical decomposition owing to the reducing properties of the bacterial flora.", "contents": "Suicidal poisoning by nitrite. The authors relate a suicidal poisoning by nitrites. Post mortem findings are reported as well as a method for the quantitative assessment of NO2- in blood, urine, gastric and intestinal contents, kidney and liver. The concentration values obtained are correlated with the methemoglobin figures which indeed are lethal. The highest concentrations of NO2- are found in the small intestine where the nitrites seem to resist chemical decomposition owing to the reducing properties of the bacterial flora.", "PMID": 1175701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5343", "title": "Effect of different sedative drugs on the proliferation of bone marrow cells. Preliminary results.", "content": "Several drugs were assayed for their effect on bone marrow hematopo\u00efetic cells proliferation. Chlorpromazine, barbiturates and benzopiperidine were found active only at toxic dosage. Propranolol and fluanison seem in the preliminary studies to lessen 3 H-thymidine incorporation in vitro at non toxic concentration.", "contents": "Effect of different sedative drugs on the proliferation of bone marrow cells. Preliminary results. Several drugs were assayed for their effect on bone marrow hematopo\u00efetic cells proliferation. Chlorpromazine, barbiturates and benzopiperidine were found active only at toxic dosage. Propranolol and fluanison seem in the preliminary studies to lessen 3 H-thymidine incorporation in vitro at non toxic concentration.", "PMID": 1175702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5344", "title": "(S)-3-p-Methoxyphenyl-3-acetylaminopropan-1-ol, a New Metabolite of an Actinomycete.", "content": "(S)-3-p-methoxyphenyl-3-acetamidopropan-1-ol was isolated from cultures of an actinomycete (Streptomyces michiganensis). Its structural determination by spectroscopic means and its synthesis are described.", "contents": "(S)-3-p-Methoxyphenyl-3-acetylaminopropan-1-ol, a New Metabolite of an Actinomycete. (S)-3-p-methoxyphenyl-3-acetamidopropan-1-ol was isolated from cultures of an actinomycete (Streptomyces michiganensis). Its structural determination by spectroscopic means and its synthesis are described.", "PMID": 1175728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5345", "title": "The absolute configuration of the enantiomers of glutethimide and aminoglutethimide.", "content": "Aminoglutethimide (Elipten\u00bf CIBA) was resolved into the optical antipodes I and II. The endocrinological properties and the absolute configuration of both enantiomers I and II were determined. Most of the steroidal synthesis inhibition was found in the (+) enantiomer II. On the basis of circular dichroism, the R-configuration was assigned to the (+) enantiomer II.", "contents": "The absolute configuration of the enantiomers of glutethimide and aminoglutethimide. Aminoglutethimide (Elipten\u00bf CIBA) was resolved into the optical antipodes I and II. The endocrinological properties and the absolute configuration of both enantiomers I and II were determined. Most of the steroidal synthesis inhibition was found in the (+) enantiomer II. On the basis of circular dichroism, the R-configuration was assigned to the (+) enantiomer II.", "PMID": 1175729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5346", "title": "The effect of skim milk on plasma cholesterol in rats.", "content": "From the 15th day of birth, newborn rats were offered rat chow mixed with water or skim milk. The former also received tap water, the latter skim milk. In the latter group, plasma cholesterol was lowered in 43- and 64-day-old males and in 64-day-old females.", "contents": "The effect of skim milk on plasma cholesterol in rats. From the 15th day of birth, newborn rats were offered rat chow mixed with water or skim milk. The former also received tap water, the latter skim milk. In the latter group, plasma cholesterol was lowered in 43- and 64-day-old males and in 64-day-old females.", "PMID": 1175732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5347", "title": "Chlorodimeform and its effect on monoamine oxidase activity in the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus.", "content": "The action of the acaricide, chlorodimeform and its metabolite. N-desmethylchlorodimeform, on the activity monoamine oxidase (MAO) from the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, were studied. Both compounds were found to be potent in vitro and in vivo inhibitors of the enzyme. However the inhibition of MAO does not seem to be related to the toxic action of the acaricide.", "contents": "Chlorodimeform and its effect on monoamine oxidase activity in the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. The action of the acaricide, chlorodimeform and its metabolite. N-desmethylchlorodimeform, on the activity monoamine oxidase (MAO) from the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, were studied. Both compounds were found to be potent in vitro and in vivo inhibitors of the enzyme. However the inhibition of MAO does not seem to be related to the toxic action of the acaricide.", "PMID": 1175733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5348", "title": "Binding of D-alpha-tocopherol to rat liver nuclear components.", "content": "When D-alpha-tocopherol is administered i.v. to vitamin E deficient rats, significant amounts of this vitamin are bound to a nucleoprotein complex in hepatic nuclei, and this complex can be solubilized by high concentrations of sodium chloride (0.6 M). The bound vitamin in this complex, extractable by ethanol, was found to be identical with authentic alpha-tocopherol by thin layer chromatography.", "contents": "Binding of D-alpha-tocopherol to rat liver nuclear components. When D-alpha-tocopherol is administered i.v. to vitamin E deficient rats, significant amounts of this vitamin are bound to a nucleoprotein complex in hepatic nuclei, and this complex can be solubilized by high concentrations of sodium chloride (0.6 M). The bound vitamin in this complex, extractable by ethanol, was found to be identical with authentic alpha-tocopherol by thin layer chromatography.", "PMID": 1175736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5349", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes of mouse epidermis.", "content": "Five isozymes of LDH are demonstrable in the epidermis of the ear pinnae, hind feet, trunk dorsa, and tails of adult C57BL, C57HR, and C3HB mice by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. LDH-5 activity predominates in electropherograms. The ratio of LDH-1 to LDH-K is greater in the epidermis of ear pinna and trunk dorsum than in that of tail and hind foot. The region-specific patterns of epidermal LDH isozymes are not correlated with melanin pigmentation or \"hairiness' of the skin.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes of mouse epidermis. Five isozymes of LDH are demonstrable in the epidermis of the ear pinnae, hind feet, trunk dorsa, and tails of adult C57BL, C57HR, and C3HB mice by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. LDH-5 activity predominates in electropherograms. The ratio of LDH-1 to LDH-K is greater in the epidermis of ear pinna and trunk dorsum than in that of tail and hind foot. The region-specific patterns of epidermal LDH isozymes are not correlated with melanin pigmentation or \"hairiness' of the skin.", "PMID": 1175739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5350", "title": "Manganese action potentials in mammalian cardiac muscle.", "content": "The membrane potential in guinea-pig's papillary muscles from right ventricle was recorded by glass microelectrodes and stimulation was effected by current pulses applied through a sucrose-gap. Action potentials with overshoot were recorded in the solution lacking Na+ and Ca++ but containing 2-95 mM Mn++. The overshoot was increased with the increase of [Mn++]o by about 30 mV/decade. Similar Mn++ dependent action potentials were also obtained in Na-free solution containing 0.6 mM Ca++. The results indicate that Mn inward current is sufficient to generate action potentials in cardiac muscle.", "contents": "Manganese action potentials in mammalian cardiac muscle. The membrane potential in guinea-pig's papillary muscles from right ventricle was recorded by glass microelectrodes and stimulation was effected by current pulses applied through a sucrose-gap. Action potentials with overshoot were recorded in the solution lacking Na+ and Ca++ but containing 2-95 mM Mn++. The overshoot was increased with the increase of [Mn++]o by about 30 mV/decade. Similar Mn++ dependent action potentials were also obtained in Na-free solution containing 0.6 mM Ca++. The results indicate that Mn inward current is sufficient to generate action potentials in cardiac muscle.", "PMID": 1175742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5351", "title": "Tendon shortening in striated muscle.", "content": "Tendon shortening in the digastric muscle of the rabbit resulted in a short term increase in gross muscle length and sarcomere length. Subsequently, muscle and sarcomere lengths decreased to less than control values. Long-term measurements suggested that a return to control sarcomere length may have been achieved by a reduction in sarcomere number.", "contents": "Tendon shortening in striated muscle. Tendon shortening in the digastric muscle of the rabbit resulted in a short term increase in gross muscle length and sarcomere length. Subsequently, muscle and sarcomere lengths decreased to less than control values. Long-term measurements suggested that a return to control sarcomere length may have been achieved by a reduction in sarcomere number.", "PMID": 1175744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5352", "title": "Facilitation by imidazole of the aqueous flare response to alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone.", "content": "MSH, like traumata to the eye, cause a permeability disturbance in rabbits, with protein leakage into the aqueous. The MSH effect was enormously increased by instillation of imidazole or pilocarpine. The MSH effect seems to engage a different mechanism than the prostaglandin-dependent action of other agents.", "contents": "Facilitation by imidazole of the aqueous flare response to alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone. MSH, like traumata to the eye, cause a permeability disturbance in rabbits, with protein leakage into the aqueous. The MSH effect was enormously increased by instillation of imidazole or pilocarpine. The MSH effect seems to engage a different mechanism than the prostaglandin-dependent action of other agents.", "PMID": 1175745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5353", "title": "Inhibition of isoprenaline-induced increase in plasma renin concentration by vasoconstrictors.", "content": "The vasoconstrictors angiotensin II, vasopressin and the alpha-sympathomimetic phenylephrine significantly inhibit the renin release caused by the beta-sympathomimetic isoprenaline. The mechanism of the inhibition is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of isoprenaline-induced increase in plasma renin concentration by vasoconstrictors. The vasoconstrictors angiotensin II, vasopressin and the alpha-sympathomimetic phenylephrine significantly inhibit the renin release caused by the beta-sympathomimetic isoprenaline. The mechanism of the inhibition is discussed.", "PMID": 1175748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5354", "title": "Scanning electron microscope observations of the canaliculi in the rat pineal gland.", "content": "The scanning electron microscope has shown rich ramifications of the parenchymal canaliculi forming a three-dimensional network of anastomosing intercellular spaces in the rat pineal gland. Every pineal cell seems to be in contact with this channel system. An abundance of cellular processes can be found within the canaliculi which may play an important role in the histophysiology of the pineal body.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope observations of the canaliculi in the rat pineal gland. The scanning electron microscope has shown rich ramifications of the parenchymal canaliculi forming a three-dimensional network of anastomosing intercellular spaces in the rat pineal gland. Every pineal cell seems to be in contact with this channel system. An abundance of cellular processes can be found within the canaliculi which may play an important role in the histophysiology of the pineal body.", "PMID": 1175749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5355", "title": "Effects of glucagon and insulin on the Paneth cells of the mouse duodenum.", "content": "The effect of glucagon and insulin on the paneth cells (PC) of the duodenum of the mouse was investigated using light microscopy. Both glucagon and insulin were able to increase significantly the number of the secretory granules of PC. This possibly means that these hormones are capable of inhibiting the secretion of PC.", "contents": "Effects of glucagon and insulin on the Paneth cells of the mouse duodenum. The effect of glucagon and insulin on the paneth cells (PC) of the duodenum of the mouse was investigated using light microscopy. Both glucagon and insulin were able to increase significantly the number of the secretory granules of PC. This possibly means that these hormones are capable of inhibiting the secretion of PC.", "PMID": 1175750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5356", "title": "Role of sialic acid in the maintenance of cell surface rigidity.", "content": "Removal of the cell surface sialic acid with neuraminidase brings about cell deformation in amoeba. The membranes of these deformed cells are eventually ruptured leading to the liberation of the cell mass.", "contents": "Role of sialic acid in the maintenance of cell surface rigidity. Removal of the cell surface sialic acid with neuraminidase brings about cell deformation in amoeba. The membranes of these deformed cells are eventually ruptured leading to the liberation of the cell mass.", "PMID": 1175751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5357", "title": "Degeneration of adrenergic axons in the longitudinal muscle coat of the rat duodenum following treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "Following systemic treatment with 6-OHDA, electron microscopy of adult rat duodenum showed degenerating adrenergic axons in the longitudinal muscle coat making neuromuscular relationships with gaps of varied widths.", "contents": "Degeneration of adrenergic axons in the longitudinal muscle coat of the rat duodenum following treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Following systemic treatment with 6-OHDA, electron microscopy of adult rat duodenum showed degenerating adrenergic axons in the longitudinal muscle coat making neuromuscular relationships with gaps of varied widths.", "PMID": 1175753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5358", "title": "[The early differentiation of the perinotochordal connective tissue. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study on chick embryos (author's transl)].", "content": "The early differentiation of the connective tissue was investigated in the perinotochordal zone of 2-3 day-old chick embryos. After characterizing the different tissue components by transmission electron microscopy, their arrangement and distribution were examined by SEM. The results are discussed with regard to the role of the extracellular material in embryonic tissue interactions.", "contents": "[The early differentiation of the perinotochordal connective tissue. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study on chick embryos (author's transl)]. The early differentiation of the connective tissue was investigated in the perinotochordal zone of 2-3 day-old chick embryos. After characterizing the different tissue components by transmission electron microscopy, their arrangement and distribution were examined by SEM. The results are discussed with regard to the role of the extracellular material in embryonic tissue interactions.", "PMID": 1175754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5359", "title": "Differentiation of quail Hensen's node in chick coelomic cavity.", "content": "Quail Hensen's nodes were cultured in the chick coelomic cavity. They differentiated into various tissues, intimately mixing with host cells, which in many cases formed the supporting mesoderm of graft epithelial or nervous tissue.", "contents": "Differentiation of quail Hensen's node in chick coelomic cavity. Quail Hensen's nodes were cultured in the chick coelomic cavity. They differentiated into various tissues, intimately mixing with host cells, which in many cases formed the supporting mesoderm of graft epithelial or nervous tissue.", "PMID": 1175755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5360", "title": "Activities of kidney decarboxylases of histidine and ornithine in adrenalectomized mice substituted with cortisone.", "content": "In adrenalectomized mice, cortisone inhibited histidine decarboxylase of the kidney in a dose-related manner. The effect of cortisone on ornithine decarboxylase was diphasic: small doses elevated, high doses inhibited.", "contents": "Activities of kidney decarboxylases of histidine and ornithine in adrenalectomized mice substituted with cortisone. In adrenalectomized mice, cortisone inhibited histidine decarboxylase of the kidney in a dose-related manner. The effect of cortisone on ornithine decarboxylase was diphasic: small doses elevated, high doses inhibited.", "PMID": 1175756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5361", "title": "A simple method for collection and purification of chicken peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "The authors describe a simple method for collection and culture of chicken peritoneal macrophages. The macrophages are collected from peritoneum with polystirol disks on the surface of which they are subsequently cultured in vitro.", "contents": "A simple method for collection and purification of chicken peritoneal macrophages. The authors describe a simple method for collection and culture of chicken peritoneal macrophages. The macrophages are collected from peritoneum with polystirol disks on the surface of which they are subsequently cultured in vitro.", "PMID": 1175758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5362", "title": "New prenylated chalcones from Lonchocarpus neuroscapha Benth. (Cordoa piaca).", "content": "The isolation of eight prenylated chalcones (cordoin, isocordoin, psi-isocordoin, derricin, lonchocarpin, 4-hydroxyderricin, 4-hydroxylonchocarpin, 4-hydroxyisocordoin) and of the flavanone and dihydrochalcone corresponding to cordoin is described. These substances are biogenetically correlated. The structures of the above mentioned substances were established through the examination and comparison of spectral data (U.V., I.R., N.M.R., M.S.) and of the chemical behaviour. Particular interest is shown by psi-isocordoin and 4-hydroxy derivatives. The latter and 4-hydroxyderricin in particular show also a marked inhibition on the growth of gram-positive bacteria.", "contents": "New prenylated chalcones from Lonchocarpus neuroscapha Benth. (Cordoa piaca). The isolation of eight prenylated chalcones (cordoin, isocordoin, psi-isocordoin, derricin, lonchocarpin, 4-hydroxyderricin, 4-hydroxylonchocarpin, 4-hydroxyisocordoin) and of the flavanone and dihydrochalcone corresponding to cordoin is described. These substances are biogenetically correlated. The structures of the above mentioned substances were established through the examination and comparison of spectral data (U.V., I.R., N.M.R., M.S.) and of the chemical behaviour. Particular interest is shown by psi-isocordoin and 4-hydroxy derivatives. The latter and 4-hydroxyderricin in particular show also a marked inhibition on the growth of gram-positive bacteria.", "PMID": 1175760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5363", "title": "The reaction of phthalazino(2,3-b)phthalazine-5,12(7H, 14H)-diones with nitrous acid.", "content": "3,4-Dihydrophthalazin-1(2H)-one (I) was oxidized to phthalazin-1(2H)-one (III) with nitrous acid or with ferric chloride . Phthalazino [2,3-b] phthalazine-5,12(7H, 14H)-diones (IV) did not react with ferric chloride but they were oxidized with nitrous acid to 2-[1(2H)-oxo-2-phthalazinyl] methylbenzoic acids (V) and (VI). The formation of (V) or (VI) depends upon the substituents of compounds (IV). Strucutres (V) and (VI) were established by pKa measurements in methylcellosolve and by mass and N.M.R. spectra.", "contents": "The reaction of phthalazino(2,3-b)phthalazine-5,12(7H, 14H)-diones with nitrous acid. 3,4-Dihydrophthalazin-1(2H)-one (I) was oxidized to phthalazin-1(2H)-one (III) with nitrous acid or with ferric chloride . Phthalazino [2,3-b] phthalazine-5,12(7H, 14H)-diones (IV) did not react with ferric chloride but they were oxidized with nitrous acid to 2-[1(2H)-oxo-2-phthalazinyl] methylbenzoic acids (V) and (VI). The formation of (V) or (VI) depends upon the substituents of compounds (IV). Strucutres (V) and (VI) were established by pKa measurements in methylcellosolve and by mass and N.M.R. spectra.", "PMID": 1175761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5364", "title": "Biological properties of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug: etoclofene.", "content": "Etoclofene, the ethoxy methyl ester of N-(2,6-dichloro-m-tolyl)anthranilic acid, showed potent anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and peripheral analgesic activity in several experimental models of inflammation. There was no evidence of adrenal dependence or corticoid-like effects at effective and non-toxic dose levels. Etoclofene showed a low level of toxicity and was well tolerated in animals.", "contents": "Biological properties of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug: etoclofene. Etoclofene, the ethoxy methyl ester of N-(2,6-dichloro-m-tolyl)anthranilic acid, showed potent anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and peripheral analgesic activity in several experimental models of inflammation. There was no evidence of adrenal dependence or corticoid-like effects at effective and non-toxic dose levels. Etoclofene showed a low level of toxicity and was well tolerated in animals.", "PMID": 1175762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5365", "title": "[Isoxazoles substituted with 4-pyridyl and o-chlorophenyl radicals].", "content": "By reaction of suitable hydroxamic acids chlorides with beta-ketoesters, we have prepared the ethyl esters of isoxazol-4-carboxylic acids, substituted in the 3- and 5-positions with 4-pyridyl and o-chlorophenyl groups, and some of their esters and amides of pharmaceutical interest. 3-(4-Pyridyl)-5-(o-chlorophenyl)isoxazole was obtained either by decarboxylation of the acid or by oxidation of the syn and anti oximes of 3-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-pyridyl)-2-propen-1-one; from the syn oxime the corresponding isoxazoline was also obtained. Pharmacological screening shows that some of the new compounds have a myolytic activity.", "contents": "[Isoxazoles substituted with 4-pyridyl and o-chlorophenyl radicals]. By reaction of suitable hydroxamic acids chlorides with beta-ketoesters, we have prepared the ethyl esters of isoxazol-4-carboxylic acids, substituted in the 3- and 5-positions with 4-pyridyl and o-chlorophenyl groups, and some of their esters and amides of pharmaceutical interest. 3-(4-Pyridyl)-5-(o-chlorophenyl)isoxazole was obtained either by decarboxylation of the acid or by oxidation of the syn and anti oximes of 3-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-pyridyl)-2-propen-1-one; from the syn oxime the corresponding isoxazoline was also obtained. Pharmacological screening shows that some of the new compounds have a myolytic activity.", "PMID": 1175763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5366", "title": "[Esters and amides of salicyloylamino acids].", "content": "N-Salicyloylamino acids, esters and amides have been prepared by the usual condensation methods and also by methods which may demonstrate 2-(o-hydroxyphenyl)oxazoline-5-ones as possible reaction intermediates. Some derivatives display pharmacological activities.", "contents": "[Esters and amides of salicyloylamino acids]. N-Salicyloylamino acids, esters and amides have been prepared by the usual condensation methods and also by methods which may demonstrate 2-(o-hydroxyphenyl)oxazoline-5-ones as possible reaction intermediates. Some derivatives display pharmacological activities.", "PMID": 1175765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5367", "title": "[N 1-nicotinoyl and isonicotinoylpyrazoles].", "content": "Synthesis of twelve N 1-nicotinoyl and isonicotinoylpyrazoles by reaction of 4,5-tetra-, penta-, hexamethylenepyrazoles, dihydronaphtopyrazole, bornylenepyrazole and cineolylenepyrazole with nicotinoyl and isonicotinoylchloride, is described. The structure of N 1-derivatives of these compounds was ascertained by comparison of N.M.R. spectra with those of 1-nicotinoyl and 1-isonicotinoyl-4,5-pentamethylene-5-hydroxy-2-pyrazoline, obtained by reaction of 2-hydroxymethylenecycloheptanone with nicotinoyl and isonicotinoylhydrazide, respectively. N 1-isonicotinoylbornylenepyrazole shows weak C.N.S. depression, muscle relaxation and anticonvulsant activity.", "contents": "[N 1-nicotinoyl and isonicotinoylpyrazoles]. Synthesis of twelve N 1-nicotinoyl and isonicotinoylpyrazoles by reaction of 4,5-tetra-, penta-, hexamethylenepyrazoles, dihydronaphtopyrazole, bornylenepyrazole and cineolylenepyrazole with nicotinoyl and isonicotinoylchloride, is described. The structure of N 1-derivatives of these compounds was ascertained by comparison of N.M.R. spectra with those of 1-nicotinoyl and 1-isonicotinoyl-4,5-pentamethylene-5-hydroxy-2-pyrazoline, obtained by reaction of 2-hydroxymethylenecycloheptanone with nicotinoyl and isonicotinoylhydrazide, respectively. N 1-isonicotinoylbornylenepyrazole shows weak C.N.S. depression, muscle relaxation and anticonvulsant activity.", "PMID": 1175764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5368", "title": "[Reaction of 1,2-diphenyl-4-bis-(methylthio)methylenepyrazolidin-3,5-dione with serine, cysteine and their derivatives].", "content": "The reaction between 1,2-diphenyl-4-bis-(methylthio)methylenepyrazolidin-3,5-dione with serine and cysteine and their derivatives is described. The structure of the resulting compounds is assigned spectrophotometrically.", "contents": "[Reaction of 1,2-diphenyl-4-bis-(methylthio)methylenepyrazolidin-3,5-dione with serine, cysteine and their derivatives]. The reaction between 1,2-diphenyl-4-bis-(methylthio)methylenepyrazolidin-3,5-dione with serine and cysteine and their derivatives is described. The structure of the resulting compounds is assigned spectrophotometrically.", "PMID": 1175766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5369", "title": "Determination of structure-activity relationships for salicylaldehydes using CNDO and EHT calculations.", "content": "EHT and CNDO calculations have been performed on a series on fungicidal salicylaldehyde derivatives. Correlations are found between the inhibitory activity and several quantum-mechanical indices.", "contents": "Determination of structure-activity relationships for salicylaldehydes using CNDO and EHT calculations. EHT and CNDO calculations have been performed on a series on fungicidal salicylaldehyde derivatives. Correlations are found between the inhibitory activity and several quantum-mechanical indices.", "PMID": 1175767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5370", "title": "Structure-activity correlations for acaricidal hydrazones.", "content": "The acaricidal activity of hydrazones was studied by means of the Free-Wilson method. The importance of both lipophilic and electronic effects is pointed out.", "contents": "Structure-activity correlations for acaricidal hydrazones. The acaricidal activity of hydrazones was studied by means of the Free-Wilson method. The importance of both lipophilic and electronic effects is pointed out.", "PMID": 1175768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5371", "title": "Metabolic and myogenic factors in local regulation of the microcirculation.", "content": "Patterns of flow were recorded from individual capillaries of mesentery and muscle during autoregulation and reactive hyperemia. In cat mesentery at normal arterial pressure capillary blood flow was often periodic in nature. When arterial pressure was reduced periodicity was abolished and in certain cases mean flow increased. Elevation of venous pressure at this time caused restoration of flow periodicity and simultaneously a large fall in mean flow. Vasomotion and autoregulation in mesentery appear to be dependent on intravascular pressure per se. In cat sartorius muscle substantial increase in flow was seen in most capillaries during reactive hyperemia. In certain capillaries the pattern resembled the gross flow pattern while others showed a brief hyperemia and then a period of flow arrest that is presumably due to a strong precapillary vasoconstriction. The latter response is suggestive of a myogenic control while the former may be due to accumulation of metabolites. In frog pectoralis muscle reactive hyperemia was very prolonged in comparison to cat sartorius muscle. The general pattern of flow was consistent with the notion of a strong metabolic control mechanism. The three tissues studied provide examples of strong myogenic, strong metabolic, and combined metabolic and myogenic control of the microcirculation.", "contents": "Metabolic and myogenic factors in local regulation of the microcirculation. Patterns of flow were recorded from individual capillaries of mesentery and muscle during autoregulation and reactive hyperemia. In cat mesentery at normal arterial pressure capillary blood flow was often periodic in nature. When arterial pressure was reduced periodicity was abolished and in certain cases mean flow increased. Elevation of venous pressure at this time caused restoration of flow periodicity and simultaneously a large fall in mean flow. Vasomotion and autoregulation in mesentery appear to be dependent on intravascular pressure per se. In cat sartorius muscle substantial increase in flow was seen in most capillaries during reactive hyperemia. In certain capillaries the pattern resembled the gross flow pattern while others showed a brief hyperemia and then a period of flow arrest that is presumably due to a strong precapillary vasoconstriction. The latter response is suggestive of a myogenic control while the former may be due to accumulation of metabolites. In frog pectoralis muscle reactive hyperemia was very prolonged in comparison to cat sartorius muscle. The general pattern of flow was consistent with the notion of a strong metabolic control mechanism. The three tissues studied provide examples of strong myogenic, strong metabolic, and combined metabolic and myogenic control of the microcirculation.", "PMID": 1175794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5372", "title": "Metabolic models of microcirculatory regulation.", "content": "The functions and integrity of body tissues are critically dependent on an adequate oxygen supply. Because the transport of oxygen to the cells is intimately linked to the microcirculation, the concept of microcirculation-metabolism coupling has received much attention. In essence, the metabolic theory of intrinsic control of the microcirculation states that microvascular tone is locally modulated to maintain adequate oxygen levels in the parenchymal cells. We propose a two-component control system for the regulation of tissue O2 delivery in accordance with metabolic needs. A precapillary sphincter control mechanism maintains tissue PO2 by governing the number of perfused capillaries. Functional capillary density in turn determines surface area available for diffusion and capillary-to-cell diffusion distance. On the other hand, the arteriolar control system modulates local blood flow in accordance with parenchymal O2 utilization and thereby minimizes changes in capillary PO2 when the O2 availability/demand ratio is decreased. We propose that the precapillary sphincters are more sensitive to changes in tissue PO2 than are the flow-regulating arterioles. Consequently, for mild stresses, adequate tissue oxygenation is maintained mainly by precapillary sphincter control of diffusion parameters without the need for changes in blood flow. However, as metabolic stresses become greater, blood flow regulation becomes the dominant factor in the control of tissue O2 delivery. Thus, by working in concert, the local mechanisms regulating microvascular resistance and effective capillary density provide a wide margin of safety against the development of cellular hypoxia.", "contents": "Metabolic models of microcirculatory regulation. The functions and integrity of body tissues are critically dependent on an adequate oxygen supply. Because the transport of oxygen to the cells is intimately linked to the microcirculation, the concept of microcirculation-metabolism coupling has received much attention. In essence, the metabolic theory of intrinsic control of the microcirculation states that microvascular tone is locally modulated to maintain adequate oxygen levels in the parenchymal cells. We propose a two-component control system for the regulation of tissue O2 delivery in accordance with metabolic needs. A precapillary sphincter control mechanism maintains tissue PO2 by governing the number of perfused capillaries. Functional capillary density in turn determines surface area available for diffusion and capillary-to-cell diffusion distance. On the other hand, the arteriolar control system modulates local blood flow in accordance with parenchymal O2 utilization and thereby minimizes changes in capillary PO2 when the O2 availability/demand ratio is decreased. We propose that the precapillary sphincters are more sensitive to changes in tissue PO2 than are the flow-regulating arterioles. Consequently, for mild stresses, adequate tissue oxygenation is maintained mainly by precapillary sphincter control of diffusion parameters without the need for changes in blood flow. However, as metabolic stresses become greater, blood flow regulation becomes the dominant factor in the control of tissue O2 delivery. Thus, by working in concert, the local mechanisms regulating microvascular resistance and effective capillary density provide a wide margin of safety against the development of cellular hypoxia.", "PMID": 1175795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5373", "title": "Interrelationships of selenium with other trace elements.", "content": "Biological interactions between selenium and a number of other elements occur that render selenium much less toxic than when it is present alone. These elements are arsenic, mercury, cadmium, and copper. Furthermore, the presence of selenium reduces the toxicity of mercury and cadmium. These are general biological interactions and have been found to occur in a number of animal species under a variety of conditions. It has been shown that the reaction products of selenium with mercury and cadmium are less toxic than an equal amount of selenium fed alone to chicks. The presence of arsenic shifts the excretion of selenium to the bile. There is no conclusive evidence that the presence of other elements reduces the absorption or retention of selenium. It is possible that some of the interactions are caused by the formation of a compound by selenium and other elements which has less affinity for active groups on biologically active compounds.--Hill, C.H. Interrelationships of selenium with other trace elements.", "contents": "Interrelationships of selenium with other trace elements. Biological interactions between selenium and a number of other elements occur that render selenium much less toxic than when it is present alone. These elements are arsenic, mercury, cadmium, and copper. Furthermore, the presence of selenium reduces the toxicity of mercury and cadmium. These are general biological interactions and have been found to occur in a number of animal species under a variety of conditions. It has been shown that the reaction products of selenium with mercury and cadmium are less toxic than an equal amount of selenium fed alone to chicks. The presence of arsenic shifts the excretion of selenium to the bile. There is no conclusive evidence that the presence of other elements reduces the absorption or retention of selenium. It is possible that some of the interactions are caused by the formation of a compound by selenium and other elements which has less affinity for active groups on biologically active compounds.--Hill, C.H. Interrelationships of selenium with other trace elements.", "PMID": 1175797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5374", "title": "Pressure regulation in the microcirculation.", "content": "The results of direct pressure measurements are described which demonstrate that pressures in a certain fraction of mesenteric capillaries remain remarkably constant during large changes in systemic pressure. The results of isogravimetric studies, reported in the literature, are also described which indicate that this phenomenon may also occur in the intestine. The question is raised whether capillary pressures may therefore be regulated. Pressures recorded from mesenteric arterioles and capillaries are shown which indicate that maintenance of a constant capillary pressure is primarily the consequence of the vascular architecture peculiar to this tissue, and is merely a secondary reflection of mechanisms associated with flow regulation. The results of direct pressure measurements recorded in the microcirculation of intestinal muscle are also shown. These data indicate that capillary pressures in innervated, denervated, and xylocaine-treated intestinal muscle change in direct proportion to variations in arterial pressure. It is concluded that capillary pressures in the intestinal muscle layers are therefore not regulated, so that the observation that capillary pressures may be maintained is probably a phenomenon unique to the mesentery. Pressures recorded from capillaries in the mucosal villi are also shown and compared to capillary pressures measured in the microvasculature of mesentery and intestinal muscle. When systemic pressure was normal (107 +/- 10 mm Hg), capillary pressure in the mesentery averaged 30 to 33 mm Hg; capillary pressures in the intestinal muscle averaged 22 to 24 mm Hg; and capillary pressures in the mucosal villi averaged 13 to 15 mm Hg. These data suggest that mesenteric capillaries are primarily a filtering network; intestinal muscle capillaries are normally in fluid balance; whereas at rest mucosal capillaries are primarily absorptive. These pressures, recorded from the three major regions of the rat intestine, were used to calculate a weighted average for the whole organ. The calculated value, based on assumed values for relative capillary densities, was 17 mm Hg. This result compares favorably with data from whole organ, isogravimetric studies, and may clarify some of the apparent discrepancies between previous isogravimetric and servopressure studies.", "contents": "Pressure regulation in the microcirculation. The results of direct pressure measurements are described which demonstrate that pressures in a certain fraction of mesenteric capillaries remain remarkably constant during large changes in systemic pressure. The results of isogravimetric studies, reported in the literature, are also described which indicate that this phenomenon may also occur in the intestine. The question is raised whether capillary pressures may therefore be regulated. Pressures recorded from mesenteric arterioles and capillaries are shown which indicate that maintenance of a constant capillary pressure is primarily the consequence of the vascular architecture peculiar to this tissue, and is merely a secondary reflection of mechanisms associated with flow regulation. The results of direct pressure measurements recorded in the microcirculation of intestinal muscle are also shown. These data indicate that capillary pressures in innervated, denervated, and xylocaine-treated intestinal muscle change in direct proportion to variations in arterial pressure. It is concluded that capillary pressures in the intestinal muscle layers are therefore not regulated, so that the observation that capillary pressures may be maintained is probably a phenomenon unique to the mesentery. Pressures recorded from capillaries in the mucosal villi are also shown and compared to capillary pressures measured in the microvasculature of mesentery and intestinal muscle. When systemic pressure was normal (107 +/- 10 mm Hg), capillary pressure in the mesentery averaged 30 to 33 mm Hg; capillary pressures in the intestinal muscle averaged 22 to 24 mm Hg; and capillary pressures in the mucosal villi averaged 13 to 15 mm Hg. These data suggest that mesenteric capillaries are primarily a filtering network; intestinal muscle capillaries are normally in fluid balance; whereas at rest mucosal capillaries are primarily absorptive. These pressures, recorded from the three major regions of the rat intestine, were used to calculate a weighted average for the whole organ. The calculated value, based on assumed values for relative capillary densities, was 17 mm Hg. This result compares favorably with data from whole organ, isogravimetric studies, and may clarify some of the apparent discrepancies between previous isogravimetric and servopressure studies.", "PMID": 1175798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5375", "title": "On the role of haemopoietic tissue in interstrain differences in radiosensitivity of mice.", "content": "Mice of three different strains were classified according to the percentage of survival after a whole-body exposure of 600R as radioresistant (strain C57BL/10), radiosensitive (strain BALB/c) and intermediate (strain BFU). Haemopoietic recovery after a whole-body exposure of 200R was followed in the three groups. It was found that the radiosensitivity of bone marrow and spleen haemopoietic stem cells was equal in all the mouse strains tested. The extent of radiation damage to haemopoiesis, assessed by the changes in nucleated cell counts in bone marrow and spleen, as well as by bone marrow and spleen 59Fe uptake, was smaller and the rate of recovery higher in strain C57BL/10 than in strains BALB/c or BFU. An analogical difference among the strains was also observed during realimentation in the recovery of bone marrow and spleen haemopoiesis inhibited by fasting. The role of the capacity of haemopoietic cell population to repair the induqed haemopoietic damage is discussed and its decrease in BALB/c mice is held responsible for their higher radiosensitivity.", "contents": "On the role of haemopoietic tissue in interstrain differences in radiosensitivity of mice. Mice of three different strains were classified according to the percentage of survival after a whole-body exposure of 600R as radioresistant (strain C57BL/10), radiosensitive (strain BALB/c) and intermediate (strain BFU). Haemopoietic recovery after a whole-body exposure of 200R was followed in the three groups. It was found that the radiosensitivity of bone marrow and spleen haemopoietic stem cells was equal in all the mouse strains tested. The extent of radiation damage to haemopoiesis, assessed by the changes in nucleated cell counts in bone marrow and spleen, as well as by bone marrow and spleen 59Fe uptake, was smaller and the rate of recovery higher in strain C57BL/10 than in strains BALB/c or BFU. An analogical difference among the strains was also observed during realimentation in the recovery of bone marrow and spleen haemopoiesis inhibited by fasting. The role of the capacity of haemopoietic cell population to repair the induqed haemopoietic damage is discussed and its decrease in BALB/c mice is held responsible for their higher radiosensitivity.", "PMID": 1175824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5376", "title": "Adherent and non-adherent mouse peritoneal exudate cells.", "content": "Administration of proteose peptone to donors of peritoneal exudate cells resulted not only in quantitative increase in the mono-histiocytic cells but also in their activation as judged by their rapid adherence to surfaces, strong acid phosphatase reaction and increased numbers of lysosomes and phagocytic vacuoles. The three-hour adherent fraction of peritoneal exudate cells (from normal as well as peptone-stimulated mice) contains a large number of activated lymphocytes and fibroblastoid cells and is not enriched in macrophages. Moreover, the adherent cells, when collected by scraping, are unsuitable for immediate biological use since they lose the enzymatic equipment. For purification of histiocytes and macrophages by adherence, the 2-day cultivation of peritoneal cells was found to be optimal, as judged by the number of acid phosphatase positive cells. Their decrease after 4-day cultivation may indicate over-growth of the fibroblast and epithelial cell lineages. The non-adherent fraction was found to be enriched in lymphocytes as well as in mast cells; numerous macrophages were observed, too.", "contents": "Adherent and non-adherent mouse peritoneal exudate cells. Administration of proteose peptone to donors of peritoneal exudate cells resulted not only in quantitative increase in the mono-histiocytic cells but also in their activation as judged by their rapid adherence to surfaces, strong acid phosphatase reaction and increased numbers of lysosomes and phagocytic vacuoles. The three-hour adherent fraction of peritoneal exudate cells (from normal as well as peptone-stimulated mice) contains a large number of activated lymphocytes and fibroblastoid cells and is not enriched in macrophages. Moreover, the adherent cells, when collected by scraping, are unsuitable for immediate biological use since they lose the enzymatic equipment. For purification of histiocytes and macrophages by adherence, the 2-day cultivation of peritoneal cells was found to be optimal, as judged by the number of acid phosphatase positive cells. Their decrease after 4-day cultivation may indicate over-growth of the fibroblast and epithelial cell lineages. The non-adherent fraction was found to be enriched in lymphocytes as well as in mast cells; numerous macrophages were observed, too.", "PMID": 1175825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5377", "title": "Biological characteristics of cell lines derived from the respiratory tract of a bovine foetus.", "content": "Bovine foetal cell lines were derived from foetal bovine lung, foetal bovine nose and foetal bovine trachea and kept in serial cultivation for 2 years. During their development they showed marked changes in morphological and growth characteristics of the cells accompanied by changes in the karyotype. The FBL line consisting of fibroblasts as well as the epithelial to epitheloid cultures of FBN and FBT have shown a good capacity to grow in vitro.", "contents": "Biological characteristics of cell lines derived from the respiratory tract of a bovine foetus. Bovine foetal cell lines were derived from foetal bovine lung, foetal bovine nose and foetal bovine trachea and kept in serial cultivation for 2 years. During their development they showed marked changes in morphological and growth characteristics of the cells accompanied by changes in the karyotype. The FBL line consisting of fibroblasts as well as the epithelial to epitheloid cultures of FBN and FBT have shown a good capacity to grow in vitro.", "PMID": 1175826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5378", "title": "Determination of protein levels by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis in rats subjected to continuous irradiation.", "content": "Changes in the concentration of some serum proteins are determined by quantitative two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis in rats subjected to continuous irradiation with 400R/day for 11 days. At this dose rate albumin levels were decreased by 36% and IGG levels by 70% in comparison with the control (C2) values. The concentration of haptoglobin, haemopexin and caeruloplasmin was increased by 75-140% on day 10 as compared with the control (C2) values.", "contents": "Determination of protein levels by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis in rats subjected to continuous irradiation. Changes in the concentration of some serum proteins are determined by quantitative two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis in rats subjected to continuous irradiation with 400R/day for 11 days. At this dose rate albumin levels were decreased by 36% and IGG levels by 70% in comparison with the control (C2) values. The concentration of haptoglobin, haemopexin and caeruloplasmin was increased by 75-140% on day 10 as compared with the control (C2) values.", "PMID": 1175827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5379", "title": "The functional wholes of cells. Nucleolar coefficients, mitoses and multinuclearity in neighbouring HEp-2 cells.", "content": "Preparations of HEp-2 cell cultures seeded in concentrations of 120,000 per cm.2 and 15,000 per cm.2 and growing for 15 and 25 hours were studied with respect to local differences in the frequencies of monucleolar cells, seven types of which were distinguished by the values of nucleolar coefficient, multinuclear cells and mitotic cells in the neighbourhood of some cells. The latter exhibited the following features such as mononuclearity with NC ranging from 1 to 4, or mitosis. The observed differences are a) higher between the groups than between the levels of cells, b) higher in the distribution of cells than in the average nucleolar coefficient, c) most frequently in the neighbourhoods of mitotic and mononuclear cell with NC 4, and d) as a rule, complementarily dependent on the initial concentration of cells and the time of cultivation. The term \"functional wholes\" is proposed to describe those unique formations as well as the ones stated in the introductory remarks. The functional whole is a group of cells of the same type which are identical or closely similar in a variable feature.", "contents": "The functional wholes of cells. Nucleolar coefficients, mitoses and multinuclearity in neighbouring HEp-2 cells. Preparations of HEp-2 cell cultures seeded in concentrations of 120,000 per cm.2 and 15,000 per cm.2 and growing for 15 and 25 hours were studied with respect to local differences in the frequencies of monucleolar cells, seven types of which were distinguished by the values of nucleolar coefficient, multinuclear cells and mitotic cells in the neighbourhood of some cells. The latter exhibited the following features such as mononuclearity with NC ranging from 1 to 4, or mitosis. The observed differences are a) higher between the groups than between the levels of cells, b) higher in the distribution of cells than in the average nucleolar coefficient, c) most frequently in the neighbourhoods of mitotic and mononuclear cell with NC 4, and d) as a rule, complementarily dependent on the initial concentration of cells and the time of cultivation. The term \"functional wholes\" is proposed to describe those unique formations as well as the ones stated in the introductory remarks. The functional whole is a group of cells of the same type which are identical or closely similar in a variable feature.", "PMID": 1175828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5380", "title": "Analysis of programmed gene action by means of radiation chimaeras.", "content": "Agglutinability by H-2 antisera of neonatal erythrocytes appears early in some mouse strains (such as C57BL/10) and late in others (A, CBA, etc). This might be due to interstrain differences of the postulated temporal genes controlling in this case the developmental expression of H-2 gene products A similarr effect might be simulated by interstrain variation in neonatal size of erythrocytes (possibly reflecting their stage of maturation from the generally larger blasts) which could indirectly affect agglutinability through a different density of H-2 sites on the cell surface. Such correlation was, however, not found in this study. A possible involvement of an extracellular control mechanism was also ruled out by demonstrating that in allogeneic radiation chimaeras created reciprocally from late and early strain mice (used as irradiated recipients and donors of curative cell inocula) the appearance of donor-specific H-2 agglutinability conforms to the donor's timing type being unaffected by the contrasting host's environment. The delayed agglutinability in a late strain was further shown to concern not only neonatal erythrocytes, but also those recruited from stem cells in \"adult\" bone marrow. Finally, two strains (C67BL/10 and CBA) classified as, respectively, early and late by H-2 agglutinability were typed similarly on the basis of the time course of 59Fe-incorporation rate/mg. spleen in newly formed syngeneic radiation chimaeras. The question whether this coincidence is due to chance or to H-2 linkage of a common or rather separate control mechanisms is discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of programmed gene action by means of radiation chimaeras. Agglutinability by H-2 antisera of neonatal erythrocytes appears early in some mouse strains (such as C57BL/10) and late in others (A, CBA, etc). This might be due to interstrain differences of the postulated temporal genes controlling in this case the developmental expression of H-2 gene products A similarr effect might be simulated by interstrain variation in neonatal size of erythrocytes (possibly reflecting their stage of maturation from the generally larger blasts) which could indirectly affect agglutinability through a different density of H-2 sites on the cell surface. Such correlation was, however, not found in this study. A possible involvement of an extracellular control mechanism was also ruled out by demonstrating that in allogeneic radiation chimaeras created reciprocally from late and early strain mice (used as irradiated recipients and donors of curative cell inocula) the appearance of donor-specific H-2 agglutinability conforms to the donor's timing type being unaffected by the contrasting host's environment. The delayed agglutinability in a late strain was further shown to concern not only neonatal erythrocytes, but also those recruited from stem cells in \"adult\" bone marrow. Finally, two strains (C67BL/10 and CBA) classified as, respectively, early and late by H-2 agglutinability were typed similarly on the basis of the time course of 59Fe-incorporation rate/mg. spleen in newly formed syngeneic radiation chimaeras. The question whether this coincidence is due to chance or to H-2 linkage of a common or rather separate control mechanisms is discussed.", "PMID": 1175829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5381", "title": "Effect of continuous irradiation upon bone marrow haemopoietic stem cells in mice.", "content": "The effect upon the stem cells in mouse bone marrow of continuous irradiation at different daily exposure rates ranging from 1R--1,000R was investigated by means of the exogenous spleen colony assay. At exposure rates between 1 and 50R/day, a stabilized state in the CFU value becomes established, its level decreasing with the increase in the daily exposure. Exposure rates between 80 and 1,000R/day lead to an initial steep, but later on flatter, decrease in CFU number until death of the animals. Mass deaths occur in mice when the CFU number falls below 5%. The results further delimit the range of exposure doses for which a dependence was found of the CFU number upon the total exposure dose of continuous radiation.", "contents": "Effect of continuous irradiation upon bone marrow haemopoietic stem cells in mice. The effect upon the stem cells in mouse bone marrow of continuous irradiation at different daily exposure rates ranging from 1R--1,000R was investigated by means of the exogenous spleen colony assay. At exposure rates between 1 and 50R/day, a stabilized state in the CFU value becomes established, its level decreasing with the increase in the daily exposure. Exposure rates between 80 and 1,000R/day lead to an initial steep, but later on flatter, decrease in CFU number until death of the animals. Mass deaths occur in mice when the CFU number falls below 5%. The results further delimit the range of exposure doses for which a dependence was found of the CFU number upon the total exposure dose of continuous radiation.", "PMID": 1175830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5382", "title": "Effect of large doses of turkey herpes virus on antibody response in chickens.", "content": "During vaccination of chickens, repeated administration of large doses of a cell-associated turkey herpes virus compared to a single large dose did not affect markedly the virus-neutralizing antibody titre but accelerated the formation of agaroprecipitating antibodies. The formation of antibody types proceeded independently of each other. Health condition of chickens was not influenced.", "contents": "Effect of large doses of turkey herpes virus on antibody response in chickens. During vaccination of chickens, repeated administration of large doses of a cell-associated turkey herpes virus compared to a single large dose did not affect markedly the virus-neutralizing antibody titre but accelerated the formation of agaroprecipitating antibodies. The formation of antibody types proceeded independently of each other. Health condition of chickens was not influenced.", "PMID": 1175831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5383", "title": "Capacity of contact cytotoxic reaction to distinguish targets presented by F1 and somatic hybrid cells of the same H-2 parentage.", "content": "51Cr-release from prelabelled target cells caused by contact with effector lymphocytes was greater when the H-2d/H-2k cells used for sensitization (i.e. production of effector cells) were also phenotypically similar to the target cells. The contact cytotoxic reaction thus turned out to be sensitive enough to distinguish a putative phenotypic difference between F1 and somatic hybrid cells of the same H-2 parentage. A possible involvement of non-H-2 differences was controlled and ruled out.", "contents": "Capacity of contact cytotoxic reaction to distinguish targets presented by F1 and somatic hybrid cells of the same H-2 parentage. 51Cr-release from prelabelled target cells caused by contact with effector lymphocytes was greater when the H-2d/H-2k cells used for sensitization (i.e. production of effector cells) were also phenotypically similar to the target cells. The contact cytotoxic reaction thus turned out to be sensitive enough to distinguish a putative phenotypic difference between F1 and somatic hybrid cells of the same H-2 parentage. A possible involvement of non-H-2 differences was controlled and ruled out.", "PMID": 1175832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5384", "title": "Identification of chromosomes in intraspecific hybrid cells by the G-banding method.", "content": "The karyotype of HY 5/3--4 hybrid cells formed by fusion of diploid and heteroploid murine cells (LS/BLxR-AG/20) consisted of 60--75 chromosomes (modal number 72). The G-banding technique made it possible to identify the origin of the chromosomes; it is concluded that due to chromosomal segregation the hybrid genome lost preferentially the chromosomes derived from the diploid parental line LS/BL. Even after long-term culture in vitro, the chromosomal complement of hybrid cells retained all bi-armed chromosomes and most of the telocentrics, derived from the heteroploid parental cells.", "contents": "Identification of chromosomes in intraspecific hybrid cells by the G-banding method. The karyotype of HY 5/3--4 hybrid cells formed by fusion of diploid and heteroploid murine cells (LS/BLxR-AG/20) consisted of 60--75 chromosomes (modal number 72). The G-banding technique made it possible to identify the origin of the chromosomes; it is concluded that due to chromosomal segregation the hybrid genome lost preferentially the chromosomes derived from the diploid parental line LS/BL. Even after long-term culture in vitro, the chromosomal complement of hybrid cells retained all bi-armed chromosomes and most of the telocentrics, derived from the heteroploid parental cells.", "PMID": 1175833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5385", "title": "Early changes in the number of haemopoietic stem cells in irradiated young rats.", "content": "The frequency of exogenous haemopoietic spleen colonies in whole-body irradiated rats, aged 4--5 weeks, was found to be linearly dependent upon the dose of inoculated bone marrow or spleen nucleated cells. The recovery rate of the number of haemopoietic stem cells in rats exposed to 300R assessed on day 12 postirradiation was found to be faster in bone marrow than in spleen.", "contents": "Early changes in the number of haemopoietic stem cells in irradiated young rats. The frequency of exogenous haemopoietic spleen colonies in whole-body irradiated rats, aged 4--5 weeks, was found to be linearly dependent upon the dose of inoculated bone marrow or spleen nucleated cells. The recovery rate of the number of haemopoietic stem cells in rats exposed to 300R assessed on day 12 postirradiation was found to be faster in bone marrow than in spleen.", "PMID": 1175834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5386", "title": "The effect of antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) on precipitin formation to human serum albumin in rabbits.", "content": "The effects of pig anti-rabbit ALG on precipitin formation to human serum albumin were studied in rabbits with an aim to contribute to an elucidation of the effects of ALG on the humoral antibody response. Antibody levels were assayed quantitatively after the first, second and third local injection of antigen with adjuvant. ALG was found to suppress distinctly, though not completely precipitin formation throughout the immunization cycle in the experimental group compared to the control groups injected with pig IgG or saline at the same time intervals. The immunosuppressive effect was particularly pronounced after the third injection of antigen which did not further increase antibody levels in experimental animals as compared to the controls. The system appears to be effective in partial suppression of the humoral antibody response when a good preparation with appropriate dosage and timing is used.", "contents": "The effect of antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) on precipitin formation to human serum albumin in rabbits. The effects of pig anti-rabbit ALG on precipitin formation to human serum albumin were studied in rabbits with an aim to contribute to an elucidation of the effects of ALG on the humoral antibody response. Antibody levels were assayed quantitatively after the first, second and third local injection of antigen with adjuvant. ALG was found to suppress distinctly, though not completely precipitin formation throughout the immunization cycle in the experimental group compared to the control groups injected with pig IgG or saline at the same time intervals. The immunosuppressive effect was particularly pronounced after the third injection of antigen which did not further increase antibody levels in experimental animals as compared to the controls. The system appears to be effective in partial suppression of the humoral antibody response when a good preparation with appropriate dosage and timing is used.", "PMID": 1175835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5387", "title": "Induction of rat pituitary thymidine kinase: another physiological response to oestradiol in the male?", "content": "Subcutaneous injection of oestradiol-17beta enhanced the thymidine kinase activity in the anterior pituitary of immature male rats, but did not alter the thymidylate synthetase level. The kinase activity reached a sharp maximum 36 hours after injection of the steroid and then decreased to its original value. The estimated minimum active dose was 0.020 mug per rat. The 17alpha isomer was inactive. Cycloheximide and actinomycin D, according to injection schedule, prevented the rise in activity, suggesting a regulation of pituitary thymidine kinase at the level of protein biosynthesis. The induced enzyme exhibited the same Km and the same thermal inactivation profile as the constitutive enzyme. With the doses of oestradiol required for induction of the enzyme, no significant variations of serum and pituitary LH and FSH concentrations were detected. Based on these and previous results it is suggested that, in the male pituitary, the concentration ratio of circulating oestrogens over androgens controls not only the secretory function but also the production of specific enzymes.", "contents": "Induction of rat pituitary thymidine kinase: another physiological response to oestradiol in the male? Subcutaneous injection of oestradiol-17beta enhanced the thymidine kinase activity in the anterior pituitary of immature male rats, but did not alter the thymidylate synthetase level. The kinase activity reached a sharp maximum 36 hours after injection of the steroid and then decreased to its original value. The estimated minimum active dose was 0.020 mug per rat. The 17alpha isomer was inactive. Cycloheximide and actinomycin D, according to injection schedule, prevented the rise in activity, suggesting a regulation of pituitary thymidine kinase at the level of protein biosynthesis. The induced enzyme exhibited the same Km and the same thermal inactivation profile as the constitutive enzyme. With the doses of oestradiol required for induction of the enzyme, no significant variations of serum and pituitary LH and FSH concentrations were detected. Based on these and previous results it is suggested that, in the male pituitary, the concentration ratio of circulating oestrogens over androgens controls not only the secretory function but also the production of specific enzymes.", "PMID": 1175858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5388", "title": "Evaluation of the three-hour oral glucose tolerance test in detection of significant hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in pregnancy.", "content": "Analysis of 2,000 consecutive patients who had a three-hour 50-gm. oral glucose tolerance test done in the third trimester of pregnancy has shown that the three-hour reading was not necessary for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes. It was found that hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia (95th and 5th percentiles, respectively, for plasma glucose levels) were significantly associated with an increased risk for perinatal mortality. Furthermore, hyperglycemia was associated with an increased incidence of large-for-dates placentas and hypoglycemia with small-for-dates infants and small-for-dates placentas. These associations with hypoglycemia were seen to be greatest when this occurred at the three-hour level, and it was concluded that the three-hour measurement should be retained until the clinical significance of hypoglycemia in pregnancy is fully determined.", "contents": "Evaluation of the three-hour oral glucose tolerance test in detection of significant hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in pregnancy. Analysis of 2,000 consecutive patients who had a three-hour 50-gm. oral glucose tolerance test done in the third trimester of pregnancy has shown that the three-hour reading was not necessary for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes. It was found that hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia (95th and 5th percentiles, respectively, for plasma glucose levels) were significantly associated with an increased risk for perinatal mortality. Furthermore, hyperglycemia was associated with an increased incidence of large-for-dates placentas and hypoglycemia with small-for-dates infants and small-for-dates placentas. These associations with hypoglycemia were seen to be greatest when this occurred at the three-hour level, and it was concluded that the three-hour measurement should be retained until the clinical significance of hypoglycemia in pregnancy is fully determined.", "PMID": 1175859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5389", "title": "Metabolic studies in the pyelonephritic rat.", "content": "Insulin antagonism characterizes infection, but the mechanism is unknown. Previous studies have been performed during the acute catabolic stage of infection, and the resultant metabolic changes reflect this decreased food intake and weight loss. To delineate metabolic alterations due to infection itself, rats with pyelonephritis induced by tail-vein injection of 1 ml. of Streptococcus faecalis (10(9) bacteria per milliliter) were studied two weeks later during a period of near-normal weight gain and food intake. Fasting growth hormone concentrations (nanograms per milliliter) in the pyelonephritic rats were nearly five times normal (45.8 vs. 9.9). Intra-arterial glucose and insulin tolerance tests were impaired. Early glucose-induced insulin release was depressed. Fat pads from infected rats manifested higher basal lipolysis per cell. Glycerol-mediated gluconeogenesis by liver slices was decreased. This pathway was unaffected by insulin in infected rats but readily inhibited in control rats. The following metabolic parameters were similar in control and infected animals: (in vivo) fasting concentrations of plasma glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides, total corticoids, creatinine, insulin, glucagon, molar ratios of insulin and glucagon, glucose and insulin responses to tolbutamide, and glucagon and free fatty acid suppression after glucose; (in vitro) glucose metabolism by muscle and fat, epinephrine- and theophylline-stimulated lipolysis and re-esterification by epididymal fat pads, fasting hepatic glycogen content, glucose production by liver slices with and without alanine. No plasma insulin antagonist was found in the infected rats. Metabolic alterations in infected rats can be demonstrated independently of the associated catabolism. Increased growth hormone secretion cannot explain all of these changes.", "contents": "Metabolic studies in the pyelonephritic rat. Insulin antagonism characterizes infection, but the mechanism is unknown. Previous studies have been performed during the acute catabolic stage of infection, and the resultant metabolic changes reflect this decreased food intake and weight loss. To delineate metabolic alterations due to infection itself, rats with pyelonephritis induced by tail-vein injection of 1 ml. of Streptococcus faecalis (10(9) bacteria per milliliter) were studied two weeks later during a period of near-normal weight gain and food intake. Fasting growth hormone concentrations (nanograms per milliliter) in the pyelonephritic rats were nearly five times normal (45.8 vs. 9.9). Intra-arterial glucose and insulin tolerance tests were impaired. Early glucose-induced insulin release was depressed. Fat pads from infected rats manifested higher basal lipolysis per cell. Glycerol-mediated gluconeogenesis by liver slices was decreased. This pathway was unaffected by insulin in infected rats but readily inhibited in control rats. The following metabolic parameters were similar in control and infected animals: (in vivo) fasting concentrations of plasma glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides, total corticoids, creatinine, insulin, glucagon, molar ratios of insulin and glucagon, glucose and insulin responses to tolbutamide, and glucagon and free fatty acid suppression after glucose; (in vitro) glucose metabolism by muscle and fat, epinephrine- and theophylline-stimulated lipolysis and re-esterification by epididymal fat pads, fasting hepatic glycogen content, glucose production by liver slices with and without alanine. No plasma insulin antagonist was found in the infected rats. Metabolic alterations in infected rats can be demonstrated independently of the associated catabolism. Increased growth hormone secretion cannot explain all of these changes.", "PMID": 1175860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5390", "title": "Insulin metabolism in hypothyroidism.", "content": "Insulin resistance has been invoked to explain the glucose intolerance observed in hypothyroid patients. This possibility was studied by determining fractional and metabolic clearances of intravenously administered porcine crystalline insulin (0.1 U./kg.) and its effect on plasma glucose concentration in ten hypothyroid patients, ten normal subjects, and six treated euthyroid patients. Following administration of porcine insulin, serum immunoreactive insulin concentrations during the period of observation were similar in hypothyroid patients, in normal control subjects, and in treated euthyroid patients. Similarly, no significant differences in the mean half-life, distribution space, or fractional and metabolic clearances of insulin were observed among any of the three groups. In response to insulin administration, plasma glucose concentrations declined to the nadir of 36 +/- 4, 43 +/- 3, and 38 +/- 4 mg. per 100 ml. in hypothyroid patients, normal control subjects, and treated euthyroid patients, respectively. Thereafter, plasma glucose steadily increased and approached the baseline value at ninety minutes in normal subjects and treated euthyroid patients. In contrast, the plasma glucose values remained significantly lower than the baseline for the rest of the procedure in hypothyroid patients. The present study demonstrates that there is no evidence of resistance to the action of insulin in hypothyroid patients. The observation of prolonged hypoglycemic action of exogenously administered insulin in hypothyroid patients might in fact suggest increased sensitivity to insulin action. These findings indicate that glucose intolerance of the hypothyroid state is not characterized by insulin resistance.", "contents": "Insulin metabolism in hypothyroidism. Insulin resistance has been invoked to explain the glucose intolerance observed in hypothyroid patients. This possibility was studied by determining fractional and metabolic clearances of intravenously administered porcine crystalline insulin (0.1 U./kg.) and its effect on plasma glucose concentration in ten hypothyroid patients, ten normal subjects, and six treated euthyroid patients. Following administration of porcine insulin, serum immunoreactive insulin concentrations during the period of observation were similar in hypothyroid patients, in normal control subjects, and in treated euthyroid patients. Similarly, no significant differences in the mean half-life, distribution space, or fractional and metabolic clearances of insulin were observed among any of the three groups. In response to insulin administration, plasma glucose concentrations declined to the nadir of 36 +/- 4, 43 +/- 3, and 38 +/- 4 mg. per 100 ml. in hypothyroid patients, normal control subjects, and treated euthyroid patients, respectively. Thereafter, plasma glucose steadily increased and approached the baseline value at ninety minutes in normal subjects and treated euthyroid patients. In contrast, the plasma glucose values remained significantly lower than the baseline for the rest of the procedure in hypothyroid patients. The present study demonstrates that there is no evidence of resistance to the action of insulin in hypothyroid patients. The observation of prolonged hypoglycemic action of exogenously administered insulin in hypothyroid patients might in fact suggest increased sensitivity to insulin action. These findings indicate that glucose intolerance of the hypothyroid state is not characterized by insulin resistance.", "PMID": 1175861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5391", "title": "Antiketogenic action of fructose, glyceraldehyde, and sorbitol in the rat in vivo.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to compare the metabolism and antiketogenic properties of fructose, glyceraldehyde, and sorbitol. Fructose, glyceraldehyde, and sorbitol were readily metabolized and exhibited an antiketogenic effect in both blood and liver when injected intramuscularly to starved (forty-eight hours) rats. Sorbitol had the most pronounced antiketogenic effect and produced an 80 to 90 per cent decrease in the blood ketone bodies sixty minutes after administration. Fructose and glyceraldehyde were equally effective and produced about a 60 to 70 per cent decrease in ketone bodies. Fructose, glyceraldehyde, and sorbitol caused a significant decrease in the concentration of hepatic ketone bodies. In liver, sorbitol was found to be most effective in its antiketogenic action. The concentration of plasma free fatty acids remained unchanged after injection of all three antiketogenic substrates. Fructose, glyceraldehyde, or sorbitol caused increased blood lactate and pyruvate concentrations, and fructose was the most effective of the three substrates. Fructose administration resulted in a significant decrease in hepatic lactate/pyruvate and beta-OH-butyrate/acetoacetate concentration ratios, whereas sorbitol caused an increase in the concentration ratio of these two substrat pairs. Decreases in blood and liver ketone body levels were associated with lowering of liver acetyl-CoA concentration . However, the decrease in hepatic acetyl-CoA produced upon the administration of antiketogenic substrates was not pronounced. Sorbitol administration resulted in the most pronounced increase in hepatic alpha-glycerophosphate concentration. Fructose or glyceraldehyde also caused an increase in alpha-glycerophosphate content. Administration of each of the three antiketogenic substrates produced an increase in hepatic dihydroxyacetone phosphate concentration. All three antiketogenic compounds increased liver glycogen and blood glucose concentrations. No significant changes were observed in hepatic ATP, ADP, or AMP concentrations sixty minutes after the injections of any of the antiketogenic substrates. Although decreased liver acetyl-CoA levels were associated with the antiketogenic effects of the compounds tested, the increased liver alpha-glycerophosphate content best explains the differences between fructose or glyceraldehyde and sorbitol.", "contents": "Antiketogenic action of fructose, glyceraldehyde, and sorbitol in the rat in vivo. The purpose of this study was to compare the metabolism and antiketogenic properties of fructose, glyceraldehyde, and sorbitol. Fructose, glyceraldehyde, and sorbitol were readily metabolized and exhibited an antiketogenic effect in both blood and liver when injected intramuscularly to starved (forty-eight hours) rats. Sorbitol had the most pronounced antiketogenic effect and produced an 80 to 90 per cent decrease in the blood ketone bodies sixty minutes after administration. Fructose and glyceraldehyde were equally effective and produced about a 60 to 70 per cent decrease in ketone bodies. Fructose, glyceraldehyde, and sorbitol caused a significant decrease in the concentration of hepatic ketone bodies. In liver, sorbitol was found to be most effective in its antiketogenic action. The concentration of plasma free fatty acids remained unchanged after injection of all three antiketogenic substrates. Fructose, glyceraldehyde, or sorbitol caused increased blood lactate and pyruvate concentrations, and fructose was the most effective of the three substrates. Fructose administration resulted in a significant decrease in hepatic lactate/pyruvate and beta-OH-butyrate/acetoacetate concentration ratios, whereas sorbitol caused an increase in the concentration ratio of these two substrat pairs. Decreases in blood and liver ketone body levels were associated with lowering of liver acetyl-CoA concentration . However, the decrease in hepatic acetyl-CoA produced upon the administration of antiketogenic substrates was not pronounced. Sorbitol administration resulted in the most pronounced increase in hepatic alpha-glycerophosphate concentration. Fructose or glyceraldehyde also caused an increase in alpha-glycerophosphate content. Administration of each of the three antiketogenic substrates produced an increase in hepatic dihydroxyacetone phosphate concentration. All three antiketogenic compounds increased liver glycogen and blood glucose concentrations. No significant changes were observed in hepatic ATP, ADP, or AMP concentrations sixty minutes after the injections of any of the antiketogenic substrates. Although decreased liver acetyl-CoA levels were associated with the antiketogenic effects of the compounds tested, the increased liver alpha-glycerophosphate content best explains the differences between fructose or glyceraldehyde and sorbitol.", "PMID": 1175862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5392", "title": "Cardiac changes during 2-deoxy-d-glucose test. A study in patients with selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty.", "content": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a potent vagal stimulator, is used for testing the completeness of surgical vagotomies. 2-DG has however not yet been employed routinely for the postoperative testing of bagotomized patients because of possible cardiotoxic effects. In a previous study, we have shown the effects of 2-DG on the resting ECG in 48 patients. We did not observe any significant changes besides nonspecific T wave flattening and QT prolongation. The present investigation included 37 additional patients. In 27 patients, a continuous ECG tape recording for detection of arrhythmias was performed and in 10 patients, the systolic time intervals for non-invasive assessment of the myocardial contractility was recorded before and after 2-DG. Serious arrhythmias were not provoked by 2-DG. Premature contractions were, as a whole, not incrased by the drug. 2-DG did not have any cardiodepressive action. On the contrary myocardial contractility evaluated by the systolic time intervals was enhanced.", "contents": "Cardiac changes during 2-deoxy-d-glucose test. A study in patients with selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a potent vagal stimulator, is used for testing the completeness of surgical vagotomies. 2-DG has however not yet been employed routinely for the postoperative testing of bagotomized patients because of possible cardiotoxic effects. In a previous study, we have shown the effects of 2-DG on the resting ECG in 48 patients. We did not observe any significant changes besides nonspecific T wave flattening and QT prolongation. The present investigation included 37 additional patients. In 27 patients, a continuous ECG tape recording for detection of arrhythmias was performed and in 10 patients, the systolic time intervals for non-invasive assessment of the myocardial contractility was recorded before and after 2-DG. Serious arrhythmias were not provoked by 2-DG. Premature contractions were, as a whole, not incrased by the drug. 2-DG did not have any cardiodepressive action. On the contrary myocardial contractility evaluated by the systolic time intervals was enhanced.", "PMID": 1175863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5393", "title": "Gastric acid responses to graded vagal stimulation in the anaesthetized cat.", "content": "Graded acid secretory responses were obtained in anesthetized cats with intact pyloric region when the frequency of electrical stimulation of the neck vagi was increased from 0.5 to 8 Hz; 4-8 Hz induced maximal acid secretion. Antrectomy reduced the response to vagal stimulation but the reduction reached statistical significance only after additional resection of the duodenum. Administration of per se subthereshold or threshold doses of exogenous gastrin restored the acid response to vagal stimulation in antrectomized cats. Combination of a high dose of histamine and vagal stimulation in antrectomized output in anaesthetized cats which roughly amounted to two thirds of the reported maximal acid secretory rate during histamine stimulation in non-anaesthetized cats. The present results suggest that the physiological vagal discharge rate to the acid secreting glands does not reach higher frequencies than aroung 8 Hz. It is also suggested that an intact antroduodenal region is essential for acid responses to physiological vagal stimulation in the cat. Finally, the reduced sensitivity to gastric secretory stimulants under anaesthesia appears to be due in part to a reduced vagal tonus.", "contents": "Gastric acid responses to graded vagal stimulation in the anaesthetized cat. Graded acid secretory responses were obtained in anesthetized cats with intact pyloric region when the frequency of electrical stimulation of the neck vagi was increased from 0.5 to 8 Hz; 4-8 Hz induced maximal acid secretion. Antrectomy reduced the response to vagal stimulation but the reduction reached statistical significance only after additional resection of the duodenum. Administration of per se subthereshold or threshold doses of exogenous gastrin restored the acid response to vagal stimulation in antrectomized cats. Combination of a high dose of histamine and vagal stimulation in antrectomized output in anaesthetized cats which roughly amounted to two thirds of the reported maximal acid secretory rate during histamine stimulation in non-anaesthetized cats. The present results suggest that the physiological vagal discharge rate to the acid secreting glands does not reach higher frequencies than aroung 8 Hz. It is also suggested that an intact antroduodenal region is essential for acid responses to physiological vagal stimulation in the cat. Finally, the reduced sensitivity to gastric secretory stimulants under anaesthesia appears to be due in part to a reduced vagal tonus.", "PMID": 1175864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5394", "title": "Psychosomatic aspects of defecation and its disturbances.", "content": "Constipation and diarrhea are usually defined in terms of frequency of defecation and consistency of stool. However, the subjective component in these symptoms is so great that the objective criteria cannot be satisfactory. An important additional aspect is provided by the analysis of sensations and postures in the three phases of the act of defecation (announcing, emptying, subsequent phase). Taking account of the subjective aspects may contribute to a better differentiation and classification not only of constipation and diarrhea but also of such disturbances as organic rectal disease and irritable colon.", "contents": "Psychosomatic aspects of defecation and its disturbances. Constipation and diarrhea are usually defined in terms of frequency of defecation and consistency of stool. However, the subjective component in these symptoms is so great that the objective criteria cannot be satisfactory. An important additional aspect is provided by the analysis of sensations and postures in the three phases of the act of defecation (announcing, emptying, subsequent phase). Taking account of the subjective aspects may contribute to a better differentiation and classification not only of constipation and diarrhea but also of such disturbances as organic rectal disease and irritable colon.", "PMID": 1175865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5395", "title": "Chronic pancreatitis, alcoholic liver cirrhosis and salivary secretion.", "content": "By comparison with control subjects, patients with chronic pancreatitis and alcoholic liver cirrhosis displayed in basal condition a reduction in salivary volume, bicarbonate and an amylase concentration and outputs. These reductions disappeared during stimulating by chewing parafilm. It is concluded that these reductions are not the consequence of a specific process affecting both the salivary glands and the pancreas. It is suggested that they are more likely due to a decreased sensitivity of the salivary nervous control than to an actual alteration in the secretory capacities.", "contents": "Chronic pancreatitis, alcoholic liver cirrhosis and salivary secretion. By comparison with control subjects, patients with chronic pancreatitis and alcoholic liver cirrhosis displayed in basal condition a reduction in salivary volume, bicarbonate and an amylase concentration and outputs. These reductions disappeared during stimulating by chewing parafilm. It is concluded that these reductions are not the consequence of a specific process affecting both the salivary glands and the pancreas. It is suggested that they are more likely due to a decreased sensitivity of the salivary nervous control than to an actual alteration in the secretory capacities.", "PMID": 1175866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5396", "title": "75Se-selenomethionine excretion in bile and pancreatic juice.", "content": "The radioactivity in the bile and pancreatic juice of two patients was measured after intravenous injection of 75Se-l-selenomethionine. The concentration of radioactivity in both fluids is almost equal. Thin-layer chromatography shows that the main part of radioactivity in pancreatic juice is due to unbound 75Se-selenomethionine, while free 75Se-selenomethionine is only a minor part of the total radioactivity appearing in the bile.", "contents": "75Se-selenomethionine excretion in bile and pancreatic juice. The radioactivity in the bile and pancreatic juice of two patients was measured after intravenous injection of 75Se-l-selenomethionine. The concentration of radioactivity in both fluids is almost equal. Thin-layer chromatography shows that the main part of radioactivity in pancreatic juice is due to unbound 75Se-selenomethionine, while free 75Se-selenomethionine is only a minor part of the total radioactivity appearing in the bile.", "PMID": 1175867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5397", "title": "Effects of secretin and cholecystokinin on motor activity of human jejunum. A radiotelemetering study of jejunal motility during secretin and cholecystokinin intravenous infusion.", "content": "The effects of intravenous administration of secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) on motility of the human jejunum were investigated with pressure-sensitive radiotelemetering capsules. Secretin inhibited and CCK stimulated the spontaneous motor activity of this part of the small intestine. Raising the dosages of the two hormones caused increasing effects. It seems likely, therefore, that both hormones play a role in the regulation of intestinal motility in man.", "contents": "Effects of secretin and cholecystokinin on motor activity of human jejunum. A radiotelemetering study of jejunal motility during secretin and cholecystokinin intravenous infusion. The effects of intravenous administration of secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) on motility of the human jejunum were investigated with pressure-sensitive radiotelemetering capsules. Secretin inhibited and CCK stimulated the spontaneous motor activity of this part of the small intestine. Raising the dosages of the two hormones caused increasing effects. It seems likely, therefore, that both hormones play a role in the regulation of intestinal motility in man.", "PMID": 1175868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5398", "title": "An intestinal disease produced experimentally by a prostaglandin deficiency.", "content": "Several prostaglandins were found to prevent development of multiple ulcertions of the small intestine, produced in rats by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds such as indomethacin. The syndrome appears to be due to a prostaglandin deficiency produced by indomethacin; treatment with a prostaglandin prevents such deficiency and thus protects the animals.", "contents": "An intestinal disease produced experimentally by a prostaglandin deficiency. Several prostaglandins were found to prevent development of multiple ulcertions of the small intestine, produced in rats by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds such as indomethacin. The syndrome appears to be due to a prostaglandin deficiency produced by indomethacin; treatment with a prostaglandin prevents such deficiency and thus protects the animals.", "PMID": 1175882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5399", "title": "Serum lysozyme in Crohn's disease. A useful index of disease activity.", "content": "Serum lysozyme concentrations were determined in patients with clinically active and inactive Crohn's disease as well as in healthy volunteers. The mean serum lysozyme concentrations (+/- SE) for each group were as follows: controls, 8.8 +/- 0.4; active Crohn's disease, 20.8 +/- 0.8; and inactive Crohn's disease, 10.4 +/- 0.7 mug per ml. The mean lysozyme level was significantly greater in active Crohn's disease as compared to normal subjects (P less than 0.001) and patients with inactive disease (P less than 0.001). Moreover, in patients with clinically severe Crohn's disease there seems to be a trend toward greater lysozyme levels, as opposed to those with mild to moderately active disease. In patients followed serially during the course of their disease, serum lysozyme levels increased with exacerbations of the illness and decreased with clinical improvement. These findings suggest that the serum lysozyme concentrations may serve as a useful index of the activity of Crohn's disease and aid in monitoring the clinical course of such patients.", "contents": "Serum lysozyme in Crohn's disease. A useful index of disease activity. Serum lysozyme concentrations were determined in patients with clinically active and inactive Crohn's disease as well as in healthy volunteers. The mean serum lysozyme concentrations (+/- SE) for each group were as follows: controls, 8.8 +/- 0.4; active Crohn's disease, 20.8 +/- 0.8; and inactive Crohn's disease, 10.4 +/- 0.7 mug per ml. The mean lysozyme level was significantly greater in active Crohn's disease as compared to normal subjects (P less than 0.001) and patients with inactive disease (P less than 0.001). Moreover, in patients with clinically severe Crohn's disease there seems to be a trend toward greater lysozyme levels, as opposed to those with mild to moderately active disease. In patients followed serially during the course of their disease, serum lysozyme levels increased with exacerbations of the illness and decreased with clinical improvement. These findings suggest that the serum lysozyme concentrations may serve as a useful index of the activity of Crohn's disease and aid in monitoring the clinical course of such patients.", "PMID": 1175883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5400", "title": "Location, healing, and recurrence of gastric ulcers in relation to fundal gastritis.", "content": "The influence of fundal gastritis on the location, healing, and recurrence of gastric ulcers was studied by the endoscopic Congo red test. Results indicated a close correlation between the location of ulcers and the extent of fundal gastritis. In general, ulcers were more proximal when fundal gastritis was more severe. Of the ulcers examined, 62.5% of those not associated with fundal gastritis failed to heal, whereas 85.7% of those associated with severe fundal gastritis healed within 3 months. The presence of severe fundal gastritis was associated with a high rate of recurrence of gastric ulcers.", "contents": "Location, healing, and recurrence of gastric ulcers in relation to fundal gastritis. The influence of fundal gastritis on the location, healing, and recurrence of gastric ulcers was studied by the endoscopic Congo red test. Results indicated a close correlation between the location of ulcers and the extent of fundal gastritis. In general, ulcers were more proximal when fundal gastritis was more severe. Of the ulcers examined, 62.5% of those not associated with fundal gastritis failed to heal, whereas 85.7% of those associated with severe fundal gastritis healed within 3 months. The presence of severe fundal gastritis was associated with a high rate of recurrence of gastric ulcers.", "PMID": 1175884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5401", "title": "Natural history and morphology of secretagogue-induced duodenal ulcers in rats.", "content": "Morphologically typical ulcers were produced in the first part of the duodenum in 300 male Wistar rats by subcutaneous infusion for 24 hr of pentagastrin (4 mug per kg-min) and carbachol (0.8 mug per kg-min). Groups of animals were killed daily for 14 days, and their stomachs and duodenums were examined. Lesions were graded on a seven-point scale: 0, normal; 1, inflammation; 2, petechiae; 3, erosions; 4, definite ulcer crater; 5, penetrating ulcer; and 6, perforated ulcer. Every animal developed one or more definite ulcers (grades 4 to 6). Within the first 48 hr 34% of the animals died with grade 6 ulcers. Ulcer healing began on the 1st postinfusion day when 3 of 46 rats had erosions (grade 3) but no definite ulcer craters. By the following day some animals were found with normal mucosa. After the 5th postinfusion day the few remaining grade 5 or 6 ulcers were those which had perforated and sealed spontaneously. These long-standing ulcers had several features similar to human chronic duodenal ulcers. By the 12th postinfusion day definite ulcers were no longer seen. In this study duodenal ulcers have not only been produced in rats by secretagogues, but have also been observed to heal. This model can be used to compare the efficacy of various antiulcer regimens on ulcer healing.", "contents": "Natural history and morphology of secretagogue-induced duodenal ulcers in rats. Morphologically typical ulcers were produced in the first part of the duodenum in 300 male Wistar rats by subcutaneous infusion for 24 hr of pentagastrin (4 mug per kg-min) and carbachol (0.8 mug per kg-min). Groups of animals were killed daily for 14 days, and their stomachs and duodenums were examined. Lesions were graded on a seven-point scale: 0, normal; 1, inflammation; 2, petechiae; 3, erosions; 4, definite ulcer crater; 5, penetrating ulcer; and 6, perforated ulcer. Every animal developed one or more definite ulcers (grades 4 to 6). Within the first 48 hr 34% of the animals died with grade 6 ulcers. Ulcer healing began on the 1st postinfusion day when 3 of 46 rats had erosions (grade 3) but no definite ulcer craters. By the following day some animals were found with normal mucosa. After the 5th postinfusion day the few remaining grade 5 or 6 ulcers were those which had perforated and sealed spontaneously. These long-standing ulcers had several features similar to human chronic duodenal ulcers. By the 12th postinfusion day definite ulcers were no longer seen. In this study duodenal ulcers have not only been produced in rats by secretagogues, but have also been observed to heal. This model can be used to compare the efficacy of various antiulcer regimens on ulcer healing.", "PMID": 1175885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5402", "title": "Effects of essential and nonessential amino acids on gastric emptying in the dog.", "content": "Five dogs with gastric fistulas were studied to assess the effect on gastric emptying of two potent cholecystokinin (CCK) releasers (tryptophan and phenylalanine) and six other essential amino acids; the nonessential amino acids alanine, beta-alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, citrulline, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, glutamine, D-glutamine, histidine, hydroxyproline, ornithine, proline, serine, tyrosine, and D-tryptophan; four peptide and amino acid preparations; and solutions of glucose, glycine, and mannitol. Of the essential amino acids, only tryptophan significantly slowed emptying and it was above 4 mM that there was a difference between control and test meal. The delay in response to tryptophan was dose-related and approached maximum at 40 mM; D-tryptophan had no effect at these concentrations. In concentrations up to 80 mM, none of the nonessential amino acids slowed emptying significantly. The four peptide and amino acid preparations in concentrations ranging from 80 to 700 milliosmoles had dose responses identical to those of D-glucose, glycine, and mannitol at similar osmolalities. It is concluded that L-tryptophan is a uniquely potent delayer of gastric emptying in the dog which is dose-dependent and stereospecific. Phenylalanine, a potent CCK releaser, did not slow emptying, which suggests that CCK release may not be the only mechanism by which tryptophan acts. The peptide and amino acid preparations (casein hydrolysate, Bacto-peptone, Amigen, FreAmine) seem to delay emptying by stimulation of osmoreceptors which is distinct from the mechanism of action of tryptophan.", "contents": "Effects of essential and nonessential amino acids on gastric emptying in the dog. Five dogs with gastric fistulas were studied to assess the effect on gastric emptying of two potent cholecystokinin (CCK) releasers (tryptophan and phenylalanine) and six other essential amino acids; the nonessential amino acids alanine, beta-alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, citrulline, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, glutamine, D-glutamine, histidine, hydroxyproline, ornithine, proline, serine, tyrosine, and D-tryptophan; four peptide and amino acid preparations; and solutions of glucose, glycine, and mannitol. Of the essential amino acids, only tryptophan significantly slowed emptying and it was above 4 mM that there was a difference between control and test meal. The delay in response to tryptophan was dose-related and approached maximum at 40 mM; D-tryptophan had no effect at these concentrations. In concentrations up to 80 mM, none of the nonessential amino acids slowed emptying significantly. The four peptide and amino acid preparations in concentrations ranging from 80 to 700 milliosmoles had dose responses identical to those of D-glucose, glycine, and mannitol at similar osmolalities. It is concluded that L-tryptophan is a uniquely potent delayer of gastric emptying in the dog which is dose-dependent and stereospecific. Phenylalanine, a potent CCK releaser, did not slow emptying, which suggests that CCK release may not be the only mechanism by which tryptophan acts. The peptide and amino acid preparations (casein hydrolysate, Bacto-peptone, Amigen, FreAmine) seem to delay emptying by stimulation of osmoreceptors which is distinct from the mechanism of action of tryptophan.", "PMID": 1175886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5403", "title": "Role of antrum and duodenum in the control of postprandial gastric acid secretion and plasma gastrin concentration in dogs.", "content": "Three dogs were provided with Pavlov pouches. In two subsequent operations the antrum and the duodenal bulb were removed and the gastrointestinal continuity was restored by gastroduodenostomy. Gastric acid and gastrin secretion were stimulated by a test meal. The feeding experiments were repeated after each operation. The gastrin response to a test meal was markedly reduced but not eliminated by antral resection. Additional removal of the duodenal bulb significantly lowered the basal plasma gastrin concentration and abolished the gastrin response to feeding. The acid response to test meals was significantly increased by antrectomy. Extirpation of the duodenal bulb reduced the postprandial acid output to or below preantrectomy levels. The findings indicate that the antrobulbar region exerts a complex influence on gastric acid secretion which may result in stimulation or inhibition of the HCl glands. Removal of the pyloric antrum and the duodenal bulb does not effectively reduce postprandial acid secretion.", "contents": "Role of antrum and duodenum in the control of postprandial gastric acid secretion and plasma gastrin concentration in dogs. Three dogs were provided with Pavlov pouches. In two subsequent operations the antrum and the duodenal bulb were removed and the gastrointestinal continuity was restored by gastroduodenostomy. Gastric acid and gastrin secretion were stimulated by a test meal. The feeding experiments were repeated after each operation. The gastrin response to a test meal was markedly reduced but not eliminated by antral resection. Additional removal of the duodenal bulb significantly lowered the basal plasma gastrin concentration and abolished the gastrin response to feeding. The acid response to test meals was significantly increased by antrectomy. Extirpation of the duodenal bulb reduced the postprandial acid output to or below preantrectomy levels. The findings indicate that the antrobulbar region exerts a complex influence on gastric acid secretion which may result in stimulation or inhibition of the HCl glands. Removal of the pyloric antrum and the duodenal bulb does not effectively reduce postprandial acid secretion.", "PMID": 1175887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5404", "title": "Neural control of gastric mucosal blood flow in the rat.", "content": "This study was designed to determine (1) whether sympathetic nerve stimulation reduces gastric mucosal blood flow through the opening of submucosal arteriovenous anastomoses (\"shunts\"); and (2) whether parasympathetic nerve stimulation increases gastric mucosal blood flow through a direct effect on vascular smooth muscle as well as through metabolic factors secondary to increased acid secretion. An in vivo microscopy technique for the direct visualization of the rat gastric microcirculation was employed. Stimulation of the splanchnic nerve for 3 min caused an initial constriction of submucosal arterioles followed by escape (dilation during continued splanchnic stimulation) in all rats. No arteriovenous anastomoses were seen either in the resting state or during nerve stimulation. Mucosal studies with splanchnic stimulation revealed an initial progressive slowing of flow in the capillaries, followed by escape (partial return of flow). There were no significant differences between the times to maximum initial circulatory change in the submucosa and mucosa, and between the times to maximum escape in the submucosa and mucosa. These findings indicate that, in the rat, sympathetic stimulation decreases mucosal blood flow through a constricting effect on the supplying submucosal arterioles and not through the opening of \"shunts\". In studies with vagal stimulation, the submucosal arterioles dilated within 10 sec of beginning stimulation in 45 of 51 observations (P less than 0.001) and decreased in diameter within 10 sec of cessation of stimulation in 45 of 51 observations (P less than 0.001). The immediate dilation with stimulation and constriction with cessation of stimulation suggests a direct vasodilator effect of vagal stimulation on the gastric submucosal arterioles.", "contents": "Neural control of gastric mucosal blood flow in the rat. This study was designed to determine (1) whether sympathetic nerve stimulation reduces gastric mucosal blood flow through the opening of submucosal arteriovenous anastomoses (\"shunts\"); and (2) whether parasympathetic nerve stimulation increases gastric mucosal blood flow through a direct effect on vascular smooth muscle as well as through metabolic factors secondary to increased acid secretion. An in vivo microscopy technique for the direct visualization of the rat gastric microcirculation was employed. Stimulation of the splanchnic nerve for 3 min caused an initial constriction of submucosal arterioles followed by escape (dilation during continued splanchnic stimulation) in all rats. No arteriovenous anastomoses were seen either in the resting state or during nerve stimulation. Mucosal studies with splanchnic stimulation revealed an initial progressive slowing of flow in the capillaries, followed by escape (partial return of flow). There were no significant differences between the times to maximum initial circulatory change in the submucosa and mucosa, and between the times to maximum escape in the submucosa and mucosa. These findings indicate that, in the rat, sympathetic stimulation decreases mucosal blood flow through a constricting effect on the supplying submucosal arterioles and not through the opening of \"shunts\". In studies with vagal stimulation, the submucosal arterioles dilated within 10 sec of beginning stimulation in 45 of 51 observations (P less than 0.001) and decreased in diameter within 10 sec of cessation of stimulation in 45 of 51 observations (P less than 0.001). The immediate dilation with stimulation and constriction with cessation of stimulation suggests a direct vasodilator effect of vagal stimulation on the gastric submucosal arterioles.", "PMID": 1175888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5405", "title": "Inhibition of macrophage migration in response to hepatitis Bs antigen.", "content": "Macrophage migration inhibition factor produced in response to purified hepatitis Bs antigen has been demonstrated in patients with and recovering from hepatitis B antigen-positive acute viral hepatitis. These results suggest that cell-mediated immunity against this antigen occurs concomitantly with the illness, and may be important in its pathogenesis. In addition, patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis, whether serologically positive or negative for hepatitis Bs antigen, were also found to have positive macrophage migration inhibition tests. This observation suggests a role for hepatitis B virus in the majority of patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis. Negative macrophage migration inhibition tests in response to the antigen were noted in acute viral hepatitis seronegative for the hepatitis B antigen, alcoholic hepatitis, normal controls, and carriers of the antigen.", "contents": "Inhibition of macrophage migration in response to hepatitis Bs antigen. Macrophage migration inhibition factor produced in response to purified hepatitis Bs antigen has been demonstrated in patients with and recovering from hepatitis B antigen-positive acute viral hepatitis. These results suggest that cell-mediated immunity against this antigen occurs concomitantly with the illness, and may be important in its pathogenesis. In addition, patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis, whether serologically positive or negative for hepatitis Bs antigen, were also found to have positive macrophage migration inhibition tests. This observation suggests a role for hepatitis B virus in the majority of patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis. Negative macrophage migration inhibition tests in response to the antigen were noted in acute viral hepatitis seronegative for the hepatitis B antigen, alcoholic hepatitis, normal controls, and carriers of the antigen.", "PMID": 1175889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5406", "title": "Effects of chlorpromazine on bilirubin metabolism and biliary secretion in the rat.", "content": "Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is a long recognized cause of jaundice, but the mechanism by which this agent produces icteric liver disease is not well defined. This study examined some effects of CPZ administration on bilirubin metabolism and biliary secretion in the rat. Acute CPZ treatment (25 mg per kg intravenously) produced hemolysis and resulted in increased bilirubin output and stimulation of hepatic heme synthesis. Both unconjugated bilirubin and a gamma-azopigment found primarily in obstructed rat bile were seen. Acute infusion of hemoglobin solutions to simulate the hemolysis produced by acute CPZ treatment resulted in increased bilirubin output and increased hepatic heme synthesis, but no alterations in the normal conjugation pattern of bilirubin in bile were seen. Chronic CPZ treatment for 4 and 8 days (25 mg per kg intraperitoneally) increased bilirubin output without elevating plasma hemoglobin levels and increased the fraction of monoconjugated bilirubin in bile; the 8-day chronic treatment regimen also caused unconjugated bilirubin to appear in bile. No change in liver weight, bile salt, phospholipid, or cholesterol output was seen with chronic CPZ therapy. Changes in bilirubin production and conjugation caused by CPZ may be a contributing factor in this agent's hepatotoxicity.", "contents": "Effects of chlorpromazine on bilirubin metabolism and biliary secretion in the rat. Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is a long recognized cause of jaundice, but the mechanism by which this agent produces icteric liver disease is not well defined. This study examined some effects of CPZ administration on bilirubin metabolism and biliary secretion in the rat. Acute CPZ treatment (25 mg per kg intravenously) produced hemolysis and resulted in increased bilirubin output and stimulation of hepatic heme synthesis. Both unconjugated bilirubin and a gamma-azopigment found primarily in obstructed rat bile were seen. Acute infusion of hemoglobin solutions to simulate the hemolysis produced by acute CPZ treatment resulted in increased bilirubin output and increased hepatic heme synthesis, but no alterations in the normal conjugation pattern of bilirubin in bile were seen. Chronic CPZ treatment for 4 and 8 days (25 mg per kg intraperitoneally) increased bilirubin output without elevating plasma hemoglobin levels and increased the fraction of monoconjugated bilirubin in bile; the 8-day chronic treatment regimen also caused unconjugated bilirubin to appear in bile. No change in liver weight, bile salt, phospholipid, or cholesterol output was seen with chronic CPZ therapy. Changes in bilirubin production and conjugation caused by CPZ may be a contributing factor in this agent's hepatotoxicity.", "PMID": 1175890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5407", "title": "Chronic hyperbilirubinemia associated with hepatic uptake and storage impairment. A new syndrome resembling that of the mutant Southdown sheep.", "content": "A 19-year-old female complained of moderate jaundice since early childhood, without any other clinical abnormality. Apart from the hyperbilirubinemia (which comprised around 50% of conjugated bilirubin), usual hepatic function tests were normal. Oral cholecystogram showed a delayed opacification of a normal gallbladder. Liver histology and hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity were normal. The plasma disappearance rates of bromosulfophthalein, dibromosulfopthalein, rose bengal, and indocyanine green were dramatically reduced. There was a marked impairment of the relative storage capacities of bromosulfophthalein and dibromosulfophthalein; this reduction was associated with, and thought to be the cause of, some decrease of the biliary transport maximum. This new form of chronic benign hyperbilirubinemia seems therefore primarily due to a defect of hepatic uptake and storage, and closely resembles the disease observed in the mutant Southdown sheep. Since it is not yet possible to quantify the Y- and Z-proteins from a needle biopsy of human liver, their role in the pathogenesis of the present disease remains speculative.", "contents": "Chronic hyperbilirubinemia associated with hepatic uptake and storage impairment. A new syndrome resembling that of the mutant Southdown sheep. A 19-year-old female complained of moderate jaundice since early childhood, without any other clinical abnormality. Apart from the hyperbilirubinemia (which comprised around 50% of conjugated bilirubin), usual hepatic function tests were normal. Oral cholecystogram showed a delayed opacification of a normal gallbladder. Liver histology and hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity were normal. The plasma disappearance rates of bromosulfophthalein, dibromosulfopthalein, rose bengal, and indocyanine green were dramatically reduced. There was a marked impairment of the relative storage capacities of bromosulfophthalein and dibromosulfophthalein; this reduction was associated with, and thought to be the cause of, some decrease of the biliary transport maximum. This new form of chronic benign hyperbilirubinemia seems therefore primarily due to a defect of hepatic uptake and storage, and closely resembles the disease observed in the mutant Southdown sheep. Since it is not yet possible to quantify the Y- and Z-proteins from a needle biopsy of human liver, their role in the pathogenesis of the present disease remains speculative.", "PMID": 1175891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5408", "title": "Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma: A report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma are reported. Review of the literature reveals only seven previous reports. Cases presented predominantly with either hepatomegaly or ascites. Neither history nor physical and laboratory examination distinguished these patients with primary leiomyosarcomas from those with other hepatic tumors. Analysis of the cases reviewed suggests that aggressive hepatic surgery may improve prognosis.", "contents": "Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma: A report of two cases. Two cases of primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma are reported. Review of the literature reveals only seven previous reports. Cases presented predominantly with either hepatomegaly or ascites. Neither history nor physical and laboratory examination distinguished these patients with primary leiomyosarcomas from those with other hepatic tumors. Analysis of the cases reviewed suggests that aggressive hepatic surgery may improve prognosis.", "PMID": 1175892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5409", "title": "Effects of clofibrate in primary biliary cirrhosis hypercholesterolemia and gallstones.", "content": "A patient with primary biliary cirrhosis is reported in whom the administration of clofibrate in a dose of 1 g per day for 2 months resulted in a marked increase in hypercholesterolemia, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography showed multiple intrahepatic gallstones. The stones disappeared 3 months after stopping clofibrate and starting chenodeoxycholic acid in a dose of 125 mg daily. These observations are discussed in relation to the known effects of clofibrate on bile composition.", "contents": "Effects of clofibrate in primary biliary cirrhosis hypercholesterolemia and gallstones. A patient with primary biliary cirrhosis is reported in whom the administration of clofibrate in a dose of 1 g per day for 2 months resulted in a marked increase in hypercholesterolemia, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography showed multiple intrahepatic gallstones. The stones disappeared 3 months after stopping clofibrate and starting chenodeoxycholic acid in a dose of 125 mg daily. These observations are discussed in relation to the known effects of clofibrate on bile composition.", "PMID": 1175893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5410", "title": "[Surgical treatment of breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "We compared the healing rates of 387 patients with breast cancer, 203 of them had been treated with the extensive operation technique of Halsted, 184 with a simple mastectomy. Both groups had a x-ray treatment after the operation. Our controls 3, 5 and 10 years after the operation showed, that the healing results of the radically operated patients were better. The complication-rate of the radical operations was not more elevated compared with the conservative more ones.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of breast cancer (author's transl)]. We compared the healing rates of 387 patients with breast cancer, 203 of them had been treated with the extensive operation technique of Halsted, 184 with a simple mastectomy. Both groups had a x-ray treatment after the operation. Our controls 3, 5 and 10 years after the operation showed, that the healing results of the radically operated patients were better. The complication-rate of the radical operations was not more elevated compared with the conservative more ones.", "PMID": 1175894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5411", "title": "[A comment about premature births (author's transl)].", "content": "Prenatal case histories and labours of 908 mothers who delivered prematurely at the University of Heidelberg, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Mannheim, between the years 1966-1971 were compared with a freely selected group of 782 mothers who delivered healthy mature infants with birth weights over 2500 g. (Premature infants -- under 2501 g; Stillborn infants -- under 2501 g and a minimum 35 cm crown-heel length). A tendency to premature delivery was observed in primipara, multipara with at least 4 previous deliveries, unmarried mothers, and in women with a preceding miscarriage or with closely spaced pregnancies less than 24 months apart. Bleeding during pregnancy, EPH-Syndrome, inadequate prenatal care, premature amnion rupture, abruptio placentae, pathological presentation and complications during labour were more frequently observed in mothers who delivered prematurely than those at full term. Histo-pathological changes of the placentas were found in 11,2% in cases of premature births as opposed to 3,6% in full term cases.", "contents": "[A comment about premature births (author's transl)]. Prenatal case histories and labours of 908 mothers who delivered prematurely at the University of Heidelberg, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Mannheim, between the years 1966-1971 were compared with a freely selected group of 782 mothers who delivered healthy mature infants with birth weights over 2500 g. (Premature infants -- under 2501 g; Stillborn infants -- under 2501 g and a minimum 35 cm crown-heel length). A tendency to premature delivery was observed in primipara, multipara with at least 4 previous deliveries, unmarried mothers, and in women with a preceding miscarriage or with closely spaced pregnancies less than 24 months apart. Bleeding during pregnancy, EPH-Syndrome, inadequate prenatal care, premature amnion rupture, abruptio placentae, pathological presentation and complications during labour were more frequently observed in mothers who delivered prematurely than those at full term. Histo-pathological changes of the placentas were found in 11,2% in cases of premature births as opposed to 3,6% in full term cases.", "PMID": 1175895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5412", "title": "[The comparative value of ultrasound examinations and quantitative determinations of chorionic gonadotropin in the differential diagnosis of the disturbed early pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic value of ultrasound examinations is compared to the diagnostic value of determinations of the chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) excretion in normal and abnormal early pregnancy. 330 pregnancies between 5 and 16 weeks gestation were examined. there were 78 cases of normal early pregnancy, 131 cases of threatened abortion, 29 cases of missed abortion and 92 cases of incomplete abortion. the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound examination was 95,5% in 582 determinations, the HCG excretions showed a diagnostic accuracy of 87,1%. The combined accuracy of both methods reduced the diagnostic error to 0,58%. The results in the different groups of patients were compared. Errors in ultrasound diagnosis decrease with increasing gestational age. Diagnostic errors were especially observed in cases of uterine retroversion, obesity or unknown menstrual history. The diagnostic accuracy of the HCG excretion is improved by serial determinations.", "contents": "[The comparative value of ultrasound examinations and quantitative determinations of chorionic gonadotropin in the differential diagnosis of the disturbed early pregnancy (author's transl)]. The diagnostic value of ultrasound examinations is compared to the diagnostic value of determinations of the chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) excretion in normal and abnormal early pregnancy. 330 pregnancies between 5 and 16 weeks gestation were examined. there were 78 cases of normal early pregnancy, 131 cases of threatened abortion, 29 cases of missed abortion and 92 cases of incomplete abortion. the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound examination was 95,5% in 582 determinations, the HCG excretions showed a diagnostic accuracy of 87,1%. The combined accuracy of both methods reduced the diagnostic error to 0,58%. The results in the different groups of patients were compared. Errors in ultrasound diagnosis decrease with increasing gestational age. Diagnostic errors were especially observed in cases of uterine retroversion, obesity or unknown menstrual history. The diagnostic accuracy of the HCG excretion is improved by serial determinations.", "PMID": 1175896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5413", "title": "[The rapid determination of urinary estriol in pregnancy by thin layer chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "A simplified method for the determination of urinary estriol in pregnancy by thin layer chromatography is described. After precipitation of the conjugated substances with ammonium sulfate a short hydrolysis is carried out. Estriol is extracted with diethylether and coupled with dark blue R salt to an azo-dye. After thin layer chromatographic isolation, a spectrophotometric determination from the chromatogram is done. The recovery rate is 94%. The mean error in serial determination is +/- 5,4%. 1 nanogram (10(-9) g) of estriol can be determined from the thin layer chromatogram. The time required to obtain a result is just over 1 hour.", "contents": "[The rapid determination of urinary estriol in pregnancy by thin layer chromatography (author's transl)]. A simplified method for the determination of urinary estriol in pregnancy by thin layer chromatography is described. After precipitation of the conjugated substances with ammonium sulfate a short hydrolysis is carried out. Estriol is extracted with diethylether and coupled with dark blue R salt to an azo-dye. After thin layer chromatographic isolation, a spectrophotometric determination from the chromatogram is done. The recovery rate is 94%. The mean error in serial determination is +/- 5,4%. 1 nanogram (10(-9) g) of estriol can be determined from the thin layer chromatogram. The time required to obtain a result is just over 1 hour.", "PMID": 1175897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5414", "title": "[Polymorphonuclear infiltration of the placenta in cases with internal fetal monitoring (author's transl)].", "content": "The infectious morbidity due to intra-amniotic fetal monitoring was studied morphologically in 100 spontaneous deliveries with intra-amniotic fetal monitoring. The control group consisted of 100 spontaneous deliveries with external fetal monitoring. It was shown that internal fetal monitoring does not increase the infectious morbidity with total labours of up to 12 hours. The occurrence of inflammatory cell infiltrates in the placenta, the membranes and the umbilical cord is not in each case due to a bacterial intra-uterine infection. The pathogenesis of these infiltrates is discussed comparing the results of the literature and this study.", "contents": "[Polymorphonuclear infiltration of the placenta in cases with internal fetal monitoring (author's transl)]. The infectious morbidity due to intra-amniotic fetal monitoring was studied morphologically in 100 spontaneous deliveries with intra-amniotic fetal monitoring. The control group consisted of 100 spontaneous deliveries with external fetal monitoring. It was shown that internal fetal monitoring does not increase the infectious morbidity with total labours of up to 12 hours. The occurrence of inflammatory cell infiltrates in the placenta, the membranes and the umbilical cord is not in each case due to a bacterial intra-uterine infection. The pathogenesis of these infiltrates is discussed comparing the results of the literature and this study.", "PMID": 1175898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5415", "title": "[Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of adenoid (acantholytic) squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in an 82 year old patient is reported which was treated by simple vulvectomy. This tumor is very rare in the vulva.", "contents": "[Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (author's transl)]. A case of adenoid (acantholytic) squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in an 82 year old patient is reported which was treated by simple vulvectomy. This tumor is very rare in the vulva.", "PMID": 1175899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5416", "title": "[The effect of radiotherapy on blood clotting and thrombocyteaggregation in patients with gynecological carcinomas (author's tranls)].", "content": "This is a study about changes in blood clotting and thrombocyteaggregation in 55 patients with gynecological carcinomas undergoing radiotherapy. The usual thromboembolism prophylaxis were supplemented by 10000 USP-U Heparine administered subcutaneously in 12-hour-intervals. After radiotherapy there was no change in blood clotting values, gross-thrombocyte count or in percentage of thrombocytes involved in aggregation. Aggregation velocity was significantly higher directly after radiotherapy compared to before, it reached normal values after 4 days. The increase was virtually independent of age, body weight or radio therapy dosage. The strangest increase with doubling of normal aggregation speed was found in primary insertions. Second- and third-time insertion showed only smaller increases. Subcutaneous application of Calciparin was simple and painless, in one case the medication had to be discontinued because of a bleeding in the pectoralis area. An increased bleeding tendency was not observed. Thromboembolic complications did not occur.", "contents": "[The effect of radiotherapy on blood clotting and thrombocyteaggregation in patients with gynecological carcinomas (author's tranls)]. This is a study about changes in blood clotting and thrombocyteaggregation in 55 patients with gynecological carcinomas undergoing radiotherapy. The usual thromboembolism prophylaxis were supplemented by 10000 USP-U Heparine administered subcutaneously in 12-hour-intervals. After radiotherapy there was no change in blood clotting values, gross-thrombocyte count or in percentage of thrombocytes involved in aggregation. Aggregation velocity was significantly higher directly after radiotherapy compared to before, it reached normal values after 4 days. The increase was virtually independent of age, body weight or radio therapy dosage. The strangest increase with doubling of normal aggregation speed was found in primary insertions. Second- and third-time insertion showed only smaller increases. Subcutaneous application of Calciparin was simple and painless, in one case the medication had to be discontinued because of a bleeding in the pectoralis area. An increased bleeding tendency was not observed. Thromboembolic complications did not occur.", "PMID": 1175900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5417", "title": "[Is a vaginal breech delivery still justified? (author's transl)].", "content": "In our series of vaginal breech deliveries the morbidity from hypoxia and acidosis showed no difference to the same type of morbidity in our series of breech deliveries by Caesarean section. The correct selection of cases, intensive monitoring during labour and the management of the second stage of labour as outlined in our paper are the most important perequisites which permit to plan and justify a vaginal breech delivery in present obstetric practice.", "contents": "[Is a vaginal breech delivery still justified? (author's transl)]. In our series of vaginal breech deliveries the morbidity from hypoxia and acidosis showed no difference to the same type of morbidity in our series of breech deliveries by Caesarean section. The correct selection of cases, intensive monitoring during labour and the management of the second stage of labour as outlined in our paper are the most important perequisites which permit to plan and justify a vaginal breech delivery in present obstetric practice.", "PMID": 1175901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5418", "title": "[The clininal management of breech presentation].", "content": "During the period 1969--1973, a total of 7933 deliveries was carried out at the First University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Vienna. Of these, 328 deliveries were breech presentations and 260 were single-born. The frequency of Caesarean sections in the case of breech presentations was 16,6%, i.e. about four times higher than the average frequency of Caesarean sections in relation to the overall number of obstetric patients of our clinic. The high frequency of premature deliveries in breech presentation (18,46%) is reflected in the perinatal mortality rate; 5,67% of all children born in breech position died sub or post partum. The net perinatal mortality rate was 1,15%.", "contents": "[The clininal management of breech presentation]. During the period 1969--1973, a total of 7933 deliveries was carried out at the First University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Vienna. Of these, 328 deliveries were breech presentations and 260 were single-born. The frequency of Caesarean sections in the case of breech presentations was 16,6%, i.e. about four times higher than the average frequency of Caesarean sections in relation to the overall number of obstetric patients of our clinic. The high frequency of premature deliveries in breech presentation (18,46%) is reflected in the perinatal mortality rate; 5,67% of all children born in breech position died sub or post partum. The net perinatal mortality rate was 1,15%.", "PMID": 1175902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5419", "title": "[The costs of cancer screening (author's transl)].", "content": "By the cancer screening programme of the German legal health insurance 4,830,717 females were examined in 1973. The yield of cytologic \"positive\" cases has been 0.23 percent. The sum for finding one of these cases has been in the range from 14,388.-- DM to 16,132.--DM. As can be calculated by the available data on the incidence of cancer of the cervix uteri only about one third of these cases with \"positive\" findings can be a proven case of cancer (carcinoma in situ included). Thus one proven carcinoma of this site can be detected by the costs of 40,656.--DM to 80,586.--DM and this sum shows an increasing tendency. In spite of these high costs for the cancer detection programme the total expenses for early detection measures amounted only to 0.6 percent of the total expenditues of the legal health insurance in the first half-year 1974. The problem of a high rate of false-positive smears is discussed.", "contents": "[The costs of cancer screening (author's transl)]. By the cancer screening programme of the German legal health insurance 4,830,717 females were examined in 1973. The yield of cytologic \"positive\" cases has been 0.23 percent. The sum for finding one of these cases has been in the range from 14,388.-- DM to 16,132.--DM. As can be calculated by the available data on the incidence of cancer of the cervix uteri only about one third of these cases with \"positive\" findings can be a proven case of cancer (carcinoma in situ included). Thus one proven carcinoma of this site can be detected by the costs of 40,656.--DM to 80,586.--DM and this sum shows an increasing tendency. In spite of these high costs for the cancer detection programme the total expenses for early detection measures amounted only to 0.6 percent of the total expenditues of the legal health insurance in the first half-year 1974. The problem of a high rate of false-positive smears is discussed.", "PMID": 1175903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5420", "title": "[The serum copper/serum iron ratio in malignant tumors of the female genitalia].", "content": "Copper and iron in blood of 83 women with maligne tumors of the genitalia were regulary controled before, during and till 69 weeks after therapy. The relation between the copper/iron-ratio and the expansion and histology of the tumors, the success of the therapy and the incidence of a recurrence was checked for any significancy. Our results show the improtance of the ratio in the diagnosis and differentialdiagnosis of the ovarian-cancer and the corpus-uteri-cancer, and in the success-controll during tumor-therapy. In the group of the patients with collum-uteri-cancer we found a significant difference in the copper/iron-ratio of the patients with and without a recurrence during the controllperiod after therapy, which emphasizes the importance of this copper/iron-ratio.", "contents": "[The serum copper/serum iron ratio in malignant tumors of the female genitalia]. Copper and iron in blood of 83 women with maligne tumors of the genitalia were regulary controled before, during and till 69 weeks after therapy. The relation between the copper/iron-ratio and the expansion and histology of the tumors, the success of the therapy and the incidence of a recurrence was checked for any significancy. Our results show the improtance of the ratio in the diagnosis and differentialdiagnosis of the ovarian-cancer and the corpus-uteri-cancer, and in the success-controll during tumor-therapy. In the group of the patients with collum-uteri-cancer we found a significant difference in the copper/iron-ratio of the patients with and without a recurrence during the controllperiod after therapy, which emphasizes the importance of this copper/iron-ratio.", "PMID": 1175904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5421", "title": "[The needle biopsy in suspected pelvic recurrence].", "content": "The Silverman needle biopsy for the diagnosis of suspicious palpatory findings in the pelvis in cancer patients is recommended. Occasional trauma cannot be avoided but is of secondary importance in the light of the diagnostic value of the procedure. The risk of treatment of a recurrence is much higher. Only 1 trauma necessitated long term antibiotic treatment because of a parametritis. Perforation or biopsy of the bladder or the rectum usually remained asymptomatic. The needle biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of recurrent tumor in 47 out of 74 patients with the first try. In 6 out of 10 patients the tumor diagnosis was confirmed by a second needle biopsy 2 to 3 months later. Two patients had a third negative biopsy. A total of 11 patients were saved from the fate of treatment of a clinically suspected cancer recurrence as confirmed by the subsequent clinical course over the next 1 to 6 years.", "contents": "[The needle biopsy in suspected pelvic recurrence]. The Silverman needle biopsy for the diagnosis of suspicious palpatory findings in the pelvis in cancer patients is recommended. Occasional trauma cannot be avoided but is of secondary importance in the light of the diagnostic value of the procedure. The risk of treatment of a recurrence is much higher. Only 1 trauma necessitated long term antibiotic treatment because of a parametritis. Perforation or biopsy of the bladder or the rectum usually remained asymptomatic. The needle biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of recurrent tumor in 47 out of 74 patients with the first try. In 6 out of 10 patients the tumor diagnosis was confirmed by a second needle biopsy 2 to 3 months later. Two patients had a third negative biopsy. A total of 11 patients were saved from the fate of treatment of a clinically suspected cancer recurrence as confirmed by the subsequent clinical course over the next 1 to 6 years.", "PMID": 1175905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5422", "title": "[The filtration capacity of the cervix uteri (in-vitro studies) (author's transl)].", "content": "In-vitro experiments had been undertaken in order to clarify sperm selection by cervical mucus. Sperm samples, preferably with a high rate of abnormal cells, were obtained from fertile and infertile men for 35 penetration tests. Cervical mucus was collected from fertile women during praeovulatory phase. The penetration tests resulted in a statistically high amount of normal sperm cells which had migrated through cervical mucus as compared to abnormal cells. The  significance of this filtration capacity of the cervical mucus will be discussed.", "contents": "[The filtration capacity of the cervix uteri (in-vitro studies) (author's transl)]. In-vitro experiments had been undertaken in order to clarify sperm selection by cervical mucus. Sperm samples, preferably with a high rate of abnormal cells, were obtained from fertile and infertile men for 35 penetration tests. Cervical mucus was collected from fertile women during praeovulatory phase. The penetration tests resulted in a statistically high amount of normal sperm cells which had migrated through cervical mucus as compared to abnormal cells. The  significance of this filtration capacity of the cervical mucus will be discussed.", "PMID": 1175907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5423", "title": "[Pregnancies with intra-uterine devices in-situ (author's transl)].", "content": "Pregnancies occurring with an intra-uterine device in situ were reviewed. Of 438 insertions since 1966, 31 patients became pregnant. 25 pregancies occurred with a Lippes Loop C or D of 277 insertions. Six pregnancies occurred with the Dalkon Shield among 161 patients. About 50% of the pregnancies occurred in the age group from 26 to 29 years and only 13% in the age group 20 to 25 years. Pregnancy did not occur in the age group below 20 years and in the age group above 40 years. The highest number of pregnancies occurred in Para 2's and Para 3's. 84% of all pregnancies occurred within the first 18 months after the insertion of the I.U.C.D. 13 of the pregnancies ended in therapeutic abortion and nine of these were combined with sterilization. Five pregnancies (about 20%) ended in a spontaneous abortion and one pregnancy ended in a premature delivery at 22 weeks. Five pregnancies went to term and three of these patients had tubal ligations post-partum. -- The three ectopic pregnancies are described in detail. There was one ovarian pregnancy, one tubal pregnancy and one pregnancy in the uterosacral ligament. -- The intra-uterine device is considered to be an acceptable method of contraception. The incidence of spontaneous abortion and ectopic pregnancy with an intra-uterine device in situ is increased. Because of the increased incidence of infertility following an ectopic pregnancy, the intra-uterine contraceptive device is only recommended with great reservation as a contraceptive method for nulligravidas.", "contents": "[Pregnancies with intra-uterine devices in-situ (author's transl)]. Pregnancies occurring with an intra-uterine device in situ were reviewed. Of 438 insertions since 1966, 31 patients became pregnant. 25 pregancies occurred with a Lippes Loop C or D of 277 insertions. Six pregnancies occurred with the Dalkon Shield among 161 patients. About 50% of the pregnancies occurred in the age group from 26 to 29 years and only 13% in the age group 20 to 25 years. Pregnancy did not occur in the age group below 20 years and in the age group above 40 years. The highest number of pregnancies occurred in Para 2's and Para 3's. 84% of all pregnancies occurred within the first 18 months after the insertion of the I.U.C.D. 13 of the pregnancies ended in therapeutic abortion and nine of these were combined with sterilization. Five pregnancies (about 20%) ended in a spontaneous abortion and one pregnancy ended in a premature delivery at 22 weeks. Five pregnancies went to term and three of these patients had tubal ligations post-partum. -- The three ectopic pregnancies are described in detail. There was one ovarian pregnancy, one tubal pregnancy and one pregnancy in the uterosacral ligament. -- The intra-uterine device is considered to be an acceptable method of contraception. The incidence of spontaneous abortion and ectopic pregnancy with an intra-uterine device in situ is increased. Because of the increased incidence of infertility following an ectopic pregnancy, the intra-uterine contraceptive device is only recommended with great reservation as a contraceptive method for nulligravidas.", "PMID": 1175906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5424", "title": "[The influence of electric acupuncture on the closing mechanism of the female urethra in cases of stressincontinence (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of electric acupuncture on the sphincter of the femal urethra was checked on 15 patients with stressincontinence without gross anatomic variation recognized by means of simultaneous cystourethrometry. After 30 minutes of electric stimulation through acupuncture-needles, which were placed into the skin of the lower legs and lower abdomen, a significant increase of the so-called \"closing pressure\" was to be found. 11 patients even showed a positive pressure. In a control collective of 15 other patients, who however did not undergo acupuncture there was only one case of slight increase of closing pressure. In addition 15 patients were given a placebo suppository, in order to eliminate as far as possible any psychical factor. In none of these cases a significant change of the closing pressure could be found. Even though the actual working manner of electric acupuncture is not understood, these experiments seem to confirm the assumption of the electric acupuncture as having a positive influence on the closing mechanism of the femal urethra.", "contents": "[The influence of electric acupuncture on the closing mechanism of the female urethra in cases of stressincontinence (author's transl)]. The influence of electric acupuncture on the sphincter of the femal urethra was checked on 15 patients with stressincontinence without gross anatomic variation recognized by means of simultaneous cystourethrometry. After 30 minutes of electric stimulation through acupuncture-needles, which were placed into the skin of the lower legs and lower abdomen, a significant increase of the so-called \"closing pressure\" was to be found. 11 patients even showed a positive pressure. In a control collective of 15 other patients, who however did not undergo acupuncture there was only one case of slight increase of closing pressure. In addition 15 patients were given a placebo suppository, in order to eliminate as far as possible any psychical factor. In none of these cases a significant change of the closing pressure could be found. Even though the actual working manner of electric acupuncture is not understood, these experiments seem to confirm the assumption of the electric acupuncture as having a positive influence on the closing mechanism of the femal urethra.", "PMID": 1175910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5425", "title": "[Paresis of the femoral nerve following vaginal hysterectomy and its medico-legal implication (author's transl)].", "content": "Following the North American example, mal-practice suits become more common in Germany. The rare complication of a paresis of the femoral nerve following vaginal hysterectomy is reported. Among 1307 vaginal hysterectomies, including 33 radical vaginal hysterectomies between 1969 and 1974, three cases occurred. In one case, the surgeon was sued but the patient lost the mal-practice suit. In another case a diminished employability was recognized later. The causes and the prevention of damage of the femoral nerve during vaginal procedures are discussed.", "contents": "[Paresis of the femoral nerve following vaginal hysterectomy and its medico-legal implication (author's transl)]. Following the North American example, mal-practice suits become more common in Germany. The rare complication of a paresis of the femoral nerve following vaginal hysterectomy is reported. Among 1307 vaginal hysterectomies, including 33 radical vaginal hysterectomies between 1969 and 1974, three cases occurred. In one case, the surgeon was sued but the patient lost the mal-practice suit. In another case a diminished employability was recognized later. The causes and the prevention of damage of the femoral nerve during vaginal procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 1175911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5426", "title": "[Dynamic of demographic economic developments (author's transl)].", "content": "Present and predicted demographic and economic developments demonstrate a close interrelation between population and the economy. In the course of a few years the population structure of highly industrialized societies such as the German Federal Republic has changed, due to declining birth-rate, negative birth/death-rate ratio and an influx of foreign workers; many problems and contradictions result therefrom. One is bound to conclude that traditional population theories have been overtaken by practice and that only the present and the future count in promoting the evolution of society. The problem is to bring about an equilibrium between the widely varying increases in production rates in different branches of industry, population trends and the standard of living. Decreases in population and endogenous mortality are reflected in national investment policies, capital distribution within a generation and statutory provisions. Conversely, marriage, fertility and mortality exercise and influence on investment, justice and morality. It has not yet been proven whether, in view of the behavior of one generation, a chance of generation results in a new situation. Certainly, selective adaption processes are operative between population and economic trends. To cope with these processes, a maximum of motivation is essential.", "contents": "[Dynamic of demographic economic developments (author's transl)]. Present and predicted demographic and economic developments demonstrate a close interrelation between population and the economy. In the course of a few years the population structure of highly industrialized societies such as the German Federal Republic has changed, due to declining birth-rate, negative birth/death-rate ratio and an influx of foreign workers; many problems and contradictions result therefrom. One is bound to conclude that traditional population theories have been overtaken by practice and that only the present and the future count in promoting the evolution of society. The problem is to bring about an equilibrium between the widely varying increases in production rates in different branches of industry, population trends and the standard of living. Decreases in population and endogenous mortality are reflected in national investment policies, capital distribution within a generation and statutory provisions. Conversely, marriage, fertility and mortality exercise and influence on investment, justice and morality. It has not yet been proven whether, in view of the behavior of one generation, a chance of generation results in a new situation. Certainly, selective adaption processes are operative between population and economic trends. To cope with these processes, a maximum of motivation is essential.", "PMID": 1175912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5427", "title": "[Coma diabeticum and intrauterine fetal death. Therapeutic considerations on hand of a clinical case (author's transl)].", "content": "We report about a thirty year old woman in the 34th week of pregnancy, who was hospitalized with ketoacid coma diabeticum. The intrauterine death of the fetus was diagnostisized. Neither the pathological glucose tolerance nor the metabolic disorder had been previously recognized. In the patient history though we find concrete signs of a possible pathological glucose tolerance. We describe our therapy of the coma. In the following we discuss the frequency of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in pregnant women and screening methods for diabets.", "contents": "[Coma diabeticum and intrauterine fetal death. Therapeutic considerations on hand of a clinical case (author's transl)]. We report about a thirty year old woman in the 34th week of pregnancy, who was hospitalized with ketoacid coma diabeticum. The intrauterine death of the fetus was diagnostisized. Neither the pathological glucose tolerance nor the metabolic disorder had been previously recognized. In the patient history though we find concrete signs of a possible pathological glucose tolerance. We describe our therapy of the coma. In the following we discuss the frequency of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in pregnant women and screening methods for diabets.", "PMID": 1175913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5428", "title": "Social class and preschool language skill: IV. semantic mastery of shapes.", "content": "Sociolinguists have contended that children, and especially black children, from families of poverty commonly fail in school not because they have either a cognitive or language deficit but because they have a dialect problem. Being unfamiliar with standard English, they are forced to undertake a double task while learning to read. In order to test the validity of this contention, 54 Head Start and 33 nursery-school children of four years were examined with a test of shape identification. The children of Head Start identified six shapes perceptually by matching them about as well as did the nursery-school children. On the other hand, a much smaller percentage of Head Start than of nursery school named correctly all the shapes as they were indicated by the examiners or indicated correctly all the shapes when they were named by the examiners. Sex differences in semantic mastery of shapes are absent; and among the children of Head Start, race differences in semantic mastery of shapes are also absent. The deficit in semantic mastery for shapes is clearly evident, and demonstrating the existence of such deficits can be useful in guiding compensatory education.", "contents": "Social class and preschool language skill: IV. semantic mastery of shapes. Sociolinguists have contended that children, and especially black children, from families of poverty commonly fail in school not because they have either a cognitive or language deficit but because they have a dialect problem. Being unfamiliar with standard English, they are forced to undertake a double task while learning to read. In order to test the validity of this contention, 54 Head Start and 33 nursery-school children of four years were examined with a test of shape identification. The children of Head Start identified six shapes perceptually by matching them about as well as did the nursery-school children. On the other hand, a much smaller percentage of Head Start than of nursery school named correctly all the shapes as they were indicated by the examiners or indicated correctly all the shapes when they were named by the examiners. Sex differences in semantic mastery of shapes are absent; and among the children of Head Start, race differences in semantic mastery of shapes are also absent. The deficit in semantic mastery for shapes is clearly evident, and demonstrating the existence of such deficits can be useful in guiding compensatory education.", "PMID": 1175914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5429", "title": "Social class and preschool language skill: V. Cognitive and semantic mastery of number.", "content": "This study was done to test the validity of two hypotheses of why children, and especially black children, of families of the poverty sector commonly fail in school. Sociologists deny for them either a cognitive or a linguistic deficit, and blame their failures on having to master the unfamiliar dialect of standard English while learning to read. The authors, on the other hand, blame the failures on inadequacies of early preschool experience that result in such deficits as one in semantic mastery of various elementary abstractions. In 1970-1971, 87 four-year-old students (58 black and 29 white) of Head Start and 33 of nursery school were examined with a five part test of number identification. In 1971-1972, the study was repeated with 69 four-year-olds of Head Start and 46 of the nursery school. A much smaller percentage of Head Start than of nursery school identify the numbers of blocks from 2 through 4 by either the heard or spoken mode of number identification. For numbers 5 and 6, most children of both classes fail. The evidence for a semantic deficit for number is very strong. The evidence indicates also a deficit in the span of apprehension and suggests the existence of class differences in the power of examiner demands for heard and for spoken identification to elicit the counting strategy. Evidence of sex differences in semantic mastery of number is absent, and among Head Start children, race differences lack statistical significance. These findings are highly dissonant with the contention of the sociolinguists that no cognitive or linguistic deficits exist and uncovering them can be helpful in guiding compensatory education.", "contents": "Social class and preschool language skill: V. Cognitive and semantic mastery of number. This study was done to test the validity of two hypotheses of why children, and especially black children, of families of the poverty sector commonly fail in school. Sociologists deny for them either a cognitive or a linguistic deficit, and blame their failures on having to master the unfamiliar dialect of standard English while learning to read. The authors, on the other hand, blame the failures on inadequacies of early preschool experience that result in such deficits as one in semantic mastery of various elementary abstractions. In 1970-1971, 87 four-year-old students (58 black and 29 white) of Head Start and 33 of nursery school were examined with a five part test of number identification. In 1971-1972, the study was repeated with 69 four-year-olds of Head Start and 46 of the nursery school. A much smaller percentage of Head Start than of nursery school identify the numbers of blocks from 2 through 4 by either the heard or spoken mode of number identification. For numbers 5 and 6, most children of both classes fail. The evidence for a semantic deficit for number is very strong. The evidence indicates also a deficit in the span of apprehension and suggests the existence of class differences in the power of examiner demands for heard and for spoken identification to elicit the counting strategy. Evidence of sex differences in semantic mastery of number is absent, and among Head Start children, race differences lack statistical significance. These findings are highly dissonant with the contention of the sociolinguists that no cognitive or linguistic deficits exist and uncovering them can be helpful in guiding compensatory education.", "PMID": 1175915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5430", "title": "Interrelationships among children's environmental variables as related to age, sex, race, and socioeconimic status.", "content": "Information concerning their environments was obtained from 127 first and 165 fifth grade children and their patents. These data were examined interactively--to determine whether patterns of relationships among environmental components changed as a function of the general status variables of sex, age, class, and race--and factorially, to obtain groupings of components. Chi square comparison of subgroup intercorrelation matrices revealed no differences among matrices as a function of the status variables. Factor analysis revealed six common factors: Social Class, Interactive Opportunity and Experience, Maturity, Aspiration Level, Family Interaction, and Amount of Income.", "contents": "Interrelationships among children's environmental variables as related to age, sex, race, and socioeconimic status. Information concerning their environments was obtained from 127 first and 165 fifth grade children and their patents. These data were examined interactively--to determine whether patterns of relationships among environmental components changed as a function of the general status variables of sex, age, class, and race--and factorially, to obtain groupings of components. Chi square comparison of subgroup intercorrelation matrices revealed no differences among matrices as a function of the status variables. Factor analysis revealed six common factors: Social Class, Interactive Opportunity and Experience, Maturity, Aspiration Level, Family Interaction, and Amount of Income.", "PMID": 1175916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5431", "title": "Emotional impairment and achievement deficit in disadvantaged children--fact or myth?", "content": "This study examined the relationship between demographic and preschool social-emotional variables, on the one hand, and first grade social-emotional and intellectual achievement variables, on the other. Three hundred twenty-three children from New York City public day care centers were followed up 12 and 18 months later in elementary school. Emotional impairment in first grade was found to be a function of social class, race, and preschool emotional impairment. Two major dimensions of social-emotional functioning showed same-factor stability but not cross-factor correlation over time; one of the dimensions (Apathy-Withdrawal) predicted to first grade underachievement.", "contents": "Emotional impairment and achievement deficit in disadvantaged children--fact or myth? This study examined the relationship between demographic and preschool social-emotional variables, on the one hand, and first grade social-emotional and intellectual achievement variables, on the other. Three hundred twenty-three children from New York City public day care centers were followed up 12 and 18 months later in elementary school. Emotional impairment in first grade was found to be a function of social class, race, and preschool emotional impairment. Two major dimensions of social-emotional functioning showed same-factor stability but not cross-factor correlation over time; one of the dimensions (Apathy-Withdrawal) predicted to first grade underachievement.", "PMID": 1175917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5432", "title": "Portable device for vaginal thermal conductance studies.", "content": "Design and development of a portable and self-contained vaginal probe, consisting of an acetone-filled silver cylinder attached to a pressure gauge, is described. Qualitative changes in vaginal thermal conductance were inferred from rates of thermal expansion of precooled acetone measured as a pressure rise. Administration of 10 mg estradiol-17 beta i.v. to ovariectomized heifers resulted in significant increases in rate of thermal expansion.", "contents": "Portable device for vaginal thermal conductance studies. Design and development of a portable and self-contained vaginal probe, consisting of an acetone-filled silver cylinder attached to a pressure gauge, is described. Qualitative changes in vaginal thermal conductance were inferred from rates of thermal expansion of precooled acetone measured as a pressure rise. Administration of 10 mg estradiol-17 beta i.v. to ovariectomized heifers resulted in significant increases in rate of thermal expansion.", "PMID": 1176036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5433", "title": "Formation of sulphate, sulphite and S-sulphocysteine by the fungus Microsporum gypseum during growth on cystine.", "content": "The dermatophyte Microsporum gypseum was cultivated in media containing 0.5% cystine in suspension, and 0.05% peptone or 1% glucose and 0.05% peptone. During growth on cystine the excess sulphur was oxidized and excreted into the medium not only in the form of sulphate but also in the form of sulphite. Sulphite was produced especially during first phases of growth, where its quantity was higher than that of sulphate and its maximum concentration exceeded 1 mg/ml. S-sulphocysteine, detected chromatographically and determined quantitatively, originated in large quantities by the reaction of sulphite with cystine in the medium. Both sulphite and S-sulphocysteine were further oxidized to sulphate. After exhaustion of cystine 90-93% of the sulphur present was converted to sulphate in the cultivation medium.", "contents": "Formation of sulphate, sulphite and S-sulphocysteine by the fungus Microsporum gypseum during growth on cystine. The dermatophyte Microsporum gypseum was cultivated in media containing 0.5% cystine in suspension, and 0.05% peptone or 1% glucose and 0.05% peptone. During growth on cystine the excess sulphur was oxidized and excreted into the medium not only in the form of sulphate but also in the form of sulphite. Sulphite was produced especially during first phases of growth, where its quantity was higher than that of sulphate and its maximum concentration exceeded 1 mg/ml. S-sulphocysteine, detected chromatographically and determined quantitatively, originated in large quantities by the reaction of sulphite with cystine in the medium. Both sulphite and S-sulphocysteine were further oxidized to sulphate. After exhaustion of cystine 90-93% of the sulphur present was converted to sulphate in the cultivation medium.", "PMID": 1176037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5434", "title": "The effect of volatile and gaseous metabolites of swelling seeds on germination of fungal spores.", "content": "Effects of volatile and gaseous metabolites of swelling seeds of pea, bean, wheat, corn cucumber, tomato, lentil, carrot, red papper and lettuce on germination of spores of five genera of fungi were found to depend rather on the fungal than on the plant genus. Germination of spores of Botrytis cinerea, Mucor racemosus and Trichoderma viride was most severely inhibited. Spores of Verticillium dahliae were less sensitive and germination of spores of Fusarium oxysporum was inhibited only in two cases. On the other hand, exudates of pea and bean stimulated germination of spores of Fusarium oxysporum. Also spores of Trichoderma viride germinated better in an atmosphere enriched with exuded metabolites of swelling lettuce seeds. When carbon dioxide produced by the swelling seeds was absorbed in potassium hydroxide, spores of Trichoderma viride and Verticillium dahliae did not germinate at all, the inhibitory effects of volatile and gaseous exudates on germination of spores of Mucor racemosus were accentuated, and also the percentage of germinated spores of Fusarium oxysporum decreased. Germination of spores of Botrytis cinerea was not influenced. Absorption of volatile and gaseous metabolites in a solution of potassium permanganate decreased in most cases their inhibitory effects, particularly in Botrytis cinerea.", "contents": "The effect of volatile and gaseous metabolites of swelling seeds on germination of fungal spores. Effects of volatile and gaseous metabolites of swelling seeds of pea, bean, wheat, corn cucumber, tomato, lentil, carrot, red papper and lettuce on germination of spores of five genera of fungi were found to depend rather on the fungal than on the plant genus. Germination of spores of Botrytis cinerea, Mucor racemosus and Trichoderma viride was most severely inhibited. Spores of Verticillium dahliae were less sensitive and germination of spores of Fusarium oxysporum was inhibited only in two cases. On the other hand, exudates of pea and bean stimulated germination of spores of Fusarium oxysporum. Also spores of Trichoderma viride germinated better in an atmosphere enriched with exuded metabolites of swelling lettuce seeds. When carbon dioxide produced by the swelling seeds was absorbed in potassium hydroxide, spores of Trichoderma viride and Verticillium dahliae did not germinate at all, the inhibitory effects of volatile and gaseous exudates on germination of spores of Mucor racemosus were accentuated, and also the percentage of germinated spores of Fusarium oxysporum decreased. Germination of spores of Botrytis cinerea was not influenced. Absorption of volatile and gaseous metabolites in a solution of potassium permanganate decreased in most cases their inhibitory effects, particularly in Botrytis cinerea.", "PMID": 1176038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5435", "title": "Comparative studies on the role of nitrogenous compounds in the growth and perithecial development of Chaetomium aureum.", "content": "Sodium nitrate is a suitable nitrogen source supporting growth and perithecial formation in Chaetomium aureum. 31 inorganic and organic nitrogen sources at a concentration of 0.033% were used at different incubating temperatures (25, 30 and 35 degrees C). The cultures were grown in Petri dishes, culture tubes and Erlenmeyer flasks. An incubating temperature of 30 degrees C was found most suitable for perithecial formation. In general, a nitrogen source in a solid medium could induce better perithecial production than in liquid media.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the role of nitrogenous compounds in the growth and perithecial development of Chaetomium aureum. Sodium nitrate is a suitable nitrogen source supporting growth and perithecial formation in Chaetomium aureum. 31 inorganic and organic nitrogen sources at a concentration of 0.033% were used at different incubating temperatures (25, 30 and 35 degrees C). The cultures were grown in Petri dishes, culture tubes and Erlenmeyer flasks. An incubating temperature of 30 degrees C was found most suitable for perithecial formation. In general, a nitrogen source in a solid medium could induce better perithecial production than in liquid media.", "PMID": 1176039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5436", "title": "Design methods for tubular fermentation systems.", "content": "Methods for the design of tubular fermentation systems are summarized. The first part, on tubular system hydrodynamics, is concerned with the design methods for gas hold-up, pressure drop, drop-size distribution and actual interfacial area, and with non-ideal flow conditions. This being a critical review, only the more important methods have been selected. More recent design methods for the prediction of oxygen transfer coefficients in fermentation systems and methods of determining of true kinetic relations are also reviewed, accounting for the inevitable non-ideality of flow. General rules for system optimization are presented.", "contents": "Design methods for tubular fermentation systems. Methods for the design of tubular fermentation systems are summarized. The first part, on tubular system hydrodynamics, is concerned with the design methods for gas hold-up, pressure drop, drop-size distribution and actual interfacial area, and with non-ideal flow conditions. This being a critical review, only the more important methods have been selected. More recent design methods for the prediction of oxygen transfer coefficients in fermentation systems and methods of determining of true kinetic relations are also reviewed, accounting for the inevitable non-ideality of flow. General rules for system optimization are presented.", "PMID": 1176041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5437", "title": "Morphogenic effects of ramihyphin A in filamentous fungi.", "content": "Ramihyphin A at subfungistatic concentrations stimulates ramification of hyphae of filamentous fungi. Stimulation of terminal ramification of hyphae that can be observed particularly in phytopathogenic fungi is most frequent. Hyphae of Microsporon canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum ramify intensively laterally. Stimulation of the lateral ramification was observed in Monilia fructigena, Penicillium marneffei and Penicillium chrysogenum. The antibiotic induces also formation of vesicular structures in phytopathogens. Due to the substantial ramification of hyphae, both terminal and lateral, the growth of colonies is interrupted. The addition of the antibiotic to a growing colony of Botrytis cinerea induces dichotomic ramification of terminal hyphae after 3 h of growth. Lateral hyphae begin to grow later and further ramify dichotomically. Dense bundles of ramified hyphae are formed after 24 h due to the unbalanced ramification and the colony no longer increases its size.", "contents": "Morphogenic effects of ramihyphin A in filamentous fungi. Ramihyphin A at subfungistatic concentrations stimulates ramification of hyphae of filamentous fungi. Stimulation of terminal ramification of hyphae that can be observed particularly in phytopathogenic fungi is most frequent. Hyphae of Microsporon canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum ramify intensively laterally. Stimulation of the lateral ramification was observed in Monilia fructigena, Penicillium marneffei and Penicillium chrysogenum. The antibiotic induces also formation of vesicular structures in phytopathogens. Due to the substantial ramification of hyphae, both terminal and lateral, the growth of colonies is interrupted. The addition of the antibiotic to a growing colony of Botrytis cinerea induces dichotomic ramification of terminal hyphae after 3 h of growth. Lateral hyphae begin to grow later and further ramify dichotomically. Dense bundles of ramified hyphae are formed after 24 h due to the unbalanced ramification and the colony no longer increases its size.", "PMID": 1176042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5438", "title": "Study of a yeast mutant with modified mitochondrial translocation of adenine nucleotides. II. Synthesis of macromolecules and lipids in the op1 mutant during mutagenesis with ethidium bromide.", "content": "A yeast mutant with an impaired system of translocation of adenine nucleotides across the mitochondrial membrane, which stops dividing after superposition of the q- mutation, was investigated. The results of this work indicate that combination of the op1 mutation with the q- mutation in a single cell results in interruption of synthesis of polysaccharides and DNA leading to cessation of division of the op1q- mutant. The mechanism of this effect remains unclear.", "contents": "Study of a yeast mutant with modified mitochondrial translocation of adenine nucleotides. II. Synthesis of macromolecules and lipids in the op1 mutant during mutagenesis with ethidium bromide. A yeast mutant with an impaired system of translocation of adenine nucleotides across the mitochondrial membrane, which stops dividing after superposition of the q- mutation, was investigated. The results of this work indicate that combination of the op1 mutation with the q- mutation in a single cell results in interruption of synthesis of polysaccharides and DNA leading to cessation of division of the op1q- mutant. The mechanism of this effect remains unclear.", "PMID": 1176043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5439", "title": "Cyclic kinetics and mathematical expression of the primary immune response to soluble antigen. VI. The possibility of prediction of plasma cell reaction in the spleen of mice immunized with soluble antigen.", "content": "A mathematical expression of the accumulation of the plasma cells in the spleen of CBA mice immunized intraperitoneally is presented. The dependence of the plasma cell reaction in the spleen on the kinetics of antigen concentration in the blood was confirmed. For the transition from antigen to plasma cells, index A was proposed. The mean values of index A were used for comparison of the calculated and experimental values of the plasma cell reaction and the recorded differences were not great. In a similar way, index A was used for prediction of plasma cell accumulation in the spleen of animals, immunized with a mixture of two soluble antigens -- capsular antigen of Pasteurella pestis and complete antigen of Francisella tularensis. The calculated values of plasma cell reaction corresponded to experimental values.", "contents": "Cyclic kinetics and mathematical expression of the primary immune response to soluble antigen. VI. The possibility of prediction of plasma cell reaction in the spleen of mice immunized with soluble antigen. A mathematical expression of the accumulation of the plasma cells in the spleen of CBA mice immunized intraperitoneally is presented. The dependence of the plasma cell reaction in the spleen on the kinetics of antigen concentration in the blood was confirmed. For the transition from antigen to plasma cells, index A was proposed. The mean values of index A were used for comparison of the calculated and experimental values of the plasma cell reaction and the recorded differences were not great. In a similar way, index A was used for prediction of plasma cell accumulation in the spleen of animals, immunized with a mixture of two soluble antigens -- capsular antigen of Pasteurella pestis and complete antigen of Francisella tularensis. The calculated values of plasma cell reaction corresponded to experimental values.", "PMID": 1176044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5440", "title": "Periodicity of recurrence of 'phasic type' of schizophrenia.", "content": "Seventy-nine \"phasic type\" of schizophrenics (38 males, 41 females), who in their progress of schizophrenia had a certain dilapidation of personality, were observed and treated for more than four years and were investigated as to the intervals of their recurrences. The recurrence totaled 198. It was characteristic of periodic occurences that 61.1% of them occurred within an interval of eight to eleven months (about 240-330 days) and 10.6% of them occurred within an interval of approximate multiples of eight to eleven months (as measured from the start of one recurrence period to the start of the next). The interval between recurrences was not markedly affected by seasonal changes, which raised or lowered the temperature and lengthened or shortened the day. Nor was it affected by tranquilizers, such as phenothiazine-derivatives, butyrophenone-derivatives, or by the psychogenic moment (though the picture of recurrences might be affected by all of these). The rhythm of recurrences of the \"phasic type\" of schizophrenia seems to be endogenous in free-running nature, as if schizophrenics live in an empty world.", "contents": "Periodicity of recurrence of 'phasic type' of schizophrenia. Seventy-nine \"phasic type\" of schizophrenics (38 males, 41 females), who in their progress of schizophrenia had a certain dilapidation of personality, were observed and treated for more than four years and were investigated as to the intervals of their recurrences. The recurrence totaled 198. It was characteristic of periodic occurences that 61.1% of them occurred within an interval of eight to eleven months (about 240-330 days) and 10.6% of them occurred within an interval of approximate multiples of eight to eleven months (as measured from the start of one recurrence period to the start of the next). The interval between recurrences was not markedly affected by seasonal changes, which raised or lowered the temperature and lengthened or shortened the day. Nor was it affected by tranquilizers, such as phenothiazine-derivatives, butyrophenone-derivatives, or by the psychogenic moment (though the picture of recurrences might be affected by all of these). The rhythm of recurrences of the \"phasic type\" of schizophrenia seems to be endogenous in free-running nature, as if schizophrenics live in an empty world.", "PMID": 1176069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5441", "title": "Regressive childhood psychosis.", "content": "1) Forty-seven children were examined and treated because of psychotic signs during the last 13 years, 35 of them improved and the rest deteriorated. 2) Twelve deteriorated children had four similar symptoms in spite of different age of onset. These are fluid regressive motor play, compulsive tendency for the maintenance of sameness, autistic language disorder and body image disorder. 3) The author calls this illness regressive childhood psychosis, and it can occur between six and 10 years of age.", "contents": "Regressive childhood psychosis. 1) Forty-seven children were examined and treated because of psychotic signs during the last 13 years, 35 of them improved and the rest deteriorated. 2) Twelve deteriorated children had four similar symptoms in spite of different age of onset. These are fluid regressive motor play, compulsive tendency for the maintenance of sameness, autistic language disorder and body image disorder. 3) The author calls this illness regressive childhood psychosis, and it can occur between six and 10 years of age.", "PMID": 1176070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5442", "title": "[A case of \"membranous lipodystrophy (Nasu)\" with emphasis on psychiatric and neuropathologic aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "A housewife, 42 years old, died from a chronic progressive neuro-psychiatric illness of 15 years duration characterized by memory disturbance, moria-syndrome, euphoria, social disorder and extrapyramidal symptoms combined with a severe bone disease. Pathologically, the adipose tissue in bone marrow, and also in other body areas such as the periadrenal region and renal pelvis showed a characteristic degeneration with \"membranous cycle\" structures. Neuropathological examination showed an extensive atrophy of cerebral white matter, especially in the frontal and temporal lobes, with a marked fibrillary gliosis, a moderate destruction of myelin sheath without grossly visible distinct demyelination and with a relatively normal cerebral cortex: a picture resembling sclerosing leukoencephalopathy. From these findings the case was identified as \"membranous lipodystrophy--Nasu.\" Moreover, the case may be related to the \"lipomembranous polycystic osteodysplasia with progressive dementia\" of J\u00e4rvi, Hakola et. al. In cases with an unknown atrophic illness of cerebral white matter there should be carried out a pathological examination of adipose tissue, especially of the bone marrow.", "contents": "[A case of \"membranous lipodystrophy (Nasu)\" with emphasis on psychiatric and neuropathologic aspects (author's transl)]. A housewife, 42 years old, died from a chronic progressive neuro-psychiatric illness of 15 years duration characterized by memory disturbance, moria-syndrome, euphoria, social disorder and extrapyramidal symptoms combined with a severe bone disease. Pathologically, the adipose tissue in bone marrow, and also in other body areas such as the periadrenal region and renal pelvis showed a characteristic degeneration with \"membranous cycle\" structures. Neuropathological examination showed an extensive atrophy of cerebral white matter, especially in the frontal and temporal lobes, with a marked fibrillary gliosis, a moderate destruction of myelin sheath without grossly visible distinct demyelination and with a relatively normal cerebral cortex: a picture resembling sclerosing leukoencephalopathy. From these findings the case was identified as \"membranous lipodystrophy--Nasu.\" Moreover, the case may be related to the \"lipomembranous polycystic osteodysplasia with progressive dementia\" of J\u00e4rvi, Hakola et. al. In cases with an unknown atrophic illness of cerebral white matter there should be carried out a pathological examination of adipose tissue, especially of the bone marrow.", "PMID": 1176071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5443", "title": "Distribution of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles in the basal ganglia and brain stem of progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer's disease.", "content": "The authors studied the distribution of neurofibrillary tangles in the basal ganglia and brain stem of progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer's disease, with the result that almost no similarity in the distribution and frequency of neurofibrillary tangles exists between both diseases. In two cases with progressive supranuclear palsy, neurofibrillary tangles were found most numerously in the subthalamic nucleus. Next in order came the globus pallidus, reticular formation of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata, pontine nuclei, locus coeruleus, red nucleus, substantia nigra, periaqueductal grey matter and olivary nuclei. Neurofibrillary tangles were rare in the thalamus. In two cases with Alzheimer's disease, neurofibrillary tangles were found most numerously in the nucleus mamilloinfundibularis, nucleus basilaris, nucleus dorsalis raphe, nucleus centralis superior, and next in order came the thalamus. They were found scarcely in the lenticular nuclei and reticular formation of the pons. In both diseases, almost no neurofibrillary tangles were found in the nucleus supraopticus, nucleus paraventricularis, nuclei tuberales and nuclei corporis mamillare.", "contents": "Distribution of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles in the basal ganglia and brain stem of progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer's disease. The authors studied the distribution of neurofibrillary tangles in the basal ganglia and brain stem of progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer's disease, with the result that almost no similarity in the distribution and frequency of neurofibrillary tangles exists between both diseases. In two cases with progressive supranuclear palsy, neurofibrillary tangles were found most numerously in the subthalamic nucleus. Next in order came the globus pallidus, reticular formation of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata, pontine nuclei, locus coeruleus, red nucleus, substantia nigra, periaqueductal grey matter and olivary nuclei. Neurofibrillary tangles were rare in the thalamus. In two cases with Alzheimer's disease, neurofibrillary tangles were found most numerously in the nucleus mamilloinfundibularis, nucleus basilaris, nucleus dorsalis raphe, nucleus centralis superior, and next in order came the thalamus. They were found scarcely in the lenticular nuclei and reticular formation of the pons. In both diseases, almost no neurofibrillary tangles were found in the nucleus supraopticus, nucleus paraventricularis, nuclei tuberales and nuclei corporis mamillare.", "PMID": 1176072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5444", "title": "[Disease course and outcome in hospitalized patients over 60-years old].", "content": "The authors have examined all of the hospitalized patients who were over sixty years old in all psychiatric clinics in Gifu Prefecture, Japan, on December 31, 1968, and many of them were reexamined on June 30, 1973. Through these both serial examinations, the following results are obtained: 1) Of the total 187 patients who underwent the first examination, 62 patients were still hospitalized and subjected to the second examination. 2) Twenty nine of the 62 patients were schizophrenics.  One fourth of them were in remission, the rest being in a desolate or paraphrenic condition. Thirty six schizophrenics have discharged hospitals: 12 patients have left off hospitals getting a considerable improvement and  15 patients were dead. 3) Of the thirteen manic-depressives, only three were still hospitalized, and two of them were in remission. There were 10 discharged cases: three cases dead and six cases improved. 4) Six of the 24 patients diagnosed as senile dementia were still hospitalized. The diagnosis of two cases has been changed into paranoid reaction and depression respectively. Of 18 discharged patients, 14 cases were dead and the remaining four were improved. 5) Of the 22 patients diagnosed as senile psychosis, only two patients were still hospitalized, and the diagnosis has been changed into schizophrenia and epilepsy respectively. The 20 patients have left hospitals: nine cases dead and another nine improved. As the beginning symptoms, these patients showed paranoid-hallucinatic aspects which were similar to those of schizophrenia. In some cases, certain incidents that had preceded onset of the illness were found. 6) Most of the aged patients with the diagnoses associated with the physical conditions due to aging were dead.", "contents": "[Disease course and outcome in hospitalized patients over 60-years old]. The authors have examined all of the hospitalized patients who were over sixty years old in all psychiatric clinics in Gifu Prefecture, Japan, on December 31, 1968, and many of them were reexamined on June 30, 1973. Through these both serial examinations, the following results are obtained: 1) Of the total 187 patients who underwent the first examination, 62 patients were still hospitalized and subjected to the second examination. 2) Twenty nine of the 62 patients were schizophrenics.  One fourth of them were in remission, the rest being in a desolate or paraphrenic condition. Thirty six schizophrenics have discharged hospitals: 12 patients have left off hospitals getting a considerable improvement and  15 patients were dead. 3) Of the thirteen manic-depressives, only three were still hospitalized, and two of them were in remission. There were 10 discharged cases: three cases dead and six cases improved. 4) Six of the 24 patients diagnosed as senile dementia were still hospitalized. The diagnosis of two cases has been changed into paranoid reaction and depression respectively. Of 18 discharged patients, 14 cases were dead and the remaining four were improved. 5) Of the 22 patients diagnosed as senile psychosis, only two patients were still hospitalized, and the diagnosis has been changed into schizophrenia and epilepsy respectively. The 20 patients have left hospitals: nine cases dead and another nine improved. As the beginning symptoms, these patients showed paranoid-hallucinatic aspects which were similar to those of schizophrenia. In some cases, certain incidents that had preceded onset of the illness were found. 6) Most of the aged patients with the diagnoses associated with the physical conditions due to aging were dead.", "PMID": 1176073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5445", "title": "Studies on the binding of N-bromoacetylpuromycin and N-bromoacetylaminonucleoside to rat liver ribosomes.", "content": "[3H]N-Bromoacetylaminonucleoside and [3H]N-bromoacetylpuromycin have been synthesised as possible alkylating agents in order to study their interactions with rat liver ribosomes. Both compounds bind covalently to ribosomes to a considerable extent. The puromycin derivative binds to the extent of approximately 8 mol per ribosome, while the aminonucleoside derivative binds to the extent of approximately 13 mol per ribosome. Ammonium sulphate precipitation of ribosomes or treatment with puromycin, followed by washing of the ribosomes through NH4Cl-containing sucrose density gradients decreases the binding of both derivatives. Partial unfolding or denaturation of ribosomes by heating at 65 degrees C or through the action of various chemical reagents appears to expose more sites for binding. However, at 15 min of heating the binding of the puromycin derivative decreased by approximately 50% while the binding of the aminonucleoside derivative was almost zero. Binding of both labelled derivatives occurred only with the 50S ribosomal subunit. The extent of binding to the smaller 30S subunit was approximately 4% of that of the 50S subunit. Various other experiments are also described dealing with the binding of [3H]N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to the A site of ribosomes following treatment with the N-bromoacetyl derivatives.", "contents": "Studies on the binding of N-bromoacetylpuromycin and N-bromoacetylaminonucleoside to rat liver ribosomes. [3H]N-Bromoacetylaminonucleoside and [3H]N-bromoacetylpuromycin have been synthesised as possible alkylating agents in order to study their interactions with rat liver ribosomes. Both compounds bind covalently to ribosomes to a considerable extent. The puromycin derivative binds to the extent of approximately 8 mol per ribosome, while the aminonucleoside derivative binds to the extent of approximately 13 mol per ribosome. Ammonium sulphate precipitation of ribosomes or treatment with puromycin, followed by washing of the ribosomes through NH4Cl-containing sucrose density gradients decreases the binding of both derivatives. Partial unfolding or denaturation of ribosomes by heating at 65 degrees C or through the action of various chemical reagents appears to expose more sites for binding. However, at 15 min of heating the binding of the puromycin derivative decreased by approximately 50% while the binding of the aminonucleoside derivative was almost zero. Binding of both labelled derivatives occurred only with the 50S ribosomal subunit. The extent of binding to the smaller 30S subunit was approximately 4% of that of the 50S subunit. Various other experiments are also described dealing with the binding of [3H]N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to the A site of ribosomes following treatment with the N-bromoacetyl derivatives.", "PMID": 1176081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5446", "title": "Immunological relatedness of human and porcine growth hormones.", "content": "The immunological relatedness of human and porcine growth hormones is examined by means of labelled human growth hormone and guinea pig antiserum. 1) Labelled human growth hormone is found in the precipitate after reaction with antiserum against porcine growth hormone. Parallel dilution curves are obtained with antisera against human and porcine growth hormones. 2) After addition of antiserum against porcine growth hormone, all the radioactivity is eluted from Sephadex G-100 with the void volume. 3) The addition of an excess of porcine hormone displaces labelled human growth hormone from antibodies against human growth hormone to the same extent as an excess of non-labelled human growth hormone does. 4) The standard radioimmunoprecipitation curves for porcine and human growth hormones obtained in the assay system for the human hormone are parallel in slope, provided that the human hormone and our preparation of the porcine hormone are introduced at a proportion of 1 to 560. 5) In a double diffusion test in agarose gel layers, with human and porcine growth hormones diffusing against guinea pig anti-porcine serum, cross reaction is observed. The conclusion is drawn that with guinea pig antisera, human and porcine growth hormones behave immunologically in a similar fashion. Labelled human growth hormone seems to have only such immunodeterminants as are also found in porcine growth hormone.", "contents": "Immunological relatedness of human and porcine growth hormones. The immunological relatedness of human and porcine growth hormones is examined by means of labelled human growth hormone and guinea pig antiserum. 1) Labelled human growth hormone is found in the precipitate after reaction with antiserum against porcine growth hormone. Parallel dilution curves are obtained with antisera against human and porcine growth hormones. 2) After addition of antiserum against porcine growth hormone, all the radioactivity is eluted from Sephadex G-100 with the void volume. 3) The addition of an excess of porcine hormone displaces labelled human growth hormone from antibodies against human growth hormone to the same extent as an excess of non-labelled human growth hormone does. 4) The standard radioimmunoprecipitation curves for porcine and human growth hormones obtained in the assay system for the human hormone are parallel in slope, provided that the human hormone and our preparation of the porcine hormone are introduced at a proportion of 1 to 560. 5) In a double diffusion test in agarose gel layers, with human and porcine growth hormones diffusing against guinea pig anti-porcine serum, cross reaction is observed. The conclusion is drawn that with guinea pig antisera, human and porcine growth hormones behave immunologically in a similar fashion. Labelled human growth hormone seems to have only such immunodeterminants as are also found in porcine growth hormone.", "PMID": 1176082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5447", "title": "The hypophysis in the regulation of androgen and oestrogen dependent enzyme activities of steroid hormone metabolism in rat liver cytosol.", "content": "In order to determine whether the gonadal and hypophyseal modes of regulation recently reported for the microsomal enzymes of hepatic steroid metabolism are also valid for cytoplasmic enzymes, three enzymes whose activities exhibit sex differences (male:female activity ratio shown in brackets), 5beta-reductase(1.7:1), 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(5 : 1) and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (4:1), as well as one enzyme whose activity shows no sex difference, 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid dehydrogenase, were investigated after various interferences with the endocrine balance (gonadectomy, hypophysectomy, combination of both operations, administration of testosterone or oestradiol). From the results of this and a previous study the following statements can be made about the endocrine control of hepatic enzyme activities. Those enzymes whose activities show sex differences are either androgen or oestrogen dependent; the sex hormone acts in either an inductive or repressive manner. 1) Criteria for androgen dependency are the feminization of enzyme activity after testectomy or inhibition of testicular function by administration of oestradiol; masculinization of the enzyme activity after administration of testosterone to male or female castrates. Using these criteria the following enzymes investigated in this laboratory fall into this category: all microsomal enzymes which show sex differences in their activity (3alpha-, 3beta-, delta4-3beta, 20-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; cortisone alpha-reductase; steroid hydroxylases and 16alpha-hydroxylase) as well as the cytoplasmic 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Apart from the single exception of 20alpha-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase the presence of the hypophysis is obligatory for the androgen to be effective. The hypophysis does not only work in a permissive manner, but participates in establishing the sex specific activity levels in a manner which is antagonistic to the androgen action. 2) Criteria for oestrogen dependency are that the female animal reacts to gonadectomy, as well as to the inhibition of ovarian function after testosterone administration, by a masculinization of the enzyme activities. After administration of oestradiol, but not gonadectomy, the male animal exhibits typical female activity. Using these criteria the cytoplasmic 5beta-reductase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase are oestrogen dependent. The repressive oestrogen effect observed on 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is antagonistic to hypophyseal action, whereas in the case of 5beta-reductase it is synergistic. 3) The activities of cytoplasmic 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid dehydrogenase and microsomal 7alpha-hydroxylase show no sex differences and are not influenced by any interference with the endocrine balance.", "contents": "The hypophysis in the regulation of androgen and oestrogen dependent enzyme activities of steroid hormone metabolism in rat liver cytosol. In order to determine whether the gonadal and hypophyseal modes of regulation recently reported for the microsomal enzymes of hepatic steroid metabolism are also valid for cytoplasmic enzymes, three enzymes whose activities exhibit sex differences (male:female activity ratio shown in brackets), 5beta-reductase(1.7:1), 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(5 : 1) and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (4:1), as well as one enzyme whose activity shows no sex difference, 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid dehydrogenase, were investigated after various interferences with the endocrine balance (gonadectomy, hypophysectomy, combination of both operations, administration of testosterone or oestradiol). From the results of this and a previous study the following statements can be made about the endocrine control of hepatic enzyme activities. Those enzymes whose activities show sex differences are either androgen or oestrogen dependent; the sex hormone acts in either an inductive or repressive manner. 1) Criteria for androgen dependency are the feminization of enzyme activity after testectomy or inhibition of testicular function by administration of oestradiol; masculinization of the enzyme activity after administration of testosterone to male or female castrates. Using these criteria the following enzymes investigated in this laboratory fall into this category: all microsomal enzymes which show sex differences in their activity (3alpha-, 3beta-, delta4-3beta, 20-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; cortisone alpha-reductase; steroid hydroxylases and 16alpha-hydroxylase) as well as the cytoplasmic 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Apart from the single exception of 20alpha-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase the presence of the hypophysis is obligatory for the androgen to be effective. The hypophysis does not only work in a permissive manner, but participates in establishing the sex specific activity levels in a manner which is antagonistic to the androgen action. 2) Criteria for oestrogen dependency are that the female animal reacts to gonadectomy, as well as to the inhibition of ovarian function after testosterone administration, by a masculinization of the enzyme activities. After administration of oestradiol, but not gonadectomy, the male animal exhibits typical female activity. Using these criteria the cytoplasmic 5beta-reductase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase are oestrogen dependent. The repressive oestrogen effect observed on 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is antagonistic to hypophyseal action, whereas in the case of 5beta-reductase it is synergistic. 3) The activities of cytoplasmic 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid dehydrogenase and microsomal 7alpha-hydroxylase show no sex differences and are not influenced by any interference with the endocrine balance.", "PMID": 1176083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5448", "title": "The role of the gonads and the hypophysis in the regulation of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in rat kidney.", "content": "With the exception of 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase all the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of adult male and female rat kidney show significant sex differences in their activities. Interference with the organisms endocrine balance (gonadectomy on day 25 of life, hypophysectomy on day 50, a combination of both these operations, administration of testosterone or oestradiol) demonstrates that the sexually differentiated enzyme activities may be classified  as androgen or oestrogen dependent, the respective sex hormone acting either in an inductive or repressive manner. The criteria for androgen dependency (microsomal 3alpha- and 20beta-, cytoplasmic 17beta- and 20alpha- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) are the feminization of the enzyme activity in male animals after castration and the masculinization of the activity in male and female castrates as well as in normal female animals after administration of testosterone. This latter effect on normal females cannot be a testosterone mediated inhibition of ovarian function since ovariectomy has no effect. For 3alpha-, 20alpha-, and 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase the effects of hypophysectomy parallel those of gonadectomy. However, after hypophysectomy the activity of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase falls significantly below the gonadectomized level. The androgen effect on 3alpha and 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is independent of the hypophysis, whereas that of 17beta- and 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is mediated by the hypophysis.", "contents": "The role of the gonads and the hypophysis in the regulation of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in rat kidney. With the exception of 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase all the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of adult male and female rat kidney show significant sex differences in their activities. Interference with the organisms endocrine balance (gonadectomy on day 25 of life, hypophysectomy on day 50, a combination of both these operations, administration of testosterone or oestradiol) demonstrates that the sexually differentiated enzyme activities may be classified  as androgen or oestrogen dependent, the respective sex hormone acting either in an inductive or repressive manner. The criteria for androgen dependency (microsomal 3alpha- and 20beta-, cytoplasmic 17beta- and 20alpha- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) are the feminization of the enzyme activity in male animals after castration and the masculinization of the activity in male and female castrates as well as in normal female animals after administration of testosterone. This latter effect on normal females cannot be a testosterone mediated inhibition of ovarian function since ovariectomy has no effect. For 3alpha-, 20alpha-, and 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase the effects of hypophysectomy parallel those of gonadectomy. However, after hypophysectomy the activity of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase falls significantly below the gonadectomized level. The androgen effect on 3alpha and 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is independent of the hypophysis, whereas that of 17beta- and 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is mediated by the hypophysis.", "PMID": 1176084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5449", "title": "A cytoplasmic oestrogen-binding component in chicken liver.", "content": "A macromolecular component in the liver cytosol from laying hens as well as roosters, protein in nature and sedimenting at 4S, was shown to bind oestradiol. The dissociation constant (Kd) of the complex is approximately 5 X 10(-6)M. No binding component with a higher affinity for oestradiol was detectable in the cytosol. The binding is specific for the tissue and hormone, with the exception that progesterone also shows some affinity for this 4S component. The number of binding sites is about 330 pmol/mg cytosol protein. This number is not altered significantly after treatment of a rooster with oestrogen (24 h) or with cycloheximide (3 h). The cytoplasmic complex (oestradiol-4S-component) does not enhance the binding of oestradiol to the chromatin from rooster liver. The nuclear complex (oestradiol bound to the soluble nuclear receptor seems to be more effective in doing so.", "contents": "A cytoplasmic oestrogen-binding component in chicken liver. A macromolecular component in the liver cytosol from laying hens as well as roosters, protein in nature and sedimenting at 4S, was shown to bind oestradiol. The dissociation constant (Kd) of the complex is approximately 5 X 10(-6)M. No binding component with a higher affinity for oestradiol was detectable in the cytosol. The binding is specific for the tissue and hormone, with the exception that progesterone also shows some affinity for this 4S component. The number of binding sites is about 330 pmol/mg cytosol protein. This number is not altered significantly after treatment of a rooster with oestrogen (24 h) or with cycloheximide (3 h). The cytoplasmic complex (oestradiol-4S-component) does not enhance the binding of oestradiol to the chromatin from rooster liver. The nuclear complex (oestradiol bound to the soluble nuclear receptor seems to be more effective in doing so.", "PMID": 1176085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5450", "title": "[The primary structure of crotamine (author's transl)].", "content": "The primary structure of crotamine, a basic toxin isolated from the venom of the South American rattle-snake Crotalus durissus terrificus has been determined. The polypeptide chain is composed of 42 residues of amino acids. Crotamine shows a molecular weight of 4900 and contains 6 half cystine, 9 lysine, 2 arginine, 2 histidine and 2 tryptophan residues.", "contents": "[The primary structure of crotamine (author's transl)]. The primary structure of crotamine, a basic toxin isolated from the venom of the South American rattle-snake Crotalus durissus terrificus has been determined. The polypeptide chain is composed of 42 residues of amino acids. Crotamine shows a molecular weight of 4900 and contains 6 half cystine, 9 lysine, 2 arginine, 2 histidine and 2 tryptophan residues.", "PMID": 1176086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5451", "title": "[On the specifity and stereospecificity of the conversion of different 2,3-unsaturated acids by Clostridium kluyveri (author's transl)].", "content": "Further 2,3-unsaturated acids are revealed which can be reduced by Clostridium kluyveri with crotonate or butyrate as hydrogen donors. Unsaturated and saturated 3-halogenated acids are transformed into the saturated halogen-free acids. The following reaction sequence is proposed: a) hydrogenation, b) elumination of HX and c) again hydrogenation. Tiglinate ((E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate) and (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate are stereospecifically reduced to the (S)-2-methyl substituted acids. C. kluyveri contains endogenous material; in the presence of hydrogen acceptors such as 2,3-unsaturated acids this is degraded to acetate, and the reducing equivalents liberated hydrogenate the unsaturated acid. In a transient phase the hydration products of the unsaturated acids are present in the non-activated form in appreciable amounts. Tiglinate as well as crotonate is partially converted to ethyl methyl ketone and aceton and/or propanol, respectively.", "contents": "[On the specifity and stereospecificity of the conversion of different 2,3-unsaturated acids by Clostridium kluyveri (author's transl)]. Further 2,3-unsaturated acids are revealed which can be reduced by Clostridium kluyveri with crotonate or butyrate as hydrogen donors. Unsaturated and saturated 3-halogenated acids are transformed into the saturated halogen-free acids. The following reaction sequence is proposed: a) hydrogenation, b) elumination of HX and c) again hydrogenation. Tiglinate ((E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate) and (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate are stereospecifically reduced to the (S)-2-methyl substituted acids. C. kluyveri contains endogenous material; in the presence of hydrogen acceptors such as 2,3-unsaturated acids this is degraded to acetate, and the reducing equivalents liberated hydrogenate the unsaturated acid. In a transient phase the hydration products of the unsaturated acids are present in the non-activated form in appreciable amounts. Tiglinate as well as crotonate is partially converted to ethyl methyl ketone and aceton and/or propanol, respectively.", "PMID": 1176087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5452", "title": "[The occurrence of a reductase of delta2-carboxylic acids in Clostridium kluyveri with a stereospecificity different from that of butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (author's transl)].", "content": "A Clostridia strain (R-strain) which hydrogenates tiglinate (1b) and alpha-methylcinnamate (1c) in the presence of hydrogenase gas in 2H2O to (2R, 3S)2-methyl-[2,3-2H]butyrate (5b, H = 2H) and (alphaR, betaR)alpha-methyl[alpha,beta-2H]dihydrocinnamate (5c, H = 2H), respectively, was isolated. The configuration at C-3 was determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy in the presence of Eu(fod)3. The stereochemistry of this hydrogenation is the mirror image of that which has been determined with intact cells of another strain of Clostridium kluyveri (S-strain). In the presence of hydrogen gas, the R-strain hydrogenates crotonate in 2H2O to butyrate with the following deuterium distribution: C-2, 1.85; C-3, 1.35; and C-4, 0.63 deuterium atoms. Crotonate seems to be the substrate of two reductases with sterically different actions. Tiglinate (1b) and alpha-methylcinnamate, however, are hydrogenated only by that reductase which is different from the butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase.", "contents": "[The occurrence of a reductase of delta2-carboxylic acids in Clostridium kluyveri with a stereospecificity different from that of butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (author's transl)]. A Clostridia strain (R-strain) which hydrogenates tiglinate (1b) and alpha-methylcinnamate (1c) in the presence of hydrogenase gas in 2H2O to (2R, 3S)2-methyl-[2,3-2H]butyrate (5b, H = 2H) and (alphaR, betaR)alpha-methyl[alpha,beta-2H]dihydrocinnamate (5c, H = 2H), respectively, was isolated. The configuration at C-3 was determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy in the presence of Eu(fod)3. The stereochemistry of this hydrogenation is the mirror image of that which has been determined with intact cells of another strain of Clostridium kluyveri (S-strain). In the presence of hydrogen gas, the R-strain hydrogenates crotonate in 2H2O to butyrate with the following deuterium distribution: C-2, 1.85; C-3, 1.35; and C-4, 0.63 deuterium atoms. Crotonate seems to be the substrate of two reductases with sterically different actions. Tiglinate (1b) and alpha-methylcinnamate, however, are hydrogenated only by that reductase which is different from the butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 1176088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5453", "title": "[Free-flow electrophoresis. I. Theoretical and experimental investigations of the influence of mechanical and electrokinetic variables on the efficiency of the method].", "content": "In the present paper, various types of band-broadening effects in free-flow electrophoresis were investigated. They resulted from the velocity profiles of the liquid curtain and electroosmosis, temperature gradient, thermal diffusion and sample inlet geometry. An analytical free-flow electrophoresis apparatus permitted easy observation of these parameters. The experiments showed that the influence of the temperature gradient was negligible, whereas the effect of the velocity profiles on band broadening was higher than theoretically expected. In preparative work this is of utmost importance, since overlap of bands is not desirable.  In this case, the zeta potential of the walls can be adjusted to that of the material to be separated, resulting in a considerable reduction of band broadening. Various approaches are indicated. Further attention was given to the influence of the relaxation effect on the separation. Conditions are shown where particles are separated either according to their surface charge density or to their size. The practical relevance of the results is discussed.", "contents": "[Free-flow electrophoresis. I. Theoretical and experimental investigations of the influence of mechanical and electrokinetic variables on the efficiency of the method]. In the present paper, various types of band-broadening effects in free-flow electrophoresis were investigated. They resulted from the velocity profiles of the liquid curtain and electroosmosis, temperature gradient, thermal diffusion and sample inlet geometry. An analytical free-flow electrophoresis apparatus permitted easy observation of these parameters. The experiments showed that the influence of the temperature gradient was negligible, whereas the effect of the velocity profiles on band broadening was higher than theoretically expected. In preparative work this is of utmost importance, since overlap of bands is not desirable.  In this case, the zeta potential of the walls can be adjusted to that of the material to be separated, resulting in a considerable reduction of band broadening. Various approaches are indicated. Further attention was given to the influence of the relaxation effect on the separation. Conditions are shown where particles are separated either according to their surface charge density or to their size. The practical relevance of the results is discussed.", "PMID": 1176089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5454", "title": "[Activity and isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase in tissues of amphibians (Xenopus laevis, Ambystoma mexicanum, Triturus alpestris and vulgaris) and the response in the fat body of Xenopus males to gonadotropin injection (author's transl)].", "content": "Lactate-dehydrogenase activity was determined by the optical test method using pyruvate as substrate and the isoenzymes were separated by vertical starch gel electrophoresis. Species-specific and organ-specific characteristics of the total activity and the isoenzyme patterns of the four amphibian species are compared with those of rat and mouse. Application of gonadotropin increases the amount of soluble protein and the lactate-dehydrogenase activity in the fat body of Xenopus and the isoenzyme pattern shows a shift of intensity towards the basic bands. Testis does not respond to this treatment.", "contents": "[Activity and isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase in tissues of amphibians (Xenopus laevis, Ambystoma mexicanum, Triturus alpestris and vulgaris) and the response in the fat body of Xenopus males to gonadotropin injection (author's transl)]. Lactate-dehydrogenase activity was determined by the optical test method using pyruvate as substrate and the isoenzymes were separated by vertical starch gel electrophoresis. Species-specific and organ-specific characteristics of the total activity and the isoenzyme patterns of the four amphibian species are compared with those of rat and mouse. Application of gonadotropin increases the amount of soluble protein and the lactate-dehydrogenase activity in the fat body of Xenopus and the isoenzyme pattern shows a shift of intensity towards the basic bands. Testis does not respond to this treatment.", "PMID": 1176091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5455", "title": "Free-flow electrophoresis. II. Analysis of the method with respect to preparative cell separation.", "content": "Electrophoretic cell separation by means of free-flow electrophoresis in an FF5 apparatus was investigated with respect to band resolution, separation capacity, reproducibility and influence on cell viability. Very sharp bands and a large separation capacity were achieved using triethanolamine/acetate buffered glycine media as liquid curtain. Acid buffer ions such as N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) or phosphate produced broader bands. Osmotic expanders such as saccharides, though preserving cell viability excellently, decrease electrophoretic velocity and thus separation capacity. The decrease in cell viability observed in glycine media could be compensated for by addition of Ca2. Band broadening caused by methodologically specific velocity flow profiles could be reduced to a negligible level by coating the chamber walls with albumin and by appropriate adjustment of sample flow rate and liquid curtain velocity. Under the optimum conditions described, selective cell loss and artificial change in electrophoretic mobility of the cells during operation can be disregarded. The main reason for cell loss was cell aggregation at low ionic strength, which can be prevented or reversed by treatment of the cells with deoxyribonuclease.", "contents": "Free-flow electrophoresis. II. Analysis of the method with respect to preparative cell separation. Electrophoretic cell separation by means of free-flow electrophoresis in an FF5 apparatus was investigated with respect to band resolution, separation capacity, reproducibility and influence on cell viability. Very sharp bands and a large separation capacity were achieved using triethanolamine/acetate buffered glycine media as liquid curtain. Acid buffer ions such as N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) or phosphate produced broader bands. Osmotic expanders such as saccharides, though preserving cell viability excellently, decrease electrophoretic velocity and thus separation capacity. The decrease in cell viability observed in glycine media could be compensated for by addition of Ca2. Band broadening caused by methodologically specific velocity flow profiles could be reduced to a negligible level by coating the chamber walls with albumin and by appropriate adjustment of sample flow rate and liquid curtain velocity. Under the optimum conditions described, selective cell loss and artificial change in electrophoretic mobility of the cells during operation can be disregarded. The main reason for cell loss was cell aggregation at low ionic strength, which can be prevented or reversed by treatment of the cells with deoxyribonuclease.", "PMID": 1176090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5456", "title": "[Microeletrophoresis in continuous polyacrylamide gel gradients. IV. The effect of reducing agents on the electrophoresis of proteins in sodium dodecylsulfate buffer systems (author's transl)].", "content": "The migration of reducing agents (e.g. 2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol and thioglycolic acid) was analysed in various electrophoretic buffer systems containing sodium dodecylsulfate. It is shown that proteins loaded with dodecylsulfate and previously not reduced can be reduced during the electrophoretic separation.", "contents": "[Microeletrophoresis in continuous polyacrylamide gel gradients. IV. The effect of reducing agents on the electrophoresis of proteins in sodium dodecylsulfate buffer systems (author's transl)]. The migration of reducing agents (e.g. 2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol and thioglycolic acid) was analysed in various electrophoretic buffer systems containing sodium dodecylsulfate. It is shown that proteins loaded with dodecylsulfate and previously not reduced can be reduced during the electrophoretic separation.", "PMID": 1176092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5457", "title": "Studies on polypeptides, VI. Synthesis, circular dichroism and immunological studies of tyrosyl C-peptide of human proinsulin.", "content": "The synthesis of tyrosyl human C-peptide, a sequence of 32 amino acids, by the fragment condensation of the N-terminal octapeptide and C-terminal tetracosapeptide is described. The t-butyl protecting groups were removed by trifluoroacetic acid to obtain N-benzyloxycarbonyl-tyrosyl C-peptide. The hydrogenolytic debenzyl-oxycarbonylation of this derivative proceeded to an extent of only 80-90%, and tyrosyl C-peptide was purified by preparative electrophoresis. This purified tyrosyl C-peptide led to an improved sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay. The synthetic tyrosyl C-peptide in an immunoassay using anti human b-component serum reacted slightly differently from the synthetic human C-peptide. After labelling tyrosyl C-peptide with 125I and then purifying the radioactive product, we observed that 80% of the radioactivity could be bound when reacted with an excess of the serum. The circular dichroism spectrum of tyrosyl C-peptide is very similar to that of synthetic human C-peptide. An analysis of the spectrum indicates that 3-7 amino acids are in the beta-structure and the rest in random coil conformation.", "contents": "Studies on polypeptides, VI. Synthesis, circular dichroism and immunological studies of tyrosyl C-peptide of human proinsulin. The synthesis of tyrosyl human C-peptide, a sequence of 32 amino acids, by the fragment condensation of the N-terminal octapeptide and C-terminal tetracosapeptide is described. The t-butyl protecting groups were removed by trifluoroacetic acid to obtain N-benzyloxycarbonyl-tyrosyl C-peptide. The hydrogenolytic debenzyl-oxycarbonylation of this derivative proceeded to an extent of only 80-90%, and tyrosyl C-peptide was purified by preparative electrophoresis. This purified tyrosyl C-peptide led to an improved sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay. The synthetic tyrosyl C-peptide in an immunoassay using anti human b-component serum reacted slightly differently from the synthetic human C-peptide. After labelling tyrosyl C-peptide with 125I and then purifying the radioactive product, we observed that 80% of the radioactivity could be bound when reacted with an excess of the serum. The circular dichroism spectrum of tyrosyl C-peptide is very similar to that of synthetic human C-peptide. An analysis of the spectrum indicates that 3-7 amino acids are in the beta-structure and the rest in random coil conformation.", "PMID": 1176093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5458", "title": "[Vergleichende Untersuchungen mit (14c)5-Aminol\u00e4vulinat und (14c)Uroporphyrinogen (author's transl)].", "content": "Cell-free extracts from Clostridium tetanomorphum, a microorganism which synthesizes corrins but no heme, are capable of converting both 5-aminolevulinate and uroporphyrinogen III into cobyrinic acid. Comparative examinations with (14C)5-aminolevulinate and (14C)uroporphyrinogen yielded corresponding results. Cell-free extracts from Clostridium tetanomorphum contain uroporphyrinogen III. To obtain good radiochemical yields it is therefore necessary to use substrates of high specific radioactivity. A method for the preparation of 14C-labelled uroporphyrin I-IV with high specific radioactivity is described.", "contents": "[Vergleichende Untersuchungen mit (14c)5-Aminol\u00e4vulinat und (14c)Uroporphyrinogen (author's transl)]. Cell-free extracts from Clostridium tetanomorphum, a microorganism which synthesizes corrins but no heme, are capable of converting both 5-aminolevulinate and uroporphyrinogen III into cobyrinic acid. Comparative examinations with (14C)5-aminolevulinate and (14C)uroporphyrinogen yielded corresponding results. Cell-free extracts from Clostridium tetanomorphum contain uroporphyrinogen III. To obtain good radiochemical yields it is therefore necessary to use substrates of high specific radioactivity. A method for the preparation of 14C-labelled uroporphyrin I-IV with high specific radioactivity is described.", "PMID": 1176095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5459", "title": "Biosynthesis of homocysteine sulfinic acid in the vitamin B6-deficient rat.", "content": "The formation of L-homocysteine sulfinic acid in the rat was examined in vivo and in vitro. This compound was rarely found, in trace amounts, in the urine and could not be detected in the tissues of various animal species studied. When L-homocysteine or methionine was given orally or intraperitoneally to rats deficient in vitamine B6, the level of homocysteine sulfinic acid in the urine increased and its synthesis could be detected in the liver.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of homocysteine sulfinic acid in the vitamin B6-deficient rat. The formation of L-homocysteine sulfinic acid in the rat was examined in vivo and in vitro. This compound was rarely found, in trace amounts, in the urine and could not be detected in the tissues of various animal species studied. When L-homocysteine or methionine was given orally or intraperitoneally to rats deficient in vitamine B6, the level of homocysteine sulfinic acid in the urine increased and its synthesis could be detected in the liver.", "PMID": 1176096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5460", "title": "The synthesis of mono- and bifunctional nitriles and imidoesters carrying a fluorescent group.", "content": "The synthesis of nitriles and dinitriles carrying fluorescent dansyl groups is described. From these compounds the corresponding mono- and bifunctional imidoesters were prepared. They are suitable for labelling or crosslinking, respectively, of proteins under mild conditions.", "contents": "The synthesis of mono- and bifunctional nitriles and imidoesters carrying a fluorescent group. The synthesis of nitriles and dinitriles carrying fluorescent dansyl groups is described. From these compounds the corresponding mono- and bifunctional imidoesters were prepared. They are suitable for labelling or crosslinking, respectively, of proteins under mild conditions.", "PMID": 1176097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5461", "title": "Fine detail radiography in the examination of tissue.", "content": "The technique of fine detail radiography is presented with a discussion of its value to the pathologist. The current availability of safe equipment for fine detail radiography makes this technique highly useful in the examination of calcified tissues as well as a wide variety of soft tissues.", "contents": "Fine detail radiography in the examination of tissue. The technique of fine detail radiography is presented with a discussion of its value to the pathologist. The current availability of safe equipment for fine detail radiography makes this technique highly useful in the examination of calcified tissues as well as a wide variety of soft tissues.", "PMID": 1176111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5462", "title": "Antenatal sex determination in blood from pregnant women.", "content": "Reported results concern Y-chromatin of lymphocytes and granulocytes in the peripheral blood of pregnant women. In  women who later delivered male children, a mean of 3.75% Y-chromatin was found in lymphocytes. Even after investigation of paternal Y-chromatin, the rate of false diagnoses (14%) in prenatal sex diagnosis could be reduced only moderately. In early pregnancy lymphoid cells with a Y-chromatin could be first traced only in the 8th week; granulocytes showing a Y-chromatin did not appear until the 9th week.", "contents": "Antenatal sex determination in blood from pregnant women. Reported results concern Y-chromatin of lymphocytes and granulocytes in the peripheral blood of pregnant women. In  women who later delivered male children, a mean of 3.75% Y-chromatin was found in lymphocytes. Even after investigation of paternal Y-chromatin, the rate of false diagnoses (14%) in prenatal sex diagnosis could be reduced only moderately. In early pregnancy lymphoid cells with a Y-chromatin could be first traced only in the 8th week; granulocytes showing a Y-chromatin did not appear until the 9th week.", "PMID": 1176117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5463", "title": "Dermatoglyphic analysis as a diagnostic tool in Wilson disease?", "content": "Dermatoglyphic analysis was performed in a family with 3 children with Wilson disease. With our findings we could not confirm the results published in two earlier papers by other authors who noted a positive relation between Wilson disease and an increased number of whorls. The practical significance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphic analysis as a diagnostic tool in Wilson disease? Dermatoglyphic analysis was performed in a family with 3 children with Wilson disease. With our findings we could not confirm the results published in two earlier papers by other authors who noted a positive relation between Wilson disease and an increased number of whorls. The practical significance of the findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1176118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5464", "title": "The human leukocyte test system. V. DNA synthesis and mitoses in PHA-stimulated 3-day cultures.", "content": "In human leukocyte cultures st up with TC medium 199,DNA synthesis and mitotic indices were analysed by means of 3H-thymidine autoradiography and cell counting. DNA synthesis starts at around 28 hrs. The frequencies of labelled cells rise slowly and reach a maximum of around 24%. The first mitoses appear at around 38 hrs but up to 49 hrs only very few mitoses can be seen. After that time the mitotic indices rise and reach values of up to 11% cultivation in the presence of BudR for 72 hrs and staining with Hoechst 33258 stain revealed that first, second and third mitoses occur together in the cultures at this time. Irradiation of whole blood and cultivation for 72 hrs leads to mitoses containing dicentric and ring chromosomes with and without fragments, to interphases with micronuclei, to premature chromosome condensations (PCC) and to polyploid mitoses indicating that at this time first and further mitoses are present.", "contents": "The human leukocyte test system. V. DNA synthesis and mitoses in PHA-stimulated 3-day cultures. In human leukocyte cultures st up with TC medium 199,DNA synthesis and mitotic indices were analysed by means of 3H-thymidine autoradiography and cell counting. DNA synthesis starts at around 28 hrs. The frequencies of labelled cells rise slowly and reach a maximum of around 24%. The first mitoses appear at around 38 hrs but up to 49 hrs only very few mitoses can be seen. After that time the mitotic indices rise and reach values of up to 11% cultivation in the presence of BudR for 72 hrs and staining with Hoechst 33258 stain revealed that first, second and third mitoses occur together in the cultures at this time. Irradiation of whole blood and cultivation for 72 hrs leads to mitoses containing dicentric and ring chromosomes with and without fragments, to interphases with micronuclei, to premature chromosome condensations (PCC) and to polyploid mitoses indicating that at this time first and further mitoses are present.", "PMID": 1176119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5465", "title": "Phenylketonuria in a patient with cystinuria.", "content": "During routine screening procedures for amino-acid disorders by thin-layer chromatography, a 16-year-old boy was found to have phenylketonuria and cystinuria. A phenylalanine and a cystine loading were carried out. The patient was found to be homozygous for phenylketonuria and heterozygous for cystinuria type II. His father was heterozygous for phenylketonuria and cystinuria, while his mother proved to be heterozygous only for phenylketonuria.", "contents": "Phenylketonuria in a patient with cystinuria. During routine screening procedures for amino-acid disorders by thin-layer chromatography, a 16-year-old boy was found to have phenylketonuria and cystinuria. A phenylalanine and a cystine loading were carried out. The patient was found to be homozygous for phenylketonuria and heterozygous for cystinuria type II. His father was heterozygous for phenylketonuria and cystinuria, while his mother proved to be heterozygous only for phenylketonuria.", "PMID": 1176121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5466", "title": "Distribution of hypothenar radial arches.", "content": "A study of the frequency of the radial arch in the hypothenar area has confirmed that there are bimanual and sex differences, and has shown that racial differences in the frequency exist between Whites, Indians, Negros, and a Coloured (mixed racial origin) population. The pattern is not uncommon, and in about 25% of cases there is an associated marginal triradius.", "contents": "Distribution of hypothenar radial arches. A study of the frequency of the radial arch in the hypothenar area has confirmed that there are bimanual and sex differences, and has shown that racial differences in the frequency exist between Whites, Indians, Negros, and a Coloured (mixed racial origin) population. The pattern is not uncommon, and in about 25% of cases there is an associated marginal triradius.", "PMID": 1176122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5467", "title": "Haemoglobin G Szuhu beta 80 asn leads to lys in an English family.", "content": "An electrophoretic variant of haemoglobin has been discovered in an English family. The amino acid substitution has been characterized as being the replacement of the asparagine residue at position 80 of the beta chain by a lysine residue. This is the same substitution as in Hb G Szuhu, first discovered in a Chinese male from Taiwan.", "contents": "Haemoglobin G Szuhu beta 80 asn leads to lys in an English family. An electrophoretic variant of haemoglobin has been discovered in an English family. The amino acid substitution has been characterized as being the replacement of the asparagine residue at position 80 of the beta chain by a lysine residue. This is the same substitution as in Hb G Szuhu, first discovered in a Chinese male from Taiwan.", "PMID": 1176123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5468", "title": "Short arm deletion of chromosome 12: report of two new cases.", "content": "Two boys (W.M. and C.P.) are described, in each of whom a short-arm deleted C chromosome was apparently present. The clinical findings on W.M. are stenosis of the sagittal sutura associated with atrophy of the nervus opticus and mental retardation, and on C.P. osteogenesis imperfecta. An analysis of the G- and Q-banding patterns revealed in each patient a 12p-- chromosome. The deletion involved most of band p12 as shown by length measurements on G-banded chromosomes. Both cases were compared to proven and presumed cases of 12p-- from literature, but no common clinical phenotype could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Short arm deletion of chromosome 12: report of two new cases. Two boys (W.M. and C.P.) are described, in each of whom a short-arm deleted C chromosome was apparently present. The clinical findings on W.M. are stenosis of the sagittal sutura associated with atrophy of the nervus opticus and mental retardation, and on C.P. osteogenesis imperfecta. An analysis of the G- and Q-banding patterns revealed in each patient a 12p-- chromosome. The deletion involved most of band p12 as shown by length measurements on G-banded chromosomes. Both cases were compared to proven and presumed cases of 12p-- from literature, but no common clinical phenotype could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1176124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5469", "title": "[Partial trisomy 11q and familial translocation 11--22 (author's transl)].", "content": "By heat denaturation, a reciprocal translocation was found in the mother of two malformed sibs. In her 46,XX,t(11 ;22)(q23 ;q11) caryotype, the rearranged elements exhibit no change of length. The 2 sibs are trisomic for the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 11.", "contents": "[Partial trisomy 11q and familial translocation 11--22 (author's transl)]. By heat denaturation, a reciprocal translocation was found in the mother of two malformed sibs. In her 46,XX,t(11 ;22)(q23 ;q11) caryotype, the rearranged elements exhibit no change of length. The 2 sibs are trisomic for the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 11.", "PMID": 1176125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5470", "title": "Recurrent abortions and paternal balanced translocation t(lq--;13q+).", "content": "A healthy husband showing balanced simple translocation (1q--;13q+) is presented. The relevance of these findings to genetic counselling prompted by recurrent abortion in his wife is discussed.", "contents": "Recurrent abortions and paternal balanced translocation t(lq--;13q+). A healthy husband showing balanced simple translocation (1q--;13q+) is presented. The relevance of these findings to genetic counselling prompted by recurrent abortion in his wife is discussed.", "PMID": 1176126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5471", "title": "The tetraphocomelia -- cleft palate syndrome: description of a new case.", "content": "A new case of Tetraphocomelia--cleft palatee syndrome is described. The similiarity between this patient and the cases classified as Pseudothalidomide or as Robert syndrome makes a distinction between these 2 syndromes doubtful.", "contents": "The tetraphocomelia -- cleft palate syndrome: description of a new case. A new case of Tetraphocomelia--cleft palatee syndrome is described. The similiarity between this patient and the cases classified as Pseudothalidomide or as Robert syndrome makes a distinction between these 2 syndromes doubtful.", "PMID": 1176127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5472", "title": "A male infant with monosomy 21.", "content": "A male infant with total monosomy 21 identified by Q-, G- and R-banding is described. His main symptoms are hypertonia, micrognathia, microphthalmus, imperforate anus, ambiguous external genitalia, floating and malopposed thumbs, overlying fingers, right clubfoot and growth retardation. Both parents are phenotypically as well as karotypically normal.", "contents": "A male infant with monosomy 21. A male infant with total monosomy 21 identified by Q-, G- and R-banding is described. His main symptoms are hypertonia, micrognathia, microphthalmus, imperforate anus, ambiguous external genitalia, floating and malopposed thumbs, overlying fingers, right clubfoot and growth retardation. Both parents are phenotypically as well as karotypically normal.", "PMID": 1176129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5473", "title": "Histological analysis of spontaneous abortions with trisomy 2: first description of an embryo.", "content": "Three spontaneous abortions with trisomy 2 were analyzed histologically. In one of these, beside chorionic membranes and villi, yolk sac, yolk stalk, body stalk and an embryo are described. Concerning the development stage there seems to be an order; villi and body stalk (16 days), embryo (end of 3rd week to beginning of 4th week) and yolk sac with yolk stalk (2nd half of 4th week).", "contents": "Histological analysis of spontaneous abortions with trisomy 2: first description of an embryo. Three spontaneous abortions with trisomy 2 were analyzed histologically. In one of these, beside chorionic membranes and villi, yolk sac, yolk stalk, body stalk and an embryo are described. Concerning the development stage there seems to be an order; villi and body stalk (16 days), embryo (end of 3rd week to beginning of 4th week) and yolk sac with yolk stalk (2nd half of 4th week).", "PMID": 1176130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5474", "title": "Morphological variability of the human chromosomes in two Indian populations - Rajputs and Punjabis.", "content": "Karotypic evaluation of 100 Rajputs and 100 Punjabis revealed different frequencies of Y chromosome polymorphism and minor chromosome variants. Long Y chromosome were observed 5% of the Rajputs and 3% of the Punjabis. The Y indices of Rajputs were consistently higher than those of Punjabis. Significant differences were noted between Rajputs and Punjabis with respect to the 5 Y indices. Significant differences were also found when those 2 populations were compared with different populations of the world. Minor chromosome variants were observed in 18% of the Rajputs and 19% of the Punjabis.", "contents": "Morphological variability of the human chromosomes in two Indian populations - Rajputs and Punjabis. Karotypic evaluation of 100 Rajputs and 100 Punjabis revealed different frequencies of Y chromosome polymorphism and minor chromosome variants. Long Y chromosome were observed 5% of the Rajputs and 3% of the Punjabis. The Y indices of Rajputs were consistently higher than those of Punjabis. Significant differences were noted between Rajputs and Punjabis with respect to the 5 Y indices. Significant differences were also found when those 2 populations were compared with different populations of the world. Minor chromosome variants were observed in 18% of the Rajputs and 19% of the Punjabis.", "PMID": 1176131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5475", "title": "Chromosome studies in 500 induced abortions.", "content": "A survey of the chromosome constitution in 500 induced abortions (5-12 menstrual weeks) was undertaken over a period of 1 1/2 years. There were 34 cases (6.8%) of gross chromosome anomalies: 2 cases of trisomy A; 5 of trisomy C (including XXX and XXY); 1 of mosaic trisomy C; 4 of trisomy D; 2 of trisomy E; 2 of trisomy G; 1 of double trisomy E and G; 1 of XYY; 4 of monosmy C (including XO); 2 of mosaic monosomy C; 1 of mosaicism of ring D chromosome; 1 of extra small metacentric chromosome; 3 of triploidy (including triploidy with double trisomy C and G); and 5 of tetraploidy and its mosaicism. An increased risk for the occurrence of trisomic anomalies was found with advancing age of the mothers. In contrast, the production of monosomies was not age-related. Trisomies were the most common type of anomalies and were found almost at random, regardless of the characteristics of chromosomes. Neither satellited nor small chromosomes were predominantly involved in the formation of chromosome anomalies.", "contents": "Chromosome studies in 500 induced abortions. A survey of the chromosome constitution in 500 induced abortions (5-12 menstrual weeks) was undertaken over a period of 1 1/2 years. There were 34 cases (6.8%) of gross chromosome anomalies: 2 cases of trisomy A; 5 of trisomy C (including XXX and XXY); 1 of mosaic trisomy C; 4 of trisomy D; 2 of trisomy E; 2 of trisomy G; 1 of double trisomy E and G; 1 of XYY; 4 of monosmy C (including XO); 2 of mosaic monosomy C; 1 of mosaicism of ring D chromosome; 1 of extra small metacentric chromosome; 3 of triploidy (including triploidy with double trisomy C and G); and 5 of tetraploidy and its mosaicism. An increased risk for the occurrence of trisomic anomalies was found with advancing age of the mothers. In contrast, the production of monosomies was not age-related. Trisomies were the most common type of anomalies and were found almost at random, regardless of the characteristics of chromosomes. Neither satellited nor small chromosomes were predominantly involved in the formation of chromosome anomalies.", "PMID": 1176132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5476", "title": "Haemoglobin synthesis in 28 obligatory cases for alpha-thalassemia traits.", "content": "In the Far East two types of alpha-thalassemia genes, namely alpha-thalassemia, (alpha-thal1), and alpha-thalassemia2 (alpha-thal2) exist. Definite diagnosis of the alpha-thal1 and alpha-thal2 traits is very difficult because their hematological findings are minimally abnormal or normal. This study attempts to characterize the heterozygotes by hemoglobin chain synthesis in reticulocytes from obligatory cases of the alpha-thal1 and alpha-thal2 traits. Twelve parents of babies with hemoglobin Bart's hydrops fetalis (obligatory alpha-thal1 trait) had the mean total radioactivity alpha/beta ratio of 0.76 +/- SD 0.04, while that of 7 normal controls was 1.06 +/- SD 0.04. The alpha/beta globin chain ratios of 16 cases, who were either parents or offspring of patients with hemoglobin H disease, were found to segregate into 2 groups, i.e. 0.78 +/- SD 0.03 (10 cases) and 0.9l1 and alpha-thal2 traits respectively. The hematological data of the first group showed definite hypochromic microcytic red cells, similar to those of the parents of the hydrops. The second group had significantly higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin than the first group, compatible with alpha-thal2 trait. Our globin chain synthesis study thus appears to be capable of discriminating normal, alpha-thal1 and alpha-thal2 traits.", "contents": "Haemoglobin synthesis in 28 obligatory cases for alpha-thalassemia traits. In the Far East two types of alpha-thalassemia genes, namely alpha-thalassemia, (alpha-thal1), and alpha-thalassemia2 (alpha-thal2) exist. Definite diagnosis of the alpha-thal1 and alpha-thal2 traits is very difficult because their hematological findings are minimally abnormal or normal. This study attempts to characterize the heterozygotes by hemoglobin chain synthesis in reticulocytes from obligatory cases of the alpha-thal1 and alpha-thal2 traits. Twelve parents of babies with hemoglobin Bart's hydrops fetalis (obligatory alpha-thal1 trait) had the mean total radioactivity alpha/beta ratio of 0.76 +/- SD 0.04, while that of 7 normal controls was 1.06 +/- SD 0.04. The alpha/beta globin chain ratios of 16 cases, who were either parents or offspring of patients with hemoglobin H disease, were found to segregate into 2 groups, i.e. 0.78 +/- SD 0.03 (10 cases) and 0.9l1 and alpha-thal2 traits respectively. The hematological data of the first group showed definite hypochromic microcytic red cells, similar to those of the parents of the hydrops. The second group had significantly higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin than the first group, compatible with alpha-thal2 trait. Our globin chain synthesis study thus appears to be capable of discriminating normal, alpha-thal1 and alpha-thal2 traits.", "PMID": 1176133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5477", "title": "The human leukocyte test system. VI. The use of sister chromatid exchanges as possible indicators for mutagenic activities.", "content": "The trifunctional alkylating chemical mutagen trenimon increases the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in human leukocyte chromosomes in vitro, as revealed by a BUdR-Giemsa method. Treatment with lead acetate exhibited negative results in this respect. The use of sister chromatid exchanges as possible indicators for mutagenic activities is discussed.", "contents": "The human leukocyte test system. VI. The use of sister chromatid exchanges as possible indicators for mutagenic activities. The trifunctional alkylating chemical mutagen trenimon increases the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in human leukocyte chromosomes in vitro, as revealed by a BUdR-Giemsa method. Treatment with lead acetate exhibited negative results in this respect. The use of sister chromatid exchanges as possible indicators for mutagenic activities is discussed.", "PMID": 1176134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5478", "title": "Cytogenetic effects of cyclophosphamide on mouse spermatogonia.", "content": "NMRI mice were treated with single doses of cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) and spermatogonia were analysed for chromosome aberrations at various time intervals after treatment. The maxima of aberrations were found 24 hrs p.i. Chromatid type aberrations were observed exclusively. About half of the aberrations consisted of chromatid interchanges, 92% of which exchanging short arm fragments close to the centromeric region. The lack of meiotic multivalents in diakinesis-metaphase I after treatment of spermatogonia stem cells with cyclophosphamide in the study of Leonard and Linden (1972) is discussed.", "contents": "Cytogenetic effects of cyclophosphamide on mouse spermatogonia. NMRI mice were treated with single doses of cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) and spermatogonia were analysed for chromosome aberrations at various time intervals after treatment. The maxima of aberrations were found 24 hrs p.i. Chromatid type aberrations were observed exclusively. About half of the aberrations consisted of chromatid interchanges, 92% of which exchanging short arm fragments close to the centromeric region. The lack of meiotic multivalents in diakinesis-metaphase I after treatment of spermatogonia stem cells with cyclophosphamide in the study of Leonard and Linden (1972) is discussed.", "PMID": 1176135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5479", "title": "Partial trisomy 10p.", "content": "It is reported on a boy of 4 years 9 months with trisomy of the distal part of the short arm of a chromosome 10, due to a balanced 7/10 translocation in the father. Besides multiple minor dysmorphias the patient showed severe mental retardation, small stature, hypotonia, retarded bone age. The high and bulky forehead was especially remarkable, because this sign has also been noted in formerly reported cases with trisomy 10p.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 10p. It is reported on a boy of 4 years 9 months with trisomy of the distal part of the short arm of a chromosome 10, due to a balanced 7/10 translocation in the father. Besides multiple minor dysmorphias the patient showed severe mental retardation, small stature, hypotonia, retarded bone age. The high and bulky forehead was especially remarkable, because this sign has also been noted in formerly reported cases with trisomy 10p.", "PMID": 1176136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5480", "title": "Cystinuric heterozygotes and cystine-loading.", "content": "During routine screening procedures for amino acid disorders by thin layer chromatography, performed in a children's psychiatric hospital, we detected 6 children who excreted excessive amounts of dibasic amino acids. The probands, their siblings and parents and 11 controls (29 subjects in all) were loaded with cystine. On the basis of the urinary excretion after the loading we distinguished normal subjects from cystinuric heterozygotes, which we further subdivided in heterozygotes type II and III by the corresponding serum response.", "contents": "Cystinuric heterozygotes and cystine-loading. During routine screening procedures for amino acid disorders by thin layer chromatography, performed in a children's psychiatric hospital, we detected 6 children who excreted excessive amounts of dibasic amino acids. The probands, their siblings and parents and 11 controls (29 subjects in all) were loaded with cystine. On the basis of the urinary excretion after the loading we distinguished normal subjects from cystinuric heterozygotes, which we further subdivided in heterozygotes type II and III by the corresponding serum response.", "PMID": 1176137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5481", "title": "Chromosome mosaicism in a population sample.", "content": "An analysis has been made of mosaicism found in the different types of chromosome abnormalities among the 19000 persons examined at the Cytogenetic Laboratory, Risskov. The percentage with mosaicism was 36 in both triple-X and Turner's syndrome, it was 7 and 11% in XYY and Klinefelter's syndrome, respectively, and 2 in autosomal abnormalities. We found a mosaicism frequency of 11% in population studies with 5 cells analyzed primarily compared with 7% in other studies, in which 10-50 cells were analyzed primarily. (The difference is not significant.) The total frequency of mosaicism was 8%. The first cell with the chromosome aberration establishing the mosaicism was found among the first 5 cells in 40 of the 44 cases with mosaicism, and all but one of the 44 cases would have been established as mosaics, if the guidlines indicated by Bochkov et al. (1974) had been followed; that is 11 cells analyzed primarily, and if one of these cells has a chromosome aberration, the number of cells analyzed is increased to 17; if 2 cells have the same chromosome aberration, the number of cells analyzed is extended to 23, and if 3 cells with the same chromosome aberration is found among these 23 cells, the mosaicism is established. Aneuploid or structural chromosome abnormalities present in all cells may be detected by analysis of 2-3 cells of good quality. Mosaicism with 2 or more cell clones with different chromosome patterns are extremely difficult to detect, if the percentage of cell clones with chromosome aberration is low. The incidence of chromosome abnormalities found in all cells in newborn children in the different studies is very similar as shown in a recent survey of 6 different studies by Jacobs et al. (1974). The incidence of mosaicism varies according to the frequency of artefactual aneuploidy, the variety of tissue studied, number of cells analyzed from each tissue as well as the acuity of the observer and the checking procedures.", "contents": "Chromosome mosaicism in a population sample. An analysis has been made of mosaicism found in the different types of chromosome abnormalities among the 19000 persons examined at the Cytogenetic Laboratory, Risskov. The percentage with mosaicism was 36 in both triple-X and Turner's syndrome, it was 7 and 11% in XYY and Klinefelter's syndrome, respectively, and 2 in autosomal abnormalities. We found a mosaicism frequency of 11% in population studies with 5 cells analyzed primarily compared with 7% in other studies, in which 10-50 cells were analyzed primarily. (The difference is not significant.) The total frequency of mosaicism was 8%. The first cell with the chromosome aberration establishing the mosaicism was found among the first 5 cells in 40 of the 44 cases with mosaicism, and all but one of the 44 cases would have been established as mosaics, if the guidlines indicated by Bochkov et al. (1974) had been followed; that is 11 cells analyzed primarily, and if one of these cells has a chromosome aberration, the number of cells analyzed is increased to 17; if 2 cells have the same chromosome aberration, the number of cells analyzed is extended to 23, and if 3 cells with the same chromosome aberration is found among these 23 cells, the mosaicism is established. Aneuploid or structural chromosome abnormalities present in all cells may be detected by analysis of 2-3 cells of good quality. Mosaicism with 2 or more cell clones with different chromosome patterns are extremely difficult to detect, if the percentage of cell clones with chromosome aberration is low. The incidence of chromosome abnormalities found in all cells in newborn children in the different studies is very similar as shown in a recent survey of 6 different studies by Jacobs et al. (1974). The incidence of mosaicism varies according to the frequency of artefactual aneuploidy, the variety of tissue studied, number of cells analyzed from each tissue as well as the acuity of the observer and the checking procedures.", "PMID": 1176138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5482", "title": "Familial correlations in the judgment of numerousness.", "content": "Results from analyses of 100 families' judgments of 5 to 90 dots suggest that the absolute error in \"subtizing\" (up to 8 objects) may have a genetic component. \"Estimating\" larger numbers of items is more complex and, in this study, does not seem to be under genotypic control.", "contents": "Familial correlations in the judgment of numerousness. Results from analyses of 100 families' judgments of 5 to 90 dots suggest that the absolute error in \"subtizing\" (up to 8 objects) may have a genetic component. \"Estimating\" larger numbers of items is more complex and, in this study, does not seem to be under genotypic control.", "PMID": 1176139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5483", "title": "Extra-hepatic storage of copper: a male foetus suspected of Menkes' disease.", "content": "The distribution of copper among the organs of an aborted, male foetus, expected to develop Menkes' syndrome, was entirely different from the distribution in 4 normal foetuses. Copper concentrations determined by neutron activation analysis showed a considerably reduced content in the liver, but increased concentrations in the other organs analysed; total foetal copper was normal.", "contents": "Extra-hepatic storage of copper: a male foetus suspected of Menkes' disease. The distribution of copper among the organs of an aborted, male foetus, expected to develop Menkes' syndrome, was entirely different from the distribution in 4 normal foetuses. Copper concentrations determined by neutron activation analysis showed a considerably reduced content in the liver, but increased concentrations in the other organs analysed; total foetal copper was normal.", "PMID": 1176140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5484", "title": "Trisomy 9q-. a variant of the 9p trisomy syndrome.", "content": "A low-birth-weight near-term male infant was found to have a non-familial 47,XY chromosome complement with an extra medium-sized metacentric chromosome slightly larger than a number 16. By Giemsa-trypsin (G-banding) this extra chromosome was determined to be a number 9 with deletion of approximately half of the long arm at region q 22. Chromosome studies on the clinically normal 38-year-old mother showed a balanced translocation with the deleted portion attached onto the distal end of a number 8 short arm, i.e. 46,XX,t(8;9)(p23;q22). Nondisjunction during meiosis of this woman's normal and deleted number 9 chromosomes is the basis of the child's abnormalities. One half-sibling of the child has a balanced translocation similar to that in the mother. Chromosome analyses on 4 others of the child's maternal half-siblings and on the maternal grandmother all showed normal patterns.", "contents": "Trisomy 9q-. a variant of the 9p trisomy syndrome. A low-birth-weight near-term male infant was found to have a non-familial 47,XY chromosome complement with an extra medium-sized metacentric chromosome slightly larger than a number 16. By Giemsa-trypsin (G-banding) this extra chromosome was determined to be a number 9 with deletion of approximately half of the long arm at region q 22. Chromosome studies on the clinically normal 38-year-old mother showed a balanced translocation with the deleted portion attached onto the distal end of a number 8 short arm, i.e. 46,XX,t(8;9)(p23;q22). Nondisjunction during meiosis of this woman's normal and deleted number 9 chromosomes is the basis of the child's abnormalities. One half-sibling of the child has a balanced translocation similar to that in the mother. Chromosome analyses on 4 others of the child's maternal half-siblings and on the maternal grandmother all showed normal patterns.", "PMID": 1176141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5485", "title": "Effect of sex, age and cultivation time on number of satellites and acrocentric associations in man.", "content": "Lymphocyte cultures of 120 normal persons evenly distributed in relation to sex and age groups were studied. A total of 3900 cells were examined, 3600 in 3-day cultures and 300 in cultivations maintained for 2 days. In both age groups (10--13; 62--96 years) men showed higher numbers of satellites per cell but less cells with D/G associations. Older subjects presented a lower number of cells with D satellites and acrocentric associations; the pattern of these associations, however, did not seem to vary with age. The mean number of associations per cell decreased significantly in 3-day as opposed to 2-day cultures.", "contents": "Effect of sex, age and cultivation time on number of satellites and acrocentric associations in man. Lymphocyte cultures of 120 normal persons evenly distributed in relation to sex and age groups were studied. A total of 3900 cells were examined, 3600 in 3-day cultures and 300 in cultivations maintained for 2 days. In both age groups (10--13; 62--96 years) men showed higher numbers of satellites per cell but less cells with D/G associations. Older subjects presented a lower number of cells with D satellites and acrocentric associations; the pattern of these associations, however, did not seem to vary with age. The mean number of associations per cell decreased significantly in 3-day as opposed to 2-day cultures.", "PMID": 1176142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5486", "title": "Haptoglobin, transferrin and serum albumin variants in the Dayaks of Sarawak.", "content": "The Land Dayaks and the Sea Kayaks of Sarawak were surveyed for haptoglobin, transferrin and serum albumin variants. The Hp1 gene frequency was 0.385 in 283 Land Dayaks as well as in 205 Sea Kayaks. The TfDChi gene frequency in 283 Land Dayaks was 0.030 and in 188 Sea Kayaks it was 0.040. Serum albumin Medan was found in one of the 188 Sea Kayaks.", "contents": "Haptoglobin, transferrin and serum albumin variants in the Dayaks of Sarawak. The Land Dayaks and the Sea Kayaks of Sarawak were surveyed for haptoglobin, transferrin and serum albumin variants. The Hp1 gene frequency was 0.385 in 283 Land Dayaks as well as in 205 Sea Kayaks. The TfDChi gene frequency in 283 Land Dayaks was 0.030 and in 188 Sea Kayaks it was 0.040. Serum albumin Medan was found in one of the 188 Sea Kayaks.", "PMID": 1176143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5487", "title": "Cultivated cells from diagnostic amniocentesis in second trimester pregnancies. III. The fetal urine as a potential source of clonable cells.", "content": "Four independent fetal urine specimens yielded clonal growth. The mature colonies were similar to certain classes of amniotic fluid cell clones, and to those obtained from fetal kidney. Kidney specific LDH isozyme patterns, however, were not observed in any of these primary clones.", "contents": "Cultivated cells from diagnostic amniocentesis in second trimester pregnancies. III. The fetal urine as a potential source of clonable cells. Four independent fetal urine specimens yielded clonal growth. The mature colonies were similar to certain classes of amniotic fluid cell clones, and to those obtained from fetal kidney. Kidney specific LDH isozyme patterns, however, were not observed in any of these primary clones.", "PMID": 1176144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5488", "title": "Sulfatide excreting heterozygous carrier of juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy or asymptomatic patient of adult metachromatic leukodystrophy.", "content": "In a family with juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy (sulfatide lipidosis) 2 patients showed residual arysulfatase A activities of 5--6%. The patients' healthy father was characterized biochemically by a 39% normal activity of leukocyte plus plasma arylsulfatase A. The father was further characterized by a high sulfatide excretion (0.2--0.5 mg/I urine) and, paradoxically, by a normal sulfatide degrading enzyme activity in vitro. This special carrier is suspected to be heterozygous for a) arylsulfatase A deficiency and b) arylsulfatase A (sulfatidase) lability. This presumed additional genetic defect could be the cause of the sulfatide excretion which, in turn, would be a sign of the preclinical stage of an exceptional form of adult metachromatic leukodystrophy. The normal sulfatidase activity seems to be due to an in vitro effect.", "contents": "Sulfatide excreting heterozygous carrier of juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy or asymptomatic patient of adult metachromatic leukodystrophy. In a family with juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy (sulfatide lipidosis) 2 patients showed residual arysulfatase A activities of 5--6%. The patients' healthy father was characterized biochemically by a 39% normal activity of leukocyte plus plasma arylsulfatase A. The father was further characterized by a high sulfatide excretion (0.2--0.5 mg/I urine) and, paradoxically, by a normal sulfatide degrading enzyme activity in vitro. This special carrier is suspected to be heterozygous for a) arylsulfatase A deficiency and b) arylsulfatase A (sulfatidase) lability. This presumed additional genetic defect could be the cause of the sulfatide excretion which, in turn, would be a sign of the preclinical stage of an exceptional form of adult metachromatic leukodystrophy. The normal sulfatidase activity seems to be due to an in vitro effect.", "PMID": 1176145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5489", "title": "Inheritance of acrocentric association patterns.", "content": "The individual association frequencies of acrocentric chromosomes identified by fluorescent markers were analyzed in 17 individuals from 3 families. The frequency of association appears to be a characteristic property of an individual chromosome, since certain marker chromosomes showed an increase in frequency of association in each family member in which they appeared. Most of the marker chromosomes with increased frequency of association had a longer nucleolar constriction than their homologs.", "contents": "Inheritance of acrocentric association patterns. The individual association frequencies of acrocentric chromosomes identified by fluorescent markers were analyzed in 17 individuals from 3 families. The frequency of association appears to be a characteristic property of an individual chromosome, since certain marker chromosomes showed an increase in frequency of association in each family member in which they appeared. Most of the marker chromosomes with increased frequency of association had a longer nucleolar constriction than their homologs.", "PMID": 1176146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5490", "title": "The effect of ethylnitrosourea on chromosome aberrations in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The effect of ENU on (A) human chromosomes from blood lymphocyte cultures in vitro, and on (B) rat and mouse bone marrow chromosomes in vivo, was investigated. Doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mug/ml were tested in vitro and cells with chromosome breakage were found to be dose dependent. Chromosome damage was also dependent on time; maximum damage was seen when cells were treated 2--6 hrs before harvest. Two doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg were studied in rat and mouse in vivo and a dose effect could be shown in both species. The highest number of abnormal cells was found 6 hrs after treatment; there was a sharp decrease at 18 hrs and thereafer. Types of aberrations were also analyzed, in both in vitro and in vivo studies.", "contents": "The effect of ethylnitrosourea on chromosome aberrations in vitro and in vivo. The effect of ENU on (A) human chromosomes from blood lymphocyte cultures in vitro, and on (B) rat and mouse bone marrow chromosomes in vivo, was investigated. Doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mug/ml were tested in vitro and cells with chromosome breakage were found to be dose dependent. Chromosome damage was also dependent on time; maximum damage was seen when cells were treated 2--6 hrs before harvest. Two doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg were studied in rat and mouse in vivo and a dose effect could be shown in both species. The highest number of abnormal cells was found 6 hrs after treatment; there was a sharp decrease at 18 hrs and thereafer. Types of aberrations were also analyzed, in both in vitro and in vivo studies.", "PMID": 1176147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5491", "title": "Trisomy 4p14 leads to 4pter with translocation t(4;15)(p14;p12) in the father.", "content": "A trisomy 4p14 leads to 4pter in a 15-year-old girl is reported. The main features are physical and mental retardation and the absence of gross malformations. The relevance of other symptoms found in the patient is discussed.", "contents": "Trisomy 4p14 leads to 4pter with translocation t(4;15)(p14;p12) in the father. A trisomy 4p14 leads to 4pter in a 15-year-old girl is reported. The main features are physical and mental retardation and the absence of gross malformations. The relevance of other symptoms found in the patient is discussed.", "PMID": 1176148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5492", "title": "Further data on the incidence and segregation of genetically determined electrophoretic variants of human red cell NADH diaphorase.", "content": "Human red cell NADH diaphorase isozyme patterns have been examined in 3,060 unrelated Australians of European origin, by starch gel electrophoresis. 26 people with variant isozyme patterns were encountered: 12 were phenotype Dia 2-1 and 13 were Dia 4-1. A new variant isozyme pattern (Dia 7-1) was identified. No variants were identified in 100 Melanesians and 70 Australian Aborigines.", "contents": "Further data on the incidence and segregation of genetically determined electrophoretic variants of human red cell NADH diaphorase. Human red cell NADH diaphorase isozyme patterns have been examined in 3,060 unrelated Australians of European origin, by starch gel electrophoresis. 26 people with variant isozyme patterns were encountered: 12 were phenotype Dia 2-1 and 13 were Dia 4-1. A new variant isozyme pattern (Dia 7-1) was identified. No variants were identified in 100 Melanesians and 70 Australian Aborigines.", "PMID": 1176150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5493", "title": "Phosphoglucomutase phenotypes and prenatal selection. Studies of spontaneous and induced abortions.", "content": "The PGM1 and PGM3 phenotypes were examined in extracts of chorionic tissue from 97 spontaneous and 266 induced abortions. Contamination by maternal tissue or blood cells was shown to be insignificant. A positive association was found between the PGM11 and PGM13 genes. No significant differences in phenotype distributions were found between the population of spontaneously aborted fetuses and the normal fetal or adult populations. Hence it was concluded that there is no evidence so far for prenatal selection operating in the PGM1 and PGM3 polymorphisms.", "contents": "Phosphoglucomutase phenotypes and prenatal selection. Studies of spontaneous and induced abortions. The PGM1 and PGM3 phenotypes were examined in extracts of chorionic tissue from 97 spontaneous and 266 induced abortions. Contamination by maternal tissue or blood cells was shown to be insignificant. A positive association was found between the PGM11 and PGM13 genes. No significant differences in phenotype distributions were found between the population of spontaneously aborted fetuses and the normal fetal or adult populations. Hence it was concluded that there is no evidence so far for prenatal selection operating in the PGM1 and PGM3 polymorphisms.", "PMID": 1176151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5494", "title": "Genetic distance analysis of twenty-two South American Indian populations.", "content": "Extent of genic variability among 22 tribal groups of South American Indians in terms of net codon differences per locus has been studied on the basis of determinations on ten genetic systems. The possibility of more than one (other than the north-south route, considered by others) migrational pattern is discussed in the light of the existing genetic variability among the Andean highland and the jungle populations. Genic similarities (as measured by gene identity) are related with geographic proximities which reflect the importance of random genetic drift in creating the present genic divergence among these population groups. Although the materials used in this paper form probably only a non-random sample of structural genome, intralocus variance (sampling) is found to contribute only a little in the variabilities of heterozygosity or genetic distance.", "contents": "Genetic distance analysis of twenty-two South American Indian populations. Extent of genic variability among 22 tribal groups of South American Indians in terms of net codon differences per locus has been studied on the basis of determinations on ten genetic systems. The possibility of more than one (other than the north-south route, considered by others) migrational pattern is discussed in the light of the existing genetic variability among the Andean highland and the jungle populations. Genic similarities (as measured by gene identity) are related with geographic proximities which reflect the importance of random genetic drift in creating the present genic divergence among these population groups. Although the materials used in this paper form probably only a non-random sample of structural genome, intralocus variance (sampling) is found to contribute only a little in the variabilities of heterozygosity or genetic distance.", "PMID": 1176152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5495", "title": "Testing the Mendelian segregation ratio under incomplete ascertainment.", "content": "The properties of a test, suggested by HALDANE [1938], for a Mendelian segregation ratio of 0.25 when ascertainment is incomplete are investigated. The error rates associated with this procedure show the weakness of this specific test. An alternative test based on a chi2 statistic is illustrated with the data on human albinism originally analyzed by HALDANE [1938].", "contents": "Testing the Mendelian segregation ratio under incomplete ascertainment. The properties of a test, suggested by HALDANE [1938], for a Mendelian segregation ratio of 0.25 when ascertainment is incomplete are investigated. The error rates associated with this procedure show the weakness of this specific test. An alternative test based on a chi2 statistic is illustrated with the data on human albinism originally analyzed by HALDANE [1938].", "PMID": 1176153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5496", "title": "Application of the GPT system in paternity cases.", "content": "Experiments show that the GPT starch gel pattern of any given blood sample is fully reproducible, and that an individual's GPT type is constant at least after the age of 1 month. GPT isoenzyme patterns are influenced and may be changed during storage of unfrozen blood. The interval between sampling and preparation of haemolysate should therefore not exceed 4 days. In haemolysates kept at -25 degrees C the isoenzyme patterns remain unchanged for at least many months. The GPT system forms a valuable means for statistical information in paternity cases. Thus, the overall chance is 18.7% for paternity exclusion or strong evidence against paternity for a falsely alleged father. Based on a material of 1,316 paternity cases, it is concluded that the GPT system is a valuable supplement to other systems of genetic markers in cases of disputed paternity.", "contents": "Application of the GPT system in paternity cases. Experiments show that the GPT starch gel pattern of any given blood sample is fully reproducible, and that an individual's GPT type is constant at least after the age of 1 month. GPT isoenzyme patterns are influenced and may be changed during storage of unfrozen blood. The interval between sampling and preparation of haemolysate should therefore not exceed 4 days. In haemolysates kept at -25 degrees C the isoenzyme patterns remain unchanged for at least many months. The GPT system forms a valuable means for statistical information in paternity cases. Thus, the overall chance is 18.7% for paternity exclusion or strong evidence against paternity for a falsely alleged father. Based on a material of 1,316 paternity cases, it is concluded that the GPT system is a valuable supplement to other systems of genetic markers in cases of disputed paternity.", "PMID": 1176154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5497", "title": "Digital and palmar dermatoglyphs of South African Whites.", "content": "Digital and palmar dermatoglyphs in a random sample of normal Whites from Durban are described. The sample consisted of 200 males and 200 females. Features examined included frequency and distribution of finger patterns, digital and total ridge count, a-b score, and palmar topography. Data from this study are compared to similar data from South African Negroes, Indians, and Coloureds (mixed racial origin) and several outstanding racial characteristics are demonstrated in the dermatoglyphic profiles. It is suggested that the Indians' dermatoglyphic profile is dominant to those of Whites and Negroes.", "contents": "Digital and palmar dermatoglyphs of South African Whites. Digital and palmar dermatoglyphs in a random sample of normal Whites from Durban are described. The sample consisted of 200 males and 200 females. Features examined included frequency and distribution of finger patterns, digital and total ridge count, a-b score, and palmar topography. Data from this study are compared to similar data from South African Negroes, Indians, and Coloureds (mixed racial origin) and several outstanding racial characteristics are demonstrated in the dermatoglyphic profiles. It is suggested that the Indians' dermatoglyphic profile is dominant to those of Whites and Negroes.", "PMID": 1176155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5498", "title": "Induction and maintenance of the antibody response by different forms of human serum albumin.", "content": "Various forms of human serum albumin (HSA) were compared in their ability to induce and maintain the antibody response. In an in vitro model system, antibody synthesis was induced spontaneously during the maintenance phase of the immune response--presumably by persisting antigen. When different lymph nodes (LN) of the same rabbit were primed simultaneously with different forms of HSA, the spontaneous responses obtained in cell cultures prepared from LN primed with high molecular weight forms of HSA were greater than the responses obtained in cell cultures prepared from similar LN primed with lower molecular weight forms of HSA. This difference in response was consistent regardless of the method employed in antigen preparation and persisted for many months. The in vitro results indicating that the antibody response would be maintained at a higher level in animals immunized with high molecular weight forms of antigen and that the method of preparation would not be of major significance were confirmed in vivo in a mouse system.", "contents": "Induction and maintenance of the antibody response by different forms of human serum albumin. Various forms of human serum albumin (HSA) were compared in their ability to induce and maintain the antibody response. In an in vitro model system, antibody synthesis was induced spontaneously during the maintenance phase of the immune response--presumably by persisting antigen. When different lymph nodes (LN) of the same rabbit were primed simultaneously with different forms of HSA, the spontaneous responses obtained in cell cultures prepared from LN primed with high molecular weight forms of HSA were greater than the responses obtained in cell cultures prepared from similar LN primed with lower molecular weight forms of HSA. This difference in response was consistent regardless of the method employed in antigen preparation and persisted for many months. The in vitro results indicating that the antibody response would be maintained at a higher level in animals immunized with high molecular weight forms of antigen and that the method of preparation would not be of major significance were confirmed in vivo in a mouse system.", "PMID": 1176161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5499", "title": "Establishment of a cell line (SH-4) from pleural effusion of a patient with melanoma.", "content": "A continuous tissue culture line (SH-4) derived from pleural effusion cells of a patient with metastatic melanoma is described. The cells became established after five passages lasting a period of 5 months of slow growth. Doubling time of the continuous culture was 20 hr in passage 51. The cell line is now in passage 60. The cells of all passages examined appear spindle-shaped or oligodendritic as seen by light microscopy. Pigment deposition in the cells is light and incomplete, but more marked than in cells of the original pleural effusion as shown by electron microscopy. Chromosome complement shows a single peak with a modal number of 51.", "contents": "Establishment of a cell line (SH-4) from pleural effusion of a patient with melanoma. A continuous tissue culture line (SH-4) derived from pleural effusion cells of a patient with metastatic melanoma is described. The cells became established after five passages lasting a period of 5 months of slow growth. Doubling time of the continuous culture was 20 hr in passage 51. The cell line is now in passage 60. The cells of all passages examined appear spindle-shaped or oligodendritic as seen by light microscopy. Pigment deposition in the cells is light and incomplete, but more marked than in cells of the original pleural effusion as shown by electron microscopy. Chromosome complement shows a single peak with a modal number of 51.", "PMID": 1176156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5500", "title": "Bacteriological activity in unfiltered calf sera collected for tissue culture use.", "content": "Bacteriological tests were made on 24 lots of unfiltered calf serum collected for subsequent use as a component of tissue culture media. The examination included the isolation and identification of bacteria, assay of phages, and demonstration of endotoxin material. Only Gram-positive bacteria were isolated and 96% of the sera were contaminated with bacteria. The prevalent strains of bacteria found were Bacillus species and streptococci and 63% of the sera coagulated Limulus amebocyte lysate. More than 90% of the lots contained phages demonstrable with the C-3000 strain of Escherichia coli. Only one lot of the serum was found to be free from bacteria, phages, and endotoxin by the tests used.", "contents": "Bacteriological activity in unfiltered calf sera collected for tissue culture use. Bacteriological tests were made on 24 lots of unfiltered calf serum collected for subsequent use as a component of tissue culture media. The examination included the isolation and identification of bacteria, assay of phages, and demonstration of endotoxin material. Only Gram-positive bacteria were isolated and 96% of the sera were contaminated with bacteria. The prevalent strains of bacteria found were Bacillus species and streptococci and 63% of the sera coagulated Limulus amebocyte lysate. More than 90% of the lots contained phages demonstrable with the C-3000 strain of Escherichia coli. Only one lot of the serum was found to be free from bacteria, phages, and endotoxin by the tests used.", "PMID": 1176158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5501", "title": "Extensive chromosome aberrations caused by [3H]thymidine incorporation in a diploid monkey cell line DBS-FRhL-2.", "content": "Extensive chromosome aberrations were induced in a diploid monkey cell line designated as DBS-FRhL-2 after exposure to [3H]thymidine ([3H]Tdr) for either 30 or 60 min at a dose of 1 muCi per ml of medium. Cultures exposed to [3H]Tdr for a longer period had significantly larger numbers of aberrations than those exposed for a shorter period. The most common type of aberrations were chromatid breaks. The majority of aberrations were observed in cells which were in contact with [3H]Tdr during S phase, especially the middle S. Cells from cultures of early and late passages exposed to [3H]Tdr were affected to a similar extent when chromosomes were examined. No clear relationship between sites of breakage and intensity of labeling could be established.", "contents": "Extensive chromosome aberrations caused by [3H]thymidine incorporation in a diploid monkey cell line DBS-FRhL-2. Extensive chromosome aberrations were induced in a diploid monkey cell line designated as DBS-FRhL-2 after exposure to [3H]thymidine ([3H]Tdr) for either 30 or 60 min at a dose of 1 muCi per ml of medium. Cultures exposed to [3H]Tdr for a longer period had significantly larger numbers of aberrations than those exposed for a shorter period. The most common type of aberrations were chromatid breaks. The majority of aberrations were observed in cells which were in contact with [3H]Tdr during S phase, especially the middle S. Cells from cultures of early and late passages exposed to [3H]Tdr were affected to a similar extent when chromosomes were examined. No clear relationship between sites of breakage and intensity of labeling could be established.", "PMID": 1176159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5502", "title": "Effect of cortisol on the ultrastructure of normal, leukemic, and cultured human lymphocytes.", "content": "The effect of cortisol on the ultrastructure of normal, leukemic, and cultured human lymphocytes during a 2-hr incubation was investigated. The presence of 10(-5) M cortisol in the incubation medium produced in normal lymphocytes a variety of alterations in cytoplasmic organelles. Mitochondria were most affected and showed evidence of irreversible deterioration (formation of myelin figures). Occasional cells demonstrated an overt rearrangement of their cytoplasmic membranes resulting in a bizarre array of parallel cisternae-like structures. More commonly, the usually underdeveloped Golgi of normal lymphocytes became very pronounced in structure. All of these alterations were produced within 2 hr of incubation, but only in normal human lymphocytes. Under identical conditions, no evidence of ultrastructural changes were produced by cortisol in either lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukemic patients, or those from the RPMI 1788 cell line.", "contents": "Effect of cortisol on the ultrastructure of normal, leukemic, and cultured human lymphocytes. The effect of cortisol on the ultrastructure of normal, leukemic, and cultured human lymphocytes during a 2-hr incubation was investigated. The presence of 10(-5) M cortisol in the incubation medium produced in normal lymphocytes a variety of alterations in cytoplasmic organelles. Mitochondria were most affected and showed evidence of irreversible deterioration (formation of myelin figures). Occasional cells demonstrated an overt rearrangement of their cytoplasmic membranes resulting in a bizarre array of parallel cisternae-like structures. More commonly, the usually underdeveloped Golgi of normal lymphocytes became very pronounced in structure. All of these alterations were produced within 2 hr of incubation, but only in normal human lymphocytes. Under identical conditions, no evidence of ultrastructural changes were produced by cortisol in either lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukemic patients, or those from the RPMI 1788 cell line.", "PMID": 1176157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5503", "title": "Further observations on the immunological induction of DNA synthesis in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Role of products of activated lymphocytes.", "content": "Subcutaneous injection of ovalbumin (OA) into mice immunized with OA in Freund's complete adjuvant was followed by an increase in the numbers of peritoneal macrophages synthesizing DNA, determined by autoradiography. The effect was immunologically specific. The increase was followed by an increase in the numbers of peritoneal macrophages; the numbers of peritoneal lymphocytes also increased. Injection of OA into immunized or normal mice was followed by a blood monocytosis. Increased DNA synthesis, determined by liquid scintillation counting, occurred in spleen or lymph node cells from immunized mice, cultured with OA. Diluted supernatants from such cultures, injected intravenously into normal mice, caused increases in the numbers of DNA-synthesizing peritoneal macrophages. Similarly, supernatants from concanavalin A stimulated spleen cells, freed of Con A, also caused an increase in DNA-synthesizing macrophages.", "contents": "Further observations on the immunological induction of DNA synthesis in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Role of products of activated lymphocytes. Subcutaneous injection of ovalbumin (OA) into mice immunized with OA in Freund's complete adjuvant was followed by an increase in the numbers of peritoneal macrophages synthesizing DNA, determined by autoradiography. The effect was immunologically specific. The increase was followed by an increase in the numbers of peritoneal macrophages; the numbers of peritoneal lymphocytes also increased. Injection of OA into immunized or normal mice was followed by a blood monocytosis. Increased DNA synthesis, determined by liquid scintillation counting, occurred in spleen or lymph node cells from immunized mice, cultured with OA. Diluted supernatants from such cultures, injected intravenously into normal mice, caused increases in the numbers of DNA-synthesizing peritoneal macrophages. Similarly, supernatants from concanavalin A stimulated spleen cells, freed of Con A, also caused an increase in DNA-synthesizing macrophages.", "PMID": 1176185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5504", "title": "Mast cell and anaphylactic antibody responses in inbred rats to syngeneic fibrosarcomas.", "content": "The mast cell content of sarcomata induced chemically in inbred rats showed wide variation. After first passage into a normal syngeneic recipient, primary tumours which were heavily infiltrated showed a complete absence of mast cells. Moreover, detectable anaphylactic antibody to passaged tumours was only occasionally detected. An important immunological role for the IgE/mast cell system in host-tumour defence is not supported.", "contents": "Mast cell and anaphylactic antibody responses in inbred rats to syngeneic fibrosarcomas. The mast cell content of sarcomata induced chemically in inbred rats showed wide variation. After first passage into a normal syngeneic recipient, primary tumours which were heavily infiltrated showed a complete absence of mast cells. Moreover, detectable anaphylactic antibody to passaged tumours was only occasionally detected. An important immunological role for the IgE/mast cell system in host-tumour defence is not supported.", "PMID": 1176186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5505", "title": "Disruption of isolated peritoneal mast cells of the rat by human serum and that by other species.", "content": "The effect of human sera on isolated peritoneal mast cells of the rat has been studied in an investigation of non-specific mast cell-disrupting factors. This action of the serum shows some correlation with its haemolytic effect but haemolysis is not increased by phospholipase A whereas the effect on mast cells is usually enhanced. Mast cell disruption produced by the sera of other species has also been studied, and it was found that some sera (e.g. that of pig) considerably reduced the mast cell disruption produced by human serum.", "contents": "Disruption of isolated peritoneal mast cells of the rat by human serum and that by other species. The effect of human sera on isolated peritoneal mast cells of the rat has been studied in an investigation of non-specific mast cell-disrupting factors. This action of the serum shows some correlation with its haemolytic effect but haemolysis is not increased by phospholipase A whereas the effect on mast cells is usually enhanced. Mast cell disruption produced by the sera of other species has also been studied, and it was found that some sera (e.g. that of pig) considerably reduced the mast cell disruption produced by human serum.", "PMID": 1176187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5506", "title": "Selective macrophage cytotoxicity of carrageenan in vivo.", "content": "The suggestion that carrageenan suppressed the cutaneous manifestation of established delayed hypersensitivity (DH) by macrophage cytotoxicity could not be supported histopathologically. In a dose more than sufficient to suppress DH, carrageenan was undetectable by histochemical means in the macrophages of sple-n, lymph nodes, or bone marrow. It required concentrations of carrageenan threefold higher than the immunosuppressive dose to be detected in the above locations. Under no circumstances was macrophage cytotoxicity observed in these sites.", "contents": "Selective macrophage cytotoxicity of carrageenan in vivo. The suggestion that carrageenan suppressed the cutaneous manifestation of established delayed hypersensitivity (DH) by macrophage cytotoxicity could not be supported histopathologically. In a dose more than sufficient to suppress DH, carrageenan was undetectable by histochemical means in the macrophages of sple-n, lymph nodes, or bone marrow. It required concentrations of carrageenan threefold higher than the immunosuppressive dose to be detected in the above locations. Under no circumstances was macrophage cytotoxicity observed in these sites.", "PMID": 1176188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5507", "title": "Compound action potential and single acoustic nerve fibres activity generation: an equivalent neuron approach.", "content": "The peripheral acoustic system can be easily subdivided into three distinct subsystems: a mechanical one (middle ear and basilar membrane), the set of mechanical-to-neural transducers (the inner and outer hair cells) and the neural part. The functional behaviour of the external and middle ear is well known, but the processes concerned with the transduction of mechanical motion into neural activity are still under investigation. Actually the mechanism of transmission of information concerning acoustic stimuli to the central nervous pathways is not clearly known. On the basis of physiological knowledge, a mathematical model reproducing the pattern of activity of the acoustic nerve, in response to the most typical acoustic stimuli, is proposed. This has been simulated on a digital computer.", "contents": "Compound action potential and single acoustic nerve fibres activity generation: an equivalent neuron approach. The peripheral acoustic system can be easily subdivided into three distinct subsystems: a mechanical one (middle ear and basilar membrane), the set of mechanical-to-neural transducers (the inner and outer hair cells) and the neural part. The functional behaviour of the external and middle ear is well known, but the processes concerned with the transduction of mechanical motion into neural activity are still under investigation. Actually the mechanism of transmission of information concerning acoustic stimuli to the central nervous pathways is not clearly known. On the basis of physiological knowledge, a mathematical model reproducing the pattern of activity of the acoustic nerve, in response to the most typical acoustic stimuli, is proposed. This has been simulated on a digital computer.", "PMID": 1176189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5508", "title": "Decision-making in clinical practice: application of predictors, indicators and indices to the medical history obtained by a self-administered questionnaire.", "content": "A theoretical description of predictors, indicators, and health indices was presented in an earlier paper (Hall and Sebag, 1974). The application of predictors, indicators and health indices--including dynamic health indices--to anamnestic data obtained by a self-administered questionnaire is presented herein. Predictors and indicators showed a varying degree of 'decision-making significance' in the 122 questions examined. The health index distinguished between diagnosed individuals and those receiving no diagnosis(es). The dynamic health index was found to reflect changes in the health status of an individual over a period of time.", "contents": "Decision-making in clinical practice: application of predictors, indicators and indices to the medical history obtained by a self-administered questionnaire. A theoretical description of predictors, indicators, and health indices was presented in an earlier paper (Hall and Sebag, 1974). The application of predictors, indicators and health indices--including dynamic health indices--to anamnestic data obtained by a self-administered questionnaire is presented herein. Predictors and indicators showed a varying degree of 'decision-making significance' in the 122 questions examined. The health index distinguished between diagnosed individuals and those receiving no diagnosis(es). The dynamic health index was found to reflect changes in the health status of an individual over a period of time.", "PMID": 1176190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5509", "title": "Automatic measurement of random interpotenial intervals in single fibre electromyography.", "content": "The paper describes computer-aided measurement of interpotential intervals in single fibre eletromyography (SFEMG), a diagnostic and research method in clinical medicine. The method is based on analysis of consecutive intervals in pairs of single muscle fibre action potentials. The most important parameter obtained is the mean value of absolute differences of consecutive interpotential intervals, which reflects the reliability of impulse conduction along the terminal branches of motor axons and across the neuromuscular junction. The interface units, in combination with amplifers, binary counters and pulse amplitude-to-pulse width converters, allow not only direct analogue-to-digital conversion but also recognition of potentials. This enables the computer system to make decisions. The results are computed in less than 1 sec after analysis, and are immediately displayed in a graphic and alpha-numberical form on a screen at the measurement site. This provides an immediate visual feedback for the investigator thus both increasing the diagnostic efficacy and reducing the discomfort to the patient. Simultaneous printout by a teletype is used for documentation. The computer system consists of an HP 2116C computer with standard periphery and the program has been written in FORTRAN IV language with subroutines in FORTRAN IV and ASSEMBLER languages.", "contents": "Automatic measurement of random interpotenial intervals in single fibre electromyography. The paper describes computer-aided measurement of interpotential intervals in single fibre eletromyography (SFEMG), a diagnostic and research method in clinical medicine. The method is based on analysis of consecutive intervals in pairs of single muscle fibre action potentials. The most important parameter obtained is the mean value of absolute differences of consecutive interpotential intervals, which reflects the reliability of impulse conduction along the terminal branches of motor axons and across the neuromuscular junction. The interface units, in combination with amplifers, binary counters and pulse amplitude-to-pulse width converters, allow not only direct analogue-to-digital conversion but also recognition of potentials. This enables the computer system to make decisions. The results are computed in less than 1 sec after analysis, and are immediately displayed in a graphic and alpha-numberical form on a screen at the measurement site. This provides an immediate visual feedback for the investigator thus both increasing the diagnostic efficacy and reducing the discomfort to the patient. Simultaneous printout by a teletype is used for documentation. The computer system consists of an HP 2116C computer with standard periphery and the program has been written in FORTRAN IV language with subroutines in FORTRAN IV and ASSEMBLER languages.", "PMID": 1176191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5510", "title": "A computer program for analysis of dental caries data.", "content": "This paper describes the basic principles underlying the development of a computer program for the analyses of dental caries data. A data structure is described which is based on a definition of each tooth or tooth surface in the dentition, using a multi-dimensional co-ordinate system. The basic process for the computer to perform is to count the number of locations which fulfill certain predefined criteria. Programs developed according to these principles will yield exactly the output the individual user is asking for, no more and no less.", "contents": "A computer program for analysis of dental caries data. This paper describes the basic principles underlying the development of a computer program for the analyses of dental caries data. A data structure is described which is based on a definition of each tooth or tooth surface in the dentition, using a multi-dimensional co-ordinate system. The basic process for the computer to perform is to count the number of locations which fulfill certain predefined criteria. Programs developed according to these principles will yield exactly the output the individual user is asking for, no more and no less.", "PMID": 1176192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5511", "title": "Early alterations in plasma esterases with associated pathology following oral administration of diethylnitrosamine and butylated hydroxytoluene singly or in combination.", "content": "Plasma esterase changes are apparent in BALB/c mice within 3 weeks after feeding them laboratory chow with 0.75% of the antioxidant BHT added. Other esterase changes, different from those in BHT-treated animals, are also apparent in plasma of mice during exposure to the carcinogen DENA. Interference with these DENA esterase alterations is apparent in plasma of mice treated concomitantly with both DENA and BHT. Esterase changes resulting from either the carcinogen or antioxidant exposure precede the overt histologically detected changes induced by these compounds. The early esterase changes and subsequent tumorigenesis resulting from DENA exposure are more severe in female mice. Some of the esterases altered by DENA or BHT exposure are testosterone-related.", "contents": "Early alterations in plasma esterases with associated pathology following oral administration of diethylnitrosamine and butylated hydroxytoluene singly or in combination. Plasma esterase changes are apparent in BALB/c mice within 3 weeks after feeding them laboratory chow with 0.75% of the antioxidant BHT added. Other esterase changes, different from those in BHT-treated animals, are also apparent in plasma of mice during exposure to the carcinogen DENA. Interference with these DENA esterase alterations is apparent in plasma of mice treated concomitantly with both DENA and BHT. Esterase changes resulting from either the carcinogen or antioxidant exposure precede the overt histologically detected changes induced by these compounds. The early esterase changes and subsequent tumorigenesis resulting from DENA exposure are more severe in female mice. Some of the esterases altered by DENA or BHT exposure are testosterone-related.", "PMID": 1176193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5512", "title": "Tumor-associated and embryonic antigens in soluble fractions of a chemically-induced rat colon carcinoma.", "content": "Soluble intracytoplasmic protein fractions and solubilized tumor membrane preparations produced by 3 M KC1 or papain treatment were isolated from a 1,2 dimethylhydrazine-HC1 (DMH)-induced rat colon carcinoma, DHM-BU 1. Solubilized preparations were fractionated by DEAE cellulose and Sephadex G200 column Chromatography. Crude extracts and fractionated materials were tested for their ability to inhibit the cytotoxicyt of lymph-node cells (LNC) from rats bearing isografts of an N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nirosoguanidine (NG)-induced colon carcinoma, ng-W1...", "contents": "Tumor-associated and embryonic antigens in soluble fractions of a chemically-induced rat colon carcinoma. Soluble intracytoplasmic protein fractions and solubilized tumor membrane preparations produced by 3 M KC1 or papain treatment were isolated from a 1,2 dimethylhydrazine-HC1 (DMH)-induced rat colon carcinoma, DHM-BU 1. Solubilized preparations were fractionated by DEAE cellulose and Sephadex G200 column Chromatography. Crude extracts and fractionated materials were tested for their ability to inhibit the cytotoxicyt of lymph-node cells (LNC) from rats bearing isografts of an N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nirosoguanidine (NG)-induced colon carcinoma, ng-W1...", "PMID": 1176194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5513", "title": "Microscopical cancer of the stomach--a study on histogenesis of gastric carcinoma.", "content": "In order to elucidate the histogenesis of gastric cancer preceded by \"chronic gastritis\", 67 foci (58 cases) of minute cancer less than 5 mn in largest diameter were examined histologically. The results obtained were as follows: (1) Except in two cases, all minute cancerous foci were found unexpectedly in the mucosa of the antrum or of the angulus having peptic ulcer or gastric cancer. They were more frequent in the lesser curvature than in other parts of the stomach. (2) Histologically, 18 foci were found in an area close to the main lesion, while 40 were far from the lesion. Seven foci were detected in the mucosa adjacent to ulcer scars. (3) In retrospective macroscopical examinations, 41 foci showed minimal erosion or tiny depressions on the affected mucosa, while in the other 26 no recognizable changes were observable. (4) Histologically, the gastric mucosa outside the cancer lesions was more or less atrophic with or without intestinal metaplasia. (5) Regardless of histological types, all the minute cancers were found in the transitional zone between foveolar epithelium and pyloric glands corresponding to \"generative cell layer\" in autoradiographic studies. (6) Poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas containing signet-ring cells occurred most often in combination with no or slight intestinal metaplasia of the mucosa, while well-differentiated adenocarcinomas were always found in ventricles with severe intestinal metaplasia.", "contents": "Microscopical cancer of the stomach--a study on histogenesis of gastric carcinoma. In order to elucidate the histogenesis of gastric cancer preceded by \"chronic gastritis\", 67 foci (58 cases) of minute cancer less than 5 mn in largest diameter were examined histologically. The results obtained were as follows: (1) Except in two cases, all minute cancerous foci were found unexpectedly in the mucosa of the antrum or of the angulus having peptic ulcer or gastric cancer. They were more frequent in the lesser curvature than in other parts of the stomach. (2) Histologically, 18 foci were found in an area close to the main lesion, while 40 were far from the lesion. Seven foci were detected in the mucosa adjacent to ulcer scars. (3) In retrospective macroscopical examinations, 41 foci showed minimal erosion or tiny depressions on the affected mucosa, while in the other 26 no recognizable changes were observable. (4) Histologically, the gastric mucosa outside the cancer lesions was more or less atrophic with or without intestinal metaplasia. (5) Regardless of histological types, all the minute cancers were found in the transitional zone between foveolar epithelium and pyloric glands corresponding to \"generative cell layer\" in autoradiographic studies. (6) Poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas containing signet-ring cells occurred most often in combination with no or slight intestinal metaplasia of the mucosa, while well-differentiated adenocarcinomas were always found in ventricles with severe intestinal metaplasia.", "PMID": 1176195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5514", "title": "Characterization of the mononuclear cell infiltrate in human malignant melanoma.", "content": "In the skin infiltrate of superficial spreading melanoma, non phagocytosing mononuclear cells (NPMC) represent a major cell component. The number of NPMCs decreases as a function of tumour progression. In addition, when an NPMC is in contact with a malignant melanocyte, the latter cell exhibits ultrastructural degenerative changes. In the blood of healthy donors and of melanoma patients, atypical mononuclear cells (AMC) can be identified. AMCs have been shown to participate in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) reactions against melanoma cells in vitro. In this paper, it is reported that NPMCs and AMCs have in common their size, and some ultrastructural features such as indented nuclei, dispersed organelles, rough endoplasmic reticulum profiles and surface microvilli. The two cell types are negative for non-specific esterase. They also fail to react for peroxidase at either the light or the electron microscopic level. They do not adhere to glass. AMCs do not form spontaneous E rosettes, they have no surface IgG and they have no receptors for complement. However, they do form rosettes with EAIgG. On frozen sections firm binding of EAIgG has been seen on the skin infiltrate in three cases out of 10. It is concluded that NPMCs might react with tumour cells in vivo, in the same manner as do AMCs in vitro.", "contents": "Characterization of the mononuclear cell infiltrate in human malignant melanoma. In the skin infiltrate of superficial spreading melanoma, non phagocytosing mononuclear cells (NPMC) represent a major cell component. The number of NPMCs decreases as a function of tumour progression. In addition, when an NPMC is in contact with a malignant melanocyte, the latter cell exhibits ultrastructural degenerative changes. In the blood of healthy donors and of melanoma patients, atypical mononuclear cells (AMC) can be identified. AMCs have been shown to participate in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) reactions against melanoma cells in vitro. In this paper, it is reported that NPMCs and AMCs have in common their size, and some ultrastructural features such as indented nuclei, dispersed organelles, rough endoplasmic reticulum profiles and surface microvilli. The two cell types are negative for non-specific esterase. They also fail to react for peroxidase at either the light or the electron microscopic level. They do not adhere to glass. AMCs do not form spontaneous E rosettes, they have no surface IgG and they have no receptors for complement. However, they do form rosettes with EAIgG. On frozen sections firm binding of EAIgG has been seen on the skin infiltrate in three cases out of 10. It is concluded that NPMCs might react with tumour cells in vivo, in the same manner as do AMCs in vitro.", "PMID": 1176196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5515", "title": "Inactivation of the DNA template in HeLa cells treated with chlorambucil.", "content": "The effect of chlorambucil on the colony-forming ability of HeLa cells following either treatment for 1 h or continuous treatment has been measured. Concentrations of chlorambucil which had only minimal effects on cell survival inhibited the rate of DNA but not RNA and protein synthesis within 1 h of treatment. Nevertheless, cells continued to synthesize DNA for many hours after this treatment in the absence of cell division. Synchronous populations of HeLa cells treated prior to DNA synthesis, in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, were not delayed in their progression into the S phase where they exhibited a marked dose-dependent inhibition of the rate of DNA synthesis. Cells in which DNA synthesis had been depressed showed a prolongation of the S phase and this was accompanied by a corresponding dose-dependent mitotic delay. Treatment during the G2 phase of the cell cycle did not induce any delay or block in the next mitosis, but did inhibit the rate of DNA synthesis in the following cell cycle in a dose-dependent manner; this depression of DNA synthesis was followed by a delay in the next mitosis. Cross-linking of either isolated DNA or DNA present in treated HeLa cells was demonstrated, and in the latter case calculated to be of the same order as that which occurred with other difunctional agents at comparable toxic concentrations.", "contents": "Inactivation of the DNA template in HeLa cells treated with chlorambucil. The effect of chlorambucil on the colony-forming ability of HeLa cells following either treatment for 1 h or continuous treatment has been measured. Concentrations of chlorambucil which had only minimal effects on cell survival inhibited the rate of DNA but not RNA and protein synthesis within 1 h of treatment. Nevertheless, cells continued to synthesize DNA for many hours after this treatment in the absence of cell division. Synchronous populations of HeLa cells treated prior to DNA synthesis, in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, were not delayed in their progression into the S phase where they exhibited a marked dose-dependent inhibition of the rate of DNA synthesis. Cells in which DNA synthesis had been depressed showed a prolongation of the S phase and this was accompanied by a corresponding dose-dependent mitotic delay. Treatment during the G2 phase of the cell cycle did not induce any delay or block in the next mitosis, but did inhibit the rate of DNA synthesis in the following cell cycle in a dose-dependent manner; this depression of DNA synthesis was followed by a delay in the next mitosis. Cross-linking of either isolated DNA or DNA present in treated HeLa cells was demonstrated, and in the latter case calculated to be of the same order as that which occurred with other difunctional agents at comparable toxic concentrations.", "PMID": 1176197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5516", "title": "Increased thymidine uptake by methylcholanthrene-treated C3H/10T1/2 cells.", "content": "The uptake of 3H-thymidine in post-confluent cultures of methylcholanthrene-transformed C3H/10T1/I mouse embryo cells was markedly higher than in their non-transformed counterparts. In a reconstruction experiment as few as 2% transformed cells could be detected by increased thymidine uptake. Measurements made at various times up to 110 days in multi-chambered plates revealed that after 25 days methylcholanthrene-treated cultures incorporated significantly more thymidine than the acetone-treated controls. This increased uptake correlated with the appearance of Type III transformed foci.", "contents": "Increased thymidine uptake by methylcholanthrene-treated C3H/10T1/2 cells. The uptake of 3H-thymidine in post-confluent cultures of methylcholanthrene-transformed C3H/10T1/I mouse embryo cells was markedly higher than in their non-transformed counterparts. In a reconstruction experiment as few as 2% transformed cells could be detected by increased thymidine uptake. Measurements made at various times up to 110 days in multi-chambered plates revealed that after 25 days methylcholanthrene-treated cultures incorporated significantly more thymidine than the acetone-treated controls. This increased uptake correlated with the appearance of Type III transformed foci.", "PMID": 1176198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5517", "title": "A case/control study of the association between primary liver cancer and hepatitis B infection in Senegal.", "content": "A case/control study has been carried out to determine by radioimmunoassay and passive hemagglutination techniques the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs) in patients with primary liver cancer (PLC) and age/sex-matched hospital controls with cancers of other sites (OCC) and similarly matched controls without cancer (NCC). HBsAg was found in 61.2% of 165 cases of PLC as compared to 11.7% of 328 NCC. The frequency of HBsAg in PLC patients was significantly higher (72.2%) in those with detectable alpha fetoprotein as compared to those without (40.3%). There was no difference in the frequency of HBsAg in PLC patients with and without accompanying cirrhosis. No significant difference in potential hepatitis exposure history was found in the three study groups.", "contents": "A case/control study of the association between primary liver cancer and hepatitis B infection in Senegal. A case/control study has been carried out to determine by radioimmunoassay and passive hemagglutination techniques the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs) in patients with primary liver cancer (PLC) and age/sex-matched hospital controls with cancers of other sites (OCC) and similarly matched controls without cancer (NCC). HBsAg was found in 61.2% of 165 cases of PLC as compared to 11.7% of 328 NCC. The frequency of HBsAg in PLC patients was significantly higher (72.2%) in those with detectable alpha fetoprotein as compared to those without (40.3%). There was no difference in the frequency of HBsAg in PLC patients with and without accompanying cirrhosis. No significant difference in potential hepatitis exposure history was found in the three study groups.", "PMID": 1176199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5518", "title": "Inhibition of in vitro lymphoproliferative responses to tumor-associated antigens by suppressor cells from rats bearing progressively growing Gross leukemia virus-induced tumors.", "content": "W/Fu rats were injected subcutaneously with low numbers of cells from the Gross leukemia virus-induced lymphoma, (C58NT)D, which induced transient tumor growth and regression (regressors), or with high numbers of tumor cells resulting in progressive tumor growth (progressors). Spleen cells from regressors had a significant reactivity in the mixed leukocyte tumor cell interation (MLTI), while spleen cells from progressors were unresponsive. Similarly, the responses to the non-specific mitogens, phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, were suppressed in spleen-cell cultures of progressors. Passage of spleen cells from progressors over rayon adherence columns or pretreatment with an iron/magnet technique resulted in almost complete restoration of MLTI and mitogen responses. Addition of spleen cells from progressors depressed the MLTI of spleen cells from regressors and the mitogen reactivity of normal spleen cells. Serum from progressors also suppressed MLTI and mitogen reactivity. These data indicate that, in spleens of rats bearing progressively growing tumors, suppressor cells can be demonstrated which inhibit specific reactivity to tumor-associated antigens and non-specific reactivity to mitogens. The presence of suppressor cells or of inhibitory factors in the serum may contribute to the immunosuppression frequently observed in tumor-bearing hosts.", "contents": "Inhibition of in vitro lymphoproliferative responses to tumor-associated antigens by suppressor cells from rats bearing progressively growing Gross leukemia virus-induced tumors. W/Fu rats were injected subcutaneously with low numbers of cells from the Gross leukemia virus-induced lymphoma, (C58NT)D, which induced transient tumor growth and regression (regressors), or with high numbers of tumor cells resulting in progressive tumor growth (progressors). Spleen cells from regressors had a significant reactivity in the mixed leukocyte tumor cell interation (MLTI), while spleen cells from progressors were unresponsive. Similarly, the responses to the non-specific mitogens, phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, were suppressed in spleen-cell cultures of progressors. Passage of spleen cells from progressors over rayon adherence columns or pretreatment with an iron/magnet technique resulted in almost complete restoration of MLTI and mitogen responses. Addition of spleen cells from progressors depressed the MLTI of spleen cells from regressors and the mitogen reactivity of normal spleen cells. Serum from progressors also suppressed MLTI and mitogen reactivity. These data indicate that, in spleens of rats bearing progressively growing tumors, suppressor cells can be demonstrated which inhibit specific reactivity to tumor-associated antigens and non-specific reactivity to mitogens. The presence of suppressor cells or of inhibitory factors in the serum may contribute to the immunosuppression frequently observed in tumor-bearing hosts.", "PMID": 1176200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5519", "title": "Tumour metastasis in mice with reduced immune reactivity. III. Studies with three weakly antigenic tumours in thymectomized and/or sub-lethally irradiated mice.", "content": "A previous observation that increased spontaneous metastasis formation from the highly antigenic MCA-induced sarcoma MCG101 occurred in immunosuppressed C57BL/6J mice prompted the present study to establish whether or not tumours capable of inducing only weak transplantation resistance would behave similarly. One MCA-induced sarcoma, MCG12, one epidermoid carcinoma, EpCa1 in CBA mice and a spontaneous mammary carcinoma, MaCa1 in C3H mice, were transplanted into adult thymectomized and/or sub-lethally irradiated mice at different intervals after irradiation. The effects of the treatments on the immunoreactivity were monitored in separate groups by determining the primary and secondary responses to SRBC and the survival of first set allogeneic skin grafts. The treatment resulted in a significantly increased incidence of mainly the lymph-node metastases with MCG12 and of only the lung metastases with EpCa1. No increase in metastases was noted with MaCa1. Thymectomy potentiated the increase in metastases from MCG12 in irradiated mice but unexpectedly so only for a limited time after irradiation. Local growth of MCG12 and MaCa1 at the transplantation site was more rapid in females than in males. The changes in tumour growth and spread induced by the treatments varied with tumour-host system, sex and time of transplantation after irradiation and did not conform well with any of the tested parameters of immunoreactivity. There was no close parallel between the effects of the treatments on growth and spread of the tumours.", "contents": "Tumour metastasis in mice with reduced immune reactivity. III. Studies with three weakly antigenic tumours in thymectomized and/or sub-lethally irradiated mice. A previous observation that increased spontaneous metastasis formation from the highly antigenic MCA-induced sarcoma MCG101 occurred in immunosuppressed C57BL/6J mice prompted the present study to establish whether or not tumours capable of inducing only weak transplantation resistance would behave similarly. One MCA-induced sarcoma, MCG12, one epidermoid carcinoma, EpCa1 in CBA mice and a spontaneous mammary carcinoma, MaCa1 in C3H mice, were transplanted into adult thymectomized and/or sub-lethally irradiated mice at different intervals after irradiation. The effects of the treatments on the immunoreactivity were monitored in separate groups by determining the primary and secondary responses to SRBC and the survival of first set allogeneic skin grafts. The treatment resulted in a significantly increased incidence of mainly the lymph-node metastases with MCG12 and of only the lung metastases with EpCa1. No increase in metastases was noted with MaCa1. Thymectomy potentiated the increase in metastases from MCG12 in irradiated mice but unexpectedly so only for a limited time after irradiation. Local growth of MCG12 and MaCa1 at the transplantation site was more rapid in females than in males. The changes in tumour growth and spread induced by the treatments varied with tumour-host system, sex and time of transplantation after irradiation and did not conform well with any of the tested parameters of immunoreactivity. There was no close parallel between the effects of the treatments on growth and spread of the tumours.", "PMID": 1176201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5520", "title": "Cellular immunity to transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. III. Effects of hydrostatic pressure therapy.", "content": "The effects of hydrostatic pressure therapy on in vitro cellular cytotoxicity responses have been studied in 19 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCC). Cytotoxicity was quantitated against allogeneic targets in a microplate assay or by 51chromium isotope release. Two types of reactivity were detected, the most common being a differential cytotoxicity for targets derived from TCC, in either short-term or long-term tissue culture. This reaction is operationally termed \"tumor-specific\". Less frequently, a general cytotoxicity for targets of diverse histogenic origins was observed. For the present, this is termed \"non-specific\". Nine patients were tested before pressure therapy and of these only two gave a specific reaction and one a non-specific reaction, while six were non-reactive. Eighteen patients were tested at varying intervals after treatment and of these 11 gave a specific reaction and one a non-specific effect, while six were non-reactive. Three individuals who were non-reactive prior to therapy had a specific reaction post therapy. Two who reacted specifically before therapy became non-reactive post therapy. The results of serial in vitro testing for cytotoxicity are presented with individual case histories, tumor staging and grading and the clinical outcome of hydrostatic pressure therapy.", "contents": "Cellular immunity to transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. III. Effects of hydrostatic pressure therapy. The effects of hydrostatic pressure therapy on in vitro cellular cytotoxicity responses have been studied in 19 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCC). Cytotoxicity was quantitated against allogeneic targets in a microplate assay or by 51chromium isotope release. Two types of reactivity were detected, the most common being a differential cytotoxicity for targets derived from TCC, in either short-term or long-term tissue culture. This reaction is operationally termed \"tumor-specific\". Less frequently, a general cytotoxicity for targets of diverse histogenic origins was observed. For the present, this is termed \"non-specific\". Nine patients were tested before pressure therapy and of these only two gave a specific reaction and one a non-specific reaction, while six were non-reactive. Eighteen patients were tested at varying intervals after treatment and of these 11 gave a specific reaction and one a non-specific effect, while six were non-reactive. Three individuals who were non-reactive prior to therapy had a specific reaction post therapy. Two who reacted specifically before therapy became non-reactive post therapy. The results of serial in vitro testing for cytotoxicity are presented with individual case histories, tumor staging and grading and the clinical outcome of hydrostatic pressure therapy.", "PMID": 1176202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5521", "title": "Evidence that blocking factors in the sera of multiparous mice are associated with immunoglobulins.", "content": "Previous work has shown that lymph-node cells from pregnant BALB/c mice can kill syngeneic tumor cells in a microcytotoxicity assay, and that sera from pregnant BALB/c mice can block (inhibit) that effect. The present study shows that passage of such sera through immunoadsorbents charged with anti-mouse IgG2a or IgG2b removed the blocking activity, and that this could be recovered in the eluates; passage through an anti-IgG1 immunoadsorbent was less effective in decreasing blocking serum activity and adsorption to immunoadsorbent charged with anti-IgM or anti-IgA did not remove it at all. Passage of blocking serum through an immunoadsorbent coupled with antibodies from a rabbit anti-mouse embryo antiserum removed all of its blocking activity, and this could be recovered in the eluates. The findings are compatible with the hypothesis that the blocking factors operating in this system are largely complexes between embryonic antigens and IgG2a and IgG2b.", "contents": "Evidence that blocking factors in the sera of multiparous mice are associated with immunoglobulins. Previous work has shown that lymph-node cells from pregnant BALB/c mice can kill syngeneic tumor cells in a microcytotoxicity assay, and that sera from pregnant BALB/c mice can block (inhibit) that effect. The present study shows that passage of such sera through immunoadsorbents charged with anti-mouse IgG2a or IgG2b removed the blocking activity, and that this could be recovered in the eluates; passage through an anti-IgG1 immunoadsorbent was less effective in decreasing blocking serum activity and adsorption to immunoadsorbent charged with anti-IgM or anti-IgA did not remove it at all. Passage of blocking serum through an immunoadsorbent coupled with antibodies from a rabbit anti-mouse embryo antiserum removed all of its blocking activity, and this could be recovered in the eluates. The findings are compatible with the hypothesis that the blocking factors operating in this system are largely complexes between embryonic antigens and IgG2a and IgG2b.", "PMID": 1176203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5522", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations and modifications of nuclear RNA of rat liver by the combined action of thioacetamide and aflatoxin.", "content": "When aflatoxin is administered to thioacetamide-treated rats, the synthesis of nuclear RNA not only stops but the RNA that had accumulated in the nuclei by thioacetamide action disappears, probably by degradation \"in situ\" as none appears in the cytoplasm. Morphologically, the lesions provoked by aflatoxin add to those caused by thioacetamide. In the gigantic nucleoli that develop upon exposure to thioacetamide, aflatoxin provokes atypical segregations that result in the formation of larger and larger spaces in the nucleoli.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations and modifications of nuclear RNA of rat liver by the combined action of thioacetamide and aflatoxin. When aflatoxin is administered to thioacetamide-treated rats, the synthesis of nuclear RNA not only stops but the RNA that had accumulated in the nuclei by thioacetamide action disappears, probably by degradation \"in situ\" as none appears in the cytoplasm. Morphologically, the lesions provoked by aflatoxin add to those caused by thioacetamide. In the gigantic nucleoli that develop upon exposure to thioacetamide, aflatoxin provokes atypical segregations that result in the formation of larger and larger spaces in the nucleoli.", "PMID": 1176204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5523", "title": "Therapeutic effect of intratumoral injection of bcg and other substances in rats and mice.", "content": "The experimental treatment of a rat sarcoma (McFiFi 2) by intratumoral injection of BCG2 is described. Tumors which have a mean diameter of less than 10 mm at the beginning of treatment are fully susceptible to BCG, although spontaneous regression is not observed at this stage. The effective dose of living BCG ranges from two injections of 0.1 mg to two injections of 1 mg, given IT at an interval of 7 days. The permanent cure of a proporation of the tumors may also be induced by IT injection of a similar dose of heat-killed BCG or of MER, or of 10(9) heat-killed C. parvum, according to the same schedule. Preimmunization of the rats with living BCG does not improve the efficiency of heat-killed BCG. Direct contact between the therapeutic material and the tumor cells is critical. If rats are grafted with two pieces of the same tumor in widely separated sites, the intratumoral treatment of only one of these tumors with living BCG is sufficient to induce regression of both tumors in 50% of the animals. The effect of BCG is counteracted by injection of silica or by ingestion of polaramine. The same intratumoral treatment with living BCG was applied to different rat and mouse tumors. Only McFiFi 2 tumors were cured by intralesional BCG. C3H mouse plasmocytoma 5563 was not cured by intratumoral BCG but its growth could be prevented by mixing BCG and tumor cells at the time of grafting; this tumor was considered to be of medium susceptibility. However, until there is definite proof that the two mechanisms are identical, one should consider the regression and cure of a growing tumor, and the prevention of tumor growth, as two different phenomena. The clinical treatment of human tumors resembles the first experimental procedure more closely than the second.", "contents": "Therapeutic effect of intratumoral injection of bcg and other substances in rats and mice. The experimental treatment of a rat sarcoma (McFiFi 2) by intratumoral injection of BCG2 is described. Tumors which have a mean diameter of less than 10 mm at the beginning of treatment are fully susceptible to BCG, although spontaneous regression is not observed at this stage. The effective dose of living BCG ranges from two injections of 0.1 mg to two injections of 1 mg, given IT at an interval of 7 days. The permanent cure of a proporation of the tumors may also be induced by IT injection of a similar dose of heat-killed BCG or of MER, or of 10(9) heat-killed C. parvum, according to the same schedule. Preimmunization of the rats with living BCG does not improve the efficiency of heat-killed BCG. Direct contact between the therapeutic material and the tumor cells is critical. If rats are grafted with two pieces of the same tumor in widely separated sites, the intratumoral treatment of only one of these tumors with living BCG is sufficient to induce regression of both tumors in 50% of the animals. The effect of BCG is counteracted by injection of silica or by ingestion of polaramine. The same intratumoral treatment with living BCG was applied to different rat and mouse tumors. Only McFiFi 2 tumors were cured by intralesional BCG. C3H mouse plasmocytoma 5563 was not cured by intratumoral BCG but its growth could be prevented by mixing BCG and tumor cells at the time of grafting; this tumor was considered to be of medium susceptibility. However, until there is definite proof that the two mechanisms are identical, one should consider the regression and cure of a growing tumor, and the prevention of tumor growth, as two different phenomena. The clinical treatment of human tumors resembles the first experimental procedure more closely than the second.", "PMID": 1176205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5524", "title": "Production of epithelial and mesenchymal tumours with rat liver cells transformed in vitro.", "content": "Epithelial-like cells originating from the livers of 10-day and 8-week-old BD rats were established in culture. The cells were treated in vitro for 1 or 4 weeks with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Although some structural changes were observed in treated cells, it was not possible to score for morphological transformation in vitro. Newborn syngeneic rats were injected with 1.5-2 times 10(6) treated or 1.5-5 times 10(6) control cells at various times up to 38 weeks from the beginning of treatment with the carcinogen. Following the injection of DMN-treated cells, a total of 32 of the 42 injected rat developed tumours, of which 17 were epithelial, 10 carcinosarcomas and 5 fibrosarcomas. Following the injection of the MNNG-treated cells into 61 rats, a total of 30 tumours were observed, including 8 carcinomas, 9 carcinosarcomas and 13 fibroscarcomas. Tumours, mainly of the mesenchymal type, were also observed in rats inoculated with control cells but at a lower frequency. The observation observed in rats inoculated with control cells but at a lower frequency. The observation of mesenchymal tumours is attributed to the presence of a mixed population of epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the orginal culture.", "contents": "Production of epithelial and mesenchymal tumours with rat liver cells transformed in vitro. Epithelial-like cells originating from the livers of 10-day and 8-week-old BD rats were established in culture. The cells were treated in vitro for 1 or 4 weeks with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Although some structural changes were observed in treated cells, it was not possible to score for morphological transformation in vitro. Newborn syngeneic rats were injected with 1.5-2 times 10(6) treated or 1.5-5 times 10(6) control cells at various times up to 38 weeks from the beginning of treatment with the carcinogen. Following the injection of DMN-treated cells, a total of 32 of the 42 injected rat developed tumours, of which 17 were epithelial, 10 carcinosarcomas and 5 fibrosarcomas. Following the injection of the MNNG-treated cells into 61 rats, a total of 30 tumours were observed, including 8 carcinomas, 9 carcinosarcomas and 13 fibroscarcomas. Tumours, mainly of the mesenchymal type, were also observed in rats inoculated with control cells but at a lower frequency. The observation observed in rats inoculated with control cells but at a lower frequency. The observation of mesenchymal tumours is attributed to the presence of a mixed population of epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the orginal culture.", "PMID": 1176206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5525", "title": "Human endometrial carcinomas serially transplanted in nude mice and established in continuous cell lines.", "content": "Three out of five human endometrial carcinomas were successfully grafted into nude mice (BALB/c/nu/nu). Two of these tumors could be maintained by serial transplantation. The morphological characteristics displayed by the grafted tumors were comparable to those of the original carcinomas. Permanent cell lines were established from these two tumors. Reinjection of cells grown in vitro into nude mice produced nodules of identical histology as compared to original solid transplants. The influence of medroxyprogesterone acetate on tumor growth in vivo and cell proliferation in vitro was studied. This hormonal treatment did not produce any significant effect on tumor cells, either in vitro or in vivo, for the two endometrial carcinomas. After medroxyprogesterone administration, a slight but non-significant growth inhibition of the tumor cells in vitro was observed and the tumor transplants in vivo did not appear to be influenced. The experiments illustrate the possible use of this model for testing potential anti-cancer agents.", "contents": "Human endometrial carcinomas serially transplanted in nude mice and established in continuous cell lines. Three out of five human endometrial carcinomas were successfully grafted into nude mice (BALB/c/nu/nu). Two of these tumors could be maintained by serial transplantation. The morphological characteristics displayed by the grafted tumors were comparable to those of the original carcinomas. Permanent cell lines were established from these two tumors. Reinjection of cells grown in vitro into nude mice produced nodules of identical histology as compared to original solid transplants. The influence of medroxyprogesterone acetate on tumor growth in vivo and cell proliferation in vitro was studied. This hormonal treatment did not produce any significant effect on tumor cells, either in vitro or in vivo, for the two endometrial carcinomas. After medroxyprogesterone administration, a slight but non-significant growth inhibition of the tumor cells in vitro was observed and the tumor transplants in vivo did not appear to be influenced. The experiments illustrate the possible use of this model for testing potential anti-cancer agents.", "PMID": 1176207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5526", "title": "Early onset of serum blocking in a murine melanoma model.", "content": "The early onset of serum blocking of host cell-mediated immunity was investigated in a transplantable murine melanoma employing two in vitro assays. One of these was based on the Takasugi and Klein cytotoxicity test; the other was a new test based on the inhibition of adherence of leukocytes to a plastic surface in the presence of tumor antigen. Both tests yielded similar results, and the adherence inhibition test was more sensitive. Blocking could be detected as early as 1 h after the inoculation of 1 times 10(7) melanoma cells. Early onset of serum blocking was also demonstrable if homogenized of tissue-cultured tumor cells were inoculated. Serum blocking under these circumstances was initially transient, declining at 24 to 48 h, but reappearing by the 4th day after inoculation. Furthermore, a functional immune system was not required for blocking factor development in this system, as evidenced by the onset of a similar pattern of blocking activity in heavily irradiated animals.", "contents": "Early onset of serum blocking in a murine melanoma model. The early onset of serum blocking of host cell-mediated immunity was investigated in a transplantable murine melanoma employing two in vitro assays. One of these was based on the Takasugi and Klein cytotoxicity test; the other was a new test based on the inhibition of adherence of leukocytes to a plastic surface in the presence of tumor antigen. Both tests yielded similar results, and the adherence inhibition test was more sensitive. Blocking could be detected as early as 1 h after the inoculation of 1 times 10(7) melanoma cells. Early onset of serum blocking was also demonstrable if homogenized of tissue-cultured tumor cells were inoculated. Serum blocking under these circumstances was initially transient, declining at 24 to 48 h, but reappearing by the 4th day after inoculation. Furthermore, a functional immune system was not required for blocking factor development in this system, as evidenced by the onset of a similar pattern of blocking activity in heavily irradiated animals.", "PMID": 1176208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5527", "title": "Activation of \"eclipsed\" lymphoid cells from advanced tumor-bearing mice through adoptive transfer to sublethally irradiated syngeneic hosts.", "content": "Immunologically inactive or \"eclipsed\" lymphoid cells from advanced tumor-bearing mice were investigated following their adoptive transfer to irradiated syngeneic hosts. Experiments were performed with two syngeneic tumor-host system: the T5-BALB/c tumor line chronically infected with a low-leukemogenic Rauscher virus variant and the TM1-C3H tumor line developed from a spontaneous C3H/He mouse mammary tumor. In confirmation of our previous data, peritoneal cells (PC) from advanced tumor-bearing mice (EPC) appeared to have lost any capacity to inhibit specifically the growth of corresponding tumor target cells in vitro colony inhibition (CI) tests, whereas PC from immunized mice (IPC) were perfectly active. When these EPC were adoptively transferred by intraperitoneal inoculation into sublethally irradiated (450 R) syngeneic mice in association with respective tumor extracts (TE), the PC from such recipient mice, taken 5 to 13 days later, were nearly as active in in vitro CI tests as were PC from parallel IPC-recipient mice. For this recovery of specific immunological activity following the adoptive transfer of EPC the adjunction of the TE and irradiation of the recipient animals seem important and may be necessary. On the other hand, no specific immunological activity was seen in PC from irradiated mice to which PC from normal mice had been transferred with TE. In addition to the in vitro results, an effect of adoptive transfer of EPC (retardation of tumor growth) was also observed in vivo. It is concluded that the \"eclipsed\" immunologically inactive state of the EPC in mice bearing advanced tumor is not irreversible and that activation of these cells can occur in vivo under certain conditions helped by the presence of tumor-specific antigenic stimulus.", "contents": "Activation of \"eclipsed\" lymphoid cells from advanced tumor-bearing mice through adoptive transfer to sublethally irradiated syngeneic hosts. Immunologically inactive or \"eclipsed\" lymphoid cells from advanced tumor-bearing mice were investigated following their adoptive transfer to irradiated syngeneic hosts. Experiments were performed with two syngeneic tumor-host system: the T5-BALB/c tumor line chronically infected with a low-leukemogenic Rauscher virus variant and the TM1-C3H tumor line developed from a spontaneous C3H/He mouse mammary tumor. In confirmation of our previous data, peritoneal cells (PC) from advanced tumor-bearing mice (EPC) appeared to have lost any capacity to inhibit specifically the growth of corresponding tumor target cells in vitro colony inhibition (CI) tests, whereas PC from immunized mice (IPC) were perfectly active. When these EPC were adoptively transferred by intraperitoneal inoculation into sublethally irradiated (450 R) syngeneic mice in association with respective tumor extracts (TE), the PC from such recipient mice, taken 5 to 13 days later, were nearly as active in in vitro CI tests as were PC from parallel IPC-recipient mice. For this recovery of specific immunological activity following the adoptive transfer of EPC the adjunction of the TE and irradiation of the recipient animals seem important and may be necessary. On the other hand, no specific immunological activity was seen in PC from irradiated mice to which PC from normal mice had been transferred with TE. In addition to the in vitro results, an effect of adoptive transfer of EPC (retardation of tumor growth) was also observed in vivo. It is concluded that the \"eclipsed\" immunologically inactive state of the EPC in mice bearing advanced tumor is not irreversible and that activation of these cells can occur in vivo under certain conditions helped by the presence of tumor-specific antigenic stimulus.", "PMID": 1176209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5528", "title": "Mutation induction in Chinese hamster V79 cells by two vinyl chloride metabolites, chloroethylene oxide and 2-chloroacetaldehyde.", "content": "Chloroethylene oxide and 2-chloroacetaldehyde, two possibly carcinogenic metabolities of vinyl chloride in mammals, caused a dose-dependent induction of 8-azaguanine- and ouabain-resistant mutants in Chinese hamster V79 cells in vitro. Up to one-hundred-fold higher concentrations of 2-chloroethanol or monochloroacetic acid, a urinary vinyl chloride metabolite in rats and man, were inactive.", "contents": "Mutation induction in Chinese hamster V79 cells by two vinyl chloride metabolites, chloroethylene oxide and 2-chloroacetaldehyde. Chloroethylene oxide and 2-chloroacetaldehyde, two possibly carcinogenic metabolities of vinyl chloride in mammals, caused a dose-dependent induction of 8-azaguanine- and ouabain-resistant mutants in Chinese hamster V79 cells in vitro. Up to one-hundred-fold higher concentrations of 2-chloroethanol or monochloroacetic acid, a urinary vinyl chloride metabolite in rats and man, were inactive.", "PMID": 1176210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5529", "title": "Retention of tritium during the binding of tritiated benz(a)pyrene to DNA.", "content": "Chemical conversion of generally tritiated benzo(a)pyrene to 6 and 1,6-substituted derivatives resulted in 30% and 48% loss of tritium respectively. Metabolism of [3H], [14C]-benzo(a)pyrene by rat liver microsomes yielded 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene with 30% loss of tritium, a mixture of quinones with 50% loss of tritium and three dihydrodiol metabolites which had retained all the tritium of the parent hydrocarbon. DNA isolated from mouse embryo cells which had been exposed to [3H], [14C]-benzo(a)pyrene, and DNA with this hydrocarbon bound following in vitro rat liver microsomal incubation were degraded enzymically and the hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside products isolated. The tritium contents of the products obtained from both DNA samples were very close to those of the original double labelled benzo(a)pyrene. These results are inconsistent with a phenol or quinone intermediate being responsible for the reaction with DNA, but fully consistent with a diol epoxide intermediate as proposed by Sims et al. (1974).", "contents": "Retention of tritium during the binding of tritiated benz(a)pyrene to DNA. Chemical conversion of generally tritiated benzo(a)pyrene to 6 and 1,6-substituted derivatives resulted in 30% and 48% loss of tritium respectively. Metabolism of [3H], [14C]-benzo(a)pyrene by rat liver microsomes yielded 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene with 30% loss of tritium, a mixture of quinones with 50% loss of tritium and three dihydrodiol metabolites which had retained all the tritium of the parent hydrocarbon. DNA isolated from mouse embryo cells which had been exposed to [3H], [14C]-benzo(a)pyrene, and DNA with this hydrocarbon bound following in vitro rat liver microsomal incubation were degraded enzymically and the hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside products isolated. The tritium contents of the products obtained from both DNA samples were very close to those of the original double labelled benzo(a)pyrene. These results are inconsistent with a phenol or quinone intermediate being responsible for the reaction with DNA, but fully consistent with a diol epoxide intermediate as proposed by Sims et al. (1974).", "PMID": 1176211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5530", "title": "A long-term 51chromium assay for in vitro cell-mediated tumor immunity. Correlation with simultaneously performed microplate assays.", "content": "In vitro assays of cell-mediated tumor immunity utilizing 51Chromium (51Cr) labelling of cultured adherent solid tumor cells were designed which allowed an effector cell/target cell incubation time of 48 h without overriding spontaneous 51Cr release. In a series of 16 consecutive experiments, blood lymphocytes from healthy human donors, from patients with tumors unrelated to the cultural tumor target cells, and from colon carcinoma and melanoma patients were tested for their cytotoxic effects on various target cell pairs, human colon carcinoma, melanoma, or skin fibroblasts. The same reagents were used in simultaneously performed microplate and 51Cr assays. Results obtained by visual counting of microplate tests and by 24-h assays of 51Cr release or 51Cr retention correlated in 20/25 effector-cell/target-cell combinations. In a series of six consecutive experiments, lymph-node cells from untreated Wistar/Furth rats, and rats bearing either chemically-induced colon carcinoma NG-W1 or polyoma virus-induced sarcoma P-W13 were tested for their cytotoxicity on syngeneic rat colon carcinoma and sarcoma target cells. Criss-cross type experiments were performed by microplate and 15Cr techniques done in parallel. Results obtained by visual counting of microplate tests and by 48 h assays of 51Cr release or 51Cr retention correlated in 15/18 effector-cell/target-cell combinations.", "contents": "A long-term 51chromium assay for in vitro cell-mediated tumor immunity. Correlation with simultaneously performed microplate assays. In vitro assays of cell-mediated tumor immunity utilizing 51Chromium (51Cr) labelling of cultured adherent solid tumor cells were designed which allowed an effector cell/target cell incubation time of 48 h without overriding spontaneous 51Cr release. In a series of 16 consecutive experiments, blood lymphocytes from healthy human donors, from patients with tumors unrelated to the cultural tumor target cells, and from colon carcinoma and melanoma patients were tested for their cytotoxic effects on various target cell pairs, human colon carcinoma, melanoma, or skin fibroblasts. The same reagents were used in simultaneously performed microplate and 51Cr assays. Results obtained by visual counting of microplate tests and by 24-h assays of 51Cr release or 51Cr retention correlated in 20/25 effector-cell/target-cell combinations. In a series of six consecutive experiments, lymph-node cells from untreated Wistar/Furth rats, and rats bearing either chemically-induced colon carcinoma NG-W1 or polyoma virus-induced sarcoma P-W13 were tested for their cytotoxicity on syngeneic rat colon carcinoma and sarcoma target cells. Criss-cross type experiments were performed by microplate and 15Cr techniques done in parallel. Results obtained by visual counting of microplate tests and by 48 h assays of 51Cr release or 51Cr retention correlated in 15/18 effector-cell/target-cell combinations.", "PMID": 1176212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5531", "title": "Problems of adjustment reported among a group of heroin addicts.", "content": "Many reports in the literature concerning the heroin addict and his addiction have been related to psychological tests and the personality and behavior among addicts. However, studies have not cited his adjustment problems. Forty-seven narcotic addicts were surveyed to determine their adjustment difficulties by an administration of the Mooney Problem Checklist. The results indicate that the most difficult areas of adjustment were related to personality, self-improvement, the home and family, and occupation. It was concluded that among these participating narcotic addicts, four areas were noted as frequent problems while five additional areas were reported as less of an adjustment difficulty.", "contents": "Problems of adjustment reported among a group of heroin addicts. Many reports in the literature concerning the heroin addict and his addiction have been related to psychological tests and the personality and behavior among addicts. However, studies have not cited his adjustment problems. Forty-seven narcotic addicts were surveyed to determine their adjustment difficulties by an administration of the Mooney Problem Checklist. The results indicate that the most difficult areas of adjustment were related to personality, self-improvement, the home and family, and occupation. It was concluded that among these participating narcotic addicts, four areas were noted as frequent problems while five additional areas were reported as less of an adjustment difficulty.", "PMID": 1176223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5532", "title": "Variables related to cannabis use.", "content": "A sample of 4,564 self-admitted cannabis users was compared with a sample of airmen who had no known record of drug abuse. This study indicates that there is a very strong likelihood for cannabis users to abuse other drugs. There are relationships between cannabis use and geographic area of enlistment, religious preference, aptitude scores, race, educational level, and age at enlistment. Cannabis use is also related to the likelihood of getting an undesirable discharge, to Airman Performance Report, and to promotion rate.", "contents": "Variables related to cannabis use. A sample of 4,564 self-admitted cannabis users was compared with a sample of airmen who had no known record of drug abuse. This study indicates that there is a very strong likelihood for cannabis users to abuse other drugs. There are relationships between cannabis use and geographic area of enlistment, religious preference, aptitude scores, race, educational level, and age at enlistment. Cannabis use is also related to the likelihood of getting an undesirable discharge, to Airman Performance Report, and to promotion rate.", "PMID": 1176226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5533", "title": "An examination of patterns of drug use in six suburban groups.", "content": "An investigation into the patterns of drug use of drug users was conducted across six specific groups in a northeatern suburb and at a state university. Information was obtained concerning past and present frequency of use, location of use and procurement, and availability and source of procurement. Relative similarities and differences in patterns of drug use an understood through the resulting group and drug matrix is discussed.", "contents": "An examination of patterns of drug use in six suburban groups. An investigation into the patterns of drug use of drug users was conducted across six specific groups in a northeatern suburb and at a state university. Information was obtained concerning past and present frequency of use, location of use and procurement, and availability and source of procurement. Relative similarities and differences in patterns of drug use an understood through the resulting group and drug matrix is discussed.", "PMID": 1176229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5534", "title": "Some correlates of drug use among high school youth in a Midwestern rural community.", "content": "A study of the correlates of drug use (marijuana, LSD, mescaline, speed) among high school youth in a rural, Midwestern community indicated that peer group factors were the most influential in such behavior. Also, youth from less intact families and whose parents were perceived to use various legal drugs were more prone to drug use. Drug education was seen as not having as significant an impact in differentiating between users and nonusers nor in deterring users from further involvement. In support of previous research, we conclude that drug use is a form of behavior learned through peer and family socialization.", "contents": "Some correlates of drug use among high school youth in a Midwestern rural community. A study of the correlates of drug use (marijuana, LSD, mescaline, speed) among high school youth in a rural, Midwestern community indicated that peer group factors were the most influential in such behavior. Also, youth from less intact families and whose parents were perceived to use various legal drugs were more prone to drug use. Drug education was seen as not having as significant an impact in differentiating between users and nonusers nor in deterring users from further involvement. In support of previous research, we conclude that drug use is a form of behavior learned through peer and family socialization.", "PMID": 1176230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5535", "title": "The effects of videotaped modeling and self-confrontation on the drinking behavior of alcoholics.", "content": "Alcoholics were exposed to behavior counseling alone (N =10), or behavior counseling with either videotape self-confrontation (N = 10) or role-modeling (N = 10), and compared to alcoholics receiving standard inpatient treatment (N =10). Immediate alternation of drinking topographies and posttreatment follow-up drinking dispositions served as dependent variables. Subjects receiving videotape self-confrontation achieved greater positive changes in posttreatment drinking analysis sessions than did other treatment groups. Follow-up probes suggested superiority of the experimental treatments in general, and particularly videotape self-confrontation. Performance in the posttreatment analysis sessions was predictive of follow-up drinking status (p less thann .05).", "contents": "The effects of videotaped modeling and self-confrontation on the drinking behavior of alcoholics. Alcoholics were exposed to behavior counseling alone (N =10), or behavior counseling with either videotape self-confrontation (N = 10) or role-modeling (N = 10), and compared to alcoholics receiving standard inpatient treatment (N =10). Immediate alternation of drinking topographies and posttreatment follow-up drinking dispositions served as dependent variables. Subjects receiving videotape self-confrontation achieved greater positive changes in posttreatment drinking analysis sessions than did other treatment groups. Follow-up probes suggested superiority of the experimental treatments in general, and particularly videotape self-confrontation. Performance in the posttreatment analysis sessions was predictive of follow-up drinking status (p less thann .05).", "PMID": 1176231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5536", "title": "Instances of treatment for opiate and nonopiate drugs in one urban community.", "content": "Study was made to learn the extent of drug abuse coming to the attention of treatment personnel in private and public facilities within one urban community during a 1-month period. Reports from 105 facilities indicated alcohol was the major drug of abuse with heroin and nonopiate drugs running a distant second and third, respectively. Of 8,784 requests for treatment in which the use of drugs was seen as a factor, 83% involved alcohol, 9% opiates, 6% nonopiate, nonalcoholic drugs, and 2% unknown drugs.", "contents": "Instances of treatment for opiate and nonopiate drugs in one urban community. Study was made to learn the extent of drug abuse coming to the attention of treatment personnel in private and public facilities within one urban community during a 1-month period. Reports from 105 facilities indicated alcohol was the major drug of abuse with heroin and nonopiate drugs running a distant second and third, respectively. Of 8,784 requests for treatment in which the use of drugs was seen as a factor, 83% involved alcohol, 9% opiates, 6% nonopiate, nonalcoholic drugs, and 2% unknown drugs.", "PMID": 1176232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5537", "title": "Double-blind detoxification of methadone maintenance patients.", "content": "Twenty-four methadone maintenance patients were assigned to (1) decreasing dose (N = 12) or (2) continued methadone maintenance (N = 12), matching for dose, initial complaint levels, and counselor. After 14 weeks most patients in both groups had terminated from the study. Detoxifying patients usually terminated by obtaining a dose increase or dropping out; maintenance patients usually terminated for external reasons. Prior to terminating, detoxifying patients reported increased withdrawal complaints but no awareness doses had decreased. Termination was not directly related to dose level or percentage decrease. In both groups, terminators were likely to have been high in complaints during the baseline period.", "contents": "Double-blind detoxification of methadone maintenance patients. Twenty-four methadone maintenance patients were assigned to (1) decreasing dose (N = 12) or (2) continued methadone maintenance (N = 12), matching for dose, initial complaint levels, and counselor. After 14 weeks most patients in both groups had terminated from the study. Detoxifying patients usually terminated by obtaining a dose increase or dropping out; maintenance patients usually terminated for external reasons. Prior to terminating, detoxifying patients reported increased withdrawal complaints but no awareness doses had decreased. Termination was not directly related to dose level or percentage decrease. In both groups, terminators were likely to have been high in complaints during the baseline period.", "PMID": 1176233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5538", "title": "A client-developed methadone maintenance program.", "content": "A realistic methadone maintenance program is a continuum of four related areas: intake, rehabilitation with on-going evaluation, detoxification, and postdetoxification followup, each jointly administered by client volunteers and professional staff. In the early stages of client treatment, pharmacists have more frequent contact with program participants than do other staff professionals. At the Minneapolis Pilot City Health Center, 31 of 69 participants in the methadone maintenance program were interviewed by their pharmacist to determine client understanding of program objectives, interpretation of program effectiveness, and suggestions for program improvement. Client understanding of the objectives or program elements ranged from 30 to 97 %. Client evaluation of the effectiveness of program elements ranged from 0 to 65%. The client-developed program included intake procedures to establish for each client the program objectives, rules, evaluation, guidelines, client goals, dismissal guidelines, and a review of supportive services. Rehabilitation would be continuous with consistent on-going evaluation to measure goal attainment, a decline in disruptive behavior, and freedom from illicit drug use. Detoxification should be undertaken after the client's behavior has stabilized and he has developed a marketable skill. Monitoring of the client to assure a drug-free state would be an important element of the postdetoxification follow-up.", "contents": "A client-developed methadone maintenance program. A realistic methadone maintenance program is a continuum of four related areas: intake, rehabilitation with on-going evaluation, detoxification, and postdetoxification followup, each jointly administered by client volunteers and professional staff. In the early stages of client treatment, pharmacists have more frequent contact with program participants than do other staff professionals. At the Minneapolis Pilot City Health Center, 31 of 69 participants in the methadone maintenance program were interviewed by their pharmacist to determine client understanding of program objectives, interpretation of program effectiveness, and suggestions for program improvement. Client understanding of the objectives or program elements ranged from 30 to 97 %. Client evaluation of the effectiveness of program elements ranged from 0 to 65%. The client-developed program included intake procedures to establish for each client the program objectives, rules, evaluation, guidelines, client goals, dismissal guidelines, and a review of supportive services. Rehabilitation would be continuous with consistent on-going evaluation to measure goal attainment, a decline in disruptive behavior, and freedom from illicit drug use. Detoxification should be undertaken after the client's behavior has stabilized and he has developed a marketable skill. Monitoring of the client to assure a drug-free state would be an important element of the postdetoxification follow-up.", "PMID": 1176234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5539", "title": "Misuse and abuse of diazepam: an increasingly common medical problem.", "content": "Misuse and abuse of diazepam among addiction-prone individuals is reported. The most common pattern of abuse appears to be periodic ingestion of 30 to 80 mg of diazepam in one dose, either alone or in conjunction with methadone or other narcotics. Two cases of physical dependency to diazepam have been observed. Many addict patients using diazepam are buying it on \"the streets\". All physicians should know that diazepam abuse and misuse is occurring, and careful attention should be given to prescribing, transporting and storing this drug.", "contents": "Misuse and abuse of diazepam: an increasingly common medical problem. Misuse and abuse of diazepam among addiction-prone individuals is reported. The most common pattern of abuse appears to be periodic ingestion of 30 to 80 mg of diazepam in one dose, either alone or in conjunction with methadone or other narcotics. Two cases of physical dependency to diazepam have been observed. Many addict patients using diazepam are buying it on \"the streets\". All physicians should know that diazepam abuse and misuse is occurring, and careful attention should be given to prescribing, transporting and storing this drug.", "PMID": 1176235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5540", "title": "Personality correlates of drug preference among college undergraduates.", "content": "Three groups of college drug users--those expressing a preference for marijuana, amphetamines, or barbiturates--reported on experiences resulting from their drugs, and these groups, together with a group of nondrug-users, completed the Omnibus Personality Inventory (OPI). On the OPI the nonusers appeared more conventional and conforming than each drug group. Those preferring marijuana were less anxious than any other group, but the most distinctive group was that preferring barbiturates, which appeared the least intellectually inclined and the most emotionally distressed. This group's personality dispositions also seemed generally concordant with the experiences they reported from the drug.", "contents": "Personality correlates of drug preference among college undergraduates. Three groups of college drug users--those expressing a preference for marijuana, amphetamines, or barbiturates--reported on experiences resulting from their drugs, and these groups, together with a group of nondrug-users, completed the Omnibus Personality Inventory (OPI). On the OPI the nonusers appeared more conventional and conforming than each drug group. Those preferring marijuana were less anxious than any other group, but the most distinctive group was that preferring barbiturates, which appeared the least intellectually inclined and the most emotionally distressed. This group's personality dispositions also seemed generally concordant with the experiences they reported from the drug.", "PMID": 1176236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5541", "title": "Alcoholism treatment and evaluation: in search of methods. II. Collation of two-year follow-up studies.", "content": "This study collated 23 articles reporting outcome of alcoholism treatment efforts over a 2-year follow-up period. Broad conclusions reached by Costello (1975) in a similar collation of studies reporting on a 1-year follow-up interval found general support. Similar consistencies were noted across studies within groups described as having good outcome profiles as was noted by the previous collation. Good outcome results from matching relatively better prognostic cases wtih programs with broad treatment resources. Multiple baselines were offered as guidelines for program evaluation. Baselines were generated in the process of collation by hierachal grouping of outcome profiles. Different baseline to measure effectiveness of performance should prove appropriate for different measuring tasks. No one baseline is appropriate for all measuring tasks.", "contents": "Alcoholism treatment and evaluation: in search of methods. II. Collation of two-year follow-up studies. This study collated 23 articles reporting outcome of alcoholism treatment efforts over a 2-year follow-up period. Broad conclusions reached by Costello (1975) in a similar collation of studies reporting on a 1-year follow-up interval found general support. Similar consistencies were noted across studies within groups described as having good outcome profiles as was noted by the previous collation. Good outcome results from matching relatively better prognostic cases wtih programs with broad treatment resources. Multiple baselines were offered as guidelines for program evaluation. Baselines were generated in the process of collation by hierachal grouping of outcome profiles. Different baseline to measure effectiveness of performance should prove appropriate for different measuring tasks. No one baseline is appropriate for all measuring tasks.", "PMID": 1176237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5542", "title": "Drunkenness, a \"special circumstance\" in crimes of violence: sometimes.", "content": "A preliminary investigation into belief systems of the public about interactions between drunkenness and crime is reported. Fifty respondents, randomly selected, were interviewed first about their beliefs regarding the \"effects of alcohol\" along three dimensions--control, responsibility, and accountability. Second, they were asked to consider whether being legally drunk when committing a violent crime constitutes a \"special circumstance\" deserving other than the usual penalty. Three other possible contributing factors were also examined to determine their relationship to drunkenness as a \"special circumstance\"--premeditation, alcoholism, and recidivism. Two preliminary conclusions are suggested: (1) it appears that many members of the public still view alcohol abuse as an associated criminal offense, and (2) respondnets' beliefs about the \"effects of alcohol\" do not demonstrate a rational consistency as relates to penalty judgments concerning violent crimes committed by drunken individuals. This finding is, in part, consistent wtih Linsky's earlier work.", "contents": "Drunkenness, a \"special circumstance\" in crimes of violence: sometimes. A preliminary investigation into belief systems of the public about interactions between drunkenness and crime is reported. Fifty respondents, randomly selected, were interviewed first about their beliefs regarding the \"effects of alcohol\" along three dimensions--control, responsibility, and accountability. Second, they were asked to consider whether being legally drunk when committing a violent crime constitutes a \"special circumstance\" deserving other than the usual penalty. Three other possible contributing factors were also examined to determine their relationship to drunkenness as a \"special circumstance\"--premeditation, alcoholism, and recidivism. Two preliminary conclusions are suggested: (1) it appears that many members of the public still view alcohol abuse as an associated criminal offense, and (2) respondnets' beliefs about the \"effects of alcohol\" do not demonstrate a rational consistency as relates to penalty judgments concerning violent crimes committed by drunken individuals. This finding is, in part, consistent wtih Linsky's earlier work.", "PMID": 1176238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5543", "title": "The effect of therapeutic intervention on the assessment scores of narcotic addicts.", "content": "The findings presented tend to support already established trends reported in the literature concerning the performance of opiate users on standard psychological tests. Evidence which suggests that addicts are not functioning at full intellectual capacity was presented for the first time. Moreover, the use of psychological tests as outcome measures for drug treatment was indicated.", "contents": "The effect of therapeutic intervention on the assessment scores of narcotic addicts. The findings presented tend to support already established trends reported in the literature concerning the performance of opiate users on standard psychological tests. Evidence which suggests that addicts are not functioning at full intellectual capacity was presented for the first time. Moreover, the use of psychological tests as outcome measures for drug treatment was indicated.", "PMID": 1176239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5544", "title": "Dose-response relations in drug-induced inappropriate secretion of ADH: effects of clofibrate and carbamazepine.", "content": "The effect of different doses of clofibrate and carbamazepine on water metabolism was compared in a patient with psychogenic polydipsia. A definite relationship was found between the doses of both drugs and the antidiuretic effect. Daily 2--4 g clofibrate was ineffective, but 6--8 g induced the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH. 600 mg carbamazepine a day induced a marked antidiuretic response which could be further augmented by administering daily 1200--1800 mg. The discrepancy between the effective \"hypolipidemic\" and \"antidiuretic\" dose of clofibrate may perhaps explain the lack of reports on water intoxication induced by this agent, despite of its entensive use in clinical practice.", "contents": "Dose-response relations in drug-induced inappropriate secretion of ADH: effects of clofibrate and carbamazepine. The effect of different doses of clofibrate and carbamazepine on water metabolism was compared in a patient with psychogenic polydipsia. A definite relationship was found between the doses of both drugs and the antidiuretic effect. Daily 2--4 g clofibrate was ineffective, but 6--8 g induced the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH. 600 mg carbamazepine a day induced a marked antidiuretic response which could be further augmented by administering daily 1200--1800 mg. The discrepancy between the effective \"hypolipidemic\" and \"antidiuretic\" dose of clofibrate may perhaps explain the lack of reports on water intoxication induced by this agent, despite of its entensive use in clinical practice.", "PMID": 1176240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5545", "title": "[Plethysmographic and in vitro studies of the vasodilator effect of furosemide (Lasix)].", "content": "The beneficial effect of furosemide in treatment of chronic and particularly of acute congestive heart failure has been attributed to its potent diuretic action. In recent studies [16], it has been postulated that the effect of this diuretic agent is primarily vascular in origin. The results of venous occlusion plethysmographic experiments (modificated Whitney-gauge technique) carried out in this study on the forearm of 6 healthy men, show that furosemide (40 mg. i.v.) does not influence arterial blood flow (4-5 ml/100 ml tissue - min). In contrast furosemide induces a prompt significant (p less than 0.001) and sustained (about 45 min) increase in venous capacitance (deltaV/100 ml tissue = 15%) and a corresponding decrease in E'. The direct effect of furosemide on vascular muscle tone was studied in vitro on portal vein and aortic strip preparations from 76 male rats. In 18 experiments mechanical and electrical activity (using three pressure electrodes) were simultaneously recorded. The results of the in vitro experiments show: 1. Only extremely high furosemide concentrations (greater than 500 mg/l) induce slight relaxation of aortic strips. 2. Furosemide causes in contrast a marked dose-dependent per cent decrease of the integrated isometric tension in portal vein preparations: 14 mg/l reduce the initial tension (= 100%) to 80%; 35 mg/l to 65%; 70 mg/l to 50% and 100 mg/l to 35%. 3. The venodilating furosemide effect is significantly (p less than 0.001) increased by reduction in external Na+-concentration [Na+]0 to 120 mM though further reduction in the [Na+]0 to 90 mM does not cause additional changes in the relaxation slope. 4. The simultaneous records of electrical activity demonstrate that the relaxing effect of furosemide is based on decreased spike frequency in shortened bursts as well as on pronounced impairment of conduction velocity without relevant changes in pacemaker frequency. These in vitro results are discussed from the point of view that a furosemide induced decrease in Na+-permeability may determine the changes obtained in electrical and mechanical behaviour of portal veins of the rat.", "contents": "[Plethysmographic and in vitro studies of the vasodilator effect of furosemide (Lasix)]. The beneficial effect of furosemide in treatment of chronic and particularly of acute congestive heart failure has been attributed to its potent diuretic action. In recent studies [16], it has been postulated that the effect of this diuretic agent is primarily vascular in origin. The results of venous occlusion plethysmographic experiments (modificated Whitney-gauge technique) carried out in this study on the forearm of 6 healthy men, show that furosemide (40 mg. i.v.) does not influence arterial blood flow (4-5 ml/100 ml tissue - min). In contrast furosemide induces a prompt significant (p less than 0.001) and sustained (about 45 min) increase in venous capacitance (deltaV/100 ml tissue = 15%) and a corresponding decrease in E'. The direct effect of furosemide on vascular muscle tone was studied in vitro on portal vein and aortic strip preparations from 76 male rats. In 18 experiments mechanical and electrical activity (using three pressure electrodes) were simultaneously recorded. The results of the in vitro experiments show: 1. Only extremely high furosemide concentrations (greater than 500 mg/l) induce slight relaxation of aortic strips. 2. Furosemide causes in contrast a marked dose-dependent per cent decrease of the integrated isometric tension in portal vein preparations: 14 mg/l reduce the initial tension (= 100%) to 80%; 35 mg/l to 65%; 70 mg/l to 50% and 100 mg/l to 35%. 3. The venodilating furosemide effect is significantly (p less than 0.001) increased by reduction in external Na+-concentration [Na+]0 to 120 mM though further reduction in the [Na+]0 to 90 mM does not cause additional changes in the relaxation slope. 4. The simultaneous records of electrical activity demonstrate that the relaxing effect of furosemide is based on decreased spike frequency in shortened bursts as well as on pronounced impairment of conduction velocity without relevant changes in pacemaker frequency. These in vitro results are discussed from the point of view that a furosemide induced decrease in Na+-permeability may determine the changes obtained in electrical and mechanical behaviour of portal veins of the rat.", "PMID": 1176241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5546", "title": "The gingival hyperplasia resulting from diphenylhydantoin in children and adults.", "content": "The incidence of gingival hyperplasia resulting diphenylhydantoin was studied in two hundred and nineteen patients of epilepsy from children to adults. The children group below puberty showed unexpectedly low incidence of gingival hyperplasia among the side effects of it comparing with other age groups.", "contents": "The gingival hyperplasia resulting from diphenylhydantoin in children and adults. The incidence of gingival hyperplasia resulting diphenylhydantoin was studied in two hundred and nineteen patients of epilepsy from children to adults. The children group below puberty showed unexpectedly low incidence of gingival hyperplasia among the side effects of it comparing with other age groups.", "PMID": 1176242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5547", "title": "Ultrastructural changes induced by vinblastine in cutaneous lesions of histiocytosis X.", "content": "The ultrastructural examination of the skin lesions of 2 typical patients with subacute disseminated histiocytosis X 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours after the intravenous administration of vinblastine enabled us to observe that, after 12-24 hours, there were numerous Langerhans cells undergoing mitosis which had no spindle microtubules but showed fragments of newly forming nuclear membrane, thus demonstrating that mitosis was arrested in anaphase. Later on, in the Langerhans cells mainly, we observed degenerative phenomena (mitochondrial swelling, perinuclear edema and rupture of the plasma membrane) and, finally, a marked reduction in the number of this type of cells were observed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes induced by vinblastine in cutaneous lesions of histiocytosis X. The ultrastructural examination of the skin lesions of 2 typical patients with subacute disseminated histiocytosis X 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours after the intravenous administration of vinblastine enabled us to observe that, after 12-24 hours, there were numerous Langerhans cells undergoing mitosis which had no spindle microtubules but showed fragments of newly forming nuclear membrane, thus demonstrating that mitosis was arrested in anaphase. Later on, in the Langerhans cells mainly, we observed degenerative phenomena (mitochondrial swelling, perinuclear edema and rupture of the plasma membrane) and, finally, a marked reduction in the number of this type of cells were observed.", "PMID": 1176245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5548", "title": "Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis in Egypt.", "content": "Neither systemic nor primary cutaneous cryptococcosis has ever been reported in Egypt. The case of a 14-year-old girl with a solitary primary cutaneous cryptococcosis lesion is presented. A surgical specimen proved the diagnosis, although the lesion resembled a rapidly growing epithelioma. Follow-up for 4 months did not reveal evidence of systemic involvement.", "contents": "Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis in Egypt. Neither systemic nor primary cutaneous cryptococcosis has ever been reported in Egypt. The case of a 14-year-old girl with a solitary primary cutaneous cryptococcosis lesion is presented. A surgical specimen proved the diagnosis, although the lesion resembled a rapidly growing epithelioma. Follow-up for 4 months did not reveal evidence of systemic involvement.", "PMID": 1176246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5549", "title": "Some comments on the narcissistic aspects of self-righteousness: defensive and structural considerations.", "content": "An analysis of the structural and defensive aspects of the self-righteous personality has been presented. Some genetic factors leading to the development of such a personality were considered. Analysis indicated that introjection of the idealized, righteous parent and identification with this introject was motivated by the need for narcissistic supplies. Fusion with this introject occurs during outbursts of self-righteous indignation directed towards an object cathected to a great extent with narcissistic libido. For the unconscious of the patient such an object represents in large measure the repressed aspects of his devalued self-representation. Some dynamic constellations encountered during treatment have been described.", "contents": "Some comments on the narcissistic aspects of self-righteousness: defensive and structural considerations. An analysis of the structural and defensive aspects of the self-righteous personality has been presented. Some genetic factors leading to the development of such a personality were considered. Analysis indicated that introjection of the idealized, righteous parent and identification with this introject was motivated by the need for narcissistic supplies. Fusion with this introject occurs during outbursts of self-righteous indignation directed towards an object cathected to a great extent with narcissistic libido. For the unconscious of the patient such an object represents in large measure the repressed aspects of his devalued self-representation. Some dynamic constellations encountered during treatment have been described.", "PMID": 1176247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5550", "title": "Some further observations and comments on the earliest role of the father.", "content": "The longitudinal observation in the family setting of a boy (Michael) during his first two years is used to explore further the earliest role of the father, and to refine my 'early triangulation' model. This model was meant to account for some basic phenomena of Mahler's rapprochement subphase, and was partly based on Piaget's framework. The data are presented along three developmental lines. (1) The specific relationship with father as a different person: the concepts of 'specific refuelling' and of object-specific libido are introduced; and it is suggested that during the subphase of differentiation, all of Michael's specific objects (in particular, the father) shared some 'symbiotic' quality with the mother. (2) On the other hand, qualitative differences of the father relationship were also noted; they confirmed my earlier findings and Mahler's view. (3) Very early, Michael began to acknowledge the relationship with the parents as a couple. After a fleeting indication of rivalry (with mother!), a ritual game of 'getting his parents together' developed at the onset of the rapprochement subphase. This is discussed as one of many possible compromise solutions to avoid the full achievement of the anxiety-provoking 'early triangulation' process. This process, if completed, would involve 'identification with the rival parent', formation of a mental image of the self, and the positive cathexis of neutralized intragroup relationships (which presupposes symbolization). The ubiquitous observation of 'identification with the rival baby' may represent another such compromise solution, and thus a precursor of early triangulation. It might also be a parellel process, leading to 'generational identification' as distinguished from 'gender identification'. The isomorphism of these processes with Piaget's outline of cognitive development is pointed out.", "contents": "Some further observations and comments on the earliest role of the father. The longitudinal observation in the family setting of a boy (Michael) during his first two years is used to explore further the earliest role of the father, and to refine my 'early triangulation' model. This model was meant to account for some basic phenomena of Mahler's rapprochement subphase, and was partly based on Piaget's framework. The data are presented along three developmental lines. (1) The specific relationship with father as a different person: the concepts of 'specific refuelling' and of object-specific libido are introduced; and it is suggested that during the subphase of differentiation, all of Michael's specific objects (in particular, the father) shared some 'symbiotic' quality with the mother. (2) On the other hand, qualitative differences of the father relationship were also noted; they confirmed my earlier findings and Mahler's view. (3) Very early, Michael began to acknowledge the relationship with the parents as a couple. After a fleeting indication of rivalry (with mother!), a ritual game of 'getting his parents together' developed at the onset of the rapprochement subphase. This is discussed as one of many possible compromise solutions to avoid the full achievement of the anxiety-provoking 'early triangulation' process. This process, if completed, would involve 'identification with the rival parent', formation of a mental image of the self, and the positive cathexis of neutralized intragroup relationships (which presupposes symbolization). The ubiquitous observation of 'identification with the rival baby' may represent another such compromise solution, and thus a precursor of early triangulation. It might also be a parellel process, leading to 'generational identification' as distinguished from 'gender identification'. The isomorphism of these processes with Piaget's outline of cognitive development is pointed out.", "PMID": 1176248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5551", "title": "A fresh look at perverse behaviour.", "content": "A review of psychoanalytic thinking on perversions is offered and brought up to date with an outline of Kohut's concept of perversions representing sexualization of narcissistic configurations. An emphasis is made on the sexualization of the affects to underscore the structural defect in perverse behaviour. Broad constructions directed to the disavowal of feelings are considered most meaningful in analytic treatment of individuals suffering from sexual perversions.", "contents": "A fresh look at perverse behaviour. A review of psychoanalytic thinking on perversions is offered and brought up to date with an outline of Kohut's concept of perversions representing sexualization of narcissistic configurations. An emphasis is made on the sexualization of the affects to underscore the structural defect in perverse behaviour. Broad constructions directed to the disavowal of feelings are considered most meaningful in analytic treatment of individuals suffering from sexual perversions.", "PMID": 1176251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5552", "title": "A search for predictive factors in institute supervised cases: a retrospective study of 183 cases from 1959-1966 at the Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute.", "content": "The purpose of this project was to determine if it is possible to predict from the information contained in the write-ups of the preliminary evaluations of patients accepted for Institute supervised analyses those patients who would successfully complete their analyses and those who would not. Three raters independently studied the write-ups of 183 cases treated at the Boston Institute during the period 1959-1966. Each rater filled out a questionnaire of 105 items which were thought to be of possible predictive value. Outcomes were sought from the analysts who treated the patients. 130 outcomes were obtained and revealed that the patients fell into 4 distinctly different outcome groups: (Group 1) those who completed analysis by mutual agreement between the analyst and patient; (Group 2) those who prematurely terminated their analyses against the advice of their analysts; (Group 3) those whose analyses were prematurely interrupted by their analysts; (Group 4) those whose analyses became interminable. Statistical analyses were done to see which of the 105 predictor items distinguished these four distinct outcome groups. Many of the predictor items were not useful because they either showed no variation among patients, or were too often left blank, or were rated with very low interrater agreement. Of the remaining items, we found ten items which did show a highly significant difference between Group 1 patients and those patients in at least one of the other three outcome groups. We found five other predictor items which showed large, although not quite statistically significant, differences between Group 1 and at least one of the other three groups. Of these 15 items, 7 dealt with family history. The others concerned the patient's past history (2), object relationships (2), patient's sex (1), symptomatic state (1), field of endeavour (1), and history of previous psychotherapy (1). We found it made no difference in terms of these 4 outcome groups what the patient's diagnosis was or whether he was a 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th supervised case. Among the other negative findings were patient's age and the ability to experience and tolerate felt anxiety. These did not distinguish any of the outcome groups. These findings show that additional predictively useful information is present in the preliminary evaluations of patients already screened and accepted for Institute analysis by trained evaluators. These results suggest that one particularly important area on which to focus future attention is family history.", "contents": "A search for predictive factors in institute supervised cases: a retrospective study of 183 cases from 1959-1966 at the Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute. The purpose of this project was to determine if it is possible to predict from the information contained in the write-ups of the preliminary evaluations of patients accepted for Institute supervised analyses those patients who would successfully complete their analyses and those who would not. Three raters independently studied the write-ups of 183 cases treated at the Boston Institute during the period 1959-1966. Each rater filled out a questionnaire of 105 items which were thought to be of possible predictive value. Outcomes were sought from the analysts who treated the patients. 130 outcomes were obtained and revealed that the patients fell into 4 distinctly different outcome groups: (Group 1) those who completed analysis by mutual agreement between the analyst and patient; (Group 2) those who prematurely terminated their analyses against the advice of their analysts; (Group 3) those whose analyses were prematurely interrupted by their analysts; (Group 4) those whose analyses became interminable. Statistical analyses were done to see which of the 105 predictor items distinguished these four distinct outcome groups. Many of the predictor items were not useful because they either showed no variation among patients, or were too often left blank, or were rated with very low interrater agreement. Of the remaining items, we found ten items which did show a highly significant difference between Group 1 patients and those patients in at least one of the other three outcome groups. We found five other predictor items which showed large, although not quite statistically significant, differences between Group 1 and at least one of the other three groups. Of these 15 items, 7 dealt with family history. The others concerned the patient's past history (2), object relationships (2), patient's sex (1), symptomatic state (1), field of endeavour (1), and history of previous psychotherapy (1). We found it made no difference in terms of these 4 outcome groups what the patient's diagnosis was or whether he was a 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th supervised case. Among the other negative findings were patient's age and the ability to experience and tolerate felt anxiety. These did not distinguish any of the outcome groups. These findings show that additional predictively useful information is present in the preliminary evaluations of patients already screened and accepted for Institute analysis by trained evaluators. These results suggest that one particularly important area on which to focus future attention is family history.", "PMID": 1176252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5553", "title": "A repeater type biotelemetry system for use on wild big game animals.", "content": "A repeater type telemetry system was developed and field tested on a wild elk near laramie, Wyoming, in the summer of 1973. The telemetry system consisted of the following: (a) a heat flow rate sensing implanted transmitter, (b) a repeater type neck collar and (c) a portable receiving station consisting of a receiver, decoding circuitry and analog chart recorder. The transmitter in (a) produced relatively low frequency rf pulses whose repetition rate was directly proportional to heat flow rate through the hide of the animal. In (b), the pulses from the implant are sensed and retransmitted using a relatively high power, high frequency transmitter. A second rf pulse was generated whose pulse spacing was related to animal activity. Details of circuit design and performance are given. Field experience has shown that this method is extremely useful for the monitoring of biological data from secretive big game animals such as elk.", "contents": "A repeater type biotelemetry system for use on wild big game animals. A repeater type telemetry system was developed and field tested on a wild elk near laramie, Wyoming, in the summer of 1973. The telemetry system consisted of the following: (a) a heat flow rate sensing implanted transmitter, (b) a repeater type neck collar and (c) a portable receiving station consisting of a receiver, decoding circuitry and analog chart recorder. The transmitter in (a) produced relatively low frequency rf pulses whose repetition rate was directly proportional to heat flow rate through the hide of the animal. In (b), the pulses from the implant are sensed and retransmitted using a relatively high power, high frequency transmitter. A second rf pulse was generated whose pulse spacing was related to animal activity. Details of circuit design and performance are given. Field experience has shown that this method is extremely useful for the monitoring of biological data from secretive big game animals such as elk.", "PMID": 1176269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5554", "title": "The effect of radar on cardiac pacemakers.", "content": "The susceptibility of 16 noncompetitive cardiac pacemakers to radiation from a powerful radar system was investigated in the laboratory and in the vicinity of its prototype. From comparative in vitro tests in air, fat, water, and saline it was concluded that only tests in fat or air represent the worst case condition after implantation. In air all pacemakers showed signs of interference at pulse power densities between 0.025 mW/cm2 and 62.5 mW/CM2. Three of six implanted pacemakers were triggered or inhibited depending on their mode of operation when tested at a location 1.2 km away from the radar station by the radar beam occurring every 5.5 sec. Because interfering radiation can enter the pacemaker circuitry directly along the electrode, acting as an antenna, metal encapsulation of the pulse generator does not provide sufficient shielding against microwave radiation. However, pacemakers modified by metal encapsulation and a low-pass filter at the electrode remained undistrubed at pulse power densities of greater than 10 W/cm2 when tested under worst case condition in air.", "contents": "The effect of radar on cardiac pacemakers. The susceptibility of 16 noncompetitive cardiac pacemakers to radiation from a powerful radar system was investigated in the laboratory and in the vicinity of its prototype. From comparative in vitro tests in air, fat, water, and saline it was concluded that only tests in fat or air represent the worst case condition after implantation. In air all pacemakers showed signs of interference at pulse power densities between 0.025 mW/cm2 and 62.5 mW/CM2. Three of six implanted pacemakers were triggered or inhibited depending on their mode of operation when tested at a location 1.2 km away from the radar station by the radar beam occurring every 5.5 sec. Because interfering radiation can enter the pacemaker circuitry directly along the electrode, acting as an antenna, metal encapsulation of the pulse generator does not provide sufficient shielding against microwave radiation. However, pacemakers modified by metal encapsulation and a low-pass filter at the electrode remained undistrubed at pulse power densities of greater than 10 W/cm2 when tested under worst case condition in air.", "PMID": 1176271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5555", "title": "Dangerous-electricity annunciator and detector.", "content": "Investigations into electrical accidents in hospitals have shown that the hazards are usually associated with the simultaneous use of two or more instruments. Recognizing this, several groups have written safety standards which limit the allowable potential difference between any two conductors near or connected to the patient. Implementing such a standard may be difficult since there may be a large number of such conductors and they must be tested using all combinations of two conductors. A simple scanning circuit using programmable operational amplifiers (PRAMs) and MOS digital circuitry makes the series of safety checks quickly and efficiently. The design includes both the ability to detect dangerous conditions and a digital annunciator to indicate which of the many leads being checked simultaneously is at fault. The scanning rate is rapid enough to allow the detection of dangerous transients. Preliminary results indicate that this portable, battery operated device is useful in providing an electrically safe environment for patients.", "contents": "Dangerous-electricity annunciator and detector. Investigations into electrical accidents in hospitals have shown that the hazards are usually associated with the simultaneous use of two or more instruments. Recognizing this, several groups have written safety standards which limit the allowable potential difference between any two conductors near or connected to the patient. Implementing such a standard may be difficult since there may be a large number of such conductors and they must be tested using all combinations of two conductors. A simple scanning circuit using programmable operational amplifiers (PRAMs) and MOS digital circuitry makes the series of safety checks quickly and efficiently. The design includes both the ability to detect dangerous conditions and a digital annunciator to indicate which of the many leads being checked simultaneously is at fault. The scanning rate is rapid enough to allow the detection of dangerous transients. Preliminary results indicate that this portable, battery operated device is useful in providing an electrically safe environment for patients.", "PMID": 1176272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5556", "title": "Instrument safety in explosive atmospheres.", "content": "The current \"Energy Crisis\" has dramatically increased our potential need for coal, the worlds most abundant fossil fuel. This will probably lead to a greater use of automation and instrumentation in the coal mining industry. The presence of methane in coal mines and in the coal itself plus the presence of coal dust, both of which can form an explosive atmosphere in air, means that the possibility of a gas or coal dust ignition must be considered when designing, purchasing and installing new equipment in this industry. In addition, many metallurgical processes involve the use of potentially explosive substances against which similar safety precautions must be taken. This paper outlines the various methods of protection currently in use and proposed for electrical instruments in explosive atmospheres, with particular emphasis on the work of the International Electrotechnical Commission.", "contents": "Instrument safety in explosive atmospheres. The current \"Energy Crisis\" has dramatically increased our potential need for coal, the worlds most abundant fossil fuel. This will probably lead to a greater use of automation and instrumentation in the coal mining industry. The presence of methane in coal mines and in the coal itself plus the presence of coal dust, both of which can form an explosive atmosphere in air, means that the possibility of a gas or coal dust ignition must be considered when designing, purchasing and installing new equipment in this industry. In addition, many metallurgical processes involve the use of potentially explosive substances against which similar safety precautions must be taken. This paper outlines the various methods of protection currently in use and proposed for electrical instruments in explosive atmospheres, with particular emphasis on the work of the International Electrotechnical Commission.", "PMID": 1176273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5557", "title": "The flammability limits of lean fuel-air mixtures: thermochemical and kinetic criteria for explosion hazards.", "content": "The present state of knowledge is reviewed concisely in terms of the experimental methods used, the effect of apparatus size, accuracy of data, methods of data presentation, and the sensitivity of the limits to initial temperature and pressure. The heat of combustion per mole of gas mixture at the lean limit is a reliable thermochemical criterion for the flammability of organic fuels with comparable reactivities. The limit calorific value for the heavy paraffins is 11.5 +/- 0.1 kcal mole -1. However, kinetic effects strongly influence this value. Highly reactive fuels (hydrogen, acetylene) require lower energy contents, whereas less reactive fuels (ammonia) require higher values. Hydrogen-starved fuels (carbon monoxide, cyanogen) show marked anomalies and are sensitive to impurities that can provide H-atom chain carriers. These kinetic effects are reflected in the experimentally measurable burning velocity of the fuel. This parameter is a key ingredient in the theory of flammable limits, which is briefly sketched. Five competing processes dissipate power from the combustion wave and quench it at some characteristic limit velocity. The prevalent consensus that the limits are controlled by natural convection is clearly demonstrated, and the complex interplay of kinetics and thermochemistry follows logically therefrom.", "contents": "The flammability limits of lean fuel-air mixtures: thermochemical and kinetic criteria for explosion hazards. The present state of knowledge is reviewed concisely in terms of the experimental methods used, the effect of apparatus size, accuracy of data, methods of data presentation, and the sensitivity of the limits to initial temperature and pressure. The heat of combustion per mole of gas mixture at the lean limit is a reliable thermochemical criterion for the flammability of organic fuels with comparable reactivities. The limit calorific value for the heavy paraffins is 11.5 +/- 0.1 kcal mole -1. However, kinetic effects strongly influence this value. Highly reactive fuels (hydrogen, acetylene) require lower energy contents, whereas less reactive fuels (ammonia) require higher values. Hydrogen-starved fuels (carbon monoxide, cyanogen) show marked anomalies and are sensitive to impurities that can provide H-atom chain carriers. These kinetic effects are reflected in the experimentally measurable burning velocity of the fuel. This parameter is a key ingredient in the theory of flammable limits, which is briefly sketched. Five competing processes dissipate power from the combustion wave and quench it at some characteristic limit velocity. The prevalent consensus that the limits are controlled by natural convection is clearly demonstrated, and the complex interplay of kinetics and thermochemistry follows logically therefrom.", "PMID": 1176274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5558", "title": "Design philosophy of air quality surveillance systems.", "content": "This paper discusses the design philosophy of the air quality surveillance systems which Kennecott is installing in the vicinity of its copper smelters in Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. These monitoring systems are part of supplementary control systems (SCS) that are utilized to ensure that short-term ambient air quality standards are met. These systems utilize minicomputers as remote terminals. The interface between a terminal and the primary sensors is via specially designed input/output circuitry. The system is controlled by a centralized host minicomputer, which is connected to each of the remote stations via a telephone line communication network. Real time data is displayed on cathode ray tubes located at strategic locations in the plants. This paper will discuss the system design philosophy from both a hardware and software point of view. The actual experience in design, development, and installation of the system will also be discussed.", "contents": "Design philosophy of air quality surveillance systems. This paper discusses the design philosophy of the air quality surveillance systems which Kennecott is installing in the vicinity of its copper smelters in Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. These monitoring systems are part of supplementary control systems (SCS) that are utilized to ensure that short-term ambient air quality standards are met. These systems utilize minicomputers as remote terminals. The interface between a terminal and the primary sensors is via specially designed input/output circuitry. The system is controlled by a centralized host minicomputer, which is connected to each of the remote stations via a telephone line communication network. Real time data is displayed on cathode ray tubes located at strategic locations in the plants. This paper will discuss the system design philosophy from both a hardware and software point of view. The actual experience in design, development, and installation of the system will also be discussed.", "PMID": 1176275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5559", "title": "Application of microwave spectroscopy to chemical analysis.", "content": "Traditional analytical techniques have been sucessfully employed on a great variety of systems for identifying stable reaction products as well as for purity analysis and reaction efficiency. However, most analytical techniques generally can only be applied to \"well-behaved\" chemical systems. Since gas phase reaction products do not always follow the \"well-behaved\" guideline, an alternate analytical tool, such as microwave spectroscopy, could prove beneficial for analyzing such systems and may well provide some new routes to synthetic chemistry. A general review of the present state-of-the-art for applications of microwave techniques to analytical studies will be presented. An attempt will be made to describe the limitations and advantages of microwave spectroscopy for probing chemical systems for product identification and for optimization of the efficiency of gas phase chemical reactions. As an illustration, some recent results obtained in our laboratory on the complex pyrolytic decomposition reactions of ethylamine will be described. Further examples of possible applications will be taken from typical industrial processes that employ vapor phase chemical synthesis techniques.", "contents": "Application of microwave spectroscopy to chemical analysis. Traditional analytical techniques have been sucessfully employed on a great variety of systems for identifying stable reaction products as well as for purity analysis and reaction efficiency. However, most analytical techniques generally can only be applied to \"well-behaved\" chemical systems. Since gas phase reaction products do not always follow the \"well-behaved\" guideline, an alternate analytical tool, such as microwave spectroscopy, could prove beneficial for analyzing such systems and may well provide some new routes to synthetic chemistry. A general review of the present state-of-the-art for applications of microwave techniques to analytical studies will be presented. An attempt will be made to describe the limitations and advantages of microwave spectroscopy for probing chemical systems for product identification and for optimization of the efficiency of gas phase chemical reactions. As an illustration, some recent results obtained in our laboratory on the complex pyrolytic decomposition reactions of ethylamine will be described. Further examples of possible applications will be taken from typical industrial processes that employ vapor phase chemical synthesis techniques.", "PMID": 1176276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5560", "title": "Ambient ground level monitoring: a sensible control system for the industry.", "content": "Sulfur emission rules are being changed. This action and a proposed EPA Supplementary Control strategy that would allow industrial facilities to continue their operations based on emission measurements and weather conditions is a logical step. Nevertheless, other EPA requirements and limitations are not acceptable to the electric power generating industry. Effective sulfur removal processes and equipment are yet beyond the \"state of the art\" and thus are not cost effective capital investments while the technology is in development. Field proven ambient monitoring networks are available now to implement fuel switching which is the preferred method of the power industry. This permits remaining within ambient limits, thus fulfilling the basic requirements of the primary SQX stand\"... to protect the public health.\".", "contents": "Ambient ground level monitoring: a sensible control system for the industry. Sulfur emission rules are being changed. This action and a proposed EPA Supplementary Control strategy that would allow industrial facilities to continue their operations based on emission measurements and weather conditions is a logical step. Nevertheless, other EPA requirements and limitations are not acceptable to the electric power generating industry. Effective sulfur removal processes and equipment are yet beyond the \"state of the art\" and thus are not cost effective capital investments while the technology is in development. Field proven ambient monitoring networks are available now to implement fuel switching which is the preferred method of the power industry. This permits remaining within ambient limits, thus fulfilling the basic requirements of the primary SQX stand\"... to protect the public health.\".", "PMID": 1176277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5561", "title": "[The Goltz-Gorlin syndrome. Review and case reports].", "content": "A case of Goltz-Gorlin-Syndrom (GGS) is reported with ectodermal and mesodermal defects. Differential diagnoses were: congenital poikilodermias, naevus lipomatodes cutaneous superficialis (Hoffmann-Zurhelle) and incontinentia pigmenti. Clinical aspects, histopathology, pathogenesis, genetics, and chromosomal patterns are compiled and the cases reviewed which were reported until 1974.", "contents": "[The Goltz-Gorlin syndrome. Review and case reports]. A case of Goltz-Gorlin-Syndrom (GGS) is reported with ectodermal and mesodermal defects. Differential diagnoses were: congenital poikilodermias, naevus lipomatodes cutaneous superficialis (Hoffmann-Zurhelle) and incontinentia pigmenti. Clinical aspects, histopathology, pathogenesis, genetics, and chromosomal patterns are compiled and the cases reviewed which were reported until 1974.", "PMID": 1176285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5562", "title": "[Zinc therapy in acrodermatitis enteropathica].", "content": "Report of two patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica, one of them 20 years old and with very severe symptoms of the disease. Oral therapy with zinc resulted in complete cure within two months. The theory about chelating of dietary zinc in patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica is discussed.", "contents": "[Zinc therapy in acrodermatitis enteropathica]. Report of two patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica, one of them 20 years old and with very severe symptoms of the disease. Oral therapy with zinc resulted in complete cure within two months. The theory about chelating of dietary zinc in patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica is discussed.", "PMID": 1176286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5563", "title": "[Demonstration of pathogens in lymphogranuloma inguinale. An electron microscopy study].", "content": "A case of lymphogranulomatosis inguinalis is reported, in which the definite diagnosis was made by the electronmicroscopical demonstration of Chlamydia lymphogranulomatosis in the lymphnode. The value of this diagnostical method is discussed in regard to verifying the diagnosis and in comparison with other methods. The lifecycle of the Chlamydia lymphogranulomatosis could be demonstrated electronmicroscopically. Its exceptional position in microbiological classification is discussed.", "contents": "[Demonstration of pathogens in lymphogranuloma inguinale. An electron microscopy study]. A case of lymphogranulomatosis inguinalis is reported, in which the definite diagnosis was made by the electronmicroscopical demonstration of Chlamydia lymphogranulomatosis in the lymphnode. The value of this diagnostical method is discussed in regard to verifying the diagnosis and in comparison with other methods. The lifecycle of the Chlamydia lymphogranulomatosis could be demonstrated electronmicroscopically. Its exceptional position in microbiological classification is discussed.", "PMID": 1176287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5564", "title": "[Pediatric psychotherapy within the scope of dermatology].", "content": "The possibilities of psychotherapy of children with psychosomatic skin diseases on an outpatient basis are reported. Twenty children in their pre-school and school years were treated over a period of one to two years using conversational therapy and the Sceno test (from G. v. Staabs). The results underline the necessity of identification and working up of conflicts in order to prevent recurrences or shifting of the disease.", "contents": "[Pediatric psychotherapy within the scope of dermatology]. The possibilities of psychotherapy of children with psychosomatic skin diseases on an outpatient basis are reported. Twenty children in their pre-school and school years were treated over a period of one to two years using conversational therapy and the Sceno test (from G. v. Staabs). The results underline the necessity of identification and working up of conflicts in order to prevent recurrences or shifting of the disease.", "PMID": 1176288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5565", "title": "[Initial results in the treatment of male fertility disorders with kallikrein: asthenozoospermia].", "content": "30 patients with asthenozoospermia were treated with kallikrein a kinin-liberating proteinase over a period of seven weeks. During parenteral and oral application of kalikrein and after medication within an observation period of 3 months a significant increase of the quantitative and qualitative sperm motility was found. Parenteral application of kallikrein led to a significant increase of the number of spermatozoa 3 months after beginning of the kallikrein therapy. Other semen parameters were not influenced. No side-effects were observed.", "contents": "[Initial results in the treatment of male fertility disorders with kallikrein: asthenozoospermia]. 30 patients with asthenozoospermia were treated with kallikrein a kinin-liberating proteinase over a period of seven weeks. During parenteral and oral application of kalikrein and after medication within an observation period of 3 months a significant increase of the quantitative and qualitative sperm motility was found. Parenteral application of kallikrein led to a significant increase of the number of spermatozoa 3 months after beginning of the kallikrein therapy. Other semen parameters were not influenced. No side-effects were observed.", "PMID": 1176289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5566", "title": "[Functional, conservative treatment of tibial schaft fractures].", "content": "This paper presents the functional conservative treatment of tibial shaft fractures following the principles of DEHNE and SARMIENTO. The disadvantages associated with classical conservative treatment (fracture disease, stiff joints, atrophy and dystrophy) are diminished by early mobilization, early weight bearing, and free mobility of the knee joint. Shaft fractures which give optimal results are those with minimal displacement and which are easily reducible. It is suggested that intraarticular fractures, fractures which have a marked tendency to slip, and those which are a part of multiple trauma, are more successfully treated applying rigid fixation according to ASIF principles.", "contents": "[Functional, conservative treatment of tibial schaft fractures]. This paper presents the functional conservative treatment of tibial shaft fractures following the principles of DEHNE and SARMIENTO. The disadvantages associated with classical conservative treatment (fracture disease, stiff joints, atrophy and dystrophy) are diminished by early mobilization, early weight bearing, and free mobility of the knee joint. Shaft fractures which give optimal results are those with minimal displacement and which are easily reducible. It is suggested that intraarticular fractures, fractures which have a marked tendency to slip, and those which are a part of multiple trauma, are more successfully treated applying rigid fixation according to ASIF principles.", "PMID": 1176313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5567", "title": "Localization of casein-rich, fat-rich and DNA-synthesizing cells in monolayer cultures of mid-pregnant mouse mammary epithelium.", "content": "Monolayers of 16-day pregnant BALB/cfC3H/Crl mouse mammary epithelial cells were examined for the occurrence and distribution of cells which contain large amounts of casein and fat and those which synthesize DNA. Cells within the central portions of epithelial cells appeared rich in casein and fat, whereas cells on the peripheral edges of the colonies synthesized DNA almost exclusively. Casein deposits and DNA synthesis were mutually exclusive phenomena, since only 2% of the cells synthesizing DNA also stained for casein. Of the casein-rich cells, 74% were also rich in fat, suggesting that cells wich contain large deposits of casein almost always contain large amounts of fat. These results indicate that a specialization of function exists between cells on the growing edge and those centrally located within a single colony of mammary epithelial cells.", "contents": "Localization of casein-rich, fat-rich and DNA-synthesizing cells in monolayer cultures of mid-pregnant mouse mammary epithelium. Monolayers of 16-day pregnant BALB/cfC3H/Crl mouse mammary epithelial cells were examined for the occurrence and distribution of cells which contain large amounts of casein and fat and those which synthesize DNA. Cells within the central portions of epithelial cells appeared rich in casein and fat, whereas cells on the peripheral edges of the colonies synthesized DNA almost exclusively. Casein deposits and DNA synthesis were mutually exclusive phenomena, since only 2% of the cells synthesizing DNA also stained for casein. Of the casein-rich cells, 74% were also rich in fat, suggesting that cells wich contain large deposits of casein almost always contain large amounts of fat. These results indicate that a specialization of function exists between cells on the growing edge and those centrally located within a single colony of mammary epithelial cells.", "PMID": 1176335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5568", "title": "A quantitative microspectrophotometric study of the lead precipitation reaction for the histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase.", "content": "The possibility of quantitating microspectrophotometrically the lead precipitation reaction for the histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase was studied using the following models: sections of rat kidney and human prostate gland, and polyacrylamide films with incorporated prostate gland homogenate. The activity of the polyacrylamide models was previously evaluated by a biochemical method and the specificity of the reaction was controlled with specific inhibitors. Linear relations between cytophotometric reading and enzymatic activity, and between optical densities and different incubation periods, were demonstrated. The results obtained indicate the validity of the microspectrophotometric quantitation for this reaction with direct readings over a wide range of the visible light spectrum.", "contents": "A quantitative microspectrophotometric study of the lead precipitation reaction for the histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase. The possibility of quantitating microspectrophotometrically the lead precipitation reaction for the histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase was studied using the following models: sections of rat kidney and human prostate gland, and polyacrylamide films with incorporated prostate gland homogenate. The activity of the polyacrylamide models was previously evaluated by a biochemical method and the specificity of the reaction was controlled with specific inhibitors. Linear relations between cytophotometric reading and enzymatic activity, and between optical densities and different incubation periods, were demonstrated. The results obtained indicate the validity of the microspectrophotometric quantitation for this reaction with direct readings over a wide range of the visible light spectrum.", "PMID": 1176336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5569", "title": "The in situ localization of folic acid.", "content": "A histochemical azo-coupling method for localizing folic acid in situ is described. Cat and rat liver, kidney, bone marrow and brain were found to be rich in folic acid; stomach, intestine, salivary glands, and blood contained less. Folic acid was localized in the cytoplasm of tissues having a very active metabolism, but in the nucleus of highly specialized cells such as neurons.", "contents": "The in situ localization of folic acid. A histochemical azo-coupling method for localizing folic acid in situ is described. Cat and rat liver, kidney, bone marrow and brain were found to be rich in folic acid; stomach, intestine, salivary glands, and blood contained less. Folic acid was localized in the cytoplasm of tissues having a very active metabolism, but in the nucleus of highly specialized cells such as neurons.", "PMID": 1176337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5570", "title": "Biochemical aspects of aldehyde fixation and a new formaldehyde fixative.", "content": "In this paper, it is assumed that tissue fixation is a process in which the proteins become less soluble and catabolic reactions stop. With this definition in mind, 2.5 and 5% glutaraldehhde and 4% formaldehyde in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, were compared with a new fixative, bicarbonate-formaldehyde. The following results were obtained. (I) With 2.5 and 5% glutaraldehyde, the solubility of tissue proteins were not decreased unifromly, and tissue glycogen was poorly preserved. (2) 4% formaldehyde in potassium phosphate buffer gave relatively good results. (3) Bicarbonate-formaldehyde decreased the solubility of tissue proteins reliably and preserved tissue glycogen perfectly. Histologically, it yielded excellent results. Since glutaraldehyde alters the properties of proteins substantially (Hopwood, 1972; Habeeb & Hiramoto, 1968), and since the natural appearance of tissues depends on native tissue proteins, formaldehyde-containing fixatives, in particular bicarbonate-formaldehyde, are preferable to glutaraldehyde-containing fixatives for all tissue preparative techniques. However, it is important that the fixation time in formaldehyde is kept short.", "contents": "Biochemical aspects of aldehyde fixation and a new formaldehyde fixative. In this paper, it is assumed that tissue fixation is a process in which the proteins become less soluble and catabolic reactions stop. With this definition in mind, 2.5 and 5% glutaraldehhde and 4% formaldehyde in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, were compared with a new fixative, bicarbonate-formaldehyde. The following results were obtained. (I) With 2.5 and 5% glutaraldehyde, the solubility of tissue proteins were not decreased unifromly, and tissue glycogen was poorly preserved. (2) 4% formaldehyde in potassium phosphate buffer gave relatively good results. (3) Bicarbonate-formaldehyde decreased the solubility of tissue proteins reliably and preserved tissue glycogen perfectly. Histologically, it yielded excellent results. Since glutaraldehyde alters the properties of proteins substantially (Hopwood, 1972; Habeeb & Hiramoto, 1968), and since the natural appearance of tissues depends on native tissue proteins, formaldehyde-containing fixatives, in particular bicarbonate-formaldehyde, are preferable to glutaraldehyde-containing fixatives for all tissue preparative techniques. However, it is important that the fixation time in formaldehyde is kept short.", "PMID": 1176338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5571", "title": "Calcium oxalate and the von Kossa method with reference to the influence of citric acid.", "content": "Crystals of calcium oxalate in pathological material and artificially precipitated in the absence or presence of citric acid in gelatin models were examined by polarized light and treated with silver nitrate under a variety of conditions. It was found that the intensity of the staining reaction was largely proportional to the strength of the silver solution, and was enhanced in in vitro studies by the presence of citric acid. Staining was also influenced by the crystal form, which was itself related to the absence or presence of citric acid.", "contents": "Calcium oxalate and the von Kossa method with reference to the influence of citric acid. Crystals of calcium oxalate in pathological material and artificially precipitated in the absence or presence of citric acid in gelatin models were examined by polarized light and treated with silver nitrate under a variety of conditions. It was found that the intensity of the staining reaction was largely proportional to the strength of the silver solution, and was enhanced in in vitro studies by the presence of citric acid. Staining was also influenced by the crystal form, which was itself related to the absence or presence of citric acid.", "PMID": 1176339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5572", "title": "Dermatophilosis in Australian bearded lizards.", "content": "Dermatophilosis (Dermatophilus congolensis) was diagnosed in 3 Australian bearded lizards. Each lizard died of causes associated with stress and poor adaptability, although the lesions appeared to be regressing at the time of death.", "contents": "Dermatophilosis in Australian bearded lizards. Dermatophilosis (Dermatophilus congolensis) was diagnosed in 3 Australian bearded lizards. Each lizard died of causes associated with stress and poor adaptability, although the lesions appeared to be regressing at the time of death.", "PMID": 1176344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5573", "title": "Dermatophilosis in two polar bears.", "content": "Dermatophilosis was diagnosed in 2 of 13 captive polar bears (Thalarctos maritimus), causing generalized dermatitis of 3 years' and 6 months' duration, respectively. Progressive clinical signs included yellowing and darkening of the hair, pruritus, encrustation of skin, and reluctance to bathe. Dramatic resolution of lesions occurred during 8 weeks of twice-weekly intramuscular treatment with long-acting penicillin.", "contents": "Dermatophilosis in two polar bears. Dermatophilosis was diagnosed in 2 of 13 captive polar bears (Thalarctos maritimus), causing generalized dermatitis of 3 years' and 6 months' duration, respectively. Progressive clinical signs included yellowing and darkening of the hair, pruritus, encrustation of skin, and reluctance to bathe. Dramatic resolution of lesions occurred during 8 weeks of twice-weekly intramuscular treatment with long-acting penicillin.", "PMID": 1176347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5574", "title": "A survey for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in deer and other wildlife on a sheep range.", "content": "Blood samples were obtained from native mammals and birds on a sheep range (Hopland Field Station) in northern California. Serums were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the indirect hemagglutination test. Of 382 deer that were tested from 1964 to 1973, 77 (20%) were seropositive for T gondii. Among 36 serums representing 6 species of wild carnivores (badgers, bobcats, coyotes, foxes, raccoons, and skunks), 18 (50%) were seropositive. All of the 5 bobcats tested were seropositive, with antibody titers ranging from 1:65,536. The testing of 175 serums from small wild mammals indicated antibody prevalence of 8% among jackrabbits, 6% among brush rabbits, and 2% among squirrels. None of the native mice tested was seropositive for T gondii. Of 120 native birds tested, 6 (5%) were seropositive. Of the resident domestic species of animals tested, antibodies were found in 1 of 7 domestic cats, 1 of 5 feral cats, 1 of 2 dogs, and 54 (13%) of 405 sheep.", "contents": "A survey for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in deer and other wildlife on a sheep range. Blood samples were obtained from native mammals and birds on a sheep range (Hopland Field Station) in northern California. Serums were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the indirect hemagglutination test. Of 382 deer that were tested from 1964 to 1973, 77 (20%) were seropositive for T gondii. Among 36 serums representing 6 species of wild carnivores (badgers, bobcats, coyotes, foxes, raccoons, and skunks), 18 (50%) were seropositive. All of the 5 bobcats tested were seropositive, with antibody titers ranging from 1:65,536. The testing of 175 serums from small wild mammals indicated antibody prevalence of 8% among jackrabbits, 6% among brush rabbits, and 2% among squirrels. None of the native mice tested was seropositive for T gondii. Of 120 native birds tested, 6 (5%) were seropositive. Of the resident domestic species of animals tested, antibodies were found in 1 of 7 domestic cats, 1 of 5 feral cats, 1 of 2 dogs, and 54 (13%) of 405 sheep.", "PMID": 1176348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5575", "title": "Nasal carcinoma in a captive Eld's deer.", "content": "A 7-year-old Eld's deer (Cervus eldii) developed a swelling rostromedial to the left eye in association with signs of weakness, blindness, and discomfort. By means of radiography and biopsy, the swelling was found to be a carcinoma of lining epithelium of the caudal nasal cavity and left frontal sinus. Within 2 weeks of initial observation, signs of neurologic involvement developed and the deer was euthanatized. Necropsy revealed metastasis to lungs, liver, kidneys, and abdominal lymph nodes.", "contents": "Nasal carcinoma in a captive Eld's deer. A 7-year-old Eld's deer (Cervus eldii) developed a swelling rostromedial to the left eye in association with signs of weakness, blindness, and discomfort. By means of radiography and biopsy, the swelling was found to be a carcinoma of lining epithelium of the caudal nasal cavity and left frontal sinus. Within 2 weeks of initial observation, signs of neurologic involvement developed and the deer was euthanatized. Necropsy revealed metastasis to lungs, liver, kidneys, and abdominal lymph nodes.", "PMID": 1176349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5576", "title": "Xylazine as an immobilizing agent for captive white-tailed deer.", "content": "Xylazine, at dosages of 0.89 to 8.00 mg/kg of body weight, was injected intramuscularly by manual or projectile syringe into 68 captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to facilitate handling. Of 63 deer given the intended dose, 59 were moderately to deeply sedated and immobilized. Deer began to react visibly within 0.75 to 4.25 minutes after injection. Mean induction time (+/- SD) was 5.15 +/- 4.08 minutes and mean duration of immobilization was 197.90 +/- 101.13 minutes. Other than the prolongation of immobilization at dosages larger than or equal to 3 mg/kg, these times were not significantly affected by dosage or sex of the deer. Induction times were shorter in fawns than in older deer and much shorter in freshly trapped deer than in deer that had been trapped but kept undisturbed in semidarkened pens for 6 to 48 hours or in deer that were semitame captives. Dosages as low as 0.89 mg/kg were effective, and the safety margin appeared to be at least 8 times the minimal effective dose; however, immobilized deer were frequently unable to maintain sternal recumbency and required attention throughout the period of immobilization.", "contents": "Xylazine as an immobilizing agent for captive white-tailed deer. Xylazine, at dosages of 0.89 to 8.00 mg/kg of body weight, was injected intramuscularly by manual or projectile syringe into 68 captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to facilitate handling. Of 63 deer given the intended dose, 59 were moderately to deeply sedated and immobilized. Deer began to react visibly within 0.75 to 4.25 minutes after injection. Mean induction time (+/- SD) was 5.15 +/- 4.08 minutes and mean duration of immobilization was 197.90 +/- 101.13 minutes. Other than the prolongation of immobilization at dosages larger than or equal to 3 mg/kg, these times were not significantly affected by dosage or sex of the deer. Induction times were shorter in fawns than in older deer and much shorter in freshly trapped deer than in deer that had been trapped but kept undisturbed in semidarkened pens for 6 to 48 hours or in deer that were semitame captives. Dosages as low as 0.89 mg/kg were effective, and the safety margin appeared to be at least 8 times the minimal effective dose; however, immobilized deer were frequently unable to maintain sternal recumbency and required attention throughout the period of immobilization.", "PMID": 1176350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5577", "title": "The use of diazepam and methocarbamol in the treatment of toxaphene poisoning in a Bangal tiger.", "content": "A 12-year-old female Bengal tiger was presented with clinical signs of acute chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning and a history of recent consumption of food contaminated with toxaphene. Hyperreflexia and periodic convulsions were controlled by initial intramuscular injections of 30 mg diazepam and 2 g methocarbamol, followed at 6-hour intervals with intramuscular injections of 30 mg diazepam each, for 2 additional treatments. Following the initial treatment, hyperreflexia and convulsions did not recur.", "contents": "The use of diazepam and methocarbamol in the treatment of toxaphene poisoning in a Bangal tiger. A 12-year-old female Bengal tiger was presented with clinical signs of acute chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning and a history of recent consumption of food contaminated with toxaphene. Hyperreflexia and periodic convulsions were controlled by initial intramuscular injections of 30 mg diazepam and 2 g methocarbamol, followed at 6-hour intervals with intramuscular injections of 30 mg diazepam each, for 2 additional treatments. Following the initial treatment, hyperreflexia and convulsions did not recur.", "PMID": 1176351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5578", "title": "Leptospirosis in selected wild mammals of the Florida panhandle and southwestern Georgia.", "content": "A group of 144 wild mammals, including white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbits, fox squirrels, gray squirrels, raccoons, opossums, a bobcat, and various small rodents was examined for cultural or serologic evidence of leptospiral infection. Leptospires were isolated from 1 of 25 rabbits, 1 of 27 fox squirrels, 1 of 26 gray squirrels, 4 of 18 mice and rats, 8 of 21 raccoons, 7 of 17 opossums, and a bobcat. Isolations were not made from 6 deer examined. Serotypes isolated were Leptospira interrogans, serotype grippotyphosa and L interrogans, serotype ballum. New host-serotype relationships were noticed in the following instances: bobcat: grippotyphosa, and gray squirrel: ballum. These studies further confirm the occurrence of grippotyphosa in the fox squirrel. Serologic response in these animals did not necessarily correlate with isolations, although some relationship was noticed in raccoons and opossums.", "contents": "Leptospirosis in selected wild mammals of the Florida panhandle and southwestern Georgia. A group of 144 wild mammals, including white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbits, fox squirrels, gray squirrels, raccoons, opossums, a bobcat, and various small rodents was examined for cultural or serologic evidence of leptospiral infection. Leptospires were isolated from 1 of 25 rabbits, 1 of 27 fox squirrels, 1 of 26 gray squirrels, 4 of 18 mice and rats, 8 of 21 raccoons, 7 of 17 opossums, and a bobcat. Isolations were not made from 6 deer examined. Serotypes isolated were Leptospira interrogans, serotype grippotyphosa and L interrogans, serotype ballum. New host-serotype relationships were noticed in the following instances: bobcat: grippotyphosa, and gray squirrel: ballum. These studies further confirm the occurrence of grippotyphosa in the fox squirrel. Serologic response in these animals did not necessarily correlate with isolations, although some relationship was noticed in raccoons and opossums.", "PMID": 1176352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5579", "title": "Opossums as a reservoir for Salmonellae.", "content": "Approximately 200 opossums, trapped during the fall of 1973 in the vicinity of Raleigh, NC, were maintained in the Institute's breeding colony in individual cages until the breeding season. Clinically normal, dead, and moribund opossums were examined for Salmonella. Six serotypes of Salmonella were identified in both clinically normal and diseased opossums. Positive culture results were obtained on 39 of 56 (70%) rectal swab specimens collected in the fall from incoming opossums, and on 30 of 50 (60%) rectal swab specimens collected during midwinter from an additional group of clinically normal opossums, which were maintained in isolation for approximately 3 months before testing. At necropsy, 87 of 108 (81%) diseased opossums were culture positive for Salmonella. Salmonellae in serogroups B and R were isolated from the spleen, liver, kidneys, or heart blood as well as the ileum of 57 diseased opossums. In 23 cases, S typhimurium or S bern was isolated in pure culture from the visceral organs. These findings indicated bacterial septicemia. In contrast, salmonellae in serogroups C1, E1, and F were routinely isolated from the feces of clinically normal and diseased opossums, suggesting a habitat restricted to the intestinal tract and probably the mesenteric lymph nodes. It was concluded that the opossum serves as a reservoir for a number of serotypes of Salmonella and may have an important role in the epizootiology of wildlife salmonellosis.", "contents": "Opossums as a reservoir for Salmonellae. Approximately 200 opossums, trapped during the fall of 1973 in the vicinity of Raleigh, NC, were maintained in the Institute's breeding colony in individual cages until the breeding season. Clinically normal, dead, and moribund opossums were examined for Salmonella. Six serotypes of Salmonella were identified in both clinically normal and diseased opossums. Positive culture results were obtained on 39 of 56 (70%) rectal swab specimens collected in the fall from incoming opossums, and on 30 of 50 (60%) rectal swab specimens collected during midwinter from an additional group of clinically normal opossums, which were maintained in isolation for approximately 3 months before testing. At necropsy, 87 of 108 (81%) diseased opossums were culture positive for Salmonella. Salmonellae in serogroups B and R were isolated from the spleen, liver, kidneys, or heart blood as well as the ileum of 57 diseased opossums. In 23 cases, S typhimurium or S bern was isolated in pure culture from the visceral organs. These findings indicated bacterial septicemia. In contrast, salmonellae in serogroups C1, E1, and F were routinely isolated from the feces of clinically normal and diseased opossums, suggesting a habitat restricted to the intestinal tract and probably the mesenteric lymph nodes. It was concluded that the opossum serves as a reservoir for a number of serotypes of Salmonella and may have an important role in the epizootiology of wildlife salmonellosis.", "PMID": 1176353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5580", "title": "An epizootic of cerebrospinal nematodiasis in cottontail rabbits.", "content": "A progressively debilitating neurologic syndrome characterized by torticollis, ataxia, circling, and abnormal posture was observed in 16 of approximately 60 cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) captured in a 12-hectare portion of a woodlot in southwestern Virginia. Inflammatory and degenerative alterations in cerebellum and midbrain regions were characterized principally by malacia, perivascular cuffing, and gliosis. Single Ascaris columnaris larvae were found in the cerebellum of 2 rabbits and the spinal cord of 1 rabbit.", "contents": "An epizootic of cerebrospinal nematodiasis in cottontail rabbits. A progressively debilitating neurologic syndrome characterized by torticollis, ataxia, circling, and abnormal posture was observed in 16 of approximately 60 cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) captured in a 12-hectare portion of a woodlot in southwestern Virginia. Inflammatory and degenerative alterations in cerebellum and midbrain regions were characterized principally by malacia, perivascular cuffing, and gliosis. Single Ascaris columnaris larvae were found in the cerebellum of 2 rabbits and the spinal cord of 1 rabbit.", "PMID": 1176355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5581", "title": "A microbiologic study of the urban gray squirrel.", "content": "Bacteriologic, virologic, and serologic examinations were conducted on 180 urban gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) during a 1-year period in a metropolitan area. Evidence was not found of infections with leptospires, enteric or other bacteria, rickettsial agents, Francisella tularensis, or arthropod-borne viruses. The squirrels were remarkably free of evidence of bacterial or viral infections of importance to man and lower animals.", "contents": "A microbiologic study of the urban gray squirrel. Bacteriologic, virologic, and serologic examinations were conducted on 180 urban gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) during a 1-year period in a metropolitan area. Evidence was not found of infections with leptospires, enteric or other bacteria, rickettsial agents, Francisella tularensis, or arthropod-borne viruses. The squirrels were remarkably free of evidence of bacterial or viral infections of importance to man and lower animals.", "PMID": 1176356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5582", "title": "The role of indigenous wild, semidomestic, and exotic birds in the epizootiology of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease in southern California, 1972-1973.", "content": "During an epornitic of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease (VVND) in southern California, free-flying wild birds, captive and free-ranging semidomestic birds, and exotic birds were collected from the quarantine area to determine their role in the epizootiology of the disease. The VVND virus was isolated from 0.04% of 9,446 free-flying wild birds, 0.76% of 4,367 semidomestic birds, and 1.01% of 3,780 exotic birds examined. Three house sparrows and 1 crow directly associated with infected poultry flocks were the only free-flying wild birds from which VVND virus was isolated. Among semidomestic species, ducks, quail, chukars, pheasants, peafowl, pigeons, and doves were found to be infected. Psttacines, pittas, and toucans accounted for 92% of the VVND virus isolations from exotic birds. In addition, domestic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was isolated from 0.29% of the free-flying wild birds, from 1.65% of the semidomestic birds, and from 0.19% of the exotic birds collected. Hemagglutination-inhibition against domestic NDV was demonstrated in 0.24% of 3,796 wild bird serums, 8.28% of 2,004 semidomestic bird serums, and 3.90% of 231 exotic bird serums tested. Although few free-flying wild birds were infected with VVND virus in this epornitic, the isolation of domestic NDV strains from free-flying wild ducks and mourning doves suggests the potential for transportation of NDV over long distances by migratory birds.", "contents": "The role of indigenous wild, semidomestic, and exotic birds in the epizootiology of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease in southern California, 1972-1973. During an epornitic of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease (VVND) in southern California, free-flying wild birds, captive and free-ranging semidomestic birds, and exotic birds were collected from the quarantine area to determine their role in the epizootiology of the disease. The VVND virus was isolated from 0.04% of 9,446 free-flying wild birds, 0.76% of 4,367 semidomestic birds, and 1.01% of 3,780 exotic birds examined. Three house sparrows and 1 crow directly associated with infected poultry flocks were the only free-flying wild birds from which VVND virus was isolated. Among semidomestic species, ducks, quail, chukars, pheasants, peafowl, pigeons, and doves were found to be infected. Psttacines, pittas, and toucans accounted for 92% of the VVND virus isolations from exotic birds. In addition, domestic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was isolated from 0.29% of the free-flying wild birds, from 1.65% of the semidomestic birds, and from 0.19% of the exotic birds collected. Hemagglutination-inhibition against domestic NDV was demonstrated in 0.24% of 3,796 wild bird serums, 8.28% of 2,004 semidomestic bird serums, and 3.90% of 231 exotic bird serums tested. Although few free-flying wild birds were infected with VVND virus in this epornitic, the isolation of domestic NDV strains from free-flying wild ducks and mourning doves suggests the potential for transportation of NDV over long distances by migratory birds.", "PMID": 1176357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5583", "title": "Anatrichosoma infection in two white-handed gibbons.", "content": "Multiple nodular lesions of the nematode Anatrichosoma were observed on the ears, lips, nares, and eyelids of 2 adult gibbons (Hylobates lar). The lesions were 4 to 7 mm in diameter, gray to pink, and firm on palpation. Microscopically, the nodules consisted of thickened epidermis having intraepidermal cysts containing the nematode and eggs. Live female nematodes were recovered from fresh biopsy specimens. Because male specimens were not obtained, the species could not be identified.", "contents": "Anatrichosoma infection in two white-handed gibbons. Multiple nodular lesions of the nematode Anatrichosoma were observed on the ears, lips, nares, and eyelids of 2 adult gibbons (Hylobates lar). The lesions were 4 to 7 mm in diameter, gray to pink, and firm on palpation. Microscopically, the nodules consisted of thickened epidermis having intraepidermal cysts containing the nematode and eggs. Live female nematodes were recovered from fresh biopsy specimens. Because male specimens were not obtained, the species could not be identified.", "PMID": 1176358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5584", "title": "Autonomic nervous system and adaptation to cold in man.", "content": "The responses to cold hand test (blood pressure increase and tachycardia) and to a cold face test (blood pressure increase and bradycardia) were used to study the role of the autonomic nevrous system in cold adaptation in humans. The Eskimos (men, women, children) were shown to have a very weak sympathetic response to cold but the vagal response (bradycardia) was identical to that of white people. A group of mailmen from Quebec city living outdoors approximately 30 h/wk throughout the year was also studied. A significant decline in the cold pressor response and an enhanced bradycardia (cold face test) were observed at the end of the winter. Similarly the fall in skin temperature of the cheek was not as pronounced when the measurements were made in May compared to those made in October. A group of soldiers was also studied before and after an Arctic expedition. It was found that the bradycardia of the cold face test was also more pronounced after sojourning in the cold. These results indicate that repeated exposures to severe cold in men activate some adaptive mechanisms characterized by a diminution of the sympathetic response and a concomitant enhancement of the vagal activation normally observed when the extremities and the face are exposed to cold.", "contents": "Autonomic nervous system and adaptation to cold in man. The responses to cold hand test (blood pressure increase and tachycardia) and to a cold face test (blood pressure increase and bradycardia) were used to study the role of the autonomic nevrous system in cold adaptation in humans. The Eskimos (men, women, children) were shown to have a very weak sympathetic response to cold but the vagal response (bradycardia) was identical to that of white people. A group of mailmen from Quebec city living outdoors approximately 30 h/wk throughout the year was also studied. A significant decline in the cold pressor response and an enhanced bradycardia (cold face test) were observed at the end of the winter. Similarly the fall in skin temperature of the cheek was not as pronounced when the measurements were made in May compared to those made in October. A group of soldiers was also studied before and after an Arctic expedition. It was found that the bradycardia of the cold face test was also more pronounced after sojourning in the cold. These results indicate that repeated exposures to severe cold in men activate some adaptive mechanisms characterized by a diminution of the sympathetic response and a concomitant enhancement of the vagal activation normally observed when the extremities and the face are exposed to cold.", "PMID": 1176377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5585", "title": "Simulation of regional lung emptying during slow and forced expirations.", "content": "Regional lung emptying was simulated by means of a bialveolar lung model. The influence of bronchial asymmetry and the vertical pleural pressure gradient was evaluated. The model suggests that 1) in vivo the influence of the pleural pressure gradient prevails over that of the bronchial asymmetry; 2) in the presence of this gradient, the shape of phases III and IV of the single-breath washout curves obtained following inspiration of a tracer gas bolus at residual volume is determined by the recoil pressure-volume curve of the lung, by the vertical displacements of the alveoli, and,, at higher flow rates, by the elastic characteristics of the airways; 3) if the pleural pressure gradient is independent of lung volume and of flow rate, the factors mentioned in 2 suffice to produce single-breath washout curves (phases III and IV) and regional vs. overall lung volume relationships corresponding to those observed in vivo; 4) the configuration of the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve is relatively insensitive to pulmonary and bronchial asymmetry, at least in healthy individuals.", "contents": "Simulation of regional lung emptying during slow and forced expirations. Regional lung emptying was simulated by means of a bialveolar lung model. The influence of bronchial asymmetry and the vertical pleural pressure gradient was evaluated. The model suggests that 1) in vivo the influence of the pleural pressure gradient prevails over that of the bronchial asymmetry; 2) in the presence of this gradient, the shape of phases III and IV of the single-breath washout curves obtained following inspiration of a tracer gas bolus at residual volume is determined by the recoil pressure-volume curve of the lung, by the vertical displacements of the alveoli, and,, at higher flow rates, by the elastic characteristics of the airways; 3) if the pleural pressure gradient is independent of lung volume and of flow rate, the factors mentioned in 2 suffice to produce single-breath washout curves (phases III and IV) and regional vs. overall lung volume relationships corresponding to those observed in vivo; 4) the configuration of the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve is relatively insensitive to pulmonary and bronchial asymmetry, at least in healthy individuals.", "PMID": 1176378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5586", "title": "Experimental cardiac necrosis in hypobaric and anemic hypoxia.", "content": "Resistance to isoproterenol-induced cardiac necrosis (IPRO) was compared in rats exposed to two types of hypoxia (i.e., hypobaric and anemic). IPRO was induced by two consecutive, subcutaneous injections of isoproterenol (80 mg/kg) at 24-h intervals. The animals were killed on the third day and the severity of the lesion was evaluated on a 0 (no damage) to 4 (severely damaged) scale. White male rats (HA) were exposed in a barometric chamber to a simulated altitude of 7,000 m (307 mmHg) for 4 h/day for 24 days. Two groups of control rats were kept at sea level; one group (SLA) was the same age and one group (SLW) was the same weight as the altitude-exposed rats. The HA rats were significantly more resistant to IPRO with a mean necrogenic rating of 1.8 compared to 3.3 for the SLA and SLW rats. Infant rats (AA) were made anemic by feeding full-cream milk and glucose for 100 days after weaning. Two groups of control animals were fed a standard laboratory diet; one group (AC) was the same age and one group (AW) was the same weight as the AA rats. There was no significant difference in the necrogenic ratings of the AA (3.3), AC (3.5), or WC (3.7) hearts. Thus, hypobaric hypoxia affords some protection against IPRO which is not afforded by anemic hypoxia. Similarities and differences in the two hypoxias are discussed.", "contents": "Experimental cardiac necrosis in hypobaric and anemic hypoxia. Resistance to isoproterenol-induced cardiac necrosis (IPRO) was compared in rats exposed to two types of hypoxia (i.e., hypobaric and anemic). IPRO was induced by two consecutive, subcutaneous injections of isoproterenol (80 mg/kg) at 24-h intervals. The animals were killed on the third day and the severity of the lesion was evaluated on a 0 (no damage) to 4 (severely damaged) scale. White male rats (HA) were exposed in a barometric chamber to a simulated altitude of 7,000 m (307 mmHg) for 4 h/day for 24 days. Two groups of control rats were kept at sea level; one group (SLA) was the same age and one group (SLW) was the same weight as the altitude-exposed rats. The HA rats were significantly more resistant to IPRO with a mean necrogenic rating of 1.8 compared to 3.3 for the SLA and SLW rats. Infant rats (AA) were made anemic by feeding full-cream milk and glucose for 100 days after weaning. Two groups of control animals were fed a standard laboratory diet; one group (AC) was the same age and one group (AW) was the same weight as the AA rats. There was no significant difference in the necrogenic ratings of the AA (3.3), AC (3.5), or WC (3.7) hearts. Thus, hypobaric hypoxia affords some protection against IPRO which is not afforded by anemic hypoxia. Similarities and differences in the two hypoxias are discussed.", "PMID": 1176379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5587", "title": "Integration of chemoreceptor stimuli by rostral brainstem respiratory areas.", "content": "Ventilatory regulation by brainstem sites rostral to the midpontile level was assessed in decerebrate cats by comparing the effects of punctate pneumotaxic center lesions with those of midpontile transection. After either procedure, PACO2 was significantly elevated. Moreover an equal suppression of hypercapnia-induced minute volumes and maintenance, at some PACO2 levels, of minute volume responses to hypoxia was observed. Tidal volume elevations accounted for the maintenance of hypoxia-induced minute volumes. Following pneumotaxic center lesions, hypercapnia-induced tidal volumes were higher than those exhibited subsequent to midpontile transection. After carotid sinus nerve section, PACO2 was elevated and hypoxia-induced alterations were abolished. Bilateral vagotomy resulted in apneusis. These data demonstrate that, in the brainstem area examined, only the pneumotaxic center influences the PACO2 level or set point for respiratory activity. A locus of tidal volume generation is ascribed to rostral brainstem sites outside this pneumotaxic center. Data obtained support the hypothesis of a differential brainstem integration of peripheral and central chemoreceptor afferent stimuli.", "contents": "Integration of chemoreceptor stimuli by rostral brainstem respiratory areas. Ventilatory regulation by brainstem sites rostral to the midpontile level was assessed in decerebrate cats by comparing the effects of punctate pneumotaxic center lesions with those of midpontile transection. After either procedure, PACO2 was significantly elevated. Moreover an equal suppression of hypercapnia-induced minute volumes and maintenance, at some PACO2 levels, of minute volume responses to hypoxia was observed. Tidal volume elevations accounted for the maintenance of hypoxia-induced minute volumes. Following pneumotaxic center lesions, hypercapnia-induced tidal volumes were higher than those exhibited subsequent to midpontile transection. After carotid sinus nerve section, PACO2 was elevated and hypoxia-induced alterations were abolished. Bilateral vagotomy resulted in apneusis. These data demonstrate that, in the brainstem area examined, only the pneumotaxic center influences the PACO2 level or set point for respiratory activity. A locus of tidal volume generation is ascribed to rostral brainstem sites outside this pneumotaxic center. Data obtained support the hypothesis of a differential brainstem integration of peripheral and central chemoreceptor afferent stimuli.", "PMID": 1176380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5588", "title": "Prediction of body composition in habitually active middle-aged men.", "content": "In 45 physically active men (ages 35-67 yr) who underwent hydrostatic weighing to determine body composition, multiple regression equations were developed for the prediction of body density (D), lean body weight (LBW), fat body weight (FBW), and % fat using selected anthropometric measurements. The prediction accuracy for these parameters using several previously generated anthropometric regression equations was also determined. With equations developed from the present data a substantially higher correlation was obtained between measured and predicted LBW (r = 0.95) than between measured and predicted D (r = 0.85), FBW (r = 0.88), or % fat (r = 0.84). When previously developed equations were applied to the present sample, correlations between measured and predicted values were considerably lower (4-42%) than in the original studies; this reduction was least in the case of LBW. Analysis of previous data indicated that in selected populations total body weight can account for a relatively large fraction of the variance in LBW. LBW may be estimated quite accurately (r greater than or equal to 0.90) in physically active men with one of several regression equations which include total body weight as an independent variable.", "contents": "Prediction of body composition in habitually active middle-aged men. In 45 physically active men (ages 35-67 yr) who underwent hydrostatic weighing to determine body composition, multiple regression equations were developed for the prediction of body density (D), lean body weight (LBW), fat body weight (FBW), and % fat using selected anthropometric measurements. The prediction accuracy for these parameters using several previously generated anthropometric regression equations was also determined. With equations developed from the present data a substantially higher correlation was obtained between measured and predicted LBW (r = 0.95) than between measured and predicted D (r = 0.85), FBW (r = 0.88), or % fat (r = 0.84). When previously developed equations were applied to the present sample, correlations between measured and predicted values were considerably lower (4-42%) than in the original studies; this reduction was least in the case of LBW. Analysis of previous data indicated that in selected populations total body weight can account for a relatively large fraction of the variance in LBW. LBW may be estimated quite accurately (r greater than or equal to 0.90) in physically active men with one of several regression equations which include total body weight as an independent variable.", "PMID": 1176381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5589", "title": "Circadian variations in the sweating mechanism.", "content": "Sweat rates and body temperatures of human subjects were measured at 0200, 1000, and 1800 h during a heat exposure of 90 min. The latent period of sweating was not significantly altered in the evening but significantly shortened during the night. Mean body temperature corresponding to the onset of sweating was nearer to the basal body temperature during the night, while during the day the difference between these two temperatures became larger. This phenomenon seems related to the circadian cycle of vasomotor adjustment, since during the night body conductance was higher than during the day and corresponded to a state of a vasodilatation similar to that observed at the onset of sweating. During the day, this situation was reversed. During steady state, the following changes were observed: sweating rate, night less than morning less than evening; skin temperatures, night less than morning less than evening; and rectal temperature increase, morning less than evening less than night. It is hypothesized that these changes are due to either different metabolic rates or an imbalance between heat gains and losses which preserve the circadian rhythm of the body temperature, even under thermal loads.", "contents": "Circadian variations in the sweating mechanism. Sweat rates and body temperatures of human subjects were measured at 0200, 1000, and 1800 h during a heat exposure of 90 min. The latent period of sweating was not significantly altered in the evening but significantly shortened during the night. Mean body temperature corresponding to the onset of sweating was nearer to the basal body temperature during the night, while during the day the difference between these two temperatures became larger. This phenomenon seems related to the circadian cycle of vasomotor adjustment, since during the night body conductance was higher than during the day and corresponded to a state of a vasodilatation similar to that observed at the onset of sweating. During the day, this situation was reversed. During steady state, the following changes were observed: sweating rate, night less than morning less than evening; skin temperatures, night less than morning less than evening; and rectal temperature increase, morning less than evening less than night. It is hypothesized that these changes are due to either different metabolic rates or an imbalance between heat gains and losses which preserve the circadian rhythm of the body temperature, even under thermal loads.", "PMID": 1176382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5590", "title": "Relationship between turnover rate and blood concentration of lactate in exercising dogs.", "content": "Steady-state blood lactate concentrationss and lactate turnover, or entry, rates were determined by use of constant infusion of L(+)-[14C]lactate in seven anesthetized dogs before and during electrically induced exercise. Lactate entry rates increased during exercise in all dogs with or without the infusion of additional exogenous cold lactate. Blood lactate concentrations, on the other hand, rose to levels considerably below those predicted for these entry rates in a previous study of the relationship in normal nonexercising dogs. It is concluded that improved efficiency of lactate removal during exercise allows low blood concentrations despite large increases in entry rates.", "contents": "Relationship between turnover rate and blood concentration of lactate in exercising dogs. Steady-state blood lactate concentrationss and lactate turnover, or entry, rates were determined by use of constant infusion of L(+)-[14C]lactate in seven anesthetized dogs before and during electrically induced exercise. Lactate entry rates increased during exercise in all dogs with or without the infusion of additional exogenous cold lactate. Blood lactate concentrations, on the other hand, rose to levels considerably below those predicted for these entry rates in a previous study of the relationship in normal nonexercising dogs. It is concluded that improved efficiency of lactate removal during exercise allows low blood concentrations despite large increases in entry rates.", "PMID": 1176383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5591", "title": "\"Closing volume\" changes in alloxan-induced pulmonary edema in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "\"Closing volume\" (CV) was measured by the single-breath oxygen (SBO2) test in six dogs (alloxan group) before and after alloxan 100-200 mg/kg iv) was injected. CV increased significantly (P less than 0.05) from 32 +/- 3.2% (base line) to 45 +/- 3.5 % in period 1 (0-30 min after alloxan), but vital capacity (VC), respiratory system pressure volume (PV) curves, and alveolar plateau slopes did not change. No radiologic evidence of pulmonary edema was demonstrated in two dogs studied in period 1. CV decreased to 20 +/- 3.9% during period 2 (30-80 min after alloxan) and was associated with tracheal frothing, decreased VC, changes in the PV curve, and alveolar plateau slope, as well as histologic evidence of severe pulmonary edema. CV was 29 +/- 3.0%, and there were no changes in VC, PV curves, or alveolar plateau slopes in 6 other dogs studied for 2 h (control group). CV increased during period 1 before pulmonary edema could be demonstrated by changes in VC, PV curves, or radiography, but in period 2 lung function was so altered that CV by the SBO2 technique gave no useful information.", "contents": "\"Closing volume\" changes in alloxan-induced pulmonary edema in anesthetized dogs. \"Closing volume\" (CV) was measured by the single-breath oxygen (SBO2) test in six dogs (alloxan group) before and after alloxan 100-200 mg/kg iv) was injected. CV increased significantly (P less than 0.05) from 32 +/- 3.2% (base line) to 45 +/- 3.5 % in period 1 (0-30 min after alloxan), but vital capacity (VC), respiratory system pressure volume (PV) curves, and alveolar plateau slopes did not change. No radiologic evidence of pulmonary edema was demonstrated in two dogs studied in period 1. CV decreased to 20 +/- 3.9% during period 2 (30-80 min after alloxan) and was associated with tracheal frothing, decreased VC, changes in the PV curve, and alveolar plateau slope, as well as histologic evidence of severe pulmonary edema. CV was 29 +/- 3.0%, and there were no changes in VC, PV curves, or alveolar plateau slopes in 6 other dogs studied for 2 h (control group). CV increased during period 1 before pulmonary edema could be demonstrated by changes in VC, PV curves, or radiography, but in period 2 lung function was so altered that CV by the SBO2 technique gave no useful information.", "PMID": 1176384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5592", "title": "Effects of dry air and subsequent humidification on tracheal mucous velocity in dogs.", "content": "The impairment of mucociliary transport by dry air breathing and the restoration of function with subsequent humidification of inspired air were investigated in anesthetized dogs. Tracheal mucous velocity was measured by a cinebronchofiberscopic technique. The breathing of dry air through an uncuffed endotracheal tube produced almost complete cessation of the flow of tracheal mucus after 3 h. Subsequent breathing of air at 38 degrees C with 100% relative humidity restored tracheal mucous velocity to control values by the end of and additional 3 h. Histologic examination of the trachea at the end of the 3-h dry air breathing period revealed focal areas of sloughing of the ciliated epithelium and submucosal inflammation. Although morphometry was not employed, the inflammatory changes appeared to have progressed during 3 h of breathing fully humidified air subsequent to the dry air breathing period. These findings were consistent with previous reports that the inflammatory response to injury of the tracheobronchial mucosa might be delayed and that the mucociliary transport system has a great deal of functional reserve. We found that an artificial heat and moisture exchanger placed on the proximal end of an endotracheal tube partially protects against the suppression of tracheal mucous velocity caused by dry air breathing.", "contents": "Effects of dry air and subsequent humidification on tracheal mucous velocity in dogs. The impairment of mucociliary transport by dry air breathing and the restoration of function with subsequent humidification of inspired air were investigated in anesthetized dogs. Tracheal mucous velocity was measured by a cinebronchofiberscopic technique. The breathing of dry air through an uncuffed endotracheal tube produced almost complete cessation of the flow of tracheal mucus after 3 h. Subsequent breathing of air at 38 degrees C with 100% relative humidity restored tracheal mucous velocity to control values by the end of and additional 3 h. Histologic examination of the trachea at the end of the 3-h dry air breathing period revealed focal areas of sloughing of the ciliated epithelium and submucosal inflammation. Although morphometry was not employed, the inflammatory changes appeared to have progressed during 3 h of breathing fully humidified air subsequent to the dry air breathing period. These findings were consistent with previous reports that the inflammatory response to injury of the tracheobronchial mucosa might be delayed and that the mucociliary transport system has a great deal of functional reserve. We found that an artificial heat and moisture exchanger placed on the proximal end of an endotracheal tube partially protects against the suppression of tracheal mucous velocity caused by dry air breathing.", "PMID": 1176385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5593", "title": "Turnover of free fatty acids during recovery from exercise.", "content": "The turnover of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) was studied during the recovery from exercise with the aid of a continuous infusion of 14C-labeled oleic acid. Arterial FFA reached a maximum of twice the exercise value after 6 min of recovery and was still 75% above the basal level after 20 min. Within 2 min after exercise, plasma radioactivity had increased and the specific activity of plasma oleic acid had fallen. The rate of uptake of FFA from the plasma pool rsoe by 40% during the first minutes after exercise. The rate of release of FFA to the plasma pool showed a peak 2 min after exercise and was thereafter about 40 mumol/min lower than the rate of uptake. The fractional turnover of FFA decreased to resting levels within 5-10 min after exercise. It is concluded that the postexercise peak in arterial FFA is a consequence of augmented release of FFA into the plasma pool above the level during exercise, possibly related to the release of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone. As a consequence, the rate of removal of FFA rises at the end of exercise and remains augmented above the basal level for as long as the arterial concentration is increased.", "contents": "Turnover of free fatty acids during recovery from exercise. The turnover of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) was studied during the recovery from exercise with the aid of a continuous infusion of 14C-labeled oleic acid. Arterial FFA reached a maximum of twice the exercise value after 6 min of recovery and was still 75% above the basal level after 20 min. Within 2 min after exercise, plasma radioactivity had increased and the specific activity of plasma oleic acid had fallen. The rate of uptake of FFA from the plasma pool rsoe by 40% during the first minutes after exercise. The rate of release of FFA to the plasma pool showed a peak 2 min after exercise and was thereafter about 40 mumol/min lower than the rate of uptake. The fractional turnover of FFA decreased to resting levels within 5-10 min after exercise. It is concluded that the postexercise peak in arterial FFA is a consequence of augmented release of FFA into the plasma pool above the level during exercise, possibly related to the release of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone. As a consequence, the rate of removal of FFA rises at the end of exercise and remains augmented above the basal level for as long as the arterial concentration is increased.", "PMID": 1176386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5594", "title": "Altitude-induced erythrocytic 2,3-DPG and hemoglobin changes in rats of various ages.", "content": "Rats of various ages (2, 12, 24, and 40 mo of age) were exposed for 4 wk to either a simulated high altitude of 23,000 ft or to a Peoria, Ill., altitude of 650 ft above sea level. Hematocrit ratios, hemoglobin, and erythrocytic 2,3-diphospho-glycerate (2,3-DPG) concentrations were measured. Hematocrit and hemoglobin determinations revealed a decrease in erythrocytic content with increasing age, and the augmented  erythropoietic response was seen in all age groups of animals as a result of altitude exposure. The maximal erythrocytic content of hemoglobin in the 40-mo-old animals was significantly lower than that of all other age groups. Erythrocytic 2,3-DPG levels were significantly changed by aging alone. In the 40-mo-old group there was a 35% increase over the next highest sea-level value. However, while erythrocytic 2,3-DPG content increased significantly in all other age groups following altitude exposure, it decreased 46% in the 40-mo-old group.", "contents": "Altitude-induced erythrocytic 2,3-DPG and hemoglobin changes in rats of various ages. Rats of various ages (2, 12, 24, and 40 mo of age) were exposed for 4 wk to either a simulated high altitude of 23,000 ft or to a Peoria, Ill., altitude of 650 ft above sea level. Hematocrit ratios, hemoglobin, and erythrocytic 2,3-diphospho-glycerate (2,3-DPG) concentrations were measured. Hematocrit and hemoglobin determinations revealed a decrease in erythrocytic content with increasing age, and the augmented  erythropoietic response was seen in all age groups of animals as a result of altitude exposure. The maximal erythrocytic content of hemoglobin in the 40-mo-old animals was significantly lower than that of all other age groups. Erythrocytic 2,3-DPG levels were significantly changed by aging alone. In the 40-mo-old group there was a 35% increase over the next highest sea-level value. However, while erythrocytic 2,3-DPG content increased significantly in all other age groups following altitude exposure, it decreased 46% in the 40-mo-old group.", "PMID": 1176387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5595", "title": "Effects of equivalent sea-level and altitude training on VO2max and running performance.", "content": "Twelve middle-distance runners, each having recently completed a competitive track season, were divided into two groups matched for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), 2-mile run time and age. Group 1 trained for 3 wk at Davis, PB = 760 mmHg, running 19.3 km/day at 75% of sea-level (SL) VO2max, while group 2 trained an equivalent distance at the same relative intensity at the US Air Force Academy (AFA), PB = 586 mmHg. The groups then exchanged sites and followed a training program of similar intensity to the group preceding it for an additional 3 wk. Periodic near exhaustive VO2max treadmill tests and 2-mile competitive time trials were completed. Initial 2-mile times at the AFA were 7.2% slower than SL control. Both groups demonstrated improved performance in the second trial at the AFA (chi = 2.0%), but mean postaltitude performance was unchanged from SL control. VO2max at the AFA was reduced initially 17.4% from SL control, but increased 2.6% after 20 days. However, postaltitude VO2max was 2.8% below SL control. It is concluded that there is no potentiating effect of hard endurance training at 2,300-m over equivalently severe SL training on SL VO2max or 2-mile performance time in already well conditioned middle-distance runners.", "contents": "Effects of equivalent sea-level and altitude training on VO2max and running performance. Twelve middle-distance runners, each having recently completed a competitive track season, were divided into two groups matched for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), 2-mile run time and age. Group 1 trained for 3 wk at Davis, PB = 760 mmHg, running 19.3 km/day at 75% of sea-level (SL) VO2max, while group 2 trained an equivalent distance at the same relative intensity at the US Air Force Academy (AFA), PB = 586 mmHg. The groups then exchanged sites and followed a training program of similar intensity to the group preceding it for an additional 3 wk. Periodic near exhaustive VO2max treadmill tests and 2-mile competitive time trials were completed. Initial 2-mile times at the AFA were 7.2% slower than SL control. Both groups demonstrated improved performance in the second trial at the AFA (chi = 2.0%), but mean postaltitude performance was unchanged from SL control. VO2max at the AFA was reduced initially 17.4% from SL control, but increased 2.6% after 20 days. However, postaltitude VO2max was 2.8% below SL control. It is concluded that there is no potentiating effect of hard endurance training at 2,300-m over equivalently severe SL training on SL VO2max or 2-mile performance time in already well conditioned middle-distance runners.", "PMID": 1176388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5596", "title": "Effects of hyperoxic gas mixtures on energy metabolism during prolonged work.", "content": "These experiments were designed to study selected respiratory and metabolic responses to exercise in hyperoxia. Four subjects were examined during 30-min bicycle ergometer rides at both 40% and 80% of their aerobic maximum. The VO2 was significantly increased at both work levels breathing 60% O2 versus 21% O2, while VCO2 showed no significant change during the 40% exercise tests but was significantly decreased during the 80% intensity rides. The average increase in the volume of O2 taken up during 30 min of hyperoxic exercise, compared with normoxia, was 3.3 liters at the 40% exercise level and 5.6 liters at the 80% level. Neither the magnitude of the O2 nor the CO2 storage calculated for the exercise bouts could explain these increases. Steady-state criteria for the gas stores were established by the stable values of PETCO2, VO2, VCO2, and VI from minute 6 through 30 at both work levels. R values decreased during the hyperoxic tests suggesting the possibility of a shift toward increased fatty acid metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of hyperoxic gas mixtures on energy metabolism during prolonged work. These experiments were designed to study selected respiratory and metabolic responses to exercise in hyperoxia. Four subjects were examined during 30-min bicycle ergometer rides at both 40% and 80% of their aerobic maximum. The VO2 was significantly increased at both work levels breathing 60% O2 versus 21% O2, while VCO2 showed no significant change during the 40% exercise tests but was significantly decreased during the 80% intensity rides. The average increase in the volume of O2 taken up during 30 min of hyperoxic exercise, compared with normoxia, was 3.3 liters at the 40% exercise level and 5.6 liters at the 80% level. Neither the magnitude of the O2 nor the CO2 storage calculated for the exercise bouts could explain these increases. Steady-state criteria for the gas stores were established by the stable values of PETCO2, VO2, VCO2, and VI from minute 6 through 30 at both work levels. R values decreased during the hyperoxic tests suggesting the possibility of a shift toward increased fatty acid metabolism.", "PMID": 1176389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5597", "title": "Effects of epinephrine on resisitive and compliant properties of the canine vasculature.", "content": "The peripheral circulation of 22 anesthetized dogs was separated into three parallel regions, where the outflow from each region could be measured and both outflow and inflow pressures could be controlled. We were thus able to estimate arterial and venous resistance and venous compliance for each region. The pressure dependency of these parameters was determined before and during continuous infusion of epinephrine (3 mug-kg-1 min-1). Epinephrine increased the arterial resistance in all regions but did so in such manner as to increase the fraction of cardiac output perfusing the splanchnic region. The venous resistances were all elevated by epinephrine and showed a greater pressure dependency than during control. Systemic venous complicance was found to be pressure dependent during both control and epinephrine administration, decreasing by nearly 50% from the lowest to the highest venous pressures (4-12 mmHg) investigated. Splanchnic compliance was found to comprise nearly half the total systemic compliance. Results were interpreted using an extension of the parallel compartment model of the peripheral circulation described by Caldini, Permutt, Waddell, and Riley (2).", "contents": "Effects of epinephrine on resisitive and compliant properties of the canine vasculature. The peripheral circulation of 22 anesthetized dogs was separated into three parallel regions, where the outflow from each region could be measured and both outflow and inflow pressures could be controlled. We were thus able to estimate arterial and venous resistance and venous compliance for each region. The pressure dependency of these parameters was determined before and during continuous infusion of epinephrine (3 mug-kg-1 min-1). Epinephrine increased the arterial resistance in all regions but did so in such manner as to increase the fraction of cardiac output perfusing the splanchnic region. The venous resistances were all elevated by epinephrine and showed a greater pressure dependency than during control. Systemic venous complicance was found to be pressure dependent during both control and epinephrine administration, decreasing by nearly 50% from the lowest to the highest venous pressures (4-12 mmHg) investigated. Splanchnic compliance was found to comprise nearly half the total systemic compliance. Results were interpreted using an extension of the parallel compartment model of the peripheral circulation described by Caldini, Permutt, Waddell, and Riley (2).", "PMID": 1176390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5598", "title": "Shunt dynamics in experimental atrial septal defects.", "content": "Inorder to study the hemodynamic variables involving the magnitude, direction, and timing of phasic shunt flow, both the interatrial pressure gradient and blood flow along with other pertinent hemodynamic variables were measured instantaneously across a surgically created atrial septal defect (ASD) in seven awake dogs. Atrial and ventricular pacing and infusion of phenylephrine and isoproterenol were used to alter hemodynamic conditions. The wave form of phasic ASD flow was similar both in configuration and timing to the interatrial pressure gradient. During the cardiac cycle, both left-to-right (L-R) and right-to-left (R-L) shunting occurred: atrial contraction augmented L-R flow; the onset of ventricular contraction was associated with R-L flow; during the latter part of ventricular contraction, flow returned to L-R with the maximum L-R shunting occurring in early diastole. Tachycardia, infusion of phenylephrine and isoproterenol did not alter the phasic flow pattern. Both spontaneous and positive pressure respiration decreased net L-R shunting.", "contents": "Shunt dynamics in experimental atrial septal defects. Inorder to study the hemodynamic variables involving the magnitude, direction, and timing of phasic shunt flow, both the interatrial pressure gradient and blood flow along with other pertinent hemodynamic variables were measured instantaneously across a surgically created atrial septal defect (ASD) in seven awake dogs. Atrial and ventricular pacing and infusion of phenylephrine and isoproterenol were used to alter hemodynamic conditions. The wave form of phasic ASD flow was similar both in configuration and timing to the interatrial pressure gradient. During the cardiac cycle, both left-to-right (L-R) and right-to-left (R-L) shunting occurred: atrial contraction augmented L-R flow; the onset of ventricular contraction was associated with R-L flow; during the latter part of ventricular contraction, flow returned to L-R with the maximum L-R shunting occurring in early diastole. Tachycardia, infusion of phenylephrine and isoproterenol did not alter the phasic flow pattern. Both spontaneous and positive pressure respiration decreased net L-R shunting.", "PMID": 1176391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5599", "title": "Circadian variations in concentrations of plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine in man.", "content": "The plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and total protein (Pr) were measured at 2-h intervals in 8 male subjects during two 24-h periods. Plasma T4 and T3 levels varied significantly during the day. T4 values were highest at 0900 hours and thereafter declined rapidly reaching lowest levels at 1500-1700 hours (mean decrement, 13.2% of 0.00-hour value). Plasma T3 was highest at 0900 hours and lowest at 1700-1900 hours (mean decrement, 16.7% of 0900-hour value). Fluctuations observed in Pr were not significant. Variations in plasma T4 and T3 appeared concordant with respect to time, since no significant variation was detected in T3:T4 plasma concentration ratios. In view of previous studies that have demonstrated circadian variations in the binding of thyroid hormones by plasma proteins, it is suggested that the observed temporal variations in plasma concentrations of T3 and T4 reflect parallel changes in the capacity or affinity of specific plasma binding proteins of these iodothyronines.", "contents": "Circadian variations in concentrations of plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine in man. The plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and total protein (Pr) were measured at 2-h intervals in 8 male subjects during two 24-h periods. Plasma T4 and T3 levels varied significantly during the day. T4 values were highest at 0900 hours and thereafter declined rapidly reaching lowest levels at 1500-1700 hours (mean decrement, 13.2% of 0.00-hour value). Plasma T3 was highest at 0900 hours and lowest at 1700-1900 hours (mean decrement, 16.7% of 0900-hour value). Fluctuations observed in Pr were not significant. Variations in plasma T4 and T3 appeared concordant with respect to time, since no significant variation was detected in T3:T4 plasma concentration ratios. In view of previous studies that have demonstrated circadian variations in the binding of thyroid hormones by plasma proteins, it is suggested that the observed temporal variations in plasma concentrations of T3 and T4 reflect parallel changes in the capacity or affinity of specific plasma binding proteins of these iodothyronines.", "PMID": 1176392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5600", "title": "In vivo measurement of variations in the oxygen 18 content of water in rat brain.", "content": "A method of analysis for oxygen 18 is described, based on the anodic oxidation of specially prepared tantalum wires implanted through cannulas into the tissue of living animals. The thin anodic oxide layer formed on these wires is then analyzed by the 18O(p,alpha)15N reaction. The isotopic oxygen concentration of water in the brain obtained by this method compares very well with the values obtained by conventional analysis using mass spectrometry. This in vivo method of nuclear microanalysis has been used in both metabolic and equilibration experiments involving oxygen 18. The half-life for the turnover of 18O in body water was found to be about 3 days. A simple three-pool model is presented which can account for the experimental results obtained from the dilution by body water of interperitoneally injected water highly enriched in 18O.", "contents": "In vivo measurement of variations in the oxygen 18 content of water in rat brain. A method of analysis for oxygen 18 is described, based on the anodic oxidation of specially prepared tantalum wires implanted through cannulas into the tissue of living animals. The thin anodic oxide layer formed on these wires is then analyzed by the 18O(p,alpha)15N reaction. The isotopic oxygen concentration of water in the brain obtained by this method compares very well with the values obtained by conventional analysis using mass spectrometry. This in vivo method of nuclear microanalysis has been used in both metabolic and equilibration experiments involving oxygen 18. The half-life for the turnover of 18O in body water was found to be about 3 days. A simple three-pool model is presented which can account for the experimental results obtained from the dilution by body water of interperitoneally injected water highly enriched in 18O.", "PMID": 1176393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5601", "title": "A modified measurement of respiratory resistance by forced oscillation during normal breathing.", "content": "We have modified the measurements of the resistance of the respiratory system, Rrs, by the forced oscillation technique and we have developed equipment to automatically compute Rrs. Flow rate and mouth pressure are treated by selective averaging filters that remove the interference of the subject's respiratory flow on the imposed oscillations. The filtered mean Rrs represents a weighted ensemble average computer over both inspiration and expiration. This method avoids aberrant Rrs values, decreases the variability, and yields an unbiased mean Rrs. Rrs may be measured during slow or rapid spontaneous breathing, in normals and in obstructive patients, over a range of 3-9 Hz. A good reproducibility of Rrs at several days' interval was demonstrated. Frequency dependence of Rrs was found in patients with obstructive lung disease but not in healthy nonsmokers.", "contents": "A modified measurement of respiratory resistance by forced oscillation during normal breathing. We have modified the measurements of the resistance of the respiratory system, Rrs, by the forced oscillation technique and we have developed equipment to automatically compute Rrs. Flow rate and mouth pressure are treated by selective averaging filters that remove the interference of the subject's respiratory flow on the imposed oscillations. The filtered mean Rrs represents a weighted ensemble average computer over both inspiration and expiration. This method avoids aberrant Rrs values, decreases the variability, and yields an unbiased mean Rrs. Rrs may be measured during slow or rapid spontaneous breathing, in normals and in obstructive patients, over a range of 3-9 Hz. A good reproducibility of Rrs at several days' interval was demonstrated. Frequency dependence of Rrs was found in patients with obstructive lung disease but not in healthy nonsmokers.", "PMID": 1176394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5602", "title": "Alternative method for measurement of arterial pressure in the rabbit.", "content": "By using an electrical impedance plethysmorgraph and a pressure applicator to a rabbit's earlobe artery, it became possible to monitor the blood pressure for periods of several months. A study of the correlations of the blood pressure from carotid and ear was also made at varied blood pressures under different conditions which showed excellent correlations. This method could effectively replace the encannulation technique for monitoring rabbit's blood pressure in chronic experiments.", "contents": "Alternative method for measurement of arterial pressure in the rabbit. By using an electrical impedance plethysmorgraph and a pressure applicator to a rabbit's earlobe artery, it became possible to monitor the blood pressure for periods of several months. A study of the correlations of the blood pressure from carotid and ear was also made at varied blood pressures under different conditions which showed excellent correlations. This method could effectively replace the encannulation technique for monitoring rabbit's blood pressure in chronic experiments.", "PMID": 1176395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5603", "title": "Computerized method for analyzing maximum and partial expiratory flow-volume curves.", "content": "Computerized instrumentation and software have been developed to obtain maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) and partial expiratory flow-volume (PEFV) curves. The computerized system calculates and prints out the flow at 25% and 40% of control vital capacity (VC), the expiratory volume, peak expiratory flow rate and expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) divided by VC, the latter expressed as a percent. The flow-volume curves can be displayed on an oscilloscope or plotter and stored on magnetic tape. A pilot study was completed to demonstrate the reliability and validity of the data obtained.", "contents": "Computerized method for analyzing maximum and partial expiratory flow-volume curves. Computerized instrumentation and software have been developed to obtain maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) and partial expiratory flow-volume (PEFV) curves. The computerized system calculates and prints out the flow at 25% and 40% of control vital capacity (VC), the expiratory volume, peak expiratory flow rate and expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) divided by VC, the latter expressed as a percent. The flow-volume curves can be displayed on an oscilloscope or plotter and stored on magnetic tape. A pilot study was completed to demonstrate the reliability and validity of the data obtained.", "PMID": 1176396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5604", "title": "A high accuracy linear rate meter.", "content": "By implementing analog computer techniques using digital circuits, an instantaneous rate meter was built with approximately 100 times the accuracy of commercially available rate meters. The circuit is accurate to within +/- 0.2 events/min over a range of rates of 0.2-900 epm. Modifications can be made to provide a digital display of rate. The circuit design techniques used in developing the rate meter may be used to generate a wide variety of functions of time with very high accuracy.", "contents": "A high accuracy linear rate meter. By implementing analog computer techniques using digital circuits, an instantaneous rate meter was built with approximately 100 times the accuracy of commercially available rate meters. The circuit is accurate to within +/- 0.2 events/min over a range of rates of 0.2-900 epm. Modifications can be made to provide a digital display of rate. The circuit design techniques used in developing the rate meter may be used to generate a wide variety of functions of time with very high accuracy.", "PMID": 1176397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5605", "title": "Multichannel subcarrier ECG, respiration, and temperature biotelemetry system.", "content": "A three-channel biotelemetry system measuring ECG, respiration, and body temperature is described. The transmitter employs a 6-kHz subcarrier oscillator and is small enough for surgical implantation in animals the size of rats or larger. The frequency modulated 6-kHz tone from the reciver can be demodulated directly or recorded on an inexpensive cassette tape recorder for future analysis. The transmitter cost is approximately $35.00 and measures 3 times 1 cm. A battery life of several weeks and transmitter range of 10-100 m is typical. Transmission is on the FM broadcast band (88-108 MHz) and reception from an inexpensive FM portable receiver is possible.", "contents": "Multichannel subcarrier ECG, respiration, and temperature biotelemetry system. A three-channel biotelemetry system measuring ECG, respiration, and body temperature is described. The transmitter employs a 6-kHz subcarrier oscillator and is small enough for surgical implantation in animals the size of rats or larger. The frequency modulated 6-kHz tone from the reciver can be demodulated directly or recorded on an inexpensive cassette tape recorder for future analysis. The transmitter cost is approximately $35.00 and measures 3 times 1 cm. A battery life of several weeks and transmitter range of 10-100 m is typical. Transmission is on the FM broadcast band (88-108 MHz) and reception from an inexpensive FM portable receiver is possible.", "PMID": 1176398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5606", "title": "Body surface area in the infant rat.", "content": "Body surface area (SA), one index used to minimize size differences in metabolic studies, was estimated by a coating method in rats aged 1, 7, 14, and 21 days (d) (n = 100-107). Body weights (BW) at each age varied about twofold. Regression equations were calculated for SA (cm2) vs. BW (g) (SA = 8.73 + 2.29 BW, 17.79 + 1.71  BW, -4.92 + 2.16 BW, and 53.68 + .82 BW at 1, 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively) and log SA vs. log BW (SA = 6.71 BW0-667, 9.12 BW0-577, 1.73 BW1-042, and 18.97 BW0-412). All the latter differed significantly from SA = 10 BE2/3, frequently used with adult mammals. Correlation coefficients were approximately 0.6-0.9 and did not differ with mode of expressing results. Regressions, whether linear or logarithmic, differed significantly among ages, apparently reflecting appreciable conformational changes in the rapidly growing and maturing preweanling rat.", "contents": "Body surface area in the infant rat. Body surface area (SA), one index used to minimize size differences in metabolic studies, was estimated by a coating method in rats aged 1, 7, 14, and 21 days (d) (n = 100-107). Body weights (BW) at each age varied about twofold. Regression equations were calculated for SA (cm2) vs. BW (g) (SA = 8.73 + 2.29 BW, 17.79 + 1.71  BW, -4.92 + 2.16 BW, and 53.68 + .82 BW at 1, 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively) and log SA vs. log BW (SA = 6.71 BW0-667, 9.12 BW0-577, 1.73 BW1-042, and 18.97 BW0-412). All the latter differed significantly from SA = 10 BE2/3, frequently used with adult mammals. Correlation coefficients were approximately 0.6-0.9 and did not differ with mode of expressing results. Regressions, whether linear or logarithmic, differed significantly among ages, apparently reflecting appreciable conformational changes in the rapidly growing and maturing preweanling rat.", "PMID": 1176399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5607", "title": "Reproducibility of dynamic compliance and flow-volume curves in normal man.", "content": "To evaluate methods proposed for the early detection of small airways obstruction. we have compared the precision of the forced expiratory flow-volume curve and of measurements of the frequency dependence of lung compliance in normal subjects, in 10 of whom these measurements were made on four occasions, and in 5 on two occasions. The maximal expiratory flow rate was highly reproducible, revealing consistent differences between these normal subjects, particularly when measured at 60% of TLC and corrected for differences in body size. The frequency-dependence measurements, expressed as the slope of the regression line relating dynamic compliance to frequency, showed much greater variation between repeated measurements in the same subject. Comparison with earlier published accounts is difficult in view of lack of quantitative data, but the variability between single measurements on different normal subjects appears to be similar to that which we have found when the results are expressed in a comparable manner. Dynamic compliance at a frequency of 1 Hz lay between 48% and 141% of the value obtained by extrapolation to zero frequency.", "contents": "Reproducibility of dynamic compliance and flow-volume curves in normal man. To evaluate methods proposed for the early detection of small airways obstruction. we have compared the precision of the forced expiratory flow-volume curve and of measurements of the frequency dependence of lung compliance in normal subjects, in 10 of whom these measurements were made on four occasions, and in 5 on two occasions. The maximal expiratory flow rate was highly reproducible, revealing consistent differences between these normal subjects, particularly when measured at 60% of TLC and corrected for differences in body size. The frequency-dependence measurements, expressed as the slope of the regression line relating dynamic compliance to frequency, showed much greater variation between repeated measurements in the same subject. Comparison with earlier published accounts is difficult in view of lack of quantitative data, but the variability between single measurements on different normal subjects appears to be similar to that which we have found when the results are expressed in a comparable manner. Dynamic compliance at a frequency of 1 Hz lay between 48% and 141% of the value obtained by extrapolation to zero frequency.", "PMID": 1176400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5608", "title": "Effect of lactate on FFA and glycerol turnover in resting and exercising dogs.", "content": "The rates of appearance of FFA (RaFFA) and that of glycerol (RaGLY) were measured simultaneously with [1-14 C]palmitate and [2-3H]-glycerol, in dogs with indwelling arterial and venous catheters. Lipolysis was stimulated by exercise (treadmill run on 10% slope) or by the infusion of norepinephrine (0.5 mug/kg-min). Na-L(+)-lactate (L), Na-pyruvate (Py), or Na-nicotinate (N) were infused. All three components decreased RaFFA. RaGLY was increased by L, unaltered by Py, and decreased by N. There was an inverse correlation (P less than 0.001) between the logarithms of RaFFA and plasma lactate. A linear correlation was obtained between RaGLY and plasma lactate when this latter was increased by the infusion of L. It is suggested that a) lactate in physiological concentrations inhibits the release of FFA stimulated by exercise and b) the increase of the NADH/NAD ratio leads to the formation of alpha-glycerophosphate which in turn yields glycerol. Therefore changes in plasma glycerol do not reflect lipolysis when blood lactate increases. c) The effect of lactate on RaFFA can be explained by an enhanced reesterification, although a direct inhibition on lipase could not be excluded.", "contents": "Effect of lactate on FFA and glycerol turnover in resting and exercising dogs. The rates of appearance of FFA (RaFFA) and that of glycerol (RaGLY) were measured simultaneously with [1-14 C]palmitate and [2-3H]-glycerol, in dogs with indwelling arterial and venous catheters. Lipolysis was stimulated by exercise (treadmill run on 10% slope) or by the infusion of norepinephrine (0.5 mug/kg-min). Na-L(+)-lactate (L), Na-pyruvate (Py), or Na-nicotinate (N) were infused. All three components decreased RaFFA. RaGLY was increased by L, unaltered by Py, and decreased by N. There was an inverse correlation (P less than 0.001) between the logarithms of RaFFA and plasma lactate. A linear correlation was obtained between RaGLY and plasma lactate when this latter was increased by the infusion of L. It is suggested that a) lactate in physiological concentrations inhibits the release of FFA stimulated by exercise and b) the increase of the NADH/NAD ratio leads to the formation of alpha-glycerophosphate which in turn yields glycerol. Therefore changes in plasma glycerol do not reflect lipolysis when blood lactate increases. c) The effect of lactate on RaFFA can be explained by an enhanced reesterification, although a direct inhibition on lipase could not be excluded.", "PMID": 1176401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5609", "title": "Motion of both mitral valve leaflets: a cineroentgenographic study in intact dogs.", "content": "Motion and position of both mitral leaflets were studied in five normal dogs 1-11 wk after radiopaque markers were sutured on the valve cusps and on the mitral annulus. Cinefluorograms and cineangiograms (100-120 frames/s) of left atrium and left ventricle were used to study cusp motion and intraventricular flow patterns, and to detect mitral regurgitation during sinus rhythm (42-184 beats/min) and during isolated atrial or ventricular contractions. Time-motion of both leaflets was similar throughout diastole with the exception of delayed posterior cusp opening. Peak opening and closing speeds, opening and closing times, and time of complete closure, measured from the Q wave of the ECG, were not significantly affected by the variations in heart rate. Diastolic leaflet closure began immediately after opening, while the ventricular cavity was small, and was caused by flow eddies behind the cusps. Isolated ventricular contractions closed the valve leaflets completely and symmetric valve closure was ensured by the different rates of leaflet edge approximation. In contrast, atrial closure was slow, partial, and of very short duration.", "contents": "Motion of both mitral valve leaflets: a cineroentgenographic study in intact dogs. Motion and position of both mitral leaflets were studied in five normal dogs 1-11 wk after radiopaque markers were sutured on the valve cusps and on the mitral annulus. Cinefluorograms and cineangiograms (100-120 frames/s) of left atrium and left ventricle were used to study cusp motion and intraventricular flow patterns, and to detect mitral regurgitation during sinus rhythm (42-184 beats/min) and during isolated atrial or ventricular contractions. Time-motion of both leaflets was similar throughout diastole with the exception of delayed posterior cusp opening. Peak opening and closing speeds, opening and closing times, and time of complete closure, measured from the Q wave of the ECG, were not significantly affected by the variations in heart rate. Diastolic leaflet closure began immediately after opening, while the ventricular cavity was small, and was caused by flow eddies behind the cusps. Isolated ventricular contractions closed the valve leaflets completely and symmetric valve closure was ensured by the different rates of leaflet edge approximation. In contrast, atrial closure was slow, partial, and of very short duration.", "PMID": 1176402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5610", "title": "Effect of hypoxia on immediate ventilatory load response in dogs.", "content": "The effective elastance of the respiratory system (which has been previously shown to provide an index of the ability of the respiratory musculature to compensate rapidly for transient mechanical ventilatory loads) was measured in six hypoxic dogs to determine whether hypoxia hindered immediate load-compensatory mechanisms. The effective elastance value was computed from measurements of control tidal volume and the pressure developed at the airway opening during the first inspiratory effort following airway occlusion at FRC. The mean effective elastance was 197 cmH2O/l while the animals were breathing room air and did not change significantly when the animals were rendered hypoxic by reducing the inspired oxygen concentration, in five dogs, or by controlled hemorrhage, in two dogs. It was concluded that inasmuch as effective elastance measurements remain constant during hypoxia, the stability of ventilation is not significantly impaired in this situation.", "contents": "Effect of hypoxia on immediate ventilatory load response in dogs. The effective elastance of the respiratory system (which has been previously shown to provide an index of the ability of the respiratory musculature to compensate rapidly for transient mechanical ventilatory loads) was measured in six hypoxic dogs to determine whether hypoxia hindered immediate load-compensatory mechanisms. The effective elastance value was computed from measurements of control tidal volume and the pressure developed at the airway opening during the first inspiratory effort following airway occlusion at FRC. The mean effective elastance was 197 cmH2O/l while the animals were breathing room air and did not change significantly when the animals were rendered hypoxic by reducing the inspired oxygen concentration, in five dogs, or by controlled hemorrhage, in two dogs. It was concluded that inasmuch as effective elastance measurements remain constant during hypoxia, the stability of ventilation is not significantly impaired in this situation.", "PMID": 1176403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5611", "title": "Ability of man to detect increases in his breathing.", "content": "The ability of four normal subjects to detect increases in their ventilation was studied at rest and at two levels of exercise using a raised inspired Pco2 to further increase ventilation. Subjects signaled when the increase in ventilation was recognized. The average tidal volume (VT) at rest was 520 ml with a frequency of 14; these values increased to an average of 3,300 ml and 21 at the highest work load. There was no significant change in frequency with CO2. Detection occurred when the tidal volume increased by 700 ml (varying 550-890 between subjects but constant for any one subject at the three levels of ventilation.) Thus the appreciation of increase is proportionately more sensitive at higher levels of ventilation. Experiments in which the ventilation was increased by hypoxia or by following a visual demand, and observations of other sensations (oral, cerebral) indicate that the increase in vetilation is recognized through increased breathing rather than awareness of ventilatory stimuli.", "contents": "Ability of man to detect increases in his breathing. The ability of four normal subjects to detect increases in their ventilation was studied at rest and at two levels of exercise using a raised inspired Pco2 to further increase ventilation. Subjects signaled when the increase in ventilation was recognized. The average tidal volume (VT) at rest was 520 ml with a frequency of 14; these values increased to an average of 3,300 ml and 21 at the highest work load. There was no significant change in frequency with CO2. Detection occurred when the tidal volume increased by 700 ml (varying 550-890 between subjects but constant for any one subject at the three levels of ventilation.) Thus the appreciation of increase is proportionately more sensitive at higher levels of ventilation. Experiments in which the ventilation was increased by hypoxia or by following a visual demand, and observations of other sensations (oral, cerebral) indicate that the increase in vetilation is recognized through increased breathing rather than awareness of ventilatory stimuli.", "PMID": 1176404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5612", "title": "Step changes in end-tidal CO2: methods and implications.", "content": "A dynamic end-tidal forcing technique for producing step changes in end-tidal CO2 with end-tidal O2 held constant independent of the ventilation response or the mixed venous return is introduced for characterizing the human ventilation response to end-tidal CO2 step changes for both normoxic (PAO2 = 125 Torr) and hypoxic (PAO2 = 60 Torr) conditions. The ventilation response approaches a steady state within 5 min. In normoxia, the on-transient is faster than the off-transient, presumably reflecting the action of cerebral blood flow. The hypoxic step response is faster than the normoxic response presumably reflecting the increased contribution from the carotid body. The delay in the ventilation response after the change in end-tidal CO2 is less in hypoxia than in normoxia and reflects the action of a transport delay and that of a virtual delay. These delays are interpreted with respect to the high-frequency phase shift data for the same subject, generated using sinusoidal end-tidal forcing. The methods of others for experiments utilizing step changes in inspired CO2 are considered with respect to our methods.", "contents": "Step changes in end-tidal CO2: methods and implications. A dynamic end-tidal forcing technique for producing step changes in end-tidal CO2 with end-tidal O2 held constant independent of the ventilation response or the mixed venous return is introduced for characterizing the human ventilation response to end-tidal CO2 step changes for both normoxic (PAO2 = 125 Torr) and hypoxic (PAO2 = 60 Torr) conditions. The ventilation response approaches a steady state within 5 min. In normoxia, the on-transient is faster than the off-transient, presumably reflecting the action of cerebral blood flow. The hypoxic step response is faster than the normoxic response presumably reflecting the increased contribution from the carotid body. The delay in the ventilation response after the change in end-tidal CO2 is less in hypoxia than in normoxia and reflects the action of a transport delay and that of a virtual delay. These delays are interpreted with respect to the high-frequency phase shift data for the same subject, generated using sinusoidal end-tidal forcing. The methods of others for experiments utilizing step changes in inspired CO2 are considered with respect to our methods.", "PMID": 1176405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5613", "title": "Maximal oxygen uptake during treadmill walking and running at various speeds.", "content": "Three groups of male subjects, average fitness (AF, N = 12), high fitness (HF, N = 7) and highly fit competitive race walkers (CRW, N = 3) performed maximal treadmill tests walking at 3.5 and 4.5 mph and running at 4.5, 5.5, 7.0, and 8.5 mph. In addition, the HF group performed a running test at 10.0 mph and the CRW group performed a walking test at 5.5 mph. All maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) tests with the exception of the 3.5 mph walking test (modified Balke test) were discontinuous in nature. VO2 max obtained from walking tests was similar regardless of speed within each group. Walking VO2 max was significantly lower than running VO2 max which was found to be similar over a speed range of 4.5 to 8.5 mph in the AF group. Running at 4.5 mph (HF group) and 4.5 and 5.5 mph (CRW group) resulted in lower VO2 max levels than running at speeds greater than or equal to 7.0 mph. Associated physiological variables (heart rate, ventilation, and respiratory exchange ratio) did not demonstrate a discernable pattern with reference to mode of locomotion (walking versus running) or speed. It was concluded that VO2 max elicited during walking is independent of speed and less than VO2 max obtained during running. Running VO2 max was interrelated with speed of running and state of training.", "contents": "Maximal oxygen uptake during treadmill walking and running at various speeds. Three groups of male subjects, average fitness (AF, N = 12), high fitness (HF, N = 7) and highly fit competitive race walkers (CRW, N = 3) performed maximal treadmill tests walking at 3.5 and 4.5 mph and running at 4.5, 5.5, 7.0, and 8.5 mph. In addition, the HF group performed a running test at 10.0 mph and the CRW group performed a walking test at 5.5 mph. All maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) tests with the exception of the 3.5 mph walking test (modified Balke test) were discontinuous in nature. VO2 max obtained from walking tests was similar regardless of speed within each group. Walking VO2 max was significantly lower than running VO2 max which was found to be similar over a speed range of 4.5 to 8.5 mph in the AF group. Running at 4.5 mph (HF group) and 4.5 and 5.5 mph (CRW group) resulted in lower VO2 max levels than running at speeds greater than or equal to 7.0 mph. Associated physiological variables (heart rate, ventilation, and respiratory exchange ratio) did not demonstrate a discernable pattern with reference to mode of locomotion (walking versus running) or speed. It was concluded that VO2 max elicited during walking is independent of speed and less than VO2 max obtained during running. Running VO2 max was interrelated with speed of running and state of training.", "PMID": 1176406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5614", "title": "Relationship of phase IV to closing volume in lateral body positions.", "content": "We studied the effect of body position in humans on the relationship between exhaled vital capacity (VC) and both helium (He) and nitrogen (N2) concentrations after delivery of an He bolus at residual volume (RV) followed by 100% oxygen to total lung capacity. Phase IV, defined as the % VC at the first sharp and permanent increase in N2 and He, occurred at a mean of 15.7% VC while seated, 60.0% VC in right lateral and 59.6% VC in left lateral positions. He bolus delivery above RV but well below 60% VC resulted in the disappearance of phase IV. Lung pressure-volume (PV) curves had inflections at the volume of phase IV in the seated position: but the inflections were well below phase IV in lateral positions. Phase IV increased to higher volumes at higher mouth pressures. The relationship between phase IV and mouth pressure fell near the respiratory system relaxation PV curves. The findings suggest the higher phase IV in lateral positions is due to sequence of emptying without airway closure and is influenced by active expiration.", "contents": "Relationship of phase IV to closing volume in lateral body positions. We studied the effect of body position in humans on the relationship between exhaled vital capacity (VC) and both helium (He) and nitrogen (N2) concentrations after delivery of an He bolus at residual volume (RV) followed by 100% oxygen to total lung capacity. Phase IV, defined as the % VC at the first sharp and permanent increase in N2 and He, occurred at a mean of 15.7% VC while seated, 60.0% VC in right lateral and 59.6% VC in left lateral positions. He bolus delivery above RV but well below 60% VC resulted in the disappearance of phase IV. Lung pressure-volume (PV) curves had inflections at the volume of phase IV in the seated position: but the inflections were well below phase IV in lateral positions. Phase IV increased to higher volumes at higher mouth pressures. The relationship between phase IV and mouth pressure fell near the respiratory system relaxation PV curves. The findings suggest the higher phase IV in lateral positions is due to sequence of emptying without airway closure and is influenced by active expiration.", "PMID": 1176407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5615", "title": "Effect of baroreceptor activity on ventilatory response to chemoreceptor stimulation.", "content": "This study tested the hypothesis that ventilatory responses to chemoreceptor stimulation are affected by the level of arterial pressure and degree of baroreceptor activation. Carotid chemoreceptors were stimulated by injection of nicotine into the common carotid artery of anesthetized dogs. Arterial pressure was reduced by bleeding the animals and raised by transient occlusion of the abdominal aorta. The results indicate that ventilatory responses to chemoreceptor stimulation were augmented by hypotension and depressed by hypertension. In additional studies we excluded the possibility that the findings were produced by a direct effect of changes in arterial pressure on chemoreceptors. Both carotid bifurcations were perfused at constant flow. In one carotid bifurcation, perfusion pressure was raised to stimulate carotid sinus baroreceptors. In the other carotid bifurcation, pressure was constant and nicotine was injected to stimulate carotid chemoreceptors. Stimulation of baroreceptors on one side attenuated the ventilatory response to stimulation of contralateral chemoreceptors. This inhibition was observed before and after bilateral cervical vagotomy. We conclude that there is a major central interaction between baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes so that changes in baroreceptor activity modulate ventilatory responses to chemoreceptor stimulation.", "contents": "Effect of baroreceptor activity on ventilatory response to chemoreceptor stimulation. This study tested the hypothesis that ventilatory responses to chemoreceptor stimulation are affected by the level of arterial pressure and degree of baroreceptor activation. Carotid chemoreceptors were stimulated by injection of nicotine into the common carotid artery of anesthetized dogs. Arterial pressure was reduced by bleeding the animals and raised by transient occlusion of the abdominal aorta. The results indicate that ventilatory responses to chemoreceptor stimulation were augmented by hypotension and depressed by hypertension. In additional studies we excluded the possibility that the findings were produced by a direct effect of changes in arterial pressure on chemoreceptors. Both carotid bifurcations were perfused at constant flow. In one carotid bifurcation, perfusion pressure was raised to stimulate carotid sinus baroreceptors. In the other carotid bifurcation, pressure was constant and nicotine was injected to stimulate carotid chemoreceptors. Stimulation of baroreceptors on one side attenuated the ventilatory response to stimulation of contralateral chemoreceptors. This inhibition was observed before and after bilateral cervical vagotomy. We conclude that there is a major central interaction between baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes so that changes in baroreceptor activity modulate ventilatory responses to chemoreceptor stimulation.", "PMID": 1176408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5616", "title": "Effect of increased static lung recoil on bronchial dimesions of excised lungs.", "content": "We measured bronchial diameters and lengths during static deflation and inflation in eight excised dog lobes before and after static lung recoil (Pst(L)) had been significantly increased by cooling the lobe for 48 h at 4 degrees C and ventilating it for 3 h. In control lobes, bronchial diameters were the same at any volume even though Pst(L) was different during inflation and deflation. These results agree with those of Hughes et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 32: 25-35, 1972). However, when Pst(L) was increased, diameters at a given volume were significantly increased over control values; diameters at a given pressure were nearly the same as the controls. Therefore, under these conditions, bronchial diameter did not conform to lung volume. The ventilation process appeared to alter the circumferential elastic properties of the bronchi because diameters at all pressures were slightly larger after ventilation. Bronchial length-volume relationships were the same in both control and ventilated lobes. Thus, when Pst(L) was markedly increased, diameter corresponded best to lung recoil and length to lung volume.", "contents": "Effect of increased static lung recoil on bronchial dimesions of excised lungs. We measured bronchial diameters and lengths during static deflation and inflation in eight excised dog lobes before and after static lung recoil (Pst(L)) had been significantly increased by cooling the lobe for 48 h at 4 degrees C and ventilating it for 3 h. In control lobes, bronchial diameters were the same at any volume even though Pst(L) was different during inflation and deflation. These results agree with those of Hughes et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 32: 25-35, 1972). However, when Pst(L) was increased, diameters at a given volume were significantly increased over control values; diameters at a given pressure were nearly the same as the controls. Therefore, under these conditions, bronchial diameter did not conform to lung volume. The ventilation process appeared to alter the circumferential elastic properties of the bronchi because diameters at all pressures were slightly larger after ventilation. Bronchial length-volume relationships were the same in both control and ventilated lobes. Thus, when Pst(L) was markedly increased, diameter corresponded best to lung recoil and length to lung volume.", "PMID": 1176409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5617", "title": "Left ventricular dynamics during recovery from exercise.", "content": "Left ventricular dynamics during recovery were measured in dogs, 3 min after brief periods of mild, moderate, and severe treadmill exercise. As compared with resting values, stroke volume was unchanged, and the maximum first derivative of the left ventricular pressure was either unchanged or slightly elevated. Increases in heart rate of 20, 26, and 46 beats/min for mild, moderate, and severe exercise appear to be the major factor in augmenting cardiac output during recovery. With moderate and severe exercise, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter increased and continued to be elevated during recovery, whereas end-systolic diameter decreased during exercise but was elevated above resting values during recovery. Therefore, with strenuous exercise, a sympathetic-mediated increase in contractility recedes promptly during the postexercise period but the Frank-Starling mechanism continues to be a factor.", "contents": "Left ventricular dynamics during recovery from exercise. Left ventricular dynamics during recovery were measured in dogs, 3 min after brief periods of mild, moderate, and severe treadmill exercise. As compared with resting values, stroke volume was unchanged, and the maximum first derivative of the left ventricular pressure was either unchanged or slightly elevated. Increases in heart rate of 20, 26, and 46 beats/min for mild, moderate, and severe exercise appear to be the major factor in augmenting cardiac output during recovery. With moderate and severe exercise, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter increased and continued to be elevated during recovery, whereas end-systolic diameter decreased during exercise but was elevated above resting values during recovery. Therefore, with strenuous exercise, a sympathetic-mediated increase in contractility recedes promptly during the postexercise period but the Frank-Starling mechanism continues to be a factor.", "PMID": 1176410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5618", "title": "Blood viscosity and cardiac output in acute experimental anemia.", "content": "The significance of blood viscosity alterations during anemia was evaluated in dogs under morphine-chloralose anesthesia. In group I, anemia (mean hematocrit 18.1 +/- 1.3 vol %) was produced by exchange transfusion with clinical dextran (avg mol wt 70,000). In group II, anemia was produced (mean hematocrit 19.9 +/- 0.88 vol %) with 500,000 molecular weight dextran, thus preventing the decrease in blood viscosity in group I. The cardiac output increase in group I (93.4%) with low-viscosity anemia was significantly greater than in group II (43.3%) with unchanged blood viscosity. Group III animals were transfused with a clinical dextran-red cell mixture, and group IV animals received a 500,000 mol wt dextran-red cell mixture. In group III, blood viscosity and cardiac output did not change. In group IV, blood viscosity rose and cardiac output fell significantly. The results suggest that a change in blood viscosity exerts a significant effect upon cardiac output, especially during acute dextran-exchange anemia.", "contents": "Blood viscosity and cardiac output in acute experimental anemia. The significance of blood viscosity alterations during anemia was evaluated in dogs under morphine-chloralose anesthesia. In group I, anemia (mean hematocrit 18.1 +/- 1.3 vol %) was produced by exchange transfusion with clinical dextran (avg mol wt 70,000). In group II, anemia was produced (mean hematocrit 19.9 +/- 0.88 vol %) with 500,000 molecular weight dextran, thus preventing the decrease in blood viscosity in group I. The cardiac output increase in group I (93.4%) with low-viscosity anemia was significantly greater than in group II (43.3%) with unchanged blood viscosity. Group III animals were transfused with a clinical dextran-red cell mixture, and group IV animals received a 500,000 mol wt dextran-red cell mixture. In group III, blood viscosity and cardiac output did not change. In group IV, blood viscosity rose and cardiac output fell significantly. The results suggest that a change in blood viscosity exerts a significant effect upon cardiac output, especially during acute dextran-exchange anemia.", "PMID": 1176411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5619", "title": "Heat tolerance of exercising lean and obese prepubertal boys.", "content": "Seven lean and five obese boys, aged 9-12 yr, exercised in four environments: 21.1, 26.7, 29.4, and 32.2 degrees C Teff. Subjects walked on a treadmill at 4.8 km/h, 5% grade for three 20-min exercise bouts separated by 5-min rest periods. Rectal temperature (Tre), skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate (HR), sweat rate, and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured periodically throughout the session. Lean boys had lower Tre and HR than obese boys in each of the environments. Increases in Tre were significantly greater for the obese at 26.7 and 29.4 degrees C Teff. No significant differences in Tsk and sweat rate (g-m-2-h-1) were observed between lean and obese boys. Obese boys had significantly lower oxygen consumptions per kg but worked at a significantly higher percentage of VO2max than lean boys when performing submaximal work. Responses of the obese boys to exercise in the heat were similar to those of heavy prepubertal girls studied previously, except that the boys were more tolerant of exercise at 32.2 degrees C Teff than the girls. Lean boys had lower HR than lean girls in each environment, but lower Tre only at 32.2 degrees C Teff.", "contents": "Heat tolerance of exercising lean and obese prepubertal boys. Seven lean and five obese boys, aged 9-12 yr, exercised in four environments: 21.1, 26.7, 29.4, and 32.2 degrees C Teff. Subjects walked on a treadmill at 4.8 km/h, 5% grade for three 20-min exercise bouts separated by 5-min rest periods. Rectal temperature (Tre), skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate (HR), sweat rate, and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured periodically throughout the session. Lean boys had lower Tre and HR than obese boys in each of the environments. Increases in Tre were significantly greater for the obese at 26.7 and 29.4 degrees C Teff. No significant differences in Tsk and sweat rate (g-m-2-h-1) were observed between lean and obese boys. Obese boys had significantly lower oxygen consumptions per kg but worked at a significantly higher percentage of VO2max than lean boys when performing submaximal work. Responses of the obese boys to exercise in the heat were similar to those of heavy prepubertal girls studied previously, except that the boys were more tolerant of exercise at 32.2 degrees C Teff than the girls. Lean boys had lower HR than lean girls in each environment, but lower Tre only at 32.2 degrees C Teff.", "PMID": 1176412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5620", "title": "Effect of altitude relocations upon AaDo2 at rest and during exercise.", "content": "The supine pulmonary venous admixture (shunt) has been measured at Cerro de Pasco, 4,350 m altitude in eight subjects native to high altitude (HAN) under resting condition. Alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference (AaDO2) was also determined at rest and during exercise. The same subjects were studied again after 10 days' sojourn at sea level in Lima at 150 m altitude. They were compared with four subjects from sea level (SLN) who were studied first at Lima and after 2 and 10 days at Cerro de Pasco. At altitude, AaDO2 was smaller in HAN than SLN both at rest and during exercise. Shunt was the same in both groups. It is concluded that HAN show more even ventilation/perfusion relationship (VA/Q) at altitude, probably due to their high pulmonary artery pressure. On the contrary, SLN show less even VA/Q on altitude exposure, since their shunt decreased 37%. At sea level, HAN increased their AaDO2 due partially to an increase of 110% in their shunt, and in part due to less even VA/Q as shown by augmented VD/VT ratios. Each group tended to have a more effective gas exchange in its own environment.", "contents": "Effect of altitude relocations upon AaDo2 at rest and during exercise. The supine pulmonary venous admixture (shunt) has been measured at Cerro de Pasco, 4,350 m altitude in eight subjects native to high altitude (HAN) under resting condition. Alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference (AaDO2) was also determined at rest and during exercise. The same subjects were studied again after 10 days' sojourn at sea level in Lima at 150 m altitude. They were compared with four subjects from sea level (SLN) who were studied first at Lima and after 2 and 10 days at Cerro de Pasco. At altitude, AaDO2 was smaller in HAN than SLN both at rest and during exercise. Shunt was the same in both groups. It is concluded that HAN show more even ventilation/perfusion relationship (VA/Q) at altitude, probably due to their high pulmonary artery pressure. On the contrary, SLN show less even VA/Q on altitude exposure, since their shunt decreased 37%. At sea level, HAN increased their AaDO2 due partially to an increase of 110% in their shunt, and in part due to less even VA/Q as shown by augmented VD/VT ratios. Each group tended to have a more effective gas exchange in its own environment.", "PMID": 1176413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5621", "title": "Renal blood flow distribution during steady-state exercise and exhaustion in conscious dogs.", "content": "To determine whether renal blood flow is reduced or redistributed during exercise, we measured total renal flow (TRF) and intrarenal flow distribution (IRFD) in nine dogs. They ran on a motor-driven treadmill at 3-8 mph at grades of 8-15% for an average of 35 min. We measured aortic pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output (CO) via chronically implanted catheters and an electromagnetic flow probe. We injected 15-mum radiolabeled microspheres (85Sr, 141Ce, and 51Cr) via a left atrial catheter during resting control, steady state (SS) and exhaustive (EE) exercise; measured their distribution by gamma spectrometry; and determined TRF as % CO and as ml/100 g per min. We determined IRFD for the outer and inner cortex and the outer medulla. TRF as %CO dropped (P less than 0.05) during both levels of exercise: from 10.2 +/- 0.7% to 3.9 +/- 0.4% (SS) and 3.4 +/- 0.6% (EE). TRF in ml/100 g per min did not change significantly from control (228 +/- 30 ml/100 g per min). IRFD was unchanged with exercise, remaining at about 80, 20, and 3% of TRF for the outer and inner cortex and outer medulla, respectively. We conclude that blood flow is not diverted from the kidneys during severe exercise in the dog.", "contents": "Renal blood flow distribution during steady-state exercise and exhaustion in conscious dogs. To determine whether renal blood flow is reduced or redistributed during exercise, we measured total renal flow (TRF) and intrarenal flow distribution (IRFD) in nine dogs. They ran on a motor-driven treadmill at 3-8 mph at grades of 8-15% for an average of 35 min. We measured aortic pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output (CO) via chronically implanted catheters and an electromagnetic flow probe. We injected 15-mum radiolabeled microspheres (85Sr, 141Ce, and 51Cr) via a left atrial catheter during resting control, steady state (SS) and exhaustive (EE) exercise; measured their distribution by gamma spectrometry; and determined TRF as % CO and as ml/100 g per min. We determined IRFD for the outer and inner cortex and the outer medulla. TRF as %CO dropped (P less than 0.05) during both levels of exercise: from 10.2 +/- 0.7% to 3.9 +/- 0.4% (SS) and 3.4 +/- 0.6% (EE). TRF in ml/100 g per min did not change significantly from control (228 +/- 30 ml/100 g per min). IRFD was unchanged with exercise, remaining at about 80, 20, and 3% of TRF for the outer and inner cortex and outer medulla, respectively. We conclude that blood flow is not diverted from the kidneys during severe exercise in the dog.", "PMID": 1176414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5622", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin E2 on esophageal motility in man.", "content": "Studies were performed to investigate the effect of prostaglandin E2 on esophageal motility in 12 healthy volunteers. PGE2 infusion caused a dose-dependent reduction in the lower esophageal sphincter pressure. The threshold dose was less than 0.05 mug-kg-1-min-1 and maximal reduction of pressure (60%) occurred with a dose of 0.4 mug-kg-1-min-1. In contrast to its effect on the lower esophageal sphincter, PGE2 did not alter the pressure in the upper esophageal sphincter. PGE2 did not influence resting esophageal pressures; the amplitude of peristaltic contractions was reduced in the lower but not in the upper part of the body of the esophagus. These studies show that in man PGE2 exerts selective inhibitory influence on the activity of the lower part of the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter which are composed of smooth muscle fibers.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin E2 on esophageal motility in man. Studies were performed to investigate the effect of prostaglandin E2 on esophageal motility in 12 healthy volunteers. PGE2 infusion caused a dose-dependent reduction in the lower esophageal sphincter pressure. The threshold dose was less than 0.05 mug-kg-1-min-1 and maximal reduction of pressure (60%) occurred with a dose of 0.4 mug-kg-1-min-1. In contrast to its effect on the lower esophageal sphincter, PGE2 did not alter the pressure in the upper esophageal sphincter. PGE2 did not influence resting esophageal pressures; the amplitude of peristaltic contractions was reduced in the lower but not in the upper part of the body of the esophagus. These studies show that in man PGE2 exerts selective inhibitory influence on the activity of the lower part of the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter which are composed of smooth muscle fibers.", "PMID": 1176415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5623", "title": "Ventricular function following acute carbon monoxide exposure.", "content": "Cardiac output function curves were used to investigate the effects of carbon monoxide on the heart in the conscious dog. Each dog was briefly exposed to 1,500 ppm carbon monoxide through a permanent tracheostomy. Immediately upon attaining either 10%, 20%, or 30% HbCO a rapid infusion of Ringer's lactate was given to test cardiac capabilities. The combined effects of carbon monoxide and infusion produced significant increases in cardiac output, heart rate, mean left ventricular pressure, dP/dt and (dP/dt)/IP. Cardiac output was sufficient to prevent peripheral hypoxia at all HbCO levels; however, there was evidence of impending cardiac depression beginning at 20% HbCO.", "contents": "Ventricular function following acute carbon monoxide exposure. Cardiac output function curves were used to investigate the effects of carbon monoxide on the heart in the conscious dog. Each dog was briefly exposed to 1,500 ppm carbon monoxide through a permanent tracheostomy. Immediately upon attaining either 10%, 20%, or 30% HbCO a rapid infusion of Ringer's lactate was given to test cardiac capabilities. The combined effects of carbon monoxide and infusion produced significant increases in cardiac output, heart rate, mean left ventricular pressure, dP/dt and (dP/dt)/IP. Cardiac output was sufficient to prevent peripheral hypoxia at all HbCO levels; however, there was evidence of impending cardiac depression beginning at 20% HbCO.", "PMID": 1176416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5624", "title": "High-resolution radioisotopic measurements of calcium, strontium, and barium in heart.", "content": "A gamma-ray detector system used in conjunction with isolated vascularly perfused rabbit septa labeled with the Ca-like cations 85Sr and 133Ba has been developed to test the feasibility of constructing a considerably more efficient detector system capable of measuring the highly energetic (Emax congruent to 1.3 MeV) 47Ca radionuclide. In addition an experimental design has been developed to quantify, statistically, perturbations of total tissue Ca, Sr, or Ba should they occur. This project was undertaken because the severe attenuation by living tissue of the beta-emitting radionuclide 45Ca (Emax congruent to 250 keV) limits its usefulness as a Ca tracer during experiments in which total tissue Ca is being measured minute-by-minute by an external detector. Analyses of over 100 experiments conducted on 35Sr- and 133Ba-labeled rabbit septa indicate that a tissue-detector system can be developed having the capacity to resolve perturbations of as little as 2 mumol Ca/kg wet tissue at 1-min sampling times or 6 mumol Ca/kg wet tissue at 0.1-min sampling times.", "contents": "High-resolution radioisotopic measurements of calcium, strontium, and barium in heart. A gamma-ray detector system used in conjunction with isolated vascularly perfused rabbit septa labeled with the Ca-like cations 85Sr and 133Ba has been developed to test the feasibility of constructing a considerably more efficient detector system capable of measuring the highly energetic (Emax congruent to 1.3 MeV) 47Ca radionuclide. In addition an experimental design has been developed to quantify, statistically, perturbations of total tissue Ca, Sr, or Ba should they occur. This project was undertaken because the severe attenuation by living tissue of the beta-emitting radionuclide 45Ca (Emax congruent to 250 keV) limits its usefulness as a Ca tracer during experiments in which total tissue Ca is being measured minute-by-minute by an external detector. Analyses of over 100 experiments conducted on 35Sr- and 133Ba-labeled rabbit septa indicate that a tissue-detector system can be developed having the capacity to resolve perturbations of as little as 2 mumol Ca/kg wet tissue at 1-min sampling times or 6 mumol Ca/kg wet tissue at 0.1-min sampling times.", "PMID": 1176419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5625", "title": "Transformation analysis of three linkage groups in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "While studying a set of multiply marked mutants of Staphylococcus aureus strain 8325 by transformation, several instances of apparent genetic linkage were encountered. After showing that these linked transformations were readily inactivated by shearing of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) but were resistant to dilution of the DNA, and showing that mixtures of DNA failed to form double transformants, it was concluded that the linkages were legitimate rather than the result of congression. Three linkage groups were defined: thy-101-lys-115-trp-103-thr-106, pyr-141-hisGb15-nov-pur-102, and pur-110-ilv-129. The positions of the previously studied trp and his operons corresponded to the trp-103 and hisGb15 loci. The ilv-129 position adjacent to pur-110 probably corresponds to the ilv-leu gene cluster. The distance over which linkage was detected was greater by transformation than by generalized transduction.", "contents": "Transformation analysis of three linkage groups in Staphylococcus aureus. While studying a set of multiply marked mutants of Staphylococcus aureus strain 8325 by transformation, several instances of apparent genetic linkage were encountered. After showing that these linked transformations were readily inactivated by shearing of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) but were resistant to dilution of the DNA, and showing that mixtures of DNA failed to form double transformants, it was concluded that the linkages were legitimate rather than the result of congression. Three linkage groups were defined: thy-101-lys-115-trp-103-thr-106, pyr-141-hisGb15-nov-pur-102, and pur-110-ilv-129. The positions of the previously studied trp and his operons corresponded to the trp-103 and hisGb15 loci. The ilv-129 position adjacent to pur-110 probably corresponds to the ilv-leu gene cluster. The distance over which linkage was detected was greater by transformation than by generalized transduction.", "PMID": 1176430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5626", "title": "Stereospecific analysis of major glycerolipids of Phycomyces blakesleeanus sporangiophores and mycelium.", "content": "The positional distribution of fatty acids was determined in the major groups of glycerolipids from the mycelium and sporangiophores of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus. At the sn-1 positions of the triacylglycerols, in both regions of the fungus, greater than 65% of the fatty acids were 16:0 and 18:1. At the sn-2 positions of the triacylglycerols, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 comprised greater than 85% of the sporangial fatty acids and more than 90% of the mycelial fatty acids. Positions sn-3 of the triacylglycerols, from both regions of the fungus, contained approximately 40% of 16:0, approximately 30% of 18:2, and the largest proportions of 18:3 (21%) in the triacyglycerols. The major phosphoglycerides of P. blakesleeanus  mycelium and sporangiophores are phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and more than 85% of the fatty acids at the sn-1 positions of these phosphatides consisted of 16:0, 18:2, and 18:3. The sn-2 positions of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine contained approximately 98% unsaturated fatty acids. In the phosphoglycerides of both regions of the fungus, 18:2 and 18:3 constituted greater than 85% of the total fatty acids. Although the mycelium and sporangiophores of P. blakesleeanus had different morphological and physiological characteristics, the major glycerolipids of the two regions had similar stereospecific distributions of fatty acids.", "contents": "Stereospecific analysis of major glycerolipids of Phycomyces blakesleeanus sporangiophores and mycelium. The positional distribution of fatty acids was determined in the major groups of glycerolipids from the mycelium and sporangiophores of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus. At the sn-1 positions of the triacylglycerols, in both regions of the fungus, greater than 65% of the fatty acids were 16:0 and 18:1. At the sn-2 positions of the triacylglycerols, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 comprised greater than 85% of the sporangial fatty acids and more than 90% of the mycelial fatty acids. Positions sn-3 of the triacylglycerols, from both regions of the fungus, contained approximately 40% of 16:0, approximately 30% of 18:2, and the largest proportions of 18:3 (21%) in the triacyglycerols. The major phosphoglycerides of P. blakesleeanus  mycelium and sporangiophores are phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and more than 85% of the fatty acids at the sn-1 positions of these phosphatides consisted of 16:0, 18:2, and 18:3. The sn-2 positions of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine contained approximately 98% unsaturated fatty acids. In the phosphoglycerides of both regions of the fungus, 18:2 and 18:3 constituted greater than 85% of the total fatty acids. Although the mycelium and sporangiophores of P. blakesleeanus had different morphological and physiological characteristics, the major glycerolipids of the two regions had similar stereospecific distributions of fatty acids.", "PMID": 1176431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5627", "title": "Development of defined and minimal media for the growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "Defined media, both solid and liquid, that support good growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus 1503 have been developed. Data are presented which indicate that manganese is required at relatively high concentrations for growth in a defined liquid medium. Phosphate concentrations higher than 5 times 10(-3) M have been shown to inhibit colony formation on solid media. Maximum viable counts of approximately 10(9) colony-forming units per ml were obtained in both the defined and minimal liquid media. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, glycerol, and starch support the growth of this obligate thermophile in the defined media, whereas citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate, acetate, and lactate do not. The described media have been utilized to isolate several amino acid-requiring mutants of B. stearothermophilus.", "contents": "Development of defined and minimal media for the growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Defined media, both solid and liquid, that support good growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus 1503 have been developed. Data are presented which indicate that manganese is required at relatively high concentrations for growth in a defined liquid medium. Phosphate concentrations higher than 5 times 10(-3) M have been shown to inhibit colony formation on solid media. Maximum viable counts of approximately 10(9) colony-forming units per ml were obtained in both the defined and minimal liquid media. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, glycerol, and starch support the growth of this obligate thermophile in the defined media, whereas citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate, acetate, and lactate do not. The described media have been utilized to isolate several amino acid-requiring mutants of B. stearothermophilus.", "PMID": 1176432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5628", "title": "Metabolism of n-propylamine, isopropylamine, and 1,3-propane diamine by Mycobacterium convolutum.", "content": "Mycobacterium convolutum strain NPA-1 can utilize n-propylamine (NPA), isopropylamine (IPA), and 1,3-propane diamine (PD) as sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Enzyme assays, fatty acid profiles, and 14CO2 incorporation experiments indicate that NPA is deaminated to propionate and further metabolized via the methylmalonyl succinate pathway, and IPA and PD were metabolized (after deamination) through a C2 + C1 cleavage. An inducible amine dehydrogenase was present in cell extracts after growth on the three amines. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell extracts from NPA- and IPA-grown cells yielded one major band of amine dehydrogenase activity. When extracts of NPA-grown cells were assayed with NPA, IPA, or PD as substrate, the relative position of the major band on gel electrophoresis was equivalent. Similar results were obtained with extracts prepared from IPA-grown cells. Sephadex G-100 chromatography also indicated one major peak of activity. This suggests that one enzyme of broad specificity is involved in deamination of IPA, NPA, and PD. IPA-grown cells utilized NPA readily, whereas NPA-grown cells could not utilize IPA without lag. Since amine dehydrogenase activity was present in extracts of cells after growth on either substrate, this lag was probably due to the inability to transport IPA without an induction period. The molecular weight of the amine dehydrogenase was approximately 38,500 as determined by gel filtration.", "contents": "Metabolism of n-propylamine, isopropylamine, and 1,3-propane diamine by Mycobacterium convolutum. Mycobacterium convolutum strain NPA-1 can utilize n-propylamine (NPA), isopropylamine (IPA), and 1,3-propane diamine (PD) as sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Enzyme assays, fatty acid profiles, and 14CO2 incorporation experiments indicate that NPA is deaminated to propionate and further metabolized via the methylmalonyl succinate pathway, and IPA and PD were metabolized (after deamination) through a C2 + C1 cleavage. An inducible amine dehydrogenase was present in cell extracts after growth on the three amines. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell extracts from NPA- and IPA-grown cells yielded one major band of amine dehydrogenase activity. When extracts of NPA-grown cells were assayed with NPA, IPA, or PD as substrate, the relative position of the major band on gel electrophoresis was equivalent. Similar results were obtained with extracts prepared from IPA-grown cells. Sephadex G-100 chromatography also indicated one major peak of activity. This suggests that one enzyme of broad specificity is involved in deamination of IPA, NPA, and PD. IPA-grown cells utilized NPA readily, whereas NPA-grown cells could not utilize IPA without lag. Since amine dehydrogenase activity was present in extracts of cells after growth on either substrate, this lag was probably due to the inability to transport IPA without an induction period. The molecular weight of the amine dehydrogenase was approximately 38,500 as determined by gel filtration.", "PMID": 1176433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5629", "title": "Methionine transport in Yersinia pestis.", "content": "Yersinia pestis TJW, an avirulent wild-type strain, requires phenylalanine and methionine for growth. It was of interest to examine and define the methionine transport system because of this requirement. The methionine system showed saturation kinetics with a Km for transport of approximately 9 times 10(-7) M. After 8 s of methionine transport, essentially all of the methionine label appeared in S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) as detected in ethanol extracts. Small amounts of free methionine was detected intracellularly after 1 min of transport. Addition of glucose increased significantly the amount of intracellular methionine at 1 min. A series of SAM metabolic products was detected after 90 s to 5 min of transport including: 5'-thiomethyladenosine, homoserine lactone, S-adenosyl homoserine, and a fluorescent methyl receptor compound. Results from assays for SAM synthetase in spheroplast fractions showed a small (16%) but significant portion of synthetase associated with the membrane. However, most of the enzyme activity was associated with the cytoplasmic fraction. Methionine transport was characterized by a high degree of stereospecificity. No competition occurred from structurally unrelated amino acids. Although uptake was inhibited by uncoupling and sulfhydryl reagents, no efflux was observed. Results using energy inhibitors on unstarved and starved cells showed that respiratory inhibitors such as potassium cyanide (KCN) and amytal were most effective, and that arsenate was least effective. KCN plus arsenate completely blocked utilization of energy derived from glucose, and KCN completely blocked utilization of energy deived from D-lactate. The data indicate that methionine transport in Y. pestis is linked to the trapping of methionine in SAM. The results further suggest that this transport system can be classified as a permease-bound system where transport is coupled to an energized membrane state and to respiration.", "contents": "Methionine transport in Yersinia pestis. Yersinia pestis TJW, an avirulent wild-type strain, requires phenylalanine and methionine for growth. It was of interest to examine and define the methionine transport system because of this requirement. The methionine system showed saturation kinetics with a Km for transport of approximately 9 times 10(-7) M. After 8 s of methionine transport, essentially all of the methionine label appeared in S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) as detected in ethanol extracts. Small amounts of free methionine was detected intracellularly after 1 min of transport. Addition of glucose increased significantly the amount of intracellular methionine at 1 min. A series of SAM metabolic products was detected after 90 s to 5 min of transport including: 5'-thiomethyladenosine, homoserine lactone, S-adenosyl homoserine, and a fluorescent methyl receptor compound. Results from assays for SAM synthetase in spheroplast fractions showed a small (16%) but significant portion of synthetase associated with the membrane. However, most of the enzyme activity was associated with the cytoplasmic fraction. Methionine transport was characterized by a high degree of stereospecificity. No competition occurred from structurally unrelated amino acids. Although uptake was inhibited by uncoupling and sulfhydryl reagents, no efflux was observed. Results using energy inhibitors on unstarved and starved cells showed that respiratory inhibitors such as potassium cyanide (KCN) and amytal were most effective, and that arsenate was least effective. KCN plus arsenate completely blocked utilization of energy derived from glucose, and KCN completely blocked utilization of energy deived from D-lactate. The data indicate that methionine transport in Y. pestis is linked to the trapping of methionine in SAM. The results further suggest that this transport system can be classified as a permease-bound system where transport is coupled to an energized membrane state and to respiration.", "PMID": 1176434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5630", "title": "Regulation of lactate dehydrogenase and change of fermentation products in streptococci.", "content": "Streptococcus mutans JC 2 produced mainly lactate as a fermentation product when grown in nitrogen-limited continuous culture in the presence of an excess of glucose and produced formate, acetate, and ethanol, but no lactate, under glucose-limited conditions. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in these cultures were of the same order of magnitude, and the activity of LDH was completely dependent on fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP). The intracellular level of FDP was high and the level of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) was low under the glucose-excess conditions. In the glucose-limited cultures, all glycolytic intermediates studied, except PEP, were low. S. mutans FIL, which had an FDP-independent LDH and similar levels of glycolytic intermediates as S. mutans JC2, produced mainly lactate under glucose-excess or under glucose-limited conditions. LDH of Streptococcus bovis ATCC 9809 was dependent on FDP for activity at a low concentration of pyruvate but had a significant activity without FDP at a high concentration of pyruvate. This strain also produced mainly lactate both under glucose-excess and glucose-limited conditions. The levels and characteristics of these LDHs were not changed by the culture conditions. These results indicate that changes in the intracellular level of FDP regulate LDH activity, which in turn influences the type of fermentation products produced by streptococci. PEP, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, adenosine 5'-diphosphate, and inorganic phosphate significantly inhibited LDH activity from S. mutans JC 2 and may also participate in the regulation of LDH activity in other streptococci.", "contents": "Regulation of lactate dehydrogenase and change of fermentation products in streptococci. Streptococcus mutans JC 2 produced mainly lactate as a fermentation product when grown in nitrogen-limited continuous culture in the presence of an excess of glucose and produced formate, acetate, and ethanol, but no lactate, under glucose-limited conditions. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in these cultures were of the same order of magnitude, and the activity of LDH was completely dependent on fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP). The intracellular level of FDP was high and the level of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) was low under the glucose-excess conditions. In the glucose-limited cultures, all glycolytic intermediates studied, except PEP, were low. S. mutans FIL, which had an FDP-independent LDH and similar levels of glycolytic intermediates as S. mutans JC2, produced mainly lactate under glucose-excess or under glucose-limited conditions. LDH of Streptococcus bovis ATCC 9809 was dependent on FDP for activity at a low concentration of pyruvate but had a significant activity without FDP at a high concentration of pyruvate. This strain also produced mainly lactate both under glucose-excess and glucose-limited conditions. The levels and characteristics of these LDHs were not changed by the culture conditions. These results indicate that changes in the intracellular level of FDP regulate LDH activity, which in turn influences the type of fermentation products produced by streptococci. PEP, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, adenosine 5'-diphosphate, and inorganic phosphate significantly inhibited LDH activity from S. mutans JC 2 and may also participate in the regulation of LDH activity in other streptococci.", "PMID": 1176435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5631", "title": "Metabolism of toluene and xylenes by Pseudomonas (putida (arvilla) mt-2: evidence for a new function of the TOL plasmid.", "content": "Pseudomonas putida (arvilla) mt-2 carries genes for the catabolism of toluene, m-xylene, and p-xylene on a transmissible plasmid, TOL. These compounds are degraded by oxidation of one of the methyl substituents via the corresponding alcohols and aldehydes to benzoate and m- and p-toluates, respectively, which are then further metabolised by the meta pathway, also coded for by the TOL plasmid. The specificities of the benzyl alcohol dehydrogenase and the benzaldehyde dehydrogenase for their three respective substrates are independent of the carbon source used for growth, suggesting that a single set of nonspecific enzymes is responsible for the dissimilation of the breakdown products of toluene and m- and p-xylene. Benzyl alcohol dehydrogenase and benzaldehyde dehydrogenase are coincidently and possible coordinately induced by toluene and the xylenes, and by the corresponding alcohols and aldehydes. They are not induced in cells grown on m-toluate but catechol 2,3-oxygenase can be induced by m-xylene.", "contents": "Metabolism of toluene and xylenes by Pseudomonas (putida (arvilla) mt-2: evidence for a new function of the TOL plasmid. Pseudomonas putida (arvilla) mt-2 carries genes for the catabolism of toluene, m-xylene, and p-xylene on a transmissible plasmid, TOL. These compounds are degraded by oxidation of one of the methyl substituents via the corresponding alcohols and aldehydes to benzoate and m- and p-toluates, respectively, which are then further metabolised by the meta pathway, also coded for by the TOL plasmid. The specificities of the benzyl alcohol dehydrogenase and the benzaldehyde dehydrogenase for their three respective substrates are independent of the carbon source used for growth, suggesting that a single set of nonspecific enzymes is responsible for the dissimilation of the breakdown products of toluene and m- and p-xylene. Benzyl alcohol dehydrogenase and benzaldehyde dehydrogenase are coincidently and possible coordinately induced by toluene and the xylenes, and by the corresponding alcohols and aldehydes. They are not induced in cells grown on m-toluate but catechol 2,3-oxygenase can be induced by m-xylene.", "PMID": 1176436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5632", "title": "Lysis of modified walls from Lactobacillus fermentum.", "content": "The N and O substitution in wall peptidoglycan from Lactobacillus fermentum was studied in relation to growth phase, as well as the lytic activities and the effect of trypsin on them. The N-nonsubstituted sites were determined by dinitrophenylation techniques. The results indicate that an extensive substitution at the O groups takes place as cells go into the stationary growth phase, concomitant with a decrease in their lysozyme sensitivity. N-nonsubstituted residues, mainly glucosamine, occurred in both exponential-phase and stationary-phase walls but not in the corresponding peptidoglycans. Small amounts of N-nonsubstituted muramic acid were detected in walls and peptidoglycan from cells in the stationary growth phase only. N acetylation of isolated walls did not increase their lysozyme sensitivity but rather decreased it. Autolysis of walls was completely inhibited by the chemical modifications used. Trypsin stimulates the lysozyme sensitivity of native walls but has no effect on walls that had been O deacetylated and N acetylated. It is suggested that the effect of trypsin is due to its action as an esterase removing the O acetylation in lysozyme-resistant walls.", "contents": "Lysis of modified walls from Lactobacillus fermentum. The N and O substitution in wall peptidoglycan from Lactobacillus fermentum was studied in relation to growth phase, as well as the lytic activities and the effect of trypsin on them. The N-nonsubstituted sites were determined by dinitrophenylation techniques. The results indicate that an extensive substitution at the O groups takes place as cells go into the stationary growth phase, concomitant with a decrease in their lysozyme sensitivity. N-nonsubstituted residues, mainly glucosamine, occurred in both exponential-phase and stationary-phase walls but not in the corresponding peptidoglycans. Small amounts of N-nonsubstituted muramic acid were detected in walls and peptidoglycan from cells in the stationary growth phase only. N acetylation of isolated walls did not increase their lysozyme sensitivity but rather decreased it. Autolysis of walls was completely inhibited by the chemical modifications used. Trypsin stimulates the lysozyme sensitivity of native walls but has no effect on walls that had been O deacetylated and N acetylated. It is suggested that the effect of trypsin is due to its action as an esterase removing the O acetylation in lysozyme-resistant walls.", "PMID": 1176437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5633", "title": "Correlation of the effects of citric acid cycle metabolites on succinate oxidation by rat liver mitochondria and submitochondrial particles.", "content": "1. Succinate dehydrogenase is inhibited by citrate and beta-hydroxy-butyrate in a complex manner, both in mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. Kinetics of inhibition in the particles points to a competitive component in the mechanism involved. 2. Pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, malate, and glutamate stimulate oxidation of succinate by mitochondria. 3. Stimulation by alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate is not influenced by the presence of rotenone. 4. Stimulation by pyruvate is higher in the absence of rotenone and increases significantly in the presence of K+ and valinomycin. Pyruvate supplies in mitochondria reducing equivalents for malate dehydrogenase operating in the reverse direction-reduction of oxaloacetate to malate. 5. Stimulation by malate is higher in the presence of rotenone.", "contents": "Correlation of the effects of citric acid cycle metabolites on succinate oxidation by rat liver mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. 1. Succinate dehydrogenase is inhibited by citrate and beta-hydroxy-butyrate in a complex manner, both in mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. Kinetics of inhibition in the particles points to a competitive component in the mechanism involved. 2. Pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, malate, and glutamate stimulate oxidation of succinate by mitochondria. 3. Stimulation by alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate is not influenced by the presence of rotenone. 4. Stimulation by pyruvate is higher in the absence of rotenone and increases significantly in the presence of K+ and valinomycin. Pyruvate supplies in mitochondria reducing equivalents for malate dehydrogenase operating in the reverse direction-reduction of oxaloacetate to malate. 5. Stimulation by malate is higher in the presence of rotenone.", "PMID": 1176438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5634", "title": "Substrate-protein interaction in tryptophanase from Bacillus alvei. Kinetic and spectral evaluations.", "content": "This investigation studied the substrate protein interaction of the alpha, beta elimination reaction in tryptophanase (EC 4.1.99.1). The results of this work are 2-fold. (a) The presence of multiple enzyme sites was found to be related to the observed kinetic patterns of inhibition. Indole analogues caused competitive inhibition in the tryptophanase reaction and noncompetitive inhibition in the dehydratase reaction. Inhibition patterns of alanine for these activities were reserved. (b) Under some conditions, compounds which bind presumably at the indole site modified the spectral and fluorescent characteristics of the enzyme. The addition of anthranilate to the enzyme resulted in a broad absorption band around 350 nm. This absorption band was distinct from that formed by alanine addition. Based on absorption data, both of these compounds could be bound simultaneously. The optical activity of tryptophanase was reported for the first time. Indole analogues caused greater conformational alterations in the circular dichroism spectra than 3-carbon analogues. The calculated anisotrophy factors, as well as fluorescent quenching data, suggest a more direct interaction between indole analogues and pyridoxal-P than between 3-carbon compounds that the coenzyme. It is proposed that the indole site is the dominant recognition site. The data are consistent with the three-dimensional aspects of space-filling models of Schiff's bases evaluated in terms of multiple site binding.", "contents": "Substrate-protein interaction in tryptophanase from Bacillus alvei. Kinetic and spectral evaluations. This investigation studied the substrate protein interaction of the alpha, beta elimination reaction in tryptophanase (EC 4.1.99.1). The results of this work are 2-fold. (a) The presence of multiple enzyme sites was found to be related to the observed kinetic patterns of inhibition. Indole analogues caused competitive inhibition in the tryptophanase reaction and noncompetitive inhibition in the dehydratase reaction. Inhibition patterns of alanine for these activities were reserved. (b) Under some conditions, compounds which bind presumably at the indole site modified the spectral and fluorescent characteristics of the enzyme. The addition of anthranilate to the enzyme resulted in a broad absorption band around 350 nm. This absorption band was distinct from that formed by alanine addition. Based on absorption data, both of these compounds could be bound simultaneously. The optical activity of tryptophanase was reported for the first time. Indole analogues caused greater conformational alterations in the circular dichroism spectra than 3-carbon analogues. The calculated anisotrophy factors, as well as fluorescent quenching data, suggest a more direct interaction between indole analogues and pyridoxal-P than between 3-carbon compounds that the coenzyme. It is proposed that the indole site is the dominant recognition site. The data are consistent with the three-dimensional aspects of space-filling models of Schiff's bases evaluated in terms of multiple site binding.", "PMID": 1176439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5635", "title": "Membrane-bound tubulin in brain and thyroid tissue.", "content": "Brain and thyroid tissue contain membrane-bound colchicine-binding activity that is not due to contamination by loosely bound cytoplasmic tubulin. This activity can be solubilized to the extent of 80 to 90% by treatment with 0.2% Nonidet P-40 with retention of colchicine binding. Extracts so obtained contain a prominent protein band in disc gel electrophoresis that co-migrates with tubulin. Membranes, and the solubilized protein therefrom, exhibit ligand binding properties like tubulin; for colchicine the KA is approximately 1 X 10(6) M-1 in brain and approximately 0.6 X 10(6) M-1 in thyroid; for vinblastine the KA is approximately 8 X 10(6) M-1 for both tissues; and for podophyllotoxin the Ki is approximately 2 X 10(-6) M for both tissues. Displacement by analogues of colchicine is of the same order as for soluble tubulin. Although membrane-bound colchicine-binding activity shows greater thermal stability and a higher optimum binding temperature (54 degrees versus 37 degrees) than soluble tubulin, this appears to be the result of the membrane environment since the solubilized binding activity behaves like the soluble tubulin. Antibody against soluble brain tubulin reacts with membranes and solubulized colchicine-binding activity from both brain and thyroid gland. We conclude that brain and thyroid membrane preparations contain firmly bound tubulin or a very similar protein.", "contents": "Membrane-bound tubulin in brain and thyroid tissue. Brain and thyroid tissue contain membrane-bound colchicine-binding activity that is not due to contamination by loosely bound cytoplasmic tubulin. This activity can be solubilized to the extent of 80 to 90% by treatment with 0.2% Nonidet P-40 with retention of colchicine binding. Extracts so obtained contain a prominent protein band in disc gel electrophoresis that co-migrates with tubulin. Membranes, and the solubilized protein therefrom, exhibit ligand binding properties like tubulin; for colchicine the KA is approximately 1 X 10(6) M-1 in brain and approximately 0.6 X 10(6) M-1 in thyroid; for vinblastine the KA is approximately 8 X 10(6) M-1 for both tissues; and for podophyllotoxin the Ki is approximately 2 X 10(-6) M for both tissues. Displacement by analogues of colchicine is of the same order as for soluble tubulin. Although membrane-bound colchicine-binding activity shows greater thermal stability and a higher optimum binding temperature (54 degrees versus 37 degrees) than soluble tubulin, this appears to be the result of the membrane environment since the solubilized binding activity behaves like the soluble tubulin. Antibody against soluble brain tubulin reacts with membranes and solubulized colchicine-binding activity from both brain and thyroid gland. We conclude that brain and thyroid membrane preparations contain firmly bound tubulin or a very similar protein.", "PMID": 1176440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5636", "title": "Calcium-binding protein of bovine intestine. The complete amino acid sequence.", "content": "The amino acid sequence for vitamin D-dependent bovine intestinal calcium binding protein has been established. It contains 85 amino acids in a single chain and lacks cysteine, tryptophan, methionine, histidine, and arginine. The NH2-terminal lysine is blocked by an N-acetyl group. Enzymatic digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin yielded a number of peptides which were purified by two-dimensional high voltage paper electrophoresis. These peptides were examined by end group analysis and sequenced by the dansyl procedure. The absence of tryptophan permitted by a single cleavage of the molecule by N-bromosuccinimide at the tyrosine residue at position 8 and the larger fragment was subjected to automated Edman degradation. By these means, the following sequence was established: N-Ac-Lys-Gln-Ser-Pro-Leu-Glu-Tyr-Ala-Ala-Glu-Lys-Ser-Ile-Gln-Lys-Glu-Ile-Glu-Lys-Gly-Phe-Phe-Lys-Gln-Leu-Leu-Val-Ser-Val-Gln-Lys-Ala-Gly-Asp-Lys-Glu-Ser-Leu-Gln-Pro-Leu-Phe-Thr-Leu-Leu-Lys-Ser-Gly-Pro-Glu-Glu-Asn-Leu-Lys-Glu-Ser-Gln-Asn-Gly-Pro-Asp-Leu-Ls7-Ser-Gly-Pro-Gly-Asn-Asp-Leu-Glu-Glu-Lys-Gly-Thr-Asp-Val-Phe-Ser-Leu-Lys-Gln. Microheterogeneity may exist in the molecule at residue 76 in which position threonine may be replaced by serine. Comparison of the sequence of calcium-binding protein to the \"test\" sequence of Tufty and Kretsinger ((1975) Science 187, 167-169) proposed to identify E-F hands in muscle proteins suggests that intestinal calcium-binding protein may likewise contain one or possibly two E-F hands which could account for calcium-binding property. Dayhoff alignment scores, however, calculated for calcium-binding protein against nine E-F hands in muscle proteins parvalbumin, troponin and alkali light chains do not indicate that intestinal calcium-binding protein is homologous to these muscle protein chains.", "contents": "Calcium-binding protein of bovine intestine. The complete amino acid sequence. The amino acid sequence for vitamin D-dependent bovine intestinal calcium binding protein has been established. It contains 85 amino acids in a single chain and lacks cysteine, tryptophan, methionine, histidine, and arginine. The NH2-terminal lysine is blocked by an N-acetyl group. Enzymatic digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin yielded a number of peptides which were purified by two-dimensional high voltage paper electrophoresis. These peptides were examined by end group analysis and sequenced by the dansyl procedure. The absence of tryptophan permitted by a single cleavage of the molecule by N-bromosuccinimide at the tyrosine residue at position 8 and the larger fragment was subjected to automated Edman degradation. By these means, the following sequence was established: N-Ac-Lys-Gln-Ser-Pro-Leu-Glu-Tyr-Ala-Ala-Glu-Lys-Ser-Ile-Gln-Lys-Glu-Ile-Glu-Lys-Gly-Phe-Phe-Lys-Gln-Leu-Leu-Val-Ser-Val-Gln-Lys-Ala-Gly-Asp-Lys-Glu-Ser-Leu-Gln-Pro-Leu-Phe-Thr-Leu-Leu-Lys-Ser-Gly-Pro-Glu-Glu-Asn-Leu-Lys-Glu-Ser-Gln-Asn-Gly-Pro-Asp-Leu-Ls7-Ser-Gly-Pro-Gly-Asn-Asp-Leu-Glu-Glu-Lys-Gly-Thr-Asp-Val-Phe-Ser-Leu-Lys-Gln. Microheterogeneity may exist in the molecule at residue 76 in which position threonine may be replaced by serine. Comparison of the sequence of calcium-binding protein to the \"test\" sequence of Tufty and Kretsinger ((1975) Science 187, 167-169) proposed to identify E-F hands in muscle proteins suggests that intestinal calcium-binding protein may likewise contain one or possibly two E-F hands which could account for calcium-binding property. Dayhoff alignment scores, however, calculated for calcium-binding protein against nine E-F hands in muscle proteins parvalbumin, troponin and alkali light chains do not indicate that intestinal calcium-binding protein is homologous to these muscle protein chains.", "PMID": 1176441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5637", "title": "Affinity labeling of steroid binding sites. Study of the active site of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with 2alpha-bromoacetoxyprogesterone and 11alpha-bromacetoxyprogesterone.", "content": "To further characterize the active site of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.53) from Streptomyced hydrogenans we synthesized 2alpha-bromoacetoxyprogesterone, a substrate for the enzyme in 0.05 M phosphate buffer at 25 degrees, pH 7.0, with Km and Vmax values of 1.90 X 10(-5) M and 6.09 nmol/min/mg of enzyme, respectively. This affinity labeling steroid inactivates 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in an irreversible and time-dependent manner which follows pseudo-first order kinetics with a t1/2 value of 4.6 hours. 2alpha-[2-3H]Bromoacetoxyprogesterone was synthesized and used to radiolabel the enzyme active site. Amino acid analysis of the acid hydrolysate of the radiolabeled enzyme supports a mechanism whereby the steroid moiety delivers the alkylating group to the steroid binding site of the enzyme where it reacts with a methionyl residue. Both 2alpha- and 11alpha-bromoacetoxyprogesterone alkylate a methionyl residue at the active site of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The enzyme was inactivated with a mixture containing both 2alpha-[2-3H]Bromoacetoxyprogesterone and 11alpha-2[2-14C]bromoacetoxyprogesterone. Following degradation of separate aliquots of the radiolabeled enzyme by cyanogen bromide or trypsin, the protein fragments were separated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Resolution of peptides carrying the 3H label from those possessing the 14C label demonstrates that 2alpha-bromoacetoxyprogesterone and 11alpha-bromoacetoxyprogesterone each label a different methionine at the steroid binding site of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Affinity labeling of steroid binding sites. Study of the active site of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with 2alpha-bromoacetoxyprogesterone and 11alpha-bromacetoxyprogesterone. To further characterize the active site of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.53) from Streptomyced hydrogenans we synthesized 2alpha-bromoacetoxyprogesterone, a substrate for the enzyme in 0.05 M phosphate buffer at 25 degrees, pH 7.0, with Km and Vmax values of 1.90 X 10(-5) M and 6.09 nmol/min/mg of enzyme, respectively. This affinity labeling steroid inactivates 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in an irreversible and time-dependent manner which follows pseudo-first order kinetics with a t1/2 value of 4.6 hours. 2alpha-[2-3H]Bromoacetoxyprogesterone was synthesized and used to radiolabel the enzyme active site. Amino acid analysis of the acid hydrolysate of the radiolabeled enzyme supports a mechanism whereby the steroid moiety delivers the alkylating group to the steroid binding site of the enzyme where it reacts with a methionyl residue. Both 2alpha- and 11alpha-bromoacetoxyprogesterone alkylate a methionyl residue at the active site of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The enzyme was inactivated with a mixture containing both 2alpha-[2-3H]Bromoacetoxyprogesterone and 11alpha-2[2-14C]bromoacetoxyprogesterone. Following degradation of separate aliquots of the radiolabeled enzyme by cyanogen bromide or trypsin, the protein fragments were separated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Resolution of peptides carrying the 3H label from those possessing the 14C label demonstrates that 2alpha-bromoacetoxyprogesterone and 11alpha-bromoacetoxyprogesterone each label a different methionine at the steroid binding site of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 1176442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5638", "title": "Synthesis of 16alpha-bromoacetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether and study of the steroid binding site of human placental estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase.", "content": "Homogeneous estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.62) was prepared from human placenta by affinity chromatography and the steroid binding site was studied with affinity-labeling techniques. 16alpha-Bromoacetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether and the tritated compound were synthesized by condensation of estriol 3-methyl ether with bromoacetic acid or [2-3H]bromoacetic acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. 16alpha-Bromoacetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether is stable in 0.01 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.0, 25 degrees, for at least 24 hours. It alkylates cysteine, histidine, methionine, lysine, and tryptophan under physiological conditions. The steroid is a substrate of estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase, thus it must bind at the steroid binding site. The inactivation of estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase by 150-fold molar concentrations of 16alpha-bromoacetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether follows pseudo-first order kinetics with a half-time of 1.5 hours. Estradiol-17beta, NADH, and NADPH slow the rate of inactivation. 2-Mercaptoethanol in molar concentrations 50-fold that of 16alpha-bromoacetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether stops the inactivation, but does not reverse it. 16alpha-Bromoacetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether alkylates both NADH and NADPH; the presence of small amounts of enzyme markedly increases the rate of this alkylation. When the enzyme is inactivated with 16alpha-[2-3H]bromoacetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether, amino acid analysis of acid hydrolysates reveals 3-carboxymethylhistidine and 1,3-dicarboxymethylhistidine. Comparison of 28 and 51% inactivated samples indicates that, as inactivation proceeds, the total amount of 3-carboxymethylhistidine decreases, while 1,3-dicarboxymethylhistidine increases, suggesting that the former is converted to the latter by a second alkylation step. When the enzyme is inactivated in the presence of a large excess of NADPH, only 1,3-dicarboxymethylhistidine is found. From the present study it is concluded that estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase has a histidyl residue present in the catalytic region of the active site as does the previously studied 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Synthesis of 16alpha-bromoacetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether and study of the steroid binding site of human placental estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase. Homogeneous estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.62) was prepared from human placenta by affinity chromatography and the steroid binding site was studied with affinity-labeling techniques. 16alpha-Bromoacetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether and the tritated compound were synthesized by condensation of estriol 3-methyl ether with bromoacetic acid or [2-3H]bromoacetic acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. 16alpha-Bromoacetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether is stable in 0.01 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.0, 25 degrees, for at least 24 hours. It alkylates cysteine, histidine, methionine, lysine, and tryptophan under physiological conditions. The steroid is a substrate of estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase, thus it must bind at the steroid binding site. The inactivation of estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase by 150-fold molar concentrations of 16alpha-bromoacetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether follows pseudo-first order kinetics with a half-time of 1.5 hours. Estradiol-17beta, NADH, and NADPH slow the rate of inactivation. 2-Mercaptoethanol in molar concentrations 50-fold that of 16alpha-bromoacetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether stops the inactivation, but does not reverse it. 16alpha-Bromoacetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether alkylates both NADH and NADPH; the presence of small amounts of enzyme markedly increases the rate of this alkylation. When the enzyme is inactivated with 16alpha-[2-3H]bromoacetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether, amino acid analysis of acid hydrolysates reveals 3-carboxymethylhistidine and 1,3-dicarboxymethylhistidine. Comparison of 28 and 51% inactivated samples indicates that, as inactivation proceeds, the total amount of 3-carboxymethylhistidine decreases, while 1,3-dicarboxymethylhistidine increases, suggesting that the former is converted to the latter by a second alkylation step. When the enzyme is inactivated in the presence of a large excess of NADPH, only 1,3-dicarboxymethylhistidine is found. From the present study it is concluded that estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase has a histidyl residue present in the catalytic region of the active site as does the previously studied 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 1176443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5639", "title": "Human plasma R-type vitamin B12-binding proteins. I. Isolation and characterization of transcobalamin I. TRANSCOBALAMIN III. and the normal granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein.", "content": "Transcobalamin I and transcobalamin III have been purified approximately 6,000,000- and 3,000,000-fold, respectively, from normal human plasma using a purification scheme consisting of immunoadsorption, dialysis against 7.5 M guanidine HCl to remove endogenous vitamin B12, and affinity chromatography on vitamin B12-Sepharose. The two proteins were separated from each other subsequently by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The vitamin B12-binding protein present in granulocytes obtained from normal subjects has been purified approximately 5000-fold using affinity chromatography on vitamin B12-Sepharose as the sole purification technique. The final preparations of all three proteins were homogeneous based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Transcobalamin I and transcobalamin III belong to the R-typed class of vitamin B12-binding proteins and are indistinguishable from each other, and from the human granulocyte, milk, and saliva R-type vitamin B12-binding proteins, when studied by immunodiffusion with rabbit anti-human milk vitamin B12-binding protein sera. The carbohydrate compositions, expressed as moles of carbohydrate per mole of vitamin B12, of transcobalamin I, transcobalamin III, and the normal granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein, respectively, are: sialic acid, 18, 11, 11; fucose, 9, 20, 24; galactose, 41, 51, 46; mannose, 24, 22, 20; galactosamine, 2, 2, 2; and glucosamine, 46, 54, 46. The high sialic acid content of transcobalamin I appears to account for the fact that this protein elutes after transcobalamin III and the normal granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein during chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. This observation provides support for the hypothesis that differences among the R-type vitamin B12-binding proteins are due to differences in carbohydrate content. The similarities in carbohydrate composition and other properties of transcobalamin III and the granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein provide support for the hypothesis that human plasma transcobalamin III is derived from granulocytes. The differences observed between transcobalamin I and the normal granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein suggest that transcobalamin I may not be derived from granulocytes.", "contents": "Human plasma R-type vitamin B12-binding proteins. I. Isolation and characterization of transcobalamin I. TRANSCOBALAMIN III. and the normal granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein. Transcobalamin I and transcobalamin III have been purified approximately 6,000,000- and 3,000,000-fold, respectively, from normal human plasma using a purification scheme consisting of immunoadsorption, dialysis against 7.5 M guanidine HCl to remove endogenous vitamin B12, and affinity chromatography on vitamin B12-Sepharose. The two proteins were separated from each other subsequently by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The vitamin B12-binding protein present in granulocytes obtained from normal subjects has been purified approximately 5000-fold using affinity chromatography on vitamin B12-Sepharose as the sole purification technique. The final preparations of all three proteins were homogeneous based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Transcobalamin I and transcobalamin III belong to the R-typed class of vitamin B12-binding proteins and are indistinguishable from each other, and from the human granulocyte, milk, and saliva R-type vitamin B12-binding proteins, when studied by immunodiffusion with rabbit anti-human milk vitamin B12-binding protein sera. The carbohydrate compositions, expressed as moles of carbohydrate per mole of vitamin B12, of transcobalamin I, transcobalamin III, and the normal granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein, respectively, are: sialic acid, 18, 11, 11; fucose, 9, 20, 24; galactose, 41, 51, 46; mannose, 24, 22, 20; galactosamine, 2, 2, 2; and glucosamine, 46, 54, 46. The high sialic acid content of transcobalamin I appears to account for the fact that this protein elutes after transcobalamin III and the normal granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein during chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. This observation provides support for the hypothesis that differences among the R-type vitamin B12-binding proteins are due to differences in carbohydrate content. The similarities in carbohydrate composition and other properties of transcobalamin III and the granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein provide support for the hypothesis that human plasma transcobalamin III is derived from granulocytes. The differences observed between transcobalamin I and the normal granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein suggest that transcobalamin I may not be derived from granulocytes.", "PMID": 1176444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5640", "title": "Human plasma R-type vitamin B12-binding proteins. II. The role of transcobalamin I, transcobalamin III, and the normal granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein in the plasma transport of vitamin B12.", "content": "The normal human granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein, transcobalamin I, and transcobalamin III, have been labeled with 125I-labeled N-succinimidyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate and utilized for plasma clearance studies performed with rabbits. Both moieties of 125I-labeled granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein-[57Co]vitamin B12 were cleared rapidly from the plasma (is less than 90% by 5 min) by the liver. After 30 min, the bulk of the 125I reappeared in the plasma in small molecular weight (less than 1000) form and was rapidly excreted in the urine. After 60 min the bulk of the [57Co]vitamin B12 reappeared in the plasma bound to rabbit transcobalamin II and was subsequently taken up by a variety of tissues. Approximately 15% of the 125I-labeled granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein-[57Co-a1vitamin B12 was excreted intact into the bile during the period from 10 to 80 min after injection. The hepatic uptake of the protein-vitamin B12 complex was blocked by the prior injection of desialyzed fetuin but not by native fetuin. Similar results were obtained with 125I-labeled transcobalamin III-[57Co]vitamin B12. Approximately 90% of both moieties of 125I-labeled transcobalamin I-[57Co]vitamin B12 had prolonged plasma survivals similar to that of 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin. After treatment with neuraminadase, both moieties of the 125I-labeled transcobalamin I-[57Co]vitamin B12 complex were cleared rapidly from the plasma by the liver in a manner that was indistinguishable from that observed in the case of untreated granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein and transcobalamin III. These observations indicate that desialyzed transcobalamin I and the native forms of the granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein and transcobalamin III are cleared from plasma by the mechanism elucidated by Ashwell and Morell (Ashwell, G., and Morell A. G. (1974) Adv. Enzymol. 41, 99-128) that is capable of clearing a wide variety of asialoglycoproteins. These observations have implications concerning the function of the human R-type vitamin B12-binding proteins, the nature of the enterohepatic circulation of vitamin B12, the biological significance of the mechanism described by Ashwell and Morell, and the etiology of the increased plasma concentration of human R-type protein that occurs frequently in chronic myelogenous leukemia and occasionally in hepatocellular carcinoma and other solid tumors.", "contents": "Human plasma R-type vitamin B12-binding proteins. II. The role of transcobalamin I, transcobalamin III, and the normal granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein in the plasma transport of vitamin B12. The normal human granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein, transcobalamin I, and transcobalamin III, have been labeled with 125I-labeled N-succinimidyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate and utilized for plasma clearance studies performed with rabbits. Both moieties of 125I-labeled granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein-[57Co]vitamin B12 were cleared rapidly from the plasma (is less than 90% by 5 min) by the liver. After 30 min, the bulk of the 125I reappeared in the plasma in small molecular weight (less than 1000) form and was rapidly excreted in the urine. After 60 min the bulk of the [57Co]vitamin B12 reappeared in the plasma bound to rabbit transcobalamin II and was subsequently taken up by a variety of tissues. Approximately 15% of the 125I-labeled granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein-[57Co-a1vitamin B12 was excreted intact into the bile during the period from 10 to 80 min after injection. The hepatic uptake of the protein-vitamin B12 complex was blocked by the prior injection of desialyzed fetuin but not by native fetuin. Similar results were obtained with 125I-labeled transcobalamin III-[57Co]vitamin B12. Approximately 90% of both moieties of 125I-labeled transcobalamin I-[57Co]vitamin B12 had prolonged plasma survivals similar to that of 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin. After treatment with neuraminadase, both moieties of the 125I-labeled transcobalamin I-[57Co]vitamin B12 complex were cleared rapidly from the plasma by the liver in a manner that was indistinguishable from that observed in the case of untreated granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein and transcobalamin III. These observations indicate that desialyzed transcobalamin I and the native forms of the granulocyte vitamin B12-binding protein and transcobalamin III are cleared from plasma by the mechanism elucidated by Ashwell and Morell (Ashwell, G., and Morell A. G. (1974) Adv. Enzymol. 41, 99-128) that is capable of clearing a wide variety of asialoglycoproteins. These observations have implications concerning the function of the human R-type vitamin B12-binding proteins, the nature of the enterohepatic circulation of vitamin B12, the biological significance of the mechanism described by Ashwell and Morell, and the etiology of the increased plasma concentration of human R-type protein that occurs frequently in chronic myelogenous leukemia and occasionally in hepatocellular carcinoma and other solid tumors.", "PMID": 1176445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5641", "title": "Biochemical and immunological studies of purified mouse beta-galactosidase.", "content": "Beta-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) has been purified from the livers of C57BL/6J mice. The enzyme migrated as a single band of protein on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The molecular weight of the denatured and reduced enzyme was 63,000. The native form of beta-galactosidase appeared to be a tetramer of 240,000 at pH 5.0, which was reversibly dissociated at alkaline pH to a dimer with apparent molecular weight of 113,000. Multiple charge isomers of beta-galactosidase were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ion exchange chromatography. Treatment of beta-galactosidase with neuraminidase markedly reduced its electrophoretic mobility. Purified enzyme as well as crude liver extract hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucoside at one-tenth the rate of hydrolysis of the beta-galactoside. Antiserum to the purified enzyme precipitated the major portion of beta-galactosidase activity of mouse liver, brain, and kidney. This antiserum cross-reacts with beta-galactosidases from rat and Chinese hamster, but not with human, porcine, or bovine beta-galactosidase.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological studies of purified mouse beta-galactosidase. Beta-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) has been purified from the livers of C57BL/6J mice. The enzyme migrated as a single band of protein on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The molecular weight of the denatured and reduced enzyme was 63,000. The native form of beta-galactosidase appeared to be a tetramer of 240,000 at pH 5.0, which was reversibly dissociated at alkaline pH to a dimer with apparent molecular weight of 113,000. Multiple charge isomers of beta-galactosidase were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ion exchange chromatography. Treatment of beta-galactosidase with neuraminidase markedly reduced its electrophoretic mobility. Purified enzyme as well as crude liver extract hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucoside at one-tenth the rate of hydrolysis of the beta-galactoside. Antiserum to the purified enzyme precipitated the major portion of beta-galactosidase activity of mouse liver, brain, and kidney. This antiserum cross-reacts with beta-galactosidases from rat and Chinese hamster, but not with human, porcine, or bovine beta-galactosidase.", "PMID": 1176446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5642", "title": "Bovine renal glomerular basement membrane. Isolation and characterization of a glycoprotein component.", "content": "Bovine glomerular basement membrane was extracted with 6 M guanidinium chloride and the soluble material fractionated on a Bio-Gel A-1.5m column in 1% Na dodecyl-SO4. A single component was obtained by reduction of a selected column fraction with 2-mercaptoethanol followed by chromatography on an analytical Bio-Gel A-1.5m column and shown to be homogenous by electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. It consists of 90% protein and 8.6% carbohydrate by weight. The amino acid composition is characterized by the presence of low amounts of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, and substantial amounts of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, half-cystine, and glycine. It contains all the monosaccharide constituents present in the whole basement membrane indicating the presence of both heteropolysaccharide and disaccharide units; the presence of the latter unit was demonstrated unequivocally by ion exchange chromatography. The component contains 1 heteropolysaccharide unit and 4 dissaccharide units/molecule of Mr equals 70,000. The molecular weight of component VII was determined by several methods. Molecular weight values of 68,000 +/- 3,000 and 72,000 +/- 2,000 were determined in 6 M guanidinium chloride by the methods of sedimentation equilibrium and gel filtration chromatography, respectively, and values of 136,000 +/- 3,100 and 140,000 +/- 2,000 were determined in 1% Na dodecyl-SO4 by the methods of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography, respectively. Circular dichroism spectra indicate that component VII assumes a random coil conformation in 6 M guanidinium chloride and a more disordered conformation in 1% Na dodecyl-SO4 than standard proteins used in calibration of polyacrylamide gels and gel filtration column. These results indicate that the minimal molecular weight of component VII is about 70,000 and that the anomalous behavior in Na dodecyl-SO4 is due in part to its conformation.", "contents": "Bovine renal glomerular basement membrane. Isolation and characterization of a glycoprotein component. Bovine glomerular basement membrane was extracted with 6 M guanidinium chloride and the soluble material fractionated on a Bio-Gel A-1.5m column in 1% Na dodecyl-SO4. A single component was obtained by reduction of a selected column fraction with 2-mercaptoethanol followed by chromatography on an analytical Bio-Gel A-1.5m column and shown to be homogenous by electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. It consists of 90% protein and 8.6% carbohydrate by weight. The amino acid composition is characterized by the presence of low amounts of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, and substantial amounts of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, half-cystine, and glycine. It contains all the monosaccharide constituents present in the whole basement membrane indicating the presence of both heteropolysaccharide and disaccharide units; the presence of the latter unit was demonstrated unequivocally by ion exchange chromatography. The component contains 1 heteropolysaccharide unit and 4 dissaccharide units/molecule of Mr equals 70,000. The molecular weight of component VII was determined by several methods. Molecular weight values of 68,000 +/- 3,000 and 72,000 +/- 2,000 were determined in 6 M guanidinium chloride by the methods of sedimentation equilibrium and gel filtration chromatography, respectively, and values of 136,000 +/- 3,100 and 140,000 +/- 2,000 were determined in 1% Na dodecyl-SO4 by the methods of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography, respectively. Circular dichroism spectra indicate that component VII assumes a random coil conformation in 6 M guanidinium chloride and a more disordered conformation in 1% Na dodecyl-SO4 than standard proteins used in calibration of polyacrylamide gels and gel filtration column. These results indicate that the minimal molecular weight of component VII is about 70,000 and that the anomalous behavior in Na dodecyl-SO4 is due in part to its conformation.", "PMID": 1176447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5643", "title": "A probable oxocarbonium ion in the reaction mechanism of small intestinal sucrase and isomaltase.", "content": "1-5-D-Gluconolactone is a competitive inhibitor of both sucrase and isomaltase. Substitution of the 1H and 2H at C1 of the glucosyl moiety in p-CL-phenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside leads to a decrease in kcat of both sucrase and isomaltase, the k1H/k2H ranging between 1.14 and 1.20. Treatment of the association constants and of the kcat values for a number of p-substituted phenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosides on the basis of the Hammet-Hansch equation has allowed the estimation of the importance of hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity as well as of the magnitude of the p values for both substrate-enzyme interaction and catalysis in both sucrase and isomaltase. The magnitude of the secondary deuterium effect as well as the low values of p in both sucrase and isomlatase are strongly indicative of the rate-limiting step going through the formation of an oxocarbonium ion. In conjunction with other observations reported previously, the data presented here led to the suggestion of the main lines of a reaction mechanism for the two glucosidases: prptonation of the glycosidic oxygen is followed by the liberation of the \"aglycone\" with formation of an oxocarbonium ion, which is temporarily stabilized by a carboxylate group.", "contents": "A probable oxocarbonium ion in the reaction mechanism of small intestinal sucrase and isomaltase. 1-5-D-Gluconolactone is a competitive inhibitor of both sucrase and isomaltase. Substitution of the 1H and 2H at C1 of the glucosyl moiety in p-CL-phenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside leads to a decrease in kcat of both sucrase and isomaltase, the k1H/k2H ranging between 1.14 and 1.20. Treatment of the association constants and of the kcat values for a number of p-substituted phenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosides on the basis of the Hammet-Hansch equation has allowed the estimation of the importance of hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity as well as of the magnitude of the p values for both substrate-enzyme interaction and catalysis in both sucrase and isomaltase. The magnitude of the secondary deuterium effect as well as the low values of p in both sucrase and isomlatase are strongly indicative of the rate-limiting step going through the formation of an oxocarbonium ion. In conjunction with other observations reported previously, the data presented here led to the suggestion of the main lines of a reaction mechanism for the two glucosidases: prptonation of the glycosidic oxygen is followed by the liberation of the \"aglycone\" with formation of an oxocarbonium ion, which is temporarily stabilized by a carboxylate group.", "PMID": 1176448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5644", "title": "Small intestinal sucrase and isomaltase split the bond between glucosyl-C1 and the glycosyl oxygen.", "content": "The products of the hydrolysis of sucrose and palatinose by the sucrase-isomaltase complex from rabbit small intestine were investigated by persilylation followed by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. If the hydrolysis is carried out in H218O, the heavy oxygen is found exclusively at the Ci of the alpha-glucopyranose formed. The 18O enrichment equals that of the incubation medium. The oxygen exchange between the monosaccharides and water is not accelerated by the sucrase-isomaltase complex. These observations show that the bond split by the sucarse and the isomaltase moiety of the complex is the one between glucosyl-Ci and the glucosyl oxygen. They agree with the mechanism proposed for these carbohydrases in the accompanying paper (Cogoli, A., and Semenza, G. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 7802-7809) involving the formation of an oxocarbonium ion.", "contents": "Small intestinal sucrase and isomaltase split the bond between glucosyl-C1 and the glycosyl oxygen. The products of the hydrolysis of sucrose and palatinose by the sucrase-isomaltase complex from rabbit small intestine were investigated by persilylation followed by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. If the hydrolysis is carried out in H218O, the heavy oxygen is found exclusively at the Ci of the alpha-glucopyranose formed. The 18O enrichment equals that of the incubation medium. The oxygen exchange between the monosaccharides and water is not accelerated by the sucrase-isomaltase complex. These observations show that the bond split by the sucarse and the isomaltase moiety of the complex is the one between glucosyl-Ci and the glucosyl oxygen. They agree with the mechanism proposed for these carbohydrases in the accompanying paper (Cogoli, A., and Semenza, G. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 7802-7809) involving the formation of an oxocarbonium ion.", "PMID": 1176449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5645", "title": "Subunit structure and amino acid composition of xylose isomerase from Streptomyces albus.", "content": "The subunit structure and amino acid composition of xylose isomerase from Streptomyces albus have been examined. A native molecular weight of 165,000 determined by sedimentation equilibrium was reduced to 43,000 when the protein was treated with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. No further reduction in molecular weight was observed when potential disulfide bridges of xylose isomerase were reduced and alkylated, indicating that the protein was devoid of interchain disulfide bonds. NH2-terminal analysis using [3H]dansyl chloride showed 0.86 residues of methionine per Mr equals 41,500 unit. Analysis of the native protein with an automated protein sequenator revealed the presence of only one degradable polypeptide chain. Fractionation of the soluble tryptic peptides of S-[14C]carboxymethyl xylose isomerase by ion exchange chromatography and one-dimensional paper electrophoresis yielded 37 to 43 peptides. When the acid-insoluble tryptic peptides were dissolved and analyzed using gel filtration techniques, and additional four peptides were found. A unique radioactive tryptic peptide containing S-carboxymethylcysteine was found among the soluble peptides, confirming cysteine as the limiting amino acid residue in the amino acid composition of xylose isomerase. On the basis of its lysine and arginine content, the number of tryptic peptides is consistent with the hypothesis that the native xylose isomerase is a tetramer of four very similar or identical subunits of Mr equals 41,500, associated by noncovalent bonds.", "contents": "Subunit structure and amino acid composition of xylose isomerase from Streptomyces albus. The subunit structure and amino acid composition of xylose isomerase from Streptomyces albus have been examined. A native molecular weight of 165,000 determined by sedimentation equilibrium was reduced to 43,000 when the protein was treated with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. No further reduction in molecular weight was observed when potential disulfide bridges of xylose isomerase were reduced and alkylated, indicating that the protein was devoid of interchain disulfide bonds. NH2-terminal analysis using [3H]dansyl chloride showed 0.86 residues of methionine per Mr equals 41,500 unit. Analysis of the native protein with an automated protein sequenator revealed the presence of only one degradable polypeptide chain. Fractionation of the soluble tryptic peptides of S-[14C]carboxymethyl xylose isomerase by ion exchange chromatography and one-dimensional paper electrophoresis yielded 37 to 43 peptides. When the acid-insoluble tryptic peptides were dissolved and analyzed using gel filtration techniques, and additional four peptides were found. A unique radioactive tryptic peptide containing S-carboxymethylcysteine was found among the soluble peptides, confirming cysteine as the limiting amino acid residue in the amino acid composition of xylose isomerase. On the basis of its lysine and arginine content, the number of tryptic peptides is consistent with the hypothesis that the native xylose isomerase is a tetramer of four very similar or identical subunits of Mr equals 41,500, associated by noncovalent bonds.", "PMID": 1176450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5646", "title": "Relationship between iodination and the polypeptide chain composition of thyroglobulin.", "content": "Thyroglobulin was isolated from thyroid glands of normal guinea pigs and from animals treated with thiouracil. These preparations were fractionated by isopyknic centrifugation in RbCl into proteins of varying iodine content. When the disulfide bonds of these protein fractions were reduced and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in Na dodecyl-SO4, t hree species were observed with molecular weights of 295,000 (A), 210,000 (B), and 110,000 (C). Species A comprised 80% of the protein in thyroglobulin of 0.04% iodine and 13% in thyroglobulin of 0.68% iodine content. Species C showed the opposite relationship, comprising 10% of the low and 70% of the high iodine thyroglobulin. Species B was relatively independent of the iodine content and represented approximately 20% of the protein. Iodine analysis of these proteins showed species A to be lowest and species C highest. It appears that the subunit composition of thyroglobulin depends on the degree of iodination and that species A should be the only one present in the absence of iodination.", "contents": "Relationship between iodination and the polypeptide chain composition of thyroglobulin. Thyroglobulin was isolated from thyroid glands of normal guinea pigs and from animals treated with thiouracil. These preparations were fractionated by isopyknic centrifugation in RbCl into proteins of varying iodine content. When the disulfide bonds of these protein fractions were reduced and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in Na dodecyl-SO4, t hree species were observed with molecular weights of 295,000 (A), 210,000 (B), and 110,000 (C). Species A comprised 80% of the protein in thyroglobulin of 0.04% iodine and 13% in thyroglobulin of 0.68% iodine content. Species C showed the opposite relationship, comprising 10% of the low and 70% of the high iodine thyroglobulin. Species B was relatively independent of the iodine content and represented approximately 20% of the protein. Iodine analysis of these proteins showed species A to be lowest and species C highest. It appears that the subunit composition of thyroglobulin depends on the degree of iodination and that species A should be the only one present in the absence of iodination.", "PMID": 1176451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5647", "title": "Aspects of energy-linked calcium accumulation by rat heart mitochondria.", "content": "When intact rat heart mitochondria were pulsed with 150 nmol of CaCl2/mg of mitochondrial protein, only a marginal stimulation of the rate of oxygen consumption was observed. This result was obtained with mitochondria isolated in either the presence or absence of nagarse. In contrast, rat liver mitochondria under similar conditions demonstrated a rapid, reversible burst of respiration associated with energy-linked calcium accumulation. Direct analysis of calcium retention using 45Ca and Millipore filtration indicated that calcium was accumulated by heart mitochondria under the above conditions via a unique energy-dependent process. The rate of translocation by heart mitochondria was less than that of liver mitochondria; likewise the release of bound calcium back into the medium was also retarded. These results suggest that the slower accumulation and release of calcium is characteristic of heart mitochondria. The amound of calcium bound was independent of penetrant anions at low calcium concentrations. Above 100 nmol/mg of mitochondrial protein, the total calcium bound was increased by the presence of inorganic phosphate. Under nonrespiring conditions, a biphasic Scatchard plot indicative of binding sites with different affinities for Ca2+ was observed. The extrapolated constants are 7.5 nmol/mg bound with an apparent half-saturation value of 75 muM and 42.5 nmol/mg bound with half-saturation at 1.15 mM. The response of the reduced State 4 cytochrome b to pulsed additions of Ca2+ was used to calculate an energy-dependent half-saturation constant of 40 muM. When the concentration of free calcium was stabilized at low levels with Ca2+-EGTA buffers, the spectrophotometrically determined binding constant decreased two orders of magnitude to an apparent affinity of 4.16 X 10(-7) M. Primary of calcium transport over oxidative phosphorylation was not observed with heart mitochondria. The phosphorylation of ADP competed with Ca2+ accumulation, depressed the rates of cation transport, and altered the profile of respiration-linked H+ movements. Consistent with these result was the observation that with liver mitochondrial the magnitude of the cytochrome b oxidation-reduction shift was greater for Ca2+ than for ADP, whereas calcium responses never surpassed the ADP response in heart mitochondria. Furthermore, Mg2+ ingibited calcium accumulation by heart mitochondria while having only a slight effect upon calcium transport in liver mitochondria. The unique energetics of heart mitochondrial calcium transport are discussed relative to the regulated flux of cations during the cardiac excitation-relaxation cycle.", "contents": "Aspects of energy-linked calcium accumulation by rat heart mitochondria. When intact rat heart mitochondria were pulsed with 150 nmol of CaCl2/mg of mitochondrial protein, only a marginal stimulation of the rate of oxygen consumption was observed. This result was obtained with mitochondria isolated in either the presence or absence of nagarse. In contrast, rat liver mitochondria under similar conditions demonstrated a rapid, reversible burst of respiration associated with energy-linked calcium accumulation. Direct analysis of calcium retention using 45Ca and Millipore filtration indicated that calcium was accumulated by heart mitochondria under the above conditions via a unique energy-dependent process. The rate of translocation by heart mitochondria was less than that of liver mitochondria; likewise the release of bound calcium back into the medium was also retarded. These results suggest that the slower accumulation and release of calcium is characteristic of heart mitochondria. The amound of calcium bound was independent of penetrant anions at low calcium concentrations. Above 100 nmol/mg of mitochondrial protein, the total calcium bound was increased by the presence of inorganic phosphate. Under nonrespiring conditions, a biphasic Scatchard plot indicative of binding sites with different affinities for Ca2+ was observed. The extrapolated constants are 7.5 nmol/mg bound with an apparent half-saturation value of 75 muM and 42.5 nmol/mg bound with half-saturation at 1.15 mM. The response of the reduced State 4 cytochrome b to pulsed additions of Ca2+ was used to calculate an energy-dependent half-saturation constant of 40 muM. When the concentration of free calcium was stabilized at low levels with Ca2+-EGTA buffers, the spectrophotometrically determined binding constant decreased two orders of magnitude to an apparent affinity of 4.16 X 10(-7) M. Primary of calcium transport over oxidative phosphorylation was not observed with heart mitochondria. The phosphorylation of ADP competed with Ca2+ accumulation, depressed the rates of cation transport, and altered the profile of respiration-linked H+ movements. Consistent with these result was the observation that with liver mitochondrial the magnitude of the cytochrome b oxidation-reduction shift was greater for Ca2+ than for ADP, whereas calcium responses never surpassed the ADP response in heart mitochondria. Furthermore, Mg2+ ingibited calcium accumulation by heart mitochondria while having only a slight effect upon calcium transport in liver mitochondria. The unique energetics of heart mitochondrial calcium transport are discussed relative to the regulated flux of cations during the cardiac excitation-relaxation cycle.", "PMID": 1176452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5648", "title": "Preferred binding of bovine and porcine trypsins at two different sites on chicken ovoinhibitor. Reduced dissociation of mixed trypsin complexes.", "content": "Dissociation of mixed trypsin (bovine plus porcine trypsin) complexes with chicken ovoinhibitor was used to investigate the nonequivalence of the two binding sites for trypsin on the inhibitor. Previous work has shown that 1 mol of trypsin dissociates much more rapidly than the 2nd from unmixed trypsin complexes, those containing 2 mol of one kind of trypsin, bovine or porcine, per mol of inhibitor. However, only approximately 0.5 to 0.6 mol of trypsin dissociated in the rapid step from the mixed trypsin complexes, those containing 1 mol each of bovine and porcine trypsin. Rates of the slow dissociation steps for the two types of complexes did not differ appreciably from each other. A general dissociation scheme is proposed, in which each of the 2:1 complexes can lose a trypsin molecule from either in two parrallel first order reactions, producing two different 1:1 complexes, which subsequently dissociate to yield free ovoinhibitor and a second trypsin molecule. In this scheme, both the earlier results with unmixed trypsin complexes and the preponderance (approximately 3:1) of slow dissociation from the mixed trypsin complexes can be rationalized if bovine trypsin is retained preferentially at one of the two trypsin binding sites on chicken ovoinhibitor, and porcine trypsin at the other. That is, one site allows rapid dissociation of porcine trypsin and slow dissociation of bovine trypsin, whereas the other allows rapid dissociation of bovine trypsin and slow dissociation of porcine trypsin.", "contents": "Preferred binding of bovine and porcine trypsins at two different sites on chicken ovoinhibitor. Reduced dissociation of mixed trypsin complexes. Dissociation of mixed trypsin (bovine plus porcine trypsin) complexes with chicken ovoinhibitor was used to investigate the nonequivalence of the two binding sites for trypsin on the inhibitor. Previous work has shown that 1 mol of trypsin dissociates much more rapidly than the 2nd from unmixed trypsin complexes, those containing 2 mol of one kind of trypsin, bovine or porcine, per mol of inhibitor. However, only approximately 0.5 to 0.6 mol of trypsin dissociated in the rapid step from the mixed trypsin complexes, those containing 1 mol each of bovine and porcine trypsin. Rates of the slow dissociation steps for the two types of complexes did not differ appreciably from each other. A general dissociation scheme is proposed, in which each of the 2:1 complexes can lose a trypsin molecule from either in two parrallel first order reactions, producing two different 1:1 complexes, which subsequently dissociate to yield free ovoinhibitor and a second trypsin molecule. In this scheme, both the earlier results with unmixed trypsin complexes and the preponderance (approximately 3:1) of slow dissociation from the mixed trypsin complexes can be rationalized if bovine trypsin is retained preferentially at one of the two trypsin binding sites on chicken ovoinhibitor, and porcine trypsin at the other. That is, one site allows rapid dissociation of porcine trypsin and slow dissociation of bovine trypsin, whereas the other allows rapid dissociation of bovine trypsin and slow dissociation of porcine trypsin.", "PMID": 1176453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5649", "title": "Superstoichiometric Ca2+ uptake supported by hydrolysis of endogenous ATP in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The nature of the energy store causing rapid superstoichiometric leads to H+/2e minus ejection and leads to Ca2+/2e minus uptake ratios in rat liver mitochondria pulsed with Ca2+ has been investigated. The extent and the rate of the initial fast superstoichiometric phase of H plus ejection were greatly reduced by oligomycin and other ATPase inhibitors; the subsequent shoichiometric phase was unaffected. No such inhibition was seen with atractyloside. Similarly, the initial fast phase of Ca2+ uptake was reduced in extent by oligomycin, whereas the slower stoichiometric phase was unaffected. Moreover, the ATP content of mitochondria previously incubated with succinate decreased by about 80% within 5 s after pulsing with Ca2+. The energy store for superstoichiometric Ca2+ uptake and H plus injection is thus identified as endogenous ATP.", "contents": "Superstoichiometric Ca2+ uptake supported by hydrolysis of endogenous ATP in rat liver mitochondria. The nature of the energy store causing rapid superstoichiometric leads to H+/2e minus ejection and leads to Ca2+/2e minus uptake ratios in rat liver mitochondria pulsed with Ca2+ has been investigated. The extent and the rate of the initial fast superstoichiometric phase of H plus ejection were greatly reduced by oligomycin and other ATPase inhibitors; the subsequent shoichiometric phase was unaffected. No such inhibition was seen with atractyloside. Similarly, the initial fast phase of Ca2+ uptake was reduced in extent by oligomycin, whereas the slower stoichiometric phase was unaffected. Moreover, the ATP content of mitochondria previously incubated with succinate decreased by about 80% within 5 s after pulsing with Ca2+. The energy store for superstoichiometric Ca2+ uptake and H plus injection is thus identified as endogenous ATP.", "PMID": 1176454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5650", "title": "Metabolic implications of the distribution of the alanine aminotransferase isoenzymes.", "content": "The distribution of alanine aminotransferase isozymes in several tissues from several species has been studied. In glycolytic tissues, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle, cytosolic alanine aminotransferase was the predominant form. In gluconeogenic tissues, such as liver and kidney, the concentration of the cytosolic alanine aminotransferase was much more variable; its presence, however, may be correlated with the presence of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the same compartment. The particulate enzyme was found associated only with the matrix of the mitochondria. It was present only in those gluconeogenic tissues that can utilize alanine for glucose production, e.g. rat liver and pig liver and kidney; it was absent from rat kidney which cannot convert alanine to glucose. These observations, together with the kinetic parameters of the two isozymes, suggest that in vivo, mitochondrial alanine aminotransferase is involved in the conversion of alanine to pyruvate, while the cytosolic isoenzyme is mainly involved in the formation of alanine from pyruvate.", "contents": "Metabolic implications of the distribution of the alanine aminotransferase isoenzymes. The distribution of alanine aminotransferase isozymes in several tissues from several species has been studied. In glycolytic tissues, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle, cytosolic alanine aminotransferase was the predominant form. In gluconeogenic tissues, such as liver and kidney, the concentration of the cytosolic alanine aminotransferase was much more variable; its presence, however, may be correlated with the presence of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the same compartment. The particulate enzyme was found associated only with the matrix of the mitochondria. It was present only in those gluconeogenic tissues that can utilize alanine for glucose production, e.g. rat liver and pig liver and kidney; it was absent from rat kidney which cannot convert alanine to glucose. These observations, together with the kinetic parameters of the two isozymes, suggest that in vivo, mitochondrial alanine aminotransferase is involved in the conversion of alanine to pyruvate, while the cytosolic isoenzyme is mainly involved in the formation of alanine from pyruvate.", "PMID": 1176455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5651", "title": "Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance of deuterium-labeled diacetyldeuterohemin incorporated into sperm whale myoglobin.", "content": "The heme derivative 2,4-diacetyldeuterohemin deuterated in the methyl groups of the acetyl moieties was reconstituted with sperm whale apomyoglobin and the two labeled methyl groups in the protein environment were observed by deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results were compared to the free hemin form as the dimethyl ester in chloroform and in a pyridine-water mixture, as well as in the zinc complex form. Under most conditions the two methyl resonances overlie each other to a large degree. Resonance width at half-height is of the order of 25 Hz for the protein and approximately one-third as much for the free hemin at 16 degrees and is little affected by conversion to paramagnetic derivatives. Chemical shifts for the oxy- and carbonmonoxymyoglobins are very similar. In cyanoferrimyoglobin a positive pseudo-contact contribution of 3.04 ppm was computed to explain a relative upfield shift offset in part by a small negative contact shift contribution. The cyanoferrimyoglobin resonance was sensitive to the presence of phosphate buffer as well as to cyclopropane. The aquoferrimyoglobin form shows distinct resonances for the two methyl groups, with the downfield resonance considerably broadened. The expected effects of temperature on chemical shift were observed, the paramagnetic derivatives showing an effect and carbonmonoxymyoglobin showing none. The relaxation behavior was gauged from the line widths and from measurements of spin-lattice relaxation time, T1. The effective rotational correlation time is of the order of 50 ps for the liganded myoglobin forms. The temperature dependence of the line widths may imply an increased retational freedom with increasing temperature. The broadening observed in the aquoferrimyoglobin case is indicative of restricted internal rotational motion of one of the methyl groups. The method is suitable for probing the more mobile structures in proteins and retains its value in the neighborhood of paramagnetic centers.", "contents": "Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance of deuterium-labeled diacetyldeuterohemin incorporated into sperm whale myoglobin. The heme derivative 2,4-diacetyldeuterohemin deuterated in the methyl groups of the acetyl moieties was reconstituted with sperm whale apomyoglobin and the two labeled methyl groups in the protein environment were observed by deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results were compared to the free hemin form as the dimethyl ester in chloroform and in a pyridine-water mixture, as well as in the zinc complex form. Under most conditions the two methyl resonances overlie each other to a large degree. Resonance width at half-height is of the order of 25 Hz for the protein and approximately one-third as much for the free hemin at 16 degrees and is little affected by conversion to paramagnetic derivatives. Chemical shifts for the oxy- and carbonmonoxymyoglobins are very similar. In cyanoferrimyoglobin a positive pseudo-contact contribution of 3.04 ppm was computed to explain a relative upfield shift offset in part by a small negative contact shift contribution. The cyanoferrimyoglobin resonance was sensitive to the presence of phosphate buffer as well as to cyclopropane. The aquoferrimyoglobin form shows distinct resonances for the two methyl groups, with the downfield resonance considerably broadened. The expected effects of temperature on chemical shift were observed, the paramagnetic derivatives showing an effect and carbonmonoxymyoglobin showing none. The relaxation behavior was gauged from the line widths and from measurements of spin-lattice relaxation time, T1. The effective rotational correlation time is of the order of 50 ps for the liganded myoglobin forms. The temperature dependence of the line widths may imply an increased retational freedom with increasing temperature. The broadening observed in the aquoferrimyoglobin case is indicative of restricted internal rotational motion of one of the methyl groups. The method is suitable for probing the more mobile structures in proteins and retains its value in the neighborhood of paramagnetic centers.", "PMID": 1176456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5652", "title": "Enzymic studies on adrenocortical deoxycorticosterone 11beta-hydroxylase system.", "content": "Radiometric methods for the assay of deoxycorticosterone 11beta-hydroxylase and for the determination of NADP on a microscale were developed. The determination of NADP was based on the quantitative conversion of 6-phospho[1-14C]gluconate to 14CO2 by the action of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Using these methods NADPH oxidase activity of the adrenodoxin reductase-adrenodoxin system as well as kinetic properties of deoxycorticosterone 11beta-hydroxylase (cytochrome P-450) were investigated. The NADPH oxidase activity observed in the presence of adrenodoxin reductase, adrenodoxin, and O2, but in the absence of cytochrome P-450 and deoxycorticosterone, were functions of O2 and adrenodoxin concentrations and represented the autooxidation of reduced adrenodoxin which resulted in the production of H2O2. Due to the rapid autooxidizability of reduced adrenodoxin, only a small fraction of electrons conveyed from NADPH to adrenodoxin by way of adrenodoxin reductase was utilized for the deoxycorticosterone 11beta-hydroxylase reaction under the conditions employed.", "contents": "Enzymic studies on adrenocortical deoxycorticosterone 11beta-hydroxylase system. Radiometric methods for the assay of deoxycorticosterone 11beta-hydroxylase and for the determination of NADP on a microscale were developed. The determination of NADP was based on the quantitative conversion of 6-phospho[1-14C]gluconate to 14CO2 by the action of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Using these methods NADPH oxidase activity of the adrenodoxin reductase-adrenodoxin system as well as kinetic properties of deoxycorticosterone 11beta-hydroxylase (cytochrome P-450) were investigated. The NADPH oxidase activity observed in the presence of adrenodoxin reductase, adrenodoxin, and O2, but in the absence of cytochrome P-450 and deoxycorticosterone, were functions of O2 and adrenodoxin concentrations and represented the autooxidation of reduced adrenodoxin which resulted in the production of H2O2. Due to the rapid autooxidizability of reduced adrenodoxin, only a small fraction of electrons conveyed from NADPH to adrenodoxin by way of adrenodoxin reductase was utilized for the deoxycorticosterone 11beta-hydroxylase reaction under the conditions employed.", "PMID": 1176457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5653", "title": "The monovalent cation-induced association of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase subunits. Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects.", "content": "Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase monomers are converted to catalytically active tetramers in the presence of monovalent cations. The stoichiometry of the reaction is 4M + 2C+ in equilibrium M4C2(2+). A positive deltaS compensates for an unfavorable positive deltaH so that the overall reaction is exergonic. Both deltaH and deltaS become more positive as the temperature is increased. Association of subunits of the enzyme prepared from Clostridium cylindrosporum is second order with respect to monomer concentration, consistent with a rate-determining dimerization step. Activation parameters for this step at 20 degrees are: deltaG, 12.6 kcal mol-1; deltaH, 12.5 kcal mol-1; deltaS, -05 e.u. The rate-limiting step for the cation-dependent association of Clostridium acidi-urici monomers is believed to be a conformational alteration since first order kinetics is observed. The Eyring plot of the kinetic data obtained for the C. acidi-urici system has a sharp break at 15 degrees. Activation parameters for cation-induced association at 20 degrees are: deltaG, 21.5 kcal  mol-1; deltaH, 14.0 kcal mol-1; deltaS, -26.6 e.u.", "contents": "The monovalent cation-induced association of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase subunits. Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects. Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase monomers are converted to catalytically active tetramers in the presence of monovalent cations. The stoichiometry of the reaction is 4M + 2C+ in equilibrium M4C2(2+). A positive deltaS compensates for an unfavorable positive deltaH so that the overall reaction is exergonic. Both deltaH and deltaS become more positive as the temperature is increased. Association of subunits of the enzyme prepared from Clostridium cylindrosporum is second order with respect to monomer concentration, consistent with a rate-determining dimerization step. Activation parameters for this step at 20 degrees are: deltaG, 12.6 kcal mol-1; deltaH, 12.5 kcal mol-1; deltaS, -05 e.u. The rate-limiting step for the cation-dependent association of Clostridium acidi-urici monomers is believed to be a conformational alteration since first order kinetics is observed. The Eyring plot of the kinetic data obtained for the C. acidi-urici system has a sharp break at 15 degrees. Activation parameters for cation-induced association at 20 degrees are: deltaG, 21.5 kcal  mol-1; deltaH, 14.0 kcal mol-1; deltaS, -26.6 e.u.", "PMID": 1176458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5654", "title": "Evidence for essential lysyl residues in ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase by use of the affinity label 3-bromo-1,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 1,4-bisphosphate.", "content": "A previous study from our laboratory suggested that 3-bromo-1,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 1,4-bisphosphate is an affinity label for spinach ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase. To identify the essential residues that react with the reagent we have isolated and characterized the labeled peptides that are present in tryptic digests of inactivated enzyme but lacking in digests of the substrate-protected enzyme. Peptides representing two sites of modification have been obtained from the inactivated carboxylase. Both sites of reaction have been identified as lysyl residues based on the conversion of the derivatives to free lysine by oxidation with sodium metaperiodate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoretic experiments show that both essential lysyl residues are contained within the large subunit of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase. In addition to lysyl residues, sulfhydryl groups of the carboxylase are also modified, but their modification seems to play little role in the inactivation process. The carboxylase modified in the presence of substrate contains sulfhydryl derivatives but is essentially lacking in lysyl derivatives. By comparing the profiles from ion exchange chromatography of labeled peptides in digests of inactivated and substrate-protected enzyme, we conclude that the same sulfhydryl groups are modified in the absence and presence of substrate.", "contents": "Evidence for essential lysyl residues in ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase by use of the affinity label 3-bromo-1,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 1,4-bisphosphate. A previous study from our laboratory suggested that 3-bromo-1,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 1,4-bisphosphate is an affinity label for spinach ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase. To identify the essential residues that react with the reagent we have isolated and characterized the labeled peptides that are present in tryptic digests of inactivated enzyme but lacking in digests of the substrate-protected enzyme. Peptides representing two sites of modification have been obtained from the inactivated carboxylase. Both sites of reaction have been identified as lysyl residues based on the conversion of the derivatives to free lysine by oxidation with sodium metaperiodate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoretic experiments show that both essential lysyl residues are contained within the large subunit of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase. In addition to lysyl residues, sulfhydryl groups of the carboxylase are also modified, but their modification seems to play little role in the inactivation process. The carboxylase modified in the presence of substrate contains sulfhydryl derivatives but is essentially lacking in lysyl derivatives. By comparing the profiles from ion exchange chromatography of labeled peptides in digests of inactivated and substrate-protected enzyme, we conclude that the same sulfhydryl groups are modified in the absence and presence of substrate.", "PMID": 1176459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5655", "title": "The synthesis and chemical properties of polyisoprenyl beta-D-mannopyranosyl phosphates.", "content": "2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate, free of the alpha anomer, was coupled with citronellol and dolichol in the presence of triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride to give, after chromatographic purification and deacetylation, the respective polyisoprenyl beta-D-mannopyranosyl phosphates. These compounds were compared with the previously synthesized alpha anomers by means of their chromatographic properties, spectra, optical rotations, and hydrolysis reactions when treated with acid and alkali. To characterize the compounds resulting from these treatments, and to determine the mechanism of the alkaline hydrolysis, beta-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate was converted into beta-D-mannonpyranose 1,2-phosphate, and hence into D-mannose 2-phosphate, obtained as a mixture of alpha and beta anomers, characterized by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and elemental analysis. Beta-D-Mannopyranosyl phosphate was readily separated by thin layer chromatography from the corresponding alpha anomer.", "contents": "The synthesis and chemical properties of polyisoprenyl beta-D-mannopyranosyl phosphates. 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate, free of the alpha anomer, was coupled with citronellol and dolichol in the presence of triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride to give, after chromatographic purification and deacetylation, the respective polyisoprenyl beta-D-mannopyranosyl phosphates. These compounds were compared with the previously synthesized alpha anomers by means of their chromatographic properties, spectra, optical rotations, and hydrolysis reactions when treated with acid and alkali. To characterize the compounds resulting from these treatments, and to determine the mechanism of the alkaline hydrolysis, beta-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate was converted into beta-D-mannonpyranose 1,2-phosphate, and hence into D-mannose 2-phosphate, obtained as a mixture of alpha and beta anomers, characterized by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and elemental analysis. Beta-D-Mannopyranosyl phosphate was readily separated by thin layer chromatography from the corresponding alpha anomer.", "PMID": 1176460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5656", "title": "Anomeric configuration of the dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate formed in calf pancreas microsomes.", "content": "Dolichyl D-[14C]mannosyl phosphate formed in calf pancreas microsomes was compared to dolichyl alpha-D-[14C]mannopyranosyl phosphate, a chemical synthesis of which is described. Jack bean alpha-mannosidase, which converted citronellyl alpha-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate, but not its beta anomer, to citronellyl phosphate and D-mannose, was effective in releasing D-[14C]mannose from dolichyl alpha-D-[14C]manopyranosyl phosphate in the presence of detergent. In contrast, alpha-mannosidase did not cause any significant release from the pancreatic dolichyl D-[14C]mannosyl phosphate. Alkali treatment (0.1 M NaOH in propanol at 65 and 90 degrees) degraded both dolichyl D-[14C]mannosyl phosphates with the formation of water-soluble 14C-labeled products. The pattern of 14C-labeled breakdown products formed from the synthetic dolichyl alpha-D-[14C]mannopyranosyl phosphate differed from that obtained from the pancreatic dolichyl D-[14C]mannosyl phosphate. Dolichyl alpha-D-[14C]mannopyranosyl phosphate yielded several 14C-labeled products, including a trace of D-[14C]mannosyl phosphate, and an acidic fraction which appeared to result from degradation of D-[14C]mannose. The pancreatic dolichyl D-[14C]mannosyl phosphate gave various products, depending on the temperature of the reaction: at 90 degrees, 20 to 30% of the radioactivity was found in D-[14C]mannosyl phosphate and the rest in acidic breakdown products; at 65 degrees, about two-thirds of the radioactivity was recovered in a compound which behaved as D-MANNOSE 2-PHOSPHATE, A Product characteristic of a beta-linked D-mannosyl residue. It is concluded that the pancreatic compound is dolichyl beta-D-[14C]mannosyl phosphate.", "contents": "Anomeric configuration of the dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate formed in calf pancreas microsomes. Dolichyl D-[14C]mannosyl phosphate formed in calf pancreas microsomes was compared to dolichyl alpha-D-[14C]mannopyranosyl phosphate, a chemical synthesis of which is described. Jack bean alpha-mannosidase, which converted citronellyl alpha-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate, but not its beta anomer, to citronellyl phosphate and D-mannose, was effective in releasing D-[14C]mannose from dolichyl alpha-D-[14C]manopyranosyl phosphate in the presence of detergent. In contrast, alpha-mannosidase did not cause any significant release from the pancreatic dolichyl D-[14C]mannosyl phosphate. Alkali treatment (0.1 M NaOH in propanol at 65 and 90 degrees) degraded both dolichyl D-[14C]mannosyl phosphates with the formation of water-soluble 14C-labeled products. The pattern of 14C-labeled breakdown products formed from the synthetic dolichyl alpha-D-[14C]mannopyranosyl phosphate differed from that obtained from the pancreatic dolichyl D-[14C]mannosyl phosphate. Dolichyl alpha-D-[14C]mannopyranosyl phosphate yielded several 14C-labeled products, including a trace of D-[14C]mannosyl phosphate, and an acidic fraction which appeared to result from degradation of D-[14C]mannose. The pancreatic dolichyl D-[14C]mannosyl phosphate gave various products, depending on the temperature of the reaction: at 90 degrees, 20 to 30% of the radioactivity was found in D-[14C]mannosyl phosphate and the rest in acidic breakdown products; at 65 degrees, about two-thirds of the radioactivity was recovered in a compound which behaved as D-MANNOSE 2-PHOSPHATE, A Product characteristic of a beta-linked D-mannosyl residue. It is concluded that the pancreatic compound is dolichyl beta-D-[14C]mannosyl phosphate.", "PMID": 1176461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5657", "title": "Ovalbumin messenger ribonucleic acid. Purification and fractionation on the basis of polyadenylate content by thermal elution from oligodeoxythymidylate-cellulose.", "content": "Ovalbumin messenger RNA was purified from hen oviduct by immunoprecipitation of polysomes and oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. Two steps were introduced to improve the separation of mRNA and rRNA by oligo(dT)-cellulose. First, aggregates of mRNA and rRNA were dissociated by heating at 65degrees for 10 min before chromatography. Second, elution of the mRNA was achieved by stepwise increases in temperature rather than by lowering the ionic strength. Ovalbumin mRNA activity was eluted primarily in RNA fractions eluting between 45degrees and 55degrees. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the ovalbumin mRNA thus obtained was essentiallyyy free of rRNA. The poly(A) content of various thermally eluted fractions was assayed by two methods. In the first (Favre, A., Bertazzoni, V., Berns, A.J.M., and Bloemendal, H. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 56, 273-280), the increase in fluorescence intensity of bound ethidium bromide was used to follow the formation of double-stranded RNA during titration of the mRNA with poly(U). In the second (Bishop, J. O., Rosbash, M., and Evans, D. (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 85, 75-86), poly(A) content was derived from the radioactivity remaining acid-insoluble after annealing mRNA fractions with [3H]poly(U) and treating with ribonuclease A. Both methods indicated that ovalbumin mRNA fractions eluting at higher temperatures contained greater amounts of poly(A). Values ranged from 44 to 248 mol of AMP/mol of mRNA, assuming 2200 total nucleotide residues for ovalbumin mRNA (Shapiro, D. J., and Schimke, R. T. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1759-1764). Translational specific activities in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system were essentiall constant for all fractions. From the binding of ethidium bromide it could be estimated that approximately 50% of the nucleotide residues in ovalbumin mRNA are base-paired.", "contents": "Ovalbumin messenger ribonucleic acid. Purification and fractionation on the basis of polyadenylate content by thermal elution from oligodeoxythymidylate-cellulose. Ovalbumin messenger RNA was purified from hen oviduct by immunoprecipitation of polysomes and oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. Two steps were introduced to improve the separation of mRNA and rRNA by oligo(dT)-cellulose. First, aggregates of mRNA and rRNA were dissociated by heating at 65degrees for 10 min before chromatography. Second, elution of the mRNA was achieved by stepwise increases in temperature rather than by lowering the ionic strength. Ovalbumin mRNA activity was eluted primarily in RNA fractions eluting between 45degrees and 55degrees. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the ovalbumin mRNA thus obtained was essentiallyyy free of rRNA. The poly(A) content of various thermally eluted fractions was assayed by two methods. In the first (Favre, A., Bertazzoni, V., Berns, A.J.M., and Bloemendal, H. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 56, 273-280), the increase in fluorescence intensity of bound ethidium bromide was used to follow the formation of double-stranded RNA during titration of the mRNA with poly(U). In the second (Bishop, J. O., Rosbash, M., and Evans, D. (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 85, 75-86), poly(A) content was derived from the radioactivity remaining acid-insoluble after annealing mRNA fractions with [3H]poly(U) and treating with ribonuclease A. Both methods indicated that ovalbumin mRNA fractions eluting at higher temperatures contained greater amounts of poly(A). Values ranged from 44 to 248 mol of AMP/mol of mRNA, assuming 2200 total nucleotide residues for ovalbumin mRNA (Shapiro, D. J., and Schimke, R. T. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1759-1764). Translational specific activities in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system were essentiall constant for all fractions. From the binding of ethidium bromide it could be estimated that approximately 50% of the nucleotide residues in ovalbumin mRNA are base-paired.", "PMID": 1176462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5658", "title": "Induction of ovalbumin mRNA sequences by estrogen and progesterone in chick oviduct as measured by hybridization to complementary DNA.", "content": "A complementary DNA synthesized from ovalbumin mRNA was used in hybridization experiments to study the early effect of estrogen and progesterone on the accumulation of ovalbumin mRNA sequences in the chick oviduct. Chicks treated with estrogen withdrawn from the hormone maintain a steady level of 60 molecules of ovalbumin mRNA per tubular gland cell, at least 80% of which are localized in the cytoplasm. After estrogen administration, there is a 3- to 4-hour lag before a rapid increase in the number of ovalbumin mRNA sequences and a parallel increase in ovalbumin synthesis. Progesterone causes a more rapid increase in both ovalbumin mRNA sequences and ovalbumin synthesis with a lag period of only 90 min. The hybridization results demonstrate that both estrogen and pregesterone affect the amount of ovalbumin mRNA per cell. The 3-hour lag period seen with estrogen appears to be caused by some event after the binding of the estrogen receptor to chromatin but prior to change in the rate of transcription of the ovalbumin gene.", "contents": "Induction of ovalbumin mRNA sequences by estrogen and progesterone in chick oviduct as measured by hybridization to complementary DNA. A complementary DNA synthesized from ovalbumin mRNA was used in hybridization experiments to study the early effect of estrogen and progesterone on the accumulation of ovalbumin mRNA sequences in the chick oviduct. Chicks treated with estrogen withdrawn from the hormone maintain a steady level of 60 molecules of ovalbumin mRNA per tubular gland cell, at least 80% of which are localized in the cytoplasm. After estrogen administration, there is a 3- to 4-hour lag before a rapid increase in the number of ovalbumin mRNA sequences and a parallel increase in ovalbumin synthesis. Progesterone causes a more rapid increase in both ovalbumin mRNA sequences and ovalbumin synthesis with a lag period of only 90 min. The hybridization results demonstrate that both estrogen and pregesterone affect the amount of ovalbumin mRNA per cell. The 3-hour lag period seen with estrogen appears to be caused by some event after the binding of the estrogen receptor to chromatin but prior to change in the rate of transcription of the ovalbumin gene.", "PMID": 1176463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5659", "title": "Role of galactose in bovine factor V.", "content": "Using galactose oxidase as well as beta-galactosidase to produce modifications of the galactose units, the functional significance of these carbohydrate residues on the coagulant activity of bovine Factor V glycoprotein was evaluated. Incubation of native Factor V with galactose oxidase or hydrolysis of asialo-Factor V with beta-galactosidase results in a loss of Factor V activity. The inactivation of Factor V by oxidation of galactose moieties is partially reversible upon reduction of the newly formed aldehyde groups with sodium borohydride. The extent of reversal depends upon the degree of inactivation achieved. Thus, Factor V which retained 30% of the original activity following galactose oxidation returns to 75% of the original coagulant activity upon borohydride reduction; but, after destruction of 85% of the original activity treatment with borohydride returns to about 30%. In the initial stages of the inactivation of Factor V by treatment with galactose oxidase, the loss of Factor V coagulant activity is directly proportional to the moles of galactose oxidized. However, as the reaction progresses, the rate of galactose oxidation exceeds the rate of loss of Factor V activity. Moreover, galactose oxidation continues even after complete inactivation of Factor V. These results suggest that the galactose residues most susceptible to attack by galactose oxidase are those necessary for the activity of this coagulant protein. Only 15 galactose residues/mol of Factor V are susceptible to galactose oxidase prior to removal of sialic acid. In contrast, 37 galactose residues/mol of Factor V are found after acid hydrolysis. These results suggest that Factor V glycoprotein contains more than one type of sialyl-galactose linkages, the C2,3 or C2,4 linkages susceptible to oxidation in the native protein and the C2,6 linkage which is resistant. Native Factor V binds with diarachidonyl lecithin forming an active complex of lower buoyant density, while the Factor V oxidized with galactose oxidase does not. The Factor V-phospholipid complex is protected from inactivation by galactose oxidase. Moreover, lipid binding diminishes the extent of oxidation of galactose residues. Certain galactose groups are essential for coagulant activity probably because they are required for binding to phospholipid, a prerequisite to Factor V action.", "contents": "Role of galactose in bovine factor V. Using galactose oxidase as well as beta-galactosidase to produce modifications of the galactose units, the functional significance of these carbohydrate residues on the coagulant activity of bovine Factor V glycoprotein was evaluated. Incubation of native Factor V with galactose oxidase or hydrolysis of asialo-Factor V with beta-galactosidase results in a loss of Factor V activity. The inactivation of Factor V by oxidation of galactose moieties is partially reversible upon reduction of the newly formed aldehyde groups with sodium borohydride. The extent of reversal depends upon the degree of inactivation achieved. Thus, Factor V which retained 30% of the original activity following galactose oxidation returns to 75% of the original coagulant activity upon borohydride reduction; but, after destruction of 85% of the original activity treatment with borohydride returns to about 30%. In the initial stages of the inactivation of Factor V by treatment with galactose oxidase, the loss of Factor V coagulant activity is directly proportional to the moles of galactose oxidized. However, as the reaction progresses, the rate of galactose oxidation exceeds the rate of loss of Factor V activity. Moreover, galactose oxidation continues even after complete inactivation of Factor V. These results suggest that the galactose residues most susceptible to attack by galactose oxidase are those necessary for the activity of this coagulant protein. Only 15 galactose residues/mol of Factor V are susceptible to galactose oxidase prior to removal of sialic acid. In contrast, 37 galactose residues/mol of Factor V are found after acid hydrolysis. These results suggest that Factor V glycoprotein contains more than one type of sialyl-galactose linkages, the C2,3 or C2,4 linkages susceptible to oxidation in the native protein and the C2,6 linkage which is resistant. Native Factor V binds with diarachidonyl lecithin forming an active complex of lower buoyant density, while the Factor V oxidized with galactose oxidase does not. The Factor V-phospholipid complex is protected from inactivation by galactose oxidase. Moreover, lipid binding diminishes the extent of oxidation of galactose residues. Certain galactose groups are essential for coagulant activity probably because they are required for binding to phospholipid, a prerequisite to Factor V action.", "PMID": 1176464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5660", "title": "Photochemical labeling of the cytoplasmic surface of the membranes of intact human erythrocytes.", "content": "N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethyl sulfonate (NAP-taurine), a photolabile nitrene precursor, has been shown to permeate the human erythrocyte membrane at 37degrees but not at 0 degrees. Utilizing this differential permeability, we have loaded intact erythrocytes with NAP-[35S]taurine in the dark at 37degrees, cooled them to 0 degrees, washed them free of external NAP-[35S]taurine in the dark and cold, and photolyzed them, resulting in labeling of hemoglobin and of proteins on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. These experiments complement those previously reported on the labeling of the external surface of the membranes with this reagent (Staros, J. V., and Richards, F. M. (1974) Biochemistry 13, 2720-2726).", "contents": "Photochemical labeling of the cytoplasmic surface of the membranes of intact human erythrocytes. N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethyl sulfonate (NAP-taurine), a photolabile nitrene precursor, has been shown to permeate the human erythrocyte membrane at 37degrees but not at 0 degrees. Utilizing this differential permeability, we have loaded intact erythrocytes with NAP-[35S]taurine in the dark at 37degrees, cooled them to 0 degrees, washed them free of external NAP-[35S]taurine in the dark and cold, and photolyzed them, resulting in labeling of hemoglobin and of proteins on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. These experiments complement those previously reported on the labeling of the external surface of the membranes with this reagent (Staros, J. V., and Richards, F. M. (1974) Biochemistry 13, 2720-2726).", "PMID": 1176465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5661", "title": "The interaction of anions with hemoglobin carbamylated on specific NH2-terminal residues.", "content": "Carbamylation of the NH2-terminal residues of the beta chains on hemoglobin (alpha2beta2c) leads to a reduced but still significant binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, but has no effect on the oxygen-linked binding of chloride or phosphate, both of which are thought to bind to some of the same residues as the organic phosphate. Studies by others have shown that the binding of inorganic anions is not diminished in either horse hemoglobin or in hemoglobin Little Rock, in which four of the six other binding sites (histidine residues) for organic phosphates are replaced by glutamine residues. We suggest, therefore, that lysines 82 of the beta chains, which are the remaining 2 residues in the binding crevice for the organic phosphate, and which are invariant in the known sequences of mammalian hemoglobins, may be the primary binding site for inorganic anions. The extent of inhibition of gelation by increasing ionic strength is identical for the hybrids alpha2beta2, alpha2cbeta2, and alpha2beta2c of hemoglobin S. These results indicate the NH2-terminal residues of the chains are not involved in primary electrostatic interactions during aggregation of deoxyhemoglobin S.", "contents": "The interaction of anions with hemoglobin carbamylated on specific NH2-terminal residues. Carbamylation of the NH2-terminal residues of the beta chains on hemoglobin (alpha2beta2c) leads to a reduced but still significant binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, but has no effect on the oxygen-linked binding of chloride or phosphate, both of which are thought to bind to some of the same residues as the organic phosphate. Studies by others have shown that the binding of inorganic anions is not diminished in either horse hemoglobin or in hemoglobin Little Rock, in which four of the six other binding sites (histidine residues) for organic phosphates are replaced by glutamine residues. We suggest, therefore, that lysines 82 of the beta chains, which are the remaining 2 residues in the binding crevice for the organic phosphate, and which are invariant in the known sequences of mammalian hemoglobins, may be the primary binding site for inorganic anions. The extent of inhibition of gelation by increasing ionic strength is identical for the hybrids alpha2beta2, alpha2cbeta2, and alpha2beta2c of hemoglobin S. These results indicate the NH2-terminal residues of the chains are not involved in primary electrostatic interactions during aggregation of deoxyhemoglobin S.", "PMID": 1176467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5662", "title": "Biocompatibility and state fatigue behavior of glassy carbon.", "content": "1. The normal stages of bone modeling and remodeling occur following the implantation of carbon plugs. 2. Glassy carbon bars aged in vivo for five months did not undergo statistically significant weakening. 3. Glassy carbon does undergo static fatigue when aged in a simulated biological environment. However, the conditions necessary to cause this failure are extreme. 4. Minimal tissue response was seen to the presence of the carbon.", "contents": "Biocompatibility and state fatigue behavior of glassy carbon. 1. The normal stages of bone modeling and remodeling occur following the implantation of carbon plugs. 2. Glassy carbon bars aged in vivo for five months did not undergo statistically significant weakening. 3. Glassy carbon does undergo static fatigue when aged in a simulated biological environment. However, the conditions necessary to cause this failure are extreme. 4. Minimal tissue response was seen to the presence of the carbon.", "PMID": 1176468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5663", "title": "Degree of polymerization of acrylic bone cement.", "content": "Self-curing powder-liquid admixed acrylic systems are used for internal fixation fo total hip and total knee prostheses. Gel permeation chromatography revealed that the polymer chain length distributions of set cements were basically unaffected by their curing pressures. However, a decrease of approximately 11% in porosity coupled with a measured increase in mechanical strengths could be induced through the use of high curing pressures well beyond those attainable by the surgeon in the current arthroplasties. The conclusion of the investigation was that, to improve such cements, attention should be focused on elimination of porosity rather than attempting to produce higher degree of polymerization.", "contents": "Degree of polymerization of acrylic bone cement. Self-curing powder-liquid admixed acrylic systems are used for internal fixation fo total hip and total knee prostheses. Gel permeation chromatography revealed that the polymer chain length distributions of set cements were basically unaffected by their curing pressures. However, a decrease of approximately 11% in porosity coupled with a measured increase in mechanical strengths could be induced through the use of high curing pressures well beyond those attainable by the surgeon in the current arthroplasties. The conclusion of the investigation was that, to improve such cements, attention should be focused on elimination of porosity rather than attempting to produce higher degree of polymerization.", "PMID": 1176470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5664", "title": "Investigation of possible oncogenic action of zinc polycarboxylate cement by implantation in mice and hamsters.", "content": "Powdered, sterilized zinc polycarboxylate was implanted subcutaneously in 56 young hamsters and 54 mice, using equal numbers of each sex, with 24 sham operated hamsters and 26 mice as controls. The hamsters were sacrificed after 15 months and the mice after 12. Implant material was recovered from one of 42 surviving mice and from 16 of 43 surviving hamsters. Benign adenomas of the gut, thyroid, sebaceous glands and ovary were found in 3 experimental mice and in one control. Benign adrenal adenomas were found in 3 experimental hamsters and in one control. One control hamster developed a rhabdomyosarcoma in a limb. One experimental hamster developed a leiomysarcoma in close relation to an implant.", "contents": "Investigation of possible oncogenic action of zinc polycarboxylate cement by implantation in mice and hamsters. Powdered, sterilized zinc polycarboxylate was implanted subcutaneously in 56 young hamsters and 54 mice, using equal numbers of each sex, with 24 sham operated hamsters and 26 mice as controls. The hamsters were sacrificed after 15 months and the mice after 12. Implant material was recovered from one of 42 surviving mice and from 16 of 43 surviving hamsters. Benign adenomas of the gut, thyroid, sebaceous glands and ovary were found in 3 experimental mice and in one control. Benign adrenal adenomas were found in 3 experimental hamsters and in one control. One control hamster developed a rhabdomyosarcoma in a limb. One experimental hamster developed a leiomysarcoma in close relation to an implant.", "PMID": 1176471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5665", "title": "Study of pig valve heterografts by x-ray diffraction.", "content": "The study of collagen fibers by X-ray diffraction, utilizing semiquantitative indices for appraisal of \"structuration\" and \"orientation\" was applied to 30 aortic valve grafts. These grafts, of pig origin, were studied in the fresh state, after tanning with aldehydes, and after having been implanted in patients for at least 18 months. It was shown that the collagen fibers are preferentially orientated parallel to the transverse axis of the valve cusps, and that this arrangement, enhanced by tanning, had a tendency to disappear in the post-implantation samples. The structuration index which concerns the fibril network was also augmented by tanning, and was found a little high or slightly diminished in post-implantation cusps. Evidence for a new compound, probably fibrin, was found in the diffraction patterns of implanted cusps, but crystallized calcium was noticeably absent.", "contents": "Study of pig valve heterografts by x-ray diffraction. The study of collagen fibers by X-ray diffraction, utilizing semiquantitative indices for appraisal of \"structuration\" and \"orientation\" was applied to 30 aortic valve grafts. These grafts, of pig origin, were studied in the fresh state, after tanning with aldehydes, and after having been implanted in patients for at least 18 months. It was shown that the collagen fibers are preferentially orientated parallel to the transverse axis of the valve cusps, and that this arrangement, enhanced by tanning, had a tendency to disappear in the post-implantation samples. The structuration index which concerns the fibril network was also augmented by tanning, and was found a little high or slightly diminished in post-implantation cusps. Evidence for a new compound, probably fibrin, was found in the diffraction patterns of implanted cusps, but crystallized calcium was noticeably absent.", "PMID": 1176472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5666", "title": "A vitreous carbon-polymethacrylate composite for dental implants.", "content": "A STUDY HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT ON THE STRUCTURE AND SURFACE TEXTure of a new dental implant material composed of vitreous carbon balloons (3 wt % or 6 wt %) and poly(methyl methacrylate). Tooth replica implants using this material had been successfully placed in baboons, and histologic study revealed normal alveolar bone and a peri-implant membrane with the connective tissue fibers oriented in a horizontal direction. Square wafers (10 mm X 10 mm X 1 mm) were studied, with the surface sandblasted in one-half of the specimens. Light microscopy revealed that in the 3% carbon specimens, the vitreous carbon micro-balloons were evenly spaced and often appeared to be fragmented within their spaces. S.E.M. studies revealed a finely porous surface with numerous large craters. Microballoons were often seen within the craters in the nonsandblasted specimens.", "contents": "A vitreous carbon-polymethacrylate composite for dental implants. A STUDY HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT ON THE STRUCTURE AND SURFACE TEXTure of a new dental implant material composed of vitreous carbon balloons (3 wt % or 6 wt %) and poly(methyl methacrylate). Tooth replica implants using this material had been successfully placed in baboons, and histologic study revealed normal alveolar bone and a peri-implant membrane with the connective tissue fibers oriented in a horizontal direction. Square wafers (10 mm X 10 mm X 1 mm) were studied, with the surface sandblasted in one-half of the specimens. Light microscopy revealed that in the 3% carbon specimens, the vitreous carbon micro-balloons were evenly spaced and often appeared to be fragmented within their spaces. S.E.M. studies revealed a finely porous surface with numerous large craters. Microballoons were often seen within the craters in the nonsandblasted specimens.", "PMID": 1176473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5667", "title": "The role of surface thermodynamics in thromboresistance of biomaterials.", "content": "A thermodynamic approach to the problem of platelet adsorption out of a suspension on to a smooth and homogeneous solid surface is developed. The interfacial tension values required may be estimated from contact angle data by means of an equation of state relation. According to the thermodynamic approach the functional dependence of platelet adsorption on surface tension of the solid differs according to whether the surface tension of the platelets is smaller or larger than the surface tension of the liquid in which they are suspended. The implications of this thermodynamic approach in situations where plasma proteins are present and the biomaterials surfaces may be heterogeneous and rough are discussed. Previous analyses using the critical surface tension of wetting and other surface-related parameters are compared with the thermodynamic analysis given here.", "contents": "The role of surface thermodynamics in thromboresistance of biomaterials. A thermodynamic approach to the problem of platelet adsorption out of a suspension on to a smooth and homogeneous solid surface is developed. The interfacial tension values required may be estimated from contact angle data by means of an equation of state relation. According to the thermodynamic approach the functional dependence of platelet adsorption on surface tension of the solid differs according to whether the surface tension of the platelets is smaller or larger than the surface tension of the liquid in which they are suspended. The implications of this thermodynamic approach in situations where plasma proteins are present and the biomaterials surfaces may be heterogeneous and rough are discussed. Previous analyses using the critical surface tension of wetting and other surface-related parameters are compared with the thermodynamic analysis given here.", "PMID": 1176474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5668", "title": "Adsorption characteristics of cellulose acetate coated charcoals.", "content": "The permeability of cellulose triacetate membrane coated activated charcoal is enhanced by treatment with KOH. The adsorption data for creatinine in aqueous solution before and after deacetylation are given. In order to study the usefulness of hemoperfusion associated with dialysis for removal of uremic toxins, some experiments were performed on the adsorption by coated and deacetylated charcoal of molecules of various molecular weights (from 113 to 40,000). Although the adsorption capacity of uncoated charcoal was better, the coated material still shows good properties in the adsorption of glucagon (mol wt 3485). The results on in vitro experiments of vitamin B12 removal by coated charcoal cartridge and CDAK Model 3 dialyzer confirms the usefulness of adsorption technique toward medium molecular weight compounds.", "contents": "Adsorption characteristics of cellulose acetate coated charcoals. The permeability of cellulose triacetate membrane coated activated charcoal is enhanced by treatment with KOH. The adsorption data for creatinine in aqueous solution before and after deacetylation are given. In order to study the usefulness of hemoperfusion associated with dialysis for removal of uremic toxins, some experiments were performed on the adsorption by coated and deacetylated charcoal of molecules of various molecular weights (from 113 to 40,000). Although the adsorption capacity of uncoated charcoal was better, the coated material still shows good properties in the adsorption of glucagon (mol wt 3485). The results on in vitro experiments of vitamin B12 removal by coated charcoal cartridge and CDAK Model 3 dialyzer confirms the usefulness of adsorption technique toward medium molecular weight compounds.", "PMID": 1176475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5669", "title": "Cast vs. wrought cobalt-chromium surgical implant alloys.", "content": "The measured tensile and fatigue strengths of wrought and heat-treated cobalt chromium-molybdenum-carbon alloys such as HS21 were found to be more than twice those of as cast alloys of the same composition. The resistance of wrought HS21 to crevice corrosion at metal-Teflon contacts in isotonic salt solution at 37 degrees C was found to be considerably greater than that of cast HS21, wrought HS25, wrought MP35, or 316L stainless steel which are currently used for surgical implants. The increased crevice corrosion resistance and mechanical strength of wrought HS21 as compared to as cast HS21 was attributed to greater chemical and structural homogeneity as well as to finer grain size and distribution of secondary phases. Fabrication of shaped implants from wrought HS21 is possible by techniques currently used for the fabrication of industrial parts from other wrought cobalt-chromium base alloys.", "contents": "Cast vs. wrought cobalt-chromium surgical implant alloys. The measured tensile and fatigue strengths of wrought and heat-treated cobalt chromium-molybdenum-carbon alloys such as HS21 were found to be more than twice those of as cast alloys of the same composition. The resistance of wrought HS21 to crevice corrosion at metal-Teflon contacts in isotonic salt solution at 37 degrees C was found to be considerably greater than that of cast HS21, wrought HS25, wrought MP35, or 316L stainless steel which are currently used for surgical implants. The increased crevice corrosion resistance and mechanical strength of wrought HS21 as compared to as cast HS21 was attributed to greater chemical and structural homogeneity as well as to finer grain size and distribution of secondary phases. Fabrication of shaped implants from wrought HS21 is possible by techniques currently used for the fabrication of industrial parts from other wrought cobalt-chromium base alloys.", "PMID": 1176476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5670", "title": "Thermal properties of cancellous bone.", "content": "Specimens of beef bone were analyzed for thermal conductivity and thermal capacity. The thermal conductivity was about 7 X 10(-4) cal/cm/sec/degrees C, that is about the same as for other tissues. As regards thermal capacity, the determination of 0.73 cal/cm2/degrees C also was similar to that in other tissues. Both thermal conductivity and capacity were isotropic with respect to the layer of epiphyseal cartilage, and the orientation of bony trabeculae. Thermal probes were devised heated either by water or by electric current to destroy localized volumes of bone, as in surgery. To achieve necrotizing temperatures, the sizes of such probes and the times of application of heat were determined.", "contents": "Thermal properties of cancellous bone. Specimens of beef bone were analyzed for thermal conductivity and thermal capacity. The thermal conductivity was about 7 X 10(-4) cal/cm/sec/degrees C, that is about the same as for other tissues. As regards thermal capacity, the determination of 0.73 cal/cm2/degrees C also was similar to that in other tissues. Both thermal conductivity and capacity were isotropic with respect to the layer of epiphyseal cartilage, and the orientation of bony trabeculae. Thermal probes were devised heated either by water or by electric current to destroy localized volumes of bone, as in surgery. To achieve necrotizing temperatures, the sizes of such probes and the times of application of heat were determined.", "PMID": 1176477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5671", "title": "Identification of Au-Sn phase in Ag3Sn alloys containing gold.", "content": "Substitution of gold in part for silver in Ag3Sn alloys is found to result in two separate phases: gamma (Ag3Sn particles) grains with a uniform distribution of gold within the grain and an Au-Sn phase in a form of ring surrounding the gamma grain. The thickness of this ring increases with increasing gold concentration. The phases were identified by using the techniques of x-ray diffraction, optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy.", "contents": "Identification of Au-Sn phase in Ag3Sn alloys containing gold. Substitution of gold in part for silver in Ag3Sn alloys is found to result in two separate phases: gamma (Ag3Sn particles) grains with a uniform distribution of gold within the grain and an Au-Sn phase in a form of ring surrounding the gamma grain. The thickness of this ring increases with increasing gold concentration. The phases were identified by using the techniques of x-ray diffraction, optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy.", "PMID": 1176478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5672", "title": "Auger analysis of surface films on Ag3Sn.", "content": "The surface properties of Ag3Sn are important in the amalgamation process so that mechanical abrasion is generally necessary to get a satisfactory amalgam. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to characterize the surface of Ag3Sn after several types of surfaces treatments. Homogeneous polycrystalline rods of Ag3Sn were prepared in vacuo from high purity (99.99%) Ag and Sn. Specimens were sliced from these rods and prepared as follows: (1) mechanically polished, (2) polished as in (1) and allowed to sit in air for three days and (3) polished as in (1) and electrolytically etched. Each of these specimens was examined by Auger electron spectroscopy. The results showed that after mechanical abrasion the surface film was primarily oxide and the Ag to Sn ratio was lower than the bulk composition, indicating preferential oxidation of Sn. After sitting in air sulfur was also present on the surface and the Ag to Sn ratio was greater than that immediately after polishing, indicating the formation of Ag2S. After electrolytic etching some oxide was still present, but only a trace of sulfide was found. However, the Ag to Sn ratio was greater than that for mechanically polished specimens, indicating preferential dissolution of Sn. Therefore, it is seen that the surface preparation of Ag3Sn has a marked effect on Ag and Sn concentrations and the nature of films at the surface.", "contents": "Auger analysis of surface films on Ag3Sn. The surface properties of Ag3Sn are important in the amalgamation process so that mechanical abrasion is generally necessary to get a satisfactory amalgam. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to characterize the surface of Ag3Sn after several types of surfaces treatments. Homogeneous polycrystalline rods of Ag3Sn were prepared in vacuo from high purity (99.99%) Ag and Sn. Specimens were sliced from these rods and prepared as follows: (1) mechanically polished, (2) polished as in (1) and allowed to sit in air for three days and (3) polished as in (1) and electrolytically etched. Each of these specimens was examined by Auger electron spectroscopy. The results showed that after mechanical abrasion the surface film was primarily oxide and the Ag to Sn ratio was lower than the bulk composition, indicating preferential oxidation of Sn. After sitting in air sulfur was also present on the surface and the Ag to Sn ratio was greater than that immediately after polishing, indicating the formation of Ag2S. After electrolytic etching some oxide was still present, but only a trace of sulfide was found. However, the Ag to Sn ratio was greater than that for mechanically polished specimens, indicating preferential dissolution of Sn. Therefore, it is seen that the surface preparation of Ag3Sn has a marked effect on Ag and Sn concentrations and the nature of films at the surface.", "PMID": 1176479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5673", "title": "Amalgamation reaction on mercury-plated dental alloy (Ag3Sn).", "content": "The reaction between liquid mercury and Ag3Sn was studied at room temperature using a new type of specimen; i.e. bulk Ag3Sn electroplated with mercury. The surface morphology of the specimen and the phases formed on the Ag3Sn substrate were investigated by various techniques including optical microscopy, electron (scanning) microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and electron diffraction. It was found that the mode of formation and type of crystalline phase appearing on the Ag3Sn specimen depended on the amount of mercury available. When the amount of mercury exceeded a certain quantity (about 1 mg/cm2) only the gamma1 and gamma2 phases were formed. On the other hand, when the amount of mercury was reduced below a certain low value (less than 0.3 mg/cm2), another silver-mercury phase, beta1, formed as tiny \"liquid-like\" drops. The experimental technique employed in the present investigation has proved to be an excellent method for studying the reaction between liquid mercury and metal specimens. This new procedure may be employed to evaluate the amalgamation ability of potential new alloy systems.", "contents": "Amalgamation reaction on mercury-plated dental alloy (Ag3Sn). The reaction between liquid mercury and Ag3Sn was studied at room temperature using a new type of specimen; i.e. bulk Ag3Sn electroplated with mercury. The surface morphology of the specimen and the phases formed on the Ag3Sn substrate were investigated by various techniques including optical microscopy, electron (scanning) microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and electron diffraction. It was found that the mode of formation and type of crystalline phase appearing on the Ag3Sn specimen depended on the amount of mercury available. When the amount of mercury exceeded a certain quantity (about 1 mg/cm2) only the gamma1 and gamma2 phases were formed. On the other hand, when the amount of mercury was reduced below a certain low value (less than 0.3 mg/cm2), another silver-mercury phase, beta1, formed as tiny \"liquid-like\" drops. The experimental technique employed in the present investigation has proved to be an excellent method for studying the reaction between liquid mercury and metal specimens. This new procedure may be employed to evaluate the amalgamation ability of potential new alloy systems.", "PMID": 1176480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5674", "title": "Finite element analysis of dental structures--axisymmetric and plane stress idealizations.", "content": "The finite element method used to study stress generated in a maxillary second premolar as a result of occlusal forces. This mathematical technique has been applied extensively in structural engineering and structural mechanics. It is well suited to the analysis of stress in teeth and dental restorations because it can closely simulate the geometries, loads, and material inhomogeneities in the system being studied.", "contents": "Finite element analysis of dental structures--axisymmetric and plane stress idealizations. The finite element method used to study stress generated in a maxillary second premolar as a result of occlusal forces. This mathematical technique has been applied extensively in structural engineering and structural mechanics. It is well suited to the analysis of stress in teeth and dental restorations because it can closely simulate the geometries, loads, and material inhomogeneities in the system being studied.", "PMID": 1176481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5675", "title": "The concept of protection potential applied to the corrosion of metallic orthopedic implants.", "content": "Cyclic polarization curves obtained for a cobalt-base casting alloy (similar to Vitallium Surgical Alloy) and for 316L stainless steel show that the cobalt-base alloy exhibits a high (noble) protection potential whereas the stainless steel exhibits a low (active) protection potential. It is suggested that the resistance to crevice corrosion of Vitallium Surgical Alloy results from its high value of protection potential whereas the susceptibility of 316L stainless to severe crevice corrosion results from its low value of protection potential.", "contents": "The concept of protection potential applied to the corrosion of metallic orthopedic implants. Cyclic polarization curves obtained for a cobalt-base casting alloy (similar to Vitallium Surgical Alloy) and for 316L stainless steel show that the cobalt-base alloy exhibits a high (noble) protection potential whereas the stainless steel exhibits a low (active) protection potential. It is suggested that the resistance to crevice corrosion of Vitallium Surgical Alloy results from its high value of protection potential whereas the susceptibility of 316L stainless to severe crevice corrosion results from its low value of protection potential.", "PMID": 1176484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5676", "title": "The effects of polyvalent salts on zeta potential of bone.", "content": "A streaming potential experiment was conducted on in vitro bone to determine the effects polyvalent salts have on bone zeta potential. Polyvalent metal salts would be introduced into local physiological electrolytes by corrosion of a metal implant or dissolution of a ceramic implant. It was hypothesized that a change in zeta potential of mineralized tissue, resulting from the introduction of polyvalent salts, could be a cause of tissue instability at the implant interface. Zeta potentials measured in bone were on the order of a few millivolts. Strongly hydrolytic metal cations such as Al+3 and Fe+3 did not have sufficient activity in buffered neutral electrolytes to alter bone zeta potential. Results suggest that less hydrolytic cations of high valence, and large polarizable anions may affect bone zeta potential.", "contents": "The effects of polyvalent salts on zeta potential of bone. A streaming potential experiment was conducted on in vitro bone to determine the effects polyvalent salts have on bone zeta potential. Polyvalent metal salts would be introduced into local physiological electrolytes by corrosion of a metal implant or dissolution of a ceramic implant. It was hypothesized that a change in zeta potential of mineralized tissue, resulting from the introduction of polyvalent salts, could be a cause of tissue instability at the implant interface. Zeta potentials measured in bone were on the order of a few millivolts. Strongly hydrolytic metal cations such as Al+3 and Fe+3 did not have sufficient activity in buffered neutral electrolytes to alter bone zeta potential. Results suggest that less hydrolytic cations of high valence, and large polarizable anions may affect bone zeta potential.", "PMID": 1176485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5677", "title": "Residual ethylene oxide: levels in medical grade tubing and effects on an in vitro biologic system.", "content": "The level of residual ethylene oxide after sterilization was evaluated as a function of aeration time for three medical grade tubings. Toxicity resulting from residual ethylene oxide was determined in an in vitro tissue culture system utilizing L-cells. The absorption and desorption of ethylene oxide from poly(vinyl chloride) and polyether-polyurethane tubing were similar. In contrast, silicone tubing absorbed 85% less ethylene oxide. The time required for desorption of residual ethylene oxide was 2 hr for silicone tubing and 7 to 8 hr for poly(vinyl chloride) and polyether-polyurethane tubing. Tubing samples containing 1,500 ppm or more residual ethylene oxide elicited toxic tissue culture reactions whereas samples containing 900 ppm or less showed no toxic tissue culture response.", "contents": "Residual ethylene oxide: levels in medical grade tubing and effects on an in vitro biologic system. The level of residual ethylene oxide after sterilization was evaluated as a function of aeration time for three medical grade tubings. Toxicity resulting from residual ethylene oxide was determined in an in vitro tissue culture system utilizing L-cells. The absorption and desorption of ethylene oxide from poly(vinyl chloride) and polyether-polyurethane tubing were similar. In contrast, silicone tubing absorbed 85% less ethylene oxide. The time required for desorption of residual ethylene oxide was 2 hr for silicone tubing and 7 to 8 hr for poly(vinyl chloride) and polyether-polyurethane tubing. Tubing samples containing 1,500 ppm or more residual ethylene oxide elicited toxic tissue culture reactions whereas samples containing 900 ppm or less showed no toxic tissue culture response.", "PMID": 1176486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5678", "title": "Modified collagen membrane as a skin substitute: preliminary studies.", "content": "Modified collagen membrane when compared to autograft, homograft, heterograft and silicone polymer membrane, demonstrated a superior adherence on split and full-thickness surfaces, but proved to be an inferior covering for granulating surfaces. Water vapor transport was found to be adequate and adaptable to modification. It was found to be permeable to most commonly used topical antibiotics, and no significant antigenicity could be demonstrated. In a controlled animal burn study, modified collagen membrane proved superior to homograft and heterograft in regard to mortality, time to grafting, bacteriology and autograft take. These studies provide a background for further laboratory and clinical studies now in progress.", "contents": "Modified collagen membrane as a skin substitute: preliminary studies. Modified collagen membrane when compared to autograft, homograft, heterograft and silicone polymer membrane, demonstrated a superior adherence on split and full-thickness surfaces, but proved to be an inferior covering for granulating surfaces. Water vapor transport was found to be adequate and adaptable to modification. It was found to be permeable to most commonly used topical antibiotics, and no significant antigenicity could be demonstrated. In a controlled animal burn study, modified collagen membrane proved superior to homograft and heterograft in regard to mortality, time to grafting, bacteriology and autograft take. These studies provide a background for further laboratory and clinical studies now in progress.", "PMID": 1176487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5679", "title": "MP35N: a corrosion resistant, high strength alloy for orthopedic surgical impants: bio-assay results.", "content": "A cobalt based alloy, MP35N, with excellent mechanical properties has been recently introduced as a material for surgical orthopedic implants. A study was made of local and systemic host response to this material in two different mammal species. The implantation time ranged from one to 12 months. The result of this study indicated: MP35N produces a degree of local tissue response comparable to that of 316L stainless steel. No systemic side effects were observed during the implantation times included in this study.", "contents": "MP35N: a corrosion resistant, high strength alloy for orthopedic surgical impants: bio-assay results. A cobalt based alloy, MP35N, with excellent mechanical properties has been recently introduced as a material for surgical orthopedic implants. A study was made of local and systemic host response to this material in two different mammal species. The implantation time ranged from one to 12 months. The result of this study indicated: MP35N produces a degree of local tissue response comparable to that of 316L stainless steel. No systemic side effects were observed during the implantation times included in this study.", "PMID": 1176488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5680", "title": "Wettability of hydrogels. I. Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate).", "content": "The wettability characteristics of the contact lens material, PHEMA, with respect to water have been determined by using the sessile drop, and the captive air bubble techniques of contact angle goniometry. It is concluded that on PHEMA gels water does not spread spontaneously. Large hysteresis has been observed in the advancing and receding contact angles. This suggests that this hydrogel surface is capable of changing its free energy through reorientation of the polymer side chains and chain segments depending on the nature of the adjacent phase. The water content of the gels does not appear to have an effect on water wettability in the hydration range investigated. The minor wettability differences among the various gels studied were most likely due to differences in surface structure and segmental mobility due to inherent variations in the method of preparation. Small but consistent differences were found between the contact angles measured by the captive bubble method and those obtained by the sessile drop method, the former values being higher. These differences may not be method-related artifacts and cannot be explained at the present time.", "contents": "Wettability of hydrogels. I. Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The wettability characteristics of the contact lens material, PHEMA, with respect to water have been determined by using the sessile drop, and the captive air bubble techniques of contact angle goniometry. It is concluded that on PHEMA gels water does not spread spontaneously. Large hysteresis has been observed in the advancing and receding contact angles. This suggests that this hydrogel surface is capable of changing its free energy through reorientation of the polymer side chains and chain segments depending on the nature of the adjacent phase. The water content of the gels does not appear to have an effect on water wettability in the hydration range investigated. The minor wettability differences among the various gels studied were most likely due to differences in surface structure and segmental mobility due to inherent variations in the method of preparation. Small but consistent differences were found between the contact angles measured by the captive bubble method and those obtained by the sessile drop method, the former values being higher. These differences may not be method-related artifacts and cannot be explained at the present time.", "PMID": 1176489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5681", "title": "The development of an abrasion testing machine for dental materials.", "content": "Wear testing should be an important part of the investigation into the physical and mechanical properties of some dental materials. It has, however, largely been ignored because of conflicting and unreproducible results. It was decided, therefore, to review the work done by other researchers and to examine the human masticatory cycle, and then present new parameters to design and construct a new dental abrasion testing machine. This new machine is described in detail and its capabilities briefly illustrated.", "contents": "The development of an abrasion testing machine for dental materials. Wear testing should be an important part of the investigation into the physical and mechanical properties of some dental materials. It has, however, largely been ignored because of conflicting and unreproducible results. It was decided, therefore, to review the work done by other researchers and to examine the human masticatory cycle, and then present new parameters to design and construct a new dental abrasion testing machine. This new machine is described in detail and its capabilities briefly illustrated.", "PMID": 1176490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5682", "title": "Biocompatible implants for the sustained zero-order release of narcotic antagonists.", "content": "Implantable, sustained release drug delivery devices offer benefits not obtained through oral ingestion or injection. These include delivery at a constant therapeutic rate, thus avoiding adverse intermittent and massive dose effects, as well as reliance upon patients taking their prescribed dosages. The drawbacks to their widespread acceptance have been their inability to maintain a zero-order release rate over an extended period of time and poor biocompatibility. Devices capable of satisfying these requirements have been developed and tested extensively for in vitro release of the narcotic antagonist cyclazocine. By using implant models prepared from Hydron, a hydrophilic polymer known to exhibit excellent tissue compatibility, we have found that the release rate could be precisely regulated by proper geometry, copolymer composition, concentration of ionogenic groups and cross-link density. Devices in such varied forms as capusles, barrier-film coated tablets and bulk polymerized rods have been tested in vitro for periods approaching 1 year.", "contents": "Biocompatible implants for the sustained zero-order release of narcotic antagonists. Implantable, sustained release drug delivery devices offer benefits not obtained through oral ingestion or injection. These include delivery at a constant therapeutic rate, thus avoiding adverse intermittent and massive dose effects, as well as reliance upon patients taking their prescribed dosages. The drawbacks to their widespread acceptance have been their inability to maintain a zero-order release rate over an extended period of time and poor biocompatibility. Devices capable of satisfying these requirements have been developed and tested extensively for in vitro release of the narcotic antagonist cyclazocine. By using implant models prepared from Hydron, a hydrophilic polymer known to exhibit excellent tissue compatibility, we have found that the release rate could be precisely regulated by proper geometry, copolymer composition, concentration of ionogenic groups and cross-link density. Devices in such varied forms as capusles, barrier-film coated tablets and bulk polymerized rods have been tested in vitro for periods approaching 1 year.", "PMID": 1176491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5683", "title": "Bone growth into porous carbon, polyethylene, and polypropylene prostheses.", "content": "Using rats as a model, porous discs of RPG carbon and polypropylene and polyethylene were localized subperiosteally and supraperiosteally in the skull. Bone and blood vessels grew into the discs, which had adequate pore size, when placed in direct contact with bone. No bone was generated from the periosteum. Both plastic materials were estimated to be better than carbon for use in osseous reconstructive work. More long term material-tissue stability and reaction studies should be performed.", "contents": "Bone growth into porous carbon, polyethylene, and polypropylene prostheses. Using rats as a model, porous discs of RPG carbon and polypropylene and polyethylene were localized subperiosteally and supraperiosteally in the skull. Bone and blood vessels grew into the discs, which had adequate pore size, when placed in direct contact with bone. No bone was generated from the periosteum. Both plastic materials were estimated to be better than carbon for use in osseous reconstructive work. More long term material-tissue stability and reaction studies should be performed.", "PMID": 1176495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5684", "title": "A proposed specification for acrylic bone cement.", "content": "A proposed specification covering handling characteristics and physical and chemical properties of bone cement composed primarily of methyl methacrylate has been prepared on the basis of data from the authors' studies and from various other sources. Under handling characteristics, requirements included relate to dough, handling and setting time, proper plasticity for insertion and temperature rise on setting. Mechanical properties specified include compressive strength and indentation and recovery characteristics. Maximum limits are proposed for water sorption and solubility. Suggested packaging requirements are also included.", "contents": "A proposed specification for acrylic bone cement. A proposed specification covering handling characteristics and physical and chemical properties of bone cement composed primarily of methyl methacrylate has been prepared on the basis of data from the authors' studies and from various other sources. Under handling characteristics, requirements included relate to dough, handling and setting time, proper plasticity for insertion and temperature rise on setting. Mechanical properties specified include compressive strength and indentation and recovery characteristics. Maximum limits are proposed for water sorption and solubility. Suggested packaging requirements are also included.", "PMID": 1176496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5685", "title": "Biodegradable material for bladder reconstruction.", "content": "The objective of this study was to develop a biodegradable material for use in reconstructive surgery of the bladder to serve a temporary function until normal regrowth of the host's tissue is completed. The biodegradable material can serve as a base over which the new bladder can regenerate. At the conclusion of the regrowth of the new tissue, the temporary material could be consumed by the body and therefore not have to be removed. Material evaluation showed that 70% acetic anhydride treated bovine pericardium was digested and dissolved in 4 weeks when implanted subcutaneously in dogs. Based upon this, supplementation of the bladder using this material was performed on 5 dogs. One dog showed urinary leakage and was sacrificed after 1 week. In 3 dogs examined 4, 6, and 48 weeks after implantation, respectively, the implanted material had been dissolved. In one animal autopsied at 10.5 months, a small remnant of the material still remained. Post-operative observation of the animals, excretory pyelocystograms and cystometry confirmed that the material applied was useful for experimental urinary bladder supplementation.", "contents": "Biodegradable material for bladder reconstruction. The objective of this study was to develop a biodegradable material for use in reconstructive surgery of the bladder to serve a temporary function until normal regrowth of the host's tissue is completed. The biodegradable material can serve as a base over which the new bladder can regenerate. At the conclusion of the regrowth of the new tissue, the temporary material could be consumed by the body and therefore not have to be removed. Material evaluation showed that 70% acetic anhydride treated bovine pericardium was digested and dissolved in 4 weeks when implanted subcutaneously in dogs. Based upon this, supplementation of the bladder using this material was performed on 5 dogs. One dog showed urinary leakage and was sacrificed after 1 week. In 3 dogs examined 4, 6, and 48 weeks after implantation, respectively, the implanted material had been dissolved. In one animal autopsied at 10.5 months, a small remnant of the material still remained. Post-operative observation of the animals, excretory pyelocystograms and cystometry confirmed that the material applied was useful for experimental urinary bladder supplementation.", "PMID": 1176497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5686", "title": "The use of dissimilar metals in surgery.", "content": "Previously, the use of dissimilar metals for the construction of surgical implants has been strongly discouraged because the combination of metals was likely to provoke more rapid corrosion of one metal. With the passive alloys that are in present and future application, however, a reconsideration of the use of dissimilar metals is required. Presently available electrochemical tests allow accurate prediction of safe and unsafe combinations of metals. The use of dissimilar metals would permit selection of the alloy of appropriate mechanical properties for each part of an implant and would allow improved corrosion resistance that certain alloys can convey to other alloys with which they are in contact.", "contents": "The use of dissimilar metals in surgery. Previously, the use of dissimilar metals for the construction of surgical implants has been strongly discouraged because the combination of metals was likely to provoke more rapid corrosion of one metal. With the passive alloys that are in present and future application, however, a reconsideration of the use of dissimilar metals is required. Presently available electrochemical tests allow accurate prediction of safe and unsafe combinations of metals. The use of dissimilar metals would permit selection of the alloy of appropriate mechanical properties for each part of an implant and would allow improved corrosion resistance that certain alloys can convey to other alloys with which they are in contact.", "PMID": 1176498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5687", "title": "A single unit digital flexor tendon prosthesis.", "content": "Historically, the surgical repair of serious injuries to the flexor tendons of the hand have met with less than satisfactory clinical results. In an attempt to solve this problem, studies have been made on the design and testing of a Dacron polyester tendon prosthesis for complete replacement of the digital flexor tendon. The prosthesis attaches proximally at the anatomical musculotendon junction via collagen ingrowth into a fabric structure and in similar manner distally via bone ingrowth at the anatomical insertion site. These fabrics are continuous with the tendon body of the prosthesis consisting of an inextensible braided cord which is silicone rubber coated to prevent tissue adherence in the glide zone of the tendon bed. An added benefit of the prosthesis is a simple means of length adjustment which can easily be carried out on the operating table. Studies have been performed in both dogs and chickens which indicate that sufficient tissue ingrowth occurs at both the distal and proximal anastomoses for retention of full load bearing capability  in these animals and that postoperative adhesions are negligible, if present at all. Full prostheses have been implanted in dogs for periods of over 1 year and chickens for 2 months. The chicken is the preferred animal model as a tendency for extensive scar tissue generation was shown in the dog. Both in vivo mechanical testing and histological characterization have been made on sacrificed animals which have received the full prostheses.", "contents": "A single unit digital flexor tendon prosthesis. Historically, the surgical repair of serious injuries to the flexor tendons of the hand have met with less than satisfactory clinical results. In an attempt to solve this problem, studies have been made on the design and testing of a Dacron polyester tendon prosthesis for complete replacement of the digital flexor tendon. The prosthesis attaches proximally at the anatomical musculotendon junction via collagen ingrowth into a fabric structure and in similar manner distally via bone ingrowth at the anatomical insertion site. These fabrics are continuous with the tendon body of the prosthesis consisting of an inextensible braided cord which is silicone rubber coated to prevent tissue adherence in the glide zone of the tendon bed. An added benefit of the prosthesis is a simple means of length adjustment which can easily be carried out on the operating table. Studies have been performed in both dogs and chickens which indicate that sufficient tissue ingrowth occurs at both the distal and proximal anastomoses for retention of full load bearing capability  in these animals and that postoperative adhesions are negligible, if present at all. Full prostheses have been implanted in dogs for periods of over 1 year and chickens for 2 months. The chicken is the preferred animal model as a tendency for extensive scar tissue generation was shown in the dog. Both in vivo mechanical testing and histological characterization have been made on sacrificed animals which have received the full prostheses.", "PMID": 1176499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5688", "title": "Morphological and biomechanical aspects of Al2O3 ceramic joint replacement. Experimental results and design considerations for human endoprostheses.", "content": "Four different acetabular replacement designs and 2 femoral head replacement designs made out of high density alumina ceramic have been tested in sheep with postoperative survival times of up to 11 months (Frialit 99: Al2O3 99.6%, MgO 0.4%). It can be concluded from these experiments that a cement free implantation technique with alumina requires a primary rigid fixation of the implant to bone, with the possibility for new bone growth along the ceramic and into grooves and macroscopic holes for further interdigitation. Three different solutions for the acetabular component can be recommended for human application. In addition, an all ceramic femoral prosthesis has been tested for bending strength in its neck region. Twenty prostheses have been factured, all of which showed values for bending strength far higher than the physiological neck fracture level (900 kp/cm2). The present state of development of all ceramic prostheses is discussed. Up to now, the development of  fibrous tissue between the bone and the ceramic implant has caused reservations with human implantation. The direct definite anchorage problem has to be resolved first.", "contents": "Morphological and biomechanical aspects of Al2O3 ceramic joint replacement. Experimental results and design considerations for human endoprostheses. Four different acetabular replacement designs and 2 femoral head replacement designs made out of high density alumina ceramic have been tested in sheep with postoperative survival times of up to 11 months (Frialit 99: Al2O3 99.6%, MgO 0.4%). It can be concluded from these experiments that a cement free implantation technique with alumina requires a primary rigid fixation of the implant to bone, with the possibility for new bone growth along the ceramic and into grooves and macroscopic holes for further interdigitation. Three different solutions for the acetabular component can be recommended for human application. In addition, an all ceramic femoral prosthesis has been tested for bending strength in its neck region. Twenty prostheses have been factured, all of which showed values for bending strength far higher than the physiological neck fracture level (900 kp/cm2). The present state of development of all ceramic prostheses is discussed. Up to now, the development of  fibrous tissue between the bone and the ceramic implant has caused reservations with human implantation. The direct definite anchorage problem has to be resolved first.", "PMID": 1176500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5689", "title": "Evaluation of a metal-ceramic composite hip prosthesis.", "content": "This investigation attempts to apply the concept of direct skeletal attachment via tissue ingrowth to the attachment of femoral head prostheses to the femur. Stainless steel (316L) canine femoral head prostheses with a ceramic coated stem were implanted into the femora of dogs and their results compared to those obtained by the impaction of stainless steel prostheses and acrylic-stabilized prostheses. The implants were tested in vivo for time periods ranging from 2 to 13 months, after which time the animals were sacrificed and the femora excised. The femora were sectioned with the implants in place and prepared for examination by light microscopy. Bone was in closer approximation to the ceramic coated implants than to the other two types of implantations. The uncoated and acrylic-stabilized implants were usually characterized by the presence of a relatively thick fibrous sequestering membrane.", "contents": "Evaluation of a metal-ceramic composite hip prosthesis. This investigation attempts to apply the concept of direct skeletal attachment via tissue ingrowth to the attachment of femoral head prostheses to the femur. Stainless steel (316L) canine femoral head prostheses with a ceramic coated stem were implanted into the femora of dogs and their results compared to those obtained by the impaction of stainless steel prostheses and acrylic-stabilized prostheses. The implants were tested in vivo for time periods ranging from 2 to 13 months, after which time the animals were sacrificed and the femora excised. The femora were sectioned with the implants in place and prepared for examination by light microscopy. Bone was in closer approximation to the ceramic coated implants than to the other two types of implantations. The uncoated and acrylic-stabilized implants were usually characterized by the presence of a relatively thick fibrous sequestering membrane.", "PMID": 1176501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5690", "title": "Fatigue fractures of the femoral component of Charnley and Charnley-M\u00fcller type total hip prostheses.", "content": "A survey is given of the mechanical failures of the femoral component of Charnley and Charnley-M\u00fcller type total hip prostheses. Fractographic analysis reveals that all the prostheses have broken by metal fatigue. A review of the clinical data has been combined with a metallurgical and a mechanical study in order to assess the reasons of the mechanical failures. The following conclusions have been reached. The prosthesis should be inserted in varus position with regard to the axis of the intramedullary canal, and the prosthesis should be made of an alloy with appreciably higher yield stress and fatigue strength than the alloys of the investigated broken Charnley and Charnley-M\u00fcller type prostheses.", "contents": "Fatigue fractures of the femoral component of Charnley and Charnley-M\u00fcller type total hip prostheses. A survey is given of the mechanical failures of the femoral component of Charnley and Charnley-M\u00fcller type total hip prostheses. Fractographic analysis reveals that all the prostheses have broken by metal fatigue. A review of the clinical data has been combined with a metallurgical and a mechanical study in order to assess the reasons of the mechanical failures. The following conclusions have been reached. The prosthesis should be inserted in varus position with regard to the axis of the intramedullary canal, and the prosthesis should be made of an alloy with appreciably higher yield stress and fatigue strength than the alloys of the investigated broken Charnley and Charnley-M\u00fcller type prostheses.", "PMID": 1176502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5691", "title": "Composite implants for orthopedic applications: in vivo evaluation of candidate resins.", "content": "Three resins which include poly (methyl methacrylate), surgical Simplex P, and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene were selected to be evaluated as candidate systems for a polymer based composite for hard tissue prosthesis. Characterization of the mechanical behavior of these polymers in different environments including in vitro and in vivo storage was accomplished. As a result, conclusions were made as to which material maintained the least amount of mechanical variance as influenced by environmental effects. In vivo studies of implanted materials provided for a study of soft tissue response to each material. Conclusions were then developed as to the varying degrees of tissue reaction initiated by each material, and which resin generated the greatest tissue response with respect to the others.", "contents": "Composite implants for orthopedic applications: in vivo evaluation of candidate resins. Three resins which include poly (methyl methacrylate), surgical Simplex P, and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene were selected to be evaluated as candidate systems for a polymer based composite for hard tissue prosthesis. Characterization of the mechanical behavior of these polymers in different environments including in vitro and in vivo storage was accomplished. As a result, conclusions were made as to which material maintained the least amount of mechanical variance as influenced by environmental effects. In vivo studies of implanted materials provided for a study of soft tissue response to each material. Conclusions were then developed as to the varying degrees of tissue reaction initiated by each material, and which resin generated the greatest tissue response with respect to the others.", "PMID": 1176503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5692", "title": "Experiences with Al2O3 implantations in humans to bridge resection defects.", "content": "Various implants have been developed for the upper and lower extremities and the spine. In order to establish whether endoprostheses made of Al2O3 will show the same good biocompatibility in humans as it has in experiments with animals, endoprostheses implantations were performed in 4 patients: 2  upper arms, 1 radius, 1 vertebra body. The implants were exposed to various loads. The biomechanical conditions were considered in the construction. The results reveal that the knowledge of material properties and prior calculations make possible the development of satisfactory endoprostheses. X-ray examinations confirm these deductions. Good functionality was achieved in vivo with all implants. They were all mechanially anchored, no bone cement was used. Thus the biocompatibility of the material was not limited. A histological examination is made of one implant. The macroscopic examination showed a stable fit and no pathological reactions, X-rays revealed that the bone remained in good contact with the implant. The longest observation period was over 1 1/4 years. Present observations show that the use of Al2O3 implants, without the use of additional materials (bone cement), results in a tight fit of the implants.", "contents": "Experiences with Al2O3 implantations in humans to bridge resection defects. Various implants have been developed for the upper and lower extremities and the spine. In order to establish whether endoprostheses made of Al2O3 will show the same good biocompatibility in humans as it has in experiments with animals, endoprostheses implantations were performed in 4 patients: 2  upper arms, 1 radius, 1 vertebra body. The implants were exposed to various loads. The biomechanical conditions were considered in the construction. The results reveal that the knowledge of material properties and prior calculations make possible the development of satisfactory endoprostheses. X-ray examinations confirm these deductions. Good functionality was achieved in vivo with all implants. They were all mechanially anchored, no bone cement was used. Thus the biocompatibility of the material was not limited. A histological examination is made of one implant. The macroscopic examination showed a stable fit and no pathological reactions, X-rays revealed that the bone remained in good contact with the implant. The longest observation period was over 1 1/4 years. Present observations show that the use of Al2O3 implants, without the use of additional materials (bone cement), results in a tight fit of the implants.", "PMID": 1176504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5693", "title": "Replamineform porous biomaterials for hard tissue implant applications.", "content": "By means of the newly developed Replamineform process, the unique pore microstructures found in the skeletal calcium carbonate of certain reef corals can be replicated or reproduced with high precision in a wide variety of materials suitable for hard tissue implant and prosthetic applications. The advantages of fabricating porous biomaterials with this method include closely controlled size of both the pore diameters and the diameters of the pore interconnections, and virtually complete interconnection of the uniformly spaced pores. These properties are of great importance in implant devices, because tissue ingrowth, the stimulation of new bone formation, the suppression of undesirable scar tissue, the inhibition of adverse body responses, and firm biological fixation of the implanted material all depend upon the nature of the pore-microstructure configuration. Replamineform preparation of Al2O3, TiO2, hydroxyapatite, silver, Co-Cr-Mo alloys, and polymers is described in detail, and the characterization procedures used to determine the physical and structural properties of their materials are discussed. A few of the routinely measured characteristics include (1) quantitative computerized SEM image analysis for determining the volume, size and shape distributions of the macro and microporosity and the grain size measurement of the solid; (2) nondestructive x-radiography of specimens to reveal any internal defects; (3) mechanical strength measurements of randomly selected specimens. Experimental results up to now clearly demonstrate the superiority of microstructures imparted to metals, ceramics, and polymers with the Replamineform process.", "contents": "Replamineform porous biomaterials for hard tissue implant applications. By means of the newly developed Replamineform process, the unique pore microstructures found in the skeletal calcium carbonate of certain reef corals can be replicated or reproduced with high precision in a wide variety of materials suitable for hard tissue implant and prosthetic applications. The advantages of fabricating porous biomaterials with this method include closely controlled size of both the pore diameters and the diameters of the pore interconnections, and virtually complete interconnection of the uniformly spaced pores. These properties are of great importance in implant devices, because tissue ingrowth, the stimulation of new bone formation, the suppression of undesirable scar tissue, the inhibition of adverse body responses, and firm biological fixation of the implanted material all depend upon the nature of the pore-microstructure configuration. Replamineform preparation of Al2O3, TiO2, hydroxyapatite, silver, Co-Cr-Mo alloys, and polymers is described in detail, and the characterization procedures used to determine the physical and structural properties of their materials are discussed. A few of the routinely measured characteristics include (1) quantitative computerized SEM image analysis for determining the volume, size and shape distributions of the macro and microporosity and the grain size measurement of the solid; (2) nondestructive x-radiography of specimens to reveal any internal defects; (3) mechanical strength measurements of randomly selected specimens. Experimental results up to now clearly demonstrate the superiority of microstructures imparted to metals, ceramics, and polymers with the Replamineform process.", "PMID": 1176505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5694", "title": "Porous, heat cured poly (methyl methacrylate) for dental implants.", "content": "The use of polyl (methyl methacrylate) for tooth replica implants, as developed by Hodosh, is described as to indications, ingredients, and fabrication technique. Laboratory testing of this material for mechanical and thermal expansion properties, and porosity content were determined as a function of foaming agent and and anorganic bone particle content.", "contents": "Porous, heat cured poly (methyl methacrylate) for dental implants. The use of polyl (methyl methacrylate) for tooth replica implants, as developed by Hodosh, is described as to indications, ingredients, and fabrication technique. Laboratory testing of this material for mechanical and thermal expansion properties, and porosity content were determined as a function of foaming agent and and anorganic bone particle content.", "PMID": 1176506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5695", "title": "Alumina and zirconia coated vitallium oral endosteal implants in beagles.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to assess the addition of a ceramic coating upon a Vitallium implant to increase the implant's biologic acceptability in the oral environment. The mandibular premolar teeth in 9 adult beagle dogs were removed bilaterally and these areas allowed to heal for 6 weeks. Ceramic coating with either Al2O3 or ZrO2 was carried out by flame spray deposition upon Vitallium anchor implants (9 of each), and the implants placed into the 18 healed premolar areas. Clinical and radiographic evaluation was conducted by 2 independent investigators over a 32 week period. Implants which exhibited mobility greater than II on a scale of 0 to III, at intervals of one-half, were judged unsatisfactory. After 19 weeks, all 9 Al2O3 coated implants and 5 ZrO2 coated implants were rated unsatisfactory. After 32 weeks, 4 ZrO2 coated implants were in situ with 0 or I mobility. Radiographically the width of the peri-implant space increased in direct proportion to both time and mobility. Histologic sections demonstrated encapsulating dense fibrous connective tissue which was oriented parallel to both ZrO2 and Al2O3 implants. Results suggest the zirconia used is a superior ceramic coating to the alumina. Neither seemed to increase biologic acceptability over uncoated Vitallium implants.", "contents": "Alumina and zirconia coated vitallium oral endosteal implants in beagles. The purpose of this study was to assess the addition of a ceramic coating upon a Vitallium implant to increase the implant's biologic acceptability in the oral environment. The mandibular premolar teeth in 9 adult beagle dogs were removed bilaterally and these areas allowed to heal for 6 weeks. Ceramic coating with either Al2O3 or ZrO2 was carried out by flame spray deposition upon Vitallium anchor implants (9 of each), and the implants placed into the 18 healed premolar areas. Clinical and radiographic evaluation was conducted by 2 independent investigators over a 32 week period. Implants which exhibited mobility greater than II on a scale of 0 to III, at intervals of one-half, were judged unsatisfactory. After 19 weeks, all 9 Al2O3 coated implants and 5 ZrO2 coated implants were rated unsatisfactory. After 32 weeks, 4 ZrO2 coated implants were in situ with 0 or I mobility. Radiographically the width of the peri-implant space increased in direct proportion to both time and mobility. Histologic sections demonstrated encapsulating dense fibrous connective tissue which was oriented parallel to both ZrO2 and Al2O3 implants. Results suggest the zirconia used is a superior ceramic coating to the alumina. Neither seemed to increase biologic acceptability over uncoated Vitallium implants.", "PMID": 1176508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5696", "title": "Tissue ingrowth of Replamineform implants.", "content": "The Replamineform process, a new technique for the fabrication of porous hard tissue implant materials which replicates the skeletal configuration of certain marine invertebrates, was used to manufacture 1 cm long by 0.5 cm diam cylinders. The inherent advantages of porous configurations obtained through this process are controlled, uniform pore size, controlled pore-microstructure ratio, and complete interconnection of pores. The specific materials studied were chrome-cobalt-molybdenum alloy, alphaA103, hydroxyapatite prepared by hydrothermal conversion, and the basic (aragonite) CaCO3 skeleton of the coral genus Porities. The implants were placed in the canellous bone of the distal femora and proximal tibiae of adult, mongrel dogs and analyzed at 8 weeks for tissue response and ingrowth. Uniformly, new bone was found to grow into the pores of these materials and become normally mineralized. These findings were determined by microradiography, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and histology. No evidences of infection, rejection, or encapsulation were seen. In the case of those CaCO3 implants left in place for 1 year, there was almost complete resorption of the cylinders, with both bony trabeculae and unmineralized collagen (presumably osteoid) found at the sites of insertion.", "contents": "Tissue ingrowth of Replamineform implants. The Replamineform process, a new technique for the fabrication of porous hard tissue implant materials which replicates the skeletal configuration of certain marine invertebrates, was used to manufacture 1 cm long by 0.5 cm diam cylinders. The inherent advantages of porous configurations obtained through this process are controlled, uniform pore size, controlled pore-microstructure ratio, and complete interconnection of pores. The specific materials studied were chrome-cobalt-molybdenum alloy, alphaA103, hydroxyapatite prepared by hydrothermal conversion, and the basic (aragonite) CaCO3 skeleton of the coral genus Porities. The implants were placed in the canellous bone of the distal femora and proximal tibiae of adult, mongrel dogs and analyzed at 8 weeks for tissue response and ingrowth. Uniformly, new bone was found to grow into the pores of these materials and become normally mineralized. These findings were determined by microradiography, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and histology. No evidences of infection, rejection, or encapsulation were seen. In the case of those CaCO3 implants left in place for 1 year, there was almost complete resorption of the cylinders, with both bony trabeculae and unmineralized collagen (presumably osteoid) found at the sites of insertion.", "PMID": 1176509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5697", "title": "Mechanical properties of calcia stabilized zirconia following in vivo and in vitro aging.", "content": "Aging studies were done on calcia stabilized zirconia rods of 72% theoretical density to determine the effect of actual and simulated biological environments on their strength. They were aged without stress in vitro in Ringer's solution for 1, 2 and 4weeks or in vivo in rabbits for 12 weeks. Rods aged in vitro showed mean losses in bending strength of 16, 17 and 19% respectively after 1, 2 and 4 weeks of immersion, while those aged in vivo showed a mean loss of 25%. It was concluded that the material tested would be unsatisfactory as an orthopedic replacement because of the rapid decrease in strength which occurred when exposed to actual or simulated biological media.", "contents": "Mechanical properties of calcia stabilized zirconia following in vivo and in vitro aging. Aging studies were done on calcia stabilized zirconia rods of 72% theoretical density to determine the effect of actual and simulated biological environments on their strength. They were aged without stress in vitro in Ringer's solution for 1, 2 and 4weeks or in vivo in rabbits for 12 weeks. Rods aged in vitro showed mean losses in bending strength of 16, 17 and 19% respectively after 1, 2 and 4 weeks of immersion, while those aged in vivo showed a mean loss of 25%. It was concluded that the material tested would be unsatisfactory as an orthopedic replacement because of the rapid decrease in strength which occurred when exposed to actual or simulated biological media.", "PMID": 1176510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5698", "title": "Two-year biocompatibility study of ORNL graphite.", "content": "A new grade of graphite-isotropic, fine-grained, and of superior strength-has been produced at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The possibility of using this material in  orthopedic implants is under study at the University of Illinois. As part of this program, plugs 1/8 in. in diam were inserted in holes drilled in the proximal femur of 2 groups of 8-week old male rabbits. The groups were sacrificed at the end of 1 and 2 years. A single i.m. injection of achromycin was given 2 days prior to sacrifice. Thin sections of the plugs and surrounding tissue were examined by microradiography and optical microscopy (white light, polarizing, and fluorescent). All bone was normal. Minimal evidence of irritation or fibrous encapsulation appeared.", "contents": "Two-year biocompatibility study of ORNL graphite. A new grade of graphite-isotropic, fine-grained, and of superior strength-has been produced at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The possibility of using this material in  orthopedic implants is under study at the University of Illinois. As part of this program, plugs 1/8 in. in diam were inserted in holes drilled in the proximal femur of 2 groups of 8-week old male rabbits. The groups were sacrificed at the end of 1 and 2 years. A single i.m. injection of achromycin was given 2 days prior to sacrifice. Thin sections of the plugs and surrounding tissue were examined by microradiography and optical microscopy (white light, polarizing, and fluorescent). All bone was normal. Minimal evidence of irritation or fibrous encapsulation appeared.", "PMID": 1176511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5699", "title": "Factors influencing the creep behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate) cements.", "content": "Room temperature compression creep and recovery tests have been performed using samples of pure poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), three commercially available poly(methyl methacrylate) cements, and several experimental cements. From these tests the influence of density, mixing procedure, particle size, methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer, barium sulfate, aquenous storage environments, residual monomer, molecular weight of the continuous phase, benzoyl peroxide, and N,N-dimethyl-paratoluidine, upon the creep behavior of PMMA cements has been determined. The important results is that lowering the porosity or residual monomer content, increasing the powder size, or adding an MMA-styrene copolymer tends to increase the creep resistance of PMMA cement.", "contents": "Factors influencing the creep behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate) cements. Room temperature compression creep and recovery tests have been performed using samples of pure poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), three commercially available poly(methyl methacrylate) cements, and several experimental cements. From these tests the influence of density, mixing procedure, particle size, methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer, barium sulfate, aquenous storage environments, residual monomer, molecular weight of the continuous phase, benzoyl peroxide, and N,N-dimethyl-paratoluidine, upon the creep behavior of PMMA cements has been determined. The important results is that lowering the porosity or residual monomer content, increasing the powder size, or adding an MMA-styrene copolymer tends to increase the creep resistance of PMMA cement.", "PMID": 1176512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5700", "title": "Fractography of poly(methyl methacrylates).", "content": "For convenience in clinical manipulation, it is the practice to fabricate PMMA protheses from mixtures of powder and monomer. When the monomer is subsequently polymerized an unusual 2-phase polymeric material results in which grains of PMMA are dispersed in a matrix of the same polymer. The mechanical properties of the 2-phase materials are inferior in certain respects relative to 1-phase polymers. The purpose of the present work is to evaluate the failure of 2-phase materials by microscopical examination of their fracture surfaces. A granular microstructure was clearly distinguishable and a distinction made between materials which fail exclusively by transgranular fracture and others which additionally exhibit intergranular fracture. In order to interpret markings observed on the fracture surfaces of the complex 2-phase systems a study was made of the influence of molecular weight on the fractography of 1-phase PMMA. Molecular weight was reduced by degradation of samples by exposure to gamma-rays. The spacing of periodic rib markings on fracture surfaces was found to decrease with molecular weight and this relationship used to provide an estimate of the molecular weight of polymer in the matrix of 2-phase materials.", "contents": "Fractography of poly(methyl methacrylates). For convenience in clinical manipulation, it is the practice to fabricate PMMA protheses from mixtures of powder and monomer. When the monomer is subsequently polymerized an unusual 2-phase polymeric material results in which grains of PMMA are dispersed in a matrix of the same polymer. The mechanical properties of the 2-phase materials are inferior in certain respects relative to 1-phase polymers. The purpose of the present work is to evaluate the failure of 2-phase materials by microscopical examination of their fracture surfaces. A granular microstructure was clearly distinguishable and a distinction made between materials which fail exclusively by transgranular fracture and others which additionally exhibit intergranular fracture. In order to interpret markings observed on the fracture surfaces of the complex 2-phase systems a study was made of the influence of molecular weight on the fractography of 1-phase PMMA. Molecular weight was reduced by degradation of samples by exposure to gamma-rays. The spacing of periodic rib markings on fracture surfaces was found to decrease with molecular weight and this relationship used to provide an estimate of the molecular weight of polymer in the matrix of 2-phase materials.", "PMID": 1176513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5701", "title": "Biomaterials science protocols for clinical investigations on porous alumina ceramic and vitreous carbon implants.", "content": "A written protocol for the investigation of candidate surgical implant materials is quite important. Biomaterials science sections of clinical protocols have been developed for porous alumina ceramic and nonporous vitreous carbon biomaterials. Published data on the properties of the biomaterials were evaluated as related to bone replacement and augmentation. Where necessary, limited laboratory studies were conducted. If decisions could not be reached with respect to a given application, animal studies were initiated. The surgeons worked with biomaterials in the laboratory and the biomaterials scientist attended the experimental surgery procedures. Biomaterials Science Laboratory nondestructive investigations including stereomicroscopic and x-ray inspections were conducted on the vitreous carbon dental implant systems. The investigations elucidated a number of unexpected features for both implant biomaterials and the overall interaction between the different disciplines resulted in a more complete protocol for the study of these biomaterials at our Medical and Dental Center.", "contents": "Biomaterials science protocols for clinical investigations on porous alumina ceramic and vitreous carbon implants. A written protocol for the investigation of candidate surgical implant materials is quite important. Biomaterials science sections of clinical protocols have been developed for porous alumina ceramic and nonporous vitreous carbon biomaterials. Published data on the properties of the biomaterials were evaluated as related to bone replacement and augmentation. Where necessary, limited laboratory studies were conducted. If decisions could not be reached with respect to a given application, animal studies were initiated. The surgeons worked with biomaterials in the laboratory and the biomaterials scientist attended the experimental surgery procedures. Biomaterials Science Laboratory nondestructive investigations including stereomicroscopic and x-ray inspections were conducted on the vitreous carbon dental implant systems. The investigations elucidated a number of unexpected features for both implant biomaterials and the overall interaction between the different disciplines resulted in a more complete protocol for the study of these biomaterials at our Medical and Dental Center.", "PMID": 1176514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5702", "title": "Dimensional behavior of curing bone cement masses.", "content": "The curing of bone cements is accompanied by release of polymerization heat and, hence, by a temperature rise of the curing cement mass. This temperature rise causes expansion of enclosed air bubbles and evaporation of the volatile monomer. An overall expansion of 3 to 5 vol % has been mentioned in the literature. It has often been stated that this expansion favours the fixation of metal endoprostheses in the marrow cavity of bone. To check for the influence of this expansion on linear dimensions of the cured cement mass we filled stainless steel cylinders with a precision bore of 22,000 +/- 0,005 mm and a length of 120 mm with bone cement. After curing of the cement in a environment of 37 degrees C the resulting cement rod was released from the cylinder and the diameter of the rod was measured at 37 degrees C. The influence of the \"foaming effect\" on the transverse dimensions of the rods was studied by curing the cement at 37 degrees C and 2 atm air pressure in a high-pressure-vessel. This method of curing eliminates porosity in the cement almost completely, so that curing shrinkage is to be expected rather than expansion of the cement mass. The results indicate that a volumetric expansion of the cement during curing of cylindrical rods in laboratory experiments, can be accompanied by a linear diametrical shrinkage of the cement mass. The explanation of this phenomenon is to be sought in the fact that the volumetric expansion takes place at a time when the cement is still plastic; by the formation of gas bubbles, the cement is forced in longitudinal direction into the cylinder and when the temperature of the mass has passed through a maximum, the cooling of the cement mass results in a thermal shrinkage of approximately 0.4% linearly. Extrapolating this laboratory result to clinical situation one might doubt whether the overall expansion of bone cements during curing will result in a permanent positive pressure on the walls of marrow cavity and whether it will contribute to a better fixation of endoprostheses than in the case of a, still hypothetical, nonporous cement.", "contents": "Dimensional behavior of curing bone cement masses. The curing of bone cements is accompanied by release of polymerization heat and, hence, by a temperature rise of the curing cement mass. This temperature rise causes expansion of enclosed air bubbles and evaporation of the volatile monomer. An overall expansion of 3 to 5 vol % has been mentioned in the literature. It has often been stated that this expansion favours the fixation of metal endoprostheses in the marrow cavity of bone. To check for the influence of this expansion on linear dimensions of the cured cement mass we filled stainless steel cylinders with a precision bore of 22,000 +/- 0,005 mm and a length of 120 mm with bone cement. After curing of the cement in a environment of 37 degrees C the resulting cement rod was released from the cylinder and the diameter of the rod was measured at 37 degrees C. The influence of the \"foaming effect\" on the transverse dimensions of the rods was studied by curing the cement at 37 degrees C and 2 atm air pressure in a high-pressure-vessel. This method of curing eliminates porosity in the cement almost completely, so that curing shrinkage is to be expected rather than expansion of the cement mass. The results indicate that a volumetric expansion of the cement during curing of cylindrical rods in laboratory experiments, can be accompanied by a linear diametrical shrinkage of the cement mass. The explanation of this phenomenon is to be sought in the fact that the volumetric expansion takes place at a time when the cement is still plastic; by the formation of gas bubbles, the cement is forced in longitudinal direction into the cylinder and when the temperature of the mass has passed through a maximum, the cooling of the cement mass results in a thermal shrinkage of approximately 0.4% linearly. Extrapolating this laboratory result to clinical situation one might doubt whether the overall expansion of bone cements during curing will result in a permanent positive pressure on the walls of marrow cavity and whether it will contribute to a better fixation of endoprostheses than in the case of a, still hypothetical, nonporous cement.", "PMID": 1176515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5703", "title": "Growth kinetics of gamma 2 crystals on mercury-plated Ag3Sn.", "content": "Previous work has shown that needles of gamma 2 crystals form when mercury is plated on the surface of an Ag3Sn specimen. In the present study, the growth kinetics of gamma 2 needles were investigated from room temperature to 50 degrees C for varying amounts of plated mercury. Straight-line relationships between crystal length and the square root of the time of growth showed that the growth rate is diffusion controlled. The growth rate increased with temperature up to 40 degrees C but decreased at higher temperatures. Further, as the temperature was increased, fewer gamma 2 crystals formed and their growth length decreased. This demonstrates that a number of competing factors are involved in the growth process at high temperatures.", "contents": "Growth kinetics of gamma 2 crystals on mercury-plated Ag3Sn. Previous work has shown that needles of gamma 2 crystals form when mercury is plated on the surface of an Ag3Sn specimen. In the present study, the growth kinetics of gamma 2 needles were investigated from room temperature to 50 degrees C for varying amounts of plated mercury. Straight-line relationships between crystal length and the square root of the time of growth showed that the growth rate is diffusion controlled. The growth rate increased with temperature up to 40 degrees C but decreased at higher temperatures. Further, as the temperature was increased, fewer gamma 2 crystals formed and their growth length decreased. This demonstrates that a number of competing factors are involved in the growth process at high temperatures.", "PMID": 1176516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5704", "title": "Development of needles and sutures for microsurgery.", "content": "At present, the smallest needle commonly available is about 130 mum in diameter in combination with a suture of about 25 mum in diameter. Marked reductions in size, particularly of the needle, are advantageous for microvascular surgery. A needle of about 70 mum in diameter, welded to a suture of about 18 mum diameter, has been developed. In initial tests, it has performed satisfactorily in the repair of the carotid artery of the white rat. It is shown that the basic properties of materials severely limit further reductions in the size of needles and sutures.", "contents": "Development of needles and sutures for microsurgery. At present, the smallest needle commonly available is about 130 mum in diameter in combination with a suture of about 25 mum in diameter. Marked reductions in size, particularly of the needle, are advantageous for microvascular surgery. A needle of about 70 mum in diameter, welded to a suture of about 18 mum diameter, has been developed. In initial tests, it has performed satisfactorily in the repair of the carotid artery of the white rat. It is shown that the basic properties of materials severely limit further reductions in the size of needles and sutures.", "PMID": 1176517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5705", "title": "Slow crack growth in acrylic bone cement.", "content": "Slow crack growth in Perspex acrylic sheet (PMMA) and Simplex acrylic bone cement in air and water has been studied from a fracture mechanics viewpoint. It has been found that the crack velocity, V, for each material depends upon the intensification of stress at the tip of the crack. Experimental measurements have been made of V as a function of the stress intensity factor, K, at the crack tip, and a derived V, K relationship has been used to predict the times-to-failure of components made from PMMA and Simplex cement. Direct measurements of time-to-failure for PMMA have shown that the predicted values give a conservative estimate of the structural lifetime of the material.", "contents": "Slow crack growth in acrylic bone cement. Slow crack growth in Perspex acrylic sheet (PMMA) and Simplex acrylic bone cement in air and water has been studied from a fracture mechanics viewpoint. It has been found that the crack velocity, V, for each material depends upon the intensification of stress at the tip of the crack. Experimental measurements have been made of V as a function of the stress intensity factor, K, at the crack tip, and a derived V, K relationship has been used to predict the times-to-failure of components made from PMMA and Simplex cement. Direct measurements of time-to-failure for PMMA have shown that the predicted values give a conservative estimate of the structural lifetime of the material.", "PMID": 1176518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5706", "title": "Thermodifferential analysis of ceramic implants.", "content": "Ceramic pelletes (in Al2O3 92% and in calcium aluminate) implanted into the muscles of rabbits for varying periods of time, and samples of similar material, not implanted but mixed with organic substances, have been analyzed by means of thermal differential analysis (TDA). Which hydrated calcium aluminates are formed from implants after contract with the tissue fluid, has been established. It has also been ascertained that the ceramic implants absorb organic substances from the tissue fluid, which, from a first evaluation, seem to be composed of simple molecules. The results of this initial inquiry have provided positive indications of the utility of TDA to assist in elucidating the phenomena that occur between implant and tissue.", "contents": "Thermodifferential analysis of ceramic implants. Ceramic pelletes (in Al2O3 92% and in calcium aluminate) implanted into the muscles of rabbits for varying periods of time, and samples of similar material, not implanted but mixed with organic substances, have been analyzed by means of thermal differential analysis (TDA). Which hydrated calcium aluminates are formed from implants after contract with the tissue fluid, has been established. It has also been ascertained that the ceramic implants absorb organic substances from the tissue fluid, which, from a first evaluation, seem to be composed of simple molecules. The results of this initial inquiry have provided positive indications of the utility of TDA to assist in elucidating the phenomena that occur between implant and tissue.", "PMID": 1176519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5707", "title": "Deposition of blood cells on collagen and cuprophane membranes.", "content": "Dogs were dialyzed with collagen and cuprophane membranes, human renal failure patients were dialyzed with cuprophane membranes, and samples of the membranes were observed by scanning electron microscopy at different time periods. Fixation was done in glutaraldehyde and cacodylate buffer, and samples were dried at the critical point. All cellular elements were well preserved and appeared viable. Cuprophane adsorbed platelets almost selectively in dog dialyses, whereas collagen adsorbed a smaller number and more heterogeneous group of cells. In contrast to these findings, when cuprophane was used in clinical dialyses, the cell population was predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "contents": "Deposition of blood cells on collagen and cuprophane membranes. Dogs were dialyzed with collagen and cuprophane membranes, human renal failure patients were dialyzed with cuprophane membranes, and samples of the membranes were observed by scanning electron microscopy at different time periods. Fixation was done in glutaraldehyde and cacodylate buffer, and samples were dried at the critical point. All cellular elements were well preserved and appeared viable. Cuprophane adsorbed platelets almost selectively in dog dialyses, whereas collagen adsorbed a smaller number and more heterogeneous group of cells. In contrast to these findings, when cuprophane was used in clinical dialyses, the cell population was predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "PMID": 1176520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5708", "title": "Determination of fluorocarbon in blood.", "content": "Because fluorocarbons can dissolve relatively large quantities of oxygen and carbon dioxide, there is considerable interest in utilizing them to develop new methods of extracorporael circulation, artificial red blood cells, and liquid breathing techniques. A method for the assay of fluorocarbon in blood is presented. The fluorocarbon is extracted from the blood with toluene, and fluoride is released from the fluorocarbon in the toluene extract by reaction with sodium biphenyl. The inorganic fluoride is then extracted with aqueous sodium acetate, the pH of the extract is adjusted, and the activity of the fluoride ion is read with a fluoride-specific ion electrode. The assay was effective for fluorocarbon concentrations in the range of 1 to 30 ppm.", "contents": "Determination of fluorocarbon in blood. Because fluorocarbons can dissolve relatively large quantities of oxygen and carbon dioxide, there is considerable interest in utilizing them to develop new methods of extracorporael circulation, artificial red blood cells, and liquid breathing techniques. A method for the assay of fluorocarbon in blood is presented. The fluorocarbon is extracted from the blood with toluene, and fluoride is released from the fluorocarbon in the toluene extract by reaction with sodium biphenyl. The inorganic fluoride is then extracted with aqueous sodium acetate, the pH of the extract is adjusted, and the activity of the fluoride ion is read with a fluoride-specific ion electrode. The assay was effective for fluorocarbon concentrations in the range of 1 to 30 ppm.", "PMID": 1176521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5709", "title": "Platelet adhesion and contact activation time tests on HEMA coated cellulose acetate membranes.", "content": "Surface modification of cellulose acetate dialysis membranes was carried out by 60Co radiation induced graft copolymerization of the hydrogel, hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The degree of grafting was controlled by varying the HEMA monomer concentration in the grafting solution and the radiation dose. A continuous flow platelet adhesion test was designed which allows testing under conditions more closely approximating hemodialysis than other small scale in vitro tests. Platelet adhesion on treated membranes fell substantially with increasing surface HEMA concentration. The presence of HEMA on the membrane surface did not affect the membrane activated clotting times significantly.", "contents": "Platelet adhesion and contact activation time tests on HEMA coated cellulose acetate membranes. Surface modification of cellulose acetate dialysis membranes was carried out by 60Co radiation induced graft copolymerization of the hydrogel, hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The degree of grafting was controlled by varying the HEMA monomer concentration in the grafting solution and the radiation dose. A continuous flow platelet adhesion test was designed which allows testing under conditions more closely approximating hemodialysis than other small scale in vitro tests. Platelet adhesion on treated membranes fell substantially with increasing surface HEMA concentration. The presence of HEMA on the membrane surface did not affect the membrane activated clotting times significantly.", "PMID": 1176522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5710", "title": "Early tissue infiltrate in porous polyethylene implants into bone: a scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "The results of the present study demonstrate the utility of the scanning electron microscope for characterizing the ultrastructure of the initial tissue infiltrate in porous polyethylene implants. Shortly after implantation a thin noncellular fibrous-like coating was observed to form on the pore surface. The cells observed in the polyethylene pellets 3 days after implantation were generally consistent with what one would expect to see in a hematoma. As early as 14 days after implantation much of the blood clot was replaced by newly formed bone spicules. Tissue shrinkage accompanying dehydration of the specimen for scanning electron microscope study although a disadvantage occasionally proved useful in that it provided the opportunity to study the internal surface of the fibrous coating when separated from the surface of the implant. Less shrinkage was observed in implants whose pores were filled with bone spicules.", "contents": "Early tissue infiltrate in porous polyethylene implants into bone: a scanning electron microscope study. The results of the present study demonstrate the utility of the scanning electron microscope for characterizing the ultrastructure of the initial tissue infiltrate in porous polyethylene implants. Shortly after implantation a thin noncellular fibrous-like coating was observed to form on the pore surface. The cells observed in the polyethylene pellets 3 days after implantation were generally consistent with what one would expect to see in a hematoma. As early as 14 days after implantation much of the blood clot was replaced by newly formed bone spicules. Tissue shrinkage accompanying dehydration of the specimen for scanning electron microscope study although a disadvantage occasionally proved useful in that it provided the opportunity to study the internal surface of the fibrous coating when separated from the surface of the implant. Less shrinkage was observed in implants whose pores were filled with bone spicules.", "PMID": 1176523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5711", "title": "Properties of the beta-nerve growth factor receptor in development.", "content": "The cell surface receptor for beta-nerve growth factor was used as a probe to study the development of embryonic chick sensory ganglia. The ganglia were shown to lose their responsiveness to nerve growth factor in vitro between 14 and 16 days of embryonic age. This loss occurred by a decrease in the magnitude of the maximum biological response, not by a shifting of the response to higher concentrations. Binding assays for the beta-nerve growth factor receptor, using 125I-radiolabelled beta-nerve growth factor, were performed with cells from sensory ganglia 8, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 21 days of age. The assays revealed a twofold increase in the number of receptor sites per ganglion between 8 and 14 days and a sixfold drop between 14 and 16 days of embryonic life. Neither increase nor decrease was accompanied by a large change in the affinity of the receptor for the protein. Together with the results of the bioassay, the data show that the loss of biological responsiveness is correlated with and may be due to a loss of the cells' ability to bind beta-nerve growth factor. Correlation of the results of the binding assays with the known ontogeny of the chick embryo provides a hint at the role of nerve growth factor in normal development.", "contents": "Properties of the beta-nerve growth factor receptor in development. The cell surface receptor for beta-nerve growth factor was used as a probe to study the development of embryonic chick sensory ganglia. The ganglia were shown to lose their responsiveness to nerve growth factor in vitro between 14 and 16 days of embryonic age. This loss occurred by a decrease in the magnitude of the maximum biological response, not by a shifting of the response to higher concentrations. Binding assays for the beta-nerve growth factor receptor, using 125I-radiolabelled beta-nerve growth factor, were performed with cells from sensory ganglia 8, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 21 days of age. The assays revealed a twofold increase in the number of receptor sites per ganglion between 8 and 14 days and a sixfold drop between 14 and 16 days of embryonic life. Neither increase nor decrease was accompanied by a large change in the affinity of the receptor for the protein. Together with the results of the bioassay, the data show that the loss of biological responsiveness is correlated with and may be due to a loss of the cells' ability to bind beta-nerve growth factor. Correlation of the results of the binding assays with the known ontogeny of the chick embryo provides a hint at the role of nerve growth factor in normal development.", "PMID": 1176525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5712", "title": "Inhibitor effects during the cell cycle in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Determination of transition points in asynchronous cultures.", "content": "A wide variety of inhibitors (drugs, antibiotics, and antimetabolites) will block cell division within an ongoing cell cycle in autotrophic cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. To determine when during the cell cycle a given inhibitor is effective in preventing cell division, a technique is described which does not rely on the use of synchronous cultures. The technique permits the measurement of transition points, the cell cycle stage at which the subsequent cell division becomes insensitive to the effects of an inhibitor. A map of transition points in the cell cycle reveals that they are grouped into two broad periods, the second and fourth quarters. In general, inhibitors which block organellar DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis have second-quarter transition points, while those which inhibit nuclear cytoplasmic macromolecular synthesis have fourth-quarter transition points. The specific grouping of these transition points into two periods suggests that the synthesis of organellar components is completed midway through the cell cycle and that the synthesis of nonorganellar components required for cell division is not completed until late in the cell cycle.", "contents": "Inhibitor effects during the cell cycle in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Determination of transition points in asynchronous cultures. A wide variety of inhibitors (drugs, antibiotics, and antimetabolites) will block cell division within an ongoing cell cycle in autotrophic cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. To determine when during the cell cycle a given inhibitor is effective in preventing cell division, a technique is described which does not rely on the use of synchronous cultures. The technique permits the measurement of transition points, the cell cycle stage at which the subsequent cell division becomes insensitive to the effects of an inhibitor. A map of transition points in the cell cycle reveals that they are grouped into two broad periods, the second and fourth quarters. In general, inhibitors which block organellar DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis have second-quarter transition points, while those which inhibit nuclear cytoplasmic macromolecular synthesis have fourth-quarter transition points. The specific grouping of these transition points into two periods suggests that the synthesis of organellar components is completed midway through the cell cycle and that the synthesis of nonorganellar components required for cell division is not completed until late in the cell cycle.", "PMID": 1176526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5713", "title": "Tubulin constancy during morphological differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Clonal cell lines N18 and N103 of the mouse neuroblastoma C1300 possess an undifferentiated neuroblast morphology under optimal growth conditions; however, when deprived of serum, N18 can be induced to extend long neurites. Although initial neurite outgrowth is rapid, very long fibers are found only after several days. Both initial outgrowths and established neurites contain microtubules; however, the number and density of these polymerized tubules increase markedly during this time. Optimum conditions have been established for assessing the colchicine-binding activity of neuroblastoma sonicates. A time-decay colchicine-binding assay was used to make a comparative study of the tubulin content of both undifferentiated and differentiated N18 as well as the nondifferentiating N103 and the rat glioma C6. Both morphologies of clone N18 possessed similar concentrations of tubulin (130-140 pmol/10(6) cells). Although cells of clone N103 contain 20% less tubulin than N18 cells, this is considerably more tubulin than is present in the glioma C6 (30 pmol/10(6) cells) which has a similar generation time. Quantitative densitometry of neuroblastoma extracts electrophoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels confirmed the constancy of tubulin. Radiolabeled proteins from neuroblastoma cells subjected to both growth conditions show that neurite outgrowth does not create a disproportionate demand for tubulin synthesis. Thus, the morphological differentiation of neuroblastoma cells probably reflects the regulation of tubulin storage and microtubule polymerization.", "contents": "Tubulin constancy during morphological differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells. Clonal cell lines N18 and N103 of the mouse neuroblastoma C1300 possess an undifferentiated neuroblast morphology under optimal growth conditions; however, when deprived of serum, N18 can be induced to extend long neurites. Although initial neurite outgrowth is rapid, very long fibers are found only after several days. Both initial outgrowths and established neurites contain microtubules; however, the number and density of these polymerized tubules increase markedly during this time. Optimum conditions have been established for assessing the colchicine-binding activity of neuroblastoma sonicates. A time-decay colchicine-binding assay was used to make a comparative study of the tubulin content of both undifferentiated and differentiated N18 as well as the nondifferentiating N103 and the rat glioma C6. Both morphologies of clone N18 possessed similar concentrations of tubulin (130-140 pmol/10(6) cells). Although cells of clone N103 contain 20% less tubulin than N18 cells, this is considerably more tubulin than is present in the glioma C6 (30 pmol/10(6) cells) which has a similar generation time. Quantitative densitometry of neuroblastoma extracts electrophoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels confirmed the constancy of tubulin. Radiolabeled proteins from neuroblastoma cells subjected to both growth conditions show that neurite outgrowth does not create a disproportionate demand for tubulin synthesis. Thus, the morphological differentiation of neuroblastoma cells probably reflects the regulation of tubulin storage and microtubule polymerization.", "PMID": 1176527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5714", "title": "Membrane-bound ribosomes of myeloma cells. II. Kinetic studies on the entry of newly made ribosomal subunits into the free and the membrane-bound ribosomal particles.", "content": "The kinetics of appearance of newly made 60S and 40S ribosomal subunits in the free and membrane-bound ribosomal particles of P3K cells were explored by determining the specific radioactivities of their 18S and 28S RNA after various lengths of [3H]uridine pulse. Both 40S and 60S subunits enter free and membrane-bound polyribosomes at comparable rates from the cytoplasmic pool of newly made, free native subunits, the 40S subunits entering the native subunit pool and the polyribosomes slightly earlier than the 60S subunits. At all times, the specific radioactivity of the membrane-bound native 60S subunits was slightly lower than that of the polyribosomal 60S subunits. This indicates that the membrane-bound native 60S subunits are not precursors destined to enter membrane-bound polyribosomes and suggests that they result from the dissociation of ribosomes after chain termination. The results observed also suggest that the membrane-bound native 60S subunits are not reutilized before their release from the membranes, which probably takes place shortly after dissociation from their 40S subunits. The monoribosomes, both free and membrane-bound, had the lowest specific radioactivities in their subunits. Finally, a small amount of newly made native 40S subunits, containing 18S RNA of high specific radioactivity, and apparently also newly made messenger RNA were detected on the membranes. The high turnover of these membrane-bound native 40S subunits suggests that they may represent initiation complexes formed with mRNA which has just reached the membranes and which has not yet given rise to polyribosomes.", "contents": "Membrane-bound ribosomes of myeloma cells. II. Kinetic studies on the entry of newly made ribosomal subunits into the free and the membrane-bound ribosomal particles. The kinetics of appearance of newly made 60S and 40S ribosomal subunits in the free and membrane-bound ribosomal particles of P3K cells were explored by determining the specific radioactivities of their 18S and 28S RNA after various lengths of [3H]uridine pulse. Both 40S and 60S subunits enter free and membrane-bound polyribosomes at comparable rates from the cytoplasmic pool of newly made, free native subunits, the 40S subunits entering the native subunit pool and the polyribosomes slightly earlier than the 60S subunits. At all times, the specific radioactivity of the membrane-bound native 60S subunits was slightly lower than that of the polyribosomal 60S subunits. This indicates that the membrane-bound native 60S subunits are not precursors destined to enter membrane-bound polyribosomes and suggests that they result from the dissociation of ribosomes after chain termination. The results observed also suggest that the membrane-bound native 60S subunits are not reutilized before their release from the membranes, which probably takes place shortly after dissociation from their 40S subunits. The monoribosomes, both free and membrane-bound, had the lowest specific radioactivities in their subunits. Finally, a small amount of newly made native 40S subunits, containing 18S RNA of high specific radioactivity, and apparently also newly made messenger RNA were detected on the membranes. The high turnover of these membrane-bound native 40S subunits suggests that they may represent initiation complexes formed with mRNA which has just reached the membranes and which has not yet given rise to polyribosomes.", "PMID": 1176528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5715", "title": "Effect of streptolysin O on erythrocyte membranes, liposomes, and lipid dispersions. A protein-cholesterol interaction.", "content": "The effect of the bacterial cytolytic toxin, streptolysin O (SLO), on rabbit erythrocyte membranes, liposomes, and lipid dispersions was examined. SLO produced no gross alterations in the major erythrocyte membrane proteins or lipids. However, when erythrocytes were treated with SLO and examined by electron microscopy, rings and \"C\"-shaped structures were observed in the cell membrane. The rings had an electron-dense center, 24 nm in diameter, and the overall diameter of the structure was 38 nm. Ring formation also occurred when erythrocyte membranes were fixed with glutaraldehyde and OsO4 before the addition of toxin. In contrast, rings were not seen when erythrocytes were treated with toxin at 0 degrees C, indicating that adsorption of SLO to the membrane is not sufficient for ring formation since toxin is known to bind to erythrocytes at that temperature. The ring structures were present on lecithin-cholesterol-dicetylphosphate liposomes after SLO treatment, but there was no release of the trapped, internal markers, K2CrO4 or glucose. The crucial role of cholesterol in the formation of rings and C's was demonstrated by the fact that these structures were present in toxin-treated cholesterol dispersions, but not in lecithin-dicetylphosphate dispersions nor in the SLO preparations alone. The importance of cholesterol was also shown by the finding that no rings were present in membranes or cholesterol dispersions which had been treated with digitonin before SLO was added. Although rings do not appear to be \"holes\" in the membrane, a model is proposed which suggests that cholesterol molecules are sequestered during ring and C-structure formation, and that this process plays a role in SLO-induced hemolysis.", "contents": "Effect of streptolysin O on erythrocyte membranes, liposomes, and lipid dispersions. A protein-cholesterol interaction. The effect of the bacterial cytolytic toxin, streptolysin O (SLO), on rabbit erythrocyte membranes, liposomes, and lipid dispersions was examined. SLO produced no gross alterations in the major erythrocyte membrane proteins or lipids. However, when erythrocytes were treated with SLO and examined by electron microscopy, rings and \"C\"-shaped structures were observed in the cell membrane. The rings had an electron-dense center, 24 nm in diameter, and the overall diameter of the structure was 38 nm. Ring formation also occurred when erythrocyte membranes were fixed with glutaraldehyde and OsO4 before the addition of toxin. In contrast, rings were not seen when erythrocytes were treated with toxin at 0 degrees C, indicating that adsorption of SLO to the membrane is not sufficient for ring formation since toxin is known to bind to erythrocytes at that temperature. The ring structures were present on lecithin-cholesterol-dicetylphosphate liposomes after SLO treatment, but there was no release of the trapped, internal markers, K2CrO4 or glucose. The crucial role of cholesterol in the formation of rings and C's was demonstrated by the fact that these structures were present in toxin-treated cholesterol dispersions, but not in lecithin-dicetylphosphate dispersions nor in the SLO preparations alone. The importance of cholesterol was also shown by the finding that no rings were present in membranes or cholesterol dispersions which had been treated with digitonin before SLO was added. Although rings do not appear to be \"holes\" in the membrane, a model is proposed which suggests that cholesterol molecules are sequestered during ring and C-structure formation, and that this process plays a role in SLO-induced hemolysis.", "PMID": 1176529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5716", "title": "Cytoplasmic transfer of chloramphenicol resistance in human tissue culture cells.", "content": "The cytoplasmic inheritance of human chloramphenicol (cap) resistance has been demonstrated by removing the nuclei of cells of the CAP-resistant HeLa strain 296-1 (enucleation) and fusing them to a CAP-sensitive HeLa strain lacking nuclear thymidine kinase. Plating the fusion products in bromodeoxyuridine and CAP resulted in the growth of about 150 colonies/10(6) parent cells plated. Permanent cell lines (cybrids) grown from such fusions have been designated HEB. A recloned HEB cybrid (HEB7A) has also been enucleated and fused to hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT)-deficient HeLa cells (S3AG1) and HPRT-deficient lymphocytes (WAL-2A). Cybrids were selected in thioguanine and CAP. In the fusion of enucleated (en) HEB7A to S3AG1, 1,200 colonies/10(6) parents were observed. Fusion of enHEB7A to WAL-2A was done in mass culture and cybrids were obtained on three separate occasions. In every case the parental controls were negative. All isolates tested from the above fusions have the CAP-resistant characteristics, in vivo and in vitro, of the enucleated parent and the nuclear characteristics of the CAP-sensitive parent, such as chromosome number, morphology, and specific isozyme and chromosome markers. Therefore, it can be concluded that CAP resistance is coded in the cytoplasm and not in the nucleus of 296-1 cells. Furthermore, this resistance can be transferred to cells of widely different origin and differentiated state. These studies represent the first genetic evidence of cytoplasmic inheritance in human cells.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic transfer of chloramphenicol resistance in human tissue culture cells. The cytoplasmic inheritance of human chloramphenicol (cap) resistance has been demonstrated by removing the nuclei of cells of the CAP-resistant HeLa strain 296-1 (enucleation) and fusing them to a CAP-sensitive HeLa strain lacking nuclear thymidine kinase. Plating the fusion products in bromodeoxyuridine and CAP resulted in the growth of about 150 colonies/10(6) parent cells plated. Permanent cell lines (cybrids) grown from such fusions have been designated HEB. A recloned HEB cybrid (HEB7A) has also been enucleated and fused to hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT)-deficient HeLa cells (S3AG1) and HPRT-deficient lymphocytes (WAL-2A). Cybrids were selected in thioguanine and CAP. In the fusion of enucleated (en) HEB7A to S3AG1, 1,200 colonies/10(6) parents were observed. Fusion of enHEB7A to WAL-2A was done in mass culture and cybrids were obtained on three separate occasions. In every case the parental controls were negative. All isolates tested from the above fusions have the CAP-resistant characteristics, in vivo and in vitro, of the enucleated parent and the nuclear characteristics of the CAP-sensitive parent, such as chromosome number, morphology, and specific isozyme and chromosome markers. Therefore, it can be concluded that CAP resistance is coded in the cytoplasm and not in the nucleus of 296-1 cells. Furthermore, this resistance can be transferred to cells of widely different origin and differentiated state. These studies represent the first genetic evidence of cytoplasmic inheritance in human cells.", "PMID": 1176530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5717", "title": "Circulation and turnover of synaptic vesicle membrane in cultured fetal mammalian spinal cord neurons.", "content": "Intact neurons in cultures of fetal rodent spinal cord explants show stimulation-dependent uptake of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into many small vesicles and occasional tubules and multivesicular bodies (MVB) at presynaptic terminals. Presynaptic terminals were allowed to take up HRP during 1 h of strychnine-enhanced stimulation of synaptic transmitter release and then \"chased\" in tracer-free medium either with strychnine or with 10 mM Mg++ which depresses transmitter release. Tracer-containing vesicles are lost from terminals under both chase conditions; the loss is more rapid (4-8 h) with strychnine than with 10 mM Mg++ (8-16 h). There is a parallel decrease in the numbers of labeled MVB's at terminals. Loss of tracer with 10 mM Mg++ does not appear to be due to the membrane rearrangements (exocytosis coupled to endocytosis) that presumably lead to initial tracer uptake; terminals exposed to HRP and Mg++ for up to 16 h show little tracer uptake into vesicles. Nor is the decrease likely to the due to loss of HRP enzyme activity; HRP is very stable in solution. During the chases there is a striking accumulation of HRP in perikarya that is far more extensive in cultures initially exposed to tracer with strychnine than 10 mM Mg++ regardless of chase conditions. Much of the tracer ends up in large dense bodies. These findings suggest that synaptic vesicle membrane turnover involves retrograde axonal transport of membrane to neuronal perikarya for further processing, including lysosomal degradation. The more rapid (4-8 h) loss of tracer-containing vesicles with strychnine may reflect vesicle membrane reutilization for exocytosis.", "contents": "Circulation and turnover of synaptic vesicle membrane in cultured fetal mammalian spinal cord neurons. Intact neurons in cultures of fetal rodent spinal cord explants show stimulation-dependent uptake of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into many small vesicles and occasional tubules and multivesicular bodies (MVB) at presynaptic terminals. Presynaptic terminals were allowed to take up HRP during 1 h of strychnine-enhanced stimulation of synaptic transmitter release and then \"chased\" in tracer-free medium either with strychnine or with 10 mM Mg++ which depresses transmitter release. Tracer-containing vesicles are lost from terminals under both chase conditions; the loss is more rapid (4-8 h) with strychnine than with 10 mM Mg++ (8-16 h). There is a parallel decrease in the numbers of labeled MVB's at terminals. Loss of tracer with 10 mM Mg++ does not appear to be due to the membrane rearrangements (exocytosis coupled to endocytosis) that presumably lead to initial tracer uptake; terminals exposed to HRP and Mg++ for up to 16 h show little tracer uptake into vesicles. Nor is the decrease likely to the due to loss of HRP enzyme activity; HRP is very stable in solution. During the chases there is a striking accumulation of HRP in perikarya that is far more extensive in cultures initially exposed to tracer with strychnine than 10 mM Mg++ regardless of chase conditions. Much of the tracer ends up in large dense bodies. These findings suggest that synaptic vesicle membrane turnover involves retrograde axonal transport of membrane to neuronal perikarya for further processing, including lysosomal degradation. The more rapid (4-8 h) loss of tracer-containing vesicles with strychnine may reflect vesicle membrane reutilization for exocytosis.", "PMID": 1176531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5718", "title": "Inhibition by colchicine of fibrinogen translocation in hepatocytes.", "content": "In the rat, 8 h after intraperitoneal administration of colchicine, fibrinogen (detected by antirat fibrinogen antibodies labeled with peroxidase) accumulated in the lumina of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes; 16 and 24 h after colchicine administration, fibrinogen was detected, respectively, in the lumina of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus. The effect of colchicine on the cytoplasmic translocation of fibrinogen could be due to a direct action of the drug on the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum or could be the indirect result of the disruptive action of the drug on the microtubules.", "contents": "Inhibition by colchicine of fibrinogen translocation in hepatocytes. In the rat, 8 h after intraperitoneal administration of colchicine, fibrinogen (detected by antirat fibrinogen antibodies labeled with peroxidase) accumulated in the lumina of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes; 16 and 24 h after colchicine administration, fibrinogen was detected, respectively, in the lumina of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus. The effect of colchicine on the cytoplasmic translocation of fibrinogen could be due to a direct action of the drug on the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum or could be the indirect result of the disruptive action of the drug on the microtubules.", "PMID": 1176532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5719", "title": "Cytoplasmic filaments and cellular wound healing in Amoeba proteus.", "content": "The flexibility and self-healing properties of animal cell surface membranes are well known. These properties have been best exploited in various micrurgical studies on living cells (2, 3), especially in amoebae (7, 20). During nuclear transplantation in amoebae, the hole in the membrane through which a nucleus passes can have a diameter of 20-30 mum, and yet such holes are quickly sealed, although some cytoplasm usually escapes during the transfer. While enucleating amoebae in previous studies, we found that if a very small portion of a nucleus was pushed through the membrane and exposed to the external medium, the amoeba expelled such a nucleus on its own accord. When this happened, a new membrane appeared to form around the embedded portion of the nucleus and no visible loss of cytoplasm occurred during nuclear extrusion. In the present study, we examined amoebae that were at different stages of expelling partially exposed nuclei, to follow the sequence of events during the apparent new membrane formation. Unexpectedly, we found that a new membrane is not formed around the nucleus from inside but a hole is sealed primarily by a constriction of the existing membrane, and that cytoplasmic filaments are responsible for the prevention of the loss of cytoplasm.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic filaments and cellular wound healing in Amoeba proteus. The flexibility and self-healing properties of animal cell surface membranes are well known. These properties have been best exploited in various micrurgical studies on living cells (2, 3), especially in amoebae (7, 20). During nuclear transplantation in amoebae, the hole in the membrane through which a nucleus passes can have a diameter of 20-30 mum, and yet such holes are quickly sealed, although some cytoplasm usually escapes during the transfer. While enucleating amoebae in previous studies, we found that if a very small portion of a nucleus was pushed through the membrane and exposed to the external medium, the amoeba expelled such a nucleus on its own accord. When this happened, a new membrane appeared to form around the embedded portion of the nucleus and no visible loss of cytoplasm occurred during nuclear extrusion. In the present study, we examined amoebae that were at different stages of expelling partially exposed nuclei, to follow the sequence of events during the apparent new membrane formation. Unexpectedly, we found that a new membrane is not formed around the nucleus from inside but a hole is sealed primarily by a constriction of the existing membrane, and that cytoplasmic filaments are responsible for the prevention of the loss of cytoplasm.", "PMID": 1176533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5720", "title": "Membrane-bound ribosomes of myeloma cells. III. The role of the messenger RNA and the nascent polypeptide chain in the binding of ribosomes to membranes.", "content": "Mild ribonuclease treatment of the membrane fraction of P3K cells released three types of membrane-bound ribosomal particles: (a) all the newly made native 40S subunits detected after 2 h of [3H]uridine pulse. Since after a 3-min pulse with [35S]methionine these membrane native subunits appear to contain at least sevenfold more Met-tRNA per particle than the free native subunits, they may all be initiation complexes with mRNA molecules which have just become associated with the membranes; (b) about 50% of the ribosomes present in polyribosomes. Evidence is presented that the released ribosomes carry nascent chains about two and a half to three times shorter than those present on the ribosomes remaining bound to the membranes. It is proposed that in the membrane-bound polyribosomes of P3K cells, only the ribosomes closer to the 3' end of the mRNA molecules are directly bound, while the latest ribosomes to enter the polyribosomal structures are indirectly bound through the mRNA molecules; (c) a small number of 40S subunits of polyribosomal origin, presumably initiation complexes attached at the 5' end of mRNA molecules of polyribosomes. When the P3K cells were incubated with inhibitors acting at different steps of protein synthesis, it was found that puromycin and pactamycin decreased by about 40% the proportion of ribosomes in the membrane fraction, while cycloheximide and anisomycin had no such effect. The ribosomes remaining on the membrane fraction of puromycin-treated cells consisted of a few polyribosomes, and of an accumulation of 80S and 60S particles, which were almost entirely released by high salt treatment of the membranes. The membrane-bound ribosomes found after pactamycin treatment consisted of a few polyribosomes, with a striking accumulation of native 60S subunits and an increased number of native 40S subunits. On the basis of the observations made in this and the preceding papers, a model for the binding of ribosomes to membranes and for the ribosomal cycle on the membranes is proposed. It is suggested that ribosomal subunits exchange between free and membrane-bound polyribosomes through the cytoplasmic pool of free native subunits, and that their entry into membrane-bound ribosomes is mediated by mRNA molecules associated with membranes.", "contents": "Membrane-bound ribosomes of myeloma cells. III. The role of the messenger RNA and the nascent polypeptide chain in the binding of ribosomes to membranes. Mild ribonuclease treatment of the membrane fraction of P3K cells released three types of membrane-bound ribosomal particles: (a) all the newly made native 40S subunits detected after 2 h of [3H]uridine pulse. Since after a 3-min pulse with [35S]methionine these membrane native subunits appear to contain at least sevenfold more Met-tRNA per particle than the free native subunits, they may all be initiation complexes with mRNA molecules which have just become associated with the membranes; (b) about 50% of the ribosomes present in polyribosomes. Evidence is presented that the released ribosomes carry nascent chains about two and a half to three times shorter than those present on the ribosomes remaining bound to the membranes. It is proposed that in the membrane-bound polyribosomes of P3K cells, only the ribosomes closer to the 3' end of the mRNA molecules are directly bound, while the latest ribosomes to enter the polyribosomal structures are indirectly bound through the mRNA molecules; (c) a small number of 40S subunits of polyribosomal origin, presumably initiation complexes attached at the 5' end of mRNA molecules of polyribosomes. When the P3K cells were incubated with inhibitors acting at different steps of protein synthesis, it was found that puromycin and pactamycin decreased by about 40% the proportion of ribosomes in the membrane fraction, while cycloheximide and anisomycin had no such effect. The ribosomes remaining on the membrane fraction of puromycin-treated cells consisted of a few polyribosomes, and of an accumulation of 80S and 60S particles, which were almost entirely released by high salt treatment of the membranes. The membrane-bound ribosomes found after pactamycin treatment consisted of a few polyribosomes, with a striking accumulation of native 60S subunits and an increased number of native 40S subunits. On the basis of the observations made in this and the preceding papers, a model for the binding of ribosomes to membranes and for the ribosomal cycle on the membranes is proposed. It is suggested that ribosomal subunits exchange between free and membrane-bound polyribosomes through the cytoplasmic pool of free native subunits, and that their entry into membrane-bound ribosomes is mediated by mRNA molecules associated with membranes.", "PMID": 1176534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5721", "title": "Interaction of phospholipid vesicles with cultured mammalian cells. II. Studies of mechanism.", "content": "The mechanism of interaction of artificially generated lipid vesicles (approximately 500 A diameter) with Chinese hamster V79 cells bathed in a simple balanced salt solution was investigated. The major pathways of exogenous lipid incorporation in vesicle-treated cells are vesicle-cell fusion and vesicle-cell lipid exchange. At 37 degrees C, the fusion process is dominant, while at 2 degrees C or with energy depleted cells, exchange of lipids between vesicles and cells is important. The fusion mechanism was demonstrated using vesicles of [14C]lecithin containing trapped [13H]inulin. Consistent with a fusion hypothesis, both components became cell associated at 37 degrees C in nearly the same proportions as they were present in the applied vesicles. Additional arguments in favor of vesicle-cell fusion and against phagocytosis or adsorption of intact vesicles are presented. At 2 degrees C or with inhibitor-treated cells, the [3H]inulin uptake was largely suppressed, while the lipid uptake was reduced to a lesser extent. Evidence for vesicle-cell lipid exchange was obtained using V79 cells grown on 3H precursors for cellular lipids. [14C]lecithin vesicles, incubated with such cells, showed no change in their elution properties when subjected to molecular sieve chromatography on Sepharose 4B. However, radioactivity and thin-layer chromatographic analyses revealed that a variety of cell lipiids had been exchanged into the uniamellar vesicles. Further evidence for the fusion and exchange processes was obtained using vesicles prepared from mixtures of [3H]lecithin and [14C]cholesterol. A two-step fusion mechanism consistent with the present findings is proposed as a working model for other fusion studies.", "contents": "Interaction of phospholipid vesicles with cultured mammalian cells. II. Studies of mechanism. The mechanism of interaction of artificially generated lipid vesicles (approximately 500 A diameter) with Chinese hamster V79 cells bathed in a simple balanced salt solution was investigated. The major pathways of exogenous lipid incorporation in vesicle-treated cells are vesicle-cell fusion and vesicle-cell lipid exchange. At 37 degrees C, the fusion process is dominant, while at 2 degrees C or with energy depleted cells, exchange of lipids between vesicles and cells is important. The fusion mechanism was demonstrated using vesicles of [14C]lecithin containing trapped [13H]inulin. Consistent with a fusion hypothesis, both components became cell associated at 37 degrees C in nearly the same proportions as they were present in the applied vesicles. Additional arguments in favor of vesicle-cell fusion and against phagocytosis or adsorption of intact vesicles are presented. At 2 degrees C or with inhibitor-treated cells, the [3H]inulin uptake was largely suppressed, while the lipid uptake was reduced to a lesser extent. Evidence for vesicle-cell lipid exchange was obtained using V79 cells grown on 3H precursors for cellular lipids. [14C]lecithin vesicles, incubated with such cells, showed no change in their elution properties when subjected to molecular sieve chromatography on Sepharose 4B. However, radioactivity and thin-layer chromatographic analyses revealed that a variety of cell lipiids had been exchanged into the uniamellar vesicles. Further evidence for the fusion and exchange processes was obtained using vesicles prepared from mixtures of [3H]lecithin and [14C]cholesterol. A two-step fusion mechanism consistent with the present findings is proposed as a working model for other fusion studies.", "PMID": 1176535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5722", "title": "Transient erythropoietic spleen colonies: effects of erythropoietin in normal and genetically anemic W/Wv mice.", "content": "Properties of the cells (TE-CFU) that give rise within four to six days to transient endogenous erythropoietic spleen colonies in irradiated mice have been investigated. The results obtained indicate that (1) erythropoietic maturation within such colonies is highly erythropoietin-dependent, (2) the population size of TE-CFU is not erythropoietin-dependent, (3) initial exposure to a high dose of erythropoietin followed by continuing exposure to lower doses is required for maximal efficiency of colony formation by TE-CFU, (4) successful transplantation of TE-CFU has not been achieved, but they appear among the progeny of transplanted hemopoietic cells, (5) TE-CFU are defective in mice of genotype W/Wv. These findings are consistent with the view that the TE-CFU assay detects a class of early erythropoietin-sensitive progenitor cells committed to erythropoietic diffferentiation, rather than \"abortive\" colony formation by pluripotent stem cells.", "contents": "Transient erythropoietic spleen colonies: effects of erythropoietin in normal and genetically anemic W/Wv mice. Properties of the cells (TE-CFU) that give rise within four to six days to transient endogenous erythropoietic spleen colonies in irradiated mice have been investigated. The results obtained indicate that (1) erythropoietic maturation within such colonies is highly erythropoietin-dependent, (2) the population size of TE-CFU is not erythropoietin-dependent, (3) initial exposure to a high dose of erythropoietin followed by continuing exposure to lower doses is required for maximal efficiency of colony formation by TE-CFU, (4) successful transplantation of TE-CFU has not been achieved, but they appear among the progeny of transplanted hemopoietic cells, (5) TE-CFU are defective in mice of genotype W/Wv. These findings are consistent with the view that the TE-CFU assay detects a class of early erythropoietin-sensitive progenitor cells committed to erythropoietic diffferentiation, rather than \"abortive\" colony formation by pluripotent stem cells.", "PMID": 1176537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5723", "title": "Transfer of adenine nucleotides between the releasable and nonreleasable compartments of rabbit blood platelets.", "content": "The metabolic pool of adenine nucleotides in platelets can be labeled by incubating platelets for 1 h in vitro with [14C]adenosine or [32P]orthophosphate. When these platelets are treated with thrombin, the adenine nucleotides released are not labeled. Because of this, Holmsen's suggestion of a metabolically inert pool of granule nucleotides has been generally accepted. We have found that upon incubation of labeled rabbit platelets for longer times (up to 6 h) in vitro, or upon reinjection and reharvesting at times up to 66 h, the releasable pool of adenine nucleotides becomes labeled. Because the rates of 32p and 14C incorporation into this releasable pool are similar, it seems likely that these labels enter the granules as ATP. Equilibrium between the metabolic and granule pools is complete by 18 h. When rabbit platelets are labeled in vivo by intravenous injection of [32P]orthophosphate, peak labeling occurs between 60 and 70 h; this corresponds to their maturation time. The platelets probably incorporate 32P during their production in the megakaryocytes. The specific radioactivity of the adenine nucleotides in the releasable (granule) pool of these platelets is the same as the specific radioactivity in the nonreleasable (metabolic) pool. Since inorganic phosphate in platelets (and undoubtedly in the megakaryocytes) exchanges with inorganic phosphate in plasma, and since the radioactivity of the latter decreases rapidly, the adenine nucleotides in the two pools must exchange to maintain the same specific radioactivity. Transfer of adenine nucleotides into storage granules may represent a general phenomenon because it has been observed in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla also.", "contents": "Transfer of adenine nucleotides between the releasable and nonreleasable compartments of rabbit blood platelets. The metabolic pool of adenine nucleotides in platelets can be labeled by incubating platelets for 1 h in vitro with [14C]adenosine or [32P]orthophosphate. When these platelets are treated with thrombin, the adenine nucleotides released are not labeled. Because of this, Holmsen's suggestion of a metabolically inert pool of granule nucleotides has been generally accepted. We have found that upon incubation of labeled rabbit platelets for longer times (up to 6 h) in vitro, or upon reinjection and reharvesting at times up to 66 h, the releasable pool of adenine nucleotides becomes labeled. Because the rates of 32p and 14C incorporation into this releasable pool are similar, it seems likely that these labels enter the granules as ATP. Equilibrium between the metabolic and granule pools is complete by 18 h. When rabbit platelets are labeled in vivo by intravenous injection of [32P]orthophosphate, peak labeling occurs between 60 and 70 h; this corresponds to their maturation time. The platelets probably incorporate 32P during their production in the megakaryocytes. The specific radioactivity of the adenine nucleotides in the releasable (granule) pool of these platelets is the same as the specific radioactivity in the nonreleasable (metabolic) pool. Since inorganic phosphate in platelets (and undoubtedly in the megakaryocytes) exchanges with inorganic phosphate in plasma, and since the radioactivity of the latter decreases rapidly, the adenine nucleotides in the two pools must exchange to maintain the same specific radioactivity. Transfer of adenine nucleotides into storage granules may represent a general phenomenon because it has been observed in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla also.", "PMID": 1176536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5724", "title": "Relationship of energy production to gluconeogenesis in renal cortical tubules.", "content": "Isolated tubules prepared by collagenase treatment of rat renal cortex retained their ultrastructural integrity and responded to added lactate and succinate with an increase in gluconeogenesis and respiration. Inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with rotenone, or energy conservation sites with oligomycin caused a marked reduction in respiration and ATP content thereby completely inhibiting net gluconeogenesis. Dissociation of gluconeogenesis from respiration was accomplished with quinolinic acid and hydrazine, inhibitors of gluconeogenesis. At 5 times 10(-3) M quinolinic acid, gluconeogenesis from succinate was inhibited approximately 50% and from lactate nearly 100%. This concentration of quinolinic acid did not affect oxygen uptake or the ATP content of tubules in the presence or absence of substrate. Hydrazine at 10(-3) M resulted in approximately 75% inhibition of glucose formation from succinate and complete inhibition from lactate without interfering with respiration or ATP content. The increased mitochondrial energy generation, as manifested by accelerated respiration was independent of gluconeogenesis. The unchanging cell ATP concentration with a higher respiratory rate upon addition of exogenous substrate bespeaks increased ATP turnover. ATP utilization for the substrate-induced enhancement of gluconeogenesis could not account for the increment in ATP hydrolysis.", "contents": "Relationship of energy production to gluconeogenesis in renal cortical tubules. Isolated tubules prepared by collagenase treatment of rat renal cortex retained their ultrastructural integrity and responded to added lactate and succinate with an increase in gluconeogenesis and respiration. Inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with rotenone, or energy conservation sites with oligomycin caused a marked reduction in respiration and ATP content thereby completely inhibiting net gluconeogenesis. Dissociation of gluconeogenesis from respiration was accomplished with quinolinic acid and hydrazine, inhibitors of gluconeogenesis. At 5 times 10(-3) M quinolinic acid, gluconeogenesis from succinate was inhibited approximately 50% and from lactate nearly 100%. This concentration of quinolinic acid did not affect oxygen uptake or the ATP content of tubules in the presence or absence of substrate. Hydrazine at 10(-3) M resulted in approximately 75% inhibition of glucose formation from succinate and complete inhibition from lactate without interfering with respiration or ATP content. The increased mitochondrial energy generation, as manifested by accelerated respiration was independent of gluconeogenesis. The unchanging cell ATP concentration with a higher respiratory rate upon addition of exogenous substrate bespeaks increased ATP turnover. ATP utilization for the substrate-induced enhancement of gluconeogenesis could not account for the increment in ATP hydrolysis.", "PMID": 1176538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5725", "title": "Interaction of the fluorescent probe, 1-anilino-8-napthalene sulfonate, with the sulfate transport system of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "The addition of the fluorescent dye, ANS, to intact ascites tumor cells results in an enhancement of fluorescence intensity. The increase in fluorescence intensity as a function of time is biphasic which suggests that at least two processes occur. The first associated with the rapid initial rise in fluorescence represents binding to the cell surface while the second or slower phase reflects entrance of ANS into the intracellular phase. The relationship between bound and free ANS in 0.50 mM sulfate medium was used to calculate the apparent dissociation constant of ANS-membrane complex (Kd = 6.53 times 10(-5) M) and the total number of ANS binding sites (4.49 nmoles/mg dry weight). Kinetic analysis of steady state sulfate transport in the presence and absence of ANS suggests that (1) sulfate exchange can be described by Michaelis Menten type kinetics (Km = 2.05 times 10(-3) M), (2) a small fraction of surface associated ANS competitively inhibits sulfate exchange (Ki = 4.28 times 10(-6) M) and (3) the transport system has a higher affinity for ANS than for sulfate. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of sulfate exchange is related to the direct, reversible interaction of the negatively charged sulfonate group of ANS with superficial positively charged membrane sites.", "contents": "Interaction of the fluorescent probe, 1-anilino-8-napthalene sulfonate, with the sulfate transport system of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The addition of the fluorescent dye, ANS, to intact ascites tumor cells results in an enhancement of fluorescence intensity. The increase in fluorescence intensity as a function of time is biphasic which suggests that at least two processes occur. The first associated with the rapid initial rise in fluorescence represents binding to the cell surface while the second or slower phase reflects entrance of ANS into the intracellular phase. The relationship between bound and free ANS in 0.50 mM sulfate medium was used to calculate the apparent dissociation constant of ANS-membrane complex (Kd = 6.53 times 10(-5) M) and the total number of ANS binding sites (4.49 nmoles/mg dry weight). Kinetic analysis of steady state sulfate transport in the presence and absence of ANS suggests that (1) sulfate exchange can be described by Michaelis Menten type kinetics (Km = 2.05 times 10(-3) M), (2) a small fraction of surface associated ANS competitively inhibits sulfate exchange (Ki = 4.28 times 10(-6) M) and (3) the transport system has a higher affinity for ANS than for sulfate. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of sulfate exchange is related to the direct, reversible interaction of the negatively charged sulfonate group of ANS with superficial positively charged membrane sites.", "PMID": 1176539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5726", "title": "Variations in the cell-free translating apparatus of cultured animal cells as a function of time during cell growth.", "content": "Vero M3 cells, a line derived from the kidney of an African Green Monkey, display certain alterations in their protein synthetic apparatus as a function of time during a growth cycle. (Growth cycle here refers to exponential growth of unsynchronized cells in culture and their subsequent passage into the stationary phase.) The capacity of cytoplasmic extracts of these cells to promote endogeneous mRNA-mediated polypeptide synthesis or poly U-mediated polyphenylalanine synthesis declines from the second day after the initiation of the growth cycle. The ribosome sedimentation profile indicates that after the second day of growth a decrease also occurs in the total amount of ribosomes per cell, and that a shift occurs from predominantly polyribosome structures to predominantly subunits and monoribosomes structures. The activity of the translation factor, elongation factor 1, also progressively decreases after the second day of growth. Furthermore, when crude factor preparations from cells in the second day of growth (Exponential phase) and from cells in the fifth day of growth (Stationary phase) are compared for leucyl-tRNA synthetase and prolyl-tRNA synthetase activities, it is found that the extracts from fifth-day cells have significantly less activity. The activity of another enzyme, acid phosphatase, remains relatively unaffected as a function of time during the cell growth cycle. When HeLa S3 plating cells are grown under the same conditions, they do not display the same responses.", "contents": "Variations in the cell-free translating apparatus of cultured animal cells as a function of time during cell growth. Vero M3 cells, a line derived from the kidney of an African Green Monkey, display certain alterations in their protein synthetic apparatus as a function of time during a growth cycle. (Growth cycle here refers to exponential growth of unsynchronized cells in culture and their subsequent passage into the stationary phase.) The capacity of cytoplasmic extracts of these cells to promote endogeneous mRNA-mediated polypeptide synthesis or poly U-mediated polyphenylalanine synthesis declines from the second day after the initiation of the growth cycle. The ribosome sedimentation profile indicates that after the second day of growth a decrease also occurs in the total amount of ribosomes per cell, and that a shift occurs from predominantly polyribosome structures to predominantly subunits and monoribosomes structures. The activity of the translation factor, elongation factor 1, also progressively decreases after the second day of growth. Furthermore, when crude factor preparations from cells in the second day of growth (Exponential phase) and from cells in the fifth day of growth (Stationary phase) are compared for leucyl-tRNA synthetase and prolyl-tRNA synthetase activities, it is found that the extracts from fifth-day cells have significantly less activity. The activity of another enzyme, acid phosphatase, remains relatively unaffected as a function of time during the cell growth cycle. When HeLa S3 plating cells are grown under the same conditions, they do not display the same responses.", "PMID": 1176540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5727", "title": "Interaction of two mechanisms regulating alkali cations in HeLa cells.", "content": "The alkali cation content of HeLa cells is independent of culture density and of whether the cells are grown in suspension or attached to the culture vessel. With a cell doubling time of 28 hours, the cell K content turns over approximately once per hour. Following partial blockade of the alkali-cation transport system with ouabain, two distinct but interrelated mechanisms operate in the cellular response: (a) an increase in intracellular Na stimulates the pump so that the short-term alteration in electrolyte compostition is less than would be expected from the fraction of pump sites inhibited, and (b) there is a cycloheximide-sensitive recovery in transport capacity reflecting a restoration of functional transport sites to their normal density on the cell surface. Experimental manipulations that mimic the effect of ouabain lead to a stimulation of transport, but they do not result in an increase in the number of ouabain-binding sites on the surface. The data are consistent with a four-to-six hour turn-over of transport sites at the surface, but there is no evidence for a speicific induction of the transport system within this short-term recovery period.", "contents": "Interaction of two mechanisms regulating alkali cations in HeLa cells. The alkali cation content of HeLa cells is independent of culture density and of whether the cells are grown in suspension or attached to the culture vessel. With a cell doubling time of 28 hours, the cell K content turns over approximately once per hour. Following partial blockade of the alkali-cation transport system with ouabain, two distinct but interrelated mechanisms operate in the cellular response: (a) an increase in intracellular Na stimulates the pump so that the short-term alteration in electrolyte compostition is less than would be expected from the fraction of pump sites inhibited, and (b) there is a cycloheximide-sensitive recovery in transport capacity reflecting a restoration of functional transport sites to their normal density on the cell surface. Experimental manipulations that mimic the effect of ouabain lead to a stimulation of transport, but they do not result in an increase in the number of ouabain-binding sites on the surface. The data are consistent with a four-to-six hour turn-over of transport sites at the surface, but there is no evidence for a speicific induction of the transport system within this short-term recovery period.", "PMID": 1176541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5728", "title": "Effect of cell trypsinization on nuclear proteins of WI-38 fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "When resting confluent monolayers of WI-38 fibrolasts are trypsinized and replated at a lower density they are stimulated to proliferate again with an interval of 18 hours between replating and the onset of DNA synthesis. Trypsinization of resting cells causes a 40% loss of nuclear proteins as well as of cytoplasmic proteins. The amount of nuclear proteins remains low for the first six hours after the cells have been replated and then it increases rapidly, reaching the same level of non-trypsinized resting cells by ten hours after plating. The proteins that are lost from the nucleus immediately after trypsinization are chromatin-associated proteins and most of them are non-histone chromosomal proteins, although a modest loss of histones cannot be ruled out. The loss of non-histone chromosomal proteins from cells that have been trypsinized causes changes in the structure of chromatin that can be detected by circular dichroism and by viscosity measurements. These results show that cell trypsinization causes an extensive loss of proteins from chromatin and that the loss is restored only several hours after the cells have been replated at a lower density.", "contents": "Effect of cell trypsinization on nuclear proteins of WI-38 fibroblasts in culture. When resting confluent monolayers of WI-38 fibrolasts are trypsinized and replated at a lower density they are stimulated to proliferate again with an interval of 18 hours between replating and the onset of DNA synthesis. Trypsinization of resting cells causes a 40% loss of nuclear proteins as well as of cytoplasmic proteins. The amount of nuclear proteins remains low for the first six hours after the cells have been replated and then it increases rapidly, reaching the same level of non-trypsinized resting cells by ten hours after plating. The proteins that are lost from the nucleus immediately after trypsinization are chromatin-associated proteins and most of them are non-histone chromosomal proteins, although a modest loss of histones cannot be ruled out. The loss of non-histone chromosomal proteins from cells that have been trypsinized causes changes in the structure of chromatin that can be detected by circular dichroism and by viscosity measurements. These results show that cell trypsinization causes an extensive loss of proteins from chromatin and that the loss is restored only several hours after the cells have been replated at a lower density.", "PMID": 1176542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5729", "title": "Adhesion of Phytophthora palmivora zoospores: detection and ultrastructural visualization of concanavalin A-receptor sites appearing during encystment.", "content": "The binding of concanavalin A (Con A) to the cell surface of zoospores and cysts of Phytophthora palmivora was studied by radiometry (125I-Con A), ultraviolet microscopy (fluorescein-Con A) and electron microscopy peroxidase-diaminobenzidine technique). Zoospores were found to secrete during the early stages of encystment a Con A-binding material susceptible to trypsin digestion. This glycoprotein is contained in the so-called peripheral vesicles and is probably responsible for the adhesion of the encysting zoospores to solid surfaces.", "contents": "Adhesion of Phytophthora palmivora zoospores: detection and ultrastructural visualization of concanavalin A-receptor sites appearing during encystment. The binding of concanavalin A (Con A) to the cell surface of zoospores and cysts of Phytophthora palmivora was studied by radiometry (125I-Con A), ultraviolet microscopy (fluorescein-Con A) and electron microscopy peroxidase-diaminobenzidine technique). Zoospores were found to secrete during the early stages of encystment a Con A-binding material susceptible to trypsin digestion. This glycoprotein is contained in the so-called peripheral vesicles and is probably responsible for the adhesion of the encysting zoospores to solid surfaces.", "PMID": 1176543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5730", "title": "Effect of near ultraviolet and visible light on amoeba.", "content": "The near ultraviolet and visible light (VL) impinging at an intensity of 2-5 x 10(2) J s-1 m-2 for 2-5 h kills the mitotic and the early S-phase (0- to 15-min-old) amoebae. At the mid- and late S-period only a fraction of cells are killed by VL and G2 phase cells are quite resistant. Amoebae of all cell cycle stages show a delay in the first mitotic division. DNA synthesis, as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation, is depressed in the VL-exposed early-S amoebae. A concurrent but temporary inhibition in [3H]leucine incorporation also occurs in these cells. However, no significant change in [3H]uridine incorporation has been found. To localize the site of lethal damage, nuclear transplantation studies were undertaken between the control amoebae and the amoebae treated with VL. The nucleus of a  VL-exposed early S-phase cell recovers when transplanted immediately after VL exposure into an enucleate G2 cytoplasm but dies if grafted into an enucleat S-phase cytoplasm. The therapeutic effect of the G2 cytoplasm, although at a lower level, is also evident even when the treated early S-phase nucleus is implanted 20 h later, but not after 48 h, into the G2 cytoplasm. The amoeba cytoplasm shows resistance to VL-irradiation, can accept a control nucleus from any cell cycle stage, and function normally. The G2 nucleus also remains apparently unaffected to VL exposure and can survive when it is transfered to the control cytoplasm of any cell-cycle phase. All these findings are discussed in the light of the possible existence of a repair system against VL-induced damage in the G2-phase amoeba.", "contents": "Effect of near ultraviolet and visible light on amoeba. The near ultraviolet and visible light (VL) impinging at an intensity of 2-5 x 10(2) J s-1 m-2 for 2-5 h kills the mitotic and the early S-phase (0- to 15-min-old) amoebae. At the mid- and late S-period only a fraction of cells are killed by VL and G2 phase cells are quite resistant. Amoebae of all cell cycle stages show a delay in the first mitotic division. DNA synthesis, as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation, is depressed in the VL-exposed early-S amoebae. A concurrent but temporary inhibition in [3H]leucine incorporation also occurs in these cells. However, no significant change in [3H]uridine incorporation has been found. To localize the site of lethal damage, nuclear transplantation studies were undertaken between the control amoebae and the amoebae treated with VL. The nucleus of a  VL-exposed early S-phase cell recovers when transplanted immediately after VL exposure into an enucleate G2 cytoplasm but dies if grafted into an enucleat S-phase cytoplasm. The therapeutic effect of the G2 cytoplasm, although at a lower level, is also evident even when the treated early S-phase nucleus is implanted 20 h later, but not after 48 h, into the G2 cytoplasm. The amoeba cytoplasm shows resistance to VL-irradiation, can accept a control nucleus from any cell cycle stage, and function normally. The G2 nucleus also remains apparently unaffected to VL exposure and can survive when it is transfered to the control cytoplasm of any cell-cycle phase. All these findings are discussed in the light of the possible existence of a repair system against VL-induced damage in the G2-phase amoeba.", "PMID": 1176544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5731", "title": "Cellular uptake of soluble and aggregated ferritin: distinction between pinocytosis and phagocytosis.", "content": "Cellular uptake of ferritin amounting to 0-5 mug/mg cell protein or more can be measured colorimetrically on the basis of ferritin-iron content. 131I-serum albumin, soluble ferritin and aggregated ferritin used in equimolar concentrations are taken up differently by Sarcoma SI80 cells in culture. The net uptakes in 2 h at 37 degrees C are 0-065, 4-3 and 24-7 mug/mg cell protein or 0-93, 8-0 and 45-7 mumol, respectively. Albumin uptake is not inhibited by a 26-fold molar ferritin excess but is significantly inhibited by a 43-fold excess. The transport mechanism of the ferritins differs from that of albumin in that it is significantly inhibitable by 2 times 10(-4) M monoiodoacetate. Soluble ferritin contains small aggregates which are removed by filtration through Millipore membranes of 0-05, 0-1 and 0-22 mum. When the 0-1-mum filtrate is re-examined, uptake is no longer inhibited by iodoacetate. Since it can be inferred from other work that albumin is taken up by pinocytosis and ferritin aggregates by phagocytosis, the difference in susceptibility to inhibition is proposed as a way to distinguish pinocytosis from phagocytosis. Ferritin may form larger visible aggregates in culture medium. The transport mechanism of this aggregated ferritin differs from that of soluble unfiltered ferritin in that it causes concomitant enhancement of albumin uptake. Albumin transported by virtue of this effect becomes partially susceptible to iodoacetate. Thus, in addition to a distinction between pinocytosis and phagocytosis, our data single out 2 forms of albumin transport and 3 forms of ferritin transport.", "contents": "Cellular uptake of soluble and aggregated ferritin: distinction between pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Cellular uptake of ferritin amounting to 0-5 mug/mg cell protein or more can be measured colorimetrically on the basis of ferritin-iron content. 131I-serum albumin, soluble ferritin and aggregated ferritin used in equimolar concentrations are taken up differently by Sarcoma SI80 cells in culture. The net uptakes in 2 h at 37 degrees C are 0-065, 4-3 and 24-7 mug/mg cell protein or 0-93, 8-0 and 45-7 mumol, respectively. Albumin uptake is not inhibited by a 26-fold molar ferritin excess but is significantly inhibited by a 43-fold excess. The transport mechanism of the ferritins differs from that of albumin in that it is significantly inhibitable by 2 times 10(-4) M monoiodoacetate. Soluble ferritin contains small aggregates which are removed by filtration through Millipore membranes of 0-05, 0-1 and 0-22 mum. When the 0-1-mum filtrate is re-examined, uptake is no longer inhibited by iodoacetate. Since it can be inferred from other work that albumin is taken up by pinocytosis and ferritin aggregates by phagocytosis, the difference in susceptibility to inhibition is proposed as a way to distinguish pinocytosis from phagocytosis. Ferritin may form larger visible aggregates in culture medium. The transport mechanism of this aggregated ferritin differs from that of soluble unfiltered ferritin in that it causes concomitant enhancement of albumin uptake. Albumin transported by virtue of this effect becomes partially susceptible to iodoacetate. Thus, in addition to a distinction between pinocytosis and phagocytosis, our data single out 2 forms of albumin transport and 3 forms of ferritin transport.", "PMID": 1176545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5732", "title": "Localization of lectins in legume cotyledons.", "content": "High-resolution techniques for the localization of lectins are described. Concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) are localized using a fluorescent method with (FITC)-labelled immunoglobulins which bind to the lectins in sections of jack and red kidney bean cotyledons. Specificity is defined by the use of specific sugar inhibitors. Both Con A and PHA are found in cytoplasmic sites. Lectins with beta-glycoside specificity are detected with red-coloured artificial carbohydrate antigens. The beta-galactosyl and beta-glucosyl antigens bind specifically to clusters of spherical bodies in the intercellular spaces, to cell wall sites, and to the periphery of the cytoplasm associated with the cell membrane.", "contents": "Localization of lectins in legume cotyledons. High-resolution techniques for the localization of lectins are described. Concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) are localized using a fluorescent method with (FITC)-labelled immunoglobulins which bind to the lectins in sections of jack and red kidney bean cotyledons. Specificity is defined by the use of specific sugar inhibitors. Both Con A and PHA are found in cytoplasmic sites. Lectins with beta-glycoside specificity are detected with red-coloured artificial carbohydrate antigens. The beta-galactosyl and beta-glucosyl antigens bind specifically to clusters of spherical bodies in the intercellular spaces, to cell wall sites, and to the periphery of the cytoplasm associated with the cell membrane.", "PMID": 1176546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5733", "title": "Differences in density of Concanavalin A-binding sites due to differences in surface morphology of suspended normal and transformed 3T3 fibroblasts.", "content": "Calculations of the density of Concanavalin A (Con A)-binding sites on normal and transformed fibroblasts have, as yet, been based on the unproven assumption that suspended cells are smooth spheres. We studied the surface morphology of suspended normal and transformed fibroblasts with scanning and transmission electron microscopes, and found a large difference in surface morphology between suspended normal and transformed 3T3 cells. When this difference in surface morphology was taken into account, the estimated cell surface area of normal 3T3 cells was approximately seven times larger than that of transformed 3T3 cells. Since equal numbers of 3H-Con A molecules are bound on normal and transformed cells, the density of Con A-binding sites is approximately seven times greater on transformed than on normal 3T3 cells. The difference in density of Con A-binding sites between normal and transformed fibroblasts might be sufficient to explain the difference in agglutination response, as originally suggested by Burger, and may also be the cause of the different degrees of clustering of Con A-binding sites on the plasma membrane of these cells.", "contents": "Differences in density of Concanavalin A-binding sites due to differences in surface morphology of suspended normal and transformed 3T3 fibroblasts. Calculations of the density of Concanavalin A (Con A)-binding sites on normal and transformed fibroblasts have, as yet, been based on the unproven assumption that suspended cells are smooth spheres. We studied the surface morphology of suspended normal and transformed fibroblasts with scanning and transmission electron microscopes, and found a large difference in surface morphology between suspended normal and transformed 3T3 cells. When this difference in surface morphology was taken into account, the estimated cell surface area of normal 3T3 cells was approximately seven times larger than that of transformed 3T3 cells. Since equal numbers of 3H-Con A molecules are bound on normal and transformed cells, the density of Con A-binding sites is approximately seven times greater on transformed than on normal 3T3 cells. The difference in density of Con A-binding sites between normal and transformed fibroblasts might be sufficient to explain the difference in agglutination response, as originally suggested by Burger, and may also be the cause of the different degrees of clustering of Con A-binding sites on the plasma membrane of these cells.", "PMID": 1176547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5734", "title": "The distribution of Concanavalin A receptor sites on the membrane of chromaffin granules.", "content": "The distribution of concanavalin A (con A) receptor sites on the membranes of chromaffin granules has been investigated by binding studies using 125I-labelled con A and by electron-microscope studies using ferritin-labelled con A. In both experiments con A was observed to bind to chromaffin granule membranes but not to intact granules. The ferritin-con A particles bind to only one of the two possible surfaces of the chromaffin granule membranes. These results are in agreement with previous observations concerning the asymmetric distribution of saccharide residues on the surfaces of a number of different plasma membranes. They suggest that for the intracellular membrane of the chromaffin granule the saccharide sites, like those in plasma membranes, are not exposed to the cell cytoplasm. Further work is necessary to establish whether these sites are on the inner surface of the membrane or whether they are unmasked during the conversion of granules to membrane ghosts.", "contents": "The distribution of Concanavalin A receptor sites on the membrane of chromaffin granules. The distribution of concanavalin A (con A) receptor sites on the membranes of chromaffin granules has been investigated by binding studies using 125I-labelled con A and by electron-microscope studies using ferritin-labelled con A. In both experiments con A was observed to bind to chromaffin granule membranes but not to intact granules. The ferritin-con A particles bind to only one of the two possible surfaces of the chromaffin granule membranes. These results are in agreement with previous observations concerning the asymmetric distribution of saccharide residues on the surfaces of a number of different plasma membranes. They suggest that for the intracellular membrane of the chromaffin granule the saccharide sites, like those in plasma membranes, are not exposed to the cell cytoplasm. Further work is necessary to establish whether these sites are on the inner surface of the membrane or whether they are unmasked during the conversion of granules to membrane ghosts.", "PMID": 1176548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5735", "title": "Photosensitivity and heat resistance conferred by BrdU incorporation upon a thymidine kinase-deficient mouse cell line with persistent mitochondrial enzyme activity.", "content": "The selective incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into mitochondrial DNA (mit-DNA) in the LM(TK-) ClID cell line, a thymidine kinase-deficient derivative of L fibroblasts with persistent mitochondrial enzyme activity, has been utilized to specifically damage mit-DNA by 'visible' light irradiation. ('Visible light' indicates the source of light used, although the components most active photochemically on BrdU-substituted DNA are in the near-visible range, 300-340 nm.) (Szybalski & Opara-Kubinski, 1965). LM(TK-) Cl ID cells, which had been grown in the presence of 30 mug/ml BrdU, were irradiated with 'visible' light. Analysis of the pre-existing mit-DNA in these cells, which had been long-term labelled with [5-3H]deoxycytidine, showed a progressive decrease, with increasing duration of irradiation, in the proportion of the closed-circular form and an increase in that of the open-circular form of mit-DNA, with the subsequent appearance of fragments of this DNA. Furthermore, there was a decrease during irradiation in the total amount of mit-DNA, which became about 35% of the non-irradiated control after 65 h irradiation. On the other hand, irradiation with 'visible' light failed to cause any quantitative or qualitative change, with respect to the non-irradiated control, in mit-DNA from cells grown in the absence of BrdU and long-term labelled with [Me-3h]thymidine. An analysis of the incorporation of [5-3H]deoxycytidine into mit-DNA of BrdU-grown cells, during a 3-h exposure of the cells to the precursor following irradiation, showed a fairly rapid decline of mit-DNA labelling; this became about 50% of the non-irradiated control after 12 h irradiation, decreasing to about 25% in the next 48 h. By contrast, no effect of irradiation was observed on the subsequent pulse-labelling of mit-DNA with [Me-3H]thymidine in cells grown in the absence of BrdU. Furthermore, no change in the size of the extracted nuclear DNA was found in irradiated BrdU-grown cells. The progressive and selective damage and destruction of mit-DNA during irradiation with 'visible' light of Cl ID cells correlate fairly well with the kinetics of loss of cell viability occurring under the same conditions, as described in the accompanying paper, strongly suggesting a link between the two phenomena.", "contents": "Photosensitivity and heat resistance conferred by BrdU incorporation upon a thymidine kinase-deficient mouse cell line with persistent mitochondrial enzyme activity. The selective incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into mitochondrial DNA (mit-DNA) in the LM(TK-) ClID cell line, a thymidine kinase-deficient derivative of L fibroblasts with persistent mitochondrial enzyme activity, has been utilized to specifically damage mit-DNA by 'visible' light irradiation. ('Visible light' indicates the source of light used, although the components most active photochemically on BrdU-substituted DNA are in the near-visible range, 300-340 nm.) (Szybalski & Opara-Kubinski, 1965). LM(TK-) Cl ID cells, which had been grown in the presence of 30 mug/ml BrdU, were irradiated with 'visible' light. Analysis of the pre-existing mit-DNA in these cells, which had been long-term labelled with [5-3H]deoxycytidine, showed a progressive decrease, with increasing duration of irradiation, in the proportion of the closed-circular form and an increase in that of the open-circular form of mit-DNA, with the subsequent appearance of fragments of this DNA. Furthermore, there was a decrease during irradiation in the total amount of mit-DNA, which became about 35% of the non-irradiated control after 65 h irradiation. On the other hand, irradiation with 'visible' light failed to cause any quantitative or qualitative change, with respect to the non-irradiated control, in mit-DNA from cells grown in the absence of BrdU and long-term labelled with [Me-3h]thymidine. An analysis of the incorporation of [5-3H]deoxycytidine into mit-DNA of BrdU-grown cells, during a 3-h exposure of the cells to the precursor following irradiation, showed a fairly rapid decline of mit-DNA labelling; this became about 50% of the non-irradiated control after 12 h irradiation, decreasing to about 25% in the next 48 h. By contrast, no effect of irradiation was observed on the subsequent pulse-labelling of mit-DNA with [Me-3H]thymidine in cells grown in the absence of BrdU. Furthermore, no change in the size of the extracted nuclear DNA was found in irradiated BrdU-grown cells. The progressive and selective damage and destruction of mit-DNA during irradiation with 'visible' light of Cl ID cells correlate fairly well with the kinetics of loss of cell viability occurring under the same conditions, as described in the accompanying paper, strongly suggesting a link between the two phenomena.", "PMID": 1176549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5736", "title": "An electron-microscope study of the intranucleolar chromatin during nucleologenesis in root meristematic cells of Allium cepa.", "content": "The various states of condensation of the chromatin material contained inside the lacunar regions of the reforming nucleolus in Allium cepa, have been investigated by means of conventional electron-microscope techniques. The observations reveal that, in the emerging early to late telophase nucleoli, the intralacunar chromatin material in question appears both in an extended and a condensed condition; from late telophase th the mid G1 period of interphase, the intralacunar chromatin material of the rapidly growing and developing nucleoli is present in an extended state only. An attempt is made to interpret these morphological findings in the light of current knowledge concerning the structural relationship of the nucleolar organizing region of the nucleolar chromosome with the interphase nucleolus in plant cells. The relevant observational evidence would be consistent with the view that the chromatin-containing lacunar regions of the reforming nucleolus in Allium cepa correspond, in fact, to cross- or oblique sections of a meandering channel through which the nucleolar organizing segment of the nucleolar chromosome passes. Assuming the applicability to intranucleolar chromatin of the general concept of condensed-inactive versus extended-active chromatin, it is concluded that gradual uncoiling and subsequent decondensation of the chromatin of the nucleolar organizing region in the form of a convoluted loop structure are key morphological and functional events associated with the process of nucleologenesis in the species investigated.", "contents": "An electron-microscope study of the intranucleolar chromatin during nucleologenesis in root meristematic cells of Allium cepa. The various states of condensation of the chromatin material contained inside the lacunar regions of the reforming nucleolus in Allium cepa, have been investigated by means of conventional electron-microscope techniques. The observations reveal that, in the emerging early to late telophase nucleoli, the intralacunar chromatin material in question appears both in an extended and a condensed condition; from late telophase th the mid G1 period of interphase, the intralacunar chromatin material of the rapidly growing and developing nucleoli is present in an extended state only. An attempt is made to interpret these morphological findings in the light of current knowledge concerning the structural relationship of the nucleolar organizing region of the nucleolar chromosome with the interphase nucleolus in plant cells. The relevant observational evidence would be consistent with the view that the chromatin-containing lacunar regions of the reforming nucleolus in Allium cepa correspond, in fact, to cross- or oblique sections of a meandering channel through which the nucleolar organizing segment of the nucleolar chromosome passes. Assuming the applicability to intranucleolar chromatin of the general concept of condensed-inactive versus extended-active chromatin, it is concluded that gradual uncoiling and subsequent decondensation of the chromatin of the nucleolar organizing region in the form of a convoluted loop structure are key morphological and functional events associated with the process of nucleologenesis in the species investigated.", "PMID": 1176551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5737", "title": "[Surgical methods in non-traumatic perforations of the colon into the free peritoneum (36 cases)].", "content": "When operating as an emergency for a perforation of the colon should one carry out a by-pass operation, colostomy or restore intestinal continuity? 36 colonic perforations are reported here, as a complication of cancer in 50 p. 100 of cases, or sigmoiditis in 38 p. 100 of cases. The perforation was situated on the sigmoid in 77 p. 100 of cases. 13 by-pass operations were carried out with a 23 p. 100 mortality, 12 colectomies without anastomosis with a 50 p. 100 mortality, and 2 colectomies with restoration of continuity, 9 p. 100 mortality. The overall mortality was 27.7 p. 100 much less than reported by other authors but, nevertheless partly due to the severity of peritonitis due to the presence of feces and, partly due to the operation adopted. The present attitude of the authors depends on the merits of each case. A large incision is made and the peritoneum thoroughly cleaned. If the surgeon is experienced, colonic resection is advisable for perforated cnacer and certain cases of sigmoiditis. Restoration of continuity depends, above all, on the anatomical condition of the colon above the lesion. Hartmann's resections or by-pass operations thus still have indications.", "contents": "[Surgical methods in non-traumatic perforations of the colon into the free peritoneum (36 cases)]. When operating as an emergency for a perforation of the colon should one carry out a by-pass operation, colostomy or restore intestinal continuity? 36 colonic perforations are reported here, as a complication of cancer in 50 p. 100 of cases, or sigmoiditis in 38 p. 100 of cases. The perforation was situated on the sigmoid in 77 p. 100 of cases. 13 by-pass operations were carried out with a 23 p. 100 mortality, 12 colectomies without anastomosis with a 50 p. 100 mortality, and 2 colectomies with restoration of continuity, 9 p. 100 mortality. The overall mortality was 27.7 p. 100 much less than reported by other authors but, nevertheless partly due to the severity of peritonitis due to the presence of feces and, partly due to the operation adopted. The present attitude of the authors depends on the merits of each case. A large incision is made and the peritoneum thoroughly cleaned. If the surgeon is experienced, colonic resection is advisable for perforated cnacer and certain cases of sigmoiditis. Restoration of continuity depends, above all, on the anatomical condition of the colon above the lesion. Hartmann's resections or by-pass operations thus still have indications.", "PMID": 1176552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5738", "title": "[Physiopathological and anatomo-clinical study of peritoneal irrigation in generalized acute peritonitis].", "content": "The objects of peritoneal wash-out and the conditions of its efficacy in acute generalised peritonitis were first defined. The authors then report the results of their physio-pathological research. The rules of intra-peritoneal wash-out then laid down. They suggest a method of wash-out perfectly adapted to the infected peritoneum. Study of the washings provides valuable information. The appearance, bacteriology and rate of wash-out, lead one to define criteria of prognosis which are useful and reliable for later treatment. These criteria may be grouped in a triad which are of value in addition to the clinical signs. The pathological consequences are then discussed. In the immediate post-operative period, there is no noxious effect on intestinal sutures, which can be attributed to the wash-out in this series of 20 cases. In the long-term, the absence of adhesions with restitutio ad integrum of the peritoneal cavity, was noted in 4 patients, and verified later by operation. The physiopathological basis and criteria of efficacy suggest that peritoneal wash-out should be used more often in modern treatment.", "contents": "[Physiopathological and anatomo-clinical study of peritoneal irrigation in generalized acute peritonitis]. The objects of peritoneal wash-out and the conditions of its efficacy in acute generalised peritonitis were first defined. The authors then report the results of their physio-pathological research. The rules of intra-peritoneal wash-out then laid down. They suggest a method of wash-out perfectly adapted to the infected peritoneum. Study of the washings provides valuable information. The appearance, bacteriology and rate of wash-out, lead one to define criteria of prognosis which are useful and reliable for later treatment. These criteria may be grouped in a triad which are of value in addition to the clinical signs. The pathological consequences are then discussed. In the immediate post-operative period, there is no noxious effect on intestinal sutures, which can be attributed to the wash-out in this series of 20 cases. In the long-term, the absence of adhesions with restitutio ad integrum of the peritoneal cavity, was noted in 4 patients, and verified later by operation. The physiopathological basis and criteria of efficacy suggest that peritoneal wash-out should be used more often in modern treatment.", "PMID": 1176553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5739", "title": "[Familial cancer of the parathyroid glands. Importance of angiography in the diagnosis of regional recurrences. Considerations on 2 cases].", "content": "The authors report two new cases of functional parathyroid carcinoma, the course of which varied between 5 and 7 years. The main fact was their familial character, as the disease affected two siblings. No similar case was found in the world literature. These two cases were characterised by symptoms in the bones or pancreatic symptoms which dominated the whole clinical course. Finally, the second case was studied by angiography which permitted the authors to localise a lymphnode metastasis on the opposite side. As far as treatment was concerned, the frequency and severity of local and regional spread justifies wide removal at an early stage. This attitude is necessary in any case of parathyroid tumor with an infiltrating character.", "contents": "[Familial cancer of the parathyroid glands. Importance of angiography in the diagnosis of regional recurrences. Considerations on 2 cases]. The authors report two new cases of functional parathyroid carcinoma, the course of which varied between 5 and 7 years. The main fact was their familial character, as the disease affected two siblings. No similar case was found in the world literature. These two cases were characterised by symptoms in the bones or pancreatic symptoms which dominated the whole clinical course. Finally, the second case was studied by angiography which permitted the authors to localise a lymphnode metastasis on the opposite side. As far as treatment was concerned, the frequency and severity of local and regional spread justifies wide removal at an early stage. This attitude is necessary in any case of parathyroid tumor with an infiltrating character.", "PMID": 1176554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5740", "title": "[Early postoperative intestinal obstructions. Contribution of  radiography to diagnosis of the type and to the indication for reoperation (experience in 84 cases)].", "content": "The authors report 84 cases of post-operative intestinal obstruction and demonstrate the value of straight XRays and barium meal in the diagnosis of the variety of early post-operative obstruction and the indications for operation. In 74 cases out of 82, a precise diagnosis of the mechanical or paralytic nature of the obstruction was made and the operation always carried out under best possible conditions.", "contents": "[Early postoperative intestinal obstructions. Contribution of  radiography to diagnosis of the type and to the indication for reoperation (experience in 84 cases)]. The authors report 84 cases of post-operative intestinal obstruction and demonstrate the value of straight XRays and barium meal in the diagnosis of the variety of early post-operative obstruction and the indications for operation. In 74 cases out of 82, a precise diagnosis of the mechanical or paralytic nature of the obstruction was made and the operation always carried out under best possible conditions.", "PMID": 1176556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5741", "title": "[Effects of Tham, isoprenaline and propranolol on the blood flow and vascular resistance of the liver after clamping of the afferent and efferent vessels. Relation to splanchnic shock].", "content": "To determine the roles of portal circulation and the hepatic arteries during states of shock, the authors studied on 38 dogs, the effects of 30 minutes clamping of the sub-diaphragmatic part of the inferior vena cava, the portal vein and the hepatic artery, either together or successively. They measured the pressure in these various vessels, the transhepatic flow, using Xenon133, and calculated the intra-hepatic resistance. The animals were then treated with Tham, isoprenaline and propanolol. Tolerance to clamping was improved significantly when the animals were treated with the association of these drugs. The portal pressure and the systemic arterial pressure, rapidly returned to normal. This was also the case with hepatic, venous or arterial blood flow. There was a remarkable stability between the sinusoidal and biliary resistances, compared with disturbances in control groups. The already well known beneficial effect of Tham was increased by the apparently paradoxical association of isoprenaline and propranolol. In fact, with this dosage, they counter-balanced their reciprocal disadvantages. Finally, a study of blood flow and vascular resistance in the liver, suggests the existence of two components in splanchnic shock, hepatic and visceral.", "contents": "[Effects of Tham, isoprenaline and propranolol on the blood flow and vascular resistance of the liver after clamping of the afferent and efferent vessels. Relation to splanchnic shock]. To determine the roles of portal circulation and the hepatic arteries during states of shock, the authors studied on 38 dogs, the effects of 30 minutes clamping of the sub-diaphragmatic part of the inferior vena cava, the portal vein and the hepatic artery, either together or successively. They measured the pressure in these various vessels, the transhepatic flow, using Xenon133, and calculated the intra-hepatic resistance. The animals were then treated with Tham, isoprenaline and propanolol. Tolerance to clamping was improved significantly when the animals were treated with the association of these drugs. The portal pressure and the systemic arterial pressure, rapidly returned to normal. This was also the case with hepatic, venous or arterial blood flow. There was a remarkable stability between the sinusoidal and biliary resistances, compared with disturbances in control groups. The already well known beneficial effect of Tham was increased by the apparently paradoxical association of isoprenaline and propranolol. In fact, with this dosage, they counter-balanced their reciprocal disadvantages. Finally, a study of blood flow and vascular resistance in the liver, suggests the existence of two components in splanchnic shock, hepatic and visceral.", "PMID": 1176557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5742", "title": "[Study of 187 portacaval anastomoses. Statistical analysis of prognostic factors. II. Comparative study of the results of anastomoses with and without interruption of the portal trunk. Discussion].", "content": "The authors report a comparative retrospective study of 124 end-to-side portal anastomoses and 63 side-to-side anastomoses. The influence of a certain number of clinical and pathological factors on mortality and immediate and long-term survival, were statistically verified. The quality of the functional result result was analysed in each group of operated patients. Comparison of the results of trunkular anastomoses with or without interruption of the portal vein, showed both as regards, post-operative and late mortality, that the functional results were definitely in favor of end-to-side anastomosis. Thus side-to-side anastomoses gave 40,4 p. 100 of good results and 59,6 average or poor results, as against 60 p. 100 gave rise to portal systemic encephalopathy in 17 p. 100 of cases as against 35 p. 100 in the case of the side-to-side anastomosis. Only the sub-group of operated patients with hepatic vein thrombosis seemed to benefit from side-to-side anastomosis.", "contents": "[Study of 187 portacaval anastomoses. Statistical analysis of prognostic factors. II. Comparative study of the results of anastomoses with and without interruption of the portal trunk. Discussion]. The authors report a comparative retrospective study of 124 end-to-side portal anastomoses and 63 side-to-side anastomoses. The influence of a certain number of clinical and pathological factors on mortality and immediate and long-term survival, were statistically verified. The quality of the functional result result was analysed in each group of operated patients. Comparison of the results of trunkular anastomoses with or without interruption of the portal vein, showed both as regards, post-operative and late mortality, that the functional results were definitely in favor of end-to-side anastomosis. Thus side-to-side anastomoses gave 40,4 p. 100 of good results and 59,6 average or poor results, as against 60 p. 100 gave rise to portal systemic encephalopathy in 17 p. 100 of cases as against 35 p. 100 in the case of the side-to-side anastomosis. Only the sub-group of operated patients with hepatic vein thrombosis seemed to benefit from side-to-side anastomosis.", "PMID": 1176558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5743", "title": "[1st clinical trials of Rhodergon velvet vascular prostheses].", "content": "The authors report a preliminary clinical and radiological trial of the use of Rhodergon velvet prosthesis for arterial replacement. Out of 9 valid cases, there was one failure, with a femoropopliteal prosthesis, explained by turbulence induced by change of direction. The average delay between operation and arteriography was 80 days.", "contents": "[1st clinical trials of Rhodergon velvet vascular prostheses]. The authors report a preliminary clinical and radiological trial of the use of Rhodergon velvet prosthesis for arterial replacement. Out of 9 valid cases, there was one failure, with a femoropopliteal prosthesis, explained by turbulence induced by change of direction. The average delay between operation and arteriography was 80 days.", "PMID": 1176559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5744", "title": "[Retroperitoneal enteroid cyst].", "content": "The author report a case of enteroid retroperitoneal cyst treated by enucleation. Such a lesion raises mainly the problem of histological recognition and embryological interpretation for which there are two possible theories: (1) Uptake, before sealing off of the embryo, of a cell group of endoblastic origin which develops some distance from the digestive tract. (2) Retroperitoneal course of a simple teratoma of enteroid type. Such a possibility of teratoma leaves open the possibility of malignant transformation.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal enteroid cyst]. The author report a case of enteroid retroperitoneal cyst treated by enucleation. Such a lesion raises mainly the problem of histological recognition and embryological interpretation for which there are two possible theories: (1) Uptake, before sealing off of the embryo, of a cell group of endoblastic origin which develops some distance from the digestive tract. (2) Retroperitoneal course of a simple teratoma of enteroid type. Such a possibility of teratoma leaves open the possibility of malignant transformation.", "PMID": 1176560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5745", "title": "[Exploration and removal in focal infections of the liver (apropos of 32 resections in a 4-year period].", "content": "The surgeon can no longer be satisfied today, with a diagnosis of focal lesion of the liver. It is also necessary to give the precise localisation of the nodular image compared with the segments and vessels of the gland. The lesional topography is usually determined by coeliac arteriography but, in certain cases, complementary cavography becomes necessary. On knowledge of this hepatic angio-cartography, depends the choice of approach and the nature of the surgical operation, for there are easy methods of approach where, for example, removal may reasonably be attempted and, other segments which are difficult or impossible to approach, e.g. segments VIII and IV posteriorly. The authors report their experience of surgery of the liver between 1971 and April 1974 for 14 abscesses, 15 hydatid cysts, 5 tumours and 9 cases of trauma. They carried out 32 resections, 22 of the right lobe of the liver, 10 of the left lobe. The immediate results are studied in relation to the indications and techniques used.", "contents": "[Exploration and removal in focal infections of the liver (apropos of 32 resections in a 4-year period]. The surgeon can no longer be satisfied today, with a diagnosis of focal lesion of the liver. It is also necessary to give the precise localisation of the nodular image compared with the segments and vessels of the gland. The lesional topography is usually determined by coeliac arteriography but, in certain cases, complementary cavography becomes necessary. On knowledge of this hepatic angio-cartography, depends the choice of approach and the nature of the surgical operation, for there are easy methods of approach where, for example, removal may reasonably be attempted and, other segments which are difficult or impossible to approach, e.g. segments VIII and IV posteriorly. The authors report their experience of surgery of the liver between 1971 and April 1974 for 14 abscesses, 15 hydatid cysts, 5 tumours and 9 cases of trauma. They carried out 32 resections, 22 of the right lobe of the liver, 10 of the left lobe. The immediate results are studied in relation to the indications and techniques used.", "PMID": 1176561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5746", "title": "[Duodenal obstruction by biliary calculus].", "content": "The authors report a case of cholecysto-duodenal fistula complicated by gallstone obstruction of the duodenal bulb, revealed by vomiting. Treatment included cholecystectomy, removal of the duodenal stone and suture of the duodenal fistual. The post-operative period was unevenful.", "contents": "[Duodenal obstruction by biliary calculus]. The authors report a case of cholecysto-duodenal fistula complicated by gallstone obstruction of the duodenal bulb, revealed by vomiting. Treatment included cholecystectomy, removal of the duodenal stone and suture of the duodenal fistual. The post-operative period was unevenful.", "PMID": 1176562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5747", "title": "[Multiple fractures of the lower extremities (a propos of 50 patients)].", "content": "According to a study of 50 multiple fractures of the lower limbs, the frequency of associated lesions justifies the creation of new multiple injury units, well equipped in which may be found specialists of all branches of surgery. Although internal fixation in one  stage as an emergency, is ideal in all fractures, one should in fact be circumspect for the danger of infection should lead one to avoid carrying out internal fixation if this is not absolutely necessary.", "contents": "[Multiple fractures of the lower extremities (a propos of 50 patients)]. According to a study of 50 multiple fractures of the lower limbs, the frequency of associated lesions justifies the creation of new multiple injury units, well equipped in which may be found specialists of all branches of surgery. Although internal fixation in one  stage as an emergency, is ideal in all fractures, one should in fact be circumspect for the danger of infection should lead one to avoid carrying out internal fixation if this is not absolutely necessary.", "PMID": 1176563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5748", "title": "[Colo-anal invaginations in adults].", "content": "Colo-anal intussusception is exceptional, there are only 6 published cases including ours, intussusception of the colon into the rectum is rare. It raises numerous diagnostic and surgical problems. The cause is always a tumour, usually malignant. The diagnosis is easy in the case of colo-anal intussusception, in which one may see the tumour and determine its nature. It is sometimes difficult in the case of colo-rectal intussusception, hence the interest of sigmoidoscopy and biopsy of the tumour. Surgical treatment includes simple reduction in the case of colo-rectal intussusception. On the other hand, in the case of colo-anal intussusception, one should first reduce the condition, otherwise it is very difficult to remove the tumour, but there is very frequently necrosis of the prolapsed segment, which may require removal in two stages, limited low resection of the necrotic segment and high removab after reduction. This operation is more easily carried out by two surgical teams operating simultaneously.", "contents": "[Colo-anal invaginations in adults]. Colo-anal intussusception is exceptional, there are only 6 published cases including ours, intussusception of the colon into the rectum is rare. It raises numerous diagnostic and surgical problems. The cause is always a tumour, usually malignant. The diagnosis is easy in the case of colo-anal intussusception, in which one may see the tumour and determine its nature. It is sometimes difficult in the case of colo-rectal intussusception, hence the interest of sigmoidoscopy and biopsy of the tumour. Surgical treatment includes simple reduction in the case of colo-rectal intussusception. On the other hand, in the case of colo-anal intussusception, one should first reduce the condition, otherwise it is very difficult to remove the tumour, but there is very frequently necrosis of the prolapsed segment, which may require removal in two stages, limited low resection of the necrotic segment and high removab after reduction. This operation is more easily carried out by two surgical teams operating simultaneously.", "PMID": 1176564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5749", "title": "[Facial injuries].", "content": "In spite of a certain reduction in their numbers, facial injuries still raise frequent problems for general surgeons. Car accidents are now less commonly responsible than motorcycle accidents. In the most complex cases, one may find lesions of the soft parts and bony lesions in association. The wounds should be examined carefully, all foreign bodies removed and should only be sutured if one is certain tht the subjacent structures are undamaged, e.g. facial bony canals are often damaged in vertical wounds of the cheek situated behind the anterior border of the masseter muscle. As far as bony lesions are concerned, they rarely give rise to typical breakdowns of the suture lines described by Lefort, but more commonly cause true dislocations which are impossible to describe. Fractures are often undiagnosed owing to oedema which masks them, e.g. those of the malar bone and of the orbit and even those of the nose. This failure to diagnose them is serious for, at a later stage, surgical correction is more difficult and the prejudice is then not only esthetic but also functional, e.g. causing diplopia. Clinical examination of a patient with trauma of the face includes a series of simple gestures which a general surgeion should carry out in order to avoid failure to diagnose such lesions. Although he may not treat them all, he sould recognise them and decide which have priority in the treatment of multiple injuries. Careful inspection and palpation usually permit one to detect bony lesions which XRays then demonstrate only by careful choice of appropriate views.", "contents": "[Facial injuries]. In spite of a certain reduction in their numbers, facial injuries still raise frequent problems for general surgeons. Car accidents are now less commonly responsible than motorcycle accidents. In the most complex cases, one may find lesions of the soft parts and bony lesions in association. The wounds should be examined carefully, all foreign bodies removed and should only be sutured if one is certain tht the subjacent structures are undamaged, e.g. facial bony canals are often damaged in vertical wounds of the cheek situated behind the anterior border of the masseter muscle. As far as bony lesions are concerned, they rarely give rise to typical breakdowns of the suture lines described by Lefort, but more commonly cause true dislocations which are impossible to describe. Fractures are often undiagnosed owing to oedema which masks them, e.g. those of the malar bone and of the orbit and even those of the nose. This failure to diagnose them is serious for, at a later stage, surgical correction is more difficult and the prejudice is then not only esthetic but also functional, e.g. causing diplopia. Clinical examination of a patient with trauma of the face includes a series of simple gestures which a general surgeion should carry out in order to avoid failure to diagnose such lesions. Although he may not treat them all, he sould recognise them and decide which have priority in the treatment of multiple injuries. Careful inspection and palpation usually permit one to detect bony lesions which XRays then demonstrate only by careful choice of appropriate views.", "PMID": 1176565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5750", "title": "[Surgical treatment of cavernomas of the portal vein. 56 cases, including 42 operated cases].", "content": "The difficulty of surgical treatment of cavernomas of the portal vein results from the anatomical conditions created by this type of portal hypertension, in spite of favourable physiological conditions due to the integrity of the hepatic parenchyma. The latter is, in fact, relative after a certain length of history. This erratic course renders difficult assessment of the efficacy of methods of treatment. In the light of 56 cases, including 42 operated cases, the authors present the indications for surgery which depend on the severity and frequency of hemorrhage and also on the patient's age. When repeated bleeding occurs, a by-pass should be attempted whenever possible, if the bleeding impedes social life or growth, or if it threatens life. Mesenterico-caval anastomosis is preferable before the age of 7 years. Spleno-renal anastomosis requires a sufficient size of splenic vein. Ligature of aesophageal varices or disconnection of the oesophagus from the stomach, may be considered in cases of moderate hemorrhage. The varices may be treated by sclerosing injections after failure of a by-pass operation or in inoperable patients. Oesophago-gastrectomy is useful but should be a last resort.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of cavernomas of the portal vein. 56 cases, including 42 operated cases]. The difficulty of surgical treatment of cavernomas of the portal vein results from the anatomical conditions created by this type of portal hypertension, in spite of favourable physiological conditions due to the integrity of the hepatic parenchyma. The latter is, in fact, relative after a certain length of history. This erratic course renders difficult assessment of the efficacy of methods of treatment. In the light of 56 cases, including 42 operated cases, the authors present the indications for surgery which depend on the severity and frequency of hemorrhage and also on the patient's age. When repeated bleeding occurs, a by-pass should be attempted whenever possible, if the bleeding impedes social life or growth, or if it threatens life. Mesenterico-caval anastomosis is preferable before the age of 7 years. Spleno-renal anastomosis requires a sufficient size of splenic vein. Ligature of aesophageal varices or disconnection of the oesophagus from the stomach, may be considered in cases of moderate hemorrhage. The varices may be treated by sclerosing injections after failure of a by-pass operation or in inoperable patients. Oesophago-gastrectomy is useful but should be a last resort.", "PMID": 1176566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5751", "title": "[Surgical treatment of recurrences after operations for essential varices].", "content": "Among our cases of post-operative recurrent varicose veins, we report here only those cases which required further surgery. Thus we were able to carry out a comparative study of a series of 30 patients who were re-operated on between the 16th of March 1959 and the 16th of March 1966, and 44 patients operated on under the same conditions between the 16th of March 1966 and the 16th of March 1974. The causes of recurrence were different in the two groups. Before 1966, they were mainly due to the choice of inefficacious operations. Since 1966, they are due to poor technique in resection of the junction of the femoral vein with the saphenous vein. This was the most common cause, and these failures were favoured by saphenous abnormalities. Associated with stripping of the large vessels, resection of inguinal cavernoma which prolonged the femoro-saphenous junction, was the main stage in these re-operations. It was perfectly efficacious in the treatment of varicose veins but required also resection of inguinal lymph nodes with the cavernoma. Post-operative complications, such as lymphatic fistula and oedema, led us to prefer simple isolation of the cavernoma from the deep veins, but the first and essential stage remains resection of the junction of the femoral and saphenous veins and stripping of accessory trunks.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of recurrences after operations for essential varices]. Among our cases of post-operative recurrent varicose veins, we report here only those cases which required further surgery. Thus we were able to carry out a comparative study of a series of 30 patients who were re-operated on between the 16th of March 1959 and the 16th of March 1966, and 44 patients operated on under the same conditions between the 16th of March 1966 and the 16th of March 1974. The causes of recurrence were different in the two groups. Before 1966, they were mainly due to the choice of inefficacious operations. Since 1966, they are due to poor technique in resection of the junction of the femoral vein with the saphenous vein. This was the most common cause, and these failures were favoured by saphenous abnormalities. Associated with stripping of the large vessels, resection of inguinal cavernoma which prolonged the femoro-saphenous junction, was the main stage in these re-operations. It was perfectly efficacious in the treatment of varicose veins but required also resection of inguinal lymph nodes with the cavernoma. Post-operative complications, such as lymphatic fistula and oedema, led us to prefer simple isolation of the cavernoma from the deep veins, but the first and essential stage remains resection of the junction of the femoral and saphenous veins and stripping of accessory trunks.", "PMID": 1176567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5752", "title": "[Retroperitoneal mesenchymomas. Remarks apropos of 19 cases].", "content": "The authors report 19 cases and review the literature. They analyse the pathological and clinical characteristics of retro-peritoneal mesenchymoma. The diagnosis of these tumours is facilitated by intravenous urography, barium enema, arteriography and bidimensional echography. Cavography is interesting to determine the venous risk. The unforeseeable course, which is always severe in these tumours, is characterised by the frequency of local relapse. The prognosis is very poor with only one 8 year survival in this series. Surgical removal is the only possible treatment, in spite of difficulty, especially during recurrences.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal mesenchymomas. Remarks apropos of 19 cases]. The authors report 19 cases and review the literature. They analyse the pathological and clinical characteristics of retro-peritoneal mesenchymoma. The diagnosis of these tumours is facilitated by intravenous urography, barium enema, arteriography and bidimensional echography. Cavography is interesting to determine the venous risk. The unforeseeable course, which is always severe in these tumours, is characterised by the frequency of local relapse. The prognosis is very poor with only one 8 year survival in this series. Surgical removal is the only possible treatment, in spite of difficulty, especially during recurrences.", "PMID": 1176569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5753", "title": "[Arteritis in aged patients].", "content": "Gangrene is the usual reason for admission to a surgical unit in elderly patients with peripheral vascular disease. It is often the first sign of arterial disease occurring in a foot with satisfactory skin and may be triggered off by trauma or infection. Obstruction at various levels of the profunda femoris artery, of the main leg arteries with calcification of the media, are the usual characteristics, whether the patient is diabetic or not. This explains why reconstructive vascular surgery is rarely possible but this, nevertheless, remains the best chance for obtaining healing of trophic disorders with limited removal of the toes. No failure was observed in cases of axillo-femoral or femoro-femoral by-pass. But, as in diabetics, one may, in elderly patients with gangrene, attempt to conserve weight-bearing areas thanks to medical treatment in association in some cases with lumbar sympathectomy when the patient's general condition makes this possible. The mortality is low when patients are selected for operation and depending on the surgical technique adopted, e.g. sub-cutaneous by-pass or surgery of the origin of the profunda femoris. The mortality is less than 7 p. 100 during the first month (one death in 31 vascular operations, one death in 40 sympathectomies), but the mortality during the first 6 months exceeds 20 p. 100 due to cardiac, or cerebral complications or urinary infection. The prevention of digestive symptoms, nutritional, renal or urinary complications, and electrolyte disturbances is essential together with physiotherapy and reduction in time spent in hospital, for example, the patient may be sent home and treated by the district nurse. 135 patients with arteritis, including 48 diabetics, aged over 70 years, admitted to hospital in 1971 at the Saint-Joseph hospital, illustrate these findings. 109 patients with 114 diseased limbs, had gangrene or ischemic ulcer. Out of 80 survivors, beyond 6 months, i.e. 84 limbs, in 75 cases the weight bearing areas were preserved, in 9 cases amputation was necessary but in 8 of these it was possible to carry out amputation below the knee and walking was possible. These functional results justify attempts to maintain weight bearing areas or, at least, the knee, whatever the duration of healing or amputation of a toe or of the metatarsus; in Syme's amputation of the leg, healing requires 2 to 4 months.", "contents": "[Arteritis in aged patients]. Gangrene is the usual reason for admission to a surgical unit in elderly patients with peripheral vascular disease. It is often the first sign of arterial disease occurring in a foot with satisfactory skin and may be triggered off by trauma or infection. Obstruction at various levels of the profunda femoris artery, of the main leg arteries with calcification of the media, are the usual characteristics, whether the patient is diabetic or not. This explains why reconstructive vascular surgery is rarely possible but this, nevertheless, remains the best chance for obtaining healing of trophic disorders with limited removal of the toes. No failure was observed in cases of axillo-femoral or femoro-femoral by-pass. But, as in diabetics, one may, in elderly patients with gangrene, attempt to conserve weight-bearing areas thanks to medical treatment in association in some cases with lumbar sympathectomy when the patient's general condition makes this possible. The mortality is low when patients are selected for operation and depending on the surgical technique adopted, e.g. sub-cutaneous by-pass or surgery of the origin of the profunda femoris. The mortality is less than 7 p. 100 during the first month (one death in 31 vascular operations, one death in 40 sympathectomies), but the mortality during the first 6 months exceeds 20 p. 100 due to cardiac, or cerebral complications or urinary infection. The prevention of digestive symptoms, nutritional, renal or urinary complications, and electrolyte disturbances is essential together with physiotherapy and reduction in time spent in hospital, for example, the patient may be sent home and treated by the district nurse. 135 patients with arteritis, including 48 diabetics, aged over 70 years, admitted to hospital in 1971 at the Saint-Joseph hospital, illustrate these findings. 109 patients with 114 diseased limbs, had gangrene or ischemic ulcer. Out of 80 survivors, beyond 6 months, i.e. 84 limbs, in 75 cases the weight bearing areas were preserved, in 9 cases amputation was necessary but in 8 of these it was possible to carry out amputation below the knee and walking was possible. These functional results justify attempts to maintain weight bearing areas or, at least, the knee, whatever the duration of healing or amputation of a toe or of the metatarsus; in Syme's amputation of the leg, healing requires 2 to 4 months.", "PMID": 1176568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5754", "title": "[Post-traumatic arterial aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas].", "content": "The authors report 49 cases of arterial pseudo-aneurysm or post-traumatic arterio-venous fistula of the limbs, neck and face. Operations were carried out as early as possible without observing the usual 3 months delay. Restoration of arterial continuity was always attempted in the common carotid artery and the main limb vessels. Out of 35 attempts, vascular permeability was restored definitely in 22 cases, doubtfully (comparatively poor pulse) in 4 cases. In 7 cases, the functional result was good in spite of the absence of permeability of the reconstructed vessel. The series studied included one death due to arterio-venous fistula at the base of the neck, one case of partial distal gangrene and one case of secondary hemorrhage which was cured by ligature. The 14 cases of distal or collateral aneurysm were treated by resection and ligature without any post-operative complications. The proximity of the nerves adds to the difficulty of this form of surgery in the axilla, at the root of the thigh and in the parotid area.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic arterial aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas]. The authors report 49 cases of arterial pseudo-aneurysm or post-traumatic arterio-venous fistula of the limbs, neck and face. Operations were carried out as early as possible without observing the usual 3 months delay. Restoration of arterial continuity was always attempted in the common carotid artery and the main limb vessels. Out of 35 attempts, vascular permeability was restored definitely in 22 cases, doubtfully (comparatively poor pulse) in 4 cases. In 7 cases, the functional result was good in spite of the absence of permeability of the reconstructed vessel. The series studied included one death due to arterio-venous fistula at the base of the neck, one case of partial distal gangrene and one case of secondary hemorrhage which was cured by ligature. The 14 cases of distal or collateral aneurysm were treated by resection and ligature without any post-operative complications. The proximity of the nerves adds to the difficulty of this form of surgery in the axilla, at the root of the thigh and in the parotid area.", "PMID": 1176571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5755", "title": "[Occupational osteopathy of rug weavers. Apropos of 64 cases].", "content": "Carpet weaving carried out by young girls in abnormal positions for long periods, causes in the latter important bony deformities, aggravated by poor hygiene and diet. Prevention and treatment is, however, possible.", "contents": "[Occupational osteopathy of rug weavers. Apropos of 64 cases]. Carpet weaving carried out by young girls in abnormal positions for long periods, causes in the latter important bony deformities, aggravated by poor hygiene and diet. Prevention and treatment is, however, possible.", "PMID": 1176572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5756", "title": "[A case of anterior tibial arteriovenous fistula after closed fracture of the leg].", "content": "This case permits one to emphasize the great rareness of arteriovenous fistula after closed fractures of the shaft of the tibia. Fistulas in this anterior tibial position are remarkably latent, cause no symptoms below the fistula nor symptoms of heart failure. Treatment by several ligatures, permitted this patient to return to work 15 days after operation without any further treatment. The patient no longer has any symptoms.", "contents": "[A case of anterior tibial arteriovenous fistula after closed fracture of the leg]. This case permits one to emphasize the great rareness of arteriovenous fistula after closed fractures of the shaft of the tibia. Fistulas in this anterior tibial position are remarkably latent, cause no symptoms below the fistula nor symptoms of heart failure. Treatment by several ligatures, permitted this patient to return to work 15 days after operation without any further treatment. The patient no longer has any symptoms.", "PMID": 1176573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5757", "title": "[Post-cholecystectomy pseudo-aneurysm. Spontaneous regression demonstrated by angiography].", "content": "The authors report the case of a pseudo-aneurysm of the right hepatic artery following a difficult cholecystectomy in a patient with sub-acute pancreatitis. Angiography, two years later, showed spontaneous regression of the pseudo-aneurysm and the development of chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Post-cholecystectomy pseudo-aneurysm. Spontaneous regression demonstrated by angiography]. The authors report the case of a pseudo-aneurysm of the right hepatic artery following a difficult cholecystectomy in a patient with sub-acute pancreatitis. Angiography, two years later, showed spontaneous regression of the pseudo-aneurysm and the development of chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 1176574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5758", "title": "[An original technic of reimplantation of the papilla after accidental disinsertion during gastroduodenectomy for duodenal ulcer].", "content": "During accidental disinsertion of the papilla during surgery of duodenal ulcer, an isolated, pediculated loop of the small intestine was interposed between the head of the pancreas and the second part of the duodenum.", "contents": "[An original technic of reimplantation of the papilla after accidental disinsertion during gastroduodenectomy for duodenal ulcer]. During accidental disinsertion of the papilla during surgery of duodenal ulcer, an isolated, pediculated loop of the small intestine was interposed between the head of the pancreas and the second part of the duodenum.", "PMID": 1176575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5759", "title": "Classification of secondary amenorrhea based on distinct hormonal patterns.", "content": "Patients with secondary amenorrhea have been classified into 4 clincal groups. In order to further investigate these 4 groups, LH, FSH, and estradiol (E2) were measured at 15 min intervals for 4 h in 21 patients with secondary amenorrhea. Patients within each group had similar hormonal patterns, but there was a distinct variation among the groups. Three patients in group 1 (polycystic ovaries [PCO]) had elevated basal levels of only LH with marked irregular fluctuations. Seven patients in group II (hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction) had normal basal levels of LH, FSH, and E2. Only LH showed oscillations of varying mahnitude and frequency. Eight patients in group III (hypothalamic-pituitary failure) had low or low-normal levels of LH, FSH, and low E2 with minimal or absent fluctuations. Three patients in group IV (ovarian failure) had high basal levels of FSH and LH and irregular fluctuations. This study confirmed the rationality of separating patients with secondary amenorrhea into 4 different groups. In addition, it was found that in group III patients, the total amount of LH secreted in a 4-hour period of time appears to be insufficient to stimulate E2 production from the ovary even when a single sample was found to be in the normal range.", "contents": "Classification of secondary amenorrhea based on distinct hormonal patterns. Patients with secondary amenorrhea have been classified into 4 clincal groups. In order to further investigate these 4 groups, LH, FSH, and estradiol (E2) were measured at 15 min intervals for 4 h in 21 patients with secondary amenorrhea. Patients within each group had similar hormonal patterns, but there was a distinct variation among the groups. Three patients in group 1 (polycystic ovaries [PCO]) had elevated basal levels of only LH with marked irregular fluctuations. Seven patients in group II (hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction) had normal basal levels of LH, FSH, and E2. Only LH showed oscillations of varying mahnitude and frequency. Eight patients in group III (hypothalamic-pituitary failure) had low or low-normal levels of LH, FSH, and low E2 with minimal or absent fluctuations. Three patients in group IV (ovarian failure) had high basal levels of FSH and LH and irregular fluctuations. This study confirmed the rationality of separating patients with secondary amenorrhea into 4 different groups. In addition, it was found that in group III patients, the total amount of LH secreted in a 4-hour period of time appears to be insufficient to stimulate E2 production from the ovary even when a single sample was found to be in the normal range.", "PMID": 1176579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5760", "title": "Iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis in apparently normal thyroid glands.", "content": "Although iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis was reported to occur in patients with obvious underlying thyroid disorders, it is not known to occur in patients with apparently normal thyroid glands. From ten such cases evidence is presented that thyrotoxicosis: a) appeared during treatments by iodide or organic-iodine-containing drugs, in the absence of any past history of thyroid disorder; b) was accompanied by almost undetectable radioidine uptake which nevertheless could be activated by TSH; c) subsided spontaneously within a few weeks or months after stopping the high intake of iodine; d) and left, after a period of hypothyroidism, an apparently normal thyroid gland which had resumed normal size, function, uptake, and suppressibility.", "contents": "Iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis in apparently normal thyroid glands. Although iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis was reported to occur in patients with obvious underlying thyroid disorders, it is not known to occur in patients with apparently normal thyroid glands. From ten such cases evidence is presented that thyrotoxicosis: a) appeared during treatments by iodide or organic-iodine-containing drugs, in the absence of any past history of thyroid disorder; b) was accompanied by almost undetectable radioidine uptake which nevertheless could be activated by TSH; c) subsided spontaneously within a few weeks or months after stopping the high intake of iodine; d) and left, after a period of hypothyroidism, an apparently normal thyroid gland which had resumed normal size, function, uptake, and suppressibility.", "PMID": 1176580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5761", "title": "Stimulation of the secretion of parathyroid hormone during hypoglycemic stress.", "content": "The effect and the mechanism of insulin-induced hypoglycemic stress on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in man was evaluated. Porcine crystalline insulin (0.1 U/kg,iv) caused symtomatic hypoglycemia in all subjects. The maximum hypoglycemia occurred between 25 and 35 min following the insulin administration. A significant increase in the serum PTH concentration occurred promptly at 5 min following the time of maximum hypoglycemia, achieving peak levels between 5 and 15 min. Thereafter the serum PTH concentration gradually declined, reaching baseline values of 60 min. Serum cortisol levels were increased, but not until 30 min following the maximum hypoglycemia, and remained significantly elevated at 60 min. Therefore the stimulation of PTH secretion was not caused by elevated levels of serum cortisol. The serum calcium and magnesium levels remained unchanged throughout the procedure. A significant and sustained decline in the serum inorganic phosphate levels occurred following insulin administration. The results indicate that hypoglycemic stress stimulates PTH secretion, presumably via increased epinephrine levels, and further suggest that adrenergic stimuli play an important role in the physiology of PTH secretion.", "contents": "Stimulation of the secretion of parathyroid hormone during hypoglycemic stress. The effect and the mechanism of insulin-induced hypoglycemic stress on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in man was evaluated. Porcine crystalline insulin (0.1 U/kg,iv) caused symtomatic hypoglycemia in all subjects. The maximum hypoglycemia occurred between 25 and 35 min following the insulin administration. A significant increase in the serum PTH concentration occurred promptly at 5 min following the time of maximum hypoglycemia, achieving peak levels between 5 and 15 min. Thereafter the serum PTH concentration gradually declined, reaching baseline values of 60 min. Serum cortisol levels were increased, but not until 30 min following the maximum hypoglycemia, and remained significantly elevated at 60 min. Therefore the stimulation of PTH secretion was not caused by elevated levels of serum cortisol. The serum calcium and magnesium levels remained unchanged throughout the procedure. A significant and sustained decline in the serum inorganic phosphate levels occurred following insulin administration. The results indicate that hypoglycemic stress stimulates PTH secretion, presumably via increased epinephrine levels, and further suggest that adrenergic stimuli play an important role in the physiology of PTH secretion.", "PMID": 1176581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5762", "title": "Kinetics and interconversion of prednisolone and prednisone studied with new radioimmunogassays.", "content": "To determine the kinetics of metabolism and interconversion of prednisolone and prednisone, the plasma levels of these synthetic glucocorticoids were measured by new radioimmunoassays (RIA) after intravenous (iv) or oral administration to normal humans. Following the iv injection of prednisolone phosphate in 8 normal subjects, the mean half-time of prednisolone was 240+/-20 min (mean+/-SE) and the metabolic clearance rate was 82+/-7.2 1/24 h/m2. Of 10 mg of prednisone given orally to 5 normal subjects, 69+/-5% was absorbed and converted to peripheral plasma prednisolone within 8 h. The data indicate that prednisone is extensively metabolized to prednisolone before it clears the splanchnic circulation and the formation prednisone by oxidation of the 11-hydorxyl group of prednisolone appears to occur mainly in peripheral tissues.", "contents": "Kinetics and interconversion of prednisolone and prednisone studied with new radioimmunogassays. To determine the kinetics of metabolism and interconversion of prednisolone and prednisone, the plasma levels of these synthetic glucocorticoids were measured by new radioimmunoassays (RIA) after intravenous (iv) or oral administration to normal humans. Following the iv injection of prednisolone phosphate in 8 normal subjects, the mean half-time of prednisolone was 240+/-20 min (mean+/-SE) and the metabolic clearance rate was 82+/-7.2 1/24 h/m2. Of 10 mg of prednisone given orally to 5 normal subjects, 69+/-5% was absorbed and converted to peripheral plasma prednisolone within 8 h. The data indicate that prednisone is extensively metabolized to prednisolone before it clears the splanchnic circulation and the formation prednisone by oxidation of the 11-hydorxyl group of prednisolone appears to occur mainly in peripheral tissues.", "PMID": 1176582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5763", "title": "Clinical and endocrinologic characterization of a patients with the syndrome of incomplete testicular feminization.", "content": "A 46 XY individual with male pseudohermaphroditism was investigated. The phenotype was distinctive in that the habitus was female in character, but partial fusion of the labioscrotal folds, testes, and male wolffian duct structures that terminated in the vagina were present. M\u00fcllerian structures were absent. At the expected time of puberty both feminization (breast development) and virilization (clitoral enlargement) took place. Studies of estrogen and androgen dynamics revealed plasma testosterone levels and production rates characteristic of normal men. Plasma estrogen levels and production rates were greater than those of normal men. Plasma gonadotropin levels were also high. These findings suggest that the fundamental defect in this patient is androgen resistance rather than defective androgen synthesis. Dihydrotestosterone formation from testosterone slices of epididymis and perineal skin was normal. The family history was uninformative. On endocrinologic, genetic, and phenotypic grounds the syndrome of incomplete testicular feminization can be separated from the complete form of testicular feminization and from familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism, Type 2. Additional studies will be required to determine whether this disorder is also distinct from the Type 1 form of familial incomplete male pseudohermaphromditism.", "contents": "Clinical and endocrinologic characterization of a patients with the syndrome of incomplete testicular feminization. A 46 XY individual with male pseudohermaphroditism was investigated. The phenotype was distinctive in that the habitus was female in character, but partial fusion of the labioscrotal folds, testes, and male wolffian duct structures that terminated in the vagina were present. M\u00fcllerian structures were absent. At the expected time of puberty both feminization (breast development) and virilization (clitoral enlargement) took place. Studies of estrogen and androgen dynamics revealed plasma testosterone levels and production rates characteristic of normal men. Plasma estrogen levels and production rates were greater than those of normal men. Plasma gonadotropin levels were also high. These findings suggest that the fundamental defect in this patient is androgen resistance rather than defective androgen synthesis. Dihydrotestosterone formation from testosterone slices of epididymis and perineal skin was normal. The family history was uninformative. On endocrinologic, genetic, and phenotypic grounds the syndrome of incomplete testicular feminization can be separated from the complete form of testicular feminization and from familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism, Type 2. Additional studies will be required to determine whether this disorder is also distinct from the Type 1 form of familial incomplete male pseudohermaphromditism.", "PMID": 1176583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5764", "title": "Effect of spironolactone on sex hormones in man.", "content": "Administration spironolactone at a dosage of 400 mg/day to healthy male volunteers for 5 days resulted in a significant rise in plasma progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone which persisted throughout the study. A transient increase in plasma FSH and LH concentration was observed after the second but not the third or fifth days of drug administration. There was no change in plasma concentration of testosterone, 17beta-estradiol, or prolactin. These findings are consistent with a previously-reported spironolactone-induced destruction of the microsomal enzyme cytochrome P-450, an enzyme necessary for 17-hydroxylase and desmolase activity. The results do not explain the decrease of libido, the impotence, and the gynecomastia frequently associated with spironolactone therapy in males.", "contents": "Effect of spironolactone on sex hormones in man. Administration spironolactone at a dosage of 400 mg/day to healthy male volunteers for 5 days resulted in a significant rise in plasma progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone which persisted throughout the study. A transient increase in plasma FSH and LH concentration was observed after the second but not the third or fifth days of drug administration. There was no change in plasma concentration of testosterone, 17beta-estradiol, or prolactin. These findings are consistent with a previously-reported spironolactone-induced destruction of the microsomal enzyme cytochrome P-450, an enzyme necessary for 17-hydroxylase and desmolase activity. The results do not explain the decrease of libido, the impotence, and the gynecomastia frequently associated with spironolactone therapy in males.", "PMID": 1176584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5765", "title": "Interference of spironolactone in 11-doexycorticosterone radioassays.", "content": "Uniformly elevated plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) values are obtained in patients receiving spironolactone. This elevation is shown to be spurious, and is a result of cross-interference of spironolactine and its metabolite, canrenone, in both the DOC radioimmunoassay and competitive protein-binding radioassay.", "contents": "Interference of spironolactone in 11-doexycorticosterone radioassays. Uniformly elevated plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) values are obtained in patients receiving spironolactone. This elevation is shown to be spurious, and is a result of cross-interference of spironolactine and its metabolite, canrenone, in both the DOC radioimmunoassay and competitive protein-binding radioassay.", "PMID": 1176585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5766", "title": "Altered blood androgens in elderly men with prostate hyperplasia.", "content": "Plasma testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured in the plasma of otherwise healthy men ages 60-90 who had prostate hyperplasia. The androgens were measured by specific radioimmunoassays using paper and celite column chromatography. In the elderly subjects, plasma T was 466+/-35 (SE) ng per 100 ml which is reduced (p less than 0.05) as compared with values from younger men. In contrast, DHT levels were elevated when compared with values from men ages 20-39, 89 (53-152) versus 49 (33-74) 95% confidence ng per 100 ml. Analysis of data by the Mann Whitney U test demonstrates that the groups are different (p less than 0.001). These studies indicate that DHT levels and T/DHT ratios are altered in unstressed elderly men with BPH. Further study is necessary to delineate the source of DHT and whether these altered androgen levels are the cause of prostate hypertrophy or an unrelated effect of aging.", "contents": "Altered blood androgens in elderly men with prostate hyperplasia. Plasma testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured in the plasma of otherwise healthy men ages 60-90 who had prostate hyperplasia. The androgens were measured by specific radioimmunoassays using paper and celite column chromatography. In the elderly subjects, plasma T was 466+/-35 (SE) ng per 100 ml which is reduced (p less than 0.05) as compared with values from younger men. In contrast, DHT levels were elevated when compared with values from men ages 20-39, 89 (53-152) versus 49 (33-74) 95% confidence ng per 100 ml. Analysis of data by the Mann Whitney U test demonstrates that the groups are different (p less than 0.001). These studies indicate that DHT levels and T/DHT ratios are altered in unstressed elderly men with BPH. Further study is necessary to delineate the source of DHT and whether these altered androgen levels are the cause of prostate hypertrophy or an unrelated effect of aging.", "PMID": 1176586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5767", "title": "Effects of morphine on serum growth hormone, cortisol, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone in man.", "content": "Morphine administration in man results in a significant increase in serum prolactin without altering the levels of growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone and cortisol. Apomorphine prevented the morphine induced prolactin rise. It is suggested that the effect on prolactin is not mediated via non specific stress or changes in the thyroid stimulating hormone releasing factor, but via suppression prolactin inhibiting factor or activation of a specific prolactin releasing factor.", "contents": "Effects of morphine on serum growth hormone, cortisol, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone in man. Morphine administration in man results in a significant increase in serum prolactin without altering the levels of growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone and cortisol. Apomorphine prevented the morphine induced prolactin rise. It is suggested that the effect on prolactin is not mediated via non specific stress or changes in the thyroid stimulating hormone releasing factor, but via suppression prolactin inhibiting factor or activation of a specific prolactin releasing factor.", "PMID": 1176587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5768", "title": "Cellular elongation under the influence of antibacterial agents: way to differentiate coccobacilli from cocci.", "content": "Representatives of Moraxella, Acinetobacter, and various other groups of short, gram-negative bacilli are readily distinguished from Neisseria by microscopic observation of filaments produced by the rods during growth in the presence of low concentrations of penicillins or sulfadiazine. Wet mounts of bacteria from routine antibiotic susceptibility test cultures are satisfactory for examination of morphology.", "contents": "Cellular elongation under the influence of antibacterial agents: way to differentiate coccobacilli from cocci. Representatives of Moraxella, Acinetobacter, and various other groups of short, gram-negative bacilli are readily distinguished from Neisseria by microscopic observation of filaments produced by the rods during growth in the presence of low concentrations of penicillins or sulfadiazine. Wet mounts of bacteria from routine antibiotic susceptibility test cultures are satisfactory for examination of morphology.", "PMID": 1176588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5769", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a lactose-positive strain of Proteus morganii.", "content": "The characterization of a lactose-positive Proteus morganii is presented. The increased incidence of such atypical microorganisms emphasizes the need for a thorough examination of Escherichia coli-like colonies by clinical microbiologists.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a lactose-positive strain of Proteus morganii. The characterization of a lactose-positive Proteus morganii is presented. The increased incidence of such atypical microorganisms emphasizes the need for a thorough examination of Escherichia coli-like colonies by clinical microbiologists.", "PMID": 1176589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5770", "title": "Comparison of three procedures for biochemical testing of anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "The Analytab Products, Inc. (API), anaerobic multitest microsystem (MICRO) was compared with the Center for Disease Control conventional (CONV) thioglycolate (supplemented with hemin and vitamin K1) system and with pre-reduced anaerobically sterilized (PRAS) media as recommended by the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Growth from a solid medium was suspended to produce standard inocula. Substrates included 16 carbohydrates, indole, urea, gelatin, and esculin. API strips were inoculated in air and incubated in GasPak (BBL) jars. MICRO tests were read at 1 and 2 days. CONV tests at 1, 2, and 7 days, and PRAS tests at 3 weeks. One hundred thirty well-characterized strains of anaerobes (76 gram-negative rods, 16 cocci, 26 gram-positive nonsporeforming rods, and 12 clostridia), including 48 reference strains, were studied. Of 2,600 tests performed, 2,085 (80.2%) showed agreement with all three methods. There was 90.9% agreement between the MICRO and CONV, 84.9% between the MICRO and PRAS, and 84.6% between the CONV and PRAS tests. All MICRO tests were reliable except for indole, which was not sensitive enough, and gelatin, which was very insensitive. The MICRO system permits performance of biochemical tests at the workbench in the average clinical laboratory without the need for expensive equipment and time-consuming procedures.", "contents": "Comparison of three procedures for biochemical testing of anaerobic bacteria. The Analytab Products, Inc. (API), anaerobic multitest microsystem (MICRO) was compared with the Center for Disease Control conventional (CONV) thioglycolate (supplemented with hemin and vitamin K1) system and with pre-reduced anaerobically sterilized (PRAS) media as recommended by the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Growth from a solid medium was suspended to produce standard inocula. Substrates included 16 carbohydrates, indole, urea, gelatin, and esculin. API strips were inoculated in air and incubated in GasPak (BBL) jars. MICRO tests were read at 1 and 2 days. CONV tests at 1, 2, and 7 days, and PRAS tests at 3 weeks. One hundred thirty well-characterized strains of anaerobes (76 gram-negative rods, 16 cocci, 26 gram-positive nonsporeforming rods, and 12 clostridia), including 48 reference strains, were studied. Of 2,600 tests performed, 2,085 (80.2%) showed agreement with all three methods. There was 90.9% agreement between the MICRO and CONV, 84.9% between the MICRO and PRAS, and 84.6% between the CONV and PRAS tests. All MICRO tests were reliable except for indole, which was not sensitive enough, and gelatin, which was very insensitive. The MICRO system permits performance of biochemical tests at the workbench in the average clinical laboratory without the need for expensive equipment and time-consuming procedures.", "PMID": 1176590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5771", "title": "Practical aerobic membrane filtration blood culture technique: clinical blood culture trial.", "content": "During the course of preliminary clinical trials of an improved membrane filter blood culture system, filter plugging produced by a gelling of the lysing solution was observed when the patients had high leukocyte counts. A solution of streptokinase-streptodornase (Varidase, Lederle Laboratories) dissolved or prevented the gel and permitted rapid filtration without plugging. With streptokinase-streptodornase incorporated in the filtration procedure, a comparison of several culture systems was carried out on 176 blood cultures. Brucella broth with and without sodium polyanethol sulfonate, a prereduced osmotically stabilized broth, pour plates, and an improved aerobic membrane filter system were compared. The membrane filter system yielded 29 of the total of 37 positive cultures, far surpassing all other systems. Eight of these cultures were detected first by the filter technique, and 13 were positive only in this system. Nineteen of the 37 positive cultures were from patients on antimicrobial agents. Fourteen of these were detected by the filter, twice the number detected by any of the other systems.", "contents": "Practical aerobic membrane filtration blood culture technique: clinical blood culture trial. During the course of preliminary clinical trials of an improved membrane filter blood culture system, filter plugging produced by a gelling of the lysing solution was observed when the patients had high leukocyte counts. A solution of streptokinase-streptodornase (Varidase, Lederle Laboratories) dissolved or prevented the gel and permitted rapid filtration without plugging. With streptokinase-streptodornase incorporated in the filtration procedure, a comparison of several culture systems was carried out on 176 blood cultures. Brucella broth with and without sodium polyanethol sulfonate, a prereduced osmotically stabilized broth, pour plates, and an improved aerobic membrane filter system were compared. The membrane filter system yielded 29 of the total of 37 positive cultures, far surpassing all other systems. Eight of these cultures were detected first by the filter technique, and 13 were positive only in this system. Nineteen of the 37 positive cultures were from patients on antimicrobial agents. Fourteen of these were detected by the filter, twice the number detected by any of the other systems.", "PMID": 1176591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5772", "title": "Presumptive speciation of Streptococcus bovis and other group D streptococci from human sources by using arginine and pyruvate tests.", "content": "A simplified method for speciation of group D streptococci is described. A total of 4,156 streptococcal isolates from human clinical material was tested for ability to hydrolyze esculin in the presence of 40% bile, ferment pyruvate, hydrolyze arginine, and grow in media containing 40% bile or 6.5% NaCl. Streptococci which hydrolyzed esculin in 40% bile, but which did not hydrolyze arginine, were also tested for their ability to ferment raffinose or sorbose. Sixty percent (2,503) of the isolates hydrolyzed esculin in the presence of 40% bile and were thus presumptively identified as group D. By application of the other criteria, 84% of these were speciated as Streptococcus faecalis, 7% were speciated as S. faecium, 6% were speciated as S. bovis, 2% were speciated as S. avium, and 1% were not identified. This scheme was shown to be both reliable and practical for use in the diagnostic laboratory. S. avium and S. bovis isolates were characterized, and 18 S. bovis isolates from patients with bacterial endocarditis were compared physiologically with 151 isolates of this species from other sources.", "contents": "Presumptive speciation of Streptococcus bovis and other group D streptococci from human sources by using arginine and pyruvate tests. A simplified method for speciation of group D streptococci is described. A total of 4,156 streptococcal isolates from human clinical material was tested for ability to hydrolyze esculin in the presence of 40% bile, ferment pyruvate, hydrolyze arginine, and grow in media containing 40% bile or 6.5% NaCl. Streptococci which hydrolyzed esculin in 40% bile, but which did not hydrolyze arginine, were also tested for their ability to ferment raffinose or sorbose. Sixty percent (2,503) of the isolates hydrolyzed esculin in the presence of 40% bile and were thus presumptively identified as group D. By application of the other criteria, 84% of these were speciated as Streptococcus faecalis, 7% were speciated as S. faecium, 6% were speciated as S. bovis, 2% were speciated as S. avium, and 1% were not identified. This scheme was shown to be both reliable and practical for use in the diagnostic laboratory. S. avium and S. bovis isolates were characterized, and 18 S. bovis isolates from patients with bacterial endocarditis were compared physiologically with 151 isolates of this species from other sources.", "PMID": 1176592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5773", "title": "Recognition of Pseudomonas pickettii in the clinical laboratory: biochemical characterization of 62 strains.", "content": "Pseudomonas pickettii strains were studied to determine the characteristics essential for their identification in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Preliminary investigations indicated that these glucose-oxidizing, denitrifying, gram-negative rods were quite similar to an unclassified group of clinical isolates designated VA-2. Gas liquid chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives of whole cell hydrolysates of P. pickettii and VA-2 strains yielded nearly identical elution profiles. The VA-2 cultures were concluded to be probable strains of P. pickettii. A method is presented for differentiating cultures of P. pickettii from other similar bacteria encountered in clinical specimens.", "contents": "Recognition of Pseudomonas pickettii in the clinical laboratory: biochemical characterization of 62 strains. Pseudomonas pickettii strains were studied to determine the characteristics essential for their identification in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Preliminary investigations indicated that these glucose-oxidizing, denitrifying, gram-negative rods were quite similar to an unclassified group of clinical isolates designated VA-2. Gas liquid chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives of whole cell hydrolysates of P. pickettii and VA-2 strains yielded nearly identical elution profiles. The VA-2 cultures were concluded to be probable strains of P. pickettii. A method is presented for differentiating cultures of P. pickettii from other similar bacteria encountered in clinical specimens.", "PMID": 1176593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5774", "title": "Evaluation of blood culture media supplemented with sucrose or with cysteine.", "content": "A total of 5,883 blood samples from patients with suspected bacteremia were inoculated concurrently into each of three media under vacuum with CO2: tryptic soy broth (TSB) with sodium polyanetholesulfonate (SPS), TSB with SPS and cysteine, and TSB with SPS and sucrose. There were 395 positive cultures, excluding presumed contaminants. No significant differences were noted with the addition of cysteine to TSB with SPS, and no streptococcal mutants requiring thiol groups were isolated. Haemophilus, Staphylococcus aureus, and bacteriodaceae were isolated more frequently (P less than 0.05) in the absence of sucrose. The addition of sucrose to TSB containing SPS did not significantly increase the rate of positivity or the time interval to detection of positivity of any group of bacteria.", "contents": "Evaluation of blood culture media supplemented with sucrose or with cysteine. A total of 5,883 blood samples from patients with suspected bacteremia were inoculated concurrently into each of three media under vacuum with CO2: tryptic soy broth (TSB) with sodium polyanetholesulfonate (SPS), TSB with SPS and cysteine, and TSB with SPS and sucrose. There were 395 positive cultures, excluding presumed contaminants. No significant differences were noted with the addition of cysteine to TSB with SPS, and no streptococcal mutants requiring thiol groups were isolated. Haemophilus, Staphylococcus aureus, and bacteriodaceae were isolated more frequently (P less than 0.05) in the absence of sucrose. The addition of sucrose to TSB containing SPS did not significantly increase the rate of positivity or the time interval to detection of positivity of any group of bacteria.", "PMID": 1176594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5775", "title": "Purification of Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine by zonal centrifugation.", "content": "A large-scale procedure for purification and concentration of Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine by a continuous-flow isopycnic banding technique in a sucrose density gradient solution, using a K-III zonal centrifuge rotor, is presented. The quality of zonal-purified vaccine was compared with commercial and Japanese National Institutes of Health reference vaccines for antigenicity, immunodiffusion, and allergic encephalitogenicity tests to show its high purity.", "contents": "Purification of Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine by zonal centrifugation. A large-scale procedure for purification and concentration of Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine by a continuous-flow isopycnic banding technique in a sucrose density gradient solution, using a K-III zonal centrifuge rotor, is presented. The quality of zonal-purified vaccine was compared with commercial and Japanese National Institutes of Health reference vaccines for antigenicity, immunodiffusion, and allergic encephalitogenicity tests to show its high purity.", "PMID": 1176595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5776", "title": "Rapid method to detect rubella immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin A antibodies.", "content": "Immunoglobulin (Ig) G was removed from serum specimens by precipitation with gamma chain-specific anti-human IgG of rabbit origin. The remaining rubella virus-specific IgM (and IgA) antibodies were then detected by the rubella hemagglutination-inhibition test. This procedure has proven to be as reliable as estimations carried out with IgM fractions separated on a sucrose density gradient.", "contents": "Rapid method to detect rubella immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin A antibodies. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G was removed from serum specimens by precipitation with gamma chain-specific anti-human IgG of rabbit origin. The remaining rubella virus-specific IgM (and IgA) antibodies were then detected by the rubella hemagglutination-inhibition test. This procedure has proven to be as reliable as estimations carried out with IgM fractions separated on a sucrose density gradient.", "PMID": 1176596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5777", "title": "Biotypes of Proteus rettgeri.", "content": "Examination of 729 isolates of Proteus rettgeri showed that 674 reacted positively in tests for phenylalanine deamination, indole production, growth on citrate, and acid production from meso-inositol, and negatively for L-ornithine decarboxylation and acid production from lactose, maltose, D-xylose, and L-arabinose. Only 51 isolates differed in one, and four differed in two of these ten reactions, which were taken as the core characteristics of the species. On the basis of additional tests (acid production from salicin, L-rhamnose, D-mannitol, adonitol, and D-arabitol), the 729 isolates could be separated into five groups. Goups 1, 2, 3, and 4 could be further separated on the basis of the reaction with meso-erythritol, and group 5 could be subdivided on the basis of reaction with D-mannitol. Two metabolically distinct kinds of P. rettgeri were recognized. Isolates of the first kind (groups 1, 2, 3, and 4) each utilized both adonitol and D-arabitol and most utilized meso-erythritol. Isolates of the other kind (group 5) were negative with the three polyhydric alcohols but resembled, in their reactions, some strains of Providencia stuartii. These may be intermediates between P. rettgeri that catabolize these substrates and the Providencia.", "contents": "Biotypes of Proteus rettgeri. Examination of 729 isolates of Proteus rettgeri showed that 674 reacted positively in tests for phenylalanine deamination, indole production, growth on citrate, and acid production from meso-inositol, and negatively for L-ornithine decarboxylation and acid production from lactose, maltose, D-xylose, and L-arabinose. Only 51 isolates differed in one, and four differed in two of these ten reactions, which were taken as the core characteristics of the species. On the basis of additional tests (acid production from salicin, L-rhamnose, D-mannitol, adonitol, and D-arabitol), the 729 isolates could be separated into five groups. Goups 1, 2, 3, and 4 could be further separated on the basis of the reaction with meso-erythritol, and group 5 could be subdivided on the basis of reaction with D-mannitol. Two metabolically distinct kinds of P. rettgeri were recognized. Isolates of the first kind (groups 1, 2, 3, and 4) each utilized both adonitol and D-arabitol and most utilized meso-erythritol. Isolates of the other kind (group 5) were negative with the three polyhydric alcohols but resembled, in their reactions, some strains of Providencia stuartii. These may be intermediates between P. rettgeri that catabolize these substrates and the Providencia.", "PMID": 1176597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5778", "title": "Bacteriology of normal and infected conjunctiva.", "content": "The conjunctivas of 273 inflamed eyes were cultured by both aerobic and anaerobic techniques. Isolations were obtained from 267 (97.8%) of the eyes. Aerobic organisms were isolated from 237 (86.8%) of the conjunctivas. Staphylococcus aureus from 63 (23.1%) of the diseased eyes was the aerobic pathogen most often isolated. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 172 (63.0%) of the conjunctivas. Propionibacterium acnes was isolated from 126 (46.2%) of the conjunctivas, and Peptostreptococcus species were isolated from 80 (29.3%) of the conjunctivas. Comparison with the bacteriology of 96 normal eyes showed that anaerobes play a much greater role as etiological agents of conjunctivitis than formerly believed. When anaerobic bacteria were isolated, they appeared on the average in 7 days, indicating that they may be missed by ordinary bacteriological culturing.", "contents": "Bacteriology of normal and infected conjunctiva. The conjunctivas of 273 inflamed eyes were cultured by both aerobic and anaerobic techniques. Isolations were obtained from 267 (97.8%) of the eyes. Aerobic organisms were isolated from 237 (86.8%) of the conjunctivas. Staphylococcus aureus from 63 (23.1%) of the diseased eyes was the aerobic pathogen most often isolated. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 172 (63.0%) of the conjunctivas. Propionibacterium acnes was isolated from 126 (46.2%) of the conjunctivas, and Peptostreptococcus species were isolated from 80 (29.3%) of the conjunctivas. Comparison with the bacteriology of 96 normal eyes showed that anaerobes play a much greater role as etiological agents of conjunctivitis than formerly believed. When anaerobic bacteria were isolated, they appeared on the average in 7 days, indicating that they may be missed by ordinary bacteriological culturing.", "PMID": 1176598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5779", "title": "Quantitative assay of dermatophyte-infected guinea pig skin scales.", "content": "A technique to obtain homogeneous suspensions of fungal particles in scrapings from infected skin was devised that permits delivering uniform inocula to culture media being evaluated for suitability as primary isolation media for dermatophytes. The technique consisted of trypsinization of the scales, utilizing scrapings from lesions experimentally induced with an isolate of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulare on guinea pigs. Optimal conditions for dislodging the fungal particles were assessed by colony counts. One-hour treatments with 0.5% (1:300) trypsin yielded the highest counts.", "contents": "Quantitative assay of dermatophyte-infected guinea pig skin scales. A technique to obtain homogeneous suspensions of fungal particles in scrapings from infected skin was devised that permits delivering uniform inocula to culture media being evaluated for suitability as primary isolation media for dermatophytes. The technique consisted of trypsinization of the scales, utilizing scrapings from lesions experimentally induced with an isolate of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulare on guinea pigs. Optimal conditions for dislodging the fungal particles were assessed by colony counts. One-hour treatments with 0.5% (1:300) trypsin yielded the highest counts.", "PMID": 1176599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5780", "title": "Effect of aerobic and anaerobic atmospheres on isolation of organisms from blood cultures.", "content": "Blood was cultured in two vacuum bottles containing Columbia broth. Filtered air was admitted to one bottle (aerobic); the unvented bottle was considered anaerobic. Cultures were incubated at 35 C until growth occurred or for at least 7 days. Of 744 organisms isolated, 50% were isolated from both bottles, 30% from the aerobic bottle only, and 20% from the anaerobic bottle only. These results indicate the need for use of both an aerobic and anaerobic bottle for blood cultures.", "contents": "Effect of aerobic and anaerobic atmospheres on isolation of organisms from blood cultures. Blood was cultured in two vacuum bottles containing Columbia broth. Filtered air was admitted to one bottle (aerobic); the unvented bottle was considered anaerobic. Cultures were incubated at 35 C until growth occurred or for at least 7 days. Of 744 organisms isolated, 50% were isolated from both bottles, 30% from the aerobic bottle only, and 20% from the anaerobic bottle only. These results indicate the need for use of both an aerobic and anaerobic bottle for blood cultures.", "PMID": 1176600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5781", "title": "Oxygen tolerance of fresh clinical anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "The oxygen tolerance and sensitivity of 57 freshly isolated anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens was studied. All the organisms tolerated 8 h or more of exposure to oxygen in room air. Growth of the isolates in increasing oxygen concentrations demonstrated that the 57 isolates varied in oxygen sensitivity from strict to aerotolerant anaerobes. Comparison of the oxygen tolerance and sensitivity showed that the most tolerant organisms (best survival after prolonged exposure) included anaerobes capable of growth at only 0.4% or less O2 (strict) as well as those able to grow in as much as 10% O2. The least tolerant were predominately strict anaerobes. Decrease in the inoculum size from a concentration of 10(8) to 10(6) colony-forming units per ml had only a minor effect. The data indicate that the brief oxygen exposure with bench techniques in clinical laboratories would not be deleterious to the anaerobic bacteria present in clinical specimens.", "contents": "Oxygen tolerance of fresh clinical anaerobic bacteria. The oxygen tolerance and sensitivity of 57 freshly isolated anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens was studied. All the organisms tolerated 8 h or more of exposure to oxygen in room air. Growth of the isolates in increasing oxygen concentrations demonstrated that the 57 isolates varied in oxygen sensitivity from strict to aerotolerant anaerobes. Comparison of the oxygen tolerance and sensitivity showed that the most tolerant organisms (best survival after prolonged exposure) included anaerobes capable of growth at only 0.4% or less O2 (strict) as well as those able to grow in as much as 10% O2. The least tolerant were predominately strict anaerobes. Decrease in the inoculum size from a concentration of 10(8) to 10(6) colony-forming units per ml had only a minor effect. The data indicate that the brief oxygen exposure with bench techniques in clinical laboratories would not be deleterious to the anaerobic bacteria present in clinical specimens.", "PMID": 1176601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5782", "title": "Significant enhancement of T-strain mycoplasmal growth on supplemented Shepard's A6 differential agar.", "content": "Growth of T-strain mycoplasmas was significantly improved by supplementing Shepard's A6 medium with sodium thioglycolate, cysteine hydrochloride, mercaptoethanol, or dithiothreitol.", "contents": "Significant enhancement of T-strain mycoplasmal growth on supplemented Shepard's A6 differential agar. Growth of T-strain mycoplasmas was significantly improved by supplementing Shepard's A6 medium with sodium thioglycolate, cysteine hydrochloride, mercaptoethanol, or dithiothreitol.", "PMID": 1176602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5783", "title": "Virulence factors of biotypes of Staphylococcus epidermidis from clinical sources.", "content": "The biotyping scheme of Baird-Parker was applied to cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis from patients. In all, 63.6% of 228 cultures belonged to biotype 1, followed by biotypes 4, 3, and 2 in decreasing order of incidence. When classified according to clinical source of isolation, cultures of S. epidermidis were most frequently isolated from urine, with 39.5% of 228 cultures from this source. Each of the four biotypes was distributed throughout all nine catagories of clinical sources. The production of virulence factors was based on the results of three groups of tests: (i) deoxyribonuclease, urease, gelatinase, caseinase, and lysozyme production; (ii) lipolytic activity on the tweens; and (iii) hemolysin production. Enzymatic activity was highest for organisms in biotypes 1, followed by biotypes 3, 4, and 2 in decreasing order. Of the 228 cultures, 76.3% were lysed by lysostaphin. Resistance to antibiotics was highest for tetracycline, ampicillin, and penicillin, with rates of 54.8, 69.3, and 81.6%, respectively. The role of S. epidermidis as an etiological agent was studied by analyzing the laboratory and clinical data of 80 patients selected at random with bacteriuric S. epidermidis. Organisms in biotype 1 were most commonly associated with urinary tract infection. The significance of certain biotypes of S. epidermidis as opportunistic pathogens among compromised hosts in a hospital environment is discussed.", "contents": "Virulence factors of biotypes of Staphylococcus epidermidis from clinical sources. The biotyping scheme of Baird-Parker was applied to cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis from patients. In all, 63.6% of 228 cultures belonged to biotype 1, followed by biotypes 4, 3, and 2 in decreasing order of incidence. When classified according to clinical source of isolation, cultures of S. epidermidis were most frequently isolated from urine, with 39.5% of 228 cultures from this source. Each of the four biotypes was distributed throughout all nine catagories of clinical sources. The production of virulence factors was based on the results of three groups of tests: (i) deoxyribonuclease, urease, gelatinase, caseinase, and lysozyme production; (ii) lipolytic activity on the tweens; and (iii) hemolysin production. Enzymatic activity was highest for organisms in biotypes 1, followed by biotypes 3, 4, and 2 in decreasing order. Of the 228 cultures, 76.3% were lysed by lysostaphin. Resistance to antibiotics was highest for tetracycline, ampicillin, and penicillin, with rates of 54.8, 69.3, and 81.6%, respectively. The role of S. epidermidis as an etiological agent was studied by analyzing the laboratory and clinical data of 80 patients selected at random with bacteriuric S. epidermidis. Organisms in biotype 1 were most commonly associated with urinary tract infection. The significance of certain biotypes of S. epidermidis as opportunistic pathogens among compromised hosts in a hospital environment is discussed.", "PMID": 1176603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5784", "title": "Identification of streptococci: use of lysozyme and Streptomyces albus filtrate in the preparation of extracts for Lancefield grouping.", "content": "A combination of lysozyme and Streptomyces albus filtrate has been shown effective in extracting group-specific antigen for all commonly occurring serologically groupable streptococci. A prospective comparison of this method with that of Rantz and Randall (1955) for grouping 761 clinical isolates has confirmed its accuracy, which in our hands exceeded that of the latter more complicated method of serogrouping. Its rapidity and simplicity and the relatively low cost of the reagents involved make it practical for routine use in clinical bacteriology laboratories.", "contents": "Identification of streptococci: use of lysozyme and Streptomyces albus filtrate in the preparation of extracts for Lancefield grouping. A combination of lysozyme and Streptomyces albus filtrate has been shown effective in extracting group-specific antigen for all commonly occurring serologically groupable streptococci. A prospective comparison of this method with that of Rantz and Randall (1955) for grouping 761 clinical isolates has confirmed its accuracy, which in our hands exceeded that of the latter more complicated method of serogrouping. Its rapidity and simplicity and the relatively low cost of the reagents involved make it practical for routine use in clinical bacteriology laboratories.", "PMID": 1176604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5785", "title": "Passive transfer of immunity into leprosy patients by transfusion of lymphocytes and by transfusion of Lawrence's transfer factor.", "content": "About 1,200 million viable lymphocytes from normal but lepromin- and tuberculin-positive human beings were transfused in four patients of lepromatous and one of tuberculoid leprosy three times at monthly intervals. Three patients of lepromatous leprosy suffered from erythema modosum, whereas the other two developed severe reaction whenever put on the smallest dose of dapsone. In one patient of lepromatous leprosy, minimal improvement or none was observed, whereas in the remaining three cases of lepromatous and one of tuberculoid leprosy, clinical, bacteriological, as well as histological improvement occurred. Two of the five patients started to tolerate the dapsone during the period of study. The present study indicates that immunotherapy might have a definite role in the management of the disease especially in cases with erythema nodosum. Lawrence factor, prepared from leucocytes of normal donors, was transfused three times into four lepromatous leprosy patients who were intolerant to anti-leprosy drugs. The donors were healthy but were tuberculin and lepromin (Mitsuda) positive. The clinical, histological, bacteriological (morphological index), and immunological assessments of the patients were performed before and 5 months after starting the immunotherapy. In two patients conversion of Mitsuda reaction occurred, but there was no appreciable improvement in the clinical, histologic, and bacteriologic status of these patients.", "contents": "Passive transfer of immunity into leprosy patients by transfusion of lymphocytes and by transfusion of Lawrence's transfer factor. About 1,200 million viable lymphocytes from normal but lepromin- and tuberculin-positive human beings were transfused in four patients of lepromatous and one of tuberculoid leprosy three times at monthly intervals. Three patients of lepromatous leprosy suffered from erythema modosum, whereas the other two developed severe reaction whenever put on the smallest dose of dapsone. In one patient of lepromatous leprosy, minimal improvement or none was observed, whereas in the remaining three cases of lepromatous and one of tuberculoid leprosy, clinical, bacteriological, as well as histological improvement occurred. Two of the five patients started to tolerate the dapsone during the period of study. The present study indicates that immunotherapy might have a definite role in the management of the disease especially in cases with erythema nodosum. Lawrence factor, prepared from leucocytes of normal donors, was transfused three times into four lepromatous leprosy patients who were intolerant to anti-leprosy drugs. The donors were healthy but were tuberculin and lepromin (Mitsuda) positive. The clinical, histological, bacteriological (morphological index), and immunological assessments of the patients were performed before and 5 months after starting the immunotherapy. In two patients conversion of Mitsuda reaction occurred, but there was no appreciable improvement in the clinical, histologic, and bacteriologic status of these patients.", "PMID": 1176605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5786", "title": "Detection of fungi in blood cultures.", "content": "In a retrospective study covering the period January 1972 to June 1974, recovery rates of bacteria and of fungi were generally equivalent with tryptic soy broth, Thiol, thioglycolate, and Columbia broth media (all under vacuum with carbon dioxide and sodium polyanetholesulfonate). An additional biphasic medium consisting of brain heart infusion broth and a brain heart infusion agar slant, which was inoculated only where fungal sepsis was suspected clinically, yielded significantly higher recovery rates of fungi. There were 29 instances of cultures with fungi in both the biphasic and broth media, 80 instances of cultures with fungi only in the biphasic medium, and no instances of fungi only in the broth media. The isolates were as follows: Candida albicans, 74; C. parapsilosis, 20; C. tropicalis, 16; Torulopsis glabrata, 18; Torulopsis sp., 1; Cryptococcus neoformans, 12; C. laurentii, 2; and Histoplasma capsulatum, 16. Despite routine subcultures of the broth media to chocolate blood agar within 24 h of inoculation and after 5 days of incubation, detection of fungemia was significantly improved by the use of a biphasic medium.", "contents": "Detection of fungi in blood cultures. In a retrospective study covering the period January 1972 to June 1974, recovery rates of bacteria and of fungi were generally equivalent with tryptic soy broth, Thiol, thioglycolate, and Columbia broth media (all under vacuum with carbon dioxide and sodium polyanetholesulfonate). An additional biphasic medium consisting of brain heart infusion broth and a brain heart infusion agar slant, which was inoculated only where fungal sepsis was suspected clinically, yielded significantly higher recovery rates of fungi. There were 29 instances of cultures with fungi in both the biphasic and broth media, 80 instances of cultures with fungi only in the biphasic medium, and no instances of fungi only in the broth media. The isolates were as follows: Candida albicans, 74; C. parapsilosis, 20; C. tropicalis, 16; Torulopsis glabrata, 18; Torulopsis sp., 1; Cryptococcus neoformans, 12; C. laurentii, 2; and Histoplasma capsulatum, 16. Despite routine subcultures of the broth media to chocolate blood agar within 24 h of inoculation and after 5 days of incubation, detection of fungemia was significantly improved by the use of a biphasic medium.", "PMID": 1176606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5787", "title": "Cultural and biochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas diminuta and Pseudomonas vesiculare.", "content": "The cultural characteristics, biochemical activity, and cellular fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas diminuta and Pseudomonas vesiculare provided means for differentiation of these closely related species. Broth cultures of P. diminuta showed turbid growth and a distinct surface pellicle after 24 h at 35 C. P. vesiculare had no pellicle, and only light, diffuse growth was observed. All strains of P. vesiculare oxidized maltose and hydrolyzed esculin to varying degrees; P. diminuta was negative in these tests. The cellular fatty acids of these two species were similar, except that P. diminuta possessed a C19 cyclopropane acid which was not detected in P. vesiculare.", "contents": "Cultural and biochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas diminuta and Pseudomonas vesiculare. The cultural characteristics, biochemical activity, and cellular fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas diminuta and Pseudomonas vesiculare provided means for differentiation of these closely related species. Broth cultures of P. diminuta showed turbid growth and a distinct surface pellicle after 24 h at 35 C. P. vesiculare had no pellicle, and only light, diffuse growth was observed. All strains of P. vesiculare oxidized maltose and hydrolyzed esculin to varying degrees; P. diminuta was negative in these tests. The cellular fatty acids of these two species were similar, except that P. diminuta possessed a C19 cyclopropane acid which was not detected in P. vesiculare.", "PMID": 1176607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5788", "title": "Characteristics of Pasteurella multocida of human origin.", "content": "Physiological, serological, morphological, and cultural differences were observed among 30 Pasteurella multocida cultures of human origin. The usual variations in the fermentation of glycerol, lactose, sorbitol, trehalose, and xylose were observed. Unlike most P. multocida, two cultures did not produce indol. Six serotypes were found. In addition to the widely recognized iridescent, blue, and watery mucoid (circular) colonies, punctiform colonies were observed. None of the cultures were pathogenic for turkeys. Results of the study indicate that one should be aware of the many variable characteristicx of P. multocida of human origin to facilitate indentification.", "contents": "Characteristics of Pasteurella multocida of human origin. Physiological, serological, morphological, and cultural differences were observed among 30 Pasteurella multocida cultures of human origin. The usual variations in the fermentation of glycerol, lactose, sorbitol, trehalose, and xylose were observed. Unlike most P. multocida, two cultures did not produce indol. Six serotypes were found. In addition to the widely recognized iridescent, blue, and watery mucoid (circular) colonies, punctiform colonies were observed. None of the cultures were pathogenic for turkeys. Results of the study indicate that one should be aware of the many variable characteristicx of P. multocida of human origin to facilitate indentification.", "PMID": 1176608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5789", "title": "Characteristics of yellow-pigmented nonfermentative bacilli (groups VE-1 and VE-2) encountered in clinical bacteriology.", "content": "The morphological and physiological characteristics of 20 strains of motile, gram-negative, yellow-pigmented  oxidative bacilli (groups VE-1 and VE-2) isolated in clinical bacteriology are described. Electron micrographs demonstrate the polar multitrichous flagella of group VE-1 and polar monotrichous flagella of group VE-2. Data obtained from guanine plus cytosine ratio studies of 56.8% for VE-1 and 68.9% for VE-2 distinguish the two groups of bacteria.", "contents": "Characteristics of yellow-pigmented nonfermentative bacilli (groups VE-1 and VE-2) encountered in clinical bacteriology. The morphological and physiological characteristics of 20 strains of motile, gram-negative, yellow-pigmented  oxidative bacilli (groups VE-1 and VE-2) isolated in clinical bacteriology are described. Electron micrographs demonstrate the polar multitrichous flagella of group VE-1 and polar monotrichous flagella of group VE-2. Data obtained from guanine plus cytosine ratio studies of 56.8% for VE-1 and 68.9% for VE-2 distinguish the two groups of bacteria.", "PMID": 1176609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5790", "title": "Viral studies on human brain culture retrieved from cold storage.", "content": "Tissue cultures established from brain tissues of six patients with various chronic, degenerative diseases did not show evidence of viral agents. Sucrose gradient analysis of radioactively labeled culture fluid from two patients failed to reveal the presence of any incomplete or defective virus. Extracellular fluids from three brain cultures contained a factor able to stimulate deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis of Vero cells.", "contents": "Viral studies on human brain culture retrieved from cold storage. Tissue cultures established from brain tissues of six patients with various chronic, degenerative diseases did not show evidence of viral agents. Sucrose gradient analysis of radioactively labeled culture fluid from two patients failed to reveal the presence of any incomplete or defective virus. Extracellular fluids from three brain cultures contained a factor able to stimulate deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis of Vero cells.", "PMID": 1176610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5791", "title": "Cellular fatty acids of Alcaligenes and Pseudomonas species isolated from clinical specimens.", "content": "The cellular fatty acid composition of 25 clinical isolates of Alcaligenes and Pseudomonas was determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The GLC fatty acid profiles of three species of Pseudomonas were markedly different from those of Alcaligenes. The most significant differences were the presence and relative amounts of hydroxy, branched-chain, and cyclopropane fatty acids. One of the major fatty acids in A. faecalis was a 17-carbon cyclopropane (17 delta) acid, whereas a 15-carbon branched-chain acid (13-methyl tetradecanoate) characterized isolates of P. putrefaciens. The determination of these fatty acids by GLC provides a rapid and specific means of distinguishing clinical isolates of Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes.", "contents": "Cellular fatty acids of Alcaligenes and Pseudomonas species isolated from clinical specimens. The cellular fatty acid composition of 25 clinical isolates of Alcaligenes and Pseudomonas was determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The GLC fatty acid profiles of three species of Pseudomonas were markedly different from those of Alcaligenes. The most significant differences were the presence and relative amounts of hydroxy, branched-chain, and cyclopropane fatty acids. One of the major fatty acids in A. faecalis was a 17-carbon cyclopropane (17 delta) acid, whereas a 15-carbon branched-chain acid (13-methyl tetradecanoate) characterized isolates of P. putrefaciens. The determination of these fatty acids by GLC provides a rapid and specific means of distinguishing clinical isolates of Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes.", "PMID": 1176611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5792", "title": "Association of Pseudomonas cepacia with chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "Pseudomonas cepacia was recovered from a number of infected sites in three patients with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. The organisms were identified on the basis of their oxidative utilization of a variety of carbohydrates and their positive beta-galactosidase and oxidase activities. They were resistant to most antimicrobial agents and moderately susceptible to chloramphenicol. Peripheral blood leukocytes isolated from two siblings with chronic granulomatous disease, including one of the patients in this series, failed to kill P. cepacia in vitro. Prolonged prophylactic and antimicrobial therapy may well have played a significant role in the colonization and infection of these patients with P. cepacia.", "contents": "Association of Pseudomonas cepacia with chronic granulomatous disease. Pseudomonas cepacia was recovered from a number of infected sites in three patients with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. The organisms were identified on the basis of their oxidative utilization of a variety of carbohydrates and their positive beta-galactosidase and oxidase activities. They were resistant to most antimicrobial agents and moderately susceptible to chloramphenicol. Peripheral blood leukocytes isolated from two siblings with chronic granulomatous disease, including one of the patients in this series, failed to kill P. cepacia in vitro. Prolonged prophylactic and antimicrobial therapy may well have played a significant role in the colonization and infection of these patients with P. cepacia.", "PMID": 1176612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5793", "title": "Use of bile-esculin agar for rapid differentiation of Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "Bile-esculin agar has been used for several years for the presumptive identification of group D streptococci. All members of the Enterobacteriaceae family will also grow on this medium, but only certain ones can hydrolyze esculin to 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin, which reacts with iron to produce a characteristic blackening of the medium. One thousand and six cultures from clinical specimens representing 20 genera were isolated and identified. Heavy inocula from fresh pure culture isolates on heart infusion agar were placed on bile-esculin agar slants and incubated at 35 C. The slants were examined at 4 h and again at 18 h for esculin hydrolysis. Shigella, Salmonella, Arizona, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus morganii, Providencia alcalifaciens, and Providencia stuartii all produced negative results. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, and Serratia rubidaea produced a positive reaction in 4 h. The other remaining eight genera exhibited varying results. The use of this medium in conjunction with triple sugar iron-lysine iron agar has been of great value in differentiating the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group from other Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Use of bile-esculin agar for rapid differentiation of Enterobacteriaceae. Bile-esculin agar has been used for several years for the presumptive identification of group D streptococci. All members of the Enterobacteriaceae family will also grow on this medium, but only certain ones can hydrolyze esculin to 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin, which reacts with iron to produce a characteristic blackening of the medium. One thousand and six cultures from clinical specimens representing 20 genera were isolated and identified. Heavy inocula from fresh pure culture isolates on heart infusion agar were placed on bile-esculin agar slants and incubated at 35 C. The slants were examined at 4 h and again at 18 h for esculin hydrolysis. Shigella, Salmonella, Arizona, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus morganii, Providencia alcalifaciens, and Providencia stuartii all produced negative results. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, and Serratia rubidaea produced a positive reaction in 4 h. The other remaining eight genera exhibited varying results. The use of this medium in conjunction with triple sugar iron-lysine iron agar has been of great value in differentiating the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group from other Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 1176613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5794", "title": "Photoreactivation of Pseudomonas cepacia after ultraviolet exposure: a potential source of contamination in ultraviolet-treated waters.", "content": "Cells of a naturally occurring strain of Pseudomonas cepacia grown in distilled water were exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Irradiated samples incubated on membrane filters or in fluid recovery media in the absence of light showed no evidence of dark repair mechanisms. When samples were exposed to fluorescent light ranging from 50 to 950 foot candles (538 to 10,222 lux) of illumination, apparent photo-induced repair of ultraviolet injury resulted in 1- to 4-log increases in viable cells recovered.", "contents": "Photoreactivation of Pseudomonas cepacia after ultraviolet exposure: a potential source of contamination in ultraviolet-treated waters. Cells of a naturally occurring strain of Pseudomonas cepacia grown in distilled water were exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Irradiated samples incubated on membrane filters or in fluid recovery media in the absence of light showed no evidence of dark repair mechanisms. When samples were exposed to fluorescent light ranging from 50 to 950 foot candles (538 to 10,222 lux) of illumination, apparent photo-induced repair of ultraviolet injury resulted in 1- to 4-log increases in viable cells recovered.", "PMID": 1176614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5795", "title": "Use of urease test disks in the identification of mycobacteria.", "content": "Use of commercially available urea differentiation disks is a rapid and convenient means of determining the urease activity of mycobacteria. In the study performed, paper disks containing Ewing's Urea R Broth were compared with two other methods of testing for urease production. Over 1,500 tests were performed with recent patient isolates from which at least 15 different species of mycobacteria were identified. The tests were read at intervals for 72 h, and a comparison of test results as to rapidity and accuracy for each species was tabulated. The urea disks showed a faster reaction time when compared with the other two methods. They also showed a high percentage (79 to 100%) of reliability for each species on the first run, based on the expected response.", "contents": "Use of urease test disks in the identification of mycobacteria. Use of commercially available urea differentiation disks is a rapid and convenient means of determining the urease activity of mycobacteria. In the study performed, paper disks containing Ewing's Urea R Broth were compared with two other methods of testing for urease production. Over 1,500 tests were performed with recent patient isolates from which at least 15 different species of mycobacteria were identified. The tests were read at intervals for 72 h, and a comparison of test results as to rapidity and accuracy for each species was tabulated. The urea disks showed a faster reaction time when compared with the other two methods. They also showed a high percentage (79 to 100%) of reliability for each species on the first run, based on the expected response.", "PMID": 1176615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5796", "title": "Micromethod for serotyping strains of Mycobacterium avium.", "content": "A rapid and economical micromethod for serotyping strains of Mycobacterium avium is described. Eighty-four of 91 strains representing 20 serotypes were successfully identified.", "contents": "Micromethod for serotyping strains of Mycobacterium avium. A rapid and economical micromethod for serotyping strains of Mycobacterium avium is described. Eighty-four of 91 strains representing 20 serotypes were successfully identified.", "PMID": 1176616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5797", "title": "Evaluation of tyrosine medium for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "Use of the tyrosine medium in the identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae form the basis of this paper. Six hundred and twenty-three strains were tested for their property of tyrosine degradation. Three hundred and seventy-two strains were positive in 24 h and an additional eight strains were positive in 48 to 72 h. These positive strains consisted of all 344 strains of the Proteus-Providencia group, all 25 strains of Citrobacter diversus, and three strains of atypical C. freundii. Our findings suggest that tyrosine degradation is a useful property for separating out the Proteus-Providencia group and in specific identification of C. diversus.", "contents": "Evaluation of tyrosine medium for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Use of the tyrosine medium in the identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae form the basis of this paper. Six hundred and twenty-three strains were tested for their property of tyrosine degradation. Three hundred and seventy-two strains were positive in 24 h and an additional eight strains were positive in 48 to 72 h. These positive strains consisted of all 344 strains of the Proteus-Providencia group, all 25 strains of Citrobacter diversus, and three strains of atypical C. freundii. Our findings suggest that tyrosine degradation is a useful property for separating out the Proteus-Providencia group and in specific identification of C. diversus.", "PMID": 1176617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5798", "title": "Naturally occurring histoplasmosis in the chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger).", "content": "Histoplasmosis was diagnosed histopathologically in a female chinchilla. This animal had originated from a commercial chinchilla ranch in central Missouri. Seventeen of 130 animals in the colony had died within a month's period with a respiratory illness. This animal had a history of fur chewing, but this was not true of all the other animals that had died. Histoplasma capsulatum was cultured from timothy hay used for food.", "contents": "Naturally occurring histoplasmosis in the chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger). Histoplasmosis was diagnosed histopathologically in a female chinchilla. This animal had originated from a commercial chinchilla ranch in central Missouri. Seventeen of 130 animals in the colony had died within a month's period with a respiratory illness. This animal had a history of fur chewing, but this was not true of all the other animals that had died. Histoplasma capsulatum was cultured from timothy hay used for food.", "PMID": 1176618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5799", "title": "Hemolysis-in-gel test for the demonstration of antibodies to rubella virus.", "content": "A rapid and simple method for the determination of rubella immunity is described. The method, which employs passive hemolysis in agarose gel, is sensitive and reproducible and does not require prior absorption of test sera to remove inhibitors. Immunoglobulin G, but not immunoglobulin M, antibodies were regularly found to give demonstrable reactions in the test. It is concluded that the hemolysis-in-gel test may provide a valuable tool, in particular for mass screening for rubella immunity.", "contents": "Hemolysis-in-gel test for the demonstration of antibodies to rubella virus. A rapid and simple method for the determination of rubella immunity is described. The method, which employs passive hemolysis in agarose gel, is sensitive and reproducible and does not require prior absorption of test sera to remove inhibitors. Immunoglobulin G, but not immunoglobulin M, antibodies were regularly found to give demonstrable reactions in the test. It is concluded that the hemolysis-in-gel test may provide a valuable tool, in particular for mass screening for rubella immunity.", "PMID": 1176619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5800", "title": "Evaluation of the R/B and Minitek systems for identification of Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "The R/B and Minitek systems for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae were evaluated, and the results were compared with those obtained by conventional methods. Both systems were rapid and allowed correct identification of about 85% of the 294 isolates (23 species) examined. The individual biochemical reactions showed an overall agreement of 92.6% and 93.1% for the R/B and Minitek systems, respectively.", "contents": "Evaluation of the R/B and Minitek systems for identification of Enterobacteriaceae. The R/B and Minitek systems for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae were evaluated, and the results were compared with those obtained by conventional methods. Both systems were rapid and allowed correct identification of about 85% of the 294 isolates (23 species) examined. The individual biochemical reactions showed an overall agreement of 92.6% and 93.1% for the R/B and Minitek systems, respectively.", "PMID": 1176620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5801", "title": "Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Mycobacterium chelonei.", "content": "Postoperative prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Mycobacterium chelonei occurred in a man after replacement of the aortic valve. The organism was isolated from blood cultures and from vegetations taken postmortem from the edge of the inserted valve. This is believed to be the first documented report of a mycobacterial endocarditis.", "contents": "Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Mycobacterium chelonei. Postoperative prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Mycobacterium chelonei occurred in a man after replacement of the aortic valve. The organism was isolated from blood cultures and from vegetations taken postmortem from the edge of the inserted valve. This is believed to be the first documented report of a mycobacterial endocarditis.", "PMID": 1176621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5802", "title": "Stability of respiratory syncytial virus in a new bentonite holding medium.", "content": "Stability of respiratory syncytial virus was determined in a new bentonite holding medium and compared with two other commonly used media. Eventual infectivity titers were similar with all three preparations.", "contents": "Stability of respiratory syncytial virus in a new bentonite holding medium. Stability of respiratory syncytial virus was determined in a new bentonite holding medium and compared with two other commonly used media. Eventual infectivity titers were similar with all three preparations.", "PMID": 1176622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5803", "title": "Naturally occurring and experimentally induced mycoplasmal arthritis of cattle.", "content": "Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis strain Iowa 1136 was isolated from synovial fluids of a clinical case of arthritis in cattle on pasture in Iowa. When given to calves and cows by intra-articular or intravenous injection, it caused severe and persistent joint infections with fever, lameness, and swelling of the affected joints, plus synovitis, tendonitis, and fibrinous-purulent synovial fluids of high protein content. Intramammary administration of the organism caused severe mastitis. Calves nursing the cows developed severe mycoplasmal arthritis.", "contents": "Naturally occurring and experimentally induced mycoplasmal arthritis of cattle. Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis strain Iowa 1136 was isolated from synovial fluids of a clinical case of arthritis in cattle on pasture in Iowa. When given to calves and cows by intra-articular or intravenous injection, it caused severe and persistent joint infections with fever, lameness, and swelling of the affected joints, plus synovitis, tendonitis, and fibrinous-purulent synovial fluids of high protein content. Intramammary administration of the organism caused severe mastitis. Calves nursing the cows developed severe mycoplasmal arthritis.", "PMID": 1176623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5804", "title": "Isolation and identification of mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis from arthritic cattle in Iowa and Nebraska.", "content": "Two strains of Mycoplasma were isolated from synovial fluids of arthritic feeder cattle and were identified as Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis by growth inhibition and fluorescent antibody tests. The strains (Iowa 1136 and Nebraska 2) could not be distinguished from known strains (Donetta and California 01) by immunoelectrophoresis or by agar gel precipitation.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis from arthritic cattle in Iowa and Nebraska. Two strains of Mycoplasma were isolated from synovial fluids of arthritic feeder cattle and were identified as Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis by growth inhibition and fluorescent antibody tests. The strains (Iowa 1136 and Nebraska 2) could not be distinguished from known strains (Donetta and California 01) by immunoelectrophoresis or by agar gel precipitation.", "PMID": 1176624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5805", "title": "Propagation and isolation of group A coxsackieviruses in RD cells.", "content": "The RD cell line, derived from a human rhabdomyosarcoma, supported replication of a number of group A coxsackieviruses, including types A5 and A6 which heretofore have been propagable only in suckling mice. A number of the group A coxsackievirus types which replicated in RD cells had higher titers in this cell line than in other cell culture systems. In tests on a limited number of clinical specimens, RD cells were slightly less sensitive than suckling mice for isolation of group A coxsackieviruses, but they did permit the recovery of certain virus types which previously could be isolated only in suckling mice. Group B coxsackieviruses replicated poorly or not at all in RD cells.", "contents": "Propagation and isolation of group A coxsackieviruses in RD cells. The RD cell line, derived from a human rhabdomyosarcoma, supported replication of a number of group A coxsackieviruses, including types A5 and A6 which heretofore have been propagable only in suckling mice. A number of the group A coxsackievirus types which replicated in RD cells had higher titers in this cell line than in other cell culture systems. In tests on a limited number of clinical specimens, RD cells were slightly less sensitive than suckling mice for isolation of group A coxsackieviruses, but they did permit the recovery of certain virus types which previously could be isolated only in suckling mice. Group B coxsackieviruses replicated poorly or not at all in RD cells.", "PMID": 1176625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5806", "title": "Evaluation of the enteric analyzer for identification of Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "The reliability of the Enteric Analyzer for identification of Enterobacteriaceae was evaluated using biochemical results previously obtained for 291 organisms with the conventional, R/B, and Minitek systems. The instrument correctly identified 77.3% of the organisms using conventional system results, 74.2% using R/B results, and 60.5% using Minitek results. The low rate of identification with the conventional system occurs primarily because the instrument is not programmed to consider delayed biochemical reactions. The arbitrary use of 90% and 99% probabilities for test reactions also contributes to a lower percentage of identification. The Enteric Analyzer does not replace the judgment of experienced personnel in the identification of atypical bacteria, but it may prove helpful in speeding up final computer identification of typical microorganisms.", "contents": "Evaluation of the enteric analyzer for identification of Enterobacteriaceae. The reliability of the Enteric Analyzer for identification of Enterobacteriaceae was evaluated using biochemical results previously obtained for 291 organisms with the conventional, R/B, and Minitek systems. The instrument correctly identified 77.3% of the organisms using conventional system results, 74.2% using R/B results, and 60.5% using Minitek results. The low rate of identification with the conventional system occurs primarily because the instrument is not programmed to consider delayed biochemical reactions. The arbitrary use of 90% and 99% probabilities for test reactions also contributes to a lower percentage of identification. The Enteric Analyzer does not replace the judgment of experienced personnel in the identification of atypical bacteria, but it may prove helpful in speeding up final computer identification of typical microorganisms.", "PMID": 1176626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5807", "title": "Laboratory studies of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in equines, Texas, 1971.", "content": "During the summer and fall of 1971, epizootic and epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis was detected in Texas. Isolates of epizootic (IB) and vaccine (TC-83) strains were distinguished by virulence of the former for guinea pigs. Vaccine virus was isolated from 1 to 14 days after vaccination and neutralization tests demonstrated the appearance of antibody about a week after vaccination. Viremia titers of subtype IB in horses ranged from 2.2 to 8.3 log10 suckling mouse intracranial 50% lethal doses per ml. Of 101 equines from which Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (IB or TC-83) strains were isolated, 87 had no neutralizing antibody against Venezuelan, eastern or western equine encephalitis viruses.", "contents": "Laboratory studies of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in equines, Texas, 1971. During the summer and fall of 1971, epizootic and epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis was detected in Texas. Isolates of epizootic (IB) and vaccine (TC-83) strains were distinguished by virulence of the former for guinea pigs. Vaccine virus was isolated from 1 to 14 days after vaccination and neutralization tests demonstrated the appearance of antibody about a week after vaccination. Viremia titers of subtype IB in horses ranged from 2.2 to 8.3 log10 suckling mouse intracranial 50% lethal doses per ml. Of 101 equines from which Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (IB or TC-83) strains were isolated, 87 had no neutralizing antibody against Venezuelan, eastern or western equine encephalitis viruses.", "PMID": 1176627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5808", "title": "Improved auxanographic method for yeast assimilations: a comparison with other approaches.", "content": "An improved pour-plate auxanographic method has been developed for determining the assimilation of 14 different carbohydrates by medically important yeasts. Reduction of a dye incorporated into the agar has been correlated with the growth and carbohydrate assimilation of the yeasts, allowing the speciation of many yeasts within 24 to 48 h. This technique has been found to compare more than favorably with existing yeast assimilation techniques, in terms of rapid identification, total cost, and technician time in preparing and inoculating the plates. The dye pour-plate auxanographic technique provides an easier-to-interpret, rapid, and reproducible method of mycological identification for small clinical laboratories.", "contents": "Improved auxanographic method for yeast assimilations: a comparison with other approaches. An improved pour-plate auxanographic method has been developed for determining the assimilation of 14 different carbohydrates by medically important yeasts. Reduction of a dye incorporated into the agar has been correlated with the growth and carbohydrate assimilation of the yeasts, allowing the speciation of many yeasts within 24 to 48 h. This technique has been found to compare more than favorably with existing yeast assimilation techniques, in terms of rapid identification, total cost, and technician time in preparing and inoculating the plates. The dye pour-plate auxanographic technique provides an easier-to-interpret, rapid, and reproducible method of mycological identification for small clinical laboratories.", "PMID": 1176628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5809", "title": "Evaluation of an indirect hemagglutination test for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis.", "content": "A presumptive hemagglutination test for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis in humans is described. The antigen was prepared from a soluble alcohol extract of an andamana strain sorbed to human O-negative erythrocytes and preserved by pyruvic aldehyde fixation. In this study, the overall sensitivity of the hemagglutination test was 92% in contrast to 69% for the presumptive slide agglutination test. The specificity was 95% for the hemagglutination test in comparison with 83% for the slide test.", "contents": "Evaluation of an indirect hemagglutination test for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis. A presumptive hemagglutination test for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis in humans is described. The antigen was prepared from a soluble alcohol extract of an andamana strain sorbed to human O-negative erythrocytes and preserved by pyruvic aldehyde fixation. In this study, the overall sensitivity of the hemagglutination test was 92% in contrast to 69% for the presumptive slide agglutination test. The specificity was 95% for the hemagglutination test in comparison with 83% for the slide test.", "PMID": 1176629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5810", "title": "Prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum (T strains) in urine of adolescents.", "content": "Adolescent children were surveyed for colonization with Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum by culturing urine specimens. Rates were compared between three study groups: (i) 397 children attending parochial schools, (ii) 293 children attending an adolescent clinic specializing in adjustment problems, and (iii) 86 children attending a renal clinic. The recovery rate was higher among postpubertal girls attending the renal clinic (33%) and the adolescent clinic (26%) than among students attending parochial high school (males 2%, females 8%). Girls had approximately eightfold higher rates than boys of the same age. Isolation of Mycoplasmataceae was associated with certain sociological determinants, such as dating, cigarette smoking, and coming from a broken home, but also with abnormal findings (protein, leucocytes) in urine.", "contents": "Prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum (T strains) in urine of adolescents. Adolescent children were surveyed for colonization with Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum by culturing urine specimens. Rates were compared between three study groups: (i) 397 children attending parochial schools, (ii) 293 children attending an adolescent clinic specializing in adjustment problems, and (iii) 86 children attending a renal clinic. The recovery rate was higher among postpubertal girls attending the renal clinic (33%) and the adolescent clinic (26%) than among students attending parochial high school (males 2%, females 8%). Girls had approximately eightfold higher rates than boys of the same age. Isolation of Mycoplasmataceae was associated with certain sociological determinants, such as dating, cigarette smoking, and coming from a broken home, but also with abnormal findings (protein, leucocytes) in urine.", "PMID": 1176630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5811", "title": "Evaluation of the Enteric Analyzer, an instrument to aid in the identification of Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "This study evaluated the Enteric Analyzer, an instrument designed to identify Enterobacteriaceae, with data obtained from the Modified r/b Enteric Differential System, other rapid identification systems, or conventional identification systems. It is programmed for 19 reactions with data obtained from Center for Disease Control publications. The instrument is very simple to use. Typical strains from 25 of 28 species were unequivocally identified. With the other three species, two choices were given. A switch allows the user to identify all species possibilities where a given biochemical pattern occurs in more than 1% of the strains or more than 10% of the strains. The instrument is useful both in the clinical laboratory and for teaching purposes.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Enteric Analyzer, an instrument to aid in the identification of Enterobacteriaceae. This study evaluated the Enteric Analyzer, an instrument designed to identify Enterobacteriaceae, with data obtained from the Modified r/b Enteric Differential System, other rapid identification systems, or conventional identification systems. It is programmed for 19 reactions with data obtained from Center for Disease Control publications. The instrument is very simple to use. Typical strains from 25 of 28 species were unequivocally identified. With the other three species, two choices were given. A switch allows the user to identify all species possibilities where a given biochemical pattern occurs in more than 1% of the strains or more than 10% of the strains. The instrument is useful both in the clinical laboratory and for teaching purposes.", "PMID": 1176631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5812", "title": "Motility-indole-lysine medium for presumptive identification of enteric pathogens of Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "Detection of lysine decarboxylase activity is a useful supplement to reactions on triple sugar-iron (TSI) and urea agars in the initial examination of suspected pathogenic isolates from fecal cultures. Owing to the added value of motility and indole production in the differentiation of enteric pathogens, we prepared and evaluated a motility-indole-lysine (MIL) medium. The following 890 organisms were tested: 264 Shigella, 2 Edwardsiella, 182 Salmonella enteritidis, 235 S. typhi, 3 Arizona, 32 Yersinia enterocolitica, and 172 other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. With few exceptions the MIL medium gave the same results as the standard motility, indole, and lysine decarboxylase (Moeller) test media. All discrepancies were with the indole reaction, which was weak in 2 of 67 strains of Escherichia coli and falsely negative in 6 of 32 strains of Y. enterocolitica. When both TSI agar and lysine-iron agar (LIA) slants are used in the evaluation isolates from fecal cultures, detection of H2S is duplicated. Both LIA and MIL medium detect lysine decarboxylase and deaminase activity equally well. Because of its ability to detect motility and indole production, the MIL medium is more useful than LIA when used with TSI agar. The combination of TSI agar, MIL medium, and urea agar enables reliable initial recognition of enteric pathogens of the Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Motility-indole-lysine medium for presumptive identification of enteric pathogens of Enterobacteriaceae. Detection of lysine decarboxylase activity is a useful supplement to reactions on triple sugar-iron (TSI) and urea agars in the initial examination of suspected pathogenic isolates from fecal cultures. Owing to the added value of motility and indole production in the differentiation of enteric pathogens, we prepared and evaluated a motility-indole-lysine (MIL) medium. The following 890 organisms were tested: 264 Shigella, 2 Edwardsiella, 182 Salmonella enteritidis, 235 S. typhi, 3 Arizona, 32 Yersinia enterocolitica, and 172 other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. With few exceptions the MIL medium gave the same results as the standard motility, indole, and lysine decarboxylase (Moeller) test media. All discrepancies were with the indole reaction, which was weak in 2 of 67 strains of Escherichia coli and falsely negative in 6 of 32 strains of Y. enterocolitica. When both TSI agar and lysine-iron agar (LIA) slants are used in the evaluation isolates from fecal cultures, detection of H2S is duplicated. Both LIA and MIL medium detect lysine decarboxylase and deaminase activity equally well. Because of its ability to detect motility and indole production, the MIL medium is more useful than LIA when used with TSI agar. The combination of TSI agar, MIL medium, and urea agar enables reliable initial recognition of enteric pathogens of the Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 1176632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5813", "title": "Motility-indole-lysine-sulfide medium.", "content": "A medium designed for the detection of motility, indole, lysine decarboxylase and deaminase reactions, and H2S production was devised and evaluated. Results, using 157 strains of enteric pathogens, were in agreement with reference methods. When 300 isolates from fecal cultures were screened using this medium, Shigella was easily differentiated from Escherichia and more of the Proteus species, especially P. morganii, could be eliminated from further study.", "contents": "Motility-indole-lysine-sulfide medium. A medium designed for the detection of motility, indole, lysine decarboxylase and deaminase reactions, and H2S production was devised and evaluated. Results, using 157 strains of enteric pathogens, were in agreement with reference methods. When 300 isolates from fecal cultures were screened using this medium, Shigella was easily differentiated from Escherichia and more of the Proteus species, especially P. morganii, could be eliminated from further study.", "PMID": 1176633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5814", "title": "Seroagglutination test for identification of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.", "content": "Twenty-nine of 30 strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis isolated from clinical specimens were serologically identified. No cross-reactions were observed with Mycobacterium avium serotypes 1, 2, 4, and 8.", "contents": "Seroagglutination test for identification of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Twenty-nine of 30 strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis isolated from clinical specimens were serologically identified. No cross-reactions were observed with Mycobacterium avium serotypes 1, 2, 4, and 8.", "PMID": 1176634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5815", "title": "The effects of early tectal lesions on development in the retinal gonglion cell layer of chick embryos.", "content": "The possibility that the arrival of retinal ganglion cell axons in their efferent target field could influence the subsequent progress of cytomorphogenesis in the ganglion cells was tested by destroying all or portions of the primordial optic tectum at four or five days of incubation. The lesions were made essentially prior to the outgrowth of axons from the eye. Complete bilateral or unilateral destruction of the primordial tectal field did not detectably alter the morphogenesis of the inner retina or of the ganglion cells until 11 days of incubation. After this time, extensive loss of ganglion cells occurred within the retinas contralateral to the projection fields that were destroyed. The cytology of this degeneration is described as seen with the light and electron microscope. After smaller lesions involving the anterior or posterior half-tectum on one side, however, variable results occurred both in tectal development and in the retinal locus of ganglion cell degeneration observed in flat mount preparations. Many partial or punctate lesions, in fact, resulted in no detectable loss of cells from the ganglion cell layer. These results are discussed in regard to specification and possible regulatory capabilities of the tectum. Cell death in normal retinas, not previously reported in the chick, is also considered in relation to the experimental results.", "contents": "The effects of early tectal lesions on development in the retinal gonglion cell layer of chick embryos. The possibility that the arrival of retinal ganglion cell axons in their efferent target field could influence the subsequent progress of cytomorphogenesis in the ganglion cells was tested by destroying all or portions of the primordial optic tectum at four or five days of incubation. The lesions were made essentially prior to the outgrowth of axons from the eye. Complete bilateral or unilateral destruction of the primordial tectal field did not detectably alter the morphogenesis of the inner retina or of the ganglion cells until 11 days of incubation. After this time, extensive loss of ganglion cells occurred within the retinas contralateral to the projection fields that were destroyed. The cytology of this degeneration is described as seen with the light and electron microscope. After smaller lesions involving the anterior or posterior half-tectum on one side, however, variable results occurred both in tectal development and in the retinal locus of ganglion cell degeneration observed in flat mount preparations. Many partial or punctate lesions, in fact, resulted in no detectable loss of cells from the ganglion cell layer. These results are discussed in regard to specification and possible regulatory capabilities of the tectum. Cell death in normal retinas, not previously reported in the chick, is also considered in relation to the experimental results.", "PMID": 1176640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5816", "title": "Different targets of different neurons in nucleus gracilis of the cat.", "content": "Efferent projections of neurons in the cat nucleus gracilis to the ventrobasal complex (VB) of the thalamus and the dorsal accessory portion of the inferior olive (IOd) were studied using tracing techniques that exploit neuronal orthograde and retrograde intra-axonal transport processes. These projections were studied in order to determine if the heterogeneity of the morphology, physiology and afferent input of the nucleus gracilis is paralleled by a similar heterogeneity in its efferent projections. In an orthograde study, 3H-leucine and/or 3H-proline were injected into the nucleus gracilis of different subjects in an attempt to label different proportions of large (GREATER THAN 18 MU) AND SMALL CELLS. This procedure permitted study of the efferent targets of the two cell types. The amount of labeling in VB was a constant ratio of the number of large cells in the nucleus gracilis that had incorporated the isotope. This relationship was not observed for the small cells. The amount of labeling in IOd was dependent neither on the number of large nor the number of small cells that had incorporated the isotope. In a retrograde study following extensive injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the thalamus, only large cells (greater than 18 mu) in the dorsal column nuclei were filled with HRP reaction product. These cells were located predominantly in clusters in the middle zone of the nucleus gracilis as well as rostrally. After injections including (but not confined to) the inferior olive, small cells located in the rostral and middle zones were filled with reaction procduct. A few large cells located ventrally in the middle zone of the nucleus gracilis and rostrally were also filled. Some of these ventrally located large cells may project in a collateral fashion both to the thalamus and to the inferior alive. The results of both the orthograde and retrograde studies are consistent with other evidence on the heterogeneity of the nucleus gracilis. These data strongly support the conclusion that the population of cells in the nucleus gracilis that projects to the thalamus overlaps with but is not identical to the population of cells that projects to the inferior olive.", "contents": "Different targets of different neurons in nucleus gracilis of the cat. Efferent projections of neurons in the cat nucleus gracilis to the ventrobasal complex (VB) of the thalamus and the dorsal accessory portion of the inferior olive (IOd) were studied using tracing techniques that exploit neuronal orthograde and retrograde intra-axonal transport processes. These projections were studied in order to determine if the heterogeneity of the morphology, physiology and afferent input of the nucleus gracilis is paralleled by a similar heterogeneity in its efferent projections. In an orthograde study, 3H-leucine and/or 3H-proline were injected into the nucleus gracilis of different subjects in an attempt to label different proportions of large (GREATER THAN 18 MU) AND SMALL CELLS. This procedure permitted study of the efferent targets of the two cell types. The amount of labeling in VB was a constant ratio of the number of large cells in the nucleus gracilis that had incorporated the isotope. This relationship was not observed for the small cells. The amount of labeling in IOd was dependent neither on the number of large nor the number of small cells that had incorporated the isotope. In a retrograde study following extensive injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the thalamus, only large cells (greater than 18 mu) in the dorsal column nuclei were filled with HRP reaction product. These cells were located predominantly in clusters in the middle zone of the nucleus gracilis as well as rostrally. After injections including (but not confined to) the inferior olive, small cells located in the rostral and middle zones were filled with reaction procduct. A few large cells located ventrally in the middle zone of the nucleus gracilis and rostrally were also filled. Some of these ventrally located large cells may project in a collateral fashion both to the thalamus and to the inferior alive. The results of both the orthograde and retrograde studies are consistent with other evidence on the heterogeneity of the nucleus gracilis. These data strongly support the conclusion that the population of cells in the nucleus gracilis that projects to the thalamus overlaps with but is not identical to the population of cells that projects to the inferior olive.", "PMID": 1176641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5817", "title": "Neuroplasticity of primary afferents in the neo-natal cat and some results of early deafferentation of the trigeminal spinal nucleus.", "content": "The plasticity of cervical primary afferents has been investigated in young adult cats in which the trigeminal root, together with most of the ganglion, had been excised via a new approach to these structures during the first week after birth. Once degeneration debris had disappeared, bilateral ganglionectomies of the upper three cervical dorsal roots were done in five animals and the IXth and Xth roots transected on the side of the chronic trigeminal denervation in one instance; the degeneration pattern on the chronically denervated side was compared to that on the normal side. There was mild evidence of increased degeneration of the cervical afferents in the C1 segment and in the medulla (subnucleus interpolaris of V) on the chronically denervated side. The proliferation was more apparent in the kitten operated at three days of age and was only vestigial in animals operated at six or seven days; it had no appreciable tendency to extend into the large contiguous pool of denervated trigeminal neurons. There was no evidence of sprouting of the IXth and Xth nerve afferents. These observations indicate that primary afferents of the upper cervical roots and of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves have little neuroplastic potential even at early stages. The literature on neuroplasticity is controversial and a brief review of this together with suggestions regarding the reasons for some of these conflicts is presented. Some structural and functional effects of chronic trigeminal denervation are briefly described.", "contents": "Neuroplasticity of primary afferents in the neo-natal cat and some results of early deafferentation of the trigeminal spinal nucleus. The plasticity of cervical primary afferents has been investigated in young adult cats in which the trigeminal root, together with most of the ganglion, had been excised via a new approach to these structures during the first week after birth. Once degeneration debris had disappeared, bilateral ganglionectomies of the upper three cervical dorsal roots were done in five animals and the IXth and Xth roots transected on the side of the chronic trigeminal denervation in one instance; the degeneration pattern on the chronically denervated side was compared to that on the normal side. There was mild evidence of increased degeneration of the cervical afferents in the C1 segment and in the medulla (subnucleus interpolaris of V) on the chronically denervated side. The proliferation was more apparent in the kitten operated at three days of age and was only vestigial in animals operated at six or seven days; it had no appreciable tendency to extend into the large contiguous pool of denervated trigeminal neurons. There was no evidence of sprouting of the IXth and Xth nerve afferents. These observations indicate that primary afferents of the upper cervical roots and of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves have little neuroplastic potential even at early stages. The literature on neuroplasticity is controversial and a brief review of this together with suggestions regarding the reasons for some of these conflicts is presented. Some structural and functional effects of chronic trigeminal denervation are briefly described.", "PMID": 1176642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5818", "title": "Olfactory relationships of the telencephalon and diencephalon in the rabbit. I. An autoradiographic study of the efferent connections of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs.", "content": "The efferent connections of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs in the female albino rabbit have been studied using the autoradiographic method for tracing axonal pathways. Following unilateral injections of 3H-proline or 3H-leucine into the main olfactory bulb, radioactively labeled material transported intraaxonally by axoplasmic flow in an anterograde direction from soma to axon terminal is present ipsilaterally in the superficial half of the plexiform layer (IA) of: the entire circumference of the olfactory peduncle, the tenia tecta, the full mediolateral extent of the olfactory tubercle, the entire length of the prepyriform cortex, a transition area between the prepyriform cortex and the horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the anterior cortical and posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nuclei (periamygdaloid areas 1, rostral half of 2, 5 of Rose, '31), and the ventrolateral entorhinal cortex (entorhinal areas 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 of Rose, '31). No subcortical or contralateral projection of main bulb efferents was found. After a unilateral injection of 3H-leucine into the accessory olfactory bulb, transported material could be followed caudally along the dorsal surface of the ipsilateral lateral olfactory tract. This heavily labeled projection is distinct from the unlabeled lateral olfactory tract and has been termed the accessory olfactory tract. Beginning at the level of the caudal third of the olfactory tubercle and extending caudally to the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract is a group of small neurons intimately associated with the accessory olfactory tract. This cell group is referred to as the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract. Projection sites of the accessory bulb include the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract and layer IA of the medial nucleus and the posteromedial cortical nucleus of the amygdala (periamygdaloid areas 3, 4, PAM, caudal half of 2, 6 of Rose, '31). An additional accessory bulb efferent projection was found to enter the stria terminalis at the level of the medial amygdaloid nucleus and could be traced to a posterior segment of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The autoradiographic findings indicate that the accessory olfactory bulb connects with portions of the amygdala that do not receive afferent input from the main olfactory bulb and provide evidence for the existence of two distinct and separate olfactory systems.", "contents": "Olfactory relationships of the telencephalon and diencephalon in the rabbit. I. An autoradiographic study of the efferent connections of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. The efferent connections of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs in the female albino rabbit have been studied using the autoradiographic method for tracing axonal pathways. Following unilateral injections of 3H-proline or 3H-leucine into the main olfactory bulb, radioactively labeled material transported intraaxonally by axoplasmic flow in an anterograde direction from soma to axon terminal is present ipsilaterally in the superficial half of the plexiform layer (IA) of: the entire circumference of the olfactory peduncle, the tenia tecta, the full mediolateral extent of the olfactory tubercle, the entire length of the prepyriform cortex, a transition area between the prepyriform cortex and the horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the anterior cortical and posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nuclei (periamygdaloid areas 1, rostral half of 2, 5 of Rose, '31), and the ventrolateral entorhinal cortex (entorhinal areas 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 of Rose, '31). No subcortical or contralateral projection of main bulb efferents was found. After a unilateral injection of 3H-leucine into the accessory olfactory bulb, transported material could be followed caudally along the dorsal surface of the ipsilateral lateral olfactory tract. This heavily labeled projection is distinct from the unlabeled lateral olfactory tract and has been termed the accessory olfactory tract. Beginning at the level of the caudal third of the olfactory tubercle and extending caudally to the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract is a group of small neurons intimately associated with the accessory olfactory tract. This cell group is referred to as the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract. Projection sites of the accessory bulb include the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract and layer IA of the medial nucleus and the posteromedial cortical nucleus of the amygdala (periamygdaloid areas 3, 4, PAM, caudal half of 2, 6 of Rose, '31). An additional accessory bulb efferent projection was found to enter the stria terminalis at the level of the medial amygdaloid nucleus and could be traced to a posterior segment of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The autoradiographic findings indicate that the accessory olfactory bulb connects with portions of the amygdala that do not receive afferent input from the main olfactory bulb and provide evidence for the existence of two distinct and separate olfactory systems.", "PMID": 1176643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5819", "title": "The patterns of projection of cortical areas 17, 18, and 19 onto the laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat.", "content": "The projection of cortical areas 17, 18, and 19 onto the laminar part of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus was investigated with degeneration methods and with the autoradiographic axon tracing method. In agreement with previous accounts, degenerating cortical axons stained by the Nauta method were restricted to laminae A, A1, C and to the interlaminar zones. In contrast, adjacent sections stained with the Fink-Heimer method showed fine dust like degeneration throughout all of the laminae of the nucleus. Comparisons of Fink-Heimer degeneration resulting from lesions of area 17 with that resulting from lesions of areas 18 and 19 further suggested that the area ) projection is heavier and more uniform than the projections from areas 18 and 19. Autoradiographic tracing of axons after intracortical injections of 3H-proline provided detailed demonstrations of the cortical projection patterns that confirmed the Fink-Heimer results. Following restricted injections of areas 17 or 18 the termination zones in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus consisted of columns of labeled tissue oriented perpendicular to the laminae of the nucleus. Area 17 was found to project heavily and uniformly throughout all of the laminae of the nucleus. The projection from area 18 also extended throughout all of the laminae of the nucleus, but was sparser and less uniformly distributed than that from area 17. Projections from area 18 distributed more heavily to the interlaminar zones and to lamina C than to laminae A, A1 C1, C2 or C3. A projection from area 19 to laminae C1, C2 and C3 was also demonstrated autoradiographically.", "contents": "The patterns of projection of cortical areas 17, 18, and 19 onto the laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat. The projection of cortical areas 17, 18, and 19 onto the laminar part of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus was investigated with degeneration methods and with the autoradiographic axon tracing method. In agreement with previous accounts, degenerating cortical axons stained by the Nauta method were restricted to laminae A, A1, C and to the interlaminar zones. In contrast, adjacent sections stained with the Fink-Heimer method showed fine dust like degeneration throughout all of the laminae of the nucleus. Comparisons of Fink-Heimer degeneration resulting from lesions of area 17 with that resulting from lesions of areas 18 and 19 further suggested that the area ) projection is heavier and more uniform than the projections from areas 18 and 19. Autoradiographic tracing of axons after intracortical injections of 3H-proline provided detailed demonstrations of the cortical projection patterns that confirmed the Fink-Heimer results. Following restricted injections of areas 17 or 18 the termination zones in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus consisted of columns of labeled tissue oriented perpendicular to the laminae of the nucleus. Area 17 was found to project heavily and uniformly throughout all of the laminae of the nucleus. The projection from area 18 also extended throughout all of the laminae of the nucleus, but was sparser and less uniformly distributed than that from area 17. Projections from area 18 distributed more heavily to the interlaminar zones and to lamina C than to laminae A, A1 C1, C2 or C3. A projection from area 19 to laminae C1, C2 and C3 was also demonstrated autoradiographically.", "PMID": 1176644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5820", "title": "The connections and laminar organization ofthe optic tectum in a reptile (lguana iguana).", "content": "The goals of this study were: (1) to describe the total pattern of projections from the optic tectum of Iguana iguana and Pseudemys scripta; and (2) to describe the contributions of particular lamina of the Iguana's optic tectum to this total pattern. Lesions were made in the optic tectum of the Iguana which damaged either all or only certain tectal laminae and, for comparison with the Iguana, lesions in the turtle's optic tectum were made which involved all laminae. The anterograde degeneration resulting from these lesions was stained with the Fink-Heimer ('67) method. The total pattern of projections from the optic tectum in the Iguana and the turtle is similar to that reported for representatives of other vertebrate classes. That is, the optic tectum gives rise to ipsilateral ascending projections to pretectal nuclei, to nucleus rotundus and to nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis of the diencephalon and, in addition, to a contralateral ascending pathway which courses via the supraoptic decussation to the contralateral diencephalon. Tectotectal connections and several descending pathways were also recognized in each species. The descending pathways include ipsilateral tectobulbar and tecto-isthmi pathways and a contralateral predorsal bundle. Lesions which damaged only certain tectal laminae in the Iguana revealed a laminar organization of the efferent projections. A lesion restricted to the superficial retinal-recipient layers, stratum griseum et album superficiale, resulted in degeneration in only nucleus isthmi pars magnocellularis and nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis. A lesion which involved both the retinal-recipient layers and stratum griseum centrale resulted in degeneration in only one additional structure, nucleus rotundus. A small lesion involving the deep periventricular layers as well as the superficial layers produced degeneration in the predorsal bundle and the ipsilateral tectobulbar tract as well as in the structures receiving input from the more superficial layers. These results are compared to the results of similar analyses of the superior colliculus in mammals.", "contents": "The connections and laminar organization ofthe optic tectum in a reptile (lguana iguana). The goals of this study were: (1) to describe the total pattern of projections from the optic tectum of Iguana iguana and Pseudemys scripta; and (2) to describe the contributions of particular lamina of the Iguana's optic tectum to this total pattern. Lesions were made in the optic tectum of the Iguana which damaged either all or only certain tectal laminae and, for comparison with the Iguana, lesions in the turtle's optic tectum were made which involved all laminae. The anterograde degeneration resulting from these lesions was stained with the Fink-Heimer ('67) method. The total pattern of projections from the optic tectum in the Iguana and the turtle is similar to that reported for representatives of other vertebrate classes. That is, the optic tectum gives rise to ipsilateral ascending projections to pretectal nuclei, to nucleus rotundus and to nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis of the diencephalon and, in addition, to a contralateral ascending pathway which courses via the supraoptic decussation to the contralateral diencephalon. Tectotectal connections and several descending pathways were also recognized in each species. The descending pathways include ipsilateral tectobulbar and tecto-isthmi pathways and a contralateral predorsal bundle. Lesions which damaged only certain tectal laminae in the Iguana revealed a laminar organization of the efferent projections. A lesion restricted to the superficial retinal-recipient layers, stratum griseum et album superficiale, resulted in degeneration in only nucleus isthmi pars magnocellularis and nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis. A lesion which involved both the retinal-recipient layers and stratum griseum centrale resulted in degeneration in only one additional structure, nucleus rotundus. A small lesion involving the deep periventricular layers as well as the superficial layers produced degeneration in the predorsal bundle and the ipsilateral tectobulbar tract as well as in the structures receiving input from the more superficial layers. These results are compared to the results of similar analyses of the superior colliculus in mammals.", "PMID": 1176645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5821", "title": "Postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex in the rat. IV. Spatial organization of bipolar cells, parallel fibers and glial palisades.", "content": "The ontogeny of the spatial organization of some components of the molecular layer was investigated in cerebella sectioned systematically in the sagittal, coronal and horizontal planes. There is no discernible organization in the distribution of cells of the proliferative zone of the external germinal layer (EGL) but from birth the differentiating bipolar cells of the subproliferative zone are aligned parallel to the surface and to the long axis of the folium. While they are still in or at the base of the EGL, the bipolar cells emit long processes, the future parallel fibers. The next step is the outgrowth of a vertical process which may reach the base of the molecular layer before the granule cell nucleus becomes translocated. The idea that the cell body truly migrates through the molecular layer is not supported by the observations. Bergmann glia cells are frequently seen in Golgi material in neonates but they are probably less numerous than in older infants and their processes are not as well aligned. It is only gradually that the EGL is perforated by flial endfeet which in older infants are occasionally organized into longitudinal rows. In mature cerebella the parallel fibers are separated by thin and relatively narrow, unstained spaces which are oriented in the longitudinal plane and can be traced from the pial surface to a zone just above the layer of Purkinje cells. It is postulated that these spaces are occupied by glial palisades formed by apposed thin vertical processes to which many Bergmann glia cells contribute. The alignment of these palisades is dependent on the orientation of parallel fibers. When the parallel fibers are reoriented by X-irradiation the glial palisades become correspondingly realigned. These observation indicate that the oriented growth of parallel fibers, which follows the polarization of bipolar cells, determines the spatial organization of the glial framework of the molecular layer. They also suggest that the glial palisades mediate functions that are not primarily developmental in nature.", "contents": "Postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex in the rat. IV. Spatial organization of bipolar cells, parallel fibers and glial palisades. The ontogeny of the spatial organization of some components of the molecular layer was investigated in cerebella sectioned systematically in the sagittal, coronal and horizontal planes. There is no discernible organization in the distribution of cells of the proliferative zone of the external germinal layer (EGL) but from birth the differentiating bipolar cells of the subproliferative zone are aligned parallel to the surface and to the long axis of the folium. While they are still in or at the base of the EGL, the bipolar cells emit long processes, the future parallel fibers. The next step is the outgrowth of a vertical process which may reach the base of the molecular layer before the granule cell nucleus becomes translocated. The idea that the cell body truly migrates through the molecular layer is not supported by the observations. Bergmann glia cells are frequently seen in Golgi material in neonates but they are probably less numerous than in older infants and their processes are not as well aligned. It is only gradually that the EGL is perforated by flial endfeet which in older infants are occasionally organized into longitudinal rows. In mature cerebella the parallel fibers are separated by thin and relatively narrow, unstained spaces which are oriented in the longitudinal plane and can be traced from the pial surface to a zone just above the layer of Purkinje cells. It is postulated that these spaces are occupied by glial palisades formed by apposed thin vertical processes to which many Bergmann glia cells contribute. The alignment of these palisades is dependent on the orientation of parallel fibers. When the parallel fibers are reoriented by X-irradiation the glial palisades become correspondingly realigned. These observation indicate that the oriented growth of parallel fibers, which follows the polarization of bipolar cells, determines the spatial organization of the glial framework of the molecular layer. They also suggest that the glial palisades mediate functions that are not primarily developmental in nature.", "PMID": 1176646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5822", "title": "The organisation of the spinotectal projection. An experimental study in the rat.", "content": "The spinal grey projects upon the contralateral superior colliculus via two overlapping pathways in the lateral funiculus. One, more ventrally placed, is the classical spinotectal tract, which crosses immediately in the  spinal cord and remains crossed. The other, lying more dorsally, ascends homolaterally but is subject to delayed crossing in the brainstem (especially the intertectal) commissures to reach the contralateral colliculus. Both sets of fibers end only in the caudal half of the colliculus, predominantly in the stratum album intermedium. The projections from individual cord segments distribute in an ordered fashion as a series of transverse, overlapping bands, the cervical cord projecting most rostrally, the sacro-coccygeal most caudally. Additional fibers, which distribute with less marked topography, end in the lateral extreme of the stratum griseum profundum and stratum album profundum.", "contents": "The organisation of the spinotectal projection. An experimental study in the rat. The spinal grey projects upon the contralateral superior colliculus via two overlapping pathways in the lateral funiculus. One, more ventrally placed, is the classical spinotectal tract, which crosses immediately in the  spinal cord and remains crossed. The other, lying more dorsally, ascends homolaterally but is subject to delayed crossing in the brainstem (especially the intertectal) commissures to reach the contralateral colliculus. Both sets of fibers end only in the caudal half of the colliculus, predominantly in the stratum album intermedium. The projections from individual cord segments distribute in an ordered fashion as a series of transverse, overlapping bands, the cervical cord projecting most rostrally, the sacro-coccygeal most caudally. Additional fibers, which distribute with less marked topography, end in the lateral extreme of the stratum griseum profundum and stratum album profundum.", "PMID": 1176647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5823", "title": "Retrograde changes in the nerve fibers of the dorsal spinocerebellar and spinocervical tracts in the cat.", "content": "The potential retrograde changes that occur in the proximal segment of transected nerve fibers found in the region of the spinocervical tract (SCT) and in the region of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) after unilateral dorsolateral column (DLC) lesions were studied in kittens and adult cats. Nerve fibers in the region of the SCT and DSCT in the spinal segments caudal to the lesion were studied in transverse sections of Epon embedded material that had been fixed by vascular perfusion with a 4% buffered paraformaldehyde solution, post-fixed in osmium tetroxide, and stained with Azur II-methylene blue. T8 level DLC lesions in the 10-week old kitten resulted in a 14 to 25% decrease in mean fiber diameter in the SCT fibers (larger than or equal to 5 mu) of the T13 level. Retrograde fiber degeneration occurred in the small and large caliber fibers of the DSCT. A 15 to 30% decrease in mean fiber diameter occurred in the DSCT fibers (greater than or equal to 5 mu). The fiber density of the DSCT decreased by 20 to 30% and this could be correlated with a 20% loss of class C neurons (Loewy, '70) and a severe atrophy affecting the remaining 80% of the surviving class C neurons in the L3 segment. Mid-cervical DLC lesions in the 10-week old kitten resulted in a 10% decrease in mean fiber diameter in the SCT fibers (less than or equal to 5 mu), a 15% decrease in mean fiber diameter in the DSCT fibers (less than or equal to 5 mu), and no change in fiber density could be determined despite the finding that these lesions produced about a 10% loss of class C neurons. A T1 level lesion in a 20-week old kitten produced no change in the SCT fibers suggesting that the changes seen in the 10-week old kitten after midcervical lesions were probably age-dependent changes. A 20% decrease in mean fiber diameter (less than 5 mu) and a 6% decrease in fiber density was detected in the DSCT. T13-L1 level DLC lesions in the adult cats resulted in degeneration of some of the large and medium size fibers in the DSCT which was most noticeable at 20 to 25 days after surgery. DLC lesions did not cause degenerative changes in the SCT fibers 5 to 25 days after surgery.", "contents": "Retrograde changes in the nerve fibers of the dorsal spinocerebellar and spinocervical tracts in the cat. The potential retrograde changes that occur in the proximal segment of transected nerve fibers found in the region of the spinocervical tract (SCT) and in the region of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) after unilateral dorsolateral column (DLC) lesions were studied in kittens and adult cats. Nerve fibers in the region of the SCT and DSCT in the spinal segments caudal to the lesion were studied in transverse sections of Epon embedded material that had been fixed by vascular perfusion with a 4% buffered paraformaldehyde solution, post-fixed in osmium tetroxide, and stained with Azur II-methylene blue. T8 level DLC lesions in the 10-week old kitten resulted in a 14 to 25% decrease in mean fiber diameter in the SCT fibers (larger than or equal to 5 mu) of the T13 level. Retrograde fiber degeneration occurred in the small and large caliber fibers of the DSCT. A 15 to 30% decrease in mean fiber diameter occurred in the DSCT fibers (greater than or equal to 5 mu). The fiber density of the DSCT decreased by 20 to 30% and this could be correlated with a 20% loss of class C neurons (Loewy, '70) and a severe atrophy affecting the remaining 80% of the surviving class C neurons in the L3 segment. Mid-cervical DLC lesions in the 10-week old kitten resulted in a 10% decrease in mean fiber diameter in the SCT fibers (less than or equal to 5 mu), a 15% decrease in mean fiber diameter in the DSCT fibers (less than or equal to 5 mu), and no change in fiber density could be determined despite the finding that these lesions produced about a 10% loss of class C neurons. A T1 level lesion in a 20-week old kitten produced no change in the SCT fibers suggesting that the changes seen in the 10-week old kitten after midcervical lesions were probably age-dependent changes. A 20% decrease in mean fiber diameter (less than 5 mu) and a 6% decrease in fiber density was detected in the DSCT. T13-L1 level DLC lesions in the adult cats resulted in degeneration of some of the large and medium size fibers in the DSCT which was most noticeable at 20 to 25 days after surgery. DLC lesions did not cause degenerative changes in the SCT fibers 5 to 25 days after surgery.", "PMID": 1176648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5824", "title": "Localization of masticatory motoneurons in the cat and rat by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Topographical localization of monotoneurons supplying the masticatory muscles was investigated in the cat and rat, utilizing retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Following injection of horseradish peroxidase in each masticatory muscle, motoneurons labelled with peroxidase were seen to be aggregated into a cluster within the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Such clusters of peroxidase-motoneurons innervating each masticatory muscle were demarcated more sharply in kittens than in adult animals. The pattern of the nuclear representation of the masticatory muscles was found to be essentially the same in the cat and rat; it could be summarized as follows: The motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve could be divided cytoarchitectonically into the dorsolateral and ventromedial divisions; the former was seen in almost the whole rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus, while the latter was localized at the levels of caudal two thirds of the nucleus. In the dorsolateral division, the temporal muscle was represented dorsally and dorsomedially, the masseter muscle ventrolaterally, and the pterygoid muscles ventromedially. In the ventromedial division, the anterior digastric muscle was represented dorsomedially, and the mylohyoid muscle ventrolaterally. It was also confirmed that the motoneurons supplying the posterior digastric muscle were localized in the accessory facial nucleus.", "contents": "Localization of masticatory motoneurons in the cat and rat by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Topographical localization of monotoneurons supplying the masticatory muscles was investigated in the cat and rat, utilizing retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Following injection of horseradish peroxidase in each masticatory muscle, motoneurons labelled with peroxidase were seen to be aggregated into a cluster within the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Such clusters of peroxidase-motoneurons innervating each masticatory muscle were demarcated more sharply in kittens than in adult animals. The pattern of the nuclear representation of the masticatory muscles was found to be essentially the same in the cat and rat; it could be summarized as follows: The motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve could be divided cytoarchitectonically into the dorsolateral and ventromedial divisions; the former was seen in almost the whole rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus, while the latter was localized at the levels of caudal two thirds of the nucleus. In the dorsolateral division, the temporal muscle was represented dorsally and dorsomedially, the masseter muscle ventrolaterally, and the pterygoid muscles ventromedially. In the ventromedial division, the anterior digastric muscle was represented dorsomedially, and the mylohyoid muscle ventrolaterally. It was also confirmed that the motoneurons supplying the posterior digastric muscle were localized in the accessory facial nucleus.", "PMID": 1176649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5825", "title": "Autoradiographic localization of hormone-concentrating cells in the brain of an amphibian, Xenopus laevis. I. Testosterone.", "content": "Autoradiographic methods were used to investigate locations of hormone concentrating cells in the CNS of Xenopus laevis. Both male and female frog brains contained cells. Four major hormone uptake sites were identified: the anterior preoptic area, the ventral infundibular nucleus, a dorsal tegmental area of the medulla and a presumptive motor nucleus of cranial nerves IX-X. The distribution of labelled cells was very similar for male and female brains. Available information on these testosterone uptake sites in anurans indicates possible roles in gonadotropin regulation and reproductive behavior.", "contents": "Autoradiographic localization of hormone-concentrating cells in the brain of an amphibian, Xenopus laevis. I. Testosterone. Autoradiographic methods were used to investigate locations of hormone concentrating cells in the CNS of Xenopus laevis. Both male and female frog brains contained cells. Four major hormone uptake sites were identified: the anterior preoptic area, the ventral infundibular nucleus, a dorsal tegmental area of the medulla and a presumptive motor nucleus of cranial nerves IX-X. The distribution of labelled cells was very similar for male and female brains. Available information on these testosterone uptake sites in anurans indicates possible roles in gonadotropin regulation and reproductive behavior.", "PMID": 1176651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5826", "title": "Autoradiographic localization of hormone-concentrating cells in the brain of an amphibian, Xenopus laevis. II. Estradiol.", "content": "Autoradiographic techniques for light microscopic examination of sex steroid retention were applied to the brains of male and female Xenopus laevis, and anuran amphibian, after 3H-estradiol administration. Estrogen was concentrated by cells in three telencephalic areas (the ventral striatum, the ventral-lateral septum and the amygdala), the anterior preoptic area, the ventral thalamus, the ventral infundibular nucleus, and in the torus semicircularis. The anterior preoptic area and the ventral infundibular nucleus contained the greatest number of labelled cells. The topography of estrogen-concentrating cells was the same in male and female brains. This fact and comparisons of 3H-estradiol with 3H-testosterone retention in Xenopus suggest that the sex steroid itself, and not the genetic sex of Xenopus determines the pattern of uptake by cells in the brain. The distribution of hormone-concentrating cells in Xenopus has many similarities to that found in birds and mammals. Preoptic, hypothalamic (tuberal), limbic forebrain and specific mesencephalic sites in all these forms contain labelled cells following radioactive sex steroid administration. Findings in Xenopus add to the argument for a phylogenetically stable system of hormone-concentrating nerve cells in limbic, hypothalamic and mesencephalic structures.", "contents": "Autoradiographic localization of hormone-concentrating cells in the brain of an amphibian, Xenopus laevis. II. Estradiol. Autoradiographic techniques for light microscopic examination of sex steroid retention were applied to the brains of male and female Xenopus laevis, and anuran amphibian, after 3H-estradiol administration. Estrogen was concentrated by cells in three telencephalic areas (the ventral striatum, the ventral-lateral septum and the amygdala), the anterior preoptic area, the ventral thalamus, the ventral infundibular nucleus, and in the torus semicircularis. The anterior preoptic area and the ventral infundibular nucleus contained the greatest number of labelled cells. The topography of estrogen-concentrating cells was the same in male and female brains. This fact and comparisons of 3H-estradiol with 3H-testosterone retention in Xenopus suggest that the sex steroid itself, and not the genetic sex of Xenopus determines the pattern of uptake by cells in the brain. The distribution of hormone-concentrating cells in Xenopus has many similarities to that found in birds and mammals. Preoptic, hypothalamic (tuberal), limbic forebrain and specific mesencephalic sites in all these forms contain labelled cells following radioactive sex steroid administration. Findings in Xenopus add to the argument for a phylogenetically stable system of hormone-concentrating nerve cells in limbic, hypothalamic and mesencephalic structures.", "PMID": 1176652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5827", "title": "Non-randomness in the sequential formation of principal cones in small areas of the developing chick retina.", "content": "Systematic variation in the stage of development within small retinal areas could account for the overlap between the times of formation of the receptor types in the chick retina. The distributions of unlabelled and labelled principal cones in maps of the receptor mosaic, constructed from retinae exposed to tritiated thymidine during incubation, were analysed by grid analysis (Greig-Smith, '64) and by two computer programmes. The computer programmes were generally more successful than grid analysis in detecting contagion in the distribution of unlabelled and labelled principal cones in the receptor maps. The contagion has been interpreted as evidence that the stage of development varies systematically in small retinal areas and that the overlap between the times of formation of the receptor types may be absent amongst small groups of cells.", "contents": "Non-randomness in the sequential formation of principal cones in small areas of the developing chick retina. Systematic variation in the stage of development within small retinal areas could account for the overlap between the times of formation of the receptor types in the chick retina. The distributions of unlabelled and labelled principal cones in maps of the receptor mosaic, constructed from retinae exposed to tritiated thymidine during incubation, were analysed by grid analysis (Greig-Smith, '64) and by two computer programmes. The computer programmes were generally more successful than grid analysis in detecting contagion in the distribution of unlabelled and labelled principal cones in the receptor maps. The contagion has been interpreted as evidence that the stage of development varies systematically in small retinal areas and that the overlap between the times of formation of the receptor types may be absent amongst small groups of cells.", "PMID": 1176653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5828", "title": "Olfactory discrimination, reversal learning, and stimulus control in rats.", "content": "Rats were trained to discriminate lights, tones, or odors and then given a series of discrimination reversals. Only rats trained with odors showed positive transfer on the first reversal and acquisition of a reversal set. Other experiments demonstrated that rats preferentially attend to odors when presented in compound with lights or tones; that odors exert more discriminative control than tones in tests using compound stimuli of competing sign; and that after pretraining on the positive stimulus, acquisition of an odor but not a light discrimination occurs with virtually no errors. These results demonstrate the importance of stimulus modality in the establishment of stimulus control and the need for more careful analysis of stimulus factors in cross-species comparisons of learning ability.", "contents": "Olfactory discrimination, reversal learning, and stimulus control in rats. Rats were trained to discriminate lights, tones, or odors and then given a series of discrimination reversals. Only rats trained with odors showed positive transfer on the first reversal and acquisition of a reversal set. Other experiments demonstrated that rats preferentially attend to odors when presented in compound with lights or tones; that odors exert more discriminative control than tones in tests using compound stimuli of competing sign; and that after pretraining on the positive stimulus, acquisition of an odor but not a light discrimination occurs with virtually no errors. These results demonstrate the importance of stimulus modality in the establishment of stimulus control and the need for more careful analysis of stimulus factors in cross-species comparisons of learning ability.", "PMID": 1176654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5829", "title": "A rat's first bite: the nongenetic, cross-generational transfer of information.", "content": "Weanling rats, when first exposed to solid food, showed relatively elevated intake if offered the same diet as eaten by their foster dams. Maternal caretakers pass some specific food-related information to their offspring.", "contents": "A rat's first bite: the nongenetic, cross-generational transfer of information. Weanling rats, when first exposed to solid food, showed relatively elevated intake if offered the same diet as eaten by their foster dams. Maternal caretakers pass some specific food-related information to their offspring.", "PMID": 1176655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5830", "title": "Motivational and neuroanatomical specificity of hypodipsia for aversive solutions produced by medial preoptic injury to the rat.", "content": "Bilateral medial preoptic lesions in rats dramatically lowered the rejection threshold for quinine-adulterated water but not for food in 24-hr forced-choice tests. The detection threshold for quinine in a two-bottle choice test, however, was unaffected by the medial preoptic lesion. Bilateral septal and lateral preoptic lesions had no effect on any quinine-adulteration tests. The enhanced rejection of quinine-adulterated water in a forced-choice test by medial-preoptic-damaged rats was also observed after 24-hr of water deprivation. Furthermore, the plasma osmolality of medial preoptic rats was significantly elevated above controls after 24-hr of water deprivation. These findings were interpreted as suggesting that a medial preoptic lesion produces a deficit in thirst-motivated behavior.", "contents": "Motivational and neuroanatomical specificity of hypodipsia for aversive solutions produced by medial preoptic injury to the rat. Bilateral medial preoptic lesions in rats dramatically lowered the rejection threshold for quinine-adulterated water but not for food in 24-hr forced-choice tests. The detection threshold for quinine in a two-bottle choice test, however, was unaffected by the medial preoptic lesion. Bilateral septal and lateral preoptic lesions had no effect on any quinine-adulteration tests. The enhanced rejection of quinine-adulterated water in a forced-choice test by medial-preoptic-damaged rats was also observed after 24-hr of water deprivation. Furthermore, the plasma osmolality of medial preoptic rats was significantly elevated above controls after 24-hr of water deprivation. These findings were interpreted as suggesting that a medial preoptic lesion produces a deficit in thirst-motivated behavior.", "PMID": 1176656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5831", "title": "Failure of sodium- and calcium-deficient rats to acquire conditioned taste aversions to the object of their specific hunger.", "content": "Attempts were made to condition taste aversions to the objects of two mineral-specific hungers. Both the innate preference of adrenalectomized rats for sodium and the learned preference of parathyroidectomized rats for calcium were studied. None of the sodium-deficient rats poisoned after drinking sodium chloride (NaCl) reached a taste-avoidance criterion, even after nine pairings of salt ingestion with aversive lithium chloride injections. Six of 11 calcium-deficient rats did not meet the salt-avoidance criterion after 10 pairings. Nondeficient control subjects learned to avoid these salt solutions completely after an average of only three such pairings. Besides unmasking a surprising degree of similarity between the learned and innate specific hungers studied, the results clearly demonstrate a powerful influence of physiological need on aversion conditioning.", "contents": "Failure of sodium- and calcium-deficient rats to acquire conditioned taste aversions to the object of their specific hunger. Attempts were made to condition taste aversions to the objects of two mineral-specific hungers. Both the innate preference of adrenalectomized rats for sodium and the learned preference of parathyroidectomized rats for calcium were studied. None of the sodium-deficient rats poisoned after drinking sodium chloride (NaCl) reached a taste-avoidance criterion, even after nine pairings of salt ingestion with aversive lithium chloride injections. Six of 11 calcium-deficient rats did not meet the salt-avoidance criterion after 10 pairings. Nondeficient control subjects learned to avoid these salt solutions completely after an average of only three such pairings. Besides unmasking a surprising degree of similarity between the learned and innate specific hungers studied, the results clearly demonstrate a powerful influence of physiological need on aversion conditioning.", "PMID": 1176657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5832", "title": "Alcohol-induced conditioned aversion: genotypie specificity in mice (Mus musculus).", "content": "Acetaldehyde poisoning from ethanol ingestion may lead to aversion to ethanol among DBA mice but not among C57s, since the former are relatively deficient in aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. The present study paired ingestion of saccharin with a single intraperitoneal injection of one of four concentrations of ethanol for DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice. Subjects were then given a two-bottle saccharin versus water preference test for 10 days. Substitution of saccharin for the taste of ethanol resulted in avoidance of saccharin with all concentrations of ethanol by DBAs but not by C57s, consistent with the conditioned taste aversion paradigm as a model for genetically mediated ethanol avoidance.", "contents": "Alcohol-induced conditioned aversion: genotypie specificity in mice (Mus musculus). Acetaldehyde poisoning from ethanol ingestion may lead to aversion to ethanol among DBA mice but not among C57s, since the former are relatively deficient in aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. The present study paired ingestion of saccharin with a single intraperitoneal injection of one of four concentrations of ethanol for DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice. Subjects were then given a two-bottle saccharin versus water preference test for 10 days. Substitution of saccharin for the taste of ethanol resulted in avoidance of saccharin with all concentrations of ethanol by DBAs but not by C57s, consistent with the conditioned taste aversion paradigm as a model for genetically mediated ethanol avoidance.", "PMID": 1176658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5833", "title": "Modification of the punishing effects of psychoactive drugs in rats by previous drug experience.", "content": "In Experiment 1, it was shown that chronic prior exposure to amphetamine attenuated the conditioned avoidance of saccharin that was produced by both amphetamine and morphine during gustatory conditioning trials; the relationship between morphine and amphetamine was somewhat anomalous because of their pharmacological dissimilarity. The relationship was also asymmetrical, since in Experiment 2, chronic prior exposure to morphine failed to mitigate avoidance conditioning by amphetamine but was effective in attenuating conditioning by morphine itself. In a third experiment, it was found that prior treatment with chlordiazepoxide attenuated saccharin avoidance conditioned by chlordiazepoxide but not by amphetamine or morphine. The findings were related to Parker, Failor, and Weidman's hypothesis, based on findings with morphine, concerning the development of conditioned preferences for substances associated with the repletion of artificially induced biological needs. It was suggested that the findings were best interpreted as a reflection of drug tolerance rather than conditioned preference.", "contents": "Modification of the punishing effects of psychoactive drugs in rats by previous drug experience. In Experiment 1, it was shown that chronic prior exposure to amphetamine attenuated the conditioned avoidance of saccharin that was produced by both amphetamine and morphine during gustatory conditioning trials; the relationship between morphine and amphetamine was somewhat anomalous because of their pharmacological dissimilarity. The relationship was also asymmetrical, since in Experiment 2, chronic prior exposure to morphine failed to mitigate avoidance conditioning by amphetamine but was effective in attenuating conditioning by morphine itself. In a third experiment, it was found that prior treatment with chlordiazepoxide attenuated saccharin avoidance conditioned by chlordiazepoxide but not by amphetamine or morphine. The findings were related to Parker, Failor, and Weidman's hypothesis, based on findings with morphine, concerning the development of conditioned preferences for substances associated with the repletion of artificially induced biological needs. It was suggested that the findings were best interpreted as a reflection of drug tolerance rather than conditioned preference.", "PMID": 1176659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5834", "title": "Physiological patterns accompanying complex problem solving during warning and nonwarning conditions.", "content": "Physiological responses of 48 subjects were studied during both a warning and a nonwarning condition and during anagram problem solving. The warning condition was associated with heart rate deceleration and increased occurrence of galvanic skin responses (GSR), of skin conductance, and of tonic galvanic skin potentials (GSP). The warning condition also resulted in significantly faster solution rates. Problem solving was associated with increases in heart rate, occurrence of GSR, and skin conductance. The occurrence of phasic GSP habituated, but the occurrence of tonic GSP maintained a significant response frequency. Large increases in tonic GSP, with minimal phasic increases during problem solving, reflected the bidimensionality of electrodermal activity as a function of the task. These findings were interpreted to support Lacey's hypothesis of response fractionation and suggest the utility of physiological measures in the study of putative attentional functioning.", "contents": "Physiological patterns accompanying complex problem solving during warning and nonwarning conditions. Physiological responses of 48 subjects were studied during both a warning and a nonwarning condition and during anagram problem solving. The warning condition was associated with heart rate deceleration and increased occurrence of galvanic skin responses (GSR), of skin conductance, and of tonic galvanic skin potentials (GSP). The warning condition also resulted in significantly faster solution rates. Problem solving was associated with increases in heart rate, occurrence of GSR, and skin conductance. The occurrence of phasic GSP habituated, but the occurrence of tonic GSP maintained a significant response frequency. Large increases in tonic GSP, with minimal phasic increases during problem solving, reflected the bidimensionality of electrodermal activity as a function of the task. These findings were interpreted to support Lacey's hypothesis of response fractionation and suggest the utility of physiological measures in the study of putative attentional functioning.", "PMID": 1176660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5835", "title": "Skin potential activity in rats, cats, and primates (including man): a phylogenetic point of view.", "content": "With rats, cats, nonhuman primates, and humans serving as subjects, skin potential activity was measured under waking conditions. In good agreement with the findings of previous workers, skin potential response waveform was always monophasic negative in rats and cats, but in humans it took three forms. By contrast, it was always monophasic positive in simian nonhuman primates, although prosimiae gave monophasic negative waves. A skin potential level-skin potential response relationship could not be observed in any subject except humans. From these results, an attempt was made to relate skin potential activity to the peripheral mechanism involved in these species on the basis of a phylogenetic point of view.", "contents": "Skin potential activity in rats, cats, and primates (including man): a phylogenetic point of view. With rats, cats, nonhuman primates, and humans serving as subjects, skin potential activity was measured under waking conditions. In good agreement with the findings of previous workers, skin potential response waveform was always monophasic negative in rats and cats, but in humans it took three forms. By contrast, it was always monophasic positive in simian nonhuman primates, although prosimiae gave monophasic negative waves. A skin potential level-skin potential response relationship could not be observed in any subject except humans. From these results, an attempt was made to relate skin potential activity to the peripheral mechanism involved in these species on the basis of a phylogenetic point of view.", "PMID": 1176661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5836", "title": "Correlation of overt escape behavior, multiunit thalamic activity, and midbrain lemniscal stimulation in rats.", "content": "An acute and a chronic experiment were conducted in order to assess the extent to which ventral thalamic multiunit activity could account for the specific form of bar-pressing escape behavior in rats stimulated by trains of midbrain medial lemniscal pulse pairs. A paradigm used by Kestenbaum, Deutsch, and Coons was utilized in which the intra-pair interval of the train was varied. Results in anesthetized and freely moving animals indicated that midbrain lemniscal stimulation produces both an excitatory short-latency thalamic response showing the property of temporal facilitation and a long-lasting inhibitory process consistent with results of studies using anesthetized cats. The overall electrophysiological response, however, correlated significantly with the behavioral response function.", "contents": "Correlation of overt escape behavior, multiunit thalamic activity, and midbrain lemniscal stimulation in rats. An acute and a chronic experiment were conducted in order to assess the extent to which ventral thalamic multiunit activity could account for the specific form of bar-pressing escape behavior in rats stimulated by trains of midbrain medial lemniscal pulse pairs. A paradigm used by Kestenbaum, Deutsch, and Coons was utilized in which the intra-pair interval of the train was varied. Results in anesthetized and freely moving animals indicated that midbrain lemniscal stimulation produces both an excitatory short-latency thalamic response showing the property of temporal facilitation and a long-lasting inhibitory process consistent with results of studies using anesthetized cats. The overall electrophysiological response, however, correlated significantly with the behavioral response function.", "PMID": 1176662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5837", "title": "Laboratory observations of trailing behavior in garter snakes.", "content": "Using a Y-maze apparatus, nine garter snakes were trained to follow an earthworm-extract trail. Correct trailing improved significantly as training progressed. All snakes were able to attain a trailing criterion of 8 out of 10 correct trials by the termination of training. For each trial, the number of tongue flicks each snake made was recorded and tongue flick rate calculated. Tongue flick rate was found to be highly characteristic and constant for individual subjects. In addition, running speed and tongue flick rate were found to be significantly correlated.", "contents": "Laboratory observations of trailing behavior in garter snakes. Using a Y-maze apparatus, nine garter snakes were trained to follow an earthworm-extract trail. Correct trailing improved significantly as training progressed. All snakes were able to attain a trailing criterion of 8 out of 10 correct trials by the termination of training. For each trial, the number of tongue flicks each snake made was recorded and tongue flick rate calculated. Tongue flick rate was found to be highly characteristic and constant for individual subjects. In addition, running speed and tongue flick rate were found to be significantly correlated.", "PMID": 1176663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5838", "title": "Development of species identification in ducklings: II. Experimental prevention of perceptual deficit caused by embryonic auditory deprivation.", "content": "Devocalized-isolated ducklings are relatively insensitive to the higher frequencies in their species' maternal call 24 hr after hatching. To assess the efficacy of various sounds in preventing this high-frequency perceptual deficit, devocalized-isolated embryos were exposed to one of three calls and tested with normal versus high-frequency attenuated maternal calls 24 hr after hatching. The embryonic vocalization (contact-contentment call) that most closely matched the region of the devocalized ducklings' greatest insensitivity (1,500-2,500 Hz) proved most efficacious in remedying (preventing) the high-frequency perceptual deficit. Exposure to the embryonic alarm-distress call was somewhat effective, whereas exposure to low-frequency white noise was not effective at all. This finding suggests that the normal development of innate behavior is partially dependent upon prior experience as well as upon intrinsic processes of neural maturation. Although normally occurring embryonic auditory experience does not induce the preference for the maternal call in this species, such experience does contribute to the sharpness of the discriminative basis of the preference 24 hr after hatching.", "contents": "Development of species identification in ducklings: II. Experimental prevention of perceptual deficit caused by embryonic auditory deprivation. Devocalized-isolated ducklings are relatively insensitive to the higher frequencies in their species' maternal call 24 hr after hatching. To assess the efficacy of various sounds in preventing this high-frequency perceptual deficit, devocalized-isolated embryos were exposed to one of three calls and tested with normal versus high-frequency attenuated maternal calls 24 hr after hatching. The embryonic vocalization (contact-contentment call) that most closely matched the region of the devocalized ducklings' greatest insensitivity (1,500-2,500 Hz) proved most efficacious in remedying (preventing) the high-frequency perceptual deficit. Exposure to the embryonic alarm-distress call was somewhat effective, whereas exposure to low-frequency white noise was not effective at all. This finding suggests that the normal development of innate behavior is partially dependent upon prior experience as well as upon intrinsic processes of neural maturation. Although normally occurring embryonic auditory experience does not induce the preference for the maternal call in this species, such experience does contribute to the sharpness of the discriminative basis of the preference 24 hr after hatching.", "PMID": 1176664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5839", "title": "Hysterectomy-induced maternal behavior during pregnancy in the rat.", "content": "Hysterectomies were performed between the 10th and 19th day of pregnancy, and females were tested with pups for the onset of maternal behavior starting 0,24, 48, or 72 hr after surgery. Pups remained with the females overnight, and testing was repeated daily with fresh pups until females exhibited maternal behavior. Latencies for the onset of maternal behavior were shorter after hysterectomy on the 10th and 16th days of pregnancy than in intact pregnant females at the same stages of pregnancy; latencies became shorter, the later the termination of pregnancy. When the ovaries were removed along with hysterectomy during pregnancy, short-latency maternal behavior no longer was exhibited. Pregnant females were tested during the last 40 hr of pregnancy: nest building began at 34 hr prepartum and retrieving at 28 hr prepartum. The effect of hysterectomy during pregnancy on ovarian secretion of estrogen and progesterone is reviewed, and it is concluded that the rise in estrogen secretion, which follows hysterectomy during pregnancy, is most likely the cause of the rapid onset of maternal behavior after hysterectomy. A similar proposal is made for the prepartum onset of maternal behavior in intact pregnant females.", "contents": "Hysterectomy-induced maternal behavior during pregnancy in the rat. Hysterectomies were performed between the 10th and 19th day of pregnancy, and females were tested with pups for the onset of maternal behavior starting 0,24, 48, or 72 hr after surgery. Pups remained with the females overnight, and testing was repeated daily with fresh pups until females exhibited maternal behavior. Latencies for the onset of maternal behavior were shorter after hysterectomy on the 10th and 16th days of pregnancy than in intact pregnant females at the same stages of pregnancy; latencies became shorter, the later the termination of pregnancy. When the ovaries were removed along with hysterectomy during pregnancy, short-latency maternal behavior no longer was exhibited. Pregnant females were tested during the last 40 hr of pregnancy: nest building began at 34 hr prepartum and retrieving at 28 hr prepartum. The effect of hysterectomy during pregnancy on ovarian secretion of estrogen and progesterone is reviewed, and it is concluded that the rise in estrogen secretion, which follows hysterectomy during pregnancy, is most likely the cause of the rapid onset of maternal behavior after hysterectomy. A similar proposal is made for the prepartum onset of maternal behavior in intact pregnant females.", "PMID": 1176665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5840", "title": "Olfactory basis for the delayed onset of maternal behavior in virgin female rats: experimential effects.", "content": "A previous study showed that intranasal zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) treatment shortens the latencies for the onset of maternal behavior in nonpregnant rats. The aim of this study was to see whether after recovery from the effects of ZnSO4 treatment, the latencies for maternal behavior increased. In Experiment 1 nonpregnant females were intranasally infused with ZnSO4 or air or were left untreated and exposed to pups starting 48 hr later. Olfactory discrimination tests using chocolate bits were done simultaneously. The ZnSO4 treatment resulted in short latency maternal behavior (1.1 days) compared with latencies of control females (3.8 days), but neither group showed any loss of olfactory discrimination. Three weeks later- ZnSO4-treated females showed increased latencies for all but retrieving, while control groups showed decreased latencies for all maternal behaviors. In Experiment 2, intranasal ZnSO4- and air-treated females were given olfactory discrimination tests under food deprivation, using chocolate bits and guinea pigs pellets. Choice of guinea pig pellets was more severely affected than choice of chocolate bits, but recovery of the discriminations was complete in 4-5 days. The effects of ZnSO4 on maternal behavior and on olfactory discrimination in nonpregnant females were discussed.", "contents": "Olfactory basis for the delayed onset of maternal behavior in virgin female rats: experimential effects. A previous study showed that intranasal zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) treatment shortens the latencies for the onset of maternal behavior in nonpregnant rats. The aim of this study was to see whether after recovery from the effects of ZnSO4 treatment, the latencies for maternal behavior increased. In Experiment 1 nonpregnant females were intranasally infused with ZnSO4 or air or were left untreated and exposed to pups starting 48 hr later. Olfactory discrimination tests using chocolate bits were done simultaneously. The ZnSO4 treatment resulted in short latency maternal behavior (1.1 days) compared with latencies of control females (3.8 days), but neither group showed any loss of olfactory discrimination. Three weeks later- ZnSO4-treated females showed increased latencies for all but retrieving, while control groups showed decreased latencies for all maternal behaviors. In Experiment 2, intranasal ZnSO4- and air-treated females were given olfactory discrimination tests under food deprivation, using chocolate bits and guinea pigs pellets. Choice of guinea pig pellets was more severely affected than choice of chocolate bits, but recovery of the discriminations was complete in 4-5 days. The effects of ZnSO4 on maternal behavior and on olfactory discrimination in nonpregnant females were discussed.", "PMID": 1176666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5841", "title": "Ontogenetic dissociation of two classes of habituation.", "content": "The rates of decrement of two classes of response (an elicited startle reflex and emitted exploratory behavior) were determined in rats of two different ages (15 and 36 days). The rate of decrement in the startle reflex was not clearly differentiated as a function of age. In contrast, there was no evidence of habituation of exploration in the younger animals, whereas the older rats uniformly showed profound response decrements. This ontogenetic dissociation of the two instances of response decrement indicates that accounts of both instances in terms of a common process called habituation may be unwarranted. In addition, these data, in conjunction with earlier findings, indirectly support the possibility that reflex decrements may be relatively more dependent on brain serotonin whereas decrements in exploration may be more dependent on normal cholinergic activity in brain.", "contents": "Ontogenetic dissociation of two classes of habituation. The rates of decrement of two classes of response (an elicited startle reflex and emitted exploratory behavior) were determined in rats of two different ages (15 and 36 days). The rate of decrement in the startle reflex was not clearly differentiated as a function of age. In contrast, there was no evidence of habituation of exploration in the younger animals, whereas the older rats uniformly showed profound response decrements. This ontogenetic dissociation of the two instances of response decrement indicates that accounts of both instances in terms of a common process called habituation may be unwarranted. In addition, these data, in conjunction with earlier findings, indirectly support the possibility that reflex decrements may be relatively more dependent on brain serotonin whereas decrements in exploration may be more dependent on normal cholinergic activity in brain.", "PMID": 1176667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5842", "title": "Ontogeny of thermoregulatory mechanisms in the rat.", "content": "The ability of rats to select a warm environment was studied as a function of postnatal age (birth to 13 days). Animals younger than 5 days demonstrated no choice response (movement to a warm compartment, 36-37 degrees C); however, they did demonstrate movement within the start compartment (23 degrees C). Increasing the motor capabilities of the pups, by injection of L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa, 50 mg/kg), elicited a choice response in 4-5 day-old animals. Younger animals demonstrated no choice of a warm environment even though they moved considerably. Also there was no difference between L-dopa-treated and control animals in the magnitude of temperature change in pups isolated from their mother for 1 hr. The evidence suggests development of behavioral thermoregulatory mechanisms prior to abilities for internal regulation.", "contents": "Ontogeny of thermoregulatory mechanisms in the rat. The ability of rats to select a warm environment was studied as a function of postnatal age (birth to 13 days). Animals younger than 5 days demonstrated no choice response (movement to a warm compartment, 36-37 degrees C); however, they did demonstrate movement within the start compartment (23 degrees C). Increasing the motor capabilities of the pups, by injection of L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa, 50 mg/kg), elicited a choice response in 4-5 day-old animals. Younger animals demonstrated no choice of a warm environment even though they moved considerably. Also there was no difference between L-dopa-treated and control animals in the magnitude of temperature change in pups isolated from their mother for 1 hr. The evidence suggests development of behavioral thermoregulatory mechanisms prior to abilities for internal regulation.", "PMID": 1176668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5843", "title": "Persistent depression of rearing behavior in rats after extensive septal lesions.", "content": "Extensive septal lesions produced a persistent (76 days) reduction in rearing behavior which was not directly attributable to altered deprivation states, emotionality, activity levels, or competing behaviors and which occurred in familiar as well as various novel testing environments. Changes in visual, olfactory, or conspecific stimuli ameliorated or had no effect on the lesion effect.  The results indicate that the septal area is importantly involved in normal rearing behavior and that lesion-induced alterations in responsiveness to some forms of stimulation may play a modulatory role in reduced rearing. It is also suggested that the septal area may constitute a portion of a neural system responsible for the initiation of this form of response.", "contents": "Persistent depression of rearing behavior in rats after extensive septal lesions. Extensive septal lesions produced a persistent (76 days) reduction in rearing behavior which was not directly attributable to altered deprivation states, emotionality, activity levels, or competing behaviors and which occurred in familiar as well as various novel testing environments. Changes in visual, olfactory, or conspecific stimuli ameliorated or had no effect on the lesion effect.  The results indicate that the septal area is importantly involved in normal rearing behavior and that lesion-induced alterations in responsiveness to some forms of stimulation may play a modulatory role in reduced rearing. It is also suggested that the septal area may constitute a portion of a neural system responsible for the initiation of this form of response.", "PMID": 1176669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5844", "title": "Locomotor, avoidance,and maze behavior in rats with selective disruption of hippocampal output.", "content": "Behavioral correlates of selective disruption of hippocampal output were investigated in a series of five experiments. In two experiments an attempt was made through behavioral investigation to determine whether the CA1 neurons project to the fimbria or to the subiculum. The results supported recent views that the subiculum is the recipient of CA1 axons. Disruption of the CA1 output in the dorsal hippocampus of rats produced increased open-field activity, whereas passive avoidance and spontaneous alternation behaviors remained unchanged. No differentiation was obtained between CA1 damage and neocortical lesions in maze learning. Blocking of the fimbrial CA3 output from the dorsal hippocampus improved passive avoidance performance and impaired active avoidance performance, whereas open-field and spontaneous alternation behaviors were unaffected. Interruption of the CA3 output from the ventral hippocampus improved active avoidance performance and reduced spontaneous alternation behavior. Open-field behavior and passive avoidance performance remained unchanged. Total fimbrial sections increased open-field activity, improved passive and active avoidance, and reduced spontaneous alternation. The results are discussed in terms of functional differentiation between the CA1 and CA3 of the dorsal hippocampus and in terms of functional differences in the fimbrial CA3 output from the dorsal and ventral hippocampus.", "contents": "Locomotor, avoidance,and maze behavior in rats with selective disruption of hippocampal output. Behavioral correlates of selective disruption of hippocampal output were investigated in a series of five experiments. In two experiments an attempt was made through behavioral investigation to determine whether the CA1 neurons project to the fimbria or to the subiculum. The results supported recent views that the subiculum is the recipient of CA1 axons. Disruption of the CA1 output in the dorsal hippocampus of rats produced increased open-field activity, whereas passive avoidance and spontaneous alternation behaviors remained unchanged. No differentiation was obtained between CA1 damage and neocortical lesions in maze learning. Blocking of the fimbrial CA3 output from the dorsal hippocampus improved passive avoidance performance and impaired active avoidance performance, whereas open-field and spontaneous alternation behaviors were unaffected. Interruption of the CA3 output from the ventral hippocampus improved active avoidance performance and reduced spontaneous alternation behavior. Open-field behavior and passive avoidance performance remained unchanged. Total fimbrial sections increased open-field activity, improved passive and active avoidance, and reduced spontaneous alternation. The results are discussed in terms of functional differentiation between the CA1 and CA3 of the dorsal hippocampus and in terms of functional differences in the fimbrial CA3 output from the dorsal and ventral hippocampus.", "PMID": 1176670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5845", "title": "Intrameal eating patterns of obese and nonobese humans.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to test whether the intrameal eating patterns of obese and normal-weight human subjects are different. The first experiment was conducted in a laboratory under the pretense of a taste test. Eating was observed and data were compiled for seven parameters related to eating. The second experiment was conducted under field-study conditions with the subjects unaware of their participation. Few statistically significant differences in eating behavior were observed between obese and normal-weight subjects. These results are in contrast to the majority of previous work.", "contents": "Intrameal eating patterns of obese and nonobese humans. Two experiments were conducted to test whether the intrameal eating patterns of obese and normal-weight human subjects are different. The first experiment was conducted in a laboratory under the pretense of a taste test. Eating was observed and data were compiled for seven parameters related to eating. The second experiment was conducted under field-study conditions with the subjects unaware of their participation. Few statistically significant differences in eating behavior were observed between obese and normal-weight subjects. These results are in contrast to the majority of previous work.", "PMID": 1176671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5846", "title": "Cholecystokinin elicits the complete behavioral sequence of satiety in rats.", "content": "The behavior of intact rats and rats with chronic gastric fistulas was observed and scored during a 60-min test period when they were offered liquid diet after 17 hr of food deprivation. Intact rats and rats with closed fistulas displayed a specific behavioral sequence at the end of each meal: They stopped eating, engaged in grooming and exploration for a short time, and then rested or slept. Thus, a fixed behavioral sequence characterizes satiety in the rat. Although the behavioral sequence of satiety was fixed, the cessation of feeding was not a sufficient condition for the appearance of the rest of the sequence: Quinine adulteration of the liquid diet stopped sham feeding but did not elicit the complete sequence. Intraperitoneal injection of the intestinal hormone cholecystokinin during sham feeding, however, elicited the complete sequence of satiety. The observation that cholecystokinin not only stops feeding but elicits the complete sequence of satiety supports our hypothesis that endogenous cholecystokinin is a satiety signal for the rat.", "contents": "Cholecystokinin elicits the complete behavioral sequence of satiety in rats. The behavior of intact rats and rats with chronic gastric fistulas was observed and scored during a 60-min test period when they were offered liquid diet after 17 hr of food deprivation. Intact rats and rats with closed fistulas displayed a specific behavioral sequence at the end of each meal: They stopped eating, engaged in grooming and exploration for a short time, and then rested or slept. Thus, a fixed behavioral sequence characterizes satiety in the rat. Although the behavioral sequence of satiety was fixed, the cessation of feeding was not a sufficient condition for the appearance of the rest of the sequence: Quinine adulteration of the liquid diet stopped sham feeding but did not elicit the complete sequence. Intraperitoneal injection of the intestinal hormone cholecystokinin during sham feeding, however, elicited the complete sequence of satiety. The observation that cholecystokinin not only stops feeding but elicits the complete sequence of satiety supports our hypothesis that endogenous cholecystokinin is a satiety signal for the rat.", "PMID": 1176672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5847", "title": "Ontogeny of meal patterning in rats and its recapitulation during recovery from lateral hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "The development of feeding patterns was investigated in weanling rats and in rats with lateral hypothalamic lesions. From 16 to 25 days of age, the weanlings demonstrated a preprandial intake pattern, i.e., a positive correlation between meal size and time since the preceding meal. This subsequently declined while the postprandial relationship (correlation with time until subsequent meal) began to emerge such that by 30-35 days of age a full adult pattern was observed. Rats recovering from lateral hypothalamic lesions, for a brief period, also demonstrated a preprandial intake pattern. The postprandial relationship was abolished by the lesions. These results suggest that the development of adult meal patterning results from maturation of lateral hypothalamic mechanisms governing meal initiation.", "contents": "Ontogeny of meal patterning in rats and its recapitulation during recovery from lateral hypothalamic lesions. The development of feeding patterns was investigated in weanling rats and in rats with lateral hypothalamic lesions. From 16 to 25 days of age, the weanlings demonstrated a preprandial intake pattern, i.e., a positive correlation between meal size and time since the preceding meal. This subsequently declined while the postprandial relationship (correlation with time until subsequent meal) began to emerge such that by 30-35 days of age a full adult pattern was observed. Rats recovering from lateral hypothalamic lesions, for a brief period, also demonstrated a preprandial intake pattern. The postprandial relationship was abolished by the lesions. These results suggest that the development of adult meal patterning results from maturation of lateral hypothalamic mechanisms governing meal initiation.", "PMID": 1176673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5848", "title": "Development of IgE and allergy in infancy.", "content": "Serum IgE levels were followed throughout the first year of life in a sample of 34 infants from atopic and nonatopic families. Their parents' serum IgE levels were also measured. Neonatal levels ranged from 0 to 10 U/ml. Half of the study group, which included a high proportion of infants from atopic families, maintained serum IgE levels below 10 U/ml until 1 yr of age. In the remainder, the serum IgE exceeded 10 U/ml before 1 yr of age, but the time of increase and the rate of increase varied from infant to infant; the sooner the IgE started to increase, the higher was the serum IgE level at 1 yr of age. The relationship of serum IgE level to the development of atopic disease and to other parameters was analyzed. Elevation of serum IgE level at or before 1 yr of age was highly correlated with atopic disease in the first 2 yr of life. The elevation preceded the manifestation of atopy.", "contents": "Development of IgE and allergy in infancy. Serum IgE levels were followed throughout the first year of life in a sample of 34 infants from atopic and nonatopic families. Their parents' serum IgE levels were also measured. Neonatal levels ranged from 0 to 10 U/ml. Half of the study group, which included a high proportion of infants from atopic families, maintained serum IgE levels below 10 U/ml until 1 yr of age. In the remainder, the serum IgE exceeded 10 U/ml before 1 yr of age, but the time of increase and the rate of increase varied from infant to infant; the sooner the IgE started to increase, the higher was the serum IgE level at 1 yr of age. The relationship of serum IgE level to the development of atopic disease and to other parameters was analyzed. Elevation of serum IgE level at or before 1 yr of age was highly correlated with atopic disease in the first 2 yr of life. The elevation preceded the manifestation of atopy.", "PMID": 1176721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5849", "title": "A comparison of methacholine and histamine inhalations in asthmatics.", "content": "Bronchial provocation tests using aerosolized serially diluted histamine and methacholine were given to nearly 200 asthmatics. Results were usually reproducible for a given patient and corticosteroids did not influence the procedures. Those patients who could tolerate high doses of methacholine were statistically the least severe asthmatics as measured by their discharge dose of corticosteroids. Reaginmediated asthmatics could not tolerate the higher doses of histamine. These tests help delineate subgroups of asthmatics and may have clinical usefulness since, when combined with other data, they differentiate pathogenetic mechanisms in some patients and suggest therapeutic approaches in others.", "contents": "A comparison of methacholine and histamine inhalations in asthmatics. Bronchial provocation tests using aerosolized serially diluted histamine and methacholine were given to nearly 200 asthmatics. Results were usually reproducible for a given patient and corticosteroids did not influence the procedures. Those patients who could tolerate high doses of methacholine were statistically the least severe asthmatics as measured by their discharge dose of corticosteroids. Reaginmediated asthmatics could not tolerate the higher doses of histamine. These tests help delineate subgroups of asthmatics and may have clinical usefulness since, when combined with other data, they differentiate pathogenetic mechanisms in some patients and suggest therapeutic approaches in others.", "PMID": 1176722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5850", "title": "SECA, a new mediator of the human eosinophil response.", "content": "Spontaneous eosinophilic chemotactic activity (SECA) present in human sera can mediate the directed movement of normal human eosinophils. Our data utilize normal peripheral blood eosinophils obtained from subjects with 500 eosinophils/m3 or less. SECA is defined as that chemotactic activity for eosinophils present in serum that has been heat-inactivated immediately after collection. It was demonstrated in patients with severe chronic eczema with eosinophilia (20 to 30%); mixed collagen vascular disease with vasculitis; clinical serum sickness; acute glomerulonephritis, and chronic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Control sera were obtained from normal, healthy individuals. The data indicated: (1) that SECA in patient sera was significantly higher than in control sera; (2) when activated by endotoxin, no additional chemotactic activity was generated from patient sera over that spontaneously present--by contrast, addition of endotoxin to control sera did result in increased chemotactic activity; (3) sera from patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma had no SECA.", "contents": "SECA, a new mediator of the human eosinophil response. Spontaneous eosinophilic chemotactic activity (SECA) present in human sera can mediate the directed movement of normal human eosinophils. Our data utilize normal peripheral blood eosinophils obtained from subjects with 500 eosinophils/m3 or less. SECA is defined as that chemotactic activity for eosinophils present in serum that has been heat-inactivated immediately after collection. It was demonstrated in patients with severe chronic eczema with eosinophilia (20 to 30%); mixed collagen vascular disease with vasculitis; clinical serum sickness; acute glomerulonephritis, and chronic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Control sera were obtained from normal, healthy individuals. The data indicated: (1) that SECA in patient sera was significantly higher than in control sera; (2) when activated by endotoxin, no additional chemotactic activity was generated from patient sera over that spontaneously present--by contrast, addition of endotoxin to control sera did result in increased chemotactic activity; (3) sera from patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma had no SECA.", "PMID": 1176723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5851", "title": "Hospital dietetics in transition.", "content": "Nutritional care--what is it, who gets it, who gives it, and how? The registered dietitian is identified as the only health professional whose primary concern is the application of food and nutritional science to the health care of people. Traditionally, the major part of health care has been in the medical sphere--sought in times of acute illness or injury. Hospital-based services provide increasingly sophisticated life support systems in specialized intensive care units. Humane, as well as financial, considerations mandate a change in emphasis to the provision of preventive care as well as restorative measures. Care that provides nutritional status screening, dietary assessment, and dietary counseling is seen as essential for health maintenance.... The facts of food composition are not enough!", "contents": "Hospital dietetics in transition. Nutritional care--what is it, who gets it, who gives it, and how? The registered dietitian is identified as the only health professional whose primary concern is the application of food and nutritional science to the health care of people. Traditionally, the major part of health care has been in the medical sphere--sought in times of acute illness or injury. Hospital-based services provide increasingly sophisticated life support systems in specialized intensive care units. Humane, as well as financial, considerations mandate a change in emphasis to the provision of preventive care as well as restorative measures. Care that provides nutritional status screening, dietary assessment, and dietary counseling is seen as essential for health maintenance.... The facts of food composition are not enough!", "PMID": 1176739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5852", "title": "Dietitians' attitudes toward advocacy.", "content": "A survey was conducted to determine dietitians' attitudes toward and readiness for advocacy. Representative members of an affiliated state dietetic association expressed positive attitudes toward the professional's assumption of the advocate role. The respondents looked to the national, state, and local dietetic associations to provide leadership in the area of advocacy.", "contents": "Dietitians' attitudes toward advocacy. A survey was conducted to determine dietitians' attitudes toward and readiness for advocacy. Representative members of an affiliated state dietetic association expressed positive attitudes toward the professional's assumption of the advocate role. The respondents looked to the national, state, and local dietetic associations to provide leadership in the area of advocacy.", "PMID": 1176740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5853", "title": "Attachment learning: a humanistic educational experience. Final practicum in a coordinated undergraduate program.", "content": "Throughout the five stages, the student has ample opportunity for expression and self-evaluation in the counseling sessions that accompany each stage. The student experiences progress with increasing responsibility to the ultimate functioning as an administrative dietitian under supervision. It is believed that the experiences of attachment learning will enable the student, on graduation, to enter professional practice with confidence and a strong likelihood of success. Thus far, experiences with attachment learning at the University of Missouri-Columbia have demonstrated superiority over methods used previously. It is believed that this method can be readily adapted to other learning situations in dietetics, such as traineeships and internships. In fact, our enthusiasm for the method prompts the suggestion that it might well be considered for the final stage of education for any profession in which entry-level competencies can be established.", "contents": "Attachment learning: a humanistic educational experience. Final practicum in a coordinated undergraduate program. Throughout the five stages, the student has ample opportunity for expression and self-evaluation in the counseling sessions that accompany each stage. The student experiences progress with increasing responsibility to the ultimate functioning as an administrative dietitian under supervision. It is believed that the experiences of attachment learning will enable the student, on graduation, to enter professional practice with confidence and a strong likelihood of success. Thus far, experiences with attachment learning at the University of Missouri-Columbia have demonstrated superiority over methods used previously. It is believed that this method can be readily adapted to other learning situations in dietetics, such as traineeships and internships. In fact, our enthusiasm for the method prompts the suggestion that it might well be considered for the final stage of education for any profession in which entry-level competencies can be established.", "PMID": 1176741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5854", "title": "The public seminar as a nutrition education approach. An evaluation.", "content": "A health seminar seemed to modify knowledge, attitudes, and reported behavior of a self-selected audience which was already well informed and motivated to change. Therefore, the health seminar appears to be a useful educational approach in this context. The question remains: How can those who are neither informed nor motivated be reached? This study suggests that the public seminar may not be an efficient vehicle for this purpose.", "contents": "The public seminar as a nutrition education approach. An evaluation. A health seminar seemed to modify knowledge, attitudes, and reported behavior of a self-selected audience which was already well informed and motivated to change. Therefore, the health seminar appears to be a useful educational approach in this context. The question remains: How can those who are neither informed nor motivated be reached? This study suggests that the public seminar may not be an efficient vehicle for this purpose.", "PMID": 1176742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5855", "title": "Urinary steroids in the measurement of aging and of atherosclerosis.", "content": "Several studies conducted by the authors' group have shown that urinary steroid measurements are a valuable aid in differentiating the normal aging process, the pronounced aging associated with increased risk to coronary heart disease, and the deviations associated with myocardial infarction. Data are presented on 428 men in the age range of 30-70 years. The study design most effective in elucidating aging and disease patterns involves selection of subjects from a wide age range. Data on persons identified as clinically normal can be used to describe physiologic aging. Once this is determined, data on persons with disease can be used to identify abnormalities of aging associated with the clinical conditions studied. This approach offers a potential method for differentiating between aging effects and disease effects. The foregoing findings led to the development of an Index of Aging in males, based on combined serum lipid and urinary steroid values. This Index may be a means of differentiating between normal aging and the deviations seen in atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Current studies are directed toward extending these observations.", "contents": "Urinary steroids in the measurement of aging and of atherosclerosis. Several studies conducted by the authors' group have shown that urinary steroid measurements are a valuable aid in differentiating the normal aging process, the pronounced aging associated with increased risk to coronary heart disease, and the deviations associated with myocardial infarction. Data are presented on 428 men in the age range of 30-70 years. The study design most effective in elucidating aging and disease patterns involves selection of subjects from a wide age range. Data on persons identified as clinically normal can be used to describe physiologic aging. Once this is determined, data on persons with disease can be used to identify abnormalities of aging associated with the clinical conditions studied. This approach offers a potential method for differentiating between aging effects and disease effects. The foregoing findings led to the development of an Index of Aging in males, based on combined serum lipid and urinary steroid values. This Index may be a means of differentiating between normal aging and the deviations seen in atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Current studies are directed toward extending these observations.", "PMID": 1176748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5856", "title": "Glucocorticoid therapy in sepsis/shock caused by gram-negative microorganisms.", "content": "A review of the literature reveals that glucocorticoids have: 1) a protective effect both in vitro and in vivo against bacterial endotoxins and exotoxins, and 2) a protective or therapeutic effect in sepsis/shock caused by Gram-negative microorganisms. At the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, the 1968-1973 mortality rate for general sepsis/shock due to Gram-negative organisms was 16.6 percent and for urologic sepsis/shock 15.3 percent. This low rate was the result of early diagnosis and early use of massive dosages of glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone), beta-adrenergic isoproterenol, and bactericidal antibiotics (gentamicin, kanamycin, carbenicillin, cephalothin-cefazolin, ampicillin).", "contents": "Glucocorticoid therapy in sepsis/shock caused by gram-negative microorganisms. A review of the literature reveals that glucocorticoids have: 1) a protective effect both in vitro and in vivo against bacterial endotoxins and exotoxins, and 2) a protective or therapeutic effect in sepsis/shock caused by Gram-negative microorganisms. At the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, the 1968-1973 mortality rate for general sepsis/shock due to Gram-negative organisms was 16.6 percent and for urologic sepsis/shock 15.3 percent. This low rate was the result of early diagnosis and early use of massive dosages of glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone), beta-adrenergic isoproterenol, and bactericidal antibiotics (gentamicin, kanamycin, carbenicillin, cephalothin-cefazolin, ampicillin).", "PMID": 1176749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5857", "title": "Lipidemia--a multigeneration predictability study.", "content": "This study involved a 1st generation of 194 aged residents at the Philadelphia Geriatric Center plus 2nd and 3rd generations of 357 and 306 offspring, respectively. Serum cholesterol levels (including type of abnormality) and triglyceride levels were determined. The results suggest that hyperlipidemia at all ages is related to a familial genetic problem. The data on each generation, starting even with the 80-year-old parents, could be used to predict lipid abnormalities in each succeeding generations. However, when comparing the 1st generation with the 3rd generation, predictability was lacking, probably because of the inclusion of two sets of spouses and many enviromental factors that altered the situation. In the 2nd generation, 40 per cent of the subjects had an elevated lipid level compared to 30 per cent in the 1st and 3rd generations. The higher concentrations in the 2nd generation probably reflected increased risk factors such as improper diets, smoking, hypertension, obesity and stress at that age level. Hyperlipidemia in the aged apparently is not just a metabolic degenerative abnormality. It should be treated, as in younger people. Data on risk factors such as a high blood lipid level may help not only the aged, but succeeding generations.", "contents": "Lipidemia--a multigeneration predictability study. This study involved a 1st generation of 194 aged residents at the Philadelphia Geriatric Center plus 2nd and 3rd generations of 357 and 306 offspring, respectively. Serum cholesterol levels (including type of abnormality) and triglyceride levels were determined. The results suggest that hyperlipidemia at all ages is related to a familial genetic problem. The data on each generation, starting even with the 80-year-old parents, could be used to predict lipid abnormalities in each succeeding generations. However, when comparing the 1st generation with the 3rd generation, predictability was lacking, probably because of the inclusion of two sets of spouses and many enviromental factors that altered the situation. In the 2nd generation, 40 per cent of the subjects had an elevated lipid level compared to 30 per cent in the 1st and 3rd generations. The higher concentrations in the 2nd generation probably reflected increased risk factors such as improper diets, smoking, hypertension, obesity and stress at that age level. Hyperlipidemia in the aged apparently is not just a metabolic degenerative abnormality. It should be treated, as in younger people. Data on risk factors such as a high blood lipid level may help not only the aged, but succeeding generations.", "PMID": 1176750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5858", "title": "Hepatic infarction associated with terminal hemorrhagic necrotizing enteropathy (THNE): case report.", "content": "A case of hepatic infarction associated with terminal hemorrhagic necrotizing enteropathy (THNE) in an 84-year-old woman with cardiac failure is presented. The autopsy showed hepatic infarction, THNE, fibrous endocarditis, generalized arteriosclerosis, myocardial hypertrophy, liver congestion, and other findings as described. Both rare infarctions (hepatic and intestinal) seemed to have originated not only as a result of impaired systemic circulation due to cardiac failure, but also from liver congestion due to peripheral circulatory deficiency through the portal vein. The circulatory correlation between these infarcts of the liver and intestine is discussed.", "contents": "Hepatic infarction associated with terminal hemorrhagic necrotizing enteropathy (THNE): case report. A case of hepatic infarction associated with terminal hemorrhagic necrotizing enteropathy (THNE) in an 84-year-old woman with cardiac failure is presented. The autopsy showed hepatic infarction, THNE, fibrous endocarditis, generalized arteriosclerosis, myocardial hypertrophy, liver congestion, and other findings as described. Both rare infarctions (hepatic and intestinal) seemed to have originated not only as a result of impaired systemic circulation due to cardiac failure, but also from liver congestion due to peripheral circulatory deficiency through the portal vein. The circulatory correlation between these infarcts of the liver and intestine is discussed.", "PMID": 1176751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5859", "title": "Pelvic distress in the aged patient.", "content": "Unexplained pelvic distress or pain was observed in the 4 patients of this report (3 women and 1 man), and also in 6 other patients during a 10-year period of neurologic practice. In each of the 4 reported cases, the discomfort was interpreted as sexual. It is suggested that this may be a valid entity and that, as with trigeminal neuralgia and postherpetic neuralgia, it is truly limited to aged patients. The mechanism, incidence and significance are unknown.", "contents": "Pelvic distress in the aged patient. Unexplained pelvic distress or pain was observed in the 4 patients of this report (3 women and 1 man), and also in 6 other patients during a 10-year period of neurologic practice. In each of the 4 reported cases, the discomfort was interpreted as sexual. It is suggested that this may be a valid entity and that, as with trigeminal neuralgia and postherpetic neuralgia, it is truly limited to aged patients. The mechanism, incidence and significance are unknown.", "PMID": 1176752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5860", "title": "A psychogeriatric assessment program. II. Clinical and laboratory findings.", "content": "In a Psycholgeriatric Assessment Program, the statistical evaluation of clinical and laboratory data related to thyroid function in 80 patients led to the conclusion that: 1) differences in thyroid function between psychogeriatric patients of the organic and functional types were only slight, as determined by clinical symptoms and thyroxine blood levels, and 2) factor analysis for 53 selected variables indicated that loading for \"gross disturbance of psychobiologic function\" may be related to the symptom complex of hyperthyroidism/hyperadrenergism, and particularly to psychobiologic symptoms rather than purely somatic symptoms of hyperthyroidism. In comparison with a group of 60 healthy old people, the psychogeriatric patients showed many more signs of hyperactivity and other characteristics of this symptom complex. The results supported the preliminary impression of an energetic (hyperthyroid-sympathicotonic) reaction to mental decline, accompanied by plasma corticosteroid and electroencephalographic changes.", "contents": "A psychogeriatric assessment program. II. Clinical and laboratory findings. In a Psycholgeriatric Assessment Program, the statistical evaluation of clinical and laboratory data related to thyroid function in 80 patients led to the conclusion that: 1) differences in thyroid function between psychogeriatric patients of the organic and functional types were only slight, as determined by clinical symptoms and thyroxine blood levels, and 2) factor analysis for 53 selected variables indicated that loading for \"gross disturbance of psychobiologic function\" may be related to the symptom complex of hyperthyroidism/hyperadrenergism, and particularly to psychobiologic symptoms rather than purely somatic symptoms of hyperthyroidism. In comparison with a group of 60 healthy old people, the psychogeriatric patients showed many more signs of hyperactivity and other characteristics of this symptom complex. The results supported the preliminary impression of an energetic (hyperthyroid-sympathicotonic) reaction to mental decline, accompanied by plasma corticosteroid and electroencephalographic changes.", "PMID": 1176753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5861", "title": "A modification of the unlabeled antibody enzyme method using heterologous antisera for the light microscopic and ultrastructural localization of insulin, glucagon and growth hormone.", "content": "The requirement of using homologous antisera (primary antiserum and peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) complex raised in the same species) in the unlabeled antibody enzyme method has been investigated at the light and electron microscopic level using the localization of insulin, glucagon and growth hormone as model systems. Optimum immunocytochemical staining for all three antigens was observed when sheep or goat antirabbit gamma-globulin (S-ARgammaG or G-ARgammaG) were used to couple rabbit peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex with either guinea pig antisera to insulin (GP-AIS) or glucagon (GP-AGS), or monkey antisera to rat growth hormone (M-ARGH). The cross-reactivity between S-ARgammaG or G-ARgammaG and immunoglobulins in these primary antisera were substantiated by immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay. S-ARgammaG was shown to produce precipitation arcs with GP-AIS and M-ARGH that were similar to those seen when the latter were reacted with rabbit antiguinea pig gamma-globulin antiserum and goat antimonkey gamma-globulin antiserum, respectively. Radioimmunoassay results revealed that immunoprecipitation of 6-10% as compared to homologous antisera controls yielded excellent staining localization when S-ARgammaG was used for immunocytochemistry. Thus, heterologous antisera (primary antiserum and PAP complex raised in different species) may be used in the unlabeled antibody enzyme method as long as the coupling antiserum shows cross-reactivity with immunoglobulins of the primary antiserum and the PAP complex.", "contents": "A modification of the unlabeled antibody enzyme method using heterologous antisera for the light microscopic and ultrastructural localization of insulin, glucagon and growth hormone. The requirement of using homologous antisera (primary antiserum and peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) complex raised in the same species) in the unlabeled antibody enzyme method has been investigated at the light and electron microscopic level using the localization of insulin, glucagon and growth hormone as model systems. Optimum immunocytochemical staining for all three antigens was observed when sheep or goat antirabbit gamma-globulin (S-ARgammaG or G-ARgammaG) were used to couple rabbit peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex with either guinea pig antisera to insulin (GP-AIS) or glucagon (GP-AGS), or monkey antisera to rat growth hormone (M-ARGH). The cross-reactivity between S-ARgammaG or G-ARgammaG and immunoglobulins in these primary antisera were substantiated by immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay. S-ARgammaG was shown to produce precipitation arcs with GP-AIS and M-ARGH that were similar to those seen when the latter were reacted with rabbit antiguinea pig gamma-globulin antiserum and goat antimonkey gamma-globulin antiserum, respectively. Radioimmunoassay results revealed that immunoprecipitation of 6-10% as compared to homologous antisera controls yielded excellent staining localization when S-ARgammaG was used for immunocytochemistry. Thus, heterologous antisera (primary antiserum and PAP complex raised in different species) may be used in the unlabeled antibody enzyme method as long as the coupling antiserum shows cross-reactivity with immunoglobulins of the primary antiserum and the PAP complex.", "PMID": 1176760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5862", "title": "The efficiency of 14C detection in autoradiographs of semithin plastic sections.", "content": "Sections of uniformly labeled 14C-methylmethacrylate were used to determine the efficiency of 14C detection by Ilford L4 emulsion layers, 0.22 mu in thickness, in light microscope autoradiographs. When efficiency was expressed as a function of radiation dose (i.e., the number of decays/mu2) there was a strong dependency on radiation dose up to about 6 decays/mu2, after which detection efficiency was fairly constant. For most emulsion batches, the detection efficiency was about 5%, but it ranged from 8 to 3%.", "contents": "The efficiency of 14C detection in autoradiographs of semithin plastic sections. Sections of uniformly labeled 14C-methylmethacrylate were used to determine the efficiency of 14C detection by Ilford L4 emulsion layers, 0.22 mu in thickness, in light microscope autoradiographs. When efficiency was expressed as a function of radiation dose (i.e., the number of decays/mu2) there was a strong dependency on radiation dose up to about 6 decays/mu2, after which detection efficiency was fairly constant. For most emulsion batches, the detection efficiency was about 5%, but it ranged from 8 to 3%.", "PMID": 1176761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5863", "title": "Intranuclear silicon detection in a subcutaneous connective tissue cell by energy-dispersive x-ray miscroanalysis using fresh air-dried spread.", "content": "Silicon was detected by energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis in the nucleus of a subcutaneous connective tissue cell of mice fed normally. To eliminate contamination, pieces of connective tissue were spread on copper grids and examined without any treatment by an energy-dispersive spectrometer with a scanning transmission apparatus attached to an electron microscope. Scanning transmission electron microscopy of the spread has demonstrated a well-preserved ultrastructure. Fibrous structures, nuclei and nucleoli of cells and mitochondrial granules were recognized. Electron probe analysis showed peaks for silicon at three spots on the nucleus of a cell in addition to those for phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium and calcium, whereas no peak of silicon could be detected at the spots on nuclei of other cells, mitochondrial granules and electron-lucent area on the same grid as the above. Silicon appears to play a significant role in the nucleus. Applicability of the technique to know the distribution of easily contaminating elements and diffusible substances is shown.", "contents": "Intranuclear silicon detection in a subcutaneous connective tissue cell by energy-dispersive x-ray miscroanalysis using fresh air-dried spread. Silicon was detected by energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis in the nucleus of a subcutaneous connective tissue cell of mice fed normally. To eliminate contamination, pieces of connective tissue were spread on copper grids and examined without any treatment by an energy-dispersive spectrometer with a scanning transmission apparatus attached to an electron microscope. Scanning transmission electron microscopy of the spread has demonstrated a well-preserved ultrastructure. Fibrous structures, nuclei and nucleoli of cells and mitochondrial granules were recognized. Electron probe analysis showed peaks for silicon at three spots on the nucleus of a cell in addition to those for phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium and calcium, whereas no peak of silicon could be detected at the spots on nuclei of other cells, mitochondrial granules and electron-lucent area on the same grid as the above. Silicon appears to play a significant role in the nucleus. Applicability of the technique to know the distribution of easily contaminating elements and diffusible substances is shown.", "PMID": 1176762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5864", "title": "Modification toward dominance of a recessive lethal in the mouse.", "content": "The effect of the recessive siren (srn) gene singly in the presence of one Danforth's short tail (Sd) gene was to modify the expression of srn towards dominance with 46 percent penetrance. All mice that could be classified as sirens from srn/+ x Sd/+ matings had the Sd type short tail, indicating that interaction between Sd and srn was the principal cause for modification towards dominance of srn. External expressivity was variable in Sd srn pups, with true sirens, semi-sirens and apposed leg pups produced, each traceable to pelvic abnormalities. Variation in the urogenital system was similar to that found in siren pups with the srn/srn genotype.", "contents": "Modification toward dominance of a recessive lethal in the mouse. The effect of the recessive siren (srn) gene singly in the presence of one Danforth's short tail (Sd) gene was to modify the expression of srn towards dominance with 46 percent penetrance. All mice that could be classified as sirens from srn/+ x Sd/+ matings had the Sd type short tail, indicating that interaction between Sd and srn was the principal cause for modification towards dominance of srn. External expressivity was variable in Sd srn pups, with true sirens, semi-sirens and apposed leg pups produced, each traceable to pelvic abnormalities. Variation in the urogenital system was similar to that found in siren pups with the srn/srn genotype.", "PMID": 1176758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5865", "title": "Subfragments of the papain solubilized TL antigen.", "content": "TL antigen was solubilized from the tumor ASLI (TL. 1,2,3) by papain digestion. The subfragments of 125I-labeled TL were examined by two methods. The first involved immune precipitation followed by electrophoresis on SDS-acrylamide gels. This treatment yielded three bands of molecular weight 39,000 and 19,000, as well as material which migrated with the tracking dye. In the second procedure the papain digested material was partially purified on Sephadex G-200. The active fraction from G-200 was labeled with 125Iodine, mixed with alloantiserum and rechromatographed on G-200. The isolated immune complexes were boiled in SDS and 2-mercaptoethanol, then separated on a SDS-Sephadex G-150 column. Two radioactive peaks were eluted indicating an absence of the 19,000 m.w. component following the latter method of purification.", "contents": "Subfragments of the papain solubilized TL antigen. TL antigen was solubilized from the tumor ASLI (TL. 1,2,3) by papain digestion. The subfragments of 125I-labeled TL were examined by two methods. The first involved immune precipitation followed by electrophoresis on SDS-acrylamide gels. This treatment yielded three bands of molecular weight 39,000 and 19,000, as well as material which migrated with the tracking dye. In the second procedure the papain digested material was partially purified on Sephadex G-200. The active fraction from G-200 was labeled with 125Iodine, mixed with alloantiserum and rechromatographed on G-200. The isolated immune complexes were boiled in SDS and 2-mercaptoethanol, then separated on a SDS-Sephadex G-150 column. Two radioactive peaks were eluted indicating an absence of the 19,000 m.w. component following the latter method of purification.", "PMID": 1176764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5866", "title": "Genetics of house flies. Variability studies with North Dakota, Texas, and Florida populations.", "content": "Genetic data were used to compare the structure of native house fly populations collected in North Dakota, Texas, and Florida. Recombination studies with mutant markers on chromosomes 3 and 4 indicated a lack of inversion polymorphism among the three populations in those areas of the genetic map studied. Significant differences were observed among flies from the three regions with regard to the frequency of 1) females that produced only male progeny, and 2) male-determining 3rd chromosomes (IIIm chromosomes). However, the North Dakota and Texas flies were more similar to each other than to the Florida flies since populations from the two former areas possessed a low frequency of both male-producing females and IIIm chromosomes; in contrast, the Florida population was void of females that produced males only and a high percentage if not all Florida males appeared to possess the IIIm male-determining mechanism. Tests for recessive lethal 3rd chromosomes showed that there was no significant difference in the frequency of lethal factors recovered from the North Dakota and Texas flies; the presence of IIIm chromosomes in Florida males precluded the recovery of lethal factors from this population by the method employed. The data suggest that house fly strains to be employed in genetic control programs should 1) originate from target control areas to avoid possible behavioral differences existing among flies from different locales, 2) be initiated with as many flies as possible to provide a background for the maintenance of variability, and 3) be renewed periodically with field-collected material since the genotype may be capable of rapid reorganization in response to laboratory selection pressures.", "contents": "Genetics of house flies. Variability studies with North Dakota, Texas, and Florida populations. Genetic data were used to compare the structure of native house fly populations collected in North Dakota, Texas, and Florida. Recombination studies with mutant markers on chromosomes 3 and 4 indicated a lack of inversion polymorphism among the three populations in those areas of the genetic map studied. Significant differences were observed among flies from the three regions with regard to the frequency of 1) females that produced only male progeny, and 2) male-determining 3rd chromosomes (IIIm chromosomes). However, the North Dakota and Texas flies were more similar to each other than to the Florida flies since populations from the two former areas possessed a low frequency of both male-producing females and IIIm chromosomes; in contrast, the Florida population was void of females that produced males only and a high percentage if not all Florida males appeared to possess the IIIm male-determining mechanism. Tests for recessive lethal 3rd chromosomes showed that there was no significant difference in the frequency of lethal factors recovered from the North Dakota and Texas flies; the presence of IIIm chromosomes in Florida males precluded the recovery of lethal factors from this population by the method employed. The data suggest that house fly strains to be employed in genetic control programs should 1) originate from target control areas to avoid possible behavioral differences existing among flies from different locales, 2) be initiated with as many flies as possible to provide a background for the maintenance of variability, and 3) be renewed periodically with field-collected material since the genotype may be capable of rapid reorganization in response to laboratory selection pressures.", "PMID": 1176759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5867", "title": "Stimulation of human lymphocytes by galactose-specific abrus and ricinus lectins.", "content": "Human lymphocyte cultures were incubated with the nontoxic abrus agglutinin and with ricin B chain, and the incorporation of 3H thymidine was measured. Abrus agglutinin stimulated strongly the thymidine incorporation whereas ricin B chain had a much lesser effect. When galactose or lactose was added to the cultures together with the lectins, the abrus agglutinin and ricin B chain induced thymidine incorporation was strongly reduced. There was a linear relationship between the concentration of lectin and the concentration of lactose required for inhibition of lymphocyte stimulation. N-acetyl-galactosamine had a much lesser inhibiting effect and alpha-methyl-mannoside did not cause any inhibition. The abrus agglutinin induced thymidine incorporation was not demonstrable before 36 to 40 hr and reached its maximum after 2 to 5 days. If lactose was added within the first 4 hr of incubation with abrus agglutinin no stimulation was observed.", "contents": "Stimulation of human lymphocytes by galactose-specific abrus and ricinus lectins. Human lymphocyte cultures were incubated with the nontoxic abrus agglutinin and with ricin B chain, and the incorporation of 3H thymidine was measured. Abrus agglutinin stimulated strongly the thymidine incorporation whereas ricin B chain had a much lesser effect. When galactose or lactose was added to the cultures together with the lectins, the abrus agglutinin and ricin B chain induced thymidine incorporation was strongly reduced. There was a linear relationship between the concentration of lectin and the concentration of lactose required for inhibition of lymphocyte stimulation. N-acetyl-galactosamine had a much lesser inhibiting effect and alpha-methyl-mannoside did not cause any inhibition. The abrus agglutinin induced thymidine incorporation was not demonstrable before 36 to 40 hr and reached its maximum after 2 to 5 days. If lactose was added within the first 4 hr of incubation with abrus agglutinin no stimulation was observed.", "PMID": 1176765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5868", "title": "Complement inhibitor(s) released by leukocytes. I. Pretreatment of sheep erythrocytes with supernatants of mouse spleen and thymus cells inhibit whole complement activity and C2 utilization.", "content": "Sheep erythrocytes pretreated with supernatants of mouse spleen or thymus cells become resistant to lysis by guinea pig complement. The inhibitory activity (IA) reduces the utilization of C2 by EAC14. Because IA binds to the surface of sheep erythrocytes and does not inhibit C1 irreversibly, it is probably a hitherto undescribed inhibitor of complement.", "contents": "Complement inhibitor(s) released by leukocytes. I. Pretreatment of sheep erythrocytes with supernatants of mouse spleen and thymus cells inhibit whole complement activity and C2 utilization. Sheep erythrocytes pretreated with supernatants of mouse spleen or thymus cells become resistant to lysis by guinea pig complement. The inhibitory activity (IA) reduces the utilization of C2 by EAC14. Because IA binds to the surface of sheep erythrocytes and does not inhibit C1 irreversibly, it is probably a hitherto undescribed inhibitor of complement.", "PMID": 1176766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5869", "title": "Complement inhibitor(s) released by leukocytes. III. Evidence for a \"new\" C1 inhibitor in the supernatants of short-term cultures of mouse spleen and thymus cells.", "content": "Mouse spleen or thymus cells in short-term culture release a factor, designated S, that binds to sheep erythrocytes (E). Supernatant-treated sheep erythrocytes (SE) are capable of fixing and transferring the activated first component of guinea pig complement. SEC1, however is not capable of initiating hemolysis by the rest of the complement components. SE is capable of binding but not activating native C1; native C1 bound to SE seems irreversibly inhibited. Evidence is presented that S may be the same factor as the previously described inhibitor released by mouse spleen or thymus cells that inhibits the utilization of C2 by EAC14.", "contents": "Complement inhibitor(s) released by leukocytes. III. Evidence for a \"new\" C1 inhibitor in the supernatants of short-term cultures of mouse spleen and thymus cells. Mouse spleen or thymus cells in short-term culture release a factor, designated S, that binds to sheep erythrocytes (E). Supernatant-treated sheep erythrocytes (SE) are capable of fixing and transferring the activated first component of guinea pig complement. SEC1, however is not capable of initiating hemolysis by the rest of the complement components. SE is capable of binding but not activating native C1; native C1 bound to SE seems irreversibly inhibited. Evidence is presented that S may be the same factor as the previously described inhibitor released by mouse spleen or thymus cells that inhibits the utilization of C2 by EAC14.", "PMID": 1176767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5870", "title": "Biologic properties of transplantation immune sera. IV. Influence of the course of immunization, dilution and complexing to antigen on enhancing activity of Ig classes.", "content": "The influence of the course of immunization on the facilitating-enhancing activity of antibody classes has been studied by passive enhancement of growth of A/JAX sarcomas in CBA and IC mice and of C57BL/6 EL 4 leukemia in BALB/c mice. The influence of dilution of antibodies and complexing to antigens was also studied. During immunization (with several boosters), the enhancing capacity of sera increased together with 7S IgG antibody activity, but showed no correlation with 19S IgM antibody activity. It also was mercaptoethanol resistant. IgG1 to be more enhancing than an equal number of hemagglutinating units of IgG2a. When concentrated on a small amount (10(5)) of target sarcoma I cells, complement-fixing IC anti-A antibodies were even inhibitory on Sa I allografted to IC recipients. Progressive dilutions reversed this situation, IgG1 activity disappearing and IgG2 acquiring enhancing activity. After complexing to corresponding antigens IgG2 also (and immune sera with inhibitory properties) acquired enhancing properties. These results may provide a basis for understanding the discrepancies between the results of several groups of authors studying the class(es) of enhancing anibodies.", "contents": "Biologic properties of transplantation immune sera. IV. Influence of the course of immunization, dilution and complexing to antigen on enhancing activity of Ig classes. The influence of the course of immunization on the facilitating-enhancing activity of antibody classes has been studied by passive enhancement of growth of A/JAX sarcomas in CBA and IC mice and of C57BL/6 EL 4 leukemia in BALB/c mice. The influence of dilution of antibodies and complexing to antigens was also studied. During immunization (with several boosters), the enhancing capacity of sera increased together with 7S IgG antibody activity, but showed no correlation with 19S IgM antibody activity. It also was mercaptoethanol resistant. IgG1 to be more enhancing than an equal number of hemagglutinating units of IgG2a. When concentrated on a small amount (10(5)) of target sarcoma I cells, complement-fixing IC anti-A antibodies were even inhibitory on Sa I allografted to IC recipients. Progressive dilutions reversed this situation, IgG1 activity disappearing and IgG2 acquiring enhancing activity. After complexing to corresponding antigens IgG2 also (and immune sera with inhibitory properties) acquired enhancing properties. These results may provide a basis for understanding the discrepancies between the results of several groups of authors studying the class(es) of enhancing anibodies.", "PMID": 1176768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5871", "title": "Comparison of the binding affinities of rabbit IgG fractions to the rabbit fetal yolk sac membrane: use of 22Na to facilitate quantitation of 125I-IgG binding.", "content": "Rabbit IgG was purified, Fr-1-(G-200)2, and then separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography into three major fractions, Fr-I, -II, and -III. Binding affinities of the 125I-labeled IgG and its fractions to the rabbit fetal yolk sac membrane were studied. At a concentration of 2 mg/ml, rabbit IgG is bound to the extent of 9 mug/cm2 membrane, whereas the values for fractions Fr-I, -II, and -III are 13, 7, and 5 mug/cm2, respectively. The maximal amount of IgG bound appears to be approximately the same, i.e., 23 mug of IgG/cm2 membrane, for Fr-1-(G-200)2 and its three fractions. In contrast, bovine IgG does not bind to the membrane over the range of concentration tested. Binding constants for Fr-1-(G-200)2, fraction Fr-I, -II, and -III are estimated to be 5.4, 8.6, 4.0 and 2.0 times 10(4) M-1, respectively. The binding affinities of IgG fractions to the yolk sac membrane correlate with the chemical and physicochemical properties of the fractions. Also detailed in the text is the use of 22Na to facilitate quantitation of specific binding of the 125I-IgG to the membrane under equilibrium conditions.", "contents": "Comparison of the binding affinities of rabbit IgG fractions to the rabbit fetal yolk sac membrane: use of 22Na to facilitate quantitation of 125I-IgG binding. Rabbit IgG was purified, Fr-1-(G-200)2, and then separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography into three major fractions, Fr-I, -II, and -III. Binding affinities of the 125I-labeled IgG and its fractions to the rabbit fetal yolk sac membrane were studied. At a concentration of 2 mg/ml, rabbit IgG is bound to the extent of 9 mug/cm2 membrane, whereas the values for fractions Fr-I, -II, and -III are 13, 7, and 5 mug/cm2, respectively. The maximal amount of IgG bound appears to be approximately the same, i.e., 23 mug of IgG/cm2 membrane, for Fr-1-(G-200)2 and its three fractions. In contrast, bovine IgG does not bind to the membrane over the range of concentration tested. Binding constants for Fr-1-(G-200)2, fraction Fr-I, -II, and -III are estimated to be 5.4, 8.6, 4.0 and 2.0 times 10(4) M-1, respectively. The binding affinities of IgG fractions to the yolk sac membrane correlate with the chemical and physicochemical properties of the fractions. Also detailed in the text is the use of 22Na to facilitate quantitation of specific binding of the 125I-IgG to the membrane under equilibrium conditions.", "PMID": 1176769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5872", "title": "Reactivity of rabbit antiserum to guinea pig eosinophils.", "content": "Although the eosinophil has been recognized as a distinctive cell type for almost 100 years, the major functions of these cells remain unknown. As an approach to defining these functions we have treated guinea pigs with rabbit antiserum to eosinophils (AES) in an attempt to ablate these cells from tissues. Rabbits were immunized thrice with purified eosinophils and the antisera were absorbed with peripheral blood cells from guinea pigs made eosinopenic with methyprednisolone to remove antibodies reactive with serum proteins and erythrocytes. The resulting sera reacted strongly with eosinophils in cytotoxicity tests and had weak or no reactivity with neutrophils. However, absorption of AES with purified neutrophils removed antieosinophil activity. Intraperitoneal injection of potent AES into guinea pigs resulted in complete absence of eosinophils from the peripheral blood and from the peritoneal cavity with only transient or no reduction in circulating neutrophils. Eosinophils were also reduced in bone marrow, spleen, and intestine. The ability of neutrophils to absorb AES activity in spite of weak reactivity in cytotoxicity tests may reflect a quantitative difference in antigenic determinants between eosinophils and neutrophils.", "contents": "Reactivity of rabbit antiserum to guinea pig eosinophils. Although the eosinophil has been recognized as a distinctive cell type for almost 100 years, the major functions of these cells remain unknown. As an approach to defining these functions we have treated guinea pigs with rabbit antiserum to eosinophils (AES) in an attempt to ablate these cells from tissues. Rabbits were immunized thrice with purified eosinophils and the antisera were absorbed with peripheral blood cells from guinea pigs made eosinopenic with methyprednisolone to remove antibodies reactive with serum proteins and erythrocytes. The resulting sera reacted strongly with eosinophils in cytotoxicity tests and had weak or no reactivity with neutrophils. However, absorption of AES with purified neutrophils removed antieosinophil activity. Intraperitoneal injection of potent AES into guinea pigs resulted in complete absence of eosinophils from the peripheral blood and from the peritoneal cavity with only transient or no reduction in circulating neutrophils. Eosinophils were also reduced in bone marrow, spleen, and intestine. The ability of neutrophils to absorb AES activity in spite of weak reactivity in cytotoxicity tests may reflect a quantitative difference in antigenic determinants between eosinophils and neutrophils.", "PMID": 1176770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5873", "title": "Peculiar secretory IgA system identified in chickens. II. Identification and distribution of free secretory component and immunoglobulins of IgA, IgM, and IgG in chicken external secretions.", "content": "A homologue of a free secretory component (SC) was identified in chicken intestinal secretion by criteria based on its antigenic relationship with intestinal secretory IgA (SIgA), molecular size, sugar content, and electrophoretic mobility, as well as its elution characteristic from ion-exchange chromatography. SC was obtained in a form free from IgA from the intestinal secretion by salting out and DEAE chromatography, followed by density ultracentrifuguation or Sephadex G-200 gel-filtration. However, the free SC revealed some antigenic deficiency when compared to bound SC of intestinal SIgA and showed a failure of binding to serum-type-polymeric IgA of biliary IgA in vitro. Several kinds of chicken external secretions were examined for detection of SC and immunoglobulin classes of IgG, IgA, and IgM. In spite of the wide distribution of immunoglobulins in the external secretions, SC antigen could be detected only in intestinal secretion. Most IgA in the secretions had a molecular structure of a tetramer of serum-type IgA, lacking in SC and having 17S to 18.5S and 600,000 to 700,000 daltons. On the other hand, IgA in the intestinal secretion showed close similarity to the mammalian SIgA, associated with SC and having 11.2S and 350,000 daltons. Presence of antibody activity in the intestinal IgA to avian reovirus was confirmed by plaque reduction tests.", "contents": "Peculiar secretory IgA system identified in chickens. II. Identification and distribution of free secretory component and immunoglobulins of IgA, IgM, and IgG in chicken external secretions. A homologue of a free secretory component (SC) was identified in chicken intestinal secretion by criteria based on its antigenic relationship with intestinal secretory IgA (SIgA), molecular size, sugar content, and electrophoretic mobility, as well as its elution characteristic from ion-exchange chromatography. SC was obtained in a form free from IgA from the intestinal secretion by salting out and DEAE chromatography, followed by density ultracentrifuguation or Sephadex G-200 gel-filtration. However, the free SC revealed some antigenic deficiency when compared to bound SC of intestinal SIgA and showed a failure of binding to serum-type-polymeric IgA of biliary IgA in vitro. Several kinds of chicken external secretions were examined for detection of SC and immunoglobulin classes of IgG, IgA, and IgM. In spite of the wide distribution of immunoglobulins in the external secretions, SC antigen could be detected only in intestinal secretion. Most IgA in the secretions had a molecular structure of a tetramer of serum-type IgA, lacking in SC and having 17S to 18.5S and 600,000 to 700,000 daltons. On the other hand, IgA in the intestinal secretion showed close similarity to the mammalian SIgA, associated with SC and having 11.2S and 350,000 daltons. Presence of antibody activity in the intestinal IgA to avian reovirus was confirmed by plaque reduction tests.", "PMID": 1176771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5874", "title": "Alloantiserum-mediated supperssion of Ir gene controlled antigen-induced lymphocyte activation: effect on uridine and leucine incorporation.", "content": "Antisera to guinea pig histocompatibility antigens specifically suppress Ir gene-controlled antigen-stimulated, DNA-synthetic responses in vitro. To define further the mechanisms of alloantiserum-mediated suppression and to utilize this suppression as a probe of the cellular events occurring during lymphocyte activation, we have examined the effects of alloantisera on 14C-leucine and 3H-uridine incorporation, earlier events after antigen stimulation. The RNA and protein synthetic responses of peritoneal exudate lymphocytes from immunized guinea pigs to DNP-GL (controlled by a strain 2-linked Ir gene) are 40 to 50% of maximum by 24 hr in culture and at or near maximum by 48 hr. DNA synthesis was only 2% of maximum at 24 hr and maximum at 72 hr. Comparisons of the degree of stimulation of the incorporation of all three precursors reveals an excellent correlation between leucine and uridine but poor correlation between leucine and thymidine. Despite the observed differences in time course of incorporation and magnitude of response, the susceptibility to suppression by alloantisera of all three responses was virtually identical. Anti-2 sera, added at the initiation of culture, completely suppress all three responses. If addition was delayed 8 hr, 50 to 60% suppression was still demonstrated, whereas only minimal suppression was evidenced if addition was delayed 18 hr. These results suggest that by 8 to 10 hr of incubation with antigen, the responding cells have undergone the necessary biochemical and structural changes to eventuate in an immune response; and, furthermore, that alloantisera do not suppress by blocking antigen access to, or release from, its lymphocyte membrane receptor, but rather by a dynamic alteration of the lymphocyte membrane surface which interferes with the stimulus being generated by the antigen-receptor complex.", "contents": "Alloantiserum-mediated supperssion of Ir gene controlled antigen-induced lymphocyte activation: effect on uridine and leucine incorporation. Antisera to guinea pig histocompatibility antigens specifically suppress Ir gene-controlled antigen-stimulated, DNA-synthetic responses in vitro. To define further the mechanisms of alloantiserum-mediated suppression and to utilize this suppression as a probe of the cellular events occurring during lymphocyte activation, we have examined the effects of alloantisera on 14C-leucine and 3H-uridine incorporation, earlier events after antigen stimulation. The RNA and protein synthetic responses of peritoneal exudate lymphocytes from immunized guinea pigs to DNP-GL (controlled by a strain 2-linked Ir gene) are 40 to 50% of maximum by 24 hr in culture and at or near maximum by 48 hr. DNA synthesis was only 2% of maximum at 24 hr and maximum at 72 hr. Comparisons of the degree of stimulation of the incorporation of all three precursors reveals an excellent correlation between leucine and uridine but poor correlation between leucine and thymidine. Despite the observed differences in time course of incorporation and magnitude of response, the susceptibility to suppression by alloantisera of all three responses was virtually identical. Anti-2 sera, added at the initiation of culture, completely suppress all three responses. If addition was delayed 8 hr, 50 to 60% suppression was still demonstrated, whereas only minimal suppression was evidenced if addition was delayed 18 hr. These results suggest that by 8 to 10 hr of incubation with antigen, the responding cells have undergone the necessary biochemical and structural changes to eventuate in an immune response; and, furthermore, that alloantisera do not suppress by blocking antigen access to, or release from, its lymphocyte membrane receptor, but rather by a dynamic alteration of the lymphocyte membrane surface which interferes with the stimulus being generated by the antigen-receptor complex.", "PMID": 1176772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5875", "title": "Splenic suppressor macrophages induced in mice by injection of Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "Spleen cells from C57BL/6N mice injected with killed Corynebacterium parvum (CP) had a marked growth inhibitory effect on the in vitro proliferation of RBL-5 murine lymphoma cells. It was most marked 12 to 14 days after injection and was usually no longer detectable later than 21 days. It could be demonstrated at effector cell to target ratios between 20:1 and 5:1 at which normal spleen cells had a growth-promoting effect. Addition of CP to an in vitro mixture of spleen cells and tumor cells augmented the inhibitory effect of spleen cells from CP-injected mice although it conferred no inhibitory potential on normal spleen cells. Growth inhibiton by CP spleen cells was not mediated by T cells and various depletion experiments suggested that the effector cells of the phenomenon were macrophages. Spleen cells of CP-injected mice also showed strongly depressed responses to the T cell mitogens PHA and Con A and suppressed the mitogen responses of syngeneic normal spleen cells. The characteristics of the suppressor cells mediating this effect appeared to be very similar to those inhibiting lymphoma cell growth. The responses to LPS were also strongly suppressed in mice injected with 2.1 mg of CP. However, after injection of one-tenth of the dose a relative sparing of the LPS response was noted, whereas the PHA response was still suppressed.", "contents": "Splenic suppressor macrophages induced in mice by injection of Corynebacterium parvum. Spleen cells from C57BL/6N mice injected with killed Corynebacterium parvum (CP) had a marked growth inhibitory effect on the in vitro proliferation of RBL-5 murine lymphoma cells. It was most marked 12 to 14 days after injection and was usually no longer detectable later than 21 days. It could be demonstrated at effector cell to target ratios between 20:1 and 5:1 at which normal spleen cells had a growth-promoting effect. Addition of CP to an in vitro mixture of spleen cells and tumor cells augmented the inhibitory effect of spleen cells from CP-injected mice although it conferred no inhibitory potential on normal spleen cells. Growth inhibiton by CP spleen cells was not mediated by T cells and various depletion experiments suggested that the effector cells of the phenomenon were macrophages. Spleen cells of CP-injected mice also showed strongly depressed responses to the T cell mitogens PHA and Con A and suppressed the mitogen responses of syngeneic normal spleen cells. The characteristics of the suppressor cells mediating this effect appeared to be very similar to those inhibiting lymphoma cell growth. The responses to LPS were also strongly suppressed in mice injected with 2.1 mg of CP. However, after injection of one-tenth of the dose a relative sparing of the LPS response was noted, whereas the PHA response was still suppressed.", "PMID": 1176773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5876", "title": "Receptors for IgG and complement in human spleen lymphoid cells. Preferential binding of particulate immune complexes through complement receptors.", "content": "Human lymphoid spleen cells attached to Petri dishes by poly-L-lysine bind 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes coated with IgG antibodies or complement but not uncoated erythrocytes or those coated with IgM antibodies. The number of erythrocytes bound through complement receptors is several times larger than that bound through IgG receptors. Increasing up to five times the number of IgG molecules on the red blood cells only leads to a slight increase of binding. However, the addition of complement to the IgG-coated erthrocytes increases 10 times the binding to spleen cells, even in the presence of an excess of normal IgG. These results can be explained by postulating that there is a larger number (or greater affinity) of spleen cell receptors for complement than that of spleen cell receptors for IgG.", "contents": "Receptors for IgG and complement in human spleen lymphoid cells. Preferential binding of particulate immune complexes through complement receptors. Human lymphoid spleen cells attached to Petri dishes by poly-L-lysine bind 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes coated with IgG antibodies or complement but not uncoated erythrocytes or those coated with IgM antibodies. The number of erythrocytes bound through complement receptors is several times larger than that bound through IgG receptors. Increasing up to five times the number of IgG molecules on the red blood cells only leads to a slight increase of binding. However, the addition of complement to the IgG-coated erthrocytes increases 10 times the binding to spleen cells, even in the presence of an excess of normal IgG. These results can be explained by postulating that there is a larger number (or greater affinity) of spleen cell receptors for complement than that of spleen cell receptors for IgG.", "PMID": 1176774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5877", "title": "Peanut agglutinin, a new mitogen that binds to galactosyl sites exposed after neuraminidase treatment.", "content": "Peanut agglutinin, purified by affinity chromatography, agglutinates lymphocytes from mouse, rat, guinea pig, and man only after their treatment with neuraminidase. However, it stimulates only neuraminidase-treated rat and human cells. A similar number cell surface receptors for peanut agglutinin was found on neuraminidase-treated rat and mouse lymphocytes although the latter cells were not stimulated by the lectin. Galactose specifically inhibited the agglutination and stimulation of lymphocytes by peanut agglutinin. Sequential treatment of lymphocytes with neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase markedly reduced the response of the cells to stimulation by peanut agglutinin, soybean agglutinin, and galactose oxidase. It is suggested that the same galactosyl residue may be the target for the initial step in triggering lymphocytes by the above mentioned mitogens.", "contents": "Peanut agglutinin, a new mitogen that binds to galactosyl sites exposed after neuraminidase treatment. Peanut agglutinin, purified by affinity chromatography, agglutinates lymphocytes from mouse, rat, guinea pig, and man only after their treatment with neuraminidase. However, it stimulates only neuraminidase-treated rat and human cells. A similar number cell surface receptors for peanut agglutinin was found on neuraminidase-treated rat and mouse lymphocytes although the latter cells were not stimulated by the lectin. Galactose specifically inhibited the agglutination and stimulation of lymphocytes by peanut agglutinin. Sequential treatment of lymphocytes with neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase markedly reduced the response of the cells to stimulation by peanut agglutinin, soybean agglutinin, and galactose oxidase. It is suggested that the same galactosyl residue may be the target for the initial step in triggering lymphocytes by the above mentioned mitogens.", "PMID": 1176775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5878", "title": "Immune response to a syngeneic mammary adenocarcinoma. III. Development of memory and suppressor functions modulating cellular cytotoxicity.", "content": "Measurement of the development of cytolytic activity by mammary tumor primed or unprimed syngeneic spleen cells on in vitro monolayers of the 13762 rat mammary tumor operationally defined several subpopulations of lymphoid cells involved in the cytotoxic response. In vitro sensitization of cells from Fischer 344 animals injected 2 to 10 days earlier with 2 x 10(7) viable tumor cells always resulted in a higher and earlier lytic response than cells from non-inoculated animals. Adoptive transfer of the same in vivo primed cells for 5 days in irradiated syngeneic hosts removed any cytotoxic cells originally present but subsequent in vitro sensitization still resulted in a higher and earlier cytolytic response. We defined such cells as \"memory\" cells for cytotoxicity. Memory cells were radiosensitive and specific for the immunizing target cell. In contrast to cells from animals inoculated for 3  to 10 days, cells obtained 11 and 12 days after immunization had a lower response than unprimed cells on vitro sensitization. The anamnestic response could be restored either by culturing 12-day primed cells in vitro for 2 days without antigen or by adoptive transfer for 5 days into irradiated syngeneic rats. This suggests that another population of cells is present in spleen and suppresses the conversion of memory to cytotoxic cells. A more direct measurement of suppressor cell function was obtained by coincubating tumor-primed and unprimed cells on monolayers during in vitro sensitization. Cells from animals bearing tumors for 5 to 10 days always caused an increase in the response of the mixed lymphocyte groups, whereas 11- to 13-day tumor primed cells always caused a marked decrease in the cytolytic response. These results suggest the following interpretation of the kinetics of cell-mediated cytotoxicity to syngeneic tumor inoculation. Cytotoxic cells appear about 6 days after immunization, reach peak levels 2 days later, and then decrease rapidly. Memory cells are generated at a faster rate, reach peak levels before maximum cytolytic activity, but are then functionally inhibited from converting into differentiated cytotoxic cells by a new population of suppressor cells which reach peak activity about 12 days after immunization.", "contents": "Immune response to a syngeneic mammary adenocarcinoma. III. Development of memory and suppressor functions modulating cellular cytotoxicity. Measurement of the development of cytolytic activity by mammary tumor primed or unprimed syngeneic spleen cells on in vitro monolayers of the 13762 rat mammary tumor operationally defined several subpopulations of lymphoid cells involved in the cytotoxic response. In vitro sensitization of cells from Fischer 344 animals injected 2 to 10 days earlier with 2 x 10(7) viable tumor cells always resulted in a higher and earlier lytic response than cells from non-inoculated animals. Adoptive transfer of the same in vivo primed cells for 5 days in irradiated syngeneic hosts removed any cytotoxic cells originally present but subsequent in vitro sensitization still resulted in a higher and earlier cytolytic response. We defined such cells as \"memory\" cells for cytotoxicity. Memory cells were radiosensitive and specific for the immunizing target cell. In contrast to cells from animals inoculated for 3  to 10 days, cells obtained 11 and 12 days after immunization had a lower response than unprimed cells on vitro sensitization. The anamnestic response could be restored either by culturing 12-day primed cells in vitro for 2 days without antigen or by adoptive transfer for 5 days into irradiated syngeneic rats. This suggests that another population of cells is present in spleen and suppresses the conversion of memory to cytotoxic cells. A more direct measurement of suppressor cell function was obtained by coincubating tumor-primed and unprimed cells on monolayers during in vitro sensitization. Cells from animals bearing tumors for 5 to 10 days always caused an increase in the response of the mixed lymphocyte groups, whereas 11- to 13-day tumor primed cells always caused a marked decrease in the cytolytic response. These results suggest the following interpretation of the kinetics of cell-mediated cytotoxicity to syngeneic tumor inoculation. Cytotoxic cells appear about 6 days after immunization, reach peak levels 2 days later, and then decrease rapidly. Memory cells are generated at a faster rate, reach peak levels before maximum cytolytic activity, but are then functionally inhibited from converting into differentiated cytotoxic cells by a new population of suppressor cells which reach peak activity about 12 days after immunization.", "PMID": 1176776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5879", "title": "The humoral response of mouse spleen cells to two types of sheep erythrocytes. III. A new VH region marker.", "content": "It was previously shown that there is multigene control of the response of mouse spleen cells to two types of sheep erythrocytes (H and L). Discriminator strains of mice make a much higher response to extra antigens found only on H SRBC than to the shared antigens found on both types of erythrocyte. Non-discriminator strains respond only to the shared antigens, making a response as great as the discriminator response to the extra antigens. In this study we have shown that the response to the extra antigen(s) on H SRBC is under the genetic control of a gene(s) located in the VH region near or to the left of the A5a, alpha 1, 3-dextran and NP makers.", "contents": "The humoral response of mouse spleen cells to two types of sheep erythrocytes. III. A new VH region marker. It was previously shown that there is multigene control of the response of mouse spleen cells to two types of sheep erythrocytes (H and L). Discriminator strains of mice make a much higher response to extra antigens found only on H SRBC than to the shared antigens found on both types of erythrocyte. Non-discriminator strains respond only to the shared antigens, making a response as great as the discriminator response to the extra antigens. In this study we have shown that the response to the extra antigen(s) on H SRBC is under the genetic control of a gene(s) located in the VH region near or to the left of the A5a, alpha 1, 3-dextran and NP makers.", "PMID": 1176777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5880", "title": "Isolation of the most immunoreactive antigenes of echinococcus granulosus from sheep hydatid fluid.", "content": "This paper describes a simplified procedure for obtaining purified Echinococcus granulosus antigens from sheep hydatid fluid by using affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose. The presence of two \"major\" antigens (4 and 5) was confirmed. Antigen 5 was isolated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antigen 4, eluted by diffusion from the gel, was seen to be \"contaminated\" by antigen 5 and was isolated by using anti-5 Sepharose-linked serum. These two major antigens were then tested separately against the sera of hydatidosis patients by using very simple immunolgic tests. The best results were obtained in passive hemagglutination with antigen 4. Antigen 4 is the most immunoreactive parasitic antigen; antibodies against it were found in the sera of all hydatidosis patients showing positive reaction. Apart from the direct use of this antigen in serologic tests, it appears possible to standarize the most frequently used and commerically available antigenic materials by titrating this component.", "contents": "Isolation of the most immunoreactive antigenes of echinococcus granulosus from sheep hydatid fluid. This paper describes a simplified procedure for obtaining purified Echinococcus granulosus antigens from sheep hydatid fluid by using affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose. The presence of two \"major\" antigens (4 and 5) was confirmed. Antigen 5 was isolated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antigen 4, eluted by diffusion from the gel, was seen to be \"contaminated\" by antigen 5 and was isolated by using anti-5 Sepharose-linked serum. These two major antigens were then tested separately against the sera of hydatidosis patients by using very simple immunolgic tests. The best results were obtained in passive hemagglutination with antigen 4. Antigen 4 is the most immunoreactive parasitic antigen; antibodies against it were found in the sera of all hydatidosis patients showing positive reaction. Apart from the direct use of this antigen in serologic tests, it appears possible to standarize the most frequently used and commerically available antigenic materials by titrating this component.", "PMID": 1176778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5881", "title": "Effects of retinoic acid on prostaglandin biosynthesis in guinea-pig skin.", "content": "Topical application of retinoic acid on guinea-pig skin resulted within 70 hours in erythema with a concomitant elevation of endogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the treated areas of the skin. Prolonged daily treatment resulted in the development of severe scaly dermatoses and a corresponding decrease in the level of PGE2 in the skin. Examination of retinoic acid effects on the in vitro biosynthesis of PGE2 from arachidonic acid by extracts from guinea-pig skin and sheep vesicular gland demonstrated that retinoic acid inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in a concentration and time-dependent manner. These results indicate that retinoic acid may exert a regulatory role on prostaglandin biosynthesis in the skin.", "contents": "Effects of retinoic acid on prostaglandin biosynthesis in guinea-pig skin. Topical application of retinoic acid on guinea-pig skin resulted within 70 hours in erythema with a concomitant elevation of endogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the treated areas of the skin. Prolonged daily treatment resulted in the development of severe scaly dermatoses and a corresponding decrease in the level of PGE2 in the skin. Examination of retinoic acid effects on the in vitro biosynthesis of PGE2 from arachidonic acid by extracts from guinea-pig skin and sheep vesicular gland demonstrated that retinoic acid inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in a concentration and time-dependent manner. These results indicate that retinoic acid may exert a regulatory role on prostaglandin biosynthesis in the skin.", "PMID": 1176787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5882", "title": "Age-related changes in the resident bacterial flora of the human face.", "content": "Quantitative levels of resident aerobic and anaerobic bacteria of the face, show a characteristic age-related pattern. The density of anaerobic diptheroids and surface aerobic micrococci is higher in infancy than in early childhood. At puberty the quantity of organisms increases, with significantly higher levels achieved in late adolescence. Maximum counts are attained in early adulthood and remain constant until old age when a trend toward lower numbers occurs. These changes seem to correlate with the production of sebum.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the resident bacterial flora of the human face. Quantitative levels of resident aerobic and anaerobic bacteria of the face, show a characteristic age-related pattern. The density of anaerobic diptheroids and surface aerobic micrococci is higher in infancy than in early childhood. At puberty the quantity of organisms increases, with significantly higher levels achieved in late adolescence. Maximum counts are attained in early adulthood and remain constant until old age when a trend toward lower numbers occurs. These changes seem to correlate with the production of sebum.", "PMID": 1176788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5883", "title": "The mode of growth of eccrine duct milia.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic studies were performed utilizing serial sections in 10 patients with secondary milia to clarify the incidence of eccrine duct milia and to demonstrate the life history of the milia. Out of 69 milia after blistering taken from 8 patients, 52 were found to connect with the eccrine sweat duct (75.4%) while only 1 connected with the hair follicle (1.5%). In the control group, of 4 milia taken from 2 patients, 2 were found to connect with the eccrine sweat duct and 1 with the hair follicle. Various degrees of milium formation were observed ranging from incomplete and having either concave-shape, U-shape, capped U-shape, or O-shape. The eccrine duct milia in all types possess structures resembling the epidermal sweat duct unit. The epithelial cells constituting the recess or cyst differ from epidermal cells.", "contents": "The mode of growth of eccrine duct milia. Light and electron microscopic studies were performed utilizing serial sections in 10 patients with secondary milia to clarify the incidence of eccrine duct milia and to demonstrate the life history of the milia. Out of 69 milia after blistering taken from 8 patients, 52 were found to connect with the eccrine sweat duct (75.4%) while only 1 connected with the hair follicle (1.5%). In the control group, of 4 milia taken from 2 patients, 2 were found to connect with the eccrine sweat duct and 1 with the hair follicle. Various degrees of milium formation were observed ranging from incomplete and having either concave-shape, U-shape, capped U-shape, or O-shape. The eccrine duct milia in all types possess structures resembling the epidermal sweat duct unit. The epithelial cells constituting the recess or cyst differ from epidermal cells.", "PMID": 1176789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5884", "title": "Mouse vaginal assay for topically effective chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "A number of chemotherapeutic drugs have been subjected to intravaginal testing in mice to measure their local inhibitory activity on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in vaginal epithelium. The drugs have been tested at various concentrations and in different vehicles and evaluated by autoradiographic techniques. Systemic absorption of the drugs was monitored by simultaneous study of the gastrointestinal mucosa of the rectum. Methotrexate inhibited deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA in both vaginal and rectal epithelium. Several lipid-soluble analogues of methotrexate were found to have no effect on deoxyuridine incorporation. Nitrogen mustard and emetine have been shown to selectively inhibit DNA and protein synthesis, respectively, without systemic effects. This animal assay system may be useful for predicting the effectiveness of potential drugs for the topical treatment of psoriasis.", "contents": "Mouse vaginal assay for topically effective chemotherapeutic agents. A number of chemotherapeutic drugs have been subjected to intravaginal testing in mice to measure their local inhibitory activity on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in vaginal epithelium. The drugs have been tested at various concentrations and in different vehicles and evaluated by autoradiographic techniques. Systemic absorption of the drugs was monitored by simultaneous study of the gastrointestinal mucosa of the rectum. Methotrexate inhibited deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA in both vaginal and rectal epithelium. Several lipid-soluble analogues of methotrexate were found to have no effect on deoxyuridine incorporation. Nitrogen mustard and emetine have been shown to selectively inhibit DNA and protein synthesis, respectively, without systemic effects. This animal assay system may be useful for predicting the effectiveness of potential drugs for the topical treatment of psoriasis.", "PMID": 1176790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5885", "title": "Effect of pharmacologic agents on human keratinocyte mitosis in vitro. III. Inhibition by histamine and methylated analogs.", "content": "Keratinocytes from normal human skin were propagated in vitro. Histamine at 2 times 10(-6) M inhibited mitosis 68%. The side-chain methylated analogs, n-methylhistamine and n,n-dimethylhistamine, produced an inhibitory response of 53 and 60%, respectively, at 1 times 10(-6) M. The side-chain acetylated analog, n-acetylhistamine, did not elicit an inhibitory response in concentrations as high as 1 times 10(-4) M. The ring-methylated analogs, 1-methylhistamine and 4-methylhistamine, produced some degree of mitotic inhibition at 1 times 10(-4) M. When the H1-blocking agent, pyrilamine, or the H2-blocking agent, metiamide, was added in conjunction with histamine, the histamine-induced mitotic inhibition was abolished. These data indicate that human keratinocytes may possess receptors for histamine which could play a role in the regulation of human keratinocyte proliferation in vivo.", "contents": "Effect of pharmacologic agents on human keratinocyte mitosis in vitro. III. Inhibition by histamine and methylated analogs. Keratinocytes from normal human skin were propagated in vitro. Histamine at 2 times 10(-6) M inhibited mitosis 68%. The side-chain methylated analogs, n-methylhistamine and n,n-dimethylhistamine, produced an inhibitory response of 53 and 60%, respectively, at 1 times 10(-6) M. The side-chain acetylated analog, n-acetylhistamine, did not elicit an inhibitory response in concentrations as high as 1 times 10(-4) M. The ring-methylated analogs, 1-methylhistamine and 4-methylhistamine, produced some degree of mitotic inhibition at 1 times 10(-4) M. When the H1-blocking agent, pyrilamine, or the H2-blocking agent, metiamide, was added in conjunction with histamine, the histamine-induced mitotic inhibition was abolished. These data indicate that human keratinocytes may possess receptors for histamine which could play a role in the regulation of human keratinocyte proliferation in vivo.", "PMID": 1176791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5886", "title": "Thermal analysis of human stratum corneum.", "content": "A thermal analysis technique has been developed and used to detect the melting of lipids and denaturation of proteins in stratum corneum. Trasitions were observed at 40 degrees C, 75 degrees C, 85 degrees C, and 107 degrees C. The transitions at 40 degrees C were attributed to the melting of lipids. The transition at 85 degrees C was identified as due to the denaturation of alpha-keratin, and the transition at 107 degrees C to the denaturation of a nonfibrous protein. It was found that alteration of the conformation of the nonfibrous protein changed the state of water absorbed, and that water contributed to the ordering of the lipid and protein. The thermal analysis technique may prove to be of value in studying the interaction of materials with skin.", "contents": "Thermal analysis of human stratum corneum. A thermal analysis technique has been developed and used to detect the melting of lipids and denaturation of proteins in stratum corneum. Trasitions were observed at 40 degrees C, 75 degrees C, 85 degrees C, and 107 degrees C. The transitions at 40 degrees C were attributed to the melting of lipids. The transition at 85 degrees C was identified as due to the denaturation of alpha-keratin, and the transition at 107 degrees C to the denaturation of a nonfibrous protein. It was found that alteration of the conformation of the nonfibrous protein changed the state of water absorbed, and that water contributed to the ordering of the lipid and protein. The thermal analysis technique may prove to be of value in studying the interaction of materials with skin.", "PMID": 1176792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5887", "title": "Elevated spermidine and spermine levels in the blood of psoriasis patients.", "content": "Samples of blood, anticoagulated with EDTA, from 11 patients with psoriasis and 11 individuals without psoriasis were analyzed for their polyamine content. The average spermidine level in patients with psoriasis was approximately twice that of the controls and the average spermine level was three times that of the controls. The level of spermidine and spermine in the skin of two patients with psoriasis were significantly depressed as compared to those of controls.", "contents": "Elevated spermidine and spermine levels in the blood of psoriasis patients. Samples of blood, anticoagulated with EDTA, from 11 patients with psoriasis and 11 individuals without psoriasis were analyzed for their polyamine content. The average spermidine level in patients with psoriasis was approximately twice that of the controls and the average spermine level was three times that of the controls. The level of spermidine and spermine in the skin of two patients with psoriasis were significantly depressed as compared to those of controls.", "PMID": 1176793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5888", "title": "Suppression of ultraviolet light-induced tumor formation by dietary antioxidants.", "content": "Dietary antioxidants were effective in reducing the number and severity of ultraviolet light-induced squamous cell carcinomas in skin of hairless mice. This and previous studies suggest that antioxidants may play a role in both inhibition of the primary event(s) involved in ultraviolet light-mediated tumor induction and the subsequent development of precancerous lesions into tumors.", "contents": "Suppression of ultraviolet light-induced tumor formation by dietary antioxidants. Dietary antioxidants were effective in reducing the number and severity of ultraviolet light-induced squamous cell carcinomas in skin of hairless mice. This and previous studies suggest that antioxidants may play a role in both inhibition of the primary event(s) involved in ultraviolet light-mediated tumor induction and the subsequent development of precancerous lesions into tumors.", "PMID": 1176794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5889", "title": "Inhibition of platelet adherence to damaged surface of rabbit aorta.", "content": "A method has been developed for quantitative measurement of adherence of rabbit platelets to the damaged intimal surface of everted segments of rabbit thoracic aorta. Platelets were labeled with 51Cr, washed, and resuspended in Tyrode solution containing 0.35 per cent albumin and apyrase. This suspending medium contains physiologic concentrations of calcium and magnesium; apyrase degrades any ADP lost from the platelets or from the damaged wall. Everted aorta segments were rotated in the platelet suspensions. Neither platelet aggregation nor lysis occurred and the platelets adhered to the subendothelium either as individual platelets or as a single layer. Damage caused by scraping the everted segments with a scalpel blade increased adherence 50-fold. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in vitro, or administered orally to the rabbits from which platelet suspensions were prepared, significantly reduced the number of platelets adherent to the damaged aorta wall. ASA affected only the platelets, and did not affect the damaged wall. Platelet adherence to the damaged wall was also reduced by the use of 4 per cent albumin in the suspending medium, or by the addition of citrate. Adherence of platelets resuspended in citrated plasma was low and further inhibition by ASA was not demonstrable. ASA may affect two aspects of thrombus formation: platelet adherence to subendothelial structures and the platelet release reaction induced by collagen (and possibly by other subendothelial structures). These studies show that ASA has a marked effect on adherence of platelets to subendothelium under conditions in which aggregation and thrombus formation are prevented.", "contents": "Inhibition of platelet adherence to damaged surface of rabbit aorta. A method has been developed for quantitative measurement of adherence of rabbit platelets to the damaged intimal surface of everted segments of rabbit thoracic aorta. Platelets were labeled with 51Cr, washed, and resuspended in Tyrode solution containing 0.35 per cent albumin and apyrase. This suspending medium contains physiologic concentrations of calcium and magnesium; apyrase degrades any ADP lost from the platelets or from the damaged wall. Everted aorta segments were rotated in the platelet suspensions. Neither platelet aggregation nor lysis occurred and the platelets adhered to the subendothelium either as individual platelets or as a single layer. Damage caused by scraping the everted segments with a scalpel blade increased adherence 50-fold. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in vitro, or administered orally to the rabbits from which platelet suspensions were prepared, significantly reduced the number of platelets adherent to the damaged aorta wall. ASA affected only the platelets, and did not affect the damaged wall. Platelet adherence to the damaged wall was also reduced by the use of 4 per cent albumin in the suspending medium, or by the addition of citrate. Adherence of platelets resuspended in citrated plasma was low and further inhibition by ASA was not demonstrable. ASA may affect two aspects of thrombus formation: platelet adherence to subendothelial structures and the platelet release reaction induced by collagen (and possibly by other subendothelial structures). These studies show that ASA has a marked effect on adherence of platelets to subendothelium under conditions in which aggregation and thrombus formation are prevented.", "PMID": 1176809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5890", "title": "The kinetics of the sol-gel transformation of deoxyhemoglobin S by continuous monitoring of viscosity.", "content": "By continuous monitoring of viscosity during the sol-gel transformation of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin a time: viscosity profile has been demonstrated that can be subdivided into: (1) initial lag phase, (2) gradual and minor increase in viscosity, (3) rapid and major (180 times initial value) increase in viscosity, (4) moderately rapid decrease in viscosity, and (5) achievement of equilibrium at approximately 50 per cent of maximum viscosity increase. The duration of the lag phase, rate of increase in viscosity, and maximum change are greatly influenced by hemoglobin concentration and markedly altered by temperature. Admixtures of hemoglobins A and F lengthen the lag phase and attenuate the rate of increase and magnitude of viscosity change according to proportions added and capacity to interact with deoxyhemoglobin S, but the general configuration of the curve is maintained. A different time: viscosity profile is obtained for mixtures of S and C hemoglobin that is lacking the phase with decreasing viscosity. Relevance to the pathophysiology of the sickling phenomenon is evidence because the quantitative and qualitative changes induced by variations in concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin S, temperature, amount and type of admixed hemoglobin (A, C, and F), ionic strength, and 2, 3-DPG are in agreement with their known effects upon the sickling of intact cells and upon the minimum gelling point of deoxyhemoglobin S. No final conclusions can be drawn concerning the extent or form of hemoglobin aggregation present in the various phases of the time: viscosity profile; however, the technique lends itself readily to obtaining samples at various points along the curve for additional studies such as electron microscopy and light scattering.", "contents": "The kinetics of the sol-gel transformation of deoxyhemoglobin S by continuous monitoring of viscosity. By continuous monitoring of viscosity during the sol-gel transformation of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin a time: viscosity profile has been demonstrated that can be subdivided into: (1) initial lag phase, (2) gradual and minor increase in viscosity, (3) rapid and major (180 times initial value) increase in viscosity, (4) moderately rapid decrease in viscosity, and (5) achievement of equilibrium at approximately 50 per cent of maximum viscosity increase. The duration of the lag phase, rate of increase in viscosity, and maximum change are greatly influenced by hemoglobin concentration and markedly altered by temperature. Admixtures of hemoglobins A and F lengthen the lag phase and attenuate the rate of increase and magnitude of viscosity change according to proportions added and capacity to interact with deoxyhemoglobin S, but the general configuration of the curve is maintained. A different time: viscosity profile is obtained for mixtures of S and C hemoglobin that is lacking the phase with decreasing viscosity. Relevance to the pathophysiology of the sickling phenomenon is evidence because the quantitative and qualitative changes induced by variations in concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin S, temperature, amount and type of admixed hemoglobin (A, C, and F), ionic strength, and 2, 3-DPG are in agreement with their known effects upon the sickling of intact cells and upon the minimum gelling point of deoxyhemoglobin S. No final conclusions can be drawn concerning the extent or form of hemoglobin aggregation present in the various phases of the time: viscosity profile; however, the technique lends itself readily to obtaining samples at various points along the curve for additional studies such as electron microscopy and light scattering.", "PMID": 1176810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5891", "title": "In vivo evidence for the functional heterogeneity of transferrin-bound iron. III. Studies of transferrin at high and low iron saturation.", "content": "The functional heterogeneity of the transferrin iron pool of rats was studied by means of selective radioiron labeling of transferrin at high and low iron saturations. A sample of iron-poor plasma transferrin brought to 90 per cent iron saturation by the addition of 59Fe-nitrilotriacetate was mixed with a similarly labeled plasma sample of 55Fe-transferrin at 10 per cent iron saturation. The mixture was injected intravenously into groups of normal rats which were killed after 30 minutes, 3, and 24 hours for measurement of the distribution of the 59Fe and 55Fe in various tissues. 59Fe from diferric transferrin disappeared more rapidly from plasma and was preferentially removed by red blood cells, bone marrow, liver, and spleen. This phenomenon was most apparent at 30 minutes and 3 hours with little difference in the distribution of 59Fe and 55Fe at 24 hours. These studies add further support for the Fletcher-Huehns hypothesis of the functional heterogeneity of the transferrin iron pool in the rat.", "contents": "In vivo evidence for the functional heterogeneity of transferrin-bound iron. III. Studies of transferrin at high and low iron saturation. The functional heterogeneity of the transferrin iron pool of rats was studied by means of selective radioiron labeling of transferrin at high and low iron saturations. A sample of iron-poor plasma transferrin brought to 90 per cent iron saturation by the addition of 59Fe-nitrilotriacetate was mixed with a similarly labeled plasma sample of 55Fe-transferrin at 10 per cent iron saturation. The mixture was injected intravenously into groups of normal rats which were killed after 30 minutes, 3, and 24 hours for measurement of the distribution of the 59Fe and 55Fe in various tissues. 59Fe from diferric transferrin disappeared more rapidly from plasma and was preferentially removed by red blood cells, bone marrow, liver, and spleen. This phenomenon was most apparent at 30 minutes and 3 hours with little difference in the distribution of 59Fe and 55Fe at 24 hours. These studies add further support for the Fletcher-Huehns hypothesis of the functional heterogeneity of the transferrin iron pool in the rat.", "PMID": 1176811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5892", "title": "The determination of leukocyte phagocytic oxidase activity by measurement of the initial rate of stimulated oxygen consumption.", "content": "A method for the estimation of leukocyte phagocytic oxidase activity is described, which is based upon the polarographic measurement of the initial rate of oxygen consumption of peripheral blood leukocyte suspensions during maximally active phagocytosis. Mean values are presented for 22 normal donors, and the effects of centrifugal force, serial washing, temperature of storage, and the presence of platelets in the incubation mixture are described and discussed.", "contents": "The determination of leukocyte phagocytic oxidase activity by measurement of the initial rate of stimulated oxygen consumption. A method for the estimation of leukocyte phagocytic oxidase activity is described, which is based upon the polarographic measurement of the initial rate of oxygen consumption of peripheral blood leukocyte suspensions during maximally active phagocytosis. Mean values are presented for 22 normal donors, and the effects of centrifugal force, serial washing, temperature of storage, and the presence of platelets in the incubation mixture are described and discussed.", "PMID": 1176812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5893", "title": "Degradation of insulin in serum by insulin-specific protease.", "content": "The effect of insulin specific protease (ISP) in degrading plasma insulin over a wide concentration range was studied. In sera containing more than 50 muU per milliliter, more than 85 per cent of the insulin was destroyed. However, a smaller percentage of the hormone was degraded in sera containing less than 20 muU per milliliter and the results were highly variable. The residual insulin-like immunoreactivity in plasma after exposure to ISP thus represents both undegraded insulin as well as proinsulin. These findings explain the higher plasma proinsulin values obtained by the enzyme method when compared to gel filtration.", "contents": "Degradation of insulin in serum by insulin-specific protease. The effect of insulin specific protease (ISP) in degrading plasma insulin over a wide concentration range was studied. In sera containing more than 50 muU per milliliter, more than 85 per cent of the insulin was destroyed. However, a smaller percentage of the hormone was degraded in sera containing less than 20 muU per milliliter and the results were highly variable. The residual insulin-like immunoreactivity in plasma after exposure to ISP thus represents both undegraded insulin as well as proinsulin. These findings explain the higher plasma proinsulin values obtained by the enzyme method when compared to gel filtration.", "PMID": 1176813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5894", "title": "In vitro uptake of calcium by dermis of patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum.", "content": "The calcification of dermal elastic fibers is a characteristic feature of affected skin from patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). Punch biopsies of normal skin and of affected and unaffected skin from patients with PXE were obtained to study dermal calcification in vitro. Before incubation, the calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus content of normal and PXE unaffected dermis were similar and that of PXE affected dermis was significantly higher. Dermal samples were incubated for 2 and 4 days at 37 degrees C. in a calcium phosphate buffer and the Ca and P content were measured. After 4 days of incubation, both PXE affected and unaffected dermis took up significantly more Ca and PO4 than normal dermis. Thus in vitro uptake study could clearly distinguish between normal and PXE dermis. PXE is a disease of variable expression and mild or subclinical forms are difficult to diagnose. Dermal biopsies from clinicallu normal relatives of patients with PXE were obtained and the in vitro uptake of Ca and PO4 was measured. The results show that several of these individuals had elevated uptakes of Ca and PO4 similar to the unaffected dermis of the PXE patient. The results suggest that this test may be used as a diagnostic aid in the detection of individuals with mild forms of PXE and may be a genetic marker for PXE.", "contents": "In vitro uptake of calcium by dermis of patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum. The calcification of dermal elastic fibers is a characteristic feature of affected skin from patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). Punch biopsies of normal skin and of affected and unaffected skin from patients with PXE were obtained to study dermal calcification in vitro. Before incubation, the calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus content of normal and PXE unaffected dermis were similar and that of PXE affected dermis was significantly higher. Dermal samples were incubated for 2 and 4 days at 37 degrees C. in a calcium phosphate buffer and the Ca and P content were measured. After 4 days of incubation, both PXE affected and unaffected dermis took up significantly more Ca and PO4 than normal dermis. Thus in vitro uptake study could clearly distinguish between normal and PXE dermis. PXE is a disease of variable expression and mild or subclinical forms are difficult to diagnose. Dermal biopsies from clinicallu normal relatives of patients with PXE were obtained and the in vitro uptake of Ca and PO4 was measured. The results show that several of these individuals had elevated uptakes of Ca and PO4 similar to the unaffected dermis of the PXE patient. The results suggest that this test may be used as a diagnostic aid in the detection of individuals with mild forms of PXE and may be a genetic marker for PXE.", "PMID": 1176814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5895", "title": "Rheological properties of fibrin clots. Effects of fibrinogen concentration, Factor XIII deficiency, and Factor XIII inhibition.", "content": "The effect of fibrinogen concentration, Factor XIII deficiency, and Factor XIII inhibition, utilizing hydroxylamine, on the formation of clot structure in vitro was studied in human platelet-free plasma systems. Rheological and biochemical techniques were employed to relate changes in clot elasticity and viscosity to clot structure formation following recalcification of citrate anticoagulated samples. Classical theories of linear viscoelasticity for swollen crosslinked materials were shown to give an excellent estimate of the number of covalent crosslinks per fibrin monomer, which is directly attainable from rheological data. SDS gel electrophoresis was utilized to show qualitatively that decreases in maximum clot elasticity, at constant fibrinogen concentration, are directly related to a decrease in Factor XIII-mediated intermolecular crosslinking. The use of the technique to investigate both kinetic and equilibrium crosslinking (or structure formation) abnormalities in plasma systems is discussed.", "contents": "Rheological properties of fibrin clots. Effects of fibrinogen concentration, Factor XIII deficiency, and Factor XIII inhibition. The effect of fibrinogen concentration, Factor XIII deficiency, and Factor XIII inhibition, utilizing hydroxylamine, on the formation of clot structure in vitro was studied in human platelet-free plasma systems. Rheological and biochemical techniques were employed to relate changes in clot elasticity and viscosity to clot structure formation following recalcification of citrate anticoagulated samples. Classical theories of linear viscoelasticity for swollen crosslinked materials were shown to give an excellent estimate of the number of covalent crosslinks per fibrin monomer, which is directly attainable from rheological data. SDS gel electrophoresis was utilized to show qualitatively that decreases in maximum clot elasticity, at constant fibrinogen concentration, are directly related to a decrease in Factor XIII-mediated intermolecular crosslinking. The use of the technique to investigate both kinetic and equilibrium crosslinking (or structure formation) abnormalities in plasma systems is discussed.", "PMID": 1176815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5896", "title": "Normal vitamin B12 turnover in subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord.", "content": "Vitamin B12 turnover studies were carried out in 2 patients with pernicious anemia and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. The retention of a tracer dose (0.5 mug) of intravenously administered 58Co-labeled vitamin B12 in these 2 patients was measured by whole-body monitoring over periods of 94 and 134 days. Vitamin B12 turnover (per cent per day) was calculated and the results compared with normal subjects and with pernicious anemia patients having no neurologic dysfunction. The loss of radioactive-B12 from the body was described by a single exponential model, confirming that the loss of vitamin B12 takes place as though from a single pool. There was no difference in vitamin B12 turnover between the patients with subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord and normal subjects or other pernicious anemia patients without neurologic involvement. These findings contradict the suggestion that the development of neuropathy in vitamin B12 deficiency might be related to an increased requirement for vitamin B12.", "contents": "Normal vitamin B12 turnover in subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. Vitamin B12 turnover studies were carried out in 2 patients with pernicious anemia and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. The retention of a tracer dose (0.5 mug) of intravenously administered 58Co-labeled vitamin B12 in these 2 patients was measured by whole-body monitoring over periods of 94 and 134 days. Vitamin B12 turnover (per cent per day) was calculated and the results compared with normal subjects and with pernicious anemia patients having no neurologic dysfunction. The loss of radioactive-B12 from the body was described by a single exponential model, confirming that the loss of vitamin B12 takes place as though from a single pool. There was no difference in vitamin B12 turnover between the patients with subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord and normal subjects or other pernicious anemia patients without neurologic involvement. These findings contradict the suggestion that the development of neuropathy in vitamin B12 deficiency might be related to an increased requirement for vitamin B12.", "PMID": 1176816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5897", "title": "Microchromatography of hemoglobins. II. A simplified procedure for the determination of hemoglobin A2.", "content": "A modification of the microchromatographic procedure for Hb-A2 which utilizes DEAE-cellulose (Reference 1) allows the quantitation of Hb-A2 without interference from any Hb-S in the sample. Elution of Hb-A2 with a glycine-KCN developer is much less sensitive to minor change in pH of the developer, but is greatly dependent on the pH of the ion exchanger.", "contents": "Microchromatography of hemoglobins. II. A simplified procedure for the determination of hemoglobin A2. A modification of the microchromatographic procedure for Hb-A2 which utilizes DEAE-cellulose (Reference 1) allows the quantitation of Hb-A2 without interference from any Hb-S in the sample. Elution of Hb-A2 with a glycine-KCN developer is much less sensitive to minor change in pH of the developer, but is greatly dependent on the pH of the ion exchanger.", "PMID": 1176817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5898", "title": "Evaluation of a cytocentrifuge method for measuring neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis.", "content": "An in vitro method for the assessment of neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis employing a cytocentrifuge has been evaluated. The cytocentrifuge is used to directly sediment leukocytes on a Millipore filter, and thus (1) eliminates errors due to abnormal or unequal settling of the cells and (2) eliminates the need for serum, plasma, or albumin on the cell side of the chemotactic chamber to obtain optimal chemotaxis. In addition, other advantages of the method are that it requires smaller volumes of blood, less handling of the cells, and less time is required for visual counting of the neutrophils. The method has been utilized to assess chemotactic activity of neutrophils from 80 control subjects and over 100 patients with various diseases and to study the effects of various pharmacologic agents on neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness.", "contents": "Evaluation of a cytocentrifuge method for measuring neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis. An in vitro method for the assessment of neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis employing a cytocentrifuge has been evaluated. The cytocentrifuge is used to directly sediment leukocytes on a Millipore filter, and thus (1) eliminates errors due to abnormal or unequal settling of the cells and (2) eliminates the need for serum, plasma, or albumin on the cell side of the chemotactic chamber to obtain optimal chemotaxis. In addition, other advantages of the method are that it requires smaller volumes of blood, less handling of the cells, and less time is required for visual counting of the neutrophils. The method has been utilized to assess chemotactic activity of neutrophils from 80 control subjects and over 100 patients with various diseases and to study the effects of various pharmacologic agents on neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness.", "PMID": 1176818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5899", "title": "Congenital achalasia of the oesophagus in children.", "content": "Nine cases of congenital achalasia of the cardia in children are reported, of which four were below 1 year old and recording the youngest age of 3 months. A hereditary element is present in four children. Association with Hirschsprung's disease of the colon in one case and with hiatal hernia in another case, favours a more generalized neuromuscular pathology than a simple spasm of the cardia.", "contents": "Congenital achalasia of the oesophagus in children. Nine cases of congenital achalasia of the cardia in children are reported, of which four were below 1 year old and recording the youngest age of 3 months. A hereditary element is present in four children. Association with Hirschsprung's disease of the colon in one case and with hiatal hernia in another case, favours a more generalized neuromuscular pathology than a simple spasm of the cardia.", "PMID": 1176820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5900", "title": "Rupture of the round window membrane.", "content": "A perilymph leak into the middle ear through a ruptured round window membrane results in the symptoms of hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo, either singly or in combination. The case histories of thirteen patients with such a fistula are described, these patients having in common a predisposing incident which had led to a rise of C.S.F. pressure. Symptomatology and the results of investigation are analysed and operative technique and results discussed. While it appears that vertigo uniformly responds very satisfactorily to operative treatment the improvement in hearing loss and tinnitus is more difficult to predict.", "contents": "Rupture of the round window membrane. A perilymph leak into the middle ear through a ruptured round window membrane results in the symptoms of hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo, either singly or in combination. The case histories of thirteen patients with such a fistula are described, these patients having in common a predisposing incident which had led to a rise of C.S.F. pressure. Symptomatology and the results of investigation are analysed and operative technique and results discussed. While it appears that vertigo uniformly responds very satisfactorily to operative treatment the improvement in hearing loss and tinnitus is more difficult to predict.", "PMID": 1176821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5901", "title": "Septoplasty. Rational surgery of the nasal septum.", "content": "The Submucous Resection (S.M.R.) operation ascribed to Killian, still widely taught as the standard surgical treatment of obstructive septal deformities, has serious deficiencies in many common clinical situations. The reasons for this are critically discussed in the light of the surgical anatomy and physiology of the nose as a whole. The rational, conservative and versatile principle of septoplasty has evolved over half a century, until today the author considers that it should largely supersed the old S.M.R. The principles and the indications for septoplasty are discussed. The basic septoplasty procedure used by the author is described with practical details, together with all the variations and extensions possible as far as a complete septo-rhinoplasty. The importance is stressed of accurate assessment of the whole nasal problem and precise correction of all primary and secondary obstructive factors.", "contents": "Septoplasty. Rational surgery of the nasal septum. The Submucous Resection (S.M.R.) operation ascribed to Killian, still widely taught as the standard surgical treatment of obstructive septal deformities, has serious deficiencies in many common clinical situations. The reasons for this are critically discussed in the light of the surgical anatomy and physiology of the nose as a whole. The rational, conservative and versatile principle of septoplasty has evolved over half a century, until today the author considers that it should largely supersed the old S.M.R. The principles and the indications for septoplasty are discussed. The basic septoplasty procedure used by the author is described with practical details, together with all the variations and extensions possible as far as a complete septo-rhinoplasty. The importance is stressed of accurate assessment of the whole nasal problem and precise correction of all primary and secondary obstructive factors.", "PMID": 1176824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5902", "title": "Laryngocoele.", "content": "All cases of laryngocoele in the English literature have been reviewed and a further nine added, making a total of 139. The sex incidence is 5:I in favour of men, and the maximum age incidence is in the sixth decade. Approximately two out of three laryngocoeles are unilateral and they may be combined, external or internal, with roughly equal frequency; about 8 per cent become infected and present as pyocoele. The commonest presenting symptoms are hoarseness and a lump in the neck, with almost equal frequency. There is only one case on record where the laryngocoele could have been caused by prolonged and repeated blowing against resistance. This factor appears to play no part in the cause of laryngocoele though increased air pressure in the larynx may make an already existing laryngocoele manifest; this increased air pressure may be caused by a co-existing carcinoma. Laryngocoeles appear to be an atavistic remnant from the higher apes, particularly those who use their arms with the thoracic cage fixed whilst swinging through the trees.", "contents": "Laryngocoele. All cases of laryngocoele in the English literature have been reviewed and a further nine added, making a total of 139. The sex incidence is 5:I in favour of men, and the maximum age incidence is in the sixth decade. Approximately two out of three laryngocoeles are unilateral and they may be combined, external or internal, with roughly equal frequency; about 8 per cent become infected and present as pyocoele. The commonest presenting symptoms are hoarseness and a lump in the neck, with almost equal frequency. There is only one case on record where the laryngocoele could have been caused by prolonged and repeated blowing against resistance. This factor appears to play no part in the cause of laryngocoele though increased air pressure in the larynx may make an already existing laryngocoele manifest; this increased air pressure may be caused by a co-existing carcinoma. Laryngocoeles appear to be an atavistic remnant from the higher apes, particularly those who use their arms with the thoracic cage fixed whilst swinging through the trees.", "PMID": 1176826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5903", "title": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx.", "content": "A case of rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx in a 54-year-old man is reported. Patient presented dramatically with a large tumour mass obstructing his laryngeal inlet. The patient remains alive and well sixteen months after a total laryngectomy. Only seven previous reports of a rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx could be found in the literature and these are compared with the case reported. It would seem that a rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx has a better prognosis than elsewhere in the body, probably because of its earlier recognition and accessibility to radical surgery.", "contents": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx. A case of rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx in a 54-year-old man is reported. Patient presented dramatically with a large tumour mass obstructing his laryngeal inlet. The patient remains alive and well sixteen months after a total laryngectomy. Only seven previous reports of a rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx could be found in the literature and these are compared with the case reported. It would seem that a rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx has a better prognosis than elsewhere in the body, probably because of its earlier recognition and accessibility to radical surgery.", "PMID": 1176829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5904", "title": "Cryo-labyrinthectomy for post-mastoidectomy vertigo.", "content": "A case of severe vertigo, following multiple operations for chronic suppurative otitis media is described. Sensitive nystagmus-producing spots in the mastoid cavity were treated by cryosurgery. Despite the absence of histological evidence of sensory epithelium or nerve endings, a good result was obtained.", "contents": "Cryo-labyrinthectomy for post-mastoidectomy vertigo. A case of severe vertigo, following multiple operations for chronic suppurative otitis media is described. Sensitive nystagmus-producing spots in the mastoid cavity were treated by cryosurgery. Despite the absence of histological evidence of sensory epithelium or nerve endings, a good result was obtained.", "PMID": 1176830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5905", "title": "Tissue distribution of cholesterol feedback control in the guinea pig.", "content": "The level of cholesterol synthesis and the activity of the cholesterol feedback system were studied in tissue slices from a number of organs of the guinea pig. In contrast to the tissue distribution of sterol synthesis in the rat, liver slices of the guinea pig have a low rate of sterologenesis, with ileum and lung being the most active sterologenic tissues. More surprising, all tissues studied in the guinea pig, including lung, ileum, and brain, were shown to possess an active cholesterol feedback system. The basis for the widespread organ distribution of cholesterol feedback control in the guinea pig is probably the ability of the various tissues of the guinea pig to take up and concentrate exogenous cholesterol and is not the result of any inherent differences in the lipoprotein composition in this species.", "contents": "Tissue distribution of cholesterol feedback control in the guinea pig. The level of cholesterol synthesis and the activity of the cholesterol feedback system were studied in tissue slices from a number of organs of the guinea pig. In contrast to the tissue distribution of sterol synthesis in the rat, liver slices of the guinea pig have a low rate of sterologenesis, with ileum and lung being the most active sterologenic tissues. More surprising, all tissues studied in the guinea pig, including lung, ileum, and brain, were shown to possess an active cholesterol feedback system. The basis for the widespread organ distribution of cholesterol feedback control in the guinea pig is probably the ability of the various tissues of the guinea pig to take up and concentrate exogenous cholesterol and is not the result of any inherent differences in the lipoprotein composition in this species.", "PMID": 1176831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5906", "title": "Interactions of cationic bile salt derivatives with the ileal bile salt transport system.", "content": "Previous structure-activity studies of the active ileal bile salt transport system have demonstrated that a single negative charge on the side chain is essential for active transport. Furthermore, mutual inhibition studies between different pairs of bile salt substrates indicated that dihydroxy bile salts had a greater apparent affinity for the transport system than the trihydroxylated compounds and triketo bile salts had the least such affinity. In this study, a series of cationic bile salt derivatives (cholamine conjugates) were prepared with one, two, and three alpha-hydroxyl groups on the steroid moiety. Based on the previous observations one would expect (1) no active transport of any of the cholamine conjugates by the ileal transport system; (2) interaction of these compounds with the transport system in such a way as to inhibit the transport of bile salts, with inhibition potency of the transport of any single bile salt inversely related to the number of hydroxyl groups present on the cholamine conjugate; and (3) transport of triketo anionic bile salts to be most readily inhibited, trihydroxy compounds less readily inhibited, and dihydroxy bile salts least inhibited. Using everted gut sac preparations it was demonstrated that all three aforementioned expectations did occur. Furthermore, reversible inhibition of ileal absorption of taurocholate and the bile salt derivative taurodehydrocholate could be demonstrated in vivo. The dihydroxy cholamine conjugates were better inhibitors than the trihydroxy compound. Relative specificity for the bile salt system of these cationic bile salt derivatives was demonstrated in the in vivo preparation by comparing its inhibition of taurodehydrocholate absorption with their lesser capacity to inhibit glucose transport.", "contents": "Interactions of cationic bile salt derivatives with the ileal bile salt transport system. Previous structure-activity studies of the active ileal bile salt transport system have demonstrated that a single negative charge on the side chain is essential for active transport. Furthermore, mutual inhibition studies between different pairs of bile salt substrates indicated that dihydroxy bile salts had a greater apparent affinity for the transport system than the trihydroxylated compounds and triketo bile salts had the least such affinity. In this study, a series of cationic bile salt derivatives (cholamine conjugates) were prepared with one, two, and three alpha-hydroxyl groups on the steroid moiety. Based on the previous observations one would expect (1) no active transport of any of the cholamine conjugates by the ileal transport system; (2) interaction of these compounds with the transport system in such a way as to inhibit the transport of bile salts, with inhibition potency of the transport of any single bile salt inversely related to the number of hydroxyl groups present on the cholamine conjugate; and (3) transport of triketo anionic bile salts to be most readily inhibited, trihydroxy compounds less readily inhibited, and dihydroxy bile salts least inhibited. Using everted gut sac preparations it was demonstrated that all three aforementioned expectations did occur. Furthermore, reversible inhibition of ileal absorption of taurocholate and the bile salt derivative taurodehydrocholate could be demonstrated in vivo. The dihydroxy cholamine conjugates were better inhibitors than the trihydroxy compound. Relative specificity for the bile salt system of these cationic bile salt derivatives was demonstrated in the in vivo preparation by comparing its inhibition of taurodehydrocholate absorption with their lesser capacity to inhibit glucose transport.", "PMID": 1176832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5907", "title": "Tocopherol in human platelets.", "content": "A spectrophotometric method was used to determine the total tocopherol levels in platelets, plasma, and erythrocytes from human subjects. The platelets contained about three times as much total tocopherol per cell as erythrocytes. This difference was not related to the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in platelets and erythrocytes. In vitro incubation resulted in significant uptake of tocopherol by plasma and RBC, whereas no uptake was observed into platelets. A 3-month period of tocopherol treatment increased the level of tocopherol in plasma and erythrocytes, whereas the platelet level was unchanged. Tocopherol treatment did not interfere with platelet function or platelet lipid metabolism. The tocopherol fractions of platelets, red cells, and plasma were similar, and alpha-tocopherol was the main fraction.", "contents": "Tocopherol in human platelets. A spectrophotometric method was used to determine the total tocopherol levels in platelets, plasma, and erythrocytes from human subjects. The platelets contained about three times as much total tocopherol per cell as erythrocytes. This difference was not related to the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in platelets and erythrocytes. In vitro incubation resulted in significant uptake of tocopherol by plasma and RBC, whereas no uptake was observed into platelets. A 3-month period of tocopherol treatment increased the level of tocopherol in plasma and erythrocytes, whereas the platelet level was unchanged. Tocopherol treatment did not interfere with platelet function or platelet lipid metabolism. The tocopherol fractions of platelets, red cells, and plasma were similar, and alpha-tocopherol was the main fraction.", "PMID": 1176833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5908", "title": "A simplified procedure for synthesis of di-[14C]acyl-labeled lecithins.", "content": "A simplified procedure for synthesis of 1,2-di-[1'-14C]oleoyl-, 1,2-di-[1'-14C]linoleoyl-, and 1,2-di-[1'-14C]eicosatrienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine is described. The method involves acylation of the CdCl2 complex of glycerophosphorylcholine with a 14C-labeled fatty acid in the presence of trifluoracetic anhydride and pyridine. The 14C-labeled lecithin is isolated in pure form by preparative thin-layer chromatography and alumina column chromatography in an overall yield of 12-24%. No isomerization or peroxidation of the unsaturated acids was detected.", "contents": "A simplified procedure for synthesis of di-[14C]acyl-labeled lecithins. A simplified procedure for synthesis of 1,2-di-[1'-14C]oleoyl-, 1,2-di-[1'-14C]linoleoyl-, and 1,2-di-[1'-14C]eicosatrienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine is described. The method involves acylation of the CdCl2 complex of glycerophosphorylcholine with a 14C-labeled fatty acid in the presence of trifluoracetic anhydride and pyridine. The 14C-labeled lecithin is isolated in pure form by preparative thin-layer chromatography and alumina column chromatography in an overall yield of 12-24%. No isomerization or peroxidation of the unsaturated acids was detected.", "PMID": 1176834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5909", "title": "A simple, rapid method for measurement of acetate in tissue and serum.", "content": "A simple and rapid method is described for determining the free acetate concentration in liver and serum. After extraction, the acetate is converted to its benzyl ester by thermal degradation of its benzyldimethylphenylammonium salt in the vaporizer of a gas chromatography. Good quantitation is achieved in the range of 0.033-2.5 mumoles of acetate per gram of liver or per milliliter of serum.", "contents": "A simple, rapid method for measurement of acetate in tissue and serum. A simple and rapid method is described for determining the free acetate concentration in liver and serum. After extraction, the acetate is converted to its benzyl ester by thermal degradation of its benzyldimethylphenylammonium salt in the vaporizer of a gas chromatography. Good quantitation is achieved in the range of 0.033-2.5 mumoles of acetate per gram of liver or per milliliter of serum.", "PMID": 1176835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5910", "title": "Millipore filter assay for long-chain fatty acid:CoASH ligase activity using 3H-labeled coenzyme A.", "content": "A novel radiochemical assay for long-chain fatty acid:CoASH ligase activity (AMP) (EC 6.2.1.3) has been developed based on the conversion of [3H]CoASH to long-chain fatty acyl CoA. Fatty acyl [3H]CoA was quantitatively retained on Millipore filters upon filtration of the acidified reaction mixture under conditions where the [3H]CoASH was not retained. The assay was developed using microsomes derived from isolated fat cells as the source of fatty acid:CoASH ligase activity. The assay performed at 25 degrees C for 10 min was linear with added microsomal protein up to 7 mug. The assay was linear with time up to 24 min when 1 mug of protein was employed. Fatty acid:CoASH ligase activity was strongly dependent on ATP and magnesium, was stimulated by Triton WR-1339, and was two- to fivefold dependent on added fatty acid. The filter assay is easier than existing assays based on incorporation of labeled fatty acid and is equally sensitive.", "contents": "Millipore filter assay for long-chain fatty acid:CoASH ligase activity using 3H-labeled coenzyme A. A novel radiochemical assay for long-chain fatty acid:CoASH ligase activity (AMP) (EC 6.2.1.3) has been developed based on the conversion of [3H]CoASH to long-chain fatty acyl CoA. Fatty acyl [3H]CoA was quantitatively retained on Millipore filters upon filtration of the acidified reaction mixture under conditions where the [3H]CoASH was not retained. The assay was developed using microsomes derived from isolated fat cells as the source of fatty acid:CoASH ligase activity. The assay performed at 25 degrees C for 10 min was linear with added microsomal protein up to 7 mug. The assay was linear with time up to 24 min when 1 mug of protein was employed. Fatty acid:CoASH ligase activity was strongly dependent on ATP and magnesium, was stimulated by Triton WR-1339, and was two- to fivefold dependent on added fatty acid. The filter assay is easier than existing assays based on incorporation of labeled fatty acid and is equally sensitive.", "PMID": 1176836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5911", "title": "Automated modification of Duncombe's method for the ultramicro determination of serum free fatty acids.", "content": "An automated continuous-flow method is described for estimating free fatty acids in serum using 25-mul samples. The procedure depends on the formation of copper soaps on the surface of a semipermeable membrane, their transfer into chloroform, and subsequent determination of dissolved copper. The membrane separating copper reagent and chloroform is supported between thin-channel dialysis plates. Chloroform extracts of serum free fatty acids are passed through the dialysis unit, and dissolved copper in the outflow is estimated colorimetrically. The procedure gives values that agree with a standard titrimetric method.", "contents": "Automated modification of Duncombe's method for the ultramicro determination of serum free fatty acids. An automated continuous-flow method is described for estimating free fatty acids in serum using 25-mul samples. The procedure depends on the formation of copper soaps on the surface of a semipermeable membrane, their transfer into chloroform, and subsequent determination of dissolved copper. The membrane separating copper reagent and chloroform is supported between thin-channel dialysis plates. Chloroform extracts of serum free fatty acids are passed through the dialysis unit, and dissolved copper in the outflow is estimated colorimetrically. The procedure gives values that agree with a standard titrimetric method.", "PMID": 1176837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5912", "title": "Microelectrode study of high grade block in canine Purkinje fibers.", "content": "Previous reports from this laboratory described an electrotonic mechanism for simple impulse transmission through blocked segments of canine Purkinje tissue with slow diastolic depolarization assuming a vital role in second degree block. Utilizing an electrical blocking current, a blocked segment of canine Purkinje tissue was produced. Transmembrane events were recorded from  blocked segments during higher grades of block (3:1 to complete) to delineate further mechanisms responsible for a periodic distal boundary response. Our results confirm that slow diastolic depolarization is an important determinant in sustaining periodic impulse conduction. Its importance is related to (1) progressive decrease of the resting membrane potential toward threshold at the distal block boundary, and (2) augmentation of the transmitted electrotonic potential in accordance with voltage dependent changes in membrane resistance. These data further lend definition to the distinction between electrotonic, partially active, and active transmembrane potentials. Impulse transmission through a segment of inactivated tissue is electrotonic and slow diastolic depolarization plays an important role in the maintenance of periodic impulse transmission.", "contents": "Microelectrode study of high grade block in canine Purkinje fibers. Previous reports from this laboratory described an electrotonic mechanism for simple impulse transmission through blocked segments of canine Purkinje tissue with slow diastolic depolarization assuming a vital role in second degree block. Utilizing an electrical blocking current, a blocked segment of canine Purkinje tissue was produced. Transmembrane events were recorded from  blocked segments during higher grades of block (3:1 to complete) to delineate further mechanisms responsible for a periodic distal boundary response. Our results confirm that slow diastolic depolarization is an important determinant in sustaining periodic impulse conduction. Its importance is related to (1) progressive decrease of the resting membrane potential toward threshold at the distal block boundary, and (2) augmentation of the transmitted electrotonic potential in accordance with voltage dependent changes in membrane resistance. These data further lend definition to the distinction between electrotonic, partially active, and active transmembrane potentials. Impulse transmission through a segment of inactivated tissue is electrotonic and slow diastolic depolarization plays an important role in the maintenance of periodic impulse transmission.", "PMID": 1176839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5913", "title": "An analysis of Wenckebach periodicity.", "content": "His bundle electrograms of 40 patients developing Wenckebach block during atrial pacing and four with spontaneous Wenckebach block above the His were reviewed to determine the frequency of classical Wenckebach periodicity. Thirty patients had 143 Wenckebach cycles that were suitable for analysis. Cycles were evaluated for the following features: 1) the first A-H interval as the shortest, 2) the first R-R interval as the longest, 3) the last R-R interval as the shortest, 4) a progressive diminution of the increment of A-H interval prolongation, 5) a progressive diminution of the R-R interval and 6) the R-R interval containing the nonconducted A wave being equal to twice the A-A interval less the sum of the increments of A-H prolongation. Wenckebach cycles that occurred during atrial pacing were not significantly different from those that occurred spontaneously. Fifteen per cent of all cycles met all six criteria- 14% had five, 6% had four; 17% had three; 20% had two; 27% had one; and 1% had none. Short cycles were the most likely to show typical Wenckebach periodicity: 56% of the cycles with conduction ratios of 4:3, 28% with 5:4 and 4% with 6:5 met at least five criteria, whereas none of the 22 cycles having ratios 7:6 or greater had more than three features. The first A-H interval as the shortest was the most common feature occurring in 98% of cycles, whereas the features of a progressive diminution of the increments of the A-H interval prolongation or the progressive diminution of the R-R interval were the least common, occurring in 35% of cycles. These findings indicate, therefore, that classical Wenckebach periodicity is uncommon, especially when conduction ratios are 5:4 or greater. The implications of these observations and the suggested mechanisms are discussed and literature reviewed.", "contents": "An analysis of Wenckebach periodicity. His bundle electrograms of 40 patients developing Wenckebach block during atrial pacing and four with spontaneous Wenckebach block above the His were reviewed to determine the frequency of classical Wenckebach periodicity. Thirty patients had 143 Wenckebach cycles that were suitable for analysis. Cycles were evaluated for the following features: 1) the first A-H interval as the shortest, 2) the first R-R interval as the longest, 3) the last R-R interval as the shortest, 4) a progressive diminution of the increment of A-H interval prolongation, 5) a progressive diminution of the R-R interval and 6) the R-R interval containing the nonconducted A wave being equal to twice the A-A interval less the sum of the increments of A-H prolongation. Wenckebach cycles that occurred during atrial pacing were not significantly different from those that occurred spontaneously. Fifteen per cent of all cycles met all six criteria- 14% had five, 6% had four; 17% had three; 20% had two; 27% had one; and 1% had none. Short cycles were the most likely to show typical Wenckebach periodicity: 56% of the cycles with conduction ratios of 4:3, 28% with 5:4 and 4% with 6:5 met at least five criteria, whereas none of the 22 cycles having ratios 7:6 or greater had more than three features. The first A-H interval as the shortest was the most common feature occurring in 98% of cycles, whereas the features of a progressive diminution of the increments of the A-H interval prolongation or the progressive diminution of the R-R interval were the least common, occurring in 35% of cycles. These findings indicate, therefore, that classical Wenckebach periodicity is uncommon, especially when conduction ratios are 5:4 or greater. The implications of these observations and the suggested mechanisms are discussed and literature reviewed.", "PMID": 1176840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5914", "title": "Left bundle branch block and coronary artery disease.", "content": "This study tries the concept that left bundle-branch block (LBBB) connotes coronary artery disease (CAD). The findings indicate that prior studies both supporting of and in contradiction to the premise of a positive correlation have been biased by pre-selection of the patients reviewed. The data indicate, therefore, that LBBB is related to multiple entities. The major categories are CAD and/or hypertension myocardiopathy and aortic valvular disease. In addition, LBBB may develop during the acute phase of myocardial infarction. Its existence as a wholly benign entity has been documented as well. Further, this study adds still another group with LBBB. Six of the nine LBBB patients were female. Five of these, in spite of typical anginal histories, had no arteriographically demonstrable CAD. The absence of disease was surprising and the incidence of women with LBBB was greater than anticipated, thus providing some basis for suggesting that these women may be representative of still another group with LBBB. Further, this study supports the findings of Lewis et al by confirming an association between LBBB and a statistically shorter LCA mainstem (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Left bundle branch block and coronary artery disease. This study tries the concept that left bundle-branch block (LBBB) connotes coronary artery disease (CAD). The findings indicate that prior studies both supporting of and in contradiction to the premise of a positive correlation have been biased by pre-selection of the patients reviewed. The data indicate, therefore, that LBBB is related to multiple entities. The major categories are CAD and/or hypertension myocardiopathy and aortic valvular disease. In addition, LBBB may develop during the acute phase of myocardial infarction. Its existence as a wholly benign entity has been documented as well. Further, this study adds still another group with LBBB. Six of the nine LBBB patients were female. Five of these, in spite of typical anginal histories, had no arteriographically demonstrable CAD. The absence of disease was surprising and the incidence of women with LBBB was greater than anticipated, thus providing some basis for suggesting that these women may be representative of still another group with LBBB. Further, this study supports the findings of Lewis et al by confirming an association between LBBB and a statistically shorter LCA mainstem (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 1176841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5915", "title": "Prognosis of left anterior hemiblock in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Four of 32 patients with left anterior hemiblock and an acute anterior wall myocardial infarction died. Left anterior hemiblock was present on admission in 24 patients, and subsequently appeared in 8. Of the 28 survivors, 21 are still alive an average of 2.8 years after the acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Prognosis of left anterior hemiblock in acute myocardial infarction. Four of 32 patients with left anterior hemiblock and an acute anterior wall myocardial infarction died. Left anterior hemiblock was present on admission in 24 patients, and subsequently appeared in 8. Of the 28 survivors, 21 are still alive an average of 2.8 years after the acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1176842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5916", "title": "Relation of left ventricular contractile patterns in coronary artery disease to the electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram.", "content": "Two hundred thirty patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) were studied with left ventriculography, coronary arteriography, electrocardiography (ECG) and vectorcardiography (VCG) to determine how well left ventricular (LV) contractile defects could be predicted from the ECG-VCG patterns and how this was related to the coronary disease location and severity. Of 124 patients with infarction patterns on ECG-VCG about 50% had LV contractile defects localized to the corresponding ECG-VCG abnormalities, i.e., antero-apical asynergy with anterior infarction patterns, inferior asynergy with inferior infarction patterns, or antero-apical plus inferior asynergy with anterior plus inferior patterns. About 20% in each infarction group had unexpected synergy on ventriculography except for patients with dorsal infarction patterns (synergy in 68%) who are discussed as a special problem. Another 25-30% of patients had more extensive contractile abnormality than indicated by the ECG-VCG patterns. In 106 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, normal QRS-abnormal T and normal QRS-T on ECG-VCG, 65-70% had synergy. However, 30-35% had asynergy in various combinations not suspected from the ECG or VCG. Coronary artery disease severity was less pronounced in patients with synergy than with asynergy and single vessel disease was more common in the former, 47% versus 18-30% in the latter. However, coronary artery disease severity was the same for all ECG-VCG groups except for anterior plus inferior infarction patterns where it was most severe.", "contents": "Relation of left ventricular contractile patterns in coronary artery disease to the electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram. Two hundred thirty patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) were studied with left ventriculography, coronary arteriography, electrocardiography (ECG) and vectorcardiography (VCG) to determine how well left ventricular (LV) contractile defects could be predicted from the ECG-VCG patterns and how this was related to the coronary disease location and severity. Of 124 patients with infarction patterns on ECG-VCG about 50% had LV contractile defects localized to the corresponding ECG-VCG abnormalities, i.e., antero-apical asynergy with anterior infarction patterns, inferior asynergy with inferior infarction patterns, or antero-apical plus inferior asynergy with anterior plus inferior patterns. About 20% in each infarction group had unexpected synergy on ventriculography except for patients with dorsal infarction patterns (synergy in 68%) who are discussed as a special problem. Another 25-30% of patients had more extensive contractile abnormality than indicated by the ECG-VCG patterns. In 106 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, normal QRS-abnormal T and normal QRS-T on ECG-VCG, 65-70% had synergy. However, 30-35% had asynergy in various combinations not suspected from the ECG or VCG. Coronary artery disease severity was less pronounced in patients with synergy than with asynergy and single vessel disease was more common in the former, 47% versus 18-30% in the latter. However, coronary artery disease severity was the same for all ECG-VCG groups except for anterior plus inferior infarction patterns where it was most severe.", "PMID": 1176843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5917", "title": "Refractory paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia incited by multiple mechanisms.", "content": "A patient with refractory paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia post acute myocardial infarction is presented. His bundle recordings and atrial stimulation studies suggest atrioventricular nodal reentry precipitated by three different mechanisms. Therapy required permanent coronary vein pacing and drugs.", "contents": "Refractory paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia incited by multiple mechanisms. A patient with refractory paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia post acute myocardial infarction is presented. His bundle recordings and atrial stimulation studies suggest atrioventricular nodal reentry precipitated by three different mechanisms. Therapy required permanent coronary vein pacing and drugs.", "PMID": 1176844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5918", "title": "Chronic binodal block with Wenckebach phenomenon.", "content": "Coexistent sino-atrial and atrioventricular block with Wenckebach phenomenon is an extremely unusual cardiac arrhythmia. Observations on the natural history of sinus node dysfunction are rare. For over six years our elderly patient has been followed without symptoms but with increasing severity of atrio-ventricular block.", "contents": "Chronic binodal block with Wenckebach phenomenon. Coexistent sino-atrial and atrioventricular block with Wenckebach phenomenon is an extremely unusual cardiac arrhythmia. Observations on the natural history of sinus node dysfunction are rare. For over six years our elderly patient has been followed without symptoms but with increasing severity of atrio-ventricular block.", "PMID": 1176845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5919", "title": "A simple method of checking the ECG paper speed.", "content": "A simple method of determining accurate rates on ECG machines has been described. A short-wave radio, capable of tuning station WWV (5, 10 or 15 MHz) and a telephone amplifier may be used to place the precise 1 second intervals pulses on the ECG, from which exact paper speed is determined. This information may then be used to calculate the precise rate of an implanted pacemaker stimulus for evaluating pacemaker battery life.", "contents": "A simple method of checking the ECG paper speed. A simple method of determining accurate rates on ECG machines has been described. A short-wave radio, capable of tuning station WWV (5, 10 or 15 MHz) and a telephone amplifier may be used to place the precise 1 second intervals pulses on the ECG, from which exact paper speed is determined. This information may then be used to calculate the precise rate of an implanted pacemaker stimulus for evaluating pacemaker battery life.", "PMID": 1176846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5920", "title": "The triple pulse generator: Clinical evaluation of a new multipurpose external pulse generator.", "content": "This report describes our experience with a new, versatile battery operated, multi-purpose pulse generator especially designed for the electrophysiological investigation and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in man. The unit was constructed according to our specifications and has been clinically in 75 patients over a period of 18 months. We have found the triple pulse pacemaker safe, reliable and functioning precisely according to specifications both clinically and when repeatedly checked with a storage oscilloscope.", "contents": "The triple pulse generator: Clinical evaluation of a new multipurpose external pulse generator. This report describes our experience with a new, versatile battery operated, multi-purpose pulse generator especially designed for the electrophysiological investigation and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in man. The unit was constructed according to our specifications and has been clinically in 75 patients over a period of 18 months. We have found the triple pulse pacemaker safe, reliable and functioning precisely according to specifications both clinically and when repeatedly checked with a storage oscilloscope.", "PMID": 1176847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5921", "title": "[Role of the somitic mesoderm in the development of the rib cage of bird embryos. I. Origin of the sternal component and conditions for the development of the ribs (author's transl)].", "content": "The developmental origin of the sternal component of the ribs and the conditions for the development of the rib cage have been elucidated in bird embryos. Experiments consisted in homo- or heterospecific transplantations of 2-day-old quail or chick embryo somitic mesoderm into chick hosts of the same age in ortho- or heterotopic position along the cephalo-caudal axis. Results show that vertebral halves, ribs (not only their vertebral segment, but also their sternal component when they possess one), the trunk and intercostal muscles, as well as at least part of the scapula originate exclusively from the somitic material, while the sternum, ventral muscles and the other parts of the pectoral girdle are derived from the somatopleural mesoderm. The development of the rib basket is subjected to following rules: -only the somitic mesoderm of the prospective thoracic region (somites 19-26) is able to give rise to ribs. -only the somitic mesoderm of the posterior thoacic region (somites 22-26) is able to develop ribs with a sternal component. -the vertebral component of ribs can develop outside the thoracic region. -contrariwise, the sternal component can form only in the vicinity of the sternal anlage, i.e. within about three somites in front and rear of the normal limits of the thoracic region. It is concluded that the somitic mesoderm is already regionalized at a stage slightly preceding its metamerization and that the somatopleural territory of the sternum plays a morphogenetic role in the development of the sternal component of ribs, although it does not make a cellular contribution to their construction.", "contents": "[Role of the somitic mesoderm in the development of the rib cage of bird embryos. I. Origin of the sternal component and conditions for the development of the ribs (author's transl)]. The developmental origin of the sternal component of the ribs and the conditions for the development of the rib cage have been elucidated in bird embryos. Experiments consisted in homo- or heterospecific transplantations of 2-day-old quail or chick embryo somitic mesoderm into chick hosts of the same age in ortho- or heterotopic position along the cephalo-caudal axis. Results show that vertebral halves, ribs (not only their vertebral segment, but also their sternal component when they possess one), the trunk and intercostal muscles, as well as at least part of the scapula originate exclusively from the somitic material, while the sternum, ventral muscles and the other parts of the pectoral girdle are derived from the somatopleural mesoderm. The development of the rib basket is subjected to following rules: -only the somitic mesoderm of the prospective thoracic region (somites 19-26) is able to give rise to ribs. -only the somitic mesoderm of the posterior thoacic region (somites 22-26) is able to develop ribs with a sternal component. -the vertebral component of ribs can develop outside the thoracic region. -contrariwise, the sternal component can form only in the vicinity of the sternal anlage, i.e. within about three somites in front and rear of the normal limits of the thoracic region. It is concluded that the somitic mesoderm is already regionalized at a stage slightly preceding its metamerization and that the somatopleural territory of the sternum plays a morphogenetic role in the development of the sternal component of ribs, although it does not make a cellular contribution to their construction.", "PMID": 1176848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5922", "title": "[Development of the thalamus in anurans during metamorphosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A developmental study of the anuran diencephalon from stage 30 to 2 months after metamorphosis has been done. At stage 30 in Discoglossus pictus, the diencephalic wall is divided into a superior area and an inferior area, where two kinds of cellular migrations are described. Comparison with the urodele diencephalon suggests that the building of a new area (area dorsolateralis) in anurans, by means of an 'external migration', characterizes a level of organization which is related to the optic system in Anura. During metamorphosis, opitcal morphogenetic influences would come from the tectum opticum to the dorsal thalamus. It is possible that the dorsal thalamus could be involved in binocular vision by way of tectofugal fibres. Some typical anuran diencephalic nuclei (i.e. nucleus corpus geniculatum laterale) are missing or are not well differentiated (i.e. nucleus rotondus) in Discoglossus. This species gives a simplified pattern of the anuran diencephalon.", "contents": "[Development of the thalamus in anurans during metamorphosis (author's transl)]. A developmental study of the anuran diencephalon from stage 30 to 2 months after metamorphosis has been done. At stage 30 in Discoglossus pictus, the diencephalic wall is divided into a superior area and an inferior area, where two kinds of cellular migrations are described. Comparison with the urodele diencephalon suggests that the building of a new area (area dorsolateralis) in anurans, by means of an 'external migration', characterizes a level of organization which is related to the optic system in Anura. During metamorphosis, opitcal morphogenetic influences would come from the tectum opticum to the dorsal thalamus. It is possible that the dorsal thalamus could be involved in binocular vision by way of tectofugal fibres. Some typical anuran diencephalic nuclei (i.e. nucleus corpus geniculatum laterale) are missing or are not well differentiated (i.e. nucleus rotondus) in Discoglossus. This species gives a simplified pattern of the anuran diencephalon.", "PMID": 1176849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5923", "title": "Zona pellucida denudation, blastocyst proliferation and attachment in the rat.", "content": "The mode of zona pellucida denudation and blastocyst proliferation and attachment was investigated in Wistar rats during day 5 of pregnancy and in ovariectomized pregnant animals given 5-0 mg progesterone daily until the 10th day, when 0-2 mug oestradiol was injected together with progesterone. During day 5 of pregnancy, when only 5 empty zonae were detected from 32 animals, zona denudation occurred by lysis, which took 6 h. Zona denudation occurred by shedding in the ovariectomized pregnant animals; 190 empty zonae were detected from 40 animals. Oestradiol administration to the experimental animals caused lysis of the shed zonae 24-30 h after oestradiol treatment. Air-dried preparations of the embryos showed that the blastomeres proliferated exponentially from a mean of 27-52 +/- 4-0 cells per embryo at 12.00 h on day 5 of pregnancy to 53-96 %/- 2-58 cells per embryo at 22.00 h, with a cell doubling time of 10 h in normal animals. In the ovariectomized animals, blastocysts were arrested at about the 100-cell stage on the 10th day. Oestradiol administration to the experimental animals did not induce mitosis; the embryos implanted without further cell division. The number of free embryos recovered declined from a mean of 12-0 per animal at 12.00 h to 4-25 per animal at 22.00 h on day 5 of pregnancy. The number of embryos recovered from the ovariectomized animals varied between one and 11 per animal. The results show that cell division continued in embryos within ovariectomized pregnant animals in the absence of oestrogen, until about the 100-cell stage. There was no further cell division before nidation when oestradiol was administered. The empty zonae were, however, lysed between 24 and 30 h after oestradiol treatment. The zona lytic factor appears to be oestradiol dependent and of maternal origin. A causal relationship exists between zona lysis and embryo attachment, which is independent of the number of cells per blastocyst.", "contents": "Zona pellucida denudation, blastocyst proliferation and attachment in the rat. The mode of zona pellucida denudation and blastocyst proliferation and attachment was investigated in Wistar rats during day 5 of pregnancy and in ovariectomized pregnant animals given 5-0 mg progesterone daily until the 10th day, when 0-2 mug oestradiol was injected together with progesterone. During day 5 of pregnancy, when only 5 empty zonae were detected from 32 animals, zona denudation occurred by lysis, which took 6 h. Zona denudation occurred by shedding in the ovariectomized pregnant animals; 190 empty zonae were detected from 40 animals. Oestradiol administration to the experimental animals caused lysis of the shed zonae 24-30 h after oestradiol treatment. Air-dried preparations of the embryos showed that the blastomeres proliferated exponentially from a mean of 27-52 +/- 4-0 cells per embryo at 12.00 h on day 5 of pregnancy to 53-96 %/- 2-58 cells per embryo at 22.00 h, with a cell doubling time of 10 h in normal animals. In the ovariectomized animals, blastocysts were arrested at about the 100-cell stage on the 10th day. Oestradiol administration to the experimental animals did not induce mitosis; the embryos implanted without further cell division. The number of free embryos recovered declined from a mean of 12-0 per animal at 12.00 h to 4-25 per animal at 22.00 h on day 5 of pregnancy. The number of embryos recovered from the ovariectomized animals varied between one and 11 per animal. The results show that cell division continued in embryos within ovariectomized pregnant animals in the absence of oestrogen, until about the 100-cell stage. There was no further cell division before nidation when oestradiol was administered. The empty zonae were, however, lysed between 24 and 30 h after oestradiol treatment. The zona lytic factor appears to be oestradiol dependent and of maternal origin. A causal relationship exists between zona lysis and embryo attachment, which is independent of the number of cells per blastocyst.", "PMID": 1176850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5924", "title": "Limb development in mouse embryos: protection against teratogenic effects of 6-diazo-5-ox-L-norleucine (DON) in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The glutamine analogue, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), has been shown to inhibit biosynthesis of purines and glycosaminoglycans, presumably by blocking the glutamine-dependent steps in the biosynthetic pathways. The teratogenic potential of DON on the developing mouse limb-bud in vivo and in vitro was studies in an attempt to discriminate whether DON is exerting its teratogenic effect by interfering with glycosaminoglycan or purine metabolism. A single intramuscular injection of DON (0-5 mg/kg) to ICR/DUB mice on day 10 of gestation resulted in 76% resorption, while fetuses surviving to day 17 exhibited growth retardation, median cleft lip, and limb malformation. Concurrent administration of L-glutamine (250 mg/kg) provided no protection against resorption of malformations, while 5-aminoimidazolecarboxamide (AIC, 250 mg/kg) decreased the resorption rate to 34% without significantly altering the incidence of malformations. Injection of DON alone on day 11 resulted in 87% of fetuses exhibiting limb formations, with only 2% resorption. Concurrent injection of AIC decreased the frequency of limb malformations to 32% L-Glutamine, D-glucosamine, or inosinic acid were without any protective effect in vivo. DON (5mug/ml medium) added in vitro to organ cultures of day 11 mouse limb-buds caused all limbs to evidence cartilage abnormalities. In this system, either L-glutamine ro D-glucosamine (0-5 mg/ml medium) provided protection against DON effects while AIC (0-5 mg/ml medium) offered no protection in vitro. These data suggest that DON exerts its effects in vivo by interfering with purine metabolism while in vitro its teratogenic action may be interruption of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. This may reflect upon the relative importance of growth and differentiation to limb development in vivo and in vitro. These data infer that limb development in vitro relies more on the differentiative process (differentiation of cartilage) than on growth, whereas limb development in vivo is dependent, at this stage, to a greater extent on growth for normal phenotypic expression.", "contents": "Limb development in mouse embryos: protection against teratogenic effects of 6-diazo-5-ox-L-norleucine (DON) in vivo and in vitro. The glutamine analogue, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), has been shown to inhibit biosynthesis of purines and glycosaminoglycans, presumably by blocking the glutamine-dependent steps in the biosynthetic pathways. The teratogenic potential of DON on the developing mouse limb-bud in vivo and in vitro was studies in an attempt to discriminate whether DON is exerting its teratogenic effect by interfering with glycosaminoglycan or purine metabolism. A single intramuscular injection of DON (0-5 mg/kg) to ICR/DUB mice on day 10 of gestation resulted in 76% resorption, while fetuses surviving to day 17 exhibited growth retardation, median cleft lip, and limb malformation. Concurrent administration of L-glutamine (250 mg/kg) provided no protection against resorption of malformations, while 5-aminoimidazolecarboxamide (AIC, 250 mg/kg) decreased the resorption rate to 34% without significantly altering the incidence of malformations. Injection of DON alone on day 11 resulted in 87% of fetuses exhibiting limb formations, with only 2% resorption. Concurrent injection of AIC decreased the frequency of limb malformations to 32% L-Glutamine, D-glucosamine, or inosinic acid were without any protective effect in vivo. DON (5mug/ml medium) added in vitro to organ cultures of day 11 mouse limb-buds caused all limbs to evidence cartilage abnormalities. In this system, either L-glutamine ro D-glucosamine (0-5 mg/ml medium) provided protection against DON effects while AIC (0-5 mg/ml medium) offered no protection in vitro. These data suggest that DON exerts its effects in vivo by interfering with purine metabolism while in vitro its teratogenic action may be interruption of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. This may reflect upon the relative importance of growth and differentiation to limb development in vivo and in vitro. These data infer that limb development in vitro relies more on the differentiative process (differentiation of cartilage) than on growth, whereas limb development in vivo is dependent, at this stage, to a greater extent on growth for normal phenotypic expression.", "PMID": 1176851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5925", "title": "In vitro chondrogenesis of limb mesoderm from normal and brachypod mouse embryos.", "content": "This paper describes the cytodifferentiation of hind limb mesodermal cells from 12-day-old normal and brachypod (pbH) mouse embryos grown in vitro at high densities. Over a 3-day culture period normal cells underwent aggregation, nodule formation, and coalescence of nodules into large masses of cartilage. This was associated at the biochemical level with a cessation of cell division, with a concomitant increase in metachromatic matrix, and synthesis of collagen. Under the described culture conditions the collagen synthesized by 48 h cultures was predominantly of cartilage type with an alpha1:alpha2 ratio of 9:1. A change in the collagen synthetic program was observed when the entire medium was replaced after 48 h incubation with fresh, serum-free medium. Under these conditions the alpha1:alpha2 ratio was 4:1. In contrast, brachypod cells plated at the same density appeared large, flattened, and stellate. Upon aggregation, normal nodule morphology was only rarely observed. More often large, irregular clusters formed from suspended cells loosely attaching to the surface aggregates. Concomitant with the marked changes in the morphology of the mutant cells was a linear increase in DNA synthesis and the appearance of many mitotic figures. A biochemical transformation in matrix synthesis was not observed, however. After a 24 h delay, mutant matrix accumulated and stained intensely with toluidine blue. Collagen was synthesized at approximately the normal rate and was of the cartilage type with an alpha1:alpha2 ratio of 9:1. When incubated in fresh, serum-free medium, the response of collagen subunit synthesis was identical to the normal cultures. In view of these results the possible manner in which brachypodism causes developmental anomalies of the limb skeleton is suggested.", "contents": "In vitro chondrogenesis of limb mesoderm from normal and brachypod mouse embryos. This paper describes the cytodifferentiation of hind limb mesodermal cells from 12-day-old normal and brachypod (pbH) mouse embryos grown in vitro at high densities. Over a 3-day culture period normal cells underwent aggregation, nodule formation, and coalescence of nodules into large masses of cartilage. This was associated at the biochemical level with a cessation of cell division, with a concomitant increase in metachromatic matrix, and synthesis of collagen. Under the described culture conditions the collagen synthesized by 48 h cultures was predominantly of cartilage type with an alpha1:alpha2 ratio of 9:1. A change in the collagen synthetic program was observed when the entire medium was replaced after 48 h incubation with fresh, serum-free medium. Under these conditions the alpha1:alpha2 ratio was 4:1. In contrast, brachypod cells plated at the same density appeared large, flattened, and stellate. Upon aggregation, normal nodule morphology was only rarely observed. More often large, irregular clusters formed from suspended cells loosely attaching to the surface aggregates. Concomitant with the marked changes in the morphology of the mutant cells was a linear increase in DNA synthesis and the appearance of many mitotic figures. A biochemical transformation in matrix synthesis was not observed, however. After a 24 h delay, mutant matrix accumulated and stained intensely with toluidine blue. Collagen was synthesized at approximately the normal rate and was of the cartilage type with an alpha1:alpha2 ratio of 9:1. When incubated in fresh, serum-free medium, the response of collagen subunit synthesis was identical to the normal cultures. In view of these results the possible manner in which brachypodism causes developmental anomalies of the limb skeleton is suggested.", "PMID": 1176852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5926", "title": "The distribution of non-synaptic intercellular junctions during neurone differentiation in the developing spinal cord of the clawed toad.", "content": "The distribution of intercellular junctions, other than synapses and their precursors, has been described in the developing spinal cord of Xenopus laevis between the neurula and free swimming tadpole stages. At the neurocoel, ventricular cells are joined in the apical contact zone by a sequence of junctions which usually has one or more intermediate junctions but also includes close appositions, gap junctions and desmosomes. This apical complex is more diverse than that reported in other vertebrate embryos and between ependymal cells in the adult central nervous system. Gap junctions are also found between ventricular cells and their processes near the external cord surface. However, no other special junctions occur in this location under the basement lamella which surrounds the cord. Punctate intermediate junctions are generally distributed between undifferentiated and differentiating cells and their processes but were not found in neuropil after stage 28. These results are discussed in relation to cell movements during neural differentiation, possible effects on the freedom of movement of ions and molecules through extracellular pathways in the emryo, and possible intercytoplasmic pathways via gap junctions which may be responsible for the physiologically observed electrical coupling between neural tube cells.", "contents": "The distribution of non-synaptic intercellular junctions during neurone differentiation in the developing spinal cord of the clawed toad. The distribution of intercellular junctions, other than synapses and their precursors, has been described in the developing spinal cord of Xenopus laevis between the neurula and free swimming tadpole stages. At the neurocoel, ventricular cells are joined in the apical contact zone by a sequence of junctions which usually has one or more intermediate junctions but also includes close appositions, gap junctions and desmosomes. This apical complex is more diverse than that reported in other vertebrate embryos and between ependymal cells in the adult central nervous system. Gap junctions are also found between ventricular cells and their processes near the external cord surface. However, no other special junctions occur in this location under the basement lamella which surrounds the cord. Punctate intermediate junctions are generally distributed between undifferentiated and differentiating cells and their processes but were not found in neuropil after stage 28. These results are discussed in relation to cell movements during neural differentiation, possible effects on the freedom of movement of ions and molecules through extracellular pathways in the emryo, and possible intercytoplasmic pathways via gap junctions which may be responsible for the physiologically observed electrical coupling between neural tube cells.", "PMID": 1176854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5927", "title": "Fate maps and the pattern of cell division: a calculation for the chick wing-bud.", "content": "Given the growth rate throughout an embryonic rudiment, one can calculate how its parts must shift as it gets bigger, and so plot fate maps showing their future positions. The calculation is done here for the chick wing-bud from stage 18 to 25, using published data for mitotic index and cell packing density, and new measurements of size and shape. Two main findings are: (1) the wing-bud in this period elongates almost uniformly along its proximo-distal axis. (2) Each limb segment derives from the tissue generated by one cell division cycle in the 'progress zone' at the tip.", "contents": "Fate maps and the pattern of cell division: a calculation for the chick wing-bud. Given the growth rate throughout an embryonic rudiment, one can calculate how its parts must shift as it gets bigger, and so plot fate maps showing their future positions. The calculation is done here for the chick wing-bud from stage 18 to 25, using published data for mitotic index and cell packing density, and new measurements of size and shape. Two main findings are: (1) the wing-bud in this period elongates almost uniformly along its proximo-distal axis. (2) Each limb segment derives from the tissue generated by one cell division cycle in the 'progress zone' at the tip.", "PMID": 1176855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5928", "title": "The determination of polarity in the developing insect retina.", "content": "The retina in Oncopeltus fasciatus is a polarized structure in which all ommatidia are orientated the same way. By a series of grafting experiments we have shown that the orientation of ommatidia is partly dependent upon the orientation of the epidermis from which they develop and partly on the orientation of the host eye. Grafts which invert the forsoventral axis of the presumptive eye epidermis do not disrupt the orientation of the nascent ommatidia. Grafts which are rotated by 90 degrees or 180 degrees produce altered patterns of orientation. The polarity of the epidermis is to some extent conserved in these cases. Significantly ommatidia at the graft/host border take up orientations intermediate between the extremes found in the graft and host. Small rotated grafts assume the polarity of the host retina. These results are compared with the effects of similar grafts on developing insect bristle patterns.", "contents": "The determination of polarity in the developing insect retina. The retina in Oncopeltus fasciatus is a polarized structure in which all ommatidia are orientated the same way. By a series of grafting experiments we have shown that the orientation of ommatidia is partly dependent upon the orientation of the epidermis from which they develop and partly on the orientation of the host eye. Grafts which invert the forsoventral axis of the presumptive eye epidermis do not disrupt the orientation of the nascent ommatidia. Grafts which are rotated by 90 degrees or 180 degrees produce altered patterns of orientation. The polarity of the epidermis is to some extent conserved in these cases. Significantly ommatidia at the graft/host border take up orientations intermediate between the extremes found in the graft and host. Small rotated grafts assume the polarity of the host retina. These results are compared with the effects of similar grafts on developing insect bristle patterns.", "PMID": 1176856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5929", "title": "Positional information and pattern regulation in Hydra. Dynamics of regions at the boundary.", "content": "The dynamics of boundary regions have been investigated mainly by axial grafting and with the emphasis on the head end. The time to resist inhibition of head-end formation and the ability to inhibit head-end formation have been assayed under a variety of conditions. The times increase with distance from the head end. The times required by a boundary region to aquire the inhibitory properties of a head end are longer than those required to aquire resistance to inhibition. Determination of a head end is faster at a cut surbface and at higher temperatures. The results are discussed in terms of a model involving two gradients. Some anomalous results are reported.", "contents": "Positional information and pattern regulation in Hydra. Dynamics of regions at the boundary. The dynamics of boundary regions have been investigated mainly by axial grafting and with the emphasis on the head end. The time to resist inhibition of head-end formation and the ability to inhibit head-end formation have been assayed under a variety of conditions. The times increase with distance from the head end. The times required by a boundary region to aquire the inhibitory properties of a head end are longer than those required to aquire resistance to inhibition. Determination of a head end is faster at a cut surbface and at higher temperatures. The results are discussed in terms of a model involving two gradients. Some anomalous results are reported.", "PMID": 1176857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5930", "title": "Positional information and pattern formation in Hydra. Dynamics of regions away from the boundary.", "content": "The dynamics of regions away from the head-end boundary have been investigated by a variety of assays, and the changes appear to be slow. If, for example, a head end is grafted onto a peduncle to give H/56F, region 5 does not become a region 1 with 72 h. Such results support a gradient type model, and exclude a head end inducing a region 1 in the tissue adjacent to it. The changes can be interpreted if the positional value were effectively slowly diffusible: about 10 times more slowly than the positional signal. The results also have implications for studies on polarity reversal.", "contents": "Positional information and pattern formation in Hydra. Dynamics of regions away from the boundary. The dynamics of regions away from the head-end boundary have been investigated by a variety of assays, and the changes appear to be slow. If, for example, a head end is grafted onto a peduncle to give H/56F, region 5 does not become a region 1 with 72 h. Such results support a gradient type model, and exclude a head end inducing a region 1 in the tissue adjacent to it. The changes can be interpreted if the positional value were effectively slowly diffusible: about 10 times more slowly than the positional signal. The results also have implications for studies on polarity reversal.", "PMID": 1176858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5931", "title": "Cell death during the formation of tubular heart of the chick embryo.", "content": "Light and electron microscopical examination of the heart of the chick embryo between stages 9 and 11 (Hamburger & Hamilton) revealed degenerating and dead cells specifically localized in the midline of endocardial tubes. The morphology of cell death in this system does not differ from that described in other embryonic tissues and organs. Phagocytosing cells are rarely seen. The results of this study show that a destruction of midline cells of both endocardial tubes takes place during the fusion of heart anlages. The possible roles of this cell death in the morphogenesis of the tubular chick heart are discussed.", "contents": "Cell death during the formation of tubular heart of the chick embryo. Light and electron microscopical examination of the heart of the chick embryo between stages 9 and 11 (Hamburger & Hamilton) revealed degenerating and dead cells specifically localized in the midline of endocardial tubes. The morphology of cell death in this system does not differ from that described in other embryonic tissues and organs. Phagocytosing cells are rarely seen. The results of this study show that a destruction of midline cells of both endocardial tubes takes place during the fusion of heart anlages. The possible roles of this cell death in the morphogenesis of the tubular chick heart are discussed.", "PMID": 1176859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5932", "title": "[Role of the nervous system during the regeneration of an arm in a starfish: Asterina gibbosa Penn. (Echinodermata, Asteriidae)].", "content": "In Asterina gibbosa regeneration of a cut-off arm tip cannot occur if the radial nerve has been removed. This regeneration needs the presence of the oral nerve ring connected with the radial nerve intact up to the level of the wound tissues. The oral nerve ring can be considered as a central nervous system. Exposure of the radial nerve to irradiation induces a delay in regeneration. These data suggest there is a stimulation from the oral nerve ring up to the wound tissues. When the tissues involved in regeneration, except for the radial nerve, have been destroyed by irradiation, regeneration is inhibited. Stimulation by a healthy radial nerve is necessary to maintain differentiation and growth of the blasternal cells. The amount of blasternal growth and differentiation depends on the time when the radial nerve ceases to stimulate regeneration. The action of the nervous system is needed throughout the whole course of regeneration.", "contents": "[Role of the nervous system during the regeneration of an arm in a starfish: Asterina gibbosa Penn. (Echinodermata, Asteriidae)]. In Asterina gibbosa regeneration of a cut-off arm tip cannot occur if the radial nerve has been removed. This regeneration needs the presence of the oral nerve ring connected with the radial nerve intact up to the level of the wound tissues. The oral nerve ring can be considered as a central nervous system. Exposure of the radial nerve to irradiation induces a delay in regeneration. These data suggest there is a stimulation from the oral nerve ring up to the wound tissues. When the tissues involved in regeneration, except for the radial nerve, have been destroyed by irradiation, regeneration is inhibited. Stimulation by a healthy radial nerve is necessary to maintain differentiation and growth of the blasternal cells. The amount of blasternal growth and differentiation depends on the time when the radial nerve ceases to stimulate regeneration. The action of the nervous system is needed throughout the whole course of regeneration.", "PMID": 1176860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5933", "title": "An analysis of the condensation process during chondrogenesis in the embryonic chick hind limb.", "content": "An analysis has been made of the pre-cartilaginous condensation stage in the development of the femur and tibia/fibula skeletal blastemata of the embryonic chick hind limb. Light microscopy serial sections were used to 'map' the mesenchymal cell condensations of both myogenic and chondrogenic anlagen in the limb-bud from stages 22 to 26 (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951). Cell counts reveal that an increase in mesenchymal cell number per unit area occurs in the central chondrogenic locus at stage 24 (4 1/2 days) prior to matrix formation. Electron microscopy, using a simultaneous double fixation with osmium and glutaraldehyde, reveals that the pre-chondrogenic cells are characterized by large areas of close surface contact between adjacent cells, as compared with the extensive intercellular spaces associated with undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. The results are discussed and related to other investigations of in vivo chondrogenesis and to analyses of cellular events during in vitro chondrogenesis. These observations are consistent with the theory that condensations are formed by a process of aggregation rather than by localized increased mitosis.", "contents": "An analysis of the condensation process during chondrogenesis in the embryonic chick hind limb. An analysis has been made of the pre-cartilaginous condensation stage in the development of the femur and tibia/fibula skeletal blastemata of the embryonic chick hind limb. Light microscopy serial sections were used to 'map' the mesenchymal cell condensations of both myogenic and chondrogenic anlagen in the limb-bud from stages 22 to 26 (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951). Cell counts reveal that an increase in mesenchymal cell number per unit area occurs in the central chondrogenic locus at stage 24 (4 1/2 days) prior to matrix formation. Electron microscopy, using a simultaneous double fixation with osmium and glutaraldehyde, reveals that the pre-chondrogenic cells are characterized by large areas of close surface contact between adjacent cells, as compared with the extensive intercellular spaces associated with undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. The results are discussed and related to other investigations of in vivo chondrogenesis and to analyses of cellular events during in vitro chondrogenesis. These observations are consistent with the theory that condensations are formed by a process of aggregation rather than by localized increased mitosis.", "PMID": 1176861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5934", "title": "On the origin of haemopoietic stem cells in the avian embryo: an experimental approach.", "content": "It is currently accepted that stem cells of the definitive blood cell lines originate from the yolk-sac blood islands. Experiments were devised to examine the validity of this theory in the avian embryo. These involved grafting two-day-old quail embryos on to chick yolk-sacs of comparable developmental stages, i.e. before or shortly after the establishment of vascularization. The conclusions of the experiments are based on the possibility of distinguishing chick cell nuclei from those of the quail. In the developing haemopoietic organs (spleen and thymus) of quail embryos grafted on to the chick and subsequently incubated for 6-11 days, all cells, whether belonging to the granulopoietic, erythropoietic or lymphopoietic series, are of quail type. Thus these organs have not been colonized by chick stem cells. On the other hand, coelomic graft experiments show that the development of these organs is indeed dependent on an extrinsic colonization by haemopoietic cells; quail spleen or thymus rudiment, developing in the coelom of a chick is populated by chick cells. Thus no incompatibility which would prevent heterospecific colonization exists in this system. It is concluded that haemopoietic stem cells of the definitive blood cell series originate from some source other than the yolk-sac, and that this source must be intra-embryonic.", "contents": "On the origin of haemopoietic stem cells in the avian embryo: an experimental approach. It is currently accepted that stem cells of the definitive blood cell lines originate from the yolk-sac blood islands. Experiments were devised to examine the validity of this theory in the avian embryo. These involved grafting two-day-old quail embryos on to chick yolk-sacs of comparable developmental stages, i.e. before or shortly after the establishment of vascularization. The conclusions of the experiments are based on the possibility of distinguishing chick cell nuclei from those of the quail. In the developing haemopoietic organs (spleen and thymus) of quail embryos grafted on to the chick and subsequently incubated for 6-11 days, all cells, whether belonging to the granulopoietic, erythropoietic or lymphopoietic series, are of quail type. Thus these organs have not been colonized by chick stem cells. On the other hand, coelomic graft experiments show that the development of these organs is indeed dependent on an extrinsic colonization by haemopoietic cells; quail spleen or thymus rudiment, developing in the coelom of a chick is populated by chick cells. Thus no incompatibility which would prevent heterospecific colonization exists in this system. It is concluded that haemopoietic stem cells of the definitive blood cell series originate from some source other than the yolk-sac, and that this source must be intra-embryonic.", "PMID": 1176862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5935", "title": "Time, place and positional value in the chick limb-bud.", "content": "Quantitative experimental evidence is presented for the progress zone theory of limb development. The theory, here formulated mathematically, states that the parts of the limb are specified in proximo-distal succession by an autonomous timing mechanism operating in a 'progress zone' of undifferentiated growing mesenchyme under the influence of the apical ectodermal ridge. By the exchange of distal tips between young and old wing-buds, it is shown that there are no long-range morphogenetic signals from proximal to distal tissue. The width of the progress zone is calculated, and it is found autoradiographically that practically all its cells are dividing.", "contents": "Time, place and positional value in the chick limb-bud. Quantitative experimental evidence is presented for the progress zone theory of limb development. The theory, here formulated mathematically, states that the parts of the limb are specified in proximo-distal succession by an autonomous timing mechanism operating in a 'progress zone' of undifferentiated growing mesenchyme under the influence of the apical ectodermal ridge. By the exchange of distal tips between young and old wing-buds, it is shown that there are no long-range morphogenetic signals from proximal to distal tissue. The width of the progress zone is calculated, and it is found autoradiographically that practically all its cells are dividing.", "PMID": 1176863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5936", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of tw32/tw32 mouse embryos.", "content": "Homozygous tw32/tw32 mouse embryos, obtained from both spontaneously ovulated and superovulated T+/tw32 females mated to T+/tw32 males, have a lethal period which extends from the 8-12 cell stage to the late morula stage. Most of the homozygous mutant embryos die at the early morula stage and are characterized by excessive amounts of cytoplasmic lipid, mitochondrial abnormalities, binucleated cells and nuclear lipid droplets. The excessive cytoplasmic lipid and nuclear lipid droplets distinguish 35-50% of the embryos (presumably tw32 homozygotes) from their litter-mates prior to the lethal period. The remainder of the distinguishing characteristics appear in the later (8-cell to late morula) tw32/tw32 embryos in frequencies high enough to be considered phenotypic expressions of the mutant genome. The present study indicates that the non-complementary tw32 and t12 alleles are in fact separate T locus recessive alleles.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of tw32/tw32 mouse embryos. Homozygous tw32/tw32 mouse embryos, obtained from both spontaneously ovulated and superovulated T+/tw32 females mated to T+/tw32 males, have a lethal period which extends from the 8-12 cell stage to the late morula stage. Most of the homozygous mutant embryos die at the early morula stage and are characterized by excessive amounts of cytoplasmic lipid, mitochondrial abnormalities, binucleated cells and nuclear lipid droplets. The excessive cytoplasmic lipid and nuclear lipid droplets distinguish 35-50% of the embryos (presumably tw32 homozygotes) from their litter-mates prior to the lethal period. The remainder of the distinguishing characteristics appear in the later (8-cell to late morula) tw32/tw32 embryos in frequencies high enough to be considered phenotypic expressions of the mutant genome. The present study indicates that the non-complementary tw32 and t12 alleles are in fact separate T locus recessive alleles.", "PMID": 1176864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5937", "title": "Studies of t6/t6 mouse embryos.", "content": "The phenocritical period of the t6/t6 genome extends from the late blastocyst substages through the elongated egg-cylinder stage. Most of the homozygous mouse embryos die during the short egg-cylinder stage. The viable egg-cylinder staged t6/t6 embryos can be distinguished from their phenotypically wild-type litter-mates at both the light and electron microscopic levels. The distinguishing characteristics of these embryos are aberrantly arranged entodermal cells, excessive cytoplasmic lipid and crystal-containing mitochondria. These same features are also characteristic of those mutant embryos which are developmentally arrested at both the short and elongated egg-cylinder stages. Over 50% of the t6/t6 embryos can be identified as early as the late blastocyst substages by the presence of large, electron-dense cytoplasmic lipid droplets.", "contents": "Studies of t6/t6 mouse embryos. The phenocritical period of the t6/t6 genome extends from the late blastocyst substages through the elongated egg-cylinder stage. Most of the homozygous mouse embryos die during the short egg-cylinder stage. The viable egg-cylinder staged t6/t6 embryos can be distinguished from their phenotypically wild-type litter-mates at both the light and electron microscopic levels. The distinguishing characteristics of these embryos are aberrantly arranged entodermal cells, excessive cytoplasmic lipid and crystal-containing mitochondria. These same features are also characteristic of those mutant embryos which are developmentally arrested at both the short and elongated egg-cylinder stages. Over 50% of the t6/t6 embryos can be identified as early as the late blastocyst substages by the presence of large, electron-dense cytoplasmic lipid droplets.", "PMID": 1176865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5938", "title": "ATP metabolism in tn/tn mouse embryos.", "content": "Total ATP, ATP/ADP ratios, and the rates of synthesis and turnover of ATP were determined for t12-, tw32- and T+/T+-litters at the 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, early morula, late morula and late blastocyst stages. The results show that tn-litters have excessive rates of ATP metabolism up to the cleavage stage immediately before the stage of lethality for most tw32/tw32 embryos (early morula) and most t12/t12 embryos (late morula); mutant ATP metabolism then falls below control levels. After the death of the tn homozygotes, ATP metabolism in the tn-litters (composed of only T+/T+ and T+/tn embryos) returns to control levels. These data are discussed in relation to the phenotypes of the homozygous tn embryos.", "contents": "ATP metabolism in tn/tn mouse embryos. Total ATP, ATP/ADP ratios, and the rates of synthesis and turnover of ATP were determined for t12-, tw32- and T+/T+-litters at the 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, early morula, late morula and late blastocyst stages. The results show that tn-litters have excessive rates of ATP metabolism up to the cleavage stage immediately before the stage of lethality for most tw32/tw32 embryos (early morula) and most t12/t12 embryos (late morula); mutant ATP metabolism then falls below control levels. After the death of the tn homozygotes, ATP metabolism in the tn-litters (composed of only T+/T+ and T+/tn embryos) returns to control levels. These data are discussed in relation to the phenotypes of the homozygous tn embryos.", "PMID": 1176866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5939", "title": "Autoradiographic studies of tn/tn mouse embryos.", "content": "High-resolution autoradiographic studies were used to determine whether t12/t12 and tw32/tw32 mouse embryos synthesize the excessive lipid which distinguishes these embryos prior to their death. The studies show that the tn homozygotes synthesize neutral lipid which is stored in intracellular lipid droplets. Cholesterol and phospholipid precursors are not incorporated into these droplets.", "contents": "Autoradiographic studies of tn/tn mouse embryos. High-resolution autoradiographic studies were used to determine whether t12/t12 and tw32/tw32 mouse embryos synthesize the excessive lipid which distinguishes these embryos prior to their death. The studies show that the tn homozygotes synthesize neutral lipid which is stored in intracellular lipid droplets. Cholesterol and phospholipid precursors are not incorporated into these droplets.", "PMID": 1176867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5940", "title": "Pathogenesis of preaxial polydactyly of the hand in human embryos.", "content": "Hand plates with preaxial polydactyly from 13 human embryos of the Carnegie stages 17-23 were examined macro- and microscopically. Morphological features in early pathogenesis of preaxial polydactyly are (1) an abnormal extension and a delayed involution of the apical ectodermal ridge on the preaxial border of the hand plate in stages 17 and 18, (2) a precocious development of an interdigital notch between the duplicated thumbs in stages 17 and 18, and (3) bifurcation of the distal part of the first digital ray in stage 19. A disorder of the interaction between limb ectoderm and mesoderm is considered to be the pathogenetic event.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of preaxial polydactyly of the hand in human embryos. Hand plates with preaxial polydactyly from 13 human embryos of the Carnegie stages 17-23 were examined macro- and microscopically. Morphological features in early pathogenesis of preaxial polydactyly are (1) an abnormal extension and a delayed involution of the apical ectodermal ridge on the preaxial border of the hand plate in stages 17 and 18, (2) a precocious development of an interdigital notch between the duplicated thumbs in stages 17 and 18, and (3) bifurcation of the distal part of the first digital ray in stage 19. A disorder of the interaction between limb ectoderm and mesoderm is considered to be the pathogenetic event.", "PMID": 1176868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5941", "title": "Myogenesis in the trunk and leg during development of the tadpole of Xenopus laevis (Daudin 1802).", "content": "Xenopus embryos pass through five behavioural stages between the end of neurulation (stage 20) and the accomplishment of free swimming (stage 33). These are (I) non-motile (stage 20-22) when the myotome muscle begins to differentiate; (II) pre-motile (stage 22-24) when the first striated fibrils are visible and contractions are possible; (III) early flexure (stage 24-27) when reflex responses are given and peripheral nerves are present; (IV) early swimming (stage 28-33); and (V) free swimming (stage 32-46) when co-ordinated swimming is possible but the myotome muscles are still uninucleate. At the onset of metamorphosis (stage 48-50) the myotome muscle becomes multinucleate, possibly by fusion with satellite cells at the ends of the fibres, and has the appearance of adult skeletal muscle. The hind limb of Xenopus passes through similar behavioural stages but at a later stage in development: (i) non-motile (stage 48-52) when little differentiation of the limb-bud has occurred but nerves are present; (ii) pre-motile (stage 53-54) when the limb trembles and muscles are just beginning to acquire striated fibrils; (iii) motile (stage 55-58) when the limb can make stepping movements and the muscles are striated and multinucleate; and (iv) fully functional (stage 60-63) when the limbs are fully differentiated. Unlike the myotome muscle the limb muscle becomes multinucleate before striated myofibrils are assembled. By stage 60 myotome and limb muscle are similar in appearance except that the myotome muscle has larger fibres with fewer nuclei than the limb muscle. In Xenopus, myotome and limb muscle become multinucleate at more or less the same time in the development of the tadpole. In the myotome this is long after contractility and nervous control have appeared, in the limb it precedes the formation of striated fibrils and the ability to contract. It is suggested that the difference in development of the myotome and limb muscles with respect to the stage at which they become multinucleate may be due to some substance produced just before or during metamorphosis.", "contents": "Myogenesis in the trunk and leg during development of the tadpole of Xenopus laevis (Daudin 1802). Xenopus embryos pass through five behavioural stages between the end of neurulation (stage 20) and the accomplishment of free swimming (stage 33). These are (I) non-motile (stage 20-22) when the myotome muscle begins to differentiate; (II) pre-motile (stage 22-24) when the first striated fibrils are visible and contractions are possible; (III) early flexure (stage 24-27) when reflex responses are given and peripheral nerves are present; (IV) early swimming (stage 28-33); and (V) free swimming (stage 32-46) when co-ordinated swimming is possible but the myotome muscles are still uninucleate. At the onset of metamorphosis (stage 48-50) the myotome muscle becomes multinucleate, possibly by fusion with satellite cells at the ends of the fibres, and has the appearance of adult skeletal muscle. The hind limb of Xenopus passes through similar behavioural stages but at a later stage in development: (i) non-motile (stage 48-52) when little differentiation of the limb-bud has occurred but nerves are present; (ii) pre-motile (stage 53-54) when the limb trembles and muscles are just beginning to acquire striated fibrils; (iii) motile (stage 55-58) when the limb can make stepping movements and the muscles are striated and multinucleate; and (iv) fully functional (stage 60-63) when the limbs are fully differentiated. Unlike the myotome muscle the limb muscle becomes multinucleate before striated myofibrils are assembled. By stage 60 myotome and limb muscle are similar in appearance except that the myotome muscle has larger fibres with fewer nuclei than the limb muscle. In Xenopus, myotome and limb muscle become multinucleate at more or less the same time in the development of the tadpole. In the myotome this is long after contractility and nervous control have appeared, in the limb it precedes the formation of striated fibrils and the ability to contract. It is suggested that the difference in development of the myotome and limb muscles with respect to the stage at which they become multinucleate may be due to some substance produced just before or during metamorphosis.", "PMID": 1176869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5942", "title": "The development of the retinotectal projection in Xenopus with one compound eye.", "content": "Double-nasal and double-temporal compound eyes were constructed in Xenopus embryos at stages 32 and 37/38. A particular half was removed from the host eye anlage and replaced with the opposite half-eye from the contralateral side of a donor embryo. Control operations consisted of removing a half-eye and replacing it with a similar half from the ipsilateral side of the donor embryo. Whereas in control animals, each half-eye projects its fibres to the appropriate half-tectum, in operated animals each half of the compound eye spread its optic terminals across the entire rostrocaudal extent of the dorsal tectal surface. The area of tectal surface covered by ganglion fibre terminals was similar in operated animals mapped at successive stages of development to that previously observed in normal animals at equivalent stages. Therefore the factors responsible for the extended distribution of fibre terminals from each half of a compound eye must exist at least from mid-tadpole life, and thereafter be continuously present throughout development.", "contents": "The development of the retinotectal projection in Xenopus with one compound eye. Double-nasal and double-temporal compound eyes were constructed in Xenopus embryos at stages 32 and 37/38. A particular half was removed from the host eye anlage and replaced with the opposite half-eye from the contralateral side of a donor embryo. Control operations consisted of removing a half-eye and replacing it with a similar half from the ipsilateral side of the donor embryo. Whereas in control animals, each half-eye projects its fibres to the appropriate half-tectum, in operated animals each half of the compound eye spread its optic terminals across the entire rostrocaudal extent of the dorsal tectal surface. The area of tectal surface covered by ganglion fibre terminals was similar in operated animals mapped at successive stages of development to that previously observed in normal animals at equivalent stages. Therefore the factors responsible for the extended distribution of fibre terminals from each half of a compound eye must exist at least from mid-tadpole life, and thereafter be continuously present throughout development.", "PMID": 1176870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5943", "title": "Skull growth in achondroplasic (cn) mice; a craniometric study.", "content": "Skull morphology in achondroplasic (cn/cn) mice was compared with that of normal siblings in order to determine the effects of this chondrodystrophy on skull growth, particular attention being given to dimensions reflecting growth at the synchondroses of the cranial base, the nasal septal cartilage and the condylar cartilage of the mandible. The central section of the cranial base (basicranial axis) was reduced by 25 percent, the length of the viscerocranium by 18 percent and the length of the condylar process by 11 percent. The evidence indicates that these reductions are due to diminished growth at respectively the spheno-occipital and missphenoidal synchondroses, the nasal septal cartilage and the condylar cartilage. The relative sizes of the reductions in cranial base, vicerocranium and condylar process suggest that the growth of synchondrotic and septal cartilages is diminished to a greater extent than that of condylar cartilage. This finding is in agreement with the observations that condylar cartilage, unlike synchondrotic and septal cartilage, grows by surface apposition and that the principal defect in cn/cn mice is a disturbance of interstitial cartilaginous growth. The posterior extension of the basicranial axis of the cn/cn mice was reduced by 14 percent and the anterior extension by 2 percent. The width of the cranial base was decreased by 9 percent and the angle between the basicranial axis and its anterior extension was decreased by 3 percent. The length of the neurocranium was reduced by 19 percent in the cn/cn animals while the volume of the endocranial cavity was diminished by only 18 percent. The latter reduction is less than would be expected from the cube relationship between volume and linear dimensions but is readily accounted for by the lack of reduction in the height or width of the neurocranium, the slight flattening of the cranial base and the doming of the neurocranial vault.", "contents": "Skull growth in achondroplasic (cn) mice; a craniometric study. Skull morphology in achondroplasic (cn/cn) mice was compared with that of normal siblings in order to determine the effects of this chondrodystrophy on skull growth, particular attention being given to dimensions reflecting growth at the synchondroses of the cranial base, the nasal septal cartilage and the condylar cartilage of the mandible. The central section of the cranial base (basicranial axis) was reduced by 25 percent, the length of the viscerocranium by 18 percent and the length of the condylar process by 11 percent. The evidence indicates that these reductions are due to diminished growth at respectively the spheno-occipital and missphenoidal synchondroses, the nasal septal cartilage and the condylar cartilage. The relative sizes of the reductions in cranial base, vicerocranium and condylar process suggest that the growth of synchondrotic and septal cartilages is diminished to a greater extent than that of condylar cartilage. This finding is in agreement with the observations that condylar cartilage, unlike synchondrotic and septal cartilage, grows by surface apposition and that the principal defect in cn/cn mice is a disturbance of interstitial cartilaginous growth. The posterior extension of the basicranial axis of the cn/cn mice was reduced by 14 percent and the anterior extension by 2 percent. The width of the cranial base was decreased by 9 percent and the angle between the basicranial axis and its anterior extension was decreased by 3 percent. The length of the neurocranium was reduced by 19 percent in the cn/cn animals while the volume of the endocranial cavity was diminished by only 18 percent. The latter reduction is less than would be expected from the cube relationship between volume and linear dimensions but is readily accounted for by the lack of reduction in the height or width of the neurocranium, the slight flattening of the cranial base and the doming of the neurocranial vault.", "PMID": 1176871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5944", "title": "The matrix of the optic vesicle-presumptive lens interface during induction of the lens in the chicken embryo.", "content": "The cell coats of the presumptive lens cells and the extracellular interface between the lens rudiment and optic vesicle were investigated in the chicken embryo throughout the period during which lens induction is presumed to take place. Histochemical methods showed that the cell coats contained both glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans. Autoradiography after [3H]glucosamine injection indicated incorporation of the precursor with subsequent localization primarily at the cell surface. No obvious changes in the properties of the coat were noted with the progression of early lens morphogenesis. The extracellular matrix at the interface between ectoderm and optic vesicle also contained glycoprotein and glycosaminoglycan. There was a heavy concentration of [3H]glucosamine-containing macromolecules in the area. Electron microscopy revealed that the interface consisted of the basement membrane systems of lens and optic vesicle, fused with their external fibrillar layers. In contrast to the findings on cell coats the density of the interfacial matrix increases appreciably during the lens induction period. Evidence suggests that the cells of the two ocular epithelia are themselves the source of the matrix materials. It is proposed that the macromolecules excreted by the epithelial cells into the interface interact at different concentrations to form aggregates of various structure by a process of self-assembly. This may be reflected in the different ultrastructure of the layers of the interfacial matrix. Quantitative changes in the density of the matrix, leading to increased adhesion between lens rudiment and optic vesicle, may restrict the lateral spreading of the lens cells and so fix the basal area of the lens rudiment. This, together with continued cell replication, may produce the cell crowding, placode formation and invagination characteristic of lens morphogenesis.", "contents": "The matrix of the optic vesicle-presumptive lens interface during induction of the lens in the chicken embryo. The cell coats of the presumptive lens cells and the extracellular interface between the lens rudiment and optic vesicle were investigated in the chicken embryo throughout the period during which lens induction is presumed to take place. Histochemical methods showed that the cell coats contained both glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans. Autoradiography after [3H]glucosamine injection indicated incorporation of the precursor with subsequent localization primarily at the cell surface. No obvious changes in the properties of the coat were noted with the progression of early lens morphogenesis. The extracellular matrix at the interface between ectoderm and optic vesicle also contained glycoprotein and glycosaminoglycan. There was a heavy concentration of [3H]glucosamine-containing macromolecules in the area. Electron microscopy revealed that the interface consisted of the basement membrane systems of lens and optic vesicle, fused with their external fibrillar layers. In contrast to the findings on cell coats the density of the interfacial matrix increases appreciably during the lens induction period. Evidence suggests that the cells of the two ocular epithelia are themselves the source of the matrix materials. It is proposed that the macromolecules excreted by the epithelial cells into the interface interact at different concentrations to form aggregates of various structure by a process of self-assembly. This may be reflected in the different ultrastructure of the layers of the interfacial matrix. Quantitative changes in the density of the matrix, leading to increased adhesion between lens rudiment and optic vesicle, may restrict the lateral spreading of the lens cells and so fix the basal area of the lens rudiment. This, together with continued cell replication, may produce the cell crowding, placode formation and invagination characteristic of lens morphogenesis.", "PMID": 1176872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5945", "title": "[Biological effects of solutions of non-histone chromatin-associated proteins on cell differentiation in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "Nuclear non-histone (NNH) proteins, both chromatin-associated and otherwise, have been prepared in defined conditions, either from nuclei or from washed chromatin. When these NNH proteins are homospecific, they produce inhibitory effects on morphological differentiation of embryonic Urodelan Amphibian cells cultivated in vitro. When they are heterospecific, on the contrary, they have no action on the differentiation of those cells. It is concluded that the effects of the non-histone proteins on cell differentiation depend upon the relationship between the animal species which is used to provide the proteins and that used to provide the reactive material.", "contents": "[Biological effects of solutions of non-histone chromatin-associated proteins on cell differentiation in vitro (author's transl)]. Nuclear non-histone (NNH) proteins, both chromatin-associated and otherwise, have been prepared in defined conditions, either from nuclei or from washed chromatin. When these NNH proteins are homospecific, they produce inhibitory effects on morphological differentiation of embryonic Urodelan Amphibian cells cultivated in vitro. When they are heterospecific, on the contrary, they have no action on the differentiation of those cells. It is concluded that the effects of the non-histone proteins on cell differentiation depend upon the relationship between the animal species which is used to provide the proteins and that used to provide the reactive material.", "PMID": 1176873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5946", "title": "Epithelial autolysis during implantation of the mouse blastocyst: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "An ultrastructural investigation was made of cell death in the uterine epithelium during the implantation of the mouse blastocyst. Cell death occurs in two phases: (i) early individual cell death, and (ii) later general cell death. Individual dead epithelial cells are phagocytosed and digested by trophoblast cells. At 95 h post coitum (p.c.) there are 1-4 dead cells; at 105 h and 113 h, 6-8 dead cells, and at 116 h, 2-3 dead cells. No lysosomal involvement could be identified in the death of these cells. The general breakdown of the uterine epithelium around the implanting blastocyst is first recognizable at the ultrastructural level at 113 h p.c., and continues until the adjacent deteriorated epithelium has been phagocytosed by the trophoblast cells at 119 h p.c. Ultrastructurally, from 113 h p.c. cytoplasmic portions of epithelial cells are trapped within cytosegrosomes, and there is an increase in size of the dense lysosomal bodies found in viable epithelial cells at 105 h p.c. The dense bodies, which are positively stained for acid phosphatase enzyme at 105 h p.c., increase in diameter approximately 3-5 times between 105 h p.c. and 119 h p.c. These results provide evidence of intracellular digestion of small portions of the cytoplasm possibly through the formation of cytosegrosomes which then fuse with residual bodies already present. Thus the evidence favours a process of autolytic breakdown of the uterine epithelium around the implanting blastocyst.", "contents": "Epithelial autolysis during implantation of the mouse blastocyst: an ultrastructural study. An ultrastructural investigation was made of cell death in the uterine epithelium during the implantation of the mouse blastocyst. Cell death occurs in two phases: (i) early individual cell death, and (ii) later general cell death. Individual dead epithelial cells are phagocytosed and digested by trophoblast cells. At 95 h post coitum (p.c.) there are 1-4 dead cells; at 105 h and 113 h, 6-8 dead cells, and at 116 h, 2-3 dead cells. No lysosomal involvement could be identified in the death of these cells. The general breakdown of the uterine epithelium around the implanting blastocyst is first recognizable at the ultrastructural level at 113 h p.c., and continues until the adjacent deteriorated epithelium has been phagocytosed by the trophoblast cells at 119 h p.c. Ultrastructurally, from 113 h p.c. cytoplasmic portions of epithelial cells are trapped within cytosegrosomes, and there is an increase in size of the dense lysosomal bodies found in viable epithelial cells at 105 h p.c. The dense bodies, which are positively stained for acid phosphatase enzyme at 105 h p.c., increase in diameter approximately 3-5 times between 105 h p.c. and 119 h p.c. These results provide evidence of intracellular digestion of small portions of the cytoplasm possibly through the formation of cytosegrosomes which then fuse with residual bodies already present. Thus the evidence favours a process of autolytic breakdown of the uterine epithelium around the implanting blastocyst.", "PMID": 1176874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5947", "title": "Differentiation in vitro of innervated tail regenerates in larval Ambystoma.", "content": "Larval Ambystoma tail regenerates, innervated by the intact spinal cord, were cultured with their epidermal covering in modified Parker's medium (CMRL-1415) and the morphological integrity of the explanted regenerates was maintained with consistent success. The results show that the larval urodele tail blastema is capable of undergoing growth and differentiation when isolated in vitro and regeneration follows the normal in vivo pattern. A diffuse aggregate of blastema cells, which extended caudally from the cut end of the notochord at the time of explantation, underwent differentiation in vitro in the presence of the regenerating spinal cord. The importance of the nerve in regeneration is discussed in relation to the in vitro system.", "contents": "Differentiation in vitro of innervated tail regenerates in larval Ambystoma. Larval Ambystoma tail regenerates, innervated by the intact spinal cord, were cultured with their epidermal covering in modified Parker's medium (CMRL-1415) and the morphological integrity of the explanted regenerates was maintained with consistent success. The results show that the larval urodele tail blastema is capable of undergoing growth and differentiation when isolated in vitro and regeneration follows the normal in vivo pattern. A diffuse aggregate of blastema cells, which extended caudally from the cut end of the notochord at the time of explantation, underwent differentiation in vitro in the presence of the regenerating spinal cord. The importance of the nerve in regeneration is discussed in relation to the in vitro system.", "PMID": 1176875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5948", "title": "In vitro studies of limb regeneration in adult Diemictylus viridescens: neural dependence of blastema cells for growth and differentiation.", "content": "Explants of 99 adult newt forelimb blastemata (21- to 24-day regenerates) were cultured, with and without implanted dorsal root ganglia, in modified Parker's medium (CMRL-1415) for periods of 72-144 h. Growth and differentiation of the cultured blastemata were compared with ganglionated and non-ganglionated controls fixed at the start of the culture period. The results of these experiments establish that implanted spinal ganglia are able to sustain growth and differentiation of forelimb blastemata in vitro: active proliferation amongst the blastema cells was found to be correlated with the presence of an implanted ganglion. In addition, the blastema cells exhibited a differential growth response which was most pronounced when the ganglion was eccentrically implanted 2-3 days before explantation of the limb regenerate. These results suggest that a causal relationship exists between the position of the implanted ganglion and the localization of growth within the blastema. The nerve influence, believed to be mediated by a chemical factor(s), was localized in the region of the implanted neurons, indicating that a close association between the nerves and the responding blastema cells is essential for normal growth. The importance of the physical presence of nerves for the cultivation of blastemata in vitro is emphasized.", "contents": "In vitro studies of limb regeneration in adult Diemictylus viridescens: neural dependence of blastema cells for growth and differentiation. Explants of 99 adult newt forelimb blastemata (21- to 24-day regenerates) were cultured, with and without implanted dorsal root ganglia, in modified Parker's medium (CMRL-1415) for periods of 72-144 h. Growth and differentiation of the cultured blastemata were compared with ganglionated and non-ganglionated controls fixed at the start of the culture period. The results of these experiments establish that implanted spinal ganglia are able to sustain growth and differentiation of forelimb blastemata in vitro: active proliferation amongst the blastema cells was found to be correlated with the presence of an implanted ganglion. In addition, the blastema cells exhibited a differential growth response which was most pronounced when the ganglion was eccentrically implanted 2-3 days before explantation of the limb regenerate. These results suggest that a causal relationship exists between the position of the implanted ganglion and the localization of growth within the blastema. The nerve influence, believed to be mediated by a chemical factor(s), was localized in the region of the implanted neurons, indicating that a close association between the nerves and the responding blastema cells is essential for normal growth. The importance of the physical presence of nerves for the cultivation of blastemata in vitro is emphasized.", "PMID": 1176876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5949", "title": "The growth of rats and mice vibrissae under normal and some abnormal conditions.", "content": "The growth of hair from the mystacial vibrissal follicles of C3H mice and Wistar rats has been measured for up to seven cycles. Normally growth in length and thickness was regular and little affected by age or sex. Plucking vibrissae at any stage during the growing period was followed by the appearance of a new vibrissa 8-11 days later. Plucking when growth had ceased had no effect on the time of appearance of the subsequent cycle. New whiskers emerging after plucking grew at the normal rate. Withholding food slowed the growth of vibrissae within 1 day. Normal growth was re-established 3 days after return to full diet.", "contents": "The growth of rats and mice vibrissae under normal and some abnormal conditions. The growth of hair from the mystacial vibrissal follicles of C3H mice and Wistar rats has been measured for up to seven cycles. Normally growth in length and thickness was regular and little affected by age or sex. Plucking vibrissae at any stage during the growing period was followed by the appearance of a new vibrissa 8-11 days later. Plucking when growth had ceased had no effect on the time of appearance of the subsequent cycle. New whiskers emerging after plucking grew at the normal rate. Withholding food slowed the growth of vibrissae within 1 day. Normal growth was re-established 3 days after return to full diet.", "PMID": 1176877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5950", "title": "Polarity reversal in hydra by oligomycin.", "content": "Intact hydra treated for 24 h with oligomycin gradually lose their head structures and the distal ends form feet. Grafting experiments show that the distal ends of treated animals induce proximal structures.", "contents": "Polarity reversal in hydra by oligomycin. Intact hydra treated for 24 h with oligomycin gradually lose their head structures and the distal ends form feet. Grafting experiments show that the distal ends of treated animals induce proximal structures.", "PMID": 1176878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5951", "title": "On the determination of the dorso-ventral polarity in Xenopus laevis embryos.", "content": "When embryos, or dorsal or ventral half-embryos, of Xenopus laevis are subjected to unilateral restriction of oxygen supply, the posterior end will always appear at the aerobic side, while the development of the anterior end, oriented towards the anaerobic side, will be partly suppressed. The shorter the time treatment lasts, the more normal the development will be. When the restriction of oxygen effects an inversion of the dorso-ventral polarity, development is retarded, otherwise not. Measurements of oxygen consumption show a substantial reduction in the experimental embryos, as compared with normal ones. The change in oxygen consumption in inverted embryos is delayed relative to non-inverted ones, but there is no significant difference in the total consumption of oxygen. Our results support the idea that the dorso-ventral polarity is associated with a gradient in oxygen consumption, and various kinds of evidence suggest that oxygen consumption is, in part, required for the formation of Ruffini's flask-cells, responsible for the initiation of invagination. It is suggested that the basic mechanisms involved in the determination of the normal, and the inverted, dorso-ventral polarity are fundamentally different, the latter being in fact an induction of a new polarity.", "contents": "On the determination of the dorso-ventral polarity in Xenopus laevis embryos. When embryos, or dorsal or ventral half-embryos, of Xenopus laevis are subjected to unilateral restriction of oxygen supply, the posterior end will always appear at the aerobic side, while the development of the anterior end, oriented towards the anaerobic side, will be partly suppressed. The shorter the time treatment lasts, the more normal the development will be. When the restriction of oxygen effects an inversion of the dorso-ventral polarity, development is retarded, otherwise not. Measurements of oxygen consumption show a substantial reduction in the experimental embryos, as compared with normal ones. The change in oxygen consumption in inverted embryos is delayed relative to non-inverted ones, but there is no significant difference in the total consumption of oxygen. Our results support the idea that the dorso-ventral polarity is associated with a gradient in oxygen consumption, and various kinds of evidence suggest that oxygen consumption is, in part, required for the formation of Ruffini's flask-cells, responsible for the initiation of invagination. It is suggested that the basic mechanisms involved in the determination of the normal, and the inverted, dorso-ventral polarity are fundamentally different, the latter being in fact an induction of a new polarity.", "PMID": 1176879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5952", "title": "Haploid mouse embryos obtained by microsurgical removal of one pronucleus.", "content": "A pronucleus can be microsurgically removed from the fertilized mouse egg. Out of 145 haploid eggs obtained by this method and transplanted into the oviduct of pseudopregnant recipients, 36 multicellular embryos were recovered on the 4th or 5th day. On the 4th day all embryos were morulae composed of 8-50 cells, with the majority containing 8-16 cells. After an additional 24 h in vivo or in vitro the cell number increased considerably, sometimes up to as many as 80. Out of 36 multicellular embryos only one developed into a blastocyst while the others remained at the morula stage. Karyological investigations confirmed that the embryos were haploid and revealed that all were gynogenetic. Possible reasons for the absence of the androgenones and for the scarcity of blastocysts are discussed.", "contents": "Haploid mouse embryos obtained by microsurgical removal of one pronucleus. A pronucleus can be microsurgically removed from the fertilized mouse egg. Out of 145 haploid eggs obtained by this method and transplanted into the oviduct of pseudopregnant recipients, 36 multicellular embryos were recovered on the 4th or 5th day. On the 4th day all embryos were morulae composed of 8-50 cells, with the majority containing 8-16 cells. After an additional 24 h in vivo or in vitro the cell number increased considerably, sometimes up to as many as 80. Out of 36 multicellular embryos only one developed into a blastocyst while the others remained at the morula stage. Karyological investigations confirmed that the embryos were haploid and revealed that all were gynogenetic. Possible reasons for the absence of the androgenones and for the scarcity of blastocysts are discussed.", "PMID": 1176880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5953", "title": "Developmental precocity in transferred mouse embryos influencing the teratogen response to salicylate.", "content": "Asynchronous blastocyst transfer, supposed to equalize the developmental stage of native and alien embryos during the organogenic period, was used as a tool in a teratological investigation. A spurious protection by the transfer as such was shown to depend on a persisting asynchrony between native and alien foetuses. The initial difference of 24 h was not nullified, but decreased to 8 h. This difference allowed transferred foetuses to pass the period of maximum sensitivity before salicylate treatment.", "contents": "Developmental precocity in transferred mouse embryos influencing the teratogen response to salicylate. Asynchronous blastocyst transfer, supposed to equalize the developmental stage of native and alien embryos during the organogenic period, was used as a tool in a teratological investigation. A spurious protection by the transfer as such was shown to depend on a persisting asynchrony between native and alien foetuses. The initial difference of 24 h was not nullified, but decreased to 8 h. This difference allowed transferred foetuses to pass the period of maximum sensitivity before salicylate treatment.", "PMID": 1176881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5954", "title": "The structural and functional development of the retina in larval Xenopus.", "content": "The structural transformations of the larval Xenopus retina at successive stages of development, and concomitant changes in response characteristics of retinal ganglion cells, were studied using histological and electrophysiological techniques. The first sign of visually evoked electrical responses appears at about the time when the ganglion cells spread out into a single layer and shortly after the inner and outer plexiform layers become discernible. Initially giving simple \"on\" responses, the cells progressively change their response characteristics and become \"event\" units. Subsequently, \"dimming\" units can be identified. Throughout larval life, response properties of these two types become more distinct from one another and approximate to those found in the adult. So do the arborization patterns of the dendritic trees of the ganglion cells. Two types of branching patterns are identifiable in Golgi preparations. Around metamorphic climax, a new type of ganglion cell appears, coinciding with the emergence of \"sustained\" units electrophysiologically. After metamorphosis, the retina still grows both in thickness (mainly in the inner plexiform layer) and diameter. The three unit types change such they they come to show pronounced inhibitory effects from the peripheral visual field on the receptive field and each unit type acquires a distinct pattern of endogenous discharge.", "contents": "The structural and functional development of the retina in larval Xenopus. The structural transformations of the larval Xenopus retina at successive stages of development, and concomitant changes in response characteristics of retinal ganglion cells, were studied using histological and electrophysiological techniques. The first sign of visually evoked electrical responses appears at about the time when the ganglion cells spread out into a single layer and shortly after the inner and outer plexiform layers become discernible. Initially giving simple \"on\" responses, the cells progressively change their response characteristics and become \"event\" units. Subsequently, \"dimming\" units can be identified. Throughout larval life, response properties of these two types become more distinct from one another and approximate to those found in the adult. So do the arborization patterns of the dendritic trees of the ganglion cells. Two types of branching patterns are identifiable in Golgi preparations. Around metamorphic climax, a new type of ganglion cell appears, coinciding with the emergence of \"sustained\" units electrophysiologically. After metamorphosis, the retina still grows both in thickness (mainly in the inner plexiform layer) and diameter. The three unit types change such they they come to show pronounced inhibitory effects from the peripheral visual field on the receptive field and each unit type acquires a distinct pattern of endogenous discharge.", "PMID": 1176882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5955", "title": "Xenopus laevis cement gland as an experimental model for embryonic differentiation. II. The competence of embryonic cells.", "content": "Explants of the blastocoelic roof of Xenopus laevis embryos were incubated for 6 h in Holtfreter solution containing 10 mM ammonium chloride and 10 mM sodium bicarbonate. After this incubation they were transferred for 5 days to Barth's physiological salt solution. Under these conditions the explants underwent differentiation into cement gland tissue. The ability to produce cement gland was highest when explants were dissected from young gastrulae (stage 10). Explants from younger and older embryos displayed much smaller cement glands. There is no difference in the response of ventral or dorsal portions of the blastocoelic roof of stage-10 embryos under these in vitro conditions involving ammonium chloride stimulation. Although the treatment changed the fate of some ectoblastic tissues, it was unable to force endodermal or mesodermal tissues of the blastoporal lip to differentiate into cement gland. The amount of cement gland in the ectoblastic explants varied according to the egg-batch and on the average accounted for 55 percent of the total tissue. The remaining tissue was undifferentiated. Most of this undifferentiated tissue originates from the adjacent layer of the ectoblast. Therefore it may be estimated that the cement gland accounts for 80 to 100 percent of the volume of the competent superficial layer.", "contents": "Xenopus laevis cement gland as an experimental model for embryonic differentiation. II. The competence of embryonic cells. Explants of the blastocoelic roof of Xenopus laevis embryos were incubated for 6 h in Holtfreter solution containing 10 mM ammonium chloride and 10 mM sodium bicarbonate. After this incubation they were transferred for 5 days to Barth's physiological salt solution. Under these conditions the explants underwent differentiation into cement gland tissue. The ability to produce cement gland was highest when explants were dissected from young gastrulae (stage 10). Explants from younger and older embryos displayed much smaller cement glands. There is no difference in the response of ventral or dorsal portions of the blastocoelic roof of stage-10 embryos under these in vitro conditions involving ammonium chloride stimulation. Although the treatment changed the fate of some ectoblastic tissues, it was unable to force endodermal or mesodermal tissues of the blastoporal lip to differentiate into cement gland. The amount of cement gland in the ectoblastic explants varied according to the egg-batch and on the average accounted for 55 percent of the total tissue. The remaining tissue was undifferentiated. Most of this undifferentiated tissue originates from the adjacent layer of the ectoblast. Therefore it may be estimated that the cement gland accounts for 80 to 100 percent of the volume of the competent superficial layer.", "PMID": 1176883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5956", "title": "Investigation of the determinative state of the mouse inner cell mass. I. Aggregation of isolated inner cell masses with morulae.", "content": "Inner cell masses (ICMs) were dissected from 3 1/2- and 4 1/2-day blastocysts and cultured in contact with 2 1/2-day morulae. Blastocysts and morulae were homozygous for different electrophoretic variants of the enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI). Aggregation of ICMs and morulae was observed, and such aggregates were able to form blastocysts in vitro and morphologically normal foetuses in utero. GPI analysis of these conceptuses revealed that most were chimaeric. However, donor ICM-type isozyme was only detected in the embryonic and extra-embryonic fractions of the chimaeras and never in the trophoblastic fraction. Thus, ICM cells appear unable to form trophoblast derivatives even when exposed to 'outside' conditions as experienced by developing trophoblast cells. This is evidence that ICM cells, although not overtly differentiated, are determined by 3 1/2 days.", "contents": "Investigation of the determinative state of the mouse inner cell mass. I. Aggregation of isolated inner cell masses with morulae. Inner cell masses (ICMs) were dissected from 3 1/2- and 4 1/2-day blastocysts and cultured in contact with 2 1/2-day morulae. Blastocysts and morulae were homozygous for different electrophoretic variants of the enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI). Aggregation of ICMs and morulae was observed, and such aggregates were able to form blastocysts in vitro and morphologically normal foetuses in utero. GPI analysis of these conceptuses revealed that most were chimaeric. However, donor ICM-type isozyme was only detected in the embryonic and extra-embryonic fractions of the chimaeras and never in the trophoblastic fraction. Thus, ICM cells appear unable to form trophoblast derivatives even when exposed to 'outside' conditions as experienced by developing trophoblast cells. This is evidence that ICM cells, although not overtly differentiated, are determined by 3 1/2 days.", "PMID": 1176884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5957", "title": "Investigation of the determinative state of the mouse inner cell mass. II. The fate of isolated inner cell masses transferred to the oviduct.", "content": "Inner cell masses (ICMs) were dissected from 3 1/2- and 4 1/2-day mouse blastocysts and inserted into empty zonae before transfer to the oviducts of pseudopregnant mice. The ICMs survived in the oviduct for at least 2 days with little evidence of reduction in cell number. After 1 day, isolated 3 1/2-day ICMs were still viable, since they could form chimaeras when injected into 3 1/2-day blastocysts. However, no evidence of trophoblast formation could be detected in any of the isolated ICMs, despite exposure of some of their cells to 'outside' conditions. This is further evidence that ICM cells, although not overtly differentiated, are determined by 3 1/2 days. Although no trophoblast was formed, 3 1/2-day ICMs formed an outer endoderm layer after 1 day in the oviduct, as judged by light and electron microscopical evidence. It is suggested that cell position may be important in endoderm differentiation.", "contents": "Investigation of the determinative state of the mouse inner cell mass. II. The fate of isolated inner cell masses transferred to the oviduct. Inner cell masses (ICMs) were dissected from 3 1/2- and 4 1/2-day mouse blastocysts and inserted into empty zonae before transfer to the oviducts of pseudopregnant mice. The ICMs survived in the oviduct for at least 2 days with little evidence of reduction in cell number. After 1 day, isolated 3 1/2-day ICMs were still viable, since they could form chimaeras when injected into 3 1/2-day blastocysts. However, no evidence of trophoblast formation could be detected in any of the isolated ICMs, despite exposure of some of their cells to 'outside' conditions. This is further evidence that ICM cells, although not overtly differentiated, are determined by 3 1/2 days. Although no trophoblast was formed, 3 1/2-day ICMs formed an outer endoderm layer after 1 day in the oviduct, as judged by light and electron microscopical evidence. It is suggested that cell position may be important in endoderm differentiation.", "PMID": 1176885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5958", "title": "A receptor for the third component of complement in the human renal glomerulus.", "content": "In the course of studying the nature of mononuclear cellular infiltrates in tissue sections of human kidney it was noted that indicator sheep erythrocytes densely coated with the third component of complement (C3) specifically adhered to all of the glomeruli in the tissue sections. The deposition of complement (C) within the glomerulus is a feature of many immunologically related renal diseases (1,2), yet the precise mechanism by which C is deposited remains unexplained. We feel that this observation, suggesting the presence of a receptor for C, is, therefore, of particular interest.", "contents": "A receptor for the third component of complement in the human renal glomerulus. In the course of studying the nature of mononuclear cellular infiltrates in tissue sections of human kidney it was noted that indicator sheep erythrocytes densely coated with the third component of complement (C3) specifically adhered to all of the glomeruli in the tissue sections. The deposition of complement (C) within the glomerulus is a feature of many immunologically related renal diseases (1,2), yet the precise mechanism by which C is deposited remains unexplained. We feel that this observation, suggesting the presence of a receptor for C, is, therefore, of particular interest.", "PMID": 1176888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5959", "title": "Immunologic injury in measles virus infection. II. Suppression of immune injury through antigenic modulation.", "content": "Upon the addition of antibody to measles virus, measles virus antigens expressed on the surface of infected cells can be modulated from the cell's membrane in vitro. Removal of measles virus antigens from the surface of cells occurs relatively rapidly and is accompanied by a parallel reduction in the ability of antibody and complement to lyse these cells. Modulation of surface viral antigens can occur in the absence of cap formation and is fully reversible once measles virus antibodies are removed from culture medium. Protracted exposure of acutely infected cells to measles virus antibodies results in a population of cells that exhibit normal cytomorphology and growth behavior. These cells continue to express measles virus antigens internally, but not at the cell surface, and are refractory to immune lysis. Once antiviral antibody is removed, measles virus antigens again appear on the cell surface, giant cell and syncytial formation occur, and cell death follows. These observations may explain the persistence of virus in spite of a vigorous host antiviral immune response in certain chronic infections of man.", "contents": "Immunologic injury in measles virus infection. II. Suppression of immune injury through antigenic modulation. Upon the addition of antibody to measles virus, measles virus antigens expressed on the surface of infected cells can be modulated from the cell's membrane in vitro. Removal of measles virus antigens from the surface of cells occurs relatively rapidly and is accompanied by a parallel reduction in the ability of antibody and complement to lyse these cells. Modulation of surface viral antigens can occur in the absence of cap formation and is fully reversible once measles virus antibodies are removed from culture medium. Protracted exposure of acutely infected cells to measles virus antibodies results in a population of cells that exhibit normal cytomorphology and growth behavior. These cells continue to express measles virus antigens internally, but not at the cell surface, and are refractory to immune lysis. Once antiviral antibody is removed, measles virus antigens again appear on the cell surface, giant cell and syncytial formation occur, and cell death follows. These observations may explain the persistence of virus in spite of a vigorous host antiviral immune response in certain chronic infections of man.", "PMID": 1176889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5960", "title": "Phagolysosome formation in normal and colchicine-treated macrophages.", "content": "Intracellular lysosomal fusion has been evaluated in cultivated mouse peritoneal macrophages by measurement of transfer of acid phosphatase to polyvinyltoluene (PVT)-containing phagolysosomes. Enzyme transfer was found to be directly and significantly related to the uptake of PVT and to be independent of time allowed for phagolysosome formation over time periods of 15 min to 18 h. In addition, the extent of transfer of lysosomal enzyme to phagolysosomes was unaffected by treatment of the cells with 10(-6) M colchicine, a dose which eradicates morphologically identifiable microtubules in this cell type within 2 h. The data indicate that intracellular fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes in the macrophage does not require formed microtubules and suggest that fusion occurs promptly after interiorization of inert particles.", "contents": "Phagolysosome formation in normal and colchicine-treated macrophages. Intracellular lysosomal fusion has been evaluated in cultivated mouse peritoneal macrophages by measurement of transfer of acid phosphatase to polyvinyltoluene (PVT)-containing phagolysosomes. Enzyme transfer was found to be directly and significantly related to the uptake of PVT and to be independent of time allowed for phagolysosome formation over time periods of 15 min to 18 h. In addition, the extent of transfer of lysosomal enzyme to phagolysosomes was unaffected by treatment of the cells with 10(-6) M colchicine, a dose which eradicates morphologically identifiable microtubules in this cell type within 2 h. The data indicate that intracellular fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes in the macrophage does not require formed microtubules and suggest that fusion occurs promptly after interiorization of inert particles.", "PMID": 1176890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5961", "title": "Continuous replication of Friend virus complex (spleen focus-forming virus-lymphatic leukemia-inducing virus) in mouse embryo fibroblasts. Retention of leukemogenicity and loss of immunosuppressive properties.", "content": "Exposure of NIH Swiss mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) to infectious Friend virus (FV) complex [containing defective spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) and endogenous NB-tropic leukemia-inducing helper virus (LLV-F)] resulted in the productive infection of these cells by both SFFV and LLV-F. Stocks of SFFV derived after extensive growth in this Swiss MEF cell culture system are fully leukemogenic in adult mice for the induction of erythroleukemia and spleen foci. In addition, in vitro-derived LLV-F, when isolated free of SFFV, is fully leukemogenic for the induction of lymphatic leukemia when inoculated into susceptible newborn BALB/c mice. The host range of in vitro-derived FV complex (i.e., FV-TC) for focus formation in vivo is NB-tropic. Unlike in vivo-derived FV complex, FV-TC does not suppress the responsiveness of murine thymocytes to concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro. Rather, FV-TC acts as a mitogen to nonspecifically stimulate the proliferation of BALB/c thymocytes. The mitogenicity of in vitro-derived FV complex is directly associated with the presence of type-C virus particles, is a heat-labile and UV-sensitive property of the virus, and may be primarily due to LLV since equivalent amounts of LLV with or without SFFV present are equally mitogenic. One in vivo passage of FV-TC resulted in the total loss of this mitogenic property with the reappearance of full immunosuppressive properties. This result demonstrates a clear association between in vivo growth of FV and its ability to suppress mouse thymocytes, and suggests that FV complex (SFFV-LLV) is not inherently immunosuppressive for these cells. While the mechanism of this interconversion between immunostimulatory and fully suppressive virus is unknown, both virus markers appear to be dependent upon the presence of infectious FV.", "contents": "Continuous replication of Friend virus complex (spleen focus-forming virus-lymphatic leukemia-inducing virus) in mouse embryo fibroblasts. Retention of leukemogenicity and loss of immunosuppressive properties. Exposure of NIH Swiss mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) to infectious Friend virus (FV) complex [containing defective spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) and endogenous NB-tropic leukemia-inducing helper virus (LLV-F)] resulted in the productive infection of these cells by both SFFV and LLV-F. Stocks of SFFV derived after extensive growth in this Swiss MEF cell culture system are fully leukemogenic in adult mice for the induction of erythroleukemia and spleen foci. In addition, in vitro-derived LLV-F, when isolated free of SFFV, is fully leukemogenic for the induction of lymphatic leukemia when inoculated into susceptible newborn BALB/c mice. The host range of in vitro-derived FV complex (i.e., FV-TC) for focus formation in vivo is NB-tropic. Unlike in vivo-derived FV complex, FV-TC does not suppress the responsiveness of murine thymocytes to concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro. Rather, FV-TC acts as a mitogen to nonspecifically stimulate the proliferation of BALB/c thymocytes. The mitogenicity of in vitro-derived FV complex is directly associated with the presence of type-C virus particles, is a heat-labile and UV-sensitive property of the virus, and may be primarily due to LLV since equivalent amounts of LLV with or without SFFV present are equally mitogenic. One in vivo passage of FV-TC resulted in the total loss of this mitogenic property with the reappearance of full immunosuppressive properties. This result demonstrates a clear association between in vivo growth of FV and its ability to suppress mouse thymocytes, and suggests that FV complex (SFFV-LLV) is not inherently immunosuppressive for these cells. While the mechanism of this interconversion between immunostimulatory and fully suppressive virus is unknown, both virus markers appear to be dependent upon the presence of infectious FV.", "PMID": 1176891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5962", "title": "Serum albumin is essential for in vitro growth of activated human lymphocytes.", "content": "The effect of human plasma, the plasma protein fractions of Cohn, and crystallized serum albumin on the in vitro growth of human lymphocytes activated by concanavalin A (Con A) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide was compared. It was found that fraction V or serum albumin (SA) is essential for growth of activated T and B lymphocytes. The other plasma proteins have no effect. The growth response of Con A-activated T lymphocytes to increasing concentrations of SA is similar to the response to increasing equivalent concentrations of plasma suggesting but not proving that SA is the only growth-stimulating factor in plasma when added to a protein-free culture medium. The growth-promoting effect of SA is not due to the fatty acids or hormones bound to SA but is attributed to the albumin molecule itself or to a factor tightly bound to it. SA can also effectively replace plasma to stimulate proliferation of lymphocytes activated by allogeneic lymphocytes or purified protein derivative of tuberculin.", "contents": "Serum albumin is essential for in vitro growth of activated human lymphocytes. The effect of human plasma, the plasma protein fractions of Cohn, and crystallized serum albumin on the in vitro growth of human lymphocytes activated by concanavalin A (Con A) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide was compared. It was found that fraction V or serum albumin (SA) is essential for growth of activated T and B lymphocytes. The other plasma proteins have no effect. The growth response of Con A-activated T lymphocytes to increasing concentrations of SA is similar to the response to increasing equivalent concentrations of plasma suggesting but not proving that SA is the only growth-stimulating factor in plasma when added to a protein-free culture medium. The growth-promoting effect of SA is not due to the fatty acids or hormones bound to SA but is attributed to the albumin molecule itself or to a factor tightly bound to it. SA can also effectively replace plasma to stimulate proliferation of lymphocytes activated by allogeneic lymphocytes or purified protein derivative of tuberculin.", "PMID": 1176892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5963", "title": "Conditioned response-contingent delays of the unconditioned stimulus in human aversive conditioning.", "content": "Four groups of subjects were given either 0. 100, 500, or 1,000 msec delays of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) contingent upon the occurrence of a conditioned response (CR) and were given a UCS 515 msec after conditioned stimulus (CS) onset when a CR did not occur. A fifth group received standard classical conditioning trials with an interstimulus interval of 515 msec. Overall performance decreased as CR-contingent UCS delay increased, with the classical conditioning group approximating the performance of the group receiving the 100-msec delay. The data were analyzed with the two-phase model of conditioning and the following results were obtained: The duration of Phase 1 of the model increased with contingent delay; operator limits associated with CR trials or with combined CR-CR (CR absent) trials decreased as a function of delay; and operator limits associated exclusively with CR trials were unaffected by the delay. Subjects receiving a contingent delay of 0 msec gave the shortest latency responses and exhibited reliable latency decreases across trials, suggesting an attempt to \"beat\" the UCS. The results were interpreted as contrary to what would be expected from low-of-effect theories which postulate that reinforcement results from a CR-UCS interaction, although they could be subsumed under a drive or an associative strength theory in which the aversive, or CR-supportive, strength of the UCS is assumed to be negatively correlated with contingent UCS delay.", "contents": "Conditioned response-contingent delays of the unconditioned stimulus in human aversive conditioning. Four groups of subjects were given either 0. 100, 500, or 1,000 msec delays of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) contingent upon the occurrence of a conditioned response (CR) and were given a UCS 515 msec after conditioned stimulus (CS) onset when a CR did not occur. A fifth group received standard classical conditioning trials with an interstimulus interval of 515 msec. Overall performance decreased as CR-contingent UCS delay increased, with the classical conditioning group approximating the performance of the group receiving the 100-msec delay. The data were analyzed with the two-phase model of conditioning and the following results were obtained: The duration of Phase 1 of the model increased with contingent delay; operator limits associated with CR trials or with combined CR-CR (CR absent) trials decreased as a function of delay; and operator limits associated exclusively with CR trials were unaffected by the delay. Subjects receiving a contingent delay of 0 msec gave the shortest latency responses and exhibited reliable latency decreases across trials, suggesting an attempt to \"beat\" the UCS. The results were interpreted as contrary to what would be expected from low-of-effect theories which postulate that reinforcement results from a CR-UCS interaction, although they could be subsumed under a drive or an associative strength theory in which the aversive, or CR-supportive, strength of the UCS is assumed to be negatively correlated with contingent UCS delay.", "PMID": 1176893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5964", "title": "Storage and retrieval properties of dual codes for pictures and words in recognition memory.", "content": "Storage and retrieval properties of pictures and words were studied within a recognition memory paradigm. Storage was manipulated by instructing subjects either to image or to verbalize to both picture and word stimuli during the study sequence. Retrieval was manipulated by representing a proportion of the old picture and word items in their opposite form during the recognition test (i.e., some old pictures were tested with their corresponding words and vice versa). Recognition performance for pictures was identical under the two instructional conditions, whereas recognition performance for words was markedly superior under the imagery instruction condition. It was suggested that subjects may engage in dual coding of simple pictures naturally, regardless of instructions, whereas dual coding of words may occur only under imagery instructions. The form of the test item had no effect on recognition performance for either type of stimulus and under either instructional condition. However, change of form of the test item markedly reduced item-by-item correlations between the two instructional conditions. It is tentatively proposed that retrieval is required in recognition, but that the effect of a form change is simply to make the retrieval process less consistent, not less efficient.", "contents": "Storage and retrieval properties of dual codes for pictures and words in recognition memory. Storage and retrieval properties of pictures and words were studied within a recognition memory paradigm. Storage was manipulated by instructing subjects either to image or to verbalize to both picture and word stimuli during the study sequence. Retrieval was manipulated by representing a proportion of the old picture and word items in their opposite form during the recognition test (i.e., some old pictures were tested with their corresponding words and vice versa). Recognition performance for pictures was identical under the two instructional conditions, whereas recognition performance for words was markedly superior under the imagery instruction condition. It was suggested that subjects may engage in dual coding of simple pictures naturally, regardless of instructions, whereas dual coding of words may occur only under imagery instructions. The form of the test item had no effect on recognition performance for either type of stimulus and under either instructional condition. However, change of form of the test item markedly reduced item-by-item correlations between the two instructional conditions. It is tentatively proposed that retrieval is required in recognition, but that the effect of a form change is simply to make the retrieval process less consistent, not less efficient.", "PMID": 1176894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5965", "title": "The von Restorff effect and induced amnesia: production by manipulation of sound intensity.", "content": "When an outstanding item appears in an otherwise homogeneous list of items, the outstanding item is better remembered (the von Restorff effect), and items before and after it may be more poorly remembered (induced amnesia) than corresponding items in a control list. In the present experiments the outstanding item was a word presented as a loud shout among other words presented at normal conversational levels. In two experiments, large retrograde- and anterograde-induced amnesiae effects were demonstrated using a free-recall and a recognition task. In both experiments half of the subjects were told what to expect and were instructed to devise a strategy to eliminate induced amnesia. These instructions failed to eliminate the amnesiac effect. A third experiment was designed to demonstrate an empirical similarity between induced and clinical amnesia. In clinical retrograde (but not anterograde) amnesia, \"lost\" memories are sometimes recovered with time. Filled delays of 0, 30, or 120 sec interpolated between list presentation and recall demonstrated that induced retrograde amnesia disappeared at the longest delay but induced anterograde amnesia was unchanged. A fourth experiment eliminated some alternate interpretations of the effect.", "contents": "The von Restorff effect and induced amnesia: production by manipulation of sound intensity. When an outstanding item appears in an otherwise homogeneous list of items, the outstanding item is better remembered (the von Restorff effect), and items before and after it may be more poorly remembered (induced amnesia) than corresponding items in a control list. In the present experiments the outstanding item was a word presented as a loud shout among other words presented at normal conversational levels. In two experiments, large retrograde- and anterograde-induced amnesiae effects were demonstrated using a free-recall and a recognition task. In both experiments half of the subjects were told what to expect and were instructed to devise a strategy to eliminate induced amnesia. These instructions failed to eliminate the amnesiac effect. A third experiment was designed to demonstrate an empirical similarity between induced and clinical amnesia. In clinical retrograde (but not anterograde) amnesia, \"lost\" memories are sometimes recovered with time. Filled delays of 0, 30, or 120 sec interpolated between list presentation and recall demonstrated that induced retrograde amnesia disappeared at the longest delay but induced anterograde amnesia was unchanged. A fourth experiment eliminated some alternate interpretations of the effect.", "PMID": 1176895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5966", "title": "Immediate and delayed recognition of sequentially presented random shapes.", "content": "Two experiments tested whether short-term memory accounts for the recency effect observed with rapid sequential presentation of nonverbal stimuli. Four random shapes were presented sequentially (with no interstimulus interval) on each trial at rates of 150 msec, 250 msec, 500 msec, and 1,000 msec per stimulus. Subsequent recognition varied positively with exposure duration, ranging from 57% at 150 msec to 77% at 1,000 msec. Two serial position effects were observed: a slight decrease in recognition accuracy for the first stimulus in each sequence and a large increase in recognition for the last stimulus in each sequence. The recency effect was not altered by an intervening 30-sec delay, an intervening 30-sec copying task, or an intervening 30-sec copying and counting task. Since neither visual nor verbal distractors altered recognition accuracy, it was suggested that all shapes were processed directly into long-term memory storage. It also was hypothesized that long-term storage of a nonverbal stimulus requires identification of a distinctive feature of the stimulus and that this process may continue for a brief period after actual stimulus offset.", "contents": "Immediate and delayed recognition of sequentially presented random shapes. Two experiments tested whether short-term memory accounts for the recency effect observed with rapid sequential presentation of nonverbal stimuli. Four random shapes were presented sequentially (with no interstimulus interval) on each trial at rates of 150 msec, 250 msec, 500 msec, and 1,000 msec per stimulus. Subsequent recognition varied positively with exposure duration, ranging from 57% at 150 msec to 77% at 1,000 msec. Two serial position effects were observed: a slight decrease in recognition accuracy for the first stimulus in each sequence and a large increase in recognition for the last stimulus in each sequence. The recency effect was not altered by an intervening 30-sec delay, an intervening 30-sec copying task, or an intervening 30-sec copying and counting task. Since neither visual nor verbal distractors altered recognition accuracy, it was suggested that all shapes were processed directly into long-term memory storage. It also was hypothesized that long-term storage of a nonverbal stimulus requires identification of a distinctive feature of the stimulus and that this process may continue for a brief period after actual stimulus offset.", "PMID": 1176896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5967", "title": "Enduring visual memory despite forced verbal rehearsal.", "content": "The ability to decide rapidly that two visual stimuli are nominally the same when they are also visually the same (the Posner effect) was examined for stimuli of increasing visual complexity (Experiment 1) and when a greater variety of visual differences between the two stimuli was employed (Experiment 2). When the two stimuli each consisted of a pair of letters or when to single-letter stimuli sometimes differed in both case and style, the Posner effect occurred even though subjects made overt verbal rehearsals of the first stimulus. The results suggest that losses of the Posner effect found under simpler circumstances are not attributable to a switch from visual to exclusively verbal coding.", "contents": "Enduring visual memory despite forced verbal rehearsal. The ability to decide rapidly that two visual stimuli are nominally the same when they are also visually the same (the Posner effect) was examined for stimuli of increasing visual complexity (Experiment 1) and when a greater variety of visual differences between the two stimuli was employed (Experiment 2). When the two stimuli each consisted of a pair of letters or when to single-letter stimuli sometimes differed in both case and style, the Posner effect occurred even though subjects made overt verbal rehearsals of the first stimulus. The results suggest that losses of the Posner effect found under simpler circumstances are not attributable to a switch from visual to exclusively verbal coding.", "PMID": 1176897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5968", "title": "Cell patterns and cell movements during early development of an annual fish, Nothobranchius neumanni.", "content": "During epiboly stages the cells (called deep blastomeres) which will form the definitive embryo disperse over the surface of the yolk sphere, only later aggregating and developing an embryonic axis. Five different statistical tests were used to study the pattern formed by the deep blastomeres during epiboly and early dispersed stages. The two most reliable tests, based on the distance from each deep blastomere within a selected area to its nearest neighboring cell, indicate that the distribution pattern changes from regular during epiboly stages to random during dispersed stages 1 and 2. Careful observation and time-lapse microphotography revealed some aspects of how the cells set up the regular pattern. The deep blastomeres exhibit a variety of cell extensions, with which they often contact one another. When two deep blastomeres make contact during epiboly stages, they soon break the contact and move apart; they overlap one another only rarely. Deep blastomeres are frequently located at, and are even elongated along, borders of the overlying flat cells (enveloping layer cells). These two mechanisms, one similar to contact inhibition of cell movement, the other to contact guidance, may contribute to the rather regular spacing of the deep blastomeres as well as to their arrangement in rows during epiboly stages.", "contents": "Cell patterns and cell movements during early development of an annual fish, Nothobranchius neumanni. During epiboly stages the cells (called deep blastomeres) which will form the definitive embryo disperse over the surface of the yolk sphere, only later aggregating and developing an embryonic axis. Five different statistical tests were used to study the pattern formed by the deep blastomeres during epiboly and early dispersed stages. The two most reliable tests, based on the distance from each deep blastomere within a selected area to its nearest neighboring cell, indicate that the distribution pattern changes from regular during epiboly stages to random during dispersed stages 1 and 2. Careful observation and time-lapse microphotography revealed some aspects of how the cells set up the regular pattern. The deep blastomeres exhibit a variety of cell extensions, with which they often contact one another. When two deep blastomeres make contact during epiboly stages, they soon break the contact and move apart; they overlap one another only rarely. Deep blastomeres are frequently located at, and are even elongated along, borders of the overlying flat cells (enveloping layer cells). These two mechanisms, one similar to contact inhibition of cell movement, the other to contact guidance, may contribute to the rather regular spacing of the deep blastomeres as well as to their arrangement in rows during epiboly stages.", "PMID": 1176898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5969", "title": "The dicyemid Mesozoa as an integrated system for morphogenetic studies. I. Description, isolation and maintenance.", "content": "The morphological simplicity of the dicyemid Mesozoa is such as to allow mapping of enery individual cell during the development of the organisms. Individual cells are of a size amenable to micromanipulation and a number of potential morphogenetic makers is readily apparent. The possibility of raising the animals in vitro and obtaining developmental mutants makes these organisms excellent candidates for use as an integrated system to correlate cytodifferentiation and morphogenesis with genetic control. An axenic, nearly defined, medium in which the misozoans can be kept for over three months has been developed. Methods for isolating and maintaining the organisms are described.", "contents": "The dicyemid Mesozoa as an integrated system for morphogenetic studies. I. Description, isolation and maintenance. The morphological simplicity of the dicyemid Mesozoa is such as to allow mapping of enery individual cell during the development of the organisms. Individual cells are of a size amenable to micromanipulation and a number of potential morphogenetic makers is readily apparent. The possibility of raising the animals in vitro and obtaining developmental mutants makes these organisms excellent candidates for use as an integrated system to correlate cytodifferentiation and morphogenesis with genetic control. An axenic, nearly defined, medium in which the misozoans can be kept for over three months has been developed. Methods for isolating and maintaining the organisms are described.", "PMID": 1176899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5970", "title": "A preliminary investigation into the roles played by the rectal gland and kidneys in the osmoregulation of the striped dogfish Poroderma africanum.", "content": "Presented here are the results of a preliminary investigation into ionic and osmotic regulation by the kidneys and rectal gland of the striped dogfish, Poroderma africanum. Fish with ligated rectal glands showed an increase in blood concentration of sodium and chloride within a short time period, reaching a maximum after four days. The blood concentration of the two ions then decreased over the following ten days. Control animals showed relatively unchanged blood-sodium and chloride levels, over the entire 14-day period. After salt loading, both control animals and those with ligated rectal glands showed initial rise in blood sodium and chloride levels, but these returned towards initial values within seven hours of injection. Comparison of the two groups indicates that the rectal gland may control blood-chloride levels more so than -sodium, although its action as a salt regulator does not seem very pronounced in either case. Urine and rectal gland fluid, were collected as a compound fluid, from normal fish, and the estimated cloacal salt loss is discussed.  Urine from normal fish was also collected separately and was analysed for its contribution to salt loss. Results are discussed and compared with previous relevant findings.", "contents": "A preliminary investigation into the roles played by the rectal gland and kidneys in the osmoregulation of the striped dogfish Poroderma africanum. Presented here are the results of a preliminary investigation into ionic and osmotic regulation by the kidneys and rectal gland of the striped dogfish, Poroderma africanum. Fish with ligated rectal glands showed an increase in blood concentration of sodium and chloride within a short time period, reaching a maximum after four days. The blood concentration of the two ions then decreased over the following ten days. Control animals showed relatively unchanged blood-sodium and chloride levels, over the entire 14-day period. After salt loading, both control animals and those with ligated rectal glands showed initial rise in blood sodium and chloride levels, but these returned towards initial values within seven hours of injection. Comparison of the two groups indicates that the rectal gland may control blood-chloride levels more so than -sodium, although its action as a salt regulator does not seem very pronounced in either case. Urine and rectal gland fluid, were collected as a compound fluid, from normal fish, and the estimated cloacal salt loss is discussed.  Urine from normal fish was also collected separately and was analysed for its contribution to salt loss. Results are discussed and compared with previous relevant findings.", "PMID": 1176900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5971", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase in singly and multiply innervated muscles of normal and dystrophic chickens. II. Effects of denervation.", "content": "Neural regulation of mature normal fast twitch muscle of the chicken suppresses high activity, extrajunctional localization, and isozyme forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) characteristic of embryonic, denervated and dystrophic muscle. Normal adult slow tonic muscle ofthe chicken retains intermediate levels of activity and embryonic isozyme forms but not extrajunctional activity; it is not affected by muscular dystrophy. The hypothesis that neural regulation of the AChE system is lacking in slow tonic muscle and thus not affected by dystrophy was tested by denervating the fast twitch posterior latissimus dorsi and slow tonic anterior latissimus dorsi muscles of normal and dystrophic chickens. Extrajunctional AChE activity and embryonic isozyme forms increased, then declined, in both muscles. The results suggest that ocntrol of AChE is qualitatively similar in slow tonic and fast twitch muscle of the chicken.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase in singly and multiply innervated muscles of normal and dystrophic chickens. II. Effects of denervation. Neural regulation of mature normal fast twitch muscle of the chicken suppresses high activity, extrajunctional localization, and isozyme forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) characteristic of embryonic, denervated and dystrophic muscle. Normal adult slow tonic muscle ofthe chicken retains intermediate levels of activity and embryonic isozyme forms but not extrajunctional activity; it is not affected by muscular dystrophy. The hypothesis that neural regulation of the AChE system is lacking in slow tonic muscle and thus not affected by dystrophy was tested by denervating the fast twitch posterior latissimus dorsi and slow tonic anterior latissimus dorsi muscles of normal and dystrophic chickens. Extrajunctional AChE activity and embryonic isozyme forms increased, then declined, in both muscles. The results suggest that ocntrol of AChE is qualitatively similar in slow tonic and fast twitch muscle of the chicken.", "PMID": 1176901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5972", "title": "The differential effects of estrogen and progesterone on the uterus of the ovariectomized golden hamster.", "content": "The effects of estrogen and progesterone on incorporation of 3H-thymidine by the uterus of the ovariectomized hamster are reported. In the ovariectomized hamster progesterone alone did not induce incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Estrogen alone caused significant incorporation of 3H-thymidine, predominantly in the luminal epithelium wheras a prior or subsequent treatment with progesterone activated DNA synthesis in the stroma and muscualris. These results indicate the role of estrogen in priming the uterus of the hamster for the subsequent action of progesterone.", "contents": "The differential effects of estrogen and progesterone on the uterus of the ovariectomized golden hamster. The effects of estrogen and progesterone on incorporation of 3H-thymidine by the uterus of the ovariectomized hamster are reported. In the ovariectomized hamster progesterone alone did not induce incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Estrogen alone caused significant incorporation of 3H-thymidine, predominantly in the luminal epithelium wheras a prior or subsequent treatment with progesterone activated DNA synthesis in the stroma and muscualris. These results indicate the role of estrogen in priming the uterus of the hamster for the subsequent action of progesterone.", "PMID": 1176902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5973", "title": "Tooth replacement in the upper jaw of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).", "content": "The present paper describes the pattern of tooth replacement in the upper jaw of two size ranges of rainbow trout (standard lengths 12-15 cm and 20-23 cm) as determined from wax impressions of the dentitions taken twice weekly on anaesthetised fish. There was considerable variation in the nature of replacement waves (lines constructed on dental charts linking eruption times of alternate teeth) between fish for both the premaxillary/maxillary and vomerine/palatine rows. The wave patterns obtained showed the same consistency of form for any one animal which is to be expected when consecutive generations show constant or proportionately changing life spans. Data relating to the life span of the teeth is given. The results are compared with those derived for the lower jaw and the significance of wave form discussed.", "contents": "Tooth replacement in the upper jaw of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The present paper describes the pattern of tooth replacement in the upper jaw of two size ranges of rainbow trout (standard lengths 12-15 cm and 20-23 cm) as determined from wax impressions of the dentitions taken twice weekly on anaesthetised fish. There was considerable variation in the nature of replacement waves (lines constructed on dental charts linking eruption times of alternate teeth) between fish for both the premaxillary/maxillary and vomerine/palatine rows. The wave patterns obtained showed the same consistency of form for any one animal which is to be expected when consecutive generations show constant or proportionately changing life spans. Data relating to the life span of the teeth is given. The results are compared with those derived for the lower jaw and the significance of wave form discussed.", "PMID": 1176903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5974", "title": "A reexamination of cleavage patterns in eutherian mammalian eggs: rotation of blastomere pairs during second cleavage in the rabbit.", "content": "The pattern of cleavage was examined during second and third furrowing of the rabbit egg. Two-cell eggs, collected just prior to onset of second cleavage, were continuously observed in a culture chamber, which was kept at 37 degrees C. Semi-cinematographic techniques were used to photograph progressive stages of cleavage. It was demonstrated that the pattern of cleavage in the rabbit differs from that in the sea urchin, because the blastomeres at the 4-cell stage are arranged crosswise in the former, while they are situated next to each other in the latter. The crosswise arrangement of the blastomeres in the rabbit at the 4-cell stage is a consequence of a 90 degree rotation of the polar axis in one hemisphere of the egg. Subsequently, due to the rotation of the original polar axis in one hemisphere, the third cleavage plane through one half of the egg is transverse to the third cleavage plane through the other half. Evidence is provided to show that the cross wise configuration of blastomeres at the 4-cell stage occurs in other eutherian mammals. It is proposed that this rotational cleavage pattern be recognized as distinct from those of radial, spiral and bilateral.", "contents": "A reexamination of cleavage patterns in eutherian mammalian eggs: rotation of blastomere pairs during second cleavage in the rabbit. The pattern of cleavage was examined during second and third furrowing of the rabbit egg. Two-cell eggs, collected just prior to onset of second cleavage, were continuously observed in a culture chamber, which was kept at 37 degrees C. Semi-cinematographic techniques were used to photograph progressive stages of cleavage. It was demonstrated that the pattern of cleavage in the rabbit differs from that in the sea urchin, because the blastomeres at the 4-cell stage are arranged crosswise in the former, while they are situated next to each other in the latter. The crosswise arrangement of the blastomeres in the rabbit at the 4-cell stage is a consequence of a 90 degree rotation of the polar axis in one hemisphere of the egg. Subsequently, due to the rotation of the original polar axis in one hemisphere, the third cleavage plane through one half of the egg is transverse to the third cleavage plane through the other half. Evidence is provided to show that the cross wise configuration of blastomeres at the 4-cell stage occurs in other eutherian mammals. It is proposed that this rotational cleavage pattern be recognized as distinct from those of radial, spiral and bilateral.", "PMID": 1176904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5975", "title": "Pineal and serum melatonin at midday and midnight following pinealectomy or castration in male rats.", "content": "Melatonin has been extractkd by chloroform from rat serum and quantified by the Rana pipiens tadpole bioassay. Like pineal melatonin, serum melatonin was high at mid-dark and low at mid-light. This finding suggests a diurnal rhythm of serum melatonin in the rat. Serum samples obtained at mid-dark had melatonin levels ranging from 0.02 to 0.05 ng per ml of serum. When rats were pinealectomized, melatonin activity in the serum was abolished. Thus, rat serum melatonin may originate primarily from the pineal. There was no significant change in pineal melatonin content nor in serum melatonin concentrations 7 or 12 days following orchidectomy.", "contents": "Pineal and serum melatonin at midday and midnight following pinealectomy or castration in male rats. Melatonin has been extractkd by chloroform from rat serum and quantified by the Rana pipiens tadpole bioassay. Like pineal melatonin, serum melatonin was high at mid-dark and low at mid-light. This finding suggests a diurnal rhythm of serum melatonin in the rat. Serum samples obtained at mid-dark had melatonin levels ranging from 0.02 to 0.05 ng per ml of serum. When rats were pinealectomized, melatonin activity in the serum was abolished. Thus, rat serum melatonin may originate primarily from the pineal. There was no significant change in pineal melatonin content nor in serum melatonin concentrations 7 or 12 days following orchidectomy.", "PMID": 1176905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5976", "title": "The neural control of contraction in a fast insect muscle.", "content": "The wing muscles used in singing by the katydid, Neoconocephalus robustus, are extraordinarily fast. At 35 degrees C, the animal's thoracic temperature during singing, an isometric twitch lasts only five to eight msec (onset to 50% relaxation) and the fusion frequency of these muscles is greater than 400 Hz. Stimulating the motornerve to a singing muscle initiates a short (2.5 msec at 35 degrees C), sometimes overshooting depolarization of the muscle fibers. Despite their spike-like appearance, the electrical responses are largely synaptic potentials. The muscle membrane appears to be capable of only weak, electrically-excitable, depolarizing electrogenesis. The short synaptic potentials result in part from rapidly-developing delayed rectification, in part from a low resting membrane resistance (Rm = 162 omega cm2) and a concomitantly short membrane time constant (about 1.5 msec).", "contents": "The neural control of contraction in a fast insect muscle. The wing muscles used in singing by the katydid, Neoconocephalus robustus, are extraordinarily fast. At 35 degrees C, the animal's thoracic temperature during singing, an isometric twitch lasts only five to eight msec (onset to 50% relaxation) and the fusion frequency of these muscles is greater than 400 Hz. Stimulating the motornerve to a singing muscle initiates a short (2.5 msec at 35 degrees C), sometimes overshooting depolarization of the muscle fibers. Despite their spike-like appearance, the electrical responses are largely synaptic potentials. The muscle membrane appears to be capable of only weak, electrically-excitable, depolarizing electrogenesis. The short synaptic potentials result in part from rapidly-developing delayed rectification, in part from a low resting membrane resistance (Rm = 162 omega cm2) and a concomitantly short membrane time constant (about 1.5 msec).", "PMID": 1176906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5977", "title": "Mast cell histamine and ovarian follicular growth in the lizard Anolis carolinensis.", "content": "The hypothesis is proposed that histamine released from mast cells in the theca of ovarian follicles increases thecal hyperemia and vessel permeability, and thus plays a role in follicular growth in Anolis carolinensis. Mast cells are present in the stroma and theca, and the number of thecal mast cells increases as follicles grow. The levels of histamine in follicular walls varies with follicular size. Histamine causes vasodilatation of thecal vessels. Antihistamine blocks the effects of histamine and, when given alone, stimulates vasoconstriction. Antihistamine also blocks estradiol-induced growth of large follicles. These findings are consistent with the above hypothesis.", "contents": "Mast cell histamine and ovarian follicular growth in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. The hypothesis is proposed that histamine released from mast cells in the theca of ovarian follicles increases thecal hyperemia and vessel permeability, and thus plays a role in follicular growth in Anolis carolinensis. Mast cells are present in the stroma and theca, and the number of thecal mast cells increases as follicles grow. The levels of histamine in follicular walls varies with follicular size. Histamine causes vasodilatation of thecal vessels. Antihistamine blocks the effects of histamine and, when given alone, stimulates vasoconstriction. Antihistamine also blocks estradiol-induced growth of large follicles. These findings are consistent with the above hypothesis.", "PMID": 1176907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5978", "title": "Effect of limb regeneration on size increase at molt of the shore crabs Hemigrapsus oregonensis and Pachygrapsus crassipes.", "content": "Size increase at molt is reduced following multiple limb regeneration in the shore crabs, Hemigrapsus oregonensis and Pachygrapsus crassipes. Limb loss per se does not influence postmolt size. Effect of increasing number of regenerating limbs is additive. Postmolt size is programmed early in the premolt period of the preceding instar and is probably not readily influenced by water uptake mechanics at ecdysis. A simple model for growth, molting, and regeneration in heavily calcified Crustacea is developed from the viewpoint of adaptive strategies and energetic considerations.", "contents": "Effect of limb regeneration on size increase at molt of the shore crabs Hemigrapsus oregonensis and Pachygrapsus crassipes. Size increase at molt is reduced following multiple limb regeneration in the shore crabs, Hemigrapsus oregonensis and Pachygrapsus crassipes. Limb loss per se does not influence postmolt size. Effect of increasing number of regenerating limbs is additive. Postmolt size is programmed early in the premolt period of the preceding instar and is probably not readily influenced by water uptake mechanics at ecdysis. A simple model for growth, molting, and regeneration in heavily calcified Crustacea is developed from the viewpoint of adaptive strategies and energetic considerations.", "PMID": 1176908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5979", "title": "DNA-RNA bodies in midgut cells of the stick insect, Bacillus rossius.", "content": "In the anterior part of the midgut and in the Malpighian tubules of the stick insect Bacillus rossius, about 10% of the epithelial cells develop endonuclear bodies which appear as DNA-RNA masses; in these cells the usual nucleoli are no longer evident. The DNA-RNA bodies are first formed in third instar larvae, become numerous in the fourth instar and persist in adults. In all larval instars and adults a different kind of DNA-body has been noticed in the epithelial cells of the posterior midgut. The DNA-RNA bodies of the anterior midgut and of the Malpighian tubules have been interpreted as the result of somatic gene amplification, whereas the DNA masses of the posterior midgut are likely due to a virus infection.", "contents": "DNA-RNA bodies in midgut cells of the stick insect, Bacillus rossius. In the anterior part of the midgut and in the Malpighian tubules of the stick insect Bacillus rossius, about 10% of the epithelial cells develop endonuclear bodies which appear as DNA-RNA masses; in these cells the usual nucleoli are no longer evident. The DNA-RNA bodies are first formed in third instar larvae, become numerous in the fourth instar and persist in adults. In all larval instars and adults a different kind of DNA-body has been noticed in the epithelial cells of the posterior midgut. The DNA-RNA bodies of the anterior midgut and of the Malpighian tubules have been interpreted as the result of somatic gene amplification, whereas the DNA masses of the posterior midgut are likely due to a virus infection.", "PMID": 1176909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5980", "title": "Initiation of meiotic maturation in Xenopus laevis oocytes by the combination of divalent cations and ionophore A23187.", "content": "Meiotic maturation was induced in Xenopus laevis oocytes when the external Ca++ or Mg++ ion concentration was raised above 5 mM in the presence of the ionophore. Ionophore-divalent cation-induced maturation appears to be due to the stimulation of the oocyte itself. Cytoplasm of responding oocytes induced maturation when microinjected into ovarian oocytes. Cycloheximid, an inhibitor of progesterone-induced maturation, inhibited the maturational response induced by the ionophore and divalent cations. Ethidium bromide, an inhibitor of the follicular response to human chorionic gonadotropin, had no effect. The possible roles that Ca++ and Mg++ may play in the initiation of maturation are discussed.", "contents": "Initiation of meiotic maturation in Xenopus laevis oocytes by the combination of divalent cations and ionophore A23187. Meiotic maturation was induced in Xenopus laevis oocytes when the external Ca++ or Mg++ ion concentration was raised above 5 mM in the presence of the ionophore. Ionophore-divalent cation-induced maturation appears to be due to the stimulation of the oocyte itself. Cytoplasm of responding oocytes induced maturation when microinjected into ovarian oocytes. Cycloheximid, an inhibitor of progesterone-induced maturation, inhibited the maturational response induced by the ionophore and divalent cations. Ethidium bromide, an inhibitor of the follicular response to human chorionic gonadotropin, had no effect. The possible roles that Ca++ and Mg++ may play in the initiation of maturation are discussed.", "PMID": 1176910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5981", "title": "In vitro development of t6/t6 embryos.", "content": "Embryos from matings in which approximately a third of the zygotes were expected to be t6/t6, a condition known to be lethal at the egg cylinder stage in vivo, were compared to normal control embryos during post-implantation culture. The percentage success of trophoblast outgrowths was the same in both groups while the experimental group showed a 25% deficiency of embryos with inner cell masses. Those experimental embryos which did have inner cell masses developed comparably to the control group and both groups showed roughly similar numbers of morphologically abnormal egg cylinders. Autoradiography disclosed no deficiency in 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine labeling in disorganized egg cylinder embryos.", "contents": "In vitro development of t6/t6 embryos. Embryos from matings in which approximately a third of the zygotes were expected to be t6/t6, a condition known to be lethal at the egg cylinder stage in vivo, were compared to normal control embryos during post-implantation culture. The percentage success of trophoblast outgrowths was the same in both groups while the experimental group showed a 25% deficiency of embryos with inner cell masses. Those experimental embryos which did have inner cell masses developed comparably to the control group and both groups showed roughly similar numbers of morphologically abnormal egg cylinders. Autoradiography disclosed no deficiency in 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine labeling in disorganized egg cylinder embryos.", "PMID": 1176911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5982", "title": "The effects of cold stress on fluctuating asymmetry in the dentition of the mouse.", "content": "Albino mice (BALB), conceived, born, and raised at 10 degrees C exhibit significant changes in the magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry. These results confirm the hypothesis that the dentition responds to the general stress syndrome.", "contents": "The effects of cold stress on fluctuating asymmetry in the dentition of the mouse. Albino mice (BALB), conceived, born, and raised at 10 degrees C exhibit significant changes in the magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry. These results confirm the hypothesis that the dentition responds to the general stress syndrome.", "PMID": 1176912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5983", "title": "Parathyroid hormone preparations, salmon calcitonin, and urine flow in the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa.", "content": "In the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa, injections of salmon calcitonin or bovine parathyroid extract have no effect on serum calcium levels. However, salmon calcitonin elicits a distinct diuresis. Crude or purified parathyroid extract or synthetic parathyroid hormone (1-34 fraction) produce a distinct antidiuresis.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone preparations, salmon calcitonin, and urine flow in the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa. In the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa, injections of salmon calcitonin or bovine parathyroid extract have no effect on serum calcium levels. However, salmon calcitonin elicits a distinct diuresis. Crude or purified parathyroid extract or synthetic parathyroid hormone (1-34 fraction) produce a distinct antidiuresis.", "PMID": 1176913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5984", "title": "The avoidance of D-tryptophan by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "In chemotactic studies employing countercurrent separation the nematode aenorhabditis elegans was found to avoid D-tryptophan with a threshold in the range 10(-4) to 10(-3) M. There was no response to L-tryptophan up to 10(-2) M although it appeared to partially inhibit the response to D-tryptophan.", "contents": "The avoidance of D-tryptophan by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In chemotactic studies employing countercurrent separation the nematode aenorhabditis elegans was found to avoid D-tryptophan with a threshold in the range 10(-4) to 10(-3) M. There was no response to L-tryptophan up to 10(-2) M although it appeared to partially inhibit the response to D-tryptophan.", "PMID": 1176914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5985", "title": "Polymerization of sperm actin in the presence of cytochalasin-B.", "content": "The polymerization of globular actin to fibrous actin which occurs when sperm are activated, was not inhibited by cytochalasin-B. The acrosomal filament and its component actin filaments formed in the presence of cytochalasin-B; and once formed, the actin filaments did not depolymerize when exposed to cytochalasin-B.", "contents": "Polymerization of sperm actin in the presence of cytochalasin-B. The polymerization of globular actin to fibrous actin which occurs when sperm are activated, was not inhibited by cytochalasin-B. The acrosomal filament and its component actin filaments formed in the presence of cytochalasin-B; and once formed, the actin filaments did not depolymerize when exposed to cytochalasin-B.", "PMID": 1176915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5986", "title": "Normal development of the chick wing following removal of the polarizing zone.", "content": "The negative results of assays for polarizing activity along the posterior border of the chick wing 24 and 48 hours after removal of the polarizing zone demonstrate that this zone is not regenerated following removal. These results, and the fact that normal wing development can occur after polarizing zone removal from stages 15 through 24 wing buds, indicate that during these stages the polarizing zone has no direct role in normal development of the limb bud. It is speculated that the polarizing zone is effective only during limb induction and that after this time it exists in latent or residual form.", "contents": "Normal development of the chick wing following removal of the polarizing zone. The negative results of assays for polarizing activity along the posterior border of the chick wing 24 and 48 hours after removal of the polarizing zone demonstrate that this zone is not regenerated following removal. These results, and the fact that normal wing development can occur after polarizing zone removal from stages 15 through 24 wing buds, indicate that during these stages the polarizing zone has no direct role in normal development of the limb bud. It is speculated that the polarizing zone is effective only during limb induction and that after this time it exists in latent or residual form.", "PMID": 1176916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5987", "title": "The effect of pancreatectomy on the survival of Anguilla rostrata in different salinities.", "content": "Pancreatectomized yellow eel survive well in fresh water, but very poorly in sea water. The possiblility is discussed that these observations reflect a direct effect of islet hormones on the osmoregulation.", "contents": "The effect of pancreatectomy on the survival of Anguilla rostrata in different salinities. Pancreatectomized yellow eel survive well in fresh water, but very poorly in sea water. The possiblility is discussed that these observations reflect a direct effect of islet hormones on the osmoregulation.", "PMID": 1176917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5988", "title": "On the legality of cannabis; the responsibility of the expert witness.", "content": "The controversy concerning the taxonomic status of the genus Cannabis has now advanced to a stage where the forensic scientist has limitations to his testimony in identification of \"marihuana\" plant material in jurisdictions where the law defines \"marihuana\" as Cannabis sativa L. Whether the genus Cannabis is monotypic or polytypic is as yet uncertain, but recent taxonomic reviews weigh heavily toward the existence of three or more species within the genus. The taxonomists or forensic scientists cannot, therefore, positively state for fact that C. sativa is the only species existing within the genus Cannabis. The popular concept of \"marihuana\" is actually based on the chemical characteristics of the plant Cannabis, rather than on the taxonomic classification. This is evident in its inclusion as a drug or hallucinogenic substance under Federal and local statutes. It is therefore proposed that \"marihuana\" be redefined legally to include all members belonging to the genus, in jurisdictions where legal definition warrants such an act, or that these jurisdictions follow the format set forth by Federal rulings.", "contents": "On the legality of cannabis; the responsibility of the expert witness. The controversy concerning the taxonomic status of the genus Cannabis has now advanced to a stage where the forensic scientist has limitations to his testimony in identification of \"marihuana\" plant material in jurisdictions where the law defines \"marihuana\" as Cannabis sativa L. Whether the genus Cannabis is monotypic or polytypic is as yet uncertain, but recent taxonomic reviews weigh heavily toward the existence of three or more species within the genus. The taxonomists or forensic scientists cannot, therefore, positively state for fact that C. sativa is the only species existing within the genus Cannabis. The popular concept of \"marihuana\" is actually based on the chemical characteristics of the plant Cannabis, rather than on the taxonomic classification. This is evident in its inclusion as a drug or hallucinogenic substance under Federal and local statutes. It is therefore proposed that \"marihuana\" be redefined legally to include all members belonging to the genus, in jurisdictions where legal definition warrants such an act, or that these jurisdictions follow the format set forth by Federal rulings.", "PMID": 1176918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5989", "title": "Prostatic acid phosphatase activity in the postcoital vagina.", "content": "The present results are in general agreement with previous reports on the minimal level of AP activity that should be designated positive and on the period after intercourse in which elevated levels can be demonstrated. In this study 100% of the specimens above 25 KAu were taken within 48 hours of intercourse and 85.7% of these were within 24 hours. For values above 50 KAu, all were within 24 hours of intercourse. A low AP level does not rule out the possibility of recent coitus, particuarly if the woman was menstruating or had douched or used some suppository preparation. These findings also point to the possible interference of certain pathologies in correlating AP activity and time since coitus. As other authors have shown and this study has confirmed, some reactive substance seems to be present in the vagina at all times. For the use of AP assays in the forensic investigation of alleged rape cases, it is suggested that a thorough, accurate history be obtained with regard to douches and suppositories and that the presence of vaginal pathologies be noted. Further research on the techniques used in the forensic investigation of sexually related crimes is proceeding. The large proportion of negative samples within 24 hours of intercourse in this and other studies needs clarification. Other sampling techniques and the quantitative measurement of several different constituents of semen may offer accurate estimates of the time of last intercourse. Large studies with stringent control of the possible variables will further refine this important area of forensic science.", "contents": "Prostatic acid phosphatase activity in the postcoital vagina. The present results are in general agreement with previous reports on the minimal level of AP activity that should be designated positive and on the period after intercourse in which elevated levels can be demonstrated. In this study 100% of the specimens above 25 KAu were taken within 48 hours of intercourse and 85.7% of these were within 24 hours. For values above 50 KAu, all were within 24 hours of intercourse. A low AP level does not rule out the possibility of recent coitus, particuarly if the woman was menstruating or had douched or used some suppository preparation. These findings also point to the possible interference of certain pathologies in correlating AP activity and time since coitus. As other authors have shown and this study has confirmed, some reactive substance seems to be present in the vagina at all times. For the use of AP assays in the forensic investigation of alleged rape cases, it is suggested that a thorough, accurate history be obtained with regard to douches and suppositories and that the presence of vaginal pathologies be noted. Further research on the techniques used in the forensic investigation of sexually related crimes is proceeding. The large proportion of negative samples within 24 hours of intercourse in this and other studies needs clarification. Other sampling techniques and the quantitative measurement of several different constituents of semen may offer accurate estimates of the time of last intercourse. Large studies with stringent control of the possible variables will further refine this important area of forensic science.", "PMID": 1176919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5990", "title": "An unusual case of pseudo rape.", "content": "A case has been reported which adds a new and unusual dimension to false rape allegation and gives a heretofore unknown motive for a woman to claim a bogus rape. A female newspaper reporter entered a hospital, stated falsely that she had been sexually assaulted, allowed herself to be interviewed and then examined by the author, and accepted and took medication, all because she wanted to \"find out how a rape victim is treated at the new Rape Center and I was pretending to be a rape victim.\" Rape center workers must be alert to spurious claims of unprincipled and deceitful women.", "contents": "An unusual case of pseudo rape. A case has been reported which adds a new and unusual dimension to false rape allegation and gives a heretofore unknown motive for a woman to claim a bogus rape. A female newspaper reporter entered a hospital, stated falsely that she had been sexually assaulted, allowed herself to be interviewed and then examined by the author, and accepted and took medication, all because she wanted to \"find out how a rape victim is treated at the new Rape Center and I was pretending to be a rape victim.\" Rape center workers must be alert to spurious claims of unprincipled and deceitful women.", "PMID": 1176920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5991", "title": "The examination of disc and pin tumbler locks for tool marks made by lock picks.", "content": "Microscopic examination of the tumblers of pin and disc tumbler lock cylinders may indicate whether an attempt has been made to pick the lock. If an attempt has been made to pick the lock, it is often possible to determine what type of pick was used. Lock cylinders of five manufacturers, employing tumblers of several different compositions, were examined. The lock cylinders were picked with rake, hook, and bounce picks made of spring steel. The cylinders were disassembled and examined for pick marks. The location and appearance of the marks are discussed. Briefly mentioned are the effects of other types of picks and the effect of ball bearings in the pin wells. Photographs are included to show the pick and wear marks.", "contents": "The examination of disc and pin tumbler locks for tool marks made by lock picks. Microscopic examination of the tumblers of pin and disc tumbler lock cylinders may indicate whether an attempt has been made to pick the lock. If an attempt has been made to pick the lock, it is often possible to determine what type of pick was used. Lock cylinders of five manufacturers, employing tumblers of several different compositions, were examined. The lock cylinders were picked with rake, hook, and bounce picks made of spring steel. The cylinders were disassembled and examined for pick marks. The location and appearance of the marks are discussed. Briefly mentioned are the effects of other types of picks and the effect of ball bearings in the pin wells. Photographs are included to show the pick and wear marks.", "PMID": 1176922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5992", "title": "Comparison of results for quantitative determination of morphine by radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay, and spectrofluorometry.", "content": "The quantitative results (accuracy and precision) for determination of opiates by radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme immunoassay (EMIT), and spectrofluorometry on split samples are compared. A variety of physiological samples were studied, including random urine from a methadone maintenance clinic and postmortem urine, blood, bile, brain, and lung tissue from heroin-induced or heroin-related deaths. The opiate concentrations detected by the two immunoassay methods were in good agreement with each other in the absence of interfering substances which are believed to react with the antimorphine antibodies. The immunoassay results were in agreement within the relative standard deviation with the fluorometry results in 55% of the urine samples and 80% of the blood samples. The immunological methods are superior to fluorometry for quantitation of morphine in urine samples due to quenching interferences in fluorometry from urine. They were comparable to fluorometry for quantitation of morphine in blood samples.", "contents": "Comparison of results for quantitative determination of morphine by radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay, and spectrofluorometry. The quantitative results (accuracy and precision) for determination of opiates by radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme immunoassay (EMIT), and spectrofluorometry on split samples are compared. A variety of physiological samples were studied, including random urine from a methadone maintenance clinic and postmortem urine, blood, bile, brain, and lung tissue from heroin-induced or heroin-related deaths. The opiate concentrations detected by the two immunoassay methods were in good agreement with each other in the absence of interfering substances which are believed to react with the antimorphine antibodies. The immunoassay results were in agreement within the relative standard deviation with the fluorometry results in 55% of the urine samples and 80% of the blood samples. The immunological methods are superior to fluorometry for quantitation of morphine in urine samples due to quenching interferences in fluorometry from urine. They were comparable to fluorometry for quantitation of morphine in blood samples.", "PMID": 1176921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5993", "title": "An improved density gradient system for forensic science soil studies.", "content": "The construction and use of the apparatus required for an improved density gradient system is described. The system is a combination of existing procedures, resultin in a system more suited for forensic science soil studies. The advantages consist of rapid, simultaneous filling of several tubes with identical density gradients and of the capability to remove individual fractions from the tubes for further study. Disadvantages are that an extra quantity of liquids is required and only a preset number of tubes can be filled at one time.", "contents": "An improved density gradient system for forensic science soil studies. The construction and use of the apparatus required for an improved density gradient system is described. The system is a combination of existing procedures, resultin in a system more suited for forensic science soil studies. The advantages consist of rapid, simultaneous filling of several tubes with identical density gradients and of the capability to remove individual fractions from the tubes for further study. Disadvantages are that an extra quantity of liquids is required and only a preset number of tubes can be filled at one time.", "PMID": 1176923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5994", "title": "Firearms discharge residue sample collection techniques.", "content": "Critical comparisons of Ba and Sb in firearms discharge residue were made on samples collected by three independent collection technqiues. Collection materials studied were transparent adhesive tape, (Scotch Brand), a solution of cellulose acetate in acetone (\"Film Lift\"), and plastic-shafted cotton swabs wetted with dilute nitric acid. Flameless atomic absorption analyses were performed with a Jarrell-Ash Model 810 instrument equipped with a tantalum strip atomizer. Tape and cotton swabs gave comparable positive indications of residue, with frequencies of 90 and 80%, respectively. The plastic Film Lift gave fewer positives, with a frequency of 50%. With the transparent tape lift, gunshot residue particles are discernible, making nondestructive microscopic identification possible prior to destructive elemental analysis.", "contents": "Firearms discharge residue sample collection techniques. Critical comparisons of Ba and Sb in firearms discharge residue were made on samples collected by three independent collection technqiues. Collection materials studied were transparent adhesive tape, (Scotch Brand), a solution of cellulose acetate in acetone (\"Film Lift\"), and plastic-shafted cotton swabs wetted with dilute nitric acid. Flameless atomic absorption analyses were performed with a Jarrell-Ash Model 810 instrument equipped with a tantalum strip atomizer. Tape and cotton swabs gave comparable positive indications of residue, with frequencies of 90 and 80%, respectively. The plastic Film Lift gave fewer positives, with a frequency of 50%. With the transparent tape lift, gunshot residue particles are discernible, making nondestructive microscopic identification possible prior to destructive elemental analysis.", "PMID": 1176924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5995", "title": "Accidental death with tear gas pen gun: a case report.", "content": "A case of accidental death resulting from a dropped tear gas pen gun is described. Tear gas pen guns can be easily altered to fire regular ammunition and can accommodate a variety of ammunition. Other similar pocket-sized weapons are mentioned.", "contents": "Accidental death with tear gas pen gun: a case report. A case of accidental death resulting from a dropped tear gas pen gun is described. Tear gas pen guns can be easily altered to fire regular ammunition and can accommodate a variety of ammunition. Other similar pocket-sized weapons are mentioned.", "PMID": 1176925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5996", "title": "A review of rejected police candidates.", "content": "This paper reviews the activities of a Civil Service Medical Review Board which has reviewed the appeals of civil service applicants, particularly for police work, who have been rejected for psychiatric reasons by the hiring authority on the grounds of \"mental unfitness.\" In a 1-1/2-year period, 98 cases have been reviewed. The Board has upheld the applicant in 65% of the cases and the hiring authority in 35% of the cases. Some of the factors resulting in the reversal of the decision of the hiring authority have been discussed. These include insufficient and superficial examination, inappropriate use of test material, attitudinal biases by the examiner, and inadequate reports which do not provide the adequate documentation required by law. It has been the hope of the Board that this review of professional judgment will ultimately impress both hiring authorities and examiners with the defects of the procedures utilized and will encourage them to provide higher quality screening which will be upheld on appeal. To a degree this has been accomplished. Hiring authorities were upheld in only 25% of the cases from September 1973 to March 1974 and 18% from March 1974 to September 1974. This changed radically in the September 1974 to December 1974 period, when hiring authorities were upheld in 60% of the appeals. As has been pointed out, such screening primarily involves review of personality disorders which, by their nature, require thoroughness of knowledge and delicacy of judgment for the formulation of a reasonable conclusion. It is hoped that these lessons will ultimately result in the selection of police officers likely to be successful at their tasks, without arbitrary rejection of those who reasonably merit a trial at work so essential to our society.", "contents": "A review of rejected police candidates. This paper reviews the activities of a Civil Service Medical Review Board which has reviewed the appeals of civil service applicants, particularly for police work, who have been rejected for psychiatric reasons by the hiring authority on the grounds of \"mental unfitness.\" In a 1-1/2-year period, 98 cases have been reviewed. The Board has upheld the applicant in 65% of the cases and the hiring authority in 35% of the cases. Some of the factors resulting in the reversal of the decision of the hiring authority have been discussed. These include insufficient and superficial examination, inappropriate use of test material, attitudinal biases by the examiner, and inadequate reports which do not provide the adequate documentation required by law. It has been the hope of the Board that this review of professional judgment will ultimately impress both hiring authorities and examiners with the defects of the procedures utilized and will encourage them to provide higher quality screening which will be upheld on appeal. To a degree this has been accomplished. Hiring authorities were upheld in only 25% of the cases from September 1973 to March 1974 and 18% from March 1974 to September 1974. This changed radically in the September 1974 to December 1974 period, when hiring authorities were upheld in 60% of the appeals. As has been pointed out, such screening primarily involves review of personality disorders which, by their nature, require thoroughness of knowledge and delicacy of judgment for the formulation of a reasonable conclusion. It is hoped that these lessons will ultimately result in the selection of police officers likely to be successful at their tasks, without arbitrary rejection of those who reasonably merit a trial at work so essential to our society.", "PMID": 1176926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5997", "title": "Problems surrounding release of persons found not guilty by reason of insanity.", "content": "The problem of release from institutionalization of those not guilty by reason of insanity is a most troublesome one. Psychiatric criteria for release are to be balanced by what judges see as the needs and protection of society. In 1972, New Jersey in the Maik decision adopted an extremely stringent rule which, if strictly followed, would condemn most NGIs to life imprisonment. Judge Weintraub's demand for assurance that the underlying or latent condition was no longer present put psychiatric examiners in an untenable position. The psychiatrists of the state took the unusual step of preparing a critique of the Supreme Court decision and distributing it to the legal profession through a law periodical. In the interim, the inequities of the Maik rule were recognized and an evolutionary set of standards laid down in the Carter case which provides some flexibility and set standards for conditional release. This clarification will undoubtedly be of great assistance to both courts and psychiatrists in dealing with a complex issue which can never have simple guidelines.", "contents": "Problems surrounding release of persons found not guilty by reason of insanity. The problem of release from institutionalization of those not guilty by reason of insanity is a most troublesome one. Psychiatric criteria for release are to be balanced by what judges see as the needs and protection of society. In 1972, New Jersey in the Maik decision adopted an extremely stringent rule which, if strictly followed, would condemn most NGIs to life imprisonment. Judge Weintraub's demand for assurance that the underlying or latent condition was no longer present put psychiatric examiners in an untenable position. The psychiatrists of the state took the unusual step of preparing a critique of the Supreme Court decision and distributing it to the legal profession through a law periodical. In the interim, the inequities of the Maik rule were recognized and an evolutionary set of standards laid down in the Carter case which provides some flexibility and set standards for conditional release. This clarification will undoubtedly be of great assistance to both courts and psychiatrists in dealing with a complex issue which can never have simple guidelines.", "PMID": 1176927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5998", "title": "The differential elution of drugs from XAD-2 resin.", "content": "Biological fluids and tissue extracts prepared according to a previously published method were passed through a column of Amberlite XAD-2 resin for removal of drugs. The differential elution of the adsorbed drugs from the resin was performed by sequential elution of the drugs in four steps. The column was first washed with 30 ml of 0.05M sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.55. Drugs exhibiting acidic or neutral characteristics were then eluted from the column with 100 ml of chloroform in 20-ml aliquots. The column was then washed with 30 ml of 0.1M potassium carbonate, which was discarded. Drugs exhibiting basic characteristics were then eluted from the column with 100 ml of chloroform:isopropanol (3:1) in 20-ml aliquots. Sensitivity of drug detection with this method by thin-layer chromatography was 0.5 mug/ml in a 10-ml sample for nearly all drugs tested.", "contents": "The differential elution of drugs from XAD-2 resin. Biological fluids and tissue extracts prepared according to a previously published method were passed through a column of Amberlite XAD-2 resin for removal of drugs. The differential elution of the adsorbed drugs from the resin was performed by sequential elution of the drugs in four steps. The column was first washed with 30 ml of 0.05M sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.55. Drugs exhibiting acidic or neutral characteristics were then eluted from the column with 100 ml of chloroform in 20-ml aliquots. The column was then washed with 30 ml of 0.1M potassium carbonate, which was discarded. Drugs exhibiting basic characteristics were then eluted from the column with 100 ml of chloroform:isopropanol (3:1) in 20-ml aliquots. Sensitivity of drug detection with this method by thin-layer chromatography was 0.5 mug/ml in a 10-ml sample for nearly all drugs tested.", "PMID": 1176928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_5999", "title": "Diminution and enlargement of the mosquito rhabdom in light and darkness.", "content": "The rhabdoms of the larval ocelli of the mosquito Aedes aegypti undergo morphological light and dark adaptation over periods of hours. The rhabdom enlarges during dark adaptation and grows smaller during light adaptation. Diminution is exponential, enlargement linear, and rates of change are proportional to log light intensity. Rhabdoms maintained at a constant intensity level off at a constant volume proportional to log intensity. We argue that changes in rhabdom volume after changes in light intensity reflect an influence of light on the turnover of photoreceptro membrane, and that the volumes at which rhabdoms level off represent equilibria between opposed processes of membrane loss and renewal.", "contents": "Diminution and enlargement of the mosquito rhabdom in light and darkness. The rhabdoms of the larval ocelli of the mosquito Aedes aegypti undergo morphological light and dark adaptation over periods of hours. The rhabdom enlarges during dark adaptation and grows smaller during light adaptation. Diminution is exponential, enlargement linear, and rates of change are proportional to log light intensity. Rhabdoms maintained at a constant intensity level off at a constant volume proportional to log intensity. We argue that changes in rhabdom volume after changes in light intensity reflect an influence of light on the turnover of photoreceptro membrane, and that the volumes at which rhabdoms level off represent equilibria between opposed processes of membrane loss and renewal.", "PMID": 1176940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6000", "title": "Quantitation of conductance pathways in antral gastric mucosa.", "content": "The magnitude of cellular and shunt conductance of Necturus gastric antral mucosa was studied by (a) comparing the cellular PD response to transepithelial PD response during changes of ionic activity in the serosal bathing solution and (b) by measurement of current spread within the epithelial sheet. Using constant product KCl changes cellular resistance was 6,788 omegacm2 and shunt resistance was 1,803 omegacm2. Deletion of HCO3- from the serosal solution produced similar but quantitatively smaller changes in PD. Using HCO3- deletion cellular resistance was 7,338 omegacm2 and shunt resistance was 1,973 omegacm2. Measurement of current spead within the mucosa avoids changing ionic gradients yet gave very similar results; cellular resistance was 8,967 omegacm2 and shunt resistance was 2,947 omegacm2. The shunt contribution to transepithelial conductance ranged from 75.2 to 79.0%. Shunt selectivity was assessed using KCl dilution potentials, where mucosal dilution gave a small change in tissue PD compatible with an anion/cation selectivity ratio of 1.16 across the shunt, whereas serosal dilution effect was dominated by a PD change across the serosal membrane of the cell.", "contents": "Quantitation of conductance pathways in antral gastric mucosa. The magnitude of cellular and shunt conductance of Necturus gastric antral mucosa was studied by (a) comparing the cellular PD response to transepithelial PD response during changes of ionic activity in the serosal bathing solution and (b) by measurement of current spread within the epithelial sheet. Using constant product KCl changes cellular resistance was 6,788 omegacm2 and shunt resistance was 1,803 omegacm2. Deletion of HCO3- from the serosal solution produced similar but quantitatively smaller changes in PD. Using HCO3- deletion cellular resistance was 7,338 omegacm2 and shunt resistance was 1,973 omegacm2. Measurement of current spead within the mucosa avoids changing ionic gradients yet gave very similar results; cellular resistance was 8,967 omegacm2 and shunt resistance was 2,947 omegacm2. The shunt contribution to transepithelial conductance ranged from 75.2 to 79.0%. Shunt selectivity was assessed using KCl dilution potentials, where mucosal dilution gave a small change in tissue PD compatible with an anion/cation selectivity ratio of 1.16 across the shunt, whereas serosal dilution effect was dominated by a PD change across the serosal membrane of the cell.", "PMID": 1176941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6001", "title": "Oxygen diffusion in biological and artificial membranes determined by the fluorochrome pyrene.", "content": "Quenching of pyrene fluorescence by oxygen was used to determine oxygen diffusion coefficients in phospholipid dispersions and erythrocyte plasma membranes. The fluorescence intensity and lifetime of pyrene in both artificial and natural membranes decreases about 80% in the presence of 1 atm O2, while the fluorescence excitation and emission spectra and the absorption spectrum are unaltered. Assuming the oxygen partition coefficient between membrane and aqueous phase to be 4.4, the diffusion coefficients for oxygen at 37 degrees C are 1.51 X 10(-5) cm2/s in dimyristoyl lecithin vesicles, 9.32 X 10(-6) cm2/s in dipalmitoyl lecithin vesicles, and 7.27 X 10(-6) cm2/s in erythrocyte plasma membranes. The heats of activation for oxygen diffusion are low (less than 3 kcal/degree-mol). A dramatic increase in the diffusion constant occurs at the phase transition of dimyristoyl and dipalmitoyl lecithin, which may result from an increase in either the oxygen diffusion coefficient, partition coefficient, or both. The significance of the change in oxygen diffusion below and above the phase transition for biological membranes is discussed.", "contents": "Oxygen diffusion in biological and artificial membranes determined by the fluorochrome pyrene. Quenching of pyrene fluorescence by oxygen was used to determine oxygen diffusion coefficients in phospholipid dispersions and erythrocyte plasma membranes. The fluorescence intensity and lifetime of pyrene in both artificial and natural membranes decreases about 80% in the presence of 1 atm O2, while the fluorescence excitation and emission spectra and the absorption spectrum are unaltered. Assuming the oxygen partition coefficient between membrane and aqueous phase to be 4.4, the diffusion coefficients for oxygen at 37 degrees C are 1.51 X 10(-5) cm2/s in dimyristoyl lecithin vesicles, 9.32 X 10(-6) cm2/s in dipalmitoyl lecithin vesicles, and 7.27 X 10(-6) cm2/s in erythrocyte plasma membranes. The heats of activation for oxygen diffusion are low (less than 3 kcal/degree-mol). A dramatic increase in the diffusion constant occurs at the phase transition of dimyristoyl and dipalmitoyl lecithin, which may result from an increase in either the oxygen diffusion coefficient, partition coefficient, or both. The significance of the change in oxygen diffusion below and above the phase transition for biological membranes is discussed.", "PMID": 1176942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6002", "title": "Dual effect of L-glutamate on excitatory postjunctional membranes of crayfish muscle.", "content": "Iontophoretically applied glutamate produces different excitatory postjunctional permeability changes on separate muscle fibers in a single crayfish muslce. At junctions on some fibers glutamate appears to increase the conductance to both sodium and potassium whereas at others its effect is primarily on the sodium conductance. These results obtained by studying the reversal potential for the extracellularly recorded glutamate potential under conditions of varied extracellular sodium and potassium concentrations.", "contents": "Dual effect of L-glutamate on excitatory postjunctional membranes of crayfish muscle. Iontophoretically applied glutamate produces different excitatory postjunctional permeability changes on separate muscle fibers in a single crayfish muslce. At junctions on some fibers glutamate appears to increase the conductance to both sodium and potassium whereas at others its effect is primarily on the sodium conductance. These results obtained by studying the reversal potential for the extracellularly recorded glutamate potential under conditions of varied extracellular sodium and potassium concentrations.", "PMID": 1176943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6003", "title": "Resistivity of axoplasm. I. Resistivity of extruded squid axoplasm.", "content": "Six methods have given squid axoplasm resistivities of from 1.0 to 6.9 times seawater (X SW), so another was tried. A 100-mum platinized electrode was to be inserted from each end of an axion in iso-osmotic sucrose and impedance between them measured vs. separation. But observations that the resistance of axons in sucrose increased steadily ruled this out. Axoplasm from two or three axons was transferred to a glass capillary, 0.6 mm ID, and the 1-kHz series resistance and reactance were measured at electrode separations from 16 to 2 mm. The resistance was linear vs. distance, giving the resistivity, while the reactance was nearly constant, implying constant electrode contributions. Frequency runs from 10 Hz to 30 kHz at 10 mm gave electrode impedances of the form (jomega)-alpha, allowing 1-2% effects on the axoplasm resistivities. In nine experiments, one was discarded for cause, the range and average resistivities were, respectively, 1.2-1.6 and 1.4 times those of artificial seawater (19.7 omegacm at 24.4 degrees C). No single cause for the variability was apparent. These experiments essentially confirm the means and variations of two early experiments with intact axons and recent results with a single internal electrode to give overall resistivities of 1.4 +/- 0.2 X SW.", "contents": "Resistivity of axoplasm. I. Resistivity of extruded squid axoplasm. Six methods have given squid axoplasm resistivities of from 1.0 to 6.9 times seawater (X SW), so another was tried. A 100-mum platinized electrode was to be inserted from each end of an axion in iso-osmotic sucrose and impedance between them measured vs. separation. But observations that the resistance of axons in sucrose increased steadily ruled this out. Axoplasm from two or three axons was transferred to a glass capillary, 0.6 mm ID, and the 1-kHz series resistance and reactance were measured at electrode separations from 16 to 2 mm. The resistance was linear vs. distance, giving the resistivity, while the reactance was nearly constant, implying constant electrode contributions. Frequency runs from 10 Hz to 30 kHz at 10 mm gave electrode impedances of the form (jomega)-alpha, allowing 1-2% effects on the axoplasm resistivities. In nine experiments, one was discarded for cause, the range and average resistivities were, respectively, 1.2-1.6 and 1.4 times those of artificial seawater (19.7 omegacm at 24.4 degrees C). No single cause for the variability was apparent. These experiments essentially confirm the means and variations of two early experiments with intact axons and recent results with a single internal electrode to give overall resistivities of 1.4 +/- 0.2 X SW.", "PMID": 1176944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6004", "title": "Resistivity of axoplasm. II. Internal resistivity of giant axons of squid and Myxicola.", "content": "The specific resistivity of the axoplasm of giant axons of squid and Myxicola was measured utilizing a single metal microelectrode subjected to alternating current in a circuit in which the voltage output varies with the conductivity of the thin layer of fluid at the exposed electrode tip. The average specific resistivity of stellar axons of Loligo pealei was 31 omegacm (1.55 times seawater [X SW]) while for Loligo opalescens it was 32 omegacm (1.30 X SW). Smaller giant axons had a higher average resistivity. Myxicola giant axons had a resistivity of 68 omegacm (2.7 X SW) in normal seawater, and 53 omegacm (2.1 X SW) in a hypertonic high-Mg++ seawater. The temperature dependence of squid axon resistivity does not differ from that of an equally conductive dilution of seawater.", "contents": "Resistivity of axoplasm. II. Internal resistivity of giant axons of squid and Myxicola. The specific resistivity of the axoplasm of giant axons of squid and Myxicola was measured utilizing a single metal microelectrode subjected to alternating current in a circuit in which the voltage output varies with the conductivity of the thin layer of fluid at the exposed electrode tip. The average specific resistivity of stellar axons of Loligo pealei was 31 omegacm (1.55 times seawater [X SW]) while for Loligo opalescens it was 32 omegacm (1.30 X SW). Smaller giant axons had a higher average resistivity. Myxicola giant axons had a resistivity of 68 omegacm (2.7 X SW) in normal seawater, and 53 omegacm (2.1 X SW) in a hypertonic high-Mg++ seawater. The temperature dependence of squid axon resistivity does not differ from that of an equally conductive dilution of seawater.", "PMID": 1176945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6005", "title": "Multiple effects of calcium antagonists on plateau currents in cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "We studied the influence of Mn, La, and D600 on action potentials and plateau currents in cardiac Purkinje fibers. The Ca antagonists each abolished the second inward current, but they failed to act selectively. Voltage clamp experiments revealed two additional effects: decrease of slow outward current (iotachi) activation, and increase of net outward time-independent plateau current. These effects occurred at inhibitor concentrations used in earlier studies, and were essential to the reconstruction of observed Ca antagonist effects on electrical activity. The inhibitory influence of Mn, La, and D600 on iotachi suggested that iotachi activation might depend upon prior Ca entry. This hypothesis was not supported, however, when [Ca]omicron was varied: elevating [Ca]omicron enhanced Ca entry, but iotachi was nevertheless depressed. Thus, the results suggested instead that Ca antagonists and Ca ions have rather similar effects on iotachi, possibly mediated by changes in membrane surface charge.", "contents": "Multiple effects of calcium antagonists on plateau currents in cardiac Purkinje fibers. We studied the influence of Mn, La, and D600 on action potentials and plateau currents in cardiac Purkinje fibers. The Ca antagonists each abolished the second inward current, but they failed to act selectively. Voltage clamp experiments revealed two additional effects: decrease of slow outward current (iotachi) activation, and increase of net outward time-independent plateau current. These effects occurred at inhibitor concentrations used in earlier studies, and were essential to the reconstruction of observed Ca antagonist effects on electrical activity. The inhibitory influence of Mn, La, and D600 on iotachi suggested that iotachi activation might depend upon prior Ca entry. This hypothesis was not supported, however, when [Ca]omicron was varied: elevating [Ca]omicron enhanced Ca entry, but iotachi was nevertheless depressed. Thus, the results suggested instead that Ca antagonists and Ca ions have rather similar effects on iotachi, possibly mediated by changes in membrane surface charge.", "PMID": 1176946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6006", "title": "Ultraviolet and green receptors in principal eyes of jumping spiders.", "content": "Spectral sensitivities of cells in principal eyes of the jumping spider Phidippus reqius were measured using techniques of intracellular recording. Three types of cells were found. UV cells had peak sensitivities at 370 nm and were over 4 log units less sensitive at wavelengths longer than 460 nm. Green-sensitive cells had spectral sensitivities which were well fit by nomogram curves peaking at 532 nm. UV-green cells had dual peaks of sensitivity at about 370 and 525 nm, but the ratios of UV-to-green sensitivities varied over a 40: 1 range from cell to cell. Moreover, responses of UV-green cells to flashes of UV light were slower than to flashes of green light. Segregation of receptor types into the known layers of receptors in these eyes could not be shown. It is concluded that jumping spiders have the potential for dichromatic color vision.", "contents": "Ultraviolet and green receptors in principal eyes of jumping spiders. Spectral sensitivities of cells in principal eyes of the jumping spider Phidippus reqius were measured using techniques of intracellular recording. Three types of cells were found. UV cells had peak sensitivities at 370 nm and were over 4 log units less sensitive at wavelengths longer than 460 nm. Green-sensitive cells had spectral sensitivities which were well fit by nomogram curves peaking at 532 nm. UV-green cells had dual peaks of sensitivity at about 370 and 525 nm, but the ratios of UV-to-green sensitivities varied over a 40: 1 range from cell to cell. Moreover, responses of UV-green cells to flashes of UV light were slower than to flashes of green light. Segregation of receptor types into the known layers of receptors in these eyes could not be shown. It is concluded that jumping spiders have the potential for dichromatic color vision.", "PMID": 1176947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6007", "title": "Reflection coefficients of permeant molecules in human red cell suspensions.", "content": "The Staverman reflection coefficient, sigma for several permeant molecules was determined in human red cell suspensions with a Durrum stopped-flow spectrophotometer. This procedure was first used with dog, cat, and beef red cells and with human red cells. The stopped-flow technique used was similar to the rapid-flow method used by those who originally reported sigma measurements in human red cells for molecules which rapidly penetrate the red cell membrane. The sigma values we obtained agreed with those previously reported for most of the slow penetrants, except malonamide, but disagreed with all the sigma values previously reported for the rapid penetrants. We were unable to calculate an \"equivalent pore radius\" with our sigma data. The advantages of our equipment and our experimental procedure are discussed. Our sigma data suggest that sigma is indirectly proportional to the log of the nonelectrolyte permeability coefficient, omega. Since a similar trend has been previously shown for log omega and molar volume of the permeant molecules, a correlatioo was shown between sigma and molar volume suggesting the membrane acts as a sieve.", "contents": "Reflection coefficients of permeant molecules in human red cell suspensions. The Staverman reflection coefficient, sigma for several permeant molecules was determined in human red cell suspensions with a Durrum stopped-flow spectrophotometer. This procedure was first used with dog, cat, and beef red cells and with human red cells. The stopped-flow technique used was similar to the rapid-flow method used by those who originally reported sigma measurements in human red cells for molecules which rapidly penetrate the red cell membrane. The sigma values we obtained agreed with those previously reported for most of the slow penetrants, except malonamide, but disagreed with all the sigma values previously reported for the rapid penetrants. We were unable to calculate an \"equivalent pore radius\" with our sigma data. The advantages of our equipment and our experimental procedure are discussed. Our sigma data suggest that sigma is indirectly proportional to the log of the nonelectrolyte permeability coefficient, omega. Since a similar trend has been previously shown for log omega and molar volume of the permeant molecules, a correlatioo was shown between sigma and molar volume suggesting the membrane acts as a sieve.", "PMID": 1176948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6008", "title": "Electrophysiological properties of the membrane and acetylcholine receptor in developing rat and chick myotubes.", "content": "Membrane properties of rat and chick myotubes in various stages of development were studied. Resting membrane potentials (Em) increased from -8 to -55 mV in both rat and chick as the myotubes developed from myoblasts to large multinucleated fibers. In the rat myotubes, this increase was not accompanied by significant changes in specific membrane resistivity or changes in Na+ and K+ ion distribution. Nor have we observed a significant electrogenic component to the resting Em of mature rat myotubues under normal circumstances. A progressive increase in the passive permeability of the membrane to K+ relative to Na+ ions has been observed which can account for the changes in Em with development. In contrast to the changes in the ionic selectivity of the membrane, we have found that the ionic selectivity of the ACh receptor of rat and chick myotubes remains constant during the same period of myotube development.", "contents": "Electrophysiological properties of the membrane and acetylcholine receptor in developing rat and chick myotubes. Membrane properties of rat and chick myotubes in various stages of development were studied. Resting membrane potentials (Em) increased from -8 to -55 mV in both rat and chick as the myotubes developed from myoblasts to large multinucleated fibers. In the rat myotubes, this increase was not accompanied by significant changes in specific membrane resistivity or changes in Na+ and K+ ion distribution. Nor have we observed a significant electrogenic component to the resting Em of mature rat myotubues under normal circumstances. A progressive increase in the passive permeability of the membrane to K+ relative to Na+ ions has been observed which can account for the changes in Em with development. In contrast to the changes in the ionic selectivity of the membrane, we have found that the ionic selectivity of the ACh receptor of rat and chick myotubes remains constant during the same period of myotube development.", "PMID": 1176950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6009", "title": "The kinetics of mycelial growth.", "content": "Based on the assumption that mycelial growth follows the logistic growth law, formulae have been developed to express the growth of fungal colonies under a variety of geometric constraints. Analysis was done of Deppe's (1973) results on surface colony growth, where the mass of the colony grew exponentially during most colonial growth, and of Trinci's (1970) results on submerged \"pellet\" growth, where the mass of the colony increased as the cube of time during most colony growth. In both cases, the linear dimensions of the colony were increasing linearly while the mass was changing in these quantitatively different manners. It is concluded that these disparate growth behaviours result from different habits of growth; in two-dimensional colony growth a new region of space if invaded by an amount of mycelium small in proportion to the final \"carrying capacity\" of the region, and in three-dimensional colony growth a region is invaded with an amount of mycelium almost equal to the region's final limiting mycelial mass. Thus, the types of growth law for colony mass which are applicable for a particular organism in a particular physical environment depend critically on the degree to which the invading hyphae initially occupy the space.", "contents": "The kinetics of mycelial growth. Based on the assumption that mycelial growth follows the logistic growth law, formulae have been developed to express the growth of fungal colonies under a variety of geometric constraints. Analysis was done of Deppe's (1973) results on surface colony growth, where the mass of the colony grew exponentially during most colonial growth, and of Trinci's (1970) results on submerged \"pellet\" growth, where the mass of the colony increased as the cube of time during most colony growth. In both cases, the linear dimensions of the colony were increasing linearly while the mass was changing in these quantitatively different manners. It is concluded that these disparate growth behaviours result from different habits of growth; in two-dimensional colony growth a new region of space if invaded by an amount of mycelium small in proportion to the final \"carrying capacity\" of the region, and in three-dimensional colony growth a region is invaded with an amount of mycelium almost equal to the region's final limiting mycelial mass. Thus, the types of growth law for colony mass which are applicable for a particular organism in a particular physical environment depend critically on the degree to which the invading hyphae initially occupy the space.", "PMID": 1176951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6010", "title": "Generation times of bacteria.", "content": "Random delays in cell division lead to correlations between the generation times of mothers and their daughters and to a difference between the 'real' and the 'artificial' distributions of generation times. At present there is no satisfactory relation between the two distributions although both are useful in the analysis of growth. In a special case, it is shown that they are similar as long as the coefficient of variation of generation times is small.", "contents": "Generation times of bacteria. Random delays in cell division lead to correlations between the generation times of mothers and their daughters and to a difference between the 'real' and the 'artificial' distributions of generation times. At present there is no satisfactory relation between the two distributions although both are useful in the analysis of growth. In a special case, it is shown that they are similar as long as the coefficient of variation of generation times is small.", "PMID": 1176952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6011", "title": "The lipids of Agaricus bisporus.", "content": "A comparison of the lipid composition of the vegetative and reproductive stages of Agaricus bisporus revealed no major qualitative differences, although quantitative divergence exist. The glycolipids consisted of acylglucoses, acylmannitol, acyltrehalose and a glucosyloxyfatty acid. Two of the acylglucoses corresponded to a tetra-acylglucose and to either a di- or a triacylglucose. The phospholipids were distinctive in that phosphatidylcholine could not be detected. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine were the major phosphoglycerides. Examination of the neutral lipids revealed the expected array of acylglycerols, free and esterified sterols, and free fatty acids. A substantial amount (26 to 33%) of the fatty acids of the neutral lipids from both sporophore and mycelium were apparently of chain length greater than C18. Linoleic acid was a minor component of the total neutral-lipid fatty acids but comprised about one-half of the total free fatty acids.", "contents": "The lipids of Agaricus bisporus. A comparison of the lipid composition of the vegetative and reproductive stages of Agaricus bisporus revealed no major qualitative differences, although quantitative divergence exist. The glycolipids consisted of acylglucoses, acylmannitol, acyltrehalose and a glucosyloxyfatty acid. Two of the acylglucoses corresponded to a tetra-acylglucose and to either a di- or a triacylglucose. The phospholipids were distinctive in that phosphatidylcholine could not be detected. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine were the major phosphoglycerides. Examination of the neutral lipids revealed the expected array of acylglycerols, free and esterified sterols, and free fatty acids. A substantial amount (26 to 33%) of the fatty acids of the neutral lipids from both sporophore and mycelium were apparently of chain length greater than C18. Linoleic acid was a minor component of the total neutral-lipid fatty acids but comprised about one-half of the total free fatty acids.", "PMID": 1176953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6012", "title": "Electron microscopy of ascus formation in the yeast debaryomyces hansenii.", "content": "Ascus formation in Debaryomyces hansenii includes fusion of two cells, usually mother and daughter while still attached to each other, through short protuberances developed from the cross wall between them. Nuclear fusion takes place in the channel connecting the two cells; meiosis apparently occurs in the mother cell. Generally, only one lobe of the meiotic nucleus is surrounded by a prospore wall and it becomes the nucleus of a spore with a warty wall. The rest of the nucleus disappears. The spores germinate by swelling in the ascus and forming one or more buds.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of ascus formation in the yeast debaryomyces hansenii. Ascus formation in Debaryomyces hansenii includes fusion of two cells, usually mother and daughter while still attached to each other, through short protuberances developed from the cross wall between them. Nuclear fusion takes place in the channel connecting the two cells; meiosis apparently occurs in the mother cell. Generally, only one lobe of the meiotic nucleus is surrounded by a prospore wall and it becomes the nucleus of a spore with a warty wall. The rest of the nucleus disappears. The spores germinate by swelling in the ascus and forming one or more buds.", "PMID": 1176954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6013", "title": "Loss of D-alanine during sublethal heating of Staphylococcus aureus S6 and magnesium binding during repair.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus S6 sublethally heated at 52 degrees C for 15 min to 0-1 M-potassium phosphate buffer pH 7-2, lost neither the ribitol teichoic acid of the wall nor the glycerol teichoic acid of the membrane. Hurst et al. (1974) showed that this heating caused 40% loss of the cellular Mg, and we now report the loss of 65% of the ester-bound D-alanine of teichoic acid. Repair from sublethal heat injury, measured by the return of salt tolerance, occurs in a simple no-growth medium provided that the cell concentration is less than 5 x 10(8)/ml. During repair, D-alanine is rapidly synthesized. Fully-repaired cells contain four times more D-alanine than do freshly-injured cells. Magnesium is present in the medium at only 3 x 10(-6) M, yet the cellular Mg concentration returns to normal within 1 h of incubation, even in the presence of EDTA. The results suggest that repair occurs in two stages. Soon after injury, in the absence of the competitive effect of D-alanine, Mg is strongly bound to teichoic acid. In repaired or uninjured cells Mg is less strongly bound. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the cation-binding function of teichoic acid.", "contents": "Loss of D-alanine during sublethal heating of Staphylococcus aureus S6 and magnesium binding during repair. Staphylococcus aureus S6 sublethally heated at 52 degrees C for 15 min to 0-1 M-potassium phosphate buffer pH 7-2, lost neither the ribitol teichoic acid of the wall nor the glycerol teichoic acid of the membrane. Hurst et al. (1974) showed that this heating caused 40% loss of the cellular Mg, and we now report the loss of 65% of the ester-bound D-alanine of teichoic acid. Repair from sublethal heat injury, measured by the return of salt tolerance, occurs in a simple no-growth medium provided that the cell concentration is less than 5 x 10(8)/ml. During repair, D-alanine is rapidly synthesized. Fully-repaired cells contain four times more D-alanine than do freshly-injured cells. Magnesium is present in the medium at only 3 x 10(-6) M, yet the cellular Mg concentration returns to normal within 1 h of incubation, even in the presence of EDTA. The results suggest that repair occurs in two stages. Soon after injury, in the absence of the competitive effect of D-alanine, Mg is strongly bound to teichoic acid. In repaired or uninjured cells Mg is less strongly bound. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the cation-binding function of teichoic acid.", "PMID": 1176955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6014", "title": "The effects of aeration on glucose catabolism in Penicillium expansum.", "content": "Polyacrylamide-disc gel electrophoresis and quantitative enzyme assays showed that the pathways of glucose catabolism and secondary metabolism in Penicillium expansum were dependent on the degree of aeration of the cultures. The isoenzyme patterns and specific activities of aldolase and succinate dehydrogenase indicated that glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle operated under conditions of both limited and efficient aeration (i.e. in cultures grown statically or on an orbital shaker). At high levels of aeration the growth rate was faster and synthesis of extracellular pectolytic enzymes was enhanced, whilst the activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase showed that the pentose-phosphate shunt was important in glucose catabolism during the trophophase of growth. In contrast, under conditions of low aeration this latter pathway was virtually undetectable, growth was slower, pectolytic enzyme production low and large concentrations of secondary metabolites (6-methylsalicylic acid, patulin and citrinin) accumulated.", "contents": "The effects of aeration on glucose catabolism in Penicillium expansum. Polyacrylamide-disc gel electrophoresis and quantitative enzyme assays showed that the pathways of glucose catabolism and secondary metabolism in Penicillium expansum were dependent on the degree of aeration of the cultures. The isoenzyme patterns and specific activities of aldolase and succinate dehydrogenase indicated that glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle operated under conditions of both limited and efficient aeration (i.e. in cultures grown statically or on an orbital shaker). At high levels of aeration the growth rate was faster and synthesis of extracellular pectolytic enzymes was enhanced, whilst the activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase showed that the pentose-phosphate shunt was important in glucose catabolism during the trophophase of growth. In contrast, under conditions of low aeration this latter pathway was virtually undetectable, growth was slower, pectolytic enzyme production low and large concentrations of secondary metabolites (6-methylsalicylic acid, patulin and citrinin) accumulated.", "PMID": 1176956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6015", "title": "The entry of D-ribose into some yeasts of the genus Pichia.", "content": "The utilization of D-ribose by yeasts of the genus Pichia was examined with respect to aerobic growth, respiration and entry of ribose into the cells. Pichia etchellsii (CBS2011) could respire D-ribose, but not use it for aerobic growth. Pichia fermentans (CBS187) neither respired nor grew on D-ribose, though it entered the cells of this yeast either by simple diffusion, or possibly, by the D-glucose carrier, this having a very low affinity for D-ribose. Pichia pinus (CBS5097) respired and grew on D-ribose; kinetic evidence is given for this yeast having two ribose carriers, one inducible and the other constitutive.", "contents": "The entry of D-ribose into some yeasts of the genus Pichia. The utilization of D-ribose by yeasts of the genus Pichia was examined with respect to aerobic growth, respiration and entry of ribose into the cells. Pichia etchellsii (CBS2011) could respire D-ribose, but not use it for aerobic growth. Pichia fermentans (CBS187) neither respired nor grew on D-ribose, though it entered the cells of this yeast either by simple diffusion, or possibly, by the D-glucose carrier, this having a very low affinity for D-ribose. Pichia pinus (CBS5097) respired and grew on D-ribose; kinetic evidence is given for this yeast having two ribose carriers, one inducible and the other constitutive.", "PMID": 1176959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6016", "title": "Assimilation of exogenous fructose, aspartate and some organic acids during the growth of methylotrophs.", "content": "The percentage of bacterial carbon that was derived from exogenous labelled compounds present in the medium during the growth of some methylotrophs on trimethylamine or on non-C1 compounds was determined. Less than 10% of bacterial carbon was derived from acetate during the growth of the obligate methylotrophs 4B6 and C2A1, and of the restricted facultative methylotroph PM6; the other restricted facultative methylotroph W3A1 gave a value of 18%. Corresponding values for three typical facultative methylotrophs growing on trimethylamine were 41, 42 and 52%. Aspartate, fructose, pyruvate and succinate made only a small percentage contribution (0-4 to 12%) to bacterial carbon in 4B6, C2A1, W3A1 and PM6. Washed suspensions of 4B6, C2A1, W3A1 and PM6, all grown on trimethylamine, assimilated labelled acetate only in the presence of trimethylamine and there was a linear relationship between the amount of acetate assimilated and the amount of trimethylamine oxidized. Organisms 4B6, C2A1, W3A1 and PM6 assimilated 14C from labelled acetate predominantly into lipid (except PM6), glutamate, arginine, proline and leucine, whereas the typical facultative methylotrophs assimilated 14C from acetate into lipid, nucleic acid and all the protein amino acids. These results are consistent with the presence of a deficient tricarboxylic acid cycle in the obligate methylotrophs and in the restricted facultative methylotrophs.", "contents": "Assimilation of exogenous fructose, aspartate and some organic acids during the growth of methylotrophs. The percentage of bacterial carbon that was derived from exogenous labelled compounds present in the medium during the growth of some methylotrophs on trimethylamine or on non-C1 compounds was determined. Less than 10% of bacterial carbon was derived from acetate during the growth of the obligate methylotrophs 4B6 and C2A1, and of the restricted facultative methylotroph PM6; the other restricted facultative methylotroph W3A1 gave a value of 18%. Corresponding values for three typical facultative methylotrophs growing on trimethylamine were 41, 42 and 52%. Aspartate, fructose, pyruvate and succinate made only a small percentage contribution (0-4 to 12%) to bacterial carbon in 4B6, C2A1, W3A1 and PM6. Washed suspensions of 4B6, C2A1, W3A1 and PM6, all grown on trimethylamine, assimilated labelled acetate only in the presence of trimethylamine and there was a linear relationship between the amount of acetate assimilated and the amount of trimethylamine oxidized. Organisms 4B6, C2A1, W3A1 and PM6 assimilated 14C from labelled acetate predominantly into lipid (except PM6), glutamate, arginine, proline and leucine, whereas the typical facultative methylotrophs assimilated 14C from acetate into lipid, nucleic acid and all the protein amino acids. These results are consistent with the presence of a deficient tricarboxylic acid cycle in the obligate methylotrophs and in the restricted facultative methylotrophs.", "PMID": 1176960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6017", "title": "Metabolism of the germinating sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea.", "content": "The concentration of free amino acids, particularly alanine, altered as stromata developed on germinating sclerotia. Lipid reserves in the sclerotium provided the principal carbon and energy source, and the nutrients required for stomatal growth appeared to be provided by the sclerotial tissues immediately beneath the point of attachment of the stoma. Alkaloid did not disappear from the sclerotia during germination. Very high levels of polyol, particularly mannitol, were attained in the stromata as germination progressed; the synthesis of polyol was usually accompanied by that of soluble sugars, notably glucose. In an attempt to ascertain the role of mannitol in germination, the relationship between polyol and soluble sugars was investigated in excised stromata after their submergence in buffered media containing a variety of soluble carbohydrates. Mannitol was synthesized under these conditions by way of phosphorylated intermediates, and chiefly in the capitulum, after rapid, and probably passive, absorption of the exogenously supplied sugar. The tissues equilibrated rapidly with the supplied carbohydrate, whose concentration was maintained by further uptake whilst mannitol was being synthesized. The concentrations of assimilated glucose and synthesized mannitol tended toward the same value during incubation and the results suggested that the synthesis was compartmentalized within the stromata. Very little exogenously supplied mannitol was assimilated.", "contents": "Metabolism of the germinating sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea. The concentration of free amino acids, particularly alanine, altered as stromata developed on germinating sclerotia. Lipid reserves in the sclerotium provided the principal carbon and energy source, and the nutrients required for stomatal growth appeared to be provided by the sclerotial tissues immediately beneath the point of attachment of the stoma. Alkaloid did not disappear from the sclerotia during germination. Very high levels of polyol, particularly mannitol, were attained in the stromata as germination progressed; the synthesis of polyol was usually accompanied by that of soluble sugars, notably glucose. In an attempt to ascertain the role of mannitol in germination, the relationship between polyol and soluble sugars was investigated in excised stromata after their submergence in buffered media containing a variety of soluble carbohydrates. Mannitol was synthesized under these conditions by way of phosphorylated intermediates, and chiefly in the capitulum, after rapid, and probably passive, absorption of the exogenously supplied sugar. The tissues equilibrated rapidly with the supplied carbohydrate, whose concentration was maintained by further uptake whilst mannitol was being synthesized. The concentrations of assimilated glucose and synthesized mannitol tended toward the same value during incubation and the results suggested that the synthesis was compartmentalized within the stromata. Very little exogenously supplied mannitol was assimilated.", "PMID": 1176962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6018", "title": "Inhibition of protein synthesis by D-threo-chloramphenicol in the laboratory and nodule forms of Rhizobium lupini.", "content": "Protein synthesis by both laboratory-grown bacteria and isolated nodule bacteroids of Rhizobium lupini (strain WU8) is inhibited by D-threo-chloramphenicol, the bacteroid form being the more sensitive to the antibiotic. A comparison between the two forms of the uptake of [14C]chloramphenicol showed that the bacteria always attained a lower intracellular chloramphenicol concentration. It is proposed that the sensitivity difference is due to a difference in membrane permeability between the two forms.", "contents": "Inhibition of protein synthesis by D-threo-chloramphenicol in the laboratory and nodule forms of Rhizobium lupini. Protein synthesis by both laboratory-grown bacteria and isolated nodule bacteroids of Rhizobium lupini (strain WU8) is inhibited by D-threo-chloramphenicol, the bacteroid form being the more sensitive to the antibiotic. A comparison between the two forms of the uptake of [14C]chloramphenicol showed that the bacteria always attained a lower intracellular chloramphenicol concentration. It is proposed that the sensitivity difference is due to a difference in membrane permeability between the two forms.", "PMID": 1176963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6019", "title": "Inhibition of multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus in protoplasts by antibiotics and its prevention by divalent metals.", "content": "At concentrations that inhibit bacterial growth, some antibiotics including gentamicin completely inhibited virus multiplication in protoplasts, and other antibiotics partially inhibited virus multiplication. The inhibition caused by each antibiotic was largely prevented by adding a divalent metal; MnC1(2) was more effective than CaC1(2) and other salts of divalent metals when added at 10 mM to the incubation medium. When added immediately after infection, 1 mug/ml of gentamicin halved the final virus concentration and 3 mug/ml completely inhibited virus multiplication, although 10 mug/ml was required to stop bacterial growth. Gentamicin inhibited virus multiplication even when added 24 h after virus inoculation. Also, when protoplasts were exposed to gentamicin for only 1 or 2 h, either immediately after inoculation or 2 h later, the virus concentration was considerably decreased. Gentamicin seemed not to affect virus multiplication in whole plants. Sap from Dianthus barbatus also strongly inhibited virus multiplication in protoplasts but, unlike gentamicin, it acted in the presence of MnC1(2). By contrast, chelating agents such as 1 mM-EDTA or 5 mM-potassium citrate was strong inhibitors of virus multiplication that were inactive in the presence of MnC1(2). It is suggested that gentamicin and other antibiotics may chelate metals from the protoplast membranes, thus disorganizing their function and affecting virus multiplication.", "contents": "Inhibition of multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus in protoplasts by antibiotics and its prevention by divalent metals. At concentrations that inhibit bacterial growth, some antibiotics including gentamicin completely inhibited virus multiplication in protoplasts, and other antibiotics partially inhibited virus multiplication. The inhibition caused by each antibiotic was largely prevented by adding a divalent metal; MnC1(2) was more effective than CaC1(2) and other salts of divalent metals when added at 10 mM to the incubation medium. When added immediately after infection, 1 mug/ml of gentamicin halved the final virus concentration and 3 mug/ml completely inhibited virus multiplication, although 10 mug/ml was required to stop bacterial growth. Gentamicin inhibited virus multiplication even when added 24 h after virus inoculation. Also, when protoplasts were exposed to gentamicin for only 1 or 2 h, either immediately after inoculation or 2 h later, the virus concentration was considerably decreased. Gentamicin seemed not to affect virus multiplication in whole plants. Sap from Dianthus barbatus also strongly inhibited virus multiplication in protoplasts but, unlike gentamicin, it acted in the presence of MnC1(2). By contrast, chelating agents such as 1 mM-EDTA or 5 mM-potassium citrate was strong inhibitors of virus multiplication that were inactive in the presence of MnC1(2). It is suggested that gentamicin and other antibiotics may chelate metals from the protoplast membranes, thus disorganizing their function and affecting virus multiplication.", "PMID": 1176964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6020", "title": "Immunomodification and the expression of virulence in mice by defined strains of Semliki Forest virus: the effects of cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Mice were infected i.c. or i.p. by an avirulent clone of Semliki Forest virus at various times before or after the i.p. administration of a single dose of cyclophosphamide. Consequent changes in the patterns of viraemia and antibody production are interpreted in terms of the potentiation of the initial infection or the decreased resistance to subsequent lethal challenge. These change demonstrate two distinct modes of immunomodification determined by the time of cyclophosphamide administration in relation to virus infection, but not correlated with the death or protection of individual mice. These results are discussed in relation to the early regulatory functions of T and B cells which may influence the expression of virulence but escape conventional assay during the critical first 3 days following infection.", "contents": "Immunomodification and the expression of virulence in mice by defined strains of Semliki Forest virus: the effects of cyclophosphamide. Mice were infected i.c. or i.p. by an avirulent clone of Semliki Forest virus at various times before or after the i.p. administration of a single dose of cyclophosphamide. Consequent changes in the patterns of viraemia and antibody production are interpreted in terms of the potentiation of the initial infection or the decreased resistance to subsequent lethal challenge. These change demonstrate two distinct modes of immunomodification determined by the time of cyclophosphamide administration in relation to virus infection, but not correlated with the death or protection of individual mice. These results are discussed in relation to the early regulatory functions of T and B cells which may influence the expression of virulence but escape conventional assay during the critical first 3 days following infection.", "PMID": 1176966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6021", "title": "A latent guinea pig herpes-like virus: isolation and envelopment.", "content": "A guinea pig herpes-like virus (GPHLV) has been isolated from randomly selected guinea pigs. This virus is serologically related, if not identical, to the guinea pig herpes-like virus isolated by Hsiung-Kaplow. The frequency of latent infection in guinea pigs was found to be highly variable among animals of the same commercial origin. Ultrastructural studies have shown that the morphological development of this virus was similar to that reported for other herpes viruses in the early stages, but frequently differed at the envelopment stage. In the cytoplasm, virus particles were associated with electron-dense zones from which they acquired a thick and rough envelope.", "contents": "A latent guinea pig herpes-like virus: isolation and envelopment. A guinea pig herpes-like virus (GPHLV) has been isolated from randomly selected guinea pigs. This virus is serologically related, if not identical, to the guinea pig herpes-like virus isolated by Hsiung-Kaplow. The frequency of latent infection in guinea pigs was found to be highly variable among animals of the same commercial origin. Ultrastructural studies have shown that the morphological development of this virus was similar to that reported for other herpes viruses in the early stages, but frequently differed at the envelopment stage. In the cytoplasm, virus particles were associated with electron-dense zones from which they acquired a thick and rough envelope.", "PMID": 1176965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6022", "title": "Hydrophobic chromatography of hepatitis B surface antigen on 1,9-diaminononane or 1,10-diaminodecane linked to agarose.", "content": "A series of omega-aminoalkyl-agarose differing in the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chains was prepared and used for chromatography of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg). HBSAg was separated from the major part of serum proteins by adsorption to columns of 1,9-diaminononane or 1,10-diaminodecane linked to agarose beads (Sepharose 4B or 2B) followed by elution with 4 M-NaSCN.", "contents": "Hydrophobic chromatography of hepatitis B surface antigen on 1,9-diaminononane or 1,10-diaminodecane linked to agarose. A series of omega-aminoalkyl-agarose differing in the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chains was prepared and used for chromatography of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg). HBSAg was separated from the major part of serum proteins by adsorption to columns of 1,9-diaminononane or 1,10-diaminodecane linked to agarose beads (Sepharose 4B or 2B) followed by elution with 4 M-NaSCN.", "PMID": 1176967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6023", "title": "Studies of temperature sensitive mutants of bacteriophage Qbeta, defective in both replication and translation.", "content": "Temperature sensitive mutants of bacteriophage Qbeta have been isolated which fail in the synthesis of their virus RNA at the non-permissive temperature (42 degrees C). Nine mutants have been studied in some detail. Cells infected with these mutants at 37 degrees C and incubated long enough to produce substantial amounts of Qbeta RNA cease Qbeta RNA replication when shifted to 42 degrees C. The mutants can be classified into 3 groups according to the amount of Qbeta RNA replicase activity exhibited in extracts from infected cells isolated at various times after shift to 42 degrees C: in group 1 mutants, enzyme activity is the same, regardless of the time of isolation after shift; in group 2 mutants enzyme activity increases with time of isolation after shift; in group 3 mutants, enzyme activity decreases with time of isolation after shift. Synthesis of all virus proteins is suppressed at 42 degrees C in cells infected with group 2 of group 3 mutants. In cells infected with group 2 mutants, synthesis of Qbeta RNA replicase subunit beta is increased, but synthesis of other virus proteins is depressed at 42 degrees C. The inhibition of virus RNA and protein synthesis is reversible. A detailed analysis of these experiments suggests that a defective Qbeta RNA replicase is involved in the inhibition of both virus RNA and protein synthesis.", "contents": "Studies of temperature sensitive mutants of bacteriophage Qbeta, defective in both replication and translation. Temperature sensitive mutants of bacteriophage Qbeta have been isolated which fail in the synthesis of their virus RNA at the non-permissive temperature (42 degrees C). Nine mutants have been studied in some detail. Cells infected with these mutants at 37 degrees C and incubated long enough to produce substantial amounts of Qbeta RNA cease Qbeta RNA replication when shifted to 42 degrees C. The mutants can be classified into 3 groups according to the amount of Qbeta RNA replicase activity exhibited in extracts from infected cells isolated at various times after shift to 42 degrees C: in group 1 mutants, enzyme activity is the same, regardless of the time of isolation after shift; in group 2 mutants enzyme activity increases with time of isolation after shift; in group 3 mutants, enzyme activity decreases with time of isolation after shift. Synthesis of all virus proteins is suppressed at 42 degrees C in cells infected with group 2 of group 3 mutants. In cells infected with group 2 mutants, synthesis of Qbeta RNA replicase subunit beta is increased, but synthesis of other virus proteins is depressed at 42 degrees C. The inhibition of virus RNA and protein synthesis is reversible. A detailed analysis of these experiments suggests that a defective Qbeta RNA replicase is involved in the inhibition of both virus RNA and protein synthesis.", "PMID": 1176968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6024", "title": "Inhibition of the replication of influenza A and B viruses by a nucleoside analogue (ribavirin).", "content": "A synthetic nucleoside analogue 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboamide (ribavirin or RTCA) inhibits the replication of tissue culture of influenza B virus and also a wide range of influenza A viruses of human, animal and avian origin. The synthesis of influenza virus-induced antigens and also structural and non-structural polypeptides is inhibited by RTCA as detected by immunofluorescence and by pulse labelling experiments with [35S]-methionine. The inhibitory effects of RTCA on influenza A virus replication in tissue culture is reversed by a molar excess of guanosine or zanthosine which suggests that the compound acts at an early stage of virus RNA synthesis prior to the utilisation of the latter nucleosides. A possible inhibitory effect of RTCA on cellular DNA replication is not excluded.", "contents": "Inhibition of the replication of influenza A and B viruses by a nucleoside analogue (ribavirin). A synthetic nucleoside analogue 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboamide (ribavirin or RTCA) inhibits the replication of tissue culture of influenza B virus and also a wide range of influenza A viruses of human, animal and avian origin. The synthesis of influenza virus-induced antigens and also structural and non-structural polypeptides is inhibited by RTCA as detected by immunofluorescence and by pulse labelling experiments with [35S]-methionine. The inhibitory effects of RTCA on influenza A virus replication in tissue culture is reversed by a molar excess of guanosine or zanthosine which suggests that the compound acts at an early stage of virus RNA synthesis prior to the utilisation of the latter nucleosides. A possible inhibitory effect of RTCA on cellular DNA replication is not excluded.", "PMID": 1176969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6025", "title": "Structure and position of a complex chromosomal aberration in bacteriophage P2.", "content": "The P2 phage mutation vir56, like the previously studied vir22, is the result of an unequal replacement of a chromosome segment with non-homologous DNA. The end positions of the replacements are essentially the same in the two mutants, whereas the lengths of the replacements are quite different. A third chromosomal aberration, del3, has similar structure and position. These results strengthen the suggestion that the left ends of these three aberrations coincide with the point of exchange in integrative recombination.", "contents": "Structure and position of a complex chromosomal aberration in bacteriophage P2. The P2 phage mutation vir56, like the previously studied vir22, is the result of an unequal replacement of a chromosome segment with non-homologous DNA. The end positions of the replacements are essentially the same in the two mutants, whereas the lengths of the replacements are quite different. A third chromosomal aberration, del3, has similar structure and position. These results strengthen the suggestion that the left ends of these three aberrations coincide with the point of exchange in integrative recombination.", "PMID": 1176970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6026", "title": "Psychoses associated with marijuana use in Thailand.", "content": "Marijuana use among the 45,000 Air Force troops stationed in Thailand during the period September 1971 to September 1972 was extensive. Nevertheless, only five cases of prolonged psychosis associated with marijuana use in this population were referred for psychiatric evaluation. These cases resembled several types of adverse reactions previously described in the literature: one case of a \"marijuana psychosis\"; one case of an \"organic marijuana syndrome\"; and three cases of \"marijuana-mobilized functional psychosis.\" With the exception of the patient with the \"marijuana psychosis,\" this small group of men had either borderline or schizoidal premorbid personalities. Other more transient psychotic episodes appear to go unreported by the troops because of the rapid clearing of symptoms and the punitive policy of the Air Force toward drug abuse.", "contents": "Psychoses associated with marijuana use in Thailand. Marijuana use among the 45,000 Air Force troops stationed in Thailand during the period September 1971 to September 1972 was extensive. Nevertheless, only five cases of prolonged psychosis associated with marijuana use in this population were referred for psychiatric evaluation. These cases resembled several types of adverse reactions previously described in the literature: one case of a \"marijuana psychosis\"; one case of an \"organic marijuana syndrome\"; and three cases of \"marijuana-mobilized functional psychosis.\" With the exception of the patient with the \"marijuana psychosis,\" this small group of men had either borderline or schizoidal premorbid personalities. Other more transient psychotic episodes appear to go unreported by the troops because of the rapid clearing of symptoms and the punitive policy of the Air Force toward drug abuse.", "PMID": 1176971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6027", "title": "Subject expectancy and environmental factors as determinants of psychedelic flashback experiences.", "content": "This study assessed the roles of expectancy and autonomic arousal in inducing psychedelic flashbacks under conditions of mild sensory deprivation. Subjects with and without previous flashbacks participated. During the first experimental session, subjects were given a drug which they were told would induce flashbacks, and during the second, a drug which was alleged to induce only autonomic arousal. Ephedrine sulfate (causing autonomic changes) or placebo actually was given in counterbalanced order. Subjects of both groups experienced many more psychedelic sensations when they expected flashbacks. Drug effect was nonsignificant. These findings support the view that flashbacks are not \"caused\" by psychedelic drugs, but by the tendency of some drug users to mislabel and selectively attend to relevant aspects of naturally occurring altered states of consciousness.", "contents": "Subject expectancy and environmental factors as determinants of psychedelic flashback experiences. This study assessed the roles of expectancy and autonomic arousal in inducing psychedelic flashbacks under conditions of mild sensory deprivation. Subjects with and without previous flashbacks participated. During the first experimental session, subjects were given a drug which they were told would induce flashbacks, and during the second, a drug which was alleged to induce only autonomic arousal. Ephedrine sulfate (causing autonomic changes) or placebo actually was given in counterbalanced order. Subjects of both groups experienced many more psychedelic sensations when they expected flashbacks. Drug effect was nonsignificant. These findings support the view that flashbacks are not \"caused\" by psychedelic drugs, but by the tendency of some drug users to mislabel and selectively attend to relevant aspects of naturally occurring altered states of consciousness.", "PMID": 1176972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6028", "title": "Psychiatric crisis. A comparison of schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients (23 nonschizophrenic and 16 schizophrenic people), who were hospitalized on a short term, crisis intervention ward, were extensively interviewed to discover whether the crisis precipitants and the crisis experience differed for the two groups. As opposed to the schizophrenic individuals, the nonschizophrenic, \"distraught\" patients led orderly lives and were more likely to be in problematic developmental life stages (i$, late adolescense) or to be physically ill. For the distraught patients, the precipitating events were clearer and were more likely to involve interpersonal or narcissistic loss (i.e., the end of a romance), overt anger was less likely to be expressed, and parental figures were less likely to be involved. Both the nonschizophrenic and the schizophrenic people were thought to be chronically vulnerable to external stress. A phenomenological description of their psychopathology was included to explain, in part, their vulnerability. Suggestions about treatment approaches were developed.", "contents": "Psychiatric crisis. A comparison of schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients. Thirty-nine patients (23 nonschizophrenic and 16 schizophrenic people), who were hospitalized on a short term, crisis intervention ward, were extensively interviewed to discover whether the crisis precipitants and the crisis experience differed for the two groups. As opposed to the schizophrenic individuals, the nonschizophrenic, \"distraught\" patients led orderly lives and were more likely to be in problematic developmental life stages (i$, late adolescense) or to be physically ill. For the distraught patients, the precipitating events were clearer and were more likely to involve interpersonal or narcissistic loss (i.e., the end of a romance), overt anger was less likely to be expressed, and parental figures were less likely to be involved. Both the nonschizophrenic and the schizophrenic people were thought to be chronically vulnerable to external stress. A phenomenological description of their psychopathology was included to explain, in part, their vulnerability. Suggestions about treatment approaches were developed.", "PMID": 1176973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6029", "title": "Peculiarities in the endocrine response to insulin stress in early infantile autism.", "content": "Autistic children subjected to the stress of insulin-induced hypoglycemia showed slower recovery of blood glucose, and faster and intractable cortisol response in the 3 hours following the stress. These data suggest that autistic children over-react to this stressor and support clinical evidence of stress intolerance. It is suggested that this peculiarity may be implicated in an explanation of the abnormal behavior seen in this disorder.", "contents": "Peculiarities in the endocrine response to insulin stress in early infantile autism. Autistic children subjected to the stress of insulin-induced hypoglycemia showed slower recovery of blood glucose, and faster and intractable cortisol response in the 3 hours following the stress. These data suggest that autistic children over-react to this stressor and support clinical evidence of stress intolerance. It is suggested that this peculiarity may be implicated in an explanation of the abnormal behavior seen in this disorder.", "PMID": 1176974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6030", "title": "Effects of repeated administrations of a comprehensive neuropsychological battery among chronic epileptics.", "content": "Effects of repeated administrations of the neuropsychological battery originated by Halstead and developed by Reitan were assessed by administration of the battery on four occasions at 6- to 12-month intervals to 17 epileptics with stable neurological dysfunction. Changes in drug regimen complicated interpretation to some degree, but it appeared that: a) the majority of the neuropsychological measures did not demonstrate significant practice effects; and b) there were statistically and clinically significant practice effects on some of Halstead's most sensitive measures (Category Test, Tactual Performance Test--Localization, Impairment Index). In addition, the question was raised as to whether or not the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale may be more effected by the administration of anticonvulsants than are many of the other neuropsychological procedures. Caution was urged in interpretation when the battery is used on a repeated basis.", "contents": "Effects of repeated administrations of a comprehensive neuropsychological battery among chronic epileptics. Effects of repeated administrations of the neuropsychological battery originated by Halstead and developed by Reitan were assessed by administration of the battery on four occasions at 6- to 12-month intervals to 17 epileptics with stable neurological dysfunction. Changes in drug regimen complicated interpretation to some degree, but it appeared that: a) the majority of the neuropsychological measures did not demonstrate significant practice effects; and b) there were statistically and clinically significant practice effects on some of Halstead's most sensitive measures (Category Test, Tactual Performance Test--Localization, Impairment Index). In addition, the question was raised as to whether or not the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale may be more effected by the administration of anticonvulsants than are many of the other neuropsychological procedures. Caution was urged in interpretation when the battery is used on a repeated basis.", "PMID": 1176975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6031", "title": "A case of prolonged, reversible dementia associated with abuse of electroconvulsive therapy.", "content": "Standards for the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are being considered in Massachusetts. While the relative safety of ECT is sometimes used to justify its extensive use, ECT is abused in some cases, causing prolonged deficits in sensorium. A case of an ECT-induced, prolonged, reversible dementia is presented as an example of present abuses and the need for standards.", "contents": "A case of prolonged, reversible dementia associated with abuse of electroconvulsive therapy. Standards for the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are being considered in Massachusetts. While the relative safety of ECT is sometimes used to justify its extensive use, ECT is abused in some cases, causing prolonged deficits in sensorium. A case of an ECT-induced, prolonged, reversible dementia is presented as an example of present abuses and the need for standards.", "PMID": 1176976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6032", "title": "Successful lithium treatment of transvestism associated with manic-depression.", "content": "A case of transvestism in a 24-year-old manic-depressive man is described. The behavior had been maintained for 2 years and disappeared soon after lithium treatment was begun. It has not returned during the first year on lithium. Dynamic and behavioral explanations for this unusual therapeutic response are considered. The dynamic explanation involves the assumption that the transvestism was perpetuated by mood-dependent motives that were eliminated by lithium. The behavioral explanation involves the assumption that the manic state itself became an intermittent reinforcer for the transvestism, and the lithium, by eliminating the mania, created a relatively permanent extinction period.", "contents": "Successful lithium treatment of transvestism associated with manic-depression. A case of transvestism in a 24-year-old manic-depressive man is described. The behavior had been maintained for 2 years and disappeared soon after lithium treatment was begun. It has not returned during the first year on lithium. Dynamic and behavioral explanations for this unusual therapeutic response are considered. The dynamic explanation involves the assumption that the transvestism was perpetuated by mood-dependent motives that were eliminated by lithium. The behavioral explanation involves the assumption that the manic state itself became an intermittent reinforcer for the transvestism, and the lithium, by eliminating the mania, created a relatively permanent extinction period.", "PMID": 1176977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6033", "title": "Effects of thiamine antagonists on nerve conduction. I. Actions of antimetabolites and fern extract on propagated action potentials.", "content": "To assess the hypothesis that thiamine is directly involved in the permeability changes at the sodium channel during nerve conduction, the effects of thiamine antagonists on lobster giant axon resting and action potentials were determined. Thiamine antimetabolites, in millimolar concentrations, reversibly decreased the maximum rate of rise and amplitude of the action potential while increasing its duration. In particular, thiamine tert-butyl disulfide (TTBD) elicited the formation of pronounced shoulders during repolarization, lengthening the action potential by 2-50 times, depending on dose. Antimetabolites also depolarized the resting membrane, but this change was poorly reversible and may indicate a dual mechanism for antimetabolite action. An extract of the fern, Pteris aquilina, reversibly decreased the maximum rate of rise of the action potential and depolarized the resting potential. It also elevated and prolonged the action potential after-depolarization, sometimes causing repetitive activity. The strength of these actions was correlated with the antithiamine potency of the extract, and was diminished by addition of thiamine to the extract.", "contents": "Effects of thiamine antagonists on nerve conduction. I. Actions of antimetabolites and fern extract on propagated action potentials. To assess the hypothesis that thiamine is directly involved in the permeability changes at the sodium channel during nerve conduction, the effects of thiamine antagonists on lobster giant axon resting and action potentials were determined. Thiamine antimetabolites, in millimolar concentrations, reversibly decreased the maximum rate of rise and amplitude of the action potential while increasing its duration. In particular, thiamine tert-butyl disulfide (TTBD) elicited the formation of pronounced shoulders during repolarization, lengthening the action potential by 2-50 times, depending on dose. Antimetabolites also depolarized the resting membrane, but this change was poorly reversible and may indicate a dual mechanism for antimetabolite action. An extract of the fern, Pteris aquilina, reversibly decreased the maximum rate of rise of the action potential and depolarized the resting potential. It also elevated and prolonged the action potential after-depolarization, sometimes causing repetitive activity. The strength of these actions was correlated with the antithiamine potency of the extract, and was diminished by addition of thiamine to the extract.", "PMID": 1176978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6034", "title": "Effects of thiamine antagonists on nerve conduction. II. Voltage clamp experiments with antimetabolites.", "content": "Thiamine antimetabolites were externally applied to voltage clamped squid giant axons to investigate the possible role of thiamine in nerve conduction. Phenylthiazinothiamine, in concentrations as low as 250 muM, reduced peak early current and steady-state current, with the depression of the former being two to five times greater than that of the latter. Peak transient and steady-state conductances were about equally depressed by thiamine tert-butyl disulfide (2 mM) and L-586944-00P07 (5-10 mM). None of the antimetabolites produced an appreciable change in the kinetics of Na+ activation, K+ activation, or Na+ inactivation. Thiamine itself, applied externally up to 30 mM, had no appreciable effect on either the magnitude or time course of the ionic currents. Although these data are consistent with the hypothesis that thiamine may be involved in nerve conduction, they probably reflect a nonspecific stabilizing interaction of this class of compound with the axon membrane. Taken in this light, the hypothesis that thiamine plays a direct role in Na+ channel permeability changes must be reevaluated.", "contents": "Effects of thiamine antagonists on nerve conduction. II. Voltage clamp experiments with antimetabolites. Thiamine antimetabolites were externally applied to voltage clamped squid giant axons to investigate the possible role of thiamine in nerve conduction. Phenylthiazinothiamine, in concentrations as low as 250 muM, reduced peak early current and steady-state current, with the depression of the former being two to five times greater than that of the latter. Peak transient and steady-state conductances were about equally depressed by thiamine tert-butyl disulfide (2 mM) and L-586944-00P07 (5-10 mM). None of the antimetabolites produced an appreciable change in the kinetics of Na+ activation, K+ activation, or Na+ inactivation. Thiamine itself, applied externally up to 30 mM, had no appreciable effect on either the magnitude or time course of the ionic currents. Although these data are consistent with the hypothesis that thiamine may be involved in nerve conduction, they probably reflect a nonspecific stabilizing interaction of this class of compound with the axon membrane. Taken in this light, the hypothesis that thiamine plays a direct role in Na+ channel permeability changes must be reevaluated.", "PMID": 1176979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6035", "title": "Ultrastructural correlates of interneuronal function in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica.", "content": "The synaptic inputs and outputs of the major interneuron L10 of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia were studied using an intracellular staining technique for the electron microscope. The sites of both the chemical synaptic input and output of L10 are localized to the dendritic arborizations that arise from the axon in the ganglion neuropil. Thus, the interneuronal functions are mediated at the dendritic processes and could occur in the absence of spiking in the axon and cell body. The sites of L10 synaptic output are presumed to be at aggregations of vesicles and mitochondria in the dendrites.  The synaptic vesicle content of L10, a cholinergic neuron, with many large dense vesicles resembles that described for serotonergic cells in Aplysia, making distinction of synaptic pharmacology by ultrastructure difficult. Focal membrane specializations with a clear synaptic cleft were not observed between L10 and its large population of postsynaptic cells. In contrast, clear focal input sites were frequently found on L10. Gap junctions, sites of probable electrical coupling between L10 and other neurons, were also found. These observations are discussed as evidence that many synapses do not have focal specializations.", "contents": "Ultrastructural correlates of interneuronal function in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica. The synaptic inputs and outputs of the major interneuron L10 of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia were studied using an intracellular staining technique for the electron microscope. The sites of both the chemical synaptic input and output of L10 are localized to the dendritic arborizations that arise from the axon in the ganglion neuropil. Thus, the interneuronal functions are mediated at the dendritic processes and could occur in the absence of spiking in the axon and cell body. The sites of L10 synaptic output are presumed to be at aggregations of vesicles and mitochondria in the dendrites.  The synaptic vesicle content of L10, a cholinergic neuron, with many large dense vesicles resembles that described for serotonergic cells in Aplysia, making distinction of synaptic pharmacology by ultrastructure difficult. Focal membrane specializations with a clear synaptic cleft were not observed between L10 and its large population of postsynaptic cells. In contrast, clear focal input sites were frequently found on L10. Gap junctions, sites of probable electrical coupling between L10 and other neurons, were also found. These observations are discussed as evidence that many synapses do not have focal specializations.", "PMID": 1176980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6036", "title": "Integration in the crayfish antennal neuropile: topographic representation and multiple-channel coding of mechanoreceptive submodalities.", "content": "(1) Response patterns of interneuron populations in the antennal neuropile of the crayfish have been investigated by extracellular recordings made with a single electrode. Mechanical stimuli of the antennae are divided into submodalities and topographically represented. The submodalities include large movements of the entire antenna, directional aspects of movements and vibrations, and vibratory stimulation up to click repetition rates of 100. (2) Interneuron output is always patterned, ranging from simple bimodal types to complex multimodal patterns that extend over 40 msec. The interneuron output is \"noisy\" due to short- and long-term fluctuations in sensitivity producing temporal fluctuations in both output probability and output patterns. The response latencies both within and between populations cluster around several fixed latencies. (3) The axons of a group of neurons, sensitive to the same submodality, are located together and consequently can be recorded with a single electrode. Responses from the interneurons composing a population are similar in response to nonoptimal stimulation, but are synchronized and of high probability to optimal stimulation.", "contents": "Integration in the crayfish antennal neuropile: topographic representation and multiple-channel coding of mechanoreceptive submodalities. (1) Response patterns of interneuron populations in the antennal neuropile of the crayfish have been investigated by extracellular recordings made with a single electrode. Mechanical stimuli of the antennae are divided into submodalities and topographically represented. The submodalities include large movements of the entire antenna, directional aspects of movements and vibrations, and vibratory stimulation up to click repetition rates of 100. (2) Interneuron output is always patterned, ranging from simple bimodal types to complex multimodal patterns that extend over 40 msec. The interneuron output is \"noisy\" due to short- and long-term fluctuations in sensitivity producing temporal fluctuations in both output probability and output patterns. The response latencies both within and between populations cluster around several fixed latencies. (3) The axons of a group of neurons, sensitive to the same submodality, are located together and consequently can be recorded with a single electrode. Responses from the interneurons composing a population are similar in response to nonoptimal stimulation, but are synchronized and of high probability to optimal stimulation.", "PMID": 1176981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6037", "title": "Physical and physiological properties of the crayfish antennal flagellum.", "content": "(1) Mechanoreceptors in the crayfish antennae are divided into four functional categories: vibration (13%), bidirectional displacement (19%), unidirectional displacement (45%), and position (23%) receptors. The distribution of receptors along the length of the flagellum follows a logarithmic progression, decreasing from about 40% at the base to less than 5% at the tip. (2) Vibratory stimulation of the antennae was found to induce a traveling wave. Because of an impedance gradient along the length of the flagellum, the traveling wave moves most efficiently from base to tip. The wave was observed to travel at an average velocity of 6.0 m/sec. (3) Large deflections of the tip are not uniformly transferred to the base, but decrease logarithmically. This due to the existence of the impedance gradient. (4) Receptor output probability was found to be greatest when low frequency/high intensity stimulation was applied to the flagellar base. (5) Characteristics of large (2 cm) posterior-going deflections of the flagellar tip that are effective in producing response differences are displacement: (a) amplitude, (b) velocity, and (c) acceleration.", "contents": "Physical and physiological properties of the crayfish antennal flagellum. (1) Mechanoreceptors in the crayfish antennae are divided into four functional categories: vibration (13%), bidirectional displacement (19%), unidirectional displacement (45%), and position (23%) receptors. The distribution of receptors along the length of the flagellum follows a logarithmic progression, decreasing from about 40% at the base to less than 5% at the tip. (2) Vibratory stimulation of the antennae was found to induce a traveling wave. Because of an impedance gradient along the length of the flagellum, the traveling wave moves most efficiently from base to tip. The wave was observed to travel at an average velocity of 6.0 m/sec. (3) Large deflections of the tip are not uniformly transferred to the base, but decrease logarithmically. This due to the existence of the impedance gradient. (4) Receptor output probability was found to be greatest when low frequency/high intensity stimulation was applied to the flagellar base. (5) Characteristics of large (2 cm) posterior-going deflections of the flagellar tip that are effective in producing response differences are displacement: (a) amplitude, (b) velocity, and (c) acceleration.", "PMID": 1176982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6038", "title": "Reversal of delayed myelinogenesis in experimental hypothyroidism.", "content": "Neonatal hypothyroidism has been shown to induce delayed myelinogenesis in the developing rat brain. This delay in myelin formation is most prominent during the critical 3 - 4 week postnatal period and the heavy myelin fraction is more selectively affected. The experimental animals, however, continue active myelin formation and by 6 weeks post natum, they do not differ significantly from littermate controls. Myelin protein analysis by SDS acrylamide gels and densitometer methods revealed a decreasing proportion of high molecular weight protein and no significant change in either proteolipid or basic protein in developing myelin. The data suggest that neonatal hypothyroidism induces a reversible delay without qualitative change in myelinogenesis.", "contents": "Reversal of delayed myelinogenesis in experimental hypothyroidism. Neonatal hypothyroidism has been shown to induce delayed myelinogenesis in the developing rat brain. This delay in myelin formation is most prominent during the critical 3 - 4 week postnatal period and the heavy myelin fraction is more selectively affected. The experimental animals, however, continue active myelin formation and by 6 weeks post natum, they do not differ significantly from littermate controls. Myelin protein analysis by SDS acrylamide gels and densitometer methods revealed a decreasing proportion of high molecular weight protein and no significant change in either proteolipid or basic protein in developing myelin. The data suggest that neonatal hypothyroidism induces a reversible delay without qualitative change in myelinogenesis.", "PMID": 1176984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6039", "title": "Experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Effects of neuraminidase and other pneumococcal constituents on cerebrospinal fluid in the intact dog.", "content": "The intracisternal administration of a Type I pneumococcus to mongrel dogs resulted in spinal fluid abnormalities and clinical course and outcome similar to those of meningitis in humans. In order to define the pathogenic role of pneumococcal neuraminidase and other pneumococcal extracts in experimental meningitis, the following preparations were derived from the same Type I pneumococcus: crude neuraminidase, partially purified neuraminidase, heat-inactivated crude neuraminidase, and heat-killed pneumococci. These preparations were administered intracisternally daily for 5 days to a series of mongrel dogs. These substances did not produce clinical morbity similar to that observed in infected animals, even though there was significant decrease in the NANA content of cortical brain subcellular structures in the neuraminidase-treated dogs. It was concluded that the substances investigated were not responsible for morbidity and mortality in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Both heat-killed pneumococci and the crude neuraminidase preparation elicited significant alterations in spinal fluid glucose and protein concentrations which were similar to those recorded in infected animals; however these abnormalities were not associated with significant morbidity. It is proposed that spinal fluid glucose and protein abnormalities may not be directly linked to brain damage or dysfunction in this experimental model, or in man.", "contents": "Experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Effects of neuraminidase and other pneumococcal constituents on cerebrospinal fluid in the intact dog. The intracisternal administration of a Type I pneumococcus to mongrel dogs resulted in spinal fluid abnormalities and clinical course and outcome similar to those of meningitis in humans. In order to define the pathogenic role of pneumococcal neuraminidase and other pneumococcal extracts in experimental meningitis, the following preparations were derived from the same Type I pneumococcus: crude neuraminidase, partially purified neuraminidase, heat-inactivated crude neuraminidase, and heat-killed pneumococci. These preparations were administered intracisternally daily for 5 days to a series of mongrel dogs. These substances did not produce clinical morbity similar to that observed in infected animals, even though there was significant decrease in the NANA content of cortical brain subcellular structures in the neuraminidase-treated dogs. It was concluded that the substances investigated were not responsible for morbidity and mortality in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Both heat-killed pneumococci and the crude neuraminidase preparation elicited significant alterations in spinal fluid glucose and protein concentrations which were similar to those recorded in infected animals; however these abnormalities were not associated with significant morbidity. It is proposed that spinal fluid glucose and protein abnormalities may not be directly linked to brain damage or dysfunction in this experimental model, or in man.", "PMID": 1176985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6040", "title": "Quantitative oxidative enzyme histochemistry of the spinal cord. Part 1. Distribution of enzyme activity in anterior horn cells.", "content": "Cytophotometric measurements of the activities of 5 oxidative enzymes (succinate, malate, lactate, NAD+-linked isocitrate and NADH dehydrogensases) have been made in anterior horn cells of the lumbar and cervical spinal cord of the rabbit. The thickness of tissue sections was measured by an interference microscope and various optical and chemical precautions were taken to diminish the possible errors that might be involved in cytophotometry. The findings of the study indicated a unimodal distribution of the activities of all of the enzymes studied in anterior horn cells, though there was a wide range of enzyme concentration among different cells. Thus the findings in the rabbit are consistent with the \"constant proportion\" hypothesis of the activity of certain oxidative enzymes, and are contrary to a previous finding that there may be two populations of succinate dehydrogenase-containing anterior horn cell.", "contents": "Quantitative oxidative enzyme histochemistry of the spinal cord. Part 1. Distribution of enzyme activity in anterior horn cells. Cytophotometric measurements of the activities of 5 oxidative enzymes (succinate, malate, lactate, NAD+-linked isocitrate and NADH dehydrogensases) have been made in anterior horn cells of the lumbar and cervical spinal cord of the rabbit. The thickness of tissue sections was measured by an interference microscope and various optical and chemical precautions were taken to diminish the possible errors that might be involved in cytophotometry. The findings of the study indicated a unimodal distribution of the activities of all of the enzymes studied in anterior horn cells, though there was a wide range of enzyme concentration among different cells. Thus the findings in the rabbit are consistent with the \"constant proportion\" hypothesis of the activity of certain oxidative enzymes, and are contrary to a previous finding that there may be two populations of succinate dehydrogenase-containing anterior horn cell.", "PMID": 1176986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6041", "title": "Quantitative oxidative enzyme histochemistry of the spinal cord. Part 2. Relation of cell size and enzyme activity to vulnerability to ischaemia.", "content": "Cytophotometric measurements of the activities of 5 enzymes (succinate, malate, and NAD+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases from the tricarboxylic cycle, lactate dehydrogenase from the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, and NADH dehydrogenase) were correlated with cell volume for neurones in the anterior horn of rabbit lumbar and cervical spinal cord. The data for succinate and isocitrate dehydrogenases indicated that these enzymes were at higher concentrations in the smaller neurones, which consist largely of interneurones. No preferential localization to particular sizes of cell could be assigned to the other enzymes studied. The relationship between enzyme distribution patterns and their possible role in contributing toward susceptibility to ischaemia of particular sizes of neurones is discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative oxidative enzyme histochemistry of the spinal cord. Part 2. Relation of cell size and enzyme activity to vulnerability to ischaemia. Cytophotometric measurements of the activities of 5 enzymes (succinate, malate, and NAD+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases from the tricarboxylic cycle, lactate dehydrogenase from the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, and NADH dehydrogenase) were correlated with cell volume for neurones in the anterior horn of rabbit lumbar and cervical spinal cord. The data for succinate and isocitrate dehydrogenases indicated that these enzymes were at higher concentrations in the smaller neurones, which consist largely of interneurones. No preferential localization to particular sizes of cell could be assigned to the other enzymes studied. The relationship between enzyme distribution patterns and their possible role in contributing toward susceptibility to ischaemia of particular sizes of neurones is discussed.", "PMID": 1176987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6042", "title": "Appearance of acetylcholinesterase and creatine kinase in plasma of normal chickens after denervation.", "content": "Evidence that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is released from normal chick embryonic muscle fibers and from muscles of chickens with inherited muscular dystrophy suggested that denervated chick muscles, which have AChE properties similar to dystrophic muscles, would also release AChE. Bilateral denervation of the breast and wing muscles of normal chickens was followed by the appearance of AChE activity, distinguished from plasma cholinesterase by differential substrate hydrolysis, inhibitor sensitivity, and electrophoretic migration. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity was also elevated after denervation.", "contents": "Appearance of acetylcholinesterase and creatine kinase in plasma of normal chickens after denervation. Evidence that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is released from normal chick embryonic muscle fibers and from muscles of chickens with inherited muscular dystrophy suggested that denervated chick muscles, which have AChE properties similar to dystrophic muscles, would also release AChE. Bilateral denervation of the breast and wing muscles of normal chickens was followed by the appearance of AChE activity, distinguished from plasma cholinesterase by differential substrate hydrolysis, inhibitor sensitivity, and electrophoretic migration. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity was also elevated after denervation.", "PMID": 1176988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6043", "title": "A comparison of the structure of small blood vessels in normal, denervated and dystrophic human muscle.", "content": "A light- and electron-microscopic study of the small arterial vessels and capillaries in muscle from 20 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy failed to adduce any direct morphological evidence that the necrobiotic muscle lesions in this disease are produced by muscle ischaemia. However the electron-microscopic studies showed that the basement membrane width in 3 out of 4 cases of Duchenne dystrophy so studied was significantly less than that or normal control material. In further case of Duchenne dystrophy, selected for study because some vessels in the biopsy muscle were surrounded by small round cell infilitrates, the basement membrane width was significantly greater than that in the normal control material. In the single case of spinal muscular atrophy studied, the basement membrane width was also significantly less than the control measurements. The possible relationship of these observations to the \"ischaemic\" theory of the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy is discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of the structure of small blood vessels in normal, denervated and dystrophic human muscle. A light- and electron-microscopic study of the small arterial vessels and capillaries in muscle from 20 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy failed to adduce any direct morphological evidence that the necrobiotic muscle lesions in this disease are produced by muscle ischaemia. However the electron-microscopic studies showed that the basement membrane width in 3 out of 4 cases of Duchenne dystrophy so studied was significantly less than that or normal control material. In further case of Duchenne dystrophy, selected for study because some vessels in the biopsy muscle were surrounded by small round cell infilitrates, the basement membrane width was significantly greater than that in the normal control material. In the single case of spinal muscular atrophy studied, the basement membrane width was also significantly less than the control measurements. The possible relationship of these observations to the \"ischaemic\" theory of the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy is discussed.", "PMID": 1176989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6044", "title": "The effects of glycerol on cerebral ultrastructure following experimentally induced cerebral ischemia.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in cerebral tissue subjected to temporary occlusion on the  right middle cerebral artery for intervals of 30 min, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr were studied after daily injections of 10% glycerol in saline. These changes were compared with previously reported data from untreated animals. The extent of tissue involvement was appreciably less in the glycerol-treated group as evidenced by the reduction of intracellular edema and fewer changes in the membranes of ultrastructural elements (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and plasmalemma) known to be essential for cellular metabolism and function in the central nervous system.", "contents": "The effects of glycerol on cerebral ultrastructure following experimentally induced cerebral ischemia. Ultrastructural changes in cerebral tissue subjected to temporary occlusion on the  right middle cerebral artery for intervals of 30 min, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr were studied after daily injections of 10% glycerol in saline. These changes were compared with previously reported data from untreated animals. The extent of tissue involvement was appreciably less in the glycerol-treated group as evidenced by the reduction of intracellular edema and fewer changes in the membranes of ultrastructural elements (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and plasmalemma) known to be essential for cellular metabolism and function in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 1176990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6045", "title": "A memory defect in uremic encephalopathy.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that anesthesia primarily affects the reticular activating system and psychological studies on patients undergoing anesthesia demonstrated a verbal memory defect. This study was performed in order to determine whether metabolic  (uremic) encephalopathy follows the Jacksonian dissolution hypothesis and disrupts cortical function or whether it acts like an anesthetic, causes dysfunction in phylogenetically older systems and thereby produces a memory defect. Twenty-four uremic subjects were tested for memory function, language function, and intellectual function, and compared to 12 control subjects. The greatest difference between the groups was in immediate memory function suggesting that uremia probably acts in a manner similar to anesthesia (by causing dysfunction in the reticular activating system). It is postulated that poor arousal interferes with rehearsal and rehearsal is probably an important component of immediate memory.", "contents": "A memory defect in uremic encephalopathy. It has been demonstrated that anesthesia primarily affects the reticular activating system and psychological studies on patients undergoing anesthesia demonstrated a verbal memory defect. This study was performed in order to determine whether metabolic  (uremic) encephalopathy follows the Jacksonian dissolution hypothesis and disrupts cortical function or whether it acts like an anesthetic, causes dysfunction in phylogenetically older systems and thereby produces a memory defect. Twenty-four uremic subjects were tested for memory function, language function, and intellectual function, and compared to 12 control subjects. The greatest difference between the groups was in immediate memory function suggesting that uremia probably acts in a manner similar to anesthesia (by causing dysfunction in the reticular activating system). It is postulated that poor arousal interferes with rehearsal and rehearsal is probably an important component of immediate memory.", "PMID": 1176991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6046", "title": "The electrocardiogram in infratentorial infarcts.", "content": "Sixty-nine patients with infratentorial infarcts were studied with respect to associated electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities. ECG changes were encountered in about 70% of the patients, the most frequent abnormalities being arrhythmias, conduction disturbances and ST-T changes. No relationship was found between the localization of the brain-stem lesion and the accompanying ECG pattern. It is concluded that ischaemic lesions within the central nervous system do not per se affect the ECG and that associated ECG changes are merely coincidental, reflecting the same basic vascular disease.", "contents": "The electrocardiogram in infratentorial infarcts. Sixty-nine patients with infratentorial infarcts were studied with respect to associated electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities. ECG changes were encountered in about 70% of the patients, the most frequent abnormalities being arrhythmias, conduction disturbances and ST-T changes. No relationship was found between the localization of the brain-stem lesion and the accompanying ECG pattern. It is concluded that ischaemic lesions within the central nervous system do not per se affect the ECG and that associated ECG changes are merely coincidental, reflecting the same basic vascular disease.", "PMID": 1176992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6047", "title": "Profile of multiple sclerosis in the bombay region. On the basis of critical clinical appraisal.", "content": "Using internationally accepted strict clinical criteria, 30 patients with probable multiple sclerosis (MS) fron the Bombay region have been described. They were personally studied and followed up over a period of 15 years. In addition, 9 patients with neuromyelitis optica and 6 with a mixed neurological picture of MS and neuromyelitis optica have been described. As in Japan, the neuromyelitis optica type of presentation was relatively more frequent in our material than in the West. In this small series MS was more frequent in patients with a better socio-economic status, in the Parsee community and in patients with a fair complexion, whereas neuromyelitis optica was more frequent in patients with poor socio-economic status. A relatively high proportion of patients (nearly half of the MS patients with optic nerve involvement and two-thirds of the MS--neuromyelitis optica group) had bilateral optic nerve involvement. Except in 2 patients, the tempo and course of the disease in our patients with MS was comparable to that seen in the West. In 3 patients with MS the initiation of symptoms or appearance of fresh symptoms was related to vaccination. In addition to the above 45 patients, 29 other cases of possible demyelination have been reviewed. Nine of these had one or more remission and relapse but in the same site as the first episode. Seventeen had a solitary episode of spinal cord or brainstem disturbance with some remission and 3 had multiple lesions but without remission or clear dissemination in time. In the absence of a specific diagnostic test or autopsy, such atypical cases will remain unclassified. To conclude, MS does occur in the Bombya region and elsewhere in India but the incidence is much less than in the West. Further studies and especially careful follow-up of atypical cases may show that the prevalence is higher than it seems today.", "contents": "Profile of multiple sclerosis in the bombay region. On the basis of critical clinical appraisal. Using internationally accepted strict clinical criteria, 30 patients with probable multiple sclerosis (MS) fron the Bombay region have been described. They were personally studied and followed up over a period of 15 years. In addition, 9 patients with neuromyelitis optica and 6 with a mixed neurological picture of MS and neuromyelitis optica have been described. As in Japan, the neuromyelitis optica type of presentation was relatively more frequent in our material than in the West. In this small series MS was more frequent in patients with a better socio-economic status, in the Parsee community and in patients with a fair complexion, whereas neuromyelitis optica was more frequent in patients with poor socio-economic status. A relatively high proportion of patients (nearly half of the MS patients with optic nerve involvement and two-thirds of the MS--neuromyelitis optica group) had bilateral optic nerve involvement. Except in 2 patients, the tempo and course of the disease in our patients with MS was comparable to that seen in the West. In 3 patients with MS the initiation of symptoms or appearance of fresh symptoms was related to vaccination. In addition to the above 45 patients, 29 other cases of possible demyelination have been reviewed. Nine of these had one or more remission and relapse but in the same site as the first episode. Seventeen had a solitary episode of spinal cord or brainstem disturbance with some remission and 3 had multiple lesions but without remission or clear dissemination in time. In the absence of a specific diagnostic test or autopsy, such atypical cases will remain unclassified. To conclude, MS does occur in the Bombya region and elsewhere in India but the incidence is much less than in the West. Further studies and especially careful follow-up of atypical cases may show that the prevalence is higher than it seems today.", "PMID": 1176993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6048", "title": "The neurotoxic effects of triethyltin (TET) sulfate on myelinating cultures of mouse spinal cord.", "content": "Well myelinated cultures of mouse spinal cord, exposed to varying concentrations of triethyltin sulfate, were examined at different time intervals by light and electron microscopy. At a high concentration of TET (10(-6)M) for 1-2 hours, the myelin sheaths and cells showed marked degenerative changes. At lower concentrations of TET (10(-7)-10(-9) M) intramyelinic and other types of vacuole formation were seen; however, these lesions were always accompanied by changes in the perikarya, dendrites and axons of neurons and in the astrocytes. Also, there was an apparent increased number of neurofilaments and neurotubules in many axons. The findings are discussed in relation to the lesions induced in the experimental animal by alkyl tin intoxication.", "contents": "The neurotoxic effects of triethyltin (TET) sulfate on myelinating cultures of mouse spinal cord. Well myelinated cultures of mouse spinal cord, exposed to varying concentrations of triethyltin sulfate, were examined at different time intervals by light and electron microscopy. At a high concentration of TET (10(-6)M) for 1-2 hours, the myelin sheaths and cells showed marked degenerative changes. At lower concentrations of TET (10(-7)-10(-9) M) intramyelinic and other types of vacuole formation were seen; however, these lesions were always accompanied by changes in the perikarya, dendrites and axons of neurons and in the astrocytes. Also, there was an apparent increased number of neurofilaments and neurotubules in many axons. The findings are discussed in relation to the lesions induced in the experimental animal by alkyl tin intoxication.", "PMID": 1176994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6049", "title": "The sural nerve in familial dysautonomia.", "content": "In familial dysautonomia there are malfunctions of motor, sensory and autonomic systems. The sural nerve has reduced transverse fascicular area, diminished numbers of myelinated axons (particularly those of small diameter) and very few non-myelinated axons. Catecholamine containing endings are not found in accompanying arteries. These changes are compatible with reduced neuronal populations described in sympathetic and sensory ganglia. The observed pathology accounts for many of the clinical features of the disease and suggests an abnormality in intrauterine development.", "contents": "The sural nerve in familial dysautonomia. In familial dysautonomia there are malfunctions of motor, sensory and autonomic systems. The sural nerve has reduced transverse fascicular area, diminished numbers of myelinated axons (particularly those of small diameter) and very few non-myelinated axons. Catecholamine containing endings are not found in accompanying arteries. These changes are compatible with reduced neuronal populations described in sympathetic and sensory ganglia. The observed pathology accounts for many of the clinical features of the disease and suggests an abnormality in intrauterine development.", "PMID": 1176995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6050", "title": "Brain ultrastructure in Reye's syndrome.", "content": "Cerebral biopsies were obtained for electron microscopy 48 and 72 hours after the onset of encephalopathy from a child with severe Reye's syndrome. Gravely ill at the time of craniectomy to relieve cerebral hypertension, the child survived and recovered good brain function; therefore, the biopsy findings appear to reflect the organelle pathology of the brain at a severe yet reversible stage in the disease process. The cardinal ultrastructural changes in the brain in Reye's syndrome are astrocyte swelling and partial deglycogenation, myelin bleb formation and universal injury of neuron mitochondria. The mitochondrial injury consists of matrix disruption with moderate but not massive swelling. Dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear changes occurred only in neurons with severely altered mitochondria. The organelle pathology of the brain in this case did not resemble the organelle pathology of the brain in human \"hepatic encephalopathy\" or in experimental ammonia intoxication in primates. The mitochondrial ultrastructure of the cerebral neurons resembled the unique mitochondrial ultrastructural changes seen in the liver parenchyma in Reye's syndrome.", "contents": "Brain ultrastructure in Reye's syndrome. Cerebral biopsies were obtained for electron microscopy 48 and 72 hours after the onset of encephalopathy from a child with severe Reye's syndrome. Gravely ill at the time of craniectomy to relieve cerebral hypertension, the child survived and recovered good brain function; therefore, the biopsy findings appear to reflect the organelle pathology of the brain at a severe yet reversible stage in the disease process. The cardinal ultrastructural changes in the brain in Reye's syndrome are astrocyte swelling and partial deglycogenation, myelin bleb formation and universal injury of neuron mitochondria. The mitochondrial injury consists of matrix disruption with moderate but not massive swelling. Dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear changes occurred only in neurons with severely altered mitochondria. The organelle pathology of the brain in this case did not resemble the organelle pathology of the brain in human \"hepatic encephalopathy\" or in experimental ammonia intoxication in primates. The mitochondrial ultrastructure of the cerebral neurons resembled the unique mitochondrial ultrastructural changes seen in the liver parenchyma in Reye's syndrome.", "PMID": 1176996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6051", "title": "Neurofibrillary changes following childhood lead encephalopathy.", "content": "This report details the findings in a patient who survived severe lead encephalopathy at age 2 1/4 years, to die 42 years later in a state of severe mental deterioration. The brain revealed diffuse cortical atrophy, most severe in the temporal lobes, followed by hippocampi, amygdaloid nuclei and frontal cortex. Numerous pyramidal cells of the forebrain grisea contained Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles. The remaining pyramidal cells of the hippocampi exhibited granulo-vacuolar degeneration. Many senile plaques were present predominantly in the atrophic temporal cortex. Electron microscopic examination revealed many 800 A twisted tubules in the tangles. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry disclosed a tenfold increase of lead in frontal and temporal cortices as compared to suitable controls. The possibility that toxic levels of lead in any form could result in the formation of Alzheimer's fibrillary tangles is discussed.", "contents": "Neurofibrillary changes following childhood lead encephalopathy. This report details the findings in a patient who survived severe lead encephalopathy at age 2 1/4 years, to die 42 years later in a state of severe mental deterioration. The brain revealed diffuse cortical atrophy, most severe in the temporal lobes, followed by hippocampi, amygdaloid nuclei and frontal cortex. Numerous pyramidal cells of the forebrain grisea contained Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles. The remaining pyramidal cells of the hippocampi exhibited granulo-vacuolar degeneration. Many senile plaques were present predominantly in the atrophic temporal cortex. Electron microscopic examination revealed many 800 A twisted tubules in the tangles. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry disclosed a tenfold increase of lead in frontal and temporal cortices as compared to suitable controls. The possibility that toxic levels of lead in any form could result in the formation of Alzheimer's fibrillary tangles is discussed.", "PMID": 1176997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6052", "title": "The structural basis for electrotonic coupling in the avian ciliary ganglion. A study with thin sectioning and freeze-fracturing.", "content": "Each \"ciliary\" neurone in the ciliary ganglion of adult birds receives its innervation from a single myelinated fibre of the oculomotor nerve by means of a dual mode of synaptic action, electrical and chemical. The preganglionic fibre branches repeatedly around the postganglionic axon but the extra-cellular compartment is large. The preterminal fibres, most of which are unmyelinated, end with large boutons on the axon hillock, a few on short dendrites and on the portion of the perikaryon of the ciliary neurone from which the axon emerges. This synaptic apparatus is enveloped by a glial sheath, mainly consisting of satellite cell bodies and loose myelin lamellae. The nonsynaptic portion of the ciliary perikaryon is covered by a sheath consisting mainly of compact myelin. The ciliary neurone has an initial axon segment like that of C.N.S. neurones. The area of each neurone apposed to boutons measures about 16,000 mum2. Approximately 9 percent is specialized for chemical transmission and 0.17 percent for electrical transmission. Each neurone has about 280,000 gap junctional particles. Assuming that each particle represents one channel, the electrical resistance provided by these junctions is estimated to be of the order of 100 k omega. The electrical coupling between the preganglionic fibre and the ciliary neurone may therefore be of resistive nature.", "contents": "The structural basis for electrotonic coupling in the avian ciliary ganglion. A study with thin sectioning and freeze-fracturing. Each \"ciliary\" neurone in the ciliary ganglion of adult birds receives its innervation from a single myelinated fibre of the oculomotor nerve by means of a dual mode of synaptic action, electrical and chemical. The preganglionic fibre branches repeatedly around the postganglionic axon but the extra-cellular compartment is large. The preterminal fibres, most of which are unmyelinated, end with large boutons on the axon hillock, a few on short dendrites and on the portion of the perikaryon of the ciliary neurone from which the axon emerges. This synaptic apparatus is enveloped by a glial sheath, mainly consisting of satellite cell bodies and loose myelin lamellae. The nonsynaptic portion of the ciliary perikaryon is covered by a sheath consisting mainly of compact myelin. The ciliary neurone has an initial axon segment like that of C.N.S. neurones. The area of each neurone apposed to boutons measures about 16,000 mum2. Approximately 9 percent is specialized for chemical transmission and 0.17 percent for electrical transmission. Each neurone has about 280,000 gap junctional particles. Assuming that each particle represents one channel, the electrical resistance provided by these junctions is estimated to be of the order of 100 k omega. The electrical coupling between the preganglionic fibre and the ciliary neurone may therefore be of resistive nature.", "PMID": 1176998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6053", "title": "Cation-dependent structures associated with membranes in the rat central nervous system.", "content": "As observed by high magnification electron microscopy, potassium ions induce osmiophilia at the extracellular side of triple layered plasma membranes in the central nervous system of the rat. In contrast, sodium ions induce a widening of the intracellular lamina of these membranes, and do not result in observable extracellular deposits. The observations suggest the existence of potassium and sodium ion-selective structures associated with opposite surfaces of the neuron membrane. Use of the fixative vehicle as a cytochemical reagent is proposed.", "contents": "Cation-dependent structures associated with membranes in the rat central nervous system. As observed by high magnification electron microscopy, potassium ions induce osmiophilia at the extracellular side of triple layered plasma membranes in the central nervous system of the rat. In contrast, sodium ions induce a widening of the intracellular lamina of these membranes, and do not result in observable extracellular deposits. The observations suggest the existence of potassium and sodium ion-selective structures associated with opposite surfaces of the neuron membrane. Use of the fixative vehicle as a cytochemical reagent is proposed.", "PMID": 1176999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6054", "title": "Organotypic development of the organ of Corti in culture.", "content": "The preservation and development of the innervation pattern in the organ of Corti have been studied in culture up to 27 days in vitro. The explants were obtained from the newborn mouse. Segments of the cochlear duct dissected together with the appropriate sectors of the spiral ganglion may retain their structural organization for about two weeks. Maturation of some nonneuronal elements which occurs during that time is followed by a subsequent regression of the organ. Only a fraction of the explanted neurons survive. However, the surviving neurons, if connected with the hair cell region, maintain a complex peripheral innervation pattern that contains all the major fibre components which characterize the normal pattern in a young mouse. The peripheral innervation pattern in culture seems largely composed of preserved fibres, that is, of fibres which at the time of explantation have already ramified within the organ of Corti. Nonetheless, there is evidence for growth or maturation, in culture, of at least some peripheral processes of the spiral neurons. Thus, only in older cultures is the innervation of the apical tip established. Likewise, it is only in older explants that the inner spiral bundle becomes prominent. Spiral neurons survive in culture in several modes. Most frequently, the central process is altogether absent and the neuron is effectively a unipolar cell which maintains only the peripheral process. A distinct minority of neurons is bipolar possessing both the peripheral process and a central axon which grows freely, though no central target is present. A neuron may survive also as a unipolar or, rarely, as a bipolar cell with no processes entering the organ of Corti. The observations imply that (1) most or all major fibre systems in the organ of Corti carry components of spiral neuron origin; (2) a small population of spiral neurons innervating a short segment of the organ contributes importantly not only to the radial but also to the spiral innervation of the segment.", "contents": "Organotypic development of the organ of Corti in culture. The preservation and development of the innervation pattern in the organ of Corti have been studied in culture up to 27 days in vitro. The explants were obtained from the newborn mouse. Segments of the cochlear duct dissected together with the appropriate sectors of the spiral ganglion may retain their structural organization for about two weeks. Maturation of some nonneuronal elements which occurs during that time is followed by a subsequent regression of the organ. Only a fraction of the explanted neurons survive. However, the surviving neurons, if connected with the hair cell region, maintain a complex peripheral innervation pattern that contains all the major fibre components which characterize the normal pattern in a young mouse. The peripheral innervation pattern in culture seems largely composed of preserved fibres, that is, of fibres which at the time of explantation have already ramified within the organ of Corti. Nonetheless, there is evidence for growth or maturation, in culture, of at least some peripheral processes of the spiral neurons. Thus, only in older cultures is the innervation of the apical tip established. Likewise, it is only in older explants that the inner spiral bundle becomes prominent. Spiral neurons survive in culture in several modes. Most frequently, the central process is altogether absent and the neuron is effectively a unipolar cell which maintains only the peripheral process. A distinct minority of neurons is bipolar possessing both the peripheral process and a central axon which grows freely, though no central target is present. A neuron may survive also as a unipolar or, rarely, as a bipolar cell with no processes entering the organ of Corti. The observations imply that (1) most or all major fibre systems in the organ of Corti carry components of spiral neuron origin; (2) a small population of spiral neurons innervating a short segment of the organ contributes importantly not only to the radial but also to the spiral innervation of the segment.", "PMID": 1177000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6055", "title": "Observations on the interactions of Schwann cells and astrocytes following X-irradiation of neonatal rat spinal cord.", "content": "Myelination was inhibited in the spinal cord of three day-old rats with 2000 rads of X-irradiation. Myelination subsequently occurred as a result of caudal migration of oligodendrocytes and extensive invasion of the cord by Schwann cells. Although oligodendrocytes were present in areas containing Schwann cells, astrocytes were absent. The presence of Schwann cells in the neuropil of the spinal cord did not stimulate production of basement membrane by astrocytes, so no new glial limiting membrane was formed. Evidence is presented which suggests that if astrocytes do not form a glial limiting membrane when opposed by large numbers of Schwann cells they are destroyed by the invading cells. It is suggested that the glial limiting membrane normally inhibits entry of Schwann cells into the central nervous system; if this is destroyed and not reconstituted, Schwann cells can migrate freely into the neuropil.", "contents": "Observations on the interactions of Schwann cells and astrocytes following X-irradiation of neonatal rat spinal cord. Myelination was inhibited in the spinal cord of three day-old rats with 2000 rads of X-irradiation. Myelination subsequently occurred as a result of caudal migration of oligodendrocytes and extensive invasion of the cord by Schwann cells. Although oligodendrocytes were present in areas containing Schwann cells, astrocytes were absent. The presence of Schwann cells in the neuropil of the spinal cord did not stimulate production of basement membrane by astrocytes, so no new glial limiting membrane was formed. Evidence is presented which suggests that if astrocytes do not form a glial limiting membrane when opposed by large numbers of Schwann cells they are destroyed by the invading cells. It is suggested that the glial limiting membrane normally inhibits entry of Schwann cells into the central nervous system; if this is destroyed and not reconstituted, Schwann cells can migrate freely into the neuropil.", "PMID": 1177001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6056", "title": "Morphological correlates of electrotonic coupling in the magnocellular mesencephalic nucleus of the weakly electric fish Gymnotus carapo.", "content": "The magnocellular mesencephalic nucleus (MMN) of Gymnotus carapo was studied by electron microscopy. This particular nucleus, characteristic of weakly electric fish, contains two principal classes of neuron. (1) Large neurons (25-35 mum): these are rounded unipolar cells, with the perikaryon partially covered by a sheath of compact myelin. The axon leaves the neuron as a short thick unmyelinated process not resembling the initial segment of multipolar neurons. The axon branches profusely and becomes myelinated very close to its origin. The perikaryal surface not covered by the myelin sheath receives abundant club endings. The synaptic interface between club endings and large neurons is characterized by alternating gap junctions and attachment plaques. In addition, at the periphery of the club endings, \"active\" zones are generally present, and this synapse is therefore a \"mixed\" synapse. (2) Small neurons (5-12 mum): these are uni- or bipolar cells, scattered throughout the nucleus, and occasionally, grouped in small clusters. Gap junctions were not observed between neuronal perikarya in such clusters. The synaptic investment of small neurons is formed by long cup endings which almost completely encircle the perikarya. The synaptic interface between cup endings and the perikarya of small neurons is characterized by large areas of gap junctions. A single cup ending establishing gap junctions with two small neurons within the plane of the section was frequently observed and this arrangement provides a morphological basis for electrotonic coupling between small neurons by way of presynaptic fibres. In the neuropil of the MMN, there are abundant synaptic islands constituted by a large axon terminal in synaptic contact with small unidentified profiles; both synaptic elements are surrounded by numerous thin glial lamellae. At the synaptic interface, in the islands, both gap junctions and \"active\" zones are present. The synaptic islands must also be considered as \"mixed\" synapses. The morphological results presented here correlate with electrophysiological data (Szabo et al., 1975). The very short delay (0.8-1.3 ms) of the MMS response to the fish's own electric organ discharge can only be explained by the existence of electrotonic transmission along the neuronal chain of the electrosensory pathway. The presence of gap junctions between club endings and large neurons provides a morphological basis for electrotonic transmission at the mesencephalic level of the electrosensory pathway.", "contents": "Morphological correlates of electrotonic coupling in the magnocellular mesencephalic nucleus of the weakly electric fish Gymnotus carapo. The magnocellular mesencephalic nucleus (MMN) of Gymnotus carapo was studied by electron microscopy. This particular nucleus, characteristic of weakly electric fish, contains two principal classes of neuron. (1) Large neurons (25-35 mum): these are rounded unipolar cells, with the perikaryon partially covered by a sheath of compact myelin. The axon leaves the neuron as a short thick unmyelinated process not resembling the initial segment of multipolar neurons. The axon branches profusely and becomes myelinated very close to its origin. The perikaryal surface not covered by the myelin sheath receives abundant club endings. The synaptic interface between club endings and large neurons is characterized by alternating gap junctions and attachment plaques. In addition, at the periphery of the club endings, \"active\" zones are generally present, and this synapse is therefore a \"mixed\" synapse. (2) Small neurons (5-12 mum): these are uni- or bipolar cells, scattered throughout the nucleus, and occasionally, grouped in small clusters. Gap junctions were not observed between neuronal perikarya in such clusters. The synaptic investment of small neurons is formed by long cup endings which almost completely encircle the perikarya. The synaptic interface between cup endings and the perikarya of small neurons is characterized by large areas of gap junctions. A single cup ending establishing gap junctions with two small neurons within the plane of the section was frequently observed and this arrangement provides a morphological basis for electrotonic coupling between small neurons by way of presynaptic fibres. In the neuropil of the MMN, there are abundant synaptic islands constituted by a large axon terminal in synaptic contact with small unidentified profiles; both synaptic elements are surrounded by numerous thin glial lamellae. At the synaptic interface, in the islands, both gap junctions and \"active\" zones are present. The synaptic islands must also be considered as \"mixed\" synapses. The morphological results presented here correlate with electrophysiological data (Szabo et al., 1975). The very short delay (0.8-1.3 ms) of the MMS response to the fish's own electric organ discharge can only be explained by the existence of electrotonic transmission along the neuronal chain of the electrosensory pathway. The presence of gap junctions between club endings and large neurons provides a morphological basis for electrotonic transmission at the mesencephalic level of the electrosensory pathway.", "PMID": 1177002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6057", "title": "Functional characteristics of superior olivary neurons to binaural stimuli.", "content": "This investigation was undertaken to study the timing properties of low-frequency binaural neurons located in the medulla of kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis). The results show that the response variables, vector strength (VS) and discharge rate (DR), are not necessarily related responses; each may be conveying a different parameter of acoustic stimuli. The results also lead to the conclusion that binaural low-frequency neurons, whether they are excitatory-excitatory (EE) or excitatory-inhibitory (EI), in essence, function similarly. Finally, this investigation presents findings which suggest that a clock, which may be part of a mechanism for pitch as well as for spatial localization, is activated by sounds, providing thereby a reference signal for neural discharges.", "contents": "Functional characteristics of superior olivary neurons to binaural stimuli. This investigation was undertaken to study the timing properties of low-frequency binaural neurons located in the medulla of kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis). The results show that the response variables, vector strength (VS) and discharge rate (DR), are not necessarily related responses; each may be conveying a different parameter of acoustic stimuli. The results also lead to the conclusion that binaural low-frequency neurons, whether they are excitatory-excitatory (EE) or excitatory-inhibitory (EI), in essence, function similarly. Finally, this investigation presents findings which suggest that a clock, which may be part of a mechanism for pitch as well as for spatial localization, is activated by sounds, providing thereby a reference signal for neural discharges.", "PMID": 1177003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6058", "title": "Effects of early binocular deprivation on visual input to cat superior colliculus.", "content": "1. Recent work has demonstrated at least three distinct inputs to the superior colliculus in normal cats: a) the W-direct retinotectal pathway; b) the Y-direct retinotectal pathway; and c) the Y-indirect pathway which involves Y-cells in retina and lateral geniculate nucleus plus complex cells in cortex, the last being the corticotectal cells. 2. We investigated these inputs in five cats raised with binocular eyelid closure by studying the electrophysiological properties of 164 collicular neurons. After such binocular deprivation, the Y-indirect pathway was missing and the Y-direct pathway appeared reduced, although the W-direct input seemed unaffected. 3. Despite the loss of the Y-indirect input, collicular activation to electrical stimulation of cortex seemed normal in these cats. This suggested that the Y-indirect loop was affected between the optic tract and cortex, and this, in turn, correlated to the previously described reduction in recordable Y-cells from the lateral geniculate nucleus of binocularly deprived cats. 4. We found receptive-field correlates to this loss of Y-direct and Y-indirect input in the binocularly deprived cats. Compared to collicular neurons in normal cats, those in deprived cats exhibited abnormally strong dominance by the contralateral eye, loss of directional selectivity, and loss of responsiveness to fast visual stimuli. 5. These and other data lead to the suggestion that in normal and monocularly deprived cats, the corticotectal input dominates collicular receptive-field properties, whereas in binocularly deprived cats, the remaining retinotectal input dominates these properties.", "contents": "Effects of early binocular deprivation on visual input to cat superior colliculus. 1. Recent work has demonstrated at least three distinct inputs to the superior colliculus in normal cats: a) the W-direct retinotectal pathway; b) the Y-direct retinotectal pathway; and c) the Y-indirect pathway which involves Y-cells in retina and lateral geniculate nucleus plus complex cells in cortex, the last being the corticotectal cells. 2. We investigated these inputs in five cats raised with binocular eyelid closure by studying the electrophysiological properties of 164 collicular neurons. After such binocular deprivation, the Y-indirect pathway was missing and the Y-direct pathway appeared reduced, although the W-direct input seemed unaffected. 3. Despite the loss of the Y-indirect input, collicular activation to electrical stimulation of cortex seemed normal in these cats. This suggested that the Y-indirect loop was affected between the optic tract and cortex, and this, in turn, correlated to the previously described reduction in recordable Y-cells from the lateral geniculate nucleus of binocularly deprived cats. 4. We found receptive-field correlates to this loss of Y-direct and Y-indirect input in the binocularly deprived cats. Compared to collicular neurons in normal cats, those in deprived cats exhibited abnormally strong dominance by the contralateral eye, loss of directional selectivity, and loss of responsiveness to fast visual stimuli. 5. These and other data lead to the suggestion that in normal and monocularly deprived cats, the corticotectal input dominates collicular receptive-field properties, whereas in binocularly deprived cats, the remaining retinotectal input dominates these properties.", "PMID": 1177004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6059", "title": "Responses of spinal cord neurons to systematic changes in hindlimb skin temperatures in cats and primates.", "content": "Single-neuron recordings were made from the lumbar spinal cords of cats and squirrel monkeys. Recording sites were distributed throughout the dorsal horn and included Rexed's laminae I and III-VI in both species and laminae VII-VIII in cats. Activity was studied during systematic changes in skin temperature over the range of 15-49 degress C; this encompasses the perceptions of innocuous cooling and warming plus the initial stages of noxious heating. The experiment included studies in which the thermal stimulus was changed from various preadapting temperatures. In all cases, the sensitivity of an individual neuron to changes in skin temperature was associated with responses to various intensities of tactile stimulation which, for some neurons, could range from low to painful pressures. More than two-thirds of the neurons excited by innocuous temperature changes discharged to both cooling and warming, although the thresholds were much lower for cold temperature differecnes (less than or equal to 2 degrees C for cold steps as compared with more than 6 degrees C for warm steps). However, many neurons only responded to extreme cooling or, more frequently, noxious heating. The temperature response relationships of many neurons during cooling was best described in reference to specific cold-receptor activity because the discharge rates declined at extremely cold temperatures and because the slopes of the temperature-response functions were nearly identical when studied with different adapting temperatures. The responses of certain slowly adapting mechanoreceptors was considered in describing some of the spinal cord activity during extreme cooling. The responses to hot temperatures were attributed to activity in various receptors, including especially polymodal receptors. Activity during innocuous warming was ascribed to one population of peripheral warm receptors that do not show maximal static activity during innocuous warm stimuli. The significance of the extensive convergence in the spinal cord from mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptors was discussed in relation to thermal perception and the complexity of the information transmitted by the spinothalamic tract.", "contents": "Responses of spinal cord neurons to systematic changes in hindlimb skin temperatures in cats and primates. Single-neuron recordings were made from the lumbar spinal cords of cats and squirrel monkeys. Recording sites were distributed throughout the dorsal horn and included Rexed's laminae I and III-VI in both species and laminae VII-VIII in cats. Activity was studied during systematic changes in skin temperature over the range of 15-49 degress C; this encompasses the perceptions of innocuous cooling and warming plus the initial stages of noxious heating. The experiment included studies in which the thermal stimulus was changed from various preadapting temperatures. In all cases, the sensitivity of an individual neuron to changes in skin temperature was associated with responses to various intensities of tactile stimulation which, for some neurons, could range from low to painful pressures. More than two-thirds of the neurons excited by innocuous temperature changes discharged to both cooling and warming, although the thresholds were much lower for cold temperature differecnes (less than or equal to 2 degrees C for cold steps as compared with more than 6 degrees C for warm steps). However, many neurons only responded to extreme cooling or, more frequently, noxious heating. The temperature response relationships of many neurons during cooling was best described in reference to specific cold-receptor activity because the discharge rates declined at extremely cold temperatures and because the slopes of the temperature-response functions were nearly identical when studied with different adapting temperatures. The responses of certain slowly adapting mechanoreceptors was considered in describing some of the spinal cord activity during extreme cooling. The responses to hot temperatures were attributed to activity in various receptors, including especially polymodal receptors. Activity during innocuous warming was ascribed to one population of peripheral warm receptors that do not show maximal static activity during innocuous warm stimuli. The significance of the extensive convergence in the spinal cord from mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptors was discussed in relation to thermal perception and the complexity of the information transmitted by the spinothalamic tract.", "PMID": 1177005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6060", "title": "Organization of cat striate cortex: a correlation of receptive-field properties with afferent and efferent connections.", "content": "The purposes of this study were 1) to relate the receptive-field characteristics of area 17 cells to their afferent and efferent connections, and 2) to obtain quantitative data from area 17 neurons for later comparison with area 18 cells. Intra- and extracellular recordings were obtained in paralyzed preparations which were anesthetized with nitrous oxide. The connectivities of the recorded cells were determined from responses to electrical stimulation of afferent and efferent pathways. In parallel to the classification of units as simple and complex cells, the receptive fields were grouped in four classes according to the spatial arrangement of on- and off-areas; class I, fields with exclusive on- or off-areas; class II, fields with spatially separate on- and off-areas; class III, fields with mixed on-off areas; class IV, fields which could not be mapped with stationary stimuli. The results from electrical stimulation suggest two major classes of cells: cells in the first group are driven mainly or exclusively by LGN afferents. They rarely receive additional excitation from intrinsic or callosal afferents and rarely possess corticofugal axons. Cells in the second group receive either converging inputs from LGN afferents and further intrinsic afferents or only from intrinsic afferents. They frequently received additional input from callosum and from recurrent collaterals of corticofugal axons. They project subcortically more often than cells in the first group. Cells in both groups can be driven either by X- or Y-type afferents. Cells in the first group have mainly class I and class II fields or simple fields, whereas the neurons in the second group have mainly class III and class IV fields or complex fields. Thus, simple and complex cells differ in their connectivity patterns, but the discriminative parameter is neither the selective connection to the X- or the Y-system nor, in a strict sense, the synaptic distance from subcortical input. From the combined consideration of receptive-field properties and connectivity patterns it is concluded that class I and class II cells or simple cells are concerned mainly with the primary analysis of subcortical activity, whereas class III and class IV cells or complex cells perform a correlative analysis between highly convergent activity from extrinsic and intrinsic afferents.", "contents": "Organization of cat striate cortex: a correlation of receptive-field properties with afferent and efferent connections. The purposes of this study were 1) to relate the receptive-field characteristics of area 17 cells to their afferent and efferent connections, and 2) to obtain quantitative data from area 17 neurons for later comparison with area 18 cells. Intra- and extracellular recordings were obtained in paralyzed preparations which were anesthetized with nitrous oxide. The connectivities of the recorded cells were determined from responses to electrical stimulation of afferent and efferent pathways. In parallel to the classification of units as simple and complex cells, the receptive fields were grouped in four classes according to the spatial arrangement of on- and off-areas; class I, fields with exclusive on- or off-areas; class II, fields with spatially separate on- and off-areas; class III, fields with mixed on-off areas; class IV, fields which could not be mapped with stationary stimuli. The results from electrical stimulation suggest two major classes of cells: cells in the first group are driven mainly or exclusively by LGN afferents. They rarely receive additional excitation from intrinsic or callosal afferents and rarely possess corticofugal axons. Cells in the second group receive either converging inputs from LGN afferents and further intrinsic afferents or only from intrinsic afferents. They frequently received additional input from callosum and from recurrent collaterals of corticofugal axons. They project subcortically more often than cells in the first group. Cells in both groups can be driven either by X- or Y-type afferents. Cells in the first group have mainly class I and class II fields or simple fields, whereas the neurons in the second group have mainly class III and class IV fields or complex fields. Thus, simple and complex cells differ in their connectivity patterns, but the discriminative parameter is neither the selective connection to the X- or the Y-system nor, in a strict sense, the synaptic distance from subcortical input. From the combined consideration of receptive-field properties and connectivity patterns it is concluded that class I and class II cells or simple cells are concerned mainly with the primary analysis of subcortical activity, whereas class III and class IV cells or complex cells perform a correlative analysis between highly convergent activity from extrinsic and intrinsic afferents.", "PMID": 1177006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6061", "title": "Cat parastriate cortex: a primary or secondary visual area.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent the cat parastriate cortex processes afferent geniculate activity in a way similar to that in area 17. The area explored was located on the lateral gyrus between the Horsley-Clarke coordinates A1 to 4 and L3 to 4. The receptive-field properties of area 18 cells and their responses to electrical stimulation of afferent and efferent pathways were measured with the same methods as described previously in area 17. Mutual correlations among these items were calculated and compared with the respective data from area 17. The results of this correlative analysis revealed numerous similarities between the two areas with regard to their afferent and efferent connections and their intrinsic organization. Consequently, the structure of the receptive fields and their numerical distribution resembled those in area 17. The same was true for the correlations between receptive-field parameters and afferent and efferent connectivity. The main differences were that area 18 cells had larger receptive fields and responded to considerably higher stimulus velocities. It is suggest-d that these differences are caused by the fact that area 18 receives subcortical afferents of the Y-type, whereas the dominant input to area 17 comes from the X-system. It is concluded that the area investigated in this study is organized in parallel to area 17 and deals with other aspects of visual information than area 17.", "contents": "Cat parastriate cortex: a primary or secondary visual area. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent the cat parastriate cortex processes afferent geniculate activity in a way similar to that in area 17. The area explored was located on the lateral gyrus between the Horsley-Clarke coordinates A1 to 4 and L3 to 4. The receptive-field properties of area 18 cells and their responses to electrical stimulation of afferent and efferent pathways were measured with the same methods as described previously in area 17. Mutual correlations among these items were calculated and compared with the respective data from area 17. The results of this correlative analysis revealed numerous similarities between the two areas with regard to their afferent and efferent connections and their intrinsic organization. Consequently, the structure of the receptive fields and their numerical distribution resembled those in area 17. The same was true for the correlations between receptive-field parameters and afferent and efferent connectivity. The main differences were that area 18 cells had larger receptive fields and responded to considerably higher stimulus velocities. It is suggest-d that these differences are caused by the fact that area 18 receives subcortical afferents of the Y-type, whereas the dominant input to area 17 comes from the X-system. It is concluded that the area investigated in this study is organized in parallel to area 17 and deals with other aspects of visual information than area 17.", "PMID": 1177007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6062", "title": "Modification of auditory and somatosensory system activity during pupillary conditioning in the paralyzed cat.", "content": "The role of sensory systems in the development of behavioral conditioned responses was investigated by recording multiple-unit activity in the auditory and somatosensory pathways during Pavlovian conditioning of the pupillary-dilation responses of paralyzed cats. Establishment of conditioned pupillary-dilation responses to a white noise CS+, pupillary discrimination between the CS+ and a tone CS-, and subsequent discrimination reversal provided the behavioral foundation for examining neural changes related to behavioral learning. Multiple-unit responses to the acoustic CS+ were significantly enhanced in the auditory cortex, cochlear nucleus, and somatic cortex, but not in the cuneate nucleus. The possibility that these effects could be due to changes in stimulus intensity at the sensory receptor, to mo-ement artifacts, or to feedback from skeletal responses were ruled out because the animals were immobilized. Nor could these neural changes be attributable to sensitization, as those brain areas which showed conditioned enhancement to the CS+ exhibited significantly larger responses to the CS+ than to the CS-. Furthermore, the changes in neural activity followed the significance of the CS; after reversal of the reinforcement contingencies, the amount of multiple-unit activity evoked by the stimuli gradually reversed too. Although the somatic cortex showed conditioning and discrimination, greater stimulus specificity was found in the auditory system. Only in the somatic cortex was there a significant increase in responses to the CS- as well as the CS4. Furthermore, both somatosensory loci exhibited enhanced responses to those tactile probes presented during the acoustic CS, suggesting a phasic increase in neural excitability to all stimuli. Analysis of the number of trials required to attain an acquisition criterion indicated that the neural changes occurred first in the auditory cortex, then the cochlear nucleus, followed in turn by the somatic cortex, and finally the cuneate nucleus. However, none of these neural changes preceded acquisition of conditioned pupillary dilations. These results suggest that sensory system changes are not essential for the initial associative process. These findings indicate that the study of autonomic conditioned responses may prove beneficial in seeking the critical neural events which underlie the initial association between two stimuli. A hypothetical model, which explains the development of pupillary and sensory system conditioned responses, was also presented.", "contents": "Modification of auditory and somatosensory system activity during pupillary conditioning in the paralyzed cat. The role of sensory systems in the development of behavioral conditioned responses was investigated by recording multiple-unit activity in the auditory and somatosensory pathways during Pavlovian conditioning of the pupillary-dilation responses of paralyzed cats. Establishment of conditioned pupillary-dilation responses to a white noise CS+, pupillary discrimination between the CS+ and a tone CS-, and subsequent discrimination reversal provided the behavioral foundation for examining neural changes related to behavioral learning. Multiple-unit responses to the acoustic CS+ were significantly enhanced in the auditory cortex, cochlear nucleus, and somatic cortex, but not in the cuneate nucleus. The possibility that these effects could be due to changes in stimulus intensity at the sensory receptor, to mo-ement artifacts, or to feedback from skeletal responses were ruled out because the animals were immobilized. Nor could these neural changes be attributable to sensitization, as those brain areas which showed conditioned enhancement to the CS+ exhibited significantly larger responses to the CS+ than to the CS-. Furthermore, the changes in neural activity followed the significance of the CS; after reversal of the reinforcement contingencies, the amount of multiple-unit activity evoked by the stimuli gradually reversed too. Although the somatic cortex showed conditioning and discrimination, greater stimulus specificity was found in the auditory system. Only in the somatic cortex was there a significant increase in responses to the CS- as well as the CS4. Furthermore, both somatosensory loci exhibited enhanced responses to those tactile probes presented during the acoustic CS, suggesting a phasic increase in neural excitability to all stimuli. Analysis of the number of trials required to attain an acquisition criterion indicated that the neural changes occurred first in the auditory cortex, then the cochlear nucleus, followed in turn by the somatic cortex, and finally the cuneate nucleus. However, none of these neural changes preceded acquisition of conditioned pupillary dilations. These results suggest that sensory system changes are not essential for the initial associative process. These findings indicate that the study of autonomic conditioned responses may prove beneficial in seeking the critical neural events which underlie the initial association between two stimuli. A hypothetical model, which explains the development of pupillary and sensory system conditioned responses, was also presented.", "PMID": 1177008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6063", "title": "Intracellular recordings from different types of medullary respiratory neurons of the cat.", "content": "Respiratory neurons were recorded intracellularly within the lateral region of the lower brain stem of vagotomized and artificially ventilated cats. Bulbospinal, vagal, and antidromically nonresponsive types of neurons were distinguished by means of vagal and intraspinal stimulation. Almost all types of neurons discharged a burst of action potentials during one of the two phases of the central respiratory cycle, as indicated by phrenic nerve activity. The discharge pattern of the different types of neurons were described. The origin of the spntaneous changes of the membrane potential was investigated by measurements of the reversal potentials and membrane conductance changes. The results reveal that both inspiratory and expiratory types of neurons receive an excitatory input during their discharge period, and a reciprocal inhibitory input during their silent period. In addition, one type of neuron was described which receives inhibitory inputs during both inspiration and expiration. Recurrent inhibition, as indicated by hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potentials and membrane conductance changes following the antidromic action potential seems to exist only within the network of the vagal neurons. Suggestions are made about the functional organization of the neuronal network of the medullary respiratory system and the mechanism generating its rhythmic activity.", "contents": "Intracellular recordings from different types of medullary respiratory neurons of the cat. Respiratory neurons were recorded intracellularly within the lateral region of the lower brain stem of vagotomized and artificially ventilated cats. Bulbospinal, vagal, and antidromically nonresponsive types of neurons were distinguished by means of vagal and intraspinal stimulation. Almost all types of neurons discharged a burst of action potentials during one of the two phases of the central respiratory cycle, as indicated by phrenic nerve activity. The discharge pattern of the different types of neurons were described. The origin of the spntaneous changes of the membrane potential was investigated by measurements of the reversal potentials and membrane conductance changes. The results reveal that both inspiratory and expiratory types of neurons receive an excitatory input during their discharge period, and a reciprocal inhibitory input during their silent period. In addition, one type of neuron was described which receives inhibitory inputs during both inspiration and expiration. Recurrent inhibition, as indicated by hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potentials and membrane conductance changes following the antidromic action potential seems to exist only within the network of the vagal neurons. Suggestions are made about the functional organization of the neuronal network of the medullary respiratory system and the mechanism generating its rhythmic activity.", "PMID": 1177009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6064", "title": "Accommodative reactions of medullary respiratory neurons of the cat.", "content": "In most of the bulbospinal respiratory neurons, threshold depolarization increased during the early period of their spontaneous burst discharge but decreased again at the end of a burst. In some vagal respiratory neurons, however, threshold depolarization increased steadily until the very end of their discharge period. These changes generally were accompanied by changes in the rate of depol1rization of the spikes, the amplitude of their overshoot, and their discharge frequency. For a given synaptic input, as indicated by the constancy of the interspike membrane potential trajectories, threshold depolarization of bulbospinal neurons remained constant or even decreased. Only in some vagal neurons was an increase in threshold deplarization observed under these conditions. With the exception of some vagal neurons, most of the respiratory neurons did not show a pronounced accommodative behavior when stimulated with linear rising currents. When stimulating with current pulses, all neurons discharged repetitively with only slight adaptation, which was already complete by the first few spike intervals. The current-frequency relationship was linear and revealed a primary and secondary range. The results support neither accommodation nor adaptation as important mechanisms in the genesis of the rhythmic activity of respiratory neurons.", "contents": "Accommodative reactions of medullary respiratory neurons of the cat. In most of the bulbospinal respiratory neurons, threshold depolarization increased during the early period of their spontaneous burst discharge but decreased again at the end of a burst. In some vagal respiratory neurons, however, threshold depolarization increased steadily until the very end of their discharge period. These changes generally were accompanied by changes in the rate of depol1rization of the spikes, the amplitude of their overshoot, and their discharge frequency. For a given synaptic input, as indicated by the constancy of the interspike membrane potential trajectories, threshold depolarization of bulbospinal neurons remained constant or even decreased. Only in some vagal neurons was an increase in threshold deplarization observed under these conditions. With the exception of some vagal neurons, most of the respiratory neurons did not show a pronounced accommodative behavior when stimulated with linear rising currents. When stimulating with current pulses, all neurons discharged repetitively with only slight adaptation, which was already complete by the first few spike intervals. The current-frequency relationship was linear and revealed a primary and secondary range. The results support neither accommodation nor adaptation as important mechanisms in the genesis of the rhythmic activity of respiratory neurons.", "PMID": 1177010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6065", "title": "Modulation of synaptic effectiveness of Ia and descending fibers in cat spinal cord.", "content": "1. In the unanesthetized spinal cord, conditioning stimulation of low-threshold afferents (below 1.3 times threshold strength) in the biceps semitendinosus (BST) nerve often reduced the peak amplitude of the monosynaptic Ia EPSPs evoked in gastrocnemius motoneurons without affecting the monosynaptic component of the EPSPs evoked by stimulation of the ipsilateral ventral funiculus (VF) in the thoracic cord. 2. Volleys to the BST nerve comprising higher threshold afferents (usually above 1.4 times threshold strength) reduced the peak amplitude of the monosynaptic Ia and VF EPSPs and shortened their falling phase. 3. Conditioning volleys to low-threshold cutaneous afferents often increased the Ia-EPSP peak amplitude, sometimes without affecting the monosynaptic component of the VF EPSP. 4. In most cases the Ia nd VF monosynaptic EPSPs elicited in a given motoneuron summated nonlinearly. The amount of nonlinear summation between Ia and VF monosynaptic EPSPs was often reduced by low-threshold BST conditioning volleys. These observations suggest that in many instances, both species of fibers end in \"electrotonically close\" synaptic loci over the motoneuron surface. Therefore, amplitude changes of monosynaptic Ia EPSPs produced by conditioning afferent volleys without concomitant changes of monosynaptic VF EPSPs do not appear to result from postsynaptic remote conductance changes and may be attributed to a presynaptic mechanism. 5. At the time of occurrence of the Ia and VF monosynaptic EPSP the variance of the motoneuron membrane potential may be increased above base-line levels with a time course approximately matching the EPSP itself. Conditioning stimulation of BST afferents usually reduced Ia EPSP variance, often without affecting or even increasing the variance of the monosynaptic VF EPSPs. These observations provide additional evidence that Ia EPSP variability is introduced, at least in part, through the segmental pathways mediating primary afferent depolarization. 6. The possibility of a differential control of the information flow transmitted through two independent channels converging on a given cell ensemble is discussed.", "contents": "Modulation of synaptic effectiveness of Ia and descending fibers in cat spinal cord. 1. In the unanesthetized spinal cord, conditioning stimulation of low-threshold afferents (below 1.3 times threshold strength) in the biceps semitendinosus (BST) nerve often reduced the peak amplitude of the monosynaptic Ia EPSPs evoked in gastrocnemius motoneurons without affecting the monosynaptic component of the EPSPs evoked by stimulation of the ipsilateral ventral funiculus (VF) in the thoracic cord. 2. Volleys to the BST nerve comprising higher threshold afferents (usually above 1.4 times threshold strength) reduced the peak amplitude of the monosynaptic Ia and VF EPSPs and shortened their falling phase. 3. Conditioning volleys to low-threshold cutaneous afferents often increased the Ia-EPSP peak amplitude, sometimes without affecting the monosynaptic component of the VF EPSP. 4. In most cases the Ia nd VF monosynaptic EPSPs elicited in a given motoneuron summated nonlinearly. The amount of nonlinear summation between Ia and VF monosynaptic EPSPs was often reduced by low-threshold BST conditioning volleys. These observations suggest that in many instances, both species of fibers end in \"electrotonically close\" synaptic loci over the motoneuron surface. Therefore, amplitude changes of monosynaptic Ia EPSPs produced by conditioning afferent volleys without concomitant changes of monosynaptic VF EPSPs do not appear to result from postsynaptic remote conductance changes and may be attributed to a presynaptic mechanism. 5. At the time of occurrence of the Ia and VF monosynaptic EPSP the variance of the motoneuron membrane potential may be increased above base-line levels with a time course approximately matching the EPSP itself. Conditioning stimulation of BST afferents usually reduced Ia EPSP variance, often without affecting or even increasing the variance of the monosynaptic VF EPSPs. These observations provide additional evidence that Ia EPSP variability is introduced, at least in part, through the segmental pathways mediating primary afferent depolarization. 6. The possibility of a differential control of the information flow transmitted through two independent channels converging on a given cell ensemble is discussed.", "PMID": 1177011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6066", "title": "Inferior colliculus. I. Comparison of response properties of neurons in central, pericentral, and external nuclei of adult cat.", "content": "The responses of 150 units in the central (ICC), pericentral (ICP), and external nuclei (ICX) of the inferior colliculus of the anesthetized cat were studied in relation to their tuning characteristics and binaural responses to tonal stimuli. Units in ICC were characterized by sharp tuning and binaural responses, while those in ICP and ICX were frequently very broadly tuned with a poorly defined best frequency. Nonetheless, in the latter nuclei a tendency existed for tonotopic organization to occur with high frequencies located externally and low frequencies at the margins of the central nucleus. Tuning measurements were hampered by the common occurrence of habituation in the discharges of single units in ICP and, to a lesser extend, ICX. The majority of units in ICP could be differentiated from those in ICX by their monaural input. Speculations were advanced linking anatomical cell types to physiological responses in the three nuclei and into the possible functional significance of the different behavior of units to tonal stimuli.", "contents": "Inferior colliculus. I. Comparison of response properties of neurons in central, pericentral, and external nuclei of adult cat. The responses of 150 units in the central (ICC), pericentral (ICP), and external nuclei (ICX) of the inferior colliculus of the anesthetized cat were studied in relation to their tuning characteristics and binaural responses to tonal stimuli. Units in ICC were characterized by sharp tuning and binaural responses, while those in ICP and ICX were frequently very broadly tuned with a poorly defined best frequency. Nonetheless, in the latter nuclei a tendency existed for tonotopic organization to occur with high frequencies located externally and low frequencies at the margins of the central nucleus. Tuning measurements were hampered by the common occurrence of habituation in the discharges of single units in ICP and, to a lesser extend, ICX. The majority of units in ICP could be differentiated from those in ICX by their monaural input. Speculations were advanced linking anatomical cell types to physiological responses in the three nuclei and into the possible functional significance of the different behavior of units to tonal stimuli.", "PMID": 1177012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6067", "title": "Inferior colliculus. II. Development of tuning characteristics and tonotopic organization in central nucleus of the neonatal cat.", "content": "Tuning curves were measured for 65 units in the inferior colliculus of seven anesthetized kittens aged from 6 to 28 days. At 2 days of age the inferior colliculus was divisible into central, pericentral, and external nuclei. Evidence was found for broader tuning curves to occur in the pericentral nucleus compared with the central nucleus, as has been observed in the adult. The middle ear was filled with serous fluid to 6 days, while the external auditory meatus remained collapsed until 10 days. Central nucleus tuning curves in kittens were relatively flat with high thresholds. Best-frequency thresholds diminished from a mean of near 100 dB SPL at 6-11 days to near 50 dB in the adult. The marked drop in thresholds between days 22 and 21 led to the adoption of the sharp form of tuning curve common for adults. Tonotopic organization of the central nucleus was clear at day 11. Speculations were advanced about the dependence of central auditory maturations on cochlear development, axon myelination in the auditory pathway, and changes in synaptic density as a function of age.", "contents": "Inferior colliculus. II. Development of tuning characteristics and tonotopic organization in central nucleus of the neonatal cat. Tuning curves were measured for 65 units in the inferior colliculus of seven anesthetized kittens aged from 6 to 28 days. At 2 days of age the inferior colliculus was divisible into central, pericentral, and external nuclei. Evidence was found for broader tuning curves to occur in the pericentral nucleus compared with the central nucleus, as has been observed in the adult. The middle ear was filled with serous fluid to 6 days, while the external auditory meatus remained collapsed until 10 days. Central nucleus tuning curves in kittens were relatively flat with high thresholds. Best-frequency thresholds diminished from a mean of near 100 dB SPL at 6-11 days to near 50 dB in the adult. The marked drop in thresholds between days 22 and 21 led to the adoption of the sharp form of tuning curve common for adults. Tonotopic organization of the central nucleus was clear at day 11. Speculations were advanced about the dependence of central auditory maturations on cochlear development, axon myelination in the auditory pathway, and changes in synaptic density as a function of age.", "PMID": 1177013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6068", "title": "Tendon organs of cat medial gastrocnemius: responses to active and passive forces as a function of muscle length.", "content": "The responses of 13 Golgi tendon organs to graded force development of 29 motor units in medial gastrocnemius of the cat have been studied in five experiments. Of the 13 tendon organs, 11 were responsive to passive stretch within the physiological range of muscle length and 5 were \"spontaneously\" active at very short lengths where no passive tension could be recorded. The relationship between passive force and the firing rates of the various afferents ranged from a linear one to a power relation (Y = Axb + c) with b, a widely varying exponent. Results support the general conclusion that although many Ib afferents respond to passive force within the physiological range of muscle stretch, this form of stimulus is not a particularly effective one. The statis responses of Golgi tendon organs to active force development produced by single motor units was studied at different muscle lengths. In all cases the apparent sensitivity (change in firing rate per active force developed) decreased as muscle length approached Lo. The static responses of Golgi tendon organs to force developed by single motor units were also studied during fatiguing contractions. The data suggest a sigmoid relationship between force developed at the tendon and the Ib response. The collective response of all 13 tendon organs to active and passive forces at different muscle lengths was also examined. This analysis offered further support for the viewpoint that active motor unit contractions provide themost significant excitatory input to tendon organs and that changes in passive force during muscle stretch have comparatively little effect on the collective tendon organ response. The interaction between active and passive force inputs to the Golgi tendon organs is discussed in relation to the complicated nature of the relationship between forces measured at the tendon and those acting within the receptor capsule. When these complications were taken into account it was possible to explain the differences in responsiveness of a given tendon organ to active contraction of several motor units and to passive force in terms of a single force-firing rate curve for the receptor. It is concluded that changes in the force of contraction of single motor units result in relatively small changes in Ib afferent firing and that during normal muscle contractions, changes in the number of motor units acting on a single receptor must produce far more significant changes in firing rate than changes in the amount of force developed by any single unit. Changes in dynamic Ib sensitivity to single motor unit contractions are also shown to depend on length and in a similar way to the changes in static Ib sensitivity. During fatiguing contractions, a sigmoid relation was found between the dynamic Ib response and the rate of force development by single motor units.", "contents": "Tendon organs of cat medial gastrocnemius: responses to active and passive forces as a function of muscle length. The responses of 13 Golgi tendon organs to graded force development of 29 motor units in medial gastrocnemius of the cat have been studied in five experiments. Of the 13 tendon organs, 11 were responsive to passive stretch within the physiological range of muscle length and 5 were \"spontaneously\" active at very short lengths where no passive tension could be recorded. The relationship between passive force and the firing rates of the various afferents ranged from a linear one to a power relation (Y = Axb + c) with b, a widely varying exponent. Results support the general conclusion that although many Ib afferents respond to passive force within the physiological range of muscle stretch, this form of stimulus is not a particularly effective one. The statis responses of Golgi tendon organs to active force development produced by single motor units was studied at different muscle lengths. In all cases the apparent sensitivity (change in firing rate per active force developed) decreased as muscle length approached Lo. The static responses of Golgi tendon organs to force developed by single motor units were also studied during fatiguing contractions. The data suggest a sigmoid relationship between force developed at the tendon and the Ib response. The collective response of all 13 tendon organs to active and passive forces at different muscle lengths was also examined. This analysis offered further support for the viewpoint that active motor unit contractions provide themost significant excitatory input to tendon organs and that changes in passive force during muscle stretch have comparatively little effect on the collective tendon organ response. The interaction between active and passive force inputs to the Golgi tendon organs is discussed in relation to the complicated nature of the relationship between forces measured at the tendon and those acting within the receptor capsule. When these complications were taken into account it was possible to explain the differences in responsiveness of a given tendon organ to active contraction of several motor units and to passive force in terms of a single force-firing rate curve for the receptor. It is concluded that changes in the force of contraction of single motor units result in relatively small changes in Ib afferent firing and that during normal muscle contractions, changes in the number of motor units acting on a single receptor must produce far more significant changes in firing rate than changes in the amount of force developed by any single unit. Changes in dynamic Ib sensitivity to single motor unit contractions are also shown to depend on length and in a similar way to the changes in static Ib sensitivity. During fatiguing contractions, a sigmoid relation was found between the dynamic Ib response and the rate of force development by single motor units.", "PMID": 1177014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6069", "title": "Physiologic characteristics of vestibular first-order canal neurons in the cat. I. Response plane determination and resting discharge characteristics.", "content": "The response plane and resting rate characteristics of first-order, vestibular, semicircular canal neurons were studied in 67 cats under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia using single-unit recording techniques in the eighth nerve. Five hundred fifty-nine units were classified as to the canal they were associated with by employing an identification technique based on physiologic response patterns to brief, high-level (up to 250 degrees/S2) angular accelerations delivered in various head positions. All horizontal canal neurons had increased firing rates to ampullopetal and all vertical canal units to ampullofugal endolymph flow. The average observed roll and pitch null points for each canal were used to determine the average sensitivity vectors for the right horizontal, anterior, and posterior canals. These sensitivity vectors were at a variance of 4.6-10.2 degrees from those predicted by anatomical measurements (3). The mean resting discharge characteristics of 318 first-order neurons was 36.0 spikes/s (range 0.50-114 spikes/s). No significant difference was noted between horizontal and anterior canal neurons on horizontal and anterior canal neurons on the basis of resting rate. The resting rate of the posterior canal neuron population was significantly lower. The regularity of the resting discharge varied in all three canals and the average coefficient of variation was 0.238 for the population, with a range of 0.298-1.030. The population distribution of all resting-rate statistical parameters appeared to be unimodal, indicating that first-order canal neurons may not be broken into discrete populations on the basis of resting-rate characteristics. Of 47 adequately examined first-order canal neurons, 25 demonstrated a repeatable and predictable alteration in their resting discharge as their position to gravity was reoriented. This alteration was usually nonadapting and varied in magnitude according to the degree of tilt and original starting position. Of 25 canal gravity units, 4 had nearby units from the same canal which were unresponsive to gravity, suggesting the effect was due to a limited distortion of the crista or cupula rather than an overall displacement of the cupula.", "contents": "Physiologic characteristics of vestibular first-order canal neurons in the cat. I. Response plane determination and resting discharge characteristics. The response plane and resting rate characteristics of first-order, vestibular, semicircular canal neurons were studied in 67 cats under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia using single-unit recording techniques in the eighth nerve. Five hundred fifty-nine units were classified as to the canal they were associated with by employing an identification technique based on physiologic response patterns to brief, high-level (up to 250 degrees/S2) angular accelerations delivered in various head positions. All horizontal canal neurons had increased firing rates to ampullopetal and all vertical canal units to ampullofugal endolymph flow. The average observed roll and pitch null points for each canal were used to determine the average sensitivity vectors for the right horizontal, anterior, and posterior canals. These sensitivity vectors were at a variance of 4.6-10.2 degrees from those predicted by anatomical measurements (3). The mean resting discharge characteristics of 318 first-order neurons was 36.0 spikes/s (range 0.50-114 spikes/s). No significant difference was noted between horizontal and anterior canal neurons on horizontal and anterior canal neurons on the basis of resting rate. The resting rate of the posterior canal neuron population was significantly lower. The regularity of the resting discharge varied in all three canals and the average coefficient of variation was 0.238 for the population, with a range of 0.298-1.030. The population distribution of all resting-rate statistical parameters appeared to be unimodal, indicating that first-order canal neurons may not be broken into discrete populations on the basis of resting-rate characteristics. Of 47 adequately examined first-order canal neurons, 25 demonstrated a repeatable and predictable alteration in their resting discharge as their position to gravity was reoriented. This alteration was usually nonadapting and varied in magnitude according to the degree of tilt and original starting position. Of 25 canal gravity units, 4 had nearby units from the same canal which were unresponsive to gravity, suggesting the effect was due to a limited distortion of the crista or cupula rather than an overall displacement of the cupula.", "PMID": 1177015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6070", "title": "Accumulation of 99mTc-glucoheptonate in acutely infarcted myocardium.", "content": "The distribution of 99mTc-glucoheptonate in normal mice and its accumulation in acutely infarcted myocardium were studied in animals. Rapid blood clearance and low concentration of the tracer in normal myocardium were found in tissue distribution studies performed in mice. Experimental myocardial infarction was performed in nine dogs. Four hours after the intravenous injection of 99mTc-glucoheptonate the uptake ratio of the myocardial infarcted area to normal myocardium was 20:1; to blood, 9:1; and to lung, 6:1. The greatest concentration of radiopharmaceutical in the infarcted tissue was noted in areas that had 20-40% of normal perfusion. Regions of infarction were clearly defined by external gamma scintigraphy. Clinical investigation of this tracer in humans appears warranted.", "contents": "Accumulation of 99mTc-glucoheptonate in acutely infarcted myocardium. The distribution of 99mTc-glucoheptonate in normal mice and its accumulation in acutely infarcted myocardium were studied in animals. Rapid blood clearance and low concentration of the tracer in normal myocardium were found in tissue distribution studies performed in mice. Experimental myocardial infarction was performed in nine dogs. Four hours after the intravenous injection of 99mTc-glucoheptonate the uptake ratio of the myocardial infarcted area to normal myocardium was 20:1; to blood, 9:1; and to lung, 6:1. The greatest concentration of radiopharmaceutical in the infarcted tissue was noted in areas that had 20-40% of normal perfusion. Regions of infarction were clearly defined by external gamma scintigraphy. Clinical investigation of this tracer in humans appears warranted.", "PMID": 1177016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6071", "title": "Accumulation of 99mTc-diphosphonate in malignant pleural effusions: detection and verification.", "content": "Increased accumulation of radioactivity was observed in two cases of malignant pleural effusions during the performance of routine bone scans with 99mTc-diphosphonate. This previously unreported finding was verified both qualitatively and quantitatively by appropriate scanning and laboratory techniques.", "contents": "Accumulation of 99mTc-diphosphonate in malignant pleural effusions: detection and verification. Increased accumulation of radioactivity was observed in two cases of malignant pleural effusions during the performance of routine bone scans with 99mTc-diphosphonate. This previously unreported finding was verified both qualitatively and quantitatively by appropriate scanning and laboratory techniques.", "PMID": 1177017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6072", "title": "Liver-heart imaging in evaluating hepatic focal defect.", "content": "An edge defect in the superior area of the left lobe is difficult to evaluate on the liver image. Eighty normal liver-heart images showed no focal separation between liver and heart images. Four cases with suspicious edge defects in the superior area of the left lobe were also studied with liver-heart imaging. One case was well demonstrated to be due to right ventricular compression of the liver without focal separation of the liver-heart images. Three cases showed focal separation of the liver-heart images. One defect was diagnosed as amebic abscess and showed enlargement on the followup images. The other two cases were proven to have liver metastasis. Liver-heart imaging is a reliable technique in evaluating a suspicious defect in the superior area of the left lobe of the liver.", "contents": "Liver-heart imaging in evaluating hepatic focal defect. An edge defect in the superior area of the left lobe is difficult to evaluate on the liver image. Eighty normal liver-heart images showed no focal separation between liver and heart images. Four cases with suspicious edge defects in the superior area of the left lobe were also studied with liver-heart imaging. One case was well demonstrated to be due to right ventricular compression of the liver without focal separation of the liver-heart images. Three cases showed focal separation of the liver-heart images. One defect was diagnosed as amebic abscess and showed enlargement on the followup images. The other two cases were proven to have liver metastasis. Liver-heart imaging is a reliable technique in evaluating a suspicious defect in the superior area of the left lobe of the liver.", "PMID": 1177018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6073", "title": "Scintigraphic appearance of bifrontal epidural hematoma: case report.", "content": "A bifrontal and parasagittal epidural hematoma was detected on the brain scan. The scintigraphic appearance of this rare lesion is described.", "contents": "Scintigraphic appearance of bifrontal epidural hematoma: case report. A bifrontal and parasagittal epidural hematoma was detected on the brain scan. The scintigraphic appearance of this rare lesion is described.", "PMID": 1177019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6074", "title": "Hepatic artery-portal vein fistula detected on hepatic flow study: case report.", "content": "A man with a history of gunshot wounds presented with jaundice and a bruit over the upper abdomen. The radionuclide flow sequence revealed simultaneous perfusion of the liver with transit of the activity down the aorta. The was considered compatible with a fistula between the hepatic artery artery and portal vein (confirmed angiographically and at autopsy). An expanding aneurysm of the hepatic artery produced an enlarging focal parenchymal defect.", "contents": "Hepatic artery-portal vein fistula detected on hepatic flow study: case report. A man with a history of gunshot wounds presented with jaundice and a bruit over the upper abdomen. The radionuclide flow sequence revealed simultaneous perfusion of the liver with transit of the activity down the aorta. The was considered compatible with a fistula between the hepatic artery artery and portal vein (confirmed angiographically and at autopsy). An expanding aneurysm of the hepatic artery produced an enlarging focal parenchymal defect.", "PMID": 1177020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6075", "title": "Radionuclide scintigraphy: a diagnostic aid in delayed traumatic splenic rupture: case report.", "content": "The use of 99mTc-sulfur colloid scintigraphy in the diagnosis of a delayed traummatic splenic rupture 10 days after injury is described. Splenic scintigraphy of patients falling in this category may help the clinician in the early detection of splenic rupture.", "contents": "Radionuclide scintigraphy: a diagnostic aid in delayed traumatic splenic rupture: case report. The use of 99mTc-sulfur colloid scintigraphy in the diagnosis of a delayed traummatic splenic rupture 10 days after injury is described. Splenic scintigraphy of patients falling in this category may help the clinician in the early detection of splenic rupture.", "PMID": 1177021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6076", "title": "Radionuclide studies in hemangioendotheliomatosis: case report.", "content": "Multiple abnormal radionuclide studies of brain, lungs, kidneys, liver, and spleen were observed in a patient with hemangioendotheliomatosis.", "contents": "Radionuclide studies in hemangioendotheliomatosis: case report. Multiple abnormal radionuclide studies of brain, lungs, kidneys, liver, and spleen were observed in a patient with hemangioendotheliomatosis.", "PMID": 1177022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6077", "title": "Inconsistent images of thyroid nodule scintigrams made with iodine and pertechnetate: case report.", "content": "In a patient with H\u00fcrthle cell adenoma, thyroid scans showed nodular trapping of 99mTc-pertechnetate, but nodular binding of 131I was not observed.", "contents": "Inconsistent images of thyroid nodule scintigrams made with iodine and pertechnetate: case report. In a patient with H\u00fcrthle cell adenoma, thyroid scans showed nodular trapping of 99mTc-pertechnetate, but nodular binding of 131I was not observed.", "PMID": 1177023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6078", "title": "Functioning metastases in liver from thyroid carcinoma: case report.", "content": "Radioiodine uptake in liver metastases was observed in two patients with follicular carcinoma of the thyroid.", "contents": "Functioning metastases in liver from thyroid carcinoma: case report. Radioiodine uptake in liver metastases was observed in two patients with follicular carcinoma of the thyroid.", "PMID": 1177024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6079", "title": "The fate of four 75Se-labeled amino acids: studies of some unsuccessful pancreas-scanning agents.", "content": "The Radiochemical Centre developed a number of alpha-amino acids labeled with 75Se in the hope of finding a pancreas-scanning agent superior to L-selenomethionine. Six were submitted for clinical trial and we tested four of these: D-selenomethionine and three derivatives of selenocysteine. Dynamic scintillation camera studies showed that liver uptake was substantial in all cases but that the time course of accumulation and removal differed between agents. Plasma radioactivity curves demonstrated differences in initial removal rates. Two of the agents showed evidence of incorporation of activity into protein and release into the circulation just as with L-selenomethionine. Whole-body counter measurements showed that the retention of activity from the agents exhibiting early plasma protein incorporation was similar to that of L-selenomethionine. Much of the activity from the other two agents was excreted faster but small proportion was retained for a long time. Although the cummulated activity and absorbed dose were substantially less for at least two of the agents than for 75Se-L-selenomethionine, the lack of sufficient pancreatic concentration renders them inferior as scanning agents.", "contents": "The fate of four 75Se-labeled amino acids: studies of some unsuccessful pancreas-scanning agents. The Radiochemical Centre developed a number of alpha-amino acids labeled with 75Se in the hope of finding a pancreas-scanning agent superior to L-selenomethionine. Six were submitted for clinical trial and we tested four of these: D-selenomethionine and three derivatives of selenocysteine. Dynamic scintillation camera studies showed that liver uptake was substantial in all cases but that the time course of accumulation and removal differed between agents. Plasma radioactivity curves demonstrated differences in initial removal rates. Two of the agents showed evidence of incorporation of activity into protein and release into the circulation just as with L-selenomethionine. Whole-body counter measurements showed that the retention of activity from the agents exhibiting early plasma protein incorporation was similar to that of L-selenomethionine. Much of the activity from the other two agents was excreted faster but small proportion was retained for a long time. Although the cummulated activity and absorbed dose were substantially less for at least two of the agents than for 75Se-L-selenomethionine, the lack of sufficient pancreatic concentration renders them inferior as scanning agents.", "PMID": 1177025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6080", "title": "Improvement of scintigram reliability by isocount scanning and multilevel analysis.", "content": "Given the target source conditions and the detector parameters, the isocount scanning uses optimally the available observation time by maintaining the statistical reliability of each measurement in the composition of a scintigram and by devoting all the observation time to the region of interest through logic circuits which allows quick skipping of the background region. The multilevel analysis is an effective enlargement of the dynamic range of the displayer screen density characteristics that emphasizes small uptake ratios in any density level. It also makes the features extraction very easy by producing an animated sequence of pictures of the observed organ on the screen. The detectability of small uptake ratios significantly improved, specially in regions of low counting rate where the fluctuation of data severely degrades the picture quality in the conventional constant speed scanning method.", "contents": "Improvement of scintigram reliability by isocount scanning and multilevel analysis. Given the target source conditions and the detector parameters, the isocount scanning uses optimally the available observation time by maintaining the statistical reliability of each measurement in the composition of a scintigram and by devoting all the observation time to the region of interest through logic circuits which allows quick skipping of the background region. The multilevel analysis is an effective enlargement of the dynamic range of the displayer screen density characteristics that emphasizes small uptake ratios in any density level. It also makes the features extraction very easy by producing an animated sequence of pictures of the observed organ on the screen. The detectability of small uptake ratios significantly improved, specially in regions of low counting rate where the fluctuation of data severely degrades the picture quality in the conventional constant speed scanning method.", "PMID": 1177026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6081", "title": "The distended gastric fundus: simulation of a left suprarenal mass.", "content": "A discrete region of low or absent activity in the left suprarenal area, simulating an avascular mass on renal imaging or radionuclide angiography, can result from dilatation of the gastric fundus.", "contents": "The distended gastric fundus: simulation of a left suprarenal mass. A discrete region of low or absent activity in the left suprarenal area, simulating an avascular mass on renal imaging or radionuclide angiography, can result from dilatation of the gastric fundus.", "PMID": 1177027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6082", "title": "Potential errors in the radioassay of 125I.", "content": "The radioassay of very small 125I samples in both conventional and side-hole well crystals has been investigated. Using a multichannel analyzer, the source was counted at various positions within these well crystals. The effect of using a single-channel pulse-height analyzer was simulated by summing the counts over a 24-keV range across the primary peak, over a 30-keV range across the sum-coincidence peak, and over a 56-keV range across both peaks. In all crystals the primary peak was independent of sample position within the well over a range of several centimeters. The contribution of the sum-coincidence peak varied significantly with sample position in the conventional well crystals. With the side-hole crystal the counts contributed by the sum-coincidence peak exhibited a 2-cm plateau.", "contents": "Potential errors in the radioassay of 125I. The radioassay of very small 125I samples in both conventional and side-hole well crystals has been investigated. Using a multichannel analyzer, the source was counted at various positions within these well crystals. The effect of using a single-channel pulse-height analyzer was simulated by summing the counts over a 24-keV range across the primary peak, over a 30-keV range across the sum-coincidence peak, and over a 56-keV range across both peaks. In all crystals the primary peak was independent of sample position within the well over a range of several centimeters. The contribution of the sum-coincidence peak varied significantly with sample position in the conventional well crystals. With the side-hole crystal the counts contributed by the sum-coincidence peak exhibited a 2-cm plateau.", "PMID": 1177028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6083", "title": "Measurements of the effective thyroxine ratio (ETR) in the neonate, infant, and child.", "content": "The applicability of the effective thyroxine ratio (ETR) was assessed in euthyroid neonates, infants, and children. ETR determinations on cord blood fell within the normal adult range. In contrast, ETR values of newborns age 4 hr to 2 days were all elevated (1.17 -1.37) and within the hyperthyroid range for adults. Values in infants age 2 weeks and older and in children age 1-15 years all fell within the normal adult range. These findings suggest that the ETR can be used as an ancillary measure of thyroid function in infants and children. In the immediate postpartum period, however, ETR values may be normally in the adult hyperthyroid range.", "contents": "Measurements of the effective thyroxine ratio (ETR) in the neonate, infant, and child. The applicability of the effective thyroxine ratio (ETR) was assessed in euthyroid neonates, infants, and children. ETR determinations on cord blood fell within the normal adult range. In contrast, ETR values of newborns age 4 hr to 2 days were all elevated (1.17 -1.37) and within the hyperthyroid range for adults. Values in infants age 2 weeks and older and in children age 1-15 years all fell within the normal adult range. These findings suggest that the ETR can be used as an ancillary measure of thyroid function in infants and children. In the immediate postpartum period, however, ETR values may be normally in the adult hyperthyroid range.", "PMID": 1177029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6084", "title": "Multidirectional tomagraphy of defects in the facial canal. An experimental investigation.", "content": "Defects on the tympanic wall of the facial canal may endanger the nerve in middle ear surgery. Their preoperative tomographic demonstration is therefore valuable. In an experimental investigation an attempt was made to assess the discernibility of artificial defects of different size by hypocycloid and spiral tomography of temporal bone specimens (both isolated and mounted in a tissue-equivalent skull phantom). The thickness of the wall was measured and its influence on the discernibility of the defects discussed.", "contents": "Multidirectional tomagraphy of defects in the facial canal. An experimental investigation. Defects on the tympanic wall of the facial canal may endanger the nerve in middle ear surgery. Their preoperative tomographic demonstration is therefore valuable. In an experimental investigation an attempt was made to assess the discernibility of artificial defects of different size by hypocycloid and spiral tomography of temporal bone specimens (both isolated and mounted in a tissue-equivalent skull phantom). The thickness of the wall was measured and its influence on the discernibility of the defects discussed.", "PMID": 1177038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6085", "title": "Patency of ventriculo-atrial shunt determined radiologically.", "content": "A radiologic method for assessment of the patency of ventriculo-atrial shunts is described together with a safe technique for gas encephalography of patients with ventriculo-atrial shunt. Despite discontinuity the shunting system may be functioning.", "contents": "Patency of ventriculo-atrial shunt determined radiologically. A radiologic method for assessment of the patency of ventriculo-atrial shunts is described together with a safe technique for gas encephalography of patients with ventriculo-atrial shunt. Despite discontinuity the shunting system may be functioning.", "PMID": 1177039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6086", "title": "Filtration in soft tissue radiography.", "content": "The influence of K-edge filters in combination with tungsten target tubes has been analysed in the low voltage range. It appears that these filters do not offer any advantages with this target material. Al-filtration, applicable to different types of soft tissue radiography of joints is discussed.", "contents": "Filtration in soft tissue radiography. The influence of K-edge filters in combination with tungsten target tubes has been analysed in the low voltage range. It appears that these filters do not offer any advantages with this target material. Al-filtration, applicable to different types of soft tissue radiography of joints is discussed.", "PMID": 1177040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6087", "title": "Quantitative long-term determinations of the alveolar bone mineral mass in man by 125I absorptiometry. III. Effect of experimental dental plaque formation.", "content": "Gingivitis was induced in young adults who refrained from all oral hygiene measures during a three week period. No significant alterations concerning the mineral mass of the subjacent alveolar bone could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Quantitative long-term determinations of the alveolar bone mineral mass in man by 125I absorptiometry. III. Effect of experimental dental plaque formation. Gingivitis was induced in young adults who refrained from all oral hygiene measures during a three week period. No significant alterations concerning the mineral mass of the subjacent alveolar bone could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1177041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6088", "title": "Spectral variation of the conversion factor of an image intensifier.", "content": "The conversion factor of the image intensifier Sirecon duplex 25/15 was investigated by means of a videodensitometer for varying values of the tube potential and varying filtering of the radiation. It was found that the conversion factor can be increased by Cu filtering. By analysis of the measurement data, the spectral variation of the conversion factor was determined. The conversion factor has a maximum for 60 keV photons and falls rapidly for photons of energy below 45 keV. By the method described, the spectral response function of an image intensifier can be determined experimentally without the use of a spectrometer.", "contents": "Spectral variation of the conversion factor of an image intensifier. The conversion factor of the image intensifier Sirecon duplex 25/15 was investigated by means of a videodensitometer for varying values of the tube potential and varying filtering of the radiation. It was found that the conversion factor can be increased by Cu filtering. By analysis of the measurement data, the spectral variation of the conversion factor was determined. The conversion factor has a maximum for 60 keV photons and falls rapidly for photons of energy below 45 keV. By the method described, the spectral response function of an image intensifier can be determined experimentally without the use of a spectrometer.", "PMID": 1177043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6089", "title": "Physical characteristics of barium contrast media and their influence on roentgen image information.", "content": "Various barium contrast media intended for radiographic examinations of the colon were analysed in a plastic model. This model contained fixed test objects which could be identified and counted on the films thus providing a measure of image information obtainable. Particular attention was paid to the marked differences in sedimentation of the various contrast media and the manner in which these affected image information.", "contents": "Physical characteristics of barium contrast media and their influence on roentgen image information. Various barium contrast media intended for radiographic examinations of the colon were analysed in a plastic model. This model contained fixed test objects which could be identified and counted on the films thus providing a measure of image information obtainable. Particular attention was paid to the marked differences in sedimentation of the various contrast media and the manner in which these affected image information.", "PMID": 1177042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6090", "title": "Angiography and hemodynamic measurements in extensive soft tissue trauma to the extremity.", "content": "The early circulatory changes following extensive soft tissue injury to the hind leg of the dog was examined by angiography and by measurement of blood flow by an electromagnetic flowmeter. The trauma caused a marked increase of blood flow and vasodilatation in the injured extremity with or without combination of a fracture. The later gradual increase of calculated vascular peripheral resistance was angiographically reflected by successively impaired flow in peripheral arteries. In spite of the decrease of flow, the dilatation of the larger arteries persisted for several hours.", "contents": "Angiography and hemodynamic measurements in extensive soft tissue trauma to the extremity. The early circulatory changes following extensive soft tissue injury to the hind leg of the dog was examined by angiography and by measurement of blood flow by an electromagnetic flowmeter. The trauma caused a marked increase of blood flow and vasodilatation in the injured extremity with or without combination of a fracture. The later gradual increase of calculated vascular peripheral resistance was angiographically reflected by successively impaired flow in peripheral arteries. In spite of the decrease of flow, the dilatation of the larger arteries persisted for several hours.", "PMID": 1177044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6091", "title": "Radiologic heart volume from 100 mm photofluorograms.", "content": "Radiologic heart volume could be calculated in 1 188 (94%) of a sample of 1 263 male civil servants over the age of 40. The chest films were taken under the conditions of massminiture radiography with no subject preparation and an unmodified Odelca 100 mm unit. Estimates of observer variability are reported an 'normal values' for a free-living population given. A method of calculating a correction factor for image magnification and subsequent reduction in size is described, and evidence presented that each Odelca unit has a unique correction factor.", "contents": "Radiologic heart volume from 100 mm photofluorograms. Radiologic heart volume could be calculated in 1 188 (94%) of a sample of 1 263 male civil servants over the age of 40. The chest films were taken under the conditions of massminiture radiography with no subject preparation and an unmodified Odelca 100 mm unit. Estimates of observer variability are reported an 'normal values' for a free-living population given. A method of calculating a correction factor for image magnification and subsequent reduction in size is described, and evidence presented that each Odelca unit has a unique correction factor.", "PMID": 1177045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6092", "title": "Improved brain scan specificity utilizing 99mTc-pertechnetate and 99mTc(Sn)-diphosphonate.", "content": "Each of 36 patients was studied with two separate brain scans performed sequentially after the injection of 20 mCi of 99mTc-pertechnetate or 20 mCi of 99mTc(Sn)-diphosphonate. The resulting scans were qualitatively compared, and lesion-to-nonlesion ratios of activity determined. Diagnoses were established by clinical criteria and were supported in the majority of cases by computerized axial tomography or roentgen angiography or both. Histologic confirmation was available in five cases of tumor and in the single cases of subdural hematoma and cerebral abscess. Of 22 cerebral infarctions, 15 were better demonstrated with 99mTc-(Sn)-diphosphonate than with 99mTc-pertechnetate. Of the seven remaining cases, three were visualized equally well with each agent, and three were better demonstrated with 99mTc-pertechnetate. One was not seen with either agent. Of the 12 tumors, 11 were visualized better with 99mTc-pertechnetate than with 99mTc-(Sn)-diphosphonate while in one case the lesion was seen equally as well with both agents. In no case was a lesion definitely seen with one radiopharmaceutical and not with the other. These results indicate that this dual method is helpful in differentiating gliomas and metastases from cerebral infarctions.", "contents": "Improved brain scan specificity utilizing 99mTc-pertechnetate and 99mTc(Sn)-diphosphonate. Each of 36 patients was studied with two separate brain scans performed sequentially after the injection of 20 mCi of 99mTc-pertechnetate or 20 mCi of 99mTc(Sn)-diphosphonate. The resulting scans were qualitatively compared, and lesion-to-nonlesion ratios of activity determined. Diagnoses were established by clinical criteria and were supported in the majority of cases by computerized axial tomography or roentgen angiography or both. Histologic confirmation was available in five cases of tumor and in the single cases of subdural hematoma and cerebral abscess. Of 22 cerebral infarctions, 15 were better demonstrated with 99mTc-(Sn)-diphosphonate than with 99mTc-pertechnetate. Of the seven remaining cases, three were visualized equally well with each agent, and three were better demonstrated with 99mTc-pertechnetate. One was not seen with either agent. Of the 12 tumors, 11 were visualized better with 99mTc-pertechnetate than with 99mTc-(Sn)-diphosphonate while in one case the lesion was seen equally as well with both agents. In no case was a lesion definitely seen with one radiopharmaceutical and not with the other. These results indicate that this dual method is helpful in differentiating gliomas and metastases from cerebral infarctions.", "PMID": 1177046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6093", "title": "Improved diagnosis of \"nondelineated\" thyroid nodules by oblique scintillation scanning and echography.", "content": "The scan of the thyroid gland in oblique projections has enabled us to visualize 11 \"cold\" thyroid nodules which were not delineated on a traditional anterior view among 825 patients studied in a 2-yr period. Accurate localization of the nodule in the oblique projection facilitated accurate placement of the transducer for echography. The combination of the isotope imaging studies and ultrasound then permitted one to differentiate solid and cystic \"cold\" nodules. Diagnosis and choice of therapy are therefore enhanced by the addition of oblique views, when needed, and echography.", "contents": "Improved diagnosis of \"nondelineated\" thyroid nodules by oblique scintillation scanning and echography. The scan of the thyroid gland in oblique projections has enabled us to visualize 11 \"cold\" thyroid nodules which were not delineated on a traditional anterior view among 825 patients studied in a 2-yr period. Accurate localization of the nodule in the oblique projection facilitated accurate placement of the transducer for echography. The combination of the isotope imaging studies and ultrasound then permitted one to differentiate solid and cystic \"cold\" nodules. Diagnosis and choice of therapy are therefore enhanced by the addition of oblique views, when needed, and echography.", "PMID": 1177047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6094", "title": "Unilateral ventricular reflux: case report.", "content": "Reflux of 131I-human serum albumin with a dilated ventricle from the contralateral ventricle was observed in a patient with an abnormal cisternogram.", "contents": "Unilateral ventricular reflux: case report. Reflux of 131I-human serum albumin with a dilated ventricle from the contralateral ventricle was observed in a patient with an abnormal cisternogram.", "PMID": 1177048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6095", "title": "Technetium-99m-pyridoxylideneglutamate: a new hepatobiliary radiopharmaceutical. II. Clinical aspects.", "content": "Technetium-99m-pyridoxylideneglutamate (99mTc-PG) is a nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that was found to undergo rapid biliary excretion in normal humans. The biliary tree and gallbladder were seen within 10-15 min of injection and by 20 min marked accumulation of radioactivity was noted in the gallbladder and gastrointestinal tract. Of ten \"control\" volunteers, seven had normal 99mTc-PG-cholescintigrams. In the remaining three, the gallbladder was not visualized. Gallbladder disease was not excluded in these three subjects. Of 24 patients referred for investigation of right upper quadrant abdominal pain, 13 proved to have gallbladder disease. All seven patients with acute cholecystitis and one of four patients with chronic cholecystitis had nonvisualization of the gallbladder on the cholescintigram whereas five patients with chronic cholecystitis or cholesterolosis had normal cholescintigrams. Six of the eight patients with nonvisualization of the gallbladder on cholescintigram had contrast radiologic studies (oral cholecystogram or intravenous cholangiogram or both), and in all six, nonvisualization of the gallbladder was also reported on the contrast study. cholescintigraphy was found to be greatly inferior to contrast radiologic studies in the detection of gallbladder stones. Eleven patients had complete extrahepatic biliary obstruction and this diagnosis was correctly made in all 11 by the cholescintigram. Fourteen patients had incomplete extrahepatic biliary obstruction. The correct diagnosis was made on the cholescintigram in seven but in the remaining seven it was not possible to distinguish between incomplete extrahepatic biliary obstruction and hepatocellular disease. Malignant lesions (carcinomas of head of pancreas, gallbladder, common bile duct or ampulla of Vater) were the cause of obstruction in 10 of the 25 patients with complete or incomplete obstruction and the diagnosis of obstruction due to malignancy was correctly made in 8 of these 10 by means of a scintigraphic equivalent to Courvoisier's sing. Finally, 11 patients had hepatocellular disease and a nonspecific pattern consistent with either imcomplete biliary obstruction or hepatocellular disease was observed on the cholescintigram in all 11. The 99mTc-PG cholescintigram is suggested for a role complementary to that of contrast radiologic studies in the preoperative investigation of patients with possible surgical disease of the biliary tract. Contrast radiologic techniques are advocated as being more appropriate in the nonjaundiced patient with suspected gallbladder disease whereas the 99mTc-PG cholescintigram is advocated as being more appropriate in the patient with jaundice. The value of the 99mTc-PG cholescintigram lies in the confidence with which complete extrahepatic biliary obstruction can be diagnosed. The \"scintigraphic Courvoisier's sign\" seems a useful indicator of malignant obstruction.", "contents": "Technetium-99m-pyridoxylideneglutamate: a new hepatobiliary radiopharmaceutical. II. Clinical aspects. Technetium-99m-pyridoxylideneglutamate (99mTc-PG) is a nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that was found to undergo rapid biliary excretion in normal humans. The biliary tree and gallbladder were seen within 10-15 min of injection and by 20 min marked accumulation of radioactivity was noted in the gallbladder and gastrointestinal tract. Of ten \"control\" volunteers, seven had normal 99mTc-PG-cholescintigrams. In the remaining three, the gallbladder was not visualized. Gallbladder disease was not excluded in these three subjects. Of 24 patients referred for investigation of right upper quadrant abdominal pain, 13 proved to have gallbladder disease. All seven patients with acute cholecystitis and one of four patients with chronic cholecystitis had nonvisualization of the gallbladder on the cholescintigram whereas five patients with chronic cholecystitis or cholesterolosis had normal cholescintigrams. Six of the eight patients with nonvisualization of the gallbladder on cholescintigram had contrast radiologic studies (oral cholecystogram or intravenous cholangiogram or both), and in all six, nonvisualization of the gallbladder was also reported on the contrast study. cholescintigraphy was found to be greatly inferior to contrast radiologic studies in the detection of gallbladder stones. Eleven patients had complete extrahepatic biliary obstruction and this diagnosis was correctly made in all 11 by the cholescintigram. Fourteen patients had incomplete extrahepatic biliary obstruction. The correct diagnosis was made on the cholescintigram in seven but in the remaining seven it was not possible to distinguish between incomplete extrahepatic biliary obstruction and hepatocellular disease. Malignant lesions (carcinomas of head of pancreas, gallbladder, common bile duct or ampulla of Vater) were the cause of obstruction in 10 of the 25 patients with complete or incomplete obstruction and the diagnosis of obstruction due to malignancy was correctly made in 8 of these 10 by means of a scintigraphic equivalent to Courvoisier's sing. Finally, 11 patients had hepatocellular disease and a nonspecific pattern consistent with either imcomplete biliary obstruction or hepatocellular disease was observed on the cholescintigram in all 11. The 99mTc-PG cholescintigram is suggested for a role complementary to that of contrast radiologic studies in the preoperative investigation of patients with possible surgical disease of the biliary tract. Contrast radiologic techniques are advocated as being more appropriate in the nonjaundiced patient with suspected gallbladder disease whereas the 99mTc-PG cholescintigram is advocated as being more appropriate in the patient with jaundice. The value of the 99mTc-PG cholescintigram lies in the confidence with which complete extrahepatic biliary obstruction can be diagnosed. The \"scintigraphic Courvoisier's sign\" seems a useful indicator of malignant obstruction.", "PMID": 1177049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6096", "title": "Bone marrow imaging using 111In-citrate: 111In-kinetics in the pelvic region.", "content": "When bone marrow scintigraphy was performed using 111In-citrate, radioactivity was observed in the pudendal region. Subsequently, the kinetics of 111In in the pelvic region after intravenous administration of 111In-citrate for bone-marrow scanning in 14 patients was examined. On the first day, radioindium was found predominantly in the large pelvic blood vessels and in the pudendal region. In all male patients, the scrotal area was affected with both testes presumably delineated in two patients. In the female patients little radioindium was detected in the pudendal region, most probably in the vulva; distinct radioactivity was found in the pelvis although the ovaries could not be identified. In the following period the 111In uptake in the bone marrow increased considerably and reached its maximum usually 24 hr after the injection. Because a distinct radiation dose from 111In to the gonads cannot be excluded on the basis of our scintigraphic findings and the absorbed dose has not yet been estimated sufficiently, judgment should be used for the present if 111In-citrate is applied for bone marrow imaging.", "contents": "Bone marrow imaging using 111In-citrate: 111In-kinetics in the pelvic region. When bone marrow scintigraphy was performed using 111In-citrate, radioactivity was observed in the pudendal region. Subsequently, the kinetics of 111In in the pelvic region after intravenous administration of 111In-citrate for bone-marrow scanning in 14 patients was examined. On the first day, radioindium was found predominantly in the large pelvic blood vessels and in the pudendal region. In all male patients, the scrotal area was affected with both testes presumably delineated in two patients. In the female patients little radioindium was detected in the pudendal region, most probably in the vulva; distinct radioactivity was found in the pelvis although the ovaries could not be identified. In the following period the 111In uptake in the bone marrow increased considerably and reached its maximum usually 24 hr after the injection. Because a distinct radiation dose from 111In to the gonads cannot be excluded on the basis of our scintigraphic findings and the absorbed dose has not yet been estimated sufficiently, judgment should be used for the present if 111In-citrate is applied for bone marrow imaging.", "PMID": 1177050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6097", "title": "Xenon-133, 127Xe, and 125Xe for lung function investigations: a dosimetric comparison.", "content": "Of the possible radionuclides of xenon, 127Xe and 125 Xe have better physical properties for lung function measurement than 133Xe. A comparison of the radiation doses for these three radionuclides has been made for a typical scintillation camera investigation. Using an exponential model for washin and washout of gas, it is shown that the specific activity-time relationship is always equal to the product of the spirometer concentration and the rebreathing period. It is concluded that of the three radionuclides 127Xe gives the lowest radiation dose during a typical lung function study.", "contents": "Xenon-133, 127Xe, and 125Xe for lung function investigations: a dosimetric comparison. Of the possible radionuclides of xenon, 127Xe and 125 Xe have better physical properties for lung function measurement than 133Xe. A comparison of the radiation doses for these three radionuclides has been made for a typical scintillation camera investigation. Using an exponential model for washin and washout of gas, it is shown that the specific activity-time relationship is always equal to the product of the spirometer concentration and the rebreathing period. It is concluded that of the three radionuclides 127Xe gives the lowest radiation dose during a typical lung function study.", "PMID": 1177051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6098", "title": "Basal ganglia scans in the human.", "content": "Using a 64Cu complex, we obtained human basal ganglia scans in three normal volunteers and in one patient with Wilson's disease with an oral dose of 1 mCi. The method with this new radioactive compound was simple and safe and the results were very encouraging.", "contents": "Basal ganglia scans in the human. Using a 64Cu complex, we obtained human basal ganglia scans in three normal volunteers and in one patient with Wilson's disease with an oral dose of 1 mCi. The method with this new radioactive compound was simple and safe and the results were very encouraging.", "PMID": 1177052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6099", "title": "Dual-channel facilitation of the 99mTc radiocardiogram.", "content": "A refinement of the radionuclide-angiocardiogram is described using a low deadtime scintillation camera and hardwire data storage, processing, and display system for the purpose of anatomic definition of the passage of a radioactive bolus through the carciopulmonary circulation by dual-channel, dual-color, subtraction methodology. The summation of the bolus pathway is displayed as a static frame of reference for the sequential kinetic image. The technique is noninvasive and employs 15 mCi of 99mTc pertechnetate. This procedure may be employed as the conventional bolus study for determining the cardiac kinetics ordinarily obtained by the method. The opportunity of viewing the bolus position in relation to its entire pathway significantly facilitates defining the multiple areas of interest the observer may wish to study.", "contents": "Dual-channel facilitation of the 99mTc radiocardiogram. A refinement of the radionuclide-angiocardiogram is described using a low deadtime scintillation camera and hardwire data storage, processing, and display system for the purpose of anatomic definition of the passage of a radioactive bolus through the carciopulmonary circulation by dual-channel, dual-color, subtraction methodology. The summation of the bolus pathway is displayed as a static frame of reference for the sequential kinetic image. The technique is noninvasive and employs 15 mCi of 99mTc pertechnetate. This procedure may be employed as the conventional bolus study for determining the cardiac kinetics ordinarily obtained by the method. The opportunity of viewing the bolus position in relation to its entire pathway significantly facilitates defining the multiple areas of interest the observer may wish to study.", "PMID": 1177053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6100", "title": "Evaluation of cold areas on the thyroid scan with 67Ga-citrate.", "content": "Cold areas on 131I or 99mTc thyroid scans were re-evaluated using 67Ga-citrate in 134 patients. In 62 patients surgical specimens were obtained for histologic studies. Of 46 benign lesions, all had negative 67Ga scans, and 67Ga scans in 5 of the 16 lesions judged to be malignant were positive. It was thought that the sensitivity of the method did not warrant its use for routine screening in evaluations of malignancy of thyroid nodules.", "contents": "Evaluation of cold areas on the thyroid scan with 67Ga-citrate. Cold areas on 131I or 99mTc thyroid scans were re-evaluated using 67Ga-citrate in 134 patients. In 62 patients surgical specimens were obtained for histologic studies. Of 46 benign lesions, all had negative 67Ga scans, and 67Ga scans in 5 of the 16 lesions judged to be malignant were positive. It was thought that the sensitivity of the method did not warrant its use for routine screening in evaluations of malignancy of thyroid nodules.", "PMID": 1177054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6101", "title": "Labeling of erythrocytes with 103Ru-ruthenium red.", "content": "The preparation of 103Ru-ruthenium red and its use in the labeling of erythrocytes is described. Since in vivo and electrophoretic studies indicate that the tag is firmly bound to the cell, this technique appears to be very convenient for spleen scintigraphy and for the study of the in vivo fate of tagged cells.", "contents": "Labeling of erythrocytes with 103Ru-ruthenium red. The preparation of 103Ru-ruthenium red and its use in the labeling of erythrocytes is described. Since in vivo and electrophoretic studies indicate that the tag is firmly bound to the cell, this technique appears to be very convenient for spleen scintigraphy and for the study of the in vivo fate of tagged cells.", "PMID": 1177055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6102", "title": "Causal attributions as a function of locus of control, initial confidence, and performance outcomes.", "content": "Causal attributions and body movements indicative of tension were recorded while subjects completed an anagrams task that was more extensive than most similar tasks used in attribution studies. Nine trials each containing 10 anagrams were presented such that most subjects succeeded on three sets of relatively simple anagrams, failed on three sets of difficult anagrams, and either succeeded or failed on three sets of intermediately difficult anagrams. Attributions and body movements were predicted by a combination of locus of control, initial confidence, and type of outcome. High-confident internals attributed responsibility for outcomes to themselves more than did low-confident externals, and this difference was most prominent when subjects failed. Tension-indicating body movements were also less common among the former than the latter subjects and were in greater evidence with failure than with success. The data indicate that there is consistency between locus of control and causal attributions obtained during performances. The data also correspond to the findings on helplessness in which aversive agents prove to be more deleterious when individuals perceive themselves as unable to alter their negative circumstances.", "contents": "Causal attributions as a function of locus of control, initial confidence, and performance outcomes. Causal attributions and body movements indicative of tension were recorded while subjects completed an anagrams task that was more extensive than most similar tasks used in attribution studies. Nine trials each containing 10 anagrams were presented such that most subjects succeeded on three sets of relatively simple anagrams, failed on three sets of difficult anagrams, and either succeeded or failed on three sets of intermediately difficult anagrams. Attributions and body movements were predicted by a combination of locus of control, initial confidence, and type of outcome. High-confident internals attributed responsibility for outcomes to themselves more than did low-confident externals, and this difference was most prominent when subjects failed. Tension-indicating body movements were also less common among the former than the latter subjects and were in greater evidence with failure than with success. The data indicate that there is consistency between locus of control and causal attributions obtained during performances. The data also correspond to the findings on helplessness in which aversive agents prove to be more deleterious when individuals perceive themselves as unable to alter their negative circumstances.", "PMID": 1177083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6103", "title": "Trait and other sources of variance in the S-R inventory of anxiousness.", "content": "The S-R Inventory of Anxiousness has a reliability of .95 but shows only 5% of its variance due to persons (traits). This strange combination of results is explored logically and empirically. A distinction is made between the Inventory as a test and as an experimental design. Some characteristics and problems of the Inventory as an experimental design are examined. These problems suggest that it is unwarranted to include variance from situations and modes of response in the total variance against which the component of variance due to individual differences is evaluated. It is such inclusions that have yielded the result of 5% of variance due to persons. It is concluded that results from the Inventory, when generalized to other omnibus inventories of anxiety, do not have the drastic implications that have been previously claimed.", "contents": "Trait and other sources of variance in the S-R inventory of anxiousness. The S-R Inventory of Anxiousness has a reliability of .95 but shows only 5% of its variance due to persons (traits). This strange combination of results is explored logically and empirically. A distinction is made between the Inventory as a test and as an experimental design. Some characteristics and problems of the Inventory as an experimental design are examined. These problems suggest that it is unwarranted to include variance from situations and modes of response in the total variance against which the component of variance due to individual differences is evaluated. It is such inclusions that have yielded the result of 5% of variance due to persons. It is concluded that results from the Inventory, when generalized to other omnibus inventories of anxiety, do not have the drastic implications that have been previously claimed.", "PMID": 1177084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6104", "title": "Long-term value change initiated by computer feedback.", "content": "To determine whether value change can be induced by a computer rather than a human agent and whether value change can be induced even when target values are not preselected for experimental treatment, subjects first filled out the Rokeach Value Survey and then obtained information from a computer enabling them to compare their own value rankings with those previously obtained for various reference groups. Experimental subjects exposed to computer feedback showed, first, significant changes in value systems 2 months afterward whereas control subjects showed no such changes. Second, value system change was significantly greater among those experimental subjects whose value rankings were on the whole more discrepant from those of positive reference groups. Third, rankings of certain values concerning achievement, peace, and egalitarianism were affected in a 2-month period following the treatment. These findings are interpreted within a broader theoretical framework about the conditions leading to long-term cognitive and behavioral change.", "contents": "Long-term value change initiated by computer feedback. To determine whether value change can be induced by a computer rather than a human agent and whether value change can be induced even when target values are not preselected for experimental treatment, subjects first filled out the Rokeach Value Survey and then obtained information from a computer enabling them to compare their own value rankings with those previously obtained for various reference groups. Experimental subjects exposed to computer feedback showed, first, significant changes in value systems 2 months afterward whereas control subjects showed no such changes. Second, value system change was significantly greater among those experimental subjects whose value rankings were on the whole more discrepant from those of positive reference groups. Third, rankings of certain values concerning achievement, peace, and egalitarianism were affected in a 2-month period following the treatment. These findings are interpreted within a broader theoretical framework about the conditions leading to long-term cognitive and behavioral change.", "PMID": 1177085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6105", "title": "Pain cues and uncertainity as determinants of aggression in a situation involving repeated instigation.", "content": "In contrast to the Buss aggression paradigm, a situation was employed in which subjects were given an expanded range of response options and were exposed to instigation throughout their response period. It was found that (a) despite these changes pain cues depressed aggressiveness in the present situation as they generally do in the Buss paradigm, but that this effect only occurred where the subjects' aggression was initially ineffective in changing their target's behavior; (b) situational uncertainity, which is minimal in a Buss-type situation, was related to aggressiveness; (c) subjects tended to match rather than attempt to control the responses of the target; and (d) the present paradigm is capable of isolating a personality variable related to overall aggressiveness. These data are discussed in terms of other recent paid cue studies that deviate from the standard Buss situation. Generally, the findings suggest the potential of increasing the range of situations in which aggression is studied.", "contents": "Pain cues and uncertainity as determinants of aggression in a situation involving repeated instigation. In contrast to the Buss aggression paradigm, a situation was employed in which subjects were given an expanded range of response options and were exposed to instigation throughout their response period. It was found that (a) despite these changes pain cues depressed aggressiveness in the present situation as they generally do in the Buss paradigm, but that this effect only occurred where the subjects' aggression was initially ineffective in changing their target's behavior; (b) situational uncertainity, which is minimal in a Buss-type situation, was related to aggressiveness; (c) subjects tended to match rather than attempt to control the responses of the target; and (d) the present paradigm is capable of isolating a personality variable related to overall aggressiveness. These data are discussed in terms of other recent paid cue studies that deviate from the standard Buss situation. Generally, the findings suggest the potential of increasing the range of situations in which aggression is studied.", "PMID": 1177086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6106", "title": "Defensive externality and blame projection following failure.", "content": "This study focuses upon the relationship between internal-external control and defensive blame projection. Trust was used as a moderator variable for making differential predictions concerning the behavior of two subgroups of externals: defensive externals, whose externality is presumed to reflect primarily a verbal technique of defense, and congruent externals, whose externality reflects a more genuine belief that most outcomes are determined by forces beyond their personal control. As predicted, defensive externals showed a stronger tendency than did congruent externals and internals to resort to blame projection following failure at an achievement task. There were no group differences in attribution following task success. Defensive externals were found to be more responsive to negative feedback than were congruent externals.", "contents": "Defensive externality and blame projection following failure. This study focuses upon the relationship between internal-external control and defensive blame projection. Trust was used as a moderator variable for making differential predictions concerning the behavior of two subgroups of externals: defensive externals, whose externality is presumed to reflect primarily a verbal technique of defense, and congruent externals, whose externality reflects a more genuine belief that most outcomes are determined by forces beyond their personal control. As predicted, defensive externals showed a stronger tendency than did congruent externals and internals to resort to blame projection following failure at an achievement task. There were no group differences in attribution following task success. Defensive externals were found to be more responsive to negative feedback than were congruent externals.", "PMID": 1177087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6107", "title": "Cognitive flexibility in hypnosis: response to change communication from the hypnotist.", "content": "It was predicted that modification of response as it indexes cognitive flexibility in the hypnotic subject is related to susceptibility to hypnosis and the difficulty of the hypnotic task attempted. Experiment 1 isolated two distinct hypnotic tasks (easy and difficult); alternative forms of each item conveyed either clear or unclear structure concerning the response that was perceived as most appropriate. In Experiment 2, 101 subjects were administered hypnotic induction procedures and tested for modification of response on both items; for each subject, the hypnotist posed a conflict in communication by plausibly requesting an alteration in response from the behavior that the subject had chosen to indicate previously. Change data demonstrated that hypnotic subjects modified their behavior in hypnosis, but their cognitive flexibility was much more relevant to easy than to difficult tasks. Results highlight a further dimension of role enactment as well as the special role cognitive skills in play in our understanding of performance on hypnotic test items.", "contents": "Cognitive flexibility in hypnosis: response to change communication from the hypnotist. It was predicted that modification of response as it indexes cognitive flexibility in the hypnotic subject is related to susceptibility to hypnosis and the difficulty of the hypnotic task attempted. Experiment 1 isolated two distinct hypnotic tasks (easy and difficult); alternative forms of each item conveyed either clear or unclear structure concerning the response that was perceived as most appropriate. In Experiment 2, 101 subjects were administered hypnotic induction procedures and tested for modification of response on both items; for each subject, the hypnotist posed a conflict in communication by plausibly requesting an alteration in response from the behavior that the subject had chosen to indicate previously. Change data demonstrated that hypnotic subjects modified their behavior in hypnosis, but their cognitive flexibility was much more relevant to easy than to difficult tasks. Results highlight a further dimension of role enactment as well as the special role cognitive skills in play in our understanding of performance on hypnotic test items.", "PMID": 1177088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6108", "title": "Informational determinants of females' self-attributions and observers' judgments of them in an achievement situation.", "content": "A female (A) received feedback about both her own and a male or female other's (B's) performance on an achievement task, and then estimated the likelihood that she and B possessed each of several attributes related to competence, likeableness, and physical attractiveness. The situation was witnessed by a male or female observer who then judged B's attributes and predicted A's and B's ratings of one another. A formulation of social inference processes developed by Gollob was used to identify and compare the informational cues used by actors and observers in making these attributions. The contributions of these cues depended substantially on the type of attribute being inferred, the judge (A or the observer), and whether the judgment was made of A or of B. A's behavior (i.e., her performance on the achievement task) contributed less to her self-attributions than it did either to her predictions of how B would rate her or to observers' actual judgments of her attributes. A's self-attributions tended to be relatively more influenced by her experiences before participating in the experiment. Whereas A appeared to use B's performance as a comparative standard when judging her own competence and expected B to do likewise, observers did not use B's performance in this manner when judging A. Moreover, A did not use her own performance as a standard when judging attributes of B. The article discusses theoretical implications of these results for attribution and self-perception processes.", "contents": "Informational determinants of females' self-attributions and observers' judgments of them in an achievement situation. A female (A) received feedback about both her own and a male or female other's (B's) performance on an achievement task, and then estimated the likelihood that she and B possessed each of several attributes related to competence, likeableness, and physical attractiveness. The situation was witnessed by a male or female observer who then judged B's attributes and predicted A's and B's ratings of one another. A formulation of social inference processes developed by Gollob was used to identify and compare the informational cues used by actors and observers in making these attributions. The contributions of these cues depended substantially on the type of attribute being inferred, the judge (A or the observer), and whether the judgment was made of A or of B. A's behavior (i.e., her performance on the achievement task) contributed less to her self-attributions than it did either to her predictions of how B would rate her or to observers' actual judgments of her attributes. A's self-attributions tended to be relatively more influenced by her experiences before participating in the experiment. Whereas A appeared to use B's performance as a comparative standard when judging her own competence and expected B to do likewise, observers did not use B's performance in this manner when judging A. Moreover, A did not use her own performance as a standard when judging attributes of B. The article discusses theoretical implications of these results for attribution and self-perception processes.", "PMID": 1177089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6109", "title": "Temperature dependence of the circulation pattern in the upper extremities.", "content": "1. The rate of blood flow D through the hand and the rate of heat H transferred by that blood flow into the hand were measured on eleven subjects between 18 and 22 years old. The hand was immersed in water, at temperatures ranging from 10 to 40 degrees C. 2. The rate of blood flow was measured with a water-air displacement plethysmograph, which was adapted also to give heat loss measurements. 3. Comparison of the relative values of D and H at different temperatures gives information about the change in distribution of blood flow with temperature. On decreasing water temperature, the change in distribution starts at about 25 degrees C and continues gradually to about 15 degrees C, suggesting that more and more blood is shunted to deep veins. For one of the subjects, no change in distrubiton pattern was found.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of the circulation pattern in the upper extremities. 1. The rate of blood flow D through the hand and the rate of heat H transferred by that blood flow into the hand were measured on eleven subjects between 18 and 22 years old. The hand was immersed in water, at temperatures ranging from 10 to 40 degrees C. 2. The rate of blood flow was measured with a water-air displacement plethysmograph, which was adapted also to give heat loss measurements. 3. Comparison of the relative values of D and H at different temperatures gives information about the change in distribution of blood flow with temperature. On decreasing water temperature, the change in distribution starts at about 25 degrees C and continues gradually to about 15 degrees C, suggesting that more and more blood is shunted to deep veins. For one of the subjects, no change in distrubiton pattern was found.", "PMID": 1177090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6110", "title": "Potassium activation in Helix aspersa neurones under voltage clamp: a component mediated by calcium influx.", "content": "1. Helix aspersa neurones under voltage clamp generate prolonged outward currents (potassium currents) in response to depolarizing command pulses. 2. The potassium currents recorded from cell A were reversibly reduced 25-50% by 10 mM cobalt ions in the bathing medium; 1 mM lanthanum, 10(-6) g/ml. D-600 and 10(-6) g/ml. iproveratril had similar effects but were only partially reversible. 3. The relationship between the potassium currents and the membrane potential had an \"n\" shape in normal saline. In calcium-free saline (containing 25 mM magnesium) the potassium currents were reduced and the \"n\" shape was abolished. The effect of calcium-free saline was readily reversible. 4. The voltage-dependence of the calcium-sensitive potassium currents was similar to that of the \"late\" calcium channel in squid axons (Baker, Hodgkin & Ridgway, 1971). 5. When cell A was depolarents were made up of two exponentially declining components. The slower of the two components was reduced in calcium-free saline. 6. When cell A was depolarized by 150 mV for 10 msec and then repolarized the \"tail\" currents were made up of a single rapidly declining component. The reversal potential of this component changed by 58 mV for a tenfold change in the external potassium concentration as predicted by the Nernst equation. 7. The reversal potential of \"tail\" currents having both components was less sensitive to changes in the external potassium concentration. 8. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions blocked both calcium dependent and voltage sensitive potassium currents. Each receptor was found to bind a single molecule of TEA. The dissociaton constant was about 10 mM in each case. 9. The intracellular concentration of ionized calcium was estimated from the potential at which there was no apparent calcium influx (the null point). It was between 3 x 10(-8) M and 8 x 10(-8) M with 10(-2) M calcium in the bathing medium. 10. The null point changed 30 mV for a tenfold change in the external calcium concentration as predicted by the Nernst equation. 11. It is concluded that depolarization of Helix neurones activates two typesof potassium channel. One channel is voltage dependent and highly selective for potassium. Activation of the other channel is dependent on the influx (or injection, see Meech, 1972, 1974a) of calcium. This calcium mediated potassium activation system saturates at high external calcium concentrations and is inhibited by external magnesium ions.", "contents": "Potassium activation in Helix aspersa neurones under voltage clamp: a component mediated by calcium influx. 1. Helix aspersa neurones under voltage clamp generate prolonged outward currents (potassium currents) in response to depolarizing command pulses. 2. The potassium currents recorded from cell A were reversibly reduced 25-50% by 10 mM cobalt ions in the bathing medium; 1 mM lanthanum, 10(-6) g/ml. D-600 and 10(-6) g/ml. iproveratril had similar effects but were only partially reversible. 3. The relationship between the potassium currents and the membrane potential had an \"n\" shape in normal saline. In calcium-free saline (containing 25 mM magnesium) the potassium currents were reduced and the \"n\" shape was abolished. The effect of calcium-free saline was readily reversible. 4. The voltage-dependence of the calcium-sensitive potassium currents was similar to that of the \"late\" calcium channel in squid axons (Baker, Hodgkin & Ridgway, 1971). 5. When cell A was depolarents were made up of two exponentially declining components. The slower of the two components was reduced in calcium-free saline. 6. When cell A was depolarized by 150 mV for 10 msec and then repolarized the \"tail\" currents were made up of a single rapidly declining component. The reversal potential of this component changed by 58 mV for a tenfold change in the external potassium concentration as predicted by the Nernst equation. 7. The reversal potential of \"tail\" currents having both components was less sensitive to changes in the external potassium concentration. 8. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions blocked both calcium dependent and voltage sensitive potassium currents. Each receptor was found to bind a single molecule of TEA. The dissociaton constant was about 10 mM in each case. 9. The intracellular concentration of ionized calcium was estimated from the potential at which there was no apparent calcium influx (the null point). It was between 3 x 10(-8) M and 8 x 10(-8) M with 10(-2) M calcium in the bathing medium. 10. The null point changed 30 mV for a tenfold change in the external calcium concentration as predicted by the Nernst equation. 11. It is concluded that depolarization of Helix neurones activates two typesof potassium channel. One channel is voltage dependent and highly selective for potassium. Activation of the other channel is dependent on the influx (or injection, see Meech, 1972, 1974a) of calcium. This calcium mediated potassium activation system saturates at high external calcium concentrations and is inhibited by external magnesium ions.", "PMID": 1177091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6111", "title": "Calcium and sodium ions as charge carriers in the action potential of an identified snail neurone.", "content": "1. The soma of cell A in Helix aspersa produced action potentials in sodium-free or calcium-free saline, but not in saline with neither sodium nor calcium. 2. The axon had a sodium-dependent action potential. 3. Tetrodotoxin (5 x 10(-6) M) had no effect on the overshoot except at low external divalent ion concentrations. 4. The action potential in sodium-free saline was blocked by cobalt. 5. The slope of action potential overshoot against sodium concentration in the presence of 10 mM calcium was 10.5 mV/tenfold change. That of overshoot against calcium concentration in the presence of 75 mM sodium was 22 mV/tenfold change. 6. In sodium-free saline the slope of overshoot versus calcium concentration was 27 mV/tenfold change. 7. It is concluded that calcium is an important charge carrier in the action potential of cell A.", "contents": "Calcium and sodium ions as charge carriers in the action potential of an identified snail neurone. 1. The soma of cell A in Helix aspersa produced action potentials in sodium-free or calcium-free saline, but not in saline with neither sodium nor calcium. 2. The axon had a sodium-dependent action potential. 3. Tetrodotoxin (5 x 10(-6) M) had no effect on the overshoot except at low external divalent ion concentrations. 4. The action potential in sodium-free saline was blocked by cobalt. 5. The slope of action potential overshoot against sodium concentration in the presence of 10 mM calcium was 10.5 mV/tenfold change. That of overshoot against calcium concentration in the presence of 75 mM sodium was 22 mV/tenfold change. 6. In sodium-free saline the slope of overshoot versus calcium concentration was 27 mV/tenfold change. 7. It is concluded that calcium is an important charge carrier in the action potential of cell A.", "PMID": 1177092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6112", "title": "Voltage-clamp studies of the calcium inward current in an identified snail neurone: comparison with the sodium inward current.", "content": "1. Membrane currents were recorded under voltage clamp from cell A of the snail Helix aspersa. 2. In sodium-free saline the inward current was reduced to 75% of that in normal saline (containing both sodium and calcium). 3. The inward current in sodium-free saline was dependent on the external calcium concentration. 4. Calcium-free saline reduced the inward current to 30% of that in normal saline. (Na, Ca)-free saline abolished the inward current. 5. Changes in calcium concentration shifted the curve relating calcium conductance to membrane potential along the voltage axis. 6. Inactivation of inward current in both normal saline and sodium-free saline developed exponentially with time. 7. Steady-state inactivation of calcium inward current was similar to that for sodium current and it is concluded that the conductance mechanisms for these two ions bear a close resemblance.", "contents": "Voltage-clamp studies of the calcium inward current in an identified snail neurone: comparison with the sodium inward current. 1. Membrane currents were recorded under voltage clamp from cell A of the snail Helix aspersa. 2. In sodium-free saline the inward current was reduced to 75% of that in normal saline (containing both sodium and calcium). 3. The inward current in sodium-free saline was dependent on the external calcium concentration. 4. Calcium-free saline reduced the inward current to 30% of that in normal saline. (Na, Ca)-free saline abolished the inward current. 5. Changes in calcium concentration shifted the curve relating calcium conductance to membrane potential along the voltage axis. 6. Inactivation of inward current in both normal saline and sodium-free saline developed exponentially with time. 7. Steady-state inactivation of calcium inward current was similar to that for sodium current and it is concluded that the conductance mechanisms for these two ions bear a close resemblance.", "PMID": 1177093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6113", "title": "The effect of procaine on the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.", "content": "1. The effect of procaine on acetylcholine-induced membrane fluctuations (ACh noise) was studied by intracellular and focal external recording from end-plates of frog sartorius muscle. 2. With intracellular recording, ACh noise (the ratio of variance to mean depolarization) was substantially reduced by procaine, suggesting a greatly decreased amplitude of the elementary potential change. 3. Spectral analysis of the ACh noise indicated a dual average time course of the underlying \"shot effects\", similar to the complex shape (brief spike followed by a long tail of low intensity) of the end-plate current in pro-aine-treated muscle. 4. The post-synaptic blocking action of procaine can be largely explained by the drastic shortening of the initial high-intensity phase of the end-plate conductance change. 5. The average time course of the ACh shot effects is discussed in terms of alternative hypotheses, one attributing the complex shape to each elementary event, the other involving sequential reaction steps which produce two unequal populations of ion gates of different \"life-times\".", "contents": "The effect of procaine on the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. 1. The effect of procaine on acetylcholine-induced membrane fluctuations (ACh noise) was studied by intracellular and focal external recording from end-plates of frog sartorius muscle. 2. With intracellular recording, ACh noise (the ratio of variance to mean depolarization) was substantially reduced by procaine, suggesting a greatly decreased amplitude of the elementary potential change. 3. Spectral analysis of the ACh noise indicated a dual average time course of the underlying \"shot effects\", similar to the complex shape (brief spike followed by a long tail of low intensity) of the end-plate current in pro-aine-treated muscle. 4. The post-synaptic blocking action of procaine can be largely explained by the drastic shortening of the initial high-intensity phase of the end-plate conductance change. 5. The average time course of the ACh shot effects is discussed in terms of alternative hypotheses, one attributing the complex shape to each elementary event, the other involving sequential reaction steps which produce two unequal populations of ion gates of different \"life-times\".", "PMID": 1177094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6114", "title": "The development of functional innervation in the hind limb of the chick embryo.", "content": "1. The development of functional motor innervation was studied in the hind limb of chick embryos from Stages 25 to 43 by observing contraction of individual muscles and by recording the resultant tension when individual spinal nerves were electrically stimulated. 2. At later developmental stages (35-43) a given muscle always received functional innervation from specific spinal nerves. This pattern, with respect to the craniocaudal position of motoneurones, was similar to those described for amphibians and mammals. 3. The observed pattern was similar throughout development from the time that movement could first be elicited at Stages 27-28. There was no indication that motoneurones form initial synapses with inappropriate muscles. 4. Recordings from muscle nerves during excitation of individual spinal nerves gave results similar to the tension recordings, showing that even at early developmental stages muscle nerves did not contain substantial numbers of inappropriate axons. 5. Most limb muscles or primitive muscle masses became functionally innervated at the same time with no clearly defined proximo-distal sequence of limb innervation. 6. It appears that chick motoneurones are initially specified with respect to their peripheral destination and grow out selectively to synapse with appropriate muscles from the outset.", "contents": "The development of functional innervation in the hind limb of the chick embryo. 1. The development of functional motor innervation was studied in the hind limb of chick embryos from Stages 25 to 43 by observing contraction of individual muscles and by recording the resultant tension when individual spinal nerves were electrically stimulated. 2. At later developmental stages (35-43) a given muscle always received functional innervation from specific spinal nerves. This pattern, with respect to the craniocaudal position of motoneurones, was similar to those described for amphibians and mammals. 3. The observed pattern was similar throughout development from the time that movement could first be elicited at Stages 27-28. There was no indication that motoneurones form initial synapses with inappropriate muscles. 4. Recordings from muscle nerves during excitation of individual spinal nerves gave results similar to the tension recordings, showing that even at early developmental stages muscle nerves did not contain substantial numbers of inappropriate axons. 5. Most limb muscles or primitive muscle masses became functionally innervated at the same time with no clearly defined proximo-distal sequence of limb innervation. 6. It appears that chick motoneurones are initially specified with respect to their peripheral destination and grow out selectively to synapse with appropriate muscles from the outset.", "PMID": 1177095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6115", "title": "Synaptic potentials recorded from neurones of the submucous plexus of guinea-pig small intestine.", "content": "1. Intracellular recordings have been made from neurones lying in the submucous plexus of guinea-pig mid small intestine. 2. Most neurones in this plexus receive an extensive excitatory input which could be abolished by tubocurarine. 3. A proportion of neurones also received a single inhibitory input which was activated by transmural stimulation. 4. Some of the characteristics of the inhibitory potentials evoked by transmural stimulation are described. 5. The observations are discussed in relation to the concept of descending excitation (Hirst, Holman & McKirdy, 1975).", "contents": "Synaptic potentials recorded from neurones of the submucous plexus of guinea-pig small intestine. 1. Intracellular recordings have been made from neurones lying in the submucous plexus of guinea-pig mid small intestine. 2. Most neurones in this plexus receive an extensive excitatory input which could be abolished by tubocurarine. 3. A proportion of neurones also received a single inhibitory input which was activated by transmural stimulation. 4. Some of the characteristics of the inhibitory potentials evoked by transmural stimulation are described. 5. The observations are discussed in relation to the concept of descending excitation (Hirst, Holman & McKirdy, 1975).", "PMID": 1177096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6116", "title": "The relation between discrimination and sensitivity in the perception of motion in depth.", "content": "1. Binocular discrimination of the direction of a target's motion in depth was measured in terms of the smallest angular difference in direction that could be detected with a probability 50% better than chance. Directional discrimination was measured for targets moving along 16 different trajectories directed to the left and right of the nose. 2. The relative velocities of the retinal images in the left and right eyes gave a sensitive cue to the direction of the target's motion in depth. 3. The direction of motion was bets discriminated when the target moved along a line directed close to the nose. A change in direction of only 0.2 degrees from this direction of motion could be detected. Discrimination showed two other maxima, one on each side of the central maximum. Discrimination fell to about 0.6-0.8 degrees when the target's direction was changed by only 6 degrees to either side of the nose. 4. The curve of sensitivity to movement in depth had a generally inverse shape to the directional discrimination curve: sensitivity was minimal for trajectories directed near the nose and increased for trajectories directed so as to miss the head. 5. The directional discrimination curve can be related to the sensitivity curves of the four postulated neural mechanisms tuned to different directions of motion in depth; there are three discrimination maxima and, correspondingly, three trajectories for which the slopes of adjacent sensitivity curves differ maximally. This suggests that binocular psychophysical judgements of the direction along which a target moves in depth are to some extent mediated by neural mechanisms that compare (e.g. subtract) the outputs of directionally tuned movement detectors. One function of such neural comparators might be to enhance psychophysical sensitivity to the direction along which a target moves in depth, and thus to provide a physiological basis for precisely judging whether or not an object will hit the head. 6. We suggest that the neural basis for judging the direction of moving objects has an analogy in colour vision where opponent-colour mechanisms enhance sensitivity to wave-length differences in such a way that wave-lengths are more easily discriminated in those parts of the spectrum where the slopes of the pigment action spectra differ maximally.", "contents": "The relation between discrimination and sensitivity in the perception of motion in depth. 1. Binocular discrimination of the direction of a target's motion in depth was measured in terms of the smallest angular difference in direction that could be detected with a probability 50% better than chance. Directional discrimination was measured for targets moving along 16 different trajectories directed to the left and right of the nose. 2. The relative velocities of the retinal images in the left and right eyes gave a sensitive cue to the direction of the target's motion in depth. 3. The direction of motion was bets discriminated when the target moved along a line directed close to the nose. A change in direction of only 0.2 degrees from this direction of motion could be detected. Discrimination showed two other maxima, one on each side of the central maximum. Discrimination fell to about 0.6-0.8 degrees when the target's direction was changed by only 6 degrees to either side of the nose. 4. The curve of sensitivity to movement in depth had a generally inverse shape to the directional discrimination curve: sensitivity was minimal for trajectories directed near the nose and increased for trajectories directed so as to miss the head. 5. The directional discrimination curve can be related to the sensitivity curves of the four postulated neural mechanisms tuned to different directions of motion in depth; there are three discrimination maxima and, correspondingly, three trajectories for which the slopes of adjacent sensitivity curves differ maximally. This suggests that binocular psychophysical judgements of the direction along which a target moves in depth are to some extent mediated by neural mechanisms that compare (e.g. subtract) the outputs of directionally tuned movement detectors. One function of such neural comparators might be to enhance psychophysical sensitivity to the direction along which a target moves in depth, and thus to provide a physiological basis for precisely judging whether or not an object will hit the head. 6. We suggest that the neural basis for judging the direction of moving objects has an analogy in colour vision where opponent-colour mechanisms enhance sensitivity to wave-length differences in such a way that wave-lengths are more easily discriminated in those parts of the spectrum where the slopes of the pigment action spectra differ maximally.", "PMID": 1177097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6117", "title": "An analysis of the representation of the forelimb in the ventrobasal thalamic complex of the albino rat.", "content": "1. Glass micro-electrodes have been used to record from a total of 998 units situated in the ventrobasal thalamic complex in the deeply anaesthetized albino rat. 2. Of these units 889 responded to electrical stimulation of the contralateral forelimb and fifty-one to the contralateral hind limb. The remaining units consisted of those with receptive fields on the trunk, head and those which responded to stimulation of more than one limb. Only the latter group of units showed any spontaneous activity in the absence of intentional stimulation. 2. Of the units which responded to electrical stimulation of the contralateral forelimb the receptive fields, modality and latencies of response were accurately determined for 505 units. The mean latency to supramaximal stimulation at the wrist was 4.49 (+/- 0.04 S.E. of mean) msec; and to mechanical stimulation (for 146 of these units) at the centre of the receptive field 6.58 (+/- 0.12) msec. The modalities were distributed as follows: light pressure, 391; heavy pressure, 47; hair movement, 40; claw sensitive, 15 and joint movement, 12 units. 4. The forelimb representation within the ventrobasal thalamic complex was somatotopically organized, the over-all appearance being that of an incompletely closed fist, palmar surface uppermost, thumb media, with the wrist caudal and the digital tips rostral and dorsal. 5. The central projection was distorted, some parts showing expanded representation, notably the tips of digits II and III and the medial wrist pad. Other parts were contracted, e.g. the wrist, forearm and shoulder. 6. Units with receptive fields consisting of the whole of a walking pad had shorter mean latencies, to tactile stimulation, than those whose field was a single spot on a pad. 7. Units were found to show an abolute unresponsive time to the second of a pair of identical supramaximal electrical stimuli of up to 50 msec, and a relative unresponsive time which could last up to 500 msec. The absolute unresponsive and relative unresponsive times to the second of a pair of tactile stimuli was shorter being 30 and 150 msec respectively. 8. The effect of decortication was to increase the excitability of thalamic units to peripheral stimulation both in the initial and later discharges.", "contents": "An analysis of the representation of the forelimb in the ventrobasal thalamic complex of the albino rat. 1. Glass micro-electrodes have been used to record from a total of 998 units situated in the ventrobasal thalamic complex in the deeply anaesthetized albino rat. 2. Of these units 889 responded to electrical stimulation of the contralateral forelimb and fifty-one to the contralateral hind limb. The remaining units consisted of those with receptive fields on the trunk, head and those which responded to stimulation of more than one limb. Only the latter group of units showed any spontaneous activity in the absence of intentional stimulation. 2. Of the units which responded to electrical stimulation of the contralateral forelimb the receptive fields, modality and latencies of response were accurately determined for 505 units. The mean latency to supramaximal stimulation at the wrist was 4.49 (+/- 0.04 S.E. of mean) msec; and to mechanical stimulation (for 146 of these units) at the centre of the receptive field 6.58 (+/- 0.12) msec. The modalities were distributed as follows: light pressure, 391; heavy pressure, 47; hair movement, 40; claw sensitive, 15 and joint movement, 12 units. 4. The forelimb representation within the ventrobasal thalamic complex was somatotopically organized, the over-all appearance being that of an incompletely closed fist, palmar surface uppermost, thumb media, with the wrist caudal and the digital tips rostral and dorsal. 5. The central projection was distorted, some parts showing expanded representation, notably the tips of digits II and III and the medial wrist pad. Other parts were contracted, e.g. the wrist, forearm and shoulder. 6. Units with receptive fields consisting of the whole of a walking pad had shorter mean latencies, to tactile stimulation, than those whose field was a single spot on a pad. 7. Units were found to show an abolute unresponsive time to the second of a pair of identical supramaximal electrical stimuli of up to 50 msec, and a relative unresponsive time which could last up to 500 msec. The absolute unresponsive and relative unresponsive times to the second of a pair of tactile stimuli was shorter being 30 and 150 msec respectively. 8. The effect of decortication was to increase the excitability of thalamic units to peripheral stimulation both in the initial and later discharges.", "PMID": 1177098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6118", "title": "Is brain prostaglandin synthesis involved in responses to cold?", "content": "1. Experiments with rats have suggested that prostaglandin synthesis in the C.N.S. may mediate thermoregulatory reactions to cold. This possibility was investigated in cats using two types of experiment. 2. In one series of experiments, c.s.f. collected from the cisterna magna of conscious cats exposed to a cold and a hot environment was assayed for prostaglandin-like activity. During cold exposure there was a slight increase in activity which persisted after return to neutral ambient temperature. There was no correlation between prostaglandin-like activity and rectal temperature. During the heat exposure there was no demonstrable change in activity. 3. In the second series, conscious cats were exposed to cold conditions and given intravenous injections of salicylate, paracetamol, or indomethacin, all of which inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Indomethacin salicylate nor paracetamol caused any significant change in rectal temperature. 4. The results do not support a role for C.N.S. prostaglandin synthesis in thermoregulatory reactions to cold in cats.", "contents": "Is brain prostaglandin synthesis involved in responses to cold? 1. Experiments with rats have suggested that prostaglandin synthesis in the C.N.S. may mediate thermoregulatory reactions to cold. This possibility was investigated in cats using two types of experiment. 2. In one series of experiments, c.s.f. collected from the cisterna magna of conscious cats exposed to a cold and a hot environment was assayed for prostaglandin-like activity. During cold exposure there was a slight increase in activity which persisted after return to neutral ambient temperature. There was no correlation between prostaglandin-like activity and rectal temperature. During the heat exposure there was no demonstrable change in activity. 3. In the second series, conscious cats were exposed to cold conditions and given intravenous injections of salicylate, paracetamol, or indomethacin, all of which inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Indomethacin salicylate nor paracetamol caused any significant change in rectal temperature. 4. The results do not support a role for C.N.S. prostaglandin synthesis in thermoregulatory reactions to cold in cats.", "PMID": 1177099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6119", "title": "Bronchial hysteresis in excised lungs.", "content": "1. Intrapulmonary bronchi in excised dog lungs were outlined with tantalum dust and stereoscopic radiographs taken during deflation and inflation of the lung with air, saline, Ringer or EDTA solutions. Dimensions of airways as a percentage of their values at full inflation were calculated from measurements of the stereoscopic X-ray images. 2. The mean deflation-inflation diameter difference at a transpulmonary pressure of 5 cm H2O was 20% in the air-filled lung, 9% in the saline filled preparation and 2% after filling with EDTA in saline. 3. These results show that the intrapulmonary bronchi have an intrinsic hysteresis separate from the hysteresis imposed on them by the expansion of the surrounding parenchyma. This intrinsic hysteresis is mainly due to the tone of the smooth muscle in the bronchial wall.", "contents": "Bronchial hysteresis in excised lungs. 1. Intrapulmonary bronchi in excised dog lungs were outlined with tantalum dust and stereoscopic radiographs taken during deflation and inflation of the lung with air, saline, Ringer or EDTA solutions. Dimensions of airways as a percentage of their values at full inflation were calculated from measurements of the stereoscopic X-ray images. 2. The mean deflation-inflation diameter difference at a transpulmonary pressure of 5 cm H2O was 20% in the air-filled lung, 9% in the saline filled preparation and 2% after filling with EDTA in saline. 3. These results show that the intrapulmonary bronchi have an intrinsic hysteresis separate from the hysteresis imposed on them by the expansion of the surrounding parenchyma. This intrinsic hysteresis is mainly due to the tone of the smooth muscle in the bronchial wall.", "PMID": 1177100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6120", "title": "The velocity tuning of single units in cat striate cortex.", "content": "1. The activity of single units was recorded from the striate cortex (area 17) of anaesthetized, paralysed cats. Responses to stimuli moving at different velocities were examined. 2. Peak evoked firing frequency, rather than fotal evoked spikes, is used throughout as a measure of response. The former mea-ure gives curves of response vs. velocity that correlate well with curves of contrast sensitivity vs. velocity, wheras the latter does not. 3. Cortical receptive fields were classified according to the criteria of Hubel & Wiesel. Simple cells were found to prefer lower velocities (mean 2-2 deg sec-1) than complex cells( mean 18-8 deg sec-1). The response of simple cells to stimuli moving faster than 20 deg sec-1 is generally poor; complex cells usually discharge briskly to these speeds. 4. Cells classified as hypercomplex by the end-inhibition criterion were further chara-terized as type I or type II, according to the suggestion of Dreher (1972). Type I units are indistinguishable from simple cells in their velocity tuning, and type II units equally clearly resemble complex cells. These results are therefor consistent with Dreher's sbudivision. 5. Teh selectivity of cells for velocity is variable but can be quite marked. The average selectivities of simple and complex cells are not significantly different. There is an inverse correlation between preferred velocity and the sharpness of velocity selectivity for simple cells; no trend is apparent for other cell types. 6. No clear correlation is observed between the velocity preferances of units and their degree of direction selectivity, or receptive field arrangement. Simple cells with 'sustainef' temporal responses to flashed stimuli tend to prefer slower rates of movement than 'transient' ones, and to be less selective for velocity. 7. The results for different cortical cell-types are compared with the velocity tuning of X- and Y-cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus.", "contents": "The velocity tuning of single units in cat striate cortex. 1. The activity of single units was recorded from the striate cortex (area 17) of anaesthetized, paralysed cats. Responses to stimuli moving at different velocities were examined. 2. Peak evoked firing frequency, rather than fotal evoked spikes, is used throughout as a measure of response. The former mea-ure gives curves of response vs. velocity that correlate well with curves of contrast sensitivity vs. velocity, wheras the latter does not. 3. Cortical receptive fields were classified according to the criteria of Hubel & Wiesel. Simple cells were found to prefer lower velocities (mean 2-2 deg sec-1) than complex cells( mean 18-8 deg sec-1). The response of simple cells to stimuli moving faster than 20 deg sec-1 is generally poor; complex cells usually discharge briskly to these speeds. 4. Cells classified as hypercomplex by the end-inhibition criterion were further chara-terized as type I or type II, according to the suggestion of Dreher (1972). Type I units are indistinguishable from simple cells in their velocity tuning, and type II units equally clearly resemble complex cells. These results are therefor consistent with Dreher's sbudivision. 5. Teh selectivity of cells for velocity is variable but can be quite marked. The average selectivities of simple and complex cells are not significantly different. There is an inverse correlation between preferred velocity and the sharpness of velocity selectivity for simple cells; no trend is apparent for other cell types. 6. No clear correlation is observed between the velocity preferances of units and their degree of direction selectivity, or receptive field arrangement. Simple cells with 'sustainef' temporal responses to flashed stimuli tend to prefer slower rates of movement than 'transient' ones, and to be less selective for velocity. 7. The results for different cortical cell-types are compared with the velocity tuning of X- and Y-cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus.", "PMID": 1177101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6121", "title": "Effects of magnesium on contractile activation of skinned cardiac cells.", "content": "1. In the presence of a slight buffering of the free [Ca2+] with 0.050 mM total EGTA cyclic contractions were induced by a Ca2+-triggered release of Ca2+ on skinned (sarcolemma-free) segments of single cardiac cells from rat ventricle. The threshold of the free [Ca2+] trigger was elevated when the free [Mg2+] was increased. 2. At a suprathreshold free [Ca2+] increasing the free [Mg2+] resulted in a decrease in frequency and in an increase in amplitude of the phasic contractions. Addition of caffeine at a specified interval after a cyclic contraction produced a larger contraction when free [Mg2+] was higher. It was concluded that an increase of free [Mg2+] increased the capacity and the rate of binding for Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). 3. Small skinned fibres of skeletal muscle which were perfused with 10 mM caffeine yielded results similar to those obtained in skinned cardiac cells. It was concluded that the mechanism of action of free Mg2+ was similar in both preparations, but that the SR of skeletal muscle had a higher capacity and rate of binding for Ca2+ than the cardiac SR. 4. With a strong buffering of the free [Ca2+] with 4-0 mM total EGTA, a smaller tonic tension was developed for a given pCa in the presence of a higher free [Mg2+]. This result was nearly identical in skinned cells from cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue. 5. A decrease of the [MgATP2-] produced a tension in the skinned cardiac cells that were perfused in Ca2+ free media. The maximum tension was observed for [MgATP2-] 10(-5-50)M as in skinned fibres of skeletal muscle. A further decrease of [MgATP2-] resulted in a decrease of tension.", "contents": "Effects of magnesium on contractile activation of skinned cardiac cells. 1. In the presence of a slight buffering of the free [Ca2+] with 0.050 mM total EGTA cyclic contractions were induced by a Ca2+-triggered release of Ca2+ on skinned (sarcolemma-free) segments of single cardiac cells from rat ventricle. The threshold of the free [Ca2+] trigger was elevated when the free [Mg2+] was increased. 2. At a suprathreshold free [Ca2+] increasing the free [Mg2+] resulted in a decrease in frequency and in an increase in amplitude of the phasic contractions. Addition of caffeine at a specified interval after a cyclic contraction produced a larger contraction when free [Mg2+] was higher. It was concluded that an increase of free [Mg2+] increased the capacity and the rate of binding for Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). 3. Small skinned fibres of skeletal muscle which were perfused with 10 mM caffeine yielded results similar to those obtained in skinned cardiac cells. It was concluded that the mechanism of action of free Mg2+ was similar in both preparations, but that the SR of skeletal muscle had a higher capacity and rate of binding for Ca2+ than the cardiac SR. 4. With a strong buffering of the free [Ca2+] with 4-0 mM total EGTA, a smaller tonic tension was developed for a given pCa in the presence of a higher free [Mg2+]. This result was nearly identical in skinned cells from cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue. 5. A decrease of the [MgATP2-] produced a tension in the skinned cardiac cells that were perfused in Ca2+ free media. The maximum tension was observed for [MgATP2-] 10(-5-50)M as in skinned fibres of skeletal muscle. A further decrease of [MgATP2-] resulted in a decrease of tension.", "PMID": 1177102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6122", "title": "Pattern and flicker detection analysed by subthreshold summation.", "content": "1. We confirm Keesey's (1972) observation that, when a flickering line is viewed, there are distinct thresholds for detecting flicker (or movement) and for detecting a well localized line (pattern detection). Our measurements of the temporal sensitivity of these two mechanisms are similar to Keesey's. 2. The flicker and pattern detection mechanism have been analysed using subthreshold summation, i.e. by observing the effect of subthreshold flickering stimuli (lines and gratings) on the contrast threshold for a flickering test line. 3. The pattern detector shows linear spatial summation of contrast while the flicker detector is non-linear in this respect. 4. The receptive field of the (most sensitive) flicker detector is about two to four times broader than that of the pattern detector. 5. The flicker detector has relatively weak surround inhibition and so, unlike the pattern detector, it is sensitive to a uniform flickering field. 6. The spatial arrangement of the pattern detector is the same at all temporal frequencies (including steady presentation); for flicker detection, the width of the receptive field increases with temporal frequency and the strength of lateral inhibition decreases at high frequencies. 7. Flicker detectors of various widths were demonstrated by using different test stimuli (for 12 Hz modulation); surround ingibition was relatively weak for the broadest detector. 8. There is a delay of surround inhibition of about 3 ms for both flicker and pattern detection. 9. By using a broad test stimulus modulated at a high frequency, a detector can be found with no significant surround inhibition. At threshold, this stimulus produces a sensation of flicker without the appearance of lateral motion observed for finer test lines at lower frequencies. 10. The characteristics of pattern and flicker (movement) detection are compared to electrophysiological studies on X (sustained) and Y (transient) neurones respectively, and correlations are described for studies of temporal frequency response, non-linearity, width of receptive field, strength of the inhibitory surround and motion sensitivity.", "contents": "Pattern and flicker detection analysed by subthreshold summation. 1. We confirm Keesey's (1972) observation that, when a flickering line is viewed, there are distinct thresholds for detecting flicker (or movement) and for detecting a well localized line (pattern detection). Our measurements of the temporal sensitivity of these two mechanisms are similar to Keesey's. 2. The flicker and pattern detection mechanism have been analysed using subthreshold summation, i.e. by observing the effect of subthreshold flickering stimuli (lines and gratings) on the contrast threshold for a flickering test line. 3. The pattern detector shows linear spatial summation of contrast while the flicker detector is non-linear in this respect. 4. The receptive field of the (most sensitive) flicker detector is about two to four times broader than that of the pattern detector. 5. The flicker detector has relatively weak surround inhibition and so, unlike the pattern detector, it is sensitive to a uniform flickering field. 6. The spatial arrangement of the pattern detector is the same at all temporal frequencies (including steady presentation); for flicker detection, the width of the receptive field increases with temporal frequency and the strength of lateral inhibition decreases at high frequencies. 7. Flicker detectors of various widths were demonstrated by using different test stimuli (for 12 Hz modulation); surround ingibition was relatively weak for the broadest detector. 8. There is a delay of surround inhibition of about 3 ms for both flicker and pattern detection. 9. By using a broad test stimulus modulated at a high frequency, a detector can be found with no significant surround inhibition. At threshold, this stimulus produces a sensation of flicker without the appearance of lateral motion observed for finer test lines at lower frequencies. 10. The characteristics of pattern and flicker (movement) detection are compared to electrophysiological studies on X (sustained) and Y (transient) neurones respectively, and correlations are described for studies of temporal frequency response, non-linearity, width of receptive field, strength of the inhibitory surround and motion sensitivity.", "PMID": 1177103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6123", "title": "Effects of ionic concentration on sodium permeability properties of myelinated nerve fibres of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "1. The nodal currents of single myelinated nerve fibres were recorded under potential clamp conditions, and the effect of [Ca], [Na] and [K] in the external solution on some of the Na permeability properties were analysed. 2. [Ca], [Na] and [K] all affected the position of the steady-state Na inactivation (h) curve on the potential axis. The curve was displaced in positive direction by high ionic concentration. 3. The shift associated to different [Ca] was largest in low [Na] and [K]. Similarly the shift associated to different [Na] and [K] was largest in low [Ca]. 4. The maximum peak sodium permeability (max. peak - PNa) was affected by the [Ca], [Na] and [K]. It was greater in (i) low [Ca], (ii) high ([Na] + [K]) and (iii) high [Na]:[K] ratio. 5. The effect of [Ca] on peak - Na was mainly a consequence of a change in PNa (which is the value of PNa if activation were complete, m = 1, and inactivation fully removed, h = 1).", "contents": "Effects of ionic concentration on sodium permeability properties of myelinated nerve fibres of Xenopus laevis. 1. The nodal currents of single myelinated nerve fibres were recorded under potential clamp conditions, and the effect of [Ca], [Na] and [K] in the external solution on some of the Na permeability properties were analysed. 2. [Ca], [Na] and [K] all affected the position of the steady-state Na inactivation (h) curve on the potential axis. The curve was displaced in positive direction by high ionic concentration. 3. The shift associated to different [Ca] was largest in low [Na] and [K]. Similarly the shift associated to different [Na] and [K] was largest in low [Ca]. 4. The maximum peak sodium permeability (max. peak - PNa) was affected by the [Ca], [Na] and [K]. It was greater in (i) low [Ca], (ii) high ([Na] + [K]) and (iii) high [Na]:[K] ratio. 5. The effect of [Ca] on peak - Na was mainly a consequence of a change in PNa (which is the value of PNa if activation were complete, m = 1, and inactivation fully removed, h = 1).", "PMID": 1177104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6124", "title": "Atrial receptors and heart rate: the efferent pathway.", "content": "1. Stimulation of left atrial receptors by distension of the junctions between the pulmonary veins and the left atrium is known to cause a reflex increase in heart rate. It was suggested that the efferent path of this reflex was solely in the sympathetic nerves to the heart but more recently the existence of a vagal efferent component has been postulated by Albrook, Bennion & Ledsome (1972). 3. The junctions between the pulmonary veins and the levt atrium were distended before and after the administration of I.C.I. 66082 and bretylium tosylate. The response of an increase in heart rate was significantly decreased after the administration of I.C.I. 66082 (5 mg/kg) and abolished after the administration of bretylium tosylate (10 mg/kg). 3. It is concluded that the efferent pathway of the reflex is solely in the sympathetic nerves to the heart.", "contents": "Atrial receptors and heart rate: the efferent pathway. 1. Stimulation of left atrial receptors by distension of the junctions between the pulmonary veins and the left atrium is known to cause a reflex increase in heart rate. It was suggested that the efferent path of this reflex was solely in the sympathetic nerves to the heart but more recently the existence of a vagal efferent component has been postulated by Albrook, Bennion & Ledsome (1972). 3. The junctions between the pulmonary veins and the levt atrium were distended before and after the administration of I.C.I. 66082 and bretylium tosylate. The response of an increase in heart rate was significantly decreased after the administration of I.C.I. 66082 (5 mg/kg) and abolished after the administration of bretylium tosylate (10 mg/kg). 3. It is concluded that the efferent pathway of the reflex is solely in the sympathetic nerves to the heart.", "PMID": 1177105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6125", "title": "Transport of deutherium oxide across isolated rat small intestine.", "content": "1. Transport of deuterium oxide from a luminal perfusate containing 1% D2O was studied in Fisher & Gardners (1974) isolated preparation of perfused rat small intestine. 2. The kinetics of appearance of D2O in the intestinal secretion at the serosal surface fitted well to a single exponential function. 3. The steady-state concentration of D2O in this secretion was not significantly different from the concentration in the luminal perfusate. 4. The total tissue water contained D2O at a concentration, on average, 5% lower than that in the luminal perfusate. 5. There is no evidence to suggest discrimination in transport across the intestinal mucosa between H2O and D2O. 6. The kinetics of wash-in of D2O to intestinal secretion show that the ratio of flux out of the lumen to reflux back to the lumen is 1-38;1.", "contents": "Transport of deutherium oxide across isolated rat small intestine. 1. Transport of deuterium oxide from a luminal perfusate containing 1% D2O was studied in Fisher & Gardners (1974) isolated preparation of perfused rat small intestine. 2. The kinetics of appearance of D2O in the intestinal secretion at the serosal surface fitted well to a single exponential function. 3. The steady-state concentration of D2O in this secretion was not significantly different from the concentration in the luminal perfusate. 4. The total tissue water contained D2O at a concentration, on average, 5% lower than that in the luminal perfusate. 5. There is no evidence to suggest discrimination in transport across the intestinal mucosa between H2O and D2O. 6. The kinetics of wash-in of D2O to intestinal secretion show that the ratio of flux out of the lumen to reflux back to the lumen is 1-38;1.", "PMID": 1177106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6126", "title": "Prostaglandins, endotoxin and lipid A on body temperature in rats.", "content": "1. In unanaesthetized restrained rats kept at an ambient temperature of 21-23degrees C, rectal temperature was continuously monitored and the temperature effects of injections of prostaglandins, endotoxin from Salmonella abortus equi, lipid A, and antipyretics were examined. 2. Fever occurred when prostaglandin E1, E2, F1alpha or F2alpha (PGE1, PGE2, PGF1alpha, PGF2alpha) was injected into the cerebral ventricles in doses of 200 ng and 2 mug. PGE2 was the most potent prostaglandin followed in descending order by PGE1, PGF2alpha, and PGF1alpha. The fever produced by 2 mug of PGE1 and PGE2 was short and followed by a fall in temperature to below the pre-injection level. 3. I.V. injections of endotoxin and lipid A in doses of 3 or 10 mug usually caused a long lasting fall in temperature, but when injected into the cerebral ventricles in doses of 400 ng or 1 mug, they produced long lasting fevers. 4. Injected I.V. or I.P., indomethacin and paracetamol had a hypothermic action of their own. Indomethacin was more potent than paracetamol and both were more potent than injected I.P. 5. I.V. and I.P. injections of indomethacin and paracetamol  did not reverse the hypothermia in response to I.V. endotoxin or lipid A, but the fever responses to their injection into the cerebral ventricles were prevented and abolished by the antipyretics. 6. It is concluded that in rats endotoxin and lipid A, or the endogenous pyrogens produced by them, do not readily pass through the blood-brain barrier into the brain tissue. If they do reach brain tissue, as when injected into the cerebral ventricles, they stimulate synthesis and release of prostaglandin in rats as they do in other species, and thereby produce fever. The hypothermia in response to I.V. endotoxin or lipid A, on the other hand, is thought to be independent of prostaglandin synthesis and to result from a direct toxic action on the skin vessels.", "contents": "Prostaglandins, endotoxin and lipid A on body temperature in rats. 1. In unanaesthetized restrained rats kept at an ambient temperature of 21-23degrees C, rectal temperature was continuously monitored and the temperature effects of injections of prostaglandins, endotoxin from Salmonella abortus equi, lipid A, and antipyretics were examined. 2. Fever occurred when prostaglandin E1, E2, F1alpha or F2alpha (PGE1, PGE2, PGF1alpha, PGF2alpha) was injected into the cerebral ventricles in doses of 200 ng and 2 mug. PGE2 was the most potent prostaglandin followed in descending order by PGE1, PGF2alpha, and PGF1alpha. The fever produced by 2 mug of PGE1 and PGE2 was short and followed by a fall in temperature to below the pre-injection level. 3. I.V. injections of endotoxin and lipid A in doses of 3 or 10 mug usually caused a long lasting fall in temperature, but when injected into the cerebral ventricles in doses of 400 ng or 1 mug, they produced long lasting fevers. 4. Injected I.V. or I.P., indomethacin and paracetamol had a hypothermic action of their own. Indomethacin was more potent than paracetamol and both were more potent than injected I.P. 5. I.V. and I.P. injections of indomethacin and paracetamol  did not reverse the hypothermia in response to I.V. endotoxin or lipid A, but the fever responses to their injection into the cerebral ventricles were prevented and abolished by the antipyretics. 6. It is concluded that in rats endotoxin and lipid A, or the endogenous pyrogens produced by them, do not readily pass through the blood-brain barrier into the brain tissue. If they do reach brain tissue, as when injected into the cerebral ventricles, they stimulate synthesis and release of prostaglandin in rats as they do in other species, and thereby produce fever. The hypothermia in response to I.V. endotoxin or lipid A, on the other hand, is thought to be independent of prostaglandin synthesis and to result from a direct toxic action on the skin vessels.", "PMID": 1177107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6127", "title": "The mode of activation of pyramidal tract cells by intracortical stimuli.", "content": "1. Direct and indirect effects of intracortical stimulattion on pyramidal tract cells were compared in the monkey and in the cat under barbiturate or chloralose anaesthesia. The hind-limb motor areas were explored, that in the monkey only within the convex part of the precentral gyrus. The intracortical stimuli were applied in the nearest vicinity of pyramidal tract cells, where antidromic spike potentials of single cells were recorded. 2. Average records of descending volleys in corticospinal tract fibres were taken from the surface of the lateral funiculus or from its dissected fascicles. The sensitivity of the recording was sufficient to detect responses in single fibres. 3. The latencies of the earliest descending volleys evoked by weak intracortical stimuli were compared with the latencies of the antidromic spike potentials of pyramidal tract cells evoked by stimulation of the lateral funiculus at a low lumbar level (same conduction distance). Only in about one third of cases these latencies were similar and compatible with a direct activation of pyramidal tract cells. In the remaining cases they indicated mono- or polysynaptic activation of pyramidal tract cells. 4. Latencies of the later components of the descending volleys indicated that they were due to indirect activation of pyramidal tract cells in practically all cases. 5. The components of the descending volleys attributable to the indirect activation of pyramidal tract cells were greatly increased when repetitive intracortical stimuli were applied instead of single ones. 6. The investigation leads to the conclusion that a weak intracortical stimulation is relatively ineffective in a direct excitation of pyramidal tract cells and that the effects of such a stimulation are mainly indirect, especially when repetitive stimuli are used.", "contents": "The mode of activation of pyramidal tract cells by intracortical stimuli. 1. Direct and indirect effects of intracortical stimulattion on pyramidal tract cells were compared in the monkey and in the cat under barbiturate or chloralose anaesthesia. The hind-limb motor areas were explored, that in the monkey only within the convex part of the precentral gyrus. The intracortical stimuli were applied in the nearest vicinity of pyramidal tract cells, where antidromic spike potentials of single cells were recorded. 2. Average records of descending volleys in corticospinal tract fibres were taken from the surface of the lateral funiculus or from its dissected fascicles. The sensitivity of the recording was sufficient to detect responses in single fibres. 3. The latencies of the earliest descending volleys evoked by weak intracortical stimuli were compared with the latencies of the antidromic spike potentials of pyramidal tract cells evoked by stimulation of the lateral funiculus at a low lumbar level (same conduction distance). Only in about one third of cases these latencies were similar and compatible with a direct activation of pyramidal tract cells. In the remaining cases they indicated mono- or polysynaptic activation of pyramidal tract cells. 4. Latencies of the later components of the descending volleys indicated that they were due to indirect activation of pyramidal tract cells in practically all cases. 5. The components of the descending volleys attributable to the indirect activation of pyramidal tract cells were greatly increased when repetitive intracortical stimuli were applied instead of single ones. 6. The investigation leads to the conclusion that a weak intracortical stimulation is relatively ineffective in a direct excitation of pyramidal tract cells and that the effects of such a stimulation are mainly indirect, especially when repetitive stimuli are used.", "PMID": 1177108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6128", "title": "Projections of pyramidal tract cells to alpha-motoneurones innervating hind-limb muscles in the monkey.", "content": "1. We have investigated the spatial organization of monosynaptic corticospinal projections to hind-limb motoneurones, using near threshold stimulation of the surface of the precentral gyrus to activate pyramidal tract (PT) cells and intracellular recording from motoneurones to detect the resulting e.p.s.p.s. 2. Monosynaptic e.p.s.p.s. of cortical origin were seen in all motoneurone species investigated, those of distal as well as of proximal hind-limb muscles. The proportion of motoneurones in which the e.s.p.s. were evoked and the amplitudes of the latter indicated a more extensive cortical projection to motor nuclei for distal than for proximal muscles, as previously found for forelimb motoneurones. 3. Cortical areas from which monosynaptic e.p.s.p.s. were evoked in individual motoneurones were remarkably large, most often between 3 and 7 mm2. Several motoneurones appeared to have two or three separate areas within the hind-limb division of the motor cortex. 4. Areas of location of pyramidal tract cells projecting to various motoneurones innervating one muscle were usually not identical. They overlapped often only partially or did not overlap at all. 5. Areas of location of pyramidal tract cells projecting to motor nuclei for different muscles often showed an extensive overlap. When it occurred, various motoneurones of a given motor nucleus had common cortical projection areas with motoneurones of other motor nuclei, either to synergistic or to antagonistic muscles. Our results give further evidence for overlapping of areas of cortical projections to motoneurones and speak against a mosaic-like organization of pyramidal tract cells projecting to different motor nuclei. 6. The rise times of cortically evoked e.p.s.p.s. indicate that the corticospinal tract fibres terminate on motoneurones at approximately similar distances from the soma as group Ia afferents. The small amplitudes of the majority of e.p.s.p.s. evoked by near threshold cortical stimulation therefore suggest that unitary e.p.s.p.s of cortical origin are small and that the density of pyramidal tract cells projecting to individual motoneurones is usually low, even in the centrum of projection areas. 7. Effects of intracortical stimulation depended on the stimulus strength. With currents of 2-3 muA, e.p.s.p.s were usually evoked in one motoneurone species or in close synergists. With currents of 5-10 muA, largest e.p.s.p.s a number of other motoneurones. Latencies of descending volleys in the lumbar corticospinal tract indicated that intracortical stimuli activated pyramidal tract cells indirectly; the effects of these stimuli could thus not be used to indicate the location of pyramidal tract cells responsible for them.", "contents": "Projections of pyramidal tract cells to alpha-motoneurones innervating hind-limb muscles in the monkey. 1. We have investigated the spatial organization of monosynaptic corticospinal projections to hind-limb motoneurones, using near threshold stimulation of the surface of the precentral gyrus to activate pyramidal tract (PT) cells and intracellular recording from motoneurones to detect the resulting e.p.s.p.s. 2. Monosynaptic e.p.s.p.s. of cortical origin were seen in all motoneurone species investigated, those of distal as well as of proximal hind-limb muscles. The proportion of motoneurones in which the e.s.p.s. were evoked and the amplitudes of the latter indicated a more extensive cortical projection to motor nuclei for distal than for proximal muscles, as previously found for forelimb motoneurones. 3. Cortical areas from which monosynaptic e.p.s.p.s. were evoked in individual motoneurones were remarkably large, most often between 3 and 7 mm2. Several motoneurones appeared to have two or three separate areas within the hind-limb division of the motor cortex. 4. Areas of location of pyramidal tract cells projecting to various motoneurones innervating one muscle were usually not identical. They overlapped often only partially or did not overlap at all. 5. Areas of location of pyramidal tract cells projecting to motor nuclei for different muscles often showed an extensive overlap. When it occurred, various motoneurones of a given motor nucleus had common cortical projection areas with motoneurones of other motor nuclei, either to synergistic or to antagonistic muscles. Our results give further evidence for overlapping of areas of cortical projections to motoneurones and speak against a mosaic-like organization of pyramidal tract cells projecting to different motor nuclei. 6. The rise times of cortically evoked e.p.s.p.s. indicate that the corticospinal tract fibres terminate on motoneurones at approximately similar distances from the soma as group Ia afferents. The small amplitudes of the majority of e.p.s.p.s. evoked by near threshold cortical stimulation therefore suggest that unitary e.p.s.p.s of cortical origin are small and that the density of pyramidal tract cells projecting to individual motoneurones is usually low, even in the centrum of projection areas. 7. Effects of intracortical stimulation depended on the stimulus strength. With currents of 2-3 muA, e.p.s.p.s were usually evoked in one motoneurone species or in close synergists. With currents of 5-10 muA, largest e.p.s.p.s a number of other motoneurones. Latencies of descending volleys in the lumbar corticospinal tract indicated that intracortical stimuli activated pyramidal tract cells indirectly; the effects of these stimuli could thus not be used to indicate the location of pyramidal tract cells responsible for them.", "PMID": 1177109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6129", "title": "The effect of ouabain on ion transport across isolated sheep rumen epithelium.", "content": "1. The net flux of Na from the lumen to the blood side of isolated sheep rumen epithelium was reduced to zero in the third 30 min period after treatment with ouabain. 2. The net flux of K from blood to lumen side of the epithelium was reduced from 0-34 to 0-13 mumole/cm2. hr in the third 30 min period after ouabain treatment. 3. The net flux of Cl from lumen to blood side of the epithelium was reduced from 1-4 to 0-72 mumole/cm2. hr in the third 30 min period after ouabain treatment. 4. The results support the existence of a Cl pump independent of Na transport and also a K pump in sheep rumen epithelium.", "contents": "The effect of ouabain on ion transport across isolated sheep rumen epithelium. 1. The net flux of Na from the lumen to the blood side of isolated sheep rumen epithelium was reduced to zero in the third 30 min period after treatment with ouabain. 2. The net flux of K from blood to lumen side of the epithelium was reduced from 0-34 to 0-13 mumole/cm2. hr in the third 30 min period after ouabain treatment. 3. The net flux of Cl from lumen to blood side of the epithelium was reduced from 1-4 to 0-72 mumole/cm2. hr in the third 30 min period after ouabain treatment. 4. The results support the existence of a Cl pump independent of Na transport and also a K pump in sheep rumen epithelium.", "PMID": 1177110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6130", "title": "Characterization of acetylcholine receptors in the Schwann cell membrane of the squid nerve fibre.", "content": "1. The effects of alpha-bungarotoxin, nicotine and muscarine on the Schwann cell membrane potential have been studied in the giant nerve fibre of the squid. The external application of alpha-bungarotoxin (10(-6), 10(-8), 10(-9) M) irreversibly blocks the long-lasting Schwann cell hyperpolarizations following the conduction of nerve impulse trains by the axon. It also blocks the Schwann cell hyperpolarizing response to the external application of carbamylcholine (10(-6)M) to the resting nerve fibre. 2. Externally applied D-tubocurarine (10(-5)M) protects against the irreversible action of alpha-bungarotoxin (10(-9)M) on the Schwann cell. Within 10 min of reimmersion in toxin-free sea water there is complete recovery of the Schwann cell hyperpolarizing response to carbamylcholine (10(-6)M) which had been initially abolished. 3. Nicotine (10(-6)M) induces a prolonged hyperpolarization of the Schwann cells in the resting nerve fibre, wheras at the same concentration, muscarine has no appreciable effect on the Schwann cell membrane potential. 4. None of these drugs, at the concnetrations utilized in the present study, had any appreciable effect on the resting and action potentials of the axon. 5. These findings show the presence of acetylcholine receptors of the nicotinic type in the Schwann cell membrane, and give further support to the hypothesis on the role of the acetylcholine system in the genesis of the long-lasting Schwann cell hyperpolarizations caused by the conduction of nerve impulse trains by the axon.", "contents": "Characterization of acetylcholine receptors in the Schwann cell membrane of the squid nerve fibre. 1. The effects of alpha-bungarotoxin, nicotine and muscarine on the Schwann cell membrane potential have been studied in the giant nerve fibre of the squid. The external application of alpha-bungarotoxin (10(-6), 10(-8), 10(-9) M) irreversibly blocks the long-lasting Schwann cell hyperpolarizations following the conduction of nerve impulse trains by the axon. It also blocks the Schwann cell hyperpolarizing response to the external application of carbamylcholine (10(-6)M) to the resting nerve fibre. 2. Externally applied D-tubocurarine (10(-5)M) protects against the irreversible action of alpha-bungarotoxin (10(-9)M) on the Schwann cell. Within 10 min of reimmersion in toxin-free sea water there is complete recovery of the Schwann cell hyperpolarizing response to carbamylcholine (10(-6)M) which had been initially abolished. 3. Nicotine (10(-6)M) induces a prolonged hyperpolarization of the Schwann cells in the resting nerve fibre, wheras at the same concentration, muscarine has no appreciable effect on the Schwann cell membrane potential. 4. None of these drugs, at the concnetrations utilized in the present study, had any appreciable effect on the resting and action potentials of the axon. 5. These findings show the presence of acetylcholine receptors of the nicotinic type in the Schwann cell membrane, and give further support to the hypothesis on the role of the acetylcholine system in the genesis of the long-lasting Schwann cell hyperpolarizations caused by the conduction of nerve impulse trains by the axon.", "PMID": 1177111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6131", "title": "Effects of stimulating the acetylcholine receptor on the current-voltage relationships of the smooth muscle membrane studied by voltage clamp of potential recorded by micro-electrode.", "content": "1. A double sucrose-gap voltage-clamp technique is described for use on smooth muscle strips longer than about 2 mm. It involves intracellular recording by microelectrode of the membrane potential of a narrow region of the strip (\"node\") sandwiched between two streams of deionized sucrose solution. Current was passed into the node across one or both sucrose streams. 2. Preliminary experiments in which potential was recorded intracellularly at two points during polarization of a \"short cable\" preparation, formed by folding over a strip of smooth muscle, suggested that a node width of less than 0-15 mm was needed to achieve uniform potential during inward current flow. However, when node width between sucrose-gaps was reduced to 0-5 mm, spontaneous electrical activity was lost, and below 0-5 mm spike threshold was raised and the regenerative spike became graded. The currents flowing during the application of rectangular voltage-clamp command potentials were described. 3. Using taenia smooth muscle it was shown by recording with a second, independent micro-electrode that potential was not uniform for up to 200 ms or more following a step change in potential under voltage-clamp in nodes 0-4-0-5 mm wide where current was passed across both sucrose gaps. However, reasonably uniform nodal potentials were obtained using ramps with relatively slow rates of rise (25 mV/s). 4. Using such slow ramp commands under voltage clamp, the effects of carbachol on the current-voltage relationship of longitudinal muscle of ileum and taenia were studied in hypertonic solution. 5. In the presence of carbachol (10(-6) to 10(-5) g/ml.) additional inward current flowed across the membrane (in some experiments an equilibrium potential was observed at which this current reversed direction). The magnitude of this additional current was linearly related to potential at potentials negative to the resting potential. At potentials positive to the resting membrane potential, this additional current increased with depolarization over the range -40 to -10 mV; in ileum the effect of this additional inward current on the current-voltage relationship was to produce a region of net inward current where before, in the absence of carbachol, a net outward current existed. In taenia the additional inward current flowing in the presence of carbachol was too small to produce a region of net inward current; thus carbachol produced regenerative slow oscillations of potential (slow waves) in ileum but not in taenia. 6. These results support a previous suggestion that activation of the acetylcholine receptor of ileal smooth muscle produces an additional inward current in the membrane which increases with depolarization and is responsible for the regenerative slow waves seen when muscarinic stimulants are applied. A similar effect apparently operates in taenia but the additional inward current is too small to produce regenerative slow waves.", "contents": "Effects of stimulating the acetylcholine receptor on the current-voltage relationships of the smooth muscle membrane studied by voltage clamp of potential recorded by micro-electrode. 1. A double sucrose-gap voltage-clamp technique is described for use on smooth muscle strips longer than about 2 mm. It involves intracellular recording by microelectrode of the membrane potential of a narrow region of the strip (\"node\") sandwiched between two streams of deionized sucrose solution. Current was passed into the node across one or both sucrose streams. 2. Preliminary experiments in which potential was recorded intracellularly at two points during polarization of a \"short cable\" preparation, formed by folding over a strip of smooth muscle, suggested that a node width of less than 0-15 mm was needed to achieve uniform potential during inward current flow. However, when node width between sucrose-gaps was reduced to 0-5 mm, spontaneous electrical activity was lost, and below 0-5 mm spike threshold was raised and the regenerative spike became graded. The currents flowing during the application of rectangular voltage-clamp command potentials were described. 3. Using taenia smooth muscle it was shown by recording with a second, independent micro-electrode that potential was not uniform for up to 200 ms or more following a step change in potential under voltage-clamp in nodes 0-4-0-5 mm wide where current was passed across both sucrose gaps. However, reasonably uniform nodal potentials were obtained using ramps with relatively slow rates of rise (25 mV/s). 4. Using such slow ramp commands under voltage clamp, the effects of carbachol on the current-voltage relationship of longitudinal muscle of ileum and taenia were studied in hypertonic solution. 5. In the presence of carbachol (10(-6) to 10(-5) g/ml.) additional inward current flowed across the membrane (in some experiments an equilibrium potential was observed at which this current reversed direction). The magnitude of this additional current was linearly related to potential at potentials negative to the resting potential. At potentials positive to the resting membrane potential, this additional current increased with depolarization over the range -40 to -10 mV; in ileum the effect of this additional inward current on the current-voltage relationship was to produce a region of net inward current where before, in the absence of carbachol, a net outward current existed. In taenia the additional inward current flowing in the presence of carbachol was too small to produce a region of net inward current; thus carbachol produced regenerative slow oscillations of potential (slow waves) in ileum but not in taenia. 6. These results support a previous suggestion that activation of the acetylcholine receptor of ileal smooth muscle produces an additional inward current in the membrane which increases with depolarization and is responsible for the regenerative slow waves seen when muscarinic stimulants are applied. A similar effect apparently operates in taenia but the additional inward current is too small to produce regenerative slow waves.", "PMID": 1177118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6132", "title": "The mechanism of acute renal ischaemia caused by adrenalectomy in the rat.", "content": "1. The acute reduction of renal blood flow following adrenalectomy in the rat, which had previously been shown to be associated with sequestration of blood volume in the splanchnic area, was further investigated. An attempt was made to define the role of the renal sympathetic nerves in causing the blood flow change. 2. The systemic and renal intra-arterial administration of phenoxybenzamine, isoprenaline and propranolol and denervation of the renal pedicle failed to re-establish normal renal function. 3. Infusion of P113 (sarcosyl1 alanine8), an angiotensin blocker, failed to improve renal function. 4. In contrast, volume replacement with high-molecular weight PVP caused a prompt increase of RPF and GFR without altering arterial pressure and central venous pressure. 5. Angiographic studies demonstrated that the calibre of the aorta of adrenalectomized rats was significantly smaller than that of the sham operated and increased after the administration of this plasma volume expander. 6. It was concluded that after adrenalectomy the major arteries readjusted their calibre to the reduced volume of blood in the arterial tree with maintenance of a constant pressure/volume relationship. Their contracted state in the case of the kidney then led to flow reduction.", "contents": "The mechanism of acute renal ischaemia caused by adrenalectomy in the rat. 1. The acute reduction of renal blood flow following adrenalectomy in the rat, which had previously been shown to be associated with sequestration of blood volume in the splanchnic area, was further investigated. An attempt was made to define the role of the renal sympathetic nerves in causing the blood flow change. 2. The systemic and renal intra-arterial administration of phenoxybenzamine, isoprenaline and propranolol and denervation of the renal pedicle failed to re-establish normal renal function. 3. Infusion of P113 (sarcosyl1 alanine8), an angiotensin blocker, failed to improve renal function. 4. In contrast, volume replacement with high-molecular weight PVP caused a prompt increase of RPF and GFR without altering arterial pressure and central venous pressure. 5. Angiographic studies demonstrated that the calibre of the aorta of adrenalectomized rats was significantly smaller than that of the sham operated and increased after the administration of this plasma volume expander. 6. It was concluded that after adrenalectomy the major arteries readjusted their calibre to the reduced volume of blood in the arterial tree with maintenance of a constant pressure/volume relationship. Their contracted state in the case of the kidney then led to flow reduction.", "PMID": 1177121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6133", "title": "Actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid on sympathetic ganglion cells.", "content": "1. Responses of single ganglion cells in the isolated rat superior cervical ganglion to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) applied via the bathing medium were recorded using intracellular micro-electrodes. 2. GABA produced a large fall in cell input resistance, frequently to immeasurable levels. In thirteen cells showing a modest response to 100 muM GABA, input resistance fell from 50-5 +/-9-5 to 15.9 +/- 3-2 Momega (means +/- S.E. of mean). After correction for resistance leaks introduced by the impaling electrode, the resting membrane resistance Rm and the resistance of the GABA-shunt Rg in these cells were calculated to be 79-3 +/- 16-6 and 35-0 +/- 9-5 Momega respectively. 3. Cells with recorded resting membrane potentials greater than -42 mV were depolarized by GABA; at resting potential less than -42 mV they were hyperpolarized...", "contents": "Actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid on sympathetic ganglion cells. 1. Responses of single ganglion cells in the isolated rat superior cervical ganglion to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) applied via the bathing medium were recorded using intracellular micro-electrodes. 2. GABA produced a large fall in cell input resistance, frequently to immeasurable levels. In thirteen cells showing a modest response to 100 muM GABA, input resistance fell from 50-5 +/-9-5 to 15.9 +/- 3-2 Momega (means +/- S.E. of mean). After correction for resistance leaks introduced by the impaling electrode, the resting membrane resistance Rm and the resistance of the GABA-shunt Rg in these cells were calculated to be 79-3 +/- 16-6 and 35-0 +/- 9-5 Momega respectively. 3. Cells with recorded resting membrane potentials greater than -42 mV were depolarized by GABA; at resting potential less than -42 mV they were hyperpolarized...", "PMID": 1177140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6134", "title": "Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in smooth muscle cells of taenia coli in relation to active ion transport.", "content": "1. The O2 consumption and lactic acid production of the guinea-pig's taenia coli have been studied in relation to the active Na-K transport, in order to estimate the ratio: active Na extrusion/active K uptake/ATP hydrolysis. 2. By applying different procedures of partial metabolic ingibition, it was found that a reactivation of the active Na-K transport in K-depleted tissues could occur in an anaerobic medium, provided glucose was present and in an aerobic medium free of added metabolizable substrate. The active Na-K transport was rapidly blocked in an anaerobic-substrate free medium. 3. Readmission of K to K-depleted tissues under aerobic conditions stimulates both O2 consumption and lactic acid production. While the O2 consumption creeps up slowly and requires 50 min to reach control values, the aerobic lactic acid production increases to a maximum within 10 min and decreases again during the next 50 min to its steady-state value. 4. A reactivation of the Na-pump in K-depleted cells in a N2-glucose medium causes an immediate increase of the lactic acid production, which decreases to its control value after 60 min. The maximal increase in anaerobic lactic acid production during reactivation of the Na-K pump is a function of [K]O. The system can be cescribed with first order kinetics having a Vmax = 0-72 mumole.g-1 f. wt. min-1 and a Km = 1-1 mM. 5. By varying the glucose concentration of [K]O during reactivation of the Na-K pump, different Na-K pumping rates can be obtained. The ratios net Na extrusion/ATP or net K accumulation/ATP amount to -1-32 +/- 0-19 (36) and 1-02 +/- 0-11 (36), in the experiments with different glucose concentrations. Taking into account the interference by net passive fluxes, one can estimate a ratio:active Na transport/active K transport/ATP, of 1-7/0-8/1. This ratio is not very different from the values observed in other tissues.", "contents": "Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in smooth muscle cells of taenia coli in relation to active ion transport. 1. The O2 consumption and lactic acid production of the guinea-pig's taenia coli have been studied in relation to the active Na-K transport, in order to estimate the ratio: active Na extrusion/active K uptake/ATP hydrolysis. 2. By applying different procedures of partial metabolic ingibition, it was found that a reactivation of the active Na-K transport in K-depleted tissues could occur in an anaerobic medium, provided glucose was present and in an aerobic medium free of added metabolizable substrate. The active Na-K transport was rapidly blocked in an anaerobic-substrate free medium. 3. Readmission of K to K-depleted tissues under aerobic conditions stimulates both O2 consumption and lactic acid production. While the O2 consumption creeps up slowly and requires 50 min to reach control values, the aerobic lactic acid production increases to a maximum within 10 min and decreases again during the next 50 min to its steady-state value. 4. A reactivation of the Na-pump in K-depleted cells in a N2-glucose medium causes an immediate increase of the lactic acid production, which decreases to its control value after 60 min. The maximal increase in anaerobic lactic acid production during reactivation of the Na-K pump is a function of [K]O. The system can be cescribed with first order kinetics having a Vmax = 0-72 mumole.g-1 f. wt. min-1 and a Km = 1-1 mM. 5. By varying the glucose concentration of [K]O during reactivation of the Na-K pump, different Na-K pumping rates can be obtained. The ratios net Na extrusion/ATP or net K accumulation/ATP amount to -1-32 +/- 0-19 (36) and 1-02 +/- 0-11 (36), in the experiments with different glucose concentrations. Taking into account the interference by net passive fluxes, one can estimate a ratio:active Na transport/active K transport/ATP, of 1-7/0-8/1. This ratio is not very different from the values observed in other tissues.", "PMID": 1177141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6135", "title": "Effect of intracellular injection of calcium and strontium on cell communication in heart.", "content": "1. The influence of Ca and Sr on the electrical coupling of canine Purkinje cells was investigated by injecting the ions electrophoretically into the cytoplasm. 2. It was found that the intracellular injection produced electrical uncoupling which was spontaneously reversed. 3. No change in resting potential of the cell adjacent to the injection site was found except in those fibres not completely healed. 4. The input resistance of the injected cell increased concomitantly with the establishment of the electrical uncoupling. 5. Caffeine (6mM), added to the extracellular fluid, reduced the rate of spontaneous recoupling. Reduction of temperature of the Tyrode solution had the same effect. 6. The abolition of cell communication produced by Ca injection seems to indicate that the ion plays an important role in the control of junctional conductance in heart fibres.", "contents": "Effect of intracellular injection of calcium and strontium on cell communication in heart. 1. The influence of Ca and Sr on the electrical coupling of canine Purkinje cells was investigated by injecting the ions electrophoretically into the cytoplasm. 2. It was found that the intracellular injection produced electrical uncoupling which was spontaneously reversed. 3. No change in resting potential of the cell adjacent to the injection site was found except in those fibres not completely healed. 4. The input resistance of the injected cell increased concomitantly with the establishment of the electrical uncoupling. 5. Caffeine (6mM), added to the extracellular fluid, reduced the rate of spontaneous recoupling. Reduction of temperature of the Tyrode solution had the same effect. 6. The abolition of cell communication produced by Ca injection seems to indicate that the ion plays an important role in the control of junctional conductance in heart fibres.", "PMID": 1177142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6136", "title": "The effectiveness of bicuculline as an antagonist of GABA and visually evoked inhibition in the cat's striate cortex.", "content": "1. The iontophoretic application of the alkaloid bicuculline to neurones in area 17 of the cat's visual cortex effectively antagonized the inhibitory action of iontophoretically applied GABA in fifty-four out of sixty-two neurones examined. It had little or no effect on the inhibitory action of iontophoretically applied glycine. 2. At the stage that the iontophoretic application of bicuculline blocked the inhibitory action of GABA it also reduced or blocked visually evoked inhibitory influences acting on forty-three of the fifty-four cells. This effect on visually evoked inhibition was not reproduced by simply raising the neural spontaneous activity with iontophoretically applied glutamate. 3. For those seven neurones where the iontophoresis of bicuculline failed to block the inhibitory action of iontophoretically applied GABA it also failed to produce any change in visually evoked inhibition. 4. In all cases where a visually evoked inhibition of a cells resting discharge was reduced by the iontophoretic application of bicuculline, the inhibitory response was replaced by an excitatory response. The application of bicuculline also revealed excitatory responses to certain of the visual stimuli that previously appeared to exert neither inhibitory nor excitatory effects on a cell, and often where cells normally exhibited small excitatory responses it produced large increases in the magnitude of the evoked response. 5. These results indicate that the normal responses of the neurones examined in the present work, to the particular visual stimuli used, reflect an interaction between simultaneously evoked excitatory and inhibitory inputs. It is suggested that the iontophoretic application of bicuculline by blocking or reducing the inhibitory input moves the balance between the inputs in favour of the excitatory input. 6. The present results support the view that GABA is an inhibitory transmitter in the visual cortex.", "contents": "The effectiveness of bicuculline as an antagonist of GABA and visually evoked inhibition in the cat's striate cortex. 1. The iontophoretic application of the alkaloid bicuculline to neurones in area 17 of the cat's visual cortex effectively antagonized the inhibitory action of iontophoretically applied GABA in fifty-four out of sixty-two neurones examined. It had little or no effect on the inhibitory action of iontophoretically applied glycine. 2. At the stage that the iontophoretic application of bicuculline blocked the inhibitory action of GABA it also reduced or blocked visually evoked inhibitory influences acting on forty-three of the fifty-four cells. This effect on visually evoked inhibition was not reproduced by simply raising the neural spontaneous activity with iontophoretically applied glutamate. 3. For those seven neurones where the iontophoresis of bicuculline failed to block the inhibitory action of iontophoretically applied GABA it also failed to produce any change in visually evoked inhibition. 4. In all cases where a visually evoked inhibition of a cells resting discharge was reduced by the iontophoretic application of bicuculline, the inhibitory response was replaced by an excitatory response. The application of bicuculline also revealed excitatory responses to certain of the visual stimuli that previously appeared to exert neither inhibitory nor excitatory effects on a cell, and often where cells normally exhibited small excitatory responses it produced large increases in the magnitude of the evoked response. 5. These results indicate that the normal responses of the neurones examined in the present work, to the particular visual stimuli used, reflect an interaction between simultaneously evoked excitatory and inhibitory inputs. It is suggested that the iontophoretic application of bicuculline by blocking or reducing the inhibitory input moves the balance between the inputs in favour of the excitatory input. 6. The present results support the view that GABA is an inhibitory transmitter in the visual cortex.", "PMID": 1177143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6137", "title": "The contribution of inhibitory mechanisms to the receptive field properties of neurones in the striate cortex of the cat.", "content": "1. The iontophoretic application of the GABA antagonist bicuculline to simple and complex cells in the striate cortex of the cat produced extensive modifications of receptive field properties. These modifications appear to relate to a block or reduction of GABA-mediated intracortical inhibitory influences acting on the cells examined. 2. For simple cells the effects of bicuculline on receptive field properties involved a loss of the subdivision of the receptive field into antagonistic \"on\" and \"off\" regions, a reduction in orientation specificity and a reduction or elimination of directional specificity. 3. The effect on the \"on\" and \"off\" subdivisions of the simple cell receptive field was such that all stationary flashing stimuli, whether covering the whole receptive field, or located within the receptive field over a previously determined \"on\" or \"off\" region, resulted in an \"on and off\" response. 4. The orientation specificity of complex cells was reduced during the application of bicuculline such that in many cases the original specificity of the cell was virtually lost with the response to the orientation at 90 degrees to the optimal being of similar magnitude to the optimal. The directional specificity of complex cells was generally less affected than that of simple cells. Often when large changes in orientation specificity were observed the directional specificity was relatively unaffected. 5. For some cells apparently showing to all visual stimuli only inhibitory responses, the application of bicuculline resulted in the appearance of excitatory responses. 6. In all cases receptive field properties reverted to the original state after termination of the bicuculline application. It was not generally possible to duplicate the effects of bicuculline by raising neuronal excitability with iontophoretically applied glutamate. 7. On the basis of these results it is suggested that the normal subdivision of the simple cell receptive field into separate \"on\" and \"off\" regions and its directional specificity are dependent on intracortical inhibitory processes that are blocked by bicuculline. The orientational tuning of simple cells conversely appears to be largely determined by the excitatory input but normally enhanced by lateral type inhibitory processes acting in the orientation domain. 8. It also appears that the excitatory input to some complex cells is not orientation specific. This suggests that for these cells it is extremely unlikely that they receive an orientation specific excitatory input from simple cells.", "contents": "The contribution of inhibitory mechanisms to the receptive field properties of neurones in the striate cortex of the cat. 1. The iontophoretic application of the GABA antagonist bicuculline to simple and complex cells in the striate cortex of the cat produced extensive modifications of receptive field properties. These modifications appear to relate to a block or reduction of GABA-mediated intracortical inhibitory influences acting on the cells examined. 2. For simple cells the effects of bicuculline on receptive field properties involved a loss of the subdivision of the receptive field into antagonistic \"on\" and \"off\" regions, a reduction in orientation specificity and a reduction or elimination of directional specificity. 3. The effect on the \"on\" and \"off\" subdivisions of the simple cell receptive field was such that all stationary flashing stimuli, whether covering the whole receptive field, or located within the receptive field over a previously determined \"on\" or \"off\" region, resulted in an \"on and off\" response. 4. The orientation specificity of complex cells was reduced during the application of bicuculline such that in many cases the original specificity of the cell was virtually lost with the response to the orientation at 90 degrees to the optimal being of similar magnitude to the optimal. The directional specificity of complex cells was generally less affected than that of simple cells. Often when large changes in orientation specificity were observed the directional specificity was relatively unaffected. 5. For some cells apparently showing to all visual stimuli only inhibitory responses, the application of bicuculline resulted in the appearance of excitatory responses. 6. In all cases receptive field properties reverted to the original state after termination of the bicuculline application. It was not generally possible to duplicate the effects of bicuculline by raising neuronal excitability with iontophoretically applied glutamate. 7. On the basis of these results it is suggested that the normal subdivision of the simple cell receptive field into separate \"on\" and \"off\" regions and its directional specificity are dependent on intracortical inhibitory processes that are blocked by bicuculline. The orientational tuning of simple cells conversely appears to be largely determined by the excitatory input but normally enhanced by lateral type inhibitory processes acting in the orientation domain. 8. It also appears that the excitatory input to some complex cells is not orientation specific. This suggests that for these cells it is extremely unlikely that they receive an orientation specific excitatory input from simple cells.", "PMID": 1177144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6138", "title": "The independence of channels in human vision selective for direction of movement.", "content": "1. Human visual selectivity for direction of movement was determined using a subthreshold summation technique. 2. The threshold contrast for detecting a drifting sinusoidal grating was found to be independent of the contrast of an added subthreshold grating which moved in the opposite direction. 3. The detection threshold for a counterphase flickering grating is twice that for a moving grating, suggesting that the visual system analyses a counterphase grating as the sum of two half-contrast gratings which move in opposite directions. 4. Threshold for a counterphase grating may be linearly reduced by the addition of subthreshold background gratings drifting in either direction. Additivity between counterphase grating and moving background is complete. 5. After adaptation to a drifting grating, the behaviour of counterphase detection threshold as a function of the contrast of a moving subthreshold background depends upon the direction of background movement. When the background moves in a direction opposite that of the adaptation stimulus, complete linear additivity results. When the background moves in the same direction as the adapting grating, counterphase threshold is constant for low background contrasts, but drops linearly for higher background contrasts. 6. The results support the hypothesis that directionally selective channels in human vision are independent contrast detectors. Counterphase gratings are detected by one or the other of these direction-specific mechanisms, whichever is momentarily the more sensitive.", "contents": "The independence of channels in human vision selective for direction of movement. 1. Human visual selectivity for direction of movement was determined using a subthreshold summation technique. 2. The threshold contrast for detecting a drifting sinusoidal grating was found to be independent of the contrast of an added subthreshold grating which moved in the opposite direction. 3. The detection threshold for a counterphase flickering grating is twice that for a moving grating, suggesting that the visual system analyses a counterphase grating as the sum of two half-contrast gratings which move in opposite directions. 4. Threshold for a counterphase grating may be linearly reduced by the addition of subthreshold background gratings drifting in either direction. Additivity between counterphase grating and moving background is complete. 5. After adaptation to a drifting grating, the behaviour of counterphase detection threshold as a function of the contrast of a moving subthreshold background depends upon the direction of background movement. When the background moves in a direction opposite that of the adaptation stimulus, complete linear additivity results. When the background moves in the same direction as the adapting grating, counterphase threshold is constant for low background contrasts, but drops linearly for higher background contrasts. 6. The results support the hypothesis that directionally selective channels in human vision are independent contrast detectors. Counterphase gratings are detected by one or the other of these direction-specific mechanisms, whichever is momentarily the more sensitive.", "PMID": 1177145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6139", "title": "Regional differences in the effect of bile salts on absorption by rat small intestine in vivo.", "content": "1. The hypothesis that endogenous bile salts influence water absorption in rat small intestine was tested in vivo. 2. Net water transport was measured under steady-state conditions during single-pass infusion of segments from three regions of the small intestine. Each segment served as its own control. 3. Delipidated rat bile, and solutions of the principal bile salts of the rat, taurocholate and glycocholate, reduced absorption in the proximal jejunum but not in the distal ileum. 4. 1-Palmitoyl,2-oleoyl lecithin, an important biliary lecithin, counteracted the inhibitory effect of taurocholate and of glycocholate on absorption. The presence of biliary lecithins probably explains why whole rat bile did not depress water absorption in the proximal jejunum. 5. Net water transport in the distal jejunum was inversely related to log10 (taurocholate concentration). 6. Endogenous bile salts may help to maintain the fluidity of the contents of the mid-small intestine in the rat after biliary and dietary lecithins have been absorbed.", "contents": "Regional differences in the effect of bile salts on absorption by rat small intestine in vivo. 1. The hypothesis that endogenous bile salts influence water absorption in rat small intestine was tested in vivo. 2. Net water transport was measured under steady-state conditions during single-pass infusion of segments from three regions of the small intestine. Each segment served as its own control. 3. Delipidated rat bile, and solutions of the principal bile salts of the rat, taurocholate and glycocholate, reduced absorption in the proximal jejunum but not in the distal ileum. 4. 1-Palmitoyl,2-oleoyl lecithin, an important biliary lecithin, counteracted the inhibitory effect of taurocholate and of glycocholate on absorption. The presence of biliary lecithins probably explains why whole rat bile did not depress water absorption in the proximal jejunum. 5. Net water transport in the distal jejunum was inversely related to log10 (taurocholate concentration). 6. Endogenous bile salts may help to maintain the fluidity of the contents of the mid-small intestine in the rat after biliary and dietary lecithins have been absorbed.", "PMID": 1177146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6140", "title": "Muscular reflex stimuli to the cardiovascular system during isometric contractions of muscle groups of different mass.", "content": "1. The cardiovascular responses to voluntary isometric contractions performed by human subjects are determined by the proportion of maximal tension achieved by the muscles contracting, and not by the mass of the contracting muscles, nor by the absolute tension achieved (Lind & McNicol, 1967; confirmed here). When two or more muscle groups contract simultaneously at different relative tensions, the increments in heart rate and blood pressure are the same as when the muscle group at the higher relative tension contracts alone at that tension (Lind & McNicol, 1967). It is known that there are both central and reflex stimuli to the cardiovascular system in exercise, and the present study examines whether the muscular reflex stimuli are related to the proportion of maximal tension achieved or to the mass of contracting muscle. 2. Isometric hind-limb contractions were induced in anaesthetized dogs and cats by stimulation of spinal ventral roots. Pressor responses to contraction of both hind limbs were greater than responses to contractions of either hind limb alone. No differences were observed between heart rate responses to single or combined hind-limb contractions. 3. When human subjects perform isometric contractions, a pressor response can be maintained beyond the conclusion of the exercise by occluding muscle blood flow. This response is generally attributed to a reflex set up in the muscle by the action of chemical factors on afferent nerves. When comparable pressor responses were evoked by comparable proportional efforts with either the whole hand or the little finger, it was found here that the pressor responses remaining during the period of post-exercise occlusion were greater when the greater mass of muscle had been exercised. 4. It is concluded that the muscular reflex drive in isometric exercise is related to the bulk of contracting muscle.", "contents": "Muscular reflex stimuli to the cardiovascular system during isometric contractions of muscle groups of different mass. 1. The cardiovascular responses to voluntary isometric contractions performed by human subjects are determined by the proportion of maximal tension achieved by the muscles contracting, and not by the mass of the contracting muscles, nor by the absolute tension achieved (Lind & McNicol, 1967; confirmed here). When two or more muscle groups contract simultaneously at different relative tensions, the increments in heart rate and blood pressure are the same as when the muscle group at the higher relative tension contracts alone at that tension (Lind & McNicol, 1967). It is known that there are both central and reflex stimuli to the cardiovascular system in exercise, and the present study examines whether the muscular reflex stimuli are related to the proportion of maximal tension achieved or to the mass of contracting muscle. 2. Isometric hind-limb contractions were induced in anaesthetized dogs and cats by stimulation of spinal ventral roots. Pressor responses to contraction of both hind limbs were greater than responses to contractions of either hind limb alone. No differences were observed between heart rate responses to single or combined hind-limb contractions. 3. When human subjects perform isometric contractions, a pressor response can be maintained beyond the conclusion of the exercise by occluding muscle blood flow. This response is generally attributed to a reflex set up in the muscle by the action of chemical factors on afferent nerves. When comparable pressor responses were evoked by comparable proportional efforts with either the whole hand or the little finger, it was found here that the pressor responses remaining during the period of post-exercise occlusion were greater when the greater mass of muscle had been exercised. 4. It is concluded that the muscular reflex drive in isometric exercise is related to the bulk of contracting muscle.", "PMID": 1177147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6141", "title": "Comparison of thermal exchanges in men and women under neutral and hot conditions.", "content": "1. The thermoregulatory responses in unacclimatized men and women were analysed and compared by means of standard heat exposure tests which allowed evaporative losses, body temperatures, heat storage and the complete thermal balance to be continuously recorded in all subjects. 2. The most pronounced differences were observed in delay before onset of sweating. Sweating always occurred faster with lower body temperatures in men than in women. The period immediately following ovulation was characterized by an increase in onset delay and a decrease in the sensitivity in sweating response compared with the pre-ovulation period. 3. The evaporative rate in the steady state did not change significantly in the post-ovulation period and was found to be higher in men who consequently had lower mean skin temperatures. Skin conductances, different under thermo-neutral conditions, were the same in men and women under hot conditions. 4. Women showed a more definite increase of body temperatures and heat storage than men due to delayed sweating and decreased sweating sensitivity. The body heat content in the steady state increased more markedly in women than in men. Furthermore, the highest heat storage values were found during the post-ovulation period. A high degree of correlation was found between body heat content and absolute onset delay. 5. The sweating kinetics and the transient phase just before the steady state of the thermal balance appeared to be decisive factors in the differentiation of the thermoregulatory behaviour in women before and after ovulation. Heat storage achieved during the transient phase and not made up by adequate evaporation seemed to be the cause of the large increase of body temperatures and heat content shown by women in hot environments.", "contents": "Comparison of thermal exchanges in men and women under neutral and hot conditions. 1. The thermoregulatory responses in unacclimatized men and women were analysed and compared by means of standard heat exposure tests which allowed evaporative losses, body temperatures, heat storage and the complete thermal balance to be continuously recorded in all subjects. 2. The most pronounced differences were observed in delay before onset of sweating. Sweating always occurred faster with lower body temperatures in men than in women. The period immediately following ovulation was characterized by an increase in onset delay and a decrease in the sensitivity in sweating response compared with the pre-ovulation period. 3. The evaporative rate in the steady state did not change significantly in the post-ovulation period and was found to be higher in men who consequently had lower mean skin temperatures. Skin conductances, different under thermo-neutral conditions, were the same in men and women under hot conditions. 4. Women showed a more definite increase of body temperatures and heat storage than men due to delayed sweating and decreased sweating sensitivity. The body heat content in the steady state increased more markedly in women than in men. Furthermore, the highest heat storage values were found during the post-ovulation period. A high degree of correlation was found between body heat content and absolute onset delay. 5. The sweating kinetics and the transient phase just before the steady state of the thermal balance appeared to be decisive factors in the differentiation of the thermoregulatory behaviour in women before and after ovulation. Heat storage achieved during the transient phase and not made up by adequate evaporation seemed to be the cause of the large increase of body temperatures and heat content shown by women in hot environments.", "PMID": 1177148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6142", "title": "The tendon organs of cat medial gastrocnemius: significance of motor unit type and size for the activation of Ib afferents.", "content": "1. Histological and histochemical studies suggest that each tendon organ in a mixed mammalian muscle should be particularly responsive to the contraction of a discrete number of motor units (ca. ten to fifteen), each with differing mechanical properties. This report describes physiological experiments that demonstrate this arrangement for the tendon organs of cat medial gastrocnemius. 2. No correlations could be found between the intensity of discharge of a single tendon organ and the contraction strengths of motor units whose contraction excited the receptor. Tendon organs were found to be as responsive to contraction of small slow twitch units as they were to contraction of larger fast twitch units. Taking the data as a whole, the apparent sensitivity of the receptors during motor unit contractions (pps/force recorded at the tendon) was inversely related to the contraction strengths of the motor units. 3. These findings are discussed in relation to recent evidence on the territory of single motor units in medial gastrocnemius and the force producing capabilities of their individual muscle fibres. It is concluded that in general each motor unit, whose contraction excites a given receptor, contributes one muscle fibre to the receptor capsule. Further, it appears that the various excitatory effects of those muscle fibres inserting into a given receptor capsule are not simply related to their relative contraction strengths but also depend on the details of the mechanical coupling between each fibre and the Ib afferent receptor endings. 4. The results of an ensemble analysis show that despite the lack of correlation between the intensity of tendon organ discharge and the force developed at the tendon during contraction of different motor units, a correlation does appear when the responses of several tendon organs and the forces developed by the motor units which excite them are summed progressively. This finding has implications for the recruitment order of motor units in that the profile of the collective Ib response is shown to differ according to whether motor unit forces are summed randomly or in order of increasing contraction strengths.", "contents": "The tendon organs of cat medial gastrocnemius: significance of motor unit type and size for the activation of Ib afferents. 1. Histological and histochemical studies suggest that each tendon organ in a mixed mammalian muscle should be particularly responsive to the contraction of a discrete number of motor units (ca. ten to fifteen), each with differing mechanical properties. This report describes physiological experiments that demonstrate this arrangement for the tendon organs of cat medial gastrocnemius. 2. No correlations could be found between the intensity of discharge of a single tendon organ and the contraction strengths of motor units whose contraction excited the receptor. Tendon organs were found to be as responsive to contraction of small slow twitch units as they were to contraction of larger fast twitch units. Taking the data as a whole, the apparent sensitivity of the receptors during motor unit contractions (pps/force recorded at the tendon) was inversely related to the contraction strengths of the motor units. 3. These findings are discussed in relation to recent evidence on the territory of single motor units in medial gastrocnemius and the force producing capabilities of their individual muscle fibres. It is concluded that in general each motor unit, whose contraction excites a given receptor, contributes one muscle fibre to the receptor capsule. Further, it appears that the various excitatory effects of those muscle fibres inserting into a given receptor capsule are not simply related to their relative contraction strengths but also depend on the details of the mechanical coupling between each fibre and the Ib afferent receptor endings. 4. The results of an ensemble analysis show that despite the lack of correlation between the intensity of tendon organ discharge and the force developed at the tendon during contraction of different motor units, a correlation does appear when the responses of several tendon organs and the forces developed by the motor units which excite them are summed progressively. This finding has implications for the recruitment order of motor units in that the profile of the collective Ib response is shown to differ according to whether motor unit forces are summed randomly or in order of increasing contraction strengths.", "PMID": 1177149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6143", "title": "Cell electrical potentials during enhanced sodium extrusion in guinea-pig kidney cortex slices.", "content": "1. Experiments were performed on outermost slices of the guinea-pig kidney which are mainly made up of proximal tubular cells. 2. Kidney cells loaded with Na+ by chilling at 0.6 degrees C for 2.5 hr, when subsequently rewarmed to 25 degrees C in a medium containing 16 mM-K+ extrude Na+ at enhanced speed for about 10 min. This Na+ movement is accompanied by efflux of Cl and influx of K+. 3. Measurements of cell potential during enhanced Na+ extrusion show that cells hyperpolarize to values about 30 mV more negative than the K+ equilibrium potential. 4. This hyperpolarization is only partly inhibited by 1 mM ouabain or by 2 mM ethacrynic acid but both agents added together suppress it completely. 5. With 16 mM-Rb instead of 16 mM-K the hyperpolarization is smaller. 6. A diminished extracellular K+ concentration outside of the cells, within the slice, can account for only a small part of the hyperpolarization. 7. The hyperpolarization is proportional to the rate of Na+ pumping. 8. Cl- seems to shunt the hyperpolarization to a greater extent than K+. 9. It is concluded that Na+ extrusion is capable of transferring electric charge across the membrane.", "contents": "Cell electrical potentials during enhanced sodium extrusion in guinea-pig kidney cortex slices. 1. Experiments were performed on outermost slices of the guinea-pig kidney which are mainly made up of proximal tubular cells. 2. Kidney cells loaded with Na+ by chilling at 0.6 degrees C for 2.5 hr, when subsequently rewarmed to 25 degrees C in a medium containing 16 mM-K+ extrude Na+ at enhanced speed for about 10 min. This Na+ movement is accompanied by efflux of Cl and influx of K+. 3. Measurements of cell potential during enhanced Na+ extrusion show that cells hyperpolarize to values about 30 mV more negative than the K+ equilibrium potential. 4. This hyperpolarization is only partly inhibited by 1 mM ouabain or by 2 mM ethacrynic acid but both agents added together suppress it completely. 5. With 16 mM-Rb instead of 16 mM-K the hyperpolarization is smaller. 6. A diminished extracellular K+ concentration outside of the cells, within the slice, can account for only a small part of the hyperpolarization. 7. The hyperpolarization is proportional to the rate of Na+ pumping. 8. Cl- seems to shunt the hyperpolarization to a greater extent than K+. 9. It is concluded that Na+ extrusion is capable of transferring electric charge across the membrane.", "PMID": 1177150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6144", "title": "Discharges of relay cells in lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat during spontaneous eye movements in light and darkness.", "content": "1. Discharges of 315 relay cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) during spontaneous eye movements were studied in alert cats. 2. When tested in a stationary patterned field, 114 cells showed sustained discharges related to the direction of gaze (S cells) and to local differences in luminance; 109 cells showed transient response to quick shifts of retinal image during saccades (T cells); ninety-two cells showed mixed responses (M cells), i.e. transient responses to rapid shifts of retinal image and sustained firing related to local differences in luminance. 3. Following saccades occurring in the light, T and M cells showed a burst discharge, while spontaneous discharges of S cells were completely suppressed for 150-200 msec. 4. When tested in total darkness, modifications in activity which were apparent in light disappeared completely. This was true for all 315 relay cells. 5. T cells responded to optic chiasm stimulation at shorter latencies (X = 1.15 msec) than S cells (X = 1.77 msec). M cells showed a latency distribution in between those for S and T cells with a mean latency 1.40 msec. 6. When tested with moving grating stimulation, S cells responded in only one manner; with discharges to each stripe of the grating (primary response), while T and M cells showed two different responses: a primary response to a slower motion and a non-specific burst in response to a faster motion. The burst did not reflect the stimulus pattern (secondary response). 7. When tested with diffuse light switched on and off over the tangent screen, S cells showed a sustained response either to light or darkness, whereas T and M cells responded transiently either to the onset or offset of the light, or to both. M cells occasionally showed a mixture of transient and sustained responses either to light or darkness. 8. In over-all response properties, most S cells correspond to X (sustained) cells and most T cells to Y (transient) cells previously known from acute experiments. M cells had intermediate response properties between X and Y cells. 9. Functional roles of these classes of cells in relation to previously proposed functions are discussed.", "contents": "Discharges of relay cells in lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat during spontaneous eye movements in light and darkness. 1. Discharges of 315 relay cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) during spontaneous eye movements were studied in alert cats. 2. When tested in a stationary patterned field, 114 cells showed sustained discharges related to the direction of gaze (S cells) and to local differences in luminance; 109 cells showed transient response to quick shifts of retinal image during saccades (T cells); ninety-two cells showed mixed responses (M cells), i.e. transient responses to rapid shifts of retinal image and sustained firing related to local differences in luminance. 3. Following saccades occurring in the light, T and M cells showed a burst discharge, while spontaneous discharges of S cells were completely suppressed for 150-200 msec. 4. When tested in total darkness, modifications in activity which were apparent in light disappeared completely. This was true for all 315 relay cells. 5. T cells responded to optic chiasm stimulation at shorter latencies (X = 1.15 msec) than S cells (X = 1.77 msec). M cells showed a latency distribution in between those for S and T cells with a mean latency 1.40 msec. 6. When tested with moving grating stimulation, S cells responded in only one manner; with discharges to each stripe of the grating (primary response), while T and M cells showed two different responses: a primary response to a slower motion and a non-specific burst in response to a faster motion. The burst did not reflect the stimulus pattern (secondary response). 7. When tested with diffuse light switched on and off over the tangent screen, S cells showed a sustained response either to light or darkness, whereas T and M cells responded transiently either to the onset or offset of the light, or to both. M cells occasionally showed a mixture of transient and sustained responses either to light or darkness. 8. In over-all response properties, most S cells correspond to X (sustained) cells and most T cells to Y (transient) cells previously known from acute experiments. M cells had intermediate response properties between X and Y cells. 9. Functional roles of these classes of cells in relation to previously proposed functions are discussed.", "PMID": 1177151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6145", "title": "The effect of aldosterone and the renin-angiotensin system on sodium, potassium and chloride transport by proximal and distal rat colon in vivo.", "content": "1. The roles of aldosterone and angiotensin in the direct control of epithelial sodium transport in vivo have been investigated by measurement of electrical p.d. changes and of the fluxes of sodium, potassium and chloride in rat colon, an organ actively involved in electrolyte homoeostasis. Exogenous angiotensin and aldosterone were given by both short- and long-term infusions and endogenous secretion of the hormones was varied by dietary sodium variation and by nephrectomy and/or adrenalectomy. 2. In vitro angiotensin has been shown to influence colonic salt and water absorption but in the present in vivo experiments administered angiotensin had no significant action on p.d. or on the ionic fluxes of the proximal or distal colon. The increase in p.d. produced by infusing aldosterone was unaffected by giving angiotensin concurrently. The effect of sodium depletion in stimulating sodium absorption and potassium secretion was completely abolished by adrenalectomy but was unaffected by nephrectomy. 3. During prolonged infusion of angiotensin into adrenalectomized rats, a small fall in faecal fluid and sodium content was observed, but this change would have little significance in sodium homoeostasis. 4. Aldosterone and sodium depletion stimulated sodium absorption in both proximal and distal colon but significant increase in potassium secretion was demonstrable only in the distal colon. Bicarbonate secretion (by calculation) was unaffected. In the proximal colon, the increased sodium absorption appeared to be accompanied by increased chloride absorption while in the distal colon it was principally the sodium-potassium exchange that was increased. 5. Adrenalectomy reduced potassium secretion in both proximal and distal colon but sodium absorption was only significantly reduced in the proximal colon. 6. It was concluded that there is no evidence that angiotensin in the living animal has a role as an important salt retaining hormone by direct epithelial action. Aldosterone has a considerable effect which is independent of the presence of angiotensin, and which differs in proximal and distal colon in regard to the relative effects on chloride absorption and potassium secretion.", "contents": "The effect of aldosterone and the renin-angiotensin system on sodium, potassium and chloride transport by proximal and distal rat colon in vivo. 1. The roles of aldosterone and angiotensin in the direct control of epithelial sodium transport in vivo have been investigated by measurement of electrical p.d. changes and of the fluxes of sodium, potassium and chloride in rat colon, an organ actively involved in electrolyte homoeostasis. Exogenous angiotensin and aldosterone were given by both short- and long-term infusions and endogenous secretion of the hormones was varied by dietary sodium variation and by nephrectomy and/or adrenalectomy. 2. In vitro angiotensin has been shown to influence colonic salt and water absorption but in the present in vivo experiments administered angiotensin had no significant action on p.d. or on the ionic fluxes of the proximal or distal colon. The increase in p.d. produced by infusing aldosterone was unaffected by giving angiotensin concurrently. The effect of sodium depletion in stimulating sodium absorption and potassium secretion was completely abolished by adrenalectomy but was unaffected by nephrectomy. 3. During prolonged infusion of angiotensin into adrenalectomized rats, a small fall in faecal fluid and sodium content was observed, but this change would have little significance in sodium homoeostasis. 4. Aldosterone and sodium depletion stimulated sodium absorption in both proximal and distal colon but significant increase in potassium secretion was demonstrable only in the distal colon. Bicarbonate secretion (by calculation) was unaffected. In the proximal colon, the increased sodium absorption appeared to be accompanied by increased chloride absorption while in the distal colon it was principally the sodium-potassium exchange that was increased. 5. Adrenalectomy reduced potassium secretion in both proximal and distal colon but sodium absorption was only significantly reduced in the proximal colon. 6. It was concluded that there is no evidence that angiotensin in the living animal has a role as an important salt retaining hormone by direct epithelial action. Aldosterone has a considerable effect which is independent of the presence of angiotensin, and which differs in proximal and distal colon in regard to the relative effects on chloride absorption and potassium secretion.", "PMID": 1177152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6146", "title": "Sweat gland function in isolated perfused skin.", "content": "1. A technique for perfusion of skin has been used to investigate a possible neurochemical basis for the different patterns of sweating in domestic animals. Evaporative water loss was measured from excised trunk skin, ears or tails perfused with a nutrient Krebs solution, to which drugs were added as required. Perfused skin was observed to sweat in response to administration of sudorific drugs, and some features of the patterns of sweating were similar to those which could be induced by heating or by drugs in conscious animals. 2. In sheep and goat skin, injections of adrenaline, and to a lesser extent of noradrenaline, elicited brief sweat discharges but these were not sustained when the drugs were infused during 10-20 min. Injections of isoprenaline, carbachol, 5-HT, bradykinin, oxytocin and histamine were all ineffective. 3. Injections of adrenaline into cattle skin evoked longer-lasting sweat discharges, and infusions of adrenaline elicited continuous discharges. Injections of noradrenaline and sometimes of bradykinin caused only brief sweat discharges; other drugs were ineffective. 4. In horse and donkey skin, injections or infusions of noradrenaline, oxytocin and bradykinin elicited brief discharges of sweat. Infusions of isoprenaline caused a continuous and profuse outflow of sweat. Infusions of adrenaline also caused a continuous discharge which was usually biphasic in its onset. Other drugs were ineffective. 5. Assuming that the brief sweat discharges are due to myoepithelial contractions and the continuous discharges to sustained increases in secretion, equine sweat glands seem to have a alpha-adrenergically controlled myoepithelium and a beta-adrenergically controlled secretory mechanism. Sheep and goats may have a similar alpha-adrenergic control of the sweat gland myoepithelium but only a feeble sweat secretory mechanism. In cattle, an alpha-adrenergic mechanism appears to control sweat secretion, but the control of the myoepithelium is uncertain.", "contents": "Sweat gland function in isolated perfused skin. 1. A technique for perfusion of skin has been used to investigate a possible neurochemical basis for the different patterns of sweating in domestic animals. Evaporative water loss was measured from excised trunk skin, ears or tails perfused with a nutrient Krebs solution, to which drugs were added as required. Perfused skin was observed to sweat in response to administration of sudorific drugs, and some features of the patterns of sweating were similar to those which could be induced by heating or by drugs in conscious animals. 2. In sheep and goat skin, injections of adrenaline, and to a lesser extent of noradrenaline, elicited brief sweat discharges but these were not sustained when the drugs were infused during 10-20 min. Injections of isoprenaline, carbachol, 5-HT, bradykinin, oxytocin and histamine were all ineffective. 3. Injections of adrenaline into cattle skin evoked longer-lasting sweat discharges, and infusions of adrenaline elicited continuous discharges. Injections of noradrenaline and sometimes of bradykinin caused only brief sweat discharges; other drugs were ineffective. 4. In horse and donkey skin, injections or infusions of noradrenaline, oxytocin and bradykinin elicited brief discharges of sweat. Infusions of isoprenaline caused a continuous and profuse outflow of sweat. Infusions of adrenaline also caused a continuous discharge which was usually biphasic in its onset. Other drugs were ineffective. 5. Assuming that the brief sweat discharges are due to myoepithelial contractions and the continuous discharges to sustained increases in secretion, equine sweat glands seem to have a alpha-adrenergically controlled myoepithelium and a beta-adrenergically controlled secretory mechanism. Sheep and goats may have a similar alpha-adrenergic control of the sweat gland myoepithelium but only a feeble sweat secretory mechanism. In cattle, an alpha-adrenergic mechanism appears to control sweat secretion, but the control of the myoepithelium is uncertain.", "PMID": 1177153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6147", "title": "Re-innervation of rat skeleton muscle in the presence of alpha-bungarotoxin.", "content": "1. The possible role of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors in controlling neuromuscular synapse formation was studied by blocking the receptors with alpha-bungarotoxin during re-innervationf the rat diaphragm. Anaesthetized and artificially respirated rats were perfused with toxin throughout the 3-day period when most re-innervation was shown to take place (from day 4 to day 6 after a nerve crush). 2. The toxin treatment blocked about 99.9% of both junctional and extrajunctional ACh receptors, thereby eliminating virtually all end-plate potentials. However, a low level of ACh sensitivity returned to the muscle after several hours of washing, and small end-plate potentials were then recorded from the majority of fibres on the side that previously had been denervated. The degree of re-innervation was nearly as great as that seen in control denervated muscles that had not been treated with toxin. 3. The presence of bungarotoxin during re-innervation did not significantly affect either the appearance of newly formed synapses in the light microscope or the amount of transmitter they released during nerve stimulation. 4. Double innervation, which was not seen in normal muscles, was found in about 10-15% of re-innervated fibres in both the untreated and toxin-treated preparations. This suggests that some of the synapses formed during re-innervation may have been made over what previously had been extrajunctional membrane. 5. It is therefore unlikely that the ACh receptor, or at least that part of the receptor to which bungarotoxin binds, plays a direct role in controlling the process of synapse formation in mammalian skeletal muscle...", "contents": "Re-innervation of rat skeleton muscle in the presence of alpha-bungarotoxin. 1. The possible role of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors in controlling neuromuscular synapse formation was studied by blocking the receptors with alpha-bungarotoxin during re-innervationf the rat diaphragm. Anaesthetized and artificially respirated rats were perfused with toxin throughout the 3-day period when most re-innervation was shown to take place (from day 4 to day 6 after a nerve crush). 2. The toxin treatment blocked about 99.9% of both junctional and extrajunctional ACh receptors, thereby eliminating virtually all end-plate potentials. However, a low level of ACh sensitivity returned to the muscle after several hours of washing, and small end-plate potentials were then recorded from the majority of fibres on the side that previously had been denervated. The degree of re-innervation was nearly as great as that seen in control denervated muscles that had not been treated with toxin. 3. The presence of bungarotoxin during re-innervation did not significantly affect either the appearance of newly formed synapses in the light microscope or the amount of transmitter they released during nerve stimulation. 4. Double innervation, which was not seen in normal muscles, was found in about 10-15% of re-innervated fibres in both the untreated and toxin-treated preparations. This suggests that some of the synapses formed during re-innervation may have been made over what previously had been extrajunctional membrane. 5. It is therefore unlikely that the ACh receptor, or at least that part of the receptor to which bungarotoxin binds, plays a direct role in controlling the process of synapse formation in mammalian skeletal muscle...", "PMID": 1177154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6148", "title": "Ion fluxes during the inhibitory junction potential in the guinea-pig taenia coli.", "content": "1. Contribution of different ions to the inhibitory junction potential (i.j.p.) in the guinea-pig taenia coli was studied by measuring the 42K, 24Na and 36Cl fluxes, the membrane resistance and the influence of various external ion concentrations. 2. The membrane resistance, as measured by the electrotonic potential, decreased transiently during the i.j.p. A maximal reduction of the electrotonic potential of about 50% was found at the top of the i.j.p. 3. The i.j.p. amplitude could be reduced by raising the external potassium concentration. Extrapolation of the relationship observed shows that the inhibitory response would be abolished at 115 mM potassium. Similar experiments were made in chloride-free medium, chloride being replaced by isethionate. Amplitude and time course of the response were not different in chloride containing Locke solution and chloride-free medium. 4. The half-times of 42K, 24Na and 36Cl effluxes during rest were 29, 10 and 9 min respectively. The 42K-efflux from the preparation was markedly increased to about three times the resting efflux during field stimulation. In low-chloride solution a similar effect on 42K-efflux was observed during field stimulation. Only a slight increase in the chloride efflux was observed but the sodium efflux was not affected during field stimulation. 5. From the results presented it is concluded that the inhibitory junction potential is caused by a selective increase in potassium permeability of the smooth-muscle cell membrane.", "contents": "Ion fluxes during the inhibitory junction potential in the guinea-pig taenia coli. 1. Contribution of different ions to the inhibitory junction potential (i.j.p.) in the guinea-pig taenia coli was studied by measuring the 42K, 24Na and 36Cl fluxes, the membrane resistance and the influence of various external ion concentrations. 2. The membrane resistance, as measured by the electrotonic potential, decreased transiently during the i.j.p. A maximal reduction of the electrotonic potential of about 50% was found at the top of the i.j.p. 3. The i.j.p. amplitude could be reduced by raising the external potassium concentration. Extrapolation of the relationship observed shows that the inhibitory response would be abolished at 115 mM potassium. Similar experiments were made in chloride-free medium, chloride being replaced by isethionate. Amplitude and time course of the response were not different in chloride containing Locke solution and chloride-free medium. 4. The half-times of 42K, 24Na and 36Cl effluxes during rest were 29, 10 and 9 min respectively. The 42K-efflux from the preparation was markedly increased to about three times the resting efflux during field stimulation. In low-chloride solution a similar effect on 42K-efflux was observed during field stimulation. Only a slight increase in the chloride efflux was observed but the sodium efflux was not affected during field stimulation. 5. From the results presented it is concluded that the inhibitory junction potential is caused by a selective increase in potassium permeability of the smooth-muscle cell membrane.", "PMID": 1177155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6149", "title": "[Metabolic changes in the isolated rat jejunum exposed to continuous light or darkness].", "content": "Rats were kept for about seven weeks in continuous light or darkness. The oxygen consumption and glucose consumption by the isolated small intestine were determined. Data were compared to those of control animals kept under a light-dark cycle. Continuous exposure to light resulted in a 21% increase in anaerobic glycolysis. Continuous exposure to darkness increased anaerobic glycolysis by 18 and 12% respectively.", "contents": "[Metabolic changes in the isolated rat jejunum exposed to continuous light or darkness]. Rats were kept for about seven weeks in continuous light or darkness. The oxygen consumption and glucose consumption by the isolated small intestine were determined. Data were compared to those of control animals kept under a light-dark cycle. Continuous exposure to light resulted in a 21% increase in anaerobic glycolysis. Continuous exposure to darkness increased anaerobic glycolysis by 18 and 12% respectively.", "PMID": 1177156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6150", "title": "[Intracranial pressure. II. Experimental verification of a mathematical model].", "content": "The authors report the results of experiments (performed on the dog in vitro and in vivo) which were designed to verify hypotheses made concerning vascular elasticity and characteristics of CSF resorption, as well as to test the validity of a mathematical model that was described in a previous paper. The authors concluded that the equations of the model account for most of the phenomena satisfactorily, but fail to predict a rebound phenomena which occurs after sudden injections in the cisterna magna. The elasticity coefficient S appears to be constant over a range of 200 mm Hg. On the other hand, the filtration coefficient K depends upon pressure, probably due to morphological changes in the size and shape of the CSF valves. These discrepancies are taken into account in a more general model that is presented in the following paper.", "contents": "[Intracranial pressure. II. Experimental verification of a mathematical model]. The authors report the results of experiments (performed on the dog in vitro and in vivo) which were designed to verify hypotheses made concerning vascular elasticity and characteristics of CSF resorption, as well as to test the validity of a mathematical model that was described in a previous paper. The authors concluded that the equations of the model account for most of the phenomena satisfactorily, but fail to predict a rebound phenomena which occurs after sudden injections in the cisterna magna. The elasticity coefficient S appears to be constant over a range of 200 mm Hg. On the other hand, the filtration coefficient K depends upon pressure, probably due to morphological changes in the size and shape of the CSF valves. These discrepancies are taken into account in a more general model that is presented in the following paper.", "PMID": 1177157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6151", "title": "[Changes in the electrical activity of the rabbit proximal colon in vivo by stimulation of the vagus and splanchnic nerves].", "content": "1. Using extracellular electrodes placed on the serosa, we recorded the modifications of the electrical activity of the colonic muslce fibers caused by the stimulation of vagal and splanchnic nerve fibers. 2. Vagal stimulation produces two types of junction potentials: excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) and inhibitory junction potentials (IJPs). The IJPs are elicited by stimulation of vagal fibers which innervate intramural non-adrenergic inhibitory neurons. 3. The conduction velocity of the nerve impulse along the vagal pre-ganglionic fibers is 1.01 m/sec for excitatory fibers and 0.5. m/sec for inhibitory fibers. 4. Splanchnic fiber stimulation causes EJP disappearance, blocking transmission between preganglionic fibers and intramural excitatory neurons, and a decrease in IJP amplitude that most likely indicates a previous hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle. 5. IJP persistence during splanchnic stimulation proves that sympathetic inhibition does not modify the transmission of the vagal influx onto the non-adrenergic inhibitory neurons of the intramural plexuses. 6. Through a comparative study of proximal and distal colonic innervation, we are able to show that there is a similar organization of both regions, that is a double inhibitory innervation: an adrenergic one of a sympathetic origin, and a non adrenergic one of a parasympathetic origin.", "contents": "[Changes in the electrical activity of the rabbit proximal colon in vivo by stimulation of the vagus and splanchnic nerves]. 1. Using extracellular electrodes placed on the serosa, we recorded the modifications of the electrical activity of the colonic muslce fibers caused by the stimulation of vagal and splanchnic nerve fibers. 2. Vagal stimulation produces two types of junction potentials: excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) and inhibitory junction potentials (IJPs). The IJPs are elicited by stimulation of vagal fibers which innervate intramural non-adrenergic inhibitory neurons. 3. The conduction velocity of the nerve impulse along the vagal pre-ganglionic fibers is 1.01 m/sec for excitatory fibers and 0.5. m/sec for inhibitory fibers. 4. Splanchnic fiber stimulation causes EJP disappearance, blocking transmission between preganglionic fibers and intramural excitatory neurons, and a decrease in IJP amplitude that most likely indicates a previous hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle. 5. IJP persistence during splanchnic stimulation proves that sympathetic inhibition does not modify the transmission of the vagal influx onto the non-adrenergic inhibitory neurons of the intramural plexuses. 6. Through a comparative study of proximal and distal colonic innervation, we are able to show that there is a similar organization of both regions, that is a double inhibitory innervation: an adrenergic one of a sympathetic origin, and a non adrenergic one of a parasympathetic origin.", "PMID": 1177158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6152", "title": "[Intracranial pressure. III. Trial generalized theory].", "content": "The authors reported previously an elementary mathematical model of intracranial pressure (ICP) as well as result from an experimental verification of the model. The experimental tests revealed that certain factors had been neglected in the theoretical formation, and the present article offers an expanded version of model which takes into account those factors: changes in the formation of the CSF as a function of ICP; cerebral vasomotricity; cortical and sinusal venous pressures, and variations of the filtration coefficient of the subarachnoidal spaces. A generalized mathematical model of ICP, in the form of four equations, is proposed. The major aspects of both normal and pathological ICP are studied in the light of this model, and are integrated into a generalized theory.", "contents": "[Intracranial pressure. III. Trial generalized theory]. The authors reported previously an elementary mathematical model of intracranial pressure (ICP) as well as result from an experimental verification of the model. The experimental tests revealed that certain factors had been neglected in the theoretical formation, and the present article offers an expanded version of model which takes into account those factors: changes in the formation of the CSF as a function of ICP; cerebral vasomotricity; cortical and sinusal venous pressures, and variations of the filtration coefficient of the subarachnoidal spaces. A generalized mathematical model of ICP, in the form of four equations, is proposed. The major aspects of both normal and pathological ICP are studied in the light of this model, and are integrated into a generalized theory.", "PMID": 1177159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6153", "title": "[Elimination of cholesterol and bile acids in bile collected by total fistula in the rat. II. Influence of the pituitary gland].", "content": "This paper shows the role of the hypophysis gland on the bile elimination of essential tauroconjugated acids and cholesterol. After transauricular hypophysectomies were performed on rats which were kept under total fistula treatment, we employed an original technique of bile recuperation in rats without contention and observed, over a period of 10 or more days, the choleresis and the composition of eliminated bile.", "contents": "[Elimination of cholesterol and bile acids in bile collected by total fistula in the rat. II. Influence of the pituitary gland]. This paper shows the role of the hypophysis gland on the bile elimination of essential tauroconjugated acids and cholesterol. After transauricular hypophysectomies were performed on rats which were kept under total fistula treatment, we employed an original technique of bile recuperation in rats without contention and observed, over a period of 10 or more days, the choleresis and the composition of eliminated bile.", "PMID": 1177160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6154", "title": "[Dose of tissue tolerance, dose of tumour sterilisation in continuous and discontinuous irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "In the radiotherapy of cancer, two conditions are necessary:-- 1 degree sterilisation of the tumor; 2 degrees safeguard of surrounding tissues. In discontinuous irradiation, sterilisation depends on the administration of a certain tumour-dose within a suitable period or number of sessions. At the rate of 5 sessions weekly, the following dose-number law may be formulated (ELLIS): DT = 2,500.N0,22. Perfect tolerance of the connective tissue is in fact obtained if the total dose is equal or less than: N.S.D..N0,24.T0,11. The nominal standard dose of ELLIS, is a limiting dose of about 1,800 rads. ORTON and ELLIS have published tables which permit one to obtain, without an index of saturation of the supporting tissue by means of a series of double entry tables corresponding each to a frequency of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 sessions per week. Each table provides the T.D.F. factor in relation to the number of sessions and the elementary dose. The T.D.F. factor is about 100 whatever the periodicity, and whatever the subdivisions of the dose when ELLIS' equation is satisfied, i.e. when one is at the limit of tolerance. Furthermore, the T.D.F. factor of two parts, of treatment under various regimens may be added together. It is sufficient for the sum to be equal to 100 to ensure full tolerance, which eliminates all difficulty of manipulation of a fractionated formula. The conditions of obtention of continuous irradiation do not permit one to separate the doses of sterilisation and tolerance, as was the case with discontinuous irradiation but, generally speaking, both in continuous and discontinuous administration the shorter the period of treatment the more the sterilising dose exceeds the tolerance dose, whereas with very small tumours, one may obtain tumour sterilisation within the limits of tolerance of the supporting tissues. For very large or radio-resistant tumours, one may have to, in order to obtain sterilisation, exceed more or less the perfect tolerance defined by T.D.F. 100 or its equivalent using ELLIS' equation. The latter is, moreover, only an approximation : the effective tolerance, if one takes into consideration late fibrosis, is very much less than that defined by T.D.F. 100, in particular for high partial dose irradiations. The author insists, after others, on the absolute necessity of taking into consideration the time factor as defined by ELLIS' relationship recalled above. There is no sense in obtaining strict physical dose measurement if one does not also take into consideration the time factor, the biological importance of which is considerable.", "contents": "[Dose of tissue tolerance, dose of tumour sterilisation in continuous and discontinuous irradiation (author's transl)]. In the radiotherapy of cancer, two conditions are necessary:-- 1 degree sterilisation of the tumor; 2 degrees safeguard of surrounding tissues. In discontinuous irradiation, sterilisation depends on the administration of a certain tumour-dose within a suitable period or number of sessions. At the rate of 5 sessions weekly, the following dose-number law may be formulated (ELLIS): DT = 2,500.N0,22. Perfect tolerance of the connective tissue is in fact obtained if the total dose is equal or less than: N.S.D..N0,24.T0,11. The nominal standard dose of ELLIS, is a limiting dose of about 1,800 rads. ORTON and ELLIS have published tables which permit one to obtain, without an index of saturation of the supporting tissue by means of a series of double entry tables corresponding each to a frequency of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 sessions per week. Each table provides the T.D.F. factor in relation to the number of sessions and the elementary dose. The T.D.F. factor is about 100 whatever the periodicity, and whatever the subdivisions of the dose when ELLIS' equation is satisfied, i.e. when one is at the limit of tolerance. Furthermore, the T.D.F. factor of two parts, of treatment under various regimens may be added together. It is sufficient for the sum to be equal to 100 to ensure full tolerance, which eliminates all difficulty of manipulation of a fractionated formula. The conditions of obtention of continuous irradiation do not permit one to separate the doses of sterilisation and tolerance, as was the case with discontinuous irradiation but, generally speaking, both in continuous and discontinuous administration the shorter the period of treatment the more the sterilising dose exceeds the tolerance dose, whereas with very small tumours, one may obtain tumour sterilisation within the limits of tolerance of the supporting tissues. For very large or radio-resistant tumours, one may have to, in order to obtain sterilisation, exceed more or less the perfect tolerance defined by T.D.F. 100 or its equivalent using ELLIS' equation. The latter is, moreover, only an approximation : the effective tolerance, if one takes into consideration late fibrosis, is very much less than that defined by T.D.F. 100, in particular for high partial dose irradiations. The author insists, after others, on the absolute necessity of taking into consideration the time factor as defined by ELLIS' relationship recalled above. There is no sense in obtaining strict physical dose measurement if one does not also take into consideration the time factor, the biological importance of which is considerable.", "PMID": 1177183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6155", "title": "[Diagnostic value of ytterbium 169 citrate in cancerology].", "content": "Several radio-nuclides are used in Cancerology for their tumoral tropism and, in fact, 67 gallium citrate and 57Co bleomycin almost exclusively. But, these nuclides have some disadvantages, such as we tried to evaluate the interest to 169 ytterbium citrate; this radiolanthanide has already been studied in animals for its affinity for tumoral and normal tissues by HISADA and al. [5]. Our preliminary study has been made on 44 patients bearing different neoplastic diseases. In 8 cases, we have measured the percent radioactivity excreted by urines and stools in 5 days following injection. Scintigraphy of most of the patients has been made at 48 hours, but for several cases of non malignant or malignant pulmonary diseases, a cinetic study allowed us to follow the evolution of the intensity the pathological fixation. The results show: -- a weak urinary and fecal excretion; -- a good scintigraphic contrast from 48 hours; -- an important radioactive fixation in bone metastasis of various origins, in primary and secondary brain and liver tumors; -- an important radioactive fixation in lung cancers and inflammatory diseases however our preliminary cinetic study seems to be a good mean of differential diagnosis. At the cost of a non negligeable irradiation dose of bone, the tumoral fixation can be considered as good and the cinetic studies we intend to develop will perhaps improve the specificity of the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of ytterbium 169 citrate in cancerology]. Several radio-nuclides are used in Cancerology for their tumoral tropism and, in fact, 67 gallium citrate and 57Co bleomycin almost exclusively. But, these nuclides have some disadvantages, such as we tried to evaluate the interest to 169 ytterbium citrate; this radiolanthanide has already been studied in animals for its affinity for tumoral and normal tissues by HISADA and al. [5]. Our preliminary study has been made on 44 patients bearing different neoplastic diseases. In 8 cases, we have measured the percent radioactivity excreted by urines and stools in 5 days following injection. Scintigraphy of most of the patients has been made at 48 hours, but for several cases of non malignant or malignant pulmonary diseases, a cinetic study allowed us to follow the evolution of the intensity the pathological fixation. The results show: -- a weak urinary and fecal excretion; -- a good scintigraphic contrast from 48 hours; -- an important radioactive fixation in bone metastasis of various origins, in primary and secondary brain and liver tumors; -- an important radioactive fixation in lung cancers and inflammatory diseases however our preliminary cinetic study seems to be a good mean of differential diagnosis. At the cost of a non negligeable irradiation dose of bone, the tumoral fixation can be considered as good and the cinetic studies we intend to develop will perhaps improve the specificity of the diagnosis.", "PMID": 1177185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6156", "title": "[Exclusive radiotherapy (cobalt teletherapy-radium therapy) in epithelioma of the uterine cervix. 400 cases treated between 1959 and 1969].", "content": "The author presents results of 420 cases of epithelioma of the cervix of the uterus treated between 1959 and 1969, using exclusively physical agents such as cobalt therapy and radium therapy. 399 cases are analysed. 9 patients could not be traced and 12 died intercurrently. We have adopted the 1969 U.I.C.C. classification. External irradiation alwyas preceded radium therapy and its importance varied according to the stage: however, doses of 2,000 to 5,000 rads were used at the rate of 1,000 rads weekly for two to five weeks; this was followed by classical radium therapy (Paris method) with colpostat and uterine sound. The number of mgh was consequently reduced and the dose administered was inversely proportional to that of the external irradiation. On the whole, tolerance was good in this type of treatment. Complications were mainly limited to a few minor intestinal disorders; in belated sequelae, these disorders were not more than those usually noted. Results after five years reveal only one death out of 19 for stage T1 lesions. Recoveries are distributed as follows: 72 out of 93 stage T2a lesions (77%), 46 out of 87 stage T2b lesions (53%), 54 out of 131 stage T3a lesions (41%) and 13 out of 46 stage T3b lesions (28%). However, results according to period are better. For the 1967 to 1969 period, results were 92%, 62%, 53% and 30% for stages T2a, T2b, T3a and T3b respectively. Improvement in results could be due to external irradiation. This sterilizes pelvic macroscopic or microscopic extensions and decreases inflammatory phenomena and the volume of the cervix of the uterus. These changes facilitate radium therapy which remains an indispensable arm for sterilizing primary lesions. The author compares his results with those of the literature. He develops arguments for techniques which associate external irradiation and radium therapy in a well defined order. These techniques are particularly important for stages T2b or T3 in which lymph gland lesions are common and where doses of about 5,000 and 6,000 rads are necessary for sterilization. Possibilities of improving future results are analysed. Particular attention should be paid to the lumbo-aortic volume; lymph gland metastasis are frequent here and should be treated continuously with the pelvic volume.", "contents": "[Exclusive radiotherapy (cobalt teletherapy-radium therapy) in epithelioma of the uterine cervix. 400 cases treated between 1959 and 1969]. The author presents results of 420 cases of epithelioma of the cervix of the uterus treated between 1959 and 1969, using exclusively physical agents such as cobalt therapy and radium therapy. 399 cases are analysed. 9 patients could not be traced and 12 died intercurrently. We have adopted the 1969 U.I.C.C. classification. External irradiation alwyas preceded radium therapy and its importance varied according to the stage: however, doses of 2,000 to 5,000 rads were used at the rate of 1,000 rads weekly for two to five weeks; this was followed by classical radium therapy (Paris method) with colpostat and uterine sound. The number of mgh was consequently reduced and the dose administered was inversely proportional to that of the external irradiation. On the whole, tolerance was good in this type of treatment. Complications were mainly limited to a few minor intestinal disorders; in belated sequelae, these disorders were not more than those usually noted. Results after five years reveal only one death out of 19 for stage T1 lesions. Recoveries are distributed as follows: 72 out of 93 stage T2a lesions (77%), 46 out of 87 stage T2b lesions (53%), 54 out of 131 stage T3a lesions (41%) and 13 out of 46 stage T3b lesions (28%). However, results according to period are better. For the 1967 to 1969 period, results were 92%, 62%, 53% and 30% for stages T2a, T2b, T3a and T3b respectively. Improvement in results could be due to external irradiation. This sterilizes pelvic macroscopic or microscopic extensions and decreases inflammatory phenomena and the volume of the cervix of the uterus. These changes facilitate radium therapy which remains an indispensable arm for sterilizing primary lesions. The author compares his results with those of the literature. He develops arguments for techniques which associate external irradiation and radium therapy in a well defined order. These techniques are particularly important for stages T2b or T3 in which lymph gland lesions are common and where doses of about 5,000 and 6,000 rads are necessary for sterilization. Possibilities of improving future results are analysed. Particular attention should be paid to the lumbo-aortic volume; lymph gland metastasis are frequent here and should be treated continuously with the pelvic volume.", "PMID": 1177186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6157", "title": "[Influence of inaccuracy of certain parameters on dose distribution in telecobalt therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Progress in dosimetry and in radiobiology together with the evolution of radiation generators led to adopt very elaborated radiotherapy protocols. However, the therapist should have confidence in these protocols on condition that irradiation parameters are strictly respected. For obvious reasons, this is impossible despite the meticulous rules. In this, paper, we therefore intend to study the role of the angle of incidence on the actual distribution of doses; we also study the inaccuracy of certain parameters recorded during preparation for the therapy or shown during successive irradiation courses. In this paper we retain only errors which can be easily quantified. These are errors concerning the irradiation apparatus (source to skin distance, angle of the rays, field dimension) and those due to factors related to the patient treated: contour measurement, entrance point of rays and positional changes of the patient. The different errors can be associated in various ways for a given therapy protocol. For the same reason, an isodose of a given nominal value will have several curves. All these tracings are lined by two curves which we call \"superior and inferior envelops\": these border the \"incertitude area\". It can be said that at the end of the treatment, the given isodose lies in this area; it is however impossible to define its form or exact position. A few examples in the text illustrate these results and show the possible practical angles of incidence. If we assume that errors during successive irradiations are distributed at random, a certain compensation is noted and the \"areas of incertitude\" decrease. But if the errors are constantly on the same side, as is sometimes the case, the dose distribution can be very different from that predicted in the dosimetric protocol.", "contents": "[Influence of inaccuracy of certain parameters on dose distribution in telecobalt therapy (author's transl)]. Progress in dosimetry and in radiobiology together with the evolution of radiation generators led to adopt very elaborated radiotherapy protocols. However, the therapist should have confidence in these protocols on condition that irradiation parameters are strictly respected. For obvious reasons, this is impossible despite the meticulous rules. In this, paper, we therefore intend to study the role of the angle of incidence on the actual distribution of doses; we also study the inaccuracy of certain parameters recorded during preparation for the therapy or shown during successive irradiation courses. In this paper we retain only errors which can be easily quantified. These are errors concerning the irradiation apparatus (source to skin distance, angle of the rays, field dimension) and those due to factors related to the patient treated: contour measurement, entrance point of rays and positional changes of the patient. The different errors can be associated in various ways for a given therapy protocol. For the same reason, an isodose of a given nominal value will have several curves. All these tracings are lined by two curves which we call \"superior and inferior envelops\": these border the \"incertitude area\". It can be said that at the end of the treatment, the given isodose lies in this area; it is however impossible to define its form or exact position. A few examples in the text illustrate these results and show the possible practical angles of incidence. If we assume that errors during successive irradiations are distributed at random, a certain compensation is noted and the \"areas of incertitude\" decrease. But if the errors are constantly on the same side, as is sometimes the case, the dose distribution can be very different from that predicted in the dosimetric protocol.", "PMID": 1177188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6158", "title": "[Use of photogrammetry for taking body contours in radiotherapy].", "content": "A photogrammetric method for taking outline of patients in radiotherapy is described in details. Using only one couple of photographs, this fast and very precise process may restitute a great deal of transversal or longitudinal cross-sections, even after a long time because photographic stocking of information. An automatic numeric lecture of the outline may directly enter a computer for dosimetry.", "contents": "[Use of photogrammetry for taking body contours in radiotherapy]. A photogrammetric method for taking outline of patients in radiotherapy is described in details. Using only one couple of photographs, this fast and very precise process may restitute a great deal of transversal or longitudinal cross-sections, even after a long time because photographic stocking of information. An automatic numeric lecture of the outline may directly enter a computer for dosimetry.", "PMID": 1177189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6159", "title": "[Interstitial curietherapy with iridium 192 applied to small cancers of the rectum (author's transl)].", "content": "Intracavity irradiation aimed at curing cancers of the rectum mainly calls on contact radiotherapy but also on interstitial curietherapy. Iridium curietherapy has replaced Radium-therapy owing to the better homogeneousness of its' action and precise method of assay. It uses a 2 pronged fork containing 2 Iridium wires which can be very simply placed in position. It is applied on the one hand to the base of the ulcerated tumour, after abraision by contactotherapy and on the other hand as a method of prophylactic irradiation after exeresis of a malignant or degenerated polyp where the scar is badly adapted to contacto-therapy.", "contents": "[Interstitial curietherapy with iridium 192 applied to small cancers of the rectum (author's transl)]. Intracavity irradiation aimed at curing cancers of the rectum mainly calls on contact radiotherapy but also on interstitial curietherapy. Iridium curietherapy has replaced Radium-therapy owing to the better homogeneousness of its' action and precise method of assay. It uses a 2 pronged fork containing 2 Iridium wires which can be very simply placed in position. It is applied on the one hand to the base of the ulcerated tumour, after abraision by contactotherapy and on the other hand as a method of prophylactic irradiation after exeresis of a malignant or degenerated polyp where the scar is badly adapted to contacto-therapy.", "PMID": 1177190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6160", "title": "[Breast xeroradiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Breast xeroradiography is a new radiological technique based upon the electrostatic and not the photographic properties of silver bromide. We have used it particularly with reference to breast disorders in order to compare it to traditional procedures and to seek the best conditions to obtain the most informative picture by comparing the radiation emitted by a tungsten anode with the radiation emitted by a molybdenum anode with molybdenum or aluminium filtration. We concluded the xeroradiography was of value in breast problems in the following instances: 1. For certain types of microcalcification. 2. For the precise study of the relation of the breast to the chest wall. 3. For breast with a uniform high density on conventional films (young organ, fibro-glandular hyperplasia, after high-dosage irradiation). 4. In the study of deep seated carcinomas or those in the sub-mammary fold. 5. In studying the axilla where the ribs, muscles and nodes are seen together on the same film. Comparative study of xeroradiography using either a tungsten or molybdenum anode was markedly in favour of the latter under all the circumstances mentioned above.", "contents": "[Breast xeroradiography (author's transl)]. Breast xeroradiography is a new radiological technique based upon the electrostatic and not the photographic properties of silver bromide. We have used it particularly with reference to breast disorders in order to compare it to traditional procedures and to seek the best conditions to obtain the most informative picture by comparing the radiation emitted by a tungsten anode with the radiation emitted by a molybdenum anode with molybdenum or aluminium filtration. We concluded the xeroradiography was of value in breast problems in the following instances: 1. For certain types of microcalcification. 2. For the precise study of the relation of the breast to the chest wall. 3. For breast with a uniform high density on conventional films (young organ, fibro-glandular hyperplasia, after high-dosage irradiation). 4. In the study of deep seated carcinomas or those in the sub-mammary fold. 5. In studying the axilla where the ribs, muscles and nodes are seen together on the same film. Comparative study of xeroradiography using either a tungsten or molybdenum anode was markedly in favour of the latter under all the circumstances mentioned above.", "PMID": 1177191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6161", "title": "[Mammary echothermographic comparisons (author's transl)].", "content": "This attempt at comparison between the absorption and thermogenesis of breast tumour tissue is currently being continued using a larger group of patients and complemented by measurement of tumour thermogenesis in situ and of the acoustic properties of operative specimens. Such studies define the contributions of thermographic and ultrasonic findings in diagnosis, prognosis and indications for biopsy and treatment, by their integration and combination alongside the data obtained by palpation/inspection and radiological, cytological and histological findings.", "contents": "[Mammary echothermographic comparisons (author's transl)]. This attempt at comparison between the absorption and thermogenesis of breast tumour tissue is currently being continued using a larger group of patients and complemented by measurement of tumour thermogenesis in situ and of the acoustic properties of operative specimens. Such studies define the contributions of thermographic and ultrasonic findings in diagnosis, prognosis and indications for biopsy and treatment, by their integration and combination alongside the data obtained by palpation/inspection and radiological, cytological and histological findings.", "PMID": 1177192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6162", "title": "[Spontaneous reversal of portal flow in cirrhosis. Angiographic study of 15 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Spontaneous reversal of intra-hepatic portal flow in cirrhoses appears to be best demonstrated by arteriography, which shows a direct sign, i.e. retrograde opacification of intra-hepatic portal branches during selective hepate arteriography, and an indirect sign, i.e. the appearance of functional amputation of these same portal branches at the time of superior mesenteric venous return. Reversal of portal flow is sometimes complete (5 out of 15 cases), the flow being entirely away from the liver and sometimes incomplete (10 out of 15 cases), limited to the interior of the liver, portal flow then being bidirectional. Reflux of arterial blood in the intra-hepatic portal branches via the development of intra-hepatic arterioportal communications appears to be the determining factor in the reversal of portal flow in cirrhosis. The degree of portal flow away from the liver seems to depend essentially upon the extent of development of porto-caval anastomoses. Certain features suggest that there is a relationship between the development of the hepatic arterial circulation and that of the porto-caval anastomoses. These two elements which determine the degree of portl hypertension may mutually influence each other. This hypothesis is interesting in the context of understanding the haemodynamic abnormalities of advanced cirrhosis.", "contents": "[Spontaneous reversal of portal flow in cirrhosis. Angiographic study of 15 cases (author's transl)]. Spontaneous reversal of intra-hepatic portal flow in cirrhoses appears to be best demonstrated by arteriography, which shows a direct sign, i.e. retrograde opacification of intra-hepatic portal branches during selective hepate arteriography, and an indirect sign, i.e. the appearance of functional amputation of these same portal branches at the time of superior mesenteric venous return. Reversal of portal flow is sometimes complete (5 out of 15 cases), the flow being entirely away from the liver and sometimes incomplete (10 out of 15 cases), limited to the interior of the liver, portal flow then being bidirectional. Reflux of arterial blood in the intra-hepatic portal branches via the development of intra-hepatic arterioportal communications appears to be the determining factor in the reversal of portal flow in cirrhosis. The degree of portal flow away from the liver seems to depend essentially upon the extent of development of porto-caval anastomoses. Certain features suggest that there is a relationship between the development of the hepatic arterial circulation and that of the porto-caval anastomoses. These two elements which determine the degree of portl hypertension may mutually influence each other. This hypothesis is interesting in the context of understanding the haemodynamic abnormalities of advanced cirrhosis.", "PMID": 1177193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6163", "title": "[Radiological aspects of renal metastases. Apropos of 9 cases].", "content": "Renal metastases are tumours which are not rare and which may reveal a primary neoplasm previously undiagnosed. The primary tumours identified in the nine cases reported were six squamous cell carcinomas of the bronchus, one carcinoma of the breast, one carcinoma of the thyroid and one meningioblastoma. Signs at intravenous pyelography are variable, with a marked predominance of appearances of infiltration of the excretory passages by the renal mass, with or without direct involvement of the excretory passages. Angiographic signs appear to be related to the nature of the primary tumour with frank hypovascularisation in the metastases of bronchial tumours and hypervascularisation in those of carcinoma of the thyroid and meningioblastoma. Radiological diagnosis is difficult given the absence of specificity of the urological and anglographic signs. Even histologically the diagnosis may be difficult, particularly in the case of primary bronchial tumours-this being the commonest possibility.", "contents": "[Radiological aspects of renal metastases. Apropos of 9 cases]. Renal metastases are tumours which are not rare and which may reveal a primary neoplasm previously undiagnosed. The primary tumours identified in the nine cases reported were six squamous cell carcinomas of the bronchus, one carcinoma of the breast, one carcinoma of the thyroid and one meningioblastoma. Signs at intravenous pyelography are variable, with a marked predominance of appearances of infiltration of the excretory passages by the renal mass, with or without direct involvement of the excretory passages. Angiographic signs appear to be related to the nature of the primary tumour with frank hypovascularisation in the metastases of bronchial tumours and hypervascularisation in those of carcinoma of the thyroid and meningioblastoma. Radiological diagnosis is difficult given the absence of specificity of the urological and anglographic signs. Even histologically the diagnosis may be difficult, particularly in the case of primary bronchial tumours-this being the commonest possibility.", "PMID": 1177194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6164", "title": "[Measurement of flow in the Cordis-Hakin type ventricular shunt valve, used in the surveillance of hydrocephalic patients with shunts. An experimental study (author's transl)].", "content": "Using isotopes, Benabib et al. were able, in 1970 and following the work of Descuns et al., to evaluate the function of a ventricular shunt system be measuring the flow passing through it. The experimental study carried out confirmed the applicability of the method described by Benabib et al. to the Cordis-Hakim valve after substitution of the 131I used by those authors by 99mTc O4. Measurement of flow is valid only if true flow lies between 0.085 ml/mn and 1.7 ml/mn. Although with flow rates of less than 0.07 ml/mn the values obtained are overestimates, the distinction between no flow and slight flow remains definite.", "contents": "[Measurement of flow in the Cordis-Hakin type ventricular shunt valve, used in the surveillance of hydrocephalic patients with shunts. An experimental study (author's transl)]. Using isotopes, Benabib et al. were able, in 1970 and following the work of Descuns et al., to evaluate the function of a ventricular shunt system be measuring the flow passing through it. The experimental study carried out confirmed the applicability of the method described by Benabib et al. to the Cordis-Hakim valve after substitution of the 131I used by those authors by 99mTc O4. Measurement of flow is valid only if true flow lies between 0.085 ml/mn and 1.7 ml/mn. Although with flow rates of less than 0.07 ml/mn the values obtained are overestimates, the distinction between no flow and slight flow remains definite.", "PMID": 1177195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6165", "title": "Herpes zoster in general practice.", "content": "Eighty-seven patients with the clinical diagnosis of herpes zoster were seen during a one-year period in eight general practices in Glasgow, the rate per 1,000 practice population being approximately 2.4. Of these, 78 (90 per cent) had serological evidence of active infection with herpes zoster. The anatomical location of the skin eruption was most common in the areas of the fifth cranial nerve, middle and lower trunk and thigh. A possible reactivating agent (trauma four, steroids two, irradiation one) was found in only seven patients. The illness as assessed by systemic upset and dissemination of lesions was generally not severe. Post-herpetic neuralgia was the most troublesome complication, found in 44 per cent of 64 patients revisisted 3-18 months after the acute illness.", "contents": "Herpes zoster in general practice. Eighty-seven patients with the clinical diagnosis of herpes zoster were seen during a one-year period in eight general practices in Glasgow, the rate per 1,000 practice population being approximately 2.4. Of these, 78 (90 per cent) had serological evidence of active infection with herpes zoster. The anatomical location of the skin eruption was most common in the areas of the fifth cranial nerve, middle and lower trunk and thigh. A possible reactivating agent (trauma four, steroids two, irradiation one) was found in only seven patients. The illness as assessed by systemic upset and dissemination of lesions was generally not severe. Post-herpetic neuralgia was the most troublesome complication, found in 44 per cent of 64 patients revisisted 3-18 months after the acute illness.", "PMID": 1177201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6166", "title": "Hand, foot and mouth disease--1973.", "content": "Nine cases of hand, foot and mouth disease were found in a small area within a month. The condition is benign, commonest in small children, and the infectivity is low. It is suggested a fuller investigation be considered in 1976.", "contents": "Hand, foot and mouth disease--1973. Nine cases of hand, foot and mouth disease were found in a small area within a month. The condition is benign, commonest in small children, and the infectivity is low. It is suggested a fuller investigation be considered in 1976.", "PMID": 1177202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6167", "title": "[Osseous scurvy in an 11-month-old infant. Radiological course].", "content": "The authors report the case a 11-month-old baby girl admitted by the \"Mother and Child Welfare\" doctor. On admission, she was very hypotrophic, febrile and pale. Furthermore, she had anaemia complicated with painful invalidating oedema of both thighs. X-ray film show moderate lesions of the metaphysis, but very rapidly, there was a hugh bilateral sub-periosteal hematoma. They insist on the value of periosteal hematoma as a characteristic sign of scurvy. This was later confirmed by laboratory investigations and by the finding of urinary infection due to bilateral reflex on cystography and to right uretero-hydronephrosis on I.V.P. This case is singular because it associates three findings: severe vitamin deficiency by dietetic error due to modern industrial alimentation and a major urinary tract malformation with refractory urinary tract infection.", "contents": "[Osseous scurvy in an 11-month-old infant. Radiological course]. The authors report the case a 11-month-old baby girl admitted by the \"Mother and Child Welfare\" doctor. On admission, she was very hypotrophic, febrile and pale. Furthermore, she had anaemia complicated with painful invalidating oedema of both thighs. X-ray film show moderate lesions of the metaphysis, but very rapidly, there was a hugh bilateral sub-periosteal hematoma. They insist on the value of periosteal hematoma as a characteristic sign of scurvy. This was later confirmed by laboratory investigations and by the finding of urinary infection due to bilateral reflex on cystography and to right uretero-hydronephrosis on I.V.P. This case is singular because it associates three findings: severe vitamin deficiency by dietetic error due to modern industrial alimentation and a major urinary tract malformation with refractory urinary tract infection.", "PMID": 1177197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6168", "title": "A year's study of drug prescribing in general practice using computer-assisted records.", "content": "A year's drug prescribing by five family doctors working in a new town is reviewed. The records were computerised and some of the problems which this involved are mentioned.The range of different preparations which were used over the year was high but 76 per cent of prescriptions were accounted for by 117 preparations; 30 per cent of total prescribing was for antibiotics and psychotropic drugs. The lessons to be learned from ;self-audit' have been shown and areas for future study are discussed.", "contents": "A year's study of drug prescribing in general practice using computer-assisted records. A year's drug prescribing by five family doctors working in a new town is reviewed. The records were computerised and some of the problems which this involved are mentioned.The range of different preparations which were used over the year was high but 76 per cent of prescriptions were accounted for by 117 preparations; 30 per cent of total prescribing was for antibiotics and psychotropic drugs. The lessons to be learned from ;self-audit' have been shown and areas for future study are discussed.", "PMID": 1177203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6169", "title": "Prescribing psychotropic drugs for children.", "content": "The prescribing of psychotropic drugs was studied in a Scottish general practice of five doctors and 8,300 patients; one third of the patients were aged 12 years or less. In 1971, 336 prescriptions for psychotropic drugs were issued to 172 children and 2,583 to the adults. Most children were given only one prescription, but some needed up to ten in one year.The drugs consisted of sedatives (43 per cent), tranquillisers (41 per cent), and hypnotics (17 per cent). Most were given for behaviour disorders and enuresis. The analysis of drugs given by each doctor showed that one had given about one third of the total. This demonstration of comparative over-prescribing was useful in discussing self-audit.", "contents": "Prescribing psychotropic drugs for children. The prescribing of psychotropic drugs was studied in a Scottish general practice of five doctors and 8,300 patients; one third of the patients were aged 12 years or less. In 1971, 336 prescriptions for psychotropic drugs were issued to 172 children and 2,583 to the adults. Most children were given only one prescription, but some needed up to ten in one year.The drugs consisted of sedatives (43 per cent), tranquillisers (41 per cent), and hypnotics (17 per cent). Most were given for behaviour disorders and enuresis. The analysis of drugs given by each doctor showed that one had given about one third of the total. This demonstration of comparative over-prescribing was useful in discussing self-audit.", "PMID": 1177204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6170", "title": "[Osteopathies associated with sickle cell disease (author's transl)].", "content": "1. In all patients of African descent, and above all in all children of three months and older, the attention of the radiologist should be directed to the possibility of sickle cell anaemia in the presence of bone lesions with the following characteristics:--either diffuse pseudo-tumoural, signifying erythroblastosis secondary to anaemia;--or pseudo-osteitic, signifying thrombosis secondary to sickling. 2. These appearances from part of a rich and misleading pathological spectrum, in particular in rheumatology and pulmonary medicine, and even surgery. 3. The presumptive radiological diagnosis may be complemented by electrophoresis of haemoglobin which, alone, makes confirmation of the diagnosis possible.", "contents": "[Osteopathies associated with sickle cell disease (author's transl)]. 1. In all patients of African descent, and above all in all children of three months and older, the attention of the radiologist should be directed to the possibility of sickle cell anaemia in the presence of bone lesions with the following characteristics:--either diffuse pseudo-tumoural, signifying erythroblastosis secondary to anaemia;--or pseudo-osteitic, signifying thrombosis secondary to sickling. 2. These appearances from part of a rich and misleading pathological spectrum, in particular in rheumatology and pulmonary medicine, and even surgery. 3. The presumptive radiological diagnosis may be complemented by electrophoresis of haemoglobin which, alone, makes confirmation of the diagnosis possible.", "PMID": 1177196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6171", "title": "Lead in potatoes.", "content": "There are specific environments where potatoes contain much larger amounts of lead than is generally realised. Nevertheless, if we accept the hypothesis that human adults are only likely to be harmed if they absorb more than 100 micrograms of lead daily for extended periods(10) then only in rare instances are they apt to be adversely affected by eating potatoes. Medical data suggest that where children are involved the acceptable amounts of lead are significantly less. However, where potatoes do show evidence of contamination by virtue of their high lead content, the possibility of more general contamination should be investigated. The intake of lead from potatoes, if supplemented by lead provided from other foodstuffs, from air, and possibly from water, can well reach unacceptable amounts.Patterson's(12) claim that most people in industrialised countries are suffering from a chronic lead insult, does seem justified but, because of the remarkable ability of humans to adapt to some conditions, but how much this insult constitutes a menace to heath must be dealt with by medical men.", "contents": "Lead in potatoes. There are specific environments where potatoes contain much larger amounts of lead than is generally realised. Nevertheless, if we accept the hypothesis that human adults are only likely to be harmed if they absorb more than 100 micrograms of lead daily for extended periods(10) then only in rare instances are they apt to be adversely affected by eating potatoes. Medical data suggest that where children are involved the acceptable amounts of lead are significantly less. However, where potatoes do show evidence of contamination by virtue of their high lead content, the possibility of more general contamination should be investigated. The intake of lead from potatoes, if supplemented by lead provided from other foodstuffs, from air, and possibly from water, can well reach unacceptable amounts.Patterson's(12) claim that most people in industrialised countries are suffering from a chronic lead insult, does seem justified but, because of the remarkable ability of humans to adapt to some conditions, but how much this insult constitutes a menace to heath must be dealt with by medical men.", "PMID": 1177205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6172", "title": "Marriage guidance counselling in a group practice.", "content": "This paper describes the work of a marriage guidance cousellor in a group-practice centre. The considerable advantages to patient, doctor, and counsellor of her close association with the primary medical care team are discussed.", "contents": "Marriage guidance counselling in a group practice. This paper describes the work of a marriage guidance cousellor in a group-practice centre. The considerable advantages to patient, doctor, and counsellor of her close association with the primary medical care team are discussed.", "PMID": 1177206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6173", "title": "Acute sore throat--diagnosis and treatment in general practice.", "content": "This study tested how general practitioners diagnose streptococcal infection on clinical grounds alone, in patients who presented with sore throats.Four hundred and fifty-two patients were admitted to the study. A clinical diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up was completed in each case and the clinical assessment was checked by throat swabbing at first contact and a week later.The doctors were inaccurate in predicting streptococcal infection, but better than might be expected if prediction were a matter of pure guesswork. Colds and influenza implied negative prediction, tonsillitis a positive prediction, and pharyngitis was doubtful.In this series negative prediction for pharyngitis was 85.2 per cent and positive prediction 31.5 per cent accurate. The equivalent figures for tonsillitis were 61.5 per cent and 38.9 per cent respectively. There was a general tendency to overpredict streptococcal infection which was most marked in acute follicular tonsillitis, but this led to few false negatives. The tendency to overpredict streptococci was most marked when the patient was an adolescent female.There were differences between the urban and rural patterns. During the same period, influenza (and similar illnesses) was recorded less often in the country, whereas urban practitioners were more likely to predict streptococcal infection. Rural practitioners were more accurate in prediction because they were less prone to implicate streptococcal infection than their urban colleagues; there was a higher proportion of cases with proven streptococcal infection in the town and there is a disproportionately high number of adolescent females among the urban patients.", "contents": "Acute sore throat--diagnosis and treatment in general practice. This study tested how general practitioners diagnose streptococcal infection on clinical grounds alone, in patients who presented with sore throats.Four hundred and fifty-two patients were admitted to the study. A clinical diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up was completed in each case and the clinical assessment was checked by throat swabbing at first contact and a week later.The doctors were inaccurate in predicting streptococcal infection, but better than might be expected if prediction were a matter of pure guesswork. Colds and influenza implied negative prediction, tonsillitis a positive prediction, and pharyngitis was doubtful.In this series negative prediction for pharyngitis was 85.2 per cent and positive prediction 31.5 per cent accurate. The equivalent figures for tonsillitis were 61.5 per cent and 38.9 per cent respectively. There was a general tendency to overpredict streptococcal infection which was most marked in acute follicular tonsillitis, but this led to few false negatives. The tendency to overpredict streptococci was most marked when the patient was an adolescent female.There were differences between the urban and rural patterns. During the same period, influenza (and similar illnesses) was recorded less often in the country, whereas urban practitioners were more likely to predict streptococcal infection. Rural practitioners were more accurate in prediction because they were less prone to implicate streptococcal infection than their urban colleagues; there was a higher proportion of cases with proven streptococcal infection in the town and there is a disproportionately high number of adolescent females among the urban patients.", "PMID": 1177207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6174", "title": "Using a 'Portakabin' to gain space in a general practice.", "content": "The problem of extra space needed for a general practice has been temporarily solved by the use of a ;Portakabin'. While orthodox building methods are so frustratingly expensive, we must consider unconventional methods which allow us to gain space relatively quickly.", "contents": "Using a 'Portakabin' to gain space in a general practice. The problem of extra space needed for a general practice has been temporarily solved by the use of a ;Portakabin'. While orthodox building methods are so frustratingly expensive, we must consider unconventional methods which allow us to gain space relatively quickly.", "PMID": 1177208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6175", "title": "The use of stencilled labels in general practice.", "content": "A system of using wet (ink) stencils to prepare self-adhesive labels showing the patient's name and address is described. Several uses are illustrated in general practice and other systems are considered.", "contents": "The use of stencilled labels in general practice. A system of using wet (ink) stencils to prepare self-adhesive labels showing the patient's name and address is described. Several uses are illustrated in general practice and other systems are considered.", "PMID": 1177209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6176", "title": "[Management of renal trauma in the child (author's transl)].", "content": "Intravenous pyelography remains the basic examination in the study of the child with lumbar trauma. This examination has its limits, however, and renal arteriography may be necessary in a fair number of cases. Provided that adequate reflection is given and the appropriate moment chosen, it is well tolerated and provides all the necessary information.", "contents": "[Management of renal trauma in the child (author's transl)]. Intravenous pyelography remains the basic examination in the study of the child with lumbar trauma. This examination has its limits, however, and renal arteriography may be necessary in a fair number of cases. Provided that adequate reflection is given and the appropriate moment chosen, it is well tolerated and provides all the necessary information.", "PMID": 1177199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6177", "title": "The use of name and address spirit masters in general practice.", "content": "The use of an address master system in a general practice can save the doctors and secretarial staff a significant amount of time. A spirit master system (e.g. ;Scriptomaster' sets) best suits the requirements of general practice. Uses include labelling documents, request forms, prescriptions, envelopes and compiling lists of patients.", "contents": "The use of name and address spirit masters in general practice. The use of an address master system in a general practice can save the doctors and secretarial staff a significant amount of time. A spirit master system (e.g. ;Scriptomaster' sets) best suits the requirements of general practice. Uses include labelling documents, request forms, prescriptions, envelopes and compiling lists of patients.", "PMID": 1177210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6178", "title": "The findings reported in patients undergoing excretory urography for recurrent urinary tract infection.", "content": "There was little difference between the proportion of lesions found by excretion urography in patients with recurrent urinary tract infections referred by general practitioners or hospital staff, or between Horton General Hospital which is a district general hospital, and the United Oxford Hospitals, which is a teaching group. Many patients with urinary tract infections may be saved an unnecessary visit to the hospital consultant if this is first investigated by the general practitioner.About one fifth of all patients had significant lesions shown by excretory urography which suggests that the investigation is worthwhile in patients with recurrent urinary tract infections.", "contents": "The findings reported in patients undergoing excretory urography for recurrent urinary tract infection. There was little difference between the proportion of lesions found by excretion urography in patients with recurrent urinary tract infections referred by general practitioners or hospital staff, or between Horton General Hospital which is a district general hospital, and the United Oxford Hospitals, which is a teaching group. Many patients with urinary tract infections may be saved an unnecessary visit to the hospital consultant if this is first investigated by the general practitioner.About one fifth of all patients had significant lesions shown by excretory urography which suggests that the investigation is worthwhile in patients with recurrent urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 1177211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6179", "title": "Lessons from bad general practice.", "content": "The paucity of resources for general practice correlates well with high losses through emigration and questions the expensive over-production of doctors now being undertaken.The variable quality of community care and the absence of a structure yet providing real planning or capital, leads to the uneconomic abuse of hospital facilities and to an excessive emphasis on institutionalisation.Medicine is becoming depersonalised because unrealistic expectations lead to an overloading of the service. Simultaneously we allocate a low priority to education in the use of the service, have little training in the sociological aspects of medical care, and even less in how best to use the skills of our non-medical professional colleagues.", "contents": "Lessons from bad general practice. The paucity of resources for general practice correlates well with high losses through emigration and questions the expensive over-production of doctors now being undertaken.The variable quality of community care and the absence of a structure yet providing real planning or capital, leads to the uneconomic abuse of hospital facilities and to an excessive emphasis on institutionalisation.Medicine is becoming depersonalised because unrealistic expectations lead to an overloading of the service. Simultaneously we allocate a low priority to education in the use of the service, have little training in the sociological aspects of medical care, and even less in how best to use the skills of our non-medical professional colleagues.", "PMID": 1177214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6180", "title": "Radio-paging services.", "content": "This report is a description of the development and organisation of an area radio paging service in Cambridge and its application to doctors and para-medical staff working in various hospitals and in the community. It reviews the first five years of operation.Personal selective radio paging has some fundamental advantages over the car radio-telephone as a means of communication. Currently, the service operates only in the Cambridge area, but it is planned to extend this to cover the new county of Cambridgeshire by February 1975, and, at the same time, to introduce speech.", "contents": "Radio-paging services. This report is a description of the development and organisation of an area radio paging service in Cambridge and its application to doctors and para-medical staff working in various hospitals and in the community. It reviews the first five years of operation.Personal selective radio paging has some fundamental advantages over the car radio-telephone as a means of communication. Currently, the service operates only in the Cambridge area, but it is planned to extend this to cover the new county of Cambridgeshire by February 1975, and, at the same time, to introduce speech.", "PMID": 1177218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6181", "title": "The effect of weather on some infectious diseases.", "content": "For several years the Royal College of General Practitioners has been collecting data supplied by local doctors throughout Britain on some infectious diseases seen in their practices. We describe a method of computerisation of this information and statistical analyses. We are investigating the influence of external factors such as climate on the infectiousness of some diseases. A model is fitted involving a non homogeneous two-state Markov chain whose transition probabilities are governed by the explanatory data.", "contents": "The effect of weather on some infectious diseases. For several years the Royal College of General Practitioners has been collecting data supplied by local doctors throughout Britain on some infectious diseases seen in their practices. We describe a method of computerisation of this information and statistical analyses. We are investigating the influence of external factors such as climate on the infectiousness of some diseases. A model is fitted involving a non homogeneous two-state Markov chain whose transition probabilities are governed by the explanatory data.", "PMID": 1177220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6182", "title": "Reported morbidity and the weather.", "content": "Some observations have been made about the influence of the weather on the use of the general-practitioner service. It is difficult to disentangle the biological and behavioural components of these findings, but in general extremes of weather-low temperatures and sunshine in winter and high temperatures and sunshine in summer-appeared to increase the numbers of reported episodes of respiratory illness.", "contents": "Reported morbidity and the weather. Some observations have been made about the influence of the weather on the use of the general-practitioner service. It is difficult to disentangle the biological and behavioural components of these findings, but in general extremes of weather-low temperatures and sunshine in winter and high temperatures and sunshine in summer-appeared to increase the numbers of reported episodes of respiratory illness.", "PMID": 1177221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6183", "title": "Exposure of girls to oestrogens during fetal development. Report of a survey of maternal records.", "content": "In a two-partner practice with 5,000 patients where oestrogens had never been prescribed during pregnancy, it was found on examining the records, that at least eight girls had been exposed to oestrogens in utero, two of them to stilboestrol. Three of them have since been examined with negative results. In a quarter of cases no information was available from the records.", "contents": "Exposure of girls to oestrogens during fetal development. Report of a survey of maternal records. In a two-partner practice with 5,000 patients where oestrogens had never been prescribed during pregnancy, it was found on examining the records, that at least eight girls had been exposed to oestrogens in utero, two of them to stilboestrol. Three of them have since been examined with negative results. In a quarter of cases no information was available from the records.", "PMID": 1177222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6184", "title": "The vulnerable child.", "content": "There is enough evidence from epidemiological studies of respiratory disease in children and young adults to justify testing various strategies for the identification of those children who are particularly vulnerable to respiratory disease. Such studies should be coupled with anti-smoking programmes carried out by those involved in the health education of schoolchildren and adults. The effects of this selective approach to the prevention or control of respiratory disease would require rigorous evaluation.", "contents": "The vulnerable child. There is enough evidence from epidemiological studies of respiratory disease in children and young adults to justify testing various strategies for the identification of those children who are particularly vulnerable to respiratory disease. Such studies should be coupled with anti-smoking programmes carried out by those involved in the health education of schoolchildren and adults. The effects of this selective approach to the prevention or control of respiratory disease would require rigorous evaluation.", "PMID": 1177223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6185", "title": "Antibiotics in the treatment of tonsillitis.", "content": "Tonsillitis was studied in 317 patients over two years. A short course of antibiotics was found to be highly effective in clearing streptococci from the throat, but it was questionable whether the clearance shown represented eradication. It is suggested that the duration of treatment should be on a selective basis, using a ten-day, or short antibiotic course, according to circumstances. Withholding antibiotics altogether is not considered advisable. I could not differentiate between streptococcal and presumed viral tonsillitis on clinical grounds. The resulting possible policies of treatment are discussed. I suggest giving all cases of tonsillitis antibiotics at the time of presentation.", "contents": "Antibiotics in the treatment of tonsillitis. Tonsillitis was studied in 317 patients over two years. A short course of antibiotics was found to be highly effective in clearing streptococci from the throat, but it was questionable whether the clearance shown represented eradication. It is suggested that the duration of treatment should be on a selective basis, using a ten-day, or short antibiotic course, according to circumstances. Withholding antibiotics altogether is not considered advisable. I could not differentiate between streptococcal and presumed viral tonsillitis on clinical grounds. The resulting possible policies of treatment are discussed. I suggest giving all cases of tonsillitis antibiotics at the time of presentation.", "PMID": 1177227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6186", "title": "Handling information in general practice--using feature cards with computers.", "content": "A two-tier system of handling information has been developed for use in general practice. Punched feature cards, with the conventional patients' record cards are used for the handling of primary data in the doctor's surgery. At the same time the feature cards provide an input to the computer using a feature card reader, converter, and paper-tape punch. This is especially useful where information has to be collected together centrally, for more advanced statistical analysis and where multiple searches of individual feature cards are required.", "contents": "Handling information in general practice--using feature cards with computers. A two-tier system of handling information has been developed for use in general practice. Punched feature cards, with the conventional patients' record cards are used for the handling of primary data in the doctor's surgery. At the same time the feature cards provide an input to the computer using a feature card reader, converter, and paper-tape punch. This is especially useful where information has to be collected together centrally, for more advanced statistical analysis and where multiple searches of individual feature cards are required.", "PMID": 1177230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6187", "title": "Using an age-sex register.", "content": "A study of practices using an age-sex register suggested that more use could be made of registers, especially in preventive medicine. Difficulties in creating and maintaining the register, as well as analysing it, discourage many practices. Those who make full use of their register obtain great benefit from it.", "contents": "Using an age-sex register. A study of practices using an age-sex register suggested that more use could be made of registers, especially in preventive medicine. Difficulties in creating and maintaining the register, as well as analysing it, discourage many practices. Those who make full use of their register obtain great benefit from it.", "PMID": 1177232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6188", "title": "How general practitioners assess risks in using new drugs.", "content": ";Situational' risk is an important determinant in the adoption of new pharmaceuticals. Not specifically the scientific risk of using the drug, but rather the risk the doctor perceives through his previous experience, both with similar treatments and with factors associated with the innovation such as its sponsor and mode of action. With this information the doctor determines to what degree further validation is required in order to allay any fears. The extent and complexity of this additional reassurance will thus determine how long is required before adoption and to what extent additional sources of information should be consulted.", "contents": "How general practitioners assess risks in using new drugs. ;Situational' risk is an important determinant in the adoption of new pharmaceuticals. Not specifically the scientific risk of using the drug, but rather the risk the doctor perceives through his previous experience, both with similar treatments and with factors associated with the innovation such as its sponsor and mode of action. With this information the doctor determines to what degree further validation is required in order to allay any fears. The extent and complexity of this additional reassurance will thus determine how long is required before adoption and to what extent additional sources of information should be consulted.", "PMID": 1177233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6189", "title": "Monitoring and evaluating the physiological changes in the horse with acute abdominal disease.", "content": "Initial examination and therapy, and the avoidance of maltreatment are emphasized. Gastric decompression is of prime importance, after which no compound should be administered via stomach tube. Where large amounts of high starch grains are fed, primary acute gastric dilatation must be differentiated from that secondary to small bowel dilatation, by immediate gastric intubation and irrigation of the cardia with lidocaine. If cessation of pain and improvement of peristalsis and general attitude follow, the former state may be assumed. If pain persists and peristalsis does not improve markedly, one should assume small bowel displacement. Rectal examination is helpful in initial evaluation: impactions, inguinal herniation and ileocaecal intussusception may be diagnosed and small bowel displacement suspected. Palpation of one or more distended loops of bowel in the ventral middle third of the abdomen indicates small bowel displacement or ileus and flaccid distension. Distinction by rectal palpation alone is difficult. Palpation of the gas-distended apex of the caecum in the middle third of the abdomen is virtually pathognomonic for 180 degrees rotation of the large bowel. Abdominal paracentesis yielding true sanguineous effusion indicates a necrotizing segment of the bowel. If negative, such a segment is absent, or there is an infarcted segment, not yet damaged to the point of leaching whole blood, or the necrotizing segment is outside the peritoneal cavity, i.e., in the thorax, intussuscepted into the caecum, or herniated into the inguinal canal. Recurrent colics frequently may be due to verminous arteritis but the relationship to diet should be investigated. Recurrent colics after grain ingestion with occult blood in the faeces may be due to ulcers; such cases respond well to grain withdrawal. The advantages and disadvantages of phenothiazine-derived tranquillizers are discussed. They are contra-indicated if there is any evidence of circulating volume insufficiency but are benefical in many instances through improved peripheral perfusion of organs provided circulating volume is adequate, i.e., early in acute abdominal disease prior to development of circulatory insufficiency. They should not be administered if immediate surgery is contemplated because of hypotensive effects. The administration of oral antibiotics (Neomycin) early in the course of the disease is encouraged. This is contra-indicated if the horse is already toxic, when it should receive parenteral antibiotics, preferably chloromycetin. Tetracyclines may predispose to the later development of salmonella diarrhoea. Absolute analgesia should be provided; our preference is the magnesium sulphate-chloral hydrate solutions. Administration of mineral oil is desirable in initiation of peristalsis, depression of Gram-negative overgrowth and softening of impactioning obstructions but nothing should be administered per os if the stomach has required decompression.", "contents": "Monitoring and evaluating the physiological changes in the horse with acute abdominal disease. Initial examination and therapy, and the avoidance of maltreatment are emphasized. Gastric decompression is of prime importance, after which no compound should be administered via stomach tube. Where large amounts of high starch grains are fed, primary acute gastric dilatation must be differentiated from that secondary to small bowel dilatation, by immediate gastric intubation and irrigation of the cardia with lidocaine. If cessation of pain and improvement of peristalsis and general attitude follow, the former state may be assumed. If pain persists and peristalsis does not improve markedly, one should assume small bowel displacement. Rectal examination is helpful in initial evaluation: impactions, inguinal herniation and ileocaecal intussusception may be diagnosed and small bowel displacement suspected. Palpation of one or more distended loops of bowel in the ventral middle third of the abdomen indicates small bowel displacement or ileus and flaccid distension. Distinction by rectal palpation alone is difficult. Palpation of the gas-distended apex of the caecum in the middle third of the abdomen is virtually pathognomonic for 180 degrees rotation of the large bowel. Abdominal paracentesis yielding true sanguineous effusion indicates a necrotizing segment of the bowel. If negative, such a segment is absent, or there is an infarcted segment, not yet damaged to the point of leaching whole blood, or the necrotizing segment is outside the peritoneal cavity, i.e., in the thorax, intussuscepted into the caecum, or herniated into the inguinal canal. Recurrent colics frequently may be due to verminous arteritis but the relationship to diet should be investigated. Recurrent colics after grain ingestion with occult blood in the faeces may be due to ulcers; such cases respond well to grain withdrawal. The advantages and disadvantages of phenothiazine-derived tranquillizers are discussed. They are contra-indicated if there is any evidence of circulating volume insufficiency but are benefical in many instances through improved peripheral perfusion of organs provided circulating volume is adequate, i.e., early in acute abdominal disease prior to development of circulatory insufficiency. They should not be administered if immediate surgery is contemplated because of hypotensive effects. The administration of oral antibiotics (Neomycin) early in the course of the disease is encouraged. This is contra-indicated if the horse is already toxic, when it should receive parenteral antibiotics, preferably chloromycetin. Tetracyclines may predispose to the later development of salmonella diarrhoea. Absolute analgesia should be provided; our preference is the magnesium sulphate-chloral hydrate solutions. Administration of mineral oil is desirable in initiation of peristalsis, depression of Gram-negative overgrowth and softening of impactioning obstructions but nothing should be administered per os if the stomach has required decompression.", "PMID": 1177234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6190", "title": "Surgical techniques in equine colic.", "content": "Emergency equine abdominal surgery is easiest and most efficiently carried out with a team of surgeons. The surgical site should be as protected as possible by the use of sterile drapes and wound protectors. A ventral midline laparotomy incision has been found to be the most convenient approach to most equine intestinal obstructions. A standing laparotomy through the left paralumbar fossa gives adequate exposure for exploration of the abdomen and is, therefore, useful as a diagnostic tool. Horses tolerate having both ventral midline and left paralumbar laparotomy incisions well. If the cause of the intestinal obstruction is not readily apparent upon opening the abdominal cavity, a thorough systematic exploration of the abdominal cavity is necessary. If the problem cannot be found with the bowel in situ, intestine must be exteriorized for examination. The decision as to the extent of adequate bowel resection often depends on a subjective assessment of bowel function. In equivocal cases, the surgeon should choose to resect some normal bowel rather than taking a chance on leaving compromised bowel in place. Incarcerations are frequent causes of small intestinal obstructions. The small intestine may become incarcerated in the epiploic foramen, the inguinal canal or in an umbilical hernia. Thromboembolic compromise to intestinal vessels results in the longest lengths of embarrassed bowel requiring resection. Impactions are the most common obstructions associated with the caecum. Large colon torsions of 270 degrees or less may be corrected by surgical manipulation; with 360 degrees torsions of the large colon, however, vascular compromise is usually sufficient to devitalize this organ. Enterotomy of the large colon allows retrieval of most enteroliths from its lumen. Enterotomy of the right dorsal colon is also useful for removal of foreign bodies which cause obstruction of the most proximal portion of the small colon. In our Clinic a two-layer end to end anastomosis is usually utilized. Recently introduced automated stapling and ligating instruments have been useful in decreasing surgical time. Antibiotics, usually furacin and sodium or potassium penicillin in 2 litres of Normasol-R, are placed in the peritoneal cavity before closure of the abdomen. A Penrose drain is commonly placed into the abdominal cavity to provide drainage of the peritoneal cavity after surgery. The peritoneum is sutured with No 0 chromic gut in a simple continuous pattern. A second Penrose drain may be placed between peritoneum and ventral body wall, with its ends retracted through stab incisions in the skin. The linea alba is closed with simple interrupted sutures of stainless steel wire or No. 3 chromic gut. Employing the above described principles and techniques has increased the success of abdominal surgery in our Clinic.", "contents": "Surgical techniques in equine colic. Emergency equine abdominal surgery is easiest and most efficiently carried out with a team of surgeons. The surgical site should be as protected as possible by the use of sterile drapes and wound protectors. A ventral midline laparotomy incision has been found to be the most convenient approach to most equine intestinal obstructions. A standing laparotomy through the left paralumbar fossa gives adequate exposure for exploration of the abdomen and is, therefore, useful as a diagnostic tool. Horses tolerate having both ventral midline and left paralumbar laparotomy incisions well. If the cause of the intestinal obstruction is not readily apparent upon opening the abdominal cavity, a thorough systematic exploration of the abdominal cavity is necessary. If the problem cannot be found with the bowel in situ, intestine must be exteriorized for examination. The decision as to the extent of adequate bowel resection often depends on a subjective assessment of bowel function. In equivocal cases, the surgeon should choose to resect some normal bowel rather than taking a chance on leaving compromised bowel in place. Incarcerations are frequent causes of small intestinal obstructions. The small intestine may become incarcerated in the epiploic foramen, the inguinal canal or in an umbilical hernia. Thromboembolic compromise to intestinal vessels results in the longest lengths of embarrassed bowel requiring resection. Impactions are the most common obstructions associated with the caecum. Large colon torsions of 270 degrees or less may be corrected by surgical manipulation; with 360 degrees torsions of the large colon, however, vascular compromise is usually sufficient to devitalize this organ. Enterotomy of the large colon allows retrieval of most enteroliths from its lumen. Enterotomy of the right dorsal colon is also useful for removal of foreign bodies which cause obstruction of the most proximal portion of the small colon. In our Clinic a two-layer end to end anastomosis is usually utilized. Recently introduced automated stapling and ligating instruments have been useful in decreasing surgical time. Antibiotics, usually furacin and sodium or potassium penicillin in 2 litres of Normasol-R, are placed in the peritoneal cavity before closure of the abdomen. A Penrose drain is commonly placed into the abdominal cavity to provide drainage of the peritoneal cavity after surgery. The peritoneum is sutured with No 0 chromic gut in a simple continuous pattern. A second Penrose drain may be placed between peritoneum and ventral body wall, with its ends retracted through stab incisions in the skin. The linea alba is closed with simple interrupted sutures of stainless steel wire or No. 3 chromic gut. Employing the above described principles and techniques has increased the success of abdominal surgery in our Clinic.", "PMID": 1177235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6191", "title": "Post-operative management of equine abdominal patients.", "content": "Adequate post-operative management of equine abdominal patients is as necessary to patient survival as the most heroic corrective surgery. Post-operative management must begin during the anaesthesia recovery phase to insure adequate oxygen supply, ventilation, and minimize any abdominal discomfort. The animal's physiological status must be constantly monitored to detect and determine the degree of abnormalities concerning serum electrolytes, fluid balance, and acid-base abnormalities. The most commonly observed serum electrolyte imbalance is hypokalaemia. Replacement potassium is usually supplied intravenously. If the dificit is slight, oral replacement may be possible. Fluid balance is usually maintained via intravenous fluid therapy as determined by monitoring PCV and plasma protein. Metabolic acidosis is treated with 5 percent sodium bicarbonate administered intravenously. Broad spectrum antibiotics are usually given intravenously but may be administered intra-peritoneally. To facilitate the intravenous therapy, an indwelling silastic catheter is often employed to minimize jugular thrombosis.", "contents": "Post-operative management of equine abdominal patients. Adequate post-operative management of equine abdominal patients is as necessary to patient survival as the most heroic corrective surgery. Post-operative management must begin during the anaesthesia recovery phase to insure adequate oxygen supply, ventilation, and minimize any abdominal discomfort. The animal's physiological status must be constantly monitored to detect and determine the degree of abnormalities concerning serum electrolytes, fluid balance, and acid-base abnormalities. The most commonly observed serum electrolyte imbalance is hypokalaemia. Replacement potassium is usually supplied intravenously. If the dificit is slight, oral replacement may be possible. Fluid balance is usually maintained via intravenous fluid therapy as determined by monitoring PCV and plasma protein. Metabolic acidosis is treated with 5 percent sodium bicarbonate administered intravenously. Broad spectrum antibiotics are usually given intravenously but may be administered intra-peritoneally. To facilitate the intravenous therapy, an indwelling silastic catheter is often employed to minimize jugular thrombosis.", "PMID": 1177236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6192", "title": "Dietary value of cubes in equine nutrition.", "content": "The revised NRC's Nutrient Requirements of Horses is changing the outlook on equine nutrition, dominated for so long by the traditional belief in oats. This has lead to the need for properly balanced diets, in the compounding of which dietary cubes offer the distinct advantage of providing a standardized diet of constant quality in keeping with modern knowledge. Additional factors are: longer storage, freedom from dust, palatability, refractoriness to mould infection, and facilitation of routine feeding. Cube size and hardness are important considerations for the manufacturer. Horses appear to favour smaller-sized cubes, but on the whole preferences for size and hardness appear to be equivocal. The nutritional status of four commercial brands of horse feed marketed in South Africa has been analyzed and compared to commonly used raw feedstuffs. The results of feeding cubes have been assessed by means of a questionnaire. There appears to be a need for more knowledge concerning equine nutrition on the part of trainers, as well as for more specialized advisory services. The establishment of training centres has been suggested.", "contents": "Dietary value of cubes in equine nutrition. The revised NRC's Nutrient Requirements of Horses is changing the outlook on equine nutrition, dominated for so long by the traditional belief in oats. This has lead to the need for properly balanced diets, in the compounding of which dietary cubes offer the distinct advantage of providing a standardized diet of constant quality in keeping with modern knowledge. Additional factors are: longer storage, freedom from dust, palatability, refractoriness to mould infection, and facilitation of routine feeding. Cube size and hardness are important considerations for the manufacturer. Horses appear to favour smaller-sized cubes, but on the whole preferences for size and hardness appear to be equivocal. The nutritional status of four commercial brands of horse feed marketed in South Africa has been analyzed and compared to commonly used raw feedstuffs. The results of feeding cubes have been assessed by means of a questionnaire. There appears to be a need for more knowledge concerning equine nutrition on the part of trainers, as well as for more specialized advisory services. The establishment of training centres has been suggested.", "PMID": 1177239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6193", "title": "Intestinal surgery in the foal.", "content": "Intestinal surgery in the foal is seldom necessary but some conditions in which it is essential are well recognized. The foal is a good surgical subject but success depends mainly on operating promptly before irreversible degenerative changes take place. Exploratory laparatomy is recommended whenever mechanical obstruction is suspected. Indications fall broadly into two main categories: 1. Cases arising from congenital defects. These form a miscellaneous group and present considerable difficulties in diagnosis and effective treatment. 2. Cases related to acute onset of obstruction, mainly due to volvulus or torsion. By far the most important condition in this category is volvulus of the ileum close to the ileocaecal valve. Aetiological factors are discussed, and the value of resection of affected small intestine and creation of a new jejuno-caecal opening is indicated. It is suggested that with improvement of such techniques it will be possible to save a higher proportion of foals suffering from mechanical intestinal obstruction.", "contents": "Intestinal surgery in the foal. Intestinal surgery in the foal is seldom necessary but some conditions in which it is essential are well recognized. The foal is a good surgical subject but success depends mainly on operating promptly before irreversible degenerative changes take place. Exploratory laparatomy is recommended whenever mechanical obstruction is suspected. Indications fall broadly into two main categories: 1. Cases arising from congenital defects. These form a miscellaneous group and present considerable difficulties in diagnosis and effective treatment. 2. Cases related to acute onset of obstruction, mainly due to volvulus or torsion. By far the most important condition in this category is volvulus of the ileum close to the ileocaecal valve. Aetiological factors are discussed, and the value of resection of affected small intestine and creation of a new jejuno-caecal opening is indicated. It is suggested that with improvement of such techniques it will be possible to save a higher proportion of foals suffering from mechanical intestinal obstruction.", "PMID": 1177241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6194", "title": "Differential diagnosis of diarrhoea in horses over six months of age.", "content": "Pertinent questions regarding the history of a horse with diarrhoea are listed, as are diagnostic procedures that might be included in a complete clinical work-up. For purposes of discussion, diarrhoea is regarded as \"acute\" or \"chronic\" wherein the former concerns cases where the features of the disease are severe with progressive electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, toxaemia, or other life-threatening manifestations and the latter refers to cases that have been prolonged for a month or more. Patterns of disease, including results of diagnostic techniques, are stressed. In the \"acute\" category, salmonellosis, haemorrhagic and oedematous colon (Colitis X), acute peritonitis, and Corynebacterium equi infection are discussed in some detail. In the \"chronic\" group, strongyle larval migrans, granulomatous enteritis, chronic liver disease, Corynebacterium equi infection and chronic salmonellosis are emphasized.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of diarrhoea in horses over six months of age. Pertinent questions regarding the history of a horse with diarrhoea are listed, as are diagnostic procedures that might be included in a complete clinical work-up. For purposes of discussion, diarrhoea is regarded as \"acute\" or \"chronic\" wherein the former concerns cases where the features of the disease are severe with progressive electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, toxaemia, or other life-threatening manifestations and the latter refers to cases that have been prolonged for a month or more. Patterns of disease, including results of diagnostic techniques, are stressed. In the \"acute\" category, salmonellosis, haemorrhagic and oedematous colon (Colitis X), acute peritonitis, and Corynebacterium equi infection are discussed in some detail. In the \"chronic\" group, strongyle larval migrans, granulomatous enteritis, chronic liver disease, Corynebacterium equi infection and chronic salmonellosis are emphasized.", "PMID": 1177243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6195", "title": "Pathological infection of thoroughbred horses with Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus.", "content": "Contrary to common belief, Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus can be pathogenic to horses. History of cases of a particular stud, necropsy findings, diagnosis, and successful treatment with hexachlorophene and with dichlorvos are recorded. The presence of eggs can be established by a special flotation technique.", "contents": "Pathological infection of thoroughbred horses with Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus. Contrary to common belief, Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus can be pathogenic to horses. History of cases of a particular stud, necropsy findings, diagnosis, and successful treatment with hexachlorophene and with dichlorvos are recorded. The presence of eggs can be established by a special flotation technique.", "PMID": 1177244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6196", "title": "The pathogenesis and control of strongyle infection in the horse.", "content": "The migratory route of infective Strongylus vulgaris larvae was determined: penetration of small and large intestine into the lumina of submucosal arteries, migration up the arterial tree, reaching the cranial mesenteric site by three weeks, where the larvae develop to the mature 4th stage. After 3-4 months they exsheath and the young adults migrate down the arteries towards the intestines, to the limit of arterial narrowing, from where they rupture from nodules into the lumen of the intestine. The prepatent period is about 6 months. The clinical syndrome was similar to, but less severe than that recorded in the literature. The most significant haematological changes were an early, sharp rise in WBC, increased neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio, and eosinophilia. Marked, progressive increase of total serum proteins as result of betaglobulins occurred. The rate of albumin catabolism was higher in infected horses and red cell survival was reduced. In field studies, it was shown that foals turned out to grass in spring can be infected both by overwintering larvae and by their untreated dams, the latter being by far the more important source of infection.", "contents": "The pathogenesis and control of strongyle infection in the horse. The migratory route of infective Strongylus vulgaris larvae was determined: penetration of small and large intestine into the lumina of submucosal arteries, migration up the arterial tree, reaching the cranial mesenteric site by three weeks, where the larvae develop to the mature 4th stage. After 3-4 months they exsheath and the young adults migrate down the arteries towards the intestines, to the limit of arterial narrowing, from where they rupture from nodules into the lumen of the intestine. The prepatent period is about 6 months. The clinical syndrome was similar to, but less severe than that recorded in the literature. The most significant haematological changes were an early, sharp rise in WBC, increased neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio, and eosinophilia. Marked, progressive increase of total serum proteins as result of betaglobulins occurred. The rate of albumin catabolism was higher in infected horses and red cell survival was reduced. In field studies, it was shown that foals turned out to grass in spring can be infected both by overwintering larvae and by their untreated dams, the latter being by far the more important source of infection.", "PMID": 1177246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6197", "title": "Causes of colic and types requiring surgical intervention.", "content": "The migration of strongyle larvae is the most common or basic underlying cause of colic in the horse. Disease conditions producing symptoms of colic occur in all sections of the intestinal tract and consist of impactions, torsions, herniations and foreign bodies. Colic also occurs as a result of pre- and post-partum diseases such as torsion of the uterus, haemorrhage, rupture and inversion of the uterus. In general, lesions resulting in circulatory obstruction are the types requiring surgical intervention. There are six general types of small intestine obstruction that lend themselves to surgical treatment; namely, volvulus, herniations, intussusceptions, stenosis of the lumen of the bowel by external bands or by foreign bodies and chronic inflammatory lesions. The large intestine is not subject to the variety of obstructive lesions found in the small intestine. Impactions count for a large percentage of the obstructions seen. A standing laparotomy for diagnostic purposes may be indicated. Small colon impactions are readily treated by standing laparotomy. Enteroliths are of very common occurrence in some areas of the country; they often result in rupture of the colon. Torsions of the colon produce septic shock very rapidly. The left dorsal colon moving medially or laterally and ventrally initiates the torsion. Clockwise rotation is most common. Massive intravenous therapy is needed to maintain hydration. Ventral midline laparotomy gives best access. Surgery must be performed very early to avoid massive tissue necrosis. Survival rate is 30 percent or less. The small colon is also capable of rotation and volvulus, and of strangulation in the umbilical or inguinal ring.", "contents": "Causes of colic and types requiring surgical intervention. The migration of strongyle larvae is the most common or basic underlying cause of colic in the horse. Disease conditions producing symptoms of colic occur in all sections of the intestinal tract and consist of impactions, torsions, herniations and foreign bodies. Colic also occurs as a result of pre- and post-partum diseases such as torsion of the uterus, haemorrhage, rupture and inversion of the uterus. In general, lesions resulting in circulatory obstruction are the types requiring surgical intervention. There are six general types of small intestine obstruction that lend themselves to surgical treatment; namely, volvulus, herniations, intussusceptions, stenosis of the lumen of the bowel by external bands or by foreign bodies and chronic inflammatory lesions. The large intestine is not subject to the variety of obstructive lesions found in the small intestine. Impactions count for a large percentage of the obstructions seen. A standing laparotomy for diagnostic purposes may be indicated. Small colon impactions are readily treated by standing laparotomy. Enteroliths are of very common occurrence in some areas of the country; they often result in rupture of the colon. Torsions of the colon produce septic shock very rapidly. The left dorsal colon moving medially or laterally and ventrally initiates the torsion. Clockwise rotation is most common. Massive intravenous therapy is needed to maintain hydration. Ventral midline laparotomy gives best access. Surgery must be performed very early to avoid massive tissue necrosis. Survival rate is 30 percent or less. The small colon is also capable of rotation and volvulus, and of strangulation in the umbilical or inguinal ring.", "PMID": 1177249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6198", "title": "Quantum chemical studies of meperidine and prodine.", "content": "Extensive quantum chemical calculations have been made of the electronic distribution and conformational behavior of meperidine and desmethyl-, (+)-alpha, and (+)-beta-prodine using PCILO, a semiempirical molecular orbital method. For this series of opiates, a phenyl equatorial conformation was preferred over a phenyl axial one, with the equatorial conformer most favored in the most potent compounds. Using the low-energy equatorial conformer obtained for each compound, together with calculated net atomic charges, their observed potency variation could successfully be explained. From the results, these compounds appear to act at the morphine receptor with an identical piperidine rather than phenyl ring site.", "contents": "Quantum chemical studies of meperidine and prodine. Extensive quantum chemical calculations have been made of the electronic distribution and conformational behavior of meperidine and desmethyl-, (+)-alpha, and (+)-beta-prodine using PCILO, a semiempirical molecular orbital method. For this series of opiates, a phenyl equatorial conformation was preferred over a phenyl axial one, with the equatorial conformer most favored in the most potent compounds. Using the low-energy equatorial conformer obtained for each compound, together with calculated net atomic charges, their observed potency variation could successfully be explained. From the results, these compounds appear to act at the morphine receptor with an identical piperidine rather than phenyl ring site.", "PMID": 1177250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6199", "title": "Primary and beta-secondary deuterium isotope effects in N-deethylation reactions.", "content": "Lidocaine (1), labeled specifically with deuterium in the alpha-methylene (lidocaine-d4,2) and beta-methyl (lidocaine-d6,3) carbon atoms of the terminal amino group, was used to probe the mechanism of oxidative N-deethylation by rat liver microsomes. The reaction rates were determined by measuring the formation of acetaldehyde colorimetrically. This general assay for oxidative N-deethylation reactions has the advantages of being rapid, producing a relatively stable colored derivative and being linear over the range of 0.25-4 mug of acetaldehyde formed per milliliter of incubate. Deuterium substitution at the methylene carbon atoms, the presumed site of initial oxygen insertion, revealed a kH/kD = 1.49 +/- 0.11 and a KmD/KmH = 1.23. Deuterium substitution on the terminal methyl groups showed a kH/kD = 1.52 +/- 0.10 and a KmD/KmH = 0.92. The results are explained in terms of both primary and secondary isotope effects on a possible rate-determining step in the N-deethylation sequence.", "contents": "Primary and beta-secondary deuterium isotope effects in N-deethylation reactions. Lidocaine (1), labeled specifically with deuterium in the alpha-methylene (lidocaine-d4,2) and beta-methyl (lidocaine-d6,3) carbon atoms of the terminal amino group, was used to probe the mechanism of oxidative N-deethylation by rat liver microsomes. The reaction rates were determined by measuring the formation of acetaldehyde colorimetrically. This general assay for oxidative N-deethylation reactions has the advantages of being rapid, producing a relatively stable colored derivative and being linear over the range of 0.25-4 mug of acetaldehyde formed per milliliter of incubate. Deuterium substitution at the methylene carbon atoms, the presumed site of initial oxygen insertion, revealed a kH/kD = 1.49 +/- 0.11 and a KmD/KmH = 1.23. Deuterium substitution on the terminal methyl groups showed a kH/kD = 1.52 +/- 0.10 and a KmD/KmH = 0.92. The results are explained in terms of both primary and secondary isotope effects on a possible rate-determining step in the N-deethylation sequence.", "PMID": 1177251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6200", "title": "Synthesis of thebaine and oripavine from codeine and morphine.", "content": "A practical synthesis of thebaine and oripavine has been developed from codeine and morphine, respectively. Attempts to use a codeinone intermediate gave poor yields; however, methylation of the potassium salt of codeine to give codeine methyl ether followed by oxidation with gamma-MnO2 gave thebaine in 67% yield from codeine. Similarly, the potassium salt of the di-O-anion of morphine was selectively alkylated to give morphine 6-methyl ether (heterocodeine) in better than 90% yield. Hetercodeine was then acetylated and oxidized to oripavine 3-acetate which was hydrolyzed to give oripavine in 73% yield from morphine.", "contents": "Synthesis of thebaine and oripavine from codeine and morphine. A practical synthesis of thebaine and oripavine has been developed from codeine and morphine, respectively. Attempts to use a codeinone intermediate gave poor yields; however, methylation of the potassium salt of codeine to give codeine methyl ether followed by oxidation with gamma-MnO2 gave thebaine in 67% yield from codeine. Similarly, the potassium salt of the di-O-anion of morphine was selectively alkylated to give morphine 6-methyl ether (heterocodeine) in better than 90% yield. Hetercodeine was then acetylated and oxidized to oripavine 3-acetate which was hydrolyzed to give oripavine in 73% yield from morphine.", "PMID": 1177252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6201", "title": "Cardiovascular activity of aromatic guanidine compounds.", "content": "A series of aromatic guanidines and several 1-phenylbiguanides was prepared and tested for cardiovascular (CV) effects in anesthetized dogs measuring heart rate, blood pressure, carotid artery blood flow, and myocardial force changes. The predominant CV effect at minimally effective dose was vasoconstriction unassociated with cardiac stimulation. The structure-activity relationships of the compounds were discussed comparing their structural similarities to the beta-phenylethylamines. The most potent members of the series were phenylguanidines substituted in the 3 and 4 positions on the aromatic nucleus with hydroxy or chloro groups. Preliminary mechanism studies indicated that the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylguanidines act at least partially by a direct alpha-adrenergic mechanism", "contents": "Cardiovascular activity of aromatic guanidine compounds. A series of aromatic guanidines and several 1-phenylbiguanides was prepared and tested for cardiovascular (CV) effects in anesthetized dogs measuring heart rate, blood pressure, carotid artery blood flow, and myocardial force changes. The predominant CV effect at minimally effective dose was vasoconstriction unassociated with cardiac stimulation. The structure-activity relationships of the compounds were discussed comparing their structural similarities to the beta-phenylethylamines. The most potent members of the series were phenylguanidines substituted in the 3 and 4 positions on the aromatic nucleus with hydroxy or chloro groups. Preliminary mechanism studies indicated that the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylguanidines act at least partially by a direct alpha-adrenergic mechanism", "PMID": 1177253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6202", "title": "Synthesis of deuterium-labeled analogs of cyclophosphamide and its metabolites.", "content": "Convenient syntheses are described of d4 analogs of cyclophosphamide and some of its metabolites, potential standards for the quantitative analysis of the drug and its metabolites in human body fluids by stable isotope dilution-mass spectrometry. Base-catalyzed H-D exchange on N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine gave N-nitrosobis(1,1-dideuterio-2-hydroxyethyl)amine from which bis(2-chloro-1,1-dideuterioethyl)amine (nor-HN2-d4) was readily obtained. Established synthetic routes were then used to convert nor-HN2-d4 into d4 analogs of cyclophosphamide [2-[bis(2-chlorethyl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide], 4-ketocyclophosphamide [2[BIS(2-chloroethyl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorin-4-one 2-oxide], and carboxyphosphamide [2-carboxyethyl N-N-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidate], and these analogs were used in a preliminary investigation into the quantitation of the appropriate components in human plasma and urine. Also prepared were d4 analogs of phosphoramide mustard [N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidic acid (cyclohexylammonium salt)] and 3-(2-chloroethyl)oxazolidone and the methyl and trideuteriomethyl esters of phosphoramide mustard.", "contents": "Synthesis of deuterium-labeled analogs of cyclophosphamide and its metabolites. Convenient syntheses are described of d4 analogs of cyclophosphamide and some of its metabolites, potential standards for the quantitative analysis of the drug and its metabolites in human body fluids by stable isotope dilution-mass spectrometry. Base-catalyzed H-D exchange on N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine gave N-nitrosobis(1,1-dideuterio-2-hydroxyethyl)amine from which bis(2-chloro-1,1-dideuterioethyl)amine (nor-HN2-d4) was readily obtained. Established synthetic routes were then used to convert nor-HN2-d4 into d4 analogs of cyclophosphamide [2-[bis(2-chlorethyl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide], 4-ketocyclophosphamide [2[BIS(2-chloroethyl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorin-4-one 2-oxide], and carboxyphosphamide [2-carboxyethyl N-N-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidate], and these analogs were used in a preliminary investigation into the quantitation of the appropriate components in human plasma and urine. Also prepared were d4 analogs of phosphoramide mustard [N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidic acid (cyclohexylammonium salt)] and 3-(2-chloroethyl)oxazolidone and the methyl and trideuteriomethyl esters of phosphoramide mustard.", "PMID": 1177255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6203", "title": "Synthesis and biological properties of some novel heterocyclic homoprostanoids.", "content": "In the search for prostaglandin-like structures capable of exerting specific and desirable biological properties, a variety of simple heterocyclic homoprostanoidal derivatives was synthesized from readily available stearic acid derivatives. Compounds 5b and 5e were found to be more than 100 times as potent as PGE1 and PGE2 in a tracheal chain bioassay and, like 6, 9, and 12, inhibited PGE2-induced diarrhea. Derivatives 6 and 7a showed significant PG-synthetase inhibitor activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological properties of some novel heterocyclic homoprostanoids. In the search for prostaglandin-like structures capable of exerting specific and desirable biological properties, a variety of simple heterocyclic homoprostanoidal derivatives was synthesized from readily available stearic acid derivatives. Compounds 5b and 5e were found to be more than 100 times as potent as PGE1 and PGE2 in a tracheal chain bioassay and, like 6, 9, and 12, inhibited PGE2-induced diarrhea. Derivatives 6 and 7a showed significant PG-synthetase inhibitor activity.", "PMID": 1177254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6204", "title": "Synthesis and antitumor activity of 6-trifluoromethylcyclophosphamide and related compounds.", "content": "In an attempt to increase the combined toxicity of the metabolic end-products [acrolein (4) and phosphoramide mustard (3)] from cyclophosphamide (1), the analog 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]tetrahydro-6-trifluoromethyl-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide (2, 6-trifluoromethylcyclophosphamide) was synthesized and its metabolism and antitumor activity studied. Following metabolism of 2 by rat liver microsomes the predicted formation of 4,4,4-trifluorocrotonaldehyde (5) was confirmed by isolation and identification, by mass spectrometry, of its dinitrophenylhydrazone. The therapeutic indices (LD50-/ID90) for 2 against the ADJ/PC6 mouse tumor and the Walker 256 tumor in the rat were 28.6 and 7.7, respectively, and were lower than the corresponding values for 1 (91.8 and 33.2, respectively) although the toxicities toward Walker cells in a bioassay system of 1 and 2 following microsomal metabolism were similar. In order to study the toxicities of 4 and 5 released under drug metabolizing conditions independently of the production of a toxic mustard the analogs 18 [2-(diethylamino)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide] and 6 [2-(diethylamino)tetrahydro-6-trifluoromethyl-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide] were also synthesized. The release of 5 from 6 following metabolism was confirmed and shown by use of the bioassay system to be an event of similar toxicity to release of 4 from 18; in vivo, however, 6 (LD50 330 mg/kg) was more toxic to mice than 18 (LD50 greater than 500 mg/kg).", "contents": "Synthesis and antitumor activity of 6-trifluoromethylcyclophosphamide and related compounds. In an attempt to increase the combined toxicity of the metabolic end-products [acrolein (4) and phosphoramide mustard (3)] from cyclophosphamide (1), the analog 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]tetrahydro-6-trifluoromethyl-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide (2, 6-trifluoromethylcyclophosphamide) was synthesized and its metabolism and antitumor activity studied. Following metabolism of 2 by rat liver microsomes the predicted formation of 4,4,4-trifluorocrotonaldehyde (5) was confirmed by isolation and identification, by mass spectrometry, of its dinitrophenylhydrazone. The therapeutic indices (LD50-/ID90) for 2 against the ADJ/PC6 mouse tumor and the Walker 256 tumor in the rat were 28.6 and 7.7, respectively, and were lower than the corresponding values for 1 (91.8 and 33.2, respectively) although the toxicities toward Walker cells in a bioassay system of 1 and 2 following microsomal metabolism were similar. In order to study the toxicities of 4 and 5 released under drug metabolizing conditions independently of the production of a toxic mustard the analogs 18 [2-(diethylamino)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide] and 6 [2-(diethylamino)tetrahydro-6-trifluoromethyl-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide] were also synthesized. The release of 5 from 6 following metabolism was confirmed and shown by use of the bioassay system to be an event of similar toxicity to release of 4 from 18; in vivo, however, 6 (LD50 330 mg/kg) was more toxic to mice than 18 (LD50 greater than 500 mg/kg).", "PMID": 1177256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6205", "title": "Potential antitumor agents. 16.4'-(Acridin-9-ylamino)methanesulfonanilides.", "content": "The structure-antileukemic activity (L1210) relationships for sulfonanilide ring-substituted variants of 4'-(acridin-9-ylamino)methanesulfonanilides have been investigated. Electron-donor substituents are necessary for antileukemic activity and it is suggested that high electron density at the 6' position is associated with high activity. A 3'-OCH3 function markedly increases (2-8-fold) potency with a variety of acceptable acridine ring substituents. Further variants with hydrophobic acridine 3-substituents have been shown to be more active than expected on the basis of overall molecular hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. There is a size limit to 3-substituents which may acceptably be as large as an iodine atom but should be smaller than an isoporpyl function.", "contents": "Potential antitumor agents. 16.4'-(Acridin-9-ylamino)methanesulfonanilides. The structure-antileukemic activity (L1210) relationships for sulfonanilide ring-substituted variants of 4'-(acridin-9-ylamino)methanesulfonanilides have been investigated. Electron-donor substituents are necessary for antileukemic activity and it is suggested that high electron density at the 6' position is associated with high activity. A 3'-OCH3 function markedly increases (2-8-fold) potency with a variety of acceptable acridine ring substituents. Further variants with hydrophobic acridine 3-substituents have been shown to be more active than expected on the basis of overall molecular hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. There is a size limit to 3-substituents which may acceptably be as large as an iodine atom but should be smaller than an isoporpyl function.", "PMID": 1177257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6206", "title": "3-Arylquinolizidines, potential antidepressant agents.", "content": "The synthesis, structure elucidation, and pharmacological evaluation of some 3-arylquinolizidines as semirigid phenethylamines are described. Many of the derivatives posses antidepressant activity. Some anticonvulsant effects are noted.", "contents": "3-Arylquinolizidines, potential antidepressant agents. The synthesis, structure elucidation, and pharmacological evaluation of some 3-arylquinolizidines as semirigid phenethylamines are described. Many of the derivatives posses antidepressant activity. Some anticonvulsant effects are noted.", "PMID": 1177258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6207", "title": "Antiarrhythmics. N-(aminoalkylene)trifluoroethoxybenzamides and N-(aminoalkylene)trifluoroethoxynaphthamides.", "content": "Benzamides and naphthamides characterized by one or more 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy ring substituents have been prepared and evaluated as antiarrhythmic agents in mice. Structure-action studies reveal that antiarrhythmic activity is highly dependent upon the number and position of 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy groups. The most potent compounds are derived from 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzamide, and, within this group, wide variation of the amide side chain is possible without adversely affecting the antiarrhythmic activity.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmics. N-(aminoalkylene)trifluoroethoxybenzamides and N-(aminoalkylene)trifluoroethoxynaphthamides. Benzamides and naphthamides characterized by one or more 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy ring substituents have been prepared and evaluated as antiarrhythmic agents in mice. Structure-action studies reveal that antiarrhythmic activity is highly dependent upon the number and position of 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy groups. The most potent compounds are derived from 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzamide, and, within this group, wide variation of the amide side chain is possible without adversely affecting the antiarrhythmic activity.", "PMID": 1177259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6208", "title": "2-(3,4-Dichloroanilino)quinolizinium bromide, a unique antispasmodic, antisecretory, and antiulcerogenic agent.", "content": "2-(3,4-Dichloroanilino)quinolizinium bromide (3) was prepared by reaction of 2-bromoquinolizinium bromide with 3,4-dichloroaniline in ethanol. This compound possesses unique antispasmodic, antisecretory, and antiulcerogenic properties.", "contents": "2-(3,4-Dichloroanilino)quinolizinium bromide, a unique antispasmodic, antisecretory, and antiulcerogenic agent. 2-(3,4-Dichloroanilino)quinolizinium bromide (3) was prepared by reaction of 2-bromoquinolizinium bromide with 3,4-dichloroaniline in ethanol. This compound possesses unique antispasmodic, antisecretory, and antiulcerogenic properties.", "PMID": 1177260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6209", "title": "Structure-activity relationships in reactivators of organophosphorus-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. 10. Hydroxyiminomethylarylethenylpyridine methiodides.", "content": "The synthesis of styrylpyridine methiodides where a hydrogen of the pyridyl moiety was replaced by the hydroxyiminomethyl group produced highly effective inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. As starting materials 4-methylpyridine-2-aldoxime and 2-methylpyridine-4-aldoxime methiodides were prepared which, together with 4-imidazolylethenyl-pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide, were the only substances for which some activity as reactivators of phosphorylated electric eel cholinesterase in vitro could also be found.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships in reactivators of organophosphorus-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. 10. Hydroxyiminomethylarylethenylpyridine methiodides. The synthesis of styrylpyridine methiodides where a hydrogen of the pyridyl moiety was replaced by the hydroxyiminomethyl group produced highly effective inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. As starting materials 4-methylpyridine-2-aldoxime and 2-methylpyridine-4-aldoxime methiodides were prepared which, together with 4-imidazolylethenyl-pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide, were the only substances for which some activity as reactivators of phosphorylated electric eel cholinesterase in vitro could also be found.", "PMID": 1177261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6210", "title": "Application of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitory effect of furosemide to the study of furosemide release from two of its diuretic derivatives.", "content": "Bovine carbonic anhydrase B (CA) inhibitory effect of furosemide was established in two pH values at 26 degress. FFBu [N-furfuryl-4-chloro-5-(butoxymethylsulfamoyl)anthranilic acid] and FFMe [N-furfuryl-4-chloro-5-(methoxy-methylsulfamoyl)anthranilic acid], two of its alkoxymethyl derivatives, did not exert any CA inhibitory effect at those conditions but were found to inhibit the CA activity after their hydrolysis, which yielded the furosemide molecule. The CA inhibitory effect of furosemide was utilized for determining the kinetic rate constants for the hydrolysis of FFBu and FFMe at various pH and temperature levels. The hydrolysis rate constants of FFBu and FFMe were pH-independent in the pH range tested, and the temperature dependence for FFBu yielded an activation energy of 18 kcal/mol. It is pointed out that the hydrolysis rates of FFBu may be important for the explanation of its possible delayed diuretic effect.", "contents": "Application of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitory effect of furosemide to the study of furosemide release from two of its diuretic derivatives. Bovine carbonic anhydrase B (CA) inhibitory effect of furosemide was established in two pH values at 26 degress. FFBu [N-furfuryl-4-chloro-5-(butoxymethylsulfamoyl)anthranilic acid] and FFMe [N-furfuryl-4-chloro-5-(methoxy-methylsulfamoyl)anthranilic acid], two of its alkoxymethyl derivatives, did not exert any CA inhibitory effect at those conditions but were found to inhibit the CA activity after their hydrolysis, which yielded the furosemide molecule. The CA inhibitory effect of furosemide was utilized for determining the kinetic rate constants for the hydrolysis of FFBu and FFMe at various pH and temperature levels. The hydrolysis rate constants of FFBu and FFMe were pH-independent in the pH range tested, and the temperature dependence for FFBu yielded an activation energy of 18 kcal/mol. It is pointed out that the hydrolysis rates of FFBu may be important for the explanation of its possible delayed diuretic effect.", "PMID": 1177262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6211", "title": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of some 2-heteroaryl-alpha-methyl-5-benzoxazoleacetic acids.", "content": "The syntheses of eight of the title compounds are described. The compounds possessed activity comparable with that of the previously tested 2-substituted phenyl analogs in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of some 2-heteroaryl-alpha-methyl-5-benzoxazoleacetic acids. The syntheses of eight of the title compounds are described. The compounds possessed activity comparable with that of the previously tested 2-substituted phenyl analogs in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test.", "PMID": 1177263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6212", "title": "A lapachol derivative active against mouse lymphocytic leukemia P-388.", "content": "Lapachol [2-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone] and its analogs [2-(3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl)-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-(3,3-dibromo-2-propenyl)-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone] have been described, among almost a hundred synthesized analogs, as active against rat tumor Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. The acetylglucosylation of lapachol results in a compound which extends lapachol activity becoming effective against mouse lymphocytic leukemia P-388. When mice inoculated with 10(6) leukemic cells were treated with the drug during 9 days, their life span increased 80% over the control animals. Identification spectral data (uv, ir, 1H NMR, and MS) of the compound obtained by synthesis are given.", "contents": "A lapachol derivative active against mouse lymphocytic leukemia P-388. Lapachol [2-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone] and its analogs [2-(3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl)-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-(3,3-dibromo-2-propenyl)-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone] have been described, among almost a hundred synthesized analogs, as active against rat tumor Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. The acetylglucosylation of lapachol results in a compound which extends lapachol activity becoming effective against mouse lymphocytic leukemia P-388. When mice inoculated with 10(6) leukemic cells were treated with the drug during 9 days, their life span increased 80% over the control animals. Identification spectral data (uv, ir, 1H NMR, and MS) of the compound obtained by synthesis are given.", "PMID": 1177264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6213", "title": "Methyl 5(6)-phenylsulfinyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamate, a new, potent anthelmintic.", "content": "1. Human hepatic \"acid\" beta-galactosidase preparations, which had been purified approximately 250-fold, were examined for activities toward 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-galactosylceramide, lactosylceramide, galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-[N-acetylneuraminyl]-galactosyl-glucosylceramide(GM1-ganglioside) and galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-galactosyl-glucosylceramide (asialo GM1-ganglioside). 2. The enzyme was active toward the synthetic substrate, GM1-ganglioside and asialo GM1-ganglioside but was inactive toward galactosylceramide. Under our assay conditions, optimized for lactosylceramidase II, the preparations were as active toward lactosylceramide as toward GM1-ganglioside or its asialo derivative. The apparent Km values for the three natural substrates were similar. When determined by the assay system of Wehger, D.A., Sattler, M., Clark, C. and McKelvey, H. (1974) Clin. Chim Acta 56, 199-206, lactosylceramide-cleaving activity was 0.2% of that determined by our assay system. This confirmed our previous suggestion that the Wenger assay system determines exclusively the activity of lactosylceramidase I, which is probably identical with galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase. 3. Crude sodium taurocholate was far more effective than pure taurocholate in stimulating hydrolysis of the three glycosphingolipids by the beta-galactosidase. However, crude taurocholate could largely be replaced by smaller amounts of sodium taurodeoxycholate, suggesting that the unique activating capacity of the crude taurocholate might be due to taurodeoxycholate present as the major impurity. 4. Cl- was generally stimulatory for hydrolysis of the natural glycosphingolipids by our enzyme preparation. Effects of additional oleic acid and Triton X-100 were generally minor in either direction. 5. When the enzyme preparation was diluted with water, activity toward the synthetic substrate declined rapidly while those toward the natural substrates were essentially stable. Activity toward the synthetic substrate remained much more stable when the enzyme was diluted with 0.1 M sodium citrate/phosphate buffer, pH 5.0. 6. These observations provide insight into the complex relationship among the human hepatic beta-galactosidases.", "contents": "Methyl 5(6)-phenylsulfinyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamate, a new, potent anthelmintic. 1. Human hepatic \"acid\" beta-galactosidase preparations, which had been purified approximately 250-fold, were examined for activities toward 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-galactosylceramide, lactosylceramide, galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-[N-acetylneuraminyl]-galactosyl-glucosylceramide(GM1-ganglioside) and galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-galactosyl-glucosylceramide (asialo GM1-ganglioside). 2. The enzyme was active toward the synthetic substrate, GM1-ganglioside and asialo GM1-ganglioside but was inactive toward galactosylceramide. Under our assay conditions, optimized for lactosylceramidase II, the preparations were as active toward lactosylceramide as toward GM1-ganglioside or its asialo derivative. The apparent Km values for the three natural substrates were similar. When determined by the assay system of Wehger, D.A., Sattler, M., Clark, C. and McKelvey, H. (1974) Clin. Chim Acta 56, 199-206, lactosylceramide-cleaving activity was 0.2% of that determined by our assay system. This confirmed our previous suggestion that the Wenger assay system determines exclusively the activity of lactosylceramidase I, which is probably identical with galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase. 3. Crude sodium taurocholate was far more effective than pure taurocholate in stimulating hydrolysis of the three glycosphingolipids by the beta-galactosidase. However, crude taurocholate could largely be replaced by smaller amounts of sodium taurodeoxycholate, suggesting that the unique activating capacity of the crude taurocholate might be due to taurodeoxycholate present as the major impurity. 4. Cl- was generally stimulatory for hydrolysis of the natural glycosphingolipids by our enzyme preparation. Effects of additional oleic acid and Triton X-100 were generally minor in either direction. 5. When the enzyme preparation was diluted with water, activity toward the synthetic substrate declined rapidly while those toward the natural substrates were essentially stable. Activity toward the synthetic substrate remained much more stable when the enzyme was diluted with 0.1 M sodium citrate/phosphate buffer, pH 5.0. 6. These observations provide insight into the complex relationship among the human hepatic beta-galactosidases.", "PMID": 1177265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6214", "title": "Specific chromosome aberrations in ataxia telangiectasia.", "content": "Cytogenetic observations on seven cases of ataxia telangiectasia are presented. The aberration frequency was found to be increased in all of them with a specificity for the involvement of the D-group chromosomes in rearrangements. Clones of cytogenetically abnormal cells were observed in the lymphocytes of three cases and in the cultured skin fibroblasts of two cases, again with a specificity for D-group involvement. G-banding shows that chromosome 14 is frequently involved in rearrangements in clone cells and that the band 14q12 may be a highly specific exchange point. The significance of lymphocyte clones with a proliferative advantage in vivo is discussed. Cytogenetic studies of the parents and sibs of these cases are also reported.", "contents": "Specific chromosome aberrations in ataxia telangiectasia. Cytogenetic observations on seven cases of ataxia telangiectasia are presented. The aberration frequency was found to be increased in all of them with a specificity for the involvement of the D-group chromosomes in rearrangements. Clones of cytogenetically abnormal cells were observed in the lymphocytes of three cases and in the cultured skin fibroblasts of two cases, again with a specificity for D-group involvement. G-banding shows that chromosome 14 is frequently involved in rearrangements in clone cells and that the band 14q12 may be a highly specific exchange point. The significance of lymphocyte clones with a proliferative advantage in vivo is discussed. Cytogenetic studies of the parents and sibs of these cases are also reported.", "PMID": 1177276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6215", "title": "Identification of C trisomies in human abortuses.", "content": "Fifteen cell lines initiated from embryonic tissues of abortuses with C trisomy were frozen and stored. They were thawed and karyotyped again with banding techniques. Trisomies 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12 were identified. Some characteristics of these abortuses are discussed in connection with the chromosome identifications.", "contents": "Identification of C trisomies in human abortuses. Fifteen cell lines initiated from embryonic tissues of abortuses with C trisomy were frozen and stored. They were thawed and karyotyped again with banding techniques. Trisomies 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12 were identified. Some characteristics of these abortuses are discussed in connection with the chromosome identifications.", "PMID": 1177277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6216", "title": "Homozygous haemoglobin D Punjab.", "content": "A homozygote for the gene controlling Hb D Punjab is described. The diagnosis is supported by the peptide analysis of the haemoglobin and the examination of both parents. There was no anaemia or reticulocytosis and there was balanced synthesis of both the alphaA- and betaD-globin chains in reticulocytes. However, the oxygen affinity of the haemolysate had a small but significantly higher oxygen affinity than normal. The only other abnormalities were a somewhat decreased osmotic fragility and a slight anisocytosis of the red cells.", "contents": "Homozygous haemoglobin D Punjab. A homozygote for the gene controlling Hb D Punjab is described. The diagnosis is supported by the peptide analysis of the haemoglobin and the examination of both parents. There was no anaemia or reticulocytosis and there was balanced synthesis of both the alphaA- and betaD-globin chains in reticulocytes. However, the oxygen affinity of the haemolysate had a small but significantly higher oxygen affinity than normal. The only other abnormalities were a somewhat decreased osmotic fragility and a slight anisocytosis of the red cells.", "PMID": 1177278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6217", "title": "Haemoglobin Lepore in Cyprus.", "content": "Structural analysis documented the presence of haemoglobin LeporeWashington (=LeporeBoston) in a Greek Cypriot family and provided further evidence that, of the various types of Lepore mutants, only one is common in the Mediterranean area. Two individuals in this family were heterozygous for both Hb Lepore and beta thalassaemia, but they exhibited striking differences in the clinical severity and course of the disease. The data illustrate that additional environmental or genetic factors play roles in determining or modifying the pathophysiological consequences of highly specific molecular defects and, thus, their ultimate clinical phenotypes.", "contents": "Haemoglobin Lepore in Cyprus. Structural analysis documented the presence of haemoglobin LeporeWashington (=LeporeBoston) in a Greek Cypriot family and provided further evidence that, of the various types of Lepore mutants, only one is common in the Mediterranean area. Two individuals in this family were heterozygous for both Hb Lepore and beta thalassaemia, but they exhibited striking differences in the clinical severity and course of the disease. The data illustrate that additional environmental or genetic factors play roles in determining or modifying the pathophysiological consequences of highly specific molecular defects and, thus, their ultimate clinical phenotypes.", "PMID": 1177279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6218", "title": "Ocular colobomata, cardiac defect, and other anomalies: a study of seven cases including two sibs.", "content": "An association of ocular colobomata and congenital heart disease was observed in seven patients. Two of these were maternal half sisters whose mother also had ocular colobomata. All the patients had normal karyotypes. There was a high incidence of other associated abnormalities involving the central nervous, skeletal, and urogenital systems. Discovery of an ocular coloboma should alert the clinician to search for other abnormalities.", "contents": "Ocular colobomata, cardiac defect, and other anomalies: a study of seven cases including two sibs. An association of ocular colobomata and congenital heart disease was observed in seven patients. Two of these were maternal half sisters whose mother also had ocular colobomata. All the patients had normal karyotypes. There was a high incidence of other associated abnormalities involving the central nervous, skeletal, and urogenital systems. Discovery of an ocular coloboma should alert the clinician to search for other abnormalities.", "PMID": 1177280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6219", "title": "Haemoglobin Hasharon in a north Italian community.", "content": "A survey of haemoglobin variants undertakin in an Italian community (Polesine) has revealed the presence of haemoglobin Hasharon (alpha2 47 Asp yields His beta2) in 108 subjects from 40 families. The variant accounted for 30 to 40% of the total haemoglobin. In subjects doubly heterozygous for Hb Hasharon and beta thalassaemia, the proportion was 17 to 19%. Though there was some evidence that the variant was unstable in vitro, there was no obvious haemoglobinopathy in vivo.", "contents": "Haemoglobin Hasharon in a north Italian community. A survey of haemoglobin variants undertakin in an Italian community (Polesine) has revealed the presence of haemoglobin Hasharon (alpha2 47 Asp yields His beta2) in 108 subjects from 40 families. The variant accounted for 30 to 40% of the total haemoglobin. In subjects doubly heterozygous for Hb Hasharon and beta thalassaemia, the proportion was 17 to 19%. Though there was some evidence that the variant was unstable in vitro, there was no obvious haemoglobinopathy in vivo.", "PMID": 1177281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6220", "title": "A new case of haemoglobin Bucuresti in a Cuban family: further functional studies.", "content": "A new case of haemoglobin Bucuresti beta 42 (CD1) Phe yields Leu is described in a Cuban family. The functional studies confirm the results already described--a low oxygen affinity and a decreased haem-haem interaction. In addition to this, the reactivity for 2, 3 diphosphoglycerate (2, 3 DPG) was shown to be normal. The instability is mostly due to a fast rate of haemichromes formation.", "contents": "A new case of haemoglobin Bucuresti in a Cuban family: further functional studies. A new case of haemoglobin Bucuresti beta 42 (CD1) Phe yields Leu is described in a Cuban family. The functional studies confirm the results already described--a low oxygen affinity and a decreased haem-haem interaction. In addition to this, the reactivity for 2, 3 diphosphoglycerate (2, 3 DPG) was shown to be normal. The instability is mostly due to a fast rate of haemichromes formation.", "PMID": 1177282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6221", "title": "Klinefelter's syndrome associated with a D/D translocation.", "content": "A case of Klinefelter's syndrome and a simultaneous familial D/D translocation is described. The clinical, endocrine, and psychiatric features were typical of those found in Klinefelter's syndrome. Other family members showed no obvious abnormality despite presence of the D/D translocation.", "contents": "Klinefelter's syndrome associated with a D/D translocation. A case of Klinefelter's syndrome and a simultaneous familial D/D translocation is described. The clinical, endocrine, and psychiatric features were typical of those found in Klinefelter's syndrome. Other family members showed no obvious abnormality despite presence of the D/D translocation.", "PMID": 1177283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6222", "title": "Partial 9 trisomy by 3:1 segregation of balanced maternal translocation (7q+; 9q-).", "content": "A male infant is presented with an extra derivate chromosome No. 9 resulting from a 3:1 meiotic segregation of a maternal balanced translocation involving the long arms of chromosomes No. 7 and 9. The patient is trisomic for the short arm and secondary constriction of the long arm of No. 9 and for the telomeric end of the long arm of No. 7. In addition to the features of the 9p trisomy syndrome he presents marked congenital myopia and extreme hypoplasia of the penis.", "contents": "Partial 9 trisomy by 3:1 segregation of balanced maternal translocation (7q+; 9q-). A male infant is presented with an extra derivate chromosome No. 9 resulting from a 3:1 meiotic segregation of a maternal balanced translocation involving the long arms of chromosomes No. 7 and 9. The patient is trisomic for the short arm and secondary constriction of the long arm of No. 9 and for the telomeric end of the long arm of No. 7. In addition to the features of the 9p trisomy syndrome he presents marked congenital myopia and extreme hypoplasia of the penis.", "PMID": 1177284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6223", "title": "Pseudohermaphroditism with clinical features of trisomy 19 in an infant trisomic for parts of chromosomes 16 and 18: 47,XY,der(18),t(16;18)(p12;q11)mat.", "content": "The case is presented of an infant who was diagnosed clinically as trisomy 18 with pseudohermaphroditism. Cytogenetic studies revealed an extra chromosome which represented a translocation chromosome derived from a balanced, reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 16 and 18: [der(18),t(16;18)(p12;q11)mat]. The infant's mother and a number of her relatives were found to be translocation carriers: ]46,XX,t(16;18)(p12;q11)].", "contents": "Pseudohermaphroditism with clinical features of trisomy 19 in an infant trisomic for parts of chromosomes 16 and 18: 47,XY,der(18),t(16;18)(p12;q11)mat. The case is presented of an infant who was diagnosed clinically as trisomy 18 with pseudohermaphroditism. Cytogenetic studies revealed an extra chromosome which represented a translocation chromosome derived from a balanced, reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 16 and 18: [der(18),t(16;18)(p12;q11)mat]. The infant's mother and a number of her relatives were found to be translocation carriers: ]46,XX,t(16;18)(p12;q11)].", "PMID": 1177285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6224", "title": "A syndrome of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with normal teeth, peculiar facies, pigmentary disturbances, psychomotor and growth retardation, bilateral nuclear cataract, and other signs.", "content": "This paper describes a 7-year-old girl with trichodysplasia, normal teeth, onychogryposis, hypohidrosis, psychomotor and growth retardation, dry and warm skin with follicular hyperkeratosis, pigmentary disturbances (hyper- and hypochromic spots), bilateral nuclear cataract, dermatoglyphic anomalies, and other signs. This condition is considered a new form of ectodermal dysplasia.", "contents": "A syndrome of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with normal teeth, peculiar facies, pigmentary disturbances, psychomotor and growth retardation, bilateral nuclear cataract, and other signs. This paper describes a 7-year-old girl with trichodysplasia, normal teeth, onychogryposis, hypohidrosis, psychomotor and growth retardation, dry and warm skin with follicular hyperkeratosis, pigmentary disturbances (hyper- and hypochromic spots), bilateral nuclear cataract, dermatoglyphic anomalies, and other signs. This condition is considered a new form of ectodermal dysplasia.", "PMID": 1177286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6225", "title": "A case of partial (9p) trisomy in a family with a balanced translocation 46,XX,t(1p+9q-).", "content": "A case of partial trisomy 9 is described, conforming that this will produce a recognizable syndrome of a characteristic facies with deep-set eyes and an unusual shape of the nose. Failure of secondary sexual characteristics to develop appears to be a feature in adults. In this case the mother had a balanced translocation between chromosomes 1 and 9 and must have, in addition, had a non-disjunction of her normal and her deleted No. 9 in order to produce the unbalanced state in her daughter.", "contents": "A case of partial (9p) trisomy in a family with a balanced translocation 46,XX,t(1p+9q-). A case of partial trisomy 9 is described, conforming that this will produce a recognizable syndrome of a characteristic facies with deep-set eyes and an unusual shape of the nose. Failure of secondary sexual characteristics to develop appears to be a feature in adults. In this case the mother had a balanced translocation between chromosomes 1 and 9 and must have, in addition, had a non-disjunction of her normal and her deleted No. 9 in order to produce the unbalanced state in her daughter.", "PMID": 1177287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6226", "title": "Ultrastructure of L-phase variants isolated from a culture of Mycobacterium phlei.", "content": "Relatively stable L-phase colonies were isolated from old cultures of a selected clone of Mycobacterium phlei. The colonies grew at 52 degrees C and were composed of rod-shaped, oval or spherical cells. Large amoeba-like cells were occasionally present. These were usually limited by a double-layered membrane and devoid of normal cell-wall components such as bacteriophage receptors. The large amoeba-like bodies sometimes showed both outer and inner double-layered membranes, especially in pseudopodium-like cellular extensions. An unusual feature of rod-shaped cells was retention of the original shape despite the loss of their cell walls. Two types of walled cells occurred during successive transfers of L colonies. One was the true revertant which had characteristics in common with the wild-type M. phlei, such as growth at 52 degrees C and ultrastructural organisation. The other, designated as the \"atypical-cell-wall variant\", was characterised by growth at 52 degrees C, thick cell walls, and disordered septation. Wild-type M. phlei, L variants, revertants and atypical-cell-wall variants released mycobacteriophage particles. These bacteriophages were almost identical in respect to morphology, host range, and neutralisation by antiserum. The results obtained suggest strongly that all types of cells examined were derived from M. phlei.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of L-phase variants isolated from a culture of Mycobacterium phlei. Relatively stable L-phase colonies were isolated from old cultures of a selected clone of Mycobacterium phlei. The colonies grew at 52 degrees C and were composed of rod-shaped, oval or spherical cells. Large amoeba-like cells were occasionally present. These were usually limited by a double-layered membrane and devoid of normal cell-wall components such as bacteriophage receptors. The large amoeba-like bodies sometimes showed both outer and inner double-layered membranes, especially in pseudopodium-like cellular extensions. An unusual feature of rod-shaped cells was retention of the original shape despite the loss of their cell walls. Two types of walled cells occurred during successive transfers of L colonies. One was the true revertant which had characteristics in common with the wild-type M. phlei, such as growth at 52 degrees C and ultrastructural organisation. The other, designated as the \"atypical-cell-wall variant\", was characterised by growth at 52 degrees C, thick cell walls, and disordered septation. Wild-type M. phlei, L variants, revertants and atypical-cell-wall variants released mycobacteriophage particles. These bacteriophages were almost identical in respect to morphology, host range, and neutralisation by antiserum. The results obtained suggest strongly that all types of cells examined were derived from M. phlei.", "PMID": 1177288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6227", "title": "Observations on the growth and movement of Acinetobacter on semi-solid media.", "content": "The growth of 29 strains of Acinetobacter spp. on semi-solid media was studied; 19 showed surface swarming and 14 produced channels (\"ditches\") in the agar that do not seem to have been described previously. An attempt was made to define the cultural and physical conditions for the demonstration of these phenomena. Possible taxonomic implications are discussed.", "contents": "Observations on the growth and movement of Acinetobacter on semi-solid media. The growth of 29 strains of Acinetobacter spp. on semi-solid media was studied; 19 showed surface swarming and 14 produced channels (\"ditches\") in the agar that do not seem to have been described previously. An attempt was made to define the cultural and physical conditions for the demonstration of these phenomena. Possible taxonomic implications are discussed.", "PMID": 1177290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6228", "title": "The nuclear dehydrogenation of steroids by intestinal bacteria.", "content": "We have postulated that bacteria able to dehydrogenate the bile-acid nucleus are important in the aetiology of cancer of the colon. In this paper we report on screening for the ability to carry out two such reactions. The relevant enzymes are produced by a high proportion of strains of Clostridium paraputrificum, C. tertium and C. indolis, and by small numbers of strains in other clostridial species, but not by organisms of the other genera tested. Strains able to dehydrogenate the bile-acid nucleus represent a high proportion of the lecithinase-negative clostridia isolated from faeces of people living in Britain but a low proportion of those from people living in Uganda or Hong Kong.", "contents": "The nuclear dehydrogenation of steroids by intestinal bacteria. We have postulated that bacteria able to dehydrogenate the bile-acid nucleus are important in the aetiology of cancer of the colon. In this paper we report on screening for the ability to carry out two such reactions. The relevant enzymes are produced by a high proportion of strains of Clostridium paraputrificum, C. tertium and C. indolis, and by small numbers of strains in other clostridial species, but not by organisms of the other genera tested. Strains able to dehydrogenate the bile-acid nucleus represent a high proportion of the lecithinase-negative clostridia isolated from faeces of people living in Britain but a low proportion of those from people living in Uganda or Hong Kong.", "PMID": 1177289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6229", "title": "Observations on group-F streptococci from human sources.", "content": "In a 4-year study, 22 strains of group-F streptococci were isolated from children and puerperal women. All were isolated in mixed culture but were associated with sepsis or other pathological conditions. It appears that this organism may be an opportunistic pathogen and that its habitats include the gastrointestinal tract and the vagina as well as the throat.", "contents": "Observations on group-F streptococci from human sources. In a 4-year study, 22 strains of group-F streptococci were isolated from children and puerperal women. All were isolated in mixed culture but were associated with sepsis or other pathological conditions. It appears that this organism may be an opportunistic pathogen and that its habitats include the gastrointestinal tract and the vagina as well as the throat.", "PMID": 1177291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6230", "title": "The role of proteins in a dipole model for steady-state ionic transport through biological membranes.", "content": "The steady-state current-voltage characteristics of biological membranes are analyzed for means of an application of the electrodiffusion theory to the passage of ions through \"dielectric pores\", with orientable dipoles at the pore-water interfaces. A detailed evaluation of the electrostatic potential barrier shows, indeed, that the ions have practically no chance to penetrate into the phospholipid bilayer, but that they can cross the membrane through local protein inclusions, of high dielectric constant. A \"gating mechanism\" can be provided, moreover, by a change of the potential barrier, resulting from a dipole reorientation at the pore-water interface. Dipole-dipole interactions are opposed to the orienting effect of an applied field, but they can be neglected when the separation between the dipoles exceeds a certain critical value. The high polarizability of the pore material leads to an amplification of the effect of an applied field on the orientable dipoles. It is therefore possible to achieve a satisfactory agreement with the experimental results of Gilbert and Ehrenstein (Biophys. J., 9: 447, 1969) for the squid axon, and, in particular, to account for the width of the negative resistance regions with a relatively small value for the length of the orientable dipoles.", "contents": "The role of proteins in a dipole model for steady-state ionic transport through biological membranes. The steady-state current-voltage characteristics of biological membranes are analyzed for means of an application of the electrodiffusion theory to the passage of ions through \"dielectric pores\", with orientable dipoles at the pore-water interfaces. A detailed evaluation of the electrostatic potential barrier shows, indeed, that the ions have practically no chance to penetrate into the phospholipid bilayer, but that they can cross the membrane through local protein inclusions, of high dielectric constant. A \"gating mechanism\" can be provided, moreover, by a change of the potential barrier, resulting from a dipole reorientation at the pore-water interface. Dipole-dipole interactions are opposed to the orienting effect of an applied field, but they can be neglected when the separation between the dipoles exceeds a certain critical value. The high polarizability of the pore material leads to an amplification of the effect of an applied field on the orientable dipoles. It is therefore possible to achieve a satisfactory agreement with the experimental results of Gilbert and Ehrenstein (Biophys. J., 9: 447, 1969) for the squid axon, and, in particular, to account for the width of the negative resistance regions with a relatively small value for the length of the orientable dipoles.", "PMID": 1177292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6231", "title": "Phylogenies from amino acid sequences aligned with gaps: the problem of gap weighting.", "content": "The common but generally overlooked problem of how best to construct phylogenies from orthologous amino acid sequences, when their alignment requires the placement therein of gaps denoting insertions/deletions in the evolutionary history of their genes since their common ancestor, has been studied. Three diverse methods were examined: 1. each missing residue in a gap is weighted as equivalent to the average number of minimum nucleotide replacements in known conjugate amino acid pairs of those same two sequences, which weight necessarily differs for each pair of sequences; 2. each missing residue in a gap is weighted as equivalent to a fixed number of nucleotide replacements; and 3. each gap, regardless of length, is weighted as equivalent to a fixed number of nucleotide replacements. For the flavodoxins, each method yielded a different best tree and suggests that the choice of method may be crucial. For the plant ferredoxins, all methods give results inconsistent with botanical classification and suggests the sequences may not all be orthologous. For the bacterial ferredoxins, the method was less germane than the actual weight used, five different best trees being obtained depending upon the weight. The best tree for all ferredoxins (prokaryotic plus eukaryotic) combined proved to be greatly dependent upon the gap locations with several reasonable aligments yielding different best trees. They also suggest that functional equivalence may well prove to be a poor guide to which residues have a common ancestral codon. The rubredoxin sequences show that a partial internal gene duplication occurred in the Pseudomonas line, probably very soon after its divergence from the other genera. Together, the results clearly indicate that the phylogenetic answer one gets may greatly depend upon how one treats the gaps but they fail to indicate what treatment may be best.", "contents": "Phylogenies from amino acid sequences aligned with gaps: the problem of gap weighting. The common but generally overlooked problem of how best to construct phylogenies from orthologous amino acid sequences, when their alignment requires the placement therein of gaps denoting insertions/deletions in the evolutionary history of their genes since their common ancestor, has been studied. Three diverse methods were examined: 1. each missing residue in a gap is weighted as equivalent to the average number of minimum nucleotide replacements in known conjugate amino acid pairs of those same two sequences, which weight necessarily differs for each pair of sequences; 2. each missing residue in a gap is weighted as equivalent to a fixed number of nucleotide replacements; and 3. each gap, regardless of length, is weighted as equivalent to a fixed number of nucleotide replacements. For the flavodoxins, each method yielded a different best tree and suggests that the choice of method may be crucial. For the plant ferredoxins, all methods give results inconsistent with botanical classification and suggests the sequences may not all be orthologous. For the bacterial ferredoxins, the method was less germane than the actual weight used, five different best trees being obtained depending upon the weight. The best tree for all ferredoxins (prokaryotic plus eukaryotic) combined proved to be greatly dependent upon the gap locations with several reasonable aligments yielding different best trees. They also suggest that functional equivalence may well prove to be a poor guide to which residues have a common ancestral codon. The rubredoxin sequences show that a partial internal gene duplication occurred in the Pseudomonas line, probably very soon after its divergence from the other genera. Together, the results clearly indicate that the phylogenetic answer one gets may greatly depend upon how one treats the gaps but they fail to indicate what treatment may be best.", "PMID": 1177324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6232", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of the 5S ribosomal RNA from a photobacterium.", "content": "Comparative sequencing studies provide powerful insights into molecular function and evolution. The sequence for 5S ribosomal RNA from Photobacter strain 8265 is eighteen base replacements removed from that of Escherichia coli. Of these, the vast majority involve a G or C becoming an A or U. These variations also define unequivocally a hexanucleotide base paired region, which appears to be a universal feature of the 5S RNA molecule. The base composition of this helix seems to be under rather stringent, and so unusual, energetic constraints. The possible implications of this are discussed - in particular the prospect of a 5S RNA molecule that undergoes conformational transitions as a part of the overall state changes that constitute the function of the ribosome.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of the 5S ribosomal RNA from a photobacterium. Comparative sequencing studies provide powerful insights into molecular function and evolution. The sequence for 5S ribosomal RNA from Photobacter strain 8265 is eighteen base replacements removed from that of Escherichia coli. Of these, the vast majority involve a G or C becoming an A or U. These variations also define unequivocally a hexanucleotide base paired region, which appears to be a universal feature of the 5S RNA molecule. The base composition of this helix seems to be under rather stringent, and so unusual, energetic constraints. The possible implications of this are discussed - in particular the prospect of a 5S RNA molecule that undergoes conformational transitions as a part of the overall state changes that constitute the function of the ribosome.", "PMID": 1177325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6233", "title": "Partial gene duplication and posterior pituitary peptide.", "content": "We have compiled the dipeptide frequencies in 100 known protein sequences. We suggest that dipeptides which occur with low frequencies can be used to locate proteins where partial gene duplication may have taken place. The 48 residue sequence of posterior pituitary peptide contains two Cys Trp pairs. The adjacent portions of the sequence are compatible with a partial gene duplication in the evolutionary history of posterior pituitary peptide.", "contents": "Partial gene duplication and posterior pituitary peptide. We have compiled the dipeptide frequencies in 100 known protein sequences. We suggest that dipeptides which occur with low frequencies can be used to locate proteins where partial gene duplication may have taken place. The 48 residue sequence of posterior pituitary peptide contains two Cys Trp pairs. The adjacent portions of the sequence are compatible with a partial gene duplication in the evolutionary history of posterior pituitary peptide.", "PMID": 1177326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6234", "title": "Prebiotic peptide-formation in the solid state. I. Reactions of benzoate ion and glycine with adenosine 5'-phosphorimidazolide.", "content": "The reactions of benzoate ion and of glycine with adenosine 5-phosphorimidazolide have been investigated. Benzoate reacts first to give the anhydride, benzoyl-adenylate, which, in the presence of excess imidazole, reacts further to give the 2'- and 3'-esters of adenosine 5'-phosphate. Glycine also first attacks the imidazolide to give an anhydride, but this compound may react further either to give 2- and 3'-esters or to form peptides, depending on the reaction conditions.", "contents": "Prebiotic peptide-formation in the solid state. I. Reactions of benzoate ion and glycine with adenosine 5'-phosphorimidazolide. The reactions of benzoate ion and of glycine with adenosine 5-phosphorimidazolide have been investigated. Benzoate reacts first to give the anhydride, benzoyl-adenylate, which, in the presence of excess imidazole, reacts further to give the 2'- and 3'-esters of adenosine 5'-phosphate. Glycine also first attacks the imidazolide to give an anhydride, but this compound may react further either to give 2- and 3'-esters or to form peptides, depending on the reaction conditions.", "PMID": 1177327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6235", "title": "DNA: DNA hybridization studies in black flies.", "content": "The phylogenetic relationships of six species of black flies were investigated using the hybridization of iodinated unique DNA sequences. The thermal stability of these labelled hybrids allowed the construction of a phylogenetic tree based on base mismatch between chains of the heterologous duplex.", "contents": "DNA: DNA hybridization studies in black flies. The phylogenetic relationships of six species of black flies were investigated using the hybridization of iodinated unique DNA sequences. The thermal stability of these labelled hybrids allowed the construction of a phylogenetic tree based on base mismatch between chains of the heterologous duplex.", "PMID": 1177328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6236", "title": "Factors influencing outcome after blunt duodenal injury.", "content": "Thirty-six patients with blunt duodenal injury have been treated at Detroit General Hospital since 1960. The majority of the patients were driving an automobile under the influence of alcohol and none were wearing seat restraints. Diagnosis was often delayed due to a failure to recognize the significant, but subtle, physical and roentgenographic findings of retro-peritoneal injury. Morbidity and mortality were related to a delay in operative intervention, the severity of duodenal injury, the presence and degree of associated pancreatic injury, and the choice of operative therapy. Patients with intramural hematoma or complete duodenal perforation without pancreatic injury did well with simple closure or evacuation of the hematoma. Patients with duodenal perforation and minor pancreatic injury did best after primary closure and pancreatic drainage if operation was performed within 24 hours; delay beyond 24 hours resulted in a high incidence of duodenal fistula after simple closure, and therefore is an indication for a bypass procedure, such as a distal gastrectomy, vagotomy, tube duodenostomy, and gastrojejunostomy. Patients with combined duodenal and major pancreatic disruption did best after a bypass procedure when the main pancreatic ductal system was intact, whereas pancreaticoduodenectomy was the best procedure when the main pancreatic duct was disrupted.", "contents": "Factors influencing outcome after blunt duodenal injury. Thirty-six patients with blunt duodenal injury have been treated at Detroit General Hospital since 1960. The majority of the patients were driving an automobile under the influence of alcohol and none were wearing seat restraints. Diagnosis was often delayed due to a failure to recognize the significant, but subtle, physical and roentgenographic findings of retro-peritoneal injury. Morbidity and mortality were related to a delay in operative intervention, the severity of duodenal injury, the presence and degree of associated pancreatic injury, and the choice of operative therapy. Patients with intramural hematoma or complete duodenal perforation without pancreatic injury did well with simple closure or evacuation of the hematoma. Patients with duodenal perforation and minor pancreatic injury did best after primary closure and pancreatic drainage if operation was performed within 24 hours; delay beyond 24 hours resulted in a high incidence of duodenal fistula after simple closure, and therefore is an indication for a bypass procedure, such as a distal gastrectomy, vagotomy, tube duodenostomy, and gastrojejunostomy. Patients with combined duodenal and major pancreatic disruption did best after a bypass procedure when the main pancreatic ductal system was intact, whereas pancreaticoduodenectomy was the best procedure when the main pancreatic duct was disrupted.", "PMID": 1177329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6237", "title": "Traumatic injuries of the duodenum: a comparison of 1 degrees closure and the jejunal patch.", "content": "Twenty-two traumatic injuries of the duodenum were reviewed. In this series either primary closure, or primary closure plus the jejunal serosal patch prove satisfactory methods of repair. The addition of the jejunal serosal patch may be more secure but its superiority could not be documented in this small series. The mortality was related to the associated organ injuries. When blunt or penetrating injuries to the duodenum alone occur, there should be minimal mortality.", "contents": "Traumatic injuries of the duodenum: a comparison of 1 degrees closure and the jejunal patch. Twenty-two traumatic injuries of the duodenum were reviewed. In this series either primary closure, or primary closure plus the jejunal serosal patch prove satisfactory methods of repair. The addition of the jejunal serosal patch may be more secure but its superiority could not be documented in this small series. The mortality was related to the associated organ injuries. When blunt or penetrating injuries to the duodenum alone occur, there should be minimal mortality.", "PMID": 1177330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6238", "title": "Diagnostic peritoneal lavage in blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is accurate and safe. It leads to fewer unnecessary laparotomies than if clinical examination alone is used and nearly eliminates deaths from undiagnosed abdominal injuries. Persons with clinical abdominal findings, shock, altered sensorium, and severe chest injuries after blunt trauma should undergo the procedure.", "contents": "Diagnostic peritoneal lavage in blunt abdominal trauma. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is accurate and safe. It leads to fewer unnecessary laparotomies than if clinical examination alone is used and nearly eliminates deaths from undiagnosed abdominal injuries. Persons with clinical abdominal findings, shock, altered sensorium, and severe chest injuries after blunt trauma should undergo the procedure.", "PMID": 1177331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6239", "title": "Ambulatory treatment of femoral shaft fractures with cast-brace.", "content": "Our early results support use of the cast-brace, early ambulation treatment of both open and closed fractures of the femoral shaft in all adult age groups. We believe initial traction should be used to reduce the fracture and maintain reduction until the fracture is clinically \"sticky\" to avoid subsequent malalignment in the cast-brace. The method facilitates early rehabilitation of the fractured extremity and the patient with minimal residual disability such as non-union, malunion, chronic infection and joint stiffness, so often associated with other forms of long bone fracture treatment.", "contents": "Ambulatory treatment of femoral shaft fractures with cast-brace. Our early results support use of the cast-brace, early ambulation treatment of both open and closed fractures of the femoral shaft in all adult age groups. We believe initial traction should be used to reduce the fracture and maintain reduction until the fracture is clinically \"sticky\" to avoid subsequent malalignment in the cast-brace. The method facilitates early rehabilitation of the fractured extremity and the patient with minimal residual disability such as non-union, malunion, chronic infection and joint stiffness, so often associated with other forms of long bone fracture treatment.", "PMID": 1177332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6240", "title": "Improved healing of experimental long bone fractures in rabbits by delayed internal fixation.", "content": "Experiments in rabbits were conducted to test the clinical propositions that a) the risk of nonunion in certain long bone fractures can be sharply reduced by open reduction and internal fixation, and b) that there is an optimum critical period following trauma in which this procedure should be carried out to facilitate healing. Bilateral standard open fractures of rabbit radii were internally fixed by intramedullary K-wires immediately or at 5, 10, and 17 days after trauma. These bones were subjected to stress and histometric analyses at 4-56 days after the initial fractures. The observations suggested that the pace of fracture healing could be optimized by time-delay surgery. The most exuberant and strongest calluses developed when the bones were fixed 10 days after fracture, and the rate of healing was improved. Delay times of 5 or 17 days did not provide better healing than that achieved by an immediate operation. Callus quality, in terms of the proportion of fiber bone, lamellar bone, and cartilage, was similar in all groups. The tensile strengths of the bones during callus formation were highly correlated with the ratio of callus/cortical bone areas (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Improved healing of experimental long bone fractures in rabbits by delayed internal fixation. Experiments in rabbits were conducted to test the clinical propositions that a) the risk of nonunion in certain long bone fractures can be sharply reduced by open reduction and internal fixation, and b) that there is an optimum critical period following trauma in which this procedure should be carried out to facilitate healing. Bilateral standard open fractures of rabbit radii were internally fixed by intramedullary K-wires immediately or at 5, 10, and 17 days after trauma. These bones were subjected to stress and histometric analyses at 4-56 days after the initial fractures. The observations suggested that the pace of fracture healing could be optimized by time-delay surgery. The most exuberant and strongest calluses developed when the bones were fixed 10 days after fracture, and the rate of healing was improved. Delay times of 5 or 17 days did not provide better healing than that achieved by an immediate operation. Callus quality, in terms of the proportion of fiber bone, lamellar bone, and cartilage, was similar in all groups. The tensile strengths of the bones during callus formation were highly correlated with the ratio of callus/cortical bone areas (p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 1177333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6241", "title": "Intrarenal redistribution of blood flow in the early postburn period.", "content": "We interpret the findings of the present study and other studies reported here to indicate that alterations of renal outer to inner cortical blood flow distribution develop in the early postburn period. These alterations are similar to those observed by other investigators in animals subjected to various other traumatic events. Such flow redistributions were observed in both untreated animals and those receiving intravenous fluid resuscitation. Sharp reductions in urinary chloride and sodium concentrations observed in conjunction with these blood flow shifts may be a reflection of the relatively greater perfusion of juxtamedullary nephrons, which are alleged to have greater salt-retaining characteristics than their outer cortical counterparts.", "contents": "Intrarenal redistribution of blood flow in the early postburn period. We interpret the findings of the present study and other studies reported here to indicate that alterations of renal outer to inner cortical blood flow distribution develop in the early postburn period. These alterations are similar to those observed by other investigators in animals subjected to various other traumatic events. Such flow redistributions were observed in both untreated animals and those receiving intravenous fluid resuscitation. Sharp reductions in urinary chloride and sodium concentrations observed in conjunction with these blood flow shifts may be a reflection of the relatively greater perfusion of juxtamedullary nephrons, which are alleged to have greater salt-retaining characteristics than their outer cortical counterparts.", "PMID": 1177334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6242", "title": "Acute liver disease after cutaneous thermal injury.", "content": "To better define the acute liver disease complicating thermal injury, 81 burn patients were evaluated for hepatic damage. Clinical and laboratory evidence of hepatocellular injury was present as early as 24 hours after burn in 47 patients (58%). Patients with liver disease had a larger mean burn size (p less than 0.01) and greater mortality than patients with normal liver studies. The magnitude of initial enzyme derangements did not distinguish the survivors, but jaundice was associated with a poor prognosis. Seventeen of the 19 jaundiced patients (90%) died. The early occurrence of hepatocellular injury suggested that acute hemodynamic alterations were important etiologically. Intrahepatic cholestasis and jaundice developed later in septic or hypoxic patients and was accentuated by hemolysis and blood transfusions. In these patients, liver histology showed a nonspecific hepatitis. An increased risk of septic complications could not be attributed to the presence of liver disease. Late emergence of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia suggested an underlying septic process.", "contents": "Acute liver disease after cutaneous thermal injury. To better define the acute liver disease complicating thermal injury, 81 burn patients were evaluated for hepatic damage. Clinical and laboratory evidence of hepatocellular injury was present as early as 24 hours after burn in 47 patients (58%). Patients with liver disease had a larger mean burn size (p less than 0.01) and greater mortality than patients with normal liver studies. The magnitude of initial enzyme derangements did not distinguish the survivors, but jaundice was associated with a poor prognosis. Seventeen of the 19 jaundiced patients (90%) died. The early occurrence of hepatocellular injury suggested that acute hemodynamic alterations were important etiologically. Intrahepatic cholestasis and jaundice developed later in septic or hypoxic patients and was accentuated by hemolysis and blood transfusions. In these patients, liver histology showed a nonspecific hepatitis. An increased risk of septic complications could not be attributed to the presence of liver disease. Late emergence of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia suggested an underlying septic process.", "PMID": 1177335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6243", "title": "Current concepts in the management of penetrating neck trauma.", "content": "Six hundred thirty-two cases of penetrating wounds of the neck were analyzed in this study in order to re-evaluate our current concepts in the management of these injuries. There were 35 deaths in this series, an overall mortality rate of 5.5%. However, in the last 10 years there were only 13 deaths among 407 patients, a 3.2% mortality rate. Early exploration was performed in 507 patients, and 125 patients were observed. Explorations revealed a total of 625 separate injuries. In 142 explorations, no injury was found. There was no mortality or significant morbidity in these patients with negative explorations. Patients who presented with obvious vascular or visceral injury were immediately explored. Those wounds without obvious injury were either explored or observed, depending on the index of clinical suspicion based on awareness of the innocuous presentation and difficulty in diagnosing esophageal injuries. The mortality rate is a function of multiple factors. Its decrease over the past 25 years is related to many improvements in our health care system. Our own decrease in mortality rate can be attributed in part to decreased transportation time resulting in less blood loss. A greater awareness of esophageal injuries was another factor. No conclusions are possible as to the feasibility of conservative management based upon the mortality rates alone; however, on examination of our experiences with penetrating wounds of the neck, it appears that a significant number of patients when carefully selected by trained personnel can be safely managed with observation.", "contents": "Current concepts in the management of penetrating neck trauma. Six hundred thirty-two cases of penetrating wounds of the neck were analyzed in this study in order to re-evaluate our current concepts in the management of these injuries. There were 35 deaths in this series, an overall mortality rate of 5.5%. However, in the last 10 years there were only 13 deaths among 407 patients, a 3.2% mortality rate. Early exploration was performed in 507 patients, and 125 patients were observed. Explorations revealed a total of 625 separate injuries. In 142 explorations, no injury was found. There was no mortality or significant morbidity in these patients with negative explorations. Patients who presented with obvious vascular or visceral injury were immediately explored. Those wounds without obvious injury were either explored or observed, depending on the index of clinical suspicion based on awareness of the innocuous presentation and difficulty in diagnosing esophageal injuries. The mortality rate is a function of multiple factors. Its decrease over the past 25 years is related to many improvements in our health care system. Our own decrease in mortality rate can be attributed in part to decreased transportation time resulting in less blood loss. A greater awareness of esophageal injuries was another factor. No conclusions are possible as to the feasibility of conservative management based upon the mortality rates alone; however, on examination of our experiences with penetrating wounds of the neck, it appears that a significant number of patients when carefully selected by trained personnel can be safely managed with observation.", "PMID": 1177336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6244", "title": "Thumb length preservation following soft tissue injuries.", "content": "Six cases of major soft-tissue injuries to the mid or base of thumb are presented. In each case, pedicle reconstruction of the soft tissues was necessary in order to preserve thumb length. A variety of techniques was used, including distant tissues and local tissues. We have illustrated the superiority of local pedicles and cross-finger pedicles in thumb reconstruction and have emphasized the following points: 1) Preservation of thumb length is an important goal. 2) Conservation of the soft tissues in the initial management plays a key role in thumb reconstruction. 3) Local pedicles and cross-finger flaps have given better results than distant flaps, as evidenced by: a. better sensory capacity in the pedicle skin; b. more stable skin on the reconstructed thumb; c. less bulkiness of the pedicle skin; d. reconstruction is less time consuming.", "contents": "Thumb length preservation following soft tissue injuries. Six cases of major soft-tissue injuries to the mid or base of thumb are presented. In each case, pedicle reconstruction of the soft tissues was necessary in order to preserve thumb length. A variety of techniques was used, including distant tissues and local tissues. We have illustrated the superiority of local pedicles and cross-finger pedicles in thumb reconstruction and have emphasized the following points: 1) Preservation of thumb length is an important goal. 2) Conservation of the soft tissues in the initial management plays a key role in thumb reconstruction. 3) Local pedicles and cross-finger flaps have given better results than distant flaps, as evidenced by: a. better sensory capacity in the pedicle skin; b. more stable skin on the reconstructed thumb; c. less bulkiness of the pedicle skin; d. reconstruction is less time consuming.", "PMID": 1177337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6245", "title": "Primary peripheral nerve repair in the hand and upper extremity.", "content": "A small consecutive series of primary nerve repairs in civilian injuries demonstrates that normal two-point discrimination and stereognosis can be anticipated not only in digital-nerve injuries but in mixed sensory and motor nerve injuries. Motor return follows and approaches normal in most patients. During the study period, 15 delayed repairs of mixed nerve lacerations were done. Two-point discrimination and stereognosis did not return to normal in any of the patients with mixed-nerve injuries or in one quarter of those with sensory-nerve injuries. Motor return never graded better than 3 on a scale of 0-4. Therefore, this author feels primary repair is superior to secondary repair and that almost all civilian injuries can be made surgically clean by debridement.", "contents": "Primary peripheral nerve repair in the hand and upper extremity. A small consecutive series of primary nerve repairs in civilian injuries demonstrates that normal two-point discrimination and stereognosis can be anticipated not only in digital-nerve injuries but in mixed sensory and motor nerve injuries. Motor return follows and approaches normal in most patients. During the study period, 15 delayed repairs of mixed nerve lacerations were done. Two-point discrimination and stereognosis did not return to normal in any of the patients with mixed-nerve injuries or in one quarter of those with sensory-nerve injuries. Motor return never graded better than 3 on a scale of 0-4. Therefore, this author feels primary repair is superior to secondary repair and that almost all civilian injuries can be made surgically clean by debridement.", "PMID": 1177338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6246", "title": "Temporary external shunt bypass in the traumatically amputated upper extremity.", "content": "The technique of temporary external shunt bypass offers early perfusion of a traumatically amputated extremity, thus decreasing the total anoxic time, permitting bony fixation after perfusion is established, and allowing arterial revascularization with good venous outflow and minimal blood loss. This technique may increase the survival of these severely damaged limbs.", "contents": "Temporary external shunt bypass in the traumatically amputated upper extremity. The technique of temporary external shunt bypass offers early perfusion of a traumatically amputated extremity, thus decreasing the total anoxic time, permitting bony fixation after perfusion is established, and allowing arterial revascularization with good venous outflow and minimal blood loss. This technique may increase the survival of these severely damaged limbs.", "PMID": 1177339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6247", "title": "Delayed post-traumatic subdural empyema.", "content": "A case of subdural empyema is reported, treated through a frontal bone flap, with exenteration of the infected frontal sinus at operation, and subdural instillation of antibiotics for 48 hours postoperatively. Diagnostic findings are reviewed, and the likelihood of anaerobic infection this case and similar cases discussed.", "contents": "Delayed post-traumatic subdural empyema. A case of subdural empyema is reported, treated through a frontal bone flap, with exenteration of the infected frontal sinus at operation, and subdural instillation of antibiotics for 48 hours postoperatively. Diagnostic findings are reviewed, and the likelihood of anaerobic infection this case and similar cases discussed.", "PMID": 1177340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6248", "title": "High-pressure silicone injection injury of the hand.", "content": "A case of room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone injection of the hand is presented, and principles of management of high-pressure hand injuries are outlined. Early debridement and decompression are urgent in the acute stage of injury. Intermediate stages require adequate coverage and mobilization, and late stages involve reconstructive procedures. As in all high-pressure hand injuries, safety measures and prevention at the industrial level are very important.", "contents": "High-pressure silicone injection injury of the hand. A case of room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone injection of the hand is presented, and principles of management of high-pressure hand injuries are outlined. Early debridement and decompression are urgent in the acute stage of injury. Intermediate stages require adequate coverage and mobilization, and late stages involve reconstructive procedures. As in all high-pressure hand injuries, safety measures and prevention at the industrial level are very important.", "PMID": 1177341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6249", "title": "Avascular necrosis of the head of the talus without death of the body: report of an unusual case.", "content": "A case of fracture of the neck of the talus with dislocation of the subtalar joint is reported in which the head of the talus underwent avascular necrosis while the body remained alive.", "contents": "Avascular necrosis of the head of the talus without death of the body: report of an unusual case. A case of fracture of the neck of the talus with dislocation of the subtalar joint is reported in which the head of the talus underwent avascular necrosis while the body remained alive.", "PMID": 1177342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6250", "title": "Replantation of the severed ear.", "content": "A successful replantation of a completely amputated ear segment using the modified subcutaneous pocket principle has been presented. This method overcomes most of the disadvantages of other reconstructive techniques.", "contents": "Replantation of the severed ear. A successful replantation of a completely amputated ear segment using the modified subcutaneous pocket principle has been presented. This method overcomes most of the disadvantages of other reconstructive techniques.", "PMID": 1177343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6251", "title": "Cervical spine injury in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Fractures of the cervical spine associated with ankylosing spondylitis are rare. Relatively minor injury can cause a fracture of the vertebral body or through the ossified intervertebral space, because of the loss of normal flexibility, mobility, and elasticity in the rigid spine. Sixty-six per cent of the fracture subluxations of the ankylosed spine are associated with injury to the spinal cord, and the mortality rate is 40%. Because of the complete nature of fracture and instability, there is a high risk of neurologic deterioration. Immobilization of the cervical spine in a Halo cast appears to be the treatment of choice. If skull traction is applied the cervical spine should be immobilized in the neutral position, and overzealous traction exceeding 10 pounds should be avoided. Callus formation and fracture healing following immobilization is rapid.  Four new cases are described and 44 previously reported cases in the literature have been reviewed.", "contents": "Cervical spine injury in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Fractures of the cervical spine associated with ankylosing spondylitis are rare. Relatively minor injury can cause a fracture of the vertebral body or through the ossified intervertebral space, because of the loss of normal flexibility, mobility, and elasticity in the rigid spine. Sixty-six per cent of the fracture subluxations of the ankylosed spine are associated with injury to the spinal cord, and the mortality rate is 40%. Because of the complete nature of fracture and instability, there is a high risk of neurologic deterioration. Immobilization of the cervical spine in a Halo cast appears to be the treatment of choice. If skull traction is applied the cervical spine should be immobilized in the neutral position, and overzealous traction exceeding 10 pounds should be avoided. Callus formation and fracture healing following immobilization is rapid.  Four new cases are described and 44 previously reported cases in the literature have been reviewed.", "PMID": 1177344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6252", "title": "Nonoperative treatment of splenic injury--report of a case.", "content": "A case of subcapsular hematoma of the spleen in a 19-year-old soldier is presented, in which nonoperative treatment was chosen. More than 3 years postinjury the patient appears in excellent condition, with no palpable left upper abdominal mass palpable. The literature on nonoperative treatment of such injuries is discussed. The present authors remain in favor of operative treatment of proven cases of splenic injury.", "contents": "Nonoperative treatment of splenic injury--report of a case. A case of subcapsular hematoma of the spleen in a 19-year-old soldier is presented, in which nonoperative treatment was chosen. More than 3 years postinjury the patient appears in excellent condition, with no palpable left upper abdominal mass palpable. The literature on nonoperative treatment of such injuries is discussed. The present authors remain in favor of operative treatment of proven cases of splenic injury.", "PMID": 1177345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6253", "title": "Chemotherapy in experimental toxoplasmosis: comparison of the efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfur and pyrimethamine-sulfur combinations.", "content": "Mice infected by intraperitoneal inoculation of the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii were treated with various drugs. Trimethoprim was found to have no effect. Sulphamethoxazole, sulphadiazine and pyrimethamine had significant therapeutic effects on the course of murine toxoplasmosis. The therapeutic efficacy of sulphamethoxazole was enhanced by the addition of trimethoprim. A pyrimethamine-sulphadiazine combination was found to be superior to a trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole combination in the treatment of experimental murine toxoplasmosis.", "contents": "Chemotherapy in experimental toxoplasmosis: comparison of the efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfur and pyrimethamine-sulfur combinations. Mice infected by intraperitoneal inoculation of the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii were treated with various drugs. Trimethoprim was found to have no effect. Sulphamethoxazole, sulphadiazine and pyrimethamine had significant therapeutic effects on the course of murine toxoplasmosis. The therapeutic efficacy of sulphamethoxazole was enhanced by the addition of trimethoprim. A pyrimethamine-sulphadiazine combination was found to be superior to a trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole combination in the treatment of experimental murine toxoplasmosis.", "PMID": 1177347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6254", "title": "Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in the treatment of enteric fever.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with typhoid fever diagnosed by blood culture were treated with co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, 1 :5) at a dosage of 10 mg trimethoprim/kg/day in two divided daily doses for 10 days. Twenty-two patients responded, the mean period to defervescence being three days and to relief of toxaemia being 1-7 days. Another nineteen patients with similarly proven typhoid were treated with chloramphenicol (100 mg/kg/day) in four divided daily doses for 10 days. Eighteen patients responded, defervescence occurring in an average of 4-1 days and relief of toxaemia in a mean of 2-6 days. None of the patients included in the study developed complications, relapses or became a convalescent carrier during the period of observation.", "contents": "Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in the treatment of enteric fever. Twenty-three patients with typhoid fever diagnosed by blood culture were treated with co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, 1 :5) at a dosage of 10 mg trimethoprim/kg/day in two divided daily doses for 10 days. Twenty-two patients responded, the mean period to defervescence being three days and to relief of toxaemia being 1-7 days. Another nineteen patients with similarly proven typhoid were treated with chloramphenicol (100 mg/kg/day) in four divided daily doses for 10 days. Eighteen patients responded, defervescence occurring in an average of 4-1 days and relief of toxaemia in a mean of 2-6 days. None of the patients included in the study developed complications, relapses or became a convalescent carrier during the period of observation.", "PMID": 1177348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6255", "title": "The quantitative determination of griseofulvin by gas chromatography (ECD-GC).", "content": "Serum and organ griseofulvin levels in guinea pigs and serum levels in patients who received a prolonged oral administration of griseofulvin were determined gas-chromatographically. In guinea pigs liver showed the highest concentration of griseofulvin, followed by kidney and serum in the decreasing order. The skin levels were 0.16 approximately 1.51 mug/g with a dose of 30 mg/kg. In humans it was proved that griseofulvin did not cause any accumulation in the serum with a dosage of 500 mg/day.", "contents": "The quantitative determination of griseofulvin by gas chromatography (ECD-GC). Serum and organ griseofulvin levels in guinea pigs and serum levels in patients who received a prolonged oral administration of griseofulvin were determined gas-chromatographically. In guinea pigs liver showed the highest concentration of griseofulvin, followed by kidney and serum in the decreasing order. The skin levels were 0.16 approximately 1.51 mug/g with a dose of 30 mg/kg. In humans it was proved that griseofulvin did not cause any accumulation in the serum with a dosage of 500 mg/day.", "PMID": 1177355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6256", "title": "Growth dependent changes of glycolipid compositions of mouse ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Total glycolipid compositions of mouse ascites tumor cells harvested at various growth stages with different growth rate were compared. MM2, MH134, Ehrlich and L1210 cells were used. Some growth dependent changes common among different cells strains were observed: (1) the amount of ganglyosides generally increased with decreasing growth rate of the cells; (2) an unidentified minor ganglyoside (X2) having a strong reverse corelation with the growth rate of the cells was found; and (3) the amount of CMH, GM3 and another unidentified ganglyoside (X1) had positive corelation with the growth rate.", "contents": "Growth dependent changes of glycolipid compositions of mouse ascites tumor cells. Total glycolipid compositions of mouse ascites tumor cells harvested at various growth stages with different growth rate were compared. MM2, MH134, Ehrlich and L1210 cells were used. Some growth dependent changes common among different cells strains were observed: (1) the amount of ganglyosides generally increased with decreasing growth rate of the cells; (2) an unidentified minor ganglyoside (X2) having a strong reverse corelation with the growth rate of the cells was found; and (3) the amount of CMH, GM3 and another unidentified ganglyoside (X1) had positive corelation with the growth rate.", "PMID": 1177358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6257", "title": "Studies on rat complement. I. Immune adherence and immune hemolysis activities of rat serum.", "content": "The measurement of immune adherence reactivity of rat complement is possible at 20 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C. At 37 degrees C, EA rat C1423b site was destroyed by C3b inactivator present in rat serum. The optimal temperature for immune hemolysis reactivity of rat serum is either at 20 degrees C or 21 degrees C and dose response curve showed Von Krough equation with 1/n = 0.25 +/- 0.02. Al lower temperature, rat complement showed much more effective formation of C3 site to reacti with human erythrocyte in immune adherence as compared with guinea pig complement. The measurement of immune adherence reactivity of rat complement was not possible due to C3b inactivator at 37 degrees C but possible at 20 degrees C. It is possible due to lowering the reactivity of C3b inactivator and keeping the reactivity to form active C3b site in immune adherence reaction. Rat complement is more effective to make C3 site as compared with guinea pig complement. This explains the reason why EDTA rat serum has known to be most effective source of late acting complement for measurement of C1 and C2.", "contents": "Studies on rat complement. I. Immune adherence and immune hemolysis activities of rat serum. The measurement of immune adherence reactivity of rat complement is possible at 20 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C. At 37 degrees C, EA rat C1423b site was destroyed by C3b inactivator present in rat serum. The optimal temperature for immune hemolysis reactivity of rat serum is either at 20 degrees C or 21 degrees C and dose response curve showed Von Krough equation with 1/n = 0.25 +/- 0.02. Al lower temperature, rat complement showed much more effective formation of C3 site to reacti with human erythrocyte in immune adherence as compared with guinea pig complement. The measurement of immune adherence reactivity of rat complement was not possible due to C3b inactivator at 37 degrees C but possible at 20 degrees C. It is possible due to lowering the reactivity of C3b inactivator and keeping the reactivity to form active C3b site in immune adherence reaction. Rat complement is more effective to make C3 site as compared with guinea pig complement. This explains the reason why EDTA rat serum has known to be most effective source of late acting complement for measurement of C1 and C2.", "PMID": 1177359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6258", "title": "Toxicological approaches to the metabolites of Fusaria. X. Accelerating effect of zearalenone on RNA and protein syntheses in the uterus of ovariectomized mice.", "content": "In order to clarify the mode of action of zearalenone, a uterotrophic mycotoxin of Fusarium species, biochemical alteration of uterine tissue of ovariectomized mice were investigated. Administration of zearalenone to the mice induced an increase in contents of uterine RNA, protein and DNA. In vitro incubation of uterine tissue isolated from zearalenone-pretreated mice demonstrated a temporal elevation of RNA and protein syntheses. Accelerating effect of zearalenone on the cellular permeability to 14C-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, 14C-(3-O-methyl)-glucose and 3H-uridine was also demonstrated, and this alteration of uterine permeability is presumed to be a primary effect of zearalenone.", "contents": "Toxicological approaches to the metabolites of Fusaria. X. Accelerating effect of zearalenone on RNA and protein syntheses in the uterus of ovariectomized mice. In order to clarify the mode of action of zearalenone, a uterotrophic mycotoxin of Fusarium species, biochemical alteration of uterine tissue of ovariectomized mice were investigated. Administration of zearalenone to the mice induced an increase in contents of uterine RNA, protein and DNA. In vitro incubation of uterine tissue isolated from zearalenone-pretreated mice demonstrated a temporal elevation of RNA and protein syntheses. Accelerating effect of zearalenone on the cellular permeability to 14C-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, 14C-(3-O-methyl)-glucose and 3H-uridine was also demonstrated, and this alteration of uterine permeability is presumed to be a primary effect of zearalenone.", "PMID": 1177360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6259", "title": "Dissociation of lipid and protein from cell-DNA by direct alkaline sucrose gradient analysis.", "content": "Hela cells and normal human embryo cells were analyzed in alkaline sucrose gradients after labeling with 14C-thymidine and 3H-choline chloride or 3H-amino acid mixture. Radioactivities from both choline and amino acids were observed in accord with DNA peak when the labeled cells were analyzed after 1 or 2 hour lysis in the lysing solution at 25 degrees C; i.e., a sharp and high peak observed with HeLa cells and a peak with more reduced sedimentation rate observed with normal human embryo cells could be considered to indicate the association of DNA with lipid and protein components, probably the nuclear membrane. The peak which was obtained after 4 hour lysis at 25 degrees C or after 1 hour lysis at 37 degrees C was not associated with label from choline and amino acids and, thus, proved to have been released from lipid and protein fractions. When metaphase HeLa cells were collected after labeling with choline or amino acids and then analyzed, the radioactivity was demonstrated in the sharp and high peak after 1 or 2 hour lysis at 25 degrees C; that is, the lipid and protein portions might be somehow associated with the mammalian metaphase chromosomes.", "contents": "Dissociation of lipid and protein from cell-DNA by direct alkaline sucrose gradient analysis. Hela cells and normal human embryo cells were analyzed in alkaline sucrose gradients after labeling with 14C-thymidine and 3H-choline chloride or 3H-amino acid mixture. Radioactivities from both choline and amino acids were observed in accord with DNA peak when the labeled cells were analyzed after 1 or 2 hour lysis in the lysing solution at 25 degrees C; i.e., a sharp and high peak observed with HeLa cells and a peak with more reduced sedimentation rate observed with normal human embryo cells could be considered to indicate the association of DNA with lipid and protein components, probably the nuclear membrane. The peak which was obtained after 4 hour lysis at 25 degrees C or after 1 hour lysis at 37 degrees C was not associated with label from choline and amino acids and, thus, proved to have been released from lipid and protein fractions. When metaphase HeLa cells were collected after labeling with choline or amino acids and then analyzed, the radioactivity was demonstrated in the sharp and high peak after 1 or 2 hour lysis at 25 degrees C; that is, the lipid and protein portions might be somehow associated with the mammalian metaphase chromosomes.", "PMID": 1177361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6260", "title": "Interaction in culture between mouse ascites mammary carcinoma (MM2) cells and lymphoid cells of isologous mice.", "content": "MM2 cells, ascitic tumor originated from spontaneous mammary carcinoma of C3H/He mouse, were mix-cultured with lymphoid cells of thymus or mesenteric lymph nodes from isologous animals of the same sex. The interaction in culture between these cells was examined by time-lapse cinemicrography. In single culture, thymocytes, mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes and MM2 cells were kept for 7 days with little change in cell population. Lymphocytes of both sources showed a marked decrease in cell number when cultured together with MM2 cells, being evidently phagocytosed by MM2 cells. Lymphocytes from MM2-bearing mice or mice sensitized with deoxycholate-extracted MM2 antigen were also all phagocytosed. MM2 cells exhibited no sign of damage or degeneration due to the phagocytosis. Thymocytes were not phagocytosed by histiocytes obtained from ascitic fluid 3 days after i.p. injection of 5% starch suspension. Phagocytosis of erythrocytes or lymphoid cells from spleen by MM2 cells was not detected.", "contents": "Interaction in culture between mouse ascites mammary carcinoma (MM2) cells and lymphoid cells of isologous mice. MM2 cells, ascitic tumor originated from spontaneous mammary carcinoma of C3H/He mouse, were mix-cultured with lymphoid cells of thymus or mesenteric lymph nodes from isologous animals of the same sex. The interaction in culture between these cells was examined by time-lapse cinemicrography. In single culture, thymocytes, mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes and MM2 cells were kept for 7 days with little change in cell population. Lymphocytes of both sources showed a marked decrease in cell number when cultured together with MM2 cells, being evidently phagocytosed by MM2 cells. Lymphocytes from MM2-bearing mice or mice sensitized with deoxycholate-extracted MM2 antigen were also all phagocytosed. MM2 cells exhibited no sign of damage or degeneration due to the phagocytosis. Thymocytes were not phagocytosed by histiocytes obtained from ascitic fluid 3 days after i.p. injection of 5% starch suspension. Phagocytosis of erythrocytes or lymphoid cells from spleen by MM2 cells was not detected.", "PMID": 1177362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6261", "title": "Effects of Na+ and K+ on the resting membrane potential of the rabbit sinoatrial node cell.", "content": "To estimate the \"resting potential\" of the sinoatrial node cell, membrane potentials in quiescent states under various conditions were compared with the holding potential at which no net membrane current flowed during the voltage clamp. The membrane potential of the rabbit sinoatrial node cell was recorded using a conventional microelectrode method. The single sucrose gap method and the double microelectrode method were employed for the voltage clamp. The membrane potential immediately before the resumption of the spontaneous activity in normal Tyrode solution after a quiescence in high K+ concentration, in low Na+ concentration or in low temperature was approximately - 37 m V and was similar to that of the temporarily quiescent sinoatrial node cells after dissection. The holding potential at which no net membrane current flowed was - 38.4 m V, which coincided with the membrane potential during quiescence. The resting potential in quiescence increased by approximately 17 m V for a tenfold decrease in the extracellular Na+ concentration, and 22 m V for a tenfold increase in the K+ concentration. The relative membrane conductance decreased transiently on removing Na+ from the bathing medium. These findings suggest that a potential equivalent to the resting potential existss in the S-A node cell approximately 20 m V positive to the maximum diastolic potential, and this low value might be due to the high Na+ conductance of the cell membrane.", "contents": "Effects of Na+ and K+ on the resting membrane potential of the rabbit sinoatrial node cell. To estimate the \"resting potential\" of the sinoatrial node cell, membrane potentials in quiescent states under various conditions were compared with the holding potential at which no net membrane current flowed during the voltage clamp. The membrane potential of the rabbit sinoatrial node cell was recorded using a conventional microelectrode method. The single sucrose gap method and the double microelectrode method were employed for the voltage clamp. The membrane potential immediately before the resumption of the spontaneous activity in normal Tyrode solution after a quiescence in high K+ concentration, in low Na+ concentration or in low temperature was approximately - 37 m V and was similar to that of the temporarily quiescent sinoatrial node cells after dissection. The holding potential at which no net membrane current flowed was - 38.4 m V, which coincided with the membrane potential during quiescence. The resting potential in quiescence increased by approximately 17 m V for a tenfold decrease in the extracellular Na+ concentration, and 22 m V for a tenfold increase in the K+ concentration. The relative membrane conductance decreased transiently on removing Na+ from the bathing medium. These findings suggest that a potential equivalent to the resting potential existss in the S-A node cell approximately 20 m V positive to the maximum diastolic potential, and this low value might be due to the high Na+ conductance of the cell membrane.", "PMID": 1177367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6262", "title": "An electrophysiological study of the sacculo-ocular pathways in cats.", "content": "Microelectrode recordings of neuronal activities in the cat were made in the vestibular main nuclei and the y group cells in response to stimulation of the saccule and IIIrd (oculomotor) nuclei. A relatively new anaesthetic (Ketalar, Parke Davis Co.) that apparently did not suppress transmissions through the sacculo-oculomotor pathways was used. A social accessory arm to replace one side of the standard stereotaxic frame was designed to permit surgical access to the inner ear. Orthodromic focal potentials indicating monosynaptic activation were recorded in the region of the lateral and inferior vestibular nuclei in response to ipsilateral stimulation of saccule. Antidromic field potentials in response to IIIrd nuclear stimulation were also recorded. Similar results were obtained from the y group cells. Unit recordings demonstrated that neurones in the rostral part of the lateral vestibular nucleus received monosynaptic excitation from the saccule before projecting to the IIIrd nuclei. However, studies on the y group cells indicated the existence of a separate and distinct pathway in the sacculo-oculomotor reflex. This pathway involves at least three synapses before reaching the motoneurones.", "contents": "An electrophysiological study of the sacculo-ocular pathways in cats. Microelectrode recordings of neuronal activities in the cat were made in the vestibular main nuclei and the y group cells in response to stimulation of the saccule and IIIrd (oculomotor) nuclei. A relatively new anaesthetic (Ketalar, Parke Davis Co.) that apparently did not suppress transmissions through the sacculo-oculomotor pathways was used. A social accessory arm to replace one side of the standard stereotaxic frame was designed to permit surgical access to the inner ear. Orthodromic focal potentials indicating monosynaptic activation were recorded in the region of the lateral and inferior vestibular nuclei in response to ipsilateral stimulation of saccule. Antidromic field potentials in response to IIIrd nuclear stimulation were also recorded. Similar results were obtained from the y group cells. Unit recordings demonstrated that neurones in the rostral part of the lateral vestibular nucleus received monosynaptic excitation from the saccule before projecting to the IIIrd nuclei. However, studies on the y group cells indicated the existence of a separate and distinct pathway in the sacculo-oculomotor reflex. This pathway involves at least three synapses before reaching the motoneurones.", "PMID": 1177368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6263", "title": "Cyclical effects of triiodothyronine on blood-free fatty acid and glucose concentrations in warm-adapted and cold-adapted rats.", "content": "Effects of triiodothyronine (T3) (100 mug/100 g, sc) on blood-free fatty acid (FFA) and glucose concentrations were investigated in warm- and cold-adapted rats. Blood specimens were obtained from the tail locally anesthetized with lidocaine. In warm-adapted rats FFA rose 3 to 6 hr after administration of T3, but returned to the pre-injection level 12 hr later. Thereafter, blood FFA level showed a repeated cyclical rise and fall every 12 hr for up to 60 hr, while blood glucose level did not increase until 12 hr later and this level was maintained for up to 36 hr. After that time it also showed a repeated rise and fall every 12 hr for up to 60 hr. Both FFA and glucose levels returned to the initial values after 72 hr. Changes induced by T3 in blood levels of these metabolites were reciprocal. In cold-adapted rats the patterns of responses to T3 were essentially the same as those observed in warm-adapted ones, except that T3 provoked a simultaneous rise in blood glucose as well as FFA 6 hr after injection, although an extent of FFA increment was less than in warm-adapted rats. Reserpine pre-treatment caused a considerable reduction in the FFA mobilizing action of T3. The FFA and glucose mobilizing action of T3 was also observed at dosages of 25 and 6.25 mug/100 g, although to lesser extent. These results indicated for the first time the cyclical action of T3 on blood FFA and glucose concentrations, and a changed sensitivity to T3 in cold-adapted animals.", "contents": "Cyclical effects of triiodothyronine on blood-free fatty acid and glucose concentrations in warm-adapted and cold-adapted rats. Effects of triiodothyronine (T3) (100 mug/100 g, sc) on blood-free fatty acid (FFA) and glucose concentrations were investigated in warm- and cold-adapted rats. Blood specimens were obtained from the tail locally anesthetized with lidocaine. In warm-adapted rats FFA rose 3 to 6 hr after administration of T3, but returned to the pre-injection level 12 hr later. Thereafter, blood FFA level showed a repeated cyclical rise and fall every 12 hr for up to 60 hr, while blood glucose level did not increase until 12 hr later and this level was maintained for up to 36 hr. After that time it also showed a repeated rise and fall every 12 hr for up to 60 hr. Both FFA and glucose levels returned to the initial values after 72 hr. Changes induced by T3 in blood levels of these metabolites were reciprocal. In cold-adapted rats the patterns of responses to T3 were essentially the same as those observed in warm-adapted ones, except that T3 provoked a simultaneous rise in blood glucose as well as FFA 6 hr after injection, although an extent of FFA increment was less than in warm-adapted rats. Reserpine pre-treatment caused a considerable reduction in the FFA mobilizing action of T3. The FFA and glucose mobilizing action of T3 was also observed at dosages of 25 and 6.25 mug/100 g, although to lesser extent. These results indicated for the first time the cyclical action of T3 on blood FFA and glucose concentrations, and a changed sensitivity to T3 in cold-adapted animals.", "PMID": 1177369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6264", "title": "Effect of an increase in cardiac output on the in vivo C02 titration curve of mixed venous blood.", "content": "The slope of the in vivo CO2 titration curve of blood (pH-[HCO3-]p relationship, in vivo slope, unit: slyke) expresses the buffering capacity of blood for CO2 in vivo or the buffering capacity of extracellular fluid for CO2. It depends on the extent of contributions by chemical and physiological buffering processes for CO2 occurring during CO2 titration. Theoretically, the in vivo slope obtained for mixed venous blood is independent of cardiac output during CO2 titration. The present study was attempted to confirm this theoretical concept experimentally. Anesthetized dogs were allowed to breathe air and then 10% CO2-25% 02 in N2 for 60 min for the titration in vivo. During the CO2 breathing period the legs were exercised through direct electrical stimulation of the muscles; this also induced an increase in cardiac output 130% above the air breathing period. The in vivo slope (delta[HCO3-]p/delta/pH-]p/\"pH) of the mixed venous blood at an apparent steady state in the CO2 breathing period was 16 slyke, which was 5 slyke higher than in other dogs breathing CO2 at rest with a 60% increase in cardiac output observed in our previous study. This finding was discussed in relation to a greater contribution of tissue fluid for buffering of CO2. The present study suggests that cardiac output is a significant determinant of the buffering capacity of extracellular fluid.", "contents": "Effect of an increase in cardiac output on the in vivo C02 titration curve of mixed venous blood. The slope of the in vivo CO2 titration curve of blood (pH-[HCO3-]p relationship, in vivo slope, unit: slyke) expresses the buffering capacity of blood for CO2 in vivo or the buffering capacity of extracellular fluid for CO2. It depends on the extent of contributions by chemical and physiological buffering processes for CO2 occurring during CO2 titration. Theoretically, the in vivo slope obtained for mixed venous blood is independent of cardiac output during CO2 titration. The present study was attempted to confirm this theoretical concept experimentally. Anesthetized dogs were allowed to breathe air and then 10% CO2-25% 02 in N2 for 60 min for the titration in vivo. During the CO2 breathing period the legs were exercised through direct electrical stimulation of the muscles; this also induced an increase in cardiac output 130% above the air breathing period. The in vivo slope (delta[HCO3-]p/delta/pH-]p/\"pH) of the mixed venous blood at an apparent steady state in the CO2 breathing period was 16 slyke, which was 5 slyke higher than in other dogs breathing CO2 at rest with a 60% increase in cardiac output observed in our previous study. This finding was discussed in relation to a greater contribution of tissue fluid for buffering of CO2. The present study suggests that cardiac output is a significant determinant of the buffering capacity of extracellular fluid.", "PMID": 1177370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6265", "title": "In vivo lipolytic effect of glucagon in warm-adapted and cold-adapted rats.", "content": "In vivo effect of glucagon on blood-free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was investigated in rats adapted to 25 degree C and to 5 degree C. Intraperitoneal injection of glucagon in 100 or 25 mug/100 g body weight doses was followed by a triphasic response in blood FFA concentration: an immediate and marked rise at 5 min, a secondary depression at 60 min and a final rise at 120 to 240 min after the injectionss. For the 12.5 and 6.25 mug/100 g body weight injections, an initial increment was significantly lowered and no elevation at 240 min was observed. Concomitant elevations of blood glucose concentration were shown 5 min after glucagon injection of 100, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 mug/100 g body weight doses and their extents were not significantly different each other between these doses. However, rise in blood glucose level at 60 min was not seen at the 12.5 and 6.25 mug/100 g body weight doses. Blood lactate concentrations did not show any significant variations by the injections of glucagon. In fasting rats, glucagon at the 100 mug/100 g body weight dose caused similar increase in blood FFA as that in fed ones. In fed cold-adapted rats at 5 degree C glucagon at the dose of 100 mug/100 g body weight brought about similar effects in elevation of blood FFA level and its time-course as those in fed rats adapted to 25 degree C. However, under fasting condition cold-adapted animals exhibited greater increment in blood FFA level at 5 min than those adapted to 25 degree C, while an elevation of blood FFA at 240 min was not observed in the former animals. These results indicate for the first time an in vivo lipolytic action of glucagon in rats and further suggest an enhanced sensitivity to lipolytic action of glucagon in cold adaptation.", "contents": "In vivo lipolytic effect of glucagon in warm-adapted and cold-adapted rats. In vivo effect of glucagon on blood-free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was investigated in rats adapted to 25 degree C and to 5 degree C. Intraperitoneal injection of glucagon in 100 or 25 mug/100 g body weight doses was followed by a triphasic response in blood FFA concentration: an immediate and marked rise at 5 min, a secondary depression at 60 min and a final rise at 120 to 240 min after the injectionss. For the 12.5 and 6.25 mug/100 g body weight injections, an initial increment was significantly lowered and no elevation at 240 min was observed. Concomitant elevations of blood glucose concentration were shown 5 min after glucagon injection of 100, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 mug/100 g body weight doses and their extents were not significantly different each other between these doses. However, rise in blood glucose level at 60 min was not seen at the 12.5 and 6.25 mug/100 g body weight doses. Blood lactate concentrations did not show any significant variations by the injections of glucagon. In fasting rats, glucagon at the 100 mug/100 g body weight dose caused similar increase in blood FFA as that in fed ones. In fed cold-adapted rats at 5 degree C glucagon at the dose of 100 mug/100 g body weight brought about similar effects in elevation of blood FFA level and its time-course as those in fed rats adapted to 25 degree C. However, under fasting condition cold-adapted animals exhibited greater increment in blood FFA level at 5 min than those adapted to 25 degree C, while an elevation of blood FFA at 240 min was not observed in the former animals. These results indicate for the first time an in vivo lipolytic action of glucagon in rats and further suggest an enhanced sensitivity to lipolytic action of glucagon in cold adaptation.", "PMID": 1177371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6266", "title": "Responses to field stimulation of the smooth muscle cell membrane of the guinea pig stomach.", "content": "The responses of smooth muscle cell membrane of the guinea-pig stomach to field stimulation were investigated. In response to a single field stimulation (0.1-0.2 msec), the longitudinal and circular muscles excised from the antrum of the stomach produced a small hyperpolarization which was blocked by treatment with tetrodotoxin. Repetitive stimulation at various frequencies lowered the amplitude of the slow potential change thus causing suppression of the spike generation and mechanical response. Phentolamine did not suppress the generation of the inhibitory junction potential produced by a single stimulation but did slightly suppress the hyperpolarization produced by repetitive stimulation. Tetrodotoxin suppressed the amplitude but not the frequency of the slow potential change, however repetitive field stimulation in the presence of tetrodotoxin did not reduce further the amplitude of the slow potential changes. After a single or repetitive field stimulation was applied, the muscle membrane produced a delayed excitation on the slow potential change. The delayed excitation, however, did not generate in the presence of tetrodotoxin or of atropine. Reversal level for the inhibitory junction potential was ranged between--80 and--85 mV. Externally applied noradrenaline and ATP suppressed the generation of slow potential changes. Noradrenaline slightly hyperpolarized the membrane and increased the ionic conductance of the membrane but ATP neither modified the membrane potential nor increased the ionic conductance of the membrane.", "contents": "Responses to field stimulation of the smooth muscle cell membrane of the guinea pig stomach. The responses of smooth muscle cell membrane of the guinea-pig stomach to field stimulation were investigated. In response to a single field stimulation (0.1-0.2 msec), the longitudinal and circular muscles excised from the antrum of the stomach produced a small hyperpolarization which was blocked by treatment with tetrodotoxin. Repetitive stimulation at various frequencies lowered the amplitude of the slow potential change thus causing suppression of the spike generation and mechanical response. Phentolamine did not suppress the generation of the inhibitory junction potential produced by a single stimulation but did slightly suppress the hyperpolarization produced by repetitive stimulation. Tetrodotoxin suppressed the amplitude but not the frequency of the slow potential change, however repetitive field stimulation in the presence of tetrodotoxin did not reduce further the amplitude of the slow potential changes. After a single or repetitive field stimulation was applied, the muscle membrane produced a delayed excitation on the slow potential change. The delayed excitation, however, did not generate in the presence of tetrodotoxin or of atropine. Reversal level for the inhibitory junction potential was ranged between--80 and--85 mV. Externally applied noradrenaline and ATP suppressed the generation of slow potential changes. Noradrenaline slightly hyperpolarized the membrane and increased the ionic conductance of the membrane but ATP neither modified the membrane potential nor increased the ionic conductance of the membrane.", "PMID": 1177372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6267", "title": "Electrophysiological and mechanical investigations on the dual action of prostaglandin E1 in the pregnant rat myometrium in vitro.", "content": "Effects of prostaglindin E1 (PGE1) on the myometrial activity of the pregnant rat were investigated by recording the contractile response and intracellular electrical activity. PGE1 (10-9--10-6 g/ml) caused a depression of the contractile activity in the fresh preparations of either longitudinal or circular muscle strip (within 2-5 hr after exposure to the artificial saline media). However neither membrane potential nor action potential was significantly affected by the treatment with the agents. By contrast, in the aged preparations (bathed in the saline media longer than 2-5 hr), an increase in the contractile response dose-dependently was caused. The generation of action potential was facilitated without depolarization of the membrane. The inhibitory response induced by PGE1 in the fresh preparation was converted to an excitatory response when treated with bretylium. The discussion covers the inhibitory effect of PGE1 which is mediated through intrauterine adrenergic system, and is perhaps due to the focal hyperpolarization block of the conduction of excitation. The excitatory effect is very likely caused by a direct action on myometrial cell membrane.", "contents": "Electrophysiological and mechanical investigations on the dual action of prostaglandin E1 in the pregnant rat myometrium in vitro. Effects of prostaglindin E1 (PGE1) on the myometrial activity of the pregnant rat were investigated by recording the contractile response and intracellular electrical activity. PGE1 (10-9--10-6 g/ml) caused a depression of the contractile activity in the fresh preparations of either longitudinal or circular muscle strip (within 2-5 hr after exposure to the artificial saline media). However neither membrane potential nor action potential was significantly affected by the treatment with the agents. By contrast, in the aged preparations (bathed in the saline media longer than 2-5 hr), an increase in the contractile response dose-dependently was caused. The generation of action potential was facilitated without depolarization of the membrane. The inhibitory response induced by PGE1 in the fresh preparation was converted to an excitatory response when treated with bretylium. The discussion covers the inhibitory effect of PGE1 which is mediated through intrauterine adrenergic system, and is perhaps due to the focal hyperpolarization block of the conduction of excitation. The excitatory effect is very likely caused by a direct action on myometrial cell membrane.", "PMID": 1177373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6268", "title": "Intrarenal blood flow in carotid sinus nerve stimulation and hemorrhage in dogs.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to compare the role of the sympathetic nervous system, in hemorrhage, with that of hypotension in producing renal blood flow (RBF) redistribution. Ten mongrel dogs were prepared for the determination of RBF distrubition by injecting 85Kr dissolved in saline into the renal artery to obtain renal radioactivity curves. RBF distribution was determined a) at control, b) during a 15-min period of hypotension produced by electrical stimulation (10 v-60Hz) of the left carotid sinus nerve (nerve of Hering), c) 15 min after hemorrhage to a blood pressure equivalent to that of stimulation and d) during hemorrhage plus a 15-min period of stimulation. Hypotension caused by stimulation left component I blood flow unchanged (at approximately 492 ml/min/100 g) but resulted in an increase in component II flow from 93 +/- 8 to 155 +/- 20 ml/min/100 g. Hemorrhage caused a 60% reduction in component I blood flow rate, leaving component II unchanged. Partial reversal of hemorrhage effects on distrubiton of RBF was obtained by restimulation of the nerve of Hering. It appears that RBF distribution, as controlled by the carotid sinus, may involve primarily component I flow, with the redistribution between components I and II during hemorrhage possibly involving other mechanisms.", "contents": "Intrarenal blood flow in carotid sinus nerve stimulation and hemorrhage in dogs. The present study was undertaken to compare the role of the sympathetic nervous system, in hemorrhage, with that of hypotension in producing renal blood flow (RBF) redistribution. Ten mongrel dogs were prepared for the determination of RBF distrubition by injecting 85Kr dissolved in saline into the renal artery to obtain renal radioactivity curves. RBF distribution was determined a) at control, b) during a 15-min period of hypotension produced by electrical stimulation (10 v-60Hz) of the left carotid sinus nerve (nerve of Hering), c) 15 min after hemorrhage to a blood pressure equivalent to that of stimulation and d) during hemorrhage plus a 15-min period of stimulation. Hypotension caused by stimulation left component I blood flow unchanged (at approximately 492 ml/min/100 g) but resulted in an increase in component II flow from 93 +/- 8 to 155 +/- 20 ml/min/100 g. Hemorrhage caused a 60% reduction in component I blood flow rate, leaving component II unchanged. Partial reversal of hemorrhage effects on distrubiton of RBF was obtained by restimulation of the nerve of Hering. It appears that RBF distribution, as controlled by the carotid sinus, may involve primarily component I flow, with the redistribution between components I and II during hemorrhage possibly involving other mechanisms.", "PMID": 1177374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6269", "title": "Influence of ethacrynic acid on intrarenal renin release mechanisms.", "content": "Ethacrynic acid infused i.v. in anesthetized dogs after inhibiting sympathetic mechanisms of renin release increased renal blood flow rate (RBF) by 54% and practically abolished autoregulation of RBF; renin release increased from 0.8 +/- 0.9 (mean +/- SEM) to 16.4 +/- 3.7 mug/min (P less than 0.05). Without infusion of ethacrynic acid; constriction of the renal artery to a pressure below the range of autoregulation reduced renovascular resistance markedly and renin release rose to 27.2 +/- 5.5 mug/min (P less than 0.05). During arterial constriction, ethacrynic acid had no additional effect on renovascular resistance or renin release averaging 28.4 +/- 6.7 mug/min. Infusion of ethacrynic acid and saline at control pressure increased sodium excretion to about one-half of the filtrate and reduced rein release which did not, however, return to control. Infusion of hypertonic saline during autoregulated vasodilatation induced by arterial constriction had a similar effect, but again renin release continued to exceed control. We propose that ethacrynic acid increases renin release through a hemodynamic mechanism triggered by afferent arteriolar dilation and inhibits renin release by greatly increasing the delivery of sodium to the distal convoluted tubules.", "contents": "Influence of ethacrynic acid on intrarenal renin release mechanisms. Ethacrynic acid infused i.v. in anesthetized dogs after inhibiting sympathetic mechanisms of renin release increased renal blood flow rate (RBF) by 54% and practically abolished autoregulation of RBF; renin release increased from 0.8 +/- 0.9 (mean +/- SEM) to 16.4 +/- 3.7 mug/min (P less than 0.05). Without infusion of ethacrynic acid; constriction of the renal artery to a pressure below the range of autoregulation reduced renovascular resistance markedly and renin release rose to 27.2 +/- 5.5 mug/min (P less than 0.05). During arterial constriction, ethacrynic acid had no additional effect on renovascular resistance or renin release averaging 28.4 +/- 6.7 mug/min. Infusion of ethacrynic acid and saline at control pressure increased sodium excretion to about one-half of the filtrate and reduced rein release which did not, however, return to control. Infusion of hypertonic saline during autoregulated vasodilatation induced by arterial constriction had a similar effect, but again renin release continued to exceed control. We propose that ethacrynic acid increases renin release through a hemodynamic mechanism triggered by afferent arteriolar dilation and inhibits renin release by greatly increasing the delivery of sodium to the distal convoluted tubules.", "PMID": 1177375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6270", "title": "Renal function before and after unilateral nephrectomy in renal donors.", "content": "Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), tubular maximum reabsorption of glucose (Tmglucose) and secretion of para-aminohippurate (Tmpah), clearance of inorganic phosphate (Cphosphate) and uric acid (Curic acid), urine diluting capacity (CH2O) and urinary net acid excretion (UH + V) were made before and 10 to 14 days after unilateral nephrectomy in seven healthy renal donors. Comparisons were made between the functions of the remaining kidney and 50% of pre-uninephrectomy values. Mean post-uninephrectomy GFR increased by 36%, and mean ERPF, 55%. Tmglucose, Tmpah, Cphosphate, uric acid, CH2O, UH + V increased significantly, after uninephrectomy. The increase in Tmpah, Tmglucose and CH2O is proportional to the rise in GFR while the increase in Cphosphate, Curic acid and UH + V is proportionally greater than the increase in GFR. The changes in post-uninephrectomy renal handling of phosphate are not due to an increase in parathyroid hormone secretion.", "contents": "Renal function before and after unilateral nephrectomy in renal donors. Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), tubular maximum reabsorption of glucose (Tmglucose) and secretion of para-aminohippurate (Tmpah), clearance of inorganic phosphate (Cphosphate) and uric acid (Curic acid), urine diluting capacity (CH2O) and urinary net acid excretion (UH + V) were made before and 10 to 14 days after unilateral nephrectomy in seven healthy renal donors. Comparisons were made between the functions of the remaining kidney and 50% of pre-uninephrectomy values. Mean post-uninephrectomy GFR increased by 36%, and mean ERPF, 55%. Tmglucose, Tmpah, Cphosphate, uric acid, CH2O, UH + V increased significantly, after uninephrectomy. The increase in Tmpah, Tmglucose and CH2O is proportional to the rise in GFR while the increase in Cphosphate, Curic acid and UH + V is proportionally greater than the increase in GFR. The changes in post-uninephrectomy renal handling of phosphate are not due to an increase in parathyroid hormone secretion.", "PMID": 1177376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6271", "title": "Urinary lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5 in the differential diagnosis of kidney and bladder infections.", "content": "Urinary lactic dehydrogenase (U-LDH) isoenzyme assays were performed on ch2) as well as normal controls (N = 24). Docuemntation of bladder and kidney infection was accomplished by means of the bladder washout test, culture of ureteric urine (in patients with urinary diversion), kidney function studies including the maximal urine concentration test, clinical symptomatology and radiologic appearance of the urinary tract. Total U-LDH in normal children (10.8 +/- 1 mU/ml) was lower than in patients with bladder (27.0 +/- 3.9 mU/ml) or kidney (226 +/- 67.3 mU/ml) infections (P less than 0.005). In normal children isoenzymes 1 and 2 predominated (LDH-1 migrates fastest to anode -- fast zone pattern). In patients with bladder infections, the isoenzyme patterns varied but the concentration of isoenzyme 5 (3.1 +/- 0.8 mU/ml) was lower (P less than 0.005) than in patients with kidney infections (120 +/- 39 mU/ml). In the latter, isoenzymes 4 and 5 predominated (slow zone pattern). Since overlap between kidney and bladder infections regarding isoenzyme 5 concentrations (at 3 SD) occurred in only one individual (patient 37), a correct differential diagnosis using U-LDH-5 alone would have been possible in 94% of the children with pyelonephritis or 97% of the total patient population (kidney + bladder).", "contents": "Urinary lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5 in the differential diagnosis of kidney and bladder infections. Urinary lactic dehydrogenase (U-LDH) isoenzyme assays were performed on ch2) as well as normal controls (N = 24). Docuemntation of bladder and kidney infection was accomplished by means of the bladder washout test, culture of ureteric urine (in patients with urinary diversion), kidney function studies including the maximal urine concentration test, clinical symptomatology and radiologic appearance of the urinary tract. Total U-LDH in normal children (10.8 +/- 1 mU/ml) was lower than in patients with bladder (27.0 +/- 3.9 mU/ml) or kidney (226 +/- 67.3 mU/ml) infections (P less than 0.005). In normal children isoenzymes 1 and 2 predominated (LDH-1 migrates fastest to anode -- fast zone pattern). In patients with bladder infections, the isoenzyme patterns varied but the concentration of isoenzyme 5 (3.1 +/- 0.8 mU/ml) was lower (P less than 0.005) than in patients with kidney infections (120 +/- 39 mU/ml). In the latter, isoenzymes 4 and 5 predominated (slow zone pattern). Since overlap between kidney and bladder infections regarding isoenzyme 5 concentrations (at 3 SD) occurred in only one individual (patient 37), a correct differential diagnosis using U-LDH-5 alone would have been possible in 94% of the children with pyelonephritis or 97% of the total patient population (kidney + bladder).", "PMID": 1177377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6272", "title": "Measurement of residual glomerular filtration rate in the patient receiving repetitive hemodialysis.", "content": "The objective of the current study was to determine the best index of residual glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by comparing simultaneously measured clearances of inulin, 125I-iothalamate, endogenous creatinine, urea and 169ytterbium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (169YB-DTPA) in patients receiving repetitive hemodialysis. In patients with GFR less than 5 ml/min but greater than 1 ml/min, 125I-iothalamate clearance showed the best correlation with inulin clearance. However, creatinine clearance correlated better with inulin clearance than urea clearance and as well as urea + creatinine/2. In the patients with measured GFR less than 1 ml/min, the correlation of 125I-iothalamate, creatinine, urea and urea + creatinine/two clearances with inulin clearance was satisfactory. Similarly, satisfactory correlations were obtained when the relationships were examined across the entire range of measured clearances less than 5 ml/min. A simple, practical method is descriged for the accurate serial measurement of residual GFR in patients receiving repetitive dialysis.", "contents": "Measurement of residual glomerular filtration rate in the patient receiving repetitive hemodialysis. The objective of the current study was to determine the best index of residual glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by comparing simultaneously measured clearances of inulin, 125I-iothalamate, endogenous creatinine, urea and 169ytterbium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (169YB-DTPA) in patients receiving repetitive hemodialysis. In patients with GFR less than 5 ml/min but greater than 1 ml/min, 125I-iothalamate clearance showed the best correlation with inulin clearance. However, creatinine clearance correlated better with inulin clearance than urea clearance and as well as urea + creatinine/2. In the patients with measured GFR less than 1 ml/min, the correlation of 125I-iothalamate, creatinine, urea and urea + creatinine/two clearances with inulin clearance was satisfactory. Similarly, satisfactory correlations were obtained when the relationships were examined across the entire range of measured clearances less than 5 ml/min. A simple, practical method is descriged for the accurate serial measurement of residual GFR in patients receiving repetitive dialysis.", "PMID": 1177378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6273", "title": "[Haemodynamic problems and eye (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemodynamic problems of ocular circulation are discussed with regard to blood pressure measurment in the eye, giving information about the blood circulation of the internal carotid artery. Investigations on the choroidal and retinal circulations show that, between these two tissue layers, the movement of extravascular fluid predominates from the choroidal capillaries to the retinal capillaries. A model of the pressure relationships in both of these vascular systems is constructed to substantiate this hypothesis.", "contents": "[Haemodynamic problems and eye (author's transl)]. Haemodynamic problems of ocular circulation are discussed with regard to blood pressure measurment in the eye, giving information about the blood circulation of the internal carotid artery. Investigations on the choroidal and retinal circulations show that, between these two tissue layers, the movement of extravascular fluid predominates from the choroidal capillaries to the retinal capillaries. A model of the pressure relationships in both of these vascular systems is constructed to substantiate this hypothesis.", "PMID": 1177385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6274", "title": "[Technique and results of an operative treatment of keratoglobus (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of a surgical treatment of keratoglobus in the form of a combined kerato-scleroplasty is described in detail, and the morphological and functional results on 5 eyes in four patients are discussed.", "contents": "[Technique and results of an operative treatment of keratoglobus (author's transl)]. The technique of a surgical treatment of keratoglobus in the form of a combined kerato-scleroplasty is described in detail, and the morphological and functional results on 5 eyes in four patients are discussed.", "PMID": 1177386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6275", "title": "[Experiences with trepano-trabeculectomy (goniotrepanation) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on a modificaioon of goniotrepanation according to Fronimopoulos where only the trabecular network is trepaned and the sclera is closed twice (trepano-trabeculectomy). The experiences, based on 172 operations of this kind showed, that the quick restoration of the anterior chamber after the operation reduces the postoperative complications. However, like the goniotrepanating operation the effect of the regulation of the intraocular pressure is based on the formation of a small filtering bleb. The operation is especially suitable for the treatment of primary glaucoma of adults.", "contents": "[Experiences with trepano-trabeculectomy (goniotrepanation) (author's transl)]. The authors report on a modificaioon of goniotrepanation according to Fronimopoulos where only the trabecular network is trepaned and the sclera is closed twice (trepano-trabeculectomy). The experiences, based on 172 operations of this kind showed, that the quick restoration of the anterior chamber after the operation reduces the postoperative complications. However, like the goniotrepanating operation the effect of the regulation of the intraocular pressure is based on the formation of a small filtering bleb. The operation is especially suitable for the treatment of primary glaucoma of adults.", "PMID": 1177387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6276", "title": "[Transtrabecular iridectomy - a new surgical technique in the treatment of chronic narrow-angle glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A new surgical technique in the treatment of chronic narrow-angle glaucoma is described. After forming a scleral flap and opening of Schlemm's canal a probe is inserted into the canal. We dissect the sclera and the outer wall of Schlemm's canal by an oblique cut. The probe being retracted again, the trabecular meshwork is cut and a basal iridectomy is performed. Then the scleral cut and the trabecular window are closed tightly. Postoperative pressure behaviour and gonioscopy indicate, that the outflow of aqueous humour occurs via trabecular cleft and the collector channels in the operating field; obviously with this technique the intrascleral outflow channels can be saved to a great extend.", "contents": "[Transtrabecular iridectomy - a new surgical technique in the treatment of chronic narrow-angle glaucoma (author's transl)]. A new surgical technique in the treatment of chronic narrow-angle glaucoma is described. After forming a scleral flap and opening of Schlemm's canal a probe is inserted into the canal. We dissect the sclera and the outer wall of Schlemm's canal by an oblique cut. The probe being retracted again, the trabecular meshwork is cut and a basal iridectomy is performed. Then the scleral cut and the trabecular window are closed tightly. Postoperative pressure behaviour and gonioscopy indicate, that the outflow of aqueous humour occurs via trabecular cleft and the collector channels in the operating field; obviously with this technique the intrascleral outflow channels can be saved to a great extend.", "PMID": 1177388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6277", "title": "[Pigment glaucoma. Scanning-electronmicroscopic findings. (author's transl)].", "content": "In case of a patient suffering from pigment glaucoma trabeculectomy was performed on both eyes. In one trabecular section the outer wall of Schlemm's canal, and in the other the trabecular framework were investigated by scanning-electronmicroscopy. The intertrabecular spaces were largely blocked by pigment granula, which, in some places, were stored in the clump cells of the iris. Even the outer wall of Schlemm's canal was dotted with pigment granula. The scanning-electronmicroscopic findings revealed the pigmental drainage blocking of the aqueous humour and explained the acute pressure rise in the pigment glaucoma with wide iridocorneal angle by an acute obstruction of the already largely blocked intertrabecular spaces.", "contents": "[Pigment glaucoma. Scanning-electronmicroscopic findings. (author's transl)]. In case of a patient suffering from pigment glaucoma trabeculectomy was performed on both eyes. In one trabecular section the outer wall of Schlemm's canal, and in the other the trabecular framework were investigated by scanning-electronmicroscopy. The intertrabecular spaces were largely blocked by pigment granula, which, in some places, were stored in the clump cells of the iris. Even the outer wall of Schlemm's canal was dotted with pigment granula. The scanning-electronmicroscopic findings revealed the pigmental drainage blocking of the aqueous humour and explained the acute pressure rise in the pigment glaucoma with wide iridocorneal angle by an acute obstruction of the already largely blocked intertrabecular spaces.", "PMID": 1177389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6278", "title": "[Clinical findings in phakolytic glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "1300 enucleated globes were examined from 1966-1974: Among these 20 eyes (1.5%) revealed a \"phacolytic glaucoma\" histologically. The clinical diagnosis before enucleation were \"secondary glaucoma\" or \"absolute glaucoma\" (19) and once \"uveitis dolorosa\". \"Phakolysis\" was considered in only 3 eyes. 15 cases revealed surprisingly well preserved retinal structure - indicating probable good function. The only therapy possible consists of immediate cataract extraction - inspite of high intraocular pressure. Phacolytic glaucoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis of unilateral \"acute glaucoma\"; also in young patients with traumatic and complicated cataract.", "contents": "[Clinical findings in phakolytic glaucoma (author's transl)]. 1300 enucleated globes were examined from 1966-1974: Among these 20 eyes (1.5%) revealed a \"phacolytic glaucoma\" histologically. The clinical diagnosis before enucleation were \"secondary glaucoma\" or \"absolute glaucoma\" (19) and once \"uveitis dolorosa\". \"Phakolysis\" was considered in only 3 eyes. 15 cases revealed surprisingly well preserved retinal structure - indicating probable good function. The only therapy possible consists of immediate cataract extraction - inspite of high intraocular pressure. Phacolytic glaucoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis of unilateral \"acute glaucoma\"; also in young patients with traumatic and complicated cataract.", "PMID": 1177390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6279", "title": "[Artificial divergence in treatment of anomalous correspondence (author's transl)].", "content": "Artificial divergence causes a change of correspondence in about 60% of cases of alternating comitant convergent strabismus. This means a merely formal normalisation, since only one third of the cases can be cured to a level of +/-1degree of arc related to the true position of the eyes. These cases do not show any scotoma under campimetry on the phase difference haploscop (Aulhorn). An other third achieved a status with a tolerance of +/- 2 degrees and microscotomata. The last third did not show a normalisation, mostly due to a preexisting angle smaller than 5 degrees of arc. The number of full cures was limited, since the onset of squint was early in the majority of cases. One half of the 271 cases were treated by surgical overcorrection and following reoperation. The other half by small initial surgery, prismatic overcorrection followed by prismatic compensation and small second operation.", "contents": "[Artificial divergence in treatment of anomalous correspondence (author's transl)]. Artificial divergence causes a change of correspondence in about 60% of cases of alternating comitant convergent strabismus. This means a merely formal normalisation, since only one third of the cases can be cured to a level of +/-1degree of arc related to the true position of the eyes. These cases do not show any scotoma under campimetry on the phase difference haploscop (Aulhorn). An other third achieved a status with a tolerance of +/- 2 degrees and microscotomata. The last third did not show a normalisation, mostly due to a preexisting angle smaller than 5 degrees of arc. The number of full cures was limited, since the onset of squint was early in the majority of cases. One half of the 271 cases were treated by surgical overcorrection and following reoperation. The other half by small initial surgery, prismatic overcorrection followed by prismatic compensation and small second operation.", "PMID": 1177391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6280", "title": "[Carotico-cavernosus fistula after subclavia-carotis interna bypass (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of occlusion of the right common carotid artery combined with stenosis of the left common carotid artery is reported. Immediately after surgery a carotico-cavernosus fistula was observed on the right side. The clinical picture and the therapeutical problems are discussed; 4 X-ray and 2 fundus photographs are presented.", "contents": "[Carotico-cavernosus fistula after subclavia-carotis interna bypass (author's transl)]. A case of occlusion of the right common carotid artery combined with stenosis of the left common carotid artery is reported. Immediately after surgery a carotico-cavernosus fistula was observed on the right side. The clinical picture and the therapeutical problems are discussed; 4 X-ray and 2 fundus photographs are presented.", "PMID": 1177392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6281", "title": "[Haemoglobinanomalies in ophthalmological practice (author's transl)].", "content": "Several patients with different haemoglobinopathies are discussed that show various ocular changes as a result of these diseases. The ophthalmological findings range from a Sludge-phaenomenon in the conjunctiva to capillary thrombosis in the ciliary body with accommodoplegia and peripheral uveitis to arterial obliteration, arterio-venous anastomoses, neovascularisation of the retina as well as secondary retinal detachment. Possibilities of treatment of these changes and problems of prophylaxis are discussed.", "contents": "[Haemoglobinanomalies in ophthalmological practice (author's transl)]. Several patients with different haemoglobinopathies are discussed that show various ocular changes as a result of these diseases. The ophthalmological findings range from a Sludge-phaenomenon in the conjunctiva to capillary thrombosis in the ciliary body with accommodoplegia and peripheral uveitis to arterial obliteration, arterio-venous anastomoses, neovascularisation of the retina as well as secondary retinal detachment. Possibilities of treatment of these changes and problems of prophylaxis are discussed.", "PMID": 1177393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6282", "title": "[Focal hemorrhagic chorioiditis (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical and fluorescenzangiographic followup of 111 patients revealed, that focal hemorrhagic chorioiditis is a chronic disease with poor prognosis for visual acuity. After a median follow-up period of more than two years, only half of all involved eyes showed inactive scarring of the lesions. In 13% both eyes were involved. Corticosteroids, antiphlogistics and vasoactive drugs had no significant influence on the course of the disease. The therapeutic results with photocoagulation were more favorable. In 15 of 25 photocoagulated eyes a fast and permanent regression of the choroidal proliferations could be achieved.", "contents": "[Focal hemorrhagic chorioiditis (author's transl)]. The clinical and fluorescenzangiographic followup of 111 patients revealed, that focal hemorrhagic chorioiditis is a chronic disease with poor prognosis for visual acuity. After a median follow-up period of more than two years, only half of all involved eyes showed inactive scarring of the lesions. In 13% both eyes were involved. Corticosteroids, antiphlogistics and vasoactive drugs had no significant influence on the course of the disease. The therapeutic results with photocoagulation were more favorable. In 15 of 25 photocoagulated eyes a fast and permanent regression of the choroidal proliferations could be achieved.", "PMID": 1177394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6283", "title": "[Chiasma-syndrome in arachnoidosis optochiasmatica (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey of the present knowledge of the pathology, clinical corues and prognosis of arachnoidosis optochiasmatica is given. Furthermore a case is described where the imminent loss of sight could be prevented by close cooperation with the neurosurgeon and well-timed operation.", "contents": "[Chiasma-syndrome in arachnoidosis optochiasmatica (author's transl)]. A survey of the present knowledge of the pathology, clinical corues and prognosis of arachnoidosis optochiasmatica is given. Furthermore a case is described where the imminent loss of sight could be prevented by close cooperation with the neurosurgeon and well-timed operation.", "PMID": 1177395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6284", "title": "[Long-term observation of a case with chorioiditis striata (author's transl)].", "content": "Peripapillary choroidal and retinal atrophy with tongue like extensions to the periphery are typical features of striate chorioiditis. They appear bilateraly in middle-aged persons and are of progressive course. A report on examination findings is made in a case with 20-year-old history. An abiotrophical process in the choroidea is discussed as cause of this disease.", "contents": "[Long-term observation of a case with chorioiditis striata (author's transl)]. Peripapillary choroidal and retinal atrophy with tongue like extensions to the periphery are typical features of striate chorioiditis. They appear bilateraly in middle-aged persons and are of progressive course. A report on examination findings is made in a case with 20-year-old history. An abiotrophical process in the choroidea is discussed as cause of this disease.", "PMID": 1177396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6285", "title": "[Eye changes in familial juvenile nephronophthisis (author's transl)].", "content": "5 patients from three families with confirmed diagnoses of nephronophthisis and eye changes are described. All patients showed along with relatively slight decreased function changes in the pigment epithelium and the choroid. In three of these patients the ERG was pathologically reduced. Contrary to the known observations from the literature our patients showed no typical signs of congenital retinal Leber's amaurosis. The observed changes in the sclera reflect the gravity of the illness. With dialysis treatment the progress of the disease could in two patients be arrested for 4 years.", "contents": "[Eye changes in familial juvenile nephronophthisis (author's transl)]. 5 patients from three families with confirmed diagnoses of nephronophthisis and eye changes are described. All patients showed along with relatively slight decreased function changes in the pigment epithelium and the choroid. In three of these patients the ERG was pathologically reduced. Contrary to the known observations from the literature our patients showed no typical signs of congenital retinal Leber's amaurosis. The observed changes in the sclera reflect the gravity of the illness. With dialysis treatment the progress of the disease could in two patients be arrested for 4 years.", "PMID": 1177397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6286", "title": "[A new bifocal lens with the effect of a prism and a magnifying-lens in the near segment (author's transl)].", "content": "It will be reported about a new bifocal lens, that can be supplied with an additional prism in the near segment for close-range wark with an increased magnification up to +8.0 dpt.", "contents": "[A new bifocal lens with the effect of a prism and a magnifying-lens in the near segment (author's transl)]. It will be reported about a new bifocal lens, that can be supplied with an additional prism in the near segment for close-range wark with an increased magnification up to +8.0 dpt.", "PMID": 1177398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6287", "title": "[Fundus changes in Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome (Dyskeratosis congenita) with severe fundus changes is reported.", "contents": "[Fundus changes in Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome (author's transl)]. A case of Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome (Dyskeratosis congenita) with severe fundus changes is reported.", "PMID": 1177400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6288", "title": "[Tapeto-retinal degeneration combined with incomplete general albinism (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a family, which presented the rare autosomal dominant transmitted, incomplete general albinism associated with autosomal recessive inherited, diffuse tapeto-retinal degeneration \"sine pigmento\". hypopigmentation of skin, eyebrows and hair, blue iris and fundus albinoticus with hypoplasia of the macula. In 3 cases additionally appeared: waxy pallor of optic disc, vascular narrowing, reflexless hypoplastic macula, pigmentless periphery, acquired blue-yellow blindness, concentric limitation of the visual field, reduced darkadaptation, abolished electroretinogram and myopic astigmatism.", "contents": "[Tapeto-retinal degeneration combined with incomplete general albinism (author's transl)]. Report on a family, which presented the rare autosomal dominant transmitted, incomplete general albinism associated with autosomal recessive inherited, diffuse tapeto-retinal degeneration \"sine pigmento\". hypopigmentation of skin, eyebrows and hair, blue iris and fundus albinoticus with hypoplasia of the macula. In 3 cases additionally appeared: waxy pallor of optic disc, vascular narrowing, reflexless hypoplastic macula, pigmentless periphery, acquired blue-yellow blindness, concentric limitation of the visual field, reduced darkadaptation, abolished electroretinogram and myopic astigmatism.", "PMID": 1177401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6289", "title": "[Malignant melanoma of the iris - 23 years after incomplete excision of the tumour (author's transl)].", "content": "A 54-year-old male was 1948 submitted to a sectorial iridectomy because of a histologically proved malignant melanoma of the iris. 1971 an absolute secondary glaucoma had developed, and the eyeball was excised. Though histologically tumour issue of the original type was found in the chamber angle and ciliary muscle as well as around scleral blood vessels and subconjunctivally any clinical manifestation of generalization never was observed since the iridectomy 23 years ago.", "contents": "[Malignant melanoma of the iris - 23 years after incomplete excision of the tumour (author's transl)]. A 54-year-old male was 1948 submitted to a sectorial iridectomy because of a histologically proved malignant melanoma of the iris. 1971 an absolute secondary glaucoma had developed, and the eyeball was excised. Though histologically tumour issue of the original type was found in the chamber angle and ciliary muscle as well as around scleral blood vessels and subconjunctivally any clinical manifestation of generalization never was observed since the iridectomy 23 years ago.", "PMID": 1177402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6290", "title": "[Asthenopia in workers of the ship-building industry (author's transl)].", "content": "8,032 workers were ophthalmologically examined. In 10.7% there were asthenopic complaints. In 4.6% the symptoms were caused by environmental factors, in 6.13% by organic factors.", "contents": "[Asthenopia in workers of the ship-building industry (author's transl)]. 8,032 workers were ophthalmologically examined. In 10.7% there were asthenopic complaints. In 4.6% the symptoms were caused by environmental factors, in 6.13% by organic factors.", "PMID": 1177403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6291", "title": "[Expert opinion on the enucleation of an eye blinded in an accident following renewed traumatogenic contusion (author's transl)].", "content": "An eye blinded in an accident in the early childhood had to be enucleated after a new traumatogenic contusion. In this case is no claim to a pension.", "contents": "[Expert opinion on the enucleation of an eye blinded in an accident following renewed traumatogenic contusion (author's transl)]. An eye blinded in an accident in the early childhood had to be enucleated after a new traumatogenic contusion. In this case is no claim to a pension.", "PMID": 1177404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6292", "title": "Nitrogen loss in normal and obese subjects during total fast.", "content": "Healthy volunteers of ideal weight (12 men and 12 women) were fasted for 6 days, and obese but otherwise healthy subjects (20 men, 28 women) for 6--28 days. In all groups studied a significant increase in urinary nitrogen loss from day 1 to day 3 of fasting was followed by a steady decrease. The early rise in urinary nitrogen excretion coincided with a rise in plasma glucagon  levels, suggesting a relation of the latter to increased gluconeogenesis from amino acids. At equal weight greater nitrogen losses were found in men than in women, in both normal and obese subjects. In spite of much higher weight and larger energy expenditure and nitrogen loss in obese subjects however was not higher than in normal ones. Mean daily nitrogen losses varied from 14.5 g (normal and obese men early in starvation) to 3.0 g (obese women after a 4-weeks fast). Calculating the amount of calories derived from body protien (urinary nitrogen X 6.25 X 4.1)and taking total energy expenditure from tabular metabolic values, the contribution of protein to total calorie output was found to vary from 15% (normal men 6 day fast) to 5(obese women, 4th week of fasting). The clinical significance of nitrogen loss during therapeutic fasting is discussed.", "contents": "Nitrogen loss in normal and obese subjects during total fast. Healthy volunteers of ideal weight (12 men and 12 women) were fasted for 6 days, and obese but otherwise healthy subjects (20 men, 28 women) for 6--28 days. In all groups studied a significant increase in urinary nitrogen loss from day 1 to day 3 of fasting was followed by a steady decrease. The early rise in urinary nitrogen excretion coincided with a rise in plasma glucagon  levels, suggesting a relation of the latter to increased gluconeogenesis from amino acids. At equal weight greater nitrogen losses were found in men than in women, in both normal and obese subjects. In spite of much higher weight and larger energy expenditure and nitrogen loss in obese subjects however was not higher than in normal ones. Mean daily nitrogen losses varied from 14.5 g (normal and obese men early in starvation) to 3.0 g (obese women after a 4-weeks fast). Calculating the amount of calories derived from body protien (urinary nitrogen X 6.25 X 4.1)and taking total energy expenditure from tabular metabolic values, the contribution of protein to total calorie output was found to vary from 15% (normal men 6 day fast) to 5(obese women, 4th week of fasting). The clinical significance of nitrogen loss during therapeutic fasting is discussed.", "PMID": 1177405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6293", "title": "[Metabolism of angiotensin II during angiotensin infusion and following sodium depletion].", "content": "1. Angiotensin II (A II) and angiotensin (3--8)-hexapeptide (H) were measured by radioimmunoassay in arterial and venous plasma before and during infusion of angiotensin II-amide in five normotensive subjects, both in sodium-replete and sodium-depleted states. The separation of the oligopeptides was performed by thin layer chromatography. 2. Before sodium-depletion the mean ratio of arterial to venous A II was 1.14+/-0.11:1, corresponding to an A II-extraction of approximately 12% during a single forearm passage. Infusion of A II-amide increased extraction of A II. The mean ratio of arterial to venous A II increased to 1.68+/-0.3:1, corresponding to an extraction of approximately 39% when 8 ng-min-1-kg-1 were infused. 3. Sodium depletion increased arterial and venous concentrations of A II and H. During infusion of angiotensin II-amide the arterial and venous concentrations of A II and H increased approximately parallel to the concentrations before sodium depletion. The extraction of A II did not differ significantly in both states. 4. The augmented extraction extraction of A II observed during infusion of angiotensin II-amide suggest an overproportional increase of the metabolism of A II under the latter condition. Sodium depletion, however, does not appear to cause a percent change in A II metabolism.", "contents": "[Metabolism of angiotensin II during angiotensin infusion and following sodium depletion]. 1. Angiotensin II (A II) and angiotensin (3--8)-hexapeptide (H) were measured by radioimmunoassay in arterial and venous plasma before and during infusion of angiotensin II-amide in five normotensive subjects, both in sodium-replete and sodium-depleted states. The separation of the oligopeptides was performed by thin layer chromatography. 2. Before sodium-depletion the mean ratio of arterial to venous A II was 1.14+/-0.11:1, corresponding to an A II-extraction of approximately 12% during a single forearm passage. Infusion of A II-amide increased extraction of A II. The mean ratio of arterial to venous A II increased to 1.68+/-0.3:1, corresponding to an extraction of approximately 39% when 8 ng-min-1-kg-1 were infused. 3. Sodium depletion increased arterial and venous concentrations of A II and H. During infusion of angiotensin II-amide the arterial and venous concentrations of A II and H increased approximately parallel to the concentrations before sodium depletion. The extraction of A II did not differ significantly in both states. 4. The augmented extraction extraction of A II observed during infusion of angiotensin II-amide suggest an overproportional increase of the metabolism of A II under the latter condition. Sodium depletion, however, does not appear to cause a percent change in A II metabolism.", "PMID": 1177406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6294", "title": "[Different reaction of plasma renin activity after propranolol in essential and renal hypertension].", "content": "In 16 normal subjects, in 29 patients with essential hypertension and in 25 patients with renal hypertension plasma renin activity was measured together with pulse rate and blood pressure under resting conditions and 15 minutes after the intravenous administration of 5 mg d-1-propranolol subsequently. Basal plasma renin activity (PRA) was correlated significantly to resting pulse rate in normal subjects and in patients with benign essential hypertension but not in patients with renal hypertension from chronic parenchymatous renal disease. In the normal subjects and in the patients with essential hypertension the decrease of not stimulated \"basal\" PRA 15 minutes after the administration of 5 mg d-1- propranolol was closely ralated to the initial plasma renin activity. In contrast, in the patients with well established renal hypertension the decrease of PRA was generally less pronounced or absent. Whereas in normal subjects as well as in patients with essentail hypertension in the sympathetic nervous system appears to be the major determinant for basal renin release, other factors, possibly the renal baroreceptors, may determine basal renin release in renal hypertension. This difference could possibley provide the basis for a simple biochemical test to differentiate between essential and renal hypertension.", "contents": "[Different reaction of plasma renin activity after propranolol in essential and renal hypertension]. In 16 normal subjects, in 29 patients with essential hypertension and in 25 patients with renal hypertension plasma renin activity was measured together with pulse rate and blood pressure under resting conditions and 15 minutes after the intravenous administration of 5 mg d-1-propranolol subsequently. Basal plasma renin activity (PRA) was correlated significantly to resting pulse rate in normal subjects and in patients with benign essential hypertension but not in patients with renal hypertension from chronic parenchymatous renal disease. In the normal subjects and in the patients with essential hypertension the decrease of not stimulated \"basal\" PRA 15 minutes after the administration of 5 mg d-1- propranolol was closely ralated to the initial plasma renin activity. In contrast, in the patients with well established renal hypertension the decrease of PRA was generally less pronounced or absent. Whereas in normal subjects as well as in patients with essentail hypertension in the sympathetic nervous system appears to be the major determinant for basal renin release, other factors, possibly the renal baroreceptors, may determine basal renin release in renal hypertension. This difference could possibley provide the basis for a simple biochemical test to differentiate between essential and renal hypertension.", "PMID": 1177407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6295", "title": "Changes of fractional renal clearance of magnesium after spironolactone administration in normal subjects.", "content": "Spironolactone, 200 mg/24 hours, was administered for 4 days to 18 clinically healthy subjects and 10 hospitalised patients with normal renal function. Changes of fractional renal clearance of magnesium before and after spironolactone administration were studied in the first group. Corresponding changes of the ratio of renal clearance of potassium to renal clearance of magnesium were studied in the second group. After spironolactone administration, fractional clearance of magnesium showed a statistically significant decrease in relation to its values before spironolactone administration, while the ratio clearance of potassium/clearance of magnesium showed no statistically significant change. The results suggest that spironolactone administration decreases the renal excretion of magnesium and potassium in an equivalent manner.", "contents": "Changes of fractional renal clearance of magnesium after spironolactone administration in normal subjects. Spironolactone, 200 mg/24 hours, was administered for 4 days to 18 clinically healthy subjects and 10 hospitalised patients with normal renal function. Changes of fractional renal clearance of magnesium before and after spironolactone administration were studied in the first group. Corresponding changes of the ratio of renal clearance of potassium to renal clearance of magnesium were studied in the second group. After spironolactone administration, fractional clearance of magnesium showed a statistically significant decrease in relation to its values before spironolactone administration, while the ratio clearance of potassium/clearance of magnesium showed no statistically significant change. The results suggest that spironolactone administration decreases the renal excretion of magnesium and potassium in an equivalent manner.", "PMID": 1177408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6296", "title": "[On the analysis of the hepatic-venous 133xenon-clearance after the application of the gas by inhalation].", "content": "After the inhalation of 133xenon continuous registrations of portal 133xenon concentrations showed that the monoexponential terminal component of the hepatic-venous 133xenon-clearance might be due to the recirculation of the gas from the gut. Accordingly, in all the cases, with the application of the wellknown \"extrapolation and peeling off\" of this monoexponential terminal component from this part of the hepatic-venous 133xenon-clearance, not affected any more by arterial recirculation a monoexponential 133xenon-clearance could be separated. The time-constant of the latter was similar to that of the well-knwon specific hepatic 133xenon-clearance after the application of the gas by injection into the portal vein.", "contents": "[On the analysis of the hepatic-venous 133xenon-clearance after the application of the gas by inhalation]. After the inhalation of 133xenon continuous registrations of portal 133xenon concentrations showed that the monoexponential terminal component of the hepatic-venous 133xenon-clearance might be due to the recirculation of the gas from the gut. Accordingly, in all the cases, with the application of the wellknown \"extrapolation and peeling off\" of this monoexponential terminal component from this part of the hepatic-venous 133xenon-clearance, not affected any more by arterial recirculation a monoexponential 133xenon-clearance could be separated. The time-constant of the latter was similar to that of the well-knwon specific hepatic 133xenon-clearance after the application of the gas by injection into the portal vein.", "PMID": 1177409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6297", "title": "Spontaneous renal subcapsular hematoma renal angiography as a diagnostic aid.", "content": "Prior to the development of angiography, a definite diagnosis of spontaneous subcapsular renal hematomaa was not often made preoperatively. The classic triad of blood loss, pain, and mass on the affected side is seldom presented by the patient. The one constant finding on scout film is an enlarged renal shadow, presenting a problem in differential diagnosis. Chief among cause of subcapsular renal hemorrhage are trauma, tumor, infarct, arteritis, and bleeding diathises. Selective renal arteriography gives specific information about the renal vascular supply and the state of the renal parenchyma not available by other means. Diagnosis of subcapsular renal hematom is facilitated by this modality. A correct diagnosis of subcapsular renal hematoma may well spare an otherwise innocent kidney. A review of current literature was undertaken, and three documented cases of spontaneous subcapsular hematoma diagnosed prior to surgery and confirmed at surgery are presented.", "contents": "Spontaneous renal subcapsular hematoma renal angiography as a diagnostic aid. Prior to the development of angiography, a definite diagnosis of spontaneous subcapsular renal hematomaa was not often made preoperatively. The classic triad of blood loss, pain, and mass on the affected side is seldom presented by the patient. The one constant finding on scout film is an enlarged renal shadow, presenting a problem in differential diagnosis. Chief among cause of subcapsular renal hemorrhage are trauma, tumor, infarct, arteritis, and bleeding diathises. Selective renal arteriography gives specific information about the renal vascular supply and the state of the renal parenchyma not available by other means. Diagnosis of subcapsular renal hematom is facilitated by this modality. A correct diagnosis of subcapsular renal hematoma may well spare an otherwise innocent kidney. A review of current literature was undertaken, and three documented cases of spontaneous subcapsular hematoma diagnosed prior to surgery and confirmed at surgery are presented.", "PMID": 1177452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6298", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity--chronic oral ulcerative disease as a possible etiologic factor.", "content": "This report documents the association of carcinoma of the oral cavity with chronic oral ulcerative disease in two patients. This association has not previously been documented in the surgical literature. Both patients in this report had chronic oral ulcerative disease preceding their cancers; however, the common etiologic factors for oral cancer were not detected in either case. Oral lichen planus and pemphigus vulgaris should be considered as potentially premalignant lesions and should be treated accordingly.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity--chronic oral ulcerative disease as a possible etiologic factor. This report documents the association of carcinoma of the oral cavity with chronic oral ulcerative disease in two patients. This association has not previously been documented in the surgical literature. Both patients in this report had chronic oral ulcerative disease preceding their cancers; however, the common etiologic factors for oral cancer were not detected in either case. Oral lichen planus and pemphigus vulgaris should be considered as potentially premalignant lesions and should be treated accordingly.", "PMID": 1177454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6299", "title": "Chordoma: an analysis of twenty cases treated over a twenty-year span.", "content": "Chordoma is a recurring malignancy which does not play by the rules. A five-year survival or even a survival of ten years or longer without evidence of tumor cannot assure the surgeon that the malignant growth has been laid to rest. Recurring local episodes as well as metastases may continue to yield to surgery, irradiation, and other forms of treatment for an astonishing length of time. Thus, situations that may be cause for despair in other malignancies are often a challenge for renewed vigorous treatment in chordoma.", "contents": "Chordoma: an analysis of twenty cases treated over a twenty-year span. Chordoma is a recurring malignancy which does not play by the rules. A five-year survival or even a survival of ten years or longer without evidence of tumor cannot assure the surgeon that the malignant growth has been laid to rest. Recurring local episodes as well as metastases may continue to yield to surgery, irradiation, and other forms of treatment for an astonishing length of time. Thus, situations that may be cause for despair in other malignancies are often a challenge for renewed vigorous treatment in chordoma.", "PMID": 1177455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6300", "title": "Retinoblastoma: an epidemiological study (survey and review).", "content": "An epidemiological study of retinoblastoma patients from Buffalo, New York, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was conducted at Roswell Park Memorial Institute in 1974. Several important differences were uncovered as a result of this study. Patients in Buffalo with bilateral retinoblastoma were diagnosed most often within the first year of life and those with unilateral retinoblastoma after about 24 months of age. This difference in diagnostic age between the two forms of retinoblastoma is not demonstrated by the patients from Rio de Janeiro. Most of the Rio de Janeiro patients are 24 months or older before either type of retinoblastoma is diagnosed. By this time the disease has usually extended beyond the eyeball, and orbital exenteration is deemed necessary. Because the patients in Rio de Janeiro are diagnosed at an older age, these patients have a shorter length of survival and higher mortality as compared to the patients in Buffalo. Additional differences that were derived from this study will require further research for verification.", "contents": "Retinoblastoma: an epidemiological study (survey and review). An epidemiological study of retinoblastoma patients from Buffalo, New York, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was conducted at Roswell Park Memorial Institute in 1974. Several important differences were uncovered as a result of this study. Patients in Buffalo with bilateral retinoblastoma were diagnosed most often within the first year of life and those with unilateral retinoblastoma after about 24 months of age. This difference in diagnostic age between the two forms of retinoblastoma is not demonstrated by the patients from Rio de Janeiro. Most of the Rio de Janeiro patients are 24 months or older before either type of retinoblastoma is diagnosed. By this time the disease has usually extended beyond the eyeball, and orbital exenteration is deemed necessary. Because the patients in Rio de Janeiro are diagnosed at an older age, these patients have a shorter length of survival and higher mortality as compared to the patients in Buffalo. Additional differences that were derived from this study will require further research for verification.", "PMID": 1177456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6301", "title": "Evidence of oncogenic cofactors in radiation-induced tumors in mice.", "content": "Five groups of 587 inbred female mice (WHC) were studied to determine the incidence of tumors as affected by irradiation of different areas. A dose of 400 rad of 60Co was given to all the groups. One group of 166 mice was total body irradiated, another group of 90 mice was irradiated in the upper-third portion of the body, another group of 93 mice was irradiated in the lower two-thirds of the body, and another group of 90 mice was half body irradiated on the right side. As control, a group of 148 nonirradiated mice was followed. The results showed a different incidence of cancer in mice, depending not only on the irradiated areas but also on the shielded ones. This suggested that other factors besides irradiation affect carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Evidence of oncogenic cofactors in radiation-induced tumors in mice. Five groups of 587 inbred female mice (WHC) were studied to determine the incidence of tumors as affected by irradiation of different areas. A dose of 400 rad of 60Co was given to all the groups. One group of 166 mice was total body irradiated, another group of 90 mice was irradiated in the upper-third portion of the body, another group of 93 mice was irradiated in the lower two-thirds of the body, and another group of 90 mice was half body irradiated on the right side. As control, a group of 148 nonirradiated mice was followed. The results showed a different incidence of cancer in mice, depending not only on the irradiated areas but also on the shielded ones. This suggested that other factors besides irradiation affect carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 1177457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6302", "title": "Simultaneous determination of plasma and urinary carcinoembryonic antigen levels.", "content": "The results of simultaneous plasma and urinary CEA levels in 14 patients are described. The aim was to determine whether urinary CEA derived from plasma or arose independently in the urinary tract. The method of reductio ad absurdum is followed. It is assumed that CEA in the urine is derived from plasma, and CEA clearance values for each patient are calculated. These varied widely from zero to a theoretical infinity. On this basis and from previous experimental evidence, it is concluded that urine is independent of plasma CEA. The finding, however, in some individuals of \"anti-CEA\"-like factor(s) distorting urinary CEA determination makes for some reservations about the safety of the conclusion. It is, however, certain that with the presently available technology, present urinary and plasma CEA values cannot be correlated.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of plasma and urinary carcinoembryonic antigen levels. The results of simultaneous plasma and urinary CEA levels in 14 patients are described. The aim was to determine whether urinary CEA derived from plasma or arose independently in the urinary tract. The method of reductio ad absurdum is followed. It is assumed that CEA in the urine is derived from plasma, and CEA clearance values for each patient are calculated. These varied widely from zero to a theoretical infinity. On this basis and from previous experimental evidence, it is concluded that urine is independent of plasma CEA. The finding, however, in some individuals of \"anti-CEA\"-like factor(s) distorting urinary CEA determination makes for some reservations about the safety of the conclusion. It is, however, certain that with the presently available technology, present urinary and plasma CEA values cannot be correlated.", "PMID": 1177458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6303", "title": "Megestrol acetate for treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Thirteen men, ranging in age from 53 to 73 years and with previously untreated metastatic carcinoma of the prostate, received megestrol acetate (a synthetic progestin) in doses of 120 mg daily. A beneficial clinical response with a mean duration of 47 weeks was achieved in 12 patients (92%). When relapse developed in 8 patients, a secondary response was readily obtained by orchiectomy. The results suggest that a staged hormonal approach, using progestin therapy initially, may offer additional palliation in treating patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Megestrol acetate for treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate. Thirteen men, ranging in age from 53 to 73 years and with previously untreated metastatic carcinoma of the prostate, received megestrol acetate (a synthetic progestin) in doses of 120 mg daily. A beneficial clinical response with a mean duration of 47 weeks was achieved in 12 patients (92%). When relapse developed in 8 patients, a secondary response was readily obtained by orchiectomy. The results suggest that a staged hormonal approach, using progestin therapy initially, may offer additional palliation in treating patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 1177459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6304", "title": "Prognostic factors in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The clinical records and treatment results of 163 patients with Hodgkin's disease, who were seen at Ellis Fischel State Cancer Hospital (EFSCH) between 1940 and 1971, were reviewed and analyzed. More than 200 clinical and histological variables were recorded for each case of Hodgkin's disease, including details of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Statistical studies were carried out in order to evaluate the independent prognosis significance of each of these factors. All of the lesions were reclassified according to the Lukes proposal which was modified and recommended at the 1965 Rye classification (except for hepatomegaly which was included in Stage IV). This is a retrospective study, and the modern techniques of staging were rarely used in pretreatment studies (since 1965, only ten patients have had an abdominal exploration). The basic work-up consisted of a complete blood count, urinalysis, blood type, chest X ray, and EKG. Lymphangiogram and radioisotope liver scans were used on less than 10% of the patients. About 30% of the patients had gastrointestinal X rays and 70% had IVP. Bone marrow biopsies -- the majority of which were done by needle aspiration -- were obtained for approximatley 50% of the patients. Clinical stage, histological type, and presence of absence of systemic symptoms appeared to be themost significant prognostic factors. The classification of systemic symptoms according to the criteria of either the Rye or Ann Arbor conferences showed no particular difference in determining the survival rate. Among the systemic symptoms, fever appeared to be the most important for survival rate. Survival rates were higher in nonanemic and nonlymphocytopenic patients. Eosinophilia, blood group, and Rh factor had no prognostic significance. The relapse-free interval was an important indicator of long-term prognosis. The unfavorable influence of relapse in ultimate prognosis was clearly seen; however, the extent of the relapse site was shown to have no significant influence on survival.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in Hodgkin's disease. The clinical records and treatment results of 163 patients with Hodgkin's disease, who were seen at Ellis Fischel State Cancer Hospital (EFSCH) between 1940 and 1971, were reviewed and analyzed. More than 200 clinical and histological variables were recorded for each case of Hodgkin's disease, including details of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Statistical studies were carried out in order to evaluate the independent prognosis significance of each of these factors. All of the lesions were reclassified according to the Lukes proposal which was modified and recommended at the 1965 Rye classification (except for hepatomegaly which was included in Stage IV). This is a retrospective study, and the modern techniques of staging were rarely used in pretreatment studies (since 1965, only ten patients have had an abdominal exploration). The basic work-up consisted of a complete blood count, urinalysis, blood type, chest X ray, and EKG. Lymphangiogram and radioisotope liver scans were used on less than 10% of the patients. About 30% of the patients had gastrointestinal X rays and 70% had IVP. Bone marrow biopsies -- the majority of which were done by needle aspiration -- were obtained for approximatley 50% of the patients. Clinical stage, histological type, and presence of absence of systemic symptoms appeared to be themost significant prognostic factors. The classification of systemic symptoms according to the criteria of either the Rye or Ann Arbor conferences showed no particular difference in determining the survival rate. Among the systemic symptoms, fever appeared to be the most important for survival rate. Survival rates were higher in nonanemic and nonlymphocytopenic patients. Eosinophilia, blood group, and Rh factor had no prognostic significance. The relapse-free interval was an important indicator of long-term prognosis. The unfavorable influence of relapse in ultimate prognosis was clearly seen; however, the extent of the relapse site was shown to have no significant influence on survival.", "PMID": 1177460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6305", "title": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the extremities and trunk: analysis of 150 patients treated by surgical resection.", "content": "This report details the clinical experience of 150 patients with rhabdomyosarcomas treated by one group of surgeons. Of the 150 patients, 103 suffered from pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas, 40 patients had embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas, and 7 had alveolar cell type of rhabdomyosarcoma. The males suffered almost twice as much as the females from this form of cancer (96 males to 54 females). The fifth decade had the highest incidence of all rhabdomyosarcomas. The younger patients generally suffered from embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas and the older ones from pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas, although age was no barrier to the occurrence of embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas in some of the older patients and pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas in some of the younger patients. Caucasians were almost exclusively afflicted by this form of cancer (93% of this series). The lower extremity was the most frequent site of the lesion, occurring in 50.7% of the 150 cases. The upper extremity was the second most frequently involved site (28%), and the trunk was the least involved site (21.3%). Of the 150 patients studied, 40 were considered indeterminate. Thirteen patients are alive and free of cancer, but were treated less than 5 years ago; 12 patients reported for consultation only. There were 13 who were free of sarcomas at periods in excess of 2 years but were lost to follow-up. Two patients in this series died before the 5-year period, and autopsy revealed the death to be due to causes other than the rhabdomyosarcoma. Of the 110 determinate patients, 75 (68%) died as a result of the cancer. The 5-year survival rate equals 32%. The fact of the 30% 5-year survival after treatment for recurrences should help dismiss the pessimism which prevails once a recurrence is noted subsequent to major therapy. Age per se had no great effect on prognosis. The poorest results occurred in the 11-20 age range, with a 5-year survival of 15%. This value reflects on increased incidence of embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas which tend to be more malignant and metastasize earlier than do the pleomorphic type. The effect of location upon survival revealed that of 76 patients with involvement of the lower extremity, 34% survived 5 years or longer, and those with sarcomas of the trunk had the poorest survival (26%). The fact that the trunk, by virtue of its anatomy, limits the degree of surgery that can be perfomred, probably helps to explain this difference. The role of radiation therapy and chemotherapy awaits elucidation. Reports of combined surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are encouraging.", "contents": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the extremities and trunk: analysis of 150 patients treated by surgical resection. This report details the clinical experience of 150 patients with rhabdomyosarcomas treated by one group of surgeons. Of the 150 patients, 103 suffered from pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas, 40 patients had embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas, and 7 had alveolar cell type of rhabdomyosarcoma. The males suffered almost twice as much as the females from this form of cancer (96 males to 54 females). The fifth decade had the highest incidence of all rhabdomyosarcomas. The younger patients generally suffered from embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas and the older ones from pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas, although age was no barrier to the occurrence of embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas in some of the older patients and pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas in some of the younger patients. Caucasians were almost exclusively afflicted by this form of cancer (93% of this series). The lower extremity was the most frequent site of the lesion, occurring in 50.7% of the 150 cases. The upper extremity was the second most frequently involved site (28%), and the trunk was the least involved site (21.3%). Of the 150 patients studied, 40 were considered indeterminate. Thirteen patients are alive and free of cancer, but were treated less than 5 years ago; 12 patients reported for consultation only. There were 13 who were free of sarcomas at periods in excess of 2 years but were lost to follow-up. Two patients in this series died before the 5-year period, and autopsy revealed the death to be due to causes other than the rhabdomyosarcoma. Of the 110 determinate patients, 75 (68%) died as a result of the cancer. The 5-year survival rate equals 32%. The fact of the 30% 5-year survival after treatment for recurrences should help dismiss the pessimism which prevails once a recurrence is noted subsequent to major therapy. Age per se had no great effect on prognosis. The poorest results occurred in the 11-20 age range, with a 5-year survival of 15%. This value reflects on increased incidence of embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas which tend to be more malignant and metastasize earlier than do the pleomorphic type. The effect of location upon survival revealed that of 76 patients with involvement of the lower extremity, 34% survived 5 years or longer, and those with sarcomas of the trunk had the poorest survival (26%). The fact that the trunk, by virtue of its anatomy, limits the degree of surgery that can be perfomred, probably helps to explain this difference. The role of radiation therapy and chemotherapy awaits elucidation. Reports of combined surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are encouraging.", "PMID": 1177461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6306", "title": "Rectocolic reconstruction via a modified Kraske approach.", "content": "In carefully selected patients, the sacrococcygeal approach (Kraske's operation) with rectal colostomy can save a patient from abdominoperineal resection without loss of continence. This procedure is also useful in the management of rectal strictures that occasionally occur after leaks from the anastomosis of a low anterior resection of the rectosigmoid colon. Three illustrative cases are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Rectocolic reconstruction via a modified Kraske approach. In carefully selected patients, the sacrococcygeal approach (Kraske's operation) with rectal colostomy can save a patient from abdominoperineal resection without loss of continence. This procedure is also useful in the management of rectal strictures that occasionally occur after leaks from the anastomosis of a low anterior resection of the rectosigmoid colon. Three illustrative cases are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 1177462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6307", "title": "Cancer of the gastric stump following operations for benign gastric or duodenal ulcers.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients who developed cancer of the stomach after undergoing gastric resection (GR), gastroenterostomy (GE), and vagotomy and pyloroplasty (VP) for benign gastric or duodenal ulcer are reported. The etiology and the pathogenesis of this type of cancer are discussed. Long-term exposure of the gastric mucosa to bile and duodenal and pancreatic secretion reflux seems to create a premalignant potential state. Symptoms and the diagnostic methods of radiologic series, cytology, and endoscopy are discussed. We suggest a curative operative approach and discuss the poor value of palliative procedures. We emphasize the necessity of determining the prognosis with exploratory laparotomy which establishes at the same time the certitude of the diagnosis.", "contents": "Cancer of the gastric stump following operations for benign gastric or duodenal ulcers. Twenty-seven patients who developed cancer of the stomach after undergoing gastric resection (GR), gastroenterostomy (GE), and vagotomy and pyloroplasty (VP) for benign gastric or duodenal ulcer are reported. The etiology and the pathogenesis of this type of cancer are discussed. Long-term exposure of the gastric mucosa to bile and duodenal and pancreatic secretion reflux seems to create a premalignant potential state. Symptoms and the diagnostic methods of radiologic series, cytology, and endoscopy are discussed. We suggest a curative operative approach and discuss the poor value of palliative procedures. We emphasize the necessity of determining the prognosis with exploratory laparotomy which establishes at the same time the certitude of the diagnosis.", "PMID": 1177463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6308", "title": "Skin test with tumor extract in bronchogenic carcinoma: a preliminary study.", "content": "Tumor-specific immunity using delayed hypersensitivity skin testing with extract of undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung was evaluated in 25 consecutive patients with carcinoma of the lung. Eight out of 25 patients reacted well to intradermal injection of the tumor extract. All of the 8 patients were found to have limited disease, and their survival times were longer than those with poor reaction.", "contents": "Skin test with tumor extract in bronchogenic carcinoma: a preliminary study. Tumor-specific immunity using delayed hypersensitivity skin testing with extract of undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung was evaluated in 25 consecutive patients with carcinoma of the lung. Eight out of 25 patients reacted well to intradermal injection of the tumor extract. All of the 8 patients were found to have limited disease, and their survival times were longer than those with poor reaction.", "PMID": 1177464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6309", "title": "By-pass anastomosis of intrahepatic duct to the gallbladder.", "content": "Obstruction of the extrahepatic bile ducts by primary or metastatic carcinoma can sometimes be diffiult to relieve. Frequently there is an inadequate length of normal duct proximal to the obstruction to permit an anastomosis. A by-pass anastomosis between a dilated right hepatic biliary radicle and the gallbladder is a simple and satisfactory method of relieving the jaundice. This can be accomplished by using a T-tube as a stent; a vein graft over the T-tube limb in the liver seems to improve the result.", "contents": "By-pass anastomosis of intrahepatic duct to the gallbladder. Obstruction of the extrahepatic bile ducts by primary or metastatic carcinoma can sometimes be diffiult to relieve. Frequently there is an inadequate length of normal duct proximal to the obstruction to permit an anastomosis. A by-pass anastomosis between a dilated right hepatic biliary radicle and the gallbladder is a simple and satisfactory method of relieving the jaundice. This can be accomplished by using a T-tube as a stent; a vein graft over the T-tube limb in the liver seems to improve the result.", "PMID": 1177465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6310", "title": "A human/mouse hybrid model for the study of human genetic factors influencing tumor cell growth.", "content": "Somatic cell hybridization (fusion) was carried out between cells of the murine lymphoma L-5178Y(r) and peripheral human lymphocytes. The L-5178Y(r) line is deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphorybosyl transferase (HGPRT). Using a selective medium system, it was possible to isolate hybrid cell clones having the complete complement of murine chromosomes as well as the human X chromosome on which the gene for HGPRT is located. This model system may be used to study the effect of the human X chromosome on the phenotype of the murine lymphoma.", "contents": "A human/mouse hybrid model for the study of human genetic factors influencing tumor cell growth. Somatic cell hybridization (fusion) was carried out between cells of the murine lymphoma L-5178Y(r) and peripheral human lymphocytes. The L-5178Y(r) line is deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphorybosyl transferase (HGPRT). Using a selective medium system, it was possible to isolate hybrid cell clones having the complete complement of murine chromosomes as well as the human X chromosome on which the gene for HGPRT is located. This model system may be used to study the effect of the human X chromosome on the phenotype of the murine lymphoma.", "PMID": 1177466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6311", "title": "The accuracy of liver scanning in the detection of metastatic disease.", "content": "Isotopic scanning of the liver to detect hepatic metastases is a commonly used clinical tool in assessing the extent of malignant disease and the proper mode of therapy. Opinions vary widely as to the efficacy of this test. To determine the accuracy of our scanning technique the clinical and laboratory data on 429 patients who had hepatic scans (technetium sulfur colloid) between February 1971 and May 1973 was reviewed. Of these patients, 125 had a confirmatory procedure (needle biopsy - 15, abdominal exploration - 69, autopsy - 41) done within 6 weeks of their scan. Nineteen patients who had negative scans were proven to have hepatic metastases. Fourteen patients had positive scans which could not be substantiated by one or more of the above confirming examinations. Thus the frequency of error was 25%. Regarding other tests - alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin - no better correlation could be made with respect to the presence or absence of metastases. From the data available on this small group of patients the liver scan is sufficiently inaccurate to preclude relying upon it for the selection of therapy in cancer patients. When the presence of hepatic metastases changes the type of therapy a confirmatory laparotomy or biopsy should be considered.", "contents": "The accuracy of liver scanning in the detection of metastatic disease. Isotopic scanning of the liver to detect hepatic metastases is a commonly used clinical tool in assessing the extent of malignant disease and the proper mode of therapy. Opinions vary widely as to the efficacy of this test. To determine the accuracy of our scanning technique the clinical and laboratory data on 429 patients who had hepatic scans (technetium sulfur colloid) between February 1971 and May 1973 was reviewed. Of these patients, 125 had a confirmatory procedure (needle biopsy - 15, abdominal exploration - 69, autopsy - 41) done within 6 weeks of their scan. Nineteen patients who had negative scans were proven to have hepatic metastases. Fourteen patients had positive scans which could not be substantiated by one or more of the above confirming examinations. Thus the frequency of error was 25%. Regarding other tests - alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin - no better correlation could be made with respect to the presence or absence of metastases. From the data available on this small group of patients the liver scan is sufficiently inaccurate to preclude relying upon it for the selection of therapy in cancer patients. When the presence of hepatic metastases changes the type of therapy a confirmatory laparotomy or biopsy should be considered.", "PMID": 1177467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6312", "title": "Further studies on a transmissible entity in relation to the control of cancer in mice.", "content": "Tumor-bearing mice of the C3H/ST inbreds were used in this investigation. Of the 598 mice, 290 were controls, 248 received injections of 5-methyl cytidine dissolved in physiological salt solution, and 60 received injections of three nucleosides - adenosine, 6-methyl adenosine, and 5-methyl cytidine - also dissolved in physiological salt solution. The mice were divided into 6 groups based upon the number of generations of descent from a mouse injected with an alcohol-soluble liver extract. The criterion of tumor growth is the average increment of growth at the 20th observation period in the 7th week (3 per week). There is a cumulative inhibition of tumor growth, compared with controls, when 5-methyl cytidine is added to the effect of a transmissible entity which occurs in the lineal descendants of a tumor-bearing mouse injected with an alcohol-soluble liver extract and when the combination of three nucleosides in the same ratio of molar concentrations as in the liver extract is added to the effect of the transmissible entity.", "contents": "Further studies on a transmissible entity in relation to the control of cancer in mice. Tumor-bearing mice of the C3H/ST inbreds were used in this investigation. Of the 598 mice, 290 were controls, 248 received injections of 5-methyl cytidine dissolved in physiological salt solution, and 60 received injections of three nucleosides - adenosine, 6-methyl adenosine, and 5-methyl cytidine - also dissolved in physiological salt solution. The mice were divided into 6 groups based upon the number of generations of descent from a mouse injected with an alcohol-soluble liver extract. The criterion of tumor growth is the average increment of growth at the 20th observation period in the 7th week (3 per week). There is a cumulative inhibition of tumor growth, compared with controls, when 5-methyl cytidine is added to the effect of a transmissible entity which occurs in the lineal descendants of a tumor-bearing mouse injected with an alcohol-soluble liver extract and when the combination of three nucleosides in the same ratio of molar concentrations as in the liver extract is added to the effect of the transmissible entity.", "PMID": 1177469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6313", "title": "Carcinoma of the esophagus.", "content": "Life tables were computed from the Tumor Registry at the Medical University of South Carolina on 486 patients with histologically proven squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. The 5-yr follow-up was available in only 394 patients, or 81% of the total sample. For purposes of comparison with published literature, the traditional crude 5-yr survival percentages in the life-table analyses figures are presented. The life-table calculation utilizes all follow-up information available, in that patients observed for less than 5 yr still may contribute to the estimate of the true 5-yr survival rate in contrast to the past when all patients lost to follow-up were presumed to have died. In this method, patients not observed for the full time of the study are assumed to have had the same risk of dying as patients followed to the end of the fifth year experienced in their fifth-year analyses. The group with the most favorable prognosis in this series was that receiving preoperative irradiation. This operation. They were given 4,500 rads of supervoltage X ray over a period of 3 weeks prior to operation. The differences in surgical or radiation techniques employed by various reporters make comparative data difficult, if not impossible, to evaluate. Supervoltage irradiation has proved itself in some hands equal to surgery. A randomized prospective study would seem appropriate to conclude the best means of managing epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the esophagus. Life tables were computed from the Tumor Registry at the Medical University of South Carolina on 486 patients with histologically proven squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. The 5-yr follow-up was available in only 394 patients, or 81% of the total sample. For purposes of comparison with published literature, the traditional crude 5-yr survival percentages in the life-table analyses figures are presented. The life-table calculation utilizes all follow-up information available, in that patients observed for less than 5 yr still may contribute to the estimate of the true 5-yr survival rate in contrast to the past when all patients lost to follow-up were presumed to have died. In this method, patients not observed for the full time of the study are assumed to have had the same risk of dying as patients followed to the end of the fifth year experienced in their fifth-year analyses. The group with the most favorable prognosis in this series was that receiving preoperative irradiation. This operation. They were given 4,500 rads of supervoltage X ray over a period of 3 weeks prior to operation. The differences in surgical or radiation techniques employed by various reporters make comparative data difficult, if not impossible, to evaluate. Supervoltage irradiation has proved itself in some hands equal to surgery. A randomized prospective study would seem appropriate to conclude the best means of managing epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus.", "PMID": 1177468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6314", "title": "A computerized tumor-registry system for persons who do not love computers.", "content": "A new simplified system for updating a cancer registry has been developed in the Biostatistics Department of Roswell Park Memorial Institute. It was designed to serve the needs of maintaining a registry for a cooperative cancer research group. The Data-Update Procedure at a Remote Terminal (DUPART) system has general value for registry applications.", "contents": "A computerized tumor-registry system for persons who do not love computers. A new simplified system for updating a cancer registry has been developed in the Biostatistics Department of Roswell Park Memorial Institute. It was designed to serve the needs of maintaining a registry for a cooperative cancer research group. The Data-Update Procedure at a Remote Terminal (DUPART) system has general value for registry applications.", "PMID": 1177470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6315", "title": "Vagotomy--a prospective, randomized study.", "content": "This is a report of a prospective randomized study of 3 operations for duodenal ulcer; parietal-cell vagotomy alone (without drainage), selective vagotomy with antrectomy, and truncal vagotomy with antrectomy. All patients in the study have been followed for a minimum of 1 yr and despite the small number of patients (total 23 in this report), there has been a statistically significant return of gastric secretory activity to preoperative levels in the parietal cell vagotomy group, while both other groups maintained decreased acid secretion at the 1-yr period. To date there has been one recurrent ulcer and one other suspected ulcer in the parietal cell vagotomy group, while both other groups have no ulcer recurrence even though morbidity has been higher (bile reflux gastritis, and so forth). This preliminary evaluation suggests strongly that extreme caution be used in applying parietal-cell vagotomy alone as a definite operation for duodenal ulcer, but because of the small number of patients involved no conclusions can be drawn at this time.", "contents": "Vagotomy--a prospective, randomized study. This is a report of a prospective randomized study of 3 operations for duodenal ulcer; parietal-cell vagotomy alone (without drainage), selective vagotomy with antrectomy, and truncal vagotomy with antrectomy. All patients in the study have been followed for a minimum of 1 yr and despite the small number of patients (total 23 in this report), there has been a statistically significant return of gastric secretory activity to preoperative levels in the parietal cell vagotomy group, while both other groups maintained decreased acid secretion at the 1-yr period. To date there has been one recurrent ulcer and one other suspected ulcer in the parietal cell vagotomy group, while both other groups have no ulcer recurrence even though morbidity has been higher (bile reflux gastritis, and so forth). This preliminary evaluation suggests strongly that extreme caution be used in applying parietal-cell vagotomy alone as a definite operation for duodenal ulcer, but because of the small number of patients involved no conclusions can be drawn at this time.", "PMID": 1177471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6316", "title": "Phase I studies of porfiromycin (NSC--56410) in solid tumors.", "content": "Porfiromycin was given to a group of patients with a variety of solid tumors. Of 114 patients admitted to the study, 103 yielded evaluable data. The following dosage schedules were used to determine the toxicity of porfiromycin when given in multiple doses by intravenous injection: 0.2 mg/kg x 5 days, 0.3 mg/kg x 5 days, 0.35 mg/kg x 5 days, 0.4 mg/kg x 5 days, 0.24 mg/kg x 10 days and 0.6 mg/kg weekly. Toxic effects noted were mainly leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and, when injected paravenously, local tissue necrosis. Biological effects were noted at all dosage levels and were more severe at the higher dosages. The data suggest that profiromycin administered intravenously at a dose of 0.35 mg/kg daily for 5 days results in moderate hermatological toxicity and clinical evaluation in a Phase II study at this dosage level is indicated.", "contents": "Phase I studies of porfiromycin (NSC--56410) in solid tumors. Porfiromycin was given to a group of patients with a variety of solid tumors. Of 114 patients admitted to the study, 103 yielded evaluable data. The following dosage schedules were used to determine the toxicity of porfiromycin when given in multiple doses by intravenous injection: 0.2 mg/kg x 5 days, 0.3 mg/kg x 5 days, 0.35 mg/kg x 5 days, 0.4 mg/kg x 5 days, 0.24 mg/kg x 10 days and 0.6 mg/kg weekly. Toxic effects noted were mainly leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and, when injected paravenously, local tissue necrosis. Biological effects were noted at all dosage levels and were more severe at the higher dosages. The data suggest that profiromycin administered intravenously at a dose of 0.35 mg/kg daily for 5 days results in moderate hermatological toxicity and clinical evaluation in a Phase II study at this dosage level is indicated.", "PMID": 1177472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6317", "title": "Experience in the surgical treatment of diseases of the thyroid gland.", "content": "Over a 7-yr period from January 1967 to January 1974, 141 patients underwent thyroid surgery for various pathology at the Bexar County Hospital - University of Texas Medical School at San Antonio. Of these, 113 patients underwent subtotal thyroidectomy for benign diseases, including 28 of thyrotoxic patients who underwent subtotal thyroidectomy as definitive treatment. In this group of patients special interest and emphasis was placed in the preoperative and intraoperative management of the difficult and complicated hyperthyroid patient. Preoperative treatment was accomplished by the utilization of multiple drug combinations - including antithyroid drugs, adrenergic blocking agents, and iodine - which resulted in significant decrease in preparation time for surgery. Furthermore, this short intensive preoperative management of complicated hyperthyroid patients allowed satisfactory correction of their problems with little or no morbidity which otherwise would have been extremely difficult if not impossible to resolve. At operation, 28 patients were diagnosed to have malignant disease; 23 underwent total thyroidectomy and the other 5 had subtotal thyroidectomy. In addition to total or subtotal thyroidectomy, 23 patients had either classical or modified radical neck dissection including 9 patients who had bilateral neck dissection. The various surgical techniques utilized, the rationale for rapid preoperative preparation of complicated hyperthyroid patients, morbidity, and long-term follow-up are discussed.", "contents": "Experience in the surgical treatment of diseases of the thyroid gland. Over a 7-yr period from January 1967 to January 1974, 141 patients underwent thyroid surgery for various pathology at the Bexar County Hospital - University of Texas Medical School at San Antonio. Of these, 113 patients underwent subtotal thyroidectomy for benign diseases, including 28 of thyrotoxic patients who underwent subtotal thyroidectomy as definitive treatment. In this group of patients special interest and emphasis was placed in the preoperative and intraoperative management of the difficult and complicated hyperthyroid patient. Preoperative treatment was accomplished by the utilization of multiple drug combinations - including antithyroid drugs, adrenergic blocking agents, and iodine - which resulted in significant decrease in preparation time for surgery. Furthermore, this short intensive preoperative management of complicated hyperthyroid patients allowed satisfactory correction of their problems with little or no morbidity which otherwise would have been extremely difficult if not impossible to resolve. At operation, 28 patients were diagnosed to have malignant disease; 23 underwent total thyroidectomy and the other 5 had subtotal thyroidectomy. In addition to total or subtotal thyroidectomy, 23 patients had either classical or modified radical neck dissection including 9 patients who had bilateral neck dissection. The various surgical techniques utilized, the rationale for rapid preoperative preparation of complicated hyperthyroid patients, morbidity, and long-term follow-up are discussed.", "PMID": 1177473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6318", "title": "Long-term intermittent adjuvant chemotherapy for primary, resected lung cancer.", "content": "Adjuvant chemotherapy for lung cancer has previously been unsuccessful in improving the results of pulmonary resections. During a 12 year period, we tested long-term intermittent chemotherapy (LTIC) with mitomycin C and chromomycin A3 adjuvant to resections. LTIC was begun before the operations and the first course was completed postoperatively. Additional courses of 4 weeks each were scheduled at 3 month intervals during the first postoperative year and at 6 month intervals during the next 2 years. LTIC was defined as three or more full courses, and short-term chemotherapy (STC) was defined as a single course of adjuvant treatment. Resections for cancer in 425 patients over a 22 year period included 117 operations during a 10 year control period in which LTIC was not used and 308 during the LTIC test period. Results from adjuvant LTIC in 85 patients were compared with lesser adjuvant chemotherapy in 155 synchronously treated patients who included 77 STC recipients. Further comparison was made between LTIC and asynchronously treated, comparable control subjects. Although there were side effects and occasional deaths from chemotherapy, they did not alter the operative mortality rate. The over-all 5 year survival rate of the adjuvant LTIC patients was 50.9 per cent, as compared to 22.6 per cent in the asynchronous control subjects (p less than 0.01). For patients who were given LTIC adjuvant to palliative resections the 5 year survival rate was 35.6 per cent, as compared to 4.3 per cent for STC patients or 5.2 per cent for asychronous control subjects (p less than 0.01). Strikingly promising results were obtained from adjuvant LTIC in 10 of 33 patients with undifferentiated cancers. We conclude that LTIC prolonged life among lung cancer patients who were not cured by resection alone. Dual-agent LTIC is safe, apparently beneficial, and worthy of further clinical trials in a research setting.", "contents": "Long-term intermittent adjuvant chemotherapy for primary, resected lung cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy for lung cancer has previously been unsuccessful in improving the results of pulmonary resections. During a 12 year period, we tested long-term intermittent chemotherapy (LTIC) with mitomycin C and chromomycin A3 adjuvant to resections. LTIC was begun before the operations and the first course was completed postoperatively. Additional courses of 4 weeks each were scheduled at 3 month intervals during the first postoperative year and at 6 month intervals during the next 2 years. LTIC was defined as three or more full courses, and short-term chemotherapy (STC) was defined as a single course of adjuvant treatment. Resections for cancer in 425 patients over a 22 year period included 117 operations during a 10 year control period in which LTIC was not used and 308 during the LTIC test period. Results from adjuvant LTIC in 85 patients were compared with lesser adjuvant chemotherapy in 155 synchronously treated patients who included 77 STC recipients. Further comparison was made between LTIC and asynchronously treated, comparable control subjects. Although there were side effects and occasional deaths from chemotherapy, they did not alter the operative mortality rate. The over-all 5 year survival rate of the adjuvant LTIC patients was 50.9 per cent, as compared to 22.6 per cent in the asynchronous control subjects (p less than 0.01). For patients who were given LTIC adjuvant to palliative resections the 5 year survival rate was 35.6 per cent, as compared to 4.3 per cent for STC patients or 5.2 per cent for asychronous control subjects (p less than 0.01). Strikingly promising results were obtained from adjuvant LTIC in 10 of 33 patients with undifferentiated cancers. We conclude that LTIC prolonged life among lung cancer patients who were not cured by resection alone. Dual-agent LTIC is safe, apparently beneficial, and worthy of further clinical trials in a research setting.", "PMID": 1177474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6319", "title": "Lymphocyte responses of lung cancer patients to tumor-associated antigen measured by leucine incorporation.", "content": "Lymphocyte responses to lung carcinoma-associated antigens were assessed by measuring 3H-leucine incorporation in 20 lung cancer patients, 37 patients with other neoplasms, and 20 normal subjects. Antigens were prepared from 9 lung carcinomas by means of 3M KCl extraction. Fifteen of 20 lung cancer patients showed increased leucine incorporation to one or more tumor antigens, whereas only 5 of 20 normal subjects responded. Lymphocyte responses to both autologous and allogeneic tumor extracts were observed. Eighteen lung cancer patients were tested with the most reactive antigen and 13 responded. Seven of 37 patients with other neoplasms and 2 of 18 normal subjects reacted to this antigen. Significantly more lung cancer patients reacted to the tumor extract than to an extract of uninvolved lung from the same patient. The reactivity of lymphocytes from lung cancer patients clinically free of disease was significantly greater than that of patients with disseminated disease. Extraction of lung carcinomas with 3M KCl is a useful technique for solubilizing tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Antigenic activity may be followed in vitro by measuring lymphocyte 3H-leucine incorporation.", "contents": "Lymphocyte responses of lung cancer patients to tumor-associated antigen measured by leucine incorporation. Lymphocyte responses to lung carcinoma-associated antigens were assessed by measuring 3H-leucine incorporation in 20 lung cancer patients, 37 patients with other neoplasms, and 20 normal subjects. Antigens were prepared from 9 lung carcinomas by means of 3M KCl extraction. Fifteen of 20 lung cancer patients showed increased leucine incorporation to one or more tumor antigens, whereas only 5 of 20 normal subjects responded. Lymphocyte responses to both autologous and allogeneic tumor extracts were observed. Eighteen lung cancer patients were tested with the most reactive antigen and 13 responded. Seven of 37 patients with other neoplasms and 2 of 18 normal subjects reacted to this antigen. Significantly more lung cancer patients reacted to the tumor extract than to an extract of uninvolved lung from the same patient. The reactivity of lymphocytes from lung cancer patients clinically free of disease was significantly greater than that of patients with disseminated disease. Extraction of lung carcinomas with 3M KCl is a useful technique for solubilizing tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Antigenic activity may be followed in vitro by measuring lymphocyte 3H-leucine incorporation.", "PMID": 1177475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6320", "title": "Cannulation of the proximal aorta during long-term membrane lung perfusion.", "content": "Prolonged extracorporeal oxygenator support for acute respiratory failure is a clinical reality. Recent experience with 4 patients has demonstrated an advantage in delivery of saturated blood to the root of the aorta during venoarterial (VA) bypass. We have been able to perfuse the heart and bilateral cerebral hemispheres by advancing the tip of a large perfusion cannula to the aortic root from the common femoral artery. When the catheter did not pass beyond the transverse aortic arch, there was marked asymmetry of oxygenator perfusion, as determined by differential oxygen tension in right and left radial artery blood and by xenon-133 scans following isotope injection into the arterial return line. Long-term VA bypass lasting from 5 to 11 days resulted in long-term survival in 2 patients with post-traumatic gram-negative pneumonitis. The other patients, who had viral pneumonitis and post-transfusion respiratory failure, died after 9 and 11 days of membrane oxygenator support. No embolic lesions or arterial or valvular injuries were discovered at autopsy. This is a safe and useful method of providing oxygenated blood to the aortic root for equal distribution to the rest of the body.", "contents": "Cannulation of the proximal aorta during long-term membrane lung perfusion. Prolonged extracorporeal oxygenator support for acute respiratory failure is a clinical reality. Recent experience with 4 patients has demonstrated an advantage in delivery of saturated blood to the root of the aorta during venoarterial (VA) bypass. We have been able to perfuse the heart and bilateral cerebral hemispheres by advancing the tip of a large perfusion cannula to the aortic root from the common femoral artery. When the catheter did not pass beyond the transverse aortic arch, there was marked asymmetry of oxygenator perfusion, as determined by differential oxygen tension in right and left radial artery blood and by xenon-133 scans following isotope injection into the arterial return line. Long-term VA bypass lasting from 5 to 11 days resulted in long-term survival in 2 patients with post-traumatic gram-negative pneumonitis. The other patients, who had viral pneumonitis and post-transfusion respiratory failure, died after 9 and 11 days of membrane oxygenator support. No embolic lesions or arterial or valvular injuries were discovered at autopsy. This is a safe and useful method of providing oxygenated blood to the aortic root for equal distribution to the rest of the body.", "PMID": 1177476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6321", "title": "Platelets, hemostasis, and thromboembolism during treatment of acute respiratory insufficiency with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients were supported with long-term extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a treatment for acute respiratory insufficiency. Clinical, laboratory, and autopsy data concerning platelets, hemostasis, and thromboembolic disease are presented for the periods during and after bypass. During bypass, a \"foreign-surface coagulopathy\" was encountered which consisted of abnormal bleeding plus frequent, generalized, small and large vessel thromboembolic events. The abnormal bleeding is attributed to heparin, thrombocytopenia, and a qualitative platelet defect. Possible causes of the thromboembolic events including disseminated intravascular coagulation are also discussed, and speculations are offered concerning clinical management and directions for future investigation.", "contents": "Platelets, hemostasis, and thromboembolism during treatment of acute respiratory insufficiency with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Twenty-eight patients were supported with long-term extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a treatment for acute respiratory insufficiency. Clinical, laboratory, and autopsy data concerning platelets, hemostasis, and thromboembolic disease are presented for the periods during and after bypass. During bypass, a \"foreign-surface coagulopathy\" was encountered which consisted of abnormal bleeding plus frequent, generalized, small and large vessel thromboembolic events. The abnormal bleeding is attributed to heparin, thrombocytopenia, and a qualitative platelet defect. Possible causes of the thromboembolic events including disseminated intravascular coagulation are also discussed, and speculations are offered concerning clinical management and directions for future investigation.", "PMID": 1177477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6322", "title": "Continuous, simultaneous measurement of arterial oxygen tension and arterial blood pressure.", "content": "This is an investigation of a technique for simultaneously measuring arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and blood pressure continuously during and after surgical anesthesia. In 27 patients, a special T attachment was placed on the end of an indwelling arterial catheter so that pressurized dilute heparin could be flushed through continuously while blood pressure was being recorded by means of a transducer-oscilloscope system and PaO2 was being recorded through an indwelling polarograph oxygen tension (PO2) readout device. The electrode was left in the artery for an average of 16 hours; the average PaO2 during mechanical ventilation with the patient breathing 50 per cent oxygen was approximately 200 torr at the beginning of anesthesia; it dropped to 158 torr 6 hours later. The average PaO2 in the recovery room 1 hour postoperatively, with the patient spontaneously breathing approximately 30 per cent oxygen, was 122 torr. No significant complications were encountered during this investigation. We believe this dual technique to be a valuable monitoring tandem in the anesthetized and surgical intensive care patient.", "contents": "Continuous, simultaneous measurement of arterial oxygen tension and arterial blood pressure. This is an investigation of a technique for simultaneously measuring arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and blood pressure continuously during and after surgical anesthesia. In 27 patients, a special T attachment was placed on the end of an indwelling arterial catheter so that pressurized dilute heparin could be flushed through continuously while blood pressure was being recorded by means of a transducer-oscilloscope system and PaO2 was being recorded through an indwelling polarograph oxygen tension (PO2) readout device. The electrode was left in the artery for an average of 16 hours; the average PaO2 during mechanical ventilation with the patient breathing 50 per cent oxygen was approximately 200 torr at the beginning of anesthesia; it dropped to 158 torr 6 hours later. The average PaO2 in the recovery room 1 hour postoperatively, with the patient spontaneously breathing approximately 30 per cent oxygen, was 122 torr. No significant complications were encountered during this investigation. We believe this dual technique to be a valuable monitoring tandem in the anesthetized and surgical intensive care patient.", "PMID": 1177478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6323", "title": "Plasma lipids during extracorporeal circulation.", "content": "Total lipids, lipid classes, and per cent composition of fatty acids were investigated in plasma and stored subcutaneous fats of 19 subjects undergoing extracorporeal circulation (ECC). The tests were made before and 3, 20, 40, and 60 minutes after ECC was started. Hemodilution caused a general fall in total lipids and lipid classes. Evaluation of the lipid classes as percentages of the total lipids assumed to be 100 per cent allow the lipid variation due to hemodilution to be disregarded. A linear correlation between an increase in free fatty acids (FFA) and a decrease in triglycerides can thus be observed. This has been attributed to action of the lipase lipoproteic (LLP) activity stimulated by heparin, which is usually employed in ECC hemodilution. The hypothesis that FFA's are mobilized from stored subcutaneous fats was discounted.", "contents": "Plasma lipids during extracorporeal circulation. Total lipids, lipid classes, and per cent composition of fatty acids were investigated in plasma and stored subcutaneous fats of 19 subjects undergoing extracorporeal circulation (ECC). The tests were made before and 3, 20, 40, and 60 minutes after ECC was started. Hemodilution caused a general fall in total lipids and lipid classes. Evaluation of the lipid classes as percentages of the total lipids assumed to be 100 per cent allow the lipid variation due to hemodilution to be disregarded. A linear correlation between an increase in free fatty acids (FFA) and a decrease in triglycerides can thus be observed. This has been attributed to action of the lipase lipoproteic (LLP) activity stimulated by heparin, which is usually employed in ECC hemodilution. The hypothesis that FFA's are mobilized from stored subcutaneous fats was discounted.", "PMID": 1177479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6324", "title": "Permanent cardiac pacing at a regional medical center.", "content": "In our experience with 98 patients, cardiac pacing has proved to be a low risk procedure with an acceptably low incidence of serious complications. Battery depletion requiring pulse generator replacement continues to be the major limitation of this technique. Placement of the pacing catheter within the coronary sinus has not been satisfactory, and measures are routinely taken to avoid this catheter position.", "contents": "Permanent cardiac pacing at a regional medical center. In our experience with 98 patients, cardiac pacing has proved to be a low risk procedure with an acceptably low incidence of serious complications. Battery depletion requiring pulse generator replacement continues to be the major limitation of this technique. Placement of the pacing catheter within the coronary sinus has not been satisfactory, and measures are routinely taken to avoid this catheter position.", "PMID": 1177480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6325", "title": "The Blalock-Taussig shunt in the first six months of life.", "content": "Because of increasing interest in the application of the Blalock-Taussig shunt in smaller infants, we reviewed the course of 18 infants aged 6 months or less who underwent this procedure. The mortality rate in  4 infants under 2 weeks of age was 50 per cent and that in those 2 weeks to 6 months of age, 28 per cent. The patency rate was 70 per cent. Because of late problems with the Waterston shunt and a comparable mortality rate, the Blalock-Taussig procedure is recommended for all infants, except perhaps those under 2 weeks of age.", "contents": "The Blalock-Taussig shunt in the first six months of life. Because of increasing interest in the application of the Blalock-Taussig shunt in smaller infants, we reviewed the course of 18 infants aged 6 months or less who underwent this procedure. The mortality rate in  4 infants under 2 weeks of age was 50 per cent and that in those 2 weeks to 6 months of age, 28 per cent. The patency rate was 70 per cent. Because of late problems with the Waterston shunt and a comparable mortality rate, the Blalock-Taussig procedure is recommended for all infants, except perhaps those under 2 weeks of age.", "PMID": 1177481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6326", "title": "Traumatic fistula between left anterior descending coronary artery and right ventricle. Case report with successful surgical repair.", "content": "Twelve traumatic coronary artery-cameral fistulas have been reported in the world's literature. Ten have been secondary to penetrating injuries and two have resulted from blunt chest trauma. This case report involves the successful diagnosis and surgical treatment of a patient with a left anterior descending coronary artery-right ventricular fistula. We also discuss similar arteriocameral fistulas previously reported.", "contents": "Traumatic fistula between left anterior descending coronary artery and right ventricle. Case report with successful surgical repair. Twelve traumatic coronary artery-cameral fistulas have been reported in the world's literature. Ten have been secondary to penetrating injuries and two have resulted from blunt chest trauma. This case report involves the successful diagnosis and surgical treatment of a patient with a left anterior descending coronary artery-right ventricular fistula. We also discuss similar arteriocameral fistulas previously reported.", "PMID": 1177482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6327", "title": "Complex of secundum atrial septal defect and congestive heart failure in infants.", "content": "Five infants with intractable congestive heart failure due to ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) are presented. All survived ASD closure and are doing well. Correction of this defect in infancy should be considered when medical therapy is unsuccessful.", "contents": "Complex of secundum atrial septal defect and congestive heart failure in infants. Five infants with intractable congestive heart failure due to ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) are presented. All survived ASD closure and are doing well. Correction of this defect in infancy should be considered when medical therapy is unsuccessful.", "PMID": 1177483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6328", "title": "Dipyridamole and thrombocyte count in open-heart surgery.", "content": "The effect of dipyridamole (Persantine) on the thrombocyte count in connection with open-heart surgery and perfusion was studied in 12 patients. A control series of 38 patients undergoing open-heart surgery was available. The dose of dipyridamole, depending on the duration of the perfusion, was 40 to 80 mg. intravenously. We found that dipyridamole definitely had the effect of maintaining the thrombocyte count. At the end of perfusion, the mean thrombocyte count in the dipyridamole group was 129 +/- 20.6 x 10(9)/L. and in the control group 82 +/- 7.4 x 10(9)/L. The result was statistically almost significant (p less than 0.05). At the end of anesthesia the respective mean values were 164.9 +/- 29.7 and 110.8 +/- 8.1 x 10(9)/L. The difference was almost significant (p less than 0.05). The use of dipyridamole did not increase the postoperative hemorrhagic tendency. Our results support the earlier experimental findings that dipyridamole favors the maintenance of thrombocyte counts.", "contents": "Dipyridamole and thrombocyte count in open-heart surgery. The effect of dipyridamole (Persantine) on the thrombocyte count in connection with open-heart surgery and perfusion was studied in 12 patients. A control series of 38 patients undergoing open-heart surgery was available. The dose of dipyridamole, depending on the duration of the perfusion, was 40 to 80 mg. intravenously. We found that dipyridamole definitely had the effect of maintaining the thrombocyte count. At the end of perfusion, the mean thrombocyte count in the dipyridamole group was 129 +/- 20.6 x 10(9)/L. and in the control group 82 +/- 7.4 x 10(9)/L. The result was statistically almost significant (p less than 0.05). At the end of anesthesia the respective mean values were 164.9 +/- 29.7 and 110.8 +/- 8.1 x 10(9)/L. The difference was almost significant (p less than 0.05). The use of dipyridamole did not increase the postoperative hemorrhagic tendency. Our results support the earlier experimental findings that dipyridamole favors the maintenance of thrombocyte counts.", "PMID": 1177484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6329", "title": "Quadruple valve commissurotomy.", "content": "A 12-year-old girl in congestive heart failure was diagnosed to be suffering from severe polyvalvular disease due to a combination of congenital and rheumatic lesions. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated stenotic lesions of all the heart valves. The child underwent quadruple valve commissurotomy and is symptom free and thriving 2 years later.", "contents": "Quadruple valve commissurotomy. A 12-year-old girl in congestive heart failure was diagnosed to be suffering from severe polyvalvular disease due to a combination of congenital and rheumatic lesions. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated stenotic lesions of all the heart valves. The child underwent quadruple valve commissurotomy and is symptom free and thriving 2 years later.", "PMID": 1177485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6330", "title": "Postoperative psychosis after heart surgery.", "content": "One hundred heart surgery patients were followed throughout their postoperative periods to assess the incidence and etiology of postcardiotomy delirium. Factors evaluated were: age, sex, history of previous psychiatric illness, history of cerebrovascular disease, cardiac diagnosis and operation, time of anesthesia, time of bypass, time spent in the intensive-care unit, and amount of sleep during the postoperative period. Six patients developed delirium, five of whom had a lucid postoperative interval; four patients had perceptual disturbances only, without loss of contact with reality; three had neurological symptoms with mild confusion; 87 kept a clear mental state. The following factors tended to be related to the occurrence of delirium and perceptual disturbances: history of preoperative psychiatric illness, advanced age, severity of preoperative and postoperative illness, and time spent in the intensive-care unit. Sleep deprivation consistently preceded onset of these symptoms with one exception. Operative factors did not seem to be of major importance. While postoperative delirium probably has multidetermined causes, the author believes that sleep deprivation superimposed on the other contributory condition is a common precipitating factor. Suggestions about the prevention and treatment of delirium are made.", "contents": "Postoperative psychosis after heart surgery. One hundred heart surgery patients were followed throughout their postoperative periods to assess the incidence and etiology of postcardiotomy delirium. Factors evaluated were: age, sex, history of previous psychiatric illness, history of cerebrovascular disease, cardiac diagnosis and operation, time of anesthesia, time of bypass, time spent in the intensive-care unit, and amount of sleep during the postoperative period. Six patients developed delirium, five of whom had a lucid postoperative interval; four patients had perceptual disturbances only, without loss of contact with reality; three had neurological symptoms with mild confusion; 87 kept a clear mental state. The following factors tended to be related to the occurrence of delirium and perceptual disturbances: history of preoperative psychiatric illness, advanced age, severity of preoperative and postoperative illness, and time spent in the intensive-care unit. Sleep deprivation consistently preceded onset of these symptoms with one exception. Operative factors did not seem to be of major importance. While postoperative delirium probably has multidetermined causes, the author believes that sleep deprivation superimposed on the other contributory condition is a common precipitating factor. Suggestions about the prevention and treatment of delirium are made.", "PMID": 1177486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6331", "title": "The influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on the size of human platelets.", "content": "Large and small platelets are present in the bloodstream in nearly equal proportions and comprise about 30 per cent of the normal platelet population. The assumption that cardiopulmonary bypass may alter this platelet population distribution was investigated. Platelet volume distribution curves during and after cardiopulmonary bypass were examined in 12 patients undergoing various intracardiac operation by an electronic particle-sizing apparatus based on the Coulter counter. Mean platelet volume (MPV) was 8.6 +/- 0.7 cubic microns prior to cardiopulmonary bypass. Ten minutes after commencement of cardiopulmonary bypass the MPV decreased to 85 per cent of control levels. A further decrease, reaching a plateau at 75 per cent of prebypass MPV, was reached after 50 minutes on bypass. MPV returned to 87 per cent of prebypass levels 2 hours after discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass. Since it is known that platelet count is markedly reduced on cardiopulmonary bypass, a simultaneous 25 per cent decrease in MPV can be explained only by a highly selective disappearance of the large platelets from the circulation. As the larger platelets are younger and functionally more potent than the smaller ones, the selective disappearance of large platelets may thus provide an explanation for the observed alteration in platelet adhesiveness caused by cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "The influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on the size of human platelets. Large and small platelets are present in the bloodstream in nearly equal proportions and comprise about 30 per cent of the normal platelet population. The assumption that cardiopulmonary bypass may alter this platelet population distribution was investigated. Platelet volume distribution curves during and after cardiopulmonary bypass were examined in 12 patients undergoing various intracardiac operation by an electronic particle-sizing apparatus based on the Coulter counter. Mean platelet volume (MPV) was 8.6 +/- 0.7 cubic microns prior to cardiopulmonary bypass. Ten minutes after commencement of cardiopulmonary bypass the MPV decreased to 85 per cent of control levels. A further decrease, reaching a plateau at 75 per cent of prebypass MPV, was reached after 50 minutes on bypass. MPV returned to 87 per cent of prebypass levels 2 hours after discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass. Since it is known that platelet count is markedly reduced on cardiopulmonary bypass, a simultaneous 25 per cent decrease in MPV can be explained only by a highly selective disappearance of the large platelets from the circulation. As the larger platelets are younger and functionally more potent than the smaller ones, the selective disappearance of large platelets may thus provide an explanation for the observed alteration in platelet adhesiveness caused by cardiopulmonary bypass.", "PMID": 1177487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6332", "title": "In vivo strain measurements of a prosthetic aortic valve.", "content": "Up to the present, stress forces on prosthetic heart valves have been studied primarily in an in vitro state and have been derived with a fair amount of estimation. Because of the practical and clinical implications, such as forces that may cause fabric wear or material deterioration, we felt that in vivo determination would be worthy of investigation. A microminiature strain gauge was secured to each leg of a non-cloth-covered prosthetic aortic valve and connected to a dual-beam oscilloscope. Strain measurements were first determined in a pulse duplicator with a blood analogue solution and physiological pressures and flow. The valve was also implanted into a dog in the subcoronary position and strain again measured. In vivo strain was found to be approximately 57 per cent of strain on a prosthetic aortic valve, in vitro, under the conditions of this experiment. This represents the first time that strain and force on a prosthetic aortic valve have been determined directly in the intact animal.", "contents": "In vivo strain measurements of a prosthetic aortic valve. Up to the present, stress forces on prosthetic heart valves have been studied primarily in an in vitro state and have been derived with a fair amount of estimation. Because of the practical and clinical implications, such as forces that may cause fabric wear or material deterioration, we felt that in vivo determination would be worthy of investigation. A microminiature strain gauge was secured to each leg of a non-cloth-covered prosthetic aortic valve and connected to a dual-beam oscilloscope. Strain measurements were first determined in a pulse duplicator with a blood analogue solution and physiological pressures and flow. The valve was also implanted into a dog in the subcoronary position and strain again measured. In vivo strain was found to be approximately 57 per cent of strain on a prosthetic aortic valve, in vitro, under the conditions of this experiment. This represents the first time that strain and force on a prosthetic aortic valve have been determined directly in the intact animal.", "PMID": 1177488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6333", "title": "Detection of water-to-blood leakages in heat exchangers for cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "In the construction of heat exchangers, it is of great importance that when they are in use it shall be impossible for water to leak into the blood, as this might lead to hemolysis, intoxications, air emboli, or infection  by microorganisms. In an investigation the aim of which was to discover water-to-blood leakages in the heat exchangers that are generally used during cardiopulmonary bypass, tests were carried out on 17 heat exchangers that are used all over the world and are supplied by five different makers. They included both disposable and nondisposable models. In six stainless steel heat exchangers, water leakages to the blood compartment were detected with the aid of helium. Some of these heat exchangers were brand new and had never been used. The size of the leakages was found to be sufficient to enable them to act as channels for the passage of foreign microorganisms.", "contents": "Detection of water-to-blood leakages in heat exchangers for cardiopulmonary bypass. In the construction of heat exchangers, it is of great importance that when they are in use it shall be impossible for water to leak into the blood, as this might lead to hemolysis, intoxications, air emboli, or infection  by microorganisms. In an investigation the aim of which was to discover water-to-blood leakages in the heat exchangers that are generally used during cardiopulmonary bypass, tests were carried out on 17 heat exchangers that are used all over the world and are supplied by five different makers. They included both disposable and nondisposable models. In six stainless steel heat exchangers, water leakages to the blood compartment were detected with the aid of helium. Some of these heat exchangers were brand new and had never been used. The size of the leakages was found to be sufficient to enable them to act as channels for the passage of foreign microorganisms.", "PMID": 1177489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6334", "title": "Distribution of thymic tissue at the anterior mediastinum. Current procedures in thymectomy.", "content": "The distribution of thymic tissue at the anterior mediastinum was examined histologically in 18 cases following the removal of the adipose tissue which was located outside the thymic capsule at the time of thymectomy for myasthenia gravis. The gross adipose tissue revealed the presence of histological thymic tissue, including Hassall's bodies, in 13 of 18 cases. In order to be sure of extirpating all of the thymic tissue, the adipose tissue at the anterior mediastinum as well as the gross thymus should be removed.", "contents": "Distribution of thymic tissue at the anterior mediastinum. Current procedures in thymectomy. The distribution of thymic tissue at the anterior mediastinum was examined histologically in 18 cases following the removal of the adipose tissue which was located outside the thymic capsule at the time of thymectomy for myasthenia gravis. The gross adipose tissue revealed the presence of histological thymic tissue, including Hassall's bodies, in 13 of 18 cases. In order to be sure of extirpating all of the thymic tissue, the adipose tissue at the anterior mediastinum as well as the gross thymus should be removed.", "PMID": 1177490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6335", "title": "The esterolytic activity of poly(1-methyl-4- and -5-vinylimidazole) in water.", "content": "The water solubility of poly(1-Me-5-VIm) has made it possible to achieve phenomenal rate enhancements and to gain even greater insight into the mechanism of catalysis by polymeric imidazoles. The poly(1-Me-5-VIm)-catalyzed hydrolysis of S12- exhibited saturation in excess catalyst nad in excess substrate. Inhibition of the poly(1-Me-5-Vim) catalyzed hydrolysis of Sn- type substrates by analog inhibitors was also observed. The saturation apparently did not follow a simple Michaelis-Menten mechanism; however, the results could be rationalized by analogy to certain enzymatic systems. Multisite enzymes have long been known to display kinetic patterns different from that exhibited by enzymes with only one active site, i.e. such phenomena as sigmoidal rate vs [S] plots. These phenomena may arise entirely as a result of the multisite nature of the enzyme. Consequently, a synthetic macromolecular catalyst with multiple sites might also be expected to display such characteristics. The poly(1-Me-5-VIm)-catalyzed hydrolysis of S12- is apparently the first synthetic system in which such phenomena have been observed. The intermediacy of an apolar polymer substrate complex for the poly(1-Me-5-VIm)-catalyzed hydrolysis of S12- in water was given support by studies of the effect of temperature on the rate of hydrolysis. Activation parameters were determined for catalysis by 1,5-DMIm and by poly(1-Me-5-VIm). These results showed that the rate enhancement exhibited by the polymer was due entirely to a favorable entropy term.", "contents": "The esterolytic activity of poly(1-methyl-4- and -5-vinylimidazole) in water. The water solubility of poly(1-Me-5-VIm) has made it possible to achieve phenomenal rate enhancements and to gain even greater insight into the mechanism of catalysis by polymeric imidazoles. The poly(1-Me-5-VIm)-catalyzed hydrolysis of S12- exhibited saturation in excess catalyst nad in excess substrate. Inhibition of the poly(1-Me-5-Vim) catalyzed hydrolysis of Sn- type substrates by analog inhibitors was also observed. The saturation apparently did not follow a simple Michaelis-Menten mechanism; however, the results could be rationalized by analogy to certain enzymatic systems. Multisite enzymes have long been known to display kinetic patterns different from that exhibited by enzymes with only one active site, i.e. such phenomena as sigmoidal rate vs [S] plots. These phenomena may arise entirely as a result of the multisite nature of the enzyme. Consequently, a synthetic macromolecular catalyst with multiple sites might also be expected to display such characteristics. The poly(1-Me-5-VIm)-catalyzed hydrolysis of S12- is apparently the first synthetic system in which such phenomena have been observed. The intermediacy of an apolar polymer substrate complex for the poly(1-Me-5-VIm)-catalyzed hydrolysis of S12- in water was given support by studies of the effect of temperature on the rate of hydrolysis. Activation parameters were determined for catalysis by 1,5-DMIm and by poly(1-Me-5-VIm). These results showed that the rate enhancement exhibited by the polymer was due entirely to a favorable entropy term.", "PMID": 1177492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6336", "title": "The esterolytic activity of poly(N-alkylimidazoles). The effect of ester chain length in the substrate and alkyl chain length in the catalyst on the esterolytic activity of poly(N-alkylimidazoles).", "content": "In an effort to exploit the enhancement in catalytic activity which might be derived through hydrophobic interactions between polymeric catalyst and substrate, 1-methyl-5-vinylimidazole (1-Me-5-VIm), 1-methyl-4-vinylimidazole (1-Me-4-VIm), 1-butyl-5-vinylimidazole (1-Bu-5-VIm), and 1-butyl-4-vinylimidazole (1-Bu-4-VIm) have been synthesized and polymerized. In 28.5% ethanol-water, poly(1-alkyl-5-vinylimidazoles)proved to be efficient catalysts for the hydrolysis of various 3-nitro-4-acyloxybenzoic acids (Sn-, where n denotes the acyl chain length). Order of magnitude rate enhancements, as compared to the model compound, 1,5-dimethylimidazole (1,5-DMIm) were observed in the poly(1-alkyl-5-vinylimidazole)-catalyzed solvolysis of S12- and S18-. Poly(1-Me-5-VIm) catalyzes the hydrolysis of S18-88 times faster than does 1,5-DMIm. The poly(1-Me-5-VIm)-catalyzed hydrolysis of S18- in ethanol-water was analyzed in terms of a simple Michaelis-Menten type mechanism. Vmax and Km were determined to be 40.2 X 10(-7) M min-1 and 2.20 X 10(-5) M, respectively.", "contents": "The esterolytic activity of poly(N-alkylimidazoles). The effect of ester chain length in the substrate and alkyl chain length in the catalyst on the esterolytic activity of poly(N-alkylimidazoles). In an effort to exploit the enhancement in catalytic activity which might be derived through hydrophobic interactions between polymeric catalyst and substrate, 1-methyl-5-vinylimidazole (1-Me-5-VIm), 1-methyl-4-vinylimidazole (1-Me-4-VIm), 1-butyl-5-vinylimidazole (1-Bu-5-VIm), and 1-butyl-4-vinylimidazole (1-Bu-4-VIm) have been synthesized and polymerized. In 28.5% ethanol-water, poly(1-alkyl-5-vinylimidazoles)proved to be efficient catalysts for the hydrolysis of various 3-nitro-4-acyloxybenzoic acids (Sn-, where n denotes the acyl chain length). Order of magnitude rate enhancements, as compared to the model compound, 1,5-dimethylimidazole (1,5-DMIm) were observed in the poly(1-alkyl-5-vinylimidazole)-catalyzed solvolysis of S12- and S18-. Poly(1-Me-5-VIm) catalyzes the hydrolysis of S18-88 times faster than does 1,5-DMIm. The poly(1-Me-5-VIm)-catalyzed hydrolysis of S18- in ethanol-water was analyzed in terms of a simple Michaelis-Menten type mechanism. Vmax and Km were determined to be 40.2 X 10(-7) M min-1 and 2.20 X 10(-5) M, respectively.", "PMID": 1177491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6337", "title": "The determination of chain statistical parameters by light scattering measurements.", "content": "The effects of volume exclusion on polymer chain conformations can be determined from the study of the angular dependence of radiation scattered by chain molecules. It is found that useful information can be obtained only when the variable x is large, where x is the product of the square of the magnitude of the scattering vector and of the mean square radius of gyration. Hence, solutions of macromolecules of very high molecular weight are needed for these investigations. The theoretical treatment of the scattering function is based on several assumptions. The validity of these assumptions is examined by computing, using a Monte-Carlo technique, various moments of intramolecular separations and comparing the results so obtained, in the limit of a chain of infinite length, with the analytical results. The computations seem to verify the validity of the theoretical model. The scattering behavior of solutions of recently synthesized polystyrene of Mw = 4.4 X 10(7) in cyclohexane at various temperatures and in benzene at 40 degrees was investigated. From the log-log plots of the scattering function vs. x, a statistical parameter was calculated, whose value depends on the magnitude of long-range correlations between any pair of chain elements. It is found that above the theta temperature this parameter is practically independent of temperature and that its numerical value was found to agree well with the value obtained from Monte-Carlo calculations. In the neighborhood of the theta temperature, this parameter decreases rapidly with decreasing temperature, indicating a first-order transition in chain conformation.", "contents": "The determination of chain statistical parameters by light scattering measurements. The effects of volume exclusion on polymer chain conformations can be determined from the study of the angular dependence of radiation scattered by chain molecules. It is found that useful information can be obtained only when the variable x is large, where x is the product of the square of the magnitude of the scattering vector and of the mean square radius of gyration. Hence, solutions of macromolecules of very high molecular weight are needed for these investigations. The theoretical treatment of the scattering function is based on several assumptions. The validity of these assumptions is examined by computing, using a Monte-Carlo technique, various moments of intramolecular separations and comparing the results so obtained, in the limit of a chain of infinite length, with the analytical results. The computations seem to verify the validity of the theoretical model. The scattering behavior of solutions of recently synthesized polystyrene of Mw = 4.4 X 10(7) in cyclohexane at various temperatures and in benzene at 40 degrees was investigated. From the log-log plots of the scattering function vs. x, a statistical parameter was calculated, whose value depends on the magnitude of long-range correlations between any pair of chain elements. It is found that above the theta temperature this parameter is practically independent of temperature and that its numerical value was found to agree well with the value obtained from Monte-Carlo calculations. In the neighborhood of the theta temperature, this parameter decreases rapidly with decreasing temperature, indicating a first-order transition in chain conformation.", "PMID": 1177493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6338", "title": "The effect of neighboring charges on the helix forming ability of charged amino acids in proteins.", "content": "It has been found that the fraction of glutamic acid residues which are helical in proteins is larger than might be expected from the experimentally determined value of the helical stability constants of glutamic acid. In order to understand this difference, the effect of neighboring charged side chains on the glutamic acid residues in proteins of known structure is examined. It is found that a positively charged side chain four residues away from a glutamic acid greatly enhances its probability to be helical. Similar results are obtained for aspartic acid, lysine, arginine, and histidine.", "contents": "The effect of neighboring charges on the helix forming ability of charged amino acids in proteins. It has been found that the fraction of glutamic acid residues which are helical in proteins is larger than might be expected from the experimentally determined value of the helical stability constants of glutamic acid. In order to understand this difference, the effect of neighboring charged side chains on the glutamic acid residues in proteins of known structure is examined. It is found that a positively charged side chain four residues away from a glutamic acid greatly enhances its probability to be helical. Similar results are obtained for aspartic acid, lysine, arginine, and histidine.", "PMID": 1177494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6339", "title": "Theory of the cooperative transition between two ordered conformations of poly(L-proline). I. Phenomenological theory.", "content": "The states of three residues are correlated in a nearest-neighbor Ising model matrix treatment of a one-dimensional phase transition, in which nucleation is assumed to differ at each end of a regular sequence (asymmetric nucleation). The correlation of the states of three residues requires a 4 X 4 matrix, which cannot be reduced in size because of the asymmetric nature of the nucleation. Also, because of the asymmetry, at least four independent parameters for a homopolymer (rather than the two usually encountered in the helix-coil transition), ant at least five for a specific-sequence copolymer, are required to describe the transition behavior. The most important current interest in such a treatment (for a homopolymer) is its applicability to the poly(L-proline) form I in equilibrium form II interconversion. The earlier treatment of Schwarz, using the nearest-neighbor Ising model (with correlation of only two residues), is identical with the above treatment, and requires only a 2 X 2 matrix which greatly simplifies numerical computations, which are presented in the next two papers of this series. However, the 4 X 4 matrix treatment is required in order to make the asymmetric nature of the nucleation explicit and physically understandable, for a homopolymer; for a specific-sequence copolymer, such as a protein, it is essential in order to show how the asymmetric nature of helix nucleation differs from one amino acid to another.", "contents": "Theory of the cooperative transition between two ordered conformations of poly(L-proline). I. Phenomenological theory. The states of three residues are correlated in a nearest-neighbor Ising model matrix treatment of a one-dimensional phase transition, in which nucleation is assumed to differ at each end of a regular sequence (asymmetric nucleation). The correlation of the states of three residues requires a 4 X 4 matrix, which cannot be reduced in size because of the asymmetric nature of the nucleation. Also, because of the asymmetry, at least four independent parameters for a homopolymer (rather than the two usually encountered in the helix-coil transition), ant at least five for a specific-sequence copolymer, are required to describe the transition behavior. The most important current interest in such a treatment (for a homopolymer) is its applicability to the poly(L-proline) form I in equilibrium form II interconversion. The earlier treatment of Schwarz, using the nearest-neighbor Ising model (with correlation of only two residues), is identical with the above treatment, and requires only a 2 X 2 matrix which greatly simplifies numerical computations, which are presented in the next two papers of this series. However, the 4 X 4 matrix treatment is required in order to make the asymmetric nature of the nucleation explicit and physically understandable, for a homopolymer; for a specific-sequence copolymer, such as a protein, it is essential in order to show how the asymmetric nature of helix nucleation differs from one amino acid to another.", "PMID": 1177495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6340", "title": "Theory of the cooperative transition between two ordered conformations of poly(L-proline). II. Molecular theory in the absence of solvent.", "content": "Phenomenological theories of the transition between helical form I (cis peptide bond) and helical form II (trans peptide bond) of poly(-L-proline), which is a typical order in equilibrium order transition, have been presented by Schwarz (using the parameters s, sigma, beta', and beta'' in a 2 X 2 matrix formulation) and by the present authors (using the parameters s, sigma betaC, and betaN in a 4 X 4 matrix formulation). A molecular theory of the same transition has been formulated to account for the phenomenological parameters. The statistical weights of regular helical sequences with and without junctions between the two forms were computed from empirical potential energy functions. Two puckering conformations of the pyrrolidine ring, i.e., with the Cgamma atom down and up, were allowed, and the free energy was computed for chains with four types of puckering, viz., regular down, regular up, random A, and random B, in the latter two of which the up and down puckerings were randomly distributed. The random A and random B chains have higher energy than those with regular down or up puckering, in both forms I and II. From both an energetical and a free energetical point of view, form I is more stable than form II under vacuum at room temperature. The dependence of the relative stabilities of form I and form II under vacuum on chain length was examined from both an energy and free energy point of view. The four parameters, s, sigma, beta', and beta'', which describe the transitions in Schwarz's theory, were calculated from the statistical weights of various types of sequences. It was found that the thermally induced transition between form I and II under vacuum occurs with the pyrrolidine rings remaining in the down conformation. The calculated values of s suggest that form I is more stable than form II in the regular down chain, while form II is more stable than form I in the regular up chain under vacuum at room temperature. The calculated values of sigma for regular down and regular up pyrrolidine ring puckering are in good agreement with experimental observations, whereas those for random A and random B puckering are much smaller than the experimental values. A theory for the effect of solvent on the parameters s, sigma, beta', and beta'' (at constant temperature) is developed, and the computations involving solvent effects are described in the next paper.", "contents": "Theory of the cooperative transition between two ordered conformations of poly(L-proline). II. Molecular theory in the absence of solvent. Phenomenological theories of the transition between helical form I (cis peptide bond) and helical form II (trans peptide bond) of poly(-L-proline), which is a typical order in equilibrium order transition, have been presented by Schwarz (using the parameters s, sigma, beta', and beta'' in a 2 X 2 matrix formulation) and by the present authors (using the parameters s, sigma betaC, and betaN in a 4 X 4 matrix formulation). A molecular theory of the same transition has been formulated to account for the phenomenological parameters. The statistical weights of regular helical sequences with and without junctions between the two forms were computed from empirical potential energy functions. Two puckering conformations of the pyrrolidine ring, i.e., with the Cgamma atom down and up, were allowed, and the free energy was computed for chains with four types of puckering, viz., regular down, regular up, random A, and random B, in the latter two of which the up and down puckerings were randomly distributed. The random A and random B chains have higher energy than those with regular down or up puckering, in both forms I and II. From both an energetical and a free energetical point of view, form I is more stable than form II under vacuum at room temperature. The dependence of the relative stabilities of form I and form II under vacuum on chain length was examined from both an energy and free energy point of view. The four parameters, s, sigma, beta', and beta'', which describe the transitions in Schwarz's theory, were calculated from the statistical weights of various types of sequences. It was found that the thermally induced transition between form I and II under vacuum occurs with the pyrrolidine rings remaining in the down conformation. The calculated values of s suggest that form I is more stable than form II in the regular down chain, while form II is more stable than form I in the regular up chain under vacuum at room temperature. The calculated values of sigma for regular down and regular up pyrrolidine ring puckering are in good agreement with experimental observations, whereas those for random A and random B puckering are much smaller than the experimental values. A theory for the effect of solvent on the parameters s, sigma, beta', and beta'' (at constant temperature) is developed, and the computations involving solvent effects are described in the next paper.", "PMID": 1177496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6341", "title": "Theory of the cooperative transition between two ordered conformations of poly(L-proline). III. Molecular theory in the presence of solvent.", "content": "Phenomenological theories of the form I in equilibrium to form II interconversion in poly(L-proline) have been presented by Schwarz (using the parameters s, sigma, beta', and beta'' in a 2 X 2 matrix formulation) and by the present authors (using the parameters s, sigma, betaC, and betaN in a 4 X 4 matrix formulation). In addition, a molecular theory was developed to compute s, sigma, beta', and beta'' under vacuum. In this paper, we take into account the effect of solvent on the parameters s, sigma, beta', and beta'' of the isothermal poly(L-proline) form I in equilibrium to form II interconversion. The growth parameter is sensitive to the binding of solvent molecules to the peptide CO groups, but the nucleation parameters sigma, beta', and beta'' are not affected by this type of solvent effect. The calculated values of s and sigma under vacuum are in good agreement with the corresponding values derived from experimental data. By combining the theoretical values of s, sigma, beta', and beta'' under vacuum with experimentally determined equilibrium constants for the binding of alcohols to the peptide CO groups (which differ in magnitude for form I and form II), it was possible to reproduce the experimental tranistion curves satisfactorily. Alternatively, the binding constants for alcohols, obtained by combining our theoretically computed parameters under vacuum with experimental equilibrium transition curves, are in a satisfactory agreement with those evaluated independently by infrared spectral measurements of the binding of alcohols to the peptide CO groups. It is pointed out that significant errors may arise in analyzing experimental data if short chains are included with long chains in the determination of s, sigma, beta', and beta'' from the equilibrium transition curves. The transition of poly(L-proline) from form II to form I when n-butyl alcohol is added to a solution of the polymer in benzyl alcohol is brought about by the slight difference in the binding free energies of both alcohols to the carbonyl groups of form II. The different binding affinities of two alcohols, ROH, to form II may arise from (a) the different hydrogen-bond strength between the alcohol and the proline carbonyl group, and (b) possible differences in nonbonded and electrostatic interactions between the R group and the binding-site environment of the proline carbonyl group. The greater binding affinity of form II (compared to form I) for given alcohol is attributed to the more open and extended conformation of form II.", "contents": "Theory of the cooperative transition between two ordered conformations of poly(L-proline). III. Molecular theory in the presence of solvent. Phenomenological theories of the form I in equilibrium to form II interconversion in poly(L-proline) have been presented by Schwarz (using the parameters s, sigma, beta', and beta'' in a 2 X 2 matrix formulation) and by the present authors (using the parameters s, sigma, betaC, and betaN in a 4 X 4 matrix formulation). In addition, a molecular theory was developed to compute s, sigma, beta', and beta'' under vacuum. In this paper, we take into account the effect of solvent on the parameters s, sigma, beta', and beta'' of the isothermal poly(L-proline) form I in equilibrium to form II interconversion. The growth parameter is sensitive to the binding of solvent molecules to the peptide CO groups, but the nucleation parameters sigma, beta', and beta'' are not affected by this type of solvent effect. The calculated values of s and sigma under vacuum are in good agreement with the corresponding values derived from experimental data. By combining the theoretical values of s, sigma, beta', and beta'' under vacuum with experimentally determined equilibrium constants for the binding of alcohols to the peptide CO groups (which differ in magnitude for form I and form II), it was possible to reproduce the experimental tranistion curves satisfactorily. Alternatively, the binding constants for alcohols, obtained by combining our theoretically computed parameters under vacuum with experimental equilibrium transition curves, are in a satisfactory agreement with those evaluated independently by infrared spectral measurements of the binding of alcohols to the peptide CO groups. It is pointed out that significant errors may arise in analyzing experimental data if short chains are included with long chains in the determination of s, sigma, beta', and beta'' from the equilibrium transition curves. The transition of poly(L-proline) from form II to form I when n-butyl alcohol is added to a solution of the polymer in benzyl alcohol is brought about by the slight difference in the binding free energies of both alcohols to the carbonyl groups of form II. The different binding affinities of two alcohols, ROH, to form II may arise from (a) the different hydrogen-bond strength between the alcohol and the proline carbonyl group, and (b) possible differences in nonbonded and electrostatic interactions between the R group and the binding-site environment of the proline carbonyl group. The greater binding affinity of form II (compared to form I) for given alcohol is attributed to the more open and extended conformation of form II.", "PMID": 1177497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6342", "title": "A general treatment of the configuration statistics of polysaccharides.", "content": "A treatment of the configurational statistics of polysaccharides is given in the isomeric state approximation. All classes of linear polysaccharides of specifiec chemical sequence are treated simultaneously. Chain tortuosity arising from torsional motions about the chemical bonds of the glycosidic linkages is recognized explicitly as is the possibility for conformational isomerism of the sugar residues. Valence angles and lengths are taken to be fixed at the equilibrium values, and pyranose residues in their chair conformations are treated as inflexible constituents of the skeletal structure. Pyranose and furanose forms capable of pseudorotation may be incorporated as rigid skeletal entities as well, provided suitable attention is given to the selection and interpretation of the conformational isomeric states included. Separation of the configuration energy into independent contributions is shown to be impossible in general. Methods are described for assessing the influence of neighbor interactions on the populations of the several conformers of the sugar residues. The relative conformational free energy of the flexible and chair form conformers of pyranose sugars is discussed, and appropriate measures of polysaccharide chain flexibility and stiffness are suggested.", "contents": "A general treatment of the configuration statistics of polysaccharides. A treatment of the configurational statistics of polysaccharides is given in the isomeric state approximation. All classes of linear polysaccharides of specifiec chemical sequence are treated simultaneously. Chain tortuosity arising from torsional motions about the chemical bonds of the glycosidic linkages is recognized explicitly as is the possibility for conformational isomerism of the sugar residues. Valence angles and lengths are taken to be fixed at the equilibrium values, and pyranose residues in their chair conformations are treated as inflexible constituents of the skeletal structure. Pyranose and furanose forms capable of pseudorotation may be incorporated as rigid skeletal entities as well, provided suitable attention is given to the selection and interpretation of the conformational isomeric states included. Separation of the configuration energy into independent contributions is shown to be impossible in general. Methods are described for assessing the influence of neighbor interactions on the populations of the several conformers of the sugar residues. The relative conformational free energy of the flexible and chair form conformers of pyranose sugars is discussed, and appropriate measures of polysaccharide chain flexibility and stiffness are suggested.", "PMID": 1177498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6343", "title": "Kinetics of helix-coil transition in all sizes of polypeptides.", "content": "The relaxation behavior of the helix-coil transition has been investigated for all sizes of polypeptides. Unlike previously reported results, regardless of the size of polypeptides, the first-order kinetics plays a principal role in the relaxation process when a helical state is relaxed to a half-coiled state [i.e. s(f) is congruent to 1, where s(f) is the helix stability parameter at the final state]. On the other hand, when a helical state is relaxed to a coiled state [i.e., s(f) is less than 1], the zeroth-order kinetics plays a major role. In addition, the range of the validity of a kinetic version of the zipper model has been investigated. We have found that when a helical state is relaxed to a state where s(f) is less than or equal to 1, the zipper model is valid for polypeptides with chain length N satisfying the relation N is less than 1/(sigmagammaC)1/2 where sigma is the cooperativity parameter and gammaC is the coil nucleation rate parameter.", "contents": "Kinetics of helix-coil transition in all sizes of polypeptides. The relaxation behavior of the helix-coil transition has been investigated for all sizes of polypeptides. Unlike previously reported results, regardless of the size of polypeptides, the first-order kinetics plays a principal role in the relaxation process when a helical state is relaxed to a half-coiled state [i.e. s(f) is congruent to 1, where s(f) is the helix stability parameter at the final state]. On the other hand, when a helical state is relaxed to a coiled state [i.e., s(f) is less than 1], the zeroth-order kinetics plays a major role. In addition, the range of the validity of a kinetic version of the zipper model has been investigated. We have found that when a helical state is relaxed to a state where s(f) is less than or equal to 1, the zipper model is valid for polypeptides with chain length N satisfying the relation N is less than 1/(sigmagammaC)1/2 where sigma is the cooperativity parameter and gammaC is the coil nucleation rate parameter.", "PMID": 1177499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6344", "title": "A health status assessment system for a rural Navajo population.", "content": "An analysis of the first year's operation of an ambulatory patient monitoring system is presented. The program was designed to accomplish the following objectives: 1) to demonstrate individual clinic effectiveness in giving each member of its service population a complete assessment of his health status, and 2) to implement patient surveillance for follow-up and periodic reevaluation. The system was adapted to the pre-existing computer-based ambulatory patient care reporting mechanism which is in use by Indian Health Service members and contracting facilities. It employs discrete health status categories whose definitions are based in specific clinical criteria. This approach permits the interpretation of categorical patient flow statistics as representative of identifiable clinic practices. Quarterly data printouts provide a basis for interpreting the degree of clinic progress toward initial health assessment of the total population served. Such data, when viewed against the backdrop of specific operational objectives allow for continuous program reassessment of community needs, and provide a technique for monitoring the effectiveness of the health care delivery system in meeting these needs. By controlling for individual variations in clinic objectives, comparisons can be made between separate facilities within the network. In addition, the technique provides a method for focusing on areas where objectives may not be realistic and provides a data base on which alternative program goals can be formulated.", "contents": "A health status assessment system for a rural Navajo population. An analysis of the first year's operation of an ambulatory patient monitoring system is presented. The program was designed to accomplish the following objectives: 1) to demonstrate individual clinic effectiveness in giving each member of its service population a complete assessment of his health status, and 2) to implement patient surveillance for follow-up and periodic reevaluation. The system was adapted to the pre-existing computer-based ambulatory patient care reporting mechanism which is in use by Indian Health Service members and contracting facilities. It employs discrete health status categories whose definitions are based in specific clinical criteria. This approach permits the interpretation of categorical patient flow statistics as representative of identifiable clinic practices. Quarterly data printouts provide a basis for interpreting the degree of clinic progress toward initial health assessment of the total population served. Such data, when viewed against the backdrop of specific operational objectives allow for continuous program reassessment of community needs, and provide a technique for monitoring the effectiveness of the health care delivery system in meeting these needs. By controlling for individual variations in clinic objectives, comparisons can be made between separate facilities within the network. In addition, the technique provides a method for focusing on areas where objectives may not be realistic and provides a data base on which alternative program goals can be formulated.", "PMID": 1177537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6345", "title": "The men in the middle: a dilemma of minority health workers.", "content": "The perception of Indian health care needs are shown to be related to particular positions within the Public Health Service (PHS) structure. This study is based on interview data gathered from three groups: Navajo consumers (N = 271), Navajo PHS personnel (N = 80), and PHS non-Navajo professional staff (N = 31). The identification of health needs by the Navajo consumer is oriented toward unsolved problems in the immediate social and physical environment. Ninety-five per cent of the problems identified by the consumer centered around disease states, alcoholism, environmental problems, and transportation. Only 28 per cent of the Navajo personnel responses fell within these categories. The responses of the professional staff were systematically distributed among 14 identified health needs. Of major concern is the marginal position held by the Navajo PHS employee who seems to identify health problems which are similar to neither the Navajo consumer nor the PHS professional. While they are still tied to the Navajo culture per se, the Navajo personnel are economically dependent upon the PHS for a livelihood. This \"man in the middle\" position may require divided loyalties-to their community and to their employer. Such a schism can have serious consequences in their ability to function effectively as health workers.", "contents": "The men in the middle: a dilemma of minority health workers. The perception of Indian health care needs are shown to be related to particular positions within the Public Health Service (PHS) structure. This study is based on interview data gathered from three groups: Navajo consumers (N = 271), Navajo PHS personnel (N = 80), and PHS non-Navajo professional staff (N = 31). The identification of health needs by the Navajo consumer is oriented toward unsolved problems in the immediate social and physical environment. Ninety-five per cent of the problems identified by the consumer centered around disease states, alcoholism, environmental problems, and transportation. Only 28 per cent of the Navajo personnel responses fell within these categories. The responses of the professional staff were systematically distributed among 14 identified health needs. Of major concern is the marginal position held by the Navajo PHS employee who seems to identify health problems which are similar to neither the Navajo consumer nor the PHS professional. While they are still tied to the Navajo culture per se, the Navajo personnel are economically dependent upon the PHS for a livelihood. This \"man in the middle\" position may require divided loyalties-to their community and to their employer. Such a schism can have serious consequences in their ability to function effectively as health workers.", "PMID": 1177538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6346", "title": "Converting child health stations to pediatric treatment centers.", "content": "Nineteen child health stations in New York City have added treatment services to their traditional role of well-child supervision with the objective of increasing the access of children livine in underserved areas to integrated preventive and therapeutic care. The conversion process was studied at nine pediatric treatment centers (PTC) in upper Manhattan and the South Bronx. the Department of Health accomplished the conversion by adding full-time pediatricians, on-premises laboratory capability, prepackaged pharmacies, and informal arrangements with local hospitals. The proportion of patient visits at the PTCs for sick care ranged from 11 to 57 per cent and varied with the length of time the unit had been in operation. Personnel cost per visit was $16. Six child health stations were compared before and after conversion to PTCs. Registration increased 5 per cent, visits increased 50 per cent, and personnel cost increased 150 per cent. Review of 600 patient visits revealed that the majority of illness visits were for minor conditions, notably upper respirtory infections. Interviews of 600 parents of three PTCs revealed that approximately one-fourth regarded the PTC as a usual source of care. Increased access and continuity of child health services have been accomplished by these conversions. Adding treatment services to child health stations is a satisfactory alternative to the overcrowded hospital-based pediatric facility.", "contents": "Converting child health stations to pediatric treatment centers. Nineteen child health stations in New York City have added treatment services to their traditional role of well-child supervision with the objective of increasing the access of children livine in underserved areas to integrated preventive and therapeutic care. The conversion process was studied at nine pediatric treatment centers (PTC) in upper Manhattan and the South Bronx. the Department of Health accomplished the conversion by adding full-time pediatricians, on-premises laboratory capability, prepackaged pharmacies, and informal arrangements with local hospitals. The proportion of patient visits at the PTCs for sick care ranged from 11 to 57 per cent and varied with the length of time the unit had been in operation. Personnel cost per visit was $16. Six child health stations were compared before and after conversion to PTCs. Registration increased 5 per cent, visits increased 50 per cent, and personnel cost increased 150 per cent. Review of 600 patient visits revealed that the majority of illness visits were for minor conditions, notably upper respirtory infections. Interviews of 600 parents of three PTCs revealed that approximately one-fourth regarded the PTC as a usual source of care. Increased access and continuity of child health services have been accomplished by these conversions. Adding treatment services to child health stations is a satisfactory alternative to the overcrowded hospital-based pediatric facility.", "PMID": 1177539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6347", "title": "Patient and bystander response to medical emergencies.", "content": "This study of patient and bystander responses to medical emergencies revealed serious shortcomings in the public's ability to respond appropriately to such situations. Decision delays at least as long as ambulance response delays were found to be the result of confusion regarding the seriousness of the emergency, confusion regarding the appropriate reaction to the emergency, and a reluctance to burden the rescue service unnecessarily. A significant group of high-risk patients were identified who not only reacted slowly but who bypassed the emergency ambulance service entirely. A substantial fraction of these patients have had prior contact with the local medical care system for problems related or identical to the one causing the emergency.", "contents": "Patient and bystander response to medical emergencies. This study of patient and bystander responses to medical emergencies revealed serious shortcomings in the public's ability to respond appropriately to such situations. Decision delays at least as long as ambulance response delays were found to be the result of confusion regarding the seriousness of the emergency, confusion regarding the appropriate reaction to the emergency, and a reluctance to burden the rescue service unnecessarily. A significant group of high-risk patients were identified who not only reacted slowly but who bypassed the emergency ambulance service entirely. A substantial fraction of these patients have had prior contact with the local medical care system for problems related or identical to the one causing the emergency.", "PMID": 1177540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6348", "title": "Evaluation of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation course for secondary schools.", "content": "The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of teaching secondary school students to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) according to National Research Council (NRC)--American Heart Association (AHA) standards. Criterion levels specified by AHA call for cardiac compression at a rate of 60 times a minute with two ventilations interposed after 15 cardiac compressions. Translated into numerical performance per minute, this standard equates to 36 compressions and six ventilations per minute. Students were instructed by their usual teachers who received a special educational program in preparation. Both immediate learning and retention of the students after three months were evaluated using a practical and a written test. Teacher performance was evaluated by means of a practical test and a behavior rating. CPR is a motor task involving both continuous and discrete processes. Results of the study corresponded to analogous studies in the psychomotor literature: practice group students' retention of continuous skills (breaths and compressions) was good (little loss of skill), while retention of discrete motor skills (open the airway, check vital signs) was poor. Fifty-five per cent of the practice group in the initial test and 31 per cent in the retention study were able to perform the skills. Retention figures compare favorably with studies in the area of psychomotor learning. The study suggests that it is possible to train secondary school students to perform the ABC's of CPR if they have an opportunity to practice these skills. The study also suggests that the teacher training is an important factor.", "contents": "Evaluation of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation course for secondary schools. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of teaching secondary school students to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) according to National Research Council (NRC)--American Heart Association (AHA) standards. Criterion levels specified by AHA call for cardiac compression at a rate of 60 times a minute with two ventilations interposed after 15 cardiac compressions. Translated into numerical performance per minute, this standard equates to 36 compressions and six ventilations per minute. Students were instructed by their usual teachers who received a special educational program in preparation. Both immediate learning and retention of the students after three months were evaluated using a practical and a written test. Teacher performance was evaluated by means of a practical test and a behavior rating. CPR is a motor task involving both continuous and discrete processes. Results of the study corresponded to analogous studies in the psychomotor literature: practice group students' retention of continuous skills (breaths and compressions) was good (little loss of skill), while retention of discrete motor skills (open the airway, check vital signs) was poor. Fifty-five per cent of the practice group in the initial test and 31 per cent in the retention study were able to perform the skills. Retention figures compare favorably with studies in the area of psychomotor learning. The study suggests that it is possible to train secondary school students to perform the ABC's of CPR if they have an opportunity to practice these skills. The study also suggests that the teacher training is an important factor.", "PMID": 1177541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6349", "title": "Primary care in a penal institution. A study of health care problems encountered.", "content": "The kinds of health care problems encountered in a 600-man panel institution were studied. Five hundred twenty-eight problems were identified in 333 inmates seen on sick call. The large number of psychosocial problems (194 out of 528) and the wide diversity of problems (125 in 333 inmates) were documented. The questionable suitability of the medical model for health care in this type of setting is discussed. The implications for primary health care delivery and education are considered.", "contents": "Primary care in a penal institution. A study of health care problems encountered. The kinds of health care problems encountered in a 600-man panel institution were studied. Five hundred twenty-eight problems were identified in 333 inmates seen on sick call. The large number of psychosocial problems (194 out of 528) and the wide diversity of problems (125 in 333 inmates) were documented. The questionable suitability of the medical model for health care in this type of setting is discussed. The implications for primary health care delivery and education are considered.", "PMID": 1177542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6350", "title": "Factors related to the preference for a female gynecologist.", "content": "Four hundred and nine female patients of both male and female physicians completed a self-administered questionnaire exploring their attitudes and practices regarding gynecologists and gynecological examinations. Responses to the question \"Would you prefer a woman gynecologist?\" divided the sample into three groups: those responding \"yes\" (33.9 percent); those responding \"no\" (19.3 percent); and those responding \"no difference\" (36.2 percent). Results revealed that patients who preferred female gynecologists were most likely to find gynecological examinations difficult and to be critical of gynecololgists' understanding of women's psychological and sexual problems. A subsample of patients in psychotherapy was especially apt to prefer female gynecologists. The \"no difference\" group had the most positive attitudes towards gynecological examinations and gynecologists. Demographic differences were insignificant. The importance of judging a gynecologist's competence without sexual bias, of re-evaluating stereotypes of women physicians, and of increasing the proportion of women in gynecology is stressed.", "contents": "Factors related to the preference for a female gynecologist. Four hundred and nine female patients of both male and female physicians completed a self-administered questionnaire exploring their attitudes and practices regarding gynecologists and gynecological examinations. Responses to the question \"Would you prefer a woman gynecologist?\" divided the sample into three groups: those responding \"yes\" (33.9 percent); those responding \"no\" (19.3 percent); and those responding \"no difference\" (36.2 percent). Results revealed that patients who preferred female gynecologists were most likely to find gynecological examinations difficult and to be critical of gynecololgists' understanding of women's psychological and sexual problems. A subsample of patients in psychotherapy was especially apt to prefer female gynecologists. The \"no difference\" group had the most positive attitudes towards gynecological examinations and gynecologists. Demographic differences were insignificant. The importance of judging a gynecologist's competence without sexual bias, of re-evaluating stereotypes of women physicians, and of increasing the proportion of women in gynecology is stressed.", "PMID": 1177543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6351", "title": "Carcinoma of the subglottic area.", "content": "The subglottic area is defined as an anatomic region which is cylindrical in shape whose inferior margin is the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage and which is limited superiorly by an imaginary circle 5 mm below the free margin of the true vocal cords. Of 591 patients with glottic and subglottic cancers, only five (percent) had primary subglottic tumors and 132 (22 percent) had glottic tumors with subglottic extension. Sixty-five percent of the patients with glottic primary with subglottic extension were Stage 2 and 35 percent were Stage 3. Most patients were treated surgically. Hemilaryngectomy is a very satisfactory primary modality in the treatment of Stage 2 and some Stage 3 glottic lesions with subglottic extension. Stage 2 and 3 glottic cancers which involve greater than 10 mm of the subglottis carry a significantly decreased prognosis. Patients with T3 lesions with cord fixation with subglottic extension show a decreased survival.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the subglottic area. The subglottic area is defined as an anatomic region which is cylindrical in shape whose inferior margin is the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage and which is limited superiorly by an imaginary circle 5 mm below the free margin of the true vocal cords. Of 591 patients with glottic and subglottic cancers, only five (percent) had primary subglottic tumors and 132 (22 percent) had glottic tumors with subglottic extension. Sixty-five percent of the patients with glottic primary with subglottic extension were Stage 2 and 35 percent were Stage 3. Most patients were treated surgically. Hemilaryngectomy is a very satisfactory primary modality in the treatment of Stage 2 and some Stage 3 glottic lesions with subglottic extension. Stage 2 and 3 glottic cancers which involve greater than 10 mm of the subglottis carry a significantly decreased prognosis. Patients with T3 lesions with cord fixation with subglottic extension show a decreased survival.", "PMID": 1177633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6352", "title": "The evaluation of treatment of patients with extensive squamous cancer of the vocal cords.", "content": "Fifty-one patients with previously untreated squamous carcinoma originating on the true vocal cord, staged T4, were analyzed. Forty-eight of the 51 patients were selected for treatment. Total laryngectomy was the minimal surgical procedure, and the pathologist confirmed the presence of cancer outside the confines of the larynx in 47 of 48 patients. Seventy-three percent of the patients were thought clinically to have negative nodes, but examination by the pathologist showed a 20 percent false negative rate in this evaluation. Twenty-one percent of the patients had received an emergency tracheostomy prior to being referred to out institution. An additional 8 percent required an emergency tracheostomy or laryngectomy. Radiation therapy was employed postoperatively for 16 patients. Twenty-six (54 percent) of the 48 patients had no further evidence of cancer after treatment. In evaluating the failures, previous tracheostomy, extension of the disease to the pharyngeal wall, and positive cervical lymph nodes were found to effect adversely the survival of the patient; however, extension of the disease into the trachea, when it occurred alone, was not an adverse factor. In this patient group with a median age of 66 years, 27 percent died of causes other than the cancer within four years. Based on the data in this series, postoperative radiation therapy is now being routinely given to patients with disease extending to the pharyngeal wall, those with nodes in the neck, and those who have had an emergency tracheostomy previously.", "contents": "The evaluation of treatment of patients with extensive squamous cancer of the vocal cords. Fifty-one patients with previously untreated squamous carcinoma originating on the true vocal cord, staged T4, were analyzed. Forty-eight of the 51 patients were selected for treatment. Total laryngectomy was the minimal surgical procedure, and the pathologist confirmed the presence of cancer outside the confines of the larynx in 47 of 48 patients. Seventy-three percent of the patients were thought clinically to have negative nodes, but examination by the pathologist showed a 20 percent false negative rate in this evaluation. Twenty-one percent of the patients had received an emergency tracheostomy prior to being referred to out institution. An additional 8 percent required an emergency tracheostomy or laryngectomy. Radiation therapy was employed postoperatively for 16 patients. Twenty-six (54 percent) of the 48 patients had no further evidence of cancer after treatment. In evaluating the failures, previous tracheostomy, extension of the disease to the pharyngeal wall, and positive cervical lymph nodes were found to effect adversely the survival of the patient; however, extension of the disease into the trachea, when it occurred alone, was not an adverse factor. In this patient group with a median age of 66 years, 27 percent died of causes other than the cancer within four years. Based on the data in this series, postoperative radiation therapy is now being routinely given to patients with disease extending to the pharyngeal wall, those with nodes in the neck, and those who have had an emergency tracheostomy previously.", "PMID": 1177634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6353", "title": "Carcinoma of the laryngeal glottis therapy and end results.", "content": "The end results of 264 patients with vocal cord carcinoma treated by either surgery or radiation therapy at the University of Illinois from 1955 to 1972 are analyzed. Stage I glottic carcinoma can be cured by either surgery or radiation alone (86 percent and 80 percent). Stage II glottic cancer treated by surgery has achieved survival rates of 70 percent. The five-year end results of Stage III glottic cancer are 49 percent for surgery and 30 percent for radiation. The management of glottic carcinoma, according to anatomic site and indications for various modalities are discussed.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the laryngeal glottis therapy and end results. The end results of 264 patients with vocal cord carcinoma treated by either surgery or radiation therapy at the University of Illinois from 1955 to 1972 are analyzed. Stage I glottic carcinoma can be cured by either surgery or radiation alone (86 percent and 80 percent). Stage II glottic cancer treated by surgery has achieved survival rates of 70 percent. The five-year end results of Stage III glottic cancer are 49 percent for surgery and 30 percent for radiation. The management of glottic carcinoma, according to anatomic site and indications for various modalities are discussed.", "PMID": 1177637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6354", "title": "Laryngeal carcinomas.", "content": "This study is based upon 214 cases of laryngeal carcinoma treated at the Foundation Curie, Paris, France, from January, 1958, to 1968. The results in terms of five-year survival have been: (see article). A statistical study of these results was made by Professor Daudel and demonstrated the absence of significant difference for the groups of tumors classed T1 and in Stage I and II treated either by radiocobalt or by surgery, whether followed or not by radiotherapy. By contrast there was a clearly significant difference in favor of surgery for the group of tumors classified as T2, T3, T4, or in Stage III. This significant difference in favor of primary surgery disappeared if we excluded the patients who died of intercurrent illnesses or of a second cancer not involving the larynx, and when we took into account those cures obtained by surgery in the event of failure of radiation and inversely, of those cures having been obtained by radiation therapy in the event of failure of surgery.", "contents": "Laryngeal carcinomas. This study is based upon 214 cases of laryngeal carcinoma treated at the Foundation Curie, Paris, France, from January, 1958, to 1968. The results in terms of five-year survival have been: (see article). A statistical study of these results was made by Professor Daudel and demonstrated the absence of significant difference for the groups of tumors classed T1 and in Stage I and II treated either by radiocobalt or by surgery, whether followed or not by radiotherapy. By contrast there was a clearly significant difference in favor of surgery for the group of tumors classified as T2, T3, T4, or in Stage III. This significant difference in favor of primary surgery disappeared if we excluded the patients who died of intercurrent illnesses or of a second cancer not involving the larynx, and when we took into account those cures obtained by surgery in the event of failure of radiation and inversely, of those cures having been obtained by radiation therapy in the event of failure of surgery.", "PMID": 1177638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6355", "title": "The management of glottic carcinoma by primary irradiation with surgery in reserve.", "content": "Four hundred nineteen cases of carcinoma of the larynx (1962-1965, Christie Hospital) treated primarily by radiation with surgery in reserve for cases where radiation failed, are reviewed. Two hundred ninety-one of these cases were glottic carcinomas and cure rates, and contribution from subsequent surgery is indicated in detail. Finally the overall results are compared with a larger series of 605 cases (1955-1961). Five-year cure rate in early cases is consistent at 89 percent; likewise in the latest cases at 30 percent, the intermediate group appear to have improved by some 8 percent over the period outlined. The overall cure rate is 70 percent.", "contents": "The management of glottic carcinoma by primary irradiation with surgery in reserve. Four hundred nineteen cases of carcinoma of the larynx (1962-1965, Christie Hospital) treated primarily by radiation with surgery in reserve for cases where radiation failed, are reviewed. Two hundred ninety-one of these cases were glottic carcinomas and cure rates, and contribution from subsequent surgery is indicated in detail. Finally the overall results are compared with a larger series of 605 cases (1955-1961). Five-year cure rate in early cases is consistent at 89 percent; likewise in the latest cases at 30 percent, the intermediate group appear to have improved by some 8 percent over the period outlined. The overall cure rate is 70 percent.", "PMID": 1177639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6356", "title": "The treatment of glottic carcinoma: an analysis of 800 cases.", "content": "All patients with cancer of the glottis seen at the Ontario Cancer Institute from 1955 to 1971 are reviewed. Changes in referral patterns and treatment policy are noted. Particular attention is given to those patients who received radiation for cure, and the place of laryngectomy in their subsequent management is examined. Of the estimated incidence of the disease in the geographic region served, 95 percent are now being seen and of these 97 percent receive treatment with curative intent. Two-thirds or 67 percent are cured at five years and their larynges intact, while a further 18 percent are cured by subsequent laryngectomy.", "contents": "The treatment of glottic carcinoma: an analysis of 800 cases. All patients with cancer of the glottis seen at the Ontario Cancer Institute from 1955 to 1971 are reviewed. Changes in referral patterns and treatment policy are noted. Particular attention is given to those patients who received radiation for cure, and the place of laryngectomy in their subsequent management is examined. Of the estimated incidence of the disease in the geographic region served, 95 percent are now being seen and of these 97 percent receive treatment with curative intent. Two-thirds or 67 percent are cured at five years and their larynges intact, while a further 18 percent are cured by subsequent laryngectomy.", "PMID": 1177640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6357", "title": "Radiotherapeutic management of cancer of the glottis, University of Virginia, 1956-1971.", "content": "All patients with cancer of the glottis treated by radiotherapy with curative intent at the University of Virginia from 1956 through 1971 have been reviewed. Follow-up is complete through December, 1973. Results are presented by both stage and treatment policy and indicate that with our present methods of management a high degree of local control is achieved. The complications of treatment are examined, particularly those arising as a result of combined radiotherapy and surgery. A small number of cases have been salvaged following local recurrence and these are described in detail. Particularly striking has been the effectiveness of radiotherapy in the treatment of advanced (Stage III and IV) lesions. In this group 58 percent of the patients survive with their larynges intact. Considering the poor general condition and advanced nature of the lesions in these cases this result is important and may indicate the nature of future trends in treatment, namely radiotherapy, with surgery held in abeyance until there is overt recurrence.", "contents": "Radiotherapeutic management of cancer of the glottis, University of Virginia, 1956-1971. All patients with cancer of the glottis treated by radiotherapy with curative intent at the University of Virginia from 1956 through 1971 have been reviewed. Follow-up is complete through December, 1973. Results are presented by both stage and treatment policy and indicate that with our present methods of management a high degree of local control is achieved. The complications of treatment are examined, particularly those arising as a result of combined radiotherapy and surgery. A small number of cases have been salvaged following local recurrence and these are described in detail. Particularly striking has been the effectiveness of radiotherapy in the treatment of advanced (Stage III and IV) lesions. In this group 58 percent of the patients survive with their larynges intact. Considering the poor general condition and advanced nature of the lesions in these cases this result is important and may indicate the nature of future trends in treatment, namely radiotherapy, with surgery held in abeyance until there is overt recurrence.", "PMID": 1177641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6358", "title": "Conservative neck dissection.", "content": "The areolar tissue which fills the laterovisceral spaces of the neck is thought to be in close contact with the limiting muscle and the large vessels and nerves of the neck. The site of lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels in such tissue is not clearly defined. A more profound anatomical study shows that the areolar tissue contains the whole lymphatic system of the neck, limited by a series of aponeuroses. These are derived from the embryonal mesenchyme, surrounding muscles and vessels, giving origin to a series of compartments which are in continuity with each other. These compartments, which contain the lymphatic structures, may be entirely removed en bloc including their limiting aponeurotical membranes, as long as the latter are carefully stripped from the muscular and vascular structures. This technique of neck dissection originating with O. Suarez in Argentina, is as radical as any traditional neck dissection, providing that some technical details are respected and that the nodes are still mobile. By preserving many useful or necessary structures of the neck, which themselves are unrelated to the lymphatic spread of cancer, conservative neck dissection presents important functional and cosmetic advantages as compared with traditional neck dissection.", "contents": "Conservative neck dissection. The areolar tissue which fills the laterovisceral spaces of the neck is thought to be in close contact with the limiting muscle and the large vessels and nerves of the neck. The site of lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels in such tissue is not clearly defined. A more profound anatomical study shows that the areolar tissue contains the whole lymphatic system of the neck, limited by a series of aponeuroses. These are derived from the embryonal mesenchyme, surrounding muscles and vessels, giving origin to a series of compartments which are in continuity with each other. These compartments, which contain the lymphatic structures, may be entirely removed en bloc including their limiting aponeurotical membranes, as long as the latter are carefully stripped from the muscular and vascular structures. This technique of neck dissection originating with O. Suarez in Argentina, is as radical as any traditional neck dissection, providing that some technical details are respected and that the nodes are still mobile. By preserving many useful or necessary structures of the neck, which themselves are unrelated to the lymphatic spread of cancer, conservative neck dissection presents important functional and cosmetic advantages as compared with traditional neck dissection.", "PMID": 1177643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6359", "title": "Analysis of surgical therapy for epidermoid carcinoma of the laryngeal glottis.", "content": "Four hundred sixty-three patients with glottic carcinoma were treated by surgical techniques with or without preoperative irradiation. Two hundred eighty-one had hemilaryngectomy and 182 total laryngectomy procedures. The overall cure rate for the hemilaryngectomy group was 91 percent and 80 percent  for the total laryngectomy group, with an overall cure rate of 87 percent. Our observations support the fact that Stage I glottic carcinoma has slightly better prognosis when treated by hemilaryngectomy. Stage II and III lesions have a significant improvement in cure rate and survival when treated with combined preoperative irradiation and partiall vertical laryngectomy or total laryngectomy than by irradiation alone.", "contents": "Analysis of surgical therapy for epidermoid carcinoma of the laryngeal glottis. Four hundred sixty-three patients with glottic carcinoma were treated by surgical techniques with or without preoperative irradiation. Two hundred eighty-one had hemilaryngectomy and 182 total laryngectomy procedures. The overall cure rate for the hemilaryngectomy group was 91 percent and 80 percent  for the total laryngectomy group, with an overall cure rate of 87 percent. Our observations support the fact that Stage I glottic carcinoma has slightly better prognosis when treated by hemilaryngectomy. Stage II and III lesions have a significant improvement in cure rate and survival when treated with combined preoperative irradiation and partiall vertical laryngectomy or total laryngectomy than by irradiation alone.", "PMID": 1177645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6360", "title": "Evaluation of nasal tip surgery.", "content": "Nasal tip surgery has been evaluated with respect to correction of the lower lateral cartilages. Indications, techniques, results, and complications related to three generic approaches to the lower lateral cartilages are described. In 673 consecutive rhinoplasties the commonest type of nasal tip surgery was excisional, utilizing either a marginal or cartilage splitting technique. These techniques were utilized: 1. to accomplish debulking, and 2. to accomplish the installation of facets. The excisional technique found its greatest utility in primary rhinoplasties. The version technique, utilizing a change of direction of the thrust of the lower lateral cartilages was utilized in a variety of situations, particularly for the correction of moderately congenitally hypoplastic tip cartilages. It also found great utility in surgery of the Negro or cleft palate nose, increasing tip projection, correcting unacceptable bifidity, and in revision rhinoplasty. Augmentation rhinoplasty, utilizing conchal cartilage as an elastic strut was particularly useful for severe hypoplastic cartilage deficits, the Negro nose, columellar retraction, and alar rim deficits. The overall complication rate of lower lateral rhinoplasty was 17.4 percent. The rate of unacceptable complications related to lower lateral rhinoplasty was 2.7 percent.", "contents": "Evaluation of nasal tip surgery. Nasal tip surgery has been evaluated with respect to correction of the lower lateral cartilages. Indications, techniques, results, and complications related to three generic approaches to the lower lateral cartilages are described. In 673 consecutive rhinoplasties the commonest type of nasal tip surgery was excisional, utilizing either a marginal or cartilage splitting technique. These techniques were utilized: 1. to accomplish debulking, and 2. to accomplish the installation of facets. The excisional technique found its greatest utility in primary rhinoplasties. The version technique, utilizing a change of direction of the thrust of the lower lateral cartilages was utilized in a variety of situations, particularly for the correction of moderately congenitally hypoplastic tip cartilages. It also found great utility in surgery of the Negro or cleft palate nose, increasing tip projection, correcting unacceptable bifidity, and in revision rhinoplasty. Augmentation rhinoplasty, utilizing conchal cartilage as an elastic strut was particularly useful for severe hypoplastic cartilage deficits, the Negro nose, columellar retraction, and alar rim deficits. The overall complication rate of lower lateral rhinoplasty was 17.4 percent. The rate of unacceptable complications related to lower lateral rhinoplasty was 2.7 percent.", "PMID": 1177647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6361", "title": "Life-threatening complications of infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Infectious mononucleosis is a common febrile disorder of children and young adults which is generally benign and self-limited. Patients with this disorder, however, may develop life-threatening complications which require prompt recognition and treatment. The clinical features of three such cases are presented and pertinent features of other life-threatening complications are reviewed.", "contents": "Life-threatening complications of infectious mononucleosis. Infectious mononucleosis is a common febrile disorder of children and young adults which is generally benign and self-limited. Patients with this disorder, however, may develop life-threatening complications which require prompt recognition and treatment. The clinical features of three such cases are presented and pertinent features of other life-threatening complications are reviewed.", "PMID": 1177649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6362", "title": "Human auditory nerve responses: a comparison of three commonly used recording sites.", "content": "The computer-averaged N1 response from humans to click stimuli was compared at three recording sites -- dermal and subdermal electrodes in the ear canal, and a transtympanic electrode on the promontory. A total of 26 subjects, some of whom were measured at all three sites, participated in 47 experiments. The promontory electrodes were consistently more sensitive and yielded cleaner N1 waveforms than did the ear canal sites. In considering the clinical use of N1 averaging, the advantages of the transtympanic method outweigh the risks. While a few persons yield reasonable good ear canal potentials, the reliablitity of this method in general application is inadequate and unpredictable.", "contents": "Human auditory nerve responses: a comparison of three commonly used recording sites. The computer-averaged N1 response from humans to click stimuli was compared at three recording sites -- dermal and subdermal electrodes in the ear canal, and a transtympanic electrode on the promontory. A total of 26 subjects, some of whom were measured at all three sites, participated in 47 experiments. The promontory electrodes were consistently more sensitive and yielded cleaner N1 waveforms than did the ear canal sites. In considering the clinical use of N1 averaging, the advantages of the transtympanic method outweigh the risks. While a few persons yield reasonable good ear canal potentials, the reliablitity of this method in general application is inadequate and unpredictable.", "PMID": 1177650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6363", "title": "The role of the middle ear in acoustic trauma from impulses.", "content": "Exposure to high intensity impulse noise may produce a wide range of audiometric and histological effects in experimental animals. The objective of this study was to assess the changes in the middle ear mechanism after impulse noise exposure and to relate these changes to the audiometric and histological effects. Nine monaural chinchilla were exposed to either 161 or 166 db peak SPL impulses of 1 msec \"A\" duration, presented at a rate of 1 per minute for 50 minutes. The conductive mechanism of the chinchilla was assessed using standard clinical measures of static and dynamic impedance before and after the noise exposure. Auditory thresholds were measured before and after noise exposure using the average evoked response (AER) technique. At 30 days post-exposure, the animals were sacrificed for histology. Pre-exposure tympanometry showed that: 1. the total mean impedance of the chinchilla ear is considerably lower than that of man; 2. a method related hysterisis effect is present in both the susceptance and conductance tympanograms; and 3. sedation has a significant effect on the total impedance of the ear and on the shape of the tympanograms. After exposure to high level impulse noise: 1. tympanograms become irregular and double peaked, indicating tympanic membrane stress; 2. for the given exposure, 166 db is the impulse intensity needed to rupture consistently the tympanic membrane; and 3. audiometric and histological data correlate with the tympanometric findings and demonstrate a protective effect of a tympanic membrane rupture on the cochlea.", "contents": "The role of the middle ear in acoustic trauma from impulses. Exposure to high intensity impulse noise may produce a wide range of audiometric and histological effects in experimental animals. The objective of this study was to assess the changes in the middle ear mechanism after impulse noise exposure and to relate these changes to the audiometric and histological effects. Nine monaural chinchilla were exposed to either 161 or 166 db peak SPL impulses of 1 msec \"A\" duration, presented at a rate of 1 per minute for 50 minutes. The conductive mechanism of the chinchilla was assessed using standard clinical measures of static and dynamic impedance before and after the noise exposure. Auditory thresholds were measured before and after noise exposure using the average evoked response (AER) technique. At 30 days post-exposure, the animals were sacrificed for histology. Pre-exposure tympanometry showed that: 1. the total mean impedance of the chinchilla ear is considerably lower than that of man; 2. a method related hysterisis effect is present in both the susceptance and conductance tympanograms; and 3. sedation has a significant effect on the total impedance of the ear and on the shape of the tympanograms. After exposure to high level impulse noise: 1. tympanograms become irregular and double peaked, indicating tympanic membrane stress; 2. for the given exposure, 166 db is the impulse intensity needed to rupture consistently the tympanic membrane; and 3. audiometric and histological data correlate with the tympanometric findings and demonstrate a protective effect of a tympanic membrane rupture on the cochlea.", "PMID": 1177651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6364", "title": "Brassica compestris var. Span: I. Fractionation of rapeseed oil by molecular distillation and adsorption chromatography.", "content": "Procedures for the large scale isolation of pure triglycerides and fractions rich in nontriglyceride components from Span rapeseed oil are described. Fractionation of Brassica campestris var. Span rapeseed oil by molecular distillation yielded 4 triglyceride fractions, all of which contained traces of sterol esters. An additional triglyceride fraction rich in free and esterified sterols and other volatile components was obtained from the oil. Separation by adsorption chromatography of Span rapeseed oil yielded three fractions; A) a pure triglyceride ffaction; B) a triglyceride fraction rich in sterol esters; and C) another fraction containing free sterols and other polar components.", "contents": "Brassica compestris var. Span: I. Fractionation of rapeseed oil by molecular distillation and adsorption chromatography. Procedures for the large scale isolation of pure triglycerides and fractions rich in nontriglyceride components from Span rapeseed oil are described. Fractionation of Brassica campestris var. Span rapeseed oil by molecular distillation yielded 4 triglyceride fractions, all of which contained traces of sterol esters. An additional triglyceride fraction rich in free and esterified sterols and other volatile components was obtained from the oil. Separation by adsorption chromatography of Span rapeseed oil yielded three fractions; A) a pure triglyceride ffaction; B) a triglyceride fraction rich in sterol esters; and C) another fraction containing free sterols and other polar components.", "PMID": 1177662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6365", "title": "Brassica campestris var. Span: II. Cardiopathogenicity of fractions isolated from span rapeseed oil when fed to male rats.", "content": "Rapeseed oils low in erucic acid caused myocardial lesions when fed to weanling male rats for 16 weeks. The cardiopathogenic properties appear to be associated with the triglycerides of the oil, and not to nontriglyceride components present in fully refined rapeseed oil. Cardiac lipid analysis confirmed that erucic acid accumulation was proportional to the concentration of this acid in the diet.", "contents": "Brassica campestris var. Span: II. Cardiopathogenicity of fractions isolated from span rapeseed oil when fed to male rats. Rapeseed oils low in erucic acid caused myocardial lesions when fed to weanling male rats for 16 weeks. The cardiopathogenic properties appear to be associated with the triglycerides of the oil, and not to nontriglyceride components present in fully refined rapeseed oil. Cardiac lipid analysis confirmed that erucic acid accumulation was proportional to the concentration of this acid in the diet.", "PMID": 1177663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6366", "title": "Reaction of ergosteryl acetate with maleic anhydride and preparation of 5,7-ergostadien-3beta-ol1,2.", "content": "An improved, large scale synthesis of the ergosteryl acetate-maleic anhydride Diels-Alder adduct and its pyrolysis are described. The complex mixture obtained by reaction of the two constituents was refluxed with methanol to convert the succinic anhydride derivatives, formed by the \"ene\" reaction, to soluble half esters, leaving the insoluble Diels-Alder adduct largely unchanged. The latter was hydrogenated and pyrolyzed in vacuo to yield 5,7-ergostadienyl acetate together with lesser quantities of the acetates of 7,9(11)-ergostadien-3beta-ol, 6,8(9)-ergostadien-3beta-ol, and 8,14-ergostadien-3beta-ol. These components were separated and purified by argentation column chromatography and crystallization.", "contents": "Reaction of ergosteryl acetate with maleic anhydride and preparation of 5,7-ergostadien-3beta-ol1,2. An improved, large scale synthesis of the ergosteryl acetate-maleic anhydride Diels-Alder adduct and its pyrolysis are described. The complex mixture obtained by reaction of the two constituents was refluxed with methanol to convert the succinic anhydride derivatives, formed by the \"ene\" reaction, to soluble half esters, leaving the insoluble Diels-Alder adduct largely unchanged. The latter was hydrogenated and pyrolyzed in vacuo to yield 5,7-ergostadienyl acetate together with lesser quantities of the acetates of 7,9(11)-ergostadien-3beta-ol, 6,8(9)-ergostadien-3beta-ol, and 8,14-ergostadien-3beta-ol. These components were separated and purified by argentation column chromatography and crystallization.", "PMID": 1177664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6367", "title": "Unique pathways of sterol metabolism in the Mexican bean beetle, a plant-feeding insect.", "content": "Radiolabeled sterols, 14C-cholesterol, 14C-cholestanol, 3H-stigmasterol, 3H-stigmastanol, and 3H-sitosterol, were fed to larvae of the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, bu coating soybean leaves. Free sterol and sterol ester fractions from treated insects were isolated and analyzed, and in each case nearly 30% or more of total radiolabeled sterols retained by the insect were found in the sterol ester fraction after 8 days. delta5-Dietary sterols were readily reduced to stanols, and C29-stanols thus produced were dealkylated to cholestanol. Significant amounts of labeled lathosterol were formed from delta5-C29 sterols; little, if any, radiolabeled cholesterol was detected in insects fed either of the labeled delta5-phytosterols, stigmasterol or sitosterol. Sterol metabolism of this insect thus differs considerably from that found for most phytophagous insects.", "contents": "Unique pathways of sterol metabolism in the Mexican bean beetle, a plant-feeding insect. Radiolabeled sterols, 14C-cholesterol, 14C-cholestanol, 3H-stigmasterol, 3H-stigmastanol, and 3H-sitosterol, were fed to larvae of the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, bu coating soybean leaves. Free sterol and sterol ester fractions from treated insects were isolated and analyzed, and in each case nearly 30% or more of total radiolabeled sterols retained by the insect were found in the sterol ester fraction after 8 days. delta5-Dietary sterols were readily reduced to stanols, and C29-stanols thus produced were dealkylated to cholestanol. Significant amounts of labeled lathosterol were formed from delta5-C29 sterols; little, if any, radiolabeled cholesterol was detected in insects fed either of the labeled delta5-phytosterols, stigmasterol or sitosterol. Sterol metabolism of this insect thus differs considerably from that found for most phytophagous insects.", "PMID": 1177665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6368", "title": "Elongation and desaturation of dietary fatty acids in turbot Scophtalmus maximus L., and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii rich.", "content": "Turbot and rainbow trout, which had previously recieved diets free of fat, were fed [1-14C] fatty acids. The distribution of radioactivity in the tissue fatty acids was examined 6 days later. In rainbow trout fed [1-14C] 18:3omega3, 70% of the radioactivity was present in 22:6omega3 fatty acid. In contrast, turbot fed [1-14C] 18:1omega9, 18:2omega6, or 18:3omega3 converted only small amounts of labeled fatty acids (3-15%) into fatty acids of longer chain length. The major product of the limited modification found in turbot was the dietary acid elongated by 2 carbon atoms.", "contents": "Elongation and desaturation of dietary fatty acids in turbot Scophtalmus maximus L., and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii rich. Turbot and rainbow trout, which had previously recieved diets free of fat, were fed [1-14C] fatty acids. The distribution of radioactivity in the tissue fatty acids was examined 6 days later. In rainbow trout fed [1-14C] 18:3omega3, 70% of the radioactivity was present in 22:6omega3 fatty acid. In contrast, turbot fed [1-14C] 18:1omega9, 18:2omega6, or 18:3omega3 converted only small amounts of labeled fatty acids (3-15%) into fatty acids of longer chain length. The major product of the limited modification found in turbot was the dietary acid elongated by 2 carbon atoms.", "PMID": 1177666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6369", "title": "Methylating activity of (methyl-14C)-S-adenosylmethionine by microsomes of the insect Ceratitis capitata.", "content": "The methylating activity of (methyl-14C)-S-adenosylmethionine by microsomes from different stages of development of the insect Ceratitis capitata was studied in a series of in vitro experiments. Larval and pharate adult microsomal preparations were used in the in vitro conditions, and the utilization of the methyl group of the S-adenosylmethionine for the synthesis of phospholipids was evaluated. Incorporation of radioactivity in lipids by pharate adult microsomes was significantly higher than that by larval preparations. In both cases, phosphatidyl ethanolamine showed the highest levels of radioactivity incorporation. Free bases from total lipid hydrolysates were resolved by paper chromatography, and the labeling was investigated by radioactivity scanning of paper chromatograms. Larval and pharate adult preparations showed clearly the presence of dimethylethanolamine and choline. The presence in the incubation media of phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine and deoxycholate enhanced the radioactivity incorporation into choline, whereas, the first stages of methylation were inhibited. These findings confirmed previous results using insect homogenates.", "contents": "Methylating activity of (methyl-14C)-S-adenosylmethionine by microsomes of the insect Ceratitis capitata. The methylating activity of (methyl-14C)-S-adenosylmethionine by microsomes from different stages of development of the insect Ceratitis capitata was studied in a series of in vitro experiments. Larval and pharate adult microsomal preparations were used in the in vitro conditions, and the utilization of the methyl group of the S-adenosylmethionine for the synthesis of phospholipids was evaluated. Incorporation of radioactivity in lipids by pharate adult microsomes was significantly higher than that by larval preparations. In both cases, phosphatidyl ethanolamine showed the highest levels of radioactivity incorporation. Free bases from total lipid hydrolysates were resolved by paper chromatography, and the labeling was investigated by radioactivity scanning of paper chromatograms. Larval and pharate adult preparations showed clearly the presence of dimethylethanolamine and choline. The presence in the incubation media of phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine and deoxycholate enhanced the radioactivity incorporation into choline, whereas, the first stages of methylation were inhibited. These findings confirmed previous results using insect homogenates.", "PMID": 1177667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6370", "title": "Enzymatic synthesis of glucocerebroside by UDP-glucose: ceramide glucosyltransferase during ontogenesis of chicken retina.", "content": "The activity of uridine diphosphate-glucose: ceramide glucosyltransferase during chick retina ontogenesis was studied. This enzyme catalyzes the first step in the biosynthetic pathway leading to gangliosides. The glucosyltransferase activity was detected in 8 day old embryos, and was present in adult animals. The highest specific activity was found ca. day 10 of embryonic life. The radioactive product was identified as glucocerebroside by means of radiochromatography. The presence of phosphatidylcholine in the incubation mixtures was found to stimulate the enzyme.", "contents": "Enzymatic synthesis of glucocerebroside by UDP-glucose: ceramide glucosyltransferase during ontogenesis of chicken retina. The activity of uridine diphosphate-glucose: ceramide glucosyltransferase during chick retina ontogenesis was studied. This enzyme catalyzes the first step in the biosynthetic pathway leading to gangliosides. The glucosyltransferase activity was detected in 8 day old embryos, and was present in adult animals. The highest specific activity was found ca. day 10 of embryonic life. The radioactive product was identified as glucocerebroside by means of radiochromatography. The presence of phosphatidylcholine in the incubation mixtures was found to stimulate the enzyme.", "PMID": 1177668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6371", "title": "Analyses of renal medullary lipid droplets from normal, hydronephrotic, and indomethacin treated rabbits.", "content": "Lipid droplets isolated from rabbit renal medullary tissue were analyzed and found to be composed of triglyceride and free fatty acids in a ratio of 2.9:1. These triglycerides were unique when compared to triglycerides of other rabbit tissues examined, in that they contained high percentages of octadecanoic acid (stearic acid, 9.8%), 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid, 6.8%), and 7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid (adrenic acid, 10%). Lipid droplet triglycerides were found to increase during experimental hydronephrosis and after administration of indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase and phosphodiesterase inhibitor. From gas liquid chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters of these triglycerides, it was determined that they were enriched further in their percent composition of 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid) and arachidonic acid, a prostaglandin precursor. The inverse relationship between lipid droplets and prostaglandin content in the inner medulla suggested a significant role of lipid droplet triglycerides as storage pools for prostaglandin precursors.", "contents": "Analyses of renal medullary lipid droplets from normal, hydronephrotic, and indomethacin treated rabbits. Lipid droplets isolated from rabbit renal medullary tissue were analyzed and found to be composed of triglyceride and free fatty acids in a ratio of 2.9:1. These triglycerides were unique when compared to triglycerides of other rabbit tissues examined, in that they contained high percentages of octadecanoic acid (stearic acid, 9.8%), 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid, 6.8%), and 7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid (adrenic acid, 10%). Lipid droplet triglycerides were found to increase during experimental hydronephrosis and after administration of indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase and phosphodiesterase inhibitor. From gas liquid chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters of these triglycerides, it was determined that they were enriched further in their percent composition of 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid) and arachidonic acid, a prostaglandin precursor. The inverse relationship between lipid droplets and prostaglandin content in the inner medulla suggested a significant role of lipid droplet triglycerides as storage pools for prostaglandin precursors.", "PMID": 1177669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6372", "title": "High levels of pancreatic nonspecific lipase in rattlesnake and leopard shark.", "content": "Hydrolysis of synthetic triglycerides by rattlesnake and leopard shark pancreatic enzymes revealed striking differences in specificity, depending on the presence or absence of sodium taurocholate. Without added sodium taurocholate the classical specificity of pancreatic lipase was expressed. Rattlesnake enzymes, in the presence of sodium taurocholate, attacked the unsaturated oleic acid in the 2-position of racemic glycerol-1-palmitate-2-oleate-3-stearate nearly twice as fast as either outside saturated fatty acid. In this instance, over 90% of the monoglyceride which accumulated were 1-monoglyceride. These results are attributed to very high levels of bile salt activated nonspecific lipase. Eight vertebrate species were compared. With the exception of the rattlesnake and leopard shark, the other species (3 elasmobranchs and 3 mammals) all exhibited low levels of nonspecific lipase, e.g. less than 5% hydrolysis of the 2-position of racemic glycerol-1-palmitate-2-oleate-3-stearate in the presence of sodium taurocholate.", "contents": "High levels of pancreatic nonspecific lipase in rattlesnake and leopard shark. Hydrolysis of synthetic triglycerides by rattlesnake and leopard shark pancreatic enzymes revealed striking differences in specificity, depending on the presence or absence of sodium taurocholate. Without added sodium taurocholate the classical specificity of pancreatic lipase was expressed. Rattlesnake enzymes, in the presence of sodium taurocholate, attacked the unsaturated oleic acid in the 2-position of racemic glycerol-1-palmitate-2-oleate-3-stearate nearly twice as fast as either outside saturated fatty acid. In this instance, over 90% of the monoglyceride which accumulated were 1-monoglyceride. These results are attributed to very high levels of bile salt activated nonspecific lipase. Eight vertebrate species were compared. With the exception of the rattlesnake and leopard shark, the other species (3 elasmobranchs and 3 mammals) all exhibited low levels of nonspecific lipase, e.g. less than 5% hydrolysis of the 2-position of racemic glycerol-1-palmitate-2-oleate-3-stearate in the presence of sodium taurocholate.", "PMID": 1177670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6373", "title": "Bile acid metabolism in mammals: IX. Conversion of chenodeoxycholic acid to cholic acid by isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "Current dogma of bile acid synthesis in mammals insists that hydroxylation of the ring structure at C-12 precedes side chain oxidation, and that chenodeoxycholic acid is not converted to cholic acid under normal conditions. This report concerns the conversion of chenodeoxycholic acid to cholic acid by isolated, perfused rat liver. Results indicate that isolated perfused rat liver has a definite, but limited, capacity for synthesis of cholic acid from chenodeoxycholic acid.", "contents": "Bile acid metabolism in mammals: IX. Conversion of chenodeoxycholic acid to cholic acid by isolated perfused rat liver. Current dogma of bile acid synthesis in mammals insists that hydroxylation of the ring structure at C-12 precedes side chain oxidation, and that chenodeoxycholic acid is not converted to cholic acid under normal conditions. This report concerns the conversion of chenodeoxycholic acid to cholic acid by isolated, perfused rat liver. Results indicate that isolated perfused rat liver has a definite, but limited, capacity for synthesis of cholic acid from chenodeoxycholic acid.", "PMID": 1177672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6374", "title": "[Respiration of an obligate methylotroph in the presence of various substrates].", "content": "Respiration of the cells of Methylococcus ucrainicus, strain 21, cultivated in the atmosphere of methane, is stimulated by methanol, formaldehyde, formate, n-alcohols, and allyl alcohol. The rate of oxygen assimilation is lower in the presence of isopropanol, isobutanol, propane, butane, maltose, and some organic acids (acetate, fumarate, citrate, succinate). The Michaelis constant for methanol is 88 mcM. Oxidation of methane, methanol, formaldehyde, and formate by the bacterium is inhibited by cyanide, hydroxylamine, and azide. The rate of oxygen assimilation by the cells in the presence of methane and other C1-compounds did not decrease after the suspension had been stored at 4 degrees C during four months and longer.", "contents": "[Respiration of an obligate methylotroph in the presence of various substrates]. Respiration of the cells of Methylococcus ucrainicus, strain 21, cultivated in the atmosphere of methane, is stimulated by methanol, formaldehyde, formate, n-alcohols, and allyl alcohol. The rate of oxygen assimilation is lower in the presence of isopropanol, isobutanol, propane, butane, maltose, and some organic acids (acetate, fumarate, citrate, succinate). The Michaelis constant for methanol is 88 mcM. Oxidation of methane, methanol, formaldehyde, and formate by the bacterium is inhibited by cyanide, hydroxylamine, and azide. The rate of oxygen assimilation by the cells in the presence of methane and other C1-compounds did not decrease after the suspension had been stored at 4 degrees C during four months and longer.", "PMID": 1177773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6375", "title": "[Makeup of free intracellular amino acids in Cunninghamella elegans growing on media with hydrocarbons].", "content": "The rate of growth of Cunninghamella elegans (--) 1204 is higher on a mineral medium with glucose (6.56 g/litre) than on a mineral medium containing undecane, tridecane, and pentadecane (0.72--0.87 g/litre); all glutamic acid is consumed only from the medium with glucose. The cells contain 15--16 free amino acids and 1--2 amides, glutamic and aspartic acids and alanine prevailing. The culture grown on the medium with glucose contains asparagine, and the cells cultivated on the medium with alkanes contain histidine. Non-proteinogenous aminobutyric acids were found in the pool of the cells grown on all tested media with an exception of the medium containing undecane.", "contents": "[Makeup of free intracellular amino acids in Cunninghamella elegans growing on media with hydrocarbons]. The rate of growth of Cunninghamella elegans (--) 1204 is higher on a mineral medium with glucose (6.56 g/litre) than on a mineral medium containing undecane, tridecane, and pentadecane (0.72--0.87 g/litre); all glutamic acid is consumed only from the medium with glucose. The cells contain 15--16 free amino acids and 1--2 amides, glutamic and aspartic acids and alanine prevailing. The culture grown on the medium with glucose contains asparagine, and the cells cultivated on the medium with alkanes contain histidine. Non-proteinogenous aminobutyric acids were found in the pool of the cells grown on all tested media with an exception of the medium containing undecane.", "PMID": 1177774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6376", "title": "[Fatty acid makeup of the lipids in soil and epiphytic yeasts].", "content": "The fatty acid composition of lipids was compared among yeast cultures belonging to the genera Rhodotorula, Lipomyces, and Cryptococcus. These lipids contain C10--C26 fatty acids, mainly with the even number of carbon atoms. Palmitic acid (C16 : 0) and oleic acid (C18 : 0) predominate. In the majority of the strains, the sum of unsaturated acids exceeds the sum of saturated acids. The content of unsaturated acids in the lipids of the epiphytic yeast Rhodotorula is higher than in the soil yeast Lipomyces. Besides C12--C18 acids, C22--C26 acids were identified by GLC at preset temperatures. Lignoceric acid (C24 : 0) was found for the first time in the cultures of Rhodotorula, Lipomyces, and Cryptococcus, and cerotinic acid (C16 : 0) was also detected in the Rhodotorula yeast. Fatty acids with a long chain are registered in the strains of Rhodotorula more often than in the strains of Lipomyces and Cryptococcus.", "contents": "[Fatty acid makeup of the lipids in soil and epiphytic yeasts]. The fatty acid composition of lipids was compared among yeast cultures belonging to the genera Rhodotorula, Lipomyces, and Cryptococcus. These lipids contain C10--C26 fatty acids, mainly with the even number of carbon atoms. Palmitic acid (C16 : 0) and oleic acid (C18 : 0) predominate. In the majority of the strains, the sum of unsaturated acids exceeds the sum of saturated acids. The content of unsaturated acids in the lipids of the epiphytic yeast Rhodotorula is higher than in the soil yeast Lipomyces. Besides C12--C18 acids, C22--C26 acids were identified by GLC at preset temperatures. Lignoceric acid (C24 : 0) was found for the first time in the cultures of Rhodotorula, Lipomyces, and Cryptococcus, and cerotinic acid (C16 : 0) was also detected in the Rhodotorula yeast. Fatty acids with a long chain are registered in the strains of Rhodotorula more often than in the strains of Lipomyces and Cryptococcus.", "PMID": 1177776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6377", "title": "[Growth of Thiocapsa roseopersicina purple sulfur bacteria in darkness under anaerobic conditions].", "content": "The phototrophic sulphur bacterium. Thiocapsa roseopersicina, strain BBS, was grown under anaerobic conditions in the darkness on the medium containing glucose and thiosulphate or molecular sulphur. The assimilation of glucose is accompanied by the accumulation of small amounts of pyruvate in the medium, and the uptake of thiosulphate or molecular sulphur leads to the formation of sulphates and hydrogen sulphide.", "contents": "[Growth of Thiocapsa roseopersicina purple sulfur bacteria in darkness under anaerobic conditions]. The phototrophic sulphur bacterium. Thiocapsa roseopersicina, strain BBS, was grown under anaerobic conditions in the darkness on the medium containing glucose and thiosulphate or molecular sulphur. The assimilation of glucose is accompanied by the accumulation of small amounts of pyruvate in the medium, and the uptake of thiosulphate or molecular sulphur leads to the formation of sulphates and hydrogen sulphide.", "PMID": 1177779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6378", "title": "[Thermus ruber obligate thermophilic bacteria in the thermal springs of Kamchatka].", "content": "The new species of the obligate-thermophilic bacterium Thermus ruber is widely distributed in hot springs of Kamchatka with the temperature of water from 57 to 90 degrees C. The bacterium does not oxidize sulphur. It contains a red carotenoid pigment similar to neuro-sporaxanthine and retrodehydro-gamma-carotene.", "contents": "[Thermus ruber obligate thermophilic bacteria in the thermal springs of Kamchatka]. The new species of the obligate-thermophilic bacterium Thermus ruber is widely distributed in hot springs of Kamchatka with the temperature of water from 57 to 90 degrees C. The bacterium does not oxidize sulphur. It contains a red carotenoid pigment similar to neuro-sporaxanthine and retrodehydro-gamma-carotene.", "PMID": 1177778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6379", "title": "Society and the doctor.", "content": "With the changing times, concepts of morals and values of life are changing too. The responsibility and role of the doctor is taking on a new shape in his decision-making for the care of the sick members of his society. The pattern of diseases is changing, as is the doctor's relationship to his clients. It is necessary for society to share responsibility for several social diseases, perhaps under his expert guidance. Finally, it is vital for society to provide him with a milieu in which he can work efficiently and effectively.", "contents": "Society and the doctor. With the changing times, concepts of morals and values of life are changing too. The responsibility and role of the doctor is taking on a new shape in his decision-making for the care of the sick members of his society. The pattern of diseases is changing, as is the doctor's relationship to his clients. It is necessary for society to share responsibility for several social diseases, perhaps under his expert guidance. Finally, it is vital for society to provide him with a milieu in which he can work efficiently and effectively.", "PMID": 1177784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6380", "title": "[Isolation and characteristics of the cellular structures of Candida tropicalis].", "content": "Using the method of radioactive indicators, the specific content of proteins, lipids, total phosphorus, and lipid phosphorus was estimated in the morphological cell fractions of Candida tropicalis after growth in a liquid mineral medium containing n-octadecane as a source of carbon. The morphological cell fractions were produced by means of differential centrifuging. The following comparatively pure fractions were obtained simultaneously: soluble fraction, microsomes, mitochondria, large membranes, and cell walls.", "contents": "[Isolation and characteristics of the cellular structures of Candida tropicalis]. Using the method of radioactive indicators, the specific content of proteins, lipids, total phosphorus, and lipid phosphorus was estimated in the morphological cell fractions of Candida tropicalis after growth in a liquid mineral medium containing n-octadecane as a source of carbon. The morphological cell fractions were produced by means of differential centrifuging. The following comparatively pure fractions were obtained simultaneously: soluble fraction, microsomes, mitochondria, large membranes, and cell walls.", "PMID": 1177775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6381", "title": "[Arthrobacter siderocapsulatus isolated from lake water].", "content": "Two microbial strains have been isolated from lake water. The strains oxidize ferrous compounds and manganese. By the structure of microcolonies and the character of deposited oxides of these metals, the strains are identical to the genus Siderocapsa. However, according to their growth cycle and some morpho-physiological characteristics, they were included into the genus Arthrobacter (Corynebacteriaceae). Since these microorganisms differ, by their cultural and morpho-physiological properties, from other species of this genus, they were classed as a new species. Arthrobacter siderocapsulatus nov. sp.", "contents": "[Arthrobacter siderocapsulatus isolated from lake water]. Two microbial strains have been isolated from lake water. The strains oxidize ferrous compounds and manganese. By the structure of microcolonies and the character of deposited oxides of these metals, the strains are identical to the genus Siderocapsa. However, according to their growth cycle and some morpho-physiological characteristics, they were included into the genus Arthrobacter (Corynebacteriaceae). Since these microorganisms differ, by their cultural and morpho-physiological properties, from other species of this genus, they were classed as a new species. Arthrobacter siderocapsulatus nov. sp.", "PMID": 1177780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6382", "title": "[Distribution of hydrocarbon and wax in the cells of Mycobacterium ceroformans].", "content": "The distribution of hydrocarbon and wax was studied in the cells of Mycobacterium ceroformans. The cells were disintegrated in French press and the content of hydrocarbon and wax was determined in the cell-free extracts. Hydrocarbon and wax are accumulated in the cell walls of Mycobacterium ceroformans.", "contents": "[Distribution of hydrocarbon and wax in the cells of Mycobacterium ceroformans]. The distribution of hydrocarbon and wax was studied in the cells of Mycobacterium ceroformans. The cells were disintegrated in French press and the content of hydrocarbon and wax was determined in the cell-free extracts. Hydrocarbon and wax are accumulated in the cell walls of Mycobacterium ceroformans.", "PMID": 1177781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6383", "title": "[Distribution of Rhodosporidium diobovatum yeasts in soil and on plants].", "content": "As was found by the hybridization technique, 43 strains among 92 studied strains of the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis belong to Rhodosporidium diobovatum Newell et Hunter (Ustilaginaceae, Basidiomycetes). The strains of Rhodosporidium diobovatum were found in oil-bearing soils, rhizosphere, and phyllosphere of cultivated and wild plants.", "contents": "[Distribution of Rhodosporidium diobovatum yeasts in soil and on plants]. As was found by the hybridization technique, 43 strains among 92 studied strains of the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis belong to Rhodosporidium diobovatum Newell et Hunter (Ustilaginaceae, Basidiomycetes). The strains of Rhodosporidium diobovatum were found in oil-bearing soils, rhizosphere, and phyllosphere of cultivated and wild plants.", "PMID": 1177782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6384", "title": "[Spectral characteristics of Micropolyspora spp. and of actinomycetes similar to them].", "content": "IR spectra of the whole cells of oligosporous actinomycetes were studied. These spectra can be used as an additional criterion during identification of actinomycetes at the generic level, and confirm the heterogeneity of the Micropolyspora genus so that some of its species may be classed as an individual genus (Kalakoutskii et al., 1968; Agre, Dorokhova, 1972).", "contents": "[Spectral characteristics of Micropolyspora spp. and of actinomycetes similar to them]. IR spectra of the whole cells of oligosporous actinomycetes were studied. These spectra can be used as an additional criterion during identification of actinomycetes at the generic level, and confirm the heterogeneity of the Micropolyspora genus so that some of its species may be classed as an individual genus (Kalakoutskii et al., 1968; Agre, Dorokhova, 1972).", "PMID": 1177777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6385", "title": "[Electrocardiographic and phonocardiographic findings in Ebstein's anomaly with special regard to its severity (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrocardiographically, the combination of the P-dextro-atriale and the RBBB without right ventricular overload almost certainly constitutes a pathognomonic finding in Ebstein's anomaly. The height of the P wave and the duration of the QRS complex are related the the severity of the anomaly. So the higher the P wave, the wider the QRS complex, the more severe is the Ebstein'ngs are detectable in the phonocardiogram. In the mild form, however, a loud systolic click and occasionally a low systolic murmur are present, while in severe forms, there is only a loud systolic murmur, and no systolic click.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic and phonocardiographic findings in Ebstein's anomaly with special regard to its severity (author's transl)]. Electrocardiographically, the combination of the P-dextro-atriale and the RBBB without right ventricular overload almost certainly constitutes a pathognomonic finding in Ebstein's anomaly. The height of the P wave and the duration of the QRS complex are related the the severity of the anomaly. So the higher the P wave, the wider the QRS complex, the more severe is the Ebstein'ngs are detectable in the phonocardiogram. In the mild form, however, a loud systolic click and occasionally a low systolic murmur are present, while in severe forms, there is only a loud systolic murmur, and no systolic click.", "PMID": 1177788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6386", "title": "[Efficacy of a new slow-release isosorbide dinitrate preparation in myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "A new slow-release isosorbide dinitrate preparation (ISDN retard, Boehringer Mannheim) was investigated in a controlled study (double blind/cross over) in 20 patients with clear symptoms of coronary insufficiency after myocardial infarction, comparing the ECG on effort with that under placebo treatment. A favourable effect on the symptoms of coronary insufficiency could be demonstrated under standardised conditions on a bicylce ergometer 4 hours after oral ingestion of ISDN. The ST interval of the ECG was significantly lowered (p less than or equal to 0.025) under comparable cardiac work. The prolonged action of ISDN retard was also shown by a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest, during and after effort. Simultaneously, there was a slight but not-significant rise in heart rate.", "contents": "[Efficacy of a new slow-release isosorbide dinitrate preparation in myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. A new slow-release isosorbide dinitrate preparation (ISDN retard, Boehringer Mannheim) was investigated in a controlled study (double blind/cross over) in 20 patients with clear symptoms of coronary insufficiency after myocardial infarction, comparing the ECG on effort with that under placebo treatment. A favourable effect on the symptoms of coronary insufficiency could be demonstrated under standardised conditions on a bicylce ergometer 4 hours after oral ingestion of ISDN. The ST interval of the ECG was significantly lowered (p less than or equal to 0.025) under comparable cardiac work. The prolonged action of ISDN retard was also shown by a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest, during and after effort. Simultaneously, there was a slight but not-significant rise in heart rate.", "PMID": 1177789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6387", "title": "[Development of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris on a synthetic medium].", "content": "A synthetic medium was used to obtain the dormant spores of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. The fraction of the dormant spores depended on the amino acid composition of the growth medium. The rate of growth and development of the organism on the synthetic medium is lower as compared to the routinely employed complex medium.", "contents": "[Development of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris on a synthetic medium]. A synthetic medium was used to obtain the dormant spores of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. The fraction of the dormant spores depended on the amino acid composition of the growth medium. The rate of growth and development of the organism on the synthetic medium is lower as compared to the routinely employed complex medium.", "PMID": 1177783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6388", "title": "[Enteral absoprtion of ascorbic acid in man after application of a micro-encapsulated retard preparation (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood level determinations of ascorbic acid were carried out in 11 male probands after oral application of a new vitamin C retard preparation. In comparative tests the same probands received identical doses of a non retarded vitamine C preparations after a period without application of 2 weeks. The results obtained show that after application of the new vitamin C retard preparation the absorption of ascorbic acid is increased and thus a marked improvement of the bioavailability of vitamin C is attained as compared to the non retarded form.", "contents": "[Enteral absoprtion of ascorbic acid in man after application of a micro-encapsulated retard preparation (author's transl)]. Blood level determinations of ascorbic acid were carried out in 11 male probands after oral application of a new vitamin C retard preparation. In comparative tests the same probands received identical doses of a non retarded vitamine C preparations after a period without application of 2 weeks. The results obtained show that after application of the new vitamin C retard preparation the absorption of ascorbic acid is increased and thus a marked improvement of the bioavailability of vitamin C is attained as compared to the non retarded form.", "PMID": 1177790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6389", "title": "[Isosorbide dinitrate in coronary heart disease. Effects of a delayed-action preparation during acute load and in chronic use].", "content": "The antianginal effectivity of a sustained release isosorbiddinitrate Sorbidilat Retard drug was examined by the number of spontaneous attacks and by ergometry with a constant work load in a double blind trial with cross over technique. An effect on the stress duration, on the ST segment depression, on the \"double product\", on heart rate, and blood pressure could be proved, which is interpreted as an therapeutic advantage of serum against placebo. The number of spontaneous attacks could be reduced in the verum period significantly. Ergometry every 2 hour after drug adminstration shows an oral effectivity of about 10 hours.", "contents": "[Isosorbide dinitrate in coronary heart disease. Effects of a delayed-action preparation during acute load and in chronic use]. The antianginal effectivity of a sustained release isosorbiddinitrate Sorbidilat Retard drug was examined by the number of spontaneous attacks and by ergometry with a constant work load in a double blind trial with cross over technique. An effect on the stress duration, on the ST segment depression, on the \"double product\", on heart rate, and blood pressure could be proved, which is interpreted as an therapeutic advantage of serum against placebo. The number of spontaneous attacks could be reduced in the verum period significantly. Ergometry every 2 hour after drug adminstration shows an oral effectivity of about 10 hours.", "PMID": 1177792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6390", "title": "[Pacemaker failure due to electromagnetic interference (author's transl)].", "content": "Pacemakers may be influenced by a variety of external methods such as a magnet to test the stimulation threshold or a special programmer to change the pacers output or rate. This designed influence must not be confused with electromagnetic interference on pacemakers. The paper differenciates between functional and faulty behavior of pacemakers. A case report shows the influence of EMI by electrical devices. It is recommended to undertake field tests if EMI is likely to occur under special occupational conditions.", "contents": "[Pacemaker failure due to electromagnetic interference (author's transl)]. Pacemakers may be influenced by a variety of external methods such as a magnet to test the stimulation threshold or a special programmer to change the pacers output or rate. This designed influence must not be confused with electromagnetic interference on pacemakers. The paper differenciates between functional and faulty behavior of pacemakers. A case report shows the influence of EMI by electrical devices. It is recommended to undertake field tests if EMI is likely to occur under special occupational conditions.", "PMID": 1177793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6391", "title": "[Late diagnosis of thrombosis of the pelvic, femoral or calf veins (author's transl)].", "content": "The time interval which elapses from the occurrence to the diagnosis of thrombosis of the pelvic, femoral or calf veins was investigated in a retrospective study. As could be shown from the histories of 66 patients with phlebographically documented localization and extent of the thrombosis, in 85% of the cases the correct diagnosis was only made past the 7th day following the presumptive beginning of the thrombotic process, i.e. at a time when the period optimal for a fibrinolytic or surgical treatment had already passed. J-fibronogen-method in patients with an increased risk for thrombotic complications is recommended.", "contents": "[Late diagnosis of thrombosis of the pelvic, femoral or calf veins (author's transl)]. The time interval which elapses from the occurrence to the diagnosis of thrombosis of the pelvic, femoral or calf veins was investigated in a retrospective study. As could be shown from the histories of 66 patients with phlebographically documented localization and extent of the thrombosis, in 85% of the cases the correct diagnosis was only made past the 7th day following the presumptive beginning of the thrombotic process, i.e. at a time when the period optimal for a fibrinolytic or surgical treatment had already passed. J-fibronogen-method in patients with an increased risk for thrombotic complications is recommended.", "PMID": 1177794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6392", "title": "[Androgen status of male diabetics. Total testosterone before and following stimulation with HCG, free testosterone, and testosterone binding capacity of patients with and without potency disorders].", "content": "In order to investigate the androgen status of diabetics we determined in 39 patients, 18-60 years old, 17 of which suffered from potency disturbances, the basal total plasma testosterone, the free testosterone fraction and the unbound plasma testosterone as well as the testosterone binding capacity. In 39 of these patients we proved the response of Leydig cells to HCG. Between normal persons and patients with and without potency disturbances basal total plasma testosterone did not differ significantly (p greater than 0.10). After a 3-day stimulation with HCG the increase of basal total plasma testosterone was significantly lower in the two diabetic groups in comparison with the normal persons (p less than 0.0005). The group with potency disturbances had significantly lower values for the free testosterone fraction (p less than 0.005) and unbound plasma testosterone (p less than 0.0025) than normal persons whereas diabetics without potency disturbances did not reveal any significant differences (p greater than 0.25 and p greater than 0.40). Further there were significant differences between the patients with and without potency disturbances (p less than 0.025) and (p less than 0.025). Testosterone binding capacity was significantly increased in the group with potency disturbances (p less than 0.0005) and also in the group without potency disturbances (p less than 0.01) as compared with controls. Moreover was it significantly higher in the group with potency disturbances than that without potency disturbances (p less than 0.01). For none of the parameters a functional correlation of age or diabetes duration could be demonstrated. The results are discussed with regard to the causes of potency disturbances in male diabetics.", "contents": "[Androgen status of male diabetics. Total testosterone before and following stimulation with HCG, free testosterone, and testosterone binding capacity of patients with and without potency disorders]. In order to investigate the androgen status of diabetics we determined in 39 patients, 18-60 years old, 17 of which suffered from potency disturbances, the basal total plasma testosterone, the free testosterone fraction and the unbound plasma testosterone as well as the testosterone binding capacity. In 39 of these patients we proved the response of Leydig cells to HCG. Between normal persons and patients with and without potency disturbances basal total plasma testosterone did not differ significantly (p greater than 0.10). After a 3-day stimulation with HCG the increase of basal total plasma testosterone was significantly lower in the two diabetic groups in comparison with the normal persons (p less than 0.0005). The group with potency disturbances had significantly lower values for the free testosterone fraction (p less than 0.005) and unbound plasma testosterone (p less than 0.0025) than normal persons whereas diabetics without potency disturbances did not reveal any significant differences (p greater than 0.25 and p greater than 0.40). Further there were significant differences between the patients with and without potency disturbances (p less than 0.025) and (p less than 0.025). Testosterone binding capacity was significantly increased in the group with potency disturbances (p less than 0.0005) and also in the group without potency disturbances (p less than 0.01) as compared with controls. Moreover was it significantly higher in the group with potency disturbances than that without potency disturbances (p less than 0.01). For none of the parameters a functional correlation of age or diabetes duration could be demonstrated. The results are discussed with regard to the causes of potency disturbances in male diabetics.", "PMID": 1177795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6393", "title": "[Gastrointestinal complications of diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The gastrointestinal complications of diabetes mellitus are the outward forms of the diabetic visceral neuropathy. The diabetic damage of the vagus nerve leads to disturbances of the tonus and the motility resembling to postvagotomy like conditions in the following clinical forms: diabetic dysphagia, diabetic gastroparesis, diabetic diarrhoea, diabetic megacolon, diabetic cholecystomegaly. These are in general late complications of labile diabetes. The mild abdominal symptoms are not in proportion to the severe radiological changes, proper diagnosis may be obtained only by means of roentgenological examinations in most cases.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal complications of diabetes mellitus]. The gastrointestinal complications of diabetes mellitus are the outward forms of the diabetic visceral neuropathy. The diabetic damage of the vagus nerve leads to disturbances of the tonus and the motility resembling to postvagotomy like conditions in the following clinical forms: diabetic dysphagia, diabetic gastroparesis, diabetic diarrhoea, diabetic megacolon, diabetic cholecystomegaly. These are in general late complications of labile diabetes. The mild abdominal symptoms are not in proportion to the severe radiological changes, proper diagnosis may be obtained only by means of roentgenological examinations in most cases.", "PMID": 1177796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6394", "title": "Evidence for a dual control of the initiation of host-cell lysis caused by phage lambda.", "content": "The timing of host-cell lysis by coliphage lambda is controlled by two separable systems. The lambdaS gene product acts as a positive effector of lysis while another protein, the lysis regulator, is an inhibitor of lysis. If the continuous function of the lysis regulator is interrupted in phage infected cells immediate lysis ensues. This lysis requires metabolic energy but not S gene activity. In contrast, S protein activity is stimulated by agents which uncouple and which block oxidative phosphorylation. The lysis regulator is thermolabile and several lines of evidence suggest that it may be the lambdarex gene product.", "contents": "Evidence for a dual control of the initiation of host-cell lysis caused by phage lambda. The timing of host-cell lysis by coliphage lambda is controlled by two separable systems. The lambdaS gene product acts as a positive effector of lysis while another protein, the lysis regulator, is an inhibitor of lysis. If the continuous function of the lysis regulator is interrupted in phage infected cells immediate lysis ensues. This lysis requires metabolic energy but not S gene activity. In contrast, S protein activity is stimulated by agents which uncouple and which block oxidative phosphorylation. The lysis regulator is thermolabile and several lines of evidence suggest that it may be the lambdarex gene product.", "PMID": 1177863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6395", "title": "RNA polymerase binding sites isolated from T4DNA: analysis of oligopyrimidine sequences constituting preinitiation and initiation complexes.", "content": "Oligopyrimidines which contain 5'-hydroxymethylcytosine instead of cytosine were separated by thin layer chromatography. Using this method, the oligopyrimidine pattern of RNA polymerase binding sites, isolated from T4DNA, was evaluated quantitatively. The analysis shows that 1. the RNA polymerase binding sites on T4 DNA obtained under low salt conditions in absence of triphosphates, are A-T-rich as compared with total T4 DNA. 2. The A-T base pairs stand mainly in alternating position. On the average these sequences comprise more than half of the chain length of each binding site, which contains about 8 G-5'-HMC pairs. 3. The sites of binding and the sites of initiation do not show an identical base composition. 4. A mixture of at least 8 different binding istes is isolated under the conditions employed. This figure is in agreement with the number of distinct transcripts synthesized in nitro by E. coli RNA polymerase from T4 DNA. The overall length of these transcripts corresponds to approximately 9% of the T4 genome.", "contents": "RNA polymerase binding sites isolated from T4DNA: analysis of oligopyrimidine sequences constituting preinitiation and initiation complexes. Oligopyrimidines which contain 5'-hydroxymethylcytosine instead of cytosine were separated by thin layer chromatography. Using this method, the oligopyrimidine pattern of RNA polymerase binding sites, isolated from T4DNA, was evaluated quantitatively. The analysis shows that 1. the RNA polymerase binding sites on T4 DNA obtained under low salt conditions in absence of triphosphates, are A-T-rich as compared with total T4 DNA. 2. The A-T base pairs stand mainly in alternating position. On the average these sequences comprise more than half of the chain length of each binding site, which contains about 8 G-5'-HMC pairs. 3. The sites of binding and the sites of initiation do not show an identical base composition. 4. A mixture of at least 8 different binding istes is isolated under the conditions employed. This figure is in agreement with the number of distinct transcripts synthesized in nitro by E. coli RNA polymerase from T4 DNA. The overall length of these transcripts corresponds to approximately 9% of the T4 genome.", "PMID": 1177865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6396", "title": "The synthetase gene of the RNA phages R17, MS2 and f2 has a single UAG terminator codon.", "content": "Translation of the RNA from the wild-type bacteriophages R17, MS2, and f2 in bacterial cell-free extracts containing an amber suppressor yields 30-40% of the synthetase with an approximate molecular weight of 63 500, slightly larger than the major synthetase product (63 000 daltons). The occurrence of the 63 500 dalton in vitro product is dependent on the presence of an amber suppressor, and we predict that it is due to read-through of a UAG termination codon at the end of the synthetase gene. Previous results of Capecchi and Klein (Nature, 226, 1029-1033, 1070) showed that antibodies to both release factors RF1 and RF2 are required to block release of synthetase, suggesting that synthetase is released at a UAA codon. If the interpretations of both experiments are correct, the termination and release may not be synonomous and may be spatially separated. In addition there is the unexplained fact that 7% of the synthetase made in vitro in both su+ and su- extracts with either R17, MS2 or f2 as template has an apparent molecular weight of 66 000.", "contents": "The synthetase gene of the RNA phages R17, MS2 and f2 has a single UAG terminator codon. Translation of the RNA from the wild-type bacteriophages R17, MS2, and f2 in bacterial cell-free extracts containing an amber suppressor yields 30-40% of the synthetase with an approximate molecular weight of 63 500, slightly larger than the major synthetase product (63 000 daltons). The occurrence of the 63 500 dalton in vitro product is dependent on the presence of an amber suppressor, and we predict that it is due to read-through of a UAG termination codon at the end of the synthetase gene. Previous results of Capecchi and Klein (Nature, 226, 1029-1033, 1070) showed that antibodies to both release factors RF1 and RF2 are required to block release of synthetase, suggesting that synthetase is released at a UAA codon. If the interpretations of both experiments are correct, the termination and release may not be synonomous and may be spatially separated. In addition there is the unexplained fact that 7% of the synthetase made in vitro in both su+ and su- extracts with either R17, MS2 or f2 as template has an apparent molecular weight of 66 000.", "PMID": 1177864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6397", "title": "Ultraviolet reactivation of the single stranded DNA phage phiX 174.", "content": "When UV-irradiated phiX174 was grown in pre-irradiated host cells of various strains, \"ultraviolet reactivation\" (UVR) was observed only in recombination proficient strains such as E. coli C (uvrA+ recA+) and HF4704 (uvrA- recA+), but not in the recombination deficient strain HF4712 (uvrA+ recA-). By increasing the multiplicity of infection, no rise in the amount of such reactivation was observed. From the study of the neutral and alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation patterns of DNA samples extracted from unirradiated cells infected with unirradiated phage, it appears that after the conversion of the viral single stranded (SS) DNA to the double stranded form (DS), \"nicks\" or scissions were produced on it within all three strains, which were ultimately sealed up in the recA+ but persisted within the recA- host cells. When UV-irradiated phage infected unirradiated host cells, such nicking of the DS DNA appeared to be much more extensive in uvrA+ recA+, but slightly reduced in uvrA+ recA- and severely suppressed in uvrA- recA+ strains. When the host cells were also UV-irradiated, the conversion of the infecting viral SS DNA to DS DNA as well as its subsequent nicking were reduced in all the three strains to a much greater extent. Although nicking of the DS DNA molecule is an essential step even in the normal intracellular replication of phiX DNA, the production and the sealing up of such nicks appear not to have any positive correlation with UVR of these phages. A drastic reduction in nicking due to pre-irradiation of the host cells might, however, mean slowing down of the replication of the damaged parental RF molecules which would facilitate their repair perhaps through recombination with the homologous parts of the host genome.", "contents": "Ultraviolet reactivation of the single stranded DNA phage phiX 174. When UV-irradiated phiX174 was grown in pre-irradiated host cells of various strains, \"ultraviolet reactivation\" (UVR) was observed only in recombination proficient strains such as E. coli C (uvrA+ recA+) and HF4704 (uvrA- recA+), but not in the recombination deficient strain HF4712 (uvrA+ recA-). By increasing the multiplicity of infection, no rise in the amount of such reactivation was observed. From the study of the neutral and alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation patterns of DNA samples extracted from unirradiated cells infected with unirradiated phage, it appears that after the conversion of the viral single stranded (SS) DNA to the double stranded form (DS), \"nicks\" or scissions were produced on it within all three strains, which were ultimately sealed up in the recA+ but persisted within the recA- host cells. When UV-irradiated phage infected unirradiated host cells, such nicking of the DS DNA appeared to be much more extensive in uvrA+ recA+, but slightly reduced in uvrA+ recA- and severely suppressed in uvrA- recA+ strains. When the host cells were also UV-irradiated, the conversion of the infecting viral SS DNA to DS DNA as well as its subsequent nicking were reduced in all the three strains to a much greater extent. Although nicking of the DS DNA molecule is an essential step even in the normal intracellular replication of phiX DNA, the production and the sealing up of such nicks appear not to have any positive correlation with UVR of these phages. A drastic reduction in nicking due to pre-irradiation of the host cells might, however, mean slowing down of the replication of the damaged parental RF molecules which would facilitate their repair perhaps through recombination with the homologous parts of the host genome.", "PMID": 1177866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6398", "title": "Insoluble collagen of methylcholanthrene induced sarcoma.", "content": "The insoluble collagen from methylcholanthrene induced sarcoma was isolated and characterized. It contains more glycine, hydroxyproline and acidic amino acids than normal connective tissue collagen. An anionic character of tumour collagen was stated (pI 6.1). No typical collagen subunits in this protein were found. The tumour collagen is strongly bound to acidic glycoprotein containing a significant amount of hydroxylysine. Such an insoluble complex is resistant to the dispersing action of EDTA. It dissociates during heating in concentrated urea.", "contents": "Insoluble collagen of methylcholanthrene induced sarcoma. The insoluble collagen from methylcholanthrene induced sarcoma was isolated and characterized. It contains more glycine, hydroxyproline and acidic amino acids than normal connective tissue collagen. An anionic character of tumour collagen was stated (pI 6.1). No typical collagen subunits in this protein were found. The tumour collagen is strongly bound to acidic glycoprotein containing a significant amount of hydroxylysine. Such an insoluble complex is resistant to the dispersing action of EDTA. It dissociates during heating in concentrated urea.", "PMID": 1177875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6399", "title": "The normal orbital phlebogram. A study of the normal variations.", "content": "Using a modified phlebographic technique, the author has gained a better and more constant filling of the smaller intraorbital veins than earlier reported. 57 normal orbital phlebograms have been used to evaluate the normal phelbographic anatomy of the orbit. A preliminary presentation of the findings is given.", "contents": "The normal orbital phlebogram. A study of the normal variations. Using a modified phlebographic technique, the author has gained a better and more constant filling of the smaller intraorbital veins than earlier reported. 57 normal orbital phlebograms have been used to evaluate the normal phelbographic anatomy of the orbit. A preliminary presentation of the findings is given.", "PMID": 1177880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6400", "title": "Differential diagnosis of orbital tumors by echography A. A clinicopathological study of 54 cases.", "content": "In 54 cases of unilateral, surgically verified, exophthalmus usefulness of echography A was compared with histopathological diagnosis. Presence of abnormal tissue was detected in almost all of the cases. Comparison between the echograms and the pathological examination clearly demonstrates that a precise diagnosis is not yet possible with ultrasonography. Different tumors may give identical echograms and conversely histologically similar tumors may produce different types of tracings.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of orbital tumors by echography A. A clinicopathological study of 54 cases. In 54 cases of unilateral, surgically verified, exophthalmus usefulness of echography A was compared with histopathological diagnosis. Presence of abnormal tissue was detected in almost all of the cases. Comparison between the echograms and the pathological examination clearly demonstrates that a precise diagnosis is not yet possible with ultrasonography. Different tumors may give identical echograms and conversely histologically similar tumors may produce different types of tracings.", "PMID": 1177890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6401", "title": "Unilateral exophthalmos investigated by infrared thermography.", "content": "A group of 40 cases of unilateral exophthalmos have been investigated using infrared thermography. Two groups of cases can be distinguished according to the intensity of thermal anomalies: (a) no hyperthermy, allowing exclusion of an acute inflammation and rather suggesting an endocrinal process that nevertheless includes the possibility of a deep and/or weakly thermogenous tumor and (b) marked orbital hyperthermy, excluding any endocrinal origin and generally reflecting a malignant tumor.", "contents": "Unilateral exophthalmos investigated by infrared thermography. A group of 40 cases of unilateral exophthalmos have been investigated using infrared thermography. Two groups of cases can be distinguished according to the intensity of thermal anomalies: (a) no hyperthermy, allowing exclusion of an acute inflammation and rather suggesting an endocrinal process that nevertheless includes the possibility of a deep and/or weakly thermogenous tumor and (b) marked orbital hyperthermy, excluding any endocrinal origin and generally reflecting a malignant tumor.", "PMID": 1177893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6402", "title": "Therapy of blow-out fractures.", "content": "The number of patients with fractures of the bony orbit has recently increased because of increasing accidents, expecially car accidents. Due to the good cooperation of maxillofacial surgeons and ophthalmoligists the latter are asked for consultation in the first days after the accident. Therefore the possibility exists to diagnose rather often a blow-out fracture even without X-ray examination. The methods of primary and secondary management are enumerated.", "contents": "Therapy of blow-out fractures. The number of patients with fractures of the bony orbit has recently increased because of increasing accidents, expecially car accidents. Due to the good cooperation of maxillofacial surgeons and ophthalmoligists the latter are asked for consultation in the first days after the accident. Therefore the possibility exists to diagnose rather often a blow-out fracture even without X-ray examination. The methods of primary and secondary management are enumerated.", "PMID": 1177909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6403", "title": "Long-term follow-up of orbital blow-out fractures with and without surgery.", "content": "The patients having orbital repair for a blow-out fracture, 6 months or longer after injury, had a high incidence of enophthalmos (72%). This compares badly with 17% in the non-surgical group and 20% of those who had surgery within 14 days of trauma. The residual enophthalmos was minimal in the latter two groups, but could measure 2 or 3 mm in the late surgery group. 40% of the late surgery group also needed additional orbital or muscle surgery and the fields of binocular single vision achieved were only moderately good. The good results achieved without surgery do not, of course, mean that patients with blow-out fractures do equally well regardless of surgical treatment. This study has shown that careful clinical and radiological assessment in the first 10 days permits a reasoned decision to be made whether to operate or not on any particular patient.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of orbital blow-out fractures with and without surgery. The patients having orbital repair for a blow-out fracture, 6 months or longer after injury, had a high incidence of enophthalmos (72%). This compares badly with 17% in the non-surgical group and 20% of those who had surgery within 14 days of trauma. The residual enophthalmos was minimal in the latter two groups, but could measure 2 or 3 mm in the late surgery group. 40% of the late surgery group also needed additional orbital or muscle surgery and the fields of binocular single vision achieved were only moderately good. The good results achieved without surgery do not, of course, mean that patients with blow-out fractures do equally well regardless of surgical treatment. This study has shown that careful clinical and radiological assessment in the first 10 days permits a reasoned decision to be made whether to operate or not on any particular patient.", "PMID": 1177910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6404", "title": "Reconstruction of the orbital roof by acrylic prosthesis.", "content": "Presentation of two cases of open orbital roof fracture with destruction of all the orbital roof extending from the fronto-maxillo region to the spina orbitalis. After a first emergency neurosurgical treatment, a cast of the excised soiled bone fragment was taken and identical replica was made from methylmethacrylate. In a second surgical procedure, the resine mould was set in place by endocranicl approach, and was fastened firmly to the surrounding bone with wire sutures. In such types of defects cranioplasty and orbitoplasty are mandatory.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the orbital roof by acrylic prosthesis. Presentation of two cases of open orbital roof fracture with destruction of all the orbital roof extending from the fronto-maxillo region to the spina orbitalis. After a first emergency neurosurgical treatment, a cast of the excised soiled bone fragment was taken and identical replica was made from methylmethacrylate. In a second surgical procedure, the resine mould was set in place by endocranicl approach, and was fastened firmly to the surrounding bone with wire sutures. In such types of defects cranioplasty and orbitoplasty are mandatory.", "PMID": 1177917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6405", "title": "Orbital roof fractures.", "content": "This paper is based on experience with 28 orbital roof fractures in 23 patients treated over a period of 2 years. The symptomatology and treatment of the rim, the linear and the comminuted orbital roof fractures are given. Our conclusion is that with adequate treatment, the permanent sequelae can be limited.", "contents": "Orbital roof fractures. This paper is based on experience with 28 orbital roof fractures in 23 patients treated over a period of 2 years. The symptomatology and treatment of the rim, the linear and the comminuted orbital roof fractures are given. Our conclusion is that with adequate treatment, the permanent sequelae can be limited.", "PMID": 1177918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6406", "title": "Fractures of the middle third of the face.", "content": "Middle third fractures have increased in number over the past two decades. Since different disciplines take an interest in their management different names are often given to identical fractures. We classify the fracture types, and their treatment is briefly discussed. Results of treatment of about 500 patients with middle third facial fractures are presented. Part of the fracture involved one or both orbits. A comparison with recent literature was made. Early diagnosis and treatment is essential. Insertion of an implant on the orbital floor through an infraorbital incision can be omitted in fresh fractures. This procedure is rarely indicated except in some old untreated fractures.", "contents": "Fractures of the middle third of the face. Middle third fractures have increased in number over the past two decades. Since different disciplines take an interest in their management different names are often given to identical fractures. We classify the fracture types, and their treatment is briefly discussed. Results of treatment of about 500 patients with middle third facial fractures are presented. Part of the fracture involved one or both orbits. A comparison with recent literature was made. Early diagnosis and treatment is essential. Insertion of an implant on the orbital floor through an infraorbital incision can be omitted in fresh fractures. This procedure is rarely indicated except in some old untreated fractures.", "PMID": 1177919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6407", "title": "Clinical, surgical and pathological considerations on a series of 74 operated tumours of the orbit.", "content": "A survey is given of 74 orbital tumours that were operated during the past 10 years and that gave indications to operate (exophthalmia, tenderness, diplopia, loss of vision). The value of the modern clinical investigation like arteriography, pneumotomography, phlebography, echography and scintigraphy is discussed. The location of the tumour is the deciding factor whether to choose the neurosurgical approach, orbitotomy, or even exenteration. The high proportion (14%) of inflammatory pseudo-tumours in the orbit is remarkable.", "contents": "Clinical, surgical and pathological considerations on a series of 74 operated tumours of the orbit. A survey is given of 74 orbital tumours that were operated during the past 10 years and that gave indications to operate (exophthalmia, tenderness, diplopia, loss of vision). The value of the modern clinical investigation like arteriography, pneumotomography, phlebography, echography and scintigraphy is discussed. The location of the tumour is the deciding factor whether to choose the neurosurgical approach, orbitotomy, or even exenteration. The high proportion (14%) of inflammatory pseudo-tumours in the orbit is remarkable.", "PMID": 1177920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6408", "title": "Orbital corrections with the use of alloplastic material.", "content": "After a severe trauma of the face, e.g. fractures involving the zygoma, the upper jaw or other orbital bone alteraions and deviations of the bony orbital contours and also of the orbital contents can subsist, even after primary operative correction. The patients have functional as well as cosmetic complaints. In consequence of eyeball dislocation and incarceration or fibrosis of the external eye muscles, the patients also complain of diplopia in one or more directions. Due to the bony orbit enlargement and reduction of the orbtial contents, the eye is moved inferiorly and backwards, also causing diplopia, ptosis and a deep sulcus of the upper lid. The treatment consists in closing and sufficient raising of the orbital floor correction of the enophthalmos. To cover the floor fracture, we apply 1-8 perforated Teflon implants which are placed under the periost of the orbital floor. To correct the enophthalmos, we use 30-50 Teflon beads with a diameter of 5 mm, and placed them in a sub-periorbital pocket laterally above and behind the eyeball, thus ensuring that the eye will be forced forwards in the cone-shaped orbit and so diminish or eliminate the enophthalmos. The operation is performed in close cooperation between an ophthalmologist and a plastic surgeon. Most of our cases also needed operative muscle correction. Although not all deviations could be totally corrected, we always achieved a clear improvement, and all 36 patients obtained a useful field of binocular single view. Until now we have had no implant infections or rejections. We should like to consider that this method of correction will have its own place in the treatment of orbital deformities.", "contents": "Orbital corrections with the use of alloplastic material. After a severe trauma of the face, e.g. fractures involving the zygoma, the upper jaw or other orbital bone alteraions and deviations of the bony orbital contours and also of the orbital contents can subsist, even after primary operative correction. The patients have functional as well as cosmetic complaints. In consequence of eyeball dislocation and incarceration or fibrosis of the external eye muscles, the patients also complain of diplopia in one or more directions. Due to the bony orbit enlargement and reduction of the orbtial contents, the eye is moved inferiorly and backwards, also causing diplopia, ptosis and a deep sulcus of the upper lid. The treatment consists in closing and sufficient raising of the orbital floor correction of the enophthalmos. To cover the floor fracture, we apply 1-8 perforated Teflon implants which are placed under the periost of the orbital floor. To correct the enophthalmos, we use 30-50 Teflon beads with a diameter of 5 mm, and placed them in a sub-periorbital pocket laterally above and behind the eyeball, thus ensuring that the eye will be forced forwards in the cone-shaped orbit and so diminish or eliminate the enophthalmos. The operation is performed in close cooperation between an ophthalmologist and a plastic surgeon. Most of our cases also needed operative muscle correction. Although not all deviations could be totally corrected, we always achieved a clear improvement, and all 36 patients obtained a useful field of binocular single view. Until now we have had no implant infections or rejections. We should like to consider that this method of correction will have its own place in the treatment of orbital deformities.", "PMID": 1177936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6409", "title": "Orbital venography of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome.", "content": "A case of hemangioma involving the orbit and jaw associated with thrombocytopenia in a 1-month-old boy was reported. To our knowledge, this combination of two hemangiomas has never been reported. By utilizing venography we could diagnose the mass as being a hemangioma. Radiotherapy was successful giving 500 rad to the mass on the right jaw. At follow-up after 2 months, the platelet count had returned to the normal range and the hemangiomas were noted to have regressed dramatically.", "contents": "Orbital venography of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. A case of hemangioma involving the orbit and jaw associated with thrombocytopenia in a 1-month-old boy was reported. To our knowledge, this combination of two hemangiomas has never been reported. By utilizing venography we could diagnose the mass as being a hemangioma. Radiotherapy was successful giving 500 rad to the mass on the right jaw. At follow-up after 2 months, the platelet count had returned to the normal range and the hemangiomas were noted to have regressed dramatically.", "PMID": 1177937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6410", "title": "A genetic study of plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase in affective disorder.", "content": "Plasma DBH activity was studied in patients with affective illness (unipolar or bipolar) and in their families. We found diagnosis, mood state or lithium treatment did not modify plasma DBH activity. In family studies we found same-sex siblings to show significant correlations for plasma DBH activity regardless of diagnosis. Monozygotic twins had almost identical DBH activities; 4 pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for affective illness were concordant for DHB activity. The heritability estimate for plasma DBH activity is greater than 0.90, indicating a strong genetic influence. These studies reveal that affective illness does not modify plasma DBH activity and that familial factors play an important role in controlling plasma DBH activity.", "contents": "A genetic study of plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase in affective disorder. Plasma DBH activity was studied in patients with affective illness (unipolar or bipolar) and in their families. We found diagnosis, mood state or lithium treatment did not modify plasma DBH activity. In family studies we found same-sex siblings to show significant correlations for plasma DBH activity regardless of diagnosis. Monozygotic twins had almost identical DBH activities; 4 pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for affective illness were concordant for DHB activity. The heritability estimate for plasma DBH activity is greater than 0.90, indicating a strong genetic influence. These studies reveal that affective illness does not modify plasma DBH activity and that familial factors play an important role in controlling plasma DBH activity.", "PMID": 1177948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6411", "title": "[In vitro tests as a tool for examination of the thyroid function in childhood and newborn stage (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentration of hormone iodine, total thyroxine and the T3-test were determined in children from the newborn-period until school-age. Hormone iodine and total thyroxine increased markedly from day 1 to 6 of life and decreased after day 21. This decrease continued until preschool-age. The T3-value was highest in the newborns and showed no significant changes during the following ages. The higher blood levels of thyroid hormone in infants during the neonate period have to be taken into account when distinguishing between hypo- and hyperthyroid patients.", "contents": "[In vitro tests as a tool for examination of the thyroid function in childhood and newborn stage (author's transl)]. The concentration of hormone iodine, total thyroxine and the T3-test were determined in children from the newborn-period until school-age. Hormone iodine and total thyroxine increased markedly from day 1 to 6 of life and decreased after day 21. This decrease continued until preschool-age. The T3-value was highest in the newborns and showed no significant changes during the following ages. The higher blood levels of thyroid hormone in infants during the neonate period have to be taken into account when distinguishing between hypo- and hyperthyroid patients.", "PMID": 1177949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6412", "title": "[Continuous negative pressure (cnp) in infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (irds) (author's transl)].", "content": "13 unselected premature infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) have been treated with continuous negative pressure (CNP). A chamber was applied to the infants' body, so that the head remained outside in normal atmospheric pressure. 4 infants died during the period of treatment. 6 out of 13 differently treated IRDS-infants died over the same 6 months period. In comparison 18 out of 27 infants with IRDS died the previous year, during the same period. The frequency of IRDS in both observation periods was the same, as was the therapy of acidosis and hypoxia. The infants responded to CNP with decreased respiratory frequency, lessening of \"grunting\" and return of a pink skin color. Pathological examination of 3 out of 4 deceased infants in the study group revealed both atelectases and some degree of interstitial emphysema and widened capillaries. No intravascular hyaline thrombi were seen. The remaining infant died with clinical signs of coagulopathy (no autopsy). Of the 9 surviving infants in the study group one developed a hydrocephalus and subsequent mild psychomotor developmental retardation. We conclude that the CNP therapy in the chamber is an asset to the treatment of early and medium-severe cases of IRDS. We believe, that early application might prevent development of severe IRDS. The method is not recommended for severe cases.", "contents": "[Continuous negative pressure (cnp) in infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (irds) (author's transl)]. 13 unselected premature infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) have been treated with continuous negative pressure (CNP). A chamber was applied to the infants' body, so that the head remained outside in normal atmospheric pressure. 4 infants died during the period of treatment. 6 out of 13 differently treated IRDS-infants died over the same 6 months period. In comparison 18 out of 27 infants with IRDS died the previous year, during the same period. The frequency of IRDS in both observation periods was the same, as was the therapy of acidosis and hypoxia. The infants responded to CNP with decreased respiratory frequency, lessening of \"grunting\" and return of a pink skin color. Pathological examination of 3 out of 4 deceased infants in the study group revealed both atelectases and some degree of interstitial emphysema and widened capillaries. No intravascular hyaline thrombi were seen. The remaining infant died with clinical signs of coagulopathy (no autopsy). Of the 9 surviving infants in the study group one developed a hydrocephalus and subsequent mild psychomotor developmental retardation. We conclude that the CNP therapy in the chamber is an asset to the treatment of early and medium-severe cases of IRDS. We believe, that early application might prevent development of severe IRDS. The method is not recommended for severe cases.", "PMID": 1177950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6413", "title": "[Neonatal information system II: computer-adapted examination form for the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "For the documentation of the neonatal status we use computer-adapted optic mark reader forms since 1972. All important symptoms and signs are scheduled on two sheets and are assigned by pencil marking. The forms can be read automatically and are suitable for data processing. A copy remains in the patients clinical file and can be used like a conventionally written status. The mark reader forms improved singificantly our knowledge about the newborn's status. The problems of introducing the new documentation into the hospital routine are reported.", "contents": "[Neonatal information system II: computer-adapted examination form for the newborn (author's transl)]. For the documentation of the neonatal status we use computer-adapted optic mark reader forms since 1972. All important symptoms and signs are scheduled on two sheets and are assigned by pencil marking. The forms can be read automatically and are suitable for data processing. A copy remains in the patients clinical file and can be used like a conventionally written status. The mark reader forms improved singificantly our knowledge about the newborn's status. The problems of introducing the new documentation into the hospital routine are reported.", "PMID": 1177951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6414", "title": "[Everyday problems of the treatments of flat feet in children (author's transl)].", "content": "There are different opinions concerning pathology and treatment of the flat foot in children in the literature as well as in practice. The practical problems of treatments are discussed. The mechanism of arch support of the foot is also touched. The authors discuss the problematic questions of treatment with reference to the literature and their own practical experience.", "contents": "[Everyday problems of the treatments of flat feet in children (author's transl)]. There are different opinions concerning pathology and treatment of the flat foot in children in the literature as well as in practice. The practical problems of treatments are discussed. The mechanism of arch support of the foot is also touched. The authors discuss the problematic questions of treatment with reference to the literature and their own practical experience.", "PMID": 1177952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6415", "title": "[Ambulatory management of the diabetic child (author's transl)].", "content": "A practical method of ambulatory management of childhood diabetes is described. The patient and his parents must realize that diabetes is a chronic disease which needs lifelong management. Adequate instruction should include the following principles of management and control: urine testing, diabetic diet, administration of insulin, intensive motor activity, recognition and treatment of hypoglycemic episodes. Hospitalisation of diabetic children should be avoided as much as possible. A proper ambulatory management of diabetic children ensures normal growth and development, that differs in no way from that of nondiabetic children.", "contents": "[Ambulatory management of the diabetic child (author's transl)]. A practical method of ambulatory management of childhood diabetes is described. The patient and his parents must realize that diabetes is a chronic disease which needs lifelong management. Adequate instruction should include the following principles of management and control: urine testing, diabetic diet, administration of insulin, intensive motor activity, recognition and treatment of hypoglycemic episodes. Hospitalisation of diabetic children should be avoided as much as possible. A proper ambulatory management of diabetic children ensures normal growth and development, that differs in no way from that of nondiabetic children.", "PMID": 1177953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6416", "title": "[Isolated peroneal nerve palsy in a newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a case report of a newborn infant with an isolated complet paresis of the peroneal nerve, diagnosed shortly after birth. The etiology of this quite rare observation in a newborn is discussed and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "[Isolated peroneal nerve palsy in a newborn (author's transl)]. This is a case report of a newborn infant with an isolated complet paresis of the peroneal nerve, diagnosed shortly after birth. The etiology of this quite rare observation in a newborn is discussed and the literature reviewed.", "PMID": 1177954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6417", "title": "The induction by X-rays of chromosome aberrations in male Guinea-pigs, rabbits and golden hamsters. III. Dose-response relationship after single doses of X-rays to spermatogonia.", "content": "The induction by X-rays of translocations in spermatogonia was studied by cytological means in spermatocytes derived from them. In the rabbit and guinea-pig hump shaped dose-response curves were obtained, with a linear relationship at the low doses. The shapes of the curves were similar to those reported for the mouse, except that the maximum occurred at 600-700 rad in the mouse as opposed to 300 rad in the guinea-pig and rabbit. Unlike the guinea-pig and rabbit, the golden hamster showed a hump dose-response curve without a definite peak value and with little decrease in yield at high radiation doses. Over the low dose range 100-300 rad, the slopes of the curves of translocation yield were in the order:mouse (highest), rabbit, guinea-pig and hamster. Data on sterile periods suggested that the amount of spermatogonial killing in the rabbit and guinea-pig was as great or greater than in the mouse, and that in the golden hamster it was most severe. It is suggested that the differing shapes of the dose-response curves can be explained by a lower sensitivity to translocation induction in the test species and, also especially in the golden hamster, a greater sensitivity to cell killing. The possibility of extrapolating from these data to other species is discussed.", "contents": "The induction by X-rays of chromosome aberrations in male Guinea-pigs, rabbits and golden hamsters. III. Dose-response relationship after single doses of X-rays to spermatogonia. The induction by X-rays of translocations in spermatogonia was studied by cytological means in spermatocytes derived from them. In the rabbit and guinea-pig hump shaped dose-response curves were obtained, with a linear relationship at the low doses. The shapes of the curves were similar to those reported for the mouse, except that the maximum occurred at 600-700 rad in the mouse as opposed to 300 rad in the guinea-pig and rabbit. Unlike the guinea-pig and rabbit, the golden hamster showed a hump dose-response curve without a definite peak value and with little decrease in yield at high radiation doses. Over the low dose range 100-300 rad, the slopes of the curves of translocation yield were in the order:mouse (highest), rabbit, guinea-pig and hamster. Data on sterile periods suggested that the amount of spermatogonial killing in the rabbit and guinea-pig was as great or greater than in the mouse, and that in the golden hamster it was most severe. It is suggested that the differing shapes of the dose-response curves can be explained by a lower sensitivity to translocation induction in the test species and, also especially in the golden hamster, a greater sensitivity to cell killing. The possibility of extrapolating from these data to other species is discussed.", "PMID": 1177955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6418", "title": "Cytogenetic analysis of X-ray-induced chromosome aberrations in spontaneously leukaemic AKR mice.", "content": "The increased frequency of numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations in spontaneously leukaemic AKR mice, compared with the values of healthy control CBA/H-T6T6 mice, induced by X-irradiation, migh be connected with the predisposition to malignant growth, probably indirectly helping the virus activation, or acting together with the immune deficiency, by creating a weaker system that is more sensitive to carcinogenic agents.", "contents": "Cytogenetic analysis of X-ray-induced chromosome aberrations in spontaneously leukaemic AKR mice. The increased frequency of numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations in spontaneously leukaemic AKR mice, compared with the values of healthy control CBA/H-T6T6 mice, induced by X-irradiation, migh be connected with the predisposition to malignant growth, probably indirectly helping the virus activation, or acting together with the immune deficiency, by creating a weaker system that is more sensitive to carcinogenic agents.", "PMID": 1177956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6419", "title": "A comparison of chromosomal radiosensitivities of somatic cells of mouse and man.", "content": "A cell culture technique for quantitative analysis of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in somatic cells has been developed and used for the comparison of chromosomal sensitivity of skin cells of mouse and man to 60Co-gamma-rays. This includes culture of irradiated tissues or cells in culture in arginine and isoleucine-deficient medium and subsequent refeeding with complete medium (CM). With this technique, radiation-induced chromosome aberrations can be analyzed selectively in the cells exposed in G1 phase and recovered at their first post-irradiation mitosis. When tested on the human embryonic cells, the dicentric yield was essentially the same whether they were skin cells irradiated in silu or cultured cells at various in vitro passages irradiated in vitro. In contrast, when studied in the skin cells irradiated in silu, mouse embryos and newborns were insensitive to the induction of dicentrics. In young mice on day II however, the sensitivity was at a level comparable to that in human embryonic cells and it was intermediate on day 4. Such embryonic insensitivity of the mouse cells was rapidly lost during serial transfer in vitro; and, when tested at 4th or later subculture generations, mouse and human cells were equally sensitive to the induction of dicentrics. These results suggest that the chromosomal radiosensitivity is essentially the same for mouse and human cells but can be modified by some biological factors, possibly DNA repair mechanisms, which differ between species as well as among the states of differentiation of particular cell types. Special attention was paid to the parellelism between the age-dependent changes in the chromosomal, mutational and carcinogenic radiosensitivities in the mouse. If this parallelism can be carried over to man, human pre-natal irradiation will not present any reduced genetic hazards.", "contents": "A comparison of chromosomal radiosensitivities of somatic cells of mouse and man. A cell culture technique for quantitative analysis of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in somatic cells has been developed and used for the comparison of chromosomal sensitivity of skin cells of mouse and man to 60Co-gamma-rays. This includes culture of irradiated tissues or cells in culture in arginine and isoleucine-deficient medium and subsequent refeeding with complete medium (CM). With this technique, radiation-induced chromosome aberrations can be analyzed selectively in the cells exposed in G1 phase and recovered at their first post-irradiation mitosis. When tested on the human embryonic cells, the dicentric yield was essentially the same whether they were skin cells irradiated in silu or cultured cells at various in vitro passages irradiated in vitro. In contrast, when studied in the skin cells irradiated in silu, mouse embryos and newborns were insensitive to the induction of dicentrics. In young mice on day II however, the sensitivity was at a level comparable to that in human embryonic cells and it was intermediate on day 4. Such embryonic insensitivity of the mouse cells was rapidly lost during serial transfer in vitro; and, when tested at 4th or later subculture generations, mouse and human cells were equally sensitive to the induction of dicentrics. These results suggest that the chromosomal radiosensitivity is essentially the same for mouse and human cells but can be modified by some biological factors, possibly DNA repair mechanisms, which differ between species as well as among the states of differentiation of particular cell types. Special attention was paid to the parellelism between the age-dependent changes in the chromosomal, mutational and carcinogenic radiosensitivities in the mouse. If this parallelism can be carried over to man, human pre-natal irradiation will not present any reduced genetic hazards.", "PMID": 1177957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6420", "title": "Factors affecting the quantitation of dose-response curves for mutation induction in V79 Chinese hamster cells after exposure to chemical and physical mutagens.", "content": "Using four common mutagens, ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS), methyl methanesulphonate (mms), uv, and X-irradiation, the relationship between dose of mutagen, cellular lethality and frequency of 8-azaguanine resistant colonies in V79 Chinese hamster cells has been examined. Several factors affecting the recovery of mutants including inter and intra-clone metabolic co-operation have been quantitated and their influence on survival response curves examined. Induced mutant frequencies were assayed by two methods in situ, and after replating. After exposure to X-rays, MMS and UV a significantly higher frequency of mutants was observed in replated experiments as compared with the in situ situation, at all survival levels assayed. With EMS, an increment on replating was observed only at high survival levels. The replating data suggest that two types of azgr colonies are produced, i.e. those which contain only azgr cells and those which, due to damage segregation, contain a mixture of azgr and azg8 cells. These mixed colonies appear to be lost by metabolic co-operation when mutation frequencies are assayed in silu. The proportion of mixed to homogeneous colonies differs with different mutagens. Taking into account such factors, EMS and UV irradiation were similarly mutagenic at a given survival level, but at equitoxic doses, fewer mutants were recovered after exposure of V79 cells to MMS and X-rays.", "contents": "Factors affecting the quantitation of dose-response curves for mutation induction in V79 Chinese hamster cells after exposure to chemical and physical mutagens. Using four common mutagens, ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS), methyl methanesulphonate (mms), uv, and X-irradiation, the relationship between dose of mutagen, cellular lethality and frequency of 8-azaguanine resistant colonies in V79 Chinese hamster cells has been examined. Several factors affecting the recovery of mutants including inter and intra-clone metabolic co-operation have been quantitated and their influence on survival response curves examined. Induced mutant frequencies were assayed by two methods in situ, and after replating. After exposure to X-rays, MMS and UV a significantly higher frequency of mutants was observed in replated experiments as compared with the in situ situation, at all survival levels assayed. With EMS, an increment on replating was observed only at high survival levels. The replating data suggest that two types of azgr colonies are produced, i.e. those which contain only azgr cells and those which, due to damage segregation, contain a mixture of azgr and azg8 cells. These mixed colonies appear to be lost by metabolic co-operation when mutation frequencies are assayed in silu. The proportion of mixed to homogeneous colonies differs with different mutagens. Taking into account such factors, EMS and UV irradiation were similarly mutagenic at a given survival level, but at equitoxic doses, fewer mutants were recovered after exposure of V79 cells to MMS and X-rays.", "PMID": 1177958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6421", "title": "The measurement of chemically-induced DNA repair synthesis in human cells by BND-cellulose chromatography.", "content": "Repair synthesis in human cells in tissue culture can be readily separated from semi-conservative DNA synthesis with the aid of a benzoylated naphthoylated DEAE cellulose (BND-cellulose) column. Cells are incubated with a radioactive DNA precursor during treatment with a repair-inducing agent. An inhibitor of semi-conservative DNA synthesis (hydroxyurea) is added to slow the progression of the DNA growing point. The cells are lysed and after treatment with ribonuclease and pronase the lysates are sheared and passed through a BND-cellulose column. Native DNA is eluted with I M NaCl. Any increase in radioactivity in the native DNA is due to repair synthesis and the specific repair activity (nucleotides inserted per mug of DNA) can be determined from radioactivity and absorbancy measurements. Repair can also be measured in the region of the DNA growing point by fractionation of the material eluted from BND-cellulose with 50% formamide. Repair was not detected in N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAAF)-treated lymphoblasts derived from an individual with xeroderma pigmentosum although methyl methanesulfonate (MMS)-induced repair was observed in these cells.", "contents": "The measurement of chemically-induced DNA repair synthesis in human cells by BND-cellulose chromatography. Repair synthesis in human cells in tissue culture can be readily separated from semi-conservative DNA synthesis with the aid of a benzoylated naphthoylated DEAE cellulose (BND-cellulose) column. Cells are incubated with a radioactive DNA precursor during treatment with a repair-inducing agent. An inhibitor of semi-conservative DNA synthesis (hydroxyurea) is added to slow the progression of the DNA growing point. The cells are lysed and after treatment with ribonuclease and pronase the lysates are sheared and passed through a BND-cellulose column. Native DNA is eluted with I M NaCl. Any increase in radioactivity in the native DNA is due to repair synthesis and the specific repair activity (nucleotides inserted per mug of DNA) can be determined from radioactivity and absorbancy measurements. Repair can also be measured in the region of the DNA growing point by fractionation of the material eluted from BND-cellulose with 50% formamide. Repair was not detected in N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAAF)-treated lymphoblasts derived from an individual with xeroderma pigmentosum although methyl methanesulfonate (MMS)-induced repair was observed in these cells.", "PMID": 1177959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6422", "title": "The induction by X-rays of chromosome aberrations in male Guinea-pigs and golden hamsters. IV. Dose response for spermatogonia treated with fractionated doses.", "content": "The effect of dose fractionation on the induction of translocations by 400 and 600 rad X-rays in spermatogonia of guinea-pigs and hamsters was investigated cytologically. Three types of fractionation were used, dividing the dose into (a) two equal fractions 24 h apart, (b) two equal fractions 8 weeks apart, and (c) eight or twelve equal fractions of 50 rad, at intervals of one week. The two species responded similarly throughout, but gave lower translocation yields than the mouse. The effects of the first and third types of fractionation were similar to those described previously in the mouse, and suggested that a first radiation dose modifies the spermatogonial population so that its sensitivity to a dose 24 h later is altered, and that repeated radiation doses result in development of resistance to translocation induction. After 8-week fractionation the results suggested that in guinea-pigs and hamsters the spermatogonial population had not returned to normal by 8 weeks after the first dose, whereas in the mouse normal sensitivity had returned by this time. The results, reported previously, of single doses of X-rays suggest that the spermatogonial population consists of fractionated doses in the mouse suggest that the sensitive and resistant types represent different phases of the same cell type rather than two distinct types of cell. In the guinea-pig and hamster this question remains open.", "contents": "The induction by X-rays of chromosome aberrations in male Guinea-pigs and golden hamsters. IV. Dose response for spermatogonia treated with fractionated doses. The effect of dose fractionation on the induction of translocations by 400 and 600 rad X-rays in spermatogonia of guinea-pigs and hamsters was investigated cytologically. Three types of fractionation were used, dividing the dose into (a) two equal fractions 24 h apart, (b) two equal fractions 8 weeks apart, and (c) eight or twelve equal fractions of 50 rad, at intervals of one week. The two species responded similarly throughout, but gave lower translocation yields than the mouse. The effects of the first and third types of fractionation were similar to those described previously in the mouse, and suggested that a first radiation dose modifies the spermatogonial population so that its sensitivity to a dose 24 h later is altered, and that repeated radiation doses result in development of resistance to translocation induction. After 8-week fractionation the results suggested that in guinea-pigs and hamsters the spermatogonial population had not returned to normal by 8 weeks after the first dose, whereas in the mouse normal sensitivity had returned by this time. The results, reported previously, of single doses of X-rays suggest that the spermatogonial population consists of fractionated doses in the mouse suggest that the sensitive and resistant types represent different phases of the same cell type rather than two distinct types of cell. In the guinea-pig and hamster this question remains open.", "PMID": 1177960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6423", "title": "A possible population monitoring system on environmental mutagens: statistical studies on retinoblastoma in Japan.", "content": "Because an increasing number of environmental mutagens have been detected by laboratory screening, the need to monitor human populations directly for mutational risk has been emphasized by many geneticists. They have proposed various monitoring systems but none of them has been practically applied because a large number of samples would need to be studied systematically in such systems. Recent studies by KNUDSON on some malignant tumors give hope that these diseases might be used to assess somatic mutation rates, as suggested by SUTTON (1972). According to KNUDSON, the age of first diagnosis of the diseases may be related to the annual somatic mutation rate. The ages of first diagnosis of unilateral and bilateral retinoblastomas have been compared among four university hospitals in Japan for cases since 1965. Three different types of analysis have been tried: (1) normal distribution; (2) KNUDSON's method; and (3) a modification of VERSCHUER's method for calculating penetration. The age at diagnosis of unilateral cases has fallen in the past ten years. A significant difference in the age of first diagnosis in bilateral retinoblastoma has been found in a hospital in Japan. The changes observed may result from the increased rate of somatic mutations induced by some environmental mutagens.", "contents": "A possible population monitoring system on environmental mutagens: statistical studies on retinoblastoma in Japan. Because an increasing number of environmental mutagens have been detected by laboratory screening, the need to monitor human populations directly for mutational risk has been emphasized by many geneticists. They have proposed various monitoring systems but none of them has been practically applied because a large number of samples would need to be studied systematically in such systems. Recent studies by KNUDSON on some malignant tumors give hope that these diseases might be used to assess somatic mutation rates, as suggested by SUTTON (1972). According to KNUDSON, the age of first diagnosis of the diseases may be related to the annual somatic mutation rate. The ages of first diagnosis of unilateral and bilateral retinoblastomas have been compared among four university hospitals in Japan for cases since 1965. Three different types of analysis have been tried: (1) normal distribution; (2) KNUDSON's method; and (3) a modification of VERSCHUER's method for calculating penetration. The age at diagnosis of unilateral cases has fallen in the past ten years. A significant difference in the age of first diagnosis in bilateral retinoblastoma has been found in a hospital in Japan. The changes observed may result from the increased rate of somatic mutations induced by some environmental mutagens.", "PMID": 1177961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6424", "title": "Cycloheximide resistance in Chinese hamster cells. II. Induction of Chm resistance in Chinese hamster cells by N-nitrosomethylurea.", "content": "Mutant Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells with a resistance to 7-10(-7) and 8-10(-7) M cycloheximide (CHM) were induced at mutation rates of 1.9-5.2-10(-3) and 1.6-1.8-10(-3) respectively after treatment with N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU) at 100 mug/ml. The induced mutation rates differed by two orders of magnitude from the spontaneous rate of mutation to CHM resistance.", "contents": "Cycloheximide resistance in Chinese hamster cells. II. Induction of Chm resistance in Chinese hamster cells by N-nitrosomethylurea. Mutant Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells with a resistance to 7-10(-7) and 8-10(-7) M cycloheximide (CHM) were induced at mutation rates of 1.9-5.2-10(-3) and 1.6-1.8-10(-3) respectively after treatment with N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU) at 100 mug/ml. The induced mutation rates differed by two orders of magnitude from the spontaneous rate of mutation to CHM resistance.", "PMID": 1177963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6425", "title": "Cytogenetics of fetal wastage.", "content": "A consecutive series of 50 couples with a histroy of fetal wastage were studied cytogenetically with current banding technics. Fetal wastage was defined as occurring in couples who had more than two early abortions, stillbirth(s) or livebirths(s) or both of infants with multiple congenital anomalies. Three women were found to be balanced reciprocal translocation carriers; all translocations were not detectable by the conventional method but were demonstrable by current banding technics. In addition to the translocation carriers, one woman was found to be a mosaic for 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX. Four of the parents showed increased mitotic instability or chromosome breakage and rearrangement, or both. Parental chromosome abnormalities may therefore account for fetal wastage in between 6 and 16 per cent (or about one in 10) of couples having such a history. Such couples, if identified, can potentially benefit by prenatal monitoring of future pregnancies.", "contents": "Cytogenetics of fetal wastage. A consecutive series of 50 couples with a histroy of fetal wastage were studied cytogenetically with current banding technics. Fetal wastage was defined as occurring in couples who had more than two early abortions, stillbirth(s) or livebirths(s) or both of infants with multiple congenital anomalies. Three women were found to be balanced reciprocal translocation carriers; all translocations were not detectable by the conventional method but were demonstrable by current banding technics. In addition to the translocation carriers, one woman was found to be a mosaic for 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX. Four of the parents showed increased mitotic instability or chromosome breakage and rearrangement, or both. Parental chromosome abnormalities may therefore account for fetal wastage in between 6 and 16 per cent (or about one in 10) of couples having such a history. Such couples, if identified, can potentially benefit by prenatal monitoring of future pregnancies.", "PMID": 1177974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6426", "title": "Artificial insemination with fresh donor semen.", "content": "A total of 141 patients received donor insemination during a 21/2-year period. Pregnancy was achieved by 57 per cent of these patients. When patients who were inseminated for less than three cycles are excluded, the pregnancy rate is 77 per cent. The mean conception time was three treatment cycles. In 69 pregnancies, the occurrence of abortion was that of the general population, and an increased male-to-female ratio was observed in the 36 live-born infants. Questionnaires sent to all couples and returned by 81 per cent indicated that donor insemination was not emotionally harmful to their marriage. Heterologous insemination is a safe, effective therapeutic alternative to adoption for selected couples.", "contents": "Artificial insemination with fresh donor semen. A total of 141 patients received donor insemination during a 21/2-year period. Pregnancy was achieved by 57 per cent of these patients. When patients who were inseminated for less than three cycles are excluded, the pregnancy rate is 77 per cent. The mean conception time was three treatment cycles. In 69 pregnancies, the occurrence of abortion was that of the general population, and an increased male-to-female ratio was observed in the 36 live-born infants. Questionnaires sent to all couples and returned by 81 per cent indicated that donor insemination was not emotionally harmful to their marriage. Heterologous insemination is a safe, effective therapeutic alternative to adoption for selected couples.", "PMID": 1177975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6427", "title": "Pascal's wager and the hanging of crepe.", "content": "Hanging of crepe refers to one type of strategy employed by physicians in communicating prognoses to families of critically ill patients. This approach offers the bleakest, most pessimistic prediction of the patient's outcome, presumably in an effort to lessen the family's suffering if the patient dies of his illness. Certain similarities exist between this technic and that used by Pascal, the 17th-century philosopher, in formulating his wager on the belief in God, in that both attempt to develop \"no-lose\" strategies, in which chances for \"winning\" are maximized. A detailed analysis of these strategies indicates that neither is truly \"no-lose,\" and that both contain inherent disadvantages. Prognostication, an alternative approach to physician-family communication, appears to be strategically and morally superior to the hanging-of-crepe strategy.", "contents": "Pascal's wager and the hanging of crepe. Hanging of crepe refers to one type of strategy employed by physicians in communicating prognoses to families of critically ill patients. This approach offers the bleakest, most pessimistic prediction of the patient's outcome, presumably in an effort to lessen the family's suffering if the patient dies of his illness. Certain similarities exist between this technic and that used by Pascal, the 17th-century philosopher, in formulating his wager on the belief in God, in that both attempt to develop \"no-lose\" strategies, in which chances for \"winning\" are maximized. A detailed analysis of these strategies indicates that neither is truly \"no-lose,\" and that both contain inherent disadvantages. Prognostication, an alternative approach to physician-family communication, appears to be strategically and morally superior to the hanging-of-crepe strategy.", "PMID": 1177976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6428", "title": "Cyproheptadine-induced remission of Cushing's disease.", "content": "Experimental evidence suggests a central-nervous-system origin of Cushing's disease and a role for serotonin in the regulation of ACTH release. The efficacy of cyproheptadine therapy, therefore, was studied in three patients with such disease. Administration of 24 mg daily over a period of three to six months was associated with prompt and sustained clinical and laboratory remission. Lessening of the physical manifestations of hypercorticism occurred, together with marked improvement in muscular weakness. Urinary corticosteroid excretion and cortisol secretory rate returned to normal. The urinary corticosteroid response to dexamethasone (2 mg per day) became normal; a paradoxical increase followed 8 mg per day. Abnormal circadian periodicity of plasma cortisol concentrations persisted. Return of normal amounts of Stage III to IV sleep occurred in the one patient so studied, who previously had markedly decreased periods of these stages. Discontinuance of therapy in one patient was associated with return of laboratory evidence of hypercorticism.", "contents": "Cyproheptadine-induced remission of Cushing's disease. Experimental evidence suggests a central-nervous-system origin of Cushing's disease and a role for serotonin in the regulation of ACTH release. The efficacy of cyproheptadine therapy, therefore, was studied in three patients with such disease. Administration of 24 mg daily over a period of three to six months was associated with prompt and sustained clinical and laboratory remission. Lessening of the physical manifestations of hypercorticism occurred, together with marked improvement in muscular weakness. Urinary corticosteroid excretion and cortisol secretory rate returned to normal. The urinary corticosteroid response to dexamethasone (2 mg per day) became normal; a paradoxical increase followed 8 mg per day. Abnormal circadian periodicity of plasma cortisol concentrations persisted. Return of normal amounts of Stage III to IV sleep occurred in the one patient so studied, who previously had markedly decreased periods of these stages. Discontinuance of therapy in one patient was associated with return of laboratory evidence of hypercorticism.", "PMID": 1177986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6429", "title": "Gastric acid secretion and lower-esophageal-sphincter pressure in response to coffee and caffeine.", "content": "Caffeine stimulates gastric acid secretion and reduces the competence of the lower esophageal sphincter in man. These effects of caffeine have been used as evidence that regular coffee should not be used by patients with peptic-ulcer disease or gastroesophageal reflux. We compared the dose-response relations of caffeine, regular coffee and decaffeinated coffee for gastric acid secretion and sphincter pressure in normal subjects. Decaffeinated coffee gave a maximal acid response of 16.5 +/- 2.6 mEq per hour (mean +/- S.E.M.), which was similar to that of regular coffee, 20.9 +/- 3.6 mEq per hour, both values being higher than that of caffeine, 8.4 +/- 1.3, on a cup-equivalent basis. Sphincter pressure showed minimal changes in response to caffeine, but was significantly increased by both regular and decaffeinated coffee (P less than 0.05). These data suggest that clinical recommendations based upon the known gastrointestinal effects of caffeine may bear little relation to the actual observed actions of coffee or decaffeinated coffee.", "contents": "Gastric acid secretion and lower-esophageal-sphincter pressure in response to coffee and caffeine. Caffeine stimulates gastric acid secretion and reduces the competence of the lower esophageal sphincter in man. These effects of caffeine have been used as evidence that regular coffee should not be used by patients with peptic-ulcer disease or gastroesophageal reflux. We compared the dose-response relations of caffeine, regular coffee and decaffeinated coffee for gastric acid secretion and sphincter pressure in normal subjects. Decaffeinated coffee gave a maximal acid response of 16.5 +/- 2.6 mEq per hour (mean +/- S.E.M.), which was similar to that of regular coffee, 20.9 +/- 3.6 mEq per hour, both values being higher than that of caffeine, 8.4 +/- 1.3, on a cup-equivalent basis. Sphincter pressure showed minimal changes in response to caffeine, but was significantly increased by both regular and decaffeinated coffee (P less than 0.05). These data suggest that clinical recommendations based upon the known gastrointestinal effects of caffeine may bear little relation to the actual observed actions of coffee or decaffeinated coffee.", "PMID": 1177987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6430", "title": "The primary-care practitioner -- specialist or jack-of-all trades.", "content": "Primary-care physicians, too often viewed as low-level generalists, are more appropriately thought of as specialists whose work demands specific skills. These physicians function as managers, advocates, educators, and counselors for their patients while also serving as co-ordinators of other professionals involved in primary care. The basis for education in primary care should be a recognition of the specialized nature of the work that primary-care physicians perform. Faculty members in primary-care programs should themselves be primary-care physicians; these educators deserve the same titles and status given other clinical specialists within the academic community. The setting of standards for primary-care practice and the design of research into areas such as the quality of care are tasks that should be undertaken by, or in collaboration with, physicians who are primary-care specialists.", "contents": "The primary-care practitioner -- specialist or jack-of-all trades. Primary-care physicians, too often viewed as low-level generalists, are more appropriately thought of as specialists whose work demands specific skills. These physicians function as managers, advocates, educators, and counselors for their patients while also serving as co-ordinators of other professionals involved in primary care. The basis for education in primary care should be a recognition of the specialized nature of the work that primary-care physicians perform. Faculty members in primary-care programs should themselves be primary-care physicians; these educators deserve the same titles and status given other clinical specialists within the academic community. The setting of standards for primary-care practice and the design of research into areas such as the quality of care are tasks that should be undertaken by, or in collaboration with, physicians who are primary-care specialists.", "PMID": 1177988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6431", "title": "Beta-adrenergic mechanisms in action tremor.", "content": "To study the mechanisms by which propranolol suppresses essential tremor, accelerometric recordings were made from four normal subjects and eight patients with that tremor, and small amounts of isoproterenol and propranolol were infused intravenously or into one brachial artery. Intra-arterial isoproterenol increased tremor amplitude selectively in that arm in normal subjects and in patients with essential tremor (range, 1.85 to 3.50 with mean 2.74 times the base-line level). Intra-arterial or intravenous propranolol quickly blocked the enhanced action tremor in both groups. It did not simultaneously affect the underlying essential tremor, whereas long-term oral propranolol therapy did diminish the amplitude of the essential tremor in each patient. Peripheral beta-adrenergic tremorogenic receptors function normally even in patients with essential tremor; their function is not necessary for the production of essential tremor, and the efficacy of chronic propranolol therapy in the suppression of essential tremor is not mediated via its peripheral beta-adrenergic blocking action.", "contents": "Beta-adrenergic mechanisms in action tremor. To study the mechanisms by which propranolol suppresses essential tremor, accelerometric recordings were made from four normal subjects and eight patients with that tremor, and small amounts of isoproterenol and propranolol were infused intravenously or into one brachial artery. Intra-arterial isoproterenol increased tremor amplitude selectively in that arm in normal subjects and in patients with essential tremor (range, 1.85 to 3.50 with mean 2.74 times the base-line level). Intra-arterial or intravenous propranolol quickly blocked the enhanced action tremor in both groups. It did not simultaneously affect the underlying essential tremor, whereas long-term oral propranolol therapy did diminish the amplitude of the essential tremor in each patient. Peripheral beta-adrenergic tremorogenic receptors function normally even in patients with essential tremor; their function is not necessary for the production of essential tremor, and the efficacy of chronic propranolol therapy in the suppression of essential tremor is not mediated via its peripheral beta-adrenergic blocking action.", "PMID": 1178003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6432", "title": "Residual disability in survivors of stroke--the Framingham study.", "content": "Of 123 survivors of documented completed stroke from the Framingham Cohort, 119 received objective evaluations of functional status along with an equal number of controls matched for age and sex. Of the stroke survivors, 16 per cent were institutionalized, 31 per cent dependent in self-care, and 20 per cent dependent in mobility. In addition, 71 per cent had decreased vocational function, and 62 percent decreased socialization outside the home. Each of these frequencies was significantly greater than the corresponding rate in the control group.", "contents": "Residual disability in survivors of stroke--the Framingham study. Of 123 survivors of documented completed stroke from the Framingham Cohort, 119 received objective evaluations of functional status along with an equal number of controls matched for age and sex. Of the stroke survivors, 16 per cent were institutionalized, 31 per cent dependent in self-care, and 20 per cent dependent in mobility. In addition, 71 per cent had decreased vocational function, and 62 percent decreased socialization outside the home. Each of these frequencies was significantly greater than the corresponding rate in the control group.", "PMID": 1178004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6433", "title": "Cardiac features of an unusual X-linked humeroperoneal neuromuscular disease.", "content": "To characterize an unusual, sex-linked recessive neuromuscular disease, we studied two families with 37 males who had involvement of distal leg and proximal arm muscle groups. Electromyography and muscle biopsy in five subjects showed features of both neuropathy and myopathy. Bradycardia and syncope in 15 involved subjects were associated with early death (before the age of 50 years). Electrocardiograms in 15 others showed a spectrum of atrial abnormalities that ranged from abnormal P waves to permanent atrial paralysis and from first-degree atrioventricular block to complete heart block. No patient exhibited clinical muscle disease without electrocardiographic atrial disease. Dilated, hypertrophied left ventricles with normal indexes of function were found in three cases with permanent atrial paralysis and chronic junctional bradycardia. Cardiomegaly and cardiac failure were not present in the other cases. We conclude that permanent ventricular pacing (instituted four patients) is indicated in many of these patients to prevent serious sequelae.", "contents": "Cardiac features of an unusual X-linked humeroperoneal neuromuscular disease. To characterize an unusual, sex-linked recessive neuromuscular disease, we studied two families with 37 males who had involvement of distal leg and proximal arm muscle groups. Electromyography and muscle biopsy in five subjects showed features of both neuropathy and myopathy. Bradycardia and syncope in 15 involved subjects were associated with early death (before the age of 50 years). Electrocardiograms in 15 others showed a spectrum of atrial abnormalities that ranged from abnormal P waves to permanent atrial paralysis and from first-degree atrioventricular block to complete heart block. No patient exhibited clinical muscle disease without electrocardiographic atrial disease. Dilated, hypertrophied left ventricles with normal indexes of function were found in three cases with permanent atrial paralysis and chronic junctional bradycardia. Cardiomegaly and cardiac failure were not present in the other cases. We conclude that permanent ventricular pacing (instituted four patients) is indicated in many of these patients to prevent serious sequelae.", "PMID": 1178008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6434", "title": "Clinical trials of hepatitis B immune globulin. Development of policies and materials for the 1972-1975 studies sponsored by the National Heart and Lung Institute.", "content": "Plasma from persons with high titers of hepatitis B antibody (anti-HBs) was used to manufacture one lot of hepatitis B \"immune\" globulin sufficient for four interlocking clinical trials of prevention or modification of hepatitis B infections. The trials were carried out in renal dialysis units, in medical personnel with accidental exposures to hepatitis B, in transfused patients, and in patients with fulminant hepatitis. A single policy board developed protocols that allowed comparisons among the four studies while respecting the unique requirements of each.", "contents": "Clinical trials of hepatitis B immune globulin. Development of policies and materials for the 1972-1975 studies sponsored by the National Heart and Lung Institute. Plasma from persons with high titers of hepatitis B antibody (anti-HBs) was used to manufacture one lot of hepatitis B \"immune\" globulin sufficient for four interlocking clinical trials of prevention or modification of hepatitis B infections. The trials were carried out in renal dialysis units, in medical personnel with accidental exposures to hepatitis B, in transfused patients, and in patients with fulminant hepatitis. A single policy board developed protocols that allowed comparisons among the four studies while respecting the unique requirements of each.", "PMID": 1178022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6435", "title": "Hepatitis B immune globulin--prevention of hepatitis from accidental exposure among medical personnel.", "content": "The role of anti-HBs antibody in reducing the probability of hepatitis after accidental exposure to serum from patients with hepatitis or carriers of HBs Ag was studied prospectively among 712 medical workers. One fourth of the workers were anti-HBs positive and less than one per cent of them developed hepatitis, in contrast to 11 per cent among those who were anti-HBs negative. Three coded immune-serum globulin preparations of varying anti-HBs titer were randomly assigned. Among 251 persons passively immunized with globulin having a conventionally low anti-HBs titer, hepatitis developed in 17 (seven per cent) within six months. Comparative rates among those receiving intermediately high titer and high titer globulin, respectively, were five per cent (11 of 208) and two per cent (5 of 253). The significantly lower incidence among the latter (P less than 0.05) was offset by six additional cases, all in recipients of high titer globulin, detected when follow-up was extended to nine months.", "contents": "Hepatitis B immune globulin--prevention of hepatitis from accidental exposure among medical personnel. The role of anti-HBs antibody in reducing the probability of hepatitis after accidental exposure to serum from patients with hepatitis or carriers of HBs Ag was studied prospectively among 712 medical workers. One fourth of the workers were anti-HBs positive and less than one per cent of them developed hepatitis, in contrast to 11 per cent among those who were anti-HBs negative. Three coded immune-serum globulin preparations of varying anti-HBs titer were randomly assigned. Among 251 persons passively immunized with globulin having a conventionally low anti-HBs titer, hepatitis developed in 17 (seven per cent) within six months. Comparative rates among those receiving intermediately high titer and high titer globulin, respectively, were five per cent (11 of 208) and two per cent (5 of 253). The significantly lower incidence among the latter (P less than 0.05) was offset by six additional cases, all in recipients of high titer globulin, detected when follow-up was extended to nine months.", "PMID": 1178023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6436", "title": "Articular lesions in experimental Erysipelothrix insidiosa infection in rats.", "content": "Articular lesions were studied in the extremities and vertebral column in murine erysipelas infection. Pathologic alterations found in those different joint systems were essentially the same in character. In the early stage of infection, phlegmon-like inflammation was observed in the periarticular loose connective tissue. Abundant fine Gram-positive bacilli were free in inflamed edematous tissue. Then, active serofibrinous exudation and emigration of leukocytes occurred in the synovial membrane, articular cartilage, annulus fibrosus, and nucleus pulposus with the development of the disease. These exudative changes disappeared gradually. Instead of them, proliferation of synovial cells accompanied by dense infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells became conspicuous. At the same time, chondro- and osteoclastic activity occurred in the joints of the extremities or regions adjacent to the intervertebral disk. Capsular and subchondral pannus often resulted from an excessive proliferation of granulation tissue. In the late stage, they synovial membrane and granulation tissue underwent fibrosis, adhesion and ossification. Finally, these changes resulted in fibrous or bony ankylosis and deformation. Gram-positive bacilli were hardly detected in histological preparations derived from animals in the chronic stage when proliferative change was predominant in the articular lesions.", "contents": "Articular lesions in experimental Erysipelothrix insidiosa infection in rats. Articular lesions were studied in the extremities and vertebral column in murine erysipelas infection. Pathologic alterations found in those different joint systems were essentially the same in character. In the early stage of infection, phlegmon-like inflammation was observed in the periarticular loose connective tissue. Abundant fine Gram-positive bacilli were free in inflamed edematous tissue. Then, active serofibrinous exudation and emigration of leukocytes occurred in the synovial membrane, articular cartilage, annulus fibrosus, and nucleus pulposus with the development of the disease. These exudative changes disappeared gradually. Instead of them, proliferation of synovial cells accompanied by dense infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells became conspicuous. At the same time, chondro- and osteoclastic activity occurred in the joints of the extremities or regions adjacent to the intervertebral disk. Capsular and subchondral pannus often resulted from an excessive proliferation of granulation tissue. In the late stage, they synovial membrane and granulation tissue underwent fibrosis, adhesion and ossification. Finally, these changes resulted in fibrous or bony ankylosis and deformation. Gram-positive bacilli were hardly detected in histological preparations derived from animals in the chronic stage when proliferative change was predominant in the articular lesions.", "PMID": 1178058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6437", "title": "Role of testosterone in the early stage of spermatocytogenesis in rats.", "content": "The role of testosterone in the early stage of spermatocytogenesis was investigated in newborn rats. The testes of rats, either 0 or 6 days of age, were implanted into those of hypophysectomized adult rats that had or had not been injected with testosterone propionate (TP) after hypophysectomy and also into those in intact adult rats. All the animals were autopsied 17 or 11 days later when the implanted testes reached 17 days of age. The implanted testes were examined for cellular components in the seminiferous tubules. In an additional experiment, newborn rats were injected with TP or cyproterone acetate, an antagonistic substance against androgen, daily for the first 17 days of life and examined for testes. Proliferation of supporting cells and development of seminiferous tubules were less remarkable in the testes of newborn rats which had been implanted into the testes of hypophysectomized rats than in those which had been implanted into the testes of intact adult rats. Proliferation of supporting cells was not stimulated by TP, but development of seminiferous tubules was slightly promoted. Progress in spermatocytogenesis from gonocytes to pachytene primary spermatocytes was observed in the testes of newborn rats which had been implanted into the testes of hypophysectiomized rats. It was not so marked after injection with TP. These results suggested that testosterone might have stimulated development of seminiferous tubules and maturation of spermatocytes in the early stage of spermatocytogenesis by its synergistic action with a gonadotropin, possible follicle-stimulating hormone.", "contents": "Role of testosterone in the early stage of spermatocytogenesis in rats. The role of testosterone in the early stage of spermatocytogenesis was investigated in newborn rats. The testes of rats, either 0 or 6 days of age, were implanted into those of hypophysectomized adult rats that had or had not been injected with testosterone propionate (TP) after hypophysectomy and also into those in intact adult rats. All the animals were autopsied 17 or 11 days later when the implanted testes reached 17 days of age. The implanted testes were examined for cellular components in the seminiferous tubules. In an additional experiment, newborn rats were injected with TP or cyproterone acetate, an antagonistic substance against androgen, daily for the first 17 days of life and examined for testes. Proliferation of supporting cells and development of seminiferous tubules were less remarkable in the testes of newborn rats which had been implanted into the testes of hypophysectomized rats than in those which had been implanted into the testes of intact adult rats. Proliferation of supporting cells was not stimulated by TP, but development of seminiferous tubules was slightly promoted. Progress in spermatocytogenesis from gonocytes to pachytene primary spermatocytes was observed in the testes of newborn rats which had been implanted into the testes of hypophysectiomized rats. It was not so marked after injection with TP. These results suggested that testosterone might have stimulated development of seminiferous tubules and maturation of spermatocytes in the early stage of spermatocytogenesis by its synergistic action with a gonadotropin, possible follicle-stimulating hormone.", "PMID": 1178059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6438", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins F2alpha and E1 on the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle of the guinea pig caecum in relation to the concentration of extracellular calcium.", "content": "Responses of the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle of the guinea-pig caecum were studied in media with different concentrations of extracellular calcium. A sucrose-gap method was used to record the electrical and mechanical parameters of smooth muscle activity. In the longitudinal smooth muscle no difference in the action of PGF2alpha and PGE1 was seen at low (0.8 mM), Normal (2.5 mM) or high (7.5 mM) concentrations of Ca2+. Both PG's stimulated the longitudinal strip and the action of acetylcholine at normal Ca2+ concentration was slightly inhibited immediately after the superfusion with the PG's and augmented thereafter. In the circular strip no significant difference between the stimulatory effect of PGF2alpha, and PGE1 in low and high Ca2+ solution was found. However at 2.5 mM Ca2+ PGF2alpha evoked much greater stimulation of the circular strip than did PGE1. After the end of the superfusion with either PG the effect of acetylcholine was inhibited by either PG at low Ca2+ level and potentiated at high Ca2+ level the effect of acetylcholine was inhibited by PGE1 but not by PGF2alpha. Thus, the effects of PGF2alpha and PGE1 on the circular smooth muscle differed from each other in their dependence on the concentration of extracellular calcium.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins F2alpha and E1 on the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle of the guinea pig caecum in relation to the concentration of extracellular calcium. Responses of the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle of the guinea-pig caecum were studied in media with different concentrations of extracellular calcium. A sucrose-gap method was used to record the electrical and mechanical parameters of smooth muscle activity. In the longitudinal smooth muscle no difference in the action of PGF2alpha and PGE1 was seen at low (0.8 mM), Normal (2.5 mM) or high (7.5 mM) concentrations of Ca2+. Both PG's stimulated the longitudinal strip and the action of acetylcholine at normal Ca2+ concentration was slightly inhibited immediately after the superfusion with the PG's and augmented thereafter. In the circular strip no significant difference between the stimulatory effect of PGF2alpha, and PGE1 in low and high Ca2+ solution was found. However at 2.5 mM Ca2+ PGF2alpha evoked much greater stimulation of the circular strip than did PGE1. After the end of the superfusion with either PG the effect of acetylcholine was inhibited by either PG at low Ca2+ level and potentiated at high Ca2+ level the effect of acetylcholine was inhibited by PGE1 but not by PGF2alpha. Thus, the effects of PGF2alpha and PGE1 on the circular smooth muscle differed from each other in their dependence on the concentration of extracellular calcium.", "PMID": 1178060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6439", "title": "On the formation of adrenergic amine storage granules as measured by reserpine labeling.", "content": "Reserpine appears to be bound specifically and irreversibly to amine storage granules in the adrenergic neuron. The presence of reserpine persistently attached to amine granule should reflect the life span of the vesicles, and any additional binding of reserpine should then measure the rate of appearance of newly formed amine granules. Measurement of the persistent binding of tritiated reserpine (3H-Reserpine) in hearts of rats given labeled compound at various times after a saturating dose of unlabeled reserpine showed that the recovery of 3H-reserpine binding capacity occurred rapidly. Four days after reserpine the 3H-reserpine binding was 30% of control rats. The rate of return of binding capacity was then slowed being 65% of normal in 24 days. Calculation of the mean daily increment of binding capacity showed that the rate was an inverse linear function of the binding capacitu existing in the neurone at an early phase (1--8 days) but became constant at a later interval (8--24 days). It is suggested that the return of reserpine binding capacity reflects the appearance of new storage granules and that the rate of storage granule synthesis in the cell body is under feedback control. The signal for enhanced granule formation does not appear to be related to the intensity of nerve traffic not to the concentration of transmitter in the neuron since manaeuvers which alter these parameters did not change the rate of reserpine binding recovery.", "contents": "On the formation of adrenergic amine storage granules as measured by reserpine labeling. Reserpine appears to be bound specifically and irreversibly to amine storage granules in the adrenergic neuron. The presence of reserpine persistently attached to amine granule should reflect the life span of the vesicles, and any additional binding of reserpine should then measure the rate of appearance of newly formed amine granules. Measurement of the persistent binding of tritiated reserpine (3H-Reserpine) in hearts of rats given labeled compound at various times after a saturating dose of unlabeled reserpine showed that the recovery of 3H-reserpine binding capacity occurred rapidly. Four days after reserpine the 3H-reserpine binding was 30% of control rats. The rate of return of binding capacity was then slowed being 65% of normal in 24 days. Calculation of the mean daily increment of binding capacity showed that the rate was an inverse linear function of the binding capacitu existing in the neurone at an early phase (1--8 days) but became constant at a later interval (8--24 days). It is suggested that the return of reserpine binding capacity reflects the appearance of new storage granules and that the rate of storage granule synthesis in the cell body is under feedback control. The signal for enhanced granule formation does not appear to be related to the intensity of nerve traffic not to the concentration of transmitter in the neuron since manaeuvers which alter these parameters did not change the rate of reserpine binding recovery.", "PMID": 1178061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6440", "title": "The action of gantrisin [N'-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)sulfanilamide] on the oedema-forming and muscle-stimulating activity of eledoisin and physalaemin.", "content": "The effects of gantrisin on oedema-forming and muscle-stimulating activity of eledoisin and physalaemin were studied. Both in vivo and in vitro the sulfanilamide caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the peptides' effects. The antagonism appeared to be of the non competitive as well as of the non specific type.", "contents": "The action of gantrisin [N'-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)sulfanilamide] on the oedema-forming and muscle-stimulating activity of eledoisin and physalaemin. The effects of gantrisin on oedema-forming and muscle-stimulating activity of eledoisin and physalaemin were studied. Both in vivo and in vitro the sulfanilamide caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the peptides' effects. The antagonism appeared to be of the non competitive as well as of the non specific type.", "PMID": 1178062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6441", "title": "Adrenoceptors in cardiac ventricular muscle and changes in duration of action potential caused by noradrenaline and isoprenaline.", "content": "1. On guinea-pig papillary muscle we investigated whether a prolonging effect of noradrenaline on the duration of the cardiac ventricular action potential (AP) is attributable to an action on beta-adrenoceptors. 2. Propranolol (5 X 10(-6) M), which itself shortens AP (at 90% repolarization level), inhibits both effects of noradrenaline on the AP, i.e. the sustained prolongation by low concentrations (10(-7)--10(-6)M) and the steady-state shortening which follows an initial prolongation by a high concentration (10(-5)M). In the presence of propranolol, the prlonging effect of noradrenaline is shifted to higher concentrations (10(-6)--10(-5)M). This prolongation of AP duration does not exceed the prior shortening effect by propranolol; it is not prevented by 10(-5)M phentolamine. 3. Phentolamine, which itself prolongs AP duration, inhibits neither the initial prolongation nor the steady-state shortening of the AP by 10(-5)M noradrenaline. Instead, the biphasic change in AP duration as well as the positive inotropic effect of 10(-5)M noradrenaline are enhanced in the presence of 3Z10(-6)M phentolamine. 4. The effect of isoprenaline on the duration of AP qualitatively resembles that of noradrenaline. In a concentration of 10(-8)M, isoprenaline produces a sustained prolongation of the AP; concentrations of 10(-7)M and 10(-6)M cause an initial prolongation which is followed by a steady-state shortening. These effects are inhibited by propranolol. 5. It is concluded that not only the steady-state shortening effect on AP duration by 10(-5)M noradrenaline but also the prolongation of AP, induced by lower noradrenaline concentrations (10(-7)--10(-6)M), are mediated solely by an action on beta-adrenoceptors.", "contents": "Adrenoceptors in cardiac ventricular muscle and changes in duration of action potential caused by noradrenaline and isoprenaline. 1. On guinea-pig papillary muscle we investigated whether a prolonging effect of noradrenaline on the duration of the cardiac ventricular action potential (AP) is attributable to an action on beta-adrenoceptors. 2. Propranolol (5 X 10(-6) M), which itself shortens AP (at 90% repolarization level), inhibits both effects of noradrenaline on the AP, i.e. the sustained prolongation by low concentrations (10(-7)--10(-6)M) and the steady-state shortening which follows an initial prolongation by a high concentration (10(-5)M). In the presence of propranolol, the prlonging effect of noradrenaline is shifted to higher concentrations (10(-6)--10(-5)M). This prolongation of AP duration does not exceed the prior shortening effect by propranolol; it is not prevented by 10(-5)M phentolamine. 3. Phentolamine, which itself prolongs AP duration, inhibits neither the initial prolongation nor the steady-state shortening of the AP by 10(-5)M noradrenaline. Instead, the biphasic change in AP duration as well as the positive inotropic effect of 10(-5)M noradrenaline are enhanced in the presence of 3Z10(-6)M phentolamine. 4. The effect of isoprenaline on the duration of AP qualitatively resembles that of noradrenaline. In a concentration of 10(-8)M, isoprenaline produces a sustained prolongation of the AP; concentrations of 10(-7)M and 10(-6)M cause an initial prolongation which is followed by a steady-state shortening. These effects are inhibited by propranolol. 5. It is concluded that not only the steady-state shortening effect on AP duration by 10(-5)M noradrenaline but also the prolongation of AP, induced by lower noradrenaline concentrations (10(-7)--10(-6)M), are mediated solely by an action on beta-adrenoceptors.", "PMID": 1178063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6442", "title": "Influence of morphine and naloxone on the release of noradrenaline from rat cerebellar cortex slices.", "content": "In slices of rat cerebellar cortex preincubated with (-)-3H-noradrenaline, the influence of morphine and naloxone on the efflux of tritium was investigated. The spontaneous outflow was not changed by 10(-5) M of either morphine or naloxone. On the other hand, morphine caused a concentration-dependent decrease of the overflow of tritium evoked by electrical field stimulation. Naloxone did not change the stimulation-induced overflow, but prevented its inhibition by morphine. It is concluded that morphine, through an action on opiate receptors located on cerebellar noradrenergic neurones, inhibits the secretion of the transmitter in response to nerve impulses.", "contents": "Influence of morphine and naloxone on the release of noradrenaline from rat cerebellar cortex slices. In slices of rat cerebellar cortex preincubated with (-)-3H-noradrenaline, the influence of morphine and naloxone on the efflux of tritium was investigated. The spontaneous outflow was not changed by 10(-5) M of either morphine or naloxone. On the other hand, morphine caused a concentration-dependent decrease of the overflow of tritium evoked by electrical field stimulation. Naloxone did not change the stimulation-induced overflow, but prevented its inhibition by morphine. It is concluded that morphine, through an action on opiate receptors located on cerebellar noradrenergic neurones, inhibits the secretion of the transmitter in response to nerve impulses.", "PMID": 1178064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6443", "title": "Influence of ouabain and dihydroouabain on the circular dichroism of cardiac plasmalemmal microsomes.", "content": "1. The influence of ouabain on the tertiary structure of cardiac plasmalemmal proteins was investigated by means of circular dichroism measurement. Purified plasmalemmal microsomes were obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The CD-spectra of the membranal proteins were shifted to the red and the amplitudes were smaller than those of the same proteins after solubilization. 2. Ouabain induced an increase of the ellipticity bands at 210 and 222 nm of about 50% above the level yielded with microsomes after sonication. At 222 nm ouabain exhibited the half maximum effect at a concentration of 5 X 10(-9) M. The effect could, however, only be exerted if the inside of the microsomes was exposed to ouabain by sonication, thus reflecting the inside-out nature of the plasmalemmal microsomes. 3. The high specificity of the ouabain effect was underlined by the following experiments: a) Dihydroouabain, a much less cardioactive derivative of ouabain proved to be ineffective in corresponding concentrations, b) ouabain had no influence upon the CD spectrum of microsomes derived from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum, c) a detergent-like action of ouabain underlying the observed effect can be excluded since highly active tensides, i.e. desoxycholate and dodecylsulfate, only influence the CD spectra at concentrations exceeding 10(-3) M, d) electronmicrographs of microsomes exposed to ouabain demonstrated no alteration of either the appearance or size of the microsomes. 4. The magnitude of the observed ouabain effect indicates that a large portion of the membrane-bound proteins is involved. The number of binding sites and their isolated structural alteration induced by ouabain are not sufficient to account quantitatively for the enhanced amplitudes of the CD spctra. This suggests that ouabain evokes structural changes of membrane proteins different from actual binding sites. It seems, therefore highly improbable that changes of the Na-K-ATPase present in the plasmalemmal microsomes are responsible for the observed effect.", "contents": "Influence of ouabain and dihydroouabain on the circular dichroism of cardiac plasmalemmal microsomes. 1. The influence of ouabain on the tertiary structure of cardiac plasmalemmal proteins was investigated by means of circular dichroism measurement. Purified plasmalemmal microsomes were obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The CD-spectra of the membranal proteins were shifted to the red and the amplitudes were smaller than those of the same proteins after solubilization. 2. Ouabain induced an increase of the ellipticity bands at 210 and 222 nm of about 50% above the level yielded with microsomes after sonication. At 222 nm ouabain exhibited the half maximum effect at a concentration of 5 X 10(-9) M. The effect could, however, only be exerted if the inside of the microsomes was exposed to ouabain by sonication, thus reflecting the inside-out nature of the plasmalemmal microsomes. 3. The high specificity of the ouabain effect was underlined by the following experiments: a) Dihydroouabain, a much less cardioactive derivative of ouabain proved to be ineffective in corresponding concentrations, b) ouabain had no influence upon the CD spectrum of microsomes derived from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum, c) a detergent-like action of ouabain underlying the observed effect can be excluded since highly active tensides, i.e. desoxycholate and dodecylsulfate, only influence the CD spectra at concentrations exceeding 10(-3) M, d) electronmicrographs of microsomes exposed to ouabain demonstrated no alteration of either the appearance or size of the microsomes. 4. The magnitude of the observed ouabain effect indicates that a large portion of the membrane-bound proteins is involved. The number of binding sites and their isolated structural alteration induced by ouabain are not sufficient to account quantitatively for the enhanced amplitudes of the CD spctra. This suggests that ouabain evokes structural changes of membrane proteins different from actual binding sites. It seems, therefore highly improbable that changes of the Na-K-ATPase present in the plasmalemmal microsomes are responsible for the observed effect.", "PMID": 1178065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6444", "title": "Effects of nifedipine, a potent calcium-antagonistic coronary vasodilator, on atrioventricular conduction and blood flow in the isolated atrioventricular node preparation of the dog.", "content": "The effects of the calcium-antagonist nifedipine on atrioventricular (A-V) conduction and blood flow were investigated in comparison with those of verapamil by the use of the isolated, arterially blood-perfused A-V node preparation of the dog. Single injections of 0.3--30 mug of nifedipine and verapamil into the A-V node artery produced a dose-related increase in the A-V conduction time and at 30 mug the two drugs caused second degree block of A-V conduction. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that a slow calcium channel plays an important role in excitation of A-V nodal cells. The rate of blood flow through the A-V node artery was about 10 times more sensitive to nifedipine than was the A-V conduction time and increased in a dose-related manner. In contrast, an increase in blood flow rate by verapamil occurred in almost the same dose range as did impairment of A-V conduction. This indicates that the action of nifedipine is more pronounced on coronary smooth muscle cells than on the A-V nodal cells.", "contents": "Effects of nifedipine, a potent calcium-antagonistic coronary vasodilator, on atrioventricular conduction and blood flow in the isolated atrioventricular node preparation of the dog. The effects of the calcium-antagonist nifedipine on atrioventricular (A-V) conduction and blood flow were investigated in comparison with those of verapamil by the use of the isolated, arterially blood-perfused A-V node preparation of the dog. Single injections of 0.3--30 mug of nifedipine and verapamil into the A-V node artery produced a dose-related increase in the A-V conduction time and at 30 mug the two drugs caused second degree block of A-V conduction. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that a slow calcium channel plays an important role in excitation of A-V nodal cells. The rate of blood flow through the A-V node artery was about 10 times more sensitive to nifedipine than was the A-V conduction time and increased in a dose-related manner. In contrast, an increase in blood flow rate by verapamil occurred in almost the same dose range as did impairment of A-V conduction. This indicates that the action of nifedipine is more pronounced on coronary smooth muscle cells than on the A-V nodal cells.", "PMID": 1178066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6445", "title": "Action of D-600 on spontaneous and electrically stimulated activity of the parturient rat uterus.", "content": "The effects of D-600, the methoxy derivative of verapamil, on the parturient rat uterus have been studied. At concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-7) M, D-600 abolishes spontaneous contractions and reduces the force of electrically evoked contractions. The first action is associated with a reduction in amplitude of the slow waves (oscillations of membrane potential which underlie rhythmic bursts of spikes initiating contractions). The second is associated with a reduction in frequency of spikes within the bursts accompanying the electrically stimulated contractions. This reduction results from a decrease in the slope of the prepotential in cells in pacemaker areas of the muscle. D-600 also decreased the height and rising velocity of the conducted action potentials, but these actions cannot account entirely for the reduction in contractile force.", "contents": "Action of D-600 on spontaneous and electrically stimulated activity of the parturient rat uterus. The effects of D-600, the methoxy derivative of verapamil, on the parturient rat uterus have been studied. At concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-7) M, D-600 abolishes spontaneous contractions and reduces the force of electrically evoked contractions. The first action is associated with a reduction in amplitude of the slow waves (oscillations of membrane potential which underlie rhythmic bursts of spikes initiating contractions). The second is associated with a reduction in frequency of spikes within the bursts accompanying the electrically stimulated contractions. This reduction results from a decrease in the slope of the prepotential in cells in pacemaker areas of the muscle. D-600 also decreased the height and rising velocity of the conducted action potentials, but these actions cannot account entirely for the reduction in contractile force.", "PMID": 1178067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6446", "title": "Effect of ryanodine on myocardial calcium.", "content": "The effects of ryanodine and ryanodine steady-state condition (RSSC) on contractile-related calcium were examined in isolated guinea pig left atrial muscle. 1. RSSC is a specific irreversible condition occurring after a brief exposure to 1 x 10(-7) M ryanodine, followed by washing. It is characterized by elimination of the contraction following a 10-sec rest interval (post-rest) and prolongation of the associated action potential duration (AP50%) from 78.9 to 160.8 msec with minimal alteration in steady-state tension development determined at 1 Hz. 2. Induction of RSSC with a ryanodine-bovine serum albumin conjugate produced similar alterations in post-rest contractile strength and action potential duration. 3. In the presence of 1 x 10(-7) M ryanodine, guinea pig left atria exhibit a significant increase in total 45Ca efflux from two rapidly exchangeable compartments (compartment 1, t1/2=1.58 min; compartment 2, t1/2=8.20 min). 4. In atria loaded after the induction of RSSC, total 45Ca release was significantly reduced by 7.2% of the total exchange. 5. The 45Ca exchange space for RSSC atria was reduced from 23.22 +/- 0.81 to 19.85 +/- 1.22 ml per 100 g muscle without a significant reduction in the total exchange space. 6. From these results, it is concluded that the effects of low concentrations of ryanodine and RSSC are to alter the contractile calcium levels of the tissue, primarily from sarcolemmal membrane sites which regulate post-rest contractile strength and action potential duration.", "contents": "Effect of ryanodine on myocardial calcium. The effects of ryanodine and ryanodine steady-state condition (RSSC) on contractile-related calcium were examined in isolated guinea pig left atrial muscle. 1. RSSC is a specific irreversible condition occurring after a brief exposure to 1 x 10(-7) M ryanodine, followed by washing. It is characterized by elimination of the contraction following a 10-sec rest interval (post-rest) and prolongation of the associated action potential duration (AP50%) from 78.9 to 160.8 msec with minimal alteration in steady-state tension development determined at 1 Hz. 2. Induction of RSSC with a ryanodine-bovine serum albumin conjugate produced similar alterations in post-rest contractile strength and action potential duration. 3. In the presence of 1 x 10(-7) M ryanodine, guinea pig left atria exhibit a significant increase in total 45Ca efflux from two rapidly exchangeable compartments (compartment 1, t1/2=1.58 min; compartment 2, t1/2=8.20 min). 4. In atria loaded after the induction of RSSC, total 45Ca release was significantly reduced by 7.2% of the total exchange. 5. The 45Ca exchange space for RSSC atria was reduced from 23.22 +/- 0.81 to 19.85 +/- 1.22 ml per 100 g muscle without a significant reduction in the total exchange space. 6. From these results, it is concluded that the effects of low concentrations of ryanodine and RSSC are to alter the contractile calcium levels of the tissue, primarily from sarcolemmal membrane sites which regulate post-rest contractile strength and action potential duration.", "PMID": 1178068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6447", "title": "Inotropic and electrophysiological actions of verapamil and D 600 in mammalian myocardium. I. Pattern of inotropic effects of the racemic compounds.", "content": "A pattern analysis of inotropic actions was carried out on isotonically chortening cat papillary muscles exposed to (+/-)-verapamil and (+/-)-D 600 and compared to other Ca-antagonistic interventions. 1. (+/-)-Verapamil (1--5mug/ml) leaves contraction amplitudes nearly unchanged at 6/min, whereas at 60/min more than 90% depression (5 mug/ml) occurs. (+/-)-D 600 is about twice as effective as (+/-)-berapamil. 2. An increase of [Ca2+]O in the presence of (+/-)-verapamil or (+/-)-D 600 does not restitute the normal amplitude-frequency relationship. There is only a shift toward higher contraction amplitudes. 3. (+/-)-Verapamil and (+/-)-D 600 lead to typical biphasic inotropic transients after step changes of the friving rhythm. First a fast and (at higher frequencies) very pronounced negative staircase occurs, followed by a rather slowly developing positive staircase. 4. These drug effects contrast to the effects of lowering [Ca2+]O or of adding Ni2+ or La3+, which all produce a rather uniform depression of contraction amplitudes at all frequencies and do not elicit staircase phenomena such as seen under the influence of (+/-)-verapamil or (+/-)-D 600. 5. In contrast to the action of Ni2+, La3+ or low [Ca2+]O, (+/-)-verapamil slows down the restitution kinetics of Ca-reavailability from internal stores as determined by the amplitude of test contractions elicited after various periods of rest. 6. Drug-induced changes in the time course of the transmembrane action potential as depending on frequency may partially but not fully explain the contractile phenomena. 7. Possible interpretations as to the sites where (+/-)-verapamil or (+/-)-D 600 interferes with cardiac excitation-contraction coupling are given by the aid of a multicompartment model. This model describes excitation-contraction coupling in terms of transmembrane and intracellular Ca-movements.", "contents": "Inotropic and electrophysiological actions of verapamil and D 600 in mammalian myocardium. I. Pattern of inotropic effects of the racemic compounds. A pattern analysis of inotropic actions was carried out on isotonically chortening cat papillary muscles exposed to (+/-)-verapamil and (+/-)-D 600 and compared to other Ca-antagonistic interventions. 1. (+/-)-Verapamil (1--5mug/ml) leaves contraction amplitudes nearly unchanged at 6/min, whereas at 60/min more than 90% depression (5 mug/ml) occurs. (+/-)-D 600 is about twice as effective as (+/-)-berapamil. 2. An increase of [Ca2+]O in the presence of (+/-)-verapamil or (+/-)-D 600 does not restitute the normal amplitude-frequency relationship. There is only a shift toward higher contraction amplitudes. 3. (+/-)-Verapamil and (+/-)-D 600 lead to typical biphasic inotropic transients after step changes of the friving rhythm. First a fast and (at higher frequencies) very pronounced negative staircase occurs, followed by a rather slowly developing positive staircase. 4. These drug effects contrast to the effects of lowering [Ca2+]O or of adding Ni2+ or La3+, which all produce a rather uniform depression of contraction amplitudes at all frequencies and do not elicit staircase phenomena such as seen under the influence of (+/-)-verapamil or (+/-)-D 600. 5. In contrast to the action of Ni2+, La3+ or low [Ca2+]O, (+/-)-verapamil slows down the restitution kinetics of Ca-reavailability from internal stores as determined by the amplitude of test contractions elicited after various periods of rest. 6. Drug-induced changes in the time course of the transmembrane action potential as depending on frequency may partially but not fully explain the contractile phenomena. 7. Possible interpretations as to the sites where (+/-)-verapamil or (+/-)-D 600 interferes with cardiac excitation-contraction coupling are given by the aid of a multicompartment model. This model describes excitation-contraction coupling in terms of transmembrane and intracellular Ca-movements.", "PMID": 1178069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6448", "title": "Inotropic and electrophysiological actions of verapamil and D 600 in mammalian myocardium. II. Pattern of inotropic effects of the optical isomers.", "content": "On isotonically contracting cat papillary muscles analysis, a comparison of the effects of the optical isomers of verapamil and D 600 and the racemic drugs was performed. 1. (-)-verapamil (0.2-3.0 mug/mo) and (-)-D-600 (0.1 mug/ml-3.0 mug/ml) leave the steady state contraction amplitudes nearly unchanged at 6/min, but produce a strong depression at 60/min. (-)-D 600 is about 8 times as effective as (-)-verapamil. The (+)-isomers exert only a moderate negative inotropic effect (particularly at low frequencies). 2. Increase of [Ca2+]O does not restitute the normal amplitude-frequency relationship during exposure to either the (-)-isomers or the (+)-isomers. 3. The (-)-isomers lead to typical biphasic staircases after step changes of frequency. A fast negative staircase occurs first followed by a rather slowly developing positive staircase. In contrast, the (+)-isomers have little influence on the usual staircase pattern. 4. The strength-interval relationship for single test contractions elicited after frequent conditioning stimulation indicated that the (-)-isomers probably slow the restitution of intracellular Ca-reavailability. The (+)-isomers have no such effects. 5. The effects produced by the (+/-)-compounds correspond qualitatively to those of the (-)-isomers. 6. The very different patterns of inotropic actions observed indicate that the (-)- and (+)-isomers of verapamil and D 600 probably interfere with cardiac excitation-contraction coupling at different sites.", "contents": "Inotropic and electrophysiological actions of verapamil and D 600 in mammalian myocardium. II. Pattern of inotropic effects of the optical isomers. On isotonically contracting cat papillary muscles analysis, a comparison of the effects of the optical isomers of verapamil and D 600 and the racemic drugs was performed. 1. (-)-verapamil (0.2-3.0 mug/mo) and (-)-D-600 (0.1 mug/ml-3.0 mug/ml) leave the steady state contraction amplitudes nearly unchanged at 6/min, but produce a strong depression at 60/min. (-)-D 600 is about 8 times as effective as (-)-verapamil. The (+)-isomers exert only a moderate negative inotropic effect (particularly at low frequencies). 2. Increase of [Ca2+]O does not restitute the normal amplitude-frequency relationship during exposure to either the (-)-isomers or the (+)-isomers. 3. The (-)-isomers lead to typical biphasic staircases after step changes of frequency. A fast negative staircase occurs first followed by a rather slowly developing positive staircase. In contrast, the (+)-isomers have little influence on the usual staircase pattern. 4. The strength-interval relationship for single test contractions elicited after frequent conditioning stimulation indicated that the (-)-isomers probably slow the restitution of intracellular Ca-reavailability. The (+)-isomers have no such effects. 5. The effects produced by the (+/-)-compounds correspond qualitatively to those of the (-)-isomers. 6. The very different patterns of inotropic actions observed indicate that the (-)- and (+)-isomers of verapamil and D 600 probably interfere with cardiac excitation-contraction coupling at different sites.", "PMID": 1178070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6449", "title": "Inotropic and electrophysiological actions of verapamil and D 600 in mammalian myocardium. III. Effects of the optical isomers on transmembrane action potentials.", "content": "Excitability, maximum velocity of depolarization (MVD), conduction velocity, discharge rate and the duration of transmembrane action potentials as a function of frequency of stimulation were studied in isolated cardiac tissues exposed to the optical isomers of verapamil and D 600.", "contents": "Inotropic and electrophysiological actions of verapamil and D 600 in mammalian myocardium. III. Effects of the optical isomers on transmembrane action potentials. Excitability, maximum velocity of depolarization (MVD), conduction velocity, discharge rate and the duration of transmembrane action potentials as a function of frequency of stimulation were studied in isolated cardiac tissues exposed to the optical isomers of verapamil and D 600.", "PMID": 1178071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6450", "title": "Steady-state concentrations of choline and acetylcholine in rat brain parts during a constant rate infusion of deuterated choline.", "content": "An intravenous infusion of deuterated choline at constant rate for 6 min (5 or 25 mumoles kg-1 min-1) significantly increases the concentration of choline in plasma, occipital cortex and striatum. Both 5 and 25 mumoles kg-1 min-1 increase the concentration of acetylcholine in cortex but only 25 mumoles kg-1 min-1 increases the acetylcholine content in striatum. In contrast, 1 mumole kg-1 min-1 does not change the choline or acetylcholine content in cortex or striatum. A single pulse injection of choline (200 mumoles kg-1) causes a significant increase in the concentration of choline in striatum 30 sec following injection. The choline content returns to normal values within 2 min. These studies show that when a pulse injection of a non-tracer dose of radioactive choline is used to measure brain acetylcholine turnover rate the maintenance of steady state must be verified within seconds after the pulse injection of radioactive choline. When constant infusion of deuterated choline is used to measure turnover rate of acetylcholine in the brain of rats, a dose of 1 mumole kg-1 min-1 appears to be a maximal infusion rate.", "contents": "Steady-state concentrations of choline and acetylcholine in rat brain parts during a constant rate infusion of deuterated choline. An intravenous infusion of deuterated choline at constant rate for 6 min (5 or 25 mumoles kg-1 min-1) significantly increases the concentration of choline in plasma, occipital cortex and striatum. Both 5 and 25 mumoles kg-1 min-1 increase the concentration of acetylcholine in cortex but only 25 mumoles kg-1 min-1 increases the acetylcholine content in striatum. In contrast, 1 mumole kg-1 min-1 does not change the choline or acetylcholine content in cortex or striatum. A single pulse injection of choline (200 mumoles kg-1) causes a significant increase in the concentration of choline in striatum 30 sec following injection. The choline content returns to normal values within 2 min. These studies show that when a pulse injection of a non-tracer dose of radioactive choline is used to measure brain acetylcholine turnover rate the maintenance of steady state must be verified within seconds after the pulse injection of radioactive choline. When constant infusion of deuterated choline is used to measure turnover rate of acetylcholine in the brain of rats, a dose of 1 mumole kg-1 min-1 appears to be a maximal infusion rate.", "PMID": 1178072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6451", "title": "Spinal neurinomas.--a comprehensive clinical and statistical study on 47 cases.", "content": "Based on an unselected material forty-seven cases of intraspinal neurinomas treated in a period of seven years, this report presents a comprehensive, clinical and statistical analysis. Divergences from the literature in respect of case history, distribution and frequency are pointed out. Attention is paid to the difficulties of early diagnosis. Problems of surgical treatment and the importance of microsurgical dissection are discussed.", "contents": "Spinal neurinomas.--a comprehensive clinical and statistical study on 47 cases. Based on an unselected material forty-seven cases of intraspinal neurinomas treated in a period of seven years, this report presents a comprehensive, clinical and statistical analysis. Divergences from the literature in respect of case history, distribution and frequency are pointed out. Attention is paid to the difficulties of early diagnosis. Problems of surgical treatment and the importance of microsurgical dissection are discussed.", "PMID": 1178096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6452", "title": "[Variation in the dimensions of the cerebellomedullary cistern after ventriculo-cardiac shunting].", "content": "Various morphological changes of the skull and brain were observed after surgical treatment for internal hydrocephalus. An interesting variation is described by the authors, at the site of the cisterna magna, the size of which can vary. Generally it is the last one to dilate when an internal hydrocephalus occurs, but it is the first to regress after inserting a drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid. This behavior of the cisterna magna is discussed, illustrated and reviewed in the literature, after presentation of three clinical histories. From a physiopathological point of view the cisterna magna is considered to be an intermediate formation between the ventricular and the subarachnoid systems.", "contents": "[Variation in the dimensions of the cerebellomedullary cistern after ventriculo-cardiac shunting]. Various morphological changes of the skull and brain were observed after surgical treatment for internal hydrocephalus. An interesting variation is described by the authors, at the site of the cisterna magna, the size of which can vary. Generally it is the last one to dilate when an internal hydrocephalus occurs, but it is the first to regress after inserting a drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid. This behavior of the cisterna magna is discussed, illustrated and reviewed in the literature, after presentation of three clinical histories. From a physiopathological point of view the cisterna magna is considered to be an intermediate formation between the ventricular and the subarachnoid systems.", "PMID": 1178097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6453", "title": "Aspirating subdural effusions, so called brain stem shock.", "content": "A shift of blood into the head during negative pressure aspiration of subdural haematomas in an infant has been demonstrated, and also that aspiration may restart bleeding. An estimate of the elasticity of a 47 cm circumference skull has been obtained. It is suggested that the observed changes in distribution of blood are sufficient to explain the occasional deaths of infants after aspiration of subdural haematomas and that so-called \"brain stem shock\" need not be invoked.", "contents": "Aspirating subdural effusions, so called brain stem shock. A shift of blood into the head during negative pressure aspiration of subdural haematomas in an infant has been demonstrated, and also that aspiration may restart bleeding. An estimate of the elasticity of a 47 cm circumference skull has been obtained. It is suggested that the observed changes in distribution of blood are sufficient to explain the occasional deaths of infants after aspiration of subdural haematomas and that so-called \"brain stem shock\" need not be invoked.", "PMID": 1178098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6454", "title": "Results of the treatment of hydrocephalus with ventriculo-jugular shunts.", "content": "260 children with hydrocephalus were treated with a ventriculo-jugular shunt. We compared the complication - rate between Holter-shunts and Pudenz-shunts. As far as we could verify 58 children died from several causes. 190 revisions were done in 114 patients, 110 revisions in 71 children with a Holter - valve and 80 revisions in 43 children with a Pudenz - valve. The complication-rate was 112 in 176 Holter - valves and 84 in 84 Pudenz - systems. In our hands the use of the Holtersystem gives better results. As one can conclude from these figures and those from others (Tsingoglou and Forrest 1971), the treatment of children with hydrocephalus is still far from ideal.", "contents": "Results of the treatment of hydrocephalus with ventriculo-jugular shunts. 260 children with hydrocephalus were treated with a ventriculo-jugular shunt. We compared the complication - rate between Holter-shunts and Pudenz-shunts. As far as we could verify 58 children died from several causes. 190 revisions were done in 114 patients, 110 revisions in 71 children with a Holter - valve and 80 revisions in 43 children with a Pudenz - valve. The complication-rate was 112 in 176 Holter - valves and 84 in 84 Pudenz - systems. In our hands the use of the Holtersystem gives better results. As one can conclude from these figures and those from others (Tsingoglou and Forrest 1971), the treatment of children with hydrocephalus is still far from ideal.", "PMID": 1178099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6455", "title": "[Dorsal stabilization in dislocated fractures of C-1 and C-2 vertebrae with Palacos and wiring].", "content": "During 1 year 6 patients with dislocated fractures of C-1 and C-2 vertebrae (fractures of the odontoid process) and 1 patient with a pseudarthrosis of the odontoid process have been treated. 6 patients have been treated surgically by internal fixation of the arch of C-1 and C-2 spinous process by wiring and plastic material (Palacos). No complications occurred. The advantage of the method was early mobilization of the patients and reduction of hospitalization. Clinical and radiographic follow-up studies showed stable fusion on Flexion-extension X-rays and boney union of the fracture of the odontoid process.", "contents": "[Dorsal stabilization in dislocated fractures of C-1 and C-2 vertebrae with Palacos and wiring]. During 1 year 6 patients with dislocated fractures of C-1 and C-2 vertebrae (fractures of the odontoid process) and 1 patient with a pseudarthrosis of the odontoid process have been treated. 6 patients have been treated surgically by internal fixation of the arch of C-1 and C-2 spinous process by wiring and plastic material (Palacos). No complications occurred. The advantage of the method was early mobilization of the patients and reduction of hospitalization. Clinical and radiographic follow-up studies showed stable fusion on Flexion-extension X-rays and boney union of the fracture of the odontoid process.", "PMID": 1178100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6456", "title": "On the development of an aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery.", "content": "The development of an aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery within a 12 year interval is documented angiographically in a 49-year-old female patient suspected of having a meningioma of the medial wing of the sphenoid.", "contents": "On the development of an aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery. The development of an aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery within a 12 year interval is documented angiographically in a 49-year-old female patient suspected of having a meningioma of the medial wing of the sphenoid.", "PMID": 1178101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6457", "title": "[Telemetry of intracranial pressure (preliminary report) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the application of a telemetric system for continuous recording of intracranial pressure.", "contents": "[Telemetry of intracranial pressure (preliminary report) (author's transl)]. The authors report the application of a telemetric system for continuous recording of intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 1178102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6458", "title": "Protein bound radioactivity in neuronal and glial fractions following intra-carotid 3H-leucine perfusion.", "content": "Brain proteins in one cerebral hemisphere were labeled by means of intracarotid perfusion with 3H-leucine by a 40 s pulse. Recirculating precursor contributed little to the protein bound radioactivity. This radioactivity reached a peak level 30 min after perfusion. Fractions enriched in neuronal perikarya and glial cells showed a similar time course of labeling, but the neuronal fraction demonstrated the highest level of protein bound radioactivity. Subcellular fractions from whole brain were studied by the same system. The highest protein bound radioactivity was observed in the nuclear and microsomal fractions. The brain entry of the precursor by means of a controlled intracarotid pulse of short duration offers particular advantages in short-term experiments since the systemic metabolism of the labeled precursor is largely avoided. The easily achieved high labeling of proteins facilitates assay of the radio-activities in different cellular and subcellular fractions and also allows analyses of relative turnover rates in electrophoretically separated proteins.", "contents": "Protein bound radioactivity in neuronal and glial fractions following intra-carotid 3H-leucine perfusion. Brain proteins in one cerebral hemisphere were labeled by means of intracarotid perfusion with 3H-leucine by a 40 s pulse. Recirculating precursor contributed little to the protein bound radioactivity. This radioactivity reached a peak level 30 min after perfusion. Fractions enriched in neuronal perikarya and glial cells showed a similar time course of labeling, but the neuronal fraction demonstrated the highest level of protein bound radioactivity. Subcellular fractions from whole brain were studied by the same system. The highest protein bound radioactivity was observed in the nuclear and microsomal fractions. The brain entry of the precursor by means of a controlled intracarotid pulse of short duration offers particular advantages in short-term experiments since the systemic metabolism of the labeled precursor is largely avoided. The easily achieved high labeling of proteins facilitates assay of the radio-activities in different cellular and subcellular fractions and also allows analyses of relative turnover rates in electrophoretically separated proteins.", "PMID": 1178103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6459", "title": "Measurement of protein in cultures of nervous tissue grown on collagen substrate.", "content": "The microchemical method of Bonting & Jones was found to detect the amount of protein present in tissue culture explants without measuring protein of collagen substrate. The protein contents of chick spinal cord explants at different points during a 1-month culture period were studied using this method.", "contents": "Measurement of protein in cultures of nervous tissue grown on collagen substrate. The microchemical method of Bonting & Jones was found to detect the amount of protein present in tissue culture explants without measuring protein of collagen substrate. The protein contents of chick spinal cord explants at different points during a 1-month culture period were studied using this method.", "PMID": 1178104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6460", "title": "Size and density of oligodendroglial nuclei in rats with CCl4-induced liver disease.", "content": "The nuclear size and density of oligodendrocytes in corpus callosum were investigated in rats with CCl4-induced hepatic encephalopathy. An increase in density (15 per cent) of oligodendroglial nuclei was found after 8 weeks of CCl4-administration. Measurements using an electronic image analysing system demonstrated a simultaneous decrease (13 per cent) in the nuclear size. It was concluded that these changes were due to an increase in the number of oligodendrocytes with small, dark nuclei. The corpus callosum did not show significant signs of axonal or myelin degeneration. In the cortical and subcortical grey matter degenerated neurones were observed; the oligodendroglial proliferation could, possibly, be a reaction to neuronal degeneration.", "contents": "Size and density of oligodendroglial nuclei in rats with CCl4-induced liver disease. The nuclear size and density of oligodendrocytes in corpus callosum were investigated in rats with CCl4-induced hepatic encephalopathy. An increase in density (15 per cent) of oligodendroglial nuclei was found after 8 weeks of CCl4-administration. Measurements using an electronic image analysing system demonstrated a simultaneous decrease (13 per cent) in the nuclear size. It was concluded that these changes were due to an increase in the number of oligodendrocytes with small, dark nuclei. The corpus callosum did not show significant signs of axonal or myelin degeneration. In the cortical and subcortical grey matter degenerated neurones were observed; the oligodendroglial proliferation could, possibly, be a reaction to neuronal degeneration.", "PMID": 1178105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6461", "title": "Effects of synthetic tripeptide on the differentiation of dissociated cerebral hemisphere nerve cells in culture.", "content": "Dissociated cells from 7-day-old chick embryo cerebral hemispheres were cultivated on collagen in Falcon Petri dishes in the presence of various concentrations of fetal calf serum and of a chemically synthesized tripeptide Gly-His-Lys. Four different culture conditions were employed in the composition of the nutrient medium in which the cells were cultivated: a low serum concentration of 1, 2 or 5% (group A), a low serum concentration with 200 ng/ml tripeptide (group B), a serum concentration of 10 to 20% (group C) and a serum concentration of 10 or 20% with 200 ng/ml tripeptide (group D). Within the first 24 h of cultivation the cells settled on the collagen substrate and outgrowth of neuronal processes started in all four culture conditions. After 48 h in culture, differences between the groups became evident. In group A most isolated nerve cells had disappeared and glial cells proliferated from the remaining clumps. In group B the neurons had differentiated in absence of glial cells, the proliferation of which was greatly suppressed. In group C and D a differentiation of neurons occurred in a similar way to group B, but in addition the glial cells had proliferated. After 7-8 days in culture the cells in group A and B suddenly degenerated. In group C and D the nerve cells maintained for up to 3 weeks. The optimum concentrations of tripeptide in which the neuroblasts grew fibers and maintained in culture during 7-8 days were in the range of 100-400 ng/ml. The role of the tripeptide in the differentiation and maintenance of nerve cells is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of synthetic tripeptide on the differentiation of dissociated cerebral hemisphere nerve cells in culture. Dissociated cells from 7-day-old chick embryo cerebral hemispheres were cultivated on collagen in Falcon Petri dishes in the presence of various concentrations of fetal calf serum and of a chemically synthesized tripeptide Gly-His-Lys. Four different culture conditions were employed in the composition of the nutrient medium in which the cells were cultivated: a low serum concentration of 1, 2 or 5% (group A), a low serum concentration with 200 ng/ml tripeptide (group B), a serum concentration of 10 to 20% (group C) and a serum concentration of 10 or 20% with 200 ng/ml tripeptide (group D). Within the first 24 h of cultivation the cells settled on the collagen substrate and outgrowth of neuronal processes started in all four culture conditions. After 48 h in culture, differences between the groups became evident. In group A most isolated nerve cells had disappeared and glial cells proliferated from the remaining clumps. In group B the neurons had differentiated in absence of glial cells, the proliferation of which was greatly suppressed. In group C and D a differentiation of neurons occurred in a similar way to group B, but in addition the glial cells had proliferated. After 7-8 days in culture the cells in group A and B suddenly degenerated. In group C and D the nerve cells maintained for up to 3 weeks. The optimum concentrations of tripeptide in which the neuroblasts grew fibers and maintained in culture during 7-8 days were in the range of 100-400 ng/ml. The role of the tripeptide in the differentiation and maintenance of nerve cells is discussed.", "PMID": 1178106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6462", "title": "Effect of essential fatty acids on proliferation of two neural tumor lines.", "content": "A combination of linoleic and linolenic acids has been shown to be able to partly replace serum in maintaining cell division of neural tumor lines. Addition of essential fatty acids to C-6 rat astrocytoma cells grown in serum-deprived medium increased the rate of cell proliferation and restored morphological appearance. Essential fatty acids also restored the rate of 3H-thymidine uptake by N-18 neuroblastoma cells grown in a serum-deprived medium. In the complete absence of serum, neuroblastoma cells were unable to proliferate despite addition of essential fatty acids. These studies indicate the importance of essential fatty acids in controlling the rate of neural tumor proliferation.", "contents": "Effect of essential fatty acids on proliferation of two neural tumor lines. A combination of linoleic and linolenic acids has been shown to be able to partly replace serum in maintaining cell division of neural tumor lines. Addition of essential fatty acids to C-6 rat astrocytoma cells grown in serum-deprived medium increased the rate of cell proliferation and restored morphological appearance. Essential fatty acids also restored the rate of 3H-thymidine uptake by N-18 neuroblastoma cells grown in a serum-deprived medium. In the complete absence of serum, neuroblastoma cells were unable to proliferate despite addition of essential fatty acids. These studies indicate the importance of essential fatty acids in controlling the rate of neural tumor proliferation.", "PMID": 1178107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6463", "title": "Sialoglycoprotein synthesis in developing rat brain.", "content": "The postnatal developmental profiles of the protein-bound sialic acid content and the activities of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-AcNeu) synthetase (EC 2.7.7.43) and glycoprotein sialyltransferase, enzymes involved in sialoglycoprotein biosynthesis, were estimated in the rat brain. The sialoglycoprotein level appeared to increase 2-fold from birth to about 20 days of age, which correlates with the outgrowth of the cell processes in this period. In contrast, the activities per g wet tissue of the enzymes were highest at birth and showed decreasing tendencies during maturation. This revealed that, at least at a certain stage during development, the sialyltransferase is present in structures other than synaptic membranes, since the new-born rat brain is devoid of these membranes. The developmental profile of the endogenous, sialic acid accepting molecules was very similar to that of the sialoglycoproteins. It was concluded that cerebral sialoglycoprotein biosynthesis during postnatal development is not limited by the activities of the synthetase and the transferase, but may largely depend on the production of the endogenous acceptors, which are presumed to be the natural precursors for the sialoglycoproteins.", "contents": "Sialoglycoprotein synthesis in developing rat brain. The postnatal developmental profiles of the protein-bound sialic acid content and the activities of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-AcNeu) synthetase (EC 2.7.7.43) and glycoprotein sialyltransferase, enzymes involved in sialoglycoprotein biosynthesis, were estimated in the rat brain. The sialoglycoprotein level appeared to increase 2-fold from birth to about 20 days of age, which correlates with the outgrowth of the cell processes in this period. In contrast, the activities per g wet tissue of the enzymes were highest at birth and showed decreasing tendencies during maturation. This revealed that, at least at a certain stage during development, the sialyltransferase is present in structures other than synaptic membranes, since the new-born rat brain is devoid of these membranes. The developmental profile of the endogenous, sialic acid accepting molecules was very similar to that of the sialoglycoproteins. It was concluded that cerebral sialoglycoprotein biosynthesis during postnatal development is not limited by the activities of the synthetase and the transferase, but may largely depend on the production of the endogenous acceptors, which are presumed to be the natural precursors for the sialoglycoproteins.", "PMID": 1178108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6464", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase activity in the cerebellum of the lurcher (Lc) mutant mouse.", "content": "The activity and distribution of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in the cerebellum of adult lurcher (Lc) mutant mice and of their normal littermates was investigated using biochemical assay and light microscopic histochemistry. The biochemical assay demonstrated an approximate two-fold increase of enzyme activity in the lurcher cerebellum compared to the values obtained for the normal controls. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the cerebellum of the normal adult mouse was predominantly evident in the granular layer, corresponding to the location of the glomeruli. In contrast, the lurcher cerebellum exhibited enzyme activity in both molecular and granular layers. In the molecular layer the staining appeared to be associated with ectopic granule cells. In both normal and lurcher mice, the Golgi cells, subcortical white matter and deep nuclei also showed varying degrees of staining for acetylcholinesterase.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase activity in the cerebellum of the lurcher (Lc) mutant mouse. The activity and distribution of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in the cerebellum of adult lurcher (Lc) mutant mice and of their normal littermates was investigated using biochemical assay and light microscopic histochemistry. The biochemical assay demonstrated an approximate two-fold increase of enzyme activity in the lurcher cerebellum compared to the values obtained for the normal controls. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the cerebellum of the normal adult mouse was predominantly evident in the granular layer, corresponding to the location of the glomeruli. In contrast, the lurcher cerebellum exhibited enzyme activity in both molecular and granular layers. In the molecular layer the staining appeared to be associated with ectopic granule cells. In both normal and lurcher mice, the Golgi cells, subcortical white matter and deep nuclei also showed varying degrees of staining for acetylcholinesterase.", "PMID": 1178109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6465", "title": "[Changes in the plasma magnesium content in patients subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass].", "content": "Changes in plasma magnesium content in 17 patients operated in extracorporeal circulation are reported. Values were low at the end of the operation, but rose at the end of the first day to achieve spontaneous resolution of the condition within 3 days. No close relationship between such loss and immediate postoperative arrhythmia could be discerned. Attention is, however, drawn to 3 cases in which ventricular fibrillation was not resolved until electric shock treatment was preceded by the administration of magnesium sulphate.", "contents": "[Changes in the plasma magnesium content in patients subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass]. Changes in plasma magnesium content in 17 patients operated in extracorporeal circulation are reported. Values were low at the end of the operation, but rose at the end of the first day to achieve spontaneous resolution of the condition within 3 days. No close relationship between such loss and immediate postoperative arrhythmia could be discerned. Attention is, however, drawn to 3 cases in which ventricular fibrillation was not resolved until electric shock treatment was preceded by the administration of magnesium sulphate.", "PMID": 1178125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6466", "title": "[Cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas].", "content": "After a synthetic review of the different kinds of pancreatic cysts, a particular consideration to the proliferative cysts, is given and a case of pa-papillary cystoadeno-carcinoma of the tail and body of the pancreas is reported. Stress is laid on the diagnostic difficulties of these malignant tumors and on the necessity of a radical surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas]. After a synthetic review of the different kinds of pancreatic cysts, a particular consideration to the proliferative cysts, is given and a case of pa-papillary cystoadeno-carcinoma of the tail and body of the pancreas is reported. Stress is laid on the diagnostic difficulties of these malignant tumors and on the necessity of a radical surgical treatment.", "PMID": 1178126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6467", "title": "[Agenesia of the gallbladder and the cystic duct. Apropos of 2 personal cases].", "content": "After a survey of the literature on gall bladder and cystic duct agenesia, two personally observed cases are described. Stress is laid on the aetiopathogenesis, physiopathology and clinical aspects of the malformation.", "contents": "[Agenesia of the gallbladder and the cystic duct. Apropos of 2 personal cases]. After a survey of the literature on gall bladder and cystic duct agenesia, two personally observed cases are described. Stress is laid on the aetiopathogenesis, physiopathology and clinical aspects of the malformation.", "PMID": 1178127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6468", "title": "[Role of the intestinal flora on the severity of essential-fatty-acid-deficiency symptoms in the quail (Coturnix cot. jap.)].", "content": "Two groups of quails, one germ-free and one non-sterile, were fed the same diet free of essential fatty acids (EFA-deficient diet). Analyses of body fat at 4 weeks indicated that the ratio trienoic:tetraenoic acid was 1.9 times higher for germ-free than for non-sterile animals, due to the lower level of arachidonic acid.", "contents": "[Role of the intestinal flora on the severity of essential-fatty-acid-deficiency symptoms in the quail (Coturnix cot. jap.)]. Two groups of quails, one germ-free and one non-sterile, were fed the same diet free of essential fatty acids (EFA-deficient diet). Analyses of body fat at 4 weeks indicated that the ratio trienoic:tetraenoic acid was 1.9 times higher for germ-free than for non-sterile animals, due to the lower level of arachidonic acid.", "PMID": 1178141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6469", "title": "Effect of vitamin D on serum cholesterol and arterial blood pressure in infants.", "content": "91 children suffering from rickets, most of them less than 2 years old, were divided into four groups and treated with different doses of vitamin D. After 1 month the arterial blood pressure and the serum cholesterol had risen in all groups and in all but one of them significantly so. It is suggested that the reason why children in one group gave a poor response to vitamin D in spite of receiving a high dose was that they had kwashiorkor with low serum albumins and abnormal livers.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin D on serum cholesterol and arterial blood pressure in infants. 91 children suffering from rickets, most of them less than 2 years old, were divided into four groups and treated with different doses of vitamin D. After 1 month the arterial blood pressure and the serum cholesterol had risen in all groups and in all but one of them significantly so. It is suggested that the reason why children in one group gave a poor response to vitamin D in spite of receiving a high dose was that they had kwashiorkor with low serum albumins and abnormal livers.", "PMID": 1178142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6470", "title": "The effect of dietary protein levels on the rate of lipid biosynthesis from glycerol-3-phosphate in rat liver.", "content": "The effect of dietary protein levels on the rate of lipid synthesis from glycerol-3-phosphate was studied in the rat. Optimal conditions for studying this metabolic reaction were established by measuring the entry of sn-14C-glycerol-3-phosphate into lipid in vitro. The rate of glycerol-3-phosphate incorporation into lipid in animals fed a 10 percent protein diet for 6 days was significantly less than for those given diets containing 20 or 30 percent protein while the converse was true after 26 days. The results indicate that the response of this particular metabolic step in lipid formation to dietary protein should be considered when attempting to explain the influence of dietary protein on lipid concentration in various tissues.", "contents": "The effect of dietary protein levels on the rate of lipid biosynthesis from glycerol-3-phosphate in rat liver. The effect of dietary protein levels on the rate of lipid synthesis from glycerol-3-phosphate was studied in the rat. Optimal conditions for studying this metabolic reaction were established by measuring the entry of sn-14C-glycerol-3-phosphate into lipid in vitro. The rate of glycerol-3-phosphate incorporation into lipid in animals fed a 10 percent protein diet for 6 days was significantly less than for those given diets containing 20 or 30 percent protein while the converse was true after 26 days. The results indicate that the response of this particular metabolic step in lipid formation to dietary protein should be considered when attempting to explain the influence of dietary protein on lipid concentration in various tissues.", "PMID": 1178144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6471", "title": "Calcium and phosphorus change of the Apollo 17 crew members.", "content": "In association with the 12.6-day lunar flight of Apollo 17, calcium and phosphorus intake and excretion were determined for the crew members before and during the mission. The study showed increased urinary and fecal phosphorus and increased fecal calcium during weightlessness. The calculated mean calcium \"loss\" for the three crew members was 0.2 percent of estimated total body calcium and phosphorus \"loss\" was 0.7 percent of estimated total body phosphorus. The ratio of phosphorus lost compared to calcium indicated a reduction in both bone and soft tissue. These changes may be attributed not only to the hypogravia of the lunar and circumlunar environment, but possibly also to disturbances in gastrointestinal absorption.", "contents": "Calcium and phosphorus change of the Apollo 17 crew members. In association with the 12.6-day lunar flight of Apollo 17, calcium and phosphorus intake and excretion were determined for the crew members before and during the mission. The study showed increased urinary and fecal phosphorus and increased fecal calcium during weightlessness. The calculated mean calcium \"loss\" for the three crew members was 0.2 percent of estimated total body calcium and phosphorus \"loss\" was 0.7 percent of estimated total body phosphorus. The ratio of phosphorus lost compared to calcium indicated a reduction in both bone and soft tissue. These changes may be attributed not only to the hypogravia of the lunar and circumlunar environment, but possibly also to disturbances in gastrointestinal absorption.", "PMID": 1178143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6472", "title": "Histidinemia produced in the rat by treatment with nitromethane1.", "content": "Metabolic effects of in vivo administration of nitromethane, a histidase inhibitor, were studied in the rat. Histidinemia produced by feeding a 5-percent histidine diet to the rat was included for comparison. Rats injected subcutaneously with nitromethane every other day appeared to be histidinemic, with a plasma histidine level of 43 mumol/100 ml (control 9.2 mumol/100 ml) after 12 days of treatment. Histidine concentrations in the brain, liver, kidney, and urine of the nitromethane-treated rats were also increased. Liver histidase activity was decreased about 78 percent after nitromethane administration, and the rate of in vivo CO2 production from histidine was also depressed. No abnormal change in liver and kidney sizes was observed in these animals. Rats fed the 5-percent histidine diet showed markedly higher plasma histidine concentrations (99 mumul/100 ml) than the nitromethane-treated rats. The magnitude of increase in plasma histidine in the histidine-fed rats was considerably greater than that observed in humans with histidinemia. Furthermore, the liver histidase activity was decreased only by about 20 percent, and a significant increase in liver and kidney sizes was noted in the histidine-fed animals. These findings indicate that histidinemia produced by nitromethane administration is a better model for studies of the genetic disorder than histidinemia induced by high levels of histidine in the diet.", "contents": "Histidinemia produced in the rat by treatment with nitromethane1. Metabolic effects of in vivo administration of nitromethane, a histidase inhibitor, were studied in the rat. Histidinemia produced by feeding a 5-percent histidine diet to the rat was included for comparison. Rats injected subcutaneously with nitromethane every other day appeared to be histidinemic, with a plasma histidine level of 43 mumol/100 ml (control 9.2 mumol/100 ml) after 12 days of treatment. Histidine concentrations in the brain, liver, kidney, and urine of the nitromethane-treated rats were also increased. Liver histidase activity was decreased about 78 percent after nitromethane administration, and the rate of in vivo CO2 production from histidine was also depressed. No abnormal change in liver and kidney sizes was observed in these animals. Rats fed the 5-percent histidine diet showed markedly higher plasma histidine concentrations (99 mumul/100 ml) than the nitromethane-treated rats. The magnitude of increase in plasma histidine in the histidine-fed rats was considerably greater than that observed in humans with histidinemia. Furthermore, the liver histidase activity was decreased only by about 20 percent, and a significant increase in liver and kidney sizes was noted in the histidine-fed animals. These findings indicate that histidinemia produced by nitromethane administration is a better model for studies of the genetic disorder than histidinemia induced by high levels of histidine in the diet.", "PMID": 1178145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6473", "title": "Effect of repletion with dietary calcium on composition and mechanical properties of bone of calcium-deprived rats.", "content": "Four groups of rats were fed a low-calcium diet (0.02%) and two groups a normal calcium diet (0.50%). After 2 weeks one group from each dietary calcium level was sacrificed and the femurs examined. The remaining three groups which had been kept on the low-calcium diet were then given diets richer in calcium: 0.25, 0.35 and 0.5%. The remaining group on the normal calcium diet continued receiving it. After two more weeks all animals were sacrificed and their femurs examined. Rats fed the low-calcium diet lagged behind in weight gain; ash content, breaking strength, and modulus of elasticity of their femurs were much lower than those of animals on the normal calcium diet. Feeding diets with increasing calcium content increased bone ash and improved mechanical properties. However, improvement of breaking strength and elasticity did not parallel strictly increases in mineralization. Repletion with a normal calcium diet (0.50%) failed to increase bone ash to normal levels but mechanical properties were improved by repletion with substantially lower dietary calcium levels. Maximal breaking strength was obtained by repletion feeding with a dietary calcium level which failed to increase bone ash. It seems that factors other than mineralization determine breaking strength and elasticity of bone recovering from calcium deprivation.", "contents": "Effect of repletion with dietary calcium on composition and mechanical properties of bone of calcium-deprived rats. Four groups of rats were fed a low-calcium diet (0.02%) and two groups a normal calcium diet (0.50%). After 2 weeks one group from each dietary calcium level was sacrificed and the femurs examined. The remaining three groups which had been kept on the low-calcium diet were then given diets richer in calcium: 0.25, 0.35 and 0.5%. The remaining group on the normal calcium diet continued receiving it. After two more weeks all animals were sacrificed and their femurs examined. Rats fed the low-calcium diet lagged behind in weight gain; ash content, breaking strength, and modulus of elasticity of their femurs were much lower than those of animals on the normal calcium diet. Feeding diets with increasing calcium content increased bone ash and improved mechanical properties. However, improvement of breaking strength and elasticity did not parallel strictly increases in mineralization. Repletion with a normal calcium diet (0.50%) failed to increase bone ash to normal levels but mechanical properties were improved by repletion with substantially lower dietary calcium levels. Maximal breaking strength was obtained by repletion feeding with a dietary calcium level which failed to increase bone ash. It seems that factors other than mineralization determine breaking strength and elasticity of bone recovering from calcium deprivation.", "PMID": 1178146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6474", "title": "Farnsworth 100-hue test in diagnosis of ethambutol-induced damage to optic nerve.", "content": "In patients treated with EMB, disturbances in colour vision may be the first and only symptoms of the onset of toxic damage to the optic nerves. Owing to its sensitivity, the Farnsworth 100-Hue test is of great value in the ophthalmic control examinations. Moreover, it permits observation of the dynamics of the toxic process. The three reported cases of damage to the optic nerves confirm the great importance of colour vision examinations, as regards the detection of the complications of EMB treatment.", "contents": "Farnsworth 100-hue test in diagnosis of ethambutol-induced damage to optic nerve. In patients treated with EMB, disturbances in colour vision may be the first and only symptoms of the onset of toxic damage to the optic nerves. Owing to its sensitivity, the Farnsworth 100-Hue test is of great value in the ophthalmic control examinations. Moreover, it permits observation of the dynamics of the toxic process. The three reported cases of damage to the optic nerves confirm the great importance of colour vision examinations, as regards the detection of the complications of EMB treatment.", "PMID": 1178150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6475", "title": "Preliminary results about a new remotely controlled projection campimeter.", "content": "A newly remotely controlled projection campimeter is described. The instrument can be remotely controlled either automatically by a minicomputer or manually by an operator. The introduction of the computer allows the elimination of the systematic errors due to the operator. Moreover, the campimeter is enabled to choose the optimal strategy for target presentations. The last task of the computer consists in the memorization of the graphical results, their comparison and their quantification.", "contents": "Preliminary results about a new remotely controlled projection campimeter. A newly remotely controlled projection campimeter is described. The instrument can be remotely controlled either automatically by a minicomputer or manually by an operator. The introduction of the computer allows the elimination of the systematic errors due to the operator. Moreover, the campimeter is enabled to choose the optimal strategy for target presentations. The last task of the computer consists in the memorization of the graphical results, their comparison and their quantification.", "PMID": 1178151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6476", "title": "Extraocular observations in episcleral sponge implants.", "content": "The follow-up of 262 cases of retinal detachment operated on after the Custodis-Lincoff method in combination with cryopexy permitted the following observations:  (1) The implant protruded in a number of cases under an intact conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule without discomfort to the patient. This protrusion depended mainly on the size and the manner of fixation of the implant, the distance of the point of fixation from the limbus and the condition of the conjunctiva. (2) Changes were observed in the conjunctiva in the fixation area, such as subconjunctival haemorrhage, cystoid degeneration of the conjunctiva and rupture with extrusion of the sponge. Subconjunctival haemorrhages were observed in 3.4% of the cases and were either absorbed or led to an inflammation. Cystoid degenerations occurred in 2.2% of our cases. These were limited to the edge of the sponge proximate to the limbus and involved only cases of radial fixation. Rupture of the conjuctiva and extrusion were noticed in 3.4% of the cases. (3) An inflammation due to the sponge was observed in 4.1% of the cases. Its time of onset varied between 3 days and 22 months. According to the time of onset the patients were divided into three groups. The gravity of the inflammation was proportionate to the earliness of the time of onset. Predisposing factors for the above complications were mentioned and discussed.", "contents": "Extraocular observations in episcleral sponge implants. The follow-up of 262 cases of retinal detachment operated on after the Custodis-Lincoff method in combination with cryopexy permitted the following observations:  (1) The implant protruded in a number of cases under an intact conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule without discomfort to the patient. This protrusion depended mainly on the size and the manner of fixation of the implant, the distance of the point of fixation from the limbus and the condition of the conjunctiva. (2) Changes were observed in the conjunctiva in the fixation area, such as subconjunctival haemorrhage, cystoid degeneration of the conjunctiva and rupture with extrusion of the sponge. Subconjunctival haemorrhages were observed in 3.4% of the cases and were either absorbed or led to an inflammation. Cystoid degenerations occurred in 2.2% of our cases. These were limited to the edge of the sponge proximate to the limbus and involved only cases of radial fixation. Rupture of the conjuctiva and extrusion were noticed in 3.4% of the cases. (3) An inflammation due to the sponge was observed in 4.1% of the cases. Its time of onset varied between 3 days and 22 months. According to the time of onset the patients were divided into three groups. The gravity of the inflammation was proportionate to the earliness of the time of onset. Predisposing factors for the above complications were mentioned and discussed.", "PMID": 1178152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6477", "title": "[The future of cataract surgery].", "content": "In relation with the 1974 course of 'pseudophakia' organised by C. D. Binkhorst and J. G. F. Worst the following conclusions occur as regards the future of cataract implants. Probably during the following 10 years many cataract patients will ask for lens implants. This operation is safe with small risk only in best hands. The standard cataract surgery (without lens implantation) should be still a part in training of an eye surgeon. The implantation surgery should not be a part of basic training of an eye surgeon.", "contents": "[The future of cataract surgery]. In relation with the 1974 course of 'pseudophakia' organised by C. D. Binkhorst and J. G. F. Worst the following conclusions occur as regards the future of cataract implants. Probably during the following 10 years many cataract patients will ask for lens implants. This operation is safe with small risk only in best hands. The standard cataract surgery (without lens implantation) should be still a part in training of an eye surgeon. The implantation surgery should not be a part of basic training of an eye surgeon.", "PMID": 1178153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6478", "title": "The emmetropic and the iseikonic implant lens: computer calculation of the refractive power and its accuracy.", "content": "The preoperative calculation of the power of a lens prosthesis and the resulting aniseikonia is given, as well as diagrams for reading the emmetropizing and the iseikonizing power of the lens. The consequences of an inaccuracy in the measurement of the dimensional and refractive properties of the eyes are calculated. It can be concluded that the main determinant for an accurate prediction of the power of the intraocular lens prosthesis is the axial length measurement. Since this measurement is carried out by means of ultrasound biometry, it is necessary to emphasize the adequate application of this technique. The problem as to whether an emmetropizing, or an iseikonizing lens should be implanted may be solved with the data supplied by the computer program. A flow chart for this program is given in an appendix.", "contents": "The emmetropic and the iseikonic implant lens: computer calculation of the refractive power and its accuracy. The preoperative calculation of the power of a lens prosthesis and the resulting aniseikonia is given, as well as diagrams for reading the emmetropizing and the iseikonizing power of the lens. The consequences of an inaccuracy in the measurement of the dimensional and refractive properties of the eyes are calculated. It can be concluded that the main determinant for an accurate prediction of the power of the intraocular lens prosthesis is the axial length measurement. Since this measurement is carried out by means of ultrasound biometry, it is necessary to emphasize the adequate application of this technique. The problem as to whether an emmetropizing, or an iseikonizing lens should be implanted may be solved with the data supplied by the computer program. A flow chart for this program is given in an appendix.", "PMID": 1178154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6479", "title": "Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis.", "content": "Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis is a disease of adults that should be distinguished from true disk space infection. It is due to a hematogenous seeding (either venous or arterial) of the subchondral bony elements of the vertebral body. The disk space is involved secondarly, later in the course of the disease. The underlying bacteremia is from another focus of infection, frequently in the urinary tract. Disk space infection in adults is caused by direct violation of the disk, most commonly at the time of surgical excision of the nucleus pulposus. The bony elements of both adjacent vertebral bodies are secondarily involved. The clinical feature common to both types of infection is back pain that generally begins insidiously and then gradually increases in severity and becomes continuous and is accompanied by marked muscle spasm. The sedimentation rate is always increased; it decreases only with resolution of the infection. The diagnosis of vertebral infection is often not suspected because fever and leukocytosis generally are absent. The most common organism is Staphylococcus aureus, although gram-negative bacterial infections also occur. Bacteriologic diangosis should be sought in each case by blood cultures (generally negative with postoperative disk space infection) or percutaneous needle biopsy. Soft tissue abscesses may require open d\u00e9bridement and drainage. Treatment of both types consists of rest, immobilization, and specific antibiotic treatment. The prognosis for resolution of the infectious process within six to nine months, with adequate treatment, is excellent.", "contents": "Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis is a disease of adults that should be distinguished from true disk space infection. It is due to a hematogenous seeding (either venous or arterial) of the subchondral bony elements of the vertebral body. The disk space is involved secondarly, later in the course of the disease. The underlying bacteremia is from another focus of infection, frequently in the urinary tract. Disk space infection in adults is caused by direct violation of the disk, most commonly at the time of surgical excision of the nucleus pulposus. The bony elements of both adjacent vertebral bodies are secondarily involved. The clinical feature common to both types of infection is back pain that generally begins insidiously and then gradually increases in severity and becomes continuous and is accompanied by marked muscle spasm. The sedimentation rate is always increased; it decreases only with resolution of the infection. The diagnosis of vertebral infection is often not suspected because fever and leukocytosis generally are absent. The most common organism is Staphylococcus aureus, although gram-negative bacterial infections also occur. Bacteriologic diangosis should be sought in each case by blood cultures (generally negative with postoperative disk space infection) or percutaneous needle biopsy. Soft tissue abscesses may require open d\u00e9bridement and drainage. Treatment of both types consists of rest, immobilization, and specific antibiotic treatment. The prognosis for resolution of the infectious process within six to nine months, with adequate treatment, is excellent.", "PMID": 1178157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6480", "title": "Granulomatous infections of bones and joints.", "content": "Infections of bone or joints that present histologically as granulomas may be grouped together, include both bacterial and fungal etiologies. These infections are uncommonly encountered. Hence, there is rarely a standardized approach to the establishment of the diagnosis or the choice of therapy. From a practical standpoint, it is useful to maintain this classification, which is based on the histologic appearance, because if the frozen section shows a granuloma at the time of open biopsy, appropriate studies may be initiated.", "contents": "Granulomatous infections of bones and joints. Infections of bone or joints that present histologically as granulomas may be grouped together, include both bacterial and fungal etiologies. These infections are uncommonly encountered. Hence, there is rarely a standardized approach to the establishment of the diagnosis or the choice of therapy. From a practical standpoint, it is useful to maintain this classification, which is based on the histologic appearance, because if the frozen section shows a granuloma at the time of open biopsy, appropriate studies may be initiated.", "PMID": 1178158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6481", "title": "Anaerobic infections.", "content": "An increased awareness of the importance of anaerobic organisms in human infections and improvements in culture techniques are probably responsible for the apparent increasing incidence of anaerobic infections. Clostridial infections are medical emergencies. Prevention is the first step in treatment, and close adherence to the well-established prinicples of trauma surgery with thorough d\u00e9bridement of all devitalized and necrotic tissue is of paramount importance.", "contents": "Anaerobic infections. An increased awareness of the importance of anaerobic organisms in human infections and improvements in culture techniques are probably responsible for the apparent increasing incidence of anaerobic infections. Clostridial infections are medical emergencies. Prevention is the first step in treatment, and close adherence to the well-established prinicples of trauma surgery with thorough d\u00e9bridement of all devitalized and necrotic tissue is of paramount importance.", "PMID": 1178159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6482", "title": "Total knee arthroplasty after septic arthritis.", "content": "Total knee arthroplastie were performed as salvage procedures in 1- patients with irreversible knee destruction secondary to bacterial arthritis. All now have functioning knees that are pain-free and average 85 degrees of motion. None has evidence of clinical infection at present. These patients are not yet regarded as cured. They may remain at risk for the development of late reinfections. This procedure is not advocated as the operation of choice for patients with knee joint destruction secondary to bacterial arthritis. We emphasize the risk involved and the necessity for obtaining the informed consent of the patient before proceeding with total knee arthroplasty when there has been previous infection.", "contents": "Total knee arthroplasty after septic arthritis. Total knee arthroplastie were performed as salvage procedures in 1- patients with irreversible knee destruction secondary to bacterial arthritis. All now have functioning knees that are pain-free and average 85 degrees of motion. None has evidence of clinical infection at present. These patients are not yet regarded as cured. They may remain at risk for the development of late reinfections. This procedure is not advocated as the operation of choice for patients with knee joint destruction secondary to bacterial arthritis. We emphasize the risk involved and the necessity for obtaining the informed consent of the patient before proceeding with total knee arthroplasty when there has been previous infection.", "PMID": 1178160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6483", "title": "Common and uncommon infections of the hand.", "content": "Most serious hand infections are preventable at this time if proper prophylaxis is maintained with regard to the hands and if the precursor conditions-mild inflammations and infections-are quickly and appropriately treated. In those few serious hand infections that still occur, a judicious combination of medical, surgical, and rehabilitative measures should preserve normal or at least reasonable function in practically all instances.", "contents": "Common and uncommon infections of the hand. Most serious hand infections are preventable at this time if proper prophylaxis is maintained with regard to the hands and if the precursor conditions-mild inflammations and infections-are quickly and appropriately treated. In those few serious hand infections that still occur, a judicious combination of medical, surgical, and rehabilitative measures should preserve normal or at least reasonable function in practically all instances.", "PMID": 1178161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6484", "title": "Contamination of the operative wound.", "content": "A study of the bacteriologic environment of the conventional operating rooms in the hospitals used by the Mayo Clinic orthopedic surgical section revealed several areas of potential contamination of the surgical wound. Such areas included the back table and the unsterile suction receptacle. Use of an impermeable hood with a large mask diminished contamination of the instruments and the wound originating in direct fallout from members of the surgical team. Irrigation of the operative wound with 0.1 per cent neomycin solution for brief periods was not as effective as previously thought. The  level of airborne bacterial contamination in the operating room can be reduced by limiting the traffic and controlling the activity and the number of operating room personnel. Although none of these factors could be directly related to operative wound sepsis in any of our studies, their potential was obvious. They can be controlled by the methods we have described.", "contents": "Contamination of the operative wound. A study of the bacteriologic environment of the conventional operating rooms in the hospitals used by the Mayo Clinic orthopedic surgical section revealed several areas of potential contamination of the surgical wound. Such areas included the back table and the unsterile suction receptacle. Use of an impermeable hood with a large mask diminished contamination of the instruments and the wound originating in direct fallout from members of the surgical team. Irrigation of the operative wound with 0.1 per cent neomycin solution for brief periods was not as effective as previously thought. The  level of airborne bacterial contamination in the operating room can be reduced by limiting the traffic and controlling the activity and the number of operating room personnel. Although none of these factors could be directly related to operative wound sepsis in any of our studies, their potential was obvious. They can be controlled by the methods we have described.", "PMID": 1178162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6485", "title": "Actions and uses of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of musculoskeletal infections.", "content": "The antimicrobial therapy of musculoskeletal infections does not differ in basic principles from the therapy of any infection. However, the chronic nature of certain of these infections and the need for long-term treatment make essential the proper selection and monitoring of the antimicrobial agents. This can be done only by obtaining proper specimens for microbiologic identification and, in many cases, by in vitro susceptibility tests of the infecting organisms. Thus, the least toxic, effective antimicrobial agent can be selected and administered without inadequate therapy or toxic side effects.", "contents": "Actions and uses of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of musculoskeletal infections. The antimicrobial therapy of musculoskeletal infections does not differ in basic principles from the therapy of any infection. However, the chronic nature of certain of these infections and the need for long-term treatment make essential the proper selection and monitoring of the antimicrobial agents. This can be done only by obtaining proper specimens for microbiologic identification and, in many cases, by in vitro susceptibility tests of the infecting organisms. Thus, the least toxic, effective antimicrobial agent can be selected and administered without inadequate therapy or toxic side effects.", "PMID": 1178163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6486", "title": "Antibiotic management of acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children.", "content": "Optimal antibiotic management of children with acute bone and joint infections depends on early clinical diagnosis, careful search for the infecting organism, and institution of vigorous surgical therapy. Because antibiotic treatment must be initiated before confirmatory laboratory data are available, clues to the bacteriologic etiology must be sought. Knowledge of the patient's age, the clinical circumstances of the infection, and the associated physical findings may provide a presumptive bacteriologic diagnosis. Gram-staining of the surgical aspirate or tissue may provide immediate information about the nature of the pathogen. Definitive culture results and antibiotic sensitivities may be useful in modifying therapy, if necessary. It is advocated that antibiotics be given parenterally for the full course of therapy because of the seriousness of the infection and the importance of high blood and tissue levels. To determine a response to therapy, frequent careful physical examinations along with periodic roentgenograms and sedimentation rate determinations are indicated. Because long-term, high-dose antibiotic-therapy can produce side effects, it is essential that studies be done to monitor any potentially harmful effects on organ systems.", "contents": "Antibiotic management of acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children. Optimal antibiotic management of children with acute bone and joint infections depends on early clinical diagnosis, careful search for the infecting organism, and institution of vigorous surgical therapy. Because antibiotic treatment must be initiated before confirmatory laboratory data are available, clues to the bacteriologic etiology must be sought. Knowledge of the patient's age, the clinical circumstances of the infection, and the associated physical findings may provide a presumptive bacteriologic diagnosis. Gram-staining of the surgical aspirate or tissue may provide immediate information about the nature of the pathogen. Definitive culture results and antibiotic sensitivities may be useful in modifying therapy, if necessary. It is advocated that antibiotics be given parenterally for the full course of therapy because of the seriousness of the infection and the importance of high blood and tissue levels. To determine a response to therapy, frequent careful physical examinations along with periodic roentgenograms and sedimentation rate determinations are indicated. Because long-term, high-dose antibiotic-therapy can produce side effects, it is essential that studies be done to monitor any potentially harmful effects on organ systems.", "PMID": 1178164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6487", "title": "Hematogenous pyogenic osteomyelitis in children.", "content": "Early diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis is difficult. The diagnosis can be positively established only by isolation of the organism from bone or by histologic confirmation. The diagnosis should always be suspected when clinical signs are suggestive. In these cases aspirated material should be obtained for culture and the patient should be treated with antibiotics and observed closely. If the clinical response is good and no bone destruction occurs, surgical intervention may not be necessary. If the clinical response is not satisfactory or if bone destruction occurs, surgical treatment should be carried out to drain the area and to identify the etiologic organism. When osteomyelitis is associated with joint involvement, the prognosis is poor, and our data show no obvious improvement even with long-term antibiotic therapy. The key is prevention by early recognition and treatment. If culture fails to isolate a pathogenic organism, the prognosis appears to be good. Overall, in recent years the prognosis of hematogenous osteomyelitis has continued to improve, probably as a result of early detection and better antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Hematogenous pyogenic osteomyelitis in children. Early diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis is difficult. The diagnosis can be positively established only by isolation of the organism from bone or by histologic confirmation. The diagnosis should always be suspected when clinical signs are suggestive. In these cases aspirated material should be obtained for culture and the patient should be treated with antibiotics and observed closely. If the clinical response is good and no bone destruction occurs, surgical intervention may not be necessary. If the clinical response is not satisfactory or if bone destruction occurs, surgical treatment should be carried out to drain the area and to identify the etiologic organism. When osteomyelitis is associated with joint involvement, the prognosis is poor, and our data show no obvious improvement even with long-term antibiotic therapy. The key is prevention by early recognition and treatment. If culture fails to isolate a pathogenic organism, the prognosis appears to be good. Overall, in recent years the prognosis of hematogenous osteomyelitis has continued to improve, probably as a result of early detection and better antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 1178165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6488", "title": "Disk space infections in children.", "content": "The present review of disk space infection in children agrees with that carried out in 1962.12 The physician who encounters a child with back or hip pain, irritability, and a change in walking pattern should always suspect an infection of the vertebral column, particularly in the presence of limited spine motion, spasm, and an elevated sedimentation rate. S. aureus still is the usual primary infecting agent. Treatment consisting of rigid immobilization of the spinal column during the acutely painful phase appears to be adequate therapy. The use of antibiotics is not generally recommended. Because of this, hospitalization is usually not prolonged unneccessarily. The rationable for the use of antibiotics in one atypical case included recurrence of clinical signs and symptoms despite immobilization. These included persistent pain and spasm associated with a high sedimentation rate. Disk space aspiration probably is no longer necessary or desirable in the usual patient in whom immobilization is generally effective. The prognosis for most patients is good. Occasionally spinal fusion should be considered in this young age group if mechanical backache persists after the infection has been cured. The findings and recommendations regarding management of this disease in children should not be applied to the adult.", "contents": "Disk space infections in children. The present review of disk space infection in children agrees with that carried out in 1962.12 The physician who encounters a child with back or hip pain, irritability, and a change in walking pattern should always suspect an infection of the vertebral column, particularly in the presence of limited spine motion, spasm, and an elevated sedimentation rate. S. aureus still is the usual primary infecting agent. Treatment consisting of rigid immobilization of the spinal column during the acutely painful phase appears to be adequate therapy. The use of antibiotics is not generally recommended. Because of this, hospitalization is usually not prolonged unneccessarily. The rationable for the use of antibiotics in one atypical case included recurrence of clinical signs and symptoms despite immobilization. These included persistent pain and spasm associated with a high sedimentation rate. Disk space aspiration probably is no longer necessary or desirable in the usual patient in whom immobilization is generally effective. The prognosis for most patients is good. Occasionally spinal fusion should be considered in this young age group if mechanical backache persists after the infection has been cured. The findings and recommendations regarding management of this disease in children should not be applied to the adult.", "PMID": 1178166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6489", "title": "Osteomyelitis in the adult.", "content": "The acute form of osteomyelitis in the adult is distinctly uncommon except for that seen in the vertebrae. A significant increase in osteomyelitis due to gram-negative rods has been observed. The proper choice of antibacterial drugs is essential. Surgical treatment is still required for removal of infected and scarred tissue. Inadequate removal will lead to treatment failure. However, the defect produced in soft tissue and bone may tax the surgeon's ingenuity.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis in the adult. The acute form of osteomyelitis in the adult is distinctly uncommon except for that seen in the vertebrae. A significant increase in osteomyelitis due to gram-negative rods has been observed. The proper choice of antibacterial drugs is essential. Surgical treatment is still required for removal of infected and scarred tissue. Inadequate removal will lead to treatment failure. However, the defect produced in soft tissue and bone may tax the surgeon's ingenuity.", "PMID": 1178167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6490", "title": "Treatment of infections occurring in total hip surgery.", "content": "The chronology of infections after total hip arthroplasty has been categorized and described. Occurring at various time intervals after operation, the three phases of the infected total hip arthroplasty are as follows: (1) the acute complications with either a fulminating infection or a hematoma with potential or actual infection; (2) low-grade, creeping infection that is recognized early and treated with antibiotics alone, treated by d\u00e9bridement, with components left in place, or treated by d\u00e9bridement with removal of the components; (3) reimplantation of components after a previous hip infection. The methods for treating each of these phases are presented together with rationale for such treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of infections occurring in total hip surgery. The chronology of infections after total hip arthroplasty has been categorized and described. Occurring at various time intervals after operation, the three phases of the infected total hip arthroplasty are as follows: (1) the acute complications with either a fulminating infection or a hematoma with potential or actual infection; (2) low-grade, creeping infection that is recognized early and treated with antibiotics alone, treated by d\u00e9bridement, with components left in place, or treated by d\u00e9bridement with removal of the components; (3) reimplantation of components after a previous hip infection. The methods for treating each of these phases are presented together with rationale for such treatment.", "PMID": 1178168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6491", "title": "Advances in surgery of the tip: intact rim cartilage techniques and the tip-columella-lip esthetic complex.", "content": "There is no one technique best for all noses. The sensitive, versatile, and experienced cosmetic surgeon should select from his choices the combination of modalities best tailored to the needs of each patient. Among these modalities should be cartilaginous septal transfixion combined with the three techniques for changing the quantity and shape of the tip cartilages. The most important factor in choosing from the three tip techniques is the decision as to where the rotation points and major thrusts should be. Then come the choices as to tip width and infratip lobule length and the fine points of cartilage incision levels and directions and cartilage excisions or morselization. The decision to detach or not detach the septal strut below the cartilaginous septal transfixion incision is predicated mainly on tip-columella-lip esthetic complex requirements. Proper selection of these methods and attention to the tip-columella-lip esthetic complex should allow the surgeon to construct pleasing, relatively natural looking profiles with fewer radical hump removals and nostril base resections and with rare complications from nostril notching or collapse. No magic is involved in rhinoplasty; the surgeon's incision, removals, and additions, plus scar formation and contraction, produce the results.", "contents": "Advances in surgery of the tip: intact rim cartilage techniques and the tip-columella-lip esthetic complex. There is no one technique best for all noses. The sensitive, versatile, and experienced cosmetic surgeon should select from his choices the combination of modalities best tailored to the needs of each patient. Among these modalities should be cartilaginous septal transfixion combined with the three techniques for changing the quantity and shape of the tip cartilages. The most important factor in choosing from the three tip techniques is the decision as to where the rotation points and major thrusts should be. Then come the choices as to tip width and infratip lobule length and the fine points of cartilage incision levels and directions and cartilage excisions or morselization. The decision to detach or not detach the septal strut below the cartilaginous septal transfixion incision is predicated mainly on tip-columella-lip esthetic complex requirements. Proper selection of these methods and attention to the tip-columella-lip esthetic complex should allow the surgeon to construct pleasing, relatively natural looking profiles with fewer radical hump removals and nostril base resections and with rare complications from nostril notching or collapse. No magic is involved in rhinoplasty; the surgeon's incision, removals, and additions, plus scar formation and contraction, produce the results.", "PMID": 1178194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6492", "title": "Septorhinoplasty.", "content": "Pathologic, physiologic, and esthetic problems are considered in the patient desiring and needing septorhinoplasty. Usually there is a one stage operation. Unusual circumstances of age, or severe traumatic residuals, may occasionally be better corrected by a two stage operation. Occasional revision of a planned one stage operation is sometimes necessary. The variety of nasal deformities of congenital, developmental, and traumatic origin is multitudinous. Expertise in septorhinoplasty necessitates a methodology and planning of the surgery to bring the nose and face into good esthetic definition as well as satisfactory functional usefulness. Such techniques are described.", "contents": "Septorhinoplasty. Pathologic, physiologic, and esthetic problems are considered in the patient desiring and needing septorhinoplasty. Usually there is a one stage operation. Unusual circumstances of age, or severe traumatic residuals, may occasionally be better corrected by a two stage operation. Occasional revision of a planned one stage operation is sometimes necessary. The variety of nasal deformities of congenital, developmental, and traumatic origin is multitudinous. Expertise in septorhinoplasty necessitates a methodology and planning of the surgery to bring the nose and face into good esthetic definition as well as satisfactory functional usefulness. Such techniques are described.", "PMID": 1178195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6493", "title": "Reconstructive surgery of the injured nose.", "content": "A method of reconstructing healed injuries of the nose in the adult and young growing child is presented. The actual surgical technique is relatively simple and may be acquired easily during the period of residency or in many of the excellent postgraduate courses that are presented. Emphasis should be placed on restoration of function and form. A basic understanding of septal anatomy and physiology provides a good foundation in the treatment of this organ. Appreciation of the fundamental inter-relationships of the bone pyramid and the cartilaginous vault and lobule provides the foundation of proper treatment of the external nose. When both elements of the nose require attention, combined septal and rhinoplastic techniques should produce the best result.", "contents": "Reconstructive surgery of the injured nose. A method of reconstructing healed injuries of the nose in the adult and young growing child is presented. The actual surgical technique is relatively simple and may be acquired easily during the period of residency or in many of the excellent postgraduate courses that are presented. Emphasis should be placed on restoration of function and form. A basic understanding of septal anatomy and physiology provides a good foundation in the treatment of this organ. Appreciation of the fundamental inter-relationships of the bone pyramid and the cartilaginous vault and lobule provides the foundation of proper treatment of the external nose. When both elements of the nose require attention, combined septal and rhinoplastic techniques should produce the best result.", "PMID": 1178196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6494", "title": "Psychiatric evaluation of patients seeking rhinoplasty.", "content": "The number of people requesting cosmetic surgery has been increasing. Both objective and subjective motivational factors are involved. Since the face is the most important physical representative of our emotions and the nose isthe most prominent part of the face, not infrequently subconscious and unconscious personality factors are equated with some real or imaginary anatomical defect of the nose or face. Most commonly inadequacy feelings are involved in individuals with predominantly subjective complaints and are often intimately involved in the indivudual's sexuality and \"identity.\" The nose may become a scapegoat for these confused feelings. Three categories of patients whose emotional state and personality should be recognized are: the hysterical personality, the depressed menopausal female, and the paranoid personality. Motivational patterns may be divided into two groups: (1) external motivations (including the need to please others), career or social ambitions, and the need to avoid cultural conflicts (e.g. avoidance of alien stereotype) and (2) internal motivation, including paranoid ideation, long standing feelings of deficiency in one's physical appearance, general inadequacy or low self-esteem in one's worth or ability, resentment of aging, or actual lack of a special identity due to conflicting parental identification. In selecting a patient for thinoplasty, an evaluation of medical, sociocultural, psychological, and environmental factors should be considered.", "contents": "Psychiatric evaluation of patients seeking rhinoplasty. The number of people requesting cosmetic surgery has been increasing. Both objective and subjective motivational factors are involved. Since the face is the most important physical representative of our emotions and the nose isthe most prominent part of the face, not infrequently subconscious and unconscious personality factors are equated with some real or imaginary anatomical defect of the nose or face. Most commonly inadequacy feelings are involved in individuals with predominantly subjective complaints and are often intimately involved in the indivudual's sexuality and \"identity.\" The nose may become a scapegoat for these confused feelings. Three categories of patients whose emotional state and personality should be recognized are: the hysterical personality, the depressed menopausal female, and the paranoid personality. Motivational patterns may be divided into two groups: (1) external motivations (including the need to please others), career or social ambitions, and the need to avoid cultural conflicts (e.g. avoidance of alien stereotype) and (2) internal motivation, including paranoid ideation, long standing feelings of deficiency in one's physical appearance, general inadequacy or low self-esteem in one's worth or ability, resentment of aging, or actual lack of a special identity due to conflicting parental identification. In selecting a patient for thinoplasty, an evaluation of medical, sociocultural, psychological, and environmental factors should be considered.", "PMID": 1178199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6495", "title": "Adjunctive measures in rhinoplasty.", "content": "Modern day rhinoplasty demands more than a plan for a new nose. It requires consideration of the individual in terms of a new facial image. Adjacent skeletal and soft tissue weaknesses must be evaluated along with the primary nasal deformity. Frequently facial disharmonies may be corrected with relatively simple operative procedures or with cosmetics. When the procedure does not measurably increase the operative time, postoperative morbidity, or financial cose of the rhinoplasty, it will be more readily accepted by the patient. These criteria are considered in the suggested methods of chin augmentation with alloplastic implants and reduction mentoplasty, utilizing the intraoral subapical horizontal osteotomy of the mandible. At times, simple methods of camouflage will be inadequate. Significant jaw disharmony with unacceptable occlusion requires the interdisciplinary teamwork of the orthodontist, the surgeon, and possibly the prosthodontist. In these cases rhinoplasty waits upon skeletal and dental realignment. Almost without exception, the rhinoplasty patient appreciates and profits from the surgeon's concern over her general appearance. Advice regarding skin care, makeup, hair styling, and facial rejuvenation frequently aids that person in attaining a happy and satisfying rhinoplastic experience.", "contents": "Adjunctive measures in rhinoplasty. Modern day rhinoplasty demands more than a plan for a new nose. It requires consideration of the individual in terms of a new facial image. Adjacent skeletal and soft tissue weaknesses must be evaluated along with the primary nasal deformity. Frequently facial disharmonies may be corrected with relatively simple operative procedures or with cosmetics. When the procedure does not measurably increase the operative time, postoperative morbidity, or financial cose of the rhinoplasty, it will be more readily accepted by the patient. These criteria are considered in the suggested methods of chin augmentation with alloplastic implants and reduction mentoplasty, utilizing the intraoral subapical horizontal osteotomy of the mandible. At times, simple methods of camouflage will be inadequate. Significant jaw disharmony with unacceptable occlusion requires the interdisciplinary teamwork of the orthodontist, the surgeon, and possibly the prosthodontist. In these cases rhinoplasty waits upon skeletal and dental realignment. Almost without exception, the rhinoplasty patient appreciates and profits from the surgeon's concern over her general appearance. Advice regarding skin care, makeup, hair styling, and facial rejuvenation frequently aids that person in attaining a happy and satisfying rhinoplastic experience.", "PMID": 1178201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6496", "title": "Postoperative care of the rhinoplasty patient.", "content": "Postoperative care for the patient following rhinoplasty begins with the taping, packing, and splinting of the nose. In the immediate postoperative period the patient is encouraged to rest with the head in an elevated position, to take fluids by moutn, and to apply ice water compresses to the eyes. An analgesic sufficiently potent to ablate the pain as well as an evening sedative is prescribed, if needed. The systemic administration of enzymes, antibiotics, and steroids is not utilized by the authors in the postoperative care of rhinoplasty patients. Careful attention to maintaining the position of the nasal dorsum and the removal of any hematoma is essential in the first two postoperative weeks. During the first year following rhinoplasty, participation in contact sports and exposure to the sun are discouraged.", "contents": "Postoperative care of the rhinoplasty patient. Postoperative care for the patient following rhinoplasty begins with the taping, packing, and splinting of the nose. In the immediate postoperative period the patient is encouraged to rest with the head in an elevated position, to take fluids by moutn, and to apply ice water compresses to the eyes. An analgesic sufficiently potent to ablate the pain as well as an evening sedative is prescribed, if needed. The systemic administration of enzymes, antibiotics, and steroids is not utilized by the authors in the postoperative care of rhinoplasty patients. Careful attention to maintaining the position of the nasal dorsum and the removal of any hematoma is essential in the first two postoperative weeks. During the first year following rhinoplasty, participation in contact sports and exposure to the sun are discouraged.", "PMID": 1178204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6497", "title": "Spiroergometric and telemetric investigations during the XXI International Stoke Mandeville Games 1972 in Heidelberg.", "content": "Spiroergometric and telemetric investigations were carried out on 100 paralysed athletes during the XXI International Stoke Mandeville Games in Heidelberg, 1972. The technical and organisational difficulties in carrying out these measurements were engendered by the disabilities of subjects. The maximum oxygen uptake observed and the oxygen pulse were lower than in non-disabled persons. There were no differences in the peak heart rates (180-200 beats/min.) as compared with non-disabled athletes during particular competition situations. Sports characterised by quickness, dexterity and strength are not able to train the cardiopulomnary system substantially. Swimming is recommended as beneficial. Psychological and training physiological considerations suggest that long-distance wheelchair races should be adopted as a Stoke Mandeville event.", "contents": "Spiroergometric and telemetric investigations during the XXI International Stoke Mandeville Games 1972 in Heidelberg. Spiroergometric and telemetric investigations were carried out on 100 paralysed athletes during the XXI International Stoke Mandeville Games in Heidelberg, 1972. The technical and organisational difficulties in carrying out these measurements were engendered by the disabilities of subjects. The maximum oxygen uptake observed and the oxygen pulse were lower than in non-disabled persons. There were no differences in the peak heart rates (180-200 beats/min.) as compared with non-disabled athletes during particular competition situations. Sports characterised by quickness, dexterity and strength are not able to train the cardiopulomnary system substantially. Swimming is recommended as beneficial. Psychological and training physiological considerations suggest that long-distance wheelchair races should be adopted as a Stoke Mandeville event.", "PMID": 1178210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6498", "title": "Paraplegia in spondylitis: results of operative treatment.", "content": "Thirty patients with spondylitis were treated by decompression of the cord (31 operations). The spondylitis was tuberculous in 28 of septic unspecific aetioloty in two cases. The results with respect to the neurological symptoms were complete recovery in 24 cases, imcomplete recovery in four cases, and failure in three cases, or in ten per cent. Transthoracic anterior decompression was found to be the safest and quickest way to obtain restitution. Out of the ten patients treated by this method, nine recovered completely. One post-operative death from pulmonary embolism occurred. One patient died because of adrenal insufficiency due to adrenal tuberculosis which could not be diagnosed during life. There were no other serious complications attributable to the operative interventions.", "contents": "Paraplegia in spondylitis: results of operative treatment. Thirty patients with spondylitis were treated by decompression of the cord (31 operations). The spondylitis was tuberculous in 28 of septic unspecific aetioloty in two cases. The results with respect to the neurological symptoms were complete recovery in 24 cases, imcomplete recovery in four cases, and failure in three cases, or in ten per cent. Transthoracic anterior decompression was found to be the safest and quickest way to obtain restitution. Out of the ten patients treated by this method, nine recovered completely. One post-operative death from pulmonary embolism occurred. One patient died because of adrenal insufficiency due to adrenal tuberculosis which could not be diagnosed during life. There were no other serious complications attributable to the operative interventions.", "PMID": 1178213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6499", "title": "Urinary flow and flow pattern in paralegics.", "content": "In 34 paraplegics with neurogenic bladder dysfunction 108 uroflowmetries were performed using the uroflowmeter described by Garrelts and Strandell. Paraplegics show according to their pathophysiology of bladder emptying characteristic flow pattern. Their urinary flow rates are diminished. The decrease as compared with healthy people is nearly similar for patients with automatic and with autonomous areflexic bladders. Some pathophysiological aspects for these findings are discussed. One may conclude that decreased urinary flow and altered flow pattern, as changes of urodynamics in general, can be regarded as one of the factors causing recurrent bacteriuria and urinary infections in paraplegics.", "contents": "Urinary flow and flow pattern in paralegics. In 34 paraplegics with neurogenic bladder dysfunction 108 uroflowmetries were performed using the uroflowmeter described by Garrelts and Strandell. Paraplegics show according to their pathophysiology of bladder emptying characteristic flow pattern. Their urinary flow rates are diminished. The decrease as compared with healthy people is nearly similar for patients with automatic and with autonomous areflexic bladders. Some pathophysiological aspects for these findings are discussed. One may conclude that decreased urinary flow and altered flow pattern, as changes of urodynamics in general, can be regarded as one of the factors causing recurrent bacteriuria and urinary infections in paraplegics.", "PMID": 1178215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6500", "title": "Transstadial transmission of Theileria annulata through common ixodid ticks infesting Indian cattle.", "content": "Transstadial transmission of Theileria annulata with Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, H. dromedarii and H. marginatum isaaci, and Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides haemaphysaloides and Boophilus microplus was determined. It was found that the infection was successfully transmitted by H. a. anatolicum from larva to nymph and nymph to adult in all attempts. When larvae were fed on an infected calf the succeeding adults transmitted the infection when the intervening nymphs fed on a rabbit (non-susceptible host) but not when fed on a calf (susceptible host). Infective adult ticks transmitted the parasite during the first 24 h of feeding on a calf. When the feeding was interrupted after 24 h, and the tick transferred to another calf, the infection was transmitted to the latter as well. H. dromedarii successfully transmitted the infection from larva to nymph and from nymph to adult. Larvae of H. marginatum isaaci did not feed on calves but the infection was successfully transmitted from nymph to adult. Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Rhipicephalus h. haemaphysaloides and Boophilus microplus did not transmit Th. annulata from larva to nymph to adult.", "contents": "Transstadial transmission of Theileria annulata through common ixodid ticks infesting Indian cattle. Transstadial transmission of Theileria annulata with Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, H. dromedarii and H. marginatum isaaci, and Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides haemaphysaloides and Boophilus microplus was determined. It was found that the infection was successfully transmitted by H. a. anatolicum from larva to nymph and nymph to adult in all attempts. When larvae were fed on an infected calf the succeeding adults transmitted the infection when the intervening nymphs fed on a rabbit (non-susceptible host) but not when fed on a calf (susceptible host). Infective adult ticks transmitted the parasite during the first 24 h of feeding on a calf. When the feeding was interrupted after 24 h, and the tick transferred to another calf, the infection was transmitted to the latter as well. H. dromedarii successfully transmitted the infection from larva to nymph and from nymph to adult. Larvae of H. marginatum isaaci did not feed on calves but the infection was successfully transmitted from nymph to adult. Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Rhipicephalus h. haemaphysaloides and Boophilus microplus did not transmit Th. annulata from larva to nymph to adult.", "PMID": 1178216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6501", "title": "Effect of gamma-irradiation on oocysts of Eimeria necatrix.", "content": "Effect of gamma radiation on oocysts of Eimeria necatrix was investigated. It was observed that oocysts exposed to 200 kR or above did not sporulate. Irratiation at 10-150 kR caused a progressive decrease in sporulation. Irradiation affected normal development of unsporulated oocysts as the zygote protoplasm divided into unequal masses or was shattered into granules. Increase in the intensity of irradiation of sporulated oocysts resulted in the progressive decrease in severity of the resultant infections in chicks and their effects - mortality, type of lesions developed, total oocyst production and immunity produced - were comparable with infections induced by decreasing the number of unirradiated oocysts. Infection produced by 1000 unirradiated oocysts was comparable with that resulting from 50 000 oocysts irradiated at 25 kR. Infection obtained with 20 000 unexposed oocysts approximated to that produced by 50 000 oocysts irradiated at 2-5 kR. It was concluded that irradiation abolished infectivity of the oocysts/sporozoites rather than bringing about attenuation of the parasite.", "contents": "Effect of gamma-irradiation on oocysts of Eimeria necatrix. Effect of gamma radiation on oocysts of Eimeria necatrix was investigated. It was observed that oocysts exposed to 200 kR or above did not sporulate. Irratiation at 10-150 kR caused a progressive decrease in sporulation. Irradiation affected normal development of unsporulated oocysts as the zygote protoplasm divided into unequal masses or was shattered into granules. Increase in the intensity of irradiation of sporulated oocysts resulted in the progressive decrease in severity of the resultant infections in chicks and their effects - mortality, type of lesions developed, total oocyst production and immunity produced - were comparable with infections induced by decreasing the number of unirradiated oocysts. Infection produced by 1000 unirradiated oocysts was comparable with that resulting from 50 000 oocysts irradiated at 25 kR. Infection obtained with 20 000 unexposed oocysts approximated to that produced by 50 000 oocysts irradiated at 2-5 kR. It was concluded that irradiation abolished infectivity of the oocysts/sporozoites rather than bringing about attenuation of the parasite.", "PMID": 1178217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6502", "title": "In vitro suppression of segmentation in Echinococcus multilocularis with morphological transformation of protoscoleces into monozoic adults.", "content": "When protoscoleces of Echinococcus multilocularis were cultured in vitro, under axenic conditions in either monophasic or diphasic media, segmentation was suppressed in most organisms, some 70-80% of which developed into unsegmented, monozoic forms with a complete set of sexually mature male and female genitalia. The most striking feature of monozoic worms was the large lateral swelling produced by the cirrus sac the effect being to produce organisms with an unusual asymmetric shape. Worms which did not become monozoic either (a) underwent some somatic growth, developed two sets of genitalia and became 'pseudo-segmented', i.e. with the inter-proglottid membranes absent or poorly defined, or (b) became vesicular or abnormal. The mechanisms which could be involved in the suppression of somatic growth and the induction of the monozoic condition, are examined in terms of cell lineage. The possible significance of these results in understanding the evolution of the cestodes is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro suppression of segmentation in Echinococcus multilocularis with morphological transformation of protoscoleces into monozoic adults. When protoscoleces of Echinococcus multilocularis were cultured in vitro, under axenic conditions in either monophasic or diphasic media, segmentation was suppressed in most organisms, some 70-80% of which developed into unsegmented, monozoic forms with a complete set of sexually mature male and female genitalia. The most striking feature of monozoic worms was the large lateral swelling produced by the cirrus sac the effect being to produce organisms with an unusual asymmetric shape. Worms which did not become monozoic either (a) underwent some somatic growth, developed two sets of genitalia and became 'pseudo-segmented', i.e. with the inter-proglottid membranes absent or poorly defined, or (b) became vesicular or abnormal. The mechanisms which could be involved in the suppression of somatic growth and the induction of the monozoic condition, are examined in terms of cell lineage. The possible significance of these results in understanding the evolution of the cestodes is discussed.", "PMID": 1178218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6503", "title": "An experimental study of the survival characteristics, activity and energy reserves of the hexacanths of Hymenolepis diminuta.", "content": "Similar survival characteristics were demonstrated for hexacanths of Hymenolepis diminuta incubated in Tyrode's solution with or without a glucose supplement (0-50 mg/ml). The survival rate of hexacanths in all media tested was shown to be age-dependent and led to a maximum life-span of approximately 11 h. The amount of energy reserves, as measured by microdensitometric determination of PAS+ material, declined rapidly in time to a plateau at approximately 8 h. Residual PAS+ matter present beyond that period was interpreted as structural and thus non-utilizable material. The rate of activity as measured by hook movements declined more rapidly, and continuous hook cycles were rarely observed after 2 h and ceased after 4 h. A close correlation was demonstrated between the decline in PAS+ material and the total number of hook cycles completed per unit of time. The quantitative results on survival, energy reserves and activity are discussed in relation to the penetration of hexacanths into the haemocoele of the intermediate host.", "contents": "An experimental study of the survival characteristics, activity and energy reserves of the hexacanths of Hymenolepis diminuta. Similar survival characteristics were demonstrated for hexacanths of Hymenolepis diminuta incubated in Tyrode's solution with or without a glucose supplement (0-50 mg/ml). The survival rate of hexacanths in all media tested was shown to be age-dependent and led to a maximum life-span of approximately 11 h. The amount of energy reserves, as measured by microdensitometric determination of PAS+ material, declined rapidly in time to a plateau at approximately 8 h. Residual PAS+ matter present beyond that period was interpreted as structural and thus non-utilizable material. The rate of activity as measured by hook movements declined more rapidly, and continuous hook cycles were rarely observed after 2 h and ceased after 4 h. A close correlation was demonstrated between the decline in PAS+ material and the total number of hook cycles completed per unit of time. The quantitative results on survival, energy reserves and activity are discussed in relation to the penetration of hexacanths into the haemocoele of the intermediate host.", "PMID": 1178219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6504", "title": "Genetic control of immune responses to parasites: immunity to Trichuris muris in inbred and random-bred strains of mice.", "content": "A comparison has been made of the responses of random-bred CFLP and inbred NIH mice to infection with Trichuris muris. Random-bred mice showed greater variation in worm burdens and less uniformity in worm expulsion. Irradiation prior to infection reduced variation, but did not increase the mean level of infection above that shown by the most susceptible unirradiated mice. In NIH mice, however, irradiation raised the level of infection in all mice. The factors responsible for variation between CFLP mice and for the level of infection in NIH mice came into play after the fifth day of infection and were inactivated by cortisone acetate. It is suggested that these factors are immunologically mediated and under direct genetic control. Uniformity of infection and expulsion in NIH mice is therefore seen as a consequence of genetic uniformity; variability in CFLP mice as a consequence of genetic variation. The time of worm expulsion was found to differ markedly between inbred strains of mice. Hybrid progeny showed the expulsion time characteristic of the parental strain with the most rapid expulsion; greater resistance was therefore inherited as a dominant characteristic. The genetic control of immunity to T. muris is discussed in the context of the antibody- and cell-mediated components of the expulsion process.", "contents": "Genetic control of immune responses to parasites: immunity to Trichuris muris in inbred and random-bred strains of mice. A comparison has been made of the responses of random-bred CFLP and inbred NIH mice to infection with Trichuris muris. Random-bred mice showed greater variation in worm burdens and less uniformity in worm expulsion. Irradiation prior to infection reduced variation, but did not increase the mean level of infection above that shown by the most susceptible unirradiated mice. In NIH mice, however, irradiation raised the level of infection in all mice. The factors responsible for variation between CFLP mice and for the level of infection in NIH mice came into play after the fifth day of infection and were inactivated by cortisone acetate. It is suggested that these factors are immunologically mediated and under direct genetic control. Uniformity of infection and expulsion in NIH mice is therefore seen as a consequence of genetic uniformity; variability in CFLP mice as a consequence of genetic variation. The time of worm expulsion was found to differ markedly between inbred strains of mice. Hybrid progeny showed the expulsion time characteristic of the parental strain with the most rapid expulsion; greater resistance was therefore inherited as a dominant characteristic. The genetic control of immunity to T. muris is discussed in the context of the antibody- and cell-mediated components of the expulsion process.", "PMID": 1178220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6505", "title": "Secondary infections of Hymenolepis diminuta in mice: effects of varying worm burdens in primary and secondary infections.", "content": "In one (1 c) and six (6 c) cysticercoid primary infections of Hymenolepis diminuta in NIH (inbred) and CFLP (outbred) male mice 6 +/- 1 weeks old greater than 85% of the worms established but were rejected (destrobilated or expelled) subsequently. Rejection occurs more quickly in 6 c infections than in 1 c infections. Considerable worm growth occurs in 1 c and 6 c primary infections but worms from 6 c infections weighed less than worms from 1 c infections on all days studied. Expulsion of H. diminuta does not occur more rapidly in secondary infections than in primary infections; loss of 6 c secondary worms occurs at the same rate as 6 c primary worms but 1 c secondary worms survive longer than 1 c primary worms. Although worms are not lost more quickly in secondary than in primary infections, they are affected at an early age by the immune response which stunts their growth. Increasing the intensity of primary and secondary infections increases the severity of stunting of secondary worms. The results are discussed and it is suggested that immune responses to Hymenolepis spp. in rodents are common but that thresholds of worm numbers exist below which appreciable worm loss does not occur. Stunting due to crowding, which generally is attributed to inter-worm competition, may be in part immunologically mediated. For future immunological studies attempting to induce secondary responses to H. diminuta in mice, worm growth, not survival, is the criterion to evaluate.", "contents": "Secondary infections of Hymenolepis diminuta in mice: effects of varying worm burdens in primary and secondary infections. In one (1 c) and six (6 c) cysticercoid primary infections of Hymenolepis diminuta in NIH (inbred) and CFLP (outbred) male mice 6 +/- 1 weeks old greater than 85% of the worms established but were rejected (destrobilated or expelled) subsequently. Rejection occurs more quickly in 6 c infections than in 1 c infections. Considerable worm growth occurs in 1 c and 6 c primary infections but worms from 6 c infections weighed less than worms from 1 c infections on all days studied. Expulsion of H. diminuta does not occur more rapidly in secondary infections than in primary infections; loss of 6 c secondary worms occurs at the same rate as 6 c primary worms but 1 c secondary worms survive longer than 1 c primary worms. Although worms are not lost more quickly in secondary than in primary infections, they are affected at an early age by the immune response which stunts their growth. Increasing the intensity of primary and secondary infections increases the severity of stunting of secondary worms. The results are discussed and it is suggested that immune responses to Hymenolepis spp. in rodents are common but that thresholds of worm numbers exist below which appreciable worm loss does not occur. Stunting due to crowding, which generally is attributed to inter-worm competition, may be in part immunologically mediated. For future immunological studies attempting to induce secondary responses to H. diminuta in mice, worm growth, not survival, is the criterion to evaluate.", "PMID": 1178221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6506", "title": "Infrequency of gross skin lesions among Panamanian forest mammals with cutaneous leishmaniasis.", "content": "Natural leishmanial infections among feral mammals in the Republic of Panama were studied in relation to gross skin alterations. Three dermatotropic species of Leishmania, L. braziliensis, L. mexicana and L. hertigi, isolated from 230 sylvatic animals of 5 mammalian orders were involved. In 205 (89%) of the cases there were no gross skin alterations. Cryptic infections of all three leishmanial species among wild animals were confirmed by culture and hamster inoculation. This type of infection was always present in the sloths, Choloepus hoffmanni and Bradypus infusatcus, infected with L. braziliensis and in the porcupine, Coendou rothschildi, infected with L. hertigi. Suggestive skin alterations were encountered in 10 (4%) of infected animals. Only 15 (7%) of infected animals exhibited typical leishmanial lesions. It was possible to correlate skin depigmentation with the course of leishmanial infection in one animal, a young kinkajou, Potos flavus.", "contents": "Infrequency of gross skin lesions among Panamanian forest mammals with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Natural leishmanial infections among feral mammals in the Republic of Panama were studied in relation to gross skin alterations. Three dermatotropic species of Leishmania, L. braziliensis, L. mexicana and L. hertigi, isolated from 230 sylvatic animals of 5 mammalian orders were involved. In 205 (89%) of the cases there were no gross skin alterations. Cryptic infections of all three leishmanial species among wild animals were confirmed by culture and hamster inoculation. This type of infection was always present in the sloths, Choloepus hoffmanni and Bradypus infusatcus, infected with L. braziliensis and in the porcupine, Coendou rothschildi, infected with L. hertigi. Suggestive skin alterations were encountered in 10 (4%) of infected animals. Only 15 (7%) of infected animals exhibited typical leishmanial lesions. It was possible to correlate skin depigmentation with the course of leishmanial infection in one animal, a young kinkajou, Potos flavus.", "PMID": 1178222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6507", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni: tail loss in relation to permeability changes during cercaria-schistosomulum transformation.", "content": "The hind-body region of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae observed in the scanning electron microscope demonstrates various stages of contraction which may be compared with those of living larvae which are secreting the acetabular gland contents. No evidence for an extensive lesion was found in cercarial bodies which had shed their tails under experimental conditions. Experiments on the permeability of the larvae to sodium fluoride, methylene blue and amino acids demonstrated that tail loss significantly affects the permeability of the bodies although the effect is greater immediately after decaudation than at later times. Subsequent increases in permeability may be correlated with a change in the general body surface.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni: tail loss in relation to permeability changes during cercaria-schistosomulum transformation. The hind-body region of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae observed in the scanning electron microscope demonstrates various stages of contraction which may be compared with those of living larvae which are secreting the acetabular gland contents. No evidence for an extensive lesion was found in cercarial bodies which had shed their tails under experimental conditions. Experiments on the permeability of the larvae to sodium fluoride, methylene blue and amino acids demonstrated that tail loss significantly affects the permeability of the bodies although the effect is greater immediately after decaudation than at later times. Subsequent increases in permeability may be correlated with a change in the general body surface.", "PMID": 1178223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6508", "title": "Carbon dioxide fixation in trypanosomatids.", "content": "Fixation of carbon dioxide has been demonstrated for extracts from Crithidia fasciculata, Trypanosoma mega and Trypanosoma brucei brucei bloodstream and culture forms. The enzymes involved in this fixation were found to be ADP-stimulated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (E.C. 4.1.1.32), 'malic' enzyme (E.C. 1.1.138-40) and pyruvate carboxylase (E.C. 6.4.1.1). The subcellular localization of these enzymes has been investigated in all three organisms. Products of short and long term fixation experiments were separated and identified. The importance of carboxylation reactions is discussed in relation to the maintenance of oxidized and reduced coenzyme levels.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide fixation in trypanosomatids. Fixation of carbon dioxide has been demonstrated for extracts from Crithidia fasciculata, Trypanosoma mega and Trypanosoma brucei brucei bloodstream and culture forms. The enzymes involved in this fixation were found to be ADP-stimulated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (E.C. 4.1.1.32), 'malic' enzyme (E.C. 1.1.138-40) and pyruvate carboxylase (E.C. 6.4.1.1). The subcellular localization of these enzymes has been investigated in all three organisms. Products of short and long term fixation experiments were separated and identified. The importance of carboxylation reactions is discussed in relation to the maintenance of oxidized and reduced coenzyme levels.", "PMID": 1178224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6509", "title": "[Bacteroides and appendicitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Bacteroides fragilis is frequently recovered from cases of appendicitis with perforation and from infections developing secondary to appendicitis. In order to assess the part played by B. fragilis in the aetiology of appendicitis, quantitative aerobic and anaerobic culture studies of the contents of 49 inflammated appendices were performed. Anaerobic gram-negative non-sporing rods were cultivated from 43 appendices in the range 10(3)-10(9)/g. A total of 1,473 isolates was differentiated by biochemical methods, and 1,374 cultures were found to belong to the saccharolytic species of the genus Bacteroides (B. fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. vulgatus, B. distasonis etc.). B fragilis was detected in 31 appendices; the species predominated in 18 samples. B theraiotamicron, recovered from 27 samples, was prevalent in 4 appendices. In one sample, B. fragilis and B. thetaiotaomicron outnumbered the other appendicular bacterial. B. vulgatus was cultivated from 12 appendices, but did once constitute the prevalent group. It has been previously shown that B. vulgatus (43% of intestinal isolates) and B. thetaiomicron predominate in the normal narge bowel flora. On the other hand, approximately 80% of pyrogenic Bacteroides strains belong to B. fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron accounting for 19% and B. vulgatus being virtually absent. From these striking differences in species distribution the conclusion was drawn that B. fragilis possesses the highest virulence for man. Species distribution within the 1,374 appendicular isolates of saccharolytic Bacteroides (percentages of 62, 19 and 4.3 for B. fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, and B. vulgatus, respectively) was very similar to that encountered in clinical specimens. From the results obtained it becomes evident that pyrogenic Bacteroides, in particular B. fragilis, plays an important role in nearly 50% of cases of appendicitis.", "contents": "[Bacteroides and appendicitis (author's transl)]. Bacteroides fragilis is frequently recovered from cases of appendicitis with perforation and from infections developing secondary to appendicitis. In order to assess the part played by B. fragilis in the aetiology of appendicitis, quantitative aerobic and anaerobic culture studies of the contents of 49 inflammated appendices were performed. Anaerobic gram-negative non-sporing rods were cultivated from 43 appendices in the range 10(3)-10(9)/g. A total of 1,473 isolates was differentiated by biochemical methods, and 1,374 cultures were found to belong to the saccharolytic species of the genus Bacteroides (B. fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. vulgatus, B. distasonis etc.). B fragilis was detected in 31 appendices; the species predominated in 18 samples. B theraiotamicron, recovered from 27 samples, was prevalent in 4 appendices. In one sample, B. fragilis and B. thetaiotaomicron outnumbered the other appendicular bacterial. B. vulgatus was cultivated from 12 appendices, but did once constitute the prevalent group. It has been previously shown that B. vulgatus (43% of intestinal isolates) and B. thetaiomicron predominate in the normal narge bowel flora. On the other hand, approximately 80% of pyrogenic Bacteroides strains belong to B. fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron accounting for 19% and B. vulgatus being virtually absent. From these striking differences in species distribution the conclusion was drawn that B. fragilis possesses the highest virulence for man. Species distribution within the 1,374 appendicular isolates of saccharolytic Bacteroides (percentages of 62, 19 and 4.3 for B. fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, and B. vulgatus, respectively) was very similar to that encountered in clinical specimens. From the results obtained it becomes evident that pyrogenic Bacteroides, in particular B. fragilis, plays an important role in nearly 50% of cases of appendicitis.", "PMID": 1178229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6510", "title": "Carcinoma and cirrhosis of the liver in A X C male rats with one kidney ingesting 0.025% N-2-fluorenyldiacetamide.", "content": "The role of the kidneys in hepatic carcinogenesis was studies in inbred A X C strain male rats ingesting 0.025% N-2-fluorenyldiacetamide. The experimental groups consisted of male rats with both kidney intact and male rats that had the left kidney removed. The incidence of hepatic carcinomas and the number of rats with large carcinomas, multiple carcinomas, poorly differentiated and undifferentiated carcinomas, and metastases was greater in rats with a left nephrectomy. The incidence of cirrhosis was the same in animals in both groups; however, cirrhosis was more severe in degree in the rats with the left kidney removed. Some animals in the latter group also developed carcinosarcomas of the salivary glands. The animals with one kidney apparently were not able to excrete the active metabolites of N-2-fluorenyldiacetamide as readily as the animals with both kidneys intact. The metabolites were then returned to the liver and salivary gland.", "contents": "Carcinoma and cirrhosis of the liver in A X C male rats with one kidney ingesting 0.025% N-2-fluorenyldiacetamide. The role of the kidneys in hepatic carcinogenesis was studies in inbred A X C strain male rats ingesting 0.025% N-2-fluorenyldiacetamide. The experimental groups consisted of male rats with both kidney intact and male rats that had the left kidney removed. The incidence of hepatic carcinomas and the number of rats with large carcinomas, multiple carcinomas, poorly differentiated and undifferentiated carcinomas, and metastases was greater in rats with a left nephrectomy. The incidence of cirrhosis was the same in animals in both groups; however, cirrhosis was more severe in degree in the rats with the left kidney removed. Some animals in the latter group also developed carcinosarcomas of the salivary glands. The animals with one kidney apparently were not able to excrete the active metabolites of N-2-fluorenyldiacetamide as readily as the animals with both kidneys intact. The metabolites were then returned to the liver and salivary gland.", "PMID": 1178230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6511", "title": "Psychogenic and neurogenic effects on the intact forearm vein of man.", "content": "By means of an elegant venous preparation the behavior of intact veins of man can be studied decisively. The superficial veins of man are extremely sensitive to the environment and the autonomic and central nervous systems. This report illustrates the response of an isolated venous segment of the forearm to various psychogenic and neurogenic stimuli, with change in tone of the smooth muscle of the venous segment being reflected by change in segmental venous pressure. It is shown that the superficial forearm veins can be conditioned and that they are extremely dynamic and certainly not passive conduits for returning blood to the heart.", "contents": "Psychogenic and neurogenic effects on the intact forearm vein of man. By means of an elegant venous preparation the behavior of intact veins of man can be studied decisively. The superficial veins of man are extremely sensitive to the environment and the autonomic and central nervous systems. This report illustrates the response of an isolated venous segment of the forearm to various psychogenic and neurogenic stimuli, with change in tone of the smooth muscle of the venous segment being reflected by change in segmental venous pressure. It is shown that the superficial forearm veins can be conditioned and that they are extremely dynamic and certainly not passive conduits for returning blood to the heart.", "PMID": 1178231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6512", "title": "School phobia.", "content": "Pediatricians and other primary care providers are in an ideal position to prevent, to diagnose and to treat children with school refusal. Detection requires recognition of high risk situations, and delineation of possible reality factors or environmental hazards. The physician will find school refusal associated with perceived or actual physical illness, debility, or vulnerability, family stresses including illnesses and marital problems, over-protective mother-child interaction patterns, and previous difficulties in achieving mother-child independence and separation. Confirming the diagnosis depends on interview with family members. Positive indicators are dysfunctional patterns of family communication, parental emphasis on illness, and manipulative behavior on the part of the child. Data from the school on absenteeism need to be supplemented by the school's observations of individual achievement and ability measures, grades, and teacher observations of peer and adult interaction. Treatment techniques center around returning the child to school by involving the child, the family, and the school in this process. Specific counseling techniques and principles aim to recognize each individual's feelings and to stress the active role of the parents in solving problems together. Follow-up is based upon assessment of clearly understood short-term and long-term goals. Referral should be rare, and should not be undertaken before proper evaluation has been completed. Making a referral \"stick\" depends greatly upon the degree of rapport and trust which has been established with the family. In most school refusal cases, management by the pediatrician or primary physician can be a rewarding, stimulating experience which provides a high degree of parent and physician satisfaction.", "contents": "School phobia. Pediatricians and other primary care providers are in an ideal position to prevent, to diagnose and to treat children with school refusal. Detection requires recognition of high risk situations, and delineation of possible reality factors or environmental hazards. The physician will find school refusal associated with perceived or actual physical illness, debility, or vulnerability, family stresses including illnesses and marital problems, over-protective mother-child interaction patterns, and previous difficulties in achieving mother-child independence and separation. Confirming the diagnosis depends on interview with family members. Positive indicators are dysfunctional patterns of family communication, parental emphasis on illness, and manipulative behavior on the part of the child. Data from the school on absenteeism need to be supplemented by the school's observations of individual achievement and ability measures, grades, and teacher observations of peer and adult interaction. Treatment techniques center around returning the child to school by involving the child, the family, and the school in this process. Specific counseling techniques and principles aim to recognize each individual's feelings and to stress the active role of the parents in solving problems together. Follow-up is based upon assessment of clearly understood short-term and long-term goals. Referral should be rare, and should not be undertaken before proper evaluation has been completed. Making a referral \"stick\" depends greatly upon the degree of rapport and trust which has been established with the family. In most school refusal cases, management by the pediatrician or primary physician can be a rewarding, stimulating experience which provides a high degree of parent and physician satisfaction.", "PMID": 1178238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6513", "title": "A note on conditional reflex studies of schizophrenia in France.", "content": "In France, beginning with 1946, the method of Ivanov-Smolenski was used to study schizophrenia, but after 1957, sensory conditioning procedures have been employed (EEG sound-light, evoked potentials in children, SAE conditioning in adults) and more recently eye blink and operant conditioning.", "contents": "A note on conditional reflex studies of schizophrenia in France. In France, beginning with 1946, the method of Ivanov-Smolenski was used to study schizophrenia, but after 1957, sensory conditioning procedures have been employed (EEG sound-light, evoked potentials in children, SAE conditioning in adults) and more recently eye blink and operant conditioning.", "PMID": 1178232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6514", "title": "Chronobiology.", "content": "Several fundamental principles of chronobiology are discussed. The importance of biological rhythmicity in (1) the every day interpretation of data, both descriptive and experimental, and (2) the design of scientifically accurate experiments, is the main theme of this presentation. Examples of circadian rhythms in a variety of physiological, psychological, and biochemical variables of the rodent and man are given.", "contents": "Chronobiology. Several fundamental principles of chronobiology are discussed. The importance of biological rhythmicity in (1) the every day interpretation of data, both descriptive and experimental, and (2) the design of scientifically accurate experiments, is the main theme of this presentation. Examples of circadian rhythms in a variety of physiological, psychological, and biochemical variables of the rodent and man are given.", "PMID": 1178233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6515", "title": "Adopted children in their adoptive families.", "content": "The adoptive process can produce unusual stresses on the child, and biologic and adoptive parents, from prenatal to postnatal life, and through the various phases of physical and pscyhological development. Because of the possibility of these children and their families falling into the \"at risk\" category with greater potential for psychological and social problems, the pediatrician is of primary importance in diagnosis and counseling. The pediatrician can be of major help in properly diagnosing emotional, behavioral and/or learning problems occurring in adopted children. There must be a thorough evaluation of the child and his family to understand and properly treat symptomatic behavior. The pediatrician can give advice regarding developmental milestones, and especially help the adoptive parents in appreciating their conscious and unconscious attitudes so as to enhance attachment behaviors. Pediatricians are the consultants to whom parents turn for advice regarding the timing of telling about adoption. This advice needs to be individualized according to the specific child's needs. Using a developmental conceptual framework, the pediatrician is in the best position to help the parents and their adopted children with their feelings about societal attitudes and how these can most appropriately be handled. Along this line, the pediatrician can give help and advice when and if the adoptee decides to search for his biologic parents. There is a need to clarify laws which seal the original birth certificate permitting those adoptees who wish to attain a knowledge of potentially related disease processes and an identity with his own genealogical past to do so. This would also allow the adoptee to offer his own children information about their own genetic pool and an awareness of adoption as one of the most valuable and historically significant child rearing practices.", "contents": "Adopted children in their adoptive families. The adoptive process can produce unusual stresses on the child, and biologic and adoptive parents, from prenatal to postnatal life, and through the various phases of physical and pscyhological development. Because of the possibility of these children and their families falling into the \"at risk\" category with greater potential for psychological and social problems, the pediatrician is of primary importance in diagnosis and counseling. The pediatrician can be of major help in properly diagnosing emotional, behavioral and/or learning problems occurring in adopted children. There must be a thorough evaluation of the child and his family to understand and properly treat symptomatic behavior. The pediatrician can give advice regarding developmental milestones, and especially help the adoptive parents in appreciating their conscious and unconscious attitudes so as to enhance attachment behaviors. Pediatricians are the consultants to whom parents turn for advice regarding the timing of telling about adoption. This advice needs to be individualized according to the specific child's needs. Using a developmental conceptual framework, the pediatrician is in the best position to help the parents and their adopted children with their feelings about societal attitudes and how these can most appropriately be handled. Along this line, the pediatrician can give help and advice when and if the adoptee decides to search for his biologic parents. There is a need to clarify laws which seal the original birth certificate permitting those adoptees who wish to attain a knowledge of potentially related disease processes and an identity with his own genealogical past to do so. This would also allow the adoptee to offer his own children information about their own genetic pool and an awareness of adoption as one of the most valuable and historically significant child rearing practices.", "PMID": 1178240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6516", "title": "Integration of information in a clinical judgment task, an empirical comparison of six models.", "content": "Six models were compared for their effectiveness in reproducing six clinical psychologists' judgments of 38 patients on intelligence, ability to establish contact, and control of affect and impulses. In two of the models, subjective weights were used in the prediction of a judge's ratings. The judges based their judgments solely on verbal protocols from the Rorschach, a sentence completion test, and the Thematic Apperception test. The stability of the linear aspect of the judgment process was very high but decreased as the depth of interpretation of the rating variable increased. The nonlinear aspect of the judgment process had considerably low stability. In general, a model based on subjective weights was most effective in reproducing the judges' ratings.", "contents": "Integration of information in a clinical judgment task, an empirical comparison of six models. Six models were compared for their effectiveness in reproducing six clinical psychologists' judgments of 38 patients on intelligence, ability to establish contact, and control of affect and impulses. In two of the models, subjective weights were used in the prediction of a judge's ratings. The judges based their judgments solely on verbal protocols from the Rorschach, a sentence completion test, and the Thematic Apperception test. The stability of the linear aspect of the judgment process was very high but decreased as the depth of interpretation of the rating variable increased. The nonlinear aspect of the judgment process had considerably low stability. In general, a model based on subjective weights was most effective in reproducing the judges' ratings.", "PMID": 1178294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6517", "title": "Relationship of autonomous imagery and creative self-perceptions.", "content": "107 Marshall University students were categorized as less, moderate, and more autonomous imagers according to the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control. More autonomous imagers obtained higher mean creative perception scores than moderate and less autonomous imagers, and moderate imagers obtained higher scores on creative perception than less autonomous imagers as measured by Something About Myself.", "contents": "Relationship of autonomous imagery and creative self-perceptions. 107 Marshall University students were categorized as less, moderate, and more autonomous imagers according to the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control. More autonomous imagers obtained higher mean creative perception scores than moderate and less autonomous imagers, and moderate imagers obtained higher scores on creative perception than less autonomous imagers as measured by Something About Myself.", "PMID": 1178295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6518", "title": "Effects of training on dynamic stereo acuity performancy by males and females.", "content": "Dynamic stereo acuity thresholds were obtained for 30 male and female Ss at speeds of rotation of 120 degrees/sec. after pretraining at either O degree, 60 degrees, or 120 degrees/sec. Under conditions of no pretraining females showed significantly larger discrimination errors than males. Pretraining, however, resulted in comparable threshold performance between males and females. Socio-cultural factors responsible for these differences are suggested.", "contents": "Effects of training on dynamic stereo acuity performancy by males and females. Dynamic stereo acuity thresholds were obtained for 30 male and female Ss at speeds of rotation of 120 degrees/sec. after pretraining at either O degree, 60 degrees, or 120 degrees/sec. Under conditions of no pretraining females showed significantly larger discrimination errors than males. Pretraining, however, resulted in comparable threshold performance between males and females. Socio-cultural factors responsible for these differences are suggested.", "PMID": 1178296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6519", "title": "Auditory discrimination, intelligence, and reading achievement at grade 1.", "content": "To determine the relations of auditory discrimination and intelligence to reading achievement in first grade the California Test of Mental Maturity, the California Achievement Test (reading), and the Buktenica Modification of the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test were administered to 78 first grade students. Correlations suggested a stronger relation between auditory discrimination and reading than between IQ and reading as measured here; however, range of reading scores were restricted. Results support Wepman's developmental theory. The methodological approach includes simultaneous consideration of effects of auditory discrimination and intelligence.", "contents": "Auditory discrimination, intelligence, and reading achievement at grade 1. To determine the relations of auditory discrimination and intelligence to reading achievement in first grade the California Test of Mental Maturity, the California Achievement Test (reading), and the Buktenica Modification of the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test were administered to 78 first grade students. Correlations suggested a stronger relation between auditory discrimination and reading than between IQ and reading as measured here; however, range of reading scores were restricted. Results support Wepman's developmental theory. The methodological approach includes simultaneous consideration of effects of auditory discrimination and intelligence.", "PMID": 1178297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6520", "title": "Comparison of automated and standard administration of the Purdue Pegboard with mentally retarded adults.", "content": "Standard and automated administrations of the Purdue Pegboard to 32 mentally retarded adults were compared in a test-retest paradigm. The automated administration involved videotape and audio input. Both types of administration yielded equivalent scores except on the assembly portion of the test where the difference favored the automated presentation. Spearman rank-order test-retest correlations over a 2-mo. period showed both types of test administration to be equally reliable.", "contents": "Comparison of automated and standard administration of the Purdue Pegboard with mentally retarded adults. Standard and automated administrations of the Purdue Pegboard to 32 mentally retarded adults were compared in a test-retest paradigm. The automated administration involved videotape and audio input. Both types of administration yielded equivalent scores except on the assembly portion of the test where the difference favored the automated presentation. Spearman rank-order test-retest correlations over a 2-mo. period showed both types of test administration to be equally reliable.", "PMID": 1178298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6521", "title": "Dichotic word-perception of aphasic and normal subjects.", "content": "The present investigation examined the role of the right cerebral hemisphere in linguistic perception following a left cerebral insult which had resulted in aphasia. Auditory dichotic procedures were utilized to investigate the ear-preferences of 30 aphasic Ss, grouped relative to the amount of time since the onset of left cerebral insult, and a group of 10 normal control Ss. An oral-response task and a pointing-response task were given. Statistical analyses showed a significant left-ear preference for aphasic Ss who were more than 6 mo. post-cerebral insult; however, Ss less than 6 mo. post-cerebral insult did not demonstrate a significant ear-preference under auditory dichotic stimulation. In contrast, a significant right-ear preference was noted for the normal controls. Significant differences were not shown for the aphasic or control groups on the oral and pointing tasks.", "contents": "Dichotic word-perception of aphasic and normal subjects. The present investigation examined the role of the right cerebral hemisphere in linguistic perception following a left cerebral insult which had resulted in aphasia. Auditory dichotic procedures were utilized to investigate the ear-preferences of 30 aphasic Ss, grouped relative to the amount of time since the onset of left cerebral insult, and a group of 10 normal control Ss. An oral-response task and a pointing-response task were given. Statistical analyses showed a significant left-ear preference for aphasic Ss who were more than 6 mo. post-cerebral insult; however, Ss less than 6 mo. post-cerebral insult did not demonstrate a significant ear-preference under auditory dichotic stimulation. In contrast, a significant right-ear preference was noted for the normal controls. Significant differences were not shown for the aphasic or control groups on the oral and pointing tasks.", "PMID": 1178299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6522", "title": "Human sex differences in extreme isolation.", "content": "This report compares the responses of male and female adult subjects in the water-immersion sensory-isolation environment. Endurance, subjective time estimates, and heart rate were dependent variables. Duration under water, with voluntary termination possible, was an average of about 4 hr. for both males and females. Subjective estimate of total time in isolation averaged about 3 1/2 hr. for females and almost 4 hr. for males. Subjective time estimate of consecutive 30-min. time intervals was a bit more than 30 min. for males and about 33 min. for females. Mean heart rate (beats/minute) averaged in the 80s for both groups. None of these differences is statistically significant. This study clarifies the mixed findings reported in the literature as to sex differences in isolated environments.", "contents": "Human sex differences in extreme isolation. This report compares the responses of male and female adult subjects in the water-immersion sensory-isolation environment. Endurance, subjective time estimates, and heart rate were dependent variables. Duration under water, with voluntary termination possible, was an average of about 4 hr. for both males and females. Subjective estimate of total time in isolation averaged about 3 1/2 hr. for females and almost 4 hr. for males. Subjective time estimate of consecutive 30-min. time intervals was a bit more than 30 min. for males and about 33 min. for females. Mean heart rate (beats/minute) averaged in the 80s for both groups. None of these differences is statistically significant. This study clarifies the mixed findings reported in the literature as to sex differences in isolated environments.", "PMID": 1178300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6523", "title": "Training in musical rhythm and field dependence of children.", "content": "The present experiment investigated the effects of musical rhythm training on field dependence in children. An experimental group of 12 Ss showed significant improvement on the Children's Embedded-figures Test and the Rod-and-frame Test after training, while a matched control group did not improve. Pretest scores on the children's Embedded-figures Test and the Rod-and-frame Test were not correlated.", "contents": "Training in musical rhythm and field dependence of children. The present experiment investigated the effects of musical rhythm training on field dependence in children. An experimental group of 12 Ss showed significant improvement on the Children's Embedded-figures Test and the Rod-and-frame Test after training, while a matched control group did not improve. Pretest scores on the children's Embedded-figures Test and the Rod-and-frame Test were not correlated.", "PMID": 1178301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6524", "title": "Perceptions of height and self-esteem.", "content": "Although no relationship was found between the actual height of 69 young adolescent males and their self-esteem, positive and significant relationships were found between their own, peers', and teacher's perceptions of their height and self-esteem. These results are discussed with reference to the relationship between body morphology, behavior, and personality.", "contents": "Perceptions of height and self-esteem. Although no relationship was found between the actual height of 69 young adolescent males and their self-esteem, positive and significant relationships were found between their own, peers', and teacher's perceptions of their height and self-esteem. These results are discussed with reference to the relationship between body morphology, behavior, and personality.", "PMID": 1178302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6525", "title": "Serial processing shown by mutual masking of icons.", "content": "In a procedure called mutual masking, two compound words were tachistoscopically exposed successively at the same location. Perceptual accuracy for both words was examined. With fixation at the center of the arrays, Ss often identified the component at the left within the temporally first word and at the right within the second. These results imply a left-to-right serial processing. With fixation on begining or end component, Ss tended to identify the component away from fixation of the first word and the fixated part of the second. This implies scanning from periphery toward fixation. Therefore, sequential processing of iconic information was obtained, with direction of processing determined by specific conditions.", "contents": "Serial processing shown by mutual masking of icons. In a procedure called mutual masking, two compound words were tachistoscopically exposed successively at the same location. Perceptual accuracy for both words was examined. With fixation at the center of the arrays, Ss often identified the component at the left within the temporally first word and at the right within the second. These results imply a left-to-right serial processing. With fixation on begining or end component, Ss tended to identify the component away from fixation of the first word and the fixated part of the second. This implies scanning from periphery toward fixation. Therefore, sequential processing of iconic information was obtained, with direction of processing determined by specific conditions.", "PMID": 1178303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6526", "title": "Sex differences in expected guilt reactions to hypothetical behaviors of sexual, hostile, and moral substance.", "content": "Differences between male and female guilt reactions to hypothetical guilt-inducing situations of a sexual, hostile, and moral nature were investigated. Two independent samples of Ss (56 men, 56 women; and 34 men, 62 women) reported the intensity of their anticipated guilt reactions to 60 hypothetical behavior situations presented in sentence-completion format through the use of scaled response alternatives. Across both samples there were specific behaviors, in which stable sex differences were evidenced, i.e., females' reactions were more intense for those behaviors reflecting sexual transgressions. However, males and females were highly similar in their reactions to hostile and moral guilt-provoking situations. Implications of these results for research on trait-guilt were discussed.", "contents": "Sex differences in expected guilt reactions to hypothetical behaviors of sexual, hostile, and moral substance. Differences between male and female guilt reactions to hypothetical guilt-inducing situations of a sexual, hostile, and moral nature were investigated. Two independent samples of Ss (56 men, 56 women; and 34 men, 62 women) reported the intensity of their anticipated guilt reactions to 60 hypothetical behavior situations presented in sentence-completion format through the use of scaled response alternatives. Across both samples there were specific behaviors, in which stable sex differences were evidenced, i.e., females' reactions were more intense for those behaviors reflecting sexual transgressions. However, males and females were highly similar in their reactions to hostile and moral guilt-provoking situations. Implications of these results for research on trait-guilt were discussed.", "PMID": 1178304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6527", "title": "Note on Fitts' law for manipulative temporal motor responses with path constraints.", "content": "This paper presents a first-order version of an earlier model by Kv\u00e5lseth (1973) of manipulative motor responses involving serial hand movements with different types of movement-path constraints. This model represents a generalization of Fitts' law. Comparisons are also made between experimental movement times obtained and predetermined and motion-time systems predictions.", "contents": "Note on Fitts' law for manipulative temporal motor responses with path constraints. This paper presents a first-order version of an earlier model by Kv\u00e5lseth (1973) of manipulative motor responses involving serial hand movements with different types of movement-path constraints. This model represents a generalization of Fitts' law. Comparisons are also made between experimental movement times obtained and predetermined and motion-time systems predictions.", "PMID": 1178305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6528", "title": "Judgment error in category vs magnitude scales.", "content": "The effects of a variety of experimental conditions on the judgments (length of lines) of 16 normal and 16 mentally retarded observers were examined using category and magnitude scaling techniques. Using error and variability of judgment as criteria for measuring response bias, for normal subjects knowledge about the stimulus range, whether learned or provided, had as much to do with resulting judgments as the type of scale used. Judgment error of the retarded group was significantly greater than the normal group and appeared to be related to their limited ability to assign categories or proportions to the simuli used.", "contents": "Judgment error in category vs magnitude scales. The effects of a variety of experimental conditions on the judgments (length of lines) of 16 normal and 16 mentally retarded observers were examined using category and magnitude scaling techniques. Using error and variability of judgment as criteria for measuring response bias, for normal subjects knowledge about the stimulus range, whether learned or provided, had as much to do with resulting judgments as the type of scale used. Judgment error of the retarded group was significantly greater than the normal group and appeared to be related to their limited ability to assign categories or proportions to the simuli used.", "PMID": 1178306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6529", "title": "Change over training sessions of relationship between locus of control and voluntary heart-rate control.", "content": "The present study investigated the effects of locus of control on learning to accelerate and decelerate heart over a number of training sessions. 15 Ss who scored internal in locus of control and 15 who scored external were trained to change their heart rates. Ss were given two training sessions in speeding heart rate and two in slowing heart rate. Results indicated that during the initial training sessions, internals were better able to increase their heart rates than externals; the externals were better able to decrease their heart rates than internals. However, this association diminished to nonsignificance when additional training sessions were provided. These results argue for routinely conducting a number of training sessions to avoid any premature statement of a relationship between personaltiy measures and learned control of heart rate.", "contents": "Change over training sessions of relationship between locus of control and voluntary heart-rate control. The present study investigated the effects of locus of control on learning to accelerate and decelerate heart over a number of training sessions. 15 Ss who scored internal in locus of control and 15 who scored external were trained to change their heart rates. Ss were given two training sessions in speeding heart rate and two in slowing heart rate. Results indicated that during the initial training sessions, internals were better able to increase their heart rates than externals; the externals were better able to decrease their heart rates than internals. However, this association diminished to nonsignificance when additional training sessions were provided. These results argue for routinely conducting a number of training sessions to avoid any premature statement of a relationship between personaltiy measures and learned control of heart rate.", "PMID": 1178307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6530", "title": "Factors involved in visual capture.", "content": "Visual capture was explored using three types of vision-\"touch\" conflicts. The results indicated that the amount of visual capture differed for the three tasks. In one task (slant judgments) strong, but incomplete, visual capture occurred, in another (a length judgment task) an approximate compromise between the two modalities was found, and in the third task (texture judgments) a trend toward touch capture occurred. In two additional experiments using the slant task, the effects of brief training with one of the competing modalities and the effects of manipulating certain aspects of the stimulus display were explored. The bried training did not alter the resolution of the conflict but varying visual clarity and felt texture of the rod whose slant was being judged did affect visual capture.", "contents": "Factors involved in visual capture. Visual capture was explored using three types of vision-\"touch\" conflicts. The results indicated that the amount of visual capture differed for the three tasks. In one task (slant judgments) strong, but incomplete, visual capture occurred, in another (a length judgment task) an approximate compromise between the two modalities was found, and in the third task (texture judgments) a trend toward touch capture occurred. In two additional experiments using the slant task, the effects of brief training with one of the competing modalities and the effects of manipulating certain aspects of the stimulus display were explored. The bried training did not alter the resolution of the conflict but varying visual clarity and felt texture of the rod whose slant was being judged did affect visual capture.", "PMID": 1178308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6531", "title": "Short-term memory for intonation.", "content": "Ss were presented with lists of 16 words, each word spoken in one of four intonations. The final word was a repetition of one of the first 15 words, 40 Ss having to judge whether it was spoken in the same intonation as its earlier occurrence. A control group of 40 Ss did a similar task, ignoring intonation. Retention of intonation was significantly poorer, indicating that intonation is an additional load not normally retained. This argues against acoustic or articulatory encoding in short-term memory and in favor of an abstract-verbal encoding mode. Results are also interpreted as supporting the position that verbal and motor short-term membory obey similar laws.", "contents": "Short-term memory for intonation. Ss were presented with lists of 16 words, each word spoken in one of four intonations. The final word was a repetition of one of the first 15 words, 40 Ss having to judge whether it was spoken in the same intonation as its earlier occurrence. A control group of 40 Ss did a similar task, ignoring intonation. Retention of intonation was significantly poorer, indicating that intonation is an additional load not normally retained. This argues against acoustic or articulatory encoding in short-term memory and in favor of an abstract-verbal encoding mode. Results are also interpreted as supporting the position that verbal and motor short-term membory obey similar laws.", "PMID": 1178309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6532", "title": "Preferred tempo in performance of repetitive movements.", "content": "Within- and between-S variability in performance of repetitive movements at a self-paced tempo was studied. Male and female Ss (Ns = 75) performed 36 consecutive arm swings at an individually chosen tempo. Differences between Ss' selected tempos of performance were considerably greater than the amount of variation in Ss' motor response times, indicating that individuals have preferred tempos of voluntary movement which differ from those of other individuals. No sex differences were evidenced in either preferred tempo or consistency of performance.", "contents": "Preferred tempo in performance of repetitive movements. Within- and between-S variability in performance of repetitive movements at a self-paced tempo was studied. Male and female Ss (Ns = 75) performed 36 consecutive arm swings at an individually chosen tempo. Differences between Ss' selected tempos of performance were considerably greater than the amount of variation in Ss' motor response times, indicating that individuals have preferred tempos of voluntary movement which differ from those of other individuals. No sex differences were evidenced in either preferred tempo or consistency of performance.", "PMID": 1178310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6533", "title": "Clarity, controllability, and emotional intensity of image: correlations with introversion, neuroticism, and subjective anxiety.", "content": "Clarity, controllability, and associated affect of visual imagery were intercorrelated with measures of neuroticism, extraversion, and state-trait anxiety for 43 men and 66 women undergraduates. Resulting coefficients indicated high neuroticism, introversion, and anxiety were all associated with poor clarity and controllability of image. Results were interpreted to suggest that anxiety acts as a mediating variable for clarity and controllability of image.", "contents": "Clarity, controllability, and emotional intensity of image: correlations with introversion, neuroticism, and subjective anxiety. Clarity, controllability, and associated affect of visual imagery were intercorrelated with measures of neuroticism, extraversion, and state-trait anxiety for 43 men and 66 women undergraduates. Resulting coefficients indicated high neuroticism, introversion, and anxiety were all associated with poor clarity and controllability of image. Results were interpreted to suggest that anxiety acts as a mediating variable for clarity and controllability of image.", "PMID": 1178311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6534", "title": "Assessing the attitude of veterans toward a smoking cessation program in a hospital setting.", "content": "110 male patients in a V. A. Hospital were surveyed in regard to their smoking behavior, attitudes toward smoking, and their willingness to participate in a treatment program designed to eliminate smoking. Some of the more important findings were that 68% of the patient population smoked as compared to 50% for the ggeneral male population. Only 57% of the smokers felt that smoking was harmful to their health. Many of the smokers (60%) had tried to stop smoking but were unsuccessful. 58% of the smokers stated that they would participate in a smoking treatment program. The results of this survey are interpreted to indicate the need for hospital and institutional treatment programs for elimination of smoking.", "contents": "Assessing the attitude of veterans toward a smoking cessation program in a hospital setting. 110 male patients in a V. A. Hospital were surveyed in regard to their smoking behavior, attitudes toward smoking, and their willingness to participate in a treatment program designed to eliminate smoking. Some of the more important findings were that 68% of the patient population smoked as compared to 50% for the ggeneral male population. Only 57% of the smokers felt that smoking was harmful to their health. Many of the smokers (60%) had tried to stop smoking but were unsuccessful. 58% of the smokers stated that they would participate in a smoking treatment program. The results of this survey are interpreted to indicate the need for hospital and institutional treatment programs for elimination of smoking.", "PMID": 1178312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6535", "title": "\"Shaping\" of frequency discrimination performance using only intrinsic reinforcement.", "content": "This experiment compared two modes of practice at a difficult frequency discrimination, i.e., one in which the frequency difference was initially correctly discriminated only 65% of the trials in a two-alternative forced-choice task. One group of Ss (N = 13) was assigned to a progressive-practice group, in which the frequency difference to be discriminated was progressivley changed from a large, easy, difference to the difficult, small, difference. The other group of Ss (N = 13) received the same amount of practice as the first, but all at the difficult discrimination. Only the progressive-practice group improved their discrimination performance. Since no feedback was given, the effect of progressive practice is interpreted as \"shaping\" Ss' attentional response by virtue of the information provided by the successively more difficult discriminations. This \"shaping\" process is potentially available as a learning mechanism for other fine discriminations.", "contents": "\"Shaping\" of frequency discrimination performance using only intrinsic reinforcement. This experiment compared two modes of practice at a difficult frequency discrimination, i.e., one in which the frequency difference was initially correctly discriminated only 65% of the trials in a two-alternative forced-choice task. One group of Ss (N = 13) was assigned to a progressive-practice group, in which the frequency difference to be discriminated was progressivley changed from a large, easy, difference to the difficult, small, difference. The other group of Ss (N = 13) received the same amount of practice as the first, but all at the difficult discrimination. Only the progressive-practice group improved their discrimination performance. Since no feedback was given, the effect of progressive practice is interpreted as \"shaping\" Ss' attentional response by virtue of the information provided by the successively more difficult discriminations. This \"shaping\" process is potentially available as a learning mechanism for other fine discriminations.", "PMID": 1178313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6536", "title": "Role of nonverbal communication in the perception of leadership.", "content": "A 2 X 3 design was used to assess effects of nonverbal communication and sensory modality of presentation of stimuli on 107 undergraduates' perception of leadership. Nonverbal communication and modality of presentation had a significant effect on perception of leadership. These results suggest that nonverbal cues should be seen as essential in impression-formation.", "contents": "Role of nonverbal communication in the perception of leadership. A 2 X 3 design was used to assess effects of nonverbal communication and sensory modality of presentation of stimuli on 107 undergraduates' perception of leadership. Nonverbal communication and modality of presentation had a significant effect on perception of leadership. These results suggest that nonverbal cues should be seen as essential in impression-formation.", "PMID": 1178315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6537", "title": "Comparison of visual-discrimination ability of brain-injured and non-brain-injured children of normal intelligence.", "content": "A set of 106 multiple-choice geometric designs were administered to 23 children diagnosed as minimally brain-damaged and 23 control children. All children were between the ages of 4 and 12 yr. and were matched for age and intelligence. Differences between the two groups suggest that, although rotation and reversal errors significantly discriminate the groups, factors which lead to distractions are more discriminative. The data suggest the possibility of an easily administered and objectively scored instrument which is relatively independent of motor development in children.", "contents": "Comparison of visual-discrimination ability of brain-injured and non-brain-injured children of normal intelligence. A set of 106 multiple-choice geometric designs were administered to 23 children diagnosed as minimally brain-damaged and 23 control children. All children were between the ages of 4 and 12 yr. and were matched for age and intelligence. Differences between the two groups suggest that, although rotation and reversal errors significantly discriminate the groups, factors which lead to distractions are more discriminative. The data suggest the possibility of an easily administered and objectively scored instrument which is relatively independent of motor development in children.", "PMID": 1178316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6538", "title": "Eye movement in perception of another person's looking behavior.", "content": "Eye contact is a non-verbal behavior category of major concern in the study of social interaction. Within this category many behaviors are included which serve a wide range of functions. It was hypothesied that (1) one of the important stimulus properties that distinguish these behaviors is the movement pattern of the eye and (2) that people use different criteria to judge whether another person is looking at them, depending upon whether the other person is displaying a dynamic or static eye presentation. Data are presented to support these hypotheses.", "contents": "Eye movement in perception of another person's looking behavior. Eye contact is a non-verbal behavior category of major concern in the study of social interaction. Within this category many behaviors are included which serve a wide range of functions. It was hypothesied that (1) one of the important stimulus properties that distinguish these behaviors is the movement pattern of the eye and (2) that people use different criteria to judge whether another person is looking at them, depending upon whether the other person is displaying a dynamic or static eye presentation. Data are presented to support these hypotheses.", "PMID": 1178317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6539", "title": "Comparison of Rorschach anatomy responses from psychosomatic out-patients and a matched group of psychiatric controls.", "content": "35 out-patient Ss with demonstrable psychosomatic symptoms were matched with 35 psychiatric out-patients with \"milder\" forms of psychopathology, i.e., neurosis, personality disorders and latent schizophrenia. The psychosomatic group showed significantly more anatomy responses on the Rorschach but there was much overlap, leading to the conclusion that anatomy does not directly reflect simply psychosomatic disturbances but, rather, is associated with psychodynamics which tend to underlie psychosomatic illnesses.", "contents": "Comparison of Rorschach anatomy responses from psychosomatic out-patients and a matched group of psychiatric controls. 35 out-patient Ss with demonstrable psychosomatic symptoms were matched with 35 psychiatric out-patients with \"milder\" forms of psychopathology, i.e., neurosis, personality disorders and latent schizophrenia. The psychosomatic group showed significantly more anatomy responses on the Rorschach but there was much overlap, leading to the conclusion that anatomy does not directly reflect simply psychosomatic disturbances but, rather, is associated with psychodynamics which tend to underlie psychosomatic illnesses.", "PMID": 1178319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6540", "title": "Role of stimulus modality in rating ordinary and derived word strings.", "content": "Four types of word strings were presented either visually or auditorily and rated for grammaticality and meaningfulness. The string types were normal sentences, syntactically deviant strings, semantically deviant strings, and strings both syntactically and semantically deviant. Results for the auditory mode conform to expectations based upon the linguistic competence of the native speaker but results for the visual mode do not. The results are discussed in terms of the inferiority of visual over auditory short-term memory for verbal information and attentional strategies.", "contents": "Role of stimulus modality in rating ordinary and derived word strings. Four types of word strings were presented either visually or auditorily and rated for grammaticality and meaningfulness. The string types were normal sentences, syntactically deviant strings, semantically deviant strings, and strings both syntactically and semantically deviant. Results for the auditory mode conform to expectations based upon the linguistic competence of the native speaker but results for the visual mode do not. The results are discussed in terms of the inferiority of visual over auditory short-term memory for verbal information and attentional strategies.", "PMID": 1178320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6541", "title": "Immediate effects of cigarette smoking as related to different smoking habits.", "content": "A questionnaire concerning interactions between the need to smoke and the external situation was used to select 8 \"low-arousal smokers\" and 8 \"high-arousal amokers.\" The former were smokers who generally experienced their strongest need to smoke in low-arousal situations, characterized by e.g., monotony or boredom, while the latter experienced their strongest need to smoke in high-arousal situations, characterized by, e.g., anxiety or excitement. Members of each group were examined under smoking and nonsmoking conditions in a low-arousal situation, i.e., performing a vigilance-type sensorimotor task, and in a high-arousal situation, i.e., performing a complex sensorimotor task. It was shown that the two groups reacted differently to smoking in the two situations. In low-arousal smokers performance and general well-being were favourably affected by smoking in the low-arousal situation only. Conversely, performance and well-bing of the high-arousal smokers were enhanced by smoking in the high-arousal situation only.", "contents": "Immediate effects of cigarette smoking as related to different smoking habits. A questionnaire concerning interactions between the need to smoke and the external situation was used to select 8 \"low-arousal smokers\" and 8 \"high-arousal amokers.\" The former were smokers who generally experienced their strongest need to smoke in low-arousal situations, characterized by e.g., monotony or boredom, while the latter experienced their strongest need to smoke in high-arousal situations, characterized by, e.g., anxiety or excitement. Members of each group were examined under smoking and nonsmoking conditions in a low-arousal situation, i.e., performing a vigilance-type sensorimotor task, and in a high-arousal situation, i.e., performing a complex sensorimotor task. It was shown that the two groups reacted differently to smoking in the two situations. In low-arousal smokers performance and general well-being were favourably affected by smoking in the low-arousal situation only. Conversely, performance and well-bing of the high-arousal smokers were enhanced by smoking in the high-arousal situation only.", "PMID": 1178322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6542", "title": "Motor and perceptual determinants of performance on the Bender-Gestalt and the Beery Developmental Scale by retarded males.", "content": "The Bender Visual-motor Gestalt Test and Beery's Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration were administered to 51 educable mentally retarded boys ranging in age from 72 to 161 mo. These scores were compared with scores boys received on three gross motor tasks by computing simple correlation coefficients and multiple regression coefficients with Bender and Beery's tests as dependent variables. The simple rs were similar but order of inclusion of independent variables in the regression analysis suggests differences.", "contents": "Motor and perceptual determinants of performance on the Bender-Gestalt and the Beery Developmental Scale by retarded males. The Bender Visual-motor Gestalt Test and Beery's Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration were administered to 51 educable mentally retarded boys ranging in age from 72 to 161 mo. These scores were compared with scores boys received on three gross motor tasks by computing simple correlation coefficients and multiple regression coefficients with Bender and Beery's tests as dependent variables. The simple rs were similar but order of inclusion of independent variables in the regression analysis suggests differences.", "PMID": 1178323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6543", "title": "Synchronization error in bilateral simultaneous flexion of elbows.", "content": "Using 7 left- and 7 right-handed subjects, the difference in time between left and right arms in the initiation of bilateral simultaneous flexion of elbows (synchronization error) was measured under three conditions: response to a sound stimulus with a warning signal, response to a sound stimulus without a warning signal, and self-initiated trial (option). The absolute value of synchronization errors depended upon experimental conditions. In conditions 'with warning' and 'option' the dominance shown in performance of left-handed subjects was the mirror-image of that shown by the right-handed subjects. The right biceps muscle responded faster in left-handed subjects and vice versa. Right-handed subjects showed rather a constant value in their dispersion of synchronization errors.", "contents": "Synchronization error in bilateral simultaneous flexion of elbows. Using 7 left- and 7 right-handed subjects, the difference in time between left and right arms in the initiation of bilateral simultaneous flexion of elbows (synchronization error) was measured under three conditions: response to a sound stimulus with a warning signal, response to a sound stimulus without a warning signal, and self-initiated trial (option). The absolute value of synchronization errors depended upon experimental conditions. In conditions 'with warning' and 'option' the dominance shown in performance of left-handed subjects was the mirror-image of that shown by the right-handed subjects. The right biceps muscle responded faster in left-handed subjects and vice versa. Right-handed subjects showed rather a constant value in their dispersion of synchronization errors.", "PMID": 1178324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6544", "title": "Note on relation of autonomic perception to voluntary control of heart rate.", "content": "Relationships between subscores of the Autonomic Perception Questionnaire and ability to raise and lower heart rate voluntarily were examined in 40 subjects. Subscores which reflected autonomic awareness in anxiety and pleasure states were not predictive of degree of cardiac control, while the subscore specific to reported awareness of heart functioning during pleasure states only was positively correlated with ability to raise heart rate.", "contents": "Note on relation of autonomic perception to voluntary control of heart rate. Relationships between subscores of the Autonomic Perception Questionnaire and ability to raise and lower heart rate voluntarily were examined in 40 subjects. Subscores which reflected autonomic awareness in anxiety and pleasure states were not predictive of degree of cardiac control, while the subscore specific to reported awareness of heart functioning during pleasure states only was positively correlated with ability to raise heart rate.", "PMID": 1178325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6545", "title": "MMPI correlates of extreme field independence and field dependence in a psychiatric population.", "content": "34 male and 34 female hospitalized psychiatric patients were divided into field-independent and field-dependent groups on the basis of rod-and-frame test performance and their MMPI scores were compared. A multiple discriminant analysis followed by a series of 2 X 2 factorial analyses of variance was used to assess the results. As in previous studies, more similarities than differences were found between the two cognitive styles. However, field-independent subjects tended to be more unconventional, aggressive, antisocial, and perhaps defensive than field-dependent subjects. Explanations of results were explored in reference to previous findings.", "contents": "MMPI correlates of extreme field independence and field dependence in a psychiatric population. 34 male and 34 female hospitalized psychiatric patients were divided into field-independent and field-dependent groups on the basis of rod-and-frame test performance and their MMPI scores were compared. A multiple discriminant analysis followed by a series of 2 X 2 factorial analyses of variance was used to assess the results. As in previous studies, more similarities than differences were found between the two cognitive styles. However, field-independent subjects tended to be more unconventional, aggressive, antisocial, and perhaps defensive than field-dependent subjects. Explanations of results were explored in reference to previous findings.", "PMID": 1178326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6546", "title": "Failure of conservation training of disadvantaged black teenagers: a neo-Piagetian interpretation.", "content": "From a structural point of view, conservation tasks resemble Witkin's field-dependence situations. According to our neo-Piagetian theory, therefore, the failure of certain disadvantaged black teenagers to profit from conservation training may be related to their field dependence.", "contents": "Failure of conservation training of disadvantaged black teenagers: a neo-Piagetian interpretation. From a structural point of view, conservation tasks resemble Witkin's field-dependence situations. According to our neo-Piagetian theory, therefore, the failure of certain disadvantaged black teenagers to profit from conservation training may be related to their field dependence.", "PMID": 1178327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6547", "title": "Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion during physical conditioning of older individuals using leg-weight loading.", "content": "Use of leg weights for physical conditioning was evaluated in 8 middle-aged male Ss; four Ss of similar age served as a control group. Pre- and post-training evaluation consisted of heart rate and oxygen uptake responses to five submaximal work loads which involved either level walking or cycling. Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion elicited for each work load were: a local muscular rating; a central or cardio-pulmonary rating; and an over-all or general rating. Submaximal heart rate decreased 6 to 9 beats/min. from pretraining values for all work load after training. The differentiated ratings for training generally reflected a reduced strain on the cardiovascular system and also improved functioning of the working muscles with training. However, when one set of sensations dominated the exertional perception the others appear to have been perceptually de-emphasized. Local muscular factors seemed to dominate the exertional perception for cycling, but central factors appeared to play a more important role for treadmill walking, at least within the range of velocities investigated.", "contents": "Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion during physical conditioning of older individuals using leg-weight loading. Use of leg weights for physical conditioning was evaluated in 8 middle-aged male Ss; four Ss of similar age served as a control group. Pre- and post-training evaluation consisted of heart rate and oxygen uptake responses to five submaximal work loads which involved either level walking or cycling. Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion elicited for each work load were: a local muscular rating; a central or cardio-pulmonary rating; and an over-all or general rating. Submaximal heart rate decreased 6 to 9 beats/min. from pretraining values for all work load after training. The differentiated ratings for training generally reflected a reduced strain on the cardiovascular system and also improved functioning of the working muscles with training. However, when one set of sensations dominated the exertional perception the others appear to have been perceptually de-emphasized. Local muscular factors seemed to dominate the exertional perception for cycling, but central factors appeared to play a more important role for treadmill walking, at least within the range of velocities investigated.", "PMID": 1178328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6548", "title": "Developmental aspects of auditory and visual scanning.", "content": "60 Ss from Grades 1 through 6 were administered an auditory and visual scanning procedure and 27 of those Ss were given arithmetic and reading achievement tests. Data indicated scanning ability increases linearly with grade in school and the relationship between the scanning measures also increases sharply with grade. Auditory scanning was related to academic achievement; visual scanning only approached significance with arithmetic achievement but was unrelated to reading achievement.", "contents": "Developmental aspects of auditory and visual scanning. 60 Ss from Grades 1 through 6 were administered an auditory and visual scanning procedure and 27 of those Ss were given arithmetic and reading achievement tests. Data indicated scanning ability increases linearly with grade in school and the relationship between the scanning measures also increases sharply with grade. Auditory scanning was related to academic achievement; visual scanning only approached significance with arithmetic achievement but was unrelated to reading achievement.", "PMID": 1178329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6549", "title": "Factor analysis of attitudes toward abortion.", "content": "700 Ss rated the concept abortion on a series of bipolar adjectives. Factor analysis of the ratings suggested (a) that Ss judged the concept along four orthogonal dimensions, immoral-repelling, cruel-destructive, emotional-serious, and rational-impulsive and (b) that males and females had similar factor structures. Polarity analysis showed that abortion was seen as immoral, repelling, bad, cruel, destructive, ugly, sinful, emotional, serious, rational and impulsive. Although this is highly unfavorable compared to the results of previous research, it appears to represent a liberal trend.", "contents": "Factor analysis of attitudes toward abortion. 700 Ss rated the concept abortion on a series of bipolar adjectives. Factor analysis of the ratings suggested (a) that Ss judged the concept along four orthogonal dimensions, immoral-repelling, cruel-destructive, emotional-serious, and rational-impulsive and (b) that males and females had similar factor structures. Polarity analysis showed that abortion was seen as immoral, repelling, bad, cruel, destructive, ugly, sinful, emotional, serious, rational and impulsive. Although this is highly unfavorable compared to the results of previous research, it appears to represent a liberal trend.", "PMID": 1178330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6550", "title": "Nursing behavior of infant pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina): preferences for nipples.", "content": "Nursing behavior of 56 singleton infant pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) was monitored. Infants over 1 mo. of age showed strong preferences for one of their mothers' nipples, while few infants less than 1 mo. old did so. The infants which had the lowest birthweights for each sex showed no clear preference even though they were older than 1 mo. A trend toward lateral preference (for the right nipple) was identical for male and female infants. Analysis of the development of preference for nipple may provide useful information of assessing development progress.", "contents": "Nursing behavior of infant pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina): preferences for nipples. Nursing behavior of 56 singleton infant pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) was monitored. Infants over 1 mo. of age showed strong preferences for one of their mothers' nipples, while few infants less than 1 mo. old did so. The infants which had the lowest birthweights for each sex showed no clear preference even though they were older than 1 mo. A trend toward lateral preference (for the right nipple) was identical for male and female infants. Analysis of the development of preference for nipple may provide useful information of assessing development progress.", "PMID": 1178331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6551", "title": "Directionality in four Bender-Gestalt figures: III.", "content": "Two predictions, viz., that for Austrian non-clinical school children whose left-right reading-writing habits parallel an assumed innate left-right drawing tendency, a clear preference for left-right execution of 4 Bender-Gestalt figures (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 6) would be attained at an earlier age and no plateau would be observed in contrast to Israeli non-clinical school children whose right-left reading-writing habits are in a direction opposite to the assumed innate drawing tendency, were confirmed at significant levels of confidence. In a sub-sample of the Austrian population investigated fathers' educational/occupational level as well as the child's position in his sibship as measures of attention and stimulation in the home do not appear to have any significant influence on preference for direction of drawing.", "contents": "Directionality in four Bender-Gestalt figures: III. Two predictions, viz., that for Austrian non-clinical school children whose left-right reading-writing habits parallel an assumed innate left-right drawing tendency, a clear preference for left-right execution of 4 Bender-Gestalt figures (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 6) would be attained at an earlier age and no plateau would be observed in contrast to Israeli non-clinical school children whose right-left reading-writing habits are in a direction opposite to the assumed innate drawing tendency, were confirmed at significant levels of confidence. In a sub-sample of the Austrian population investigated fathers' educational/occupational level as well as the child's position in his sibship as measures of attention and stimulation in the home do not appear to have any significant influence on preference for direction of drawing.", "PMID": 1178332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6552", "title": "Indian students' perceptions of the ideal self, the ideal leader, the ideal teacher, Indira Gandhi and the business executive.", "content": "The Activity Vector Analysis (AVA) was administered to three samples drawn from a population of graduate students at an Indian university. Results indicated a high positive relationship among the perceptions of the ideal self, ideal teacher, and ideal leader. Likewise, the consensual profile of Indira Gandhi was found to be quite similar to the ideal self cluster (r = .96). The collective perception of the business executive, however, was only remotely similar to the other two character profiles.", "contents": "Indian students' perceptions of the ideal self, the ideal leader, the ideal teacher, Indira Gandhi and the business executive. The Activity Vector Analysis (AVA) was administered to three samples drawn from a population of graduate students at an Indian university. Results indicated a high positive relationship among the perceptions of the ideal self, ideal teacher, and ideal leader. Likewise, the consensual profile of Indira Gandhi was found to be quite similar to the ideal self cluster (r = .96). The collective perception of the business executive, however, was only remotely similar to the other two character profiles.", "PMID": 1178333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6553", "title": "Automated reinforcement of head posture in two cerebral palsied retarded children.", "content": "A transistor radio activated by a mercury switch was used to reinforce head posture in two retarded children with severe cerebral palsy. Under the contingent music condition dropping the head forward automatically terminated the broadcast (music). A comparison of baseline and treatment phases showed that head orientation was strongly controlled by contingent music.", "contents": "Automated reinforcement of head posture in two cerebral palsied retarded children. A transistor radio activated by a mercury switch was used to reinforce head posture in two retarded children with severe cerebral palsy. Under the contingent music condition dropping the head forward automatically terminated the broadcast (music). A comparison of baseline and treatment phases showed that head orientation was strongly controlled by contingent music.", "PMID": 1178334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6554", "title": "Comparative study of verbal originality in deaf and hearing children.", "content": "Verbal originality scores were obtained from Onomatopoeia and Images, Form 1B, given to 181 deaf and 236 hearing Ss aged 10 to 19 yr. The hearing Ss scored significantly higher than the deaf Ss. Significant main effects for age were found but not for sex. The only significant interaction was found for hearing status and age. Deaf Ss became more productive as age increased, while performance of hearing Ss relative to age fluctuated.", "contents": "Comparative study of verbal originality in deaf and hearing children. Verbal originality scores were obtained from Onomatopoeia and Images, Form 1B, given to 181 deaf and 236 hearing Ss aged 10 to 19 yr. The hearing Ss scored significantly higher than the deaf Ss. Significant main effects for age were found but not for sex. The only significant interaction was found for hearing status and age. Deaf Ss became more productive as age increased, while performance of hearing Ss relative to age fluctuated.", "PMID": 1178335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6555", "title": "Cross-cultural comparison of physical education majors.", "content": "The Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire was administered to 20 Ss from Montana and the personality scores compared to those of a similar sample of New Zealand students. Results indicated that cross-cultural differences do exist, the present group being more dominant, less expedient, and considerably more conservative than their New Zealand counterparts.", "contents": "Cross-cultural comparison of physical education majors. The Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire was administered to 20 Ss from Montana and the personality scores compared to those of a similar sample of New Zealand students. Results indicated that cross-cultural differences do exist, the present group being more dominant, less expedient, and considerably more conservative than their New Zealand counterparts.", "PMID": 1178337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6556", "title": "Sensory integration and single-modality scanning.", "content": "An auditory scanning, visual scanning, and auditory-visual integration test was administered to 72 children from grades 1, 2, 3, and 5 to determine whether increases in sensory integration skills could be accounted for by increases in skills of single modalities. Using a multiple regression model, the results indicated that increases in integrative functioning occur independently of developmental changes in individual modalities. Implications for future research are presented.", "contents": "Sensory integration and single-modality scanning. An auditory scanning, visual scanning, and auditory-visual integration test was administered to 72 children from grades 1, 2, 3, and 5 to determine whether increases in sensory integration skills could be accounted for by increases in skills of single modalities. Using a multiple regression model, the results indicated that increases in integrative functioning occur independently of developmental changes in individual modalities. Implications for future research are presented.", "PMID": 1178338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6557", "title": "Disruption of performance of a lab-born orangutan after introduction of irrelevant foreground cues.", "content": "Discrimination performance of the three great ape genera has previously been shown to be differentially influenced by the introduction of irrelevant foreground cues, with accuracy of performance of orangutans significantly more disrupted than chimpanzees or gorillas. This disruption may be species-related to how arboreal or terrestrial the subjects would be in their natural habitat. The tendency of the organgutan toward disruption of performance following the introduction of visual foreground cues is not dependent upon an early arboreal environment, because the performance of the lab-born orangutan tested in similar conditions in the present study was commensurate with the performance of previously tested wild-born orangutans.", "contents": "Disruption of performance of a lab-born orangutan after introduction of irrelevant foreground cues. Discrimination performance of the three great ape genera has previously been shown to be differentially influenced by the introduction of irrelevant foreground cues, with accuracy of performance of orangutans significantly more disrupted than chimpanzees or gorillas. This disruption may be species-related to how arboreal or terrestrial the subjects would be in their natural habitat. The tendency of the organgutan toward disruption of performance following the introduction of visual foreground cues is not dependent upon an early arboreal environment, because the performance of the lab-born orangutan tested in similar conditions in the present study was commensurate with the performance of previously tested wild-born orangutans.", "PMID": 1178339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6558", "title": "Conjugate lateral eye movement and latency of verbal response to arithmetic questions.", "content": "24 left movers, 24 right movers and 24 mixed movers, categorized on the basis of their conjugate lateral eye movements, were measured on latency of verbal response to arithmetic questions. The predicted superiority of right movers in speed of response did not occur nor did interference with habitual direction of conjugate lateral eye movement affect results. However, the mixed group took longer to response to a second series of questions than did the left and right movers. This post hoc finding may indicate inefficient hemispheric competition within the mixed group when subjects are asked to add another task to that of arithmetic problem-solving.", "contents": "Conjugate lateral eye movement and latency of verbal response to arithmetic questions. 24 left movers, 24 right movers and 24 mixed movers, categorized on the basis of their conjugate lateral eye movements, were measured on latency of verbal response to arithmetic questions. The predicted superiority of right movers in speed of response did not occur nor did interference with habitual direction of conjugate lateral eye movement affect results. However, the mixed group took longer to response to a second series of questions than did the left and right movers. This post hoc finding may indicate inefficient hemispheric competition within the mixed group when subjects are asked to add another task to that of arithmetic problem-solving.", "PMID": 1178340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6559", "title": "Identification of letterlike distortions by preschool children.", "content": "In two experiments preschool children chose one of two test forms that looked like previously exposed distortions of a letterlike-form. In Exp. I a distance metric was defined to measure the physical discrepancy between forms. It was found that the distance relationship between distortions and particular test forms did not designate the children's choice behavior. In Exp. II the children were able to choose previously exposed distortions when particular test forms contained novel features. The results are related to distinctive feature and prototype hypotheses to account for children's performance in recognizing forms.", "contents": "Identification of letterlike distortions by preschool children. In two experiments preschool children chose one of two test forms that looked like previously exposed distortions of a letterlike-form. In Exp. I a distance metric was defined to measure the physical discrepancy between forms. It was found that the distance relationship between distortions and particular test forms did not designate the children's choice behavior. In Exp. II the children were able to choose previously exposed distortions when particular test forms contained novel features. The results are related to distinctive feature and prototype hypotheses to account for children's performance in recognizing forms.", "PMID": 1178341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6560", "title": "Effect of a mid-series anchor on absolute judgments of duration by schizophrenics, neurologically impaired, and normals.", "content": "36 normal, 36 schizophrenic, and 36 neurologically impaired Ss were compared for their ability to temporally discriminate brief auditory stimuli. The experimental task was the absolute judgment of 3, 5, or 9 stimuli ranging in duration from 0.10 to 1.90 sec. Half of the Ss in each group were \"assisted\" by the presentation of a repeated mid-series anchor. The interval between the presentation of the anchor and the variable stimuli was varied. With the addition of a mid-series anchor, normal Ss demonstrated an increase in information transmission and a decrease in response stereotypy; schizophrenics demonstrated a slight decrease in information transmission and a slight increase in response stereotypy; neurologically impaired Ss were essentially unaffected. Changes in interstimulus interval on the anchored judgment task did not influence information transmission.", "contents": "Effect of a mid-series anchor on absolute judgments of duration by schizophrenics, neurologically impaired, and normals. 36 normal, 36 schizophrenic, and 36 neurologically impaired Ss were compared for their ability to temporally discriminate brief auditory stimuli. The experimental task was the absolute judgment of 3, 5, or 9 stimuli ranging in duration from 0.10 to 1.90 sec. Half of the Ss in each group were \"assisted\" by the presentation of a repeated mid-series anchor. The interval between the presentation of the anchor and the variable stimuli was varied. With the addition of a mid-series anchor, normal Ss demonstrated an increase in information transmission and a decrease in response stereotypy; schizophrenics demonstrated a slight decrease in information transmission and a slight increase in response stereotypy; neurologically impaired Ss were essentially unaffected. Changes in interstimulus interval on the anchored judgment task did not influence information transmission.", "PMID": 1178344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6561", "title": "Psychological dynamics and self-perceptions of vasectomy candidates.", "content": "Growing concern with population control has focused attention on various methods of contraception including vasectomy. Psychological research on this topic is scant, however. In this study, 9 vasectomy candidates who were undergoing the operation were compared to 9 husbands whose wives were about to have a tubal ligation. Their responses on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Adjective Check List were compared. Most of the data showed no significant differences except on one scale of Counseling Readiness. The results, and others, indicate that vasectomy candidates may have a tendency to deny the anxiety connected with the operation due to its irreversible nature.", "contents": "Psychological dynamics and self-perceptions of vasectomy candidates. Growing concern with population control has focused attention on various methods of contraception including vasectomy. Psychological research on this topic is scant, however. In this study, 9 vasectomy candidates who were undergoing the operation were compared to 9 husbands whose wives were about to have a tubal ligation. Their responses on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Adjective Check List were compared. Most of the data showed no significant differences except on one scale of Counseling Readiness. The results, and others, indicate that vasectomy candidates may have a tendency to deny the anxiety connected with the operation due to its irreversible nature.", "PMID": 1178345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6562", "title": "Some personality correlates of self-rated academic success.", "content": "Using subjects' own ratings of their academic performance, a group of american university students were divided into academically successful (n = 312) and unsuccessful (n = 170) subgroups. A comparison of mean scores of the two groups on nine personality variables convered by Eysenck's PEN Inventory and Lanyon's Psychological Screening Inventory showed that academic success, as rated by subjects themselves, is associated with low psychoticism, neuroticism, and discomfort but high extraversion and defensiveness.", "contents": "Some personality correlates of self-rated academic success. Using subjects' own ratings of their academic performance, a group of american university students were divided into academically successful (n = 312) and unsuccessful (n = 170) subgroups. A comparison of mean scores of the two groups on nine personality variables convered by Eysenck's PEN Inventory and Lanyon's Psychological Screening Inventory showed that academic success, as rated by subjects themselves, is associated with low psychoticism, neuroticism, and discomfort but high extraversion and defensiveness.", "PMID": 1178346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6563", "title": "Field-dependence, extraversion and perception of the vertical: empirical and theoretical perspectives of the rod-and-frame test.", "content": "Using conventional scoring procedures for the Rod-and-frame Test (RFT), extraversion was shown to interact with field-dependence (defined by scores on the Hidden-shapes Test), with the field dependent extraverts being most inaccurate performers on the rod and frame. Of greater importance, serious questions were raised about theoretical and empirical aspects of the relationship between paper-and-pencil measures of field-dependence and performance on the rod and frame, and it was concluded that \"what has...been demonstrated over the past ten years is the reliability of a relationship of questionable validity.\"", "contents": "Field-dependence, extraversion and perception of the vertical: empirical and theoretical perspectives of the rod-and-frame test. Using conventional scoring procedures for the Rod-and-frame Test (RFT), extraversion was shown to interact with field-dependence (defined by scores on the Hidden-shapes Test), with the field dependent extraverts being most inaccurate performers on the rod and frame. Of greater importance, serious questions were raised about theoretical and empirical aspects of the relationship between paper-and-pencil measures of field-dependence and performance on the rod and frame, and it was concluded that \"what has...been demonstrated over the past ten years is the reliability of a relationship of questionable validity.\"", "PMID": 1178347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6564", "title": "Effect of neutral conditioning on racial attitudes of children.", "content": "The purpose of this experiment was to test the effectiveness of classical conditioning procedures in reducing negative evaluative responses, i.e., attitudes, toward pictures of Afro-American people. Ss were 73 Euro-American kindergarten children who received either 0, 1, 4, or 8 conditioning sessions of 36 pairings of the color black with neutral words. Two racial attitude scales were employed to measure amount of change in Ss' racial attitudes after exposure to the conditiong procedures. Parish's (1972) Revised PRAM II did not detect any change, but Williams' (1971) PRAM II demonstrated a significant reduction in anti-Afro-American attitudes for those Ss who received 8 conditioning sessions.", "contents": "Effect of neutral conditioning on racial attitudes of children. The purpose of this experiment was to test the effectiveness of classical conditioning procedures in reducing negative evaluative responses, i.e., attitudes, toward pictures of Afro-American people. Ss were 73 Euro-American kindergarten children who received either 0, 1, 4, or 8 conditioning sessions of 36 pairings of the color black with neutral words. Two racial attitude scales were employed to measure amount of change in Ss' racial attitudes after exposure to the conditiong procedures. Parish's (1972) Revised PRAM II did not detect any change, but Williams' (1971) PRAM II demonstrated a significant reduction in anti-Afro-American attitudes for those Ss who received 8 conditioning sessions.", "PMID": 1178349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6565", "title": "Perception of rate-altered sentential approximations by normal and aphasic children.", "content": "25 4-word, first, and second-order sentential approximations were presented to 18 aphasic and 18 normal children. The material was taped and altered to represent 5 speaking rates: 140 (normal); 75 and 105 (expanded); and 180 and 205 (compressed) words per minute. Order of presentation was randomized. The major difference between the children was that the second-order material was perceived best by normals regardless of rate, while the aphasics showed this preference only at the normal rate.", "contents": "Perception of rate-altered sentential approximations by normal and aphasic children. 25 4-word, first, and second-order sentential approximations were presented to 18 aphasic and 18 normal children. The material was taped and altered to represent 5 speaking rates: 140 (normal); 75 and 105 (expanded); and 180 and 205 (compressed) words per minute. Order of presentation was randomized. The major difference between the children was that the second-order material was perceived best by normals regardless of rate, while the aphasics showed this preference only at the normal rate.", "PMID": 1178351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6566", "title": "Profile of perceptual-cognitive traits and personality style of possible relevance to creative productivity.", "content": "The amount of illusory movement perceived on the autokinetic test, manifestations of primary process expression on the Rorschach, and creative productivity as measured by the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, were collected from 47 volunteer college students. Those individuals who expressed primary process thinking as blatant affect and the fusion of images, and elaborated on a stimulus pictorially, had extensive movement on the autokinetic test (P less than .05). We further delineated certain personality characteristics of these individuals employing a 26-item bipolar questionnaire. They are among other things, active, striving, assertive, in touch with and free to express emotion, rebellious, incautious, self-determing, productive, motivated to influence others, and excelling in producing objects or ideas which are unique.", "contents": "Profile of perceptual-cognitive traits and personality style of possible relevance to creative productivity. The amount of illusory movement perceived on the autokinetic test, manifestations of primary process expression on the Rorschach, and creative productivity as measured by the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, were collected from 47 volunteer college students. Those individuals who expressed primary process thinking as blatant affect and the fusion of images, and elaborated on a stimulus pictorially, had extensive movement on the autokinetic test (P less than .05). We further delineated certain personality characteristics of these individuals employing a 26-item bipolar questionnaire. They are among other things, active, striving, assertive, in touch with and free to express emotion, rebellious, incautious, self-determing, productive, motivated to influence others, and excelling in producing objects or ideas which are unique.", "PMID": 1178353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6567", "title": "Directional scanning and cerebral asymmetries in processing visual stimuli.", "content": "A perceptual exploration task involving three horizontal linear arrays of stimuli was administered to 167 children ranging in age from 3 to 7 yr. It was found that the well organized, predominantly right-to-left responses of very young children were eventually replaced by left-to-right patterns. A tachistoscopic test showed that Ss who gave right-to-left responses to the linear arrays showed hemispheric asymmetry of perception. The results were interpreted as supporting the view that directional response tendencies are related to hemispheric asymmetry.", "contents": "Directional scanning and cerebral asymmetries in processing visual stimuli. A perceptual exploration task involving three horizontal linear arrays of stimuli was administered to 167 children ranging in age from 3 to 7 yr. It was found that the well organized, predominantly right-to-left responses of very young children were eventually replaced by left-to-right patterns. A tachistoscopic test showed that Ss who gave right-to-left responses to the linear arrays showed hemispheric asymmetry of perception. The results were interpreted as supporting the view that directional response tendencies are related to hemispheric asymmetry.", "PMID": 1178354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6568", "title": "Comparisons of personality for selected groups of fifteen-year-old males.", "content": "Cattell's High School Personality Questionnaire and Gough's Adjective Checklist were administered to 73 15-yr.-old boys to compare personality for groups selected on the basis of extreme scores on maturation (skeletal development, age at achievement of peak height velocity), body type (body somatotype, body skinfolds), performance (body reaction time), strength, physical fitness and socioeconomic status. Multiple discriminant analyses indicated that the only significant difference in personality between groups was for early versus late maturers (skeletal development) on Cattell's scale. The personality scores for the remaining extreme groups did not differ on either of the scales, Cattell's or Gough's.", "contents": "Comparisons of personality for selected groups of fifteen-year-old males. Cattell's High School Personality Questionnaire and Gough's Adjective Checklist were administered to 73 15-yr.-old boys to compare personality for groups selected on the basis of extreme scores on maturation (skeletal development, age at achievement of peak height velocity), body type (body somatotype, body skinfolds), performance (body reaction time), strength, physical fitness and socioeconomic status. Multiple discriminant analyses indicated that the only significant difference in personality between groups was for early versus late maturers (skeletal development) on Cattell's scale. The personality scores for the remaining extreme groups did not differ on either of the scales, Cattell's or Gough's.", "PMID": 1178356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6569", "title": "Measurement of field-independence-dependence in children: a methodological note.", "content": "Three techniques for assessment of field-independence-dependence were found feasible and appropriate for use with primary grade children in a school setting. Ss were readily able to understand directions and to manage the apparatus. They appeared interested and highly motivated to perform well. Findings must be interpreted cautiously, however. Small size of samples, especially in the test-retest reliability analyses, makes generalizability limited. Importantly, too, strength of relationship between the three measures varied; r between the two rod-and-frame techniques was statistically significant, but only the Nickel apparatus related significantly to the Children's Embedded-figures Test. Questions must be raised as to the comparability of techniques in assessment of field-independence-dependence, at least for primary grade children. Finally, these Ss were from middle socioeconomic backgrounds and were pupils in a stable and achievement-oriented school. Feasibility of using the techniques with children from markedly different social and economic backgrounds is uncertain.", "contents": "Measurement of field-independence-dependence in children: a methodological note. Three techniques for assessment of field-independence-dependence were found feasible and appropriate for use with primary grade children in a school setting. Ss were readily able to understand directions and to manage the apparatus. They appeared interested and highly motivated to perform well. Findings must be interpreted cautiously, however. Small size of samples, especially in the test-retest reliability analyses, makes generalizability limited. Importantly, too, strength of relationship between the three measures varied; r between the two rod-and-frame techniques was statistically significant, but only the Nickel apparatus related significantly to the Children's Embedded-figures Test. Questions must be raised as to the comparability of techniques in assessment of field-independence-dependence, at least for primary grade children. Finally, these Ss were from middle socioeconomic backgrounds and were pupils in a stable and achievement-oriented school. Feasibility of using the techniques with children from markedly different social and economic backgrounds is uncertain.", "PMID": 1178358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6570", "title": "Role of feedback in voluntary control of heart rate.", "content": "The relative effectiveness of biofeedback techniques on the voluntary control of heart rate was examined by randomly assigning 32 Ss to one of four feedback conditions in a bi-directional heart-rate control task: (1) no feedback, (2) binary feedback--S was signaled when an interbeat interval had changed in the correct direction, (3) \"real-time,\" proportional feedback--S was provided information about the relative duration of successive interbeat intervals, and (4) numerical, proportional feedback--each interbeat interval was represented as a numeral indicating its relationship to pre-trial mean by direction and magnitude. Significant over-all heart-rate changes were evidenced for both increase and decrease directions, but no differences were found between the feedback conditions. While these data suggest that feedback may be a relatively insignificant factor in voluntary heart-rate control, it was recommended that further investigation examine the role of feedback within the context of other training, mediating and motivational variables.", "contents": "Role of feedback in voluntary control of heart rate. The relative effectiveness of biofeedback techniques on the voluntary control of heart rate was examined by randomly assigning 32 Ss to one of four feedback conditions in a bi-directional heart-rate control task: (1) no feedback, (2) binary feedback--S was signaled when an interbeat interval had changed in the correct direction, (3) \"real-time,\" proportional feedback--S was provided information about the relative duration of successive interbeat intervals, and (4) numerical, proportional feedback--each interbeat interval was represented as a numeral indicating its relationship to pre-trial mean by direction and magnitude. Significant over-all heart-rate changes were evidenced for both increase and decrease directions, but no differences were found between the feedback conditions. While these data suggest that feedback may be a relatively insignificant factor in voluntary heart-rate control, it was recommended that further investigation examine the role of feedback within the context of other training, mediating and motivational variables.", "PMID": 1178359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6571", "title": "Picture memory: role of figure-ground organization.", "content": "Alterations to the figure of pictures committed to visual memory are more easily detected than alterations to the ground, both in single and paired stimulus tests. Data for 40 scenes from 54 undergraduates suggest that perceptual processes interact with information storage and/or retrieval.", "contents": "Picture memory: role of figure-ground organization. Alterations to the figure of pictures committed to visual memory are more easily detected than alterations to the ground, both in single and paired stimulus tests. Data for 40 scenes from 54 undergraduates suggest that perceptual processes interact with information storage and/or retrieval.", "PMID": 1178360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6572", "title": "Shifts in kinesthesis through time and after active and passive movement.", "content": "The position sense of a stationary arm was investigated subsequent to an horizontally adductive movement with axis the shoulder joint. The right arm was the treated arm: it reached a test position actively, using minimal voluntary effort, or passively from each of 10 starting positons. The blind-folded S localized the index finger of the treated arm by attempting to touch it with the index finger of his left hand. The results indicate that subsequent to active movement the final position of a limb is more accurately known than a position resulting from passive movement. A second finding is that concomitant with both forms of limb placement there is a unidirectional drift of perceived limb position over trials.", "contents": "Shifts in kinesthesis through time and after active and passive movement. The position sense of a stationary arm was investigated subsequent to an horizontally adductive movement with axis the shoulder joint. The right arm was the treated arm: it reached a test position actively, using minimal voluntary effort, or passively from each of 10 starting positons. The blind-folded S localized the index finger of the treated arm by attempting to touch it with the index finger of his left hand. The results indicate that subsequent to active movement the final position of a limb is more accurately known than a position resulting from passive movement. A second finding is that concomitant with both forms of limb placement there is a unidirectional drift of perceived limb position over trials.", "PMID": 1178361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6573", "title": "Is eye dominance a part of generalized laterality?", "content": "The laterality of eye and limb do not appear to be generally correlated as measured in 160 observers using a graded index. Sex differences emerge indicating more consistent eye and limb preferences as well as stronger eye dominance scores in male subjects. In addtiion, better consistency is found for right-eye dominants than for left. This pattern of results permits some inferences to be made about the role of the environment in determining the dominant eye and hand.", "contents": "Is eye dominance a part of generalized laterality? The laterality of eye and limb do not appear to be generally correlated as measured in 160 observers using a graded index. Sex differences emerge indicating more consistent eye and limb preferences as well as stronger eye dominance scores in male subjects. In addtiion, better consistency is found for right-eye dominants than for left. This pattern of results permits some inferences to be made about the role of the environment in determining the dominant eye and hand.", "PMID": 1178363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6574", "title": "Parents' perception of environmental variables in pediatric offices.", "content": "In a study of 15 pediatric practices in the Greater Hartford, Connecticut area the effects of 16 reception room variables upon the comfort and behavior of children were investigated. A total of 300 parents were requested to rate the variables as to their relative importance to the child's comfort and behavior when well and when acutely ill. Variables were differentially ranked both within and between stiuations. The \"human-oriented\" variables were perceived as generally more important in the care of an acutely ill child. For the well child, a mixture of \"human-oriented\" and \"physical\" variables were perceived as having an impact on the comfort and behavior of the patient.", "contents": "Parents' perception of environmental variables in pediatric offices. In a study of 15 pediatric practices in the Greater Hartford, Connecticut area the effects of 16 reception room variables upon the comfort and behavior of children were investigated. A total of 300 parents were requested to rate the variables as to their relative importance to the child's comfort and behavior when well and when acutely ill. Variables were differentially ranked both within and between stiuations. The \"human-oriented\" variables were perceived as generally more important in the care of an acutely ill child. For the well child, a mixture of \"human-oriented\" and \"physical\" variables were perceived as having an impact on the comfort and behavior of the patient.", "PMID": 1178365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6575", "title": "Perceptual and personality variables related to opinion leadership in fashion.", "content": "102 randomly selected university women were administered measures of opinion leadership in fashion, field dependence, locus of control, and anxiety. Product-moment correlation was used to test the association between variables. Opinion leadership in fashion was positively related to debilitating anxiety and negatively related to facilitating anxiety. External locus of control was positively related to debilitating anxiety and negatively related to facilitating anxiety. No significant correlation was found between opinion leadership in fashion and field dependence or locus of control or between field dependence and locus of control or anxiety.", "contents": "Perceptual and personality variables related to opinion leadership in fashion. 102 randomly selected university women were administered measures of opinion leadership in fashion, field dependence, locus of control, and anxiety. Product-moment correlation was used to test the association between variables. Opinion leadership in fashion was positively related to debilitating anxiety and negatively related to facilitating anxiety. External locus of control was positively related to debilitating anxiety and negatively related to facilitating anxiety. No significant correlation was found between opinion leadership in fashion and field dependence or locus of control or between field dependence and locus of control or anxiety.", "PMID": 1178366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6576", "title": "Additional evidence for veridicality of perceptions based on physiognomic cues.", "content": "This study was designed to determine whether veridical interpersonal perceptions can be found on the basis of physiognomic cues. 21 male and female college students attempted to identify the correct social category [honor student, active or inactive in extracurricular events, and beauty queen (for female stimulus persons) or athlete (for male stimulus persons)] of 44 photographed male and female stimulus persons. Results demonstrated considerable veridicality, especially by male judges and of stimulus persons occupying categories which imply physical attributes.", "contents": "Additional evidence for veridicality of perceptions based on physiognomic cues. This study was designed to determine whether veridical interpersonal perceptions can be found on the basis of physiognomic cues. 21 male and female college students attempted to identify the correct social category [honor student, active or inactive in extracurricular events, and beauty queen (for female stimulus persons) or athlete (for male stimulus persons)] of 44 photographed male and female stimulus persons. Results demonstrated considerable veridicality, especially by male judges and of stimulus persons occupying categories which imply physical attributes.", "PMID": 1178367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6577", "title": "Relationship of non-verbal rigidity and creative perceptions.", "content": "The relationship of rigidity and creative perceptions of 214 Hungarian adolescent males and females was explored using a non-verbal test of rigidity (Breskin Rigidity Test) and a measure of creative perceptions (Something About Myself). Males and females were divided into Moderately Rigid and Low Rigid groups. An analysis of variance of the data showed no significant differences in creative perceptions relative to rigidity level, sex, or interaction of rigidity level and sex.", "contents": "Relationship of non-verbal rigidity and creative perceptions. The relationship of rigidity and creative perceptions of 214 Hungarian adolescent males and females was explored using a non-verbal test of rigidity (Breskin Rigidity Test) and a measure of creative perceptions (Something About Myself). Males and females were divided into Moderately Rigid and Low Rigid groups. An analysis of variance of the data showed no significant differences in creative perceptions relative to rigidity level, sex, or interaction of rigidity level and sex.", "PMID": 1178368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6578", "title": "Test of the validity of the Wilson-Patterson Conservatism Scale.", "content": "The conservatism construct has previously proved predictive of social and psychological dimensions having both practical and theoretical relavance. Its potential, however, has typically been limited by measurement imprecision due principally to the use of lengthy and potentially ambiguous verbal statements subject to either intentional or unintentional response bias. Wilson and Patterson's recently developed Conservatism Scale (C-scale) is intended to obviate the more critical sources of bias inherent in the traditional conservatism measures. In an extended test of the C-scale's validity, the present study finds 12 categories of \"known groups\" scoring as theoretically expected, and further shows C-scale scores consistently and significantly correlated with eight theoretically related dimensions.", "contents": "Test of the validity of the Wilson-Patterson Conservatism Scale. The conservatism construct has previously proved predictive of social and psychological dimensions having both practical and theoretical relavance. Its potential, however, has typically been limited by measurement imprecision due principally to the use of lengthy and potentially ambiguous verbal statements subject to either intentional or unintentional response bias. Wilson and Patterson's recently developed Conservatism Scale (C-scale) is intended to obviate the more critical sources of bias inherent in the traditional conservatism measures. In an extended test of the C-scale's validity, the present study finds 12 categories of \"known groups\" scoring as theoretically expected, and further shows C-scale scores consistently and significantly correlated with eight theoretically related dimensions.", "PMID": 1178369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6579", "title": "Characteristics of saccadic eye movements in attentionally handicapped patients.", "content": "Some characteristics of saccadic eye movements were investigated electro-oculographically in hemiplegic attentionally handicapped patients and normal subjects under stationary and moving target situations. The velocity of saccadic eye movements was greater and the duration shorter in hemiplegic than in normal subjects. Greater variability of angular velocity and amplitude functions, and of duration and amplitude functions was found among hemiplegic subjects than among normal. The results were explained, in part, by possible differences in the strength of extra-ocular muscle contraction, variables associated with inhibitory control and learning variables.", "contents": "Characteristics of saccadic eye movements in attentionally handicapped patients. Some characteristics of saccadic eye movements were investigated electro-oculographically in hemiplegic attentionally handicapped patients and normal subjects under stationary and moving target situations. The velocity of saccadic eye movements was greater and the duration shorter in hemiplegic than in normal subjects. Greater variability of angular velocity and amplitude functions, and of duration and amplitude functions was found among hemiplegic subjects than among normal. The results were explained, in part, by possible differences in the strength of extra-ocular muscle contraction, variables associated with inhibitory control and learning variables.", "PMID": 1178371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6580", "title": "Another dimension for assessment of speech-sound discrimination: latency of response.", "content": "The relationship of speech-sound-discrimination skills and speed of responding was investigated by presenting monosyllabic nouns in three different listening conditions to a total of 72 nursery, kindergarten, and first-grad children divided into three equal-sized groups. Speed of responding was related to the age of subjects, accuracy of responding, and context of presentation of stimulus items. There was a consistent decrease in latency of responding as age increased. Error responses had greater response latencies than correct responses. Response latencies for different contexts of presentation of stimulus items were longest for the paired-comparison context and shortest for the carrier-phrase context. Speed of responding could be considered as an additional parameter when evaluating speech-sound-discrimination skills.", "contents": "Another dimension for assessment of speech-sound discrimination: latency of response. The relationship of speech-sound-discrimination skills and speed of responding was investigated by presenting monosyllabic nouns in three different listening conditions to a total of 72 nursery, kindergarten, and first-grad children divided into three equal-sized groups. Speed of responding was related to the age of subjects, accuracy of responding, and context of presentation of stimulus items. There was a consistent decrease in latency of responding as age increased. Error responses had greater response latencies than correct responses. Response latencies for different contexts of presentation of stimulus items were longest for the paired-comparison context and shortest for the carrier-phrase context. Speed of responding could be considered as an additional parameter when evaluating speech-sound-discrimination skills.", "PMID": 1178372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6581", "title": "Perception of geometrical arrays tachistoscopically exposed in right and left visual fields.", "content": "Geometrical stimuli (48 6-item arrays of familiar forms, e.g., circle), tachistoscopically presented in the right or left visual field, were more accurately perceived in the right than left visual field by 15 college students. Targets about half the length of the displays exposed here were perceived with equal facility in both visual fields (Bryden, 1960). Results suggest that length of array might affect the difference in perceptual accuracy of forms shown in the right and left visual fields. Figures in the right visual field were predominantly processed from left to right, and forms in the left visual field from right to left. Since more symbols were identified in the right than left visual field, the left to right encoding sequence may be more efficient than a right to left movement. Limited experience of most Ss in reading symbols from left to right is probably only one factor. Extensive experience reading alphabetical material from left to right might have developed the physiological mechanism underpinning this sequence more than the one serving the opposite movement.", "contents": "Perception of geometrical arrays tachistoscopically exposed in right and left visual fields. Geometrical stimuli (48 6-item arrays of familiar forms, e.g., circle), tachistoscopically presented in the right or left visual field, were more accurately perceived in the right than left visual field by 15 college students. Targets about half the length of the displays exposed here were perceived with equal facility in both visual fields (Bryden, 1960). Results suggest that length of array might affect the difference in perceptual accuracy of forms shown in the right and left visual fields. Figures in the right visual field were predominantly processed from left to right, and forms in the left visual field from right to left. Since more symbols were identified in the right than left visual field, the left to right encoding sequence may be more efficient than a right to left movement. Limited experience of most Ss in reading symbols from left to right is probably only one factor. Extensive experience reading alphabetical material from left to right might have developed the physiological mechanism underpinning this sequence more than the one serving the opposite movement.", "PMID": 1178373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6582", "title": "An auditory-motor percussion test for differential diagnosis of children with communication difficulties.", "content": "Experience with children who have communication difficulties, are often hard to reach, and present severe barriers to treatment and testing led to the development of an auditory-motor percussion test designed to help distinguish children who show organicity from those who do not. Results of a normative study of 144 children tested in settings for the normal child and 84 in settings for disturbed children supported the hypothesis that the presence of structural alteration in the central nervous system is probable if subject (aged 4 to 7) is unable to tap a rhythmic tonal pattern. With the use of simple percussion instruments in a special method for administering the new procedure, the test can be used as an alert to hidden neurological damage in children over 4 and inaccessible to traditional testing.", "contents": "An auditory-motor percussion test for differential diagnosis of children with communication difficulties. Experience with children who have communication difficulties, are often hard to reach, and present severe barriers to treatment and testing led to the development of an auditory-motor percussion test designed to help distinguish children who show organicity from those who do not. Results of a normative study of 144 children tested in settings for the normal child and 84 in settings for disturbed children supported the hypothesis that the presence of structural alteration in the central nervous system is probable if subject (aged 4 to 7) is unable to tap a rhythmic tonal pattern. With the use of simple percussion instruments in a special method for administering the new procedure, the test can be used as an alert to hidden neurological damage in children over 4 and inaccessible to traditional testing.", "PMID": 1178374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6583", "title": "Perceptions of emotionally disturbed male adolescents on the Thematic Apperception Test.", "content": "20 boys aged 13 to 16 yr. and in classrooms for educationally handicapped students were studied by the TAT for adaptive functioning. Scored for pAggression, pDominance, nAggression, nAchievement, and nAutonomy, responses indicated that interactions between these disturbed adolescents and their environment were most likely to involve aggression and dominance and least apt to deal with achievement. Although IQs for all boys were average or above (M: 106), typical responses to the pictures were descriptive rather than development of a complete story. Difficulty in the expression of prediction and interpretation of personal experience was indicated.", "contents": "Perceptions of emotionally disturbed male adolescents on the Thematic Apperception Test. 20 boys aged 13 to 16 yr. and in classrooms for educationally handicapped students were studied by the TAT for adaptive functioning. Scored for pAggression, pDominance, nAggression, nAchievement, and nAutonomy, responses indicated that interactions between these disturbed adolescents and their environment were most likely to involve aggression and dominance and least apt to deal with achievement. Although IQs for all boys were average or above (M: 106), typical responses to the pictures were descriptive rather than development of a complete story. Difficulty in the expression of prediction and interpretation of personal experience was indicated.", "PMID": 1178376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6584", "title": "Effects of field-articulation and feedback on perception of intermediate visual-kinesthetic position.", "content": "High and low field-articulators were compared on the accuracy with which they could adjust a rod to intermediate visual-kinesthetic positions while blindfolded, under four sensory-feedback conditions. Independent groups of 10 Ss were given auditory, visual, kinesthetic, or no sensory feedback for 16 trials and then tested on 8 trials without sensory feedback. High field-articulators were significantly more accurate on the feedback trials for all sensory-feedback conditions but not in terms of mean absolute error. The mean constant error on the test trials was significantly lower for the high field-articulators on all feedback conditions except for visual feedback where the low field-articulator had a lower constant error. Both the high and low field-articulators became more accurate and learned more in judging visual-kinesthetic position when auditory feedback was given. Low field-articulators showed significant improvement in accuracy with kinesthetic feedback. The results supported the hypothesis that intermediate directions can be learned and supported previous perceptual research.", "contents": "Effects of field-articulation and feedback on perception of intermediate visual-kinesthetic position. High and low field-articulators were compared on the accuracy with which they could adjust a rod to intermediate visual-kinesthetic positions while blindfolded, under four sensory-feedback conditions. Independent groups of 10 Ss were given auditory, visual, kinesthetic, or no sensory feedback for 16 trials and then tested on 8 trials without sensory feedback. High field-articulators were significantly more accurate on the feedback trials for all sensory-feedback conditions but not in terms of mean absolute error. The mean constant error on the test trials was significantly lower for the high field-articulators on all feedback conditions except for visual feedback where the low field-articulator had a lower constant error. Both the high and low field-articulators became more accurate and learned more in judging visual-kinesthetic position when auditory feedback was given. Low field-articulators showed significant improvement in accuracy with kinesthetic feedback. The results supported the hypothesis that intermediate directions can be learned and supported previous perceptual research.", "PMID": 1178377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6585", "title": "Effects of auditory stimulation upon non-nutritive sucking by premature infants.", "content": "Changes in non-nutritive sucking contingent upon presentation of an auditory stimulus previously found capable of eliciting heart-rate acceleration was investigated in a sample of 24 premature infants. Across 30 10-sec. presentations of the stimulus, only transient changes in sucking rate during the first 6 trials were observed, and these effects obtained primarily for those infants showing few abnormalities in their non-nutritive sucking behavior. These results were discussed as reflecting possible differences in infants' attention associated with sucking pathology and the dependence of psychological assessment upon the specific response index used.", "contents": "Effects of auditory stimulation upon non-nutritive sucking by premature infants. Changes in non-nutritive sucking contingent upon presentation of an auditory stimulus previously found capable of eliciting heart-rate acceleration was investigated in a sample of 24 premature infants. Across 30 10-sec. presentations of the stimulus, only transient changes in sucking rate during the first 6 trials were observed, and these effects obtained primarily for those infants showing few abnormalities in their non-nutritive sucking behavior. These results were discussed as reflecting possible differences in infants' attention associated with sucking pathology and the dependence of psychological assessment upon the specific response index used.", "PMID": 1178378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6586", "title": "Multidimensional scaling of pictorial informativeness.", "content": "The dimensions used in the judgment of the informativeness of picture sections were investigated by means of a recently proposed methodology, multidimensional similarity analysis. 10 judges (college students) rated the informational similarity of 32 areas within a single picture. The five extracted dimensions accounted for 86% of the judgmental variance and were all readily interpretable. These dimensions were discussed with respect to an earlier study in which eye movements of subjects viewing this picture were recorded.", "contents": "Multidimensional scaling of pictorial informativeness. The dimensions used in the judgment of the informativeness of picture sections were investigated by means of a recently proposed methodology, multidimensional similarity analysis. 10 judges (college students) rated the informational similarity of 32 areas within a single picture. The five extracted dimensions accounted for 86% of the judgmental variance and were all readily interpretable. These dimensions were discussed with respect to an earlier study in which eye movements of subjects viewing this picture were recorded.", "PMID": 1178379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6587", "title": "Auditory versus audio-visual intelligibility measurements of alaryngeal speech: a preliminary report.", "content": "This investigation supports the notion that audio-visual presentations of esophageal speech to 32 university student judges yield a relative increase in rated intelligibility in contrast with esophageal speech presented auditorily. Implications suggest that to construct realistic therapeutic goals of an esophageal speaker more effectively, the audio-visual component should be included in the clinical assessment.", "contents": "Auditory versus audio-visual intelligibility measurements of alaryngeal speech: a preliminary report. This investigation supports the notion that audio-visual presentations of esophageal speech to 32 university student judges yield a relative increase in rated intelligibility in contrast with esophageal speech presented auditorily. Implications suggest that to construct realistic therapeutic goals of an esophageal speaker more effectively, the audio-visual component should be included in the clinical assessment.", "PMID": 1178381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6588", "title": "Psycholinguistic abilities and their influence on creative expression.", "content": "Comparison of scores for 20 girls and 20 boys in Grade 3 obtained on the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities and the Torrance Tests of Thinking Creatively, Verbal and Nonverbal, Form A produced significant small to moderate correlations between figural fluency and Auditory Reception, Visual Association, Visual Sequential Memory and Sound Blending; figural flexibility and Auditory Reception, Auditory Closure and Sound Blending; figural originality and Sound Blending; figural elaboration and Auditory Reception, Visual Association, Visual Sequential Memory, Grammatic Closure, Manual Expression, Auditory Closure, and Sound Blending. Manual Expression correlated significantly with verbal fluency, flexibility and elaboration.", "contents": "Psycholinguistic abilities and their influence on creative expression. Comparison of scores for 20 girls and 20 boys in Grade 3 obtained on the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities and the Torrance Tests of Thinking Creatively, Verbal and Nonverbal, Form A produced significant small to moderate correlations between figural fluency and Auditory Reception, Visual Association, Visual Sequential Memory and Sound Blending; figural flexibility and Auditory Reception, Auditory Closure and Sound Blending; figural originality and Sound Blending; figural elaboration and Auditory Reception, Visual Association, Visual Sequential Memory, Grammatic Closure, Manual Expression, Auditory Closure, and Sound Blending. Manual Expression correlated significantly with verbal fluency, flexibility and elaboration.", "PMID": 1178383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6589", "title": "Temporal and spatial aftereffects of a border on an afterimage and a possible laterality difference.", "content": "Five subjects were asked to report the brightness and duration of afterimages formed in a region where a border had previously been exposed. The temporal and spatial aftereffects of the border on the formation of the afterimage varied with the duration of the border and these aftereffects were within the area predicted by a photochemical bleaching hypothesis. In addition to these major findings, the experiment yielded some surprising secondary observations. For example, increasing the degree of bleaching or light adaptation made the afterimage brighter if it was on the right side but decreased the brightness if on the left. The difference between afterimages on the right and left sides was discussed in terms of spatial effects of borders and laterality differences.", "contents": "Temporal and spatial aftereffects of a border on an afterimage and a possible laterality difference. Five subjects were asked to report the brightness and duration of afterimages formed in a region where a border had previously been exposed. The temporal and spatial aftereffects of the border on the formation of the afterimage varied with the duration of the border and these aftereffects were within the area predicted by a photochemical bleaching hypothesis. In addition to these major findings, the experiment yielded some surprising secondary observations. For example, increasing the degree of bleaching or light adaptation made the afterimage brighter if it was on the right side but decreased the brightness if on the left. The difference between afterimages on the right and left sides was discussed in terms of spatial effects of borders and laterality differences.", "PMID": 1178384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6590", "title": "Tactual illusions.", "content": "16 college males participated in a study exploring active and passive illusions in touch. Analogs to 2 primary and 2 secondary visual illusions were constructed for active and for passive tactual presentation. Tactual illusory effects similar to those one would predict from vision were found in the active mode of presentation of the M\u00fcller-Lyer, and horizontal-vertical conditions, while opposite effects were found in the active mode of presentation of a modification of Delboeuf circles and in the passive diamond-square and horizontal-vertical conditions (ps less than .02). Analogous primary and secondary illusory results interacted with the active and passive modes of presentation.", "contents": "Tactual illusions. 16 college males participated in a study exploring active and passive illusions in touch. Analogs to 2 primary and 2 secondary visual illusions were constructed for active and for passive tactual presentation. Tactual illusory effects similar to those one would predict from vision were found in the active mode of presentation of the M\u00fcller-Lyer, and horizontal-vertical conditions, while opposite effects were found in the active mode of presentation of a modification of Delboeuf circles and in the passive diamond-square and horizontal-vertical conditions (ps less than .02). Analogous primary and secondary illusory results interacted with the active and passive modes of presentation.", "PMID": 1178385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6591", "title": "Two types of feedback in teaching swimming skills to handicapped children.", "content": "Two types of feedback (non-task-specific praise and task-specific praise plus corrections) were used in a counterbalanced design to teach two swimming skills to each of four handicapped children. The children were grouped into pairs, and each member of a pair received the alternate type of feedback for the same skill. In every case, faster and more complete acquisition was found to result from task-specific praise plus corrections.", "contents": "Two types of feedback in teaching swimming skills to handicapped children. Two types of feedback (non-task-specific praise and task-specific praise plus corrections) were used in a counterbalanced design to teach two swimming skills to each of four handicapped children. The children were grouped into pairs, and each member of a pair received the alternate type of feedback for the same skill. In every case, faster and more complete acquisition was found to result from task-specific praise plus corrections.", "PMID": 1178386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6592", "title": "Visual retention test: local norms and impact of short-term memory.", "content": "Issues related to assessment of organic impairment and to normative data underscore the importance of securing reliable criteria directly applicable to the population under question. This study explored the applicability of the Visual Retention Test norms to a local, nonorganically impaired population of young people and made a preliminary empirical evaluation of the time-delay format. The 23 males and 18 females ranging from 8 to 17 yr. and seen at a midwestern child guidance center responded to two administrations (A and D) of the Visual Retention Test embedded in a complete psychological test battery. The proposition that present-day local subjects would not differ from the normative group either by the number correct or number of errors (t = 1.02, p greater than .20; t = .83, p greater than .40, respectively), as well as the prediction that the time-delay format would effect a significant performance decrement with both scoring systems (t = 2.63, p less than .01; t = 4.40 p less than .001, respectively) were clearly supported.", "contents": "Visual retention test: local norms and impact of short-term memory. Issues related to assessment of organic impairment and to normative data underscore the importance of securing reliable criteria directly applicable to the population under question. This study explored the applicability of the Visual Retention Test norms to a local, nonorganically impaired population of young people and made a preliminary empirical evaluation of the time-delay format. The 23 males and 18 females ranging from 8 to 17 yr. and seen at a midwestern child guidance center responded to two administrations (A and D) of the Visual Retention Test embedded in a complete psychological test battery. The proposition that present-day local subjects would not differ from the normative group either by the number correct or number of errors (t = 1.02, p greater than .20; t = .83, p greater than .40, respectively), as well as the prediction that the time-delay format would effect a significant performance decrement with both scoring systems (t = 2.63, p less than .01; t = 4.40 p less than .001, respectively) were clearly supported.", "PMID": 1178387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6593", "title": "Developmental perception and cognitive styles: from young children to master artists.", "content": "The perceptual skills and cognitive styles of 30 master artists are compared to those of non-artist groups of different ages, beginning with 84 kindergarten children, and including an adult comparison group of 32. Criteria for master artists were first, handcrafted productions; second, major economic support derived from their art; third, shows in museums or good galleries; and fourth, positive peer evaluation. The test battery contained one intelligence test, two vision tests, three perceptual-discrimination measures, and five perceptual-cognitive style measures. Results show artists are significantly more flexible, accurate, variable, and field independent than all other groups. Artists, non-artist adults, and young children (60 high school sophomores, 60 children in Grade 5, 84 kindergarteners) each have differing cognitive styles. The relationship between cognitive style and artists' and non-artists' instrumental competency is discussed. Last, the extensive differences between artists' and children's performances are discussed in terms of developmental theory.", "contents": "Developmental perception and cognitive styles: from young children to master artists. The perceptual skills and cognitive styles of 30 master artists are compared to those of non-artist groups of different ages, beginning with 84 kindergarten children, and including an adult comparison group of 32. Criteria for master artists were first, handcrafted productions; second, major economic support derived from their art; third, shows in museums or good galleries; and fourth, positive peer evaluation. The test battery contained one intelligence test, two vision tests, three perceptual-discrimination measures, and five perceptual-cognitive style measures. Results show artists are significantly more flexible, accurate, variable, and field independent than all other groups. Artists, non-artist adults, and young children (60 high school sophomores, 60 children in Grade 5, 84 kindergarteners) each have differing cognitive styles. The relationship between cognitive style and artists' and non-artists' instrumental competency is discussed. Last, the extensive differences between artists' and children's performances are discussed in terms of developmental theory.", "PMID": 1178389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6594", "title": "Identification of tachistoscopically exposed symmetrical and asymmetrical letter arrays.", "content": "Six-letter arrays containing symmetrical, e.g., H, M, T, or asymmetrical letters, e.g., J, K, R, were tachistoscopically exposed bilaterally for 100 msec. to 100 college students. Significantly more asymmetrical than symmetrical letters were identified, and significantly more Ss identified more asymmetrical than symmetrical items. This experiment, which incorporated methodological considerations suggested by Harcum (1964) and Bryden (1968), corroborates their findings. Their ideas and other findings were used to account for the data. Asymmetrical letters have more intrinsic left-to-right directionality than symmetrical elements. The rapidly fading after-stimulation of tachistoscopically presented alphabetical material is usually scanned from left to right. Individual array letters might also be scanned in the same direction. Confluence of directionality of letter and scan, which obtains only with asymmetrical letters, might have typically allowed asymmetrical targets to be scanned more rapidly and, consequently, more efficiently than symmetrical displays.", "contents": "Identification of tachistoscopically exposed symmetrical and asymmetrical letter arrays. Six-letter arrays containing symmetrical, e.g., H, M, T, or asymmetrical letters, e.g., J, K, R, were tachistoscopically exposed bilaterally for 100 msec. to 100 college students. Significantly more asymmetrical than symmetrical letters were identified, and significantly more Ss identified more asymmetrical than symmetrical items. This experiment, which incorporated methodological considerations suggested by Harcum (1964) and Bryden (1968), corroborates their findings. Their ideas and other findings were used to account for the data. Asymmetrical letters have more intrinsic left-to-right directionality than symmetrical elements. The rapidly fading after-stimulation of tachistoscopically presented alphabetical material is usually scanned from left to right. Individual array letters might also be scanned in the same direction. Confluence of directionality of letter and scan, which obtains only with asymmetrical letters, might have typically allowed asymmetrical targets to be scanned more rapidly and, consequently, more efficiently than symmetrical displays.", "PMID": 1178390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6595", "title": "Socio-economic differences in size-judgments of discs and coins by Chinese primary VI children in Hong Kong.", "content": "The present experimental data provide some cross-cultural support for Bruner and Goodman's (1947) hypothesis about perceptual accentuation. 20 Hong Kong Chinese children from a lower socio-economic level over-estimated valued coins more than 15 children from a high socio-economic level. The two Primary Class VI samples used were matched for education and age, and both spoke the Cantonese dialect. There was also some evidence for Tajfel's (1957) \"interserial\" and \"intraserial effects\" more particularly for the lower socio-economic children, although similar trends were apparent for the smaller group of higher socio-economic children.", "contents": "Socio-economic differences in size-judgments of discs and coins by Chinese primary VI children in Hong Kong. The present experimental data provide some cross-cultural support for Bruner and Goodman's (1947) hypothesis about perceptual accentuation. 20 Hong Kong Chinese children from a lower socio-economic level over-estimated valued coins more than 15 children from a high socio-economic level. The two Primary Class VI samples used were matched for education and age, and both spoke the Cantonese dialect. There was also some evidence for Tajfel's (1957) \"interserial\" and \"intraserial effects\" more particularly for the lower socio-economic children, although similar trends were apparent for the smaller group of higher socio-economic children.", "PMID": 1178391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6596", "title": "Age simulation in perceptual and cognitive functioning: age progression to 80 years in a college sample.", "content": "The effect of age stimulation by 40 college students was examined by age progression to 80 yr. through the use of instructions to imagine. The results indicated no age progression effects on the cognitive tasks (Vocabulary, Spatial Relation, and Digit Span). However, there were significant decrements in performance on the perceptual task (Hidden-figures Test) under the age progression conditions. Data suggest age progression may be a worthwhile technique in the assessment of age-related perceptions. The discrepancy between the simulated perceptual and cognitive performance could have been due to negative stereotypes regarding visual perception and loss of speed in the elderly.", "contents": "Age simulation in perceptual and cognitive functioning: age progression to 80 years in a college sample. The effect of age stimulation by 40 college students was examined by age progression to 80 yr. through the use of instructions to imagine. The results indicated no age progression effects on the cognitive tasks (Vocabulary, Spatial Relation, and Digit Span). However, there were significant decrements in performance on the perceptual task (Hidden-figures Test) under the age progression conditions. Data suggest age progression may be a worthwhile technique in the assessment of age-related perceptions. The discrepancy between the simulated perceptual and cognitive performance could have been due to negative stereotypes regarding visual perception and loss of speed in the elderly.", "PMID": 1178392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6597", "title": "Word knowledge and production of original verbal responses in deaf children.", "content": "Verbal originality scores were obtained from Onomatopoeia and Images, Form 1B, given t0 182 deaf Ss aged 10 to 19 yr. Ss who had been taught the onomatopoetic words scored higher than Ss who had not been taught the words. There was a main effect for age, with older Ss having significantly higher means than younger Ss. No significant interactions occurred.", "contents": "Word knowledge and production of original verbal responses in deaf children. Verbal originality scores were obtained from Onomatopoeia and Images, Form 1B, given t0 182 deaf Ss aged 10 to 19 yr. Ss who had been taught the onomatopoetic words scored higher than Ss who had not been taught the words. There was a main effect for age, with older Ss having significantly higher means than younger Ss. No significant interactions occurred.", "PMID": 1178393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6598", "title": "Lingual vibrotactile threshold alterations in response to varying stimulation levels of intensity and duration.", "content": "Lingual vibrotactile thresholds were obtained at a frequency of 250 Hz by using an ascending-continuous series of stimulation during five sessions. Each of three adult male Ss attended a control session which included a prescribed period of constant tongue positioning, a pre-experimental session where the mean of six thresholds was obtained as a basis of further testing, and three experimental sessions. In the experimental sessions vibrotactile thresholds after exposure to vibratory stimulation of varying levels of intensity and duration were obtained. The findings of the control session reflected a slight pattern of decreased lingual sensitivity indicative of the influential factor of constant maintenance of tongue positioning. Results from the experimental sessions demonstrated shifts toward progressively decreased lingual sensitivity after exposure to vibratory signals of increased levels of intensity and duration. A recovery phase to near-normal sensitivity followed each stimulus presentation.", "contents": "Lingual vibrotactile threshold alterations in response to varying stimulation levels of intensity and duration. Lingual vibrotactile thresholds were obtained at a frequency of 250 Hz by using an ascending-continuous series of stimulation during five sessions. Each of three adult male Ss attended a control session which included a prescribed period of constant tongue positioning, a pre-experimental session where the mean of six thresholds was obtained as a basis of further testing, and three experimental sessions. In the experimental sessions vibrotactile thresholds after exposure to vibratory stimulation of varying levels of intensity and duration were obtained. The findings of the control session reflected a slight pattern of decreased lingual sensitivity indicative of the influential factor of constant maintenance of tongue positioning. Results from the experimental sessions demonstrated shifts toward progressively decreased lingual sensitivity after exposure to vibratory signals of increased levels of intensity and duration. A recovery phase to near-normal sensitivity followed each stimulus presentation.", "PMID": 1178394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6599", "title": "Field dependence, blood uric acid and cholesterol.", "content": "A preliminary report of the correlation of field dependence, blood uric acid, and cholesterol is presented here for 65 recently admitted patients to the psychiatric services of the University of Minnesota. The values for all three variables were taken once within 24 to 48 hr. after admission and prior to drug treatment whenever possible. Results are suggestive that the initial hypothesis; high blood uric acid, low-cholesterol individuals are more field-independent and high-cholesterol, low blood-uric acid individuals are more field-dependent holds, although this difference is mostly influenced by the values of cholesterol. Probably because of the small number of subjects tested no relationship could be observed with blood types used as genetic markers. Further controlled studies are suggested and are currently being carried out.", "contents": "Field dependence, blood uric acid and cholesterol. A preliminary report of the correlation of field dependence, blood uric acid, and cholesterol is presented here for 65 recently admitted patients to the psychiatric services of the University of Minnesota. The values for all three variables were taken once within 24 to 48 hr. after admission and prior to drug treatment whenever possible. Results are suggestive that the initial hypothesis; high blood uric acid, low-cholesterol individuals are more field-independent and high-cholesterol, low blood-uric acid individuals are more field-dependent holds, although this difference is mostly influenced by the values of cholesterol. Probably because of the small number of subjects tested no relationship could be observed with blood types used as genetic markers. Further controlled studies are suggested and are currently being carried out.", "PMID": 1178395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6600", "title": "The Poggendorff Illusion and estimates of transverse extent.", "content": "The underestimation of transverse extent relative to longitudinal extent, in the Poggendorff Illusion, was tested by varying oblique line orientation, interparallel line distance, and presence or absence of obliques. 20 subjects made estimates of the transverse extent on both a longitudinal and transverse extent. The results indicated that, although underestimation was found for some stimulus conditions, overestimation was found for others. It was argued that even though presence of obliques affected judgmental error the longitudinal-transverse illusion could not form a basis for the Poggendorff Illusion.", "contents": "The Poggendorff Illusion and estimates of transverse extent. The underestimation of transverse extent relative to longitudinal extent, in the Poggendorff Illusion, was tested by varying oblique line orientation, interparallel line distance, and presence or absence of obliques. 20 subjects made estimates of the transverse extent on both a longitudinal and transverse extent. The results indicated that, although underestimation was found for some stimulus conditions, overestimation was found for others. It was argued that even though presence of obliques affected judgmental error the longitudinal-transverse illusion could not form a basis for the Poggendorff Illusion.", "PMID": 1178396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6601", "title": "Movement control and maturation in elementary-grade children.", "content": "Serial tapping by 5-, 7- and 9-yr.-old boys and girls, as measured by Fitts' Law, was recorded. 60 Ss performed a reciprocal tapping task and were assessed developmentally via hand-wrist X-rays. No significant relationship was found between the fine motor task and skeletal age. The results of the motor task suggest an improvement in movement time, with age, due to an ability to plan subsequent movements rather than simply an increase in speed of arm movement.", "contents": "Movement control and maturation in elementary-grade children. Serial tapping by 5-, 7- and 9-yr.-old boys and girls, as measured by Fitts' Law, was recorded. 60 Ss performed a reciprocal tapping task and were assessed developmentally via hand-wrist X-rays. No significant relationship was found between the fine motor task and skeletal age. The results of the motor task suggest an improvement in movement time, with age, due to an ability to plan subsequent movements rather than simply an increase in speed of arm movement.", "PMID": 1178397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6602", "title": "Effects of field-dependency, social class and sex of children between ages 5 and 10.", "content": "Development of field-independency has been studied as a function of age (5 to 10), social class, and sex utilizing two groups of 96 subjects each of high and low social class. On the Children's Embedded-figures Test a critical developmental period appears between ages 5 and 8 yr. for all Ss; on the Draw-a-Person such a period appears between ages 5 and 6 for high social class and between ages 6 and 8 for lower social class; scores on both tests were statistically significant as a function of social class at every age beginning at age 6. Sex did not seem to play any significant role. Three main masking factors have been singled out on the Children's Embedded-figures Test. Their differential effects on scores of Ss in the two classes are examined.", "contents": "Effects of field-dependency, social class and sex of children between ages 5 and 10. Development of field-independency has been studied as a function of age (5 to 10), social class, and sex utilizing two groups of 96 subjects each of high and low social class. On the Children's Embedded-figures Test a critical developmental period appears between ages 5 and 8 yr. for all Ss; on the Draw-a-Person such a period appears between ages 5 and 6 for high social class and between ages 6 and 8 for lower social class; scores on both tests were statistically significant as a function of social class at every age beginning at age 6. Sex did not seem to play any significant role. Three main masking factors have been singled out on the Children's Embedded-figures Test. Their differential effects on scores of Ss in the two classes are examined.", "PMID": 1178398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6603", "title": "Oral and visual presentation and production of original responses.", "content": "Verbal originality scores were obtained from Onomatopoeia and Images, Form 1B, given to 106 Ss aged 10 to 12 yr. and 94 Ss aged 16 to 19 yr. The older Ss scored significantly higher than the younger Ss with significant main effects for age, but not for method of word presentation. A significant interaction was found between word presentation method and age. Older Ss were more original with the oral presentation while the younger Ss performed approximately the same with both methods.", "contents": "Oral and visual presentation and production of original responses. Verbal originality scores were obtained from Onomatopoeia and Images, Form 1B, given to 106 Ss aged 10 to 12 yr. and 94 Ss aged 16 to 19 yr. The older Ss scored significantly higher than the younger Ss with significant main effects for age, but not for method of word presentation. A significant interaction was found between word presentation method and age. Older Ss were more original with the oral presentation while the younger Ss performed approximately the same with both methods.", "PMID": 1178399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6604", "title": "Iconic memory of dot patterns: preliminary report.", "content": "Pairs of complementary dot-pattern stimuli whereby each stimulus pair forms a bigram were used in an iconic memory paradigm. The variables of stimulus duration, interstimulus interval, dot density, and letter field were all shown to affect recognition performance of 15 naive college students.", "contents": "Iconic memory of dot patterns: preliminary report. Pairs of complementary dot-pattern stimuli whereby each stimulus pair forms a bigram were used in an iconic memory paradigm. The variables of stimulus duration, interstimulus interval, dot density, and letter field were all shown to affect recognition performance of 15 naive college students.", "PMID": 1178400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6605", "title": "Relation between judged and physical distance in multicue conditions as a function of instructions and tasks.", "content": "Using a rod adjustable in distance 48 Os produced equal depth intervals along a floor of a visual alley (interval reproduction) or bisected a given depth interval into two equal parts (bisection). Also, verbal reports were obtained of a depth interval located at a near and farther distance from O (absolute judgments). Two kinds of instructions, \"apparent\" and \"objective,\" were used with different Os with each of the three tasks. There was an over-all tendency (p = .05 on two of three tasks) for apparent instructions to produce less over-constancy or more under-constancy of distance than that produced by objective instructions. This tendency is consistent with a cognitive interpretation of over-constancy of distance. Clear over-constancy was obtained only by the combination of objective instructions and the bisection task. Clear under-constancy was obtained only by the combination of apparent instructions and the method of absolute judgments. The reason for the effect of task on magnitude of distance constancy is not understood.", "contents": "Relation between judged and physical distance in multicue conditions as a function of instructions and tasks. Using a rod adjustable in distance 48 Os produced equal depth intervals along a floor of a visual alley (interval reproduction) or bisected a given depth interval into two equal parts (bisection). Also, verbal reports were obtained of a depth interval located at a near and farther distance from O (absolute judgments). Two kinds of instructions, \"apparent\" and \"objective,\" were used with different Os with each of the three tasks. There was an over-all tendency (p = .05 on two of three tasks) for apparent instructions to produce less over-constancy or more under-constancy of distance than that produced by objective instructions. This tendency is consistent with a cognitive interpretation of over-constancy of distance. Clear over-constancy was obtained only by the combination of objective instructions and the bisection task. Clear under-constancy was obtained only by the combination of apparent instructions and the method of absolute judgments. The reason for the effect of task on magnitude of distance constancy is not understood.", "PMID": 1178401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6606", "title": "Superiority of recognition over detection in judgments of visual orientation.", "content": "2 human subjects were tested in two separate visual psychophysical tasks--detection and recognition. Using tachistoscopic presentation, single lines were shown at five different exposure durations. It was determined that it is easier to judge which of two lines, differing only in orientation, was flashed than to judge whether or not a given line was presented. The statistically significant superiority of recognition over detection occurred along a wide performance range, roughly from 60% to 95% correct. The data indicate that the effect is not peculiar to a simultaneous detection-recognition task or to a midrange performance level, both of which were used in a previous study. Other relevant data and theoretical explanations of the effect are discussed.", "contents": "Superiority of recognition over detection in judgments of visual orientation. 2 human subjects were tested in two separate visual psychophysical tasks--detection and recognition. Using tachistoscopic presentation, single lines were shown at five different exposure durations. It was determined that it is easier to judge which of two lines, differing only in orientation, was flashed than to judge whether or not a given line was presented. The statistically significant superiority of recognition over detection occurred along a wide performance range, roughly from 60% to 95% correct. The data indicate that the effect is not peculiar to a simultaneous detection-recognition task or to a midrange performance level, both of which were used in a previous study. Other relevant data and theoretical explanations of the effect are discussed.", "PMID": 1178402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6607", "title": "Generation of different numbers of button presses under supplementary feedback conditions by educable retardates.", "content": "Educable retardates (10 boys and 10 girls) generated varying numbers of presses on a response key under 5 different feedback conditions. Neither time per response nor accuracy was affected by feedback condition, but time per response and magnitude of errors increased when larger numbers of responses were required.", "contents": "Generation of different numbers of button presses under supplementary feedback conditions by educable retardates. Educable retardates (10 boys and 10 girls) generated varying numbers of presses on a response key under 5 different feedback conditions. Neither time per response nor accuracy was affected by feedback condition, but time per response and magnitude of errors increased when larger numbers of responses were required.", "PMID": 1178403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6608", "title": "Two studies of personality: male graduate students in physical education.", "content": "In Study I, scores for 100 male graduate students in physical education were compared to the norms for the general population on the 1962 16 PF test: Ss were higher in Intelligence, Ego-strength, Dominance, and Tenseness, and lower on Imaginativeness, Shrewdness, and Self-sufficiency. Centiles derived from the raw scores deviated markedly only on Intelligence, Dominance, and Shrewdness. In Study II, scores of 96 similar Ss were compared to the norms for the 1970 16 PF test; Ss were higher on Intelligence, Dominance, Enthusiasm, and Tenseness, and lower on Imaginativeness, Shrewdness, Apprehensiveness, and Radicalness. No marked centile deviations were found.", "contents": "Two studies of personality: male graduate students in physical education. In Study I, scores for 100 male graduate students in physical education were compared to the norms for the general population on the 1962 16 PF test: Ss were higher in Intelligence, Ego-strength, Dominance, and Tenseness, and lower on Imaginativeness, Shrewdness, and Self-sufficiency. Centiles derived from the raw scores deviated markedly only on Intelligence, Dominance, and Shrewdness. In Study II, scores of 96 similar Ss were compared to the norms for the 1970 16 PF test; Ss were higher on Intelligence, Dominance, Enthusiasm, and Tenseness, and lower on Imaginativeness, Shrewdness, Apprehensiveness, and Radicalness. No marked centile deviations were found.", "PMID": 1178404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6609", "title": "Information processing and estimation of short time intervals.", "content": "Duration estimates were assessed by the method of reproduction with filled reproduction intervals. Mental arithmetic, reading and mirror-image drawing were used in pairs as initial and/or reproduction tasks. All nine possible pairs of tasks were used in a 9 X 5 X 5 mixed design with five Ss per task pair and five interruption intervals for each initial task. Results indicated that, when arithmetic was used as the initial task, Ss underestimated the duration of the initial interval. When arithmetic was used as the reproduction task, Ss overestimated the duration of the initial interval. A significant correlation was obtained between arithmetic outputs and the lengths of the duration estimates. Results are interpreted as supportive of Burnside's (1971) interpretation of Ornstein's (1969) storage-size hypothesis.", "contents": "Information processing and estimation of short time intervals. Duration estimates were assessed by the method of reproduction with filled reproduction intervals. Mental arithmetic, reading and mirror-image drawing were used in pairs as initial and/or reproduction tasks. All nine possible pairs of tasks were used in a 9 X 5 X 5 mixed design with five Ss per task pair and five interruption intervals for each initial task. Results indicated that, when arithmetic was used as the initial task, Ss underestimated the duration of the initial interval. When arithmetic was used as the reproduction task, Ss overestimated the duration of the initial interval. A significant correlation was obtained between arithmetic outputs and the lengths of the duration estimates. Results are interpreted as supportive of Burnside's (1971) interpretation of Ornstein's (1969) storage-size hypothesis.", "PMID": 1178405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6610", "title": "Teachers' causal attributions for a child's hyperactivity: race, socioeconomic status, and typicalness.", "content": "80 teachers and teachers-in-training responded to paragraphs describing a child as hyperactive. The race, socioeconomic status of the child, and the typicalness of the child's hyperactivity were systematically varied. Responses were affected by the described typicalness but not by the described race or sex.", "contents": "Teachers' causal attributions for a child's hyperactivity: race, socioeconomic status, and typicalness. 80 teachers and teachers-in-training responded to paragraphs describing a child as hyperactive. The race, socioeconomic status of the child, and the typicalness of the child's hyperactivity were systematically varied. Responses were affected by the described typicalness but not by the described race or sex.", "PMID": 1178406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6611", "title": "Effects of four psychological primary colors on anxiety state.", "content": "Effects of the four psychological primary colors were assessed by randomly assigning 40 undergraduates (13 male, 27 female) to 4 treatment groups, with each group receiving either red, yellow, green, or blue illumination. Anxiety state was assessed at 5-min. intervals using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The red and yellow groups had significantly higher A-state scores than the blue and green groups, and these values did not change significantly during the 15-min. testing session.", "contents": "Effects of four psychological primary colors on anxiety state. Effects of the four psychological primary colors were assessed by randomly assigning 40 undergraduates (13 male, 27 female) to 4 treatment groups, with each group receiving either red, yellow, green, or blue illumination. Anxiety state was assessed at 5-min. intervals using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The red and yellow groups had significantly higher A-state scores than the blue and green groups, and these values did not change significantly during the 15-min. testing session.", "PMID": 1178407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6612", "title": "Age differences in integration of components of a motor task.", "content": "To study effects of practice on the ability of 6-, 11-, and 18-yr.-old Ss to integrate the components of the Rho task 3 groups of 50 boys performed 30 consecutive trials. (a) With practice all age groups improved in total movement time; (b) 11-yr.-old Ss attained the 18-yr.-olds' level of performance in both components, initial differences existing only the linear component; (c) relative to the 18-yr.-old Ss, the 6-yr.-olds achieved proportionally less improvement in the linear component; (d) unlike 11- and 18-yr.-old Ss, the 6-yr.-olds evidenced increasing specificity of task components across trials. Unlike the two older age groups, the 6-yr.-old Ss were unable to achieve a high degree of integration of task components. The findings were discussed in light of Pascual-Leone's neo-Piagetian model of learning and development.", "contents": "Age differences in integration of components of a motor task. To study effects of practice on the ability of 6-, 11-, and 18-yr.-old Ss to integrate the components of the Rho task 3 groups of 50 boys performed 30 consecutive trials. (a) With practice all age groups improved in total movement time; (b) 11-yr.-old Ss attained the 18-yr.-olds' level of performance in both components, initial differences existing only the linear component; (c) relative to the 18-yr.-old Ss, the 6-yr.-olds achieved proportionally less improvement in the linear component; (d) unlike 11- and 18-yr.-old Ss, the 6-yr.-olds evidenced increasing specificity of task components across trials. Unlike the two older age groups, the 6-yr.-old Ss were unable to achieve a high degree of integration of task components. The findings were discussed in light of Pascual-Leone's neo-Piagetian model of learning and development.", "PMID": 1178408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6613", "title": "Field dependence and physical ability.", "content": "Field-dependence scores of professional dancers, highly skilled performers in tennis, soccer, cricket and track and field athletics, medium-ability level players in the same four sports and a group of non-game players were measured using a rod and frame test. Results showed that highly skilled tennis players were significantly more field-dependent than top-class track and field athletes and medium-ability level tennis players.", "contents": "Field dependence and physical ability. Field-dependence scores of professional dancers, highly skilled performers in tennis, soccer, cricket and track and field athletics, medium-ability level players in the same four sports and a group of non-game players were measured using a rod and frame test. Results showed that highly skilled tennis players were significantly more field-dependent than top-class track and field athletes and medium-ability level tennis players.", "PMID": 1178409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6614", "title": "Temporal information processing and psychopathology.", "content": "Prior studies showed impaired temporal discrimination by schizophrenic and neurologic patients reflected in decreased information transmission. This report describes a study of 8 more carefully diagnosed schizophrenic patients, separating those with neurologic signs. Using temporal discrimination tasks involving two psychophysical methods, 8 schizophrenic patients with no organic signs did not differ from 17 nonpsychotic, nonorganic patients; and organic group (n = 5) transmitted less information than the other patient samples. It is suggested that prior results were a product of casual diagnosis that ignored organic factors; reduced efficiency of temporal processing is associated predominantly with neurologic impairment.", "contents": "Temporal information processing and psychopathology. Prior studies showed impaired temporal discrimination by schizophrenic and neurologic patients reflected in decreased information transmission. This report describes a study of 8 more carefully diagnosed schizophrenic patients, separating those with neurologic signs. Using temporal discrimination tasks involving two psychophysical methods, 8 schizophrenic patients with no organic signs did not differ from 17 nonpsychotic, nonorganic patients; and organic group (n = 5) transmitted less information than the other patient samples. It is suggested that prior results were a product of casual diagnosis that ignored organic factors; reduced efficiency of temporal processing is associated predominantly with neurologic impairment.", "PMID": 1178410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6615", "title": "Bisecting the Ponzo illusion.", "content": "A modification of the Ponzo illusion, in which the judged lines are centered in different sized obliques, was presented to matched normal and mentally retarded males (ns = 8) under conditions of equal and unequal retinal sizes. Magnitude of illusion was affected by IQ (WISC) and by physical proximity rather than retinal contour. The results seem to imply a central rather than peripheral explanation for the illusion.", "contents": "Bisecting the Ponzo illusion. A modification of the Ponzo illusion, in which the judged lines are centered in different sized obliques, was presented to matched normal and mentally retarded males (ns = 8) under conditions of equal and unequal retinal sizes. Magnitude of illusion was affected by IQ (WISC) and by physical proximity rather than retinal contour. The results seem to imply a central rather than peripheral explanation for the illusion.", "PMID": 1178411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6616", "title": "Coin value and perceived size: a longitudinal study.", "content": "Decimalization of the Irish currency presented an opportunity to study the perceived size of coins as they were introduced or withdrawn and to examine the accentuation of differences between coins. Estimates were obtained of the sizes of 4 coins from 478 subjects in 3 groups tested at different times: just after decimalization, 2, or 3 yr. later. A newly introduced coin was significantly underestimated in size at first but came to be significantly overestimated later, while all familiar coins were always significantly overestimated. The amount of overestimation of a coin depended on its value, not its size, leading to an accentuation of the difference between any two coins if the larger coin was also the more valuable but sometimes to the opposite if the smaller coin were of higher value than the larger member of the pair.", "contents": "Coin value and perceived size: a longitudinal study. Decimalization of the Irish currency presented an opportunity to study the perceived size of coins as they were introduced or withdrawn and to examine the accentuation of differences between coins. Estimates were obtained of the sizes of 4 coins from 478 subjects in 3 groups tested at different times: just after decimalization, 2, or 3 yr. later. A newly introduced coin was significantly underestimated in size at first but came to be significantly overestimated later, while all familiar coins were always significantly overestimated. The amount of overestimation of a coin depended on its value, not its size, leading to an accentuation of the difference between any two coins if the larger coin was also the more valuable but sometimes to the opposite if the smaller coin were of higher value than the larger member of the pair.", "PMID": 1178412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6617", "title": "Successive versus simultaneous presentation of forms in oral stereognostic testing.", "content": "Two forms of 55 pairs of plastic forms were orally presented one at a time to a group of 30 adults at 5-sec. intervals and to 30 other adults simultaneously. The latter subjects made significantly more errors, particularly between classes of forms.", "contents": "Successive versus simultaneous presentation of forms in oral stereognostic testing. Two forms of 55 pairs of plastic forms were orally presented one at a time to a group of 30 adults at 5-sec. intervals and to 30 other adults simultaneously. The latter subjects made significantly more errors, particularly between classes of forms.", "PMID": 1178413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6618", "title": "Subjective acceleration of time with aging.", "content": "A quantitative theoretical model for the subjective acceleration of time with aging is presented. It is based on a new hypothesis, namely, that the subjective duration of an interval of real time decreases in mathematical proportion to total subjective time (rather than total real time). This gives a differential equation, the variables of which are separated and integrated to yield the result that the subjective duration of an interval of real time varies inversely with the square root of the total real time (age). This result was tested by polling college students and older adults as to their recollections regarding the relative apparent rate of the passage of time at various ages. Generally good agreement was obtained between the results of the poll and the results predicted by the theory.", "contents": "Subjective acceleration of time with aging. A quantitative theoretical model for the subjective acceleration of time with aging is presented. It is based on a new hypothesis, namely, that the subjective duration of an interval of real time decreases in mathematical proportion to total subjective time (rather than total real time). This gives a differential equation, the variables of which are separated and integrated to yield the result that the subjective duration of an interval of real time varies inversely with the square root of the total real time (age). This result was tested by polling college students and older adults as to their recollections regarding the relative apparent rate of the passage of time at various ages. Generally good agreement was obtained between the results of the poll and the results predicted by the theory.", "PMID": 1178414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6619", "title": "Predicting memory for pictures from rankings of interestingness, pleasingness, complexity, figure-ground and clarity.", "content": "Pictures used in the test phase of a picture-recognition task were ranked by 10 university students for interestingness, pleasingness, complexity, figure-ground, and clarity. The scale values obtained from these rankings were then correlated with the errors made by other subjects in the test phase of the picture-recognition task. Figure-ground and clarity were found, for the most part, to be reliable predictors of the errors made to both the \"old\" and \"new\" subsets of pictures in two experiments. Complexity, while not as consistent a predictor of either figure-ground or clarity, was a reasonably good predictor. Interestingness and pleasingness were not reliable predictors of errors.", "contents": "Predicting memory for pictures from rankings of interestingness, pleasingness, complexity, figure-ground and clarity. Pictures used in the test phase of a picture-recognition task were ranked by 10 university students for interestingness, pleasingness, complexity, figure-ground, and clarity. The scale values obtained from these rankings were then correlated with the errors made by other subjects in the test phase of the picture-recognition task. Figure-ground and clarity were found, for the most part, to be reliable predictors of the errors made to both the \"old\" and \"new\" subsets of pictures in two experiments. Complexity, while not as consistent a predictor of either figure-ground or clarity, was a reasonably good predictor. Interestingness and pleasingness were not reliable predictors of errors.", "PMID": 1178415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6620", "title": "The left: lateral eye movements and ideology.", "content": "The lateral eye movements of 24 college students were videotaped as they reflected on spatial and analytical questions. As predicted, participants with more initial movements to the left had significantly higher scores on the leftist (or humanistic) index of the Tomkin's Polarity Scale. The direction of this relationship was reversed for the rightist index (right movers scoring higher) but this difference was not significant. Results are interpreted as additions to evidence which suggests a connection between the left and right sides of the human body and more global dichotomies of ideology or personality.", "contents": "The left: lateral eye movements and ideology. The lateral eye movements of 24 college students were videotaped as they reflected on spatial and analytical questions. As predicted, participants with more initial movements to the left had significantly higher scores on the leftist (or humanistic) index of the Tomkin's Polarity Scale. The direction of this relationship was reversed for the rightist index (right movers scoring higher) but this difference was not significant. Results are interpreted as additions to evidence which suggests a connection between the left and right sides of the human body and more global dichotomies of ideology or personality.", "PMID": 1178416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6621", "title": "Field independence and intellectual functioning in preschool children.", "content": "In order to determine whether performance on the Preschool Embedded-figures Test, a measure of field independence for young children, involves processes shared by aspects of intellectual functioning, a factor analysis which included the Preschool Embedded-figures Test and all of the subtests of the WPPSI was carried out on a group of 169 4-1/2-yr.-olds. For both sexes the Preschool Embedded-figures Test loaded a common factor shared also by WPPSI Block Design and Geometric Design. This factor was identified as a perceptual analytic factor and was demonstrated to be similar to the analytic factor identified by Goodenough and Karp (1961) at older age levels.", "contents": "Field independence and intellectual functioning in preschool children. In order to determine whether performance on the Preschool Embedded-figures Test, a measure of field independence for young children, involves processes shared by aspects of intellectual functioning, a factor analysis which included the Preschool Embedded-figures Test and all of the subtests of the WPPSI was carried out on a group of 169 4-1/2-yr.-olds. For both sexes the Preschool Embedded-figures Test loaded a common factor shared also by WPPSI Block Design and Geometric Design. This factor was identified as a perceptual analytic factor and was demonstrated to be similar to the analytic factor identified by Goodenough and Karp (1961) at older age levels.", "PMID": 1178417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6622", "title": "Color preferences of art students: surface colors: II.", "content": "In a previous study (G\u00f6tz & G\u00f6tz, 1974b) the preferences of 14 surface colors were analyzed. While this set contained only one red, one blue, one yellow, etc., the color set of the present investigation was extended, and the preferences of 5 different reds, blues, yellow, etc. were analyzed. Between the five variations of red and yellow, respectively, the greatest affective differences were found, while the opposite was true for the 5 oranges, pinks, and grays. The most preferred colors are 2 reds, 2 blues, and 2 yellows; least preferred are a greenish yellow, a penetrating red-violet, and all 5 pinks. Significant sex differences were found for 8 colors.", "contents": "Color preferences of art students: surface colors: II. In a previous study (G\u00f6tz & G\u00f6tz, 1974b) the preferences of 14 surface colors were analyzed. While this set contained only one red, one blue, one yellow, etc., the color set of the present investigation was extended, and the preferences of 5 different reds, blues, yellow, etc. were analyzed. Between the five variations of red and yellow, respectively, the greatest affective differences were found, while the opposite was true for the 5 oranges, pinks, and grays. The most preferred colors are 2 reds, 2 blues, and 2 yellows; least preferred are a greenish yellow, a penetrating red-violet, and all 5 pinks. Significant sex differences were found for 8 colors.", "PMID": 1178418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6623", "title": "An auditory illusion predicted by a theory of brain function.", "content": "A theory of brain function has resulted in the hypothesis that dichotic auditory stimuli of differing intensities would be subjectvely heard to occur at different times if presented together. The louder of the two tones would always be heard first. The results of an experiment designed to test the hypothesis have established that the predicted illusory judgment will invariably be made. The further prediction that the magnitude of the effect would closely parallel certain reaction time data was substantiated. It seems reasonable to conclude that the same paradigm must underlie both sets of data. The theory and obtained results provide a possible neurophysiological basis for the perception of rhythm. A review of the literature has shown that results analogous to those reported here have previously been reported for the visual and tactile modalities, as would be predicted from the general considerations of the theory which gave rise to the specific hypotheses tested in this experiment.", "contents": "An auditory illusion predicted by a theory of brain function. A theory of brain function has resulted in the hypothesis that dichotic auditory stimuli of differing intensities would be subjectvely heard to occur at different times if presented together. The louder of the two tones would always be heard first. The results of an experiment designed to test the hypothesis have established that the predicted illusory judgment will invariably be made. The further prediction that the magnitude of the effect would closely parallel certain reaction time data was substantiated. It seems reasonable to conclude that the same paradigm must underlie both sets of data. The theory and obtained results provide a possible neurophysiological basis for the perception of rhythm. A review of the literature has shown that results analogous to those reported here have previously been reported for the visual and tactile modalities, as would be predicted from the general considerations of the theory which gave rise to the specific hypotheses tested in this experiment.", "PMID": 1178419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6624", "title": "Personality differences among female student teachers of relatively high and low mental ability.", "content": "30 Ss scoring between 125 and 139 and 30 (out of 100) from 79 to 112 on the California Short-form Test of Mental Maturity were significantly different on the 16 PF only on Factors B and H (p = .05) and not on the California F scale. Significant comparisons appeared to be chance effects.", "contents": "Personality differences among female student teachers of relatively high and low mental ability. 30 Ss scoring between 125 and 139 and 30 (out of 100) from 79 to 112 on the California Short-form Test of Mental Maturity were significantly different on the 16 PF only on Factors B and H (p = .05) and not on the California F scale. Significant comparisons appeared to be chance effects.", "PMID": 1178420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6625", "title": "Children's preference for body or external object on a task requiring transposition and discrimination of right-left relations.", "content": "First graders were tested on trials requiring the discrimination and transposition of right-left relations, with stimuli similar to (dolls) or different from (toy planes) the body. On an initial series of training and practice trials children were allowed to respond to body and external objects as referents providing right-left cues. A later series of test trials was then used to determine the referent the child actually preferred. Results of the test trials indicated that 24 children tested with the dolls preferred the body as referent, while 24 children tested with planes preferred the external referent. The results were interpreted as suggesting two alternative systems through which children develop an understanding of right-left relations and possibly other concepts as well.", "contents": "Children's preference for body or external object on a task requiring transposition and discrimination of right-left relations. First graders were tested on trials requiring the discrimination and transposition of right-left relations, with stimuli similar to (dolls) or different from (toy planes) the body. On an initial series of training and practice trials children were allowed to respond to body and external objects as referents providing right-left cues. A later series of test trials was then used to determine the referent the child actually preferred. Results of the test trials indicated that 24 children tested with the dolls preferred the body as referent, while 24 children tested with planes preferred the external referent. The results were interpreted as suggesting two alternative systems through which children develop an understanding of right-left relations and possibly other concepts as well.", "PMID": 1178422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6626", "title": "Visual perception by speechreaders of selected syntactic structures.", "content": "That the perceptual unit for the comprehension of visually presented speech is syntactic structure was concluded from giving instruments to assess the visual perception of basic sentence patterns and selected transformations to 118 undergraduates.", "contents": "Visual perception by speechreaders of selected syntactic structures. That the perceptual unit for the comprehension of visually presented speech is syntactic structure was concluded from giving instruments to assess the visual perception of basic sentence patterns and selected transformations to 118 undergraduates.", "PMID": 1178423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6627", "title": "Independence of hand preference and sex-linked genetic effects on spatial performance.", "content": "The paper-and-pencil spatial performance of right- and left-handed high school students was compared separately for 1236 males and 1241 females. Handedness differences in favor of right-handed subjects were found among males only. Analysis of data for a subgroup of 555 subjects indicated that handedness and sex-linked genetic effects acted independently and additively on spatial performance.", "contents": "Independence of hand preference and sex-linked genetic effects on spatial performance. The paper-and-pencil spatial performance of right- and left-handed high school students was compared separately for 1236 males and 1241 females. Handedness differences in favor of right-handed subjects were found among males only. Analysis of data for a subgroup of 555 subjects indicated that handedness and sex-linked genetic effects acted independently and additively on spatial performance.", "PMID": 1178424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6628", "title": "Sequential development of cognitive complexity.", "content": "It has been demonstrated by Bieri and others that cognitive complexity is a meaningful personality construct for adults and older adolescents. The present study investigated by use of the Adapted Modified Role Repertory Test and the Modified Role Repertory Test possible developmental change in a child's system of role constructs, i.e., a child's ability to construe social behavior in a multi-dimensional way. Subjects were 90 third, 99 fifth, 90 seventh, and 89 ninth grade children, and 83 adults. Data suggest that with time a child's system of constructs becomes more differentiated. Therefore, development is accompanied by greater cognitive complexity.", "contents": "Sequential development of cognitive complexity. It has been demonstrated by Bieri and others that cognitive complexity is a meaningful personality construct for adults and older adolescents. The present study investigated by use of the Adapted Modified Role Repertory Test and the Modified Role Repertory Test possible developmental change in a child's system of role constructs, i.e., a child's ability to construe social behavior in a multi-dimensional way. Subjects were 90 third, 99 fifth, 90 seventh, and 89 ninth grade children, and 83 adults. Data suggest that with time a child's system of constructs becomes more differentiated. Therefore, development is accompanied by greater cognitive complexity.", "PMID": 1178425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6629", "title": "Effects of stimulus-response correspondence and verbal expectancy on choice reaction time.", "content": "The effects of S-R correspondence, verbal prediction, and stimulus discriminability were examined in a discrete, two-choice reaction-time task. Correctness of prediction and S-R correspondence were significant main effects. In addition, responses were significantly faster for correct predictions on noncorresponding trials than for incorrect predictions on corresponding trials. This latter finding indicates that an expectancy mechanism can partially offset the negative effect of spatial S-R noncorrespondence on absolute magnitude of choice reaction time.", "contents": "Effects of stimulus-response correspondence and verbal expectancy on choice reaction time. The effects of S-R correspondence, verbal prediction, and stimulus discriminability were examined in a discrete, two-choice reaction-time task. Correctness of prediction and S-R correspondence were significant main effects. In addition, responses were significantly faster for correct predictions on noncorresponding trials than for incorrect predictions on corresponding trials. This latter finding indicates that an expectancy mechanism can partially offset the negative effect of spatial S-R noncorrespondence on absolute magnitude of choice reaction time.", "PMID": 1178426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6630", "title": "Effects of manipulation of augmented knowledge of results and work surface angle on performance of a serial positioning task.", "content": "The effects of manipulating augmented information feedback on performance efficiency of 24 male adults in a simple motor skill were studied. The three levels of information feedback were no augmented knowledge of results, positive augmented knowledge of results and negative augmented knowledge of results, using light and tone as signal modes. The motor skill was a serial-positioning movement, simulating many industrial assembly tasks, and was given at three work surface angles (0 degrees, 9 degrees and 18 degrees), utilizing an automated geometric work station. Results indicated that, disregarding the signal mode, feedback had no effect on performance. However, when light was utilized as a mode of signal, results were superior at 0 degrees and 18 degrees angles when positive knowledge of results was provided. Work surface angle had little effect on performance efficiency, the 18 degrees angle being slightly superior to the 0 degrees and 9 degrees angles.", "contents": "Effects of manipulation of augmented knowledge of results and work surface angle on performance of a serial positioning task. The effects of manipulating augmented information feedback on performance efficiency of 24 male adults in a simple motor skill were studied. The three levels of information feedback were no augmented knowledge of results, positive augmented knowledge of results and negative augmented knowledge of results, using light and tone as signal modes. The motor skill was a serial-positioning movement, simulating many industrial assembly tasks, and was given at three work surface angles (0 degrees, 9 degrees and 18 degrees), utilizing an automated geometric work station. Results indicated that, disregarding the signal mode, feedback had no effect on performance. However, when light was utilized as a mode of signal, results were superior at 0 degrees and 18 degrees angles when positive knowledge of results was provided. Work surface angle had little effect on performance efficiency, the 18 degrees angle being slightly superior to the 0 degrees and 9 degrees angles.", "PMID": 1178427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6631", "title": "Why can't we tickle ourselves?", "content": "When we tickle ourselves something prevents the sensation being as strong as when someone else does it. It is suggested that the \"something\" may be: (i) the predictability of the stimulus; (ii) the presence of feedback from the movement of the arm doing the tickling; (iii) the presence of a corollary discharge from the voluntary movement of the tickling arm; (iv) the absence of a social/sexual context. To study these, Ss rated perceived \"tickle-strength\" in situations where they were tickled: (a) with their eyes closed; (b) with their eyes open; (c) with their own arm doing the tickling, but being moved by someone else; (d) by themselves. One group of Ss was divided into same sex and different sex subject-experimenter pairs. The results showed significant effects of predictability and sensorimotor feedback.", "contents": "Why can't we tickle ourselves? When we tickle ourselves something prevents the sensation being as strong as when someone else does it. It is suggested that the \"something\" may be: (i) the predictability of the stimulus; (ii) the presence of feedback from the movement of the arm doing the tickling; (iii) the presence of a corollary discharge from the voluntary movement of the tickling arm; (iv) the absence of a social/sexual context. To study these, Ss rated perceived \"tickle-strength\" in situations where they were tickled: (a) with their eyes closed; (b) with their eyes open; (c) with their own arm doing the tickling, but being moved by someone else; (d) by themselves. One group of Ss was divided into same sex and different sex subject-experimenter pairs. The results showed significant effects of predictability and sensorimotor feedback.", "PMID": 1178428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6632", "title": "Auditory discrimination in conditions of noise and quiet by black and white disadvantaged children.", "content": "The auditory discrimination of first and third grade children of low socio-economic status was investigated. 17 black and 17 white children were randomly selected from the two grades. The condition for listening was varied, i.e., discrimination in condition of quiet and discrimination in condition of noise, through the use of the Goldman-Fristoe-Woodcock Test of Auditory Discrimination. White third graders were superior performers. The expectation, from the literature, that the auditory discrimination of children from low socio-economic levels would be depressed in conditions of noise was not supported. In fact, black children performed in an inferior manner in conditions of quiet.", "contents": "Auditory discrimination in conditions of noise and quiet by black and white disadvantaged children. The auditory discrimination of first and third grade children of low socio-economic status was investigated. 17 black and 17 white children were randomly selected from the two grades. The condition for listening was varied, i.e., discrimination in condition of quiet and discrimination in condition of noise, through the use of the Goldman-Fristoe-Woodcock Test of Auditory Discrimination. White third graders were superior performers. The expectation, from the literature, that the auditory discrimination of children from low socio-economic levels would be depressed in conditions of noise was not supported. In fact, black children performed in an inferior manner in conditions of quiet.", "PMID": 1178429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6633", "title": "Field dependence-independence and self-esteem in pre-adolescent children.", "content": "The field independence-dependence and self-esteem of 200 pre-adolescent boys and girls were studied using the Portable Rod-and-frame Test and the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Analysis of variance indicated that field-independent children had significantly higher self-esteem than middle-range and field-dependent individuals. A small significant correlation between field independence and high self-esteem obtained (-.24) but only for boys.", "contents": "Field dependence-independence and self-esteem in pre-adolescent children. The field independence-dependence and self-esteem of 200 pre-adolescent boys and girls were studied using the Portable Rod-and-frame Test and the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Analysis of variance indicated that field-independent children had significantly higher self-esteem than middle-range and field-dependent individuals. A small significant correlation between field independence and high self-esteem obtained (-.24) but only for boys.", "PMID": 1178430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6634", "title": "Influence of similarity between target and irrelevant items on visual information processing.", "content": "6 undergraduate subjects searched circular stimulus displays of upper case letters of the alphabet for a pre-specified single target letter. The displays were given a masked exposure of 100 msec, and contained 1, 5, 11, or 17 irrelevant items which were either similar or dissimilar in shape to the target. It was anticipated that these conditions would provide a test of Neisser's (1967) notion of attention. The results, which showed that similarity, numbers and their interaction were significant, could not be explained by wholly serial or parallel models of information processing as they failed to account for the interaction. To explain the interaction it was necessary to consider processing by preattention and focal attention.", "contents": "Influence of similarity between target and irrelevant items on visual information processing. 6 undergraduate subjects searched circular stimulus displays of upper case letters of the alphabet for a pre-specified single target letter. The displays were given a masked exposure of 100 msec, and contained 1, 5, 11, or 17 irrelevant items which were either similar or dissimilar in shape to the target. It was anticipated that these conditions would provide a test of Neisser's (1967) notion of attention. The results, which showed that similarity, numbers and their interaction were significant, could not be explained by wholly serial or parallel models of information processing as they failed to account for the interaction. To explain the interaction it was necessary to consider processing by preattention and focal attention.", "PMID": 1178431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6635", "title": "Target size and luminance in apparent brightness of the peripheral visual field.", "content": "Four target sizes between 15 and 120 min. of arc with six luminance levels covering the range between 398.1 and 1.26 cd/m2 in steps of .5 log units were presented to 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 degrees nasal retinal loci. In both peripheral and foveal viewing, magnitude estimates to apparent brightness judged by 12 Ss changed as a function of target size and luminance. The exponent of the power function was not dependent on retinal loci but on target size. However, when target size increased, the apparent brightness was slightly greater with peripheral viewing than with foveal viewing.", "contents": "Target size and luminance in apparent brightness of the peripheral visual field. Four target sizes between 15 and 120 min. of arc with six luminance levels covering the range between 398.1 and 1.26 cd/m2 in steps of .5 log units were presented to 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 degrees nasal retinal loci. In both peripheral and foveal viewing, magnitude estimates to apparent brightness judged by 12 Ss changed as a function of target size and luminance. The exponent of the power function was not dependent on retinal loci but on target size. However, when target size increased, the apparent brightness was slightly greater with peripheral viewing than with foveal viewing.", "PMID": 1178432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6636", "title": "Latency differences to monochromatic stimuli measured by disjunctive reaction time.", "content": "Two studies were done in order to assess the effects of wavelength on visual perceptual latency as measured in a disjunctive RT paradigm. The results of the first study, though not statistically significant, suggested a trend toward shorter RT to longer wavelength stimuli. In the second study, using well-practiced subjects, significant differences were found between disjunctive RT to red and green stimuli. The results suggest that latency differences as a function of wavelength are demonstrable in an experimental situation in which the subject must react to chromatic information, as differentiated from brightness information.", "contents": "Latency differences to monochromatic stimuli measured by disjunctive reaction time. Two studies were done in order to assess the effects of wavelength on visual perceptual latency as measured in a disjunctive RT paradigm. The results of the first study, though not statistically significant, suggested a trend toward shorter RT to longer wavelength stimuli. In the second study, using well-practiced subjects, significant differences were found between disjunctive RT to red and green stimuli. The results suggest that latency differences as a function of wavelength are demonstrable in an experimental situation in which the subject must react to chromatic information, as differentiated from brightness information.", "PMID": 1178433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6637", "title": "Electrodermal response to sexual materials.", "content": "Four groups of college students selected on the basis of high or low Eysenck Personality Inventory scores were asked to talk or simply think about a series of slides differing in overt sexual content. Data showed that for both conditions those high on Neuroticism (n = 8) showed more electrodermal activity than did those scoring low (n = 8), and over all subjects there was a significant correlation between Neuroticism scores and the physiological measure. High and low scorers on Extraversion scale (ns = 10) showed no analogous differences in electrodermal activity.", "contents": "Electrodermal response to sexual materials. Four groups of college students selected on the basis of high or low Eysenck Personality Inventory scores were asked to talk or simply think about a series of slides differing in overt sexual content. Data showed that for both conditions those high on Neuroticism (n = 8) showed more electrodermal activity than did those scoring low (n = 8), and over all subjects there was a significant correlation between Neuroticism scores and the physiological measure. High and low scorers on Extraversion scale (ns = 10) showed no analogous differences in electrodermal activity.", "PMID": 1178434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6638", "title": "Effect of changes in fin-length on apparent shaft-length and depth in the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion.", "content": "M\u00fcller-Lyer figures with outgoing fins were back illuminated and apparent shaft-length and depth were both judged by 20 undergraduates. With the angle between the fins constant, progressive increases in fin-length produced first an increase in the apparent shaft-length and then a decrease. Changes in fin-length, however, had no significant effect on apparent depth. These data were interpreted as inconsistent with an account of the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion in terms of perspective theory, since the latter predicts systematic changes in perceived shaft-length to be associated with systematic changes in perceived depth.", "contents": "Effect of changes in fin-length on apparent shaft-length and depth in the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion. M\u00fcller-Lyer figures with outgoing fins were back illuminated and apparent shaft-length and depth were both judged by 20 undergraduates. With the angle between the fins constant, progressive increases in fin-length produced first an increase in the apparent shaft-length and then a decrease. Changes in fin-length, however, had no significant effect on apparent depth. These data were interpreted as inconsistent with an account of the M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion in terms of perspective theory, since the latter predicts systematic changes in perceived shaft-length to be associated with systematic changes in perceived depth.", "PMID": 1178436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6639", "title": "Lateral eye-movement consistency and academic aptitude: failure to replicate.", "content": "Scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test were compared for 52 right and 46 left Ss directionally consistent and directionally inconsistent (n = 62) for conjugate lateral eye movements elicited by reflection in interpreting a series of 10 proverbs. The finding of lower Scholastic Aptitude Test scores for Ss inconsistent in direction of eye movement (Weiten & Etaugh, 1974) was not confirmed.", "contents": "Lateral eye-movement consistency and academic aptitude: failure to replicate. Scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test were compared for 52 right and 46 left Ss directionally consistent and directionally inconsistent (n = 62) for conjugate lateral eye movements elicited by reflection in interpreting a series of 10 proverbs. The finding of lower Scholastic Aptitude Test scores for Ss inconsistent in direction of eye movement (Weiten & Etaugh, 1974) was not confirmed.", "PMID": 1178437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6640", "title": "On connotative meaning of emotional terms to the blind: a contribution to the study of the phenomenology of emotion.", "content": "The present study was aimed toward ascertaining whether the hypothesis that emotional experience is universal and relatively independent of learning is tenable. Two groups of Ss, 25 totally and congenitally blind children and 35 normal college adults (representing groups with widely different life experiences) rated the emotions PRIDE, SADNESS, and ANGER on 15 scales of the semantic differential. The latter were used as the index of emotional states on the assumption that these verbal ratings may be considered as reflecting the inner phenomenological experiences. In accord with the hypothesis there was a high degree of correspondence between the ratings of the two groups, which, it is contended, may be seen as reflecting highly similar emotional experiences. Of 59 t tests comparing the mean ratings of the groups, only three--a chance number--differed significantly, with the differences being of degree only, i.e., both lay on the same side of the mean.", "contents": "On connotative meaning of emotional terms to the blind: a contribution to the study of the phenomenology of emotion. The present study was aimed toward ascertaining whether the hypothesis that emotional experience is universal and relatively independent of learning is tenable. Two groups of Ss, 25 totally and congenitally blind children and 35 normal college adults (representing groups with widely different life experiences) rated the emotions PRIDE, SADNESS, and ANGER on 15 scales of the semantic differential. The latter were used as the index of emotional states on the assumption that these verbal ratings may be considered as reflecting the inner phenomenological experiences. In accord with the hypothesis there was a high degree of correspondence between the ratings of the two groups, which, it is contended, may be seen as reflecting highly similar emotional experiences. Of 59 t tests comparing the mean ratings of the groups, only three--a chance number--differed significantly, with the differences being of degree only, i.e., both lay on the same side of the mean.", "PMID": 1178438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6641", "title": "[Fertility and fertility problems in some beef herds in Sweden (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of the study was to investigate the fertility level, some factors affecting fertility and problems of infertility in selected Swedish beef herds. The investigation included 31 herds, 19 of which had Herefords, 13 Charolais, 2 Aberdeen Angus and 1 Limousins. The total number of mature females was 703, including 147 feifers of breeding age. Most data were collected at personal visits to the herds. The results are presented in Tables I--XV and Figures 1--2. The service period coincided roughly with the grazing period and lasted usually 4--5 months. Seventyfive per cent of the females calved during the period February-May. The fertility levels were comparatively good. The percentage of pregnancy at rectal examination performed at the end of the service period was 89.5; however the average calving percentage was only 87.5. The highest calving percentages were recorded for Aberdeen Angus and crossbreds. Also the calf crop, it is the number of calves born alive and surviving 24 hours per mature female was the highest for these two groups; 0.91 and 0.90 respectively. The mean interval from calving to conception was 80.3 days in Herefords, 83.4 days in Aberdeen Angus, 85.6 days in crossbreds and 92.3 days in Charolais. The percentage of animals pregnant within 90 days after calving was on an average slightly more than 50 per cent. The interval from calving to conception rose gradually when the interval from calving to expoure to bull exceeded 40 days. Mean percentages of still born calves were 5.9 in cows and 13.7 in heifers. As far as the fertility level is concerned there does not seem to be any disadvantage in keeping the bull together with the females during the calving period. However, in this case the next calvings will occur over an extended period of time. If the intention is to concentrate 50 per cent of the calvings within the period of one month then the females should be exposed to the bull from 41--60 days after calving at the earliest. In case the females were exposed to the bull from 41--60 days after calving and onwards, 95 per cent of the females finally pregnant had conceived at the end of a 3 months service period. Under such conditions a bull may be able to serve two groups of females within the same grazing period. Cows calving during July-September had the lowest pregnancy rate and those calving during October-December the highest at the following service period. The incidence of ovarian cysts was very low. About 1/3 of those buls serving at least 10 females each obtained calving percentages less than or equal to 80. Herds recording low calving percentages had to a great extent used young bulls, 12--15 months of age at the beginning of the service period. Only for two groups of females out of eleven which had been served by young bulls calving percentages greater than 80 were noted. A more efficient control of the fertility of the bulls could markedly improve the fertility of some herds.", "contents": "[Fertility and fertility problems in some beef herds in Sweden (author's transl)]. The purpose of the study was to investigate the fertility level, some factors affecting fertility and problems of infertility in selected Swedish beef herds. The investigation included 31 herds, 19 of which had Herefords, 13 Charolais, 2 Aberdeen Angus and 1 Limousins. The total number of mature females was 703, including 147 feifers of breeding age. Most data were collected at personal visits to the herds. The results are presented in Tables I--XV and Figures 1--2. The service period coincided roughly with the grazing period and lasted usually 4--5 months. Seventyfive per cent of the females calved during the period February-May. The fertility levels were comparatively good. The percentage of pregnancy at rectal examination performed at the end of the service period was 89.5; however the average calving percentage was only 87.5. The highest calving percentages were recorded for Aberdeen Angus and crossbreds. Also the calf crop, it is the number of calves born alive and surviving 24 hours per mature female was the highest for these two groups; 0.91 and 0.90 respectively. The mean interval from calving to conception was 80.3 days in Herefords, 83.4 days in Aberdeen Angus, 85.6 days in crossbreds and 92.3 days in Charolais. The percentage of animals pregnant within 90 days after calving was on an average slightly more than 50 per cent. The interval from calving to conception rose gradually when the interval from calving to expoure to bull exceeded 40 days. Mean percentages of still born calves were 5.9 in cows and 13.7 in heifers. As far as the fertility level is concerned there does not seem to be any disadvantage in keeping the bull together with the females during the calving period. However, in this case the next calvings will occur over an extended period of time. If the intention is to concentrate 50 per cent of the calvings within the period of one month then the females should be exposed to the bull from 41--60 days after calving at the earliest. In case the females were exposed to the bull from 41--60 days after calving and onwards, 95 per cent of the females finally pregnant had conceived at the end of a 3 months service period. Under such conditions a bull may be able to serve two groups of females within the same grazing period. Cows calving during July-September had the lowest pregnancy rate and those calving during October-December the highest at the following service period. The incidence of ovarian cysts was very low. About 1/3 of those buls serving at least 10 females each obtained calving percentages less than or equal to 80. Herds recording low calving percentages had to a great extent used young bulls, 12--15 months of age at the beginning of the service period. Only for two groups of females out of eleven which had been served by young bulls calving percentages greater than 80 were noted. A more efficient control of the fertility of the bulls could markedly improve the fertility of some herds.", "PMID": 1178439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6642", "title": "[Megestrolacetat applied for oestrusinduction and oestrussynchronization in heifers (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty-seven heifers with the diagnosis anoestrus were treated with 15 mg to 60 mg megestrolacetat (Niagestin \"NOVO\") per os for 10 days. Thirty heifers showed oestrus within 10 days after treatment and 56% of these conceived after first insemination. There was no significant difference in fertility after different doses of megestrolacetat. Ten cycling heifers were synchronized with 50 mg megestrolacetat per os for 14 days. On the first day of treatment 5 mg oestradiolvalerat was given intramuscularily. All heifers came into heat and were inseminated 2--4 days after treatment. Fifty per cent were pregnant 55 days after insemination. Dosage of megestrolacetat for cows and heifers are discussed.", "contents": "[Megestrolacetat applied for oestrusinduction and oestrussynchronization in heifers (author's transl)]. Forty-seven heifers with the diagnosis anoestrus were treated with 15 mg to 60 mg megestrolacetat (Niagestin \"NOVO\") per os for 10 days. Thirty heifers showed oestrus within 10 days after treatment and 56% of these conceived after first insemination. There was no significant difference in fertility after different doses of megestrolacetat. Ten cycling heifers were synchronized with 50 mg megestrolacetat per os for 14 days. On the first day of treatment 5 mg oestradiolvalerat was given intramuscularily. All heifers came into heat and were inseminated 2--4 days after treatment. Fifty per cent were pregnant 55 days after insemination. Dosage of megestrolacetat for cows and heifers are discussed.", "PMID": 1178440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6643", "title": "[Growth hormone and Somatomedin. A brief review (author's transl)].", "content": "In addition to a direct effect on the metabolic processes of several tissues (table I) growth hormone exerts the functions of a classical trophic hypophyseal hormone by stimulating the synthesis of a secondary hormone. This hormone, Somatomedin, is a growth promoting hormone with cartilage and connective tissues as specific target organ. The activity of somatomedin in plasma changes with the concentration of growth hormone both at the physiological level (constitutional differences in growth rate, fig. 2) and at the pathological level (acromegaly/pituitary dwarfism). The connection between growth hormone and somatomedin at different nutritional conditions is, however, not clearcut. The organ of production of somatomedin, a peptide hormone of ca. 6000 Dalton, is not yet known.", "contents": "[Growth hormone and Somatomedin. A brief review (author's transl)]. In addition to a direct effect on the metabolic processes of several tissues (table I) growth hormone exerts the functions of a classical trophic hypophyseal hormone by stimulating the synthesis of a secondary hormone. This hormone, Somatomedin, is a growth promoting hormone with cartilage and connective tissues as specific target organ. The activity of somatomedin in plasma changes with the concentration of growth hormone both at the physiological level (constitutional differences in growth rate, fig. 2) and at the pathological level (acromegaly/pituitary dwarfism). The connection between growth hormone and somatomedin at different nutritional conditions is, however, not clearcut. The organ of production of somatomedin, a peptide hormone of ca. 6000 Dalton, is not yet known.", "PMID": 1178441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6644", "title": "[Trial of analgesia by acupuncture].", "content": "The clinical trial involved 31 cases, 10 in stomatology. Acupuncture may produce analgesia after simple premedication. Of 21 abdominal operations, in 5 completion of effect using local infiltration of a few millilitres of lignocaine or intravenous pentazocine was required. In 7, general anaesthesia was required to complete the operation. All patients not receiving supplementary general anaesthesia were able to eat normally as soon as they were back in bed, passed flactus the same day and had a bowel movement the next day. Ten stomatological operations may be considered to be successful. Further pursual of these trials is justified.", "contents": "[Trial of analgesia by acupuncture]. The clinical trial involved 31 cases, 10 in stomatology. Acupuncture may produce analgesia after simple premedication. Of 21 abdominal operations, in 5 completion of effect using local infiltration of a few millilitres of lignocaine or intravenous pentazocine was required. In 7, general anaesthesia was required to complete the operation. All patients not receiving supplementary general anaesthesia were able to eat normally as soon as they were back in bed, passed flactus the same day and had a bowel movement the next day. Ten stomatological operations may be considered to be successful. Further pursual of these trials is justified.", "PMID": 1178443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6645", "title": "[Experimental basis of acupuncture analgesia].", "content": "The research realised at INSERM, Unit\u00e9 103, on the acupuncture analgesia in animal has brought to light certain phenomenon concerning physical, histological and physiological facts. The acupuncture point is a point having the least electrical resistance in relation to the surrounding teguments. The analgesia points studied has an even lower resistance than the other points of the same dermatoma. This is not bound to the phenomenon of surface, as it is also found in cadaver after having cleared the skin with alcohol, ether or acetone. The microscopic analysis of certain points in man and in animal has shown specific elements of the acupuncture point, under the form of a thickness of the epiderm, a modification of the collagen fibers of the derma, of the vascular spiral vessels surrounded by a network of a amyelinic fibers of the cholinergic type, with interlaced myelinic fibers. The acupuncture analgesia of the hind limb can be reproduced experimentally in rabbit, in a proportion of 72 percent in 58 rabbits. The algometric method chosen was the pin prick of the skin. This territorial analgesia can be transmitted by the serum on another rabbit.", "contents": "[Experimental basis of acupuncture analgesia]. The research realised at INSERM, Unit\u00e9 103, on the acupuncture analgesia in animal has brought to light certain phenomenon concerning physical, histological and physiological facts. The acupuncture point is a point having the least electrical resistance in relation to the surrounding teguments. The analgesia points studied has an even lower resistance than the other points of the same dermatoma. This is not bound to the phenomenon of surface, as it is also found in cadaver after having cleared the skin with alcohol, ether or acetone. The microscopic analysis of certain points in man and in animal has shown specific elements of the acupuncture point, under the form of a thickness of the epiderm, a modification of the collagen fibers of the derma, of the vascular spiral vessels surrounded by a network of a amyelinic fibers of the cholinergic type, with interlaced myelinic fibers. The acupuncture analgesia of the hind limb can be reproduced experimentally in rabbit, in a proportion of 72 percent in 58 rabbits. The algometric method chosen was the pin prick of the skin. This territorial analgesia can be transmitted by the serum on another rabbit.", "PMID": 1178444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6646", "title": "[Silicosis associated with scleroderma].", "content": "Such an association would not appear to be fortuitous since scleroderma is commoner in male miners than in women in general, whilst the predominance of the disease in the latter group is well known. The picture is that of generalised scleroderma without any special characteristics. Silicosis usually precedes the scleroderma. In general, the onset of scleroderma alters the chest X-ray appearance with the development of diffuse, non-cavitated macro-nodular opacities localised in the lower two-thirds of the lungs and in particular at the bases, without absolute symmetry. Several hypotheses may be advanced to explain this association. Irritation by dust in the presence of a particular underlying terrain may cause silicosis and the same terrain may be associated with the development of scleroderma. A second possibility is that of immune phenomena secondary to the pneumoconiosis which favourise the development of scleroderma.", "contents": "[Silicosis associated with scleroderma]. Such an association would not appear to be fortuitous since scleroderma is commoner in male miners than in women in general, whilst the predominance of the disease in the latter group is well known. The picture is that of generalised scleroderma without any special characteristics. Silicosis usually precedes the scleroderma. In general, the onset of scleroderma alters the chest X-ray appearance with the development of diffuse, non-cavitated macro-nodular opacities localised in the lower two-thirds of the lungs and in particular at the bases, without absolute symmetry. Several hypotheses may be advanced to explain this association. Irritation by dust in the presence of a particular underlying terrain may cause silicosis and the same terrain may be associated with the development of scleroderma. A second possibility is that of immune phenomena secondary to the pneumoconiosis which favourise the development of scleroderma.", "PMID": 1178457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6647", "title": "[Classification of changes in circulatory rate in the arteries of the lower limbs. Transcutaneous measurement by Doppler effect].", "content": "Ultra-sonic recording using a directional flowmeter in the peripheral arteries is an essential part of vascular studies. An attempt at systematisation of changes in the patterns of circulatory speed is proposed, which may be used not only by the clinician but also the statistician.", "contents": "[Classification of changes in circulatory rate in the arteries of the lower limbs. Transcutaneous measurement by Doppler effect]. Ultra-sonic recording using a directional flowmeter in the peripheral arteries is an essential part of vascular studies. An attempt at systematisation of changes in the patterns of circulatory speed is proposed, which may be used not only by the clinician but also the statistician.", "PMID": 1178458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6648", "title": "[Pancreatic injection of a tri-iodinated contrast medium. Optic and electron microscopic analysis. Experimental study in the rat].", "content": "Using the optical and electron microscope, the authors studied the effects in the rate of cathetersiation of the pancreatic ducts after laparotomy. 62 rats underwent operation, 42 of which received an injection of 30 p.cent urinary radioselectan, 10 an injection of simple isotonic saline and in 10 of which simple catheterisation without injection was carried out. With injection under high pressure, regardless of the substance used, lesions of acute pancreatitis occurred in almost all cases in the short term and in the long term lesions of localised chronic pancreatitis were fairly common. For these reasons, the authors feel that routine parenchymography is contraindicated and that only opacification of the main pancreatic ducts is permissible.", "contents": "[Pancreatic injection of a tri-iodinated contrast medium. Optic and electron microscopic analysis. Experimental study in the rat]. Using the optical and electron microscope, the authors studied the effects in the rate of cathetersiation of the pancreatic ducts after laparotomy. 62 rats underwent operation, 42 of which received an injection of 30 p.cent urinary radioselectan, 10 an injection of simple isotonic saline and in 10 of which simple catheterisation without injection was carried out. With injection under high pressure, regardless of the substance used, lesions of acute pancreatitis occurred in almost all cases in the short term and in the long term lesions of localised chronic pancreatitis were fairly common. For these reasons, the authors feel that routine parenchymography is contraindicated and that only opacification of the main pancreatic ducts is permissible.", "PMID": 1178459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6649", "title": "[Benign postoperative intrahepatic cholestasis].", "content": "The authors report the clinical, biochemical, histological and etiologic characteristics of 24 patients with the syndrome of benign intra-hepatic post-operative cholestasis. Jaundice appeared early in the post-operative period, from the first to the 12th post-operative day. All patients had received blood transfusions. In 23 patients, the post-operative course was complicated, chiefly by local infection or septicemia. Hyperbilirubinemia ranged from 2 to 28 mg per 100 ml and was mainly conjugated; serum alkaline phosphatase activity was normal or moderately elevated; in 3 patients, it was markedly elevated; serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity was normal on 7 patients, moderatly increased in 15, and markedly increased in one. Liver histology was normal in 6 patients, and showed minimal lesions (cholestasis and slight portal inflammatory changes) in 3. Jaundice did not appear to modify the final outcome. It appears to be due both to increased production of bilirubin (as a result of blood transfusions) and to decreased excretion of bilirubin by the liver (as a result of the surgical operation and of infection).", "contents": "[Benign postoperative intrahepatic cholestasis]. The authors report the clinical, biochemical, histological and etiologic characteristics of 24 patients with the syndrome of benign intra-hepatic post-operative cholestasis. Jaundice appeared early in the post-operative period, from the first to the 12th post-operative day. All patients had received blood transfusions. In 23 patients, the post-operative course was complicated, chiefly by local infection or septicemia. Hyperbilirubinemia ranged from 2 to 28 mg per 100 ml and was mainly conjugated; serum alkaline phosphatase activity was normal or moderately elevated; in 3 patients, it was markedly elevated; serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity was normal on 7 patients, moderatly increased in 15, and markedly increased in one. Liver histology was normal in 6 patients, and showed minimal lesions (cholestasis and slight portal inflammatory changes) in 3. Jaundice did not appear to modify the final outcome. It appears to be due both to increased production of bilirubin (as a result of blood transfusions) and to decreased excretion of bilirubin by the liver (as a result of the surgical operation and of infection).", "PMID": 1178477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6650", "title": "[Simultaneous study of plasma gonadotropins, estrogens, progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone during the ovulatory cycle].", "content": "Plasma levels of gonadotrophins, estrone, estradiol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone were studied throughout an ovulatory cycle in 11 normal women. For each of these hormones, the initiation of a secretory cycle occured at a different time: on the 10th day after mid-cycle surge for gonadotrophins, on the 3 rd day of menses for estradiol and somewhat later for estrone, on the 8th day of cycle for 17-hydroxyprogesterone and on the day of the LH surge for progesterone. Mean plasma levels and range were reported for every studied hormone. The mid-cycle surges of LH and FSH were found always coincident, after which their concentration decreased simultaneously; during the late follicular phase the increasing LH curve intersected the decreasing FSH curve. A peak of estradiol occured in every subject except one on the day before the mid-cycle surge of LH; a peak of plasma estrone occured either on the day of the LH peak or on the day before. For these two hormones the luteal phase range is always below the peak level. A peak of 17-hydroxyprogesterone occured in every subject on the same day than the mid-cycle LH peak, but the plasma level increased during the luteal phase up to higher levels. Progesterone concentration increased on the day of the LH surge, indicating the initiation of luteinization prior to ovulation.", "contents": "[Simultaneous study of plasma gonadotropins, estrogens, progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone during the ovulatory cycle]. Plasma levels of gonadotrophins, estrone, estradiol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone were studied throughout an ovulatory cycle in 11 normal women. For each of these hormones, the initiation of a secretory cycle occured at a different time: on the 10th day after mid-cycle surge for gonadotrophins, on the 3 rd day of menses for estradiol and somewhat later for estrone, on the 8th day of cycle for 17-hydroxyprogesterone and on the day of the LH surge for progesterone. Mean plasma levels and range were reported for every studied hormone. The mid-cycle surges of LH and FSH were found always coincident, after which their concentration decreased simultaneously; during the late follicular phase the increasing LH curve intersected the decreasing FSH curve. A peak of estradiol occured in every subject except one on the day before the mid-cycle surge of LH; a peak of plasma estrone occured either on the day of the LH peak or on the day before. For these two hormones the luteal phase range is always below the peak level. A peak of 17-hydroxyprogesterone occured in every subject on the same day than the mid-cycle LH peak, but the plasma level increased during the luteal phase up to higher levels. Progesterone concentration increased on the day of the LH surge, indicating the initiation of luteinization prior to ovulation.", "PMID": 1178478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6651", "title": "[Circular fractures of the skull base during traffic accidents].", "content": "With reference to 5 cases of circular fracture of the base of the skull occurring in relation to road accidents, the literature is reviewed. Two different types may be distinguished: --\"compression\" fractures, --\"hyperextension' fractures, the latter being special on the basis of the site of the fracture line and the application of forces via the face or chin. Reconstruction of trajectories during accidents, on the basis of the anatomical lesions and the damage caused to vehicles, as well as the study of films made during the experimental reproduction of similar lesions, make it possible to explain the mode of production of these hyperextension fractures. Such understanding is essential to the study of safety precautions for vehicle occupants.", "contents": "[Circular fractures of the skull base during traffic accidents]. With reference to 5 cases of circular fracture of the base of the skull occurring in relation to road accidents, the literature is reviewed. Two different types may be distinguished: --\"compression\" fractures, --\"hyperextension' fractures, the latter being special on the basis of the site of the fracture line and the application of forces via the face or chin. Reconstruction of trajectories during accidents, on the basis of the anatomical lesions and the damage caused to vehicles, as well as the study of films made during the experimental reproduction of similar lesions, make it possible to explain the mode of production of these hyperextension fractures. Such understanding is essential to the study of safety precautions for vehicle occupants.", "PMID": 1178488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6652", "title": "[Curative cesium therapy of small size breast cancers].", "content": "224 breast cancers of less than 5 cm diameter were treated by curative cesium therapy with 8 000 rads a tumor in 8 weeks. 125 had had a previous tumorectomy. Survival at 5 years ranges from 76 to 94 p. cent of cases according to the stage, with 85 p. cent for all the cases. 8 out of 10 healed women at 5 years have their breast preserved, which 15 of primary importance.", "contents": "[Curative cesium therapy of small size breast cancers]. 224 breast cancers of less than 5 cm diameter were treated by curative cesium therapy with 8 000 rads a tumor in 8 weeks. 125 had had a previous tumorectomy. Survival at 5 years ranges from 76 to 94 p. cent of cases according to the stage, with 85 p. cent for all the cases. 8 out of 10 healed women at 5 years have their breast preserved, which 15 of primary importance.", "PMID": 1178489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6653", "title": "[Respective value of labelled fibrinogen and rheography in the detection of phlebitis].", "content": "The authors have studied in 212 patients the diagnostic value of radio-active fibrinogen and rheography in deep venous thrombosis of the leg by comparing the results from these two methods with phlebography. Radio-active fibrinogen seems the better means of diagnosis in early distal phlebitis. However, the method is expansive, the radio-active substance can only be manipulated in certain specialized centers, and is useless in the presence of hematoma. Rheography is less expansive, more easily manipulated, yet less sensitive as only proximal phlebitis can be detected-especially when completely occlusive. In addition, active patient cooperation is necessary. The time needed to realize the two methods is a major obstacle; however, they can be fruitful if integrated into a specialized department for the diagnosis and treatment of thrombo embolic disease.", "contents": "[Respective value of labelled fibrinogen and rheography in the detection of phlebitis]. The authors have studied in 212 patients the diagnostic value of radio-active fibrinogen and rheography in deep venous thrombosis of the leg by comparing the results from these two methods with phlebography. Radio-active fibrinogen seems the better means of diagnosis in early distal phlebitis. However, the method is expansive, the radio-active substance can only be manipulated in certain specialized centers, and is useless in the presence of hematoma. Rheography is less expansive, more easily manipulated, yet less sensitive as only proximal phlebitis can be detected-especially when completely occlusive. In addition, active patient cooperation is necessary. The time needed to realize the two methods is a major obstacle; however, they can be fruitful if integrated into a specialized department for the diagnosis and treatment of thrombo embolic disease.", "PMID": 1178490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6654", "title": "[Immunologic study of subacute infectious endocarditis through the search for circulating immune complexes. Preliminary results apropos of 13 cases].", "content": "The detection of circulating immune complexes by precipitation by polyethylene glycol represents a valuable technique of study in sub-acute bacterial endocarditis. In a series of 13 patients, this measurement was carried out, confirming the quasi-constant presence of circulating immune complexes in active S.B.E. This might be of diagnostic value in forms with negative blood culture and, further, make it possible, subsequently, to find the antigen responsible by dissociation of the circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "[Immunologic study of subacute infectious endocarditis through the search for circulating immune complexes. Preliminary results apropos of 13 cases]. The detection of circulating immune complexes by precipitation by polyethylene glycol represents a valuable technique of study in sub-acute bacterial endocarditis. In a series of 13 patients, this measurement was carried out, confirming the quasi-constant presence of circulating immune complexes in active S.B.E. This might be of diagnostic value in forms with negative blood culture and, further, make it possible, subsequently, to find the antigen responsible by dissociation of the circulating immune complexes.", "PMID": 1178502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6655", "title": "[Comparative studies on the clinical accuracy of two \"competitive-binding-assays\" for the determination of effective serum thyroxine].", "content": "160 sera of patients with normal or disturbed thyroid function was tested by ETR (Byk-Mallinckrodt) and Quantisorb (Abbott) for their metabolically effective thyroxine concentration. In 124 cases the in vitro findings were correlated with extensive clinical data, which had permitted to establish a definite judgement of thyroid function. 5,5--13,5 mug% were considered as normal values with Quantisorb, 0,8--1,18 (see article) with ETR. A critical evaluation of the test results showed a better distinction between normal and abnormal thyroid function with Quantisorb, which explains also the higher diagnostic accuracy of this kit (92,75% : 85,5%). \"Grey-zones\" between normal and abnormal thyroid function were found with both tests, they were smaller, however, with Quantisorb than with ETR. The Quantisorb kit can therefore be recommended for routine function tests in vitro, although the slightly greater laboratory work should be considered.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the clinical accuracy of two \"competitive-binding-assays\" for the determination of effective serum thyroxine]. 160 sera of patients with normal or disturbed thyroid function was tested by ETR (Byk-Mallinckrodt) and Quantisorb (Abbott) for their metabolically effective thyroxine concentration. In 124 cases the in vitro findings were correlated with extensive clinical data, which had permitted to establish a definite judgement of thyroid function. 5,5--13,5 mug% were considered as normal values with Quantisorb, 0,8--1,18 (see article) with ETR. A critical evaluation of the test results showed a better distinction between normal and abnormal thyroid function with Quantisorb, which explains also the higher diagnostic accuracy of this kit (92,75% : 85,5%). \"Grey-zones\" between normal and abnormal thyroid function were found with both tests, they were smaller, however, with Quantisorb than with ETR. The Quantisorb kit can therefore be recommended for routine function tests in vitro, although the slightly greater laboratory work should be considered.", "PMID": 1178511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6656", "title": "[Bilateral determination of 131-I-hippuran clearance in nephroptoses within the scope of sequential camera scintigraphy].", "content": "In 65 patients with uni- or bilateral nephroptosis the 131I-hippurate-clearance of each kidney was determined in combination with sequential gammacamera scintigraphy. The clearance values were normal in 65% without changing due to patient position. In 35% of the ptotic kidneys clearance values were lower than normal as well as in 17,5% of the nonptotic contralateral kidneys. 23% of the ptotic kidney showed diminished clearance values in the upright position, whereas a significant increase was found in prone position. Such short-time changes of the 131I-hippurate-clearance indicate diminished perfusion of the kidney when it is moving downward.", "contents": "[Bilateral determination of 131-I-hippuran clearance in nephroptoses within the scope of sequential camera scintigraphy]. In 65 patients with uni- or bilateral nephroptosis the 131I-hippurate-clearance of each kidney was determined in combination with sequential gammacamera scintigraphy. The clearance values were normal in 65% without changing due to patient position. In 35% of the ptotic kidneys clearance values were lower than normal as well as in 17,5% of the nonptotic contralateral kidneys. 23% of the ptotic kidney showed diminished clearance values in the upright position, whereas a significant increase was found in prone position. Such short-time changes of the 131I-hippurate-clearance indicate diminished perfusion of the kidney when it is moving downward.", "PMID": 1178512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6657", "title": "[Reliability of positive findings in serial cerebral scintigraphy. Evaluation of a prospective series of 1700 cases].", "content": "The cerebral sequential scintigraphy enables a process to be described according to its hemodynamics (Stage I), its degree of vascularization (Stage II), and the extent of the localized disturbance of the blood-brain barrier function (Stage III). For a given lesion, typical scintigraphic behaviour patterns can be described. This report presents the results of a prospective series with 1722 patients examined using this method. The accuracy of the different scintigraphic diagnoses, according to tumor type, was: cerebrovascular accident with brain infarction - 92% (= CVA), metastasis - 90%, bone or meningital process - 89%, malignant glioma - 91%, meningioma - 74%, highly differentiated glioma - 67%, chronic subdural hematoma - 54%, A-V angioma - 54%, brain abscess - 45%. The differential diagnosis between brain tumor and CVA with infarction was possible in approximately 97% of the patients, the differential diagnosis of intracranial space-occupying lesion versus CVA with infarction in approximately 95%. There were 14 false positive results recorded (0.8% of the 1722 patients).", "contents": "[Reliability of positive findings in serial cerebral scintigraphy. Evaluation of a prospective series of 1700 cases]. The cerebral sequential scintigraphy enables a process to be described according to its hemodynamics (Stage I), its degree of vascularization (Stage II), and the extent of the localized disturbance of the blood-brain barrier function (Stage III). For a given lesion, typical scintigraphic behaviour patterns can be described. This report presents the results of a prospective series with 1722 patients examined using this method. The accuracy of the different scintigraphic diagnoses, according to tumor type, was: cerebrovascular accident with brain infarction - 92% (= CVA), metastasis - 90%, bone or meningital process - 89%, malignant glioma - 91%, meningioma - 74%, highly differentiated glioma - 67%, chronic subdural hematoma - 54%, A-V angioma - 54%, brain abscess - 45%. The differential diagnosis between brain tumor and CVA with infarction was possible in approximately 97% of the patients, the differential diagnosis of intracranial space-occupying lesion versus CVA with infarction in approximately 95%. There were 14 false positive results recorded (0.8% of the 1722 patients).", "PMID": 1178513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6658", "title": "Hepatic blood flow with colloidal 198Au in the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis in children.", "content": "Tracer quantities of colloidal 198Au were used to estimate the hepatic blood flow in normal children and in children with active or progressive chronic hepatitis and also to obtain scintigrams of the liver. In active chronic hepatitis a significant decrease in HBF values was observed, suggesting that the method may be used as a diagnostic criterion which is superior to hepatic scintigraphy. In progressive chronic hepatitis HBF values even lower than those in active hepatitis were observed. Together with more characteristic clinical findings and abnormal results of biochemical function tests, they underline the value of the method in estimating the severity and the evolution of the disease.", "contents": "Hepatic blood flow with colloidal 198Au in the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis in children. Tracer quantities of colloidal 198Au were used to estimate the hepatic blood flow in normal children and in children with active or progressive chronic hepatitis and also to obtain scintigrams of the liver. In active chronic hepatitis a significant decrease in HBF values was observed, suggesting that the method may be used as a diagnostic criterion which is superior to hepatic scintigraphy. In progressive chronic hepatitis HBF values even lower than those in active hepatitis were observed. Together with more characteristic clinical findings and abnormal results of biochemical function tests, they underline the value of the method in estimating the severity and the evolution of the disease.", "PMID": 1178514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6659", "title": "Labeled metronidazoles as potential new agents for amebic hepatic abscess imaging.", "content": "Two new radiopharmaceuticals were developed as possible agents for demonstrating the presence of hepatic amebic abscesses by selective accumulation of these agents in the abscess contents. These agents are: 131I-labeled Bromometronidazole, that has been shown to possess some of the antibiotic activity of metronidazole or Flagyl; and a Technetium 99m-penicillamine-Flagyl complex. A method of radioiodination has been devised which can be performed in radiopharmaceutical laboratories. Both radiopharmaceuticals are of very low toxicity. Distribution studies in animals show accumulation in the liver and elimination by way of the gallbladder. Scintillation camera studies depict a rapid uptake by the liver with subsequent biliary excretion. Animal models for the study of hepatic amebic abscesses are not available. A human patient with suspected amebic abscesses has been studied with negative findings that were confirmed at surgery. Collaborative studies are now in progress in several areas of the world where amebiases is endemic.", "contents": "Labeled metronidazoles as potential new agents for amebic hepatic abscess imaging. Two new radiopharmaceuticals were developed as possible agents for demonstrating the presence of hepatic amebic abscesses by selective accumulation of these agents in the abscess contents. These agents are: 131I-labeled Bromometronidazole, that has been shown to possess some of the antibiotic activity of metronidazole or Flagyl; and a Technetium 99m-penicillamine-Flagyl complex. A method of radioiodination has been devised which can be performed in radiopharmaceutical laboratories. Both radiopharmaceuticals are of very low toxicity. Distribution studies in animals show accumulation in the liver and elimination by way of the gallbladder. Scintillation camera studies depict a rapid uptake by the liver with subsequent biliary excretion. Animal models for the study of hepatic amebic abscesses are not available. A human patient with suspected amebic abscesses has been studied with negative findings that were confirmed at surgery. Collaborative studies are now in progress in several areas of the world where amebiases is endemic.", "PMID": 1178515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6660", "title": "[99MTechnetium-fibrinogen labeling using electrolytic zircuronium release].", "content": "An electrolytic method for labelling fibrinogen with zirconium as a reductant for 99mTc is presented. The optimal labelling conditions and the in-vitro screening are subject of the study. First clinical experience indicates that the substance is clottable in vivo and applicable for localization.", "contents": "[99MTechnetium-fibrinogen labeling using electrolytic zircuronium release]. An electrolytic method for labelling fibrinogen with zirconium as a reductant for 99mTc is presented. The optimal labelling conditions and the in-vitro screening are subject of the study. First clinical experience indicates that the substance is clottable in vivo and applicable for localization.", "PMID": 1178516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6661", "title": "Comparison of four different methods for the recovery of dotriacontane-16,17-14C from small animal respiratory tissue.", "content": "The efficiency and accuracy of four different methods of tissue preparation for the recovery of dotriacontane-16,17-14C (DOT-16,17-14C) from rat respiratory tissue were compared by means of liquid scintillation counting. A DOT-16,17-14C standard solution was placed on the respiratory epithelium of the nasal apex, larynx, trachea and main bronchi. Combustion of the lyophilized organs in a Packard sample oxidizer revealed the highest recovery and accuracy (93--100%), sample oxidizing by combustion without lyophilization the lowest recovery and accuracy (73--92%). Tissue solubilization by the commercially available tissue solubilizer TS-1 revealed a better recovery and accuracy (89--95%) than tissue maceration by boiling in methanolic KOH and toluene extraction (74--91%). Depending on the laboratory equipment, lyophilization or tissue solubilization is preferred; maceration and toluene extraction as well as combustion without freeze-drying are disregarded for further investigations because of the cumbersome procedure as well as the low recovery and accuracy, respectively.", "contents": "Comparison of four different methods for the recovery of dotriacontane-16,17-14C from small animal respiratory tissue. The efficiency and accuracy of four different methods of tissue preparation for the recovery of dotriacontane-16,17-14C (DOT-16,17-14C) from rat respiratory tissue were compared by means of liquid scintillation counting. A DOT-16,17-14C standard solution was placed on the respiratory epithelium of the nasal apex, larynx, trachea and main bronchi. Combustion of the lyophilized organs in a Packard sample oxidizer revealed the highest recovery and accuracy (93--100%), sample oxidizing by combustion without lyophilization the lowest recovery and accuracy (73--92%). Tissue solubilization by the commercially available tissue solubilizer TS-1 revealed a better recovery and accuracy (89--95%) than tissue maceration by boiling in methanolic KOH and toluene extraction (74--91%). Depending on the laboratory equipment, lyophilization or tissue solubilization is preferred; maceration and toluene extraction as well as combustion without freeze-drying are disregarded for further investigations because of the cumbersome procedure as well as the low recovery and accuracy, respectively.", "PMID": 1178517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6662", "title": "[Technetium polyphosphate and technetium diphosphonate. A comparative study].", "content": "99mTc-labelled phosphates are the bone seeking agents of choice. The comparison of 99mTc-polyphosphate (Poly-P) and 99mTc-ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) shows a better in vitro stability of the latter during the first two hours after preparation. The blood clearance of EHDP is superior to Poly-P resulting in reduced background activity at scanning time. Renal excretion over a 4-hour period of urine sampling showed no significant differences between both substances. Blood activity is independent of diuresis.", "contents": "[Technetium polyphosphate and technetium diphosphonate. A comparative study]. 99mTc-labelled phosphates are the bone seeking agents of choice. The comparison of 99mTc-polyphosphate (Poly-P) and 99mTc-ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) shows a better in vitro stability of the latter during the first two hours after preparation. The blood clearance of EHDP is superior to Poly-P resulting in reduced background activity at scanning time. Renal excretion over a 4-hour period of urine sampling showed no significant differences between both substances. Blood activity is independent of diuresis.", "PMID": 1178518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6663", "title": "Fluorescence probing of nucleic acids: I. Singly and doubly labeled dithymidine phosphate: fluorescence and energy transfer studies.", "content": "Dithymidine phosphate labeled at its 5' end with a naphthalene-carbamate has been prepared,DTpT. It is shown to exist in several conformations which are characterized by chromatography and absorption and fluorescence measurements. Models for three possible conformers where the dye is solvated, stacked on the first thymine or intercalated between the two thymines are given with their absorption and fluorescence spectra. The doubly labeled molecule,DTpTA, where D and A form a donor-acceptor energy transfer pair has also been prepared. The energy transfer rate has been measured from the donor fluorescence lifetime decay.", "contents": "Fluorescence probing of nucleic acids: I. Singly and doubly labeled dithymidine phosphate: fluorescence and energy transfer studies. Dithymidine phosphate labeled at its 5' end with a naphthalene-carbamate has been prepared,DTpT. It is shown to exist in several conformations which are characterized by chromatography and absorption and fluorescence measurements. Models for three possible conformers where the dye is solvated, stacked on the first thymine or intercalated between the two thymines are given with their absorption and fluorescence spectra. The doubly labeled molecule,DTpTA, where D and A form a donor-acceptor energy transfer pair has also been prepared. The energy transfer rate has been measured from the donor fluorescence lifetime decay.", "PMID": 1178519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6664", "title": "m7G5'ppp5'GmptcpUp at the 5' terminus of reovirus messenger RNA.", "content": "In the presence of S-adenosyl methionine the 5' terminal guanosine residue of in vitro synthesized reovirus mRNA becomes methylated at the 2'-OH position. In addition, 7-methyl guanylic acid is condensed covalently at the 5' terminus resulting in the formation of a 5' to 5' triphosphate bridge. Analysis of the 5' terminal sequence of methylated reovirus mRNA revealed that it has the structure m7G5'ppp5'GmpCpUp.", "contents": "m7G5'ppp5'GmptcpUp at the 5' terminus of reovirus messenger RNA. In the presence of S-adenosyl methionine the 5' terminal guanosine residue of in vitro synthesized reovirus mRNA becomes methylated at the 2'-OH position. In addition, 7-methyl guanylic acid is condensed covalently at the 5' terminus resulting in the formation of a 5' to 5' triphosphate bridge. Analysis of the 5' terminal sequence of methylated reovirus mRNA revealed that it has the structure m7G5'ppp5'GmpCpUp.", "PMID": 1178520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6665", "title": "Polynucleotides. XXXI1. Synthesis of AUG analogs containing 8,2'-S-cycloadenosine, 8,5'-S-cycloadenosine, 8-bromoadenosin, 8-oxyadenosine and formycin in the first position of the codon.", "content": "Five AUG analogs having 8,2'-S-cycloadenosine (I), 8,5'-S-cycloadenosine (II), 8-bromoadenosine (III), 8-oxyadenosine (IV) and formycin (V) in the first position of ApUpG W were synthesized. 3'-Phosphates of I, II and V were synthesized by phosphorylation using cyanoethylphosphate and DCC. In the case of II, 2', 3'-cyclic phosphate was directly obtained. 3'-Phosphates, thus obtained, were properly protected on the 2'-OH and/or the N6-amino group and condensed with U(OBz)pGiBu(iBu)2 using DCC to give ApUpG analogs. Some properties on paper chromatography and electrophoresis, and the UV and CD spectra of these trinucleoside diphosphates are reported.", "contents": "Polynucleotides. XXXI1. Synthesis of AUG analogs containing 8,2'-S-cycloadenosine, 8,5'-S-cycloadenosine, 8-bromoadenosin, 8-oxyadenosine and formycin in the first position of the codon. Five AUG analogs having 8,2'-S-cycloadenosine (I), 8,5'-S-cycloadenosine (II), 8-bromoadenosine (III), 8-oxyadenosine (IV) and formycin (V) in the first position of ApUpG W were synthesized. 3'-Phosphates of I, II and V were synthesized by phosphorylation using cyanoethylphosphate and DCC. In the case of II, 2', 3'-cyclic phosphate was directly obtained. 3'-Phosphates, thus obtained, were properly protected on the 2'-OH and/or the N6-amino group and condensed with U(OBz)pGiBu(iBu)2 using DCC to give ApUpG analogs. Some properties on paper chromatography and electrophoresis, and the UV and CD spectra of these trinucleoside diphosphates are reported.", "PMID": 1178521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6666", "title": "Multiplicity of cadmium binding sites in nucleotides: X-ray evidence for the involvement of O2' and O3' as well as phosphate and N7 in inosine 5'-monophosphate.", "content": "Single-crystal X-ray methods have been used to characterize a hydrated polymeric cadmium derivative of inosine 5'-monophosphate. In the structure there are two independent cadmium atoms, one of which binds to two ribose oxygen atoms, an N7 position on a base, and to three water molecules. The second metal atom binds to a phosphate oxygen, three water molecules, and to two N7 atoms, which are in cis-positions. For these last; the Cd-N bonds are appreciably out of the planes of the hypoxanthine bases so that the angle between these planes is only 31.4 degrees.", "contents": "Multiplicity of cadmium binding sites in nucleotides: X-ray evidence for the involvement of O2' and O3' as well as phosphate and N7 in inosine 5'-monophosphate. Single-crystal X-ray methods have been used to characterize a hydrated polymeric cadmium derivative of inosine 5'-monophosphate. In the structure there are two independent cadmium atoms, one of which binds to two ribose oxygen atoms, an N7 position on a base, and to three water molecules. The second metal atom binds to a phosphate oxygen, three water molecules, and to two N7 atoms, which are in cis-positions. For these last; the Cd-N bonds are appreciably out of the planes of the hypoxanthine bases so that the angle between these planes is only 31.4 degrees.", "PMID": 1178522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6667", "title": "Studies on chromatin. II. Isolation and characterization of chromatin subunits.", "content": "Earlier findings /1-10/ bearing on a subunit organization of chromatin were confirmed and in some points detailed. Besides this, a large-scale isolation of chromatin subunits; their protein composition, electron microscopic appearance and CsCl banding pattern are described. Although the purified chromatin subunit contains all five histones, the relative content of histone H1 i in it is two times lower than that in the original chromatin. tit is shown that a mild digestion of chromatin with staphylococcal nuclease produced not only separate chromatin subunits and their \"oligomers' but also deoxyribonucleoprotein particles which sediment more slowly than subunits. It appears that these particles and subunits are produced from different initial structures in the chromatin. Finally, a crystallization of the purified chromatin subunit as a cetyltrimethyl ammonium salt is described.", "contents": "Studies on chromatin. II. Isolation and characterization of chromatin subunits. Earlier findings /1-10/ bearing on a subunit organization of chromatin were confirmed and in some points detailed. Besides this, a large-scale isolation of chromatin subunits; their protein composition, electron microscopic appearance and CsCl banding pattern are described. Although the purified chromatin subunit contains all five histones, the relative content of histone H1 i in it is two times lower than that in the original chromatin. tit is shown that a mild digestion of chromatin with staphylococcal nuclease produced not only separate chromatin subunits and their \"oligomers' but also deoxyribonucleoprotein particles which sediment more slowly than subunits. It appears that these particles and subunits are produced from different initial structures in the chromatin. Finally, a crystallization of the purified chromatin subunit as a cetyltrimethyl ammonium salt is described.", "PMID": 1178523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6668", "title": "Thioacyl esters of nucleotides: synthesis of 3'(2')-O-thiobenzoyl nucleoside 5'-phosphates.", "content": "The synthesis of 3'(2')-O-thiobenzoyl nucleoside 5'-phosphates based on the condensation of N-(thiobenzoyl)-imidazole with nucleside 5'-phosphates was carried out. The UV absorption spectra, CD spectra, PMR spectra and chromatographic and electrophoretic characteristics of synthesized compounds were obtained. By means of PMR it was shown that the 2':3' isomer ratio in water at ambient temperature is about 2:3.", "contents": "Thioacyl esters of nucleotides: synthesis of 3'(2')-O-thiobenzoyl nucleoside 5'-phosphates. The synthesis of 3'(2')-O-thiobenzoyl nucleoside 5'-phosphates based on the condensation of N-(thiobenzoyl)-imidazole with nucleside 5'-phosphates was carried out. The UV absorption spectra, CD spectra, PMR spectra and chromatographic and electrophoretic characteristics of synthesized compounds were obtained. By means of PMR it was shown that the 2':3' isomer ratio in water at ambient temperature is about 2:3.", "PMID": 1178524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6669", "title": "Sequence of the promoter-operator proximal region of the major leftward RNA of bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "The sequence of the first 149 nucleotides of the major leftward RNA of bacteriophage lambda has been determined. Preliminary sequence information was also obtained for a portion of the untranscribed area immediately upstream of the point on the template when RNA synthesis normally starts. Several restriction endonuclease sites, deletion endpoints, and single base changes have been localized within the sequence. The first potential translation initiation codon which is not followed by an in-phase termination codon is a GUG located 90 nucleotides from the transcription startpoint.", "contents": "Sequence of the promoter-operator proximal region of the major leftward RNA of bacteriophage lambda. The sequence of the first 149 nucleotides of the major leftward RNA of bacteriophage lambda has been determined. Preliminary sequence information was also obtained for a portion of the untranscribed area immediately upstream of the point on the template when RNA synthesis normally starts. Several restriction endonuclease sites, deletion endpoints, and single base changes have been localized within the sequence. The first potential translation initiation codon which is not followed by an in-phase termination codon is a GUG located 90 nucleotides from the transcription startpoint.", "PMID": 1178525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6670", "title": "Extracellular nucleases of Pseudomonas BAL 31. I. Characterization of single strand-specific deoxyriboendonuclease and double-strand deoxyriboexonuclease activities.", "content": "The culture medium of Pseudomonas BAL 31 contains endonuclease activities which are highly specific for single-stranged DNA and for the single-stranded or weakly hydrogen-bonded regions in supercoiled closed circular DNA. Exposure of nicked DNA to the culture medium results in cleavage of the strang opposite the sites of preexisting single-strand scissions. At least some of the linear duplex molecules derived by cleavage of supercoiled closed circular molecules contain short single-stranded ends. Single-strand scissions are not introduced into intact, linear duplex DNA or unsupercoiled covalently closed circular DNA. Under these same reaction conditions, 0X174 phage DNA is extensively degraded and PM2 form I DNA is quantitatively converted to PM2 form III linear duplexes. Prolonged exposure of this linear duplex DNA to the concentrated culture medium reveals the presence of a double-strand exonuclease activity that progressively reduces the average length of the linear duplex. These nuclease activities persist at ionic strengths up to 4 M and are not eliminated in the presence of 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Calcium and magnesium ion are both required for optimal activity. Although the absence of magnesium ion reduces the activities, the absence of calcium ion irreversibly eliminates all the activities.", "contents": "Extracellular nucleases of Pseudomonas BAL 31. I. Characterization of single strand-specific deoxyriboendonuclease and double-strand deoxyriboexonuclease activities. The culture medium of Pseudomonas BAL 31 contains endonuclease activities which are highly specific for single-stranged DNA and for the single-stranded or weakly hydrogen-bonded regions in supercoiled closed circular DNA. Exposure of nicked DNA to the culture medium results in cleavage of the strang opposite the sites of preexisting single-strand scissions. At least some of the linear duplex molecules derived by cleavage of supercoiled closed circular molecules contain short single-stranded ends. Single-strand scissions are not introduced into intact, linear duplex DNA or unsupercoiled covalently closed circular DNA. Under these same reaction conditions, 0X174 phage DNA is extensively degraded and PM2 form I DNA is quantitatively converted to PM2 form III linear duplexes. Prolonged exposure of this linear duplex DNA to the concentrated culture medium reveals the presence of a double-strand exonuclease activity that progressively reduces the average length of the linear duplex. These nuclease activities persist at ionic strengths up to 4 M and are not eliminated in the presence of 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Calcium and magnesium ion are both required for optimal activity. Although the absence of magnesium ion reduces the activities, the absence of calcium ion irreversibly eliminates all the activities.", "PMID": 1178526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6671", "title": "Heterogeneity of chromatin fragments produced by micrococcal nuclease action.", "content": "Digestion of calf thymus chromatin with micrococcal nuclease produces a mixture of apparently well defined nucleoprotein fragments which have been partially resolved by sedimentation on linear (5-20%) sucrose gradients. Sedimentation patterns reveal a predominant peak at the 11S position, three slower components, which have not previously been reported, at the 3.4S, 5.3S and 8.6S positions, and three faster components at the 17S, 22S and 26S positions. DNA isolated from the 3S to 12S region of gradients has been resolved on polyacrylamide gels into nine to ten discrete components ranging from 47 to 156 base pairs in length. A nearly identical pattern of small DNA products was obtained from chromatin digested in intact nuclei. These data suggest that chromatin contains either several types of subunits or predominently a single type of subunit which can be asymmetrically cleaved at any one of four or more sites.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of chromatin fragments produced by micrococcal nuclease action. Digestion of calf thymus chromatin with micrococcal nuclease produces a mixture of apparently well defined nucleoprotein fragments which have been partially resolved by sedimentation on linear (5-20%) sucrose gradients. Sedimentation patterns reveal a predominant peak at the 11S position, three slower components, which have not previously been reported, at the 3.4S, 5.3S and 8.6S positions, and three faster components at the 17S, 22S and 26S positions. DNA isolated from the 3S to 12S region of gradients has been resolved on polyacrylamide gels into nine to ten discrete components ranging from 47 to 156 base pairs in length. A nearly identical pattern of small DNA products was obtained from chromatin digested in intact nuclei. These data suggest that chromatin contains either several types of subunits or predominently a single type of subunit which can be asymmetrically cleaved at any one of four or more sites.", "PMID": 1178527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6672", "title": "The reaction of the Ca-Mg endonuclease with the A-sites of rat nucleoprotein.", "content": "A quantitative study has been made on the action of rat nuclear Ca-Mg endonuclease on rat liver nuclei. In a standard 30 minute digest 0.5-1.5% of the DNA was rendered acid soluble, 1.5-4% of the chromatin was rendered buffer soluble, 50-60% of the potential cleavage sites were actually cleaved, and these cleavages were distributed evenly throughout the bulk of the genome. During these standard digests there was no significant loss of histones either in aggregate or relative to each other. Trypsin digestion of the nuclei to a trypsin resistant core did not lower the specificity of the Ca-Mg endonuclease cleavages or expose other sites to its action. Evidence is presented that indicates Ca-Mg endonuclease and micrococcal nuclease attack the same sites rather than different sites with the same spacing.", "contents": "The reaction of the Ca-Mg endonuclease with the A-sites of rat nucleoprotein. A quantitative study has been made on the action of rat nuclear Ca-Mg endonuclease on rat liver nuclei. In a standard 30 minute digest 0.5-1.5% of the DNA was rendered acid soluble, 1.5-4% of the chromatin was rendered buffer soluble, 50-60% of the potential cleavage sites were actually cleaved, and these cleavages were distributed evenly throughout the bulk of the genome. During these standard digests there was no significant loss of histones either in aggregate or relative to each other. Trypsin digestion of the nuclei to a trypsin resistant core did not lower the specificity of the Ca-Mg endonuclease cleavages or expose other sites to its action. Evidence is presented that indicates Ca-Mg endonuclease and micrococcal nuclease attack the same sites rather than different sites with the same spacing.", "PMID": 1178528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6673", "title": "Single strand conformation of adenylate chains analysed by a specific photoreaction. Determination of structure by 5' residue.", "content": "The photoreactivity was analysed in various oligo- and polyadenylates: 1) The quantum yields of the specific photoreaction in poly(dA) and dApdA decrease with increasing temperature, whereas the quantum yield of the photodegradation in poly(rA) increases. 2) The photoreactivities of poly(2'MeA) and poly(2'EtA) closely correspond to that of poly(rA). 3) The photodegradation of rApdA is very similar to that of rAprA, whereas dAprA shows the same specific photoreaction as observed for dApdA. These data support the view, that the specific photoreaction observed in oligo(dA) and poly(dA) is dependent upon a specific conformation, which is not accessible to oligo(rA), poly(rA), poly(2'MeA) and poly(2'EtA). The specific conformation is determined by the nucleotide, which carries the internucleotide bond in the 3'-position.", "contents": "Single strand conformation of adenylate chains analysed by a specific photoreaction. Determination of structure by 5' residue. The photoreactivity was analysed in various oligo- and polyadenylates: 1) The quantum yields of the specific photoreaction in poly(dA) and dApdA decrease with increasing temperature, whereas the quantum yield of the photodegradation in poly(rA) increases. 2) The photoreactivities of poly(2'MeA) and poly(2'EtA) closely correspond to that of poly(rA). 3) The photodegradation of rApdA is very similar to that of rAprA, whereas dAprA shows the same specific photoreaction as observed for dApdA. These data support the view, that the specific photoreaction observed in oligo(dA) and poly(dA) is dependent upon a specific conformation, which is not accessible to oligo(rA), poly(rA), poly(2'MeA) and poly(2'EtA). The specific conformation is determined by the nucleotide, which carries the internucleotide bond in the 3'-position.", "PMID": 1178529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6674", "title": "[Diagnosis of Johne's disease].", "content": "The authors carried out clinical observations and allergical, bacteriological and serological investigations of 73 dairy cows in a herd affected with paratuberculosis. Durings 18 months, clinical signs of the disease were noted in 2 animals only. It was found that the allergic test with the use of johnin had a limited diagnostic value and made it possible only to suspect the disease in the herd. Avian tuberculin had higher potency than johnin and gave, in most cases, stronger allergic reactions in animals infected with M. johnei that the homologous preparation. Bacterioscopic and cultural examination of the faeces with the use of Stuart's serum-agar medium had a significant diagnostic value because they made it possible to detect the excretion of Johne's bacilli before the clinical signs could be observed. The complement fixation test gave positive results in animals with the clinical symptoms of the disease, or when pathological lesions in the intestines were pronounced. In most of the cows investigated, the pathological changes of the ileocecal valve, characteristic for paratuberculosis, appeared earlier than the positive results of the complement fixation test.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of Johne's disease]. The authors carried out clinical observations and allergical, bacteriological and serological investigations of 73 dairy cows in a herd affected with paratuberculosis. Durings 18 months, clinical signs of the disease were noted in 2 animals only. It was found that the allergic test with the use of johnin had a limited diagnostic value and made it possible only to suspect the disease in the herd. Avian tuberculin had higher potency than johnin and gave, in most cases, stronger allergic reactions in animals infected with M. johnei that the homologous preparation. Bacterioscopic and cultural examination of the faeces with the use of Stuart's serum-agar medium had a significant diagnostic value because they made it possible to detect the excretion of Johne's bacilli before the clinical signs could be observed. The complement fixation test gave positive results in animals with the clinical symptoms of the disease, or when pathological lesions in the intestines were pronounced. In most of the cows investigated, the pathological changes of the ileocecal valve, characteristic for paratuberculosis, appeared earlier than the positive results of the complement fixation test.", "PMID": 1178541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6675", "title": "[Electrocardiographic studies of rabbits irradiated externally with various doses of ionizing radiation].", "content": "The investigations were carried out on rabbits irradiated with subletal (400R) and letal (800 and 1200R) doses of ionizing radiation. ECG was recorded prior to irradiation, 1 and 2hrs. after irradiation, and then every day at the same time for 10 days. The results of 312 electrocardiographic recordings and statistical analysis of some parameters are presented in graphs. They indicate that functional changes in the heart occur comparatively early after irradiation and are expressed by changes in the amplitude of the individual waves and by speeding-up of the rhythm of heart contractions and thus by shortening the duration of the individual waves, segments and intervals, the pacemaker rhythm being normal. No essential changes were found in cardiac vector deviation or in the configuration of the electrocardiographic curves. The intensity of these changes depended on the dosis of radiation and on the time which had elapsed since the moment of irradiation: in the rabbits which received 400R the changes were insignificant, and normal conditions returned after 24 hrs.; in those which received 800R the changes were more pronounced and the initial values returned after 8-10 days; with the dosis of 1200R the changes were the strongest and persisted until the death of the animal. The functional changes of the heart observed in the rabbits during 8-10 days were not permanent and had a compensative character, which indicates that the heart does not belong to the organs which are especially sensitive to radiation.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic studies of rabbits irradiated externally with various doses of ionizing radiation]. The investigations were carried out on rabbits irradiated with subletal (400R) and letal (800 and 1200R) doses of ionizing radiation. ECG was recorded prior to irradiation, 1 and 2hrs. after irradiation, and then every day at the same time for 10 days. The results of 312 electrocardiographic recordings and statistical analysis of some parameters are presented in graphs. They indicate that functional changes in the heart occur comparatively early after irradiation and are expressed by changes in the amplitude of the individual waves and by speeding-up of the rhythm of heart contractions and thus by shortening the duration of the individual waves, segments and intervals, the pacemaker rhythm being normal. No essential changes were found in cardiac vector deviation or in the configuration of the electrocardiographic curves. The intensity of these changes depended on the dosis of radiation and on the time which had elapsed since the moment of irradiation: in the rabbits which received 400R the changes were insignificant, and normal conditions returned after 24 hrs.; in those which received 800R the changes were more pronounced and the initial values returned after 8-10 days; with the dosis of 1200R the changes were the strongest and persisted until the death of the animal. The functional changes of the heart observed in the rabbits during 8-10 days were not permanent and had a compensative character, which indicates that the heart does not belong to the organs which are especially sensitive to radiation.", "PMID": 1178542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6676", "title": "[Changes in the activity of the thyroid gland in polar foxes as a function of age and varying temperatures of the environment].", "content": "Investigations were carried out concerning the thyroid activity in 76 adult and 15 young (2 1/2 months old) polar foxes by means of the J131 test. The criteria for determining the thyroid activity were as follows: the rate of J131 excretion in the urine and faeoes, protein-bound J131 in blood plasma (PBJ131), conversion index, and the two hours' test on the uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid in the animals tested. The thyroid activity in the young foxes was found to be twice as high on the average as that in the adult animals. Significant differences in the thyroid activity were observed in animals kept under different temperature conditions. The rate of radioactive iodine uptake and of the thyroid hormone synthesis, as well as the rate of the appearance of hormone iodine in blood were higher in the animals kept al lower temperatures. It was found that a higher level of PBJ131 and WKJ131 resulted i lower rate of J131 excretion in the urine and faeces.", "contents": "[Changes in the activity of the thyroid gland in polar foxes as a function of age and varying temperatures of the environment]. Investigations were carried out concerning the thyroid activity in 76 adult and 15 young (2 1/2 months old) polar foxes by means of the J131 test. The criteria for determining the thyroid activity were as follows: the rate of J131 excretion in the urine and faeoes, protein-bound J131 in blood plasma (PBJ131), conversion index, and the two hours' test on the uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid in the animals tested. The thyroid activity in the young foxes was found to be twice as high on the average as that in the adult animals. Significant differences in the thyroid activity were observed in animals kept under different temperature conditions. The rate of radioactive iodine uptake and of the thyroid hormone synthesis, as well as the rate of the appearance of hormone iodine in blood were higher in the animals kept al lower temperatures. It was found that a higher level of PBJ131 and WKJ131 resulted i lower rate of J131 excretion in the urine and faeces.", "PMID": 1178543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6677", "title": "[Changes in the biosynthesis of keratin in the hair following supplementing rabbits' basic feed with methionine and lysine].", "content": "The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of methionine and lysine added to the basic feed on changes in the synthesis of keratin in rabbit hair. The experiment was carried out in winter on 80 bucks of the Danish White breed divided into 4 groups. Group I served as control, group I was gived a supplement of lysine, group III--methionine, and group IV--methionine and lysine. At 6 week intervals, hairs were shorn on a fixed area of the back, weighed, and their amino acid composition was determined using the paper chromatography method. The results obtained indicate that the combined action of lysine and methionine had a stimulating effect on the formation of keratin. The weight of the hairs obtained from group IV was higher by about 40% than that from group I (control). As far as the amino acid composition of hair keratin is concerned, a statistically significant increase was found in the contents of lysine with histidine and phenylalanine in group II, of cystine, phenylalanine and methionine with valine in group III, and of cystine and lysine with histidine and methionine in group IV. In groups II and III, a significant decrease of tyrosine was observed.", "contents": "[Changes in the biosynthesis of keratin in the hair following supplementing rabbits' basic feed with methionine and lysine]. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of methionine and lysine added to the basic feed on changes in the synthesis of keratin in rabbit hair. The experiment was carried out in winter on 80 bucks of the Danish White breed divided into 4 groups. Group I served as control, group I was gived a supplement of lysine, group III--methionine, and group IV--methionine and lysine. At 6 week intervals, hairs were shorn on a fixed area of the back, weighed, and their amino acid composition was determined using the paper chromatography method. The results obtained indicate that the combined action of lysine and methionine had a stimulating effect on the formation of keratin. The weight of the hairs obtained from group IV was higher by about 40% than that from group I (control). As far as the amino acid composition of hair keratin is concerned, a statistically significant increase was found in the contents of lysine with histidine and phenylalanine in group II, of cystine, phenylalanine and methionine with valine in group III, and of cystine and lysine with histidine and methionine in group IV. In groups II and III, a significant decrease of tyrosine was observed.", "PMID": 1178544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6678", "title": "[Effect of Ethrel on the ultrastructure of some internal organs in rats. I. Liver].", "content": "Experiments were carried out on white rats. Water solutions of Ethrel (AmChem 68-240) at 10, 100 and 200 mg per kg of body weight were used during seven days. Enlargement of Disse's space, as well as the appearance of many fibrous elements were observed in the liver. The number of the lipid droplets increased in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes, and some of the mitochondria were swollen. An increase of the level of aminotranspherases (AlAT and AspAT) was stated in the blood of the animals. The changes described above had a reversible character; a disturbance of the intracellular metabolism and of the action of the liver cells can be stated rather than toxic injuries to the liver.", "contents": "[Effect of Ethrel on the ultrastructure of some internal organs in rats. I. Liver]. Experiments were carried out on white rats. Water solutions of Ethrel (AmChem 68-240) at 10, 100 and 200 mg per kg of body weight were used during seven days. Enlargement of Disse's space, as well as the appearance of many fibrous elements were observed in the liver. The number of the lipid droplets increased in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes, and some of the mitochondria were swollen. An increase of the level of aminotranspherases (AlAT and AspAT) was stated in the blood of the animals. The changes described above had a reversible character; a disturbance of the intracellular metabolism and of the action of the liver cells can be stated rather than toxic injuries to the liver.", "PMID": 1178545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6679", "title": "[Effect of Ethrel on the ultrastructure of some internal organs in rats. II. Kidneys].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules of the kidneys was analyzed. Rats were treated with water solutions of Ethrel (AmChem 68-240) at 10, 100 and 200 mg per kg of body weight for seven days. An increase of thickness of the basic epithelial membranes and smoothing of the folds of the capsule at its base were observed in this study, as well as an increase of the number of the apical vesicles, lisosomes and microbodies. Lipid droplets appeared in the cytoplasm of the cells. These data proved the occurrence of some disturbances in the action of the cells studied. This was supported by the changes observed in the urine of the experimental animals. There were no toxic injuries to the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules of the kidneys which might be caused by Ethrel.", "contents": "[Effect of Ethrel on the ultrastructure of some internal organs in rats. II. Kidneys]. The ultrastructure of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules of the kidneys was analyzed. Rats were treated with water solutions of Ethrel (AmChem 68-240) at 10, 100 and 200 mg per kg of body weight for seven days. An increase of thickness of the basic epithelial membranes and smoothing of the folds of the capsule at its base were observed in this study, as well as an increase of the number of the apical vesicles, lisosomes and microbodies. Lipid droplets appeared in the cytoplasm of the cells. These data proved the occurrence of some disturbances in the action of the cells studied. This was supported by the changes observed in the urine of the experimental animals. There were no toxic injuries to the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules of the kidneys which might be caused by Ethrel.", "PMID": 1178546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6680", "title": "[Insemination of female rabbits].", "content": "The author's observations revealed that out of 20 female rabbits inseminated with undiluted semen, 18 animals got pregnant (90 per cent of the total). The insemination time ranged from 25 minutes to 5 hours and 30 minutes after the coitus with the sterile male. The volume of the insemination dose indispensable for pregnancy ranged from 0,2-0,6 ml, and the number of the spermatozoa with normal motility in that dose ranged from 27-30 million.", "contents": "[Insemination of female rabbits]. The author's observations revealed that out of 20 female rabbits inseminated with undiluted semen, 18 animals got pregnant (90 per cent of the total). The insemination time ranged from 25 minutes to 5 hours and 30 minutes after the coitus with the sterile male. The volume of the insemination dose indispensable for pregnancy ranged from 0,2-0,6 ml, and the number of the spermatozoa with normal motility in that dose ranged from 27-30 million.", "PMID": 1178547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6681", "title": "[Electrophoretic studies of dog's semen plasma in both fertile and sterile dogs].", "content": "Filter-paper electrophoretic partition of the semen plasma of fertile dogs showed the presence of three fractions. These fractions arranged themselves from the starting line solely in the direction of the negative pole; as compared with an electrophoregram of the dog blood serum, they placed themselves in the area of gamma-globulins. Electrophoretic partition of the semen plasma of dogs with fecundity disturbances also showed the presence of three fractions, whose migration path and protein concentration are identical with those found in the semen plasma of fertile dogs. It should be added that ejaculate samples obtained from old dogs with azoospermia did not partition into the fractions mentioned above. In such cases, only one fraction was observed at a certain distance from the starting line, becoming diffuse towards the cathode.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic studies of dog's semen plasma in both fertile and sterile dogs]. Filter-paper electrophoretic partition of the semen plasma of fertile dogs showed the presence of three fractions. These fractions arranged themselves from the starting line solely in the direction of the negative pole; as compared with an electrophoregram of the dog blood serum, they placed themselves in the area of gamma-globulins. Electrophoretic partition of the semen plasma of dogs with fecundity disturbances also showed the presence of three fractions, whose migration path and protein concentration are identical with those found in the semen plasma of fertile dogs. It should be added that ejaculate samples obtained from old dogs with azoospermia did not partition into the fractions mentioned above. In such cases, only one fraction was observed at a certain distance from the starting line, becoming diffuse towards the cathode.", "PMID": 1178548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6682", "title": "[Evaluation of properties of rabbit semen from the standpoint of fertility disorders].", "content": "Observations were carried out on 50 rabbits, from which 145 ejaculates were taken and examined. It was found that the volume of a full rabbit ejaculate ranges from 0.4 to 5.0 ml, that of the spermatozoa fraction -- from 0.1 to 3.5 ml, and that of the mucous-jelly fraction -- from 0.2 to 3.5 ml. The colour and consistency of the semen depend mainly on the concentration of the spermatozoa and lipids in the volume unit of the ejaculate; the vawy motility in most of the ejaculates is determined as +, +(+) and ++. In the majority of the ejaculates the percentage of spematozoa with normally motility reaches 60-100, and the concentration of spermatozoa ranges from 58 000 to 1 182 000 per mm3, the average being 340 000 per mm3. Secondary changes in the spermatozoa average 9.4 per cent of the whole amount observed in a preparation, and the primary changes -- up to 2.8 per cent. Three cases of fertility disturbances were found, which constitutes 6 per cent of the total number of 50 rabbits under observation. Since it is very difficult to ascertain the causes of fertility disturbances in rabbits, attention should be drawn to the examination of semen as a means of detecting the real cause.", "contents": "[Evaluation of properties of rabbit semen from the standpoint of fertility disorders]. Observations were carried out on 50 rabbits, from which 145 ejaculates were taken and examined. It was found that the volume of a full rabbit ejaculate ranges from 0.4 to 5.0 ml, that of the spermatozoa fraction -- from 0.1 to 3.5 ml, and that of the mucous-jelly fraction -- from 0.2 to 3.5 ml. The colour and consistency of the semen depend mainly on the concentration of the spermatozoa and lipids in the volume unit of the ejaculate; the vawy motility in most of the ejaculates is determined as +, +(+) and ++. In the majority of the ejaculates the percentage of spematozoa with normally motility reaches 60-100, and the concentration of spermatozoa ranges from 58 000 to 1 182 000 per mm3, the average being 340 000 per mm3. Secondary changes in the spermatozoa average 9.4 per cent of the whole amount observed in a preparation, and the primary changes -- up to 2.8 per cent. Three cases of fertility disturbances were found, which constitutes 6 per cent of the total number of 50 rabbits under observation. Since it is very difficult to ascertain the causes of fertility disturbances in rabbits, attention should be drawn to the examination of semen as a means of detecting the real cause.", "PMID": 1178549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6683", "title": "[Nuclei of the medulla oblongata and pons in the red deer and roe. III. Nuclei of the pons and tegmentum pontis].", "content": "The material for the studies was obtained from fragments of the brain stem, including the pons Varoli, of 2- and 6-year old red deer and of 2- and 3-year old female roe. The fixed material was mounted in paraffin and cut transversely into 15 micron sections, of which every fifth was examined. Preparations of the alcohol-fixed brain of one red deer and one roe were stained with methylene blue according to Nissl's modified method. Sections of the formalin-fixed brain of the other red deer and roe were stained according to the method of Kl\u00fcver-Barrera with 0.1% solution of Luxor Fast Blue. Part III describes the structure and localization of the nerve nuclei of the portion of the brain stem under consideration. The following nuclei in the pons Varoli of the red deer and roe were described: nucl. medianus pontis, nucl. paramedianus pontis, nucl. ventralis pontis, nucl. lateralis pontis, nucl. dorso-lateralis pontis, nucl. peduncularis pontis. The nuclei, and especially in the central portion of the pons Varoli, are well developed in the species under discussion. With regard to the tegmentum pontis of the red deer and roe, a description of the structure and topography of the following nuclei is given: nucl. dorsalis tegmenti pontis, nucl. latero-dorsalis tegmenti pontis, nucl. dorsalis raphe, nucl. loci coerulei, nucl. reticularis dorsalis tegmenti pontis, nucl. reticularis ventro-lateralis tegmenti pontis, and nucl. reticularis ventro-medialis tegmenti pontis. The structure and localization of the nuclei of the tegmentum pontis are similar in both species, but the two first nuclei are much better developed in the roe than in the deer. The nucleus loci coeruliei could not be found in the roe.", "contents": "[Nuclei of the medulla oblongata and pons in the red deer and roe. III. Nuclei of the pons and tegmentum pontis]. The material for the studies was obtained from fragments of the brain stem, including the pons Varoli, of 2- and 6-year old red deer and of 2- and 3-year old female roe. The fixed material was mounted in paraffin and cut transversely into 15 micron sections, of which every fifth was examined. Preparations of the alcohol-fixed brain of one red deer and one roe were stained with methylene blue according to Nissl's modified method. Sections of the formalin-fixed brain of the other red deer and roe were stained according to the method of Kl\u00fcver-Barrera with 0.1% solution of Luxor Fast Blue. Part III describes the structure and localization of the nerve nuclei of the portion of the brain stem under consideration. The following nuclei in the pons Varoli of the red deer and roe were described: nucl. medianus pontis, nucl. paramedianus pontis, nucl. ventralis pontis, nucl. lateralis pontis, nucl. dorso-lateralis pontis, nucl. peduncularis pontis. The nuclei, and especially in the central portion of the pons Varoli, are well developed in the species under discussion. With regard to the tegmentum pontis of the red deer and roe, a description of the structure and topography of the following nuclei is given: nucl. dorsalis tegmenti pontis, nucl. latero-dorsalis tegmenti pontis, nucl. dorsalis raphe, nucl. loci coerulei, nucl. reticularis dorsalis tegmenti pontis, nucl. reticularis ventro-lateralis tegmenti pontis, and nucl. reticularis ventro-medialis tegmenti pontis. The structure and localization of the nuclei of the tegmentum pontis are similar in both species, but the two first nuclei are much better developed in the roe than in the deer. The nucleus loci coeruliei could not be found in the roe.", "PMID": 1178550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6684", "title": "[Bartlett's test in the statistical determination of amino acids using an automatic analyzer].", "content": "Bartlett's test was applied to estimate the precision of the determination method of amino acids using the automatic analyser \"Unichrom\". The calculations were done on the basis of the results obtained from determinations of the amino acids in 8 different materials of plant and animal origin. No significant differences among standard deviation of 11 amino acids were found; this allowed the authors to express the precision of the method for these amino acids by mean standard deviation. In order to express the error of the method in relative values (variation coefficient), the analysis of variance was carried out, which showed a significance of differences in the mean levels for all amino acids. Confidence intervals of the mean levels of the amino acids determined by the Duncan test allowed us to form groups of materials in which the levels of the individual amino acids were similar. The variation coeffitients (the error of the method expressed in percentage) were calculated for the material groups which did not differ significantly in regard to the mean content of the given amino acid. In the majority of cases the error of the method for determining amino acids was about 5%. As a rule, it was higher only for threonine and tyrosine, and it was from 5 to 9% in the particular materials.", "contents": "[Bartlett's test in the statistical determination of amino acids using an automatic analyzer]. Bartlett's test was applied to estimate the precision of the determination method of amino acids using the automatic analyser \"Unichrom\". The calculations were done on the basis of the results obtained from determinations of the amino acids in 8 different materials of plant and animal origin. No significant differences among standard deviation of 11 amino acids were found; this allowed the authors to express the precision of the method for these amino acids by mean standard deviation. In order to express the error of the method in relative values (variation coefficient), the analysis of variance was carried out, which showed a significance of differences in the mean levels for all amino acids. Confidence intervals of the mean levels of the amino acids determined by the Duncan test allowed us to form groups of materials in which the levels of the individual amino acids were similar. The variation coeffitients (the error of the method expressed in percentage) were calculated for the material groups which did not differ significantly in regard to the mean content of the given amino acid. In the majority of cases the error of the method for determining amino acids was about 5%. As a rule, it was higher only for threonine and tyrosine, and it was from 5 to 9% in the particular materials.", "PMID": 1178551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6685", "title": "[Leukocytes in the blood of Polish cattle from small herds and evaluation of the leukocyte count from the standpoint of diagnosing leukemia].", "content": "Blood examinations of cattle were performed in the provinces of Lublin, Cracow and Rzesz\u00f3w, comprizing 252 animals aged up to 9 years. In the single blood samples were estimated: the level of leukocytes and the absolute and relative content of lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes. The mean values calculated for one=year classes of age showed in many cases a decreasing tendency according to the maturation and aging of the animals. This phenomenon concerned the following parameters: the total number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes, as well as the lymphocyte percentage. On the contrary, the mean values of the absolute and relative numbers of eosinophils demonstrated an increasing tendency. The other parameters did not show any distinct connection with the age. The values calculated and presented in three table are similar to analogous figures characterizing the cattle from big herds. The conclusion may be drawn from these results that haematological diagnosis of bovine leukosis in small herds can be based on the criteria established for big herds.", "contents": "[Leukocytes in the blood of Polish cattle from small herds and evaluation of the leukocyte count from the standpoint of diagnosing leukemia]. Blood examinations of cattle were performed in the provinces of Lublin, Cracow and Rzesz\u00f3w, comprizing 252 animals aged up to 9 years. In the single blood samples were estimated: the level of leukocytes and the absolute and relative content of lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes. The mean values calculated for one=year classes of age showed in many cases a decreasing tendency according to the maturation and aging of the animals. This phenomenon concerned the following parameters: the total number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes, as well as the lymphocyte percentage. On the contrary, the mean values of the absolute and relative numbers of eosinophils demonstrated an increasing tendency. The other parameters did not show any distinct connection with the age. The values calculated and presented in three table are similar to analogous figures characterizing the cattle from big herds. The conclusion may be drawn from these results that haematological diagnosis of bovine leukosis in small herds can be based on the criteria established for big herds.", "PMID": 1178552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6686", "title": "Genetics of cleft palate in chickens and the relationship between the occurrence of the trait and maternal riboflavin deficiency.", "content": "Reciprocal crosses were made between a New Hampshire line of chickens free of cleft palate and affected individuals of a highly inbred S.C.W. Leghorn line having 30 to 50% incidence of cleft palate. The frequency of cleft palate was observed under normal and riboflavin deficient maternal nutrition for the reciprocals of the F1, F2, and backcross to the cleft palate line. Two cases of cleft palate were found in dead embryos of 1368 F1 observations. These may not have represented the genetic trait under study. The response of egg hatchability to riboflavin deficiency was shown to be earlier for cleft palate line hens than for F1 hens, but no maternal effects were found for cleft palate incidence. The frequency of cleft palate in the F2 increased from 0.7% during normal maternal nutrition, to 4.4% during maternal riboflavin deficiency. A similar increase from 8.0% to 12.4% was seen in the backcross progeny. The cleft palate trait was found to be semi-lethal, with mortality associated with severe expression of the trait. No significant sex differences in cleft palate incidence was found in the F2 or backcross generations. The F2 and backcross cleft palate data fit models of genetic control by 3 recessive loci during normal maternal nutrition, and 2 recessive loci during maternal riboflavin deficiency. Penetrance was indicated to be under additive genetic control, and the average was calculated to be between 50 and 75% for all cases. The loss of relevance of one locus during maternal riboflavin deficiency was interpreted to indicate that the homozygous recessive condition at that locus gave disturbed riboflavin metabolism. It was further interpreted to explain the increased occurrence of some traits during teratogenic circumstances as due to the increased probability of obtaining recessive homozygosity at (n - 1) loci compared to (n) loci, and that the role of teratogens in some traits may be in mimicking specific genetic components of the traits.", "contents": "Genetics of cleft palate in chickens and the relationship between the occurrence of the trait and maternal riboflavin deficiency. Reciprocal crosses were made between a New Hampshire line of chickens free of cleft palate and affected individuals of a highly inbred S.C.W. Leghorn line having 30 to 50% incidence of cleft palate. The frequency of cleft palate was observed under normal and riboflavin deficient maternal nutrition for the reciprocals of the F1, F2, and backcross to the cleft palate line. Two cases of cleft palate were found in dead embryos of 1368 F1 observations. These may not have represented the genetic trait under study. The response of egg hatchability to riboflavin deficiency was shown to be earlier for cleft palate line hens than for F1 hens, but no maternal effects were found for cleft palate incidence. The frequency of cleft palate in the F2 increased from 0.7% during normal maternal nutrition, to 4.4% during maternal riboflavin deficiency. A similar increase from 8.0% to 12.4% was seen in the backcross progeny. The cleft palate trait was found to be semi-lethal, with mortality associated with severe expression of the trait. No significant sex differences in cleft palate incidence was found in the F2 or backcross generations. The F2 and backcross cleft palate data fit models of genetic control by 3 recessive loci during normal maternal nutrition, and 2 recessive loci during maternal riboflavin deficiency. Penetrance was indicated to be under additive genetic control, and the average was calculated to be between 50 and 75% for all cases. The loss of relevance of one locus during maternal riboflavin deficiency was interpreted to indicate that the homozygous recessive condition at that locus gave disturbed riboflavin metabolism. It was further interpreted to explain the increased occurrence of some traits during teratogenic circumstances as due to the increased probability of obtaining recessive homozygosity at (n - 1) loci compared to (n) loci, and that the role of teratogens in some traits may be in mimicking specific genetic components of the traits.", "PMID": 1178592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6687", "title": "Effect of various levels of egg yolk, milk, seminal plasma or blood serum on the respiration and reproductive efficiency of chicken spermatozoa.", "content": "Washed chicken spermatozoa were suspended in a phosphate buffer containing various concentrations of egg yolk, milk, seminal plasma or blood serum; sperm respiration, fertility and hatchability were measured. Concentrations of 4, 8, 16 and 32% chicken or turkey egg yolk decreased the respiration rate of spermatozoa after 120 min. of incubation at 41 degrees C., while pasteurized milk at similar concentrations stimulated oxygen uptake. Also, concentrations of 16% raw milk, 32% seminal plasma and 32% preovulation blood serum increased respiration rates. In general, fertility was not affected by most concentrations of seminal plasma, milk or turkey egg yolk. However, as the concentration of chicken egg yolk increased fertility decreased. All levels of blood serum significantly reduced the fertilizing capacity when compared to the 0% level. Hatchability was not affected by any of the additives tested.", "contents": "Effect of various levels of egg yolk, milk, seminal plasma or blood serum on the respiration and reproductive efficiency of chicken spermatozoa. Washed chicken spermatozoa were suspended in a phosphate buffer containing various concentrations of egg yolk, milk, seminal plasma or blood serum; sperm respiration, fertility and hatchability were measured. Concentrations of 4, 8, 16 and 32% chicken or turkey egg yolk decreased the respiration rate of spermatozoa after 120 min. of incubation at 41 degrees C., while pasteurized milk at similar concentrations stimulated oxygen uptake. Also, concentrations of 16% raw milk, 32% seminal plasma and 32% preovulation blood serum increased respiration rates. In general, fertility was not affected by most concentrations of seminal plasma, milk or turkey egg yolk. However, as the concentration of chicken egg yolk increased fertility decreased. All levels of blood serum significantly reduced the fertilizing capacity when compared to the 0% level. Hatchability was not affected by any of the additives tested.", "PMID": 1178593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6688", "title": "Exposure of eggs to ultrasound during incubation and its effect on hatchability and growth.", "content": "An experiment was undertaken to study the effect of exposing incubating embryos to short ultrasonic pulses across the intact egg shell. Three minute exposures to 2.25 MHz. pulses, average incident intensity equals 28.6 mW./cm.2, failed to show any effect on embryonic mutation, hatchability, sex ratio, or body weight. On the average the ultrasonic absorption of the egg shells ranged from 26 dB./mm. at 0.6 MHz. to 100 dB./mm. at 2.25 MHz. The transmitted power incident on the blastodisc, consisting mainly of spectrum components below 1.0 MHz., was estimated at congruent to 1% of the incident power.", "contents": "Exposure of eggs to ultrasound during incubation and its effect on hatchability and growth. An experiment was undertaken to study the effect of exposing incubating embryos to short ultrasonic pulses across the intact egg shell. Three minute exposures to 2.25 MHz. pulses, average incident intensity equals 28.6 mW./cm.2, failed to show any effect on embryonic mutation, hatchability, sex ratio, or body weight. On the average the ultrasonic absorption of the egg shells ranged from 26 dB./mm. at 0.6 MHz. to 100 dB./mm. at 2.25 MHz. The transmitted power incident on the blastodisc, consisting mainly of spectrum components below 1.0 MHz., was estimated at congruent to 1% of the incident power.", "PMID": 1178594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6689", "title": "Factors affecting liver fat accumulation and liver hemorrhages associated with fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome in laying chickens.", "content": "A series of four experiments was conducted with a commercial strain of laying chickens in an attempt to experimentally produce Fatty Liver-Hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS). Different dietary energy sources, environmental temperatures and feeding schedules were the experimental variables. Increasing the environmental temperature from 12.2 degrees C. (experiment 1) to 27.8 degrees C. (experiment 2) did not drastically alter total liver fat, 2.7 g. (experiment 1) vs. 2.9 g. (experiment 2) or the incidence of FLHS, 0.0% (experiment 1) vs. 1.0% (experiment 2). Likewise, in experiment 4, changing the environmental temperature from 22.2 degrees C. to 30.6 degrees C. or from 30.6 degrees C. to 22.2 degrees C. did not significantly (P greater than .05) alter total liver fat or liver wet weight. The greatest incidence (50%) of FLHS occurred in birds which were restricted in feed intake and exposed to an environmental temperature of 30.6 degrees C. from 32-36 weeks of age followed by ad libitum feeding at a temperature of 22.2 degrees C. from 36-40 weeks of age. These birds ate 26.8% more feed than the control birds during the ad libitum feeding period. Restricted feed schedules (experiment 3) resulted in significantly (P less than .05) lower 40 week liver wet weights and total fat when applied during the growing (14-20 weeks of age) and early lay (20-28 weeks of age) periods.", "contents": "Factors affecting liver fat accumulation and liver hemorrhages associated with fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome in laying chickens. A series of four experiments was conducted with a commercial strain of laying chickens in an attempt to experimentally produce Fatty Liver-Hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS). Different dietary energy sources, environmental temperatures and feeding schedules were the experimental variables. Increasing the environmental temperature from 12.2 degrees C. (experiment 1) to 27.8 degrees C. (experiment 2) did not drastically alter total liver fat, 2.7 g. (experiment 1) vs. 2.9 g. (experiment 2) or the incidence of FLHS, 0.0% (experiment 1) vs. 1.0% (experiment 2). Likewise, in experiment 4, changing the environmental temperature from 22.2 degrees C. to 30.6 degrees C. or from 30.6 degrees C. to 22.2 degrees C. did not significantly (P greater than .05) alter total liver fat or liver wet weight. The greatest incidence (50%) of FLHS occurred in birds which were restricted in feed intake and exposed to an environmental temperature of 30.6 degrees C. from 32-36 weeks of age followed by ad libitum feeding at a temperature of 22.2 degrees C. from 36-40 weeks of age. These birds ate 26.8% more feed than the control birds during the ad libitum feeding period. Restricted feed schedules (experiment 3) resulted in significantly (P less than .05) lower 40 week liver wet weights and total fat when applied during the growing (14-20 weeks of age) and early lay (20-28 weeks of age) periods.", "PMID": 1178595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6690", "title": "Peripheral serum levels of 17beta estradiol in growing turkey hens.", "content": "Broad Breasted Bronze turkey hens 8 to 41 weeks of age were bled at regular intervals and serum 17beta estradiol cencentrations were determined by RIA. The variable levels of estradiol prior to significantly higher concentrations at 28 weeks of age are believed to be characteristic of approaching sexual maturity after which the variability of concentrations is absent. With light stimulation, the concentrations again increase till egg production commences. The estradiol concentrations then decrease and begin to show rhythmic variation during the ovulatory cycle.", "contents": "Peripheral serum levels of 17beta estradiol in growing turkey hens. Broad Breasted Bronze turkey hens 8 to 41 weeks of age were bled at regular intervals and serum 17beta estradiol cencentrations were determined by RIA. The variable levels of estradiol prior to significantly higher concentrations at 28 weeks of age are believed to be characteristic of approaching sexual maturity after which the variability of concentrations is absent. With light stimulation, the concentrations again increase till egg production commences. The estradiol concentrations then decrease and begin to show rhythmic variation during the ovulatory cycle.", "PMID": 1178596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6691", "title": "Tonsil abscesses of pigeons.", "content": "Histological examination of the soft palates of pigeons revealed tonsilar abscesses as the cause of white spots, which were observed grossly.", "contents": "Tonsil abscesses of pigeons. Histological examination of the soft palates of pigeons revealed tonsilar abscesses as the cause of white spots, which were observed grossly.", "PMID": 1178598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6692", "title": "Relationships between dietary and plasma concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in intact and ultimobranchialectomized chickens.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted with cockerels to determine whether the presence or absence of the ultimobranchial glands would influence the relationship between dietary and plasma calcium and phosphorus. Broiler type cockerels, 16 weeks of age which had been sham operated (SHAM) or ultimobranchialectomized (UBX) 1 to 3 weeks earlier, were fed diets containing 0.8 or 2.4% calcium and 0.13 to 0.33% phosphorus. The SHAM cockerels fed diets containing 0.8% Ca and 0.13% P did not develop hypercalcemia whereas the UBX cockerels fed this diet developed slight significant hypercalcemia after 17 to 21 days. In Experiment I, SHAM cockerels fed the diet containing 2.4% Ca and 0.13% P developed mild, chronic hypercalcemia (12.7 mg./100 ml.) with a plasma phosphorus of 3.03 mg. P/100 ml., whereas the UBX cockerels fed the same diet developed severe hypercalcemia (16.0 mg./100 ml.) and hypophosphatemia, 1.68 mg. P/100 ml. In Experiment 2 the following plasma values were observed after 17 days of consuming the experimental diets: SHAM fed 2.4% Ca and 0.13% P had 10.6 mg. Ca/100 ml. and 3.59 mg. P/100 ml., whereas UBX fed the same diet had 12.8 mg. Ca/100 ml. and 2.24 mg. P/100 ml. The UBX fed 2.4% Ca and 0.33% P for 17 days had plasma values of 10.8 mg. Ca/100 ml. and 4.48 mg. P/100 ml. It is concluded that the presence of the ultimobrancial glands are essential to the regulation of plasma calcium and phosphorus in chickens which consume high calcium-low phosphorus diets.", "contents": "Relationships between dietary and plasma concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in intact and ultimobranchialectomized chickens. Two experiments were conducted with cockerels to determine whether the presence or absence of the ultimobranchial glands would influence the relationship between dietary and plasma calcium and phosphorus. Broiler type cockerels, 16 weeks of age which had been sham operated (SHAM) or ultimobranchialectomized (UBX) 1 to 3 weeks earlier, were fed diets containing 0.8 or 2.4% calcium and 0.13 to 0.33% phosphorus. The SHAM cockerels fed diets containing 0.8% Ca and 0.13% P did not develop hypercalcemia whereas the UBX cockerels fed this diet developed slight significant hypercalcemia after 17 to 21 days. In Experiment I, SHAM cockerels fed the diet containing 2.4% Ca and 0.13% P developed mild, chronic hypercalcemia (12.7 mg./100 ml.) with a plasma phosphorus of 3.03 mg. P/100 ml., whereas the UBX cockerels fed the same diet developed severe hypercalcemia (16.0 mg./100 ml.) and hypophosphatemia, 1.68 mg. P/100 ml. In Experiment 2 the following plasma values were observed after 17 days of consuming the experimental diets: SHAM fed 2.4% Ca and 0.13% P had 10.6 mg. Ca/100 ml. and 3.59 mg. P/100 ml., whereas UBX fed the same diet had 12.8 mg. Ca/100 ml. and 2.24 mg. P/100 ml. The UBX fed 2.4% Ca and 0.33% P for 17 days had plasma values of 10.8 mg. Ca/100 ml. and 4.48 mg. P/100 ml. It is concluded that the presence of the ultimobrancial glands are essential to the regulation of plasma calcium and phosphorus in chickens which consume high calcium-low phosphorus diets.", "PMID": 1178597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6693", "title": "Some responses of laying hens to induced arrest of egg production.", "content": "Arrest of egg production was induced by forced-molt (artificial light deprivation and feed deprivation for 10 days followed by 20 days of grain only) and by low-calcium regime in one experiment, and by Nicarbazin in another. Post-arrest production and shell quality significantly surpassed the control in the force-molt but not in the low-Ca treatment. At the onset of production, following the pause, egg weight and shell weight per unit of surface area rapidly increased up to the 9-10th egg. In the second trial, feed intake declined in about one week after the arrest in egg production to a non-layer level. During this week, body weight increased. However, despite the increase in feed intake after the onset of production, pre-arrest levels were not obtained even after 11 days, resulting in a loss of body weight. The separation of flock production into its components, rate of production of the layers, and the proportion of layers in the flock, is proposed.", "contents": "Some responses of laying hens to induced arrest of egg production. Arrest of egg production was induced by forced-molt (artificial light deprivation and feed deprivation for 10 days followed by 20 days of grain only) and by low-calcium regime in one experiment, and by Nicarbazin in another. Post-arrest production and shell quality significantly surpassed the control in the force-molt but not in the low-Ca treatment. At the onset of production, following the pause, egg weight and shell weight per unit of surface area rapidly increased up to the 9-10th egg. In the second trial, feed intake declined in about one week after the arrest in egg production to a non-layer level. During this week, body weight increased. However, despite the increase in feed intake after the onset of production, pre-arrest levels were not obtained even after 11 days, resulting in a loss of body weight. The separation of flock production into its components, rate of production of the layers, and the proportion of layers in the flock, is proposed.", "PMID": 1178599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6694", "title": "Effect of sulfur-containing dietary supplements on gizzard lining erosions.", "content": "Three experiments were conducted with crystalline amino acid basal diets containing 5% isolated soy protein to ascertain the supplementary effect of sulfur-containing compounds on blood constituents and gizzard lining erosion. At the 0.40% methionine dietary level, the plasma albumin protein values were improved by supplements of sulfate and fishery products, whereas, the globulin values were variable. At the methionine content of 0.55%, the hematocrit value was also increased. Taurine, cysteic acid or fish meal ash did not improve the growth of chicks fed 0.45% methionine. Gizzard lining erosions were quite prevalent and severe when chicks were fed inadequate methionine and were improved considerably but not totally prevented by the 0.70 to 1.25% levels of sulfur amino acids.", "contents": "Effect of sulfur-containing dietary supplements on gizzard lining erosions. Three experiments were conducted with crystalline amino acid basal diets containing 5% isolated soy protein to ascertain the supplementary effect of sulfur-containing compounds on blood constituents and gizzard lining erosion. At the 0.40% methionine dietary level, the plasma albumin protein values were improved by supplements of sulfate and fishery products, whereas, the globulin values were variable. At the methionine content of 0.55%, the hematocrit value was also increased. Taurine, cysteic acid or fish meal ash did not improve the growth of chicks fed 0.45% methionine. Gizzard lining erosions were quite prevalent and severe when chicks were fed inadequate methionine and were improved considerably but not totally prevented by the 0.70 to 1.25% levels of sulfur amino acids.", "PMID": 1178600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6695", "title": "The phosphorus needs of young broiler chicks in relationship to dietary nutrient density level.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine if the dietary need of the broiler chick for available phosphorus remained in constant ratio to the energy content of the diet. Corn-soybean meal diets were prepared with dietary energy levels of 2970, 3190 and 3410 M.E. kcal./kg. with inorganic P levels from 0.13 to 0.63% in increments of 0.10%. Least squares analyses were used to determine points of maximum response for body weight tibia ash, and efficiency of feed utilization through 28 days of age. Small but consistent reductions were observed in available phosphorus energy ratios as the dietary energy level increased. For maximum response chicks needed the following levels of inorganic phosphorus per 1000 M.E. kcal./kg. at 2970, 3190 and 3410 M.E. kcal./kg., respectively: (a) for body weight, 0.159, 0.153, 0.144%; (b) for tibia ash, 0.170, 0.168, 0.151%; (c) for feed utilization, 0.153, 0.145, 0.138%.", "contents": "The phosphorus needs of young broiler chicks in relationship to dietary nutrient density level. A study was conducted to determine if the dietary need of the broiler chick for available phosphorus remained in constant ratio to the energy content of the diet. Corn-soybean meal diets were prepared with dietary energy levels of 2970, 3190 and 3410 M.E. kcal./kg. with inorganic P levels from 0.13 to 0.63% in increments of 0.10%. Least squares analyses were used to determine points of maximum response for body weight tibia ash, and efficiency of feed utilization through 28 days of age. Small but consistent reductions were observed in available phosphorus energy ratios as the dietary energy level increased. For maximum response chicks needed the following levels of inorganic phosphorus per 1000 M.E. kcal./kg. at 2970, 3190 and 3410 M.E. kcal./kg., respectively: (a) for body weight, 0.159, 0.153, 0.144%; (b) for tibia ash, 0.170, 0.168, 0.151%; (c) for feed utilization, 0.153, 0.145, 0.138%.", "PMID": 1178601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6696", "title": "Variation in the metabolizable energy values of diets and dietary components fed to adult roosters.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to measure the variability of the M.E. values of diets and dietary ingredients fed to adult S.C.W.L. roosters. The first experiment was concerned  with the variability between birds and days, the acclimatization to dietary change and the effect of the nitrogen correction. The standard error of the mean dietary M.E. value appropriate to an individual bird on one day was found to be 0.073 kcal./g. Increasing the number of days of excreta collection reduced this value slightly faster than did increasing the number of birds. The results suggest that the dietary acclimatization period should be at least 48 hr. The nitrogen correction was very small and of doubtful value. The second experiment comprised 5 bioassays in each of which 6 different samples of grain were fed at 3 levels of dietary inclusion (25, 50 and 75%) to birds drawn from the population used in the first experiment. The standard error of the mean dietary M.E. value was in agreement with the earlier value. The variance of ingredient M.E. values increased as the level of dietary inclusion decreased. Standard deviations of the mean M.E. value of an ingredient predicted from the data of the first experiment were in agreement with actual values observed in the second experiment. It is concluded that the adult rooster is suitable for use in bioassays designed to measure the M.E. values of diets and ingredients.", "contents": "Variation in the metabolizable energy values of diets and dietary components fed to adult roosters. Two experiments were conducted to measure the variability of the M.E. values of diets and dietary ingredients fed to adult S.C.W.L. roosters. The first experiment was concerned  with the variability between birds and days, the acclimatization to dietary change and the effect of the nitrogen correction. The standard error of the mean dietary M.E. value appropriate to an individual bird on one day was found to be 0.073 kcal./g. Increasing the number of days of excreta collection reduced this value slightly faster than did increasing the number of birds. The results suggest that the dietary acclimatization period should be at least 48 hr. The nitrogen correction was very small and of doubtful value. The second experiment comprised 5 bioassays in each of which 6 different samples of grain were fed at 3 levels of dietary inclusion (25, 50 and 75%) to birds drawn from the population used in the first experiment. The standard error of the mean dietary M.E. value was in agreement with the earlier value. The variance of ingredient M.E. values increased as the level of dietary inclusion decreased. Standard deviations of the mean M.E. value of an ingredient predicted from the data of the first experiment were in agreement with actual values observed in the second experiment. It is concluded that the adult rooster is suitable for use in bioassays designed to measure the M.E. values of diets and ingredients.", "PMID": 1178602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6697", "title": "The incidences of leg and foot abnormalities in Wrolstad White turkeys.", "content": "The leg and foot abnormalities of a flock of 911 Wrolstad White turkeys were described and were analyzed statistically to determine the relationship of the incidences of leg and foot abnormalities to sex and body weight of the turkeys. Body weight and a visual observation of the condition of legs and feet of each turkey were recorded at the age of nearly 12 weeks. The sex of each turkey had been recorded at one day of age. Based on chi-square contingency tables, the incidence of the leg and foot abnormalities was related to sex. The male turkeys were far more likely to experience leg and foot abnormalities than were the females. The incidence rate of severe leg and foot abnormalities was 16.1% for the males and 4.8% for females. The incidence of leg and foot abnormalities was not related to weight per se. The light turkeys of either sex were just as likely as the heavy turkeys of the same sex to have leg and foot abnormalities.", "contents": "The incidences of leg and foot abnormalities in Wrolstad White turkeys. The leg and foot abnormalities of a flock of 911 Wrolstad White turkeys were described and were analyzed statistically to determine the relationship of the incidences of leg and foot abnormalities to sex and body weight of the turkeys. Body weight and a visual observation of the condition of legs and feet of each turkey were recorded at the age of nearly 12 weeks. The sex of each turkey had been recorded at one day of age. Based on chi-square contingency tables, the incidence of the leg and foot abnormalities was related to sex. The male turkeys were far more likely to experience leg and foot abnormalities than were the females. The incidence rate of severe leg and foot abnormalities was 16.1% for the males and 4.8% for females. The incidence of leg and foot abnormalities was not related to weight per se. The light turkeys of either sex were just as likely as the heavy turkeys of the same sex to have leg and foot abnormalities.", "PMID": 1178603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6698", "title": "Status of the digestive system and tibiae of cropectomized hens at night.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of cropectomy on the total amount and calcium content of ingesta in the digestive tract of the laying hen at night, as well as to determine if any abnormal physiological changes had occurred in the cropectomized hens. Treatments were cropectomized, sham operated and unoperated control hens. The gizzards from cropectomized hens contained about twice as much feed at 7:30 p.m. as that of the controls. The gizzard weight, without contents, was also significantly heavier in cropectomized hens than that of the controls. At 7:30 p.m. total contents of the digestive system of cropectomized and control hens were 15.94 gm. versus 24.07 gm., respectively. The control birds also had 2.71 times more total calcium in the digestive system at 7:30 p.m. than the cropectomized birds. The contents of the small intestine of cropectomized birds had 17% more calcium at 7:30 p.m. than did that of the controls. However, by 5:30 a.m. the contents of the small intestine of the control birds had 3.17 times more calcium than did that of the cropectomized birds. No differences were found between treatments or between time periods in relation to tibia breaking strength, calcium content of tibia or percent tibia ash. The degree of dietary calcium deficiency at night appears to be greater with cropectomized hens, even though the gizzard compensates, in part, for the loss in storage capacity of the crop. It is hypothesized from these data that the crop is an important and necessary organ in the laying hen for supplying nutrients throughout the night when the hen is not consuming feed.", "contents": "Status of the digestive system and tibiae of cropectomized hens at night. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of cropectomy on the total amount and calcium content of ingesta in the digestive tract of the laying hen at night, as well as to determine if any abnormal physiological changes had occurred in the cropectomized hens. Treatments were cropectomized, sham operated and unoperated control hens. The gizzards from cropectomized hens contained about twice as much feed at 7:30 p.m. as that of the controls. The gizzard weight, without contents, was also significantly heavier in cropectomized hens than that of the controls. At 7:30 p.m. total contents of the digestive system of cropectomized and control hens were 15.94 gm. versus 24.07 gm., respectively. The control birds also had 2.71 times more total calcium in the digestive system at 7:30 p.m. than the cropectomized birds. The contents of the small intestine of cropectomized birds had 17% more calcium at 7:30 p.m. than did that of the controls. However, by 5:30 a.m. the contents of the small intestine of the control birds had 3.17 times more calcium than did that of the cropectomized birds. No differences were found between treatments or between time periods in relation to tibia breaking strength, calcium content of tibia or percent tibia ash. The degree of dietary calcium deficiency at night appears to be greater with cropectomized hens, even though the gizzard compensates, in part, for the loss in storage capacity of the crop. It is hypothesized from these data that the crop is an important and necessary organ in the laying hen for supplying nutrients throughout the night when the hen is not consuming feed.", "PMID": 1178604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6699", "title": "Behavioral and electrophysiological consequences of cycloheximide administration in chick embryos.", "content": "The effect of cycloheximide administration upon the spontaneous motility, electroencephalogram (EEG) and infra slow potential oscillations (ISPO) of brain hemispheres and upon the tectal optic evoked responses was investigated in 15-day- and 20-day-old chick embryos. Cycloheximide evoked in 15-day-old embryos, within some hours after systemic administration, a full depression of EEG activity and an apparent inhibition of spontaneous motility. The ISPO's of brain hemispheres remained unchanged during the entire investigation period. The inhibitory effect of cycloheximide was manifested in 20-day-old embryos by a high degree of ISPO depression only, whereas the EEG activity, optic evoked responses and spontaneous motility did not change. The information collected suggested that the different types of electrical activity generated in the brain at different stages of development were in different relationship to the normal proteosynthesis in embryonic brain tissue.", "contents": "Behavioral and electrophysiological consequences of cycloheximide administration in chick embryos. The effect of cycloheximide administration upon the spontaneous motility, electroencephalogram (EEG) and infra slow potential oscillations (ISPO) of brain hemispheres and upon the tectal optic evoked responses was investigated in 15-day- and 20-day-old chick embryos. Cycloheximide evoked in 15-day-old embryos, within some hours after systemic administration, a full depression of EEG activity and an apparent inhibition of spontaneous motility. The ISPO's of brain hemispheres remained unchanged during the entire investigation period. The inhibitory effect of cycloheximide was manifested in 20-day-old embryos by a high degree of ISPO depression only, whereas the EEG activity, optic evoked responses and spontaneous motility did not change. The information collected suggested that the different types of electrical activity generated in the brain at different stages of development were in different relationship to the normal proteosynthesis in embryonic brain tissue.", "PMID": 1178605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6700", "title": "Thyroid metabolism in the recessive sex-linked dwarf female chicken. 1. Age related changes in thyroid hormone synthesis and circulating thyroid hormone levels.", "content": "Age related changes in the levels of circulating thyroid hormones as well as the type of hormones synthesized in the thyroid glands from normal and sex-linked recessive dwarf, female chickens were studied. The impact of the presence of the dwarf gene on the parameters measured was minimal but significant alterations in the types of hormones produced in the thyroid gland with increasing age were observed. As the birds approached sexual maturity, the synthesis of triiodothyronine increased sharply such that the ratio of triiodothyronine (T3): tetraiodothyronine (T4) was approximately 15:1. This was in contrast to the T3:T4 ratio of younger birds which was approximately 0.7:1.0. This shift in hormone synthesis was reflected in relatively more circulating T3 in laying hens when compared with younger birds. It was also noted that four week old dwarf birds had higher circulating T3 values than those found for the normals.", "contents": "Thyroid metabolism in the recessive sex-linked dwarf female chicken. 1. Age related changes in thyroid hormone synthesis and circulating thyroid hormone levels. Age related changes in the levels of circulating thyroid hormones as well as the type of hormones synthesized in the thyroid glands from normal and sex-linked recessive dwarf, female chickens were studied. The impact of the presence of the dwarf gene on the parameters measured was minimal but significant alterations in the types of hormones produced in the thyroid gland with increasing age were observed. As the birds approached sexual maturity, the synthesis of triiodothyronine increased sharply such that the ratio of triiodothyronine (T3): tetraiodothyronine (T4) was approximately 15:1. This was in contrast to the T3:T4 ratio of younger birds which was approximately 0.7:1.0. This shift in hormone synthesis was reflected in relatively more circulating T3 in laying hens when compared with younger birds. It was also noted that four week old dwarf birds had higher circulating T3 values than those found for the normals.", "PMID": 1178606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6701", "title": "Thyroid metabolism in the recessive sex-linked dwarf female chicken. 3. The influence of exogenous thyroid hormones in glycogen metabolism.", "content": "The influence of exogenous thyroid hormones on glycogen-body and liver glycogen was studied in fasted and full-fed 3 wk. old dwarf and non-dwarf White Leghorn chickens. The results indicated that in contrast to normals, the glycogen-body of the dwarf was still physiologically active at age 3 wks. and they also exhibited a relatively higher liver glycogen concentration. The liver glycogen concentration was significantly higher in T3-treated, full-fed dwarf chickens when compared with other groups. The data were interpreted to suggest that the differential response observed in both dwarf and non-dwarf chickens of increasing liver glycogen levels with T3 and T4 injections indicated that the proper ratios of serum T3:T4 were probably more vital to the normal metabolic functions than changes in the individual concentrations of either T3 or T4.", "contents": "Thyroid metabolism in the recessive sex-linked dwarf female chicken. 3. The influence of exogenous thyroid hormones in glycogen metabolism. The influence of exogenous thyroid hormones on glycogen-body and liver glycogen was studied in fasted and full-fed 3 wk. old dwarf and non-dwarf White Leghorn chickens. The results indicated that in contrast to normals, the glycogen-body of the dwarf was still physiologically active at age 3 wks. and they also exhibited a relatively higher liver glycogen concentration. The liver glycogen concentration was significantly higher in T3-treated, full-fed dwarf chickens when compared with other groups. The data were interpreted to suggest that the differential response observed in both dwarf and non-dwarf chickens of increasing liver glycogen levels with T3 and T4 injections indicated that the proper ratios of serum T3:T4 were probably more vital to the normal metabolic functions than changes in the individual concentrations of either T3 or T4.", "PMID": 1178607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6702", "title": "Thyroid metabolism in the recessive sex-linked dwarf female chicken. 4. The influence of exogenous thyroid hormones on amino acid uptake by plasma and tissues.", "content": "The influence of exogenous triiodothyronine (T3) or tetraiodothyronine (T4) on the incorporation of 3H-labelled methionine, alanine and lysine into plasma, liver and kidney was studied in 4 wk. old dwarf and non-dwarf female, White Leghorn chickens. The response to exogenous T3 or T4 of the birds was directly dependent on the dwarf status as well as the tissue and/or amino acid studied. In general, there was a decreased amino acid uptake by dwarfs and T3 and/or T4 depressed amino acid uptake in all combinations studied except for the uptake of lysine by the kidney of the dwarf. In that tissue, T4 administration caused a significant increase in lysine incorporation. The results found probably were due to different tissue amino compositions or rates of synthesis of proteins by dwarf birds when compared to normals and a differential sensitivity of dwarf birds to changed T3/T4 ratios.", "contents": "Thyroid metabolism in the recessive sex-linked dwarf female chicken. 4. The influence of exogenous thyroid hormones on amino acid uptake by plasma and tissues. The influence of exogenous triiodothyronine (T3) or tetraiodothyronine (T4) on the incorporation of 3H-labelled methionine, alanine and lysine into plasma, liver and kidney was studied in 4 wk. old dwarf and non-dwarf female, White Leghorn chickens. The response to exogenous T3 or T4 of the birds was directly dependent on the dwarf status as well as the tissue and/or amino acid studied. In general, there was a decreased amino acid uptake by dwarfs and T3 and/or T4 depressed amino acid uptake in all combinations studied except for the uptake of lysine by the kidney of the dwarf. In that tissue, T4 administration caused a significant increase in lysine incorporation. The results found probably were due to different tissue amino compositions or rates of synthesis of proteins by dwarf birds when compared to normals and a differential sensitivity of dwarf birds to changed T3/T4 ratios.", "PMID": 1178608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6703", "title": "Thyroid metabolism in the recessive sex-linked dwarf female chicken. 5. Effects of exogenous thyroid hormones on amino acid uptake by eggs.", "content": "The incorporation of L-methionine-3H(G) and L-lysine-4,5'3H(n) into egg albumen by dwarf and non-dwarf White Leghorn hens was studied together with the influence of exogenous triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) on those incorporation patterns. The results were influenced by the amino acid studied and by the strain of bird. The maximum uptake of methionine was a day 1 for the normal and at day 4 for the dwarf which suggested that the dwarf was storing methionine in the tissue first before incorporation into albumen. If the birds were given T3 the maximum for the normal was at day 1 and day 3 for the dwarfs. When T4 was given the maximum uptake was found at day 5 for normals, and at day  2 for dwarfs. In the dwarf, T4 administration essentially corrected the decreased rate uptake of methionine but markedly retarded its uptake by the normal birds. The results for lysine were quite different. The maximum uptake was on day 4 in control, day 3 for T3-treated and day 1 for T4-treated, normal birds. In dwarf birds, the maximum was at day 2 for the control and T4-treated, and day 4 for T3-treated groups. The data were interpreted to suggest strain differences in amino acid uptake patterns due to different rates of synthesis or composition of egg albumen and marked differences in response or recptor sites to thyroid hormones.", "contents": "Thyroid metabolism in the recessive sex-linked dwarf female chicken. 5. Effects of exogenous thyroid hormones on amino acid uptake by eggs. The incorporation of L-methionine-3H(G) and L-lysine-4,5'3H(n) into egg albumen by dwarf and non-dwarf White Leghorn hens was studied together with the influence of exogenous triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) on those incorporation patterns. The results were influenced by the amino acid studied and by the strain of bird. The maximum uptake of methionine was a day 1 for the normal and at day 4 for the dwarf which suggested that the dwarf was storing methionine in the tissue first before incorporation into albumen. If the birds were given T3 the maximum for the normal was at day 1 and day 3 for the dwarfs. When T4 was given the maximum uptake was found at day 5 for normals, and at day  2 for dwarfs. In the dwarf, T4 administration essentially corrected the decreased rate uptake of methionine but markedly retarded its uptake by the normal birds. The results for lysine were quite different. The maximum uptake was on day 4 in control, day 3 for T3-treated and day 1 for T4-treated, normal birds. In dwarf birds, the maximum was at day 2 for the control and T4-treated, and day 4 for T3-treated groups. The data were interpreted to suggest strain differences in amino acid uptake patterns due to different rates of synthesis or composition of egg albumen and marked differences in response or recptor sites to thyroid hormones.", "PMID": 1178609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6704", "title": "Effects of different temperature regimens on body composition and carry-over effects on energy metabolism of growing chickens.", "content": "Groups of cross-bred cockerels, four weeks of age, were held at 5 different temperature treatments (5-34 degrees C.) for 30 days, and were then killed at about 8 weeks of age. Food consumption and growth rate declined with increased temperature, and there was a significant increase in fat, and a decrease in water content of the carcasses. Calorimetric measurements at 20 degrees C. of pairs of starved birds after 7, 15 and 25 days exposure to different temperature regimens showed a decline in heat production (kJ./kg.W or W0.73) with increased temperature and with duration of prior treatment (kj./kg.W). Effects of previous temperature exposure were apparently not entirely dispelled when similar measurements were made on pairs of birds that had been on the treatments for at least 25 days and then held for 4 days at 20 degrees C. before measurements were commenced. Calorimetric measurements made at 20 degrees C. on fed pairs of birds during a 3-day period following at least 25 days of temperature treatment showed several carry-over effects. Metabolizable energy concentration of the diet and nitrogen retention increased, and heat increment decreased, as a result of prior exposure of the birds to increasing temperature.", "contents": "Effects of different temperature regimens on body composition and carry-over effects on energy metabolism of growing chickens. Groups of cross-bred cockerels, four weeks of age, were held at 5 different temperature treatments (5-34 degrees C.) for 30 days, and were then killed at about 8 weeks of age. Food consumption and growth rate declined with increased temperature, and there was a significant increase in fat, and a decrease in water content of the carcasses. Calorimetric measurements at 20 degrees C. of pairs of starved birds after 7, 15 and 25 days exposure to different temperature regimens showed a decline in heat production (kJ./kg.W or W0.73) with increased temperature and with duration of prior treatment (kj./kg.W). Effects of previous temperature exposure were apparently not entirely dispelled when similar measurements were made on pairs of birds that had been on the treatments for at least 25 days and then held for 4 days at 20 degrees C. before measurements were commenced. Calorimetric measurements made at 20 degrees C. on fed pairs of birds during a 3-day period following at least 25 days of temperature treatment showed several carry-over effects. Metabolizable energy concentration of the diet and nitrogen retention increased, and heat increment decreased, as a result of prior exposure of the birds to increasing temperature.", "PMID": 1178610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6705", "title": "The ability of hens to adjust calcium intake when given a choice of diets containing two levels of calcium.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted in which 270 hens received a choice of diets offered in two plastic cups. The treatments consisted of hens fed diets containing 3.0%  calcium (Ca) in both cups, 6.0% Ca vs. 0.7% Ca, or 3.0% Ca vs. 0.7% Ca. Young hens exhibited the ability to discriminate between high and low levels of Ca. They greatly increased their consumption of the 3.0% Ca over the 0.7% Ca diet. Old birds showed an immediate marked aversion to the 6.0% Ca diet. They did not increase their consumption of the 3.0% Ca over the 0.7% Ca diet as did young hens. Reversing the position of the diets after the young hens' initial adjustment resulted in a reversal of the hens' positional preference for the feed. The birds tended to eat more of the higher calcium diet in the early morning and late afternoon, the times of greatest Ca need or anticipated need. This indicated that the young hens regulated their calcium intake according to metabolic need. Young hens in the regulating groups maintained egg production and egg weight, but not specific gravity of eggs nor serum calcium, at levels comparable to controls.", "contents": "The ability of hens to adjust calcium intake when given a choice of diets containing two levels of calcium. Two experiments were conducted in which 270 hens received a choice of diets offered in two plastic cups. The treatments consisted of hens fed diets containing 3.0%  calcium (Ca) in both cups, 6.0% Ca vs. 0.7% Ca, or 3.0% Ca vs. 0.7% Ca. Young hens exhibited the ability to discriminate between high and low levels of Ca. They greatly increased their consumption of the 3.0% Ca over the 0.7% Ca diet. Old birds showed an immediate marked aversion to the 6.0% Ca diet. They did not increase their consumption of the 3.0% Ca over the 0.7% Ca diet as did young hens. Reversing the position of the diets after the young hens' initial adjustment resulted in a reversal of the hens' positional preference for the feed. The birds tended to eat more of the higher calcium diet in the early morning and late afternoon, the times of greatest Ca need or anticipated need. This indicated that the young hens regulated their calcium intake according to metabolic need. Young hens in the regulating groups maintained egg production and egg weight, but not specific gravity of eggs nor serum calcium, at levels comparable to controls.", "PMID": 1178611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6706", "title": "Adrenal function in chickens experiencing mercury toxicity.", "content": "Dietary mercury when administered to young chickens via the drinking water depressed growth, increased the rate of mortality and inhibited the normal maturation of the adrenal glands. Additionally, deficiencies of cholesterol and corticosterone were demonstrated in the adrenals. The exogenous administration of 0.5 or 1.5 mg. of corticosterone/100 gm. of body weight alleviated, in part, the toxic effects of mercury as evidenced by a rapid increase in body weight.", "contents": "Adrenal function in chickens experiencing mercury toxicity. Dietary mercury when administered to young chickens via the drinking water depressed growth, increased the rate of mortality and inhibited the normal maturation of the adrenal glands. Additionally, deficiencies of cholesterol and corticosterone were demonstrated in the adrenals. The exogenous administration of 0.5 or 1.5 mg. of corticosterone/100 gm. of body weight alleviated, in part, the toxic effects of mercury as evidenced by a rapid increase in body weight.", "PMID": 1178612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6707", "title": "Factors associated with utilization of the calcium salt of methionine hydroxy analogue by the young chick.", "content": "Six growth assays were conducted using crystalline amino acid diets to investigate the efficacy of methionine hydroxy analogue (OH-M) as a precursor of sulfur bearing amino acids (SAA). The influence on OH-M utilization of dietary modifications of the methionine-cystine ratio, inorganic sulfate as K2SO4 and supplemental mixtures of the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) was explored. Performance of chicks fed OH-M was inferior to those fed an equivalent molar quantity of DL-methionine. Additional dietary  sulfate or supplemental mixtures of the branched-chain amino acids did not improve OH-M utilization. OH-M was found to support growth equal to that of 0.35% methionine and 0.35% cystine when fed at a level 25% above the SAA level provided by methionine and cystine. On a weight basis the calcium salt of OH-M has 88.15% OH-M activity. From assays reported herein the calcium salt of OH-M was calculated to have approximately 70% methionine activity.", "contents": "Factors associated with utilization of the calcium salt of methionine hydroxy analogue by the young chick. Six growth assays were conducted using crystalline amino acid diets to investigate the efficacy of methionine hydroxy analogue (OH-M) as a precursor of sulfur bearing amino acids (SAA). The influence on OH-M utilization of dietary modifications of the methionine-cystine ratio, inorganic sulfate as K2SO4 and supplemental mixtures of the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) was explored. Performance of chicks fed OH-M was inferior to those fed an equivalent molar quantity of DL-methionine. Additional dietary  sulfate or supplemental mixtures of the branched-chain amino acids did not improve OH-M utilization. OH-M was found to support growth equal to that of 0.35% methionine and 0.35% cystine when fed at a level 25% above the SAA level provided by methionine and cystine. On a weight basis the calcium salt of OH-M has 88.15% OH-M activity. From assays reported herein the calcium salt of OH-M was calculated to have approximately 70% methionine activity.", "PMID": 1178613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6708", "title": "Nonprotein nitrogen for growing chickens.", "content": "Diammonium citrate (DAC) and urea were not used beneficially as nitrogen sources in the diet of young chicks. Supplementation of 0.43% urea to a low-protein practical diet did not significantly affect gain or feed efficiency. Adding 2.85% or 5.70% DAC to a low-protein basal depressed growth and feed efficiency significantly. Percentages of nitrogen intake absorbed and retained by chicks were depressed by DAC. When diets were balanced by added amino acids. DAC did not depress weight gains, but nitrogen percentage retention was still decreased by DAC.", "contents": "Nonprotein nitrogen for growing chickens. Diammonium citrate (DAC) and urea were not used beneficially as nitrogen sources in the diet of young chicks. Supplementation of 0.43% urea to a low-protein practical diet did not significantly affect gain or feed efficiency. Adding 2.85% or 5.70% DAC to a low-protein basal depressed growth and feed efficiency significantly. Percentages of nitrogen intake absorbed and retained by chicks were depressed by DAC. When diets were balanced by added amino acids. DAC did not depress weight gains, but nitrogen percentage retention was still decreased by DAC.", "PMID": 1178614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6709", "title": "The effect of environmental temperature and sodium intake on 22Na retention.", "content": "A total of 60 broiler-type birds three weeks of age were divided into two groups and acclimated for three weeks at either 8 degrees or 30 degrees C. Twenty birds from each environment were fed conventional broiler ration and ten birds were fed a ration with no sodium chloride added. The 22Na retention was significantly higher in birds acclimated at 30 degrees C., than in those held at the 8 degrees C. environment. Birds receiving a diet with normal sodium intake had a significantly lower 22Na retention than those receiving a sodium deficient diet. There was no significant differences in 22Na retention between the birds from the two environmental temperatures receiving low sodium intake. It was concluded that the sodium intake had a greater effect on sodium retention than the effect of the environmental temperature.", "contents": "The effect of environmental temperature and sodium intake on 22Na retention. A total of 60 broiler-type birds three weeks of age were divided into two groups and acclimated for three weeks at either 8 degrees or 30 degrees C. Twenty birds from each environment were fed conventional broiler ration and ten birds were fed a ration with no sodium chloride added. The 22Na retention was significantly higher in birds acclimated at 30 degrees C., than in those held at the 8 degrees C. environment. Birds receiving a diet with normal sodium intake had a significantly lower 22Na retention than those receiving a sodium deficient diet. There was no significant differences in 22Na retention between the birds from the two environmental temperatures receiving low sodium intake. It was concluded that the sodium intake had a greater effect on sodium retention than the effect of the environmental temperature.", "PMID": 1178615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6710", "title": "Influence of a fat-mobilizing substance from geese urine on geese and chickens.", "content": "A fat-mobilizing substance (FMS) was extracted from the urine of fasting, ad-libitum-fed or over-fed colostomized geese. Injection of these materials into geese and cockerels caused increases in plasma-free fatty acids (FFA). A marked anorexigenic effect was obtained in cockerels only, by the FMS obtained from ad-libitum-fed geese. The daily amount of FMS excreted in the urine was proportional to the amount of feed consumed.", "contents": "Influence of a fat-mobilizing substance from geese urine on geese and chickens. A fat-mobilizing substance (FMS) was extracted from the urine of fasting, ad-libitum-fed or over-fed colostomized geese. Injection of these materials into geese and cockerels caused increases in plasma-free fatty acids (FFA). A marked anorexigenic effect was obtained in cockerels only, by the FMS obtained from ad-libitum-fed geese. The daily amount of FMS excreted in the urine was proportional to the amount of feed consumed.", "PMID": 1178616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6711", "title": "A theoretical method for the determination of amino acid availabilty utilizing 14C labeled protein sources.", "content": "A theoretical method is described whereby the availabilities of amino acids from test proteins are determined relative to the availabilities of amino acids from egg albumen. The method requires that both the test protein and the egg albumen be 14C labeled. The relative availabilities of the amino acids are determined from the change in specific activities of the dietary amino acids and those recovered in the feces.", "contents": "A theoretical method for the determination of amino acid availabilty utilizing 14C labeled protein sources. A theoretical method is described whereby the availabilities of amino acids from test proteins are determined relative to the availabilities of amino acids from egg albumen. The method requires that both the test protein and the egg albumen be 14C labeled. The relative availabilities of the amino acids are determined from the change in specific activities of the dietary amino acids and those recovered in the feces.", "PMID": 1178617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6712", "title": "Incidence of adenotonsillectomy in children of women referred with gynaecological symptoms.", "content": "This study shows that there is an increased incidence of adenotonsillectomy in children of mothers with a gynaecological history and suggests that this has a neurotic basis.", "contents": "Incidence of adenotonsillectomy in children of women referred with gynaecological symptoms. This study shows that there is an increased incidence of adenotonsillectomy in children of mothers with a gynaecological history and suggests that this has a neurotic basis.", "PMID": 1178623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6713", "title": "Malignant change in chronic varicose ulceration.", "content": "Five patients are described, four of whom developed squamous-cell carcinoma in chronic venous ulcers and the fifth developed a basal-cell carcinoma at the site of chronic varicose ulceration.", "contents": "Malignant change in chronic varicose ulceration. Five patients are described, four of whom developed squamous-cell carcinoma in chronic venous ulcers and the fifth developed a basal-cell carcinoma at the site of chronic varicose ulceration.", "PMID": 1178627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6714", "title": "Purification and characterization of cardiac tropomyosins.", "content": "A new procedure was developed to purify tropomyosin. The procedure was an adaptation of that described for purification of myosin. By eliminating troponin before precipitating with (NH4)2 SO4, it was possible to obtain pure tropomyosin from the same preparation from which myosin was purified. When tropomyosin was subjected to isoelectrofocusing two tropomyosins were present, having similar isoelectric points of pH 5.4 and 5.6; two tropomyosin subunits were resolved in the presence of 6 M urea. The two subunits had very similar isoelectric points, pH 4.7 and 5.0. According to Ouchterlony analyses the tropomyosins from canine skeletal and cardiac tissue were immunologically identical when incubated with goat gammaG antitropomyosin (cardiac).", "contents": "Purification and characterization of cardiac tropomyosins. A new procedure was developed to purify tropomyosin. The procedure was an adaptation of that described for purification of myosin. By eliminating troponin before precipitating with (NH4)2 SO4, it was possible to obtain pure tropomyosin from the same preparation from which myosin was purified. When tropomyosin was subjected to isoelectrofocusing two tropomyosins were present, having similar isoelectric points of pH 5.4 and 5.6; two tropomyosin subunits were resolved in the presence of 6 M urea. The two subunits had very similar isoelectric points, pH 4.7 and 5.0. According to Ouchterlony analyses the tropomyosins from canine skeletal and cardiac tissue were immunologically identical when incubated with goat gammaG antitropomyosin (cardiac).", "PMID": 1178650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6715", "title": "Purification of filamentous plant viruses by thin layer centrifugation.", "content": "The construction of a modified thin layer ultracentrifuge rotor is described. This rotor was used in the purification of five filamentous plant viruses, viz. TMV, SCMV, PVX, SGV and YMC. The purification and concentration of these viruses in their monomeric forms is hazardous when conventional \"tube\" rotors are used since they invariably result in dissociation and aggregation of the virus particles. Using the thin layer rotor these infective agents may be concentrated in volumes of fluid equal to approximately 1% of the starting suspension and not as pellets obtained after ultracentrifugation is conventional \"tube\" rotors. Electron microscopy revealed that the virus particles concentrated by thin layer centrifugation  were not aggregated and that only few fragments of the virus filaments were present in the final preparations.", "contents": "Purification of filamentous plant viruses by thin layer centrifugation. The construction of a modified thin layer ultracentrifuge rotor is described. This rotor was used in the purification of five filamentous plant viruses, viz. TMV, SCMV, PVX, SGV and YMC. The purification and concentration of these viruses in their monomeric forms is hazardous when conventional \"tube\" rotors are used since they invariably result in dissociation and aggregation of the virus particles. Using the thin layer rotor these infective agents may be concentrated in volumes of fluid equal to approximately 1% of the starting suspension and not as pellets obtained after ultracentrifugation is conventional \"tube\" rotors. Electron microscopy revealed that the virus particles concentrated by thin layer centrifugation  were not aggregated and that only few fragments of the virus filaments were present in the final preparations.", "PMID": 1178651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6716", "title": "Polysome isolation of sepharose column chromatography.", "content": "Polysomes from the mouse myeloma MOPC-21 were purified by gel filtration of Sepharose 6B, 4B and 2B columns. All three columns eliminated nearly all intracellular material smaller than 40 S subunits. In addition, passage through 4B and 2B columns substantially reduced the amount of subunits and monosomes in the preparations. Purified polysomes retained structural integrity when stored at -85 degrees C for at least nine weeks.", "contents": "Polysome isolation of sepharose column chromatography. Polysomes from the mouse myeloma MOPC-21 were purified by gel filtration of Sepharose 6B, 4B and 2B columns. All three columns eliminated nearly all intracellular material smaller than 40 S subunits. In addition, passage through 4B and 2B columns substantially reduced the amount of subunits and monosomes in the preparations. Purified polysomes retained structural integrity when stored at -85 degrees C for at least nine weeks.", "PMID": 1178652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6717", "title": "Polysubstituted pyrazoles. Part 2: Sulphonamidophenylhydrazone-2-pyrazolin-4-ones and sulphonamidophenylazopyrazoles as potential anticancer agents.", "content": "The synthesis of some new derivatives of 1-[4-nitrophenyl]-5-[4-substituted sulphonamidophenylhydrazono]-2-pyrazolin-4-ones and 3,5-dimethyl-4-[4-substituted sulphonamidophenylazo]-pyrazoles is described. Bromination of ethyl 2-[nitrophenylhydrazono]-3-oxobutyrates in dry benzene afforded the 4-bromo derivatives which upon cyclization gave high yields of the 4-hydroxpyrazoles. Many other new intermediates were prepared and the results of the UV and IR spectral studies are discussed.", "contents": "Polysubstituted pyrazoles. Part 2: Sulphonamidophenylhydrazone-2-pyrazolin-4-ones and sulphonamidophenylazopyrazoles as potential anticancer agents. The synthesis of some new derivatives of 1-[4-nitrophenyl]-5-[4-substituted sulphonamidophenylhydrazono]-2-pyrazolin-4-ones and 3,5-dimethyl-4-[4-substituted sulphonamidophenylazo]-pyrazoles is described. Bromination of ethyl 2-[nitrophenylhydrazono]-3-oxobutyrates in dry benzene afforded the 4-bromo derivatives which upon cyclization gave high yields of the 4-hydroxpyrazoles. Many other new intermediates were prepared and the results of the UV and IR spectral studies are discussed.", "PMID": 1178757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6718", "title": "Quantitative determination of drugs by means of densitometry of thin-layer chromatograms. Part 5: Determination of the Vitamins B1, B2, B6 and B12 in mixture and in pharmaceutical preparations.", "content": "A quantitative t.l.c. densitometric method for the simultaneous determination of the water-soluble vitamins B1, B2, B6, and B12 is proposed. The four vitamins are determined on one and the same plate by direct densitometry of the t.l.c. spots. A preliminary separation of the vitamins one from another, as well as a preliminary separation from other pharmaceuticals is not necessary. The determination is performed quickly and easily. The relative standard deviations of a single determination are the following: for thiamine 6,6%, for riboflavin 5,5%, for pyridoxine 6,4%, and for cyanocobalamin 5,8%. The proposed method is applied to the determination of B-vitamins in three pharmaceutical preparations: ampoules B12 with B1, ampoules B-complex, and antisclerol dragee. The presence of other pharmaceuticals (vitamins C and PP, urethane, aminophenazone, phytin, rutin, theobromine, etc.) does not interfere with the determination.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of drugs by means of densitometry of thin-layer chromatograms. Part 5: Determination of the Vitamins B1, B2, B6 and B12 in mixture and in pharmaceutical preparations. A quantitative t.l.c. densitometric method for the simultaneous determination of the water-soluble vitamins B1, B2, B6, and B12 is proposed. The four vitamins are determined on one and the same plate by direct densitometry of the t.l.c. spots. A preliminary separation of the vitamins one from another, as well as a preliminary separation from other pharmaceuticals is not necessary. The determination is performed quickly and easily. The relative standard deviations of a single determination are the following: for thiamine 6,6%, for riboflavin 5,5%, for pyridoxine 6,4%, and for cyanocobalamin 5,8%. The proposed method is applied to the determination of B-vitamins in three pharmaceutical preparations: ampoules B12 with B1, ampoules B-complex, and antisclerol dragee. The presence of other pharmaceuticals (vitamins C and PP, urethane, aminophenazone, phytin, rutin, theobromine, etc.) does not interfere with the determination.", "PMID": 1178761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6719", "title": "The effect of crystal forms of some barbiturates on their pharmaceutical properties. Part 1: Phenobarbitone.", "content": "Up to 13 polymorphic forms of phenobarbitone have been reported in the literature. By melting the commercial sample and cooling under specified controlled conditions, three polymorphic forms II, II, XII, and a mixed form of II and III were obtained. The interconversion of the different forms was studied by special procedures including suspension in water, heating, and heavy dry grinding. The hydrated form XIII and a new hydrated one, designated XIV, were produced by suspending different other forms in water. Heating was found to affect transformation from any form to form I. IR spectroscopy and hot stage microscopy were used for the identification of the different polymorphic forms. Initial dissolution rate studies were carried out on only five forms. The dissolution rate constants were in the following decreasing order: II greater than III greater than I greater than XIV greater than XIII. Form II was found to dissolve at a rate constant about twice that of both hydrated forms.", "contents": "The effect of crystal forms of some barbiturates on their pharmaceutical properties. Part 1: Phenobarbitone. Up to 13 polymorphic forms of phenobarbitone have been reported in the literature. By melting the commercial sample and cooling under specified controlled conditions, three polymorphic forms II, II, XII, and a mixed form of II and III were obtained. The interconversion of the different forms was studied by special procedures including suspension in water, heating, and heavy dry grinding. The hydrated form XIII and a new hydrated one, designated XIV, were produced by suspending different other forms in water. Heating was found to affect transformation from any form to form I. IR spectroscopy and hot stage microscopy were used for the identification of the different polymorphic forms. Initial dissolution rate studies were carried out on only five forms. The dissolution rate constants were in the following decreasing order: II greater than III greater than I greater than XIV greater than XIII. Form II was found to dissolve at a rate constant about twice that of both hydrated forms.", "PMID": 1178762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6720", "title": "Investigation of some materials as dry binders for direct compression in tablet manufacture. Part 6: Effect of drug.", "content": "The effect of addition of ascorbic acid, which is a drug known to be difficult to compress directly, on the self-binding efficiency of tragacanth, Carbowax 4000, Plasdone, and mannitol were investigated. The flow properties of ascorbic acid of different particle sizes were determined since they would affect the flowability of the binders investigated and would help to determine the optimum particle size of the drug required for maximum binding efficiency.", "contents": "Investigation of some materials as dry binders for direct compression in tablet manufacture. Part 6: Effect of drug. The effect of addition of ascorbic acid, which is a drug known to be difficult to compress directly, on the self-binding efficiency of tragacanth, Carbowax 4000, Plasdone, and mannitol were investigated. The flow properties of ascorbic acid of different particle sizes were determined since they would affect the flowability of the binders investigated and would help to determine the optimum particle size of the drug required for maximum binding efficiency.", "PMID": 1178764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6721", "title": "Investigation of some materials as dry binders for direct compression in tablet manufacture. Part 7: Formulation and evaluation of ascorbic acid and phenobarbitone tablets.", "content": "Directly compressible powder blends containing either ascorbic acid or phenobarbitone, and utilizing tragacanth, Carbowax 4000, Plasdone, and mannitol as dry binders, were formulated. The flowability of the powder mixes prior to compression was determined. Furthermore, the tablets prepared according to the suggested formulae were tested for hardness, friability, uniformity of weight, distribution of active ingredient, disintegration, and dissolution. The effect of aging on the qualities of the tablets was also studied.", "contents": "Investigation of some materials as dry binders for direct compression in tablet manufacture. Part 7: Formulation and evaluation of ascorbic acid and phenobarbitone tablets. Directly compressible powder blends containing either ascorbic acid or phenobarbitone, and utilizing tragacanth, Carbowax 4000, Plasdone, and mannitol as dry binders, were formulated. The flowability of the powder mixes prior to compression was determined. Furthermore, the tablets prepared according to the suggested formulae were tested for hardness, friability, uniformity of weight, distribution of active ingredient, disintegration, and dissolution. The effect of aging on the qualities of the tablets was also studied.", "PMID": 1178765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6722", "title": "In vitro release of chloramphenicol from different suppository bases.", "content": "The release of chloramphenicol from different suppository bases has been investigated. It is proved that the release was dependent on drug solubility in the base, solubility of the base in test medium, and the melting point of the base and its chemical composition.", "contents": "In vitro release of chloramphenicol from different suppository bases. The release of chloramphenicol from different suppository bases has been investigated. It is proved that the release was dependent on drug solubility in the base, solubility of the base in test medium, and the melting point of the base and its chemical composition.", "PMID": 1178767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6723", "title": "In vitro release of noramidopyrine methansulfonate sodium from suppository as a function of particle size and concentration.", "content": "The effect of particle size and percentage concentration of noramidopyrine methansulfonate sodium on its release from Witepsol H 15 suppository base is studied. It is proved that the finer the drug particles the less its release and the more the drug concentration the more its release.", "contents": "In vitro release of noramidopyrine methansulfonate sodium from suppository as a function of particle size and concentration. The effect of particle size and percentage concentration of noramidopyrine methansulfonate sodium on its release from Witepsol H 15 suppository base is studied. It is proved that the finer the drug particles the less its release and the more the drug concentration the more its release.", "PMID": 1178768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6724", "title": "Dissolution of acetylsalicylic acid from acetylsalicylic acid-polyethylene glycol 6000 coprecipitates.", "content": "Investigation of possible enhancement of dissolution of acetylsalicylic acid via coprecipitation with polyethylene glycol 6000 was carried out. The results indicated that the initial amount of acetylsalicylic acid released from its coprecipitates or physical mixtures with polyethylene glycol 6000 was increased over that amount released from plain acetylsalicylic acid powder during the same period of time. This was attributed to lowering of the surface tension of the dissolution medium imparted by polyethylene glycol 6000. The effect of particle size of the coprecipitate on the dissolution rate of acetylsalicylic acid was also studied. Greater viscosity values produced by higher concentrations of polyethylene glycol 6000 in the coprecipitates appeared also to influence the dissolution rate of acetylsalicylic acid. The use of optimum concentration of polyethylene glycol 6000 in physical mixtures or coprecipitates would seem advantageous in the preparation of solid dosage forms containing acetylsalicylic acid.", "contents": "Dissolution of acetylsalicylic acid from acetylsalicylic acid-polyethylene glycol 6000 coprecipitates. Investigation of possible enhancement of dissolution of acetylsalicylic acid via coprecipitation with polyethylene glycol 6000 was carried out. The results indicated that the initial amount of acetylsalicylic acid released from its coprecipitates or physical mixtures with polyethylene glycol 6000 was increased over that amount released from plain acetylsalicylic acid powder during the same period of time. This was attributed to lowering of the surface tension of the dissolution medium imparted by polyethylene glycol 6000. The effect of particle size of the coprecipitate on the dissolution rate of acetylsalicylic acid was also studied. Greater viscosity values produced by higher concentrations of polyethylene glycol 6000 in the coprecipitates appeared also to influence the dissolution rate of acetylsalicylic acid. The use of optimum concentration of polyethylene glycol 6000 in physical mixtures or coprecipitates would seem advantageous in the preparation of solid dosage forms containing acetylsalicylic acid.", "PMID": 1178776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6725", "title": "Aggression in general-hospital patients.", "content": "The Buss-Durkee Inventory (BDI) rating for measuring aggression was performed on 125 consecutive female patients admitted to a general hospital. The test scores of different diagnostic groups were all on a intermediate level, and with the exception of slightly lower scores in patients with blood disorders, only few differences statistical significance were observed. The factor analysis of the test results revealed three factors: in addition to aggression factor (I) and hostility factor (II) a factor called remorse factor (III) was identified. The patient groups divided according to their medical diagnoses showed no differences with regard to these factors. The variance of factor scores could not be explained by such background variables as social class, marital status or domicile. There was, however, a highly significant negative correlation (-0.33) between age and the aggression factor. Finally, the concept of suppressed aggression and hostility and the role of aggression dynamics in the development of organic illness is discussed.", "contents": "Aggression in general-hospital patients. The Buss-Durkee Inventory (BDI) rating for measuring aggression was performed on 125 consecutive female patients admitted to a general hospital. The test scores of different diagnostic groups were all on a intermediate level, and with the exception of slightly lower scores in patients with blood disorders, only few differences statistical significance were observed. The factor analysis of the test results revealed three factors: in addition to aggression factor (I) and hostility factor (II) a factor called remorse factor (III) was identified. The patient groups divided according to their medical diagnoses showed no differences with regard to these factors. The variance of factor scores could not be explained by such background variables as social class, marital status or domicile. There was, however, a highly significant negative correlation (-0.33) between age and the aggression factor. Finally, the concept of suppressed aggression and hostility and the role of aggression dynamics in the development of organic illness is discussed.", "PMID": 1178797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6726", "title": "Cultural influences on the incidence and pattern of disease.", "content": "Society and its doctors influence disease patterns; examples are taken from two world wars. The high incidence of ulcerative colitis in Jews is seen as cultural rather than racial; differences and changes in the sex incidence of the disease are discussed in terms of altered male versus female r\u00f4les. The epidemiological puzzle of multiple sclerosis is examined from the standpoint of a cultural determinant possibly working through a psychosomatically disordered immune response. Hypotheses are advanced for the epidemic of duodenal ulcer and its recent decline accompanied by an increase in coronary disease. Sufferers from both disorders are 'work-addicts'; society's new disregard for work and the Puritan ethic may be influential.", "contents": "Cultural influences on the incidence and pattern of disease. Society and its doctors influence disease patterns; examples are taken from two world wars. The high incidence of ulcerative colitis in Jews is seen as cultural rather than racial; differences and changes in the sex incidence of the disease are discussed in terms of altered male versus female r\u00f4les. The epidemiological puzzle of multiple sclerosis is examined from the standpoint of a cultural determinant possibly working through a psychosomatically disordered immune response. Hypotheses are advanced for the epidemic of duodenal ulcer and its recent decline accompanied by an increase in coronary disease. Sufferers from both disorders are 'work-addicts'; society's new disregard for work and the Puritan ethic may be influential.", "PMID": 1178798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6727", "title": "Reactions of families to chronic hemodialysis. A preliminary report.", "content": "13 families of patients on chronic hemodialysis (with young children at home) were contacted by the social worker. Only seven of them agreed to a family interview, which took place at the patient's home. Although the interviews were unstructured some topics were brought up by all families and similar behavior was observed. Specially striking was the lack of empathy as well as of hostility between the parents, while a lot of hostility against all human environment was expressed and children's attempts at expressing empathy were suppressed.", "contents": "Reactions of families to chronic hemodialysis. A preliminary report. 13 families of patients on chronic hemodialysis (with young children at home) were contacted by the social worker. Only seven of them agreed to a family interview, which took place at the patient's home. Although the interviews were unstructured some topics were brought up by all families and similar behavior was observed. Specially striking was the lack of empathy as well as of hostility between the parents, while a lot of hostility against all human environment was expressed and children's attempts at expressing empathy were suppressed.", "PMID": 1178799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6728", "title": "A study of somatopsychic vulnerability in encopretic children.", "content": "In this article the results of a study to determine the degree of somatopsychic vulnerability in children with encopresis are discussed. A checklist was constructed for the registration of somatic and functional data relevant to encopresis. Twenty-five children with encopresis were compared with a control group. The expectation of the authors that a number of somatopsychic phenomena would occur more frequently among encopretics than among non-encopretics could not be confirmed. It appeared that somatic and psychic diseases were more frequent in the families of the children with encopresis than in the control group.", "contents": "A study of somatopsychic vulnerability in encopretic children. In this article the results of a study to determine the degree of somatopsychic vulnerability in children with encopresis are discussed. A checklist was constructed for the registration of somatic and functional data relevant to encopresis. Twenty-five children with encopresis were compared with a control group. The expectation of the authors that a number of somatopsychic phenomena would occur more frequently among encopretics than among non-encopretics could not be confirmed. It appeared that somatic and psychic diseases were more frequent in the families of the children with encopresis than in the control group.", "PMID": 1178800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6729", "title": "Presidential Address-1974 from explanation to action in psychosomatic medicine: the case of obesity.", "content": "Psychosomatic medicine began as a social movement within medicine, designed to counteract the mechanistic and impersonal features that had accompanied the introduction of science into medical education. In its early days, therapeutic inefficacy led to a concentration upon understanding the origins of disorders in which emotional determinants played a role. To a large exten, psychosomatic medicine is still identified with such understanding. Within recent years, however, the development of increasingly effective therapeutic techniques has changed the emphasis in psychosomatic medicine from understanding to action. These developments are particularly well exemplified by the case of obesity. Social investigations have revealed that the prevalence of obesity within populations is determined to a very high degree by social factors, operating in an unplanned and uncontrolled manner...", "contents": "Presidential Address-1974 from explanation to action in psychosomatic medicine: the case of obesity. Psychosomatic medicine began as a social movement within medicine, designed to counteract the mechanistic and impersonal features that had accompanied the introduction of science into medical education. In its early days, therapeutic inefficacy led to a concentration upon understanding the origins of disorders in which emotional determinants played a role. To a large exten, psychosomatic medicine is still identified with such understanding. Within recent years, however, the development of increasingly effective therapeutic techniques has changed the emphasis in psychosomatic medicine from understanding to action. These developments are particularly well exemplified by the case of obesity. Social investigations have revealed that the prevalence of obesity within populations is determined to a very high degree by social factors, operating in an unplanned and uncontrolled manner...", "PMID": 1178794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6730", "title": "Studies on how early maternal separation produces behavioral change in young rats.", "content": "Previously published studies point to the behavioral interaction between the mother and her litter as the origin of the processes responsible for the behavioral hyperactivity following maternal separation in 2-week-old rats. The following experiments explore (1) the time course over which behavioral hyperactivity develops, (2) environmental and social determinants, (3) the role of sensory stimulation in the regulation of behavior and (4) the olfactory sensory system as a mediator of separation effects. The hypotheses supported best by the data are (1) that tactile and olfactory stimulation repeatedly provided by the mother act to reduce levels of behavioral arousal of the infants and (2) that maternal separation exerts its effect by withdrawal of this regulating influence, allowing a new level of behavioral arousal, more intrinsic to the infant, to be revealed.", "contents": "Studies on how early maternal separation produces behavioral change in young rats. Previously published studies point to the behavioral interaction between the mother and her litter as the origin of the processes responsible for the behavioral hyperactivity following maternal separation in 2-week-old rats. The following experiments explore (1) the time course over which behavioral hyperactivity develops, (2) environmental and social determinants, (3) the role of sensory stimulation in the regulation of behavior and (4) the olfactory sensory system as a mediator of separation effects. The hypotheses supported best by the data are (1) that tactile and olfactory stimulation repeatedly provided by the mother act to reduce levels of behavioral arousal of the infants and (2) that maternal separation exerts its effect by withdrawal of this regulating influence, allowing a new level of behavioral arousal, more intrinsic to the infant, to be revealed.", "PMID": 1178795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6731", "title": "[T-groups: development, participation and goals].", "content": "An attempt is made to explain the position of training groups in our society from the analysis of their development. Doing this we consider the social and economical causes of the origin and rapid growth of the T-group movement. The social structure and the motivation of the trainees are discussed, and finally, the possibility of achieving individual and social changes by training groups is examined.", "contents": "[T-groups: development, participation and goals]. An attempt is made to explain the position of training groups in our society from the analysis of their development. Doing this we consider the social and economical causes of the origin and rapid growth of the T-group movement. The social structure and the motivation of the trainees are discussed, and finally, the possibility of achieving individual and social changes by training groups is examined.", "PMID": 1178801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6732", "title": "Criteria for psychotherapeutic outcome.", "content": "In an attempt to investigate the results of a variety of psychotherapies offered in the psychiatric clinic of the Beth Israel Hospital, we have used twelve outcome criteria for improvement. Findings on 53 patients treated by 14 therapists are presented, and a tentative comparison is made between a homogeneous group of patients who received short-term and long-term psychotherapies. Although a somewhat higher percentage of the long-term patients obtained symptomatic improvement compared to the short-term ones, impressive changes in motivation for change, self-esteem and interpersonal relations seem to have taken place in the short-term psychotherapy group.", "contents": "Criteria for psychotherapeutic outcome. In an attempt to investigate the results of a variety of psychotherapies offered in the psychiatric clinic of the Beth Israel Hospital, we have used twelve outcome criteria for improvement. Findings on 53 patients treated by 14 therapists are presented, and a tentative comparison is made between a homogeneous group of patients who received short-term and long-term psychotherapies. Although a somewhat higher percentage of the long-term patients obtained symptomatic improvement compared to the short-term ones, impressive changes in motivation for change, self-esteem and interpersonal relations seem to have taken place in the short-term psychotherapy group.", "PMID": 1178802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6733", "title": "Taxonomic analysis of depressive states of varying aetiology.", "content": "A new mathematical dendrite method for the diagnosis of depressions is outlined. The method is based on an inventory of 134 items representing symptoms of features encountered in depressive states, and its aim is to determine the 'set' of each individual in a group of patients. By means of mathematical analysis the sets of individual features are arranged in such a way as to produce a dendrite, i.e., the shortest broken line connecting the various features. The sets can then be divided into subtypes. The advantages of this method - the application of which to a group of 30 test-subjects is described - are that it ensures a maximum degree of objectivity, is simple to perform, and yields easily interpretable results.", "contents": "Taxonomic analysis of depressive states of varying aetiology. A new mathematical dendrite method for the diagnosis of depressions is outlined. The method is based on an inventory of 134 items representing symptoms of features encountered in depressive states, and its aim is to determine the 'set' of each individual in a group of patients. By means of mathematical analysis the sets of individual features are arranged in such a way as to produce a dendrite, i.e., the shortest broken line connecting the various features. The sets can then be divided into subtypes. The advantages of this method - the application of which to a group of 30 test-subjects is described - are that it ensures a maximum degree of objectivity, is simple to perform, and yields easily interpretable results.", "PMID": 1178803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6734", "title": "Reduced plasma LH concentration in postmenopausal depressed women.", "content": "Mean plasma LH concentration in postmenopausal women suffering unipolar depressive illness was 33% less than that of normal postmenopausal women (P less than 0.05). Since LH secretion after menopause is probably noradrenergically regulated, the finding provides support for the hypothesis of a functional noradrenaline deficit in depression.", "contents": "Reduced plasma LH concentration in postmenopausal depressed women. Mean plasma LH concentration in postmenopausal women suffering unipolar depressive illness was 33% less than that of normal postmenopausal women (P less than 0.05). Since LH secretion after menopause is probably noradrenergically regulated, the finding provides support for the hypothesis of a functional noradrenaline deficit in depression.", "PMID": 1178796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6735", "title": "The haemolytic uraemic syndrome--a family study.", "content": "This study included patients, all relatives with the haemolytic uraemic syndrome, and 18 family members. The diagnosis was uncertain in one other and definite in four patients. Three of these four comprised a father and two of his children. Data are presented to emphasize the widespread nature of the disease. Other than hypertension, predisposing factors, and red cell and HL-A genetic markers, although sought, have not been found. Management is discussed with special reference to the one surviving patient. Early bilateral nephrectomy may be life-saving.", "contents": "The haemolytic uraemic syndrome--a family study. This study included patients, all relatives with the haemolytic uraemic syndrome, and 18 family members. The diagnosis was uncertain in one other and definite in four patients. Three of these four comprised a father and two of his children. Data are presented to emphasize the widespread nature of the disease. Other than hypertension, predisposing factors, and red cell and HL-A genetic markers, although sought, have not been found. Management is discussed with special reference to the one surviving patient. Early bilateral nephrectomy may be life-saving.", "PMID": 1178809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6736", "title": "The diagnosis of the carrier state for the Lesch--Nyhan syndrome.", "content": "Skin biopsies from the mother of a classical case of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome grew only wild type fibroblasts. This suggested that she is not a heterozygous carrier of the mutant X-linked structural gene which causes the syndrome, and that a fresh mutation caused the disorder in her son. Evidence of mosaicism was sought in skin fibroblasts, hair follicles, jejunal mucosa, cultured bone marrow cells and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocytes from known hemizygotes and heterozygotes for the so-called complete, and partial deficiencies of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT). These studies were designed to determine the genetic status of the mother of the propositus and to determine if the genetic diagnosis could be improved by the simultaneous study of this wider range of tissues. The results are compatible with the mother of the propositus being a non carrier of a mutant gene causing the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome in her son. Only the study of cultured skin fibroblasts, and of the enzyme levels in hair follicles, contributed diagnostically useful information in this case.", "contents": "The diagnosis of the carrier state for the Lesch--Nyhan syndrome. Skin biopsies from the mother of a classical case of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome grew only wild type fibroblasts. This suggested that she is not a heterozygous carrier of the mutant X-linked structural gene which causes the syndrome, and that a fresh mutation caused the disorder in her son. Evidence of mosaicism was sought in skin fibroblasts, hair follicles, jejunal mucosa, cultured bone marrow cells and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocytes from known hemizygotes and heterozygotes for the so-called complete, and partial deficiencies of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT). These studies were designed to determine the genetic status of the mother of the propositus and to determine if the genetic diagnosis could be improved by the simultaneous study of this wider range of tissues. The results are compatible with the mother of the propositus being a non carrier of a mutant gene causing the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome in her son. Only the study of cultured skin fibroblasts, and of the enzyme levels in hair follicles, contributed diagnostically useful information in this case.", "PMID": 1178810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6737", "title": "Membranous nephropathy. Long-term follow-up and association with neoplasia.", "content": "Sixty-six patients of all ages whose renal biopsy appearances satisfied strict criteria for the histopathological diagnosis of membranous nephropathy were studied and followed for a mean of 5-4 years (range 1 to 20 years). From initial investigation seven patients were found to have associated neoplasia, and in two patients the condition followed treatment with a mercurial diuretic and gold. One patient was Australia antigen positive. Two patients developed renal vein thrombosis, but in both this appeared to follow not precede their nephrotic syndrome. In the remaining 56 patients there was no associated factor. During the follow-up period, approximately one-quarter of the patients (15) died, nine from renal failure; one-quarter (10) had a persistent nephrotic syndrome, another one-quarter (15) proteinuria of lesser degree. The final one-quarter (16) are now in complete remission. The prognosis of the 54 patients with an initial nephrotic syndrome was poorer than the 12 with lesser proteinuria and no oedema at onset; five of 11 children were in complete remission when last seen. All but one of the nine patients who developed terminal chronic renal failure 4 to 18 years from onset had an unremitting nephrotic syndrome, eight of the 10 currently alive with a persistent nephrotic syndrome have reduced renal function. Renal functional deterioration did not occur in the absence of proteinuria. There was only slight correspondence between the stage of biopsy appearance, glomerular filtration rate at time of biopsy, time of the biopsy from apparent onset, or status at last follow-up. Staging is therefore of limited prognostic value. Twenty-two patients were treated with corticosteroids for 2 to 36 months; we detected no short or long-term benefit when compared to patients not so treated.", "contents": "Membranous nephropathy. Long-term follow-up and association with neoplasia. Sixty-six patients of all ages whose renal biopsy appearances satisfied strict criteria for the histopathological diagnosis of membranous nephropathy were studied and followed for a mean of 5-4 years (range 1 to 20 years). From initial investigation seven patients were found to have associated neoplasia, and in two patients the condition followed treatment with a mercurial diuretic and gold. One patient was Australia antigen positive. Two patients developed renal vein thrombosis, but in both this appeared to follow not precede their nephrotic syndrome. In the remaining 56 patients there was no associated factor. During the follow-up period, approximately one-quarter of the patients (15) died, nine from renal failure; one-quarter (10) had a persistent nephrotic syndrome, another one-quarter (15) proteinuria of lesser degree. The final one-quarter (16) are now in complete remission. The prognosis of the 54 patients with an initial nephrotic syndrome was poorer than the 12 with lesser proteinuria and no oedema at onset; five of 11 children were in complete remission when last seen. All but one of the nine patients who developed terminal chronic renal failure 4 to 18 years from onset had an unremitting nephrotic syndrome, eight of the 10 currently alive with a persistent nephrotic syndrome have reduced renal function. Renal functional deterioration did not occur in the absence of proteinuria. There was only slight correspondence between the stage of biopsy appearance, glomerular filtration rate at time of biopsy, time of the biopsy from apparent onset, or status at last follow-up. Staging is therefore of limited prognostic value. Twenty-two patients were treated with corticosteroids for 2 to 36 months; we detected no short or long-term benefit when compared to patients not so treated.", "PMID": 1178811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6738", "title": "Acute lead poisoning: Five cases resulting from self-injection of lead and opium.", "content": "Five cases of acute lead poisoning resulted from the self-injection of lead and opium pills which were crushed, heated and suspended in water. Two of the five patients died of illnesses in which hepatic failure and reversible acute tubular necrosis were prominent features. One of these two had a severe neuropathy, with flaccid quadriplegia and respiratory paralysis. The other three patients had relatively minor symptoms but unequivocal biochemical evidence of lead toxicity. Autopsy changes included hepatic degeneration with inclusion bodies, regenerating renal tubular epithelium and wasting of skeletal muscle. Hepatic lead content was extremely high in one case. Chelation therapy in the other fatal case resulted in a fall in blood lead to within normal limits and a clinical improvement, which was terminated by massive haemorrhage from a ruptured innominate artery.", "contents": "Acute lead poisoning: Five cases resulting from self-injection of lead and opium. Five cases of acute lead poisoning resulted from the self-injection of lead and opium pills which were crushed, heated and suspended in water. Two of the five patients died of illnesses in which hepatic failure and reversible acute tubular necrosis were prominent features. One of these two had a severe neuropathy, with flaccid quadriplegia and respiratory paralysis. The other three patients had relatively minor symptoms but unequivocal biochemical evidence of lead toxicity. Autopsy changes included hepatic degeneration with inclusion bodies, regenerating renal tubular epithelium and wasting of skeletal muscle. Hepatic lead content was extremely high in one case. Chelation therapy in the other fatal case resulted in a fall in blood lead to within normal limits and a clinical improvement, which was terminated by massive haemorrhage from a ruptured innominate artery.", "PMID": 1178812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6739", "title": "Chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for gallstones: effectiveness, toxicity and influence on bile acid metabolism.", "content": "Chenodeoxycholic acid (1 g daily) was administered to 10 patients with gallstones and three patients with biliary stricture and recurrent cholangitis. Four gallstone patients showed diminution or disappearance of stones including one patient whose stone was in the common bile duct. The patients with recurrent cholangitis showed marked improvement in symptoms during treatment. Serum bile acid levels were significantly elevated in 8 gallstone patients during treatment. Liver biopsy in eight gallstone patients during treatment revealed minor changes in five. Lithocholic acid and bile acid sulphates were found in only small amounts in the bile of patients during treatment. No significant trend in biliary lipid composition during treatment was observed. There was no overall trend in the group of patients whose stones disappeared or diminished. Changes in biliary bile acid composition and in bile acid pool sizes were variable following treatment and could not be correlated with the clinical results of treatment. A further trial of chenodeoxycholic acid is recommended in patients with stones in the biliary tree and recurrent cholangitis who are not amenable to surgical treatment.", "contents": "Chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for gallstones: effectiveness, toxicity and influence on bile acid metabolism. Chenodeoxycholic acid (1 g daily) was administered to 10 patients with gallstones and three patients with biliary stricture and recurrent cholangitis. Four gallstone patients showed diminution or disappearance of stones including one patient whose stone was in the common bile duct. The patients with recurrent cholangitis showed marked improvement in symptoms during treatment. Serum bile acid levels were significantly elevated in 8 gallstone patients during treatment. Liver biopsy in eight gallstone patients during treatment revealed minor changes in five. Lithocholic acid and bile acid sulphates were found in only small amounts in the bile of patients during treatment. No significant trend in biliary lipid composition during treatment was observed. There was no overall trend in the group of patients whose stones disappeared or diminished. Changes in biliary bile acid composition and in bile acid pool sizes were variable following treatment and could not be correlated with the clinical results of treatment. A further trial of chenodeoxycholic acid is recommended in patients with stones in the biliary tree and recurrent cholangitis who are not amenable to surgical treatment.", "PMID": 1178813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6740", "title": "Studies on duodenal ulcer. I. The clinical evidence for the existence of two populations.", "content": "Secretory and clinical characteristics of 339 hospital patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcers, 182 with pyloro-duodenal stenosis, 124 operated upon in Copenhagen by proximal vagotomy and 174 in whom bleeding or perforation was the reason for admission were studied. The results indicate that all duodenal ulcer subjects secrete more acid than normal, but that in approximately half of them acid secretion to maximal stimulation does not rise outwith the range of normal and most of these are of O blood group. These patients are classified as Type I duodenal ulcer. The character of acid hypersecretion beyond two standard deviations of the mean of the maximal acid output in normal subjects appears to be determined mainly by the possession of A, B and AB blood group: these hypersecreting ulcer patients are classified as Type II. The complications of perforation and bleeding and stenosis are linked mostly to the O group subjects and not to acid hypersecretion as such, but the strongest family prevalence is in the A, B, AB series and in them also the disease appears earlier. A hypothesis is presented to explain the aetiology of the two types.", "contents": "Studies on duodenal ulcer. I. The clinical evidence for the existence of two populations. Secretory and clinical characteristics of 339 hospital patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcers, 182 with pyloro-duodenal stenosis, 124 operated upon in Copenhagen by proximal vagotomy and 174 in whom bleeding or perforation was the reason for admission were studied. The results indicate that all duodenal ulcer subjects secrete more acid than normal, but that in approximately half of them acid secretion to maximal stimulation does not rise outwith the range of normal and most of these are of O blood group. These patients are classified as Type I duodenal ulcer. The character of acid hypersecretion beyond two standard deviations of the mean of the maximal acid output in normal subjects appears to be determined mainly by the possession of A, B and AB blood group: these hypersecreting ulcer patients are classified as Type II. The complications of perforation and bleeding and stenosis are linked mostly to the O group subjects and not to acid hypersecretion as such, but the strongest family prevalence is in the A, B, AB series and in them also the disease appears earlier. A hypothesis is presented to explain the aetiology of the two types.", "PMID": 1178814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6741", "title": "Endotoxinaemia and the pathogenesis of acute renal failure.", "content": "A study has been made by Limulus assay of the incidence of endotoxinaemia in renal disease: positive results were found in 12/16 patients at the onset of acute renal failure. Results are supported by those of a platelet nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay. In individual cases increased fibrinogen catabolism has been linked to substantial endotoxin levels. The assay can evaluate endotoxinaemia as a cause of acute renal failure and also detect secondary infection. Shwartzman equivalents appear to account for most cases of acute renal failure in man.", "contents": "Endotoxinaemia and the pathogenesis of acute renal failure. A study has been made by Limulus assay of the incidence of endotoxinaemia in renal disease: positive results were found in 12/16 patients at the onset of acute renal failure. Results are supported by those of a platelet nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay. In individual cases increased fibrinogen catabolism has been linked to substantial endotoxin levels. The assay can evaluate endotoxinaemia as a cause of acute renal failure and also detect secondary infection. Shwartzman equivalents appear to account for most cases of acute renal failure in man.", "PMID": 1178815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6742", "title": "Intrarenal vascular changes in patients receiving oestrogen-containing compounds--a clinical, histological and angiographic study.", "content": "Nine patients who developed reversible hypertension and/or evidence of impaired renal function whilst taking an oestrogen-progestogen-containing compound have been investigated. Serial haematological and biochemical studies have been carried out on each patient in association with selective renal angiography and renal biopsies. Abnormalities of the peripheral renal vessels have been demonstrated in all patients and a close correlation between the histological and angiographic appearances noted. The presence of microthrombi involving glomerular capillaries or intrarenal arterioles was invariably accompanied by evidence of micro-angiopathic haemolytic anaemia along with stasis of contrast medium in the intra-renal vascular circulation. Although the three different groups of patients studied tended to show their own particular intra-renal angiographic patterns, the definitive diagnosis depended on the haematological and histoligical findings. In the majority of patients, withdrawal of the oestrogen-progestogen-containing compound resulted in clinical improvement.", "contents": "Intrarenal vascular changes in patients receiving oestrogen-containing compounds--a clinical, histological and angiographic study. Nine patients who developed reversible hypertension and/or evidence of impaired renal function whilst taking an oestrogen-progestogen-containing compound have been investigated. Serial haematological and biochemical studies have been carried out on each patient in association with selective renal angiography and renal biopsies. Abnormalities of the peripheral renal vessels have been demonstrated in all patients and a close correlation between the histological and angiographic appearances noted. The presence of microthrombi involving glomerular capillaries or intrarenal arterioles was invariably accompanied by evidence of micro-angiopathic haemolytic anaemia along with stasis of contrast medium in the intra-renal vascular circulation. Although the three different groups of patients studied tended to show their own particular intra-renal angiographic patterns, the definitive diagnosis depended on the haematological and histoligical findings. In the majority of patients, withdrawal of the oestrogen-progestogen-containing compound resulted in clinical improvement.", "PMID": 1178816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6743", "title": "Intrarenal vascular changes in adult patients with recurrent haematuria and loin pain--a clinical, histological and angiographic study.", "content": "Clinical features have been correlated with renal function, histology and selective renal angiography in 19 patients with recurrent painless haematuria, recurrent loin pain, or both haematuria and loin pain in whom urinary infection, calculi and anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract had been excluded. No deterioration in renal function was observed in any patient over periods of up to nine years. Although all patients showed similar glomerular changes histologically, consisting of focal and segmental mesangial thickening and proliferation and periglomerular fibrosis, mild tubular damage was more common in those with loin pain. All patients with loin pain whether or not they had haematuria, had abnormal renal angiograms consisting of focal or generalized vascular lesions sometimes associated with cortical infarcts. The possible aetiological factors are discussed with particular reference to oestrogen-containing compounds.", "contents": "Intrarenal vascular changes in adult patients with recurrent haematuria and loin pain--a clinical, histological and angiographic study. Clinical features have been correlated with renal function, histology and selective renal angiography in 19 patients with recurrent painless haematuria, recurrent loin pain, or both haematuria and loin pain in whom urinary infection, calculi and anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract had been excluded. No deterioration in renal function was observed in any patient over periods of up to nine years. Although all patients showed similar glomerular changes histologically, consisting of focal and segmental mesangial thickening and proliferation and periglomerular fibrosis, mild tubular damage was more common in those with loin pain. All patients with loin pain whether or not they had haematuria, had abnormal renal angiograms consisting of focal or generalized vascular lesions sometimes associated with cortical infarcts. The possible aetiological factors are discussed with particular reference to oestrogen-containing compounds.", "PMID": 1178817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6744", "title": "Childhood urinary infection associated with vesico-ureteric reflux.", "content": "Among 222 children investigated in hospital for urinary infection 98 had vesicoureteric reflux only, and of these a group of 59 has been followed at a special clinic for from three to 14 years (mean 5.4 years). Children with reflux had an earlier age of onset and a greater likelihood of a family history of urinary infection than those with other diagnoses. Fifty-five were conservatively treated, and more than half of these still had reflux at the end of the study. Children with severe grades of reflux and an early onset of symptoms had least chance of reacting favourably to medical treatment. Evidence of renal deterioration was exceptional and virtually confined to the pre-school age group. It is argued that severe grades of reflux in pre-school children should be treated surgically, and that voiding cystograms need only be part of routine investigation in two circumstances, namely when the patient is under five, and on the very rare occasion when an older child shows progressive renal damage in serial pyelograms.", "contents": "Childhood urinary infection associated with vesico-ureteric reflux. Among 222 children investigated in hospital for urinary infection 98 had vesicoureteric reflux only, and of these a group of 59 has been followed at a special clinic for from three to 14 years (mean 5.4 years). Children with reflux had an earlier age of onset and a greater likelihood of a family history of urinary infection than those with other diagnoses. Fifty-five were conservatively treated, and more than half of these still had reflux at the end of the study. Children with severe grades of reflux and an early onset of symptoms had least chance of reacting favourably to medical treatment. Evidence of renal deterioration was exceptional and virtually confined to the pre-school age group. It is argued that severe grades of reflux in pre-school children should be treated surgically, and that voiding cystograms need only be part of routine investigation in two circumstances, namely when the patient is under five, and on the very rare occasion when an older child shows progressive renal damage in serial pyelograms.", "PMID": 1178818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6745", "title": "Monoclonal IgG cryoglobulinemia with secondary development of glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "A 45-year-old man developed in 1965 skin lesions on cold exposure and was found to have cryoglobulinemia due to an M-component of IgG class. Glomerular damage was first noted in 1970, and progressed to renal impairment and nephrotic syndrome during the next two years. Reduced serum levels of complement components C3 and C4 were found, indicating in vivo complement activation. Renal biopsy revealed proliferative glomerulonephritis and deposition of IgG and C3 along the glomerular basement membrane. Electron microscopical examination revealed a striking deposition of a 'fibrillar' or microcrystalline material in the glomerular basement membrane. This material had an ultrastructure similar to that found in the cryoprecipitate from serum. There were no tubular changes of myeloma type, neither were there any monoclonal light chains detected in the urine. So far, there are no other signs of myeloma or lymphoma. Immunosuppressive treatment with prednisone and cyclophosphamide resulted in a decrease in the serum M-component as well as a decrease in protein leakage through the glomeruli and a return to normal of glomerular filtration rate. The finding of monoclonal cryoglobulinemia, demonstrable at room temperature, in a patient developing proliferative glomerulonephritis with complement activation is unusual. It is probably that the M-component is causally related to the glomerular lesions.", "contents": "Monoclonal IgG cryoglobulinemia with secondary development of glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome. A 45-year-old man developed in 1965 skin lesions on cold exposure and was found to have cryoglobulinemia due to an M-component of IgG class. Glomerular damage was first noted in 1970, and progressed to renal impairment and nephrotic syndrome during the next two years. Reduced serum levels of complement components C3 and C4 were found, indicating in vivo complement activation. Renal biopsy revealed proliferative glomerulonephritis and deposition of IgG and C3 along the glomerular basement membrane. Electron microscopical examination revealed a striking deposition of a 'fibrillar' or microcrystalline material in the glomerular basement membrane. This material had an ultrastructure similar to that found in the cryoprecipitate from serum. There were no tubular changes of myeloma type, neither were there any monoclonal light chains detected in the urine. So far, there are no other signs of myeloma or lymphoma. Immunosuppressive treatment with prednisone and cyclophosphamide resulted in a decrease in the serum M-component as well as a decrease in protein leakage through the glomeruli and a return to normal of glomerular filtration rate. The finding of monoclonal cryoglobulinemia, demonstrable at room temperature, in a patient developing proliferative glomerulonephritis with complement activation is unusual. It is probably that the M-component is causally related to the glomerular lesions.", "PMID": 1178819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6746", "title": "The aetiology of senile osteoporosis: secondary hyperparathyroidism due to renal failure.", "content": "The aetiology of senile osteoporosis was investigated in a series of elderly normal persons (mean age 76.8 years) who were compared to 18-19 year old normal controls. Osteoporosis was estimated by standard radiological morphometric and densitometric techniques, in the metacarpals and thoraco-lumbar vertebrae. Serum parathyroid hormone levels were significantly higher in the elderly group, and correlated well with morphometric and densometric measurements of osteoporosis. Creatinine clearance was reduced in seven out of nine of the elderly group, and correlated well with the degree of osteoporosis. Serum thyrocalcitonin levels were reduced in the elderly. Tubular reaborption of phosphate and TmP/GFR were in the hyperparathyroid range in the elderly group and correlated well with the degree of osteoporosis. The hypothesis is advanced that the osteoporosis of old age is a result of parathyroid overactivity, caused by asymptomatic chronic renal failure. The suggestion is made that a diet low in phosphorus might reduce the incidence of osteoporosis in old age by reducing the parathyroid overactivity.", "contents": "The aetiology of senile osteoporosis: secondary hyperparathyroidism due to renal failure. The aetiology of senile osteoporosis was investigated in a series of elderly normal persons (mean age 76.8 years) who were compared to 18-19 year old normal controls. Osteoporosis was estimated by standard radiological morphometric and densitometric techniques, in the metacarpals and thoraco-lumbar vertebrae. Serum parathyroid hormone levels were significantly higher in the elderly group, and correlated well with morphometric and densometric measurements of osteoporosis. Creatinine clearance was reduced in seven out of nine of the elderly group, and correlated well with the degree of osteoporosis. Serum thyrocalcitonin levels were reduced in the elderly. Tubular reaborption of phosphate and TmP/GFR were in the hyperparathyroid range in the elderly group and correlated well with the degree of osteoporosis. The hypothesis is advanced that the osteoporosis of old age is a result of parathyroid overactivity, caused by asymptomatic chronic renal failure. The suggestion is made that a diet low in phosphorus might reduce the incidence of osteoporosis in old age by reducing the parathyroid overactivity.", "PMID": 1178820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6747", "title": "Triplet state quenching by photoinduced radicals in the sensitized ethanol photolysis.", "content": "UV irradiation of a rigid solution of 2-amino-pyrimidine in ethanol at 77 degrees K results in a sensitized production of ethyl radicals. The radicals are formed via a biphotonic process. The increase of the radical yield with irradiation time is directly correlated to a decrease of the number of triplet state molecules as detected by ESR. A kinetic model of the biphotonic process is presented and verified by experimental results. It supports the hypothesis of a catalytically enhanced radiationless decay process of the triplet states due to an interaction between the radicals and the triplet state molecules.", "contents": "Triplet state quenching by photoinduced radicals in the sensitized ethanol photolysis. UV irradiation of a rigid solution of 2-amino-pyrimidine in ethanol at 77 degrees K results in a sensitized production of ethyl radicals. The radicals are formed via a biphotonic process. The increase of the radical yield with irradiation time is directly correlated to a decrease of the number of triplet state molecules as detected by ESR. A kinetic model of the biphotonic process is presented and verified by experimental results. It supports the hypothesis of a catalytically enhanced radiationless decay process of the triplet states due to an interaction between the radicals and the triplet state molecules.", "PMID": 1178821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6748", "title": "Concepts of microdosimetry. I. Quantities.", "content": "This is the first part of an investigation of microdosimetric concepts relevant to numerical calculations. The definitions of the microdosimetric quantities are reviewed and formalized, and some additional conventions are adopted. The common interpretation of the quantities in terms of energy imparted to spherical sites is contrasted with their interpretation as the result of a diffusing process applied to the initial spatial pattern of energy transfers in the irradiated medium.", "contents": "Concepts of microdosimetry. I. Quantities. This is the first part of an investigation of microdosimetric concepts relevant to numerical calculations. The definitions of the microdosimetric quantities are reviewed and formalized, and some additional conventions are adopted. The common interpretation of the quantities in terms of energy imparted to spherical sites is contrasted with their interpretation as the result of a diffusing process applied to the initial spatial pattern of energy transfers in the irradiated medium.", "PMID": 1178822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6749", "title": "A simplified theory of pearl chain effects.", "content": "Many biological particles immersed in liquid media will align themselves and form pearl chains under an applied electric field. The alignment is independent of the frequency of the applied field, has a time delay, and can occur only when the field strength is greater than a certain minimum value. Also, at certain frequencies the particles will turn 90 degrees in space (turn-over phenomenon). In this paper we propose a simple theory explaining these phenomena and suggest further experimental checks and a possible application.", "contents": "A simplified theory of pearl chain effects. Many biological particles immersed in liquid media will align themselves and form pearl chains under an applied electric field. The alignment is independent of the frequency of the applied field, has a time delay, and can occur only when the field strength is greater than a certain minimum value. Also, at certain frequencies the particles will turn 90 degrees in space (turn-over phenomenon). In this paper we propose a simple theory explaining these phenomena and suggest further experimental checks and a possible application.", "PMID": 1178823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6750", "title": "Microphotometry as a tool for automatic scanning of solid state nuclear track detectors.", "content": "By use of a scanning microphotometer the light transmission with both dark field and bright field illumination was determined as a function of the alpha-track density on cellulose nitrate detectors. The so obtained calibration curves allow a rapit measurement of the number of tracks per field and, thus, of the dose rate. To illustrate the application of the method, a scan of a detector exposed on a bone section of a rat injected with 241Am is presented.", "contents": "Microphotometry as a tool for automatic scanning of solid state nuclear track detectors. By use of a scanning microphotometer the light transmission with both dark field and bright field illumination was determined as a function of the alpha-track density on cellulose nitrate detectors. The so obtained calibration curves allow a rapit measurement of the number of tracks per field and, thus, of the dose rate. To illustrate the application of the method, a scan of a detector exposed on a bone section of a rat injected with 241Am is presented.", "PMID": 1178824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6751", "title": "Effect of dose rate and exposure time on the stimulation effect of tube growth of Pinus silvestris pollen.", "content": "The stimulating effect of ionizing radiation in respect to dose rate and exposure time was studied using the tube growth of Pinus silvestris pollen. Stimulation was registered with a small dose (50 rad) supplied at low dose rates (0.5; 1.0; 3.0 and 5.0 rad/sec) and with higher doses (300, 800 and 1400 rad) supplied at higher dose rates (10; 40 and 50 rad/sec). This suggests that only the exposure time is of importance for radiation-induced stimulation provided that the exposure time does not exceed 100 sec.", "contents": "Effect of dose rate and exposure time on the stimulation effect of tube growth of Pinus silvestris pollen. The stimulating effect of ionizing radiation in respect to dose rate and exposure time was studied using the tube growth of Pinus silvestris pollen. Stimulation was registered with a small dose (50 rad) supplied at low dose rates (0.5; 1.0; 3.0 and 5.0 rad/sec) and with higher doses (300, 800 and 1400 rad) supplied at higher dose rates (10; 40 and 50 rad/sec). This suggests that only the exposure time is of importance for radiation-induced stimulation provided that the exposure time does not exceed 100 sec.", "PMID": 1178825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6752", "title": "The concept of the effective dose--a proposal for the combination of organ doses.", "content": "Irradiation of the human body by external or internal sources leads mostly to a simultaneous exposure of several organs. However, so far no clear and consistent recommendations for the combination of organ doses and the assessment of an exposure limit under such irradiation conditions are available. Following a proposal described in ICRP-publication 14 one possible concept for the combination of organ doses is discussed in this paper. This concept is based on the assumption that at low doses the total radiation detriment to the exposed person is given by the sum of radiation detriments to the single organs. Taking into account a linear dose-risk relationship, the sum of weighted organ doses leads to the definition of an \"Effective Dose\". The applicability and consequences of this \"Effective Dose Concept\" are discussed especially with regard to the assessment of the maximum permissible intake of radionuclides into the human body and the combination of external and internal exposure.", "contents": "The concept of the effective dose--a proposal for the combination of organ doses. Irradiation of the human body by external or internal sources leads mostly to a simultaneous exposure of several organs. However, so far no clear and consistent recommendations for the combination of organ doses and the assessment of an exposure limit under such irradiation conditions are available. Following a proposal described in ICRP-publication 14 one possible concept for the combination of organ doses is discussed in this paper. This concept is based on the assumption that at low doses the total radiation detriment to the exposed person is given by the sum of radiation detriments to the single organs. Taking into account a linear dose-risk relationship, the sum of weighted organ doses leads to the definition of an \"Effective Dose\". The applicability and consequences of this \"Effective Dose Concept\" are discussed especially with regard to the assessment of the maximum permissible intake of radionuclides into the human body and the combination of external and internal exposure.", "PMID": 1178826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6753", "title": "Giant cells from Saccharomyces uvarum grown after x-irradiation.", "content": "Yeast cells, Saccharomyces uvarum, were irradiated with X-rays and grown in liquid suspension. Glucose as the only carbon source was limited to 12.5 mM. Under these conditions giant cells are formed. Cell number, glucose utilization, ethanol production and oxygen consumption are measured during the time of growth. The mean weight of single cells in the stationary phase increases up to 75 krad and is not due to an uptake of water. In irradiated cultures oxygen consumption and glucose utilization per cell are higher than in control cells. The data demonstrate that synthesis- and energy-metabolism during the formation of non-dividing, radiation-induced giant cells is increased.", "contents": "Giant cells from Saccharomyces uvarum grown after x-irradiation. Yeast cells, Saccharomyces uvarum, were irradiated with X-rays and grown in liquid suspension. Glucose as the only carbon source was limited to 12.5 mM. Under these conditions giant cells are formed. Cell number, glucose utilization, ethanol production and oxygen consumption are measured during the time of growth. The mean weight of single cells in the stationary phase increases up to 75 krad and is not due to an uptake of water. In irradiated cultures oxygen consumption and glucose utilization per cell are higher than in control cells. The data demonstrate that synthesis- and energy-metabolism during the formation of non-dividing, radiation-induced giant cells is increased.", "PMID": 1178827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6754", "title": "Problems of component discrimination in space radiation dosimetry.", "content": "Resolving the LET spectrum of environmental radiation in space for assessing dose equivalents creates special problems due to superposition effects. Three components of the radiation field in space, trapped protons, tissue disintegration stars, and neutrons, contribute the bulk of the total dose equivalent. While lack of discrimination of neutron recoil and trapped primary protons does not interfere with correct determination of the combined dose equivalent as such, the simultaneous bursts of several low-energy protons and alpha particles from tissue disintegration stars completely defy LET-resolution with conventional instrumentation. So far, the tissue star dose has been determined only semiquantitatively from nuclear emulsion data. The neutron spectrum in space shows a markedly higher relative fluence in the region beyond 5 MeV than the fission neutron spectrum. Therefore, its LET spectrum centers less heavily on LET values near the proton Bragg Peak. This would call for assigning a QF value of less than 10 to the neutron dose in space. Still more serious shortcomings exist with regard to LET interpretation of heavy primaries.", "contents": "Problems of component discrimination in space radiation dosimetry. Resolving the LET spectrum of environmental radiation in space for assessing dose equivalents creates special problems due to superposition effects. Three components of the radiation field in space, trapped protons, tissue disintegration stars, and neutrons, contribute the bulk of the total dose equivalent. While lack of discrimination of neutron recoil and trapped primary protons does not interfere with correct determination of the combined dose equivalent as such, the simultaneous bursts of several low-energy protons and alpha particles from tissue disintegration stars completely defy LET-resolution with conventional instrumentation. So far, the tissue star dose has been determined only semiquantitatively from nuclear emulsion data. The neutron spectrum in space shows a markedly higher relative fluence in the region beyond 5 MeV than the fission neutron spectrum. Therefore, its LET spectrum centers less heavily on LET values near the proton Bragg Peak. This would call for assigning a QF value of less than 10 to the neutron dose in space. Still more serious shortcomings exist with regard to LET interpretation of heavy primaries.", "PMID": 1178828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6755", "title": "[Extranuclear sites of action in UV-irradiated Fumaria hygrometrica (author's transl)].", "content": "Isolated filaments of Funaria hygrometrica have been treated by whole-cell UV irradiation (265 nm) as well as by microirradiation of the nucleus. 4 to 5 hrs thereafter the cells showed a depression in length growth. The intensity of this depression remarkably depends on the absorbed energy only. It does not matter whether the nucleus and its environcence or the whole cell are irradiated. The effect does not show photoreactivation and is rather independent from the cell cycle and hence from the DNA content of the nucleus. After X-irradiation supplying the same amount of absorbed energy no damage is detectable. The authors conclude that the site of the primary radiation effect is situated mainly outside the nucleus and that it may be a damage of the m-RNA, r-RNA or of membranes.", "contents": "[Extranuclear sites of action in UV-irradiated Fumaria hygrometrica (author's transl)]. Isolated filaments of Funaria hygrometrica have been treated by whole-cell UV irradiation (265 nm) as well as by microirradiation of the nucleus. 4 to 5 hrs thereafter the cells showed a depression in length growth. The intensity of this depression remarkably depends on the absorbed energy only. It does not matter whether the nucleus and its environcence or the whole cell are irradiated. The effect does not show photoreactivation and is rather independent from the cell cycle and hence from the DNA content of the nucleus. After X-irradiation supplying the same amount of absorbed energy no damage is detectable. The authors conclude that the site of the primary radiation effect is situated mainly outside the nucleus and that it may be a damage of the m-RNA, r-RNA or of membranes.", "PMID": 1178829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6756", "title": "Neutron scattering and energy deposition spectra.", "content": "The influence of neutron scattering in the wall of a spherical proportional counter on the energy deposition spectra and the absorbed dose is investigated. Event probabilities, and frequency and dose-averaged deposited energies are calculated with and without scattering contribution and compared. The change of absorbed dose due to attenuation of the primary neutron flux is also evaluated.", "contents": "Neutron scattering and energy deposition spectra. The influence of neutron scattering in the wall of a spherical proportional counter on the energy deposition spectra and the absorbed dose is investigated. Event probabilities, and frequency and dose-averaged deposited energies are calculated with and without scattering contribution and compared. The change of absorbed dose due to attenuation of the primary neutron flux is also evaluated.", "PMID": 1178830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6757", "title": "Double standards in radiology.", "content": "It is suggested that the quality standard for chest radiographs is lower than for other X-ray examinations and that a strictly comparable series of chest films is rare. The introduction of \"fast\" material is a major factor but of equal importance is the fact that radiologists and other doctors accept substandard chest films. Doctors in industry appear to be more critical of the technical quality.", "contents": "Double standards in radiology. It is suggested that the quality standard for chest radiographs is lower than for other X-ray examinations and that a strictly comparable series of chest films is rare. The introduction of \"fast\" material is a major factor but of equal importance is the fact that radiologists and other doctors accept substandard chest films. Doctors in industry appear to be more critical of the technical quality.", "PMID": 1178833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6758", "title": "[The value of roentgen examination in reno-vascular hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Renal arteriography plays a definitive role in diagnosis and evaluation of renal artery stenosis. Because of its high reliability and low risk, arteriography is more frequently being performed on the basis of clinical indications without reliance on screening tests. Arteriography will indicate the presence of stenosis, its cause, and the presence or absence of hemodynamic significance, and it is useful in evaluating the post-operative patient. Renal vein renin determinations are sometimes needed in evaluating the hemodynamic significance of the lesion. Arteriography may also reveal juxtaglomerular cell tumors, chronic renal inflammatory disease, or other diseases of renal parenchyma which could cause hypertension.", "contents": "[The value of roentgen examination in reno-vascular hypertension (author's transl)]. Renal arteriography plays a definitive role in diagnosis and evaluation of renal artery stenosis. Because of its high reliability and low risk, arteriography is more frequently being performed on the basis of clinical indications without reliance on screening tests. Arteriography will indicate the presence of stenosis, its cause, and the presence or absence of hemodynamic significance, and it is useful in evaluating the post-operative patient. Renal vein renin determinations are sometimes needed in evaluating the hemodynamic significance of the lesion. Arteriography may also reveal juxtaglomerular cell tumors, chronic renal inflammatory disease, or other diseases of renal parenchyma which could cause hypertension.", "PMID": 1178838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6759", "title": "[Radiology of suprarenal glands (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypertension in endocrine disorders (Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome, Pheochromocytoma) is frequently accompanied by a confusing clinical symptomatology. The underlying pathology is a cortical hyperplasia or a tumor of the adrenal cortex or medulla. The differentiation from other causes of hypertension is primarily based upon laboratory findings (plasma and urinary concentration of cortico-steroids, Renin, Angiotensin and catecholamines as well as their derivates). The preoperative tumor localization by urography, arteriography and adrenal venography as well as the visualization of glandular hypertrophy by adrenal venography is of fundamental importance with regard to treatment of these disorders.", "contents": "[Radiology of suprarenal glands (author's transl)]. Hypertension in endocrine disorders (Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome, Pheochromocytoma) is frequently accompanied by a confusing clinical symptomatology. The underlying pathology is a cortical hyperplasia or a tumor of the adrenal cortex or medulla. The differentiation from other causes of hypertension is primarily based upon laboratory findings (plasma and urinary concentration of cortico-steroids, Renin, Angiotensin and catecholamines as well as their derivates). The preoperative tumor localization by urography, arteriography and adrenal venography as well as the visualization of glandular hypertrophy by adrenal venography is of fundamental importance with regard to treatment of these disorders.", "PMID": 1178839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6760", "title": "[The enlarged saccular recess of the distal radio-ulnar joint shown of low Ke V film (author's transl)].", "content": "There is a widening of the saccular recess of the distal-radio-ulnar joint, the radiocarpal joint with altered articular disk, and most often in rheumatoid arthritis due to effusion or synovial proliferation. In the latter case typical localized pressure erosions and periosteal new bone formation of the radius and ulna may be observed.", "contents": "[The enlarged saccular recess of the distal radio-ulnar joint shown of low Ke V film (author's transl)]. There is a widening of the saccular recess of the distal-radio-ulnar joint, the radiocarpal joint with altered articular disk, and most often in rheumatoid arthritis due to effusion or synovial proliferation. In the latter case typical localized pressure erosions and periosteal new bone formation of the radius and ulna may be observed.", "PMID": 1178840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6761", "title": "[Pendulous endobronchial chondrolipoma (hamartoma) near the tracheal bifurcation (author's transl)].", "content": "The entitiy of hamartoma of the lung is defined and frequency, location, tissue components, and roentgenographic appearance are described. The clinical significance of this disease in one case of endobronchial location is discussed. It is reported about an own observation of an endobronchial, pendulous, polypoid chondrolipoma (hamartoma) which is located near the tracheal bifurcation. The following points about roentgenological procedures and diagnostic interpretation are concluded: 1. Indirect signs for occlusion of the right main stem bronchus by a pendulous polypoid hamartoma are a small-appearing right hilus and the overinflation of the right upper lobe caused by a valve-like mechanism. 2. The postoperative overinflation is located beyond the stalk of this lesion which originates in the right upper lobe, although the mass of this pendulous tumor is located in the right main stem bronchus, respectively in the right lower lobe bronchus (documented by tomography and surgery).3. The recognition of shape and inferior limitation of polypoid endobronchial neoplasmsis achieved best by tomography which is a simple, innocuous diagnostic procedure. Bronchoscopy and biopsy clarify preoperatively the criteria of the lesion.4. Bronchography of poststenotic areas of the lung in polypoid pendulous endobronchial neoplasm is contraindicated on account of threatening respiratory insufficiency.5. Development of an alternating broncho-tracheal syndrome must be considred in patients which undergo endoscopy in anesthesia.", "contents": "[Pendulous endobronchial chondrolipoma (hamartoma) near the tracheal bifurcation (author's transl)]. The entitiy of hamartoma of the lung is defined and frequency, location, tissue components, and roentgenographic appearance are described. The clinical significance of this disease in one case of endobronchial location is discussed. It is reported about an own observation of an endobronchial, pendulous, polypoid chondrolipoma (hamartoma) which is located near the tracheal bifurcation. The following points about roentgenological procedures and diagnostic interpretation are concluded: 1. Indirect signs for occlusion of the right main stem bronchus by a pendulous polypoid hamartoma are a small-appearing right hilus and the overinflation of the right upper lobe caused by a valve-like mechanism. 2. The postoperative overinflation is located beyond the stalk of this lesion which originates in the right upper lobe, although the mass of this pendulous tumor is located in the right main stem bronchus, respectively in the right lower lobe bronchus (documented by tomography and surgery).3. The recognition of shape and inferior limitation of polypoid endobronchial neoplasmsis achieved best by tomography which is a simple, innocuous diagnostic procedure. Bronchoscopy and biopsy clarify preoperatively the criteria of the lesion.4. Bronchography of poststenotic areas of the lung in polypoid pendulous endobronchial neoplasm is contraindicated on account of threatening respiratory insufficiency.5. Development of an alternating broncho-tracheal syndrome must be considred in patients which undergo endoscopy in anesthesia.", "PMID": 1178841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6762", "title": "[Pancreaticography and its correlation with angiography and ultrasonography in diagnosis of the pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "The endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography demonstrates - when suspecting \"pancreas anulare\" - the part of the pancreatic duct system that forms a ring around the duodenum, helping to recognize this anomaly. In chronic pancreatitis deformities of the pancreatic ducts may be visualized 2-3 years after the onset of the disease. There are deformities of the outlining and the course of the ducts as well as solitary and multiple stenosis and -most important- dilatation of the main duct and its branches. In pancreas abscess, necrotic cavities, and pseudocysts the retograde pancreaticography visualizes solitary or multiple perforations of the duct and pooling of contrast medium in cavities. Carcinoma of the pancreas presents stenosis, occlusion and deviation of the main duct and its branches and sometimes with lakes of contrast medium in ares of necrosis. Pancreaticography following trauma demonstrates similar to chronic pancreatitis laking of contrast medium following perforation. The endoscopic retrograde pancreatico-cholangiography has - like angiography and ultrasound - its special indications in diagnosis of the pancreas. They are important in cases which have affected primarily or secondarily the duct system. Its reliability in confirming and differentiating a disease increases with more accurate indication. In this journal in 1965 a critical review of roentgenologic examinations of the pancreas presumed that development of a valid preoperative pancreaticography would lead to priority of this method. This priority has become true in chronic pancreatitis, calculous pancreatitis and visualization of necrotic cavities. In those examples the endoscopic retrograde pancreatico-cholangiography is still not dominating all cases.", "contents": "[Pancreaticography and its correlation with angiography and ultrasonography in diagnosis of the pancreas (author's transl)]. The endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography demonstrates - when suspecting \"pancreas anulare\" - the part of the pancreatic duct system that forms a ring around the duodenum, helping to recognize this anomaly. In chronic pancreatitis deformities of the pancreatic ducts may be visualized 2-3 years after the onset of the disease. There are deformities of the outlining and the course of the ducts as well as solitary and multiple stenosis and -most important- dilatation of the main duct and its branches. In pancreas abscess, necrotic cavities, and pseudocysts the retograde pancreaticography visualizes solitary or multiple perforations of the duct and pooling of contrast medium in cavities. Carcinoma of the pancreas presents stenosis, occlusion and deviation of the main duct and its branches and sometimes with lakes of contrast medium in ares of necrosis. Pancreaticography following trauma demonstrates similar to chronic pancreatitis laking of contrast medium following perforation. The endoscopic retrograde pancreatico-cholangiography has - like angiography and ultrasound - its special indications in diagnosis of the pancreas. They are important in cases which have affected primarily or secondarily the duct system. Its reliability in confirming and differentiating a disease increases with more accurate indication. In this journal in 1965 a critical review of roentgenologic examinations of the pancreas presumed that development of a valid preoperative pancreaticography would lead to priority of this method. This priority has become true in chronic pancreatitis, calculous pancreatitis and visualization of necrotic cavities. In those examples the endoscopic retrograde pancreatico-cholangiography is still not dominating all cases.", "PMID": 1178842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6763", "title": "[Ultrasonography in pancreatic disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In 150 patients who underwent ultrasonography 85 cases presented a pathological ultrasonogram. Clinical course, enzyme elevations, or operative findings suggested pancreatic disease. In 14 cases the diagnosis was confirmed by histology. Acute pancreatitis may be diagnosed by a certain sonographic pattern. Cysts, solid tumours, and inflammatory masses may be differentiated. Malignant tumours cannot be differentiated from benign lesions.", "contents": "[Ultrasonography in pancreatic disease (author's transl)]. In 150 patients who underwent ultrasonography 85 cases presented a pathological ultrasonogram. Clinical course, enzyme elevations, or operative findings suggested pancreatic disease. In 14 cases the diagnosis was confirmed by histology. Acute pancreatitis may be diagnosed by a certain sonographic pattern. Cysts, solid tumours, and inflammatory masses may be differentiated. Malignant tumours cannot be differentiated from benign lesions.", "PMID": 1178843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6764", "title": "[Peptic esophagitis and tumor-calcification in the Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes of the stomach, duodenum and small bowel due to gastrin-producing tumors are important signs for the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Peptic esophagitis and calcification of a gastrin producing tumor of the pancreas are typical changes in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "contents": "[Peptic esophagitis and tumor-calcification in the Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (author's transl)]. Changes of the stomach, duodenum and small bowel due to gastrin-producing tumors are important signs for the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Peptic esophagitis and calcification of a gastrin producing tumor of the pancreas are typical changes in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "PMID": 1178844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6765", "title": "Backgrounds of computer-assisted treatment planning in radiation therapy.", "content": "Interaction of ionising radiation and living materials causes biological damage of tempory or permanent nature. In radiation therapy this phenomenon is used in a controlled fashion in order to stop the proliferation of malignant cells, while at the same time limiting the permanent damage to healthy tissues and organs to at least tolerable levels. Because of the often relatively small differences in response of malignant growths and normal tissues, the margins between tolerable and intolerable are so small that the greatest precision in treatment planning and execution is required. The nature of this treatment agent implies that the radiation therapist has to rely very much on instrumentally obtained and processed information, in all phases of this medical activities around the patient. In this paper a description is given of the backgrounds of computer-assisted methods which have enabled modern individualised and optimised planning for therapy with high enery X - and gamma beams.", "contents": "Backgrounds of computer-assisted treatment planning in radiation therapy. Interaction of ionising radiation and living materials causes biological damage of tempory or permanent nature. In radiation therapy this phenomenon is used in a controlled fashion in order to stop the proliferation of malignant cells, while at the same time limiting the permanent damage to healthy tissues and organs to at least tolerable levels. Because of the often relatively small differences in response of malignant growths and normal tissues, the margins between tolerable and intolerable are so small that the greatest precision in treatment planning and execution is required. The nature of this treatment agent implies that the radiation therapist has to rely very much on instrumentally obtained and processed information, in all phases of this medical activities around the patient. In this paper a description is given of the backgrounds of computer-assisted methods which have enabled modern individualised and optimised planning for therapy with high enery X - and gamma beams.", "PMID": 1178845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6766", "title": "[Computer-aided radiation therapy. Requirements and criteria demonstrated by an example (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on recognition of computer-aided radiation therapy planning the possibilities of this concept are described. Important aspects for program quality and performance are emphasized.", "contents": "[Computer-aided radiation therapy. Requirements and criteria demonstrated by an example (author's transl)]. Based on recognition of computer-aided radiation therapy planning the possibilities of this concept are described. Important aspects for program quality and performance are emphasized.", "PMID": 1178846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6767", "title": "[Holographic methods in medical diagnostics (author's transl)].", "content": "The principle of holography is briefly described. Applications to 3-D imaging with X-radiation are discussed. Two holographic methods for displaying 3-D images or synthesizing tomograms of X-ray objects are introduced. The first utilizes a synthetic hologram. It is composed of the holograms of a set of conventional radiographs showing the object from various perspectives. In the second method a coded image is formed by using a statistical array of X-ray sources. For synthesizing tomograms this image is decoded by means of a holographic filtering procedure. First experimental results are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Holographic methods in medical diagnostics (author's transl)]. The principle of holography is briefly described. Applications to 3-D imaging with X-radiation are discussed. Two holographic methods for displaying 3-D images or synthesizing tomograms of X-ray objects are introduced. The first utilizes a synthetic hologram. It is composed of the holograms of a set of conventional radiographs showing the object from various perspectives. In the second method a coded image is formed by using a statistical array of X-ray sources. For synthesizing tomograms this image is decoded by means of a holographic filtering procedure. First experimental results are demonstrated.", "PMID": 1178847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6768", "title": "[Diagnosis of osteoporosis by measurement of 125I-absorption of the finger (author's transl)].", "content": "Quantitative measurement of radiation absorption of an external 125I source does not give information about calcium decrease of the skeletal system in an individual case. Of 50 patients under an age of 40 years who demonstrated osteoporosis by roentgenography, only 19 patients had absorption coefficients of the spongiosa in a pathological range. However there was a significant decrease of the absorption coefficients in two patients collectives with decreased calcium bone diseases. The insufficient diagnostic information in an individual patient is explained by the overlap of absorption values in normals and patients with decreased calcium. This is caused by the difficulties to determine the absorption of the finger and the insufficient discrimination of scattered radiation.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of osteoporosis by measurement of 125I-absorption of the finger (author's transl)]. Quantitative measurement of radiation absorption of an external 125I source does not give information about calcium decrease of the skeletal system in an individual case. Of 50 patients under an age of 40 years who demonstrated osteoporosis by roentgenography, only 19 patients had absorption coefficients of the spongiosa in a pathological range. However there was a significant decrease of the absorption coefficients in two patients collectives with decreased calcium bone diseases. The insufficient diagnostic information in an individual patient is explained by the overlap of absorption values in normals and patients with decreased calcium. This is caused by the difficulties to determine the absorption of the finger and the insufficient discrimination of scattered radiation.", "PMID": 1178848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6769", "title": "Computed tomography of the thorax and abdomen; a preliminary report.", "content": "The utility of computed tomography (CT) in the study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the human body has been the subject of considerable interest since the introduction of CT scanning. The advent of a new prototype scanning device has made it possible to examine a variety of abnormalities in the abdomen and thorax in a manner not previously possible. This development permits a remarkable insight into the study of human disease in vivo.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the thorax and abdomen; a preliminary report. The utility of computed tomography (CT) in the study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the human body has been the subject of considerable interest since the introduction of CT scanning. The advent of a new prototype scanning device has made it possible to examine a variety of abnormalities in the abdomen and thorax in a manner not previously possible. This development permits a remarkable insight into the study of human disease in vivo.", "PMID": 1178849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6770", "title": "Traumatic disruption of the thoracic aorta: significance of the left apical extrapleural cap.", "content": "The plain chest film may be critical in deciding whether a seriously injured patient should undergo aortography in order to exclude traumatic aortic rupture. The roentgen findings suggestive of aortic transection reflect the presence of mediastinal bleeding. A left apical extrapleural cap is frequently seen in these patients but heretofore has not been emphasized in the literature.", "contents": "Traumatic disruption of the thoracic aorta: significance of the left apical extrapleural cap. The plain chest film may be critical in deciding whether a seriously injured patient should undergo aortography in order to exclude traumatic aortic rupture. The roentgen findings suggestive of aortic transection reflect the presence of mediastinal bleeding. A left apical extrapleural cap is frequently seen in these patients but heretofore has not been emphasized in the literature.", "PMID": 1178850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6771", "title": "Another sports fatigue fracture. Stress fracture of the coracoid process of the scapula.", "content": "An example of stress fracture of the coracoid process of the scapula in a trapshooter is presented. The value of the axillary view of tbe shoulder is emphasized.", "contents": "Another sports fatigue fracture. Stress fracture of the coracoid process of the scapula. An example of stress fracture of the coracoid process of the scapula in a trapshooter is presented. The value of the axillary view of tbe shoulder is emphasized.", "PMID": 1178851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6772", "title": "Hernias of the ureter.--An anatomic-roentgenographic study.", "content": "Four cases of herniation of the ureter are presented. A discussion of the various types of ureteral hernia is based on the roentgenographic features of each type as well as the anatomical considerations responsible for these radiographic signs. The use of erect and oblique projections in patients with hernias undergoing urography is urged. The sign of the curlicue ureter is felt to be pathognomonic for ureteral hernia.", "contents": "Hernias of the ureter.--An anatomic-roentgenographic study. Four cases of herniation of the ureter are presented. A discussion of the various types of ureteral hernia is based on the roentgenographic features of each type as well as the anatomical considerations responsible for these radiographic signs. The use of erect and oblique projections in patients with hernias undergoing urography is urged. The sign of the curlicue ureter is felt to be pathognomonic for ureteral hernia.", "PMID": 1178852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6773", "title": "Investigation of ureteric function with simultaneous intraureteric pressure recordings and ureteropyelography.", "content": "Ureteric function was investigated by simultaneous intraureteric pressure recording (ureterometry) and retrograde ureteropyelography. With a multichannel catheter, intraluminal pressures can be recorded simultaneously at three levels in the ureter. The catheter can also be used to inject contrast medium. In normal antegrade peristalsis, an interval of 0.5-1.5 sec. was observed from the disappearance of the urine bolus to the recording of the maximal contraction pressure. In cases of long-lasting retroperistalsis, the urinary flow was impaired. Combined ureterometry and ureteropyelography appears to be a valuable method for detailed studies of ureteric function.", "contents": "Investigation of ureteric function with simultaneous intraureteric pressure recordings and ureteropyelography. Ureteric function was investigated by simultaneous intraureteric pressure recording (ureterometry) and retrograde ureteropyelography. With a multichannel catheter, intraluminal pressures can be recorded simultaneously at three levels in the ureter. The catheter can also be used to inject contrast medium. In normal antegrade peristalsis, an interval of 0.5-1.5 sec. was observed from the disappearance of the urine bolus to the recording of the maximal contraction pressure. In cases of long-lasting retroperistalsis, the urinary flow was impaired. Combined ureterometry and ureteropyelography appears to be a valuable method for detailed studies of ureteric function.", "PMID": 1178853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6774", "title": "Renal artery dissection: a complication of catheter arteriography.", "content": "Renal artery dissection is a rare complication of catheter arteriography. Predisposing factors include atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia. Optimum management requires aortographic documentation of the extent of vascular obstruction. Dissections causing incomplete obstruction of blood flow can be treated with systemic anticoagulation to prevent downstream thrombosis and should be followed with serial isotope blood flow studies and LDH measurements. Dissection causing complete vascular obstruction usually requires immediate surgery, although spontaneous reestablishment of flow may occur. The 3 patients discussed illustrate a spectrum of findings, including the acute development of renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Renal artery dissection: a complication of catheter arteriography. Renal artery dissection is a rare complication of catheter arteriography. Predisposing factors include atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia. Optimum management requires aortographic documentation of the extent of vascular obstruction. Dissections causing incomplete obstruction of blood flow can be treated with systemic anticoagulation to prevent downstream thrombosis and should be followed with serial isotope blood flow studies and LDH measurements. Dissection causing complete vascular obstruction usually requires immediate surgery, although spontaneous reestablishment of flow may occur. The 3 patients discussed illustrate a spectrum of findings, including the acute development of renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 1178854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6775", "title": "Leiomyoblastoma of the stomach. Report of 9 cases.", "content": "Gastric leiomyoblastoma is a rare intramural tumor which originates in the smooth muscle. Nine cases were studied with respect to their clinical, radiological, and pathological features. Six distinct radiological patterns may be seen, of which 5 are represented in this series. Most such lesions occur in the gastric antrum. Leiomyoblastomas are generally benign and do not recur following removal.", "contents": "Leiomyoblastoma of the stomach. Report of 9 cases. Gastric leiomyoblastoma is a rare intramural tumor which originates in the smooth muscle. Nine cases were studied with respect to their clinical, radiological, and pathological features. Six distinct radiological patterns may be seen, of which 5 are represented in this series. Most such lesions occur in the gastric antrum. Leiomyoblastomas are generally benign and do not recur following removal.", "PMID": 1178855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6776", "title": "Lipoid proteinosis. A case report.", "content": "Lipoid proteinosis caused specific changes in the brain, larynx, and cervical esophagus of a young adult man. Laryngography clearly depicts the distribution and degree of pharyngeal and laryngeal pathology. Florid calcification, conforming to the classical temporal lobe distribution, is documented by plain films and tomography. The clinical picture and the pertinent literature are reviewed.", "contents": "Lipoid proteinosis. A case report. Lipoid proteinosis caused specific changes in the brain, larynx, and cervical esophagus of a young adult man. Laryngography clearly depicts the distribution and degree of pharyngeal and laryngeal pathology. Florid calcification, conforming to the classical temporal lobe distribution, is documented by plain films and tomography. The clinical picture and the pertinent literature are reviewed.", "PMID": 1178856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6777", "title": "Calcified external iliac vein thrombosis.", "content": "Linear calcification in the soft tissues of the pelvis in the region of the external iliac vein should suggest the possibility of calcified external iliac vein thrombosis, particularly in patients with a suspicious clinical history or physical findings. Extremity and pelvic venography corroborate the plain film findings.", "contents": "Calcified external iliac vein thrombosis. Linear calcification in the soft tissues of the pelvis in the region of the external iliac vein should suggest the possibility of calcified external iliac vein thrombosis, particularly in patients with a suspicious clinical history or physical findings. Extremity and pelvic venography corroborate the plain film findings.", "PMID": 1178857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6778", "title": "Congenital respiratory cyst. RPC from the AFIP.", "content": "The radiologic finding of a thin-walled cystic structure in the lung should raise the question of a possible congenital respiratory cyst. This is often a difficult diagnosis to confirm, and the presence of radiologic findings such as loculation of the cyst, ill-defined or shaggy borders, interstitial reticulations, or pleural thickening should all be considered suggestive of postinflammatory processes such as abscess, cystic bronchiectasis, or even tuberculosis. A history of previous pneumonia should also be considered evidence to question the diagnosis of congenital respiratory cyst and suggest the possibility of a pneumatocele.", "contents": "Congenital respiratory cyst. RPC from the AFIP. The radiologic finding of a thin-walled cystic structure in the lung should raise the question of a possible congenital respiratory cyst. This is often a difficult diagnosis to confirm, and the presence of radiologic findings such as loculation of the cyst, ill-defined or shaggy borders, interstitial reticulations, or pleural thickening should all be considered suggestive of postinflammatory processes such as abscess, cystic bronchiectasis, or even tuberculosis. A history of previous pneumonia should also be considered evidence to question the diagnosis of congenital respiratory cyst and suggest the possibility of a pneumatocele.", "PMID": 1178858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6779", "title": "The great horizontal fissure of the cerebellum: angiographic appearance.", "content": "The anatomy and angiographic appearance of the great horizontal fissure is seen on most vertebral angiograms of excellent quality and is best shown on the lateral and AP (transfacial) projections. Identification of the fissure may provide an additional angiographic landmark for precise localization of peripherally situated masses, either within or adjacent to the cerebellum.", "contents": "The great horizontal fissure of the cerebellum: angiographic appearance. The anatomy and angiographic appearance of the great horizontal fissure is seen on most vertebral angiograms of excellent quality and is best shown on the lateral and AP (transfacial) projections. Identification of the fissure may provide an additional angiographic landmark for precise localization of peripherally situated masses, either within or adjacent to the cerebellum.", "PMID": 1178859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6780", "title": "Diagnosis of osteomyelitis in children by combined blood pool and bone imaging.", "content": "Differentiation of osteomyelitis from cellulitis or septic arthritis can be difficult. The radiological examination often does not have the characteristic features. Seventy of 71 children with osteomyelitis had focal areas of increased radioactivity at the site of the infection. The addition of \"blood pool\" images aids in the interpretation of the study as they permit evaluation of the effect of hyperemia. The 13 childrenwith cellulitis had diffuse increase in radioactivity involving both the bones and soft tissues. Bone imaging as the initial screening procedure for osteomyelitis is recommended.", "contents": "Diagnosis of osteomyelitis in children by combined blood pool and bone imaging. Differentiation of osteomyelitis from cellulitis or septic arthritis can be difficult. The radiological examination often does not have the characteristic features. Seventy of 71 children with osteomyelitis had focal areas of increased radioactivity at the site of the infection. The addition of \"blood pool\" images aids in the interpretation of the study as they permit evaluation of the effect of hyperemia. The 13 childrenwith cellulitis had diffuse increase in radioactivity involving both the bones and soft tissues. Bone imaging as the initial screening procedure for osteomyelitis is recommended.", "PMID": 1178860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6781", "title": "Early radionuclide diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis.", "content": "Forty-two patients suspected of having early, acute osteomyelitis were studied by 99mTc-Sn-pyrophosphate bone imaging. Of the 19 patients shown subsequently to have osteomyelitis, 18 had positive bone images. Only one of the radiographs taken at the same time was positive. The bone image provides a safe, accurate, noninvasive technique for the early diagnosis of osteomyelitis.", "contents": "Early radionuclide diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis. Forty-two patients suspected of having early, acute osteomyelitis were studied by 99mTc-Sn-pyrophosphate bone imaging. Of the 19 patients shown subsequently to have osteomyelitis, 18 had positive bone images. Only one of the radiographs taken at the same time was positive. The bone image provides a safe, accurate, noninvasive technique for the early diagnosis of osteomyelitis.", "PMID": 1178861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6782", "title": "Liver imaging in the diagnosis of hepatic venous thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.", "content": "Eleven patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria were studied by serial liver imaging. This disease has a generalized thrombotic tendency, and progressive diffuse hepatic venous thrombosis has been emphasized in recent studies. Radionuclide imaging proved to be of great help in establishing the diagnosis of hepatic venous thrombosis and following the progress of the disease process. Abnormal patterns in hepatic venous occlusion include (a) enlargement of the liver (especially the right lobe), (b) extrahepatic localization of radionuclide, and (c) areas of decreased uptake in the distribution of the involved veins. These findings develop rapidly and are very characteristic in the clinical setting.", "contents": "Liver imaging in the diagnosis of hepatic venous thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Eleven patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria were studied by serial liver imaging. This disease has a generalized thrombotic tendency, and progressive diffuse hepatic venous thrombosis has been emphasized in recent studies. Radionuclide imaging proved to be of great help in establishing the diagnosis of hepatic venous thrombosis and following the progress of the disease process. Abnormal patterns in hepatic venous occlusion include (a) enlargement of the liver (especially the right lobe), (b) extrahepatic localization of radionuclide, and (c) areas of decreased uptake in the distribution of the involved veins. These findings develop rapidly and are very characteristic in the clinical setting.", "PMID": 1178862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6783", "title": "Liver size determination in pediatrics using sonographic and scintigraphic techniques.", "content": "Knowledge of the normal liver size is essential for making the scintigraphic estimate of hepatomegaly. A nomogram for sonographic liver size versus height of the patient was developed for the normal pediatric patient. Liver size was measured as the longitudinal liver length in the plane midway between the xiphoid and the right lateral liver margin. Scintigraphic and sonographic measurements showed a good correlation. The scintigraphic nomogram was developed using the experimentally determined relationship between the two modalities.", "contents": "Liver size determination in pediatrics using sonographic and scintigraphic techniques. Knowledge of the normal liver size is essential for making the scintigraphic estimate of hepatomegaly. A nomogram for sonographic liver size versus height of the patient was developed for the normal pediatric patient. Liver size was measured as the longitudinal liver length in the plane midway between the xiphoid and the right lateral liver margin. Scintigraphic and sonographic measurements showed a good correlation. The scintigraphic nomogram was developed using the experimentally determined relationship between the two modalities.", "PMID": 1178863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6784", "title": "Dynamic/static brain scintigraphy: an effective screening test for subdural hematoma.", "content": "Dynamic perfusion scintigraphy of the brain was coupled with the delayed static scan in 5,853 studies as a screening test for neurological disease. Of approximately 1,000 patients referred for investigation for possible subdural hematoma (SDH), 23 proved to have SDH at surgery. Their scintigraphic abnormalities were analyzed and classified. When neither study indicates abnormality, angiography is not required, as SDH is unlikely. When the scintigraphic appearance is characteristic of SDH, angiography or surgical exploration is mandatory, since SDH is probably present. When the scintigraphic findings are consistent with but not typical of SDH, the study remains useful as a screening procedure, but the decision to proceed with angiography is based primarily on the neurological course.", "contents": "Dynamic/static brain scintigraphy: an effective screening test for subdural hematoma. Dynamic perfusion scintigraphy of the brain was coupled with the delayed static scan in 5,853 studies as a screening test for neurological disease. Of approximately 1,000 patients referred for investigation for possible subdural hematoma (SDH), 23 proved to have SDH at surgery. Their scintigraphic abnormalities were analyzed and classified. When neither study indicates abnormality, angiography is not required, as SDH is unlikely. When the scintigraphic appearance is characteristic of SDH, angiography or surgical exploration is mandatory, since SDH is probably present. When the scintigraphic findings are consistent with but not typical of SDH, the study remains useful as a screening procedure, but the decision to proceed with angiography is based primarily on the neurological course.", "PMID": 1178864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6785", "title": "Vascular displacement diagnosed by cerebral radionuclide angiography.", "content": "Findings were reviewed in twelve patients who had contrast and radionuclide cerebral angiograms interpreted as showing displacement of the anterior or middle cerebral arteries on either study. The radionuclide angiogram detected 3 of 8 displacements of the anterior cerebral artery and 9 of 10 displacements of the middle cerebral artery. In two cases the radionuclide study suggested displacement of the middle cerebral artery when in fact it was occluded in one and normal in the other. Radionuclide angiographic detection of major cerebral artery displacement provides valuable interpretative data, particularly when the middle cerebral artery is involved.", "contents": "Vascular displacement diagnosed by cerebral radionuclide angiography. Findings were reviewed in twelve patients who had contrast and radionuclide cerebral angiograms interpreted as showing displacement of the anterior or middle cerebral arteries on either study. The radionuclide angiogram detected 3 of 8 displacements of the anterior cerebral artery and 9 of 10 displacements of the middle cerebral artery. In two cases the radionuclide study suggested displacement of the middle cerebral artery when in fact it was occluded in one and normal in the other. Radionuclide angiographic detection of major cerebral artery displacement provides valuable interpretative data, particularly when the middle cerebral artery is involved.", "PMID": 1178865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6786", "title": "The retained gastric antrum. A case report.", "content": "A case of retained gastric antrum, confirmed by radiographic and isotopic techniques, is presented. Any patient with chronic, recurrent peptic ulceration following subtotal gastric resection and gastrojejunostomy should have an adequate upper gastrointestinal series with filling of the afferent loop. In addition, intravenous injection of 99mTc pertechnetate is a noninvasive technique which aids in the identification of a retained gastric antrum.", "contents": "The retained gastric antrum. A case report. A case of retained gastric antrum, confirmed by radiographic and isotopic techniques, is presented. Any patient with chronic, recurrent peptic ulceration following subtotal gastric resection and gastrojejunostomy should have an adequate upper gastrointestinal series with filling of the afferent loop. In addition, intravenous injection of 99mTc pertechnetate is a noninvasive technique which aids in the identification of a retained gastric antrum.", "PMID": 1178866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6787", "title": "\"Burned-out\" pyloric stenosis: an elusive gastric outlet obstruction.", "content": "Four cases of infantile pyloric stenosis are presented to illustrate the difficulties found in diagnosing pyloric stenosis. Clinical, histological, surgical, and roentgenologic examination must be combined to determine the optimum treatment. All patients exhibited failure to thrive and gain weight normally, but few showed palpable tumors upon abdominal examination. The results of upper gastrointestinal examination are often more confusing than helpful, but previously performed Gl studies have been rewarding. The main problem is to rule out pylorospasm, and a trial of treatment with antispasmodics is essential. The presence or absence of a residual muscle mass at surgery would call for pylorotomy or pyroplasty, respectively.", "contents": "\"Burned-out\" pyloric stenosis: an elusive gastric outlet obstruction. Four cases of infantile pyloric stenosis are presented to illustrate the difficulties found in diagnosing pyloric stenosis. Clinical, histological, surgical, and roentgenologic examination must be combined to determine the optimum treatment. All patients exhibited failure to thrive and gain weight normally, but few showed palpable tumors upon abdominal examination. The results of upper gastrointestinal examination are often more confusing than helpful, but previously performed Gl studies have been rewarding. The main problem is to rule out pylorospasm, and a trial of treatment with antispasmodics is essential. The presence or absence of a residual muscle mass at surgery would call for pylorotomy or pyroplasty, respectively.", "PMID": 1178867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6788", "title": "Two unusual conditions simulating ectopic ureterocele. Unilateral hydrometrocolpos with ipsilateral renal agenesis or hypoplasia, and ectopic ureteral opening into a seminal vesicle.", "content": "The clinical and radiologic findings in two infants are presented, one with unilateral hydrometrocolpos and ipsilateral renal agenesis or hypoplasia and the other with ureteral duplication with one of the ureters opening into a cystically dilated seminal vesicle. The excretory urograms of both infants suggested ectopic ureterocele. Further radiologic investigation, including lateral views of the bladder, led to the correct preoperative diagnosis. Both conditions are relatively rare, and their appearance simulating ectopic ureteroceleis even more uncommon.", "contents": "Two unusual conditions simulating ectopic ureterocele. Unilateral hydrometrocolpos with ipsilateral renal agenesis or hypoplasia, and ectopic ureteral opening into a seminal vesicle. The clinical and radiologic findings in two infants are presented, one with unilateral hydrometrocolpos and ipsilateral renal agenesis or hypoplasia and the other with ureteral duplication with one of the ureters opening into a cystically dilated seminal vesicle. The excretory urograms of both infants suggested ectopic ureterocele. Further radiologic investigation, including lateral views of the bladder, led to the correct preoperative diagnosis. Both conditions are relatively rare, and their appearance simulating ectopic ureteroceleis even more uncommon.", "PMID": 1178868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6789", "title": "The visibly fatty liver.", "content": "Fatty infiltration of the liver has been identified roentgenographically in several young children. Awareness of this possibility will sometimes allow a radiologist to contribute to the understanding of the patient's metabolic and nutritional state. If a child's liver is shown to be abnormally radiolucent, cystic fibrosis should be considered.", "contents": "The visibly fatty liver. Fatty infiltration of the liver has been identified roentgenographically in several young children. Awareness of this possibility will sometimes allow a radiologist to contribute to the understanding of the patient's metabolic and nutritional state. If a child's liver is shown to be abnormally radiolucent, cystic fibrosis should be considered.", "PMID": 1178869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6790", "title": "Cholelithiasis in children.", "content": "Review of 367 cases of cholelithiasis in children from the literature and our experience showed that 81% of these patients has no evidence of hemolytic anemia. Oral cholecystograms were diagnostic of cholelithiasis in approximately 70% of these cases. Plain film studies were found to be of diagnostic value as a high percentage of gallstones were visible on plain radiographs of the abdomen.", "contents": "Cholelithiasis in children. Review of 367 cases of cholelithiasis in children from the literature and our experience showed that 81% of these patients has no evidence of hemolytic anemia. Oral cholecystograms were diagnostic of cholelithiasis in approximately 70% of these cases. Plain film studies were found to be of diagnostic value as a high percentage of gallstones were visible on plain radiographs of the abdomen.", "PMID": 1178870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6791", "title": "Radiologic signs of the 4p- (Wolf) syndrome.", "content": "The improved Giemsa-trypsin banding technique was used to differentiate the 4p- (Wolf) from the 5p- (cri du chat) syndrome. New radiographic findings of polydactyly, cervical ribs, and fusion defects of the elbows, ribs, and spine are presented in a girl with 4p- syndrome with 45 chromosomes and a B4/G22 translocation [45, XX, -4, -22, +t(4p22q)].", "contents": "Radiologic signs of the 4p- (Wolf) syndrome. The improved Giemsa-trypsin banding technique was used to differentiate the 4p- (Wolf) from the 5p- (cri du chat) syndrome. New radiographic findings of polydactyly, cervical ribs, and fusion defects of the elbows, ribs, and spine are presented in a girl with 4p- syndrome with 45 chromosomes and a B4/G22 translocation [45, XX, -4, -22, +t(4p22q)].", "PMID": 1178871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6792", "title": "Presurgical embolization of neurogenic hamartoma in an infant. A case report.", "content": "The vessels supplying a rare congenital tumor (neurogenic hamartoma) were deliberately occluded by emboli. This extensive tumor presented both in the oropharynx and in the left middle cranial fossa. Using a 3.7 French catheter, Gelfoam emboli suspended in contrast medium were injected into the vessels of the tumor under fluoroscopic visualization. The once vacular tumor was then removed in two stages with little blood loss.", "contents": "Presurgical embolization of neurogenic hamartoma in an infant. A case report. The vessels supplying a rare congenital tumor (neurogenic hamartoma) were deliberately occluded by emboli. This extensive tumor presented both in the oropharynx and in the left middle cranial fossa. Using a 3.7 French catheter, Gelfoam emboli suspended in contrast medium were injected into the vessels of the tumor under fluoroscopic visualization. The once vacular tumor was then removed in two stages with little blood loss.", "PMID": 1178872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6793", "title": "Initial clinical evaluation of a new ultrasonic camera.", "content": "Real-time transmission ultrasonic imaging of the abdomen in adult patients has been accomplished with a new camera system developed by Stanford Research Institute. Some inherent limitations of the transmission technique are apparent; these include obscuration of some structures by overlying bone or gas-filled organs. Other limitations produced by diffraction and refraction effects of the ultrasound beam in complex objects may be eliminated by additional research effort. With further improvements, this camera system may become a useful diagnostic instrument.", "contents": "Initial clinical evaluation of a new ultrasonic camera. Real-time transmission ultrasonic imaging of the abdomen in adult patients has been accomplished with a new camera system developed by Stanford Research Institute. Some inherent limitations of the transmission technique are apparent; these include obscuration of some structures by overlying bone or gas-filled organs. Other limitations produced by diffraction and refraction effects of the ultrasound beam in complex objects may be eliminated by additional research effort. With further improvements, this camera system may become a useful diagnostic instrument.", "PMID": 1178873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6794", "title": "Anticipation of dental anomalies induced by radiation therapy.", "content": "Therapeutic irradiation of the head and neck of children up to the age of 16 years can cause malformation and developmental arrest of the permanent teeth. Dental anomalies occurring after irradiation of the palatal tumor in an 8-year-old are described and compared with a normal 8-year-old's developmental sequence to demonstrate that the immature, noncalcified dental structures are most susceptible to radiation injury. The stage of dental development at the time of therapy may be precisely determined by a routine oral radiographic survey, which provides a reliable estimate of the deformation that may be anticipated following radiotherapy.", "contents": "Anticipation of dental anomalies induced by radiation therapy. Therapeutic irradiation of the head and neck of children up to the age of 16 years can cause malformation and developmental arrest of the permanent teeth. Dental anomalies occurring after irradiation of the palatal tumor in an 8-year-old are described and compared with a normal 8-year-old's developmental sequence to demonstrate that the immature, noncalcified dental structures are most susceptible to radiation injury. The stage of dental development at the time of therapy may be precisely determined by a routine oral radiographic survey, which provides a reliable estimate of the deformation that may be anticipated following radiotherapy.", "PMID": 1178874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6795", "title": "Immobilization error: some theoretical considerations.", "content": "The consequences of immobilization error are explored through a model involving the tumor dose-response characteristics. The quantitative effect of such an error depends upon the field size, the shape of the dose-response function, and the position of the nominal dose being delivered on the dose-response function. Squamous-cell carcinoma of the supraglottis and Hodgkin's disease are discussed and values are calculated for the change in tumor control probability which might accompany immobilization error.", "contents": "Immobilization error: some theoretical considerations. The consequences of immobilization error are explored through a model involving the tumor dose-response characteristics. The quantitative effect of such an error depends upon the field size, the shape of the dose-response function, and the position of the nominal dose being delivered on the dose-response function. Squamous-cell carcinoma of the supraglottis and Hodgkin's disease are discussed and values are calculated for the change in tumor control probability which might accompany immobilization error.", "PMID": 1178875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6796", "title": "Radiation-related eosinophilia. Correlation with delayed hypersensitivity, lymphocyte count, and survival in patients treated by curative radiotherapy.", "content": "Abdominal irradiation may produce eosinophilia. The relationship between radiation-related eosinophilia (RRE), reactivity to 2-4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), lymphocyte count, and prognosis was evaluated in 98 patients irradiated for tumors below the diaphragm. Forty-two per cent manifested RRE and 62% reacted to DNCB. Fifteen of 19 (79%) reactors who had RRE were disease-free at 6 months. Fourteen of 22 (64%) nonreactors who had RRE and 26 of 42 (62%) DNCB reactors without RRE were controlled. Fourteen of 15 (93%) nonreactors without RRE had disease at 6 months. Those who had RRE had double the median survival of those who did not.", "contents": "Radiation-related eosinophilia. Correlation with delayed hypersensitivity, lymphocyte count, and survival in patients treated by curative radiotherapy. Abdominal irradiation may produce eosinophilia. The relationship between radiation-related eosinophilia (RRE), reactivity to 2-4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), lymphocyte count, and prognosis was evaluated in 98 patients irradiated for tumors below the diaphragm. Forty-two per cent manifested RRE and 62% reacted to DNCB. Fifteen of 19 (79%) reactors who had RRE were disease-free at 6 months. Fourteen of 22 (64%) nonreactors who had RRE and 26 of 42 (62%) DNCB reactors without RRE were controlled. Fourteen of 15 (93%) nonreactors without RRE had disease at 6 months. Those who had RRE had double the median survival of those who did not.", "PMID": 1178876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6797", "title": "Rethinking the necessity of treating all fields at each radiotherapy session.", "content": "Examples of multifield and wedged treatment plans are evaluated in terms of the fractionation protocol. Isoeffect distributions derived from time-dose fractionation values are examined, emphasizing alternate treatment schedules of the same plan. The necessity of treating all fields at each session is found to be a function of the detailed nature of the individual treatment plan.", "contents": "Rethinking the necessity of treating all fields at each radiotherapy session. Examples of multifield and wedged treatment plans are evaluated in terms of the fractionation protocol. Isoeffect distributions derived from time-dose fractionation values are examined, emphasizing alternate treatment schedules of the same plan. The necessity of treating all fields at each session is found to be a function of the detailed nature of the individual treatment plan.", "PMID": 1178877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6798", "title": "Imaging characteristics of gamma-ray collimators.", "content": "Imaging characteristics of 43 commercial gamma-ray collimators for rectillinear scanners are measured. The modulation transfer functions, plane sensitivity, full width at half maximum, depth-of-field, and focal length for each collimator are reported. The products of all five companies examined appear to represent the current state of the art.", "contents": "Imaging characteristics of gamma-ray collimators. Imaging characteristics of 43 commercial gamma-ray collimators for rectillinear scanners are measured. The modulation transfer functions, plane sensitivity, full width at half maximum, depth-of-field, and focal length for each collimator are reported. The products of all five companies examined appear to represent the current state of the art.", "PMID": 1178878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6799", "title": "The use of wedge filters to improve dose distribution with the partial rotation technique.", "content": "Rotational arcs covering less than 360 degrees are frequently used in order to spare critical structures in radiation therapy; however, this results in a lack of dose uniformity in the target volume. Wedge filters can be used to restore dose uniformity in the treatment volume when limited arcs are employed. The authors emphasize the use of small rotational arcs (less than 90 degrees) in treating eccentrically located tumors such as those of the spinal cord and describe a simple model which can be used to calculate the wedge angle as a function of the arc angle.", "contents": "The use of wedge filters to improve dose distribution with the partial rotation technique. Rotational arcs covering less than 360 degrees are frequently used in order to spare critical structures in radiation therapy; however, this results in a lack of dose uniformity in the target volume. Wedge filters can be used to restore dose uniformity in the treatment volume when limited arcs are employed. The authors emphasize the use of small rotational arcs (less than 90 degrees) in treating eccentrically located tumors such as those of the spinal cord and describe a simple model which can be used to calculate the wedge angle as a function of the arc angle.", "PMID": 1178879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6800", "title": "Hyperthermia: biological studies at the cellular level.", "content": "Tissue culture techniques were used to study the effect of hyperthermia on several cell types, including normal liver and hepatoma cells, as well as cell lines that have been established in culture for many years. Short exposures (less than 30 min.) at 45 degrees C readily kill a large proportion of cells. The response to heat was strikingly similar in all cells tested, and no preferential killing of neoplastic cells could be demonstrated. By contrast, hypoxic cells were found to be dramatically more susceptible to killing by heat than aerated cells. This is the reverse of the situation for x irradiation. The effectiveness of x irradiation was potentiated by treating the irradiated cells for 20 min. at 43 degrees C, which did not kill a detectable number of cells.", "contents": "Hyperthermia: biological studies at the cellular level. Tissue culture techniques were used to study the effect of hyperthermia on several cell types, including normal liver and hepatoma cells, as well as cell lines that have been established in culture for many years. Short exposures (less than 30 min.) at 45 degrees C readily kill a large proportion of cells. The response to heat was strikingly similar in all cells tested, and no preferential killing of neoplastic cells could be demonstrated. By contrast, hypoxic cells were found to be dramatically more susceptible to killing by heat than aerated cells. This is the reverse of the situation for x irradiation. The effectiveness of x irradiation was potentiated by treating the irradiated cells for 20 min. at 43 degrees C, which did not kill a detectable number of cells.", "PMID": 1178880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6801", "title": "Hypoxic sensitizers: radiobiological studies at the cellular level.", "content": "The nitroimidazoles have been found to selectively sensitize hypoxic cells to the effects of irradiation. The latest in this family of drugs is RO-07-0582, which is able to mimic 80% of the oxygen effect at a concentration of 5 mM by modifying the sensitivity of hypoxic cells to single doses of gamma rays; however, it is not a substitution for oxygen in promoting the repair of sublethal radiation damage between split doses. Studies show that it is a powerful cytotoxic agent as well and selectively operates against hypoxic cells.", "contents": "Hypoxic sensitizers: radiobiological studies at the cellular level. The nitroimidazoles have been found to selectively sensitize hypoxic cells to the effects of irradiation. The latest in this family of drugs is RO-07-0582, which is able to mimic 80% of the oxygen effect at a concentration of 5 mM by modifying the sensitivity of hypoxic cells to single doses of gamma rays; however, it is not a substitution for oxygen in promoting the repair of sublethal radiation damage between split doses. Studies show that it is a powerful cytotoxic agent as well and selectively operates against hypoxic cells.", "PMID": 1178881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6802", "title": "Mammary carcinoma cell population growth in preirradiated and unirradiated transplant sites. Viable tumor growth, vascularity, and the tumor-bed effect.", "content": "Although preirradiation of the transplant site profoundly depresses growth of subsequently grafted carcinomas, the potential rate of tumor cell population growth was very similar within the viable regions of large and small tumors grafted in preirradiated or unirradiated sites. The vascular space per unit of viable tumor mass has previously been shown to be constant in such viable tumor tissue. It is concluded that the tumor-bed effect is due to suppression of vascular growth capability. Insofar as therapeutic procedures depend on relative functional vascular space, the sensitivity per unit mass of viable tissue would be expected to be very similar in large and small tumors growing in unirradiated or preirradiated sites.", "contents": "Mammary carcinoma cell population growth in preirradiated and unirradiated transplant sites. Viable tumor growth, vascularity, and the tumor-bed effect. Although preirradiation of the transplant site profoundly depresses growth of subsequently grafted carcinomas, the potential rate of tumor cell population growth was very similar within the viable regions of large and small tumors grafted in preirradiated or unirradiated sites. The vascular space per unit of viable tumor mass has previously been shown to be constant in such viable tumor tissue. It is concluded that the tumor-bed effect is due to suppression of vascular growth capability. Insofar as therapeutic procedures depend on relative functional vascular space, the sensitivity per unit mass of viable tissue would be expected to be very similar in large and small tumors growing in unirradiated or preirradiated sites.", "PMID": 1178882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6803", "title": "Myelography in patients with medulloblastoma.", "content": "Unsuspected metastatic medulloblastoma involving the spinal cord was detected by myelography in 2 of 3 patients with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma. Myelography revealed unsuspected spinal cord metastases in an additional patient with recurrent medulloblastoma in the posterior fossa. The authors suggest that myelography be performed prior to radiotherapy in all patients with either primary medulloblastoma or recurrence in the posterior fossa.", "contents": "Myelography in patients with medulloblastoma. Unsuspected metastatic medulloblastoma involving the spinal cord was detected by myelography in 2 of 3 patients with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma. Myelography revealed unsuspected spinal cord metastases in an additional patient with recurrent medulloblastoma in the posterior fossa. The authors suggest that myelography be performed prior to radiotherapy in all patients with either primary medulloblastoma or recurrence in the posterior fossa.", "PMID": 1178883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6804", "title": "Thermographic changes following preoperative radiotherapy in head and neck cancer.", "content": "Thermography was used to assess vascular changes during and after head and neck irradiation in an attempt to predict the optimum time for surgery for patients receiving preoperative radiotherapy. Thermography is performed every one or two weeks throughout treatment and at longer periods after treatment. Eight of the 16 patients studied has an initial decrease in temperature during the first two weeks. The maximum increase was observed during the fifth week after receiving 5,000 rads. Return to pretreatment temperature levels was a gradual process, occurring between three and six weeks after completion of radiotherapy.", "contents": "Thermographic changes following preoperative radiotherapy in head and neck cancer. Thermography was used to assess vascular changes during and after head and neck irradiation in an attempt to predict the optimum time for surgery for patients receiving preoperative radiotherapy. Thermography is performed every one or two weeks throughout treatment and at longer periods after treatment. Eight of the 16 patients studied has an initial decrease in temperature during the first two weeks. The maximum increase was observed during the fifth week after receiving 5,000 rads. Return to pretreatment temperature levels was a gradual process, occurring between three and six weeks after completion of radiotherapy.", "PMID": 1178884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6805", "title": "A variation of the technique of transfemoral pulmonary arteriography.", "content": "A variation of the transfemoral pulmonary artery catheterization technique utilizes a commercially available pigtail catheter with high torque control. A single 90 degree curve is added to this catheter prior to the examination. This resulted in successful catheterization of the right and left pulmonary arteries. No catheter tip deflector system or other special equipment was needed. There have been no complications.", "contents": "A variation of the technique of transfemoral pulmonary arteriography. A variation of the transfemoral pulmonary artery catheterization technique utilizes a commercially available pigtail catheter with high torque control. A single 90 degree curve is added to this catheter prior to the examination. This resulted in successful catheterization of the right and left pulmonary arteries. No catheter tip deflector system or other special equipment was needed. There have been no complications.", "PMID": 1178885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6806", "title": "New instruments of biopsy.", "content": "A new instrument has been designed to obtain cytologic material. It consists of a cannula, a thin screw needle and an instrument holder. The technique offers a more efficient sampling and better material than the simple needle aspiration technique.", "contents": "New instruments of biopsy. A new instrument has been designed to obtain cytologic material. It consists of a cannula, a thin screw needle and an instrument holder. The technique offers a more efficient sampling and better material than the simple needle aspiration technique.", "PMID": 1178886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6807", "title": "A thin-section collimator for the EMI scanner.", "content": "The thinnest pair of slices provided by the EMI scanner is 8 mm, producing an overlap of 6 mm. Resolution is reduced by averaging the density of structures throughout the thickness of the slice. The authors described special collimators which provide thinner slices with no overlap and thereby improve the quality of orbital scans.", "contents": "A thin-section collimator for the EMI scanner. The thinnest pair of slices provided by the EMI scanner is 8 mm, producing an overlap of 6 mm. Resolution is reduced by averaging the density of structures throughout the thickness of the slice. The authors described special collimators which provide thinner slices with no overlap and thereby improve the quality of orbital scans.", "PMID": 1178887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6808", "title": "An accessory table for supine horizontal-beam polytome laminagraphy.", "content": "A two-part accessory table for use with the Philips Polytome is described. It permits brow-up lateral polytomography and submentovertex examinations to be carried out with the patient resting comfortably. Accuracy to 1 mm in positioning of the tomographic section is maintained.", "contents": "An accessory table for supine horizontal-beam polytome laminagraphy. A two-part accessory table for use with the Philips Polytome is described. It permits brow-up lateral polytomography and submentovertex examinations to be carried out with the patient resting comfortably. Accuracy to 1 mm in positioning of the tomographic section is maintained.", "PMID": 1178888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6809", "title": "A head-holding device for computed tomography.", "content": "The authors describe a chin holder, modified from a commercially available encephalography chair, which significantly decreases head movement and resultant motion artifacts during computed tomography.", "contents": "A head-holding device for computed tomography. The authors describe a chin holder, modified from a commercially available encephalography chair, which significantly decreases head movement and resultant motion artifacts during computed tomography.", "PMID": 1178889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6810", "title": "Modification of a serial film changer for frontal magnification angiography.", "content": "A movable carriage was designed and built for a Franklin film changer to facilitate routine serial 2 times magnification. This simple device permits magnification angiography without major equipment purchases or room alterations.", "contents": "Modification of a serial film changer for frontal magnification angiography. A movable carriage was designed and built for a Franklin film changer to facilitate routine serial 2 times magnification. This simple device permits magnification angiography without major equipment purchases or room alterations.", "PMID": 1178890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6811", "title": "Catheter exchange in tortuous vessels during selective cerebral angiography.", "content": "Inability to advance double-curved catheters beyond the origin of tortuous arch vessels in a common problem in femorocerebral angiography in the aged or hypertensive patient. The authors describe a simple technique involving the use of an exchange guide wire and straight catheter which has proved to be safe and successful in such circumstances.", "contents": "Catheter exchange in tortuous vessels during selective cerebral angiography. Inability to advance double-curved catheters beyond the origin of tortuous arch vessels in a common problem in femorocerebral angiography in the aged or hypertensive patient. The authors describe a simple technique involving the use of an exchange guide wire and straight catheter which has proved to be safe and successful in such circumstances.", "PMID": 1178891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6812", "title": "The cleansingenema.", "content": "Seventy-five per cent of carcinomas of the colon missed on radiologic examination were mistaken for or hidden by fecal material. Feces can alsomimic any lesion of the colon. A clean colon is essential for good diagnostic radiographs and adequate colonoscopic examination. The technique of administering a cleansing enema is described.", "contents": "The cleansingenema. Seventy-five per cent of carcinomas of the colon missed on radiologic examination were mistaken for or hidden by fecal material. Feces can alsomimic any lesion of the colon. A clean colon is essential for good diagnostic radiographs and adequate colonoscopic examination. The technique of administering a cleansing enema is described.", "PMID": 1178892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6813", "title": "How to get clinical histories in a community general hospital. Without losing rapport with the medical staff.", "content": "Working through medical staff channels, radiologists at a community hospital obtained directives that a clinical history be provided by referring physicians on the requisition forms before a radiologic procedure will be performed.", "contents": "How to get clinical histories in a community general hospital. Without losing rapport with the medical staff. Working through medical staff channels, radiologists at a community hospital obtained directives that a clinical history be provided by referring physicians on the requisition forms before a radiologic procedure will be performed.", "PMID": 1178893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6814", "title": "Comparative gastric antisecretory and antiulcer effects of prostaglandin E1 and its methyl ester in animals.", "content": "The influence of methyl esterification of the carboxyl group of PGE1 on the gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activities were studied. The gastric antisecretory effects of PGE1 free acid and PGE1 methyl ester (PGE1ME) were studied in the Heidenhain pouch dog. Secretion was stimulated with constant intravenous infusion of histamine dihydrochloride. When a steady-state plateau of gastric secretion had been reached, the prostaglandins were administered either by a single intravenous bolus (10.0 mug/kg) or by continuous infusion (1.0 mug/kg/min). PGE1ME was found to be slightly more potent and longer-acting than PFE1 when administered by a single i.v. bolus. PGE1ME was also shown to be more potent than PGE1 when infused intravenously for a two-hour period. PGE1ME caused a significant alteration in gastric juice concentration of hydrogen and sodium ions in an inverse relationship. Potassium and chloride concentration were not altered from pre-existing steady-state values following administration of either form of prostaglandin. Similarly, PGE1ME was also found to possess significantly greater antiulcer activity in the rat forced-exertion ulcer test. These findings support the hypothesis that methyl esterification of the prostaglandin molecule will increase some of the biological actions of PGE1 through inhibition of metabolic beta-oxidation of the carboxylic side chain.", "contents": "Comparative gastric antisecretory and antiulcer effects of prostaglandin E1 and its methyl ester in animals. The influence of methyl esterification of the carboxyl group of PGE1 on the gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activities were studied. The gastric antisecretory effects of PGE1 free acid and PGE1 methyl ester (PGE1ME) were studied in the Heidenhain pouch dog. Secretion was stimulated with constant intravenous infusion of histamine dihydrochloride. When a steady-state plateau of gastric secretion had been reached, the prostaglandins were administered either by a single intravenous bolus (10.0 mug/kg) or by continuous infusion (1.0 mug/kg/min). PGE1ME was found to be slightly more potent and longer-acting than PFE1 when administered by a single i.v. bolus. PGE1ME was also shown to be more potent than PGE1 when infused intravenously for a two-hour period. PGE1ME caused a significant alteration in gastric juice concentration of hydrogen and sodium ions in an inverse relationship. Potassium and chloride concentration were not altered from pre-existing steady-state values following administration of either form of prostaglandin. Similarly, PGE1ME was also found to possess significantly greater antiulcer activity in the rat forced-exertion ulcer test. These findings support the hypothesis that methyl esterification of the prostaglandin molecule will increase some of the biological actions of PGE1 through inhibition of metabolic beta-oxidation of the carboxylic side chain.", "PMID": 1178902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6815", "title": "The reaction of PGA1 with sulfhydryl groups; a component in the binding of A-type prostaglandins to proteins.", "content": "Prostaglandins of the A-type (PGAs) were found to react with cysteine or reduced glutathione to yield water-soluble adducts, an effect due to a reaction of the sulfhydryl group of cysteine with the unsaturated carbonyl function of these prostaglandins. The binding of tritiated PGA1 to the supernatant fraction of rabbit papilla homogenates reported by Attallah and Lee (4) appears to be related to this phenomenon since ethacrynic acid, a compound also highly reactive with the thiol group of cysteine, effectively competes with PGAs for the binding site in this soluble kidney preparation. Evidence is also presented to show that this binding of PGAs to the \"acceptor' of the rabbit kidney is related to an interaction with a thiol group of 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase, the enzyme chiefly involved in the metabolism of prostaglandins.", "contents": "The reaction of PGA1 with sulfhydryl groups; a component in the binding of A-type prostaglandins to proteins. Prostaglandins of the A-type (PGAs) were found to react with cysteine or reduced glutathione to yield water-soluble adducts, an effect due to a reaction of the sulfhydryl group of cysteine with the unsaturated carbonyl function of these prostaglandins. The binding of tritiated PGA1 to the supernatant fraction of rabbit papilla homogenates reported by Attallah and Lee (4) appears to be related to this phenomenon since ethacrynic acid, a compound also highly reactive with the thiol group of cysteine, effectively competes with PGAs for the binding site in this soluble kidney preparation. Evidence is also presented to show that this binding of PGAs to the \"acceptor' of the rabbit kidney is related to an interaction with a thiol group of 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase, the enzyme chiefly involved in the metabolism of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 1178903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6816", "title": "Stimulation of bone resorption by various prostaglandins in organ culture.", "content": "The ability of E, F, A and B prostaglandins to stimulate bone resorption was demonstrated in organ culture. All of the compounds tested were able to increase the release of previously incorporated 45Ca from fetal rat bone by 60 to 135 per cent at maximally effective doses, but prostaglandins of the E series were 10- to 100- fold more potent than F, A or B prostaglandins. Compounds with two double bonds in the side chain were usually more potent than those with one double bond. PGE2 stimulation of bone resorption increased linearly with the logarithm of the medium concentration over the range of 10(-9)M to 10(-5)M, then decreased at higher concentrations. PGE2 stimulated bone resorption more slowly than did parathyroid hormone but caused complete resorption after six days in the culture system. Equilibrium dialysis studies showed no significant binding of F, and 16-34% binding of E and A prostaglandins to bovine serum albumin, which was present in the medium at 1 mg/ml. These differences in albumin binding could not account for differences in potency.", "contents": "Stimulation of bone resorption by various prostaglandins in organ culture. The ability of E, F, A and B prostaglandins to stimulate bone resorption was demonstrated in organ culture. All of the compounds tested were able to increase the release of previously incorporated 45Ca from fetal rat bone by 60 to 135 per cent at maximally effective doses, but prostaglandins of the E series were 10- to 100- fold more potent than F, A or B prostaglandins. Compounds with two double bonds in the side chain were usually more potent than those with one double bond. PGE2 stimulation of bone resorption increased linearly with the logarithm of the medium concentration over the range of 10(-9)M to 10(-5)M, then decreased at higher concentrations. PGE2 stimulated bone resorption more slowly than did parathyroid hormone but caused complete resorption after six days in the culture system. Equilibrium dialysis studies showed no significant binding of F, and 16-34% binding of E and A prostaglandins to bovine serum albumin, which was present in the medium at 1 mg/ml. These differences in albumin binding could not account for differences in potency.", "PMID": 1178904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6817", "title": "The effect of locally administered PGE2 on the contractility of the nonpregnant human uterus in vivo.", "content": "The effect of locally administered prostaglandin E2 on the sensitivity and reactivity of the nonpregnant human uterus during the menstrual cycle was studied in seven women. An increase in uterine contractility in response to as little as 0.25 mug PGE2 could be observed during both the mid-proliferative and mid-secretory phases of the menstrual cycle, but around ovulation a marked decrease in sensitivity to PGE2 was noted. An inhibition of uterine motility was observed during menstruation in response to 30--40 mug PGE2. Endogenous E prostaglandin normally occurs in the secretory endometrium in levels comparable to the amount of exogenous PGE2 which elicited increased or decreased uterine activity in this study. These findings suggest that PGE2 may play an important role in the cyclical regulation of uterine motility during the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "The effect of locally administered PGE2 on the contractility of the nonpregnant human uterus in vivo. The effect of locally administered prostaglandin E2 on the sensitivity and reactivity of the nonpregnant human uterus during the menstrual cycle was studied in seven women. An increase in uterine contractility in response to as little as 0.25 mug PGE2 could be observed during both the mid-proliferative and mid-secretory phases of the menstrual cycle, but around ovulation a marked decrease in sensitivity to PGE2 was noted. An inhibition of uterine motility was observed during menstruation in response to 30--40 mug PGE2. Endogenous E prostaglandin normally occurs in the secretory endometrium in levels comparable to the amount of exogenous PGE2 which elicited increased or decreased uterine activity in this study. These findings suggest that PGE2 may play an important role in the cyclical regulation of uterine motility during the menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 1178905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6818", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F in bovine peripheral plasma.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay has been developed for 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F in bovine peripheral plasma. Acidified plasma samples were extracted with diethyl ether and the dried extract assayed for 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F using antiserum raised against a 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha-albumin complex. The tracer used for the assay was prepared enzymatically from tritiated prostaglandin F1alpha. Polyethylene glycol was employed to separate free and bound 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F. The inter-assay coefficient of variation based on 9 determinations of control plasma was 13.8%. The detection limit of the assay was 25 pg 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F/ml plasma. In 3 cows around estrus there was a complex sseries of peaks of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F concentrations coincident with luteolysis and declining progesterone concentrations. Changes in peripheral plasma concentrations of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F in the pregnant cow near term showed a close correlation with prostaglandin F levels in utero-ovarian venous plasma. The concentration of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F in 12 men was 114 +/- 20 pg/ml plasma. It is concluded that the measurement of peripheral 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F concentrations may offer a simple and convenient method for monitoring uterine prostaglandin F production in the cow.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F in bovine peripheral plasma. A radioimmunoassay has been developed for 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F in bovine peripheral plasma. Acidified plasma samples were extracted with diethyl ether and the dried extract assayed for 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F using antiserum raised against a 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha-albumin complex. The tracer used for the assay was prepared enzymatically from tritiated prostaglandin F1alpha. Polyethylene glycol was employed to separate free and bound 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F. The inter-assay coefficient of variation based on 9 determinations of control plasma was 13.8%. The detection limit of the assay was 25 pg 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F/ml plasma. In 3 cows around estrus there was a complex sseries of peaks of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F concentrations coincident with luteolysis and declining progesterone concentrations. Changes in peripheral plasma concentrations of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F in the pregnant cow near term showed a close correlation with prostaglandin F levels in utero-ovarian venous plasma. The concentration of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F in 12 men was 114 +/- 20 pg/ml plasma. It is concluded that the measurement of peripheral 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F concentrations may offer a simple and convenient method for monitoring uterine prostaglandin F production in the cow.", "PMID": 1178906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6819", "title": "Prostaglandins and congeners. IX. The synthesis of 15-deoxy-16-, 17-, or 20-hydroxyprostaglandins and 15-deoxy-15-hydroxymethylprostaglandin E2.", "content": "Prostaglandin congeners wherein the 15-hydroxy group is moved to the C16, C17, or C20 position or is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group were prepared via the 1, 4-addition of a lithium trialkyl-trans-alkenyl alanate to an appropriate cyclopentenone. Several of the 16-hydroxy derivatives showed significant activity as constrictors of the isolated gerbil colon and in bronchodilator and anti-secretory assays.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and congeners. IX. The synthesis of 15-deoxy-16-, 17-, or 20-hydroxyprostaglandins and 15-deoxy-15-hydroxymethylprostaglandin E2. Prostaglandin congeners wherein the 15-hydroxy group is moved to the C16, C17, or C20 position or is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group were prepared via the 1, 4-addition of a lithium trialkyl-trans-alkenyl alanate to an appropriate cyclopentenone. Several of the 16-hydroxy derivatives showed significant activity as constrictors of the isolated gerbil colon and in bronchodilator and anti-secretory assays.", "PMID": 1178907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6820", "title": "Prostaglandin E1 and F2alpha specific binding in bovine corpora lutea: comparison with luteolytic effects.", "content": "Preliminary characterization indicated the presence of separate prostaglandin (PG)E1 and (PG)F2alpha binding sites in membrane fractions prepared from bovine corpora lutea. These differ in the rate and temperature dependence of the specific binding. Equilibrium binding data indicate the apparent dissociation constants as 1.32 x 10(-9)M and 1.1 x 10(-8)M for PGE1 and PGF2alpha, respectively. Competition of several natural prostaglandins for the PGE1 and PGF2alpha bovine luteal specific binding sites indicates specificity for the 9-keto or 9alpha-hydroxyl moiety, respectively. Differences in relative ability to inhibit 3H-PG binding were found due to sensitivity to the absence or presence of the 5, 6-cis-double bond as well. Bovine luteal function was affected following treatment of heifers with 25 mg PGF2alpha as measured by reduced estrous cycle length, decreased corpus luteum size and significantly decreased plasma progesterone levels. In contract, treatment with 25 mg PGE1 resulted in cycle lengths comparable to those of non-treated herdmates with no apparent modification in corpus luteum size. However, plasma progesterone levels were increased significantly following PGE1 treatment compared to pretreatment values. In so far as data obtained in vitro on PGF2alpha relative binding affinity to the bovine CL can be compared to data obtained independently in vitro on PGF2alpha induced luteolysis in the bovine, PGF2alpha relative binding to the CL and luteolysis appeared to be associated. By similar reasoning, there was no apparent relationship between PGE1 relative binding affinity in the luteal fractions and luteolysis in estrous cyclic cattle.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E1 and F2alpha specific binding in bovine corpora lutea: comparison with luteolytic effects. Preliminary characterization indicated the presence of separate prostaglandin (PG)E1 and (PG)F2alpha binding sites in membrane fractions prepared from bovine corpora lutea. These differ in the rate and temperature dependence of the specific binding. Equilibrium binding data indicate the apparent dissociation constants as 1.32 x 10(-9)M and 1.1 x 10(-8)M for PGE1 and PGF2alpha, respectively. Competition of several natural prostaglandins for the PGE1 and PGF2alpha bovine luteal specific binding sites indicates specificity for the 9-keto or 9alpha-hydroxyl moiety, respectively. Differences in relative ability to inhibit 3H-PG binding were found due to sensitivity to the absence or presence of the 5, 6-cis-double bond as well. Bovine luteal function was affected following treatment of heifers with 25 mg PGF2alpha as measured by reduced estrous cycle length, decreased corpus luteum size and significantly decreased plasma progesterone levels. In contract, treatment with 25 mg PGE1 resulted in cycle lengths comparable to those of non-treated herdmates with no apparent modification in corpus luteum size. However, plasma progesterone levels were increased significantly following PGE1 treatment compared to pretreatment values. In so far as data obtained in vitro on PGF2alpha relative binding affinity to the bovine CL can be compared to data obtained independently in vitro on PGF2alpha induced luteolysis in the bovine, PGF2alpha relative binding to the CL and luteolysis appeared to be associated. By similar reasoning, there was no apparent relationship between PGE1 relative binding affinity in the luteal fractions and luteolysis in estrous cyclic cattle.", "PMID": 1178910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6821", "title": "Intrauterine injection of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha for termination of early pregnancy in out-patient.", "content": "15-me-PGF2alpha was administered as single intrauterine injection for interruption of very early pregnancy in 30 out-patients. After 2 weeks, abortion was complete in 60% induced with 125 or 200 mug and 80% induced with 300 mug. After 3 weeks, abortion was complete in 90% induced with 125 mug, in 70% induced with 200 mug and in 100% induced with 300 mug. One failure occurred in patients treated with 200 mug and 2 curettages were performed because of incompleteness of abortion. No serious complications occurred. Compared with our previous results it appears that 15-me-PGF2alpha is as effective as natural PGF2alpha in inducing abortions during very early pregnancy but causes somewhat fewer side-effects.", "contents": "Intrauterine injection of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha for termination of early pregnancy in out-patient. 15-me-PGF2alpha was administered as single intrauterine injection for interruption of very early pregnancy in 30 out-patients. After 2 weeks, abortion was complete in 60% induced with 125 or 200 mug and 80% induced with 300 mug. After 3 weeks, abortion was complete in 90% induced with 125 mug, in 70% induced with 200 mug and in 100% induced with 300 mug. One failure occurred in patients treated with 200 mug and 2 curettages were performed because of incompleteness of abortion. No serious complications occurred. Compared with our previous results it appears that 15-me-PGF2alpha is as effective as natural PGF2alpha in inducing abortions during very early pregnancy but causes somewhat fewer side-effects.", "PMID": 1178911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6822", "title": "Corticosteroids inhibit prostaglandin release from perfused mesenteric blood vessels of rabbit and from perfused lungs of sensitized guinea pig.", "content": "Infusion of norephinephrine (NE) (1 - 3 mug/ml/min) into the isolated mesenteric vascular preparation of rabbit resulted in a rise in perfusion pressure, which was associated with the release of prostaglandin E-like substance (PGE) at a concentration of 2.81 +/- 0.65 ng/ml in terms of PGE2. Indomethacin (3 mug/ml) abolished the NE-induced release of PGE. Arachidonic acid (0.2 mug/ml) in the presence of indomethacin did not restore the NE-induced release of PGE. Hydrocortisone (10 - 30 mug/ml) and dexamethasone (2 - 5 mug/ml) also inhibited the NE-induced release of PGE. The inhibitory action of both corticosteroids was abolished by arachidonic acid (0.2 mug/ml). Antigen-induced release of a prostaglandin-like substance (PGs) (43.1 +/- 3.8 ng/ml in terms of PGE2 and a rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS) from perfused lungs of sensitized guinea pigs was completely abolished by indomethacin (5 mug/ml) or by hydrocortisone (100 mug/ml). Indomethacin, however, increased histamine release up to 280% of the control level, which was 470 +/- 54 ng/ml, while hydrocortisone diminished histamine release down to 30% of the control level. A superimposed infusion of arachidonic acid (1 mug/ml) into the pulmonary artery reversed the hydrocortisone-induced blockade of the release of RCS and PGs. It may be concluded that corticosteroids neither inhibit prostaglandin synthetase nor influence prostaglandin transport through the membranes but they do impair the availability of the substrate for the enzyme.", "contents": "Corticosteroids inhibit prostaglandin release from perfused mesenteric blood vessels of rabbit and from perfused lungs of sensitized guinea pig. Infusion of norephinephrine (NE) (1 - 3 mug/ml/min) into the isolated mesenteric vascular preparation of rabbit resulted in a rise in perfusion pressure, which was associated with the release of prostaglandin E-like substance (PGE) at a concentration of 2.81 +/- 0.65 ng/ml in terms of PGE2. Indomethacin (3 mug/ml) abolished the NE-induced release of PGE. Arachidonic acid (0.2 mug/ml) in the presence of indomethacin did not restore the NE-induced release of PGE. Hydrocortisone (10 - 30 mug/ml) and dexamethasone (2 - 5 mug/ml) also inhibited the NE-induced release of PGE. The inhibitory action of both corticosteroids was abolished by arachidonic acid (0.2 mug/ml). Antigen-induced release of a prostaglandin-like substance (PGs) (43.1 +/- 3.8 ng/ml in terms of PGE2 and a rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS) from perfused lungs of sensitized guinea pigs was completely abolished by indomethacin (5 mug/ml) or by hydrocortisone (100 mug/ml). Indomethacin, however, increased histamine release up to 280% of the control level, which was 470 +/- 54 ng/ml, while hydrocortisone diminished histamine release down to 30% of the control level. A superimposed infusion of arachidonic acid (1 mug/ml) into the pulmonary artery reversed the hydrocortisone-induced blockade of the release of RCS and PGs. It may be concluded that corticosteroids neither inhibit prostaglandin synthetase nor influence prostaglandin transport through the membranes but they do impair the availability of the substrate for the enzyme.", "PMID": 1178912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6823", "title": "Vaginally administered 16, 16-dimethyl-prostaglandin E2 as an agent for pre-operative cervical dilatation.", "content": "Twenty-one women in the 10th-12th week of pregnancy were treated prior to vacuum aspiration with vaginal suppositories containing 16, 16-dimethyl-PGE2 (free acid). An average total dose of 3.4 mg led to abortion or adequate cervical dilatation in all patients. Based upon previous experience with the compound, no prophylactic anti-emetic or anti-diarrhetic medication was given. Gastrointestinal side effects were minimal. Excessive bleeding was not observed. In two cases, slight temperature elevation was noted prior to abortion. The low incidence of side effects in combination with the effectiveness of the compound help to make this method an attractive therapeutic adjunct to vacuum aspiration beyond the 10th week of gestation. Under the experimental conditions of this study, the results suggest that vaginally administered 16, 16-dimethyl-PGE2 can be a safe and effective method for cervical dilatation before vacuum aspiration.", "contents": "Vaginally administered 16, 16-dimethyl-prostaglandin E2 as an agent for pre-operative cervical dilatation. Twenty-one women in the 10th-12th week of pregnancy were treated prior to vacuum aspiration with vaginal suppositories containing 16, 16-dimethyl-PGE2 (free acid). An average total dose of 3.4 mg led to abortion or adequate cervical dilatation in all patients. Based upon previous experience with the compound, no prophylactic anti-emetic or anti-diarrhetic medication was given. Gastrointestinal side effects were minimal. Excessive bleeding was not observed. In two cases, slight temperature elevation was noted prior to abortion. The low incidence of side effects in combination with the effectiveness of the compound help to make this method an attractive therapeutic adjunct to vacuum aspiration beyond the 10th week of gestation. Under the experimental conditions of this study, the results suggest that vaginally administered 16, 16-dimethyl-PGE2 can be a safe and effective method for cervical dilatation before vacuum aspiration.", "PMID": 1178913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6824", "title": "A possible contribution of undifferentiated cells to post-traumatic osteogenesis.", "content": "The contribution of undifferentiated cells to callus formation is difficult to observe during fracture healing and is therefore debated. In adult mongrel dogs these cells can easily be observed in a narrow space separating a freshly inserted screw from the surrounding compact bone. Undifferentiated connective tissue cells invade these spaces from the medullary and, less so, from the periosteal site. They seem to resemble histologically and more so ultrastructurally B-type lymphocytes. They migrate to the site of repair or are brought there by the blood stream. Locally these cells proliferate and differentiated into osteoblasts. The authors prefer to call these cells lymphocyte-like cells.", "contents": "A possible contribution of undifferentiated cells to post-traumatic osteogenesis. The contribution of undifferentiated cells to callus formation is difficult to observe during fracture healing and is therefore debated. In adult mongrel dogs these cells can easily be observed in a narrow space separating a freshly inserted screw from the surrounding compact bone. Undifferentiated connective tissue cells invade these spaces from the medullary and, less so, from the periosteal site. They seem to resemble histologically and more so ultrastructurally B-type lymphocytes. They migrate to the site of repair or are brought there by the blood stream. Locally these cells proliferate and differentiated into osteoblasts. The authors prefer to call these cells lymphocyte-like cells.", "PMID": 1178937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6825", "title": "Studies on the biosynthesis of isocoumarins in carrot root tissues : induction by substances other than ethylene and effects of metabolic inhibitors.", "content": "Ethylene has been shown to induce carrot tissues to synthesize 8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin and 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methylchromone or eugenin. Our present data showed that the induction of isocoumarin formation could also be obtained by treating carrot slices with dinitrophenol and methylene blue. Methylene blue enhanced ethylene production, but dinitrophenol did not, therefore the action of the latter could not be mediated by ethylene. Arsenite inhibited isocoumarin synthesis, indicating the involvement of the glycolysis pathway. Assays on the pattern of derivation of isocoumarin from glucose lent support to the idea that isocoumarin is formed predominantly through the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. Dinitrophenol-induced enhancement of both respiratory activity and isocoumarin formation indicates that the operation of the Krebs cycle and subsequently of the electron transport chain oxidations is required to provide acetate, the precursor of isocourmarin, as well as the energy necessary for the synthesizing process. The long initial lag phase as well as the mode of inhibition by cycloheximide seem to indicate that the ethylene-induced synthesis of isocoumarin is a sequential process.", "contents": "Studies on the biosynthesis of isocoumarins in carrot root tissues : induction by substances other than ethylene and effects of metabolic inhibitors. Ethylene has been shown to induce carrot tissues to synthesize 8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin and 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methylchromone or eugenin. Our present data showed that the induction of isocoumarin formation could also be obtained by treating carrot slices with dinitrophenol and methylene blue. Methylene blue enhanced ethylene production, but dinitrophenol did not, therefore the action of the latter could not be mediated by ethylene. Arsenite inhibited isocoumarin synthesis, indicating the involvement of the glycolysis pathway. Assays on the pattern of derivation of isocoumarin from glucose lent support to the idea that isocoumarin is formed predominantly through the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. Dinitrophenol-induced enhancement of both respiratory activity and isocoumarin formation indicates that the operation of the Krebs cycle and subsequently of the electron transport chain oxidations is required to provide acetate, the precursor of isocourmarin, as well as the energy necessary for the synthesizing process. The long initial lag phase as well as the mode of inhibition by cycloheximide seem to indicate that the ethylene-induced synthesis of isocoumarin is a sequential process.", "PMID": 1178938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6826", "title": "[Morphometric analysis of neural tube cells in neurulating chick embryos].", "content": "Preliminary report on a morphometric study of the neuroepithelium of 1 S and 7 S -- stage chick embryos. We show first that the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio and then, that the volume fraction of intercellular spaces, nuclei and cytoplasm as they relate to the neural tube, differ significatively from cephalic to caudal portion of the neural tube. At stage 7 S only the volume fraction of intercellular spaces, nuclei and cytoplasm in the neural tube change along the cephalo-caudal axis of the embryos. Finally, between the two stages, at the back of the head, 1) volume fraction of intercellular spaces in the neural tube remains unchanged 2) nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio increase 3) volumetric density and size of mitochondria do not change, while surface density of endoplasmic reticulum in cytoplasm increases.", "contents": "[Morphometric analysis of neural tube cells in neurulating chick embryos]. Preliminary report on a morphometric study of the neuroepithelium of 1 S and 7 S -- stage chick embryos. We show first that the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio and then, that the volume fraction of intercellular spaces, nuclei and cytoplasm as they relate to the neural tube, differ significatively from cephalic to caudal portion of the neural tube. At stage 7 S only the volume fraction of intercellular spaces, nuclei and cytoplasm in the neural tube change along the cephalo-caudal axis of the embryos. Finally, between the two stages, at the back of the head, 1) volume fraction of intercellular spaces in the neural tube remains unchanged 2) nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio increase 3) volumetric density and size of mitochondria do not change, while surface density of endoplasmic reticulum in cytoplasm increases.", "PMID": 1178939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6827", "title": "The effects of swimming and running regimens on skeletal muscle glycogen in the rat.", "content": "Endurance capacity and the effects of different post-exercise states on skeletal muscle glycogen have been studied in rats trained by swimming or running and in sedentary controls. Regular endurance exercise resulted in increased skeletal muscle glycogen stores. A greater depletion was observed in trained animals than in non-trained animals after a training bout or exhaustive exercise. While muscle glycogen levels did not reflect a differential training stimulus (running vs swimming), swimming as a measure of exhaustive exercise was deemed invalid because of the ability of trained swimmers to avoid stenuous exercise by an alteration of swimming pattern.", "contents": "The effects of swimming and running regimens on skeletal muscle glycogen in the rat. Endurance capacity and the effects of different post-exercise states on skeletal muscle glycogen have been studied in rats trained by swimming or running and in sedentary controls. Regular endurance exercise resulted in increased skeletal muscle glycogen stores. A greater depletion was observed in trained animals than in non-trained animals after a training bout or exhaustive exercise. While muscle glycogen levels did not reflect a differential training stimulus (running vs swimming), swimming as a measure of exhaustive exercise was deemed invalid because of the ability of trained swimmers to avoid stenuous exercise by an alteration of swimming pattern.", "PMID": 1178940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6828", "title": "Spontaneous dissociation of an IgG-3 paraprotein through disulfide interchange.", "content": "A paraprotein of the gamma3 subclass was observed to dissociate \"spontaneously\" under various experimental conditions, such as during chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and on Sephadex G-200 or on starch block electrophoresis. This phenomenon was accompanied by the formation of various complexes of higher molecular weight, displaying antigenic properties different from those of the original paraprotein. These changes did not occur in the presence of iodoacetamide, indicating that dissociation of the paraprotein was due to disulfide interchange(s) and not to the absence of interchain disulfide bridges.", "contents": "Spontaneous dissociation of an IgG-3 paraprotein through disulfide interchange. A paraprotein of the gamma3 subclass was observed to dissociate \"spontaneously\" under various experimental conditions, such as during chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and on Sephadex G-200 or on starch block electrophoresis. This phenomenon was accompanied by the formation of various complexes of higher molecular weight, displaying antigenic properties different from those of the original paraprotein. These changes did not occur in the presence of iodoacetamide, indicating that dissociation of the paraprotein was due to disulfide interchange(s) and not to the absence of interchain disulfide bridges.", "PMID": 1178941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6829", "title": "Isoelectric focusing of pure rat pancreatic juice in polyacrylamide gel : possibility of concomitant estimation of radioactivity incorporated into single identified protein constituents.", "content": "A method is described for the isoelectric focusing of rat pancreatic juice on columns of polyacrylamide gel containing urea. Twenty-six bands were separated, and 6 were identified. Application of this method of separation to in vivo radioactively labelled pancreatic juice resulted in bands which could be counted with precision. This procedure allowed also the expression of radioactivity of one constituent relative to any single band, or relative to total radioactivity, concomitantly.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing of pure rat pancreatic juice in polyacrylamide gel : possibility of concomitant estimation of radioactivity incorporated into single identified protein constituents. A method is described for the isoelectric focusing of rat pancreatic juice on columns of polyacrylamide gel containing urea. Twenty-six bands were separated, and 6 were identified. Application of this method of separation to in vivo radioactively labelled pancreatic juice resulted in bands which could be counted with precision. This procedure allowed also the expression of radioactivity of one constituent relative to any single band, or relative to total radioactivity, concomitantly.", "PMID": 1178942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6830", "title": "Cholesterol plate deposition in a pathological transport environment.", "content": "Triglycerides separated from human serum lipoprotein or triolein converted cholesterol needles to plates on equilibration in isotonic saline. Cholesterol needles equilibrated with human clear or lipemic plasma or serum were not converted to plates unless olive oil or triolein was added. Plasma phospholipid permitted and sodium lauryl sulfate (0.1-10%) prevented formation of plates from cholesterol needle-saturated olive oil in water at 38 degrees C. Cholesterol liquid crystals, formed from needles dispersed in aqueous plasma phospholipid, changed to plates on dilution with water. The cholesterol content of lipemic and high-, normal-, or low-cholesterol sera, equilibrated with cholesterol plates at 38 degrees C, was not significantly altered. In rats and mice the mobilization of injected cholesterol needles at the intrathoracic site manifested a sex-species difference. In the pathological deposition of cholesterol plates, a breakdown of a defense mechanism in plasma involving noncovalent binding of triglyceride with phospholipid and protein is indicated.", "contents": "Cholesterol plate deposition in a pathological transport environment. Triglycerides separated from human serum lipoprotein or triolein converted cholesterol needles to plates on equilibration in isotonic saline. Cholesterol needles equilibrated with human clear or lipemic plasma or serum were not converted to plates unless olive oil or triolein was added. Plasma phospholipid permitted and sodium lauryl sulfate (0.1-10%) prevented formation of plates from cholesterol needle-saturated olive oil in water at 38 degrees C. Cholesterol liquid crystals, formed from needles dispersed in aqueous plasma phospholipid, changed to plates on dilution with water. The cholesterol content of lipemic and high-, normal-, or low-cholesterol sera, equilibrated with cholesterol plates at 38 degrees C, was not significantly altered. In rats and mice the mobilization of injected cholesterol needles at the intrathoracic site manifested a sex-species difference. In the pathological deposition of cholesterol plates, a breakdown of a defense mechanism in plasma involving noncovalent binding of triglyceride with phospholipid and protein is indicated.", "PMID": 1179026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6831", "title": "Effects of chronic guanethidine administration on cardiovascular function of dogs.", "content": "Chronic guanethidine administration 2.5 mg/kg/day for 7 to 8 months did not produce any essential changes in blood pressure and heart rate of the anesthetized dogs while there was a significant elevation of stroke volume and stroke work. There was a reduction in total peripheral resistance and an increase in cardiac output in the treated dogs in comparison with the placebo group. Ventricular function curves obtained in both the treated and placebo group were virtually identical. The data suggested that chronic guanethidine administration did not induce any adverse effect on myocardial functions.", "contents": "Effects of chronic guanethidine administration on cardiovascular function of dogs. Chronic guanethidine administration 2.5 mg/kg/day for 7 to 8 months did not produce any essential changes in blood pressure and heart rate of the anesthetized dogs while there was a significant elevation of stroke volume and stroke work. There was a reduction in total peripheral resistance and an increase in cardiac output in the treated dogs in comparison with the placebo group. Ventricular function curves obtained in both the treated and placebo group were virtually identical. The data suggested that chronic guanethidine administration did not induce any adverse effect on myocardial functions.", "PMID": 1179027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6832", "title": "Effects of neonatal 6-hydroxydopa treatment on monamine content of rat brain and peripheral tissues.", "content": "Treatment of rats from birth, with 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA) produced marked alterations in norepinephrine (NE) levels in the brain and spinal cord, but relatively slight changes in NE content of peripheral tissues, when rats were sacrificed at 5 weeks of age. In the neocortex, hippocampus and spinal cord 6-OHDOPA (60 mug/g i.p., 1 to 3 injections at 48 hr intervals from birth) resulted in a 20% to 85% reduction in NE. In the pons-medulla, midbrain and cerebellum, however, NE levels were elevated by 35% to 100%. Only slight alterations in NE were found in the hypothalamus, heart and spleen. Striatal levels of dopamine were unaltered by 6-OHDOPA at 5 weeks. Likewise, serotonin content of neocortex, cerebellum, pons-medulla, midbrain and hypothalamus was unchanged at 5 weeks, although slight elevations were seen in the neocortex and cerebellum at 2 weeks. The above effects indicate that neonatal 6-OHDOPA produces a relatively selective long term alteration of central stores of NE in the rat.", "contents": "Effects of neonatal 6-hydroxydopa treatment on monamine content of rat brain and peripheral tissues. Treatment of rats from birth, with 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA) produced marked alterations in norepinephrine (NE) levels in the brain and spinal cord, but relatively slight changes in NE content of peripheral tissues, when rats were sacrificed at 5 weeks of age. In the neocortex, hippocampus and spinal cord 6-OHDOPA (60 mug/g i.p., 1 to 3 injections at 48 hr intervals from birth) resulted in a 20% to 85% reduction in NE. In the pons-medulla, midbrain and cerebellum, however, NE levels were elevated by 35% to 100%. Only slight alterations in NE were found in the hypothalamus, heart and spleen. Striatal levels of dopamine were unaltered by 6-OHDOPA at 5 weeks. Likewise, serotonin content of neocortex, cerebellum, pons-medulla, midbrain and hypothalamus was unchanged at 5 weeks, although slight elevations were seen in the neocortex and cerebellum at 2 weeks. The above effects indicate that neonatal 6-OHDOPA produces a relatively selective long term alteration of central stores of NE in the rat.", "PMID": 1179028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6833", "title": "Antiinflammatory and antiproteolytic properties of naphthlthiosemicarbazides and cyclized oxadiazoles.", "content": "Eight 1-(naphth-1-ylacetyl)-4-substituted thiosemicarbazides and eight 2-(naphth-1-ylmethyl)-5-arylamino-1,3,4-oxadiazoles were synthesized and evaluated for antiinflammatory and antiproteolytic properties. All thiosemicarbazides (100 mg/kg) provided 14-43% protection against carrageenin-induced edema in rats. Cyclization of thiosemicarbazides to oxadiazoles resulted in significant reduction in the antiinflammatory activity. Some of these thiosemicarbazides also possessed low antiinflammatory activity against cotton-pellet-induced granuloma formation and formaldehyde-induced arthritis in rats. Hydrocortisone and oxyphenbutazone, used as reference drugs, exhibited greater antiinflammatory activity. All compounds possessed antiproteolytic activity. The in vitro protection of trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin, unlike antiinflammatory activity, was greater with oxadiazoles (30-90%) than the precursor thiosemicarbazides (4-50%) at a final concentration of 1 mM.", "contents": "Antiinflammatory and antiproteolytic properties of naphthlthiosemicarbazides and cyclized oxadiazoles. Eight 1-(naphth-1-ylacetyl)-4-substituted thiosemicarbazides and eight 2-(naphth-1-ylmethyl)-5-arylamino-1,3,4-oxadiazoles were synthesized and evaluated for antiinflammatory and antiproteolytic properties. All thiosemicarbazides (100 mg/kg) provided 14-43% protection against carrageenin-induced edema in rats. Cyclization of thiosemicarbazides to oxadiazoles resulted in significant reduction in the antiinflammatory activity. Some of these thiosemicarbazides also possessed low antiinflammatory activity against cotton-pellet-induced granuloma formation and formaldehyde-induced arthritis in rats. Hydrocortisone and oxyphenbutazone, used as reference drugs, exhibited greater antiinflammatory activity. All compounds possessed antiproteolytic activity. The in vitro protection of trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin, unlike antiinflammatory activity, was greater with oxadiazoles (30-90%) than the precursor thiosemicarbazides (4-50%) at a final concentration of 1 mM.", "PMID": 1179029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6834", "title": "In vitro inhibition of polyphenylalanine synthesis by bromotrichloromethane. Evidence for an oxidative mechanism.", "content": "In vitro, CBrCl3 causes a strong inhibition of phenylalanine incorporation in postmitochondrial supernatant from rat liver. Evidence is given that this inhibition mostly depends on a block of chain initiation. This block seems to be by means of an oxidative mechanism, dependent on the homolytic cleavage of CBrCl3. Some data indicate inhibition is given by free radicals, and not other products coming from the CBrCl3-induced lipid peroxidation.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of polyphenylalanine synthesis by bromotrichloromethane. Evidence for an oxidative mechanism. In vitro, CBrCl3 causes a strong inhibition of phenylalanine incorporation in postmitochondrial supernatant from rat liver. Evidence is given that this inhibition mostly depends on a block of chain initiation. This block seems to be by means of an oxidative mechanism, dependent on the homolytic cleavage of CBrCl3. Some data indicate inhibition is given by free radicals, and not other products coming from the CBrCl3-induced lipid peroxidation.", "PMID": 1179030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6835", "title": "Effect of aromatic molecules on the aggregation of C-phycocyanin. Quantum chemical calculations on phycocyanobilin and phycoerythrobilin.", "content": "The energies of the highest occupied and lowest empty molecular orbitals were calculated for the chromophore groups of the proteins phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. These tetrapyrrole groups on the algal proteins are shown to provide them with the potential of ating as efficient electron donors and acceptors. In addition, the pi electron charges and bond orders were also computed.", "contents": "Effect of aromatic molecules on the aggregation of C-phycocyanin. Quantum chemical calculations on phycocyanobilin and phycoerythrobilin. The energies of the highest occupied and lowest empty molecular orbitals were calculated for the chromophore groups of the proteins phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. These tetrapyrrole groups on the algal proteins are shown to provide them with the potential of ating as efficient electron donors and acceptors. In addition, the pi electron charges and bond orders were also computed.", "PMID": 1179031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6836", "title": "Histamine2 receptors in rat uterus.", "content": "Histamine and three histamine analogs (4-methylhistamine, 3-beta-aminoethyl 1,2,4 triazole (TD) and betazole) all produced relaxation in depolarized rat uterine strips. The rank order obtained was the same as that noted previously in the heart and gastric mucosa and the effects of the agonists were blocked by burimamide. The uterine histamine receptor thus appears to be of the H2-type. Adenylate cyclase prepared from the uterus was not stimulated by histamine. Uterine H2-receptors thus do not appear to be associated with adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "Histamine2 receptors in rat uterus. Histamine and three histamine analogs (4-methylhistamine, 3-beta-aminoethyl 1,2,4 triazole (TD) and betazole) all produced relaxation in depolarized rat uterine strips. The rank order obtained was the same as that noted previously in the heart and gastric mucosa and the effects of the agonists were blocked by burimamide. The uterine histamine receptor thus appears to be of the H2-type. Adenylate cyclase prepared from the uterus was not stimulated by histamine. Uterine H2-receptors thus do not appear to be associated with adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 1179032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6837", "title": "Hymenoxon, a poisonous sesquiterpene lactone from Hymenoxys odorata DC. (bitterweed).", "content": "Hymenoxon (C15H22O5) was isolated from Hymenoxys odorata DC. in 0.5% yield. The structure of hymenoxon is shown to be 1. The intraperitoneal LD50 of hymenoxon in sheep is about 7 mg/kg.", "contents": "Hymenoxon, a poisonous sesquiterpene lactone from Hymenoxys odorata DC. (bitterweed). Hymenoxon (C15H22O5) was isolated from Hymenoxys odorata DC. in 0.5% yield. The structure of hymenoxon is shown to be 1. The intraperitoneal LD50 of hymenoxon in sheep is about 7 mg/kg.", "PMID": 1179033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6838", "title": "Antiestrogenic activity of 4-methyl-7-hydroxy-6,8-substituted coumarins.", "content": "Eight 4-methyl-7-hydroxy-6,8-substituted coumarins were synthesized and evaluated for antiestrogenic activity. All coumarins, possessing approximate LD50 values of 500 - greater than 800 mg/kg, antagonized the uterotropic effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in female rats.", "contents": "Antiestrogenic activity of 4-methyl-7-hydroxy-6,8-substituted coumarins. Eight 4-methyl-7-hydroxy-6,8-substituted coumarins were synthesized and evaluated for antiestrogenic activity. All coumarins, possessing approximate LD50 values of 500 - greater than 800 mg/kg, antagonized the uterotropic effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in female rats.", "PMID": 1179034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6839", "title": "The glycogen-depleting effect of 1-epinephrine on the myocardium of the six and one-half day chick embryo.", "content": "The effect of 1-epinephrine, administered in ovo, on the myocardial glycogen level of the six and one-half day chick embryo has been determined. The glycogen-depleting effect of this hormone on the myocardium of the embryo was found to be both dosage-dependent and time-dependent.", "contents": "The glycogen-depleting effect of 1-epinephrine on the myocardium of the six and one-half day chick embryo. The effect of 1-epinephrine, administered in ovo, on the myocardial glycogen level of the six and one-half day chick embryo has been determined. The glycogen-depleting effect of this hormone on the myocardium of the embryo was found to be both dosage-dependent and time-dependent.", "PMID": 1179035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6840", "title": "Calcium-binding property of cocaine and some of its active metabolites-formation of molecular complexes.", "content": "Cocaine, benzoylecgonine, benzoylnorecgonine, norcocaine, ecgonine methyl ester but not ecgonine formed distinct molecular complexes with calcium chloride of the general formula [B. CaC12-2H20]. The particularly strong interaction observed with benzoylecgonine, benzoylnorecgonine and calcium may play a role in the potent stimulant activity of these 2 compounds observed in rats after intracisternal administration.", "contents": "Calcium-binding property of cocaine and some of its active metabolites-formation of molecular complexes. Cocaine, benzoylecgonine, benzoylnorecgonine, norcocaine, ecgonine methyl ester but not ecgonine formed distinct molecular complexes with calcium chloride of the general formula [B. CaC12-2H20]. The particularly strong interaction observed with benzoylecgonine, benzoylnorecgonine and calcium may play a role in the potent stimulant activity of these 2 compounds observed in rats after intracisternal administration.", "PMID": 1179036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6841", "title": "Effect of oral antidiabetic drugs on lipase activity in vitro.", "content": "Phenformin and metformin have a stimulating effect on lipolysis as determined by the action of mouse pancreas lipase on the dilauric (dido-decanoic) acid ester of fluorescein. Tolbutamide and chlorpropamide have an inhibitory effect.", "contents": "Effect of oral antidiabetic drugs on lipase activity in vitro. Phenformin and metformin have a stimulating effect on lipolysis as determined by the action of mouse pancreas lipase on the dilauric (dido-decanoic) acid ester of fluorescein. Tolbutamide and chlorpropamide have an inhibitory effect.", "PMID": 1179037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6842", "title": "Effect of apomorphine on serum prolactin level in the male.", "content": "Apomorphine (5 mg/kg) caused a marked lowering of serum prolactin in male rats. The apomorphine effect was reversible and could be shown without previously elevating the prolactin levels as has been customary in previous experiments. Repeated sampling of tail-vein blood without use of anesthesia was feasible and perhaps perferable to single sampling by decapitation.", "contents": "Effect of apomorphine on serum prolactin level in the male. Apomorphine (5 mg/kg) caused a marked lowering of serum prolactin in male rats. The apomorphine effect was reversible and could be shown without previously elevating the prolactin levels as has been customary in previous experiments. Repeated sampling of tail-vein blood without use of anesthesia was feasible and perhaps perferable to single sampling by decapitation.", "PMID": 1179038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6843", "title": "Idiopathic interstitial pulmonary fibrosis with hypercapnia.", "content": "A 38-year-old patient with effort dyspnea, somnolence, cianosis and cor pulmonale is presented. Chest roentgenograms and lung function studies suggested the diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis. The patient showed also severe hypercapnia with normal resting ventilation and ventilatory response to exercise lower than usual for this condition. Autopsy confirmed the clinical diagnosis. This subject may belong to the growing group of patients where CO2 retention is not explained by their pulmonary pathology.", "contents": "Idiopathic interstitial pulmonary fibrosis with hypercapnia. A 38-year-old patient with effort dyspnea, somnolence, cianosis and cor pulmonale is presented. Chest roentgenograms and lung function studies suggested the diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis. The patient showed also severe hypercapnia with normal resting ventilation and ventilatory response to exercise lower than usual for this condition. Autopsy confirmed the clinical diagnosis. This subject may belong to the growing group of patients where CO2 retention is not explained by their pulmonary pathology.", "PMID": 1179039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6844", "title": "Minimal increases in pulmonary wedge pressure associated with improved PaO2s in dogs.", "content": "To determine the relationship between minimal increases in pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP), arterial PO2s, single breath diffusing capacity (DLCO), and lung perfusion pattern (as determined by semiupright lung scans), we elevated PWP by 61.8+/-4.1% from baseline values of 5.5+/-0.4 mm Hg. At the end of 30 min PaO2 increased by 13.2+/-1.4% (p less than 0.001) from baseline values of 81.7+/-3.1 mm Hg; DLCO decreased by 15.5+/-1.2% (p less than 0.01) to 0.98+/-0.10 ml/min/mm Hg/kg. Lung perfusion changes in the right lung apical zone increased by 28.0+/-4.2% (p less than 0.001) and decreased in the basal zone by 6.2+/-0.8% (NS). In the left lung the apical perfusion increased by 14.9+/-1.1% (p less than 0.01) and basal perfusion decreased by 8.6/+-1.4% (NS). We conclude that minimal elevation of PWP in dogs leads to improvement in PaO2s through alterations in the lungs perfusion pattern.", "contents": "Minimal increases in pulmonary wedge pressure associated with improved PaO2s in dogs. To determine the relationship between minimal increases in pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP), arterial PO2s, single breath diffusing capacity (DLCO), and lung perfusion pattern (as determined by semiupright lung scans), we elevated PWP by 61.8+/-4.1% from baseline values of 5.5+/-0.4 mm Hg. At the end of 30 min PaO2 increased by 13.2+/-1.4% (p less than 0.001) from baseline values of 81.7+/-3.1 mm Hg; DLCO decreased by 15.5+/-1.2% (p less than 0.01) to 0.98+/-0.10 ml/min/mm Hg/kg. Lung perfusion changes in the right lung apical zone increased by 28.0+/-4.2% (p less than 0.001) and decreased in the basal zone by 6.2+/-0.8% (NS). In the left lung the apical perfusion increased by 14.9+/-1.1% (p less than 0.01) and basal perfusion decreased by 8.6/+-1.4% (NS). We conclude that minimal elevation of PWP in dogs leads to improvement in PaO2s through alterations in the lungs perfusion pattern.", "PMID": 1179040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6845", "title": "Influence of lung resection on pulmonary circulation and lung function at rest and on exercise.", "content": "Since June 1972, preoperative evaluation of the pulmonary hemodynamics and lung function tests at rest and on exercise were done in patients undergoing thoracotomy with lung resection. 49 patients have been investigated postoperatively, 28 patients had pre- and postoperative rightsided heart catheterization. 80% of the patients were feeling well and more than 50% were working again. The pulmonary hemodynamics showed postoperatively already at rest an increase of the pulmonary artery pressures, the cardiac index reached on exercise no longer the preoperative values and there was an increase of PCV pressures on exercise compared to preoperative. Stroke volume, heart rate, AV difference for oxygen, oxygen uptake, PaO2, V, VD/VT, AadO2, and diffusing capacity for CO steady state on exercise showed no statistical significant changes. The extent of lung resection showed no different influence on the pulmonary circulation for the time period investigated.", "contents": "Influence of lung resection on pulmonary circulation and lung function at rest and on exercise. Since June 1972, preoperative evaluation of the pulmonary hemodynamics and lung function tests at rest and on exercise were done in patients undergoing thoracotomy with lung resection. 49 patients have been investigated postoperatively, 28 patients had pre- and postoperative rightsided heart catheterization. 80% of the patients were feeling well and more than 50% were working again. The pulmonary hemodynamics showed postoperatively already at rest an increase of the pulmonary artery pressures, the cardiac index reached on exercise no longer the preoperative values and there was an increase of PCV pressures on exercise compared to preoperative. Stroke volume, heart rate, AV difference for oxygen, oxygen uptake, PaO2, V, VD/VT, AadO2, and diffusing capacity for CO steady state on exercise showed no statistical significant changes. The extent of lung resection showed no different influence on the pulmonary circulation for the time period investigated.", "PMID": 1179041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6846", "title": "[Pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO during breathing of inert gas mixtures with differing physical properties (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to study the role of diffusion limitation in alveolar space (stratification) for pulmonary gas exchange function, pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO (Dco) was comparatively measured during breathing of room air and of gas mixtures in which N2 of room air was replaced by He or Ar. Measurements in 15 healthy humans using the single breath method yielded the following mean (+/-SE) values: room air, 22.1+/-1.7; He, 25.1+/-1.3; Ar, 17.4+/-1.0 ml-min-1-Torr-1. The clear negative correlation between Dco and the molecular weight of the gases used is most easily explained on the basis of an airway diffusion resistance limiting CO transfer. For room air breathing this resistance is estimated at about 10% of the total resistance to CO uptake (1/Dco). The alveolar exchange of O2 and CO2 is expected to be affected by the diffusional resistance in airways, particularly at high metabolic levels.", "contents": "[Pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO during breathing of inert gas mixtures with differing physical properties (author's transl)]. In order to study the role of diffusion limitation in alveolar space (stratification) for pulmonary gas exchange function, pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO (Dco) was comparatively measured during breathing of room air and of gas mixtures in which N2 of room air was replaced by He or Ar. Measurements in 15 healthy humans using the single breath method yielded the following mean (+/-SE) values: room air, 22.1+/-1.7; He, 25.1+/-1.3; Ar, 17.4+/-1.0 ml-min-1-Torr-1. The clear negative correlation between Dco and the molecular weight of the gases used is most easily explained on the basis of an airway diffusion resistance limiting CO transfer. For room air breathing this resistance is estimated at about 10% of the total resistance to CO uptake (1/Dco). The alveolar exchange of O2 and CO2 is expected to be affected by the diffusional resistance in airways, particularly at high metabolic levels.", "PMID": 1179042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6847", "title": "[Local oversensitivity of sensoric receptors as cause of reflectoric airway obstruction (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of local intratracheal, intrabronchial, and intravenous application of histamine, has been studied in dogs. Control studies are also carried out with saline. There is an increase in intrathoracic pressure per 100 ml of tidal volume due to locally applied histamine. This change is considered as the measure of bronchoconstriction. There is also a significant change in the bronchial sensitivity to acetylcholine inhalation. The intravenous application of the same quantity of histamine produces very little change in the bronchial sensitivity though it has produced strong and prolonged circulatory effect and even transitory respiratory arrest. The application of saline produces no change. It is concluded that the local chemical stimulus can sensitize the whole respiratory system and produces greater bronchconstriction involving some reflex path.", "contents": "[Local oversensitivity of sensoric receptors as cause of reflectoric airway obstruction (author's transl)]. The effect of local intratracheal, intrabronchial, and intravenous application of histamine, has been studied in dogs. Control studies are also carried out with saline. There is an increase in intrathoracic pressure per 100 ml of tidal volume due to locally applied histamine. This change is considered as the measure of bronchoconstriction. There is also a significant change in the bronchial sensitivity to acetylcholine inhalation. The intravenous application of the same quantity of histamine produces very little change in the bronchial sensitivity though it has produced strong and prolonged circulatory effect and even transitory respiratory arrest. The application of saline produces no change. It is concluded that the local chemical stimulus can sensitize the whole respiratory system and produces greater bronchconstriction involving some reflex path.", "PMID": 1179043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6848", "title": "Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia.", "content": "An association between migratory pulmonary infiltrates and peripheral eosinophilia has been known for at least 40 years. Diagnostic challenges still exist in the classifications within this syndrome. We describe a 33-year-old female without asthma but with definite \"atopy\" who had a 4-year history of recurring pulmonary lesions. These were sometimes segmental, at other times dense and peripheral, and once there was lobar atelectasis due to mucoid impaction. Diagnosis by lung biopsy revealed eosinophilic pneumonia with bronchiolitis obliterans as a prominent feature. Steroid treatment resulted in promt improvement; during a 5-year follow-up the infiltrates have not recurred but there has been persistent mild obstruction.", "contents": "Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. An association between migratory pulmonary infiltrates and peripheral eosinophilia has been known for at least 40 years. Diagnostic challenges still exist in the classifications within this syndrome. We describe a 33-year-old female without asthma but with definite \"atopy\" who had a 4-year history of recurring pulmonary lesions. These were sometimes segmental, at other times dense and peripheral, and once there was lobar atelectasis due to mucoid impaction. Diagnosis by lung biopsy revealed eosinophilic pneumonia with bronchiolitis obliterans as a prominent feature. Steroid treatment resulted in promt improvement; during a 5-year follow-up the infiltrates have not recurred but there has been persistent mild obstruction.", "PMID": 1179044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6849", "title": "Bradykinin and human airways.", "content": "This work explored the effects of bradykinin (BK) on human airways. Bradykinin (1 mug/kg body weight) was rapidly injected intravenously and respiratory system resistance (Rrs), closing volume (CV), forced vital capacity (FVC), expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) maximal midexpiratory flow (MMF), and peak flow (PF) were measured. Bradykinin in normals produced no changes in Rrs or CV, but reduced the FVC. This suggests alveolar duct constriction, since no constriction of either large or small airways occurred with the decreased FVC. Bradykinin in asthmatics decreased the Rrs and CV, and increased the FEV1, MMF and PF, while the FVC did not change significantly. The absence of a significant increase in the FVC in the presence of concomitant bronchodilation, suggests that asthmatics also had alveolar duct construction. These data are consistent with animal studies which show that BK may release adrenalin (or other agents) with secondary effects, such as bronchodilation. The secondary bronchodilation seen in asthmatics but not in normals, is probably a result of the initial higher intrinsic bronchial tone of the asthmatics.", "contents": "Bradykinin and human airways. This work explored the effects of bradykinin (BK) on human airways. Bradykinin (1 mug/kg body weight) was rapidly injected intravenously and respiratory system resistance (Rrs), closing volume (CV), forced vital capacity (FVC), expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) maximal midexpiratory flow (MMF), and peak flow (PF) were measured. Bradykinin in normals produced no changes in Rrs or CV, but reduced the FVC. This suggests alveolar duct constriction, since no constriction of either large or small airways occurred with the decreased FVC. Bradykinin in asthmatics decreased the Rrs and CV, and increased the FEV1, MMF and PF, while the FVC did not change significantly. The absence of a significant increase in the FVC in the presence of concomitant bronchodilation, suggests that asthmatics also had alveolar duct construction. These data are consistent with animal studies which show that BK may release adrenalin (or other agents) with secondary effects, such as bronchodilation. The secondary bronchodilation seen in asthmatics but not in normals, is probably a result of the initial higher intrinsic bronchial tone of the asthmatics.", "PMID": 1179045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6850", "title": "Absorption of in vivo inert gas bubbles.", "content": "The resolution rates of gas bubbles in perfused tissue are examined using a mathematical model which is consistent with transient-state and steady-state data from large gas pocket experiments. The tissue surrounding the bubble is assumed to have an infinite number of infinitesimally small capillaries (distributed sink). The time for complete disappearance of a bubble depends on initial bubble size. blood perfusion rate of the tissue, physical characteristics of the inert gas and the fraction (1-Pa/Pg), where Pa and Pg are inert gas partial pressures in the surrounding tissue and inside the bubble, respectively. Calculated time for disappearance of a nitrogen bubble of 1 mm radius in an O2-breathing man is 100-250 min, depending on blood perfusion. Breathing of air increases the time of persistence of the bubble about 10-fold. The \"transient state\", when gas is dissolving in the immediate surroundings of the bubble, is most influential when there is no perfusion and the partial pressure gradient gas volume is the largest. However, our major conclusion is that the initial transient state has little effect on total lifetime of the bubble in any case.", "contents": "Absorption of in vivo inert gas bubbles. The resolution rates of gas bubbles in perfused tissue are examined using a mathematical model which is consistent with transient-state and steady-state data from large gas pocket experiments. The tissue surrounding the bubble is assumed to have an infinite number of infinitesimally small capillaries (distributed sink). The time for complete disappearance of a bubble depends on initial bubble size. blood perfusion rate of the tissue, physical characteristics of the inert gas and the fraction (1-Pa/Pg), where Pa and Pg are inert gas partial pressures in the surrounding tissue and inside the bubble, respectively. Calculated time for disappearance of a nitrogen bubble of 1 mm radius in an O2-breathing man is 100-250 min, depending on blood perfusion. Breathing of air increases the time of persistence of the bubble about 10-fold. The \"transient state\", when gas is dissolving in the immediate surroundings of the bubble, is most influential when there is no perfusion and the partial pressure gradient gas volume is the largest. However, our major conclusion is that the initial transient state has little effect on total lifetime of the bubble in any case.", "PMID": 1179046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6851", "title": "Ventilatory response of goats to transient changes in CO2 and O2 during acute hypoxia.", "content": "The authors assessed the relative sensitivity of the peripheral chemoreceptors of 4 goats to a transient decrease in inspired CO2 using a 2-breath test. This test provides a steady-state background of hypoxia and hypercapnia and then, for 2 breaths, an equally hypoxic gas mixture containing no CO2. Another type of 2-breath test, providing 2 breaths of a hyperoxic gas mixture against a background of hypoxia, was used to establish the time course of a response known to come from peripheral chemoreceptors. Seven human subjects were studied in a similar fashion to establish the validity of the procedure. Except for 2 responses, the author's human data agree with those reported previously by others. All 4 goats resembled man in responding to removal of hypoxia with a significant decrease in ventilation, but 3 of the 4 goats, unlike man, showed no significant decrease in ventilation when CO2 was removed. The authors conclude that the peripheral chemoreceptors of goats are commonly insensitive to transient changes in inspired CO2 during acute hypoxia.", "contents": "Ventilatory response of goats to transient changes in CO2 and O2 during acute hypoxia. The authors assessed the relative sensitivity of the peripheral chemoreceptors of 4 goats to a transient decrease in inspired CO2 using a 2-breath test. This test provides a steady-state background of hypoxia and hypercapnia and then, for 2 breaths, an equally hypoxic gas mixture containing no CO2. Another type of 2-breath test, providing 2 breaths of a hyperoxic gas mixture against a background of hypoxia, was used to establish the time course of a response known to come from peripheral chemoreceptors. Seven human subjects were studied in a similar fashion to establish the validity of the procedure. Except for 2 responses, the author's human data agree with those reported previously by others. All 4 goats resembled man in responding to removal of hypoxia with a significant decrease in ventilation, but 3 of the 4 goats, unlike man, showed no significant decrease in ventilation when CO2 was removed. The authors conclude that the peripheral chemoreceptors of goats are commonly insensitive to transient changes in inspired CO2 during acute hypoxia.", "PMID": 1179047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6852", "title": "Morphometric estimation of pulmonary diffusion capacity. VII. The normal Guinea pig lung.", "content": "A study of 15 normal adult guinea pig lungs fixed by instillation of fixatives via the airways is described. The morphological appearance of the guinea pig lung is similar to that of other mammals apart from quantitative differences in the mass of connective tissue in the alveolar-capillary barrier whose mean thickness was estimated at 1.59 mum. Lung volume, alveolar volume, capillary volume and the surface areas of alveoli and capillaries are shown to be linearly related to body weight. Analysis of the morphometric diffusion capacities of the alveolar-capillary membrane and of the lung shows that these are also linearly related to body weight. For a mean body weight of 429 g the lung volume was 13 ml, the alveolar surface 0.91 m2, the capillary volume 1.5 ml, the harmonic mean barrier thickness 0.42 mum, and DL 2.13 ml/min.mm Hg. These parameters are compared with those of other mammalian species and discussed in the context of normal activity levels as a probable important adaptive factor determining the size of the gas exchange apparatus.", "contents": "Morphometric estimation of pulmonary diffusion capacity. VII. The normal Guinea pig lung. A study of 15 normal adult guinea pig lungs fixed by instillation of fixatives via the airways is described. The morphological appearance of the guinea pig lung is similar to that of other mammals apart from quantitative differences in the mass of connective tissue in the alveolar-capillary barrier whose mean thickness was estimated at 1.59 mum. Lung volume, alveolar volume, capillary volume and the surface areas of alveoli and capillaries are shown to be linearly related to body weight. Analysis of the morphometric diffusion capacities of the alveolar-capillary membrane and of the lung shows that these are also linearly related to body weight. For a mean body weight of 429 g the lung volume was 13 ml, the alveolar surface 0.91 m2, the capillary volume 1.5 ml, the harmonic mean barrier thickness 0.42 mum, and DL 2.13 ml/min.mm Hg. These parameters are compared with those of other mammalian species and discussed in the context of normal activity levels as a probable important adaptive factor determining the size of the gas exchange apparatus.", "PMID": 1179048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6853", "title": "The effect of anaphylactic shock on laryngeal calibre in rabbits.", "content": "Laryngeal resistance to airflow has been measured during anaphylactic shock in three groups of spontaneously breathing rabbits: (1) intact, (2) vagotomized and (3) vagotomized and with superior laryngeal nerves cut. In the intact animals anaphylaxis elicited large increases in expiratory laryngeal resistance. The anaphylactic constriction of the larynx did not depend on reflexes from the lungs as the responses were even more pronounced in the vagotomized animals. Cutting the superior laryngeal nerves with vagotomy lessened the size of the increase in laryngeal expiratory resistance.", "contents": "The effect of anaphylactic shock on laryngeal calibre in rabbits. Laryngeal resistance to airflow has been measured during anaphylactic shock in three groups of spontaneously breathing rabbits: (1) intact, (2) vagotomized and (3) vagotomized and with superior laryngeal nerves cut. In the intact animals anaphylaxis elicited large increases in expiratory laryngeal resistance. The anaphylactic constriction of the larynx did not depend on reflexes from the lungs as the responses were even more pronounced in the vagotomized animals. Cutting the superior laryngeal nerves with vagotomy lessened the size of the increase in laryngeal expiratory resistance.", "PMID": 1179049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6854", "title": "The exchange of bone CO2 in vivo.", "content": "Bone 14CO2 specific activities have been measured in 10 male rats perfused for 30, 60 or 120 minutes with [14C]bicarbonate. A steady blood 14CO2 specific activity is observed from the 30th minute, whereas bone 14CO2 specific activity increased linearly with time. About 7-10% of the total activity infused may be recovered in the skeleton at any given time. Bone samples heated to constant weight lost 15% of their total CO2 content and more than 50% of the 14CO2 activity. This indicates that 14CO2 present in bone is almost exclusively located in a bicarbonate pool which may be considered as the rapidly exchangeable bone CO2 fraction. The rate of exchange between bone and blood CO2 is estimated at a maximum of 15% of the total CO2 production. It is postulated that blood flow to the skeleton is the limiting factor for bone CO2 exchange. These results lead to the conclusion that the large bone CO2 store cannot play a significant role in the buffering of extracellular fluids in acute acid-base abnormalities.", "contents": "The exchange of bone CO2 in vivo. Bone 14CO2 specific activities have been measured in 10 male rats perfused for 30, 60 or 120 minutes with [14C]bicarbonate. A steady blood 14CO2 specific activity is observed from the 30th minute, whereas bone 14CO2 specific activity increased linearly with time. About 7-10% of the total activity infused may be recovered in the skeleton at any given time. Bone samples heated to constant weight lost 15% of their total CO2 content and more than 50% of the 14CO2 activity. This indicates that 14CO2 present in bone is almost exclusively located in a bicarbonate pool which may be considered as the rapidly exchangeable bone CO2 fraction. The rate of exchange between bone and blood CO2 is estimated at a maximum of 15% of the total CO2 production. It is postulated that blood flow to the skeleton is the limiting factor for bone CO2 exchange. These results lead to the conclusion that the large bone CO2 store cannot play a significant role in the buffering of extracellular fluids in acute acid-base abnormalities.", "PMID": 1179050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6855", "title": "Observations on the sites of respiratory evaporation in the fowl during thermal panting.", "content": "The rate of respiratory water loss (RWL) was investigated in domestic fowls by the open-flow method, and the relative importance of the surfaces of the upper and lower respiratory tract was assessed by cannulating the trachea and by recording the temperatures at the potential evaporating sites. Birds were exposed to Ta from 20 to 40 degrees C and RWL examined at rectal temperatures (Tre) from 41 to 44 degrees C. Overall, the increase in RWL from the whole tract, and from the upper and lower divisions, was by about 1.1, 1.0 and 0.3 mg (g-hr. degrees C)-1, respectively. There was a rapid increase in V and in RWL from the whole and from the upper tract at Tre 41.5-42.5 degrees C, but no comparable change from the lower tract. Temperatures significantly below Ta and Tre (both 43 degrees C) were detected in the trachea and in the nasal and buccal cavities, but not in the air sacs. It was concluded that respiratory evaporation occurs mainly from the upper tract during panting and that the air sacs are unlikely to be involved.", "contents": "Observations on the sites of respiratory evaporation in the fowl during thermal panting. The rate of respiratory water loss (RWL) was investigated in domestic fowls by the open-flow method, and the relative importance of the surfaces of the upper and lower respiratory tract was assessed by cannulating the trachea and by recording the temperatures at the potential evaporating sites. Birds were exposed to Ta from 20 to 40 degrees C and RWL examined at rectal temperatures (Tre) from 41 to 44 degrees C. Overall, the increase in RWL from the whole tract, and from the upper and lower divisions, was by about 1.1, 1.0 and 0.3 mg (g-hr. degrees C)-1, respectively. There was a rapid increase in V and in RWL from the whole and from the upper tract at Tre 41.5-42.5 degrees C, but no comparable change from the lower tract. Temperatures significantly below Ta and Tre (both 43 degrees C) were detected in the trachea and in the nasal and buccal cavities, but not in the air sacs. It was concluded that respiratory evaporation occurs mainly from the upper tract during panting and that the air sacs are unlikely to be involved.", "PMID": 1179051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6856", "title": "Mechanisms of autonomic control of carotid chemoreceptor activity.", "content": "Single chemoreceptor fibres dissected from the cut carotid sinus nerves of cats were studied when carotid body blood flow was normal, and when it had been abruptly halted by reducing the local perfusion pressure to zero. Ten chemoreceptor fibres which, when normally supplied with blood, increased their discharge by at least 25% in response to sympathetic stimulation, and 7 fibres which, when normally supplied with blood, decreased their discharge by at least 10% in response to carotid sinus nerve stimulation, were chosen for study. The development of discharge during the period of stagnant asphyxia following stoppage of flow was reproducible in repeated control trials for each fibre investigated. Neither sympathetic nor carotid sinus nerve stimulation, commencing at the stoppage of flow and continued throughout the period of asphyxia, produced any significant alteration from the control pattern of developing chemoreceptor discharge. These experiments provide evidence that the effects of sympathetic and carotid sinus nerve stimulation on carotid chemoreceptor discharges are mediated through alterations in carotid body blood flow. When there is no flow there are no effects on discharge.", "contents": "Mechanisms of autonomic control of carotid chemoreceptor activity. Single chemoreceptor fibres dissected from the cut carotid sinus nerves of cats were studied when carotid body blood flow was normal, and when it had been abruptly halted by reducing the local perfusion pressure to zero. Ten chemoreceptor fibres which, when normally supplied with blood, increased their discharge by at least 25% in response to sympathetic stimulation, and 7 fibres which, when normally supplied with blood, decreased their discharge by at least 10% in response to carotid sinus nerve stimulation, were chosen for study. The development of discharge during the period of stagnant asphyxia following stoppage of flow was reproducible in repeated control trials for each fibre investigated. Neither sympathetic nor carotid sinus nerve stimulation, commencing at the stoppage of flow and continued throughout the period of asphyxia, produced any significant alteration from the control pattern of developing chemoreceptor discharge. These experiments provide evidence that the effects of sympathetic and carotid sinus nerve stimulation on carotid chemoreceptor discharges are mediated through alterations in carotid body blood flow. When there is no flow there are no effects on discharge.", "PMID": 1179052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6857", "title": "Thoracic collapse as affected by the retia thoracica in the dolphin.", "content": "The carcass of a subadult female Delphinus was placed in a hyperbaric chamber and subjected to two simulated dives each equivalent to 69.7 m. In one dive the thorax was in its natural state, and in the other 100 ml of water had been injected into each pleural cavity. Various morphometric measurements of the thorax were taken before, during, and after each dive. Results indicate that if fluid is located in the same position as the retia thoracica, the shape of the thorax is affected when submitted to diving, but not surface, pressures. The overall collapse of the chest is greater during partial infusion of the pleura, exhibiting exceptional compression in the ventral area. The engorged thoracic rete apparently affects the degree and pattern of thoracic collapse and thereby reduces the amount of displacement stress exerted upon the abdominal organs when the animal is subjected to the high ambient hydrostatic pressures encountered during normal diving.", "contents": "Thoracic collapse as affected by the retia thoracica in the dolphin. The carcass of a subadult female Delphinus was placed in a hyperbaric chamber and subjected to two simulated dives each equivalent to 69.7 m. In one dive the thorax was in its natural state, and in the other 100 ml of water had been injected into each pleural cavity. Various morphometric measurements of the thorax were taken before, during, and after each dive. Results indicate that if fluid is located in the same position as the retia thoracica, the shape of the thorax is affected when submitted to diving, but not surface, pressures. The overall collapse of the chest is greater during partial infusion of the pleura, exhibiting exceptional compression in the ventral area. The engorged thoracic rete apparently affects the degree and pattern of thoracic collapse and thereby reduces the amount of displacement stress exerted upon the abdominal organs when the animal is subjected to the high ambient hydrostatic pressures encountered during normal diving.", "PMID": 1179053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6858", "title": "Contribution of hypercapnic stimuli and of vagal afferents to the timing of breathing in anesthetized cats.", "content": "In tracheotomized, anesthetized cats, the authors studied the role of phasic and tonic vagal discharge and of hypercapnic stimuli on the timing of breathing. The effect of tonic vagal discharge was separated from that of the other two parameters by comparing the duration of inspiration and of expiration of control breaths with those obtained during occlusions of the airways at FRC (bulbo-pontine activity). The effect of tonic vagal discharge was then separated from that of hypercapnic stimuli by comparing the bulbo-pontine activity before and after vagotomy. Hypercapnia caused shortening of inspiratory and expiratory duration set by the bulbo-pontine pacemaker and increased sensitivity of the respiratory centers for a given phasic vagal input (displacement to the left of the tidal volume vs inspiratory duration relationship). Vagotomy did not modify the bulbo-pontine duration of inspiration nor its possibility to shorten in hypercapnia; by contrast it caused a lengthening of the expiratory time which did not shorten any more in hypercapnia, suggesting that tonic vagal discharge mainly influences the expiratory duration.", "contents": "Contribution of hypercapnic stimuli and of vagal afferents to the timing of breathing in anesthetized cats. In tracheotomized, anesthetized cats, the authors studied the role of phasic and tonic vagal discharge and of hypercapnic stimuli on the timing of breathing. The effect of tonic vagal discharge was separated from that of the other two parameters by comparing the duration of inspiration and of expiration of control breaths with those obtained during occlusions of the airways at FRC (bulbo-pontine activity). The effect of tonic vagal discharge was then separated from that of hypercapnic stimuli by comparing the bulbo-pontine activity before and after vagotomy. Hypercapnia caused shortening of inspiratory and expiratory duration set by the bulbo-pontine pacemaker and increased sensitivity of the respiratory centers for a given phasic vagal input (displacement to the left of the tidal volume vs inspiratory duration relationship). Vagotomy did not modify the bulbo-pontine duration of inspiration nor its possibility to shorten in hypercapnia; by contrast it caused a lengthening of the expiratory time which did not shorten any more in hypercapnia, suggesting that tonic vagal discharge mainly influences the expiratory duration.", "PMID": 1179054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6859", "title": "The bone CO2 compartment: evidence for a bicarbonate pool.", "content": "CO2 was measured in rat cortical bone samples with an accurate manometric technique. Bone CO2 content increased with the age of the animals. When heated to constant weight, bone samples lost 15.5% of their initial fresh CO2 content, indicating that CO2 exists in several chemical forms in the bone CO2 pool. Bone samples were exposed in vitro to atmospheres of increasing PCO2. Bone CO2 increased by 15% of its original content when exposed for 60 min. to pure CO2. CO2 uptake by bone in vitro was shown to be time- and PCO2-dependent, evoking a saturating mechanism and requiring the presence of water in bone. These findings lead to the conclusion that the bone CO2 compartment consists of 30% bicarbonate and 70% carbonate. The exact location of the bicarbonate pool and its availability as a buffer store for the whole organism are discussed.", "contents": "The bone CO2 compartment: evidence for a bicarbonate pool. CO2 was measured in rat cortical bone samples with an accurate manometric technique. Bone CO2 content increased with the age of the animals. When heated to constant weight, bone samples lost 15.5% of their initial fresh CO2 content, indicating that CO2 exists in several chemical forms in the bone CO2 pool. Bone samples were exposed in vitro to atmospheres of increasing PCO2. Bone CO2 increased by 15% of its original content when exposed for 60 min. to pure CO2. CO2 uptake by bone in vitro was shown to be time- and PCO2-dependent, evoking a saturating mechanism and requiring the presence of water in bone. These findings lead to the conclusion that the bone CO2 compartment consists of 30% bicarbonate and 70% carbonate. The exact location of the bicarbonate pool and its availability as a buffer store for the whole organism are discussed.", "PMID": 1179055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6860", "title": "Properties of 'irritant' receptors in canine lung.", "content": "Activity was recorded from 48 vagal afferent fibers arising from what appeared to be rapidly adapting receptors in the lungs of open-chest dogs. Most of these receptors were stimulated by hyperinflation, forced deflation and reinflation of the lungs, and their mean conduction velocity was 23.3 m/sec (n=41) compared with 32.3 m/sec(n=100) for pulmonary stretch receptors. Activity in the receptors was increased most frequently by histamine given by aerosol or intravascularly, only occasionally by ammonia vapor and cigarette smoke, and was essentially unchanged by ether vapor, CO2 and phenyl diguanide. The importance of locating presumed pulmonary receptors in the lungs is emphasized, as responses of receptors in the esophagus and pulmonary artery to ventilatory and chemical stimuli were similar to those of rapidly adapting bronchopulmonary receptors. The properties of these canine bronchopulmonary receptors are compared with those of similar receptors in other species. The lack of effect of inhaled irritants on most rapidly adapting receptors in dog lung indicates that the term 'irritant receptor' may be inappropriate.", "contents": "Properties of 'irritant' receptors in canine lung. Activity was recorded from 48 vagal afferent fibers arising from what appeared to be rapidly adapting receptors in the lungs of open-chest dogs. Most of these receptors were stimulated by hyperinflation, forced deflation and reinflation of the lungs, and their mean conduction velocity was 23.3 m/sec (n=41) compared with 32.3 m/sec(n=100) for pulmonary stretch receptors. Activity in the receptors was increased most frequently by histamine given by aerosol or intravascularly, only occasionally by ammonia vapor and cigarette smoke, and was essentially unchanged by ether vapor, CO2 and phenyl diguanide. The importance of locating presumed pulmonary receptors in the lungs is emphasized, as responses of receptors in the esophagus and pulmonary artery to ventilatory and chemical stimuli were similar to those of rapidly adapting bronchopulmonary receptors. The properties of these canine bronchopulmonary receptors are compared with those of similar receptors in other species. The lack of effect of inhaled irritants on most rapidly adapting receptors in dog lung indicates that the term 'irritant receptor' may be inappropriate.", "PMID": 1179056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6861", "title": "[Optic ataxia localised in the left side of both 2 left homonymous visual hemifields].", "content": "Ocular ataxia localised to the left limbs on the left homonymous visual hemifields occurred after section of the right parieto-occipital junction zone performed to remove an intraventricular tumour. Since the right upper limb was unaffected, it must be presumed that, in man, there are two types of occipito-frontal connections, direct and crossed.", "contents": "[Optic ataxia localised in the left side of both 2 left homonymous visual hemifields]. Ocular ataxia localised to the left limbs on the left homonymous visual hemifields occurred after section of the right parieto-occipital junction zone performed to remove an intraventricular tumour. Since the right upper limb was unaffected, it must be presumed that, in man, there are two types of occipito-frontal connections, direct and crossed.", "PMID": 1179092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6862", "title": "[Etiological diagnosis of spondylitis.  I. Clinical, biological and radiological aspects].", "content": "The authors compared the different elements of diagnosis contributed by the clinical examination, and by laboratory and radiological investigations in 33 cases of Pott's disease and 46 cases of non-tuberculous spondylodiscitis. They show that certain elements indicate the diagnosis of Pott's disease : associated visceral tuberculosis, and a radiogram showing in particular a centro-somatic notch, recent primary infection, absence of pain, minimum signs of medullary compression ; other elements on the other hand, indicate a diagnosis of non-tuberculous spondylodiscitis : a negative cutaneous tuberculin test, a positive haemoculture, humoral signs of melitococcosis or of typhoid fever, any indication of possible means of entry of infection in the two months before the disease, radiological signs of reconstruction in the first four months of evolution, location of the lesion in the anterior upper part of the vertebra, and to a lesser degree, the acute febrile nature of the clinical picture. The authors recall that the existence of a large abscess, of which there were no examples in the present series, is an indication in favour of tuberculosis.", "contents": "[Etiological diagnosis of spondylitis.  I. Clinical, biological and radiological aspects]. The authors compared the different elements of diagnosis contributed by the clinical examination, and by laboratory and radiological investigations in 33 cases of Pott's disease and 46 cases of non-tuberculous spondylodiscitis. They show that certain elements indicate the diagnosis of Pott's disease : associated visceral tuberculosis, and a radiogram showing in particular a centro-somatic notch, recent primary infection, absence of pain, minimum signs of medullary compression ; other elements on the other hand, indicate a diagnosis of non-tuberculous spondylodiscitis : a negative cutaneous tuberculin test, a positive haemoculture, humoral signs of melitococcosis or of typhoid fever, any indication of possible means of entry of infection in the two months before the disease, radiological signs of reconstruction in the first four months of evolution, location of the lesion in the anterior upper part of the vertebra, and to a lesser degree, the acute febrile nature of the clinical picture. The authors recall that the existence of a large abscess, of which there were no examples in the present series, is an indication in favour of tuberculosis.", "PMID": 1179122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6863", "title": "[Recentering the patella in the treatment of external femoropatellar arthrosis with displacement of the patella].", "content": "The authors report their experiences of the surgical treatment of external femoro-patellar arthrosis with displacement of the kneecap, by recentering the kneecap, on knees that were not deformed as seen from the front. This recentering of the kneecap, which was monitored during the operation by radiographs with axial projection, was obtained by internal transposition of anterior tibial tuberosity and section of the external \" wing \" of the patella. No inert or living material was placed between the patella and the trochlea. The reduction in pain and the improvement in articular function depend on how well the patella is recentered. Twenty-two cases of external femoro-patellar arthrosis with displacement of the kneecap were treated in this way; in 18 operations, 14 results that remained favourable for more than 6 months have encouraged the authors to continue their trials and to abandon, at least for the time being, patellectomies and patelloplasties.", "contents": "[Recentering the patella in the treatment of external femoropatellar arthrosis with displacement of the patella]. The authors report their experiences of the surgical treatment of external femoro-patellar arthrosis with displacement of the kneecap, by recentering the kneecap, on knees that were not deformed as seen from the front. This recentering of the kneecap, which was monitored during the operation by radiographs with axial projection, was obtained by internal transposition of anterior tibial tuberosity and section of the external \" wing \" of the patella. No inert or living material was placed between the patella and the trochlea. The reduction in pain and the improvement in articular function depend on how well the patella is recentered. Twenty-two cases of external femoro-patellar arthrosis with displacement of the kneecap were treated in this way; in 18 operations, 14 results that remained favourable for more than 6 months have encouraged the authors to continue their trials and to abandon, at least for the time being, patellectomies and patelloplasties.", "PMID": 1179123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6864", "title": "[Gout, hyperuricemia and femur head osteonecrosis (FHON)].", "content": "The authors report on 14 cases of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in patients suffering from gout. The cases of association were discovered over a period of 10 years among 232 patients with ONFH and 651 with gout. The necrosis had no particular characteristics except that there was a clear preponderence in males and a slight tendency to be bilateral; it occurred, perhaps, at a slightly earlier age. The patients with gout did not show any special clinical features ; the gout always preceded the necrosis, on average by 7 1/2 years. There was no obvious history of painful crises in the hip that could be attributed to the acute gout, except in one case. The excess of urate was detected by the baseline level of uricaemia (91 mg/litre on average), by the frequency of tophus (4 out of 14), and by the frequency of urinary lithiasis (2 out of 14), and did not appear to be any greater in the patients with gout and ONFH than it was in the whole of the population of gout patients. In those patients in whom it was estimated, the lipid analysis showed most frequently an increase in total lipids, in triglyceridaemia, and in cholesterolaemia. In the 5 patients in whom the investigations were sufficiently detailed, the dyslipidaemia was of Frederickson type II + IV (mixed hyperlipidaemia according to de Gennes' classification). Different physiopathological hypotheses are discussed by the authors, notably those concerned with micro-particulate fatty emboli (lipomicrons), which may obstruct, among others, the terminal arteries of the femoral head. Of the 6 patients for whom it was possible to obtain information, for an average period of 10 years since the onset of the necrosis, 2 had presented with untreated hyperlipidaemia and a severe general vascular illness (myocardial infarction in one case and regressive hemiplegia in the other). These findings lead to the conclusion that correction of the hyperlipidaemia by diet is indispensable to ensure the long-term survival of these patients.", "contents": "[Gout, hyperuricemia and femur head osteonecrosis (FHON)]. The authors report on 14 cases of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in patients suffering from gout. The cases of association were discovered over a period of 10 years among 232 patients with ONFH and 651 with gout. The necrosis had no particular characteristics except that there was a clear preponderence in males and a slight tendency to be bilateral; it occurred, perhaps, at a slightly earlier age. The patients with gout did not show any special clinical features ; the gout always preceded the necrosis, on average by 7 1/2 years. There was no obvious history of painful crises in the hip that could be attributed to the acute gout, except in one case. The excess of urate was detected by the baseline level of uricaemia (91 mg/litre on average), by the frequency of tophus (4 out of 14), and by the frequency of urinary lithiasis (2 out of 14), and did not appear to be any greater in the patients with gout and ONFH than it was in the whole of the population of gout patients. In those patients in whom it was estimated, the lipid analysis showed most frequently an increase in total lipids, in triglyceridaemia, and in cholesterolaemia. In the 5 patients in whom the investigations were sufficiently detailed, the dyslipidaemia was of Frederickson type II + IV (mixed hyperlipidaemia according to de Gennes' classification). Different physiopathological hypotheses are discussed by the authors, notably those concerned with micro-particulate fatty emboli (lipomicrons), which may obstruct, among others, the terminal arteries of the femoral head. Of the 6 patients for whom it was possible to obtain information, for an average period of 10 years since the onset of the necrosis, 2 had presented with untreated hyperlipidaemia and a severe general vascular illness (myocardial infarction in one case and regressive hemiplegia in the other). These findings lead to the conclusion that correction of the hyperlipidaemia by diet is indispensable to ensure the long-term survival of these patients.", "PMID": 1179124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6865", "title": "[Study of blood calcium in a population of 3148 women. Variations with age. Correlation with other biological values].", "content": "The authors studied calcaemia and its correlations with other biochemical values in a population of 3,148 women. Calcaemia was 95.53 mg/litre +/- 3.54, a level equal to that found in 6,048 men. In 82 women (2.6 percent) the level of calcaemia was less than 90 mg/litre, and in 21 (0.66 percent) the level of calcaemia was less than 88 mg/litre. In 13 women (0.41 percent) the level of calcaemia was more than 105 mg/litre. Calcaemia in women decreased with age up to 50 years, increased again from 50 to 60 years and then fell again. There was a strong positive correlation between calcaemia and protidaemia (r = + 0.53) and a weak positive correlation between calcaemia and cholesterolaemia (r = + 0.19).", "contents": "[Study of blood calcium in a population of 3148 women. Variations with age. Correlation with other biological values]. The authors studied calcaemia and its correlations with other biochemical values in a population of 3,148 women. Calcaemia was 95.53 mg/litre +/- 3.54, a level equal to that found in 6,048 men. In 82 women (2.6 percent) the level of calcaemia was less than 90 mg/litre, and in 21 (0.66 percent) the level of calcaemia was less than 88 mg/litre. In 13 women (0.41 percent) the level of calcaemia was more than 105 mg/litre. Calcaemia in women decreased with age up to 50 years, increased again from 50 to 60 years and then fell again. There was a strong positive correlation between calcaemia and protidaemia (r = + 0.53) and a weak positive correlation between calcaemia and cholesterolaemia (r = + 0.19).", "PMID": 1179126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6866", "title": "[Incidence of hyperuricemia and gout in coronary insufficiency from angina pectoris to myocardial infarct].", "content": "The authors try, on one hand, to estimate the role of hyperuricaemia and gout as risk factors in coronary diseases and, on the other, to decide whether the factors react in an isolated or associated fashion.", "contents": "[Incidence of hyperuricemia and gout in coronary insufficiency from angina pectoris to myocardial infarct]. The authors try, on one hand, to estimate the role of hyperuricaemia and gout as risk factors in coronary diseases and, on the other, to decide whether the factors react in an isolated or associated fashion.", "PMID": 1179127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6867", "title": "[Modification of uricemia coincident with myocardial infarct].", "content": "During myocardial infarction, uric acid values follow a very speciale evolutive curve, with 4 successive phases that might explain the occurrence of an episode of gout during an acute attack.", "contents": "[Modification of uricemia coincident with myocardial infarct]. During myocardial infarction, uric acid values follow a very speciale evolutive curve, with 4 successive phases that might explain the occurrence of an episode of gout during an acute attack.", "PMID": 1179129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6868", "title": "[Coronary insufficiency in patients with gout].", "content": "Statistics on the frequency of coronary insufficiency in patients with gout are contradictory. Nevertheless, it is shown that a correlation often exists between attacks of gout and attacks of angina or acute ischaemic episodes. Finally, these anatomo-clinical studies prove the reality of the gouty heart if only because of the discovery of deposits of intracardiac urates.", "contents": "[Coronary insufficiency in patients with gout]. Statistics on the frequency of coronary insufficiency in patients with gout are contradictory. Nevertheless, it is shown that a correlation often exists between attacks of gout and attacks of angina or acute ischaemic episodes. Finally, these anatomo-clinical studies prove the reality of the gouty heart if only because of the discovery of deposits of intracardiac urates.", "PMID": 1179128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6869", "title": "[Histomorphometric and biological data on osteoporosis due to immobilization].", "content": "The effect on the bones of immobilization was studied by means of quantitative histological methods on 34 biopsies of the iliac crest after different periods of immobilization in 28 patients, 22 of whom were immobilized by medullary lesions. At the same time a biochemical study was carried out on 68 immobilized patients over a 52-week period. This histomorphometric study included measurements of the absolute volume of trabecular bone, the volume of the osteoid matrix, the osteoclastic resorption surfaces, the size of the osteocyte lacunae, the thickness of the iliac cortical zones and the medullary adipose volume. 19 subjects received in addition double labeling with tetracycline with the object of carrying out a histodynamic study of the osteoblastic activity. The decrease in the absolute volume of the trabecular bone reached 33 percent of its original value and continued up to the 25th week, and was followed by stabilization at a value slightly higher than the vertebral fracture limit. Immobilization also led to an increase in the osteoclastic resorption surfaces and, secondarily, to an increase in the periosteocyte lacunae, a thinning of the iliac cortical zones, and a decrease in the volume of the osteoid matrix. Calciura increased as did total hydroxyprolinuria in parallel with an increase in the resorption surfaces. The histological and biochemical changes suggest a histodynamic hypothesis, according to which the longevity of the basic multicellular bone unit increases, leading to a new equilibrium characterized by very slow renewal of the bone.", "contents": "[Histomorphometric and biological data on osteoporosis due to immobilization]. The effect on the bones of immobilization was studied by means of quantitative histological methods on 34 biopsies of the iliac crest after different periods of immobilization in 28 patients, 22 of whom were immobilized by medullary lesions. At the same time a biochemical study was carried out on 68 immobilized patients over a 52-week period. This histomorphometric study included measurements of the absolute volume of trabecular bone, the volume of the osteoid matrix, the osteoclastic resorption surfaces, the size of the osteocyte lacunae, the thickness of the iliac cortical zones and the medullary adipose volume. 19 subjects received in addition double labeling with tetracycline with the object of carrying out a histodynamic study of the osteoblastic activity. The decrease in the absolute volume of the trabecular bone reached 33 percent of its original value and continued up to the 25th week, and was followed by stabilization at a value slightly higher than the vertebral fracture limit. Immobilization also led to an increase in the osteoclastic resorption surfaces and, secondarily, to an increase in the periosteocyte lacunae, a thinning of the iliac cortical zones, and a decrease in the volume of the osteoid matrix. Calciura increased as did total hydroxyprolinuria in parallel with an increase in the resorption surfaces. The histological and biochemical changes suggest a histodynamic hypothesis, according to which the longevity of the basic multicellular bone unit increases, leading to a new equilibrium characterized by very slow renewal of the bone.", "PMID": 1179130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6870", "title": "[A new study on the midterm evolution of Fissinger-Leroy-Reiter syndromes seen in a military milieu (85 cases)].", "content": "Following-up a survey made in 1969 on 100 ex-soldiers suffering from the Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome in Algeria, a new study investigated the evolution in 85 subjects, 85 percent of whom had suffered from the syndrome for 10 years or more. Those considered cured represented in the new study nor more than about 50 percent, instead of 65 percent, recurrences remained unchanged (15 cases out of 85 instead of 18 out of 100), the proportions with ankylosing spondylarthritis of the sacroiliac joints changed from 14 to 26 percent, and 5 patients remained unclassifiable. Sacro-iliac ankylosing spondylarthritis appeared in approximately half the cases in the 5 years that followed the commencement of the syndrome. Contrary to the findings in 1969, two cases of sacro-iliac ankylosing spondylarthritis were noted in patients who had experienced relapses. At present those in the cured group are those in whom the syndrome commenced the most recently and further deterioration in the figures may be expected in the years to come. Thus the long-term prognosis is difficult to evaluate from the initial symptoms. The severity of the evolution is only moderate, however, and without doubt the differences between individuals play an important role. The authors remain convinced of the principal that persons suffering from FLR are less likely to develop.", "contents": "[A new study on the midterm evolution of Fissinger-Leroy-Reiter syndromes seen in a military milieu (85 cases)]. Following-up a survey made in 1969 on 100 ex-soldiers suffering from the Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome in Algeria, a new study investigated the evolution in 85 subjects, 85 percent of whom had suffered from the syndrome for 10 years or more. Those considered cured represented in the new study nor more than about 50 percent, instead of 65 percent, recurrences remained unchanged (15 cases out of 85 instead of 18 out of 100), the proportions with ankylosing spondylarthritis of the sacroiliac joints changed from 14 to 26 percent, and 5 patients remained unclassifiable. Sacro-iliac ankylosing spondylarthritis appeared in approximately half the cases in the 5 years that followed the commencement of the syndrome. Contrary to the findings in 1969, two cases of sacro-iliac ankylosing spondylarthritis were noted in patients who had experienced relapses. At present those in the cured group are those in whom the syndrome commenced the most recently and further deterioration in the figures may be expected in the years to come. Thus the long-term prognosis is difficult to evaluate from the initial symptoms. The severity of the evolution is only moderate, however, and without doubt the differences between individuals play an important role. The authors remain convinced of the principal that persons suffering from FLR are less likely to develop.", "PMID": 1179131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6871", "title": "[Meniscal cysts. Therapeutic and pathogenic considerations].", "content": "The author presents a series of personal cases of meniscal cysts, compares them with other series in the literature, and draws certain conclusions. The meniscal cyst appears to be one of the manifestations of the myxoid degeneration of the meniscus-degeneration induced by small daily traumatisms. The rarity of the condition is related to the fact that movement of the myxoid substance is asymptomatic when it is towards the joint cavity. The greater frequency of the condition on the external meniscus is explained by a study of the forces applied on the knee. In contrast to the prevailing idea that surgical treatment is required, the author believes that puncture of the cyst is the most logical and simple treatment. This puncture avoids, in the long term, the risks of meniscectomy, which in 30 to 50 percent of cases, according to different authors, leads to poor results.", "contents": "[Meniscal cysts. Therapeutic and pathogenic considerations]. The author presents a series of personal cases of meniscal cysts, compares them with other series in the literature, and draws certain conclusions. The meniscal cyst appears to be one of the manifestations of the myxoid degeneration of the meniscus-degeneration induced by small daily traumatisms. The rarity of the condition is related to the fact that movement of the myxoid substance is asymptomatic when it is towards the joint cavity. The greater frequency of the condition on the external meniscus is explained by a study of the forces applied on the knee. In contrast to the prevailing idea that surgical treatment is required, the author believes that puncture of the cyst is the most logical and simple treatment. This puncture avoids, in the long term, the risks of meniscectomy, which in 30 to 50 percent of cases, according to different authors, leads to poor results.", "PMID": 1179132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6872", "title": "Conjugation of non-erythroid bilirubin in chronic experimental cholestasis in the dog.", "content": "The dynamics of conjugation of 14C-bilirubin injected intravenously during cholestasis is known from studies in rats and dogs. No studies have been performed concerning the conjugation of non-erythroid bilirbuin (NEB), i.e. the 10-20% of bilirubin synthesized from tissue haemes, mainly in the liver. This study reports the results of experiments in four dogs subjected to extra-hepatic cholestasis of 7-14 days' duration. delta-Aminolevulinic acid-5-C14HCi was injected intravenously as a NEB precursor. The appearances of unconjugated and conjugated labelled NEB as well as of the different azopigments were followed in systemic blood, liver vein blood, and thoracic duct lymph. The first NEB to appear was unconjugated; maximal concentration of unconjugated NEB in peripheral and liver vein blood was reached within one hour. The amount of conjugated NEB in both vascular compartments increased for two to three hours, after which time the degree of conjugation stabilized. The degree of conjugation was higher in liver vein than in peripheral blood for the first two hours. The same azopigments of NEB were found as for injected 14C-bilirubin. The a0 azopigment (azobilirubin) was present in higher amounts in peripheral than in liver vein blood, all the other azopigments were present in higher amounts in liver vein blood.", "contents": "Conjugation of non-erythroid bilirubin in chronic experimental cholestasis in the dog. The dynamics of conjugation of 14C-bilirubin injected intravenously during cholestasis is known from studies in rats and dogs. No studies have been performed concerning the conjugation of non-erythroid bilirbuin (NEB), i.e. the 10-20% of bilirubin synthesized from tissue haemes, mainly in the liver. This study reports the results of experiments in four dogs subjected to extra-hepatic cholestasis of 7-14 days' duration. delta-Aminolevulinic acid-5-C14HCi was injected intravenously as a NEB precursor. The appearances of unconjugated and conjugated labelled NEB as well as of the different azopigments were followed in systemic blood, liver vein blood, and thoracic duct lymph. The first NEB to appear was unconjugated; maximal concentration of unconjugated NEB in peripheral and liver vein blood was reached within one hour. The amount of conjugated NEB in both vascular compartments increased for two to three hours, after which time the degree of conjugation stabilized. The degree of conjugation was higher in liver vein than in peripheral blood for the first two hours. The same azopigments of NEB were found as for injected 14C-bilirubin. The a0 azopigment (azobilirubin) was present in higher amounts in peripheral than in liver vein blood, all the other azopigments were present in higher amounts in liver vein blood.", "PMID": 1179148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6873", "title": "The role of the liver lymphatics in the transport of non-erythroid bilirubin during different stages of experimental cholestasis.", "content": "The role of the liver lymphatics in the regurgitation of bilirubin during the different stages of cholestasis has been a matter of debate. Earlier studies have shown that 14C-bilirubin injected intravenously one hour after induction of cholestasis was rapidly and completely cleared from the blood and appeared in the thoracic duct lymph in high concentration. During chronic cholestasis the injected 14C-bilirubin was delivered directly back to the blood after conjugation in the liver. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the lymphatics in the transport of non-erythroid bilirubin (NEB), a metabolic product of certain tissue haemes, produced mainly in the liver. The study was carried out in dogs. Five dogs were studied in the first hours following bile duct obstruction, and five others after at least one week of cholestasis. 14C-delta-aminolevulinic acid was given as a NEB precursor. In contrast to the results obtained with 14C-bilirubin injection, evidence for a delivery of conjugated labelled NEB directly to the blood during acute cholestasis was found. The concentration curves for NEB and non-NEB radioactivity in the thoracic duct lymph indicated the presence of a secondary biliolymphatic regurgitation. In chronic cholestasis no evidence for such a biliolymphatic regurgitation of NEB was found.", "contents": "The role of the liver lymphatics in the transport of non-erythroid bilirubin during different stages of experimental cholestasis. The role of the liver lymphatics in the regurgitation of bilirubin during the different stages of cholestasis has been a matter of debate. Earlier studies have shown that 14C-bilirubin injected intravenously one hour after induction of cholestasis was rapidly and completely cleared from the blood and appeared in the thoracic duct lymph in high concentration. During chronic cholestasis the injected 14C-bilirubin was delivered directly back to the blood after conjugation in the liver. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the lymphatics in the transport of non-erythroid bilirubin (NEB), a metabolic product of certain tissue haemes, produced mainly in the liver. The study was carried out in dogs. Five dogs were studied in the first hours following bile duct obstruction, and five others after at least one week of cholestasis. 14C-delta-aminolevulinic acid was given as a NEB precursor. In contrast to the results obtained with 14C-bilirubin injection, evidence for a delivery of conjugated labelled NEB directly to the blood during acute cholestasis was found. The concentration curves for NEB and non-NEB radioactivity in the thoracic duct lymph indicated the presence of a secondary biliolymphatic regurgitation. In chronic cholestasis no evidence for such a biliolymphatic regurgitation of NEB was found.", "PMID": 1179149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6874", "title": "Sources of the serum isoamylases and their normal range of variation with age.", "content": "The isoamylases in various human tissue homogenates and body fluids were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Nothing suggested any significant production of amylase in the liver. Minute amounts of amylase belonging to the pancreatic group of isoamylases might be produced by the glands of the proximal duodenum. The specific group of isoamylases produced in the female genital tract could not be demonstrated in serum or urine. The activity of amylase in serum was derived from two groups of isoenzymes, one group originating from the salivary glands, the other from the pancreatic gland. The contribution of each of these two sources to the total serum amylase was determined from early foetal life to adult age. A very low activity of the salivary isoamylases was regularly found in serum from 14-week-old foetuses. The activity increased steadily with age and reached the normal adult level, about 80 U/l, at the age of 5 years. The pancreatic group of isoamylases in serum developed later; the majority of children below 3 months had no demonstrable pancreatic isoamylase activity. The activity rose slowly to reach adult level, about 80 U/l, at the age of 10 to 15 years. The activity did not vary with sex, and the diurnal variation of the isoamylase was negligible. In children with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas the activity of pancreatic isoamylases in serum was low.", "contents": "Sources of the serum isoamylases and their normal range of variation with age. The isoamylases in various human tissue homogenates and body fluids were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Nothing suggested any significant production of amylase in the liver. Minute amounts of amylase belonging to the pancreatic group of isoamylases might be produced by the glands of the proximal duodenum. The specific group of isoamylases produced in the female genital tract could not be demonstrated in serum or urine. The activity of amylase in serum was derived from two groups of isoenzymes, one group originating from the salivary glands, the other from the pancreatic gland. The contribution of each of these two sources to the total serum amylase was determined from early foetal life to adult age. A very low activity of the salivary isoamylases was regularly found in serum from 14-week-old foetuses. The activity increased steadily with age and reached the normal adult level, about 80 U/l, at the age of 5 years. The pancreatic group of isoamylases in serum developed later; the majority of children below 3 months had no demonstrable pancreatic isoamylase activity. The activity rose slowly to reach adult level, about 80 U/l, at the age of 10 to 15 years. The activity did not vary with sex, and the diurnal variation of the isoamylase was negligible. In children with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas the activity of pancreatic isoamylases in serum was low.", "PMID": 1179150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6875", "title": "Lipase and co-lipase activities of human small intestinal contents after a liquid test meal.", "content": "Methods for the determination of pancreatic lipase in small intestinal content have been re-evaluated in the light of the presence of co-lipase therein. A method is described for the determination of co-lipase in intestinal content based on its property to reactivate bile-salt-inhibited lipase. Figures are given for lipase and co-lipase activities in intestinal contents of normal humans aged 1-22. These two components originating in the pancreatic juice vary in a parallel fashion, and no variations with age were apparent. A simple diagnostic criterion is given to detect a possible specific co-lipase deficiency.", "contents": "Lipase and co-lipase activities of human small intestinal contents after a liquid test meal. Methods for the determination of pancreatic lipase in small intestinal content have been re-evaluated in the light of the presence of co-lipase therein. A method is described for the determination of co-lipase in intestinal content based on its property to reactivate bile-salt-inhibited lipase. Figures are given for lipase and co-lipase activities in intestinal contents of normal humans aged 1-22. These two components originating in the pancreatic juice vary in a parallel fashion, and no variations with age were apparent. A simple diagnostic criterion is given to detect a possible specific co-lipase deficiency.", "PMID": 1179151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6876", "title": "Dynamic gastric response to expansion before and after vagotomy.", "content": "The dynamic gastric pressure response to expansion by direct intragastric air insufflation, 30-50 ml/s, was studied in healthy volunteers, non-operated ulcer disease patients, and in patients operated upon with antrectomy, antrectomy and vagotomy, or proximal selective vagotomy. Non-operated individuals accepted gastric expansion without considerable increase of pressure. Antrectomized patients showed a higher basal pressure and a moderate increase of pressure during expansion. Vagotomized patients, including the ones operated upon with proximal selective vagotomy, demonstrated a marked increase of pressure during expansion. The results indicate that vagal denervation of the corpus-fundus part of the stomach is followed by an impairment of gastric resrvoir function.", "contents": "Dynamic gastric response to expansion before and after vagotomy. The dynamic gastric pressure response to expansion by direct intragastric air insufflation, 30-50 ml/s, was studied in healthy volunteers, non-operated ulcer disease patients, and in patients operated upon with antrectomy, antrectomy and vagotomy, or proximal selective vagotomy. Non-operated individuals accepted gastric expansion without considerable increase of pressure. Antrectomized patients showed a higher basal pressure and a moderate increase of pressure during expansion. Vagotomized patients, including the ones operated upon with proximal selective vagotomy, demonstrated a marked increase of pressure during expansion. The results indicate that vagal denervation of the corpus-fundus part of the stomach is followed by an impairment of gastric resrvoir function.", "PMID": 1179152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6877", "title": "Influence of a fatty acid on duodenal motility.", "content": "The duodenal transport mechanism has been studied by a method combining roentgen-fluorography and multiple pressure recordings. Three main types of motility were distinguished: propulsive, retrograde, and static. The motor pattern in the first part of the duodenum was studied in 15 individuals under basal condition and after application in the duodenal lumen of sodium myristate. The resulting inhibition of gastric emptying was found to be correlated to a significant inhibition of the propulsive movements in the duodenum. The two others types of motor activity did not change significantly.", "contents": "Influence of a fatty acid on duodenal motility. The duodenal transport mechanism has been studied by a method combining roentgen-fluorography and multiple pressure recordings. Three main types of motility were distinguished: propulsive, retrograde, and static. The motor pattern in the first part of the duodenum was studied in 15 individuals under basal condition and after application in the duodenal lumen of sodium myristate. The resulting inhibition of gastric emptying was found to be correlated to a significant inhibition of the propulsive movements in the duodenum. The two others types of motor activity did not change significantly.", "PMID": 1179153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6878", "title": "The insulin test: negative and positive tests versus numerical values.", "content": "The result of the insulin test is commonly expressed as negative or positive according to different criteria. In 42 male duodenal ulcer patients subjected to selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty (SV + PP), negative and positive tests according to different criteria were compared with respect to the acid response to insulin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), and to the percentage reduction of the response to insulin by SV + PP. The mean response to insulin and 2DG was smaller, and the mean reduction greater in negative than in positive tests according to any criterion. There was, however, a considerable over-lapping of the responses, or reductions, or both, between negative and positive tests. In tests negative to 4 or more criteria, insulin and 2 DG stimulated secretion by less than 0.50 mEq/30 min, but the reduction varied from 60 to 100 per cent. Accordingly, in individual patients the terms negative and positive test to most single criteria give no information about the acid response after the vagotomy nor about the effect of the vagotomy, unless the test is negative to 4 or more criteria. It is suggested that the result of the insulin or 2DG test should be reported in numerical values as basal and stimulated acid output and concentration instead of stating that the test is negative or positive.", "contents": "The insulin test: negative and positive tests versus numerical values. The result of the insulin test is commonly expressed as negative or positive according to different criteria. In 42 male duodenal ulcer patients subjected to selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty (SV + PP), negative and positive tests according to different criteria were compared with respect to the acid response to insulin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), and to the percentage reduction of the response to insulin by SV + PP. The mean response to insulin and 2DG was smaller, and the mean reduction greater in negative than in positive tests according to any criterion. There was, however, a considerable over-lapping of the responses, or reductions, or both, between negative and positive tests. In tests negative to 4 or more criteria, insulin and 2 DG stimulated secretion by less than 0.50 mEq/30 min, but the reduction varied from 60 to 100 per cent. Accordingly, in individual patients the terms negative and positive test to most single criteria give no information about the acid response after the vagotomy nor about the effect of the vagotomy, unless the test is negative to 4 or more criteria. It is suggested that the result of the insulin or 2DG test should be reported in numerical values as basal and stimulated acid output and concentration instead of stating that the test is negative or positive.", "PMID": 1179154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6879", "title": "Chronic active hepatitis. Aetiological considerations based on clinical and serological studies.", "content": "The diagnosis of chronic active (aggressive) hepatitis is based mainly on characteristic morphological changes. During a 7-year period, 85 cases were diagnosed in three medical departments in Copenhagen. This material is presented by clinical, biochemical, and serological variables at the time of diagnosis. None of the patients had simultaneously occurring Australia antigen and circulating autoantibodies. A comparison between two serologically homogeneous groups revealed significant differences in sex and age distribution onset of disease, and biochemical activity. The investigation suggests the existence of aetiologically different forms of chronic active hepatitis. Some cases are apparently caused by a persistent viral infection, while others may be due to a primary autoimmune mechanism. A considerable number of the patients stated that they had had prolonged intake of the potentially hepatotoxic laxative, oxyphenisatin. Nineteen patients were challenged with the drug and eight reacted with an increased biochemical activity in the liver disease. All these patients belonged to the group with circulating autoantibodies. It is possible that oxyphenisatin may be the primary cause of the chronic liver damage in some cases.", "contents": "Chronic active hepatitis. Aetiological considerations based on clinical and serological studies. The diagnosis of chronic active (aggressive) hepatitis is based mainly on characteristic morphological changes. During a 7-year period, 85 cases were diagnosed in three medical departments in Copenhagen. This material is presented by clinical, biochemical, and serological variables at the time of diagnosis. None of the patients had simultaneously occurring Australia antigen and circulating autoantibodies. A comparison between two serologically homogeneous groups revealed significant differences in sex and age distribution onset of disease, and biochemical activity. The investigation suggests the existence of aetiologically different forms of chronic active hepatitis. Some cases are apparently caused by a persistent viral infection, while others may be due to a primary autoimmune mechanism. A considerable number of the patients stated that they had had prolonged intake of the potentially hepatotoxic laxative, oxyphenisatin. Nineteen patients were challenged with the drug and eight reacted with an increased biochemical activity in the liver disease. All these patients belonged to the group with circulating autoantibodies. It is possible that oxyphenisatin may be the primary cause of the chronic liver damage in some cases.", "PMID": 1179155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6880", "title": "The effect of intragastric neutralization on the gastric acid response to antral distension in man.", "content": "The gastric acid secretion in response to graded antral distension was determined in healthy subjects and in peptic ulcer patients with water perfusion or alkaline buffer perfusion of the stomach, giving an intragastric pH of 1.8-3.0 and 6.2-8.3 respectively. Intragastric neutralization increased the basal acid secretion in healthy subjects and gastric ulcer patients but did not change the basal acid secretion in duodenal ulcer patients. Distension of the antrum produced the same secretory effect with and without intragastric neutralization: no increased acid response in healthy subjects, a slight acid response in patients with a quiescent duodenal ulcer or a gastric ulcer, and a more pronounced acid response in patients with an active ulcer, amounting to about 30% of the peak acid response to pentagastrin. The results show that: a) the peptic ulcer patients - and particularly patients with an active duodenal ulcer - are more sensitive to the acid secretory effect of antral distension than healthy subjects; b) increasing the intragastric pH above 20 does not enhance the acid response to antral distension; c) the acid secretory effect of antral distension is markedly less in man than the effect observed in the dog.", "contents": "The effect of intragastric neutralization on the gastric acid response to antral distension in man. The gastric acid secretion in response to graded antral distension was determined in healthy subjects and in peptic ulcer patients with water perfusion or alkaline buffer perfusion of the stomach, giving an intragastric pH of 1.8-3.0 and 6.2-8.3 respectively. Intragastric neutralization increased the basal acid secretion in healthy subjects and gastric ulcer patients but did not change the basal acid secretion in duodenal ulcer patients. Distension of the antrum produced the same secretory effect with and without intragastric neutralization: no increased acid response in healthy subjects, a slight acid response in patients with a quiescent duodenal ulcer or a gastric ulcer, and a more pronounced acid response in patients with an active ulcer, amounting to about 30% of the peak acid response to pentagastrin. The results show that: a) the peptic ulcer patients - and particularly patients with an active duodenal ulcer - are more sensitive to the acid secretory effect of antral distension than healthy subjects; b) increasing the intragastric pH above 20 does not enhance the acid response to antral distension; c) the acid secretory effect of antral distension is markedly less in man than the effect observed in the dog.", "PMID": 1179156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6881", "title": "Bile flow and biliary lipid secretion following release of biliary obstruction in man.", "content": "In order to elucidate the relationship between bile acid secretion and the secretion of lecithin and cholesterol in the postcholestatic condition, five patients were studied after release of complete biliary obstruction. Ten patients operated on for uncomplicated gallstone disease served as controls. The secretion of bile acids, which constituted only newly synthesized acids, increased in the postcholestatic period 2.5-22 times. In spite of that the secretion rate of bile acids was low (less than or equal to 7.5 mumol x min-1). The pattern of the relationships between bile acid secretion and bile flow and bile acid secretion and lecithin and cholesterol secretion was the same in the postcholestatic patients as in the controls. However, the bile flow showed a higher bile acid dependency in the postcholestatic condition, and the bile-acid-independent flow varied considerably in these patients as compared with controls. Linear relations between the secretion rate of bile acids and lecithin and cholesterol secretion rates were found. Extrapolation to zero bile secretion revealed Y-intercepts, which were not statistically significantly different from origo. Calculations of bile acid - lecithin and bile acid - cholesterol relations in the controls at correspondingly low bile acid secretion rates (less than or equal to 5 mumol x min-1) gave results similar to those in the study group. The bile was supersaturated with cholesterol in all the postcholestatic patients similar to the condition in the controls at correspondingly low bile acid secretion rates. It is concluded that the bile acids are determinative for the biliary secretion of cholesterol and lecithin even at very low bile acid secretion rates. This conclusion was valid in patients with presumably normal liver function as well as in the early phase after release of severe cholestasis.", "contents": "Bile flow and biliary lipid secretion following release of biliary obstruction in man. In order to elucidate the relationship between bile acid secretion and the secretion of lecithin and cholesterol in the postcholestatic condition, five patients were studied after release of complete biliary obstruction. Ten patients operated on for uncomplicated gallstone disease served as controls. The secretion of bile acids, which constituted only newly synthesized acids, increased in the postcholestatic period 2.5-22 times. In spite of that the secretion rate of bile acids was low (less than or equal to 7.5 mumol x min-1). The pattern of the relationships between bile acid secretion and bile flow and bile acid secretion and lecithin and cholesterol secretion was the same in the postcholestatic patients as in the controls. However, the bile flow showed a higher bile acid dependency in the postcholestatic condition, and the bile-acid-independent flow varied considerably in these patients as compared with controls. Linear relations between the secretion rate of bile acids and lecithin and cholesterol secretion rates were found. Extrapolation to zero bile secretion revealed Y-intercepts, which were not statistically significantly different from origo. Calculations of bile acid - lecithin and bile acid - cholesterol relations in the controls at correspondingly low bile acid secretion rates (less than or equal to 5 mumol x min-1) gave results similar to those in the study group. The bile was supersaturated with cholesterol in all the postcholestatic patients similar to the condition in the controls at correspondingly low bile acid secretion rates. It is concluded that the bile acids are determinative for the biliary secretion of cholesterol and lecithin even at very low bile acid secretion rates. This conclusion was valid in patients with presumably normal liver function as well as in the early phase after release of severe cholestasis.", "PMID": 1179157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6882", "title": "Ileorectal anastomosis in ulcerative colitis. Results in 57 patients.", "content": "The early results of colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) in 57 patients with ulcerative colitis seemed fair. The operative mortality was relatively low (7%) also in fulminating cases (10.5%), which constituted one-third of the material. The late results were less satisfactory. Half the survivors were in need of rectal extirpation and ileostomy because of rectal dysfunction. Until now 6% have developed cancer of the rectal stump. The early diagnosis of this condition was difficult. The results regarding rectal function, stenosis, and inflammation were significantly worse in women than in men. Moreover, dyspareunia was a severe problem in more than half the women. We have abandoned IRA in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Ileorectal anastomosis in ulcerative colitis. Results in 57 patients. The early results of colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) in 57 patients with ulcerative colitis seemed fair. The operative mortality was relatively low (7%) also in fulminating cases (10.5%), which constituted one-third of the material. The late results were less satisfactory. Half the survivors were in need of rectal extirpation and ileostomy because of rectal dysfunction. Until now 6% have developed cancer of the rectal stump. The early diagnosis of this condition was difficult. The results regarding rectal function, stenosis, and inflammation were significantly worse in women than in men. Moreover, dyspareunia was a severe problem in more than half the women. We have abandoned IRA in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 1179158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6883", "title": "Distribution of disaccharidases, alkaline phosphatase, and some intracellular enzymes along the human small intestine.", "content": "The longitudinal distribution of various enzymes along the human small intestine was studied by analysis of biopsies from different parts of the small intestine, obtained from 13 patients during shunt-operation for severe obesity. Alkaline phosphatase and 3 glycolytic enzyme activities studied were rather uniformly distributed along the small intestine. Acid beta-galactosidase and hetero beta-galactosidase activities were highest in the proximal small intestine with a gradual decline throughout the intestine. The activity in the distal ileum was about half  of the maximum activity. Maltase, isomaltase, sucrase, and trehalase activity had a broad maximum in the proximal and middle small intestine with a rather sharp decrease in the distal ileum. Lactase activity had a more pronounced maximum in the middle intestine with a pronounced decrease towards the proximal and distal ends. The disaccharidase activities in surgical biopsies taken 5 cm distal to the ligament of Treitz were about 10% higher than in peroral biopsies taken just at the ligament.", "contents": "Distribution of disaccharidases, alkaline phosphatase, and some intracellular enzymes along the human small intestine. The longitudinal distribution of various enzymes along the human small intestine was studied by analysis of biopsies from different parts of the small intestine, obtained from 13 patients during shunt-operation for severe obesity. Alkaline phosphatase and 3 glycolytic enzyme activities studied were rather uniformly distributed along the small intestine. Acid beta-galactosidase and hetero beta-galactosidase activities were highest in the proximal small intestine with a gradual decline throughout the intestine. The activity in the distal ileum was about half  of the maximum activity. Maltase, isomaltase, sucrase, and trehalase activity had a broad maximum in the proximal and middle small intestine with a rather sharp decrease in the distal ileum. Lactase activity had a more pronounced maximum in the middle intestine with a pronounced decrease towards the proximal and distal ends. The disaccharidase activities in surgical biopsies taken 5 cm distal to the ligament of Treitz were about 10% higher than in peroral biopsies taken just at the ligament.", "PMID": 1179159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6884", "title": "Disaccharidase activities in intestinal metaplasia - contribution of lysosomal brush border enzymes.", "content": "Maltase, sucrase, and lactase were measured at pH 4 and pH 6 in normal and intestinalized gastric mucosa. In the normal mucosa the low activities of maltase and lactase seemed to be entirely due to lysosomal enzymes with acid pH-optimum. In intestinal metaplasia, brush border maltase and sucrase, but not lactase, appeared. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in lysosomal lactase (beta-galactosidase) activity.", "contents": "Disaccharidase activities in intestinal metaplasia - contribution of lysosomal brush border enzymes. Maltase, sucrase, and lactase were measured at pH 4 and pH 6 in normal and intestinalized gastric mucosa. In the normal mucosa the low activities of maltase and lactase seemed to be entirely due to lysosomal enzymes with acid pH-optimum. In intestinal metaplasia, brush border maltase and sucrase, but not lactase, appeared. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in lysosomal lactase (beta-galactosidase) activity.", "PMID": 1179160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6885", "title": "Gastric and duodenal ulcers in the same patient.", "content": "The present prospective analysis shows that duodenal ulcers far more frequently than gastric ulcers are followed by a secondary ulcer. In patients with a gastric ulcer the cumulated 6-years probabilities of developing secondary ulcers thus was 8.8% while the corresponding risk of secondary ulcer in patients with duodenal ulcer was 3.7%. The probability of developing secondary ulcers was the same in men and women, and independent of the site and nature of the morphologic changes in the stomach and duodenum respectively. However, among patients with a gastric ulcer younger patients seem particularly apt to develop secondary ulcers. The total probability  of having both types of ulcer diagnosed in patients fulfilling the criteria of the ulcer disease was estimated at approx. 12%; but certain observations indicate an even higher frequency of the disease.", "contents": "Gastric and duodenal ulcers in the same patient. The present prospective analysis shows that duodenal ulcers far more frequently than gastric ulcers are followed by a secondary ulcer. In patients with a gastric ulcer the cumulated 6-years probabilities of developing secondary ulcers thus was 8.8% while the corresponding risk of secondary ulcer in patients with duodenal ulcer was 3.7%. The probability of developing secondary ulcers was the same in men and women, and independent of the site and nature of the morphologic changes in the stomach and duodenum respectively. However, among patients with a gastric ulcer younger patients seem particularly apt to develop secondary ulcers. The total probability  of having both types of ulcer diagnosed in patients fulfilling the criteria of the ulcer disease was estimated at approx. 12%; but certain observations indicate an even higher frequency of the disease.", "PMID": 1179161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6886", "title": "An evaluation of the 'breath test' in Crohn's disease.", "content": "The 1-(14C)-glycine-glycocholic-acid breath test was evaluated in 10 normal subjects and in 38 patients with Crohn's disease. Twelve patients were non-operated and 26 had been subjected to ileal resection (10-180 cm). In addition, coecal resection or right-sided hemicolectomy was performed on 20 patients and subtotal colectomy on six. The 14C-excretion in breath was abnormally elevated in only 16 of the 38 patients with Crohn's disease. Combining 14C-excretion in both breath and faeces, the test was found to be correlated with the activity of the disease in non-operated cases, whereas all resected patients were found to have bile acid malabsorption. It is concluded that the breath test is useless in Crohn's disease without concomitant measurement of the radioactivity in stools. The faecal 14C-excretion was correlated with the extent of ileal resection and with the extent of colonic resection, whereas the 14C-excretion in breath was independent of the type of operation performed. The breath test was found to be a more sensitive assay for ileal dysfunction than the duodenal bile acid concentration and the vitamin B12 absorption. No correlation with an elevated G/T-ratio and an abnormal bacterial growth was found.", "contents": "An evaluation of the 'breath test' in Crohn's disease. The 1-(14C)-glycine-glycocholic-acid breath test was evaluated in 10 normal subjects and in 38 patients with Crohn's disease. Twelve patients were non-operated and 26 had been subjected to ileal resection (10-180 cm). In addition, coecal resection or right-sided hemicolectomy was performed on 20 patients and subtotal colectomy on six. The 14C-excretion in breath was abnormally elevated in only 16 of the 38 patients with Crohn's disease. Combining 14C-excretion in both breath and faeces, the test was found to be correlated with the activity of the disease in non-operated cases, whereas all resected patients were found to have bile acid malabsorption. It is concluded that the breath test is useless in Crohn's disease without concomitant measurement of the radioactivity in stools. The faecal 14C-excretion was correlated with the extent of ileal resection and with the extent of colonic resection, whereas the 14C-excretion in breath was independent of the type of operation performed. The breath test was found to be a more sensitive assay for ileal dysfunction than the duodenal bile acid concentration and the vitamin B12 absorption. No correlation with an elevated G/T-ratio and an abnormal bacterial growth was found.", "PMID": 1179162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6887", "title": "A case of sideroblastic anaemia associated with marked elevation of erythrocytic arginase activity.", "content": "Abnormal erythrocytic arginase activity about 30 times higher than normal controls, was found in a 63-year-old male with sideroblastic anaemia. We suggest that an abnormal concentration of arginase in the erythroblasts, in this case reduces the arginine concentration and results in decreased haemoglobin synthesis.", "contents": "A case of sideroblastic anaemia associated with marked elevation of erythrocytic arginase activity. Abnormal erythrocytic arginase activity about 30 times higher than normal controls, was found in a 63-year-old male with sideroblastic anaemia. We suggest that an abnormal concentration of arginase in the erythroblasts, in this case reduces the arginine concentration and results in decreased haemoglobin synthesis.", "PMID": 1179163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6888", "title": "Histamine metabolism in polycythaemia vera.", "content": "Histamine metabolism was studied in 35 patients with polycythaemia vera (PV) at different stages of their disease and compared with controls and patients with secondary polycythaemia. In addition to blood and urinary histamine the main urinary metabolites of histamine, methylhistamine (MeHi) and 1-methyl-4-imidazoleacetic acid (MeImAA) were measured. In patients with active PV the excretion of MeHi and MeImAA was significantly higher than in controls and secondary polycythaemia, indicating an increased histamine formation. The MeImAA excretion was correlated to the blood histamine level, the degree of blood basophilia, the total white blood count and the spleen volume. The blood histamine level was significantly higher in PV patients compared with controls and secondary polycythaemia. No patients with secondary polycythaemia had an increased blood histamine level. With the bio-assay technique used in this study the urinary excretion of histamine in the PV patients was within the normal range. There was no correlation between the increased histamine formation and \"histamine-related symptoms\". Pruritus and duodenal ulcer occurred with a similar frequency in patients with and without increased MeImAA excretion. The similarity between the disturbance of the histamine metabolism in PV and that found by other authors in chronic myeloid leukaemia is pointed out.", "contents": "Histamine metabolism in polycythaemia vera. Histamine metabolism was studied in 35 patients with polycythaemia vera (PV) at different stages of their disease and compared with controls and patients with secondary polycythaemia. In addition to blood and urinary histamine the main urinary metabolites of histamine, methylhistamine (MeHi) and 1-methyl-4-imidazoleacetic acid (MeImAA) were measured. In patients with active PV the excretion of MeHi and MeImAA was significantly higher than in controls and secondary polycythaemia, indicating an increased histamine formation. The MeImAA excretion was correlated to the blood histamine level, the degree of blood basophilia, the total white blood count and the spleen volume. The blood histamine level was significantly higher in PV patients compared with controls and secondary polycythaemia. No patients with secondary polycythaemia had an increased blood histamine level. With the bio-assay technique used in this study the urinary excretion of histamine in the PV patients was within the normal range. There was no correlation between the increased histamine formation and \"histamine-related symptoms\". Pruritus and duodenal ulcer occurred with a similar frequency in patients with and without increased MeImAA excretion. The similarity between the disturbance of the histamine metabolism in PV and that found by other authors in chronic myeloid leukaemia is pointed out.", "PMID": 1179164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6889", "title": "The in vitro and in vivo evaluation of tilorone hydrochloride as a platelet aggregation inhibitor.", "content": "Tilorone hydrochloride was tested in vitro for inhibition of platelet aggregation in the ADP, collagen, and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation systems. Tilorone did not significantly inhibit the first phase of platelet aggregation induced by ADP, but was a very potent inhibitor of the second phase of platelet aggregation (release reaction) as illustrated by the epinephrine-induced system. When the compound was given to rats by stomach tube at 100 mg/kg for 2 doses, 24 h apart and blood taken 24 h after the second dose, an inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation was found. This result is interpreted as inhibiting the release reaction and second phase platelet aggregation.", "contents": "The in vitro and in vivo evaluation of tilorone hydrochloride as a platelet aggregation inhibitor. Tilorone hydrochloride was tested in vitro for inhibition of platelet aggregation in the ADP, collagen, and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation systems. Tilorone did not significantly inhibit the first phase of platelet aggregation induced by ADP, but was a very potent inhibitor of the second phase of platelet aggregation (release reaction) as illustrated by the epinephrine-induced system. When the compound was given to rats by stomach tube at 100 mg/kg for 2 doses, 24 h apart and blood taken 24 h after the second dose, an inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation was found. This result is interpreted as inhibiting the release reaction and second phase platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 1179165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6890", "title": "Cell separation by staphylococcal protein A-coated erythrocytes.", "content": "A method for cell separation according to cell surface markers is described. Heat-aggregated human IgG or IgG antibodies, raised to surface markers of mouse lymphocytes-for example, Ig or theta antigen-are allowed to react with the lymphocytes. When these cells are incubated with sheep erythrocytes coated with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus, rosettes are formed. These rosettes can be separated from nonrosetted lymphocytes by density gradient centrifugation. The erythrocytes of the rosettes are disrupted by complement action or by osmotic shock, and the lymphocytes are recovered. Immunoglobulin-protein A complexes are shed off the cell surfaces by cultivation. In this way cells with, as well as those without, surface markers could be obtained with high purity (up to 80%) and with high viability.", "contents": "Cell separation by staphylococcal protein A-coated erythrocytes. A method for cell separation according to cell surface markers is described. Heat-aggregated human IgG or IgG antibodies, raised to surface markers of mouse lymphocytes-for example, Ig or theta antigen-are allowed to react with the lymphocytes. When these cells are incubated with sheep erythrocytes coated with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus, rosettes are formed. These rosettes can be separated from nonrosetted lymphocytes by density gradient centrifugation. The erythrocytes of the rosettes are disrupted by complement action or by osmotic shock, and the lymphocytes are recovered. Immunoglobulin-protein A complexes are shed off the cell surfaces by cultivation. In this way cells with, as well as those without, surface markers could be obtained with high purity (up to 80%) and with high viability.", "PMID": 1179166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6891", "title": "Identification of cells with monocyte markers in panhypogammaglobulinaemia.", "content": "Nonphagocytic cells bearing receptors for complement and IgGFc in blood samples from four boys with panhypogammaglobulinaemia who lacked B lymphocytes were positively stained for human macrophage antigen (HuMA) and intracellular peroxidase. Similar non-T, non-B cells were found in adult blood preparations but in lower numbers than in the four boys above and in two of three other boys with various immunodeficiencies. Because of their monocyte characteristics, it is improbable that these cells are B-lymphocyte precursors; this is consistent with our view that there is a central failure of B-cell induction in boys with panhypogammaglobulinaemia who lack lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Identification of cells with monocyte markers in panhypogammaglobulinaemia. Nonphagocytic cells bearing receptors for complement and IgGFc in blood samples from four boys with panhypogammaglobulinaemia who lacked B lymphocytes were positively stained for human macrophage antigen (HuMA) and intracellular peroxidase. Similar non-T, non-B cells were found in adult blood preparations but in lower numbers than in the four boys above and in two of three other boys with various immunodeficiencies. Because of their monocyte characteristics, it is improbable that these cells are B-lymphocyte precursors; this is consistent with our view that there is a central failure of B-cell induction in boys with panhypogammaglobulinaemia who lack lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 1179167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6892", "title": "Massive invasion of fetal lymphocytes into the mother's blood at induced abortion.", "content": "The proband, a healthy primipara, selected for study after she had asserted that she had not previously been pregnant, gave birth to a healthy girl with the karyotype 46,XX. In the 21st week of gestation, leukoagglutinin-stimulated mitoses from the proband's blood were 99% 46,XX and 1% 46,XY, the Y chromosome being identified by its quinacrine fluorescence. In two samples taken later in pregnancy no XY mitoses were found in the cultures, but on all three occasions brightly fluorescent Y chromatin in a proportion of the uncultured lymphocyte nuclei showed teh presence of XY cells in the proband's blood. High titers of cytotoxic anti-HL-A 3 were detected in the maternal serum before and after delivery. Our tentative interpretation is that the XY cells in the proband's blood emanated from a previous fetus that was legally aborted by curettage on the 10th week of an uneventful pregnancy and which the patient admitted to only after repeated questioning.", "contents": "Massive invasion of fetal lymphocytes into the mother's blood at induced abortion. The proband, a healthy primipara, selected for study after she had asserted that she had not previously been pregnant, gave birth to a healthy girl with the karyotype 46,XX. In the 21st week of gestation, leukoagglutinin-stimulated mitoses from the proband's blood were 99% 46,XX and 1% 46,XY, the Y chromosome being identified by its quinacrine fluorescence. In two samples taken later in pregnancy no XY mitoses were found in the cultures, but on all three occasions brightly fluorescent Y chromatin in a proportion of the uncultured lymphocyte nuclei showed teh presence of XY cells in the proband's blood. High titers of cytotoxic anti-HL-A 3 were detected in the maternal serum before and after delivery. Our tentative interpretation is that the XY cells in the proband's blood emanated from a previous fetus that was legally aborted by curettage on the 10th week of an uneventful pregnancy and which the patient admitted to only after repeated questioning.", "PMID": 1179168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6893", "title": "Salmonella infections in Stockholm. A 10-year review.", "content": "During the 10-year period 1963-1972 the total number of cases of salmonella infection reported to the Public Health Administration in Stockholm was 3012. The annual incidence varied between 72 (1966) and 23 (1972) per 100000 population. Peak frequencies appeared in the age groups 15-25 and 45-64 years. 101 different serotypes were diagnosed with S. typhi murium being the most common type (37%). 63% of the cases were infected during travel to foreign countries and in 19% food-borne transmission occurred. During the 6-year period 1963-1968 85% of all cases were treated in hospitals. In 1969 a new law governing infectious diseases came into force making it easier to reduce the strict measures imposed by the previous law of 1919. During the 4-year period 1969-1972 53% of the cases were hospitalized. In spite of this reduction no change in the annual pattern of secondary cases has been observed.", "contents": "Salmonella infections in Stockholm. A 10-year review. During the 10-year period 1963-1972 the total number of cases of salmonella infection reported to the Public Health Administration in Stockholm was 3012. The annual incidence varied between 72 (1966) and 23 (1972) per 100000 population. Peak frequencies appeared in the age groups 15-25 and 45-64 years. 101 different serotypes were diagnosed with S. typhi murium being the most common type (37%). 63% of the cases were infected during travel to foreign countries and in 19% food-borne transmission occurred. During the 6-year period 1963-1968 85% of all cases were treated in hospitals. In 1969 a new law governing infectious diseases came into force making it easier to reduce the strict measures imposed by the previous law of 1919. During the 4-year period 1969-1972 53% of the cases were hospitalized. In spite of this reduction no change in the annual pattern of secondary cases has been observed.", "PMID": 1179169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6894", "title": "Persistent cerebellar symptoms after infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a 47-year-old man is reported. Symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection were followed by pneumonia and meningoencephalitis. In contrast to published cases with neurological manifestations of infection with M. pneumoniae, the patient was disabled by persistent cerebellar symptoms with generalized ataxia and atactic dysarthria. Some possible pathogenic mechanisms of the neurological manifestations of infection with M. pneumoniae are considered.", "contents": "Persistent cerebellar symptoms after infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a 47-year-old man is reported. Symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection were followed by pneumonia and meningoencephalitis. In contrast to published cases with neurological manifestations of infection with M. pneumoniae, the patient was disabled by persistent cerebellar symptoms with generalized ataxia and atactic dysarthria. Some possible pathogenic mechanisms of the neurological manifestations of infection with M. pneumoniae are considered.", "PMID": 1179170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6895", "title": "Epidemiology of hepatitis B antigen and antibody in hospital patients in Copenhagen.", "content": "A 4-year continuous screening for hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) in all patients admitted to a Copenhagen general hospital revealed 253 antigen-positive cases among 99000 patients (2.5%). 97 of the patients had acute or chronic hepatitis, while there were no signs of liver disease in 156. The \"healthy\" carriers showed a wavy age distribution, indicating an increased transmission of HBAg in age groups born 1920-30 and 1940-60. Hepatitis B antibody (HBAb), measured by a radioimmunoassay, occurred in 8.6% of 1000 patients. HBAb also showed an uneven age distribution with a peak prevalence of 17.5% in the age group born 1910-30. These figures indicate that the prevalence of HBAg and hence presumably also the hepatitis B virus has fluctuated within this homogeneous population, probably related to changes in the sociohygienic conditions. Determination of HBAg subtypes D and Y in 161 patients indicated that the Y-subtype is now being introduced into a formerly subtype D area by means of drug addiction, tourism or workers of East-Mediterranean origin.", "contents": "Epidemiology of hepatitis B antigen and antibody in hospital patients in Copenhagen. A 4-year continuous screening for hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) in all patients admitted to a Copenhagen general hospital revealed 253 antigen-positive cases among 99000 patients (2.5%). 97 of the patients had acute or chronic hepatitis, while there were no signs of liver disease in 156. The \"healthy\" carriers showed a wavy age distribution, indicating an increased transmission of HBAg in age groups born 1920-30 and 1940-60. Hepatitis B antibody (HBAb), measured by a radioimmunoassay, occurred in 8.6% of 1000 patients. HBAb also showed an uneven age distribution with a peak prevalence of 17.5% in the age group born 1910-30. These figures indicate that the prevalence of HBAg and hence presumably also the hepatitis B virus has fluctuated within this homogeneous population, probably related to changes in the sociohygienic conditions. Determination of HBAg subtypes D and Y in 161 patients indicated that the Y-subtype is now being introduced into a formerly subtype D area by means of drug addiction, tourism or workers of East-Mediterranean origin.", "PMID": 1179171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6896", "title": "Hand, foot and mouth disease associated with coxsackievirus group B.", "content": "This study from Frankfurt, although similar to other reports with respect to clinical findings, presents further evidence of a varied etiology for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Of the 6 patients with HFMD, 5 ahd virologic evidence of coxsackievirus B5 infection, and 1 had definite evidence of coxsackievirus B2 infection. Our data suggest an etiologic association of coxsackievirus group B with HFMD.", "contents": "Hand, foot and mouth disease associated with coxsackievirus group B. This study from Frankfurt, although similar to other reports with respect to clinical findings, presents further evidence of a varied etiology for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Of the 6 patients with HFMD, 5 ahd virologic evidence of coxsackievirus B5 infection, and 1 had definite evidence of coxsackievirus B2 infection. Our data suggest an etiologic association of coxsackievirus group B with HFMD.", "PMID": 1179172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6897", "title": "Acute viral hepatitis: a comparative study of clinical, biochemical, morphological and immunological features in patients with and without Australia Antigen.", "content": "500 consecutive patients with acute viral hepatitis verified by biopsy were divided into groups of 202 patients with detectable Australia (Au) antigen and 298 patients without antigenaemia at the time of admission to hospital. Comparison was made of the initially recorded clinical, biochemical, histological and serological variables in the two groups. Judged by both histological and biochemical criteria, the acute disease was more severe in the 202 patients with Au antigen than in the 298 patients without Au antigen. Evidence is presented that this difference is possibly due more to qualitative aetiological differences between the two groups than to the duration of antigenaemia or the time of hospitalization. Thus, the demonstration of Au antigenaemia provides not only epidemiological but also relevant clinical information.", "contents": "Acute viral hepatitis: a comparative study of clinical, biochemical, morphological and immunological features in patients with and without Australia Antigen. 500 consecutive patients with acute viral hepatitis verified by biopsy were divided into groups of 202 patients with detectable Australia (Au) antigen and 298 patients without antigenaemia at the time of admission to hospital. Comparison was made of the initially recorded clinical, biochemical, histological and serological variables in the two groups. Judged by both histological and biochemical criteria, the acute disease was more severe in the 202 patients with Au antigen than in the 298 patients without Au antigen. Evidence is presented that this difference is possibly due more to qualitative aetiological differences between the two groups than to the duration of antigenaemia or the time of hospitalization. Thus, the demonstration of Au antigenaemia provides not only epidemiological but also relevant clinical information.", "PMID": 1179173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6898", "title": "Arthritis associated with Yersinia enterocolitica infections.", "content": "74 patients, 42 females, 32 men-all over 10 years of age, with acute arthritis associated with infection with Yersinia enterocolitica are presented. The diagnosis was based on serological evidence in all cases (an agglutinin titre of 320 or more), and in 18 of the cases also a positive culture of Y. ent. from faeces. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was very high in most cases. Acute enteritis, sometimes with abdominal pain, preceded the acute arthritis with a latent period of about 1-14 days. In 50% of the cases only one or two joints were involved, most often large joints such as knee, ankle and wrist. The symptoms were long-standing (2 months or longer) in two-thirds of the cases. Arthritis in connection with yersiniosis must therefore be considered a serious complication to an otherwise rather benign infection.", "contents": "Arthritis associated with Yersinia enterocolitica infections. 74 patients, 42 females, 32 men-all over 10 years of age, with acute arthritis associated with infection with Yersinia enterocolitica are presented. The diagnosis was based on serological evidence in all cases (an agglutinin titre of 320 or more), and in 18 of the cases also a positive culture of Y. ent. from faeces. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was very high in most cases. Acute enteritis, sometimes with abdominal pain, preceded the acute arthritis with a latent period of about 1-14 days. In 50% of the cases only one or two joints were involved, most often large joints such as knee, ankle and wrist. The symptoms were long-standing (2 months or longer) in two-thirds of the cases. Arthritis in connection with yersiniosis must therefore be considered a serious complication to an otherwise rather benign infection.", "PMID": 1179174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6899", "title": "Bacterial contamination of urine, collected in fractions from different phases of micturition. A study in healthy women.", "content": "With a special technique 4-13 consecutive fractions of urine were collected during micturition from 4 female volunteers at together 12 occasions. Quantitative bacterial cultures were performed in 78 urine fractions. Most fractions contained one or several different bacterial strains-generally in small amounts, wheras only 14% were sterile. Fractions from the end of micturition showed on average less bacterial contamination than the earlier portions. No difference was observed between the bacterial counts after cleaning the area around the urethra as compared with the counts without preparation before sampling.", "contents": "Bacterial contamination of urine, collected in fractions from different phases of micturition. A study in healthy women. With a special technique 4-13 consecutive fractions of urine were collected during micturition from 4 female volunteers at together 12 occasions. Quantitative bacterial cultures were performed in 78 urine fractions. Most fractions contained one or several different bacterial strains-generally in small amounts, wheras only 14% were sterile. Fractions from the end of micturition showed on average less bacterial contamination than the earlier portions. No difference was observed between the bacterial counts after cleaning the area around the urethra as compared with the counts without preparation before sampling.", "PMID": 1179175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6900", "title": "Epidemiological aspects of toxoplasmosis. II. The prevalence of positive toxoplasmin reactions in naval recruits from different parts of Norway.", "content": "686 (22.5%) out of 3047 naval recruits from all parts of Norway showed positive reactions (induration greater than or equal to 2 mm) when tested with the toxoplasmin cutaneous test (TcT). The highest frequency of positive TcT was found in the south-western part of the country (34.7%). The frequency was low in the inland of Southern Norway (13.6%), and especially low in the northern part of the country (9.5%).", "contents": "Epidemiological aspects of toxoplasmosis. II. The prevalence of positive toxoplasmin reactions in naval recruits from different parts of Norway. 686 (22.5%) out of 3047 naval recruits from all parts of Norway showed positive reactions (induration greater than or equal to 2 mm) when tested with the toxoplasmin cutaneous test (TcT). The highest frequency of positive TcT was found in the south-western part of the country (34.7%). The frequency was low in the inland of Southern Norway (13.6%), and especially low in the northern part of the country (9.5%).", "PMID": 1179176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6901", "title": "Some clinical, immunological and bacteriological observations in a case of pyogenic arthritis due to bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "A case of recurrent pyogenic arthritis in a knee joint and abscess formation of the lower limb is described. The infection occurred in a 70-year-old male patient treated with steroids for rheumatoid arthritis. A strain of Bacteroides fragilis was repeatedly isolated both from the knee joint and the abscess. The isolated strain was used as antigen in tube agglutination tests and significant titre changes were observed during the course of the disease. The isolated strain was initially sensitive to doxycycline but developed resistance to this drug during therapy. The sensitivity to lincomycin remained unaffected.", "contents": "Some clinical, immunological and bacteriological observations in a case of pyogenic arthritis due to bacteroides fragilis. A case of recurrent pyogenic arthritis in a knee joint and abscess formation of the lower limb is described. The infection occurred in a 70-year-old male patient treated with steroids for rheumatoid arthritis. A strain of Bacteroides fragilis was repeatedly isolated both from the knee joint and the abscess. The isolated strain was used as antigen in tube agglutination tests and significant titre changes were observed during the course of the disease. The isolated strain was initially sensitive to doxycycline but developed resistance to this drug during therapy. The sensitivity to lincomycin remained unaffected.", "PMID": 1179177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6902", "title": "Criminality among female alcoholics.", "content": "The proband group consisted of 71 female alcoholics subjected to compulsory treatment by the Temperance Board in Malm\u00f6. 38 probands were recorded in the Penal Register. For a period from year 20 before to year 9 after the first compulsory treatment, 85 offences were committed. During the same period, less than one recorded criminal offence was expected, according to an age- and calendar year specific risk table for Swedish women. In relation to the expected incidence, the observed was not particularly high at the beginning of the period. From year 12 up to year 2 before the intervention, it increased to an extremely high level where it remained. The distribution of the crimes according to nature agreed with that valid for Swedish women in general. The average age at the crime debut was conspicuously high, about 30 years. Despite, this, the first criminal offence, as also the first gonorrhoeal infection, was an early sociomedical symptom; not until later did public assistance and conviction for drunkenness usually arise.", "contents": "Criminality among female alcoholics. The proband group consisted of 71 female alcoholics subjected to compulsory treatment by the Temperance Board in Malm\u00f6. 38 probands were recorded in the Penal Register. For a period from year 20 before to year 9 after the first compulsory treatment, 85 offences were committed. During the same period, less than one recorded criminal offence was expected, according to an age- and calendar year specific risk table for Swedish women. In relation to the expected incidence, the observed was not particularly high at the beginning of the period. From year 12 up to year 2 before the intervention, it increased to an extremely high level where it remained. The distribution of the crimes according to nature agreed with that valid for Swedish women in general. The average age at the crime debut was conspicuously high, about 30 years. Despite, this, the first criminal offence, as also the first gonorrhoeal infection, was an early sociomedical symptom; not until later did public assistance and conviction for drunkenness usually arise.", "PMID": 1179184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6903", "title": "Screening--an efficient tool in outpatient endocrine care. Studies of the diagnostic process.", "content": "A screening procedure based on physical examination alone was used in the outpatient unit of a department of endocrinology and metabolism. The effectiveness, efficiency, and volume of this diagnostic process were evaluated by a study of the case records and a mail questionnaire. In 1968, 296 subjects were examined by this screening procedure; 103 of these could immediately be referred back. The percentage of confident endocrine diagnoses increased from 31 to 39%. The corresponding figure for the group of subjects immediately referred back was 100%. A considerable change in the diagnoses was also recorded. The use of the screening procedure saved approximately ately +30,000. It is concluded that diagnostic screening by an experienced endocrinologist is inexpensive, efficient and safe. The use of the screening procedure made it possible to offer highly specialized medical treatment to more people.", "contents": "Screening--an efficient tool in outpatient endocrine care. Studies of the diagnostic process. A screening procedure based on physical examination alone was used in the outpatient unit of a department of endocrinology and metabolism. The effectiveness, efficiency, and volume of this diagnostic process were evaluated by a study of the case records and a mail questionnaire. In 1968, 296 subjects were examined by this screening procedure; 103 of these could immediately be referred back. The percentage of confident endocrine diagnoses increased from 31 to 39%. The corresponding figure for the group of subjects immediately referred back was 100%. A considerable change in the diagnoses was also recorded. The use of the screening procedure saved approximately ately +30,000. It is concluded that diagnostic screening by an experienced endocrinologist is inexpensive, efficient and safe. The use of the screening procedure made it possible to offer highly specialized medical treatment to more people.", "PMID": 1179185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6904", "title": "Arteriosclerotic and other degenerative heart diseases in Finland. I. A death certificate study of the frequency of degenerative heart diseases among males and females.", "content": "All available information recorded on the death certificates of 12973 Finnish persons who, according to the official Finnish mortality statistics, died in 1968 from arteriosclerotic and other degenerative heart diseases (ADHD, rubrics 420-422 in ICD) comprised the material of the present study. The mortality of males from ADHD analysed by age and place of residence was very high when compared with various national rates of international WHO statistics. The degree of urbanization of the domicile did not have any statistically significant effect on the mortality from ADHD. Significant differences between various provinces were found in the mortality of males from ADHD. The male population living in the eastern provinces of Finland showed a highly significantly higher mortality from degenerative heart diseases than the male population living on the west coast. A highly significant difference was found in mortality between various subgroups of the Finnish male and female populations analysed by age, place of residence, and type of community. The uniform difference between the mortality of various male and female subgroups of the Finnish population, which was obtained using the present statistical survey of death certificates, and the fairly uniform distribution of high rate of mortality of males from degenerative heart diseases in most regions of the country lend further support to the reliability of cause-of-death statistics, since certification of deaths can then be regarded to occur uniformly and with about the same accuracy in different parts of the country.", "contents": "Arteriosclerotic and other degenerative heart diseases in Finland. I. A death certificate study of the frequency of degenerative heart diseases among males and females. All available information recorded on the death certificates of 12973 Finnish persons who, according to the official Finnish mortality statistics, died in 1968 from arteriosclerotic and other degenerative heart diseases (ADHD, rubrics 420-422 in ICD) comprised the material of the present study. The mortality of males from ADHD analysed by age and place of residence was very high when compared with various national rates of international WHO statistics. The degree of urbanization of the domicile did not have any statistically significant effect on the mortality from ADHD. Significant differences between various provinces were found in the mortality of males from ADHD. The male population living in the eastern provinces of Finland showed a highly significantly higher mortality from degenerative heart diseases than the male population living on the west coast. A highly significant difference was found in mortality between various subgroups of the Finnish male and female populations analysed by age, place of residence, and type of community. The uniform difference between the mortality of various male and female subgroups of the Finnish population, which was obtained using the present statistical survey of death certificates, and the fairly uniform distribution of high rate of mortality of males from degenerative heart diseases in most regions of the country lend further support to the reliability of cause-of-death statistics, since certification of deaths can then be regarded to occur uniformly and with about the same accuracy in different parts of the country.", "PMID": 1179186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6905", "title": "Arteriosclerotic and other degenerative heart diseases in Finland. II. A death certificate study of the examination of the cause of death from degenerative heart diseases.", "content": "A statistical survey of death certificates was made to analyse the ante-mortem and post-mortem medical and medico-legal examinations used in the determination of the cause of death of 12973 decedents who were recorded officially to have died of arteriosclerotic and other degenerative heart diseases in Finland in 1968. The relationship between the regional autopsy rate and the rate of mortality from degenerative heart diseases was studied in particular. The survey indicated that there was no systematic relationship between the type of ante-mortem and post-mortem cause-of-death examinations, including medical and medico-legal autopsies, and the rate of mortality from arteriosclerotic and other degenerative heart diseases in various groups of the Finnish population analysed by age, sex and domicile. This was concluded to be an indication of the reliability of Finnish cause-of-death statistics of degenerative heart diseases which show a generally high rate of mortality and prominent regional differences in the rate of deaths from those diseases among the Finnish male population.", "contents": "Arteriosclerotic and other degenerative heart diseases in Finland. II. A death certificate study of the examination of the cause of death from degenerative heart diseases. A statistical survey of death certificates was made to analyse the ante-mortem and post-mortem medical and medico-legal examinations used in the determination of the cause of death of 12973 decedents who were recorded officially to have died of arteriosclerotic and other degenerative heart diseases in Finland in 1968. The relationship between the regional autopsy rate and the rate of mortality from degenerative heart diseases was studied in particular. The survey indicated that there was no systematic relationship between the type of ante-mortem and post-mortem cause-of-death examinations, including medical and medico-legal autopsies, and the rate of mortality from arteriosclerotic and other degenerative heart diseases in various groups of the Finnish population analysed by age, sex and domicile. This was concluded to be an indication of the reliability of Finnish cause-of-death statistics of degenerative heart diseases which show a generally high rate of mortality and prominent regional differences in the rate of deaths from those diseases among the Finnish male population.", "PMID": 1179187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6906", "title": "Organization of a breast tumour clinic and aspects of data analysis of a clinical material.", "content": "With the aim of making it easier for patients with tumours or suspected tumours of the breast to obtain adequate medical advice and treatment, a special breast tumour clinic was established at the Department of Surgery of the University Hospital in Uppsala for women resident in the county of Uppsala. The waiting time was less than one week. In addition to palpation, fine-needle biopsy with cytological examination, mammography and xeroradiography were performed. Close co-operation between a few doctors responsible for the various diagnostic units made it possible to give the patients quick service and contributed to an efficient use of the diagnostic resources. The clinic functioned mainly within the framework of the existing medical care facilities and did not act as a screening project. Over a period of 15 months, 1244 women were examined. 116 had breast cancer, and 5 of these tumours were occult. A comparatively low mean tumour size and a low frequency of lymph node metastases would seem to indicate that the patients came under medical care at a relatively early stage. For recording of the case histories and examination findings, special medical records permitting data processing were used. This has facilitated follow-up of the patients, special checks on certain patient groups, statistical analyses and prospective investigations. We consider that, for the patient, a clinic of this kind offers considerable psychological and financial benefits, and that for the health service as a whole it means increased efficiency and a lower cost per patient. It seems probable that both the patient's and the doctor's delay are reduced.", "contents": "Organization of a breast tumour clinic and aspects of data analysis of a clinical material. With the aim of making it easier for patients with tumours or suspected tumours of the breast to obtain adequate medical advice and treatment, a special breast tumour clinic was established at the Department of Surgery of the University Hospital in Uppsala for women resident in the county of Uppsala. The waiting time was less than one week. In addition to palpation, fine-needle biopsy with cytological examination, mammography and xeroradiography were performed. Close co-operation between a few doctors responsible for the various diagnostic units made it possible to give the patients quick service and contributed to an efficient use of the diagnostic resources. The clinic functioned mainly within the framework of the existing medical care facilities and did not act as a screening project. Over a period of 15 months, 1244 women were examined. 116 had breast cancer, and 5 of these tumours were occult. A comparatively low mean tumour size and a low frequency of lymph node metastases would seem to indicate that the patients came under medical care at a relatively early stage. For recording of the case histories and examination findings, special medical records permitting data processing were used. This has facilitated follow-up of the patients, special checks on certain patient groups, statistical analyses and prospective investigations. We consider that, for the patient, a clinic of this kind offers considerable psychological and financial benefits, and that for the health service as a whole it means increased efficiency and a lower cost per patient. It seems probable that both the patient's and the doctor's delay are reduced.", "PMID": 1179188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6907", "title": "Vitamin D and serum cholesterol.", "content": "During a mass survey for coronary heart disease in Troms\u00f6, Norway, in 1974, 385 men aged 20 to 50 from one particular electoral district completed an additional questionnaire concering the intake of vitamin D from all sources (natural food, fortified food and vitamin D preparations). The average daily intake of vitamin D during the preceding 12 months was later related to the respective serum cholesterol levels. For the whole material, no association was found. When the men were grouped according to vitamin D intake above and below 2.5 mug and serum cholesterol levels above or below 250 mg %, a significant relationship appeared (using Yates's correction X2=10.3, P=0.0013 and the correlation coefficient 0.011 less than P less than 0.005).", "contents": "Vitamin D and serum cholesterol. During a mass survey for coronary heart disease in Troms\u00f6, Norway, in 1974, 385 men aged 20 to 50 from one particular electoral district completed an additional questionnaire concering the intake of vitamin D from all sources (natural food, fortified food and vitamin D preparations). The average daily intake of vitamin D during the preceding 12 months was later related to the respective serum cholesterol levels. For the whole material, no association was found. When the men were grouped according to vitamin D intake above and below 2.5 mug and serum cholesterol levels above or below 250 mg %, a significant relationship appeared (using Yates's correction X2=10.3, P=0.0013 and the correlation coefficient 0.011 less than P less than 0.005).", "PMID": 1179189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6908", "title": "Elderly people's compliance with prescriptions, and quality of medication.", "content": "We set out to examine how quality of medication influenced patients' use of drugs. 217 elderly people living in homes for the aged in Helsinki were interviewed. They used a considerable number of prescribed drugs: one-third of them had ingested at least four different prescribed drugs during the previous week. This polypharmacy largely concerned symptomatic drugs. Non-compliance with prescription instructions was common, and was more common with the symptomatic drugs. The number of deviations from the instructions correlated positively with the number of drugs, especially the number of symptomatic drugs. According to this study, non-compliance with prescription instructions is not to be condemned as such. In so far as drugs are prescribed in unreasonable large quantities, underuse is a way for the patient to avoid ingesting excessive quantities of drugs.", "contents": "Elderly people's compliance with prescriptions, and quality of medication. We set out to examine how quality of medication influenced patients' use of drugs. 217 elderly people living in homes for the aged in Helsinki were interviewed. They used a considerable number of prescribed drugs: one-third of them had ingested at least four different prescribed drugs during the previous week. This polypharmacy largely concerned symptomatic drugs. Non-compliance with prescription instructions was common, and was more common with the symptomatic drugs. The number of deviations from the instructions correlated positively with the number of drugs, especially the number of symptomatic drugs. According to this study, non-compliance with prescription instructions is not to be condemned as such. In so far as drugs are prescribed in unreasonable large quantities, underuse is a way for the patient to avoid ingesting excessive quantities of drugs.", "PMID": 1179190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6909", "title": "Detection, treatment and follow-up of hypertension in a community sample of 55-year-old men.", "content": "In connection with a population study including 703 randomly selected 55-year-old men, 20 men with the highest blood pressure were selected for a careful follow-up and treatment for 1 year. Controls without hypertension were randomly selected from the remainder of the same population. Electrocardiogram at rest and in connection with an exercise test, changes in fundus oculi, orthostatic tests, peripheral arterial blood flow, chemical analyses and other variables were recorded on three occasions during the observation year. Drug treatment was standardized. Basic treatment was induced with polythiazide, which normalized the blood pressure in the majority of the hypertensive cases. The most striking findings in the hypertensive group before treatment were, besides the high blood pressure at rest, high blood pressure during exercise, an increased peripheral blood-flow through the calves, and an increased heart rate. During treatment, the blood pressure were selected for a careful follow-up and blood-flow were almost \"normalized\"; the heart-rate remained elevated. The investigation shows that it is quite easy to achieve adequate reduction of blood pressure in hypertension among middle-aged men, as found in the \"real world\" outside the hospital. The main problem today is not to normalize the blood pressure but rather to detect hypertension and to maintain the therapy for several years. Hypertension is considered to be the cardiovascular risk factor that is probably most amenable to preventive approaches to public health.", "contents": "Detection, treatment and follow-up of hypertension in a community sample of 55-year-old men. In connection with a population study including 703 randomly selected 55-year-old men, 20 men with the highest blood pressure were selected for a careful follow-up and treatment for 1 year. Controls without hypertension were randomly selected from the remainder of the same population. Electrocardiogram at rest and in connection with an exercise test, changes in fundus oculi, orthostatic tests, peripheral arterial blood flow, chemical analyses and other variables were recorded on three occasions during the observation year. Drug treatment was standardized. Basic treatment was induced with polythiazide, which normalized the blood pressure in the majority of the hypertensive cases. The most striking findings in the hypertensive group before treatment were, besides the high blood pressure at rest, high blood pressure during exercise, an increased peripheral blood-flow through the calves, and an increased heart rate. During treatment, the blood pressure were selected for a careful follow-up and blood-flow were almost \"normalized\"; the heart-rate remained elevated. The investigation shows that it is quite easy to achieve adequate reduction of blood pressure in hypertension among middle-aged men, as found in the \"real world\" outside the hospital. The main problem today is not to normalize the blood pressure but rather to detect hypertension and to maintain the therapy for several years. Hypertension is considered to be the cardiovascular risk factor that is probably most amenable to preventive approaches to public health.", "PMID": 1179191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6910", "title": "Aortic valve replacement with frame-supported autologous fascia lata grafts. II. Clinical and laboratory findings.", "content": "Thirty-five patients with a frame-supported autologous fascia lata graft implanted in the aortic annulus were investigated 11 to 36 months after operation. The group comprised 7 patients with pure aortic stenosis, 11 with combined stenosis and incompetence and 17 with pure aortic incompetence. Seven patients had concommitant mitral valve disease. The follow-up investigation included ECG, a work test on a bicycle ergometer, dynamic spirometry, roentgenological heart volume determination and haematological \"screening tests\" for intravascular haemolysis. Concomitant with a marked subjective improvement of the patients, there was a considerable objective improvement, as judged by physical working capacity, ECG signs of left ventricular hypertrophy and heart volume. The serum haptoglobin values were somewhat lower postoperatively (mean value 44 mg%), but no ahaptoglobinaemia occurred. Thus, no definite signs of intravascular haemolysis were noted. No thrombo-embolism occurred within this observation period, despite the fact that none of the patients with isolated aortic valve replacement were treated with anticoagulants. This investigation shows that a frame-supported autologous fascia lata valvular graft in the aorta can function well during a period of up to 3 years.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement with frame-supported autologous fascia lata grafts. II. Clinical and laboratory findings. Thirty-five patients with a frame-supported autologous fascia lata graft implanted in the aortic annulus were investigated 11 to 36 months after operation. The group comprised 7 patients with pure aortic stenosis, 11 with combined stenosis and incompetence and 17 with pure aortic incompetence. Seven patients had concommitant mitral valve disease. The follow-up investigation included ECG, a work test on a bicycle ergometer, dynamic spirometry, roentgenological heart volume determination and haematological \"screening tests\" for intravascular haemolysis. Concomitant with a marked subjective improvement of the patients, there was a considerable objective improvement, as judged by physical working capacity, ECG signs of left ventricular hypertrophy and heart volume. The serum haptoglobin values were somewhat lower postoperatively (mean value 44 mg%), but no ahaptoglobinaemia occurred. Thus, no definite signs of intravascular haemolysis were noted. No thrombo-embolism occurred within this observation period, despite the fact that none of the patients with isolated aortic valve replacement were treated with anticoagulants. This investigation shows that a frame-supported autologous fascia lata valvular graft in the aorta can function well during a period of up to 3 years.", "PMID": 1179192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6911", "title": "Aortic valve replacement with frame-supported autologous fascia lata grafts. III. Haemodynamic and angiographic findings.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with a frame-supported, autologous, fascia lata graft implanted in the aortic annulus were investigated 11 to 36 months after the operation. The group comprised 7 patients with pure aortic stenosis, 10 with combined aortic stenosis and aortic incompetence and 15 with pure aortic incompetence. Six patients had concomitant mitral valve disease. The follow-up investigation included right heart and transseptal left heart catheterization, left ventricular angiocardiography through the transseptal route and a retrograde, supravalvular aortography with the cin\u00e9technique. Cardiac output was essentially unchanged postoperatively. However, it had increased considerably in some patients in whom it was very low before the operation. Left ventricular systolic pressure decreased particularly in patients with pure aortic stenosis. Left ventricular enddiastolic pressure decreased from 12 to 7 mmHg at rest and from 25 to 18 mmHg during exercise. Left atrial (or pulmonary arterial wedge) mean pressure decreased from 14 to 2 mmHg at rest, and from 27 to 16 mmHg during exercise. In 76% of the patients a slight (grade I or II) central or paravalvular aortic regurgitation was observed on cin\u00e9angiograms. Regurgitation of grade III was found in one patient. Technical details in the construction of the valve, as well as structural changes in the fascia lata which may be responsible for stenosis and incompetence in some of these valves are discussed. Thus, although even patients with defective valves have shown considerable improvement, a close and continuous follow-up of these patients is necessary.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement with frame-supported autologous fascia lata grafts. III. Haemodynamic and angiographic findings. Thirty-two patients with a frame-supported, autologous, fascia lata graft implanted in the aortic annulus were investigated 11 to 36 months after the operation. The group comprised 7 patients with pure aortic stenosis, 10 with combined aortic stenosis and aortic incompetence and 15 with pure aortic incompetence. Six patients had concomitant mitral valve disease. The follow-up investigation included right heart and transseptal left heart catheterization, left ventricular angiocardiography through the transseptal route and a retrograde, supravalvular aortography with the cin\u00e9technique. Cardiac output was essentially unchanged postoperatively. However, it had increased considerably in some patients in whom it was very low before the operation. Left ventricular systolic pressure decreased particularly in patients with pure aortic stenosis. Left ventricular enddiastolic pressure decreased from 12 to 7 mmHg at rest and from 25 to 18 mmHg during exercise. Left atrial (or pulmonary arterial wedge) mean pressure decreased from 14 to 2 mmHg at rest, and from 27 to 16 mmHg during exercise. In 76% of the patients a slight (grade I or II) central or paravalvular aortic regurgitation was observed on cin\u00e9angiograms. Regurgitation of grade III was found in one patient. Technical details in the construction of the valve, as well as structural changes in the fascia lata which may be responsible for stenosis and incompetence in some of these valves are discussed. Thus, although even patients with defective valves have shown considerable improvement, a close and continuous follow-up of these patients is necessary.", "PMID": 1179193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6912", "title": "Accidental ventricular fibrillation of the human heart. A study of excitability levels with alternating current.", "content": "With the use of electronic equipment in medical work an electrical hazard can not be completely avoided. The danger for the patient lies in an accidental ventrical fibrillation induced by a current passing through the body. Thresholds of vulnerability for such currents were determined in dogs as well as on the human heart during cardiopulmonary bypass. Various electrode positions were tested and the minimum current of induction was measured. The lowest current producing fibrillation of the human heart was 100 muA. At the electrode surface the density of the electrical field then was 6-14 muA/mm2. In our routine procedure during open-heart surgery, the mean value for induction was found to be 600 muA.", "contents": "Accidental ventricular fibrillation of the human heart. A study of excitability levels with alternating current. With the use of electronic equipment in medical work an electrical hazard can not be completely avoided. The danger for the patient lies in an accidental ventrical fibrillation induced by a current passing through the body. Thresholds of vulnerability for such currents were determined in dogs as well as on the human heart during cardiopulmonary bypass. Various electrode positions were tested and the minimum current of induction was measured. The lowest current producing fibrillation of the human heart was 100 muA. At the electrode surface the density of the electrical field then was 6-14 muA/mm2. In our routine procedure during open-heart surgery, the mean value for induction was found to be 600 muA.", "PMID": 1179194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6913", "title": "The puzzle of blood platelets in extracorporeal circulation. Comments based on recirculation experiments.", "content": "Oozing of blood from wound tissues after some time of total body perfusion and the demonstration of microemboli have brought into focus the inevitable disappearance of platelets from the blood during extracorporeal circulation. Recirculation experiments using dog blood are reported. The effect of a bubble oxygenator and a membrane oxygenator is compared. It is concluded that in principle they both contribute to the removal of functionally active platelets.", "contents": "The puzzle of blood platelets in extracorporeal circulation. Comments based on recirculation experiments. Oozing of blood from wound tissues after some time of total body perfusion and the demonstration of microemboli have brought into focus the inevitable disappearance of platelets from the blood during extracorporeal circulation. Recirculation experiments using dog blood are reported. The effect of a bubble oxygenator and a membrane oxygenator is compared. It is concluded that in principle they both contribute to the removal of functionally active platelets.", "PMID": 1179195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6914", "title": "Metabolic studies following thoracotomy for lung cancer with particular reference to postoperative atrial fibrillation.", "content": "Atrial fibrillation has proved to be a frequent complication after thoracotomy for lung cancer. In order to study the possibility that metabolic changes are the trigger mechanism of these arrhythmias, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, triglycerides, serum insulin and glucose were determined pre- and postoperatively in patients both with and without this postoperative complication. In the primary series of patients, FFA were found to be increased immediately after the start of the atrial fibrillation, partly in relation to the morning values and partly to the 24-hour curve. This is a possible expression of an increased lipolysis in a causal relationship to the arrhythmia. In another series of patients, the degree of lypolysis was demonstrated using the glycerol values. With this method, no signs of increased lipolysis were found in connection with the onset of atrial fibrillation. Thus, changes in the lipoid metabolism were not found to be the trigger mechanism of the postoperative atrial fibrillation. Reduced values of serum insulin and glucose were not demonstrated either during the uncomplicated postoperative period or at the start of atrial fibrillation.", "contents": "Metabolic studies following thoracotomy for lung cancer with particular reference to postoperative atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation has proved to be a frequent complication after thoracotomy for lung cancer. In order to study the possibility that metabolic changes are the trigger mechanism of these arrhythmias, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, triglycerides, serum insulin and glucose were determined pre- and postoperatively in patients both with and without this postoperative complication. In the primary series of patients, FFA were found to be increased immediately after the start of the atrial fibrillation, partly in relation to the morning values and partly to the 24-hour curve. This is a possible expression of an increased lipolysis in a causal relationship to the arrhythmia. In another series of patients, the degree of lypolysis was demonstrated using the glycerol values. With this method, no signs of increased lipolysis were found in connection with the onset of atrial fibrillation. Thus, changes in the lipoid metabolism were not found to be the trigger mechanism of the postoperative atrial fibrillation. Reduced values of serum insulin and glucose were not demonstrated either during the uncomplicated postoperative period or at the start of atrial fibrillation.", "PMID": 1179196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6915", "title": "Experimental evaluation of oesophageal muscular cuffs in the repair of oesophageal defects.", "content": "The current study was designed to test the value of oesophageal muscular cuffs in the repair of anastomotic defects in the thoracic oesophagus. In 30 piglets, defects involving 25%, 50% and nearly 100% of the anastomosis were created and repaired by means of a cuff derived from the oesophagus musculature. The results demonstrated that his method provides uniformly a leak-proof closure under the most severe circumstances. Oesophageal narrowing at the site of repair was common and depended on the nature of the experiment and not on the technique used. Although experimental data may not be directly transferable to human subjects, this method proved so effective that it might be the potential clinical benefit. Questionable oesophageal anastomoses and fresh oesophageal perforations are the clinical applications suggested.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation of oesophageal muscular cuffs in the repair of oesophageal defects. The current study was designed to test the value of oesophageal muscular cuffs in the repair of anastomotic defects in the thoracic oesophagus. In 30 piglets, defects involving 25%, 50% and nearly 100% of the anastomosis were created and repaired by means of a cuff derived from the oesophagus musculature. The results demonstrated that his method provides uniformly a leak-proof closure under the most severe circumstances. Oesophageal narrowing at the site of repair was common and depended on the nature of the experiment and not on the technique used. Although experimental data may not be directly transferable to human subjects, this method proved so effective that it might be the potential clinical benefit. Questionable oesophageal anastomoses and fresh oesophageal perforations are the clinical applications suggested.", "PMID": 1179197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6916", "title": "Early results of heart valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis.", "content": "The operation on and subsequent course of 88 patients with valve replacements using Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc prostheses has been reviewed in terms of mortality, clinical results, and valve function. The follow-up period varied between 6 months and 2 years. The hospital mortality was 17% and late mortality 8%. Of those who left hospital, 75% returned to full normal activity and required less (or no) drug therapy other than maintenance anticoagulation. There was one transient embolic episode. Significant intravascular haemolysis does not occur with this prosthesis.", "contents": "Early results of heart valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis. The operation on and subsequent course of 88 patients with valve replacements using Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc prostheses has been reviewed in terms of mortality, clinical results, and valve function. The follow-up period varied between 6 months and 2 years. The hospital mortality was 17% and late mortality 8%. Of those who left hospital, 75% returned to full normal activity and required less (or no) drug therapy other than maintenance anticoagulation. There was one transient embolic episode. Significant intravascular haemolysis does not occur with this prosthesis.", "PMID": 1179198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6917", "title": "\"In situ\" evaluation of the aortic pivoting disc valve prosthesis.", "content": "An index of the \"in situ\" forward flow characteristics of an aortic valve prosthesis is suggested. The effective area index, Ia, is defined as the ratio between the effective orifice area, Aeff, and the area occupied by the valve in the aortic root. Aeff is calculated from a hydraulic formula using peroperative measurements of instantaneous ascending aortic flow, Fao, and the pressure gradient, deltaP. Ia was found to be 0.29 +/- 0.33 (S.D.) for Lillehei-Kaster valves and 0.32 +/- 0.059 (S.D.) for Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valves. The variations in valve performance among the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valves may partly be due to differences in valve orientation in the aortic root. Attention should therefore be given to the choice of the opening direction of the disc in order to optimize valve performance in the patient.", "contents": "\"In situ\" evaluation of the aortic pivoting disc valve prosthesis. An index of the \"in situ\" forward flow characteristics of an aortic valve prosthesis is suggested. The effective area index, Ia, is defined as the ratio between the effective orifice area, Aeff, and the area occupied by the valve in the aortic root. Aeff is calculated from a hydraulic formula using peroperative measurements of instantaneous ascending aortic flow, Fao, and the pressure gradient, deltaP. Ia was found to be 0.29 +/- 0.33 (S.D.) for Lillehei-Kaster valves and 0.32 +/- 0.059 (S.D.) for Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valves. The variations in valve performance among the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valves may partly be due to differences in valve orientation in the aortic root. Attention should therefore be given to the choice of the opening direction of the disc in order to optimize valve performance in the patient.", "PMID": 1179199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6918", "title": "Aortic valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis. Clinical experiences in 50 cases.", "content": "Single aortic valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis has been performed in 50 patients since April 1971. None of the total of six deaths (12.0%) was attributable to malfunction of the prosthesis or to embolic complications. Follow-up examination showed insignificant or moderate prosthetic regurgitation in two patients and moderate paravalvular leakage in one patient. A slight intravascular haemolysis was found in two cases, one of them without marked regurgitation, and a slight reversible cerebral thrombo-embolism in two. Clinical improvement was observed in 43 of the 44 survivors during the 6 to 12 months of follow-up. Objective evidence of improvement was verified by cardiac catheterization following the replacement of aortic valve with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc prosthesis.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis. Clinical experiences in 50 cases. Single aortic valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis has been performed in 50 patients since April 1971. None of the total of six deaths (12.0%) was attributable to malfunction of the prosthesis or to embolic complications. Follow-up examination showed insignificant or moderate prosthetic regurgitation in two patients and moderate paravalvular leakage in one patient. A slight intravascular haemolysis was found in two cases, one of them without marked regurgitation, and a slight reversible cerebral thrombo-embolism in two. Clinical improvement was observed in 43 of the 44 survivors during the 6 to 12 months of follow-up. Objective evidence of improvement was verified by cardiac catheterization following the replacement of aortic valve with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc prosthesis.", "PMID": 1179200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6919", "title": "Emergency aortic valve replacement in active endocarditis with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis.", "content": "Because of severe and intractable heart failure in three patients with infective endocarditis, an emergency replacement of the aortic valve with a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis was carried out. Heart failure, which is the most common cause of death in infective endocarditis, was in these cases due to acute aortic regurgitation caused by perforation and other damage of the aortic valve. One patient died in the early postoperative period because of myocardial damage and respiratory insufficiency. The other two survived and are in relatively good condition after follow-up periods of 2 years and 6 months, respectively. The emergency replacement of incompetent valves may be a lifesaving procedure during the course of active endocarditis.", "contents": "Emergency aortic valve replacement in active endocarditis with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis. Because of severe and intractable heart failure in three patients with infective endocarditis, an emergency replacement of the aortic valve with a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis was carried out. Heart failure, which is the most common cause of death in infective endocarditis, was in these cases due to acute aortic regurgitation caused by perforation and other damage of the aortic valve. One patient died in the early postoperative period because of myocardial damage and respiratory insufficiency. The other two survived and are in relatively good condition after follow-up periods of 2 years and 6 months, respectively. The emergency replacement of incompetent valves may be a lifesaving procedure during the course of active endocarditis.", "PMID": 1179201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6920", "title": "Aortic valve replacement with frame-supported autologous fascia lata grafts. I. Technical consideration and early results.", "content": "During the period November 1969 to June 1972, a frame-supported autologous fascia lata graft was implanted in 71 consecutive patients with surgically treated aortic valve disease at the Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital, Uppsala. The follow-up period was between 1 and 4 years. Eleven patients died within 28 days of the operation (16%) and 13 after discharge from hospital (18%); the cumulative mortality was thus 34%. Forty-five percent of the patients who died had associated cardiovascular or other diseases. The causes of death were infection (10), myocardial failure (6), myocardial infarction (3), cerebral damage (3), and intraoperative aortic dissection from the cannulation site (2). The majority of the deaths (88%) occurred within 6 months and all within 13 1/2 months after operation. Two fascia lata valves were removed because of endocarditis 23 and 26 months, respectively, after operation. Two valves were also removed on account of mechanical malfunction. The remaining 44 patients with fascia lata valves had returned to work. No embolic complications occurred, despite the fact that only patients with a concomitant prosthetic mitral valve or atrial fibrillation received anticoagulatant treatment. Haemodynamic studies of the valve in vitro and pressure measurements during the operation showed that the valve had a low primary systolic peak gradient of 0-16 mmHg. Certain modifications in the construction aimed at improving the haemodynamic properties of the valve are discussed. Increased stringency in the sterility precautions during the valve construction procedure may have contributed to the fact that early endocarditis, which is a serious complication, did not occur in any of the last 43 patients. As yet the observation time is too short to judge, however, to what extent susceptibility to infection and possible late changes of the valve can affect its function.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement with frame-supported autologous fascia lata grafts. I. Technical consideration and early results. During the period November 1969 to June 1972, a frame-supported autologous fascia lata graft was implanted in 71 consecutive patients with surgically treated aortic valve disease at the Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital, Uppsala. The follow-up period was between 1 and 4 years. Eleven patients died within 28 days of the operation (16%) and 13 after discharge from hospital (18%); the cumulative mortality was thus 34%. Forty-five percent of the patients who died had associated cardiovascular or other diseases. The causes of death were infection (10), myocardial failure (6), myocardial infarction (3), cerebral damage (3), and intraoperative aortic dissection from the cannulation site (2). The majority of the deaths (88%) occurred within 6 months and all within 13 1/2 months after operation. Two fascia lata valves were removed because of endocarditis 23 and 26 months, respectively, after operation. Two valves were also removed on account of mechanical malfunction. The remaining 44 patients with fascia lata valves had returned to work. No embolic complications occurred, despite the fact that only patients with a concomitant prosthetic mitral valve or atrial fibrillation received anticoagulatant treatment. Haemodynamic studies of the valve in vitro and pressure measurements during the operation showed that the valve had a low primary systolic peak gradient of 0-16 mmHg. Certain modifications in the construction aimed at improving the haemodynamic properties of the valve are discussed. Increased stringency in the sterility precautions during the valve construction procedure may have contributed to the fact that early endocarditis, which is a serious complication, did not occur in any of the last 43 patients. As yet the observation time is too short to judge, however, to what extent susceptibility to infection and possible late changes of the valve can affect its function.", "PMID": 1179202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6921", "title": "Removal of trace levels of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) from wastewater.", "content": "An adsorption system is described for the removal of part per billion levels of the chemical carcinogen, 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), from industrial wastewater. The system consists primarily of filters and activated carbon and non-ionic polymeric adsorbents arranged in tandem. It is highly efficient, operates at low cost, and requires minimal attention. The chemical monitoring of the raw and/or cleaned-up wastewater is based on a highly sensitive and specific spectrophotofluorometric method that allows acceptance or rejection of samples at the 0.2 part per billion level. The system is presented as a model for evaluating the removal of traces of organic chemicals from wastewater prior to recycling or discharging it into the environment. Results of laboratory evaluations of several other approaches to the purification of 2-AAF-containing wastewater are also presented.", "contents": "Removal of trace levels of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) from wastewater. An adsorption system is described for the removal of part per billion levels of the chemical carcinogen, 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), from industrial wastewater. The system consists primarily of filters and activated carbon and non-ionic polymeric adsorbents arranged in tandem. It is highly efficient, operates at low cost, and requires minimal attention. The chemical monitoring of the raw and/or cleaned-up wastewater is based on a highly sensitive and specific spectrophotofluorometric method that allows acceptance or rejection of samples at the 0.2 part per billion level. The system is presented as a model for evaluating the removal of traces of organic chemicals from wastewater prior to recycling or discharging it into the environment. Results of laboratory evaluations of several other approaches to the purification of 2-AAF-containing wastewater are also presented.", "PMID": 1179203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6922", "title": "A probabilistic model of bathing beach safety.", "content": "An improved mathematical model for bathing beach safety is proposed. It is derived by joining the probability of infection from a given dose (Poisson distribution and the probability of acquiring such a dose (lognormal distribution). Even in the absence of better clinical and epidemiological data, the model permits an assessment of relative risk from certain hazards and the design of more meaningful bacteriological standards for individual beaches.", "contents": "A probabilistic model of bathing beach safety. An improved mathematical model for bathing beach safety is proposed. It is derived by joining the probability of infection from a given dose (Poisson distribution and the probability of acquiring such a dose (lognormal distribution). Even in the absence of better clinical and epidemiological data, the model permits an assessment of relative risk from certain hazards and the design of more meaningful bacteriological standards for individual beaches.", "PMID": 1179204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6923", "title": "Human alpha-lactalbumin: measurement in serum and in breast cancer organ cultures by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for human alpha-lactalbumin, a major milk protein, is described. Some normal men and women have detectable levels of alpha-lactalbumin in their blood. High values are found in nursing mothers and many patients with galactorrhea. Alpha-Lactalbumin is found in some breast cancer organ cultures. In addition, alpha-lactalbumin output was stimulated by ovine prolactin in 2 of the 19 tumors studied.", "contents": "Human alpha-lactalbumin: measurement in serum and in breast cancer organ cultures by radioimmunoassay. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for human alpha-lactalbumin, a major milk protein, is described. Some normal men and women have detectable levels of alpha-lactalbumin in their blood. High values are found in nursing mothers and many patients with galactorrhea. Alpha-Lactalbumin is found in some breast cancer organ cultures. In addition, alpha-lactalbumin output was stimulated by ovine prolactin in 2 of the 19 tumors studied.", "PMID": 1179206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6924", "title": "Melatonin: antigonadal and progonadal effects in male golden hamsters.", "content": "Melatonin induced marked testicular regression in hamsters maintained on photostimulatory long days (light-dark 14 : 10). In animals maintained on nonstimulatory short days (light-dark 6 : 18), small amounts of melatonin (50 micrograms per day; 100 millimeters capsule length) prevented testicular regression; but testicular atrophy occurred in hamsters that received larger amounts of melatonin (75 to 100 micrograms per day; 150 to 200 millimeters capsule length) and in control hamsters that received none. The results demonstrate that melatonin can exert either pro- or antigonadal effects and emphasize that the effects of melatonin on the testis cannot be properly assessed unless account is taken of the dosage and mode of melatonin administration and the photoperiod on which experimental animals are maintained.", "contents": "Melatonin: antigonadal and progonadal effects in male golden hamsters. Melatonin induced marked testicular regression in hamsters maintained on photostimulatory long days (light-dark 14 : 10). In animals maintained on nonstimulatory short days (light-dark 6 : 18), small amounts of melatonin (50 micrograms per day; 100 millimeters capsule length) prevented testicular regression; but testicular atrophy occurred in hamsters that received larger amounts of melatonin (75 to 100 micrograms per day; 150 to 200 millimeters capsule length) and in control hamsters that received none. The results demonstrate that melatonin can exert either pro- or antigonadal effects and emphasize that the effects of melatonin on the testis cannot be properly assessed unless account is taken of the dosage and mode of melatonin administration and the photoperiod on which experimental animals are maintained.", "PMID": 1179207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6925", "title": "Human interferon production: superinduction by 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole.", "content": "Polyinosinic.polycytidylic acid [poly(I.C)] induced production of interferon by a strain of diploid human fibroblasts (FS-4), measured between 5 and 24 hours from induction, is enhanced up to 128-fold by 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), a reversible inhibitor of nuclear heterogeneous RNA synthesis. A normalized dose-effect plot shows a close correlation between the superinducing effect of DRB and inhibition of RNA synthesis. Cultures that contained DRB continue to produce interferon for up to 4 days. Removal of the drug at any time during this period leads to a prompt shutoff of interferon production.", "contents": "Human interferon production: superinduction by 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole. Polyinosinic.polycytidylic acid [poly(I.C)] induced production of interferon by a strain of diploid human fibroblasts (FS-4), measured between 5 and 24 hours from induction, is enhanced up to 128-fold by 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), a reversible inhibitor of nuclear heterogeneous RNA synthesis. A normalized dose-effect plot shows a close correlation between the superinducing effect of DRB and inhibition of RNA synthesis. Cultures that contained DRB continue to produce interferon for up to 4 days. Removal of the drug at any time during this period leads to a prompt shutoff of interferon production.", "PMID": 1179208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6926", "title": "Hemopoietic stem cells in human peripheral blood.", "content": "A population of lymphocytes, separable from the great majority by virtue of their larger size and their failure to exhibit the rosetting characteristics of thymus-dependent lymphocytes and bursa-equivalent cells, possess true pluripotentiality. On culture in vivo they proliferate and differentiate into erythrocytic, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic progeny. This may be the first clear demonstration of the primitive progenitor blood cell in man.", "contents": "Hemopoietic stem cells in human peripheral blood. A population of lymphocytes, separable from the great majority by virtue of their larger size and their failure to exhibit the rosetting characteristics of thymus-dependent lymphocytes and bursa-equivalent cells, possess true pluripotentiality. On culture in vivo they proliferate and differentiate into erythrocytic, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic progeny. This may be the first clear demonstration of the primitive progenitor blood cell in man.", "PMID": 1179209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6927", "title": "Right hemisphere lateralization for emotion in the human brain: interactions with cognition.", "content": "Right-handed subjects tend to look to the left when answering affective questions. The relative shift in gaze from right to left is accentuated when the questions also involve spatial manipulation and attenuated when the questions require verbal manipulation. The data support the hypothesis that the right hemisphere has a special role in emotion in the intact brain, and that predictable patterning of hemispheric activity can occur when specific combinations of cognitive and affective processes interact.", "contents": "Right hemisphere lateralization for emotion in the human brain: interactions with cognition. Right-handed subjects tend to look to the left when answering affective questions. The relative shift in gaze from right to left is accentuated when the questions also involve spatial manipulation and attenuated when the questions require verbal manipulation. The data support the hypothesis that the right hemisphere has a special role in emotion in the intact brain, and that predictable patterning of hemispheric activity can occur when specific combinations of cognitive and affective processes interact.", "PMID": 1179210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6928", "title": "Antibody formation in first and second generation offspring of nutritionally deprived rats.", "content": "Prolonged partial restriction of calorie intake in young rats results in reduced growth, involution of lymphoid organs, and lymphopenia. After immunization with sheep red blood cells, the number of antibody-forming cells in the spleen and serum hemolysin titers are markedly reduced. The effect is more pronounced on the primary response and on immunoglobulin G antibody-forming cells. Significant impairment of antibody formation is detectable in the first (F1) and second (F2) generation offspring of starved Fo mothers.", "contents": "Antibody formation in first and second generation offspring of nutritionally deprived rats. Prolonged partial restriction of calorie intake in young rats results in reduced growth, involution of lymphoid organs, and lymphopenia. After immunization with sheep red blood cells, the number of antibody-forming cells in the spleen and serum hemolysin titers are markedly reduced. The effect is more pronounced on the primary response and on immunoglobulin G antibody-forming cells. Significant impairment of antibody formation is detectable in the first (F1) and second (F2) generation offspring of starved Fo mothers.", "PMID": 1179211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6929", "title": "Response plasticity of lateral geniculate neurons during and after pairing of auditory and visual stimuli.", "content": "Neurons of the lateral geniculate nucleus, responsive only to visual stimulation, show response plasticity during and after pairing of auditory and visual stimuli. Modal response histograms reveal a gradual decrement in the number of spikes at interstimulus pairing intervals of 0 and 100 milliseconds but not 500 milliseconds. This plasticity effect, limited to tonic units, may persist for 2 to 3 minutes after termination of click-flash pairing.", "contents": "Response plasticity of lateral geniculate neurons during and after pairing of auditory and visual stimuli. Neurons of the lateral geniculate nucleus, responsive only to visual stimulation, show response plasticity during and after pairing of auditory and visual stimuli. Modal response histograms reveal a gradual decrement in the number of spikes at interstimulus pairing intervals of 0 and 100 milliseconds but not 500 milliseconds. This plasticity effect, limited to tonic units, may persist for 2 to 3 minutes after termination of click-flash pairing.", "PMID": 1179212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6930", "title": "Clades versus clones in evolution: why we have sex.", "content": "Sexual reproduction predominates among organisms mainly because most evolutionary change is concentrated in speciation events, and asexual species cannot speciate in the normal sense. Asexual clones seldom diversify rapidly enough to overcome normal rates of extinction. In contrast, phylogenetic groups of sexual species (clades) commonly develop broad, heterogeneous adaptive zones rapidly enough to ensure survival.", "contents": "Clades versus clones in evolution: why we have sex. Sexual reproduction predominates among organisms mainly because most evolutionary change is concentrated in speciation events, and asexual species cannot speciate in the normal sense. Asexual clones seldom diversify rapidly enough to overcome normal rates of extinction. In contrast, phylogenetic groups of sexual species (clades) commonly develop broad, heterogeneous adaptive zones rapidly enough to ensure survival.", "PMID": 1179215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6931", "title": "Direct observation of domains in wet lipid bilayers.", "content": "Domain structure and phase separation in hydrated lipid bilayers have been imaged directly by selected reflection dark-field electron microscopy. Domains in multicomponent bilayers are much smaller than those in single component bilayers, in agreement with results obtained by selected area electron diffraction.", "contents": "Direct observation of domains in wet lipid bilayers. Domain structure and phase separation in hydrated lipid bilayers have been imaged directly by selected reflection dark-field electron microscopy. Domains in multicomponent bilayers are much smaller than those in single component bilayers, in agreement with results obtained by selected area electron diffraction.", "PMID": 1179216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6932", "title": "Arrhythmically singing crickets: thermoperiodic reentrainment after bilobectomy.", "content": "The circadian control of the calling song of crickets is abolished by severance of the optic lobes. The arrhythmic singing activity of operated animals is unaffected by all possible light conditions, yet the singing can be reentained by a daily temperature cycle. The characteristics of this reentrainment indicate the that temperature is acting as an actual Zeitgeber. In light of these results the current hypothesis which ascribes a driving oscillator function to the optic lobes must be reevaluated.", "contents": "Arrhythmically singing crickets: thermoperiodic reentrainment after bilobectomy. The circadian control of the calling song of crickets is abolished by severance of the optic lobes. The arrhythmic singing activity of operated animals is unaffected by all possible light conditions, yet the singing can be reentained by a daily temperature cycle. The characteristics of this reentrainment indicate the that temperature is acting as an actual Zeitgeber. In light of these results the current hypothesis which ascribes a driving oscillator function to the optic lobes must be reevaluated.", "PMID": 1179217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6933", "title": "Binaural beats at high frequencies.", "content": "Binaural beats have long been believed to be audible only at low frequencies, but an interaction reminiscent of a binaural beat can sometimes be heard when different two-tone complexes of high frequency are presented to the two ears. The primary requirement is that the frequency separation in the complex at one ear be slightly different from that in the other--that is, that there be a small interaural difference in the envelope periodicities. This finding is in accord with other recent demonstrations that the auditory system is not deaf to interaural time differences at high frequencies.", "contents": "Binaural beats at high frequencies. Binaural beats have long been believed to be audible only at low frequencies, but an interaction reminiscent of a binaural beat can sometimes be heard when different two-tone complexes of high frequency are presented to the two ears. The primary requirement is that the frequency separation in the complex at one ear be slightly different from that in the other--that is, that there be a small interaural difference in the envelope periodicities. This finding is in accord with other recent demonstrations that the auditory system is not deaf to interaural time differences at high frequencies.", "PMID": 1179219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6934", "title": "Myasthenia gravis: passive transfer from man to mouse.", "content": "Daily injections into mice of an ammonium sulfate-precipitated immunoglobulin fraction of serum from patients with myasthenia gravis were carried out for up to 14 days. The mice showed reduced amplitudes of miniature endplate potentials and reduced numbers of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junctions. Some mice showed typical decremental responses on repetitive nerve stimulation, with reversal by neostigmine. This represents the first evidence of a circulating factor in the serum of patients with myasthenia gravis which on passive transfer reproduces features of the disease in experimental animals.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis: passive transfer from man to mouse. Daily injections into mice of an ammonium sulfate-precipitated immunoglobulin fraction of serum from patients with myasthenia gravis were carried out for up to 14 days. The mice showed reduced amplitudes of miniature endplate potentials and reduced numbers of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junctions. Some mice showed typical decremental responses on repetitive nerve stimulation, with reversal by neostigmine. This represents the first evidence of a circulating factor in the serum of patients with myasthenia gravis which on passive transfer reproduces features of the disease in experimental animals.", "PMID": 1179220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6935", "title": "Towards curative treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Advanced Hodgkin's disease was considered incurable until 1966. The development of combined chemotherapy has led to intensIVe treatment and to cures. Results obtained in 104 patients treated according to acute leukaemia group B protocols are discussed. Staging according to the Rye classification was used, as these patients were treated from 1966 to 1971. Methodology and dosage schemes are discussed. Reponse rates reached 88%, with extended survival. The modifications of therapeutic schedules which led to long-term, unmaintained remissions, are explained. The 5-year survival rate of patients with Hodgkin's disease in stages III and iv who responded, was 82,7%. The effect of histological subclassification on the prognosis is considered. The importance of accurate documentation is stressed, and also the use of laparotomy to prove the staging of the disease so as not to deny the patient the benefit of potential cure with chemotherapy.", "contents": "Towards curative treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease. Advanced Hodgkin's disease was considered incurable until 1966. The development of combined chemotherapy has led to intensIVe treatment and to cures. Results obtained in 104 patients treated according to acute leukaemia group B protocols are discussed. Staging according to the Rye classification was used, as these patients were treated from 1966 to 1971. Methodology and dosage schemes are discussed. Reponse rates reached 88%, with extended survival. The modifications of therapeutic schedules which led to long-term, unmaintained remissions, are explained. The 5-year survival rate of patients with Hodgkin's disease in stages III and iv who responded, was 82,7%. The effect of histological subclassification on the prognosis is considered. The importance of accurate documentation is stressed, and also the use of laparotomy to prove the staging of the disease so as not to deny the patient the benefit of potential cure with chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1179225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6936", "title": "The use of the SI in reporting results in chemical pathology--our experience.", "content": "Since 1 April 1974 some units of the SI have been introduced in the reporting of results from this laboratory. A change from the conventional way of expressing results to the new system requires careful planning and reorganisation. Our laboratory is the first in this country to make the change and our approach and experiences up to the present, are recorded. Special attention was given to reorganisation of the laboratory, to information supplied to the clinical staff, and to the procedure to be adopted on the day of the change. The impact on the clinical staff is assessed and some possible problems are discussed.", "contents": "The use of the SI in reporting results in chemical pathology--our experience. Since 1 April 1974 some units of the SI have been introduced in the reporting of results from this laboratory. A change from the conventional way of expressing results to the new system requires careful planning and reorganisation. Our laboratory is the first in this country to make the change and our approach and experiences up to the present, are recorded. Special attention was given to reorganisation of the laboratory, to information supplied to the clinical staff, and to the procedure to be adopted on the day of the change. The impact on the clinical staff is assessed and some possible problems are discussed.", "PMID": 1179226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6937", "title": "The value of the effort electrocardiogram.", "content": "The most useful single predictor of future coronary events, but independent of other risk factors, is an effort electrocardiogram indicating ischaemia. The double Master's test as currently used is apt to fail in this respect in 46% of patients with abnormal hearts. The history of stress testing is outlined and it is concluded that treadmill techniques using the S-T segment index represent a much-needed advance on other methods. A small percentage of false positives and false negatives still remains, even with the most sophisticated computer-assisted techniques, and the reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "The value of the effort electrocardiogram. The most useful single predictor of future coronary events, but independent of other risk factors, is an effort electrocardiogram indicating ischaemia. The double Master's test as currently used is apt to fail in this respect in 46% of patients with abnormal hearts. The history of stress testing is outlined and it is concluded that treadmill techniques using the S-T segment index represent a much-needed advance on other methods. A small percentage of false positives and false negatives still remains, even with the most sophisticated computer-assisted techniques, and the reasons for this are discussed.", "PMID": 1179227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6938", "title": "Subcutaneous lumbosacral lipomas.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with subcutaneous lumbosacral lipomas are discussed. The neurological involvement of the lower limbs with incontinence is stressed, the high incidence of intrathecal tethering is shown, and early exploration is advocated.", "contents": "Subcutaneous lumbosacral lipomas. Twenty-four patients with subcutaneous lumbosacral lipomas are discussed. The neurological involvement of the lower limbs with incontinence is stressed, the high incidence of intrathecal tethering is shown, and early exploration is advocated.", "PMID": 1179228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6939", "title": "Severe calcification in a horseshoe kidney. A case report.", "content": "Marked calcification in a horseshoe kidney of a Black patient in terminal renal failure is described. The role of pyelonephritis in producing the severe calcification in a horseshoe kidney is discussed. One of the complications of a horseshoe kidney is renal stone.", "contents": "Severe calcification in a horseshoe kidney. A case report. Marked calcification in a horseshoe kidney of a Black patient in terminal renal failure is described. The role of pyelonephritis in producing the severe calcification in a horseshoe kidney is discussed. One of the complications of a horseshoe kidney is renal stone.", "PMID": 1179229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6940", "title": "The nitroblue tetrazolium test in Black patients.", "content": "An outline of the development of the NBT test is given. The results of studies in a Black population are given and these conform to the pattern published elsewhere, except that a high degree of positivity was found in pulmonary tuberculosis. The value of the test is discussed, and it is concluded that, except in the rare condition of chronic granulomatous disease, the test is of very limited value in the diagnosis of bacterial infection. The test is positive in many situations of stress and may be mediated through a factor in the 'acute phase'.", "contents": "The nitroblue tetrazolium test in Black patients. An outline of the development of the NBT test is given. The results of studies in a Black population are given and these conform to the pattern published elsewhere, except that a high degree of positivity was found in pulmonary tuberculosis. The value of the test is discussed, and it is concluded that, except in the rare condition of chronic granulomatous disease, the test is of very limited value in the diagnosis of bacterial infection. The test is positive in many situations of stress and may be mediated through a factor in the 'acute phase'.", "PMID": 1179232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6941", "title": "A year's experience in a clinic for obese diabetics.", "content": "The problem of obesity is not well dealt with in the ordinary diabetes clinic. We therefore started a clinic for obese diabetics, the principles of which are mentioned. We reviewed the results of its ifrst year's activity in relation to 80 patients who attended for at least 3 months, and found: (i) a very frequent family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives (59% among Coloured patients); (ii) very commonly, an abnormal ECG, suggestive of ischaemic heart disease (about 60%); (iii) very frequent serum lipid abnormalities, yet no correlation between high lipid levels and an abnormal ECT; (iv) a mean loss of 5,9 kg over 8,6 months for the 80 patients (mean loss of 10,4 kg by the 8 men); (v) patients who had been fat in childhood actually lost more weight than did those who became overweight only in adult life; and (vi) oral hypoglycaemic drugs and even insulin could frequently be discontinued. We believe the clinic is worthwhile.", "contents": "A year's experience in a clinic for obese diabetics. The problem of obesity is not well dealt with in the ordinary diabetes clinic. We therefore started a clinic for obese diabetics, the principles of which are mentioned. We reviewed the results of its ifrst year's activity in relation to 80 patients who attended for at least 3 months, and found: (i) a very frequent family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives (59% among Coloured patients); (ii) very commonly, an abnormal ECG, suggestive of ischaemic heart disease (about 60%); (iii) very frequent serum lipid abnormalities, yet no correlation between high lipid levels and an abnormal ECT; (iv) a mean loss of 5,9 kg over 8,6 months for the 80 patients (mean loss of 10,4 kg by the 8 men); (v) patients who had been fat in childhood actually lost more weight than did those who became overweight only in adult life; and (vi) oral hypoglycaemic drugs and even insulin could frequently be discontinued. We believe the clinic is worthwhile.", "PMID": 1179233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6942", "title": "Somatostatin and serum gastrin in normal subjects and in patients with pernicious anaemia, chronic liver and renal disease.", "content": "The effects of somatostatin (growth hormone release inhibiting hormone) on basal gastrin were studied in patients suffering from pernicious anaemia and chronic renal and liver disease, and during sequential arginine/insulin-stimulated gastrin release in normal subjects. When basal gastrin concentrations were normal (10-50 pg/ml) in controls and in patients who were in renal and liver failure, somatostatin had no effect on gastrin levels. Raised basal gastrin levels in pernicious anaemia and in 2 cases of chronic renal disease, were significantly inhibited by somatostatin with a half-life (T 1/2) of 3-4 minutes. Arginine infusion caused an insignificant rise in serum gastrin which was unaffected by somatostatin, whereas insulin hypoglycaemia significantly stimulated gastrin release, which was inhibited by somatostatin.", "contents": "Somatostatin and serum gastrin in normal subjects and in patients with pernicious anaemia, chronic liver and renal disease. The effects of somatostatin (growth hormone release inhibiting hormone) on basal gastrin were studied in patients suffering from pernicious anaemia and chronic renal and liver disease, and during sequential arginine/insulin-stimulated gastrin release in normal subjects. When basal gastrin concentrations were normal (10-50 pg/ml) in controls and in patients who were in renal and liver failure, somatostatin had no effect on gastrin levels. Raised basal gastrin levels in pernicious anaemia and in 2 cases of chronic renal disease, were significantly inhibited by somatostatin with a half-life (T 1/2) of 3-4 minutes. Arginine infusion caused an insignificant rise in serum gastrin which was unaffected by somatostatin, whereas insulin hypoglycaemia significantly stimulated gastrin release, which was inhibited by somatostatin.", "PMID": 1179234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6943", "title": "Unilateral pulmonary oedema after drainage of a spontaneous pneumothorax. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "This is the ninth recorded case of the rare complication of unilateral pulmonary oedema following drainage of a pneumothorax. The complication should be anticipated if the pneumothorax has been present for longer than 3 days, or if coughing and shock develop after insertion of the drain. Radiological confirmation and prompt treatment are necessary. The literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Unilateral pulmonary oedema after drainage of a spontaneous pneumothorax. Case report and review of the literature. This is the ninth recorded case of the rare complication of unilateral pulmonary oedema following drainage of a pneumothorax. The complication should be anticipated if the pneumothorax has been present for longer than 3 days, or if coughing and shock develop after insertion of the drain. Radiological confirmation and prompt treatment are necessary. The literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 1179235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6944", "title": "Problems relating to the discharge of elderly patients from hospital.", "content": "A significant number of White patients over the age of 65 years, admitted to the medical wards of Grey's Hospital, cannot be discharged after treatment. This is a serious problem because they occupy beds needed for patients who are acutely ill. The objective of this study was to determine the reasons for this state of affairs.", "contents": "Problems relating to the discharge of elderly patients from hospital. A significant number of White patients over the age of 65 years, admitted to the medical wards of Grey's Hospital, cannot be discharged after treatment. This is a serious problem because they occupy beds needed for patients who are acutely ill. The objective of this study was to determine the reasons for this state of affairs.", "PMID": 1179236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6945", "title": "Prognostic factors in endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "An analysis of 78 patients with surgical stage 1 adenocarcinoma of the endometrium reveals that several factors influence the prognosis. Differentiation of the tumour, and the depth of the uterine cavity, play a role, but a depth of 10 cm seems to be of greater assistance in prognostication than one of 8 cm. The menopausal state is very important, since not one patient who was less than 5 years postmenopausal died from carcinoma, and the majority who developed metastases were between 5 and 10 years postmenopausal. Prognosis did seem to be dependent on age, since the group aged between 60 and 70 years had the worst prognosis. Crude survival figures are useless for determining prognostic factors, and an analysis of patients dying from carcinoma must be made. That definite factors besides the method of treatment affect the survival of patients, makes it virtually impossible to make an accurate comparison of survival figures in different series.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in endometrial carcinoma. An analysis of 78 patients with surgical stage 1 adenocarcinoma of the endometrium reveals that several factors influence the prognosis. Differentiation of the tumour, and the depth of the uterine cavity, play a role, but a depth of 10 cm seems to be of greater assistance in prognostication than one of 8 cm. The menopausal state is very important, since not one patient who was less than 5 years postmenopausal died from carcinoma, and the majority who developed metastases were between 5 and 10 years postmenopausal. Prognosis did seem to be dependent on age, since the group aged between 60 and 70 years had the worst prognosis. Crude survival figures are useless for determining prognostic factors, and an analysis of patients dying from carcinoma must be made. That definite factors besides the method of treatment affect the survival of patients, makes it virtually impossible to make an accurate comparison of survival figures in different series.", "PMID": 1179240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6946", "title": "Metastatic carcinoid presenting as a spinal tumor.", "content": "A case of carcinoid tumor metastatic to the thoracic spine with associated myelopathy is described. Multiple posterior explorations were singularly unsuccessful in locating and indentifying the metastasis, but an anterior transthoracic exposure allowed identification of the tumor, removal of the osteoblastic epidural mass, and fusion of the spine with a rib graft. The patient's myelopathy improved steadily following surgery without evidence of tumor recurrence or regression of neurologic status. The reasons for the relative absence of central nervous system carcinoid metastases are not known.", "contents": "Metastatic carcinoid presenting as a spinal tumor. A case of carcinoid tumor metastatic to the thoracic spine with associated myelopathy is described. Multiple posterior explorations were singularly unsuccessful in locating and indentifying the metastasis, but an anterior transthoracic exposure allowed identification of the tumor, removal of the osteoblastic epidural mass, and fusion of the spine with a rib graft. The patient's myelopathy improved steadily following surgery without evidence of tumor recurrence or regression of neurologic status. The reasons for the relative absence of central nervous system carcinoid metastases are not known.", "PMID": 1179246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6947", "title": "Continuous measurement of intracranial pressure with SFT: clinical experiences.", "content": "In 29 consecutive patients, the epidural intracranial pressure (EDP) was continuously measured with a semiconductor strain film transducer, and with a telemetric monitoring system in two patients. Factors affecting the EDP during pre-, intra- and postoperative periods were analyzed and their significance in clinical practice stressed.", "contents": "Continuous measurement of intracranial pressure with SFT: clinical experiences. In 29 consecutive patients, the epidural intracranial pressure (EDP) was continuously measured with a semiconductor strain film transducer, and with a telemetric monitoring system in two patients. Factors affecting the EDP during pre-, intra- and postoperative periods were analyzed and their significance in clinical practice stressed.", "PMID": 1179247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6948", "title": "Pulmonary edema and the central nervous system: a clinico-pathological study.", "content": "Pulmonary edema is reported in central nervous system disorders, especially trauma. With head injury, a common associated factor is said to be raised intracranial pressure. Among more than 2,100 patients with serious head injuries and 132 serious cervical spinal cord and/or cervical spinal column injuries, only two clear examples of pulmonary edema that might be considered related solely to such injury were found. Another group of patients with non-traumatic central nervous system disorders in whom pulmonary edema developed was also analyzed. In any case, conclusive pathophysiologic explanations for its production are difficult to find. We believe pulmonary edema occurs only rarely in patients with lesions of the central nervous system whether of traumatic or non-traumatic nature and that the mechanism of its production is not clear.", "contents": "Pulmonary edema and the central nervous system: a clinico-pathological study. Pulmonary edema is reported in central nervous system disorders, especially trauma. With head injury, a common associated factor is said to be raised intracranial pressure. Among more than 2,100 patients with serious head injuries and 132 serious cervical spinal cord and/or cervical spinal column injuries, only two clear examples of pulmonary edema that might be considered related solely to such injury were found. Another group of patients with non-traumatic central nervous system disorders in whom pulmonary edema developed was also analyzed. In any case, conclusive pathophysiologic explanations for its production are difficult to find. We believe pulmonary edema occurs only rarely in patients with lesions of the central nervous system whether of traumatic or non-traumatic nature and that the mechanism of its production is not clear.", "PMID": 1179248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6949", "title": "Vertebral arteriography and microsurgery in the management of dumbbell cervical neurinomas.", "content": "Preoperative vertebral angiography is advised when the vertebral artery may be compromised by a large cervical neurinoma. The surgical removal of this type of tumor, particularly when its foraminal extension involves the vertebral artery, is facilitated by the use of the operating microscope.", "contents": "Vertebral arteriography and microsurgery in the management of dumbbell cervical neurinomas. Preoperative vertebral angiography is advised when the vertebral artery may be compromised by a large cervical neurinoma. The surgical removal of this type of tumor, particularly when its foraminal extension involves the vertebral artery, is facilitated by the use of the operating microscope.", "PMID": 1179249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6950", "title": "Closed head injury complicated by nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma.", "content": "A case of nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma occurring in a patient with closed head injury and basilar skull fracture is reported. The metabolic abnormality masqueraded as a progression of central transtentorial herniation due to cerebral edema. It is suggested that the development of this complication is related to various predisposing factors normally employed in cases of critically ill, neurologically compromised patients. The anatomic lesions found at autopsy were considered inappropriate as a cause of death; the occurrence of central transtentorial herniation three days before death had been reversed. An awareness of this syndrome is emphasized in considering patients receiving steroids, mannitol, tube feedings, Dilantin, and dehydrative measures as part of their care.", "contents": "Closed head injury complicated by nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma. A case of nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma occurring in a patient with closed head injury and basilar skull fracture is reported. The metabolic abnormality masqueraded as a progression of central transtentorial herniation due to cerebral edema. It is suggested that the development of this complication is related to various predisposing factors normally employed in cases of critically ill, neurologically compromised patients. The anatomic lesions found at autopsy were considered inappropriate as a cause of death; the occurrence of central transtentorial herniation three days before death had been reversed. An awareness of this syndrome is emphasized in considering patients receiving steroids, mannitol, tube feedings, Dilantin, and dehydrative measures as part of their care.", "PMID": 1179250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6951", "title": "Chronic inflammatory lesions of the sphenoid sinus.", "content": "A case of chronic inflammation of the sphenoidal sinus is presented. The intermittent and relapsing nature of the condition is emphasized. Its association with hypopituitarism is distinctly uncommon. The surgical management of the case is discussed.", "contents": "Chronic inflammatory lesions of the sphenoid sinus. A case of chronic inflammation of the sphenoidal sinus is presented. The intermittent and relapsing nature of the condition is emphasized. Its association with hypopituitarism is distinctly uncommon. The surgical management of the case is discussed.", "PMID": 1179251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6952", "title": "Tuberculous epidural granuloma simulating a herniated lumbar disc.", "content": "A case of tuberculous epidural granuloma producing L5 root compression in a 37-year-old Negro male is presented. Excision of the granuloma and the administration of anti-tuberculous therapy was followed by complete recovery. Tuberculous epidural granuloma simulating a radicular syndrome is rarely seen. A search of the literature revealed only five previously reported cases.", "contents": "Tuberculous epidural granuloma simulating a herniated lumbar disc. A case of tuberculous epidural granuloma producing L5 root compression in a 37-year-old Negro male is presented. Excision of the granuloma and the administration of anti-tuberculous therapy was followed by complete recovery. Tuberculous epidural granuloma simulating a radicular syndrome is rarely seen. A search of the literature revealed only five previously reported cases.", "PMID": 1179252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6953", "title": "A new method for ventriculocentesis.", "content": "A new, safe, simple technique for percutaneous ventriculocentesis has been devised and used in 15 consecutive patients with excellent results and no complications. This method allows rapid access to the ventricular system for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.", "contents": "A new method for ventriculocentesis. A new, safe, simple technique for percutaneous ventriculocentesis has been devised and used in 15 consecutive patients with excellent results and no complications. This method allows rapid access to the ventricular system for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.", "PMID": 1179254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6954", "title": "The Moyamoya syndrome and the neurosurgeon.", "content": "Three cases (two children, one adult) presenting the angiographic features of the Moyamoya syndrome are reported, and the variety of the arterial collateral system is described. If there is a progressive neurological deterioration as a consequence of an inadequate collateral circulation, the creation of a new collateral vascular channel by way of anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery and a branch of the middle cerebral artery is proposed.", "contents": "The Moyamoya syndrome and the neurosurgeon. Three cases (two children, one adult) presenting the angiographic features of the Moyamoya syndrome are reported, and the variety of the arterial collateral system is described. If there is a progressive neurological deterioration as a consequence of an inadequate collateral circulation, the creation of a new collateral vascular channel by way of anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery and a branch of the middle cerebral artery is proposed.", "PMID": 1179255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6955", "title": "Arterial and respiratory influences on intracranial pressure in infancy.", "content": "Ventricular and subdural pressures have been monitored in 23 infants. Pressure waves which were influenced by respiratory and cardiac activity were noted. These were rather long lasting and were influenced more by respiration than by cardiac activity, when the intracranial pressure is low. Respiration and arterial pressure have similar effects when the intracranial pressure is normal, but when the intracanial pressure is increased the effects of respiratory activity are diminished.", "contents": "Arterial and respiratory influences on intracranial pressure in infancy. Ventricular and subdural pressures have been monitored in 23 infants. Pressure waves which were influenced by respiratory and cardiac activity were noted. These were rather long lasting and were influenced more by respiration than by cardiac activity, when the intracranial pressure is low. Respiration and arterial pressure have similar effects when the intracranial pressure is normal, but when the intracanial pressure is increased the effects of respiratory activity are diminished.", "PMID": 1179256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6956", "title": "A giant schwannoma of cauda equina.", "content": "A case of giant schwannoma occurring in a woman 23 years of age with deformity of the foot developing at the age of five years is reported. The gross radiological changes of increased interpedicular distance and erosion of the posterior surface of the vertebra suggested the massive size of the tumour (6'' x 21/2'' x 11/2''). Successful surgical excision of such a large size schwannoma has not been reported previously.", "contents": "A giant schwannoma of cauda equina. A case of giant schwannoma occurring in a woman 23 years of age with deformity of the foot developing at the age of five years is reported. The gross radiological changes of increased interpedicular distance and erosion of the posterior surface of the vertebra suggested the massive size of the tumour (6'' x 21/2'' x 11/2''). Successful surgical excision of such a large size schwannoma has not been reported previously.", "PMID": 1179257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6957", "title": "Hemifacial spasm: ultrastructural changes in the facial nerve induced by neurovascular compression.", "content": "In patients with hemifacial spasm, pathological changes were found in the facial nerve resulting from neurovascular compression-distortion. These changes are simular to those noted in trigeminal neuralgia.", "contents": "Hemifacial spasm: ultrastructural changes in the facial nerve induced by neurovascular compression. In patients with hemifacial spasm, pathological changes were found in the facial nerve resulting from neurovascular compression-distortion. These changes are simular to those noted in trigeminal neuralgia.", "PMID": 1179258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6958", "title": "Unilateral acoustic neuroma and cerebellopontine angle lesions in children.", "content": "A case of unilateral acoustic neuroma in a girl of ten years without any stigmata or family history of von Recklinghausen's disease is presented. Despite the relatively large size of the tumor, a complete removal was achieved with preservation of function of the facial nerve and a fortuitous preservation of useful hearing. Such tumors are rare in childhood. A brief differential diagnosis of other lesions in the cerebelloponitine angle is mentioned along with a pertinent review of literature.", "contents": "Unilateral acoustic neuroma and cerebellopontine angle lesions in children. A case of unilateral acoustic neuroma in a girl of ten years without any stigmata or family history of von Recklinghausen's disease is presented. Despite the relatively large size of the tumor, a complete removal was achieved with preservation of function of the facial nerve and a fortuitous preservation of useful hearing. Such tumors are rare in childhood. A brief differential diagnosis of other lesions in the cerebelloponitine angle is mentioned along with a pertinent review of literature.", "PMID": 1179259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6959", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the brain. III. The neural damage model.", "content": "A major concern in the use of neural prostheses is whether electrical stimualtion can cause irreversible damage to neurons. The Neural Damage Model was devised to study the problem and to provide guidlines. The cerebral cortex of cats was stimulated continuously for 36 hours with balanced, biphasic waveforms. The charge per phase, charge density and current density were varied in 16 separate tests. Of these stimulus parameters the charge per phase was more closely correlatable with neuronal damage than charge density and current density. Furthermore, the findings in this study suggest that current flow is more important than electrochemical reactions in causing neural damage. Correlation between blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and neuronal damage was valid only in the group of animals sacrificed immediately following stimulation. The BBB is restored within one month following electrical injury. Convulsive seizures occurred in all but one of the animals during electrical stimulation. A technique for localizing the electrode sites at autopsy and in the microscopic sections is described.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of the brain. III. The neural damage model. A major concern in the use of neural prostheses is whether electrical stimualtion can cause irreversible damage to neurons. The Neural Damage Model was devised to study the problem and to provide guidlines. The cerebral cortex of cats was stimulated continuously for 36 hours with balanced, biphasic waveforms. The charge per phase, charge density and current density were varied in 16 separate tests. Of these stimulus parameters the charge per phase was more closely correlatable with neuronal damage than charge density and current density. Furthermore, the findings in this study suggest that current flow is more important than electrochemical reactions in causing neural damage. Correlation between blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and neuronal damage was valid only in the group of animals sacrificed immediately following stimulation. The BBB is restored within one month following electrical injury. Convulsive seizures occurred in all but one of the animals during electrical stimulation. A technique for localizing the electrode sites at autopsy and in the microscopic sections is described.", "PMID": 1179261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6960", "title": "Diagnosis and management of alveolar proteinosis: the r\u00f4le of electron microscopy.", "content": "The diagnosis and management of three cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis are described. The electron microscopic appearances of lung biopsy material, lung washings, and sputum and the value of this method of sputum examination in extremely ill patients are demonstrated. The practical details of controlled volume bronchial lavage are described and the good clinical and physiological response of patients reported. The findings have been compared with those of experimental pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, and the pathogenesis of the condition is discussed.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of alveolar proteinosis: the r\u00f4le of electron microscopy. The diagnosis and management of three cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis are described. The electron microscopic appearances of lung biopsy material, lung washings, and sputum and the value of this method of sputum examination in extremely ill patients are demonstrated. The practical details of controlled volume bronchial lavage are described and the good clinical and physiological response of patients reported. The findings have been compared with those of experimental pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, and the pathogenesis of the condition is discussed.", "PMID": 1179307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6961", "title": "Use of carboxyhaemoglobin levels to predict the development of diseases associated with cigarette smoking.", "content": "Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels in tobacco smokers vary throughout the day since they are affected by the pattern of tobacco consumption and the rate at which COHb is eliminated. A method is described whereby a single COHb measurement together with a recent smoking history may be used to estimate the average COHb \"boost\" produced by each cigarette, the total daily carbon monoxide (CO) uptake from smoking, and the mean COHb level throughout the day. These three indices of tobacco smoke absorption were estimated in nine healthy cigarette smokers on different days, each set of three estimations being derived from separate COHb determinations. The indices were reasonably reproducible within the same person, and the differences between people were statistically highly significant (P less than 0-001). For example, the estimates of mean daily COHb level resulting from smoking ranged from 0-7% to 9-3% in smokers who smoked 15 to 40 cigarettes a day. These differences are sufficiently large to distinguish possible differences in the risk of developing diseases such as ischaemic heart disease which may result from the inhalation and absorption of tobacco smoke. The suggested indices also depend less on the time of the blood test and on the daily pattern of smoking than a COHb level alone. The ratio of the COHb boost to the CO yield of a cigarrette may reflect depth of inhalation more accurately than a smoker's self-assessment. Moreover there was little correlation between these two measures of inhalation in the nine subjects studied.", "contents": "Use of carboxyhaemoglobin levels to predict the development of diseases associated with cigarette smoking. Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels in tobacco smokers vary throughout the day since they are affected by the pattern of tobacco consumption and the rate at which COHb is eliminated. A method is described whereby a single COHb measurement together with a recent smoking history may be used to estimate the average COHb \"boost\" produced by each cigarette, the total daily carbon monoxide (CO) uptake from smoking, and the mean COHb level throughout the day. These three indices of tobacco smoke absorption were estimated in nine healthy cigarette smokers on different days, each set of three estimations being derived from separate COHb determinations. The indices were reasonably reproducible within the same person, and the differences between people were statistically highly significant (P less than 0-001). For example, the estimates of mean daily COHb level resulting from smoking ranged from 0-7% to 9-3% in smokers who smoked 15 to 40 cigarettes a day. These differences are sufficiently large to distinguish possible differences in the risk of developing diseases such as ischaemic heart disease which may result from the inhalation and absorption of tobacco smoke. The suggested indices also depend less on the time of the blood test and on the daily pattern of smoking than a COHb level alone. The ratio of the COHb boost to the CO yield of a cigarrette may reflect depth of inhalation more accurately than a smoker's self-assessment. Moreover there was little correlation between these two measures of inhalation in the nine subjects studied.", "PMID": 1179308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6962", "title": "Mediastinoscopy in the surgical management of lung carcinoma.", "content": "Up to December 1973, we had performed 100 mediastinoscopies for lung carcinoma. Fifty-two were positive and 48 negative. In 80 cases there was clinical or radiological suspicion of mediastinal invasion. With radiological evidence of mediastinal node involvement exploration was positive in 32 out of 35 cases, when chest radiography findings were equivocal in 19 out of 45, and when radiology of the mediastinum was normal in only one of 20 cases. Mediastinoscopy was more frequently positive when the carcinoma was oat-cell or anaplastic. Of 48 patients with negative biopsies, 41 were explored. In 26 the carcinoma extended beyond the lung. In 1973 we circularized 83 thoracic surgeons concerning (1) the use of mediastinoscopy for patients with lung carcinoma assessed for surgery, (2) the significance of mediastinal node involvement, (3) the results of radiotherapy alone in patients rejected for surgery, and (4) the survival rate in patients with positive mediastinal nodes treated with surgery alone or together with radiotherapy. The replies to the questionnaire are summarized. The authors emphasize the usefulness of mediastinoscopy but state that care must be taken when deciding to withhold operation for a possible cure.", "contents": "Mediastinoscopy in the surgical management of lung carcinoma. Up to December 1973, we had performed 100 mediastinoscopies for lung carcinoma. Fifty-two were positive and 48 negative. In 80 cases there was clinical or radiological suspicion of mediastinal invasion. With radiological evidence of mediastinal node involvement exploration was positive in 32 out of 35 cases, when chest radiography findings were equivocal in 19 out of 45, and when radiology of the mediastinum was normal in only one of 20 cases. Mediastinoscopy was more frequently positive when the carcinoma was oat-cell or anaplastic. Of 48 patients with negative biopsies, 41 were explored. In 26 the carcinoma extended beyond the lung. In 1973 we circularized 83 thoracic surgeons concerning (1) the use of mediastinoscopy for patients with lung carcinoma assessed for surgery, (2) the significance of mediastinal node involvement, (3) the results of radiotherapy alone in patients rejected for surgery, and (4) the survival rate in patients with positive mediastinal nodes treated with surgery alone or together with radiotherapy. The replies to the questionnaire are summarized. The authors emphasize the usefulness of mediastinoscopy but state that care must be taken when deciding to withhold operation for a possible cure.", "PMID": 1179309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6963", "title": "Local ablative procedures designed to destroy squamous-cell carcinoma.", "content": "In a series of experiments in dogs, the bronchial mucosa was either excised or destroyed prior to closure of a bronchial stump following a lobectomy or the reanastomosis of a divided bronchus. The experiments were designed to simulate the clinical situation in which focal areas of squamous-cell carcinoma in situ in the bronchial margin would be managed by local ablation of the mucosa rather than by excision of additional bronchus. The experiments demonstrated that the bronchial mucosa is not necessary for bronchial healing. They also demonstrated that functionally and morphologically normal bronchial epithelium regenerates across the denuded bronchus. The source of this regenerated epithelium appears to be the submucosal glands which remain in the bronchial wall after a variety of local ablative procedures. Since our clinical experience has demonstrated that these submucosal glands frequently contain small foci of squamous-cell carcinoma in situ, we have concluded that either excision or thermal destruction of the bronchial mucosa has very limited clinical application and should be considered only in patients who cannot tolerate excision of more than one lobe of the lung.", "contents": "Local ablative procedures designed to destroy squamous-cell carcinoma. In a series of experiments in dogs, the bronchial mucosa was either excised or destroyed prior to closure of a bronchial stump following a lobectomy or the reanastomosis of a divided bronchus. The experiments were designed to simulate the clinical situation in which focal areas of squamous-cell carcinoma in situ in the bronchial margin would be managed by local ablation of the mucosa rather than by excision of additional bronchus. The experiments demonstrated that the bronchial mucosa is not necessary for bronchial healing. They also demonstrated that functionally and morphologically normal bronchial epithelium regenerates across the denuded bronchus. The source of this regenerated epithelium appears to be the submucosal glands which remain in the bronchial wall after a variety of local ablative procedures. Since our clinical experience has demonstrated that these submucosal glands frequently contain small foci of squamous-cell carcinoma in situ, we have concluded that either excision or thermal destruction of the bronchial mucosa has very limited clinical application and should be considered only in patients who cannot tolerate excision of more than one lobe of the lung.", "PMID": 1179310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6964", "title": "Tricuspid valve replacement: a five-year appraisal.", "content": "Organic disease of the tricuspid valve required surgery in 18% of all patients undergoing valve replacement over a five-year period. Differentiation of organic from functional disease is difficult and may be made only at open-heart surgery. The results of a series of 56 patients who underwent tricuspid valve replacement are presented; of these, 53 had organic disease. Operative mortality at the end of five years had fallen to 7% with significant clinical improvement in 79% of patients, a reduction in cardiothoracic ratio in 81%, and a low incidence of postoperative tricuspid incompetence.", "contents": "Tricuspid valve replacement: a five-year appraisal. Organic disease of the tricuspid valve required surgery in 18% of all patients undergoing valve replacement over a five-year period. Differentiation of organic from functional disease is difficult and may be made only at open-heart surgery. The results of a series of 56 patients who underwent tricuspid valve replacement are presented; of these, 53 had organic disease. Operative mortality at the end of five years had fallen to 7% with significant clinical improvement in 79% of patients, a reduction in cardiothoracic ratio in 81%, and a low incidence of postoperative tricuspid incompetence.", "PMID": 1179312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6965", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves of the rhesus monkey bronchial tree.", "content": "The rhesus monkey lung was stained both by histological methods and histochemically for specific acetylcholinesterase (AChE). AChE-containing nerves in bundles were demonstrated in connective tissue of the hilum and in association with clusters of ganglion cells. These bundles become associated with the bronchial tree as they enter the lung parenchyma, and their numbers of myelinated fibres diminish as they pass scattered ganglion cells along the bronchial system. Extrachondral and subchondral plexuses of nerves were found to be interconnected and to contribute to the perimuscular varicose nerve plexus of the bronchi and bronchioles. These nerve plexuses were found to extend as far as the respiratory bronchioles. In the bronchial submucosa there are AChE-positive nerve plexuses which arise from three sources: (1) the adventitial plexus in bronchioles, or the subchondral plexus in bronchi, (2) the perimuscular nerve plexus, and (3) AChe-containing nerves associated with the bronchial artery. The submucosal plexus appears to innervate the acinar submucosal glands in bronchi as well as continuing as central nerves in the mucosal folds. In the bronchioles the nerves in the mucosal fold are in close relationship with the mucosa.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves of the rhesus monkey bronchial tree. The rhesus monkey lung was stained both by histological methods and histochemically for specific acetylcholinesterase (AChE). AChE-containing nerves in bundles were demonstrated in connective tissue of the hilum and in association with clusters of ganglion cells. These bundles become associated with the bronchial tree as they enter the lung parenchyma, and their numbers of myelinated fibres diminish as they pass scattered ganglion cells along the bronchial system. Extrachondral and subchondral plexuses of nerves were found to be interconnected and to contribute to the perimuscular varicose nerve plexus of the bronchi and bronchioles. These nerve plexuses were found to extend as far as the respiratory bronchioles. In the bronchial submucosa there are AChE-positive nerve plexuses which arise from three sources: (1) the adventitial plexus in bronchioles, or the subchondral plexus in bronchi, (2) the perimuscular nerve plexus, and (3) AChe-containing nerves associated with the bronchial artery. The submucosal plexus appears to innervate the acinar submucosal glands in bronchi as well as continuing as central nerves in the mucosal folds. In the bronchioles the nerves in the mucosal fold are in close relationship with the mucosa.", "PMID": 1179313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6966", "title": "Epithelial surfaces of the trachea and principal bronchi in the rat.", "content": "The epithelial surfaces in the trachea and principal bronchi of healthy rats were examined by scanning electron microscopy. A system of four cell types, ciliated, microvillous, brush, and goblet cells, in this order of frequency, were found and intermediate type cells were not seen. An extensive area of the surface examined was covered by densely ciliated epithelium. The presence of other cell types beneath the cilia was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Areas up to 1 mm in diameter and randomly distributed were observed where microvillous cells predominated and only occasional ciliated cells were found. Most ciliated cells in these areas were adjacent to glandular openings or goblet cells. The larger microvilli of the brush cells were arranged in a coronal configuration elucidated by the scanning electron microscope. Preparatory techniques recently introduced for the examination of soft tissue in the scanning electron microscope facilitated the confirmation of cell types present and the microarchitecture of the epithelial surface.", "contents": "Epithelial surfaces of the trachea and principal bronchi in the rat. The epithelial surfaces in the trachea and principal bronchi of healthy rats were examined by scanning electron microscopy. A system of four cell types, ciliated, microvillous, brush, and goblet cells, in this order of frequency, were found and intermediate type cells were not seen. An extensive area of the surface examined was covered by densely ciliated epithelium. The presence of other cell types beneath the cilia was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Areas up to 1 mm in diameter and randomly distributed were observed where microvillous cells predominated and only occasional ciliated cells were found. Most ciliated cells in these areas were adjacent to glandular openings or goblet cells. The larger microvilli of the brush cells were arranged in a coronal configuration elucidated by the scanning electron microscope. Preparatory techniques recently introduced for the examination of soft tissue in the scanning electron microscope facilitated the confirmation of cell types present and the microarchitecture of the epithelial surface.", "PMID": 1179314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6967", "title": "Multiple nodular pulmonary amyloidosis. A case report and comparison with diffuse alveolar-septal pulmonary amyloidosis.", "content": "A case of multiple nodular pulmonary amyloidosis in a 54-year-old Caucasian man is presented. Discrete symptomless radiodensities had developed in this patient's lungs within a period of three years, leading to a suspicion of a neoplastic process. The amyloid nature of these nodules was demonstrated by biopsy. In this case, as in others previously reported, there was no evidence of systemic disease, and immunoglobulins were normal. Local factors probably play an important part in the pathogenesis of this disease. This entity is to be distinguished from the diffuse type of pulmonary amyloidosis, which has a far graver prognosis. Diffuse alveolar septal amyloidosis is usually associated with primary systemic amyloidosis or multiple myeloma and leads rapidly to respiratory distress.", "contents": "Multiple nodular pulmonary amyloidosis. A case report and comparison with diffuse alveolar-septal pulmonary amyloidosis. A case of multiple nodular pulmonary amyloidosis in a 54-year-old Caucasian man is presented. Discrete symptomless radiodensities had developed in this patient's lungs within a period of three years, leading to a suspicion of a neoplastic process. The amyloid nature of these nodules was demonstrated by biopsy. In this case, as in others previously reported, there was no evidence of systemic disease, and immunoglobulins were normal. Local factors probably play an important part in the pathogenesis of this disease. This entity is to be distinguished from the diffuse type of pulmonary amyloidosis, which has a far graver prognosis. Diffuse alveolar septal amyloidosis is usually associated with primary systemic amyloidosis or multiple myeloma and leads rapidly to respiratory distress.", "PMID": 1179315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6968", "title": "Primary diffuse alveolar septal amyloidosis.", "content": "The case is reported of a 61-year-old man with primary diffuse alveolar septal pulmonary amyloidosis. Amyloid infiltration of the heart and other organs was also observed. The clinical findings and laboratory investigations reveal features characteristic of defective gas transfer with pulmonary oedema due to left ventricular failure from myocardial involvement.", "contents": "Primary diffuse alveolar septal amyloidosis. The case is reported of a 61-year-old man with primary diffuse alveolar septal pulmonary amyloidosis. Amyloid infiltration of the heart and other organs was also observed. The clinical findings and laboratory investigations reveal features characteristic of defective gas transfer with pulmonary oedema due to left ventricular failure from myocardial involvement.", "PMID": 1179316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6969", "title": "Farmer's lung in Devon.", "content": "Farmer's lung is a cause of disability to agricultural workers in Devon and there is no evidence that the incidence is falling. A survey of known cases was made to assess the degree of disability in relation to the clinical history, the presence of farmer's lung precipitins, tests of lung function, and radiographic changes. Information was obtained about 200 patients diagnosed between 1939 and 1971. A survey of 148 of these patients showed that the disease was most commonly diagnosed  in men aged 40 to 50 years and the most important symptom at diagnosis was dyspnoea related to occupational exposure to hay or grain. The onset was often insidious and only 67 patients (45%) were diagnosed during the first year of the disorder. Disability was severe in about one-third of the cases. The degree of disability did not seem to be related to the serological changes recorded either at diagnosis or at the time of our survey. Disability was commonly associated with restriction and reduced gas transfer factor and with airways obstruction in more severe cases. Many individuals reporting significant disability had only slightly abnormal ventilatory function tests at rest. Radiographic changes were found at survey in about one-third of the subjects reporting disability. Many farmers had not used an efficient mask. Treatment is unsatisfactory but steroid therapy is effective in acute episodes.", "contents": "Farmer's lung in Devon. Farmer's lung is a cause of disability to agricultural workers in Devon and there is no evidence that the incidence is falling. A survey of known cases was made to assess the degree of disability in relation to the clinical history, the presence of farmer's lung precipitins, tests of lung function, and radiographic changes. Information was obtained about 200 patients diagnosed between 1939 and 1971. A survey of 148 of these patients showed that the disease was most commonly diagnosed  in men aged 40 to 50 years and the most important symptom at diagnosis was dyspnoea related to occupational exposure to hay or grain. The onset was often insidious and only 67 patients (45%) were diagnosed during the first year of the disorder. Disability was severe in about one-third of the cases. The degree of disability did not seem to be related to the serological changes recorded either at diagnosis or at the time of our survey. Disability was commonly associated with restriction and reduced gas transfer factor and with airways obstruction in more severe cases. Many individuals reporting significant disability had only slightly abnormal ventilatory function tests at rest. Radiographic changes were found at survey in about one-third of the subjects reporting disability. Many farmers had not used an efficient mask. Treatment is unsatisfactory but steroid therapy is effective in acute episodes.", "PMID": 1179317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6970", "title": "Respiratory disease caused by synthetic fibres: a new occupational disease.", "content": "Seven patients exposed to the inhalation of synthetic fibres presented with various bronchopulmonary diseases, such as asthma, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, chronic bronchitis with bronchiectasis, spontaneous pneumothorax, and chronic pneumonia. The histological features are described and an attempt has been made to set up immunological techniques for the diagnosis. A series of histochemical techniques, based on textile chemistry, are proposed for the identification of the inclusions found in bronchopulmonary lesions. The results of the experimental production of the disease in guinea-pigs by the inhalation of synthetic fibre dusts are presented. The prognosis of these cases is good in the acute or recently established cases but is poor when widespread and irreversible fibrosis has set in. The authors consider that pulmonary disease due to inhaled particles is probably set off by an individual factor, possibly immunological.", "contents": "Respiratory disease caused by synthetic fibres: a new occupational disease. Seven patients exposed to the inhalation of synthetic fibres presented with various bronchopulmonary diseases, such as asthma, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, chronic bronchitis with bronchiectasis, spontaneous pneumothorax, and chronic pneumonia. The histological features are described and an attempt has been made to set up immunological techniques for the diagnosis. A series of histochemical techniques, based on textile chemistry, are proposed for the identification of the inclusions found in bronchopulmonary lesions. The results of the experimental production of the disease in guinea-pigs by the inhalation of synthetic fibre dusts are presented. The prognosis of these cases is good in the acute or recently established cases but is poor when widespread and irreversible fibrosis has set in. The authors consider that pulmonary disease due to inhaled particles is probably set off by an individual factor, possibly immunological.", "PMID": 1179318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6971", "title": "Comparison of peak flow gauge and peak flow meter.", "content": "A comparison has been made of the new peak flow gauge and the Wright peak flow meter. Close correlation was found between measurements made with the two instruments both in normal subjects and in patients. The peak flow gauge is as consistent as the peak flow meter but is cheaper and more portable. It should be useful in survey work in general practice and for loan from hospital outpatient departments where serial measurements are used to monitor patients' progress.", "contents": "Comparison of peak flow gauge and peak flow meter. A comparison has been made of the new peak flow gauge and the Wright peak flow meter. Close correlation was found between measurements made with the two instruments both in normal subjects and in patients. The peak flow gauge is as consistent as the peak flow meter but is cheaper and more portable. It should be useful in survey work in general practice and for loan from hospital outpatient departments where serial measurements are used to monitor patients' progress.", "PMID": 1179320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6972", "title": "Ability of single-breath nitrogen closing volume to detect early airway obstruction.", "content": "In order to determine the ability of single-breath nitrogen closing volume (CV) to detect early airway obstruction, the CV was measured in patients with either minimal obstruction of spirometry or with increased residual volume (RV). A total of 39 subjects was included in this study. The mean CV was largest in patients who had reduced maximum mid-expiratory flow rates (MMF). There was no difference in mean CV between smokers and the patients who had large RV but no airway obstruction, although both groups had higher mean CV than ex-smokers. Normal CV was seen in four of 11 patients who had reduced MMF and in four of seven who had large RV but no airway obstruction. All ex-smokers had normal CV while five of 12 smokers had adnormal CV. The results indicate that the closing volume should be used to complement spirometry, rather than to replace it, for screening of early airway obstruction.", "contents": "Ability of single-breath nitrogen closing volume to detect early airway obstruction. In order to determine the ability of single-breath nitrogen closing volume (CV) to detect early airway obstruction, the CV was measured in patients with either minimal obstruction of spirometry or with increased residual volume (RV). A total of 39 subjects was included in this study. The mean CV was largest in patients who had reduced maximum mid-expiratory flow rates (MMF). There was no difference in mean CV between smokers and the patients who had large RV but no airway obstruction, although both groups had higher mean CV than ex-smokers. Normal CV was seen in four of 11 patients who had reduced MMF and in four of seven who had large RV but no airway obstruction. All ex-smokers had normal CV while five of 12 smokers had adnormal CV. The results indicate that the closing volume should be used to complement spirometry, rather than to replace it, for screening of early airway obstruction.", "PMID": 1179319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6973", "title": "Electrical alternans in cardiac tamponade.", "content": "Of nine patients with pericardial effusion due to various causes, four developed cardiac tamponade. Electrical alternans was present in all four, being total in three and ventricular in one. The alternans corresponded very well with the clinical diagnosis of cardiac tamponade and the radiological signs of a large pericardial effusion. In two patients alternans was present even with heart rates below 100 per minute. Apart from the exact (1 : 1) type of electrical alternans, three new types are described, a 2 : 1, 3 : 1, and a varying type. It is concluded that (a) electrical alternans associated with pericardial effusion is strongly suggestive of impending or established cardiac tamponade, and (b) electrical alternans is produced when the heart is oscillating within the pericardial sac distended by fluid with a frequency equal to one-half (exact alternans), one-third (2 : 1 alternans), and one-quarter (3 : 1 alternans) of the heart rate. The aetiology and mechanism of electrical alternans are discussed.", "contents": "Electrical alternans in cardiac tamponade. Of nine patients with pericardial effusion due to various causes, four developed cardiac tamponade. Electrical alternans was present in all four, being total in three and ventricular in one. The alternans corresponded very well with the clinical diagnosis of cardiac tamponade and the radiological signs of a large pericardial effusion. In two patients alternans was present even with heart rates below 100 per minute. Apart from the exact (1 : 1) type of electrical alternans, three new types are described, a 2 : 1, 3 : 1, and a varying type. It is concluded that (a) electrical alternans associated with pericardial effusion is strongly suggestive of impending or established cardiac tamponade, and (b) electrical alternans is produced when the heart is oscillating within the pericardial sac distended by fluid with a frequency equal to one-half (exact alternans), one-third (2 : 1 alternans), and one-quarter (3 : 1 alternans) of the heart rate. The aetiology and mechanism of electrical alternans are discussed.", "PMID": 1179321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6974", "title": "Myocardial ultrastructural changes during extracorporeal circulation wtih anoxic cardiac arrest and its prevention by coronary perfusion. Experimental study.", "content": "This experimental work has been carried out with the aim of studying the ultrastructural myocardial changes caused by prolonged anoxic cardiac arrest during cardiopulmonary bypass, and their prevention by means of two different techniques of coronary perfusion--systemic-pressure continuous and low-pressure intermittent perfusion. After 30 minutes of cardiac anoxia, the ultrastructural changes of the myocardial cell were reverted to normal by coronary perfusion; when anoxic cardiac arrest was prolonged up to 60 minutes there was severe myocardial damage, with marked mitochondrial changes and dehiscence of intercalated discs, which persisted in spite of restoring coronary flow. These morphological data were in accordance with the fact that no dog which underwent anoxic cardiac arrest for 60 minutes recovered. Both intermittent and continuous coronary perfusion were effective in preventing anoxic damage; cardiac muscle cells were better preserved by low-pressure intermittent perfusion than by systemic-pressure continuous perfusion, which caused intracellular and intramitochondrial oedema.", "contents": "Myocardial ultrastructural changes during extracorporeal circulation wtih anoxic cardiac arrest and its prevention by coronary perfusion. Experimental study. This experimental work has been carried out with the aim of studying the ultrastructural myocardial changes caused by prolonged anoxic cardiac arrest during cardiopulmonary bypass, and their prevention by means of two different techniques of coronary perfusion--systemic-pressure continuous and low-pressure intermittent perfusion. After 30 minutes of cardiac anoxia, the ultrastructural changes of the myocardial cell were reverted to normal by coronary perfusion; when anoxic cardiac arrest was prolonged up to 60 minutes there was severe myocardial damage, with marked mitochondrial changes and dehiscence of intercalated discs, which persisted in spite of restoring coronary flow. These morphological data were in accordance with the fact that no dog which underwent anoxic cardiac arrest for 60 minutes recovered. Both intermittent and continuous coronary perfusion were effective in preventing anoxic damage; cardiac muscle cells were better preserved by low-pressure intermittent perfusion than by systemic-pressure continuous perfusion, which caused intracellular and intramitochondrial oedema.", "PMID": 1179322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6975", "title": "Silicosis among grindstone cutters in the north of Nigeria.", "content": "Many of the grindstones used in Nigerian homes are quarried from sandstone in a small group of villages near Kano in the extreme north of the country. Of an unselected group of 126 stonecutters from two of these villages 49 were found to have radiographic evidence of silicosis, with progressive massive fibrosis in 17. Those with silicosis had worked longer in the quarries than 77 whose radiographs showed no evidence of silicosis. Sixty-three per cent of the silicotics had respiratory symptoms, the commonest being breathlessness on moderate exertion. Cough was the earliest symptom in 42%. Only 35% had abnormal physical signs in the cardiorespiratory system, 18% had clearly reduced ventilatory capacity, and airways obstruction was evident in 16%. The prevalence of silicosis in these open-cast sandstone quarriers is unexpectedly high. This is probably explained by the intensity of exposure and the particular kind of sandstone being worked. Reduction of dust exposure in these quarries raises severe practical problems, but the inhabitants of this drought-ridden area can scarcely be expected to abandon their traditional livelihood.", "contents": "Silicosis among grindstone cutters in the north of Nigeria. Many of the grindstones used in Nigerian homes are quarried from sandstone in a small group of villages near Kano in the extreme north of the country. Of an unselected group of 126 stonecutters from two of these villages 49 were found to have radiographic evidence of silicosis, with progressive massive fibrosis in 17. Those with silicosis had worked longer in the quarries than 77 whose radiographs showed no evidence of silicosis. Sixty-three per cent of the silicotics had respiratory symptoms, the commonest being breathlessness on moderate exertion. Cough was the earliest symptom in 42%. Only 35% had abnormal physical signs in the cardiorespiratory system, 18% had clearly reduced ventilatory capacity, and airways obstruction was evident in 16%. The prevalence of silicosis in these open-cast sandstone quarriers is unexpectedly high. This is probably explained by the intensity of exposure and the particular kind of sandstone being worked. Reduction of dust exposure in these quarries raises severe practical problems, but the inhabitants of this drought-ridden area can scarcely be expected to abandon their traditional livelihood.", "PMID": 1179323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6976", "title": "Postmortem assessment of chronic airways obstruction by tantalum bronchography.", "content": "Tantalum bronchography was performed on 22 left lungs obtained at necropsy. Seven were from patients dying in cor pulmonale as a result of chronic airways obstruction and 15 were from unselected necropsies. Of the latter group, nine had no evidence of respiratory disease and six had pathological changes of emphysema and bronchial mucous gland enlargement when the lungs were examined following formalin fixation. A range of changes in the bronchographic appearances from the normal to the groosly abnormal is illustrated. The main changes in severely diseases lungs were: irregularity of the bronchial walls, failure of the walls to taper towards the periphery, areas of narrowing and dilatation, and 'pooling' of tantalum at the ends of airways. A count was made of the numbers of small airway branches in the most distal 4 cm of the lung and also of the number of airways of less than 1 mm in diameter. Patients dying in cor pulmonale had a significantly reduced total number of patent small airways in the area measured and also fewer patent airways of less than 1 mm diameter compared to both the other groups. Histological study of four of the lungs in greater detail revealed that the reduction in small airways filling was the result of a combination of obliteration and obstruction of the lumen by pus. Tantalum bronchography provides a good indication of the state of the bronchial tree at the time of death, and the changes seen are the result of both acute and chronic disease processes.", "contents": "Postmortem assessment of chronic airways obstruction by tantalum bronchography. Tantalum bronchography was performed on 22 left lungs obtained at necropsy. Seven were from patients dying in cor pulmonale as a result of chronic airways obstruction and 15 were from unselected necropsies. Of the latter group, nine had no evidence of respiratory disease and six had pathological changes of emphysema and bronchial mucous gland enlargement when the lungs were examined following formalin fixation. A range of changes in the bronchographic appearances from the normal to the groosly abnormal is illustrated. The main changes in severely diseases lungs were: irregularity of the bronchial walls, failure of the walls to taper towards the periphery, areas of narrowing and dilatation, and 'pooling' of tantalum at the ends of airways. A count was made of the numbers of small airway branches in the most distal 4 cm of the lung and also of the number of airways of less than 1 mm in diameter. Patients dying in cor pulmonale had a significantly reduced total number of patent small airways in the area measured and also fewer patent airways of less than 1 mm diameter compared to both the other groups. Histological study of four of the lungs in greater detail revealed that the reduction in small airways filling was the result of a combination of obliteration and obstruction of the lumen by pus. Tantalum bronchography provides a good indication of the state of the bronchial tree at the time of death, and the changes seen are the result of both acute and chronic disease processes.", "PMID": 1179324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6977", "title": "An analysis of the physiological strain of submaximal exercise in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis.", "content": "An increasing work rate was performed by 40 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis, split into two groups according to FEV1 (group M, mean FEV1 1-451. and group S, mean FEV1 0-621.), and by 20 normal, non-athletic men of similar age to the patients. Values for cardiac frequency and ventilation were interpolated to standard oxygen uptakes of 0-75, 1-0, and, where possible, 1-5 min-1. The tidal volume at a ventilation of 20 and 30 1 min-1 was also determined. The cardiac frequencies at oxygen uptake of 0-75 and 1-01 min-1 were significantly higher in the patient groups than in the normal men, and were highest in patient group S. The cardiac output when related to the oxygen uptake was in the normal range in all three groups of subjects, so that the patients had smaller stroke volumes than the normal men. Ventilation at oxygen uptakes of 0-75 and 1-01 min-1 was significantly higher in both patient groups than in the normal subjects; there were no significant differences between the two patient groups, Values for dead space/tidal volume ration, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, and the percent venous admixture measured during a constant work rate test were significantly greater than normal in the patient groups. Possible factors limiting exercise tolerance in these patients were assessed by extending the increasing work rate test from submaximum to maximum exercise. Changes in blood gas tensions and blood lactate concentrations from resting levels were small, and probably did not limit exercise performance. Measurements at maximum exercise did not add appreciably to the analysis of the disturbed cardiopulmonary function. This study has shown that major disturbances in cardiopulmonary function can be demonstrated without the need for stressing a patient to the limit of his effort tolerance.", "contents": "An analysis of the physiological strain of submaximal exercise in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis. An increasing work rate was performed by 40 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis, split into two groups according to FEV1 (group M, mean FEV1 1-451. and group S, mean FEV1 0-621.), and by 20 normal, non-athletic men of similar age to the patients. Values for cardiac frequency and ventilation were interpolated to standard oxygen uptakes of 0-75, 1-0, and, where possible, 1-5 min-1. The tidal volume at a ventilation of 20 and 30 1 min-1 was also determined. The cardiac frequencies at oxygen uptake of 0-75 and 1-01 min-1 were significantly higher in the patient groups than in the normal men, and were highest in patient group S. The cardiac output when related to the oxygen uptake was in the normal range in all three groups of subjects, so that the patients had smaller stroke volumes than the normal men. Ventilation at oxygen uptakes of 0-75 and 1-01 min-1 was significantly higher in both patient groups than in the normal subjects; there were no significant differences between the two patient groups, Values for dead space/tidal volume ration, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, and the percent venous admixture measured during a constant work rate test were significantly greater than normal in the patient groups. Possible factors limiting exercise tolerance in these patients were assessed by extending the increasing work rate test from submaximum to maximum exercise. Changes in blood gas tensions and blood lactate concentrations from resting levels were small, and probably did not limit exercise performance. Measurements at maximum exercise did not add appreciably to the analysis of the disturbed cardiopulmonary function. This study has shown that major disturbances in cardiopulmonary function can be demonstrated without the need for stressing a patient to the limit of his effort tolerance.", "PMID": 1179325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6978", "title": "Interaction of corticosteroids and catecholamines in the treatment of asthma.", "content": "Twelve patients with airways obstruction (due to asthma and/or chronic bronchitis) were given a trial of prednisone therapy to assess reversibility. Six asthmatic patients responded well but no predictive criteria were found. In three patients improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was detectable at 6 hours but not at 3 hours. One patient took 36 hours to show any sign of improvement. None of the patients who improved reached their peak FEV1 before six days treatment with prednisone, which suggests that a 'trial of steroids' should last for at least one week. Potentiation, as measured by either a greater peak rise or a more sustained increase in FEV1 after isoprenaline, was observed in five of the six asthmatic patients responding to steroids. It is concluded that potentiation of catecholmines is one of the mechanisms by which corticosteroids may act in asthma.", "contents": "Interaction of corticosteroids and catecholamines in the treatment of asthma. Twelve patients with airways obstruction (due to asthma and/or chronic bronchitis) were given a trial of prednisone therapy to assess reversibility. Six asthmatic patients responded well but no predictive criteria were found. In three patients improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was detectable at 6 hours but not at 3 hours. One patient took 36 hours to show any sign of improvement. None of the patients who improved reached their peak FEV1 before six days treatment with prednisone, which suggests that a 'trial of steroids' should last for at least one week. Potentiation, as measured by either a greater peak rise or a more sustained increase in FEV1 after isoprenaline, was observed in five of the six asthmatic patients responding to steroids. It is concluded that potentiation of catecholmines is one of the mechanisms by which corticosteroids may act in asthma.", "PMID": 1179326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6979", "title": "Nocturnal and morning asthma. Relationship to plasma corticosteroids and response to cortisol infusion.", "content": "Nocturnal and early morning breathlessness is a common and important symptom in asthmatic patients. Six patients in whom these symptoms were a major clinical problem have been studied by serial measurements of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and plasma corticosteroids over two 24-hour periods. Although PEFR and plasma corticosteroids are lowest during the night or early morning, preventing the nocturnal fall in plasma corticosteroids by cortisol infusion did not prevent the fall in PEFR in five out of the six patients. The circadian rhythm of corticosteroid secretion does not appear to be the main cause of nocturnal and early morning asthma.", "contents": "Nocturnal and morning asthma. Relationship to plasma corticosteroids and response to cortisol infusion. Nocturnal and early morning breathlessness is a common and important symptom in asthmatic patients. Six patients in whom these symptoms were a major clinical problem have been studied by serial measurements of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and plasma corticosteroids over two 24-hour periods. Although PEFR and plasma corticosteroids are lowest during the night or early morning, preventing the nocturnal fall in plasma corticosteroids by cortisol infusion did not prevent the fall in PEFR in five out of the six patients. The circadian rhythm of corticosteroid secretion does not appear to be the main cause of nocturnal and early morning asthma.", "PMID": 1179327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6980", "title": "Effect of fiberoptic bronchoscopy on respiratory performance in patients with chronic airways obstruction.", "content": "Lung volumes, airway resistance, expiratory flow rates, distribution of ventilation, and arterial blood gases were measured before and after fiberoptic bronchoscopy in 13 patients with moderately severe chronic airways obstruction and in 10 healthy non-smoking controls. Arterial blood gases were also monitored serially during the procedure. Arterial oxygen tension (Pao2) fell during fiberoptic bronchoscopy in both patients and controls whereas arterial carbon dioxide tension and pH remained unchanged. Control subjects had no change in lung mechanics after fiberoptic bronchoscopy. However, the patients consistently developed increased airway obstruction after fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Within 24 hours after bronchoscopy lung function in the patients returned to baseline values, except for the residual volume which remained abnormally high. The topical application of lignocaine (Lidocaine) for local anesthesia before fiberoptic bronchoscopy produced no effect on lung mechanics in nine patients and 10 controls, but Pao2 decreased in both the patient and control groups. These results indicate that fiberoptic bronchoscopy consistently inpairs lung mechanics and gas exchange in patients with chronic airways obstruction but that the impairment is mild and reversible. Lignocaine administration as well as the intubation procedure contribute to the fall in Pao2 which occurs both in the patients and in subjects without pre-existing lung disease.", "contents": "Effect of fiberoptic bronchoscopy on respiratory performance in patients with chronic airways obstruction. Lung volumes, airway resistance, expiratory flow rates, distribution of ventilation, and arterial blood gases were measured before and after fiberoptic bronchoscopy in 13 patients with moderately severe chronic airways obstruction and in 10 healthy non-smoking controls. Arterial blood gases were also monitored serially during the procedure. Arterial oxygen tension (Pao2) fell during fiberoptic bronchoscopy in both patients and controls whereas arterial carbon dioxide tension and pH remained unchanged. Control subjects had no change in lung mechanics after fiberoptic bronchoscopy. However, the patients consistently developed increased airway obstruction after fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Within 24 hours after bronchoscopy lung function in the patients returned to baseline values, except for the residual volume which remained abnormally high. The topical application of lignocaine (Lidocaine) for local anesthesia before fiberoptic bronchoscopy produced no effect on lung mechanics in nine patients and 10 controls, but Pao2 decreased in both the patient and control groups. These results indicate that fiberoptic bronchoscopy consistently inpairs lung mechanics and gas exchange in patients with chronic airways obstruction but that the impairment is mild and reversible. Lignocaine administration as well as the intubation procedure contribute to the fall in Pao2 which occurs both in the patients and in subjects without pre-existing lung disease.", "PMID": 1179328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6981", "title": "Intraoperative autologous blood transfusion: report of a technique.", "content": "Using a simple and relatively inexpensive technique, blood was salvaged during major thoracic and cardiovascular surgery in 34 cases. Detailed haematological, biochemical, and bacteriological studies were carried out, with red cell survival studies. It has been shown that cellular as well as non-cellular elements of the blood were well preserved with little or nor bacterial contamination. It has been suggested that this form of autologous blood is a more suitable form of blood replacement than donor blood.", "contents": "Intraoperative autologous blood transfusion: report of a technique. Using a simple and relatively inexpensive technique, blood was salvaged during major thoracic and cardiovascular surgery in 34 cases. Detailed haematological, biochemical, and bacteriological studies were carried out, with red cell survival studies. It has been shown that cellular as well as non-cellular elements of the blood were well preserved with little or nor bacterial contamination. It has been suggested that this form of autologous blood is a more suitable form of blood replacement than donor blood.", "PMID": 1179329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6982", "title": "Generalized pulmonary hyperinflation and Fallot's tetralogy in a neonate investigated by pulmonary physiological and radioisotopic methods.", "content": "An infant is described who presented a complex cardiopulmonary problem which was evaluated with the help of new physiological techniques. the infant was born at term after an emergency Caesarian section for fetal distress and was found to have meconium aspiration. He remained persistently tachypnoeic and hypoxic despite high ambient oxygen. Chest radiography suggested cystic lesions at the lung bases, and lung function tests confirmed hyperinflation with delayed nitrogen washout. In addition the child had signs of Fallot's tetralogy, and this diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization. Because of persistent hypoxia and tachypnoea disproportionate to the cardiac condition, the possibility of localized lung disease was considered. Regional lung function tests were carried out in the neonatal period and again at six months of age useing radioisotopic 13N given by both inhalation and injection. These studies showed gross ventilation/perfusion imbalance in the lungs, particularly marked at the bases, but with enough generalized abnormality to preclude the possibility of surgical intervention. The principles of the measurement of lung mechanics in the newborn by whole-body plethysmography, nitrogen washout, and regional radioisotopic spirometry are outlined. The particular value of these techniques in the evaluation of complex disorders is discussed, especially where both cardiac and pulmonary abnormalities are present.", "contents": "Generalized pulmonary hyperinflation and Fallot's tetralogy in a neonate investigated by pulmonary physiological and radioisotopic methods. An infant is described who presented a complex cardiopulmonary problem which was evaluated with the help of new physiological techniques. the infant was born at term after an emergency Caesarian section for fetal distress and was found to have meconium aspiration. He remained persistently tachypnoeic and hypoxic despite high ambient oxygen. Chest radiography suggested cystic lesions at the lung bases, and lung function tests confirmed hyperinflation with delayed nitrogen washout. In addition the child had signs of Fallot's tetralogy, and this diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization. Because of persistent hypoxia and tachypnoea disproportionate to the cardiac condition, the possibility of localized lung disease was considered. Regional lung function tests were carried out in the neonatal period and again at six months of age useing radioisotopic 13N given by both inhalation and injection. These studies showed gross ventilation/perfusion imbalance in the lungs, particularly marked at the bases, but with enough generalized abnormality to preclude the possibility of surgical intervention. The principles of the measurement of lung mechanics in the newborn by whole-body plethysmography, nitrogen washout, and regional radioisotopic spirometry are outlined. The particular value of these techniques in the evaluation of complex disorders is discussed, especially where both cardiac and pulmonary abnormalities are present.", "PMID": 1179330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6983", "title": "Dissolving foreign bodies in the trachea and bronchus.", "content": "Two young children inhaled sweets which dissolved in the tracheobronchial secretions and caused severe respiratory obstruction. The viscid fluid produced as the sweet dissolved was not expectorated and bronchoscopy was necessary. The oedema of the mucosa caused by the presence of a hyperosmolar sugar solution took up to 48 hours to resolve; antibiotics and steroid cover were considered necessary. The similarity of presentation with acute tracheobronchitis and the lack of reports in the literature suggest that such cases may be misdiagnosed.", "contents": "Dissolving foreign bodies in the trachea and bronchus. Two young children inhaled sweets which dissolved in the tracheobronchial secretions and caused severe respiratory obstruction. The viscid fluid produced as the sweet dissolved was not expectorated and bronchoscopy was necessary. The oedema of the mucosa caused by the presence of a hyperosmolar sugar solution took up to 48 hours to resolve; antibiotics and steroid cover were considered necessary. The similarity of presentation with acute tracheobronchitis and the lack of reports in the literature suggest that such cases may be misdiagnosed.", "PMID": 1179331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6984", "title": "Carcinoid heart disease: successful tricuspid valve replacement.", "content": "A woman aged 46 was found to have severe tricuspid valve disease 14 years after the diagnosis of a malignant carcinoid tumour of the ileum and 33 years after the onset of symptoms attributable to the disease. Increasing ascites requiring repeated paracentesis had not responded to chemotherapy including infusion of 5-fluorouracil and vincristine into the coeliac artery. The tricuspid valve was replaced by a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis. After operation there was no recurrence of ascites or oedema. She remains well one year and 11 months later. It is suggested that valve replacement surgery should be considered more often in patients with carcinoid heart disease. Hepatomegaly and ascites sould not be attributed too readily to advancing malignant disease without careful consideration of the role of right-sided valvar lesions in the production of these signs.", "contents": "Carcinoid heart disease: successful tricuspid valve replacement. A woman aged 46 was found to have severe tricuspid valve disease 14 years after the diagnosis of a malignant carcinoid tumour of the ileum and 33 years after the onset of symptoms attributable to the disease. Increasing ascites requiring repeated paracentesis had not responded to chemotherapy including infusion of 5-fluorouracil and vincristine into the coeliac artery. The tricuspid valve was replaced by a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis. After operation there was no recurrence of ascites or oedema. She remains well one year and 11 months later. It is suggested that valve replacement surgery should be considered more often in patients with carcinoid heart disease. Hepatomegaly and ascites sould not be attributed too readily to advancing malignant disease without careful consideration of the role of right-sided valvar lesions in the production of these signs.", "PMID": 1179332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6985", "title": "Carcinoid tumour of the thymus gland: report of a case.", "content": "CARCINOID OF THE THYMUS IS A RARE PROBLEM A case is reported to add to only 16 previously reported. None of these 17 patients had the carcinoid syndrome. Complete surgical excision, if possible, is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Carcinoid tumour of the thymus gland: report of a case. CARCINOID OF THE THYMUS IS A RARE PROBLEM A case is reported to add to only 16 previously reported. None of these 17 patients had the carcinoid syndrome. Complete surgical excision, if possible, is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 1179333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6986", "title": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the oesophagus.", "content": "A case of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the oesophagus occurring in a patient who had previously been treated for craniopharyngioma is presented. This is the thirteenth reported case of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the oesophagus and the first in association with craniopharyngioma. The previously described cases of oesophageal adenoid cystic carcinoma are critically reviewed, and it is suggested that this tumour is in general highly malignant and may not be so rare as is generally thought.", "contents": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the oesophagus. A case of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the oesophagus occurring in a patient who had previously been treated for craniopharyngioma is presented. This is the thirteenth reported case of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the oesophagus and the first in association with craniopharyngioma. The previously described cases of oesophageal adenoid cystic carcinoma are critically reviewed, and it is suggested that this tumour is in general highly malignant and may not be so rare as is generally thought.", "PMID": 1179334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6987", "title": "Supravalvar aortic stenosis syndrome with stenosis of all aortic arch branches.", "content": "A 9-year-old girl with the supravalvar aortic stenosis syndrome is presented. In addition to the classical features of the syndrome, namely supravalvar aortic stenosis, peripheral pulmonary stenosis, typical facies, and mental retardation, she was also found to have stenosis at the origin of all aortic arch main branches, a hitherto undescribed feature.", "contents": "Supravalvar aortic stenosis syndrome with stenosis of all aortic arch branches. A 9-year-old girl with the supravalvar aortic stenosis syndrome is presented. In addition to the classical features of the syndrome, namely supravalvar aortic stenosis, peripheral pulmonary stenosis, typical facies, and mental retardation, she was also found to have stenosis at the origin of all aortic arch main branches, a hitherto undescribed feature.", "PMID": 1179335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6988", "title": "Multifocal haemangiomatous malformation: a case report.", "content": "A rare case of haemangiomatous malformation affecting the mediastinum, spleen, kidney, and liver is described. The literature concerning mediastinal haemangiomas is discussed.", "contents": "Multifocal haemangiomatous malformation: a case report. A rare case of haemangiomatous malformation affecting the mediastinum, spleen, kidney, and liver is described. The literature concerning mediastinal haemangiomas is discussed.", "PMID": 1179336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6989", "title": "[Further studies on the effect of management and milk production on fertility in cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of first and second inseminations carried out by the associations of artificial insemination of Sijbekarspel and Stompetoren during the period from November 1971 to November 1972, were studied more closely. The reason for this study consisted in the fact that there were systematic differences in the results of 60-90 days non-return after first inseminations between the two associations. Although the size of the farms (determined by the number of first inseminations) actually had an effect on the results of the inseminations within the herds of the two associations, this cannot account for the difference between the two associations. The effect of the size of the farms, summarized in the concept of management, is also determined by the choice of bulls. The milk-production level did not have any overall direct effect on the results of insemination.", "contents": "[Further studies on the effect of management and milk production on fertility in cattle (author's transl)]. The results of first and second inseminations carried out by the associations of artificial insemination of Sijbekarspel and Stompetoren during the period from November 1971 to November 1972, were studied more closely. The reason for this study consisted in the fact that there were systematic differences in the results of 60-90 days non-return after first inseminations between the two associations. Although the size of the farms (determined by the number of first inseminations) actually had an effect on the results of the inseminations within the herds of the two associations, this cannot account for the difference between the two associations. The effect of the size of the farms, summarized in the concept of management, is also determined by the choice of bulls. The milk-production level did not have any overall direct effect on the results of insemination.", "PMID": 1179397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6990", "title": "[Studies on the fertility of a number of A.I. bulls in herds of various sizes (author's transl)].", "content": "The inseminations carried out with semen collected from eight bulls were counted and arranged according to the size of the herds in which these bulls were used. A study of the figures shows that the conception rate attained by each bull decreases as the size of the herd increases. Evaluation of the fertility of a bull will therefore not only depend on semen quality but also on the management of the farm on which the bull is used.", "contents": "[Studies on the fertility of a number of A.I. bulls in herds of various sizes (author's transl)]. The inseminations carried out with semen collected from eight bulls were counted and arranged according to the size of the herds in which these bulls were used. A study of the figures shows that the conception rate attained by each bull decreases as the size of the herd increases. Evaluation of the fertility of a bull will therefore not only depend on semen quality but also on the management of the farm on which the bull is used.", "PMID": 1179398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6991", "title": "[Poultry vaccination against N.C.D. by means of an intramuscular injection with LaSota strain vaccine; a practical investigation (author's transl)].", "content": "An intramuscular N.D.C. vaccination with LaSota vaccine, in animals of less than ten weeks which were previously vaccinated by the spray method at about 5 days and 25 days against N.C.D., leads to an immunity of at least three months, as expressed by a high concentration of haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies in the circulatory system. If the vaccinated animals are older than twenty weeks, the resulting immunity is very high indeed and shows practically no impairment within a year after vaccination (longer periods have not been investigated), so that it may be assumed that revaccination will not be necessary during the laying period. Antibody variations between different animals of a flock are slight. The residual immunity of previous vaccinations did not appear to affect the development or maintenance of the antibodies. No spread of vaccine was observed. Here it should be noted that animals with a low residual immunity were used for control. It would be desirable to use specifically pathogenfree animals for this purpose, but this is not really practicable in field conditions. Half a hen dose of the LaSota vaccine, dissolved in 1/2 ml physiological saline, was injected into the pectoralis muscle with the help of the Cornwall Pipetting Unit. Twenty flocks, involving 6900 animals, were vaccinated in field conditions. Not a single vaccination gave rise to any vaccination reaction. The method does have a high labour content; which is an objection.", "contents": "[Poultry vaccination against N.C.D. by means of an intramuscular injection with LaSota strain vaccine; a practical investigation (author's transl)]. An intramuscular N.D.C. vaccination with LaSota vaccine, in animals of less than ten weeks which were previously vaccinated by the spray method at about 5 days and 25 days against N.C.D., leads to an immunity of at least three months, as expressed by a high concentration of haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies in the circulatory system. If the vaccinated animals are older than twenty weeks, the resulting immunity is very high indeed and shows practically no impairment within a year after vaccination (longer periods have not been investigated), so that it may be assumed that revaccination will not be necessary during the laying period. Antibody variations between different animals of a flock are slight. The residual immunity of previous vaccinations did not appear to affect the development or maintenance of the antibodies. No spread of vaccine was observed. Here it should be noted that animals with a low residual immunity were used for control. It would be desirable to use specifically pathogenfree animals for this purpose, but this is not really practicable in field conditions. Half a hen dose of the LaSota vaccine, dissolved in 1/2 ml physiological saline, was injected into the pectoralis muscle with the help of the Cornwall Pipetting Unit. Twenty flocks, involving 6900 animals, were vaccinated in field conditions. Not a single vaccination gave rise to any vaccination reaction. The method does have a high labour content; which is an objection.", "PMID": 1179399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6992", "title": "[Results of semen separation using a modified electromagnetochemical method (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a field trial of an electrophoretic method of semen separation (EMC) are reported. The use of this procedure resulted in a slight but statistically significant decrease in conception rates. 10,251 births due to inseminations with separated semen of thirty-seven different bulls were recorded. Changes in the normal sex ratio were not observed.", "contents": "[Results of semen separation using a modified electromagnetochemical method (author's transl)]. The results of a field trial of an electrophoretic method of semen separation (EMC) are reported. The use of this procedure resulted in a slight but statistically significant decrease in conception rates. 10,251 births due to inseminations with separated semen of thirty-seven different bulls were recorded. Changes in the normal sex ratio were not observed.", "PMID": 1179401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6993", "title": "[Death by malpractice? (Corticosteroid administration to fattening-calves) (author's transl)].", "content": "A fatting-calf suffering from an acute bronchi(oli)tis, was treated with antibiotics and dexamethasone. Although the pulmonary complaint healed, the patient died a few days later because of internal haemorrhage from an abomasal ulcer. The article makes a possible connexion between the therapy and the ultimate cause of death plausible.", "contents": "[Death by malpractice? (Corticosteroid administration to fattening-calves) (author's transl)]. A fatting-calf suffering from an acute bronchi(oli)tis, was treated with antibiotics and dexamethasone. Although the pulmonary complaint healed, the patient died a few days later because of internal haemorrhage from an abomasal ulcer. The article makes a possible connexion between the therapy and the ultimate cause of death plausible.", "PMID": 1179402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6994", "title": "Induction of abortion in cattle with prostaglandin F2alpha and oestradiol valerate.", "content": "Twenty, 2 to 5 months pregnant heifers were injected with 25 mg. and 12.5 mg. Prostaglandin F2alpha on two consecutive days or with a single dose of 20 mg. of a long acting oestrogen (oestradiol valerate). Abortion occurred at an average interval of 3,6 days in the 10 PG F2alpha treated animals and after 10,8 days in 8 out of 10 oestradiol valerate treated heifers. The foetuses of the PG F2alpha treated heifers were in a fresh state while the oestradiol foetuses were already degenerating at the time of abortion. A rather severe vaginal discharge after abortion was more often observed in oestradiol valerate induced abortion. Development of the mammary glands and prolonged oestrus periods also was more pronounced in these animals. In both treatments the concentration of progestins in peripheral blood dropped to less than 1 ng/ml at the time of abortion. The decline was very rapid after administration of PG F2alpha and rather slow after oestradiol valerate. Based on its rapid luteolytic effect and rapid elimination after administration which prevents interferring with the endocrine system for a prolonged time, PG F2alpha is preferred as an abortifacient during the first 4 to 5 months of pregnancy in cattle.", "contents": "Induction of abortion in cattle with prostaglandin F2alpha and oestradiol valerate. Twenty, 2 to 5 months pregnant heifers were injected with 25 mg. and 12.5 mg. Prostaglandin F2alpha on two consecutive days or with a single dose of 20 mg. of a long acting oestrogen (oestradiol valerate). Abortion occurred at an average interval of 3,6 days in the 10 PG F2alpha treated animals and after 10,8 days in 8 out of 10 oestradiol valerate treated heifers. The foetuses of the PG F2alpha treated heifers were in a fresh state while the oestradiol foetuses were already degenerating at the time of abortion. A rather severe vaginal discharge after abortion was more often observed in oestradiol valerate induced abortion. Development of the mammary glands and prolonged oestrus periods also was more pronounced in these animals. In both treatments the concentration of progestins in peripheral blood dropped to less than 1 ng/ml at the time of abortion. The decline was very rapid after administration of PG F2alpha and rather slow after oestradiol valerate. Based on its rapid luteolytic effect and rapid elimination after administration which prevents interferring with the endocrine system for a prolonged time, PG F2alpha is preferred as an abortifacient during the first 4 to 5 months of pregnancy in cattle.", "PMID": 1179404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6995", "title": "Cold hemagglutinin disease in a toy Pinscher dog.", "content": "High titers cold agglutinins were demonstrated in the serum of a 7 year old female toy Pinscher with a hemolytic anemia. In vitro, the serum did not show distinct hemolytic properties, but it fixed complement components to both the patient's own red cells and randomly sampled canine erythrocytes and agglutinated these cells at high dilutions at low temperatures (optimally at 0 degrees C). Serum electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes failed to reveal a paraproteinemia. Normal canine red cells sensitized with the patient's serum at 0 degrees C and eluted at 40 degrees C, released a cold agglutinin identifiable as IgM by immunoelectrophoresis. Neither IgA nor IgG were detectable in a concentrate of the eluate. The auto-antibody showed no specificity against the canine blood group A antigen and did not react with human O-erythrocytes, irrespective of whether these carried the I- or i-antigens. Following erroneous exposure of the dog to cold, cyanosis and serious gangrene developed at the acra (the ears, nose and feet). In addition, symptoms indicating diffuse intravascular coagulation were observed both hematologically and on pathological-anatomical examination. No primary disease could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Cold hemagglutinin disease in a toy Pinscher dog. High titers cold agglutinins were demonstrated in the serum of a 7 year old female toy Pinscher with a hemolytic anemia. In vitro, the serum did not show distinct hemolytic properties, but it fixed complement components to both the patient's own red cells and randomly sampled canine erythrocytes and agglutinated these cells at high dilutions at low temperatures (optimally at 0 degrees C). Serum electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes failed to reveal a paraproteinemia. Normal canine red cells sensitized with the patient's serum at 0 degrees C and eluted at 40 degrees C, released a cold agglutinin identifiable as IgM by immunoelectrophoresis. Neither IgA nor IgG were detectable in a concentrate of the eluate. The auto-antibody showed no specificity against the canine blood group A antigen and did not react with human O-erythrocytes, irrespective of whether these carried the I- or i-antigens. Following erroneous exposure of the dog to cold, cyanosis and serious gangrene developed at the acra (the ears, nose and feet). In addition, symptoms indicating diffuse intravascular coagulation were observed both hematologically and on pathological-anatomical examination. No primary disease could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1179405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6996", "title": "HL-A antigen, gene, and haplotype frequencies in Denmark.", "content": "Between 426 and 1,967 unrelated Danes have been HL-A typed for most presently known HL-A antigens of the LA (first), FOUR (second), and AJ (third) segregant series. Antigen, gene and haplotype frequencies with delta values are given. AJ series antigens are most strongly associated with some of the FOUR series antigens, and except for one case, the linkage disequilibrium between AJ and FOUR does not seem to be influenced by the LA series; the exception concerns HL-A9, RH-315, and 12: the RH-315 determinant is significantly more frequent on HL-A9, 12 haplotypes and on other HL-A12 carrying haplotypes. The term \"superhaplotype\" is suggested for gene constellations such as the HL-A9, RH-315, 12 \"haplotype\". It is suggested that the associations between cross-reacting antigens from one series with the same antigen from another series may reflect recent evolutionary divergence of the cross-reacting antigens.", "contents": "HL-A antigen, gene, and haplotype frequencies in Denmark. Between 426 and 1,967 unrelated Danes have been HL-A typed for most presently known HL-A antigens of the LA (first), FOUR (second), and AJ (third) segregant series. Antigen, gene and haplotype frequencies with delta values are given. AJ series antigens are most strongly associated with some of the FOUR series antigens, and except for one case, the linkage disequilibrium between AJ and FOUR does not seem to be influenced by the LA series; the exception concerns HL-A9, RH-315, and 12: the RH-315 determinant is significantly more frequent on HL-A9, 12 haplotypes and on other HL-A12 carrying haplotypes. The term \"superhaplotype\" is suggested for gene constellations such as the HL-A9, RH-315, 12 \"haplotype\". It is suggested that the associations between cross-reacting antigens from one series with the same antigen from another series may reflect recent evolutionary divergence of the cross-reacting antigens.", "PMID": 1179408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6997", "title": "HL-A system in the Japanese population 1.", "content": "The antigen W22 was found to be subdivided into three components in the Japanese population. Population and family studies indicate that at least two of these components are new antigens. By using both known and new antigens, gene and haplotype frequencies in the Japanese population are shown.", "contents": "HL-A system in the Japanese population 1. The antigen W22 was found to be subdivided into three components in the Japanese population. Population and family studies indicate that at least two of these components are new antigens. By using both known and new antigens, gene and haplotype frequencies in the Japanese population are shown.", "PMID": 1179409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6998", "title": "A freeze-fracture study of the tegumental membrane of Schistosoma mansoni (Platyhelminthes:Trematoda).", "content": "Two fracture faces in each half of the freeze-fractured tegumental membrane of adult Schistosoma mansoni indicate the presence of two trilaminate membranes. This result is compatible with the heptalaminate appearance of the tegumental membrane in ultrathin sections. Intramembranous particles are located mainly in the outermost leaflet of the outer membrane and in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the inner membrane. The tegumental membrane of the cercaria (infective larva) has a single fracture plane, which conforms with its trilaminate appearance in sections. Intramembranous particles are extremely numerous and are almost all located in the cytoplasmic leaflet.", "contents": "A freeze-fracture study of the tegumental membrane of Schistosoma mansoni (Platyhelminthes:Trematoda). Two fracture faces in each half of the freeze-fractured tegumental membrane of adult Schistosoma mansoni indicate the presence of two trilaminate membranes. This result is compatible with the heptalaminate appearance of the tegumental membrane in ultrathin sections. Intramembranous particles are located mainly in the outermost leaflet of the outer membrane and in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the inner membrane. The tegumental membrane of the cercaria (infective larva) has a single fracture plane, which conforms with its trilaminate appearance in sections. Intramembranous particles are extremely numerous and are almost all located in the cytoplasmic leaflet.", "PMID": 1179410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_6999", "title": "Morphological and histochemical evidence of mitoribosomes in Manduca sexta.", "content": "The mitochondria found in the neurons of the frontal ganglion of Manduca sexta contained numerous mitoribosomes. The mitochondria of the glial and perineural cells did not contain mitoribosomes. The mitoribosomes were digested in RNase whereas phospholipase C digested the cellular membranes but had no effect on the mitoribosomes.", "contents": "Morphological and histochemical evidence of mitoribosomes in Manduca sexta. The mitochondria found in the neurons of the frontal ganglion of Manduca sexta contained numerous mitoribosomes. The mitochondria of the glial and perineural cells did not contain mitoribosomes. The mitoribosomes were digested in RNase whereas phospholipase C digested the cellular membranes but had no effect on the mitoribosomes.", "PMID": 1179411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7000", "title": "[The development, structure and function of the mandibular glands of Blaberus craniifer burm. (Dictyoptera Blaberidae)].", "content": "The mandibular glands of Blaberus craniifer are examined by histochemical, electrophoretic, thin-layer chromatography and electron microscopical techniques. These glands are known to secrete a volatile aggregative pheromone. The gregarious behaviour increases during insect development and is maximal in imagos. Each gland is composed of a bundle of secretory cells with efferent ductules which arise in a common duct. Secretory cells contain a myeloid secretion more abundant in imagos than in larval stages. Histochemical and electrophoretic criteria show that the myeloid product is made up of a mixture of glycoproteins. A lipidic component is also present in the secretion; its ultrastructural localization remains to be elucidated. Cytological features are in agreement with the gregarious behaviour of cockroaches. Detailed structure and functional interpretation are also discussed.", "contents": "[The development, structure and function of the mandibular glands of Blaberus craniifer burm. (Dictyoptera Blaberidae)]. The mandibular glands of Blaberus craniifer are examined by histochemical, electrophoretic, thin-layer chromatography and electron microscopical techniques. These glands are known to secrete a volatile aggregative pheromone. The gregarious behaviour increases during insect development and is maximal in imagos. Each gland is composed of a bundle of secretory cells with efferent ductules which arise in a common duct. Secretory cells contain a myeloid secretion more abundant in imagos than in larval stages. Histochemical and electrophoretic criteria show that the myeloid product is made up of a mixture of glycoproteins. A lipidic component is also present in the secretion; its ultrastructural localization remains to be elucidated. Cytological features are in agreement with the gregarious behaviour of cockroaches. Detailed structure and functional interpretation are also discussed.", "PMID": 1179412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7001", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in an unciliated sensory receptor during activation of the metacestode of Hymenolepis microstoma.", "content": "The fine structure of an unciliated sensory receptor of the metacestode of Hymenolepis microstoma is described. Each receptor contains a basal body inserted into an electron dense matrix; a terminal cilium is lacking. At this stage of development neurotubules were lacking, but rapidly appeared following excystation. It is suggested that neurotubules play a role in the functioning of the putative proprioceptor.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in an unciliated sensory receptor during activation of the metacestode of Hymenolepis microstoma. The fine structure of an unciliated sensory receptor of the metacestode of Hymenolepis microstoma is described. Each receptor contains a basal body inserted into an electron dense matrix; a terminal cilium is lacking. At this stage of development neurotubules were lacking, but rapidly appeared following excystation. It is suggested that neurotubules play a role in the functioning of the putative proprioceptor.", "PMID": 1179413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7002", "title": "Cylindrical organelles associated with microtubules during sperm elongation in a mealybug.", "content": "Spermiogenesis in the mealybug Pseudococcus obscurus involves the elongation of a cytoplasmic papilla from the surface of a spermatid. Longitudinally oriented fibers and microtubules, with diameters of 250 A and a non-9+2 arrangement, are associated with this process. Fibers alone are found in early stages of papilla emergence and in the basal region of the elongated papilla. They appear to be continuous with the microtubules in the more distal region of an elongated papilla. Disk-shaped, circular, and rectangular profiles are associated with the basal ends of the fibers. Probably the fibers are microtubular \"anlagen\" and the associated structures may be microtubular \"organizing centers\".", "contents": "Cylindrical organelles associated with microtubules during sperm elongation in a mealybug. Spermiogenesis in the mealybug Pseudococcus obscurus involves the elongation of a cytoplasmic papilla from the surface of a spermatid. Longitudinally oriented fibers and microtubules, with diameters of 250 A and a non-9+2 arrangement, are associated with this process. Fibers alone are found in early stages of papilla emergence and in the basal region of the elongated papilla. They appear to be continuous with the microtubules in the more distal region of an elongated papilla. Disk-shaped, circular, and rectangular profiles are associated with the basal ends of the fibers. Probably the fibers are microtubular \"anlagen\" and the associated structures may be microtubular \"organizing centers\".", "PMID": 1179414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7003", "title": "Structural and functional dynamics of oogenesis in Glossina austeni: vitellogenesis with special reference to the follicular epithelium.", "content": "Morphological changes of the oocyte, follicle cells and nurse cells of the ovaries of the viviparous fly Glossina austeni during vitellogenesis and postvitellogenesis are outlined. During vitellogenesis, material is pinocytosed and incorporated into yolk spheres by subsequent fusions. Various lines of evidence are presented that indicate much of this material is derived from the follicular epithelium. The ultrastructure of the follicular cells throughout the 9 day cycle and their role in protein synthesis is presented. Subsequent to vitellogenesis, the follicle cells synthesize the secondary envelopes.", "contents": "Structural and functional dynamics of oogenesis in Glossina austeni: vitellogenesis with special reference to the follicular epithelium. Morphological changes of the oocyte, follicle cells and nurse cells of the ovaries of the viviparous fly Glossina austeni during vitellogenesis and postvitellogenesis are outlined. During vitellogenesis, material is pinocytosed and incorporated into yolk spheres by subsequent fusions. Various lines of evidence are presented that indicate much of this material is derived from the follicular epithelium. The ultrastructure of the follicular cells throughout the 9 day cycle and their role in protein synthesis is presented. Subsequent to vitellogenesis, the follicle cells synthesize the secondary envelopes.", "PMID": 1179415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7004", "title": "Intercellular communication in a positional field. Ultrastructural correlates and tracer analysis of communication between insect epidermal cells.", "content": "The junctional membrane in the epidermal cells of the larval beetle (Tenebrio molitor L.) is comprised of macular gap junctions embedded in septate junctions. Ultrastructural and morphometric analysis of the distribution of gap junctions within the segmental epidermis suggests that this junction alone could account for the high electrotonic coupling recorded for the epidermal sheet. Analysis of the lanthanum-impregnated septate junction makes it doubtful that this junction serves as a communicating channel between beetle cells. A new model for the septate junction is presented in which pleated septa, less than 30 A thick, connect adjacent plasma membranes; the septa themselves are interconnected by two interseptal platforms that are coplanar with the plasma membranes. Iontophoretic injection of organic tracers into single epidermal cells suggests that only molecules of less than MW 1000 can transfer between cells through low-resistance junctions.", "contents": "Intercellular communication in a positional field. Ultrastructural correlates and tracer analysis of communication between insect epidermal cells. The junctional membrane in the epidermal cells of the larval beetle (Tenebrio molitor L.) is comprised of macular gap junctions embedded in septate junctions. Ultrastructural and morphometric analysis of the distribution of gap junctions within the segmental epidermis suggests that this junction alone could account for the high electrotonic coupling recorded for the epidermal sheet. Analysis of the lanthanum-impregnated septate junction makes it doubtful that this junction serves as a communicating channel between beetle cells. A new model for the septate junction is presented in which pleated septa, less than 30 A thick, connect adjacent plasma membranes; the septa themselves are interconnected by two interseptal platforms that are coplanar with the plasma membranes. Iontophoretic injection of organic tracers into single epidermal cells suggests that only molecules of less than MW 1000 can transfer between cells through low-resistance junctions.", "PMID": 1179416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7005", "title": "Inverted gap and other cell junctions in cockroach hemocyte capsules: a thin section and freeze-fracture study.", "content": "Freeze-fracture and thin-section studies were done on cockroach hemocytes that had encapsulated implanted pieces of Araldite. Desmosome-like junctions and 'B' type gap junction were described. Freeze-fractured gap junctions displayed fused and clustered, but not hexagonally arrayed intramembranous practicles (approximately 130 A) on the B face and pitted areas on the A face of the plasmalemma. Gap junctions were quite numerous and counts of gap and non-gap particles indicated at least a five-fold particle density increase (4000/mu2) compared with B face particle densities (approximately 800/mu2) from free circulating blood cells where gap junctions had not been formed.", "contents": "Inverted gap and other cell junctions in cockroach hemocyte capsules: a thin section and freeze-fracture study. Freeze-fracture and thin-section studies were done on cockroach hemocytes that had encapsulated implanted pieces of Araldite. Desmosome-like junctions and 'B' type gap junction were described. Freeze-fractured gap junctions displayed fused and clustered, but not hexagonally arrayed intramembranous practicles (approximately 130 A) on the B face and pitted areas on the A face of the plasmalemma. Gap junctions were quite numerous and counts of gap and non-gap particles indicated at least a five-fold particle density increase (4000/mu2) compared with B face particle densities (approximately 800/mu2) from free circulating blood cells where gap junctions had not been formed.", "PMID": 1179417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7006", "title": "Application to a radioimmunoassay for angiotensin I to the measurement of plasma renin in rabbits, and comparison with a biological assay of plasma renin activity.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay method for ileu-5-angiotensin I was applied to the measurement of plasma renin in rabbits. In the present method, the volume of plasma sample, required for the determination of plasma renin activity and plasma renin concentration, could be reduced to 0.6 ml and 0.05 ml, respectively. A satisfactory correlation (r = 0.918) was found between the plasma renin activity measured by our bioassay method reported previously and that by the present radioimmunoassay method in each of 25 different plasma samples. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.968) was also observed between the plasma renin activity and the plasma renin concentration, both of which were measured by radioimmunoassays, as far as renin concentration remained under 200 ng/ml/hr. On the other hand, the present results appear to indicate that, when a high plasma renin activity was obtained, it was difficult to evaluate the actual plasma renin concentration. Therefore, it would be necessary to be cautious to apply the method for plasma renin activity on the renin rich plasma.", "contents": "Application to a radioimmunoassay for angiotensin I to the measurement of plasma renin in rabbits, and comparison with a biological assay of plasma renin activity. A radioimmunoassay method for ileu-5-angiotensin I was applied to the measurement of plasma renin in rabbits. In the present method, the volume of plasma sample, required for the determination of plasma renin activity and plasma renin concentration, could be reduced to 0.6 ml and 0.05 ml, respectively. A satisfactory correlation (r = 0.918) was found between the plasma renin activity measured by our bioassay method reported previously and that by the present radioimmunoassay method in each of 25 different plasma samples. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.968) was also observed between the plasma renin activity and the plasma renin concentration, both of which were measured by radioimmunoassays, as far as renin concentration remained under 200 ng/ml/hr. On the other hand, the present results appear to indicate that, when a high plasma renin activity was obtained, it was difficult to evaluate the actual plasma renin concentration. Therefore, it would be necessary to be cautious to apply the method for plasma renin activity on the renin rich plasma.", "PMID": 1179418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7007", "title": "The effect of pentazocine on PHA-stimulated human lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "The effect of pentazocine on lymphocyte transformation induced by PHA was studied in vitro by observing the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into nucleic acid of the lymphocytes. Pentazocine in therapeutic concentrations was shown to inhibit lymphocyte transformation.", "contents": "The effect of pentazocine on PHA-stimulated human lymphocyte transformation. The effect of pentazocine on lymphocyte transformation induced by PHA was studied in vitro by observing the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into nucleic acid of the lymphocytes. Pentazocine in therapeutic concentrations was shown to inhibit lymphocyte transformation.", "PMID": 1179419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7008", "title": "On metal elements in pure pigment gallstones.", "content": "T total of 17 metal elements (Ag, Al, B, Bi, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Pb, Si, Sn and Zn) were identified by spectroanalysis of various gallstone specimens. In the pure pigment stone which is characterized by black appearance, the metal elements were more various in sort and the spectra of respective elements were more intense than in the calcium bilirubinate stone and the cholesterol stone. As compared with other gallstones, the pure pigment stone contained Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg and Mn at higher concentrations, as determined by semiquantitative analysis, and on incineration yielded more ash. Concentrations of Ca and Mg seemed to parallel the ash content of gallstone, while Cu and Fe did not show such a tendency and were relatively specific to the pure pigment stone irrespective of ash content. These results indicate that metal elements, particularly Cu and Fe, play a role in the formation of black substances of the pure pigment stone, possibly as complex compounds with bilirubin derivatives.", "contents": "On metal elements in pure pigment gallstones. T total of 17 metal elements (Ag, Al, B, Bi, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Pb, Si, Sn and Zn) were identified by spectroanalysis of various gallstone specimens. In the pure pigment stone which is characterized by black appearance, the metal elements were more various in sort and the spectra of respective elements were more intense than in the calcium bilirubinate stone and the cholesterol stone. As compared with other gallstones, the pure pigment stone contained Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg and Mn at higher concentrations, as determined by semiquantitative analysis, and on incineration yielded more ash. Concentrations of Ca and Mg seemed to parallel the ash content of gallstone, while Cu and Fe did not show such a tendency and were relatively specific to the pure pigment stone irrespective of ash content. These results indicate that metal elements, particularly Cu and Fe, play a role in the formation of black substances of the pure pigment stone, possibly as complex compounds with bilirubin derivatives.", "PMID": 1179420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7009", "title": "Separation of gastric mucosal cells of rat with proteolytic enzymes, pronase and trypsin, with special reference to the collection, morphology and viability of the generative cells.", "content": "Methods to separate and collect gastric mucosal cells of the rat using proteolytic enzymes were devised. Pronase (1.0%) achieved better results than did trypsin (2.0%) in collecting single isolated cells with higher cell yields and viability. The cells dissociated with trypsin retained glandular structures as in situ. The measurement of radioactivity revealed that the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into generative cells was highest in the cell suspension collected by the second 15 min dissociation. It was concluded that the most effective method to obtain dissociated cells from the generative zone of the mucosa is to collect the cells dissociated with 1.0% pronase continuously for a period from 15 to 45 min after the start of dissociation. On autogradiographic analysis with 3H-thymidine, the ratio of generative cells was 10%, approximately 3 X 10(5) cells, in the specimens.", "contents": "Separation of gastric mucosal cells of rat with proteolytic enzymes, pronase and trypsin, with special reference to the collection, morphology and viability of the generative cells. Methods to separate and collect gastric mucosal cells of the rat using proteolytic enzymes were devised. Pronase (1.0%) achieved better results than did trypsin (2.0%) in collecting single isolated cells with higher cell yields and viability. The cells dissociated with trypsin retained glandular structures as in situ. The measurement of radioactivity revealed that the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into generative cells was highest in the cell suspension collected by the second 15 min dissociation. It was concluded that the most effective method to obtain dissociated cells from the generative zone of the mucosa is to collect the cells dissociated with 1.0% pronase continuously for a period from 15 to 45 min after the start of dissociation. On autogradiographic analysis with 3H-thymidine, the ratio of generative cells was 10%, approximately 3 X 10(5) cells, in the specimens.", "PMID": 1179421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7010", "title": "Aging and scar tissue in human heart muscle.", "content": "Histometrical estimation of scar tissue was made on 30 human hearts obtained at autopsy in order to know possible correlations between aging and scar tissue in the heart muscle. Estimation was made on histological specimens of the anterior wall of the left ventricle and the posteromedial papillary muscle, according to Chalkley's point counting method, and the amount of scar tissue was expressed in percentage. The mean percentages were 3.11, 5.26 and 9.24 in the epicardial, endocardial parts of the left ventricle and the papillary muscle, respectively. There were very significant differences between these 3 mean percentages. There were very significant correlations between the percentages of scar tissue in these 3 parts and ages. From these results, it is concluded that the scar formation increases in the heart muscle with aging.", "contents": "Aging and scar tissue in human heart muscle. Histometrical estimation of scar tissue was made on 30 human hearts obtained at autopsy in order to know possible correlations between aging and scar tissue in the heart muscle. Estimation was made on histological specimens of the anterior wall of the left ventricle and the posteromedial papillary muscle, according to Chalkley's point counting method, and the amount of scar tissue was expressed in percentage. The mean percentages were 3.11, 5.26 and 9.24 in the epicardial, endocardial parts of the left ventricle and the papillary muscle, respectively. There were very significant differences between these 3 mean percentages. There were very significant correlations between the percentages of scar tissue in these 3 parts and ages. From these results, it is concluded that the scar formation increases in the heart muscle with aging.", "PMID": 1179422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7011", "title": "Infrared absorption spectroscopy of pure pigment gallstones.", "content": "Pure pigment stones, a minor variety of gallstones characterized by black appearance, were analyzed by infrared absorption spectroscopy. The spectra of these stones resembled those of calcium bilirubinate in position of respective absorption bands, but they were smoother in general aspect than spectra of usual calcium bilirubinate stones. From this and other findings the main constitutents of the black stones have been identified as polymers of bilirubin derivatives. It was also revealed spectroscopically that the stones were associated with carbonate and/or phosphate of calcium at an incidence of 65 percent, and that they were less commonly associated with organic bile components such as cholesterol, bile acids and fatty acids than calcium bilirubinate stones. In order to quantitate \"smoothness\" of the spectrum, the quotient Q was calculated from intensity readings at three determined positions, including 1624 cm-1 at which the absorption is due to pyrrole rings of bilirubin. The \"smoothness\" was found to correlate well with \"blackness\" of the stone, Q being less than 0.30 for 91 percent of pure pigment stones and over 0.30 for all specimens of calcium bilirubinate stone and synthetic calcium bilirubinate.", "contents": "Infrared absorption spectroscopy of pure pigment gallstones. Pure pigment stones, a minor variety of gallstones characterized by black appearance, were analyzed by infrared absorption spectroscopy. The spectra of these stones resembled those of calcium bilirubinate in position of respective absorption bands, but they were smoother in general aspect than spectra of usual calcium bilirubinate stones. From this and other findings the main constitutents of the black stones have been identified as polymers of bilirubin derivatives. It was also revealed spectroscopically that the stones were associated with carbonate and/or phosphate of calcium at an incidence of 65 percent, and that they were less commonly associated with organic bile components such as cholesterol, bile acids and fatty acids than calcium bilirubinate stones. In order to quantitate \"smoothness\" of the spectrum, the quotient Q was calculated from intensity readings at three determined positions, including 1624 cm-1 at which the absorption is due to pyrrole rings of bilirubin. The \"smoothness\" was found to correlate well with \"blackness\" of the stone, Q being less than 0.30 for 91 percent of pure pigment stones and over 0.30 for all specimens of calcium bilirubinate stone and synthetic calcium bilirubinate.", "PMID": 1179423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7012", "title": "Renal impairment in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.", "content": "Three patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria accompanied by chronic renal lesions were studied. All the cases had histories of severe hemolytic anemia and repeated hemoglobinuria. The biopsy specimen of the kidney of two patients (Case 1 and Case 2) showed interstitial nephritis. Renal glucosuria, tubular proteinuria, increased urate clearance (Case 2) and reduced tubular reabsorption of phosphate (Case 3) were revealed in Case 2 and Case 3, suggesting renal tubular impairment. From the nephrological point of view, hemodynamic alteration resulting from intravascular hemolysis and severe persistent chronic anemia may primarily be responsible for the renal impairment.", "contents": "Renal impairment in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Three patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria accompanied by chronic renal lesions were studied. All the cases had histories of severe hemolytic anemia and repeated hemoglobinuria. The biopsy specimen of the kidney of two patients (Case 1 and Case 2) showed interstitial nephritis. Renal glucosuria, tubular proteinuria, increased urate clearance (Case 2) and reduced tubular reabsorption of phosphate (Case 3) were revealed in Case 2 and Case 3, suggesting renal tubular impairment. From the nephrological point of view, hemodynamic alteration resulting from intravascular hemolysis and severe persistent chronic anemia may primarily be responsible for the renal impairment.", "PMID": 1179424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7013", "title": "Effects of 1-sarcosine-8-isoleucine-angiotensin II on blood pressure and plasma renin activity in various types of hypertension.", "content": "The pharmacological effects of 1-Sar-8-Ile-angiotensin II on blood pressure and plasma renin activity (PRA) were studied in 5 normal subjects and in 19 patients with hypertension of various etiologics including malignant hypertension, renovascular hypertension, essential hypertension, and primary aldosteronism. Intravenous administration of this peptide induced a significant pressor response in normal or low PRA subjects at infusion rates of 100-600 ng/kg/min. Similar pressor response was also observed in renovascular hypertensives with normal PRA who were cured later by surgical treatment. The blood pressure in high PRA group was lowered remarkably by infusion of this angiotensin II inhibitor. A significant increase in PRA was obtained in subjects with malignant hypertension following the infusion of this peptide. However, there was no detectable rise in PRA in other subjects with normal or high PRA. The present data show that circulating angiotensin II plays an important role in maintaining high blood pressure in high PRA patients, especially in malignant hypertension, while it is not directly involved in the maintenance of high blood pressure in human chronic renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Effects of 1-sarcosine-8-isoleucine-angiotensin II on blood pressure and plasma renin activity in various types of hypertension. The pharmacological effects of 1-Sar-8-Ile-angiotensin II on blood pressure and plasma renin activity (PRA) were studied in 5 normal subjects and in 19 patients with hypertension of various etiologics including malignant hypertension, renovascular hypertension, essential hypertension, and primary aldosteronism. Intravenous administration of this peptide induced a significant pressor response in normal or low PRA subjects at infusion rates of 100-600 ng/kg/min. Similar pressor response was also observed in renovascular hypertensives with normal PRA who were cured later by surgical treatment. The blood pressure in high PRA group was lowered remarkably by infusion of this angiotensin II inhibitor. A significant increase in PRA was obtained in subjects with malignant hypertension following the infusion of this peptide. However, there was no detectable rise in PRA in other subjects with normal or high PRA. The present data show that circulating angiotensin II plays an important role in maintaining high blood pressure in high PRA patients, especially in malignant hypertension, while it is not directly involved in the maintenance of high blood pressure in human chronic renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 1179425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7014", "title": "One step separation of the sialoprotein possessing ABH and MN blood group activities from human red cell membrane.", "content": "Sialoprotein possessing blood group activity has been usually extracted with organic solvents from red cell membrane. To obtain the blood group substance under milder condition, the author presented carboxymethyl (CM) cellulose column chromatography with eluents of phosphate buffer containing 1% Brij 35. Red cell stroma was applied onto the column with an equal volume of 0.0175 M phosphate buffer pH 6.3 and one-fifth volume of 0.05% 2-mercaptoethanol in 1% Brij 35. Separation of the substance was performed by stepwise elution with three kinds of phosphate buffers. Serological assay showed that only the first fraction eluted with 1% Brij 35 in 0.0175 M phosphate buffer pH 6.3 and ABH and MN blood group activities and the other fractions obtained with buffers of higher molarities had not such activities. Sialic acid was also detected only in the first fraction, and the majority of proteins of the stroma was found in the other fractions.", "contents": "One step separation of the sialoprotein possessing ABH and MN blood group activities from human red cell membrane. Sialoprotein possessing blood group activity has been usually extracted with organic solvents from red cell membrane. To obtain the blood group substance under milder condition, the author presented carboxymethyl (CM) cellulose column chromatography with eluents of phosphate buffer containing 1% Brij 35. Red cell stroma was applied onto the column with an equal volume of 0.0175 M phosphate buffer pH 6.3 and one-fifth volume of 0.05% 2-mercaptoethanol in 1% Brij 35. Separation of the substance was performed by stepwise elution with three kinds of phosphate buffers. Serological assay showed that only the first fraction eluted with 1% Brij 35 in 0.0175 M phosphate buffer pH 6.3 and ABH and MN blood group activities and the other fractions obtained with buffers of higher molarities had not such activities. Sialic acid was also detected only in the first fraction, and the majority of proteins of the stroma was found in the other fractions.", "PMID": 1179426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7015", "title": "[Evaluation of various factors influencing the choice of therapy and the prognosis of the uterine corpus carcinoma].", "content": "Results are reported from the treatment of a group comprising 246 women with carcinoma of the uterine corpus. Of these, 126 patients were treated surgically and afterwards irradiated, whereas 120 were exposed to radiation methods only. The five-year survival rate without recurrence was 73,8% of the surgically treated cases and 37,7% of the patients who were only irradiated. It has to be noted, however, that the two groups are hardly comparable, since the second group mostly consisted of inoperable cases in advanced stages and in a bad general state. Postoperative radiotherapy proved very useful. The reexamination of this group revealed considerable diminution of recurrences and vaginal metastases. Only in three (2,4%) out of 126 patients irradiated after surgical treatment metastases to the vagina were found later on.", "contents": "[Evaluation of various factors influencing the choice of therapy and the prognosis of the uterine corpus carcinoma]. Results are reported from the treatment of a group comprising 246 women with carcinoma of the uterine corpus. Of these, 126 patients were treated surgically and afterwards irradiated, whereas 120 were exposed to radiation methods only. The five-year survival rate without recurrence was 73,8% of the surgically treated cases and 37,7% of the patients who were only irradiated. It has to be noted, however, that the two groups are hardly comparable, since the second group mostly consisted of inoperable cases in advanced stages and in a bad general state. Postoperative radiotherapy proved very useful. The reexamination of this group revealed considerable diminution of recurrences and vaginal metastases. Only in three (2,4%) out of 126 patients irradiated after surgical treatment metastases to the vagina were found later on.", "PMID": 1179442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7016", "title": "Skin dose with cones and diaphragms in 137Cs teletherapy - a study using lithium borate thermoluminescent dosimeters.", "content": "Beam definition in 137Cs teletherapy is done either by use of cones for specified SSDs or by means of adjustable diaphragms. Using lithium borate thermoluminescent dosimeters, the skin dose was studied for conditions of the bare cone without any electron filter, the cone with an affixed perspex cup for cutting off the electrons, the cone with an affixed copper plate filter at its face. It was observed that of the above three arrangements, the case employing the copper filter gave the minimum skin dose. Similar skin dose measurements made for a diaphragm type collimator are discussed in comparison with the values for cones.", "contents": "Skin dose with cones and diaphragms in 137Cs teletherapy - a study using lithium borate thermoluminescent dosimeters. Beam definition in 137Cs teletherapy is done either by use of cones for specified SSDs or by means of adjustable diaphragms. Using lithium borate thermoluminescent dosimeters, the skin dose was studied for conditions of the bare cone without any electron filter, the cone with an affixed perspex cup for cutting off the electrons, the cone with an affixed copper plate filter at its face. It was observed that of the above three arrangements, the case employing the copper filter gave the minimum skin dose. Similar skin dose measurements made for a diaphragm type collimator are discussed in comparison with the values for cones.", "PMID": 1179443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7017", "title": "[Metabolism of calcium in bones following local  x-irradiation. 14. Effect of castration and estrogens on the general response].", "content": "The female sex hormones cause a moderation of the local and general metabolic response to local irradiation of an extremity in female white rats. After castration in adult age, therefore, a more intense reaction is observed with more distinctly marked changes of the 45Ca-incorporation. In male rats, consequently, there is a more vivid course of general response. In these, castration contrarily brings about a moderation of the general response.", "contents": "[Metabolism of calcium in bones following local  x-irradiation. 14. Effect of castration and estrogens on the general response]. The female sex hormones cause a moderation of the local and general metabolic response to local irradiation of an extremity in female white rats. After castration in adult age, therefore, a more intense reaction is observed with more distinctly marked changes of the 45Ca-incorporation. In male rats, consequently, there is a more vivid course of general response. In these, castration contrarily brings about a moderation of the general response.", "PMID": 1179444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7018", "title": "Behaviour of intestinal lactase after irradiation.", "content": "The behaviour of intestinal lactase has been studied in rats after irradiation. The significant increase of activity is not immediate, but slowly and progressively starting from 4 hrs after irradiation. The modifications of the activity are slow and gradual also during the reduction phase. This disaccharase does not show a return to normal values even after three weeks. We suggest that hypothesis that the increase could be due to a modification of the normal synthesis of enzymes caused by irradiation.", "contents": "Behaviour of intestinal lactase after irradiation. The behaviour of intestinal lactase has been studied in rats after irradiation. The significant increase of activity is not immediate, but slowly and progressively starting from 4 hrs after irradiation. The modifications of the activity are slow and gradual also during the reduction phase. This disaccharase does not show a return to normal values even after three weeks. We suggest that hypothesis that the increase could be due to a modification of the normal synthesis of enzymes caused by irradiation.", "PMID": 1179445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7019", "title": "Effects of irradiation on the release and retention of labelled DNA in the small intestine of mice.", "content": "Mice were whole-body irradiated with 300, 500 and 800 rd (60Co) one hour or three days after administration of 3H-thymidine. The time courses of the total and specific activity of DNA indicate that three days after exposure with 500 and 800 rd the mitotically active cells were selectively lost from the small intestine. The release of labelled DNA was determined in the fraction of DNA soluble in 0.14 N NaCl. The results suggest that the relatively small fraction of soluble DNA belongs to the mitotically active cells probably having died in the interphase.", "contents": "Effects of irradiation on the release and retention of labelled DNA in the small intestine of mice. Mice were whole-body irradiated with 300, 500 and 800 rd (60Co) one hour or three days after administration of 3H-thymidine. The time courses of the total and specific activity of DNA indicate that three days after exposure with 500 and 800 rd the mitotically active cells were selectively lost from the small intestine. The release of labelled DNA was determined in the fraction of DNA soluble in 0.14 N NaCl. The results suggest that the relatively small fraction of soluble DNA belongs to the mitotically active cells probably having died in the interphase.", "PMID": 1179446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7020", "title": "[Exploitation possibilities of characteristic autoradiations for dermatological radiotherapy].", "content": "Several reasons, especially radioprotection of non-affected strata, seem to make it necessary to look for X-ray qualities which effect - in the diseased dermal layers - a more appropriate dose distribution than it was possible to achieve by the X-ray units used so far. Therefore, the possibilities to utilize characteristic autoradiations are examined, i.e. those possibilities being at disposal in the soft-ray range. Practically, there are the series \"K\" of copper and molybdenum - maybe also those of silver - coming into the question. Using X-ray tubes with copper and molybdenum anodes, the following items are determined, under D.C. operation, in comparison to the wolfram anode tubes which were usually operated until now: Parts of the characteristic autoradiation in the mixture of rays, half-value thicknesses, relative depth doses, stratified half-value depths, the \"rates of tissue homogeneity\", and - with regard to special care for deeper strate - the \"one-tenth value depths\" as well as \"depth stress factors\". The determinations were effected right in dependence on tube tension and focus - skin - distance. The results of the studies, partly demonstrated by practical examples, show that an X-radiation within the so-called soft-ray range corresponds so much the more to the up-to-date conceptions of radioprotection, as this radiation is accepting the characteristics of the monochromatic autoradiation of the anode material. From the clinical point of view, it remains to be exmained preferably whether there will ever be an indication in the range of dermatological radiotherapy that needs a harder quality of rays than those of the molybdene series K.", "contents": "[Exploitation possibilities of characteristic autoradiations for dermatological radiotherapy]. Several reasons, especially radioprotection of non-affected strata, seem to make it necessary to look for X-ray qualities which effect - in the diseased dermal layers - a more appropriate dose distribution than it was possible to achieve by the X-ray units used so far. Therefore, the possibilities to utilize characteristic autoradiations are examined, i.e. those possibilities being at disposal in the soft-ray range. Practically, there are the series \"K\" of copper and molybdenum - maybe also those of silver - coming into the question. Using X-ray tubes with copper and molybdenum anodes, the following items are determined, under D.C. operation, in comparison to the wolfram anode tubes which were usually operated until now: Parts of the characteristic autoradiation in the mixture of rays, half-value thicknesses, relative depth doses, stratified half-value depths, the \"rates of tissue homogeneity\", and - with regard to special care for deeper strate - the \"one-tenth value depths\" as well as \"depth stress factors\". The determinations were effected right in dependence on tube tension and focus - skin - distance. The results of the studies, partly demonstrated by practical examples, show that an X-radiation within the so-called soft-ray range corresponds so much the more to the up-to-date conceptions of radioprotection, as this radiation is accepting the characteristics of the monochromatic autoradiation of the anode material. From the clinical point of view, it remains to be exmained preferably whether there will ever be an indication in the range of dermatological radiotherapy that needs a harder quality of rays than those of the molybdene series K.", "PMID": 1179447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7021", "title": "[Inactivating and mutagenic effects of long-wave UV-light in bacteria with various mechanism of repair].", "content": "UV-radiation of 254 nm wavelength produces in the genetic material (desoxyribonucleic acid, (DNA) of bacteria photochemical alterations (lesions) which can lead to cellular death or mutation induction. The biologically most important class of these lesions is the one of the pyrimidine dimers. Bacteria possess three groups of enzymatic mechanisms which can eliminate such lesions under certain circumstances: elimination in situ; removal from the nucleotide chain (prereplication repair); ignoring the lesion (postreplication repair). The biological effect and the importance of these so-called repair mechanisms is reviewed and the occurrence in other organisms is briefly discussed. On the one hand, organisms are exposed to UV-radiation of 254 nm wavelength only under artificial conditions; on the other hand, long-wave solar UV-radiation (between approximately 300 nm and visible light) which amounts to about three per cent of the total energy output, represents the most powerful radiation to which organisms can be exposed under natural conditions to any larger extent. As outlined in the second part of this review, this radiation also induces lesions which may act as substrate for the above mentioned repair mechanisms. With increasing wavelength, lesions may also occur in cellular components other than DNA. The complexity of biological responses arising thereby is discussed.", "contents": "[Inactivating and mutagenic effects of long-wave UV-light in bacteria with various mechanism of repair]. UV-radiation of 254 nm wavelength produces in the genetic material (desoxyribonucleic acid, (DNA) of bacteria photochemical alterations (lesions) which can lead to cellular death or mutation induction. The biologically most important class of these lesions is the one of the pyrimidine dimers. Bacteria possess three groups of enzymatic mechanisms which can eliminate such lesions under certain circumstances: elimination in situ; removal from the nucleotide chain (prereplication repair); ignoring the lesion (postreplication repair). The biological effect and the importance of these so-called repair mechanisms is reviewed and the occurrence in other organisms is briefly discussed. On the one hand, organisms are exposed to UV-radiation of 254 nm wavelength only under artificial conditions; on the other hand, long-wave solar UV-radiation (between approximately 300 nm and visible light) which amounts to about three per cent of the total energy output, represents the most powerful radiation to which organisms can be exposed under natural conditions to any larger extent. As outlined in the second part of this review, this radiation also induces lesions which may act as substrate for the above mentioned repair mechanisms. With increasing wavelength, lesions may also occur in cellular components other than DNA. The complexity of biological responses arising thereby is discussed.", "PMID": 1179448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7022", "title": "[Light-induced cancer].", "content": "After exposure of mice and rats to ultraviolet radiation, the yield of cutaneous carcinomas regularly depends on radiation dose and dose distribution. In man, according to comparison of radiation climate with cancer frequency and based on distribution studies of skin exposed to light, the rules are supposed to be of the same kind. Thereby, the latent period is additionally influenced by genetically determined radiosensitivity (melanin content; DNA repair and by the action of syncarcinogenic and concarcinogenic factors. The resulting correlations between UV-light absorption and initiation of cutaneous carcinomas are tight in spinocellular carcinoma, distinct in basaloma, and questionable in melanoma. By converting the estimated UV-radiation doses into \"Biological Units\", it is possible to determine the risk of cutaneous carcinoma induced by artificial radiation sources as compared with the risk by radiation from sun and sky.", "contents": "[Light-induced cancer]. After exposure of mice and rats to ultraviolet radiation, the yield of cutaneous carcinomas regularly depends on radiation dose and dose distribution. In man, according to comparison of radiation climate with cancer frequency and based on distribution studies of skin exposed to light, the rules are supposed to be of the same kind. Thereby, the latent period is additionally influenced by genetically determined radiosensitivity (melanin content; DNA repair and by the action of syncarcinogenic and concarcinogenic factors. The resulting correlations between UV-light absorption and initiation of cutaneous carcinomas are tight in spinocellular carcinoma, distinct in basaloma, and questionable in melanoma. By converting the estimated UV-radiation doses into \"Biological Units\", it is possible to determine the risk of cutaneous carcinoma induced by artificial radiation sources as compared with the risk by radiation from sun and sky.", "PMID": 1179449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7023", "title": "[Effect of radiation changes in the spectrum UV on plant organisms].", "content": "The synthesis of UV absorbing pigments (flavonoids), induced by UV (lambdamax less than 300 nm) with linear dose dependency, which we have recently observed in seedlings of the Umbelliferae, is described. This may provide a protective mechanism against an excess of solar UV radiation. The physiological importance of UV for the plant is discussed from the point of view of radiation damage and the plant's resistance to it.", "contents": "[Effect of radiation changes in the spectrum UV on plant organisms]. The synthesis of UV absorbing pigments (flavonoids), induced by UV (lambdamax less than 300 nm) with linear dose dependency, which we have recently observed in seedlings of the Umbelliferae, is described. This may provide a protective mechanism against an excess of solar UV radiation. The physiological importance of UV for the plant is discussed from the point of view of radiation damage and the plant's resistance to it.", "PMID": 1179450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7024", "title": "[The use of radiation sources in solariums].", "content": "Solaria are increasingly in favour. As radiation sources, the following ones have proved useful: high-pressure mercury-vapour lamps, compound radiation systems consisting of high-pressure mercury-vapour burner, series coiled filament and reflector bulbs made of special glass as well as halogen metal-vapour lamps. The spectral distributions of irradiances of these emitters, the spatial and local distribution of their radiant intensity or irradiance respectively are reported as well as the balance of emitted energy, i.e. the distribution of radiant power over the different wave ranges. Demands of radiation technics are pointed out, which ought to be considered for the construction of solaria.", "contents": "[The use of radiation sources in solariums]. Solaria are increasingly in favour. As radiation sources, the following ones have proved useful: high-pressure mercury-vapour lamps, compound radiation systems consisting of high-pressure mercury-vapour burner, series coiled filament and reflector bulbs made of special glass as well as halogen metal-vapour lamps. The spectral distributions of irradiances of these emitters, the spatial and local distribution of their radiant intensity or irradiance respectively are reported as well as the balance of emitted energy, i.e. the distribution of radiant power over the different wave ranges. Demands of radiation technics are pointed out, which ought to be considered for the construction of solaria.", "PMID": 1179451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7025", "title": "[Effect of the atmospheric ozone layer on the biologically active ultraviolet radiation on the earth's surface].", "content": "Based on measurements of the spectral irradiation intensity of UV-B global radiation by Bener (1960) and on the curve of spectral skin erythema effects newly measured by Urbach and Berger (1972), the biologically active UV-radiation at earth's surface has been calculated as a function of sun's altitude and atmospheric ozone content in so-called \"Biological Units\": BE = mWh cm-2 times erythema efficacy. On the basis of these data, the total daily, monthly, and yearly amounts of biologically active UV-radiation have been determined for the different geographical latitudes and various ozone contents. Approximately two thirds of BU hit the equatorial zone from 35 degrees south to 35 degrees north. Provided that the stratospheric ozone layer would be reduced by ten per cent from the exhaust gases of supersonic planes flying at high-altitude, an increase of BU would result amounting to 18% at the equator, to 19% in middle latitudes, and to 22% at the poles.", "contents": "[Effect of the atmospheric ozone layer on the biologically active ultraviolet radiation on the earth's surface]. Based on measurements of the spectral irradiation intensity of UV-B global radiation by Bener (1960) and on the curve of spectral skin erythema effects newly measured by Urbach and Berger (1972), the biologically active UV-radiation at earth's surface has been calculated as a function of sun's altitude and atmospheric ozone content in so-called \"Biological Units\": BE = mWh cm-2 times erythema efficacy. On the basis of these data, the total daily, monthly, and yearly amounts of biologically active UV-radiation have been determined for the different geographical latitudes and various ozone contents. Approximately two thirds of BU hit the equatorial zone from 35 degrees south to 35 degrees north. Provided that the stratospheric ozone layer would be reduced by ten per cent from the exhaust gases of supersonic planes flying at high-altitude, an increase of BU would result amounting to 18% at the equator, to 19% in middle latitudes, and to 22% at the poles.", "PMID": 1179452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7026", "title": "The production and clinical features of a chronic stroke model in experimental primates.", "content": "The characteristics of stroke in baboons produced by transcranial occlusion of the middle cerebral artery were studied by clinical examination and serial cinematographic studies, the animals being maintained for three years following the stroke. The characteristic deficit in all animals was an initial, fairly dense faciobrachial weakness with, in a few instances, some accompanying leg weakness for a few days, rapidly improving over the first few months. Some animals retained very evident arm weakness; most animals retained weakness of the face; the majority showed recovery of reaching and placing reactions and some movement in all joints of the upper limb, although fine movements of the fingers remained invariably impaired. Homonymous hemianopia, at least to attention, also appeared to be characteristic, but all of the animals recovered a normal gait and leaping was regained. The close correlation between this and human stroke appears to confirm that middle cerebral artery occlusion in the baboon is a reliable, repeatable and acceptable stroke model.", "contents": "The production and clinical features of a chronic stroke model in experimental primates. The characteristics of stroke in baboons produced by transcranial occlusion of the middle cerebral artery were studied by clinical examination and serial cinematographic studies, the animals being maintained for three years following the stroke. The characteristic deficit in all animals was an initial, fairly dense faciobrachial weakness with, in a few instances, some accompanying leg weakness for a few days, rapidly improving over the first few months. Some animals retained very evident arm weakness; most animals retained weakness of the face; the majority showed recovery of reaching and placing reactions and some movement in all joints of the upper limb, although fine movements of the fingers remained invariably impaired. Homonymous hemianopia, at least to attention, also appeared to be characteristic, but all of the animals recovered a normal gait and leaping was regained. The close correlation between this and human stroke appears to confirm that middle cerebral artery occlusion in the baboon is a reliable, repeatable and acceptable stroke model.", "PMID": 1179453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7027", "title": "Local cerebral blood flow and vascular reactivity in a chronic stable stroke in baboons.", "content": "Blood flow in the hemispheres of baboons three years after middle cerebral artery occlusion has been assessed by the hydrogen clearance technique. Blood flow in the infarct itself varied from very low (8 ml/100 gm per minute) to very high (89 ml/100 gm per minute) values and, averaging the values for the infarct as a whole, it was impossible to distinguish average flows in the infarct from those of the normal hemisphere. Flow values in surrounding zones of the infarct remained significantly lower than those of comparable normal hemispheres, and, excluding the infarct, the mean average hemispheral blood flow was 35.2 ml/100 gm per minute. This indicates a significant reduction in flow in the cortex, subsequently shown histologically to be normal, compared with normal blood flow values for the baboon hemisphere. Autoregulation was lost in the infarct and impaired in surrounding tissue. CO2 reactivity was grossly reduced in the hemisphere as a whole but was present in all areas, even occasionally in electrode placements within the infarct itself. After perfusion fixation of the head, pathological study of the area of infarction showed a fairly consistent distribution, the infarct itself consisting of many dilated blood vessels of non-capillary nature scattered among fibrous tissue in what was virtually a glial scar.", "contents": "Local cerebral blood flow and vascular reactivity in a chronic stable stroke in baboons. Blood flow in the hemispheres of baboons three years after middle cerebral artery occlusion has been assessed by the hydrogen clearance technique. Blood flow in the infarct itself varied from very low (8 ml/100 gm per minute) to very high (89 ml/100 gm per minute) values and, averaging the values for the infarct as a whole, it was impossible to distinguish average flows in the infarct from those of the normal hemisphere. Flow values in surrounding zones of the infarct remained significantly lower than those of comparable normal hemispheres, and, excluding the infarct, the mean average hemispheral blood flow was 35.2 ml/100 gm per minute. This indicates a significant reduction in flow in the cortex, subsequently shown histologically to be normal, compared with normal blood flow values for the baboon hemisphere. Autoregulation was lost in the infarct and impaired in surrounding tissue. CO2 reactivity was grossly reduced in the hemisphere as a whole but was present in all areas, even occasionally in electrode placements within the infarct itself. After perfusion fixation of the head, pathological study of the area of infarction showed a fairly consistent distribution, the infarct itself consisting of many dilated blood vessels of non-capillary nature scattered among fibrous tissue in what was virtually a glial scar.", "PMID": 1179454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7028", "title": "Amaurosis fugax: a clinical comparison.", "content": "Amaurosis fugax (transient monocular blindness) is a symptom of retinal ischemia just as contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss are symptoms of cerebral ischemia. These symptoms are produced by atherosclerotic stenosis of the carotid vessels at the ipsilateral carotid bifurcation and emboli from these areas causing focal, repetitive, retinal ischemia. A study of 31 endarterectomy patients was undertaken to see if eight patients with amaurosis fugax (25%) could be differentiated from 22 patients with transient cerebral ischemia. The patients with amaurosis fugax were found to be younger. They all had 75% or greater stenosis of the internal carotid artery at the bifurcation on the symptomatic side. They all had unilateral visual symptoms and these symptoms were relieved by surgery. The patients with amaurosis fugax were devoid of cardiac disease, while 45% of the cerebral ischemic patients had documented myocardial disease. Amaurosis fugax (transient monocular blindness) in the setting of clinically significant atheroslerosis of the carotid vessels is an indication for carotid endarterectomy.", "contents": "Amaurosis fugax: a clinical comparison. Amaurosis fugax (transient monocular blindness) is a symptom of retinal ischemia just as contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss are symptoms of cerebral ischemia. These symptoms are produced by atherosclerotic stenosis of the carotid vessels at the ipsilateral carotid bifurcation and emboli from these areas causing focal, repetitive, retinal ischemia. A study of 31 endarterectomy patients was undertaken to see if eight patients with amaurosis fugax (25%) could be differentiated from 22 patients with transient cerebral ischemia. The patients with amaurosis fugax were found to be younger. They all had 75% or greater stenosis of the internal carotid artery at the bifurcation on the symptomatic side. They all had unilateral visual symptoms and these symptoms were relieved by surgery. The patients with amaurosis fugax were devoid of cardiac disease, while 45% of the cerebral ischemic patients had documented myocardial disease. Amaurosis fugax (transient monocular blindness) in the setting of clinically significant atheroslerosis of the carotid vessels is an indication for carotid endarterectomy.", "PMID": 1179455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7029", "title": "Chronically impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in long-term diabetics.", "content": "Using the arteriovenous oxygen difference method autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) was tested in 16 long-term diabetics and eight control patients. Blood pressure was raised by angiotensin infusion and lowered by trimethaphan camsylate infusion, in some cases combined with head-up tilting of the patient. Regression analysis was carried out on the results in order to quantify autoregulatory capacity. In the control patients CBF did not vary with moderate blood pressure variations, indicating normal autoregulation. In four of the 16 diabetic patients CBF showed significant pressure dependency, indicating impaired autoregulation. The cause of impaired autoregulation in some long-term diabetics is believed to be diffuse or multifocal dysfunction of cerebral arterioles due to diabetic vascular disease. Other conditions with impaired autoregulation are discussed and compared with that seen in long-term diabetes.", "contents": "Chronically impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in long-term diabetics. Using the arteriovenous oxygen difference method autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) was tested in 16 long-term diabetics and eight control patients. Blood pressure was raised by angiotensin infusion and lowered by trimethaphan camsylate infusion, in some cases combined with head-up tilting of the patient. Regression analysis was carried out on the results in order to quantify autoregulatory capacity. In the control patients CBF did not vary with moderate blood pressure variations, indicating normal autoregulation. In four of the 16 diabetic patients CBF showed significant pressure dependency, indicating impaired autoregulation. The cause of impaired autoregulation in some long-term diabetics is believed to be diffuse or multifocal dysfunction of cerebral arterioles due to diabetic vascular disease. Other conditions with impaired autoregulation are discussed and compared with that seen in long-term diabetes.", "PMID": 1179456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7030", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow response to hypocapnia in the contralateral hemisphere of patients with acute cerebral infarction.", "content": "The rCBF response to hypocapnia induced by active short-term hyperventilation was determined in the contralateral hemispheres of ten patients with acute unilateral cerebral infarction. Overall rCBF reduction occurred in only two patients. Regional or widespread abnormal responses to Paco2 reduction manifested as either no change or a paradoxical increase in the rCBF were observed in eight patients. The hemispheric mean rCBF reduction following hypocapnia was diminished as compared with control subjects. Our findings suggest that an impairment of the chemical control of rCBF may occur in the non-infarcted hemisphere during the early period following the onset of cerebral infarction. The pathophysiological mechanisms which may underlie this abnormal rCBF reactivity to Paco2 reduction are considered.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow response to hypocapnia in the contralateral hemisphere of patients with acute cerebral infarction. The rCBF response to hypocapnia induced by active short-term hyperventilation was determined in the contralateral hemispheres of ten patients with acute unilateral cerebral infarction. Overall rCBF reduction occurred in only two patients. Regional or widespread abnormal responses to Paco2 reduction manifested as either no change or a paradoxical increase in the rCBF were observed in eight patients. The hemispheric mean rCBF reduction following hypocapnia was diminished as compared with control subjects. Our findings suggest that an impairment of the chemical control of rCBF may occur in the non-infarcted hemisphere during the early period following the onset of cerebral infarction. The pathophysiological mechanisms which may underlie this abnormal rCBF reactivity to Paco2 reduction are considered.", "PMID": 1179457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7031", "title": "The \"hot stroke\" and transient vascular occlusions.", "content": "Two patients with left middle cerebral artery (MCA) distribution infarctions fulfilled the \"hot stroke\" criteria on sequential 99m Tc pertechnetate flow and static gamma camera studies. The radioisotopic finding of a paradoxical relative increased flow to the affected hemisphere correlated with serial angiography showing multiple MCA branch occlusions becoming patent with a vascular blush and early venous drainage. The angiographical finding of transient vascular occlusions suggests embolism. Using the present cases together with prior observations, some transient vascular occlusions can be diagnosed by finding an increase in relative radioisotopic flow to the involved hemisphere within a few days to weeks of the infarction. This finding should launch a search for a possible embolic source.", "contents": "The \"hot stroke\" and transient vascular occlusions. Two patients with left middle cerebral artery (MCA) distribution infarctions fulfilled the \"hot stroke\" criteria on sequential 99m Tc pertechnetate flow and static gamma camera studies. The radioisotopic finding of a paradoxical relative increased flow to the affected hemisphere correlated with serial angiography showing multiple MCA branch occlusions becoming patent with a vascular blush and early venous drainage. The angiographical finding of transient vascular occlusions suggests embolism. Using the present cases together with prior observations, some transient vascular occlusions can be diagnosed by finding an increase in relative radioisotopic flow to the involved hemisphere within a few days to weeks of the infarction. This finding should launch a search for a possible embolic source.", "PMID": 1179460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7032", "title": "Increased platelet aggregates in patients with transient ischemic attacks.", "content": "In order to evaluate the pathogenetic importance of platelet aggregates in cerebrovascular disease, a platelet count ratio method was used to study 66 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Thirty normal subjects and 22 patients without thromboembolic disorders were also included as controls. The mean platelet aggregate ratio of the TIA group was 0.75 +/- 0.03 SEM which was significantly lower than that of normal subjects (0.90 +/- 0.02) or patients controls (0.88 +/- 0.01) (P less than 0.01). Seventeen patients with TIA were then treated with aspirin (1,200 mg) and dipyridamole (200 mg) daily. The platelet aggregate ratios were normalized in 13 patients. Of four patients who did not respond to this regimen, one did respond to sulfinpyrazone. When sulfinpyrazone was discontinued, recurrence of symptoms was preceded by an increase in platelet aggregates. These findings suggest that platelet aggregates may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular insufficiency. The determination of platelet aggregates appears useful in selecting patients for antiplatelet therapy.", "contents": "Increased platelet aggregates in patients with transient ischemic attacks. In order to evaluate the pathogenetic importance of platelet aggregates in cerebrovascular disease, a platelet count ratio method was used to study 66 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Thirty normal subjects and 22 patients without thromboembolic disorders were also included as controls. The mean platelet aggregate ratio of the TIA group was 0.75 +/- 0.03 SEM which was significantly lower than that of normal subjects (0.90 +/- 0.02) or patients controls (0.88 +/- 0.01) (P less than 0.01). Seventeen patients with TIA were then treated with aspirin (1,200 mg) and dipyridamole (200 mg) daily. The platelet aggregate ratios were normalized in 13 patients. Of four patients who did not respond to this regimen, one did respond to sulfinpyrazone. When sulfinpyrazone was discontinued, recurrence of symptoms was preceded by an increase in platelet aggregates. These findings suggest that platelet aggregates may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular insufficiency. The determination of platelet aggregates appears useful in selecting patients for antiplatelet therapy.", "PMID": 1179461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7033", "title": "Transient global amnesia associated with cardiac arrhythmia and digitalis intoxication.", "content": "A 54-year-old woman with transient global amnesia (TGA) was found to have digitalis-induced bradyarrhythmia with atrioventricular dissociation. The amnesia cleared only upon resolution of the arrhythmia. Cardiac arrhythmia has been postulated as a cause, but TGA in the setting of cardiac arrhythmia has not been documented previously. Cardiac arrhythmia should be excluded in patients with TGA, and TGA, a syndrome diagnosed on clinical grounds alone, must be recognized as one possible manifestation of treatable, potentially serious cardiac or cerebrovascular disease.", "contents": "Transient global amnesia associated with cardiac arrhythmia and digitalis intoxication. A 54-year-old woman with transient global amnesia (TGA) was found to have digitalis-induced bradyarrhythmia with atrioventricular dissociation. The amnesia cleared only upon resolution of the arrhythmia. Cardiac arrhythmia has been postulated as a cause, but TGA in the setting of cardiac arrhythmia has not been documented previously. Cardiac arrhythmia should be excluded in patients with TGA, and TGA, a syndrome diagnosed on clinical grounds alone, must be recognized as one possible manifestation of treatable, potentially serious cardiac or cerebrovascular disease.", "PMID": 1179459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7034", "title": "Localization of apo-lipoproteins in human carotid artery plaques.", "content": "Apoproteins from plasma lipoproteins were localized by immunofluorescence techniques in human carotid artery atherosclerotic lesions. These studies were performed in light of the possible importance of these apoproteins in both lipid metabolism and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. ApoA-I from high density lipoproteins, apoB from low density lipoproteins, and apoC-III from very low density lipoproteins were localized also as markers for their respective lipoproteins, since the latter cross-react immunologically. The three apoproteins were localized to the same regions of lesions as neutral lipids and, to some extent, fibrinogen. These regions consisted of bands of collagen fibers, usually deeper within the lesion, and the lipid core or atheroma of such advanced lesions. Although the superposition of localization for the three apoproteins and lipid was only 53%, it was suggested that deviation from complete superposition was due to the abrupt changes in lesion structure resulting from the focal nature of the atherosclerotic process. These results suggest that there is a broader specificity than previously implied of the interaction between such lesion components as connective tissue and extracellular lipid accumulations, and apoproteins from plasma lipoproteins. This interaction is believed to result in a net retention within atherosclerotic lesions of human extracranial arteries of these plasma-derived factors, either as free apoproteins or as native lipoproteins.", "contents": "Localization of apo-lipoproteins in human carotid artery plaques. Apoproteins from plasma lipoproteins were localized by immunofluorescence techniques in human carotid artery atherosclerotic lesions. These studies were performed in light of the possible importance of these apoproteins in both lipid metabolism and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. ApoA-I from high density lipoproteins, apoB from low density lipoproteins, and apoC-III from very low density lipoproteins were localized also as markers for their respective lipoproteins, since the latter cross-react immunologically. The three apoproteins were localized to the same regions of lesions as neutral lipids and, to some extent, fibrinogen. These regions consisted of bands of collagen fibers, usually deeper within the lesion, and the lipid core or atheroma of such advanced lesions. Although the superposition of localization for the three apoproteins and lipid was only 53%, it was suggested that deviation from complete superposition was due to the abrupt changes in lesion structure resulting from the focal nature of the atherosclerotic process. These results suggest that there is a broader specificity than previously implied of the interaction between such lesion components as connective tissue and extracellular lipid accumulations, and apoproteins from plasma lipoproteins. This interaction is believed to result in a net retention within atherosclerotic lesions of human extracranial arteries of these plasma-derived factors, either as free apoproteins or as native lipoproteins.", "PMID": 1179463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7035", "title": "Patterns of cerebrovascular disease in Japanese and other population groups in Hawaii: an angiographical study.", "content": "Angiograms of the carotid system were analyzed for incidence and type of intracranial and extracranial lesions in 296 patients with a final diagnosis of non-hemorrhagic stroke. These patients represent all the major ethnic groups in Hawaii. A significant difference was found between the ratio of frequency of involvement of the extracranial and intracranial vessels in Caucasian and that in the Hawaiian-born Japanese populations, similar to that reported by others in native Japanese. The Filipino, Chinese, Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian populations showed no such significant difference.", "contents": "Patterns of cerebrovascular disease in Japanese and other population groups in Hawaii: an angiographical study. Angiograms of the carotid system were analyzed for incidence and type of intracranial and extracranial lesions in 296 patients with a final diagnosis of non-hemorrhagic stroke. These patients represent all the major ethnic groups in Hawaii. A significant difference was found between the ratio of frequency of involvement of the extracranial and intracranial vessels in Caucasian and that in the Hawaiian-born Japanese populations, similar to that reported by others in native Japanese. The Filipino, Chinese, Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian populations showed no such significant difference.", "PMID": 1179464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7036", "title": "Sympathetic innervation of cerebral arteries: prejunctional supersensitivity to norepinephrine after sympathectomy or cocaine treatment.", "content": "The inactivation of the norepinephrine transmitter in the region of the adrenergic receptor is one important function of the sympathetic nerve terminals innervating blood vessels. This capacity was tested on isolated cat's middle cerebral artery (MCA) by recordings of the contractile response induced by norepinephrine at various stages after sympathectomy (excision of the superior cervical ganglion). Within three days after denervation, when fluorescence microscopy revealed a disappearance of neuronal norepinephrine in the vessel wall, there was a threefold increase in sensitivity of the test system which was not further enhanced at two weeks. This, and the finding of a similar amount of sensitization (of non-denervated vessels) to norepinephrine or tyramine after cocaine treatment, showed that a prejunctional type of sensitivity had developed. The sympathetic denervation did not influence the dose-response curve obtained with acetylcholine, supporting the specific nature of the supersensitivity reaction only to the sympathetic transmitter. Half a year after sympathectomy the sensitivity of the pial arteries to norepinephrine returned to control levels despite the absence of reinnervation, indicating that postjunctional changes also occurred. The findings offer further evidence for a functional role of the sympathetic nerves supplying intracranial arteries and show that the mode of innervation resembles that found in peripheral vessels.", "contents": "Sympathetic innervation of cerebral arteries: prejunctional supersensitivity to norepinephrine after sympathectomy or cocaine treatment. The inactivation of the norepinephrine transmitter in the region of the adrenergic receptor is one important function of the sympathetic nerve terminals innervating blood vessels. This capacity was tested on isolated cat's middle cerebral artery (MCA) by recordings of the contractile response induced by norepinephrine at various stages after sympathectomy (excision of the superior cervical ganglion). Within three days after denervation, when fluorescence microscopy revealed a disappearance of neuronal norepinephrine in the vessel wall, there was a threefold increase in sensitivity of the test system which was not further enhanced at two weeks. This, and the finding of a similar amount of sensitization (of non-denervated vessels) to norepinephrine or tyramine after cocaine treatment, showed that a prejunctional type of sensitivity had developed. The sympathetic denervation did not influence the dose-response curve obtained with acetylcholine, supporting the specific nature of the supersensitivity reaction only to the sympathetic transmitter. Half a year after sympathectomy the sensitivity of the pial arteries to norepinephrine returned to control levels despite the absence of reinnervation, indicating that postjunctional changes also occurred. The findings offer further evidence for a functional role of the sympathetic nerves supplying intracranial arteries and show that the mode of innervation resembles that found in peripheral vessels.", "PMID": 1179462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7037", "title": "Prognosis and quality of survival in a hospitalized stroke population from the south.", "content": "Likelihood and quality of survival were assessed for patients (79% blacks) consecutively admitted to a southern teaching hospital stroke unit. The functional condition of 260 patients in eight categories of cerebrovascular disease was determined at discharge and three years later. Cumulative probability of five-year survival was calculated for 400 patients and compared to the population at large. Clinical variables were related to the prognosis in 155 patients with anterior circulation infarction. Mortality during hospitalization varied from 8% to 52%. More than half of the patients in most diagnostic groups died within three years of their stroke. Only 22% of patients with anterior circulation infarcts were fully ambulatory three years later. Prognosis worsened markedly with age and known pre-existing hypertension, and survival was decreased in blacks and in men. Overall five-year survival probability for all stroke patients discharged alive was 49%. Survival was similar in patients discharged ambulatory with or without aid, but poor in patients not ambulatory at discharge. Less than half as many individuals in the anterior circulation infarct group survived five years than did in the general population. The prognosis for blacks was even somewhat worse when compared to the black population at large.", "contents": "Prognosis and quality of survival in a hospitalized stroke population from the south. Likelihood and quality of survival were assessed for patients (79% blacks) consecutively admitted to a southern teaching hospital stroke unit. The functional condition of 260 patients in eight categories of cerebrovascular disease was determined at discharge and three years later. Cumulative probability of five-year survival was calculated for 400 patients and compared to the population at large. Clinical variables were related to the prognosis in 155 patients with anterior circulation infarction. Mortality during hospitalization varied from 8% to 52%. More than half of the patients in most diagnostic groups died within three years of their stroke. Only 22% of patients with anterior circulation infarcts were fully ambulatory three years later. Prognosis worsened markedly with age and known pre-existing hypertension, and survival was decreased in blacks and in men. Overall five-year survival probability for all stroke patients discharged alive was 49%. Survival was similar in patients discharged ambulatory with or without aid, but poor in patients not ambulatory at discharge. Less than half as many individuals in the anterior circulation infarct group survived five years than did in the general population. The prognosis for blacks was even somewhat worse when compared to the black population at large.", "PMID": 1179465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7038", "title": "Naturally occurring immunosuppressive agents. I. The presence in normal pig liver of a factor possessing immunosuppressive properties with respect to pig lymphoid cells in vitro.", "content": "Saline cell-free extracts of normal pig liver, but not normal pig spleen, contain a noncytotoxic factor (or factors) capable of suppressing the blastogenic response of pig lymphocytes to stimulation with a number of plant mitogens: phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed, and concanavalin A. This reaction is generally considered to be a reflection of the capacity of the cell to participate in an immune reaction. Normal pig serum does not display inhibitory activity. The liver extract must be in contact with the lymphocytes for at least the final 48 hr of the 72-hr culture period in order to suppress the blastogenic response. Whether this active constituent in normal pig liver extract is an immunosuppressive agent in vivo remains to be determined.", "contents": "Naturally occurring immunosuppressive agents. I. The presence in normal pig liver of a factor possessing immunosuppressive properties with respect to pig lymphoid cells in vitro. Saline cell-free extracts of normal pig liver, but not normal pig spleen, contain a noncytotoxic factor (or factors) capable of suppressing the blastogenic response of pig lymphocytes to stimulation with a number of plant mitogens: phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed, and concanavalin A. This reaction is generally considered to be a reflection of the capacity of the cell to participate in an immune reaction. Normal pig serum does not display inhibitory activity. The liver extract must be in contact with the lymphocytes for at least the final 48 hr of the 72-hr culture period in order to suppress the blastogenic response. Whether this active constituent in normal pig liver extract is an immunosuppressive agent in vivo remains to be determined.", "PMID": 1179474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7039", "title": "Papin-solubilized Ag-B antigens. II. Characterization of small sized Ag-B molecules.", "content": "Papain solubilization of rat Ag-B histocompatibility antigens produces Ag-B molecules of about 59,000 daltons which have been shown to contain two fragments bound noncovalently: one fragment about 37,000 daltons carrying Ag-B allospecificity, and another about 11,000 daltons, an apparent rat homologue of human beta2-microglobulin. Beside the 59,000-dalton Ag-B molecules, papain digests of liver cell membranes of ACI strain rats were found to contain Ag-B molecules of about 25,000 and 35,000 daltons. These smaller Ag-B molecules carried Ag-B private specificity of the rat strain (i.e., Ag-B4), as did the 59,000-dalton Ag-B molecules, and accounted for 40% of the solubilized Ag-B alloantigenic activity. The smaller Ag-B molecules were tested for the antigenic specificities that are characteristic of each of the two fragments of the 59,000-dalton molecules and detected by rabbit antiserum against rat cell membranes. The 35,000-dalton Ag-B molecules were found to contain the Ag-B 11,000-dalton fragment (i.e., rat beta2-microglobulin homologue) and to differ from the 59,000-dalton Ag-B molecules only in absence of a part of the 37,000-dalton fragment portion. The 25,000-dalton Ag-B molecules did not contain the rat beta2-microglobulin homologue and contained only a single component that is similar to the alloantigenic fragment portion of the 35,000-dalton Ag-B molecules. Similar 25,000-dalton Ag-B molecules (carrying Ag-B1 private specificity) of a single component were found in Fischer rat material. They accounted for 10% of the solubilized Ag-B alloantigenic activity.", "contents": "Papin-solubilized Ag-B antigens. II. Characterization of small sized Ag-B molecules. Papain solubilization of rat Ag-B histocompatibility antigens produces Ag-B molecules of about 59,000 daltons which have been shown to contain two fragments bound noncovalently: one fragment about 37,000 daltons carrying Ag-B allospecificity, and another about 11,000 daltons, an apparent rat homologue of human beta2-microglobulin. Beside the 59,000-dalton Ag-B molecules, papain digests of liver cell membranes of ACI strain rats were found to contain Ag-B molecules of about 25,000 and 35,000 daltons. These smaller Ag-B molecules carried Ag-B private specificity of the rat strain (i.e., Ag-B4), as did the 59,000-dalton Ag-B molecules, and accounted for 40% of the solubilized Ag-B alloantigenic activity. The smaller Ag-B molecules were tested for the antigenic specificities that are characteristic of each of the two fragments of the 59,000-dalton molecules and detected by rabbit antiserum against rat cell membranes. The 35,000-dalton Ag-B molecules were found to contain the Ag-B 11,000-dalton fragment (i.e., rat beta2-microglobulin homologue) and to differ from the 59,000-dalton Ag-B molecules only in absence of a part of the 37,000-dalton fragment portion. The 25,000-dalton Ag-B molecules did not contain the rat beta2-microglobulin homologue and contained only a single component that is similar to the alloantigenic fragment portion of the 35,000-dalton Ag-B molecules. Similar 25,000-dalton Ag-B molecules (carrying Ag-B1 private specificity) of a single component were found in Fischer rat material. They accounted for 10% of the solubilized Ag-B alloantigenic activity.", "PMID": 1179475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7040", "title": "Cerebrovascular disease in Uganda.", "content": "Cerebrovascular disease in Uganda is probably as common as in developed countries. However, the aetiology is very different. Predisposing factors such as hypertension and systemic embolization from an intracardiac source are common, whereas atherosclerotic vascular disease is not. The relative frequency of these factors and the incidence of the various types of cerebrovascular accident differ in the present autopsy series from two previously published clinical series from Africa. The reasons for this are discussed. Luetic vascular disease, a common aetiological factor in earlier series, is now rare.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular disease in Uganda. Cerebrovascular disease in Uganda is probably as common as in developed countries. However, the aetiology is very different. Predisposing factors such as hypertension and systemic embolization from an intracardiac source are common, whereas atherosclerotic vascular disease is not. The relative frequency of these factors and the incidence of the various types of cerebrovascular accident differ in the present autopsy series from two previously published clinical series from Africa. The reasons for this are discussed. Luetic vascular disease, a common aetiological factor in earlier series, is now rare.", "PMID": 1179477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7041", "title": "A local outbreak of paralytic rabies in Surinam children.", "content": "A rapidly fatal encephalomyelitis, which was in most cases characterized by ascending paralysis, developed in seven children of the age of 3 to 10 years in a bushnegro village in the interior of Surinam. Rabies virus was recovered from the central nervous system of three autopsied children. Although the source of infection has not been detected, there is an indication that, at least in some cases, the disease has been transmitted by rat-bite rather than by vampire bats. During the same period a few cases of minor febrile illness occurred in the same community. Since virological and serological evidence of a wide-spread distribution of Coxsackie A virus type 4 was obtained, the latter illness may presumably be attributed to this virus.", "contents": "A local outbreak of paralytic rabies in Surinam children. A rapidly fatal encephalomyelitis, which was in most cases characterized by ascending paralysis, developed in seven children of the age of 3 to 10 years in a bushnegro village in the interior of Surinam. Rabies virus was recovered from the central nervous system of three autopsied children. Although the source of infection has not been detected, there is an indication that, at least in some cases, the disease has been transmitted by rat-bite rather than by vampire bats. During the same period a few cases of minor febrile illness occurred in the same community. Since virological and serological evidence of a wide-spread distribution of Coxsackie A virus type 4 was obtained, the latter illness may presumably be attributed to this virus.", "PMID": 1179478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7042", "title": "Clinical observations of scrub typhus on Penghu (the Pescadores Islands).", "content": "Between May and September 1973, 68 cases of scrub typhus in Chinese military personnel on the Pescadores Islands were studied. The common symptoms and signs were fever, chills, headache, eschar, myalgia, and lymph node enlargement. Most eschars were located in the axilla, waist, groin and genitals, and neck. These lesions were painless and not noticed by the patients themselves. Regional lymph node enlargement at the site of eschar drainage was common. Relative bradycardia with fever was observed in 40%, a skin rash in 35% of the patients. Leucopenia was noted more frequently in the febrile than in the convalescent stage, but more than half of the patients had a normal count. Lymphocytosis was prominent, especially during the convalescent period. An acceleration of ESR was noted. Instead of depression of the erythroid series in the marrow which was reported previously, 47% of examined patients were found to have erythroid hyperplasia. Two patients showed marked hypocellularity of the marrow in the acute febrile stage; later on became normocellular. Albuminuria was present in 15 and BUN increased in 12 patients. Elevation of serum bilirubin and SGOT was also noted. Biologic false positive VDRL tests were observed in nine patients. In 30 tests elevation of Proteus OX-K titres between 1:160 and 1:640 was noted. A geometric mean OX-K titre rise in the patients is presented; the mean titre reached a peak in the third week of illness, and then fell off. Most of the patients were treated with tetracycline 500 mg every six hours for about nine days. The fever usually subsided within 36 hours. Complications or mortality were not encountered.", "contents": "Clinical observations of scrub typhus on Penghu (the Pescadores Islands). Between May and September 1973, 68 cases of scrub typhus in Chinese military personnel on the Pescadores Islands were studied. The common symptoms and signs were fever, chills, headache, eschar, myalgia, and lymph node enlargement. Most eschars were located in the axilla, waist, groin and genitals, and neck. These lesions were painless and not noticed by the patients themselves. Regional lymph node enlargement at the site of eschar drainage was common. Relative bradycardia with fever was observed in 40%, a skin rash in 35% of the patients. Leucopenia was noted more frequently in the febrile than in the convalescent stage, but more than half of the patients had a normal count. Lymphocytosis was prominent, especially during the convalescent period. An acceleration of ESR was noted. Instead of depression of the erythroid series in the marrow which was reported previously, 47% of examined patients were found to have erythroid hyperplasia. Two patients showed marked hypocellularity of the marrow in the acute febrile stage; later on became normocellular. Albuminuria was present in 15 and BUN increased in 12 patients. Elevation of serum bilirubin and SGOT was also noted. Biologic false positive VDRL tests were observed in nine patients. In 30 tests elevation of Proteus OX-K titres between 1:160 and 1:640 was noted. A geometric mean OX-K titre rise in the patients is presented; the mean titre reached a peak in the third week of illness, and then fell off. Most of the patients were treated with tetracycline 500 mg every six hours for about nine days. The fever usually subsided within 36 hours. Complications or mortality were not encountered.", "PMID": 1179479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7043", "title": "Epidemic pleurodynia (Bornholm disease) outbreak in Singapore. A clinical and virological study.", "content": "In 1974, an outbreak of Bornholm disease occurred in Singapore. The period 1st May to 31st July was delineated for study. From the clinical presentation 53 patients were placed into two categories \"typical Bornholm disease\" and \"atypical Bornholm disease\". The clinical features of only those in the \"typical Bornholm disease\" group including those with positive Coxsackie B3 virus isolation were described. The virological studies, both faecal isolation for virus and serology were correlated with clinical diagnosis. Fever and characteristic abdominal or chest pain appear to be constant features of Bornholm disease. Positive faecal virus isolation are significantly high in the \"typical Bornholm disease\" group. Bornholm disease could be diagnosed clinically with fair accuracy. The importance of diagnosing Bornholm disease is emphasized.", "contents": "Epidemic pleurodynia (Bornholm disease) outbreak in Singapore. A clinical and virological study. In 1974, an outbreak of Bornholm disease occurred in Singapore. The period 1st May to 31st July was delineated for study. From the clinical presentation 53 patients were placed into two categories \"typical Bornholm disease\" and \"atypical Bornholm disease\". The clinical features of only those in the \"typical Bornholm disease\" group including those with positive Coxsackie B3 virus isolation were described. The virological studies, both faecal isolation for virus and serology were correlated with clinical diagnosis. Fever and characteristic abdominal or chest pain appear to be constant features of Bornholm disease. Positive faecal virus isolation are significantly high in the \"typical Bornholm disease\" group. Bornholm disease could be diagnosed clinically with fair accuracy. The importance of diagnosing Bornholm disease is emphasized.", "PMID": 1179480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7044", "title": "Serological evidence for syphilis in different population groups in Rwanda.", "content": "The prevalence of serological syphilis, based on qualitative VDRL slide test was studied in different population groups in Rwanda. A positive VDRL was found in 0.7% of female students of a social school, in 2.2% of male and female premarital consultants, in 3.2% of prenatal consultants, in 6.5% of soldiers, and in 27.9% of prostitutes. As the first groups were not exposed to venereal disease, VDRL reactivity due to biological false positive reaction or to yaws antecedents is estimated at 0.5 to 2%. Accordingly, VDRL reactivity due to syphilis is estimated at 1 to 2% in prenatal consultants, 5 to 6% in soldiers and 25 to 26% in prostitutes. It is concluded that syphilis is not yet an important public health problem except in certain promiscuous population groups in towns, as soldiers, migrant workers and prostitutes.", "contents": "Serological evidence for syphilis in different population groups in Rwanda. The prevalence of serological syphilis, based on qualitative VDRL slide test was studied in different population groups in Rwanda. A positive VDRL was found in 0.7% of female students of a social school, in 2.2% of male and female premarital consultants, in 3.2% of prenatal consultants, in 6.5% of soldiers, and in 27.9% of prostitutes. As the first groups were not exposed to venereal disease, VDRL reactivity due to biological false positive reaction or to yaws antecedents is estimated at 0.5 to 2%. Accordingly, VDRL reactivity due to syphilis is estimated at 1 to 2% in prenatal consultants, 5 to 6% in soldiers and 25 to 26% in prostitutes. It is concluded that syphilis is not yet an important public health problem except in certain promiscuous population groups in towns, as soldiers, migrant workers and prostitutes.", "PMID": 1179481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7045", "title": "The topographic distribution of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale in the human intestine.", "content": "During an investigation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 28 human intestinal tracts were systematically inspected on the presence of hookworms. In total, 643 hookworms (508 Necator americanus and 135 Ancylostoma duodenale) were isolated from 19 intestinal tracts. The localization of these hookworms was determined. N. americanus worms were concentrated in the duodenum and jejunum, whereas A. duodenale worms rather prefer the jejunum and proximal ileum. Some preference of hookworms for the antimesenteric site of the intestinal wall was found. The relative distance between adjoining worms in the observed hookworm populations was 3.8 cm on the average for Necator and 5.5 cm for Ancylostoma. The distribution of the sexes in the worm-population revealed no monosexual or bisexual prevalence of the hookworms.", "contents": "The topographic distribution of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale in the human intestine. During an investigation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 28 human intestinal tracts were systematically inspected on the presence of hookworms. In total, 643 hookworms (508 Necator americanus and 135 Ancylostoma duodenale) were isolated from 19 intestinal tracts. The localization of these hookworms was determined. N. americanus worms were concentrated in the duodenum and jejunum, whereas A. duodenale worms rather prefer the jejunum and proximal ileum. Some preference of hookworms for the antimesenteric site of the intestinal wall was found. The relative distance between adjoining worms in the observed hookworm populations was 3.8 cm on the average for Necator and 5.5 cm for Ancylostoma. The distribution of the sexes in the worm-population revealed no monosexual or bisexual prevalence of the hookworms.", "PMID": 1179482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7046", "title": "Australia antigen (HB Ag) in genitourinary secretions of Nigerians.", "content": "HB Ag was determined in blood and urogenital fluids of Nigerians attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. The antigen was found in 10 (5.43%) of 184 blood samples and in two of 72 urine samples. 189 samples of seminal fluid and vaginal secretions were negative. The antigenemia was similar to that reported in blood donors. The low frequency of the HB Ag in genito-urinary secretions may be due to intermittent excretion. Sexual intercourse may not be an important route of transmission in Nigeria.", "contents": "Australia antigen (HB Ag) in genitourinary secretions of Nigerians. HB Ag was determined in blood and urogenital fluids of Nigerians attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. The antigen was found in 10 (5.43%) of 184 blood samples and in two of 72 urine samples. 189 samples of seminal fluid and vaginal secretions were negative. The antigenemia was similar to that reported in blood donors. The low frequency of the HB Ag in genito-urinary secretions may be due to intermittent excretion. Sexual intercourse may not be an important route of transmission in Nigeria.", "PMID": 1179483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7047", "title": "Dietary intakes and food taboos of lactating women in a South Indian community.", "content": "The diets of women, studied at regular intervals in the first year of lactation, showed that food taboos adversely affected the daily intake of energy, protein and some nutrients in the first month. Despite the poor intakes, the women breastfed their babies successfully and the weight gained by the babies in the early months was satisfactory. Breast feeding continued until the next pregnancy. Most women believed lactation prevented conception.", "contents": "Dietary intakes and food taboos of lactating women in a South Indian community. The diets of women, studied at regular intervals in the first year of lactation, showed that food taboos adversely affected the daily intake of energy, protein and some nutrients in the first month. Despite the poor intakes, the women breastfed their babies successfully and the weight gained by the babies in the early months was satisfactory. Breast feeding continued until the next pregnancy. Most women believed lactation prevented conception.", "PMID": 1179484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7048", "title": "Cow's urine poisoning in Nigeria. Experimental observations in mice.", "content": "The method of preparation and administration of \"cow's urine\" and the signs and symptoms of cow's urine poisoning have been described. Experimental investigations were carried out in mice to assess the toxicity ot this concoction. Effect of the preparation was compared with that of pure nicotine. The effect of each component used in preparing the concoction was also tested. Results of the experiments show that both \"cow's urine\" and nicotine cause excitement in low doses and cause convulsion and/or death in higher doses. Both also depress respiration. The role of \"cow's urine\" toxicity following administration to patients with convulsion and the possible aetiology of the neurological sequelae of \"cow's urine\" poisoning are discussed.", "contents": "Cow's urine poisoning in Nigeria. Experimental observations in mice. The method of preparation and administration of \"cow's urine\" and the signs and symptoms of cow's urine poisoning have been described. Experimental investigations were carried out in mice to assess the toxicity ot this concoction. Effect of the preparation was compared with that of pure nicotine. The effect of each component used in preparing the concoction was also tested. Results of the experiments show that both \"cow's urine\" and nicotine cause excitement in low doses and cause convulsion and/or death in higher doses. Both also depress respiration. The role of \"cow's urine\" toxicity following administration to patients with convulsion and the possible aetiology of the neurological sequelae of \"cow's urine\" poisoning are discussed.", "PMID": 1179485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7049", "title": "Acute intermittent porphyria in Africans. A report of two cases.", "content": "The cases of two Nigerians with acute intermittent porphyria are reported. They both had severe hyponatraemia and are the first patients to show serum electrolyte disturbances in documented cases of Nigerians with the disease. The clinical picture did not differ from that described in temperate countries. The rarity of this disease in Africans might be more apparent than real and we believe that a high index of awareness will bring more cases to light.", "contents": "Acute intermittent porphyria in Africans. A report of two cases. The cases of two Nigerians with acute intermittent porphyria are reported. They both had severe hyponatraemia and are the first patients to show serum electrolyte disturbances in documented cases of Nigerians with the disease. The clinical picture did not differ from that described in temperate countries. The rarity of this disease in Africans might be more apparent than real and we believe that a high index of awareness will bring more cases to light.", "PMID": 1179486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7050", "title": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus as a cause of gastroenteritis in Indonesia.", "content": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from rectal swabs in two cases of acute gastroenteritis from different districts of Jakarta.", "contents": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus as a cause of gastroenteritis in Indonesia. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from rectal swabs in two cases of acute gastroenteritis from different districts of Jakarta.", "PMID": 1179488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7051", "title": "Traditional medical practitioners among the Bambara of Mali and their role in the modern health care delivery system.", "content": "The Bambara of Mali, who are sedentary agriculturists, number about two million and are the most important ethnic group in the country. They are gradually being Islamized, but retain many animist beliefs. Their traditional medical care system possesses a heterogenous group of practitioners who have either an animist or an Islamic culture reference. The traditional medical care system of the Bambara was studied and an evaluation of the quality of its practitioners made on the basis of a survey conducted in 128 villages over an eight-year period. During the study, patients, traditional practitioners and modern health workers were interviewed and their attitudes towards one another recorded and analyzed. Certain categories of traditional practitioners have a definite constructive role to play in a modern health care delivery system. Others, however, have had a long history and high incidence of charlatanism. Legitimatization of these categories and their incorporation into the modern health care system is not recommended.", "contents": "Traditional medical practitioners among the Bambara of Mali and their role in the modern health care delivery system. The Bambara of Mali, who are sedentary agriculturists, number about two million and are the most important ethnic group in the country. They are gradually being Islamized, but retain many animist beliefs. Their traditional medical care system possesses a heterogenous group of practitioners who have either an animist or an Islamic culture reference. The traditional medical care system of the Bambara was studied and an evaluation of the quality of its practitioners made on the basis of a survey conducted in 128 villages over an eight-year period. During the study, patients, traditional practitioners and modern health workers were interviewed and their attitudes towards one another recorded and analyzed. Certain categories of traditional practitioners have a definite constructive role to play in a modern health care delivery system. Others, however, have had a long history and high incidence of charlatanism. Legitimatization of these categories and their incorporation into the modern health care system is not recommended.", "PMID": 1179489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7052", "title": "[Light microscopic and electron microscopic study of the cells of tissue cultures irradiated with a neodymium laser].", "content": "Damage of tissue culture cells (Hela, a human amnion, a primary rat liver culture) caused by the neodymium laser radiation was studied by time-lapse phase-contrast microfilming and electron microscopy. The tested cultures were shown to display different sensitivity and the degree of cell alteration within the same cultures varied considerably. A physical mechanism of cell damage is probably of thermal and shock-wave nature.", "contents": "[Light microscopic and electron microscopic study of the cells of tissue cultures irradiated with a neodymium laser]. Damage of tissue culture cells (Hela, a human amnion, a primary rat liver culture) caused by the neodymium laser radiation was studied by time-lapse phase-contrast microfilming and electron microscopy. The tested cultures were shown to display different sensitivity and the degree of cell alteration within the same cultures varied considerably. A physical mechanism of cell damage is probably of thermal and shock-wave nature.", "PMID": 1179491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7053", "title": "[Relationship of the frequency of acrocentric chromosome associations and the immune response in children primarily vaccinated against smallpox].", "content": "The frequency of acrocentric chromosomes associations in the lymphocytes of periferal blood decreased on the 7th and 30th day after vaccination. The rate of the decrease was in direct dependence on the intensity of the immunological response, that probably was due to shortening the length of the interphase of the lymphocytes induced for immunopoiesis. Frequency of the acrocentric chromosomes associations did not differ from the control level 6 months after vaccination.", "contents": "[Relationship of the frequency of acrocentric chromosome associations and the immune response in children primarily vaccinated against smallpox]. The frequency of acrocentric chromosomes associations in the lymphocytes of periferal blood decreased on the 7th and 30th day after vaccination. The rate of the decrease was in direct dependence on the intensity of the immunological response, that probably was due to shortening the length of the interphase of the lymphocytes induced for immunopoiesis. Frequency of the acrocentric chromosomes associations did not differ from the control level 6 months after vaccination.", "PMID": 1179492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7054", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the \"dark\" hepatocytes under physiologically normal conditions and in toxic lesion of the liver (a morphometric study)].", "content": "Quanity and structural organization of the \"dark\" hepatocytes are different depending on the functional state of the liver. Therefore, functional estimation of the liver state with a changed number of \"dark\" hepatocytes demands detection of factors determining the changes in their organization and quantity in the organ.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the \"dark\" hepatocytes under physiologically normal conditions and in toxic lesion of the liver (a morphometric study)]. Quanity and structural organization of the \"dark\" hepatocytes are different depending on the functional state of the liver. Therefore, functional estimation of the liver state with a changed number of \"dark\" hepatocytes demands detection of factors determining the changes in their organization and quantity in the organ.", "PMID": 1179494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7055", "title": "[Action of Co60 gamma radiation on the nucleic acid concentration and ribonuclease activity in the splenic tissues of inbred and hybrid mice].", "content": "The spleen tissue radiation injury expressed in the organ weight loss, nucleic acid concentration decrease and ribonuclease activity increase was observed to a greater extent in mice of the AKR line and to a less extent in those of C57BL line; C57BL X AKR hybrids occupied an intermediate position. It shows that animal radiosensitivity is probably determined by the genotype.", "contents": "[Action of Co60 gamma radiation on the nucleic acid concentration and ribonuclease activity in the splenic tissues of inbred and hybrid mice]. The spleen tissue radiation injury expressed in the organ weight loss, nucleic acid concentration decrease and ribonuclease activity increase was observed to a greater extent in mice of the AKR line and to a less extent in those of C57BL line; C57BL X AKR hybrids occupied an intermediate position. It shows that animal radiosensitivity is probably determined by the genotype.", "PMID": 1179493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7056", "title": "[Proliferative characteristics of the endothelial cells and pericytes from the capillary vessels of rabbit bone marrow].", "content": "The high labelling index with the low mitotic activity of pericytes as well as an interdependent change in labelling indexs and labelling intensity in endothelial cells and pericytes for 72 hours of the experiment permit pericytes to be regarded as a proliferating cell reserve for the vessels proper and, probably, for the topographically adjacent histogeneses, myeloid and osseous.", "contents": "[Proliferative characteristics of the endothelial cells and pericytes from the capillary vessels of rabbit bone marrow]. The high labelling index with the low mitotic activity of pericytes as well as an interdependent change in labelling indexs and labelling intensity in endothelial cells and pericytes for 72 hours of the experiment permit pericytes to be regarded as a proliferating cell reserve for the vessels proper and, probably, for the topographically adjacent histogeneses, myeloid and osseous.", "PMID": 1179495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7057", "title": "[Study of the chromosomes in the bone marrow cells of mice inoculated subsequently with various vaccines].", "content": "Studies in the effect of a complex of inoculating preparations (poliovaccine, APDD-vaccine, smallpox vaccine, measles vaccine) on dividing cells of bone marrow in mice in line CC57Br showed that a reduction of the interval between introduction of vaccines different in the antigenic respect from 14 days to 4 days results in an increase in frequency of structural chromosomal aberrations 1-2 months after the whole course of inoculations.", "contents": "[Study of the chromosomes in the bone marrow cells of mice inoculated subsequently with various vaccines]. Studies in the effect of a complex of inoculating preparations (poliovaccine, APDD-vaccine, smallpox vaccine, measles vaccine) on dividing cells of bone marrow in mice in line CC57Br showed that a reduction of the interval between introduction of vaccines different in the antigenic respect from 14 days to 4 days results in an increase in frequency of structural chromosomal aberrations 1-2 months after the whole course of inoculations.", "PMID": 1179497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7058", "title": "An obstetric test for resolution by ultrasonic echoscopes.", "content": "Very small fetal intervertebral and intercostal distances can be measured in B-mode echograms. Such measurements provide a physiological test object which is freely available and devoid of artefact for assessing resolution by ultrasonic echoscopes. Intercostal distances of 2mm have been measured.", "contents": "An obstetric test for resolution by ultrasonic echoscopes. Very small fetal intervertebral and intercostal distances can be measured in B-mode echograms. Such measurements provide a physiological test object which is freely available and devoid of artefact for assessing resolution by ultrasonic echoscopes. Intercostal distances of 2mm have been measured.", "PMID": 1179537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7059", "title": "Electromyographic study of muscular activity in the amputation stump while walking with PTB- and PTB-suction prosthesis.", "content": "A comparative electromyographic study of the muscular activity while waling with PTB and PTB-suction prosthesis is presented. The PTB-suction prosthesis has been used clinically since 1969 with generally promising results. This prosthesis is mainly of value for patients with skin problems (poor sensibility and contact sores) and also has a cosmetic advantage. The present investigation has demonstrated that there is frequently a muscular activity pattern when walking with the PTB-suction prosthesis which is similar to that of a normal leg. The PTB prosthesis often shows a pattern of simultaneous contractions of antagonistic muscles. Furthermore, when the EMG-pattern is more \"normal\" and the amplitude higher with the PTB-suction prosthesis, it is probably the more suitable prosthesis. These EMG investigations can thus be a possible adjunct in the selection between the PTB-suction prosthesis and PTB prosthesis.", "contents": "Electromyographic study of muscular activity in the amputation stump while walking with PTB- and PTB-suction prosthesis. A comparative electromyographic study of the muscular activity while waling with PTB and PTB-suction prosthesis is presented. The PTB-suction prosthesis has been used clinically since 1969 with generally promising results. This prosthesis is mainly of value for patients with skin problems (poor sensibility and contact sores) and also has a cosmetic advantage. The present investigation has demonstrated that there is frequently a muscular activity pattern when walking with the PTB-suction prosthesis which is similar to that of a normal leg. The PTB prosthesis often shows a pattern of simultaneous contractions of antagonistic muscles. Furthermore, when the EMG-pattern is more \"normal\" and the amplitude higher with the PTB-suction prosthesis, it is probably the more suitable prosthesis. These EMG investigations can thus be a possible adjunct in the selection between the PTB-suction prosthesis and PTB prosthesis.", "PMID": 1179548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7060", "title": "Mode of spontaneous onset and termination of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.", "content": "ECG tracings from 16 patients with spontaneous onset and/or termination of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVTA) were studied. Of these recordings, 13 were made with a special technique which gives a high resolution of the atrial waves. At the onset of SVTA, the first atrial wave invariably had an aberrant configuration. The coupling index (coupling interval (P-1P) preceding cycle length) was 0.05 or less in 9 of 16 cases but more than 0.60 in 4 cases. In the 5 cases of onset of atrial fibrillation, the intervals between the first few atrial waves corresponded to a frequency of 300-350 per minute. Acceleration of the atrial activity occurred within the first 30 seconds. At the termination of SVTA, no successive modification of the atrial activity was found. The termination often did not occur at or shortly after a QRS complex. It is concluded that a premature atrial beat--even a single one--with a short coupling interval may well intiate a circus-movement SVTA, while an ectopic atrial beat with a long coupling interval apparently must be followed by repeated rapid discharges from the ectopic focus in order for SVTA to ensue. The functional conditions of the atria may then determine which kind of SVTA eventually results.", "contents": "Mode of spontaneous onset and termination of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. ECG tracings from 16 patients with spontaneous onset and/or termination of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVTA) were studied. Of these recordings, 13 were made with a special technique which gives a high resolution of the atrial waves. At the onset of SVTA, the first atrial wave invariably had an aberrant configuration. The coupling index (coupling interval (P-1P) preceding cycle length) was 0.05 or less in 9 of 16 cases but more than 0.60 in 4 cases. In the 5 cases of onset of atrial fibrillation, the intervals between the first few atrial waves corresponded to a frequency of 300-350 per minute. Acceleration of the atrial activity occurred within the first 30 seconds. At the termination of SVTA, no successive modification of the atrial activity was found. The termination often did not occur at or shortly after a QRS complex. It is concluded that a premature atrial beat--even a single one--with a short coupling interval may well intiate a circus-movement SVTA, while an ectopic atrial beat with a long coupling interval apparently must be followed by repeated rapid discharges from the ectopic focus in order for SVTA to ensue. The functional conditions of the atria may then determine which kind of SVTA eventually results.", "PMID": 1179549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7061", "title": "High-resolution arteriography of the major peripheral vessels.", "content": "In experimental studies using a 0.1 mm focal sport tube, rare-eath screens, Cornex 4 film and diluted contrast agent (120 mgI/ml), 6Xmagnification detail in the walls of major arteries that could not be identified with standard radiography or 3Xmagnification. The method is applicable to studies of arteriosclerotic changes in the wall of the femoral artery in patients.", "contents": "High-resolution arteriography of the major peripheral vessels. In experimental studies using a 0.1 mm focal sport tube, rare-eath screens, Cornex 4 film and diluted contrast agent (120 mgI/ml), 6Xmagnification detail in the walls of major arteries that could not be identified with standard radiography or 3Xmagnification. The method is applicable to studies of arteriosclerotic changes in the wall of the femoral artery in patients.", "PMID": 1179550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7062", "title": "Results of partial thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "In a retrospective study, two series of surgically treated patients with thyrotoxicosis were compared. The series differed with respect to preoperative treatment and operative techniquue. In one series a combined preoperative treatment with an antithyroid drug and 1-thyroxine was given and the recurrent nerves and parathyroid glands were routinely identified. In the other series no such operative routine was followed and iodine was given preoperatively. The complication rate was low in both series. There was no postoperative mortality. The existing differences, although subtle, in the frequency of recurrent nerve paralysis, postoperative hypoparathyroidism or hypothyroidism, as well as recurrent toxicosis, favoured the surgical approach with the combined preoperative treatment and a meticulous technique with identification of recurrent nerves and parathyroid glands.", "contents": "Results of partial thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis. In a retrospective study, two series of surgically treated patients with thyrotoxicosis were compared. The series differed with respect to preoperative treatment and operative techniquue. In one series a combined preoperative treatment with an antithyroid drug and 1-thyroxine was given and the recurrent nerves and parathyroid glands were routinely identified. In the other series no such operative routine was followed and iodine was given preoperatively. The complication rate was low in both series. There was no postoperative mortality. The existing differences, although subtle, in the frequency of recurrent nerve paralysis, postoperative hypoparathyroidism or hypothyroidism, as well as recurrent toxicosis, favoured the surgical approach with the combined preoperative treatment and a meticulous technique with identification of recurrent nerves and parathyroid glands.", "PMID": 1179551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7063", "title": "Sodium secretion as part of the formation of gastric juice.", "content": "Experiments with Heidenhain pouch dogs showed the well known high sodium concentrations at low secretion rates and low sodium concentrations at high ones after stimulation with a continuous intravenous injection of histamine. It was previously thought that the primary secretion did not contain any sodium, but that all the sodium present in the gastric juice appeared as a result of diffusion. A more detailed analysis of the experimental data showed, however, that there is in fact sodium present also in the primary juice in the small concentration of 3-5 mEq/l. The origin of the secreting volume containing this concentration of sodium is unknown.", "contents": "Sodium secretion as part of the formation of gastric juice. Experiments with Heidenhain pouch dogs showed the well known high sodium concentrations at low secretion rates and low sodium concentrations at high ones after stimulation with a continuous intravenous injection of histamine. It was previously thought that the primary secretion did not contain any sodium, but that all the sodium present in the gastric juice appeared as a result of diffusion. A more detailed analysis of the experimental data showed, however, that there is in fact sodium present also in the primary juice in the small concentration of 3-5 mEq/l. The origin of the secreting volume containing this concentration of sodium is unknown.", "PMID": 1179552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7064", "title": "Ultramicroanalysis of metals by means of an integrating atomic absorption spectrometer and a carbon filament atom reservoir.", "content": "A fast reacting atomic absorption spectrometer in combination with a carbon filament atom reservoir was used for ultramicroanalysis of calcium and magnesium. The analysis of 1 X 10(-12) mole of magnesium gave a variation of coefficient of +/-3% and analysis of 2 X 10(-11) mole of calcium gave one of +/-5%. The effect of adding various common biological substances to the samples in great excess was tested. No interference could be observed.", "contents": "Ultramicroanalysis of metals by means of an integrating atomic absorption spectrometer and a carbon filament atom reservoir. A fast reacting atomic absorption spectrometer in combination with a carbon filament atom reservoir was used for ultramicroanalysis of calcium and magnesium. The analysis of 1 X 10(-12) mole of magnesium gave a variation of coefficient of +/-3% and analysis of 2 X 10(-11) mole of calcium gave one of +/-5%. The effect of adding various common biological substances to the samples in great excess was tested. No interference could be observed.", "PMID": 1179553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7065", "title": "Effects of carotid artery injections of some roentgen contrast agents on the EEG in the unanesthetized dog.", "content": "The effects of carotid artery injections of some roentgen contrast agents on the EEG have been studied in unanesthetised dogs. The results support earlier clinical studies that the new contrast agent Ph DZ59B is suitable in carotid arteriography.", "contents": "Effects of carotid artery injections of some roentgen contrast agents on the EEG in the unanesthetized dog. The effects of carotid artery injections of some roentgen contrast agents on the EEG have been studied in unanesthetised dogs. The results support earlier clinical studies that the new contrast agent Ph DZ59B is suitable in carotid arteriography.", "PMID": 1179555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7066", "title": "Acid-base status in dogs during long term anaesthesia.", "content": "The acid-base status in dogs anaesthetized with chloralose or combinations of chloralose and barbiturates was studied. No surgical procedures were used to elucidate whether the anesthesia per se changes in the acid-base status. Irrespective of the anaesthetic used, a progressive metabolic acidosis developed after 2-3 hours. This progressed for several hours despite normal arterial blood pressure and pulse rate. A theoretical model, based on the results, is presented. Even the induction of anesthesia caused an impairment of the peripheral circulation. This impairment, in combination with rising body temperature, might be strong enough to cause a detectable metabolic acidosis. It is concluded that, as compared with blood pressure and pulse rate, the acid-base status of the blood is a reliable and early sign of the impairment of circulation during anesthesia.", "contents": "Acid-base status in dogs during long term anaesthesia. The acid-base status in dogs anaesthetized with chloralose or combinations of chloralose and barbiturates was studied. No surgical procedures were used to elucidate whether the anesthesia per se changes in the acid-base status. Irrespective of the anaesthetic used, a progressive metabolic acidosis developed after 2-3 hours. This progressed for several hours despite normal arterial blood pressure and pulse rate. A theoretical model, based on the results, is presented. Even the induction of anesthesia caused an impairment of the peripheral circulation. This impairment, in combination with rising body temperature, might be strong enough to cause a detectable metabolic acidosis. It is concluded that, as compared with blood pressure and pulse rate, the acid-base status of the blood is a reliable and early sign of the impairment of circulation during anesthesia.", "PMID": 1179554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7067", "title": "Amyloid of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid; partial characterization.", "content": "Amyloid was isolated from lymph node metastases of a medullary thyroid carcinoma. SDS electrophoresis and gel filtration revealed a major subunit protein of MW less than 10 000. This subunit was capable of forming fibrils when dialysed in a solution against water. The amino acid composition of the subunit differed unequivocally from that of calcitonin. The amyloid also differed from systemic amyloids, since it did not form a top layer when homogenized and, further, did not seem to contain significant amounts of tryptophane. Since the amyloid of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid showed definite similarities to islet amyloid it is concluded that these two amyloids form a special class.", "contents": "Amyloid of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid; partial characterization. Amyloid was isolated from lymph node metastases of a medullary thyroid carcinoma. SDS electrophoresis and gel filtration revealed a major subunit protein of MW less than 10 000. This subunit was capable of forming fibrils when dialysed in a solution against water. The amino acid composition of the subunit differed unequivocally from that of calcitonin. The amyloid also differed from systemic amyloids, since it did not form a top layer when homogenized and, further, did not seem to contain significant amounts of tryptophane. Since the amyloid of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid showed definite similarities to islet amyloid it is concluded that these two amyloids form a special class.", "PMID": 1179556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7068", "title": "Cutaneous reactions of alloxan diabetic rats to local thermal trauma.", "content": "Thermal injury was induced on the external ears of nondiabetic and untreated alloxan diabetic rats of various ages. The skin reaction (erythema and necrosis) was assessed by naked eye inspection, 1, 7, 14 and 21 days after injury. Erythema was found to be more intense in young than in old controls after 1 and 7 days. The late erythematous reaction was more pronounced in short-term diabetic animals than in controls of the same age, indicating that the diabetic metabolic derangement per se alters the reaction. In addition, long-term diabetic rats had a markedly increased skin redness after 1, 7, 14 and 21 days when compared with controls of the same age. Thus, long-term diabetes enhances the erythematous reaction. As to the extent of necrosis, there was no significant differences between the experimental groups. There was, however, a tendency for an increased amount in the long-term when compared with the short-term diabetic rats.", "contents": "Cutaneous reactions of alloxan diabetic rats to local thermal trauma. Thermal injury was induced on the external ears of nondiabetic and untreated alloxan diabetic rats of various ages. The skin reaction (erythema and necrosis) was assessed by naked eye inspection, 1, 7, 14 and 21 days after injury. Erythema was found to be more intense in young than in old controls after 1 and 7 days. The late erythematous reaction was more pronounced in short-term diabetic animals than in controls of the same age, indicating that the diabetic metabolic derangement per se alters the reaction. In addition, long-term diabetic rats had a markedly increased skin redness after 1, 7, 14 and 21 days when compared with controls of the same age. Thus, long-term diabetes enhances the erythematous reaction. As to the extent of necrosis, there was no significant differences between the experimental groups. There was, however, a tendency for an increased amount in the long-term when compared with the short-term diabetic rats.", "PMID": 1179557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7069", "title": "Primary obstructive megaureter in children.", "content": "Sixty-five cases of primary obstructive megaureter were retrospectively evaluated. The clinicoradiologic features of the abnormality are characteristic; however, a complete urologic workup is necessary to exclude the more common causes of ureteral dilatation. Treatment must be planned according to status of renal and ureteral functions. Surgical excision of the obstructive segment, reduction of ureteral caliber when indicated, and reimplantation achieved the best results in this series. A brief period of nephrostomy drainage prior to surgical remodeling of the lower ureter can be useful in selected cases. Conservative treatment of children with relatively few symptoms and slight ureteral dilatation is worthwhile.", "contents": "Primary obstructive megaureter in children. Sixty-five cases of primary obstructive megaureter were retrospectively evaluated. The clinicoradiologic features of the abnormality are characteristic; however, a complete urologic workup is necessary to exclude the more common causes of ureteral dilatation. Treatment must be planned according to status of renal and ureteral functions. Surgical excision of the obstructive segment, reduction of ureteral caliber when indicated, and reimplantation achieved the best results in this series. A brief period of nephrostomy drainage prior to surgical remodeling of the lower ureter can be useful in selected cases. Conservative treatment of children with relatively few symptoms and slight ureteral dilatation is worthwhile.", "PMID": 1179558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7070", "title": "Percutaneous nephrostomy: techniques, indications, and results.", "content": "During the past six years at our institution, percutaneous nephrostomy has been utilized for temporary diversion of the upper urinary tract in 33 patients and 42 individual kidneys. Two techniques are described, one of which has been developed recently by one of us (A.R.G.). Indications and results, including complications, are discussed. In our experience this procedure has been found to be safe and highly useful in the management of selected patients who have unilateral or bilateral urinary tract obstruction from a variety of reasons.", "contents": "Percutaneous nephrostomy: techniques, indications, and results. During the past six years at our institution, percutaneous nephrostomy has been utilized for temporary diversion of the upper urinary tract in 33 patients and 42 individual kidneys. Two techniques are described, one of which has been developed recently by one of us (A.R.G.). Indications and results, including complications, are discussed. In our experience this procedure has been found to be safe and highly useful in the management of selected patients who have unilateral or bilateral urinary tract obstruction from a variety of reasons.", "PMID": 1179559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7071", "title": "Indications for combined psoas-bladder hitch procedure with Boari vesical flap.", "content": "The combination of two operative methods ordinarily used for correction of injury to the pelvic portion of the ureter, the psoas-bladder hitch procedure and the Boari vesical flap, allows repair of injuries of the middle third of the ureter. The proximal third of the ureter becomes easily accessible for reimplantation in the tunneled Boari flap, provided the mobilized and extraperitonealized bladder is fashioned into a sausage-like extension toward the psoas muscle. Possibilities for a longer Boari flap exist provided the bladder is of normal capacity and one adheres strictly to the recommended technique for fashioning a bladder flap, using a long oblique segment of the anterior bladder wall.", "contents": "Indications for combined psoas-bladder hitch procedure with Boari vesical flap. The combination of two operative methods ordinarily used for correction of injury to the pelvic portion of the ureter, the psoas-bladder hitch procedure and the Boari vesical flap, allows repair of injuries of the middle third of the ureter. The proximal third of the ureter becomes easily accessible for reimplantation in the tunneled Boari flap, provided the mobilized and extraperitonealized bladder is fashioned into a sausage-like extension toward the psoas muscle. Possibilities for a longer Boari flap exist provided the bladder is of normal capacity and one adheres strictly to the recommended technique for fashioning a bladder flap, using a long oblique segment of the anterior bladder wall.", "PMID": 1179563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7072", "title": "Diagnostic value of 99mTc in scrotal scan.", "content": "The radioisotope 99mTc scans reflect the vascular flow to the testis. As a result the scan shows a distinct cold pattern when arterial profusion is compromised and a hot pattern when blood supply to the organ is increased. This is the basis for use of the technetium scrotal scan to differentiate between testicular torsion and other conditions simulating it. It can also be used to follow vascular flow in the testis after orchiopexy. To date there has been no erroneous result in this study. Although this is a new diagnostic technique and experience is still limited, it does show promise as an adjunctive tool when the differential diagnosis of testicular torsion and conditions simulating torsion is not readily apparent. Findings in other lesions of the scrotum are discussed.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of 99mTc in scrotal scan. The radioisotope 99mTc scans reflect the vascular flow to the testis. As a result the scan shows a distinct cold pattern when arterial profusion is compromised and a hot pattern when blood supply to the organ is increased. This is the basis for use of the technetium scrotal scan to differentiate between testicular torsion and other conditions simulating it. It can also be used to follow vascular flow in the testis after orchiopexy. To date there has been no erroneous result in this study. Although this is a new diagnostic technique and experience is still limited, it does show promise as an adjunctive tool when the differential diagnosis of testicular torsion and conditions simulating torsion is not readily apparent. Findings in other lesions of the scrotum are discussed.", "PMID": 1179564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7073", "title": "Epidemiologic association between Gonorrhea and prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "The curves for death rates from prostatic cancer and gonorrhea incidence rates in Denmark, over a span of thirty years, matched well with a lag period of forty-five years. Moreover, a retrospective study conducted in the United States involving 75 cancer patients and 75 age-matched controls demonstrated a statistically significant association between gonorrheal infection and subsequent development of prostatic carcinoma. Two postulates are presented: the viral-venereal and the chronic infection theories. The recent increase in incidence of prostatic cancer in the United States could be the beginning of an epidemic in which astronomically high rates may be reached.", "contents": "Epidemiologic association between Gonorrhea and prostatic carcinoma. The curves for death rates from prostatic cancer and gonorrhea incidence rates in Denmark, over a span of thirty years, matched well with a lag period of forty-five years. Moreover, a retrospective study conducted in the United States involving 75 cancer patients and 75 age-matched controls demonstrated a statistically significant association between gonorrheal infection and subsequent development of prostatic carcinoma. Two postulates are presented: the viral-venereal and the chronic infection theories. The recent increase in incidence of prostatic cancer in the United States could be the beginning of an epidemic in which astronomically high rates may be reached.", "PMID": 1179565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7074", "title": "Replacement of tunica albuginea of corpus cavernosum penis using human dura. Experimental study on dogs.", "content": "The tunica albuginea of corpus cavernosum penis was excised and replaced with human dura in experiments on 11 dogs. The surface of the implant epithelialized within three weeks, and later the implant was replaced by autologous tissue with no scarring and shrinkage. After resection of placques in Peyronie's disease the tunica albuginea can be replaced with specially treated human dura.", "contents": "Replacement of tunica albuginea of corpus cavernosum penis using human dura. Experimental study on dogs. The tunica albuginea of corpus cavernosum penis was excised and replaced with human dura in experiments on 11 dogs. The surface of the implant epithelialized within three weeks, and later the implant was replaced by autologous tissue with no scarring and shrinkage. After resection of placques in Peyronie's disease the tunica albuginea can be replaced with specially treated human dura.", "PMID": 1179566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7075", "title": "The gravity suit: a useful device in complicated urologic hemorrhage.", "content": "External counterpressure with a gravity suit was used to control intractable postoperative bleeding in 4 urologic patients. Two patients had coagulation defects, and 2 had been unsuccessfully reexplored prior to application of the G-suit. The bleeding was controlled with preservation and restoration of vital signs in each case. In 3 cases external counterpressure may have been lifesaving.", "contents": "The gravity suit: a useful device in complicated urologic hemorrhage. External counterpressure with a gravity suit was used to control intractable postoperative bleeding in 4 urologic patients. Two patients had coagulation defects, and 2 had been unsuccessfully reexplored prior to application of the G-suit. The bleeding was controlled with preservation and restoration of vital signs in each case. In 3 cases external counterpressure may have been lifesaving.", "PMID": 1179567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7076", "title": "Postpuberal castration and prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "The occurrence of prostatic carcinoma after postpuberal castration is rather unique since only one other case has been reported. However, there was no lack of androgens in the patient in this report, because the testicular ablation was compensated by nodular hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex maintaining a normal plasma testosterone.", "contents": "Postpuberal castration and prostatic carcinoma. The occurrence of prostatic carcinoma after postpuberal castration is rather unique since only one other case has been reported. However, there was no lack of androgens in the patient in this report, because the testicular ablation was compensated by nodular hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex maintaining a normal plasma testosterone.", "PMID": 1179568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7077", "title": "Urethral duplication, with associated agenesis of left kidney and right ureteral ectopia.", "content": "We report an unusual case of an accessory or duplicated urethra. This case is unique because of its association with multiple urologic anomalies which made management and diagnosis of this condition unusual. The unusual combination of right ectopic ureter and left renal and ureteral agenesis in association with the accessory urethra is presented, along with the diagnostic and surgical management particular to this case.", "contents": "Urethral duplication, with associated agenesis of left kidney and right ureteral ectopia. We report an unusual case of an accessory or duplicated urethra. This case is unique because of its association with multiple urologic anomalies which made management and diagnosis of this condition unusual. The unusual combination of right ectopic ureter and left renal and ureteral agenesis in association with the accessory urethra is presented, along with the diagnostic and surgical management particular to this case.", "PMID": 1179570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7078", "title": "Traumatic renal artery thrombosis with acute malignant hypertension and hyperreninemia.", "content": "Renal arterial thrombosis from blunt trauma causes delayed hypertension in many patients, but few reports have been well documented. This first report of immediate onset of malignant hypertension in a patient following blunt renal trauma, with documented histologic and renal vein renin data, stresses the pitfalls associated with the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.", "contents": "Traumatic renal artery thrombosis with acute malignant hypertension and hyperreninemia. Renal arterial thrombosis from blunt trauma causes delayed hypertension in many patients, but few reports have been well documented. This first report of immediate onset of malignant hypertension in a patient following blunt renal trauma, with documented histologic and renal vein renin data, stresses the pitfalls associated with the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.", "PMID": 1179571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7079", "title": "Solitary intrarenal cyst: correctable cause of hypertension.", "content": "A patient with hypertension was found to have a solitary renal cyst in his right kidney. Peripheral plasma renin activity was elevated following furosemide challenge, and there was increased renal vein renin activity on the affected side with suppression of renin secretion from the contralateral kidney. Percutaneous aspiration of the cyst and injection of a sclerosing contrast medium was associated with a sustained decrease in blood pressure.", "contents": "Solitary intrarenal cyst: correctable cause of hypertension. A patient with hypertension was found to have a solitary renal cyst in his right kidney. Peripheral plasma renin activity was elevated following furosemide challenge, and there was increased renal vein renin activity on the affected side with suppression of renin secretion from the contralateral kidney. Percutaneous aspiration of the cyst and injection of a sclerosing contrast medium was associated with a sustained decrease in blood pressure.", "PMID": 1179572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7080", "title": "Prostatic carcinoma producing syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.", "content": "The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone was recognized in a sixty-year-old man with a poorly differentiated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland. Elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone were found in the patient's serum and in the prostatic tumor but not in the cerebrospinal fluid. The patient's clinical course is detailed, and the pathophysiology of this syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Prostatic carcinoma producing syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone was recognized in a sixty-year-old man with a poorly differentiated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland. Elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone were found in the patient's serum and in the prostatic tumor but not in the cerebrospinal fluid. The patient's clinical course is detailed, and the pathophysiology of this syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 1179573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7081", "title": "Retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma.", "content": "A case of a large retroperitoneal tumor in a previously asymptomatic twenty-two-year-old white female is presented. A review of the literature confirms the rarity of this tumor. Its histologic and embryologic derivation as well as its subtle and bizarre method of presentation are discussed. The cause of such lesions is debatable, but primary cure can be accomplished by meticulous excision of the lesion or marsupialization. This seldom seen neoplasm must enter into the differential diagnosis of all retroperitoneal masses.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma. A case of a large retroperitoneal tumor in a previously asymptomatic twenty-two-year-old white female is presented. A review of the literature confirms the rarity of this tumor. Its histologic and embryologic derivation as well as its subtle and bizarre method of presentation are discussed. The cause of such lesions is debatable, but primary cure can be accomplished by meticulous excision of the lesion or marsupialization. This seldom seen neoplasm must enter into the differential diagnosis of all retroperitoneal masses.", "PMID": 1179578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7082", "title": "Hypernephroma arising in wall of simple renal cyst.", "content": "An unusual case of hypernephroma arising from the wall of a simple renal cyst is presented. Despite prior controversy as to the existence of this entity continuity between normal and neoplastic cells lining the cyst wall was demonstrated thus confirming this lesion as a distinct entity. Furthermore, we wish to direct attention to the limitations of biochemical and cytologic analysis of renal cyst fluid in distinguishing benign and neoplastic lesions.", "contents": "Hypernephroma arising in wall of simple renal cyst. An unusual case of hypernephroma arising from the wall of a simple renal cyst is presented. Despite prior controversy as to the existence of this entity continuity between normal and neoplastic cells lining the cyst wall was demonstrated thus confirming this lesion as a distinct entity. Furthermore, we wish to direct attention to the limitations of biochemical and cytologic analysis of renal cyst fluid in distinguishing benign and neoplastic lesions.", "PMID": 1179579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7083", "title": "Obstruction of ureter by abnormal right spermatic vein.", "content": "The first reported case of an enlarged right spermatic vein with an atypical course causing hydronephrosis and hydroureter in a twenty-eight-year-old man is presented. Transection of the obstructing spermatic vein improved the hydronephrosis. Causes, symptoms, and treatment of obstruction of the ureter by enlarged gonadal veins are discussed. The similarities between the \"ovarian vein syndrome\" in the female and this case are pointed out.", "contents": "Obstruction of ureter by abnormal right spermatic vein. The first reported case of an enlarged right spermatic vein with an atypical course causing hydronephrosis and hydroureter in a twenty-eight-year-old man is presented. Transection of the obstructing spermatic vein improved the hydronephrosis. Causes, symptoms, and treatment of obstruction of the ureter by enlarged gonadal veins are discussed. The similarities between the \"ovarian vein syndrome\" in the female and this case are pointed out.", "PMID": 1179582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7084", "title": "Pickwickian syndrome, 20 years later.", "content": "The Pickwickian Syndrome stimulated new pathophysiological concepts in regard to control of ventilation. With the advent of sleep laboratories, the peculiar sleep apnea occurring in some of these patients has been explained on the basis of intermittent upper airway obstruction. Two patients with different manifestations of the Pickwickian Syndrome are presented. The suggestion is made that these two subsyndromes should have unique designations. The Auchincloss Syndrome is manifested by right heart failure and respiratory acidosis in obese patients who are alert and have no major abnormality of breathing pattern. The fundamental cause of this abnormality is the increased work of breathing caused by the obesity. The cost of breathing is so high that the ventilatory regulation is compromised and respiratory acidosis results. The Gastaut Syndrome is characterized principally by hypersomnia and sleep apnea. The fundamental defect is upper airway obstruction during sleep, resulting in increased work of breathing, which together with the increased work caused by obesity leads to respiratory acidosis and right ventricular failure. Hypersomnia, rather than heart failure or respiratory acidosis, is the major manifestation of this syndrome, and is the result of sleep loss.", "contents": "Pickwickian syndrome, 20 years later. The Pickwickian Syndrome stimulated new pathophysiological concepts in regard to control of ventilation. With the advent of sleep laboratories, the peculiar sleep apnea occurring in some of these patients has been explained on the basis of intermittent upper airway obstruction. Two patients with different manifestations of the Pickwickian Syndrome are presented. The suggestion is made that these two subsyndromes should have unique designations. The Auchincloss Syndrome is manifested by right heart failure and respiratory acidosis in obese patients who are alert and have no major abnormality of breathing pattern. The fundamental cause of this abnormality is the increased work of breathing caused by the obesity. The cost of breathing is so high that the ventilatory regulation is compromised and respiratory acidosis results. The Gastaut Syndrome is characterized principally by hypersomnia and sleep apnea. The fundamental defect is upper airway obstruction during sleep, resulting in increased work of breathing, which together with the increased work caused by obesity leads to respiratory acidosis and right ventricular failure. Hypersomnia, rather than heart failure or respiratory acidosis, is the major manifestation of this syndrome, and is the result of sleep loss.", "PMID": 1179587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7085", "title": "Primary aldosteronism and malignant adrenocortical neoplasia.", "content": "Our experience indicates that although adrenal carcinoma is not a common cause of primary aldosteronism, 4 to 5% of patients in a single large series may have a malignant adrenocortical tumor. The magnitude of the hypokalemia and the hyperaldosteronuria tends to be greater in patients with malignant tumors, but these patients cannot be clearly separated from those with benign tumors or hyperplasia on this basis. Patients who have malignant tumors may have no chemical evidence of adrenocortical dysfunction other than excessive aldosterone secretion. Finally, a good response to spironolactone for months does not exclude adrenal carcinoma as the cause of primary aldosteronism.", "contents": "Primary aldosteronism and malignant adrenocortical neoplasia. Our experience indicates that although adrenal carcinoma is not a common cause of primary aldosteronism, 4 to 5% of patients in a single large series may have a malignant adrenocortical tumor. The magnitude of the hypokalemia and the hyperaldosteronuria tends to be greater in patients with malignant tumors, but these patients cannot be clearly separated from those with benign tumors or hyperplasia on this basis. Patients who have malignant tumors may have no chemical evidence of adrenocortical dysfunction other than excessive aldosterone secretion. Finally, a good response to spironolactone for months does not exclude adrenal carcinoma as the cause of primary aldosteronism.", "PMID": 1179589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7086", "title": "The nature of endotoxin tolerance.", "content": "Certain of the mechanisms by which man develops pyrogenic tolerance to bacterial endotoxins have been considered. After an initial intravenous injection of toxin, two temporally distinct phases of tolerance can be discerned, early and late, each with very different characteristics. Early tolerance appears to be mediated by a non-antibody mechanism entailing a transiently occurring refractory state, apparently involving to a major degree decreased production of endogenous pyrogen by the macrophage system, particularly the hepatic macrophages. Late tolerance appears to be mediated by anti-endotoxin antibodies directed against both \"O\" and common core antigens which blunt the release of endogenous pyrogen from macrophages. The common core antigens are masked in the presence of the \"O\" antigenic side chains and become effective immunogens only when these \"O\" side chains are lacking. Accelerated reticuloendothelial system clearance of circulating endotoxin provides an ancillary protective mechanism in that it brings the toxin more efficiently into the macrophages that are refractory or protected by antibody. When endotoxin is administered repeatedly at closely spaced intervals, both the early phase (non-immune) and late phase (immune) mechanisms may become superimposed. In addition, a third mechanisms, enhanced detoxification capabilities of macrophages, also now appears to come into play. At any given time, it is the relative contribution of each mechanism, which in turn is dependent upon the immunization schedule, antigenicity of the endotoxin, dosage, and immunological competency of the host, that determines the expression of the endotoxin tolerant state.", "contents": "The nature of endotoxin tolerance. Certain of the mechanisms by which man develops pyrogenic tolerance to bacterial endotoxins have been considered. After an initial intravenous injection of toxin, two temporally distinct phases of tolerance can be discerned, early and late, each with very different characteristics. Early tolerance appears to be mediated by a non-antibody mechanism entailing a transiently occurring refractory state, apparently involving to a major degree decreased production of endogenous pyrogen by the macrophage system, particularly the hepatic macrophages. Late tolerance appears to be mediated by anti-endotoxin antibodies directed against both \"O\" and common core antigens which blunt the release of endogenous pyrogen from macrophages. The common core antigens are masked in the presence of the \"O\" antigenic side chains and become effective immunogens only when these \"O\" side chains are lacking. Accelerated reticuloendothelial system clearance of circulating endotoxin provides an ancillary protective mechanism in that it brings the toxin more efficiently into the macrophages that are refractory or protected by antibody. When endotoxin is administered repeatedly at closely spaced intervals, both the early phase (non-immune) and late phase (immune) mechanisms may become superimposed. In addition, a third mechanisms, enhanced detoxification capabilities of macrophages, also now appears to come into play. At any given time, it is the relative contribution of each mechanism, which in turn is dependent upon the immunization schedule, antigenicity of the endotoxin, dosage, and immunological competency of the host, that determines the expression of the endotoxin tolerant state.", "PMID": 1179593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7087", "title": "Spontaneous uterine rupture in cattle; a review of 26 cases.", "content": "The clinical features of uterine rupture in 26 cows are reviewed. In 12 animals, the foetus was still mainly or entirely within the uterus but in the remaining 14 it was displaced into the peritoneal cavity. Apparent predisposing causes suggest that the condition is usually secondary to some other form of dystocia.", "contents": "Spontaneous uterine rupture in cattle; a review of 26 cases. The clinical features of uterine rupture in 26 cows are reviewed. In 12 animals, the foetus was still mainly or entirely within the uterus but in the remaining 14 it was displaced into the peritoneal cavity. Apparent predisposing causes suggest that the condition is usually secondary to some other form of dystocia.", "PMID": 1179609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7088", "title": "Age detection by radiography in Hereford cross Friesian steers.", "content": "The mandibles of 78 Hereford cross Friesian steers all showing a full complement of temporary teeth were examined both visually and by radiography to determine whether it was possible to differentiate their various ages. All but one animal were slaughtered at the same weight (1020 lb-464 kg) and their ages at slaughter ranged from 1 year 3 months to 1 year 9 months. Differences were found between the mean ages for stages of resorption of the first temporary incisor roots, stages of first permanent incisor root formation and stages of second incisor crown formation, as determined by radiographic inspection. The results indicated that the age of a group of animals could be defined, but the age range within each development stage meant that it was not possible to define the age of individual cattle.", "contents": "Age detection by radiography in Hereford cross Friesian steers. The mandibles of 78 Hereford cross Friesian steers all showing a full complement of temporary teeth were examined both visually and by radiography to determine whether it was possible to differentiate their various ages. All but one animal were slaughtered at the same weight (1020 lb-464 kg) and their ages at slaughter ranged from 1 year 3 months to 1 year 9 months. Differences were found between the mean ages for stages of resorption of the first temporary incisor roots, stages of first permanent incisor root formation and stages of second incisor crown formation, as determined by radiographic inspection. The results indicated that the age of a group of animals could be defined, but the age range within each development stage meant that it was not possible to define the age of individual cattle.", "PMID": 1179610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7089", "title": "Anthrax in England and Wales 1963-1972.", "content": "The records of confirmed anthrax diagnoses held by the bacteriology department of the Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge, for the years 1963 to 1972 inclusive, were analysed. During this decade, 86 per cent of the 2944 deaths recorded were in cattle and 11 per cent in pigs, correlating significantly with the cattle and pig populations in England and Wales during this period. Also, the country could be separated into high and low prevalence counties for cattle anthrax. Norfolk and Somerset had higher than usual cattle deaths per farm ratios and the reasons for this are explored.", "contents": "Anthrax in England and Wales 1963-1972. The records of confirmed anthrax diagnoses held by the bacteriology department of the Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge, for the years 1963 to 1972 inclusive, were analysed. During this decade, 86 per cent of the 2944 deaths recorded were in cattle and 11 per cent in pigs, correlating significantly with the cattle and pig populations in England and Wales during this period. Also, the country could be separated into high and low prevalence counties for cattle anthrax. Norfolk and Somerset had higher than usual cattle deaths per farm ratios and the reasons for this are explored.", "PMID": 1179615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7090", "title": "Observations on experimental perineal exteriorisation of the bovine urinary bladder.", "content": "A new technique for perineal exteriorisation of the urinary bladder was evolved and successfully performed in 15 buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis). Its merits are maximum visibility of the bladder for cystorrhaphy and easy digital accessibility to the bladder neck. An indwelling urethral catheter made of polyvinyl chloride tubing with an improvised wire stilette was well tolerated for up to 20 days.", "contents": "Observations on experimental perineal exteriorisation of the bovine urinary bladder. A new technique for perineal exteriorisation of the urinary bladder was evolved and successfully performed in 15 buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis). Its merits are maximum visibility of the bladder for cystorrhaphy and easy digital accessibility to the bladder neck. An indwelling urethral catheter made of polyvinyl chloride tubing with an improvised wire stilette was well tolerated for up to 20 days.", "PMID": 1179616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7091", "title": "Investigation of suspected cases of mycotoxicosis in farm animals in Britain.", "content": "Mycotoxins were detected in 13 out of 131 feed samples examined over two years. Screening of feeds associated with cases of suspected mycotoxicosis occurring in farm animals over a further 12 month period showed that most incidents occurred during the winter and involved mainly cattle and pigs fed concentrates. A haemorrhagic syndrome in cattle and abortions in sows were most frequently connected with mouldy food. One or more known toxins (the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin and zearalenone) were detected in three out of 65 cases and a wide variety of fungi were isolated. Toxicity to experimental animals was demonstrated in four out of 22 samples.", "contents": "Investigation of suspected cases of mycotoxicosis in farm animals in Britain. Mycotoxins were detected in 13 out of 131 feed samples examined over two years. Screening of feeds associated with cases of suspected mycotoxicosis occurring in farm animals over a further 12 month period showed that most incidents occurred during the winter and involved mainly cattle and pigs fed concentrates. A haemorrhagic syndrome in cattle and abortions in sows were most frequently connected with mouldy food. One or more known toxins (the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin and zearalenone) were detected in three out of 65 cases and a wide variety of fungi were isolated. Toxicity to experimental animals was demonstrated in four out of 22 samples.", "PMID": 1179620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7092", "title": "[Activity of several serum enzymes in swine with acute plague].", "content": "Nonvaccinated pigs were infected with a pathogenic virus of swine fever in order to follow up the changes with some enzymes in their blood serum. It was found that there is a dependable rise in the values of the blood serum GOT (2.6.1. 1.) - From about 38 to approximately 108 mU per cu. cm; GPT (2. 6; 1.2.;-From about 12 up to 66 mU/cu. cm; LAP (3. 4. 1. 1)-from about 13 to 27 mU/cu. cm; and ALD (4. 1; 2. 7.) - from about 6 up to 19 mU/cu. cm. These changes were noticed as early as the 48th hour of infection, prior to the manifestation of the clinical symptoms of swine fever. They remained stable up to the end of the infection process. The activity of LDH (1. 1. 2. 7.) and amylase (3. 2. 1.1 .) was said to rise (not dependable statistically), and that of cholinesterase (3. 1 1. 8) - to drop gradually with the development of the infection process. The two phosphomonoesterases (3. 1. 3. 1 and 3. 1. 3. 2.) showed no essential changes. The changes taking place in the activity of these enzymes did not depend on the extent of the hemorrhagic diathesis characteristic of swine fever. So, this test, which has been unknown so far, is referred to as a characteristic paraclinical symptom of swine fever.", "contents": "[Activity of several serum enzymes in swine with acute plague]. Nonvaccinated pigs were infected with a pathogenic virus of swine fever in order to follow up the changes with some enzymes in their blood serum. It was found that there is a dependable rise in the values of the blood serum GOT (2.6.1. 1.) - From about 38 to approximately 108 mU per cu. cm; GPT (2. 6; 1.2.;-From about 12 up to 66 mU/cu. cm; LAP (3. 4. 1. 1)-from about 13 to 27 mU/cu. cm; and ALD (4. 1; 2. 7.) - from about 6 up to 19 mU/cu. cm. These changes were noticed as early as the 48th hour of infection, prior to the manifestation of the clinical symptoms of swine fever. They remained stable up to the end of the infection process. The activity of LDH (1. 1. 2. 7.) and amylase (3. 2. 1.1 .) was said to rise (not dependable statistically), and that of cholinesterase (3. 1 1. 8) - to drop gradually with the development of the infection process. The two phosphomonoesterases (3. 1. 3. 1 and 3. 1. 3. 2.) showed no essential changes. The changes taking place in the activity of these enzymes did not depend on the extent of the hemorrhagic diathesis characteristic of swine fever. So, this test, which has been unknown so far, is referred to as a characteristic paraclinical symptom of swine fever.", "PMID": 1179633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7093", "title": "[Immunoelectrophoretic studies in Marek's disease].", "content": "Immunoelectrophoretic studies were carried out with the sera obtained from 10 chickens affected with acute Marek's disease. The diagnosis was confirmed clinically, morphologically, and via the embryonic test of von Bulow. The blood sera of ten normal hens served as controls. Results showed that in the sera of the diseased chickens there were changes in the protein spectrum, whereas the alfa and gamma-globulin fractions were divided into three subfractions. The exhaustion of the diseased sera with hyperimmune sera against sera of normal chickens revealed characteristic alfa2-globulins. The results obtained were confirmed with the active anaphylaxis in guinea-pigs.", "contents": "[Immunoelectrophoretic studies in Marek's disease]. Immunoelectrophoretic studies were carried out with the sera obtained from 10 chickens affected with acute Marek's disease. The diagnosis was confirmed clinically, morphologically, and via the embryonic test of von Bulow. The blood sera of ten normal hens served as controls. Results showed that in the sera of the diseased chickens there were changes in the protein spectrum, whereas the alfa and gamma-globulin fractions were divided into three subfractions. The exhaustion of the diseased sera with hyperimmune sera against sera of normal chickens revealed characteristic alfa2-globulins. The results obtained were confirmed with the active anaphylaxis in guinea-pigs.", "PMID": 1179634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7094", "title": "[Passive immunity in calves born of cows that have recovered from foot-and-mouth disease or been vaccinated against it].", "content": "It has been found that the antibody titers in the case of passive immunity in calves from cows that have recovered from foot-and-mouth disease or have been vaccinated against it rise immediately following the intake of colostrum. They have been found to reach a peak level, displaying maximal values for a long period of time. Later on the antibody titers decline gradually. Specific antibodies have also been demonstrated at the age of more than two months following birth. Higher values of passive immunity have been established in calves from survivals and from cows that have been vaccinated twice and this is explained by the presence of a higher content of foot-and-mouth disease antibodies in the dams. The importance of passive immunity for the prevention of the disease in growing animals is discussed.", "contents": "[Passive immunity in calves born of cows that have recovered from foot-and-mouth disease or been vaccinated against it]. It has been found that the antibody titers in the case of passive immunity in calves from cows that have recovered from foot-and-mouth disease or have been vaccinated against it rise immediately following the intake of colostrum. They have been found to reach a peak level, displaying maximal values for a long period of time. Later on the antibody titers decline gradually. Specific antibodies have also been demonstrated at the age of more than two months following birth. Higher values of passive immunity have been established in calves from survivals and from cows that have been vaccinated twice and this is explained by the presence of a higher content of foot-and-mouth disease antibodies in the dams. The importance of passive immunity for the prevention of the disease in growing animals is discussed.", "PMID": 1179635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7095", "title": "[Changes in the quantity of aldehydes, peroxides, the iodine and saponification number in bovine and swine fats following irradiation with gamma-rays].", "content": "The studies were carried out during the process of storing fats obtained from cattle and pigs under refrigeration conditions at plus and minus temperatures. The production of peroxides and epihydrinaldehyde in the fats after irradiation and during storage depended on the presence of oxygen, the rate of treatment, the temperature, and the period of storage. The intensity of production of peroxides and epihydrinaldehyde in the bovine fats was higher than in swine fats. Gamma-treatment at 2.00 Mrad had no effect on the changes of the iodine number and the index of saponification.", "contents": "[Changes in the quantity of aldehydes, peroxides, the iodine and saponification number in bovine and swine fats following irradiation with gamma-rays]. The studies were carried out during the process of storing fats obtained from cattle and pigs under refrigeration conditions at plus and minus temperatures. The production of peroxides and epihydrinaldehyde in the fats after irradiation and during storage depended on the presence of oxygen, the rate of treatment, the temperature, and the period of storage. The intensity of production of peroxides and epihydrinaldehyde in the bovine fats was higher than in swine fats. Gamma-treatment at 2.00 Mrad had no effect on the changes of the iodine number and the index of saponification.", "PMID": 1179636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7096", "title": "[Biochemical changes in the blood of geese infected with Borrelia anserina].", "content": "Studied were the changes in the values of some hematologic indices (hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocites) as well as the values of some biochemical (total protein and protein fractions, urea, total lipids, bilirubin, inorganic, phosphorus calcium) and enzyme factors (lactatedehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, aldolase, amino transferrases, creatinephosphokinase) in geese prior to and after experimental infection of Borrelia anserina. It was found that in the peak stage of spirochetemia the content of hemoglobin, total lipids, and calcium, the percent of albumins and alfa-globulins, and the activity of the alkaline phosphatase in the blood decreased. The prealbumin fraction of the serum protein was completely reduced. The activity of the lactatedehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, amino transferrases, and aldolase showed higher values that were statistically significant, while the activity of the creatinephosphokinase rose to a slighter extent. The urea, bilirubin, inorganic phosphorus, and the alfa-, beta-, and gamma-globulins correlated positively with the course of the infection.", "contents": "[Biochemical changes in the blood of geese infected with Borrelia anserina]. Studied were the changes in the values of some hematologic indices (hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocites) as well as the values of some biochemical (total protein and protein fractions, urea, total lipids, bilirubin, inorganic, phosphorus calcium) and enzyme factors (lactatedehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, aldolase, amino transferrases, creatinephosphokinase) in geese prior to and after experimental infection of Borrelia anserina. It was found that in the peak stage of spirochetemia the content of hemoglobin, total lipids, and calcium, the percent of albumins and alfa-globulins, and the activity of the alkaline phosphatase in the blood decreased. The prealbumin fraction of the serum protein was completely reduced. The activity of the lactatedehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, amino transferrases, and aldolase showed higher values that were statistically significant, while the activity of the creatinephosphokinase rose to a slighter extent. The urea, bilirubin, inorganic phosphorus, and the alfa-, beta-, and gamma-globulins correlated positively with the course of the infection.", "PMID": 1179637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7097", "title": "[Pathomorphologic changes in calves with ruminal acidosis for fattening].", "content": "Studied were the morphologic changes in the organs of 17 calves for fattening with massive acute and subacute acidosis of the rumen. The disease broke out as the result of an abrupt change in the regime of feeding and tending. The gross observations consisted of hemorrhagic and necrotic foci in the rumen, hemorrhages and hyperemia in the omasum and reticulum, and ulcera in the abomasum. Established was also enlargement of the lymph nodes in the forestomach as well as odemas in the liver and kidneys. Histologically, there were necrotic inflammation of the rumen, serous and fibrinous exudate, leukocyte infiltration, hyphae, thrombuses, and arteritis. The omasum and reticulum presented desquamation of the cutaneous mucosal membrane, and the abomasum--necrotic foci, edema, and leukocyte infiltrations. There was also hepatitis, and fatty infiltration of the kidneys and heart and an activation of the interstitium. Degenerative process and hyperemia were observed in the thyroid gland, and fatty infiltration--in the pancreas. The kidneys, the adrenal glands, and the liver had higher alkalinephosphatase activity.", "contents": "[Pathomorphologic changes in calves with ruminal acidosis for fattening]. Studied were the morphologic changes in the organs of 17 calves for fattening with massive acute and subacute acidosis of the rumen. The disease broke out as the result of an abrupt change in the regime of feeding and tending. The gross observations consisted of hemorrhagic and necrotic foci in the rumen, hemorrhages and hyperemia in the omasum and reticulum, and ulcera in the abomasum. Established was also enlargement of the lymph nodes in the forestomach as well as odemas in the liver and kidneys. Histologically, there were necrotic inflammation of the rumen, serous and fibrinous exudate, leukocyte infiltration, hyphae, thrombuses, and arteritis. The omasum and reticulum presented desquamation of the cutaneous mucosal membrane, and the abomasum--necrotic foci, edema, and leukocyte infiltrations. There was also hepatitis, and fatty infiltration of the kidneys and heart and an activation of the interstitium. Degenerative process and hyperemia were observed in the thyroid gland, and fatty infiltration--in the pancreas. The kidneys, the adrenal glands, and the liver had higher alkalinephosphatase activity.", "PMID": 1179638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7098", "title": "[Extraction of fats from dry milk products].", "content": "Attempts were made to obtain fats from the following types of dry milk: Dry milk for children, Dry milk of full fat value, Biolakton, Vitalakt, and B\u00e9b\u00e9 1, employing methods of extraction making use of chloroform-methanol, mechanical churning, freezing of restored milk, as well as combinations of these. Good results were obtained with the variant using chloroform-methanol. Compared were the values obtained of the peroxide and thiobarbiturate numbers for fats derived by the various methods. Precised was the ratio between the milk powder the diluents for the optimal extraction of fats.", "contents": "[Extraction of fats from dry milk products]. Attempts were made to obtain fats from the following types of dry milk: Dry milk for children, Dry milk of full fat value, Biolakton, Vitalakt, and B\u00e9b\u00e9 1, employing methods of extraction making use of chloroform-methanol, mechanical churning, freezing of restored milk, as well as combinations of these. Good results were obtained with the variant using chloroform-methanol. Compared were the values obtained of the peroxide and thiobarbiturate numbers for fats derived by the various methods. Precised was the ratio between the milk powder the diluents for the optimal extraction of fats.", "PMID": 1179639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7099", "title": "[Sensitivity of different cell cultures to 1-aminoadamantan].", "content": "Studies were carried out on the sensitivity of primary cell cultures of pig kidney (PK), pig thyroid gland (PTG), and chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) to the synthetic viral inhibitor 1-amino adamantane (1-AA). The 1-amino adamantane was shown to have no effect on the cell growth in the cultures of PK and PTG in a concentration of up to 50 micrograms per cu. cm, and the CEF culture in a concentration of up to 25 mcg/cu. cm. When the cultures were treated after the cellular monolayer had been formed a concentration of 50 mcg/cu. cm initiated no cytotoxic effects in PK and CEF cultures in the course of 6-days while in PTG there were no such effects for twelve days. The cytotoxic changes consisted in the appearance of rounded and swollen cells, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, and deformation of the nuclei.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of different cell cultures to 1-aminoadamantan]. Studies were carried out on the sensitivity of primary cell cultures of pig kidney (PK), pig thyroid gland (PTG), and chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) to the synthetic viral inhibitor 1-amino adamantane (1-AA). The 1-amino adamantane was shown to have no effect on the cell growth in the cultures of PK and PTG in a concentration of up to 50 micrograms per cu. cm, and the CEF culture in a concentration of up to 25 mcg/cu. cm. When the cultures were treated after the cellular monolayer had been formed a concentration of 50 mcg/cu. cm initiated no cytotoxic effects in PK and CEF cultures in the course of 6-days while in PTG there were no such effects for twelve days. The cytotoxic changes consisted in the appearance of rounded and swollen cells, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, and deformation of the nuclei.", "PMID": 1179640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7100", "title": "[The epizootologic effectiveness of Deptavac-HVT vaccine against Marek's disease in growing parents].", "content": "Three experiments with a total of 15 855 test birds and 20,081 controls were carried out to study the epizootiologic effectiveness of the immunoprophylaxis of Marek's disease using Deptavac-HVT vaccine under productional conditions.", "contents": "[The epizootologic effectiveness of Deptavac-HVT vaccine against Marek's disease in growing parents]. Three experiments with a total of 15 855 test birds and 20,081 controls were carried out to study the epizootiologic effectiveness of the immunoprophylaxis of Marek's disease using Deptavac-HVT vaccine under productional conditions.", "PMID": 1179641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7101", "title": "[Bacteriocinogenesis in cultures of salmonella isolated in Bulgaria. I. Type bacteriocins in several salmonellae].", "content": "A total of 1645 strains of Salmonella organisms isolated in Bulgaria were studied for the production of bactericins in the course of three years (1971-1973). The strains were isolated from farm and wild animals and birds, food products, environment, forage, human beings, poikilothermic animals, and insects. Seventy-two of them (4.37 per cent) proved bacteriocinogenic. The following types of bacteriocins were established: I+V, B+F+V, F+I+V, B+Y+V, E+F+Y+V, E+F+V, B+V, B+YmF.", "contents": "[Bacteriocinogenesis in cultures of salmonella isolated in Bulgaria. I. Type bacteriocins in several salmonellae]. A total of 1645 strains of Salmonella organisms isolated in Bulgaria were studied for the production of bactericins in the course of three years (1971-1973). The strains were isolated from farm and wild animals and birds, food products, environment, forage, human beings, poikilothermic animals, and insects. Seventy-two of them (4.37 per cent) proved bacteriocinogenic. The following types of bacteriocins were established: I+V, B+F+V, F+I+V, B+Y+V, E+F+Y+V, E+F+V, B+V, B+YmF.", "PMID": 1179642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7102", "title": "Manganese intoxication.", "content": "We have reported two cases of chronic manganese poisoning. Case 1 followed exposure to manganese fumes in cutting and burning manganese steel. Case 2 resulted from exposure to dusts of manganese dioxide, an ingredient used in glazing of ceramics. There were initial difficulties in establishing the correct diagnosis. Prominent clinical features were severe and persistent chronic depressive psychosis (Case 1), transient acute brain syndrome (Case 2) and the presence of various extrapyramidal symptoms in both cases. Manganese intoxication has not previously been reported as occurring in California. With increasing use of the metal, the disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurologic and psychiatric disease. Our observations were made in the period 1964 through 1968. Recently the prognosis of victims of manganese poisoning has been improved dramatically by the introduction of levodopa as a therapeutic agent.", "contents": "Manganese intoxication. We have reported two cases of chronic manganese poisoning. Case 1 followed exposure to manganese fumes in cutting and burning manganese steel. Case 2 resulted from exposure to dusts of manganese dioxide, an ingredient used in glazing of ceramics. There were initial difficulties in establishing the correct diagnosis. Prominent clinical features were severe and persistent chronic depressive psychosis (Case 1), transient acute brain syndrome (Case 2) and the presence of various extrapyramidal symptoms in both cases. Manganese intoxication has not previously been reported as occurring in California. With increasing use of the metal, the disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurologic and psychiatric disease. Our observations were made in the period 1964 through 1968. Recently the prognosis of victims of manganese poisoning has been improved dramatically by the introduction of levodopa as a therapeutic agent.", "PMID": 1179714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7103", "title": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. An index of adrenergic function in hypertensive patients.", "content": "Previous attempts to assess sympathetic nervous system activity in patients with hypertension have used a variety of physiologic, pharmacologic and biochemical techniques. Results have been conflicting and confusing. Recently, the activity in plasma of the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), has been proposed as an index of sympathetic nervous system activity. Studies of apparently healthy subjects show that high values (greater than 60 units per liter) for plasma DBH activity correlate with pronounced daily lability of blood pressure and frequent readings greater than 130/85 mm of mercury. Studies of patients referred for evaluation of established hypertension show significantly higher values for plasma DBH activity in patients with primary hypertension than in those with commonly recognized forms of secondary hypertension-that is, renovascular, renal parenchymal and adrenocortical. Therefore, the measurement of plasma DBH activity may be helpful in the study and differential diagnosis of hypertensive diseases. Measurement of DBH in plasma is inexpensive, reproducible and relatively easy to do.", "contents": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. An index of adrenergic function in hypertensive patients. Previous attempts to assess sympathetic nervous system activity in patients with hypertension have used a variety of physiologic, pharmacologic and biochemical techniques. Results have been conflicting and confusing. Recently, the activity in plasma of the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), has been proposed as an index of sympathetic nervous system activity. Studies of apparently healthy subjects show that high values (greater than 60 units per liter) for plasma DBH activity correlate with pronounced daily lability of blood pressure and frequent readings greater than 130/85 mm of mercury. Studies of patients referred for evaluation of established hypertension show significantly higher values for plasma DBH activity in patients with primary hypertension than in those with commonly recognized forms of secondary hypertension-that is, renovascular, renal parenchymal and adrenocortical. Therefore, the measurement of plasma DBH activity may be helpful in the study and differential diagnosis of hypertensive diseases. Measurement of DBH in plasma is inexpensive, reproducible and relatively easy to do.", "PMID": 1179715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7104", "title": "The diagnostic pitfalls of subarachnoid hemorrhage from intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "The subtle manner in which subarachnoid hemorrhage frequently presents may delay appropriate treatment. The patient may deteriorate and die from aneurysmal rebleeding or from cerebral ischemia associated with vasospasm before the true nature of the disease is recognized. Five patients are described in whom subarachnoid hemorrhage was initially not recognized. Pitfalls in diagnosis are discussed, and an outline is presented for the evaluation of patients suspected of harboring ruptured intracranial aneurysms.", "contents": "The diagnostic pitfalls of subarachnoid hemorrhage from intracranial aneurysms. The subtle manner in which subarachnoid hemorrhage frequently presents may delay appropriate treatment. The patient may deteriorate and die from aneurysmal rebleeding or from cerebral ischemia associated with vasospasm before the true nature of the disease is recognized. Five patients are described in whom subarachnoid hemorrhage was initially not recognized. Pitfalls in diagnosis are discussed, and an outline is presented for the evaluation of patients suspected of harboring ruptured intracranial aneurysms.", "PMID": 1179734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7105", "title": "Ultrastructure of Lactobacillus fermentum during early and late growth phases and during thiamine deficiency.", "content": "Thin sections of exponentially growing and stationary-phase cells of L. fermentum from thiamine sufficient and thiamine deficient media were studied by electron microscopy. Compared to the exponential-phase cells the stationary-phase cells from both types of media had thicker cell walls and cross walls and fewer and smaller granules of storage material. Exponential-phase, thiamine deficient cells had rather thin cell walls and small mesosomes.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Lactobacillus fermentum during early and late growth phases and during thiamine deficiency. Thin sections of exponentially growing and stationary-phase cells of L. fermentum from thiamine sufficient and thiamine deficient media were studied by electron microscopy. Compared to the exponential-phase cells the stationary-phase cells from both types of media had thicker cell walls and cross walls and fewer and smaller granules of storage material. Exponential-phase, thiamine deficient cells had rather thin cell walls and small mesosomes.", "PMID": 1179752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7106", "title": "Different types of thermoconditional clear plaque-mutants and prophage induction by heat or cold of Serratia phage kappa.", "content": "Phage kappa of Seratia marcescens was treated with different mutagens to induce thermoconditional clear plaque-mutants. 176 mutants obtained were analysed by crosses and found to be located in clear plaque-region III. Two types resembling the mutants t2 and t1 of phage lambda were identified. Lysogens for the mutant 126 can be induced by heat and even by cold whereas they are scarcely inducible by uv. Nevertheless, a 126 prophage like a uv inducible ct 163 prophage can be sensitized to thermoinduction by short preirradiation if the cells are incubated for 30 to 45 min between uv exposure and heating. With ct 163 this time corresponds to the minimum extension of latent period after uv induction compared with infection at low moi. A mutant of clear plaque-region II, c154, shows an inverted thermoconditional behaviour forming clear plaques at 30 degrees C and turbid plaques due to lysogenization at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Different types of thermoconditional clear plaque-mutants and prophage induction by heat or cold of Serratia phage kappa. Phage kappa of Seratia marcescens was treated with different mutagens to induce thermoconditional clear plaque-mutants. 176 mutants obtained were analysed by crosses and found to be located in clear plaque-region III. Two types resembling the mutants t2 and t1 of phage lambda were identified. Lysogens for the mutant 126 can be induced by heat and even by cold whereas they are scarcely inducible by uv. Nevertheless, a 126 prophage like a uv inducible ct 163 prophage can be sensitized to thermoinduction by short preirradiation if the cells are incubated for 30 to 45 min between uv exposure and heating. With ct 163 this time corresponds to the minimum extension of latent period after uv induction compared with infection at low moi. A mutant of clear plaque-region II, c154, shows an inverted thermoconditional behaviour forming clear plaques at 30 degrees C and turbid plaques due to lysogenization at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 1179753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7107", "title": "[Clinical and physiological aspects of transcutaneous oxygen measurements in perinatal medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "We report the technical premises, the physiological aspects in connection with calibration, handling, clinical reliability and applicability of the non-invasive Po2 method (tcPo2 technique). In particular we discuss the diagnostic possibilities in monitoring the newborn, for detecting hypoxemia, in monitoring mother and fetus during delivery and the relation of tcPo2 to other parameters usually recorded for monitoring patients.", "contents": "[Clinical and physiological aspects of transcutaneous oxygen measurements in perinatal medicine (author's transl)]. We report the technical premises, the physiological aspects in connection with calibration, handling, clinical reliability and applicability of the non-invasive Po2 method (tcPo2 technique). In particular we discuss the diagnostic possibilities in monitoring the newborn, for detecting hypoxemia, in monitoring mother and fetus during delivery and the relation of tcPo2 to other parameters usually recorded for monitoring patients.", "PMID": 1179786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7108", "title": "[Prevention of premature birth with nylidrin and verapamil (author's transl)].", "content": "108 cases of threatened premature birth were treated with i.v. drip-infusion, followed by oral treatment with Dilatol and Isoptin. This was successful in 81% of cases. A birth-weight of over 2500 g was considered a positive result. In 14% of cases there were side effects. The results are compared with earlier investigations.", "contents": "[Prevention of premature birth with nylidrin and verapamil (author's transl)]. 108 cases of threatened premature birth were treated with i.v. drip-infusion, followed by oral treatment with Dilatol and Isoptin. This was successful in 81% of cases. A birth-weight of over 2500 g was considered a positive result. In 14% of cases there were side effects. The results are compared with earlier investigations.", "PMID": 1179787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7109", "title": "[Infants of low birth weight after deliveries, morbidity and mortality (author's transl)].", "content": "Morbidity and mortality of 908 immature births (newborn infants under 2501 g; still births with crown-heel lengths 35 cm plus) which occured at the University Clinic, Mannheim, Department of obstetrics and Gynecology between the years 1966 and 1971 were studied and compared with a random selection of 782 newborn infants with birth weights of at least 2500 g. From a total of 832 live born immatures, one quarter had an initial Apgar score of 1--7. 67% of these were under 1000 g, 22,07% had birth weights between 1501 and 2000 g and 12,72% between 2001 and 2500 g. Immediately post-partum 89,7% of these infants were placed in the hands of the pediatricans. Most common post-natal complications were icterus neonatorum, aspiration, asphyxia and congenital mal formation. Total mortality was 27,75%; 8,7% being still-births and 21,2% postnatal deaths; perinatal mortality was 26,98%. Mature groups 0,64% perinatal mortality was recorded. 90% of the immature infants died with in the first three days. On 30% of these cases, cause of death was unknown, 30% died from immaturity, approx. 16% from Apnoe and approx. 6% from cerebral hemorrhage. Premature breech deliveries carried a higher mortality rate as compared with deliveries from a normal cephalic presentation.", "contents": "[Infants of low birth weight after deliveries, morbidity and mortality (author's transl)]. Morbidity and mortality of 908 immature births (newborn infants under 2501 g; still births with crown-heel lengths 35 cm plus) which occured at the University Clinic, Mannheim, Department of obstetrics and Gynecology between the years 1966 and 1971 were studied and compared with a random selection of 782 newborn infants with birth weights of at least 2500 g. From a total of 832 live born immatures, one quarter had an initial Apgar score of 1--7. 67% of these were under 1000 g, 22,07% had birth weights between 1501 and 2000 g and 12,72% between 2001 and 2500 g. Immediately post-partum 89,7% of these infants were placed in the hands of the pediatricans. Most common post-natal complications were icterus neonatorum, aspiration, asphyxia and congenital mal formation. Total mortality was 27,75%; 8,7% being still-births and 21,2% postnatal deaths; perinatal mortality was 26,98%. Mature groups 0,64% perinatal mortality was recorded. 90% of the immature infants died with in the first three days. On 30% of these cases, cause of death was unknown, 30% died from immaturity, approx. 16% from Apnoe and approx. 6% from cerebral hemorrhage. Premature breech deliveries carried a higher mortality rate as compared with deliveries from a normal cephalic presentation.", "PMID": 1179788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7110", "title": "[About the estimation of fetal risk by evalution of the serum -- amniotic liqour -- ratio of HPL during the pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Radioimmunoassay of human placental lactogen (HPL) is a valuable diagnostic tool for the early recognition of placental dysfunction. But, the rather wide normal range hampers HPL estimations to be used as a good prognostic tool. However, the simultaneous determination of HPL in maternal serum and in amniotic fluid allows a better diagnosis of the fetal well-being. Results of amniotic fluid HPL levels are expressed as percent of maternal serum levels. In this pilot study it was shown that this ratio of maternal serum HPL level to amniotic fluid level is below 10% in normal pregnancies. The ratio is between 10 to 20% in subjects where fetal distress was recorded, and dystrophic babies were observed. The value is above 20% in cases where intrauterine fetal deaths were found. This good correlation of the HPL ratio in maternal serum and amniotic fluid with the outcome of pregnancy offers a new means of using HPL estimation as prognostic tool.", "contents": "[About the estimation of fetal risk by evalution of the serum -- amniotic liqour -- ratio of HPL during the pregnancy (author's transl)]. Radioimmunoassay of human placental lactogen (HPL) is a valuable diagnostic tool for the early recognition of placental dysfunction. But, the rather wide normal range hampers HPL estimations to be used as a good prognostic tool. However, the simultaneous determination of HPL in maternal serum and in amniotic fluid allows a better diagnosis of the fetal well-being. Results of amniotic fluid HPL levels are expressed as percent of maternal serum levels. In this pilot study it was shown that this ratio of maternal serum HPL level to amniotic fluid level is below 10% in normal pregnancies. The ratio is between 10 to 20% in subjects where fetal distress was recorded, and dystrophic babies were observed. The value is above 20% in cases where intrauterine fetal deaths were found. This good correlation of the HPL ratio in maternal serum and amniotic fluid with the outcome of pregnancy offers a new means of using HPL estimation as prognostic tool.", "PMID": 1179789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7111", "title": "[Significance of various oxytocin challenge tests in monitoring pregnant women at risk (author's transl)].", "content": "Three different oxytocin challenge tests were used for the anssessment of placentar function in pregnant women at risk: For the oxytocin test after Ray et al. Oxytocin was given in continuity with rising doses. In the two other tests Oxytocin was given intermittently with identical doses. The test described by Ray et al. Proved useful for predicting respiratory insufficiency of the placenta. The two other intermittent tests are, according to our investigations, less suitable as tests of placentar function because their significance is limited or non-existent. The continuous oxytocin challenge test takes more time (one hour on average). Essential for exact interpretation are a careful technique and surveillance of the patient throughout the test by trained personel. In our opinion the indications for the continous oxytocin challenge test are pregnancies at risk, where antepartum cardniotocography shows suspect or hard-to-interprete results (e.g. non-classifiables decelerations, loss of fluctuation, absence of Braxton-Hicks contractions) or when other monitoring techniques indicate placentar insufficiency (e.g. low oestriol excretion). The test is not suitable in placenta previaprevia, threatened premature birth and premature ruptur of the membranes. In contrast to other authors we cannot decide with certainly whether patients with a positive oxytocin challenge test should in every case be treated with Caesarean section [9]. This decision will depend not only on the result of the test but on the assessment of all parameters, mainly on the clinical picture. In any case delivery of patients with positive oxytocin challenge tests will have to be carried out under strict technical and biochemical supervision.", "contents": "[Significance of various oxytocin challenge tests in monitoring pregnant women at risk (author's transl)]. Three different oxytocin challenge tests were used for the anssessment of placentar function in pregnant women at risk: For the oxytocin test after Ray et al. Oxytocin was given in continuity with rising doses. In the two other tests Oxytocin was given intermittently with identical doses. The test described by Ray et al. Proved useful for predicting respiratory insufficiency of the placenta. The two other intermittent tests are, according to our investigations, less suitable as tests of placentar function because their significance is limited or non-existent. The continuous oxytocin challenge test takes more time (one hour on average). Essential for exact interpretation are a careful technique and surveillance of the patient throughout the test by trained personel. In our opinion the indications for the continous oxytocin challenge test are pregnancies at risk, where antepartum cardniotocography shows suspect or hard-to-interprete results (e.g. non-classifiables decelerations, loss of fluctuation, absence of Braxton-Hicks contractions) or when other monitoring techniques indicate placentar insufficiency (e.g. low oestriol excretion). The test is not suitable in placenta previaprevia, threatened premature birth and premature ruptur of the membranes. In contrast to other authors we cannot decide with certainly whether patients with a positive oxytocin challenge test should in every case be treated with Caesarean section [9]. This decision will depend not only on the result of the test but on the assessment of all parameters, mainly on the clinical picture. In any case delivery of patients with positive oxytocin challenge tests will have to be carried out under strict technical and biochemical supervision.", "PMID": 1179790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7112", "title": "[The influence on the outcome of pregnancies of sociologic and medical changes during 1963--1972. II. Special section: prenatal dystrophy, diabetogenic fetal disease, the impact of previous miscarriages and twins (author's transl)].", "content": "Analysis of 16 486 obstetric and neonatal case histories of the years 1963--1972. 30.7% of all neonates of Austrian (A) mothers showed one or more signs of placentar insufficiency. Pronounced prenatal dystrophy (p.d.) occurs in similar numbers in women with or without EPH gestosis, but has other important causes as well. In p.d. excentric umbilical cord insertion is more common than in neonates without dystrophy (56.4 : 52.4). Very young mothers often have neonates with p.d. During the ten year period p.d. increased considerably until 1967. After that it decreased slightly but not to the numbers at the start. These changes in frequency apply to all maternal age groups equally. Pronounced and highgrade p.d. in foreign workers' (f.w.) children is significantly more common than with A mothers (p 0.0001). Cushing's syndrome as a symptom of fetal disease due to diabetes has become rarer by over 50% owing to more intensive preventive measures; at the same time still-births of those weighing 4000 g or more have disappeared. The frequency of Cushing's syndrome rises according to the age of the mother from 0.8% to 3.5%. In Austrian mothers the number of previous abortions has decreased during these 10 years, just as has the number of births. The chances of actual pregnancies are the worse the higher the number of previous abortions. In f.w. mothers previous artificial abortions are far more numerous, but the outcome of pregnancy does not deteriorate with an increase in previous abortions. In A mothers the effects of previous premature or still births are the same as after abortions but much more pronounced. The percentage of normal births following premature births has fallen somewhat in A mothers during the ten year period, also after one miscarriage from 86% to 71%, probably owing to effective prevention of late abortions. Of 173 pairs of twins the first-born was heavier than the second in 71 instances. It is confirmed that the second twin is still-born almost twice as often as the first-born and this in twins of whom the second is heavier than the first. 11% of individual twins weith more than 3000 g and 28% between 2501 and 3000 g. The heavier the twins the lower the average age of the mother (from 30.8 to 26.6). The mothers whose first twin weighs more than 2500 g, the second less, appear to be younger than those with an inverse ratio (27.6 : 30.7).", "contents": "[The influence on the outcome of pregnancies of sociologic and medical changes during 1963--1972. II. Special section: prenatal dystrophy, diabetogenic fetal disease, the impact of previous miscarriages and twins (author's transl)]. Analysis of 16 486 obstetric and neonatal case histories of the years 1963--1972. 30.7% of all neonates of Austrian (A) mothers showed one or more signs of placentar insufficiency. Pronounced prenatal dystrophy (p.d.) occurs in similar numbers in women with or without EPH gestosis, but has other important causes as well. In p.d. excentric umbilical cord insertion is more common than in neonates without dystrophy (56.4 : 52.4). Very young mothers often have neonates with p.d. During the ten year period p.d. increased considerably until 1967. After that it decreased slightly but not to the numbers at the start. These changes in frequency apply to all maternal age groups equally. Pronounced and highgrade p.d. in foreign workers' (f.w.) children is significantly more common than with A mothers (p 0.0001). Cushing's syndrome as a symptom of fetal disease due to diabetes has become rarer by over 50% owing to more intensive preventive measures; at the same time still-births of those weighing 4000 g or more have disappeared. The frequency of Cushing's syndrome rises according to the age of the mother from 0.8% to 3.5%. In Austrian mothers the number of previous abortions has decreased during these 10 years, just as has the number of births. The chances of actual pregnancies are the worse the higher the number of previous abortions. In f.w. mothers previous artificial abortions are far more numerous, but the outcome of pregnancy does not deteriorate with an increase in previous abortions. In A mothers the effects of previous premature or still births are the same as after abortions but much more pronounced. The percentage of normal births following premature births has fallen somewhat in A mothers during the ten year period, also after one miscarriage from 86% to 71%, probably owing to effective prevention of late abortions. Of 173 pairs of twins the first-born was heavier than the second in 71 instances. It is confirmed that the second twin is still-born almost twice as often as the first-born and this in twins of whom the second is heavier than the first. 11% of individual twins weith more than 3000 g and 28% between 2501 and 3000 g. The heavier the twins the lower the average age of the mother (from 30.8 to 26.6). The mothers whose first twin weighs more than 2500 g, the second less, appear to be younger than those with an inverse ratio (27.6 : 30.7).", "PMID": 1179791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7113", "title": "[Acrodermatitis enteropathica--a disturbance of zinc metabolism with zinc malabsorption (author's transl)].", "content": "The intestinal resorption of zinc using 65ZnCl2 was estimated in 3 patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica, 2 healthy controls, and 3 heterozygotes. After oral application of 65Zn the whole body activity was measured by a whole body counter for 34 days. The 65Zn resorption of the patients amounted to 16, 42 and 30% of the applied dose, whereas the resorption values of the heterozygotes and the controls were in the range of 58 and 77%. The elimination of 65Zn from the body amounted to about 0.7% of the applied dose with no difference between controls and patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica. Before therapy the serum-zinc levels of patients were markedly decreased. After oral application of high doses of zinc aspartate (2 times 400 mg/day) all clinical symptoms disappeared within a week. The results point at a causal connection between zinc and the pathogenesis of acrodermatitis enteropathica. Ultrastructural alterations of the Paneth cells of the intestines are also shown in this disease [12] as have also been seen in Paneth cells of zinc deficient rats [Beitr. Path. 145, 336 (1972)].", "contents": "[Acrodermatitis enteropathica--a disturbance of zinc metabolism with zinc malabsorption (author's transl)]. The intestinal resorption of zinc using 65ZnCl2 was estimated in 3 patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica, 2 healthy controls, and 3 heterozygotes. After oral application of 65Zn the whole body activity was measured by a whole body counter for 34 days. The 65Zn resorption of the patients amounted to 16, 42 and 30% of the applied dose, whereas the resorption values of the heterozygotes and the controls were in the range of 58 and 77%. The elimination of 65Zn from the body amounted to about 0.7% of the applied dose with no difference between controls and patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica. Before therapy the serum-zinc levels of patients were markedly decreased. After oral application of high doses of zinc aspartate (2 times 400 mg/day) all clinical symptoms disappeared within a week. The results point at a causal connection between zinc and the pathogenesis of acrodermatitis enteropathica. Ultrastructural alterations of the Paneth cells of the intestines are also shown in this disease [12] as have also been seen in Paneth cells of zinc deficient rats [Beitr. Path. 145, 336 (1972)].", "PMID": 1179792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7114", "title": "Studies of malformation syndromes of man XXXVIII: The BD syndrome. A \"new\" multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation syndrome with athetoid cerebral palsy.", "content": "Two patients with a virtually identical physical examination syndrome are reported. Both had severe microbrachycephaly, profound mental retardation and athetoid cerebral palsy. The anomalies include prominence of forehead, hypoplastic midface, mandibular prognathism, apparent midline \"cleft\" of mandible with absence of lower central incisors, ear and eye anomalies, growth failure, and various similar secondary anomalies due to hypotonia, cerebral palsy and immobilisation. The patients probably represent a \"new\" MCA/MR syndrome, the etiology of which is still unknown. A genetic cause, i.e., a gene mutation with pleiotropic effects, is suggested. This may involve an autosomal recessive trait, an autosomal dominant new mutation, or an X-linked dominant-hemizygous lethal trait.", "contents": "Studies of malformation syndromes of man XXXVIII: The BD syndrome. A \"new\" multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation syndrome with athetoid cerebral palsy. Two patients with a virtually identical physical examination syndrome are reported. Both had severe microbrachycephaly, profound mental retardation and athetoid cerebral palsy. The anomalies include prominence of forehead, hypoplastic midface, mandibular prognathism, apparent midline \"cleft\" of mandible with absence of lower central incisors, ear and eye anomalies, growth failure, and various similar secondary anomalies due to hypotonia, cerebral palsy and immobilisation. The patients probably represent a \"new\" MCA/MR syndrome, the etiology of which is still unknown. A genetic cause, i.e., a gene mutation with pleiotropic effects, is suggested. This may involve an autosomal recessive trait, an autosomal dominant new mutation, or an X-linked dominant-hemizygous lethal trait.", "PMID": 1179793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7115", "title": "A longitudinal study of red cell enzymes in infants of low birth weight.", "content": "A longitudinal study of red cell enzyme activity in newborn infants of low birth weight has been conducted over the first 2 months of life. The enzymes investigated are acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.3.7), an integral part of the red cell membrane and subnormal in ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn; and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), an intracellularly-located, sex-linked enzyme, implicated in neonatal jaundice and of significance in drug-induced hemolytic anemias. Acetylcholinesterase activity, which is lower in normal full-term infants and in low birth weight infants than in adults, was further diminished during the initial weeks of life of the infants of low birth weight and the higher levels of activity, characteristic of adult red cells, had not appeared by 2 months of age. By contrast, red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, which is higher in full-term newborn infants and in infants of low birth weight than in adults, did not diminish as a function of age and the lower adult levels were not discernible by 2 months of life.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of red cell enzymes in infants of low birth weight. A longitudinal study of red cell enzyme activity in newborn infants of low birth weight has been conducted over the first 2 months of life. The enzymes investigated are acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.3.7), an integral part of the red cell membrane and subnormal in ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn; and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), an intracellularly-located, sex-linked enzyme, implicated in neonatal jaundice and of significance in drug-induced hemolytic anemias. Acetylcholinesterase activity, which is lower in normal full-term infants and in low birth weight infants than in adults, was further diminished during the initial weeks of life of the infants of low birth weight and the higher levels of activity, characteristic of adult red cells, had not appeared by 2 months of age. By contrast, red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, which is higher in full-term newborn infants and in infants of low birth weight than in adults, did not diminish as a function of age and the lower adult levels were not discernible by 2 months of life.", "PMID": 1179794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7116", "title": "[Reciprocal translocation t (5p--;19p+) in three generations (author's transl)].", "content": "A reciprocal translocation t (5p-;19p+) in 3 generations is reported. Three carriers with this translocation were healthy, the propositus with the same translocation showed cheilopalatochisis bilaterally, microphthalmus, coloboma of the retina and dysplasia of the hip joints. The cytogenetically unremarkable father of the propositus exhibited micropthalmus and coloboma of the disc and a bifid uvula. It was supposed that there is no correlation between caryotype and phenotype in the propositus. His abnormalities might be induced genetically by the father. The risk data for the descendants of carriers with balanced translocations are discussed.", "contents": "[Reciprocal translocation t (5p--;19p+) in three generations (author's transl)]. A reciprocal translocation t (5p-;19p+) in 3 generations is reported. Three carriers with this translocation were healthy, the propositus with the same translocation showed cheilopalatochisis bilaterally, microphthalmus, coloboma of the retina and dysplasia of the hip joints. The cytogenetically unremarkable father of the propositus exhibited micropthalmus and coloboma of the disc and a bifid uvula. It was supposed that there is no correlation between caryotype and phenotype in the propositus. His abnormalities might be induced genetically by the father. The risk data for the descendants of carriers with balanced translocations are discussed.", "PMID": 1179795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7117", "title": "[The biology of the warble-fly oestromyia leporina Pallas 1778 (Diptera, Hypodermatidae), a parasite of the field-mouse Microtus arvalis Pall (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper deals with the discovery of the warble-fly Oestromyia leporina in the surrounding of Giessen. The behaviour of the flies in the field is described; in particular the behaviour of both sexes before and during mating and of the female during the oviposition period is described for the first time. The relations between host and parasite are explained as well as the development from third-instar larvae into the puparaium and then into the imago. By further experiments it is attempted to find out the factors causing the long time of ten months' quiescence in the puparium. The range of hosts is tested by natural and experimental infections' furthermore it is discussed if the present findings can be applied to other populations of the same warble-flies in far-off regions.", "contents": "[The biology of the warble-fly oestromyia leporina Pallas 1778 (Diptera, Hypodermatidae), a parasite of the field-mouse Microtus arvalis Pall (author's transl)]. The present paper deals with the discovery of the warble-fly Oestromyia leporina in the surrounding of Giessen. The behaviour of the flies in the field is described; in particular the behaviour of both sexes before and during mating and of the female during the oviposition period is described for the first time. The relations between host and parasite are explained as well as the development from third-instar larvae into the puparaium and then into the imago. By further experiments it is attempted to find out the factors causing the long time of ten months' quiescence in the puparium. The range of hosts is tested by natural and experimental infections' furthermore it is discussed if the present findings can be applied to other populations of the same warble-flies in far-off regions.", "PMID": 1179796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7118", "title": "The effects of rafoxanide and nitroxynil on the survival, growth and morphology of Fasciola hepatica in rabbits.", "content": "Two experiments were carried out to assess the effects of nitroxynil (10 mg/kg p.o.) and rafoxanide (6.7 mg/kg p.o.) against 2,4, 6 or 8 weeks old F. hepatica in rabbits. The results show that the efficacy and incidence of stunted and abnormal surviving flukes were directly related to the age of infection at treatment. Rafoxanide was the more potent compound against immature forms. The testes were the most consistently abnormal reproductive organs in flukes surviving treatment with both drugs and spermatogenesis per se was disrupted.", "contents": "The effects of rafoxanide and nitroxynil on the survival, growth and morphology of Fasciola hepatica in rabbits. Two experiments were carried out to assess the effects of nitroxynil (10 mg/kg p.o.) and rafoxanide (6.7 mg/kg p.o.) against 2,4, 6 or 8 weeks old F. hepatica in rabbits. The results show that the efficacy and incidence of stunted and abnormal surviving flukes were directly related to the age of infection at treatment. Rafoxanide was the more potent compound against immature forms. The testes were the most consistently abnormal reproductive organs in flukes surviving treatment with both drugs and spermatogenesis per se was disrupted.", "PMID": 1179797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7119", "title": "[The Salter innominate osteotomy as the treatment of congenital dislocation and subluxation (author's transl)].", "content": "The Salter innominate osteotomy is useful in the treatment of congenital dislocation and subluxation of the hip after the age of 18 months. The procedure provides stable reduction of the femur even with weight bearing. In addition, the acetabulum depth is not diminished and the head is covered with hyaline cartilage. Derotation-varization intertrochanteric osteotomy improves hip biomechanics and when done in combination with the innominate osteotomy, the wedge of bone from the femur may be used in the ilium, precluding the necessity for a separate iliac graft. Combined Salter innominate osteotomy, intertrochanteric femoral osteotomy and open reduction as a single operation has produced satisfactory results and has distinct advantages over staged procedures.", "contents": "[The Salter innominate osteotomy as the treatment of congenital dislocation and subluxation (author's transl)]. The Salter innominate osteotomy is useful in the treatment of congenital dislocation and subluxation of the hip after the age of 18 months. The procedure provides stable reduction of the femur even with weight bearing. In addition, the acetabulum depth is not diminished and the head is covered with hyaline cartilage. Derotation-varization intertrochanteric osteotomy improves hip biomechanics and when done in combination with the innominate osteotomy, the wedge of bone from the femur may be used in the ilium, precluding the necessity for a separate iliac graft. Combined Salter innominate osteotomy, intertrochanteric femoral osteotomy and open reduction as a single operation has produced satisfactory results and has distinct advantages over staged procedures.", "PMID": 1179798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7120", "title": "[The influence of surgically introduced muscle tension on the function of total hip prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "The functional results of total hip prosthesis are influenced significantly by the tension given to the glutaeus medium muscle at operation. Low tension may result in a limp (positive Trendelenburg sign), high tension may decrease movement. In 206 cases of total hip replacement the Trendelenburg sign (grades from 0-3), the movement (in grades 0-4) and a grade of extension (distance or prosthetic femoral head and plastic acetabulum in cm at maximal extension after resection of the capsule) have been evaluated. In 191 hip joints not operated before the Trendelenburg sign was negativ before operation in only 31%, after operation it was negativ in 73%. The evaluation of the partial correlation coefficient showed a definite relation between Trendelenburg sign and the grade of extension. The higher the extensibility of the hip joint the more pronounced the Trendelenburg sign. In 71% of 191 cases the movement was increased after total hip replacement. With increased extensibility, the movement becomes better. However it is also related to the movement before operation. The optimal muscular tension and movement of the hip joint can be expected at an extension grade of 1.5-2.0 cm (distance between the prosthetic femoral head and the plastic acetabulum at maximal extension during operation).", "contents": "[The influence of surgically introduced muscle tension on the function of total hip prostheses (author's transl)]. The functional results of total hip prosthesis are influenced significantly by the tension given to the glutaeus medium muscle at operation. Low tension may result in a limp (positive Trendelenburg sign), high tension may decrease movement. In 206 cases of total hip replacement the Trendelenburg sign (grades from 0-3), the movement (in grades 0-4) and a grade of extension (distance or prosthetic femoral head and plastic acetabulum in cm at maximal extension after resection of the capsule) have been evaluated. In 191 hip joints not operated before the Trendelenburg sign was negativ before operation in only 31%, after operation it was negativ in 73%. The evaluation of the partial correlation coefficient showed a definite relation between Trendelenburg sign and the grade of extension. The higher the extensibility of the hip joint the more pronounced the Trendelenburg sign. In 71% of 191 cases the movement was increased after total hip replacement. With increased extensibility, the movement becomes better. However it is also related to the movement before operation. The optimal muscular tension and movement of the hip joint can be expected at an extension grade of 1.5-2.0 cm (distance between the prosthetic femoral head and the plastic acetabulum at maximal extension during operation).", "PMID": 1179799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7121", "title": "[Statics and dynamics after total hip arthroplasty. An electromyographic study (author's transl)].", "content": "The weightbearing of the hip of 147 patients after total prosthesis operation was controlled by the two wages method. In most of them the weightbearing becomes normal in a few months after the operation. In 39 patients with 48 total prostheses an electromyographic examination of the erectores trunci and the glutaei as well as the quadriceps of both legs in standing and walking was performed. In standing the patients demonstrate an hyperactivity of the paravertebral muscles and glutaei before as well as after the operation. They cannot find the normal standing posture with its typical lack of activity of the back, pelvis or leg muscles. In standing on one leg as well as in walking the innervation of the glutaei is diminished. In many cases it becomes normal after the total hip operation. Only in 1/3 of the cases we can observe a fully normal electrical activity of the glutaei with the classical \"fan sign\" which corresponds to the normal rotation of the pelvis during the stand phase. The erectores trunci demonstrate before and after the operation the same anomalies of innervation.", "contents": "[Statics and dynamics after total hip arthroplasty. An electromyographic study (author's transl)]. The weightbearing of the hip of 147 patients after total prosthesis operation was controlled by the two wages method. In most of them the weightbearing becomes normal in a few months after the operation. In 39 patients with 48 total prostheses an electromyographic examination of the erectores trunci and the glutaei as well as the quadriceps of both legs in standing and walking was performed. In standing the patients demonstrate an hyperactivity of the paravertebral muscles and glutaei before as well as after the operation. They cannot find the normal standing posture with its typical lack of activity of the back, pelvis or leg muscles. In standing on one leg as well as in walking the innervation of the glutaei is diminished. In many cases it becomes normal after the total hip operation. Only in 1/3 of the cases we can observe a fully normal electrical activity of the glutaei with the classical \"fan sign\" which corresponds to the normal rotation of the pelvis during the stand phase. The erectores trunci demonstrate before and after the operation the same anomalies of innervation.", "PMID": 1179800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7122", "title": "[Modern trends in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The author presents 360 patients with chronic osteomyelitis, treated with auto genous staphylococcus inoculation. In several cases there was additional surgery. The probable therapeutic effects of inoculation related to the special pathogenicity of staphylococcus aureus is discussed. The results shown in two different series encourage the author to recommend autogenous inoculation. In his clinic it has been in use for over 10 years.", "contents": "[Modern trends in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis (author's transl)]. The author presents 360 patients with chronic osteomyelitis, treated with auto genous staphylococcus inoculation. In several cases there was additional surgery. The probable therapeutic effects of inoculation related to the special pathogenicity of staphylococcus aureus is discussed. The results shown in two different series encourage the author to recommend autogenous inoculation. In his clinic it has been in use for over 10 years.", "PMID": 1179801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7123", "title": "[The Thibi\u00e8rge-Weissenbach syndrome (author's tranls)].", "content": "Case report on a 60-year-old woman suffering from Thibi\u00e8rge-Weissenbach syndrome, a combination of scleroderma (microstoma, atrophy of all fingertips) with extensive universal calcinosis of the skin on the lateral aspect of the right thigh, on both shoulders and the fingertips. Surgical removal of the \"tumor\" which weighed over 2000 grams was technically very difficult and not radical, since it infiltrated large areas of the muscles around the hip and thich.", "contents": "[The Thibi\u00e8rge-Weissenbach syndrome (author's tranls)]. Case report on a 60-year-old woman suffering from Thibi\u00e8rge-Weissenbach syndrome, a combination of scleroderma (microstoma, atrophy of all fingertips) with extensive universal calcinosis of the skin on the lateral aspect of the right thigh, on both shoulders and the fingertips. Surgical removal of the \"tumor\" which weighed over 2000 grams was technically very difficult and not radical, since it infiltrated large areas of the muscles around the hip and thich.", "PMID": 1179802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7124", "title": "[Arthropathy as a late result of trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of 5 cases the syndrome of post traumatic arthropathy is described. Like its other forms it shows radiographyically a high degree of osteolysis, fragmentation and para-articular calcification of soft parts. The picture is similar to that of syringomyelia and tabes. If trauma occurs in childhood there will also be developmental retardation. One has to assume that trauma may be responsible for these isolated arthropathies at its site. Since the further course corresponds to that of a neurogenous arthropathie it is likely that in these cases there is an underlying disturbance of the relationship between nervous system and bone and joint which, so far, cannot be proved clinically.", "contents": "[Arthropathy as a late result of trauma (author's transl)]. On the basis of 5 cases the syndrome of post traumatic arthropathy is described. Like its other forms it shows radiographyically a high degree of osteolysis, fragmentation and para-articular calcification of soft parts. The picture is similar to that of syringomyelia and tabes. If trauma occurs in childhood there will also be developmental retardation. One has to assume that trauma may be responsible for these isolated arthropathies at its site. Since the further course corresponds to that of a neurogenous arthropathie it is likely that in these cases there is an underlying disturbance of the relationship between nervous system and bone and joint which, so far, cannot be proved clinically.", "PMID": 1179803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7125", "title": "[Fatigue fractures in the anterior part of the pelvis following replacements of the hip-joints (author's transl)].", "content": "In a woman aged 74 fatigue fractures occurred in the anterior part of the pelvic ring following bilateral replacement of the hipjoints with M\u00fcller-Charnley prostheses. After increasing pain in the inguinal region radiographs disclosed fractures through the public and ischial bones on the side of the last replacement. There was no concomitant disease. The possible dynamic causes of fatigue fractures after well-placed hip-prostheses are discussed.", "contents": "[Fatigue fractures in the anterior part of the pelvis following replacements of the hip-joints (author's transl)]. In a woman aged 74 fatigue fractures occurred in the anterior part of the pelvic ring following bilateral replacement of the hipjoints with M\u00fcller-Charnley prostheses. After increasing pain in the inguinal region radiographs disclosed fractures through the public and ischial bones on the side of the last replacement. There was no concomitant disease. The possible dynamic causes of fatigue fractures after well-placed hip-prostheses are discussed.", "PMID": 1179804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7126", "title": "[Biomechanic contribution to measurement of power and action of neck muscles (author's transl)].", "content": "The position of the head depends on the function of the neck-muscles. Once the power of stabilization has been exhausted, the ligaments, particularly the superficial posterior, are stressed. A mathematical model has been developed for measuring the power of the muscles. This enables us to find out when and to which degree stress on the ligaments contributes to stabilization.", "contents": "[Biomechanic contribution to measurement of power and action of neck muscles (author's transl)]. The position of the head depends on the function of the neck-muscles. Once the power of stabilization has been exhausted, the ligaments, particularly the superficial posterior, are stressed. A mathematical model has been developed for measuring the power of the muscles. This enables us to find out when and to which degree stress on the ligaments contributes to stabilization.", "PMID": 1179805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7127", "title": "[Biomechanics of the hip joint. I. A new model for the calculation of the forces in the hip joint].", "content": "After a short review of the theory of the forces acting in the human hip joint we develope a new model for the calculation of the forces R acting on the head of the supporting femur, of their direction phi and of the maximal pressure of the femoral head. The new concept is the determination of a fixed point A, the attachement of the resultant muscle force M at the pelvis, and the insertion T of this muscle force at the trochanter. After determination of this points in a single standard radiography of the pelvis and hips, the model calculate the resultant force R at the hip joint. The pressure in the articulation is calculated also by the same proceeding. The influence of the choice of the point A is discussed.", "contents": "[Biomechanics of the hip joint. I. A new model for the calculation of the forces in the hip joint]. After a short review of the theory of the forces acting in the human hip joint we develope a new model for the calculation of the forces R acting on the head of the supporting femur, of their direction phi and of the maximal pressure of the femoral head. The new concept is the determination of a fixed point A, the attachement of the resultant muscle force M at the pelvis, and the insertion T of this muscle force at the trochanter. After determination of this points in a single standard radiography of the pelvis and hips, the model calculate the resultant force R at the hip joint. The pressure in the articulation is calculated also by the same proceeding. The influence of the choice of the point A is discussed.", "PMID": 1179806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7128", "title": "[Mechanics of the knee joint, part II, the final rotation (author's transl)].", "content": "Mobility of the knee of the horse. The modification of medial and lateral femoral condyles by additional movement of the cruciate ligaments shown on the animal joint. Final rotation in the human knee-joint shapes the femoral condyles by additional movement of the cruciate ligaments. The roll-slide movement and final rotation lead to curving of the medial condyle of the femur in the transverse plane. The transition from the roll-slide into a tilting movement in the final phase of ultimate rotation reduces the power of the posterior ligamentous system of the knee-joint when there is a force tending to hyperextend.", "contents": "[Mechanics of the knee joint, part II, the final rotation (author's transl)]. Mobility of the knee of the horse. The modification of medial and lateral femoral condyles by additional movement of the cruciate ligaments shown on the animal joint. Final rotation in the human knee-joint shapes the femoral condyles by additional movement of the cruciate ligaments. The roll-slide movement and final rotation lead to curving of the medial condyle of the femur in the transverse plane. The transition from the roll-slide into a tilting movement in the final phase of ultimate rotation reduces the power of the posterior ligamentous system of the knee-joint when there is a force tending to hyperextend.", "PMID": 1179807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7129", "title": "[Magneto-implants in surgery of the motorsystem. A project (author's transl)].", "content": "The high quality material of permanent magnetos permits various applications to the surgery of the motor system. When designing artificial joints, for certain osteosyntheses and osteotomies, for the stimulation of growth at the epiphyses and in orthopedic techniques. Encouraging attempts at \"magneto-medicine\" exist in ophthalmology, urology and general surgery. We propose to test permanent magnets for attraction and separation in orthopedic and traumatic surgery.", "contents": "[Magneto-implants in surgery of the motorsystem. A project (author's transl)]. The high quality material of permanent magnetos permits various applications to the surgery of the motor system. When designing artificial joints, for certain osteosyntheses and osteotomies, for the stimulation of growth at the epiphyses and in orthopedic techniques. Encouraging attempts at \"magneto-medicine\" exist in ophthalmology, urology and general surgery. We propose to test permanent magnets for attraction and separation in orthopedic and traumatic surgery.", "PMID": 1179808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7130", "title": "[The massaging and circulation--beneficial effect of the trunc-type stump stocking compared with the conventional stump stocking (author's transl)].", "content": "Whereas the conventional stump stocking grips the end of the stump--and at the same time the tender centre part of the latter--more and more tightly during walking and can result in the stocking fabric wrinkling, overstretching and tearing, the trunk-type stump stocking leaves the central stump area completely free as it ends in a narrow, tube-shaped extension piece below the end of the stump. This results in a large amount of spare fabric with a correspondingly good possibility of buffering and elasticity in the upper part of the extension piece, increasing even more when washed repeatedly. The relative movements between the stump and the artificial leg during walking, in conjunction with the temporally lagging movements of the stump protective covering, bring about an active muscle massaging and circulation-beneficial effect by means of the trunk stocking, at the same time preventing any wrinkling of the stump protective covering. An adjustable elastic secured at the base of the shaft is provided at the end of the trunk for individual adjustment of the pull tension at the end of the stump. At the same time this prevents arm and leg stumps from slipping out of the shaft area. The so far considerably \"shrinking\" of the stocking as a result of transpiration and washing is catered for to a large extent by the spare fabric in the area of the trunk, which means that it is no longer necessary to wear outsizes and that there is a large evaporation area, with a possibility of the transpiration flowing off into the end of the trunk, with good compatibility of the skin and less wear of the stocking.", "contents": "[The massaging and circulation--beneficial effect of the trunc-type stump stocking compared with the conventional stump stocking (author's transl)]. Whereas the conventional stump stocking grips the end of the stump--and at the same time the tender centre part of the latter--more and more tightly during walking and can result in the stocking fabric wrinkling, overstretching and tearing, the trunk-type stump stocking leaves the central stump area completely free as it ends in a narrow, tube-shaped extension piece below the end of the stump. This results in a large amount of spare fabric with a correspondingly good possibility of buffering and elasticity in the upper part of the extension piece, increasing even more when washed repeatedly. The relative movements between the stump and the artificial leg during walking, in conjunction with the temporally lagging movements of the stump protective covering, bring about an active muscle massaging and circulation-beneficial effect by means of the trunk stocking, at the same time preventing any wrinkling of the stump protective covering. An adjustable elastic secured at the base of the shaft is provided at the end of the trunk for individual adjustment of the pull tension at the end of the stump. At the same time this prevents arm and leg stumps from slipping out of the shaft area. The so far considerably \"shrinking\" of the stocking as a result of transpiration and washing is catered for to a large extent by the spare fabric in the area of the trunk, which means that it is no longer necessary to wear outsizes and that there is a large evaporation area, with a possibility of the transpiration flowing off into the end of the trunk, with good compatibility of the skin and less wear of the stocking.", "PMID": 1179809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7131", "title": "[Angle-measurement on patient and radiograph, simpler, quicker and more exact with the zero-angle-meter (author's transl)].", "content": "A new angle-meter, clinically proved, is described. It permits angle measurements on the human body with the zero technique (Debrunner 1971, 1973) and on radiographs, particularly of angles of scoliosis after Cobb (1948). It is much simpler, more exact and quicker than the present techniques which are critically analyzed. Its advantages in practice are shown.", "contents": "[Angle-measurement on patient and radiograph, simpler, quicker and more exact with the zero-angle-meter (author's transl)]. A new angle-meter, clinically proved, is described. It permits angle measurements on the human body with the zero technique (Debrunner 1971, 1973) and on radiographs, particularly of angles of scoliosis after Cobb (1948). It is much simpler, more exact and quicker than the present techniques which are critically analyzed. Its advantages in practice are shown.", "PMID": 1179810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7132", "title": "[Osteochondritis dissecans of the carpal scaphoid? (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)].", "content": "The article describes a sequestrated portion of the carpal scaphoid bone, which is interpreted as a marginal fragmentation by partial necrosis of the scaphoid bone. In the authors' opinion, earlier writings have not proved incontestably the occurence of a genuine osteochondritis dissecans of the scaphoid bone.", "contents": "[Osteochondritis dissecans of the carpal scaphoid? (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)]. The article describes a sequestrated portion of the carpal scaphoid bone, which is interpreted as a marginal fragmentation by partial necrosis of the scaphoid bone. In the authors' opinion, earlier writings have not proved incontestably the occurence of a genuine osteochondritis dissecans of the scaphoid bone.", "PMID": 1179811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7133", "title": "[Quantitative determination of trace metals in frozen fish, fish oil and fish meal (author's transl)].", "content": "As a contribution to the discussion on the \"Verordnung uber Umweltkontaminanten\" (draft) we examined 73 double samples of the frequent types of edible fish and 2 samples each of fish oil and fish meal for their content of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg). Arsenic was determined photometrically, cadmium and lead by anodic stripping voltammetry and mercury by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. We found the following average contents (ppm): 0.84 As, 0.003 Cd, 0.08 Pb, 0.06 Hg. The limits (ppm) set up in the draft for a German \"H\u00f6chstmengenverordnung\" (regulation specifying the maximum concentrations allowed) were by far not reached in the case of Cd, Pb, and Hg with all samples while they were fulfilled in the case of As by only 18% of the samples. It seems that the limit for As of 0.5 ppm has been set up too low. In the average, the following proportion applies for the trace contents found: Cd:Hg:Pb:As = 1:20:27:280. Correlations between the contents of trace metals on the one hand and fishing grounds or trawler or sample piece on the other could not be found.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of trace metals in frozen fish, fish oil and fish meal (author's transl)]. As a contribution to the discussion on the \"Verordnung uber Umweltkontaminanten\" (draft) we examined 73 double samples of the frequent types of edible fish and 2 samples each of fish oil and fish meal for their content of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg). Arsenic was determined photometrically, cadmium and lead by anodic stripping voltammetry and mercury by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. We found the following average contents (ppm): 0.84 As, 0.003 Cd, 0.08 Pb, 0.06 Hg. The limits (ppm) set up in the draft for a German \"H\u00f6chstmengenverordnung\" (regulation specifying the maximum concentrations allowed) were by far not reached in the case of Cd, Pb, and Hg with all samples while they were fulfilled in the case of As by only 18% of the samples. It seems that the limit for As of 0.5 ppm has been set up too low. In the average, the following proportion applies for the trace contents found: Cd:Hg:Pb:As = 1:20:27:280. Correlations between the contents of trace metals on the one hand and fishing grounds or trawler or sample piece on the other could not be found.", "PMID": 1179856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7134", "title": "[Further measurements of the 14C-content of fermentation alcohol in dependence of growth times and location of the fermentation material (author's transl)].", "content": "The carbon-14 content of ethanol obtained from material (mostly potatoes) grown in the years 1964--1973 is compared with that of material of the vegetation periods 1956--1966 determined by other laboratories. Six ethanol samples from material grown 1973 in different parts of Europe show no significant differences. The average value is 19.3 dpm/g carbon. Furthermore no significant difference was found in ethanol from potatoes cultivated 50--800 m east and west of a freeway with very heavy traffic. The same is true also for ethanol from potatoes grown near a large industrial area and others grown far from such an area.", "contents": "[Further measurements of the 14C-content of fermentation alcohol in dependence of growth times and location of the fermentation material (author's transl)]. The carbon-14 content of ethanol obtained from material (mostly potatoes) grown in the years 1964--1973 is compared with that of material of the vegetation periods 1956--1966 determined by other laboratories. Six ethanol samples from material grown 1973 in different parts of Europe show no significant differences. The average value is 19.3 dpm/g carbon. Furthermore no significant difference was found in ethanol from potatoes cultivated 50--800 m east and west of a freeway with very heavy traffic. The same is true also for ethanol from potatoes grown near a large industrial area and others grown far from such an area.", "PMID": 1179857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7135", "title": "[Imprinting of domestic animals on man].", "content": "Male farm animals (kids, lambs and piglets) were kept isolated from conspecifics for their first 10 days of life. Until reaching sexual maturity they lived like pets in close contact with human beings; later some of them were removed to farms. Here they could interact with animals of other species, but not with conspecifics. Their first contact with conspecifics took place after they were sexually mature. In simultaneous choice experiments, offering a conspecific and a human being as passive participants, the animals were tested for any imprinted preference for human beings. Criteria were sexual advances and copulation attempts, as these indicate a strong social attachment. Two conditions proved necessary for imprinting on another species: 1. long-term isolation from conspecifics, and 2. close contact with another species during this time. Under these circumstances the term \"sensitive period\" may not be appropriate. Contrary to imprinting in birds isolation during the first days of life is not necessary for imprinting on another species to take place.", "contents": "[Imprinting of domestic animals on man]. Male farm animals (kids, lambs and piglets) were kept isolated from conspecifics for their first 10 days of life. Until reaching sexual maturity they lived like pets in close contact with human beings; later some of them were removed to farms. Here they could interact with animals of other species, but not with conspecifics. Their first contact with conspecifics took place after they were sexually mature. In simultaneous choice experiments, offering a conspecific and a human being as passive participants, the animals were tested for any imprinted preference for human beings. Criteria were sexual advances and copulation attempts, as these indicate a strong social attachment. Two conditions proved necessary for imprinting on another species: 1. long-term isolation from conspecifics, and 2. close contact with another species during this time. Under these circumstances the term \"sensitive period\" may not be appropriate. Contrary to imprinting in birds isolation during the first days of life is not necessary for imprinting on another species to take place.", "PMID": 1179859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7136", "title": "[Solving of simple problems by a fish (free water experiments with Balistes fuscus)].", "content": "The problem-solving behaviour of Balistes fuscus was investigated in the Red Sea by under-water observation of three tame animals. The foraging behaviour of Balistes is adapted to moving objects aside with the mouth to get at hidden prey. In test problem situations with familiar objects, obstacles were deliberately and expediently removed in order to reach the prey (sea urchins). In test situations with unfamiliar objects (flat lid, glass cylinder: Fig. 2) it was also evident that the animals have a grasp of spatial connections and can solve arranged problems forthwith. If a once-solved problem is again presented the successful action sequence unwinds very quickly in the new situation. Modified tests for delayed action show that Balistes can retain short-term information for up to about 3 mins. The analysis of behavioural sequences makes it probable that, according to the criteria of Yerkes and Hassenstein, we are dealing with problem-solving behaviour guided by regrouping of engrams. The behaviour is interpreted as ecologically occasioned adaptation to an intensely structured habitat. The solving of problems by the moving of environmental objects seems to have evolved, in vertebrates, in interaction with their habitat, and independently of their systematic position.", "contents": "[Solving of simple problems by a fish (free water experiments with Balistes fuscus)]. The problem-solving behaviour of Balistes fuscus was investigated in the Red Sea by under-water observation of three tame animals. The foraging behaviour of Balistes is adapted to moving objects aside with the mouth to get at hidden prey. In test problem situations with familiar objects, obstacles were deliberately and expediently removed in order to reach the prey (sea urchins). In test situations with unfamiliar objects (flat lid, glass cylinder: Fig. 2) it was also evident that the animals have a grasp of spatial connections and can solve arranged problems forthwith. If a once-solved problem is again presented the successful action sequence unwinds very quickly in the new situation. Modified tests for delayed action show that Balistes can retain short-term information for up to about 3 mins. The analysis of behavioural sequences makes it probable that, according to the criteria of Yerkes and Hassenstein, we are dealing with problem-solving behaviour guided by regrouping of engrams. The behaviour is interpreted as ecologically occasioned adaptation to an intensely structured habitat. The solving of problems by the moving of environmental objects seems to have evolved, in vertebrates, in interaction with their habitat, and independently of their systematic position.", "PMID": 1179860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7137", "title": "[The circannual rhythm of reproductive activity in the starling (Sturnus vulgaris) under the influence of homosexual and heterosexual mates of the same species].", "content": "1. 30 European starlings, kept for 20 months under a constant 12-hour photoperiod and at constant temperature, were investigated at regular monthly intervals with regard to the state of gonadal development, bill coloration and moult. 8 male male lived in individual cages (group 1), 10 male male were housed together in a group cage (group 2), and 6 male male lived together with 6 female female in another group cage (group 3). All birds had acoustical contact with each other. In addition, the birds of groups 2 and 3 could see one another. 2. In all male male the testes regressed following the beginning of the experiment in April. Subsequently they carried out a complete postnuptial moult. In the following spring, all male male went through a full cycle of testicular size which was followed by a second postnuptial moult. The bills of all birds turned yellow as the testes grew and blackened as the testes regressed (fig. 1).--Most of the female female showed similar circannual rhythms of gonadal growth and regression, bill coloration and moult (fig. 2). 3. In 6 male male of groups 1 and 2, a small increase of testicular size was observed subsequent to the termination of the first postnuptial moult. This transient testicular activity most probably corresponds to the autumnal sexual activity known from freeliving starlings. Hence, these results suggest that both spring and autumnal sexual activity of the starling are endogenously preprogrammed. 4. The testes of most male male of group 3 developed to full size immediately after the termination of the first postnuptial moult; subsequently they remained active for at least 7 months. This observation suggests that stimuli emitted by the female female augment the endogenously preprogrammed readiness for autumnal sexual activity and prevent the subsequent testicular regression. It is concluded that exogenous factors from the social environment are capable of modifying the endogenous annual pattern of testicular function in the starling.", "contents": "[The circannual rhythm of reproductive activity in the starling (Sturnus vulgaris) under the influence of homosexual and heterosexual mates of the same species]. 1. 30 European starlings, kept for 20 months under a constant 12-hour photoperiod and at constant temperature, were investigated at regular monthly intervals with regard to the state of gonadal development, bill coloration and moult. 8 male male lived in individual cages (group 1), 10 male male were housed together in a group cage (group 2), and 6 male male lived together with 6 female female in another group cage (group 3). All birds had acoustical contact with each other. In addition, the birds of groups 2 and 3 could see one another. 2. In all male male the testes regressed following the beginning of the experiment in April. Subsequently they carried out a complete postnuptial moult. In the following spring, all male male went through a full cycle of testicular size which was followed by a second postnuptial moult. The bills of all birds turned yellow as the testes grew and blackened as the testes regressed (fig. 1).--Most of the female female showed similar circannual rhythms of gonadal growth and regression, bill coloration and moult (fig. 2). 3. In 6 male male of groups 1 and 2, a small increase of testicular size was observed subsequent to the termination of the first postnuptial moult. This transient testicular activity most probably corresponds to the autumnal sexual activity known from freeliving starlings. Hence, these results suggest that both spring and autumnal sexual activity of the starling are endogenously preprogrammed. 4. The testes of most male male of group 3 developed to full size immediately after the termination of the first postnuptial moult; subsequently they remained active for at least 7 months. This observation suggests that stimuli emitted by the female female augment the endogenously preprogrammed readiness for autumnal sexual activity and prevent the subsequent testicular regression. It is concluded that exogenous factors from the social environment are capable of modifying the endogenous annual pattern of testicular function in the starling.", "PMID": 1179861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7138", "title": "Obervations on a population of Bohor Reedbuck, Redunca redunca (Pallas 1767).", "content": "From 1967 to 1969 the age and sex composition of Bohor Reedbuck groups encountered randomly in the Serengeti region had been recorded. In September and October 1972 the composition of the complete population in an area of about 2,5 km2 and the behaviour of the animals relevant to their social and spatial organization was recorded. 1. Of the 41 animals representing a density of 16 animals/km2, 56% were female female, 49% adult, 29% subadult and 22% immature animals. 2. Adult female female lived on their own -- together with their immature offspring, at most one fawn of either sex and one female of up to subadult age, the previous fawn -- inoverlapping home ranges of 15 to 40 ha. The subadult female female started to develop a home range in parts different from that of their mothers. 3. The ranges of 1 to 5 mature (subadult + adult) female female were defended by the same adult buck, their common ranges thus becoming a territorial area of 25 to 60 ha. The animals of one such area sometimes moved together for some hours, rarely days. 4. The territorial buck defended the territorial area only if female female were near. 5. The home ranges of female female who were defended by different bucks overlapped but much less than those of the female female of the same buck. 6. The territorial bucks chased male fawns off before they reached maturity (before the tips of their spike-like horns started to bend forward). The female fawns stayed in the territorial area. 7. 56% of the adult male male were territorial (26% of all male male), no subadult male was territorial. 8. Immature, subadult and the nonterritorial adult male male lived between the territorial areas in bachelor areas, in one case 6 bucks on 48 ha. Although the bachelor bucks did not defend their range its boundary line was set by the neighbouring territorial areas. The social and spatial organization of the Bohor Reedbuck is compared with that of the Southern Reedbuck (Jungius 1970, 1971). The social and spatial organization of the 3 Redunca species is compared with that of the other Reduncinae species.", "contents": "Obervations on a population of Bohor Reedbuck, Redunca redunca (Pallas 1767). From 1967 to 1969 the age and sex composition of Bohor Reedbuck groups encountered randomly in the Serengeti region had been recorded. In September and October 1972 the composition of the complete population in an area of about 2,5 km2 and the behaviour of the animals relevant to their social and spatial organization was recorded. 1. Of the 41 animals representing a density of 16 animals/km2, 56% were female female, 49% adult, 29% subadult and 22% immature animals. 2. Adult female female lived on their own -- together with their immature offspring, at most one fawn of either sex and one female of up to subadult age, the previous fawn -- inoverlapping home ranges of 15 to 40 ha. The subadult female female started to develop a home range in parts different from that of their mothers. 3. The ranges of 1 to 5 mature (subadult + adult) female female were defended by the same adult buck, their common ranges thus becoming a territorial area of 25 to 60 ha. The animals of one such area sometimes moved together for some hours, rarely days. 4. The territorial buck defended the territorial area only if female female were near. 5. The home ranges of female female who were defended by different bucks overlapped but much less than those of the female female of the same buck. 6. The territorial bucks chased male fawns off before they reached maturity (before the tips of their spike-like horns started to bend forward). The female fawns stayed in the territorial area. 7. 56% of the adult male male were territorial (26% of all male male), no subadult male was territorial. 8. Immature, subadult and the nonterritorial adult male male lived between the territorial areas in bachelor areas, in one case 6 bucks on 48 ha. Although the bachelor bucks did not defend their range its boundary line was set by the neighbouring territorial areas. The social and spatial organization of the Bohor Reedbuck is compared with that of the Southern Reedbuck (Jungius 1970, 1971). The social and spatial organization of the 3 Redunca species is compared with that of the other Reduncinae species.", "PMID": 1179862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7139", "title": "[Changes of various organs in joint diseases].", "content": "In a review of organic changes of rheumatic diseases the more important changes of skeletal musculature, gastro-intestinal apparatus, kidneys, blood vessels and eyes are discussed. The paper is based upon investigations, publications and post-graduate activities of the Rheumatism Research Institute of Prague.", "contents": "[Changes of various organs in joint diseases]. In a review of organic changes of rheumatic diseases the more important changes of skeletal musculature, gastro-intestinal apparatus, kidneys, blood vessels and eyes are discussed. The paper is based upon investigations, publications and post-graduate activities of the Rheumatism Research Institute of Prague.", "PMID": 1179858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7140", "title": "[Comparative studies by the electron microscope of rhabdoviruses of plant and of animal origin. III. Egtved virus (VHS) of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and rickettsia-like organisms (author's transl)].", "content": "With the exception of isolates from blood and homogenates of diseased fish, the presence of Egtved virus (=VHS, viral haemorrhagic septicemia of the rainbow trout) could not yet be demonstrated directly in host organs by electron microscopy, although recently, antigen has been identified in a number of organs by means of fluorescent microscopy. Demonstration of virus from organ extracts by means of a permanent cell culture from a coldblooded animal: Salmo gairdneri (RTG-2) as described in the present paper does not allow for a clear conclusion as to the presence of virus within organ cells. Egtved virus was studied in various organs (brain, heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, gills) of naturally and artificially infected trouts. Virus could not be demonstrated by electron microscopy in any of the organ sections. However, in RTG-2 cell cultures infected by organ extracts from naturally diseased trouts, a clear cytopathogenic effect could be observed in the 1st passage at + 15 degrees C after 48-72 hours and virus demonstrated by electron microscopy (Table, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4). Both in organ sections (heart, kidney, spleen, and gills) from diseased trout and in RTG-2 cells infected with organ extracts, additional organisms were observed which on account of their ultrastructure could be classified as rickettsia (Table, Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). On account of the fact that these organisms were found in the organs of trout infected with Egtved virus and which partially died in great numbers, a pathogenic behaviour of these organisms is suggested. It has not yet been clarified whether they have any influence on the course of the viral infection or temporary mass dying of rainbow trout when kept in hatcheries.", "contents": "[Comparative studies by the electron microscope of rhabdoviruses of plant and of animal origin. III. Egtved virus (VHS) of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and rickettsia-like organisms (author's transl)]. With the exception of isolates from blood and homogenates of diseased fish, the presence of Egtved virus (=VHS, viral haemorrhagic septicemia of the rainbow trout) could not yet be demonstrated directly in host organs by electron microscopy, although recently, antigen has been identified in a number of organs by means of fluorescent microscopy. Demonstration of virus from organ extracts by means of a permanent cell culture from a coldblooded animal: Salmo gairdneri (RTG-2) as described in the present paper does not allow for a clear conclusion as to the presence of virus within organ cells. Egtved virus was studied in various organs (brain, heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, gills) of naturally and artificially infected trouts. Virus could not be demonstrated by electron microscopy in any of the organ sections. However, in RTG-2 cell cultures infected by organ extracts from naturally diseased trouts, a clear cytopathogenic effect could be observed in the 1st passage at + 15 degrees C after 48-72 hours and virus demonstrated by electron microscopy (Table, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4). Both in organ sections (heart, kidney, spleen, and gills) from diseased trout and in RTG-2 cells infected with organ extracts, additional organisms were observed which on account of their ultrastructure could be classified as rickettsia (Table, Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). On account of the fact that these organisms were found in the organs of trout infected with Egtved virus and which partially died in great numbers, a pathogenic behaviour of these organisms is suggested. It has not yet been clarified whether they have any influence on the course of the viral infection or temporary mass dying of rainbow trout when kept in hatcheries.", "PMID": 1179865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7141", "title": "[Sterility control: basic mathematical considerations (author's transl)].", "content": "The subject of control of sterility in homogenous lots by means of random sampling is discussed. The probability that non-sterile lots may be declared as accepted, was calculated by means of hypergeometric, binomial, and Poisson distribution. The following factors were considered: size of samples, size of lots, and degree of contamination of lots. The values obtained were reproduced in graphs (Figs. 1, 2, and 4). Reference is made to the conditions that have to be met in each case to enable a use of the various distribution functions for a calculation of the acceptance probability of non-sterile lots (Table 1). Furthermore, the necessary size of samples to contain at least one contaminated unit was calculated by means of binomial distribution for probabilities of 90, 95, and 99% (Fig. 3). For example, from a lot having a degree of contamination of 10%, 30 units would have to be assayed for sterility to recognize non-sterility of such a lot in 95% of cases. A degree of contamination of 1% would reguire already 300 units to be examined...", "contents": "[Sterility control: basic mathematical considerations (author's transl)]. The subject of control of sterility in homogenous lots by means of random sampling is discussed. The probability that non-sterile lots may be declared as accepted, was calculated by means of hypergeometric, binomial, and Poisson distribution. The following factors were considered: size of samples, size of lots, and degree of contamination of lots. The values obtained were reproduced in graphs (Figs. 1, 2, and 4). Reference is made to the conditions that have to be met in each case to enable a use of the various distribution functions for a calculation of the acceptance probability of non-sterile lots (Table 1). Furthermore, the necessary size of samples to contain at least one contaminated unit was calculated by means of binomial distribution for probabilities of 90, 95, and 99% (Fig. 3). For example, from a lot having a degree of contamination of 10%, 30 units would have to be assayed for sterility to recognize non-sterility of such a lot in 95% of cases. A degree of contamination of 1% would reguire already 300 units to be examined...", "PMID": 1179866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7142", "title": "Sensitivity of eels (Anguilla anguilla) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) to type C and E botulinum toxin.", "content": "This study has shown for the first time that fish such as eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) and carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) are sensitive to type E botulinum toxin. With oral administration the MLD for eels was 27.500 mouse LD50 per kg body weight, while for carp it was only 236 mouse LD50 per kg. Carp were also found to be sensitive to a slight degree to type C botulinum toxin, the MLD of the most virulent toxin of this type being 457,000 mouse LD50 per kg with oral administration. Eels, however, showed no sensitivity to type C toxin.", "contents": "Sensitivity of eels (Anguilla anguilla) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) to type C and E botulinum toxin. This study has shown for the first time that fish such as eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) and carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) are sensitive to type E botulinum toxin. With oral administration the MLD for eels was 27.500 mouse LD50 per kg body weight, while for carp it was only 236 mouse LD50 per kg. Carp were also found to be sensitive to a slight degree to type C botulinum toxin, the MLD of the most virulent toxin of this type being 457,000 mouse LD50 per kg with oral administration. Eels, however, showed no sensitivity to type C toxin.", "PMID": 1179868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7143", "title": "[The etiology structure of the leptospiroses in Bulgaria (author's transl)].", "content": "In the course of many years the authors have studied the etiological structure of the leptospiroses in Bulgaria and have typed a significant number of leptospira strains isolated from humans and animals. The strains have been isolated by the authors themselves for the most part, while some others have been received from other laboratories in the country. The contributions of other authors in this field have been taken into consideration. In identifying these strains use has been made of the methods of the cross agglutination-lysis reaction and the cross absorption according to Sch\u00fcffner and Bohlander, while in typing the strains from the Icterohaemorrhagiae and Australis serogroups there have been applied also factor sera according to the method of KMETY. The presence of the following serotypes has been established in Bulgaria: L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. copenhageni, L. sofia, L. canicola, L. bulgarica, L. srebarna, L. lora, L. jalna, L. bratislava, L. pomona, L. mozdok, L. tsaratsovo, L. sejroe, L. balcanica, L. saxkoebing, L. mini, L. batabiae, L. tarassovi. Three of these serotypes, namely, L. sofia (874) L. bulgarica (Nikolaevo) and L. balcanica (1627 Burgas), have been isolated for the first time in Bulgaria, accepted as independent serotypes, and included as such in the International Classification Scheme of the Leptospirae. The serotypes srebarna and tsaratsovo have recently been established by MANEV as independent Bulgarian serotypes, but they have not yet been accepted internationally as such, since no control has been carried out by other reference laboratories.", "contents": "[The etiology structure of the leptospiroses in Bulgaria (author's transl)]. In the course of many years the authors have studied the etiological structure of the leptospiroses in Bulgaria and have typed a significant number of leptospira strains isolated from humans and animals. The strains have been isolated by the authors themselves for the most part, while some others have been received from other laboratories in the country. The contributions of other authors in this field have been taken into consideration. In identifying these strains use has been made of the methods of the cross agglutination-lysis reaction and the cross absorption according to Sch\u00fcffner and Bohlander, while in typing the strains from the Icterohaemorrhagiae and Australis serogroups there have been applied also factor sera according to the method of KMETY. The presence of the following serotypes has been established in Bulgaria: L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. copenhageni, L. sofia, L. canicola, L. bulgarica, L. srebarna, L. lora, L. jalna, L. bratislava, L. pomona, L. mozdok, L. tsaratsovo, L. sejroe, L. balcanica, L. saxkoebing, L. mini, L. batabiae, L. tarassovi. Three of these serotypes, namely, L. sofia (874) L. bulgarica (Nikolaevo) and L. balcanica (1627 Burgas), have been isolated for the first time in Bulgaria, accepted as independent serotypes, and included as such in the International Classification Scheme of the Leptospirae. The serotypes srebarna and tsaratsovo have recently been established by MANEV as independent Bulgarian serotypes, but they have not yet been accepted internationally as such, since no control has been carried out by other reference laboratories.", "PMID": 1179869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7144", "title": "[Susceptibility to tetracycline and doxycycline of 80 strains of Bacteroides fragilis, B, thetaiotaomicron, and B. vulgatus mostly isolated in 1973/74 (author's transl)].", "content": "Recent studies by several authors suggested that Bacteroides fragilis and related species are becoming more resistant to tetracyclines. Therefore, the minimal inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline and doxycycline were determined by broth dilution tests for a total of 80 Bacteroides strains (56 B. fragilis, 15 B. thetaiotaomicron, 9 B. vulgatus), 70 of which had been isolated from clinical specimens during 1973/74. Using initial concentrations of 1 x 10(8) organisms per mo of thioglycolate broth the MIC were determined after 5 hr of incubation. Thus the influence of thermal inactivation of tetracycline compounds on the results obtained was minimized. Tetracycline at less than 0.00075 through 12.5 mug/ml was active against 79 strains. The MIC of one strain, a member of B. fragilis, was 50 mug tetracycline/ml. At 1.56 mug doxycycline/ml the cumulative percentage of sensitive strains was 97,5. The MIC of only 2 Bacteroides cultures was 3.12 mug doxycycline/ml. Taking account of the relatively high initial concentrations of test organisms, the results obtained may be estimated at the quotient of 1/4 as representative of the usual inoculum of 10(6) organisms/ml. Accordingly, 79 and 80 strains, respectively, may be considered to be sensitive to tetracycline and doxycycline in clinically achievable levels.", "contents": "[Susceptibility to tetracycline and doxycycline of 80 strains of Bacteroides fragilis, B, thetaiotaomicron, and B. vulgatus mostly isolated in 1973/74 (author's transl)]. Recent studies by several authors suggested that Bacteroides fragilis and related species are becoming more resistant to tetracyclines. Therefore, the minimal inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline and doxycycline were determined by broth dilution tests for a total of 80 Bacteroides strains (56 B. fragilis, 15 B. thetaiotaomicron, 9 B. vulgatus), 70 of which had been isolated from clinical specimens during 1973/74. Using initial concentrations of 1 x 10(8) organisms per mo of thioglycolate broth the MIC were determined after 5 hr of incubation. Thus the influence of thermal inactivation of tetracycline compounds on the results obtained was minimized. Tetracycline at less than 0.00075 through 12.5 mug/ml was active against 79 strains. The MIC of one strain, a member of B. fragilis, was 50 mug tetracycline/ml. At 1.56 mug doxycycline/ml the cumulative percentage of sensitive strains was 97,5. The MIC of only 2 Bacteroides cultures was 3.12 mug doxycycline/ml. Taking account of the relatively high initial concentrations of test organisms, the results obtained may be estimated at the quotient of 1/4 as representative of the usual inoculum of 10(6) organisms/ml. Accordingly, 79 and 80 strains, respectively, may be considered to be sensitive to tetracycline and doxycycline in clinically achievable levels.", "PMID": 1179870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7145", "title": "Feathery outbrusts of the colonies of Clostridium sporogenes containing chain forming mutants after ultraviolet irradiation.", "content": "Cl. sporogenes NCTC 532 was irradiated with UV light, 20 mins. irradiated colonies after initial 48 hours incubation at 37 degrees C and 10-20 days ageing at room temperature (22 to 25 degrees C), gave rise to feathery outbrusts. The material from these outbursts grew in long chains in fluid media. A pure chain - forming culture could not be obtained as the single cells or pairs always \"contaminated\" the chain - forming culture.", "contents": "Feathery outbrusts of the colonies of Clostridium sporogenes containing chain forming mutants after ultraviolet irradiation. Cl. sporogenes NCTC 532 was irradiated with UV light, 20 mins. irradiated colonies after initial 48 hours incubation at 37 degrees C and 10-20 days ageing at room temperature (22 to 25 degrees C), gave rise to feathery outbrusts. The material from these outbursts grew in long chains in fluid media. A pure chain - forming culture could not be obtained as the single cells or pairs always \"contaminated\" the chain - forming culture.", "PMID": 1179871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7146", "title": "Drying and irradiation of calf and horse serum. I. Influence on the growth of cell cultures and mycoplasmas.", "content": "Gamma-irradiation of liquid and dried calf sera with 2.5 Mrads did not affect their capacity to promote the growth of chick embryo, L cell and human embryonic lung cell cultures. Drying and gamma-irradiation of horsesera did not affect their capacity to support the growth of 3 mycoplasma of the species Acholeplasma laidawii and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium.", "contents": "Drying and irradiation of calf and horse serum. I. Influence on the growth of cell cultures and mycoplasmas. Gamma-irradiation of liquid and dried calf sera with 2.5 Mrads did not affect their capacity to promote the growth of chick embryo, L cell and human embryonic lung cell cultures. Drying and gamma-irradiation of horsesera did not affect their capacity to support the growth of 3 mycoplasma of the species Acholeplasma laidawii and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium.", "PMID": 1179872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7147", "title": "Drying and irradiation of calf and horse serum. II. Influence on mycoplasma content of the calf sera.", "content": "Drying of calf sera produced only a negligible change in their content of Acholeplasma laidlawii organisms and reduced the content of Mycoplasma arginini organisms by 2 to 4 logs. Gamma-irradiation of liquid and dried calf sera killed M. arginini and A. laidlawii organisms at irradiation levels of 0.2-0.3 and 0.4-0.6 Mrads, respectively.", "contents": "Drying and irradiation of calf and horse serum. II. Influence on mycoplasma content of the calf sera. Drying of calf sera produced only a negligible change in their content of Acholeplasma laidlawii organisms and reduced the content of Mycoplasma arginini organisms by 2 to 4 logs. Gamma-irradiation of liquid and dried calf sera killed M. arginini and A. laidlawii organisms at irradiation levels of 0.2-0.3 and 0.4-0.6 Mrads, respectively.", "PMID": 1179873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7148", "title": "[Influence of whole-body irradiation with 60Co on poly I:C induced interferon in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "After whole-body irradiation with 200, 900 und 1500 R on mice Poly I:C induced serum interferon was decreased. 24 and 48 hours p.r. the interferon-synthesis in the three irradiated groups was considerably reduced. Increasing interferon-titer-yet lower than those of not irradiated controls - were found after Poly I:C application 3, 4 and 5 days p.r. in the groups irradiated with 200 and 900 R. In these two groups a relationship between irradiation-dose and interferon-synthesis was recognized.", "contents": "[Influence of whole-body irradiation with 60Co on poly I:C induced interferon in mice (author's transl)]. After whole-body irradiation with 200, 900 und 1500 R on mice Poly I:C induced serum interferon was decreased. 24 and 48 hours p.r. the interferon-synthesis in the three irradiated groups was considerably reduced. Increasing interferon-titer-yet lower than those of not irradiated controls - were found after Poly I:C application 3, 4 and 5 days p.r. in the groups irradiated with 200 and 900 R. In these two groups a relationship between irradiation-dose and interferon-synthesis was recognized.", "PMID": 1179874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7149", "title": "[Studies on simian viruses as possible contaminants of inactivated virus vaccines. I. Direct and serologic detection of simian adenovirus SV20 (author's transl)].", "content": "In the Federal Republic of Germany inactivated vaccines against poliomyelitis and measles are still produced in monkey kidney cell cultures which may be contaminated by simian viruses. One of these viruses is the oncogenic adenovirus SV20. A control of monkey sera from the institute's monkey house showed a high incidence of hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies against this virus (table 1). Experimentally could be demonstrated that inactivated virus vaccines may be contaminated with SV20 antigen. Vero cells were infected at the time of their seeding with small doses of SV20. After 7 and 14 days CPE and hemagglutinin were frequently undetectable although infectivity could be shown by passages (table 2). Vaccines experimentally contaminated with SV20 were injected into guinea-pigs or rabbits (tables 3-6). In this way small amounts of the contaminating virus antigen could be detected by demonstrating neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. It is suggested to include passages of control cultures and of the virus harvest, after neutralization of the vaccine virus, for the control of virulent extraneous viruses. Alternatively to the last suggestion high amounts already inactivated virus pools could be inoculated into animals for the detection of antibodies against extraneous virus antigens. These controls are necessary until inactivated virus vaccines will be produced in safer substrates.", "contents": "[Studies on simian viruses as possible contaminants of inactivated virus vaccines. I. Direct and serologic detection of simian adenovirus SV20 (author's transl)]. In the Federal Republic of Germany inactivated vaccines against poliomyelitis and measles are still produced in monkey kidney cell cultures which may be contaminated by simian viruses. One of these viruses is the oncogenic adenovirus SV20. A control of monkey sera from the institute's monkey house showed a high incidence of hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies against this virus (table 1). Experimentally could be demonstrated that inactivated virus vaccines may be contaminated with SV20 antigen. Vero cells were infected at the time of their seeding with small doses of SV20. After 7 and 14 days CPE and hemagglutinin were frequently undetectable although infectivity could be shown by passages (table 2). Vaccines experimentally contaminated with SV20 were injected into guinea-pigs or rabbits (tables 3-6). In this way small amounts of the contaminating virus antigen could be detected by demonstrating neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. It is suggested to include passages of control cultures and of the virus harvest, after neutralization of the vaccine virus, for the control of virulent extraneous viruses. Alternatively to the last suggestion high amounts already inactivated virus pools could be inoculated into animals for the detection of antibodies against extraneous virus antigens. These controls are necessary until inactivated virus vaccines will be produced in safer substrates.", "PMID": 1179876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7150", "title": "[Changes in affinity to mucoprotein receptors of influenza A2-strains after mouse adaptation (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between mouse-virulence and affinity of influenza A2-viruses to certain naturally occurring mucoprotein receptor substances. Mouse adaptation of 4 egg adapted cloned H2N2-strains, sensitive to RDE-resistant horse serum inhibitor (PSI), and RDE-sensitive chick serum inhibitor (HSI) in the haemagglutination inhibition and neutralisation test (E+-strains) resulted in mouse virulent strains with diminished PSI-sensitivity (M+-strains, (Table 2). Sensitivity to HSI and to the RDE sensitive fraction of PSI was comparatively less affected (Tables 3, 4). In contrast to the original egg-adapted strains there were only minor differences in inhibitor sensitivity between different M+-strains (Tables 2, 3). 4 mouse virulent strains, derived from 3 egg-adapted strains resistant to PSI and HSI (E--strains), either remained unchanged (2) or gained inhibitor sensitivity (2), (Tables 2, 3). Mouse adapted strains resistant to HSI and PSI could also be selected from M+-strains by passage with PSI in embryonated eggs. In general, properties related to mucoprotein affinity of these strains correspond to those of M--strains derived from E--strains. During selection of M--strains by passage with PSI, strains insensitive to PSI but with considerable residual sensitivity to HSI were encountered (Tables 5, 6). Evidence is presented, that strains of intermediate sensitivity can consist of essentially homogenous populations (Figure 1). While egg adapted inhibitor-sensitive strains showed a high, insensitive strains a low affinity to the human erythrocyte membrane, the reverse was true for mouse adapted strains (Figure 2, Talbes 7, 8). On the other hand all inhibitor-insensitive strains proved to have a higher affinity to the mouse and bovine erythrocyte membrane than sensitive strains (Table 9). PSI-sensitivity of one PSI-sensitivity of one PSI-sensitive Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2)-strain did not change during mouse adaptation. In a second line, passed in suckling mice, PSI-sensitivity decreased below HSI-sensitivity. Changes in respect to erythrocyte affinity were similar to those of H2-strains.", "contents": "[Changes in affinity to mucoprotein receptors of influenza A2-strains after mouse adaptation (author's transl)]. The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between mouse-virulence and affinity of influenza A2-viruses to certain naturally occurring mucoprotein receptor substances. Mouse adaptation of 4 egg adapted cloned H2N2-strains, sensitive to RDE-resistant horse serum inhibitor (PSI), and RDE-sensitive chick serum inhibitor (HSI) in the haemagglutination inhibition and neutralisation test (E+-strains) resulted in mouse virulent strains with diminished PSI-sensitivity (M+-strains, (Table 2). Sensitivity to HSI and to the RDE sensitive fraction of PSI was comparatively less affected (Tables 3, 4). In contrast to the original egg-adapted strains there were only minor differences in inhibitor sensitivity between different M+-strains (Tables 2, 3). 4 mouse virulent strains, derived from 3 egg-adapted strains resistant to PSI and HSI (E--strains), either remained unchanged (2) or gained inhibitor sensitivity (2), (Tables 2, 3). Mouse adapted strains resistant to HSI and PSI could also be selected from M+-strains by passage with PSI in embryonated eggs. In general, properties related to mucoprotein affinity of these strains correspond to those of M--strains derived from E--strains. During selection of M--strains by passage with PSI, strains insensitive to PSI but with considerable residual sensitivity to HSI were encountered (Tables 5, 6). Evidence is presented, that strains of intermediate sensitivity can consist of essentially homogenous populations (Figure 1). While egg adapted inhibitor-sensitive strains showed a high, insensitive strains a low affinity to the human erythrocyte membrane, the reverse was true for mouse adapted strains (Figure 2, Talbes 7, 8). On the other hand all inhibitor-insensitive strains proved to have a higher affinity to the mouse and bovine erythrocyte membrane than sensitive strains (Table 9). PSI-sensitivity of one PSI-sensitivity of one PSI-sensitive Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2)-strain did not change during mouse adaptation. In a second line, passed in suckling mice, PSI-sensitivity decreased below HSI-sensitivity. Changes in respect to erythrocyte affinity were similar to those of H2-strains.", "PMID": 1179877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7151", "title": "[On the antigenicity of influenza virus aluminum oxide adjuvant vaccine \"Alorbat\" in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The antihemagglutinin (AH) and antineuraminidase (AN) antibody response in 35 humans to a single vaccination with the aluminum oxide adsorbed influenza virus vaccine \"Alorbat\" was investigated. The vaccine contained the strains A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2), A/Hong Kong/107/71 (H3N2), A/England/42/72 (H3N2) and B/Iowa/1/69. the rates of significant AH antibody titer increase ranged from 51 percent (against A/Hong Kong/68), 69 (against A/Hong Kong/71), 63 (against A/England/72) to 83 percent (against B/Iowa/69). Persons with high prevaccination titers failed to yield postvaccination antibody titer increase (table 1). Antibody titer increase measured against the neuraminidase of A/England/72 virus was recorded in 60 percent and against the neuraminidase of B/Iowa/69 virus in 31 percent (table 2). Using the neuraminidase of the recombinant strain (A/Bel/42 (H0)-A/Sing/57 (NS) as test antigen a significant titer increase in 32 percent of sera tested was found (table 2). The AN antibody titers against A/England/72 exceeded the titers against the A/Bel-A/Sing recombinant 3,67-5,42 fold. This finding was shown to be caused by additional reaction of anti-H3 antibody with A/England/72 virus resulting in steric hindrance of neuraminidase activity.", "contents": "[On the antigenicity of influenza virus aluminum oxide adjuvant vaccine \"Alorbat\" in man (author's transl)]. The antihemagglutinin (AH) and antineuraminidase (AN) antibody response in 35 humans to a single vaccination with the aluminum oxide adsorbed influenza virus vaccine \"Alorbat\" was investigated. The vaccine contained the strains A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2), A/Hong Kong/107/71 (H3N2), A/England/42/72 (H3N2) and B/Iowa/1/69. the rates of significant AH antibody titer increase ranged from 51 percent (against A/Hong Kong/68), 69 (against A/Hong Kong/71), 63 (against A/England/72) to 83 percent (against B/Iowa/69). Persons with high prevaccination titers failed to yield postvaccination antibody titer increase (table 1). Antibody titer increase measured against the neuraminidase of A/England/72 virus was recorded in 60 percent and against the neuraminidase of B/Iowa/69 virus in 31 percent (table 2). Using the neuraminidase of the recombinant strain (A/Bel/42 (H0)-A/Sing/57 (NS) as test antigen a significant titer increase in 32 percent of sera tested was found (table 2). The AN antibody titers against A/England/72 exceeded the titers against the A/Bel-A/Sing recombinant 3,67-5,42 fold. This finding was shown to be caused by additional reaction of anti-H3 antibody with A/England/72 virus resulting in steric hindrance of neuraminidase activity.", "PMID": 1179878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7152", "title": "Functional significance of neuraminidase in the replication cycle of influenza viruses.", "content": "An influenza A strain with temperature sensitive neuraminidase was used for investigation of the functional significance of neuraminidase in different stages of the replication cycle. Heat inactivation of the neuraminidase does not diminish infectivity. Therefore, neuraminidase is not necessary for adsorption, penetration, and uncoating. At temperatures which inhibited neuraminidase activity there was also a reduction of intracellular haemagglutinin production but based on observations with a recombinant strain this was considered to be the consequence of a separate ts defect. Using quantitative haemadsorption to determine virus-dependent alteration of the cellular membrane no evidence was found that neuraminidase is involved in this process. However, release of haemagglutinin was considerably reduced if neuraminidase activity was diminished by temperature elevation. This function of the enzyme in the latest stage of the replication cycle can be substituted by V. cholerae neuraminidase.", "contents": "Functional significance of neuraminidase in the replication cycle of influenza viruses. An influenza A strain with temperature sensitive neuraminidase was used for investigation of the functional significance of neuraminidase in different stages of the replication cycle. Heat inactivation of the neuraminidase does not diminish infectivity. Therefore, neuraminidase is not necessary for adsorption, penetration, and uncoating. At temperatures which inhibited neuraminidase activity there was also a reduction of intracellular haemagglutinin production but based on observations with a recombinant strain this was considered to be the consequence of a separate ts defect. Using quantitative haemadsorption to determine virus-dependent alteration of the cellular membrane no evidence was found that neuraminidase is involved in this process. However, release of haemagglutinin was considerably reduced if neuraminidase activity was diminished by temperature elevation. This function of the enzyme in the latest stage of the replication cycle can be substituted by V. cholerae neuraminidase.", "PMID": 1179879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7153", "title": "[Separation of morphological types of hepatitis B-antigen (author's transl)].", "content": "Hepatitis B Antigen from plasma of a healthy chronic carrier was separated by gel chromatography using 6% agarose gel into fractions with different size (Fig. 1). Single fractions were further purified by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl (Fig. 2) and characterized by electron microscopy (Fig. 3). The amount of the different particle groups was determined comparing the extinction peaks in the centrifugates (Table 1). 88% of antigen protein was located in the 18 to 25 nm spheres (Fig. 3a), 10% in tubules with a length between 30 and 100 nm and about 2% form tubules 100-200 nm long (Fig. 3b and 3c). Together with the tubules were found 40 nm spheres representing about 0,1% of the HBAg-substance (Dane paticles, Fig. 3d). The proportion of the larger antigen particle seems to be absent or very low in acute Hepatitis B patients, but is frequently found in chronic carriers.", "contents": "[Separation of morphological types of hepatitis B-antigen (author's transl)]. Hepatitis B Antigen from plasma of a healthy chronic carrier was separated by gel chromatography using 6% agarose gel into fractions with different size (Fig. 1). Single fractions were further purified by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl (Fig. 2) and characterized by electron microscopy (Fig. 3). The amount of the different particle groups was determined comparing the extinction peaks in the centrifugates (Table 1). 88% of antigen protein was located in the 18 to 25 nm spheres (Fig. 3a), 10% in tubules with a length between 30 and 100 nm and about 2% form tubules 100-200 nm long (Fig. 3b and 3c). Together with the tubules were found 40 nm spheres representing about 0,1% of the HBAg-substance (Dane paticles, Fig. 3d). The proportion of the larger antigen particle seems to be absent or very low in acute Hepatitis B patients, but is frequently found in chronic carriers.", "PMID": 1179880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7154", "title": "[Antibodies against hepatitis B (surface) antigen in patients with hepatitis and other groups of epidemiologic interest (author's transl)].", "content": "Sera of patients with hepatitis A and B and of patients in a hemodialysis unit as well as sera of drug addicts were examined for the presence of antibodies against hepatitis B (surface) antigen (HBsAg) employing the Ausab test - a new radioimmunoassay. In 79.3% of the hepatitis B patients the occurrence of antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBsAg) was noted after the HBsAg had disappeared. In hepatitis A patients anti-HBsAg could be detected in 15.5% (adults) and in 4.6% (children) respectively. These antibodies persisted over an observation period up to 15 months and were not connected with the apparent illness at the time of the examination. These results are rather an indication of the frequency of antibodies against HBsAg in the normal population. In two patients with hepatitis A a delayed antibody reaction similar to that seen in hepatitis B patients was observed though HBsAg could not be detected (Ausria 125 test). It is assumed that these patients suffered from hepatitis B which on the basis of the negative HBsAg status was diagnosed as hepatitis A. According to that observation not all cases of HBsAg negative hepatitis are necessarily of type A but occasionally of type B not detectable by means of HBsAg assay at that time. Drug addicts without hepatitis at the time of investigation showed 50.8% anti-HBsAg, in 24.3% HBsAg was detected by means of the Ausria 125 test. In 19 drug addicts with positive antigen or antibody status a history of hepatitis was established. Patients of the hemodialysis unit were found to be HBsAg carriers in 9.2% and anti-HBsAg carriers in 53.5%. The data obtained from drug addicts and dialysis patients point to a high risk of infection in both groups and to a frequent contact with HBsAg (booster) in dialysis units. The combined application of sensitive tests for the detection of antigen and antibodies (radioimmunoassays) with regard to epidemiological and anamnestic studies is recomended.", "contents": "[Antibodies against hepatitis B (surface) antigen in patients with hepatitis and other groups of epidemiologic interest (author's transl)]. Sera of patients with hepatitis A and B and of patients in a hemodialysis unit as well as sera of drug addicts were examined for the presence of antibodies against hepatitis B (surface) antigen (HBsAg) employing the Ausab test - a new radioimmunoassay. In 79.3% of the hepatitis B patients the occurrence of antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBsAg) was noted after the HBsAg had disappeared. In hepatitis A patients anti-HBsAg could be detected in 15.5% (adults) and in 4.6% (children) respectively. These antibodies persisted over an observation period up to 15 months and were not connected with the apparent illness at the time of the examination. These results are rather an indication of the frequency of antibodies against HBsAg in the normal population. In two patients with hepatitis A a delayed antibody reaction similar to that seen in hepatitis B patients was observed though HBsAg could not be detected (Ausria 125 test). It is assumed that these patients suffered from hepatitis B which on the basis of the negative HBsAg status was diagnosed as hepatitis A. According to that observation not all cases of HBsAg negative hepatitis are necessarily of type A but occasionally of type B not detectable by means of HBsAg assay at that time. Drug addicts without hepatitis at the time of investigation showed 50.8% anti-HBsAg, in 24.3% HBsAg was detected by means of the Ausria 125 test. In 19 drug addicts with positive antigen or antibody status a history of hepatitis was established. Patients of the hemodialysis unit were found to be HBsAg carriers in 9.2% and anti-HBsAg carriers in 53.5%. The data obtained from drug addicts and dialysis patients point to a high risk of infection in both groups and to a frequent contact with HBsAg (booster) in dialysis units. The combined application of sensitive tests for the detection of antigen and antibodies (radioimmunoassays) with regard to epidemiological and anamnestic studies is recomended.", "PMID": 1179881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7155", "title": "[Bacteriophages from micrococci (author's transl)].", "content": "Using 14 indicator strains we investigated the possibilities of isolation of bacteriophages from micrococci (two strains of M. luteus, three strains of M. varians and one strain of M. roseus). Three phages were released after mitomycin C-induction, four phages after UV-rays-induction. These seven strains seem to be the first known bacteriophages, which were released from naturally lysogenic micrococci. Induction experiments with beta-propiolacton and dimethylsulfate as well as tests of spontaneous lysogeny produced only negative results.", "contents": "[Bacteriophages from micrococci (author's transl)]. Using 14 indicator strains we investigated the possibilities of isolation of bacteriophages from micrococci (two strains of M. luteus, three strains of M. varians and one strain of M. roseus). Three phages were released after mitomycin C-induction, four phages after UV-rays-induction. These seven strains seem to be the first known bacteriophages, which were released from naturally lysogenic micrococci. Induction experiments with beta-propiolacton and dimethylsulfate as well as tests of spontaneous lysogeny produced only negative results.", "PMID": 1179882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7156", "title": "Investigation of the role of Vi antibodies and antibodies of IgA type in the low specific bactericidal activity of the serum in typhoid carriers.", "content": "Absorption of sera of typhoid carriers with Vi antigen resulting in the decrease of gamma A antibodies led to a significant increase in the specific bactericidal activity of the serum. On the basis of these findings the authors discuss the origin and the cause of the low values of this activity in sera of typhoid carriers and the possible meaning of this phenomenon in the pathogenesis of typhoid carriership.", "contents": "Investigation of the role of Vi antibodies and antibodies of IgA type in the low specific bactericidal activity of the serum in typhoid carriers. Absorption of sera of typhoid carriers with Vi antigen resulting in the decrease of gamma A antibodies led to a significant increase in the specific bactericidal activity of the serum. On the basis of these findings the authors discuss the origin and the cause of the low values of this activity in sera of typhoid carriers and the possible meaning of this phenomenon in the pathogenesis of typhoid carriership.", "PMID": 1179883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7157", "title": "Untraditional glucose fermenting actinomycetes as human pathogens. Part I: Actinomyces naselundii as a cause of abdominal actinomycosis.", "content": "Actinomyces naeslundii was proved as a primary pathogen in the case of a fulminant abdominal infection of a 74 aged woman. The preliminary diagnosis of actinomycosis based on direct microscopical findings of microgranules in the pus was confirmed by the results of cultivation and casuistry in addition. The case was of a typical course for actinomycosis and penicillin following surgery was of life saving effect for the patient who was dismissed asymptomatic after 55 days of hospitalization. Actinomycotic microgranules were demonstrated in the pus from the natural infection and from experimentally infected mice and the causative agent Actinomyces naeslundii TR 91/67 was defined. Nevertheless it was concluded that the judgment of the pathogenicity of Actinomyces naeslundii and of the other members of the heterogenous group of etiological agents of human actinomycosis still remains a matter of delicacy in any actual case of their isolation. In practice however, the presumption of actinomycotic etiology of an actual infection may be supported in retrospect by the dramatical effect of penicillin without regard to the presence of concomitant microflora not necessarily sensitive to penicillin.", "contents": "Untraditional glucose fermenting actinomycetes as human pathogens. Part I: Actinomyces naselundii as a cause of abdominal actinomycosis. Actinomyces naeslundii was proved as a primary pathogen in the case of a fulminant abdominal infection of a 74 aged woman. The preliminary diagnosis of actinomycosis based on direct microscopical findings of microgranules in the pus was confirmed by the results of cultivation and casuistry in addition. The case was of a typical course for actinomycosis and penicillin following surgery was of life saving effect for the patient who was dismissed asymptomatic after 55 days of hospitalization. Actinomycotic microgranules were demonstrated in the pus from the natural infection and from experimentally infected mice and the causative agent Actinomyces naeslundii TR 91/67 was defined. Nevertheless it was concluded that the judgment of the pathogenicity of Actinomyces naeslundii and of the other members of the heterogenous group of etiological agents of human actinomycosis still remains a matter of delicacy in any actual case of their isolation. In practice however, the presumption of actinomycotic etiology of an actual infection may be supported in retrospect by the dramatical effect of penicillin without regard to the presence of concomitant microflora not necessarily sensitive to penicillin.", "PMID": 1179884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7158", "title": "[The result-sequence method (sequence analysis) in leptospira research. 3. Communication: The bilateral sequential test (de Boer, Armitage) for testing the difference of mean values of two binomial distributions (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of the liver-activated and non-activated cytostatic drug Cyclophosphamid on the respiration of Leptospira biflexa semaranga Veldrat S 173 was tested in three different concentrations by group-sequential testing of two relative frequencies in a two-sided test-reading. The conditioned probability theta = 0.82 results from thetan = 0.40 and thetaa = 0.75. On account of a practicable sample size, we choose theta' = 0.80 (activated form superior) and theta'' = 0.20 (non-activated form superior). The test-adjusted level of significance is alpha = 0.05 less than beta = 0.10. The expected values for the number of discordant pairs are Etheta' = Etheta'' = 13, Etheta = 1/1 = 14 and Ethetamax = 16. The acceptance inspection performed by control chart and tabulated reference figures results - in comparison with conventional procedures - in savings of discordant pairs of 65 per cent (concentration 10(-4) g/ml) in a decision in favour of activated form, of 65 per cent (concentration 10(-8) g/ml) in an equal efficiency of both states of Cyclophosphamid and of 10 per cent (concentration 10(-11) g/ml) in a non-significant difference. Taking into consideration all unrestrictedly selected pairs, the duration of the experiment takes only 4.25 months instead of 6.75 if the statistical data analysis is not performed conventionally, but group-sequentially instead.", "contents": "[The result-sequence method (sequence analysis) in leptospira research. 3. Communication: The bilateral sequential test (de Boer, Armitage) for testing the difference of mean values of two binomial distributions (author's transl)]. The influence of the liver-activated and non-activated cytostatic drug Cyclophosphamid on the respiration of Leptospira biflexa semaranga Veldrat S 173 was tested in three different concentrations by group-sequential testing of two relative frequencies in a two-sided test-reading. The conditioned probability theta = 0.82 results from thetan = 0.40 and thetaa = 0.75. On account of a practicable sample size, we choose theta' = 0.80 (activated form superior) and theta'' = 0.20 (non-activated form superior). The test-adjusted level of significance is alpha = 0.05 less than beta = 0.10. The expected values for the number of discordant pairs are Etheta' = Etheta'' = 13, Etheta = 1/1 = 14 and Ethetamax = 16. The acceptance inspection performed by control chart and tabulated reference figures results - in comparison with conventional procedures - in savings of discordant pairs of 65 per cent (concentration 10(-4) g/ml) in a decision in favour of activated form, of 65 per cent (concentration 10(-8) g/ml) in an equal efficiency of both states of Cyclophosphamid and of 10 per cent (concentration 10(-11) g/ml) in a non-significant difference. Taking into consideration all unrestrictedly selected pairs, the duration of the experiment takes only 4.25 months instead of 6.75 if the statistical data analysis is not performed conventionally, but group-sequentially instead.", "PMID": 1179885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7159", "title": "[Occurrence of neuraminidase in Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras and its role in ecology and pathomechanism of these fungi (author's transl)].", "content": "Some strains of Sporothrix schenckii and one strain of Ceratocystis stenoceras were investigated and the occurrence of the enzyme neuraminidase (= sialidase, N-acetylneuraminate glycohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18) was proved not only by Warren's thiobarbituric acid assay but also by immunoelectrophoresis technique using monospecific antisera against 25 human glycoproteins, lipoproteins, immunoglobulins, fibrinogen and some other proteins (Table 1). There are also fibrinolytic and lipolytic enzyme activities in strains of Sporothrix chenckii corresponding with similar findings of other authors and also in the Ceratocystis stenoceras strain. The temperature optimum of production of neuraminidase seems to be lower than 37 degrees C (Table 2) and all strains failed to produce the enzyme after cultivation at 37 degrees C during some months. The findings of the existence of neuraminidase in the both species confirm also their close relationship. Because the occurrence of N-acylneuraminate was shown only in animals and in some microorganisms but not in plants it can be suggested that also Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras grow on animal or neuraminate containing microbial material but not on plants as it is assumed hitherto. Corresponding to this hypothesis the pathogenicity of Sporothrix schenckii and also the facultative pathogenicity of Ceratocystis stenoceras are to see in connexion with the action of neuraminidase and other enzymes metabolizing animal substrates. It can be concluded that neuraminidase is a possible additional pathogenic factor in sporotrichosis below 37 degrees C.", "contents": "[Occurrence of neuraminidase in Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras and its role in ecology and pathomechanism of these fungi (author's transl)]. Some strains of Sporothrix schenckii and one strain of Ceratocystis stenoceras were investigated and the occurrence of the enzyme neuraminidase (= sialidase, N-acetylneuraminate glycohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18) was proved not only by Warren's thiobarbituric acid assay but also by immunoelectrophoresis technique using monospecific antisera against 25 human glycoproteins, lipoproteins, immunoglobulins, fibrinogen and some other proteins (Table 1). There are also fibrinolytic and lipolytic enzyme activities in strains of Sporothrix chenckii corresponding with similar findings of other authors and also in the Ceratocystis stenoceras strain. The temperature optimum of production of neuraminidase seems to be lower than 37 degrees C (Table 2) and all strains failed to produce the enzyme after cultivation at 37 degrees C during some months. The findings of the existence of neuraminidase in the both species confirm also their close relationship. Because the occurrence of N-acylneuraminate was shown only in animals and in some microorganisms but not in plants it can be suggested that also Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras grow on animal or neuraminate containing microbial material but not on plants as it is assumed hitherto. Corresponding to this hypothesis the pathogenicity of Sporothrix schenckii and also the facultative pathogenicity of Ceratocystis stenoceras are to see in connexion with the action of neuraminidase and other enzymes metabolizing animal substrates. It can be concluded that neuraminidase is a possible additional pathogenic factor in sporotrichosis below 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 1179886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7160", "title": "[Epileptic status in hemorrhage into the brain in hypertension].", "content": "The authors present a clinico-anatomical correlation of 3 cases with an epileptical status developing in the acute period of a hemorrhage stroke of hypertensive disease. The morphological examination, beside new hemorrhages in the hemisphere, revealed preceding focal and diffuse changes in the brain matter, due to a severe development of the hypertensive disease, brain traumas and disorders of brain circulation. It was established that the epileptical status appearing for the first time during the acute period of brain hemorrhages, has a complex mechanism. One of the conditions of its development is preceding focal and diffuse brain changes. Hemorrhages with oedema is a precipitating factor for a convulsive readiness of the brain.", "contents": "[Epileptic status in hemorrhage into the brain in hypertension]. The authors present a clinico-anatomical correlation of 3 cases with an epileptical status developing in the acute period of a hemorrhage stroke of hypertensive disease. The morphological examination, beside new hemorrhages in the hemisphere, revealed preceding focal and diffuse changes in the brain matter, due to a severe development of the hypertensive disease, brain traumas and disorders of brain circulation. It was established that the epileptical status appearing for the first time during the acute period of brain hemorrhages, has a complex mechanism. One of the conditions of its development is preceding focal and diffuse brain changes. Hemorrhages with oedema is a precipitating factor for a convulsive readiness of the brain.", "PMID": 1179887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7161", "title": "[Electroencephalography in organic and functional cerebrovascular disorders at a young age].", "content": "The paper summarizes the results of a quantitative analysis of the EEG in 106 patients under 45 years. Among these patients 32 had cerebro-vascular paroxysms of a functional angiodystonic character and 74 with mild initial signs of organic vascular lesions of the brain. The authors give a detailed analysis of statistically significant changes in the EEG picture in both groups of the patients.", "contents": "[Electroencephalography in organic and functional cerebrovascular disorders at a young age]. The paper summarizes the results of a quantitative analysis of the EEG in 106 patients under 45 years. Among these patients 32 had cerebro-vascular paroxysms of a functional angiodystonic character and 74 with mild initial signs of organic vascular lesions of the brain. The authors give a detailed analysis of statistically significant changes in the EEG picture in both groups of the patients.", "PMID": 1179888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7162", "title": "[Neurological and electromyographic data in acute pneumonias].", "content": "The report contains an analysis of EMG studies of the main and auxilliary respiratory muscles in 47 patients with acute pneumonia. It was shown that there is a certain correlation between the character of the EMG, the severity and localization of pneumonia from the prevalent lesion of the different parts of the nervous system. In the pathogenesis of the depicted changes of bioelectrical activity in the respiratory muscles in acute pneumonia a certain significance can be allocated to changes in the functional state of the segmentary apparatus of the spinal cord, innervating the respiratory muscles. This in its turn is related to disorders in the suprasegmental influences stemming from the respiratory center, disturbances of the corticospinal, reticulo-spinal connections with pathological interoreceptive irritation from the affected lungs. It was also shown that insufficiency of the functional state of respiratory muscles, revealed both clinically and electromiographically, may lead to a secondary lung hypo-ventilation and be the reason for future development of hypoxic states.", "contents": "[Neurological and electromyographic data in acute pneumonias]. The report contains an analysis of EMG studies of the main and auxilliary respiratory muscles in 47 patients with acute pneumonia. It was shown that there is a certain correlation between the character of the EMG, the severity and localization of pneumonia from the prevalent lesion of the different parts of the nervous system. In the pathogenesis of the depicted changes of bioelectrical activity in the respiratory muscles in acute pneumonia a certain significance can be allocated to changes in the functional state of the segmentary apparatus of the spinal cord, innervating the respiratory muscles. This in its turn is related to disorders in the suprasegmental influences stemming from the respiratory center, disturbances of the corticospinal, reticulo-spinal connections with pathological interoreceptive irritation from the affected lungs. It was also shown that insufficiency of the functional state of respiratory muscles, revealed both clinically and electromiographically, may lead to a secondary lung hypo-ventilation and be the reason for future development of hypoxic states.", "PMID": 1179889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7163", "title": "[Cerebral hemodynamics in disseminated sclerosis (clinical rheoencephalographic correltaions)].", "content": "In 119 patients with disseminated sclerosis and 43 normals of the same age, the authors conducted a comparative rheographic study of the state of circulation in the basins of the internal and external carotid arteries and in the vertebro-basillar system. The data permitted to conclude that there was a correlation between the expressiveness of decreased pulse blood repletion of cerebral vessels (especially in the vertebro-basillar system) and the character of a changed vascular tone depending upon the localization of the pathological process. The results of the studies indicate to a necessity of a pathogenetical treatment with reparation directed towards a normalization of cerebral hemodynamics.", "contents": "[Cerebral hemodynamics in disseminated sclerosis (clinical rheoencephalographic correltaions)]. In 119 patients with disseminated sclerosis and 43 normals of the same age, the authors conducted a comparative rheographic study of the state of circulation in the basins of the internal and external carotid arteries and in the vertebro-basillar system. The data permitted to conclude that there was a correlation between the expressiveness of decreased pulse blood repletion of cerebral vessels (especially in the vertebro-basillar system) and the character of a changed vascular tone depending upon the localization of the pathological process. The results of the studies indicate to a necessity of a pathogenetical treatment with reparation directed towards a normalization of cerebral hemodynamics.", "PMID": 1179890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7164", "title": "[Effectiveness of the complex therapy using physical factors of patients with spinal cord injuries].", "content": "It is demonstrated that a trauma of the spine with a damage of the spinal cord in the thoracal area leads to an increase in the tone of the sympathical and parasympathical part of the vegetative nervous system and arterial tone of the affected extremities. In a multiple treatment by physical factors in most of the patients the author found a correlation between the clinical picture and a subsequent increase in the tone of the sympathical part of the vegetative nervous system and arterial tone of the legs.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of the complex therapy using physical factors of patients with spinal cord injuries]. It is demonstrated that a trauma of the spine with a damage of the spinal cord in the thoracal area leads to an increase in the tone of the sympathical and parasympathical part of the vegetative nervous system and arterial tone of the affected extremities. In a multiple treatment by physical factors in most of the patients the author found a correlation between the clinical picture and a subsequent increase in the tone of the sympathical part of the vegetative nervous system and arterial tone of the legs.", "PMID": 1179891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7165", "title": "[Differential diagnostic signs of single and multiple metastases of cancer to the brain].", "content": "In 138 patients 81 had multiple cancer metastasis into the brain and 57 -- singular. The main significance for the differentiation of singular or multiple cancer metastasis of the brain are clinical signs. Singular metastasis attaining a significant size may be expressed in monofocal symptomatology. In a small number (2 or 3) of metastasis there is usually a well expressed multifocal neurological symptomatology, inasmuch as they also attain a rather large size and are frequently located in both hemispheres or supra- and subtentorially. In a large amount of metastases, although they are small, they involve different parts of the hemispheres and consequently mental changes become more expressed. Hypertensive and focal symptoms are slightly expressed or may be absent altogether. For purposes of differentiating singular or multiple foci of special importance may be contrast methods of investigation (carotid angigoraphy) and EEG.", "contents": "[Differential diagnostic signs of single and multiple metastases of cancer to the brain]. In 138 patients 81 had multiple cancer metastasis into the brain and 57 -- singular. The main significance for the differentiation of singular or multiple cancer metastasis of the brain are clinical signs. Singular metastasis attaining a significant size may be expressed in monofocal symptomatology. In a small number (2 or 3) of metastasis there is usually a well expressed multifocal neurological symptomatology, inasmuch as they also attain a rather large size and are frequently located in both hemispheres or supra- and subtentorially. In a large amount of metastases, although they are small, they involve different parts of the hemispheres and consequently mental changes become more expressed. Hypertensive and focal symptoms are slightly expressed or may be absent altogether. For purposes of differentiating singular or multiple foci of special importance may be contrast methods of investigation (carotid angigoraphy) and EEG.", "PMID": 1179892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7166", "title": "[Possibilities and limits of the psychopathological delimitation of psychoses].", "content": "On the basis of the analysis of delusional psychoses the author assumes that diagnosis of schizophrenia is justified only if there is a dissociative process which is the most typical for dementia praecox in the Kraepelinian sense and is revealed in delusional or autistic types of existence. Psychoses where a disssociative process is not established (for example, hysterical psychosis) do not belong to schizophrenia. The determination of a dissociative process is important not only for psychopathological research, but biological and psychogenetical one as well.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limits of the psychopathological delimitation of psychoses]. On the basis of the analysis of delusional psychoses the author assumes that diagnosis of schizophrenia is justified only if there is a dissociative process which is the most typical for dementia praecox in the Kraepelinian sense and is revealed in delusional or autistic types of existence. Psychoses where a disssociative process is not established (for example, hysterical psychosis) do not belong to schizophrenia. The determination of a dissociative process is important not only for psychopathological research, but biological and psychogenetical one as well.", "PMID": 1179893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7167", "title": "[Psychic alienation, a main link in the formation of the psychopathology of schizophrenia].", "content": "The psychopathological basis of schizophrenia is psychic alienation which is understood as a complex of interrelated syndromes of psychosensory pathology, phobic obsessions, forcible states, depersonalization, psychic automatism and halluconatory-delusional disorders. Manifestations of psychic alienation in the premorbid period, in the initial stage and in the psychotic stage are considered, as well as the genesis and significance of psychic alienation.", "contents": "[Psychic alienation, a main link in the formation of the psychopathology of schizophrenia]. The psychopathological basis of schizophrenia is psychic alienation which is understood as a complex of interrelated syndromes of psychosensory pathology, phobic obsessions, forcible states, depersonalization, psychic automatism and halluconatory-delusional disorders. Manifestations of psychic alienation in the premorbid period, in the initial stage and in the psychotic stage are considered, as well as the genesis and significance of psychic alienation.", "PMID": 1179894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7168", "title": "[Onset and course of schizophrenia (the results of a statistical study)].", "content": "The report contains the results of an examination of 709 patients with catatonia, paranoid, schizoaffective forms of schizophrenia. The study involved an investigation of the form, sex, general amount of psychotic episodes depending upon the time of observation, duration of productive episodes and the intervals between them. The achieved results indicate to a close correlation between the productive manifestations in schixophrenia and affective psychosis.", "contents": "[Onset and course of schizophrenia (the results of a statistical study)]. The report contains the results of an examination of 709 patients with catatonia, paranoid, schizoaffective forms of schizophrenia. The study involved an investigation of the form, sex, general amount of psychotic episodes depending upon the time of observation, duration of productive episodes and the intervals between them. The achieved results indicate to a close correlation between the productive manifestations in schixophrenia and affective psychosis.", "PMID": 1179895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7169", "title": "[Consideration of schizophrenia from a unitary point of view].", "content": "The paper deals with the nozological concept of a universal genesis of psychoses which claims that psychotic syndromes are multiveariable and are related to biological, genetical, social and situation factors. The different types of syndromes are not consistent in repeated psychoses and cannot be considered characteristic only of certain historical psychotic patterns. A new way for the exploration of pathogenetical and psychopathological aspects of psychoses is the identification of syndromes by means of the effects of psychopharmacological drugs.", "contents": "[Consideration of schizophrenia from a unitary point of view]. The paper deals with the nozological concept of a universal genesis of psychoses which claims that psychotic syndromes are multiveariable and are related to biological, genetical, social and situation factors. The different types of syndromes are not consistent in repeated psychoses and cannot be considered characteristic only of certain historical psychotic patterns. A new way for the exploration of pathogenetical and psychopathological aspects of psychoses is the identification of syndromes by means of the effects of psychopharmacological drugs.", "PMID": 1179896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7170", "title": "[Effect of the psychogenic factor on the clinical picture and course of schizophrenia].", "content": "The role of a psychic trauma depends upon the stage and course of schizophrenia. It can give a shade of reactive psychosis to the initial stage. The role of the psychogenic factor is still more apparent during the advanced stages of schizophrenia in a torpid course of the disease where it can cause exacerbation of the main symptoms, short-term excitatory hysteriform reactions, depressive or depressive-paranoid states partly reflecting the stress provoking situation. During the remission psychic trauma is usually responsible for the exacerbation of schizophrenic symptoms and the subsequent structural changes of the original defect. Thus, psychic trauma interacts with endogenous factors and influences the whole stereotype of the disease development.", "contents": "[Effect of the psychogenic factor on the clinical picture and course of schizophrenia]. The role of a psychic trauma depends upon the stage and course of schizophrenia. It can give a shade of reactive psychosis to the initial stage. The role of the psychogenic factor is still more apparent during the advanced stages of schizophrenia in a torpid course of the disease where it can cause exacerbation of the main symptoms, short-term excitatory hysteriform reactions, depressive or depressive-paranoid states partly reflecting the stress provoking situation. During the remission psychic trauma is usually responsible for the exacerbation of schizophrenic symptoms and the subsequent structural changes of the original defect. Thus, psychic trauma interacts with endogenous factors and influences the whole stereotype of the disease development.", "PMID": 1179897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7171", "title": "[Uniqueness of certain structural personality prerequisites in schizophrenia].", "content": "The authors mark the following peculiarities of the fixated set in schizophrenia: inertness (in a continuous course); a lability (in acute manifestations of psychoses and in a recurrent course); a variability (in cases of child and adolescent schizophrenia). In terminal cases and in cases of apathic-aboulic syndrome the excitibility level is considerably lowered. The results of a study with the aid of TAT (Murray's Thematic Apperception Test and Rorschach's tests) also depend upon the age of the patients, the form and type of development and the stage of the disease.", "contents": "[Uniqueness of certain structural personality prerequisites in schizophrenia]. The authors mark the following peculiarities of the fixated set in schizophrenia: inertness (in a continuous course); a lability (in acute manifestations of psychoses and in a recurrent course); a variability (in cases of child and adolescent schizophrenia). In terminal cases and in cases of apathic-aboulic syndrome the excitibility level is considerably lowered. The results of a study with the aid of TAT (Murray's Thematic Apperception Test and Rorschach's tests) also depend upon the age of the patients, the form and type of development and the stage of the disease.", "PMID": 1179898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7172", "title": "[Results of a catamnestic examination of schizophrenic patients].", "content": "A long-term (the average 22.4 years) follow-up study of 757 schizophrenic patients displayed in 22% of the cases full recoveries, in 42,3% -- atypical types of recovery and in 35.7% -- characterisctic deficiency symptoms. At the time of the last follow-up 85.5% of the patients were living at home. 14.5% were permanently in hospital. The author gives a clinical analysis of the examined patients and prognostically favourable and unfavourable factors.", "contents": "[Results of a catamnestic examination of schizophrenic patients]. A long-term (the average 22.4 years) follow-up study of 757 schizophrenic patients displayed in 22% of the cases full recoveries, in 42,3% -- atypical types of recovery and in 35.7% -- characterisctic deficiency symptoms. At the time of the last follow-up 85.5% of the patients were living at home. 14.5% were permanently in hospital. The author gives a clinical analysis of the examined patients and prognostically favourable and unfavourable factors.", "PMID": 1179899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7173", "title": "[Clinical aspects and course of schizophrenia from the aspect of age].", "content": "On the basis of a study of 3500 schizophrenic patients the authors studied the age preference of 8 schizophrenic syndromes selected for this purpose. It was demonstrated that besides some syndromes typical of schizophrenia occurring in middle age (hallucinatory-paranoid, oneiroid, etc.) there are some syndromes which are most frequently encountered in adolescency and old age. It was also shown that the influence of age factors can be combined with the influence of sex. The age factors exert a certain impact on the formation of the type of disease and its sex distribution. The paper contains a description of special age forms of schizophrenia encountered in adolescency and in old age.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and course of schizophrenia from the aspect of age]. On the basis of a study of 3500 schizophrenic patients the authors studied the age preference of 8 schizophrenic syndromes selected for this purpose. It was demonstrated that besides some syndromes typical of schizophrenia occurring in middle age (hallucinatory-paranoid, oneiroid, etc.) there are some syndromes which are most frequently encountered in adolescency and old age. It was also shown that the influence of age factors can be combined with the influence of sex. The age factors exert a certain impact on the formation of the type of disease and its sex distribution. The paper contains a description of special age forms of schizophrenia encountered in adolescency and in old age.", "PMID": 1179900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7174", "title": "[Epidemiological problems of schizophrenia].", "content": "Epidemiological studies with regard to shizophrenia encounter differences in nozological concepts, refinement of symptomatological description, etc. The WHO international pilot study of schizophrenia has succeeded in providing a reasonalby reliable tool for a unified evaluation of patients' present state. However, the combination of the present state examination with the case history will give better possibilities for a delimitation of a group of schizophrenics which is meaningful for the determination expectancy figures for schizophrenia. Techniques for converting prevalence and incidence figures into expectancies are described.", "contents": "[Epidemiological problems of schizophrenia]. Epidemiological studies with regard to shizophrenia encounter differences in nozological concepts, refinement of symptomatological description, etc. The WHO international pilot study of schizophrenia has succeeded in providing a reasonalby reliable tool for a unified evaluation of patients' present state. However, the combination of the present state examination with the case history will give better possibilities for a delimitation of a group of schizophrenics which is meaningful for the determination expectancy figures for schizophrenia. Techniques for converting prevalence and incidence figures into expectancies are described.", "PMID": 1179902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7175", "title": "[Evaluation of the public health services concerned with the treatment of schizophrenic patients: an epidemiological approach].", "content": "Diagnostical problems are of importance for the organization of mental health services. The WHO data show that criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia are rather broader in Moscow than in London and this must be borne in mind, when comparing services. The rehabilitation system is more thorough in Moscow and Leningrad than in the U. K. So far as the central syndromes of schizophrenia are concerned the basic approach in two countries is practically similar. Both assume an interaction between a biological abnormality which is liable to be chronically handicapping and a social environment.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the public health services concerned with the treatment of schizophrenic patients: an epidemiological approach]. Diagnostical problems are of importance for the organization of mental health services. The WHO data show that criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia are rather broader in Moscow than in London and this must be borne in mind, when comparing services. The rehabilitation system is more thorough in Moscow and Leningrad than in the U. K. So far as the central syndromes of schizophrenia are concerned the basic approach in two countries is practically similar. Both assume an interaction between a biological abnormality which is liable to be chronically handicapping and a social environment.", "PMID": 1179903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7176", "title": "[Schizophrenia in the African countries].", "content": "The frequency of diagnosing schizophrenia in Africa varies from 6 to 60% according to physicians. African population have known social and cultural alterations which are evolved in mental pathology. Schizophrenia in its classical form is quite rare in traditional African societies, and it appears with rapid social changes which organize societies with cultural models designed on occidental societies.", "contents": "[Schizophrenia in the African countries]. The frequency of diagnosing schizophrenia in Africa varies from 6 to 60% according to physicians. African population have known social and cultural alterations which are evolved in mental pathology. Schizophrenia in its classical form is quite rare in traditional African societies, and it appears with rapid social changes which organize societies with cultural models designed on occidental societies.", "PMID": 1179904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7177", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of the work capacity of schizophrenic patients with various types of the course of the disease process (based on epidemiological study data)].", "content": "The paper contains data on the study of 1413 schizophrenic patients according to indices of qualification and invalidity groups. The largest category of working patients were those who were diagnosed as periodical schizophrenia. Close to this group were patients with the sluggish form. Shift-like schizophrenia occupied a position between periodical and sluggish on the one side and more progressive within the framework of continous (paranoid and malignant) on the other. A drop in the percentage of working patients from attack to atlack was the least in periodical schizophrenia. The professional qualifications prior to the onset of the disease influenced the working adaptation more in a less progressive form.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of the work capacity of schizophrenic patients with various types of the course of the disease process (based on epidemiological study data)]. The paper contains data on the study of 1413 schizophrenic patients according to indices of qualification and invalidity groups. The largest category of working patients were those who were diagnosed as periodical schizophrenia. Close to this group were patients with the sluggish form. Shift-like schizophrenia occupied a position between periodical and sluggish on the one side and more progressive within the framework of continous (paranoid and malignant) on the other. A drop in the percentage of working patients from attack to atlack was the least in periodical schizophrenia. The professional qualifications prior to the onset of the disease influenced the working adaptation more in a less progressive form.", "PMID": 1179905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7178", "title": "[Schizoaffective psychosis and the lithium therapy of patients suffering from schizoaffective schizophrenia].", "content": "The historic aspects of the term \"schizo-affective psychoses\" is considered. On the basis of the results obtained in therapeutic and prophylactic use of lithium it is concluded that it is today hardly possible to create a homogenous nomenclature of mental diseases and that in the indication for the use of lithium in the treatment of schizo-affective psychoses have to be evaluated for each patient depending on the character of the affective components of the pathological picture.", "contents": "[Schizoaffective psychosis and the lithium therapy of patients suffering from schizoaffective schizophrenia]. The historic aspects of the term \"schizo-affective psychoses\" is considered. On the basis of the results obtained in therapeutic and prophylactic use of lithium it is concluded that it is today hardly possible to create a homogenous nomenclature of mental diseases and that in the indication for the use of lithium in the treatment of schizo-affective psychoses have to be evaluated for each patient depending on the character of the affective components of the pathological picture.", "PMID": 1179906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7179", "title": "[Comparison of the diagnostic assessment of schizophrenia from the positions of Soviet and French psychiatry (with a clinical illustration)].", "content": "The report contains a detailed description of one clinical observation with a delusional psychoses. Besides that a clinical analysis, made by psychiatrists from Prof. Pichot (France) clinic and at the Institute of Psychiatry of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR is given. The Fench psychiatrists diagnosed this case as a chronic hallucinatory delusion with a mystical content. The diagnosis made at the Institute of Psychiatry AMS USSR was schizophrenia, with a clinical manifestation in old age. The course of the disorder was an intermediate one between attack-like progressive (shift-like) and continuous paranoid. The qualification of the case is given with a wide discussion concerning the diagnostical approaches in French psychiatry.", "contents": "[Comparison of the diagnostic assessment of schizophrenia from the positions of Soviet and French psychiatry (with a clinical illustration)]. The report contains a detailed description of one clinical observation with a delusional psychoses. Besides that a clinical analysis, made by psychiatrists from Prof. Pichot (France) clinic and at the Institute of Psychiatry of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR is given. The Fench psychiatrists diagnosed this case as a chronic hallucinatory delusion with a mystical content. The diagnosis made at the Institute of Psychiatry AMS USSR was schizophrenia, with a clinical manifestation in old age. The course of the disorder was an intermediate one between attack-like progressive (shift-like) and continuous paranoid. The qualification of the case is given with a wide discussion concerning the diagnostical approaches in French psychiatry.", "PMID": 1179907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7180", "title": "Molecular properties of multiple forms of acid phosphatase from horse liver.", "content": "1. Horse liver acid phosphatase was separated into two partially purified fractions differing in molecular weight (enzyme I about 100 00, enzyme II about 25 000). 2. Enzyme I was separated into several subfractions by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and isoelectric focusing. 3. Molecular weight, sedimentation coefficient and effective molecular radii were determined for acid phosphatases I and II by gel filtration and density-gradient centrifugation.", "contents": "Molecular properties of multiple forms of acid phosphatase from horse liver. 1. Horse liver acid phosphatase was separated into two partially purified fractions differing in molecular weight (enzyme I about 100 00, enzyme II about 25 000). 2. Enzyme I was separated into several subfractions by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and isoelectric focusing. 3. Molecular weight, sedimentation coefficient and effective molecular radii were determined for acid phosphatases I and II by gel filtration and density-gradient centrifugation.", "PMID": 1179908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7181", "title": "Effect of bicarbonate buffer on the activity of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial alanine aminotransferase.", "content": "1. Bicarbonate stimulates the activity of rat brain cytoplasmic and mitochondrial alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) probably due to the enhanced affinity for its substrates. 2. Under the same conditions, the activity of crystalline aspartate aminotransferase was inhibited. 3. The role of bicarbonate buffer in regulation of alanine aminotransferase activity and synthesis of alanine are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of bicarbonate buffer on the activity of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial alanine aminotransferase. 1. Bicarbonate stimulates the activity of rat brain cytoplasmic and mitochondrial alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) probably due to the enhanced affinity for its substrates. 2. Under the same conditions, the activity of crystalline aspartate aminotransferase was inhibited. 3. The role of bicarbonate buffer in regulation of alanine aminotransferase activity and synthesis of alanine are discussed.", "PMID": 1179909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7182", "title": "Isolation, purification and chemical composition of insoluble collagen from Guerin epithelioma.", "content": "1. The insoluble collagen from Guerin epithelioma was isolated and its chemical composition was determined. The unusually high histidine content is accompanied in tumour collagen by a relatively small amount of lysine and arginine. 2. The isolated protein was strongly bound to glycoprotein, which could not be removed by EDTA treatment unless this procedure was preceded by digestion of the complex with trypsin.", "contents": "Isolation, purification and chemical composition of insoluble collagen from Guerin epithelioma. 1. The insoluble collagen from Guerin epithelioma was isolated and its chemical composition was determined. The unusually high histidine content is accompanied in tumour collagen by a relatively small amount of lysine and arginine. 2. The isolated protein was strongly bound to glycoprotein, which could not be removed by EDTA treatment unless this procedure was preceded by digestion of the complex with trypsin.", "PMID": 1179910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7183", "title": "Mitochondria from the lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis). Oxidative phosphorylation and related processes.", "content": "1. High efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and a good respiratory control in liver, heart and somatic muscle mitochondria of the lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) were observed when the particles were isolated in a complex sucrose medium containing EDTA, heparin and nicotinamide. The coupling properties of these mitochondria were further improved by including serum albumin in the incubation medium. 2. The content of total adenine nucleotides in lamprey mitochondria was between 4 and 6 nmoles/mg protein. The translocation of these nucleotides across mitochondrial membrane was stimulated by serum albumin. 3. Lamprey mitochondrial phospholipids contain a large proportion (64-72%) of polyunsaturated fatty acids. 4. Electron micrographs of mitochondria from lamprey liver, heart and somatic muscle are presented.", "contents": "Mitochondria from the lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis). Oxidative phosphorylation and related processes. 1. High efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and a good respiratory control in liver, heart and somatic muscle mitochondria of the lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) were observed when the particles were isolated in a complex sucrose medium containing EDTA, heparin and nicotinamide. The coupling properties of these mitochondria were further improved by including serum albumin in the incubation medium. 2. The content of total adenine nucleotides in lamprey mitochondria was between 4 and 6 nmoles/mg protein. The translocation of these nucleotides across mitochondrial membrane was stimulated by serum albumin. 3. Lamprey mitochondrial phospholipids contain a large proportion (64-72%) of polyunsaturated fatty acids. 4. Electron micrographs of mitochondria from lamprey liver, heart and somatic muscle are presented.", "PMID": 1179911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7184", "title": "On the arrangement of histones in chromatin.", "content": "It was found that nucleoprotein particles formed after DNase I action on calf thymus chromatin contain single-stranded DNA fragments, associated with histones only by ionic linkages. These results suggest that histones in chromatin are bound ionically only to one polynucleotide strand of double-helical DNA, protecting it against nucleolytic attack.", "contents": "On the arrangement of histones in chromatin. It was found that nucleoprotein particles formed after DNase I action on calf thymus chromatin contain single-stranded DNA fragments, associated with histones only by ionic linkages. These results suggest that histones in chromatin are bound ionically only to one polynucleotide strand of double-helical DNA, protecting it against nucleolytic attack.", "PMID": 1179912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7185", "title": "Acyl-CoA pool and acyl-CoA thioesterase in Streptomyces noursei var. polifungini.", "content": "The size of acyl-CoA pool in S. noursei var. polifungini was found to be associated with the antibiotic-synthesizing ability, and was negatively correlated with both the thio-esterase activity (acetyl-CoA hydrolase, EC 3.1.2.1) and its affinity towards acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA. The apparent Michaelis constants with acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA were 33 times 10(-5) and 6.6 times 10(-5) M in the low producing strain, and 8.5 times 10(-4) and 1.2 times 10(-4) M in the high producing strain, respectively.", "contents": "Acyl-CoA pool and acyl-CoA thioesterase in Streptomyces noursei var. polifungini. The size of acyl-CoA pool in S. noursei var. polifungini was found to be associated with the antibiotic-synthesizing ability, and was negatively correlated with both the thio-esterase activity (acetyl-CoA hydrolase, EC 3.1.2.1) and its affinity towards acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA. The apparent Michaelis constants with acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA were 33 times 10(-5) and 6.6 times 10(-5) M in the low producing strain, and 8.5 times 10(-4) and 1.2 times 10(-4) M in the high producing strain, respectively.", "PMID": 1179913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7186", "title": "The allosteric influence of beta-halo-alkylamines on the acetyl-choline receptor of smooth muscle.", "content": "Using the method of receptor blockade by phenoxybenzamine, data have been obtained at the acetylcholine receptor that cannot be explained by a competitive irreversible blockade of the receptors. An allosteric attack of the beta-halo-alkylamines is discussed.", "contents": "The allosteric influence of beta-halo-alkylamines on the acetyl-choline receptor of smooth muscle. Using the method of receptor blockade by phenoxybenzamine, data have been obtained at the acetylcholine receptor that cannot be explained by a competitive irreversible blockade of the receptors. An allosteric attack of the beta-halo-alkylamines is discussed.", "PMID": 1179914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7187", "title": "[Micromethod for the quantitative determination of leucine from biological experimental material using a dansylation technic].", "content": "A method is described allowing quantitative determination of leucine from biological material up to 1 - 10(-11) M by means of dansylation of amino acids and their thin-layer chromatographic separation on polyamide microfoils. By selecting [14C]-U-L-leucine as an 'internal' standard, which is added to the tissue during the homogenization procedure, it is possible to correct for data scattering related to variations of the conversion rate or the yield of the dansylation reaction, and to losses in the different steps of thin-layer chromatography that are difficult to standardize.", "contents": "[Micromethod for the quantitative determination of leucine from biological experimental material using a dansylation technic]. A method is described allowing quantitative determination of leucine from biological material up to 1 - 10(-11) M by means of dansylation of amino acids and their thin-layer chromatographic separation on polyamide microfoils. By selecting [14C]-U-L-leucine as an 'internal' standard, which is added to the tissue during the homogenization procedure, it is possible to correct for data scattering related to variations of the conversion rate or the yield of the dansylation reaction, and to losses in the different steps of thin-layer chromatography that are difficult to standardize.", "PMID": 1179915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7188", "title": "[Studies on the function of blood-liquor barrier in newborn infants].", "content": "Simultaneous measurement of the electrolytic conductivity of the cerebrospinal fluid and the blood serum in newborns has revealed a concentration gradient suggesting an active transfer of electrolytes into the liquor space. The extent of this concentration drop is regarded as expressing the functional capacity of the blood-liquor barrier. Comparative investigations in healthy older  children shown that constant values, corresponding to the adult age, are reached approximately at the end of the first year of life.", "contents": "[Studies on the function of blood-liquor barrier in newborn infants]. Simultaneous measurement of the electrolytic conductivity of the cerebrospinal fluid and the blood serum in newborns has revealed a concentration gradient suggesting an active transfer of electrolytes into the liquor space. The extent of this concentration drop is regarded as expressing the functional capacity of the blood-liquor barrier. Comparative investigations in healthy older  children shown that constant values, corresponding to the adult age, are reached approximately at the end of the first year of life.", "PMID": 1179916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7189", "title": "[Long-lasting changes of irritability in the somatosensory cortex of rabbits following tetanic stimulation of the tooth pulp].", "content": "Tetanic stimulation of the tooth pulp produced long lasting increases in potentials released by stimulation of the tooth pulp with single stimuli in the sensomotor cortex of rabbits. Stimulation with 200 impulses/sec for 5 sec produced changes of irritability that are demonstrable for 10-50 min depending on the intensity of stimulation. The lower rate limit for producing such changes is 25 impulses/sec. At a rate of 200 impulses/sec, a stimulation time of 25 msec was necessary to produce these changes. The postexcitatory depression occuring after single stimuli within 10-40 msec was increased by tetanic stimulation, whereas facilitation observed 5 msec after single stimuli was unaffected.", "contents": "[Long-lasting changes of irritability in the somatosensory cortex of rabbits following tetanic stimulation of the tooth pulp]. Tetanic stimulation of the tooth pulp produced long lasting increases in potentials released by stimulation of the tooth pulp with single stimuli in the sensomotor cortex of rabbits. Stimulation with 200 impulses/sec for 5 sec produced changes of irritability that are demonstrable for 10-50 min depending on the intensity of stimulation. The lower rate limit for producing such changes is 25 impulses/sec. At a rate of 200 impulses/sec, a stimulation time of 25 msec was necessary to produce these changes. The postexcitatory depression occuring after single stimuli within 10-40 msec was increased by tetanic stimulation, whereas facilitation observed 5 msec after single stimuli was unaffected.", "PMID": 1179917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7190", "title": "[Deiodase activity in hypothyroid rats].", "content": "In rats hypothyroidized with methylthiouracil (MTU), methimazol (MMI), or radiothyroidectomy, the extent of deiodination for L-diiodotyrosine (L-DIT) and L-thyroxine (L-T4) was investigated in homogenate supernatants of liver and kidney. Deiodination in liver and kidney for DIT is twice as high as for T4, but the kidney allows only 25% of the liver deiodination activity both for DIT and T4. In the livers of all hypothyroid animals, iodide splitting both from DIT and T4 is highly significantly reduced by one-half compared with controls. In the kidney of all hypothyroid animals, the DIT deiodination is highly significantly lowered in comparison with controls; the T4 deiodination is significantly reduced only in animals treated with MTU and MMI, and is not significantly enhanced in radiothyroidectomized rats. Thus, there is no difference between MTU and MMI in the extent of deiodination for DIT and T4 in the homogenate supernatants of rat liver or kidney.", "contents": "[Deiodase activity in hypothyroid rats]. In rats hypothyroidized with methylthiouracil (MTU), methimazol (MMI), or radiothyroidectomy, the extent of deiodination for L-diiodotyrosine (L-DIT) and L-thyroxine (L-T4) was investigated in homogenate supernatants of liver and kidney. Deiodination in liver and kidney for DIT is twice as high as for T4, but the kidney allows only 25% of the liver deiodination activity both for DIT and T4. In the livers of all hypothyroid animals, iodide splitting both from DIT and T4 is highly significantly reduced by one-half compared with controls. In the kidney of all hypothyroid animals, the DIT deiodination is highly significantly lowered in comparison with controls; the T4 deiodination is significantly reduced only in animals treated with MTU and MMI, and is not significantly enhanced in radiothyroidectomized rats. Thus, there is no difference between MTU and MMI in the extent of deiodination for DIT and T4 in the homogenate supernatants of rat liver or kidney.", "PMID": 1179918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7191", "title": "Fatty acid composition of serum lipids in bilharzial hepatic fibrosis and chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "The fatty acid pattern of blood serum lipids was examined by gas liquid-chromatography in 30 cases with bilharzial hepatic fibrosis, 11 cases with chronic active hepatitis accompanied by jaundice, and 28 healthy individuals as a comparison group of the same socioeconomic class of patients. In addition, the fatty acid patterns of the three major serum lipid classes, namely: cholesterol ester, phospholipids and triglycerides, were also investigated in seven cases of each group by gas liquid chromatography. The most remarkable differences were: a depression of the essential fatty acid level (linoleic and arachidonic) in both groups of patients together with a concomitant elevation of oleic acid in the bilharzial group and an elevation of oleic, palmitic, palmitoleic acids in the chronic active hepatitis group. The depression of linoleic and arachidonic acids was explained by the low fat diet intake, malnutrition, and the malabsorption factors which were frequent in all the patients studied. The elevation of monoethenoid acids was attributed to the decrease in the ability of the liver to desaturate the endogenous saturated and monounsaturated acids to polyunsaturated ones.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of serum lipids in bilharzial hepatic fibrosis and chronic active hepatitis. The fatty acid pattern of blood serum lipids was examined by gas liquid-chromatography in 30 cases with bilharzial hepatic fibrosis, 11 cases with chronic active hepatitis accompanied by jaundice, and 28 healthy individuals as a comparison group of the same socioeconomic class of patients. In addition, the fatty acid patterns of the three major serum lipid classes, namely: cholesterol ester, phospholipids and triglycerides, were also investigated in seven cases of each group by gas liquid chromatography. The most remarkable differences were: a depression of the essential fatty acid level (linoleic and arachidonic) in both groups of patients together with a concomitant elevation of oleic acid in the bilharzial group and an elevation of oleic, palmitic, palmitoleic acids in the chronic active hepatitis group. The depression of linoleic and arachidonic acids was explained by the low fat diet intake, malnutrition, and the malabsorption factors which were frequent in all the patients studied. The elevation of monoethenoid acids was attributed to the decrease in the ability of the liver to desaturate the endogenous saturated and monounsaturated acids to polyunsaturated ones.", "PMID": 1179920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7192", "title": "[Effect of repeated serotonin injections on temperature regulation in the rat].", "content": "The effect of repeated serotonine injections was investigated in thirty Wistar rats tested under normo-, hypo- und hyperthermic conditions. 7 mul of a 0.5% serotonine solution (5HT) were injected into the third ventricle at 1-hr intervals. Temperature responses such as oxygen consumption and rectal temperature were measured and the heat loss was calculated. Intraventricular serotonine produced cooling in all animals. The central mechanisms of heat production were inhibited and those of heat loss were activated. The serotonine responses were most pronounced in hypothermic rats and least effective in hyperthermic animals.", "contents": "[Effect of repeated serotonin injections on temperature regulation in the rat]. The effect of repeated serotonine injections was investigated in thirty Wistar rats tested under normo-, hypo- und hyperthermic conditions. 7 mul of a 0.5% serotonine solution (5HT) were injected into the third ventricle at 1-hr intervals. Temperature responses such as oxygen consumption and rectal temperature were measured and the heat loss was calculated. Intraventricular serotonine produced cooling in all animals. The central mechanisms of heat production were inhibited and those of heat loss were activated. The serotonine responses were most pronounced in hypothermic rats and least effective in hyperthermic animals.", "PMID": 1179921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7193", "title": "[Influence of mediopreoptic stimulation on temperature regulation in rats before and after serotonin injection].", "content": "The effects of electrical stimulation of the Area praceoptica medialis (APM) and intraventricular serotonine injection were investigated in thirty Wistar rats tested under normo-, hypo- and hyperthermic conditions. Temperature responses such as oxygen consumption and rectal temperature were measured and heat loss was calculated. The effects of the first stimulation before serotonine injection were compared with those of the second one after serotonine application in order to prove the influence of serotonine on temperature responses due to APM stimulation. On the other hand, the influence of stimulation on changes produced by serotonine injection should be shown by the recordings of the second serotonine responses with stimulation effects and by comparison of these with those of the first serotonine responses without stimulation effects. The first APM stimulation depending on the rectal temperature before stimulation resulted in decreasing oxygen consumption in hypothermic rats while increasing that of hyperthermic animals. There was a little decrease of rectal temperature under hyper- and normothermic conditions. while under hypothermic conditions animals showed marked depression. The increase in heat loss, however, was least in hyperthermic rats and most pronounced in hypothermic animals. The second APM stimulation did almost not affect the temperature responses after serotonine application in normothermic rats, while causing supercooling agin under hypothermic conditions and insignificant cooling at hyperthermic environment temperature. Comparison of the first and second stimulation effects revealed statistical significant differences at normo-, hypo- and hyperthermic temperatures. The results are discussed under consideration of the different starting conditions before the first and second stimulation. These findings do not indicate that serotonine would shift the sensibility of mediopraeoptic structures and thus unequivocally modifies stimulation effects.", "contents": "[Influence of mediopreoptic stimulation on temperature regulation in rats before and after serotonin injection]. The effects of electrical stimulation of the Area praceoptica medialis (APM) and intraventricular serotonine injection were investigated in thirty Wistar rats tested under normo-, hypo- and hyperthermic conditions. Temperature responses such as oxygen consumption and rectal temperature were measured and heat loss was calculated. The effects of the first stimulation before serotonine injection were compared with those of the second one after serotonine application in order to prove the influence of serotonine on temperature responses due to APM stimulation. On the other hand, the influence of stimulation on changes produced by serotonine injection should be shown by the recordings of the second serotonine responses with stimulation effects and by comparison of these with those of the first serotonine responses without stimulation effects. The first APM stimulation depending on the rectal temperature before stimulation resulted in decreasing oxygen consumption in hypothermic rats while increasing that of hyperthermic animals. There was a little decrease of rectal temperature under hyper- and normothermic conditions. while under hypothermic conditions animals showed marked depression. The increase in heat loss, however, was least in hyperthermic rats and most pronounced in hypothermic animals. The second APM stimulation did almost not affect the temperature responses after serotonine application in normothermic rats, while causing supercooling agin under hypothermic conditions and insignificant cooling at hyperthermic environment temperature. Comparison of the first and second stimulation effects revealed statistical significant differences at normo-, hypo- and hyperthermic temperatures. The results are discussed under consideration of the different starting conditions before the first and second stimulation. These findings do not indicate that serotonine would shift the sensibility of mediopraeoptic structures and thus unequivocally modifies stimulation effects.", "PMID": 1179922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7194", "title": "[Photic evoked responses in the brain stem of the rat].", "content": "The appearance of photic evoked responses in various structures of the reticular formation (RF) and the thalamus was investigated in freely moving rats. Photic evoked potentials (PhEP) were recorded in all the nuclei tested. The PhEP are different in shape, amplitude and latency; they can be classified as a \"primary type\" with small amplitudes and without latency differences from the PhEP of the visual cortex (VC) and as a \"secondary type\" with large amplitudes and latency differences from the PhEP of the VC. The \"primary type\" was observed in thalamic, pontine and bulbar structures but the \"secondary type\" in posterior-thalamic and mesencephalic structures. Photic afterdischarges (PhNE) and photic recruitment (PhR) were recorded in most of the nuclei tested. These PhNE and PhR have a correlation in their frequency and peak-latency to the PhNE and PhR of the VC. It is discussed that a great part of visual information is transferred to the brain stem through the Corpus geniculatum laterale (CGL) and the VC.", "contents": "[Photic evoked responses in the brain stem of the rat]. The appearance of photic evoked responses in various structures of the reticular formation (RF) and the thalamus was investigated in freely moving rats. Photic evoked potentials (PhEP) were recorded in all the nuclei tested. The PhEP are different in shape, amplitude and latency; they can be classified as a \"primary type\" with small amplitudes and without latency differences from the PhEP of the visual cortex (VC) and as a \"secondary type\" with large amplitudes and latency differences from the PhEP of the VC. The \"primary type\" was observed in thalamic, pontine and bulbar structures but the \"secondary type\" in posterior-thalamic and mesencephalic structures. Photic afterdischarges (PhNE) and photic recruitment (PhR) were recorded in most of the nuclei tested. These PhNE and PhR have a correlation in their frequency and peak-latency to the PhNE and PhR of the VC. It is discussed that a great part of visual information is transferred to the brain stem through the Corpus geniculatum laterale (CGL) and the VC.", "PMID": 1179923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7195", "title": "[Accumulation of p-aminohippuric acid and cyclopenthiazide in renal cortex slices from rats of various ages and their dependence on the energy supply].", "content": "The accumulation of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) and cyclopenthiazide, two drugs of acidic character and extremely different physico-chemical properties, was determined in renal cortical slices of rats aged 5, 15, 33, 55, 105, and 240 days. PAH is accumulated in the cortical slices of 5- and 15-day-old animals to a lesser extent than in those of adult rats. Cyclopenthiazide is accumulated in much higher amounts than PAH in all age groups. The age dependence of cyclopenthiazide accumulation is not so pronounced as with PAH accumulation. There is no accumulation of PAH in the cortical slices of all age groups through active tubular transport, when the energy supply is inhibited by means of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) or nitrogen 2 times bubbling (i.e. anaerobic incubation). By subsequent addition of DNP to the incubation medium or subsequent N2 atmosphere bubbling, an already existing PAH accumulation may be completely nullified. Contrary to PAH accumulation, cyclopenthiazide accumulation can be neither prevented nor abolished by inhibiting the energy supply.", "contents": "[Accumulation of p-aminohippuric acid and cyclopenthiazide in renal cortex slices from rats of various ages and their dependence on the energy supply]. The accumulation of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) and cyclopenthiazide, two drugs of acidic character and extremely different physico-chemical properties, was determined in renal cortical slices of rats aged 5, 15, 33, 55, 105, and 240 days. PAH is accumulated in the cortical slices of 5- and 15-day-old animals to a lesser extent than in those of adult rats. Cyclopenthiazide is accumulated in much higher amounts than PAH in all age groups. The age dependence of cyclopenthiazide accumulation is not so pronounced as with PAH accumulation. There is no accumulation of PAH in the cortical slices of all age groups through active tubular transport, when the energy supply is inhibited by means of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) or nitrogen 2 times bubbling (i.e. anaerobic incubation). By subsequent addition of DNP to the incubation medium or subsequent N2 atmosphere bubbling, an already existing PAH accumulation may be completely nullified. Contrary to PAH accumulation, cyclopenthiazide accumulation can be neither prevented nor abolished by inhibiting the energy supply.", "PMID": 1179924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7196", "title": "Hyperlipidemia in peripheral atherosclerotic arterial disease.", "content": "One hundred and ten patients with radiologically established peripheral atherosclerotic arterial disease were studied. None of them suffered from diabetes, endocrine disorders or renal disease. Their serum cholesterol and triglyceride values were compared with those of a reference group consisting of 548 individuals. When the 95th percentile of the reference values was used for cut-off, the frequency of hyperlipidemias in the patients with peripheral arterial atherosclerosis was about 52%. Combined hyperlipidemia was slightly more common (21%) than isolated increase of either cholesterol (17.9%) or triglycerides (12.6%). Using other cut-off limits for the definition of hyperlipidemia, a striking change in the distribution between these three types of hyperlipidemia occurred. In our patients, the frequencies of different blood groups were not significantly different from those of a comparable population. The serum lipids were at the same level in the different blood groups.", "contents": "Hyperlipidemia in peripheral atherosclerotic arterial disease. One hundred and ten patients with radiologically established peripheral atherosclerotic arterial disease were studied. None of them suffered from diabetes, endocrine disorders or renal disease. Their serum cholesterol and triglyceride values were compared with those of a reference group consisting of 548 individuals. When the 95th percentile of the reference values was used for cut-off, the frequency of hyperlipidemias in the patients with peripheral arterial atherosclerosis was about 52%. Combined hyperlipidemia was slightly more common (21%) than isolated increase of either cholesterol (17.9%) or triglycerides (12.6%). Using other cut-off limits for the definition of hyperlipidemia, a striking change in the distribution between these three types of hyperlipidemia occurred. In our patients, the frequencies of different blood groups were not significantly different from those of a comparable population. The serum lipids were at the same level in the different blood groups.", "PMID": 1179925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7197", "title": "Remodelling after femoral shaft fracture in children.", "content": "Fifty-two children in the 1-14 year age range who had a femoral fracture and were treated by traction and casting, were re-examined 2-17 years later. The results of radiological measurements of femoral length and alignment are analysed by computer. The femoral over-growth following fracture 10.7+/-6.6 mm, did not depend on site or dislocation of fracture. Lateral dislocation completely corrected, varus deformity on an average only up to 40% and valgus deformity up to 60% of the initial defect. Minor deviations corrected less. Repairing continued for over 5 years. Ante- and recurvatum could correct nearly 70%, if the original deformity was over 10 degrees, otherwise less. In neither plane was the correction of axial deviation influenced by site or type of fracture. There were individual cases of complete correction of axial dislocation and cases of complete failure to correct.", "contents": "Remodelling after femoral shaft fracture in children. Fifty-two children in the 1-14 year age range who had a femoral fracture and were treated by traction and casting, were re-examined 2-17 years later. The results of radiological measurements of femoral length and alignment are analysed by computer. The femoral over-growth following fracture 10.7+/-6.6 mm, did not depend on site or dislocation of fracture. Lateral dislocation completely corrected, varus deformity on an average only up to 40% and valgus deformity up to 60% of the initial defect. Minor deviations corrected less. Repairing continued for over 5 years. Ante- and recurvatum could correct nearly 70%, if the original deformity was over 10 degrees, otherwise less. In neither plane was the correction of axial deviation influenced by site or type of fracture. There were individual cases of complete correction of axial dislocation and cases of complete failure to correct.", "PMID": 1179926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7198", "title": "Indications and results of operative treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children.", "content": "In the literature a number of risks due to operative treatment of femoral shaft fracture in children have been reported and justification for such treatment has been thrown into doubt. In our patient series 35 out of 191 children (18%) with femoral shaft fracture were treated by operation, 18 by intramedullary nailing, 16 by other means of osteosynthesis and one crushed extremity by primary amputation. No infections occurred. Nineteen patients of these were re-examined 4.5 to 13.9 years later. Eleven of them had no subjective complaints. Weakness of the fractured limb was suffered by 2 in normal life and by an additional 6 patients in hard exercise. Muscle atrophy of the thigh, more than 2 cm in circumference, was found in 9 patients. Mean longitudinal overgrowth of the fractured femur treated by operation was 9.8 mm corresponding to 10.7 mm in 52 patients treated by traction and casting. Overgrowth of 7.2 mm in intramedullary nailed patients was significantly less (P less than 0.001) than 13.5 mm in those treated by other means of osteosynthesis. A rigid fixation of the fracture partly prevented later spontaneous correction of angulation. Based on the results gained by previous author and from this study a list of indications for osteosynthesis of femoral shaft fracture in children is considered.", "contents": "Indications and results of operative treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children. In the literature a number of risks due to operative treatment of femoral shaft fracture in children have been reported and justification for such treatment has been thrown into doubt. In our patient series 35 out of 191 children (18%) with femoral shaft fracture were treated by operation, 18 by intramedullary nailing, 16 by other means of osteosynthesis and one crushed extremity by primary amputation. No infections occurred. Nineteen patients of these were re-examined 4.5 to 13.9 years later. Eleven of them had no subjective complaints. Weakness of the fractured limb was suffered by 2 in normal life and by an additional 6 patients in hard exercise. Muscle atrophy of the thigh, more than 2 cm in circumference, was found in 9 patients. Mean longitudinal overgrowth of the fractured femur treated by operation was 9.8 mm corresponding to 10.7 mm in 52 patients treated by traction and casting. Overgrowth of 7.2 mm in intramedullary nailed patients was significantly less (P less than 0.001) than 13.5 mm in those treated by other means of osteosynthesis. A rigid fixation of the fracture partly prevented later spontaneous correction of angulation. Based on the results gained by previous author and from this study a list of indications for osteosynthesis of femoral shaft fracture in children is considered.", "PMID": 1179927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7199", "title": "Glycogen storage in rat liver and skeletal muscle in thermal trauma. I. Effect of exogenous insulin.", "content": "The storage of glycogen in skeletal muscle and the liver was investigated after a 20% third-degree burn in the rat. The glycogen storage was studied 30 min and 20 hours post-burn. Thirty minutes after infliction of the burn the storage in the liver was 80% and in the muscle 60% of that in the control animals, and 20 hours after the burn 80% and 40%, respectively. Administration of insulin improved the storage in the muscle considerably--from 60% to 90% of the normal in the 30-minute group and from 40% to 75% in the 20-hour group. It was uncertain, on the other hand, whether insulin affected the glycogen storage in the liver. Possible causes of the reduced glycogen storage are discussed, including absolute or relative insulin deficiency.", "contents": "Glycogen storage in rat liver and skeletal muscle in thermal trauma. I. Effect of exogenous insulin. The storage of glycogen in skeletal muscle and the liver was investigated after a 20% third-degree burn in the rat. The glycogen storage was studied 30 min and 20 hours post-burn. Thirty minutes after infliction of the burn the storage in the liver was 80% and in the muscle 60% of that in the control animals, and 20 hours after the burn 80% and 40%, respectively. Administration of insulin improved the storage in the muscle considerably--from 60% to 90% of the normal in the 30-minute group and from 40% to 75% in the 20-hour group. It was uncertain, on the other hand, whether insulin affected the glycogen storage in the liver. Possible causes of the reduced glycogen storage are discussed, including absolute or relative insulin deficiency.", "PMID": 1179928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7200", "title": "Glycogen storage in rat liver and skeletal muscle during continuous infusion of adrenalin. II. Effect of exogenous insulin.", "content": "In association with trauma the storage of glycogen, especially in skeletal muscle, is reduced. An increased release of adrenalin may be one of the causes of this phenomenon. In this study the effect of exogenously supplied adrenalin (0.5 mug/kg/min) on the storage of glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle during a standardized infusion of glucose was studied in rats. A significant reduction of the glycogen storage in the liver was recorded. In the muscle the glycogen storage was practically eliminated. Simultaneous determinations of the serum insulin concentration showed very low insulin levels on administration of adrenalin, indicating a blockade of the insulin release in the beta-cells. When insulin was given at the same time the glycogen storage was almost completely normalized. This suggests that the deficiency of circulating insulin occurring on administration of adrenalin may be responsible for the lack of glycogen storage in the muscle.", "contents": "Glycogen storage in rat liver and skeletal muscle during continuous infusion of adrenalin. II. Effect of exogenous insulin. In association with trauma the storage of glycogen, especially in skeletal muscle, is reduced. An increased release of adrenalin may be one of the causes of this phenomenon. In this study the effect of exogenously supplied adrenalin (0.5 mug/kg/min) on the storage of glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle during a standardized infusion of glucose was studied in rats. A significant reduction of the glycogen storage in the liver was recorded. In the muscle the glycogen storage was practically eliminated. Simultaneous determinations of the serum insulin concentration showed very low insulin levels on administration of adrenalin, indicating a blockade of the insulin release in the beta-cells. When insulin was given at the same time the glycogen storage was almost completely normalized. This suggests that the deficiency of circulating insulin occurring on administration of adrenalin may be responsible for the lack of glycogen storage in the muscle.", "PMID": 1179929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7201", "title": "The effect of cytostatic drugs on the synthesis of DNA in adenocarcinomas of the stomach. An in vitro study.", "content": "The sensitivity of adenocarcinomas of the stomach to various cytostatic drugs has been tested in short-term incubations. A suspension of single cells and small tissue fragments was prepared. It was used for incubation with the following drugs: melphalan, vinblastine sulphate, amethopterin, and 5-fluoro-uracil. The effect of the cytostatic drugs was measured as the difference in incorporation of labelled precursors in treated tubes and untreated control tubes. The different tumours were found to vary significantly in the their sensitivity. Moreover, a correlation of the effects between melphalan and vinblastine sulphate, and between amethopterin and vinblastine sulphate was observed.", "contents": "The effect of cytostatic drugs on the synthesis of DNA in adenocarcinomas of the stomach. An in vitro study. The sensitivity of adenocarcinomas of the stomach to various cytostatic drugs has been tested in short-term incubations. A suspension of single cells and small tissue fragments was prepared. It was used for incubation with the following drugs: melphalan, vinblastine sulphate, amethopterin, and 5-fluoro-uracil. The effect of the cytostatic drugs was measured as the difference in incorporation of labelled precursors in treated tubes and untreated control tubes. The different tumours were found to vary significantly in the their sensitivity. Moreover, a correlation of the effects between melphalan and vinblastine sulphate, and between amethopterin and vinblastine sulphate was observed.", "PMID": 1179930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7202", "title": "Studies on small intestinal obstruction. I. Intraluminal pressure in experimental low small bowel obstruction in the cat.", "content": "Intra-intestinal pressure was recorded with open-tip catheters in experimental low small-bowel obstruction in the cat. At zero time the pressure was 2-4 mmHg. After 72 hours sustained intraluminal pressure ranged mainly between 5 and 10 mmHg. Long periods of inactivity alternated with short bouts of spontaneous bowel activity. During activity the pressure rose to about 20 mmHg. In motility responses elicited by cholecystokinin, momentary pressure waves amounting to 40-50 mmHg were recorded. The result of simple mechanical obstruction is predominantly a bowel distension, whereas the magnitude of sustained intraluminal pressure is rather modest. Possible effects of distension on intestinal microcirculation are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on small intestinal obstruction. I. Intraluminal pressure in experimental low small bowel obstruction in the cat. Intra-intestinal pressure was recorded with open-tip catheters in experimental low small-bowel obstruction in the cat. At zero time the pressure was 2-4 mmHg. After 72 hours sustained intraluminal pressure ranged mainly between 5 and 10 mmHg. Long periods of inactivity alternated with short bouts of spontaneous bowel activity. During activity the pressure rose to about 20 mmHg. In motility responses elicited by cholecystokinin, momentary pressure waves amounting to 40-50 mmHg were recorded. The result of simple mechanical obstruction is predominantly a bowel distension, whereas the magnitude of sustained intraluminal pressure is rather modest. Possible effects of distension on intestinal microcirculation are discussed.", "PMID": 1179931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7203", "title": "The rate of weight loss after intestinal bypass operations for obesity. An analysis of factors of significance.", "content": "The postoperative period after small intestine bypass operations could be subdivided into five. Analysis of the rate of weight loss during the period of constant weight loss (period II) in 80 subjects gave a mean rate of 0.011 weight-index units (Broca) per week (range 0.023-0.003) or 0.79 kg per week (range 1.81-0.22). After both end-to-end and end-to-side jejuno-ileostomy the rate of weight loss during period II was correlated to initial body weight. After end-to-end jejuno-ileostomy the rate of weight loss was also correlated to the length of the distal eleum in function, either as absolute value or as a fraction of the total small intestinal length. The absence of these correlations after end-to-side jejuno-ileostomy might be due to a more variable reflux in to the bline loop after this operation. It is suggested that a small intestinal bypass operation should not be performed as a standardized procedure with predetermined segments of the small intestine in function, but rather as an operation designed for each patient.", "contents": "The rate of weight loss after intestinal bypass operations for obesity. An analysis of factors of significance. The postoperative period after small intestine bypass operations could be subdivided into five. Analysis of the rate of weight loss during the period of constant weight loss (period II) in 80 subjects gave a mean rate of 0.011 weight-index units (Broca) per week (range 0.023-0.003) or 0.79 kg per week (range 1.81-0.22). After both end-to-end and end-to-side jejuno-ileostomy the rate of weight loss during period II was correlated to initial body weight. After end-to-end jejuno-ileostomy the rate of weight loss was also correlated to the length of the distal eleum in function, either as absolute value or as a fraction of the total small intestinal length. The absence of these correlations after end-to-side jejuno-ileostomy might be due to a more variable reflux in to the bline loop after this operation. It is suggested that a small intestinal bypass operation should not be performed as a standardized procedure with predetermined segments of the small intestine in function, but rather as an operation designed for each patient.", "PMID": 1179932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7204", "title": "Decreasing incidence of acute appendicitis.", "content": "All cases of acute appendicitis operated upon with removal of the appendix in one hospital, and from a defined district in Norway almost exclusively served by this hospital, have been registered for the 30 year period 1943-72. While the population has decreased slightly over this period, the number of acute appendectomies has diminished to less than half. This holds true also in the age group below 20, and for different severity grades of appendicitis.", "contents": "Decreasing incidence of acute appendicitis. All cases of acute appendicitis operated upon with removal of the appendix in one hospital, and from a defined district in Norway almost exclusively served by this hospital, have been registered for the 30 year period 1943-72. While the population has decreased slightly over this period, the number of acute appendectomies has diminished to less than half. This holds true also in the age group below 20, and for different severity grades of appendicitis.", "PMID": 1179933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7205", "title": "Technical considerations in arterial embolectomy.", "content": "The frequency of arterial embolism is high and seems to be increasing. The introduction of the Fogarty catheter for embolectomy has afforded a considerable simplification of the operative technique. Nevertheless the mortality and amputation rates are still substantially high. Early diagnosis and further improved technique for removal of the embolus may enhance limb salvage and reduce mortality rates. The present paper is a review of 10 years' experience concerning technical problems with embolectomy. The arteriotomy technique, the handling of the catheter, per- and postoperative management, and specific technical problems related to the embolic lodgement at different sites are discussed with the object of giving some hints on how to perform the embolectomy in a safe way and with best chances of a suscessful outcome.", "contents": "Technical considerations in arterial embolectomy. The frequency of arterial embolism is high and seems to be increasing. The introduction of the Fogarty catheter for embolectomy has afforded a considerable simplification of the operative technique. Nevertheless the mortality and amputation rates are still substantially high. Early diagnosis and further improved technique for removal of the embolus may enhance limb salvage and reduce mortality rates. The present paper is a review of 10 years' experience concerning technical problems with embolectomy. The arteriotomy technique, the handling of the catheter, per- and postoperative management, and specific technical problems related to the embolic lodgement at different sites are discussed with the object of giving some hints on how to perform the embolectomy in a safe way and with best chances of a suscessful outcome.", "PMID": 1179934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7206", "title": "Portosystemic arteriovenous fistula. Case report.", "content": "A case of the rare portosystemic arteriovenous fistula is presented. This lesion, although basically simple, is not trivial. The predominant cause of death is variceal bleeding. Most often, the fistulas are due to rupture of an aneurysm of the hepatic or splenic artery, gunshot wound of the abdomen, or the use of mass ligature during abdominal surgery. The treatment is excision when possible, reconstruction of the vessels when vessels cannot be sacrificed, and ligation when everything else fails. Angiography is indispensible in defining the fistula. Because of the circulatory strain produced by these fistulas and of the danger of portal hypertension even in the asymptomatic patient, the presence of a portosystemic arteriovenous fistula is sufficient indication for surgical treatment.", "contents": "Portosystemic arteriovenous fistula. Case report. A case of the rare portosystemic arteriovenous fistula is presented. This lesion, although basically simple, is not trivial. The predominant cause of death is variceal bleeding. Most often, the fistulas are due to rupture of an aneurysm of the hepatic or splenic artery, gunshot wound of the abdomen, or the use of mass ligature during abdominal surgery. The treatment is excision when possible, reconstruction of the vessels when vessels cannot be sacrificed, and ligation when everything else fails. Angiography is indispensible in defining the fistula. Because of the circulatory strain produced by these fistulas and of the danger of portal hypertension even in the asymptomatic patient, the presence of a portosystemic arteriovenous fistula is sufficient indication for surgical treatment.", "PMID": 1179935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7207", "title": "Liver abscess. Case report.", "content": "A typical case of liver abscess is reported. The mortality rate of this surgical entity, previously very high, has been reduced markedly in recent years. The most important factors are the new diagnostic developments such as liver scans and coeliacography, making an early and exact diagnosis possible and thus forming the basis for an early and adequate surgical drainage.", "contents": "Liver abscess. Case report. A typical case of liver abscess is reported. The mortality rate of this surgical entity, previously very high, has been reduced markedly in recent years. The most important factors are the new diagnostic developments such as liver scans and coeliacography, making an early and exact diagnosis possible and thus forming the basis for an early and adequate surgical drainage.", "PMID": 1179936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7208", "title": "Appendico-vesical fistula. Case report.", "content": "Two cases of appendico-vesical fistula are reported. In one patient a spontaneous healing with fibrosis of the appendix had probably occurred. The incidence and clinical features of this fistula are presented. The diagnosis is difficult. The average length of time between the initial symptoms and the diagnosis is measured in years. In many patients the correct diagnosis is probably never made and in some patients the fistula eventually heals spontaneously. The condition is probably not as rare as is stated in the literature.", "contents": "Appendico-vesical fistula. Case report. Two cases of appendico-vesical fistula are reported. In one patient a spontaneous healing with fibrosis of the appendix had probably occurred. The incidence and clinical features of this fistula are presented. The diagnosis is difficult. The average length of time between the initial symptoms and the diagnosis is measured in years. In many patients the correct diagnosis is probably never made and in some patients the fistula eventually heals spontaneously. The condition is probably not as rare as is stated in the literature.", "PMID": 1179937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7209", "title": "Results of immunosuppressive treatment: Prognosis in chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "A series of 21 patients with active chronic hepatit diagnosed on the basis of clinical, biochemical and histological criteria, were treated by immunosuppressive cure--a combination of Prednison or Triamcinolon with 6-Mercaptopurin. The cure lasted for at least 12 months and attempts as its interruption usually brought about exacerbation of activity requiring further treatment reaching the total of more than 3 years, in some cases lasting for all the followed period of 7 years. There were no significant side effects requiring interruption. Immunosuppressive treatment remarkably improved biochemical indicators, particularly significant was the decrease in SGPT activity and hypergammaglobulinemia. The results were likewise good in HB-Ag positive patients, 8 of which are included in the series. The prognosis of chronic active hepatitis undergoing immunosuppressive treatment was mathematically estimated. Using the mathematical solution of biological problems the authors arrived at the probable survival of 5.5 to 6.5 years for their series of patients.", "contents": "Results of immunosuppressive treatment: Prognosis in chronic active hepatitis. A series of 21 patients with active chronic hepatit diagnosed on the basis of clinical, biochemical and histological criteria, were treated by immunosuppressive cure--a combination of Prednison or Triamcinolon with 6-Mercaptopurin. The cure lasted for at least 12 months and attempts as its interruption usually brought about exacerbation of activity requiring further treatment reaching the total of more than 3 years, in some cases lasting for all the followed period of 7 years. There were no significant side effects requiring interruption. Immunosuppressive treatment remarkably improved biochemical indicators, particularly significant was the decrease in SGPT activity and hypergammaglobulinemia. The results were likewise good in HB-Ag positive patients, 8 of which are included in the series. The prognosis of chronic active hepatitis undergoing immunosuppressive treatment was mathematically estimated. Using the mathematical solution of biological problems the authors arrived at the probable survival of 5.5 to 6.5 years for their series of patients.", "PMID": 1179942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7210", "title": "Histological findings of hypersplenism after experimental intraperitoneal injection of methyl cellulose and ligature of the splenic artery in rats.", "content": "The intraperitoneal injection of methyl cellulose in rats causes splenomegaly and hypersplenism. Clusters of foam cells in form of granulomas develop. They are containing methyl cellulose. The ligature of the splenic artery damages mainly the white pulp. Even after ligature of the splenic artery absorption of methyl cellulose continues. The reticular cells released by the reticulum remain capable of phagocytic action. After previous injection of methyl cellulose the ligature of the splenic artery causes normalization of the peripheral blood values.", "contents": "Histological findings of hypersplenism after experimental intraperitoneal injection of methyl cellulose and ligature of the splenic artery in rats. The intraperitoneal injection of methyl cellulose in rats causes splenomegaly and hypersplenism. Clusters of foam cells in form of granulomas develop. They are containing methyl cellulose. The ligature of the splenic artery damages mainly the white pulp. Even after ligature of the splenic artery absorption of methyl cellulose continues. The reticular cells released by the reticulum remain capable of phagocytic action. After previous injection of methyl cellulose the ligature of the splenic artery causes normalization of the peripheral blood values.", "PMID": 1179943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7211", "title": "Hemostatic abnormalities in chronic aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis.", "content": "Hemostatic defects of chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH), 25 cases, and of liver cirrhosis, 20 cases, were investigated. The following assays were performed: liver function tests, thromboelastogram, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), factors I, II, V, X, XIII, euglobulin lysis time, fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), platelet count, morphology and agglutinability. High incidence of hemostatic defects was present in both groups. Thromboelastogram, PTT, prothrombin and qualitative platelet abnormalities were most common. On the whole, severity of hemostatic alterations in cirrhosis was more pronounced than that found in CAH, FDPs were increased in more than 50% of the CAH cases and only in a few cirrhotic patients. Bleeding occurred more frequently in cirrhosis (55%) than in CAH (4%) and, within the cirrhotic patients' group, it was associated with a more severe thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "Hemostatic abnormalities in chronic aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Hemostatic defects of chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH), 25 cases, and of liver cirrhosis, 20 cases, were investigated. The following assays were performed: liver function tests, thromboelastogram, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), factors I, II, V, X, XIII, euglobulin lysis time, fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), platelet count, morphology and agglutinability. High incidence of hemostatic defects was present in both groups. Thromboelastogram, PTT, prothrombin and qualitative platelet abnormalities were most common. On the whole, severity of hemostatic alterations in cirrhosis was more pronounced than that found in CAH, FDPs were increased in more than 50% of the CAH cases and only in a few cirrhotic patients. Bleeding occurred more frequently in cirrhosis (55%) than in CAH (4%) and, within the cirrhotic patients' group, it was associated with a more severe thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 1179944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7212", "title": "Influence of phospholipids on liver damage. II. Changes in lipid content and synthesis after liver damage with carbontetrachloride and other agents.", "content": "Content and synthesis of lipids were studied in rats after carbontetrachloride poisoning and different treatments with phospholipids (EPL), as well as in some other conditions under which an increase in lipids occurs. The increase in neutral lipids during CCl4 poisoning is significantly reduced by pretreatment and--somewhat less--by posttreatment with EPL. Incorporation of acetate into triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol increases in CCl4 poisoning and this was not affected by EPL. Moreover, treatment with EPL had but little effect on the lipid accumulation induced by orotic acid feeding and partial hepatectomy. EPL promoted, however, slightly DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy and protected DNA in thymus after whole body X-irradiation.", "contents": "Influence of phospholipids on liver damage. II. Changes in lipid content and synthesis after liver damage with carbontetrachloride and other agents. Content and synthesis of lipids were studied in rats after carbontetrachloride poisoning and different treatments with phospholipids (EPL), as well as in some other conditions under which an increase in lipids occurs. The increase in neutral lipids during CCl4 poisoning is significantly reduced by pretreatment and--somewhat less--by posttreatment with EPL. Incorporation of acetate into triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol increases in CCl4 poisoning and this was not affected by EPL. Moreover, treatment with EPL had but little effect on the lipid accumulation induced by orotic acid feeding and partial hepatectomy. EPL promoted, however, slightly DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy and protected DNA in thymus after whole body X-irradiation.", "PMID": 1179945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7213", "title": "Effects on lipids, coagulation factors and liver histology of long-term ethanol administration to guinea-pigs.", "content": "The constant failure to produce a liver cirrhosis that can be ascribed to alcohol in the rat promoted the present study in guinea-pigs. The animals were given 40 per cent of calories as ethanol during 8 months. However, no alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis developed. Triglycerides and cholesterol increased in the liver and in serum. The persistance of liver triglyceride increase in spite of a rather low fat content of the diet is in contrast to experiences in the rat. A slight depression of coagulation factors II, VII, X and XI was observed in the ethanol-fed animals.", "contents": "Effects on lipids, coagulation factors and liver histology of long-term ethanol administration to guinea-pigs. The constant failure to produce a liver cirrhosis that can be ascribed to alcohol in the rat promoted the present study in guinea-pigs. The animals were given 40 per cent of calories as ethanol during 8 months. However, no alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis developed. Triglycerides and cholesterol increased in the liver and in serum. The persistance of liver triglyceride increase in spite of a rather low fat content of the diet is in contrast to experiences in the rat. A slight depression of coagulation factors II, VII, X and XI was observed in the ethanol-fed animals.", "PMID": 1179946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7214", "title": "Serum lipase activity in chronic renal failure.", "content": "In a total of 110 patients with chronic renal failure, 46.4% of the cases had a serum lipase activity exceeding 200 IU, the upper limit of the norm. The degree of reduction of renal function is positively correlated to the frequency of hyperlipasaemia as well as to the elevation of the lipase activity in serum. At a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 20 ml/min, hyperlipasaemia in chronic glomerulonephritis was found in 75%, significantly more frequent than in chronic pyelonephritis (46.8%). The frequency and degree of hyperlipasaemia was not influenced by haemodialysis. Significantly elevated serum lipase activities were also observed in experimentally produced chronic renal failure in the rat.", "contents": "Serum lipase activity in chronic renal failure. In a total of 110 patients with chronic renal failure, 46.4% of the cases had a serum lipase activity exceeding 200 IU, the upper limit of the norm. The degree of reduction of renal function is positively correlated to the frequency of hyperlipasaemia as well as to the elevation of the lipase activity in serum. At a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 20 ml/min, hyperlipasaemia in chronic glomerulonephritis was found in 75%, significantly more frequent than in chronic pyelonephritis (46.8%). The frequency and degree of hyperlipasaemia was not influenced by haemodialysis. Significantly elevated serum lipase activities were also observed in experimentally produced chronic renal failure in the rat.", "PMID": 1179947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7215", "title": "Is chronic gastritis a reversible process? Follow-up study of gastritis by step-wise biopsy.", "content": "In 36 patients step-wise biopsies of gastric mucosa were performed in 1971 and in 1974/75. A comparison of the histological changes revealed identical findings in 15, progression of superficial gastritis in 9 and regression of superficial gastritis in 7. In 5 patients regression of chronic atrophic gastritis was seen. In one patient an essentially normal mucosa was found in all biopsy specimens, in other patients parietal cells reappeared without any specific therapy.", "contents": "Is chronic gastritis a reversible process? Follow-up study of gastritis by step-wise biopsy. In 36 patients step-wise biopsies of gastric mucosa were performed in 1971 and in 1974/75. A comparison of the histological changes revealed identical findings in 15, progression of superficial gastritis in 9 and regression of superficial gastritis in 7. In 5 patients regression of chronic atrophic gastritis was seen. In one patient an essentially normal mucosa was found in all biopsy specimens, in other patients parietal cells reappeared without any specific therapy.", "PMID": 1179948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7216", "title": "Human evoked responses to potentially noxious tactile stimulation, i.", "content": "Primary somatosensory evoked responses to tapping and pinprick of contralateral central palmar skin, recorded from human scalp, yielded significant differences of peak latency but not of amplitude, suggesting afferent conduction by two populations of primary fibers, Group II and Group III respectively. Pinprick first positives were always later for all conscious subjects, and sometimes larger. A model for cortical discrimination of signal phase and frequency is related to these data.", "contents": "Human evoked responses to potentially noxious tactile stimulation, i. Primary somatosensory evoked responses to tapping and pinprick of contralateral central palmar skin, recorded from human scalp, yielded significant differences of peak latency but not of amplitude, suggesting afferent conduction by two populations of primary fibers, Group II and Group III respectively. Pinprick first positives were always later for all conscious subjects, and sometimes larger. A model for cortical discrimination of signal phase and frequency is related to these data.", "PMID": 1179963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7217", "title": "The effect of cortical spreading depression on motor performance and depth avoidance in rats.", "content": "Functional decortication induced by cortical spreading depression (CSD) was used to estimate the significance of cerebral cortex for swimming and depth avoidance in arts. In the swimming test (5 gr sinkers, 36 degrees C water) the median swimming time was reduced from greater 120 minutes in the controls to 16 minutes in the bilaterally depressed rats. Depth avoidance in the physical and visual cliff situation (6 cm to the shallow and 48 cm to the deep surface) was unimpaired by unilateral CSF but was abolished by bilateral CSD. Combination of monocular occlusion with ipsilateral CSD deteriorated the visual cliff test but not the physical cliff behaviour. Functional decortication increased descent latencies and decreased the explaration rate in both tests. It is concluded that cerebral cortex plays an important role in the regulation of unlearned, innate activities with the overall behaviour of the organism.", "contents": "The effect of cortical spreading depression on motor performance and depth avoidance in rats. Functional decortication induced by cortical spreading depression (CSD) was used to estimate the significance of cerebral cortex for swimming and depth avoidance in arts. In the swimming test (5 gr sinkers, 36 degrees C water) the median swimming time was reduced from greater 120 minutes in the controls to 16 minutes in the bilaterally depressed rats. Depth avoidance in the physical and visual cliff situation (6 cm to the shallow and 48 cm to the deep surface) was unimpaired by unilateral CSF but was abolished by bilateral CSD. Combination of monocular occlusion with ipsilateral CSD deteriorated the visual cliff test but not the physical cliff behaviour. Functional decortication increased descent latencies and decreased the explaration rate in both tests. It is concluded that cerebral cortex plays an important role in the regulation of unlearned, innate activities with the overall behaviour of the organism.", "PMID": 1179998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7218", "title": "Ketamine-pancuronium induction in patients with aortic stenosis.", "content": "In 15 patients with severe aortic stenosis who were to undergo aortic valve replacement, the induction sequence ketamine followed by pancuronium caused a 25% rise in systolic blood pressure. In a similar series, the induction sequence diazepam + morphine followed by pancuronium caused a 22% fall in systolic blood pressure. This shows that the blood pressure rise caused by ketamine is not blocked by pancuronium, although pancuronium may possibly modify the cardiovascular responses to this drug.", "contents": "Ketamine-pancuronium induction in patients with aortic stenosis. In 15 patients with severe aortic stenosis who were to undergo aortic valve replacement, the induction sequence ketamine followed by pancuronium caused a 25% rise in systolic blood pressure. In a similar series, the induction sequence diazepam + morphine followed by pancuronium caused a 22% fall in systolic blood pressure. This shows that the blood pressure rise caused by ketamine is not blocked by pancuronium, although pancuronium may possibly modify the cardiovascular responses to this drug.", "PMID": 1179999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7219", "title": "Fine structure of a cerebellar \"fibroma\".", "content": "The fine structure of an intracerebellar \"fibroma\" has been examined. The tumor consists of irregularly-shaped cells connected by well developed junctional complexes. Unusual, fenestrated capillaries with extremely narrow and irregular lumens are frequent. Collagen fibers are not common but the wide extracellular spaces contain large amounts of dense, granular or fibrillar material. The dense material coats the tumor cells and is a apparently secreted from small vesicles found within these cells.", "contents": "Fine structure of a cerebellar \"fibroma\". The fine structure of an intracerebellar \"fibroma\" has been examined. The tumor consists of irregularly-shaped cells connected by well developed junctional complexes. Unusual, fenestrated capillaries with extremely narrow and irregular lumens are frequent. Collagen fibers are not common but the wide extracellular spaces contain large amounts of dense, granular or fibrillar material. The dense material coats the tumor cells and is a apparently secreted from small vesicles found within these cells.", "PMID": 1180000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7220", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on cerebrovascular permeability in acute hypertension.", "content": "Acute hypertension, experimentally induced by intravenous injection of metaraminol in adult rabbits, rapidly induced a damage of the blood-brain barrier in the cerebral cortex, as visualized by Evans-blue-conjugated albumin and horseradish peroxidase. Extravasation of these two exogenous tracers was demonstrated to occur in arterioles, in capillaries and, rarely, in venules. Peroxidase passed the endothelial cell into the nervous tissue in either or three different ways, i.e. through channels, often sigmoidshaped, in the cytoplasm, and transendothelial pinocytosis. The third pathway could, although rarely, be demonstrated between adjacent endothelial cells after cleavage of junctional complexes. The tracer peroxidase was further spread along the blood vessel within the basement membrane and in the extracellular space of the brain. Damaged endothelial cells with diffuse cytoplasmic peroxidase activity and large vesicles were occasionally observed within the areas with blood-brain barrier injury. There were also signs of increased pinocytotic activity in endothelial cells outside the barrier damaged cortical areas. Nerve cells and neuroglial cells could show either a diffuse cytoplasmic peroxidase activity or a vesicular location of the tracer, or sometimes both. The observations are discussed in relation to previous studies on the mechanism of transendothelial passage of protein tracers at blood-brain barrier damage.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on cerebrovascular permeability in acute hypertension. Acute hypertension, experimentally induced by intravenous injection of metaraminol in adult rabbits, rapidly induced a damage of the blood-brain barrier in the cerebral cortex, as visualized by Evans-blue-conjugated albumin and horseradish peroxidase. Extravasation of these two exogenous tracers was demonstrated to occur in arterioles, in capillaries and, rarely, in venules. Peroxidase passed the endothelial cell into the nervous tissue in either or three different ways, i.e. through channels, often sigmoidshaped, in the cytoplasm, and transendothelial pinocytosis. The third pathway could, although rarely, be demonstrated between adjacent endothelial cells after cleavage of junctional complexes. The tracer peroxidase was further spread along the blood vessel within the basement membrane and in the extracellular space of the brain. Damaged endothelial cells with diffuse cytoplasmic peroxidase activity and large vesicles were occasionally observed within the areas with blood-brain barrier injury. There were also signs of increased pinocytotic activity in endothelial cells outside the barrier damaged cortical areas. Nerve cells and neuroglial cells could show either a diffuse cytoplasmic peroxidase activity or a vesicular location of the tracer, or sometimes both. The observations are discussed in relation to previous studies on the mechanism of transendothelial passage of protein tracers at blood-brain barrier damage.", "PMID": 1180001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7221", "title": "[The Marchi reaction: ultrastructural aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "A secondary demyelination process was brought about in the optic tract by unilateral enucleation of 10 adult rats which were sacrificed at 8, 15, 20, 30 and 45 days respectively, after the intervention. The Marchi reaction, which is identifiable by the presence of granular bodies, is positive at all stages, but tends to lessen towards the 45th day. The granular bodies are inside the disintegrating myelin sheath, and gradually fill the space made available by the degenerate axoplasm. The granular bodies are at first bulky and compact before breaking up and disappearing. The remains of the myelin sheath are then resorbed. Satellite cells occur from the 15th day onwards. The interest of the Marchi reaction for the tracing of nervous pathways is confirmed by these findings.", "contents": "[The Marchi reaction: ultrastructural aspects (author's transl)]. A secondary demyelination process was brought about in the optic tract by unilateral enucleation of 10 adult rats which were sacrificed at 8, 15, 20, 30 and 45 days respectively, after the intervention. The Marchi reaction, which is identifiable by the presence of granular bodies, is positive at all stages, but tends to lessen towards the 45th day. The granular bodies are inside the disintegrating myelin sheath, and gradually fill the space made available by the degenerate axoplasm. The granular bodies are at first bulky and compact before breaking up and disappearing. The remains of the myelin sheath are then resorbed. Satellite cells occur from the 15th day onwards. The interest of the Marchi reaction for the tracing of nervous pathways is confirmed by these findings.", "PMID": 1180002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7222", "title": "Experimental cerebral ischemia in mongolian gerbils. I. Light microscopic observations.", "content": "Light microscopic observations were carried out on Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) subjected to a partial cerebral ischemia by occlusion of the left common carotid artery at the neck. About 30% of gerbils developed an ischemic injury in the ipsilateral hemisphere and their brains revealed the following histopathologic features: 1. the changes were related to the intensity (duration) of the ischemic insult and to the time elapsed following release of the occlusion. The ischemic lesions appear to progress after re-establishment of the circulation and this presents one facet of a \"maturation\" phenomenon which seems to be a general principle applicable to various parameters of ischemic injury. The rate of \"maturation\" of the lesions is related to the intensity of the ischemic insult, a lesser intensity resulting in longer development of lesions. 2. The changes were either focal or diffuse in character. The former were assumed to be directly related to a vascular involvement; among the latter the topistic distribution of the hippocampal changes suggested a feature of selective vulnerability. 3. An indirect indication of neuronal recovery was surmised from observations on animals sacrificed after different periods following occlusions of the same duration. Also capable of recovery was a \"reactive change\" observed in the H3 neurons of the hippocampus. This change was characterized by central chromatolysis and resembled the \"rim\u00e4re Reizung\" of Nissl.", "contents": "Experimental cerebral ischemia in mongolian gerbils. I. Light microscopic observations. Light microscopic observations were carried out on Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) subjected to a partial cerebral ischemia by occlusion of the left common carotid artery at the neck. About 30% of gerbils developed an ischemic injury in the ipsilateral hemisphere and their brains revealed the following histopathologic features: 1. the changes were related to the intensity (duration) of the ischemic insult and to the time elapsed following release of the occlusion. The ischemic lesions appear to progress after re-establishment of the circulation and this presents one facet of a \"maturation\" phenomenon which seems to be a general principle applicable to various parameters of ischemic injury. The rate of \"maturation\" of the lesions is related to the intensity of the ischemic insult, a lesser intensity resulting in longer development of lesions. 2. The changes were either focal or diffuse in character. The former were assumed to be directly related to a vascular involvement; among the latter the topistic distribution of the hippocampal changes suggested a feature of selective vulnerability. 3. An indirect indication of neuronal recovery was surmised from observations on animals sacrificed after different periods following occlusions of the same duration. Also capable of recovery was a \"reactive change\" observed in the H3 neurons of the hippocampus. This change was characterized by central chromatolysis and resembled the \"rim\u00e4re Reizung\" of Nissl.", "PMID": 1180003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7223", "title": "The kinetics of cultured human glioma cells: autoradiographic studies.", "content": "The kinetics of monolayer cell cultures, derived from brain tumors which had been labeled with 3H-thymidine just prior to surgical removal, have been investigated. Analysis of autoradiographs indicates that: 1. the distribution of cell types in primary cultures is similar to that of the viable areas of the parent tumor in vivo; 2. the first week of culture constitutes a lag phase; and 3. vigorous proliferation commences during the second week of culture. Double labeling of the tritiated cultures with 14C-thymidine indicates that the pulse labeling index (PLI) of primary cultures during the second week is lower than that of the parent tumor and that the PLI of the culture increases during the second week. In contrast, we found that long-term established cultures in our laboratory have a high PLI during the first few days after passage, quickly reach a maximum, and then drop precipitously 1 week after passage. These latter variations in PLI correspond to the following growth pattern: 1. exponential growth; 2. a stationary phase due to medium exhaustion; or 3. a a plateau due to overcrowding. There are indications that some cell types, which have the capacity to divide in the parent tumor, lose this ability after transfer to tissue culture.", "contents": "The kinetics of cultured human glioma cells: autoradiographic studies. The kinetics of monolayer cell cultures, derived from brain tumors which had been labeled with 3H-thymidine just prior to surgical removal, have been investigated. Analysis of autoradiographs indicates that: 1. the distribution of cell types in primary cultures is similar to that of the viable areas of the parent tumor in vivo; 2. the first week of culture constitutes a lag phase; and 3. vigorous proliferation commences during the second week of culture. Double labeling of the tritiated cultures with 14C-thymidine indicates that the pulse labeling index (PLI) of primary cultures during the second week is lower than that of the parent tumor and that the PLI of the culture increases during the second week. In contrast, we found that long-term established cultures in our laboratory have a high PLI during the first few days after passage, quickly reach a maximum, and then drop precipitously 1 week after passage. These latter variations in PLI correspond to the following growth pattern: 1. exponential growth; 2. a stationary phase due to medium exhaustion; or 3. a a plateau due to overcrowding. There are indications that some cell types, which have the capacity to divide in the parent tumor, lose this ability after transfer to tissue culture.", "PMID": 1180004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7224", "title": "Occipital encephalocele: a pathologic and anatomic analysis.", "content": "The brain from an infant with a cystic occipital mass present at birth is examined in serial section. The occipital mass proved to be a rhombic roof ventriculocele. Within the posterior fossa, it was bound to an occipital lobe encephalocele which issued as a diverticulum of the left lateral ventricle through a microgyric cortical defect in the territory of the left posterior cerebral artery. The posterior medial aspects of both cerebral hemispheres were herniated downward into the widened tentorial gap. Craniolacunae were prominent on the inner aspect of the skull. The aqueduct and central canal of the spinal cord were widely dilated, although the lateral ventricles were collapsed. It is suggested that hydrocephalus secondary to obstruction to flow of CSF through the rhombic roof entrained a sequence of events giving rise to the rhombic roof ventriculocele and causing occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery and subsequent diverticulation of the lateral ventricle through an infarcted region of the posterior-medial hemisphere.", "contents": "Occipital encephalocele: a pathologic and anatomic analysis. The brain from an infant with a cystic occipital mass present at birth is examined in serial section. The occipital mass proved to be a rhombic roof ventriculocele. Within the posterior fossa, it was bound to an occipital lobe encephalocele which issued as a diverticulum of the left lateral ventricle through a microgyric cortical defect in the territory of the left posterior cerebral artery. The posterior medial aspects of both cerebral hemispheres were herniated downward into the widened tentorial gap. Craniolacunae were prominent on the inner aspect of the skull. The aqueduct and central canal of the spinal cord were widely dilated, although the lateral ventricles were collapsed. It is suggested that hydrocephalus secondary to obstruction to flow of CSF through the rhombic roof entrained a sequence of events giving rise to the rhombic roof ventriculocele and causing occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery and subsequent diverticulation of the lateral ventricle through an infarcted region of the posterior-medial hemisphere.", "PMID": 1180005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7225", "title": "Plasma membrane structures of medulloblastoma and cerebellar sarcoma.", "content": "Three medulloblastomas and 1 cerebellar sarcoma were studied on their plasma membrane structures. The average number of membrane particles per mum2 plasma membrane was 710 on face A and 70 on face B of medulloblastoma and 1280 on face A and 160 on face B of cerebellar sarcoma. The membrane particles were often aggregated in medulloblastoma and diffusely scattered in cerebellar sarcoma. Small gap junctions were occasionally found in cerebellar sarcoma and not evident in medulloblastoma. Round membrane protrusions, about 0.5-0.6 mu in diameter and provided with several small depressions on their foot, were often observed in region of narrow perinuclear cytoplasm of cerebellar sarcoma and different in structure from cytoplasmic processes. The present series is too limited in number to allow a definite conclusion, but indicates that the plasma membrane structures are different in medulloblastoma and cerebellar sarcoma.", "contents": "Plasma membrane structures of medulloblastoma and cerebellar sarcoma. Three medulloblastomas and 1 cerebellar sarcoma were studied on their plasma membrane structures. The average number of membrane particles per mum2 plasma membrane was 710 on face A and 70 on face B of medulloblastoma and 1280 on face A and 160 on face B of cerebellar sarcoma. The membrane particles were often aggregated in medulloblastoma and diffusely scattered in cerebellar sarcoma. Small gap junctions were occasionally found in cerebellar sarcoma and not evident in medulloblastoma. Round membrane protrusions, about 0.5-0.6 mu in diameter and provided with several small depressions on their foot, were often observed in region of narrow perinuclear cytoplasm of cerebellar sarcoma and different in structure from cytoplasmic processes. The present series is too limited in number to allow a definite conclusion, but indicates that the plasma membrane structures are different in medulloblastoma and cerebellar sarcoma.", "PMID": 1180006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7226", "title": "Anoxic encephalopathy with predominant involvement of basal ganglia, brain stem and spinal cord in the perinatal period. Report on seven newborns.", "content": "This study reports subcortical lesions in 7 newborn babies after transient circulatory arrest and/or asphyxia. Basal ganglia, diencephalon, tegmentum of the brain stem and spinal grey matter exhibited extensive necroses in a columnar pattern. The lesions of the telencephalic and cerebellar cortex are less prominent. The spinal cord, available in 3 children, revealed subtotal neuronal loss in all segments. The lesions represent the extreme anoxic damage of the CNS in the perinatal period, comparable with brain death in the adulthood. Moreover, the pattern with predominating subcortical lesions indicates that anoxia affects the grey matter in all levels of the CNS.", "contents": "Anoxic encephalopathy with predominant involvement of basal ganglia, brain stem and spinal cord in the perinatal period. Report on seven newborns. This study reports subcortical lesions in 7 newborn babies after transient circulatory arrest and/or asphyxia. Basal ganglia, diencephalon, tegmentum of the brain stem and spinal grey matter exhibited extensive necroses in a columnar pattern. The lesions of the telencephalic and cerebellar cortex are less prominent. The spinal cord, available in 3 children, revealed subtotal neuronal loss in all segments. The lesions represent the extreme anoxic damage of the CNS in the perinatal period, comparable with brain death in the adulthood. Moreover, the pattern with predominating subcortical lesions indicates that anoxia affects the grey matter in all levels of the CNS.", "PMID": 1180007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7227", "title": "Regeneration of a transected peripheral nerve. An autoradiographic and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The regeneration of transected peripheral nerves of mice was studied using autoradiographical and electron microscopical techniques. In general, maximal proliferation occurred between the 5th and 7th day after dissection and stopped when the cells emigrating from the proximal and distal stumps of the nerve started to contact one another. Special attention was paid to the reaction of the connective tissue cells of the endo-, epi- and perineurium. The perineurial cells seemed to dedifferentiate between the 3rd and 5th day after the transection and then started to proliferate into the defect. Labelled perineurial cells were completely absent, when the minifascicles were fully developed in the neuroma. The epineurial fibroblasts started to proliferate during the 1st day. Even 6 weeks after transection the multiplication rate was about ten fold that of the controls. The results are discussed with special reference to clinical nerve repair.", "contents": "Regeneration of a transected peripheral nerve. An autoradiographic and electron microscopic study. The regeneration of transected peripheral nerves of mice was studied using autoradiographical and electron microscopical techniques. In general, maximal proliferation occurred between the 5th and 7th day after dissection and stopped when the cells emigrating from the proximal and distal stumps of the nerve started to contact one another. Special attention was paid to the reaction of the connective tissue cells of the endo-, epi- and perineurium. The perineurial cells seemed to dedifferentiate between the 3rd and 5th day after the transection and then started to proliferate into the defect. Labelled perineurial cells were completely absent, when the minifascicles were fully developed in the neuroma. The epineurial fibroblasts started to proliferate during the 1st day. Even 6 weeks after transection the multiplication rate was about ten fold that of the controls. The results are discussed with special reference to clinical nerve repair.", "PMID": 1180008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7228", "title": "Human nervous system tumors. Observations by high voltages electron microscopy.", "content": "Thick sections (0.5--2 mu) of biopsies from human nervous system tumors (Schwannoma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma), fixed in aldehydes followed by osmium, and stained with uranyl acetate and lead, have been studied at 2.5 MV, and compared to thin sections of the same material observed by ordinary low voltage electron microscopy. High voltage electron microscopy permits direct observation of cell fine structure in three dimensions, including the spatial relations of organelles. Details of contours of nuclear envelopes, shapes of mitochondria, fine aspects of the structure of cell surfaces and processes, such as the flat sheet-like and irregular cylindrical processes of Schwannoma cells, the small projections and ridges on their surfaces, and microvilli and cilia of ependymoma cells, and other features have been observed. These initial observations demonstrate the applicability of high voltage electron microscopy to further study of neural neoplasms.", "contents": "Human nervous system tumors. Observations by high voltages electron microscopy. Thick sections (0.5--2 mu) of biopsies from human nervous system tumors (Schwannoma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma), fixed in aldehydes followed by osmium, and stained with uranyl acetate and lead, have been studied at 2.5 MV, and compared to thin sections of the same material observed by ordinary low voltage electron microscopy. High voltage electron microscopy permits direct observation of cell fine structure in three dimensions, including the spatial relations of organelles. Details of contours of nuclear envelopes, shapes of mitochondria, fine aspects of the structure of cell surfaces and processes, such as the flat sheet-like and irregular cylindrical processes of Schwannoma cells, the small projections and ridges on their surfaces, and microvilli and cilia of ependymoma cells, and other features have been observed. These initial observations demonstrate the applicability of high voltage electron microscopy to further study of neural neoplasms.", "PMID": 1180009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7229", "title": "Ganglioneuromas in hamsters.", "content": "A description is given of three cases of ganglioneuromas, which originated from ganglia of the sympathetic chain of hamsters. Other reports of such tumors in this species are reviewed and the literature relative to hamster ganglioneuromas presented. In addition, the possible genesis of origin from adult ganglion cells upon the action of carcinogenic stimuli is discussed.", "contents": "Ganglioneuromas in hamsters. A description is given of three cases of ganglioneuromas, which originated from ganglia of the sympathetic chain of hamsters. Other reports of such tumors in this species are reviewed and the literature relative to hamster ganglioneuromas presented. In addition, the possible genesis of origin from adult ganglion cells upon the action of carcinogenic stimuli is discussed.", "PMID": 1180010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7230", "title": "An adult case of metachromatic leukodystrophy. Light, polarization and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The findings are described in an adult case of metachromatic leukodystrophy examined by light, polarization and electron microscopy. Symmetrical demyelination was found in the cerebral hemispheres, but was moderate in the cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord. Early changes in myelin of peripheral nerves have been demonstrated by polarization microscopy. Various metachromatic structures have been described in glial cells and neurons by electron microscopy, indicating disturbances at different metabolic steps of lipid metabolism. There are minor but no essential ultrastructural differences in the disease of different ages.", "contents": "An adult case of metachromatic leukodystrophy. Light, polarization and electron microscopic study. The findings are described in an adult case of metachromatic leukodystrophy examined by light, polarization and electron microscopy. Symmetrical demyelination was found in the cerebral hemispheres, but was moderate in the cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord. Early changes in myelin of peripheral nerves have been demonstrated by polarization microscopy. Various metachromatic structures have been described in glial cells and neurons by electron microscopy, indicating disturbances at different metabolic steps of lipid metabolism. There are minor but no essential ultrastructural differences in the disease of different ages.", "PMID": 1180011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7231", "title": "[External temporal biopsy in a case of infiltrating limbic glioma: study of astrocytic membranous wrapping whorls (author's transl)].", "content": "An intracranial hypertension was found at autopsy to be due to a limbic infiltrating glioma. A cortical temporal biopsy had been done 14 months before, whose ultrastructural results are reported. Membranous whorls, made of two dense membranes with a variable separative space are seen around neurones, dendrites, axons, synapses and oligoglial cells; they derived from astrocytes and are joined by 2 types of cell junctions: gap-junctions and puncta adherentia. Relations between reactive and tumoral gliosis are discussed.", "contents": "[External temporal biopsy in a case of infiltrating limbic glioma: study of astrocytic membranous wrapping whorls (author's transl)]. An intracranial hypertension was found at autopsy to be due to a limbic infiltrating glioma. A cortical temporal biopsy had been done 14 months before, whose ultrastructural results are reported. Membranous whorls, made of two dense membranes with a variable separative space are seen around neurones, dendrites, axons, synapses and oligoglial cells; they derived from astrocytes and are joined by 2 types of cell junctions: gap-junctions and puncta adherentia. Relations between reactive and tumoral gliosis are discussed.", "PMID": 1180012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7232", "title": "Uptake of tritium labelled chloroquine into organized cultures of rat spinal ganglia. An electron microscope autoradiographic study.", "content": "Cultured spinal ganglia of the rat treated with 3-3H-chloroquine led to the formation of numerous multilamellated bodies (MLB) in the perikarya of neurons, satellite cells, and fibroblasts. Electron microscope autoradiography showed label over and near a considerable proportion of MLB. The action of chloroquine in MLB is discussed with regard to its effect upon lysosomes.", "contents": "Uptake of tritium labelled chloroquine into organized cultures of rat spinal ganglia. An electron microscope autoradiographic study. Cultured spinal ganglia of the rat treated with 3-3H-chloroquine led to the formation of numerous multilamellated bodies (MLB) in the perikarya of neurons, satellite cells, and fibroblasts. Electron microscope autoradiography showed label over and near a considerable proportion of MLB. The action of chloroquine in MLB is discussed with regard to its effect upon lysosomes.", "PMID": 1180013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7233", "title": "Symmetrical infantile thalamic degeneration with focal cytoplasmic calcification.", "content": "Infantile thalamic degeneration is a rare clinico-pathological entity. Restricted location of the lesion and peculiar cytopathological changes serve to distinguish this disorder from other common encephalopathies. Optical and ultrastructural studies demonstrate cytoplasmic calcopherules in previously viable cells. According to current concepts of acute cellular reactions to injury and mechanism of intracellular calcification, the cytological changes cannot be attributed to either hypoxic ischemic cell change or dystrophic calcification. By analogy to other human and pathological material, the most likely basis for nondystrophic calcopherule formation is toxic or infectious injury with local synthesis, or autophagic or phagolysosomal degradation of cellular debris of specific chemical composition favoring calcium deposition.", "contents": "Symmetrical infantile thalamic degeneration with focal cytoplasmic calcification. Infantile thalamic degeneration is a rare clinico-pathological entity. Restricted location of the lesion and peculiar cytopathological changes serve to distinguish this disorder from other common encephalopathies. Optical and ultrastructural studies demonstrate cytoplasmic calcopherules in previously viable cells. According to current concepts of acute cellular reactions to injury and mechanism of intracellular calcification, the cytological changes cannot be attributed to either hypoxic ischemic cell change or dystrophic calcification. By analogy to other human and pathological material, the most likely basis for nondystrophic calcopherule formation is toxic or infectious injury with local synthesis, or autophagic or phagolysosomal degradation of cellular debris of specific chemical composition favoring calcium deposition.", "PMID": 1180014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7234", "title": "Changes caused by chloroquine in cultured nervous tissues of the rat.", "content": "Cultures of dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord segements of Wistar rats were subjected to chloroquine at a concentration of 2 X 10(-4)M for periods from 1-6 days. The perikarya of sensory ganglion cells and central neurons reacted to the drug by vesiculation and dilatation of the Golgi apparatus after 24 hrs of chloroquine administration. At this stage small numbers of multilamellated bodies (MLB) were present in the cytoplasm. Widening of the Golgi organelle had progressed, and MLB increased in size and numbers 48 hrs after exposure to the drug. Membranes of the Golgi apparatus and of the endoplasmic reticulum were incorporated in the lamellae of the MLB. At 6 days of chloroquine treatment the neurons were filled with large numbers of MLB. Acid phosphatase activity was found in MLB at early stages of drug exposure up to 48 hrs. At the 5th day of exposure no reaction for this hydrolytic enzyme was detected.", "contents": "Changes caused by chloroquine in cultured nervous tissues of the rat. Cultures of dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord segements of Wistar rats were subjected to chloroquine at a concentration of 2 X 10(-4)M for periods from 1-6 days. The perikarya of sensory ganglion cells and central neurons reacted to the drug by vesiculation and dilatation of the Golgi apparatus after 24 hrs of chloroquine administration. At this stage small numbers of multilamellated bodies (MLB) were present in the cytoplasm. Widening of the Golgi organelle had progressed, and MLB increased in size and numbers 48 hrs after exposure to the drug. Membranes of the Golgi apparatus and of the endoplasmic reticulum were incorporated in the lamellae of the MLB. At 6 days of chloroquine treatment the neurons were filled with large numbers of MLB. Acid phosphatase activity was found in MLB at early stages of drug exposure up to 48 hrs. At the 5th day of exposure no reaction for this hydrolytic enzyme was detected.", "PMID": 1180015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7235", "title": "[Piloid astrocytes (spongiocytes) and Rosenthal fibers in multiple sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Focal and widespread intense hyperplasia of piloid astrocytes was found in the brain of a 51 year old woman with multiple sclerosis and typical demyelinating lesions. The piloid astrocytosis was confined to older plaques in brain stem, cerebellum and periventricular white matter, but could not be found in telencephalic plaques distant from the ventricular system. The piloid astrocytes and accompanying glial fiber bundles were oriented in alternating direction, thus imitating structural characteristics of spongioblastomas. In the pons, an especially high density of astrocytosis was found with lobulated and giant nuclei and binuclear cells. One large demyelinated plaque in the central white matter of the cerebellum contained numerous Rosenthal fibers between the piloid astrocytes. By their intense glial fiber production, the piloid astrocytes took part of the formation of glial scars. The term spongiocyte is proposed for piloid astrocytes of this highly differentiated type, in order to separate them from the immature spongioblasts of gliogenesis. The pathogenetic mechanism is not clear. It is supposed that during intense reparative astrocytic proliferation the development of atypic reactions is favoured. A primary evocation of this type of reaction by the demyelinating factor itself must also be taken into consideration. The topographic predilection, in our case, of piloid astrocytosis to brain stem and cerebellum indicates a disposition of regions formed by the embryogenetic side plate to reactions of this type.", "contents": "[Piloid astrocytes (spongiocytes) and Rosenthal fibers in multiple sclerosis (author's transl)]. Focal and widespread intense hyperplasia of piloid astrocytes was found in the brain of a 51 year old woman with multiple sclerosis and typical demyelinating lesions. The piloid astrocytosis was confined to older plaques in brain stem, cerebellum and periventricular white matter, but could not be found in telencephalic plaques distant from the ventricular system. The piloid astrocytes and accompanying glial fiber bundles were oriented in alternating direction, thus imitating structural characteristics of spongioblastomas. In the pons, an especially high density of astrocytosis was found with lobulated and giant nuclei and binuclear cells. One large demyelinated plaque in the central white matter of the cerebellum contained numerous Rosenthal fibers between the piloid astrocytes. By their intense glial fiber production, the piloid astrocytes took part of the formation of glial scars. The term spongiocyte is proposed for piloid astrocytes of this highly differentiated type, in order to separate them from the immature spongioblasts of gliogenesis. The pathogenetic mechanism is not clear. It is supposed that during intense reparative astrocytic proliferation the development of atypic reactions is favoured. A primary evocation of this type of reaction by the demyelinating factor itself must also be taken into consideration. The topographic predilection, in our case, of piloid astrocytosis to brain stem and cerebellum indicates a disposition of regions formed by the embryogenetic side plate to reactions of this type.", "PMID": 1180016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7236", "title": "Fluorescein labelled dextrans as tracers for vascular permeability studies in the nervous system.", "content": "Golden hamsters received i.v. injections of dextrans labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-Dextran). After 4 hrs samples from the cerebral hemispheres, Gasserian ganglia and sciatic nerves were fixed either by immersion in formalin or by cardiac perfusion with the same fixative. The distribution of the tracer was then studied by fluorescence microscopy of thin frozen sections. With this simple technique FITC-Dextrans could easily be detected in tissue sections. The tracers used (mol. w. 19000 and 154000) spread in the same way as fluorochrome-labelled albumin, remaining in the lumen of cerebral vessels but leaking extensively from vessels in the ganglia. FITC-Dextrans thus appear to be very useful tracers for vascular permeability studies of nervous tissue since dextrans can be obtained in a wide range of molecular weights. FITC-Dextrans can also be subjected to microscopic and quantitative studies.", "contents": "Fluorescein labelled dextrans as tracers for vascular permeability studies in the nervous system. Golden hamsters received i.v. injections of dextrans labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-Dextran). After 4 hrs samples from the cerebral hemispheres, Gasserian ganglia and sciatic nerves were fixed either by immersion in formalin or by cardiac perfusion with the same fixative. The distribution of the tracer was then studied by fluorescence microscopy of thin frozen sections. With this simple technique FITC-Dextrans could easily be detected in tissue sections. The tracers used (mol. w. 19000 and 154000) spread in the same way as fluorochrome-labelled albumin, remaining in the lumen of cerebral vessels but leaking extensively from vessels in the ganglia. FITC-Dextrans thus appear to be very useful tracers for vascular permeability studies of nervous tissue since dextrans can be obtained in a wide range of molecular weights. FITC-Dextrans can also be subjected to microscopic and quantitative studies.", "PMID": 1180017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7237", "title": "Cholesterol masses in association with spinal cord infarction due to intervertebral disc emboli.", "content": "The clinical and autopsy findings are presented from three dogs with spinal cord infarction. At autopsy firm gritty masses and cystic areas were present within the spinal cord. The masses contained numerous cholesterol clefts, collagen and reticulin fibres and were accompanied by a macrophage, giant cell and lymphocytic response. The cholesterol masses were present mainly in white matter. The ventral spinal artery or its branches as well as pial arteries contained fibrillary masses often covered by endothelial cells. The staining characteristics of these emboli suggested that they were fibro-cartilagenous and probably derived from the intervertebral discs. It is assumed that the cholesterol masses were formed from myelin breakdown products within infarcted areas.", "contents": "Cholesterol masses in association with spinal cord infarction due to intervertebral disc emboli. The clinical and autopsy findings are presented from three dogs with spinal cord infarction. At autopsy firm gritty masses and cystic areas were present within the spinal cord. The masses contained numerous cholesterol clefts, collagen and reticulin fibres and were accompanied by a macrophage, giant cell and lymphocytic response. The cholesterol masses were present mainly in white matter. The ventral spinal artery or its branches as well as pial arteries contained fibrillary masses often covered by endothelial cells. The staining characteristics of these emboli suggested that they were fibro-cartilagenous and probably derived from the intervertebral discs. It is assumed that the cholesterol masses were formed from myelin breakdown products within infarcted areas.", "PMID": 1180018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7238", "title": "The morphology of growth cartilage using the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "The authors undertook a scanning electron microscopic study of the layers of the growth cartilage in the distal end of the rabbit femur in longitudinal and transverse fractures. The relationships between the various morphological structures were determined. The three-dimensional spatial depiction facilitates the better understanding of some mutual relationships between various growth cartilage components. Especially interesting are the regressive processes in both the cells and the matrix which explain the reduction of mechanical strength in the zone of the hypertrophic cells. Also interesting is the way in which the cells are placed and fixed in the lucunae. Moreover, the spatial picture of the terminal plate shows an unexpectedly compact structure.", "contents": "The morphology of growth cartilage using the scanning electron microscope. The authors undertook a scanning electron microscopic study of the layers of the growth cartilage in the distal end of the rabbit femur in longitudinal and transverse fractures. The relationships between the various morphological structures were determined. The three-dimensional spatial depiction facilitates the better understanding of some mutual relationships between various growth cartilage components. Especially interesting are the regressive processes in both the cells and the matrix which explain the reduction of mechanical strength in the zone of the hypertrophic cells. Also interesting is the way in which the cells are placed and fixed in the lucunae. Moreover, the spatial picture of the terminal plate shows an unexpectedly compact structure.", "PMID": 1180019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7239", "title": "Bone lesions in pigmented villonodular synovitis.", "content": "Seven cases of pigmented villonodular synovitis with invasion of the bone are described, four affecting the hip and the remaining three involving the knee, shoulder and ankle joint, respectively. The pathogenesis of the bone changes and the radiographical appearance of the involved joints are described. The methods of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Bone lesions in pigmented villonodular synovitis. Seven cases of pigmented villonodular synovitis with invasion of the bone are described, four affecting the hip and the remaining three involving the knee, shoulder and ankle joint, respectively. The pathogenesis of the bone changes and the radiographical appearance of the involved joints are described. The methods of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 1180020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7240", "title": "Monteggia lesions and their complicating nerve damage.", "content": "Monteggia lesions and their equivalents are reviewed on the basis of the literature and 14 cases encountered over a 10-year period. Mention is made of aetiology, classification into types and treatment. For the 14 cases in this study the mean follow-up time was 6 years. Likewise, mention is made of the relationship between anatomy and the neuropathy which is a frequent complication in Monteggia lesions. In particular the ramus profundus of the radial nerve is exposed to injury but other nerves may also be involved. It is concluded that Monteggia lesions and their equivalents are relatively rare, a fact that may give rise to therapeutic problems. In adults the lesions often lead to permanent restriction of movement. Patients should be followed up for a long time with a view to early recognition and treatment of ulnar pseudoarthrosis. In case of neurological complications the intiial treatment should be conservative and expectant since there is usually no lesion to the nerve in continuity, but if function has failed to return after 8 weeks, surgical exploration is required with decompression in view.", "contents": "Monteggia lesions and their complicating nerve damage. Monteggia lesions and their equivalents are reviewed on the basis of the literature and 14 cases encountered over a 10-year period. Mention is made of aetiology, classification into types and treatment. For the 14 cases in this study the mean follow-up time was 6 years. Likewise, mention is made of the relationship between anatomy and the neuropathy which is a frequent complication in Monteggia lesions. In particular the ramus profundus of the radial nerve is exposed to injury but other nerves may also be involved. It is concluded that Monteggia lesions and their equivalents are relatively rare, a fact that may give rise to therapeutic problems. In adults the lesions often lead to permanent restriction of movement. Patients should be followed up for a long time with a view to early recognition and treatment of ulnar pseudoarthrosis. In case of neurological complications the intiial treatment should be conservative and expectant since there is usually no lesion to the nerve in continuity, but if function has failed to return after 8 weeks, surgical exploration is required with decompression in view.", "PMID": 1180022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7241", "title": "The carpal tunnel syndrome. A retrospective study of 400 operated patients.", "content": "Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common cause of pain, often combined with hypaesthesia in the median distribution of the hand and atrophy of the thenar. We describe pre-, per-, and post-operative findings in 400 patients. Venous stasis is a good diagnostic method in establishing the syndrome. Operative treatment generally gives freedom from pain and normalization of sensibility.", "contents": "The carpal tunnel syndrome. A retrospective study of 400 operated patients. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common cause of pain, often combined with hypaesthesia in the median distribution of the hand and atrophy of the thenar. We describe pre-, per-, and post-operative findings in 400 patients. Venous stasis is a good diagnostic method in establishing the syndrome. Operative treatment generally gives freedom from pain and normalization of sensibility.", "PMID": 1180023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7242", "title": "The effect of delayed disc surgery on muscular paresis.", "content": "A prospective study was carried out in 280 patients suffering from sciatica caused by myelographically verified disc prolapse. The patients were divided into three groups according to the following criteria: 1. The doubtful group, selected at random. Patients with doubtful indications for surgery. Treated operatively or not--by drawing lots. 2. Non-operated group. Patients with moderate symptoms and/or continued improvement. 3. Operated group. Patients with imperative indications for surgery. The muscle strength of the lower limbs was measured during maximal isometric voluntary contractions in all the patients 2 weeks after admission. Approximately 50 per cent had paresis. Control examinations of these patients 1 year later showed that operative treatment gave no better prognosis than conservative treatment with regard to the motor function, neither in the group chosen at random nor in the selected groups. The causative factors are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of delayed disc surgery on muscular paresis. A prospective study was carried out in 280 patients suffering from sciatica caused by myelographically verified disc prolapse. The patients were divided into three groups according to the following criteria: 1. The doubtful group, selected at random. Patients with doubtful indications for surgery. Treated operatively or not--by drawing lots. 2. Non-operated group. Patients with moderate symptoms and/or continued improvement. 3. Operated group. Patients with imperative indications for surgery. The muscle strength of the lower limbs was measured during maximal isometric voluntary contractions in all the patients 2 weeks after admission. Approximately 50 per cent had paresis. Control examinations of these patients 1 year later showed that operative treatment gave no better prognosis than conservative treatment with regard to the motor function, neither in the group chosen at random nor in the selected groups. The causative factors are discussed.", "PMID": 1180024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7243", "title": "Comminuted intertrochanteric fracture of the femoral neck.", "content": "If comminuted intertrochanteric fractures of the femoral neck are treated in the same way as the simple ones--by reduction, McLaughlin nailing, and early weightbearing--many complications will occur, in most cases failure of the osteosynthesis or infection. If operation is to be used at all in these fractures, it must take the form of a firmer fixation or primary osteotomy. Moreover, the time of commencement of weight-bearing must be accurately and individually determined.", "contents": "Comminuted intertrochanteric fracture of the femoral neck. If comminuted intertrochanteric fractures of the femoral neck are treated in the same way as the simple ones--by reduction, McLaughlin nailing, and early weightbearing--many complications will occur, in most cases failure of the osteosynthesis or infection. If operation is to be used at all in these fractures, it must take the form of a firmer fixation or primary osteotomy. Moreover, the time of commencement of weight-bearing must be accurately and individually determined.", "PMID": 1180025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7244", "title": "Mortality in intertrochanteric fracture of the femoral neck.", "content": "The mortality during the first year after operation was studied in 209 patients with intertrochanteric fracture of the femoral neck, all treated with osteosynthesis. The excess mortality due to the fracture and operation proved to be about 20 per cent. Among the great majority of patients who did not have significant cardiac symptoms or signs despite their advanced age, the excess mortality was below 10 per cent. Among patients whose operative risk had been deemed increased due to heart disease, the excess mortality during the first year was about 50 per cent.", "contents": "Mortality in intertrochanteric fracture of the femoral neck. The mortality during the first year after operation was studied in 209 patients with intertrochanteric fracture of the femoral neck, all treated with osteosynthesis. The excess mortality due to the fracture and operation proved to be about 20 per cent. Among the great majority of patients who did not have significant cardiac symptoms or signs despite their advanced age, the excess mortality was below 10 per cent. Among patients whose operative risk had been deemed increased due to heart disease, the excess mortality during the first year was about 50 per cent.", "PMID": 1180026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7245", "title": "The influence of acrylic cement on the femur of the dog. A histological study.", "content": "Using dogs as experimental animals, polymerizing methylmethacrylate was inserted into the marrow cavity of the femur. The influence on bone over a period of 21 months was studied by means of histological techniques and microradiography. To distinguish the effect of the methacrylate proper from the circulatory disturbance resulting from the operation, control experiments were performed in which the marrow cavity was emptied, but no acrylic cement was inserted. Polymerization of the methacrylate in vivo resulted in a local rise in temperature to about 58 degrees C. In the femurs containing the acrylic cement a consistent picture developed, consisting of: a) necrosis and removal of the central part of the cortex and b) apposition of a thick layer of bone on the outer surface of the cortex, c) deposition of a cylindrical bone sleeve in contact with the methacrylate. In the control experiments only a minimal resorption at the inside surface of the cortex and the deposition of a thin layer of bone at the outside of the cortex were observed. It is concluded inter al. that circulatory distrubance contributes only slightly to the total reaction of bone to the insertion of methacrylate.", "contents": "The influence of acrylic cement on the femur of the dog. A histological study. Using dogs as experimental animals, polymerizing methylmethacrylate was inserted into the marrow cavity of the femur. The influence on bone over a period of 21 months was studied by means of histological techniques and microradiography. To distinguish the effect of the methacrylate proper from the circulatory disturbance resulting from the operation, control experiments were performed in which the marrow cavity was emptied, but no acrylic cement was inserted. Polymerization of the methacrylate in vivo resulted in a local rise in temperature to about 58 degrees C. In the femurs containing the acrylic cement a consistent picture developed, consisting of: a) necrosis and removal of the central part of the cortex and b) apposition of a thick layer of bone on the outer surface of the cortex, c) deposition of a cylindrical bone sleeve in contact with the methacrylate. In the control experiments only a minimal resorption at the inside surface of the cortex and the deposition of a thin layer of bone at the outside of the cortex were observed. It is concluded inter al. that circulatory distrubance contributes only slightly to the total reaction of bone to the insertion of methacrylate.", "PMID": 1180027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7246", "title": "A biochemical analysis of subchondral bone of the medial tibial condyle in the normal state and in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A chemical analysis has been carried out on specimens from the subchondral weightbearing area of the medial tibial condyle from 22 normal individuals, 14 individuals with osteoarthritis and 12 individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. In the normal group there was a decrease in density with advancing age. Over the age of 50 there was no significant difference between the groups. The content of collagen, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in each bone specimen was calculated. When expressed in per cent of dry fat free bone there was no significant difference between the three groups. When calculations were made on the basis of content per volume tissue wet bone some differences were found. There was a tendency for a higher content of collagen in rheumatoid bone than in normal and osteoarthritic bone. The content of calcium was significantly higher in rheumatoid arthritis than in osteoarthritis; the same result was found in the analysis of phosphorus. In the normal group there was a decrease in phosphorus content with advancing age, this was also seen in the magnesium analysis.", "contents": "A biochemical analysis of subchondral bone of the medial tibial condyle in the normal state and in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. A chemical analysis has been carried out on specimens from the subchondral weightbearing area of the medial tibial condyle from 22 normal individuals, 14 individuals with osteoarthritis and 12 individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. In the normal group there was a decrease in density with advancing age. Over the age of 50 there was no significant difference between the groups. The content of collagen, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in each bone specimen was calculated. When expressed in per cent of dry fat free bone there was no significant difference between the three groups. When calculations were made on the basis of content per volume tissue wet bone some differences were found. There was a tendency for a higher content of collagen in rheumatoid bone than in normal and osteoarthritic bone. The content of calcium was significantly higher in rheumatoid arthritis than in osteoarthritis; the same result was found in the analysis of phosphorus. In the normal group there was a decrease in phosphorus content with advancing age, this was also seen in the magnesium analysis.", "PMID": 1180028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7247", "title": "Chondromalacia of the patella. Physical signs in relation to operative findings.", "content": "Cartilaginous changes on the patella are common and were demonstrated in 50 out of 100 patients who underwent operation for intraarticular disease of the knee joint. In order to clarify further the signs of this condition, the physical signs were related to the operative findings. Retropatellar crepitation was present in most cases, but cannot be called pathognomonic. Pain on grating and tenderness on palpation of the patella in fact occurred together only in cases with cartilaginous changes on the patella. On the other hand, cartilaginous changes were found in several cases without such signs, a condition which perhaps should be interpreted as cartilaginous changes only, not as the symptom complex chondromalacia of the patella in which there ought to be a history of symptoms.", "contents": "Chondromalacia of the patella. Physical signs in relation to operative findings. Cartilaginous changes on the patella are common and were demonstrated in 50 out of 100 patients who underwent operation for intraarticular disease of the knee joint. In order to clarify further the signs of this condition, the physical signs were related to the operative findings. Retropatellar crepitation was present in most cases, but cannot be called pathognomonic. Pain on grating and tenderness on palpation of the patella in fact occurred together only in cases with cartilaginous changes on the patella. On the other hand, cartilaginous changes were found in several cases without such signs, a condition which perhaps should be interpreted as cartilaginous changes only, not as the symptom complex chondromalacia of the patella in which there ought to be a history of symptoms.", "PMID": 1180029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7248", "title": "Chondromalacia and the unstable patella.", "content": "Fifty-eight realignment operations for dislocation or subluxation of the extensor mechanism are described. Patellectomy was combined with realignment in 14. Thirty-five of the 44 patients (80 per cent) in whom the patella was retained also had chondromalacia patellae, which improved after realignment in 26 (74 per cent) without shaving or drilling of the articular surface. The symptoms of chondromalacia were more likely to regress if stability of the extensor mechanism was achieved.", "contents": "Chondromalacia and the unstable patella. Fifty-eight realignment operations for dislocation or subluxation of the extensor mechanism are described. Patellectomy was combined with realignment in 14. Thirty-five of the 44 patients (80 per cent) in whom the patella was retained also had chondromalacia patellae, which improved after realignment in 26 (74 per cent) without shaving or drilling of the articular surface. The symptoms of chondromalacia were more likely to regress if stability of the extensor mechanism was achieved.", "PMID": 1180030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7249", "title": "Simultaneous and spontaneous bilateral rupture of the patellar tendon in rheumatoid arthritis. A case report.", "content": "A case of rupture of the patellar tendon in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis is presented. The age of this patient (27 years) makes this case quite uncommon. The rupture was bilateral, simultaneous and spontaneous. The absence of previous cortisone administration rules out this drug as a cause of the tendon rupture.", "contents": "Simultaneous and spontaneous bilateral rupture of the patellar tendon in rheumatoid arthritis. A case report. A case of rupture of the patellar tendon in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis is presented. The age of this patient (27 years) makes this case quite uncommon. The rupture was bilateral, simultaneous and spontaneous. The absence of previous cortisone administration rules out this drug as a cause of the tendon rupture.", "PMID": 1180031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7250", "title": "Influence of the hypothalamic stimulation of vestibular nuclei units in the rat.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of rat hypothalamus influenced the activity of the vestibular nuclei units, depending on the stimulus location. Vestibular units were excited predominantly by antero-lateral hypothalamic stimulation, whilst middle-medial hypothalamic stimulation mainly induced a decrease in the firing frequency of vestibular units. The possibility of both types of hypothalamic influence on vestibular excitability is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of the hypothalamic stimulation of vestibular nuclei units in the rat. Electrical stimulation of rat hypothalamus influenced the activity of the vestibular nuclei units, depending on the stimulus location. Vestibular units were excited predominantly by antero-lateral hypothalamic stimulation, whilst middle-medial hypothalamic stimulation mainly induced a decrease in the firing frequency of vestibular units. The possibility of both types of hypothalamic influence on vestibular excitability is discussed.", "PMID": 1180033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7251", "title": "Cochlear innervation in the guinea pig. I. The inner spiral bundle region.", "content": "The organization of nerve fibers in the vicinity of the inner hair cells of the guinea pig cochlea was studied in silver-stained whole-mount specimens by light microscopy. In all turns of the organ of Corti the inner spiral bundle (ISB) was found to contain both short and long spiral fascicles coursing toward either the base or the apex. The ISB is largest and its organization is most complex in the upper basal and lower second turns. It becomes markedly reduced in size in the apical and lower basal turns. Many ISB fibers cross the tunnel of Corti to the outer hair cells. Surgical interruption of the efferent nerve supply in the brain stem resulted in degeneration of all ISB fibers. After elimination of the efferents it could be seen that the majority of afferent fibers end on the inner hair cells.", "contents": "Cochlear innervation in the guinea pig. I. The inner spiral bundle region. The organization of nerve fibers in the vicinity of the inner hair cells of the guinea pig cochlea was studied in silver-stained whole-mount specimens by light microscopy. In all turns of the organ of Corti the inner spiral bundle (ISB) was found to contain both short and long spiral fascicles coursing toward either the base or the apex. The ISB is largest and its organization is most complex in the upper basal and lower second turns. It becomes markedly reduced in size in the apical and lower basal turns. Many ISB fibers cross the tunnel of Corti to the outer hair cells. Surgical interruption of the efferent nerve supply in the brain stem resulted in degeneration of all ISB fibers. After elimination of the efferents it could be seen that the majority of afferent fibers end on the inner hair cells.", "PMID": 1180035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7252", "title": "The effect of gravity of positional alcohol nystagmus phase II in man.", "content": "On request from the Swedish state authorities for health and civil air transport (Socialstyrelsen and Luftfartsstyrelsen) experiments were performed in order to establish the duration of the vestibular disturbances after alcohol intake related to rules for aviation safety. It is known that the threshold for provocation of positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN) is lowered under the influence of gavity forces above normal. It has been suggested that PAN II could be provoked by g-loads as late as 48 hours after a small alcohol intake. Our experiments were performed in a human centrifuge with g-values 2 and 3. Whisky (43 vol%, 2.5 cc/kg b.w.) was given in a single dose and blood alcohol analyses were frequently taken. The results show that vestibular disturbances appearing as g-provoked PAN II do not persist for any considerable time. Consequently the present limit of 24 hours' sobriety before flight seems sufficient. Positional nystagmus provoked by g-load even without alcohol intake in the test persons is a new observation.", "contents": "The effect of gravity of positional alcohol nystagmus phase II in man. On request from the Swedish state authorities for health and civil air transport (Socialstyrelsen and Luftfartsstyrelsen) experiments were performed in order to establish the duration of the vestibular disturbances after alcohol intake related to rules for aviation safety. It is known that the threshold for provocation of positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN) is lowered under the influence of gavity forces above normal. It has been suggested that PAN II could be provoked by g-loads as late as 48 hours after a small alcohol intake. Our experiments were performed in a human centrifuge with g-values 2 and 3. Whisky (43 vol%, 2.5 cc/kg b.w.) was given in a single dose and blood alcohol analyses were frequently taken. The results show that vestibular disturbances appearing as g-provoked PAN II do not persist for any considerable time. Consequently the present limit of 24 hours' sobriety before flight seems sufficient. Positional nystagmus provoked by g-load even without alcohol intake in the test persons is a new observation.", "PMID": 1180034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7253", "title": "Evoked responses from inferior colliculus as an index of hearing thresholds in guinea pigs.", "content": "Bipolar electrodes were implanted in the inferior colliculus of 10 healthy guinea pigs, and visual detection level thresholds of auditory evoked responses were obtained at 17 frequencies between 0.5 and 20.0 kHz. One microvolt isopotential curves from the round window for the same test frequencies were obtained in these animals. A comparison between the evoked response threshold curves and previous reports of the behavioral audiogram reveals a favorable correlation. The cochlear potential curve, however, appears to be a less efficient predictor of the audibility curve than the evoked response thresholds. The utility of evoked response audiometry from the inferior colliculus for quickly assessing auditory thresholds in the guinea pig is discussed.", "contents": "Evoked responses from inferior colliculus as an index of hearing thresholds in guinea pigs. Bipolar electrodes were implanted in the inferior colliculus of 10 healthy guinea pigs, and visual detection level thresholds of auditory evoked responses were obtained at 17 frequencies between 0.5 and 20.0 kHz. One microvolt isopotential curves from the round window for the same test frequencies were obtained in these animals. A comparison between the evoked response threshold curves and previous reports of the behavioral audiogram reveals a favorable correlation. The cochlear potential curve, however, appears to be a less efficient predictor of the audibility curve than the evoked response thresholds. The utility of evoked response audiometry from the inferior colliculus for quickly assessing auditory thresholds in the guinea pig is discussed.", "PMID": 1180037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7254", "title": "Normal critical bands in the cat.", "content": "Critical bands in the cat were measured by a behavioural psychophysical method. Pure tones were masked by noise by variable bandwidth but constant total power, geometrically centred on the test tone; the point at which the masked threshold began to fall as the masker bandwidth was increased estimated the critical bandwidth. At 2 kHz the critical bandwidth was also measured from the wideband masked thresholds of both tones and noise of variable bandwidth: this produced the same result as the first method. The measured critical bandwidth was greater than previously published values of the effective bandwidths of single fibres of the auditory nerve. The results do not fit in with the commonly accepted theory that the critical band represents the resolution of the cochlea.", "contents": "Normal critical bands in the cat. Critical bands in the cat were measured by a behavioural psychophysical method. Pure tones were masked by noise by variable bandwidth but constant total power, geometrically centred on the test tone; the point at which the masked threshold began to fall as the masker bandwidth was increased estimated the critical bandwidth. At 2 kHz the critical bandwidth was also measured from the wideband masked thresholds of both tones and noise of variable bandwidth: this produced the same result as the first method. The measured critical bandwidth was greater than previously published values of the effective bandwidths of single fibres of the auditory nerve. The results do not fit in with the commonly accepted theory that the critical band represents the resolution of the cochlea.", "PMID": 1180038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7255", "title": "Noise and the RNA synthesis of the cochlea. Autoradiographic studies.", "content": "In cochlear basal turns of 22 guinea pigs with autoradiography, grain density was measured after injection of 3H-cytidine. Following high initial nuclear labelling, a low incorporation in cytoplasm was observed, even after 24 hours. Synthesis of ribosomal RNA in the organ of Corti seems to be slow. Low grain densities in the whole cochlea presuppose a blood-lymph barrier to cytidine. After white noise (85 dB SPL, 12 hours) were seen a more rapid incorporation into nuclei and after 24 hours an increased labelling of cytoplasm of ganglion cells, fibrocytes and inner hair cells, less of outer hair cells. This might be induced by increased blood flow, concentration of the precursor in the lymphs, cell permeability of alterations of the cellular nucleotide pool. But a real stimulation of cochlear RNA synthesis seems to be the most likely. On comparing different turns, a peak in grain density was found over nuclei of the organ of Corti after 1 hour in the 2nd turn. After 24 hours, cytoplasmic labelling showed a decrease only in outer hair cells towards apical turns.", "contents": "Noise and the RNA synthesis of the cochlea. Autoradiographic studies. In cochlear basal turns of 22 guinea pigs with autoradiography, grain density was measured after injection of 3H-cytidine. Following high initial nuclear labelling, a low incorporation in cytoplasm was observed, even after 24 hours. Synthesis of ribosomal RNA in the organ of Corti seems to be slow. Low grain densities in the whole cochlea presuppose a blood-lymph barrier to cytidine. After white noise (85 dB SPL, 12 hours) were seen a more rapid incorporation into nuclei and after 24 hours an increased labelling of cytoplasm of ganglion cells, fibrocytes and inner hair cells, less of outer hair cells. This might be induced by increased blood flow, concentration of the precursor in the lymphs, cell permeability of alterations of the cellular nucleotide pool. But a real stimulation of cochlear RNA synthesis seems to be the most likely. On comparing different turns, a peak in grain density was found over nuclei of the organ of Corti after 1 hour in the 2nd turn. After 24 hours, cytoplasmic labelling showed a decrease only in outer hair cells towards apical turns.", "PMID": 1180036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7256", "title": "Incorporation of radioactive calcium into otolithic membranes and middle ear ossicles of the gerbil.", "content": "45CaCl2 was injected into gerbils in single or multiple doses, and the resulting radioactivity in serum, otoconial CaCO3, bone samples, and selected labyrinthine epithelium was determined by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Incorporation into both utricular and saccular otoconia occurred at the rate of 0.06-0.07 nmole Ca++ per day, corresponding to a fractional rate of uptake of 0.1%. The retention of radioactivity had a half-life of approximately 11 days. The rate of incorporation of calcium for the middle ear ossicles was 5-7 times that for otoconia and was similar to that for otic capsule and skeletal bone. The level of 45Ca++ was higher in the pigmented regions of the utricular membranous wall than in the non-pigmented areas of the utricular and ampullary wall and in the stria vascularis.", "contents": "Incorporation of radioactive calcium into otolithic membranes and middle ear ossicles of the gerbil. 45CaCl2 was injected into gerbils in single or multiple doses, and the resulting radioactivity in serum, otoconial CaCO3, bone samples, and selected labyrinthine epithelium was determined by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Incorporation into both utricular and saccular otoconia occurred at the rate of 0.06-0.07 nmole Ca++ per day, corresponding to a fractional rate of uptake of 0.1%. The retention of radioactivity had a half-life of approximately 11 days. The rate of incorporation of calcium for the middle ear ossicles was 5-7 times that for otoconia and was similar to that for otic capsule and skeletal bone. The level of 45Ca++ was higher in the pigmented regions of the utricular membranous wall than in the non-pigmented areas of the utricular and ampullary wall and in the stria vascularis.", "PMID": 1180040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7257", "title": "Intermedius nerve involvement and testing in acoustic neuromas.", "content": "The clinical findings in 125 patients with surgically confirmed acoustic neuromas are presented, with special regard to the involvement of the intermedius nerve in the diagnosis. In assessing the function of the intermedius nerve the examination of the nasolacrimal reflex and the sensation of taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue are used. The methods of investigation are described in detail. The material consisted of 20 medium-sized and 105 large tumours; no intracanalicular tumor was found. Hearing loss was the initial symptom in 85% of the patients, 10% had tinitus and 4% vertigo as the first symptom. Apart from the VIII cranial nerve symptoms, a defective nasolacrimal reflex was the most significant evidence of cerebellopontine angle pathology. The test was positive in 65% of the medium-sized tumours, in the entire material, 85%. The figures are higher than the incidence of trigeminal nerve symptoms. This in contrast to the reports of most authors. The tests described are simple and quick to perform, and it is emphasized that they should be applied to all patients with unilateral hearing loss of unknown origin.", "contents": "Intermedius nerve involvement and testing in acoustic neuromas. The clinical findings in 125 patients with surgically confirmed acoustic neuromas are presented, with special regard to the involvement of the intermedius nerve in the diagnosis. In assessing the function of the intermedius nerve the examination of the nasolacrimal reflex and the sensation of taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue are used. The methods of investigation are described in detail. The material consisted of 20 medium-sized and 105 large tumours; no intracanalicular tumor was found. Hearing loss was the initial symptom in 85% of the patients, 10% had tinitus and 4% vertigo as the first symptom. Apart from the VIII cranial nerve symptoms, a defective nasolacrimal reflex was the most significant evidence of cerebellopontine angle pathology. The test was positive in 65% of the medium-sized tumours, in the entire material, 85%. The figures are higher than the incidence of trigeminal nerve symptoms. This in contrast to the reports of most authors. The tests described are simple and quick to perform, and it is emphasized that they should be applied to all patients with unilateral hearing loss of unknown origin.", "PMID": 1180041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7258", "title": "Active otosclerotic foci in the stapes. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "A total of 12 undecalcified and decalcified otosclerotic stapes containing active spongiotic lesions were examined using an electron microscope. Evidence of osteolytic osteolysis was seen in all specimens, but osteoclasts were observed in only four. The advancing  front in the spongiotic lesion was 'moth-eaten' due to the demineralization of canaliculi and lacunae. The demineralizing process appeared to be initiated by degranulation of lysosomes by the degenerating osteocytes. As bone resorption continued, poorly mineralized new bone was laid down by osteoblasts which showed mitochondrial swelling. The possible implication of this mitochondrial swelling is discussed in relation to the pathology of the otosclerosis.", "contents": "Active otosclerotic foci in the stapes. An electron microscopic study. A total of 12 undecalcified and decalcified otosclerotic stapes containing active spongiotic lesions were examined using an electron microscope. Evidence of osteolytic osteolysis was seen in all specimens, but osteoclasts were observed in only four. The advancing  front in the spongiotic lesion was 'moth-eaten' due to the demineralization of canaliculi and lacunae. The demineralizing process appeared to be initiated by degranulation of lysosomes by the degenerating osteocytes. As bone resorption continued, poorly mineralized new bone was laid down by osteoblasts which showed mitochondrial swelling. The possible implication of this mitochondrial swelling is discussed in relation to the pathology of the otosclerosis.", "PMID": 1180039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7259", "title": "Histopathological studies of the nervous system tumors in rats induced by N-nitroso-methyl-urea.", "content": "Histopathological examinations were made on tumors of the nervous system induced in rats of Donryu strain by weekly intravenous injections with N-nitroso-methyl-urea (NMU) or by a single administration of NMU through the mothers. A total of 176 neural and nonneural neoplasms were produced in this study. It was suggested that the fetal nervous system of Donryu rats was also highly susceptible to the oncogenic effects of NMU. Of these tumors produced, those of the peripheral nervous system amounted to 121, comprising 68.7% of the total number of the neoplasm. Microscopically, most of the nerve tumors showed the histology corresponding to that of human neurinomas. Many tumors, however, disclosed more or less anaplastic cytological appearance. Fifteen gliomas were produced in the brain and spinal cord. Microscopically, they were classified into mixed glioma, oligondendroglioma and anaplastic astrocytoma. The commonest brain tumors produced in rats from intravenously treated group were periventricular mixed gliomas, while gliomas in rats from transplacentably treated group showed an isomorphic histology with a close resemblance to that of oligodendroglioma.", "contents": "Histopathological studies of the nervous system tumors in rats induced by N-nitroso-methyl-urea. Histopathological examinations were made on tumors of the nervous system induced in rats of Donryu strain by weekly intravenous injections with N-nitroso-methyl-urea (NMU) or by a single administration of NMU through the mothers. A total of 176 neural and nonneural neoplasms were produced in this study. It was suggested that the fetal nervous system of Donryu rats was also highly susceptible to the oncogenic effects of NMU. Of these tumors produced, those of the peripheral nervous system amounted to 121, comprising 68.7% of the total number of the neoplasm. Microscopically, most of the nerve tumors showed the histology corresponding to that of human neurinomas. Many tumors, however, disclosed more or less anaplastic cytological appearance. Fifteen gliomas were produced in the brain and spinal cord. Microscopically, they were classified into mixed glioma, oligondendroglioma and anaplastic astrocytoma. The commonest brain tumors produced in rats from intravenously treated group were periventricular mixed gliomas, while gliomas in rats from transplacentably treated group showed an isomorphic histology with a close resemblance to that of oligodendroglioma.", "PMID": 1180045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7260", "title": "[The ERA characteristics in normal-hearing persons].", "content": "The ERA characteristics (amplitudes and latencies) were measured in normal-hearing adults (20 to 25 years of age) at frequencies of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 4 000 Hz. Two other age groups (30 to 50 and 55 to 70 years of age) were measured only at 1 000 Hz. Contrary to other authors, the linear scale was chosen to represent the amplitudes. In calculating the variances of the amplitudes it turned out that the intra-individual variance is significantly below the inter-individual variance. Expressed in per cent as a variational coefficient, both decrease with increasing stimulus intensity. Contrary to the behaviour of the amplitudes, no significant difference between the intra- and inter-individual variational coefficient of the latencies could be found. The same is valid for the variational coefficients of the N1 and P2 latencies. As a function of the stimulus strength, the variational coefficient passes through a minimum at medium stimulus intensity. Within the investigated range of 20 to 70 years of age, no significant differences of amplitudes and latencies between the age groups could be found.", "contents": "[The ERA characteristics in normal-hearing persons]. The ERA characteristics (amplitudes and latencies) were measured in normal-hearing adults (20 to 25 years of age) at frequencies of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 4 000 Hz. Two other age groups (30 to 50 and 55 to 70 years of age) were measured only at 1 000 Hz. Contrary to other authors, the linear scale was chosen to represent the amplitudes. In calculating the variances of the amplitudes it turned out that the intra-individual variance is significantly below the inter-individual variance. Expressed in per cent as a variational coefficient, both decrease with increasing stimulus intensity. Contrary to the behaviour of the amplitudes, no significant difference between the intra- and inter-individual variational coefficient of the latencies could be found. The same is valid for the variational coefficients of the N1 and P2 latencies. As a function of the stimulus strength, the variational coefficient passes through a minimum at medium stimulus intensity. Within the investigated range of 20 to 70 years of age, no significant differences of amplitudes and latencies between the age groups could be found.", "PMID": 1180042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7261", "title": "Morphological and biochemical alteration in the rat liver induced by maprotiline.", "content": "The fatty change in the liver induced in male rats by a new antidepressant, maprotiline, given at high-dose was studied morphologically and biochemically. The accumulation of triglyceride in the liver was related to accelerated synthesis of fatty acid in the liver in males, which liver triglyceride was decreased in spite of increased synthesis of fatty acid from acetate in females. Secretion of lipoprotein granules was noted in both sexes. The sexual differences of triglyceride contents in the liver and serum was influenced by sexual hormone. Proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and \"fingerprints\" were found in treated rats and these were correlated with the induction of hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes. The \"myeloid bodies\" induced in hepatocytes were considered to be of lysosomal nature. Both morphological and biochemical alterations in the hepatocytes induced by maprotiline was reversible upon cessation of treatment.", "contents": "Morphological and biochemical alteration in the rat liver induced by maprotiline. The fatty change in the liver induced in male rats by a new antidepressant, maprotiline, given at high-dose was studied morphologically and biochemically. The accumulation of triglyceride in the liver was related to accelerated synthesis of fatty acid in the liver in males, which liver triglyceride was decreased in spite of increased synthesis of fatty acid from acetate in females. Secretion of lipoprotein granules was noted in both sexes. The sexual differences of triglyceride contents in the liver and serum was influenced by sexual hormone. Proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and \"fingerprints\" were found in treated rats and these were correlated with the induction of hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes. The \"myeloid bodies\" induced in hepatocytes were considered to be of lysosomal nature. Both morphological and biochemical alterations in the hepatocytes induced by maprotiline was reversible upon cessation of treatment.", "PMID": 1180046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7262", "title": "Fine structural studies on the fate of \"castration\" cells in the rat adenohypophysis after bilateral oophorectomy.", "content": "The fate of castration cells has been studied by electron microscopy after bilateral oophorectomy. The castration cells were characterized by a large-like dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum which occupied almost the entire cytoplasm, and first appeared at 5 weeks after operation. Castration cells showed cellular suppression after 15 weeks of the experiment but no degenerative changes were observed at any experimental period. At the later stage of the experiment numerous secretory granules reaccumulated in the cytoplasm of the gonadotrophs and concomitantly lake-like dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum in some gonadotrophs gradually decreased and finally disappeared from the cytoplasm. Proportion of the castration cells and mean diameter of the largest cisterane of rough endoplasmic reticulum in each cell attained maximum value at 9 weeks after the operation; thereafter both parameters returned toward normal, although they still remained at a higher level than in controls at 18 weeks after the operation.", "contents": "Fine structural studies on the fate of \"castration\" cells in the rat adenohypophysis after bilateral oophorectomy. The fate of castration cells has been studied by electron microscopy after bilateral oophorectomy. The castration cells were characterized by a large-like dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum which occupied almost the entire cytoplasm, and first appeared at 5 weeks after operation. Castration cells showed cellular suppression after 15 weeks of the experiment but no degenerative changes were observed at any experimental period. At the later stage of the experiment numerous secretory granules reaccumulated in the cytoplasm of the gonadotrophs and concomitantly lake-like dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum in some gonadotrophs gradually decreased and finally disappeared from the cytoplasm. Proportion of the castration cells and mean diameter of the largest cisterane of rough endoplasmic reticulum in each cell attained maximum value at 9 weeks after the operation; thereafter both parameters returned toward normal, although they still remained at a higher level than in controls at 18 weeks after the operation.", "PMID": 1180047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7263", "title": "[Melanocytes, Langerhans and Merkel cells in oral epithelium].", "content": "The fine structural morphology of melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells in the normal dorsal epithelium of the human tongue has been studied by electron microscopy. Melanocytes were regularly found in normal papillary epithelium, even in the absence of clinical signs of pigmentation. The basal epithelial melanocyte contains individual pigment organelles at different stages of maturation and rudimentary half-desmosomes were found between the melanocyte and the basal membrane. The suprabasal Langerhans cells can be identified by their specific organelles and by the lack of tonofilaments and desmosomes. The morphological features of these cells suggest functional relations to cell structures of the keratinocytes and to the epithelial keratinization process. The Merkel cell is characterized by a horizontal orientation in the basal epithelial layer, the development of desmosomal attachments to keratinocytes, the lack of tonofilaments, the typical Merkel cell granules and an associated axon terminal. The observation of Merkel cell granules in relation to the Merkel cell plasmalemma and the morphological similarity of these granules to the monoamine-storing granules in certain types of chromaffin cell system suggest a symbiotic union between the specialized Merkel cell and the associated neurite with a neuroepithelial tactile receptor function. Because of their specific ultrastructure, the Merkel cells are thought to constitute a self-maintaining cell population, independent of keratinocytes and dendritic cells, in the oral epithelium.", "contents": "[Melanocytes, Langerhans and Merkel cells in oral epithelium]. The fine structural morphology of melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells in the normal dorsal epithelium of the human tongue has been studied by electron microscopy. Melanocytes were regularly found in normal papillary epithelium, even in the absence of clinical signs of pigmentation. The basal epithelial melanocyte contains individual pigment organelles at different stages of maturation and rudimentary half-desmosomes were found between the melanocyte and the basal membrane. The suprabasal Langerhans cells can be identified by their specific organelles and by the lack of tonofilaments and desmosomes. The morphological features of these cells suggest functional relations to cell structures of the keratinocytes and to the epithelial keratinization process. The Merkel cell is characterized by a horizontal orientation in the basal epithelial layer, the development of desmosomal attachments to keratinocytes, the lack of tonofilaments, the typical Merkel cell granules and an associated axon terminal. The observation of Merkel cell granules in relation to the Merkel cell plasmalemma and the morphological similarity of these granules to the monoamine-storing granules in certain types of chromaffin cell system suggest a symbiotic union between the specialized Merkel cell and the associated neurite with a neuroepithelial tactile receptor function. Because of their specific ultrastructure, the Merkel cells are thought to constitute a self-maintaining cell population, independent of keratinocytes and dendritic cells, in the oral epithelium.", "PMID": 1180043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7264", "title": "Sequential morphological changes of ulceration in the glandular stomach of rats induced by iodoacetamide.", "content": "Two groups of 25 male Wistar rats were given 0.1% iodoacetamide (IAM) with or without 0.4% Tween 60 in their drinking water for 12 weeks. Two or three rats from each group were sacrificed at intervals for sequential morphological observations on ulceration of gastric mucosa. The ulcers invariably developed in the fundic region adjacent to the limiting ridge, and they penetrated the muscle coats and extended to the serosal lining on continuous treatment with IAM for 9 weeks. The ulcers appeared chronic, but when IAM was discontinued the healing process began rapidly and the mucosa regenerated almost completely within six weeks. Regenerating epithelium on areas of ulcer differentiated progressively, and the renewed mucosa showed pyloric metaplasia.", "contents": "Sequential morphological changes of ulceration in the glandular stomach of rats induced by iodoacetamide. Two groups of 25 male Wistar rats were given 0.1% iodoacetamide (IAM) with or without 0.4% Tween 60 in their drinking water for 12 weeks. Two or three rats from each group were sacrificed at intervals for sequential morphological observations on ulceration of gastric mucosa. The ulcers invariably developed in the fundic region adjacent to the limiting ridge, and they penetrated the muscle coats and extended to the serosal lining on continuous treatment with IAM for 9 weeks. The ulcers appeared chronic, but when IAM was discontinued the healing process began rapidly and the mucosa regenerated almost completely within six weeks. Regenerating epithelium on areas of ulcer differentiated progressively, and the renewed mucosa showed pyloric metaplasia.", "PMID": 1180048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7265", "title": "[Myocardial sarcoidosis--pathological studies on 7 autopsy cases with particular reference to histological variations].", "content": "The present report consists of seven autopsy cases of myocardial sarcoidosis terminating in death 1 month to 5 years after the onset of symptoms. Histologically, they were classified into the following 4 types: a) diffuse nonspecific granulation, b) specific granuloma with giant cells, c) diffuse fibrosis with giant cells, and d) nonspecific fibrosis. Types a) and b) demonstrate active changes, while c) and d) are sequelae of active inflammation. Morphological changes of sarcoidosis were found not only in myocardium but also in both pericardium and endocardium. Although no final conclusions could be obtained as to whether the giant cells appearing in myocardium were of mesenchymal or myogenic origin, the authors favor the latter concept. Changes compatible to sarcoidosis found in other organs in acute cases were scarce and old. On the contrary, more active and variable changes were encountered in protracted cases. The authors consider giant cell myocarditis to be one type of sarcoidosis occurring in the heart.", "contents": "[Myocardial sarcoidosis--pathological studies on 7 autopsy cases with particular reference to histological variations]. The present report consists of seven autopsy cases of myocardial sarcoidosis terminating in death 1 month to 5 years after the onset of symptoms. Histologically, they were classified into the following 4 types: a) diffuse nonspecific granulation, b) specific granuloma with giant cells, c) diffuse fibrosis with giant cells, and d) nonspecific fibrosis. Types a) and b) demonstrate active changes, while c) and d) are sequelae of active inflammation. Morphological changes of sarcoidosis were found not only in myocardium but also in both pericardium and endocardium. Although no final conclusions could be obtained as to whether the giant cells appearing in myocardium were of mesenchymal or myogenic origin, the authors favor the latter concept. Changes compatible to sarcoidosis found in other organs in acute cases were scarce and old. On the contrary, more active and variable changes were encountered in protracted cases. The authors consider giant cell myocarditis to be one type of sarcoidosis occurring in the heart.", "PMID": 1180049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7266", "title": "The problem of unilateral and bilateral neck dissection.", "content": "270 unilateral and bilateral neck resections have been performed in different primary localisations of tumours in the head and the neck at the Ear, Nose and Throat Department of the Medical Faculty in Zagreb in the period 1960-70. Of 209 patients with unilateral resection, only 78 survived (37%), while only 3 patients (4.9%) survived of a total of 61 patients where bilateral resection was performed. An analysis is given separately of radical resection in carcinoma of the larynx, the hypopharynx and the skin. From this analysis and from immunologic considerations, the following conclusions are derived: (i) The authors are not in favour of prophylactic block resection as this would be contrary to our knowledge of the role played by the immunobiological factors in the struggle against the malignant lesion. (ii) Evacuation of the neck must be performed in carcinoma of the larynx T3 and in hypopharyngeal carcinoma, as histologically positive lymph nodes are usually found in this site in large numbers.", "contents": "The problem of unilateral and bilateral neck dissection. 270 unilateral and bilateral neck resections have been performed in different primary localisations of tumours in the head and the neck at the Ear, Nose and Throat Department of the Medical Faculty in Zagreb in the period 1960-70. Of 209 patients with unilateral resection, only 78 survived (37%), while only 3 patients (4.9%) survived of a total of 61 patients where bilateral resection was performed. An analysis is given separately of radical resection in carcinoma of the larynx, the hypopharynx and the skin. From this analysis and from immunologic considerations, the following conclusions are derived: (i) The authors are not in favour of prophylactic block resection as this would be contrary to our knowledge of the role played by the immunobiological factors in the struggle against the malignant lesion. (ii) Evacuation of the neck must be performed in carcinoma of the larynx T3 and in hypopharyngeal carcinoma, as histologically positive lymph nodes are usually found in this site in large numbers.", "PMID": 1180044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7267", "title": "Virus-like particles in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid from a patient with subacute thyroiditis (De Quervain).", "content": "The author experienced a case of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) in a 36-year-old female. Electron microscopic examination of the thyroid tissue of the patient revealed virus-like particles (VLP) in the degenerated follicular epithelium Judging from the size, the VLP corresponded to the influenza or mumps virus.", "contents": "Virus-like particles in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid from a patient with subacute thyroiditis (De Quervain). The author experienced a case of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) in a 36-year-old female. Electron microscopic examination of the thyroid tissue of the patient revealed virus-like particles (VLP) in the degenerated follicular epithelium Judging from the size, the VLP corresponded to the influenza or mumps virus.", "PMID": 1180050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7268", "title": "An autopsy case of metastasizing protuberant dermatofibrosarcoma.", "content": "An autopsy case of metastatic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DP) together with the results of four sequential biopsies performed during his illness was reported. In this case, the tumor recurred repeatedly for 38 years in spite of intensive treatments. Finally, the tumor metastasized to the bilateral lungs, retroperitoneum and lumbar vertebrae. The direct cause of death was renal stones which may have been related to paraplegia of the lower limbs due to the vertebral metastasis. The metastasis appeared to have started at the time when the tumor showed marked atypism histologically. It was also recognized that there was an obvious difference in atypism between recurrent and metastatic tumors.", "contents": "An autopsy case of metastasizing protuberant dermatofibrosarcoma. An autopsy case of metastatic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DP) together with the results of four sequential biopsies performed during his illness was reported. In this case, the tumor recurred repeatedly for 38 years in spite of intensive treatments. Finally, the tumor metastasized to the bilateral lungs, retroperitoneum and lumbar vertebrae. The direct cause of death was renal stones which may have been related to paraplegia of the lower limbs due to the vertebral metastasis. The metastasis appeared to have started at the time when the tumor showed marked atypism histologically. It was also recognized that there was an obvious difference in atypism between recurrent and metastatic tumors.", "PMID": 1180051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7269", "title": "A morphometric study of normal human liver cell nuclei.", "content": "Using the projecting method, measurements were made of the size of nuclei of liver cells in liver biopsies taken from ten patients with normal liver histology and normal liver function tests and from two patients with acromegaly. For the statistical analysis a parametric model of the distributions of the nuclear radii, the chi distributions, was used, making an estimation of the frequencies of di-, tetra- and octaploid nuclei possible. The distribution of the lengths of the nuclear radii was consistent with normal distributions corresponding to the different ploidy classes. Diploid nuclei constituted 84 to 99 per cent of the liver cell nuclei, and the frequency of polyploid nuclei increased with increasing age. Samples of nuclei within the same biopsy revealed significant differences in the mean radius of diploid nuclei and in the frequency of polyploid nuclei. This biological variation must be taken into account in the interpretation of karyometric data. One of the patients with acromegaly had a higher frequency of polyploid nuclei than seen in normal patients, and in both patients with acromegaly the size of diploid nuclei was large compared with normals. The frequency of binuclear nuclei was unrelated to age and frequency of polyploid nuclei, but males were found to have more binuclear liver cells than females.", "contents": "A morphometric study of normal human liver cell nuclei. Using the projecting method, measurements were made of the size of nuclei of liver cells in liver biopsies taken from ten patients with normal liver histology and normal liver function tests and from two patients with acromegaly. For the statistical analysis a parametric model of the distributions of the nuclear radii, the chi distributions, was used, making an estimation of the frequencies of di-, tetra- and octaploid nuclei possible. The distribution of the lengths of the nuclear radii was consistent with normal distributions corresponding to the different ploidy classes. Diploid nuclei constituted 84 to 99 per cent of the liver cell nuclei, and the frequency of polyploid nuclei increased with increasing age. Samples of nuclei within the same biopsy revealed significant differences in the mean radius of diploid nuclei and in the frequency of polyploid nuclei. This biological variation must be taken into account in the interpretation of karyometric data. One of the patients with acromegaly had a higher frequency of polyploid nuclei than seen in normal patients, and in both patients with acromegaly the size of diploid nuclei was large compared with normals. The frequency of binuclear nuclei was unrelated to age and frequency of polyploid nuclei, but males were found to have more binuclear liver cells than females.", "PMID": 1180052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7270", "title": "Karyometry of liver biopsies in virus hepatitis.", "content": "Liver biopsies from ten patients with clinically mild or moderate acute virus hepatitis, taken in the acute phase of the disease and in the recovery phase or later, were assessed for the size of liver cell nuclei and the number of binuclear nuclei. A parametric model of the distributions of the nuclear radii was used to estimate the mean nuclear radius of diploid nuclei and the frequencies of di-, tetra- and octaploid nuclei. During the acute phase of virus hepatitis the liver cell nuclei were often larger, with greater variation in size, than in the recovery phase. This pleomorphism was not only due to pyknotic and necrotic nuclei as these were not measured. It is assumed that the enlargment of the nuclei was due to increased metabolic activity of the nuclei. The frequencies of polyploid nuclei and binuclear liver cells were higher in the first biopsies, probably reflecting regenerative activity. No correlation was found between the severity of the disease as judged by liver histology or routine liver tests and the degree of nuclear changes with respect to size and frequency of polyploid or binuclear liver cells.", "contents": "Karyometry of liver biopsies in virus hepatitis. Liver biopsies from ten patients with clinically mild or moderate acute virus hepatitis, taken in the acute phase of the disease and in the recovery phase or later, were assessed for the size of liver cell nuclei and the number of binuclear nuclei. A parametric model of the distributions of the nuclear radii was used to estimate the mean nuclear radius of diploid nuclei and the frequencies of di-, tetra- and octaploid nuclei. During the acute phase of virus hepatitis the liver cell nuclei were often larger, with greater variation in size, than in the recovery phase. This pleomorphism was not only due to pyknotic and necrotic nuclei as these were not measured. It is assumed that the enlargment of the nuclei was due to increased metabolic activity of the nuclei. The frequencies of polyploid nuclei and binuclear liver cells were higher in the first biopsies, probably reflecting regenerative activity. No correlation was found between the severity of the disease as judged by liver histology or routine liver tests and the degree of nuclear changes with respect to size and frequency of polyploid or binuclear liver cells.", "PMID": 1180053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7271", "title": "Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. 2. Morphological and histochemical investigation of cartilage matrix, particularly in the pre-calcification stage.", "content": "The cartilage of epiphysis and cuboid bones from three Beagle puppies bred from parents with a constant heredity of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, was examined macroscopically, histomorphologically and histochemically. The puppies were euthanized at the age of one week, three weeks and five weeks, respectively. The investigation showed the foci of the disease develop in a broad subarticular zone where normally strong three-dimensional growth of the cartilage takes place. The first signs of the disease appeared about the time of birth and new foci reached a climax when the puppies were about three weeks old. Histomorphological and histochemical examination of the cartilage showed that the disease developed in a sequence of confluent stages. In the initial stage, there was an accumulation of abnormal cartilage matrix in the chondrocyte and/or chondrocyte lacunae. The abnormal substance consisted apparently of concentrated or free chondroitin sulphates not bound to protein. Then followed a second stage of liquefaction and coalescence of the abnormal cartilage matrix which formed cysts of different sizes, some of them visible macroscopically. In the third stage of calcification of the cyst content and surrounding abnormal cartilage, it was found that the calcium was deposited in grains bound to chondroitin sulphates. The results of the present study of the pre-calcification stage of the disease in Beagle dogs seem to be comparable with or equivalent to the results of the study of the post-natal stage of the disease in children and may explain something of the prenatal pathogenesis in children.", "contents": "Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. 2. Morphological and histochemical investigation of cartilage matrix, particularly in the pre-calcification stage. The cartilage of epiphysis and cuboid bones from three Beagle puppies bred from parents with a constant heredity of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, was examined macroscopically, histomorphologically and histochemically. The puppies were euthanized at the age of one week, three weeks and five weeks, respectively. The investigation showed the foci of the disease develop in a broad subarticular zone where normally strong three-dimensional growth of the cartilage takes place. The first signs of the disease appeared about the time of birth and new foci reached a climax when the puppies were about three weeks old. Histomorphological and histochemical examination of the cartilage showed that the disease developed in a sequence of confluent stages. In the initial stage, there was an accumulation of abnormal cartilage matrix in the chondrocyte and/or chondrocyte lacunae. The abnormal substance consisted apparently of concentrated or free chondroitin sulphates not bound to protein. Then followed a second stage of liquefaction and coalescence of the abnormal cartilage matrix which formed cysts of different sizes, some of them visible macroscopically. In the third stage of calcification of the cyst content and surrounding abnormal cartilage, it was found that the calcium was deposited in grains bound to chondroitin sulphates. The results of the present study of the pre-calcification stage of the disease in Beagle dogs seem to be comparable with or equivalent to the results of the study of the post-natal stage of the disease in children and may explain something of the prenatal pathogenesis in children.", "PMID": 1180054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7272", "title": "Distribution of alkaline phosphatase activity in healthy and diseased human liver tissue.", "content": "Histochemical demonstration of the alkaline phosphatase activity with an azo-dye method in human livers showed that the activity, which is normally localized to endothelial cells of portal and central veins as well as of sinusoids around the central veins and to a lesser extent of sinusoids around the portal connective tissue, is increased in various liver diseases. Appreciable canalicular activity is rare, and when it occurs it is more prominent in parenchyma involved by malignant tumours.", "contents": "Distribution of alkaline phosphatase activity in healthy and diseased human liver tissue. Histochemical demonstration of the alkaline phosphatase activity with an azo-dye method in human livers showed that the activity, which is normally localized to endothelial cells of portal and central veins as well as of sinusoids around the central veins and to a lesser extent of sinusoids around the portal connective tissue, is increased in various liver diseases. Appreciable canalicular activity is rare, and when it occurs it is more prominent in parenchyma involved by malignant tumours.", "PMID": 1180055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7273", "title": "Preferential incorporation of 3H-deoxycytidine into chicken bursal cells. Comparison of radiolabelled nucleosides as lymphoid cell markers in chickens and mice.", "content": "3H-deoxycytidine, 3H-thymidine and 125I-deoxyuridine were injected intravenously into different groups of chickens and mice, and lymphoid organs and intestine of the animals sampled one hour later. Incorporation of the isotopes into proliferating cells was evaluated after nucleic acid extraction and determination of specific activity of the isotopes in counts per minute per microgram of DNA (cpm/mug DNA). Labelled deoxycytidine was incorporated much better into bursal cells than the other isotopes, indicating that this isotope may preferentially label bursal lymphocytes, or a subpopulation of them.", "contents": "Preferential incorporation of 3H-deoxycytidine into chicken bursal cells. Comparison of radiolabelled nucleosides as lymphoid cell markers in chickens and mice. 3H-deoxycytidine, 3H-thymidine and 125I-deoxyuridine were injected intravenously into different groups of chickens and mice, and lymphoid organs and intestine of the animals sampled one hour later. Incorporation of the isotopes into proliferating cells was evaluated after nucleic acid extraction and determination of specific activity of the isotopes in counts per minute per microgram of DNA (cpm/mug DNA). Labelled deoxycytidine was incorporated much better into bursal cells than the other isotopes, indicating that this isotope may preferentially label bursal lymphocytes, or a subpopulation of them.", "PMID": 1180056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7274", "title": "Parathyroid morphology in gerbils after thyroidectomy and calcium administration.", "content": "Morphological studies of the parathyroid glands from adult Mongolian gerbils in which hypercalcaemia had been induced by thyroidectomy and calcium injections for 2-19 days were carried out. The potassium pyro-antimonate technique and subsequent X-ray analysis of the precipitates were used for ultrastructural localization of cations. Ultrastructurally, most (suppressed) chief cells exhibited a dense cytoplasm, medium-sized or large mitochondria, glycogen particles, inconspicuous endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, calcium-containing precipitates mainly in mitochondria and nuclei, and sometimes also lysosomal bodies and accumulations of secretory granules which occasionally seemed to be discharged into cytoplasmic vacuoles. A few parenchymal cells showed a low cytoplasmic density, few organelles, and structurally altered mitochondria, occasionally with associated smooth-surfaced vacuoles. These cells possessed calcium-containing precipitates in mitochondria, smooth-surfaced vacuoles, and also diffusely in the cytosol. It is concluded, that, in the main part of the parenchymal cells, the hypercalcaemia had resulted in a suppression primarily of the synthetic and later also of the secretory activity, and that the calcium-containing precipitation is different in the chief cell variants.", "contents": "Parathyroid morphology in gerbils after thyroidectomy and calcium administration. Morphological studies of the parathyroid glands from adult Mongolian gerbils in which hypercalcaemia had been induced by thyroidectomy and calcium injections for 2-19 days were carried out. The potassium pyro-antimonate technique and subsequent X-ray analysis of the precipitates were used for ultrastructural localization of cations. Ultrastructurally, most (suppressed) chief cells exhibited a dense cytoplasm, medium-sized or large mitochondria, glycogen particles, inconspicuous endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, calcium-containing precipitates mainly in mitochondria and nuclei, and sometimes also lysosomal bodies and accumulations of secretory granules which occasionally seemed to be discharged into cytoplasmic vacuoles. A few parenchymal cells showed a low cytoplasmic density, few organelles, and structurally altered mitochondria, occasionally with associated smooth-surfaced vacuoles. These cells possessed calcium-containing precipitates in mitochondria, smooth-surfaced vacuoles, and also diffusely in the cytosol. It is concluded, that, in the main part of the parenchymal cells, the hypercalcaemia had resulted in a suppression primarily of the synthetic and later also of the secretory activity, and that the calcium-containing precipitation is different in the chief cell variants.", "PMID": 1180057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7275", "title": "A cytogenetic study of gonadoblastoma tissue in two cases.", "content": "The hypothesis that gonadoblastoma (gonocytoma III) arises from gonadal tissue with a male chromosome complement has earlier been forwarded. In the literature there is no case with a well documented diagnosis of gonadoblastoma and absence of a Y chromosome. In the two presented cases, one a phenotypic female, the other a phenotypic male, gonadoblastoma was diagnosed. Cytogenetic studies of the removed gonadoblastomas revealed a Y chromosome in both cases. This is in accordance with the hypothesis.", "contents": "A cytogenetic study of gonadoblastoma tissue in two cases. The hypothesis that gonadoblastoma (gonocytoma III) arises from gonadal tissue with a male chromosome complement has earlier been forwarded. In the literature there is no case with a well documented diagnosis of gonadoblastoma and absence of a Y chromosome. In the two presented cases, one a phenotypic female, the other a phenotypic male, gonadoblastoma was diagnosed. Cytogenetic studies of the removed gonadoblastomas revealed a Y chromosome in both cases. This is in accordance with the hypothesis.", "PMID": 1180058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7276", "title": "Raising antibodies to human leukocyte interferon.", "content": "Human leukocyte interferon proved to be a good immunogen in sheep, rabbits and guinea pigs. Sera from immunized animals neutralized the antiviral action of leukocyte interferon at high dilution. The highest anti-interferon titres obtained were 1:1,200,000 for sheep, 1:150,000 for rabbits, 1:30,000 for guinea pigs. Partial purification of human leukocyte interferon, by ethanol precipitation, improved its qualities as an immunogen. While it appeared more efficient to give initial injections without adjuvant, the inclusion in booster injections, of Freund's complete adjuvant produced a markedly superior response and, in one sheep, maintained high levels of circulating antibody for several months.", "contents": "Raising antibodies to human leukocyte interferon. Human leukocyte interferon proved to be a good immunogen in sheep, rabbits and guinea pigs. Sera from immunized animals neutralized the antiviral action of leukocyte interferon at high dilution. The highest anti-interferon titres obtained were 1:1,200,000 for sheep, 1:150,000 for rabbits, 1:30,000 for guinea pigs. Partial purification of human leukocyte interferon, by ethanol precipitation, improved its qualities as an immunogen. While it appeared more efficient to give initial injections without adjuvant, the inclusion in booster injections, of Freund's complete adjuvant produced a markedly superior response and, in one sheep, maintained high levels of circulating antibody for several months.", "PMID": 1180059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7277", "title": "Human serum antibodies against heat-stable antigens from Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "Human sera, 200 from blood donors and five from patients with infection caused by Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3 (Y.e. 3), were tested by indirect haemagglutination for antibodies against antigens from Y.e. serotypes 3 and 9. Erythrocytes were sensitized using extracts prepared by heating of the bacteria at 100 degrees C for 60 min. All sera tested showed antibody activity against antigen from both Y.e. serotypes. In blood donors, the titres ranged from 4 to 512, and in patients from 512 to 2048 against the Y.e. 3 extract, from 32 to 256 against the Y.e. 9 extract. The results of inhibition and absorption experiments showed that human antibodies against the common enterobacterial antigen (CA) agglutinated the sensitized erythrocytes and that anti-CA antibody was present in all sera tested. Some blood donor sera and all the patient sera also contained antibodies that could not be inhibited by CA when tested against antigen in the Y.e. 3 extract. Only these sera had the ability to agglutinate heat-treated Y.e. 3 bacteria. Presumably these antibodies were directed against the O antigen of the Y.e. 3 strain.", "contents": "Human serum antibodies against heat-stable antigens from Yersinia enterocolitica. Human sera, 200 from blood donors and five from patients with infection caused by Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3 (Y.e. 3), were tested by indirect haemagglutination for antibodies against antigens from Y.e. serotypes 3 and 9. Erythrocytes were sensitized using extracts prepared by heating of the bacteria at 100 degrees C for 60 min. All sera tested showed antibody activity against antigen from both Y.e. serotypes. In blood donors, the titres ranged from 4 to 512, and in patients from 512 to 2048 against the Y.e. 3 extract, from 32 to 256 against the Y.e. 9 extract. The results of inhibition and absorption experiments showed that human antibodies against the common enterobacterial antigen (CA) agglutinated the sensitized erythrocytes and that anti-CA antibody was present in all sera tested. Some blood donor sera and all the patient sera also contained antibodies that could not be inhibited by CA when tested against antigen in the Y.e. 3 extract. Only these sera had the ability to agglutinate heat-treated Y.e. 3 bacteria. Presumably these antibodies were directed against the O antigen of the Y.e. 3 strain.", "PMID": 1180060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7278", "title": "The ultrastructural development of the macrogamete and formation of the oocyst wall of Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "The macrogametes of Toxoplasma gondii develop within the epithelial cells of the cat ileum. As they develop the nucleus enlarges and dense patches of chromatin which were present in the nucleoplasm, disappear. Polysaccharide granules and lipid globules appear in the cytoplasm and increase in number during development. The wall-forming bodies of Type I (WFB I) appear before the wall-forming bodies of Type II (WFB II); WFB I are smaller, more osmiophilic and more numerous than the WFB II. The WFB I appear to form from vesicles produced by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and the WFB II form within the lacunae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Double membraned vacuoles appear to form from the nuclear membranes but the function of these is unknown. Throughout development the macrogamete retains a normal pellicle which possesses numerous micropores. The first evidence of oocyst wall formation is the appearance of participate matter in the parasitophorous vacuole which precipitates to form Layer 1 of the oocyst wall. Layers 2 and 3 are unit membranes which form between Layer 1 and the pellicle. During this development the organism has an organelle complement similar to that of the macrogamete. Layers 4 and 5 form between Layer 3 and the pellicle. Layer 4 is osmiophilic and its formation is accompanied by the disappearance of WFB I. Layer 5 is less osmiophilic than Layer 4 and its formation is accompanied by the disappearance of WFB II. The two innermost layers (Layers 4 & 5) in the oocyst wall of Toxoplasma are similar to those found in Isospora spp. and Eimeria spp. Toxoplasma seems to be unusual in that, firstly, it possesses an additional 3 layers and, secondly, all 5 layers are formed outside the pellicle of the original macrogamete.", "contents": "The ultrastructural development of the macrogamete and formation of the oocyst wall of Toxoplasma gondii. The macrogametes of Toxoplasma gondii develop within the epithelial cells of the cat ileum. As they develop the nucleus enlarges and dense patches of chromatin which were present in the nucleoplasm, disappear. Polysaccharide granules and lipid globules appear in the cytoplasm and increase in number during development. The wall-forming bodies of Type I (WFB I) appear before the wall-forming bodies of Type II (WFB II); WFB I are smaller, more osmiophilic and more numerous than the WFB II. The WFB I appear to form from vesicles produced by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and the WFB II form within the lacunae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Double membraned vacuoles appear to form from the nuclear membranes but the function of these is unknown. Throughout development the macrogamete retains a normal pellicle which possesses numerous micropores. The first evidence of oocyst wall formation is the appearance of participate matter in the parasitophorous vacuole which precipitates to form Layer 1 of the oocyst wall. Layers 2 and 3 are unit membranes which form between Layer 1 and the pellicle. During this development the organism has an organelle complement similar to that of the macrogamete. Layers 4 and 5 form between Layer 3 and the pellicle. Layer 4 is osmiophilic and its formation is accompanied by the disappearance of WFB I. Layer 5 is less osmiophilic than Layer 4 and its formation is accompanied by the disappearance of WFB II. The two innermost layers (Layers 4 & 5) in the oocyst wall of Toxoplasma are similar to those found in Isospora spp. and Eimeria spp. Toxoplasma seems to be unusual in that, firstly, it possesses an additional 3 layers and, secondly, all 5 layers are formed outside the pellicle of the original macrogamete.", "PMID": 1180061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7279", "title": "The effect of bacitracin and Mn(II)ions upon the producer strain Bacillus licheniformis.", "content": "The peptide antibiotic bacitracin is inhibitory to growth of the producer strain Bacillus licheniformis only in the presence of excess manganese(II)ions. Both the early and the late growth are inhibited in a similar manner upon addition of bacitracin and manganese(II)ions. Thus, B. licheniformis does not develop resistance to its own antibiotic during growth. Added bacitracin is stimulatory to growth of B. licheniformis in media with a very low content of manganese(II)ions. These results support the hypothesis that bacitracin participates in the manganese transport of the producer strain B. licheniformis.", "contents": "The effect of bacitracin and Mn(II)ions upon the producer strain Bacillus licheniformis. The peptide antibiotic bacitracin is inhibitory to growth of the producer strain Bacillus licheniformis only in the presence of excess manganese(II)ions. Both the early and the late growth are inhibited in a similar manner upon addition of bacitracin and manganese(II)ions. Thus, B. licheniformis does not develop resistance to its own antibiotic during growth. Added bacitracin is stimulatory to growth of B. licheniformis in media with a very low content of manganese(II)ions. These results support the hypothesis that bacitracin participates in the manganese transport of the producer strain B. licheniformis.", "PMID": 1180062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7280", "title": "Left ventricular pressure-mural force relationship during sympathetic stimulation.", "content": "Influence of sympathetic stimulation on the relation of ventricular pressure--directly recorded wall tension were investigated in the left ventricle of the opened chested dogs. It was shown, that despite the substantial decrease of the end-diastolic pressure, sympathetic stimulation did not result in decrease in the wall tension per unit pressure. Investigation of the diastolic circumferential segment length-diastolic pressure relation revealed, that diastolic compliance was increased under the sympathetic stimulation. The revelance of these findings to the regulation of the ventricular performance is discussed.", "contents": "Left ventricular pressure-mural force relationship during sympathetic stimulation. Influence of sympathetic stimulation on the relation of ventricular pressure--directly recorded wall tension were investigated in the left ventricle of the opened chested dogs. It was shown, that despite the substantial decrease of the end-diastolic pressure, sympathetic stimulation did not result in decrease in the wall tension per unit pressure. Investigation of the diastolic circumferential segment length-diastolic pressure relation revealed, that diastolic compliance was increased under the sympathetic stimulation. The revelance of these findings to the regulation of the ventricular performance is discussed.", "PMID": 1180063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7281", "title": "The effect of hypercapnia on the vagal component of the baroreflex.", "content": "An infulence of asphyxia and central hypercapnia was studied. It was shown that the vagal cardiac baroreflexes are enhanced in these conditions. Central hypercapnia exerts some influence on the investigated reflex independly on the peripheral baroreceptors. Modulation of the reflex during respiratory cycle became lower under conditions of asphyxia despite the marked increase in the respiratory drive. The last fenomen was interpreted on the basis of Zieli\u0144ski -- Btocki model of the neuron.", "contents": "The effect of hypercapnia on the vagal component of the baroreflex. An infulence of asphyxia and central hypercapnia was studied. It was shown that the vagal cardiac baroreflexes are enhanced in these conditions. Central hypercapnia exerts some influence on the investigated reflex independly on the peripheral baroreceptors. Modulation of the reflex during respiratory cycle became lower under conditions of asphyxia despite the marked increase in the respiratory drive. The last fenomen was interpreted on the basis of Zieli\u0144ski -- Btocki model of the neuron.", "PMID": 1180064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7282", "title": "Hormonal regulation of thermogenesis in goslings. Possible role of the thyroid gland.", "content": "The experiments performed on 90 male goslings showed that 6 h cold exposure (5 +/- 1 degree C) of the specimens 3, 10 and 21-day-old increases considerably 131I uptake by their thyroid gland. After single subcutaneous injection of thyroxine (100 mug/kg) no significant alterations of the metabolic rate, during 4 h measurements, in comparison with the pre-injection value were observed. Since, in control birds about 17% decrease of the metabolic rate within the same time occurred, as the effect of fasting, it was concluded that thyroxine does have the calorigenic effect. The metabolic rate of the goslings 5 to 7-day-old treated with thyroxine for four consecutive days (100 mug/kg daily) and the control ones was very similar. In the older goslings (22--24 days) thyroxine treatment significantly elevated the metabolic rate. Direct (extrathyroid) effect of TSH on heat production, did not occur in goslings.", "contents": "Hormonal regulation of thermogenesis in goslings. Possible role of the thyroid gland. The experiments performed on 90 male goslings showed that 6 h cold exposure (5 +/- 1 degree C) of the specimens 3, 10 and 21-day-old increases considerably 131I uptake by their thyroid gland. After single subcutaneous injection of thyroxine (100 mug/kg) no significant alterations of the metabolic rate, during 4 h measurements, in comparison with the pre-injection value were observed. Since, in control birds about 17% decrease of the metabolic rate within the same time occurred, as the effect of fasting, it was concluded that thyroxine does have the calorigenic effect. The metabolic rate of the goslings 5 to 7-day-old treated with thyroxine for four consecutive days (100 mug/kg daily) and the control ones was very similar. In the older goslings (22--24 days) thyroxine treatment significantly elevated the metabolic rate. Direct (extrathyroid) effect of TSH on heat production, did not occur in goslings.", "PMID": 1180065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7283", "title": "The effects of neuroleptics and nialamide on defensive conditoned reflex in rats.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats after development of defensive conditioned relex during 6 weeks of training. In one series of experiments chlorpromazine, haloperidol, pimozide or fluspirilene were used in doses of 0.05, 0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg intraperitoneally. In another series of experiments nialamide was given intraperitoneally in a dose of 140 mg/kg 16--18 hours before administration of one of these neuroleptics. A delay in the time of appearance of the defensive conditioned refex was observed after administration of neuroleptics in all animals. In some rats neuroleptics caused complete disappearance of the conditioned refex as well as the defensive unconditioned refex. Previous inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity obtained with nialamide increased evidently the inhibitory effect of the studied neuroleptics on the appearance of defensive conditioned reflex.", "contents": "The effects of neuroleptics and nialamide on defensive conditoned reflex in rats. Experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats after development of defensive conditioned relex during 6 weeks of training. In one series of experiments chlorpromazine, haloperidol, pimozide or fluspirilene were used in doses of 0.05, 0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg intraperitoneally. In another series of experiments nialamide was given intraperitoneally in a dose of 140 mg/kg 16--18 hours before administration of one of these neuroleptics. A delay in the time of appearance of the defensive conditioned refex was observed after administration of neuroleptics in all animals. In some rats neuroleptics caused complete disappearance of the conditioned refex as well as the defensive unconditioned refex. Previous inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity obtained with nialamide increased evidently the inhibitory effect of the studied neuroleptics on the appearance of defensive conditioned reflex.", "PMID": 1180066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7284", "title": "Morphology of the prolactin producing cells in androgen-sterilized female rats.", "content": "The aim of the study was to follow morphology of the prolactin producing cells in growing female rats with evoked \"early androgen syndrome\". The experiment was carried out on 3, 6 and 12-week-old animals. At the age of 3 weeks no changes in morphology of the prolactin cells were observed as compared to that of control animals. In 6 and 12-week-old animals the significant differences between androgenized and control animals were found. The prolactin cells differed both from those characteristic for normal females and normal males. The main characteristic features were: significantly smaller number of cells than in normal females, their stronger fluorescence and presence of large and giant prolactin cells similar to the so called \"pregnancy cells\". Possible factors responsible for the described above changes are discussed.", "contents": "Morphology of the prolactin producing cells in androgen-sterilized female rats. The aim of the study was to follow morphology of the prolactin producing cells in growing female rats with evoked \"early androgen syndrome\". The experiment was carried out on 3, 6 and 12-week-old animals. At the age of 3 weeks no changes in morphology of the prolactin cells were observed as compared to that of control animals. In 6 and 12-week-old animals the significant differences between androgenized and control animals were found. The prolactin cells differed both from those characteristic for normal females and normal males. The main characteristic features were: significantly smaller number of cells than in normal females, their stronger fluorescence and presence of large and giant prolactin cells similar to the so called \"pregnancy cells\". Possible factors responsible for the described above changes are discussed.", "PMID": 1180067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7285", "title": "The effect of restricted convection-diffusion on bolus concentration along an exchange vessel.", "content": "If a sudden rise in solute concentration travels through a capillary system, a diffusible neutral solute passes the walls of the exchange vessels. If then the rate of passage depends on a chemical potential gradient (diffusion) and a hydrodynamical potential gradient (convection) and is sterically restricted (restricted convection-diffusion), water and low molecular weight solvents leave the filtering part of the capillary at a higher rate than the solute, causing a relative increase in its concentration. This phenomenon and the effect of an increasing pore size along the capillary is investigated in a model for an impermeable solute and two diffusible solutes, corresponding to glucose and raffinose. It is shown that in the model, the concentration fall along the capillary tends to become rectilinear.", "contents": "The effect of restricted convection-diffusion on bolus concentration along an exchange vessel. If a sudden rise in solute concentration travels through a capillary system, a diffusible neutral solute passes the walls of the exchange vessels. If then the rate of passage depends on a chemical potential gradient (diffusion) and a hydrodynamical potential gradient (convection) and is sterically restricted (restricted convection-diffusion), water and low molecular weight solvents leave the filtering part of the capillary at a higher rate than the solute, causing a relative increase in its concentration. This phenomenon and the effect of an increasing pore size along the capillary is investigated in a model for an impermeable solute and two diffusible solutes, corresponding to glucose and raffinose. It is shown that in the model, the concentration fall along the capillary tends to become rectilinear.", "PMID": 1180074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7286", "title": "The effect of imidazole and some of its derivatives on the guinea pig isolated auricles and frog nerve-muscle junction.", "content": "Imidazole and its simple derivatives exerted an positive inotropic action on isolated guinea pig heart auricles. The order activity was 2-Etlm greater than greater than 2-MeIm greater than N-MeIm greater than Im. The action of Im on heart auricles was partially blocked by mepyramine, but not by burmamide. Im and 2-MeIm increased EPP's amplitude and produced a generation of full spike potentials in fatigued nerve-muscle preparation. Both Im acts in absence of calcium from Ringer's solution. Possibility of the Im action as free calcium ions regulator is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of imidazole and some of its derivatives on the guinea pig isolated auricles and frog nerve-muscle junction. Imidazole and its simple derivatives exerted an positive inotropic action on isolated guinea pig heart auricles. The order activity was 2-Etlm greater than greater than 2-MeIm greater than N-MeIm greater than Im. The action of Im on heart auricles was partially blocked by mepyramine, but not by burmamide. Im and 2-MeIm increased EPP's amplitude and produced a generation of full spike potentials in fatigued nerve-muscle preparation. Both Im acts in absence of calcium from Ringer's solution. Possibility of the Im action as free calcium ions regulator is discussed.", "PMID": 1180068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7287", "title": "The effects of adrenaline, reserpine, and atropine on acetylcholine content of the brain and peripheral ganglia in stress.", "content": "The effects of adrenaline, reserpine and atropine on ACh content in the cerebral cortex and brain stem and in the gastric tissues were investigated in the rats at rest and during stress induced by forced swimming. Adrenaline administered intraperitoneally twice at an interval of two hours in doses of 0.1 mg/kg and then subcutaneously in a dose 0.5 mg/kg increased acetylcholine content in the cerebral cortex of resting and in the gastric tissues of resting and swimming rats. Reserpine in doses of 3 mg/kg given 48, 24 and 7 hours before the experiment caused a significant rise in ACh content in the cerebral cortex of resting rats and in the brain stem during stress. Atropine given in a dose of 6 mg/kg at 8 h intervals during 2 days caused a significant fall in ACh level in the cerebral cortex and brain stem of resting rats, in the cortex of swimming animals, as well as a considerable rise in the gastric tissues of swimming rats.", "contents": "The effects of adrenaline, reserpine, and atropine on acetylcholine content of the brain and peripheral ganglia in stress. The effects of adrenaline, reserpine and atropine on ACh content in the cerebral cortex and brain stem and in the gastric tissues were investigated in the rats at rest and during stress induced by forced swimming. Adrenaline administered intraperitoneally twice at an interval of two hours in doses of 0.1 mg/kg and then subcutaneously in a dose 0.5 mg/kg increased acetylcholine content in the cerebral cortex of resting and in the gastric tissues of resting and swimming rats. Reserpine in doses of 3 mg/kg given 48, 24 and 7 hours before the experiment caused a significant rise in ACh content in the cerebral cortex of resting rats and in the brain stem during stress. Atropine given in a dose of 6 mg/kg at 8 h intervals during 2 days caused a significant fall in ACh level in the cerebral cortex and brain stem of resting rats, in the cortex of swimming animals, as well as a considerable rise in the gastric tissues of swimming rats.", "PMID": 1180069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7288", "title": "A theoretical study of restricted convection-diffusion as applied to blood-tissue barrier exchange.", "content": "This paper handles a model of the capillary function in the exchange of uncharged molecules between the blood and the tissue. The capillary system is subdivided into a filtering and a reabsorbing part. The exchange is assumed to occur through channels which are described in operational terms as pores. Through these pores there is a transport of solutes by concomitantly acting convection and diffusion influenced by a steric hinderance (restricted convection-diffusion). The outflux of glucose and raffinose is enhanced in the filtering pores, raffinose relatively more than glucose. In the reabsorbing pores the outward diffusion is hindered to some extent, raffinose relatively more than glucose. It is shown that the net effect of filtration and reabsorption is to increase the outflux of raffinose as compared to that of glucose. This mechanism may explain why glucose and raffinose and other small molecules appear to pass across capillary walls in proportion to their free diffusion coefficients and not in proportion to their restricted diffusion coefficients.", "contents": "A theoretical study of restricted convection-diffusion as applied to blood-tissue barrier exchange. This paper handles a model of the capillary function in the exchange of uncharged molecules between the blood and the tissue. The capillary system is subdivided into a filtering and a reabsorbing part. The exchange is assumed to occur through channels which are described in operational terms as pores. Through these pores there is a transport of solutes by concomitantly acting convection and diffusion influenced by a steric hinderance (restricted convection-diffusion). The outflux of glucose and raffinose is enhanced in the filtering pores, raffinose relatively more than glucose. In the reabsorbing pores the outward diffusion is hindered to some extent, raffinose relatively more than glucose. It is shown that the net effect of filtration and reabsorption is to increase the outflux of raffinose as compared to that of glucose. This mechanism may explain why glucose and raffinose and other small molecules appear to pass across capillary walls in proportion to their free diffusion coefficients and not in proportion to their restricted diffusion coefficients.", "PMID": 1180075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7289", "title": "The pressure-flow relationship of different nephron populations in the rat.", "content": "The mechanisms behind the autoregulation of the total renal blood flow and the glomerular filtration rate are unclear. In this investigation a modified microsphere technique was applied to measure the blood flow at different depths in the renal cortex during normotensive and hypotensive conditions. No autoregulation was found in the outer cortex while it was well pronounced in the inner one. During similar conditions, glomerular capillary pressure, welling point pressure and intratubular pressure were recorded. By combining these results with the blood flow data, the preglomerular and postglomerular resistances were calculated. It was then found that the preglomerular resistance decreased and the postglomerular resistance increased when the blood pressure was lowered. The results indicate a redistribution of blood flow from the outer parts to the inner parts of the cortex when the blood pressure is decreased. The redistribution of the blood flow might explain the well known linear relationship between the arterial pressure and the urine flow. The single nephron filtration rate of the outermost glomeruli could be calculated and the results seem to indicate a non-equilibrium at the end of the glomerular capillaries.", "contents": "The pressure-flow relationship of different nephron populations in the rat. The mechanisms behind the autoregulation of the total renal blood flow and the glomerular filtration rate are unclear. In this investigation a modified microsphere technique was applied to measure the blood flow at different depths in the renal cortex during normotensive and hypotensive conditions. No autoregulation was found in the outer cortex while it was well pronounced in the inner one. During similar conditions, glomerular capillary pressure, welling point pressure and intratubular pressure were recorded. By combining these results with the blood flow data, the preglomerular and postglomerular resistances were calculated. It was then found that the preglomerular resistance decreased and the postglomerular resistance increased when the blood pressure was lowered. The results indicate a redistribution of blood flow from the outer parts to the inner parts of the cortex when the blood pressure is decreased. The redistribution of the blood flow might explain the well known linear relationship between the arterial pressure and the urine flow. The single nephron filtration rate of the outermost glomeruli could be calculated and the results seem to indicate a non-equilibrium at the end of the glomerular capillaries.", "PMID": 1180076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7290", "title": "Incorporation of N from intravenously administered 15N labelled urea into the bacterial protein in the sheep.", "content": "The experiment carried out on two wethers demonstrated that nitrogen of intravenously injected urea, labelled with 15N was incorporated into total and bacterial nitrogen fraction of the digesta flowing through the rumen and duodenum. The amount of 15N in the bacterial fraction flowing throught the rumen and duodenum was relatively low in comparison with the amount of 15N in the total nitrogen (14,8% and 8,1% in the rumen and 6,6% and 7,9% in the duodenum. The ratio of the amount of bacterial-N to total-N in the rumen content (12,7 and 7,5%) was only slightly lower than the ratio of bacterial 15N to total 15N. In the duodenum this ratio was a little higher (8,7 and 10,0%). Blood urea nitrogen was utilized only partly in biosynthesis of bacterial protein. The results showed that only a small amount of blood urea nitrogen retained in the organism was utilized for microbial protein synthesis and the majority in some different way.", "contents": "Incorporation of N from intravenously administered 15N labelled urea into the bacterial protein in the sheep. The experiment carried out on two wethers demonstrated that nitrogen of intravenously injected urea, labelled with 15N was incorporated into total and bacterial nitrogen fraction of the digesta flowing through the rumen and duodenum. The amount of 15N in the bacterial fraction flowing throught the rumen and duodenum was relatively low in comparison with the amount of 15N in the total nitrogen (14,8% and 8,1% in the rumen and 6,6% and 7,9% in the duodenum. The ratio of the amount of bacterial-N to total-N in the rumen content (12,7 and 7,5%) was only slightly lower than the ratio of bacterial 15N to total 15N. In the duodenum this ratio was a little higher (8,7 and 10,0%). Blood urea nitrogen was utilized only partly in biosynthesis of bacterial protein. The results showed that only a small amount of blood urea nitrogen retained in the organism was utilized for microbial protein synthesis and the majority in some different way.", "PMID": 1180071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7291", "title": "Reduction of the tone of the isolated human umbilical artery by indomethacin, eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid and polyphloretin phosphate.", "content": "The effects of 2 prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, indomethacin and eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid (ETA) and of the prostaglandin antagonist, polyphloretin phosphate (PPP), on the tone of the isolated human umbilical artery and on the responses of this preparation to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HG) and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) were investigated. Indomethacin (8 mug/ml), ETA (5 mug/ml) or PPP (40 mug/ml) reduced the tone of human umbilical arteries but had no influence on the responses to 5-HT. In these concentrations ETA and PPP but not indomethacin antagonized the action of PGF2alpha. When the concentration of indomethacin or PPP was increased 5-fold both 5-HT- and PGF2alpha-induced contractions were antagonized indicating a non-specific inhibition at these concentration levels. A 10-fold increase in the concentration of ETA had no antagonizing action on 5-HT-induced contractions suggesting a more selective inhibition of the PGF2alpha action than displayed by the other compounds. The effects on the tone of the human umbilical artery of the compounds studied might reflect inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis and/or antagonism of the action of formed prostaglandins. The findings are compatible with the view that intramural synthesis of prostaglandins contributes to the maintenance of the tone of the isolated human umbilical artery.", "contents": "Reduction of the tone of the isolated human umbilical artery by indomethacin, eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid and polyphloretin phosphate. The effects of 2 prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, indomethacin and eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid (ETA) and of the prostaglandin antagonist, polyphloretin phosphate (PPP), on the tone of the isolated human umbilical artery and on the responses of this preparation to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HG) and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) were investigated. Indomethacin (8 mug/ml), ETA (5 mug/ml) or PPP (40 mug/ml) reduced the tone of human umbilical arteries but had no influence on the responses to 5-HT. In these concentrations ETA and PPP but not indomethacin antagonized the action of PGF2alpha. When the concentration of indomethacin or PPP was increased 5-fold both 5-HT- and PGF2alpha-induced contractions were antagonized indicating a non-specific inhibition at these concentration levels. A 10-fold increase in the concentration of ETA had no antagonizing action on 5-HT-induced contractions suggesting a more selective inhibition of the PGF2alpha action than displayed by the other compounds. The effects on the tone of the human umbilical artery of the compounds studied might reflect inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis and/or antagonism of the action of formed prostaglandins. The findings are compatible with the view that intramural synthesis of prostaglandins contributes to the maintenance of the tone of the isolated human umbilical artery.", "PMID": 1180077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7292", "title": "The effect of short-lasting intensive physical exercise on ATP content in the rat muscles and liver.", "content": "Using the method of column chromatography the content of adenyl nucleoptides in the muscle and liver homogentates was determined in the rats subjected to short-lasting, intensive physical exercise. Following the exercise a slight increase in AMP and a decrease in ATP levels were found in the liver. In the muscles the levels of AMP and ADP increased while the level of ATP decreased markedly.", "contents": "The effect of short-lasting intensive physical exercise on ATP content in the rat muscles and liver. Using the method of column chromatography the content of adenyl nucleoptides in the muscle and liver homogentates was determined in the rats subjected to short-lasting, intensive physical exercise. Following the exercise a slight increase in AMP and a decrease in ATP levels were found in the liver. In the muscles the levels of AMP and ADP increased while the level of ATP decreased markedly.", "PMID": 1180072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7293", "title": "Effect of central depressants on the acoustic middle ear reflex in rabbit. A method for quantitative measurements of drug effect on the CNS.", "content": "The respective effects of pentobarbital-sodium, enibumal-sodium, urethane, urethane-chloralose and lidocaine on the function of the acoustic middle ear reflex in the rabbit were studied. The response of the middle ear muscles was measured by recording changes in both ears' acoustic impedance when the reflex was elicited by applying pure tone stimuli (2,000 Hz) to the two ears one at a time. In that way both the crossed and the uncrossed reflexes were studied. All the drugs were found to depress the reflex in such a way that a higher sound intensity was required after administration to achieve the same impedance change as before. The effect of the anesthetics was roughly proportional to their known anesthetic power. Lidocaine produced only a slight depression of the reflex. The crossed reflex showed a greater susceptibility to the general anesthetics than did the uncrossed reflex which suggests a greater complexity of the crossed reflex. Because the method of recording the reflex response does not require any surgery and is equally well applicable in unrestrained rabbits and in humans, it is suggested as a way of testing the effect of drugs on the central nervous system.", "contents": "Effect of central depressants on the acoustic middle ear reflex in rabbit. A method for quantitative measurements of drug effect on the CNS. The respective effects of pentobarbital-sodium, enibumal-sodium, urethane, urethane-chloralose and lidocaine on the function of the acoustic middle ear reflex in the rabbit were studied. The response of the middle ear muscles was measured by recording changes in both ears' acoustic impedance when the reflex was elicited by applying pure tone stimuli (2,000 Hz) to the two ears one at a time. In that way both the crossed and the uncrossed reflexes were studied. All the drugs were found to depress the reflex in such a way that a higher sound intensity was required after administration to achieve the same impedance change as before. The effect of the anesthetics was roughly proportional to their known anesthetic power. Lidocaine produced only a slight depression of the reflex. The crossed reflex showed a greater susceptibility to the general anesthetics than did the uncrossed reflex which suggests a greater complexity of the crossed reflex. Because the method of recording the reflex response does not require any surgery and is equally well applicable in unrestrained rabbits and in humans, it is suggested as a way of testing the effect of drugs on the central nervous system.", "PMID": 1180078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7294", "title": "Passage of the intravenously administered 15N urea into the digestive tract and its excretion in the sheep.", "content": "The experiments performed on two wethers provided with simple rumen cannulas and reentrant cannulas, inserted into the proximal duodenum and ileum, showed a passage of 15N from labelled urea, injected intravenously, from the blood to the digestive tract. The amount of the 15N in the digesta was the highest in duodenum, slightly lower in the rumen and slightly lower in ileum. Approximately 50% of the injected 15N was excreted in urine. The amount of the 15N eliminated with feces was very small; 0.6 to 2.8% of the dose injected per day. About 73--84% of the 15N which passed the duodenum was absorbed in further parts of the digestive tract. It can be concluded that all parts of the digestive tract take part in utilization of the endogenous urea.", "contents": "Passage of the intravenously administered 15N urea into the digestive tract and its excretion in the sheep. The experiments performed on two wethers provided with simple rumen cannulas and reentrant cannulas, inserted into the proximal duodenum and ileum, showed a passage of 15N from labelled urea, injected intravenously, from the blood to the digestive tract. The amount of the 15N in the digesta was the highest in duodenum, slightly lower in the rumen and slightly lower in ileum. Approximately 50% of the injected 15N was excreted in urine. The amount of the 15N eliminated with feces was very small; 0.6 to 2.8% of the dose injected per day. About 73--84% of the 15N which passed the duodenum was absorbed in further parts of the digestive tract. It can be concluded that all parts of the digestive tract take part in utilization of the endogenous urea.", "PMID": 1180070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7295", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative studies of the capillary structure in the rete mirabile of the eel, Anguilla vulgaris L.", "content": "The capillaries of the counter-current capillary organ, rete mirabile, have been studied by light microscopy and electron microscopy. The vasculature of this rete was found to have a cross-sectional area of about 5.25 mm2, and it consisted of 34,000 efferent (=arterial) and 22,000 afferent (=venous) capillaries. The total surface area was the same for the two types of capillaries. The capillary endothelial cells showed numerous pinocytotic vesicles, scattered giant vacuoles and cytoplasmic extrusions (microvilli) at the luminal surface. The majority of the intercellular junctions appeared to have patent gaps with a width of 110-120 A. The arterial capillaries appeared in many ways to be morphologically similar to skeletal muscle capillaries of mammals, whereas the fenestrated venous capillaries resembled those in the intestinal mucosa of mammals. Measurements of the ionic composition of the rete tissue indicated that the endothelial cells contained much less K+ than other cells, the rete containing approximately equimolar amounts of K+ and Na+. The functional significance of the structural and chemical observations are discussed.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative studies of the capillary structure in the rete mirabile of the eel, Anguilla vulgaris L. The capillaries of the counter-current capillary organ, rete mirabile, have been studied by light microscopy and electron microscopy. The vasculature of this rete was found to have a cross-sectional area of about 5.25 mm2, and it consisted of 34,000 efferent (=arterial) and 22,000 afferent (=venous) capillaries. The total surface area was the same for the two types of capillaries. The capillary endothelial cells showed numerous pinocytotic vesicles, scattered giant vacuoles and cytoplasmic extrusions (microvilli) at the luminal surface. The majority of the intercellular junctions appeared to have patent gaps with a width of 110-120 A. The arterial capillaries appeared in many ways to be morphologically similar to skeletal muscle capillaries of mammals, whereas the fenestrated venous capillaries resembled those in the intestinal mucosa of mammals. Measurements of the ionic composition of the rete tissue indicated that the endothelial cells contained much less K+ than other cells, the rete containing approximately equimolar amounts of K+ and Na+. The functional significance of the structural and chemical observations are discussed.", "PMID": 1180079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7296", "title": "Hydrolysis of biological materials for histamine determination on the isolated guinea-pig ileum.", "content": "Conditions of hydrolysis of biological material for determinations of histamine (Hi) using the guinea-pig ileum method were investigated. Overheated vapour has been applied at varying intervals and it was found that optimal conditions for tissue He liberation are obtained after 2 hour hydrolysis in autoclave. Results were compared with the orginal Code's method.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of biological materials for histamine determination on the isolated guinea-pig ileum. Conditions of hydrolysis of biological material for determinations of histamine (Hi) using the guinea-pig ileum method were investigated. Overheated vapour has been applied at varying intervals and it was found that optimal conditions for tissue He liberation are obtained after 2 hour hydrolysis in autoclave. Results were compared with the orginal Code's method.", "PMID": 1180073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7297", "title": "Integrated somatomotor, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal adjustments induced from the cerebellar fastigial nucleus.", "content": "Behavioural, cardiovascular and gastric responses induced by fastigial stimulation were observed in conscious cats with gastric fistulas, indwelling fastigial electrodes and arterial catheters. Fastigial stimulation elicited oral behaviours, e.g. grooming and chewing, together with tachycardia and pressor responses, while gastric motility was unaffected in most cases as was gastric hydrochloric secretion. In subsequent experiments on the anesthetized animals it was found that the same fastigial area could suppress the intestino-gastric inhibitory reflex. Fastigial influences on small intestinal motility were investigated in anesthetized cats, well recovered from surgical isolation of intestinal loops whose motility could therefore be recorded without laparotomy. Fastigial stimulation either depressed or did not influence ileal motility before laparotomy but after this procedure excitatory responses were uniformly recorded. This reversal is explained by a fastigial suppression of inhibitory intestinal reflexes, elicited by the laparotomy.", "contents": "Integrated somatomotor, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal adjustments induced from the cerebellar fastigial nucleus. Behavioural, cardiovascular and gastric responses induced by fastigial stimulation were observed in conscious cats with gastric fistulas, indwelling fastigial electrodes and arterial catheters. Fastigial stimulation elicited oral behaviours, e.g. grooming and chewing, together with tachycardia and pressor responses, while gastric motility was unaffected in most cases as was gastric hydrochloric secretion. In subsequent experiments on the anesthetized animals it was found that the same fastigial area could suppress the intestino-gastric inhibitory reflex. Fastigial influences on small intestinal motility were investigated in anesthetized cats, well recovered from surgical isolation of intestinal loops whose motility could therefore be recorded without laparotomy. Fastigial stimulation either depressed or did not influence ileal motility before laparotomy but after this procedure excitatory responses were uniformly recorded. This reversal is explained by a fastigial suppression of inhibitory intestinal reflexes, elicited by the laparotomy.", "PMID": 1180080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7298", "title": "Effects on gastric motility from the cerebellar fastigial nucleus.", "content": "In acute experiments on chloralosed cats gastric motility, blood pressure and heart rate were investigated for influences exerted by the fastigial nucleus. Besides pressor responses, fastigial stimulation could produce either gastric excitation or relaxation and the background of these responses was analysed by selective nerve sectioning and administration of suitable autonomic blocking agents. Suppression of prevailing gastric motility was found to be mediated mainly by increased discharge in adrenergic nerve fibres but also by adrenal catecholamine release. -- Gastric excitation could be induced in three different ways, first via increased activity in vagal cholinergic fibres, second, by fastigial suppression of the vago-vagal non-adrenergic relaxatory reflex. In addition, when laparotomy or other noxious abdominal stimuli had induced inhibitory gastric reflexes, the consequent sympathetic discharge could be suppressed by fastigial stimulation resulting in enhanced gastric motility. -- The importance of background activity in the various nervous pathways for the fastigially induced gastric responses is discussed.", "contents": "Effects on gastric motility from the cerebellar fastigial nucleus. In acute experiments on chloralosed cats gastric motility, blood pressure and heart rate were investigated for influences exerted by the fastigial nucleus. Besides pressor responses, fastigial stimulation could produce either gastric excitation or relaxation and the background of these responses was analysed by selective nerve sectioning and administration of suitable autonomic blocking agents. Suppression of prevailing gastric motility was found to be mediated mainly by increased discharge in adrenergic nerve fibres but also by adrenal catecholamine release. -- Gastric excitation could be induced in three different ways, first via increased activity in vagal cholinergic fibres, second, by fastigial suppression of the vago-vagal non-adrenergic relaxatory reflex. In addition, when laparotomy or other noxious abdominal stimuli had induced inhibitory gastric reflexes, the consequent sympathetic discharge could be suppressed by fastigial stimulation resulting in enhanced gastric motility. -- The importance of background activity in the various nervous pathways for the fastigially induced gastric responses is discussed.", "PMID": 1180081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7299", "title": "Rapid transport of noradrenaline in adrenergic axons of rat sciatic nerve distal to a crush.", "content": "The transport of NA in the rat sciatic nerve distal to a crush was studied in 5 mm segments. The disappearance of a NA fraction in consecutive segments with time after crushing (0-12 h) was interpreted to indicate a proximo-distal migration of a NA fraction into further distal parts of the nerve. This transportable NA fraction was found to be about 45% of the NA in normal sciatic nerves and migrated at a rate of approximately 8 mm/h. The apparently non-mobile fraction (55%) was probably mainly located in vaso-constrictor nerve terminals of the blood vessels supplying the nerve. This non-mobile NA fraction does not contribute to the NA accumulations proximal to a crush. Thus, when calculating the rate of transport of any substance from accumulation experiments, corrections for a non-mobile fraction must always be considered.", "contents": "Rapid transport of noradrenaline in adrenergic axons of rat sciatic nerve distal to a crush. The transport of NA in the rat sciatic nerve distal to a crush was studied in 5 mm segments. The disappearance of a NA fraction in consecutive segments with time after crushing (0-12 h) was interpreted to indicate a proximo-distal migration of a NA fraction into further distal parts of the nerve. This transportable NA fraction was found to be about 45% of the NA in normal sciatic nerves and migrated at a rate of approximately 8 mm/h. The apparently non-mobile fraction (55%) was probably mainly located in vaso-constrictor nerve terminals of the blood vessels supplying the nerve. This non-mobile NA fraction does not contribute to the NA accumulations proximal to a crush. Thus, when calculating the rate of transport of any substance from accumulation experiments, corrections for a non-mobile fraction must always be considered.", "PMID": 1180082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7300", "title": "The capillary permeability of the rete mirabile of the eel, Anguilla vulgaris L.", "content": "Direct measurements of transcapillary exchange during steady-state conditions have been performed in the rete mirabile of the eel. The capillaries were found to be more than 30 times as permeable to THO (PTHO = 33.2 times 10(-5) cm sec-1), ethanol and antipyrine than to K+. The mutual relationship of the permeabilities for K+, Na+, urea and sucrose were similar to that between the corresponding free diffusion coefficients in water. The permeability characteristics did not change when the perfusate contained metabolic inhibitors. Additional of 1 mM/l of albumin lead to a significant transcapillary osmotic flow. NaCl, urea and sucrose, however, did not cause osmotic flow. Based on the quantitative values for permeability and volume flow the capillary pores should be about 1300 A and have a frequency of 1.3 times 10(6) per cm2 of the capillary surface, occupying an area of about 0.1% of the total area. The results obtained in the present investigation raise questions as to the validity of the Pappenheimer single-pore theory for transcapillary transport as well as to the fine structure of the capillary pores. As an alternative to Pappenheimer's theory a multi-pathway model is proposed in order to explain transcapillary transport.", "contents": "The capillary permeability of the rete mirabile of the eel, Anguilla vulgaris L. Direct measurements of transcapillary exchange during steady-state conditions have been performed in the rete mirabile of the eel. The capillaries were found to be more than 30 times as permeable to THO (PTHO = 33.2 times 10(-5) cm sec-1), ethanol and antipyrine than to K+. The mutual relationship of the permeabilities for K+, Na+, urea and sucrose were similar to that between the corresponding free diffusion coefficients in water. The permeability characteristics did not change when the perfusate contained metabolic inhibitors. Additional of 1 mM/l of albumin lead to a significant transcapillary osmotic flow. NaCl, urea and sucrose, however, did not cause osmotic flow. Based on the quantitative values for permeability and volume flow the capillary pores should be about 1300 A and have a frequency of 1.3 times 10(6) per cm2 of the capillary surface, occupying an area of about 0.1% of the total area. The results obtained in the present investigation raise questions as to the validity of the Pappenheimer single-pore theory for transcapillary transport as well as to the fine structure of the capillary pores. As an alternative to Pappenheimer's theory a multi-pathway model is proposed in order to explain transcapillary transport.", "PMID": 1180084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7301", "title": "Changes in renal hemodynamics and sodium excretion during saline infusion in lambs.", "content": "The renal response to a progressive isotonic extracellular volume (ECV) expansion was studied in 13 lambs of two age groups (5-28 days and 48-57 days). Changes in renal hemodynamics induced by the ECV expansion were followed. Intrarenal blood flow was determined by the microsphere method. For determination of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) standard clearance techniques were used. Recordings were made during control conditions and when normal saline had been infused in amounts up to 4.5% of the body weight. During the infusion there was an increase in sodium excretion both in absolute values and in relationship to GFR. The increase was, however, much less pronounced in the younger lambs. The GFR did not change significantly during saline infusion. The cortical blood flow increased only in the older lambs. As a consequence the quotient between GFR and cortical blood flow decreased in the older lambs. The possibility of a causal relationship between the fall in filtration fraction so obtained and the more pronounced natriuretic response in the older lambs is discussed. The inner to outer cortical blood flow ratio increased more in the younger lambs during saline infusion. The functional significance of an age related blood flow redistribution is, however, not clear.", "contents": "Changes in renal hemodynamics and sodium excretion during saline infusion in lambs. The renal response to a progressive isotonic extracellular volume (ECV) expansion was studied in 13 lambs of two age groups (5-28 days and 48-57 days). Changes in renal hemodynamics induced by the ECV expansion were followed. Intrarenal blood flow was determined by the microsphere method. For determination of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) standard clearance techniques were used. Recordings were made during control conditions and when normal saline had been infused in amounts up to 4.5% of the body weight. During the infusion there was an increase in sodium excretion both in absolute values and in relationship to GFR. The increase was, however, much less pronounced in the younger lambs. The GFR did not change significantly during saline infusion. The cortical blood flow increased only in the older lambs. As a consequence the quotient between GFR and cortical blood flow decreased in the older lambs. The possibility of a causal relationship between the fall in filtration fraction so obtained and the more pronounced natriuretic response in the older lambs is discussed. The inner to outer cortical blood flow ratio increased more in the younger lambs during saline infusion. The functional significance of an age related blood flow redistribution is, however, not clear.", "PMID": 1180085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7302", "title": "On the noradrenaline loading in axonal amine storage granules in rat crushed sciated nerves.", "content": "The increase of NA in rat sciatic nerve above a crush was investigated. The transported amounts of NA did not increase quite linearly with time, but more NA was found above the crush at 6 and 12 h than would be expected from the 3 h value. One possible reason for this phenomenon--an increased NA loading of the accumulated axonal granules--was investigated by 2 types of double crush experiments. One type involved simultaneous double crushes 1-1.5 cm apart. The increase in NA in the isolated segment 6 h after crushing indicated that the axonal amine storage granules had increased their NA load by about 70%. In the second type (\"delayed double crushes\") a distal crush was made 6 h before a second crush, 1-1.5 cm proximal to the first crush. 1-12 h after the second high crush the NA content of the isolated segment was assayed. The results indicated an increased NA content in the axonal granules of 75% already 3-4 h after the isolation of the segment, remaining constant up to 9 h after the second crush. The results indicate that axonal storage granules may increase their NA content by a factor of about 2 (1.7) while being transported distally in the axons. This information together with the information from the preceding article of a mobile NA fraction of 45%, was used to calculate the rate of transport of NA granules proximal to a crush. The value obtained was 9 mm/h which is in good agreement with the value obtained for transport distal to a crush (8 mm/h) in the preceding article.", "contents": "On the noradrenaline loading in axonal amine storage granules in rat crushed sciated nerves. The increase of NA in rat sciatic nerve above a crush was investigated. The transported amounts of NA did not increase quite linearly with time, but more NA was found above the crush at 6 and 12 h than would be expected from the 3 h value. One possible reason for this phenomenon--an increased NA loading of the accumulated axonal granules--was investigated by 2 types of double crush experiments. One type involved simultaneous double crushes 1-1.5 cm apart. The increase in NA in the isolated segment 6 h after crushing indicated that the axonal amine storage granules had increased their NA load by about 70%. In the second type (\"delayed double crushes\") a distal crush was made 6 h before a second crush, 1-1.5 cm proximal to the first crush. 1-12 h after the second high crush the NA content of the isolated segment was assayed. The results indicated an increased NA content in the axonal granules of 75% already 3-4 h after the isolation of the segment, remaining constant up to 9 h after the second crush. The results indicate that axonal storage granules may increase their NA content by a factor of about 2 (1.7) while being transported distally in the axons. This information together with the information from the preceding article of a mobile NA fraction of 45%, was used to calculate the rate of transport of NA granules proximal to a crush. The value obtained was 9 mm/h which is in good agreement with the value obtained for transport distal to a crush (8 mm/h) in the preceding article.", "PMID": 1180086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7303", "title": "Renal handling of human beta2-microglobulin in the rat: the importance of sham-operation.", "content": "The plasma disappearance rates of human beta2-microglobulin and (hydroxy-methyl-C14)-inulin was measured in unoperated, sham-operated, ureter-ligated and nephrectomised rats. Judging from the C14-activity curves in ureter-ligated and nephrectomised rats a substantial glomerular filtration continued after obstruction of the urine flow. Almost 90% of the injected protein had disappeared from plasma 120 min after injection into nephrectomised rats indicating a considerable extra-renal elimination and invalidating attempts to evaluate different renal mechanisms of elimination before and after ureter-ligation. Sham-operation induced an increase of the plasma disappearance of both beta2-microglobulin and inulin. The latter phenomenon may explain earlier findings of similarity between the disappearance curves of low molecular weight proteins in unoperated and ureter-ligated animals and stresses the importance of using sham-operated animals as controls.", "contents": "Renal handling of human beta2-microglobulin in the rat: the importance of sham-operation. The plasma disappearance rates of human beta2-microglobulin and (hydroxy-methyl-C14)-inulin was measured in unoperated, sham-operated, ureter-ligated and nephrectomised rats. Judging from the C14-activity curves in ureter-ligated and nephrectomised rats a substantial glomerular filtration continued after obstruction of the urine flow. Almost 90% of the injected protein had disappeared from plasma 120 min after injection into nephrectomised rats indicating a considerable extra-renal elimination and invalidating attempts to evaluate different renal mechanisms of elimination before and after ureter-ligation. Sham-operation induced an increase of the plasma disappearance of both beta2-microglobulin and inulin. The latter phenomenon may explain earlier findings of similarity between the disappearance curves of low molecular weight proteins in unoperated and ureter-ligated animals and stresses the importance of using sham-operated animals as controls.", "PMID": 1180087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7304", "title": "The effect on total renal and tubular function and plasma renin of a moderate isotonic saline load in rats anesthetized with amytal and inactin.", "content": "The renal effects of i.v. saline loading equal to 1% body weight (b.wt.) were studied in 2 groups of rats: group I was anesthetized with Amytal (15 mg/100 g b.wt. plus supplementary doses), group II with Inactin (12.5-15.0 mg/100 g b.wt.). In group I the saline load caused an increase in urine flow (+92%), solute excretion (+67%), inulin clearance (CIN) (+24%), PAH clearance (+31%) and absolute proximal reabsorption rate (+27%). Proximal fractional reabsorption and filtration fraction (FF) remained unchanged, while plasma oncotic pressure (COP) decreased by 10%. Plasma renin fell and there was an inverse relationship between renin concentration and proximal reabsorption rate. In group II urine flow and solute excretion increased after saline (+85% and 110%, respectively); CIN and absolute proximal reabsorption rate was lower than in group I and failed to increase after saline. Proximal fractional reabsorption was also lower and decreased after saline. COP as well as renin decreased as in group I, but no relationship between renin concentration and proximal reabsorption rate could be demonstrated. The data indicate that Inactin depresses both resting proximal tubular reabsorptive capacity and the tubular response to a physiological volume expansion. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the renin-angiotensin system is significantly involved in regulation of proximal tubular function, while they are incompatible with the idea that peritubular COP plays any major role in this adjustment.", "contents": "The effect on total renal and tubular function and plasma renin of a moderate isotonic saline load in rats anesthetized with amytal and inactin. The renal effects of i.v. saline loading equal to 1% body weight (b.wt.) were studied in 2 groups of rats: group I was anesthetized with Amytal (15 mg/100 g b.wt. plus supplementary doses), group II with Inactin (12.5-15.0 mg/100 g b.wt.). In group I the saline load caused an increase in urine flow (+92%), solute excretion (+67%), inulin clearance (CIN) (+24%), PAH clearance (+31%) and absolute proximal reabsorption rate (+27%). Proximal fractional reabsorption and filtration fraction (FF) remained unchanged, while plasma oncotic pressure (COP) decreased by 10%. Plasma renin fell and there was an inverse relationship between renin concentration and proximal reabsorption rate. In group II urine flow and solute excretion increased after saline (+85% and 110%, respectively); CIN and absolute proximal reabsorption rate was lower than in group I and failed to increase after saline. Proximal fractional reabsorption was also lower and decreased after saline. COP as well as renin decreased as in group I, but no relationship between renin concentration and proximal reabsorption rate could be demonstrated. The data indicate that Inactin depresses both resting proximal tubular reabsorptive capacity and the tubular response to a physiological volume expansion. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the renin-angiotensin system is significantly involved in regulation of proximal tubular function, while they are incompatible with the idea that peritubular COP plays any major role in this adjustment.", "PMID": 1180088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7305", "title": "Indomethacin blockade of renal PGE-synthesis: effect on total renal and tubular function and plasma renin concentration in hydropenic rats and on their response to isotonic saline.", "content": "The effects of indomethacin (I), a blocker of prostaglandin (PG)-synthetase, was studied in rats in an attempt to elucidate the physiological role of renal PGE. Plasma-I-concentrations of 13-14 mug/ml reduced renal venous plasma PGE-concentration significantly from 216 to 85 pg/ml within 45 min. Urine flow and solute excretion decreased by 42% and 20%, respectively, while urine osmolality increased 450 mOsm. Inulin clearance (CIN) and proximal reabsorption rate was unaffected, while renal plasma flow (RPF) decreased by 18%. Plasma renin concentration decreased slightly but significantly. An i.v. saline load equal to 1% b.wt. given to I-treated rats failed to elevate significantly either urine flow, solute excretion, CIN, RPF or proximal reabsorption rate, but plasma renin decreased further. The normal inverse relationship between plasma renin and proximal reabsorption rate was absent. The data are consistent with the concept that intrarenal PGE plays in adjustment of renal vascular resistance, and support the concept of a physiological role of intrarenal PGE in regulating salt and water excretion. The data do not support any major physiological role of PGE in regulating proximal tubular function.", "contents": "Indomethacin blockade of renal PGE-synthesis: effect on total renal and tubular function and plasma renin concentration in hydropenic rats and on their response to isotonic saline. The effects of indomethacin (I), a blocker of prostaglandin (PG)-synthetase, was studied in rats in an attempt to elucidate the physiological role of renal PGE. Plasma-I-concentrations of 13-14 mug/ml reduced renal venous plasma PGE-concentration significantly from 216 to 85 pg/ml within 45 min. Urine flow and solute excretion decreased by 42% and 20%, respectively, while urine osmolality increased 450 mOsm. Inulin clearance (CIN) and proximal reabsorption rate was unaffected, while renal plasma flow (RPF) decreased by 18%. Plasma renin concentration decreased slightly but significantly. An i.v. saline load equal to 1% b.wt. given to I-treated rats failed to elevate significantly either urine flow, solute excretion, CIN, RPF or proximal reabsorption rate, but plasma renin decreased further. The normal inverse relationship between plasma renin and proximal reabsorption rate was absent. The data are consistent with the concept that intrarenal PGE plays in adjustment of renal vascular resistance, and support the concept of a physiological role of intrarenal PGE in regulating salt and water excretion. The data do not support any major physiological role of PGE in regulating proximal tubular function.", "PMID": 1180089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7306", "title": "Vasomotor nerve control of isolated arteries and veins.", "content": "In order to compare neuro-effector function in different blood vessels, frequency-response relationships were determined for the following preparations: 1)Isolated rings of the proximal saphenous, distal saphenous and ear arteries, the parietal branch of the internal iliac vein and the small saphenous vein from the rabbit, 2) spiral strips of the rabbit pulmonary artery and 3) longitudinal preparations of the rat portal vein. In each rabbit tissue only one low (less than or equal to 4 Hz) and one high (larger than or equal to 8 Hz) transmural nerve stimulation frequency was applied until steady state responses were obtained and these were expressed as a percentage of a maximum response to exogenous noradrenaline (NA) applied in each experiment. The general shape of the frequency-response curves was similar, but differences in steepness and amplitude of the maximum neurogenic response relative to exogenous NA were found. The steepness of the frequency-response relationships of the veins tended to be greater than those of the arteries. It appears that factors such as close neuro-muscular contacts, presence of terminal nerve fibres within the media and the operation of mechanisms for myogenic propagation of activity contribute to the effectiveness of neurogenic vascular control as revealed by frequency-response curves. In vivo, geometrical factors can greatly augment the hemodynamic significance of the observed differences.", "contents": "Vasomotor nerve control of isolated arteries and veins. In order to compare neuro-effector function in different blood vessels, frequency-response relationships were determined for the following preparations: 1)Isolated rings of the proximal saphenous, distal saphenous and ear arteries, the parietal branch of the internal iliac vein and the small saphenous vein from the rabbit, 2) spiral strips of the rabbit pulmonary artery and 3) longitudinal preparations of the rat portal vein. In each rabbit tissue only one low (less than or equal to 4 Hz) and one high (larger than or equal to 8 Hz) transmural nerve stimulation frequency was applied until steady state responses were obtained and these were expressed as a percentage of a maximum response to exogenous noradrenaline (NA) applied in each experiment. The general shape of the frequency-response curves was similar, but differences in steepness and amplitude of the maximum neurogenic response relative to exogenous NA were found. The steepness of the frequency-response relationships of the veins tended to be greater than those of the arteries. It appears that factors such as close neuro-muscular contacts, presence of terminal nerve fibres within the media and the operation of mechanisms for myogenic propagation of activity contribute to the effectiveness of neurogenic vascular control as revealed by frequency-response curves. In vivo, geometrical factors can greatly augment the hemodynamic significance of the observed differences.", "PMID": 1180090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7307", "title": "The biliary excretion of 3H-inulin and 3H-terbutaline in the unanesthetized rat.", "content": "An animal model which permits sampling of arterial blood and bile from unanesthetized rats with uninterrupted enterohepatic circulation is described. Pharmacokinetic data concerning inulin (0.2 mumol kg-1) and terbutaline (1.8 mumol kg-1) after intraarterial injection are presented. The following values for inulin were obtained Vdbeta equals 0.25 ml g-1, plasma clearance equals 2.3 ml min-1 kg-1 and bile clearance equals 0.03-0.04 ml min-1 kg-1, which mainly are in agreement with data from the literature. For terbutaline the corresponding values were 0.58 ml g-1, 5.2 ml min-1 kg-1 and 0.12-0.98 ml min-1 kg-1, respectively.", "contents": "The biliary excretion of 3H-inulin and 3H-terbutaline in the unanesthetized rat. An animal model which permits sampling of arterial blood and bile from unanesthetized rats with uninterrupted enterohepatic circulation is described. Pharmacokinetic data concerning inulin (0.2 mumol kg-1) and terbutaline (1.8 mumol kg-1) after intraarterial injection are presented. The following values for inulin were obtained Vdbeta equals 0.25 ml g-1, plasma clearance equals 2.3 ml min-1 kg-1 and bile clearance equals 0.03-0.04 ml min-1 kg-1, which mainly are in agreement with data from the literature. For terbutaline the corresponding values were 0.58 ml g-1, 5.2 ml min-1 kg-1 and 0.12-0.98 ml min-1 kg-1, respectively.", "PMID": 1180094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7308", "title": "Recovery of ADH activity in the urine of goats under normal and stimulated conditions.", "content": "The hydrated goat was used for bioassays of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) activity recovered by resin column separation from the urine of other animals of the same species. A methodological innovation in the separation procedure was ethanol purification of the column before elution. In this manner substances which sometimes obscured the bioassays were eliminated without loss of ADH activity. With the bioassay method employed, it was possible to determine to the nearest 0.5 of a mU the ADH activity of unknown samples, provided they contained between 0-5 mU of ADH. When arginine vasopressin was infused intravenously into hydrated animals, slightly more than 10% of its antidiuretic activity was recovered in the urine. In the water replete goat the ADH activity found in the urine was of the order of 1 mU per hr urine secretion, indicating a neurohypophyseal ADH release of approximately 5 muU/kg min. After 48 h of dehydration in an environmental temperature of 20 degrees C the renal ADH excretion increased to about 8 mU/h, suggesting an 8-fold increase of ADH secretion over basic, water replete secretion of ADH. ADH secretion of the same high order was induced in hydrated animals by the infusion of angiotensin II together with hypertonic NaCl into the lateral cerebral ventricle.", "contents": "Recovery of ADH activity in the urine of goats under normal and stimulated conditions. The hydrated goat was used for bioassays of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) activity recovered by resin column separation from the urine of other animals of the same species. A methodological innovation in the separation procedure was ethanol purification of the column before elution. In this manner substances which sometimes obscured the bioassays were eliminated without loss of ADH activity. With the bioassay method employed, it was possible to determine to the nearest 0.5 of a mU the ADH activity of unknown samples, provided they contained between 0-5 mU of ADH. When arginine vasopressin was infused intravenously into hydrated animals, slightly more than 10% of its antidiuretic activity was recovered in the urine. In the water replete goat the ADH activity found in the urine was of the order of 1 mU per hr urine secretion, indicating a neurohypophyseal ADH release of approximately 5 muU/kg min. After 48 h of dehydration in an environmental temperature of 20 degrees C the renal ADH excretion increased to about 8 mU/h, suggesting an 8-fold increase of ADH secretion over basic, water replete secretion of ADH. ADH secretion of the same high order was induced in hydrated animals by the infusion of angiotensin II together with hypertonic NaCl into the lateral cerebral ventricle.", "PMID": 1180095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7309", "title": "Accumulation of calcium by retinal outer segments.", "content": "Two preparations of bovine photoreceptors, including intact and lysed outer segments, are used to study accumulation of Ca++ in order to differentiate between binding and transport. The two preparations accumulate initially roughly equal amounts of Ca++ in the presence or absence of ATP. In the absence of ATP no further accumulation occurs. With ATP accumulation continues most rapidly in intact outer segments. The additioesults in kinetics of uptake similar to those in the absence of ATP. Thus the initial phase of Ca++ accumulation is predominantly due to binding, while that induced by ATP is due to transport. Accumulation of Ca++ by outer segments can be stimulated by preloading them with ATP suggesting that ATP enters the structures and acts intracellularly. Illumination decreases binding of Ca++ to outer segments but does not consistently affect transport. After illumination more Ca++ is retained by intact than lysed outer segments indicating that plasma membrane acts as a barrier to the escape of Ca++. Phospholipids and protein appear to be responsible for Ca++ binding of outer segments as suggested by a reduced binding ability after removal of these constituents. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine is the main phospholipid class of outer segments.", "contents": "Accumulation of calcium by retinal outer segments. Two preparations of bovine photoreceptors, including intact and lysed outer segments, are used to study accumulation of Ca++ in order to differentiate between binding and transport. The two preparations accumulate initially roughly equal amounts of Ca++ in the presence or absence of ATP. In the absence of ATP no further accumulation occurs. With ATP accumulation continues most rapidly in intact outer segments. The additioesults in kinetics of uptake similar to those in the absence of ATP. Thus the initial phase of Ca++ accumulation is predominantly due to binding, while that induced by ATP is due to transport. Accumulation of Ca++ by outer segments can be stimulated by preloading them with ATP suggesting that ATP enters the structures and acts intracellularly. Illumination decreases binding of Ca++ to outer segments but does not consistently affect transport. After illumination more Ca++ is retained by intact than lysed outer segments indicating that plasma membrane acts as a barrier to the escape of Ca++. Phospholipids and protein appear to be responsible for Ca++ binding of outer segments as suggested by a reduced binding ability after removal of these constituents. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine is the main phospholipid class of outer segments.", "PMID": 1180096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7310", "title": "Reflexogenic contraction of the ileo-cecal sphincter in the cat following small or large intestinal distension.", "content": "The effect of distension of a small or large intestinal loop on the ileo-cecal sphincter (ICS) in the cat was studied with a flow-recording technique. Distension of a small or large intestinal loop, isolated from the adjacent intestine, but with its mesenteric vascular and nervous supply intact, elicited a contraction of the ICS concomitant with an inhibition of the adjacent large and small intestinal motility. Vagal and pelvic nerve section did not affect the response to distension of the ICS nor exclusion of the adrenal glands from the circulation. The sphincter reflex could be entirely or almost entirely eliminated by cutting both the splanchnic and lumbar colonic nerves, but not one or the other. Spinal anesthesia bocked the reflex response indicating a spinal reflex arc. The reflex persisted after atropine and propranolol, while both guanethidine and phenoxybenzamine completely abolished the reflex contraction of the sphincter. The present results indicate that the excitatory intestino-ileo-cecal sphincteric reflex is a spinal reflex with the main afferent and/or efferent fibres located within the major splanchnic and lumbar colonic nerves. The excitatory motor response in the sphincter is adrenergic and mediated via alpha-receptors.", "contents": "Reflexogenic contraction of the ileo-cecal sphincter in the cat following small or large intestinal distension. The effect of distension of a small or large intestinal loop on the ileo-cecal sphincter (ICS) in the cat was studied with a flow-recording technique. Distension of a small or large intestinal loop, isolated from the adjacent intestine, but with its mesenteric vascular and nervous supply intact, elicited a contraction of the ICS concomitant with an inhibition of the adjacent large and small intestinal motility. Vagal and pelvic nerve section did not affect the response to distension of the ICS nor exclusion of the adrenal glands from the circulation. The sphincter reflex could be entirely or almost entirely eliminated by cutting both the splanchnic and lumbar colonic nerves, but not one or the other. Spinal anesthesia bocked the reflex response indicating a spinal reflex arc. The reflex persisted after atropine and propranolol, while both guanethidine and phenoxybenzamine completely abolished the reflex contraction of the sphincter. The present results indicate that the excitatory intestino-ileo-cecal sphincteric reflex is a spinal reflex with the main afferent and/or efferent fibres located within the major splanchnic and lumbar colonic nerves. The excitatory motor response in the sphincter is adrenergic and mediated via alpha-receptors.", "PMID": 1180097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7311", "title": "Intracellular distribution of amines taken up by rat mast cells.", "content": "Mast cells isolated from rat peritoneal and pleural cavities were incubated in vitro with radioactively-labelled histamine (Hi), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), tyramine (TA), phenylethylamine (PhEA), trptamine (TrpA), ephedrine (Eph) or amphetamine (Amph). All these amines were taken up by the mast cells. The dose-response curves for the compound 48/80-induced release of endogenous Hi and for the various amines taken up by the cells were compared. The release curves for Hi, 5-HT, DA, NA and TA were found to be similar to that for endogenous Hi, while those for PhEA, TrpA, Eph and Amph were different from that for endogenous Hi. The uptake of Hi, 5-HT, DA, PhEA, TrpA and Eph into granules in mast cells was studied. Membrane-bound granules were obtained by sonication of mast cells incubated with the respective amine, followed by differential contrifugation. The amine content of these granules was then measured. Hi, 5-HT and DA were found to be mainly localized to the granules, while a smaller proportion of the PhEA, TrpA and Eph was found there, the rest being located extragranularly. The present results suggest that, when taken up by rat mast cells, even amines which are not endogenous to the cells are stored in the same way as the endogenous amines Hi and 5-HT.", "contents": "Intracellular distribution of amines taken up by rat mast cells. Mast cells isolated from rat peritoneal and pleural cavities were incubated in vitro with radioactively-labelled histamine (Hi), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), tyramine (TA), phenylethylamine (PhEA), trptamine (TrpA), ephedrine (Eph) or amphetamine (Amph). All these amines were taken up by the mast cells. The dose-response curves for the compound 48/80-induced release of endogenous Hi and for the various amines taken up by the cells were compared. The release curves for Hi, 5-HT, DA, NA and TA were found to be similar to that for endogenous Hi, while those for PhEA, TrpA, Eph and Amph were different from that for endogenous Hi. The uptake of Hi, 5-HT, DA, PhEA, TrpA and Eph into granules in mast cells was studied. Membrane-bound granules were obtained by sonication of mast cells incubated with the respective amine, followed by differential contrifugation. The amine content of these granules was then measured. Hi, 5-HT and DA were found to be mainly localized to the granules, while a smaller proportion of the PhEA, TrpA and Eph was found there, the rest being located extragranularly. The present results suggest that, when taken up by rat mast cells, even amines which are not endogenous to the cells are stored in the same way as the endogenous amines Hi and 5-HT.", "PMID": 1180098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7312", "title": "Effect of cold exposure of free water reabsorption in hydropenic man.", "content": "With clearance technique, changes in tubular reabsorption of solute free water (TcH2O), were studied in a group of 9 healthy hydropenic volunteers during a cold stress of 1 h at +15 degrees C. Increases were found in TcH2O and in fractional excretion of sodium and osmoles during cold. Since TcH2O was used as an index of sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of Henle's loop, the findings indicated that under the conditions used in this study, the concentrating ability of the kidney was not negatively influenced by cold, despite a significant increase in arterial pressure. It is suggested that the reabsorption by the ascending limb of the loop was increased secondary to a reduced proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium.", "contents": "Effect of cold exposure of free water reabsorption in hydropenic man. With clearance technique, changes in tubular reabsorption of solute free water (TcH2O), were studied in a group of 9 healthy hydropenic volunteers during a cold stress of 1 h at +15 degrees C. Increases were found in TcH2O and in fractional excretion of sodium and osmoles during cold. Since TcH2O was used as an index of sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of Henle's loop, the findings indicated that under the conditions used in this study, the concentrating ability of the kidney was not negatively influenced by cold, despite a significant increase in arterial pressure. It is suggested that the reabsorption by the ascending limb of the loop was increased secondary to a reduced proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium.", "PMID": 1180100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7313", "title": "Effects of catecholamine-infusions and hypoxia on pulmonary blood volume and extravascular lung water content in cats.", "content": "The effects of catecholamine-infusions and of hypoxia on lung blood volume and on extravascular lung water content have been studied in anesthetized cats with opened chests. To this end a biopsy technique, with isotope labelling of blood and with successive removal of the smaller lung lobes, was employed. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased by 30-75% upon infusing catecholamines or upon inducing general hypoxia, the latter stimulus being the more powerful one. Pulmonary blood volume did not increase during these procedures, where an active constriction of pulmonary vessels thus apparently took place. The extravascular lung water content was found to be reduced in animals infused with noradrenaline or ventilated by hypoxic air, whereas a small increase was observed in the animals receiving adrenaline. This difference might reflect domination of precapillary vasoconstriction in the former groups, whereas postcapillary vasoconstriction could be more pronounced with adrenaline.", "contents": "Effects of catecholamine-infusions and hypoxia on pulmonary blood volume and extravascular lung water content in cats. The effects of catecholamine-infusions and of hypoxia on lung blood volume and on extravascular lung water content have been studied in anesthetized cats with opened chests. To this end a biopsy technique, with isotope labelling of blood and with successive removal of the smaller lung lobes, was employed. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased by 30-75% upon infusing catecholamines or upon inducing general hypoxia, the latter stimulus being the more powerful one. Pulmonary blood volume did not increase during these procedures, where an active constriction of pulmonary vessels thus apparently took place. The extravascular lung water content was found to be reduced in animals infused with noradrenaline or ventilated by hypoxic air, whereas a small increase was observed in the animals receiving adrenaline. This difference might reflect domination of precapillary vasoconstriction in the former groups, whereas postcapillary vasoconstriction could be more pronounced with adrenaline.", "PMID": 1180101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7314", "title": "The importance of asphyxia for the development of diving bradycardia in ducks.", "content": "Upon submersion, the domestic duck normally displays a prompt but modest cardiac retardation, which, after a short delay, is reinforced into a pronounced state of bradycardia. The present study has revealed that arterial asphyxia is a prerequisite for the reinforcement of the initial slight bradycardia.", "contents": "The importance of asphyxia for the development of diving bradycardia in ducks. Upon submersion, the domestic duck normally displays a prompt but modest cardiac retardation, which, after a short delay, is reinforced into a pronounced state of bradycardia. The present study has revealed that arterial asphyxia is a prerequisite for the reinforcement of the initial slight bradycardia.", "PMID": 1180102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7315", "title": "Specific and unspecific removal of circulating noradrenaline in pulmonary and systemic vascular beds in man.", "content": "In order to study the extent and degree of specificity of the removal of circulating noradrenaline (NA) from the blood stream, during a single passage through the vascular beds of the lungs and of the forearm musculature of unanaesthetized, healthy young men, the following radiometric method was used: A misture of 3H-NA with 14C-inulin and 125I-labelled human serum albumin was injected proximally to the bed under study; six serial blood smaples were drawn distally to it, with about 15 s interval, and the disappearance of 3H-NA relatively to that of 14C-inulin and 125I-albumin was determined. 3H-NA was found to be removed from the blood stream in both these vascular beds. However, in the forearm the removal of 3H-NA was much greater, and apparently to a large extent due to specific trapping in the tissues, since the clearance of 3H-NA over the vascular bed of the forearm markedly exceeded that of 14C-inulin. During passage through the lungs removal of 3H-NA was less marked, and apparently largely unspecific, since it was initially essentially equal to that of 14C-inulin. This suggests that removal of circulating ergones of small molecular size, from the blood stream passing through the lungs, may occur initially by unspecific filtration/diffusion. Their subsequent fate would depend on whether the extraluminal tissues, supplied by the lung circulation, possess specific mechanisms for concentrating and/or inactivating each particular compound.", "contents": "Specific and unspecific removal of circulating noradrenaline in pulmonary and systemic vascular beds in man. In order to study the extent and degree of specificity of the removal of circulating noradrenaline (NA) from the blood stream, during a single passage through the vascular beds of the lungs and of the forearm musculature of unanaesthetized, healthy young men, the following radiometric method was used: A misture of 3H-NA with 14C-inulin and 125I-labelled human serum albumin was injected proximally to the bed under study; six serial blood smaples were drawn distally to it, with about 15 s interval, and the disappearance of 3H-NA relatively to that of 14C-inulin and 125I-albumin was determined. 3H-NA was found to be removed from the blood stream in both these vascular beds. However, in the forearm the removal of 3H-NA was much greater, and apparently to a large extent due to specific trapping in the tissues, since the clearance of 3H-NA over the vascular bed of the forearm markedly exceeded that of 14C-inulin. During passage through the lungs removal of 3H-NA was less marked, and apparently largely unspecific, since it was initially essentially equal to that of 14C-inulin. This suggests that removal of circulating ergones of small molecular size, from the blood stream passing through the lungs, may occur initially by unspecific filtration/diffusion. Their subsequent fate would depend on whether the extraluminal tissues, supplied by the lung circulation, possess specific mechanisms for concentrating and/or inactivating each particular compound.", "PMID": 1180103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7316", "title": "Radioactively labelled microspheres in regional cerebral blood flow determinations. A study on monkeys with 15 and 35 mum spheres.", "content": "15 mum and 35 mum radioactive microspheres, differently labelled, were used simultaneously for rCBF-determinations in monkeys. Flow values calculated from data for 35 mum spheres were 27 +/- 7 g/min per 100 g higher for grey matter and 10 +/- 3 g/min per 100 g lower for white matter than flow values calculated from 15 mum spheres, while both sphere sizes resulted in similar values for the choroid plexus. A large number of 35 mum spheres were trapped in extracerebral pial arterioles. It is concluded that entrpment in relatively large arterioles of the 35 mum spheres explains the differences in flow values, and that this invalidates the use of 35 mum spheres, and larger, in rCBF-determinations.", "contents": "Radioactively labelled microspheres in regional cerebral blood flow determinations. A study on monkeys with 15 and 35 mum spheres. 15 mum and 35 mum radioactive microspheres, differently labelled, were used simultaneously for rCBF-determinations in monkeys. Flow values calculated from data for 35 mum spheres were 27 +/- 7 g/min per 100 g higher for grey matter and 10 +/- 3 g/min per 100 g lower for white matter than flow values calculated from 15 mum spheres, while both sphere sizes resulted in similar values for the choroid plexus. A large number of 35 mum spheres were trapped in extracerebral pial arterioles. It is concluded that entrpment in relatively large arterioles of the 35 mum spheres explains the differences in flow values, and that this invalidates the use of 35 mum spheres, and larger, in rCBF-determinations.", "PMID": 1180104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7317", "title": "Cholinergic receptors at denervated mammalian motor end-plates.", "content": "The number of acetylcholine receptors at normal and denervated end-plated in rat soleus muscles was studied using the binding of [125A] alpha-bungarotoxin as a quantitative assay. Normal end-plates bound several thousand times as much toxin as equal areas of extra-synaptic muscle membrane. After short-term denervation (up to 2.4 weeks) the extrajunctional binding increased, but there was no change in specific binding to the motor end-plate. Denervation for longer periods (up to 7 weeks) reduced binding sites at the end-plate by up to 60-70%. Direct electrical stimulation of these muscles for the entire period of denervation did not prevent the loss of junctional binding sites even though it was adequate to abolish the increase in extrajunctional toxin binding. In contrast, denervated end-plates on muscle fibres cross-innervated by a foreign nerve at a distant location continued to bind normal amounts of toxin for over four months.", "contents": "Cholinergic receptors at denervated mammalian motor end-plates. The number of acetylcholine receptors at normal and denervated end-plated in rat soleus muscles was studied using the binding of [125A] alpha-bungarotoxin as a quantitative assay. Normal end-plates bound several thousand times as much toxin as equal areas of extra-synaptic muscle membrane. After short-term denervation (up to 2.4 weeks) the extrajunctional binding increased, but there was no change in specific binding to the motor end-plate. Denervation for longer periods (up to 7 weeks) reduced binding sites at the end-plate by up to 60-70%. Direct electrical stimulation of these muscles for the entire period of denervation did not prevent the loss of junctional binding sites even though it was adequate to abolish the increase in extrajunctional toxin binding. In contrast, denervated end-plates on muscle fibres cross-innervated by a foreign nerve at a distant location continued to bind normal amounts of toxin for over four months.", "PMID": 1180105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7318", "title": "Differential effects of temperature on activity of LDH from seal and sheep skin.", "content": "The homeothermic seal possesses a heterothermic skin, while the skin of the sheep behaves as a truly homeothermic tissue. A new method for skin homogenization is described. The effect of temperature on the catalytic behaviour of seal and sheep skin LDH has been investigated by fluorimetric activity measurements, with results presented as Arrhenius plots. The seal skin enzyme had ten times higher activity at low temperatures as compared to the sheep skin. The mechanisms responsible for this different behaviour are discussed.", "contents": "Differential effects of temperature on activity of LDH from seal and sheep skin. The homeothermic seal possesses a heterothermic skin, while the skin of the sheep behaves as a truly homeothermic tissue. A new method for skin homogenization is described. The effect of temperature on the catalytic behaviour of seal and sheep skin LDH has been investigated by fluorimetric activity measurements, with results presented as Arrhenius plots. The seal skin enzyme had ten times higher activity at low temperatures as compared to the sheep skin. The mechanisms responsible for this different behaviour are discussed.", "PMID": 1180106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7319", "title": "Effect of spinal sympathetic blockade upon local regulation of blood flow in subcutaneous tissue.", "content": "The influence of spinal sympathetic blockade upon local regulation of blood flow in subcutaneous adipose tissue was investigated in six subjects. The effect of changes in orthostatic pressure on blood flow in subcutaneous tissue in the crus and distal forearm was measured before and after sympathetic blockade obtained by epidural anesthesia in 4 subjects and by a bilateral sympathectomy in 2 patients suffering from manual hyperhidrosis. Blood flow in subcutaneous tissue measured by 133Xe washout technique decreased by about 40 per cent when the limb was lowered, and remained constant during 30 cm elevation. This was found both before and after the blockade, though in one of the patients, the orthostatic decrease in blood flow was less pronounced 24 h after sympathectomy. Hence central sympathetic reflexes do not alter local orthostatic changes of blood flow in subcutaneous tissue. These changes therefore are most likely due to local mechanisms.", "contents": "Effect of spinal sympathetic blockade upon local regulation of blood flow in subcutaneous tissue. The influence of spinal sympathetic blockade upon local regulation of blood flow in subcutaneous adipose tissue was investigated in six subjects. The effect of changes in orthostatic pressure on blood flow in subcutaneous tissue in the crus and distal forearm was measured before and after sympathetic blockade obtained by epidural anesthesia in 4 subjects and by a bilateral sympathectomy in 2 patients suffering from manual hyperhidrosis. Blood flow in subcutaneous tissue measured by 133Xe washout technique decreased by about 40 per cent when the limb was lowered, and remained constant during 30 cm elevation. This was found both before and after the blockade, though in one of the patients, the orthostatic decrease in blood flow was less pronounced 24 h after sympathectomy. Hence central sympathetic reflexes do not alter local orthostatic changes of blood flow in subcutaneous tissue. These changes therefore are most likely due to local mechanisms.", "PMID": 1180107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7320", "title": "Affinity of Noradrenaline and dopamine for neural alpha-receptors mediating negative feedback control of noradrenaline secretion in human vasoconstrictor nerves.", "content": "Isolated superfused field stimulated biopsy specimens of human peripheral arteries and veins, preincubated with 3H-( - )-NOradrenaline (NA) to label the neural stores of NA, were used to study the potency of dopamine (DA) and of NA as triggers of alpha-adrenoceptor mediated negative feedback control of sympathetic neurotransmitter secretion, evoked by stimulation with trains of 300 shocks at 1 Hz. In this preparation DA was found to be only slightly less potent than NA in depressing both the secretion of 3h-na, and the contractile response, evoked by nerve stimulation. DA depressed the contraction evoked by exogenous NA as well, but to a very much smaller extent. On the other hand, DA was a very weak agonist on the alpha receptors of the smooth muscle; nearly 1000 times higher concentrations of DA were required to mimick contractions evoked by exogenous NA. The results show that the neural alpha-receptor function involved in control of NA secretion differs considerably from the alpha-receptors of e.g. smooth muscle, with respect to sensitivity to DA. It seems possible that the observed depressing effect of DA on NA secretion may be of pharmacological and clinical interest; it may at least in part explain the vasodilating effect of DA infusions in man.", "contents": "Affinity of Noradrenaline and dopamine for neural alpha-receptors mediating negative feedback control of noradrenaline secretion in human vasoconstrictor nerves. Isolated superfused field stimulated biopsy specimens of human peripheral arteries and veins, preincubated with 3H-( - )-NOradrenaline (NA) to label the neural stores of NA, were used to study the potency of dopamine (DA) and of NA as triggers of alpha-adrenoceptor mediated negative feedback control of sympathetic neurotransmitter secretion, evoked by stimulation with trains of 300 shocks at 1 Hz. In this preparation DA was found to be only slightly less potent than NA in depressing both the secretion of 3h-na, and the contractile response, evoked by nerve stimulation. DA depressed the contraction evoked by exogenous NA as well, but to a very much smaller extent. On the other hand, DA was a very weak agonist on the alpha receptors of the smooth muscle; nearly 1000 times higher concentrations of DA were required to mimick contractions evoked by exogenous NA. The results show that the neural alpha-receptor function involved in control of NA secretion differs considerably from the alpha-receptors of e.g. smooth muscle, with respect to sensitivity to DA. It seems possible that the observed depressing effect of DA on NA secretion may be of pharmacological and clinical interest; it may at least in part explain the vasodilating effect of DA infusions in man.", "PMID": 1180108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7321", "title": "The pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia: effects of inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "content": "The main purpose of the present work was to determine whether prostaglandins (PGs) synthetised in the lungs mediate the vasoconstrictor response to acute alveolar hypoxia. Isolated and ventilated lungs of rats were perfused at 37 degrees C with homologous blood at constant-volume, pulsatile inflow, and pressor responses to 3 min periods of standardized ventilation hypoxia recorded. Indomethacin, sodium meclofenamate and acetylsalicylic acid (all 100 mug/ml), which are potent inhibitors of PG biosynthesis, did not reduce the hypoxic vasoconstrictor response. Sometimes they even enhanced this response. We conclude that PGs do not mediate the hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction. We suggest that vasodilatory PGs might act to reduce and modify pulmonary arterial hypertension due to hypoxia.", "contents": "The pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia: effects of inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis. The main purpose of the present work was to determine whether prostaglandins (PGs) synthetised in the lungs mediate the vasoconstrictor response to acute alveolar hypoxia. Isolated and ventilated lungs of rats were perfused at 37 degrees C with homologous blood at constant-volume, pulsatile inflow, and pressor responses to 3 min periods of standardized ventilation hypoxia recorded. Indomethacin, sodium meclofenamate and acetylsalicylic acid (all 100 mug/ml), which are potent inhibitors of PG biosynthesis, did not reduce the hypoxic vasoconstrictor response. Sometimes they even enhanced this response. We conclude that PGs do not mediate the hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction. We suggest that vasodilatory PGs might act to reduce and modify pulmonary arterial hypertension due to hypoxia.", "PMID": 1180109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7322", "title": "Suicide in Fiji: a two-year survey.", "content": "This article reviews certified suicide in Fiji during the 2-year period from 1971-1972. The data show the much higher incidence of suicide in Fiji Indians than in other races, the incidence in Fiji Indian females being particularly high. The findings on a more detailed sample survey of 50% of the certified cases are presented. In the Fiji Indian population, a positive correlation between suicide and rural residence and a negative correlation between suicide and Moslem religion were found. These findings are discussed in relation to the cultural and social characteristics of the population of Fiji.", "contents": "Suicide in Fiji: a two-year survey. This article reviews certified suicide in Fiji during the 2-year period from 1971-1972. The data show the much higher incidence of suicide in Fiji Indians than in other races, the incidence in Fiji Indian females being particularly high. The findings on a more detailed sample survey of 50% of the certified cases are presented. In the Fiji Indian population, a positive correlation between suicide and rural residence and a negative correlation between suicide and Moslem religion were found. These findings are discussed in relation to the cultural and social characteristics of the population of Fiji.", "PMID": 1180110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7323", "title": "The longitudinal course of para-natal emotional disturbance.", "content": "Ninety-five nulliparous women were interviewed during pregnancy and 4 months post partum. The possibility of predicting mental disturbance post partum from that during pregnancy was studied. When the woman was mentally disturbed during pregnancy, the prognosis was better in the case of a poor social situation at the time of the pregnancy than in the case of a good social situation. Negative attitude towards further pregnancies and repudiation of the own mother, however, implied unfavourable prognosis. In the case of a woman without mental symptoms during pregnancy, denial of the pregnancy and sensations connected with it suggested poor adaptation post partum.", "contents": "The longitudinal course of para-natal emotional disturbance. Ninety-five nulliparous women were interviewed during pregnancy and 4 months post partum. The possibility of predicting mental disturbance post partum from that during pregnancy was studied. When the woman was mentally disturbed during pregnancy, the prognosis was better in the case of a poor social situation at the time of the pregnancy than in the case of a good social situation. Negative attitude towards further pregnancies and repudiation of the own mother, however, implied unfavourable prognosis. In the case of a woman without mental symptoms during pregnancy, denial of the pregnancy and sensations connected with it suggested poor adaptation post partum.", "PMID": 1180111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7324", "title": "A study of genetic factors, childhood bereavement, and premorbid personality traits in patients with anancastic endogenous depression.", "content": "From a sample of 1,005 patients admitted to the State Hospital in Aarhus for the first time during the period 1950-1959 and who had been diagnosed as suffering from manic-depressive psychosis or endogenous depression (affective psychoses), a subsample of 104 manic-depressive aptients with anancastic symptoms in the history were selected. The 104 probands were individually matched with 104 non-anancastic probands with affective psychoses. The anancastic probands and the controls who were still living were seen personally at the follow-up. Information concerning the psychiatric history of 945 first degree relatives of the anancastic probands and 1,000 first degree relatives of the controls were obtained. During the search for factors which could be used to distinguish affective psychoses with anancastic symptoms from affective psychoses without these traits, a positive correlation was found between the presence of anancasma and the following factors: (a) premorbid obsessive personality traits; (b) traumatic environmental factors in childhood; (c) a tendency to monopolarity; (d) a preponderance of monopolar depressions in the family; (e) the presence of secondary cases of anancastic endogenous depression. The findings are compatible with a theory which attributes a pathoplastic effect to the obsessive personality giving rise to anancastic symptomatology in the form of affective psychoses which tend to a unipolar course.", "contents": "A study of genetic factors, childhood bereavement, and premorbid personality traits in patients with anancastic endogenous depression. From a sample of 1,005 patients admitted to the State Hospital in Aarhus for the first time during the period 1950-1959 and who had been diagnosed as suffering from manic-depressive psychosis or endogenous depression (affective psychoses), a subsample of 104 manic-depressive aptients with anancastic symptoms in the history were selected. The 104 probands were individually matched with 104 non-anancastic probands with affective psychoses. The anancastic probands and the controls who were still living were seen personally at the follow-up. Information concerning the psychiatric history of 945 first degree relatives of the anancastic probands and 1,000 first degree relatives of the controls were obtained. During the search for factors which could be used to distinguish affective psychoses with anancastic symptoms from affective psychoses without these traits, a positive correlation was found between the presence of anancasma and the following factors: (a) premorbid obsessive personality traits; (b) traumatic environmental factors in childhood; (c) a tendency to monopolarity; (d) a preponderance of monopolar depressions in the family; (e) the presence of secondary cases of anancastic endogenous depression. The findings are compatible with a theory which attributes a pathoplastic effect to the obsessive personality giving rise to anancastic symptomatology in the form of affective psychoses which tend to a unipolar course.", "PMID": 1180112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7325", "title": "Results of radiation therapy of early carcinoma of the vocal cords.", "content": "A material of 91 early carcinomas of the vocal cord treated by radiation therapy were reviewed. The 5-year crude and determinate survival rates were 86 and 95 per cent, respectively. Primary irradiation only, resulted in a 5-year cure rate of 77 per cent. Of the 21 patients who developed local recurrences, 11 were cured by total, and one by partial laryngectomy. Eight patients developed other primary carcinomas.", "contents": "Results of radiation therapy of early carcinoma of the vocal cords. A material of 91 early carcinomas of the vocal cord treated by radiation therapy were reviewed. The 5-year crude and determinate survival rates were 86 and 95 per cent, respectively. Primary irradiation only, resulted in a 5-year cure rate of 77 per cent. Of the 21 patients who developed local recurrences, 11 were cured by total, and one by partial laryngectomy. Eight patients developed other primary carcinomas.", "PMID": 1180113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7326", "title": "Bone scanning with 99Tcm compounds in metastasizing mammary carcinoma.", "content": "A comparison of three compounds for bone scanning has been carried out in 9 patients with metastatic mammary carcinoma for evaluating their effectiveness. The best results were obtained with 99Tcm diphosphonate. For the other two compounds tested, 99Tcm polyphosphate and 99Tcm pyrophosphate, no difference could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Bone scanning with 99Tcm compounds in metastasizing mammary carcinoma. A comparison of three compounds for bone scanning has been carried out in 9 patients with metastatic mammary carcinoma for evaluating their effectiveness. The best results were obtained with 99Tcm diphosphonate. For the other two compounds tested, 99Tcm polyphosphate and 99Tcm pyrophosphate, no difference could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1180114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7327", "title": "Automated thermoluminescence reader. II. Experiments and theory.", "content": "A radiothermoluminescence dosimetry system based on an automated reader has been developed. The system utilizes the high sensitivity of the dosimeter material after heating. Thermal treatment is limited to the temperature process in connection with read-out. The measurement values are punched out automatically on paper tape and calculations performed by means of a minicomputer PDP 8/E. The dosimetric system meets the needs of routine use in clinical environment. Recommendations for the practical use of the system are given.", "contents": "Automated thermoluminescence reader. II. Experiments and theory. A radiothermoluminescence dosimetry system based on an automated reader has been developed. The system utilizes the high sensitivity of the dosimeter material after heating. Thermal treatment is limited to the temperature process in connection with read-out. The measurement values are punched out automatically on paper tape and calculations performed by means of a minicomputer PDP 8/E. The dosimetric system meets the needs of routine use in clinical environment. Recommendations for the practical use of the system are given.", "PMID": 1180115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7328", "title": "CaSO4 (Dy) thermoluminescent dosimeters for the determination of gonadal doses.", "content": "For the measurement of gonadal doses sensitive dosimeters are necessary. Since CaSO4 (Dy) thermoluminescent dosimeters are very sensitive the energy dependence has been measured as compared to LiF in the tube potential region between 50 and 150 kV. Moreover the output of the LiF dosimeters was compared with the results of ionization chamber measurements. Although the energy dependence of CaSO4 (Dy) is well-known the actual dependence on the potential appears to be within +/- 10% for moderately filtered beams in the region from 50 to 150 kV.", "contents": "CaSO4 (Dy) thermoluminescent dosimeters for the determination of gonadal doses. For the measurement of gonadal doses sensitive dosimeters are necessary. Since CaSO4 (Dy) thermoluminescent dosimeters are very sensitive the energy dependence has been measured as compared to LiF in the tube potential region between 50 and 150 kV. Moreover the output of the LiF dosimeters was compared with the results of ionization chamber measurements. Although the energy dependence of CaSO4 (Dy) is well-known the actual dependence on the potential appears to be within +/- 10% for moderately filtered beams in the region from 50 to 150 kV.", "PMID": 1180116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7329", "title": "Heme catabolism during short-term treatment with phenobarbital, diazepam and oxazepam.", "content": "Carbon monoxide production (VCO) total body heme (TBH) and serum bilirubin (SB) have been determined in healthy young men before and after 100 mg phenobarbital (10 subjects), 15 mg diazepam (7 subjects) and 75 mg oxazepam (7 subjects), respectively, daily for seven days. None of the drugs had any significant effect on VCO. SB and TBH were also unaffected. Baseline VCO (mean +/- 1 S.E.M.) was 12.6+/-0.6 mumol/mmol TBH and day. The postdrug VCO was 15.1+/-1.8, 14.1+/-1.4 and 14.7+/-1.5 after phenobarbital, diazepam and oxazepam, respectively. The corresponding values for SB were 5.4+/-0.8, 6.0+/-1.5 and 6.2+/-1.0 mug/ml, compared to a baseline value of 6.6+/-0.8 mug/ml. However, when the pooled postdrug data were compared with the pooled baseline values, mean VCO showed a probably significant increase (from 12.6+/-0.6 to 14.7+/-1.0 mumol/mmol TBH and day (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that although phenobarbital is known to increase the hepatic heme turnover, this effect is not measurable in terms of total heme turnover, no more than 20% of which comes from the liver.", "contents": "Heme catabolism during short-term treatment with phenobarbital, diazepam and oxazepam. Carbon monoxide production (VCO) total body heme (TBH) and serum bilirubin (SB) have been determined in healthy young men before and after 100 mg phenobarbital (10 subjects), 15 mg diazepam (7 subjects) and 75 mg oxazepam (7 subjects), respectively, daily for seven days. None of the drugs had any significant effect on VCO. SB and TBH were also unaffected. Baseline VCO (mean +/- 1 S.E.M.) was 12.6+/-0.6 mumol/mmol TBH and day. The postdrug VCO was 15.1+/-1.8, 14.1+/-1.4 and 14.7+/-1.5 after phenobarbital, diazepam and oxazepam, respectively. The corresponding values for SB were 5.4+/-0.8, 6.0+/-1.5 and 6.2+/-1.0 mug/ml, compared to a baseline value of 6.6+/-0.8 mug/ml. However, when the pooled postdrug data were compared with the pooled baseline values, mean VCO showed a probably significant increase (from 12.6+/-0.6 to 14.7+/-1.0 mumol/mmol TBH and day (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that although phenobarbital is known to increase the hepatic heme turnover, this effect is not measurable in terms of total heme turnover, no more than 20% of which comes from the liver.", "PMID": 1180124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7330", "title": "Carbon monoxide production and reticulocyte count in normal women. Effect of contraceptive drugs and smoking.", "content": "Endogenous production of carbon monoxide (VCO), serum bilirubin (SB) and reticulocyte (retic) count have been followed during the menstrual cycle in 12 women (4 of them smokers) without contraceptive drugs and in 10 women (5 of them smokers) on contraceptive drugs. During the progesterone phase (Pph), VCO in the non-smokers was 18.2 +/- 2.1 mumol/mmol total body heme (TBH) and day (mean +/- 1 S.E.M.), compared with 10.1 +/- 1.0 during the estrogen phase (Eph). In the smokers, VCO was 10.4 +/- 1.9 during Pph and 12.5 +/- 0.7 during Eph. SB for the non-smokers was 5.2+/- 1.0 mug/ml during Pph and 3.9 +/- 0.5 during Eph, compared with 3.2 +/- 0.8 and 3.9 +/- 1.2, respectively, for smokers. The retic count for the non-smokers was 64.1 +/- 4.7 times 10(3)/mul during Pph and 17.7 +/- 5.1 during Eph. In the smokers the corresponding counts were 93.6 +/- 15.9 and 60.8 +/- 7.6. These results confirm earlier reports that VCO is increased during Pph and indicate that the rise could be due to a change in red cell catabolism, since it is concomitant with a significant increase in retic counts, which has not been found in earlier works on VCO, but which is known from reticulocyte studies. Furthermore, the results may indicate that persistent smoking affects the metabolism of CO and/or heme, since the smokers did not react with any change in VCO during Pph. In subjects using contraceptive drugs, VCO was significantly higher (14.9 +/- 0.6 on combined estrogen-gestagen drugs and 14.5 +/- 1.1 on continuous gestagens, respectively) than during Eph in non-smokers (10.1 +/- 1.0 mumol/mmol TBH and day), which might be taken as the baseline group. This indicates that the increased VCO in subjects on contraceptive drugs may be related to the activity of gestagens, which were concluded in all contraceptive drugs tested.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide production and reticulocyte count in normal women. Effect of contraceptive drugs and smoking. Endogenous production of carbon monoxide (VCO), serum bilirubin (SB) and reticulocyte (retic) count have been followed during the menstrual cycle in 12 women (4 of them smokers) without contraceptive drugs and in 10 women (5 of them smokers) on contraceptive drugs. During the progesterone phase (Pph), VCO in the non-smokers was 18.2 +/- 2.1 mumol/mmol total body heme (TBH) and day (mean +/- 1 S.E.M.), compared with 10.1 +/- 1.0 during the estrogen phase (Eph). In the smokers, VCO was 10.4 +/- 1.9 during Pph and 12.5 +/- 0.7 during Eph. SB for the non-smokers was 5.2+/- 1.0 mug/ml during Pph and 3.9 +/- 0.5 during Eph, compared with 3.2 +/- 0.8 and 3.9 +/- 1.2, respectively, for smokers. The retic count for the non-smokers was 64.1 +/- 4.7 times 10(3)/mul during Pph and 17.7 +/- 5.1 during Eph. In the smokers the corresponding counts were 93.6 +/- 15.9 and 60.8 +/- 7.6. These results confirm earlier reports that VCO is increased during Pph and indicate that the rise could be due to a change in red cell catabolism, since it is concomitant with a significant increase in retic counts, which has not been found in earlier works on VCO, but which is known from reticulocyte studies. Furthermore, the results may indicate that persistent smoking affects the metabolism of CO and/or heme, since the smokers did not react with any change in VCO during Pph. In subjects using contraceptive drugs, VCO was significantly higher (14.9 +/- 0.6 on combined estrogen-gestagen drugs and 14.5 +/- 1.1 on continuous gestagens, respectively) than during Eph in non-smokers (10.1 +/- 1.0 mumol/mmol TBH and day), which might be taken as the baseline group. This indicates that the increased VCO in subjects on contraceptive drugs may be related to the activity of gestagens, which were concluded in all contraceptive drugs tested.", "PMID": 1180125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7331", "title": "The lipoprotein and lipid pattern in xanthomatosis.", "content": "The relation between xanthomatosis and plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations has been studied in 336 subjects (172 males and 164 females) with xanthomatosis. With a few exceptions, these patients were either born or lived in Ostfold county, which has a population of about 220 000. Xanthomas had made their first appearance in half the subjects by the age of 48 years. The most frequent localizations of xanthomas were the extensor finger and the Achilles tendons, the former site being more common in males and the latter in females. Tuberotendinous xanthomas were found in 7% of the cases, whereas only one subject had tuberous xanthomas without tendinous involvement. Xanthelasmas were found in 1/3 of the females and 1/6 of the males. The size of xanthomas and the number of xanthoma sites increased with age and cholesterol levels. Cholesterol concentrations were (or had been) increased in 5/6 of the subjects with xanthomathosis. Normal cholesterol was combined with increased triglyceride values in 5% of the individuals. A further 6% had normal cholesterol and triglyceride values together with raised LDL cholesterol concentrations, whereas the remaining subjects had normal lipid levels. There was no evidence of homozygosity for the gene(s) for type II hyperlipoproteinaemia. The type III hyperlipoproteinaemia pattern was not seen. Type IIA and IIB electrophoretic patterns were seen in 68 and 13% of those tested, respectively. Changes in lipoprotein patterns with treatment were frequent, especially in males, and the \"original\" frequency of type IIA is probably higher.", "contents": "The lipoprotein and lipid pattern in xanthomatosis. The relation between xanthomatosis and plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations has been studied in 336 subjects (172 males and 164 females) with xanthomatosis. With a few exceptions, these patients were either born or lived in Ostfold county, which has a population of about 220 000. Xanthomas had made their first appearance in half the subjects by the age of 48 years. The most frequent localizations of xanthomas were the extensor finger and the Achilles tendons, the former site being more common in males and the latter in females. Tuberotendinous xanthomas were found in 7% of the cases, whereas only one subject had tuberous xanthomas without tendinous involvement. Xanthelasmas were found in 1/3 of the females and 1/6 of the males. The size of xanthomas and the number of xanthoma sites increased with age and cholesterol levels. Cholesterol concentrations were (or had been) increased in 5/6 of the subjects with xanthomathosis. Normal cholesterol was combined with increased triglyceride values in 5% of the individuals. A further 6% had normal cholesterol and triglyceride values together with raised LDL cholesterol concentrations, whereas the remaining subjects had normal lipid levels. There was no evidence of homozygosity for the gene(s) for type II hyperlipoproteinaemia. The type III hyperlipoproteinaemia pattern was not seen. Type IIA and IIB electrophoretic patterns were seen in 68 and 13% of those tested, respectively. Changes in lipoprotein patterns with treatment were frequent, especially in males, and the \"original\" frequency of type IIA is probably higher.", "PMID": 1180126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7332", "title": "Plasma aldosterone in anephric and non-nephrectomized dialysis patients in relation to changes in plasma potassium without change in total potassium balance.", "content": "Plasma aldosterone concentration has been measured in 13 patients on regular hemodialysis, 7 anephric and 6 non-nephrectomized, following infusion of insulin-glucose. In all patients the plasma potassium fell about 16% within the first 60 min after the infusion, increasing again to about preinfusion levels within 180 min. All anephric patients showed a very low preinfusion value for plasma aldosterone (mean 33.3 pg/ml plasma), which increased significantly (p less than 0.01) after the infusion of insulin-glucose, to about 180% of the initial values, simultaneously with the fall in plasma potassium concentration. A significant inverse correlation (p less than 0.01) was found between changes in plasma aldosterone and potassium. The preinfusion in plasma aldosterone values were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in the non-nephrectomized than in the anephric group--but of a wide range (26-700 pg/ml plasma). In this group the mean plasma aldosterone concentration showed a significant fall simultaneously with the fall in plasma potassium concentration, but with great variations between patients. There was a significant positive correlation (p less than 0.005) between the changes in plasma aldosterone and potassium. These studies indicate an extremely sensitive regulation of plasma aldosterone secretion in anephric patients, in all probability positively correlated to changes in intracellular adrenal potassium concentration.", "contents": "Plasma aldosterone in anephric and non-nephrectomized dialysis patients in relation to changes in plasma potassium without change in total potassium balance. Plasma aldosterone concentration has been measured in 13 patients on regular hemodialysis, 7 anephric and 6 non-nephrectomized, following infusion of insulin-glucose. In all patients the plasma potassium fell about 16% within the first 60 min after the infusion, increasing again to about preinfusion levels within 180 min. All anephric patients showed a very low preinfusion value for plasma aldosterone (mean 33.3 pg/ml plasma), which increased significantly (p less than 0.01) after the infusion of insulin-glucose, to about 180% of the initial values, simultaneously with the fall in plasma potassium concentration. A significant inverse correlation (p less than 0.01) was found between changes in plasma aldosterone and potassium. The preinfusion in plasma aldosterone values were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in the non-nephrectomized than in the anephric group--but of a wide range (26-700 pg/ml plasma). In this group the mean plasma aldosterone concentration showed a significant fall simultaneously with the fall in plasma potassium concentration, but with great variations between patients. There was a significant positive correlation (p less than 0.005) between the changes in plasma aldosterone and potassium. These studies indicate an extremely sensitive regulation of plasma aldosterone secretion in anephric patients, in all probability positively correlated to changes in intracellular adrenal potassium concentration.", "PMID": 1180127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7333", "title": "Antazoline-induced immune hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, and acute renal failure.", "content": "A case of repeated antazoline-induced immune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, hemoglobinuria, and acute renal failure is reported. The first episode of renal failure occurred after an i.v. pyelography causing an anaphylactic shock, and the two later episodes were preceded by allergic reaction to drugs. Antazoline was given among other remedies, but this drug was the only one used for treatment on every occasion. The clinical picture and the immunological tests, including an antazoline-dependent Coombs' test, indicate that the blood disorders might have been caused by a type 2 allergic reaction and renal lesion by a type 3 reaction, at least on the second and third occasions.", "contents": "Antazoline-induced immune hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, and acute renal failure. A case of repeated antazoline-induced immune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, hemoglobinuria, and acute renal failure is reported. The first episode of renal failure occurred after an i.v. pyelography causing an anaphylactic shock, and the two later episodes were preceded by allergic reaction to drugs. Antazoline was given among other remedies, but this drug was the only one used for treatment on every occasion. The clinical picture and the immunological tests, including an antazoline-dependent Coombs' test, indicate that the blood disorders might have been caused by a type 2 allergic reaction and renal lesion by a type 3 reaction, at least on the second and third occasions.", "PMID": 1180129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7334", "title": "Drug-induced febrile mucocutaneous syndrome with a survey of the literature.", "content": "A retrospective investigation of 89 cases of the Stevens-Johnson and/or Lyell's syndrome showed that 77 patients (87%) had been treated with drugs, 2/3 of them for symptoms of respiratory and/or urinary infections. The most frequent drugs were longterm sulfonamide preparations, penicillins, butazones and antiepileptics. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common infective agents of those reported. More than 40% of the patients were below 20 years of age. There were more women than men. The mortality was 1-2% for the Stevens-Johnson syndrome and 4 of 11 patients for Lyell's syndrome. It must be pointed out that, in the individual patient, it can be difficult to determine the etiology, especially in cases with infections.", "contents": "Drug-induced febrile mucocutaneous syndrome with a survey of the literature. A retrospective investigation of 89 cases of the Stevens-Johnson and/or Lyell's syndrome showed that 77 patients (87%) had been treated with drugs, 2/3 of them for symptoms of respiratory and/or urinary infections. The most frequent drugs were longterm sulfonamide preparations, penicillins, butazones and antiepileptics. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common infective agents of those reported. More than 40% of the patients were below 20 years of age. There were more women than men. The mortality was 1-2% for the Stevens-Johnson syndrome and 4 of 11 patients for Lyell's syndrome. It must be pointed out that, in the individual patient, it can be difficult to determine the etiology, especially in cases with infections.", "PMID": 1180130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7335", "title": "The first two cases of coccidioidomycosis in Finland.", "content": "Endemic areas of coccidioidomycosis are described. The mycology of Coccidioides immitis is reviewed, with special reference to the risk of laboratory infection. A classification of coccidioidomycosis is listed and two cases from Finland are presented. The first patient had typical X-ray and clinical findings, including a positive coccidioidin test. The second case, occurring soon after a visit to Arizona, was confirmed by positive fungal cultures from the sputum and from a resected specimen. Because the latter patient became pregnant and the risk of dissemination was considered great, legal abortion was performed. The resection of the pulmonary cavitation with infiltration around it took place under coverage of pre- and postoperative amphotericin B medication. Complete recovery was obtained. The indications for thoracic surgery are briefly listed. Diagnostic and mycologic aspects of this rare and exotic disease are discussed. Among other things, the importance of a good medical history in finding the contact with infective environment or material is stressed.", "contents": "The first two cases of coccidioidomycosis in Finland. Endemic areas of coccidioidomycosis are described. The mycology of Coccidioides immitis is reviewed, with special reference to the risk of laboratory infection. A classification of coccidioidomycosis is listed and two cases from Finland are presented. The first patient had typical X-ray and clinical findings, including a positive coccidioidin test. The second case, occurring soon after a visit to Arizona, was confirmed by positive fungal cultures from the sputum and from a resected specimen. Because the latter patient became pregnant and the risk of dissemination was considered great, legal abortion was performed. The resection of the pulmonary cavitation with infiltration around it took place under coverage of pre- and postoperative amphotericin B medication. Complete recovery was obtained. The indications for thoracic surgery are briefly listed. Diagnostic and mycologic aspects of this rare and exotic disease are discussed. Among other things, the importance of a good medical history in finding the contact with infective environment or material is stressed.", "PMID": 1180131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7336", "title": "The effect of background illumination on the responses of the neurons of the cat's superior colliculus to moving stimuli.", "content": "The influence of background illumination on unitary neuronal responses of cat's superior colliculus to moving stimuli were investigated. Diverse types of neurons responding to background illumination were observed: Neurons which did not change their activity during background illumination; neurons in which the response to moving stimuli during background light was facilitated; cells in which the spatiotemporal dispersion of the peak of evoked response was narrowed with light adaptation; cells in which activity was suppressed during background illumination; and neurons in which the specific response was changed to an unspecific one (and vice versa) during background illumination. The background illumination itself did not evoke any response in the cell, and the suggestion was put forward that subthreshold influences could modulate the evoked activity of the neuron.", "contents": "The effect of background illumination on the responses of the neurons of the cat's superior colliculus to moving stimuli. The influence of background illumination on unitary neuronal responses of cat's superior colliculus to moving stimuli were investigated. Diverse types of neurons responding to background illumination were observed: Neurons which did not change their activity during background illumination; neurons in which the response to moving stimuli during background light was facilitated; cells in which the spatiotemporal dispersion of the peak of evoked response was narrowed with light adaptation; cells in which activity was suppressed during background illumination; and neurons in which the specific response was changed to an unspecific one (and vice versa) during background illumination. The background illumination itself did not evoke any response in the cell, and the suggestion was put forward that subthreshold influences could modulate the evoked activity of the neuron.", "PMID": 1180132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7337", "title": "Interaction between two letters in visual perception.", "content": "Letters were exposed by tachistoscope for 17 ms to adult subjects. In Experiment I, single letters were exposed. The proportion of errors differed strongly for particular letters. In Experiment II pairs of letters were exposed. The first letter of a pair was recognized more easily than when exposed alone in Experiment I. In Experiment III pairs of letters were exposed but the subject's task was to recognize only one letter of the pair. Both, first and second letters of the pair were then recognized better than in Experiment I. The results were interpreted in terms of facilitatory and inhibitory effects occurring on different levels of the visual system.", "contents": "Interaction between two letters in visual perception. Letters were exposed by tachistoscope for 17 ms to adult subjects. In Experiment I, single letters were exposed. The proportion of errors differed strongly for particular letters. In Experiment II pairs of letters were exposed. The first letter of a pair was recognized more easily than when exposed alone in Experiment I. In Experiment III pairs of letters were exposed but the subject's task was to recognize only one letter of the pair. Both, first and second letters of the pair were then recognized better than in Experiment I. The results were interpreted in terms of facilitatory and inhibitory effects occurring on different levels of the visual system.", "PMID": 1180133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7338", "title": "Interactions between two simple visual patterns.", "content": "The interaction of linear and dot elements of simple visual patterns was examined. The following patterns were used: short line-dot, long line-dot, right turned angle-dot, downward angle-dot, circle-dot, and two dots. Except for circle-dot and two dots, perception of either of both elements of the composite stimulus deteriorates as compared to perception of the same elements when presented separately. Perception of either element is improved in the case of the circle-dot stimulus, while in the case of two dots the number of errors remained at approximately the same level. It is hypothesized that both susceptibility to influence from the other element in a composite stimulus and intensity of masking effect produced by the given stimulus depend on distance between the information points of masking and masked stimuli. The extent of susceptibility is also connected with perceptual difficulty in identification of a stimulus when presented separately.", "contents": "Interactions between two simple visual patterns. The interaction of linear and dot elements of simple visual patterns was examined. The following patterns were used: short line-dot, long line-dot, right turned angle-dot, downward angle-dot, circle-dot, and two dots. Except for circle-dot and two dots, perception of either of both elements of the composite stimulus deteriorates as compared to perception of the same elements when presented separately. Perception of either element is improved in the case of the circle-dot stimulus, while in the case of two dots the number of errors remained at approximately the same level. It is hypothesized that both susceptibility to influence from the other element in a composite stimulus and intensity of masking effect produced by the given stimulus depend on distance between the information points of masking and masked stimuli. The extent of susceptibility is also connected with perceptual difficulty in identification of a stimulus when presented separately.", "PMID": 1180134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7339", "title": "The significance of afferent vagal information in the control of breathing in guinea pigs.", "content": "The stimulation of the central vagus nerve in guinea pigs was applied to study the role of vagal afferent information in the control of breathing. The survival time after bilateral vagotomy was measured in unanesthetized animals, under Hexobarbital anesthesia, and in anesthetized subjects when the central stump of the vagus nerve was stimulated. There were no differences in survival time between the first and the second groups, but in animals with vagal stimulation, the survival time was prolonged. The respiratory and circulatory disturbances were abolished by stimulation.", "contents": "The significance of afferent vagal information in the control of breathing in guinea pigs. The stimulation of the central vagus nerve in guinea pigs was applied to study the role of vagal afferent information in the control of breathing. The survival time after bilateral vagotomy was measured in unanesthetized animals, under Hexobarbital anesthesia, and in anesthetized subjects when the central stump of the vagus nerve was stimulated. There were no differences in survival time between the first and the second groups, but in animals with vagal stimulation, the survival time was prolonged. The respiratory and circulatory disturbances were abolished by stimulation.", "PMID": 1180135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7340", "title": "The role of the medial lemniscal and spinocervicothalamic pathways on tactile reactions in cats.", "content": "The role of dorsal column (DC)-medial lemniscus and spinocervicothalamic systems on tactile reactions, placing and tactile localization (turning to localize a point touched on the body) was studied in cats with spinal and bulbar lesions. The cats with vision occluded were trained preoperately on horizontal bars for tactile localization. The bulbar lesions of cervicothalamic tract (CTT), which anatomically overlaps with gracile nuclear efferent projection, resulted in permanent loss of tactile placing and localization in contralateral hindlimb. Section of dorsal half of lateral funiculus at C3, which interrupts afferents to lateral cervical nucleus but also involves descending motor pathways, gave loss of tactile placing without impairment of tactile localization. However, combined lesions of both systems abolished tactile placing and localization permanently. Results suggest that tactile placing and localization persists after CTT lesion alone; temporarily loss after DC section but permanently abolished after destruction of both systems. It. is also noted that cats after lesions of both systems without involving motor pathways could walk on bars without vision. The deficits following combined lesions are suggested to be primarily sensory in nature.", "contents": "The role of the medial lemniscal and spinocervicothalamic pathways on tactile reactions in cats. The role of dorsal column (DC)-medial lemniscus and spinocervicothalamic systems on tactile reactions, placing and tactile localization (turning to localize a point touched on the body) was studied in cats with spinal and bulbar lesions. The cats with vision occluded were trained preoperately on horizontal bars for tactile localization. The bulbar lesions of cervicothalamic tract (CTT), which anatomically overlaps with gracile nuclear efferent projection, resulted in permanent loss of tactile placing and localization in contralateral hindlimb. Section of dorsal half of lateral funiculus at C3, which interrupts afferents to lateral cervical nucleus but also involves descending motor pathways, gave loss of tactile placing without impairment of tactile localization. However, combined lesions of both systems abolished tactile placing and localization permanently. Results suggest that tactile placing and localization persists after CTT lesion alone; temporarily loss after DC section but permanently abolished after destruction of both systems. It. is also noted that cats after lesions of both systems without involving motor pathways could walk on bars without vision. The deficits following combined lesions are suggested to be primarily sensory in nature.", "PMID": 1180136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7341", "title": "Compensation of edge effect in neuron-like layer nets with local feedbacks.", "content": "One or two-dimensional layer nets with local feedback between neuron-like elements were investigated. The mutual influence between elements of the net is based on the principle of lateral inhibition. A properly adapted and modified Z-transform method applied to a difference equation describing the function of the net allowed us to characterize the properties and dynamics of the net and to define its stability region. Finite dimensions of the net cause \"reflections\" of signals from the edges of the structure. This makes the detection of pattern difficult or even impossible and therefore the problem of compensation of the edge-effects appears. Several methods of compensation, involving discrete or continuous change of coupling weights, are described. A comparison of the behavior of a compensated and uncompensated net, as modelled on a digital computer, shows the advantages of the compensation.", "contents": "Compensation of edge effect in neuron-like layer nets with local feedbacks. One or two-dimensional layer nets with local feedback between neuron-like elements were investigated. The mutual influence between elements of the net is based on the principle of lateral inhibition. A properly adapted and modified Z-transform method applied to a difference equation describing the function of the net allowed us to characterize the properties and dynamics of the net and to define its stability region. Finite dimensions of the net cause \"reflections\" of signals from the edges of the structure. This makes the detection of pattern difficult or even impossible and therefore the problem of compensation of the edge-effects appears. Several methods of compensation, involving discrete or continuous change of coupling weights, are described. A comparison of the behavior of a compensated and uncompensated net, as modelled on a digital computer, shows the advantages of the compensation.", "PMID": 1180137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7342", "title": "Body composition in control, alcoholic and depressive individuals using a multiple isotope technique and whole body counting of potassium.", "content": "(1) Height, weight, total body potassium, exchangeable sodium, bromide space, total body water and concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in plasma were measured in control subjects and individuals suffering from alcoholism, with techniques which included body counting and a multiple isotope method using 24Na, 82Br and 3H2O. (2) No differences were found between control and alcoholic subjects so there was no evidence that chronic alcoholism altered body composition. In particular there was no eficence of cellular damage or loss which would have been reflected in changes in KT or KIN. (3) The data were combined and were analysed to give information on the relationships of the variates. (4) On-going work by the author on tryptophan metabolism in primary alcoholics is compared to Shaw's findings on the kinetic behaviour of tryptophan in affective disorder. The possible prophylactic value of L-tryptophan (Optimax) in preventing both recurrent depression and recurrent alcohol abuse is outlined. (5) Data on body composition in normal subjects not hitherto available in the literature is provided.", "contents": "Body composition in control, alcoholic and depressive individuals using a multiple isotope technique and whole body counting of potassium. (1) Height, weight, total body potassium, exchangeable sodium, bromide space, total body water and concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in plasma were measured in control subjects and individuals suffering from alcoholism, with techniques which included body counting and a multiple isotope method using 24Na, 82Br and 3H2O. (2) No differences were found between control and alcoholic subjects so there was no evidence that chronic alcoholism altered body composition. In particular there was no eficence of cellular damage or loss which would have been reflected in changes in KT or KIN. (3) The data were combined and were analysed to give information on the relationships of the variates. (4) On-going work by the author on tryptophan metabolism in primary alcoholics is compared to Shaw's findings on the kinetic behaviour of tryptophan in affective disorder. The possible prophylactic value of L-tryptophan (Optimax) in preventing both recurrent depression and recurrent alcohol abuse is outlined. (5) Data on body composition in normal subjects not hitherto available in the literature is provided.", "PMID": 1180150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7343", "title": "Does histamine have two vasodilator actions on the gastric mucosa?", "content": "It has been shown previously that there is a greater gastric mucosal blood flow response to histamine than to gastrin stimulation for similar acid secretory values. We have confirmed these observations under steady state conditions and also shown that the oxygen consumption depends on acid secretion in a similar way for both histamine and gastrin stimulation. Furthermore the degree of oxygen extraction from the gastric circulation is significantly less (p less than 0.001) during histamine stimulation than during gastrin stimulation. This supports the hypothesis that histamine causes a vasodilatation in the gastric mucosa in two ways, one may be linked to secretory activity and the other a pure dilator action.", "contents": "Does histamine have two vasodilator actions on the gastric mucosa? It has been shown previously that there is a greater gastric mucosal blood flow response to histamine than to gastrin stimulation for similar acid secretory values. We have confirmed these observations under steady state conditions and also shown that the oxygen consumption depends on acid secretion in a similar way for both histamine and gastrin stimulation. Furthermore the degree of oxygen extraction from the gastric circulation is significantly less (p less than 0.001) during histamine stimulation than during gastrin stimulation. This supports the hypothesis that histamine causes a vasodilatation in the gastric mucosa in two ways, one may be linked to secretory activity and the other a pure dilator action.", "PMID": 1180173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7344", "title": "Phosphopyridoxal complexes with histamine and histidine. (1) The kinetics of complex formation between pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and histamine.", "content": "Amines and amino acids are able to form cyclic compounds with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). The quantitative relationship between histamine and PLP in the cyclization reaction were examined. It was found that one mole of amine reacts with one mole of coenzyme. The velocity of complex formation increased with an excess of either histamine or PLP, without any change in molar ratios. The formation of cyclic compound was confirmed by the use of isotopic method. The separation of cyclic compound from histamine, but not from PLP, was achieved by paper chromatography.", "contents": "Phosphopyridoxal complexes with histamine and histidine. (1) The kinetics of complex formation between pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and histamine. Amines and amino acids are able to form cyclic compounds with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). The quantitative relationship between histamine and PLP in the cyclization reaction were examined. It was found that one mole of amine reacts with one mole of coenzyme. The velocity of complex formation increased with an excess of either histamine or PLP, without any change in molar ratios. The formation of cyclic compound was confirmed by the use of isotopic method. The separation of cyclic compound from histamine, but not from PLP, was achieved by paper chromatography.", "PMID": 1180174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7345", "title": "Are platelets important in inflammation?", "content": "The participation of platelets in acute inflammation was tested by three different traumas in rats rendered thrombocytopenic with anti-platelet serum. Thrombocytopenic rats showed normal oedema response to carrageenin, anti-platelet serum and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.", "contents": "Are platelets important in inflammation? The participation of platelets in acute inflammation was tested by three different traumas in rats rendered thrombocytopenic with anti-platelet serum. Thrombocytopenic rats showed normal oedema response to carrageenin, anti-platelet serum and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.", "PMID": 1180175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7346", "title": "Histamine content and synthesis in central and pheripheral nerve structures during stress.", "content": "Histamine content and histidine decarboxylase activity in cortex and hypothalamus, together with histamine content in peripheral nervous structures were examined in normal and electrically stressed guinea-pigs. A significant increase in histidine decarboxylase activity in hypothalamus and cortex together with concomitant decrease in histamine content in hypothalamus have been found. Electric shock causes also a decrease in histamine content in spinal cord, spinal ganglia, dorsal roots and sensory nerve. The function of histamine in nervous system is discussed.", "contents": "Histamine content and synthesis in central and pheripheral nerve structures during stress. Histamine content and histidine decarboxylase activity in cortex and hypothalamus, together with histamine content in peripheral nervous structures were examined in normal and electrically stressed guinea-pigs. A significant increase in histidine decarboxylase activity in hypothalamus and cortex together with concomitant decrease in histamine content in hypothalamus have been found. Electric shock causes also a decrease in histamine content in spinal cord, spinal ganglia, dorsal roots and sensory nerve. The function of histamine in nervous system is discussed.", "PMID": 1180176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7347", "title": "Effect of single and multiple treatments with phenylbutazone in normal and adjuvant-induced polyarthritic rats.", "content": "Liver function alterations, in the adjuvant induced polyarthritis procedure in rats, has been demonstrated by many investigators. We observed a significant inhibition of the polyarthritis with phenylbutazone but we were unable to find any changes in the relative liver weights of SGPT, AP or BUN in polyarthritic or phenylbutazone treated rats. However, we did observe that polyarthritic rats maintained a significantly higher plasma phenylbutazone concentration than the corresponding non-arthritic controls. This appears to futher substantiate the influence of 'pathopharmacodynamics' on the disposition and activity of drugs.", "contents": "Effect of single and multiple treatments with phenylbutazone in normal and adjuvant-induced polyarthritic rats. Liver function alterations, in the adjuvant induced polyarthritis procedure in rats, has been demonstrated by many investigators. We observed a significant inhibition of the polyarthritis with phenylbutazone but we were unable to find any changes in the relative liver weights of SGPT, AP or BUN in polyarthritic or phenylbutazone treated rats. However, we did observe that polyarthritic rats maintained a significantly higher plasma phenylbutazone concentration than the corresponding non-arthritic controls. This appears to futher substantiate the influence of 'pathopharmacodynamics' on the disposition and activity of drugs.", "PMID": 1180177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7348", "title": "Effect of antiphologistics on blood-brain barrier in lymphostatic encephalopathic and in normal rats.", "content": "Injection of the tremorigenic alkaloid harmine into lymphostatic encephalopathic rats leads to a longer duration of tremor and higher brain concentrations than in sham-operated controls. In lymphostatic encephalopathic as well as in normal rats different antiphlogistics shorten the tremor duration and decrease harmine concentration in brain. The antiphlogistics do not influence the plasma concentration of harmine, its protein binding and its tremorend concentration in brain. The effect of antiphlogistics in lymphostatic encephalopathic rats is considered as a consequence of the reduced blood-brain barrier permeability. Obviously in sick animals the blood-brain barrier permeability for harmine is not increased; the prolonged harmine tremor and the increased alkaloid concentration in the brain are consequences of the impaired cerebral lymphatic drainage only.", "contents": "Effect of antiphologistics on blood-brain barrier in lymphostatic encephalopathic and in normal rats. Injection of the tremorigenic alkaloid harmine into lymphostatic encephalopathic rats leads to a longer duration of tremor and higher brain concentrations than in sham-operated controls. In lymphostatic encephalopathic as well as in normal rats different antiphlogistics shorten the tremor duration and decrease harmine concentration in brain. The antiphlogistics do not influence the plasma concentration of harmine, its protein binding and its tremorend concentration in brain. The effect of antiphlogistics in lymphostatic encephalopathic rats is considered as a consequence of the reduced blood-brain barrier permeability. Obviously in sick animals the blood-brain barrier permeability for harmine is not increased; the prolonged harmine tremor and the increased alkaloid concentration in the brain are consequences of the impaired cerebral lymphatic drainage only.", "PMID": 1180178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7349", "title": "Effect of zexbrevins A and B. Two new sesquiterpene lactones, on the immune response of mice.", "content": "Two newly described sesquiterpene lactones, Zexbrevin A and Zexbrevin B, were administered to mice at microgram doses before a single immunizing dose of sheep red blood cells (SRBC), bovine serum albumine (BSA), or Egg albumin (Ea). It was found out that drug treated and immunized animals displayed high numbers of specific spleen rosette forming cells (RFC), as well as elevated titers of circulating antibodies, as compared with mice stimulated solely with antigens. 500 mug of Zexbrevin A and Zexbrevin B was about the best dose for rosette increase; 700 mug or lesser amounts of both drugs induced a decline in the rosette numbers. It was evident that Zexbrevins had to be administered 48 hours before antigen stimulation; no potentiation was obtained if the drugs were given 3 to 11 days before the antigen. No effect was obtained, as well, when mice were treated with drug and antigen on the same day. In the presence of Zexbrevins the radioactive thymidine uptake of cultured normal mouse spleen cells will not increase above controls, indicating that mitogenic effects appear not to be involved in the potentiation. It is concluded that the sesquiterpene lactones exert in mice a potent stimulation of the in vivo response.", "contents": "Effect of zexbrevins A and B. Two new sesquiterpene lactones, on the immune response of mice. Two newly described sesquiterpene lactones, Zexbrevin A and Zexbrevin B, were administered to mice at microgram doses before a single immunizing dose of sheep red blood cells (SRBC), bovine serum albumine (BSA), or Egg albumin (Ea). It was found out that drug treated and immunized animals displayed high numbers of specific spleen rosette forming cells (RFC), as well as elevated titers of circulating antibodies, as compared with mice stimulated solely with antigens. 500 mug of Zexbrevin A and Zexbrevin B was about the best dose for rosette increase; 700 mug or lesser amounts of both drugs induced a decline in the rosette numbers. It was evident that Zexbrevins had to be administered 48 hours before antigen stimulation; no potentiation was obtained if the drugs were given 3 to 11 days before the antigen. No effect was obtained, as well, when mice were treated with drug and antigen on the same day. In the presence of Zexbrevins the radioactive thymidine uptake of cultured normal mouse spleen cells will not increase above controls, indicating that mitogenic effects appear not to be involved in the potentiation. It is concluded that the sesquiterpene lactones exert in mice a potent stimulation of the in vivo response.", "PMID": 1180179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7350", "title": "Allergic pathogenesis in chronic bronchitis.", "content": "Chronic bronchitis is a disease related to numerous etiologic factors: infections, climate influence, air pollution, cigarette smoking, etc. From a pathogenetic point of view, chronic bronchitis is generally considered as the phlogistic resultant of various irritative conditions, with a characteristic neutrophil component in the phlogistic pattern. Microbic involvement has up to now been considered a very important factor, with consequent wide utilization of antibiotic agents in basic therapy. Considerations of clinical nature induced us to consider unsatisfactory such pathogenetic concepts based on neutrophil phlogosis, while the involvement of an allergic mechanism became more acceptable. In order to solve this problem, we have carried out hitological studies on postmortem material from the respiratory tract of individuals whose death was attributable to chronic bronchitis or to concurrent chronic bronchitis. Results of our study conducted up to now on 60 cases may be summarized as follows: Bronchitis with lymphomonoplasmacytoid phlogosis of immunoallergic type (60%), bronchitis with neutrophil phlogosis of irritative-infective type (20%); bronchitis with mixed allergic-neutrophil phlogosis (20%). Lymphocytes, monocytes and plasma cells are directly involved in allergic tissue reactions, both of immediate and delayed type because they release active substances such as hsitamine, bradyquinine, quinine, etc., which will their multiple pharmacodynamic actions are responsible of various anatomic and functional changes in hypersensitivity. Infiltration of the bronchial mucosa with lymphomonoplasmacytary cells in chronic bronchitis, has a pattern of mixed allergic phlogosis of immediate and delayed type. Prophylaxis and management of chronic bronchitis should therefore be set up on new bases, with the various treatments used for hyperactive pathology.", "contents": "Allergic pathogenesis in chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is a disease related to numerous etiologic factors: infections, climate influence, air pollution, cigarette smoking, etc. From a pathogenetic point of view, chronic bronchitis is generally considered as the phlogistic resultant of various irritative conditions, with a characteristic neutrophil component in the phlogistic pattern. Microbic involvement has up to now been considered a very important factor, with consequent wide utilization of antibiotic agents in basic therapy. Considerations of clinical nature induced us to consider unsatisfactory such pathogenetic concepts based on neutrophil phlogosis, while the involvement of an allergic mechanism became more acceptable. In order to solve this problem, we have carried out hitological studies on postmortem material from the respiratory tract of individuals whose death was attributable to chronic bronchitis or to concurrent chronic bronchitis. Results of our study conducted up to now on 60 cases may be summarized as follows: Bronchitis with lymphomonoplasmacytoid phlogosis of immunoallergic type (60%), bronchitis with neutrophil phlogosis of irritative-infective type (20%); bronchitis with mixed allergic-neutrophil phlogosis (20%). Lymphocytes, monocytes and plasma cells are directly involved in allergic tissue reactions, both of immediate and delayed type because they release active substances such as hsitamine, bradyquinine, quinine, etc., which will their multiple pharmacodynamic actions are responsible of various anatomic and functional changes in hypersensitivity. Infiltration of the bronchial mucosa with lymphomonoplasmacytary cells in chronic bronchitis, has a pattern of mixed allergic phlogosis of immediate and delayed type. Prophylaxis and management of chronic bronchitis should therefore be set up on new bases, with the various treatments used for hyperactive pathology.", "PMID": 1180200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7351", "title": "Subclinical psychomotor and neuromuscular changes in workers exposed to inorganic mercury.", "content": "Workers exposed to metallic mercury vapor were subjects for EMG, hand tremor and psychomotor tests conducted over an eighteen month period. Performance decrements in neuromuscular functions and psychmotor skills were found to be reversible and correlated  with blood and urine mercury levels.", "contents": "Subclinical psychomotor and neuromuscular changes in workers exposed to inorganic mercury. Workers exposed to metallic mercury vapor were subjects for EMG, hand tremor and psychomotor tests conducted over an eighteen month period. Performance decrements in neuromuscular functions and psychmotor skills were found to be reversible and correlated  with blood and urine mercury levels.", "PMID": 1180206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7352", "title": "The criterion of the inhalation test to allergens at establishing specific hyposensitizing in allergic asthma.", "content": "The experience we had in our casuistics as regards 1,000 asthmatics, demonstrates the positive inhalation test (IT) to allergens, only in about 40% of the asthmatics having positive cutaneous test (CT). The technic for determination has used the FEV1 criterion. We correlated the data of the anamnesis (A), CT and IT. The indications of allergenic etiology concerning A, have been divided into three categories: certain anamnesis (CA), suggestive anamnesis (SA) and unconclusive anamnesis (UA). At asthmatics having + CT, CA was associated to + IT in 92%, to SA in 49% and to UA in 11% of the cases. At asthmatics having --CT, CA is possibly associated to + IT, much more rarely associated to SA and not at all associated to UA. From these correlations we deduce the value of A and the fact that --IT is sometimes a false negative test. It further results that IT is not absolutely necessary in cases having CA and + CT. However, IT becomes useful in cases having CA/SA and --CT, as well as in cases having SA/UA and +CT. In 611 persons having allergic asthma lasting cures (1-6 years) of SH have been obtained successfuly in 92% and unsuccessfuly in 8% of the cases. From this total, lot 1 (437 cases) has been selected according to criterion CA/SA and +CT; lot II (130 cases) has associated in addition to criterion of selection by +IT; lot III (44 Cases) was selected with CA/SA, +CT and --IT. Although the selection has been different, the SH results have been identical. From this we infer the spheres of SH efficacy exceed the limit of every selection criterion mentioned before. Further it is to be inferred that the routine IT brings a satisfactory selection for the SH decision only in the mentioned conditions.", "contents": "The criterion of the inhalation test to allergens at establishing specific hyposensitizing in allergic asthma. The experience we had in our casuistics as regards 1,000 asthmatics, demonstrates the positive inhalation test (IT) to allergens, only in about 40% of the asthmatics having positive cutaneous test (CT). The technic for determination has used the FEV1 criterion. We correlated the data of the anamnesis (A), CT and IT. The indications of allergenic etiology concerning A, have been divided into three categories: certain anamnesis (CA), suggestive anamnesis (SA) and unconclusive anamnesis (UA). At asthmatics having + CT, CA was associated to + IT in 92%, to SA in 49% and to UA in 11% of the cases. At asthmatics having --CT, CA is possibly associated to + IT, much more rarely associated to SA and not at all associated to UA. From these correlations we deduce the value of A and the fact that --IT is sometimes a false negative test. It further results that IT is not absolutely necessary in cases having CA and + CT. However, IT becomes useful in cases having CA/SA and --CT, as well as in cases having SA/UA and +CT. In 611 persons having allergic asthma lasting cures (1-6 years) of SH have been obtained successfuly in 92% and unsuccessfuly in 8% of the cases. From this total, lot 1 (437 cases) has been selected according to criterion CA/SA and +CT; lot II (130 cases) has associated in addition to criterion of selection by +IT; lot III (44 Cases) was selected with CA/SA, +CT and --IT. Although the selection has been different, the SH results have been identical. From this we infer the spheres of SH efficacy exceed the limit of every selection criterion mentioned before. Further it is to be inferred that the routine IT brings a satisfactory selection for the SH decision only in the mentioned conditions.", "PMID": 1180201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7353", "title": "Abrasive blasting protective practices study--field survey results.", "content": "A nationwide field survey of abrasive blasting practices revealed equipment deficiencies and lack of maintenance to be the rule, with workers exposed to extreme noise environments and above TLV quartz exposures.", "contents": "Abrasive blasting protective practices study--field survey results. A nationwide field survey of abrasive blasting practices revealed equipment deficiencies and lack of maintenance to be the rule, with workers exposed to extreme noise environments and above TLV quartz exposures.", "PMID": 1180207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7354", "title": "[Etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis].", "content": "There is a wide variety of criteria in regard to the etiology of atopic dermatitis of neurodermitis. The allergic factor may play a very important role in its etiology. There is neither a general agreement on the importance of food allergy in this regard. Broadly considered, these patients may evoke intense positive reactions to intradermal tests to food and inhalative allergens, nevertheless it will be possible to establish that the lesions appear or disappear after the exposure of suppression of the antigens which evoked the positive reaction. On this basis, many dermatologists deny the allergic etiology in atopic dermatitis, even though in most instances no food skin tests are performed. In this study, 110 patients, both children and adults of both sexes, suffering from atopic dermatitis are investigated. The onset in most of the cases is before the age of six months, following the ages between 1-10 years; the groups between 6 months and one year, and 10-20 years followed a descending order per decade until 70 years. 60.9% of the cases showed food allergy to one or more food items. In 39% of the cases, no food allergy was found. The food-stuffs more commonly involved were: milk (37.7%), egg (26.3%) and fish (20.9%), followed by coca, wheat flour, seafood, fruits, vegetables and meat. A remission of the reaction followed the suppression of the allergen. Intestinal parasitosis is evaluated in relation to atopic dermatitis. 30.9% of the 110 cases were affected with intestinal parasitosis, being the most common the flagelates (lamblias), protozoa (amoeba) and nematodes (ascaris, tricocephalus and oxijrus). Finally, a concurrence is found between atopic dermatitis and other allergic diseases in 81 cases (73.6%), being bronchial asthma and asthmatic bronchitis the most frequent, and allergic rhinitis, urticaria and Quincke's edema less frequent.", "contents": "[Etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis]. There is a wide variety of criteria in regard to the etiology of atopic dermatitis of neurodermitis. The allergic factor may play a very important role in its etiology. There is neither a general agreement on the importance of food allergy in this regard. Broadly considered, these patients may evoke intense positive reactions to intradermal tests to food and inhalative allergens, nevertheless it will be possible to establish that the lesions appear or disappear after the exposure of suppression of the antigens which evoked the positive reaction. On this basis, many dermatologists deny the allergic etiology in atopic dermatitis, even though in most instances no food skin tests are performed. In this study, 110 patients, both children and adults of both sexes, suffering from atopic dermatitis are investigated. The onset in most of the cases is before the age of six months, following the ages between 1-10 years; the groups between 6 months and one year, and 10-20 years followed a descending order per decade until 70 years. 60.9% of the cases showed food allergy to one or more food items. In 39% of the cases, no food allergy was found. The food-stuffs more commonly involved were: milk (37.7%), egg (26.3%) and fish (20.9%), followed by coca, wheat flour, seafood, fruits, vegetables and meat. A remission of the reaction followed the suppression of the allergen. Intestinal parasitosis is evaluated in relation to atopic dermatitis. 30.9% of the 110 cases were affected with intestinal parasitosis, being the most common the flagelates (lamblias), protozoa (amoeba) and nematodes (ascaris, tricocephalus and oxijrus). Finally, a concurrence is found between atopic dermatitis and other allergic diseases in 81 cases (73.6%), being bronchial asthma and asthmatic bronchitis the most frequent, and allergic rhinitis, urticaria and Quincke's edema less frequent.", "PMID": 1180202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7355", "title": "A successful respirator program.", "content": "This discussion covers the successful implementation of a respirator program on a voluntary basis in a large industrial plant. The program had the stated objective of mandatory usage at the end of a specified period of time. It was successfully implemented in an 1100-man department. This practical approach is applicable to large and small plants.", "contents": "A successful respirator program. This discussion covers the successful implementation of a respirator program on a voluntary basis in a large industrial plant. The program had the stated objective of mandatory usage at the end of a specified period of time. It was successfully implemented in an 1100-man department. This practical approach is applicable to large and small plants.", "PMID": 1180208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7356", "title": "Diagnostic value of total IgE and antigen specific IgE using RAST in pollenosis.", "content": "41 patients with clinically demonstrated pollinosis are studied. The following test were performed on all of them: a) Intradermal skin tests using grass pollen extracts (Pangramin III) and with extracts of Dactylis glomerate, Lollium perenne and Poa pratensis. b) Totol serum IgE determination. c) Antigen specific IgE (RAST) determination against the pollens mentioned in b). d) Passive hemagglutination against the pollen Dactylis glomerate. Basing on the results obtained, we have arrived to the following conclusions: 1) IgE determination with intensely positive intradermal skin tests in all cases, gave the following data: 27.5% normal values, 35% slightly elevated and 37.5% highly increased values. We believe that IgE determination can only be used to estimate the \"allergization\" degree of the patient. 2) No relation between the antigen concentration used in the intradermal skin test, and serum IgE concentration was found. 3) Taking in consideration that the antigen extracts used for RAST and intradermal skin tests were obtained from different sources (Sweden and Spain, respectively), the relation between both determinations ranged between 52.5% and 60%, in a total of 123 tests performed. 4) Considering that in the allergic response antibodies other than reagins (IgG) take part, and taking into account the results obtained with the passive hemagglutination technique, we consider that this last method should be included as a diagnostic routine tool in the pollinic patient.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of total IgE and antigen specific IgE using RAST in pollenosis. 41 patients with clinically demonstrated pollinosis are studied. The following test were performed on all of them: a) Intradermal skin tests using grass pollen extracts (Pangramin III) and with extracts of Dactylis glomerate, Lollium perenne and Poa pratensis. b) Totol serum IgE determination. c) Antigen specific IgE (RAST) determination against the pollens mentioned in b). d) Passive hemagglutination against the pollen Dactylis glomerate. Basing on the results obtained, we have arrived to the following conclusions: 1) IgE determination with intensely positive intradermal skin tests in all cases, gave the following data: 27.5% normal values, 35% slightly elevated and 37.5% highly increased values. We believe that IgE determination can only be used to estimate the \"allergization\" degree of the patient. 2) No relation between the antigen concentration used in the intradermal skin test, and serum IgE concentration was found. 3) Taking in consideration that the antigen extracts used for RAST and intradermal skin tests were obtained from different sources (Sweden and Spain, respectively), the relation between both determinations ranged between 52.5% and 60%, in a total of 123 tests performed. 4) Considering that in the allergic response antibodies other than reagins (IgG) take part, and taking into account the results obtained with the passive hemagglutination technique, we consider that this last method should be included as a diagnostic routine tool in the pollinic patient.", "PMID": 1180203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7357", "title": "Development of gas-blending systems for calibration: application to hydrogen fluoride, arsine and phosgene in air.", "content": "Preparation of samples of known concentration of hydrogen fluoride, arsine and phosgene in air from 0.5 to 10 times the TLV is described. These are required to evaluate and calibrate analytical monitoring devices used for measuring these gases in work atmospheres. Dynamic gas-blending systems have been constructed and evaluated at the National Bureau  of Standards for preparing these samples. Measurements to estimate the long term concentration stability of these gases are also included.", "contents": "Development of gas-blending systems for calibration: application to hydrogen fluoride, arsine and phosgene in air. Preparation of samples of known concentration of hydrogen fluoride, arsine and phosgene in air from 0.5 to 10 times the TLV is described. These are required to evaluate and calibrate analytical monitoring devices used for measuring these gases in work atmospheres. Dynamic gas-blending systems have been constructed and evaluated at the National Bureau  of Standards for preparing these samples. Measurements to estimate the long term concentration stability of these gases are also included.", "PMID": 1180209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7358", "title": "Linking industrial hygiene and health records.", "content": "This report presents methodology used in a large chemical company for linking historical industrial hygiene sampling data and employee health data through the personnel record system. The problems encountered are described to alert investigators to the need for careful planning of systems for linking the three data bases.", "contents": "Linking industrial hygiene and health records. This report presents methodology used in a large chemical company for linking historical industrial hygiene sampling data and employee health data through the personnel record system. The problems encountered are described to alert investigators to the need for careful planning of systems for linking the three data bases.", "PMID": 1180210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7359", "title": "The association of vinyl chloride exposures with morbidity symptoms.", "content": "A mail-out questionnaire examined symptoms previously associated with vinyl chloride exposure. Assessment of exposure levels was made by analytical measurement and observation. The resulting statistical analysis revealed a dose-response type of relationship between exposure and certain morbidity symptoms.", "contents": "The association of vinyl chloride exposures with morbidity symptoms. A mail-out questionnaire examined symptoms previously associated with vinyl chloride exposure. Assessment of exposure levels was made by analytical measurement and observation. The resulting statistical analysis revealed a dose-response type of relationship between exposure and certain morbidity symptoms.", "PMID": 1180211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7360", "title": "Thermal responses to intermittent work in selected enironments.", "content": "Acclaimed subjects exercised intermittently for 8 hrs in 25 to 50 degrees environments. Thermal and metalobic determinations were made. Results showed the time-weighted WBGT heat strain index for intermittent work needs re-evaluation. For acclimated subjects working steadily at 350 kcal/hr, 30% max, the ULPZ is more than 33% WBGT.", "contents": "Thermal responses to intermittent work in selected enironments. Acclaimed subjects exercised intermittently for 8 hrs in 25 to 50 degrees environments. Thermal and metalobic determinations were made. Results showed the time-weighted WBGT heat strain index for intermittent work needs re-evaluation. For acclimated subjects working steadily at 350 kcal/hr, 30% max, the ULPZ is more than 33% WBGT.", "PMID": 1180216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7361", "title": "The effects of broadband noise on the cardiovascular system on normal resting adults.", "content": "Blood pressure, pulse rate and pulse pressure were determined at 2-minute intervals on 20 healthy subjects while they were exposed to 91-dBA continuous broadband noise for 1 hour. Control data were obtained by replication without the noise. The noise produced no statistically significant changes in any of the cardiovascular parameters under study.", "contents": "The effects of broadband noise on the cardiovascular system on normal resting adults. Blood pressure, pulse rate and pulse pressure were determined at 2-minute intervals on 20 healthy subjects while they were exposed to 91-dBA continuous broadband noise for 1 hour. Control data were obtained by replication without the noise. The noise produced no statistically significant changes in any of the cardiovascular parameters under study.", "PMID": 1180217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7362", "title": "Monitoring personnel exposure to vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride and methyl chloride in an industrial work environment.", "content": "Pittsburgh PCB 12 times 30 activated carbon is found to be the most suitable of the commerically available carbons tested for personnel sampling of vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, and methyl chloride. The carbon is desorbed with CS2 at dry ice temperature or with a thermal desorption technique.", "contents": "Monitoring personnel exposure to vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride and methyl chloride in an industrial work environment. Pittsburgh PCB 12 times 30 activated carbon is found to be the most suitable of the commerically available carbons tested for personnel sampling of vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, and methyl chloride. The carbon is desorbed with CS2 at dry ice temperature or with a thermal desorption technique.", "PMID": 1180218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7363", "title": "Interpreting noise dosimeter results based on different noise standards.", "content": "Three types of noise dosimeters were exposed on workers during routine work in a synthetic rubber plant, two refineries, a petrochemical plant, a petroleum marketing terminal and an off-shore producing platform. The dosimeters represent different methods of noise integration.", "contents": "Interpreting noise dosimeter results based on different noise standards. Three types of noise dosimeters were exposed on workers during routine work in a synthetic rubber plant, two refineries, a petrochemical plant, a petroleum marketing terminal and an off-shore producing platform. The dosimeters represent different methods of noise integration.", "PMID": 1180219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7364", "title": "Performance of the slotted impactor.", "content": "Slotted impactors perform with a sharpness of cut close to the theoretically predicted value, if used under the conditions of the numerical model. Sideways flow entrance and impaction onto a fibrous surface may change the collection efficiency considerably.", "contents": "Performance of the slotted impactor. Slotted impactors perform with a sharpness of cut close to the theoretically predicted value, if used under the conditions of the numerical model. Sideways flow entrance and impaction onto a fibrous surface may change the collection efficiency considerably.", "PMID": 1180220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7365", "title": "The  design and calibration of a low speed windtunnel for studying the foliar deposition and uptake of aerosols.", "content": "A 2.75 m-long (9 ft.) windtunnel facility to deliver highly toxic aerosols to the foliage of terrestrical plants under safe and well-characterized conditions is described. Flow velocities of 0.1 to 28 cm/sec in the 930 cm2 (1 ft2) cross-section experimental area are attainable. Calibration of this facility using a 198Au-labelled colloidal gold aerosol is presented.", "contents": "The  design and calibration of a low speed windtunnel for studying the foliar deposition and uptake of aerosols. A 2.75 m-long (9 ft.) windtunnel facility to deliver highly toxic aerosols to the foliage of terrestrical plants under safe and well-characterized conditions is described. Flow velocities of 0.1 to 28 cm/sec in the 930 cm2 (1 ft2) cross-section experimental area are attainable. Calibration of this facility using a 198Au-labelled colloidal gold aerosol is presented.", "PMID": 1180221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7366", "title": "Fine structure of hepatocytes from fasted and fed rats.", "content": "The fine structure of hepatocytes from rats maintained on a controlled feeding schedule are described. Liver samples were processed for electron microscopy, histochemistry and chemical determinations of glycogen at precise time-intervals following a 30-hour fast and a 2-hour meal. Hepatocytes from 30-hour-fasted rats with extremely low hepatic glycogen levels were devoid of glycogen particles. Centrilobular cells showed areas of the cytoplasm rich in vesicles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) while periportal hepatocytes contained less extensive regions of SER. Soon after feeding the fasted rats, glycogen particles appeared in regions of the cell rich in SER. Centrilobular hepatocytes contained numerous glycogen areas which were infiltrated with tubules of SER, while periportal cells showed dense glycogen deposits with SER restricted to the periphery of the masses of glycogen. Throughout glycogen deposition each glycogen particle was closely associated with membranes of SER until maximum glycogen deposition was achieved 12 hours after initiation of feeding. At this point SER was reduced to the lowest amounts of the time-periods studied. During stages of glycogen depletion SER proliferated and reached the highest concentration measured in this study. Tubules of SER were present throughout the glycogen masses of centrilobular hepatocytes, whereas in periportal cells the organelle was restricted to the periphery of the glycogen masses. It is concluded that SER is associated with glycogen particles in rat hepatocytes during both deposition and depletion of glycogen.", "contents": "Fine structure of hepatocytes from fasted and fed rats. The fine structure of hepatocytes from rats maintained on a controlled feeding schedule are described. Liver samples were processed for electron microscopy, histochemistry and chemical determinations of glycogen at precise time-intervals following a 30-hour fast and a 2-hour meal. Hepatocytes from 30-hour-fasted rats with extremely low hepatic glycogen levels were devoid of glycogen particles. Centrilobular cells showed areas of the cytoplasm rich in vesicles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) while periportal hepatocytes contained less extensive regions of SER. Soon after feeding the fasted rats, glycogen particles appeared in regions of the cell rich in SER. Centrilobular hepatocytes contained numerous glycogen areas which were infiltrated with tubules of SER, while periportal cells showed dense glycogen deposits with SER restricted to the periphery of the masses of glycogen. Throughout glycogen deposition each glycogen particle was closely associated with membranes of SER until maximum glycogen deposition was achieved 12 hours after initiation of feeding. At this point SER was reduced to the lowest amounts of the time-periods studied. During stages of glycogen depletion SER proliferated and reached the highest concentration measured in this study. Tubules of SER were present throughout the glycogen masses of centrilobular hepatocytes, whereas in periportal cells the organelle was restricted to the periphery of the glycogen masses. It is concluded that SER is associated with glycogen particles in rat hepatocytes during both deposition and depletion of glycogen.", "PMID": 1180230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7367", "title": "A light and electron microscopic study of the pineal gland of the ground squirrel, Citellus tridecemlineatus.", "content": "The pineal gland of the 13-lined ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus) has been examined at the light and electron microscopic level. This gland is composed of low-density parenchymal cells interspersed among which are occasional glial, vascular and neural elements. Punctuating the glandular parenchymal mass are prominent perivascular and intercellular spaces. The parenchymal cells possess numerous mitochondria and less prominent profiles of rough and smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus, microtubules and lipid droplets of varying size and electron density constitute regular cytoplasmic features, with dense-core vesicles being present occasionally. The parenchymal cells have numberous processes. One among these in each cell extends for several micra to terminate in a bulbous expansion containing both clear and dense-core vesicles and occasional electron-dense inclusions. These bulbous terminals are found within the perivascular and intercellular spaces where they course in close proximity to both other parenchymal elements and axon terminals. Glial cells and their processes invest the pineal periphery and incompletely separate the parenchymal cells.", "contents": "A light and electron microscopic study of the pineal gland of the ground squirrel, Citellus tridecemlineatus. The pineal gland of the 13-lined ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus) has been examined at the light and electron microscopic level. This gland is composed of low-density parenchymal cells interspersed among which are occasional glial, vascular and neural elements. Punctuating the glandular parenchymal mass are prominent perivascular and intercellular spaces. The parenchymal cells possess numerous mitochondria and less prominent profiles of rough and smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus, microtubules and lipid droplets of varying size and electron density constitute regular cytoplasmic features, with dense-core vesicles being present occasionally. The parenchymal cells have numberous processes. One among these in each cell extends for several micra to terminate in a bulbous expansion containing both clear and dense-core vesicles and occasional electron-dense inclusions. These bulbous terminals are found within the perivascular and intercellular spaces where they course in close proximity to both other parenchymal elements and axon terminals. Glial cells and their processes invest the pineal periphery and incompletely separate the parenchymal cells.", "PMID": 1180231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7368", "title": "Neuroanatomical clues to peripheral locomotor control in small crustaceans (Artemia salina).", "content": "Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) were prepared for light and electron microscopy at several stages. Immersion-fixed, rapid Golgi impregnations demonstrated two distinct neuronal types in thoracic appendages of mature, freely swimming Artemia. Isolated motor neurons had large cell somas and thick, radiating dendrites at the body wall-limb junction. A long, elaborate axon extended into the limb. Groups of a second type of neuron with smaller somas and very thin, radiating processes occurred in the distal limb near presumably tactile bristles. Thick axons from motor neurons were traced to terminals associated with limb muscle. Both muscle and axon were best seen with Nomarski optics. Motor axons possessed elongate, irregularly shaped boutons en passant and morphologically variable boutons terminaux; the latter included huge endings with knobbed projectiles arising from thick collaterals, or smaller, round boutons from thin collaterals. In addition, a thick unidentified axon coursed longitudinally within the central body wall, sending short collaterals peripherally. The elaborate peripheral neurons described in this Golgi study may be anatomical correlates for the extraordinary coordination of mature brine shrimp. Because Artemia movements resemble those of leech and decapods, which have been studied extensively electrophysiologically, the possibility of similarly elaborate peripheral structures supplementing central control of locomotion in those invertebrates should be considered.", "contents": "Neuroanatomical clues to peripheral locomotor control in small crustaceans (Artemia salina). Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) were prepared for light and electron microscopy at several stages. Immersion-fixed, rapid Golgi impregnations demonstrated two distinct neuronal types in thoracic appendages of mature, freely swimming Artemia. Isolated motor neurons had large cell somas and thick, radiating dendrites at the body wall-limb junction. A long, elaborate axon extended into the limb. Groups of a second type of neuron with smaller somas and very thin, radiating processes occurred in the distal limb near presumably tactile bristles. Thick axons from motor neurons were traced to terminals associated with limb muscle. Both muscle and axon were best seen with Nomarski optics. Motor axons possessed elongate, irregularly shaped boutons en passant and morphologically variable boutons terminaux; the latter included huge endings with knobbed projectiles arising from thick collaterals, or smaller, round boutons from thin collaterals. In addition, a thick unidentified axon coursed longitudinally within the central body wall, sending short collaterals peripherally. The elaborate peripheral neurons described in this Golgi study may be anatomical correlates for the extraordinary coordination of mature brine shrimp. Because Artemia movements resemble those of leech and decapods, which have been studied extensively electrophysiologically, the possibility of similarly elaborate peripheral structures supplementing central control of locomotion in those invertebrates should be considered.", "PMID": 1180232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7369", "title": "Carbohydrate histochemistry of the opossum submandibular and major sublingual glands.", "content": "Submandibular and major sublingual salivary glands of the opossum contain histochemically demonstrable neutral mucosubstances, nonsulfated acid musosubstances and sulfomucins. Sialomucins could not be demonstrated conclusively with the methods used in this study. Special serous cells of the opossum submandibular gland contained low concentrations of acidic mucosubstances but no appreciable concentration of neutral mucosubstances was seen. Sulfomucins were not observed in special serous cells. The mucous tubules of the submandibular gland contained high concentrations of neutral mucosubstances. No appreciable acidic mucosubstance was demonstrated in the submandibular gland mucous tubules. Unlike the mucous tubules of the submandibular gland, the major sublingual gland mucous tubules contained high concentrations of both neutral and acidic mucosubstances. The mucous tubules often contained sulfomucin-positive cells interspersed among cells that contained high concentrations of non-sulfated acidic mucosubstance. Marked staining of sulfated acidic mucosubstance was seen only in the major sublingual gland, in both the mucous tubules and in the seromucous demilunes. The seromucous demilunes contained both sulfated and non-sulfated acidic mucosubstances.", "contents": "Carbohydrate histochemistry of the opossum submandibular and major sublingual glands. Submandibular and major sublingual salivary glands of the opossum contain histochemically demonstrable neutral mucosubstances, nonsulfated acid musosubstances and sulfomucins. Sialomucins could not be demonstrated conclusively with the methods used in this study. Special serous cells of the opossum submandibular gland contained low concentrations of acidic mucosubstances but no appreciable concentration of neutral mucosubstances was seen. Sulfomucins were not observed in special serous cells. The mucous tubules of the submandibular gland contained high concentrations of neutral mucosubstances. No appreciable acidic mucosubstance was demonstrated in the submandibular gland mucous tubules. Unlike the mucous tubules of the submandibular gland, the major sublingual gland mucous tubules contained high concentrations of both neutral and acidic mucosubstances. The mucous tubules often contained sulfomucin-positive cells interspersed among cells that contained high concentrations of non-sulfated acidic mucosubstance. Marked staining of sulfated acidic mucosubstance was seen only in the major sublingual gland, in both the mucous tubules and in the seromucous demilunes. The seromucous demilunes contained both sulfated and non-sulfated acidic mucosubstances.", "PMID": 1180233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7370", "title": "A morphological and histochemical study of the developing tongue musculature in the mouse: its relationship to palatal closure.", "content": "Some question exists concerning the ability of the embryonic tongue to undergo reflex movements at the time of palatal closure (15.5 days of development). Functional motor endplates are prerequisite for such movements to occur. Light and ultrastructural cytochemical methods were employed to elucidate the morphology of neuromuscular relationships in the developing mouse tongue. The A/Jax mice used in the experiments demonstrated a 12-20% incidence (seasonal variation) of spontaneous cleft palate, allowing a correlation between normal and teratological processes. Organized myofibrils were first seen in tongues of normal and spontaneous cleft lip-cleft palate (SCL-CP) specimens at 14.5 days of development. The thiocholine technique of Karnovsky and Roots was used to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity at the light microscope level. The Lewis and Schute method was used for ultrastructural localization of this enzyme. Tissues from normal and SCL-CP specimens from 12.5 to 20.5 days of gestation failed to show differences in amounts or distribution of AChE activity. AChE activity was seen as early as 14 day's gestation. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated reaction product in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope of developing myoblasts. AChE activity at the developing neuromuscular junction and the occurrence of myofilaments preceded palatal closure by several days. Based on these morphological and histochemical findings the tongue of normal and SCL-CP embryos appears capable of responding to a neurogenic stimulus at the time of palatal closure. The findings suggest that the tongue of animals exhibiting a spontaneous cleft palate is not actively involved in the etiology of this condition.", "contents": "A morphological and histochemical study of the developing tongue musculature in the mouse: its relationship to palatal closure. Some question exists concerning the ability of the embryonic tongue to undergo reflex movements at the time of palatal closure (15.5 days of development). Functional motor endplates are prerequisite for such movements to occur. Light and ultrastructural cytochemical methods were employed to elucidate the morphology of neuromuscular relationships in the developing mouse tongue. The A/Jax mice used in the experiments demonstrated a 12-20% incidence (seasonal variation) of spontaneous cleft palate, allowing a correlation between normal and teratological processes. Organized myofibrils were first seen in tongues of normal and spontaneous cleft lip-cleft palate (SCL-CP) specimens at 14.5 days of development. The thiocholine technique of Karnovsky and Roots was used to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity at the light microscope level. The Lewis and Schute method was used for ultrastructural localization of this enzyme. Tissues from normal and SCL-CP specimens from 12.5 to 20.5 days of gestation failed to show differences in amounts or distribution of AChE activity. AChE activity was seen as early as 14 day's gestation. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated reaction product in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope of developing myoblasts. AChE activity at the developing neuromuscular junction and the occurrence of myofilaments preceded palatal closure by several days. Based on these morphological and histochemical findings the tongue of normal and SCL-CP embryos appears capable of responding to a neurogenic stimulus at the time of palatal closure. The findings suggest that the tongue of animals exhibiting a spontaneous cleft palate is not actively involved in the etiology of this condition.", "PMID": 1180234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7371", "title": "Estrogen and antagonist-induced structural changes in the cervico-vaginal epithelium of immature rats.", "content": "Estrogen enhances proliferation and keratin formation in the cervico-vaginal epithelium of immature rats, whereas the estrogen antagonist, CI-628 (Parke-Davis), represses mitosis and induces mucinogenesis. Combinations of antagonist and estrogen allow differentiation of an epithelium composed of both keratin-forming and mucous cells. Both estrogen and antagonist induce synthesis of a cervico-vaginal endogenous peroxidase in the intermediate and superficial layers of the epithelium. The secreted vaginal mucus of antagonist-treated animals stains intensely for exogenous peroxidase.", "contents": "Estrogen and antagonist-induced structural changes in the cervico-vaginal epithelium of immature rats. Estrogen enhances proliferation and keratin formation in the cervico-vaginal epithelium of immature rats, whereas the estrogen antagonist, CI-628 (Parke-Davis), represses mitosis and induces mucinogenesis. Combinations of antagonist and estrogen allow differentiation of an epithelium composed of both keratin-forming and mucous cells. Both estrogen and antagonist induce synthesis of a cervico-vaginal endogenous peroxidase in the intermediate and superficial layers of the epithelium. The secreted vaginal mucus of antagonist-treated animals stains intensely for exogenous peroxidase.", "PMID": 1180235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7372", "title": "Macrophage-lymphocyte clusters in lymph nodes: a possible substrate for cellular interactions in the immune response.", "content": "The lumens of the lymphatic sinuses in lymph nodes are traversed by fibrocellular trabeculae. Joined to these trabeculae were macrophages, which formed cell clusters with lymphocytes. It is proposed, based on structural similarities, that these cell clusters are the equivalent in vivo to those seen during primary and secondary immune responses in vitro. These intraluminal macrophages were located in the path of lymph-borne antigen, as well as in the path of newly formed and recirculating lymphocytes in sinuses. This would facilitate the possible interaction between macrophage-associated antigen and antigen-reactive lymphoid cells. The attachment of numerous lymphocytes to the surfaces of macrophages and the resulting cell clusters also afford increased opportunities for lymphocyte-lymphocyte contact.", "contents": "Macrophage-lymphocyte clusters in lymph nodes: a possible substrate for cellular interactions in the immune response. The lumens of the lymphatic sinuses in lymph nodes are traversed by fibrocellular trabeculae. Joined to these trabeculae were macrophages, which formed cell clusters with lymphocytes. It is proposed, based on structural similarities, that these cell clusters are the equivalent in vivo to those seen during primary and secondary immune responses in vitro. These intraluminal macrophages were located in the path of lymph-borne antigen, as well as in the path of newly formed and recirculating lymphocytes in sinuses. This would facilitate the possible interaction between macrophage-associated antigen and antigen-reactive lymphoid cells. The attachment of numerous lymphocytes to the surfaces of macrophages and the resulting cell clusters also afford increased opportunities for lymphocyte-lymphocyte contact.", "PMID": 1180236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7373", "title": "Capillary innervation in the mammalian central nervous system: an electron microscopic demonstration.", "content": "Capillaries in the cat hypothalamus receive axon terminals which are comparable to neurovascular junctions in cerebral and systemic arteries and arterioles. The innervation of capillaries in the central nervous system may be derived from central neurons, in contrast to cerebral arterial vessels, which are supplied by the peripheral autonomic nervous system.", "contents": "Capillary innervation in the mammalian central nervous system: an electron microscopic demonstration. Capillaries in the cat hypothalamus receive axon terminals which are comparable to neurovascular junctions in cerebral and systemic arteries and arterioles. The innervation of capillaries in the central nervous system may be derived from central neurons, in contrast to cerebral arterial vessels, which are supplied by the peripheral autonomic nervous system.", "PMID": 1180237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7374", "title": "Mitochondrial granules of chondrocytes in cryosections of growth cartilage.", "content": "Fresh frozen specimens of growth cartilage have been dry-sectioned and examined in the electron microscope without any staining. Dense granules in the mitochondria of chondrocytes were observed near calcifying areas. This confirms the presence of these mineral granules in the original tissue because this technique avoids the preparative artefacts of conventional electron microscopy.", "contents": "Mitochondrial granules of chondrocytes in cryosections of growth cartilage. Fresh frozen specimens of growth cartilage have been dry-sectioned and examined in the electron microscope without any staining. Dense granules in the mitochondria of chondrocytes were observed near calcifying areas. This confirms the presence of these mineral granules in the original tissue because this technique avoids the preparative artefacts of conventional electron microscopy.", "PMID": 1180238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7375", "title": "Mitotic cells and their microappendages in the primitive streak of the chick embryo.", "content": "Fresh pullet eggs (White Leghorn Strain) were incubated to the primitive streak stage of development. Blastoderms were fixed in situ with isotonic aldehyde fixatives and prepared for scanning electron miscropy by means of post-osmication, critical point drying and gold-palladium coating. Cells judged to be in various stages of mitosis by their surface contours were numerous on the ventral surface of the chick blastoderm. Cells which were in the late preparatory stages for mitosis had rounded up from their surroundings. Microvilli dominated the surface. The degree of separation and number of microvilli increased until late metaphase or anaphase. Mitotic cells did not completely separate themselves from adjacent cells. Ruffles and blebs were not prominent during mitotis and long filopodia were absent. A definite localization of microappendages (microvilli, blebs, ruffles) to the area of cytokinesis was evident in early telophase and persisted through daughter cell formation.", "contents": "Mitotic cells and their microappendages in the primitive streak of the chick embryo. Fresh pullet eggs (White Leghorn Strain) were incubated to the primitive streak stage of development. Blastoderms were fixed in situ with isotonic aldehyde fixatives and prepared for scanning electron miscropy by means of post-osmication, critical point drying and gold-palladium coating. Cells judged to be in various stages of mitosis by their surface contours were numerous on the ventral surface of the chick blastoderm. Cells which were in the late preparatory stages for mitosis had rounded up from their surroundings. Microvilli dominated the surface. The degree of separation and number of microvilli increased until late metaphase or anaphase. Mitotic cells did not completely separate themselves from adjacent cells. Ruffles and blebs were not prominent during mitotis and long filopodia were absent. A definite localization of microappendages (microvilli, blebs, ruffles) to the area of cytokinesis was evident in early telophase and persisted through daughter cell formation.", "PMID": 1180239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7376", "title": "Folic acid and vitamin B12 determination in fetal liver.", "content": "The folate and vitamin B12 content of 61 fetal livers divided into 3 groups immature (13 cases); premature (27 cases); at terminus (21 cases) were determined microbiologically. The average concentration (mug/g) and the reserve (mug) of hepatic folate for the immature group were 2 and 43.2 (net weight); for the premature group were 3.05 and 163.6; for the third group were 2.54 and 225.3, respectively. The average concentration (mug/g) and the reserve (mug) of hepatic vitamin B12 for the immature group were 0.173 and 4.1; for the premature group were 0.207 and 10.7; for the third group were 0.300 and 27.3 respectively.", "contents": "Folic acid and vitamin B12 determination in fetal liver. The folate and vitamin B12 content of 61 fetal livers divided into 3 groups immature (13 cases); premature (27 cases); at terminus (21 cases) were determined microbiologically. The average concentration (mug/g) and the reserve (mug) of hepatic folate for the immature group were 2 and 43.2 (net weight); for the premature group were 3.05 and 163.6; for the third group were 2.54 and 225.3, respectively. The average concentration (mug/g) and the reserve (mug) of hepatic vitamin B12 for the immature group were 0.173 and 4.1; for the premature group were 0.207 and 10.7; for the third group were 0.300 and 27.3 respectively.", "PMID": 1180242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7377", "title": "Effects of different vitamin E-deficient basal diets on hepatic catalase and microsomal cytochromes P-450 and b5 in rats.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained for a period of 6 or 12 weeks on a basal vitamin E-dificient diet consisting of 70% sucrose, 20% vitamin-free casein, 4% tocopherol stripped lard, 4% salt mixture, and 2% tocopherol-free vitamin fortification mixture were used to compare two sets of commonly used salt mixtures (salt mixtures USP XIV versus Briggs' salt mixture) and two sets of vitamin fortification mixtures (NBC vitamin fortification mixture versus that of Weglicki). Among the rats maintained on the deficient diets for 6 weeks, only those that received the combination of salt mixture USP XIV and vitamin fortification mixture of Weglicki showed a significantly lower level of hepatic catalase activity compared to the corresponding control animals. While there were no significant changes in microsomal cytochromes at this time period, after 12 weeks on the deficient diet, a significant depression in these cytochromes was noted in all experimental groups except the one on salt mixture USP XIV and NBC vitamin fortification mixture. A similar decrease in hepatic catalase was observed in deficient animals at 12 weeks. Since the most striking differences in these diets are in their content of iron and menaquinone, it appears that these two dietary constituents may interact in modulating the effect of vitamin E on hepatic hemeproteins.", "contents": "Effects of different vitamin E-deficient basal diets on hepatic catalase and microsomal cytochromes P-450 and b5 in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained for a period of 6 or 12 weeks on a basal vitamin E-dificient diet consisting of 70% sucrose, 20% vitamin-free casein, 4% tocopherol stripped lard, 4% salt mixture, and 2% tocopherol-free vitamin fortification mixture were used to compare two sets of commonly used salt mixtures (salt mixtures USP XIV versus Briggs' salt mixture) and two sets of vitamin fortification mixtures (NBC vitamin fortification mixture versus that of Weglicki). Among the rats maintained on the deficient diets for 6 weeks, only those that received the combination of salt mixture USP XIV and vitamin fortification mixture of Weglicki showed a significantly lower level of hepatic catalase activity compared to the corresponding control animals. While there were no significant changes in microsomal cytochromes at this time period, after 12 weeks on the deficient diet, a significant depression in these cytochromes was noted in all experimental groups except the one on salt mixture USP XIV and NBC vitamin fortification mixture. A similar decrease in hepatic catalase was observed in deficient animals at 12 weeks. Since the most striking differences in these diets are in their content of iron and menaquinone, it appears that these two dietary constituents may interact in modulating the effect of vitamin E on hepatic hemeproteins.", "PMID": 1180243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7378", "title": "Radiological changes in pica.", "content": "The significance of pica and geophagia as a public health problem is well known. The objective radiographic diagnosis of geophagia depends on the abnormal opacification of the bowel as an immediate manifestitation of the condition. The chance of detectability of geophagia is highest in the colon and can be improved by using low penetration films, particularly for smaller amounts of ingested clay. Other radiologic changes frequently associated with the prolonged practice of geophagic are an atonic pattern of the colon, secondary radiographic changes due to iron-deficiency anemia and bone-age retardation. The occurrences of intestinal obstruction due to pica in the presence of preexisting bowel stricture is demonstrated.", "contents": "Radiological changes in pica. The significance of pica and geophagia as a public health problem is well known. The objective radiographic diagnosis of geophagia depends on the abnormal opacification of the bowel as an immediate manifestitation of the condition. The chance of detectability of geophagia is highest in the colon and can be improved by using low penetration films, particularly for smaller amounts of ingested clay. Other radiologic changes frequently associated with the prolonged practice of geophagic are an atonic pattern of the colon, secondary radiographic changes due to iron-deficiency anemia and bone-age retardation. The occurrences of intestinal obstruction due to pica in the presence of preexisting bowel stricture is demonstrated.", "PMID": 1180244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7379", "title": "Parenteral magnesium load tests in postpartum American women.", "content": "The magnesium status of 185 moderate income American mothers was assessed in the immediate postpartum period by the intravenous magnesium load test. Pre- and postload collections of urine were each made for approximately 24 hours because pilot studies revealed significant diurnal variation in magnesium excretion. The magnesium load provided 0.4 to 0.5 mEq of magnesium/kg of estimated lean body weight. The mean retention was 51% +/- 2.2 (SEM). Patients retaining more or less than an arbitrary limit of 40% of the magnesium load were compared. No differences in mean age, weight, or parity were found between the groups. The high retention group reported a diet lower in magnesium and had a significantly lower plasma magnesium value. Magnesium retention of over 90% of the load was found in biologically immature multiparas (less than 17 years) and in young mothers of twins. Among the multiparous patients, those with the longest interval since the previous pregnancy had the lowest retention values. Most of the primiparous patients had met the magnesium requirements of a singleton pregnancy and rejected most of the load, but 6 primiparous women whose active labor exceeded 18 hours had a retention of 77.91% of the load. This was significantly higher than the 45.0 +/- 3.52 (SEM) % retention in 70 primiparous mothers with shorter duration of active labor (P less than 0.005). No other symptoms or complications of pregnancy could be correlated with the magnesium load values. Further definition of the magnesium load test is indicated.", "contents": "Parenteral magnesium load tests in postpartum American women. The magnesium status of 185 moderate income American mothers was assessed in the immediate postpartum period by the intravenous magnesium load test. Pre- and postload collections of urine were each made for approximately 24 hours because pilot studies revealed significant diurnal variation in magnesium excretion. The magnesium load provided 0.4 to 0.5 mEq of magnesium/kg of estimated lean body weight. The mean retention was 51% +/- 2.2 (SEM). Patients retaining more or less than an arbitrary limit of 40% of the magnesium load were compared. No differences in mean age, weight, or parity were found between the groups. The high retention group reported a diet lower in magnesium and had a significantly lower plasma magnesium value. Magnesium retention of over 90% of the load was found in biologically immature multiparas (less than 17 years) and in young mothers of twins. Among the multiparous patients, those with the longest interval since the previous pregnancy had the lowest retention values. Most of the primiparous patients had met the magnesium requirements of a singleton pregnancy and rejected most of the load, but 6 primiparous women whose active labor exceeded 18 hours had a retention of 77.91% of the load. This was significantly higher than the 45.0 +/- 3.52 (SEM) % retention in 70 primiparous mothers with shorter duration of active labor (P less than 0.005). No other symptoms or complications of pregnancy could be correlated with the magnesium load values. Further definition of the magnesium load test is indicated.", "PMID": 1180245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7380", "title": "Plasma level and transfer capacity of thiamin in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis.", "content": "Water-soluble vitamins have a molecular size small enough to pass through the membrane of an artificial kidney. This fact has led to the suggestion that these vitamins be substituted in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. In sharp contrast to this general belief, our study has shown that the plasma thiamin levels in patients on long-term hemodialysis were not different from those found in normal subjects. It also remained unchanged before and after the dialysis, althoug thiamin was obviously removed in in vitro dialysis. Accordingly, dietary thiamin appears to be sufficient, making further supplementation unnecessary.", "contents": "Plasma level and transfer capacity of thiamin in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Water-soluble vitamins have a molecular size small enough to pass through the membrane of an artificial kidney. This fact has led to the suggestion that these vitamins be substituted in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. In sharp contrast to this general belief, our study has shown that the plasma thiamin levels in patients on long-term hemodialysis were not different from those found in normal subjects. It also remained unchanged before and after the dialysis, althoug thiamin was obviously removed in in vitro dialysis. Accordingly, dietary thiamin appears to be sufficient, making further supplementation unnecessary.", "PMID": 1180246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7381", "title": "Effect of diet on serum accumulation and renal excretion of aryl acids and secretory activity in normal and uremic man.", "content": "The influence of diet on aryl acid metabolism was determined in normal and azotemic subjects. Aryl acid content of serum and urine was estimated by fluorometry in relation to hippuric acid as a standard (FI-Hipp). Secretory activity, a reflection of the biological potency of aromatic acids in serum and urine, was determined by bioassay. The urinary excretion of FI-Hipp and secretory activity of five normal persons on an ad lib diet was 0.78 and 2.25 mM/day, respectively; similar values were observed in two subjects with chronic renal insufficiency. Subjects were fed prunes and cranberries, since these foods contain abundant quantities of hippurate precursors. Prunes 1.5 g/kg body weight, caused the urinary excretion of both FI-Hipp and secretory activity to increase about tenfold in normal and azotemic subjects. Prune feeding caused the serum levels of FI-Hipp and secretory activity to increase about threefold. Cranberries increased the renal excretion of FI-Hipp and secretory activity as did  the ingestion of a beverage containing benzoate as a preservative. On the basis of these studies it is clear that diet is an important determinant of the load of aryl acids for urinary excretion; in patients with renal insufficiency the ingestion of foods containing precursors may cause serum level of biologically active aryl acids to increase strikingly.", "contents": "Effect of diet on serum accumulation and renal excretion of aryl acids and secretory activity in normal and uremic man. The influence of diet on aryl acid metabolism was determined in normal and azotemic subjects. Aryl acid content of serum and urine was estimated by fluorometry in relation to hippuric acid as a standard (FI-Hipp). Secretory activity, a reflection of the biological potency of aromatic acids in serum and urine, was determined by bioassay. The urinary excretion of FI-Hipp and secretory activity of five normal persons on an ad lib diet was 0.78 and 2.25 mM/day, respectively; similar values were observed in two subjects with chronic renal insufficiency. Subjects were fed prunes and cranberries, since these foods contain abundant quantities of hippurate precursors. Prunes 1.5 g/kg body weight, caused the urinary excretion of both FI-Hipp and secretory activity to increase about tenfold in normal and azotemic subjects. Prune feeding caused the serum levels of FI-Hipp and secretory activity to increase about threefold. Cranberries increased the renal excretion of FI-Hipp and secretory activity as did  the ingestion of a beverage containing benzoate as a preservative. On the basis of these studies it is clear that diet is an important determinant of the load of aryl acids for urinary excretion; in patients with renal insufficiency the ingestion of foods containing precursors may cause serum level of biologically active aryl acids to increase strikingly.", "PMID": 1180247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7382", "title": "Influence of varying energy intake on nitrogen balance in men on two levels of protein intake.", "content": "Effect of changing energy levels of the diet at constant protein intakes on nitrogen balances in five young men were studied at two levels of protein--40 and 60 g. Nitrogen balance increased with increase in energy intake at both levels of protein. This was brought about primarily by a reduction in urinary nitrogen excretion. Energy levels at which nitrogen equilibrium was obtained were different for the two levels of protein intake. At 40 g protein intake the energy intake required for zero nitrogen balance was 2,249 kcal, while it was 2,066 kcal when the diet provided 60 g protein.", "contents": "Influence of varying energy intake on nitrogen balance in men on two levels of protein intake. Effect of changing energy levels of the diet at constant protein intakes on nitrogen balances in five young men were studied at two levels of protein--40 and 60 g. Nitrogen balance increased with increase in energy intake at both levels of protein. This was brought about primarily by a reduction in urinary nitrogen excretion. Energy levels at which nitrogen equilibrium was obtained were different for the two levels of protein intake. At 40 g protein intake the energy intake required for zero nitrogen balance was 2,249 kcal, while it was 2,066 kcal when the diet provided 60 g protein.", "PMID": 1180248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7383", "title": "Amino acid composition of the diet in a region of Southern Tunisia.", "content": "As part of a study of the effects of lysine supplementation of wheat products in Southern Tunisia one qualitative and four quantitative surveys of food consumption were carried out. The average diet provided 7.1 MJ (1,670 kcal), 42 g of protein and 1,280 mg of lysine per person per day. The overall dietary protein thus supplied only 31 mg of lysine/g of protein, or about 56% of the level recommended by the FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Protein Requirements. Addition of lysine to all wheat products to a final effective concentration of 0.2% would raise the dietary lysine level to 45 mg/g protein, or 82% of the FAO/WHO recommended level, at which time threonine would become limiting. Irrespective of whether the FAO/WHO pattern of 1973, breast milk, cow's milk, whole egg or a modification of the FAO pattern of 1957 was used to assess the quality of the protein in the diet, lysine was the first, and threonine the second limiting amino acid (except in comparison with breast milk, which showed tryptophan as the second limiting amino acid). In no case did there appear to be any problem with the sulfur-containing amino acids.", "contents": "Amino acid composition of the diet in a region of Southern Tunisia. As part of a study of the effects of lysine supplementation of wheat products in Southern Tunisia one qualitative and four quantitative surveys of food consumption were carried out. The average diet provided 7.1 MJ (1,670 kcal), 42 g of protein and 1,280 mg of lysine per person per day. The overall dietary protein thus supplied only 31 mg of lysine/g of protein, or about 56% of the level recommended by the FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Protein Requirements. Addition of lysine to all wheat products to a final effective concentration of 0.2% would raise the dietary lysine level to 45 mg/g protein, or 82% of the FAO/WHO recommended level, at which time threonine would become limiting. Irrespective of whether the FAO/WHO pattern of 1973, breast milk, cow's milk, whole egg or a modification of the FAO pattern of 1957 was used to assess the quality of the protein in the diet, lysine was the first, and threonine the second limiting amino acid (except in comparison with breast milk, which showed tryptophan as the second limiting amino acid). In no case did there appear to be any problem with the sulfur-containing amino acids.", "PMID": 1180250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7384", "title": "Hydatid disease transmission in California. A study of the Basque connection.", "content": "A descriptive epidemiologic and anthropologic study was designed to determine by field observation and interview the extent of Basque involvement in the sheep industry of California, the nature of the sheep and dog husbandry practices of California Basques as they might influence Echinococus granulosus transmission, and the \"folk knowledge\" of hydatid disease possessed by California Basques, particularly as it might indicate the early presence of this infection in California and provide evidence for or against possible intensification or spread of transmission in the recent past. Basques were found to dominate the sheep industry of California's Central Valley from Sacramento south, but to be virtually absent from other sheep-raising areas of the state. In contrast to most other California sheep ranchers, Basques practice a transhumant form of husbandry in which bands of sheep are moved from location to location under the control of contract Basque shepherds from Spain and France and a number of sheep dogs.", "contents": "Hydatid disease transmission in California. A study of the Basque connection. A descriptive epidemiologic and anthropologic study was designed to determine by field observation and interview the extent of Basque involvement in the sheep industry of California, the nature of the sheep and dog husbandry practices of California Basques as they might influence Echinococus granulosus transmission, and the \"folk knowledge\" of hydatid disease possessed by California Basques, particularly as it might indicate the early presence of this infection in California and provide evidence for or against possible intensification or spread of transmission in the recent past. Basques were found to dominate the sheep industry of California's Central Valley from Sacramento south, but to be virtually absent from other sheep-raising areas of the state. In contrast to most other California sheep ranchers, Basques practice a transhumant form of husbandry in which bands of sheep are moved from location to location under the control of contract Basque shepherds from Spain and France and a number of sheep dogs.", "PMID": 1180253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7385", "title": "The relationship of reported parental history to the incidence of coronary heart disease in the Western Collaborative Group Study.", "content": "The relationship of a reported parental history of coronary heart disease (CHD) to the incidence of CHD was determined in this prospective study of CHD in an intake population of 39-59-year old men. Reported parental history of CHD was found to be associated with level of schooling, the type A behavior pattern, serum cholesterol and beta/alpha lipoprotein ratio. Men with reported parental history had an increased incidence of angina pectoris in both age defined by symptomatic myocardial infarction and sudden coronary death. Adjustment then was made simultaneously for the confounding effects of the risk factors found to be associated with the prevalence of parental history of CHD. After such adjustment a reported parental history of CHD was still found to have a significant association (p = 0.01) with the combined incidence of symptomatic myocardial infarction and angina pectoris in subjects under 50 years of age.", "contents": "The relationship of reported parental history to the incidence of coronary heart disease in the Western Collaborative Group Study. The relationship of a reported parental history of coronary heart disease (CHD) to the incidence of CHD was determined in this prospective study of CHD in an intake population of 39-59-year old men. Reported parental history of CHD was found to be associated with level of schooling, the type A behavior pattern, serum cholesterol and beta/alpha lipoprotein ratio. Men with reported parental history had an increased incidence of angina pectoris in both age defined by symptomatic myocardial infarction and sudden coronary death. Adjustment then was made simultaneously for the confounding effects of the risk factors found to be associated with the prevalence of parental history of CHD. After such adjustment a reported parental history of CHD was still found to have a significant association (p = 0.01) with the combined incidence of symptomatic myocardial infarction and angina pectoris in subjects under 50 years of age.", "PMID": 1180256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7386", "title": "A new rapid differentiating solubility test for hemoglobin S.", "content": "A new test for sickling hemoglobin, SickleQuikTM, has been developed which has definitive advantages over existing turbidity tests. This test utilizes a biphasic liquid reagent system provided in individualized, ready-to-use reaction tubes which are stable at room temperature. The test differentiates homozygous from heterozygous S samples in less than eight minutes. Results are based on the color of a layer formed at the organic-aqueous interface and the color of the lower aqueous phase. Of more than 900 samples tested in independent laboratories, no false positive or false negative results occurred.", "contents": "A new rapid differentiating solubility test for hemoglobin S. A new test for sickling hemoglobin, SickleQuikTM, has been developed which has definitive advantages over existing turbidity tests. This test utilizes a biphasic liquid reagent system provided in individualized, ready-to-use reaction tubes which are stable at room temperature. The test differentiates homozygous from heterozygous S samples in less than eight minutes. Results are based on the color of a layer formed at the organic-aqueous interface and the color of the lower aqueous phase. Of more than 900 samples tested in independent laboratories, no false positive or false negative results occurred.", "PMID": 1180257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7387", "title": "Developing an integrated, competency-based medical technology program.", "content": "The authors describe a competency-based, integrated medical technology educational program currently being implemented at Weber State College in Ogden, Utah. Problems associated with the traditional three academic years plus one year clinical education program are described, as well as problems involved in creating new programs. This type of program may prove to be a major advance in the future of medical technology education.", "contents": "Developing an integrated, competency-based medical technology program. The authors describe a competency-based, integrated medical technology educational program currently being implemented at Weber State College in Ogden, Utah. Problems associated with the traditional three academic years plus one year clinical education program are described, as well as problems involved in creating new programs. This type of program may prove to be a major advance in the future of medical technology education.", "PMID": 1180258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7388", "title": "Resident-care practices in institutions for retarded persons: a cross-institutional, cross-cultural study.", "content": "Institution-oriented and resident-oriented care practices for institutionalized retarded persons investigated in 166 Living units in 19 institutions in the United States and 11 institutions in a Scandinavian country. Living units in the Scandinavian country were found to be more resident-oriented than those in the United States. Large central institutions were characterized by the most institution-oriented care practices, group homes by the most resident-oriented practices, with large and small regional centers falling between these extremes. Within types of institution, care practices were generally homogeneous. Living units for more severely retarded residents were characterized by more institution-oriented practices. Large living-unit size was found to be predictive of institution-oriented practices while cost/resident/day, number of aides/resident, and number of professional staff/resident did not predict care practices. Characteristics of the Child Management Inventory were also examined.", "contents": "Resident-care practices in institutions for retarded persons: a cross-institutional, cross-cultural study. Institution-oriented and resident-oriented care practices for institutionalized retarded persons investigated in 166 Living units in 19 institutions in the United States and 11 institutions in a Scandinavian country. Living units in the Scandinavian country were found to be more resident-oriented than those in the United States. Large central institutions were characterized by the most institution-oriented care practices, group homes by the most resident-oriented practices, with large and small regional centers falling between these extremes. Within types of institution, care practices were generally homogeneous. Living units for more severely retarded residents were characterized by more institution-oriented practices. Large living-unit size was found to be predictive of institution-oriented practices while cost/resident/day, number of aides/resident, and number of professional staff/resident did not predict care practices. Characteristics of the Child Management Inventory were also examined.", "PMID": 1180259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7389", "title": "Stimulus input recruitment and stimulus trace decay factors in the trace conditioning deficit of severely retarded young adults.", "content": "Trace and delay classical eyelid conditioning procedures were used to investigate the relative contributions of conditioned stimulus input recruitment and trace decay processes to the trace conditioning deficit of severely and profoundly retarded subjects. The study included both trace and delay conditioning groups at interstimulus intervals of 500 and 950 msec. The conditioned stimulus durations were 50 msec for the 500-msec interstimulus interval trace group and 500 msec for the 950-msec interstimulus interval trace group. The \"empty\" interval between conditioned stimulus offset and the onset of the unconditioned stimulus was 450 msec for both trace conditioning groups. After 250 conditioning trials, there was no difference between the two trace groups, and both were significantly below the delay groups in final level of responding. These results suggest that stimulus trace decay rather than input recruitment, as manipulated by varying conditioned stimulus duration, accounts for the poor trace conditioning performance demonstrated by these subjects.", "contents": "Stimulus input recruitment and stimulus trace decay factors in the trace conditioning deficit of severely retarded young adults. Trace and delay classical eyelid conditioning procedures were used to investigate the relative contributions of conditioned stimulus input recruitment and trace decay processes to the trace conditioning deficit of severely and profoundly retarded subjects. The study included both trace and delay conditioning groups at interstimulus intervals of 500 and 950 msec. The conditioned stimulus durations were 50 msec for the 500-msec interstimulus interval trace group and 500 msec for the 950-msec interstimulus interval trace group. The \"empty\" interval between conditioned stimulus offset and the onset of the unconditioned stimulus was 450 msec for both trace conditioning groups. After 250 conditioning trials, there was no difference between the two trace groups, and both were significantly below the delay groups in final level of responding. These results suggest that stimulus trace decay rather than input recruitment, as manipulated by varying conditioned stimulus duration, accounts for the poor trace conditioning performance demonstrated by these subjects.", "PMID": 1180260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7390", "title": "Training correct utensil use in retarded children: modeling vs. physical guidance.", "content": "Modeling and physical guidance were compared for teaching 24 retarded males (mean age = 13.5, mean IQ = 25.3) to use a knife, fork, and spoon. Initial premeal training methods resulted in no improvement over baseline. The methods were revised to extend throughout meals, and a third method (physical guidance with praise) replaced a former control procedure. Methods involving physical guidance produced significant improvement while modeling did not. All groups then received physical guidance with praise which resulted in their achieving similar levels of performance. Follow-up observations revealed that correct utensil use continued under maintenance conditions.", "contents": "Training correct utensil use in retarded children: modeling vs. physical guidance. Modeling and physical guidance were compared for teaching 24 retarded males (mean age = 13.5, mean IQ = 25.3) to use a knife, fork, and spoon. Initial premeal training methods resulted in no improvement over baseline. The methods were revised to extend throughout meals, and a third method (physical guidance with praise) replaced a former control procedure. Methods involving physical guidance produced significant improvement while modeling did not. All groups then received physical guidance with praise which resulted in their achieving similar levels of performance. Follow-up observations revealed that correct utensil use continued under maintenance conditions.", "PMID": 1180261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7391", "title": "Infants' home environments: a comparison of high-risk families and families from the general population.", "content": "Home environments of 30 infants at high-risk for developmental retardation were compared with those of 30 infants from the general population (matched for age, sex, and parity) by means of the Home Observation Measurement of the Environment. Fifteen high-risk infants attended a day-care intervention program; 15 did not. The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment showed significant differences (ps less than .001) between the high-risk groups and the general population, favoring the general population, on all factors (maternal-warmth, absence of restriction and punishment, organization of the environment, appropriate toys, maternal involvement, and opportunities for variety) but none between the two high-risk groups.", "contents": "Infants' home environments: a comparison of high-risk families and families from the general population. Home environments of 30 infants at high-risk for developmental retardation were compared with those of 30 infants from the general population (matched for age, sex, and parity) by means of the Home Observation Measurement of the Environment. Fifteen high-risk infants attended a day-care intervention program; 15 did not. The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment showed significant differences (ps less than .001) between the high-risk groups and the general population, favoring the general population, on all factors (maternal-warmth, absence of restriction and punishment, organization of the environment, appropriate toys, maternal involvement, and opportunities for variety) but none between the two high-risk groups.", "PMID": 1180262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7392", "title": "Moral and cognitive development in retarded and nonretarded children.", "content": "Subjects were 30 cultural-familially retarded and 30 nonretarded children matched for MA within 3 MA levels. The subjects were administered measures of moral judgement and cognitive operations hypothesized by Kohlberg to constitute necessary but not sufficient conditions for attainment of specific moral stages. Moral and cognitive performance improved with MA, but there were no differences between the MA-matched retarded and nonretarded children. Moral judgement related more strongly to MA then to any of the specific cognitive operations tested. The findings failed to support Kohlberg and Gilligan's (1971) hypothesis that the moral judgment of older individuals should be more advanced than that of younger individuals matched for cognitive level, but they were in accord with Zigler's (1969) \"developmental\" concept of cultural-familial retardation.", "contents": "Moral and cognitive development in retarded and nonretarded children. Subjects were 30 cultural-familially retarded and 30 nonretarded children matched for MA within 3 MA levels. The subjects were administered measures of moral judgement and cognitive operations hypothesized by Kohlberg to constitute necessary but not sufficient conditions for attainment of specific moral stages. Moral and cognitive performance improved with MA, but there were no differences between the MA-matched retarded and nonretarded children. Moral judgement related more strongly to MA then to any of the specific cognitive operations tested. The findings failed to support Kohlberg and Gilligan's (1971) hypothesis that the moral judgment of older individuals should be more advanced than that of younger individuals matched for cognitive level, but they were in accord with Zigler's (1969) \"developmental\" concept of cultural-familial retardation.", "PMID": 1180263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7393", "title": "Differential effects of four token conditions on rate and choice of responding in a matching-to-sample task.", "content": "In a two-phase experiment, four different token conditions were presented each session to retarded students in a TMR class. In Phase 1, students responded by matching-to-sample under the following conditions: (A) correct responses produced exchangeable tokens, (B) correct responses produced exchangeable tokens and incorrect responses lost tokens, (C) correct responses produced nonexchangeable tokens, and (D) no-tokens given. In Phase 2, the students chose the condition in which they worked. Results showed that responses cost decreased errors but did not influence correct responding, that each baseline condition produced less correct responding than the token conditions, and that Condition C produced more responding than D. Phase 2 results showed a preference for Condition A and no difference between Conditions B and C. Results were discussed in terms of baselines, response cost, and type of datum.", "contents": "Differential effects of four token conditions on rate and choice of responding in a matching-to-sample task. In a two-phase experiment, four different token conditions were presented each session to retarded students in a TMR class. In Phase 1, students responded by matching-to-sample under the following conditions: (A) correct responses produced exchangeable tokens, (B) correct responses produced exchangeable tokens and incorrect responses lost tokens, (C) correct responses produced nonexchangeable tokens, and (D) no-tokens given. In Phase 2, the students chose the condition in which they worked. Results showed that responses cost decreased errors but did not influence correct responding, that each baseline condition produced less correct responding than the token conditions, and that Condition C produced more responding than D. Phase 2 results showed a preference for Condition A and no difference between Conditions B and C. Results were discussed in terms of baselines, response cost, and type of datum.", "PMID": 1180264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7394", "title": "List organization and rehearsal instructions in recognition memory of retarded adults.", "content": "The effects of rehearsal training and categorical list organization on recognition memory of mentally retarded individuals was examined. Retention materials were lists of pictures in four taxonomic categories. During acquisition, subjects saw lists organized according to these categories or lists in which category members were distributed randomly. One-half of the subjects were given cumulative-rehearsal training. The remaining subjects were not given rehearsal training. Subjects who were taught to rehearse made fewer errors on the recognition test than subjects who were not taught to rehearse. List organizations did not affect correct responding. We interpreted the data as support for production-deficiency hypothesis.", "contents": "List organization and rehearsal instructions in recognition memory of retarded adults. The effects of rehearsal training and categorical list organization on recognition memory of mentally retarded individuals was examined. Retention materials were lists of pictures in four taxonomic categories. During acquisition, subjects saw lists organized according to these categories or lists in which category members were distributed randomly. One-half of the subjects were given cumulative-rehearsal training. The remaining subjects were not given rehearsal training. Subjects who were taught to rehearse made fewer errors on the recognition test than subjects who were not taught to rehearse. List organizations did not affect correct responding. We interpreted the data as support for production-deficiency hypothesis.", "PMID": 1180265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7395", "title": "Reinforcement of cooperation between profoundly retarded adults.", "content": "An experimental approach to the development and maintenance of cooperation responses in profoundly retarded institutionalized male adults was evaluated in this study. A single-subject reversal design was used for the major experiment which involved automatic recording of cooperative responses. Within a relatively short period, 7 dyads learned independent operation of the cooperation machine. During the first reinforcement period, a high and fairly stable rate of cooperative responding occurred which decreased markedly after several extinction sessions and immediately recovered when reinforcements were reinstituted. The operation of such machines by profoundly retarded subjects resulted in increased social interaction beyond purely mechanistic behavior.", "contents": "Reinforcement of cooperation between profoundly retarded adults. An experimental approach to the development and maintenance of cooperation responses in profoundly retarded institutionalized male adults was evaluated in this study. A single-subject reversal design was used for the major experiment which involved automatic recording of cooperative responses. Within a relatively short period, 7 dyads learned independent operation of the cooperation machine. During the first reinforcement period, a high and fairly stable rate of cooperative responding occurred which decreased markedly after several extinction sessions and immediately recovered when reinforcements were reinstituted. The operation of such machines by profoundly retarded subjects resulted in increased social interaction beyond purely mechanistic behavior.", "PMID": 1180266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7396", "title": "Public attitudes toward mentally retarded children.", "content": "The recent trend toward integrating mentally retarded children in the community and public school warrants examination of public attitudes toward these children. Factor analysis of equestionnaire responses of 430 adults revealed for factors underlying attitudes toward retarded children: positive stereotype, segregation in the community, segregation in the classroom, and perceived physical and intellectual handicap. Older respondents, parents of school-aged children, and people with no previous contact with a retarded person tended to favor segregation of retarded children in the community. Results of this study suggest that attitudes of these groups must be addressed if retarded persons are to be successfully integrated into society.", "contents": "Public attitudes toward mentally retarded children. The recent trend toward integrating mentally retarded children in the community and public school warrants examination of public attitudes toward these children. Factor analysis of equestionnaire responses of 430 adults revealed for factors underlying attitudes toward retarded children: positive stereotype, segregation in the community, segregation in the classroom, and perceived physical and intellectual handicap. Older respondents, parents of school-aged children, and people with no previous contact with a retarded person tended to favor segregation of retarded children in the community. Results of this study suggest that attitudes of these groups must be addressed if retarded persons are to be successfully integrated into society.", "PMID": 1180267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7397", "title": "Measuring social and prevocational awareness in mildly retarded adolescents.", "content": "The social and Prevocational Information Battery contains nine subtests measuring social and prevocational awareness. It was developed and normed on secondary EMR pupils in Oregon. The battery is easy to administer, orally presented to eliminate reading ability as a determinant of performance, and relatively simple to score and interpret. Information concerning the standard error measurement and predictive validity inidicates that this battery may be used for pupil screeening, monitoring pupil progress, or for program evaluation.", "contents": "Measuring social and prevocational awareness in mildly retarded adolescents. The social and Prevocational Information Battery contains nine subtests measuring social and prevocational awareness. It was developed and normed on secondary EMR pupils in Oregon. The battery is easy to administer, orally presented to eliminate reading ability as a determinant of performance, and relatively simple to score and interpret. Information concerning the standard error measurement and predictive validity inidicates that this battery may be used for pupil screeening, monitoring pupil progress, or for program evaluation.", "PMID": 1180268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7398", "title": "Effect of experimental success and failure on the situational expectancy of EMR and nonretarded children.", "content": "The effect of differing histories of success and experimentally induced and failure on the generalized and situational expectancy of EMR and nonretarded children was studied. Three samples of 16 children each served as subjects. The EMR sample was equated with one sample of nonretarded children on the basis of CA and another sample of nonretarded subjects on the basis of MA. Subjects were asked to indicate how well they thought they would do on an experimental task (verbal estimate) and to predict how many out of 8 trials on which they would be successful. Then they were exposed either to experimentally induced success or failure. Subjects were then asked to give a verbal estimate and numerical prediction for a subsequent block of trials. Results failed to support the role of history of success on expectancy; however, the experimentally induced success and failure had a significant effect on both verbal estimates and numerical predictions independent of groups. The results were discussed in terms of social-learning theory, and certain methodological problems in this line of research were noted.", "contents": "Effect of experimental success and failure on the situational expectancy of EMR and nonretarded children. The effect of differing histories of success and experimentally induced and failure on the generalized and situational expectancy of EMR and nonretarded children was studied. Three samples of 16 children each served as subjects. The EMR sample was equated with one sample of nonretarded children on the basis of CA and another sample of nonretarded subjects on the basis of MA. Subjects were asked to indicate how well they thought they would do on an experimental task (verbal estimate) and to predict how many out of 8 trials on which they would be successful. Then they were exposed either to experimentally induced success or failure. Subjects were then asked to give a verbal estimate and numerical prediction for a subsequent block of trials. Results failed to support the role of history of success on expectancy; however, the experimentally induced success and failure had a significant effect on both verbal estimates and numerical predictions independent of groups. The results were discussed in terms of social-learning theory, and certain methodological problems in this line of research were noted.", "PMID": 1180269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7399", "title": "Attractiveness as a biasing factor in teacher judgments.", "content": "A double-blind experiment to evaluate the effect of facial attractiveness on teacher judgments was performed. Given identical information, teachers systematically rated attractive children more favorably than unattractive children. In the case of unattractive children, teachers were more willing to recommend special-class placement and held lower expectations for future academic and social development.", "contents": "Attractiveness as a biasing factor in teacher judgments. A double-blind experiment to evaluate the effect of facial attractiveness on teacher judgments was performed. Given identical information, teachers systematically rated attractive children more favorably than unattractive children. In the case of unattractive children, teachers were more willing to recommend special-class placement and held lower expectations for future academic and social development.", "PMID": 1180270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7400", "title": "Effects of letter-reversals training on the discrimination performance of EMR children.", "content": "Ninety mentally  retarded elementary-school children who committed letter-reversal errors on a pretest were randomly assigned to one of three (one experimental, two control) training conditions consisting of seven sessions given over a 5-week period. Subsequent statistical analyses revealed that for one of four letter-discrimination posttests, the experimental subjects performed significantly better than the placebo control subjects. Differences between the experimental and the method-specific control subjects were in the expected direction but not statistically significant. Aptitude times Treatment interactions for three of the four posttests revealed the training effect to be most pronounced with younger and more retarded children.", "contents": "Effects of letter-reversals training on the discrimination performance of EMR children. Ninety mentally  retarded elementary-school children who committed letter-reversal errors on a pretest were randomly assigned to one of three (one experimental, two control) training conditions consisting of seven sessions given over a 5-week period. Subsequent statistical analyses revealed that for one of four letter-discrimination posttests, the experimental subjects performed significantly better than the placebo control subjects. Differences between the experimental and the method-specific control subjects were in the expected direction but not statistically significant. Aptitude times Treatment interactions for three of the four posttests revealed the training effect to be most pronounced with younger and more retarded children.", "PMID": 1180271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7401", "title": "Current aspects of sterilization. The selection and application of various surgical methods of sterilization.", "content": "A partial analysis of 4,270 female sterilizations performed during a 7 year time period was described as related to changing patterns of application according to a sterilization program. Special attention was given to such factors as type of procedure, reasons for selection of procedures, ancillary conditions, mortality rate, and follow-up. A plea is made for accuracy when a sterilization is truly used as the primary indication for surgery and for flexibility and individualization in the application of sterilization techniques.", "contents": "Current aspects of sterilization. The selection and application of various surgical methods of sterilization. A partial analysis of 4,270 female sterilizations performed during a 7 year time period was described as related to changing patterns of application according to a sterilization program. Special attention was given to such factors as type of procedure, reasons for selection of procedures, ancillary conditions, mortality rate, and follow-up. A plea is made for accuracy when a sterilization is truly used as the primary indication for surgery and for flexibility and individualization in the application of sterilization techniques.", "PMID": 1180278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7402", "title": "Obstetricians and nurse-midwives: The team approach in private practice.", "content": "Much has been written about the need for help for the overworked obstetrician. Two obstetricians delivering over 500 babies annuallay had insufficient time for their gynecology practice. Two nurse-midwives were employed and in the first year they delivered 61 per cent of those patients who delivered vaginally. All normal patients had the privilege of choosing their accoucheur; patients, nurse-midwives, and obstetricians were very well pleased with the team approach.", "contents": "Obstetricians and nurse-midwives: The team approach in private practice. Much has been written about the need for help for the overworked obstetrician. Two obstetricians delivering over 500 babies annuallay had insufficient time for their gynecology practice. Two nurse-midwives were employed and in the first year they delivered 61 per cent of those patients who delivered vaginally. All normal patients had the privilege of choosing their accoucheur; patients, nurse-midwives, and obstetricians were very well pleased with the team approach.", "PMID": 1180280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7403", "title": "Serum prolactin levels in galactorrhea.", "content": "Some patients with galactorrhea will have normal serum prolactin levels but many will have elevated serum prolactin levels. The galactorrhea may be due to drug ingestion, nipple afferent nerve stimulation, nonneoplastic disease or injury, and intracranial tumors. Serum prolactin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 17 women with galactorrhea. Levels 5 and 6 times normal values were found in two women who had proved pituitary adenomas. The latter conditions must be strongly considered and functional tests may help in diagnosis prior to enlargement of a prolactin-secreting tumor to the size where changes in the sella are seen on x-ray or visual field changes occur. If galactorrhea persists when no evidence of tumor can be found, the patient must be periodically re-evaluated, as the tumor may have been too small for detection at the time of the previous examination.", "contents": "Serum prolactin levels in galactorrhea. Some patients with galactorrhea will have normal serum prolactin levels but many will have elevated serum prolactin levels. The galactorrhea may be due to drug ingestion, nipple afferent nerve stimulation, nonneoplastic disease or injury, and intracranial tumors. Serum prolactin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 17 women with galactorrhea. Levels 5 and 6 times normal values were found in two women who had proved pituitary adenomas. The latter conditions must be strongly considered and functional tests may help in diagnosis prior to enlargement of a prolactin-secreting tumor to the size where changes in the sella are seen on x-ray or visual field changes occur. If galactorrhea persists when no evidence of tumor can be found, the patient must be periodically re-evaluated, as the tumor may have been too small for detection at the time of the previous examination.", "PMID": 1180281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7404", "title": "The prevention of postoperative pulmonary emboli with low-molecular-weight dextran.", "content": "The effect of low-molecular-weight (LMW) dextran as a prophylactic agent in the prevention of pulmonary emboli and deep vein thrombophlebitis was evaluated. Eighty-seven patients were given LMW dextran during and after surgery on a predetermined schedule during the study period. These 87 patients were compared to 103 patients who, in the previous year and a half, received no pharmacologic prophylaxis. In the dextran group there was one suspected pulmonary embolus, no case of deep vein thrombophlebitis, and no death. In the control group there was one case of deep vein thrombophlibitis, seven cases of pulmonary emboli, and three deaths directly attributable to pulmonary emboli.", "contents": "The prevention of postoperative pulmonary emboli with low-molecular-weight dextran. The effect of low-molecular-weight (LMW) dextran as a prophylactic agent in the prevention of pulmonary emboli and deep vein thrombophlebitis was evaluated. Eighty-seven patients were given LMW dextran during and after surgery on a predetermined schedule during the study period. These 87 patients were compared to 103 patients who, in the previous year and a half, received no pharmacologic prophylaxis. In the dextran group there was one suspected pulmonary embolus, no case of deep vein thrombophlebitis, and no death. In the control group there was one case of deep vein thrombophlibitis, seven cases of pulmonary emboli, and three deaths directly attributable to pulmonary emboli.", "PMID": 1180282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7405", "title": "Puerperal inversion of the uterus.", "content": "Acute puerperal inversion of the uterus is an uncommon but potentially fatal obstetric complication. In the 15 year period ending December 31, 1974, 11 inversions have been managed at the University of Virginia Hospital. All were recognized immediately and manually replaced and there was no significant postpartum morbidity. Successful management appears to depend largely upon prompt recognition, which can be achieved by routine postpartum examination of the vagina and cervix and manual exploration of the uterus.", "contents": "Puerperal inversion of the uterus. Acute puerperal inversion of the uterus is an uncommon but potentially fatal obstetric complication. In the 15 year period ending December 31, 1974, 11 inversions have been managed at the University of Virginia Hospital. All were recognized immediately and manually replaced and there was no significant postpartum morbidity. Successful management appears to depend largely upon prompt recognition, which can be achieved by routine postpartum examination of the vagina and cervix and manual exploration of the uterus.", "PMID": 1180283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7406", "title": "Major gynecologic surgery in the elderly female 65 years of age and older.", "content": "A total of 185 cases were reviewed of major gynecologic surgery performed upon women 65 years of age and older from 1970 to 1973 at a 350 bed community hospital. Each private staff physician operated upon his private patient. There were 112 vaginal operations performed, mostly for pelvic relaxation problems, and 73 abdominal operations. Forty-two patients had surgery for cancer. There were nine postoperative complications and only two deaths. It can be concluded from this study that the elderly female can tolerate major gynecologic surgery very well in a modern-day hospital setting.", "contents": "Major gynecologic surgery in the elderly female 65 years of age and older. A total of 185 cases were reviewed of major gynecologic surgery performed upon women 65 years of age and older from 1970 to 1973 at a 350 bed community hospital. Each private staff physician operated upon his private patient. There were 112 vaginal operations performed, mostly for pelvic relaxation problems, and 73 abdominal operations. Forty-two patients had surgery for cancer. There were nine postoperative complications and only two deaths. It can be concluded from this study that the elderly female can tolerate major gynecologic surgery very well in a modern-day hospital setting.", "PMID": 1180284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7407", "title": "Sickle-cell trait and pregnancy: A review of a community hospital experience.", "content": "The obstetric experiences of 128 gravidas delivered at Charlotte Memorial Hospital in 1973 who, on hemoglobin electrophoresis, exhibited an SA pattern of hemoglobin are reviewed. In addition to previously reported complications of increased rates of pyelonephritis and refractory anemia, this group of patients exhibited a marked increase in premature rupture of membranes and prematurity. It is suggested that the routine screening procedures be used for discovering sickle-cell trait individuals and that they be categorized as \"high-risk\" obstetric patients because of the increased complication rates described here and by previous authors.", "contents": "Sickle-cell trait and pregnancy: A review of a community hospital experience. The obstetric experiences of 128 gravidas delivered at Charlotte Memorial Hospital in 1973 who, on hemoglobin electrophoresis, exhibited an SA pattern of hemoglobin are reviewed. In addition to previously reported complications of increased rates of pyelonephritis and refractory anemia, this group of patients exhibited a marked increase in premature rupture of membranes and prematurity. It is suggested that the routine screening procedures be used for discovering sickle-cell trait individuals and that they be categorized as \"high-risk\" obstetric patients because of the increased complication rates described here and by previous authors.", "PMID": 1180285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7408", "title": "The relationship of medical specialization (obstetricians and general practitioners) to complications in pregnancy and delivery, birth injury, and malformation.", "content": "In this paper, census data were used to assess the effectiveness in birth delivery of obstetricians and general practitioners.though the data reported require some qualification and additional research, preliminary results indicate that general practitioners report approximately three times more birth injuries and/or malformations (than do obstetricians) at birth. Both groups (obstetricians and general practitioners) report approximately the same number of complications in pregnancy and delivery. It was tentatively concluded that the similarity in diagnosed complications was probably due to diagnostic error. This error, in combination with sample differences and differing delivery techniques, resulted in the consequent differences in rates of birth injury and malformation.", "contents": "The relationship of medical specialization (obstetricians and general practitioners) to complications in pregnancy and delivery, birth injury, and malformation. In this paper, census data were used to assess the effectiveness in birth delivery of obstetricians and general practitioners.though the data reported require some qualification and additional research, preliminary results indicate that general practitioners report approximately three times more birth injuries and/or malformations (than do obstetricians) at birth. Both groups (obstetricians and general practitioners) report approximately the same number of complications in pregnancy and delivery. It was tentatively concluded that the similarity in diagnosed complications was probably due to diagnostic error. This error, in combination with sample differences and differing delivery techniques, resulted in the consequent differences in rates of birth injury and malformation.", "PMID": 1180286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7409", "title": "Impact of betamethasone load given to pregnant women on endocrine balance of fetoplacental unit.", "content": "Corticosteroid administration to pregnant women for attempted prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in infants (IRDS) involves the hazard of seriously altering the endocrine status in the fetoplacental unit. The effect of a betamethasone load (12 mg. daily for three days) to 19 pregnant women in the last trimester was studied, and a comparison was made with 13 control subjects. Amniocentesis was performed twice in most patients. There was a sharp reduction of cortisol in maternal serum and a significant decrease in cortisol concentration in amniotic fluid (p less than 0.05) after betamethasone treatment. Maternal urinary estriol excretion decreased; this was strongly correlated to the basal estriol excretion (r equals 0.945). A residual fraction of estriol excretion, not less than 2 mg. per 24 hour urine specimen, remained despite the high corticosteroid dose. The origin of the nondepressed part of urinary estriol might be multifactorial, e.g., nonadrenal production of estriol precursors and functional inhomogeneity of the fetal adrenal in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation. The corticosteroid treatment for prevention of IRDS transiently excludes the use of urinary estriol for assessment of fetoplacental integrity but does not influence the plasma level of human chorionic somatomammotropin.", "contents": "Impact of betamethasone load given to pregnant women on endocrine balance of fetoplacental unit. Corticosteroid administration to pregnant women for attempted prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in infants (IRDS) involves the hazard of seriously altering the endocrine status in the fetoplacental unit. The effect of a betamethasone load (12 mg. daily for three days) to 19 pregnant women in the last trimester was studied, and a comparison was made with 13 control subjects. Amniocentesis was performed twice in most patients. There was a sharp reduction of cortisol in maternal serum and a significant decrease in cortisol concentration in amniotic fluid (p less than 0.05) after betamethasone treatment. Maternal urinary estriol excretion decreased; this was strongly correlated to the basal estriol excretion (r equals 0.945). A residual fraction of estriol excretion, not less than 2 mg. per 24 hour urine specimen, remained despite the high corticosteroid dose. The origin of the nondepressed part of urinary estriol might be multifactorial, e.g., nonadrenal production of estriol precursors and functional inhomogeneity of the fetal adrenal in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation. The corticosteroid treatment for prevention of IRDS transiently excludes the use of urinary estriol for assessment of fetoplacental integrity but does not influence the plasma level of human chorionic somatomammotropin.", "PMID": 1180287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7410", "title": "Respiratory function in pregnant obese women.", "content": "Lung volumes and other ventilatory variables were measured in 10 women with a mean age of 28 years, a mean height of 163 cm., and weights which were 50 to 140 per cent above the normal. Measurements were made during the last trimester of pregnancy and after the second month postpartum. Mean values of lung volumes in liters during these two time periods were: vital capacity (VC), 3.7 and 3.92; expiratory reserve volume (ERV), 0.79 and 0.94; functional residual capacity (FRC), 2.06 and 2.14; and forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) 3.2 and 3.3. Mean blood gas values were as follows: pH, 7.44 during both times; PaCO2, 29.7 and 35 torr; standard bicarbonate, 22 and 28.8 mEq; base excess, -4.2 and 0.03 PaO2 breathing air, 85 and 86 and breathing 100 per cent oxygen, 527 and 515 torr; AaDO2, 162 and 167 torr. We conclude that, with the exception of FRC, pregnant obese women who are 50 to 140 per cent overweight develop respiratory changes similar to those seen in normal-weight gravidas. These findings suggest that obesity of this magnitude does not exaggerate changes in ventilation induced by pregnancy as generally believed. Why in this obese population the decrease in FRC during pregnancy did not occur to the same degree as that seen in normal-weight gravidas cannot be defined from our study. Evidence is presented for a ventilation/perfusion imbalance in obese subjects which is not corrected during pregnancy.", "contents": "Respiratory function in pregnant obese women. Lung volumes and other ventilatory variables were measured in 10 women with a mean age of 28 years, a mean height of 163 cm., and weights which were 50 to 140 per cent above the normal. Measurements were made during the last trimester of pregnancy and after the second month postpartum. Mean values of lung volumes in liters during these two time periods were: vital capacity (VC), 3.7 and 3.92; expiratory reserve volume (ERV), 0.79 and 0.94; functional residual capacity (FRC), 2.06 and 2.14; and forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) 3.2 and 3.3. Mean blood gas values were as follows: pH, 7.44 during both times; PaCO2, 29.7 and 35 torr; standard bicarbonate, 22 and 28.8 mEq; base excess, -4.2 and 0.03 PaO2 breathing air, 85 and 86 and breathing 100 per cent oxygen, 527 and 515 torr; AaDO2, 162 and 167 torr. We conclude that, with the exception of FRC, pregnant obese women who are 50 to 140 per cent overweight develop respiratory changes similar to those seen in normal-weight gravidas. These findings suggest that obesity of this magnitude does not exaggerate changes in ventilation induced by pregnancy as generally believed. Why in this obese population the decrease in FRC during pregnancy did not occur to the same degree as that seen in normal-weight gravidas cannot be defined from our study. Evidence is presented for a ventilation/perfusion imbalance in obese subjects which is not corrected during pregnancy.", "PMID": 1180288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7411", "title": "Uterine contractility data processing system.", "content": "A versatile system has been developed for off-line computerized quantitation of uterine contractility. It includes tabulation and display of intensity, frequency, resting tone, uterine activity, cumulative area below the pressure curve, and average intrauterine pressure. Its advantages and drawbacks are compared with the conventional method and with an automated on-line labor surveillance system.", "contents": "Uterine contractility data processing system. A versatile system has been developed for off-line computerized quantitation of uterine contractility. It includes tabulation and display of intensity, frequency, resting tone, uterine activity, cumulative area below the pressure curve, and average intrauterine pressure. Its advantages and drawbacks are compared with the conventional method and with an automated on-line labor surveillance system.", "PMID": 1180289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7412", "title": "Steroid metabolism of fetal tissues. II. Conversion of androstenedione to estrone.", "content": "The conversion of androstenedione to estrone in various tissues of 13 human fetuses ranging from 9 to 40 weeks of gestation was measured by a double isotope method in vitro. The data revealed differences in aromatization between cerebrum and hypothalamus. For hypothalamic tissue the conversion rate ranged between 0.01 and 1.40 per cent and for cerebral tissue between 0.00 and 0.07 per cent. The highest rate of conversion was found in liver tissue. Adrenal, kidney, lung, thymus, heart, skin, and gut were also examined and the results are compared with data in the literature.", "contents": "Steroid metabolism of fetal tissues. II. Conversion of androstenedione to estrone. The conversion of androstenedione to estrone in various tissues of 13 human fetuses ranging from 9 to 40 weeks of gestation was measured by a double isotope method in vitro. The data revealed differences in aromatization between cerebrum and hypothalamus. For hypothalamic tissue the conversion rate ranged between 0.01 and 1.40 per cent and for cerebral tissue between 0.00 and 0.07 per cent. The highest rate of conversion was found in liver tissue. Adrenal, kidney, lung, thymus, heart, skin, and gut were also examined and the results are compared with data in the literature.", "PMID": 1180290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7413", "title": "Cervical neoplasia in residents of a low-income housing project: an epidemiologic study.", "content": "In 1969, a published report estimated that the incidence of cervical cancer in a low-income housing project in Atlanta, G Georgia, might be of epidemic proportion. In 1971, we surveyed this housing project to determine if the prevalence rate of cervical neoplasia was unusually high during the period January, 1969, through September, 1971. From the survey we determined the number of women at risk for cervical neoplasia, and we determined the number of women who had cervical neoplasia from the Tumor Registry at Grady Memorial Hospital. The over-all cervical dysplasia rate was 63/1,000. The over-all prevalence rate of cervical carcinoma in situ was 11/1,000. These rates were compared with rates in two studies which also dealt with the prevalence of cervical neoplasia in low-income black populations. The rates in all three studies were comparable. We conclude that the high rates do not necessarily signify an epidemic, but we suspect that the prevalence of cervical neoplasia in low-income black women is much higher than previously estimated.", "contents": "Cervical neoplasia in residents of a low-income housing project: an epidemiologic study. In 1969, a published report estimated that the incidence of cervical cancer in a low-income housing project in Atlanta, G Georgia, might be of epidemic proportion. In 1971, we surveyed this housing project to determine if the prevalence rate of cervical neoplasia was unusually high during the period January, 1969, through September, 1971. From the survey we determined the number of women at risk for cervical neoplasia, and we determined the number of women who had cervical neoplasia from the Tumor Registry at Grady Memorial Hospital. The over-all cervical dysplasia rate was 63/1,000. The over-all prevalence rate of cervical carcinoma in situ was 11/1,000. These rates were compared with rates in two studies which also dealt with the prevalence of cervical neoplasia in low-income black populations. The rates in all three studies were comparable. We conclude that the high rates do not necessarily signify an epidemic, but we suspect that the prevalence of cervical neoplasia in low-income black women is much higher than previously estimated.", "PMID": 1180291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7414", "title": "The source of estradiol-17beta in trophoblastic neoplasia.", "content": "Unconjugated and conjugated estradiol-17beta (E2) were measured in the sera of four patients with hydatidiform mole at frequent intervals after removal of the mole, in the left and right ovarian vein blood in a patient with hydatidiform mole, in the peripheral sera and serous fluid of the molar vesicles in seven cases of hydatidiform mole, and in the fluid from the left and right theca lutein cyst (TLC) of a molar pregnancy, by a radioimmunoassay method. Patients with highly elevated serum E2 had a rapid clearance of E2 within 24 to 36 hours after removal of the mole; those with minimal E2 elevation had a slower clearance of the hormone from the circulation. Mole vesicle fluid had undetectable E2 but a wide range of unconjugated E2 which was usually lower than in the peripheral blood. Both ovarian vein blood and TLC fluid have higher E2 concentrations than the peripheral blood. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the contribution of the trophoblast and the ovaries to the circulating E2.", "contents": "The source of estradiol-17beta in trophoblastic neoplasia. Unconjugated and conjugated estradiol-17beta (E2) were measured in the sera of four patients with hydatidiform mole at frequent intervals after removal of the mole, in the left and right ovarian vein blood in a patient with hydatidiform mole, in the peripheral sera and serous fluid of the molar vesicles in seven cases of hydatidiform mole, and in the fluid from the left and right theca lutein cyst (TLC) of a molar pregnancy, by a radioimmunoassay method. Patients with highly elevated serum E2 had a rapid clearance of E2 within 24 to 36 hours after removal of the mole; those with minimal E2 elevation had a slower clearance of the hormone from the circulation. Mole vesicle fluid had undetectable E2 but a wide range of unconjugated E2 which was usually lower than in the peripheral blood. Both ovarian vein blood and TLC fluid have higher E2 concentrations than the peripheral blood. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the contribution of the trophoblast and the ovaries to the circulating E2.", "PMID": 1180292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7415", "title": "Quantitation of antigens in normal and malignant ovarian tissue.", "content": "Evidence is presented that at least one of the antigens of human ovarian cancer tissue which appeared to be tumor-associated in immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis experiments actually represents a quantitative rather than a qualitative difference between normal and malignant tissue. A glucoprotein band (Rf equals 0.01) believed to contain at least one tumor-associated antigen was isolated by disc-gel electrophoresis with 5.6 per cent SDS-acrylamide and was used to immunize rabbits. Immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis experiments with the resulting antiserum indicated that the glycoprotein band contained two antigens, one which was present in normal extracts at a concentration approximately one tenth of that in tumor extracts and another which was detectable only in tumor tissue. The tenfold difference between normal and tumor tissue was confirmed by studies of the appearance and disappearance of the glycoprotein band when acrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed on varying amounts of normal and tumor extracts.", "contents": "Quantitation of antigens in normal and malignant ovarian tissue. Evidence is presented that at least one of the antigens of human ovarian cancer tissue which appeared to be tumor-associated in immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis experiments actually represents a quantitative rather than a qualitative difference between normal and malignant tissue. A glucoprotein band (Rf equals 0.01) believed to contain at least one tumor-associated antigen was isolated by disc-gel electrophoresis with 5.6 per cent SDS-acrylamide and was used to immunize rabbits. Immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis experiments with the resulting antiserum indicated that the glycoprotein band contained two antigens, one which was present in normal extracts at a concentration approximately one tenth of that in tumor extracts and another which was detectable only in tumor tissue. The tenfold difference between normal and tumor tissue was confirmed by studies of the appearance and disappearance of the glycoprotein band when acrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed on varying amounts of normal and tumor extracts.", "PMID": 1180293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7416", "title": "Evaluation of diagnostic ultrasound in gynecology.", "content": "The experience with 300 consecutive gynecologic patients undergoing diagnostic ultrasound has been evaluated. Follow-up was obtained by recording the clinical course and/or the operative findings. The ultrasound studies were diagnostic in 21 per cent, confirmatory in 74 per cent, and misleading in 5 per cent of the patients. Certain conditions lend themselves to diagnosis with ultrasound: hydatidiform mole, intrauterine pregnancy, dermoid cyst, ascites, simple ovarian cyst, and lost intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD's). The studies in patients with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease or adhesions were occasionally misleading. Diagnostic ultrasound was particularly helpful in the obese patient, in whom adequate pelvic examination was difficult.", "contents": "Evaluation of diagnostic ultrasound in gynecology. The experience with 300 consecutive gynecologic patients undergoing diagnostic ultrasound has been evaluated. Follow-up was obtained by recording the clinical course and/or the operative findings. The ultrasound studies were diagnostic in 21 per cent, confirmatory in 74 per cent, and misleading in 5 per cent of the patients. Certain conditions lend themselves to diagnosis with ultrasound: hydatidiform mole, intrauterine pregnancy, dermoid cyst, ascites, simple ovarian cyst, and lost intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD's). The studies in patients with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease or adhesions were occasionally misleading. Diagnostic ultrasound was particularly helpful in the obese patient, in whom adequate pelvic examination was difficult.", "PMID": 1180294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7417", "title": "Oxytocin challenge test.", "content": "This study reviews the indications, interpretation, and practical application of the oxytocin challenge test (OCT) in 154 patients undergoing 375 tests. It emphasizes aspects of technique which may make the \"challenge\" nonphysiologic and the stress, therefore, nonquantifiable. Thirty-four positive or suspicious tests were obtained in 22 patients. These results are correlated with clinical complications of pregnancy; antepartum indices of fetal well-being (estriol, ultrasonic serial cephalometry, and the presence of meconium on amniocentesis); and subsequent intrapartum fetal heart rate response. Unsatisfactory (47 in 23 patients), false-positive, and false-negative tests are reviewed in detail. Since false-positive tests (47.9 per cent) are common whereas false-negative tests are rare (2.8 per cent), we conclude that the negative test is a reliable indication in high-risk pregnancies. Positive tests add to out data on the fetus and alert us to the need for a totally monitored labor.", "contents": "Oxytocin challenge test. This study reviews the indications, interpretation, and practical application of the oxytocin challenge test (OCT) in 154 patients undergoing 375 tests. It emphasizes aspects of technique which may make the \"challenge\" nonphysiologic and the stress, therefore, nonquantifiable. Thirty-four positive or suspicious tests were obtained in 22 patients. These results are correlated with clinical complications of pregnancy; antepartum indices of fetal well-being (estriol, ultrasonic serial cephalometry, and the presence of meconium on amniocentesis); and subsequent intrapartum fetal heart rate response. Unsatisfactory (47 in 23 patients), false-positive, and false-negative tests are reviewed in detail. Since false-positive tests (47.9 per cent) are common whereas false-negative tests are rare (2.8 per cent), we conclude that the negative test is a reliable indication in high-risk pregnancies. Positive tests add to out data on the fetus and alert us to the need for a totally monitored labor.", "PMID": 1180295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7418", "title": "Clinical significance of fetal heart rate patterns during labor. II. Late decelerations.", "content": "Among a population of high-risk patients in labor who had continuous \"direct\" electronic monitoring, 147 presented late decelerations and 598 had no decelerations at the time the first stage was completed, or a cesarean section decided upon. A variety of clinical aspects of mother and fetus were analyzed, considering some alterations observed in the FHR pattern. Apgar scores were lower among decelerations, and there was a negative correlation between these two. Maternal pathology, other than PRM, was higher among decelerations and these required enhancement more often. There was very high association with tachycardia, saltatory, and fixed baseline among decelerations, and these infants were very often distressed and born depressed. Within the group of decelerations, small fetuses had lower Apgar scores. There was a negative correlation between number of decelerations and Apgar score. The small fetuses had a high incidence of tachycardia and fixed baseline, saltatory being almost absent. Their neonatal outcome was poor. A comparison of fetal response to distress was done considering age of gestation (premature, term, and postmature) and found to be different. The mechanisms involved in late deceleration are discussed, reviewing the published experimental work. When interpreting FHR patterns, age of gestation should be one of the most important considerations.", "contents": "Clinical significance of fetal heart rate patterns during labor. II. Late decelerations. Among a population of high-risk patients in labor who had continuous \"direct\" electronic monitoring, 147 presented late decelerations and 598 had no decelerations at the time the first stage was completed, or a cesarean section decided upon. A variety of clinical aspects of mother and fetus were analyzed, considering some alterations observed in the FHR pattern. Apgar scores were lower among decelerations, and there was a negative correlation between these two. Maternal pathology, other than PRM, was higher among decelerations and these required enhancement more often. There was very high association with tachycardia, saltatory, and fixed baseline among decelerations, and these infants were very often distressed and born depressed. Within the group of decelerations, small fetuses had lower Apgar scores. There was a negative correlation between number of decelerations and Apgar score. The small fetuses had a high incidence of tachycardia and fixed baseline, saltatory being almost absent. Their neonatal outcome was poor. A comparison of fetal response to distress was done considering age of gestation (premature, term, and postmature) and found to be different. The mechanisms involved in late deceleration are discussed, reviewing the published experimental work. When interpreting FHR patterns, age of gestation should be one of the most important considerations.", "PMID": 1180296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7419", "title": "An etiologic and pathogenetic classification of male hermaphroditism.", "content": "Based on defects in the central nervous system, the gonads, the end organs and the chromosomes, an etiologic and pathogenetic classification of male hermaphroditism is presented. At least 16 categories of disorders can cause male hermaphroditism--all seem to be basically genetic in origin.", "contents": "An etiologic and pathogenetic classification of male hermaphroditism. Based on defects in the central nervous system, the gonads, the end organs and the chromosomes, an etiologic and pathogenetic classification of male hermaphroditism is presented. At least 16 categories of disorders can cause male hermaphroditism--all seem to be basically genetic in origin.", "PMID": 1180297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7420", "title": "Bladder dysfunction after Schauta hysterectomy. One-year follow-up.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term effect of Schauta hysterectomy on bladder function as determined by serial cystometric studies. The maximum bladder capacity, resting pressure at maximum capacity, and volume of residual urine were determined preoperatively, postoperatively, at time of final catheter removal, and one or more years after surgery. A prior report showing that the bladder decreased in capacity, increased in tone, and, emptied poorly if at all postoperatively was confirmed. The mean duration of postoperative catheter drainage in 68 patients was 33 days. One year or more after surgery the mean maximum bladder capacity had returned to the preoperative volume; persistent elevation of the mean resting pressure was significant in the pooled but not in the paired data; the mean residual urine volume of 25 ml. was significantly elevated. The assumption was that maintenance of intrinsic detrusor muscle tone by prevention of overdistention preserved balanced bladder function. Many patients initiated and maintained micturition by voluntary straining or by use of Crede's maneuver although others voided relatively normally. Presumably these bladders are denervated to varying degrees, producing a spectrum of functional disturbance. The \"bladder-conscious\" patient can protect and preserve bladder function but these bladders appear to remain vulnerable to infection and overdistention, perhaps permanently.", "contents": "Bladder dysfunction after Schauta hysterectomy. One-year follow-up. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term effect of Schauta hysterectomy on bladder function as determined by serial cystometric studies. The maximum bladder capacity, resting pressure at maximum capacity, and volume of residual urine were determined preoperatively, postoperatively, at time of final catheter removal, and one or more years after surgery. A prior report showing that the bladder decreased in capacity, increased in tone, and, emptied poorly if at all postoperatively was confirmed. The mean duration of postoperative catheter drainage in 68 patients was 33 days. One year or more after surgery the mean maximum bladder capacity had returned to the preoperative volume; persistent elevation of the mean resting pressure was significant in the pooled but not in the paired data; the mean residual urine volume of 25 ml. was significantly elevated. The assumption was that maintenance of intrinsic detrusor muscle tone by prevention of overdistention preserved balanced bladder function. Many patients initiated and maintained micturition by voluntary straining or by use of Crede's maneuver although others voided relatively normally. Presumably these bladders are denervated to varying degrees, producing a spectrum of functional disturbance. The \"bladder-conscious\" patient can protect and preserve bladder function but these bladders appear to remain vulnerable to infection and overdistention, perhaps permanently.", "PMID": 1180298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7421", "title": "Radical hysterectomy or radiotherapy for stage I cervical cancer. A prospective comparison with 5 and 10 years follow-up.", "content": "A prospective study of the treatment of 119 patients with Stage I carcinoma of the cervix by radical hysterectomy alone (58 patients) or radiotherapy alone (61 patients) was undertaken between Jan. 1, 1956, and May 31, 1966. Eighty-one per cent of the patients treated by radical hysterectomy survived 5 years as compared with 74 per cent of those treated by radiotherapy. The 10 year survival rates were 75 and 65 per cent, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. Complications of treatment were relatively few except for a greater incidence of urinary tract problems after surgical treatment; most of these were resolved with restoration of normal function. When recurrence occurred in the surgical series further treatment by radiotherapy offered a reasonable prospect of survival. Failure of radiotherapy left relatively little opportunity for later treatment by operation.", "contents": "Radical hysterectomy or radiotherapy for stage I cervical cancer. A prospective comparison with 5 and 10 years follow-up. A prospective study of the treatment of 119 patients with Stage I carcinoma of the cervix by radical hysterectomy alone (58 patients) or radiotherapy alone (61 patients) was undertaken between Jan. 1, 1956, and May 31, 1966. Eighty-one per cent of the patients treated by radical hysterectomy survived 5 years as compared with 74 per cent of those treated by radiotherapy. The 10 year survival rates were 75 and 65 per cent, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. Complications of treatment were relatively few except for a greater incidence of urinary tract problems after surgical treatment; most of these were resolved with restoration of normal function. When recurrence occurred in the surgical series further treatment by radiotherapy offered a reasonable prospect of survival. Failure of radiotherapy left relatively little opportunity for later treatment by operation.", "PMID": 1180299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7422", "title": "Standardized treatment of 154 consecutive cases of eclampsia.", "content": "Since 1955 standardized treatment applied uniformly to all cases of eclampsia at Parkland Memorial Hospital has consisted of (1) magnesium sulfate intravenously and intramuscularly to control convulsions, (2) intravenous hydralazine intermittently to lower diastolic blood pressure when it exceeded 110 mm. Hg, and (3) steps to effect vaginal delivery as soon as the woman has regained consciousness. The dosage schedules for magnesium sulfate and hydralazine, while empiric, have been extensively tested for both efficacy and toxicity. Delivery usually was accomplished vaginally and conduction anesthesia was avoided. Neither diuretics nor osmotic agents in the form of hypertonic glucose, mannitol, or albumin were used to treat eclampsia. Heparin was never given. To date 154 cases of eclampsia have been so treated with no maternal death. All fetuses alive when treatment was started and weighing 1,800 Gm. (4 pounds) or more survived. The results provide a standard against which new drugs and treatment regimens can be compared.", "contents": "Standardized treatment of 154 consecutive cases of eclampsia. Since 1955 standardized treatment applied uniformly to all cases of eclampsia at Parkland Memorial Hospital has consisted of (1) magnesium sulfate intravenously and intramuscularly to control convulsions, (2) intravenous hydralazine intermittently to lower diastolic blood pressure when it exceeded 110 mm. Hg, and (3) steps to effect vaginal delivery as soon as the woman has regained consciousness. The dosage schedules for magnesium sulfate and hydralazine, while empiric, have been extensively tested for both efficacy and toxicity. Delivery usually was accomplished vaginally and conduction anesthesia was avoided. Neither diuretics nor osmotic agents in the form of hypertonic glucose, mannitol, or albumin were used to treat eclampsia. Heparin was never given. To date 154 cases of eclampsia have been so treated with no maternal death. All fetuses alive when treatment was started and weighing 1,800 Gm. (4 pounds) or more survived. The results provide a standard against which new drugs and treatment regimens can be compared.", "PMID": 1180300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7423", "title": "Acute macular neuroretinopathy.", "content": "An unrecognized acute macular affection occurred in four women, 24 to 35 years old, using oral contraceptives who complained of a sudden decrease of visual acuity or paracentral scotomas. Three patients had bilateral lesions and one patient had unilateral lesions. These lesions consisted of darkish brown-red, wedge-shaped dots in the macula pointing to the fovea. These dots were located mostly on the nasal side to the macula. Biomicroscoby showed these lesions were located in the superficial layers of the retina. The retinal vessels, pigment epithelium, and optic disk showed no distinct pathologic features. Fluorescein angiography, performed repeatedly, showed some questionably dilated perimacular capillaries without leakage in two cases. Static perimetry delineated dense paracentral scotomas. Recovery was slow or absent, confirmed py perimetric observation. Ophthalmoscopic, fluorescein angiography, and perimetric details excluded an affection of the pigment epithelium, the nerve fiber layer, and the optic disk. Since the affection appears to be localized superficially in the retina, we called this specific entity acute macular neuroretinopathy.", "contents": "Acute macular neuroretinopathy. An unrecognized acute macular affection occurred in four women, 24 to 35 years old, using oral contraceptives who complained of a sudden decrease of visual acuity or paracentral scotomas. Three patients had bilateral lesions and one patient had unilateral lesions. These lesions consisted of darkish brown-red, wedge-shaped dots in the macula pointing to the fovea. These dots were located mostly on the nasal side to the macula. Biomicroscoby showed these lesions were located in the superficial layers of the retina. The retinal vessels, pigment epithelium, and optic disk showed no distinct pathologic features. Fluorescein angiography, performed repeatedly, showed some questionably dilated perimacular capillaries without leakage in two cases. Static perimetry delineated dense paracentral scotomas. Recovery was slow or absent, confirmed py perimetric observation. Ophthalmoscopic, fluorescein angiography, and perimetric details excluded an affection of the pigment epithelium, the nerve fiber layer, and the optic disk. Since the affection appears to be localized superficially in the retina, we called this specific entity acute macular neuroretinopathy.", "PMID": 1180301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7424", "title": "Progressive external ophthalmoplegia associated with retinal pigment epitheliopathy.", "content": "The diagnosis of ocular myopathy associated with a primary retinal pigment epitheliopathy in a 20-year-old man was based on the integrity of the retinal functions, despite progressive worsening of muscular activity in the systems affected by the disease, and on the results of retinal fluorescein angiography. Although the changes in the pigment epithelium were not prominent ophthalmoscopically, they were clearly visible angiograpically. Atypical forms of retinal pigment dystrophy occurring during the course of ocular myopathy appear to be clinical expressions of a unique genetic defect confined to the pigment epithelial layer. We assume that the gene is capable of inducing a pleiotropic effect.", "contents": "Progressive external ophthalmoplegia associated with retinal pigment epitheliopathy. The diagnosis of ocular myopathy associated with a primary retinal pigment epitheliopathy in a 20-year-old man was based on the integrity of the retinal functions, despite progressive worsening of muscular activity in the systems affected by the disease, and on the results of retinal fluorescein angiography. Although the changes in the pigment epithelium were not prominent ophthalmoscopically, they were clearly visible angiograpically. Atypical forms of retinal pigment dystrophy occurring during the course of ocular myopathy appear to be clinical expressions of a unique genetic defect confined to the pigment epithelial layer. We assume that the gene is capable of inducing a pleiotropic effect.", "PMID": 1180302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7425", "title": "The pleomorphism and complications of posterior hyperplastic primary vitreous.", "content": "Among 30 patients examined, posterior hyperplastic primary vitreous was monocular in 25 and binocular in five. Poor vision and strabismus were the most common presenting complaints. All patients had vitreous membranes usually extending from the disk toward the equatorial zone. In 70% of the affected eyes, the vitreous membranes were associated with a radial retinal fold. Macular function was disturbed in 70% and retinal detachment was observed in 45% of the eyes. One extensive retinal detachment was successfully treated by scleral buckling; another detachment, limited to the posterior pole, responded to sectioning of a vitreous band with scissors.", "contents": "The pleomorphism and complications of posterior hyperplastic primary vitreous. Among 30 patients examined, posterior hyperplastic primary vitreous was monocular in 25 and binocular in five. Poor vision and strabismus were the most common presenting complaints. All patients had vitreous membranes usually extending from the disk toward the equatorial zone. In 70% of the affected eyes, the vitreous membranes were associated with a radial retinal fold. Macular function was disturbed in 70% and retinal detachment was observed in 45% of the eyes. One extensive retinal detachment was successfully treated by scleral buckling; another detachment, limited to the posterior pole, responded to sectioning of a vitreous band with scissors.", "PMID": 1180303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7426", "title": "Pigmented paravenous retinochorodial atrophy.", "content": "Three male patients had paravenous pigmented retinochoroidal atrophy. Extensive retinal function tests showed characteristic retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities on fluorescein angiography, loss of peripheral visual field, diminution of the electroretinographic b-wave, and elevated rod threshold on dark adaptometry. The disease appears to be more progressive than previously indicated, and in late stages, may cause legal blindness through involvement of the posterior pole. No treatment is known.", "contents": "Pigmented paravenous retinochorodial atrophy. Three male patients had paravenous pigmented retinochoroidal atrophy. Extensive retinal function tests showed characteristic retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities on fluorescein angiography, loss of peripheral visual field, diminution of the electroretinographic b-wave, and elevated rod threshold on dark adaptometry. The disease appears to be more progressive than previously indicated, and in late stages, may cause legal blindness through involvement of the posterior pole. No treatment is known.", "PMID": 1180304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7427", "title": "Specific histocompatibility antigens associated with Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "content": "We studied the distribution of HL-A antigens in 44 patients with Behcet's disease and in 78 normal control subjects. The antigen frequencies of HL-A5 and 4c were significantly increased in the patients (HL-A5: chi2=22.1, P  less than 0001; and 4c: chi2=26.9, P less than .0001).", "contents": "Specific histocompatibility antigens associated with Beh\u00e7et's disease. We studied the distribution of HL-A antigens in 44 patients with Behcet's disease and in 78 normal control subjects. The antigen frequencies of HL-A5 and 4c were significantly increased in the patients (HL-A5: chi2=22.1, P  less than 0001; and 4c: chi2=26.9, P less than .0001).", "PMID": 1180305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7428", "title": "Traumatic central retinal artery occlusion with sickle cell trait.", "content": "An 8-year-old black boy with sickle cell trait struck his left brow and globe on the edge of a table and had immediate blurring of vision. Six days later visual acuity was light projection, and traumatic iritis with secondary glaucoma and perimacular edema were present. Fluorescein angiography indicated obstructed peripheral and perimacular arterioles and dye leakage from the disk.", "contents": "Traumatic central retinal artery occlusion with sickle cell trait. An 8-year-old black boy with sickle cell trait struck his left brow and globe on the edge of a table and had immediate blurring of vision. Six days later visual acuity was light projection, and traumatic iritis with secondary glaucoma and perimacular edema were present. Fluorescein angiography indicated obstructed peripheral and perimacular arterioles and dye leakage from the disk.", "PMID": 1180306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7429", "title": "The histopathology of Peters' anomaly.", "content": "Corneal, iris, and trabecular meshwork tissue in a 23-month-old boy with Peters' anomaly were studied with light and electron microscopy. In the cornea, both Descemet's membrane and endothelium were present beneath the area of the corneal opacity except at the point of iris adhesion. However, Descemet's membrane was thin and embryonal in nature, and the endothelium markedly attenuated. The trabecular meshwork demonstrated changes characteristic of old age such as wide-banded collagen and the presence of phagocytosed pigment granules in the endothelium. The iris appeared normal except for anterior synechiae to the corneal opacity. Developmentally, the primary fault appeared to be a failure in the normal differentiation of endothelial cells of the cornea and trabecular meshwork.", "contents": "The histopathology of Peters' anomaly. Corneal, iris, and trabecular meshwork tissue in a 23-month-old boy with Peters' anomaly were studied with light and electron microscopy. In the cornea, both Descemet's membrane and endothelium were present beneath the area of the corneal opacity except at the point of iris adhesion. However, Descemet's membrane was thin and embryonal in nature, and the endothelium markedly attenuated. The trabecular meshwork demonstrated changes characteristic of old age such as wide-banded collagen and the presence of phagocytosed pigment granules in the endothelium. The iris appeared normal except for anterior synechiae to the corneal opacity. Developmentally, the primary fault appeared to be a failure in the normal differentiation of endothelial cells of the cornea and trabecular meshwork.", "PMID": 1180307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7430", "title": "Hemolytic glaucoma.", "content": "The clinical manifestations of hemolytic glaucoma in five patients showed that the glaucoma began after a large intraocular hemorrhage. Gonioscopy revealed open angles in the anterior chamber and reddish-brown pigment covering the trabecular meshwork. Numerous red-tinted blood cells were floating in the aqueous humor; some of these were macrophages found by cytologic examination to contain golden-brown pigment granules. The presumed cause of hemolytic glaucoma is obstruction of the trabecular meshwork by fragments of hemolyzed red blood cells and hemoglobin-laden macrophages. Two patients, whose intraocular pressures were not decreased with medication, improved remarkably after irrigation of hemolytic debris from the anterior chamber.", "contents": "Hemolytic glaucoma. The clinical manifestations of hemolytic glaucoma in five patients showed that the glaucoma began after a large intraocular hemorrhage. Gonioscopy revealed open angles in the anterior chamber and reddish-brown pigment covering the trabecular meshwork. Numerous red-tinted blood cells were floating in the aqueous humor; some of these were macrophages found by cytologic examination to contain golden-brown pigment granules. The presumed cause of hemolytic glaucoma is obstruction of the trabecular meshwork by fragments of hemolyzed red blood cells and hemoglobin-laden macrophages. Two patients, whose intraocular pressures were not decreased with medication, improved remarkably after irrigation of hemolytic debris from the anterior chamber.", "PMID": 1180308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7431", "title": "Surgical landmarks in trabecular surgery.", "content": "Clinical and histologic studies in 40 eyes of 35 patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma or chronic angle-closure glaucoma operated by various types of \"trabeculectomies\" were assessed to evaluate whether success was correlated with the surgical approach or with the presence of trabecular tissue in the pathologic specimen. It was clearly demonstrated that it is not necessary to localize or enter Schlemm's canal in order to perform  successful trabeculectomies; it is not necessary to operate posterior to the scleral spur; and it is not necessary to excise either Schlemm's canal or trabecular tissue to achieve success. In essence, trabeculectomies primarily function as fistulizing operations carried out under scleral flaps substituting a scleral-conjunctival barrier to aqueous flow rather than the conjunctival barrier alone provided by standard glaucoma operations. This greater obstruction explains the absence of shallow chambers, the reduced incidence of polycystic bleb formation and, perhaps, an avoidance of long-term complications that often result from these two factors.", "contents": "Surgical landmarks in trabecular surgery. Clinical and histologic studies in 40 eyes of 35 patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma or chronic angle-closure glaucoma operated by various types of \"trabeculectomies\" were assessed to evaluate whether success was correlated with the surgical approach or with the presence of trabecular tissue in the pathologic specimen. It was clearly demonstrated that it is not necessary to localize or enter Schlemm's canal in order to perform  successful trabeculectomies; it is not necessary to operate posterior to the scleral spur; and it is not necessary to excise either Schlemm's canal or trabecular tissue to achieve success. In essence, trabeculectomies primarily function as fistulizing operations carried out under scleral flaps substituting a scleral-conjunctival barrier to aqueous flow rather than the conjunctival barrier alone provided by standard glaucoma operations. This greater obstruction explains the absence of shallow chambers, the reduced incidence of polycystic bleb formation and, perhaps, an avoidance of long-term complications that often result from these two factors.", "PMID": 1180309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7432", "title": "Effect of retinal detachment surgery on the course of preexisting open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "In 11 of 12 eyes with chronic simple glaucoma after surgery for retinal detachment, intraocular pressures were decreased for one to 5 1/2 years without any antiglaucomatous treatment. No further deterioration in the state of the optic disks or the visual fields occurred in any of these eyes. In all 12 fellow eyes antiglaucomatous treatment is still being administered. The operation employed in nine of the 11 cases consisted of an encircling silicone rubber band shortened by 15 to 20% of its length when placed around the eyeball before tapping subretinal fluid. An episcleral silicone implant was placed under the encircling ban in seven of these eyes. Kinking and possibly narrowing of the long posterior ciliary arteries by the encircling silicone band probably caused the ciliary hyposecretion and the resultant hypotony.", "contents": "Effect of retinal detachment surgery on the course of preexisting open-angle glaucoma. In 11 of 12 eyes with chronic simple glaucoma after surgery for retinal detachment, intraocular pressures were decreased for one to 5 1/2 years without any antiglaucomatous treatment. No further deterioration in the state of the optic disks or the visual fields occurred in any of these eyes. In all 12 fellow eyes antiglaucomatous treatment is still being administered. The operation employed in nine of the 11 cases consisted of an encircling silicone rubber band shortened by 15 to 20% of its length when placed around the eyeball before tapping subretinal fluid. An episcleral silicone implant was placed under the encircling ban in seven of these eyes. Kinking and possibly narrowing of the long posterior ciliary arteries by the encircling silicone band probably caused the ciliary hyposecretion and the resultant hypotony.", "PMID": 1180310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7433", "title": "Monocular diplopia in flying personnel.", "content": "Fifteen cases of monocular diplopia or polyopia in U.S. Air Force flying personnel appeared due to optical aberrations of physiologic variations within the refracting elements of the eye. In most cases, this symptom was compatible with excellent visual acuity and was not regarded as a detriment to safe and accurate visual performance.", "contents": "Monocular diplopia in flying personnel. Fifteen cases of monocular diplopia or polyopia in U.S. Air Force flying personnel appeared due to optical aberrations of physiologic variations within the refracting elements of the eye. In most cases, this symptom was compatible with excellent visual acuity and was not regarded as a detriment to safe and accurate visual performance.", "PMID": 1180311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7434", "title": "Transillumination of the angular and frontal veins.", "content": "A 500-W fiber optics cold light used to transilluminate the angular and frontal veins allowed quick, accurate delineation of the veins for percutaneous orbital venography. It also allowed the surgeon to avoid cutting the angular vein when operating on the lacrimal sac.", "contents": "Transillumination of the angular and frontal veins. A 500-W fiber optics cold light used to transilluminate the angular and frontal veins allowed quick, accurate delineation of the veins for percutaneous orbital venography. It also allowed the surgeon to avoid cutting the angular vein when operating on the lacrimal sac.", "PMID": 1180312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7435", "title": "Vitreous scissors and forceps.", "content": "Vitreous scissors with bent blades and forceps of larger than usual dimension were developed for removal of inflexible membranes and intraocular foreign bodies.", "contents": "Vitreous scissors and forceps. Vitreous scissors with bent blades and forceps of larger than usual dimension were developed for removal of inflexible membranes and intraocular foreign bodies.", "PMID": 1180313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7436", "title": "Follow-up study on upper extremity bracing of children with severe athetosis.", "content": "This paper describes the results of a follow-up evaluation of a bracing program for severely athetoid, mentally retarded children. Bracing to improve upper extremity control was started in 1968 and was described in a 1971 AJOT article. The follow-up study was done in order to provide criteria for selecting patients in future bracing programs, to identify the type of motion problems that could be successfully braced, and to determine the bracing configurations most effecive in aiding arm control.", "contents": "Follow-up study on upper extremity bracing of children with severe athetosis. This paper describes the results of a follow-up evaluation of a bracing program for severely athetoid, mentally retarded children. Bracing to improve upper extremity control was started in 1968 and was described in a 1971 AJOT article. The follow-up study was done in order to provide criteria for selecting patients in future bracing programs, to identify the type of motion problems that could be successfully braced, and to determine the bracing configurations most effecive in aiding arm control.", "PMID": 1180315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7437", "title": "Four models in imparting decision-making information.", "content": "Twenty-four students in a basic professional master's program were asked to assign muscle test grades after being given a description of the performance of a hypothetical patient. Each student used one of four experimental formats for presenting the decision-making information necessary to assign the muscle grades. None of the students had been previously exposed to the information and the speed and accuracy of their performance was measured. No differences were noted in accuracy regradless of the format used but the flow chart and the logic tree formats were significantly more efficient in terms of time. The algorithm format was significantly less effective on the time dimension. The prose format was intermediate with regard to time.", "contents": "Four models in imparting decision-making information. Twenty-four students in a basic professional master's program were asked to assign muscle test grades after being given a description of the performance of a hypothetical patient. Each student used one of four experimental formats for presenting the decision-making information necessary to assign the muscle grades. None of the students had been previously exposed to the information and the speed and accuracy of their performance was measured. No differences were noted in accuracy regradless of the format used but the flow chart and the logic tree formats were significantly more efficient in terms of time. The algorithm format was significantly less effective on the time dimension. The prose format was intermediate with regard to time.", "PMID": 1180316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7438", "title": "Attitudes of graduates toward occupational therapy education.", "content": "Recently graduated occupational therapists were surveyed to determine their perceptions of the adequacy of their professional training. Through a mailed questionnaire, therapists evaluated their undergraduate professional preparation based upon their clinical experiences since graduation. Additional suggestions were solicited regarding possible areas of curriculum change, and the survey gave special attention to the area of interpersonal skill development. Responses were examined for areas of commonality and possible use in curriculum planning and modification. Results indicated that recent graduates see a need for more and earlier patient contact, increased attention to the development of administrative and managerial skills, and courses designed to facilitate skills necessary for effective interpersonal relationships.", "contents": "Attitudes of graduates toward occupational therapy education. Recently graduated occupational therapists were surveyed to determine their perceptions of the adequacy of their professional training. Through a mailed questionnaire, therapists evaluated their undergraduate professional preparation based upon their clinical experiences since graduation. Additional suggestions were solicited regarding possible areas of curriculum change, and the survey gave special attention to the area of interpersonal skill development. Responses were examined for areas of commonality and possible use in curriculum planning and modification. Results indicated that recent graduates see a need for more and earlier patient contact, increased attention to the development of administrative and managerial skills, and courses designed to facilitate skills necessary for effective interpersonal relationships.", "PMID": 1180317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7439", "title": "The Pavlik harness for congenital dislocated hips.", "content": "The use of the Pavlik harness for treatment of congenital dislocated hips was begun at The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, in August 1973. A method for rapid measurement and construction was subsequently developed. Data on length of use and case studies are presented.", "contents": "The Pavlik harness for congenital dislocated hips. The use of the Pavlik harness for treatment of congenital dislocated hips was begun at The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, in August 1973. A method for rapid measurement and construction was subsequently developed. Data on length of use and case studies are presented.", "PMID": 1180318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7440", "title": "The basis for corneal shape change during contact lens wear.", "content": "Trials were conducted in which subjects wore various contact lenses while their corneas were exposed to gases of varying oxygen content. Measurements of central and peripheral corneal thickness and corneal topography show that corneal topography changes after contact lens wear can have at least two causes, an unevenly distributed corneal thickness change and/or a mechanical molding of the shape.", "contents": "The basis for corneal shape change during contact lens wear. Trials were conducted in which subjects wore various contact lenses while their corneas were exposed to gases of varying oxygen content. Measurements of central and peripheral corneal thickness and corneal topography show that corneal topography changes after contact lens wear can have at least two causes, an unevenly distributed corneal thickness change and/or a mechanical molding of the shape.", "PMID": 1180319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7441", "title": "Patterned and unpatterned visual evoked responses in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia.", "content": "The VERs of 12 strabismic and anisometropic amblyopes were studied using unpatterned stimuli varied with respect to intensity, wavelength and frequency, and also patterned stimuli. While the unpatterned stimulus conditions did not differentiate between amblyopic and non-amblyopic eyes, VERs elicited by small checkerboard patterned stimuli were significantly reduced in amplitude in amblyopic eyes (p less than 0.01); however, there was no relationship between the reduction in visual acuity and that of the VER amplitude. VER latencies were not significantly different in amblyopic and non-amblyopic eyes across all stimulus conditions.", "contents": "Patterned and unpatterned visual evoked responses in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. The VERs of 12 strabismic and anisometropic amblyopes were studied using unpatterned stimuli varied with respect to intensity, wavelength and frequency, and also patterned stimuli. While the unpatterned stimulus conditions did not differentiate between amblyopic and non-amblyopic eyes, VERs elicited by small checkerboard patterned stimuli were significantly reduced in amplitude in amblyopic eyes (p less than 0.01); however, there was no relationship between the reduction in visual acuity and that of the VER amplitude. VER latencies were not significantly different in amblyopic and non-amblyopic eyes across all stimulus conditions.", "PMID": 1180320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7442", "title": "Corneal thickness changes from bathing solutions.", "content": "Corneal thickness changes were measured after bathing the outer corneal surface with sodium chloride solutions of various concentrations. Bathing was accomplished by total immersion in the solution in a goggle or by the application of drops for a period of 20 minutes. A nearly linear relationship was found between hypotonicity and the degree of corneal swelling.", "contents": "Corneal thickness changes from bathing solutions. Corneal thickness changes were measured after bathing the outer corneal surface with sodium chloride solutions of various concentrations. Bathing was accomplished by total immersion in the solution in a goggle or by the application of drops for a period of 20 minutes. A nearly linear relationship was found between hypotonicity and the degree of corneal swelling.", "PMID": 1180321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7443", "title": "Corneal curvature and supplemental power effect of the Bausch and Lomb SOFLENS contact lens.", "content": "The supplemental power effect (SPE) of F series Bausch and Lomb SOFLENS (polymacon) Contact Lenses was determined for a sample of 54 eyes. The mean value was +0.34 D=S.D.+/-0.37 D, range zero to +1.00 D. A significant correlation was present between the SPE and the apical lens-cornea bearing relationship. (p less than 0.01). The results of this study provide refractive evidence that a central lens-cornea alignment is achieved when the posterior apical radius of the lens is about 0.5 mm flatter than the flat radius of the cornea, S.D.+/-0.35 D. This information is clinically useful in assessing the patient's visual response as well as the fit of the lens.", "contents": "Corneal curvature and supplemental power effect of the Bausch and Lomb SOFLENS contact lens. The supplemental power effect (SPE) of F series Bausch and Lomb SOFLENS (polymacon) Contact Lenses was determined for a sample of 54 eyes. The mean value was +0.34 D=S.D.+/-0.37 D, range zero to +1.00 D. A significant correlation was present between the SPE and the apical lens-cornea bearing relationship. (p less than 0.01). The results of this study provide refractive evidence that a central lens-cornea alignment is achieved when the posterior apical radius of the lens is about 0.5 mm flatter than the flat radius of the cornea, S.D.+/-0.35 D. This information is clinically useful in assessing the patient's visual response as well as the fit of the lens.", "PMID": 1180322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7444", "title": "Exophoria at near in presbyopia.", "content": "The exophoria at near working distances through a plus lens addition which exists in presbyopia was investigated in order to explain the paradoxical lack of asthenopic symptoms associated with this condition. Fixation disparity measurements indicate that the exophoria which is measured by the von Graefe technique does not exist under binocular conditions. Further analysis indicates that presbyopes may have unrestrained use of accommodative convergence.", "contents": "Exophoria at near in presbyopia. The exophoria at near working distances through a plus lens addition which exists in presbyopia was investigated in order to explain the paradoxical lack of asthenopic symptoms associated with this condition. Fixation disparity measurements indicate that the exophoria which is measured by the von Graefe technique does not exist under binocular conditions. Further analysis indicates that presbyopes may have unrestrained use of accommodative convergence.", "PMID": 1180323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7445", "title": "Variations in refractive change induced by Cyclogyl upon children with differing degrees of ametropia.", "content": "The effect of cycloplegic drugs on refraction is complicated by the presence of many variables. This study is concerned with one of these: the type and degree of refractive error. A manifest and a cycloplegic refraction were performed on 170 eyes. The difference was determined in each case and tabulated according to the type of ametropia. This experiment showed that in every instance the cycloplegic estimate was equal to or greater in hyperopia or less in myopia than when performed without drugs. The greatest difference occurred in hyperopia, decreasing to zero once myopia was reached.", "contents": "Variations in refractive change induced by Cyclogyl upon children with differing degrees of ametropia. The effect of cycloplegic drugs on refraction is complicated by the presence of many variables. This study is concerned with one of these: the type and degree of refractive error. A manifest and a cycloplegic refraction were performed on 170 eyes. The difference was determined in each case and tabulated according to the type of ametropia. This experiment showed that in every instance the cycloplegic estimate was equal to or greater in hyperopia or less in myopia than when performed without drugs. The greatest difference occurred in hyperopia, decreasing to zero once myopia was reached.", "PMID": 1180324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7446", "title": "Soft lens power and curvature: a comparison of \"label\" and observed measurements.", "content": "Determining the concave curve by a projection method, 350 spin cast lenses were compared with information published by the manufacturer. The power was also determined, using Sarver's method, to establish the clinical reliability of label powers. An equal number of lathe cut lenses were subjected to the same tests. Results indicated that spin cast lenses are very nearly as described in the manufacturer's published information. The lathe cut lenses involved in this study were not as dependable. Variations in the power of \"C\" series lenses and other related observations are also reported.", "contents": "Soft lens power and curvature: a comparison of \"label\" and observed measurements. Determining the concave curve by a projection method, 350 spin cast lenses were compared with information published by the manufacturer. The power was also determined, using Sarver's method, to establish the clinical reliability of label powers. An equal number of lathe cut lenses were subjected to the same tests. Results indicated that spin cast lenses are very nearly as described in the manufacturer's published information. The lathe cut lenses involved in this study were not as dependable. Variations in the power of \"C\" series lenses and other related observations are also reported.", "PMID": 1180325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7447", "title": "The utilization of a consulting clinical psychologist within an urban vision training clinic.", "content": "Multi-disciplinary evaluation of children with learning problems is necessary in many cases. The private optometrist frequently has psychological resources available to him and his patients. In an urban setting with an inner city patient population, the clinical practitioner has much difficulty in referring and in retrieving psychological data. The function of a consulting psychologist as an attending staff member of the Visual Training Department of the Optometric Center of New York is described, and a preliminary report of 52cases referred for psychological consultation between September 1, 1972 and June 30, 1973 is presented.", "contents": "The utilization of a consulting clinical psychologist within an urban vision training clinic. Multi-disciplinary evaluation of children with learning problems is necessary in many cases. The private optometrist frequently has psychological resources available to him and his patients. In an urban setting with an inner city patient population, the clinical practitioner has much difficulty in referring and in retrieving psychological data. The function of a consulting psychologist as an attending staff member of the Visual Training Department of the Optometric Center of New York is described, and a preliminary report of 52cases referred for psychological consultation between September 1, 1972 and June 30, 1973 is presented.", "PMID": 1180326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7448", "title": "Volume changes induced in rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes by chemotactic factor and cytochalasin B.", "content": "Incubation of rabbit neutrophils with various chemotactic factors causes an expansion of their volume. The expansion shows a high correlation with the chemotactic responsiveness of these cells, requires metabolic energy, and is independent of the presence of divalent cations. Cytochalasin B causes a decrease in the volume of the neutrophil. This decrease also requires metabolic energy and is independent of divalent cations. In the presence of cytochalasin B, the chemotactic factor, instead of acting to expand cell volume, induces a further contraction of the cell; this decrease requires Ca2+ in the external medium.", "contents": "Volume changes induced in rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes by chemotactic factor and cytochalasin B. Incubation of rabbit neutrophils with various chemotactic factors causes an expansion of their volume. The expansion shows a high correlation with the chemotactic responsiveness of these cells, requires metabolic energy, and is independent of the presence of divalent cations. Cytochalasin B causes a decrease in the volume of the neutrophil. This decrease also requires metabolic energy and is independent of divalent cations. In the presence of cytochalasin B, the chemotactic factor, instead of acting to expand cell volume, induces a further contraction of the cell; this decrease requires Ca2+ in the external medium.", "PMID": 1180327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7449", "title": "Massive obesity and the kidney. A morphologic and statistical study.", "content": "The renal morphology of 5 grossly obese patients with normal renal function and many of the features of the Pickwickian syndrome was studied at autopsy. The most striking feature was that of increased glomerular size. Measurements of two parameters of glomerular areas indicated statistically significant glomerular enlargement for both as compared to controls. Glomerulomegaly was primarily the result of vascular dilatation and a variable mesangial component. This abnormality was related to several factors, including increased blood volume, hypoxia, and increased right ventricular pressure. Polycythemia, commonly noted in other similar conditions with glomerulomegaly, is believed to be of no importance in the pathogenesis of glomerular enlargement.", "contents": "Massive obesity and the kidney. A morphologic and statistical study. The renal morphology of 5 grossly obese patients with normal renal function and many of the features of the Pickwickian syndrome was studied at autopsy. The most striking feature was that of increased glomerular size. Measurements of two parameters of glomerular areas indicated statistically significant glomerular enlargement for both as compared to controls. Glomerulomegaly was primarily the result of vascular dilatation and a variable mesangial component. This abnormality was related to several factors, including increased blood volume, hypoxia, and increased right ventricular pressure. Polycythemia, commonly noted in other similar conditions with glomerulomegaly, is believed to be of no importance in the pathogenesis of glomerular enlargement.", "PMID": 1180328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7450", "title": "The aortic intima. II. Repair of the aortic lining after mechanical denudation.", "content": "This article reports the ultrastructure of the aortic lining during the repair of mechanically denuded aortic intima in the rat. Three main features were observed: a) Although platelets form a pavement on the exposed components of the aortic intima, platelet thrombi do not form on the denuded surface. b) During the first weeks after injury, a temporary false endothelial lining is formed by modified intimal smooth muscle cells. While the modified smooth muscle cells do not constitute a continuous cell layer, they are like true endothelial cells in that platelets do not adhere to the cell membrane of either cell type. c) A continuous layer of true endothelial cells is formed within 2 months after the original injury. Even after reestablishment of a continuous endothelium, however, abnormalities persist in the form of incompletely formed intercellular junctions. This abnormal endothelium is associated with areas of intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation. These observations are compatible with two alternative interpretations of the role of endothelial injury in the intimal proliferation seen following injury to the vessel wall: a) persistent defects in the endothelium may result in proliferation of underlying arterial smooth muscle cells or b) the proliferation, in converse, may in some manner delay the healing process of the overlying endothelium.", "contents": "The aortic intima. II. Repair of the aortic lining after mechanical denudation. This article reports the ultrastructure of the aortic lining during the repair of mechanically denuded aortic intima in the rat. Three main features were observed: a) Although platelets form a pavement on the exposed components of the aortic intima, platelet thrombi do not form on the denuded surface. b) During the first weeks after injury, a temporary false endothelial lining is formed by modified intimal smooth muscle cells. While the modified smooth muscle cells do not constitute a continuous cell layer, they are like true endothelial cells in that platelets do not adhere to the cell membrane of either cell type. c) A continuous layer of true endothelial cells is formed within 2 months after the original injury. Even after reestablishment of a continuous endothelium, however, abnormalities persist in the form of incompletely formed intercellular junctions. This abnormal endothelium is associated with areas of intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation. These observations are compatible with two alternative interpretations of the role of endothelial injury in the intimal proliferation seen following injury to the vessel wall: a) persistent defects in the endothelium may result in proliferation of underlying arterial smooth muscle cells or b) the proliferation, in converse, may in some manner delay the healing process of the overlying endothelium.", "PMID": 1180329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7451", "title": "Cell injury with viruses.", "content": "The inhibitions of cellular protein and RNA synthesis in picornavirus-infected cells are early events which require only limited synthesis of virus-specific proteins. The inhibition of cellular protein synthesis appears to be due to blocking of the association of ribosomes with host messenger RNA. Inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis involves inactivation of the template-enzyme complex and affects ribosomal RNA synthesis before messenger RNA synthesis. Inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis also occurs early and may be secondary to inhibition of cellular protein synthesis. Early chromatid breaks may be related to inhibitions of cellular protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Stimulation of phospholipid synthesis in picornavirus-infected cells also requires only limited synthesis of virus-specific proteins. In contrast, release of lysosomal enzymes, proliferation of smooth cytoplasmic membranes, cellular vacuolization, retraction, and rounding, and diffuse chromosomal changes related to karyorrhexis and pyknosis are all dependent on considerable synthesis of virus-specific proteins during the middle part of the picornavirus growth cycle. The early virus-induced alterations in cellular biosynthetic processes are not the direct or sole cause of the subsequent marked pathologic changes in the membranes and chromosomes of the cell.", "contents": "Cell injury with viruses. The inhibitions of cellular protein and RNA synthesis in picornavirus-infected cells are early events which require only limited synthesis of virus-specific proteins. The inhibition of cellular protein synthesis appears to be due to blocking of the association of ribosomes with host messenger RNA. Inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis involves inactivation of the template-enzyme complex and affects ribosomal RNA synthesis before messenger RNA synthesis. Inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis also occurs early and may be secondary to inhibition of cellular protein synthesis. Early chromatid breaks may be related to inhibitions of cellular protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Stimulation of phospholipid synthesis in picornavirus-infected cells also requires only limited synthesis of virus-specific proteins. In contrast, release of lysosomal enzymes, proliferation of smooth cytoplasmic membranes, cellular vacuolization, retraction, and rounding, and diffuse chromosomal changes related to karyorrhexis and pyknosis are all dependent on considerable synthesis of virus-specific proteins during the middle part of the picornavirus growth cycle. The early virus-induced alterations in cellular biosynthetic processes are not the direct or sole cause of the subsequent marked pathologic changes in the membranes and chromosomes of the cell.", "PMID": 1180330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7452", "title": "Ischemic tissue injury.", "content": "The subendocardial to subepicardial gradient in the severity of ischemia following acute coronary occlusion is described. The effects of mild, moderate, and severe ischemia on cell structure and function are compared in summary form, and special attention is given to the effects of severe ischemia on myocardial cells. The characteristics of reversible and irreversible ischemic injury are defined in biologic terms. The failure of cell volume regulation in cells which have entered an irreversible state of ischemic injury is demonstrated by the use of free-hand slices in vitro. Irreversibility is associated with structural defects in the plasma membrane and is reflected in an increased slice inulin-diffusible space, increased slice H2O and Na+ content, and failure of the tissue to maintain the high K+ and Mg2+ levels characteristic of normal left ventricular myocardium. Defective cell membrane function is an early feature of irreversible ischemic injury and may be a primary event in the genesis of the irreversible state.", "contents": "Ischemic tissue injury. The subendocardial to subepicardial gradient in the severity of ischemia following acute coronary occlusion is described. The effects of mild, moderate, and severe ischemia on cell structure and function are compared in summary form, and special attention is given to the effects of severe ischemia on myocardial cells. The characteristics of reversible and irreversible ischemic injury are defined in biologic terms. The failure of cell volume regulation in cells which have entered an irreversible state of ischemic injury is demonstrated by the use of free-hand slices in vitro. Irreversibility is associated with structural defects in the plasma membrane and is reflected in an increased slice inulin-diffusible space, increased slice H2O and Na+ content, and failure of the tissue to maintain the high K+ and Mg2+ levels characteristic of normal left ventricular myocardium. Defective cell membrane function is an early feature of irreversible ischemic injury and may be a primary event in the genesis of the irreversible state.", "PMID": 1180331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7453", "title": "The lethal actions of antitumor agents in proliferating cell systems in vivo.", "content": "Antitumor agents cause selective lethal injury in tissues in which there is high proliferative activity. It is a reasonable postulate that the selective pathology is the consequence of interference with the replication of DNA in mitotically active cells. The crypt epithelium of the small intestine of rodents, which is highly susceptible to injury by antitumor agents, has served as a useful object for in vivo study of the relationship between inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell death in proliferating tissues. The lethal effects of highly selective inhibitors of DNA synthesis, such as hydroxyurea and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, develop rapidly and are restricted to those crypt cells which are committed to DNA synthetic activity. Agents like methotrexate, which concurrently suppress DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, induce more slowly developing and more persistent alterations. As illustrated in mice treated with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, the necrotic process in intestinal epithelial cells involves rapid envelopment of degenerating organelles in cytolysomal vacuoles.", "contents": "The lethal actions of antitumor agents in proliferating cell systems in vivo. Antitumor agents cause selective lethal injury in tissues in which there is high proliferative activity. It is a reasonable postulate that the selective pathology is the consequence of interference with the replication of DNA in mitotically active cells. The crypt epithelium of the small intestine of rodents, which is highly susceptible to injury by antitumor agents, has served as a useful object for in vivo study of the relationship between inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell death in proliferating tissues. The lethal effects of highly selective inhibitors of DNA synthesis, such as hydroxyurea and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, develop rapidly and are restricted to those crypt cells which are committed to DNA synthetic activity. Agents like methotrexate, which concurrently suppress DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, induce more slowly developing and more persistent alterations. As illustrated in mice treated with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, the necrotic process in intestinal epithelial cells involves rapid envelopment of degenerating organelles in cytolysomal vacuoles.", "PMID": 1180332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7454", "title": "The biochemical pathology of liver cell necrosis.", "content": "Cell death and necrosis are important reactions of liver cells to injury that play a role in a wide variety of human liver diseases. A review is given of the important facets known about the biochemical basis of toxic liver cell death. Liver cells can withstand a great many specific biochemical and morphologic changes without loss of viability. Disturbances in RNA and protein synthesis, mitochondrial function, or release of lysosomal enzymes do not play a primary causative role in cell death. Many previous studies have tended to implicate the plasma membrane and its presumed role in maintaining the proper Ca2+ balance as the primary site of the development of irreversible hepatocyte damage. These studies have generally faced a major difficulty in determining if the observed changes are the cause or an effect of cell death. Galactosamine-induced liver cell injury seems to offer a potentially analyzable model for the experimental analysis of liver cell necrosis. Our studies on the role of plasma membrane injury and associated increases in total cellular calcium are reviewed, and a tentative working hypothesis for the pathogenesis of galactosamine-induced liver cell necrosis is presented.", "contents": "The biochemical pathology of liver cell necrosis. Cell death and necrosis are important reactions of liver cells to injury that play a role in a wide variety of human liver diseases. A review is given of the important facets known about the biochemical basis of toxic liver cell death. Liver cells can withstand a great many specific biochemical and morphologic changes without loss of viability. Disturbances in RNA and protein synthesis, mitochondrial function, or release of lysosomal enzymes do not play a primary causative role in cell death. Many previous studies have tended to implicate the plasma membrane and its presumed role in maintaining the proper Ca2+ balance as the primary site of the development of irreversible hepatocyte damage. These studies have generally faced a major difficulty in determining if the observed changes are the cause or an effect of cell death. Galactosamine-induced liver cell injury seems to offer a potentially analyzable model for the experimental analysis of liver cell necrosis. Our studies on the role of plasma membrane injury and associated increases in total cellular calcium are reviewed, and a tentative working hypothesis for the pathogenesis of galactosamine-induced liver cell necrosis is presented.", "PMID": 1180333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7455", "title": "Acute hemorrhagic pancreatic necrosis in mice. Influence of the age and sex of the animals and of dietary ethionine, choline, methionine, and adenine sulfate.", "content": "The influence of several factors on the development of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis (pancreatic necrosis) with fat necrosis in mice fed DL-ethionine with a choline-deficient diet has been investigated. The results showed that: a) the incidence of the induced disease is dependent upon the age and sex of the animals and the dietary level of ethionine; b) 100% of young female mice fed 0.5% ethionine develop acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis and die within 5 days; c) the incidence is only 10 to 20% when 0.5% ethionine is fed with either a choline-supplemented diet or with laboratory chow; and d) development of pancreatic pathology is completely prevented by the inclusion in the diet of 0.5% methionine but not by the inclusion of 0.5% adenine. Possible mechanisms whereby choline deficiency potentiates the pancreatotoxicity of ethionine in mice are discussed.", "contents": "Acute hemorrhagic pancreatic necrosis in mice. Influence of the age and sex of the animals and of dietary ethionine, choline, methionine, and adenine sulfate. The influence of several factors on the development of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis (pancreatic necrosis) with fat necrosis in mice fed DL-ethionine with a choline-deficient diet has been investigated. The results showed that: a) the incidence of the induced disease is dependent upon the age and sex of the animals and the dietary level of ethionine; b) 100% of young female mice fed 0.5% ethionine develop acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis and die within 5 days; c) the incidence is only 10 to 20% when 0.5% ethionine is fed with either a choline-supplemented diet or with laboratory chow; and d) development of pancreatic pathology is completely prevented by the inclusion in the diet of 0.5% methionine but not by the inclusion of 0.5% adenine. Possible mechanisms whereby choline deficiency potentiates the pancreatotoxicity of ethionine in mice are discussed.", "PMID": 1180334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7456", "title": "Psychosocial development and behavior of mothers of failure-to-thrive children.", "content": "The social development, emotional adaptation, and functioning of mothers of failure-to-thrive children, and of a group of matched controls were studied. Results show that maternal behavior of the mothers of the failure-to-thrive groups, while showing no overt psychopathology, did differ substantially from that of the control group.", "contents": "Psychosocial development and behavior of mothers of failure-to-thrive children. The social development, emotional adaptation, and functioning of mothers of failure-to-thrive children, and of a group of matched controls were studied. Results show that maternal behavior of the mothers of the failure-to-thrive groups, while showing no overt psychopathology, did differ substantially from that of the control group.", "PMID": 1180336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7457", "title": "Work role and depression in women: a comparison of workers and housewives in treatment.", "content": "Comparison of a patient population of depressed housewives with a matched group of depressed working women revealed some significant differences in social functioning in relation to work roles. The psychological benefits of outside employment have been widely discussed in relation to middle-class and upper-class women; this study indicates that, for women of lower socio-economic status, work may also have a protective psychological effect.", "contents": "Work role and depression in women: a comparison of workers and housewives in treatment. Comparison of a patient population of depressed housewives with a matched group of depressed working women revealed some significant differences in social functioning in relation to work roles. The psychological benefits of outside employment have been widely discussed in relation to middle-class and upper-class women; this study indicates that, for women of lower socio-economic status, work may also have a protective psychological effect.", "PMID": 1180337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7458", "title": "Optimal stimulation as theoretical basis of hyperactivity.", "content": "Current theory and practice in the clinical and educational management of hyperactive children recommend reduction of environmental stimulation, assuming hyperactive and distractable behaviors to be due to overstimulation. This paper reviews research suggesting that hyperactive behavior may result from a homeostatic mechanism that functions to increase stimulation for a child experienceing insufficient sensory stimulation. It is suggested that the effectiveness of drug and behavior therapies, as well as evidence from the field of sensory deprivation, further support the theory of a homeostatic mechanism that attempts to optimize sensory input.", "contents": "Optimal stimulation as theoretical basis of hyperactivity. Current theory and practice in the clinical and educational management of hyperactive children recommend reduction of environmental stimulation, assuming hyperactive and distractable behaviors to be due to overstimulation. This paper reviews research suggesting that hyperactive behavior may result from a homeostatic mechanism that functions to increase stimulation for a child experienceing insufficient sensory stimulation. It is suggested that the effectiveness of drug and behavior therapies, as well as evidence from the field of sensory deprivation, further support the theory of a homeostatic mechanism that attempts to optimize sensory input.", "PMID": 1180338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7459", "title": "Using cerebral stimulants to treat minimal brain dysfunction.", "content": "This paper considers questions raised during a study of the medical records of 135 boys treated with CNS stimulants for minimal brain dysfunction. Among the questions: 1)Do physician factors contribute to child diagnosis, treatment choice, and clinical improvement? 2)What is improvement? 3)What kind of side effects occur and how frequent are they? 4)When should cerebral stimulants be used.", "contents": "Using cerebral stimulants to treat minimal brain dysfunction. This paper considers questions raised during a study of the medical records of 135 boys treated with CNS stimulants for minimal brain dysfunction. Among the questions: 1)Do physician factors contribute to child diagnosis, treatment choice, and clinical improvement? 2)What is improvement? 3)What kind of side effects occur and how frequent are they? 4)When should cerebral stimulants be used.", "PMID": 1180339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7460", "title": "Hold the hardware: the use and abuse of tapes in clinical teaching and learning.", "content": "The virtues and limits of taping in clinical learning are considered. Enamored of technology, we may at times use it unwisely. Appropriate client selection, teaching to develop good clinical memory, the need to differentiate verbalized assent from true consent, and related issues are examined and illustrated.", "contents": "Hold the hardware: the use and abuse of tapes in clinical teaching and learning. The virtues and limits of taping in clinical learning are considered. Enamored of technology, we may at times use it unwisely. Appropriate client selection, teaching to develop good clinical memory, the need to differentiate verbalized assent from true consent, and related issues are examined and illustrated.", "PMID": 1180340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7461", "title": "The role of the social sciences in determining the constitutionality of capital punishment.", "content": "This paper examines the probable role of social science data in determining the legal validity of capital punishment, drawing upon approaches already employed by the Supreme Court to analyze the legal significance of studies relating to various aspects of capital punishment.", "contents": "The role of the social sciences in determining the constitutionality of capital punishment. This paper examines the probable role of social science data in determining the legal validity of capital punishment, drawing upon approaches already employed by the Supreme Court to analyze the legal significance of studies relating to various aspects of capital punishment.", "PMID": 1180342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7462", "title": "Family experience and public support of the death penalty.", "content": "Integration of data on the characteristics of death penalty supporters with data on violence within the family suggests that experience with violence in the family, and the meaning and moral evaluation of punishment and violence learned thereby, lead to support for the death penalty. This paper concludes that the high level of public support for the death penalty may be accounted for in part by the high level of violence within the family and by parental use of retributive physical punishment.", "contents": "Family experience and public support of the death penalty. Integration of data on the characteristics of death penalty supporters with data on violence within the family suggests that experience with violence in the family, and the meaning and moral evaluation of punishment and violence learned thereby, lead to support for the death penalty. This paper concludes that the high level of public support for the death penalty may be accounted for in part by the high level of violence within the family and by parental use of retributive physical punishment.", "PMID": 1180343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7463", "title": "The development of moral judgments concerning capital punishment.", "content": "Data from a 20-year longitudinal study of the development of moral judgment in American males indicate that the most mature stages evince moral condemnation of the death penalty. The authors conclude that American moral standards are evolving towards a view of execution as unjust punishment. They contend that a theory of punishment based on the highest stage of moral reasoning is more valid than lower-stage justifications for capital punishment, and that it provides a rational basis for asserting the immorality--and unconstitutionality--of capital punishment, irrespective of uncertainties as to the deterrent efficacy of the death penalty.", "contents": "The development of moral judgments concerning capital punishment. Data from a 20-year longitudinal study of the development of moral judgment in American males indicate that the most mature stages evince moral condemnation of the death penalty. The authors conclude that American moral standards are evolving towards a view of execution as unjust punishment. They contend that a theory of punishment based on the highest stage of moral reasoning is more valid than lower-stage justifications for capital punishment, and that it provides a rational basis for asserting the immorality--and unconstitutionality--of capital punishment, irrespective of uncertainties as to the deterrent efficacy of the death penalty.", "PMID": 1180344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7464", "title": "A sociological perspective on public support for capital punishment.", "content": "Conceptualizations of public support for the death penalty that suggest that punitiveness, desire for vengenance, authoritarianism, polital conservatism, or other characteristics generally held in low esteem by many in the academic and research communities are the primary or most significant predictors of citizen responses to this issue are challenged. It is proposed instead that fear of crime, perceptions of increasing crime rates, a belief in the efficacy of punishment as a means of deterrence, and a willingness to employ punishment as a response to criminality have a far more important causal role than has previously been recognized.", "contents": "A sociological perspective on public support for capital punishment. Conceptualizations of public support for the death penalty that suggest that punitiveness, desire for vengenance, authoritarianism, polital conservatism, or other characteristics generally held in low esteem by many in the academic and research communities are the primary or most significant predictors of citizen responses to this issue are challenged. It is proposed instead that fear of crime, perceptions of increasing crime rates, a belief in the efficacy of punishment as a means of deterrence, and a willingness to employ punishment as a response to criminality have a far more important causal role than has previously been recognized.", "PMID": 1180345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7465", "title": "Rape, race, and the death penalty in Georgia.", "content": "Following the 1972 Supreme Court decision on capital punishment, the Georgia legislature enacted a death penalty statute that attempts to avoid constitutional objections by establishing discretionary death sentencing for 361 rape cases in Georgia, comparing legal and nonlegal variables. Results indicate that blacks convicted of raping whites were disproportionately sentenced to death.", "contents": "Rape, race, and the death penalty in Georgia. Following the 1972 Supreme Court decision on capital punishment, the Georgia legislature enacted a death penalty statute that attempts to avoid constitutional objections by establishing discretionary death sentencing for 361 rape cases in Georgia, comparing legal and nonlegal variables. Results indicate that blacks convicted of raping whites were disproportionately sentenced to death.", "PMID": 1180346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7466", "title": "Murder and capital punishment: some further evidence.", "content": "The literature relating homicide and capital punishment is reviewed briefly. Despite the \"presumed conclusiveness\" of the evidence against the death penalty, most studies are shown to suffer from a number of theoretical and methodological shortcomings. To provide a more theoretically sound and comprehensive examination of the question, this paper analyzes alternative data for first and second degree murder and homicide in death penalty and abolition states. Results are essentially consistent with those of earlier investigations.", "contents": "Murder and capital punishment: some further evidence. The literature relating homicide and capital punishment is reviewed briefly. Despite the \"presumed conclusiveness\" of the evidence against the death penalty, most studies are shown to suffer from a number of theoretical and methodological shortcomings. To provide a more theoretically sound and comprehensive examination of the question, this paper analyzes alternative data for first and second degree murder and homicide in death penalty and abolition states. Results are essentially consistent with those of earlier investigations.", "PMID": 1180347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7467", "title": "Psychiatric reflections on the death penalty.", "content": "Capital punishment is outdated, immoral, wasteful, cruel, brutalizing, unfair, irrevocable, useless, dangerous, and obstructive to justice. In addition, psychiatric observations reveal that it generates disease through the torture of death row; it perverts the identity of physicians from trials to prison wards to executions; and, paradoxically, it breeds more murder than it deters.", "contents": "Psychiatric reflections on the death penalty. Capital punishment is outdated, immoral, wasteful, cruel, brutalizing, unfair, irrevocable, useless, dangerous, and obstructive to justice. In addition, psychiatric observations reveal that it generates disease through the torture of death row; it perverts the identity of physicians from trials to prison wards to executions; and, paradoxically, it breeds more murder than it deters.", "PMID": 1180348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7468", "title": "Capital punishment as suicide and as murder.", "content": "Capital punishment may actually contribute to the incidence of murder because it can be sought as a result of suicidal motivations, and because it sets a malignant example of the use of killing as a legitimate coping device. Two case studies are offered as illustration.", "contents": "Capital punishment as suicide and as murder. Capital punishment may actually contribute to the incidence of murder because it can be sought as a result of suicidal motivations, and because it sets a malignant example of the use of killing as a legitimate coping device. Two case studies are offered as illustration.", "PMID": 1180349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7469", "title": "Murder and the death penalty: a case report.", "content": "Psychiatrists frequently maintain that the death penalty may encourage rather than deter, the commission of homicide and other violent crimes. However, there is a dearth of case reports in the literature to substantiate this belief. One such history is offered, of a man who committed three murders and attempted a fourth, hoping thereby to be executed by the state. His death wish was fulfilled.", "contents": "Murder and the death penalty: a case report. Psychiatrists frequently maintain that the death penalty may encourage rather than deter, the commission of homicide and other violent crimes. However, there is a dearth of case reports in the literature to substantiate this belief. One such history is offered, of a man who committed three murders and attempted a fourth, hoping thereby to be executed by the state. His death wish was fulfilled.", "PMID": 1180350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7470", "title": "Determinants and nature of intramuscular temperature changes during cold therapy.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine the intramuscular temperature response during an ice massage treatment. In addition, the effect of subcutaneous tissue thickness and limb circumference on temperature changes was investigated. Intramuscular temperature was measured by intramuscular thermocouples each minute during ice massage treatments of five, ten and fifteen minutes. It was shown that ice massage produces a significant drop in intramuscular temperature. However, there was no significant difference in temperature change after five minutes of treatment. In addition it was shown that there is a high multiple correlation between logarithmic time, subcutaneous tissue thickness, limb circumference, and intramuscular temperature change.", "contents": "Determinants and nature of intramuscular temperature changes during cold therapy. The purpose of this study was to examine the intramuscular temperature response during an ice massage treatment. In addition, the effect of subcutaneous tissue thickness and limb circumference on temperature changes was investigated. Intramuscular temperature was measured by intramuscular thermocouples each minute during ice massage treatments of five, ten and fifteen minutes. It was shown that ice massage produces a significant drop in intramuscular temperature. However, there was no significant difference in temperature change after five minutes of treatment. In addition it was shown that there is a high multiple correlation between logarithmic time, subcutaneous tissue thickness, limb circumference, and intramuscular temperature change.", "PMID": 1180351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7471", "title": "Electromyographic study of two-joint muscles.", "content": "To determine the nervous control of two-joint muscles and their coordination with other muscles in monoarticular and biarticular motions, action patterns of important two-joint muscles (rectus femoris and the medial hamstrings) and related one-joint muscles were observed. The EMG analysis of ten subjects led to the conclusion that the effect of contraction of two-joint muscles is never limited to one joint; whenever a two-joint muscle participates in a monoarticular motion its role shifts in close coordination with the other muscles. In biarticular  concurrent motion the activity of the rectus femoris and the medial hamstrings is inhibited when they are antagonists, especially when motion of the knee is concerned.", "contents": "Electromyographic study of two-joint muscles. To determine the nervous control of two-joint muscles and their coordination with other muscles in monoarticular and biarticular motions, action patterns of important two-joint muscles (rectus femoris and the medial hamstrings) and related one-joint muscles were observed. The EMG analysis of ten subjects led to the conclusion that the effect of contraction of two-joint muscles is never limited to one joint; whenever a two-joint muscle participates in a monoarticular motion its role shifts in close coordination with the other muscles. In biarticular  concurrent motion the activity of the rectus femoris and the medial hamstrings is inhibited when they are antagonists, especially when motion of the knee is concerned.", "PMID": 1180352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7472", "title": "Validity of quantitative tests measuring tremor.", "content": "A set of tests measuring tremor with an accelerometer has been developed to assist in objectively evaluating clinical trails. An experiment was designed to examine the consensual validity of the test measures for Resting, Sustention and Static Intention Tremor for 10 multiple sclerosis patients and 10 parkinsonian patients. Motion pictures of the patients performing the tremor tests were viewed by a senior neurologist who rated tremor using a nine-point ordinal scale. Comparisons made between the quantitative measures of tremor and the neurologist's ratings of tremor show that the tests are consensually valid. The methodology of this experiment may prove useful for examining in the future the consensual validity of new clinical instruments useful for evaluating trails.", "contents": "Validity of quantitative tests measuring tremor. A set of tests measuring tremor with an accelerometer has been developed to assist in objectively evaluating clinical trails. An experiment was designed to examine the consensual validity of the test measures for Resting, Sustention and Static Intention Tremor for 10 multiple sclerosis patients and 10 parkinsonian patients. Motion pictures of the patients performing the tremor tests were viewed by a senior neurologist who rated tremor using a nine-point ordinal scale. Comparisons made between the quantitative measures of tremor and the neurologist's ratings of tremor show that the tests are consensually valid. The methodology of this experiment may prove useful for examining in the future the consensual validity of new clinical instruments useful for evaluating trails.", "PMID": 1180353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7473", "title": "Genetic differentiation among Sardinian villages.", "content": "The present study reports an analysis of genetic differentiation among 14 Sardinian villages located mainly in the center of the island. Chi-square tests show significant genetic heterogeneity among villages, and analyses by F- and R- statistics indicate an essentially random pattern of differentiation for all alleles. Using the kinship methods of Morton, a matrix, R, with elements rij describing the correlations between the gene frequencies of villages i and j is obtained. Use of Mal\u00e9cot's formula relating the rij to the geographic distances between villages shows a rapid decline of kinship with increasing distance but reveals essentially no relationship for distances over 40 km. Rotation of a two-dimensional reduction of the kinship matrix to maximum congruence with the geographic distances indicates that about 25% of the genetic distances can be accounted for by the geographic location of the villages. Isolation due in part to cultural factors, genetic drift, and special local or regional patterns of villages associations appear to be involved in the pattern of genetic variation.", "contents": "Genetic differentiation among Sardinian villages. The present study reports an analysis of genetic differentiation among 14 Sardinian villages located mainly in the center of the island. Chi-square tests show significant genetic heterogeneity among villages, and analyses by F- and R- statistics indicate an essentially random pattern of differentiation for all alleles. Using the kinship methods of Morton, a matrix, R, with elements rij describing the correlations between the gene frequencies of villages i and j is obtained. Use of Mal\u00e9cot's formula relating the rij to the geographic distances between villages shows a rapid decline of kinship with increasing distance but reveals essentially no relationship for distances over 40 km. Rotation of a two-dimensional reduction of the kinship matrix to maximum congruence with the geographic distances indicates that about 25% of the genetic distances can be accounted for by the geographic location of the villages. Isolation due in part to cultural factors, genetic drift, and special local or regional patterns of villages associations appear to be involved in the pattern of genetic variation.", "PMID": 1180354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7474", "title": "Red cell acid phosphatase: another polymorphism correlated with Malaria?", "content": "The frequency of PC allele for acid phosphatase in fourteen Sardinian villages correlates positively with the altitude and negatively with past malarial morbidity and GdMed prevalence. The susceptibility towards hemolytic favism in Sardinian males with G6PD deficiency is dependent on the erythrocyte acid phosphatase and thalassemia phenotypes. Thalassemia trait exerts a protective action only in subjects carrying PA allele for acid phosphatase. The data suggest that the gradient for malaria morbidity directly or indirectly, through interactions with thalassemia and G6PD polymorphisms, mediated by the habit of eating Vecia faba, may have had a significant role in determining the heterogeneous distribution of acid phosphatase polymorphism in Sardinia. Besides malaria, other environmental factors related with altitude seem to have been very important in shaping the present pattern of distribution of both acid phosphatase and G6PD polymorphisms in Sardinia.", "contents": "Red cell acid phosphatase: another polymorphism correlated with Malaria? The frequency of PC allele for acid phosphatase in fourteen Sardinian villages correlates positively with the altitude and negatively with past malarial morbidity and GdMed prevalence. The susceptibility towards hemolytic favism in Sardinian males with G6PD deficiency is dependent on the erythrocyte acid phosphatase and thalassemia phenotypes. Thalassemia trait exerts a protective action only in subjects carrying PA allele for acid phosphatase. The data suggest that the gradient for malaria morbidity directly or indirectly, through interactions with thalassemia and G6PD polymorphisms, mediated by the habit of eating Vecia faba, may have had a significant role in determining the heterogeneous distribution of acid phosphatase polymorphism in Sardinia. Besides malaria, other environmental factors related with altitude seem to have been very important in shaping the present pattern of distribution of both acid phosphatase and G6PD polymorphisms in Sardinia.", "PMID": 1180355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7475", "title": "Do American born Japanese children still grow faster than native Japanese?", "content": "Growth patterns of Japanese schoolchildren in Hawaii, composed of 2,954 boys and 3,213 girls aged between 11 and 17, were compared with those comparable groups of Japanese schoolchildren in Japan based on the data published by the Japanese Ministry of Education. Growth characteristics studied were height, weight, and relative weight index, weight/(height). The Hawaii-Japanese boys were taller at early ages but the difference disappeared by age 16. Native Japanese girls were shorter than Hawaii-Japanese until age 13, but they overtook the latter by age 14, exceeding them in height after age 15. A similar pattern was found in weights of girls but the Hawaii-Japanese boys remained consistently heavier by 5.0 to 9.0 kg than native Japanese. The relative weight measure indicated that the Hawaii boys were more \"obese\" than native Japanese boys for the growth period studied; whereas the same tendency was maintained until age 15 in girls. These observations indicate a marked degree of convergence of the patterns of physical growth of the two populations, whose differences were unmistakably in favor of American born children in earlier studies. It is concluded that the convergence is due largely to the improved environmental conditions in Japan in recent years.", "contents": "Do American born Japanese children still grow faster than native Japanese? Growth patterns of Japanese schoolchildren in Hawaii, composed of 2,954 boys and 3,213 girls aged between 11 and 17, were compared with those comparable groups of Japanese schoolchildren in Japan based on the data published by the Japanese Ministry of Education. Growth characteristics studied were height, weight, and relative weight index, weight/(height). The Hawaii-Japanese boys were taller at early ages but the difference disappeared by age 16. Native Japanese girls were shorter than Hawaii-Japanese until age 13, but they overtook the latter by age 14, exceeding them in height after age 15. A similar pattern was found in weights of girls but the Hawaii-Japanese boys remained consistently heavier by 5.0 to 9.0 kg than native Japanese. The relative weight measure indicated that the Hawaii boys were more \"obese\" than native Japanese boys for the growth period studied; whereas the same tendency was maintained until age 15 in girls. These observations indicate a marked degree of convergence of the patterns of physical growth of the two populations, whose differences were unmistakably in favor of American born children in earlier studies. It is concluded that the convergence is due largely to the improved environmental conditions in Japan in recent years.", "PMID": 1180356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7476", "title": "Taxonomic congruence in Eskimoid populations.", "content": "The study compares distance relationships in Eskimoid populations based on metric and attribute data with linguistic relationships based on structural and lexicostatistical data. Taxonomic congruence and the non-specificity hypothesis are investigated by matrix correlations and by a clustering procedure. The matrix correlation approaches employed are the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient. An unweighted pair-group clustering procedure provides a visual comparison of biological and linguistic relationships. Data consist of 74 craniometric measurements and 28 cranial observations taken on 12 Eskimoid populations. Mahalanobis' D2 and Balakrishnan and Sanghvi's B2 were used to compute the metric and attribute distances, respectively. The results indicate that a strict adherence to the non-specificity hypothesis is untenable. Also, there is better concordance between the sexes for metric distances than for attribute distances, and the metric data are more concordant with linguistic relationships than are the attribute data.", "contents": "Taxonomic congruence in Eskimoid populations. The study compares distance relationships in Eskimoid populations based on metric and attribute data with linguistic relationships based on structural and lexicostatistical data. Taxonomic congruence and the non-specificity hypothesis are investigated by matrix correlations and by a clustering procedure. The matrix correlation approaches employed are the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient. An unweighted pair-group clustering procedure provides a visual comparison of biological and linguistic relationships. Data consist of 74 craniometric measurements and 28 cranial observations taken on 12 Eskimoid populations. Mahalanobis' D2 and Balakrishnan and Sanghvi's B2 were used to compute the metric and attribute distances, respectively. The results indicate that a strict adherence to the non-specificity hypothesis is untenable. Also, there is better concordance between the sexes for metric distances than for attribute distances, and the metric data are more concordant with linguistic relationships than are the attribute data.", "PMID": 1180357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7477", "title": "Path analysis of palmar ridge counts.", "content": "The methods for path analysis of family resemblance (Rao et al., '74) are employed to test hypotheses concerning the inheritance of a-b, b-c and c-d palmar ridge counts using the correlation data of Pateria ('74). Homogeneity chi-square tests of the various familial correlations provide no evidence for sex-linkage of either kind, and also suggest that maternal effects are absent. The path coefficient model employed here involves heritability (additive) and common sibling environment. Variance components show that both heritability and common environment are significant, and account for most of the variation at each of the three ridge count area; b-c has the highest heritability, significantly higher than that for a-b or c-d.", "contents": "Path analysis of palmar ridge counts. The methods for path analysis of family resemblance (Rao et al., '74) are employed to test hypotheses concerning the inheritance of a-b, b-c and c-d palmar ridge counts using the correlation data of Pateria ('74). Homogeneity chi-square tests of the various familial correlations provide no evidence for sex-linkage of either kind, and also suggest that maternal effects are absent. The path coefficient model employed here involves heritability (additive) and common sibling environment. Variance components show that both heritability and common environment are significant, and account for most of the variation at each of the three ridge count area; b-c has the highest heritability, significantly higher than that for a-b or c-d.", "PMID": 1180358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7478", "title": "Fission-fusion and lineal effect: aspects of the population structure of the Semai Senoi of Malaysia.", "content": "Analysis of histories and genealogies from seven relatively unacculturated, swidden-farming Semai settlements shows that the composition of local groups fluctuates through time. This instability is similar to a pattern which Neel and his colleagues have suggested is typical of primitive society, the fission-fusion model. In addition, the individuals comprising Semai fission groups are kinsmen which implies that the number of independent genomes represented is markedly less than the number of individual migrants (the lineal effect). Fission groups may form new villages or fuse with an established settlement. In either case, the genetic effects of such migration are more pronounced than would be expected on the basis of founder effect or random migration. Despite several conspicuous differences in social organization between the Semai and the South American Indians (e.g., bilateral vs. unilineal descent) whose population structure provided the empirical basis for the fission-fusion, lineal effect model, the basic similarities are striking. The Semai case thus lends support to the proposition that this pattern may be of some generality in technologically primitive populations.", "contents": "Fission-fusion and lineal effect: aspects of the population structure of the Semai Senoi of Malaysia. Analysis of histories and genealogies from seven relatively unacculturated, swidden-farming Semai settlements shows that the composition of local groups fluctuates through time. This instability is similar to a pattern which Neel and his colleagues have suggested is typical of primitive society, the fission-fusion model. In addition, the individuals comprising Semai fission groups are kinsmen which implies that the number of independent genomes represented is markedly less than the number of individual migrants (the lineal effect). Fission groups may form new villages or fuse with an established settlement. In either case, the genetic effects of such migration are more pronounced than would be expected on the basis of founder effect or random migration. Despite several conspicuous differences in social organization between the Semai and the South American Indians (e.g., bilateral vs. unilineal descent) whose population structure provided the empirical basis for the fission-fusion, lineal effect model, the basic similarities are striking. The Semai case thus lends support to the proposition that this pattern may be of some generality in technologically primitive populations.", "PMID": 1180359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7479", "title": "Knuckle walking by a baboon (Papio cynocephalus).", "content": "This paper describes the development of a knuckle walking mode of locomotion by a free-living yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus). Some implications of this occurrence for theories of the evolution of knuckle walking are discussed.", "contents": "Knuckle walking by a baboon (Papio cynocephalus). This paper describes the development of a knuckle walking mode of locomotion by a free-living yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus). Some implications of this occurrence for theories of the evolution of knuckle walking are discussed.", "PMID": 1180360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7480", "title": "Dental reduction and the probable mutation effect.", "content": "A recent test of the probable mutation effect can be interpreted to suggest the operations of mutations under conditions of reduced selection in the late Pleistocene reduction of the human dentition.", "contents": "Dental reduction and the probable mutation effect. A recent test of the probable mutation effect can be interpreted to suggest the operations of mutations under conditions of reduced selection in the late Pleistocene reduction of the human dentition.", "PMID": 1180361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7481", "title": "The health maintenance organization delivery system. A national study of attitudes of HMO project directors on HMO issues.", "content": "A national survey of health maintenance organization project directors' attitudes on HMO delivery issues was conducted to gather data about HMO planning development and delivery areas. Questionnaire results revealed characteristics of the HMO project director, sponsoring institution, and developmental stage. Seven HMO issues (Prepayment Mechanism, Quality of Care, Degree of Federal Participation) Public and Private Funding, Physicians' Attitudes toward HMO, and Consumer Recruitment) were identified to measure the attitudes of directors. As a whole, responses were in the positive range. Scale 1 (Prepayment Mechanism) and Scale 2 (Quality of Care) received the lowest mean scores and were in the moderate agreement range. Scale 3 (Degree of Federal Regulation) and Scale 5 (Public and Private Funding) had the highest mean scores and fell between slight agreement and disagreement. Further research has been noted in various administrative features and issue areas of HMO. Most crucial is the outcome of HMO legislation which has a bearing on the policy and program of the HMO delivery system. On the basis of what appears to be a representative sample of directors of DHEW-funded HMO Planning and Development Projects, the study has assessed attitudes on important issues relevant to HMOs and determined areas of greatest agreement and disagreement.", "contents": "The health maintenance organization delivery system. A national study of attitudes of HMO project directors on HMO issues. A national survey of health maintenance organization project directors' attitudes on HMO delivery issues was conducted to gather data about HMO planning development and delivery areas. Questionnaire results revealed characteristics of the HMO project director, sponsoring institution, and developmental stage. Seven HMO issues (Prepayment Mechanism, Quality of Care, Degree of Federal Participation) Public and Private Funding, Physicians' Attitudes toward HMO, and Consumer Recruitment) were identified to measure the attitudes of directors. As a whole, responses were in the positive range. Scale 1 (Prepayment Mechanism) and Scale 2 (Quality of Care) received the lowest mean scores and were in the moderate agreement range. Scale 3 (Degree of Federal Regulation) and Scale 5 (Public and Private Funding) had the highest mean scores and fell between slight agreement and disagreement. Further research has been noted in various administrative features and issue areas of HMO. Most crucial is the outcome of HMO legislation which has a bearing on the policy and program of the HMO delivery system. On the basis of what appears to be a representative sample of directors of DHEW-funded HMO Planning and Development Projects, the study has assessed attitudes on important issues relevant to HMOs and determined areas of greatest agreement and disagreement.", "PMID": 1180365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7482", "title": "Career escalation training. Five-year follow-up.", "content": "A study has been reported on 5 years of experience in a community mental health center with a career escalation training program for indigenous workers in a ghetto community. More than one-half entered the program during the 5-year period and about one-third had either achieved a degree or were still active in the Program at the time of this study. Although it is too early to assess the full impact of the program on career advancement, the authors believe that at least a master's degree is required for true upward and lateral mobility. The most striking finding was the high retention rate in the mental health field of those workers who entered the program in contrast to those who didn't. A number of suggestions have been made to improve the effectiveness of a career escalation training program. It is too early to tell whether the long term benefits for individuals, the Center, and the mental health field at large justify the cost and the continuation of such educational release time programs.", "contents": "Career escalation training. Five-year follow-up. A study has been reported on 5 years of experience in a community mental health center with a career escalation training program for indigenous workers in a ghetto community. More than one-half entered the program during the 5-year period and about one-third had either achieved a degree or were still active in the Program at the time of this study. Although it is too early to assess the full impact of the program on career advancement, the authors believe that at least a master's degree is required for true upward and lateral mobility. The most striking finding was the high retention rate in the mental health field of those workers who entered the program in contrast to those who didn't. A number of suggestions have been made to improve the effectiveness of a career escalation training program. It is too early to tell whether the long term benefits for individuals, the Center, and the mental health field at large justify the cost and the continuation of such educational release time programs.", "PMID": 1180367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7483", "title": "Changes in some blood clotting and fibrinolysis factors during anaesthesia with neuroleptanalgesic agents.", "content": "The results of determinations of some factors of the blood clotting and fibrinolysis systems carried out in 30 patients operated on under anaesthesia with neuroleptanalygesics are reported. The factors determined included: the time of spontaneous lysis of whole blood clot, the euglobulin lysis time, the fibrinolytic activity on Astrup plates, the fibrinogen level and platelet count. The purpose of this work was to demonstrate a possible action of neuroleptanagetic agents on the system maintaining the blood in equilibrium. The fibrinolytic activity was not increased but the fibrinogen level and platelet count were decreased. These changes, however, seem to depend on the effects of the surgical operation and not on the method of anaesthesia used.", "contents": "Changes in some blood clotting and fibrinolysis factors during anaesthesia with neuroleptanalgesic agents. The results of determinations of some factors of the blood clotting and fibrinolysis systems carried out in 30 patients operated on under anaesthesia with neuroleptanalygesics are reported. The factors determined included: the time of spontaneous lysis of whole blood clot, the euglobulin lysis time, the fibrinolytic activity on Astrup plates, the fibrinogen level and platelet count. The purpose of this work was to demonstrate a possible action of neuroleptanagetic agents on the system maintaining the blood in equilibrium. The fibrinolytic activity was not increased but the fibrinogen level and platelet count were decreased. These changes, however, seem to depend on the effects of the surgical operation and not on the method of anaesthesia used.", "PMID": 1180372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7484", "title": "The effects of neuroleptoanalgesic agents on platelet adhesiveness in vivo.", "content": "Changes of platelet adhesiveness were studied after administration of neuroleptanalgesic agents in patients before surgical operations and tests were carried out during premedication with droperidol and fentanyl and morphine in 86 surgical patients. It was observed that neuroleptanalgesic agents exert no effect on platelet adhesiveness in vivo. Morphine also had no such effects.", "contents": "The effects of neuroleptoanalgesic agents on platelet adhesiveness in vivo. Changes of platelet adhesiveness were studied after administration of neuroleptanalgesic agents in patients before surgical operations and tests were carried out during premedication with droperidol and fentanyl and morphine in 86 surgical patients. It was observed that neuroleptanalgesic agents exert no effect on platelet adhesiveness in vivo. Morphine also had no such effects.", "PMID": 1180373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7485", "title": "Nasotracheal general anaesthesia in maxillofacial surgery.", "content": "Following a survey comprising of 172 patients subjected to nasotracheal general anaesthesia accounting for 37, 1% of all cases of anaesthesia the authors stress the particular usefulness of this method of anaesthesia in maxillofacial surgery. Nasotracheal anaesthesia is the most suitable method of general anesthesia in oral operations and it can almost completely eliminate tracheostomy which is a procedure frequently associated with both early and late complications. No early complications were observed in patients undergoing nasotracheal anaesthesia. Certain improvements of the technique of intubation and conduction of anaesthesia are described.", "contents": "Nasotracheal general anaesthesia in maxillofacial surgery. Following a survey comprising of 172 patients subjected to nasotracheal general anaesthesia accounting for 37, 1% of all cases of anaesthesia the authors stress the particular usefulness of this method of anaesthesia in maxillofacial surgery. Nasotracheal anaesthesia is the most suitable method of general anesthesia in oral operations and it can almost completely eliminate tracheostomy which is a procedure frequently associated with both early and late complications. No early complications were observed in patients undergoing nasotracheal anaesthesia. Certain improvements of the technique of intubation and conduction of anaesthesia are described.", "PMID": 1180374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7486", "title": "[Light microscopy studies on the olfactory epithelium of the deer].", "content": "To examine the olfactory epithelium of the roe by the light microscope, the respective nasal region was prepared on the spot right on shooting, stained with a solution of Trypan-Blue, fixed in \"Susa\" thereafter, and was finally embedded in paraffin by the usual process. Macroscopically already a luxuriant development both of the endo- and ectoturbinalia was to be observed, filling the entire olfactory region of the nasal cavity with numerous folds, convolutions and ramifications. For the purpose of microscopic examination sections from 6 to 10 mum in thickness were made. The border between regio respiratoria and regio olfactoria runs irregularly. Again and again there are patches bare of receptors respectively glandular ones even in the olfactory region. The thickness of the olfactory mucous membrane varies from 140 to 400 mum, the height of the epithelium from 35 to 90 mum. The olfactory area was determined to total approx. 90 cm2 by means of two methods. The distribution of olfactory cells within the epithelium is a very irregular one, their number ranging from 4 to 62 cells per 1000 mum2. Most commonly a density of 24 to 42 cells was encountered. Taking a mean density of 33/1000 mum2 and an overall olfactory area of 90 cm2, the total number of olfactory cells was calculated to run up to 297 million. Sections which turned out well display several olfactory cells entire with pericaryon, dendrite, neck and capitulum with rupturing points of cilia on the latter. Olfactory cells exhibit big dimensional differences. Among other factors their size depends on their relative position within the epithelium and on the density of occurrence. Olfactory cells lying but sporadically within the epithelium mostly possess broad dendrites measuring slightly less in diameter than the pericaryon does, whereas densely situated receptors mainly present thin dendrites and small capitula. Some cell-parts vary independently from each other, some, however, seem to stand in certain relationship to each other. The great differences between individual olfactory cells give rise to the assumption that several cell types or cells of different function respectively are concealed behind it.", "contents": "[Light microscopy studies on the olfactory epithelium of the deer]. To examine the olfactory epithelium of the roe by the light microscope, the respective nasal region was prepared on the spot right on shooting, stained with a solution of Trypan-Blue, fixed in \"Susa\" thereafter, and was finally embedded in paraffin by the usual process. Macroscopically already a luxuriant development both of the endo- and ectoturbinalia was to be observed, filling the entire olfactory region of the nasal cavity with numerous folds, convolutions and ramifications. For the purpose of microscopic examination sections from 6 to 10 mum in thickness were made. The border between regio respiratoria and regio olfactoria runs irregularly. Again and again there are patches bare of receptors respectively glandular ones even in the olfactory region. The thickness of the olfactory mucous membrane varies from 140 to 400 mum, the height of the epithelium from 35 to 90 mum. The olfactory area was determined to total approx. 90 cm2 by means of two methods. The distribution of olfactory cells within the epithelium is a very irregular one, their number ranging from 4 to 62 cells per 1000 mum2. Most commonly a density of 24 to 42 cells was encountered. Taking a mean density of 33/1000 mum2 and an overall olfactory area of 90 cm2, the total number of olfactory cells was calculated to run up to 297 million. Sections which turned out well display several olfactory cells entire with pericaryon, dendrite, neck and capitulum with rupturing points of cilia on the latter. Olfactory cells exhibit big dimensional differences. Among other factors their size depends on their relative position within the epithelium and on the density of occurrence. Olfactory cells lying but sporadically within the epithelium mostly possess broad dendrites measuring slightly less in diameter than the pericaryon does, whereas densely situated receptors mainly present thin dendrites and small capitula. Some cell-parts vary independently from each other, some, however, seem to stand in certain relationship to each other. The great differences between individual olfactory cells give rise to the assumption that several cell types or cells of different function respectively are concealed behind it.", "PMID": 1180380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7487", "title": "Complications of endotracheal intubation in patients treated for acute poisoning.", "content": "In a group of 141 patients treated for coma following poisoning, complications of endotracheal intubation were assessed. The results of this study indicate that prolonged intubation is not quite safe and that serious complications occur in several per cent of cases. Complications are more common when intubation is prolonged over 24 hours. It was observed that hypoxaemia and hypercapnia have an unfavourable effect on the incidence of complications.", "contents": "Complications of endotracheal intubation in patients treated for acute poisoning. In a group of 141 patients treated for coma following poisoning, complications of endotracheal intubation were assessed. The results of this study indicate that prolonged intubation is not quite safe and that serious complications occur in several per cent of cases. Complications are more common when intubation is prolonged over 24 hours. It was observed that hypoxaemia and hypercapnia have an unfavourable effect on the incidence of complications.", "PMID": 1180375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7488", "title": "Changes in the phases of left ventricular contraction during induction of general anaesthesia.", "content": "By means of polycardiographic tracings the authors assessed the effects of althesin, ketamine and fentanyl on the dynamics of left ventricular contraction when these agents were applied for induction of anaesthesia. A depressing action of althesin was found while fentanyl and ketamine were without effect on the dynamics of left ventricular contraction. Polycardiographic tracings are a useful method for the assessment of the action of pharmacological agents on the cardiovascular system during operations.", "contents": "Changes in the phases of left ventricular contraction during induction of general anaesthesia. By means of polycardiographic tracings the authors assessed the effects of althesin, ketamine and fentanyl on the dynamics of left ventricular contraction when these agents were applied for induction of anaesthesia. A depressing action of althesin was found while fentanyl and ketamine were without effect on the dynamics of left ventricular contraction. Polycardiographic tracings are a useful method for the assessment of the action of pharmacological agents on the cardiovascular system during operations.", "PMID": 1180370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7489", "title": "Ketamine anaesthesia for caesarean section in poor-rick patients.", "content": "Caesarean section in a poor-risk patient treated intensively before and after operation is described. The operation was carried out when the patient was in diabetic coma with metabolic acidosis, electrolyte disturbances and low arterial blood pressure. Anaesthesia was conducted using ketamine with nitrous oxide and oxygen. Controlled respiration was performed administering fractionated doses of suxzmethonium.", "contents": "Ketamine anaesthesia for caesarean section in poor-rick patients. Caesarean section in a poor-risk patient treated intensively before and after operation is described. The operation was carried out when the patient was in diabetic coma with metabolic acidosis, electrolyte disturbances and low arterial blood pressure. Anaesthesia was conducted using ketamine with nitrous oxide and oxygen. Controlled respiration was performed administering fractionated doses of suxzmethonium.", "PMID": 1180376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7490", "title": "Acute barbiturate poisoning in the 39th week of pregnancy. Case report.", "content": "A rare case of suicidal barbiturate poisoning in the 39th week of pregnancy is reported. Diagnostic difficulties and prolonged coma were the reason that the foetus was delivered by Caesarean section. The authors discuss the effect of barbiturates on the foetus and the possibilities of other ways of management.", "contents": "Acute barbiturate poisoning in the 39th week of pregnancy. Case report. A rare case of suicidal barbiturate poisoning in the 39th week of pregnancy is reported. Diagnostic difficulties and prolonged coma were the reason that the foetus was delivered by Caesarean section. The authors discuss the effect of barbiturates on the foetus and the possibilities of other ways of management.", "PMID": 1180377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7491", "title": "Disturbances in the function of cardiovascular system in patients following endotracheal intubation and attempts of their prevention by pharmacological bloackade of sympathetic system.", "content": "The author recorded arterial blood pressure by direct method and ECG in 94 patients during laryngoscopy and intubation. A rise of the mean arterial blood pressure was observed from 104 to 153 mm Hg together with the appearance of ventricular premature beats in patients with normal arterial blood pressure and without arhythmia before the procedure. Superficial analgesia of the pharynx, larynx and trachea failed to prevent the rise of arterial pressure during intubation. The procedure of superficial analgesia connected with intubation caused also a rise in the arterial blood pressure and arrhythmia. Blockade of beta adrenergic receptors reduced the intensity of these disturbances, while blockade of alpha adrenergic receptors increased them. Blockade of the sympathetic ganglia by controlled infusion of trimethaphan (Arfonad) allowed the arterial pressure to be controlled during intubation thus preventing sudden rises and the development of arrhythmia. The author suggests that a sudden rise in the arterial blood pressure during endotracheal intubation may cause rupture of aortic or intracranial aneurysms. The rise of arterial blood pressure precedes the appearance of ventricular premature beats caused by stimulation of the pharynx, larynx and trachea.", "contents": "Disturbances in the function of cardiovascular system in patients following endotracheal intubation and attempts of their prevention by pharmacological bloackade of sympathetic system. The author recorded arterial blood pressure by direct method and ECG in 94 patients during laryngoscopy and intubation. A rise of the mean arterial blood pressure was observed from 104 to 153 mm Hg together with the appearance of ventricular premature beats in patients with normal arterial blood pressure and without arhythmia before the procedure. Superficial analgesia of the pharynx, larynx and trachea failed to prevent the rise of arterial pressure during intubation. The procedure of superficial analgesia connected with intubation caused also a rise in the arterial blood pressure and arrhythmia. Blockade of beta adrenergic receptors reduced the intensity of these disturbances, while blockade of alpha adrenergic receptors increased them. Blockade of the sympathetic ganglia by controlled infusion of trimethaphan (Arfonad) allowed the arterial pressure to be controlled during intubation thus preventing sudden rises and the development of arrhythmia. The author suggests that a sudden rise in the arterial blood pressure during endotracheal intubation may cause rupture of aortic or intracranial aneurysms. The rise of arterial blood pressure precedes the appearance of ventricular premature beats caused by stimulation of the pharynx, larynx and trachea.", "PMID": 1180371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7492", "title": "Cardiovascular malformations in spontaneously aborted human fetuses.", "content": "Among 57 spontaneously aborted fetuses with a crown-rump length (CRL) ranging from 30 to 180 mm, 5 were found to have cardiovascular malformations. The number of cases with cardiovascular malformations (numerator) and the number of observed fetuses (denominator) classified according to their CRL were as follows: CRL 30-49 mm, 1/9 (persistent left superior vena cava); 50-69 mm, 4/11 (one case each of membranous VSD with aberrant right subclavian artery, high muscular VSD, pulmonary stenosis with muscular VSD and overriding aorta, right aortic arch with membranous VSD); 70-99 mm, 0/7; 100-139 mm, 0/16; 140-180 mm, 0/14. The above results clearly show a high prevalence of cardiovascular malformations in spontaneously aborted fetuses with a CRL of less than 70 mm. The practicability and potential value of microdissection of small fetuses are stressed.", "contents": "Cardiovascular malformations in spontaneously aborted human fetuses. Among 57 spontaneously aborted fetuses with a crown-rump length (CRL) ranging from 30 to 180 mm, 5 were found to have cardiovascular malformations. The number of cases with cardiovascular malformations (numerator) and the number of observed fetuses (denominator) classified according to their CRL were as follows: CRL 30-49 mm, 1/9 (persistent left superior vena cava); 50-69 mm, 4/11 (one case each of membranous VSD with aberrant right subclavian artery, high muscular VSD, pulmonary stenosis with muscular VSD and overriding aorta, right aortic arch with membranous VSD); 70-99 mm, 0/7; 100-139 mm, 0/16; 140-180 mm, 0/14. The above results clearly show a high prevalence of cardiovascular malformations in spontaneously aborted fetuses with a CRL of less than 70 mm. The practicability and potential value of microdissection of small fetuses are stressed.", "PMID": 1180381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7493", "title": "Cardiac arrest during ophthalmological operations.", "content": "From a total number of 822 ophthalmological operations carried out under general anaesthesia two cases of cardiac arrest were observed as a result of oculocardiac reflex. The receptor for this reflex is the eye and the retrobulbal tissue, the effector is the myocardium. Children and adults with certain diseases show a predisposition to this complication. Most frequently the results of the oculocardiac reflex require no treatment, sometimes, however, resuscitation is necessary.", "contents": "Cardiac arrest during ophthalmological operations. From a total number of 822 ophthalmological operations carried out under general anaesthesia two cases of cardiac arrest were observed as a result of oculocardiac reflex. The receptor for this reflex is the eye and the retrobulbal tissue, the effector is the myocardium. Children and adults with certain diseases show a predisposition to this complication. Most frequently the results of the oculocardiac reflex require no treatment, sometimes, however, resuscitation is necessary.", "PMID": 1180378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7494", "title": "Anatomical studies on the arteries of the brain of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). I. The rete mirabile cerebri.", "content": "The arterial circulation to the brain of buffalo is accomplished through the rete mirabile cerebri. It is an interwined arterial mass located in the cavernous sinus on either side of the sella turcica and extend from foramen orbitorotundum to the sphenococcipital junction. The major contribution of blood reaches through the arteriae anastomotica and ramus anastomoticus, the branches of the internal maxillary artery. The vertebral and condyloid arteries form a plexus on basioccipital bone (plexus basioccipitalis). An emergent artery from the latter plexus bifurcates and joins the rete along its caudomedial angle. The internal carotid artery plays hardly any role in the cerebral circulation of buffalo.", "contents": "Anatomical studies on the arteries of the brain of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). I. The rete mirabile cerebri. The arterial circulation to the brain of buffalo is accomplished through the rete mirabile cerebri. It is an interwined arterial mass located in the cavernous sinus on either side of the sella turcica and extend from foramen orbitorotundum to the sphenococcipital junction. The major contribution of blood reaches through the arteriae anastomotica and ramus anastomoticus, the branches of the internal maxillary artery. The vertebral and condyloid arteries form a plexus on basioccipital bone (plexus basioccipitalis). An emergent artery from the latter plexus bifurcates and joins the rete along its caudomedial angle. The internal carotid artery plays hardly any role in the cerebral circulation of buffalo.", "PMID": 1180383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7495", "title": "Skeletal differences in the appendicular skeleton of the lynx and the caracal (Felidae: Carnivora) in relation to ecology.", "content": "The morphological characters of the girdles and limb-bones of the Lynx (Felis lynx Linnaeus) and the Caracal (Felis caracal Schreber) have been studied. Some features which aid in differentiating these two species have been represented. Further, an attempt has been made to correlate these differences with their habits.", "contents": "Skeletal differences in the appendicular skeleton of the lynx and the caracal (Felidae: Carnivora) in relation to ecology. The morphological characters of the girdles and limb-bones of the Lynx (Felis lynx Linnaeus) and the Caracal (Felis caracal Schreber) have been studied. Some features which aid in differentiating these two species have been represented. Further, an attempt has been made to correlate these differences with their habits.", "PMID": 1180384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7496", "title": "Studies on the neurosecretory system and retrocerebral endocrine glands of Ranatra filiformis Fabr. (Hemiptera), using the technique specific for cystine and or cysteine.", "content": "The number of cystine rich neurosecretory cells is about 8-10 in each brain lobe. They are of A-type cells. The lateral cells do not have cystine in their secretion. The cystine rich neurosecretory material is seen stored in the loose tissue of the aorta. The axons storing this material have a beeded structure. A pair of CC and CA, which are situated immediately behind the brain are negative to PA VB. The CA have a superficial network of neurosecretory axons and a little amount of NSM in its intercellular spaces.", "contents": "Studies on the neurosecretory system and retrocerebral endocrine glands of Ranatra filiformis Fabr. (Hemiptera), using the technique specific for cystine and or cysteine. The number of cystine rich neurosecretory cells is about 8-10 in each brain lobe. They are of A-type cells. The lateral cells do not have cystine in their secretion. The cystine rich neurosecretory material is seen stored in the loose tissue of the aorta. The axons storing this material have a beeded structure. A pair of CC and CA, which are situated immediately behind the brain are negative to PA VB. The CA have a superficial network of neurosecretory axons and a little amount of NSM in its intercellular spaces.", "PMID": 1180385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7497", "title": "Surface coat of the palatal shelf epithelium during palatogenesis in mouse embryos.", "content": "The palatal shelf epithelium of NMRI-mouse embryos was examined by electron microscopy during palatogenesis (day 14 + 2 hrs p.c. to day 14 + 10 hrs p.c.). A ruthenium red positive surface coat was observed on the epithelium of the vertically projected and horizontally rotated palatal processes. The surface coat on the tips of these processes was especially thick and was observed to be shed after fusion. The localization and the quantitative changes of the ruthenium red positive material during closure of the palatal shelves suggest that the surface coat may be involved in the initial process of palatal epithelial adhesion.", "contents": "Surface coat of the palatal shelf epithelium during palatogenesis in mouse embryos. The palatal shelf epithelium of NMRI-mouse embryos was examined by electron microscopy during palatogenesis (day 14 + 2 hrs p.c. to day 14 + 10 hrs p.c.). A ruthenium red positive surface coat was observed on the epithelium of the vertically projected and horizontally rotated palatal processes. The surface coat on the tips of these processes was especially thick and was observed to be shed after fusion. The localization and the quantitative changes of the ruthenium red positive material during closure of the palatal shelves suggest that the surface coat may be involved in the initial process of palatal epithelial adhesion.", "PMID": 1180389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7498", "title": "Secretory phenomena at the ependyma of the IIIrd ventricle of the embryonic rat.", "content": "On the basis of previous observations of the third ventricle, the brains of rat embryos in the 17 to 21 gestation days were examined by light- and electron microscope as well as histochemically. Following results were obtained: 1. Between the 18th and 20th gestation days supraependymal secretion spherules and intraventricular secretion masses were observed in the rostral part of the third ventricular lumen. The intraventricular structures are not demonstrable with neurosecretory stains; they are PAS-negative and do not stain with periodic-acid-bisulfite-aldehydethionine. All histochemical reactions performed were negative. 2. The morphological finding in the same frontal plane is not uniform. Dorso-ventral difference exist between one ependymal region which lies caudal to the subfornical organ and an area in the same plane which is situated further ventrally near the entrance to the foramina Monroi (Fig. 1 a). In the superior portion, the supraependymal structures are spherical or bottle-shaped formations and are easily definable. In the lower ventricular portion densely situated ependymal protrusions are seen which become sperical only in the ventricular lumen. 3. In both instances (the spherical and flask-shaped protrusions of the superior portion and the strongly shaped protrusions of the lower portion of the third ventricle) cytoplasmic protuberances containing more or less dense, fine-grain ground plasma and a differentiated number of polyribosomes can be seen. Using the Richardson stain, chromophobe protrusions are seen to possess a diffuse ground plasma and only a few ribosomes, while chromophile protrusions have a dense ground plasma and numerous polyribosomes rosettes. Only rarely are single vesicles observed in the protrusions. 4. The ependyma cells contain densely packed, rough-walled endoplasmic reticulum whose cisterns are irregularly dilated and filled with electron-dense material; they also contain many ribosomes and dictyosomes. The organelles are accumulated mainly in the apical cell portions. A terminal web spans the cell surface and attaches to the zonulae adhaerentes, preventing the flow of cell organelles into the organelle-free secretory protrusions. 5. The functional implication of the ependymal secretion, which appears in the third ventricle for a few days only, during embryonic development, is still unknown and is the goal of subsequent examinations.", "contents": "Secretory phenomena at the ependyma of the IIIrd ventricle of the embryonic rat. On the basis of previous observations of the third ventricle, the brains of rat embryos in the 17 to 21 gestation days were examined by light- and electron microscope as well as histochemically. Following results were obtained: 1. Between the 18th and 20th gestation days supraependymal secretion spherules and intraventricular secretion masses were observed in the rostral part of the third ventricular lumen. The intraventricular structures are not demonstrable with neurosecretory stains; they are PAS-negative and do not stain with periodic-acid-bisulfite-aldehydethionine. All histochemical reactions performed were negative. 2. The morphological finding in the same frontal plane is not uniform. Dorso-ventral difference exist between one ependymal region which lies caudal to the subfornical organ and an area in the same plane which is situated further ventrally near the entrance to the foramina Monroi (Fig. 1 a). In the superior portion, the supraependymal structures are spherical or bottle-shaped formations and are easily definable. In the lower ventricular portion densely situated ependymal protrusions are seen which become sperical only in the ventricular lumen. 3. In both instances (the spherical and flask-shaped protrusions of the superior portion and the strongly shaped protrusions of the lower portion of the third ventricle) cytoplasmic protuberances containing more or less dense, fine-grain ground plasma and a differentiated number of polyribosomes can be seen. Using the Richardson stain, chromophobe protrusions are seen to possess a diffuse ground plasma and only a few ribosomes, while chromophile protrusions have a dense ground plasma and numerous polyribosomes rosettes. Only rarely are single vesicles observed in the protrusions. 4. The ependyma cells contain densely packed, rough-walled endoplasmic reticulum whose cisterns are irregularly dilated and filled with electron-dense material; they also contain many ribosomes and dictyosomes. The organelles are accumulated mainly in the apical cell portions. A terminal web spans the cell surface and attaches to the zonulae adhaerentes, preventing the flow of cell organelles into the organelle-free secretory protrusions. 5. The functional implication of the ependymal secretion, which appears in the third ventricle for a few days only, during embryonic development, is still unknown and is the goal of subsequent examinations.", "PMID": 1180390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7499", "title": "Malformed vertebrae: a new mutant with the \"wirbel-rippen syndrom\" in the mouse.", "content": "A new skeletal mutant in the house mouse, \"malformed vertebrae\" (MV), is described. It is semidominant. The skeletal malformations can be traced back to disturbed somite formation.", "contents": "Malformed vertebrae: a new mutant with the \"wirbel-rippen syndrom\" in the mouse. A new skeletal mutant in the house mouse, \"malformed vertebrae\" (MV), is described. It is semidominant. The skeletal malformations can be traced back to disturbed somite formation.", "PMID": 1180391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7500", "title": "A cytoarchitectonic volumetric comparison of the area gigantopyramidalis in wild and domestic sheep.", "content": "The area gigantopyramidalis has been circumscribed on frontal serial sections of brains of mouflons (Ovis ammon musimon) and domestic sheep (Ovis ammon f. aries). A brief description of the topography and lamination of the area 4 is given. By means of intraspecific-allometric methods this area has shown a decrease in volume by 29.9% in domestic sheep compared with wild sheep. In view of the close relationship between size and function of a structure the reduction rates of the area gigantopyramidalis, the cerebellum and the basal ganglia are discussed as due to the special environmental changes caused by domestication.", "contents": "A cytoarchitectonic volumetric comparison of the area gigantopyramidalis in wild and domestic sheep. The area gigantopyramidalis has been circumscribed on frontal serial sections of brains of mouflons (Ovis ammon musimon) and domestic sheep (Ovis ammon f. aries). A brief description of the topography and lamination of the area 4 is given. By means of intraspecific-allometric methods this area has shown a decrease in volume by 29.9% in domestic sheep compared with wild sheep. In view of the close relationship between size and function of a structure the reduction rates of the area gigantopyramidalis, the cerebellum and the basal ganglia are discussed as due to the special environmental changes caused by domestication.", "PMID": 1180392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7501", "title": "[Intercellular junctions in the guinea pig stria vascularis as shown by freeze-etching (author's transl)].", "content": "Freeze-fracture replicas of the guinea pig inner ear were analyzed to study the occurrence and structure of zonulae and fasciae occludentes (tight junctions) and nexuses (gap junctions) in the stria vascularis. Zonulae occludents of the marginal cells, which form a barrier towards the potassium-rich endolymph of the cochlear duct, were demonstrated to be of the \"intermediate to tight\" type (Claude and Goodenough, 1973). Abundant, extensive cell contacts of the basal cells were identified as fasciae occludentes forming a barrier towards the spiral ligament. Nexuses were found connecting marginal, intermediate and basal cells of the stria vascularis as well as between the basal cells and fibrocytes of the spiral ligament. Frequently, nexuses were seen within the areas of the basal cell fasciae occludentes. It is supposed that nexuses mediate the electrotonic coupling between neighbouring stria vascularis cells and that probably they are an essential factor for the development of the endocochlear potential. It is pointed out that the intercellular spaces of the stria vascularis represent a compartment with high oxygen supply and an important metabolic system. A high intramembrane particle density was observed on some nonjunctional areas of the cell membranes, especially on the A-fracture faces of the marginal cell extensions. It appears that these membranes exhibit a high metabolic activity. Finally, the findings are discussed with respect to the production and maintenance of the endocochlear potential.", "contents": "[Intercellular junctions in the guinea pig stria vascularis as shown by freeze-etching (author's transl)]. Freeze-fracture replicas of the guinea pig inner ear were analyzed to study the occurrence and structure of zonulae and fasciae occludentes (tight junctions) and nexuses (gap junctions) in the stria vascularis. Zonulae occludents of the marginal cells, which form a barrier towards the potassium-rich endolymph of the cochlear duct, were demonstrated to be of the \"intermediate to tight\" type (Claude and Goodenough, 1973). Abundant, extensive cell contacts of the basal cells were identified as fasciae occludentes forming a barrier towards the spiral ligament. Nexuses were found connecting marginal, intermediate and basal cells of the stria vascularis as well as between the basal cells and fibrocytes of the spiral ligament. Frequently, nexuses were seen within the areas of the basal cell fasciae occludentes. It is supposed that nexuses mediate the electrotonic coupling between neighbouring stria vascularis cells and that probably they are an essential factor for the development of the endocochlear potential. It is pointed out that the intercellular spaces of the stria vascularis represent a compartment with high oxygen supply and an important metabolic system. A high intramembrane particle density was observed on some nonjunctional areas of the cell membranes, especially on the A-fracture faces of the marginal cell extensions. It appears that these membranes exhibit a high metabolic activity. Finally, the findings are discussed with respect to the production and maintenance of the endocochlear potential.", "PMID": 1180393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7502", "title": "Biomechanically important articular surfaces in the talocrural joint.", "content": "The authors investigated the influence of relations between the utile areas of the articular faces in ankle joint in medial twisting of the foot. For their investigation they used the material from the Institute of Anatomy \"Drago Perovi\u0107\", Institute of Pathology and Institute for Forensic medicine of the Medical Faculty of  Zagreb. Investigations were performed in articular faces of the tibia, fibula and talus on the left and right legs of the adults. Mutual comparing of the joint faces, their areas and altitudes, angles between the medial malleolus and tibia, and the altitudes of the medial and lateral malleolus has shown great individual differences. According to these results the authors concluded that the disproportion of the articular bodies caused habitual medial twisting of the foot. The importance and the role of ligaments, muscles and joint capsule were not the object of this investigation. The obtained results are a contribution to the functional anatomy of the ankle joint, and to the clinical pathology of this region.", "contents": "Biomechanically important articular surfaces in the talocrural joint. The authors investigated the influence of relations between the utile areas of the articular faces in ankle joint in medial twisting of the foot. For their investigation they used the material from the Institute of Anatomy \"Drago Perovi\u0107\", Institute of Pathology and Institute for Forensic medicine of the Medical Faculty of  Zagreb. Investigations were performed in articular faces of the tibia, fibula and talus on the left and right legs of the adults. Mutual comparing of the joint faces, their areas and altitudes, angles between the medial malleolus and tibia, and the altitudes of the medial and lateral malleolus has shown great individual differences. According to these results the authors concluded that the disproportion of the articular bodies caused habitual medial twisting of the foot. The importance and the role of ligaments, muscles and joint capsule were not the object of this investigation. The obtained results are a contribution to the functional anatomy of the ankle joint, and to the clinical pathology of this region.", "PMID": 1180394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7503", "title": "On some aspects of schwann-sheath development and the possible role of their desmosome-like structures.", "content": "An investigation was made of ventral and dorsal spinal roots (L7 and S1) in the postnatal life of the rabbit. The development of the Schwann sheath of the nerve fibers was studied and correlated with the distribution and morphological characteristics of the desmosome-like structures connected with them. The association of these structures with constituents of the endoplasmic granular and smooth-surfaced reticulum of the Schwann cell is pointed out. The possibility is discussed of a direct relationship between the inner mesaxons, as well as along the length of the peripheral myelin lamellae. In addition, it is suggested that in some cases already existing membrane formations of the adjacent cytoplasm become attached to the developing Schwann sheaths, which results in branching mesaxons or \"poli-mesaxonal\" nerve fibers.", "contents": "On some aspects of schwann-sheath development and the possible role of their desmosome-like structures. An investigation was made of ventral and dorsal spinal roots (L7 and S1) in the postnatal life of the rabbit. The development of the Schwann sheath of the nerve fibers was studied and correlated with the distribution and morphological characteristics of the desmosome-like structures connected with them. The association of these structures with constituents of the endoplasmic granular and smooth-surfaced reticulum of the Schwann cell is pointed out. The possibility is discussed of a direct relationship between the inner mesaxons, as well as along the length of the peripheral myelin lamellae. In addition, it is suggested that in some cases already existing membrane formations of the adjacent cytoplasm become attached to the developing Schwann sheaths, which results in branching mesaxons or \"poli-mesaxonal\" nerve fibers.", "PMID": 1180395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7504", "title": "Characteristics of bovine lung as observed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The surface characteristics of the intrapulmonary airways and alveoli of the lungs from 12 young adult cattle examined by the scanning electron microscope are described. When compared with similar studies of the lungs of various other mammalian species, the bovine lung generally resembles that of other mammals except for several important features: (1) Alveolar pores of Kohn are small and extremely rare; (2) Alveolar macrophages are seldom seen in alveolar air spaces; (3) Interlobular septa completely separate the lung into distinct lobules.", "contents": "Characteristics of bovine lung as observed by scanning electron microscopy. The surface characteristics of the intrapulmonary airways and alveoli of the lungs from 12 young adult cattle examined by the scanning electron microscope are described. When compared with similar studies of the lungs of various other mammalian species, the bovine lung generally resembles that of other mammals except for several important features: (1) Alveolar pores of Kohn are small and extremely rare; (2) Alveolar macrophages are seldom seen in alveolar air spaces; (3) Interlobular septa completely separate the lung into distinct lobules.", "PMID": 1180396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7505", "title": "An unusual modification of endoplasmic reticulum in epithelial cells of the mouse ascending colon.", "content": "A rarely occurring structure that is apparently a modification of endoplasmic reticulum was observed in the epithelial cells of the ascending colon of the mouse. The structure consists of a stack of 3 to 15 parallel cisterna-like elements separated by about 67 nm. The stacked cisternae usually are located adjacent to the basal end of the nucleus or in the region between nucleus and basal cell membrane. Top and bottom cisternae of many of the stacks have patent lumens and their outer membranes are lined by ribosomes. Most frequently, middle cisternae have attenuated lumens in their central regions. In some instances the width of the cisternal lumens is similar throughout. Closely apposed pairs of cisternae also occur. Some stacks have a concentric configuration. The intercisternal space contains tightly packed vesicles (38 nm) arranged in a hexagonal array. Many of the vesicles are connected to the membranes of the cisternae by stalk-like projections. The vesicles also occur between the nuclear envelope and the adjacent parallel cisternae. Mitochondria are situated close to each stack.", "contents": "An unusual modification of endoplasmic reticulum in epithelial cells of the mouse ascending colon. A rarely occurring structure that is apparently a modification of endoplasmic reticulum was observed in the epithelial cells of the ascending colon of the mouse. The structure consists of a stack of 3 to 15 parallel cisterna-like elements separated by about 67 nm. The stacked cisternae usually are located adjacent to the basal end of the nucleus or in the region between nucleus and basal cell membrane. Top and bottom cisternae of many of the stacks have patent lumens and their outer membranes are lined by ribosomes. Most frequently, middle cisternae have attenuated lumens in their central regions. In some instances the width of the cisternal lumens is similar throughout. Closely apposed pairs of cisternae also occur. Some stacks have a concentric configuration. The intercisternal space contains tightly packed vesicles (38 nm) arranged in a hexagonal array. Many of the vesicles are connected to the membranes of the cisternae by stalk-like projections. The vesicles also occur between the nuclear envelope and the adjacent parallel cisternae. Mitochondria are situated close to each stack.", "PMID": 1180397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7506", "title": "Light and electron microscopic study of the effects of ZnSO4 on mouse nasal respiratory epithelium and subsequent responses.", "content": "The effects of ZnSO4 irrigation on mouse nasal respiratory epithelium (NRE) and subsequent responses of the tissue were studied at the light and electron microscopic levels in two different strains of mice (C57Bl/6J and SWR/J). The most marked effect of the ZnSO4 took the form of necrosis and sloughing of surface cells in both strains one-half day after ZnSO4 irrigation. This treatment caused maximal change in a different cell type in each of the two strains. Ciliated cells were most noticeably affected in the C57Bl/6J strain, secretory cells in the SWR/J strain. Subsequent manifestations of recovery differed accordingly in each strain. In the C57Bl/6J mice numerous dividing surface cells and large areas of tall nonciliated and ciliating cells were prominent two to five days after treatment. Secretory cells appeared normal but were reduced in numbers during this time, indicating that they were also affected by the treatment. The NRE of this strain was normal by the fourteenth day following treatment. The NRE of SWR/J animals, on the other hand, contained no visibly dividing cells and no large areas of nonciliated cells during the first four days following treatment, although a few ciliating cells were present at this time. The secretory cell population in these animals was normal after five days but individual cells deviated from normalcy by containing numerous dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum which persisted in the secretory cells during the remainder of the experiment.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic study of the effects of ZnSO4 on mouse nasal respiratory epithelium and subsequent responses. The effects of ZnSO4 irrigation on mouse nasal respiratory epithelium (NRE) and subsequent responses of the tissue were studied at the light and electron microscopic levels in two different strains of mice (C57Bl/6J and SWR/J). The most marked effect of the ZnSO4 took the form of necrosis and sloughing of surface cells in both strains one-half day after ZnSO4 irrigation. This treatment caused maximal change in a different cell type in each of the two strains. Ciliated cells were most noticeably affected in the C57Bl/6J strain, secretory cells in the SWR/J strain. Subsequent manifestations of recovery differed accordingly in each strain. In the C57Bl/6J mice numerous dividing surface cells and large areas of tall nonciliated and ciliating cells were prominent two to five days after treatment. Secretory cells appeared normal but were reduced in numbers during this time, indicating that they were also affected by the treatment. The NRE of this strain was normal by the fourteenth day following treatment. The NRE of SWR/J animals, on the other hand, contained no visibly dividing cells and no large areas of nonciliated cells during the first four days following treatment, although a few ciliating cells were present at this time. The secretory cell population in these animals was normal after five days but individual cells deviated from normalcy by containing numerous dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum which persisted in the secretory cells during the remainder of the experiment.", "PMID": 1180398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7507", "title": "Presynaptic inhibition in man during anesthesia and sleep.", "content": "The slow positive (P2) wave of the evoked electrospinogram was recorded from the dorsal epidural space in man. The waveform characteristics of the P2 wave were similar to those of the dorsal cord positive wave (P wave), which is believed to be caused by the primary afferent depolarization (PAD) and to be related to presynaptic inhibitory action in animals. The \"second\" component of the P2 wave appeared during excitement or following strong stimulation and disappeared after thiamylal administration and during natural slow-wave sleep. The second component, also demonstrated in the P wave of rabbits during ketamine anesthesia, was abolished by spinal transection. Therefore, these second components in man and rabbits may originate from a feedback loop via supraspinal structures. Thus, supraspinal influences might play an important role in the regulation of presynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord of man during wakefulness and anesthesia.", "contents": "Presynaptic inhibition in man during anesthesia and sleep. The slow positive (P2) wave of the evoked electrospinogram was recorded from the dorsal epidural space in man. The waveform characteristics of the P2 wave were similar to those of the dorsal cord positive wave (P wave), which is believed to be caused by the primary afferent depolarization (PAD) and to be related to presynaptic inhibitory action in animals. The \"second\" component of the P2 wave appeared during excitement or following strong stimulation and disappeared after thiamylal administration and during natural slow-wave sleep. The second component, also demonstrated in the P wave of rabbits during ketamine anesthesia, was abolished by spinal transection. Therefore, these second components in man and rabbits may originate from a feedback loop via supraspinal structures. Thus, supraspinal influences might play an important role in the regulation of presynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord of man during wakefulness and anesthesia.", "PMID": 1180400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7508", "title": "Barbiturates and aortic and venous smooth-muscle function.", "content": "Using isolated rat aortic strips (AS) and portal veins (PV), it was found that all of the barbiturates studied (thiopental, secobarbital, pentobarbital, amobarbital, phenobarbital, and barbital): a) inhibit development of spontaneous mechanical activity (vasomotion) in AS and PV in concentrations used to induce surgical anesthesia or concentrations used for anticonvulsive therapy; b) dose-dependent attenuate contractions induced by epinephrine and potassium (K+); c) cause non-competitive displacement of the dose-response curves of these vasoactive compounds; d) attenuate calcium (Ca++)-induced contractions of K+-depolarized AS and PV; e) rapidly relax drug-induced, as well as Ca++-induced, contractions of AS and PV. In addition, the data indicate that: a) rat portal venous smooth muscle is more sensitive to the inhibitory actions of barbiturates than is rat aortic smooth muscle, and b) thiopental, but none of the other barbiturates, can elicit dose-dependent contractions of AS. Concentrations of barbiturates known to be present during induction of surgical anesthesia can exert depressant effects on at least two types of vascular smooth muscle that may be related to actions on movement and/or translocation of Ca++.", "contents": "Barbiturates and aortic and venous smooth-muscle function. Using isolated rat aortic strips (AS) and portal veins (PV), it was found that all of the barbiturates studied (thiopental, secobarbital, pentobarbital, amobarbital, phenobarbital, and barbital): a) inhibit development of spontaneous mechanical activity (vasomotion) in AS and PV in concentrations used to induce surgical anesthesia or concentrations used for anticonvulsive therapy; b) dose-dependent attenuate contractions induced by epinephrine and potassium (K+); c) cause non-competitive displacement of the dose-response curves of these vasoactive compounds; d) attenuate calcium (Ca++)-induced contractions of K+-depolarized AS and PV; e) rapidly relax drug-induced, as well as Ca++-induced, contractions of AS and PV. In addition, the data indicate that: a) rat portal venous smooth muscle is more sensitive to the inhibitory actions of barbiturates than is rat aortic smooth muscle, and b) thiopental, but none of the other barbiturates, can elicit dose-dependent contractions of AS. Concentrations of barbiturates known to be present during induction of surgical anesthesia can exert depressant effects on at least two types of vascular smooth muscle that may be related to actions on movement and/or translocation of Ca++.", "PMID": 1180401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7509", "title": "[Fluorometric dosage of the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolites in urine].", "content": "The author describes a method of identification and estimation in biological fluids of delta9-THC and its metabolites based on the formation after extraction and suitable binding with Gallium to form highly fluorescent complexes.", "contents": "[Fluorometric dosage of the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolites in urine]. The author describes a method of identification and estimation in biological fluids of delta9-THC and its metabolites based on the formation after extraction and suitable binding with Gallium to form highly fluorescent complexes.", "PMID": 1180416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7510", "title": "[Interference of noramidopyrin and its derivatives on the dosage of uric acid].", "content": "Administration of noramidopyrine or of noramidopyrine-methane-sulfonate interferes with the determination of blood uric acid by both the colorimetric method of Folin-Denis and an enzymatic uricase peroxidase method. This interference which is observed at least during the 24 hours following intravenous administration of noramidopyrine, results in either an increase (Folin-Denis) or a decrease (uricase) of the intensity of the final colour. The same effects are also observed in vitro when one adds noramidopyrine to an aqueous solution of uric acid. Existence of this interference should be taken into consideration especially in the diagnosis, the prognosis and the analgesic treatment of renal lithiasis.", "contents": "[Interference of noramidopyrin and its derivatives on the dosage of uric acid]. Administration of noramidopyrine or of noramidopyrine-methane-sulfonate interferes with the determination of blood uric acid by both the colorimetric method of Folin-Denis and an enzymatic uricase peroxidase method. This interference which is observed at least during the 24 hours following intravenous administration of noramidopyrine, results in either an increase (Folin-Denis) or a decrease (uricase) of the intensity of the final colour. The same effects are also observed in vitro when one adds noramidopyrine to an aqueous solution of uric acid. Existence of this interference should be taken into consideration especially in the diagnosis, the prognosis and the analgesic treatment of renal lithiasis.", "PMID": 1180417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7511", "title": "[Dosage of urinary iodures with a crystalline membrane selective electrode].", "content": "The fixation of iodine 131 on thyroid is often disturbed by iodine overdose. In order to detect such conditions, the authors propose a method of estimation of urinary iodide based on the use of a selective crystalline membrane electrode.", "contents": "[Dosage of urinary iodures with a crystalline membrane selective electrode]. The fixation of iodine 131 on thyroid is often disturbed by iodine overdose. In order to detect such conditions, the authors propose a method of estimation of urinary iodide based on the use of a selective crystalline membrane electrode.", "PMID": 1180418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7512", "title": "[Determination of blood iron and the total fixation capacity of transferrin by a simple automatic technic without dialysis].", "content": "An automated method without dialysis for determining serum iron is described. It is an adaptation of the Lauber procedure to the Technicon Auto Analyser I: serum iron is split from its protein combination by exposure to an acetate pH 5.8 buffer, in the presence of a detergent (Teepol 710) which prevents any precipitation of proteins. Iron is maintained in ferrous state by addition of sodium dithionite and is quantitated with bathophenanthrolin colorimetry. Serum samples are analysed at a rate of 60/H. It is necessary to run a blank for each serum sample. Between 20 and 500 mug iron/100 ml the color intensity agrees with Beer's law. The reproducibility is good, and the variation coefficient less than 1.2 per cent. Our results are not significatively different of those obtained with the ICSH standard method. Bilirubin does not interfere. Iron added is satisfactorily recovered. Our method can also be used for determining the transferrin iron binding capacity.", "contents": "[Determination of blood iron and the total fixation capacity of transferrin by a simple automatic technic without dialysis]. An automated method without dialysis for determining serum iron is described. It is an adaptation of the Lauber procedure to the Technicon Auto Analyser I: serum iron is split from its protein combination by exposure to an acetate pH 5.8 buffer, in the presence of a detergent (Teepol 710) which prevents any precipitation of proteins. Iron is maintained in ferrous state by addition of sodium dithionite and is quantitated with bathophenanthrolin colorimetry. Serum samples are analysed at a rate of 60/H. It is necessary to run a blank for each serum sample. Between 20 and 500 mug iron/100 ml the color intensity agrees with Beer's law. The reproducibility is good, and the variation coefficient less than 1.2 per cent. Our results are not significatively different of those obtained with the ICSH standard method. Bilirubin does not interfere. Iron added is satisfactorily recovered. Our method can also be used for determining the transferrin iron binding capacity.", "PMID": 1180419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7513", "title": "Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver and intrahepatic hemorrhage in young women on oral contraceptives.", "content": "Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver may occur with increased frequency in young women who have been taking oral contraceptives. Patients may present with massive intraperitoneal hemorrhage requiring immediate surgical intervention. These nodules may be multiple and occasionally pedunculated, mimicking ovarian cysts. Liver function tests are nondiagnostic. A liver scan and arteriogram are often helpful in determining a diagnosis. Percutaneous liver biopsy is contraindicated. Large nodules should be resected, and continued use of oral contraceptives is contraindicated.", "contents": "Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver and intrahepatic hemorrhage in young women on oral contraceptives. Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver may occur with increased frequency in young women who have been taking oral contraceptives. Patients may present with massive intraperitoneal hemorrhage requiring immediate surgical intervention. These nodules may be multiple and occasionally pedunculated, mimicking ovarian cysts. Liver function tests are nondiagnostic. A liver scan and arteriogram are often helpful in determining a diagnosis. Percutaneous liver biopsy is contraindicated. Large nodules should be resected, and continued use of oral contraceptives is contraindicated.", "PMID": 1180424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7514", "title": "The thyrotoxicosis of hydatidiform mole.", "content": "In 14 women with hydatidiform mole, 9 were hyperthyroid. Serum thyroxine (T4) levels varied between 18 and 34 mug/100 ml, and serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels between 300 and 800 ng/100 ml in the hyperthyroid patients. Bioassayable thyroid-stimulating hormone (molar TSH) was found in high concentrations in the serum of 13 patients in whom preoperative serum was available. There was a close correlation between the serum levels of human chorionic gonadotrophin, molar TSH, and T3. Intravenous sodium iodide caused a fall in serum T3 and, to a lesser extent, in T4 in hyperthyroid patients but not in a euthyroid patient. Removal of molar tissue caused a dramatic fall in the serum levels of T3, T4, molar TSH, and human chorionic gonadotrophin. The close correlation between the serum concentrations of molar TSH and human chorionic gonadotrophin lend support to the suggestion that the human chorionic gonadotrophin molecule itself, when present in large amounts, stimulates thyroid function significantly.", "contents": "The thyrotoxicosis of hydatidiform mole. In 14 women with hydatidiform mole, 9 were hyperthyroid. Serum thyroxine (T4) levels varied between 18 and 34 mug/100 ml, and serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels between 300 and 800 ng/100 ml in the hyperthyroid patients. Bioassayable thyroid-stimulating hormone (molar TSH) was found in high concentrations in the serum of 13 patients in whom preoperative serum was available. There was a close correlation between the serum levels of human chorionic gonadotrophin, molar TSH, and T3. Intravenous sodium iodide caused a fall in serum T3 and, to a lesser extent, in T4 in hyperthyroid patients but not in a euthyroid patient. Removal of molar tissue caused a dramatic fall in the serum levels of T3, T4, molar TSH, and human chorionic gonadotrophin. The close correlation between the serum concentrations of molar TSH and human chorionic gonadotrophin lend support to the suggestion that the human chorionic gonadotrophin molecule itself, when present in large amounts, stimulates thyroid function significantly.", "PMID": 1180425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7515", "title": "Reduced systemic vascular resistance as therapy for severe mitral regurgitation of valvular origin.", "content": "We examined the hemodynamic response to afterload reduction by sodium nitroprusside in 7 patients with severe mitral regurgitation of purely valvular origin. Lowering of systemic vascular resistance was associated with major reductions in pulmonary capillary mean (29 +/- 2 to 13 +/- 1 mm Hg) and left ventricular end diastolic (20 +/- 3 to 9 +/- 1 mm Hg) pressures, while substantial increases were noted in cardiac index (2.2 +/- 0.5 to 3.1 +/- 0.4 litres/min per m2 body surface area) and forward stroke volume (23 +/- 4 to 34 +/- 4 ml/beat/m2 body surface area). Angiographic calculations showed significant decreases in regurgitant volume (73 +/- 19 to 55 +/- 12 ml/beat/m2 body surface area) and regurgitant fraction (0.70 +/- 0.07 to 0.57 +/- 0.06). No significant change occurred in left ventricular ejection fraction or heart rate, suggesting that the improved cardiac function was not due to a reflex increase in adrenergic stimulation. These observations support the concept that afterload reduction may be therapeutic in severe mitral regurgitation by reducing impedance to forward left ventricular output, thereby promoting greater forward and small regurgitant fractions of the total stroke volume.", "contents": "Reduced systemic vascular resistance as therapy for severe mitral regurgitation of valvular origin. We examined the hemodynamic response to afterload reduction by sodium nitroprusside in 7 patients with severe mitral regurgitation of purely valvular origin. Lowering of systemic vascular resistance was associated with major reductions in pulmonary capillary mean (29 +/- 2 to 13 +/- 1 mm Hg) and left ventricular end diastolic (20 +/- 3 to 9 +/- 1 mm Hg) pressures, while substantial increases were noted in cardiac index (2.2 +/- 0.5 to 3.1 +/- 0.4 litres/min per m2 body surface area) and forward stroke volume (23 +/- 4 to 34 +/- 4 ml/beat/m2 body surface area). Angiographic calculations showed significant decreases in regurgitant volume (73 +/- 19 to 55 +/- 12 ml/beat/m2 body surface area) and regurgitant fraction (0.70 +/- 0.07 to 0.57 +/- 0.06). No significant change occurred in left ventricular ejection fraction or heart rate, suggesting that the improved cardiac function was not due to a reflex increase in adrenergic stimulation. These observations support the concept that afterload reduction may be therapeutic in severe mitral regurgitation by reducing impedance to forward left ventricular output, thereby promoting greater forward and small regurgitant fractions of the total stroke volume.", "PMID": 1180426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7516", "title": "Fluid therapy in severe systemic reaction to radiopaque dye.", "content": "Two patients developed severe vascular collapse after left ventriculography with organic iodides. Hemodynamic monitoring showed marked reduction in systemic pressures. In one patient there was no response to the standard therapeutic measures in anaphylactic reactions, and prompt response to fluid administration was obtained. In the second patient response was prompt to fluids, adrenalin, and hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Fluid therapy in severe systemic reaction to radiopaque dye. Two patients developed severe vascular collapse after left ventriculography with organic iodides. Hemodynamic monitoring showed marked reduction in systemic pressures. In one patient there was no response to the standard therapeutic measures in anaphylactic reactions, and prompt response to fluid administration was obtained. In the second patient response was prompt to fluids, adrenalin, and hydrocortisone.", "PMID": 1180427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7517", "title": "Acute anticholinergic syndrome due to Jimson seed ingestion. Clinical and laboratory observation in six cases.", "content": "Ten patients presented with acute anticholinergic syndrome secondary to Jimson seed (Datura stramonium) ingestion. Six of the 10 patients required hospitalization because of hyperpyrexia and severe neurologic derangement. Electroencephalograms recorded immediately after admission showed [1] slow wave activity, and [2] bizarre rhythmical bursts of high-voltage sharp wave activity; both of which rapidly resolved during the next 24 hours, as did the associated clinical findings of hyperreflexia, bilateral dorsiflexor Babinski responses, and decerebrate posturing. Previously unreported elevation of serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase and prothrombin time prolongation are documented. The pathogenic mechanism accounting for abberation of these laboratory values remains undefined. All patients showed rapid clinical improvement; follow-up neurologic evaluation and electroencephalograms have been within normal limits. Because of the widespread availability and potential abuse of the Jimson seed, the clinical syndrome associated with its toxicity merits recognition.", "contents": "Acute anticholinergic syndrome due to Jimson seed ingestion. Clinical and laboratory observation in six cases. Ten patients presented with acute anticholinergic syndrome secondary to Jimson seed (Datura stramonium) ingestion. Six of the 10 patients required hospitalization because of hyperpyrexia and severe neurologic derangement. Electroencephalograms recorded immediately after admission showed [1] slow wave activity, and [2] bizarre rhythmical bursts of high-voltage sharp wave activity; both of which rapidly resolved during the next 24 hours, as did the associated clinical findings of hyperreflexia, bilateral dorsiflexor Babinski responses, and decerebrate posturing. Previously unreported elevation of serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase and prothrombin time prolongation are documented. The pathogenic mechanism accounting for abberation of these laboratory values remains undefined. All patients showed rapid clinical improvement; follow-up neurologic evaluation and electroencephalograms have been within normal limits. Because of the widespread availability and potential abuse of the Jimson seed, the clinical syndrome associated with its toxicity merits recognition.", "PMID": 1180428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7518", "title": "Significance of increased factor VIII in early glomerulonephritis.", "content": "One hundred sixteen patients with early glomerulonephritis had factor VIII without impairment of renal function. They also had other coagulation and fibrinolytic components and acute phase reactants. The patients were followed for up to 4 years with respect to both coagulation pattern and renal function. Patients who made a complete recovery during follow-up had normal initial factor VIII levels, while those who developed persistent renal damage had high factor VIII levels. The other coagulation factors and the acute phase reactants were of no prognostic significance. Factor VIII has been shown to be synthesized in the vessel intima. The initial factor VIII level in early glomerulonephritis may reflect the degree of vascular affection of the glomeruli. The high factor VIII levels may be of significance for the development of fibrin deposits in glomeruli.", "contents": "Significance of increased factor VIII in early glomerulonephritis. One hundred sixteen patients with early glomerulonephritis had factor VIII without impairment of renal function. They also had other coagulation and fibrinolytic components and acute phase reactants. The patients were followed for up to 4 years with respect to both coagulation pattern and renal function. Patients who made a complete recovery during follow-up had normal initial factor VIII levels, while those who developed persistent renal damage had high factor VIII levels. The other coagulation factors and the acute phase reactants were of no prognostic significance. Factor VIII has been shown to be synthesized in the vessel intima. The initial factor VIII level in early glomerulonephritis may reflect the degree of vascular affection of the glomeruli. The high factor VIII levels may be of significance for the development of fibrin deposits in glomeruli.", "PMID": 1180429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7519", "title": "A highly automated hospital medication system. Five years' experience and evaluation.", "content": "Since 1969, medications have been provided to patients at the Johns Hopkins Hospital using a computer system that controls the entire medication process from entry of physician's order to hourly drug distribution. Special envelopes containing patient and dosage information are computer generated for each dose to be administered. These envelopes, containing individually labelled ready-to-administer doses, are delivered to the nursing units hourly. The system provides daily medication profiles, drug administration histories, discharge summaries, and management and billing reports. Medication errors of commission were 4.6 times more frequent on the traditional nursing units compared to the units with the computer system. Registered nurses spend 56% less time performing medication-related activities on the units served by the computer. For 250 beds, total costs are 7% higher using the computer system. For 450 beds, total costs are 14% lower using the computer system.", "contents": "A highly automated hospital medication system. Five years' experience and evaluation. Since 1969, medications have been provided to patients at the Johns Hopkins Hospital using a computer system that controls the entire medication process from entry of physician's order to hourly drug distribution. Special envelopes containing patient and dosage information are computer generated for each dose to be administered. These envelopes, containing individually labelled ready-to-administer doses, are delivered to the nursing units hourly. The system provides daily medication profiles, drug administration histories, discharge summaries, and management and billing reports. Medication errors of commission were 4.6 times more frequent on the traditional nursing units compared to the units with the computer system. Registered nurses spend 56% less time performing medication-related activities on the units served by the computer. For 250 beds, total costs are 7% higher using the computer system. For 450 beds, total costs are 14% lower using the computer system.", "PMID": 1180430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7520", "title": "Pretreatment serum lactate dehydrogenase predicting metastatic spread in Ewing's sarcoma.", "content": "We measured serum lactate dehydrogenase levels in 36 patients with localized Ewing's sarcoma before treatment. The results were evaluated to determine if the levels served as a prognostic indicator for metastatic spread. After adjusting for primary site of disease and adjuvant chemotherapy, the pretreatment serum lactate dehydrogenase proved an extremely good predictor of which patients would ultimately develop metastatic disease. The median serum lactate dehydrogenase of the total group was between 201 and 214 IU/litre. Three of 18 patients presenting with serum levels of this enzyme of less than or equal to 201 IU/litre ultimately developed metastases, while 16 of 18 patients who presented with serum levels of greater than or equal to 214 IU/litre developed metastases (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Pretreatment serum lactate dehydrogenase predicting metastatic spread in Ewing's sarcoma. We measured serum lactate dehydrogenase levels in 36 patients with localized Ewing's sarcoma before treatment. The results were evaluated to determine if the levels served as a prognostic indicator for metastatic spread. After adjusting for primary site of disease and adjuvant chemotherapy, the pretreatment serum lactate dehydrogenase proved an extremely good predictor of which patients would ultimately develop metastatic disease. The median serum lactate dehydrogenase of the total group was between 201 and 214 IU/litre. Three of 18 patients presenting with serum levels of this enzyme of less than or equal to 201 IU/litre ultimately developed metastases, while 16 of 18 patients who presented with serum levels of greater than or equal to 214 IU/litre developed metastases (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 1180431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7521", "title": "Familial atrial myxoma.", "content": "Two siblings 14 years apart were found to have atrial myxomas. The brother's right atrial myxoma was found at age 21 and his sister's left atrial myxoma, with peripheral cerebral and coronary aneurysms, at age 30. Both tumors were excised successfully. These findings support previous reports suggesting that atrial myxoma may be familial. Echocardiography can be used effectively in the diagnosis of atrial myxoma, detection of its possible recurrence, and screening other members of the family.", "contents": "Familial atrial myxoma. Two siblings 14 years apart were found to have atrial myxomas. The brother's right atrial myxoma was found at age 21 and his sister's left atrial myxoma, with peripheral cerebral and coronary aneurysms, at age 30. Both tumors were excised successfully. These findings support previous reports suggesting that atrial myxoma may be familial. Echocardiography can be used effectively in the diagnosis of atrial myxoma, detection of its possible recurrence, and screening other members of the family.", "PMID": 1180432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7522", "title": "Asthma from psyllium in laxative manufacture.", "content": "Symptoms of asthma developed in three patients after exposure to psyllium powder, which was being used in the manufacture of a bulk laxative. All three had reaginic skin test sensitivity, and two had positive bronchial challenges with a psyllium extract.", "contents": "Asthma from psyllium in laxative manufacture. Symptoms of asthma developed in three patients after exposure to psyllium powder, which was being used in the manufacture of a bulk laxative. All three had reaginic skin test sensitivity, and two had positive bronchial challenges with a psyllium extract.", "PMID": 1180433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7523", "title": "Prolonged hemolysis from overheated dialysate.", "content": "A patient with chronic renal failure exposed to overheated dialysate (50 degrees C) for 20 minutes developed evidence of delayed and protracted hemolysis, which continued for several days. By contrast, in the only previously reported similar case, sudden gross hemolysis followed by cardiac arrest occurred. It is emphasized that the rapidity and severity of hemolysis due to thermal injury to erythrocytes are dependent upon the duration of exposure and the height of temperature to which extracorporeal blood is exposed. Methods of preventing such incidents and therapeutic approaches are outlined.", "contents": "Prolonged hemolysis from overheated dialysate. A patient with chronic renal failure exposed to overheated dialysate (50 degrees C) for 20 minutes developed evidence of delayed and protracted hemolysis, which continued for several days. By contrast, in the only previously reported similar case, sudden gross hemolysis followed by cardiac arrest occurred. It is emphasized that the rapidity and severity of hemolysis due to thermal injury to erythrocytes are dependent upon the duration of exposure and the height of temperature to which extracorporeal blood is exposed. Methods of preventing such incidents and therapeutic approaches are outlined.", "PMID": 1180434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7524", "title": "Evolving patterns of drug abuse.", "content": "The sharp rise in drug abuse in the past decade has led to the development of new sources of information on drug-abuse trends. These include surveys, drug-related emergencies, drug-abuse treatment, hepatitis rates, and various types of law enforcement information. This paper summarizes data currently available for heroin, marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, and barbiturates. Heroin use occurred in epidemic form in the late 1960s. Some cities, which had experienced a subsequent decline in heroin use, recently have reported an increase again. Marijuana use has increased steadily. The abuse of amphetamines and barbiturates appears to be growing. Trends on cocaine use are unclear. The development of ongoing, quantitative data-collection systems is beginning to clarify many of the issues regarding drug-use patterns and trends. With the possible exception of survey data, however, each indicator provides data only on selected segments of the drug-using population.", "contents": "Evolving patterns of drug abuse. The sharp rise in drug abuse in the past decade has led to the development of new sources of information on drug-abuse trends. These include surveys, drug-related emergencies, drug-abuse treatment, hepatitis rates, and various types of law enforcement information. This paper summarizes data currently available for heroin, marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, and barbiturates. Heroin use occurred in epidemic form in the late 1960s. Some cities, which had experienced a subsequent decline in heroin use, recently have reported an increase again. Marijuana use has increased steadily. The abuse of amphetamines and barbiturates appears to be growing. Trends on cocaine use are unclear. The development of ongoing, quantitative data-collection systems is beginning to clarify many of the issues regarding drug-use patterns and trends. With the possible exception of survey data, however, each indicator provides data only on selected segments of the drug-using population.", "PMID": 1180440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7525", "title": "Controlling rubella: problems and perspectives.", "content": "Long-term effectiveness of rubella vaccination in childhood is of particular importance because the ultimate goal of immunization is the prevention of infection during pregnancy. To determine how well vaccine-induced immunity persists in comparison to that acquired naturally, several hundred susceptible children who seroconverted after receiving HPV77DE5 vaccine were followed serologically over a 3-to-5-year period. The results indicate that vaccine-induced antibodies are less stable than those acquired through natural infection, and their persistence is closely related to the original response to immunization. Thus children who responded with a broad range of antibody types and who had brisk postvaccinal hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:64, maintained such levels without significant decline. In contrast, among the children who had feeble hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody responses initially and failed to develop complement-fixing or precipitating antibodies, a significant proportion lost detectable hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody levels after 3 to 5 years. The current and future immunity of such children is therefore in doubt, unless natural reinfection with wild rubella virus or revaccination with a more effective vaccine corrects their antibody deficiencies.", "contents": "Controlling rubella: problems and perspectives. Long-term effectiveness of rubella vaccination in childhood is of particular importance because the ultimate goal of immunization is the prevention of infection during pregnancy. To determine how well vaccine-induced immunity persists in comparison to that acquired naturally, several hundred susceptible children who seroconverted after receiving HPV77DE5 vaccine were followed serologically over a 3-to-5-year period. The results indicate that vaccine-induced antibodies are less stable than those acquired through natural infection, and their persistence is closely related to the original response to immunization. Thus children who responded with a broad range of antibody types and who had brisk postvaccinal hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:64, maintained such levels without significant decline. In contrast, among the children who had feeble hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody responses initially and failed to develop complement-fixing or precipitating antibodies, a significant proportion lost detectable hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody levels after 3 to 5 years. The current and future immunity of such children is therefore in doubt, unless natural reinfection with wild rubella virus or revaccination with a more effective vaccine corrects their antibody deficiencies.", "PMID": 1180441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7526", "title": "Foveomacular retinitis: report of cases in three young females.", "content": "Cases of foveomacular retinitis in three young females (4 eyes) are presented. No history of sun gazing was given; all returned to normal or near normal acuity following resolution of the natural course of the disease. The various proposed etiologies and abnormal findings are discussed.", "contents": "Foveomacular retinitis: report of cases in three young females. Cases of foveomacular retinitis in three young females (4 eyes) are presented. No history of sun gazing was given; all returned to normal or near normal acuity following resolution of the natural course of the disease. The various proposed etiologies and abnormal findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1180459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7527", "title": "Temporal arteritis: a spectrum of ophthalmic complications.", "content": "Seven patients of temporal arteritis with eye involvement have been presented. These cases represent a spectrum of disease from intermittent diplopia with minimal 6th nerve weakness through mild retinal ischemia with recovery to permanent bilateral blindness. Temporal arteritis should be suspected when any form of ocular ischemia is suspected by history or found on examination of an elderly person. An early diagnosis may protect the vision in both eyes if vision is normal at the time of diagnosis. If vision in one eye is decreased because of ischemia, the vision in the other eye can usually be retained if proper therapy is instituted. Furthermore, adequate therapy may even result in improvement in vision in the involved eye. Patients with biopsy proven temporal arteritis should be continued on steroid therapy until the active disease is quiescent. Inactivity should be determined by carefully monitoring the ESR while steroids are being tapered. If the ESR rises, it is indicative of continued inflammation and if steroids are not continued, the eyes remain at risk as seen in Case 5. If the ESR remains elevated for a year or more despite continuation of high steroid levels, consideration should be given to repeating the temporal artery biopsy. Temporal arteritis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any multisystem disease in older patients. Even central nervous system involvement may occur concomitantly, since the intracranial vessels are not immune from the disease process. Tuberculosis, systemic syphilis and more recently the collagen vascular diseases have been dubbed the \"great imitators\" and \"the protean diseases.\" We suggest that the same terminology can be applied to temporal arteritis. Temporal arteritis can affect any organ. Moreover, there is a wide spectrum of variation in the degree of involvement of any particular tissue as illustrated by these 7 cases of ocular involvement.", "contents": "Temporal arteritis: a spectrum of ophthalmic complications. Seven patients of temporal arteritis with eye involvement have been presented. These cases represent a spectrum of disease from intermittent diplopia with minimal 6th nerve weakness through mild retinal ischemia with recovery to permanent bilateral blindness. Temporal arteritis should be suspected when any form of ocular ischemia is suspected by history or found on examination of an elderly person. An early diagnosis may protect the vision in both eyes if vision is normal at the time of diagnosis. If vision in one eye is decreased because of ischemia, the vision in the other eye can usually be retained if proper therapy is instituted. Furthermore, adequate therapy may even result in improvement in vision in the involved eye. Patients with biopsy proven temporal arteritis should be continued on steroid therapy until the active disease is quiescent. Inactivity should be determined by carefully monitoring the ESR while steroids are being tapered. If the ESR rises, it is indicative of continued inflammation and if steroids are not continued, the eyes remain at risk as seen in Case 5. If the ESR remains elevated for a year or more despite continuation of high steroid levels, consideration should be given to repeating the temporal artery biopsy. Temporal arteritis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any multisystem disease in older patients. Even central nervous system involvement may occur concomitantly, since the intracranial vessels are not immune from the disease process. Tuberculosis, systemic syphilis and more recently the collagen vascular diseases have been dubbed the \"great imitators\" and \"the protean diseases.\" We suggest that the same terminology can be applied to temporal arteritis. Temporal arteritis can affect any organ. Moreover, there is a wide spectrum of variation in the degree of involvement of any particular tissue as illustrated by these 7 cases of ocular involvement.", "PMID": 1180460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7528", "title": "Lens refilling and regrowth of lens substance in the rabbit eye.", "content": "After evacuation the capsular sac of the rabbit lens collapses completely. Regrowth of lens substance often starts soon not only in the periphery, but in many places of the capsule sac. Experience with extracapsular extraction of cataracts in the human eye indicates a similar tendency to regrowth of lens substance in the human eye.", "contents": "Lens refilling and regrowth of lens substance in the rabbit eye. After evacuation the capsular sac of the rabbit lens collapses completely. Regrowth of lens substance often starts soon not only in the periphery, but in many places of the capsule sac. Experience with extracapsular extraction of cataracts in the human eye indicates a similar tendency to regrowth of lens substance in the human eye.", "PMID": 1180461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7529", "title": "Bell's palsy and intraocular pressure.", "content": "A prospective study was established to test the effect of orbicularis tone on intraocular pressure. Local nerve block of the 7th cranial nerve by either the methods of Van Lint or O'Brien and Atkinson revealed no effect on the measured intraocular pressure.", "contents": "Bell's palsy and intraocular pressure. A prospective study was established to test the effect of orbicularis tone on intraocular pressure. Local nerve block of the 7th cranial nerve by either the methods of Van Lint or O'Brien and Atkinson revealed no effect on the measured intraocular pressure.", "PMID": 1180462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7530", "title": "Intracavernous aneurysm with isolated 6th nerve palsy.", "content": "A 35-year-old white man with a history of migraine and acute isolated 6th nerve palsy was found to have a large intracavernous aneurysm of the carotid artery. The case demonstrates that a 6th nerve palsy may infrequently be due to an intracavernous aneurysm and, therefore, one should rule out this and other intracranial lesions or systemic disease before accepting the diagnosis of ophthalmoplegic migraine.", "contents": "Intracavernous aneurysm with isolated 6th nerve palsy. A 35-year-old white man with a history of migraine and acute isolated 6th nerve palsy was found to have a large intracavernous aneurysm of the carotid artery. The case demonstrates that a 6th nerve palsy may infrequently be due to an intracavernous aneurysm and, therefore, one should rule out this and other intracranial lesions or systemic disease before accepting the diagnosis of ophthalmoplegic migraine.", "PMID": 1180463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7531", "title": "Multiple myeloma involving the lacrimal gland.", "content": "The third case of myeloma presenting as a lacrimal gland tumor is reported. The lesion was originally diagnosed as a solitary extramedullary myeloma, but on follow-up, the patient was seen to develop other myelomas. This case illustrates the necessity for careful follow-up of patients with solitary myelomas, even in the absence of bone marrow pathology, for the solitary extramedullary myeloma may represent an early stage in the development of multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma involving the lacrimal gland. The third case of myeloma presenting as a lacrimal gland tumor is reported. The lesion was originally diagnosed as a solitary extramedullary myeloma, but on follow-up, the patient was seen to develop other myelomas. This case illustrates the necessity for careful follow-up of patients with solitary myelomas, even in the absence of bone marrow pathology, for the solitary extramedullary myeloma may represent an early stage in the development of multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 1180464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7532", "title": "Raeder's syndrome.", "content": "Raeder's paratrigeminal syndrome is a disorder manifested by unilateral ptosis, miosis, intact facial sweating, and severe pain in the distribution of the ophthalmic division of the fifth nerve. It is a clinical pattern where, usually, a middle-aged male gets a severe throbbing supraorbital headache accompanied by ptosis and miosis. The headache is intermittently present for several weeks or months. Facial sweating may or may not be affected. This report describes a female with Raeder's syndrome who had unilateral facial anhibrosis.", "contents": "Raeder's syndrome. Raeder's paratrigeminal syndrome is a disorder manifested by unilateral ptosis, miosis, intact facial sweating, and severe pain in the distribution of the ophthalmic division of the fifth nerve. It is a clinical pattern where, usually, a middle-aged male gets a severe throbbing supraorbital headache accompanied by ptosis and miosis. The headache is intermittently present for several weeks or months. Facial sweating may or may not be affected. This report describes a female with Raeder's syndrome who had unilateral facial anhibrosis.", "PMID": 1180465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7533", "title": "Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.", "content": "A 58-year-old woman with painful ophthalmoplegia of the left eye associated with thrombosis of the left superior ophthalmic vein and normal angiography is presented. Symptoms cleared on systemic prednisone therapy within 72 hours. The clinical picture associated with the venographic findings and response to steroids are characteristic of the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.", "contents": "Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. A 58-year-old woman with painful ophthalmoplegia of the left eye associated with thrombosis of the left superior ophthalmic vein and normal angiography is presented. Symptoms cleared on systemic prednisone therapy within 72 hours. The clinical picture associated with the venographic findings and response to steroids are characteristic of the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.", "PMID": 1180466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7534", "title": "Hemosideric heterochromia iridum in malignant melanoma of the choroid.", "content": "A case is reported in which hyperchromic heterochromia iridum developed due to blood staining of an eye with malignant melanoma of the choroid in which massive hemorrhage developed. It is suggested that a possibility of the malignant melanoma of the choroid be kept in mind where hemosiderin deposits are suspected to be the cause of heterochromia but no intraocular iron foreign body is present.", "contents": "Hemosideric heterochromia iridum in malignant melanoma of the choroid. A case is reported in which hyperchromic heterochromia iridum developed due to blood staining of an eye with malignant melanoma of the choroid in which massive hemorrhage developed. It is suggested that a possibility of the malignant melanoma of the choroid be kept in mind where hemosiderin deposits are suspected to be the cause of heterochromia but no intraocular iron foreign body is present.", "PMID": 1180467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7535", "title": "Thermotrabeculocanalotomy: preliminary report.", "content": "Thermotrabeculocanalotomy is a simplified method of obtaining the results of trabeculectomy. After a corneoscleral flap is made, limbal-based, most of the anterior surface of the posterior corneoscleral lamella is undermined with cautery, and the anterior chamber is entered with knife and cautery. Drainage is by filtration. Preliminary results on 17 patients who underwent this surgical approach have been satisfactory. Follow-up time has been from 9 to 14 months.", "contents": "Thermotrabeculocanalotomy: preliminary report. Thermotrabeculocanalotomy is a simplified method of obtaining the results of trabeculectomy. After a corneoscleral flap is made, limbal-based, most of the anterior surface of the posterior corneoscleral lamella is undermined with cautery, and the anterior chamber is entered with knife and cautery. Drainage is by filtration. Preliminary results on 17 patients who underwent this surgical approach have been satisfactory. Follow-up time has been from 9 to 14 months.", "PMID": 1180468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7536", "title": "Scleral buckling in retinoblastoma: case report.", "content": "In the course of treating retinoblastoma in a monocular child, a progressive retinal detachment occurred. Although no retinal break was demonstrated, several clinical features suggested that the detachment was rhegmatogenous. A successful scleral buckling procedure was performed without adverse sequelae. The rationale for this approach is discussed.", "contents": "Scleral buckling in retinoblastoma: case report. In the course of treating retinoblastoma in a monocular child, a progressive retinal detachment occurred. Although no retinal break was demonstrated, several clinical features suggested that the detachment was rhegmatogenous. A successful scleral buckling procedure was performed without adverse sequelae. The rationale for this approach is discussed.", "PMID": 1180469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7537", "title": "Diagnosis of superficial temporal arteritis.", "content": "Giant cell arteritis is an insidious disease which is often first suspected and diagnosed by the ophthalmologist. Because of the high incidence of serious ophthalmologic complications associated with the disease, the ophthalmologist has more than passing interest in establishing the diagnosis. Biopsy confirmation has become increasingly important as more clinical syndromes associated with giant cell arteritis are recognized. The purpose of this paper is to describe a technique for biopsy of the superficial temporal artery which insures obtaining an adequate specimen for histologic examination.", "contents": "Diagnosis of superficial temporal arteritis. Giant cell arteritis is an insidious disease which is often first suspected and diagnosed by the ophthalmologist. Because of the high incidence of serious ophthalmologic complications associated with the disease, the ophthalmologist has more than passing interest in establishing the diagnosis. Biopsy confirmation has become increasingly important as more clinical syndromes associated with giant cell arteritis are recognized. The purpose of this paper is to describe a technique for biopsy of the superficial temporal artery which insures obtaining an adequate specimen for histologic examination.", "PMID": 1180470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7538", "title": "Frequency responses of hearing aids and their effects on the speech perception of hearing-impaired subjects.", "content": "Eight hearing-impaired subjects were tested with a binaural master hearing aid. This aid has \"on-the-head\" miniature transducers and has an adjustable frequency response. Five frequency responses were used, two of them were defined by their response in a 2-cm3 coupler: 1) uniform coupler gain (UCG), and 2) 6 dB per rise (6 dB). The other responses were defined in terms of functional gain (difference between unaided and aided thresholds): 3) uniform functional gain (UFG); 4 uniform hearing level (UHL); and 5) a simulation of a commercial hearing aid (AS). A significant difference between coupler and functional gain was seen. Discrimination was tested with a special closed-set word list which includes fifty monosyllabic words with a high percentage of voiceless phonemes. Discrimination scores were consistently better with the UHL response. The lowest scores were obtained with the AS response. The average difference in scores between these two responses was 18.4%. Further testing replicated these results and also compared the effects of a different type of word list phonetically balanced (PB); with these lists, the above-mentioned difference in scores was smaller in quiet (5.9%) but larger in noise (20.9%).", "contents": "Frequency responses of hearing aids and their effects on the speech perception of hearing-impaired subjects. Eight hearing-impaired subjects were tested with a binaural master hearing aid. This aid has \"on-the-head\" miniature transducers and has an adjustable frequency response. Five frequency responses were used, two of them were defined by their response in a 2-cm3 coupler: 1) uniform coupler gain (UCG), and 2) 6 dB per rise (6 dB). The other responses were defined in terms of functional gain (difference between unaided and aided thresholds): 3) uniform functional gain (UFG); 4 uniform hearing level (UHL); and 5) a simulation of a commercial hearing aid (AS). A significant difference between coupler and functional gain was seen. Discrimination was tested with a special closed-set word list which includes fifty monosyllabic words with a high percentage of voiceless phonemes. Discrimination scores were consistently better with the UHL response. The lowest scores were obtained with the AS response. The average difference in scores between these two responses was 18.4%. Further testing replicated these results and also compared the effects of a different type of word list phonetically balanced (PB); with these lists, the above-mentioned difference in scores was smaller in quiet (5.9%) but larger in noise (20.9%).", "PMID": 1180471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7539", "title": "Multiple sclerosis: immunologic aspects.", "content": "Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although the causes are not known, the pathogenesis likely involves complex relationships between autoimmunity, immunogenetics, immunologic deficiency and viral infection. The evidence for such interrelationships is discussed.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis: immunologic aspects. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although the causes are not known, the pathogenesis likely involves complex relationships between autoimmunity, immunogenetics, immunologic deficiency and viral infection. The evidence for such interrelationships is discussed.", "PMID": 1180478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7540", "title": "A preliminary genetic interpretation of the esterase isozymes of human tissues.", "content": "1. The esterase isozymes of human tissues have been investigated using the technique of starch-gel electrophoresis. Conventional naphthyl-azo dye linked stains and new fluorogenic staining methods were used to detect the isozymes. 2. Multiple isozymes were identified in every tissue and they were characterized in terms of their electrophoretic mobility, tissue distribution, developmental changes in utero, substrate specificity, inhibition properties and molecular weight. On these criteria 13 sets of esterase isozymes were identified, in addition to the esterase isozymes due to cholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase. 3. The data suggest that the 13 sets of isozymes are determined by at least nine different structural gene loci. 4. No electrophoretic variants were identified in a limited population survey of post-mortem tissues from adults and foetuses, except for the previously described esterase D (ESD) phenotypes.", "contents": "A preliminary genetic interpretation of the esterase isozymes of human tissues. 1. The esterase isozymes of human tissues have been investigated using the technique of starch-gel electrophoresis. Conventional naphthyl-azo dye linked stains and new fluorogenic staining methods were used to detect the isozymes. 2. Multiple isozymes were identified in every tissue and they were characterized in terms of their electrophoretic mobility, tissue distribution, developmental changes in utero, substrate specificity, inhibition properties and molecular weight. On these criteria 13 sets of esterase isozymes were identified, in addition to the esterase isozymes due to cholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase. 3. The data suggest that the 13 sets of isozymes are determined by at least nine different structural gene loci. 4. No electrophoretic variants were identified in a limited population survey of post-mortem tissues from adults and foetuses, except for the previously described esterase D (ESD) phenotypes.", "PMID": 1180483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7541", "title": "Assortative mating, linkage and genotypic frequencies.", "content": "The effect of introducing assortative mating in a population in linkage equilibrium is considered. It is shown that the introduction of assortative mating will disturb linkage equilibrium which will be re-established at another point independent of the recombination value r but depending upon additive variance and gene frequencies. It is also shown that when equilibrium is established Fisher's (1918) model of assortative mating will be applicable.", "contents": "Assortative mating, linkage and genotypic frequencies. The effect of introducing assortative mating in a population in linkage equilibrium is considered. It is shown that the introduction of assortative mating will disturb linkage equilibrium which will be re-established at another point independent of the recombination value r but depending upon additive variance and gene frequencies. It is also shown that when equilibrium is established Fisher's (1918) model of assortative mating will be applicable.", "PMID": 1180484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7542", "title": "Parathyroid hormone: radioimmunoassay and clinical interpretation.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH), which has had widespread clinical use for five years, is described in detail. The iPTH results in large groups of patients are reported, and are discussed in relation to the specificity of the assay and in relation to other assays. The assay has excellent precision and is highly proficient in discrimination of groups of patients. Ninety-three percent of 412 patients with surgically proven primary hyperparathyroidism were confidently separated from normal subjects or patients with hypercalcemia owing to other causes, while 86 percent of 160 patients with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism had iPTH values more than 2 S.D. above the normal mean. Results in patients with ectopic hyperparathyroidism were lower than in primary hyperparathyroidism although these groups showed considerable overlap. The antiserum used in this assay for iPTH appears to be specific for the carboxy-terminal region of the secreted or intact form of PTH but recognizes predominantly the secreted form rather than carboxy-terminal fragments believed to be in the circulation. It does not recognize amino terminal fragments. The assay is useful in selective venous catheterization for preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone: radioimmunoassay and clinical interpretation. A radioimmunoassay for serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH), which has had widespread clinical use for five years, is described in detail. The iPTH results in large groups of patients are reported, and are discussed in relation to the specificity of the assay and in relation to other assays. The assay has excellent precision and is highly proficient in discrimination of groups of patients. Ninety-three percent of 412 patients with surgically proven primary hyperparathyroidism were confidently separated from normal subjects or patients with hypercalcemia owing to other causes, while 86 percent of 160 patients with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism had iPTH values more than 2 S.D. above the normal mean. Results in patients with ectopic hyperparathyroidism were lower than in primary hyperparathyroidism although these groups showed considerable overlap. The antiserum used in this assay for iPTH appears to be specific for the carboxy-terminal region of the secreted or intact form of PTH but recognizes predominantly the secreted form rather than carboxy-terminal fragments believed to be in the circulation. It does not recognize amino terminal fragments. The assay is useful in selective venous catheterization for preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue.", "PMID": 1180481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7543", "title": "Review of phosphate methodologies.", "content": "A description of the extensive literature on the methodologies for the determination of serum phosphate has been reviewed. The evolution of the various phases of the analytical techniques developed in the last century leading to the simplified, sensitive and accurate procedures of the present have been presented in some detail. A procedure involving a simple direct reaction for the determination of inorganic phosphate in serum using ascorbic acid as a reducing agent and a citrate-arsenite mixture as a stabilizing-sensitizing reagent, all in a semi-aqueous medium containing dimethysulfoxide and the detergent Teepol 610 is recommended. Jaundice and mild hemolysis are noninterferencts and turbidity from severe lipemia is easily overcome by reversing the sequence in which reagents are added because citrate binds molybdate in preference to phosphate. Thus, the serum blank and the reacted serum are identical in makeup thereby yielding an idealized correction for irrelevant absorption. Reaction characteristics and potential errors are included in the discussion of the procedure.", "contents": "Review of phosphate methodologies. A description of the extensive literature on the methodologies for the determination of serum phosphate has been reviewed. The evolution of the various phases of the analytical techniques developed in the last century leading to the simplified, sensitive and accurate procedures of the present have been presented in some detail. A procedure involving a simple direct reaction for the determination of inorganic phosphate in serum using ascorbic acid as a reducing agent and a citrate-arsenite mixture as a stabilizing-sensitizing reagent, all in a semi-aqueous medium containing dimethysulfoxide and the detergent Teepol 610 is recommended. Jaundice and mild hemolysis are noninterferencts and turbidity from severe lipemia is easily overcome by reversing the sequence in which reagents are added because citrate binds molybdate in preference to phosphate. Thus, the serum blank and the reacted serum are identical in makeup thereby yielding an idealized correction for irrelevant absorption. Reaction characteristics and potential errors are included in the discussion of the procedure.", "PMID": 1180482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7544", "title": "Genetic studies on human lymphoblastoid cell lines: isozyme and cytogenetic heterogeneity in a cell line, with evidence for localization of the Pep A locus in man.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-three clones (60 mutagen treated, 73 controls) of the human male lymphoblastoid cell line F 137 have been examined for the electrophoretic pattern of more than 30 enzymes. In nine instances there was loss of activity of one allele of an X-linked or heterozygous autosomal locus. Seven of these involved the Pep A locus, and in every case the change was from the Pep A 2-1 phenotype to Pep A 2. Cytogenetic analysis of the parent line revealed a number of variants on the modal karyotype. On cloning, there appeared to be some selection for survival of non-modal cells. The proportions of the cytogenetically distinct populations within the bulk culture varied over a period of many months. There was a strong correlation in individual clones between loss of activity of the product of the Pep A1 allele and the presence in the cells of a 9/18 translocation. In addition there was one clone of phenotype Pep A 2 with a deletion of part of the long arm of chromosome 18. The data confirms the assignment of the Pep A structural locus to the distal half of the long arm of chromosome 18 and localizes it with some precision to the qter region. The Pep A 2 phenotype of the clones containing the 9/18 translocation could be the result of a small deletion eliminating the Pep A1 allele but not large enough to be detected cytogenetically. Alternatively inactivation of the Pep A1 allele may have occurred as a position effect resulting from the close association of heterochromatin from the centromere of 9 with the qter region of 18.", "contents": "Genetic studies on human lymphoblastoid cell lines: isozyme and cytogenetic heterogeneity in a cell line, with evidence for localization of the Pep A locus in man. One hundred and thirty-three clones (60 mutagen treated, 73 controls) of the human male lymphoblastoid cell line F 137 have been examined for the electrophoretic pattern of more than 30 enzymes. In nine instances there was loss of activity of one allele of an X-linked or heterozygous autosomal locus. Seven of these involved the Pep A locus, and in every case the change was from the Pep A 2-1 phenotype to Pep A 2. Cytogenetic analysis of the parent line revealed a number of variants on the modal karyotype. On cloning, there appeared to be some selection for survival of non-modal cells. The proportions of the cytogenetically distinct populations within the bulk culture varied over a period of many months. There was a strong correlation in individual clones between loss of activity of the product of the Pep A1 allele and the presence in the cells of a 9/18 translocation. In addition there was one clone of phenotype Pep A 2 with a deletion of part of the long arm of chromosome 18. The data confirms the assignment of the Pep A structural locus to the distal half of the long arm of chromosome 18 and localizes it with some precision to the qter region. The Pep A 2 phenotype of the clones containing the 9/18 translocation could be the result of a small deletion eliminating the Pep A1 allele but not large enough to be detected cytogenetically. Alternatively inactivation of the Pep A1 allele may have occurred as a position effect resulting from the close association of heterochromatin from the centromere of 9 with the qter region of 18.", "PMID": 1180485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7545", "title": "Centrometric linkage in autosomal trisomies.", "content": "A detailed description of the cytological mechanisms leading to autosomal trisomy shows that the proportion of trisomics carrying three alleles from three of their grandparents is bound to be greater than zero for any locus anywhere on a trisomic chromosome. The likelihood method used to estimate this proportion in pedigree data can be applied to the detection of linkage, or to investigations on the origin of trisomy when linkage is known.", "contents": "Centrometric linkage in autosomal trisomies. A detailed description of the cytological mechanisms leading to autosomal trisomy shows that the proportion of trisomics carrying three alleles from three of their grandparents is bound to be greater than zero for any locus anywhere on a trisomic chromosome. The likelihood method used to estimate this proportion in pedigree data can be applied to the detection of linkage, or to investigations on the origin of trisomy when linkage is known.", "PMID": 1180486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7546", "title": "Electron microscopy of disorders of skeletal muscle.", "content": "Some of the common pathologic changes in the muscle fiber as viewed with the electron microscope are considered. These include myofilament and Z band abnormalities, alterations of the sarcotubular system, mitochondrial aberrations and glycogen accumulations. Correlations with light microscopic findings are mentioned when pertinent. The diagnostic significance of the various ultrastructural changes is discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of disorders of skeletal muscle. Some of the common pathologic changes in the muscle fiber as viewed with the electron microscope are considered. These include myofilament and Z band abnormalities, alterations of the sarcotubular system, mitochondrial aberrations and glycogen accumulations. Correlations with light microscopic findings are mentioned when pertinent. The diagnostic significance of the various ultrastructural changes is discussed.", "PMID": 1180479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7547", "title": "Ultrastructure of the nervous system.", "content": "Within the nervous system, five cell types were studied by the electron microscope: the neuron, astrocyte, oligodendroglia, microglia and ependymal cells. The neurons are characterized by the Nissl substance within the perikaryon, the neurotubules and the neurofilaments. The three types of glial cells can be distinguished from one another. The astrocyte has relatively lucent cytoplasm and contains filaments which extend into long cytoplasmic processes. The oligodendroglia has electron-dense cytoplasm with thin extensions wedged between the cellular processes of the neuropil. The microglia cytoplasm is similar to the oligodendroglia but can be differentiated by the peculiar convoluted outline of the nuclear membrane and the clear space which separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The ependymal cell has characteristic microvilli and cilia at its ventricular surface. The cytoplasm contain parabasal bodies and tight junctions between adjacent cells. In the peripheral nerve, the axon and the myelin sheath are located within the Schwann cells. The terminal nerve endings from enlargements filled with synaptic vesicles. Electron microscopy of the nervous system is not only essential for research, but is also helpful in diagnosis of certain diseases.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the nervous system. Within the nervous system, five cell types were studied by the electron microscope: the neuron, astrocyte, oligodendroglia, microglia and ependymal cells. The neurons are characterized by the Nissl substance within the perikaryon, the neurotubules and the neurofilaments. The three types of glial cells can be distinguished from one another. The astrocyte has relatively lucent cytoplasm and contains filaments which extend into long cytoplasmic processes. The oligodendroglia has electron-dense cytoplasm with thin extensions wedged between the cellular processes of the neuropil. The microglia cytoplasm is similar to the oligodendroglia but can be differentiated by the peculiar convoluted outline of the nuclear membrane and the clear space which separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The ependymal cell has characteristic microvilli and cilia at its ventricular surface. The cytoplasm contain parabasal bodies and tight junctions between adjacent cells. In the peripheral nerve, the axon and the myelin sheath are located within the Schwann cells. The terminal nerve endings from enlargements filled with synaptic vesicles. Electron microscopy of the nervous system is not only essential for research, but is also helpful in diagnosis of certain diseases.", "PMID": 1180480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7548", "title": "Study of the genetic transmission of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in a 195 member kindred.", "content": "A pedigree of complex structure, comprising 195 individuals, is shown to be segregating for an autosomal dominant gene for hypercholesterolemia. The same pedigree shows two groups of individuals with respect to plasma triglyceride levels; the cause of this appears to be independent of the locus demonstrated, which accounts for over 50% of the variability in cholesterol levels in the kindred studied. The power of bivariate analyses of multigenerational data, as used in this study, is discussed. The lipid disorders in this family, however, differ from the usual familial hypercholesterolemia described by Harlan et al. (1966) in that there is a group of individuals who have elevated triglycerides, there is a substantial amount of premature cardiovascular disease, and not very many individuals have tendonous xanthomas. It is of course possible that in this family the genetic entity is a variant of the usual hypercholesterolemia mutant; or it may be the usual mutant, acting in concert with some other unknown factor. The cause of the two groups with respect to triglycerides is not clear; but, whether it is genetic or environmental, it is independent of the segregation for hypercholesterolemia.", "contents": "Study of the genetic transmission of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in a 195 member kindred. A pedigree of complex structure, comprising 195 individuals, is shown to be segregating for an autosomal dominant gene for hypercholesterolemia. The same pedigree shows two groups of individuals with respect to plasma triglyceride levels; the cause of this appears to be independent of the locus demonstrated, which accounts for over 50% of the variability in cholesterol levels in the kindred studied. The power of bivariate analyses of multigenerational data, as used in this study, is discussed. The lipid disorders in this family, however, differ from the usual familial hypercholesterolemia described by Harlan et al. (1966) in that there is a group of individuals who have elevated triglycerides, there is a substantial amount of premature cardiovascular disease, and not very many individuals have tendonous xanthomas. It is of course possible that in this family the genetic entity is a variant of the usual hypercholesterolemia mutant; or it may be the usual mutant, acting in concert with some other unknown factor. The cause of the two groups with respect to triglycerides is not clear; but, whether it is genetic or environmental, it is independent of the segregation for hypercholesterolemia.", "PMID": 1180488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7549", "title": "Probability and genetic relationship: two loci.", "content": "A method has been described for calculating the 15 k-coefficients required to completely specify the genetic identity relations between two individuals at two linked loci. These k-coefficients are then used to derive a general expression for the covariance between relatives for a trait involving two linked loci and arbitrary epistasis.", "contents": "Probability and genetic relationship: two loci. A method has been described for calculating the 15 k-coefficients required to completely specify the genetic identity relations between two individuals at two linked loci. These k-coefficients are then used to derive a general expression for the covariance between relatives for a trait involving two linked loci and arbitrary epistasis.", "PMID": 1180489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7550", "title": "[New heptaene antibiotic, flavomycin, formed by Act. flavus var. geptinicus var. nov].", "content": "An actinomycetous culture LIA-0734 was isolated from a soil sample. By its morphologo-cultural properties it was close to Act. flavus and differed from the latter in the sporophores, colour of the substrate mycelium on synthetic media amd markedly pronounced antagonism with respect to yeasts and yeast-like fungi. The culture was classified as Act. flavus var. geptinicus var. nov. The actinomycete produced new aromatic heptaens: flavomycins A and B. Their physico-chemical and biological characteristics and singularity are presented.", "contents": "[New heptaene antibiotic, flavomycin, formed by Act. flavus var. geptinicus var. nov]. An actinomycetous culture LIA-0734 was isolated from a soil sample. By its morphologo-cultural properties it was close to Act. flavus and differed from the latter in the sporophores, colour of the substrate mycelium on synthetic media amd markedly pronounced antagonism with respect to yeasts and yeast-like fungi. The culture was classified as Act. flavus var. geptinicus var. nov. The actinomycete produced new aromatic heptaens: flavomycins A and B. Their physico-chemical and biological characteristics and singularity are presented.", "PMID": 1180527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7551", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of some actnomycetes, producers of antifungal antibiotics related to chondamycin].", "content": "Three actinomycetous strains designated as LIA-0773, LIA-0783 and LIA-0780 were isolated from various soil samples. The cultures actively inhibited the growth of Trichophyton gipseum and produced a non-polyenic antibiotic of the chondamycin type. The strains were identified with Act. griseochromogenes Fukunaga et. al., 1955. The cultures differed within the species by some morphological, cultural, physiological and antibiotic properties, as well as by the component composition of the antibiotic produced. Thus, strain LIA-0773 had larger spiral sporophores, satisfactorily hydrolized starch and inverted sucrose. The strain inhibited the growth of not only the fungi but also grampositive bacteria and mycobacteria and produced an antibiotic composed of 6 components. Strain LIA-0780 had small sporophores with close spirals and low amilolytic activity. It inhibited only the growth of the fungi and produced a monocomponent antibiotic. Strain LIA-0783 was intermediate. By its biological properties it was closer to strain LIA-0780. The antibiotic produced by it consisted of 6 components, while by its physico-chemical properties the antibiotic was close to that produced by strain LIA-0780. All the 3 actinomycetous cultures were considered as different variants of Act. griseochromogenes Fukunaga et al., 1955.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of some actnomycetes, producers of antifungal antibiotics related to chondamycin]. Three actinomycetous strains designated as LIA-0773, LIA-0783 and LIA-0780 were isolated from various soil samples. The cultures actively inhibited the growth of Trichophyton gipseum and produced a non-polyenic antibiotic of the chondamycin type. The strains were identified with Act. griseochromogenes Fukunaga et. al., 1955. The cultures differed within the species by some morphological, cultural, physiological and antibiotic properties, as well as by the component composition of the antibiotic produced. Thus, strain LIA-0773 had larger spiral sporophores, satisfactorily hydrolized starch and inverted sucrose. The strain inhibited the growth of not only the fungi but also grampositive bacteria and mycobacteria and produced an antibiotic composed of 6 components. Strain LIA-0780 had small sporophores with close spirals and low amilolytic activity. It inhibited only the growth of the fungi and produced a monocomponent antibiotic. Strain LIA-0783 was intermediate. By its biological properties it was closer to strain LIA-0780. The antibiotic produced by it consisted of 6 components, while by its physico-chemical properties the antibiotic was close to that produced by strain LIA-0780. All the 3 actinomycetous cultures were considered as different variants of Act. griseochromogenes Fukunaga et al., 1955.", "PMID": 1180528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7552", "title": "[Experiment to study some suspension media for the lyophilization of actinomycetes].", "content": "Viability and cultural properties of 59 actinomycetes and 17 bacteria lyophilized in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), sodium glutamate, their combinations and horse serum were studied after storage for 2 years at a temperature of 4-10 degrees. A 5 per cent solution of sodium glutamate had a high protective effect on viability of the above organisms. The solution containing 3 per cent of sodium glutamate and 3 per cent of PVP was somewhat less effective. The cultures lyophilized in 5 per cent solution of sodium glutamate had the same viability levels as those lyophilized in horse serum, while the latter had better growth rates on their plating out on nutrient media. A 5 per cent solution of PVP had no advantages over sodium glutamate or horse serum with respect to preservation of the organism viability. No significant differences in the cultural properties: colour of the aerial and substrate mycelium and pigment production were noted in the actinomycetes lyophilized in various protective media and the analogous control cultures maintained by means of passages on fresh nutrient media.", "contents": "[Experiment to study some suspension media for the lyophilization of actinomycetes]. Viability and cultural properties of 59 actinomycetes and 17 bacteria lyophilized in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), sodium glutamate, their combinations and horse serum were studied after storage for 2 years at a temperature of 4-10 degrees. A 5 per cent solution of sodium glutamate had a high protective effect on viability of the above organisms. The solution containing 3 per cent of sodium glutamate and 3 per cent of PVP was somewhat less effective. The cultures lyophilized in 5 per cent solution of sodium glutamate had the same viability levels as those lyophilized in horse serum, while the latter had better growth rates on their plating out on nutrient media. A 5 per cent solution of PVP had no advantages over sodium glutamate or horse serum with respect to preservation of the organism viability. No significant differences in the cultural properties: colour of the aerial and substrate mycelium and pigment production were noted in the actinomycetes lyophilized in various protective media and the analogous control cultures maintained by means of passages on fresh nutrient media.", "PMID": 1180529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7553", "title": "[Study of the fructosediphosphate aldolase and transketolase activity in the nystatin producer, Actinomyces noursei].", "content": "Activity of transketolase, an enzyme of the pentose cycle and fructosodiphosphataldolase, an enzyme of glycolisis was studied in the dynamics of development of the nystatin-producing organism and its inactive mutant under various conditions of their cultivation with a purpose of finding relation between the antibiotic production and general metabolism of Act. noursei. The transketolase activity of the organism was 2-4 times higher than that of the inactive mutant. Addition of 8000 Units/ml of nystatin to the medium markedly suppressed (50-100 per cent) the aldolase activity, however it had no effect on the transkelotase activity. Possibly the antibiotic accumulated in the mycelium played the role of a regulator of the activity of the enzymes, directing the metabolites along the hexosomonophosphate pathway of carbohydrate dissimilation.", "contents": "[Study of the fructosediphosphate aldolase and transketolase activity in the nystatin producer, Actinomyces noursei]. Activity of transketolase, an enzyme of the pentose cycle and fructosodiphosphataldolase, an enzyme of glycolisis was studied in the dynamics of development of the nystatin-producing organism and its inactive mutant under various conditions of their cultivation with a purpose of finding relation between the antibiotic production and general metabolism of Act. noursei. The transketolase activity of the organism was 2-4 times higher than that of the inactive mutant. Addition of 8000 Units/ml of nystatin to the medium markedly suppressed (50-100 per cent) the aldolase activity, however it had no effect on the transkelotase activity. Possibly the antibiotic accumulated in the mycelium played the role of a regulator of the activity of the enzymes, directing the metabolites along the hexosomonophosphate pathway of carbohydrate dissimilation.", "PMID": 1180530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7554", "title": "[Production in an Actinomyces levoris culture under the action of an actinophage specific to it of variants with stable preservation of its resistance to the phage].", "content": "Act. levoris 28, an organism producing levorin was treated with an actinophage virulent to it. Variants of the organism were isolated from the secondary growth of the culture. As a result of lysogenization with the above phage the variants acquired stability to it which was preserved during the further generations. In the previous experiments carried out by the authors the variants isolated from the secondary growth of the culture after its exposure to the same phage lost their stability to the phage as a result of loosing the prophage by it during the subsequent passages. The phage stable variants did not differ from the initial culture either in the activity of levorin or the levorin composition. The phages found in the initial culture 28, and the virulent mutant were identical with respect to the particles morphology and antigenic properties which confirmed their relation.", "contents": "[Production in an Actinomyces levoris culture under the action of an actinophage specific to it of variants with stable preservation of its resistance to the phage]. Act. levoris 28, an organism producing levorin was treated with an actinophage virulent to it. Variants of the organism were isolated from the secondary growth of the culture. As a result of lysogenization with the above phage the variants acquired stability to it which was preserved during the further generations. In the previous experiments carried out by the authors the variants isolated from the secondary growth of the culture after its exposure to the same phage lost their stability to the phage as a result of loosing the prophage by it during the subsequent passages. The phage stable variants did not differ from the initial culture either in the activity of levorin or the levorin composition. The phages found in the initial culture 28, and the virulent mutant were identical with respect to the particles morphology and antigenic properties which confirmed their relation.", "PMID": 1180531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7555", "title": "[Experimental data on hygienic norms for antibiotics of the tetracycline group].", "content": "Toxicity of tetracyclines was studied experimentally on different species of laboratory animals. It was shown that tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline were close by their chemical structure and physico-chemical properties, as well as by the main toxicity parameters, i.e. acute toxicity, cumulative activity, skin-irritating and sensitizing effect. Under the conditions of subacute experiments the above 3 antibiotics induced evenly pronounced one direction changes in animals. The data obtained during the experiments provided recommendation of the level of 0.1 mg/m3 as the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline, i.e. the same level as the previously recommended for tetracycline.", "contents": "[Experimental data on hygienic norms for antibiotics of the tetracycline group]. Toxicity of tetracyclines was studied experimentally on different species of laboratory animals. It was shown that tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline were close by their chemical structure and physico-chemical properties, as well as by the main toxicity parameters, i.e. acute toxicity, cumulative activity, skin-irritating and sensitizing effect. Under the conditions of subacute experiments the above 3 antibiotics induced evenly pronounced one direction changes in animals. The data obtained during the experiments provided recommendation of the level of 0.1 mg/m3 as the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline, i.e. the same level as the previously recommended for tetracycline.", "PMID": 1180532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7556", "title": "[Changes in the ultrastructure of Staph. aureus cells under the action of certain antibiotics].", "content": "The ultrastructure of staphylococcal cells being in contact with oxacillin, cephaloridin, lincomycin, fusidin or gentamycin was studied with the help of electron microscopy. Differences in the changes of the submicroscopic sturcutre of the cells under the effect of the antibiotics inhibiting the synthesis of the cell walls or protein synthesis were shown. Teh level of the structure changes depended on the drug concentration.", "contents": "[Changes in the ultrastructure of Staph. aureus cells under the action of certain antibiotics]. The ultrastructure of staphylococcal cells being in contact with oxacillin, cephaloridin, lincomycin, fusidin or gentamycin was studied with the help of electron microscopy. Differences in the changes of the submicroscopic sturcutre of the cells under the effect of the antibiotics inhibiting the synthesis of the cell walls or protein synthesis were shown. Teh level of the structure changes depended on the drug concentration.", "PMID": 1180533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7557", "title": "[Effect of trypsin on the activity of tetracycline, erythromycin and levomycetin].", "content": "Trypsin had an antimicrobial effect on Staph. aureus. Increasing of protein in the broth culture of the staphylococci was inhibited in the presence of 50 gamma/ml of trypsin by 42.8%. The activity of tetracycline, erythromycin and levomycetin increased, when they were used in combination with trypsin, the effect of the trypsin combinations with tetracycline or levomycetin was additive, while that of the combination with erythromycin was synergistic.", "contents": "[Effect of trypsin on the activity of tetracycline, erythromycin and levomycetin]. Trypsin had an antimicrobial effect on Staph. aureus. Increasing of protein in the broth culture of the staphylococci was inhibited in the presence of 50 gamma/ml of trypsin by 42.8%. The activity of tetracycline, erythromycin and levomycetin increased, when they were used in combination with trypsin, the effect of the trypsin combinations with tetracycline or levomycetin was additive, while that of the combination with erythromycin was synergistic.", "PMID": 1180534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7558", "title": "[Streptomycin and kanamycin level in the blood and lungs of guinea pigs when the antibiotics are administered by inhalation and intramuscularly].", "content": "Streptomycin and kanamycin levels in the blood and lung tissue after the antibiotic inhalation or intramuscular administration were studied comparatively on 86 healthy guinea pigs. The antibiotics were inhaled with the help of the nozzle or ultrasonic aerozol apparatus. The studies showed statistically reliable advantages of the ultrasonic aerosols in attaining high levels of streptomycin and kanamycin preserved for prolonged periods of time in the lungs of the experimental animals as compared to the intramuscular administration route or the aerosols introduced with the help of the pneumatic inhaler. After inhalation of the ultrasonic aerosols the levels of streptomycin in the lung tissue of the guinea pigs were 5 times higher than those after inhalation of the nozzle aerosols and 64 times higher than those after the antibiotic intramuscular administration. As for kanamycin the respective values were 2 and 14 times higher.", "contents": "[Streptomycin and kanamycin level in the blood and lungs of guinea pigs when the antibiotics are administered by inhalation and intramuscularly]. Streptomycin and kanamycin levels in the blood and lung tissue after the antibiotic inhalation or intramuscular administration were studied comparatively on 86 healthy guinea pigs. The antibiotics were inhaled with the help of the nozzle or ultrasonic aerozol apparatus. The studies showed statistically reliable advantages of the ultrasonic aerosols in attaining high levels of streptomycin and kanamycin preserved for prolonged periods of time in the lungs of the experimental animals as compared to the intramuscular administration route or the aerosols introduced with the help of the pneumatic inhaler. After inhalation of the ultrasonic aerosols the levels of streptomycin in the lung tissue of the guinea pigs were 5 times higher than those after inhalation of the nozzle aerosols and 64 times higher than those after the antibiotic intramuscular administration. As for kanamycin the respective values were 2 and 14 times higher.", "PMID": 1180535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7559", "title": "[Action of valinomycin in vivo on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. A change in the ultrastructure of the tumor cells under the influence of valinomycin].", "content": "It was found with the help of electron microscopy that valinomycin administered to mice with Ehrlich ascitic tumors in a dose inhibiting the proliferating activity induced impairements in the mitochondria. The changes were similar to those under the effect of valinomycin in vitro. An increase in the antibiotic dose resulted in more pronounced and irreversible changes not only in the mitochondria but also in other structures of the tumor cells.", "contents": "[Action of valinomycin in vivo on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. A change in the ultrastructure of the tumor cells under the influence of valinomycin]. It was found with the help of electron microscopy that valinomycin administered to mice with Ehrlich ascitic tumors in a dose inhibiting the proliferating activity induced impairements in the mitochondria. The changes were similar to those under the effect of valinomycin in vitro. An increase in the antibiotic dose resulted in more pronounced and irreversible changes not only in the mitochondria but also in other structures of the tumor cells.", "PMID": 1180536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7560", "title": "[Experimental study of the embryotropic action of tetracycline].", "content": "The general toxic and embryotropic effect of tetracycline was studied on unbred pregnant albino rats. The antibiotic was used in concentrations of 1 and 0.1 mg/m3, the maximum permissible concentration (MPC). The animals were exposed to tetracycline inhalation for 20 days of their pregnancy. On the basis of the results it was concluded that tetracycline in the concentration at the level of the MPC, i.e. 0.1 mg/m3 had under the experimental conditions a negative effect on the pregnant animals. In concentrations of 1 and 0.1 mg/m3 it had in addition an embryotropic effect. It was also shown that the pregnant animals were more sensitive to the antibiotic than the non-pregnant ones.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the embryotropic action of tetracycline]. The general toxic and embryotropic effect of tetracycline was studied on unbred pregnant albino rats. The antibiotic was used in concentrations of 1 and 0.1 mg/m3, the maximum permissible concentration (MPC). The animals were exposed to tetracycline inhalation for 20 days of their pregnancy. On the basis of the results it was concluded that tetracycline in the concentration at the level of the MPC, i.e. 0.1 mg/m3 had under the experimental conditions a negative effect on the pregnant animals. In concentrations of 1 and 0.1 mg/m3 it had in addition an embryotropic effect. It was also shown that the pregnant animals were more sensitive to the antibiotic than the non-pregnant ones.", "PMID": 1180537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7561", "title": "[Functional state of the testis after the use of certain antibiotics and nitrofuran preparations].", "content": "The functional state of the testis due to the effect of antibacterial therapy was studied in 50 patients suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases of the urinary-genital system and treated with neomycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, furadonin and furagin. It was shown that the above nitrofurans and neomycin had a negative effect on the testis function lowering the number of the spermatozoa in 1 ml and the whole ejaculate and their mobility. Contrary to it tetracycline therapy had no significant effect on the spermatozoa number, while the use of streptomycin was accompanied by a certain tendency to an increase in their number. The data were to some extent in certain accordance with the results of the experimental studies.", "contents": "[Functional state of the testis after the use of certain antibiotics and nitrofuran preparations]. The functional state of the testis due to the effect of antibacterial therapy was studied in 50 patients suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases of the urinary-genital system and treated with neomycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, furadonin and furagin. It was shown that the above nitrofurans and neomycin had a negative effect on the testis function lowering the number of the spermatozoa in 1 ml and the whole ejaculate and their mobility. Contrary to it tetracycline therapy had no significant effect on the spermatozoa number, while the use of streptomycin was accompanied by a certain tendency to an increase in their number. The data were to some extent in certain accordance with the results of the experimental studies.", "PMID": 1180539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7562", "title": "Accuracy of Kirby-Bauer susceptibility tests read at 4, 8, and 12 hours of incubation: comparison with readings at 18 to 20 hours.", "content": "Disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility tests as performed by the hospital diagnostic microbiology laboratory were read at 4, 8, and 12 h of incubation and compared to the traditional 18-h readings. Both the zone size in millimeters and a judgement of susceptible or resistant were recorded by the investigator at each time interval for each drug tested against the various clinical isolates. Considerable variation of zone sizes existed for certain organisms (e.g., staphylococci and Proteus) and certain antibiotics (e.g., trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) when zone sizes in millimeters were examined. However, 8 to 60% of isolates demonstrated visible growth at 4 h of incubation and could be placed in susceptible or resistant categories with a fair degree of accuracy (74 to 95% agreement with 18-h readings). By 8 h of incubation, 83 to 100% of the cultures showed visible growth and almost all the organisms had accurate readings (89 to 98% agreement). The ability to determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns early could influence favorably the prognosis in serious infections.", "contents": "Accuracy of Kirby-Bauer susceptibility tests read at 4, 8, and 12 hours of incubation: comparison with readings at 18 to 20 hours. Disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility tests as performed by the hospital diagnostic microbiology laboratory were read at 4, 8, and 12 h of incubation and compared to the traditional 18-h readings. Both the zone size in millimeters and a judgement of susceptible or resistant were recorded by the investigator at each time interval for each drug tested against the various clinical isolates. Considerable variation of zone sizes existed for certain organisms (e.g., staphylococci and Proteus) and certain antibiotics (e.g., trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) when zone sizes in millimeters were examined. However, 8 to 60% of isolates demonstrated visible growth at 4 h of incubation and could be placed in susceptible or resistant categories with a fair degree of accuracy (74 to 95% agreement with 18-h readings). By 8 h of incubation, 83 to 100% of the cultures showed visible growth and almost all the organisms had accurate readings (89 to 98% agreement). The ability to determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns early could influence favorably the prognosis in serious infections.", "PMID": 1180540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7563", "title": "Treatment of influenza infection of mice by using rimantadine hydrochlorides by the aerosol and intraperitoneal routes.", "content": "Rimantadine hydrochloride was administered for 4 days in a small-particle (95% < 6.5 mum) aerosol (8.8 mg/kg per day) or intraperitoneally (40 mg/kg per day) to mice previously infected with influenza A/Aichi/2/68 (H(3)N(2)), mouse adapted. Mean time to death and incidence of survival were significantly increased in all treated groups of mice. The rate of eventual disappearance of virus from lung tissue was also accelerated by therapy. However, maximal mean virus titer per lung, and lung histopathology, did not reveal any difference between control and either group of treated mice. Aerosol therapy initiated at 72 h postinfection was as effective as that initiated at 6 h, even though lung virus titers of these mice had already peaked by 72 h. In contrast, intraperitoneal therapy initiated at 72 h was not effective in all studies.", "contents": "Treatment of influenza infection of mice by using rimantadine hydrochlorides by the aerosol and intraperitoneal routes. Rimantadine hydrochloride was administered for 4 days in a small-particle (95% < 6.5 mum) aerosol (8.8 mg/kg per day) or intraperitoneally (40 mg/kg per day) to mice previously infected with influenza A/Aichi/2/68 (H(3)N(2)), mouse adapted. Mean time to death and incidence of survival were significantly increased in all treated groups of mice. The rate of eventual disappearance of virus from lung tissue was also accelerated by therapy. However, maximal mean virus titer per lung, and lung histopathology, did not reveal any difference between control and either group of treated mice. Aerosol therapy initiated at 72 h postinfection was as effective as that initiated at 6 h, even though lung virus titers of these mice had already peaked by 72 h. In contrast, intraperitoneal therapy initiated at 72 h was not effective in all studies.", "PMID": 1180541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7564", "title": "Fermentation, isolation, and antitumor activity of sterigmatocystins.", "content": "In a screening program for antitumor substances from microbial fermentations, a compound was isolated from the mycelium of an Aspergillus species which proved to be the mycotoxin 5-methoxysterigmatocystin. This and the subsequently isolated sterigmatocystin gave significant inhibition of the transplanted mouse leukemias P-388 and L-1210. Preparation and testing of several derivatives of 5-methoxysterigmatocystin suggest that certain functions in the molecule are essential for tumor inhibition. Although slight antitumor effects have been reported for the chemically related aflatoxins, we believe this is the first report of antitumor activity of sterigmatocystins.", "contents": "Fermentation, isolation, and antitumor activity of sterigmatocystins. In a screening program for antitumor substances from microbial fermentations, a compound was isolated from the mycelium of an Aspergillus species which proved to be the mycotoxin 5-methoxysterigmatocystin. This and the subsequently isolated sterigmatocystin gave significant inhibition of the transplanted mouse leukemias P-388 and L-1210. Preparation and testing of several derivatives of 5-methoxysterigmatocystin suggest that certain functions in the molecule are essential for tumor inhibition. Although slight antitumor effects have been reported for the chemically related aflatoxins, we believe this is the first report of antitumor activity of sterigmatocystins.", "PMID": 1180542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7565", "title": "Analysis of rifampin disk diffusion and stability in 7H10 agar.", "content": "Rifampin was incorporated into Middlebrook 7H10 medium either by adding an aliquot of the antibiotic into melted agar (final concentration 1.0 and 3.0 mug/ml) or by submerging a 5 or 15 mug of rifampin paper disk into 5 ml of melted agar contained in one quadrant of a Felson \"X\" plate. At intervals, plugs of agar were removed from the stored plates and assayed. Plates stored at 5 C for 28 days showed no loss of potency; at 37 C, the half-life of rifampin was 9 days. Stability of rifampin at these concentrations in 7H10 medium was independent of the method used for incorporation. Using the disk method, uniform rifampin concentrations of 0.75 mug/ml on day 5 for the 5-mug disk and 2.7 mug/ml on day 6 for the 15-mug disk were observed. Results indicated that the rifampin concentrations within the agar dilution and disk diffusion plates were equivalent at these times.", "contents": "Analysis of rifampin disk diffusion and stability in 7H10 agar. Rifampin was incorporated into Middlebrook 7H10 medium either by adding an aliquot of the antibiotic into melted agar (final concentration 1.0 and 3.0 mug/ml) or by submerging a 5 or 15 mug of rifampin paper disk into 5 ml of melted agar contained in one quadrant of a Felson \"X\" plate. At intervals, plugs of agar were removed from the stored plates and assayed. Plates stored at 5 C for 28 days showed no loss of potency; at 37 C, the half-life of rifampin was 9 days. Stability of rifampin at these concentrations in 7H10 medium was independent of the method used for incorporation. Using the disk method, uniform rifampin concentrations of 0.75 mug/ml on day 5 for the 5-mug disk and 2.7 mug/ml on day 6 for the 15-mug disk were observed. Results indicated that the rifampin concentrations within the agar dilution and disk diffusion plates were equivalent at these times.", "PMID": 1180543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7566", "title": "Inactivation of myxoviruses by calcium elenolate.", "content": "Calcium elenolate inactivates all myxoviruses so far tested. The pH of the reaction mixture is less critical for myxovirus inactivation than that required for coxsackie A-21 virus; the myxoviruses are inactivated at a broad spectrum of pH with the maximum activity occurring at a pH below 7.0. The infectivity of the virus is more susceptible to the action of calcium elenolate than is either the neuraminidase activity or the hemagglutinin. The inactivation of Newcastle disease virus by calcium elenolate also destroys the ability of the virus to induce interferon formation in cell culture and in mice.", "contents": "Inactivation of myxoviruses by calcium elenolate. Calcium elenolate inactivates all myxoviruses so far tested. The pH of the reaction mixture is less critical for myxovirus inactivation than that required for coxsackie A-21 virus; the myxoviruses are inactivated at a broad spectrum of pH with the maximum activity occurring at a pH below 7.0. The infectivity of the virus is more susceptible to the action of calcium elenolate than is either the neuraminidase activity or the hemagglutinin. The inactivation of Newcastle disease virus by calcium elenolate also destroys the ability of the virus to induce interferon formation in cell culture and in mice.", "PMID": 1180544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7567", "title": "Gentamicin nephrotoxicity: failure of three cephalosporins to potentiate injury in rats.", "content": "The possibility that gentamicin and cephalosporin antibiotics may act synergistically to produce nephrotoxicity was evaluated in an experimental model. Necrosis of the proximal tubules occurred when rats were treated with 60 to 120 mg/kg of gentamicin for 5 days but not when 15 to 20 mg/kg per day was given for up to 4 weeks. In all gentamicin-treated animals lysosomes of proximal tubules were increased in size and number and the lumens of many tubules contained a granular deposit. Examination by electron microscopy revealed that the abnormal lysosomes contained membranous whorls. The luminal deposits consisted of similar material; identical bodies were also present in the urinary sediment. To determine whether concurrent administration of a cephalosporin would augment the nephrotoxic potential of gentamicin, additional rats were treated for 4 weeks with daily injections of gentamicin (20 mg/kg) and either cephaloridine, cephalothin, or cefazolin (500 mg/kg). None of the combination regimens produced any more injury than did gentamicin alone.", "contents": "Gentamicin nephrotoxicity: failure of three cephalosporins to potentiate injury in rats. The possibility that gentamicin and cephalosporin antibiotics may act synergistically to produce nephrotoxicity was evaluated in an experimental model. Necrosis of the proximal tubules occurred when rats were treated with 60 to 120 mg/kg of gentamicin for 5 days but not when 15 to 20 mg/kg per day was given for up to 4 weeks. In all gentamicin-treated animals lysosomes of proximal tubules were increased in size and number and the lumens of many tubules contained a granular deposit. Examination by electron microscopy revealed that the abnormal lysosomes contained membranous whorls. The luminal deposits consisted of similar material; identical bodies were also present in the urinary sediment. To determine whether concurrent administration of a cephalosporin would augment the nephrotoxic potential of gentamicin, additional rats were treated for 4 weeks with daily injections of gentamicin (20 mg/kg) and either cephaloridine, cephalothin, or cefazolin (500 mg/kg). None of the combination regimens produced any more injury than did gentamicin alone.", "PMID": 1180545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7568", "title": "Concentration of clindamycin in human bone.", "content": "Thirty patients undergoing total hip replacement received clindamycin beginning the day before surgery. Mean clindamycin concentrations during surgery were 7.33 +/- 3.37 mug/ml in serum and 2.63 +/- 1.76 mug/g in bone; mean ratio of bone-serum concentration was 0.40 +/- 0.30.", "contents": "Concentration of clindamycin in human bone. Thirty patients undergoing total hip replacement received clindamycin beginning the day before surgery. Mean clindamycin concentrations during surgery were 7.33 +/- 3.37 mug/ml in serum and 2.63 +/- 1.76 mug/g in bone; mean ratio of bone-serum concentration was 0.40 +/- 0.30.", "PMID": 1180546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7569", "title": "Comparison of cefoxitin and cephalothin therapy of a mixed Bacteroides fragilis and Fusobacterius necrophorum infection in mice.", "content": "Cefoxitin, a beta-lactamase-resistant cephalosporin, was found to be more effective than cephalothin against an experimental mixed infection containing Bacteroides fragilis and Fusobacterium necrophorum.", "contents": "Comparison of cefoxitin and cephalothin therapy of a mixed Bacteroides fragilis and Fusobacterius necrophorum infection in mice. Cefoxitin, a beta-lactamase-resistant cephalosporin, was found to be more effective than cephalothin against an experimental mixed infection containing Bacteroides fragilis and Fusobacterium necrophorum.", "PMID": 1180547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7570", "title": "Effects of temperature and crude oil composition on petroleum biodegradation.", "content": "The biodegradability of seven different crude oils was found to be highly dependent on their composition and on incubation temperature. At 20 C lighter oils had greater abiotic losses and were more susceptible to biodegradation than heavier oils. These light crude oils, however, possessed toxic volatile components which evaporated only slowly and inhibited microbial degradation of these oils at 10 C. No volatile toxic fraction was associated with the heavier oils tested. Rates of oil mineralization for the heavier oils were significantly lower at 20 C than for the lighter ones. Similar relative degradation rates were found with a mixed microbial community, using CO2 evolution as the measure, and with a Pseudomonas isolate from the Arctic, using O2 consumption as the measure. The paraffinic, aromatic, and asphaltic fractions were subject to biodegradation. Some preference was shown for paraffin degradation, especially at low temperatures. Branched paraffins, such as pristane, were degraded at both 10 and 20 C. At best, a 20% residue still remained after 42 days of incubation. Oil residues generally had a lower relative percentage of paraffins and higher percentage of asphaltics than fresh or weathered oil.", "contents": "Effects of temperature and crude oil composition on petroleum biodegradation. The biodegradability of seven different crude oils was found to be highly dependent on their composition and on incubation temperature. At 20 C lighter oils had greater abiotic losses and were more susceptible to biodegradation than heavier oils. These light crude oils, however, possessed toxic volatile components which evaporated only slowly and inhibited microbial degradation of these oils at 10 C. No volatile toxic fraction was associated with the heavier oils tested. Rates of oil mineralization for the heavier oils were significantly lower at 20 C than for the lighter ones. Similar relative degradation rates were found with a mixed microbial community, using CO2 evolution as the measure, and with a Pseudomonas isolate from the Arctic, using O2 consumption as the measure. The paraffinic, aromatic, and asphaltic fractions were subject to biodegradation. Some preference was shown for paraffin degradation, especially at low temperatures. Branched paraffins, such as pristane, were degraded at both 10 and 20 C. At best, a 20% residue still remained after 42 days of incubation. Oil residues generally had a lower relative percentage of paraffins and higher percentage of asphaltics than fresh or weathered oil.", "PMID": 1180548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7571", "title": "Effects of an abrupt change in ration from all roughage to high concentrate upon rumen microbial numbers in sheep.", "content": "When three sheep were abruptly changed from a ration of 100% orchardgrass hay to 60% cracked corn-40% orchardgrass hay, fed at equal dry-matter intakes, significant increases in concentration were observed in the rumen microbial population. Bacterial numbers (colony counts) per gram of rumen contents did not appear to have stabilized within 21 days after the ration change; however, protozoan numbers per milliliter plateaued after 5 days. The concentration of cellulose-digesting bacteria varied considerably between animals and decreased in all animals with the change. Changes were observed in total and molar percentages of volatile fatty acids, which were typical for the two types of rations. Although the concentration of protozoa increased after the ration change, only minor differences were observed in their percent generic distribution. A significant decrease in rumen volume was measured in two of the three sheep with the change in ration; however, fluid turnover rates were not significantly affected. Rates of rumen dry-matter turnover were slower with the concentrate ration, although rumen dry-matter digestion was increased. Calculation of total bacterial numbers based on total rumen volume completely negated the effect of ration change in one animal, whereas total numbers in the other two animals were still significantly different between rations and very similar between animals. Adjustment of total protozoa numbers did not alter the trends seen previously with concentration values.", "contents": "Effects of an abrupt change in ration from all roughage to high concentrate upon rumen microbial numbers in sheep. When three sheep were abruptly changed from a ration of 100% orchardgrass hay to 60% cracked corn-40% orchardgrass hay, fed at equal dry-matter intakes, significant increases in concentration were observed in the rumen microbial population. Bacterial numbers (colony counts) per gram of rumen contents did not appear to have stabilized within 21 days after the ration change; however, protozoan numbers per milliliter plateaued after 5 days. The concentration of cellulose-digesting bacteria varied considerably between animals and decreased in all animals with the change. Changes were observed in total and molar percentages of volatile fatty acids, which were typical for the two types of rations. Although the concentration of protozoa increased after the ration change, only minor differences were observed in their percent generic distribution. A significant decrease in rumen volume was measured in two of the three sheep with the change in ration; however, fluid turnover rates were not significantly affected. Rates of rumen dry-matter turnover were slower with the concentrate ration, although rumen dry-matter digestion was increased. Calculation of total bacterial numbers based on total rumen volume completely negated the effect of ration change in one animal, whereas total numbers in the other two animals were still significantly different between rations and very similar between animals. Adjustment of total protozoa numbers did not alter the trends seen previously with concentration values.", "PMID": 1180549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7572", "title": "Detection of Clostridium botulinum toxin by local paralysis elicited with intramuscular challenge.", "content": "Clostridium botulinum toxin can be identified by a characteristic, acute local paralysis that follows its injection into the gastrocnemius (\"calf\" muscle) of mice. The local botulism can be elicited with slightly less than one-tenth the toxin amount that is needed to kill mice by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) challenge route. The practical sensitivities of the intramuscular (i.m.) versus i.p. tests are about equal, however, because maximum sample volume injectable i.m. is 0.1 ml as compared to the 0.5-ml range that can be given i.p. i.m. injection of 10 or more mouse i.p. mean lethal doses causes paralysis in about 1 h, and an i.m. injection of about 0.5 i.p. mean lethal doses causes paralysis in 3 to 4 h. Toxin neutralization by homologous type of antitoxin only can be demonstrated with an incubated mixture of toxin and antitoxin. Although not as convenient as the i.p. method for routine use to detect botulinum toxin, the i.m. method has characteristics which could make it a useful supplement to the presently accepted i.p. procedure.", "contents": "Detection of Clostridium botulinum toxin by local paralysis elicited with intramuscular challenge. Clostridium botulinum toxin can be identified by a characteristic, acute local paralysis that follows its injection into the gastrocnemius (\"calf\" muscle) of mice. The local botulism can be elicited with slightly less than one-tenth the toxin amount that is needed to kill mice by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) challenge route. The practical sensitivities of the intramuscular (i.m.) versus i.p. tests are about equal, however, because maximum sample volume injectable i.m. is 0.1 ml as compared to the 0.5-ml range that can be given i.p. i.m. injection of 10 or more mouse i.p. mean lethal doses causes paralysis in about 1 h, and an i.m. injection of about 0.5 i.p. mean lethal doses causes paralysis in 3 to 4 h. Toxin neutralization by homologous type of antitoxin only can be demonstrated with an incubated mixture of toxin and antitoxin. Although not as convenient as the i.p. method for routine use to detect botulinum toxin, the i.m. method has characteristics which could make it a useful supplement to the presently accepted i.p. procedure.", "PMID": 1180550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7573", "title": "Formation of methyl mercury by bacteria.", "content": "Twenty-three Hg2+-resistant cultures were isolated from sediment of the Savannah River in Georgia; of these, 14 were gram-negative short rods belonging to the genera Escherichia and Enterobacter, six were gram-positive cocci (three Staphylococcus sp. and three Streptococcus sp.) and three were Bacillus sp. All the Escherichia, Enterobacter, and the Bacillus strain were more resistant to Hg2+ than the strains of staphylococci and streptococci. Adaptation using serial dilutions and concentration gradient agar plate techniques showed that it was possible to select a Hg2+-resistant strain from a parent culture identified as Enterobacter aerogenes. This culture resisted 1,200 mug of Hg2+ per ml of medium and produced methyl mercury from HgCl2, but was unable to convert Hg2+ to volatile elemental mercury (Hg0). Under constant aeration (i.e., submerged culture), slightly more methyl mercury was formed than in the absence of aeration. Production of methyl mercury was cyclic in nature and slightly decreased if DL-homocysteine was present in media, but increased with methylcobalamine. It is concluded that the bacterial production of methyl mercury may be a means of resistance and detoxification against mercurials in which inorganic Hg2+ is converted to organic form and secreted into the environment.", "contents": "Formation of methyl mercury by bacteria. Twenty-three Hg2+-resistant cultures were isolated from sediment of the Savannah River in Georgia; of these, 14 were gram-negative short rods belonging to the genera Escherichia and Enterobacter, six were gram-positive cocci (three Staphylococcus sp. and three Streptococcus sp.) and three were Bacillus sp. All the Escherichia, Enterobacter, and the Bacillus strain were more resistant to Hg2+ than the strains of staphylococci and streptococci. Adaptation using serial dilutions and concentration gradient agar plate techniques showed that it was possible to select a Hg2+-resistant strain from a parent culture identified as Enterobacter aerogenes. This culture resisted 1,200 mug of Hg2+ per ml of medium and produced methyl mercury from HgCl2, but was unable to convert Hg2+ to volatile elemental mercury (Hg0). Under constant aeration (i.e., submerged culture), slightly more methyl mercury was formed than in the absence of aeration. Production of methyl mercury was cyclic in nature and slightly decreased if DL-homocysteine was present in media, but increased with methylcobalamine. It is concluded that the bacterial production of methyl mercury may be a means of resistance and detoxification against mercurials in which inorganic Hg2+ is converted to organic form and secreted into the environment.", "PMID": 1180551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7574", "title": "Vitamin B12 production by a methanol-utilizing bacterium.", "content": "Vitamin B(12) production by a newly isolated strain of a methanol-utilizing bacterium was studied. The maximal yield of the vitamin, 2.6 mg/liter of medium was attained by optimization.", "contents": "Vitamin B12 production by a methanol-utilizing bacterium. Vitamin B(12) production by a newly isolated strain of a methanol-utilizing bacterium was studied. The maximal yield of the vitamin, 2.6 mg/liter of medium was attained by optimization.", "PMID": 1180552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7575", "title": "Fermentative accumulation of guanosine polyphosphates by Brevibacterium ammoniagenes.", "content": "Guanosine-3'-diphosphate-5'-monophosphate (3.35 mg/ml), guanosine-3'-diphosphate-5'-diphosphate (MSI) (5.21 mg/ml), and guanosine-3'-diphosphate-5'-triphosphate (MSII) (0.82 mg/ml), in addition to guanosine 5'-monophosphate, guanosine 5'-diphosphate, and guanosine 5'-triphosphate, were accumulated by microbial conversion of 5'-xanthylic acid with a mutant of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes.", "contents": "Fermentative accumulation of guanosine polyphosphates by Brevibacterium ammoniagenes. Guanosine-3'-diphosphate-5'-monophosphate (3.35 mg/ml), guanosine-3'-diphosphate-5'-diphosphate (MSI) (5.21 mg/ml), and guanosine-3'-diphosphate-5'-triphosphate (MSII) (0.82 mg/ml), in addition to guanosine 5'-monophosphate, guanosine 5'-diphosphate, and guanosine 5'-triphosphate, were accumulated by microbial conversion of 5'-xanthylic acid with a mutant of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes.", "PMID": 1180553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7576", "title": "Gamma-aminobutyric acid pathway and modified tricarboxylic acid cycle activity during growth and sporulation of Bacillus thuringiensis.", "content": "Enzymatic analyses of Bacillus thuringiensis extracts suggest that a modified Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle (without alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase) can operate during sporulation in conjunction with the glyoxylic acid cycle and the gamma-aminobutyric acid pathway.", "contents": "Gamma-aminobutyric acid pathway and modified tricarboxylic acid cycle activity during growth and sporulation of Bacillus thuringiensis. Enzymatic analyses of Bacillus thuringiensis extracts suggest that a modified Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle (without alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase) can operate during sporulation in conjunction with the glyoxylic acid cycle and the gamma-aminobutyric acid pathway.", "PMID": 1180554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7577", "title": "Isolation of acetyl T-2 toxin from Fusarium poae.", "content": "Acetyl T-2 toxin (3,4,15-triacetoxy-8-isovaleroxy-12,13-epoxy-delta9-trichothecene) was isolated and characterized as a naturally occurring emetic trichothecene from liquid cultures of Fusarium poae (NRRL 3287). Acetyl T-2 toxin was shown to be much less toxic than T-2 toxin in pigeon assays.", "contents": "Isolation of acetyl T-2 toxin from Fusarium poae. Acetyl T-2 toxin (3,4,15-triacetoxy-8-isovaleroxy-12,13-epoxy-delta9-trichothecene) was isolated and characterized as a naturally occurring emetic trichothecene from liquid cultures of Fusarium poae (NRRL 3287). Acetyl T-2 toxin was shown to be much less toxic than T-2 toxin in pigeon assays.", "PMID": 1180555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7578", "title": "Carbon monoxide and heart attacks.", "content": "A study of the relationship between carbon monoxide exposure and heart attacks was conducted in Baltimore. There was no evidence of clustering of either myocardial infarction or sudden ASHD on a specific day, nor was there correlation between the number of cases per day and ambient CO levels. Postmortem HbCO levels were slightly higher in ASHD sudden deaths than in sudden deaths due to other causes. Any differences were probably primarily due to cigarette smoking. Cigarette smokers who died suddenly due to ASHD had substantially higher postmortem HbCO levels than nonsmokers. Practically all of the elevated HbCO levels could be related to cigarette smoking or specific environmental exposure. There were no differences between HbCO levels in ASHD sudden death patients and in living controls. There was also no relationship between cardiac pathologic findings and postmortem HbCO levels among patients dying suddenly of ASH.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide and heart attacks. A study of the relationship between carbon monoxide exposure and heart attacks was conducted in Baltimore. There was no evidence of clustering of either myocardial infarction or sudden ASHD on a specific day, nor was there correlation between the number of cases per day and ambient CO levels. Postmortem HbCO levels were slightly higher in ASHD sudden deaths than in sudden deaths due to other causes. Any differences were probably primarily due to cigarette smoking. Cigarette smokers who died suddenly due to ASHD had substantially higher postmortem HbCO levels than nonsmokers. Practically all of the elevated HbCO levels could be related to cigarette smoking or specific environmental exposure. There were no differences between HbCO levels in ASHD sudden death patients and in living controls. There was also no relationship between cardiac pathologic findings and postmortem HbCO levels among patients dying suddenly of ASH.", "PMID": 1180569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7579", "title": "The lead content of teeth. Evidence establishing new minimal levels of exposure in a living preindustrialized human population.", "content": "Teeth were collected from populations differing in their degree of industrialization and from prehistoric populations. Lead analysis of dentine revealed that in contemporary teeth the lead level was related to the degree of industrialization and that in prehistoric teeth very low concentrations of lead were present. Because tooth lead reflects the body burden of lead, this result suggested that the prehistoric populations and modern nonindustrial populations were exposed to environments low in lead. Teeth from a contemporary population of nonindustrialized Indians of the Lacandon forest in Mexico contain lead in concentrations comparable with those of the prehistoric populations. Comparison of the Indian teeth with teeth from a modern industrial population reveals a 45-fold difference in median tooth lead level. This finding lends support to the hypothesis that high levels of urban lead pollution result in elevated body burdens of lead.", "contents": "The lead content of teeth. Evidence establishing new minimal levels of exposure in a living preindustrialized human population. Teeth were collected from populations differing in their degree of industrialization and from prehistoric populations. Lead analysis of dentine revealed that in contemporary teeth the lead level was related to the degree of industrialization and that in prehistoric teeth very low concentrations of lead were present. Because tooth lead reflects the body burden of lead, this result suggested that the prehistoric populations and modern nonindustrial populations were exposed to environments low in lead. Teeth from a contemporary population of nonindustrialized Indians of the Lacandon forest in Mexico contain lead in concentrations comparable with those of the prehistoric populations. Comparison of the Indian teeth with teeth from a modern industrial population reveals a 45-fold difference in median tooth lead level. This finding lends support to the hypothesis that high levels of urban lead pollution result in elevated body burdens of lead.", "PMID": 1180570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7580", "title": "Heavy metals in normal Japanese tissues. Amounts of 15 heavy metals in 30 subjects.", "content": "To obtain the usual values of arsenic, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, mercury, methyl mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, vanadium, and zinc in the normal human body, the amounts of 15 metals were determined in 15 male and 15 female Japanese cadavers (average weight, 55 kg [121 lb]). The content of metals found ranged as follows: Zn, 1,800 mg; Cu, 65 mg; Cd, 35 mg; Pb, 25 mg; Mn, 8 mg; Ni, 6 mg; Cr, 4 mg; Hg, 3 mg; Sb, 0.7 mg; MeHg, 0.4 mg. Cadmium and mercury were higher in Japanese blood than in blood of other people. Cadmium and mercury were absorbed by the metabolic tissues; Cr, Ni, and Pb showed higher concentration in tissue exposed to the environment. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Hg tended to be higher in females, and Cr Cu, MeHg, and Mn concentrations tended to be higher in males.", "contents": "Heavy metals in normal Japanese tissues. Amounts of 15 heavy metals in 30 subjects. To obtain the usual values of arsenic, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, mercury, methyl mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, vanadium, and zinc in the normal human body, the amounts of 15 metals were determined in 15 male and 15 female Japanese cadavers (average weight, 55 kg [121 lb]). The content of metals found ranged as follows: Zn, 1,800 mg; Cu, 65 mg; Cd, 35 mg; Pb, 25 mg; Mn, 8 mg; Ni, 6 mg; Cr, 4 mg; Hg, 3 mg; Sb, 0.7 mg; MeHg, 0.4 mg. Cadmium and mercury were higher in Japanese blood than in blood of other people. Cadmium and mercury were absorbed by the metabolic tissues; Cr, Ni, and Pb showed higher concentration in tissue exposed to the environment. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Hg tended to be higher in females, and Cr Cu, MeHg, and Mn concentrations tended to be higher in males.", "PMID": 1180571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7581", "title": "Age, smoking inhalation, and pulmonary function.", "content": "This study examined the relative effects of age and smoking on pulmonary function. Smoking was measured by six smoking variables, taken singly and as a composite. Subjects were 1,516 male participants in the Normative Aging Study. A stepwise multiple regression with vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1.0) as the criteria accounted for 24.4% and 28.3% of the variance, respectively. Two-way analyses of variance showed that the age decline in pulmonary function was substantially greater for high inhalers than it was for low inhalers or nonsmokers. Age and the inhalation index were also noticeably and independently related to a decline in pulmonary function.", "contents": "Age, smoking inhalation, and pulmonary function. This study examined the relative effects of age and smoking on pulmonary function. Smoking was measured by six smoking variables, taken singly and as a composite. Subjects were 1,516 male participants in the Normative Aging Study. A stepwise multiple regression with vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1.0) as the criteria accounted for 24.4% and 28.3% of the variance, respectively. Two-way analyses of variance showed that the age decline in pulmonary function was substantially greater for high inhalers than it was for low inhalers or nonsmokers. Age and the inhalation index were also noticeably and independently related to a decline in pulmonary function.", "PMID": 1180572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7582", "title": "A soluble cadmium-binding component in rat and dog spleen.", "content": "The spleens of cadmium-treated Sprague-Dawley rats and mongrel dogs were examined for cytoplasmic soluble cadmium-binding moieties following the cessation of parenteral cadmium exposure. Cell homogenates prepared in 0.25M sucrose were centrifuged at 29,000 g and the supernatant fractionated on a fractionating column (Sephadex G-75). Ultraviolet absorbing peaks that showed characteristically high 250-nm to 280-nm absorbences were further analyzed for cadmium content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Cadmium-binding fractions isolated from the spleens of both species were characteristically similar to rat kidney metallothionein-like substances isolated and identified by the same procedure. Molecular weights for the canine and rat spleen cadmium-binding components were estimated at 14,783 +/- 343 and 13,916 +/- 490, respectively. These preliminary data indicate the production and persistence of soluble metallothionein-like substances in spleen that bind and retain cadmium ions long after cadmium exposure has ceased.", "contents": "A soluble cadmium-binding component in rat and dog spleen. The spleens of cadmium-treated Sprague-Dawley rats and mongrel dogs were examined for cytoplasmic soluble cadmium-binding moieties following the cessation of parenteral cadmium exposure. Cell homogenates prepared in 0.25M sucrose were centrifuged at 29,000 g and the supernatant fractionated on a fractionating column (Sephadex G-75). Ultraviolet absorbing peaks that showed characteristically high 250-nm to 280-nm absorbences were further analyzed for cadmium content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Cadmium-binding fractions isolated from the spleens of both species were characteristically similar to rat kidney metallothionein-like substances isolated and identified by the same procedure. Molecular weights for the canine and rat spleen cadmium-binding components were estimated at 14,783 +/- 343 and 13,916 +/- 490, respectively. These preliminary data indicate the production and persistence of soluble metallothionein-like substances in spleen that bind and retain cadmium ions long after cadmium exposure has ceased.", "PMID": 1180573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7583", "title": "Asbestos, smoking, and laryngeal carcinoma.", "content": "This study was designed to examine the relationship between exposure to asbestos and laryngeal cancer. A retrospective study of 43 pairs of patients with laryngeal cancer and their matched controls examined a number of variables, including smoking, exposure to asbestos, and other occupational factors. Patients with laryngeal cancer and the controls were matched for age, sex, and place of residence. The data indicate a substantial association between asbestos exposure and laryngeal cancer. Cigarette smoking was also associated with the disease, although the strength of association was not as high as that for asbestos. Exposure to uranium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, arsenic, x-rays, and alcohol did not appear related to later development of carcinoma of the larynx. We conclude that exposure to asbestos and cigarette smoking are potent factors in the development of this disease.", "contents": "Asbestos, smoking, and laryngeal carcinoma. This study was designed to examine the relationship between exposure to asbestos and laryngeal cancer. A retrospective study of 43 pairs of patients with laryngeal cancer and their matched controls examined a number of variables, including smoking, exposure to asbestos, and other occupational factors. Patients with laryngeal cancer and the controls were matched for age, sex, and place of residence. The data indicate a substantial association between asbestos exposure and laryngeal cancer. Cigarette smoking was also associated with the disease, although the strength of association was not as high as that for asbestos. Exposure to uranium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, arsenic, x-rays, and alcohol did not appear related to later development of carcinoma of the larynx. We conclude that exposure to asbestos and cigarette smoking are potent factors in the development of this disease.", "PMID": 1180574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7584", "title": "Selection of patients and operative approach in primary aldosteronism.", "content": "A system for discriminating between adrenal adenoma and hyperplasia based on the levels of aldosterone production, plasma renin concentration, severity of electrolyte disturbances, plasma aldosterone patterns during recumbency and after assuming erect posture, and 131I-19-iodocholesterol scan has been developed. Indicated for operation are patients with adenomas whose elevated blood pressure cannot be continuously controlled with usual doses of medication and patients with documented deterioration of target organ function. Adrenalectomy has been performed 83 times in 81 patients with a diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism. Results of excision of adrenal adenomas have been excellent with significant lowering of blood pressure in all cases and cure of hypertension in over 60%. Results of total or subtotal adrenalectomy for hyperplasia have been poor with almost all patients still requiring medication for hypertension. Adenomas have always been unilateral, and usually can be localized so that unilateral exploration is curative. Therefore, we have tried to distinguish preoperatively between adenoma and hyperplasia. Anterior transperitoneal adrenalectomy has been effective with few complications, and no postoperative hypercortisolism after unilateral adrenalectomy for adenoma. The unilateral extraperitoneal approach gives shorter morbidity and potentially fewer serious complications.", "contents": "Selection of patients and operative approach in primary aldosteronism. A system for discriminating between adrenal adenoma and hyperplasia based on the levels of aldosterone production, plasma renin concentration, severity of electrolyte disturbances, plasma aldosterone patterns during recumbency and after assuming erect posture, and 131I-19-iodocholesterol scan has been developed. Indicated for operation are patients with adenomas whose elevated blood pressure cannot be continuously controlled with usual doses of medication and patients with documented deterioration of target organ function. Adrenalectomy has been performed 83 times in 81 patients with a diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism. Results of excision of adrenal adenomas have been excellent with significant lowering of blood pressure in all cases and cure of hypertension in over 60%. Results of total or subtotal adrenalectomy for hyperplasia have been poor with almost all patients still requiring medication for hypertension. Adenomas have always been unilateral, and usually can be localized so that unilateral exploration is curative. Therefore, we have tried to distinguish preoperatively between adenoma and hyperplasia. Anterior transperitoneal adrenalectomy has been effective with few complications, and no postoperative hypercortisolism after unilateral adrenalectomy for adenoma. The unilateral extraperitoneal approach gives shorter morbidity and potentially fewer serious complications.", "PMID": 1180575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7585", "title": "The early diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type II.", "content": "Pentagastrin is a potent stimulator of thyrocalcitonin secretion from \"C\" cells. Since medulllary carcinoma of the thyroid gland (MCT) is a tumor composed of \"C\" cells, pentagastrin was used to screen a large kindred with multiple endocrine neoplasia type II (MCT, pheochromocytoma (s), and parathyroid hyperplasia). Four children with no thyroid abnormalities evident on physical examination, with negative thyroid scans, and with normal levels of plasma thyrocalcitonin both before and after calcium infusion, were found to have elevated peripheral levels of this hormone following pentagastrin injection. All four children were found to have very small foci of MCT, in both thyroid lobes at the time of total thyroidectomy. Pentagastrin stimulation used conjointly with selective catheterization of the inferior thyroid vein provided even greater diagnostic accuracy in detecting elevations in thyrocalcitonin secretion. This test has great diagnostic utility, especially in screening patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type II.", "contents": "The early diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type II. Pentagastrin is a potent stimulator of thyrocalcitonin secretion from \"C\" cells. Since medulllary carcinoma of the thyroid gland (MCT) is a tumor composed of \"C\" cells, pentagastrin was used to screen a large kindred with multiple endocrine neoplasia type II (MCT, pheochromocytoma (s), and parathyroid hyperplasia). Four children with no thyroid abnormalities evident on physical examination, with negative thyroid scans, and with normal levels of plasma thyrocalcitonin both before and after calcium infusion, were found to have elevated peripheral levels of this hormone following pentagastrin injection. All four children were found to have very small foci of MCT, in both thyroid lobes at the time of total thyroidectomy. Pentagastrin stimulation used conjointly with selective catheterization of the inferior thyroid vein provided even greater diagnostic accuracy in detecting elevations in thyrocalcitonin secretion. This test has great diagnostic utility, especially in screening patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type II.", "PMID": 1180576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7586", "title": "Glycerol: major contributor to the short term protein sparing effect of fat emulsions in normal man.", "content": "Intravenous fat emulsions have been advocated as acceptable alternatives to hyperosmolar glucose solutions in parenteral nutrition. The ability of a fat emulsion (soy bean oil suspended in glycerol) to produce nitrogen sparing in the absence of nitrogen intake was examined in normal man. The protein conservation obtained by the fat emulsion can be duplicated by the infusion of glycerol alone in the same amount as that available from the fat emulsion.", "contents": "Glycerol: major contributor to the short term protein sparing effect of fat emulsions in normal man. Intravenous fat emulsions have been advocated as acceptable alternatives to hyperosmolar glucose solutions in parenteral nutrition. The ability of a fat emulsion (soy bean oil suspended in glycerol) to produce nitrogen sparing in the absence of nitrogen intake was examined in normal man. The protein conservation obtained by the fat emulsion can be duplicated by the infusion of glycerol alone in the same amount as that available from the fat emulsion.", "PMID": 1180577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7587", "title": "Body composition in morbidly obese patients before and after jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "A clinical and body compositional study has been made of 150 patients with morbid obesity and their responses to four different dimensional alterations of jejunoileal bypass. Total body potassium was estimated by measuring 40K with the whole body counter and total body water by tritiated water dilution. Body compositional data derived from these measurements were compared in the 4 groups during followup periods up to 4 years and related to clinical results. Initially, patients were two or more times overweight due to excess (60 to 65%) body fat and increased hydration (21%) of lean tissues. The 80 end-to-end jejunoileal bypass procedures of Groups 3 and 4 (30 cm jejunum to 15 or 20 cm ileum) had better weight losses and clinical results in followup were rated \"good\" in 60% and 81% respectively. These results were accompanied by a greater degree of improvement in body composition than was observed in the other groups under study.", "contents": "Body composition in morbidly obese patients before and after jejunoileal bypass. A clinical and body compositional study has been made of 150 patients with morbid obesity and their responses to four different dimensional alterations of jejunoileal bypass. Total body potassium was estimated by measuring 40K with the whole body counter and total body water by tritiated water dilution. Body compositional data derived from these measurements were compared in the 4 groups during followup periods up to 4 years and related to clinical results. Initially, patients were two or more times overweight due to excess (60 to 65%) body fat and increased hydration (21%) of lean tissues. The 80 end-to-end jejunoileal bypass procedures of Groups 3 and 4 (30 cm jejunum to 15 or 20 cm ileum) had better weight losses and clinical results in followup were rated \"good\" in 60% and 81% respectively. These results were accompanied by a greater degree of improvement in body composition than was observed in the other groups under study.", "PMID": 1180578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7588", "title": "Optimizing results of gastric bypass.", "content": "Gastric bypass is an extensive gastric exclusion operation used in patients who are more than twice their ideal weight. Most of the early postoperative deaths observed in 3% of 442 patients during the initial 9 years, could have been prevented by more attention to operative technique and early recognition and correction of leaks when they occurred. The best weight loss can be produced by adherence to three components of the operation: 1) Bypass of stomach and duodenum, 2) a small fundic segment and 3) a small (12 mm diameter) gastroenterostomy stoma. The average patient of 142 kg can expect to have a weight of around 107 kg at 1 year 103 kg at 5 years. Revision of a large stoma to a smaller (9 mm) diameter can induce further weight loss in some patients whose loss has been inadequate. The 1.8% incidence of stoma ulceration may be lowered with the present emphasis on a smaller fundic pouch, but could increase with longer observation. Presently stoma ulcers occur once in every 140 patient years at risk.", "contents": "Optimizing results of gastric bypass. Gastric bypass is an extensive gastric exclusion operation used in patients who are more than twice their ideal weight. Most of the early postoperative deaths observed in 3% of 442 patients during the initial 9 years, could have been prevented by more attention to operative technique and early recognition and correction of leaks when they occurred. The best weight loss can be produced by adherence to three components of the operation: 1) Bypass of stomach and duodenum, 2) a small fundic segment and 3) a small (12 mm diameter) gastroenterostomy stoma. The average patient of 142 kg can expect to have a weight of around 107 kg at 1 year 103 kg at 5 years. Revision of a large stoma to a smaller (9 mm) diameter can induce further weight loss in some patients whose loss has been inadequate. The 1.8% incidence of stoma ulceration may be lowered with the present emphasis on a smaller fundic pouch, but could increase with longer observation. Presently stoma ulcers occur once in every 140 patient years at risk.", "PMID": 1180579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7589", "title": "Nutritional consequences of total gastrectomy.", "content": "Nutritional status was investigated in 10 patients who had previously  undergone total gastrectomy without evidence of malignancy. The ability of these patients to ingest and absorb adequate amounts of nutrients was examined. Metabolic balance studies were also performed to discover how effectively these patients could accumulate and use the absorbed nutrients. In the controlled hospital situation, the amount of food ingested was greater than the amount required for maintenance of Ideal Body Weight. Although mild malabsorption of fat and nitrogen was documented, weight gain and positive nitrogen balance occurred. In direct contrast, food intake significantly decreased when the patients returned to their home environment. While severe malabsorption may contribute to malnutrition in the individual patient, the most common mechanism responsible for postoperative malnutrition was inadequate intake. In the occasional patient with severe malabsorption, the universal demonstration of jejunal anaerobic bacterial overgrowth offers important therapeutic implications. The relative importance of pancreatico-biliary insufficiency in promoting malabsorption remains to be determined. Construction of a Hunt-Lawrence jejunal pouch was not found to favorably affect caloric intake, weight gain, degree of malabsorption, or dumping symptoms. Although some degree of malnutrition does result from total gastric resection, in most cases it is mild and potentially correctable. Avoidance of indicated total gastrectomy due to fears of progressive postoperative malnutrition is unwarranted.", "contents": "Nutritional consequences of total gastrectomy. Nutritional status was investigated in 10 patients who had previously  undergone total gastrectomy without evidence of malignancy. The ability of these patients to ingest and absorb adequate amounts of nutrients was examined. Metabolic balance studies were also performed to discover how effectively these patients could accumulate and use the absorbed nutrients. In the controlled hospital situation, the amount of food ingested was greater than the amount required for maintenance of Ideal Body Weight. Although mild malabsorption of fat and nitrogen was documented, weight gain and positive nitrogen balance occurred. In direct contrast, food intake significantly decreased when the patients returned to their home environment. While severe malabsorption may contribute to malnutrition in the individual patient, the most common mechanism responsible for postoperative malnutrition was inadequate intake. In the occasional patient with severe malabsorption, the universal demonstration of jejunal anaerobic bacterial overgrowth offers important therapeutic implications. The relative importance of pancreatico-biliary insufficiency in promoting malabsorption remains to be determined. Construction of a Hunt-Lawrence jejunal pouch was not found to favorably affect caloric intake, weight gain, degree of malabsorption, or dumping symptoms. Although some degree of malnutrition does result from total gastric resection, in most cases it is mild and potentially correctable. Avoidance of indicated total gastrectomy due to fears of progressive postoperative malnutrition is unwarranted.", "PMID": 1180580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7590", "title": "Revascularization in treatment of mesenteric infarction.", "content": "This study compares results of primary revascularization with primary intestinal resection in treatment of acute mesenteric artery occlusion in 48 surgical patients. All cases were verified by surgical exploration, angiography or autopsy. Fifteen occlusions were caused by mesenteric thrombosis and 33 by superior mesenteric artery embolization. Primary revascularization was done in 6 of 15 patients with arteriosclerotic mesenteric thrombosis. Total bowel salvage was achieved in 4 patients but no patient with mesenteric thrombosis treated by any method survived long term. Primary embolectomy was done in 11 patients with superior mesenteric artery embolization. Ttoal bowel salvage was achieved in 8 patients. Three of 11 patients died. Primary exploration and/or resection was done in 11 patients; 9 died. All 11 umoperated patients died. A continuation of attempts at mesenteric revascularization is advocated.", "contents": "Revascularization in treatment of mesenteric infarction. This study compares results of primary revascularization with primary intestinal resection in treatment of acute mesenteric artery occlusion in 48 surgical patients. All cases were verified by surgical exploration, angiography or autopsy. Fifteen occlusions were caused by mesenteric thrombosis and 33 by superior mesenteric artery embolization. Primary revascularization was done in 6 of 15 patients with arteriosclerotic mesenteric thrombosis. Total bowel salvage was achieved in 4 patients but no patient with mesenteric thrombosis treated by any method survived long term. Primary embolectomy was done in 11 patients with superior mesenteric artery embolization. Ttoal bowel salvage was achieved in 8 patients. Three of 11 patients died. Primary exploration and/or resection was done in 11 patients; 9 died. All 11 umoperated patients died. A continuation of attempts at mesenteric revascularization is advocated.", "PMID": 1180581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7591", "title": "Ex vivo renal artery reconstruction.", "content": "Ex vivo renal artery reconstruction and autotransplantation is a relatively recent addition to the surgical armamentarium for renal vascular hypertension. Ten consecutive patients were considered for this surgical therapy and form the basis of this communication. The patients were treated by a combination of methods including bilateral ex vivo reconstruction, unilateral in situ and contralateral ex vivo reconstruction, and unilateral ex vivo reconstruction and contralateral nephrectomy. Replacement of the diseased segment of the renal artery in all ex vivo reconstruction consisted of arterial autografts including hypogastric artery, splenic artery, common iliac, and external iliac artery. In the ex vivo reconstruction, the ureter was either left intact or was transected and reconstructed by standard ureterovesicle implantation. After surgery all patients became normotensive without antihypertensive medication. Although this is a relatively small series, the uniform good results in these patients with extensive disease suggest that ex vivo renal artery reconstruction is a safe and effective method of treatment. Thus, it should be more widely applicable, expecially in those patients with renal vascular disease who were previously thought to be inoperable or eligible for nephrectomy only.", "contents": "Ex vivo renal artery reconstruction. Ex vivo renal artery reconstruction and autotransplantation is a relatively recent addition to the surgical armamentarium for renal vascular hypertension. Ten consecutive patients were considered for this surgical therapy and form the basis of this communication. The patients were treated by a combination of methods including bilateral ex vivo reconstruction, unilateral in situ and contralateral ex vivo reconstruction, and unilateral ex vivo reconstruction and contralateral nephrectomy. Replacement of the diseased segment of the renal artery in all ex vivo reconstruction consisted of arterial autografts including hypogastric artery, splenic artery, common iliac, and external iliac artery. In the ex vivo reconstruction, the ureter was either left intact or was transected and reconstructed by standard ureterovesicle implantation. After surgery all patients became normotensive without antihypertensive medication. Although this is a relatively small series, the uniform good results in these patients with extensive disease suggest that ex vivo renal artery reconstruction is a safe and effective method of treatment. Thus, it should be more widely applicable, expecially in those patients with renal vascular disease who were previously thought to be inoperable or eligible for nephrectomy only.", "PMID": 1180583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7592", "title": "Treatment of peptic esophageal stricture with combined fundic patch-fundoplication.", "content": "Forty-five patients treated for peptic esophageal stricture by combined fundic patch-fundoplication are reviewed. The operation afforded an acceptable result in 87% of the patients. There has been no operative mortality. The stricture represents transmural fibrosis of the distal esophagus. The fibrosis interferes with the physiologic function of the LES preventing receptive relaxation. This, however, does not affect the postoperative ability to swallow.", "contents": "Treatment of peptic esophageal stricture with combined fundic patch-fundoplication. Forty-five patients treated for peptic esophageal stricture by combined fundic patch-fundoplication are reviewed. The operation afforded an acceptable result in 87% of the patients. There has been no operative mortality. The stricture represents transmural fibrosis of the distal esophagus. The fibrosis interferes with the physiologic function of the LES preventing receptive relaxation. This, however, does not affect the postoperative ability to swallow.", "PMID": 1180584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7593", "title": "Lesions of the segmental and lobar hepatic ducts.", "content": "Despite reports to the contrary, unobstructed drainage of 50% of an otherwise normal liver through either the right or left uninfected hepatic duct is adequate to restore normal liver function, even if the obstructed lobe remains in place. An undrained liver lobe, if present, may require no further treatment. As long as it is completely obstructed and uninfected, it will undergo a progressive asymptomatic atrophy. Cholangitis invariably develops behind a partial lobar ductal obstruction, producing jaundice, pruritus, and fever. Unless unobstructed, uninfected biliary flow can be achieved through a segmental or lobar duct, it is better that the duct be completely obstructed and the affected liver parenchyma allowed to atrophy, provided there is normal biliary flow from the residual 50% of liver. This concept is important in the management of injured anomalous segmental or lobar hepatic duct and in the palliative treatment of bile duct carcinoma. Localized intrahepatic infections communicating with abnormal biliary ducts will require hepatic resection of the infected parenchyma and ducts for cure. The abnormality may be saccular dilatation of the intrahepatic ductal system with abscess formation or intrahepatic abscess associated with stenosis of the ductal system from trauma to the duct, to the duct and liver, or to retained intrahepatic stones. Diffusely situated intrahepatic abscesses secondary to ductal abnormalities can be treated with systemic antibiotics, local drainage of a dmoninant abscess, and efforts to improve biliary drainage.", "contents": "Lesions of the segmental and lobar hepatic ducts. Despite reports to the contrary, unobstructed drainage of 50% of an otherwise normal liver through either the right or left uninfected hepatic duct is adequate to restore normal liver function, even if the obstructed lobe remains in place. An undrained liver lobe, if present, may require no further treatment. As long as it is completely obstructed and uninfected, it will undergo a progressive asymptomatic atrophy. Cholangitis invariably develops behind a partial lobar ductal obstruction, producing jaundice, pruritus, and fever. Unless unobstructed, uninfected biliary flow can be achieved through a segmental or lobar duct, it is better that the duct be completely obstructed and the affected liver parenchyma allowed to atrophy, provided there is normal biliary flow from the residual 50% of liver. This concept is important in the management of injured anomalous segmental or lobar hepatic duct and in the palliative treatment of bile duct carcinoma. Localized intrahepatic infections communicating with abnormal biliary ducts will require hepatic resection of the infected parenchyma and ducts for cure. The abnormality may be saccular dilatation of the intrahepatic ductal system with abscess formation or intrahepatic abscess associated with stenosis of the ductal system from trauma to the duct, to the duct and liver, or to retained intrahepatic stones. Diffusely situated intrahepatic abscesses secondary to ductal abnormalities can be treated with systemic antibiotics, local drainage of a dmoninant abscess, and efforts to improve biliary drainage.", "PMID": 1180585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7594", "title": "Cholecystokinin metabolism in man and dogs.", "content": "We have developed a sensitive, specific and reproducible radioimmunoassay for cholecystokinin (CCK) with which basal levels of CCK of between 400-800 pg/ml have been measured in normal man, in patients with diabetes and with duodenal ulcer disease, and in normal dogs. After a meal, circulating levels of CCK rose to 1000-1200 pg/ml in human subjects. Release of CCK was more rapid in diabetic and duodenal ulcer patients than in normal subjects, but elevated postprandial levels persisted much longer in normal subjects. Patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome had elevated values of cholecystokinin which rose after a meal. Lack of correlation between elevated basal levels of gastrin and CCK in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome suggest that the hypercholecystokininemia may be absolute. The disappearance half-time of exogenous CCK was about 21/2 minutes in normal subjects as well as in diabetic and duodenal ulcer patients. Studies in dogs demonstrated no uptake of basal levels of cholecystokinin by the kidney; on infusion of exogenous CCK-33, the kidney extracted 43% of the total CCK presented and 56% of the integrated CCK. We conclude that: 1) circulating basal and postprandial levels of CCK may be measured in a reproducible fashion; 2) postprandial release of CCK is more rapid in diabetic and duodenal ulcer patients than in normal man; 3) the disappearance half-time of exogenous CCK in man and dogs is about 21/2 minutes; 4) the kidney is a major site for uptake of CCK.", "contents": "Cholecystokinin metabolism in man and dogs. We have developed a sensitive, specific and reproducible radioimmunoassay for cholecystokinin (CCK) with which basal levels of CCK of between 400-800 pg/ml have been measured in normal man, in patients with diabetes and with duodenal ulcer disease, and in normal dogs. After a meal, circulating levels of CCK rose to 1000-1200 pg/ml in human subjects. Release of CCK was more rapid in diabetic and duodenal ulcer patients than in normal subjects, but elevated postprandial levels persisted much longer in normal subjects. Patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome had elevated values of cholecystokinin which rose after a meal. Lack of correlation between elevated basal levels of gastrin and CCK in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome suggest that the hypercholecystokininemia may be absolute. The disappearance half-time of exogenous CCK was about 21/2 minutes in normal subjects as well as in diabetic and duodenal ulcer patients. Studies in dogs demonstrated no uptake of basal levels of cholecystokinin by the kidney; on infusion of exogenous CCK-33, the kidney extracted 43% of the total CCK presented and 56% of the integrated CCK. We conclude that: 1) circulating basal and postprandial levels of CCK may be measured in a reproducible fashion; 2) postprandial release of CCK is more rapid in diabetic and duodenal ulcer patients than in normal man; 3) the disappearance half-time of exogenous CCK in man and dogs is about 21/2 minutes; 4) the kidney is a major site for uptake of CCK.", "PMID": 1180586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7595", "title": "Risk of recurrence of colon polyps.", "content": "At Wood Veterans Administration Center, 268 patients who had a polypectomy have been followed up to 20 years with semiannual proctosigmoidoscopic and barium enema examinations. For the present review of benign polyp disease, patients having coexisting carcinoma, chronic inflammatory disease, and those lost to followup have been excluded; 154 patients followed for a mean of 7 years comprise the study group. Thirty per cent of patients developed recurrent polyps. The risk of recurrence during the first year was 16 times that expected in a population of similar age and sex, but thereafter diminished steadily. After 48 months risk of polyp recurrence was little higher than the incidence expected in a normal population. Neither patient age, presenting symptoms nor the site or size of the initial polyp(s) were of any prognostic value regarding recurrence. Patients presenting with a villous adenoma or with more than 3 polyps had a significantly increased risk of recurrence may persist indefinitely. The overall incidence of colonic carcinoma may have been increased, but the location of subsequent cancer was not related to the site of a previously excised polyp.", "contents": "Risk of recurrence of colon polyps. At Wood Veterans Administration Center, 268 patients who had a polypectomy have been followed up to 20 years with semiannual proctosigmoidoscopic and barium enema examinations. For the present review of benign polyp disease, patients having coexisting carcinoma, chronic inflammatory disease, and those lost to followup have been excluded; 154 patients followed for a mean of 7 years comprise the study group. Thirty per cent of patients developed recurrent polyps. The risk of recurrence during the first year was 16 times that expected in a population of similar age and sex, but thereafter diminished steadily. After 48 months risk of polyp recurrence was little higher than the incidence expected in a normal population. Neither patient age, presenting symptoms nor the site or size of the initial polyp(s) were of any prognostic value regarding recurrence. Patients presenting with a villous adenoma or with more than 3 polyps had a significantly increased risk of recurrence may persist indefinitely. The overall incidence of colonic carcinoma may have been increased, but the location of subsequent cancer was not related to the site of a previously excised polyp.", "PMID": 1180587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7596", "title": "Definitive treatment of \"malignant\" polyps of the colon.", "content": "There has been an unremitting rise in incidence of colonic cancer in this country with no recent improvement in cure rate. As a result the evolution of colorectal cancer has been the focus of considerable attention with an enlarging body of evidence pointing to the common neoplastic polyp as a precursor to malignancy. \"Neoplastic\" polyps include \"adenomatous polyps,\" \"villous adenomas\" and, lately recognized, \"villo-glandular polyps.\" Experience with endoscopic removal of over 2,000 colonic polyps (with no mortality) has introduced two questions of prime concern to the surgeon: (1) What constitutes  clinical malignancy in a polyp? AND, (2) When should laparatomy supplant or follow endoscopic removal? Eight hundred and ninety-two consecutive adenomatous (tubular), villous, villoglandular (villo-tubular) and \"polypoid cancer\" polyps are analyzed, 855 of which have been followed for 6 months to 4 years. Support is offered to the concept that villous and tubular growth patterns are merely variants of a similar base disturbance in cell renewal. Superficial cancer (carcinoma-in-situ) occurred in 6.6% of neoplastic polyps and represents no threat if the polyp is completely removed. Only when the cancer penetrates the muscularis mucosae should it be regarded as \"invasive.\" The term \"malignant polyp\" should be reserved for this form. Invasive cancer was found in 5.0% of neoplastic polyps in this series. Only in this group need the question of further surgical intervention be raised. Major considerations influencing a decision for subsequent laparotomy are polyp size and gross morphology (i.e. sessile or pedunculated), histologic type (of the polyp and of the cancer itself), adequacy of clearance between depth of invasion and plane of polyp resection, and the patient's age and general condition. These are analyzed. Twenty-five of 46 patients with \"malignant polyps\" were subjected to abdominal exploration: 17 showed no residual cancer, whereas 8 (5 with recognized incomplete endoscopic removal) had tumor in the bowel wall. Of the remaining 21 patients, for whom endoscopic polypectomy alone was deemed appropriate, none have shown residual or recurrent cancer on clinical and endoscopic followup. Colonoscopy appears to be a most promising approach in terms of the goals of cancer programs, offering both prophylaxis and opportunity for treatment at a favorable stage of disease.", "contents": "Definitive treatment of \"malignant\" polyps of the colon. There has been an unremitting rise in incidence of colonic cancer in this country with no recent improvement in cure rate. As a result the evolution of colorectal cancer has been the focus of considerable attention with an enlarging body of evidence pointing to the common neoplastic polyp as a precursor to malignancy. \"Neoplastic\" polyps include \"adenomatous polyps,\" \"villous adenomas\" and, lately recognized, \"villo-glandular polyps.\" Experience with endoscopic removal of over 2,000 colonic polyps (with no mortality) has introduced two questions of prime concern to the surgeon: (1) What constitutes  clinical malignancy in a polyp? AND, (2) When should laparatomy supplant or follow endoscopic removal? Eight hundred and ninety-two consecutive adenomatous (tubular), villous, villoglandular (villo-tubular) and \"polypoid cancer\" polyps are analyzed, 855 of which have been followed for 6 months to 4 years. Support is offered to the concept that villous and tubular growth patterns are merely variants of a similar base disturbance in cell renewal. Superficial cancer (carcinoma-in-situ) occurred in 6.6% of neoplastic polyps and represents no threat if the polyp is completely removed. Only when the cancer penetrates the muscularis mucosae should it be regarded as \"invasive.\" The term \"malignant polyp\" should be reserved for this form. Invasive cancer was found in 5.0% of neoplastic polyps in this series. Only in this group need the question of further surgical intervention be raised. Major considerations influencing a decision for subsequent laparotomy are polyp size and gross morphology (i.e. sessile or pedunculated), histologic type (of the polyp and of the cancer itself), adequacy of clearance between depth of invasion and plane of polyp resection, and the patient's age and general condition. These are analyzed. Twenty-five of 46 patients with \"malignant polyps\" were subjected to abdominal exploration: 17 showed no residual cancer, whereas 8 (5 with recognized incomplete endoscopic removal) had tumor in the bowel wall. Of the remaining 21 patients, for whom endoscopic polypectomy alone was deemed appropriate, none have shown residual or recurrent cancer on clinical and endoscopic followup. Colonoscopy appears to be a most promising approach in terms of the goals of cancer programs, offering both prophylaxis and opportunity for treatment at a favorable stage of disease.", "PMID": 1180588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7597", "title": "The breeding and feeding of thoracic surgeons.", "content": "A brief recapitulation of the history of The American Board of Thoracic Surgery reveals that in its 27-year lifetime it has strived to improve the quality of thoracic surgical training. Most recently the Board has decided that candidates from unapproved programs who begin their training after June 30, 1976, will be ineligible for the Board examination. A population of approximately 2,000 thoracic surgeons should be more than adequate to provide patient care in the United Sates. At the present rate of certification the thoracic surgeon population would number about 4,000 within 25 years. With the birth rate in the United States nearing zero population growth, the number of new thoracic surgeons trained and certified each year must be limited, and it is imperative that the profession rather than the federal government be in control of this. Continuing education and evaluation of clinical competence will soon be required in the specialty of thoracic surgery. Cooperation among the major groups concerned with thoracic surgery is necessary for successful development of continuing education and the necessary evaluation of competence.", "contents": "The breeding and feeding of thoracic surgeons. A brief recapitulation of the history of The American Board of Thoracic Surgery reveals that in its 27-year lifetime it has strived to improve the quality of thoracic surgical training. Most recently the Board has decided that candidates from unapproved programs who begin their training after June 30, 1976, will be ineligible for the Board examination. A population of approximately 2,000 thoracic surgeons should be more than adequate to provide patient care in the United Sates. At the present rate of certification the thoracic surgeon population would number about 4,000 within 25 years. With the birth rate in the United States nearing zero population growth, the number of new thoracic surgeons trained and certified each year must be limited, and it is imperative that the profession rather than the federal government be in control of this. Continuing education and evaluation of clinical competence will soon be required in the specialty of thoracic surgery. Cooperation among the major groups concerned with thoracic surgery is necessary for successful development of continuing education and the necessary evaluation of competence.", "PMID": 1180592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7598", "title": "Esophageal repair following late diagnosis of intrathoracic perforation.", "content": "Multiple techniques, often complex, have been used to repair the esophagus following spontaneous, instrumental, or postsurgical perforation, especially  when the diagnosis of perforation has been delayed. We have closed such perforations by wrapping a pedicled pleural flap around the esophagus, suturing it firmly over the area of leakage and around its margins. Due to inflammatory changes secondary to perforation, the flap is thickened and easily applied. Four patients were treated with this technique with success in every case. One patient with achalasia had sustained perforation three days prior to repair, another 30 hours following leakage at an esophageal suture line, the third 20 hours following esophagoscopic extraction of a necrosing foreign body, and the fourth 8 hours following hydrostatic bougienage for achalasia.", "contents": "Esophageal repair following late diagnosis of intrathoracic perforation. Multiple techniques, often complex, have been used to repair the esophagus following spontaneous, instrumental, or postsurgical perforation, especially  when the diagnosis of perforation has been delayed. We have closed such perforations by wrapping a pedicled pleural flap around the esophagus, suturing it firmly over the area of leakage and around its margins. Due to inflammatory changes secondary to perforation, the flap is thickened and easily applied. Four patients were treated with this technique with success in every case. One patient with achalasia had sustained perforation three days prior to repair, another 30 hours following leakage at an esophageal suture line, the third 20 hours following esophagoscopic extraction of a necrosing foreign body, and the fourth 8 hours following hydrostatic bougienage for achalasia.", "PMID": 1180593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7599", "title": "Clinitest burns of the esophagus.", "content": "Five children developed esophageal stricture from the ingestion of a Clinitest tablet. The sodium hydroxide contained in these tablets induced a short, dense stricture that was resistant to dilation and necessitated resection. In all patients primary esophageal resection with end-to-end anastomosis was technically possible. Four of the patients needed two or more dilations postoperatively and 1 still requires dilation. Prevention of accidental ingestion by use of a childproof container and parental education about the caustic nature of Clinitest are both essential to eliminate this child health hazard.", "contents": "Clinitest burns of the esophagus. Five children developed esophageal stricture from the ingestion of a Clinitest tablet. The sodium hydroxide contained in these tablets induced a short, dense stricture that was resistant to dilation and necessitated resection. In all patients primary esophageal resection with end-to-end anastomosis was technically possible. Four of the patients needed two or more dilations postoperatively and 1 still requires dilation. Prevention of accidental ingestion by use of a childproof container and parental education about the caustic nature of Clinitest are both essential to eliminate this child health hazard.", "PMID": 1180594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7600", "title": "Polypoid sarcomas of the esophagus. A rare but potentially curable neoplasm.", "content": "Five patients with polypoid esophageal sarcoma are reported. All had dysphagia similar to that occurring in epithelial carcinoma of the esophagus. The clinical diagnosis of sarcoma was suspected when barium swallow showed a large polypoid lesion. Biopsy was often inconclusive concerning the nature of the lesion except to identify it as a neoplastic process. In spite of their large size, the tumors remained superficial within the esophageal wall. Nodal or distant organ metastasis was absent in 4 of the 5 patients. The histology of these tumors suggests that so-called carcinosarcoma is an epithelial carcinoma of the esophagus with varying amounts of spindle cell features and should be considered separately from sarcoma arising from mesenchymal tissue. Unlike carcinoma, esophageal sarcoma has a favorable prognosis following radical resection, and recent advances in esophageal surgery have decreased the mortality and morbidity of esophagectomy.", "contents": "Polypoid sarcomas of the esophagus. A rare but potentially curable neoplasm. Five patients with polypoid esophageal sarcoma are reported. All had dysphagia similar to that occurring in epithelial carcinoma of the esophagus. The clinical diagnosis of sarcoma was suspected when barium swallow showed a large polypoid lesion. Biopsy was often inconclusive concerning the nature of the lesion except to identify it as a neoplastic process. In spite of their large size, the tumors remained superficial within the esophageal wall. Nodal or distant organ metastasis was absent in 4 of the 5 patients. The histology of these tumors suggests that so-called carcinosarcoma is an epithelial carcinoma of the esophagus with varying amounts of spindle cell features and should be considered separately from sarcoma arising from mesenchymal tissue. Unlike carcinoma, esophageal sarcoma has a favorable prognosis following radical resection, and recent advances in esophageal surgery have decreased the mortality and morbidity of esophagectomy.", "PMID": 1180595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7601", "title": "Ventricular fibrillation without left ventricular venting. Observations in humans.", "content": "Pressures were measured in the heart and great vessels of 52 patients who underwent coronary revascularization. In 25 patients the left ventricle was vented during fibrillation; in the others a vent was not used. Samples for blood gas analysis were obtained twice during fibrillation from the aorta, left atrium, pulmonary artery, and right atrium. Left ventricular venting was found to be effective in keeping mean left heart pressure below 10 mm Hg, although temporary incompetence of the aortic valve or malfunction of the vent occasionally caused higher pressures. Vent use led to air embolism in the aorta in 16% of the patients. In the nonvented patients mean left heart pressures remained between 10 and 20 mm Hg. However, higher values were frequently observed. Blood gas analysis demonstrated that without venting, retrograde pulmonary flow occurred during fibrillation. No abnormality was encountered that could be related to nonventing.", "contents": "Ventricular fibrillation without left ventricular venting. Observations in humans. Pressures were measured in the heart and great vessels of 52 patients who underwent coronary revascularization. In 25 patients the left ventricle was vented during fibrillation; in the others a vent was not used. Samples for blood gas analysis were obtained twice during fibrillation from the aorta, left atrium, pulmonary artery, and right atrium. Left ventricular venting was found to be effective in keeping mean left heart pressure below 10 mm Hg, although temporary incompetence of the aortic valve or malfunction of the vent occasionally caused higher pressures. Vent use led to air embolism in the aorta in 16% of the patients. In the nonvented patients mean left heart pressures remained between 10 and 20 mm Hg. However, higher values were frequently observed. Blood gas analysis demonstrated that without venting, retrograde pulmonary flow occurred during fibrillation. No abnormality was encountered that could be related to nonventing.", "PMID": 1180596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7602", "title": "Experimentally reversed pulmonary blood flow. Implications for the surgical management of complex forms of congenital heart disease.", "content": "Blood flow to the right lung was reversed in 28 dogs, 14 of which survived more than 1 month. Four successful long-term survivors (1 years to 4 years 7 months) were repeatedly studied by cardiac catheterization, angiography, and ventilation/perfusion scans as well as hemodynamically when they were killed. Hemodynamics and gas transfer were normal up to 4 1/2 years after the procedure, and the histology of the right lung was essentially normal. The application of reversed pulmonary blood flow is proposed in the surgical management of forms of congenital heart disease in which the right ventricle is diminutive. The procedure consists of repartitioning of the atria to allow venous blood to flow into the lung through the pulmonary veins and exit to the left atrium through the pulmonary artery.", "contents": "Experimentally reversed pulmonary blood flow. Implications for the surgical management of complex forms of congenital heart disease. Blood flow to the right lung was reversed in 28 dogs, 14 of which survived more than 1 month. Four successful long-term survivors (1 years to 4 years 7 months) were repeatedly studied by cardiac catheterization, angiography, and ventilation/perfusion scans as well as hemodynamically when they were killed. Hemodynamics and gas transfer were normal up to 4 1/2 years after the procedure, and the histology of the right lung was essentially normal. The application of reversed pulmonary blood flow is proposed in the surgical management of forms of congenital heart disease in which the right ventricle is diminutive. The procedure consists of repartitioning of the atria to allow venous blood to flow into the lung through the pulmonary veins and exit to the left atrium through the pulmonary artery.", "PMID": 1180597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7603", "title": "Local cardiac hypothermia for myocardial protection during correction of congenital heart disease.", "content": "Eighty-eight operations for correction of intracardiac congenital heart defects were performed using local cardiac hypothermia for protection of the ischemic myocardium. Twenty-six patients underwent repair of tetralogy of Fallot, 23 had patch closure of ventricular septal defect, 24 had correction of various types of congenital aortic stenosis, and 15 were operated upon for other complex lesions. The overall operative mortality was 5.6%. Ischemia times ranged from 9 to 119 minutes (mean, 48 minutes). Ischemic arrest protected by local cardiac hypothermia provides an optimal operative field, permitting repair of uncomplicated intracardiac defects in a precise, unhurried manner. No hemodynamic abnormalities attributable to the technique were encountered.", "contents": "Local cardiac hypothermia for myocardial protection during correction of congenital heart disease. Eighty-eight operations for correction of intracardiac congenital heart defects were performed using local cardiac hypothermia for protection of the ischemic myocardium. Twenty-six patients underwent repair of tetralogy of Fallot, 23 had patch closure of ventricular septal defect, 24 had correction of various types of congenital aortic stenosis, and 15 were operated upon for other complex lesions. The overall operative mortality was 5.6%. Ischemia times ranged from 9 to 119 minutes (mean, 48 minutes). Ischemic arrest protected by local cardiac hypothermia provides an optimal operative field, permitting repair of uncomplicated intracardiac defects in a precise, unhurried manner. No hemodynamic abnormalities attributable to the technique were encountered.", "PMID": 1180598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7604", "title": "Ruptured ductus arteriosus. Aneurysm in an infant. Report of a survivor.", "content": "The diagnosis of a large ductus arteriosus aneurysm was made in a 3 1/2-month-old infant by cardiac catheterization following massive hemoptysis. Prompt surgical correction accounted for the patient's survival. Differential diagnosis of an intrathoracic mass should include a ductus arteriosus aneurysm even in the newborn period.", "contents": "Ruptured ductus arteriosus. Aneurysm in an infant. Report of a survivor. The diagnosis of a large ductus arteriosus aneurysm was made in a 3 1/2-month-old infant by cardiac catheterization following massive hemoptysis. Prompt surgical correction accounted for the patient's survival. Differential diagnosis of an intrathoracic mass should include a ductus arteriosus aneurysm even in the newborn period.", "PMID": 1180599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7605", "title": "Congenital coronary artery- cardiac chamber fistula. Review of operative management.", "content": "Eight patients who had surgical correction of coronary artery-cardiac chamber fistula at our center and 163 from a review of the literature are presented. The patients are usually asymptomatic, and the diagnosis is suspected by observing a continuous cardiac murmur. Electrocardiographic findings are nonspecific. Angina pectoris or electrocardiographic evidence of severe ischemia are surprisingly uncommon since coronary artery steal syndrome is also rare. Cardiac catheterization with angiocardiography is required to establish the diagnosis and identify the involved coronary artery and the cardiac chamber into which the fistula terminates. Left-to-right shunt flow is usually low (average Qp/Qs = 1.5). Indications for operation are not precise. If there should be a large shunt flow (2.0) and symptoms of heart failure are present, the decision to operate is clearly justified. This situation is unusual, and operation is nearly always performed in an asymptomatic patient in whom the fistula is closed to prevent future symptoms or complications. The operation chosen is generally interruption of the fistula by direct ligation. Sometimes cardiopulmonary bypass is required. The results are good, with low morbidity (3.6% myocardial infarction) and low mortality (2%) justifying the operation, to be carried out prophylactically even in asymptomatic patients.", "contents": "Congenital coronary artery- cardiac chamber fistula. Review of operative management. Eight patients who had surgical correction of coronary artery-cardiac chamber fistula at our center and 163 from a review of the literature are presented. The patients are usually asymptomatic, and the diagnosis is suspected by observing a continuous cardiac murmur. Electrocardiographic findings are nonspecific. Angina pectoris or electrocardiographic evidence of severe ischemia are surprisingly uncommon since coronary artery steal syndrome is also rare. Cardiac catheterization with angiocardiography is required to establish the diagnosis and identify the involved coronary artery and the cardiac chamber into which the fistula terminates. Left-to-right shunt flow is usually low (average Qp/Qs = 1.5). Indications for operation are not precise. If there should be a large shunt flow (2.0) and symptoms of heart failure are present, the decision to operate is clearly justified. This situation is unusual, and operation is nearly always performed in an asymptomatic patient in whom the fistula is closed to prevent future symptoms or complications. The operation chosen is generally interruption of the fistula by direct ligation. Sometimes cardiopulmonary bypass is required. The results are good, with low morbidity (3.6% myocardial infarction) and low mortality (2%) justifying the operation, to be carried out prophylactically even in asymptomatic patients.", "PMID": 1180600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7606", "title": "[Venous drainage of the heart with special references to the excito-conduction system].", "content": "The venous drainage of the human heart, bovine, the dog's and the cat's was analyzed and classified; in area as well as in depth; establishing relations within the venous systems, with the cardiac cavities and with the conduction cardiac system. The studying techniques, coronariographic, cuts in series, as well as disection, were used in all the hearts. Coronary venous ligations were done at various levels and also thromboflebitis at various levels, in order to demonstrate the function of the venous drainage of the heart, as a \"venous-unity\" and with a great compensating capacity. It is demonstrated that disturbing the venous drainage of the success-conduction system gives place to blockades of various degrees.", "contents": "[Venous drainage of the heart with special references to the excito-conduction system]. The venous drainage of the human heart, bovine, the dog's and the cat's was analyzed and classified; in area as well as in depth; establishing relations within the venous systems, with the cardiac cavities and with the conduction cardiac system. The studying techniques, coronariographic, cuts in series, as well as disection, were used in all the hearts. Coronary venous ligations were done at various levels and also thromboflebitis at various levels, in order to demonstrate the function of the venous drainage of the heart, as a \"venous-unity\" and with a great compensating capacity. It is demonstrated that disturbing the venous drainage of the success-conduction system gives place to blockades of various degrees.", "PMID": 1180604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7607", "title": "[Role of calcium in the regulation of syncytial formation and the formation of creatine kinase during the development of muscle in the absence of creatine].", "content": "1. It is demonstrated for the first time that typically elongated chick myotubes, with more than 20 nuclei per fiber and creatine kinase, appear in cultures fed all time with partially defined auto-conditioned medium. 2. It was found that the skeletal muscle enzyme of the chick embryo is independent of the presence of creatine and consequently is another constitutive enzyme like the creatine kinase of the early embryonic chick heart. 3. Calcium elicited the activity of the enzyme and promoted fusion of myoblasts in a creatine-free partially defined medium, in the absence of embryo extract. 4. It is suggested that creatine kinase is a dual molecule, working as an ATPasa in the absence of creatine with H2O as the nucleophilic reagent. 5. Alternatively, it is possible that creatine kinase can be synthesized and localized in advance to the advent of creatine in myocardial and skeletal muscle cells.", "contents": "[Role of calcium in the regulation of syncytial formation and the formation of creatine kinase during the development of muscle in the absence of creatine]. 1. It is demonstrated for the first time that typically elongated chick myotubes, with more than 20 nuclei per fiber and creatine kinase, appear in cultures fed all time with partially defined auto-conditioned medium. 2. It was found that the skeletal muscle enzyme of the chick embryo is independent of the presence of creatine and consequently is another constitutive enzyme like the creatine kinase of the early embryonic chick heart. 3. Calcium elicited the activity of the enzyme and promoted fusion of myoblasts in a creatine-free partially defined medium, in the absence of embryo extract. 4. It is suggested that creatine kinase is a dual molecule, working as an ATPasa in the absence of creatine with H2O as the nucleophilic reagent. 5. Alternatively, it is possible that creatine kinase can be synthesized and localized in advance to the advent of creatine in myocardial and skeletal muscle cells.", "PMID": 1180605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7608", "title": "[Familial occurrence of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Report of a family group and review of the literature].", "content": "A family group of nine members was studied, two of which had W-P-W syndrome; the father type A; and the son type B. These two patients were studied from the clinical electrocardiographic and vectocardiographic point of view; and they were subject to hisian electrogram recordings. The atrial-ventricular conduction under basal conditions and during atrial stimulation is analyzed. In the first case, potential H is registered after the beginning of delta wave of the ventricular complexes in lead II. In th second case, atrial-ventricular conduction can only occur through the abnormal via (no H potential and register of delta wave in the periferial simultaneous lead), or only through the normal via (evidence of potential H with a normal H-V interval and no delta wave in the periferial line of control). The bibliography of the observation that in most family groups described up until now, there is a good correlation concerning sex. This gives the impression to be a genetic disorder linked to sex.", "contents": "[Familial occurrence of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Report of a family group and review of the literature]. A family group of nine members was studied, two of which had W-P-W syndrome; the father type A; and the son type B. These two patients were studied from the clinical electrocardiographic and vectocardiographic point of view; and they were subject to hisian electrogram recordings. The atrial-ventricular conduction under basal conditions and during atrial stimulation is analyzed. In the first case, potential H is registered after the beginning of delta wave of the ventricular complexes in lead II. In th second case, atrial-ventricular conduction can only occur through the abnormal via (no H potential and register of delta wave in the periferial simultaneous lead), or only through the normal via (evidence of potential H with a normal H-V interval and no delta wave in the periferial line of control). The bibliography of the observation that in most family groups described up until now, there is a good correlation concerning sex. This gives the impression to be a genetic disorder linked to sex.", "PMID": 1180606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7609", "title": "[Electrophysiology of pacemakers by demand. Critical analysis].", "content": "The adequate interpretation of cardiac arrhythmias should be done in context with the clinical facts. In case of arrhythmias induced by pacemakers, it is essential to have detailed information about the characteristics of the electronic instrument. This paper shows, that only with precise information about the electrophysiological facts of a certain instrument, it is possible to diagnose the origin of an arrhythmia, its significance related to normal function or disfunction of the apparatus and the proper measures can be taken for correcting the disorder. Examples of clinical cases have been presented, and undoubtedly a growing improvement in the elaboration of the electronic instruments, will enrich, the already ample field of cardiac arrhythmias. All of it will lead to an undoubtful benefit for patients, medical personnel who are involved in the electric treatment of the disturbances in rhythm and conduction.", "contents": "[Electrophysiology of pacemakers by demand. Critical analysis]. The adequate interpretation of cardiac arrhythmias should be done in context with the clinical facts. In case of arrhythmias induced by pacemakers, it is essential to have detailed information about the characteristics of the electronic instrument. This paper shows, that only with precise information about the electrophysiological facts of a certain instrument, it is possible to diagnose the origin of an arrhythmia, its significance related to normal function or disfunction of the apparatus and the proper measures can be taken for correcting the disorder. Examples of clinical cases have been presented, and undoubtedly a growing improvement in the elaboration of the electronic instruments, will enrich, the already ample field of cardiac arrhythmias. All of it will lead to an undoubtful benefit for patients, medical personnel who are involved in the electric treatment of the disturbances in rhythm and conduction.", "PMID": 1180607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7610", "title": "[Aortapulmonary shunt. Apropos of 4 cases].", "content": "Four cases of aorto-pulmonary window are presented, diagnosed in the Section of Pediatric Cardiology during the last six years. The results obtained from clinic; ECG; X-ray; hemodinamic and angiographic studies are described. All of them were clinically diagnosed as left to right shunt through a persistent ductus arteriosus in two cases and of VSD the other two. The final diagnosis was made through cardiac cateterization in one case and at surgery in three. Two of the cases showed additional alterations, in one case it was a PDA, and the other a valvular aortic stenosis. All of them were operated, three successfully and one died immediately after operation. We consider that the study of this relatively rare cardiopaty deserves special attention, because of the similarity to other forms of left to right shunts. We insist on its difficult clinical dianose and the need of making a early diagnosis to do corrective surgery.", "contents": "[Aortapulmonary shunt. Apropos of 4 cases]. Four cases of aorto-pulmonary window are presented, diagnosed in the Section of Pediatric Cardiology during the last six years. The results obtained from clinic; ECG; X-ray; hemodinamic and angiographic studies are described. All of them were clinically diagnosed as left to right shunt through a persistent ductus arteriosus in two cases and of VSD the other two. The final diagnosis was made through cardiac cateterization in one case and at surgery in three. Two of the cases showed additional alterations, in one case it was a PDA, and the other a valvular aortic stenosis. All of them were operated, three successfully and one died immediately after operation. We consider that the study of this relatively rare cardiopaty deserves special attention, because of the similarity to other forms of left to right shunts. We insist on its difficult clinical dianose and the need of making a early diagnosis to do corrective surgery.", "PMID": 1180608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7611", "title": "[Obstructive pulmonary emphysema. Evolution of various parameters of pulmonary function and its correlation].", "content": "A follow-up study was carried on in a series of 20 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The parameters analyzed were forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), forced expiratory flow (FEF), vital capacity (VC), and diffusing capacity of lung (DL). Considering the importance of the parameter changes observed, each of these parameters were divided in three groups. The period of observation was of two and a half years in 9 patients, and between two years and seven months to four years in 11 patients. The follow-up was characterized by stability of the parameters in cases with the greatest degree of changes, and a definite deterioration of the parameter values in patients with minor degree of basal changes. It was observed an excellent correlation between FEV1 and MVV and FEF. As to CV and DL, the relationship was only good. These findings lead us to believe that MVV and FEF values can be predicted about from the FEV1 results.", "contents": "[Obstructive pulmonary emphysema. Evolution of various parameters of pulmonary function and its correlation]. A follow-up study was carried on in a series of 20 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The parameters analyzed were forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), forced expiratory flow (FEF), vital capacity (VC), and diffusing capacity of lung (DL). Considering the importance of the parameter changes observed, each of these parameters were divided in three groups. The period of observation was of two and a half years in 9 patients, and between two years and seven months to four years in 11 patients. The follow-up was characterized by stability of the parameters in cases with the greatest degree of changes, and a definite deterioration of the parameter values in patients with minor degree of basal changes. It was observed an excellent correlation between FEV1 and MVV and FEF. As to CV and DL, the relationship was only good. These findings lead us to believe that MVV and FEF values can be predicted about from the FEV1 results.", "PMID": 1180609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7612", "title": "Cardiovascular histamine receptors in the domestic chicken.", "content": "The effects of mepyramine (H1-antagonist) and burimamide (H2-antagonist) were studied on histamine, 2-methylhistamine (a selective H1-agonist), 4-methylhistamine (a selective H2-agonist) and acetylcholine-induced changes in systemic arterial and central venous pressure and respiration in anaesthetized chickens. The result of this study suggested a predominance of H1 and some H2 histamine receptors in the cardiovascular system of domestic fowl where both are mediating systemic hypotension. There also appears to be predominance of H1 receptors mediating venous hypertension and respiratory apnoea to large doses of histamine and 2-methylhistamine. In addition, a possible involvement of H2-receptors in the cardiovascular system of chicken is suggested by the finding that burimamide always blocked mepyramine potentiated secondary pressor response to histamine and its analogues.", "contents": "Cardiovascular histamine receptors in the domestic chicken. The effects of mepyramine (H1-antagonist) and burimamide (H2-antagonist) were studied on histamine, 2-methylhistamine (a selective H1-agonist), 4-methylhistamine (a selective H2-agonist) and acetylcholine-induced changes in systemic arterial and central venous pressure and respiration in anaesthetized chickens. The result of this study suggested a predominance of H1 and some H2 histamine receptors in the cardiovascular system of domestic fowl where both are mediating systemic hypotension. There also appears to be predominance of H1 receptors mediating venous hypertension and respiratory apnoea to large doses of histamine and 2-methylhistamine. In addition, a possible involvement of H2-receptors in the cardiovascular system of chicken is suggested by the finding that burimamide always blocked mepyramine potentiated secondary pressor response to histamine and its analogues.", "PMID": 1180613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7613", "title": "Antitussive drugs. I. Cardiopulmonary effects of codeine.", "content": "In the anesthetized dog, codeine causes a combination of pulmonary vasoconstriction and systemic vasodilation. Pulmonary blood flow is either increased or decreased, relating to a primary stimulation or depression of myocardial contractility. The overall effect is an elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure largely due to vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels.", "contents": "Antitussive drugs. I. Cardiopulmonary effects of codeine. In the anesthetized dog, codeine causes a combination of pulmonary vasoconstriction and systemic vasodilation. Pulmonary blood flow is either increased or decreased, relating to a primary stimulation or depression of myocardial contractility. The overall effect is an elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure largely due to vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels.", "PMID": 1180614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7614", "title": "[Open mitral commissurotomy. Indications and results].", "content": "We have reviewed the clinical history of 106 patients that were done an open mitral commissurotomy from june 1971 to march 1974. Hospital mortality was less than 1% and morbility was low. The patients average age was 40 years. Fifteen patients had suffered a previous closed mitral commissurotomy, and systemic embolism occurred in 62.2% of them. Ninety eight of the surviving patients have been followed; 80.6% of them had improved by at least one degree of the N.Y.H.A. functional scale. According to these results we have widened the indications for open mitral commissurotomy. However, we still use the closed technique in young patients without previous mitrol commissurotomy or past history of system embolism, which no fluoroscopic evidence of mitral valve calcifications and without associated valvular lesions.", "contents": "[Open mitral commissurotomy. Indications and results]. We have reviewed the clinical history of 106 patients that were done an open mitral commissurotomy from june 1971 to march 1974. Hospital mortality was less than 1% and morbility was low. The patients average age was 40 years. Fifteen patients had suffered a previous closed mitral commissurotomy, and systemic embolism occurred in 62.2% of them. Ninety eight of the surviving patients have been followed; 80.6% of them had improved by at least one degree of the N.Y.H.A. functional scale. According to these results we have widened the indications for open mitral commissurotomy. However, we still use the closed technique in young patients without previous mitrol commissurotomy or past history of system embolism, which no fluoroscopic evidence of mitral valve calcifications and without associated valvular lesions.", "PMID": 1180611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7615", "title": "Antitussive drugs. II. Bronchopulmonary effects of dextromethorphan and doxylamine.", "content": "Unlike codeine, dextromethorphan does not cause pulmonary vasoconstiction in the anesthetized dog. The other effects of dextromethorphan are as follwos: a rise in pulmonary resistance indicating bronchoconstriction, and increase in pulmonary blood flow relating to a positive inotropic action, and a decrease in aortic blood pressure resulting from systemic vasodilation. These effects are blocked by previous injections of doxylamine, an antihistaminic drug. This interaction suggests a rationale for the combined use of dextromethorphan and doxylamine in the treatment of upper respiratory infection.", "contents": "Antitussive drugs. II. Bronchopulmonary effects of dextromethorphan and doxylamine. Unlike codeine, dextromethorphan does not cause pulmonary vasoconstiction in the anesthetized dog. The other effects of dextromethorphan are as follwos: a rise in pulmonary resistance indicating bronchoconstriction, and increase in pulmonary blood flow relating to a positive inotropic action, and a decrease in aortic blood pressure resulting from systemic vasodilation. These effects are blocked by previous injections of doxylamine, an antihistaminic drug. This interaction suggests a rationale for the combined use of dextromethorphan and doxylamine in the treatment of upper respiratory infection.", "PMID": 1180615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7616", "title": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of valvular vegetations. Study of a case].", "content": "A case of a 23 year old patient with clinical manifestations of subacute bacterial endocarditis is presented, proven during the surgical treatment, in which it was possible to establish the diagnoses of a vegetation of the mitral valve through echocardiography. The echocardiographic changes produced by vegetations are analyzed and the technical defects which may lead to interpretation mistakes. It is concluded, that this non-ivasive method is of very usefull diagnozing the establishment of vegetations on the cardiac valves.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of valvular vegetations. Study of a case]. A case of a 23 year old patient with clinical manifestations of subacute bacterial endocarditis is presented, proven during the surgical treatment, in which it was possible to establish the diagnoses of a vegetation of the mitral valve through echocardiography. The echocardiographic changes produced by vegetations are analyzed and the technical defects which may lead to interpretation mistakes. It is concluded, that this non-ivasive method is of very usefull diagnozing the establishment of vegetations on the cardiac valves.", "PMID": 1180612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7617", "title": "The mechanism of action of amantadine in Parkinsonism: a review.", "content": "Studies of the mechanism of action of amantadine are reviewed. Data from pharmacological, behavioural and neurochemical experiments seem to indicate that the most likely effects of amantadine to be important in the alleviation of Parkinsonian symptoms are an indirect dopamine-releasing action and a direct stimulation of dopamine receptors. These effects may have a relative importance of approximately 4 : 1. Evidence favouring inhibition of dopamine uptake does exist, but the balance of opinion seems to be that this action is far too weak to contribute substantially to amantadine's action in vivo.", "contents": "The mechanism of action of amantadine in Parkinsonism: a review. Studies of the mechanism of action of amantadine are reviewed. Data from pharmacological, behavioural and neurochemical experiments seem to indicate that the most likely effects of amantadine to be important in the alleviation of Parkinsonian symptoms are an indirect dopamine-releasing action and a direct stimulation of dopamine receptors. These effects may have a relative importance of approximately 4 : 1. Evidence favouring inhibition of dopamine uptake does exist, but the balance of opinion seems to be that this action is far too weak to contribute substantially to amantadine's action in vivo.", "PMID": 1180616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7618", "title": "Effects of suprofen, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, on platelet function, plasma coagulation and fibrinolysis. I. In vitro experiments.", "content": "?The effects of suprofen, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, on human platelet function, fibrinolysis, proteolysis and coagulation in vitro were compared to those of reference compounds. Platelet aggregation induced by collagen, adrenaline and arachidonic acid was inhibited by suprofen depending on its concentration. Suprofen and indomethacin proved to have an equally inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation induced by collagen. Thrombin-induced aggregation was more inhibited by suprofen than by indomethacin. While the primary wave of A.D.P.-induced aggregation remained unchanged, the rate of disaggregation was enhanced by both compounds. Experiments on platelet factor-4 and 14C-serotonin release showed that suprofen and indomethacin reduced the platelet release reaction. Based upon results from experiments on synergism of suprofen with other compounds, on inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced platelet reactions and of prostaglandin E2-release, it is suggested that suprofen by inhibiting the prostaglandin biosynthesis in platelets also inhibits the platelet release reaction. In contrast to indomethacin and flufenamic acid, suprofen did not affect fibrinolysis or thrombin clotting activity. Tryptic proteolysis of albumin, however, was reduced by suprofen in a concentration-dependent and a substrate-competitive way. Tryptic decompisition of a synthetic substrate, on the other hand, was not reduced by either suprofen, indomethacin or flufenamic acid. These findings suggest that the observed reduction of albumin proteolysis by suprofen is related to an effect on the protein substrate rather than on the proteolytic enzyme itself.", "contents": "Effects of suprofen, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, on platelet function, plasma coagulation and fibrinolysis. I. In vitro experiments. ?The effects of suprofen, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, on human platelet function, fibrinolysis, proteolysis and coagulation in vitro were compared to those of reference compounds. Platelet aggregation induced by collagen, adrenaline and arachidonic acid was inhibited by suprofen depending on its concentration. Suprofen and indomethacin proved to have an equally inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation induced by collagen. Thrombin-induced aggregation was more inhibited by suprofen than by indomethacin. While the primary wave of A.D.P.-induced aggregation remained unchanged, the rate of disaggregation was enhanced by both compounds. Experiments on platelet factor-4 and 14C-serotonin release showed that suprofen and indomethacin reduced the platelet release reaction. Based upon results from experiments on synergism of suprofen with other compounds, on inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced platelet reactions and of prostaglandin E2-release, it is suggested that suprofen by inhibiting the prostaglandin biosynthesis in platelets also inhibits the platelet release reaction. In contrast to indomethacin and flufenamic acid, suprofen did not affect fibrinolysis or thrombin clotting activity. Tryptic proteolysis of albumin, however, was reduced by suprofen in a concentration-dependent and a substrate-competitive way. Tryptic decompisition of a synthetic substrate, on the other hand, was not reduced by either suprofen, indomethacin or flufenamic acid. These findings suggest that the observed reduction of albumin proteolysis by suprofen is related to an effect on the protein substrate rather than on the proteolytic enzyme itself.", "PMID": 1180617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7619", "title": "Diazepam, ethanol and drug metabolizing enzymes in rat liver.", "content": "The effect of diazepam and/or ethanol treatment of seven days on the drug metabolizing enzymes in rat liver microsomes was studied. Diazepam decreased the metabolism rate of 3,4-benzpyrene by 38% and that of p-nitrobenzoic acid by 15%. Ethanol increased the metabolism rate of N-methylaniline by 15% and decreased the reduction of p-nitrobbenzoic acid by 48%. Although diazepam alone had no inducing effect, its use with ethanol increased the cytochrome P-450 content (56%) and the rate of metabolism of N-methylaniline (44%) more than ethanol alone. The rate of metabolism of diazepam was not affected by any treatment.", "contents": "Diazepam, ethanol and drug metabolizing enzymes in rat liver. The effect of diazepam and/or ethanol treatment of seven days on the drug metabolizing enzymes in rat liver microsomes was studied. Diazepam decreased the metabolism rate of 3,4-benzpyrene by 38% and that of p-nitrobenzoic acid by 15%. Ethanol increased the metabolism rate of N-methylaniline by 15% and decreased the reduction of p-nitrobbenzoic acid by 48%. Although diazepam alone had no inducing effect, its use with ethanol increased the cytochrome P-450 content (56%) and the rate of metabolism of N-methylaniline (44%) more than ethanol alone. The rate of metabolism of diazepam was not affected by any treatment.", "PMID": 1180618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7620", "title": "Biotransformation and biliary excretion of imipramine in rats under various experimental conditions.", "content": "150 Minutes after intraperitoneal administration of 80 mg 14C-imipramine/kg to male rats, the percentage of the dose found in liver and determined as imipramine plus metabolites is 13-15% independently whether a bile fistula has been inserted or not. 1/4 of this percentage is located in the hepatic microsomal fraction. The simultaneous administration of pentobarbital and/or diphenylhydantoin does not alter these findings. The metabolite pattern, however, is shifted in favor of unmetabolized imipramine. In male rats without bile fistula, the enterohepatic circulation has no effect on the amount and the metabolite pattern of imipramine plus metabolites excreted into bile. In male rats with bile fistula, the biliary excretion of imipramine plus metabolites (87% as conjugated metabolites) over 8 h accounts for 26% of the dose (80 mg imipramine/kg) and follows first order kinetics. In female rats without bile fistula, the percentage of an identical imipramine dose found in liver after 150 min is only 7%. 1/7 of this percentage is located in the hepatic microsomal fraction. The percentage of unmetabolized imipramine in liver is double that found in male rats. Simultaneous administration of imipramine and pentobarbital at the same dosage as in male rats is lethal for female rats without bile fistula within 30 min.", "contents": "Biotransformation and biliary excretion of imipramine in rats under various experimental conditions. 150 Minutes after intraperitoneal administration of 80 mg 14C-imipramine/kg to male rats, the percentage of the dose found in liver and determined as imipramine plus metabolites is 13-15% independently whether a bile fistula has been inserted or not. 1/4 of this percentage is located in the hepatic microsomal fraction. The simultaneous administration of pentobarbital and/or diphenylhydantoin does not alter these findings. The metabolite pattern, however, is shifted in favor of unmetabolized imipramine. In male rats without bile fistula, the enterohepatic circulation has no effect on the amount and the metabolite pattern of imipramine plus metabolites excreted into bile. In male rats with bile fistula, the biliary excretion of imipramine plus metabolites (87% as conjugated metabolites) over 8 h accounts for 26% of the dose (80 mg imipramine/kg) and follows first order kinetics. In female rats without bile fistula, the percentage of an identical imipramine dose found in liver after 150 min is only 7%. 1/7 of this percentage is located in the hepatic microsomal fraction. The percentage of unmetabolized imipramine in liver is double that found in male rats. Simultaneous administration of imipramine and pentobarbital at the same dosage as in male rats is lethal for female rats without bile fistula within 30 min.", "PMID": 1180619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7621", "title": "Modulation of Hydra attenuata rhythmic activity. Photic stimulation.", "content": "We investigated in Hydra attenuata the possibility of altering more or less permanently and in different environmental conditions, the frequency of Contraction Pulse Trains (CPT's) associated with the rhythmic spontaneous contraction activity, by repetitive light stimuli of variable duration, frequency and amplitude. The CPT's activity of various pieces of Hydra has been also investigated in indisturbed conditions and under stimulation. The following observations have been performed. 1. A transient effect, consisting of an increase or a decrease of CPT's frequency, occurs respectively after an abrupt decrease or increase of the light level. 2. If Hydra is stimulated by repetitive light pulses of 0.5-10 sec duration, at a frequency different from the CPT's average one, the CPT's frequency modifies; if the stimulation frequency is included in a range not too much up or below that of CPT's the new CPT's frequency equals exactly that of stimulation; close to this range the CPT's frequency is a multiple or submultiple of that of stimulation. 3. No habituation to such repetitive stimulation was found. 4. The phase relation between CPT's at the new frequency and light stimuli is a function of the difference between CPT's and stimulation frequencies. 5. Stimulation with repetition of light and darkness periods of some minutes duration induces activity only or mainly during darkness. 6. Modification of CPT's frequency by means of repetitive light stimulation [of the type mentioned either in 2) or 5)] has been observed also with hypostomal preparations. 7. With cessation of the light stimulation, the new CPT's frequency of the whole animal lasts in darkness for a time (10-85 min) that is about 5-10 times longer than that necessary to obtain CPT's syncronization with stimulation. 8. The influence of the light intensity level on transient CPT's frequency variation (see 1), CPT's inhibition and stimulation, promptness of entrainment, range of entrainability, phase relation between entrained CPT's and stimuli, retention time of entrained rhythm has been examined, together with the influence of the reversal of polarity of light transitions on CPT's inhibition and entrainment.", "contents": "Modulation of Hydra attenuata rhythmic activity. Photic stimulation. We investigated in Hydra attenuata the possibility of altering more or less permanently and in different environmental conditions, the frequency of Contraction Pulse Trains (CPT's) associated with the rhythmic spontaneous contraction activity, by repetitive light stimuli of variable duration, frequency and amplitude. The CPT's activity of various pieces of Hydra has been also investigated in indisturbed conditions and under stimulation. The following observations have been performed. 1. A transient effect, consisting of an increase or a decrease of CPT's frequency, occurs respectively after an abrupt decrease or increase of the light level. 2. If Hydra is stimulated by repetitive light pulses of 0.5-10 sec duration, at a frequency different from the CPT's average one, the CPT's frequency modifies; if the stimulation frequency is included in a range not too much up or below that of CPT's the new CPT's frequency equals exactly that of stimulation; close to this range the CPT's frequency is a multiple or submultiple of that of stimulation. 3. No habituation to such repetitive stimulation was found. 4. The phase relation between CPT's at the new frequency and light stimuli is a function of the difference between CPT's and stimulation frequencies. 5. Stimulation with repetition of light and darkness periods of some minutes duration induces activity only or mainly during darkness. 6. Modification of CPT's frequency by means of repetitive light stimulation [of the type mentioned either in 2) or 5)] has been observed also with hypostomal preparations. 7. With cessation of the light stimulation, the new CPT's frequency of the whole animal lasts in darkness for a time (10-85 min) that is about 5-10 times longer than that necessary to obtain CPT's syncronization with stimulation. 8. The influence of the light intensity level on transient CPT's frequency variation (see 1), CPT's inhibition and stimulation, promptness of entrainment, range of entrainability, phase relation between entrained CPT's and stimuli, retention time of entrained rhythm has been examined, together with the influence of the reversal of polarity of light transitions on CPT's inhibition and entrainment.", "PMID": 1180620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7622", "title": "Responses of nucleus z neurons to vibration of hindlimb extensor muscles in the decerebrate cat.", "content": "1. Small sinusoidal changes of length, applied longitudinally to the ddifferented GS muscle, were uused as a specific stimulus to activate the muscle spindle receptors in precollicular decerebrate cats. In order to determine the relative contribution of the primary and secondary endings of muscle spindles to the response of the nucleus z neurons, the effects of muscle vibration on this unit activity were studied under conditions in which the segmental monosynaptic reflexes produced by stimulation of the primary endings of muscle spindles were continuously monitored. 2. Vibration of the GS muscle (at 180-200/sec and amplitudes up to 250-320 mu) affected the frequency and pattern of discharge in 50 out of 168 units recorded from the lower medulla...", "contents": "Responses of nucleus z neurons to vibration of hindlimb extensor muscles in the decerebrate cat. 1. Small sinusoidal changes of length, applied longitudinally to the ddifferented GS muscle, were uused as a specific stimulus to activate the muscle spindle receptors in precollicular decerebrate cats. In order to determine the relative contribution of the primary and secondary endings of muscle spindles to the response of the nucleus z neurons, the effects of muscle vibration on this unit activity were studied under conditions in which the segmental monosynaptic reflexes produced by stimulation of the primary endings of muscle spindles were continuously monitored. 2. Vibration of the GS muscle (at 180-200/sec and amplitudes up to 250-320 mu) affected the frequency and pattern of discharge in 50 out of 168 units recorded from the lower medulla...", "PMID": 1180621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7623", "title": "[Reverse type of cri du chat disease: 5 p trisomy].", "content": "Five patients with a trisomy of the main part of the short arm of a chromosome 5 represented with the clinical picture of the reversetype of the Cri-du-chat syndrome. Its main features are the spurt of gonions, prominent chin, prominent nose root, subnormal skull perimeter, low I.Q. and muscular hypotonia.", "contents": "[Reverse type of cri du chat disease: 5 p trisomy]. Five patients with a trisomy of the main part of the short arm of a chromosome 5 represented with the clinical picture of the reversetype of the Cri-du-chat syndrome. Its main features are the spurt of gonions, prominent chin, prominent nose root, subnormal skull perimeter, low I.Q. and muscular hypotonia.", "PMID": 1180635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7624", "title": "Concordance of multiple assessments of the outcome of schizophrenia. On defining the dependent variable in outcome studies.", "content": "Concordance of multiple assessments of the outcome of schizophrenia are examined from (1) concordance of three different assessments of mental status, and (2) concordance of four different dimensions of outcome. Findings are related to the methodological issue of defining the dependent variable in outcome studies. When the assessment instruments were compared, discordance in overall assessment happened because each instrument taps varying aspects of symptomatology, suggesting that outcome is somewhat instrument-related. Although adjustment in mental status is correlated with social adjustment and role performance, a patient's status at follow-up bears little relationship to rate of rehospitalization or to consumer satisfaction with treatment. A differential impact of the same predictor variables on four dimensions of outcome underscores the discordance in multiple assessments. Since treatment outcome is multifaceted and multidertermined, multiple assessments must continue as vital procedures.", "contents": "Concordance of multiple assessments of the outcome of schizophrenia. On defining the dependent variable in outcome studies. Concordance of multiple assessments of the outcome of schizophrenia are examined from (1) concordance of three different assessments of mental status, and (2) concordance of four different dimensions of outcome. Findings are related to the methodological issue of defining the dependent variable in outcome studies. When the assessment instruments were compared, discordance in overall assessment happened because each instrument taps varying aspects of symptomatology, suggesting that outcome is somewhat instrument-related. Although adjustment in mental status is correlated with social adjustment and role performance, a patient's status at follow-up bears little relationship to rate of rehospitalization or to consumer satisfaction with treatment. A differential impact of the same predictor variables on four dimensions of outcome underscores the discordance in multiple assessments. Since treatment outcome is multifaceted and multidertermined, multiple assessments must continue as vital procedures.", "PMID": 1180656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7625", "title": "Schizophrenic reasoning about affect-laden material.", "content": "Drug-free schizophrenic patients (N equals 74) and nonpsychotic subjects (N equals 206) were given a test of affect-laden and affectively neutral multiple choice analogy items. The two subtests were matched on several psychometric characteristics that determine the power of the test to distinguish the more able from the less able normal subjects. Neither newly admitted schizophrenic nor long-term chronic schizophrenic patients performed differently on the affective subtest than on the neutral subtest. The many published findings of a cognitive deficit in schizophrenia in response to affect-laden stimuli can probably be attributed to the inappropriate use of unmatched tested.", "contents": "Schizophrenic reasoning about affect-laden material. Drug-free schizophrenic patients (N equals 74) and nonpsychotic subjects (N equals 206) were given a test of affect-laden and affectively neutral multiple choice analogy items. The two subtests were matched on several psychometric characteristics that determine the power of the test to distinguish the more able from the less able normal subjects. Neither newly admitted schizophrenic nor long-term chronic schizophrenic patients performed differently on the affective subtest than on the neutral subtest. The many published findings of a cognitive deficit in schizophrenia in response to affect-laden stimuli can probably be attributed to the inappropriate use of unmatched tested.", "PMID": 1180657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7626", "title": "Schizophrenia and stimulus intensity control.", "content": "A group pf 19 acute, medication-free schizophrenic patients was studied, using average-evoked responses (AERs) to four intensities of light. Comparison with age- and sex-matched normal controls and patients with bipolar affective disorders showed that schizophrenics had smaller AER amplitudes and either no increase or an actual decrease in amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity. Normal subjects and schizophrenic patients were discriminated with 71% accuracy using AER variables; normals, patients with bipolar disorders, and schizophrenic patients with 64% accuracy. Patients who evidenced this AER \"reducing\" pattern to a noticeable extent early in hospitalization showed greater improvement and tended to have relatively good premorbid histories.", "contents": "Schizophrenia and stimulus intensity control. A group pf 19 acute, medication-free schizophrenic patients was studied, using average-evoked responses (AERs) to four intensities of light. Comparison with age- and sex-matched normal controls and patients with bipolar affective disorders showed that schizophrenics had smaller AER amplitudes and either no increase or an actual decrease in amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity. Normal subjects and schizophrenic patients were discriminated with 71% accuracy using AER variables; normals, patients with bipolar disorders, and schizophrenic patients with 64% accuracy. Patients who evidenced this AER \"reducing\" pattern to a noticeable extent early in hospitalization showed greater improvement and tended to have relatively good premorbid histories.", "PMID": 1180658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7627", "title": "Self-disclosure in group therapy with schizophrenics.", "content": "Self-disclosure was investigated as a process variable in group psychotherapy with chronic schizophrenic patients. Consistent with previous data obtained from nonpsychotic populations, greater perceived therapist interpersonal facillitativeness was associated with higher levels of patient self-disclosure. In contrast to earlier findings, however, patients who were more self-revealing made less therapeutic progress than their counterparts who divulged less personal material. This failure to replicate was tentatively attributed to the limited ability of psychotic persons to integrate social feedback. The results underscore the delicacy of the psychotherapeutic undertaking with schizophrenics.", "contents": "Self-disclosure in group therapy with schizophrenics. Self-disclosure was investigated as a process variable in group psychotherapy with chronic schizophrenic patients. Consistent with previous data obtained from nonpsychotic populations, greater perceived therapist interpersonal facillitativeness was associated with higher levels of patient self-disclosure. In contrast to earlier findings, however, patients who were more self-revealing made less therapeutic progress than their counterparts who divulged less personal material. This failure to replicate was tentatively attributed to the limited ability of psychotic persons to integrate social feedback. The results underscore the delicacy of the psychotherapeutic undertaking with schizophrenics.", "PMID": 1180659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7628", "title": "Integration and sealing over. Clinically distinct recovery styles from schizophrenia.", "content": "Concepts of integration and sealing over are common clinical psychiatric parlance. Our experience studying and treating acute schizophrenic patients, primarily with psychosocial techniques, has emphasized the meaningfulness of these concepts. By studying the recovered patient's attitude toward his psychotic experiences, we have obtained material from which to formulate definitions and these concepts. Integrators tend to be curious about their symptoms, regard them as part of their life's pattern, and gain information from them, resulting in a more flexible and variable attitude toward illness than patients who seal over. The latter have rather fixed, usually negative, views of their illness, and tend not to strive to understand their psychotic symptoms nor to place their psychotic experiences in perspective with their lives before and after psychosis.", "contents": "Integration and sealing over. Clinically distinct recovery styles from schizophrenia. Concepts of integration and sealing over are common clinical psychiatric parlance. Our experience studying and treating acute schizophrenic patients, primarily with psychosocial techniques, has emphasized the meaningfulness of these concepts. By studying the recovered patient's attitude toward his psychotic experiences, we have obtained material from which to formulate definitions and these concepts. Integrators tend to be curious about their symptoms, regard them as part of their life's pattern, and gain information from them, resulting in a more flexible and variable attitude toward illness than patients who seal over. The latter have rather fixed, usually negative, views of their illness, and tend not to strive to understand their psychotic symptoms nor to place their psychotic experiences in perspective with their lives before and after psychosis.", "PMID": 1180660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7629", "title": "Psychophysiological correlates of meditation.", "content": "The scientific research that has investigated the physiological changes associated with meditation as it is practiced by adherents of Indian Yoga, Transcendental Meditation, and Zen Buddhism has not yielded a thoroughly consistent, easily replicable pattern of responses. The majority of studies show meditation to be a wakeful state accompanied by a lowering of cortical and autonomic arousal. The investigations of Zen and Transcendental Meditation have thus far produced the most consistent findings. Additional research into the mechanisms underlying the phenomena of meditation will require a shifting from old to new methodological perspectives that allow for adequate experimental control and the testing of theoretically relevant hypotheses.", "contents": "Psychophysiological correlates of meditation. The scientific research that has investigated the physiological changes associated with meditation as it is practiced by adherents of Indian Yoga, Transcendental Meditation, and Zen Buddhism has not yielded a thoroughly consistent, easily replicable pattern of responses. The majority of studies show meditation to be a wakeful state accompanied by a lowering of cortical and autonomic arousal. The investigations of Zen and Transcendental Meditation have thus far produced the most consistent findings. Additional research into the mechanisms underlying the phenomena of meditation will require a shifting from old to new methodological perspectives that allow for adequate experimental control and the testing of theoretically relevant hypotheses.", "PMID": 1180661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7630", "title": "Perception and cognition in patients with bipolar and unipolar depressive disorders. A study in orschach responding.", "content": "The Rorschach was administered to 16 bipolar and 13 unipolar patients hospitalized during a depressive episode. Two contrasting styles of Rorschach responding differentiated the two patient groups. The bipolar style of response is characterized by selective attention to the more objective aspects of the inkblots, while the unipolar style of response is characterized by a more subjective approach. Primary response to color was found only in the protocols of bipolar patients. The styles of response were discussed in relation to other studies showing similar results based on self-assessment and clinical tests. It was suggested that perceptual-cognitive structuring of the external environment may be related to, or predispose, mood levels.", "contents": "Perception and cognition in patients with bipolar and unipolar depressive disorders. A study in orschach responding. The Rorschach was administered to 16 bipolar and 13 unipolar patients hospitalized during a depressive episode. Two contrasting styles of Rorschach responding differentiated the two patient groups. The bipolar style of response is characterized by selective attention to the more objective aspects of the inkblots, while the unipolar style of response is characterized by a more subjective approach. Primary response to color was found only in the protocols of bipolar patients. The styles of response were discussed in relation to other studies showing similar results based on self-assessment and clinical tests. It was suggested that perceptual-cognitive structuring of the external environment may be related to, or predispose, mood levels.", "PMID": 1180662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7631", "title": "Psychiatric illness in fathers of men with bipolar primary affective disorder.", "content": "A systematic interview regarding family history was administered to 48 men with bipolar affective illness who were attending a lithium clinic. Several families were found in which both the patient and father had affective disorders, but the mother and maternal second-degree relatives were well. Of 30 men who had histories of hospitalization for mania, three had fathers with affective disorder (all bipolar). Of 18 men who had depression and hypomania, one father had unipolar depressive disorder. The hypothesis that bipolar manic-depressive illness may be transmitted by a single dominant genetic factor on the X chromosome is discussed in relation to these ill father-ill son pairs.", "contents": "Psychiatric illness in fathers of men with bipolar primary affective disorder. A systematic interview regarding family history was administered to 48 men with bipolar affective illness who were attending a lithium clinic. Several families were found in which both the patient and father had affective disorders, but the mother and maternal second-degree relatives were well. Of 30 men who had histories of hospitalization for mania, three had fathers with affective disorder (all bipolar). Of 18 men who had depression and hypomania, one father had unipolar depressive disorder. The hypothesis that bipolar manic-depressive illness may be transmitted by a single dominant genetic factor on the X chromosome is discussed in relation to these ill father-ill son pairs.", "PMID": 1180663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7632", "title": "Bipolar affective disorder in black and white men. A comparison of symptoms and familial illness.", "content": "Eleven black and 19 white men with conditions diagnosed as manic-depressive disease, manic type were given a systematic psychiatric interview. In addition, as many of their first-degree relatives as could be contacted were also interviewed. Demographic, clinical, and family history variables were compared for the two races. With the exception of a greater preponderance of alcoholism in the paternal relatives of the black men, few differences were found between the two groups in terms of the variables studied. It was concluded that the clinical and familial expression of bipolar affective disorder is similar in the two races.", "contents": "Bipolar affective disorder in black and white men. A comparison of symptoms and familial illness. Eleven black and 19 white men with conditions diagnosed as manic-depressive disease, manic type were given a systematic psychiatric interview. In addition, as many of their first-degree relatives as could be contacted were also interviewed. Demographic, clinical, and family history variables were compared for the two races. With the exception of a greater preponderance of alcoholism in the paternal relatives of the black men, few differences were found between the two groups in terms of the variables studied. It was concluded that the clinical and familial expression of bipolar affective disorder is similar in the two races.", "PMID": 1180664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7633", "title": "The significance of psychotic affective disorders.", "content": "A study of 253 patients with primary and secondary affective disorders disclosed that psychotic features were more frequent among bipolar patients. Except for more frequent psychiatric hospitalization among unipolar patients with psychotic features, no demographic, family history, or parental home variable was found to distinguish between those with and without psychotic features. Chance variation probably accounted for the few symptoms whose frequencies were different depending on the presence or absence of psychotic features. The results failed to support the validity of a classification of affective disorders based on the presence or absence of psychotic features.", "contents": "The significance of psychotic affective disorders. A study of 253 patients with primary and secondary affective disorders disclosed that psychotic features were more frequent among bipolar patients. Except for more frequent psychiatric hospitalization among unipolar patients with psychotic features, no demographic, family history, or parental home variable was found to distinguish between those with and without psychotic features. Chance variation probably accounted for the few symptoms whose frequencies were different depending on the presence or absence of psychotic features. The results failed to support the validity of a classification of affective disorders based on the presence or absence of psychotic features.", "PMID": 1180665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7634", "title": "Hostility and depressive illness.", "content": "This study employs a method of classification based on \"information measure\" taxonomy to investigate an aspect of hostility in nonendogenously depressed, endogenously depressed and nondepressed patients. Results show that there are no statistically significant differences between the three groups as such, but that a patient's self-rating of anger is substantially related to his position on the endogenous-nonendogenous depression dimension. The greater the anger score, the more likely the patient is to present a depressive syndrome of a nonendogenous type. These observations provide support for previous findings in this area and prompt certain tentative theoretical speculations.", "contents": "Hostility and depressive illness. This study employs a method of classification based on \"information measure\" taxonomy to investigate an aspect of hostility in nonendogenously depressed, endogenously depressed and nondepressed patients. Results show that there are no statistically significant differences between the three groups as such, but that a patient's self-rating of anger is substantially related to his position on the endogenous-nonendogenous depression dimension. The greater the anger score, the more likely the patient is to present a depressive syndrome of a nonendogenous type. These observations provide support for previous findings in this area and prompt certain tentative theoretical speculations.", "PMID": 1180666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7635", "title": "Wrist cutting. Relationship between clinical observations and epidemiological findings.", "content": "Reports of select samples have described suicide attempt by wrist cutting as a unique clinical syndrome occurring in young, single, attractive women, associated with specific psychological characteristics. A St. Louis study of a large unselected sample found that persons who cut their wrists were similar to other suicide attempters and were not more apt to be single females who made repeated attempts. These findings are repeated in a New Haven, Conn, study suggesting that reports of persons cutting their wrists should be reconsidered in light of these epidemiologic findings. Institutional differences in patient sampling can account for lack of agreement. While clinical observations are important, additional study through epidemiologic approaches is necessary before conclusions about new syndromes can be made. Current evidence on wrist cutting raises questions about the existence of a separate syndrome.", "contents": "Wrist cutting. Relationship between clinical observations and epidemiological findings. Reports of select samples have described suicide attempt by wrist cutting as a unique clinical syndrome occurring in young, single, attractive women, associated with specific psychological characteristics. A St. Louis study of a large unselected sample found that persons who cut their wrists were similar to other suicide attempters and were not more apt to be single females who made repeated attempts. These findings are repeated in a New Haven, Conn, study suggesting that reports of persons cutting their wrists should be reconsidered in light of these epidemiologic findings. Institutional differences in patient sampling can account for lack of agreement. While clinical observations are important, additional study through epidemiologic approaches is necessary before conclusions about new syndromes can be made. Current evidence on wrist cutting raises questions about the existence of a separate syndrome.", "PMID": 1180667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7636", "title": "Violence among hospitalized delinquents.", "content": "We collected data on the extent of violent behavior among 55 male and female hospitalized juvenile delinquents during a period of three years. Violent behavior was correlated with the adolescent self-image and the ratings of staff and psychotherapists. We found that violent adolescent boys have a healthier self-image and are more liked by their therapists than nonviolent adolescent boys. For the female adolescents, we found the opposite. Initially, the mental health staff liked the nonviolent delinquents better; this finding was no longer significant after the adolescents were on the unit for 13 weeks. Our discussion focuses on the individual and staff psychodynamics and cultural factors that contribute to the outbreak of violence. Our plan is to further study our data in order to better understand the phenomena of violence.", "contents": "Violence among hospitalized delinquents. We collected data on the extent of violent behavior among 55 male and female hospitalized juvenile delinquents during a period of three years. Violent behavior was correlated with the adolescent self-image and the ratings of staff and psychotherapists. We found that violent adolescent boys have a healthier self-image and are more liked by their therapists than nonviolent adolescent boys. For the female adolescents, we found the opposite. Initially, the mental health staff liked the nonviolent delinquents better; this finding was no longer significant after the adolescents were on the unit for 13 weeks. Our discussion focuses on the individual and staff psychodynamics and cultural factors that contribute to the outbreak of violence. Our plan is to further study our data in order to better understand the phenomena of violence.", "PMID": 1180668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7637", "title": "A race riot's effect on psychological symptoms.", "content": "Certain individually stressful events have been observed to increase the psychological distress of persons affected; reduced psychological distress following other events has been attributed to collective processes, including increased group cohesion. These possibilities are investigated by contrasting reported symptom levels of 938 adults interviewed before, during, and after a racial riot. White suburbanites interviewed after the riot and urban black women interviewed during the riot report significantly fewer psychological symptoms. Hypotheses of seasonal symptom changes, sampling biases, and the absence of symptom changes among relatively unimpaired respondents are rejected, suggesting that reductions in symptom level are associated with the riot. Serious methodological problems are raised by our finding that such events may significantly affect not only rates but also patterns of reported psychological symptoms obtained through epidemiological studies.", "contents": "A race riot's effect on psychological symptoms. Certain individually stressful events have been observed to increase the psychological distress of persons affected; reduced psychological distress following other events has been attributed to collective processes, including increased group cohesion. These possibilities are investigated by contrasting reported symptom levels of 938 adults interviewed before, during, and after a racial riot. White suburbanites interviewed after the riot and urban black women interviewed during the riot report significantly fewer psychological symptoms. Hypotheses of seasonal symptom changes, sampling biases, and the absence of symptom changes among relatively unimpaired respondents are rejected, suggesting that reductions in symptom level are associated with the riot. Serious methodological problems are raised by our finding that such events may significantly affect not only rates but also patterns of reported psychological symptoms obtained through epidemiological studies.", "PMID": 1180669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7638", "title": "Lateralized neurologic deficits and psychopathology in a Turner syndrome patient.", "content": "A Turner syndrome patient has been studied by more extensive neuropsychological testing than has previously been reported with such patients. Testing indicates impairment of a variety of functions normally subserved by the right cerebral hemisphere. If replicated with other Turner patients, a lateralized neurologic deficit is implicated as part of the syndrome. Also, this case illustrates the importance of family support and sensitive professional treatment in determining the psychological outcome of this disorder. As an important therapeutic consideration, we describe psychologically detrimental effects of delayed estrogen treatment with an older Turner syndrome patient.", "contents": "Lateralized neurologic deficits and psychopathology in a Turner syndrome patient. A Turner syndrome patient has been studied by more extensive neuropsychological testing than has previously been reported with such patients. Testing indicates impairment of a variety of functions normally subserved by the right cerebral hemisphere. If replicated with other Turner patients, a lateralized neurologic deficit is implicated as part of the syndrome. Also, this case illustrates the importance of family support and sensitive professional treatment in determining the psychological outcome of this disorder. As an important therapeutic consideration, we describe psychologically detrimental effects of delayed estrogen treatment with an older Turner syndrome patient.", "PMID": 1180670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7639", "title": "Transient ictal psychosis.", "content": "Transient psychotic episodes may result from continuous cerebral epileptiform discharges unaccompanied by clinically observed seizures. Such episodes may mimic depressive, hysterical and schizophrenic psychosis and delirium. I describe two patients here and review eight patient histories from the literature. Diagnosis is established by use of electroencephalography during the psychotic episode. Correct diagnosis is essential because specific treatment is available and additional episodes may be prevented by appropriate long-term anticonvulsant therapy.", "contents": "Transient ictal psychosis. Transient psychotic episodes may result from continuous cerebral epileptiform discharges unaccompanied by clinically observed seizures. Such episodes may mimic depressive, hysterical and schizophrenic psychosis and delirium. I describe two patients here and review eight patient histories from the literature. Diagnosis is established by use of electroencephalography during the psychotic episode. Correct diagnosis is essential because specific treatment is available and additional episodes may be prevented by appropriate long-term anticonvulsant therapy.", "PMID": 1180671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7640", "title": "[Properties of ribosomes of normal and tumor cells (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of results showing that the extent and direction of protein biosynthesis essential for cell growth and cell differentiation can be regulated, aside from the transcription level, also on the level of ribosomes (translation), the main results of various properties of ribosomes from normal and tumor tissues are described. The main established difference between the two tissues concerns the organization and localization of the ribosomes within the cell. In tumors, polysomes and inactive dimers and monomeric particles are encountered in considerable amounts freely in the cytosol, i.e. not attached to the membranes. Furthermore, the polysomal profile of tumor cells compared with the normal tissue is characterized by a shift towards fractions with lower sedimentation coefficients. Monomeric ribosomes were not found to differ in physical and chemical properties. In smaller oligonucleotide fragments of ribosomal RNA, differences in the frequency of certain dinucleotides appear likely. Hybridization-competition experiments with DNA do suggest, however, that the ribosomal RNA from tumors is being synthesized at the same cistrons as ribosomal RNA from normal tissues, thus proving its overall sequence homology. Electrophoretic and immunologic methods have not so far revealed any clear differences in the properties of ribosomal proteins from normal and tumor tissues. In in-vitro systems, ribosomes from various tumors show approximately the same incorporation rates for amino acids as ribosomes from normal tissues. The enhanced protein synthesis of the cells, on the basis of data obtained from in-vitro experiments with cell free systems, is to be attributed mainly to the increased content of translation factors in the cytosol.", "contents": "[Properties of ribosomes of normal and tumor cells (author's transl)]. On the basis of results showing that the extent and direction of protein biosynthesis essential for cell growth and cell differentiation can be regulated, aside from the transcription level, also on the level of ribosomes (translation), the main results of various properties of ribosomes from normal and tumor tissues are described. The main established difference between the two tissues concerns the organization and localization of the ribosomes within the cell. In tumors, polysomes and inactive dimers and monomeric particles are encountered in considerable amounts freely in the cytosol, i.e. not attached to the membranes. Furthermore, the polysomal profile of tumor cells compared with the normal tissue is characterized by a shift towards fractions with lower sedimentation coefficients. Monomeric ribosomes were not found to differ in physical and chemical properties. In smaller oligonucleotide fragments of ribosomal RNA, differences in the frequency of certain dinucleotides appear likely. Hybridization-competition experiments with DNA do suggest, however, that the ribosomal RNA from tumors is being synthesized at the same cistrons as ribosomal RNA from normal tissues, thus proving its overall sequence homology. Electrophoretic and immunologic methods have not so far revealed any clear differences in the properties of ribosomal proteins from normal and tumor tissues. In in-vitro systems, ribosomes from various tumors show approximately the same incorporation rates for amino acids as ribosomes from normal tissues. The enhanced protein synthesis of the cells, on the basis of data obtained from in-vitro experiments with cell free systems, is to be attributed mainly to the increased content of translation factors in the cytosol.", "PMID": 1180672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7641", "title": "Intra- and extracellular calcium in Ehrlich ascites tumor cell.", "content": "Calcium concentration in intra- and extracellular fluid from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells has been studied. The higher content of calcium in the outer cell fluid appears as a possible factor determining the behavior of the cell membrane. While in the cytoplasm macromolecular compounds such as lipo- and nucleoproteins seem to play an important role in calcium-binding, in the extracellular fluid calcium is likely to be bound to small molecules (presumably short chain polyphosphates). The significance of calcium-binding changes at the cell membrane level in the carcinogenesis and in the physiological behavior of the tumor cells is discussed.", "contents": "Intra- and extracellular calcium in Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. Calcium concentration in intra- and extracellular fluid from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells has been studied. The higher content of calcium in the outer cell fluid appears as a possible factor determining the behavior of the cell membrane. While in the cytoplasm macromolecular compounds such as lipo- and nucleoproteins seem to play an important role in calcium-binding, in the extracellular fluid calcium is likely to be bound to small molecules (presumably short chain polyphosphates). The significance of calcium-binding changes at the cell membrane level in the carcinogenesis and in the physiological behavior of the tumor cells is discussed.", "PMID": 1180673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7642", "title": "[Study on transplantable, melanin containing hamster papova virusinduced skin tumours in Syrian hamster (author's transl)].", "content": "A melanin containing skin tumour of trichoepitheliomatic character, induced by a virus some 40 nm large, is described showing neither infiltrative nor metastasizing growth. The multiple, flat, mostly confluent tumour nodes appear in all parts of the skin, especially in dorsal skin, at the chin, eyes, and ears. The tumours are mostly blue black as a result of hemosiderin and melanin deposits; these pigmentations occur in connective-tissue cells, the tumour cells and the abounding keratinizing cysts. The blastomic character of these tumours, which in part are reminiscent of tricho-epitheliomas, can be demonstrated by transplantation experiments, in which with increasing number of passages are observed a decrease of latent period, disappearance of pigment formation, and increase in histologic de-differentiation.", "contents": "[Study on transplantable, melanin containing hamster papova virusinduced skin tumours in Syrian hamster (author's transl)]. A melanin containing skin tumour of trichoepitheliomatic character, induced by a virus some 40 nm large, is described showing neither infiltrative nor metastasizing growth. The multiple, flat, mostly confluent tumour nodes appear in all parts of the skin, especially in dorsal skin, at the chin, eyes, and ears. The tumours are mostly blue black as a result of hemosiderin and melanin deposits; these pigmentations occur in connective-tissue cells, the tumour cells and the abounding keratinizing cysts. The blastomic character of these tumours, which in part are reminiscent of tricho-epitheliomas, can be demonstrated by transplantation experiments, in which with increasing number of passages are observed a decrease of latent period, disappearance of pigment formation, and increase in histologic de-differentiation.", "PMID": 1180674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7643", "title": "[Stability of clinically used cytostatics (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper concerns with the stability of aqueous solutions of clinically used cytostatics. The investigation was carried out with in vitro-activated cyclophosphamide from urine of patients, also with trenimon, vinblastine and methotrexate. The stability was tested by biological determination of tumor cell cultures, NBP-reaction and spectrophotometric investigations at different temperature of storage. The activated cyclophosphamide and the active metabolites from urine too are unstable in contrast to the active metabolites in lyophylisied urine. While vinblastine in our results are stable for ten days and more and methotrexate for fourteen days in the refrigerater in physiological solution, trenimon decomposed relative rapidly.", "contents": "[Stability of clinically used cytostatics (author's transl)]. This paper concerns with the stability of aqueous solutions of clinically used cytostatics. The investigation was carried out with in vitro-activated cyclophosphamide from urine of patients, also with trenimon, vinblastine and methotrexate. The stability was tested by biological determination of tumor cell cultures, NBP-reaction and spectrophotometric investigations at different temperature of storage. The activated cyclophosphamide and the active metabolites from urine too are unstable in contrast to the active metabolites in lyophylisied urine. While vinblastine in our results are stable for ten days and more and methotrexate for fourteen days in the refrigerater in physiological solution, trenimon decomposed relative rapidly.", "PMID": 1180675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7644", "title": "[Mesenchyme theory on the increase in resistance experienced during repetition of cancer therapy processes (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental observations of pronounced mesenchyme incorporation near the capillaries of cancer tissue occurring three days after therapeutic treatment with a tumour cell killing rate of 50% have led to the conclusion that mesenchyme reaction is one of the most likely causes of the known increase in resistance found with repeated cancer therapy processes. Mesenchyme incorporation especially diminishes the glucose diffusion coefficient and therefore weakens the glucose diffusion field around the capillaries so that proliferation and sensitivity of tumour cells to cancerostaticas and radiation will decrease to a very high degree. The given solution of the glucose diffusion field equation permits a quantitative presentation of regularities and therapeutic results about mesenchyme incorporation within a capillary distance of R approximately 30 mum. So it has been calculated that, in stationary cases, a transition to the conditions obtained with Cancer Multi-step Therapy (CMT) will increase the volume of tumour tissue being accessible to a therapeutic process by a factor of more than 2.5. Viewed from theoretical aspects, the CMT Concept therefore seems to be one of the most promising possibilities to overcome the (mesenchymal) resistance of tumour tissue. Finally, the paper gives a discussion about an actual possibility for reducing the developing resistance in case of repeated therapeutic treatment based on experimental circumstances; i.e., the inhibition of mesenchyme reactions, for instance, by giving a high dosage of prednisolon in the interval between therapeutic processes.", "contents": "[Mesenchyme theory on the increase in resistance experienced during repetition of cancer therapy processes (author's transl)]. Experimental observations of pronounced mesenchyme incorporation near the capillaries of cancer tissue occurring three days after therapeutic treatment with a tumour cell killing rate of 50% have led to the conclusion that mesenchyme reaction is one of the most likely causes of the known increase in resistance found with repeated cancer therapy processes. Mesenchyme incorporation especially diminishes the glucose diffusion coefficient and therefore weakens the glucose diffusion field around the capillaries so that proliferation and sensitivity of tumour cells to cancerostaticas and radiation will decrease to a very high degree. The given solution of the glucose diffusion field equation permits a quantitative presentation of regularities and therapeutic results about mesenchyme incorporation within a capillary distance of R approximately 30 mum. So it has been calculated that, in stationary cases, a transition to the conditions obtained with Cancer Multi-step Therapy (CMT) will increase the volume of tumour tissue being accessible to a therapeutic process by a factor of more than 2.5. Viewed from theoretical aspects, the CMT Concept therefore seems to be one of the most promising possibilities to overcome the (mesenchymal) resistance of tumour tissue. Finally, the paper gives a discussion about an actual possibility for reducing the developing resistance in case of repeated therapeutic treatment based on experimental circumstances; i.e., the inhibition of mesenchyme reactions, for instance, by giving a high dosage of prednisolon in the interval between therapeutic processes.", "PMID": 1180676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7645", "title": "Intramitochondrial dense bodies in the goblet cells of the ileum of muscular dystrophic mice.", "content": "Mitochondrial osmiophilic bodies were found in the goblet cells of the small intestine in a group of muscular dystrophic mice. They were not found in any littermate normal control mice. The dense bodies were uniformly round in shape but variable in size, approximately 0.2-0.4 mu in diameter. A limiting membrane encircled a dense content. Mitochondria with such dense bodies were distributed throughout the goblet cells. Adjacent absorbing epithelial cells had none of such mitochondrial bodies. Though the site of formation of the mitochondrial bodies remains to be investigated, the Golgi complex did not appear to be involved in the transportation of the dense bodies. Digestion of sections with ether-chlorofolm (1:1) slightly decreased the density of the mitochondrial body. Ruthenium red staining was not visible over the dense bodies but trace of Ru was detected by X-ray microanalysis. X-ray microanalysis indicated very few, if any, amounts of P and Ca, and it was not probable that phospholipid and calcium binding protein were the main constitution of these dense bodies.", "contents": "Intramitochondrial dense bodies in the goblet cells of the ileum of muscular dystrophic mice. Mitochondrial osmiophilic bodies were found in the goblet cells of the small intestine in a group of muscular dystrophic mice. They were not found in any littermate normal control mice. The dense bodies were uniformly round in shape but variable in size, approximately 0.2-0.4 mu in diameter. A limiting membrane encircled a dense content. Mitochondria with such dense bodies were distributed throughout the goblet cells. Adjacent absorbing epithelial cells had none of such mitochondrial bodies. Though the site of formation of the mitochondrial bodies remains to be investigated, the Golgi complex did not appear to be involved in the transportation of the dense bodies. Digestion of sections with ether-chlorofolm (1:1) slightly decreased the density of the mitochondrial body. Ruthenium red staining was not visible over the dense bodies but trace of Ru was detected by X-ray microanalysis. X-ray microanalysis indicated very few, if any, amounts of P and Ca, and it was not probable that phospholipid and calcium binding protein were the main constitution of these dense bodies.", "PMID": 1180678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7646", "title": "Some findings on the fine structure of the neurohypophysis in dehydrated and pitressin-treated mice.", "content": "The fine structure of the pituitary posterior lobe was observed using normal, dehydrated and Pitressin-treated mice. The normal posterior lobe of the mouse contains numerous neurosecretory granules of about 1,300-2,000 angstrom diameter in the nerve terminals. These granules are often found in contact with neurotubules running longitudinally in the axon. In the 2, 5 and 7 day-dehydrated animals the secretory granules are markedly decreased in number, while small vesicles of about 500 angstrom diameter are conspicuously increased in number in the nerve terminal. It is very difficult to obtain an electron microscopic figure of the exocytosis of the secretory granule. The cluster of small vesicles in the nerve terminal is sometimes surrounded by an electron dense membrane and gradually changed to the cytolysomes. These facts suggest that most of these vesicles are not synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine but materials derived from the limiting membrane of the released granules and they are gradually disposed of by lysosomes. In Pitressin-treated animals (3 days, 200mU/day), an increase in number of the neurosecretory granules and an appearance of the disposal process of the excess neurosecretory granules are characteristic in the nerve terminal. Some granules are aggregated to become higher in electron density and surrounded by an electron dense membrane. They are positive for acid phosphatase reaction and are degenerated by an autolytic process. In both cases above, the pituicytes showed a marked reaction. The elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus become well developed and many large lysosomes are seen in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Some findings on the fine structure of the neurohypophysis in dehydrated and pitressin-treated mice. The fine structure of the pituitary posterior lobe was observed using normal, dehydrated and Pitressin-treated mice. The normal posterior lobe of the mouse contains numerous neurosecretory granules of about 1,300-2,000 angstrom diameter in the nerve terminals. These granules are often found in contact with neurotubules running longitudinally in the axon. In the 2, 5 and 7 day-dehydrated animals the secretory granules are markedly decreased in number, while small vesicles of about 500 angstrom diameter are conspicuously increased in number in the nerve terminal. It is very difficult to obtain an electron microscopic figure of the exocytosis of the secretory granule. The cluster of small vesicles in the nerve terminal is sometimes surrounded by an electron dense membrane and gradually changed to the cytolysomes. These facts suggest that most of these vesicles are not synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine but materials derived from the limiting membrane of the released granules and they are gradually disposed of by lysosomes. In Pitressin-treated animals (3 days, 200mU/day), an increase in number of the neurosecretory granules and an appearance of the disposal process of the excess neurosecretory granules are characteristic in the nerve terminal. Some granules are aggregated to become higher in electron density and surrounded by an electron dense membrane. They are positive for acid phosphatase reaction and are degenerated by an autolytic process. In both cases above, the pituicytes showed a marked reaction. The elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus become well developed and many large lysosomes are seen in the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 1180679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7647", "title": "The cytological effects of infusion of luminal polyethylene glycol on the rat small intestinal mucosa.", "content": "An isolated sac of rat upper small intestine was prepared. Its lower end was drained to the skin. Solutions of known volume and composition were infused into the sac and the intestinal mucosa was examined by light and electron microscopy. Infusion of isosmotic (16.8 percent w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG) resulted in prompt and progressively severe damage to enterocytes at the top of the villus, while goblet cells and basal-granulated cells were apparently unaffected. Thus, after 6-72 hrs a cap of goblet cells and basal-granulated cells accumulated at the tip of the villus, while the enterocytes underwent vacuolation and disintegration. Infusion of an isosmotic mixture of 1 percent PEG and 5.1 percent glucose caused no damage near the site of infusion, but damaged the intestinal sac further distally...", "contents": "The cytological effects of infusion of luminal polyethylene glycol on the rat small intestinal mucosa. An isolated sac of rat upper small intestine was prepared. Its lower end was drained to the skin. Solutions of known volume and composition were infused into the sac and the intestinal mucosa was examined by light and electron microscopy. Infusion of isosmotic (16.8 percent w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG) resulted in prompt and progressively severe damage to enterocytes at the top of the villus, while goblet cells and basal-granulated cells were apparently unaffected. Thus, after 6-72 hrs a cap of goblet cells and basal-granulated cells accumulated at the tip of the villus, while the enterocytes underwent vacuolation and disintegration. Infusion of an isosmotic mixture of 1 percent PEG and 5.1 percent glucose caused no damage near the site of infusion, but damaged the intestinal sac further distally...", "PMID": 1180680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7648", "title": "Pliable metacrylate casts of blood vessels: use in a scanning electron microscope study of the microcirculation in rat hypophysis.", "content": "Methyl methacrylate mixed with 30-50 percent hydroxy ethyl or hydroxy propyl methacrylate produces a pliable replica suited to manipulation. The advantages of this improved casting medium were discussed, demonstrating the scanning electron micrographs of the isolated and dissected blood vascular replica of the rat cerebral hypophysis. In the micrographs it was unequivocally indicated that the vascular bed of the anterior lobe is supplied by the capillary plexus of the median eminence and the neural stalk, and that the vascular meshwork of the intermediate lobe is formed by vessels extended from the posterior lobe and is drained into the anterior lobe. The subependymal network intercalated between the plexus of the median eminence and the meshwork of the hypothalamus is directly supplied by arterial branches. It was also demonstrated that the plexus of the median eminence is, at its periphery, in direct communication with the systemic venous twigs.", "contents": "Pliable metacrylate casts of blood vessels: use in a scanning electron microscope study of the microcirculation in rat hypophysis. Methyl methacrylate mixed with 30-50 percent hydroxy ethyl or hydroxy propyl methacrylate produces a pliable replica suited to manipulation. The advantages of this improved casting medium were discussed, demonstrating the scanning electron micrographs of the isolated and dissected blood vascular replica of the rat cerebral hypophysis. In the micrographs it was unequivocally indicated that the vascular bed of the anterior lobe is supplied by the capillary plexus of the median eminence and the neural stalk, and that the vascular meshwork of the intermediate lobe is formed by vessels extended from the posterior lobe and is drained into the anterior lobe. The subependymal network intercalated between the plexus of the median eminence and the meshwork of the hypothalamus is directly supplied by arterial branches. It was also demonstrated that the plexus of the median eminence is, at its periphery, in direct communication with the systemic venous twigs.", "PMID": 1180681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7649", "title": "Light and electron microscopic studies on the caudate nucleus of the dog with special reference to the classification of nerve cells and to the subsurface cistern.", "content": "The distribution and classification of the nerve cells in the head, body and tail of the nucleus caudatus of the dog were investigated by light microscopy, fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy. A small neuron, a large pale neuron and a large dark neuron were identified submicroscopically in the caudate nucleus. Special attention was given to the differentiation between the dark neuron and the glia. The subsurface cistern could be easily recognized in the nerve cells but was never found in the glia. Its presence might be used as a criterion in the identification of a neuron. Goniometric observation was carried out to determine the three-dimensional configuration of the subsurface cistern. The structure of subsurface cistern was shown to be discoid and not tubular. The physiological role of the subsurface cistern was briefly discussed.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic studies on the caudate nucleus of the dog with special reference to the classification of nerve cells and to the subsurface cistern. The distribution and classification of the nerve cells in the head, body and tail of the nucleus caudatus of the dog were investigated by light microscopy, fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy. A small neuron, a large pale neuron and a large dark neuron were identified submicroscopically in the caudate nucleus. Special attention was given to the differentiation between the dark neuron and the glia. The subsurface cistern could be easily recognized in the nerve cells but was never found in the glia. Its presence might be used as a criterion in the identification of a neuron. Goniometric observation was carried out to determine the three-dimensional configuration of the subsurface cistern. The structure of subsurface cistern was shown to be discoid and not tubular. The physiological role of the subsurface cistern was briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1180682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7650", "title": "[The attitude of 200 hospitalized psychiatric patients and their doctors toward treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "1 week after their admission to a psychiatric clinic, a representative sample of 200 patients were interviewed as to their attitude toward hospitalization and their opinion of the doctors, nursing personnel, psychopharmaca, as well as the industrial- and creative occupational therapy they underwent. They were also questioned as to the general physical environment. At the same time, the 15 assistants treating these patients were asked their opinion of the attitudes of their patients toward some of the above points. The patients answered less favorably with regard to their wards (particularly if these were closed) and with regard to the hospitalization in general, but they answered more favorably reacted more positively to their doctors and nurses than to the various methods of treatment (counseling, psychopharmaca, occupational therapy). Information on the patients from their doctors concerning noticeable side effects of psychopharmaca proved insufficient. There was no difference in the patients attitude toward occupational therapy that consisted of unpaid industrial work and the creative occupational therapy. Women were more critical than men. The opinions of the patients were in good agreement with those of the doctors.", "contents": "[The attitude of 200 hospitalized psychiatric patients and their doctors toward treatment (author's transl)]. 1 week after their admission to a psychiatric clinic, a representative sample of 200 patients were interviewed as to their attitude toward hospitalization and their opinion of the doctors, nursing personnel, psychopharmaca, as well as the industrial- and creative occupational therapy they underwent. They were also questioned as to the general physical environment. At the same time, the 15 assistants treating these patients were asked their opinion of the attitudes of their patients toward some of the above points. The patients answered less favorably with regard to their wards (particularly if these were closed) and with regard to the hospitalization in general, but they answered more favorably reacted more positively to their doctors and nurses than to the various methods of treatment (counseling, psychopharmaca, occupational therapy). Information on the patients from their doctors concerning noticeable side effects of psychopharmaca proved insufficient. There was no difference in the patients attitude toward occupational therapy that consisted of unpaid industrial work and the creative occupational therapy. Women were more critical than men. The opinions of the patients were in good agreement with those of the doctors.", "PMID": 1180683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7651", "title": "[Three basic kinds of behaviour, a scheme of their neurobiological correlates (author's transl)].", "content": "The psychic sphere is to be regarded as the source of meaningful behaviour, which is carried out in the service of the cell community that makes up our body. Three fundamental types of behaviour can be distinguished: the purely practical, the theoretical-practical, and the purely theoretical. These three types of behaviour have three different reasons: the first a determining reason, the second a motivating reason, and the third a supporting reason. The threefold nature of the reasons is related to the threefold needs of the cell community (in this context man is considered as an example of an animal). Possible neurobiological bases of human behaviour are depicted in a schematic figure showing the relation of cerebral centres and sensorimotor functions of the human face including eye movements. The psychic centre may be located in the thalamus, the areas of the central sulcus are regarded as an objectivation zone. This indicates that the motor zones of the cortex, including the frontal adversive fields, are intention zones, and the sensory zones reproduction, expectation, and recollection zones. A system so composed would render possible what we see in every animal being: decision-making, foresight, and learning.", "contents": "[Three basic kinds of behaviour, a scheme of their neurobiological correlates (author's transl)]. The psychic sphere is to be regarded as the source of meaningful behaviour, which is carried out in the service of the cell community that makes up our body. Three fundamental types of behaviour can be distinguished: the purely practical, the theoretical-practical, and the purely theoretical. These three types of behaviour have three different reasons: the first a determining reason, the second a motivating reason, and the third a supporting reason. The threefold nature of the reasons is related to the threefold needs of the cell community (in this context man is considered as an example of an animal). Possible neurobiological bases of human behaviour are depicted in a schematic figure showing the relation of cerebral centres and sensorimotor functions of the human face including eye movements. The psychic centre may be located in the thalamus, the areas of the central sulcus are regarded as an objectivation zone. This indicates that the motor zones of the cortex, including the frontal adversive fields, are intention zones, and the sensory zones reproduction, expectation, and recollection zones. A system so composed would render possible what we see in every animal being: decision-making, foresight, and learning.", "PMID": 1180684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7652", "title": "On the activity of brain phospholipase A2 towards specifically labelled glycerophospholipids during subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "1,2-Diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, -ethanolamine and -serine, specifically labelled with different fatty acids at either the 1- or 2-position, were prepared enzymatically using the acyltransferase system of rat liver microsomes. The substrates were subjected to hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 obtained from brain tissue of a normal and a case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). In the pathological tissue and increase of approx. 50% in phospholipase A2 activity could be observed in comparison to that from the control brain for all investigated substrates. Experiments with phosphatidylethanolamines, specifically labelled with different fatty acids in the 2-position, revealed that the phospholipase A2 activity of the SSPE brain tissue was enhanced by about 50% when compared to the control brain regardless of the fatty acid constituent at the 2-position of the substrates.", "contents": "On the activity of brain phospholipase A2 towards specifically labelled glycerophospholipids during subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. 1,2-Diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, -ethanolamine and -serine, specifically labelled with different fatty acids at either the 1- or 2-position, were prepared enzymatically using the acyltransferase system of rat liver microsomes. The substrates were subjected to hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 obtained from brain tissue of a normal and a case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). In the pathological tissue and increase of approx. 50% in phospholipase A2 activity could be observed in comparison to that from the control brain for all investigated substrates. Experiments with phosphatidylethanolamines, specifically labelled with different fatty acids in the 2-position, revealed that the phospholipase A2 activity of the SSPE brain tissue was enhanced by about 50% when compared to the control brain regardless of the fatty acid constituent at the 2-position of the substrates.", "PMID": 1180685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7653", "title": "[Experiments on perception in schizophrenia (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute and chronic schizophrenic subjects were tested with 6 simple experimental tasks of visual stimulus selection. The 2 control groups were a group of non-psychiatric subjects and one of patients with other psychiatric diagnoses. The 6 experimental tasks represented three different types of attention: 1) differentiation between \"figure\" and \"background\", 2) concentration; 3) visual integration (Gestalt completion). The main result was that the acute group with paranoidal psychosis and hallucinations made significantly more mistakes in figure-background differentiation (grouping of patterns). But there was no difference between this group and the other patients in the concentration tasks. Both schizophrenic groups performed more poorly in the Gestalt completion task. The results are discussed in light of the information theory (breakdown of a hypothetical filter mechanism) and Sokolow's psychophysiological model of stimulus selection. The hypothesis is put forward that in the acute schizophrenic group a disturbance in an arousal-modulation system is responsible for attenuation of irrelevant input.", "contents": "[Experiments on perception in schizophrenia (author's transl)]. Acute and chronic schizophrenic subjects were tested with 6 simple experimental tasks of visual stimulus selection. The 2 control groups were a group of non-psychiatric subjects and one of patients with other psychiatric diagnoses. The 6 experimental tasks represented three different types of attention: 1) differentiation between \"figure\" and \"background\", 2) concentration; 3) visual integration (Gestalt completion). The main result was that the acute group with paranoidal psychosis and hallucinations made significantly more mistakes in figure-background differentiation (grouping of patterns). But there was no difference between this group and the other patients in the concentration tasks. Both schizophrenic groups performed more poorly in the Gestalt completion task. The results are discussed in light of the information theory (breakdown of a hypothetical filter mechanism) and Sokolow's psychophysiological model of stimulus selection. The hypothesis is put forward that in the acute schizophrenic group a disturbance in an arousal-modulation system is responsible for attenuation of irrelevant input.", "PMID": 1180686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7654", "title": "[Diagnosis of language-understanding deficit in aphasia. Methodological considerations and composition of a test for discourse comprehension (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigation of language comprehension in aphasics has usually been concerned only with the word and sentence levels. It has not been considered that language in the normal communicative situation has the character of discourse. Furthermore, language understanding should be conceived of as comprising different processes of comprehension which can be selectively affected in aphasia. It was therefore necessary to compose a test for text comprehension. In this test the patient is read a short text and then required to choose that picture from a multiple-choice set which is most appropriate to the story. Texts and pictures were developed according to the linguistic parameters: agent/experiencer, action, situation, metaphorical comment. With the tasks kept uniform this test allows not only quantitative but also qualitative statistical evaluation. Preliminary results show that the test reveals qualitative differences between subtypes of aphasia.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of language-understanding deficit in aphasia. Methodological considerations and composition of a test for discourse comprehension (author's transl)]. The investigation of language comprehension in aphasics has usually been concerned only with the word and sentence levels. It has not been considered that language in the normal communicative situation has the character of discourse. Furthermore, language understanding should be conceived of as comprising different processes of comprehension which can be selectively affected in aphasia. It was therefore necessary to compose a test for text comprehension. In this test the patient is read a short text and then required to choose that picture from a multiple-choice set which is most appropriate to the story. Texts and pictures were developed according to the linguistic parameters: agent/experiencer, action, situation, metaphorical comment. With the tasks kept uniform this test allows not only quantitative but also qualitative statistical evaluation. Preliminary results show that the test reveals qualitative differences between subtypes of aphasia.", "PMID": 1180687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7655", "title": "Application of EEG-interval-spectrum-analysis (EISA) to the study of photic driving responses. A preliminary report.", "content": "Photic driving responses were analyzed by means of T\u00f6nnies' EISA method in 65 normal subjects, 20 patients with brain tumor and 4 cases of severe head injury. The response patterns were classified into 5 types, incidence of which in normals were 1. all band-responsive type (38%), 2. Theta-alpha type (8%), 3. Alpha-beta type (32%), 4. Beta type (8%) and 5. non-responsive type (14%). Each response pattern was compared with the resting EEG activities, however, no significant relationship was found between them. The responses of patients with brain tumor or severe head injury were considerably reduced. The reduction of the photic driving responses in brain tumor cases was not specific to the localization of the tumor. It seems to represent the diminution of the general cerebral reactivity corresponding to the severity of the brain damage. Our results have confirmed that EISA is a simple and practical method for the frequency analysis of long duration and suitable for routine clinical examination.", "contents": "Application of EEG-interval-spectrum-analysis (EISA) to the study of photic driving responses. A preliminary report. Photic driving responses were analyzed by means of T\u00f6nnies' EISA method in 65 normal subjects, 20 patients with brain tumor and 4 cases of severe head injury. The response patterns were classified into 5 types, incidence of which in normals were 1. all band-responsive type (38%), 2. Theta-alpha type (8%), 3. Alpha-beta type (32%), 4. Beta type (8%) and 5. non-responsive type (14%). Each response pattern was compared with the resting EEG activities, however, no significant relationship was found between them. The responses of patients with brain tumor or severe head injury were considerably reduced. The reduction of the photic driving responses in brain tumor cases was not specific to the localization of the tumor. It seems to represent the diminution of the general cerebral reactivity corresponding to the severity of the brain damage. Our results have confirmed that EISA is a simple and practical method for the frequency analysis of long duration and suitable for routine clinical examination.", "PMID": 1180688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7656", "title": "[Course and prognosis of unilateral carotid artery occlucion (author's transl)].", "content": "In 80 patients with unilateral carotid artery occlusions who had neurological symptoms, course and prognosis without anticoagulant or surgical therapy were analyzed. 17.5% of these patients died within 4 weeks, 43% of this group from extracerebral complications. The survival-time of those patients, surviving the acute stage, was also shortened: one year later only 67% of the patients were still alive, 5 years later 58% and after 10 years only 42%. Many cases died from further cerebrovascular strokes. In most of the patients carotid artery occlusion is only one of the symptoms of a generalized artery disease, i.e. arteriosclerosis. Resulting poor collateral circulation may be the crucial factor leading to the poor prognosis as to survival and rehabilitation: only 3.8% of the patients returned to work, 19% are able to walk, and 55% need nursing. These facts demand prophylactic measures: first a decisive therapy with respect to the risk factors of stroke, second an alertness to transitory ischemic attacks or small strokes. The latter were found in 56% of our patients. The literature and value of different therapeutic measures will be discussed.", "contents": "[Course and prognosis of unilateral carotid artery occlucion (author's transl)]. In 80 patients with unilateral carotid artery occlusions who had neurological symptoms, course and prognosis without anticoagulant or surgical therapy were analyzed. 17.5% of these patients died within 4 weeks, 43% of this group from extracerebral complications. The survival-time of those patients, surviving the acute stage, was also shortened: one year later only 67% of the patients were still alive, 5 years later 58% and after 10 years only 42%. Many cases died from further cerebrovascular strokes. In most of the patients carotid artery occlusion is only one of the symptoms of a generalized artery disease, i.e. arteriosclerosis. Resulting poor collateral circulation may be the crucial factor leading to the poor prognosis as to survival and rehabilitation: only 3.8% of the patients returned to work, 19% are able to walk, and 55% need nursing. These facts demand prophylactic measures: first a decisive therapy with respect to the risk factors of stroke, second an alertness to transitory ischemic attacks or small strokes. The latter were found in 56% of our patients. The literature and value of different therapeutic measures will be discussed.", "PMID": 1180689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7657", "title": "[Psychiatric classification by means of a discriminatory application of Q factor analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "An attempt is made to separate different pairs of psychiatric patient groups by means of a modified form of Q factor analysis comparable to discriminant analysis. The psychopathological state of 454 patients had been rated using two psychiatric rating scales, the IMPS (Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale) by Lorr et al. and the psychopathological and somatic scales of the AMP documentation system. Out of these patients the four most frequently occurring groups (schizophrenia, paranoid form, n = 45; schizophrenia, unspecified form, n = 47; depressive psychosis, n = 44; depressive neurosis, n = 53) were selected. Each patient group was divided randomly into two samples, an analysis sample and a validation sample. Only those items were selected which discriminated best between any two analysis samples. Using G indices a Q factor analysis was calculated, and the results improved by a criterion-related additional rotation. The resulting weights were transferred to the validation samples in order to have a cross validation. The mean percentage of correct placements within the validation samples was 83%.", "contents": "[Psychiatric classification by means of a discriminatory application of Q factor analysis (author's transl)]. An attempt is made to separate different pairs of psychiatric patient groups by means of a modified form of Q factor analysis comparable to discriminant analysis. The psychopathological state of 454 patients had been rated using two psychiatric rating scales, the IMPS (Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale) by Lorr et al. and the psychopathological and somatic scales of the AMP documentation system. Out of these patients the four most frequently occurring groups (schizophrenia, paranoid form, n = 45; schizophrenia, unspecified form, n = 47; depressive psychosis, n = 44; depressive neurosis, n = 53) were selected. Each patient group was divided randomly into two samples, an analysis sample and a validation sample. Only those items were selected which discriminated best between any two analysis samples. Using G indices a Q factor analysis was calculated, and the results improved by a criterion-related additional rotation. The resulting weights were transferred to the validation samples in order to have a cross validation. The mean percentage of correct placements within the validation samples was 83%.", "PMID": 1180690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7658", "title": "[Quantitative clinical assessment of the course in a case of temporal encephalitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The neuropsychiatric symptoms and signs of a case of sporadic encephalitis are presented. Psychopathological features are assessed with the IMPS (Lorr-scale). This is shown to be useful for objectivation and differentiation of the psychopathological syndrome. A disadvantage of the IMPS is the limited applicability in states with disturbed verbal communication and insufficient recording of mnestic impairment. Of the 4 states of activation defined for patterns of horizontal and vertical EOG and EMG recordings, state 2 (i.e., electrical activity of the mentalis-EMG, no blinks, no rapid lateral eye movements) and state 4 (i.e., rapid lateral eye movements, electrical activation of the mentalis-EMG) are appropriate measures for a quantitative description of the course of the disease. The relative distribution of state 2 and 4 within one period of registration indicates that the decrease of state 2 and the increase of state 4 are highly correlated with the reduction of psychopathological symptoms. Furthermore, transition among states shows the same correlation during the course of the disease. The ratio of the total number of transitions and non-transitions within one period of registration is proportional to the alleviation of clinical signs.", "contents": "[Quantitative clinical assessment of the course in a case of temporal encephalitis (author's transl)]. The neuropsychiatric symptoms and signs of a case of sporadic encephalitis are presented. Psychopathological features are assessed with the IMPS (Lorr-scale). This is shown to be useful for objectivation and differentiation of the psychopathological syndrome. A disadvantage of the IMPS is the limited applicability in states with disturbed verbal communication and insufficient recording of mnestic impairment. Of the 4 states of activation defined for patterns of horizontal and vertical EOG and EMG recordings, state 2 (i.e., electrical activity of the mentalis-EMG, no blinks, no rapid lateral eye movements) and state 4 (i.e., rapid lateral eye movements, electrical activation of the mentalis-EMG) are appropriate measures for a quantitative description of the course of the disease. The relative distribution of state 2 and 4 within one period of registration indicates that the decrease of state 2 and the increase of state 4 are highly correlated with the reduction of psychopathological symptoms. Furthermore, transition among states shows the same correlation during the course of the disease. The ratio of the total number of transitions and non-transitions within one period of registration is proportional to the alleviation of clinical signs.", "PMID": 1180691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7659", "title": "[Extraversion (e), neuroticism (n), and psychoticism (p) in deaf people (author's transl)].", "content": "The personality of deaf people was studied within the framework of the Eysenck concept of personality. Data gathered with the Personality Inventory AUPI could be evaluated in 66 deaf people (43 connatal or early acquired deafness, 25 late deafness, i.e. after full language development). The consistency of the AUPI Scales in the normal population about corresponds to that in the deaf people. -- Those who went deaf \"early\" showed a statistically significant higher degree of extraversion than the normal population. There was no significant difference in neuroticism (emotional lability). \"Early\" deaf people had the highest value of psychoticism; and those who developed deafness \"late\" also differed significantly from the normal population. Psychoticism is--according to Baumann and Dittrich reactive aggressivity and depression (reactive to frustration).", "contents": "[Extraversion (e), neuroticism (n), and psychoticism (p) in deaf people (author's transl)]. The personality of deaf people was studied within the framework of the Eysenck concept of personality. Data gathered with the Personality Inventory AUPI could be evaluated in 66 deaf people (43 connatal or early acquired deafness, 25 late deafness, i.e. after full language development). The consistency of the AUPI Scales in the normal population about corresponds to that in the deaf people. -- Those who went deaf \"early\" showed a statistically significant higher degree of extraversion than the normal population. There was no significant difference in neuroticism (emotional lability). \"Early\" deaf people had the highest value of psychoticism; and those who developed deafness \"late\" also differed significantly from the normal population. Psychoticism is--according to Baumann and Dittrich reactive aggressivity and depression (reactive to frustration).", "PMID": 1180692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7660", "title": "[The logic of decision in symptom rating (author's transl)].", "content": "The rating systems used in psychiatry consider sometimes different ways of classifying parameters, such as the valuability and the certainty of decision. Those two parameters have been analysed by means of the AMP-ratings of two samples (Berlin: 1879 patients, Z\u00fcrich: 786 patients). We have found that the reply \"not valuable\" appears much less frequently than the reply \"questionable valuable\". For delusional symptoms and disorders of perception the certainty of decision is lowest. The various analyses carried out lead us to the conclusion that without loosing informatory value of any consequence we can renounce any separate documentation on valuability and certainty of decision.", "contents": "[The logic of decision in symptom rating (author's transl)]. The rating systems used in psychiatry consider sometimes different ways of classifying parameters, such as the valuability and the certainty of decision. Those two parameters have been analysed by means of the AMP-ratings of two samples (Berlin: 1879 patients, Z\u00fcrich: 786 patients). We have found that the reply \"not valuable\" appears much less frequently than the reply \"questionable valuable\". For delusional symptoms and disorders of perception the certainty of decision is lowest. The various analyses carried out lead us to the conclusion that without loosing informatory value of any consequence we can renounce any separate documentation on valuability and certainty of decision.", "PMID": 1180693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7661", "title": "[Study of efficacy of training emotional behaviour in groups (author's transl)].", "content": "A program of training emotional behaviour in groups and a method to prove its efficacy is reported. The objective of this treatment program is to improve recognition of emotional cues and adequate expression of emotions. The methods of behaviour therapy used in this program are: training of adequate behaviour be role-playing, modeling and operant conditioning. The study of efficacy is done as a group comparison between these therapy groups and the assertive training groups. Data are collected using self-rating scales, rating scales filled off by partners or relatives of the patients and direct behaviour ratings. Preliminary results show an improvement of selfrating data for the experimental and the control group, but there is no specific effect of one of the therapy programs.", "contents": "[Study of efficacy of training emotional behaviour in groups (author's transl)]. A program of training emotional behaviour in groups and a method to prove its efficacy is reported. The objective of this treatment program is to improve recognition of emotional cues and adequate expression of emotions. The methods of behaviour therapy used in this program are: training of adequate behaviour be role-playing, modeling and operant conditioning. The study of efficacy is done as a group comparison between these therapy groups and the assertive training groups. Data are collected using self-rating scales, rating scales filled off by partners or relatives of the patients and direct behaviour ratings. Preliminary results show an improvement of selfrating data for the experimental and the control group, but there is no specific effect of one of the therapy programs.", "PMID": 1180694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7662", "title": "[The evaluation of community psychiatric services. Some methodological problems (author's transl)].", "content": "We have now come to accept that any new pharmacological treatment must be comprehensively and intensively evaluated before it is introduced into general clinical practice. The thalidomide tragedy has illustrated the dangers of inadequate testing. It is less obvious, however, that psychosocial treatments need to be assessed just as stringently. The claims made for new forms of social treatment and new forms of service are very large. The effects, for example, of turning from a predominantly hospital-based service to one which depends on the co-ordination of a large number of smaller community agencies, are potentially much greater than anything that could be expected from the introduction of a new drug. Itis essential that psychiatrists play their full part in this new and rapidly developing field of investigation.", "contents": "[The evaluation of community psychiatric services. Some methodological problems (author's transl)]. We have now come to accept that any new pharmacological treatment must be comprehensively and intensively evaluated before it is introduced into general clinical practice. The thalidomide tragedy has illustrated the dangers of inadequate testing. It is less obvious, however, that psychosocial treatments need to be assessed just as stringently. The claims made for new forms of social treatment and new forms of service are very large. The effects, for example, of turning from a predominantly hospital-based service to one which depends on the co-ordination of a large number of smaller community agencies, are potentially much greater than anything that could be expected from the introduction of a new drug. Itis essential that psychiatrists play their full part in this new and rapidly developing field of investigation.", "PMID": 1180695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7663", "title": "[Methodological problems of clinical trials of psychotropic drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Up to now, clinical studies only succeeded in differentiating between great categories of psychotropic drugs, but failed to prove finer differences of effects within these categories of substances. Two points of the testing-method are discussed: 1. problems which arise when rating pathological behaviour and 2. problems of sampling psychiatric patients. A great part of symptoms that clinicians and psychologists used to consider as relevant proved to be extremely rare. Total scores cannot be taken as a measure of the therapeutic effect, because they don't express adequately the degree of severity of the illness before and after treatment, and there is a symptom that is independent from the observer, i.e. the frequency of the symptom in different clinical pictures. The frequency is an inverse ratio to the specificity of the symptom. It is then argued that even in clinical studies, it would be possible to choose among the variety of descriptive symptoms those which fulfil requirements of the probabilistic test-model of Rasch and to take only those symptoms to characterize the degree of severity of psychic disturbance in trials with psychotropic drugs. Conclusions are then drawn from a study including three groups of physicians (specialists for internal diseases, psychiatrists and general practitioners): failure to differentiate between placebo and a Minor-Tranquilizer was not due to the inefficiency of the drug, but ought to be attributed to the lack of sharpness of the observations made by untrained judges. A significant difference between placebo and the Minor-Tranquilizer was yet found, but only in the group of psychiatrists. The comparison of the first 13 and the last 13 cases in the two remaining groups, however, reveals a learning process in the course of the study. The main problems of sampling are discussed, i.e.: the loss of information as a consequence of taking the mean in a group of psychiatric patients, the role of biological rhythms, which was hitherto insufficiently considered, and finally it is demonstrated in connection with two selected cases of depressive patients that enormous difference of psychophysiological responsiveness can be hidden behind very similar clinical pictures. It is pointed out that the existing research strategy is adjusted to great samples, which were composed on the basis of behavioral characteristics, and that it failed to differentiate subtle effects of psychotropic drugs. Only experiments involving a much greater display, which take into account all aspects of observation of the selected single cases and longitudinal studies can answer the question which is the right medicine for the right patient. Psychophysiological and biochemical methods have here priority over other methods.", "contents": "[Methodological problems of clinical trials of psychotropic drugs (author's transl)]. Up to now, clinical studies only succeeded in differentiating between great categories of psychotropic drugs, but failed to prove finer differences of effects within these categories of substances. Two points of the testing-method are discussed: 1. problems which arise when rating pathological behaviour and 2. problems of sampling psychiatric patients. A great part of symptoms that clinicians and psychologists used to consider as relevant proved to be extremely rare. Total scores cannot be taken as a measure of the therapeutic effect, because they don't express adequately the degree of severity of the illness before and after treatment, and there is a symptom that is independent from the observer, i.e. the frequency of the symptom in different clinical pictures. The frequency is an inverse ratio to the specificity of the symptom. It is then argued that even in clinical studies, it would be possible to choose among the variety of descriptive symptoms those which fulfil requirements of the probabilistic test-model of Rasch and to take only those symptoms to characterize the degree of severity of psychic disturbance in trials with psychotropic drugs. Conclusions are then drawn from a study including three groups of physicians (specialists for internal diseases, psychiatrists and general practitioners): failure to differentiate between placebo and a Minor-Tranquilizer was not due to the inefficiency of the drug, but ought to be attributed to the lack of sharpness of the observations made by untrained judges. A significant difference between placebo and the Minor-Tranquilizer was yet found, but only in the group of psychiatrists. The comparison of the first 13 and the last 13 cases in the two remaining groups, however, reveals a learning process in the course of the study. The main problems of sampling are discussed, i.e.: the loss of information as a consequence of taking the mean in a group of psychiatric patients, the role of biological rhythms, which was hitherto insufficiently considered, and finally it is demonstrated in connection with two selected cases of depressive patients that enormous difference of psychophysiological responsiveness can be hidden behind very similar clinical pictures. It is pointed out that the existing research strategy is adjusted to great samples, which were composed on the basis of behavioral characteristics, and that it failed to differentiate subtle effects of psychotropic drugs. Only experiments involving a much greater display, which take into account all aspects of observation of the selected single cases and longitudinal studies can answer the question which is the right medicine for the right patient. Psychophysiological and biochemical methods have here priority over other methods.", "PMID": 1180696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7664", "title": "Vaccinia virus variants as presumable cause of vaccinial complications.", "content": "Two vaccinia viruses isolated from patients with vaccinial complications (vaccinial ulcer, postvaccinial seizures) showed qualitative differences from the original parental strain. After intradermal injection of the viruses into the rabbit marked necroses developed, which the original strains did not produce. While the parental virus did not grow on the chorioallantoic membrane at 41 degrees C after 2 days incubation, the vaccinia variant produced typical lesions at that temperature. Also the yield of infectious virus on various cell systems was 1--2.5 logs higher for the virus than for the original vaccine strain. With the plaque technique differences were seen in the appearance and size of plaques between the variant and the parental vaccinia strain. These results indicate that virus of an increased pathogenicity could be isolated from the patients and this might be causally connected with the postvaccinial complications from which they were suffering.", "contents": "Vaccinia virus variants as presumable cause of vaccinial complications. Two vaccinia viruses isolated from patients with vaccinial complications (vaccinial ulcer, postvaccinial seizures) showed qualitative differences from the original parental strain. After intradermal injection of the viruses into the rabbit marked necroses developed, which the original strains did not produce. While the parental virus did not grow on the chorioallantoic membrane at 41 degrees C after 2 days incubation, the vaccinia variant produced typical lesions at that temperature. Also the yield of infectious virus on various cell systems was 1--2.5 logs higher for the virus than for the original vaccine strain. With the plaque technique differences were seen in the appearance and size of plaques between the variant and the parental vaccinia strain. These results indicate that virus of an increased pathogenicity could be isolated from the patients and this might be causally connected with the postvaccinial complications from which they were suffering.", "PMID": 1180697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7665", "title": "The influence of hyperthermia and poly I:C on Semliki Forest virus infection in mice.", "content": "In mice infected intraperitoneally with 10(3) intracerebral suckling mice LD50 of Semliki Forest virus an additive reduction in mortality was found when the protective effect of hyperthermia and synthetic polyriboinosinic and polycytidylic aicds (Poly I:C) was combined. The effects of the two treatments seem to be independent of each other as Poly I:C was found to have no influence on the body temperature of mice, nor did hyperthermia increase the amount of interferon induced by Poly I:C.", "contents": "The influence of hyperthermia and poly I:C on Semliki Forest virus infection in mice. In mice infected intraperitoneally with 10(3) intracerebral suckling mice LD50 of Semliki Forest virus an additive reduction in mortality was found when the protective effect of hyperthermia and synthetic polyriboinosinic and polycytidylic aicds (Poly I:C) was combined. The effects of the two treatments seem to be independent of each other as Poly I:C was found to have no influence on the body temperature of mice, nor did hyperthermia increase the amount of interferon induced by Poly I:C.", "PMID": 1180698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7666", "title": "[Arterial elastin in atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease].", "content": "Elasticity and elastin of arteries in 106 dead people aged 14--74 years were investigated using physico-chemical methods. Depending on the character of morphological manifestations, aortas and arteries were divided into following groups: 1) without morphological manifestations of atherosclerosis; 2) affected by atherosclerosis; 3) vessels of patients who had suffered from atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease; 4) aortas and arteries of patients with atherosclerosis in combination with other somatic diseases. In atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease there were observed specific shifts in the character and intensity of fluorescence of elastin and elasticity as a whole. The intensity of primary fluorescence as an atherosclerotic process progressed and in concomitant hypertensive disease gradually changed. In atherosclerosis there were noted changes in transversal bands in elastin. The growth of transversal bands and intensity of fluorescence were found to be interrelated. Optical density of dissolved elastin with wave lengths (lambda) 240, 260, 280, 300, 320, 360, 400, 490 nm and pH 7.7 and 8.6 was studied. The peak of intensity of absorption of the solution of elastin in all groups referred to above was noted at the wave length lambda=240 nm. Amino-acid composition of dissolved elastin was also studied. It was established that as the process of atherosclerosis progressed, the content of lysine in the wall increased depending on the phase of the process -- lipoidosis, atheromatosis, etc. In the vascular wall there were observed changes in monoamino-oxidase, the latter being of particular importance for maintaining the level of cuprum in tissues.", "contents": "[Arterial elastin in atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease]. Elasticity and elastin of arteries in 106 dead people aged 14--74 years were investigated using physico-chemical methods. Depending on the character of morphological manifestations, aortas and arteries were divided into following groups: 1) without morphological manifestations of atherosclerosis; 2) affected by atherosclerosis; 3) vessels of patients who had suffered from atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease; 4) aortas and arteries of patients with atherosclerosis in combination with other somatic diseases. In atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease there were observed specific shifts in the character and intensity of fluorescence of elastin and elasticity as a whole. The intensity of primary fluorescence as an atherosclerotic process progressed and in concomitant hypertensive disease gradually changed. In atherosclerosis there were noted changes in transversal bands in elastin. The growth of transversal bands and intensity of fluorescence were found to be interrelated. Optical density of dissolved elastin with wave lengths (lambda) 240, 260, 280, 300, 320, 360, 400, 490 nm and pH 7.7 and 8.6 was studied. The peak of intensity of absorption of the solution of elastin in all groups referred to above was noted at the wave length lambda=240 nm. Amino-acid composition of dissolved elastin was also studied. It was established that as the process of atherosclerosis progressed, the content of lysine in the wall increased depending on the phase of the process -- lipoidosis, atheromatosis, etc. In the vascular wall there were observed changes in monoamino-oxidase, the latter being of particular importance for maintaining the level of cuprum in tissues.", "PMID": 1180699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7667", "title": "[Atherosclerosis of the vessels of Willis' circle in certain variants in its structure].", "content": "Random studies of the base of the brain vessels in 278 men who had died at the age of 50--64 years were carried out; 29 variants of the structure of the circle of Willis were established; the most common were threadlike connective arteries and posterior trifurcations of the inner carotid arteries. The investigation of atherosclerotic changes in every vessel of the base of the brain showed that in the so-called posterior trifurcations there was a statistically reliable growth of the average degree of atherosclerosis in the intracranial region of the inner carotid artery ensuring in these cases the blood supply for a considerably greater region of the brain. In posterior connective arteries atherosclerotic changes were revealed only when their diametre exceeded 0.1 cm which testified to the bloodflow in these arteries.", "contents": "[Atherosclerosis of the vessels of Willis' circle in certain variants in its structure]. Random studies of the base of the brain vessels in 278 men who had died at the age of 50--64 years were carried out; 29 variants of the structure of the circle of Willis were established; the most common were threadlike connective arteries and posterior trifurcations of the inner carotid arteries. The investigation of atherosclerotic changes in every vessel of the base of the brain showed that in the so-called posterior trifurcations there was a statistically reliable growth of the average degree of atherosclerosis in the intracranial region of the inner carotid artery ensuring in these cases the blood supply for a considerably greater region of the brain. In posterior connective arteries atherosclerotic changes were revealed only when their diametre exceeded 0.1 cm which testified to the bloodflow in these arteries.", "PMID": 1180700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7668", "title": "[Atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm (based on observations with the scanning electron microscope)].", "content": "The inner surface of the wall of atherosclerotic aneurism represented a sort of large ulcerative atherosclerotic plaque. Its individual areas were characterised by the presence of pseudo-hypertrophy of the endothelium cell nuclei, microplaques, and desorganization of the microrelief. The inner surface of the aneurism was de-endotheliolized on a considerable area, and here there were revealed deposits of lipids in the form of millet-like formations and smooth bodies. Studies of the inner surface of the aneurism wall carried out using raster-electron-microscopy technique made it possible to identify different types of calcinosis in the form of individual and isolated plates of calcium on its inner surface. Desorganization of the microrelief and de-endotheliation of the microrelief of the aneurism wall were the leading causes of parietal thromboformation.", "contents": "[Atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm (based on observations with the scanning electron microscope)]. The inner surface of the wall of atherosclerotic aneurism represented a sort of large ulcerative atherosclerotic plaque. Its individual areas were characterised by the presence of pseudo-hypertrophy of the endothelium cell nuclei, microplaques, and desorganization of the microrelief. The inner surface of the aneurism was de-endotheliolized on a considerable area, and here there were revealed deposits of lipids in the form of millet-like formations and smooth bodies. Studies of the inner surface of the aneurism wall carried out using raster-electron-microscopy technique made it possible to identify different types of calcinosis in the form of individual and isolated plates of calcium on its inner surface. Desorganization of the microrelief and de-endotheliation of the microrelief of the aneurism wall were the leading causes of parietal thromboformation.", "PMID": 1180701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7669", "title": "[Morphological study of the heart valves formed from the fascia lata femoris after their implantation because of a rheumatic defect].", "content": "Pathological anatomy of grafting artificial heart valves formed of the broad fascia of the hip in 5 patients was studied. The fate of a transplant depended upon conditions of its adaptation on a new place. In the case of an unfavourable outcome of transplantation there were observed decomposition of the connective-tissue fibres with degradation of collagen, their decomposition with formation of lacunes, inflammatory reactions, vascularization of the transplant and sclerosis thereof, which, all together, brought about deformation of a new valve. It was suggested that dystrophic and autoimmune mechanisms of destruction of the transplanted tissue were involved.", "contents": "[Morphological study of the heart valves formed from the fascia lata femoris after their implantation because of a rheumatic defect]. Pathological anatomy of grafting artificial heart valves formed of the broad fascia of the hip in 5 patients was studied. The fate of a transplant depended upon conditions of its adaptation on a new place. In the case of an unfavourable outcome of transplantation there were observed decomposition of the connective-tissue fibres with degradation of collagen, their decomposition with formation of lacunes, inflammatory reactions, vascularization of the transplant and sclerosis thereof, which, all together, brought about deformation of a new valve. It was suggested that dystrophic and autoimmune mechanisms of destruction of the transplanted tissue were involved.", "PMID": 1180702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7670", "title": "[Lysosomal hydrolases in the process of muscular atrophy and dystrophy (a histochemical study)].", "content": "Non-specific esterase, acid phosphotase, beta-glucoronidase, and N-acetyl-beta-glucosamindase were revealed using the histochemical method of asocombinations in biopsy specimens of the muscular tissue taken from 99 patients suffering from neurogenic and myogenic disorders. Biopsy specimens were taken also from 7 healthy persons. Concentrations of the granular product of the reaction correlated with autofluorescence in the same section. Some bioptic materials were investigated using electron-microscopy. It was established that activity of lysosomal hydrolases in the normal muscular tissue was low, being increased with age. Autofluorescence in the majority of cases was well noticible. In the groups of atrophic fibres in neurogenic atrophy there were observed focal elevation of the lysosomal enzymatic activity. Product of the reaction, which pointed to the activity of nonspecific esterase and acid phosphotase, was localized predominantly along the periphery of muscular fibres. Autofluorescence of the product of the reaction was considerable. On the other hand, there were extensive areas of muscular fibres in which the concentration of the reaction product did not exceed the normal level. Activity of hydrolases in cells of the mesenchyma was of a low degree. Ist type of the lysosomal activity was observed in myogenic dystrophy with an acute course of the disease; it was characterized by structural changes in the muscular tissue, activation of the all hydrolases under study, absence of autofluorescence on the areas of localization of the reaction product, participation of the mesenchyma cells in the lysosomal activation. IInd type of the lysosomal activity was noted in the muscular tissue in neurogenic atrophy. There was no difference in principle between neuro- and myogenic lesions as far as the type of lysosomal activity is concerned. Collation of the results obtained in the investigations with the data reported in available literature enabled the authors to put forward the concept of the two types of the lysosomal activity in muscular lesions: 1) diffuse elevation of the lysosome activity associated with structural changes in the muscular tissue; 2) focal elevation of the physiological activity due to formation of lipopigment.", "contents": "[Lysosomal hydrolases in the process of muscular atrophy and dystrophy (a histochemical study)]. Non-specific esterase, acid phosphotase, beta-glucoronidase, and N-acetyl-beta-glucosamindase were revealed using the histochemical method of asocombinations in biopsy specimens of the muscular tissue taken from 99 patients suffering from neurogenic and myogenic disorders. Biopsy specimens were taken also from 7 healthy persons. Concentrations of the granular product of the reaction correlated with autofluorescence in the same section. Some bioptic materials were investigated using electron-microscopy. It was established that activity of lysosomal hydrolases in the normal muscular tissue was low, being increased with age. Autofluorescence in the majority of cases was well noticible. In the groups of atrophic fibres in neurogenic atrophy there were observed focal elevation of the lysosomal enzymatic activity. Product of the reaction, which pointed to the activity of nonspecific esterase and acid phosphotase, was localized predominantly along the periphery of muscular fibres. Autofluorescence of the product of the reaction was considerable. On the other hand, there were extensive areas of muscular fibres in which the concentration of the reaction product did not exceed the normal level. Activity of hydrolases in cells of the mesenchyma was of a low degree. Ist type of the lysosomal activity was observed in myogenic dystrophy with an acute course of the disease; it was characterized by structural changes in the muscular tissue, activation of the all hydrolases under study, absence of autofluorescence on the areas of localization of the reaction product, participation of the mesenchyma cells in the lysosomal activation. IInd type of the lysosomal activity was noted in the muscular tissue in neurogenic atrophy. There was no difference in principle between neuro- and myogenic lesions as far as the type of lysosomal activity is concerned. Collation of the results obtained in the investigations with the data reported in available literature enabled the authors to put forward the concept of the two types of the lysosomal activity in muscular lesions: 1) diffuse elevation of the lysosome activity associated with structural changes in the muscular tissue; 2) focal elevation of the physiological activity due to formation of lipopigment.", "PMID": 1180703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7671", "title": "[Effect of the multiple administration of hydrocortisone on the ultrastructure of the lymph nodes of rabbits].", "content": "The effect of dayly multiple exposure to hydrocortison in the dose 1 mg/kg on the submicroscopic structure of the mesenteric lymphatic nodes in rabbits was studied. In contrast to a single-dose administration of the hormone, no pycnotic forms of small and middle lymphocytes were observed. Prolonged application of hydrocortison led to the appearance of atypical forms of reticular cells, an increase in the number of plasmatised lymphocytes, as well as of mature plasmatic cells. Macrophages disappear almost entirely. The number of dark lymphocytes and reticular cells with the thickened matrix of the cytoplasma and great number of ribosomes and polysomes increased considerably. Mechanisms of action of single and multiple doses of hydrocortison on the cells of lymphatic nodes was not identical.", "contents": "[Effect of the multiple administration of hydrocortisone on the ultrastructure of the lymph nodes of rabbits]. The effect of dayly multiple exposure to hydrocortison in the dose 1 mg/kg on the submicroscopic structure of the mesenteric lymphatic nodes in rabbits was studied. In contrast to a single-dose administration of the hormone, no pycnotic forms of small and middle lymphocytes were observed. Prolonged application of hydrocortison led to the appearance of atypical forms of reticular cells, an increase in the number of plasmatised lymphocytes, as well as of mature plasmatic cells. Macrophages disappear almost entirely. The number of dark lymphocytes and reticular cells with the thickened matrix of the cytoplasma and great number of ribosomes and polysomes increased considerably. Mechanisms of action of single and multiple doses of hydrocortison on the cells of lymphatic nodes was not identical.", "PMID": 1180704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7672", "title": "[Effect of histamine and diprazin on the course of experimental amyloidosis in mice].", "content": "In experiment on 33 mice, line C57Bl, the effect of changed vascular-tissue permeability following administration of histamine and anti-histamine preparation diprazin (pipolphen) on the development of amyloidosis was studied. It was shown that histamine stimulated the development of amyloidosis in mice, causing besides generalized vascular disorders and a pronounced mast-cell reaction with degranulation of these cells, whereas diprazin, on the contrary, inhibited amyloidogenesis in mice. Differences between experimental and control groups were identified using the morphometric method and were confirmed statistically. The difference in the degree of amyloidosis revealed against the background of administration of histamine and diprazin testified to a certain extent to the role of impaired vascular-tissue permeability in the pathogenesis of amyloidosis.", "contents": "[Effect of histamine and diprazin on the course of experimental amyloidosis in mice]. In experiment on 33 mice, line C57Bl, the effect of changed vascular-tissue permeability following administration of histamine and anti-histamine preparation diprazin (pipolphen) on the development of amyloidosis was studied. It was shown that histamine stimulated the development of amyloidosis in mice, causing besides generalized vascular disorders and a pronounced mast-cell reaction with degranulation of these cells, whereas diprazin, on the contrary, inhibited amyloidogenesis in mice. Differences between experimental and control groups were identified using the morphometric method and were confirmed statistically. The difference in the degree of amyloidosis revealed against the background of administration of histamine and diprazin testified to a certain extent to the role of impaired vascular-tissue permeability in the pathogenesis of amyloidosis.", "PMID": 1180705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7673", "title": "[Severe changes in the makeup of the blood after a contusion of the soft tissues complicated by sepsis].", "content": "A case of a comparatively mild trauma of a lower extremity in an 11-year-old child complicated with deep thrombophlebitis of the thigh and pelvic bone, thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery branches, sepsis, and massive systemic fat embolism is described. The development of fat embolism in combination with thromboembolic complications in the absence of injuries of the skeleton and fat tissue may be explained from the standpoint of physico-chemical theory of pathogenesis of fat embolism. A close correlation between fat embolism and the system of blood coagulation was noted.", "contents": "[Severe changes in the makeup of the blood after a contusion of the soft tissues complicated by sepsis]. A case of a comparatively mild trauma of a lower extremity in an 11-year-old child complicated with deep thrombophlebitis of the thigh and pelvic bone, thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery branches, sepsis, and massive systemic fat embolism is described. The development of fat embolism in combination with thromboembolic complications in the absence of injuries of the skeleton and fat tissue may be explained from the standpoint of physico-chemical theory of pathogenesis of fat embolism. A close correlation between fat embolism and the system of blood coagulation was noted.", "PMID": 1180706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7674", "title": "[Bronchiolar emphysema in a child at the age of 1 1/2 months].", "content": "Bronchiolar emphysema was found in an infant of 1.5 months of age in the course of a morphological investigation of a resected 5th segment. There were noted a peculiar incompleteness of the structure of the air-passage and respiratory apparatus of the lungs, diagnosed as arrest of development at the level of respiratory bronchioles. Muscular cirrhosis was not detected.", "contents": "[Bronchiolar emphysema in a child at the age of 1 1/2 months]. Bronchiolar emphysema was found in an infant of 1.5 months of age in the course of a morphological investigation of a resected 5th segment. There were noted a peculiar incompleteness of the structure of the air-passage and respiratory apparatus of the lungs, diagnosed as arrest of development at the level of respiratory bronchioles. Muscular cirrhosis was not detected.", "PMID": 1180708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7675", "title": "Posttraumatic dysautonomic cephalalgia. Clinical observations and treatment.", "content": "Five patients developed posttraumatic vascular headaches associated with autonomic dysfunction. The precipitating injury affected the anterior triangle of the neck, presumably involving the region of the carotid artery sheath. Disturbance of sympathetic function, characterized by excessive sweating and pupillary dilation associated with headache, was noted. Appropriate pharmacologic studies revealed evidence of partial sympathetic devervation. While headache was resistant to ergotamine preparations, prompt relief was obtained with propranolol hydrochloride, and adrenergic beta-receptor blocking agent.", "contents": "Posttraumatic dysautonomic cephalalgia. Clinical observations and treatment. Five patients developed posttraumatic vascular headaches associated with autonomic dysfunction. The precipitating injury affected the anterior triangle of the neck, presumably involving the region of the carotid artery sheath. Disturbance of sympathetic function, characterized by excessive sweating and pupillary dilation associated with headache, was noted. Appropriate pharmacologic studies revealed evidence of partial sympathetic devervation. While headache was resistant to ergotamine preparations, prompt relief was obtained with propranolol hydrochloride, and adrenergic beta-receptor blocking agent.", "PMID": 1180725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7676", "title": "Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid-blood flow dynamics. Implications in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in normal pressure hydrocephalus.", "content": "Increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been proposed as responsible for the clinical improvement after cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). In order to determine any abnormal CSF-CBF pressure-flow relationships in NPH, measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) were made before and after lowering CSF pressure (CSFP) in 15 patients with NPH, and in ten patients with presumed hydrocephalus ex vacuo. Maximal reduction of rCBF and rCBV occurred in the territory of the anterior cerebral artery in NPH but no in dementia due to brain atrophy. Both CBF and rCBV increased after lowering the CSFP by lumbar puncture in patients with NPH. Patients with higher preoperative rCBF and maximal increases in rCBR and rCBV after lowering CSFP showed the most consistent clinical improvement after CSF shunting. Evidence is offered that CBF autoregulation is impaired in NPH. The CBF test assists in both diagnosis and selection of patients for CSF shunting.", "contents": "Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid-blood flow dynamics. Implications in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been proposed as responsible for the clinical improvement after cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). In order to determine any abnormal CSF-CBF pressure-flow relationships in NPH, measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) were made before and after lowering CSF pressure (CSFP) in 15 patients with NPH, and in ten patients with presumed hydrocephalus ex vacuo. Maximal reduction of rCBF and rCBV occurred in the territory of the anterior cerebral artery in NPH but no in dementia due to brain atrophy. Both CBF and rCBV increased after lowering the CSFP by lumbar puncture in patients with NPH. Patients with higher preoperative rCBF and maximal increases in rCBR and rCBV after lowering CSFP showed the most consistent clinical improvement after CSF shunting. Evidence is offered that CBF autoregulation is impaired in NPH. The CBF test assists in both diagnosis and selection of patients for CSF shunting.", "PMID": 1180726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7677", "title": "Familial cerebral sarcomas.", "content": "Four cases of cerebral fibrosarcomas occurring in two families are reported. To our knowledge, no similar cases have been reported. Evidence that a heritable factor is involved in the genesis of some brain tumors is suggested by these cases.", "contents": "Familial cerebral sarcomas. Four cases of cerebral fibrosarcomas occurring in two families are reported. To our knowledge, no similar cases have been reported. Evidence that a heritable factor is involved in the genesis of some brain tumors is suggested by these cases.", "PMID": 1180727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7678", "title": "Neurocutaneous melanosis with malignant leptomeningeal melanoma. A case with metastases outside the nervous system.", "content": "A case of neurocutaneous melanosis with malignant leptomeningeal melanoma was seen in a black man. The presence of extracranial metastases was noted, and evidence is presented favoring the central nervous system as the primary source.", "contents": "Neurocutaneous melanosis with malignant leptomeningeal melanoma. A case with metastases outside the nervous system. A case of neurocutaneous melanosis with malignant leptomeningeal melanoma was seen in a black man. The presence of extracranial metastases was noted, and evidence is presented favoring the central nervous system as the primary source.", "PMID": 1180728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7679", "title": "Kinky hair disease. Study of copper metabolism with use of 67Cu.", "content": "Metabolism of labeled Cu (67Cu) was studied in three patients with kinky hair disease (KHD). Labeled Cu was administered first intravenously and, later, orally. We determined oral absorption, excretion, and internal kinetics of this metal. Patients with KHD absorbed 11% to 13% of Cu given orally, compared to 46% by unaffected controls. Total excretion of Cu given intravenously during the first seven days after administration was greatly reduced in patients with KHD. The biological half-life of 67Cu in patients with KHD was increased by a factor of 2 to 3 over the normal control. Most of the labeled Cu was retained by the patient's liver, while in the control subject there was more rapid movement to the Cu to circulation (ceruloplasmin). Red blood cells of patients with KHD incorporated orally administered Cu preferentially, which was sufficient to prevent anemia.", "contents": "Kinky hair disease. Study of copper metabolism with use of 67Cu. Metabolism of labeled Cu (67Cu) was studied in three patients with kinky hair disease (KHD). Labeled Cu was administered first intravenously and, later, orally. We determined oral absorption, excretion, and internal kinetics of this metal. Patients with KHD absorbed 11% to 13% of Cu given orally, compared to 46% by unaffected controls. Total excretion of Cu given intravenously during the first seven days after administration was greatly reduced in patients with KHD. The biological half-life of 67Cu in patients with KHD was increased by a factor of 2 to 3 over the normal control. Most of the labeled Cu was retained by the patient's liver, while in the control subject there was more rapid movement to the Cu to circulation (ceruloplasmin). Red blood cells of patients with KHD incorporated orally administered Cu preferentially, which was sufficient to prevent anemia.", "PMID": 1180729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7680", "title": "Spinal cord regeneration in rats after immunosuppressive treatment. Theoretic considerations and histologic results.", "content": "Some species of animals and some early developmental stages of other species are capable of central nervous system (CNS) regeneration. These species and developmental stages also have reduced or absent allergic reaction to tissue homografts. Mammals are allergic to their own brain antigens, and experimental allergic encephalomyellitis (EAE) can be produced when they are exposed to parenterally administered brain antigen. Immunosuppressive treatment will delay or prevent the production of EAE in rats. In our experiments, immunosuppressive treatment made possible the electrophysiologic study of regeneration of long descending motor tracts of the spinal cord in rats six months after spinal cord transection. Histologic evaluation showed no comparative difference in scar at the site of transection when treated animals were compared with controls. Neither was any difference noted between animals in which regeneration was shown electrophysiologically and those without such regeneration. Perhaps humoral antibodies play a role in the prevention of functional regeneration in the rat.", "contents": "Spinal cord regeneration in rats after immunosuppressive treatment. Theoretic considerations and histologic results. Some species of animals and some early developmental stages of other species are capable of central nervous system (CNS) regeneration. These species and developmental stages also have reduced or absent allergic reaction to tissue homografts. Mammals are allergic to their own brain antigens, and experimental allergic encephalomyellitis (EAE) can be produced when they are exposed to parenterally administered brain antigen. Immunosuppressive treatment will delay or prevent the production of EAE in rats. In our experiments, immunosuppressive treatment made possible the electrophysiologic study of regeneration of long descending motor tracts of the spinal cord in rats six months after spinal cord transection. Histologic evaluation showed no comparative difference in scar at the site of transection when treated animals were compared with controls. Neither was any difference noted between animals in which regeneration was shown electrophysiologically and those without such regeneration. Perhaps humoral antibodies play a role in the prevention of functional regeneration in the rat.", "PMID": 1180730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7681", "title": "Myasthenia gravis and acetylcholine receptor. Effect of steroids in clinical course and cellular immune response to acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "Lymphocytes from patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) were transformed when cultured in vitro with an acetylcholine receptor fraction extracted from the electric organ of an electric eel. Marked diminution of the cellular response to acetylcholine was shown in patients who improved clinically with prednisone treatment. The transient clinical deterioration during the first days of prednisone treatment was accompanied by a transient increase in lymphocyte response. These findings that an in vivo sensitization of lymphocytes to self-acetylcholine receptor may occur in MG, and that a cell-mediated autoimmune mechanism may be important in the pathogenesis of the neuromuscular block. The present observations indicate that prednisone provides a measure of immunosuppression in MG. The transient clinical deterioration during the first days of prednisone therapy may reflect an enhancement of cell reactivity by this drug.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis and acetylcholine receptor. Effect of steroids in clinical course and cellular immune response to acetylcholine receptor. Lymphocytes from patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) were transformed when cultured in vitro with an acetylcholine receptor fraction extracted from the electric organ of an electric eel. Marked diminution of the cellular response to acetylcholine was shown in patients who improved clinically with prednisone treatment. The transient clinical deterioration during the first days of prednisone treatment was accompanied by a transient increase in lymphocyte response. These findings that an in vivo sensitization of lymphocytes to self-acetylcholine receptor may occur in MG, and that a cell-mediated autoimmune mechanism may be important in the pathogenesis of the neuromuscular block. The present observations indicate that prednisone provides a measure of immunosuppression in MG. The transient clinical deterioration during the first days of prednisone therapy may reflect an enhancement of cell reactivity by this drug.", "PMID": 1180731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7682", "title": "Glucocorticoids and mammalian motor nerve excitability.", "content": "Short-term treatment of cats with high doses of triamcinolone and related steroids strikingly increased the capacity of soleus motoneurons to generate posttetanic stimulus-bound repetition (SBR) and the obligatory postetanic potentiation (PTP) of muscle. The edrophonium chloride (Tensillon)-induced SBR and twitch potentiation were likewise augmented. These effects reflect an increase in the excitability of the motoneuron. This glucocorticoid effect suggests that the motoneuron is the site of the antimyasthenic action of the hormone. Certainly, the enhanced SBR is a neuronal representation of the adverse epileptogenic action of the glucocorticoids. The glucocorticoid effect on motoneuron outlasts the dosing period, suggesting an underlying alteration in the neuron. Other glucocorticoids caused the same effects, but varied in their potencies. Mineralocorticoids were less effective. The single androgen that was tested proved to be minimally effective.", "contents": "Glucocorticoids and mammalian motor nerve excitability. Short-term treatment of cats with high doses of triamcinolone and related steroids strikingly increased the capacity of soleus motoneurons to generate posttetanic stimulus-bound repetition (SBR) and the obligatory postetanic potentiation (PTP) of muscle. The edrophonium chloride (Tensillon)-induced SBR and twitch potentiation were likewise augmented. These effects reflect an increase in the excitability of the motoneuron. This glucocorticoid effect suggests that the motoneuron is the site of the antimyasthenic action of the hormone. Certainly, the enhanced SBR is a neuronal representation of the adverse epileptogenic action of the glucocorticoids. The glucocorticoid effect on motoneuron outlasts the dosing period, suggesting an underlying alteration in the neuron. Other glucocorticoids caused the same effects, but varied in their potencies. Mineralocorticoids were less effective. The single androgen that was tested proved to be minimally effective.", "PMID": 1180732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7683", "title": "Spastic eyelids. Failure of levator inhibition in unconscious states.", "content": "Three patients exhibited tonic uninhibited lid elevation in unconscious states. In the two cases adequately studied at autopsy, the lesions were too large for precise localization but suggest that damage to the pons (and probably midbrain as well) can interfere with normal lid relaxation in coma and sleep.", "contents": "Spastic eyelids. Failure of levator inhibition in unconscious states. Three patients exhibited tonic uninhibited lid elevation in unconscious states. In the two cases adequately studied at autopsy, the lesions were too large for precise localization but suggest that damage to the pons (and probably midbrain as well) can interfere with normal lid relaxation in coma and sleep.", "PMID": 1180733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7684", "title": "Congenital ichthyosis with spastic paraplegia of adult onset.", "content": "Two siblings had what we believe to be a unique disorder manifested by stationary congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma coupled with a slowly progressive spastic weakness of adult onset. The disorder was presumably inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The mechanism by which a genetic mutation would mediate this multiple organ system disorder is unknown.", "contents": "Congenital ichthyosis with spastic paraplegia of adult onset. Two siblings had what we believe to be a unique disorder manifested by stationary congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma coupled with a slowly progressive spastic weakness of adult onset. The disorder was presumably inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The mechanism by which a genetic mutation would mediate this multiple organ system disorder is unknown.", "PMID": 1180734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7685", "title": "Corticosteroid-induced mediastinal widening in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Corticosteroid-induced mediastinal widening with simulated focal lymphadenopathy was found in a patient having myasthenia gravis. To my knowledge, this is the first report of such changes occurring in a patient having myasthenia gravis. As the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of myasthenia gravis becomes more common, this association can be expected to occur more often. Reemphasis of this phenomenon should help to avoid unnecessary surgical intervention in these patients.", "contents": "Corticosteroid-induced mediastinal widening in myasthenia gravis. Corticosteroid-induced mediastinal widening with simulated focal lymphadenopathy was found in a patient having myasthenia gravis. To my knowledge, this is the first report of such changes occurring in a patient having myasthenia gravis. As the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of myasthenia gravis becomes more common, this association can be expected to occur more often. Reemphasis of this phenomenon should help to avoid unnecessary surgical intervention in these patients.", "PMID": 1180735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7686", "title": "Delayed hypoxic encephalopathy without cognitive dysfunction.", "content": "Three days after an episode of hypoxia, a 20-year-old man developed profound motor deficit in the absence of behavioral or cognitive disturbance. Previous reviews of delayed hypoxic encephalopathy have stressed behavioral and cognitive disturbances as the initial symptoms. This patient's pyramidal tract dysfunction in the absence of higher cortical dysfunction serves to illustrate that delayed hypoxic encephalopathy is predominantly a white matter rather than a gray matter disorder.", "contents": "Delayed hypoxic encephalopathy without cognitive dysfunction. Three days after an episode of hypoxia, a 20-year-old man developed profound motor deficit in the absence of behavioral or cognitive disturbance. Previous reviews of delayed hypoxic encephalopathy have stressed behavioral and cognitive disturbances as the initial symptoms. This patient's pyramidal tract dysfunction in the absence of higher cortical dysfunction serves to illustrate that delayed hypoxic encephalopathy is predominantly a white matter rather than a gray matter disorder.", "PMID": 1180736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7687", "title": "Serotonin metabolism is pellagra.", "content": "Altered mental status is common in pellagrins. We evaluated the mental status of pellagrins in relation to the neurohormone, serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), an end product of serotonin in the urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and of platelet 5-HT were determined in a group of pellagrins and in normal subjects. The results indicated that the 5-HT concentration was reduced in platelets and 5-HIAA excretion in urine was below normal levels. The 5-HIAA concentration in CSF was also reduced, suggesting a decrease in 5-HT functional activity in the brain.", "contents": "Serotonin metabolism is pellagra. Altered mental status is common in pellagrins. We evaluated the mental status of pellagrins in relation to the neurohormone, serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), an end product of serotonin in the urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and of platelet 5-HT were determined in a group of pellagrins and in normal subjects. The results indicated that the 5-HT concentration was reduced in platelets and 5-HIAA excretion in urine was below normal levels. The 5-HIAA concentration in CSF was also reduced, suggesting a decrease in 5-HT functional activity in the brain.", "PMID": 1180737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7688", "title": "End-plate morphology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "Intercostal muscle end-plates were measured in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and more benign motor neuron disease (MND). The length of the intact end-plates in ALS and MND was not different from the controls. Segmented end-plates were increased in both ALS and benign MND, and the end-plate length was greatest in ALS. In individual ALS cases, no correlation was found between the end-plate abnormalities and relevant clinical variables.", "contents": "End-plate morphology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Intercostal muscle end-plates were measured in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and more benign motor neuron disease (MND). The length of the intact end-plates in ALS and MND was not different from the controls. Segmented end-plates were increased in both ALS and benign MND, and the end-plate length was greatest in ALS. In individual ALS cases, no correlation was found between the end-plate abnormalities and relevant clinical variables.", "PMID": 1180738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7689", "title": "Alpha-coma. Electroencephalographic, clinical, pathologic, and etiologic correlations.", "content": "\"Alpha-coma\" denotes the conjunction of clinical coma with an electroencephalographic pattern resembling that of normal wakefulness and predominantly consisting of alpha activity. Clinical, EEG, and pathologic data from 13 patients with this syndrome were reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups, based on the pathogenesis of their conditions. The first group consisted of eight patients with brain stem strokes, and the second group consisted of five patients with diffuse hypoxic encephalopathy resulting from cardiac or pulmonary arrest. There were some differences between the EEGs of the two groups. In the first group, the alpha pattern was located more posteriorly, showed more variability and reactivity, and was more persistent in sequential recordings. In the second group, the alpha activity was transient and showed little reactivity. In both groups, this pattern indicated a poor prognosis for survival.", "contents": "Alpha-coma. Electroencephalographic, clinical, pathologic, and etiologic correlations. \"Alpha-coma\" denotes the conjunction of clinical coma with an electroencephalographic pattern resembling that of normal wakefulness and predominantly consisting of alpha activity. Clinical, EEG, and pathologic data from 13 patients with this syndrome were reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups, based on the pathogenesis of their conditions. The first group consisted of eight patients with brain stem strokes, and the second group consisted of five patients with diffuse hypoxic encephalopathy resulting from cardiac or pulmonary arrest. There were some differences between the EEGs of the two groups. In the first group, the alpha pattern was located more posteriorly, showed more variability and reactivity, and was more persistent in sequential recordings. In the second group, the alpha activity was transient and showed little reactivity. In both groups, this pattern indicated a poor prognosis for survival.", "PMID": 1180739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7690", "title": "The electroencephalogram in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "Electroencephalogram studies of 31 patients with proved subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) revealed periodic high-amplitude complexes in all except one. The periodic complexes consisted of two to four high-amplitude delta waves, were usually bisynchronous and symmetrical, and repeated once in five to seven seconds. When both the clinical myoclonic jerks and the periodic EEG complexes were present, a one to one relationship existed between the two phenomena. Besides periodic complexes, several atypical EEG findings were also noted that included frontal rhythmic delta activity in intervals between periodic complexes, electrodecremental periods following EEG complexes, paroxysm of bisynchronous spike wave activity, random spikes over frontal regions, and focal abnormalities, such as spike and slow wave foci. In spite of variability of EEG findings, there is usually no difficulty in making the diagnosis of SSPE if both the EEG and clinical findings are considered.", "contents": "The electroencephalogram in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Electroencephalogram studies of 31 patients with proved subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) revealed periodic high-amplitude complexes in all except one. The periodic complexes consisted of two to four high-amplitude delta waves, were usually bisynchronous and symmetrical, and repeated once in five to seven seconds. When both the clinical myoclonic jerks and the periodic EEG complexes were present, a one to one relationship existed between the two phenomena. Besides periodic complexes, several atypical EEG findings were also noted that included frontal rhythmic delta activity in intervals between periodic complexes, electrodecremental periods following EEG complexes, paroxysm of bisynchronous spike wave activity, random spikes over frontal regions, and focal abnormalities, such as spike and slow wave foci. In spite of variability of EEG findings, there is usually no difficulty in making the diagnosis of SSPE if both the EEG and clinical findings are considered.", "PMID": 1180740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7691", "title": "Juvenile head trauma syndromes and their relationship to migraine.", "content": "The clinical spectrum of juvenile head trauma syndromes was derived from an analysis of 50 attacks in 25 patients. Attacks were grouped into four clinical types: (1) hemiparesis; (2) somnolence, irritability, and vomiting; (3) blindness; and (4) brain stem signs. Our evidence shows that these four types are different manifestations of a common underlying process. All attacks followed mild head trauma after a latent interval, generally of one to ten minutes. Forty of the 50 attacks occurred in patients under 14 years of age. Full recovery occurred after a variable time in all but one instance. This patient, and one other, had an angiographically demonstrable occlusion of a branch  of the middle cerebral artery. In clinical and laboratory features, these attacks resemble classical migraine and presumably have a similar underlying mechanism.", "contents": "Juvenile head trauma syndromes and their relationship to migraine. The clinical spectrum of juvenile head trauma syndromes was derived from an analysis of 50 attacks in 25 patients. Attacks were grouped into four clinical types: (1) hemiparesis; (2) somnolence, irritability, and vomiting; (3) blindness; and (4) brain stem signs. Our evidence shows that these four types are different manifestations of a common underlying process. All attacks followed mild head trauma after a latent interval, generally of one to ten minutes. Forty of the 50 attacks occurred in patients under 14 years of age. Full recovery occurred after a variable time in all but one instance. This patient, and one other, had an angiographically demonstrable occlusion of a branch  of the middle cerebral artery. In clinical and laboratory features, these attacks resemble classical migraine and presumably have a similar underlying mechanism.", "PMID": 1180741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7692", "title": "The biology of childhood ependymomas.", "content": "The biology of 74 childhood ependymomas has been retrospectively investigated in total population samples from three hospitals in two cities. Regardless of the tumor's site of origin, the prognosis is grim. No child has been cured by surgery alone. The symptom-free interval after surgery is a first-order function of the age at diagnosis. The criteria for cure are best approximated by Collins \"law,\" in terms of which there are apparently only three cured patients in this study. Intracranial ependymomas are best treated by careful excision of the tumor and radiation of a generous area to a total dose of at least 4,500 rads over a 60-day period. Radiation of the entire neuraxis appears to be indicated only in those few cases that can be considered malignant microscopically.", "contents": "The biology of childhood ependymomas. The biology of 74 childhood ependymomas has been retrospectively investigated in total population samples from three hospitals in two cities. Regardless of the tumor's site of origin, the prognosis is grim. No child has been cured by surgery alone. The symptom-free interval after surgery is a first-order function of the age at diagnosis. The criteria for cure are best approximated by Collins \"law,\" in terms of which there are apparently only three cured patients in this study. Intracranial ependymomas are best treated by careful excision of the tumor and radiation of a generous area to a total dose of at least 4,500 rads over a 60-day period. Radiation of the entire neuraxis appears to be indicated only in those few cases that can be considered malignant microscopically.", "PMID": 1180742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7693", "title": "Thalamic tumors in childhood. Clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic considerations.", "content": "Eighteen cases of primary thalamic tumor occurring in children (ages 2 1/2 to 12 1/2 years) were studied retrospectively. Among the clinical features of this group that contrasted with adults having similar tumors were a shorter duration of symptoms before diagnosis and a higher incidence of motor abnormalities in the early illness. In several cases, symptoms and signs usually associated with cerebellar disorders predominated. Arteriography or gas encephalography or both were diagnostic in all but two cases. The electroencephalogram, abnormal in slightly more than 70% of the cases, suggested a thalamic mass in more than one third. A highly specific EEG feature was the presence of spindles while patients were awake. In 15 cases there was some evidence of ventricular dilation and nine of these later required shunts. In addition to shunting procedures, therapy included x-ray therapy alone or with craniotomy or craniotomy alone.", "contents": "Thalamic tumors in childhood. Clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic considerations. Eighteen cases of primary thalamic tumor occurring in children (ages 2 1/2 to 12 1/2 years) were studied retrospectively. Among the clinical features of this group that contrasted with adults having similar tumors were a shorter duration of symptoms before diagnosis and a higher incidence of motor abnormalities in the early illness. In several cases, symptoms and signs usually associated with cerebellar disorders predominated. Arteriography or gas encephalography or both were diagnostic in all but two cases. The electroencephalogram, abnormal in slightly more than 70% of the cases, suggested a thalamic mass in more than one third. A highly specific EEG feature was the presence of spindles while patients were awake. In 15 cases there was some evidence of ventricular dilation and nine of these later required shunts. In addition to shunting procedures, therapy included x-ray therapy alone or with craniotomy or craniotomy alone.", "PMID": 1180743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7694", "title": "A syndrome of acute zinc loss. Cerebellar dysfunction, mental changes, anorexia, and taste and smell dysfunction.", "content": "Oral administration of the amino acid histidine to six patients with progressive systemic sclerosis produced anorexia, taste ans smell dysfunction, changes in mentation, and cerebellar dysfunction in each patient; these changes were associated with significant decreases in serum zinc concentration and significant increases in urinary zinc excretion. Administration of zinc ion, even with continued histidine administration, returned each of the signs and symptoms to or toward normal within 8 to 24 hours in each patient at the same time that correction of the serum zinc concentration occurred. The signs and symptoms noted constitute a syndrome related to acute zinc loss.", "contents": "A syndrome of acute zinc loss. Cerebellar dysfunction, mental changes, anorexia, and taste and smell dysfunction. Oral administration of the amino acid histidine to six patients with progressive systemic sclerosis produced anorexia, taste ans smell dysfunction, changes in mentation, and cerebellar dysfunction in each patient; these changes were associated with significant decreases in serum zinc concentration and significant increases in urinary zinc excretion. Administration of zinc ion, even with continued histidine administration, returned each of the signs and symptoms to or toward normal within 8 to 24 hours in each patient at the same time that correction of the serum zinc concentration occurred. The signs and symptoms noted constitute a syndrome related to acute zinc loss.", "PMID": 1180744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7695", "title": "Auditory brain stem responses in neurological disease.", "content": "A sequence of seven low-amplitude (nanovolt) potentials that occur in the initial 10 msec following click signals can be recorded from scalp electrodes in human subjects using computer averaging techniques. The potentials, termed auditory brain stem responses, are thought to be the far-field reflection of electrical events originating in the auditory pathway during its course through the brain stem. We have studied auditory brain stem responses in a variety of neurological disorders and found them to be of assistance in evaluating the mechanisms of coma, the localization of midbrain and brain stem tumors, the localization of demyelination of the brain stem, and tumors, the localization of demyelination of the brain stem, and the presence of diminished brain stem circulation.", "contents": "Auditory brain stem responses in neurological disease. A sequence of seven low-amplitude (nanovolt) potentials that occur in the initial 10 msec following click signals can be recorded from scalp electrodes in human subjects using computer averaging techniques. The potentials, termed auditory brain stem responses, are thought to be the far-field reflection of electrical events originating in the auditory pathway during its course through the brain stem. We have studied auditory brain stem responses in a variety of neurological disorders and found them to be of assistance in evaluating the mechanisms of coma, the localization of midbrain and brain stem tumors, the localization of demyelination of the brain stem, and tumors, the localization of demyelination of the brain stem, and the presence of diminished brain stem circulation.", "PMID": 1180745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7696", "title": "Agenesis of the corpus callosum with hypothermia.", "content": "A patient with episodic hypothermia and agenesis of the corpus callosum had no direct evidence of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. However, it is speculated on the basis of a recent clinicopathologic case study that selective hypothalamic involvement is the cause of the hypothermia. Electroencephalograms and treatment with antiseizure medication did not support an epileptic genesis for the episodic hypothermia. Double, simultaneous, tachistoscopic stimulation studies revealed an asymmetry of response that can be explained by either a functional disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres or bilateral independent and asymmetrical representation of speech mechanisms.", "contents": "Agenesis of the corpus callosum with hypothermia. A patient with episodic hypothermia and agenesis of the corpus callosum had no direct evidence of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. However, it is speculated on the basis of a recent clinicopathologic case study that selective hypothalamic involvement is the cause of the hypothermia. Electroencephalograms and treatment with antiseizure medication did not support an epileptic genesis for the episodic hypothermia. Double, simultaneous, tachistoscopic stimulation studies revealed an asymmetry of response that can be explained by either a functional disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres or bilateral independent and asymmetrical representation of speech mechanisms.", "PMID": 1180746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7697", "title": "Surgical management of nonmagnetic intraocular foreign bodies.", "content": "Selected nonmagnetic, intraocular foreign bodies can be successfully removed from the posterior segment by a modification of the pars plana vitrectomy technique using foreign-body forceps. Opacities of the ocular media are cleared and the foreign body mobilized using the vitrectomy instrument. The foreign body is extracted, under direct visualization, with forceps. Reflex-free illumination is provided by an intraocular, fiberoptic light source. The globe is supported with a double Flieringa ring to prevent collapse after removal of the formed vitreous. Retinal reattachment surgery can be performed during the same operation if indicated.", "contents": "Surgical management of nonmagnetic intraocular foreign bodies. Selected nonmagnetic, intraocular foreign bodies can be successfully removed from the posterior segment by a modification of the pars plana vitrectomy technique using foreign-body forceps. Opacities of the ocular media are cleared and the foreign body mobilized using the vitrectomy instrument. The foreign body is extracted, under direct visualization, with forceps. Reflex-free illumination is provided by an intraocular, fiberoptic light source. The globe is supported with a double Flieringa ring to prevent collapse after removal of the formed vitreous. Retinal reattachment surgery can be performed during the same operation if indicated.", "PMID": 1180748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7698", "title": "Therapeutic effectiveness of fluorometholone in inflammatory keratitis.", "content": "During an experimentally-induced inflammatory keratitis, we measured the ability of 0.1% fluorometholone ophthalmic suspension to reduce the numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes that invaded the cornea. The data demonstrate that topically administered fluorometholone is an effective therapeutic agent and that it compares favorably in anti-inflammatory activity with dexamethasone and prednisolone preparations. Comparison of our results with comparable studies of dexamethasone and prednisolone formulations indicates that 1.0% prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension is still the most effective corneal anti-inflammatory agent that we have investigated to date. However, the decreased potential of fluorometholone to produce secondary elevation of the intraocular pressure would appear to make it the drug of choice in situations in which maximum pharmacologic suppression of inflammation is not required and in chronic inflammatory conditions that require prolonged treatment.", "contents": "Therapeutic effectiveness of fluorometholone in inflammatory keratitis. During an experimentally-induced inflammatory keratitis, we measured the ability of 0.1% fluorometholone ophthalmic suspension to reduce the numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes that invaded the cornea. The data demonstrate that topically administered fluorometholone is an effective therapeutic agent and that it compares favorably in anti-inflammatory activity with dexamethasone and prednisolone preparations. Comparison of our results with comparable studies of dexamethasone and prednisolone formulations indicates that 1.0% prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension is still the most effective corneal anti-inflammatory agent that we have investigated to date. However, the decreased potential of fluorometholone to produce secondary elevation of the intraocular pressure would appear to make it the drug of choice in situations in which maximum pharmacologic suppression of inflammation is not required and in chronic inflammatory conditions that require prolonged treatment.", "PMID": 1180749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7699", "title": "Clinical experience with a mobile ocular perfusion pump.", "content": "The continuous delivery in fluids to the ocular surfaces of 12 patients, for a collective total of 1,500 days, was achieved by means of a mobile perfusion pump. One patient used this device intermittently for a total of 21/2 years. Severe dry-eye symptoms were ameliorated in each patient by the constant perfusion. In various situations, the following perfusion fluids have been tried: commercial balanced salt solution, commercial artificial tear solutions, acetylcysteine, and autologous and homologous serum and plasma. In spite of disadvantages related to its size and weight, the pump seems to be of considerable value, especially following severe chemical burns and after keratoplasty or reconstruction of the lids and fornices in the severely dry eye.", "contents": "Clinical experience with a mobile ocular perfusion pump. The continuous delivery in fluids to the ocular surfaces of 12 patients, for a collective total of 1,500 days, was achieved by means of a mobile perfusion pump. One patient used this device intermittently for a total of 21/2 years. Severe dry-eye symptoms were ameliorated in each patient by the constant perfusion. In various situations, the following perfusion fluids have been tried: commercial balanced salt solution, commercial artificial tear solutions, acetylcysteine, and autologous and homologous serum and plasma. In spite of disadvantages related to its size and weight, the pump seems to be of considerable value, especially following severe chemical burns and after keratoplasty or reconstruction of the lids and fornices in the severely dry eye.", "PMID": 1180750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7700", "title": "Spontaneous hyphema and vessel anomaly.", "content": "We describe a case of spontaneous hyphema, in which results of fluorescein angiography revealed that the condition was caused by anomalous iris vessels. A cavernous hemangloma of the ipsilateral orbit was discovered. We stress the importance of performing fluorescein angiography in all cases of spontaneous hyphema.", "contents": "Spontaneous hyphema and vessel anomaly. We describe a case of spontaneous hyphema, in which results of fluorescein angiography revealed that the condition was caused by anomalous iris vessels. A cavernous hemangloma of the ipsilateral orbit was discovered. We stress the importance of performing fluorescein angiography in all cases of spontaneous hyphema.", "PMID": 1180751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7701", "title": "Glaucoma in episcleritis.", "content": "Two patients had episcleritis and a secondary open angle glaucoma. Anterior uveitis was absent in three of the four eyes. The low facility of outflow suggests that increased episcleral venous pressure was not the mechanism of the glaucoma. The response of the intraocular pressure and, in one case, the outflow facility to steroid therapy suggests that inflammation of angle structures was the pathogenesis of the raised intraocular pressure.", "contents": "Glaucoma in episcleritis. Two patients had episcleritis and a secondary open angle glaucoma. Anterior uveitis was absent in three of the four eyes. The low facility of outflow suggests that increased episcleral venous pressure was not the mechanism of the glaucoma. The response of the intraocular pressure and, in one case, the outflow facility to steroid therapy suggests that inflammation of angle structures was the pathogenesis of the raised intraocular pressure.", "PMID": 1180753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7702", "title": "Angioid streaks. II. Fluorescein angiographic features.", "content": "Fluorescein angiographic sequences from 31 patients with angioid streaks were evaluated. In contrast to previous reports, the streaks usually showed an early central zone of hypofluorescence. We postulated that the hypofluorescence was due to a break in Bruch membrane, causing a separation of the choriocapillaris. This resulted in an area of nonperfusion. Adjacent light-colored areas were hyperfluorescent, possibly due to abnormal retinal pigment epithelium, thickened Bruch membrane, and patent choriocapillaris. The hypofluorescence of the paired red-brown spots may have resulted from an increased pigment density. The intermittent hypofluorescent spots comprising the area of peau d'orange were thought due to focal dehiscences in Bruch membrane and the choriocapillaris. The hyperfluorescent isolated focal lesions may have resulted from an abnormal thickening of Bruch membrane and a patent choriocapillaris.", "contents": "Angioid streaks. II. Fluorescein angiographic features. Fluorescein angiographic sequences from 31 patients with angioid streaks were evaluated. In contrast to previous reports, the streaks usually showed an early central zone of hypofluorescence. We postulated that the hypofluorescence was due to a break in Bruch membrane, causing a separation of the choriocapillaris. This resulted in an area of nonperfusion. Adjacent light-colored areas were hyperfluorescent, possibly due to abnormal retinal pigment epithelium, thickened Bruch membrane, and patent choriocapillaris. The hypofluorescence of the paired red-brown spots may have resulted from an increased pigment density. The intermittent hypofluorescent spots comprising the area of peau d'orange were thought due to focal dehiscences in Bruch membrane and the choriocapillaris. The hyperfluorescent isolated focal lesions may have resulted from an abnormal thickening of Bruch membrane and a patent choriocapillaris.", "PMID": 1180754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7703", "title": "Iris nevus (Cogan-Reese) syndrome. A cause of unilateral glaucoma.", "content": "Fourteen patients (ten women, four men) with iris nevus (Cogan-Reese) syndrome, all having unilateral glaucoma, were studied clinically. Many had corneal edema, and all had changes in the iris consisting of one or more of the following: iris whorls or nodules or both, atrophy of iris stroma, heterochromia (the darker iris usually involved), or ectropion uveae. All had peripheral anterior synechias. Material for histological study was available from ten patients and showed a nonmalignant diffuse nevus of the anterior surface of the iris. An overgrowth of endothelium and Descemet membrane extending onto the iris surface may be a characteristic part of the process. Patients tended to be women in middle age. Conservative treatment avoiding enucleation is advised. Whenever a patient with suspected iris nevus syndrome or essential iris atrophy is subjected to glaucoma surgery, a biopsy specimen of the iris should be obtained for histological study.", "contents": "Iris nevus (Cogan-Reese) syndrome. A cause of unilateral glaucoma. Fourteen patients (ten women, four men) with iris nevus (Cogan-Reese) syndrome, all having unilateral glaucoma, were studied clinically. Many had corneal edema, and all had changes in the iris consisting of one or more of the following: iris whorls or nodules or both, atrophy of iris stroma, heterochromia (the darker iris usually involved), or ectropion uveae. All had peripheral anterior synechias. Material for histological study was available from ten patients and showed a nonmalignant diffuse nevus of the anterior surface of the iris. An overgrowth of endothelium and Descemet membrane extending onto the iris surface may be a characteristic part of the process. Patients tended to be women in middle age. Conservative treatment avoiding enucleation is advised. Whenever a patient with suspected iris nevus syndrome or essential iris atrophy is subjected to glaucoma surgery, a biopsy specimen of the iris should be obtained for histological study.", "PMID": 1180755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7704", "title": "Clinicopathologic case reports: Optic nerve head metastasis.", "content": "A case of tumor metastasis from carcinoma of the lung directly to the cribriform plate is described. Retina and optic nerve were involved, but there was no evidence of tumor invasion of the choroid. It is postulated that the original tumor embolus lodged in a cribriform branch of the arterial circle of Zinn or in the central retinal vessels.", "contents": "Clinicopathologic case reports: Optic nerve head metastasis. A case of tumor metastasis from carcinoma of the lung directly to the cribriform plate is described. Retina and optic nerve were involved, but there was no evidence of tumor invasion of the choroid. It is postulated that the original tumor embolus lodged in a cribriform branch of the arterial circle of Zinn or in the central retinal vessels.", "PMID": 1180756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7705", "title": "Large optic nerve glioma with normal vision.", "content": "When the diagnosis of optic glioma is made, the visual loss is most often mildly or profoundly impaired. We report the details of the unusual situation where central visual acuity, visual fields, and color vision were normal at the time a large optic nerve glioma was demonstrated in a young boy. To our knowledge, this is the first case report containing ophthalmologic, neuroradiologic, surgical, and histologic details illustrating the rare association of normal vision and an optic glioma.", "contents": "Large optic nerve glioma with normal vision. When the diagnosis of optic glioma is made, the visual loss is most often mildly or profoundly impaired. We report the details of the unusual situation where central visual acuity, visual fields, and color vision were normal at the time a large optic nerve glioma was demonstrated in a young boy. To our knowledge, this is the first case report containing ophthalmologic, neuroradiologic, surgical, and histologic details illustrating the rare association of normal vision and an optic glioma.", "PMID": 1180757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7706", "title": "Cicatricial upper lid entropion. Treated with banked scleral graft.", "content": "Bank sclera is used as a graft in the treatment of cicatricial entropion of the upper lid. Banked bare sclera is sutured into the tarsoconjunctival layer of the entropic lid and is allowed to epithelialize spontaneously.", "contents": "Cicatricial upper lid entropion. Treated with banked scleral graft. Bank sclera is used as a graft in the treatment of cicatricial entropion of the upper lid. Banked bare sclera is sutured into the tarsoconjunctival layer of the entropic lid and is allowed to epithelialize spontaneously.", "PMID": 1180758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7707", "title": "[Changes in bone turnover under immobilization and remobilization. Animal experiments using 45Ca and tetracycline labelling (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper presents an experimental study of rabbits immobilized in plaster of paris casts. By means of Tetracycline and 45Ca-labelling an immobilisation over 12 weeks showed a significant diminuition of bone formation. In the first stages of remobilisation the bone formation was found to be increased and became normally in a later stage. The lower dorsal spine was not sufficiently immobilized in our experiments. Therefore significant changes of bone turnover could not be observed.", "contents": "[Changes in bone turnover under immobilization and remobilization. Animal experiments using 45Ca and tetracycline labelling (author's transl)]. This paper presents an experimental study of rabbits immobilized in plaster of paris casts. By means of Tetracycline and 45Ca-labelling an immobilisation over 12 weeks showed a significant diminuition of bone formation. In the first stages of remobilisation the bone formation was found to be increased and became normally in a later stage. The lower dorsal spine was not sufficiently immobilized in our experiments. Therefore significant changes of bone turnover could not be observed.", "PMID": 1180759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7708", "title": "[Positioning of the surgical team in clean air with laminar horizontal flow (tunnel) (author's transl)].", "content": "The position of an operation team within the horizontal flows has to be adapted to experiences of ultra clean air technique. Managing of preparations and recommended positions at respective surgical regions are described. Important principes and orders are to 0e followed in solving problems of a horizontal flow operating tunnel.", "contents": "[Positioning of the surgical team in clean air with laminar horizontal flow (tunnel) (author's transl)]. The position of an operation team within the horizontal flows has to be adapted to experiences of ultra clean air technique. Managing of preparations and recommended positions at respective surgical regions are described. Important principes and orders are to 0e followed in solving problems of a horizontal flow operating tunnel.", "PMID": 1180760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7709", "title": "[Biomechanical investigations of osteosynthesis at metaphys area of tibia and femur with selftensed angle plates (author's transl)].", "content": "Straight pressure plates create an eccentric tension force as well as an osteosynthesis with angle pressure plates. Both kinds of plate incline to gape the osteosynthesis and/or fracture gap. Therefore an overbending or additional angle allowance is necessary. In our biomechanical investigations we showed that at average bone stability, an overbending of the angle respectively an additional angle allowance of 3 degrees is most favourable. Uniform distribution of power transmission can be achieved at the entire osteotomie level using large and small angle plates with appropriate plate thickness and plate tension force. Sufficient stability in mobilisation is guaranteed without additional cast fixation.", "contents": "[Biomechanical investigations of osteosynthesis at metaphys area of tibia and femur with selftensed angle plates (author's transl)]. Straight pressure plates create an eccentric tension force as well as an osteosynthesis with angle pressure plates. Both kinds of plate incline to gape the osteosynthesis and/or fracture gap. Therefore an overbending or additional angle allowance is necessary. In our biomechanical investigations we showed that at average bone stability, an overbending of the angle respectively an additional angle allowance of 3 degrees is most favourable. Uniform distribution of power transmission can be achieved at the entire osteotomie level using large and small angle plates with appropriate plate thickness and plate tension force. Sufficient stability in mobilisation is guaranteed without additional cast fixation.", "PMID": 1180761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7710", "title": "[Biomechanical tests on osteosynthesis with small-bone plates (author's transl)].", "content": "Plating in handsurgery has become a more frequently used method since the special instruments of the Swiss AO and the self-compression plates of Mittelmeier (made by Osteo AG) have been introduced. The results of biomechanical measurements, comparing the interfragmental compression power and tensile strength of the small-fragment-plates of the AO with the crescent-formed plates of Mittelmeier are reported. The compression power of the first reach their maximum by 8 kp, the latter an average of 20 kp. A gapping of the fracture occures under a deflection-momentum of 4 kp - cm using AO-plates and 10 kp - cm using the crescent-formed plates. The bending stiffness under deflection momentum to the off side of the plate is in the crescent plate 10 times higher. Only an angulating bending in the middle gives in both plates an all over good contact to the fragments. Finger osteosyntheses are very rigid against a deflection momentum in the level of the plate. (Regarding that, we fixe the plate sidewise on the bone.) Our conclusion is, that the better biomechanical stability of the self-compression plates--Mittelmeier-plates--is a result of the higher compression powers.", "contents": "[Biomechanical tests on osteosynthesis with small-bone plates (author's transl)]. Plating in handsurgery has become a more frequently used method since the special instruments of the Swiss AO and the self-compression plates of Mittelmeier (made by Osteo AG) have been introduced. The results of biomechanical measurements, comparing the interfragmental compression power and tensile strength of the small-fragment-plates of the AO with the crescent-formed plates of Mittelmeier are reported. The compression power of the first reach their maximum by 8 kp, the latter an average of 20 kp. A gapping of the fracture occures under a deflection-momentum of 4 kp - cm using AO-plates and 10 kp - cm using the crescent-formed plates. The bending stiffness under deflection momentum to the off side of the plate is in the crescent plate 10 times higher. Only an angulating bending in the middle gives in both plates an all over good contact to the fragments. Finger osteosyntheses are very rigid against a deflection momentum in the level of the plate. (Regarding that, we fixe the plate sidewise on the bone.) Our conclusion is, that the better biomechanical stability of the self-compression plates--Mittelmeier-plates--is a result of the higher compression powers.", "PMID": 1180762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7711", "title": "[Aetiology, therapeutics and prognosis of osteochondrosis dissecans of talar dome (author's transl)].", "content": "1. It must be considered a fact that in the genesis of osteochondrosis dissecans of the medial as well of the lateral talar dome a traumatic event is of decisive importance. In regard to the idiopathic type of osteochondrosis dissecans, it is usually the medial talar dome which is affected, but even here the traumatic genesis is prominent. Proof of a traumatic genesis is established once the following suppositions are satisfied: a) diagnosis of an adequate trauma, b) a nearly uninterrupted anamnesis of pain, c) a process at the edges visible in the radiogram. 2. Surgical treatment is imperativ in cases of cartilage floating with the danger of blocking. Excision of the focus including the injured and necrotic subchondral spongiosa and transplantation of healthy spongiosa can ward off a dissecation and thus damage of the joint cartilage as well as a sinking of the cartilage into the focus. However, there is no imperious indication for surgical intervention. 3. Development of arthrosis is rare, even after a long follow-up period up to 25 years. Serious complaints like pain during stress or rest are eceptional. Arthrodesis of the ankle joint as suggested by Schnabert (1939), is not necessary even in cases there the talar dome appears to be totally decayed in the radiogram, since over the years there is a definite discrepancy between the findings in the radiogram and the subjective complaints. 4. We noted an enlargement of the osteochondrotic process in singular cases, and parallel to this a deterioration of the clinical picture. Restitutio ad integrum in the radiogram has never been seen even in patients who have been free of symptoms for 25 years.", "contents": "[Aetiology, therapeutics and prognosis of osteochondrosis dissecans of talar dome (author's transl)]. 1. It must be considered a fact that in the genesis of osteochondrosis dissecans of the medial as well of the lateral talar dome a traumatic event is of decisive importance. In regard to the idiopathic type of osteochondrosis dissecans, it is usually the medial talar dome which is affected, but even here the traumatic genesis is prominent. Proof of a traumatic genesis is established once the following suppositions are satisfied: a) diagnosis of an adequate trauma, b) a nearly uninterrupted anamnesis of pain, c) a process at the edges visible in the radiogram. 2. Surgical treatment is imperativ in cases of cartilage floating with the danger of blocking. Excision of the focus including the injured and necrotic subchondral spongiosa and transplantation of healthy spongiosa can ward off a dissecation and thus damage of the joint cartilage as well as a sinking of the cartilage into the focus. However, there is no imperious indication for surgical intervention. 3. Development of arthrosis is rare, even after a long follow-up period up to 25 years. Serious complaints like pain during stress or rest are eceptional. Arthrodesis of the ankle joint as suggested by Schnabert (1939), is not necessary even in cases there the talar dome appears to be totally decayed in the radiogram, since over the years there is a definite discrepancy between the findings in the radiogram and the subjective complaints. 4. We noted an enlargement of the osteochondrotic process in singular cases, and parallel to this a deterioration of the clinical picture. Restitutio ad integrum in the radiogram has never been seen even in patients who have been free of symptoms for 25 years.", "PMID": 1180763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7712", "title": "[The tendon interposition plastic with partly necrosised scaphoid pseudarthrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "We have seen in 4 cases of 46 operated scaphoid pseudarthrosis aseptic bone necrosis of a fragment. According to the tendon interposition plastic of Froimson for the substitute arthrose of the saddlepoint of the thumb. We exstirpated the bionecrotic fragment of the scaphoid, splitted the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle, removed a part of the tendon from the belly of the muscle, rolled it in and fixed it in the excavated cavity of the bone. After an observation time of 6 months to 1.5 years all 4 patients have not developed complications.", "contents": "[The tendon interposition plastic with partly necrosised scaphoid pseudarthrosis (author's transl)]. We have seen in 4 cases of 46 operated scaphoid pseudarthrosis aseptic bone necrosis of a fragment. According to the tendon interposition plastic of Froimson for the substitute arthrose of the saddlepoint of the thumb. We exstirpated the bionecrotic fragment of the scaphoid, splitted the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle, removed a part of the tendon from the belly of the muscle, rolled it in and fixed it in the excavated cavity of the bone. After an observation time of 6 months to 1.5 years all 4 patients have not developed complications.", "PMID": 1180764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7713", "title": "[Effectiveness of thromboembolic prophylaxis in major hip surgery with low doses of heparin using the radiofibrinogen test (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiofibrinogentest was applied for early diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in 40 patients with major hip joint operations. A high dosage of Calciumdepotheparin (3 X 1 200 IU/10 kg) administered from the evening of the first postoperative day, proved to be a better prophylaxis of DVT in this kind of operation than a low dosage of heparin that administration was started preoperatively.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of thromboembolic prophylaxis in major hip surgery with low doses of heparin using the radiofibrinogen test (author's transl)]. The radiofibrinogentest was applied for early diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in 40 patients with major hip joint operations. A high dosage of Calciumdepotheparin (3 X 1 200 IU/10 kg) administered from the evening of the first postoperative day, proved to be a better prophylaxis of DVT in this kind of operation than a low dosage of heparin that administration was started preoperatively.", "PMID": 1180765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7714", "title": "[Bone stress and reconstruction of the bone at the alloarthroplasty of the upper end of the femur with cement bonding (author's transl)].", "content": "Structure and shape of the upper end of the femur are determined by direction and height according to their strain. Forces which flow from pelvis into femoral head have at first an unfavourable direction that means a non-axial direction of the femoral shaft. The mechanic task of the proximal femur (epi- and metaphysis) is to divert the forces in a way that they disperse in axial direction to the shaft (tension and pressure forces of the upper end of the femur). By replacement of the endoprosthesis, the epiphysis and a large part of the metaphysis is removed and will be replaced by metal- or bone cement. This leads to a thorough change of the mechanical stress. According to Wolff's transformation law the bone tends to adopt the changes stress throught reconstructing processes. Static and morphologic researches of the normal and endoprosthetic femur could demonstrate a conformity of bone reconstruction and changed bone stress. The spongiosa remaining after resection is not sufficient to distribute the influenced forces of the shaft of the bone. Result is a cancellous bone of the upper end of the shaft. We call this reaction \"Metaphysierung\". According to the unphysiologic high bending stress of the shaft in level of the lower half of the haft of the prosthesis, a hypertrophy of cortex and vault occurs. The large stress of this part of the bone can be the cause of non-infectious late loosenings of the prosthesis.", "contents": "[Bone stress and reconstruction of the bone at the alloarthroplasty of the upper end of the femur with cement bonding (author's transl)]. Structure and shape of the upper end of the femur are determined by direction and height according to their strain. Forces which flow from pelvis into femoral head have at first an unfavourable direction that means a non-axial direction of the femoral shaft. The mechanic task of the proximal femur (epi- and metaphysis) is to divert the forces in a way that they disperse in axial direction to the shaft (tension and pressure forces of the upper end of the femur). By replacement of the endoprosthesis, the epiphysis and a large part of the metaphysis is removed and will be replaced by metal- or bone cement. This leads to a thorough change of the mechanical stress. According to Wolff's transformation law the bone tends to adopt the changes stress throught reconstructing processes. Static and morphologic researches of the normal and endoprosthetic femur could demonstrate a conformity of bone reconstruction and changed bone stress. The spongiosa remaining after resection is not sufficient to distribute the influenced forces of the shaft of the bone. Result is a cancellous bone of the upper end of the shaft. We call this reaction \"Metaphysierung\". According to the unphysiologic high bending stress of the shaft in level of the lower half of the haft of the prosthesis, a hypertrophy of cortex and vault occurs. The large stress of this part of the bone can be the cause of non-infectious late loosenings of the prosthesis.", "PMID": 1180766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7715", "title": "A comparison of the uptake of [75Se]selenite, [75Se]selenomethionine and [35S]methionine by tissues of ewes and lambs.", "content": "The fate of selenium, given as Na2(75)SeO3, or [75Se]selenomethionine, and of [35S]methionine administered intravenously to ewes and lambs, has been examined. The main intention was to follow the incorporation of selenium into protein in a number of tissues, including liver and kidney, and to measure the extent of that incorporation of selenoamino acid, particularly with respect to the administration of selenite. The ewes chosen were lactating ewes with lambs at foot, and the lambs were animals which had been weaned on to fodder low in selenium and were recovering from white muscle disease with selenium therapy. These two experimental situations were chosen as they offered conditions under which selenium incorporation might be considered to be maximal. Entry of isotope into milk was rapid and was greater when 75Se was given as the selenoamino acid than as selenite. In both ewes and lambs greater amounts of activity, derived from selenite, were bound to plasma proteins than to the proteins of milk. This was particularly evident in samples taken some hours after administration. This ability of the plasma to bind selenium was demonstrated by alkaline dialysis. Small, though significant amounts of selenium, derived from Na2(75)SeO3, were incorporated as selenoamino acids into the proteins of liver, kidney and pancreas, as well as into the proteins of milk and plasma. In ewes, both selenomethionine and selenocystine were identified chromatographically in enzyme digests of defatted liver and kidney. Some differences occurred in the distribution of labelled compounds in organs from lactating ewes and recovering lambs. The incorporation of selenium into protein is discussed briefly in relation to the recent findings of an association between selenium and the enzyme glutathione peroxidase.", "contents": "A comparison of the uptake of [75Se]selenite, [75Se]selenomethionine and [35S]methionine by tissues of ewes and lambs. The fate of selenium, given as Na2(75)SeO3, or [75Se]selenomethionine, and of [35S]methionine administered intravenously to ewes and lambs, has been examined. The main intention was to follow the incorporation of selenium into protein in a number of tissues, including liver and kidney, and to measure the extent of that incorporation of selenoamino acid, particularly with respect to the administration of selenite. The ewes chosen were lactating ewes with lambs at foot, and the lambs were animals which had been weaned on to fodder low in selenium and were recovering from white muscle disease with selenium therapy. These two experimental situations were chosen as they offered conditions under which selenium incorporation might be considered to be maximal. Entry of isotope into milk was rapid and was greater when 75Se was given as the selenoamino acid than as selenite. In both ewes and lambs greater amounts of activity, derived from selenite, were bound to plasma proteins than to the proteins of milk. This was particularly evident in samples taken some hours after administration. This ability of the plasma to bind selenium was demonstrated by alkaline dialysis. Small, though significant amounts of selenium, derived from Na2(75)SeO3, were incorporated as selenoamino acids into the proteins of liver, kidney and pancreas, as well as into the proteins of milk and plasma. In ewes, both selenomethionine and selenocystine were identified chromatographically in enzyme digests of defatted liver and kidney. Some differences occurred in the distribution of labelled compounds in organs from lactating ewes and recovering lambs. The incorporation of selenium into protein is discussed briefly in relation to the recent findings of an association between selenium and the enzyme glutathione peroxidase.", "PMID": 1180767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7716", "title": "Glutathione peroxidase activities in sheep and rat muscle and some effects of selenium deficiency.", "content": "The activity and distribution of the selenium-containing enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, has been determined in muscle fractions in normal adult rats and sheep. Skeletal and cardiac muscle have been examined, and in both types of muscle the major proportion of the enzyme appeared in the cytosol fraction. Enzyme activity was higher in cardiac muscle than in skeletal muscle in both species, and based on total protein present in fractions, it appears that rat muscle contains more enzyme activity than sheep muscle. In tissues from lambs born to selenium-deprived ewes the levels of enzyme were significantly depressed. Two sampling periods were selected, the first when the lambs were 2-3 weeks of age and the second at slaughter when they were 10 weeks old. Muscle, plasma and erythrocyte levels of the enzyme indicated that the most sensitive measure of selenium deficiency is likely to be that of the erythrocyte enzyme level.", "contents": "Glutathione peroxidase activities in sheep and rat muscle and some effects of selenium deficiency. The activity and distribution of the selenium-containing enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, has been determined in muscle fractions in normal adult rats and sheep. Skeletal and cardiac muscle have been examined, and in both types of muscle the major proportion of the enzyme appeared in the cytosol fraction. Enzyme activity was higher in cardiac muscle than in skeletal muscle in both species, and based on total protein present in fractions, it appears that rat muscle contains more enzyme activity than sheep muscle. In tissues from lambs born to selenium-deprived ewes the levels of enzyme were significantly depressed. Two sampling periods were selected, the first when the lambs were 2-3 weeks of age and the second at slaughter when they were 10 weeks old. Muscle, plasma and erythrocyte levels of the enzyme indicated that the most sensitive measure of selenium deficiency is likely to be that of the erythrocyte enzyme level.", "PMID": 1180768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7717", "title": "Hormone studies on ewes grazing an oestrogenic (Yarloop clover) pasture during the reproductive cycle.", "content": "The endocrine function of Merino and Corriedale ewes grazing an oestrogenic (Yarloop clover) pasture has been studied during the oestrous cycle, pregnancy and parturition, and the results compared with those from a study of similar ewes grazing a neighbouring grass pasture. Plasma progesterone, oestrogen and corticoids were measured using competitive protein binding assay procedures. During the oestrous cycle clearly anomalous patterns in hormone content were evident in ewes grazing Yarloop, and this related to their significantly poorer (P less than 0.001) fertility. The first mating, when ewes were 1-1/2 years of age, was particularly affected. Successful conception took place in only 27% of ewes mated on Yarloop, compared with 95% on grass. Evidence of disturbance in the normal patterns of both plasma oestrogen and progesterone was found in infertile ewes, including a shortened period of luteal function. Disturbance of endocrine function caused by Yarloop clover ingestion was also found in pregnant ewes, with the mean plasma progesterone concentrations during the latter half of pregnancy reduced (P less than 0.05) and the plasma oestrogen and corticoid levels tending to be higher in these animals. In detailed hormone studies in the periparturant period, both groups showed a similar fall in plasma progesterone and rise in plasma oestrogen prior to parturition. Where excessive time was taken for parturition (more than 30 min) this was reflected in higher plasma corticoid levels (P less than 0.05) within 8 h of birth.", "contents": "Hormone studies on ewes grazing an oestrogenic (Yarloop clover) pasture during the reproductive cycle. The endocrine function of Merino and Corriedale ewes grazing an oestrogenic (Yarloop clover) pasture has been studied during the oestrous cycle, pregnancy and parturition, and the results compared with those from a study of similar ewes grazing a neighbouring grass pasture. Plasma progesterone, oestrogen and corticoids were measured using competitive protein binding assay procedures. During the oestrous cycle clearly anomalous patterns in hormone content were evident in ewes grazing Yarloop, and this related to their significantly poorer (P less than 0.001) fertility. The first mating, when ewes were 1-1/2 years of age, was particularly affected. Successful conception took place in only 27% of ewes mated on Yarloop, compared with 95% on grass. Evidence of disturbance in the normal patterns of both plasma oestrogen and progesterone was found in infertile ewes, including a shortened period of luteal function. Disturbance of endocrine function caused by Yarloop clover ingestion was also found in pregnant ewes, with the mean plasma progesterone concentrations during the latter half of pregnancy reduced (P less than 0.05) and the plasma oestrogen and corticoid levels tending to be higher in these animals. In detailed hormone studies in the periparturant period, both groups showed a similar fall in plasma progesterone and rise in plasma oestrogen prior to parturition. Where excessive time was taken for parturition (more than 30 min) this was reflected in higher plasma corticoid levels (P less than 0.05) within 8 h of birth.", "PMID": 1180769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7718", "title": "Horner's syndrome in the dog and cat as an aid to diagnosis.", "content": "Four cases of Horner's syndrome, two in dogs and two in cats, are described. Miosis, ptosis, and enophthalmos were present in three of the cases and in addition, protrusion of the nictitating membrane was present in the fourth case. In the two cases described in cats, there was also evidence of peripheral vasodilation in the skin of the face on the same side as the Horner's syndrome.", "contents": "Horner's syndrome in the dog and cat as an aid to diagnosis. Four cases of Horner's syndrome, two in dogs and two in cats, are described. Miosis, ptosis, and enophthalmos were present in three of the cases and in addition, protrusion of the nictitating membrane was present in the fourth case. In the two cases described in cats, there was also evidence of peripheral vasodilation in the skin of the face on the same side as the Horner's syndrome.", "PMID": 1180770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7719", "title": "Immunisation of cattle against vibriosis with vaccines prepared from Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus.", "content": "Subcutaneous administration of vaccines prepared from cells of Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus strain A28 to heifers gave substantial protection against infertility due to C. fetus subsp venerealis strain B6. Strains A28 and B6 had different heat-stable antigens and conformed respectively to serotype B and serotype A of Berg et al (1971). The results suggested that the protective antigens were heat-labile antigens common to both strains. Although vaccines prepared from serotype B strains of C. fetus subsp fetus could be used to immunise cattle against vibriosis, the results did not suggest that their use in preference to those prepared from C. fetus subsp venerealis would offer any advantages.", "contents": "Immunisation of cattle against vibriosis with vaccines prepared from Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus. Subcutaneous administration of vaccines prepared from cells of Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus strain A28 to heifers gave substantial protection against infertility due to C. fetus subsp venerealis strain B6. Strains A28 and B6 had different heat-stable antigens and conformed respectively to serotype B and serotype A of Berg et al (1971). The results suggested that the protective antigens were heat-labile antigens common to both strains. Although vaccines prepared from serotype B strains of C. fetus subsp fetus could be used to immunise cattle against vibriosis, the results did not suggest that their use in preference to those prepared from C. fetus subsp venerealis would offer any advantages.", "PMID": 1180771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7720", "title": "Causes of disease in two commercial flocks of laying hens.", "content": "Laboratory examination of all birds that were culled or died during an eight-month period in two commerical laying flocks was performed to reveal the causes of disease and their prevalence. The average weekly total of diseased birds was greater in one flock (60-69) than the other (27-37). This resulted mainly from a high incidence in the former flock of leucoses and sarcomas, although losses due to fatty liver syndrome, prolapse and cannibalism and cage layer fatigue were also marginally greater in this flock than the second. Haemangiomas occurred more frequently in the flock with the higher disease level. A total of 273 hens of the 2,000 examined from this flock had single or multiple haemangiomas. Special features of the major causes of disease were outlined and discussed. A conclusion made from this study was that histopathological examination is necessary for accurate diagnosis of avian tumours.", "contents": "Causes of disease in two commercial flocks of laying hens. Laboratory examination of all birds that were culled or died during an eight-month period in two commerical laying flocks was performed to reveal the causes of disease and their prevalence. The average weekly total of diseased birds was greater in one flock (60-69) than the other (27-37). This resulted mainly from a high incidence in the former flock of leucoses and sarcomas, although losses due to fatty liver syndrome, prolapse and cannibalism and cage layer fatigue were also marginally greater in this flock than the second. Haemangiomas occurred more frequently in the flock with the higher disease level. A total of 273 hens of the 2,000 examined from this flock had single or multiple haemangiomas. Special features of the major causes of disease were outlined and discussed. A conclusion made from this study was that histopathological examination is necessary for accurate diagnosis of avian tumours.", "PMID": 1180772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7721", "title": "The infection of merino sheep with bovine ephemeral fever virus.", "content": "Four Merino sheep inoculated intravenously with bovine blood containing ephemeral fever virus showed no clinical signs of ephemeral fever. Two sheep showed a mild haematological response and developed a neutralising antibody which closely paralled that of a steer inoculated at the same time. Leucocytes harvested from these 2 sheep on days 3 and 4 after inoculation with virus reproduced ephemeral fever when inoculated into susceptible steers whilst those harvested on days 1, 2 and 5 did not. Even though this indicates that EFV can multiply in some sheep when they are inoculated intravenously, it cannot be inferred that natural infection occurs.", "contents": "The infection of merino sheep with bovine ephemeral fever virus. Four Merino sheep inoculated intravenously with bovine blood containing ephemeral fever virus showed no clinical signs of ephemeral fever. Two sheep showed a mild haematological response and developed a neutralising antibody which closely paralled that of a steer inoculated at the same time. Leucocytes harvested from these 2 sheep on days 3 and 4 after inoculation with virus reproduced ephemeral fever when inoculated into susceptible steers whilst those harvested on days 1, 2 and 5 did not. Even though this indicates that EFV can multiply in some sheep when they are inoculated intravenously, it cannot be inferred that natural infection occurs.", "PMID": 1180773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7722", "title": "Congenital respiratory tract defects in lambs.", "content": "One hundred and forty-seven newborn lambs with congenital defects of the respiratory tract were examined during a 3-year investigation into the causes of perinatal lamb mortality. Respiratory defects were found in 3.3% of the 4,417 lambs examined and in one-third (36.6%) of the 401 congenitally malformed lambs. All the defects were secondary to other more extensive malformations. The upper respiratory tract was involved 3 times more than the lower tract. Males were involved more than females (4:3). The upper tract defects were harelip, cleft palate, atelorrhinia, arrhinia, proboscis, fused nostrils and choanal atresia. One of the facial clefts was a rare median harelip associated with cleft palate and fused nostrils. The lower tract defects were pulmonary agenesis, hypoplasia and duplication. The 2 most common defects were choanal atresia and secondary pulmonary hypoplasia. It was concluded that primary defects of the respiratory tract of sheep are rare and that secondary defects are relatively common.", "contents": "Congenital respiratory tract defects in lambs. One hundred and forty-seven newborn lambs with congenital defects of the respiratory tract were examined during a 3-year investigation into the causes of perinatal lamb mortality. Respiratory defects were found in 3.3% of the 4,417 lambs examined and in one-third (36.6%) of the 401 congenitally malformed lambs. All the defects were secondary to other more extensive malformations. The upper respiratory tract was involved 3 times more than the lower tract. Males were involved more than females (4:3). The upper tract defects were harelip, cleft palate, atelorrhinia, arrhinia, proboscis, fused nostrils and choanal atresia. One of the facial clefts was a rare median harelip associated with cleft palate and fused nostrils. The lower tract defects were pulmonary agenesis, hypoplasia and duplication. The 2 most common defects were choanal atresia and secondary pulmonary hypoplasia. It was concluded that primary defects of the respiratory tract of sheep are rare and that secondary defects are relatively common.", "PMID": 1180774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7723", "title": "A pathological and bacteriological abattoir survey of the reproductive tracts of merino ewes in Western Australia.", "content": "Macroscopic examination of 487 ewe reproductive tracts from 18 different sources was made at Perth abattoirs. Of these, 194 were examined microscopically and 217 bacteriologically. Observations were made during March to May, when ewes were not grazing oestrogenic pasture. Significant lesions in ovaries or oviducts were rare. Macroscopic cysts were found in the uterus or cervix of 159 ewes (32.7%). Microscopic lesions, including uterine or cervical cysts and squamous metaplasia or goblet cell hyperplasia of the epithelium, were observed in 76% of ewes studied. Bacteria were isolated from 59 ewes, the most common genera being Corynebacterium, Escherichia, Streptococcus and Bacillus. Escherichia coli and streptococci appeared to be the most commonly associated with endometritis. Presence of bacteria was closely associated with endometritis and with cysts in the cervix. Endometritis was observed microscopically in 48 ewes (24%) and was significantly associated with the presence of cysts in the uterus or cervix. These results suggest that there is a high incidence of clover disease lesions in West Australian ewes, and that under commercial conditions clover disease may cause functional damage to the cervix, allowing passage of bacteria and resulting in endometritis.", "contents": "A pathological and bacteriological abattoir survey of the reproductive tracts of merino ewes in Western Australia. Macroscopic examination of 487 ewe reproductive tracts from 18 different sources was made at Perth abattoirs. Of these, 194 were examined microscopically and 217 bacteriologically. Observations were made during March to May, when ewes were not grazing oestrogenic pasture. Significant lesions in ovaries or oviducts were rare. Macroscopic cysts were found in the uterus or cervix of 159 ewes (32.7%). Microscopic lesions, including uterine or cervical cysts and squamous metaplasia or goblet cell hyperplasia of the epithelium, were observed in 76% of ewes studied. Bacteria were isolated from 59 ewes, the most common genera being Corynebacterium, Escherichia, Streptococcus and Bacillus. Escherichia coli and streptococci appeared to be the most commonly associated with endometritis. Presence of bacteria was closely associated with endometritis and with cysts in the cervix. Endometritis was observed microscopically in 48 ewes (24%) and was significantly associated with the presence of cysts in the uterus or cervix. These results suggest that there is a high incidence of clover disease lesions in West Australian ewes, and that under commercial conditions clover disease may cause functional damage to the cervix, allowing passage of bacteria and resulting in endometritis.", "PMID": 1180775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7724", "title": "Biomedical cost of low-level flight in a hot environment.", "content": "The physiologic and performance effects of low-level reconnaissance flying in hot environments were documented and quantitated. RF-4C pilots and weapons system operators were studied in hot and cool seasons during both high and low missions to distinguish environmental temperature from flight level effects. ECG, sternal and thigh skin temperatures, and cockpit temperature at helmet level were monitored continuously. Body weights, oral temperatures, sweat Na/K ratios, and urine electrolytes, steroids, and catecholamines, as well as sleep and fatigue scores, were measured. Mission performance was assessed using photo target acquisition scores. RF-4C aircrews are exposed to moderate heat stress and acute dehydration (1.2% over 90 min) during low-level summer flights were cockpit temperature occasionally exceeded 50 degrees C. Photo target scores indicated that the potential for crew error was increased, and that the margin of safety was accordingly decreased, during such hot missions. The RF-4C cockpit air conditioning system proved inadequate.", "contents": "Biomedical cost of low-level flight in a hot environment. The physiologic and performance effects of low-level reconnaissance flying in hot environments were documented and quantitated. RF-4C pilots and weapons system operators were studied in hot and cool seasons during both high and low missions to distinguish environmental temperature from flight level effects. ECG, sternal and thigh skin temperatures, and cockpit temperature at helmet level were monitored continuously. Body weights, oral temperatures, sweat Na/K ratios, and urine electrolytes, steroids, and catecholamines, as well as sleep and fatigue scores, were measured. Mission performance was assessed using photo target acquisition scores. RF-4C aircrews are exposed to moderate heat stress and acute dehydration (1.2% over 90 min) during low-level summer flights were cockpit temperature occasionally exceeded 50 degrees C. Photo target scores indicated that the potential for crew error was increased, and that the margin of safety was accordingly decreased, during such hot missions. The RF-4C cockpit air conditioning system proved inadequate.", "PMID": 1180779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7725", "title": "Psychological characteristics of deep submergence vehicle personnel.", "content": "The personality and developmental characteristics of U.S. Navy Deep Submergence Vehicle (DSV) personnel, including operators and crews, were documented and compared to the characteristics of U.S. Navy divers. The results show that DSV operators (DSV Oprs) had a significantly less asocial developmental pattern than divers, while developmental experiences of DSV crews (DSV Crs) were similar to those of divers. Personality measures (EPPS) indicate that both DSV Oprs and DSV Crs are presently more sociable as adults than divers and would probably be more effective in situations involving small group interaction. The modifications which have occurred in the behavior of DSV Crs may be related to experience in the highly interpersonal DSV situation. The findings also show that DSV Oprs prefer to take fewer risks than divers, while the DSV Crs are more like divers in risk-taking behavior. The implications of this research to DSV mission effectiveness are discussed.", "contents": "Psychological characteristics of deep submergence vehicle personnel. The personality and developmental characteristics of U.S. Navy Deep Submergence Vehicle (DSV) personnel, including operators and crews, were documented and compared to the characteristics of U.S. Navy divers. The results show that DSV operators (DSV Oprs) had a significantly less asocial developmental pattern than divers, while developmental experiences of DSV crews (DSV Crs) were similar to those of divers. Personality measures (EPPS) indicate that both DSV Oprs and DSV Crs are presently more sociable as adults than divers and would probably be more effective in situations involving small group interaction. The modifications which have occurred in the behavior of DSV Crs may be related to experience in the highly interpersonal DSV situation. The findings also show that DSV Oprs prefer to take fewer risks than divers, while the DSV Crs are more like divers in risk-taking behavior. The implications of this research to DSV mission effectiveness are discussed.", "PMID": 1180780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7726", "title": "Body composition of mice following exposure to 4300 and 6100 meters.", "content": "Male Swiss mice were exposed for 3 and 7 d to simulated altitudes of 4300 and 6100 m. Body weight losses were enhanced at the higher elevation and after longer exposure at each elevation. Carcass analyses showed the weight losses to be attributable to decrements in body water and fat content. The water decrements were a little greater than the fat decrements after all exposure conditions. At both elevations, however, fat loss increased significantly as exposure was extended from 3 to 7 d whereas water loss remained unchanged.", "contents": "Body composition of mice following exposure to 4300 and 6100 meters. Male Swiss mice were exposed for 3 and 7 d to simulated altitudes of 4300 and 6100 m. Body weight losses were enhanced at the higher elevation and after longer exposure at each elevation. Carcass analyses showed the weight losses to be attributable to decrements in body water and fat content. The water decrements were a little greater than the fat decrements after all exposure conditions. At both elevations, however, fat loss increased significantly as exposure was extended from 3 to 7 d whereas water loss remained unchanged.", "PMID": 1180781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7727", "title": "Accidental hypothermia: an experimental study of inhalation rewarming.", "content": "Inhalation rewarming of hypothermic humans with heated, humidified oxygen was compared to rewarming by immersion in a hot bath. In 10 subjects cooled to approximately 35 degrees C core temperature, there was no significant difference in the amount of temperature \"afterdrop\" with the two rewarming procedures. Inhalation rewarming provided rapid commencement of increase in tympanic and esophageal temperatures, indicating effective rewarming of critical core regions, especially heart and brain. This method of core rewarming avoids the physiological hazards associated with the peripheral vasodilation which accompanies external rewarming. Moverover the simplicity of application of this method suggests its greater use in both first-aid and hospital treatment of accidental hypothermia.", "contents": "Accidental hypothermia: an experimental study of inhalation rewarming. Inhalation rewarming of hypothermic humans with heated, humidified oxygen was compared to rewarming by immersion in a hot bath. In 10 subjects cooled to approximately 35 degrees C core temperature, there was no significant difference in the amount of temperature \"afterdrop\" with the two rewarming procedures. Inhalation rewarming provided rapid commencement of increase in tympanic and esophageal temperatures, indicating effective rewarming of critical core regions, especially heart and brain. This method of core rewarming avoids the physiological hazards associated with the peripheral vasodilation which accompanies external rewarming. Moverover the simplicity of application of this method suggests its greater use in both first-aid and hospital treatment of accidental hypothermia.", "PMID": 1180782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7728", "title": "Treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection by hyperbaric oxygenation.", "content": "Mycobacterium ulcerans causes chronic nectotizing ulcers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and is a serious health problem in some tropical countries. Chemotherapy has not been effective, and the treatment of choice is extensive debridement followed by skin grafting. In spite of this, many infections are complicated by disfiguring scars, contraction deformities, and--rarely--amputation. There are other procedures that may promote healing (e.g., heat treatment, rifampicin), but none has been completely evaluated. In our study, hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO), an effective treatment for many bacterial diseases, including some mycobacterial infections, was used to treat mice with M. ulcerans-infected footpads. Three groups (40 mice/group) were treated daily with 100% oxygen by three different protocols: 2.5 ATA for 2 h; 2.5 ATA for 1.25 h, twice a day; and 2 ATA for 3.5 h. The degree of infection in the treated mice was compared weekly with 40 positive controls (infected, not treated). The HBO therapy was more effective in the group treated at 2.5 ATA for 1.25 h, twice a day. After 25 weeks, there had been two feet autoamputated and only 12 deaths among the mice, as compared to 18 feet amputated and 24 deaths in the control group. Thus, hyperbaric oxygenation has a beneficial effect in mice and, if used in conjunction with other therapeutic procedures in man, may be an effective therapeutic adjunct in treating M. ulcerans infections.", "contents": "Treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection by hyperbaric oxygenation. Mycobacterium ulcerans causes chronic nectotizing ulcers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and is a serious health problem in some tropical countries. Chemotherapy has not been effective, and the treatment of choice is extensive debridement followed by skin grafting. In spite of this, many infections are complicated by disfiguring scars, contraction deformities, and--rarely--amputation. There are other procedures that may promote healing (e.g., heat treatment, rifampicin), but none has been completely evaluated. In our study, hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO), an effective treatment for many bacterial diseases, including some mycobacterial infections, was used to treat mice with M. ulcerans-infected footpads. Three groups (40 mice/group) were treated daily with 100% oxygen by three different protocols: 2.5 ATA for 2 h; 2.5 ATA for 1.25 h, twice a day; and 2 ATA for 3.5 h. The degree of infection in the treated mice was compared weekly with 40 positive controls (infected, not treated). The HBO therapy was more effective in the group treated at 2.5 ATA for 1.25 h, twice a day. After 25 weeks, there had been two feet autoamputated and only 12 deaths among the mice, as compared to 18 feet amputated and 24 deaths in the control group. Thus, hyperbaric oxygenation has a beneficial effect in mice and, if used in conjunction with other therapeutic procedures in man, may be an effective therapeutic adjunct in treating M. ulcerans infections.", "PMID": 1180783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7729", "title": "Heart pathology associated with exposure to high sustained +Gz.", "content": "The pathology of +Gz acceleration was examined using unanesthetized adult miniature and immature \"farm-type\" swine, with and without anti-G suit inflation. Following single exposures of +8 or 9 Gz for 45 to 90 s--acceleration exposures that have been shown \"tolerable\" to man--swine were sacrificed and a detailed necropsy performed. Considering only the adult miniature swine, the endocardial area of the left ventricles showed evidence grossly of recent hemorrhage of varying severity involving both the wall and papillary muscles. The degree and location of the subendocardial hemorrhage were quantitated by grading the area of ventricle involved--1 (slight) to 4 (extensive). Of the 23 adult miniature pigs autopsied, the scores for papillary muscle hemorrhage, after one exposure to +9 Gz (45 to 90 s) ranged from a mean of 2.3 to 3.3 and the extent of ventricular wall involvement was 2.5 to 3.3. Histologically, heart hemorrhage was limited to the subendocardial area, primarily involving the space between heart muscle and the endocardium and was particularly evident surrounding Pukinje's fibers. Similar studies using immature farm-type swine (not miniature pigs) found these younger swine (4 to 5 months of age) to be less susceptible to such endocardial hemorrhage. Heart tissue recovery in these pigs following one exposure to +9 Gz for 45 s, required approximately 14 d. It appears that this lesion is similar, although less severe, than heart muscle lesions associated with loss blood volume (hemorrhagic shock) studies and may have similar physiologic bases. It was concluded that particular attention should be made of the endocardium of victims of high-performance aircraft accidents.", "contents": "Heart pathology associated with exposure to high sustained +Gz. The pathology of +Gz acceleration was examined using unanesthetized adult miniature and immature \"farm-type\" swine, with and without anti-G suit inflation. Following single exposures of +8 or 9 Gz for 45 to 90 s--acceleration exposures that have been shown \"tolerable\" to man--swine were sacrificed and a detailed necropsy performed. Considering only the adult miniature swine, the endocardial area of the left ventricles showed evidence grossly of recent hemorrhage of varying severity involving both the wall and papillary muscles. The degree and location of the subendocardial hemorrhage were quantitated by grading the area of ventricle involved--1 (slight) to 4 (extensive). Of the 23 adult miniature pigs autopsied, the scores for papillary muscle hemorrhage, after one exposure to +9 Gz (45 to 90 s) ranged from a mean of 2.3 to 3.3 and the extent of ventricular wall involvement was 2.5 to 3.3. Histologically, heart hemorrhage was limited to the subendocardial area, primarily involving the space between heart muscle and the endocardium and was particularly evident surrounding Pukinje's fibers. Similar studies using immature farm-type swine (not miniature pigs) found these younger swine (4 to 5 months of age) to be less susceptible to such endocardial hemorrhage. Heart tissue recovery in these pigs following one exposure to +9 Gz for 45 s, required approximately 14 d. It appears that this lesion is similar, although less severe, than heart muscle lesions associated with loss blood volume (hemorrhagic shock) studies and may have similar physiologic bases. It was concluded that particular attention should be made of the endocardium of victims of high-performance aircraft accidents.", "PMID": 1180784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7730", "title": "Medical and psychiatric aspects of accident investigation.", "content": "Biomedical factors account for 80-90% of the 600 aircraft accidents each year. Mechanical failures as causative factors are 10-20%. The biomedical factors of fatalities include use of drugs and alcohol in order to cope with a possible stress, anxiety, or frustration in the aircraft. The important role of personality factors in producing stress reactions requires that stress be defined in terms of transactions between individuals and situations, rather than of either in isolation. When stress reactions are observed, it is assumed that these were brought about by stress conditions, and the accident investigator looks for them in order to understand the reaction which leads to the accident. In the field of fatal accident investigation, where the causes of the event must be sought retrospectively (that is, by looking back and reconstructing the antecedent conditions) the investigator usually assumes that the victim must have encountered severe stress to which the behavior represents a response. Since there are variations in reaction patterns in different individuals under different instances of stress, this issue turns us back to consideration of intervening processes and conditions. An individual's behavior is dependent upon the total effect of all the psychosocial variables that went into the making of this individual's life style.", "contents": "Medical and psychiatric aspects of accident investigation. Biomedical factors account for 80-90% of the 600 aircraft accidents each year. Mechanical failures as causative factors are 10-20%. The biomedical factors of fatalities include use of drugs and alcohol in order to cope with a possible stress, anxiety, or frustration in the aircraft. The important role of personality factors in producing stress reactions requires that stress be defined in terms of transactions between individuals and situations, rather than of either in isolation. When stress reactions are observed, it is assumed that these were brought about by stress conditions, and the accident investigator looks for them in order to understand the reaction which leads to the accident. In the field of fatal accident investigation, where the causes of the event must be sought retrospectively (that is, by looking back and reconstructing the antecedent conditions) the investigator usually assumes that the victim must have encountered severe stress to which the behavior represents a response. Since there are variations in reaction patterns in different individuals under different instances of stress, this issue turns us back to consideration of intervening processes and conditions. An individual's behavior is dependent upon the total effect of all the psychosocial variables that went into the making of this individual's life style.", "PMID": 1180785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7731", "title": "Application of the Calspan scene measurement system to the investigation of aircraft accidents.", "content": "Investigation of transportation accidents usually involves some measurement of physical evidence at the scene. Accurate accident scene data facilitates reconstruction of the accident events and possible determination of the cause. The Calspan Scene Measurement System combines computer technology with civil engineering to provide a useful opitcal measurement device for recording the location of physical evidence at the accident scene. The Calspan Accident Investigation Vehicle, currently under development, is designed to enable investigation teams to completely analyze the evidence and causes of automobile accidents. The concepts and equipment in this system are readily adaptable to the study of aviation accidents.", "contents": "Application of the Calspan scene measurement system to the investigation of aircraft accidents. Investigation of transportation accidents usually involves some measurement of physical evidence at the scene. Accurate accident scene data facilitates reconstruction of the accident events and possible determination of the cause. The Calspan Scene Measurement System combines computer technology with civil engineering to provide a useful opitcal measurement device for recording the location of physical evidence at the accident scene. The Calspan Accident Investigation Vehicle, currently under development, is designed to enable investigation teams to completely analyze the evidence and causes of automobile accidents. The concepts and equipment in this system are readily adaptable to the study of aviation accidents.", "PMID": 1180786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7732", "title": "Analysis of human factors in aircraft accidents.", "content": "This paper describes our current approach and accomplishments in the analysis of human factors aspects of aircraft accidents. Emphasis has been placed upon methods of analysis of Boards of Inquiry and human factors information storage and retrieval methods.", "contents": "Analysis of human factors in aircraft accidents. This paper describes our current approach and accomplishments in the analysis of human factors aspects of aircraft accidents. Emphasis has been placed upon methods of analysis of Boards of Inquiry and human factors information storage and retrieval methods.", "PMID": 1180787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7733", "title": "Cervicocranium and the aviator's protective helmet.", "content": "An analogy based on the likenesses of the APH-6 aviator's protective helmet and the hangman's noose has some interesting relationships to aircraft accident investigation and to the associated traumatic pathology. A superficial examination of the similarities might propose that the inferior edge of the helmet, when considered part of the continuous circle completed by the nape strap and the chin strap, forms a loop which can be likened to a hangman's noose. The analogy might be extended to the comparison of lesions made about the neck by the straps or the edge of the helmet compared with abrasions and contusions that might be associated with a rope encircling the same structures. Such a hangman's noose, when the knot is at the side of the head (subaural), produces fractures of the base of the skull tending to extend bitemporally through the basisphenoid. When the knot is anterior and beneath the chin (submental), the hangman's noose causes a fracture dislocation at the axis. Characteristically, the posterior arch is fractured and, interestingly enough, the odontoid process is not involved. Many of us anticipate that a fractured, displaced odontoid process is the prototype lesion which so precariously endangers the patient with cervical cord compromise and death similar to the hangman's fracture. More recent assessments of the mortality of the odontoid fracture suggest less than 10%.", "contents": "Cervicocranium and the aviator's protective helmet. An analogy based on the likenesses of the APH-6 aviator's protective helmet and the hangman's noose has some interesting relationships to aircraft accident investigation and to the associated traumatic pathology. A superficial examination of the similarities might propose that the inferior edge of the helmet, when considered part of the continuous circle completed by the nape strap and the chin strap, forms a loop which can be likened to a hangman's noose. The analogy might be extended to the comparison of lesions made about the neck by the straps or the edge of the helmet compared with abrasions and contusions that might be associated with a rope encircling the same structures. Such a hangman's noose, when the knot is at the side of the head (subaural), produces fractures of the base of the skull tending to extend bitemporally through the basisphenoid. When the knot is anterior and beneath the chin (submental), the hangman's noose causes a fracture dislocation at the axis. Characteristically, the posterior arch is fractured and, interestingly enough, the odontoid process is not involved. Many of us anticipate that a fractured, displaced odontoid process is the prototype lesion which so precariously endangers the patient with cervical cord compromise and death similar to the hangman's fracture. More recent assessments of the mortality of the odontoid fracture suggest less than 10%.", "PMID": 1180788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7734", "title": "Helmets and head protection in CF ejections 1967-1973.", "content": "During the period 1967-1973, helmet retention and minor head injuries were significant problems in ejections from Canadian Forces (CF) aircraft. There were 73 ejections in which Canadian-designed helmets were worn. Eight-four percent of those who lost their helmets and 38% of those who retained their helmets received minor head injuries. This paper reports on analysis of helmet loss versus air speeed and Q force. Specific problems are addressed, including the fitting and method of wearing helmets, and some guidelines for enhancing helmet retention are recommended.", "contents": "Helmets and head protection in CF ejections 1967-1973. During the period 1967-1973, helmet retention and minor head injuries were significant problems in ejections from Canadian Forces (CF) aircraft. There were 73 ejections in which Canadian-designed helmets were worn. Eight-four percent of those who lost their helmets and 38% of those who retained their helmets received minor head injuries. This paper reports on analysis of helmet loss versus air speeed and Q force. Specific problems are addressed, including the fitting and method of wearing helmets, and some guidelines for enhancing helmet retention are recommended.", "PMID": 1180789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7735", "title": "Crew rest and nap-of-the-eart flying.", "content": "Nap-of-the-earth flying was conceived by the U.S. Army to evade enemy detection of rotary wing aircraft, requiring the stressful technique of aircraft movement only inches above the ground terrain. The 100st Airborne Division (Airmobile), Fort Campbell, Ky, tested the nap-of-the earth (NOE) concept from 12 June, 1973, to 30 June, 1974, flying 3267.6 h in NOE training. Four aircraft incidents occurred during this training period, with three of these taking place prior to 1 March, 1974. At that point, after 59.2% of the total hours had been flown, NOE pilot training was curtailed from 8 h/d to 4 h/d. Objective and subjective data infer that pilot (crew) rest and the length of the flying day are important factors in the safety of NOE flying.", "contents": "Crew rest and nap-of-the-eart flying. Nap-of-the-earth flying was conceived by the U.S. Army to evade enemy detection of rotary wing aircraft, requiring the stressful technique of aircraft movement only inches above the ground terrain. The 100st Airborne Division (Airmobile), Fort Campbell, Ky, tested the nap-of-the earth (NOE) concept from 12 June, 1973, to 30 June, 1974, flying 3267.6 h in NOE training. Four aircraft incidents occurred during this training period, with three of these taking place prior to 1 March, 1974. At that point, after 59.2% of the total hours had been flown, NOE pilot training was curtailed from 8 h/d to 4 h/d. Objective and subjective data infer that pilot (crew) rest and the length of the flying day are important factors in the safety of NOE flying.", "PMID": 1180790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7736", "title": "Alcohol and other drugs in aircraft accidents.", "content": "During the 12-year period from 1962 through 1973, there were 89 USAF aircraft accidents or incidents in which alcohol and/or other drugs were mentioned as being in some way associated with the mishap. A review of these indicates a relatively constant level of occurrence each year, with no indication that such accidents are increasing. Alcohol was by far the most prominent drug mentioned. A great variety of over-the-counter and prescription preparations were cited. There were no instances in which illicit narcotics were involved. Analysis indicates that the relationship was, in most instances, associative and not causative. In some instances, the background disease for which the medication was being taken was far more probable as a cause agency. The need for better documentation and greater cooperation between the flight surgeons and pathologists was indicated.", "contents": "Alcohol and other drugs in aircraft accidents. During the 12-year period from 1962 through 1973, there were 89 USAF aircraft accidents or incidents in which alcohol and/or other drugs were mentioned as being in some way associated with the mishap. A review of these indicates a relatively constant level of occurrence each year, with no indication that such accidents are increasing. Alcohol was by far the most prominent drug mentioned. A great variety of over-the-counter and prescription preparations were cited. There were no instances in which illicit narcotics were involved. Analysis indicates that the relationship was, in most instances, associative and not causative. In some instances, the background disease for which the medication was being taken was far more probable as a cause agency. The need for better documentation and greater cooperation between the flight surgeons and pathologists was indicated.", "PMID": 1180791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7737", "title": "Alcohol associated with fatal light aircraft accidents, United Kingdom-1964-1973.", "content": "A total of 86 fatal light aircraft accidents in the United Kingdom from January 1964 to December 1973 are reviewed, in which tissue alcohol determinations were undertaken on 102 pilots. Alcohol was detected in 34 cases varying from small amounts of 313 mg/100 ml. The difficulties of interpretation of post mortem tissue alcohol levels are discussed with particular reference to those cases with measured alcohols in excess of 20 mg/100 ml a level taken as possibly significant in context of accident causation. There was 12 pilots, involved in 10 of the 86 fatal accidents, considered as having ingested alcohol before flying, giving an incidence of 11.6% fatal light aircraft accidents with an alcohol involvement. Half of the pilot crashed within 18 min of takeoff, and half had less than 100 h flying experience. It is noted that five of the accidents occurred in 1973. Education of pilots to the hazards of alcohol and flying is the ultimate solution.", "contents": "Alcohol associated with fatal light aircraft accidents, United Kingdom-1964-1973. A total of 86 fatal light aircraft accidents in the United Kingdom from January 1964 to December 1973 are reviewed, in which tissue alcohol determinations were undertaken on 102 pilots. Alcohol was detected in 34 cases varying from small amounts of 313 mg/100 ml. The difficulties of interpretation of post mortem tissue alcohol levels are discussed with particular reference to those cases with measured alcohols in excess of 20 mg/100 ml a level taken as possibly significant in context of accident causation. There was 12 pilots, involved in 10 of the 86 fatal accidents, considered as having ingested alcohol before flying, giving an incidence of 11.6% fatal light aircraft accidents with an alcohol involvement. Half of the pilot crashed within 18 min of takeoff, and half had less than 100 h flying experience. It is noted that five of the accidents occurred in 1973. Education of pilots to the hazards of alcohol and flying is the ultimate solution.", "PMID": 1180792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7738", "title": "Error and artefact in post mortem toxicological analysis.", "content": "The factors which may influence the result of a toxicological analysis on post mortem specimens are presented. These factors are discussed in varying depth and suggestions are made on ways of overcoming the problems.", "contents": "Error and artefact in post mortem toxicological analysis. The factors which may influence the result of a toxicological analysis on post mortem specimens are presented. These factors are discussed in varying depth and suggestions are made on ways of overcoming the problems.", "PMID": 1180793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7739", "title": "Impaired pilot performance: drugs or alcohol.", "content": "The circumstances leading to forced landing of a three-seat light cabin monoplane due to engine failure are described. The pilot, an airline pilot employed as a Boeing 707 captain, and one of the two passengers were killed. The liver of the pilot showed diffuse fatty changes and toxicological examination revealed a blood alcohol concentration of 149 mg/100 ml and 139 mg/100 ml in the urine. On initial screening for drugs, the presence of nitrazepam or chlordiazepoxide was suspected and the medical investigation was further complicated by the finding of chlordiazepoxide in the personal effects. Although the cause of the accident was a stall at low altitude during an attempted forced landing following loss of engine power, it was concluded that the pilot's ability to avoid onset of stall was impaired by the concentration of alcohol in his system.", "contents": "Impaired pilot performance: drugs or alcohol. The circumstances leading to forced landing of a three-seat light cabin monoplane due to engine failure are described. The pilot, an airline pilot employed as a Boeing 707 captain, and one of the two passengers were killed. The liver of the pilot showed diffuse fatty changes and toxicological examination revealed a blood alcohol concentration of 149 mg/100 ml and 139 mg/100 ml in the urine. On initial screening for drugs, the presence of nitrazepam or chlordiazepoxide was suspected and the medical investigation was further complicated by the finding of chlordiazepoxide in the personal effects. Although the cause of the accident was a stall at low altitude during an attempted forced landing following loss of engine power, it was concluded that the pilot's ability to avoid onset of stall was impaired by the concentration of alcohol in his system.", "PMID": 1180794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7740", "title": "What is the mechanism of carbon monoxide toxicity?", "content": "The probable toxic action is CO is on the cellular respiration, in which CO competes with O2 for cytochrome a3. Our studies indicate that a relatively high concentration of COHb (50%) does not interfere with the O2-carrying capacity of the blood. The dissolved CO in plasma, which is necessary for CO to enter the tissue, probably occurs when the exchange takes place between alveolar air and the blood in the lungs. This would explain why the central nervous system could be impaired when COHb levels are below 10% and death could occur at 35%.", "contents": "What is the mechanism of carbon monoxide toxicity? The probable toxic action is CO is on the cellular respiration, in which CO competes with O2 for cytochrome a3. Our studies indicate that a relatively high concentration of COHb (50%) does not interfere with the O2-carrying capacity of the blood. The dissolved CO in plasma, which is necessary for CO to enter the tissue, probably occurs when the exchange takes place between alveolar air and the blood in the lungs. This would explain why the central nervous system could be impaired when COHb levels are below 10% and death could occur at 35%.", "PMID": 1180795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7741", "title": "Application of radioimmunoassay techniques in support of toxicologic investigations of aircraft accidents.", "content": "With the increased emphasis on establishing the presence or absence of drugs associated with aircraft accidents and the fact that fragmentation of tissue may be a problem in investigating these accidents, the need arises for a rapid, sensitive, and specific toxicologic means for detecting drugs that may be present in nanogram concentrations and when only extremely limited quantities of specimens are avialable for study. The use of radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the detection of drugs (e.g., amphetamines, barbiturates, opiates, and methaqualone) in selected aircraft accident cases is presented.", "contents": "Application of radioimmunoassay techniques in support of toxicologic investigations of aircraft accidents. With the increased emphasis on establishing the presence or absence of drugs associated with aircraft accidents and the fact that fragmentation of tissue may be a problem in investigating these accidents, the need arises for a rapid, sensitive, and specific toxicologic means for detecting drugs that may be present in nanogram concentrations and when only extremely limited quantities of specimens are avialable for study. The use of radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the detection of drugs (e.g., amphetamines, barbiturates, opiates, and methaqualone) in selected aircraft accident cases is presented.", "PMID": 1180796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7742", "title": "Coronary artery disease and preventive cardiology in aviation medicine.", "content": "A review of 6,500 autopsied cases on record at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology of deaths occurring in aircraft accidents or mishaps revealed that 816 cases (13%) had been diagnosed as heart disease other than traumatic (i.e., pre-existing at the time of the accident). Of these 816 cases (592 military and 135 civilian), 89.1% had atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). This autopsy series compared the severity of CAD, year of death, and crew position within the military 5-year age groups. CAD was found in 86.6% of the 20- to 34-year-old military group. Moderate and severe CAD was present in 17.1%. CAD in previous autopsy studies of U.S. military casualties in the Korean and Vietnam conflicts was reported as 77.3% and 45%, respectively. Study of severe and moderate CAD by year of death in the 20- to 34-year age group demonstrates 26.2% in 1965-1969 and 21.1% in 1970-74. These findings do not support the conclusion of the Vietnam autopsy study that CAD is decreasing. Preventive and predictive cardiology in aviation medicine should be instituted early and aggressively in the young aircrew population.", "contents": "Coronary artery disease and preventive cardiology in aviation medicine. A review of 6,500 autopsied cases on record at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology of deaths occurring in aircraft accidents or mishaps revealed that 816 cases (13%) had been diagnosed as heart disease other than traumatic (i.e., pre-existing at the time of the accident). Of these 816 cases (592 military and 135 civilian), 89.1% had atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). This autopsy series compared the severity of CAD, year of death, and crew position within the military 5-year age groups. CAD was found in 86.6% of the 20- to 34-year-old military group. Moderate and severe CAD was present in 17.1%. CAD in previous autopsy studies of U.S. military casualties in the Korean and Vietnam conflicts was reported as 77.3% and 45%, respectively. Study of severe and moderate CAD by year of death in the 20- to 34-year age group demonstrates 26.2% in 1965-1969 and 21.1% in 1970-74. These findings do not support the conclusion of the Vietnam autopsy study that CAD is decreasing. Preventive and predictive cardiology in aviation medicine should be instituted early and aggressively in the young aircrew population.", "PMID": 1180797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7743", "title": "Inflight intravenous therapy: a new dimension.", "content": "This Inflight Infusion System was designed to meet an urgent operational requirement for accurate administration of intravenous (I.V.) fluid therapy to acutely ill patients while in flight. Aircraft cabin pressure changes affect the flow of intravenous fluids. The discharge rate of I.V. fluids may become excessive during ascent to 2438 m (8000 ft) the level at which both commercial and military aircraft are commonly pressurized, or during loss of cabin pressure, such as may take place at higher altitudes. During descent, the flow rate becomes insufficient or stop until ground level pressure is reached. A method for carefully controlling intravenous fluid intake during all phases of flight with an inflight infusion system that utilizes a modified precision roller pump was developed by the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine. This technique assures carefully controlled fluid intake that is not possible by using the conventional gravity method.", "contents": "Inflight intravenous therapy: a new dimension. This Inflight Infusion System was designed to meet an urgent operational requirement for accurate administration of intravenous (I.V.) fluid therapy to acutely ill patients while in flight. Aircraft cabin pressure changes affect the flow of intravenous fluids. The discharge rate of I.V. fluids may become excessive during ascent to 2438 m (8000 ft) the level at which both commercial and military aircraft are commonly pressurized, or during loss of cabin pressure, such as may take place at higher altitudes. During descent, the flow rate becomes insufficient or stop until ground level pressure is reached. A method for carefully controlling intravenous fluid intake during all phases of flight with an inflight infusion system that utilizes a modified precision roller pump was developed by the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine. This technique assures carefully controlled fluid intake that is not possible by using the conventional gravity method.", "PMID": 1180798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7744", "title": "Sebaceous carcinoma.", "content": "A series of 11 sebaceous carcinomas is reported. None of the tumours recurred or metastasized. Two growth patterns were observed: basal-cell carcinomas with sebaceous differentiation, and pure sebaceous carcinomas. Since both these types may occur together they are considered to be merely variants of a single tumour entity. The clinical and histological characteristics of sebaceous carcinomas of our series are compared with those recorded in the literature. It is concluded that sebaceous carcinomas originate in the epidermis, in the skin appendages, or in both.", "contents": "Sebaceous carcinoma. A series of 11 sebaceous carcinomas is reported. None of the tumours recurred or metastasized. Two growth patterns were observed: basal-cell carcinomas with sebaceous differentiation, and pure sebaceous carcinomas. Since both these types may occur together they are considered to be merely variants of a single tumour entity. The clinical and histological characteristics of sebaceous carcinomas of our series are compared with those recorded in the literature. It is concluded that sebaceous carcinomas originate in the epidermis, in the skin appendages, or in both.", "PMID": 1180803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7745", "title": "Mitochondriosis of the hepatocytic cytoplasm in rachitic rat liver after calcitonin-treatment (a cytophotometric and morphometric study).", "content": "A calcium-rich rachitogenic vitamin-D deficiency and additional doses of calcitonin cause serious changes in cell structure and metabolism, which can be demonstrated by cytophotometry and morphometry. The experiments were made with 9 male juvenile Wistar rats. 6 animals were kept on a vitamin-D deficient diet for 6 weeks and 3 of these animals got injections with salmon-calcitonin S.C. during the last 14 days every second day. The remaining 3 animals, fed with altromin-R standard diet were kept for control purposes only. The morphometric analysis of the liver parenchymal cells was based on the statements by Weibel and the cytophotometric examinations were made according to the Sandritter technique. As a consequence of the altered metabolic condition a great volume reduction of cells and cell nuclei is found in the animals with vitamin-D deficiency, which were treated with calcitonin. In comparison with the control animals the hepatocytes show hardly any tetraploid nuclei, which points to an inhibited polyploidization. The cytoplasm shows an oncocytic transformation with megamitochondria. As reason for this mitochondriopathy an extreme and abnormal growth as well as a mutation of the mitochondrial genom are under discussion. Furthermore the total endoplasmic reticulum (volume and membrane surface), the peroxisomes and the ribosomes are strongly reduced. Due to the serious cell injury the other organelles are also reduced in number and volume, which points to a chronic hypocalcemia.", "contents": "Mitochondriosis of the hepatocytic cytoplasm in rachitic rat liver after calcitonin-treatment (a cytophotometric and morphometric study). A calcium-rich rachitogenic vitamin-D deficiency and additional doses of calcitonin cause serious changes in cell structure and metabolism, which can be demonstrated by cytophotometry and morphometry. The experiments were made with 9 male juvenile Wistar rats. 6 animals were kept on a vitamin-D deficient diet for 6 weeks and 3 of these animals got injections with salmon-calcitonin S.C. during the last 14 days every second day. The remaining 3 animals, fed with altromin-R standard diet were kept for control purposes only. The morphometric analysis of the liver parenchymal cells was based on the statements by Weibel and the cytophotometric examinations were made according to the Sandritter technique. As a consequence of the altered metabolic condition a great volume reduction of cells and cell nuclei is found in the animals with vitamin-D deficiency, which were treated with calcitonin. In comparison with the control animals the hepatocytes show hardly any tetraploid nuclei, which points to an inhibited polyploidization. The cytoplasm shows an oncocytic transformation with megamitochondria. As reason for this mitochondriopathy an extreme and abnormal growth as well as a mutation of the mitochondrial genom are under discussion. Furthermore the total endoplasmic reticulum (volume and membrane surface), the peroxisomes and the ribosomes are strongly reduced. Due to the serious cell injury the other organelles are also reduced in number and volume, which points to a chronic hypocalcemia.", "PMID": 1180804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7746", "title": "An electron microscopic study of intestinal metaplasia in human gallbladder.", "content": "Areas of intestinal metaplastic epithelium in gallbladders removed by cholecystectomies performed for gallstones were studied with the electron microscope. Three gallbladders contained areas of goblet cells and endocrine enterochromaffin-like cells and one gallbladder also Paneth cells. The goblet cells contained mucin granules of slightly variable size and shape and relatively great electron lucency. The intervening columnar epithelial cells contained various amounts of electron-lucent mucin granules. The round or oval enterochromaffin-like cells rested on the basement membrane, and in these cells the small, round, electron-opaque secretory granules were located in the infranuclear region. The supranuclear cytoplasm of the Paneth cells in the intestinalized epithelium contained typical large, round secretory granules. The fine structures of the various cells in the metaplastic epithelium bore resemblance to those of the cells in the intestinalized stomach mucosa.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of intestinal metaplasia in human gallbladder. Areas of intestinal metaplastic epithelium in gallbladders removed by cholecystectomies performed for gallstones were studied with the electron microscope. Three gallbladders contained areas of goblet cells and endocrine enterochromaffin-like cells and one gallbladder also Paneth cells. The goblet cells contained mucin granules of slightly variable size and shape and relatively great electron lucency. The intervening columnar epithelial cells contained various amounts of electron-lucent mucin granules. The round or oval enterochromaffin-like cells rested on the basement membrane, and in these cells the small, round, electron-opaque secretory granules were located in the infranuclear region. The supranuclear cytoplasm of the Paneth cells in the intestinalized epithelium contained typical large, round secretory granules. The fine structures of the various cells in the metaplastic epithelium bore resemblance to those of the cells in the intestinalized stomach mucosa.", "PMID": 1180805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7747", "title": "Congenital bronchiolitis obliterans.", "content": "A case is described of intrauterine pneumonia with \"Congenital Bronchiolitis Obliterans\" in a premature infant who died 35 hours after delivery. The patient presented from birth with increasingly severe respiratory insufficiency. Post-mortem histological examination of the lung revealed obliterative bronchiolitis, a rare disease which the patient most probably developed in utero. Only two other similar cases of congenital obliterative bronchiolitis have been reported in the literature, both with obscure etiology. A detailed pathological description of pulmonary changes is given and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Congenital bronchiolitis obliterans. A case is described of intrauterine pneumonia with \"Congenital Bronchiolitis Obliterans\" in a premature infant who died 35 hours after delivery. The patient presented from birth with increasingly severe respiratory insufficiency. Post-mortem histological examination of the lung revealed obliterative bronchiolitis, a rare disease which the patient most probably developed in utero. Only two other similar cases of congenital obliterative bronchiolitis have been reported in the literature, both with obscure etiology. A detailed pathological description of pulmonary changes is given and the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 1180806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7748", "title": "A nephropathy occuring in rats treated with dinitrochlorobenzene and N-methyl-N-nitroso guanidine.", "content": "Chronic administration of a potent oral carcinogen N-Methyl-N-Nitroso guanidine (M.N.N.G.) failed to produce gastric carcinoma in CFHB Wistar rats sensitised to 2.4 dinitrochlorobenzene (D.N.C.B.). In addition animals receiving both D.N.C.B. alone and D.N.C.B. and M.N.N.G. developed a severe nephropathy characterised by heavy proteinuria and extensive renal cortical damage. The histological features include proliferation of parietal epithelial cells and mesangial sclerosis. An association between the nephropathy and long term D.N.C.B. administration is suggested and on the basis of investigation to date direct toxicity rather than immune complex disease seems more likely.", "contents": "A nephropathy occuring in rats treated with dinitrochlorobenzene and N-methyl-N-nitroso guanidine. Chronic administration of a potent oral carcinogen N-Methyl-N-Nitroso guanidine (M.N.N.G.) failed to produce gastric carcinoma in CFHB Wistar rats sensitised to 2.4 dinitrochlorobenzene (D.N.C.B.). In addition animals receiving both D.N.C.B. alone and D.N.C.B. and M.N.N.G. developed a severe nephropathy characterised by heavy proteinuria and extensive renal cortical damage. The histological features include proliferation of parietal epithelial cells and mesangial sclerosis. An association between the nephropathy and long term D.N.C.B. administration is suggested and on the basis of investigation to date direct toxicity rather than immune complex disease seems more likely.", "PMID": 1180808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7749", "title": "[Arterial repair after mechanical injury by migrating fourth-stage larvae of Strongylus vulgaris in the horse (a light and electron microscopic study) (author's transl)].", "content": "Migrating fourth-stage larvae of Strongylus vulgaris, a parasite of equines, damage the intima of the anterior mesenteric artery and its larger branches and induce thrombus formation on the injured sites. As the time of larval passage through each of these branches has been exactly determined in earlier experiments, the aim of the present studies is to contribute to a more complete understanding of repair mechanisms in the process of time after thrombotic vascular injuries. five foals were separated individually to specially cleaned stables and given anthelmintic treatment till the age of one year. One foal was infected per os with 350, the second with 500 and the remaining three with 1,000 third-stage larvae of Strongylus vulgaris...", "contents": "[Arterial repair after mechanical injury by migrating fourth-stage larvae of Strongylus vulgaris in the horse (a light and electron microscopic study) (author's transl)]. Migrating fourth-stage larvae of Strongylus vulgaris, a parasite of equines, damage the intima of the anterior mesenteric artery and its larger branches and induce thrombus formation on the injured sites. As the time of larval passage through each of these branches has been exactly determined in earlier experiments, the aim of the present studies is to contribute to a more complete understanding of repair mechanisms in the process of time after thrombotic vascular injuries. five foals were separated individually to specially cleaned stables and given anthelmintic treatment till the age of one year. One foal was infected per os with 350, the second with 500 and the remaining three with 1,000 third-stage larvae of Strongylus vulgaris...", "PMID": 1180809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7750", "title": "[The development of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in the model of a transplantable hemangioendothelioma of the J 129 mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "In earlier reports we have described the morphological findings of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MHA) in autopsy cases. The aim of this publication is to show more exactly the close correlation between microangiopathy and intravascular hemolysis in a transplantable hemangioendothelioma of the mouse. This animal model is suitable for study of the MHA, which develops within short time, with various morphological and biochemical parameters. 100 J 129 mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me) with transplanted hemangioendothelioma and 20 healthy controls were studied. For transplantation the tumors were removed in toto from donors and mined in 0.9% sterile saline; 0.7 ml of this tumor suspension was injected subcutaneously in the lateral flank of the recipients...", "contents": "[The development of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in the model of a transplantable hemangioendothelioma of the J 129 mouse (author's transl)]. In earlier reports we have described the morphological findings of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MHA) in autopsy cases. The aim of this publication is to show more exactly the close correlation between microangiopathy and intravascular hemolysis in a transplantable hemangioendothelioma of the mouse. This animal model is suitable for study of the MHA, which develops within short time, with various morphological and biochemical parameters. 100 J 129 mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me) with transplanted hemangioendothelioma and 20 healthy controls were studied. For transplantation the tumors were removed in toto from donors and mined in 0.9% sterile saline; 0.7 ml of this tumor suspension was injected subcutaneously in the lateral flank of the recipients...", "PMID": 1180810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7751", "title": "[Intravital microscopy and post mortem histology of burn shock in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper describes results of intravital microscopic observations of the mesenteric blood and lymph vessels of the rabbit. 20% of the surface of the skin of these rabbits were burned. Immediately after producing the shock, general unspecific symptoms were seen: decrease of circulatory flow, aggregates of erythrocytes. Specific alterations consisted in leukocyte sticking, platelet aggregation, hemolysis and stasis. Vascular spasm and hemorrhage were conspicuously absent. These microcirculatory features were compared with those of different forms of shock. There was a striking similarity with the characteristics of the burn shock with the endotoxin shock. On the other hand hemorrhagic and traumatic shock exhibited similar phenomena, thus forming a second distinct group of shock as seen from a microcirculatory point. Differentiation between the groups is only possible from the specific features of microcirculation failure. These results confirm the view point, that different forms of shock evoke different pathological reactions in the terminal vascular bed.", "contents": "[Intravital microscopy and post mortem histology of burn shock in rabbits (author's transl)]. This paper describes results of intravital microscopic observations of the mesenteric blood and lymph vessels of the rabbit. 20% of the surface of the skin of these rabbits were burned. Immediately after producing the shock, general unspecific symptoms were seen: decrease of circulatory flow, aggregates of erythrocytes. Specific alterations consisted in leukocyte sticking, platelet aggregation, hemolysis and stasis. Vascular spasm and hemorrhage were conspicuously absent. These microcirculatory features were compared with those of different forms of shock. There was a striking similarity with the characteristics of the burn shock with the endotoxin shock. On the other hand hemorrhagic and traumatic shock exhibited similar phenomena, thus forming a second distinct group of shock as seen from a microcirculatory point. Differentiation between the groups is only possible from the specific features of microcirculation failure. These results confirm the view point, that different forms of shock evoke different pathological reactions in the terminal vascular bed.", "PMID": 1180811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7752", "title": "[Influence of uremia on the proliferation kinetics of a solid transplantable carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Previous autoradiographic investigations revealed an impaired regeneration of epithelial tissues in acute experimental uremia. It was the aim of the present study to get information about the effect of uremia on the growth and the proliferation kinetics of a solid tumor (mammary carcinoma HB). The partly differentiated mammary carcinoma HB (Dr. C. W. Friis/Ry/Denmark) was examined in adult female mice (C3H/Tif). Acute renal failure was induced by ligation of the right ureter and by infarction of two thirds of the left kidney. A group of animals served for urea estimation during the first 7 postoperative days. A sham operation was performed in a control group. A starvation effect was avoided by additional tube feeding. Hemoglobin levels and reticulocytes were estimated in tumour bearing uremic mice and in a control group to get information about anemia in acute uremia. Calculating the tumour volume as a sphere with the geometrical mean of two diameters the tumour doubling time was derived from the growth curve. The autoradiographic experiments started on the 21th day after transplantation of the tumour (= 7th day after experimental uremia and sham operation respectively). The cell cycle was determined by the method of percentage of labeled mitoses. The growth fraction was estimated by continuous labeling method. For details of autoradiographic techniques see F\u00edaux de Lacroix et al. (1973. During the first 48 hours the blood urea increased to more than 230 mg% and then decreased to a level of about 133 mg% at the 7th postoperative day. The blood urea of control animals was in the range of 50 mg%. Tumor bearing mice revealed an anemia (Hb: 8.1 +/- 1.2 g%, reticulocytes 60.1 +/- 36.5%) but no significant differences in hemoglobin levels and reticulocytes counts could be detected in uremic animals (Hb 9.7 +/- 1.7 g%; reticulocytes 31.4 +/- 11.6%). The growth of the tumour was impaired by uremia. The tumour doubling time was prolonged from 7.5 days in untreated and sham operated animals to 15 days in uremic mice. This was mainly due to a lowered growth fraction (from about 50% to 20%), and on the other hand to a prolongation of the generation time (from 15.5 to 19 hours) mainly caused by a prolonged Tg1-phase. The cell loss factor remained constant (about 81% in every group). Our findings in the transplantable solid tumour of uremic mice were similar to the results observed in the epithelium of the stomach, the intestine and of the skin as well as in erythroblasts especially in regard of the changes of the cell cycle. These observations in various tissues suggest a generally impaired cell proliferation in uremia.", "contents": "[Influence of uremia on the proliferation kinetics of a solid transplantable carcinoma (author's transl)]. Previous autoradiographic investigations revealed an impaired regeneration of epithelial tissues in acute experimental uremia. It was the aim of the present study to get information about the effect of uremia on the growth and the proliferation kinetics of a solid tumor (mammary carcinoma HB). The partly differentiated mammary carcinoma HB (Dr. C. W. Friis/Ry/Denmark) was examined in adult female mice (C3H/Tif). Acute renal failure was induced by ligation of the right ureter and by infarction of two thirds of the left kidney. A group of animals served for urea estimation during the first 7 postoperative days. A sham operation was performed in a control group. A starvation effect was avoided by additional tube feeding. Hemoglobin levels and reticulocytes were estimated in tumour bearing uremic mice and in a control group to get information about anemia in acute uremia. Calculating the tumour volume as a sphere with the geometrical mean of two diameters the tumour doubling time was derived from the growth curve. The autoradiographic experiments started on the 21th day after transplantation of the tumour (= 7th day after experimental uremia and sham operation respectively). The cell cycle was determined by the method of percentage of labeled mitoses. The growth fraction was estimated by continuous labeling method. For details of autoradiographic techniques see F\u00edaux de Lacroix et al. (1973. During the first 48 hours the blood urea increased to more than 230 mg% and then decreased to a level of about 133 mg% at the 7th postoperative day. The blood urea of control animals was in the range of 50 mg%. Tumor bearing mice revealed an anemia (Hb: 8.1 +/- 1.2 g%, reticulocytes 60.1 +/- 36.5%) but no significant differences in hemoglobin levels and reticulocytes counts could be detected in uremic animals (Hb 9.7 +/- 1.7 g%; reticulocytes 31.4 +/- 11.6%). The growth of the tumour was impaired by uremia. The tumour doubling time was prolonged from 7.5 days in untreated and sham operated animals to 15 days in uremic mice. This was mainly due to a lowered growth fraction (from about 50% to 20%), and on the other hand to a prolongation of the generation time (from 15.5 to 19 hours) mainly caused by a prolonged Tg1-phase. The cell loss factor remained constant (about 81% in every group). Our findings in the transplantable solid tumour of uremic mice were similar to the results observed in the epithelium of the stomach, the intestine and of the skin as well as in erythroblasts especially in regard of the changes of the cell cycle. These observations in various tissues suggest a generally impaired cell proliferation in uremia.", "PMID": 1180812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7753", "title": "Intracisternal A-particles in transplantable murine teratomas.", "content": "Intracisternal A-particles occur in experimental transplantable murine teratomas OTT 2466 and OTT 6050 derived from embryos of the A/He and 129/Sv strains respectively. They are present in stem cells of both tumors and in the more differentiated cell types in OTT 6050, consisting of primitive endodermal cells, cells of neuroepithelial rosettes, neuroblasts, primitive glial cells and respiratory epithelial cells. Both parent strains, A/He and 129/Sv, also contain these particles.", "contents": "Intracisternal A-particles in transplantable murine teratomas. Intracisternal A-particles occur in experimental transplantable murine teratomas OTT 2466 and OTT 6050 derived from embryos of the A/He and 129/Sv strains respectively. They are present in stem cells of both tumors and in the more differentiated cell types in OTT 6050, consisting of primitive endodermal cells, cells of neuroepithelial rosettes, neuroblasts, primitive glial cells and respiratory epithelial cells. Both parent strains, A/He and 129/Sv, also contain these particles.", "PMID": 1180813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7754", "title": "Congenital stalked fibromatous polyp of the superior pole of the tonsil containing hairless sebaceous glands.", "content": "A polyp of the size of a small bean was discovered incidentally on the superior pole of the right tonsil of a 29-year-old man. Morphologically it bore a considerable resemblance to the immature infantile variant of the sebaceous-gland nevus, the Naevus epitheliomatosus sebaceus Wolters, but its top was mature. The polyp is viewed as a congenital dysontogenic tumor which, owing to its fibromatous basis, lack of hair, and its immature and mature sebaceous glands, may be informally classified as a \"missing link\" between the haired pharyngeal polyp and the pure pharyngeal fibroma.", "contents": "Congenital stalked fibromatous polyp of the superior pole of the tonsil containing hairless sebaceous glands. A polyp of the size of a small bean was discovered incidentally on the superior pole of the right tonsil of a 29-year-old man. Morphologically it bore a considerable resemblance to the immature infantile variant of the sebaceous-gland nevus, the Naevus epitheliomatosus sebaceus Wolters, but its top was mature. The polyp is viewed as a congenital dysontogenic tumor which, owing to its fibromatous basis, lack of hair, and its immature and mature sebaceous glands, may be informally classified as a \"missing link\" between the haired pharyngeal polyp and the pure pharyngeal fibroma.", "PMID": 1180814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7755", "title": "The effect of endotoxin shock on the aortic endothelium of young rats.", "content": "Aortic endothelium of normal and endotoxin treated rats (endotoxin shock) was investigated in \"H\u00e4utchen\" preparations by light microscopy, autoradiography, and DNA cytophotometry. In the edothelium of control animals two cell populations were found: 1. endothelial cells which were subdivided into four groups according to their different nuclear morphology and DNA contents, 2. monocytoid cells which were taken for monocytes. In the endothelium of treated animals distinct damages of endothelial cells occurred during the period of 7 hours and 2 days after endotoxin application. Small groups of leukocytes were found in the surroundings of the damaged cells. A great number of monocytoid cells was found in the endothelial layer between the second and third day after endotoxin treatment. The monocytoid cells increased the total number of cells/mm2 on the aortic surface by one third. At the same time the maximum of DNA-synthesis of endothelial cells and monocytoid cells was reached (31-fold compared with controls). This cell proliferation is attributed to the following mechanisms: 1. repair process at sites of cell injury, 2. mitogenic effect of endotoxin. In the period between the 13th and 23rd day after endotoxin treatment all changes in the aortic endothelium returned to normal.", "contents": "The effect of endotoxin shock on the aortic endothelium of young rats. Aortic endothelium of normal and endotoxin treated rats (endotoxin shock) was investigated in \"H\u00e4utchen\" preparations by light microscopy, autoradiography, and DNA cytophotometry. In the edothelium of control animals two cell populations were found: 1. endothelial cells which were subdivided into four groups according to their different nuclear morphology and DNA contents, 2. monocytoid cells which were taken for monocytes. In the endothelium of treated animals distinct damages of endothelial cells occurred during the period of 7 hours and 2 days after endotoxin application. Small groups of leukocytes were found in the surroundings of the damaged cells. A great number of monocytoid cells was found in the endothelial layer between the second and third day after endotoxin treatment. The monocytoid cells increased the total number of cells/mm2 on the aortic surface by one third. At the same time the maximum of DNA-synthesis of endothelial cells and monocytoid cells was reached (31-fold compared with controls). This cell proliferation is attributed to the following mechanisms: 1. repair process at sites of cell injury, 2. mitogenic effect of endotoxin. In the period between the 13th and 23rd day after endotoxin treatment all changes in the aortic endothelium returned to normal.", "PMID": 1180816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7756", "title": "[The cellular reaction of the rat spleen after extensive loss of liver parenchyma (author's transl)].", "content": "Autoradiographic studies were performed to investigate the changes in cellular proliferation of splenic cells after sham operation and 2/3 partial hepatectomy. 54 female Wistar rats were hepatectomized and 27 rats were sham operated. The life span of the animals ranged between 12 hours and 31 days. One hour before sacrificing, the animals were injected intraperitoneally with 3H-thymidine (2.5 muCi/Ig). Liver and spleen were embedded in paraffin and epoxy. In strippingfilm autoradiograms (Kodak, AR 10) and in semithinsection autoradiograms (Eastman Kodak, NTB 2) labeling indices of the hepatocytes and Kupgger cells of the regenerating liver and of the cells in the white and red pulp as well as in the marginal zone of the spleen were measured. After 2/3 partial hepactectomy there is a marked increase of proliferating. DNA synthezising basophilic blasts and basophilic and polychromatic erythroblasts in the red pulp of the spleen of rats during the first 5 to 10 days. After the fifth day the labeling index of the myelopoietic cells increases too. The curve of the percentages of radioactive labeled cells in the red pulp shows two peaks. The first can be observed after 24 hours and the second after 5 to 10 days. The percentages of labeled cells in the lymphatic mantle zone of the white pulp and in the marginal zone increase also during the first two postoperative days. The first maximum of labeled cells in all the zones of the spleen shows a close relationship to the maximum of proliferating DNA synthesizing cells in the regenerating liver. The second peak in the red pulp is possible caused by a nonspecific multifactorial stimulus such as operation stress, blood loss or inflammation during woundhealing. This proliferation enhancing effect in the spleen, especially on the erythropoietic cells, after partial hepatectomy, which produces a mild splenomegaly during the first 5 days, is more distinct than after sham operation, mechanical or thermical lesions on parenchymal organs.", "contents": "[The cellular reaction of the rat spleen after extensive loss of liver parenchyma (author's transl)]. Autoradiographic studies were performed to investigate the changes in cellular proliferation of splenic cells after sham operation and 2/3 partial hepatectomy. 54 female Wistar rats were hepatectomized and 27 rats were sham operated. The life span of the animals ranged between 12 hours and 31 days. One hour before sacrificing, the animals were injected intraperitoneally with 3H-thymidine (2.5 muCi/Ig). Liver and spleen were embedded in paraffin and epoxy. In strippingfilm autoradiograms (Kodak, AR 10) and in semithinsection autoradiograms (Eastman Kodak, NTB 2) labeling indices of the hepatocytes and Kupgger cells of the regenerating liver and of the cells in the white and red pulp as well as in the marginal zone of the spleen were measured. After 2/3 partial hepactectomy there is a marked increase of proliferating. DNA synthezising basophilic blasts and basophilic and polychromatic erythroblasts in the red pulp of the spleen of rats during the first 5 to 10 days. After the fifth day the labeling index of the myelopoietic cells increases too. The curve of the percentages of radioactive labeled cells in the red pulp shows two peaks. The first can be observed after 24 hours and the second after 5 to 10 days. The percentages of labeled cells in the lymphatic mantle zone of the white pulp and in the marginal zone increase also during the first two postoperative days. The first maximum of labeled cells in all the zones of the spleen shows a close relationship to the maximum of proliferating DNA synthesizing cells in the regenerating liver. The second peak in the red pulp is possible caused by a nonspecific multifactorial stimulus such as operation stress, blood loss or inflammation during woundhealing. This proliferation enhancing effect in the spleen, especially on the erythropoietic cells, after partial hepatectomy, which produces a mild splenomegaly during the first 5 days, is more distinct than after sham operation, mechanical or thermical lesions on parenchymal organs.", "PMID": 1180817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7757", "title": "The appearance of D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis and generalized edema in adrenalectomized rats.", "content": "In adrenalectomized female rats a single dose of 375 mg D-galactosamine.HCl per kg of body weight produces both hepatitis and generalized edema with ascites. These alterations depend upon the dose and the time interval after injection of the aminosugar. The effect is specific for D-galactosamine; 2-deoxy-galactose produces only edema and no hepatitis, whereas D-glucosamine and D-galactose are without any measurable effect. In male adrenalectomized animals D-galactosamine produced hepatitis alone; fluid extravasation occurs only after additional orchiectomy. Glucocorticoids given before or simultaneously with D-galactosamine are able to prevent the animals from gettin edema and to ameliorate hepatitis, while mineralcorticoids do not show any effect on these alterations. It is evident that the effects of D-galactosamine on the hepatocyte and on the endothelial cells are independent from each other. This leads to the conclusion that D-galactosamine acts at least upon two different target organs, the liver and the reticulo-endothelial system in general.", "contents": "The appearance of D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis and generalized edema in adrenalectomized rats. In adrenalectomized female rats a single dose of 375 mg D-galactosamine.HCl per kg of body weight produces both hepatitis and generalized edema with ascites. These alterations depend upon the dose and the time interval after injection of the aminosugar. The effect is specific for D-galactosamine; 2-deoxy-galactose produces only edema and no hepatitis, whereas D-glucosamine and D-galactose are without any measurable effect. In male adrenalectomized animals D-galactosamine produced hepatitis alone; fluid extravasation occurs only after additional orchiectomy. Glucocorticoids given before or simultaneously with D-galactosamine are able to prevent the animals from gettin edema and to ameliorate hepatitis, while mineralcorticoids do not show any effect on these alterations. It is evident that the effects of D-galactosamine on the hepatocyte and on the endothelial cells are independent from each other. This leads to the conclusion that D-galactosamine acts at least upon two different target organs, the liver and the reticulo-endothelial system in general.", "PMID": 1180818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7758", "title": "Cellular repopulation and recovery of the phytogemagglutinine (PHA) responding cell pool in the thymus of sublethally irradiated mice.", "content": "Cellular repopulation and recovery of PHA reactivity was investigated in the thymus of mice exposed to 400 R either on the whole body or with one leg protected. In the whole body irradiated cases both the cellular repopulation and the restoration of PHA reactivity in the thymus showed a cyclic pattern: an initial depression and a subsequent first recovery being followed by a secondary cellular depletion and decrease of reactivity before another recovery phase started. The phase of the secondary decrease lasted fo a similar period for both the cell number and reactivity, but was shifted in time and the reduction in reactivity began some 12 days later than that in the cell number. In the leg-shielded animals, the cellular repopulation progressed without cyclic changes, but the recovery of PHA reactivity maintained a cyclic pattern. However, due to a smaller secondary decrease, it was less pronounced than in the whole body irradiated cases. During the aging of mice from 50 to 90 day old, the cell number in the involuting thymus decreased to half of the original. The decrease in the cell population was associated with an about four-fold increase of PHA reactivity. The results were discussed in regard to the origin of the immunoreactive thymic cells. Arguments were presented in favour of the hypothesis that both the reactive and nonreactive cells originate from precursors in common, but require different lengths of time for maturation.", "contents": "Cellular repopulation and recovery of the phytogemagglutinine (PHA) responding cell pool in the thymus of sublethally irradiated mice. Cellular repopulation and recovery of PHA reactivity was investigated in the thymus of mice exposed to 400 R either on the whole body or with one leg protected. In the whole body irradiated cases both the cellular repopulation and the restoration of PHA reactivity in the thymus showed a cyclic pattern: an initial depression and a subsequent first recovery being followed by a secondary cellular depletion and decrease of reactivity before another recovery phase started. The phase of the secondary decrease lasted fo a similar period for both the cell number and reactivity, but was shifted in time and the reduction in reactivity began some 12 days later than that in the cell number. In the leg-shielded animals, the cellular repopulation progressed without cyclic changes, but the recovery of PHA reactivity maintained a cyclic pattern. However, due to a smaller secondary decrease, it was less pronounced than in the whole body irradiated cases. During the aging of mice from 50 to 90 day old, the cell number in the involuting thymus decreased to half of the original. The decrease in the cell population was associated with an about four-fold increase of PHA reactivity. The results were discussed in regard to the origin of the immunoreactive thymic cells. Arguments were presented in favour of the hypothesis that both the reactive and nonreactive cells originate from precursors in common, but require different lengths of time for maturation.", "PMID": 1180819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7759", "title": "The failure of supplemental dietary copper to prevent cuprizone-induced alterations in mouse hepatocytes.", "content": "Weaning mice were fed a powdered complete diet containing either 0.5% cuprizone, 0.5% cuprizone + 0.01% copper sulfate, or 0.01% copper sulfate. With cuprizone as the sole additive, hepatic mitochondria became greatly enlarged. When the diet contained cuprizone + copper sulfate, giant mitochondria were still present, and, in addition, numerous lysosome-like structures became evident. When only copper sulfate was added to the normal diet, the mitochondria were of normal size, but the hepatocytes contained abundant lysosomes. Dietary supplementation with cuprizone or with cuprizone + copper sulfate resulted in considerably depressed (20-50%) rates of mitochondrial oxidation. Supplementation solely with copper sulfate produced virtually no changes in oxidative activity. It may be concluded that the subcellular effects of cuprizone are not based on its ability to produce copper deficiency by chelation of copper, but on other properties of this drug.", "contents": "The failure of supplemental dietary copper to prevent cuprizone-induced alterations in mouse hepatocytes. Weaning mice were fed a powdered complete diet containing either 0.5% cuprizone, 0.5% cuprizone + 0.01% copper sulfate, or 0.01% copper sulfate. With cuprizone as the sole additive, hepatic mitochondria became greatly enlarged. When the diet contained cuprizone + copper sulfate, giant mitochondria were still present, and, in addition, numerous lysosome-like structures became evident. When only copper sulfate was added to the normal diet, the mitochondria were of normal size, but the hepatocytes contained abundant lysosomes. Dietary supplementation with cuprizone or with cuprizone + copper sulfate resulted in considerably depressed (20-50%) rates of mitochondrial oxidation. Supplementation solely with copper sulfate produced virtually no changes in oxidative activity. It may be concluded that the subcellular effects of cuprizone are not based on its ability to produce copper deficiency by chelation of copper, but on other properties of this drug.", "PMID": 1180820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7760", "title": "Hormone-dependent Polyploidy in the glandula orbitalis externa and glandula infraorbitalis of animals of different age.", "content": "The Glandula orbitalis externa and Glandular infraorbitalis of castrated and intact male rats were examined by morphological, chemical and cytophotometric methods after one, three, six and twelve months of life. Whereas qualitative changes in the cell nucleus (e.g. nuclear vacuolation, nuclear fusion) and cytoplasm (cytoplasmic vacuolation) can be detectedin the sexually mature control animals, these did not occur in the castrated male rats. An increase the percentage of higher ploid gland cell nuclei occurred only in the intact control animals. The possible cause this clearly hormone-dependent polyploidy is discussed.", "contents": "Hormone-dependent Polyploidy in the glandula orbitalis externa and glandula infraorbitalis of animals of different age. The Glandula orbitalis externa and Glandular infraorbitalis of castrated and intact male rats were examined by morphological, chemical and cytophotometric methods after one, three, six and twelve months of life. Whereas qualitative changes in the cell nucleus (e.g. nuclear vacuolation, nuclear fusion) and cytoplasm (cytoplasmic vacuolation) can be detectedin the sexually mature control animals, these did not occur in the castrated male rats. An increase the percentage of higher ploid gland cell nuclei occurred only in the intact control animals. The possible cause this clearly hormone-dependent polyploidy is discussed.", "PMID": 1180821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7761", "title": "Rhabdomyoma (adult type) of the larynx.", "content": "A rhabdomyoma successfully removed from the right false cord of a 52-year-old woman, who had been disphonic for 3 years, is reported. Histologically the tumor showed the features of the adult type rhabdomyoma. The pathologic appearance and the biologic behavior of the rhabdomyoma have been well established in the recent literature.", "contents": "Rhabdomyoma (adult type) of the larynx. A rhabdomyoma successfully removed from the right false cord of a 52-year-old woman, who had been disphonic for 3 years, is reported. Histologically the tumor showed the features of the adult type rhabdomyoma. The pathologic appearance and the biologic behavior of the rhabdomyoma have been well established in the recent literature.", "PMID": 1180822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7762", "title": "Thermographic patterns of lower limb arterial disease.", "content": "General and local abnormalities of thermic distribution in the affected limb were related to some basic patterns. Hyperthermic pattern, localized or general: it depends on existence of collateral pathways (when main arterial branches are occluded). Hypothermic pattern, localized or general: it depends on existence of severe arterial stenosis with blood flow decrease.", "contents": "Thermographic patterns of lower limb arterial disease. General and local abnormalities of thermic distribution in the affected limb were related to some basic patterns. Hyperthermic pattern, localized or general: it depends on existence of collateral pathways (when main arterial branches are occluded). Hypothermic pattern, localized or general: it depends on existence of severe arterial stenosis with blood flow decrease.", "PMID": 1180841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7763", "title": "Diagnosis, follow-up and prognosis of malignant melanomas by thermography.", "content": "Reference was made to a series of 35 cases of malignant melanoma which had not been operated on, and contributions of thermography in the following were taken into consideration. 1. the complementary nature of clinical, thermographic and histological information, both for the tumour and the lymph nodes; differentiation between less thermogenic malignant melanomas (Dubreuilh melanosis, LMM and SSM) and the forms giving rise to extensive and intense hyperthermy (NM). 2. proposal of a prognostical classification which permits the evaluation of malignancy and, to a certain degree, the prediction of survival in a manner which is more significant than the histo-topographical classification. 3. detection of local recurrences and/or lymph-node metastases in an infra-clinical state.", "contents": "Diagnosis, follow-up and prognosis of malignant melanomas by thermography. Reference was made to a series of 35 cases of malignant melanoma which had not been operated on, and contributions of thermography in the following were taken into consideration. 1. the complementary nature of clinical, thermographic and histological information, both for the tumour and the lymph nodes; differentiation between less thermogenic malignant melanomas (Dubreuilh melanosis, LMM and SSM) and the forms giving rise to extensive and intense hyperthermy (NM). 2. proposal of a prognostical classification which permits the evaluation of malignancy and, to a certain degree, the prediction of survival in a manner which is more significant than the histo-topographical classification. 3. detection of local recurrences and/or lymph-node metastases in an infra-clinical state.", "PMID": 1180842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7764", "title": "Heat exchangers between body and environment.", "content": "The human body exchanges heat with its environment via radiation, convection, conduction and evaporation. Each of the heat exchange terms in the heat balance equation S = M-E-(+/- W)-C-R has been described in further detail as related to environmental conditions and to the effect of clothing. Such factors as air velocity, mean radiant temperature, water vapor pressure in the air and thermal insulation and vapor permeability of clothing are factors which are considered. For dynamic conditions, or for conditions requiring consideration of specific areas of the body, the use of a dynamic mathematical model is recommended.", "contents": "Heat exchangers between body and environment. The human body exchanges heat with its environment via radiation, convection, conduction and evaporation. Each of the heat exchange terms in the heat balance equation S = M-E-(+/- W)-C-R has been described in further detail as related to environmental conditions and to the effect of clothing. Such factors as air velocity, mean radiant temperature, water vapor pressure in the air and thermal insulation and vapor permeability of clothing are factors which are considered. For dynamic conditions, or for conditions requiring consideration of specific areas of the body, the use of a dynamic mathematical model is recommended.", "PMID": 1180844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7765", "title": "A mathematical simulation model of the skin for evaluation of surface temperature gradients resulting from local variations in metabolism and blood flow.", "content": "A very simplified 2-dimensional simulation model of the skin and subcutaneous tissues is presented. The model is given in an annotated FORTRAN computer program with suggested numerical values for all the required constants. The model can be used to evaluate surface temperature gradients and subcutaneous thermal gradients which result from deviations of subcutaneous blood flow or heat production.", "contents": "A mathematical simulation model of the skin for evaluation of surface temperature gradients resulting from local variations in metabolism and blood flow. A very simplified 2-dimensional simulation model of the skin and subcutaneous tissues is presented. The model is given in an annotated FORTRAN computer program with suggested numerical values for all the required constants. The model can be used to evaluate surface temperature gradients and subcutaneous thermal gradients which result from deviations of subcutaneous blood flow or heat production.", "PMID": 1180845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7766", "title": "Thermal conductivity and heat transfer of the human skin.", "content": "In all problems involving heat transfer in the human body or to the environment the thermal conductivity of the tissues, especially that of the epidermis, plays an important role. Quantitatively, however, regarding the  required resolutions in time and/or space, the problems associated with the overall thermoregulation are quite different from those relating to local skin circulation. This has been discussed be referring to models designed to study the thermoregulation, electrical analogs representing also local skin areas and a number of examples. It was suggested that it is worthwhile to investigate high-resolution thermography as a useful tool for calibrating locally applied probes to measure skin blood flow.", "contents": "Thermal conductivity and heat transfer of the human skin. In all problems involving heat transfer in the human body or to the environment the thermal conductivity of the tissues, especially that of the epidermis, plays an important role. Quantitatively, however, regarding the  required resolutions in time and/or space, the problems associated with the overall thermoregulation are quite different from those relating to local skin circulation. This has been discussed be referring to models designed to study the thermoregulation, electrical analogs representing also local skin areas and a number of examples. It was suggested that it is worthwhile to investigate high-resolution thermography as a useful tool for calibrating locally applied probes to measure skin blood flow.", "PMID": 1180847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7767", "title": "Thermographic changes following steroidal administration to patients with mammary cancer.", "content": "In 27 post-menopausal patients with soft-tissue lesions of advanced breast cancer, temperature changes in skin-over tumour have been evaluated for their ability to predict response to additive hormone therapy. The thermoprofile across the tumour and its bed was selected for measuring purposes in preference to other thermographic methods. Serial measurements were carried out before and during therapy, and the observations correlated with the clinical response to therapy. Of the 14 patients who showed decrease of at least 1 degree C in the thermoprofile peak value within 2 weeks of initiating hormonal therapy, 57% showed clinical evidence of tumour regression 3 months later. Of 13 patients who did not show this change, none showed tumour regression later.", "contents": "Thermographic changes following steroidal administration to patients with mammary cancer. In 27 post-menopausal patients with soft-tissue lesions of advanced breast cancer, temperature changes in skin-over tumour have been evaluated for their ability to predict response to additive hormone therapy. The thermoprofile across the tumour and its bed was selected for measuring purposes in preference to other thermographic methods. Serial measurements were carried out before and during therapy, and the observations correlated with the clinical response to therapy. Of the 14 patients who showed decrease of at least 1 degree C in the thermoprofile peak value within 2 weeks of initiating hormonal therapy, 57% showed clinical evidence of tumour regression 3 months later. Of 13 patients who did not show this change, none showed tumour regression later.", "PMID": 1180848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7768", "title": "Direct calorimetry: a new clinical approach for measuring thermoregulatory responses in man.", "content": "The gradient layer direct calorimeter built in Lausanne allows proportionate measurement of respiratory and cutaneous heat losses. The latter consists of evaporative and convective plus radiative heat losses, which are separately measured. Obese subjects had lower heat losses and higher thermal body insulation than controls. The decreased heat loss may contribute to their positive energy balance by decreasing the energy cost of maintaining body temperature during cold exposure. The changes in heat loss during exercise are also illustrated.", "contents": "Direct calorimetry: a new clinical approach for measuring thermoregulatory responses in man. The gradient layer direct calorimeter built in Lausanne allows proportionate measurement of respiratory and cutaneous heat losses. The latter consists of evaporative and convective plus radiative heat losses, which are separately measured. Obese subjects had lower heat losses and higher thermal body insulation than controls. The decreased heat loss may contribute to their positive energy balance by decreasing the energy cost of maintaining body temperature during cold exposure. The changes in heat loss during exercise are also illustrated.", "PMID": 1180849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7769", "title": "Thermography and vasomotor test.", "content": "Vasomotor tests have a great diagnostic interest in many dermatologic diseases. Histamine dihydrochloride and acetylcholine chloride in intradermal injections, a rubefacient derived from nicotinic acid in epicutaneous application, and the dermograph are commonly used and studied here. There remain many unknown and controversial factors in the interpretation of the mechanisms of the drugs used for these tests. A thermographic approach using infrared thermography and the most recent technique with liquid crystals in sheet provide a new contribution to studies on vasomotor tests; these methods have contributed to the study of the vasomotor reactions observed in different dermatological affections, in particular atopic eczema, and have introduced new data in the controversy which subsists about interpretations of 'delayed cholinergic blanch'.", "contents": "Thermography and vasomotor test. Vasomotor tests have a great diagnostic interest in many dermatologic diseases. Histamine dihydrochloride and acetylcholine chloride in intradermal injections, a rubefacient derived from nicotinic acid in epicutaneous application, and the dermograph are commonly used and studied here. There remain many unknown and controversial factors in the interpretation of the mechanisms of the drugs used for these tests. A thermographic approach using infrared thermography and the most recent technique with liquid crystals in sheet provide a new contribution to studies on vasomotor tests; these methods have contributed to the study of the vasomotor reactions observed in different dermatological affections, in particular atopic eczema, and have introduced new data in the controversy which subsists about interpretations of 'delayed cholinergic blanch'.", "PMID": 1180850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7770", "title": "Thermography and plant physiology.", "content": "The temperature of a plant in a climatised room depends on the irradiation level. The use of a thermocamera is valuable for the characterisation of the complicated temperature distributions as can be found, for example, on a leaf in an assimilation chamber. Point measurements of temperature are useful only when the temperature distribution over an object is sufficiently known. The measurement of the radiation temperature of an object behind an infra-red transmitting filter is possible. The temperature distribution over a leaf depends on the gradients in irradiation and air humidity to which it is exposed, on local difference in stomatal opening and on air velocity.", "contents": "Thermography and plant physiology. The temperature of a plant in a climatised room depends on the irradiation level. The use of a thermocamera is valuable for the characterisation of the complicated temperature distributions as can be found, for example, on a leaf in an assimilation chamber. Point measurements of temperature are useful only when the temperature distribution over an object is sufficiently known. The measurement of the radiation temperature of an object behind an infra-red transmitting filter is possible. The temperature distribution over a leaf depends on the gradients in irradiation and air humidity to which it is exposed, on local difference in stomatal opening and on air velocity.", "PMID": 1180852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7771", "title": "Thermography in veterinary medicine.", "content": "Thermography in veterinary medicine has hitherto been proven to be a method of great value in the detection of orthopaedic lesions in racehorses. Lesions of the musculo-skeletal system affecting tendons, joints, bones and skeletal muscle can be demonstrated and documented at an early stage thereby preventing the development of more serious lesions.", "contents": "Thermography in veterinary medicine. Thermography in veterinary medicine has hitherto been proven to be a method of great value in the detection of orthopaedic lesions in racehorses. Lesions of the musculo-skeletal system affecting tendons, joints, bones and skeletal muscle can be demonstrated and documented at an early stage thereby preventing the development of more serious lesions.", "PMID": 1180855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7772", "title": "Airborne thermography or infrared remote sensing.", "content": "Airborne thermography is part of the more general remote sensing activity. The instruments suitable for image display are infrared line scanners. A great deal of interest has developed during the past 10 years in airborne thermal remote sensing and many applications are in progress. Infrared scanners on board a satellite are used for observation of cloud cover; airborne infrared scanners are used for forest fire detection, heat budget of soils, detecting insect attack, diseases, air pollution damage, water stress, salinity stress on vegetation, only to cite some main applications relevant to agronomy. Using this system it has become possible to get a 'picture' of our thermal environment.", "contents": "Airborne thermography or infrared remote sensing. Airborne thermography is part of the more general remote sensing activity. The instruments suitable for image display are infrared line scanners. A great deal of interest has developed during the past 10 years in airborne thermal remote sensing and many applications are in progress. Infrared scanners on board a satellite are used for observation of cloud cover; airborne infrared scanners are used for forest fire detection, heat budget of soils, detecting insect attack, diseases, air pollution damage, water stress, salinity stress on vegetation, only to cite some main applications relevant to agronomy. Using this system it has become possible to get a 'picture' of our thermal environment.", "PMID": 1180856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7773", "title": "Spatial resolution of thermographic cameras.", "content": "To obtain an impression of the spatial resolution of a number of thermographic cameras, a method similar to that of DODD et al. [1969] was followed: a test pattern with a series of line groups was scanned and the relative amplitude of the videosignal was plotted as a function of the spatial frequency (MTF). To make it possible to compare the various cameras directly, the spatial frequency was expressed in radians-1 and not in lines per millimeter, which makes the result less dependent on the distance. For one of the cameras, the MTF was also measured densitometrically, which yielded a lower value of spatial resolution. In practice this is of minor importance, because temperature differences are measured directly with the videosignal (isotherm mode) and not by density measurements. In contrast to Macey and Oliver [1972] who assumed that the resolution is determined by the time constant of the detector only, the resolution of the cameras investigated in our laboratory depended only on the dimensions of the detector.", "contents": "Spatial resolution of thermographic cameras. To obtain an impression of the spatial resolution of a number of thermographic cameras, a method similar to that of DODD et al. [1969] was followed: a test pattern with a series of line groups was scanned and the relative amplitude of the videosignal was plotted as a function of the spatial frequency (MTF). To make it possible to compare the various cameras directly, the spatial frequency was expressed in radians-1 and not in lines per millimeter, which makes the result less dependent on the distance. For one of the cameras, the MTF was also measured densitometrically, which yielded a lower value of spatial resolution. In practice this is of minor importance, because temperature differences are measured directly with the videosignal (isotherm mode) and not by density measurements. In contrast to Macey and Oliver [1972] who assumed that the resolution is determined by the time constant of the detector only, the resolution of the cameras investigated in our laboratory depended only on the dimensions of the detector.", "PMID": 1180858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7774", "title": "Methods of thermal blood flow measurement.", "content": "All techniques for measuring thermal blood flow have in common a small heat source and two temperature difference sensors placed in or on the tissue. The measured temperature difference can be quasistationary, nonstationary or constant, depending upon the heating pattern. Its extent and course, respectively the heating output in the case of pulse fluvography, are dependent upon blood flow. Conversion of the heat transport coefficient into specific blood flow is possible only if the vessels in the temperature field are predominantly capillaries. Both the sink and the pore theory make it possible to draw conclusions about specific blood flow from the measurement values obtained.", "contents": "Methods of thermal blood flow measurement. All techniques for measuring thermal blood flow have in common a small heat source and two temperature difference sensors placed in or on the tissue. The measured temperature difference can be quasistationary, nonstationary or constant, depending upon the heating pattern. Its extent and course, respectively the heating output in the case of pulse fluvography, are dependent upon blood flow. Conversion of the heat transport coefficient into specific blood flow is possible only if the vessels in the temperature field are predominantly capillaries. Both the sink and the pore theory make it possible to draw conclusions about specific blood flow from the measurement values obtained.", "PMID": 1180860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7775", "title": "Microwave thermography: a method of detecting subsurface thermal patterns.", "content": "A discussion has been given of the principles and techniques of microwave thermography. The method is analogous to infrared thermography in that it detects thermal radiation emitted by the body. It differs in that it is sensitive to temperatures several centimeters beneath the skin surface and has coarser spatial resolution. Results are shown of successful attempts to detect subsurface thermal gradients in feline and human tissue. Planned clinical evaluation is described.", "contents": "Microwave thermography: a method of detecting subsurface thermal patterns. A discussion has been given of the principles and techniques of microwave thermography. The method is analogous to infrared thermography in that it detects thermal radiation emitted by the body. It differs in that it is sensitive to temperatures several centimeters beneath the skin surface and has coarser spatial resolution. Results are shown of successful attempts to detect subsurface thermal gradients in feline and human tissue. Planned clinical evaluation is described.", "PMID": 1180861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7776", "title": "Thermography in diagnosis of breast diseases.", "content": "While carrying out 10,000 breast thermographic studies we have examined 4,000 palpable lesions, 1,100 of which were verified cancers. The study of these cases according to our classification into 5 categories has shown that: (1) in the benign lesions, there were 18% equivocal results and 13% 'false positives', and (2) in the malignant diseases, there were 18% doubtful thermograms, 8.5% 'false negatives' and 10% 'false positives'. Thermography allowed us to detect 10 subclinical and 56 occult cancers; in another connection we have identified a growth phase in 11% of our cancers (fast-growth forms).", "contents": "Thermography in diagnosis of breast diseases. While carrying out 10,000 breast thermographic studies we have examined 4,000 palpable lesions, 1,100 of which were verified cancers. The study of these cases according to our classification into 5 categories has shown that: (1) in the benign lesions, there were 18% equivocal results and 13% 'false positives', and (2) in the malignant diseases, there were 18% doubtful thermograms, 8.5% 'false negatives' and 10% 'false positives'. Thermography allowed us to detect 10 subclinical and 56 occult cancers; in another connection we have identified a growth phase in 11% of our cancers (fast-growth forms).", "PMID": 1180863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7777", "title": "Prognosis and post-therapeutic follow-up of breast cancers by thermography.", "content": "Statistical analysis of approximately 800 cases of breast cancer followed up for at least 3-5 years with careful correlation between mammography, thermography and clinical data has confirmed the accuracy and indispensable use of thermography for prognosis and follow-up. Pre-therapeutic prognosis. Strong correlations exist between the thermographic class and survival for T1, T2 and T3 cancers, confirming the contribution of thermography in therapeutic decision. Thus, a T1 cancer should be treated differently depending on the thermographic findings. Post-irradiation follow-up. Correlations exist between the development of thermic anomalies and the effect of irradiation on the cancer, showing the possibility of confirming sterilization or early detection of a recurrence. This is valid only if the thermic effects of radiation on the skin and gland are recognized and discounted.", "contents": "Prognosis and post-therapeutic follow-up of breast cancers by thermography. Statistical analysis of approximately 800 cases of breast cancer followed up for at least 3-5 years with careful correlation between mammography, thermography and clinical data has confirmed the accuracy and indispensable use of thermography for prognosis and follow-up. Pre-therapeutic prognosis. Strong correlations exist between the thermographic class and survival for T1, T2 and T3 cancers, confirming the contribution of thermography in therapeutic decision. Thus, a T1 cancer should be treated differently depending on the thermographic findings. Post-irradiation follow-up. Correlations exist between the development of thermic anomalies and the effect of irradiation on the cancer, showing the possibility of confirming sterilization or early detection of a recurrence. This is valid only if the thermic effects of radiation on the skin and gland are recognized and discounted.", "PMID": 1180864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7778", "title": "Techniques of infrared thermography.", "content": "Considering the main objectives of thermographic techniques and the particular characteristics of passive infrared detection, the essential arguments in favor of single detector scanners have been pointed out after a brief discussion of the detection and image pickup methods when quantitative and precise (0.1 degrees C) information on the temperature distribution near ambient temperature must be obtained. Single detector scanners can have sufficiently good performance to reach the objectives of precise thermography, but their real technical limits must be well-known in practice; consequently, the thermograph performance must be clearly defined by means of the modulation transfer function, the intrinsic thermal resolution and the response uniformity, as we indicate in the second part of this paper.", "contents": "Techniques of infrared thermography. Considering the main objectives of thermographic techniques and the particular characteristics of passive infrared detection, the essential arguments in favor of single detector scanners have been pointed out after a brief discussion of the detection and image pickup methods when quantitative and precise (0.1 degrees C) information on the temperature distribution near ambient temperature must be obtained. Single detector scanners can have sufficiently good performance to reach the objectives of precise thermography, but their real technical limits must be well-known in practice; consequently, the thermograph performance must be clearly defined by means of the modulation transfer function, the intrinsic thermal resolution and the response uniformity, as we indicate in the second part of this paper.", "PMID": 1180865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7779", "title": "Immunoadjuvant activities of synthetic N-acetyl-muramyl-peptides or -amino acids.", "content": "A variety of N-acetylmuramyl-peptides (or -amino acids) were prepared by condensation of benzyl N-acetyl-4, 6-O-brnzylidene-alpha-muramide with various peptide (or amino acid) benzyl esters by the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide--N-hydroxysuccinimide or ethylchlorocarbonate--N-methylmorpholine method and removal of the protecting groups by hyderogenolysis. N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine was identified as the minimum structural entity essential for the immunoadjuvant activities characteristic of bacterial cell walls. Consequently N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine was not adjuvant active. The tetrapeptide portion of adjuvant-active N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-lysyl-D-alanine proved to be inert, at least in induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity. The possible adjuvant activities of various analogues or diastereomers of the above N-acetylmuramyl-dipeptide and related compounds were studied. N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamic acid exhibited weak, but definite adjuvancy, but none of the others, including N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-L-isoglutamine, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamine and N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoasparagine, had any adjuvant activity. This clearly indicated the importance of the configuration of the glutamic acid residue or its amides, i.e. the presence of the D-isoglutamine residue in the N-acetylmuramyl-dipeptide, for manifestation of adjuvant activities in stimulation of both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune responses. Neither N-acetylmuramyl-D-isoglutamine nor N-acetylmuramyl-D-alanine had any adjuvancy.", "contents": "Immunoadjuvant activities of synthetic N-acetyl-muramyl-peptides or -amino acids. A variety of N-acetylmuramyl-peptides (or -amino acids) were prepared by condensation of benzyl N-acetyl-4, 6-O-brnzylidene-alpha-muramide with various peptide (or amino acid) benzyl esters by the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide--N-hydroxysuccinimide or ethylchlorocarbonate--N-methylmorpholine method and removal of the protecting groups by hyderogenolysis. N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine was identified as the minimum structural entity essential for the immunoadjuvant activities characteristic of bacterial cell walls. Consequently N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine was not adjuvant active. The tetrapeptide portion of adjuvant-active N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-lysyl-D-alanine proved to be inert, at least in induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity. The possible adjuvant activities of various analogues or diastereomers of the above N-acetylmuramyl-dipeptide and related compounds were studied. N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamic acid exhibited weak, but definite adjuvancy, but none of the others, including N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-L-isoglutamine, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamine and N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoasparagine, had any adjuvant activity. This clearly indicated the importance of the configuration of the glutamic acid residue or its amides, i.e. the presence of the D-isoglutamine residue in the N-acetylmuramyl-dipeptide, for manifestation of adjuvant activities in stimulation of both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune responses. Neither N-acetylmuramyl-D-isoglutamine nor N-acetylmuramyl-D-alanine had any adjuvancy.", "PMID": 1180867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7780", "title": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE): isolation of a defective variant of measles virus from brain obtained at autopsy.", "content": "A cytopathic agent causing formation of syncytial giant cells was isolated by co-cultivation of human embryonic lung cells with brain cells obtained at autopsy from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Measles specific intracellular immunofluorescence was detected in syncytial giant cells developed by the agent. Paramyxovirus-like nucleocapsids were observed by electron microscopy in nuclei of the syncytial giant cells. Measles specific immunofluorescence was also detected on the surface of unfixed syncytial giant cells. However, the synycytial giant cells did not produce either virions or hemogglutinin, and did not show hemadsorption of African green monkey red cells. Hence, the newly isolated agent seems to be a defective variant of measles virus, and was designated as the SSPE-\"BIKEN\" strain.", "contents": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE): isolation of a defective variant of measles virus from brain obtained at autopsy. A cytopathic agent causing formation of syncytial giant cells was isolated by co-cultivation of human embryonic lung cells with brain cells obtained at autopsy from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Measles specific intracellular immunofluorescence was detected in syncytial giant cells developed by the agent. Paramyxovirus-like nucleocapsids were observed by electron microscopy in nuclei of the syncytial giant cells. Measles specific immunofluorescence was also detected on the surface of unfixed syncytial giant cells. However, the synycytial giant cells did not produce either virions or hemogglutinin, and did not show hemadsorption of African green monkey red cells. Hence, the newly isolated agent seems to be a defective variant of measles virus, and was designated as the SSPE-\"BIKEN\" strain.", "PMID": 1180868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7781", "title": "Immunoadjuvant activities of cell walls and their water-soluble fractions prepared from various gram-positive bacteria.", "content": "The cell walls from all 21 species of gram-positive bacteria examined, except lysozyme-susceptible Micrococcus lysodeikticus (NCTC 2665) and lysozyme-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 155), were found to be definitely adjuvant-active in both stimulation of increased serum antibody levels and induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin when administered to guinea-pigs as water-in-oil emulsions. Using various cell wall lytic enzymes, the immunoadjuvant principles were solubilized with full retention of the adjuvant activities from walls of Staphylococcus aureus (Copenhagen), Streptococcus pyogens (group A, type 6; S43/100), Streptococcus salivarius (IFO 3350), Streptococcus faecalis (IFO 12580), Streptococcus mutans (BHT), Lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC 8014), Bacillus megaterium (IFO 12068), Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Park-Williams No. 8), Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Actinomyces viscous (ATCC 15987). Evidence was obtained that the non-peptidoglycan portion of the cell walls is not essential for manifestation of immunoadjuvancy.", "contents": "Immunoadjuvant activities of cell walls and their water-soluble fractions prepared from various gram-positive bacteria. The cell walls from all 21 species of gram-positive bacteria examined, except lysozyme-susceptible Micrococcus lysodeikticus (NCTC 2665) and lysozyme-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 155), were found to be definitely adjuvant-active in both stimulation of increased serum antibody levels and induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin when administered to guinea-pigs as water-in-oil emulsions. Using various cell wall lytic enzymes, the immunoadjuvant principles were solubilized with full retention of the adjuvant activities from walls of Staphylococcus aureus (Copenhagen), Streptococcus pyogens (group A, type 6; S43/100), Streptococcus salivarius (IFO 3350), Streptococcus faecalis (IFO 12580), Streptococcus mutans (BHT), Lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC 8014), Bacillus megaterium (IFO 12068), Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Park-Williams No. 8), Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Actinomyces viscous (ATCC 15987). Evidence was obtained that the non-peptidoglycan portion of the cell walls is not essential for manifestation of immunoadjuvancy.", "PMID": 1180872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7782", "title": "Immunoadjuvant activities of peptidoglycan subunits from the cell walls of Staphyloccus aureus and Lactobacillus plantarum.", "content": "Attempts were made to isolate and identify the unit chemical structure essential for manifestation of the immunoadjuvant activities characteristic of bacterial cell walls. The N-acetylmuramyl-peptide subunit monomers, Nalpha-(N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl)-Nepsilon-(glycylglycyl)-L-lysyl-D-alanine from the cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus (FDA 209P) and N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid and/or N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-meso-diaminopimelyl-D-alanine from those of Lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC 8014), were shown to be unit chemical entities with definite adjuvant activity both in stimulation of antibody production and in induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin when administered to guinea-pigs as water-in-oil emulsions.", "contents": "Immunoadjuvant activities of peptidoglycan subunits from the cell walls of Staphyloccus aureus and Lactobacillus plantarum. Attempts were made to isolate and identify the unit chemical structure essential for manifestation of the immunoadjuvant activities characteristic of bacterial cell walls. The N-acetylmuramyl-peptide subunit monomers, Nalpha-(N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl)-Nepsilon-(glycylglycyl)-L-lysyl-D-alanine from the cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus (FDA 209P) and N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid and/or N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-meso-diaminopimelyl-D-alanine from those of Lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC 8014), were shown to be unit chemical entities with definite adjuvant activity both in stimulation of antibody production and in induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin when administered to guinea-pigs as water-in-oil emulsions.", "PMID": 1180873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7783", "title": "Gene action in fish of tetraploid origin. II. Cellular and biochemical parameters in clupeoid and salmonoid fish.", "content": "By use of cell size, protein and hemoglobin content, and enzyme activities as markers, it becomes apparent that in the course of evolution the gene expression of anciently tetraploid fish of the order Ostariophysi was diploidized, but no such regulatory mechanism has evolved in the phylogenetically tetraploid species of the order Isospondyli. This finding is discussed in terms of possible selective neutrality of tetraploid expression and the phylogenetic age of Isospondyli.", "contents": "Gene action in fish of tetraploid origin. II. Cellular and biochemical parameters in clupeoid and salmonoid fish. By use of cell size, protein and hemoglobin content, and enzyme activities as markers, it becomes apparent that in the course of evolution the gene expression of anciently tetraploid fish of the order Ostariophysi was diploidized, but no such regulatory mechanism has evolved in the phylogenetically tetraploid species of the order Isospondyli. This finding is discussed in terms of possible selective neutrality of tetraploid expression and the phylogenetic age of Isospondyli.", "PMID": 1180874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7784", "title": "Polymorphism and linkage of glutathione reductase in Mus musculus.", "content": "Using an electrophoretic variant for glutathione reductase, we have been able to map the structural gene for this enzyme to chromosome 8 in Mus musculus.", "contents": "Polymorphism and linkage of glutathione reductase in Mus musculus. Using an electrophoretic variant for glutathione reductase, we have been able to map the structural gene for this enzyme to chromosome 8 in Mus musculus.", "PMID": 1180875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7785", "title": "Study of a corn (Zea mays L.) mutant (blue fluorescent-1) which accumulates anthranilic acid and its beta-glucoside.", "content": "A corn (Zea mays L.) mutant, blue fluorescent-1 (bf), is described that shows ultraviolet light induced blue fluorescence in young seedling leaves if homozygous for the mutant gene, and in anthers if either homozygous or heterozygous. The blue fluorescent compounds were extracted with acetone and separated by paper chromatography. Anthranilic acid was present and the beta-glucoside was also identified by paper chromatography and beta-glucosdase and acid treatment. A third major fluorescent compound was not identified, but it was convertible to anthranilic acid by acid treatment. Anthranilate synthetase from mutant plants was 3-40 times more active and was also more resistant to feedback inhibition by tryptophan than was the enzyme from normal plants. The high activity and feedback resistance would both lead to anthranilate accumulation. Anthranilate-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase (PR transferase), the enzyme which usually utilizes anthranilate in the tryptophan pathway, was inhibited by the beta-glucoside of anthranilic acid in a noncompetitive manner and showed very little activity in the mutant plant extract. This inhibition of the enzyme which utilizes anthranilate would also lead to accumulation. Apparently the oversynthesis of anthranilate leads to the formation of the beta-glucoside, which inhibits anthranilate utilization. The fluorescent compounds are absent in seed, but form on germination. The levels decrease with age after 35 days postgermination, but are still present in leaves during grain filling.", "contents": "Study of a corn (Zea mays L.) mutant (blue fluorescent-1) which accumulates anthranilic acid and its beta-glucoside. A corn (Zea mays L.) mutant, blue fluorescent-1 (bf), is described that shows ultraviolet light induced blue fluorescence in young seedling leaves if homozygous for the mutant gene, and in anthers if either homozygous or heterozygous. The blue fluorescent compounds were extracted with acetone and separated by paper chromatography. Anthranilic acid was present and the beta-glucoside was also identified by paper chromatography and beta-glucosdase and acid treatment. A third major fluorescent compound was not identified, but it was convertible to anthranilic acid by acid treatment. Anthranilate synthetase from mutant plants was 3-40 times more active and was also more resistant to feedback inhibition by tryptophan than was the enzyme from normal plants. The high activity and feedback resistance would both lead to anthranilate accumulation. Anthranilate-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase (PR transferase), the enzyme which usually utilizes anthranilate in the tryptophan pathway, was inhibited by the beta-glucoside of anthranilic acid in a noncompetitive manner and showed very little activity in the mutant plant extract. This inhibition of the enzyme which utilizes anthranilate would also lead to accumulation. Apparently the oversynthesis of anthranilate leads to the formation of the beta-glucoside, which inhibits anthranilate utilization. The fluorescent compounds are absent in seed, but form on germination. The levels decrease with age after 35 days postgermination, but are still present in leaves during grain filling.", "PMID": 1180876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7786", "title": "Esterase. XXI. Es-9, a possibly new polymorphic esterase in Mus musculus genetically linked to es-2.", "content": "A so far undescribed gene controlling zone III esterases has been detected by means of disc gel electrophoresis of kidney homogenates from the two inbred mice strains NMRI and SK/Cam. The gene is tentatively designated Es-9, and the two codominant alleles are designated Es-9a and Es-9b. Es-9 esterases are present in many tissues, but, unlike the other zone III esterase (controlled by Es-5), are not found in the serum. Close linkage with the Es-2 gene leads us to map the Es-9 gene on chromosome 8.", "contents": "Esterase. XXI. Es-9, a possibly new polymorphic esterase in Mus musculus genetically linked to es-2. A so far undescribed gene controlling zone III esterases has been detected by means of disc gel electrophoresis of kidney homogenates from the two inbred mice strains NMRI and SK/Cam. The gene is tentatively designated Es-9, and the two codominant alleles are designated Es-9a and Es-9b. Es-9 esterases are present in many tissues, but, unlike the other zone III esterase (controlled by Es-5), are not found in the serum. Close linkage with the Es-2 gene leads us to map the Es-9 gene on chromosome 8.", "PMID": 1180877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7787", "title": "Molecular and genetic structure of multiple hemoglobins in the eelpout, Zoarces vivparus L.", "content": "Six major hemoglobin components are present in the teleostean fish Zoarces viviparus L. Biochemical characterization has led to a molecular model for the polypeptide chain composition of the individual hemoglobins. Only three different chains are involved. They are determined by three different structural loci, as indicated by the genetic variation of the electrophoretic hemoglobin pattern observed in natural populations. Hemoglobins occur that, despite identical chain compositions, have different electrophoretic mobilities. This may be due to a mechanism, known from man, where part of the hemoglobin is blocked by a hexose.", "contents": "Molecular and genetic structure of multiple hemoglobins in the eelpout, Zoarces vivparus L. Six major hemoglobin components are present in the teleostean fish Zoarces viviparus L. Biochemical characterization has led to a molecular model for the polypeptide chain composition of the individual hemoglobins. Only three different chains are involved. They are determined by three different structural loci, as indicated by the genetic variation of the electrophoretic hemoglobin pattern observed in natural populations. Hemoglobins occur that, despite identical chain compositions, have different electrophoretic mobilities. This may be due to a mechanism, known from man, where part of the hemoglobin is blocked by a hexose.", "PMID": 1180878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7788", "title": "Genetic polymorphism in the bladder campion, Silene maritima.", "content": "A survey of protein variability has been made in wild populations of Silene maritima, a perennial outcrossing coastal plant. In the most extensively studied populations, at Beesands, six out of 21 loci were polymorphic, and the average heterozygosity was 0.153. Four polymorphic loci were studied on an extensive shingle beach at Dungeness. Three loci showed no frequency cline with distance from the sea; a fourth locus, that for adenylate kinase, showed a barely significant cline, which was not confirmed by a repeat study in the same place a year later. Five polymorphic loci were studied at Beesands along a strip of shingle beach and up a contiguous cliff. No frequency difference between the two habitats was observed. There are significant differences in allelic frequencies between localities. It is concluded that the data fail to show an association between habitat and gene frequency, although they were collected in such a way as to be capable of demonstrating such an association if it existed.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphism in the bladder campion, Silene maritima. A survey of protein variability has been made in wild populations of Silene maritima, a perennial outcrossing coastal plant. In the most extensively studied populations, at Beesands, six out of 21 loci were polymorphic, and the average heterozygosity was 0.153. Four polymorphic loci were studied on an extensive shingle beach at Dungeness. Three loci showed no frequency cline with distance from the sea; a fourth locus, that for adenylate kinase, showed a barely significant cline, which was not confirmed by a repeat study in the same place a year later. Five polymorphic loci were studied at Beesands along a strip of shingle beach and up a contiguous cliff. No frequency difference between the two habitats was observed. There are significant differences in allelic frequencies between localities. It is concluded that the data fail to show an association between habitat and gene frequency, although they were collected in such a way as to be capable of demonstrating such an association if it existed.", "PMID": 1180879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7789", "title": "Hb Mobile [alpha2beta2 73(E17)Asp replaced by Val]: a new variant.", "content": "A new hemoglobin variant found in a mother and her child was characterized by column chromatography of the tryptic hydrolysate of the aminoethylated, glycinamidated beta-chain, followed by chymotryptic digestion of the abnormal beta T-9 peptide and amino acid analyses. It was shown to be alpha2beta2 73(E17)Asp replaced by Val and named by Hb Mobile.", "contents": "Hb Mobile [alpha2beta2 73(E17)Asp replaced by Val]: a new variant. A new hemoglobin variant found in a mother and her child was characterized by column chromatography of the tryptic hydrolysate of the aminoethylated, glycinamidated beta-chain, followed by chymotryptic digestion of the abnormal beta T-9 peptide and amino acid analyses. It was shown to be alpha2beta2 73(E17)Asp replaced by Val and named by Hb Mobile.", "PMID": 1180880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7790", "title": "Simple vs. complex inheritance of inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in mouse tissues.", "content": "The genetics of induction of hepatic and lung aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) have been studied in Af/Ki and AKR/Ki mice and in their F1 and F2 progeny after administration of 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC). Furthermore, the induction of AHH was investigated using the fetal liver explant model system with 3MC, trans-1,2-dihydroxy-3MC, and 4'-bromoflavone as the inducers. The results obtained with the above strains were contrasted with those from the C57BL/6Ki, DBA/2+Ki, and their crosses. The present investigation revealed a complex pattern of inheritance of basal and inducible AHH in lung and liver of AKR/Ki and Af/Ki, with a poor correlation between lung and liver. Hepatic AHH was not fully inducible in the F1 hybrids, while the frequency distribution function in the F2 mice was suggestive of more than two distinct classes.", "contents": "Simple vs. complex inheritance of inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in mouse tissues. The genetics of induction of hepatic and lung aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) have been studied in Af/Ki and AKR/Ki mice and in their F1 and F2 progeny after administration of 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC). Furthermore, the induction of AHH was investigated using the fetal liver explant model system with 3MC, trans-1,2-dihydroxy-3MC, and 4'-bromoflavone as the inducers. The results obtained with the above strains were contrasted with those from the C57BL/6Ki, DBA/2+Ki, and their crosses. The present investigation revealed a complex pattern of inheritance of basal and inducible AHH in lung and liver of AKR/Ki and Af/Ki, with a poor correlation between lung and liver. Hepatic AHH was not fully inducible in the F1 hybrids, while the frequency distribution function in the F2 mice was suggestive of more than two distinct classes.", "PMID": 1180881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7791", "title": "Gene activation of alcohol dehydrogenase in Japanese quail and chicken-quail hybrid embryos.", "content": "No preferential activation of the maternally derived alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) allele was found in any of the chicken male x Japanese quail female hybrids examined. ADH activity in the liver was, in fact, found to exist in two different cathodal zonal regions on starch gel electropherograms; the zone II bands appeared at day 5 of incubation in the quail embryo (day 6 in the hybrid embryo) and the zone I bands appeared in 9-day quail embryos (10-day hybrid embryos). By day 13 of incubation, only the faster-migrating zone I bands could be detected in both quail and hybrid embryos.", "contents": "Gene activation of alcohol dehydrogenase in Japanese quail and chicken-quail hybrid embryos. No preferential activation of the maternally derived alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) allele was found in any of the chicken male x Japanese quail female hybrids examined. ADH activity in the liver was, in fact, found to exist in two different cathodal zonal regions on starch gel electropherograms; the zone II bands appeared at day 5 of incubation in the quail embryo (day 6 in the hybrid embryo) and the zone I bands appeared in 9-day quail embryos (10-day hybrid embryos). By day 13 of incubation, only the faster-migrating zone I bands could be detected in both quail and hybrid embryos.", "PMID": 1180882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7792", "title": "Citrulline metabolism in normal and citrullinemic human lymphocyte lines.", "content": "Citrullinemia is one of the five aminoacidurias associated with the Krebs-Henseleit urea cycle. A long-term lymphocyte line (UM-21) derived from a patient with this disease and nine of ten clones of this line were found to have no activity for the enzyme argininosuccinate synthetase (AS), as demonstrated by their inability to grow in medium in which citrulline had been substituted for arginine, by their inability to incorporate arginine-C14 derived from citrulline-C14 into cellular protein, and by direct enzyme assay. One clone had normal or nearly normal argininosuccinate synthetase activity, as demonstrated by the same criteria. Nutritional \"variants\" able to grow logarithmically in medium containing citrulline were isolated from UM-21 and three clones. The apparent Kms of AS for citrulline in UM-21, the ten clones, the variant lines, and a normal line were measured and fell into three groups: AS in UM-21 and nine clones had no measurable apparent Km for citrulline; AS in the variant cells had apparent Kms for citrulline of approximately 20 mM; and AS in the normal cell line and one clone had apparent Kms for citrulline of 0.2 mM. The data suggest that the defect in the citrullinemic cell lines is due to a mutation in the structural gene coding for argininosuccinate synthetase.", "contents": "Citrulline metabolism in normal and citrullinemic human lymphocyte lines. Citrullinemia is one of the five aminoacidurias associated with the Krebs-Henseleit urea cycle. A long-term lymphocyte line (UM-21) derived from a patient with this disease and nine of ten clones of this line were found to have no activity for the enzyme argininosuccinate synthetase (AS), as demonstrated by their inability to grow in medium in which citrulline had been substituted for arginine, by their inability to incorporate arginine-C14 derived from citrulline-C14 into cellular protein, and by direct enzyme assay. One clone had normal or nearly normal argininosuccinate synthetase activity, as demonstrated by the same criteria. Nutritional \"variants\" able to grow logarithmically in medium containing citrulline were isolated from UM-21 and three clones. The apparent Kms of AS for citrulline in UM-21, the ten clones, the variant lines, and a normal line were measured and fell into three groups: AS in UM-21 and nine clones had no measurable apparent Km for citrulline; AS in the variant cells had apparent Kms for citrulline of approximately 20 mM; and AS in the normal cell line and one clone had apparent Kms for citrulline of 0.2 mM. The data suggest that the defect in the citrullinemic cell lines is due to a mutation in the structural gene coding for argininosuccinate synthetase.", "PMID": 1180883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7793", "title": "Allozyme genetics in permanent translocation heterozygotes of the Oenothera biennis complex.", "content": "Allozyme inheritance and transmission genetics of 11 enzyme systems were determined in the permanent translocation heterozygotes Oenothera biennis, Oe. strigosa, and Oe. parviflora. Electrophoretic variation was examined first among 164 strains of structural heterozygotes. Allelic configurations were then judged from inheritance patterns in reciprocal F1 hybrids between each of 22 ring-forming strains and tester strains of the related bivalent-formers, Oe. hookeri and Oe. grandiflora. Allozymes are inherited as codominant markers, and, as dictated by the genetic system, within a strain individual allelic variants are generally transmitted through only one germ line. Of the 20 loci resolved, only eight are polymorphic in any species, and, within species, generally only two alleles are present at each polymorphic locus. Despite the relatively meager allelic array, each of the 22 strains whose chromosome complexes were characterized is genotypically unique. Generally, within taxa, alpha (egg) and beta (sperm) complexes differ in allele frequency at several polymorphic loci. Such variability is correlated with differences in the phylogenetic origins of complexes and not with differences in segmental arrangement within a group of related complexes.", "contents": "Allozyme genetics in permanent translocation heterozygotes of the Oenothera biennis complex. Allozyme inheritance and transmission genetics of 11 enzyme systems were determined in the permanent translocation heterozygotes Oenothera biennis, Oe. strigosa, and Oe. parviflora. Electrophoretic variation was examined first among 164 strains of structural heterozygotes. Allelic configurations were then judged from inheritance patterns in reciprocal F1 hybrids between each of 22 ring-forming strains and tester strains of the related bivalent-formers, Oe. hookeri and Oe. grandiflora. Allozymes are inherited as codominant markers, and, as dictated by the genetic system, within a strain individual allelic variants are generally transmitted through only one germ line. Of the 20 loci resolved, only eight are polymorphic in any species, and, within species, generally only two alleles are present at each polymorphic locus. Despite the relatively meager allelic array, each of the 22 strains whose chromosome complexes were characterized is genotypically unique. Generally, within taxa, alpha (egg) and beta (sperm) complexes differ in allele frequency at several polymorphic loci. Such variability is correlated with differences in the phylogenetic origins of complexes and not with differences in segmental arrangement within a group of related complexes.", "PMID": 1180884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7794", "title": "Induction of 16alpha-hydroxylase in cultured human lymphocytes.", "content": "Lymphocytes grown for 72 hr in the presence of mitogenic agents exhibited a nine-fold increase in 16alpha-hydroxylase activity over a 24-hr period following the addition of 17beta-estradiol as an inducing agent. The major metabolite of 17beta-estradiol produced by induced lymphocytes showed a chromatographic mobility indistinguishable from that of estriol. Enzymatic activity increased linearly with cell numbers, was inhibited by CO, and exhibited no induced increase in the presence of cycloheximide. A population survey indicated about 68% of a randomly selected Caucasian group to be essentially uninducible for 16alpha-hydroxylase.", "contents": "Induction of 16alpha-hydroxylase in cultured human lymphocytes. Lymphocytes grown for 72 hr in the presence of mitogenic agents exhibited a nine-fold increase in 16alpha-hydroxylase activity over a 24-hr period following the addition of 17beta-estradiol as an inducing agent. The major metabolite of 17beta-estradiol produced by induced lymphocytes showed a chromatographic mobility indistinguishable from that of estriol. Enzymatic activity increased linearly with cell numbers, was inhibited by CO, and exhibited no induced increase in the presence of cycloheximide. A population survey indicated about 68% of a randomly selected Caucasian group to be essentially uninducible for 16alpha-hydroxylase.", "PMID": 1180885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7795", "title": "Ribonucleic acid synthesis in isolated rat liver nuclei under conditions of ribonucleic acid processing and transport.", "content": "A cell-free system is described which permits a significant and prolonged synthesis of RNA in isolated rat liver nuclei, under conditions previously demonstrated to support normal nuclear processing and transport of both rRNA and mRNA. The system contains cytosol but not (NH4)2SO4 or other non-physiological components. Evidence is presented for cytosol factors which stimulate ribosomal, and to a lesser degree, non-ribosomal RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Ribonucleic acid synthesis in isolated rat liver nuclei under conditions of ribonucleic acid processing and transport. A cell-free system is described which permits a significant and prolonged synthesis of RNA in isolated rat liver nuclei, under conditions previously demonstrated to support normal nuclear processing and transport of both rRNA and mRNA. The system contains cytosol but not (NH4)2SO4 or other non-physiological components. Evidence is presented for cytosol factors which stimulate ribosomal, and to a lesser degree, non-ribosomal RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1180886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7796", "title": "Interaction of bilirubin with reconstituted collagen fibrils.", "content": "1. Interaction of bilirubin with collagen fibrils was explored in a two-phase system where collagen was present as an opaque rigid gel composed of striated fibrils, and bilirubin as an aqueous solution. 2. The Ka value of the binding of bilirubin to collagen fibrils is 5.4 X 10(3)M-1. The interaction of bilirubin with collagen fibrils depends on temperature. Below 5 degrees C, the binding is greatly diminished and denaturation of collagen fibril aggregates at 52--53 degrees C into a dissolution state abolishes binding of bilirubin. 3. Salicylate and sulphanilamide do not affect the binding of bilirubin to reconstituted collagen fibrils. 4. Serum albumin (40--80mM), known to reverse the binding of bilirubin to lipids, dissociates only 50% of the bilirubin bound to collagen fibrils. This suggests that sites located on collagen participate in some tight binding of bilirubin and the corresponding binding sites on albumin do not compete with them. 5. Urea (4M) abolishes more than 70% of the binding of bilirubin to collagen. Urea and thermal denaturation studies indicate the importance of conformation and organization of collagen fibrillar aggregates for the binding of bilirubin.", "contents": "Interaction of bilirubin with reconstituted collagen fibrils. 1. Interaction of bilirubin with collagen fibrils was explored in a two-phase system where collagen was present as an opaque rigid gel composed of striated fibrils, and bilirubin as an aqueous solution. 2. The Ka value of the binding of bilirubin to collagen fibrils is 5.4 X 10(3)M-1. The interaction of bilirubin with collagen fibrils depends on temperature. Below 5 degrees C, the binding is greatly diminished and denaturation of collagen fibril aggregates at 52--53 degrees C into a dissolution state abolishes binding of bilirubin. 3. Salicylate and sulphanilamide do not affect the binding of bilirubin to reconstituted collagen fibrils. 4. Serum albumin (40--80mM), known to reverse the binding of bilirubin to lipids, dissociates only 50% of the bilirubin bound to collagen fibrils. This suggests that sites located on collagen participate in some tight binding of bilirubin and the corresponding binding sites on albumin do not compete with them. 5. Urea (4M) abolishes more than 70% of the binding of bilirubin to collagen. Urea and thermal denaturation studies indicate the importance of conformation and organization of collagen fibrillar aggregates for the binding of bilirubin.", "PMID": 1180887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7797", "title": "Analysis of the forms of acetylcholinesterase from adult mouse brain.", "content": "The solubilization of 80% of the acetylcholinesterase activity of mouse brain was performed by repeated 2h incubations of homogenates at 37 degrees C in an aqueous medium. Analysis of the soluble extract by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 showed that up to 80% of the enzyme activity was eluted in a peak which was estimated to consist of molecules of about 74000mol.wt. This peak was called the monomer form of the enzyme. After 3 days at 4 degrees C, the soluble extract was re-analysed and was eluted from the column in four peaks of about 74000, 155000, 360000 and 720000 mol.wt. Since the total activity of the enzyme in these peaks was the same as that in the predominantly monomer elution profile of fresh enzyme, we concluded that the monomer had aggregated, possibly into dimers, tetramers and octomers. Extracts of the enzyme were analysed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and the resulting multiple bands of enzyme activity on gels were shown to separate according to their molecular sizes, that is by molecular sieving. All these forms had similar susceptibilities to the inhibitors eserine, tetra-isopropyl pyrophosphoramide and compound BW 284c51 [1,5-bis-(4-allyldimethylammoniumphenyl)pentan-3-one dibromide]. Thus the forms of the enzyme in mouse brain which can be detected by gel filtration and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis may all be related to a single low-molecular-weight form which aggregates during storage. This supports similar suggestions made for the enzyme in other locations.", "contents": "Analysis of the forms of acetylcholinesterase from adult mouse brain. The solubilization of 80% of the acetylcholinesterase activity of mouse brain was performed by repeated 2h incubations of homogenates at 37 degrees C in an aqueous medium. Analysis of the soluble extract by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 showed that up to 80% of the enzyme activity was eluted in a peak which was estimated to consist of molecules of about 74000mol.wt. This peak was called the monomer form of the enzyme. After 3 days at 4 degrees C, the soluble extract was re-analysed and was eluted from the column in four peaks of about 74000, 155000, 360000 and 720000 mol.wt. Since the total activity of the enzyme in these peaks was the same as that in the predominantly monomer elution profile of fresh enzyme, we concluded that the monomer had aggregated, possibly into dimers, tetramers and octomers. Extracts of the enzyme were analysed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and the resulting multiple bands of enzyme activity on gels were shown to separate according to their molecular sizes, that is by molecular sieving. All these forms had similar susceptibilities to the inhibitors eserine, tetra-isopropyl pyrophosphoramide and compound BW 284c51 [1,5-bis-(4-allyldimethylammoniumphenyl)pentan-3-one dibromide]. Thus the forms of the enzyme in mouse brain which can be detected by gel filtration and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis may all be related to a single low-molecular-weight form which aggregates during storage. This supports similar suggestions made for the enzyme in other locations.", "PMID": 1180888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7798", "title": "Separation of a series of chromophores and fluorophores present in elastin.", "content": "Purified elastin was hydrolysed with HCl and manipulated under conditions that minimized oxidation. Gel-permeation chromatography on polyacrylamide gel and ion-exchange chromatography on dextran cation-exchanger each resulted in the separation of a series of yellow fluorescent fractions. These hitherto unreported ampholytes have fluorescence spectra that approximate to that of the intact protein, and account for its characteristic optical properties. Since the coloured fluorophores are confined to enzyme-resistant regions of the protein molecule they appear to have important structural implications.", "contents": "Separation of a series of chromophores and fluorophores present in elastin. Purified elastin was hydrolysed with HCl and manipulated under conditions that minimized oxidation. Gel-permeation chromatography on polyacrylamide gel and ion-exchange chromatography on dextran cation-exchanger each resulted in the separation of a series of yellow fluorescent fractions. These hitherto unreported ampholytes have fluorescence spectra that approximate to that of the intact protein, and account for its characteristic optical properties. Since the coloured fluorophores are confined to enzyme-resistant regions of the protein molecule they appear to have important structural implications.", "PMID": 1180889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7799", "title": "The actin content of fibroblasts.", "content": "Cultures of chick skin fibroblasts were dissolved in solutions of sodium dodecyl sulphate, and their entire protein content was examined by gel electrophoresis. The most abundant species migrated in the same position as muscle actin. It gave a similar pattern of iodinated peptides after reaction with radioactive sodium iodide and digestion with proteinases, and contained comparable amounts of Nt-methylhistidine. Its amount was estimated by quantitative densitometry of stained gels with bovine serum albumin as an internal standard, and by radioactive assay of cultures that had been grown in the presence of [35S]methionine. The values obtained ranged from 7 to 14% of the total cellular protein, with an average of 8.5%. A protein band in the position of muscle myosin was also present and accounted for about 2.5% of the total protein. Both this and the actin band increased in relative amount with the age of the cultures.", "contents": "The actin content of fibroblasts. Cultures of chick skin fibroblasts were dissolved in solutions of sodium dodecyl sulphate, and their entire protein content was examined by gel electrophoresis. The most abundant species migrated in the same position as muscle actin. It gave a similar pattern of iodinated peptides after reaction with radioactive sodium iodide and digestion with proteinases, and contained comparable amounts of Nt-methylhistidine. Its amount was estimated by quantitative densitometry of stained gels with bovine serum albumin as an internal standard, and by radioactive assay of cultures that had been grown in the presence of [35S]methionine. The values obtained ranged from 7 to 14% of the total cellular protein, with an average of 8.5%. A protein band in the position of muscle myosin was also present and accounted for about 2.5% of the total protein. Both this and the actin band increased in relative amount with the age of the cultures.", "PMID": 1180890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7800", "title": "The interaction between bovine serum albumin and surfactants.", "content": "1. Potassium n-decyl phosphate binds exothermically to bovine serum albumin at pH 7.0 to form a specific complex containing approx. 60 phosphate anions. 2. The formation of the complex is accompanied by changes in the u.v. difference spectrum of the protein. 3. At higher phosphate concentrations (above 0.4mM) surfactant molecules continue to be bound, and the protein undergoes a gross change in conformation. 4. n-Dodecyltri-methylammonium bromide binds endothermically to bovine serum albumin at pH7.0 but the extent of binding for a given free surfactant concentration is less than for the phosphate surfactant. 5. Binding is accompanied by a small change in the specific viscosity and by changes in the u.v. difference spectrum of the protein. 6. It is suggested that over the surfactant concentration ranges studied n-decyl phosphate ions first bind to the C-terminal part of the protein and then to the more compact N-terminal part whereas n-dodecyltrimethylammonium ions bind only to the C-terminal part of bovine serum albumin.", "contents": "The interaction between bovine serum albumin and surfactants. 1. Potassium n-decyl phosphate binds exothermically to bovine serum albumin at pH 7.0 to form a specific complex containing approx. 60 phosphate anions. 2. The formation of the complex is accompanied by changes in the u.v. difference spectrum of the protein. 3. At higher phosphate concentrations (above 0.4mM) surfactant molecules continue to be bound, and the protein undergoes a gross change in conformation. 4. n-Dodecyltri-methylammonium bromide binds endothermically to bovine serum albumin at pH7.0 but the extent of binding for a given free surfactant concentration is less than for the phosphate surfactant. 5. Binding is accompanied by a small change in the specific viscosity and by changes in the u.v. difference spectrum of the protein. 6. It is suggested that over the surfactant concentration ranges studied n-decyl phosphate ions first bind to the C-terminal part of the protein and then to the more compact N-terminal part whereas n-dodecyltrimethylammonium ions bind only to the C-terminal part of bovine serum albumin.", "PMID": 1180891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7801", "title": "Decarboxylation of uroporphyrin by heating at atmospheric pressure.", "content": "Free uroporphyrin is decarboxylated by heating in the air to 150--200 degrees C. Complete decarboxylation occurs after heating to 200 degrees C for 5 min, with a yield of 66--75%. Heptacarboxylic porphyrin can be prepared with a yield of 40% by heating uroporphyrin to 150 degrees C for 60 min, and hexacarboxylic porphyrin with a yield of about 20% by heating to 150 degrees C for 2h.", "contents": "Decarboxylation of uroporphyrin by heating at atmospheric pressure. Free uroporphyrin is decarboxylated by heating in the air to 150--200 degrees C. Complete decarboxylation occurs after heating to 200 degrees C for 5 min, with a yield of 66--75%. Heptacarboxylic porphyrin can be prepared with a yield of 40% by heating uroporphyrin to 150 degrees C for 60 min, and hexacarboxylic porphyrin with a yield of about 20% by heating to 150 degrees C for 2h.", "PMID": 1180892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7802", "title": "Some properties of the citrate synthase from the extreme halophile, Halobacterium cutirubrum.", "content": "1. Citrate synthase [citrate oxaloacetate-lyase (CoA-acetylating), EC 4.1.3.7] was purified about 400-fold from the extreme halophile, Halobacterium cutirubrum, by a method involving (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. 2. The purified enzyme was best activated by high concentrations of KCl (3M); the chlorides of other cations and K+ salts of other anions (Br-, NO3-, SCN-) were less effective than KCl as activators. The enzyme was best stabilized by high concentrations of NaCl or KCl. Cold-lability was found in the presence of 3M-KCl, but not in the presence of NaCl at concentrations up to 5M. The results suggest that both the shielding of negative charges on the enzyme molecule and the stabilization of hydrophobic bonds by high KCl concentrations were required for maximum activity of the enzyme. 3. The double-reciprocal plots for acetyl-CoA or oxaloacetate at several concentrations of the co-substrate intersected at the abscissa in the presence of either KCl or NaCl, at either 1 or 3M. The Km for oxaloacetate increased about fivefold with the salt concentration, from 1 to 3M.", "contents": "Some properties of the citrate synthase from the extreme halophile, Halobacterium cutirubrum. 1. Citrate synthase [citrate oxaloacetate-lyase (CoA-acetylating), EC 4.1.3.7] was purified about 400-fold from the extreme halophile, Halobacterium cutirubrum, by a method involving (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. 2. The purified enzyme was best activated by high concentrations of KCl (3M); the chlorides of other cations and K+ salts of other anions (Br-, NO3-, SCN-) were less effective than KCl as activators. The enzyme was best stabilized by high concentrations of NaCl or KCl. Cold-lability was found in the presence of 3M-KCl, but not in the presence of NaCl at concentrations up to 5M. The results suggest that both the shielding of negative charges on the enzyme molecule and the stabilization of hydrophobic bonds by high KCl concentrations were required for maximum activity of the enzyme. 3. The double-reciprocal plots for acetyl-CoA or oxaloacetate at several concentrations of the co-substrate intersected at the abscissa in the presence of either KCl or NaCl, at either 1 or 3M. The Km for oxaloacetate increased about fivefold with the salt concentration, from 1 to 3M.", "PMID": 1180893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7803", "title": "The sequences of the coenzyme-binding peptide in the cytoplasmic and the mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferases from sheep liver.", "content": "The sequences of the coenzyme-binding peptide of both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferases from sheep liver were determined. The holoenzymes were treated with NaBH4 and digested with chymotrypsin; peptides containing bound pyridoxal phosphate were then isolated. One phosphopyridoxyl peptide was obtained from sheep liver cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase. Its sequence was Ser-Ne-(phosphopyridoxyl)-Lys-Asn-Phe. This sequence is identical with that reported for the homologous peptide from pig heart cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase. Two phosphopyridoxyl peptides with different RF values were isolated from the sheep liver mitochondrial isoenzyme. They had the same N-terminal amino acid and similar amino acid composition. The mitochondrial phosphopyridoxyl peptide of highest yield and purity had the sequence Ala-Ne-(phosphopyridoxyl)-Lys-Asx-Met-Gly-Leu-Tyr. The sequence of the first four amino acids is identical with that already reported for the phosphopyridoxyl tetrapeptide from the pig heart mitochondrial isoenzyme. The heptapeptide found for the sheep liver mitochondrial isoenzyme closely resembles the corresponding sequence taken from the primary structure of the pig heart cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase.", "contents": "The sequences of the coenzyme-binding peptide in the cytoplasmic and the mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferases from sheep liver. The sequences of the coenzyme-binding peptide of both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferases from sheep liver were determined. The holoenzymes were treated with NaBH4 and digested with chymotrypsin; peptides containing bound pyridoxal phosphate were then isolated. One phosphopyridoxyl peptide was obtained from sheep liver cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase. Its sequence was Ser-Ne-(phosphopyridoxyl)-Lys-Asn-Phe. This sequence is identical with that reported for the homologous peptide from pig heart cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase. Two phosphopyridoxyl peptides with different RF values were isolated from the sheep liver mitochondrial isoenzyme. They had the same N-terminal amino acid and similar amino acid composition. The mitochondrial phosphopyridoxyl peptide of highest yield and purity had the sequence Ala-Ne-(phosphopyridoxyl)-Lys-Asx-Met-Gly-Leu-Tyr. The sequence of the first four amino acids is identical with that already reported for the phosphopyridoxyl tetrapeptide from the pig heart mitochondrial isoenzyme. The heptapeptide found for the sheep liver mitochondrial isoenzyme closely resembles the corresponding sequence taken from the primary structure of the pig heart cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase.", "PMID": 1180894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7804", "title": "The amino acid sequence of plastocyanin from spinach. (Spinacia oleracea L.).", "content": "The amino acid sequence of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) plastocyanin was determined. It consists of a single polypeptide chain of 99 residues and has a sequence molecular weight of 10415. The sequence was determined by using a Beckman 890C automatic sequencer and by the dansyl--phenyl isothiocyanate analysis of peptides obtained by the enzymic digestion of purified CNBr fragments. Overlap through the two methionine residues was not shown. Sedimentation equilibrium in the ultracentrifuge gave a molecular weight for spinach plastocyanin of about 9000, in contrast with the value of 21000 reported previously by Katoh et al. (1962).", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of plastocyanin from spinach. (Spinacia oleracea L.). The amino acid sequence of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) plastocyanin was determined. It consists of a single polypeptide chain of 99 residues and has a sequence molecular weight of 10415. The sequence was determined by using a Beckman 890C automatic sequencer and by the dansyl--phenyl isothiocyanate analysis of peptides obtained by the enzymic digestion of purified CNBr fragments. Overlap through the two methionine residues was not shown. Sedimentation equilibrium in the ultracentrifuge gave a molecular weight for spinach plastocyanin of about 9000, in contrast with the value of 21000 reported previously by Katoh et al. (1962).", "PMID": 1180895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7805", "title": "Purification of porcine enterokinase by affinity chromatography.", "content": "A method is described for the purification of porcine enterokinase by affinity chromatography with p-aminobenzamidine as the ligand. Purification was completed by immunoadsorption with antisera raised to components binding non-biologically to the gel. The final enterokinase preparation was 2.3 times more active than the most active preparation previously described.", "contents": "Purification of porcine enterokinase by affinity chromatography. A method is described for the purification of porcine enterokinase by affinity chromatography with p-aminobenzamidine as the ligand. Purification was completed by immunoadsorption with antisera raised to components binding non-biologically to the gel. The final enterokinase preparation was 2.3 times more active than the most active preparation previously described.", "PMID": 1180896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7806", "title": "The use of ammonium acetate in the precipitation of ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Ammonium acetate (0.24M) in combination with cold 66% (v/v) ethanol quantitatively precipitated RNA from very dilute solutions (greater than or equal to mug/ml) after centrifugation for 2.5 X 10(6)g-min. There was also less co-precipitation of detergents with ammonium acetate than NaCl.", "contents": "The use of ammonium acetate in the precipitation of ribonucleic acid. Ammonium acetate (0.24M) in combination with cold 66% (v/v) ethanol quantitatively precipitated RNA from very dilute solutions (greater than or equal to mug/ml) after centrifugation for 2.5 X 10(6)g-min. There was also less co-precipitation of detergents with ammonium acetate than NaCl.", "PMID": 1180897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7807", "title": "The distinguishing characteristics of the plasma membrane are its exposed proteins.", "content": "The exposed proteins of the plasma membrane of normal human lymphocytes and platelets were labelled by using the lactoperoxidase macromolecular probe system. The labelled components were separated into molecular-weight classes by sodium dodecyl sulphate--polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. In contrast with the report by Tanner et al. (1974), a comparison of the two cell types showed that the major labelled components in both cell types were glycoproteins and were not identical. It is concluded that the exposed proteins are probably the most distinguishing characteristic of the plasma membrane of differentiated cell types.", "contents": "The distinguishing characteristics of the plasma membrane are its exposed proteins. The exposed proteins of the plasma membrane of normal human lymphocytes and platelets were labelled by using the lactoperoxidase macromolecular probe system. The labelled components were separated into molecular-weight classes by sodium dodecyl sulphate--polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. In contrast with the report by Tanner et al. (1974), a comparison of the two cell types showed that the major labelled components in both cell types were glycoproteins and were not identical. It is concluded that the exposed proteins are probably the most distinguishing characteristic of the plasma membrane of differentiated cell types.", "PMID": 1180898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7808", "title": "Nature of the multiple forms of sweet-potato glucose phosphate isomerase.", "content": "The previously reported isoenzymes of sweet-potato glucose 6-phosphate isomerase were resolved by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The multiple forms exhibited identical electrophoretic properties and electrofocused as a single component with an apparent isoelectric pH of 4.0. Chromatographic studies also suggest that the multiple forms do not represent true isoenzymes.", "contents": "Nature of the multiple forms of sweet-potato glucose phosphate isomerase. The previously reported isoenzymes of sweet-potato glucose 6-phosphate isomerase were resolved by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The multiple forms exhibited identical electrophoretic properties and electrofocused as a single component with an apparent isoelectric pH of 4.0. Chromatographic studies also suggest that the multiple forms do not represent true isoenzymes.", "PMID": 1180899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7809", "title": "The use of the direct linear plot for determining initial velocities.", "content": "A new method is described for estimating initial velocities of enzyme-catalysed reactions. It is simple to apply either graphically or numerically, and is particularly appropriate for experiments in which the initial straight part of the progress curve is very short or non-existent. It requires no more knowledge than is readily available about the details of the system, such as the extent of reaction at equilibrium, the rate of enzyme inactivation, the nature of product inhibition etc., unlike some other methods of analysing progress curves, which are often invalidated by small errors in the defining assumptions.", "contents": "The use of the direct linear plot for determining initial velocities. A new method is described for estimating initial velocities of enzyme-catalysed reactions. It is simple to apply either graphically or numerically, and is particularly appropriate for experiments in which the initial straight part of the progress curve is very short or non-existent. It requires no more knowledge than is readily available about the details of the system, such as the extent of reaction at equilibrium, the rate of enzyme inactivation, the nature of product inhibition etc., unlike some other methods of analysing progress curves, which are often invalidated by small errors in the defining assumptions.", "PMID": 1180900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7810", "title": "Sigmoid curves, non-linear double-reciprocal plots and allosterism.", "content": "1. The theory of plane curves was applied to the graphical methods used in enzyme kinetics and a mathematical analysis of the possible graph shapes is given. 2. The belief that allosterism can be inferred from steady-state data alone is subjected to criticism and the mathematical significance of sigmoid curves and non-linear double-reciprocal plots is explored. 3. It is suggested that the usual methods of interpreting steady-state kinetic data are often based on over-restrictive assumptions which prevent maximum utilization of the available data. 4. Methods for obtaining the degree of the rate equation from graph shapes obtained directly from initial-rate measurements and from replots of asymptotic behaviour as chi approach the level 0 and chi approach the level infinity are discussed. 5. Detailed proofs of the theorems given in the text have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50049 (10 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1975), 145, 5.", "contents": "Sigmoid curves, non-linear double-reciprocal plots and allosterism. 1. The theory of plane curves was applied to the graphical methods used in enzyme kinetics and a mathematical analysis of the possible graph shapes is given. 2. The belief that allosterism can be inferred from steady-state data alone is subjected to criticism and the mathematical significance of sigmoid curves and non-linear double-reciprocal plots is explored. 3. It is suggested that the usual methods of interpreting steady-state kinetic data are often based on over-restrictive assumptions which prevent maximum utilization of the available data. 4. Methods for obtaining the degree of the rate equation from graph shapes obtained directly from initial-rate measurements and from replots of asymptotic behaviour as chi approach the level 0 and chi approach the level infinity are discussed. 5. Detailed proofs of the theorems given in the text have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50049 (10 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1975), 145, 5.", "PMID": 1180901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7811", "title": "Properties of protein-chlorophyll complexes from pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves. The organization of chlorophyll.", "content": "Chlorophyll-protein-detergent complexes were prepared from pea chloroplasts by using sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Circular-dichroism spectra showed that complex CPI has a dimeric arrangement of chlorophyll a, with additional weaker interactions. Ellipticities were determined for both complexes and for purified chlorophylls in solution, and it is argued that the circular dichroism of complex CPII is derived from chlorophyll-protein interaction rather than from interaction between chlorophylls a and b. The detergent could be removed from the complexes by using urea and gel filtration, leaving the chlorophyll-protein in solution, although in each case a diminished ellipticity indicated some loss of organization. Three-peaked circular-dichroism spectra of chloroplast fragments before and after addition of detergent were compared with a curve obtained by summing graphically the spectra of complexes CPI, CPII and the free-pigment fraction. There was good correspondence at 650 nm, and the longer-wavelength peaks agreed in form and magnitude, but with discrepancies in position. It was concluded that complexes CPI and CPII pre-exist in the original material, but that there is an environmental effect which is destroyed when the complexes are extracted.", "contents": "Properties of protein-chlorophyll complexes from pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves. The organization of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll-protein-detergent complexes were prepared from pea chloroplasts by using sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Circular-dichroism spectra showed that complex CPI has a dimeric arrangement of chlorophyll a, with additional weaker interactions. Ellipticities were determined for both complexes and for purified chlorophylls in solution, and it is argued that the circular dichroism of complex CPII is derived from chlorophyll-protein interaction rather than from interaction between chlorophylls a and b. The detergent could be removed from the complexes by using urea and gel filtration, leaving the chlorophyll-protein in solution, although in each case a diminished ellipticity indicated some loss of organization. Three-peaked circular-dichroism spectra of chloroplast fragments before and after addition of detergent were compared with a curve obtained by summing graphically the spectra of complexes CPI, CPII and the free-pigment fraction. There was good correspondence at 650 nm, and the longer-wavelength peaks agreed in form and magnitude, but with discrepancies in position. It was concluded that complexes CPI and CPII pre-exist in the original material, but that there is an environmental effect which is destroyed when the complexes are extracted.", "PMID": 1180902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7812", "title": "The active site of penicillinase from Staphylococcus aureus PC1. Isolation of a specific covalent complex with the substrate quinacillin.", "content": "1. The penicillinase-catalysed hydrolysis of quinacillin was quenched by addition of 5 m-guanidinium chloride or 1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulphate, and the quenched reaction mixture was dialysed exhaustively against solutions of the denaturant. 2. Irreversibly bound quinacillin was shown by titration with HgCl2 to be covalently attached to the protein by the beta-lactam carboxyl group. 3. The derivative was found to be stable over the pH range 3.5-8.5. 4. Chymotryptic hydrolysis of the product and subsequent fractionation showed that quinacillin was bound to one or possibly two peptides.", "contents": "The active site of penicillinase from Staphylococcus aureus PC1. Isolation of a specific covalent complex with the substrate quinacillin. 1. The penicillinase-catalysed hydrolysis of quinacillin was quenched by addition of 5 m-guanidinium chloride or 1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulphate, and the quenched reaction mixture was dialysed exhaustively against solutions of the denaturant. 2. Irreversibly bound quinacillin was shown by titration with HgCl2 to be covalently attached to the protein by the beta-lactam carboxyl group. 3. The derivative was found to be stable over the pH range 3.5-8.5. 4. Chymotryptic hydrolysis of the product and subsequent fractionation showed that quinacillin was bound to one or possibly two peptides.", "PMID": 1180903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7813", "title": "Stopped-flow fluorescence studies on saccharide binding to lysozyme.", "content": "The binding of the beta-1-4-linked trimer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to hen egg-white lysozyme was studied by rapid-reaction-kinetic methods with tryptophyl fluorescence observation of the transients. It was found that discrete segments of the fluorescence-difference spectrum from this reaction were perturbed at different time-points during the binding process. The results were interpretated as the formation of the initial complex, the fast phase of the reaction, perturbing the environment of tryptophan-62 and a subsequent and slower rearrangement of the initial complex perturbing the environment of tryptophan-108. At pH 4.4, the release of protons from aspartate-101 occurred during the rearrangement step of the binding reaction. A model for the reaction is presented (E, enzyme; L, ligand): (see article) The association of this ligand with lysozyme may be visualized in three-dimensional terms as initial complex-formation across the top of the active-site cleft followed by a diving motion of the ligand into the cleft.", "contents": "Stopped-flow fluorescence studies on saccharide binding to lysozyme. The binding of the beta-1-4-linked trimer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to hen egg-white lysozyme was studied by rapid-reaction-kinetic methods with tryptophyl fluorescence observation of the transients. It was found that discrete segments of the fluorescence-difference spectrum from this reaction were perturbed at different time-points during the binding process. The results were interpretated as the formation of the initial complex, the fast phase of the reaction, perturbing the environment of tryptophan-62 and a subsequent and slower rearrangement of the initial complex perturbing the environment of tryptophan-108. At pH 4.4, the release of protons from aspartate-101 occurred during the rearrangement step of the binding reaction. A model for the reaction is presented (E, enzyme; L, ligand): (see article) The association of this ligand with lysozyme may be visualized in three-dimensional terms as initial complex-formation across the top of the active-site cleft followed by a diving motion of the ligand into the cleft.", "PMID": 1180904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7814", "title": "Physicochemical properties of Planorbis corneus erythrocruorin.", "content": "The erythrocruorin from the snail Planorbis corneus had a sedimentation coefficient, so/20,w, of 33.5 +/- 0.31 S, and a molecular weight of 1.65 x 10(6) +/- 0.04 x 10(6) by high-speed sedimentation-equilibrium ultracentrifugation. The amino acid composition and absorption spectrum of the protein are reported. A very low number of half-cystine residues was found, corresponding to 0.4 residue per haem group. The haem content was 2.76 +/- 0.22%, corresponding to a protein molecular weight of about 22300. Under both acid and alkaline conditions partial dissociation took place to yield mixtures of products that could not be identified. A subunit corresponding to that containing one haem group was not obtained under any of the dossociating conditions tried. Electron microscopy revealed a ring-shaped molecule about 12.2 +/- 0.5 nm in diameter. The native erythrocruorin bound O2 co-operatively, the intermediate value of h in Hill plots having values between 1.7 and 3.4 depending on the conditions.", "contents": "Physicochemical properties of Planorbis corneus erythrocruorin. The erythrocruorin from the snail Planorbis corneus had a sedimentation coefficient, so/20,w, of 33.5 +/- 0.31 S, and a molecular weight of 1.65 x 10(6) +/- 0.04 x 10(6) by high-speed sedimentation-equilibrium ultracentrifugation. The amino acid composition and absorption spectrum of the protein are reported. A very low number of half-cystine residues was found, corresponding to 0.4 residue per haem group. The haem content was 2.76 +/- 0.22%, corresponding to a protein molecular weight of about 22300. Under both acid and alkaline conditions partial dissociation took place to yield mixtures of products that could not be identified. A subunit corresponding to that containing one haem group was not obtained under any of the dossociating conditions tried. Electron microscopy revealed a ring-shaped molecule about 12.2 +/- 0.5 nm in diameter. The native erythrocruorin bound O2 co-operatively, the intermediate value of h in Hill plots having values between 1.7 and 3.4 depending on the conditions.", "PMID": 1180905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7815", "title": "Studies of the acetylcholinesterase from houseflies (Musca domestica L.) resistant and susceptible to organophosphorus insecticides.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase from the heads of insecticide-resistant and -susceptible houseflies (Musca domestica L.) was studied in vitro. The enzymes could not be distinguished electrophoretically, and their behaviour on polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis was influenced by the presence of Triton X-100 in both the homogenate and the gels. In the absence of detergent, the acetylcholinesterase was heterogeneous, but behaved as a single enzyme when it was present. By analogy with studies of acetylcholinesterase from other sources, these observations were attributed to aggregation of the enzyme when not bound by membranes. The enzyme from resistant flies was more slowly inhibited than the susceptible enzyme, bimolecular rate constants (ki) differing by approx. 4-20-fold for a range of organophosphorus compounds. The kinetics of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase were consistent with the results of electrophoresis, i.e. they corresponded to those of a single enzyme in the presence of Triton X-100, but a mixture of enzymes in its absence. The susceptibility of the more sensitive components in these mixtures was determined.", "contents": "Studies of the acetylcholinesterase from houseflies (Musca domestica L.) resistant and susceptible to organophosphorus insecticides. Acetylcholinesterase from the heads of insecticide-resistant and -susceptible houseflies (Musca domestica L.) was studied in vitro. The enzymes could not be distinguished electrophoretically, and their behaviour on polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis was influenced by the presence of Triton X-100 in both the homogenate and the gels. In the absence of detergent, the acetylcholinesterase was heterogeneous, but behaved as a single enzyme when it was present. By analogy with studies of acetylcholinesterase from other sources, these observations were attributed to aggregation of the enzyme when not bound by membranes. The enzyme from resistant flies was more slowly inhibited than the susceptible enzyme, bimolecular rate constants (ki) differing by approx. 4-20-fold for a range of organophosphorus compounds. The kinetics of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase were consistent with the results of electrophoresis, i.e. they corresponded to those of a single enzyme in the presence of Triton X-100, but a mixture of enzymes in its absence. The susceptibility of the more sensitive components in these mixtures was determined.", "PMID": 1180906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7816", "title": "X-ray photoelectron spectra of iron-sulphur proteins.", "content": "The X-ray photoelectron spectra of the 2p, 3s and 3p levels of iron in oxidized Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin indicate that the eight iron atoms in the molecule are indistinguishable. Their magnetic state is indicated both by core polarization splitting of the 3s electrons, and by \"shake-up' satellites on the 2p lines. Similar satellites are observed in the 2p lines of reduced Chromatium high-potential iron-sulphur proteins and oxidized spinach ferredoxin, indicating that there too the iron atoms are magnetic. The low observed magnetic susceptibility of these proteins is therefore due to spin-coupling between the iron atoms in the active centre.", "contents": "X-ray photoelectron spectra of iron-sulphur proteins. The X-ray photoelectron spectra of the 2p, 3s and 3p levels of iron in oxidized Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin indicate that the eight iron atoms in the molecule are indistinguishable. Their magnetic state is indicated both by core polarization splitting of the 3s electrons, and by \"shake-up' satellites on the 2p lines. Similar satellites are observed in the 2p lines of reduced Chromatium high-potential iron-sulphur proteins and oxidized spinach ferredoxin, indicating that there too the iron atoms are magnetic. The low observed magnetic susceptibility of these proteins is therefore due to spin-coupling between the iron atoms in the active centre.", "PMID": 1180907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7817", "title": "Secondary alkylsulphatases in a strain of Comamonas terrigena.", "content": "The occurrence in a strain of Comamonas terrigena of secondary alkylsulphatase activity towards potassium decan-5-yl sulphate is reported. A number of cell-washing and osmotic-shock procedures for releasing bacterial exocytoplasmic enzymes were ineffective in releasing this activity. Primary alkylsulphatases are not present in the organism, nor can their formation be induced under a wide variety of experimental conditions tested.", "contents": "Secondary alkylsulphatases in a strain of Comamonas terrigena. The occurrence in a strain of Comamonas terrigena of secondary alkylsulphatase activity towards potassium decan-5-yl sulphate is reported. A number of cell-washing and osmotic-shock procedures for releasing bacterial exocytoplasmic enzymes were ineffective in releasing this activity. Primary alkylsulphatases are not present in the organism, nor can their formation be induced under a wide variety of experimental conditions tested.", "PMID": 1180908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7818", "title": "Acetyl groups in cell-wall preparations from higher plants.", "content": "O-Acetyl groups were detected by i.r. spectroscopy in cell-wall preparations from grasses and other higher plants and their presence was confirmed chemically. The amounts present are likely to influence both the physical state of the cell-wall polysaccharides and also their digestion by enzymes.", "contents": "Acetyl groups in cell-wall preparations from higher plants. O-Acetyl groups were detected by i.r. spectroscopy in cell-wall preparations from grasses and other higher plants and their presence was confirmed chemically. The amounts present are likely to influence both the physical state of the cell-wall polysaccharides and also their digestion by enzymes.", "PMID": 1180909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7819", "title": "The identification of a peptide in human parotid saliva particularly active in enhancing the glycolytic activity of the salivary micro-organisms.", "content": "A factor in saliva responsible for markedly activating the glycolytic activity of micro-organisms was isolated from parotid secretions and identified as a small basic peptide. Analysis of the peptide showed a high proportion of histidine, lysine and arginine. Its minimum molecular weight was calculated to be between 2500 and 3000.", "contents": "The identification of a peptide in human parotid saliva particularly active in enhancing the glycolytic activity of the salivary micro-organisms. A factor in saliva responsible for markedly activating the glycolytic activity of micro-organisms was isolated from parotid secretions and identified as a small basic peptide. Analysis of the peptide showed a high proportion of histidine, lysine and arginine. Its minimum molecular weight was calculated to be between 2500 and 3000.", "PMID": 1180910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7820", "title": "The amino acid sequence of troponin I from rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin I was determined by the isolation of the cyanogen bromide fragments and the tryptic methionine-containing peptides. Troponin I contains 179 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 20864. Its N-terminus is acetylated. Detailed evidence on which the sequence is based has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50055 (23 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7QB, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 145, 5.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of troponin I from rabbit skeletal muscle. The complete amino acid sequence of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin I was determined by the isolation of the cyanogen bromide fragments and the tryptic methionine-containing peptides. Troponin I contains 179 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 20864. Its N-terminus is acetylated. Detailed evidence on which the sequence is based has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50055 (23 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7QB, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 145, 5.", "PMID": 1180911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7821", "title": "The Sulphation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and related compounds by the rat liver cytosol.", "content": "Cytosol preparations of rat liver and kidney were examined for their ability to transfer sulphate from adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid. Little activity towards this substrate was observed, and the main product detected in the reaction mixtures was identified as p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol O-sulphate. This was not formed from p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, a spontaneous oxidation product of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, by sulphation followed by a rapid enzyme-catalysed reduction of the intermediate phydroxybenzaldehyde O-sulphate. This product was formed mainly by this sequence of reactions, but the reverse, reduction followed by sulphation, also appeared possible. p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol itself was very readily sulphated by both preparations, and the liver also produced a sulpho-conjugate of homogentisic acid. These observations are important in calculating the turnover of L-tyrosine O-sulphate in the mammalian system, and establish that p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid O-sulphate is an end product of its metabolism, rather than an intermediate in its synthesis by reversed transamination.", "contents": "The Sulphation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and related compounds by the rat liver cytosol. Cytosol preparations of rat liver and kidney were examined for their ability to transfer sulphate from adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid. Little activity towards this substrate was observed, and the main product detected in the reaction mixtures was identified as p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol O-sulphate. This was not formed from p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, a spontaneous oxidation product of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, by sulphation followed by a rapid enzyme-catalysed reduction of the intermediate phydroxybenzaldehyde O-sulphate. This product was formed mainly by this sequence of reactions, but the reverse, reduction followed by sulphation, also appeared possible. p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol itself was very readily sulphated by both preparations, and the liver also produced a sulpho-conjugate of homogentisic acid. These observations are important in calculating the turnover of L-tyrosine O-sulphate in the mammalian system, and establish that p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid O-sulphate is an end product of its metabolism, rather than an intermediate in its synthesis by reversed transamination.", "PMID": 1180912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7822", "title": "Interactions of glucose, acetoacetate and insulin in mammary-gland slices of lactating rats.", "content": "1. Utilization of 5mM-glucose by slices of lactating mammary gland was decreased 33% on addition of acetoacetate (2mM) to the incubation medium. This inhibition was accompanied by increases in the intracellular concentrations of citrate and glucose 6-phosphate. 2. In the presence of acetoacetates the accumulation of pyruvate in the medium approximately doubled. 3. Insulin completely reversed the inhibitory effect of acetoacetates on glucose utilization, without altering the amount of acetoacetate removed or pyruvate formed. 4. Similar results were obtained with mammary-gland slices from diabetic rats, except that insulin did not completely reverse the effects of acetoacetates. 5. Acetoacetate inhibited the formation of 14CO2 from [1-14C]pyruvate; this effect was not overcome by insulin. 6. Insulin increased the proportion of [3-14C]acetoacetate that was converted into lipid and decreased that oxidized to CO2.7. The physiological significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Interactions of glucose, acetoacetate and insulin in mammary-gland slices of lactating rats. 1. Utilization of 5mM-glucose by slices of lactating mammary gland was decreased 33% on addition of acetoacetate (2mM) to the incubation medium. This inhibition was accompanied by increases in the intracellular concentrations of citrate and glucose 6-phosphate. 2. In the presence of acetoacetates the accumulation of pyruvate in the medium approximately doubled. 3. Insulin completely reversed the inhibitory effect of acetoacetates on glucose utilization, without altering the amount of acetoacetate removed or pyruvate formed. 4. Similar results were obtained with mammary-gland slices from diabetic rats, except that insulin did not completely reverse the effects of acetoacetates. 5. Acetoacetate inhibited the formation of 14CO2 from [1-14C]pyruvate; this effect was not overcome by insulin. 6. Insulin increased the proportion of [3-14C]acetoacetate that was converted into lipid and decreased that oxidized to CO2.7. The physiological significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1180913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7823", "title": "Rate-limiting factors in the oxidation of ethanol by isolated rat liver cells.", "content": "The oxidation of ethanol by isolated liver cells from starved rats is limited by the rate of removal of reducing equivalents generated in the cytosol by alcohol dehydrogenase. Evidence is presented suggesting that, in these cells, transfer of reducing equivalents from the cytosol to the mitochondria is regulated by the intracellular concentrations of the intermediates of the malate-aspartate and glycerol 3-phosphate cycles, as well as by flux through the respiratory chain. In liver cells isolated from fed rats, the availability of substrate increased the cell content of intermediates of the hydrogen-transfer cycles, and enhanced ethanol uptake. Under these conditions, ethanol consumption is limited by the availability of ADP for oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Rate-limiting factors in the oxidation of ethanol by isolated rat liver cells. The oxidation of ethanol by isolated liver cells from starved rats is limited by the rate of removal of reducing equivalents generated in the cytosol by alcohol dehydrogenase. Evidence is presented suggesting that, in these cells, transfer of reducing equivalents from the cytosol to the mitochondria is regulated by the intracellular concentrations of the intermediates of the malate-aspartate and glycerol 3-phosphate cycles, as well as by flux through the respiratory chain. In liver cells isolated from fed rats, the availability of substrate increased the cell content of intermediates of the hydrogen-transfer cycles, and enhanced ethanol uptake. Under these conditions, ethanol consumption is limited by the availability of ADP for oxidative phosphorylation.", "PMID": 1180914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7824", "title": "Betaine-induced stimulation of respiration at high osmolarities in a halotolerant bacterium.", "content": "It was shown that non-penetrating solutes at high concentrations inhibit the respiration of the halotolerant bacterium Ba1. Betaine relieved the inhibition caused by osmotic stress and exhibited in this respect a considerable structural specificity. The rate of oxidation of various substrates was stimulated to different extents. It stimulated the rates of both respiration and growth to a similar extent, leaving the energy yield essentially unchanged. In cells pre-loaded with labelled glutamate, betaine also stimulated the rate of oxidation of this intracellular substrate. Betaine was accumulated by respiring cells, and the maximum amount taken up was correlated with the osmolarity of the medium. As judged by chromatography, accumulated intracellular betaine underwent no chemical modification, and this accumulated betaine could not be exchanged with the betaine in the medium or released by passive efflux when respiration was inhibited. Intracellular betaine caused no stimulation of respiration, whereas betaine added to the medium increased the respiratory rate to the same extent in cells pre-loaded with betaine as that in the nonloaded cells. The above observations suggest that iso-economic adjustment is not involved in the anti-osmotic effect of betaine, and that betaine exerts its action on the cellular membrane from the outside.", "contents": "Betaine-induced stimulation of respiration at high osmolarities in a halotolerant bacterium. It was shown that non-penetrating solutes at high concentrations inhibit the respiration of the halotolerant bacterium Ba1. Betaine relieved the inhibition caused by osmotic stress and exhibited in this respect a considerable structural specificity. The rate of oxidation of various substrates was stimulated to different extents. It stimulated the rates of both respiration and growth to a similar extent, leaving the energy yield essentially unchanged. In cells pre-loaded with labelled glutamate, betaine also stimulated the rate of oxidation of this intracellular substrate. Betaine was accumulated by respiring cells, and the maximum amount taken up was correlated with the osmolarity of the medium. As judged by chromatography, accumulated intracellular betaine underwent no chemical modification, and this accumulated betaine could not be exchanged with the betaine in the medium or released by passive efflux when respiration was inhibited. Intracellular betaine caused no stimulation of respiration, whereas betaine added to the medium increased the respiratory rate to the same extent in cells pre-loaded with betaine as that in the nonloaded cells. The above observations suggest that iso-economic adjustment is not involved in the anti-osmotic effect of betaine, and that betaine exerts its action on the cellular membrane from the outside.", "PMID": 1180915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7825", "title": "Skeletal-muscle growth and protein turnover.", "content": "Because of turnover, protein synthesis and breakdown can each be involved in the regulation of the growth of tissue protein. To investigate the regulation of skeletal-muscle-protein growth we measured rates of protein synthesis and breakdown in growing rats during development on a good diet, during development on a marginally low-protein diet and during rehabilitation on a good diet after a period of severe protein deficiency. Rates of protein synthesis were measured in vivo with a constant intravenous infusion of [14C]tyrosine. The growth rate of muscle protein was measured and the rate of breakdown calculated as breakdown rate=synthesis rate-growth rate. These measurements showed that during development on a good diet there was a fall with age in the rate of protein synthesis resulting from a fall in capacity (RNA concentration) and activity (synthesis rate per unit of RNA). There was a fall with age in the breakdown rate so that the rate was highest in the weaning rats, with a half-life of 3 days. There was a direct correlation between the fractional growth and breakdown rates. During rehabilitation on the good diet, rapid growth was also accompanied by high rates of protein breakdown. During growth on the inadequate diet protein synthesis rates were lesss than in controls, but growth occurred because of decreased rates of protein breakdown. This compression was not complete, however, since ultimate muscle size was only one-half that of controls. It is suggested that increased rates of protein breakdown are a necessary accompaniment to muscle growth and may result from the way in which myofibrils proliferate.", "contents": "Skeletal-muscle growth and protein turnover. Because of turnover, protein synthesis and breakdown can each be involved in the regulation of the growth of tissue protein. To investigate the regulation of skeletal-muscle-protein growth we measured rates of protein synthesis and breakdown in growing rats during development on a good diet, during development on a marginally low-protein diet and during rehabilitation on a good diet after a period of severe protein deficiency. Rates of protein synthesis were measured in vivo with a constant intravenous infusion of [14C]tyrosine. The growth rate of muscle protein was measured and the rate of breakdown calculated as breakdown rate=synthesis rate-growth rate. These measurements showed that during development on a good diet there was a fall with age in the rate of protein synthesis resulting from a fall in capacity (RNA concentration) and activity (synthesis rate per unit of RNA). There was a fall with age in the breakdown rate so that the rate was highest in the weaning rats, with a half-life of 3 days. There was a direct correlation between the fractional growth and breakdown rates. During rehabilitation on the good diet, rapid growth was also accompanied by high rates of protein breakdown. During growth on the inadequate diet protein synthesis rates were lesss than in controls, but growth occurred because of decreased rates of protein breakdown. This compression was not complete, however, since ultimate muscle size was only one-half that of controls. It is suggested that increased rates of protein breakdown are a necessary accompaniment to muscle growth and may result from the way in which myofibrils proliferate.", "PMID": 1180916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7826", "title": "Drug induction and sex differences of renal glutathione S-transferases in the rat.", "content": "Treatment of male rats with 3,4-benzopyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital resulted in the induction of glutathione S-aryl- and S-aralkyl-transferase activities in kidney cytosol. Benzopyrene produced 77 and 44% increases in aryl and aralkyl activities respectively. Methylcholanthrene caused 73 and 86% increases in the retrospective activities, whereas phenobarbital treatment increased only aralkyl activity (51%). There was no effect on epoxide or alkyl glutathione S-transferase activities with these treatments. Differences were found between the specific activities of the four glutathione S-transferases in females and males, with the following female/male ratios: aryl 0.74; aralkyl 2.37; epoxide 1.52; alkyl 1.33. No changes in Km values were observed relative to drug induction or sex differences. Comparisons are made between the findings of this report and corresponding experiements with liver.", "contents": "Drug induction and sex differences of renal glutathione S-transferases in the rat. Treatment of male rats with 3,4-benzopyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital resulted in the induction of glutathione S-aryl- and S-aralkyl-transferase activities in kidney cytosol. Benzopyrene produced 77 and 44% increases in aryl and aralkyl activities respectively. Methylcholanthrene caused 73 and 86% increases in the retrospective activities, whereas phenobarbital treatment increased only aralkyl activity (51%). There was no effect on epoxide or alkyl glutathione S-transferase activities with these treatments. Differences were found between the specific activities of the four glutathione S-transferases in females and males, with the following female/male ratios: aryl 0.74; aralkyl 2.37; epoxide 1.52; alkyl 1.33. No changes in Km values were observed relative to drug induction or sex differences. Comparisons are made between the findings of this report and corresponding experiements with liver.", "PMID": 1180917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7827", "title": "Biochemical changes in cultured foetal rat liver explants.", "content": "Liver explants from 20-day-old foetuses cultured for 48h in the absence of serum released 70% of their total soluble protein content into the medium. In the presence of serum this loss still amounted to 60%. The concentration of total particulate protein remained unchanged but there was some translocation of mitochondrial enzymes to the cytosol, and enzymes expected to increase during this stage of development failed to do so. The addition of cortisol plus glucagon (to serum-containing media) did not decrease the loss of total soluble protein from the explants but induced considerable tyrosine aminotransferase activity which was not released into the medium. The observations suggest that under the usual culture conditions a minority of the cells retain their functional integrity. The extent of deterioration, not reflected in histologically visible necrosis or cell damage, can be conveniently monitored by the malate dehydrogenase activity released to the medium.", "contents": "Biochemical changes in cultured foetal rat liver explants. Liver explants from 20-day-old foetuses cultured for 48h in the absence of serum released 70% of their total soluble protein content into the medium. In the presence of serum this loss still amounted to 60%. The concentration of total particulate protein remained unchanged but there was some translocation of mitochondrial enzymes to the cytosol, and enzymes expected to increase during this stage of development failed to do so. The addition of cortisol plus glucagon (to serum-containing media) did not decrease the loss of total soluble protein from the explants but induced considerable tyrosine aminotransferase activity which was not released into the medium. The observations suggest that under the usual culture conditions a minority of the cells retain their functional integrity. The extent of deterioration, not reflected in histologically visible necrosis or cell damage, can be conveniently monitored by the malate dehydrogenase activity released to the medium.", "PMID": 1180918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7828", "title": "Characteristics of aspartate deamination by the puring nucleotide cycle in the cytosol fraction of rat liver.", "content": "1. The component reactions of the puring nucleotide cycle were studied in cytosol extracts of rat liver. 2. AMP deaminase was strongly activated by ATP and analogues of ATP. 3. IMP was converted into ATP by a system requiring the presence of aspartate, GTP and a nucleoside triphosphate-regenerating system. 4. Under appropriate conditions, NH3 was produced from aspartate. 5. From the rates at which these reactions occur it is concluded that the purine nucleotide cycle may have sufficient activity to be a major pathway of amino acid deamination in liver.", "contents": "Characteristics of aspartate deamination by the puring nucleotide cycle in the cytosol fraction of rat liver. 1. The component reactions of the puring nucleotide cycle were studied in cytosol extracts of rat liver. 2. AMP deaminase was strongly activated by ATP and analogues of ATP. 3. IMP was converted into ATP by a system requiring the presence of aspartate, GTP and a nucleoside triphosphate-regenerating system. 4. Under appropriate conditions, NH3 was produced from aspartate. 5. From the rates at which these reactions occur it is concluded that the purine nucleotide cycle may have sufficient activity to be a major pathway of amino acid deamination in liver.", "PMID": 1180919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7829", "title": "The effect of inhibitors in vivo on protein synthesis and the amino acid pool in the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina.", "content": "1. The rates of detoxification of cycloheximide (33 mug/g fresh wt.), puromycin (167 mug/g fresh wt.) and actinomycin D (1 mug/g fresh wt.) were assessed in vivo on the basis of acid-insoluble [14C]leucine incorporation in the sheep blowfly, Lucilla cuprina; these were compared with quantitative estimates which took account not only of incorporation data but also of leucine pool size and turnover. Quantitatively, cycloheximide and puromycin were still at least 50% effective in inhibiting protein synthesis after 6.5 and 24.5h of exposure respectively, whereas values based only on incorporation data suggested that cycloheximide was 83% effective and puromycin completely ineffective after the respective periods. Quantitative estimates also showed that actinomycin D effectiveness increased with increasing exposure over 24.5h, in contrast with values based only on incorporation data, which suggested that it was completely ineffective after 24h.2. All inhibitors affected the dynamic state of the amino acid pool; there was a marked decrease in the rate of leucine-pool turnover as well as an increase in the half-life of leucine in the pool. 3. Inhibition of protein synthesis resulted in changes in leucine-pool size; the most pronounced increase occurred with cycloheximide and puromycin and the most pronounced decreases with actinomycin D. 4. Evidence is presented which suggests that proteolysis is functionally linked to protein synthesis, which determines its rate indirectly.", "contents": "The effect of inhibitors in vivo on protein synthesis and the amino acid pool in the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. 1. The rates of detoxification of cycloheximide (33 mug/g fresh wt.), puromycin (167 mug/g fresh wt.) and actinomycin D (1 mug/g fresh wt.) were assessed in vivo on the basis of acid-insoluble [14C]leucine incorporation in the sheep blowfly, Lucilla cuprina; these were compared with quantitative estimates which took account not only of incorporation data but also of leucine pool size and turnover. Quantitatively, cycloheximide and puromycin were still at least 50% effective in inhibiting protein synthesis after 6.5 and 24.5h of exposure respectively, whereas values based only on incorporation data suggested that cycloheximide was 83% effective and puromycin completely ineffective after the respective periods. Quantitative estimates also showed that actinomycin D effectiveness increased with increasing exposure over 24.5h, in contrast with values based only on incorporation data, which suggested that it was completely ineffective after 24h.2. All inhibitors affected the dynamic state of the amino acid pool; there was a marked decrease in the rate of leucine-pool turnover as well as an increase in the half-life of leucine in the pool. 3. Inhibition of protein synthesis resulted in changes in leucine-pool size; the most pronounced increase occurred with cycloheximide and puromycin and the most pronounced decreases with actinomycin D. 4. Evidence is presented which suggests that proteolysis is functionally linked to protein synthesis, which determines its rate indirectly.", "PMID": 1180920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7830", "title": "Conversion of [U-14C]threonine into 14C-labelled amino acids in the brain of thiamin-deficient rats.", "content": "In confirmation of the findings of Gaitonde et al. (1974), a decrease in the brain concentration of threonine and serine, and an increase in glycine, were observed in rats maintained on a thiamin-deficient diet. Similar changes were found in the blood, and the concentration of several other amino acids in the blood decreased significantly. There was a correlation between the concentrations of threonine, serine, aspartate and asparagine in the brain and blood. In experiments in which [U-14C]threonine was injected into rats most of the radioactivity in the brain and blood of control rats was, as expected, in threonine in the acid soluble metabolites. In contrast, a considerable proportion of radioactivity was also found in other amino acids, namely glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyrate and alanine, in the brain of thiamin-deficient rats. [U-14C]Threonine was also converted into 14C-labelled lactate and glucose, but the extent of this conversion was severalfold higher in thiamin-deficient than in control rats. This finding gave evidence of the stimulation in thiamin-deficient rats of the catabolism of [U-14C]threonine to [14C]lactate by the aminoacetone pathway catalysed by threonine dehydrogenase, and into succinate via propionate by the alpha-oxobutyrate pathway catalysed by threonine dehydratase (deaminase). The measurement of specific radioactivities of glutamate, aspartate and glutamine after injection of [U-14C]threonine, indicated a stimulation of the activities of threonine dehydrogenase and threonine dehydratase (deaminase) in the brain of thiamin-deficient rats. The specific radioactivities of glutamate, asparatate and glutamine int he brain were consistent with an alteration in the metabolism of threonine, mainly in the 'large' compartment of the brain of thiamin-deficient rats. The measurement of relative specific radioactivity of proteins after injection of [U-14C]threonine indicated a marked decrease in the synthesis of proteins, mainly in the liver of thiamin-deficient rats.", "contents": "Conversion of [U-14C]threonine into 14C-labelled amino acids in the brain of thiamin-deficient rats. In confirmation of the findings of Gaitonde et al. (1974), a decrease in the brain concentration of threonine and serine, and an increase in glycine, were observed in rats maintained on a thiamin-deficient diet. Similar changes were found in the blood, and the concentration of several other amino acids in the blood decreased significantly. There was a correlation between the concentrations of threonine, serine, aspartate and asparagine in the brain and blood. In experiments in which [U-14C]threonine was injected into rats most of the radioactivity in the brain and blood of control rats was, as expected, in threonine in the acid soluble metabolites. In contrast, a considerable proportion of radioactivity was also found in other amino acids, namely glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyrate and alanine, in the brain of thiamin-deficient rats. [U-14C]Threonine was also converted into 14C-labelled lactate and glucose, but the extent of this conversion was severalfold higher in thiamin-deficient than in control rats. This finding gave evidence of the stimulation in thiamin-deficient rats of the catabolism of [U-14C]threonine to [14C]lactate by the aminoacetone pathway catalysed by threonine dehydrogenase, and into succinate via propionate by the alpha-oxobutyrate pathway catalysed by threonine dehydratase (deaminase). The measurement of specific radioactivities of glutamate, aspartate and glutamine after injection of [U-14C]threonine, indicated a stimulation of the activities of threonine dehydrogenase and threonine dehydratase (deaminase) in the brain of thiamin-deficient rats. The specific radioactivities of glutamate, asparatate and glutamine int he brain were consistent with an alteration in the metabolism of threonine, mainly in the 'large' compartment of the brain of thiamin-deficient rats. The measurement of relative specific radioactivity of proteins after injection of [U-14C]threonine indicated a marked decrease in the synthesis of proteins, mainly in the liver of thiamin-deficient rats.", "PMID": 1180921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7831", "title": "Glutamate uptake by chick retina.", "content": "The uptake of glutamate was found to be via a single high-affinity transport mechanism with Km values of 35 and 95 mum for chick-embryo and mature chick retina respectively. These data contrast with the uptake of gamma-aminobutyratewhich in the same tissue has previously been shown to display two kinetically distinct mechanisms in the embryo, but a single low-affinity process in the mature retina.", "contents": "Glutamate uptake by chick retina. The uptake of glutamate was found to be via a single high-affinity transport mechanism with Km values of 35 and 95 mum for chick-embryo and mature chick retina respectively. These data contrast with the uptake of gamma-aminobutyratewhich in the same tissue has previously been shown to display two kinetically distinct mechanisms in the embryo, but a single low-affinity process in the mature retina.", "PMID": 1180922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7832", "title": "Characteristics of normal labour in different racial groups.", "content": "The characteristics of normal labour in 1306 white, Asian and black parturients have been established following a prospective study of 3217 consecutive labours. Asian patients were found to be of significantly shorter stature than white or black women (p less than 0-001) and their infants significantly lighter than those of white (p less than 0-001) and of black (p less than 0-05) women, and a low positive correlation was found between maternal height and infant birth weight. The mean duration of the first stage of labour, taken from the time of admission to the labour ward, was 5-6 hours in primiparae and 3-7 hours in multiparae. The mean durations of the second stage of labour were 41-5 and 17-4 minutes respectively. The correlations between the duration of the first and second stages of labour were too low to be of value in patient management. Similar low correlations were found between the duration of the second stage of labour and both infant birth weight and the Apgar score at one minute. Cervical dilatation-time curves, constructed with reference to the cervical dilatation found on admission to the labour ward, revealed no significant differences in the progress of normal labour in the different racial groups.", "contents": "Characteristics of normal labour in different racial groups. The characteristics of normal labour in 1306 white, Asian and black parturients have been established following a prospective study of 3217 consecutive labours. Asian patients were found to be of significantly shorter stature than white or black women (p less than 0-001) and their infants significantly lighter than those of white (p less than 0-001) and of black (p less than 0-05) women, and a low positive correlation was found between maternal height and infant birth weight. The mean duration of the first stage of labour, taken from the time of admission to the labour ward, was 5-6 hours in primiparae and 3-7 hours in multiparae. The mean durations of the second stage of labour were 41-5 and 17-4 minutes respectively. The correlations between the duration of the first and second stages of labour were too low to be of value in patient management. Similar low correlations were found between the duration of the second stage of labour and both infant birth weight and the Apgar score at one minute. Cervical dilatation-time curves, constructed with reference to the cervical dilatation found on admission to the labour ward, revealed no significant differences in the progress of normal labour in the different racial groups.", "PMID": 1180948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7833", "title": "Plasma sex steroid and gonadotrophin patterns in human menstrual cycles.", "content": "Sensitive and specific displacement analysis methods for the assay of steroid hormones in small volumes of plasma are described. Plasma sex steroid and gonadotrophin hormone patterns were determined throughout a number of normal menstrual cycles. The mean cycles showed patterns which were similar to those described by other workers. However, examination of individual cycles provided information which may contribute to our understanding of menstrual cycle regulation with particular reference to the pattern of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and steroid-gonadotrophin interactions.", "contents": "Plasma sex steroid and gonadotrophin patterns in human menstrual cycles. Sensitive and specific displacement analysis methods for the assay of steroid hormones in small volumes of plasma are described. Plasma sex steroid and gonadotrophin hormone patterns were determined throughout a number of normal menstrual cycles. The mean cycles showed patterns which were similar to those described by other workers. However, examination of individual cycles provided information which may contribute to our understanding of menstrual cycle regulation with particular reference to the pattern of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and steroid-gonadotrophin interactions.", "PMID": 1180949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7834", "title": "Infertility in women with apparently ovulatory cycles. I. Comparison of their plasma sex steroid and gonadotrophin profiles with those in the normal cycle.", "content": "Serial daily plasma profiles of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and oestradiol 17beta throughout single menstrual cycles from seven patients with a history of infertility but with normal menstrual rhythm and no apparent ovarian dysfunction were compared with those from apparently normally menstruating women. This comparison showed that the infertile group produced poor corpora lutea after poor follicular growth. The poor follicular growth may be related to depressed pituitary release of FSH in response to a negative feedback effect of elevated progesterone levels.", "contents": "Infertility in women with apparently ovulatory cycles. I. Comparison of their plasma sex steroid and gonadotrophin profiles with those in the normal cycle. Serial daily plasma profiles of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and oestradiol 17beta throughout single menstrual cycles from seven patients with a history of infertility but with normal menstrual rhythm and no apparent ovarian dysfunction were compared with those from apparently normally menstruating women. This comparison showed that the infertile group produced poor corpora lutea after poor follicular growth. The poor follicular growth may be related to depressed pituitary release of FSH in response to a negative feedback effect of elevated progesterone levels.", "PMID": 1180950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7835", "title": "Infertility in women with apparently ovulatory cycles. II. The effects of clomiphene treatment on the profiles of gonadotrophin and sex steroid hormones in peripheral plasma.", "content": "Six infertile patients had been studied previously (Dodson et al., 1975b) and were shown to produce inefficient corpora lutea which appeared to be predetermined by ovulation of \"poorly grown\" follicles. In a second cycle these infertile patients were treated with 50 mg of clomiphene per day for five days. The resulting plasma sex steroid and gonadotrophin profiles were compared with those found before treatment and with the profiles in normal patients (Dodson et al., 1975a). Treatment with clomiphene appeared to produce increased follicular growth and more active corpora lutea.", "contents": "Infertility in women with apparently ovulatory cycles. II. The effects of clomiphene treatment on the profiles of gonadotrophin and sex steroid hormones in peripheral plasma. Six infertile patients had been studied previously (Dodson et al., 1975b) and were shown to produce inefficient corpora lutea which appeared to be predetermined by ovulation of \"poorly grown\" follicles. In a second cycle these infertile patients were treated with 50 mg of clomiphene per day for five days. The resulting plasma sex steroid and gonadotrophin profiles were compared with those found before treatment and with the profiles in normal patients (Dodson et al., 1975a). Treatment with clomiphene appeared to produce increased follicular growth and more active corpora lutea.", "PMID": 1180951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7836", "title": "The analysis of continuous fetal heart rate traces in the first and second stages of labour.", "content": "In the search for a simplified method of fetal heart rate trace assessment 50 traces recorded during the first stage of labour and those recorded in the last hour of each of a further 50 labours have been analysed intensively. The importance of baseline variability in predicting possible fetal distress in both the first stage and the last hour of labour is shown and the possible use of an objective measurement of baseline variability in the further screening for fetal acidosis is described. The importance of lag time measurement in the first stage of labour is demonstrated and the relationships between fetal scalp blood pH and other heart rate parameters is discussed. Significant inverse correlations between one-minute Apgar score and maximum amplitude of deceleration and total deceleration area in the last hour of labour are also shown. Temporal relationships between intrauterine pressure rises and transient changes of fetal heart rate failed to give significant correlations in the last hour. These findings in the last hour of labour are compared with those obtained in the first stage of labour and the differences are discussed.", "contents": "The analysis of continuous fetal heart rate traces in the first and second stages of labour. In the search for a simplified method of fetal heart rate trace assessment 50 traces recorded during the first stage of labour and those recorded in the last hour of each of a further 50 labours have been analysed intensively. The importance of baseline variability in predicting possible fetal distress in both the first stage and the last hour of labour is shown and the possible use of an objective measurement of baseline variability in the further screening for fetal acidosis is described. The importance of lag time measurement in the first stage of labour is demonstrated and the relationships between fetal scalp blood pH and other heart rate parameters is discussed. Significant inverse correlations between one-minute Apgar score and maximum amplitude of deceleration and total deceleration area in the last hour of labour are also shown. Temporal relationships between intrauterine pressure rises and transient changes of fetal heart rate failed to give significant correlations in the last hour. These findings in the last hour of labour are compared with those obtained in the first stage of labour and the differences are discussed.", "PMID": 1180952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7837", "title": "Changes in the renin-angiotensin system in primigravidae with hypertensive disease of pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma renin concentration, renin activity and angiotensin II (AII) have been studied in 35 primigravidae at or near term immediately prior to surgical induction of labour. A highly significant positive correlation was established between diastolic blood pressure at the time of sample collection and plasma AII. This relationship was observed over the range of diastolic pressure studied irrespective of the diagnosis made at the time of admission to hospital. In patients with hypertension, a significant negative relationship was established between plasma renin concentration and renin activity and AII. Furthermore, plasma AII levels were higher for a given plasma renin activity or plasma renin concentration in the hypertensive women than in the normotensive group. These findings suggest that the renin-angiotensin system is actively involved in hypertensive disease of pregnancy and that suppressed levels of renin concentration and activity may result from elevated angiotensin levels. It is suggested that the utero-placental complex may be the source of the elevated AII levels.", "contents": "Changes in the renin-angiotensin system in primigravidae with hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Plasma renin concentration, renin activity and angiotensin II (AII) have been studied in 35 primigravidae at or near term immediately prior to surgical induction of labour. A highly significant positive correlation was established between diastolic blood pressure at the time of sample collection and plasma AII. This relationship was observed over the range of diastolic pressure studied irrespective of the diagnosis made at the time of admission to hospital. In patients with hypertension, a significant negative relationship was established between plasma renin concentration and renin activity and AII. Furthermore, plasma AII levels were higher for a given plasma renin activity or plasma renin concentration in the hypertensive women than in the normotensive group. These findings suggest that the renin-angiotensin system is actively involved in hypertensive disease of pregnancy and that suppressed levels of renin concentration and activity may result from elevated angiotensin levels. It is suggested that the utero-placental complex may be the source of the elevated AII levels.", "PMID": 1180953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7838", "title": "The benefits and risks of amniocentesis for the assessment of fetal lung maturity.", "content": "Amniocentesis for estimation of the lecithin: sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio was performed on 483 patients on 552 occasions. The introduction of this test has been associated with a highly significant (p less than 0-001) decrease of 59 per cent in the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome. The finding of a low L/S ratio (less than 2-0) enabled delivery to be deferred until lung maturity had been reached in 43 (10-3 per cent) of the 419 patients who had successful amniocentesis. Fetal death occurred after amniocentesis in two patients (0-41 per cent). One fetus died after haemorrhage occurred behind an anterior placenta and the other died of exsanguination. Failed amniocentesis occurred in 64 patients (13-2 per cent), and was more common when the placenta was anterior or was not located before the procedure and when fetal growth was retarded. Fetal distress in labour occurred more commonly after failed amniocentesis. Spontaneous labour followed amniocentesis in 47 patients (9-7 per cent) and was significantly more prone to occur after 38 weeks gestation. Rhesus isoimmunization did not occur in any of the rhesus-negative patients who delivered rhesus-positive babies and who were screened six or more months after amniocentesis, although anti-D immunoglobulin was not given routinely after amniocentesis. Suggestions are made as to how the success rate of this valuable procedure can be improved and how some of the serious fetal and maternal sequelae can be avoided.", "contents": "The benefits and risks of amniocentesis for the assessment of fetal lung maturity. Amniocentesis for estimation of the lecithin: sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio was performed on 483 patients on 552 occasions. The introduction of this test has been associated with a highly significant (p less than 0-001) decrease of 59 per cent in the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome. The finding of a low L/S ratio (less than 2-0) enabled delivery to be deferred until lung maturity had been reached in 43 (10-3 per cent) of the 419 patients who had successful amniocentesis. Fetal death occurred after amniocentesis in two patients (0-41 per cent). One fetus died after haemorrhage occurred behind an anterior placenta and the other died of exsanguination. Failed amniocentesis occurred in 64 patients (13-2 per cent), and was more common when the placenta was anterior or was not located before the procedure and when fetal growth was retarded. Fetal distress in labour occurred more commonly after failed amniocentesis. Spontaneous labour followed amniocentesis in 47 patients (9-7 per cent) and was significantly more prone to occur after 38 weeks gestation. Rhesus isoimmunization did not occur in any of the rhesus-negative patients who delivered rhesus-positive babies and who were screened six or more months after amniocentesis, although anti-D immunoglobulin was not given routinely after amniocentesis. Suggestions are made as to how the success rate of this valuable procedure can be improved and how some of the serious fetal and maternal sequelae can be avoided.", "PMID": 1180954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7839", "title": "Uterine action after induction of labour with oral prostaglandin E2 tablets compared with intravenous oxytocin.", "content": "Uterine action throughout the whole of labour induced by low amniotomy and either oral prostaglandin E2 tablets or intravenous ocytocin was studied in 10 randomly matched pairs of patients. Oral prostaglandin E2 tablets induced fewer contractions per hour, and these contractions were longer and more variable in length than those induced by intravenous oxytocin. There was no difference in basal uterine tone or in the amplitude of contractions. A comparison was made between the outcome of labour induced by low amniotomy and either oral prostaglandin E2 tablets 0-5 mg. hourly in 65 patients, or intravenous ocytocin in 41 patients. This dose of prostaglandin E2 tablets was an inadequate adjunct to low amniotomy in nulliparous patients. Despite this, the induction-delivery interval for the whole prostaglandin group was not significantly greater than that for the oxytocin group. There were no significant differences in fetal heart rate pattern, or in the incidence of gastro-intestinal side-effects between the two groups.", "contents": "Uterine action after induction of labour with oral prostaglandin E2 tablets compared with intravenous oxytocin. Uterine action throughout the whole of labour induced by low amniotomy and either oral prostaglandin E2 tablets or intravenous ocytocin was studied in 10 randomly matched pairs of patients. Oral prostaglandin E2 tablets induced fewer contractions per hour, and these contractions were longer and more variable in length than those induced by intravenous oxytocin. There was no difference in basal uterine tone or in the amplitude of contractions. A comparison was made between the outcome of labour induced by low amniotomy and either oral prostaglandin E2 tablets 0-5 mg. hourly in 65 patients, or intravenous ocytocin in 41 patients. This dose of prostaglandin E2 tablets was an inadequate adjunct to low amniotomy in nulliparous patients. Despite this, the induction-delivery interval for the whole prostaglandin group was not significantly greater than that for the oxytocin group. There were no significant differences in fetal heart rate pattern, or in the incidence of gastro-intestinal side-effects between the two groups.", "PMID": 1180955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7840", "title": "Recurrent bleeding from the lower segment scar--a late complication of Caesarean section.", "content": "Hysterectomy became necessary six months after Caesarean section because of recurrent severe haemorrhage from the uterine scar.", "contents": "Recurrent bleeding from the lower segment scar--a late complication of Caesarean section. Hysterectomy became necessary six months after Caesarean section because of recurrent severe haemorrhage from the uterine scar.", "PMID": 1180956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7841", "title": "An improved large scale fractionation of high mobility group non-histone chromatin proteins.", "content": "1. Methodology is presented for the large scale preparation and fractionation of high mobility group proteins from calf thymus chromatin. The total high mobility group protein from approx. 1 kg calf thymus tissue can be separated into five fractions by CM-Sephadex C25 ion-exchange chromatography. High mobility group proteins 1 and 2 comprise two fo the fractions. From a third fraction two more chromatin proteins, protein 3 and 17, can be isolated by trichloroacetic acid precipitation and CM-cellulose chromatography at pH 5.5. 2. The four proteins thus purified are lysine-rich proteins. Proteins 1 and 2 are additionally characterised by their high contents of acidic amino acids, as described previously (Goodwin, G. H. and Johns, E. W. (1973) Eur. J. Biochem. 40, 215-219). Proteins 3 and 17, having lower contents of acidic amino acids, are basic proteins similar to the histones. All four proteins exhibit single N-terminal amino acids; glycine is the N-terminal group of proteins 1, 2 and 3; protein 17 has a proline N-terminal amino acid. The proteins are not highly phosphorylated nor are they associated with appreciable quantities of nucleic acid.", "contents": "An improved large scale fractionation of high mobility group non-histone chromatin proteins. 1. Methodology is presented for the large scale preparation and fractionation of high mobility group proteins from calf thymus chromatin. The total high mobility group protein from approx. 1 kg calf thymus tissue can be separated into five fractions by CM-Sephadex C25 ion-exchange chromatography. High mobility group proteins 1 and 2 comprise two fo the fractions. From a third fraction two more chromatin proteins, protein 3 and 17, can be isolated by trichloroacetic acid precipitation and CM-cellulose chromatography at pH 5.5. 2. The four proteins thus purified are lysine-rich proteins. Proteins 1 and 2 are additionally characterised by their high contents of acidic amino acids, as described previously (Goodwin, G. H. and Johns, E. W. (1973) Eur. J. Biochem. 40, 215-219). Proteins 3 and 17, having lower contents of acidic amino acids, are basic proteins similar to the histones. All four proteins exhibit single N-terminal amino acids; glycine is the N-terminal group of proteins 1, 2 and 3; protein 17 has a proline N-terminal amino acid. The proteins are not highly phosphorylated nor are they associated with appreciable quantities of nucleic acid.", "PMID": 1180957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7842", "title": "Oblique banding pattern in collagen fibrils reconstituted in vitro after trypsin treatment.", "content": "Collagen fibres from rat tail tendon suspended in small pieces in a solution (pH 7.8) containing 0.5 M CaCl2 were treated with purified bovine trypsin at 20 degrees C for 20 h. After the enzyme treatment collagen from this solution was precipitated out and reconstituted in vitro into native-type fibrils. The banding pattern in these reconstituted fibrils was found to be oblique. This is comparable to that observed recently in fibrils reconstituted from cartilage collagen. On the other hand, normal transverse banding pattern was observed in the fibrils reconstituted in vitro from collagen solution of rat tail tendon which was not pre-treated with trypsin. No significant change was, however, observed in the segment long spacing fibrils precipitated from the enzyme-treated collagen solution. It is possible that the enzyme might affect the mode of organization of tropocollagen molecules during in vitro fibrillogenesis into native-type fibrils either by interacting with the \"telopeptide\" regions or with the non-collagenous components associated with the native protein and this could probably result into the formation of fibrils with oblique banding pattern.", "contents": "Oblique banding pattern in collagen fibrils reconstituted in vitro after trypsin treatment. Collagen fibres from rat tail tendon suspended in small pieces in a solution (pH 7.8) containing 0.5 M CaCl2 were treated with purified bovine trypsin at 20 degrees C for 20 h. After the enzyme treatment collagen from this solution was precipitated out and reconstituted in vitro into native-type fibrils. The banding pattern in these reconstituted fibrils was found to be oblique. This is comparable to that observed recently in fibrils reconstituted from cartilage collagen. On the other hand, normal transverse banding pattern was observed in the fibrils reconstituted in vitro from collagen solution of rat tail tendon which was not pre-treated with trypsin. No significant change was, however, observed in the segment long spacing fibrils precipitated from the enzyme-treated collagen solution. It is possible that the enzyme might affect the mode of organization of tropocollagen molecules during in vitro fibrillogenesis into native-type fibrils either by interacting with the \"telopeptide\" regions or with the non-collagenous components associated with the native protein and this could probably result into the formation of fibrils with oblique banding pattern.", "PMID": 1180959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7843", "title": "On the active streaming experiment of actomyosin solutions in glass microcapillaries.", "content": "The active-streaming experiments of Oplatka et al. (Oplatka, A. and Tirosh, R. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 305, 684-688 and Oplatka, A. Gadasi, H., Tirosh, R. Lamed, Y., Muhlrad, A. and Liron, N. (1974) J. Mechanochem. Cell Motil. 2, 295-306) with actomyosin solution in a glass microcapillary is reexamined under various conditions with several kinds of reference material. It is found that vigorous streaming took place in the actomyosin solution as reported by Oplatka et al. However, streaming which is indistinguishable from that observed in the actomyosin solution in the presence of actomyosin ATPase activity also occurred, even when the ATPase activity was blocked. The streaming also cannot be confirmed as being active when using acto-heavy meromyosin solution. There is a possibility that the streaming experiment provides interesting information on the microscopic state of solutions which is not directly related to the chemo-mechanical conversion.", "contents": "On the active streaming experiment of actomyosin solutions in glass microcapillaries. The active-streaming experiments of Oplatka et al. (Oplatka, A. and Tirosh, R. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 305, 684-688 and Oplatka, A. Gadasi, H., Tirosh, R. Lamed, Y., Muhlrad, A. and Liron, N. (1974) J. Mechanochem. Cell Motil. 2, 295-306) with actomyosin solution in a glass microcapillary is reexamined under various conditions with several kinds of reference material. It is found that vigorous streaming took place in the actomyosin solution as reported by Oplatka et al. However, streaming which is indistinguishable from that observed in the actomyosin solution in the presence of actomyosin ATPase activity also occurred, even when the ATPase activity was blocked. The streaming also cannot be confirmed as being active when using acto-heavy meromyosin solution. There is a possibility that the streaming experiment provides interesting information on the microscopic state of solutions which is not directly related to the chemo-mechanical conversion.", "PMID": 1180960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7844", "title": "9 S thyroid particulate iodoprotein.", "content": "Particulate iodoproteins have been studied in the rat thyroid gland using the isotopic 125I equilibration method. Pulse experiments were also performed with a second isotope, 131I. Labelled iodoproteins, both soluble and solubilized by digitonin from the thyroid particulate material, were analyzed by sucrose-gradient ultracentrifugation. 1. At isotopic equilibrium and irrespective of the iodide content of the diet two particulate iodoproteins, with sedimentation coefficients of 27 and 19 S, were solubilized by digitonin. In addition a 9 S iodoprotein was also present but its proportion varied markedly with the iodine content of the diet: it accounted for 50-60% of the label found at the particulate level when the dialy diet of iodine was high (75-500 mug/day) but was almost absent when the diet was only 2 mug/day. 2. Most of this 9 S protein was found in the 600-15 000 times g particulate pellet, i.e. a fraction enriched in lysosomes and phagolysosomes. 3. The iodoamino acid composition of the 9 S fraction was very similar to that of the 19 S particulate thyroglobulin: its hormone content was 19%. 4. The double precipitation technique showed that the 9 S fraction is immunochemically related to thyroglobulin. 5. Pulse experiments showed that the 9 S particulate iodoprotein was slowly labelled by 131I. 6. The amount of 9 S iodoprotein was increased by thyrotropin (30-40% increase versus control experiments 5 min after thyrotropin injection). These properties of the 9 S particulate iodoprotein are discussed in relation to the assumption that it might be a product of partial proteolysis of thyroglobulin after endocytosis and partial digestion by the phagolysosomes.", "contents": "9 S thyroid particulate iodoprotein. Particulate iodoproteins have been studied in the rat thyroid gland using the isotopic 125I equilibration method. Pulse experiments were also performed with a second isotope, 131I. Labelled iodoproteins, both soluble and solubilized by digitonin from the thyroid particulate material, were analyzed by sucrose-gradient ultracentrifugation. 1. At isotopic equilibrium and irrespective of the iodide content of the diet two particulate iodoproteins, with sedimentation coefficients of 27 and 19 S, were solubilized by digitonin. In addition a 9 S iodoprotein was also present but its proportion varied markedly with the iodine content of the diet: it accounted for 50-60% of the label found at the particulate level when the dialy diet of iodine was high (75-500 mug/day) but was almost absent when the diet was only 2 mug/day. 2. Most of this 9 S protein was found in the 600-15 000 times g particulate pellet, i.e. a fraction enriched in lysosomes and phagolysosomes. 3. The iodoamino acid composition of the 9 S fraction was very similar to that of the 19 S particulate thyroglobulin: its hormone content was 19%. 4. The double precipitation technique showed that the 9 S fraction is immunochemically related to thyroglobulin. 5. Pulse experiments showed that the 9 S particulate iodoprotein was slowly labelled by 131I. 6. The amount of 9 S iodoprotein was increased by thyrotropin (30-40% increase versus control experiments 5 min after thyrotropin injection). These properties of the 9 S particulate iodoprotein are discussed in relation to the assumption that it might be a product of partial proteolysis of thyroglobulin after endocytosis and partial digestion by the phagolysosomes.", "PMID": 1180961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7845", "title": "Evidence for the formation of an ester between thrombin and heparin cofactor.", "content": "Heparin cofactor, a thrombin inhibitor, is purified from human plasma by affinity chromatography on heparin-agarose. The nature of the binding between thrombin and the inhibitor is studied by treatment of the complex with 6 M guanidinium chloride, hydroxylamine, and dilute alkali. The complex is not dissociated during gel chromatography in 6 M guanidinium chloride. This result supports an earlier proposal that formation of the complex includes the formation of a covalend bond. Treatment of dodecylsulfate-denatured complex with hydroxylamine results in dissociation of the complex to yield free thrombin and heparin cofactor. The complex is also dissociated in dilute NaOH (pH 12) solutions. These results indicate that the covalent bond between thrombin and the inhibitor is a carboxylic ester.", "contents": "Evidence for the formation of an ester between thrombin and heparin cofactor. Heparin cofactor, a thrombin inhibitor, is purified from human plasma by affinity chromatography on heparin-agarose. The nature of the binding between thrombin and the inhibitor is studied by treatment of the complex with 6 M guanidinium chloride, hydroxylamine, and dilute alkali. The complex is not dissociated during gel chromatography in 6 M guanidinium chloride. This result supports an earlier proposal that formation of the complex includes the formation of a covalend bond. Treatment of dodecylsulfate-denatured complex with hydroxylamine results in dissociation of the complex to yield free thrombin and heparin cofactor. The complex is also dissociated in dilute NaOH (pH 12) solutions. These results indicate that the covalent bond between thrombin and the inhibitor is a carboxylic ester.", "PMID": 1180962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7846", "title": "Properties of a hemoglobin from the chromatrope of the nematode Mermis nigrescens.", "content": "The chromatrope pigment of Mermis nigrescens (Phylum: Aschelminthes, Class: Nematoda) was previously thought to have a role in photoreception. In this work it is shown to be an oxyhemoglobin whose absorption spectrum in vivo and in extracts resembles that of Ascaris oxyhemoglobins in having a weak alpha-band absorptivity. The extracted hemoglobin binds O2 and CO reversibly and with an affinity higher than that of the same concentration of horse hemoglobin. The Soret band of the deoxy derivative is unusually low and broad. Absorptivities and lambdamax for absorption bands of the oxy, deoxy and CO derivatives are tabulated for comparison with other hemoglobins. Microchemical procedures were developed which revealed that the chromatrope contains an average of 5-10(-12) mol of non-dialysable protoheme. Thus the hemoglobin concentration in the approx. 0.5 nl chromatrope volume is on the order of 10 mM (heme). The O2 binding ability and high in vivo concentration of this hemoglobin make possible a role in O2 storage or facilitation of O2 diffusion.", "contents": "Properties of a hemoglobin from the chromatrope of the nematode Mermis nigrescens. The chromatrope pigment of Mermis nigrescens (Phylum: Aschelminthes, Class: Nematoda) was previously thought to have a role in photoreception. In this work it is shown to be an oxyhemoglobin whose absorption spectrum in vivo and in extracts resembles that of Ascaris oxyhemoglobins in having a weak alpha-band absorptivity. The extracted hemoglobin binds O2 and CO reversibly and with an affinity higher than that of the same concentration of horse hemoglobin. The Soret band of the deoxy derivative is unusually low and broad. Absorptivities and lambdamax for absorption bands of the oxy, deoxy and CO derivatives are tabulated for comparison with other hemoglobins. Microchemical procedures were developed which revealed that the chromatrope contains an average of 5-10(-12) mol of non-dialysable protoheme. Thus the hemoglobin concentration in the approx. 0.5 nl chromatrope volume is on the order of 10 mM (heme). The O2 binding ability and high in vivo concentration of this hemoglobin make possible a role in O2 storage or facilitation of O2 diffusion.", "PMID": 1180963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7847", "title": "Characterization of the collagen of human hypertrophic and normal scars.", "content": "The collagen produced in response to an injury of human skin is initially stabilized by a cross-link derived from hydroxyallysine, and characteristic of embryonic skin. In normal healing there is a change over with time to the cross-link derived from allysine, which is typical of young skin collagen. In contrast, hypertrophic scars fail to follow the time-related changes of normal skin, but retain the characteristics of embryonic collagen, indicating a continued rapid turnover of the collagen. This is further supported by the high proportion of the embryonic Type III collagen present in hypertrophic scars.", "contents": "Characterization of the collagen of human hypertrophic and normal scars. The collagen produced in response to an injury of human skin is initially stabilized by a cross-link derived from hydroxyallysine, and characteristic of embryonic skin. In normal healing there is a change over with time to the cross-link derived from allysine, which is typical of young skin collagen. In contrast, hypertrophic scars fail to follow the time-related changes of normal skin, but retain the characteristics of embryonic collagen, indicating a continued rapid turnover of the collagen. This is further supported by the high proportion of the embryonic Type III collagen present in hypertrophic scars.", "PMID": 1180964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7848", "title": "Studies on in vitro polymerization of tubulin from renal medullary extracts.", "content": "Previous in vivo studies showed that microtubules are involved in the cellular action of vasopressin. In order to analyze the role of renal medullary microtubules, a system was developed which would allow the study of the assembly of tubulin in renal medulla extracts into microtubules in vitro. The assembly of tubulin into microtubules occurred in renal medullary cytosol (100 000 times g supernatant) under specific conditions which include pre-concentration of cytosol by ultrafiltration, the presence of ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)ether tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and 4 M glycerol, and warming at 37 degrees C. Formation of microtubules, which sedimented at 100 000 times g, was proved by (a) an increase in the apparent [3H]colchicine-binding activity of depolymerized pellets, (b) appearance of typical microtubules as shown by electron microscopy, and (c) by the increase in the quantity of microtubular protein analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Vinblastine at a concentrationof 10(-6) M completely blocked formation of microtubules. A slight increase of ionized calcium in the polymerization mixture also prevented microtubule assembly; this inhibitory effect of ionized calcium was present at concentrations as low as 10(-4) M. Blockade of microtubule assembly by the increase in concentration of ionized calcium or by vinblastine may be the basis of known inhibitory effect of these two agents upon the hydroosmotic effect of vasopressin in vivo.", "contents": "Studies on in vitro polymerization of tubulin from renal medullary extracts. Previous in vivo studies showed that microtubules are involved in the cellular action of vasopressin. In order to analyze the role of renal medullary microtubules, a system was developed which would allow the study of the assembly of tubulin in renal medulla extracts into microtubules in vitro. The assembly of tubulin into microtubules occurred in renal medullary cytosol (100 000 times g supernatant) under specific conditions which include pre-concentration of cytosol by ultrafiltration, the presence of ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)ether tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and 4 M glycerol, and warming at 37 degrees C. Formation of microtubules, which sedimented at 100 000 times g, was proved by (a) an increase in the apparent [3H]colchicine-binding activity of depolymerized pellets, (b) appearance of typical microtubules as shown by electron microscopy, and (c) by the increase in the quantity of microtubular protein analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Vinblastine at a concentrationof 10(-6) M completely blocked formation of microtubules. A slight increase of ionized calcium in the polymerization mixture also prevented microtubule assembly; this inhibitory effect of ionized calcium was present at concentrations as low as 10(-4) M. Blockade of microtubule assembly by the increase in concentration of ionized calcium or by vinblastine may be the basis of known inhibitory effect of these two agents upon the hydroosmotic effect of vasopressin in vivo.", "PMID": 1180965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7849", "title": "Non-histone chromosomal proteins easily extractible from chick erythrocytes.", "content": "Those non-histone chromosomal proteins which are easily extractible from chick erythrocytes differ substantially from proteins similarly extracted from other tissues of various species. Although a protein P1 was isolated along with histone H1 by extraction of calf thymus chromatin with HC1O4, the same procedure did not extract this protein from chick erythrocyte chromatin of either normal or regenerating blood. Likewise , non-histone proteins extracted with 0.35 M NaCl from calf thymus differed from those of normal chick erythrocytes, which were qualitatively identical but quantitatively inferior to those of regenerating blood. The major protein of about 25 000 molecular weight, totally extracted with 0.35 M NaCl from calf thymus, was not found in chick erythrocyte chromatin, but rather another major protein of about 35 000 molecular weight was partially extracted from erythrocytes.", "contents": "Non-histone chromosomal proteins easily extractible from chick erythrocytes. Those non-histone chromosomal proteins which are easily extractible from chick erythrocytes differ substantially from proteins similarly extracted from other tissues of various species. Although a protein P1 was isolated along with histone H1 by extraction of calf thymus chromatin with HC1O4, the same procedure did not extract this protein from chick erythrocyte chromatin of either normal or regenerating blood. Likewise , non-histone proteins extracted with 0.35 M NaCl from calf thymus differed from those of normal chick erythrocytes, which were qualitatively identical but quantitatively inferior to those of regenerating blood. The major protein of about 25 000 molecular weight, totally extracted with 0.35 M NaCl from calf thymus, was not found in chick erythrocyte chromatin, but rather another major protein of about 35 000 molecular weight was partially extracted from erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1180966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7850", "title": "Comparison of the predicted and observed secondary structure of T4 phage lysozyme.", "content": "Predictions of the secondary structure of T4 phage lysozyme, made by a number of investigators on the basis of the amino acid sequence, are compared with the structure of the protein determined experimentally by X-ray crystallography. Within the amino terminal half of the molecule the locations of helices predicted by a number of methods agree moderately well with the observed structure, however within the carboxyl half of the molecule the overall agreement is poor. For eleven different helix predictions, the coefficients giving the correlation between prediction and observation range from 0.14 to 0.42. The accuracy of the predictions for both beta-sheet regions and for turns are generally lower than for the helices, and in a number of instances the agreement between prediction and observation is no better than would be expected for a random selection of residues. The structural predictions for T4 phage lysozyme are much less successful than was the case for adenylate kinase (Schulz et al. (1974) Nature 250, 140-142). No one method of prediction is clearly superior to all others, and although empirical predictions based on larger numbers of known protein structure tend to be more accurate than those based on a limited sample, the improvement in accuracy is not dramatic, suggesting that the accuracy of current empirical predictive methods will not be substantially increased simply by the inclusion of more data from additional protein structure determinations.", "contents": "Comparison of the predicted and observed secondary structure of T4 phage lysozyme. Predictions of the secondary structure of T4 phage lysozyme, made by a number of investigators on the basis of the amino acid sequence, are compared with the structure of the protein determined experimentally by X-ray crystallography. Within the amino terminal half of the molecule the locations of helices predicted by a number of methods agree moderately well with the observed structure, however within the carboxyl half of the molecule the overall agreement is poor. For eleven different helix predictions, the coefficients giving the correlation between prediction and observation range from 0.14 to 0.42. The accuracy of the predictions for both beta-sheet regions and for turns are generally lower than for the helices, and in a number of instances the agreement between prediction and observation is no better than would be expected for a random selection of residues. The structural predictions for T4 phage lysozyme are much less successful than was the case for adenylate kinase (Schulz et al. (1974) Nature 250, 140-142). No one method of prediction is clearly superior to all others, and although empirical predictions based on larger numbers of known protein structure tend to be more accurate than those based on a limited sample, the improvement in accuracy is not dramatic, suggesting that the accuracy of current empirical predictive methods will not be substantially increased simply by the inclusion of more data from additional protein structure determinations.", "PMID": 1180967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7851", "title": "Enzymic and immunochemical properties of lysozyme. XI. Conformation and immunochemistry of the two-disulfide peptide and the tryptophan and lysine residues in its antigenic reactivity.", "content": "The previously described peptide 62-68 (Cys 64-Cys 80) 74-96 (Cys 76-Cys 94) (Atassi, M.Z., Suliman, A.M. and Habeeb, A.F.S.A. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 405, 452-463), which accounted for about one-third of the total antigenic reactivity of native lysozyme, was isolated here with lysine 97 attached to it. The peptide was subjected to specific modification reactions in order to determine some of the residues which formed part of its antigenic reactive site. ORD measurements showed that the peptide was greatly unfolded in solution relative to its expected mode of folding within the intact lysozyme molecule. Modification of the two tryptophan residues in the peptide by reaction with 2,3-dioxo-5-indolinesulfonic acid provided a derivative which possessed similar conformational parameters to those of the unmodified peptide. However, the derivative retained only about half the immunochemical reactivity of the peptide. Succinylation of the amino groups afforded a derivative whose conformational parameters were identical to those of the unmodified peptide but in which half of the immunochemical reactivity was lost. Modification of the two tryptophan residues followed by succinylation of the amino groups resulted in almost complete loss of the antigenic reactivity, and the loss was not due to conformational differences. The antigenic reactivity of the peptide was also destroyed on removal of tryptophans 62 and 63, of sequence 84-93 from the loop 74-79 and of sequence 74-75 by chymotryptic digestion. From these and previous results it was concluded that the antigenic reactive site in this part of the lysozyme molecule incorporates one or both of tryptophans 62 and 63 as well as one or both lysines 96 and 97. The two disulfides 64-80 and 76-94 bring these two parts of the lysozyme molecule into a single reactive site. The intactness of the disulfides is essential for maintenance and reactivity of the site.", "contents": "Enzymic and immunochemical properties of lysozyme. XI. Conformation and immunochemistry of the two-disulfide peptide and the tryptophan and lysine residues in its antigenic reactivity. The previously described peptide 62-68 (Cys 64-Cys 80) 74-96 (Cys 76-Cys 94) (Atassi, M.Z., Suliman, A.M. and Habeeb, A.F.S.A. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 405, 452-463), which accounted for about one-third of the total antigenic reactivity of native lysozyme, was isolated here with lysine 97 attached to it. The peptide was subjected to specific modification reactions in order to determine some of the residues which formed part of its antigenic reactive site. ORD measurements showed that the peptide was greatly unfolded in solution relative to its expected mode of folding within the intact lysozyme molecule. Modification of the two tryptophan residues in the peptide by reaction with 2,3-dioxo-5-indolinesulfonic acid provided a derivative which possessed similar conformational parameters to those of the unmodified peptide. However, the derivative retained only about half the immunochemical reactivity of the peptide. Succinylation of the amino groups afforded a derivative whose conformational parameters were identical to those of the unmodified peptide but in which half of the immunochemical reactivity was lost. Modification of the two tryptophan residues followed by succinylation of the amino groups resulted in almost complete loss of the antigenic reactivity, and the loss was not due to conformational differences. The antigenic reactivity of the peptide was also destroyed on removal of tryptophans 62 and 63, of sequence 84-93 from the loop 74-79 and of sequence 74-75 by chymotryptic digestion. From these and previous results it was concluded that the antigenic reactive site in this part of the lysozyme molecule incorporates one or both of tryptophans 62 and 63 as well as one or both lysines 96 and 97. The two disulfides 64-80 and 76-94 bring these two parts of the lysozyme molecule into a single reactive site. The intactness of the disulfides is essential for maintenance and reactivity of the site.", "PMID": 1180968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7852", "title": "Covalent structure of fibrinopeptides from buffaloes breeding in Italy.", "content": "The primary structure of fibrinopeptides A and B from buffaloes breeding in Italy has been determined with a view to establishing whether this animal is an autochthonous species or is the result of recent radiation mutation. Some differences exist at the morphologic and physiologic levels between the Indian buffalo and that breeding in Italy, But they do not allow a clear evolutionary line to be traced between these species. The amino acid sequences, if compared with homologous sequences of the Indian buffalo, show one difference in the most variable region of fibrino-peptides A, in particular the substitution of a serine residue by a glycine residue in position 8. This difference supports the hypothesis of the autochthonous origin of the Italian buffalo.", "contents": "Covalent structure of fibrinopeptides from buffaloes breeding in Italy. The primary structure of fibrinopeptides A and B from buffaloes breeding in Italy has been determined with a view to establishing whether this animal is an autochthonous species or is the result of recent radiation mutation. Some differences exist at the morphologic and physiologic levels between the Indian buffalo and that breeding in Italy, But they do not allow a clear evolutionary line to be traced between these species. The amino acid sequences, if compared with homologous sequences of the Indian buffalo, show one difference in the most variable region of fibrino-peptides A, in particular the substitution of a serine residue by a glycine residue in position 8. This difference supports the hypothesis of the autochthonous origin of the Italian buffalo.", "PMID": 1180969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7853", "title": "On the nature of the cytosine-methylated sequence in DNA of Bacillus brevis var. G.-B.", "content": "On growing the cells of Bacillus brevis S methionine-auxotroph mutant in the presence of [Me-3H]methionine, practically all the radioactivity incorporated into DNA is found to exist in 5-methylcytosine and N6-methyladenine. The analysis of pyrimidine isopliths isolated from DNA shows that radioactivity only exists in mono- and dinucleotides and the content of 5-methylcytosine in R-m5 C-R and R-m5 C-T-R oligonucleotides is equal. The analysis of dinucleotides isolated from DNA by means of pancreatic DNAase hydrolysis allows the nature of purine residues neighbouring 5-methylcytosine to be identified and shows that 5-methylcytosine localizes in G-m5 C-A and G-m5 C-Tr fragments. B. brevis S DNA methylase modifying cytosine residues recognizes the GCA/TGC degenerate nucleotide sequence which is a part of the following complementary structure with a two-fold rotational axis of symmetry: (5')...N'-G-C-T-G-C-N... (3') (3')...N-C-G-A-C-G-N'... (5') (Methylated cytosine residues are askerisked). Cytosine-modifying DNA methylase activity is isolated from B. brevis cells; it is capable of methylating in vitro homologous and heterologous DNA. Hence DNA in bacterial cells can be undermethylated. This enzyme methylates cytosine residues in native and denatured DNA in the same nucleotide sequences. Specificity of methylation of cytosine residues in vitro and in vivo does not depend on the nature of substrate DNA. DNA methylases of different variants of B. brevis (R, S, P+, P-)) methylate cytosine residues in the same nucleotide sequences. It means that specificity or methylation of DNA cytosine residues in the cells of different variants of B. brevis is the same.", "contents": "On the nature of the cytosine-methylated sequence in DNA of Bacillus brevis var. G.-B. On growing the cells of Bacillus brevis S methionine-auxotroph mutant in the presence of [Me-3H]methionine, practically all the radioactivity incorporated into DNA is found to exist in 5-methylcytosine and N6-methyladenine. The analysis of pyrimidine isopliths isolated from DNA shows that radioactivity only exists in mono- and dinucleotides and the content of 5-methylcytosine in R-m5 C-R and R-m5 C-T-R oligonucleotides is equal. The analysis of dinucleotides isolated from DNA by means of pancreatic DNAase hydrolysis allows the nature of purine residues neighbouring 5-methylcytosine to be identified and shows that 5-methylcytosine localizes in G-m5 C-A and G-m5 C-Tr fragments. B. brevis S DNA methylase modifying cytosine residues recognizes the GCA/TGC degenerate nucleotide sequence which is a part of the following complementary structure with a two-fold rotational axis of symmetry: (5')...N'-G-C-T-G-C-N... (3') (3')...N-C-G-A-C-G-N'... (5') (Methylated cytosine residues are askerisked). Cytosine-modifying DNA methylase activity is isolated from B. brevis cells; it is capable of methylating in vitro homologous and heterologous DNA. Hence DNA in bacterial cells can be undermethylated. This enzyme methylates cytosine residues in native and denatured DNA in the same nucleotide sequences. Specificity of methylation of cytosine residues in vitro and in vivo does not depend on the nature of substrate DNA. DNA methylases of different variants of B. brevis (R, S, P+, P-)) methylate cytosine residues in the same nucleotide sequences. It means that specificity or methylation of DNA cytosine residues in the cells of different variants of B. brevis is the same.", "PMID": 1180970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7854", "title": "Effect of chloramphenicol on early mRNA synthesis in bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "The N gene product induces lambda-delayed early mRNA synthesis. This transcription was sensitive to chloramphenicol at the very early stage of phage development, but became resistant within 2-4 min after infection. However, the same transcription was sensitive to the antibiotic throughout phage development if lambda tof- mutant was used as the infecting phage. The results suggest involvement of the tof gene in lambda early transcription; the tof product may act as a stabilizer of the N gene function.", "contents": "Effect of chloramphenicol on early mRNA synthesis in bacteriophage lambda. The N gene product induces lambda-delayed early mRNA synthesis. This transcription was sensitive to chloramphenicol at the very early stage of phage development, but became resistant within 2-4 min after infection. However, the same transcription was sensitive to the antibiotic throughout phage development if lambda tof- mutant was used as the infecting phage. The results suggest involvement of the tof gene in lambda early transcription; the tof product may act as a stabilizer of the N gene function.", "PMID": 1180971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7855", "title": "The macrophage and host defense mechanisms.", "content": "Macrophages participate in a variety of host defense mechanisms. The delivery of macrophage precursors from the bone marrow to the tissues may be reduced with bone marrow failure and macrophage function may be impaired with certain virus infections such as herpes zoster or infectious mononucleosis. Defective macrophage function may impair cell mediated immunity more than humoral immunity which is manifested clinically by cutaneous anergy. One disease associated with chronic macrophage dysfunction is chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.", "contents": "The macrophage and host defense mechanisms. Macrophages participate in a variety of host defense mechanisms. The delivery of macrophage precursors from the bone marrow to the tissues may be reduced with bone marrow failure and macrophage function may be impaired with certain virus infections such as herpes zoster or infectious mononucleosis. Defective macrophage function may impair cell mediated immunity more than humoral immunity which is manifested clinically by cutaneous anergy. One disease associated with chronic macrophage dysfunction is chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.", "PMID": 1180972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7856", "title": "Role of macrophages in immunity, with special reference to tumour immunology. A review.", "content": "It seems that macrophages, which are present in most tissues, are involved in many steps of the immune reaction. They are essential for initiating the response and they assist the lymphocytes in several ways. By themselves, they play an important role in the immune surveillance and in tumour immunology. The behaviour of macrophages is strongly influenced by lymphocytes. However macrophages are equipped with a special machinery, including an active membrane and a developed lysosomal system. A lot remains to be done on its functions and on the trigger mechanisms.", "contents": "Role of macrophages in immunity, with special reference to tumour immunology. A review. It seems that macrophages, which are present in most tissues, are involved in many steps of the immune reaction. They are essential for initiating the response and they assist the lymphocytes in several ways. By themselves, they play an important role in the immune surveillance and in tumour immunology. The behaviour of macrophages is strongly influenced by lymphocytes. However macrophages are equipped with a special machinery, including an active membrane and a developed lysosomal system. A lot remains to be done on its functions and on the trigger mechanisms.", "PMID": 1180973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7857", "title": "Ventricular compliance and ageing.", "content": "Compliance of the right ventricle has been studied in 29 aged subjects who were free from any overt heart failure. The observations indicate that a loss of ventricular compliance results, in aged subjects, in an impairment of diastolic filling, which itself is responsible for a reduction in cardiac output. However, there appears to be no relationship between ventricular compliance and systolic performance but the failure to find any such relation may be due to a contractile adaptation in subjects having a low ventricular compliance.", "contents": "Ventricular compliance and ageing. Compliance of the right ventricle has been studied in 29 aged subjects who were free from any overt heart failure. The observations indicate that a loss of ventricular compliance results, in aged subjects, in an impairment of diastolic filling, which itself is responsible for a reduction in cardiac output. However, there appears to be no relationship between ventricular compliance and systolic performance but the failure to find any such relation may be due to a contractile adaptation in subjects having a low ventricular compliance.", "PMID": 1180974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7858", "title": "[Influence of hypothyroidism on the lacticodehydrogenase isoenzymes during the cerebral cortex maturation in the rat].", "content": "The isoenzymes of lacticdehydrogenase of cerebral cortex, investigated by starch gel electrophoresis, are changed during pre and neonatal thyroidectomies in relation to these factors: a) dose of the drug (131I or Propylthiouracil), b) date of gestation, c) the age of the animal (with a maximal modification at the 17th-18th day). They retain an enzymatic pattern like the fetal pattern, showing the retardation of the developing central nervous system.", "contents": "[Influence of hypothyroidism on the lacticodehydrogenase isoenzymes during the cerebral cortex maturation in the rat]. The isoenzymes of lacticdehydrogenase of cerebral cortex, investigated by starch gel electrophoresis, are changed during pre and neonatal thyroidectomies in relation to these factors: a) dose of the drug (131I or Propylthiouracil), b) date of gestation, c) the age of the animal (with a maximal modification at the 17th-18th day). They retain an enzymatic pattern like the fetal pattern, showing the retardation of the developing central nervous system.", "PMID": 1180975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7859", "title": "Dangers and problems in calculating coefficients of a sum of exponential functions.", "content": "The use of the computer in making calculations has led increasingly to the estimation of parameters of exponential functions from point experimental measurements. This involves the use of techniques such as logarithmic transformations and criteria (especially that of the least squares), of which the use is not always justified. Radioactivity measurements raise special problems as they are subject to a statistical distribution of the Poisson type. The authors propose a method based on the statistical criterion of \"maximum likelihood\" which permits tests of the number of exponentials from point measurements (in practice, this method is valid for one or two exponentials), and also the calculation of parameters more satisfactorily than customary methods.", "contents": "Dangers and problems in calculating coefficients of a sum of exponential functions. The use of the computer in making calculations has led increasingly to the estimation of parameters of exponential functions from point experimental measurements. This involves the use of techniques such as logarithmic transformations and criteria (especially that of the least squares), of which the use is not always justified. Radioactivity measurements raise special problems as they are subject to a statistical distribution of the Poisson type. The authors propose a method based on the statistical criterion of \"maximum likelihood\" which permits tests of the number of exponentials from point measurements (in practice, this method is valid for one or two exponentials), and also the calculation of parameters more satisfactorily than customary methods.", "PMID": 1180976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7860", "title": "A computer-based record and organisation system for a department of urology.", "content": "This paper describes the development and practical application of a computer-based record system in a urological department. It demonstrates how such a system can provide a clinical flow sheet for day-to-day use combined with a computerised data store for both clinical evaluation and for research purposes. The paper also outlines how the system has improved patient handling and general departmental efficiency.", "contents": "A computer-based record and organisation system for a department of urology. This paper describes the development and practical application of a computer-based record system in a urological department. It demonstrates how such a system can provide a clinical flow sheet for day-to-day use combined with a computerised data store for both clinical evaluation and for research purposes. The paper also outlines how the system has improved patient handling and general departmental efficiency.", "PMID": 1180977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7861", "title": "Acute hypertension and perirenal haematoma--a new aspect of Page's syndrome.", "content": "Chronic hypertension induced by perirenal constrictive processes is known from experimental studies as well as from clinical experience. In this report we present 2 cases of acute hypertension induced by massive perirenal haematoma, in 1 case as a complication following pyeloplasty, in the other as a complication following percutaneous renal biopsy. Since the shock may be masked by the hypertension (and operation thereby postponed) it is essential to be aware of this syndrome.", "contents": "Acute hypertension and perirenal haematoma--a new aspect of Page's syndrome. Chronic hypertension induced by perirenal constrictive processes is known from experimental studies as well as from clinical experience. In this report we present 2 cases of acute hypertension induced by massive perirenal haematoma, in 1 case as a complication following pyeloplasty, in the other as a complication following percutaneous renal biopsy. Since the shock may be masked by the hypertension (and operation thereby postponed) it is essential to be aware of this syndrome.", "PMID": 1180979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7862", "title": "The angiographic evaluation of renal pelvic carcinoma.", "content": "The angiographic findings are described in 6 cases of renal pelvic carcinoma. An angiographic finding which has not hitherto been emphasised is a diminished branching of arteries in the kidney segment related to the pelvi-calyceal tumour--the \"pruned-tree\" appearance. This is generally associated with a deficiency of the nephrogram in the same segment. These appearances may be due to invasion of the renal parenchyma by tumour. However, the findings may occur also in the absence of parenchymal invasion by the tumour and therefore do not necessarily reflect the stage of the disease.", "contents": "The angiographic evaluation of renal pelvic carcinoma. The angiographic findings are described in 6 cases of renal pelvic carcinoma. An angiographic finding which has not hitherto been emphasised is a diminished branching of arteries in the kidney segment related to the pelvi-calyceal tumour--the \"pruned-tree\" appearance. This is generally associated with a deficiency of the nephrogram in the same segment. These appearances may be due to invasion of the renal parenchyma by tumour. However, the findings may occur also in the absence of parenchymal invasion by the tumour and therefore do not necessarily reflect the stage of the disease.", "PMID": 1180981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7863", "title": "Some observations and theories on the wide ureter and hydronephrosis.", "content": "A simple but effective classification of the wide ureter is proposed. It separates ureters into two major groups of refluxing and non-refluxing, but emphasises that not all non-refluxing ureters are obstructed. An analysis is made of normal and abnormal ureteric peristalsis and the part it plays in conducting a bolus through the pelviureteric and ureterovesical junctions. A theory is advanced to explain the poor emptying of the wide ureter and the abnormal pelviureteric junction. It is based on the inability of the circular and longitudinal muscles to form a bolus and it explains how the unopposed and inadvertent contraction of the circular muscle grips the orifice in each situation to aggravate the poor emptying.", "contents": "Some observations and theories on the wide ureter and hydronephrosis. A simple but effective classification of the wide ureter is proposed. It separates ureters into two major groups of refluxing and non-refluxing, but emphasises that not all non-refluxing ureters are obstructed. An analysis is made of normal and abnormal ureteric peristalsis and the part it plays in conducting a bolus through the pelviureteric and ureterovesical junctions. A theory is advanced to explain the poor emptying of the wide ureter and the abnormal pelviureteric junction. It is based on the inability of the circular and longitudinal muscles to form a bolus and it explains how the unopposed and inadvertent contraction of the circular muscle grips the orifice in each situation to aggravate the poor emptying.", "PMID": 1180983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7864", "title": "Procidentia and ureteric obstruction.", "content": "3 cases of renal failure, due to procidentia, presenting as emergencies are described. The upper urinary tracts of 4 asymptomatic patients with procidentia were investigated; dilatation was found in 1 instance only.", "contents": "Procidentia and ureteric obstruction. 3 cases of renal failure, due to procidentia, presenting as emergencies are described. The upper urinary tracts of 4 asymptomatic patients with procidentia were investigated; dilatation was found in 1 instance only.", "PMID": 1180985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7865", "title": "The value of intestinal valves in urinary diversion--an experimental study.", "content": "It has been shown in experimental animals that an ileorectal valve incorporated into the operation of uretero-ileosigmoidostomy cannot be relied upon to prevent ascending urinary tract infection. However, a colorectal valve, not previously described, has been effective in preventing the development of a metabolic acidosis in piglets in whom this method of urinary diversion has been carried out.", "contents": "The value of intestinal valves in urinary diversion--an experimental study. It has been shown in experimental animals that an ileorectal valve incorporated into the operation of uretero-ileosigmoidostomy cannot be relied upon to prevent ascending urinary tract infection. However, a colorectal valve, not previously described, has been effective in preventing the development of a metabolic acidosis in piglets in whom this method of urinary diversion has been carried out.", "PMID": 1180986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7866", "title": "Malignant phaeochromocytoma of the urinary bladder--report of two cases.", "content": "2 new patients with malignant phaeochromocytoma of the urinary bladder were presented. 4 other cases with the same disease reported in literature were reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Malignant phaeochromocytoma of the urinary bladder--report of two cases. 2 new patients with malignant phaeochromocytoma of the urinary bladder were presented. 4 other cases with the same disease reported in literature were reviewed and discussed.", "PMID": 1180988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7867", "title": "False cytodiagnosis of bladder malignancy due to previous radiotherapy.", "content": "Results from a urological cytodiagnosis service indicate that it is not possible to distinguish with any degree of certainty malignant from non-malignant irradiated urothelial cells in urine. It is stressed, therefore, that when urine specimens are sent for cytological examination, details of any previous irradiation should be given to the cytologist.", "contents": "False cytodiagnosis of bladder malignancy due to previous radiotherapy. Results from a urological cytodiagnosis service indicate that it is not possible to distinguish with any degree of certainty malignant from non-malignant irradiated urothelial cells in urine. It is stressed, therefore, that when urine specimens are sent for cytological examination, details of any previous irradiation should be given to the cytologist.", "PMID": 1180989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7868", "title": "Carcinoma of the bladder complicating cyclophosphamide therapy.", "content": "Two patients with cyclophosphamide induced cystitis and co-existent bladder tumour are described. Possible mechanisms for these associated diseases are discussed and the difficulty of diagnosing bladder tumour in patients with haemorrhagic cystitis is stressed.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the bladder complicating cyclophosphamide therapy. Two patients with cyclophosphamide induced cystitis and co-existent bladder tumour are described. Possible mechanisms for these associated diseases are discussed and the difficulty of diagnosing bladder tumour in patients with haemorrhagic cystitis is stressed.", "PMID": 1180990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7869", "title": "Non-parasitic chyluria (presenting with urinary retention).", "content": "Two cases of non-parasitic chyluria are presented each presenting with retention of urine. Abnormal communications in both cases have been demonstrated lymphangiographically. The thoracic ducts were patent and there was no evidence of filariasis. Surgical removal of the anomalous dilated lymphatics was carried out, the patients being symptom-free at 7 and 10 years. The two cases seem to have lymphatic malformations which may be the basis of the disorder.", "contents": "Non-parasitic chyluria (presenting with urinary retention). Two cases of non-parasitic chyluria are presented each presenting with retention of urine. Abnormal communications in both cases have been demonstrated lymphangiographically. The thoracic ducts were patent and there was no evidence of filariasis. Surgical removal of the anomalous dilated lymphatics was carried out, the patients being symptom-free at 7 and 10 years. The two cases seem to have lymphatic malformations which may be the basis of the disorder.", "PMID": 1180991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7870", "title": "The urodynamic assessment of adult enuresis.", "content": "Urodynamic analysis has revealed a high proportion of uninhibited bladder activity in adult enuresis. There was no associated neurological deficit to explain this abnormality. There was no correlation between the various diurnal symptoms and the presence of uninhibited bladder contractions. Enuresis was associated with obstructive uropathy in only 6 percent of cases. Some evidence has also been presented to support the concepts of ectopic sensory receptors and abnormal sphincter inhibition. A review of the problem of pathogenesis has suggested four main areas of possible abnormality: 1. A sensory lesion producing inadequate or delayed appreciation of bladder activity. 2. Cortical and subcortical dysfunction because of inadequate arousal or defective maturation of subconscious inhibition. 3. A congenital or acquired upper motor neurone lesion causing an uninhibited bladder. 4. A similar or related lesion causing an over-inhibited sphincter. These factors probably always occur in varying combinations. Because of the lack of association between symptoms, signs and objective measurements, there is a strong case for relating diagnosis, prognosis and treatment to urodynamic assessment.", "contents": "The urodynamic assessment of adult enuresis. Urodynamic analysis has revealed a high proportion of uninhibited bladder activity in adult enuresis. There was no associated neurological deficit to explain this abnormality. There was no correlation between the various diurnal symptoms and the presence of uninhibited bladder contractions. Enuresis was associated with obstructive uropathy in only 6 percent of cases. Some evidence has also been presented to support the concepts of ectopic sensory receptors and abnormal sphincter inhibition. A review of the problem of pathogenesis has suggested four main areas of possible abnormality: 1. A sensory lesion producing inadequate or delayed appreciation of bladder activity. 2. Cortical and subcortical dysfunction because of inadequate arousal or defective maturation of subconscious inhibition. 3. A congenital or acquired upper motor neurone lesion causing an uninhibited bladder. 4. A similar or related lesion causing an over-inhibited sphincter. These factors probably always occur in varying combinations. Because of the lack of association between symptoms, signs and objective measurements, there is a strong case for relating diagnosis, prognosis and treatment to urodynamic assessment.", "PMID": 1180992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7871", "title": "Hydrocolpos.", "content": "The method of presentation and problems in diagnosis of 3 cases of hydrocolpos are discussed. The anatomy and embryology of the abnormality is described. The methods of treatment and results are outlined.", "contents": "Hydrocolpos. The method of presentation and problems in diagnosis of 3 cases of hydrocolpos are discussed. The anatomy and embryology of the abnormality is described. The methods of treatment and results are outlined.", "PMID": 1180993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7872", "title": "Evolution of the felid brain.", "content": "Endocranial casts of 15 genera of fossil felids provide a record of felid brain evolution over the past 35 million years. Brains of the earliest felids, known as paleofelids, had coronolateral, suprasylvian and variably developed ectosylvian sulci as their only neocortical sulci. The last paleofelids, which became extinct around 8 million years ago, show little change in external brain morphology except for the addition of a presylvian sulcus. The other group of felids, the neofelids, appears about 25 million years ago, with coronolateral and suprasylvian sulci their main neocortical sulci, plus a discontinuous ectosylvian sulcus and small postlateral, sylvian and presylvian sulci. The posterior cerebellar vermis was straight and unexpanded. Beginnings of expansion of the sigmoid gyri and development of the cruciate sulcus are evident in neofelids 15-20 million years ago, and by 5-9 million years ago neofelids had brains that appear modern in external morphology. Endocasts of four genera of Pleistocene saber-toothed felids are similar in sulcal pattern to those of modern felids, except for Dinobastis, which had a unique expansion of visual cortex. Endocasts of 27 species of modern felids, representing the six commonly recognized genera, are strikingly similar in external morphology, although the brains of a few species, such as cheetahs, lynxes and jagouarundis, display distinguishing features. Modern felid brains average about the same size relative to body weight as do those of viverrids, but are about 25% smaller in relative size than those of canids. Olfactory bulbs are relatively smaller in felids than in canids or viverrids.", "contents": "Evolution of the felid brain. Endocranial casts of 15 genera of fossil felids provide a record of felid brain evolution over the past 35 million years. Brains of the earliest felids, known as paleofelids, had coronolateral, suprasylvian and variably developed ectosylvian sulci as their only neocortical sulci. The last paleofelids, which became extinct around 8 million years ago, show little change in external brain morphology except for the addition of a presylvian sulcus. The other group of felids, the neofelids, appears about 25 million years ago, with coronolateral and suprasylvian sulci their main neocortical sulci, plus a discontinuous ectosylvian sulcus and small postlateral, sylvian and presylvian sulci. The posterior cerebellar vermis was straight and unexpanded. Beginnings of expansion of the sigmoid gyri and development of the cruciate sulcus are evident in neofelids 15-20 million years ago, and by 5-9 million years ago neofelids had brains that appear modern in external morphology. Endocasts of four genera of Pleistocene saber-toothed felids are similar in sulcal pattern to those of modern felids, except for Dinobastis, which had a unique expansion of visual cortex. Endocasts of 27 species of modern felids, representing the six commonly recognized genera, are strikingly similar in external morphology, although the brains of a few species, such as cheetahs, lynxes and jagouarundis, display distinguishing features. Modern felid brains average about the same size relative to body weight as do those of viverrids, but are about 25% smaller in relative size than those of canids. Olfactory bulbs are relatively smaller in felids than in canids or viverrids.", "PMID": 1181005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7873", "title": "Effect of phenols on the oxidation of estradiol by uterine peroxidase.", "content": "The effect of various phenols on the conversion of [4 -14C]estradiol to water-soluble products by estrogen-induced uterine peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) has been investigated. Evidence was provided that those phenols which enhanced the oxidation of estradiol exerted their effect by activating peroxidase or protecting the enzyme from inactivation by the products of the reaction rather than by inhibiting the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase (EC 1.11.1.6). It has also been shown that tyrosine acted both as an activator of uterine peroxidase and as a water-soluble acceptor for the metabolites of estradiol. The ability of tyrosyl peptides to form conjugates with estradiol was influenced by the other amino acids and decreased with the number of adjacent tyrosyl residues.", "contents": "Effect of phenols on the oxidation of estradiol by uterine peroxidase. The effect of various phenols on the conversion of [4 -14C]estradiol to water-soluble products by estrogen-induced uterine peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) has been investigated. Evidence was provided that those phenols which enhanced the oxidation of estradiol exerted their effect by activating peroxidase or protecting the enzyme from inactivation by the products of the reaction rather than by inhibiting the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase (EC 1.11.1.6). It has also been shown that tyrosine acted both as an activator of uterine peroxidase and as a water-soluble acceptor for the metabolites of estradiol. The ability of tyrosyl peptides to form conjugates with estradiol was influenced by the other amino acids and decreased with the number of adjacent tyrosyl residues.", "PMID": 1181006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7874", "title": "Cross-linking of hemoglobin, haptoglobin, and hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex with bifunctional imidoesters.", "content": "Dimethyl adipimidate was used to cross-link the polypeptides within hemoglobin, haptoglobin, and hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex. Cross-linked hemoglobin retained considerable ability to bind haptoglobin, although the amounts bound were reduced and the haptoglobin reaction could be used to fractionate the modified hemoglobin. With cross-links limited to intramolecular sites, hemoglobin showed four bands on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, identified, with reference to the subunit polypeptides, as monomer, dimer, trimer, and tetramer. The dimer region consisted of at least two separable species. When hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex was cross-linked, a band of hemoglobin dimer was present, which demonstrates that at least two hemoglobin subunits have a close spatial relation when bound to haptoglobin. Some comparisons with adipimidate-reacted hemoglobin were made using malonimidate and suberimidate and some marked differences were noted.", "contents": "Cross-linking of hemoglobin, haptoglobin, and hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex with bifunctional imidoesters. Dimethyl adipimidate was used to cross-link the polypeptides within hemoglobin, haptoglobin, and hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex. Cross-linked hemoglobin retained considerable ability to bind haptoglobin, although the amounts bound were reduced and the haptoglobin reaction could be used to fractionate the modified hemoglobin. With cross-links limited to intramolecular sites, hemoglobin showed four bands on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, identified, with reference to the subunit polypeptides, as monomer, dimer, trimer, and tetramer. The dimer region consisted of at least two separable species. When hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex was cross-linked, a band of hemoglobin dimer was present, which demonstrates that at least two hemoglobin subunits have a close spatial relation when bound to haptoglobin. Some comparisons with adipimidate-reacted hemoglobin were made using malonimidate and suberimidate and some marked differences were noted.", "PMID": 1181007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7875", "title": "In vitro metabolism of 17beta-estradiol by human liver tissue.", "content": "17beta-[6,7- 3H]Estradiol was incubated with adult human liver slices in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer containing glucose. Of the identified 3H recovered, 51-76 percent consisted of estrone-3-sulfate (E13S) and 17 beta-estradiol-3-sulfate (E23S). E13S was the main metabolite and was found in both tissue and medium. E23S was present only in the medium. Minor amounts of estrogen glucuronides were formed. When a human liver homogenate was incubated with [3H]E2 in a medium fortified with excess uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid only some 4 percent of conjugation with glucuronic acid was observed. It is suggested that human liver favors sulfurylation as the conjugating mechanism for E2 and E1.", "contents": "In vitro metabolism of 17beta-estradiol by human liver tissue. 17beta-[6,7- 3H]Estradiol was incubated with adult human liver slices in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer containing glucose. Of the identified 3H recovered, 51-76 percent consisted of estrone-3-sulfate (E13S) and 17 beta-estradiol-3-sulfate (E23S). E13S was the main metabolite and was found in both tissue and medium. E23S was present only in the medium. Minor amounts of estrogen glucuronides were formed. When a human liver homogenate was incubated with [3H]E2 in a medium fortified with excess uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid only some 4 percent of conjugation with glucuronic acid was observed. It is suggested that human liver favors sulfurylation as the conjugating mechanism for E2 and E1.", "PMID": 1181008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7876", "title": "The tris-catalyzed isomerization of potassium D-glucose 6-O-sulfate.", "content": "Potassium D-glucose 6-O-[35S]sulfate was partially converted by Tris (greater than or equal 25 mM, pH 7.5) to 35SO4(2-), fructose, and a 35S-labelled compound which was tentatively identified as fructose 6-O-sulfate. The isomerization reaction was also catalyzed by ethanolamine and 2-dimethylaminoethanol but not by glycine, triethanolamine, or pentaerythritol. The significance of these findings in relation to kinetic studies of the enzyme glycosulfatase is discussed.", "contents": "The tris-catalyzed isomerization of potassium D-glucose 6-O-sulfate. Potassium D-glucose 6-O-[35S]sulfate was partially converted by Tris (greater than or equal 25 mM, pH 7.5) to 35SO4(2-), fructose, and a 35S-labelled compound which was tentatively identified as fructose 6-O-sulfate. The isomerization reaction was also catalyzed by ethanolamine and 2-dimethylaminoethanol but not by glycine, triethanolamine, or pentaerythritol. The significance of these findings in relation to kinetic studies of the enzyme glycosulfatase is discussed.", "PMID": 1181009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7877", "title": "Essential sulfhydryl groups of rat liver monoamine oxidase.", "content": "The inhibition by some thiol reagents of partly purified mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) (EC 1.4.3.4) from rat liver was studied, and the molar content of sulfhydryl groups in the enzyme determined. Sodium nitroprusside and 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) inhibited the enzyme, apparently reversibly, while sodium arsenite was not inhibitory. Concentrations of the respective inhibitors causing 50% inhibition after 15 min of preincubation with the enzyme at pH 7.0 and 37 degrees C are 5.80 times 10(-4) M and 4.35 times 10(-5) M. The thiol compounds cysteine, dithiothreitol, and 2-mercaptoethanol did not inhibit MAO. The average number of sulfhydryl groups per mole of enzyme, determined by reaction with DTNB, increased from 3.6 +/- 0.2 freely reacting sulfhydryl groups (n = 4) to 18.4 to total sulfhydryl groups (n = 2) on denaturation with 8 M urea.", "contents": "Essential sulfhydryl groups of rat liver monoamine oxidase. The inhibition by some thiol reagents of partly purified mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) (EC 1.4.3.4) from rat liver was studied, and the molar content of sulfhydryl groups in the enzyme determined. Sodium nitroprusside and 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) inhibited the enzyme, apparently reversibly, while sodium arsenite was not inhibitory. Concentrations of the respective inhibitors causing 50% inhibition after 15 min of preincubation with the enzyme at pH 7.0 and 37 degrees C are 5.80 times 10(-4) M and 4.35 times 10(-5) M. The thiol compounds cysteine, dithiothreitol, and 2-mercaptoethanol did not inhibit MAO. The average number of sulfhydryl groups per mole of enzyme, determined by reaction with DTNB, increased from 3.6 +/- 0.2 freely reacting sulfhydryl groups (n = 4) to 18.4 to total sulfhydryl groups (n = 2) on denaturation with 8 M urea.", "PMID": 1181010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7878", "title": "Antibody status to poliomyelitis, measles, rubella, diphtheria and tetanus, Ontario, 1969-70: deficiencies discovered and remedies required.", "content": "A serologic survey was made in 15 health unit areas, testing some 5000 individuals in the age groups 4 to 6, 11 to 13, 15 to 17 and 23 to 45 years. Two types of serious deficiency were found. Only 65% of children 4 to 6 years old had antibodies to all three types of poliovirus, the antibodies being due almost entirely to immunization with Salk vaccine. Even in children who had had six or more doses only 74% had antibodies to the three types. The high percentage of students 11 to 13 and 15 to 17 years old with poliovirus antibodies can be attributed largely to natural infection and to Sabin vaccine in the mass campaign of 1962, as well as to Salk vaccine. In children who had received Sabin vaccine as well as Salk vaccine a very high level of immunity was found. The immunity of the school-age population will decline to an insufficient level unless Sabin vaccine is used after immunization with Salk vaccine. Of children 4 to 6 years old 18% had no diphtheria antitoxin and 6% had no tetanus antitoxin. Even in those who had had six or more doses of the antigens 5% had no diphtheria antitoxin and 1 to 2% had no tetanus antitoxin. This apparently refractory state is probably due to the use of unadsorbed toxoids, and it is clear that adsorbed toxoids should be used. In the adults, diphtheria antitoxin was found in only 55% and tetanus antitoxin in only 38%.", "contents": "Antibody status to poliomyelitis, measles, rubella, diphtheria and tetanus, Ontario, 1969-70: deficiencies discovered and remedies required. A serologic survey was made in 15 health unit areas, testing some 5000 individuals in the age groups 4 to 6, 11 to 13, 15 to 17 and 23 to 45 years. Two types of serious deficiency were found. Only 65% of children 4 to 6 years old had antibodies to all three types of poliovirus, the antibodies being due almost entirely to immunization with Salk vaccine. Even in children who had had six or more doses only 74% had antibodies to the three types. The high percentage of students 11 to 13 and 15 to 17 years old with poliovirus antibodies can be attributed largely to natural infection and to Sabin vaccine in the mass campaign of 1962, as well as to Salk vaccine. In children who had received Sabin vaccine as well as Salk vaccine a very high level of immunity was found. The immunity of the school-age population will decline to an insufficient level unless Sabin vaccine is used after immunization with Salk vaccine. Of children 4 to 6 years old 18% had no diphtheria antitoxin and 6% had no tetanus antitoxin. Even in those who had had six or more doses of the antigens 5% had no diphtheria antitoxin and 1 to 2% had no tetanus antitoxin. This apparently refractory state is probably due to the use of unadsorbed toxoids, and it is clear that adsorbed toxoids should be used. In the adults, diphtheria antitoxin was found in only 55% and tetanus antitoxin in only 38%.", "PMID": 1181016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7879", "title": "Neonatal hypertyrosinemia and evidence for deficiency of ascorbic acid in Arctic and subarctic peoples.", "content": "Hypertyrosinemia tyrosine concentration in whole blood greater than 0.42 mmol/l or 7.5 mg/dl is prevalent among lnuit newborn of the Canadian Eastern Arctic. The rate was 14.8 per 100 newborn between January 1970 and December 1972 (first survey period) and 6.2/100 between January 1973 and September 1974 (second survey period); the corresponding rates among Indian newborn of Nouveau Quebec were 2.6 and 2.2%. Among Anglo-Saxons the rate was less than 0.5% and in French Canada it commonly exceeded 0.94%. Serum concentrations of ascorbic acid were low (less than or equal to 0.25 mg/dl) in the pregnant and age-matched adult lnuit when measured by Nutrition Canada during the first survey period. The percentages of inuit children (up to 4 years old) and pregnant women at \"high risk\" for scurvy (serum concentration of ascorbic acid less than 0.2 mg/dl) were 14.8 and 47.1, respectively; the corresponding national percentages were 3.0 and 2.2, respectively. Deficiency of ascorbic acid in pregnant women is probably the cause of the unusual prevalence of neonatal hypertyrosinemia among the native Arctic and subarctic peoples because ascorbic acid is required to maintain optimal activity of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid hydroxylase and to permit normal oxidation of tyrosine.", "contents": "Neonatal hypertyrosinemia and evidence for deficiency of ascorbic acid in Arctic and subarctic peoples. Hypertyrosinemia tyrosine concentration in whole blood greater than 0.42 mmol/l or 7.5 mg/dl is prevalent among lnuit newborn of the Canadian Eastern Arctic. The rate was 14.8 per 100 newborn between January 1970 and December 1972 (first survey period) and 6.2/100 between January 1973 and September 1974 (second survey period); the corresponding rates among Indian newborn of Nouveau Quebec were 2.6 and 2.2%. Among Anglo-Saxons the rate was less than 0.5% and in French Canada it commonly exceeded 0.94%. Serum concentrations of ascorbic acid were low (less than or equal to 0.25 mg/dl) in the pregnant and age-matched adult lnuit when measured by Nutrition Canada during the first survey period. The percentages of inuit children (up to 4 years old) and pregnant women at \"high risk\" for scurvy (serum concentration of ascorbic acid less than 0.2 mg/dl) were 14.8 and 47.1, respectively; the corresponding national percentages were 3.0 and 2.2, respectively. Deficiency of ascorbic acid in pregnant women is probably the cause of the unusual prevalence of neonatal hypertyrosinemia among the native Arctic and subarctic peoples because ascorbic acid is required to maintain optimal activity of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid hydroxylase and to permit normal oxidation of tyrosine.", "PMID": 1181017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7880", "title": "Prevalence of recurrent herpes labialis and aphthous ulcers among young adults on six continents.", "content": "The prevalence of recurrent herpes labialis (RHL) and recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) in young adults - - 635 armed-forces recruits and 9897 health-profession students - - in 48 institutions in 21 countries was determined by a questionnaire survey. Two or more occurrences (lifetime prevalence) of RHL were reported by 33.2% of men and 28.0% of women; the corresponding figures for RAU were 38.7% and 49.7%. North American respondents, mainly from Canada, had a significantly higher prevalence of both lesions. There were some differences in relation to profession. Approximately 15% of all the people surveyed had had herpes labialis and 25% had had aphthous ulcers at least once during the previous year. Persons with a history of recurrence of one lesion were more likely to have a history of recurrence of the other.", "contents": "Prevalence of recurrent herpes labialis and aphthous ulcers among young adults on six continents. The prevalence of recurrent herpes labialis (RHL) and recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) in young adults - - 635 armed-forces recruits and 9897 health-profession students - - in 48 institutions in 21 countries was determined by a questionnaire survey. Two or more occurrences (lifetime prevalence) of RHL were reported by 33.2% of men and 28.0% of women; the corresponding figures for RAU were 38.7% and 49.7%. North American respondents, mainly from Canada, had a significantly higher prevalence of both lesions. There were some differences in relation to profession. Approximately 15% of all the people surveyed had had herpes labialis and 25% had had aphthous ulcers at least once during the previous year. Persons with a history of recurrence of one lesion were more likely to have a history of recurrence of the other.", "PMID": 1181018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7881", "title": "What is a medical experiment?", "content": "Innovative therapy may appear to coincide with medical experimentation, raising ethical and legal issues, for instance on informed consent and institutional review. Medical treatments may be classified, however, to distinquish novel procedures from experimentation.", "contents": "What is a medical experiment? Innovative therapy may appear to coincide with medical experimentation, raising ethical and legal issues, for instance on informed consent and institutional review. Medical treatments may be classified, however, to distinquish novel procedures from experimentation.", "PMID": 1181019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7882", "title": "Atheromatous embolic disease.", "content": "In five patients with atheromatous embolic disease, the diagnosis was made before death in four -- on the basis of cholesterol emboli in the retina in three and from renal pathologic features in 1. Muscle biopsy demonstrated emboli in one patient, and emboli were seen in the vessels of amputated toes in two. All patients died of renal failure, but there was evidence of multisystem involvement in addition. Autopsy in four cases showed characteristic cholesterol emboli in many organs.", "contents": "Atheromatous embolic disease. In five patients with atheromatous embolic disease, the diagnosis was made before death in four -- on the basis of cholesterol emboli in the retina in three and from renal pathologic features in 1. Muscle biopsy demonstrated emboli in one patient, and emboli were seen in the vessels of amputated toes in two. All patients died of renal failure, but there was evidence of multisystem involvement in addition. Autopsy in four cases showed characteristic cholesterol emboli in many organs.", "PMID": 1181020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7883", "title": "[Anaplastic epithelioma of the thyroid gland 6 years after cervical irradiation for malignant lymphoma].", "content": "Carcinoma of the thyroid gland may develop after irradiation of the cervical region. It is well documented in patients who received radiation therapy to the neck in childhood but rarely when the therapy was given in adulthood. A case of an undifferentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland occurring in an adult 6 years after irradiation of the cervical region for a malignant lymphoma is reported. The role of irradiation and the factors related to the development of carcinoma of the thyroid gland are reviewed.", "contents": "[Anaplastic epithelioma of the thyroid gland 6 years after cervical irradiation for malignant lymphoma]. Carcinoma of the thyroid gland may develop after irradiation of the cervical region. It is well documented in patients who received radiation therapy to the neck in childhood but rarely when the therapy was given in adulthood. A case of an undifferentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland occurring in an adult 6 years after irradiation of the cervical region for a malignant lymphoma is reported. The role of irradiation and the factors related to the development of carcinoma of the thyroid gland are reviewed.", "PMID": 1181021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7884", "title": "Porphyria cutanea tarda: comparison of cases precipitated by alcohol and estrogens.", "content": "A group of seven patients with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) precipitated by excessive alcohol consumption (A) was compared with a group of nine patients with PCT precipitated by estrogen therapy (B). Comparison was based on clinical signs, biochemical and morphologic evidence of liver disease, results of serum iron studies and response to therapy. Group A patients were men of mean age 57 years; group B patients were women of mean age 39 years who had been taking estrogen orally, either for contraception (in combination with progesterone) or as replacement therapy. Clinical signs were essentially the same in the two groups. Some patients in both groups had biochemical and morphologic evidence of liver disease. Group A patients had elevated values for serum iron and total iron-binding capacity, whereas patients in group B had normal or low values. Cessation of estrogen therapy of less than a year's duration brought about a spontaneous clinical and biochemical remission in group B patients. Otherwise, phlebotomy seemed to be the therapy of choice in both groups.", "contents": "Porphyria cutanea tarda: comparison of cases precipitated by alcohol and estrogens. A group of seven patients with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) precipitated by excessive alcohol consumption (A) was compared with a group of nine patients with PCT precipitated by estrogen therapy (B). Comparison was based on clinical signs, biochemical and morphologic evidence of liver disease, results of serum iron studies and response to therapy. Group A patients were men of mean age 57 years; group B patients were women of mean age 39 years who had been taking estrogen orally, either for contraception (in combination with progesterone) or as replacement therapy. Clinical signs were essentially the same in the two groups. Some patients in both groups had biochemical and morphologic evidence of liver disease. Group A patients had elevated values for serum iron and total iron-binding capacity, whereas patients in group B had normal or low values. Cessation of estrogen therapy of less than a year's duration brought about a spontaneous clinical and biochemical remission in group B patients. Otherwise, phlebotomy seemed to be the therapy of choice in both groups.", "PMID": 1181022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7885", "title": "Eye injuries in Canadian hockey.", "content": "Increasing public concern led the Canadian Ophthalmological Society, in January 1974, to form a committee to study the incidence, types and causes of hockey eye injuries and to devise means of reducing such injuries. Retrospective and current studies were undertaken, and face protectors were tested. In both pilot studies, sticks were the commonest cause and the highest number of eye injuries was in players 11-15 years old. An average of 15% of all injured eyes were rendered legally blind. Cooperation with hockey authorities has resulted in changed rules and their sticter enforcement, and formulation of standards for face protection approved by the Canadian Standards Association. In this interim report the committee recommends that all amateur hockey players wear eye protectors and urges ophthalmologists to participate in efforts to improve the design of protective equipment.", "contents": "Eye injuries in Canadian hockey. Increasing public concern led the Canadian Ophthalmological Society, in January 1974, to form a committee to study the incidence, types and causes of hockey eye injuries and to devise means of reducing such injuries. Retrospective and current studies were undertaken, and face protectors were tested. In both pilot studies, sticks were the commonest cause and the highest number of eye injuries was in players 11-15 years old. An average of 15% of all injured eyes were rendered legally blind. Cooperation with hockey authorities has resulted in changed rules and their sticter enforcement, and formulation of standards for face protection approved by the Canadian Standards Association. In this interim report the committee recommends that all amateur hockey players wear eye protectors and urges ophthalmologists to participate in efforts to improve the design of protective equipment.", "PMID": 1181024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7886", "title": "Cell proliferation in Walker tumour growing in the stomach wall.", "content": "Tumour cells from a Walker carcinosarcoma 256 were implanted in the gastric mucosa in rats. The tumour grew and infiltrated the lamina propria and the submucosal space after 7 days. It appeared to grow faster in the submucosal space than in the lamina propria. The cell proliferation was therefore studied separately in: (1) the tumour in the lamina propria, (2) the main tumour mass and (3) the tumour periphery, defined as the cells located within the outer 100-120 mum of the tumour. Mitoses arrested with vinblastine, cells labelled with tritiated thymidine and the grain count per labelled cell were studied at the three different sites. The rate of cell proliferation in the tumour was highest in the lamina propria, lower in the centre of the main tumour mass, and lowest at the periphery. Cell loss might explain the discrepancy between the rate of cell proliferation and the actual tumour growth. The factors that influence tumour cell proliferation in the different parts of the tumour are discussed.", "contents": "Cell proliferation in Walker tumour growing in the stomach wall. Tumour cells from a Walker carcinosarcoma 256 were implanted in the gastric mucosa in rats. The tumour grew and infiltrated the lamina propria and the submucosal space after 7 days. It appeared to grow faster in the submucosal space than in the lamina propria. The cell proliferation was therefore studied separately in: (1) the tumour in the lamina propria, (2) the main tumour mass and (3) the tumour periphery, defined as the cells located within the outer 100-120 mum of the tumour. Mitoses arrested with vinblastine, cells labelled with tritiated thymidine and the grain count per labelled cell were studied at the three different sites. The rate of cell proliferation in the tumour was highest in the lamina propria, lower in the centre of the main tumour mass, and lowest at the periphery. Cell loss might explain the discrepancy between the rate of cell proliferation and the actual tumour growth. The factors that influence tumour cell proliferation in the different parts of the tumour are discussed.", "PMID": 1181033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7887", "title": "The effect of continuous irradiation on cell proliferation and maturation in small intestinal epithelium.", "content": "Autoradiographic studies and scintillation counting of crypt material after pulse labelling with 3H-thymidine showed that during continuous irradiation with 290 rads/day a reduced proliferative activity is present in the crypts of rat small intestine after 1 day of irradiation and of normal activity during the remaining period (5 days) irradiation. After cessation of irradiation an increase in proliferative activity can be observed after 1 day of recovery. From the time (36-48 hr after starting of the irradiation) that the number of villus cells is reduced an expansion of the proliferation zone in the crypt was observed. Both effects last until 1 day of recovery after cessation of irradiation. The process of crypt cell maturation and of villus cell function has also been studied during and after continuous irradiation by micro-chemical enzyme analyses in isolated crypts and villi. It was found that the expansion of the proliferation zone in the crypt is accompanied by a decrease in activity of only those enzymes (i.e. non-specific esterases) which normally become active during crypt cell maturation. The activity of enzymes normally present mainly in the functional villus cells remained relatively unaffected by changes in crypt cell kinetics. A hypothesis of different regulation mechanisms of the proliferative activity in the intestinal crypt and a possible explanation of the different behaviour of various enzyme activities as a result of changes in crypt cell proliferation is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of continuous irradiation on cell proliferation and maturation in small intestinal epithelium. Autoradiographic studies and scintillation counting of crypt material after pulse labelling with 3H-thymidine showed that during continuous irradiation with 290 rads/day a reduced proliferative activity is present in the crypts of rat small intestine after 1 day of irradiation and of normal activity during the remaining period (5 days) irradiation. After cessation of irradiation an increase in proliferative activity can be observed after 1 day of recovery. From the time (36-48 hr after starting of the irradiation) that the number of villus cells is reduced an expansion of the proliferation zone in the crypt was observed. Both effects last until 1 day of recovery after cessation of irradiation. The process of crypt cell maturation and of villus cell function has also been studied during and after continuous irradiation by micro-chemical enzyme analyses in isolated crypts and villi. It was found that the expansion of the proliferation zone in the crypt is accompanied by a decrease in activity of only those enzymes (i.e. non-specific esterases) which normally become active during crypt cell maturation. The activity of enzymes normally present mainly in the functional villus cells remained relatively unaffected by changes in crypt cell kinetics. A hypothesis of different regulation mechanisms of the proliferative activity in the intestinal crypt and a possible explanation of the different behaviour of various enzyme activities as a result of changes in crypt cell proliferation is discussed.", "PMID": 1181034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7888", "title": "Polymethacrylic acid: induction of lymphocytosis and tissue distribution.", "content": "Polmethacrylic acid (PMAA) induces up to a three-fold increase in the lymphocyte population of peripheral blood in rats, goats and calves after intravenous administration. Other routes of administration are less effective. A maximum lymphocytosis is achieved after 3 hr with all doses in excess of 30 mg PMAA/kg body weight; over the next few hours the lymphocyte level declines to normal. Granulocytes increase steadily for the first 7 hr before declining. Multiple doses of PMAA 2 hr apart failed to maintain or significantly alter the lymphocytosis. PMAA was labelled with 125I and 14C, and was traced to various sites in the rat. The greatest accumulation of radioactivity was in the spleen, lungs, liver, kidney, adrenals and mesenteric lymph nodes (with 14C-PMAA). The accumulation appeared more specific for spleen and lymph nodes since there was only a small loss of activity following removal of blood by whole body perfusion. This supports previous findings indicating that these two tissues play a major role in the development of lymphocytosis. Accumulation in the bone marrow may be indicative of stem cell mobilization. The results are discussed in terms of the lymphocytosis-inducing mechanism and the site of action of PMAA and the possible clinical application to ECIB therapy is considered.", "contents": "Polymethacrylic acid: induction of lymphocytosis and tissue distribution. Polmethacrylic acid (PMAA) induces up to a three-fold increase in the lymphocyte population of peripheral blood in rats, goats and calves after intravenous administration. Other routes of administration are less effective. A maximum lymphocytosis is achieved after 3 hr with all doses in excess of 30 mg PMAA/kg body weight; over the next few hours the lymphocyte level declines to normal. Granulocytes increase steadily for the first 7 hr before declining. Multiple doses of PMAA 2 hr apart failed to maintain or significantly alter the lymphocytosis. PMAA was labelled with 125I and 14C, and was traced to various sites in the rat. The greatest accumulation of radioactivity was in the spleen, lungs, liver, kidney, adrenals and mesenteric lymph nodes (with 14C-PMAA). The accumulation appeared more specific for spleen and lymph nodes since there was only a small loss of activity following removal of blood by whole body perfusion. This supports previous findings indicating that these two tissues play a major role in the development of lymphocytosis. Accumulation in the bone marrow may be indicative of stem cell mobilization. The results are discussed in terms of the lymphocytosis-inducing mechanism and the site of action of PMAA and the possible clinical application to ECIB therapy is considered.", "PMID": 1181035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7889", "title": "Expression of congenital defects in the haemopoietic micro-environment. Erythroid and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells in pre-natal 'steel' (Slj/Slj) anaemic mice.", "content": "The erythropietin sensitivities of dissociated cell cultures and explanted fragments of fetal livers of congenitally anaemic Slj/Slj mice, and their normal littermates, have been compared. The erythropoietin responsiveness of Slj/Slj foetal liver cells is deficient in both types of culture. The maximum liver complement of erythroid colony forming cells (CFUe) occurs on the 16th day of development when 'normal' livers contain approximately 6 X 10(5) erythroid colony forming cells/liver. In Slj/Slj fetuses the maximum reached is only 1 X 10(5). Granulocyte-macrophage colony forming cells (CFUc) in Slj/Slj fetal livers are also reduced to approximately 60% of normal numbers. Erythroid colony forming cells are also reduced in the spleen and femoral bone marrow of Slj/Slj mice in the 2-3 days preceding birth. Granulocyte-macrophage colony forming cells are rare in the femoral marrow of pre-natal Slj/Slj mice, but their production in the Slj/Slj pre-natal spleen appears unaffected.", "contents": "Expression of congenital defects in the haemopoietic micro-environment. Erythroid and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells in pre-natal 'steel' (Slj/Slj) anaemic mice. The erythropietin sensitivities of dissociated cell cultures and explanted fragments of fetal livers of congenitally anaemic Slj/Slj mice, and their normal littermates, have been compared. The erythropoietin responsiveness of Slj/Slj foetal liver cells is deficient in both types of culture. The maximum liver complement of erythroid colony forming cells (CFUe) occurs on the 16th day of development when 'normal' livers contain approximately 6 X 10(5) erythroid colony forming cells/liver. In Slj/Slj fetuses the maximum reached is only 1 X 10(5). Granulocyte-macrophage colony forming cells (CFUc) in Slj/Slj fetal livers are also reduced to approximately 60% of normal numbers. Erythroid colony forming cells are also reduced in the spleen and femoral bone marrow of Slj/Slj mice in the 2-3 days preceding birth. Granulocyte-macrophage colony forming cells are rare in the femoral marrow of pre-natal Slj/Slj mice, but their production in the Slj/Slj pre-natal spleen appears unaffected.", "PMID": 1181036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7890", "title": "Studies on the regulation of lymphocyte production in the murine thymus and some effects of a crude thymus extract.", "content": "Cell proliferation in the murine thymus was studied in vivo under normal conditions and from 0 to 24 hr after a single injection of a water-soluble extract from mouse thymus, mouse spleen, and mouse skin. The thymus extract reduced during the first 24 hr the mitiotic activity 40%; the spleen extract had a weaker inhibitory effect. The skin extract had no such effect. The thymus extract and spleen extract inhibited the flux of cells into the S phase 0-8 hr after the injection of the extract. Initial labelling index was also reduced in this period. Eight hours after injection of the thymus or spleen extracts the inhibited cells initiated DNA synthesis. The rate of progression of blast cells through the cell cycle was normal 24 hr after the injection of the extracts. It was deduced from the analysis that the thymus extract inhibits processes triggering G0/G1 cells into DNA synthesis, the inhibition of G2 efflux being of minor importance. Finally a model for the regulation of proliferating thymic blast cells and the emigration of small lymphocytes from the thymus is proposed.", "contents": "Studies on the regulation of lymphocyte production in the murine thymus and some effects of a crude thymus extract. Cell proliferation in the murine thymus was studied in vivo under normal conditions and from 0 to 24 hr after a single injection of a water-soluble extract from mouse thymus, mouse spleen, and mouse skin. The thymus extract reduced during the first 24 hr the mitiotic activity 40%; the spleen extract had a weaker inhibitory effect. The skin extract had no such effect. The thymus extract and spleen extract inhibited the flux of cells into the S phase 0-8 hr after the injection of the extract. Initial labelling index was also reduced in this period. Eight hours after injection of the thymus or spleen extracts the inhibited cells initiated DNA synthesis. The rate of progression of blast cells through the cell cycle was normal 24 hr after the injection of the extracts. It was deduced from the analysis that the thymus extract inhibits processes triggering G0/G1 cells into DNA synthesis, the inhibition of G2 efflux being of minor importance. Finally a model for the regulation of proliferating thymic blast cells and the emigration of small lymphocytes from the thymus is proposed.", "PMID": 1181037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7891", "title": "Oogenesis in Xenopus laevis (Daudin). IV. Effects of gonadotropin, estrogen and starvation on endocytosis in developing oocytes.", "content": "This study was designed to explore the relationship of estrogen, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and food availability to endocytosis in developing oocytes. When estrogen alone is administered to an animal, large amounts of vitellogenin are synthesized by the liver and secreted into the circulatory system, where it accumulates. Under these conditions there is no evidence of endocytosis at the surface of the oocytes. Other studies have shown that following HCG injection into estrogen-treated animals, vitellogenin is removed from the circulation and the oocyte surface is highly contoured and displays endocytotic activity. Food deprivation has much the same effect on oocyte endocytosis as does estrogen. When animals are given HCG and subsequently starved for 20 days, developing oocytes show little endocytotic activity. We conclude that HCG acts to promote or stimulate endocytosis in developing oocytes while estrogen and/or starvation inhibits this process.", "contents": "Oogenesis in Xenopus laevis (Daudin). IV. Effects of gonadotropin, estrogen and starvation on endocytosis in developing oocytes. This study was designed to explore the relationship of estrogen, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and food availability to endocytosis in developing oocytes. When estrogen alone is administered to an animal, large amounts of vitellogenin are synthesized by the liver and secreted into the circulatory system, where it accumulates. Under these conditions there is no evidence of endocytosis at the surface of the oocytes. Other studies have shown that following HCG injection into estrogen-treated animals, vitellogenin is removed from the circulation and the oocyte surface is highly contoured and displays endocytotic activity. Food deprivation has much the same effect on oocyte endocytosis as does estrogen. When animals are given HCG and subsequently starved for 20 days, developing oocytes show little endocytotic activity. We conclude that HCG acts to promote or stimulate endocytosis in developing oocytes while estrogen and/or starvation inhibits this process.", "PMID": 1181038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7892", "title": "Localization of acetylcholinesterase in granule-containing cells of glomus-like bodies in pre- and postnatal rabbits by electron microscopy.", "content": "The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) was studied in the granule-containing cells which constitute the glomus-like bodies found near the origin of the great vessels in pre- and postnatal rabbits. Karnovsky's method for localization of ACHE at the electron-microscope level was used and suitable controls were carried out. In the granule-containing cells, ACHE reaction product was evident in the perinuclear cisternae and cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum as well as at the cell membrane. ACHE activity was also localized at the axolemma of unmyelinated axons found near the granule-containing cells and around afferent synaptic terminals to these cells. Possible functions of ACHE associated with the monoamine-storing granule-containing cells are presented.", "contents": "Localization of acetylcholinesterase in granule-containing cells of glomus-like bodies in pre- and postnatal rabbits by electron microscopy. The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) was studied in the granule-containing cells which constitute the glomus-like bodies found near the origin of the great vessels in pre- and postnatal rabbits. Karnovsky's method for localization of ACHE at the electron-microscope level was used and suitable controls were carried out. In the granule-containing cells, ACHE reaction product was evident in the perinuclear cisternae and cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum as well as at the cell membrane. ACHE activity was also localized at the axolemma of unmyelinated axons found near the granule-containing cells and around afferent synaptic terminals to these cells. Possible functions of ACHE associated with the monoamine-storing granule-containing cells are presented.", "PMID": 1181039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7893", "title": "Nucleolar changes in maturing avian erythroblasts and erythrocytes.", "content": "Maturing erythroblasts and erythrocytes were studied in chickens and adult hens to provide more information on the presence and frequency of various nucleolar types in these cells. Nucleoli were present at all stages of erythroblastic and erythrocytic development except in the case of a few reticulocytes and the mature erythrocytes. The number of nucleoli per cell (expressed as the nucleolar coefficient) reached a maximum at the stage of the polychromatic erythroblast. Early erythroblasts were characterized by the presence of compact nucleoli or nucleoli with nucleolonemata. Rings shaped nucleoli and micronucleoli increased in number with further maturation. Cells of the final erythroblast stage (orthochromatic erythroblasts) contained mostly micronucleoli, and micronucleoli alone were present in reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes.", "contents": "Nucleolar changes in maturing avian erythroblasts and erythrocytes. Maturing erythroblasts and erythrocytes were studied in chickens and adult hens to provide more information on the presence and frequency of various nucleolar types in these cells. Nucleoli were present at all stages of erythroblastic and erythrocytic development except in the case of a few reticulocytes and the mature erythrocytes. The number of nucleoli per cell (expressed as the nucleolar coefficient) reached a maximum at the stage of the polychromatic erythroblast. Early erythroblasts were characterized by the presence of compact nucleoli or nucleoli with nucleolonemata. Rings shaped nucleoli and micronucleoli increased in number with further maturation. Cells of the final erythroblast stage (orthochromatic erythroblasts) contained mostly micronucleoli, and micronucleoli alone were present in reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1181040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7894", "title": "Serum xanthine oxidase in jaundice.", "content": "Serum xanthine oxidase activity was measured by a radiochemical method in 137 consecutive patients with jaundice of varying etiology and in 40 non-jaundiced patients with liver or other disease. Serum xanthine oxidase was markedly increased, up to 50 times the upper normal limit (mean + 2 S.D.), in 32 out of 34 patients with infectious hepatitis. A slight elevation of serum xanthine oxidase, up to twice the upper normal limit, was found in 2 out of 49 patients with extrahepatic obstructive jaundice and in 4 out of 20 patients with chronic renal failure. In comparison to serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase serum xanthine oxidase appeared to be the more sensitive and specific indicator of acute hepatocellular damage.", "contents": "Serum xanthine oxidase in jaundice. Serum xanthine oxidase activity was measured by a radiochemical method in 137 consecutive patients with jaundice of varying etiology and in 40 non-jaundiced patients with liver or other disease. Serum xanthine oxidase was markedly increased, up to 50 times the upper normal limit (mean + 2 S.D.), in 32 out of 34 patients with infectious hepatitis. A slight elevation of serum xanthine oxidase, up to twice the upper normal limit, was found in 2 out of 49 patients with extrahepatic obstructive jaundice and in 4 out of 20 patients with chronic renal failure. In comparison to serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase serum xanthine oxidase appeared to be the more sensitive and specific indicator of acute hepatocellular damage.", "PMID": 1181072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7895", "title": "Sorbitol and other polyols in lens, adipose tissue and urine in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Sugars and polyols (glucose, fructose, sorbitol, inositol and pentitols) have been measured in urine, adipose tissue and lens in groups of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. The daily excretions of glucose, sorbitol and inositol were raised in the diabetics. There was a linear relation between 24 hour urinary excretion of glucose and hexitols (r = +0.87, p less than 0.001). In lens of diabetics there was an increase in glucose concentration, but not of fructose, sorbitol or inositol. Compounds readily detected in adipose tissue were inositol and glucose; in addition an unidentified carbohydrate was detected in adipose tissue that related to the concentration of tissue glucose. These results are discussed in relation to the possibility that tissue accumulation of polyols could be responsible for the secondary complications of diabetes such as cataracts.", "contents": "Sorbitol and other polyols in lens, adipose tissue and urine in diabetes mellitus. Sugars and polyols (glucose, fructose, sorbitol, inositol and pentitols) have been measured in urine, adipose tissue and lens in groups of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. The daily excretions of glucose, sorbitol and inositol were raised in the diabetics. There was a linear relation between 24 hour urinary excretion of glucose and hexitols (r = +0.87, p less than 0.001). In lens of diabetics there was an increase in glucose concentration, but not of fructose, sorbitol or inositol. Compounds readily detected in adipose tissue were inositol and glucose; in addition an unidentified carbohydrate was detected in adipose tissue that related to the concentration of tissue glucose. These results are discussed in relation to the possibility that tissue accumulation of polyols could be responsible for the secondary complications of diabetes such as cataracts.", "PMID": 1181073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7896", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of fucosidosis.", "content": "Pregnancy from a family at risk for fucosidosis was monitored. The fetus was diagnosed as having a carrier state of the disease. alpha-L-fucosidase activity, however, was found to be absent in white blood cells obtained from identical twins after delivery. The diagnostic evaluation of (1) the enzyme activity in amniotic fluid and in cultivated amniotic fluid cells and (2) the presence of fucose rich compound in amniotic fluid are discussed.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of fucosidosis. Pregnancy from a family at risk for fucosidosis was monitored. The fetus was diagnosed as having a carrier state of the disease. alpha-L-fucosidase activity, however, was found to be absent in white blood cells obtained from identical twins after delivery. The diagnostic evaluation of (1) the enzyme activity in amniotic fluid and in cultivated amniotic fluid cells and (2) the presence of fucose rich compound in amniotic fluid are discussed.", "PMID": 1181074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7897", "title": "Adherence of rabbit erythrocytes to guinea-pig brain structures. Evidence for antigenic correlation between guinea-pig thymus and brain?", "content": "Similar to thymocytes in the thymic cortex, certain brain structures, such as nerve tracts and nerve cells of the Ammon's horn, show an affinity to rabbit erythrocytes (RRBC) which is exemplified by the adherence of RRBC to frozen brain sections. The experimental conditions of this adherence reaction are identical with that previously found with guinea-pig thymus and lymph node sections. From the results it may be concluded that receptor substances similar in nature on thymocytes and brain are responsible for this adherence phenomenon.", "contents": "Adherence of rabbit erythrocytes to guinea-pig brain structures. Evidence for antigenic correlation between guinea-pig thymus and brain? Similar to thymocytes in the thymic cortex, certain brain structures, such as nerve tracts and nerve cells of the Ammon's horn, show an affinity to rabbit erythrocytes (RRBC) which is exemplified by the adherence of RRBC to frozen brain sections. The experimental conditions of this adherence reaction are identical with that previously found with guinea-pig thymus and lymph node sections. From the results it may be concluded that receptor substances similar in nature on thymocytes and brain are responsible for this adherence phenomenon.", "PMID": 1181075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7898", "title": "Intensive immunosuppression in patients with disseminated sclerosis. III. Lymphocyte response in vitro.", "content": "Lymphocytes from fifteen multiple sclerosis patients gave responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), conconavalin A (con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) which were in the normal range. However, the responses of lymphocytes to stimulation by an allogeneic lymphoid cell line (LCL) were significantly lower in HLA-7-positive than in HLA-7-negative patients (a distinction not found in control groups). Depression of con A, PHA and PWM responses were observed during intensive immunosuppression. Responses to LCL were unaltered or increased during initial azathioprine and prednisone treatment. The depression of this response following antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) treatment was delayed in the HLA-7-positive patients. One week after the end of ALG treatment, most PHA, con A and PWM responses had returned to low normal values. Reduction of azathioprine and prednisone treatment at the end of 1 year resulted in a sharp rise in PHA and con A responses in some patients. Relapses in patients were frequently associated with low responses to LCL cells.", "contents": "Intensive immunosuppression in patients with disseminated sclerosis. III. Lymphocyte response in vitro. Lymphocytes from fifteen multiple sclerosis patients gave responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), conconavalin A (con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) which were in the normal range. However, the responses of lymphocytes to stimulation by an allogeneic lymphoid cell line (LCL) were significantly lower in HLA-7-positive than in HLA-7-negative patients (a distinction not found in control groups). Depression of con A, PHA and PWM responses were observed during intensive immunosuppression. Responses to LCL were unaltered or increased during initial azathioprine and prednisone treatment. The depression of this response following antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) treatment was delayed in the HLA-7-positive patients. One week after the end of ALG treatment, most PHA, con A and PWM responses had returned to low normal values. Reduction of azathioprine and prednisone treatment at the end of 1 year resulted in a sharp rise in PHA and con A responses in some patients. Relapses in patients were frequently associated with low responses to LCL cells.", "PMID": 1181076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7899", "title": "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to concanavalin A-binding tumour membrane components.", "content": "The use of affinity chromatography has permitted the isolation of those tumour membrane fractions possessing affinity for the lectin concanavalin A. That these fractions are rich in tumour-associated antigens is supported by their ability to induce delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions. The tumour extracts possessing concanavalin affinity resulted in skin test reactivity of considerably greater frequency and magnitude than normal tissue fractions, disrupted unfractionated tumour membrane extracts, or tumour membrane fractions not possessing concanavalin A affinity. Although the present data does not permit the correlation of skin reactivity with patient or disease parameters, the isolation of augmented concentrations of tumour-associated antigens may lead to improved diagnostic and prognostic tests and vaccines for patients with cancer.", "contents": "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to concanavalin A-binding tumour membrane components. The use of affinity chromatography has permitted the isolation of those tumour membrane fractions possessing affinity for the lectin concanavalin A. That these fractions are rich in tumour-associated antigens is supported by their ability to induce delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions. The tumour extracts possessing concanavalin affinity resulted in skin test reactivity of considerably greater frequency and magnitude than normal tissue fractions, disrupted unfractionated tumour membrane extracts, or tumour membrane fractions not possessing concanavalin A affinity. Although the present data does not permit the correlation of skin reactivity with patient or disease parameters, the isolation of augmented concentrations of tumour-associated antigens may lead to improved diagnostic and prognostic tests and vaccines for patients with cancer.", "PMID": 1181077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7900", "title": "Tissue blood flow and oxygen transport in critically ill patients.", "content": "The theoretical and practical solutions to the problems of increasing oxygen transport are well understood. Unfortunately the quantitation of hypoxia, both as an absolute deficit and as a precise method of prognosis is not yet available. This may well be because regional hypoxia in a vital tissue cannot be mirrored in a total body measurement. In the low-flow state, oxygen delivery can be maintained by redistribution of cardiac output, reduction of oxygen uptake by ischemic tissue by reducing work load, by increasing oxygenation of the blood, or by decreasing the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin. The latter provides for more oxygen to be delivered by a given amount of oxyhemoglobin before the tension falls to deleterious regions (about 20 torr). There is some evidence that pharmacologic doses of methylprednisolone may be beneficial in this respect.", "contents": "Tissue blood flow and oxygen transport in critically ill patients. The theoretical and practical solutions to the problems of increasing oxygen transport are well understood. Unfortunately the quantitation of hypoxia, both as an absolute deficit and as a precise method of prognosis is not yet available. This may well be because regional hypoxia in a vital tissue cannot be mirrored in a total body measurement. In the low-flow state, oxygen delivery can be maintained by redistribution of cardiac output, reduction of oxygen uptake by ischemic tissue by reducing work load, by increasing oxygenation of the blood, or by decreasing the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin. The latter provides for more oxygen to be delivered by a given amount of oxyhemoglobin before the tension falls to deleterious regions (about 20 torr). There is some evidence that pharmacologic doses of methylprednisolone may be beneficial in this respect.", "PMID": 1181095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7901", "title": "Reduction in colloid osmotic pressure associated with fatal progression of cardiopulmonary failure.", "content": "The relationship between colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and the severity of cardiopulmonary failure was investigated in 99 consecutive patients admitted to our Shock Unit including 41 survivors and 58 fatal cases. The COP was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) in fatal cases in comparison to survivors. None of 21 patients in whom COP was less than 10.5 torr survived. A progressive increase in survival with typical S-shaped distribution was observed as COP increased from 10 to 19 torr, above which all patients survived. These preliminary observations demonstrated that reduction in COP in critically ill patients is associated with increases in mortality. The mechanisms by which lowering of COP may be related to fatal progression of cardiopulmonary failure is the subject of continuing study.", "contents": "Reduction in colloid osmotic pressure associated with fatal progression of cardiopulmonary failure. The relationship between colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and the severity of cardiopulmonary failure was investigated in 99 consecutive patients admitted to our Shock Unit including 41 survivors and 58 fatal cases. The COP was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) in fatal cases in comparison to survivors. None of 21 patients in whom COP was less than 10.5 torr survived. A progressive increase in survival with typical S-shaped distribution was observed as COP increased from 10 to 19 torr, above which all patients survived. These preliminary observations demonstrated that reduction in COP in critically ill patients is associated with increases in mortality. The mechanisms by which lowering of COP may be related to fatal progression of cardiopulmonary failure is the subject of continuing study.", "PMID": 1181096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7902", "title": "Algorithm for resuscitation: a systematic plan for immediate care of the injured or postoperative patient.", "content": "A systematic integrated approach to the diagnostic, monitoring and fluid volume therapy was developed for use in patients with accidental and elective surgical trauma. An algorithm (patient care protocol) is proposed for expeditious resuscitation in emergency situations using: (a) BP as the criteria for initiation of rapid fluid therapy, (b) hematocrit for the choice of blood transfusion or plasma expanders, and (c) CVP, urine output, arterial pressure and wedge pressure as criteria for slowing down or stopping the rate of volume therapy. History, physical examination, laboratory work, X-rays, monitoring and diagnostic procedures are interdigitated in a systematic fashion according to priorities of the most common life-threatening aspects of the total resuscitation problem. In chaotic emergency situations, it is impossible to plan for all possible contingencies; to try to do so results in an impossibly complex and unwiedly plan. However, we believe that almost any reasonable plan is better than no plan at all.", "contents": "Algorithm for resuscitation: a systematic plan for immediate care of the injured or postoperative patient. A systematic integrated approach to the diagnostic, monitoring and fluid volume therapy was developed for use in patients with accidental and elective surgical trauma. An algorithm (patient care protocol) is proposed for expeditious resuscitation in emergency situations using: (a) BP as the criteria for initiation of rapid fluid therapy, (b) hematocrit for the choice of blood transfusion or plasma expanders, and (c) CVP, urine output, arterial pressure and wedge pressure as criteria for slowing down or stopping the rate of volume therapy. History, physical examination, laboratory work, X-rays, monitoring and diagnostic procedures are interdigitated in a systematic fashion according to priorities of the most common life-threatening aspects of the total resuscitation problem. In chaotic emergency situations, it is impossible to plan for all possible contingencies; to try to do so results in an impossibly complex and unwiedly plan. However, we believe that almost any reasonable plan is better than no plan at all.", "PMID": 1181099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7903", "title": "Assessment of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in cardiogenic shock.", "content": "Intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) has been shown to reverse the cardiogenic shock syndrome, but the long-term results (16 to 53% survival) have, in general, been disappointing. The most productive areas for the use of IABP are in the treatment of acute myocardial ischemia where in one report of 16 patients treated with IABP and surgery 15 survived and 13 were angina free, and in the open heart surgical setting where survival ranges from 42 to 70%. The implications of these treatment modalities are discussed.", "contents": "Assessment of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in cardiogenic shock. Intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) has been shown to reverse the cardiogenic shock syndrome, but the long-term results (16 to 53% survival) have, in general, been disappointing. The most productive areas for the use of IABP are in the treatment of acute myocardial ischemia where in one report of 16 patients treated with IABP and surgery 15 survived and 13 were angina free, and in the open heart surgical setting where survival ranges from 42 to 70%. The implications of these treatment modalities are discussed.", "PMID": 1181101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7904", "title": "Effect of methylprednisolone on predicted myocardial infarction size in man.", "content": "Therapeutic manipulations designed to conserve myocardium in patients with acute myocardial infarction appear to improve prognosis. To assess the role of glucocorticoids given in pharmacologic dosage in the early treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction, serial serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) were obtained every 1-2 hours in 39 consecutive patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction. Determination of completed infarction size (ISc) was made using all available CPK values (range 70-160 hours). Predicted infarct size (ILp) was based on early data following the rise in CPK from baseline values: projected CPK values were obtained over a 160 hour period using a curve fitting procedure based upon nonlinear Gauss-Newton stepwise iterations. In 13 uncomplicated control patients ISp was 43.2 +/- 11.6 (mean +/- SE) CPK-gram-equivalents (CPK-q-eq), based on data from the first 7 hours following the rise in serum CPK, while ISc was 44.7 +/- 11.4 CPK-geq (r = .99, n = 13). In 7 additional control patients whose hospitals courses were complicated by clinical extension ISp was 71.8 +/- 18.0 CPK-g-eq while ISc was 118.6 +/- 31.0 CPK-g-eq (p less than .03). In 19 patients treated with 3 grams of methylprednisolone 7-14 hours following the rise in serum CPK from baseline, data from early CPK determinations (7 hours) indicated an ISp of 118.5 +/- 24.1 CPK-g-eq while total CPK data indicate an ISc of 89.6 +/- 13.2 CPK-g-Eq (p less than .04). The exponential clearance of CPK (kd) was approximated in the controls (kd = .00095 +/- .00007 min-1) and glucocorticoid treated patients (kd = .00099 +/- .00006 min-1) and found to be similar. Thus, administration of a pharmacologic dose of methylprednisolone 7-14 hours following rise in serum CPK from baseline in a group of patients with acute myocardial infarctions has resulted in salvage of myocardium.", "contents": "Effect of methylprednisolone on predicted myocardial infarction size in man. Therapeutic manipulations designed to conserve myocardium in patients with acute myocardial infarction appear to improve prognosis. To assess the role of glucocorticoids given in pharmacologic dosage in the early treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction, serial serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) were obtained every 1-2 hours in 39 consecutive patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction. Determination of completed infarction size (ISc) was made using all available CPK values (range 70-160 hours). Predicted infarct size (ILp) was based on early data following the rise in CPK from baseline values: projected CPK values were obtained over a 160 hour period using a curve fitting procedure based upon nonlinear Gauss-Newton stepwise iterations. In 13 uncomplicated control patients ISp was 43.2 +/- 11.6 (mean +/- SE) CPK-gram-equivalents (CPK-q-eq), based on data from the first 7 hours following the rise in serum CPK, while ISc was 44.7 +/- 11.4 CPK-geq (r = .99, n = 13). In 7 additional control patients whose hospitals courses were complicated by clinical extension ISp was 71.8 +/- 18.0 CPK-g-eq while ISc was 118.6 +/- 31.0 CPK-g-eq (p less than .03). In 19 patients treated with 3 grams of methylprednisolone 7-14 hours following the rise in serum CPK from baseline, data from early CPK determinations (7 hours) indicated an ISp of 118.5 +/- 24.1 CPK-g-eq while total CPK data indicate an ISc of 89.6 +/- 13.2 CPK-g-Eq (p less than .04). The exponential clearance of CPK (kd) was approximated in the controls (kd = .00095 +/- .00007 min-1) and glucocorticoid treated patients (kd = .00099 +/- .00006 min-1) and found to be similar. Thus, administration of a pharmacologic dose of methylprednisolone 7-14 hours following rise in serum CPK from baseline in a group of patients with acute myocardial infarctions has resulted in salvage of myocardium.", "PMID": 1181102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7905", "title": "Second annual SCCM lecture. The role of hemodynamic monitoring in the management of the critically ill.", "content": "Balloon flotation catheterization of the central circulation provides data which may be most meaningful and important to the management of critically ill patients. It allows the measurements of the filling pressures of the right and left ventricle as well as the cardiac output. These data combined with information concerning cardiac rhythm, heart rate, arterial pressure and other variables place the principal determinants of cardiac function at the disposal of the critical care personnel. In particular, the physician may optimize left ventricular filling pressure and then after other functional determinants of cardiac performance so as to optimize the relationship of cardiac output to the metabolic needs of the body tissues and systmes. Continued hemodynamic monitoring also provides prompt objective information as to success or failure of therapeutic interventions. It thereby allows for the most rational decision making and effective alteration in the therapy applied to the individual critically ill patient. Much still needs to be done to establish completely the impact of such monitoring techniques upon patient management. However, experience thus far has been most promising. Large numbers of physicians and health care personnel now rely on pressures provided by the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in their decisions about fluid therapy. Others are rapidly assessing the importance of the cardiac output and other parameters of cardiac function on a semi-continuous basis. Thus, balloon flotation catheterization has allowed the application of sound physiological principles to the understanding of circulatory abnormalities characterizing important patient illnesses and provides a rational basis for the selection of therapy with objective quantitative assessment of responses. The procedures are simple: the complications rate is low, and the information provided is highly relevant to clinical practice.", "contents": "Second annual SCCM lecture. The role of hemodynamic monitoring in the management of the critically ill. Balloon flotation catheterization of the central circulation provides data which may be most meaningful and important to the management of critically ill patients. It allows the measurements of the filling pressures of the right and left ventricle as well as the cardiac output. These data combined with information concerning cardiac rhythm, heart rate, arterial pressure and other variables place the principal determinants of cardiac function at the disposal of the critical care personnel. In particular, the physician may optimize left ventricular filling pressure and then after other functional determinants of cardiac performance so as to optimize the relationship of cardiac output to the metabolic needs of the body tissues and systmes. Continued hemodynamic monitoring also provides prompt objective information as to success or failure of therapeutic interventions. It thereby allows for the most rational decision making and effective alteration in the therapy applied to the individual critically ill patient. Much still needs to be done to establish completely the impact of such monitoring techniques upon patient management. However, experience thus far has been most promising. Large numbers of physicians and health care personnel now rely on pressures provided by the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in their decisions about fluid therapy. Others are rapidly assessing the importance of the cardiac output and other parameters of cardiac function on a semi-continuous basis. Thus, balloon flotation catheterization has allowed the application of sound physiological principles to the understanding of circulatory abnormalities characterizing important patient illnesses and provides a rational basis for the selection of therapy with objective quantitative assessment of responses. The procedures are simple: the complications rate is low, and the information provided is highly relevant to clinical practice.", "PMID": 1181100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7906", "title": "Symposium: Procidentia of the rectum: teflon sling repair of rectal prolapse, Lahey Clinic experience.", "content": "The Teflon-sling method of repair of rectal prolapse in the Lahey Clinic experience has proved to be one of no mortality and low morbidity, with a recurrence rate of 7.3 per cent over an average follow-up period of nearly four years. Bowel management and incontinence are problems inherent in the pathogenesis of the problem and, though improved, necessitate long-term patient re-education and physiotherapy. More than 85 per cent of the patients were satisfied with the results of the procedure.", "contents": "Symposium: Procidentia of the rectum: teflon sling repair of rectal prolapse, Lahey Clinic experience. The Teflon-sling method of repair of rectal prolapse in the Lahey Clinic experience has proved to be one of no mortality and low morbidity, with a recurrence rate of 7.3 per cent over an average follow-up period of nearly four years. Bowel management and incontinence are problems inherent in the pathogenesis of the problem and, though improved, necessitate long-term patient re-education and physiotherapy. More than 85 per cent of the patients were satisfied with the results of the procedure.", "PMID": 1181148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7907", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the colon: report of a case and analysis of the relationship of histology to prognosis.", "content": "A case of primary leiomyosarcoma of the colon in a patient without gastrointestinal symptomatology who initially manifested a metastasis in the parotid region is described. Review of the literature indicates that mitotic activity is the most reliable histologic criterion for prognosis. Three of five patients with tumors manifesting high mitotic activity succumbed to widespread metastatic disease within four months of initial diagnosis. The prognosis is generally favorable for those patients whose neoplasms have low or moderate mitotic rates.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the colon: report of a case and analysis of the relationship of histology to prognosis. A case of primary leiomyosarcoma of the colon in a patient without gastrointestinal symptomatology who initially manifested a metastasis in the parotid region is described. Review of the literature indicates that mitotic activity is the most reliable histologic criterion for prognosis. Three of five patients with tumors manifesting high mitotic activity succumbed to widespread metastatic disease within four months of initial diagnosis. The prognosis is generally favorable for those patients whose neoplasms have low or moderate mitotic rates.", "PMID": 1181152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7908", "title": "Perianal verrucose carcinoma spreading to the rectum: report of a case.", "content": "The case of a 39-year-old man with a perianal verrucose carcinoma of 12 years' duration is presented. After local resection the tumor recurred several times and spread to the rectum. An abdominoperineal resection revealed neither infiltration of deeper layers nor lymph-node metastasis. Five other cases of perianal verrucose carcinoma, only two of which were described in detail, have been reported. Probably other examples have been reported under the names of \"perianal florid papillomatosis,\"13,23 \"giant condyloma acuminatum\"26 and \"condyloma acuminatum with malignant transformation.\"9,12,27", "contents": "Perianal verrucose carcinoma spreading to the rectum: report of a case. The case of a 39-year-old man with a perianal verrucose carcinoma of 12 years' duration is presented. After local resection the tumor recurred several times and spread to the rectum. An abdominoperineal resection revealed neither infiltration of deeper layers nor lymph-node metastasis. Five other cases of perianal verrucose carcinoma, only two of which were described in detail, have been reported. Probably other examples have been reported under the names of \"perianal florid papillomatosis,\"13,23 \"giant condyloma acuminatum\"26 and \"condyloma acuminatum with malignant transformation.\"9,12,27", "PMID": 1181154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7909", "title": "Anal fibrosarcoma: report of a case and review of literature.", "content": "A unique case of anal fibrosarcoma is reported. Review of the literature in the past half century revealed only 13 cases of rectal fibrosarcoma, and no case of anal fibrosarcoma. Abdominoperineal resection is the usual treatment if the disease is confined to the rectum or anus. An extended resection may be indicated in those patients who have more extensive disease. Long-term follow-up information was not available in the literature. The prognosis is presumed to be the same as if not worse than for fibrosarcomas in other parts of the body. Reporting of this rare tumor when found in unusual locations is encouraged.", "contents": "Anal fibrosarcoma: report of a case and review of literature. A unique case of anal fibrosarcoma is reported. Review of the literature in the past half century revealed only 13 cases of rectal fibrosarcoma, and no case of anal fibrosarcoma. Abdominoperineal resection is the usual treatment if the disease is confined to the rectum or anus. An extended resection may be indicated in those patients who have more extensive disease. Long-term follow-up information was not available in the literature. The prognosis is presumed to be the same as if not worse than for fibrosarcomas in other parts of the body. Reporting of this rare tumor when found in unusual locations is encouraged.", "PMID": 1181155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7910", "title": "Ulcerative disease of the colon proximal to partially obstructive lesions: report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Carcinoma complicating idiopathic ulcerative colitis is well known. Conversely, acute colitis complicating obstructing carcinomas and other partially obstructing lesions of the colon has not been recognized until recently. The present study reports two cases of colitis secondary to obstruction: 1) a giant ulcer with colitis proximal to partially obstruction diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon, and 2) colitis proximal to obstructing carcinoma of the sigmoid colon. The purpose of this report is to document these cases and review the literature on this variety of colitis to facilitate its recognition and subsequent correct treatment. An unawareness of this entity prejudices the anastomosis and results in anastomotic complications (approximately 25 per cent), with significant morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Ulcerative disease of the colon proximal to partially obstructive lesions: report of two cases and review of the literature. Carcinoma complicating idiopathic ulcerative colitis is well known. Conversely, acute colitis complicating obstructing carcinomas and other partially obstructing lesions of the colon has not been recognized until recently. The present study reports two cases of colitis secondary to obstruction: 1) a giant ulcer with colitis proximal to partially obstruction diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon, and 2) colitis proximal to obstructing carcinoma of the sigmoid colon. The purpose of this report is to document these cases and review the literature on this variety of colitis to facilitate its recognition and subsequent correct treatment. An unawareness of this entity prejudices the anastomosis and results in anastomotic complications (approximately 25 per cent), with significant morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 1181164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7911", "title": "Present situation of schistosomiasis in the Libyan Arab Republic. I. Bilharziasis in Ubari District in Fezzan (Sebha Governorate.", "content": "A survey for urinary schistosomiasis was conducted in all the schools (18 in number) of ubari district (Sebha Governorate) of the Libyan Arab Republic. Out of 1874, school pupils examined 99 proved positive at the rate of 5.3 percent. Boys were more infected than girls and the peak of infection was at eleven years. The intensity of infection was light. New foci were detected in five towns and villages brignging up the total number to 20 out of 31. Samples of population in nine towns and villages (about one quarter) were examined covering 1435, with 34 infected at a rate of 2.4 percent. Treatment of infected pupils started with Niridazole at the standard dose, with about 60 percent cure rate. Eleven towns and villages were found to harbour Bulinus snails in some of their farms, increasing the number to 20 out of 31. These snails belong to subgenus Bulinus. However, they fall in four distinctive types based on the variation of shell morphology. Antisnail measures were introduced for the first time using copper sulphate with satisfactory preliminary results.", "contents": "Present situation of schistosomiasis in the Libyan Arab Republic. I. Bilharziasis in Ubari District in Fezzan (Sebha Governorate. A survey for urinary schistosomiasis was conducted in all the schools (18 in number) of ubari district (Sebha Governorate) of the Libyan Arab Republic. Out of 1874, school pupils examined 99 proved positive at the rate of 5.3 percent. Boys were more infected than girls and the peak of infection was at eleven years. The intensity of infection was light. New foci were detected in five towns and villages brignging up the total number to 20 out of 31. Samples of population in nine towns and villages (about one quarter) were examined covering 1435, with 34 infected at a rate of 2.4 percent. Treatment of infected pupils started with Niridazole at the standard dose, with about 60 percent cure rate. Eleven towns and villages were found to harbour Bulinus snails in some of their farms, increasing the number to 20 out of 31. These snails belong to subgenus Bulinus. However, they fall in four distinctive types based on the variation of shell morphology. Antisnail measures were introduced for the first time using copper sulphate with satisfactory preliminary results.", "PMID": 1181169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7912", "title": "Cutaneous schistosomiasis.", "content": "Cutaneous manifestations of schistosomiasis can be produced by human and nonhuman species. They can occur in the invasive stage or oviposition stage. Manifestations in the invasive stage are non-specific and include: 1. severe itching 2. Generalized anaphylactiod reaction with urticarial or erythema multiforme-like eruption. Manifestations in the stage of oviposition are specific and include: 1. Genital and perigenital granulomata; 2. Extragenital cutaneous schistosomal granulomata occurring in sites away from the portocaval anastomoses. The clinical and the histopathologic picture are described. The possible mechanisms of ectopic localisation of schistosomal granulomata are discussed.", "contents": "Cutaneous schistosomiasis. Cutaneous manifestations of schistosomiasis can be produced by human and nonhuman species. They can occur in the invasive stage or oviposition stage. Manifestations in the invasive stage are non-specific and include: 1. severe itching 2. Generalized anaphylactiod reaction with urticarial or erythema multiforme-like eruption. Manifestations in the stage of oviposition are specific and include: 1. Genital and perigenital granulomata; 2. Extragenital cutaneous schistosomal granulomata occurring in sites away from the portocaval anastomoses. The clinical and the histopathologic picture are described. The possible mechanisms of ectopic localisation of schistosomal granulomata are discussed.", "PMID": 1181171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7913", "title": "Control of snail hosts of bilharziasis in Egypt. 2. Effect of triphenyltin hydroxide (Du-Ter) on carbohydrate metabolism of the snails Biomphalaria alexandria and Bulinus tuncatus.", "content": "Previous work has shown that the aerobic oxidation of certain intermediates of Krebs cycle by the snail B. alexandrina and B. truncatusis inhibited by TPT. This paper reports data on the effect of TPT on glucose utilization, glycolysis, glycogen content, and glucone ogenesis in snail tissue preparations. The compounds at its LC50 inhibited gluconeogenesis, stimulated glycolysis and markedly reduced the glycogen content and glucose utilization in both snails. However, the effects were more pronounced in B. truncatus than in B. alexandrina. Possible interpretations of these findings are discussed with reference to published arrangements for regulation of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, coupling of electorn transport to ATP synthesis and also to our present knowledge of the chemical and biological specificity of TPT.", "contents": "Control of snail hosts of bilharziasis in Egypt. 2. Effect of triphenyltin hydroxide (Du-Ter) on carbohydrate metabolism of the snails Biomphalaria alexandria and Bulinus tuncatus. Previous work has shown that the aerobic oxidation of certain intermediates of Krebs cycle by the snail B. alexandrina and B. truncatusis inhibited by TPT. This paper reports data on the effect of TPT on glucose utilization, glycolysis, glycogen content, and glucone ogenesis in snail tissue preparations. The compounds at its LC50 inhibited gluconeogenesis, stimulated glycolysis and markedly reduced the glycogen content and glucose utilization in both snails. However, the effects were more pronounced in B. truncatus than in B. alexandrina. Possible interpretations of these findings are discussed with reference to published arrangements for regulation of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, coupling of electorn transport to ATP synthesis and also to our present knowledge of the chemical and biological specificity of TPT.", "PMID": 1181172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7914", "title": "Lipid pattern in Bilharzial hepatic fiprosis.", "content": "Plasma total lipid phosphorus, individual phospholipid fractions, free and esterified cholesterol, triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids were fractionated by thin-layer chromatography and determined in bilharzial hepatic fibrosis patients (57 cases) and normal controls (25 cases). Significant diminutions were encountered in the total and the individual phospholipids, especially the lysolecithin fraction in the 3 groups of patients studied. Total and esterified cholesterol and triglycerides showed significant decreases, especially in moderate and late cases. NEFA, on the other hand, did not reveal any change from normal level in either moderate, late or mixed cases. Such findings may be attributed to malabsorption, lack of energy, insufficiency of required precursors as well as impaired synthesis by the liver.", "contents": "Lipid pattern in Bilharzial hepatic fiprosis. Plasma total lipid phosphorus, individual phospholipid fractions, free and esterified cholesterol, triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids were fractionated by thin-layer chromatography and determined in bilharzial hepatic fibrosis patients (57 cases) and normal controls (25 cases). Significant diminutions were encountered in the total and the individual phospholipids, especially the lysolecithin fraction in the 3 groups of patients studied. Total and esterified cholesterol and triglycerides showed significant decreases, especially in moderate and late cases. NEFA, on the other hand, did not reveal any change from normal level in either moderate, late or mixed cases. Such findings may be attributed to malabsorption, lack of energy, insufficiency of required precursors as well as impaired synthesis by the liver.", "PMID": 1181174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7915", "title": "Anaerobic recovery in man.", "content": "The lactic acid (L.A.) concentration in blood after a 20 sec supramaximal exercise (2.5 times VO2max) has been measured in 4 subjects in the following experimental conditions: a) during the resting period following the supramaximal exercise (rest recovery) and b) during a 3 min exercise at VO2max immediately following the supramaximal effort (exercise recovery). The L.A. concentration in blood has been found to be consistently higher (on the average by 16.9 mg%) in case (b). Since in such condition it may be reasonably assumed that the oxygen taken up by the subject is completely utilized for the exercise, the increase of blood lactate is considered evidence for the occurrence of anaerobic recovery, i.e. of a partial re-synthesis of the high energy phosphate stores of the muscle (GP = ATP + PC) depleted during the supramaximal effort, at the expense of anaerobic glycolysis. From the increase in blood L.A. concentration during the anaerobic recovery period, the amount of L.A. produced has been estimated together with the amount of GP resynthesized. The latter corresponds to 4 to 7 mMoles/kg of muscle, i.e. to about 25% of the average GP concentration in resting human muscle. The finalistic implication of this mechanism is the prompt restoration of the potential maximal power of the muscle even in the absence of O2.", "contents": "Anaerobic recovery in man. The lactic acid (L.A.) concentration in blood after a 20 sec supramaximal exercise (2.5 times VO2max) has been measured in 4 subjects in the following experimental conditions: a) during the resting period following the supramaximal exercise (rest recovery) and b) during a 3 min exercise at VO2max immediately following the supramaximal effort (exercise recovery). The L.A. concentration in blood has been found to be consistently higher (on the average by 16.9 mg%) in case (b). Since in such condition it may be reasonably assumed that the oxygen taken up by the subject is completely utilized for the exercise, the increase of blood lactate is considered evidence for the occurrence of anaerobic recovery, i.e. of a partial re-synthesis of the high energy phosphate stores of the muscle (GP = ATP + PC) depleted during the supramaximal effort, at the expense of anaerobic glycolysis. From the increase in blood L.A. concentration during the anaerobic recovery period, the amount of L.A. produced has been estimated together with the amount of GP resynthesized. The latter corresponds to 4 to 7 mMoles/kg of muscle, i.e. to about 25% of the average GP concentration in resting human muscle. The finalistic implication of this mechanism is the prompt restoration of the potential maximal power of the muscle even in the absence of O2.", "PMID": 1181176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7916", "title": "Skeletal muscle leucine incorporation and testosterone uptake in exercised guinea pigs.", "content": "We examined the changes induced by daily treadmill exercise on body weights, plantaris muscle weights, plantaris protein concentrations, and L-leucine-4,5-3H incorporation into plantaris muscles of normal and castrated young male guinea pigs and of castrated animals receiving testosterone replacement therapy, and compared the testosterone-1,2-3H uptake by plantaris muscles of trained normal guinea pigs to that of untrained animals. Trained animals exhibited significantly lower body and muscle weights and greater labeled leucine incorporation into sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins but did not show significant changes in protein concentrations or labeled testosterone uptake. The level of physical activity of the young animals studied appeared to be more important than gonadal endocrine function in altering protein metabolism and muscle and body weights. Because hypertrophy did not occur in the trained plantaris muscles, which had elevated rates of labeled leucine incorporation, it appears that the trained animals had a higher muscle protein turnover rate. It seems unlikely that testosterone plays an important role in these activity-related phenomena.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle leucine incorporation and testosterone uptake in exercised guinea pigs. We examined the changes induced by daily treadmill exercise on body weights, plantaris muscle weights, plantaris protein concentrations, and L-leucine-4,5-3H incorporation into plantaris muscles of normal and castrated young male guinea pigs and of castrated animals receiving testosterone replacement therapy, and compared the testosterone-1,2-3H uptake by plantaris muscles of trained normal guinea pigs to that of untrained animals. Trained animals exhibited significantly lower body and muscle weights and greater labeled leucine incorporation into sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins but did not show significant changes in protein concentrations or labeled testosterone uptake. The level of physical activity of the young animals studied appeared to be more important than gonadal endocrine function in altering protein metabolism and muscle and body weights. Because hypertrophy did not occur in the trained plantaris muscles, which had elevated rates of labeled leucine incorporation, it appears that the trained animals had a higher muscle protein turnover rate. It seems unlikely that testosterone plays an important role in these activity-related phenomena.", "PMID": 1181177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7917", "title": "Ammonia production following maximal exercise: treadmill vs. bicycle testing.", "content": "From a population of 20 healthy male volunteers, half performed constant speed, incremental load maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) tests on a motor-driven treadmill, while the other half performed similar VO2max tests on a bicycle ergometer. The two groups, matched for size and age, showed no significant differences in VO2max, maximum heart rate, or in post-exercise (4 min ) peripheral venous blood concentrations of lactete or pyruvate. However, post-exercise peripheral venous blood ammonia levels were significantly higher in the group tested on the bicycle ergometer than in the treadmill group.", "contents": "Ammonia production following maximal exercise: treadmill vs. bicycle testing. From a population of 20 healthy male volunteers, half performed constant speed, incremental load maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) tests on a motor-driven treadmill, while the other half performed similar VO2max tests on a bicycle ergometer. The two groups, matched for size and age, showed no significant differences in VO2max, maximum heart rate, or in post-exercise (4 min ) peripheral venous blood concentrations of lactete or pyruvate. However, post-exercise peripheral venous blood ammonia levels were significantly higher in the group tested on the bicycle ergometer than in the treadmill group.", "PMID": 1181179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7918", "title": "Acute blood biochemical alterations in response to marathon running.", "content": "Adrenal-sympathico function, blood carbohydrates and lipids, and water and electrolyte balance were studied in six highly trained male marathon runners prior to and after running a marathon (26.2 miles; 42.2 km) and on control days corresponding to the above times. Fluid intake was not sufficient to maintain body weight, the runners losing approximately 2.8 kg. Estimated plasma volume losses (161 ml, 4.4%) indicated that most of the fluid loss was extravascular. Tre rose an average 2.4 degrees C and a significant negative correlation between running time and rise in Tre was observed. Glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, hemoglobin, and plasma proteins were significantly elevated after the race. Small but statistically significant increments in lactate and pyruvate were also observed. Alterations in adrenal-sympathico function were indicated by increased levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.", "contents": "Acute blood biochemical alterations in response to marathon running. Adrenal-sympathico function, blood carbohydrates and lipids, and water and electrolyte balance were studied in six highly trained male marathon runners prior to and after running a marathon (26.2 miles; 42.2 km) and on control days corresponding to the above times. Fluid intake was not sufficient to maintain body weight, the runners losing approximately 2.8 kg. Estimated plasma volume losses (161 ml, 4.4%) indicated that most of the fluid loss was extravascular. Tre rose an average 2.4 degrees C and a significant negative correlation between running time and rise in Tre was observed. Glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, hemoglobin, and plasma proteins were significantly elevated after the race. Small but statistically significant increments in lactate and pyruvate were also observed. Alterations in adrenal-sympathico function were indicated by increased levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.", "PMID": 1181180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7919", "title": "Leg muscle metabolism during exercise in the heat and cold.", "content": "In an effort to assess the effects of environmental heat stress on muscle metabolism during exercise, 6 men performed work in the heat (Tdb = 44 degrees C, RH = 15%) and cold (Tdb = 9 degrees C, RH = 55%). Exercise consisted of three 15-min cycling bouts at 70 to 85% VO2max, with 10-min rest between each. Muscle biopsies obtained from the vastus lateralis before and after each work bout were analyzed for glycogen and triglyceride content. Venous blood samples drawn before and after exercise were assayed for lactate, glucose, free fatty acids, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Oxygen uptake, heart rates and rectal temperatures were all significantly higher during exercise in the heat. Blood lactate concentration was roughly twice as great during the heat experiments as that measured in the 9 degrees C environment. Muscle glycogen utilization per 60 min was significantly greater in the heat ( - 74 m moles/kg-wet muscle) as compared to the cold exercise (- 42 m moles/kg-wet muscle). On the average, muscle triglyceride declined 23% during exercise in the cold and 11% in the heat. The findings of an enhanced glycolysis during exercise in the heat is compatible with earlier studies which demonstrate a decreased availability of oxygen due to a reduction in muscle blood flow.", "contents": "Leg muscle metabolism during exercise in the heat and cold. In an effort to assess the effects of environmental heat stress on muscle metabolism during exercise, 6 men performed work in the heat (Tdb = 44 degrees C, RH = 15%) and cold (Tdb = 9 degrees C, RH = 55%). Exercise consisted of three 15-min cycling bouts at 70 to 85% VO2max, with 10-min rest between each. Muscle biopsies obtained from the vastus lateralis before and after each work bout were analyzed for glycogen and triglyceride content. Venous blood samples drawn before and after exercise were assayed for lactate, glucose, free fatty acids, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Oxygen uptake, heart rates and rectal temperatures were all significantly higher during exercise in the heat. Blood lactate concentration was roughly twice as great during the heat experiments as that measured in the 9 degrees C environment. Muscle glycogen utilization per 60 min was significantly greater in the heat ( - 74 m moles/kg-wet muscle) as compared to the cold exercise (- 42 m moles/kg-wet muscle). On the average, muscle triglyceride declined 23% during exercise in the cold and 11% in the heat. The findings of an enhanced glycolysis during exercise in the heat is compatible with earlier studies which demonstrate a decreased availability of oxygen due to a reduction in muscle blood flow.", "PMID": 1181181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7920", "title": "Blood flow in thigh muscle during bicycling exercise at varying work rates.", "content": "16 male subjects exercised at 25, 50, 75, 90, 100 and 120% of VO2max on a von D\u00f6beln bicycle ergometer. The muscle mass was measured in a whole body counter. Muscle blood flow (MBF) estimated from the rate of 133Xe clearance from m. rectus femoris showed a levelling-off at about 0.5 1 of blood per min and liter of muscle tissue (equal to an irrigation coefficient of 0.5 min-1) at work rates above 50 to 60% of VO2 max. This concurs with clearance data from the literature. However, when MBF is calculated from VO2, muscle mass, and reliable values for a- vo2 differences, MBF in the present subjects would: 1. Not level off before 90 to 100% VO2max, 2. reach a value of 1.0 min-1. The underestimation of MBF calculated from 133Xe clearance and the levelling-off shown by this method may be due to a systematic error inherent in the method, the 133Xe clearance being diffusion limited at high flow rates.", "contents": "Blood flow in thigh muscle during bicycling exercise at varying work rates. 16 male subjects exercised at 25, 50, 75, 90, 100 and 120% of VO2max on a von D\u00f6beln bicycle ergometer. The muscle mass was measured in a whole body counter. Muscle blood flow (MBF) estimated from the rate of 133Xe clearance from m. rectus femoris showed a levelling-off at about 0.5 1 of blood per min and liter of muscle tissue (equal to an irrigation coefficient of 0.5 min-1) at work rates above 50 to 60% of VO2 max. This concurs with clearance data from the literature. However, when MBF is calculated from VO2, muscle mass, and reliable values for a- vo2 differences, MBF in the present subjects would: 1. Not level off before 90 to 100% VO2max, 2. reach a value of 1.0 min-1. The underestimation of MBF calculated from 133Xe clearance and the levelling-off shown by this method may be due to a systematic error inherent in the method, the 133Xe clearance being diffusion limited at high flow rates.", "PMID": 1181182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7921", "title": "Sensitivity to catecholamines and histamine in the trained and in the untrained human organism and sensitivity changes during digestion.", "content": "Blood pressure and heart rate responses elicited by norepinephrine, epinephrine and histamine were compared before and after duodenal acidification in 27 trained and untrained young healthy men. Before acidification trained subjects showed a lower sensitivity to norepinephrine and histamine and a slightly lower one to epinephrine. In order to explain these phenomena physical training was supposed to affect alpha, respectively beta adrenergic responsivity in a dissimilar manner. This suggestion was confirmed by the isoproterenol studies, too. Duodenal acidification decreased the catecholamine-induced pressor responses. Depressor responses to histamine did not change in the untrained subjects, whereas they increased in the trained group. Thus, during digestion the histamine-induced depressor responses of trained subjects tended to approach that of untrained people.", "contents": "Sensitivity to catecholamines and histamine in the trained and in the untrained human organism and sensitivity changes during digestion. Blood pressure and heart rate responses elicited by norepinephrine, epinephrine and histamine were compared before and after duodenal acidification in 27 trained and untrained young healthy men. Before acidification trained subjects showed a lower sensitivity to norepinephrine and histamine and a slightly lower one to epinephrine. In order to explain these phenomena physical training was supposed to affect alpha, respectively beta adrenergic responsivity in a dissimilar manner. This suggestion was confirmed by the isoproterenol studies, too. Duodenal acidification decreased the catecholamine-induced pressor responses. Depressor responses to histamine did not change in the untrained subjects, whereas they increased in the trained group. Thus, during digestion the histamine-induced depressor responses of trained subjects tended to approach that of untrained people.", "PMID": 1181183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7922", "title": "Methodical aspects of perceived exertion rating and its relation to pedalling rate and rotating mass.", "content": "Methodical aspects of the relationship between pedalling rate and rotating mass and perceived exertion rating (PER; Borg, 1962) were studied in trained, untrained, and ill subjects in bicycle ergometry. Pedalling rate varied between 40 and 100 rpm, work load steps were 5, 10, 15 and 20 mkp/sec in the healthy subjects, and 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mkp/sec in the patients. PER decreased with increasing pedalling rate in all healthy subjects. In the patients, PER increased moderately at work load of 2.5 mkp/sec, but decreased at higher work loads up to 80 rpm, followed by a slight increase at 100 rpm. Higher mass of the flywheel, studied in 6 trained subjects, lowered the PER insignificantly. In the healthy subjects, test criteria, such as reproducibility, reliability, sensitivity, and linearity remained almost unaffected by pedalling rate. In patients, increasing pedalling speed diminished reproducibility and sensitivity. The strictness of the PER work load relationship is lowered at higher pedalling rate, especially at 100 rpm. When using the PER scale, pedalling rate has to be considered as an factor of main influence.", "contents": "Methodical aspects of perceived exertion rating and its relation to pedalling rate and rotating mass. Methodical aspects of the relationship between pedalling rate and rotating mass and perceived exertion rating (PER; Borg, 1962) were studied in trained, untrained, and ill subjects in bicycle ergometry. Pedalling rate varied between 40 and 100 rpm, work load steps were 5, 10, 15 and 20 mkp/sec in the healthy subjects, and 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mkp/sec in the patients. PER decreased with increasing pedalling rate in all healthy subjects. In the patients, PER increased moderately at work load of 2.5 mkp/sec, but decreased at higher work loads up to 80 rpm, followed by a slight increase at 100 rpm. Higher mass of the flywheel, studied in 6 trained subjects, lowered the PER insignificantly. In the healthy subjects, test criteria, such as reproducibility, reliability, sensitivity, and linearity remained almost unaffected by pedalling rate. In patients, increasing pedalling speed diminished reproducibility and sensitivity. The strictness of the PER work load relationship is lowered at higher pedalling rate, especially at 100 rpm. When using the PER scale, pedalling rate has to be considered as an factor of main influence.", "PMID": 1181184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7923", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of venous blood from missile wounds.", "content": "A cross-infusion model including two dogs was used. At intervals 20 ml of blood from the iliac vein of one dog (donor), was injected during 60 sec into the iliac artery in which flow was measured electromagnetically in another dog (recipient). 1 min after missile trauma of the hind leg of the donor, the withdrawn venous blood possessed strong dilator property, manifesting itself by a transient, significant increase of blood flow in the registered artery of the recipient. This dilator property of venous blood from the traumatized region was, however, only apparent following wounding by missiles of high velocity.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of venous blood from missile wounds. A cross-infusion model including two dogs was used. At intervals 20 ml of blood from the iliac vein of one dog (donor), was injected during 60 sec into the iliac artery in which flow was measured electromagnetically in another dog (recipient). 1 min after missile trauma of the hind leg of the donor, the withdrawn venous blood possessed strong dilator property, manifesting itself by a transient, significant increase of blood flow in the registered artery of the recipient. This dilator property of venous blood from the traumatized region was, however, only apparent following wounding by missiles of high velocity.", "PMID": 1181185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7924", "title": "Secretin-induced bile secretion, bile acid output and blood supply to the liver in the dog.", "content": "Bile secretion and blood flow in the portal vein and the hepatic artery were determined in cholecystectomized anesthetized dogs before and during continuous infusion of varying doses of secretin. Secretin increases bile volume without alteration of bile acid output. Hepatic arterial flow was not altered by any dose. However, high doses of secretin increased portal venous blood flow significantly. It is concluded that secretin action on liver blood flow mirrors mainly superior mesenteric arterial vasodilation and seems to be a rather pharmacologic than a physiologic response. Bile secretion is not influenced by changes of hepatic blood flow in the physiologic range.", "contents": "Secretin-induced bile secretion, bile acid output and blood supply to the liver in the dog. Bile secretion and blood flow in the portal vein and the hepatic artery were determined in cholecystectomized anesthetized dogs before and during continuous infusion of varying doses of secretin. Secretin increases bile volume without alteration of bile acid output. Hepatic arterial flow was not altered by any dose. However, high doses of secretin increased portal venous blood flow significantly. It is concluded that secretin action on liver blood flow mirrors mainly superior mesenteric arterial vasodilation and seems to be a rather pharmacologic than a physiologic response. Bile secretion is not influenced by changes of hepatic blood flow in the physiologic range.", "PMID": 1181186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7925", "title": "Renal cortical necrosis induced in rabbits by local perfusion followed by systemic administration of endotoxin.", "content": "In an experimental model adapted to avoid severe systemic lesions, renal cortical necrosis was frequently induced in rabbits by repeated administration of endotoxin. The experimental model involves perfusion of the kidney in situ with endotoxin. Another dose of endotoxin was given intravenously 24-28 h before or after the perfusion. A significant effect of the perfusion or the endotoxin administered first was reflected by the pronounced unilateral morphological alterations appearing after the second administration of endotoxin. Some of the kidneys with cortical necrosis had band- or ring-shaped areas of preserved juxtamedullary tissue. Heavy infiltration of leukocytes at the borders of these areas called for commentation of the histological picture of infarcts, incorrectly described even in most modern textbooks.", "contents": "Renal cortical necrosis induced in rabbits by local perfusion followed by systemic administration of endotoxin. In an experimental model adapted to avoid severe systemic lesions, renal cortical necrosis was frequently induced in rabbits by repeated administration of endotoxin. The experimental model involves perfusion of the kidney in situ with endotoxin. Another dose of endotoxin was given intravenously 24-28 h before or after the perfusion. A significant effect of the perfusion or the endotoxin administered first was reflected by the pronounced unilateral morphological alterations appearing after the second administration of endotoxin. Some of the kidneys with cortical necrosis had band- or ring-shaped areas of preserved juxtamedullary tissue. Heavy infiltration of leukocytes at the borders of these areas called for commentation of the histological picture of infarcts, incorrectly described even in most modern textbooks.", "PMID": 1181187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7926", "title": "Active immunization against tetanus in man. I. Duration of anamnestic reaction after one dose of vaccine.", "content": "Fifteen men, 30-40 years old, who had received one dose of vaccine against tetanus, were given a booster dose 8-13 years later. Their serum content of tetanus antitoxin was determined (1) before the booster dose, (2) 3-4 days and (3) 8 days after the booster dose. A control group of ten men with 2-3 earlier vaccine injections was treated in the same way. All the men in the first group had an antitoxin content of 0.01 IU/ml or more, 8 days after the booster dose, while the comparative titres increased to more than 1 IU/ml in the control group. The advantage of a complete basic immunization is obvious, but the investigation shows that, even after one injection, the titre after a booster dose increased to a generally accepted protective level.", "contents": "Active immunization against tetanus in man. I. Duration of anamnestic reaction after one dose of vaccine. Fifteen men, 30-40 years old, who had received one dose of vaccine against tetanus, were given a booster dose 8-13 years later. Their serum content of tetanus antitoxin was determined (1) before the booster dose, (2) 3-4 days and (3) 8 days after the booster dose. A control group of ten men with 2-3 earlier vaccine injections was treated in the same way. All the men in the first group had an antitoxin content of 0.01 IU/ml or more, 8 days after the booster dose, while the comparative titres increased to more than 1 IU/ml in the control group. The advantage of a complete basic immunization is obvious, but the investigation shows that, even after one injection, the titre after a booster dose increased to a generally accepted protective level.", "PMID": 1181188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7927", "title": "Hepatic arterial and portal venous flows during hemorrhage.", "content": "Changes of total liver blood flow (TLBF), portal venous and hepatic arterial flows have been investigated using a hemorrhagic model in dogs. The dogs were bled stepwise from normal blood pressure to a pressure of 50-60 mm Hg. TLBF was measured by the xenon clearance method. Hepatic arterial blood flow was measured by electromagnetic flowmeter. Portal venous flow was calculated by subtracting hepatic arterial blood flow from TLBF. Other parameters studied during the experiment were systemic arterial blood pressure and portal venous pressure. Under normotensive conditions TLBF in mean was registered as 127 ml/min X 100 g liver tissue (25 ml/min X kg body weight). The relation between the flow value in portal vein and hepatic artery was on average 2.3:1. The study shows that there was a pronounced decrease of TLBF flow during hemorrhage. Portal venous flow decreased almost parallel to TLBF, while hepatic arterial flow decreased to a lesser extent which means that there was autoregulation in this flow bed. Hepatic arterial flow successively constituted a larger part of TLBF, during hemorrhage sometimes 65% compared to the normal value of about 30%. During the study there was an increase of vascular resistance in the portal venous system and decreased resistance in the hepatic arterial bed.", "contents": "Hepatic arterial and portal venous flows during hemorrhage. Changes of total liver blood flow (TLBF), portal venous and hepatic arterial flows have been investigated using a hemorrhagic model in dogs. The dogs were bled stepwise from normal blood pressure to a pressure of 50-60 mm Hg. TLBF was measured by the xenon clearance method. Hepatic arterial blood flow was measured by electromagnetic flowmeter. Portal venous flow was calculated by subtracting hepatic arterial blood flow from TLBF. Other parameters studied during the experiment were systemic arterial blood pressure and portal venous pressure. Under normotensive conditions TLBF in mean was registered as 127 ml/min X 100 g liver tissue (25 ml/min X kg body weight). The relation between the flow value in portal vein and hepatic artery was on average 2.3:1. The study shows that there was a pronounced decrease of TLBF flow during hemorrhage. Portal venous flow decreased almost parallel to TLBF, while hepatic arterial flow decreased to a lesser extent which means that there was autoregulation in this flow bed. Hepatic arterial flow successively constituted a larger part of TLBF, during hemorrhage sometimes 65% compared to the normal value of about 30%. During the study there was an increase of vascular resistance in the portal venous system and decreased resistance in the hepatic arterial bed.", "PMID": 1181189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7928", "title": "Standardized induction of myocardial ischaemia in the dog.", "content": "Ischaemia in the entire left ventricular wall was induced in dogs by installment of ameroid constrictors on the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LC) branches of the left coronary artery (series A). Ischaemia in the anterior left ventricular wall was induced by installment of an ameroid constrictor on LAD and ligation of all (series B) or part of (series C) the subepicardial intercoronary anastomoses between LC and LAD. The effect of the operation was studied by electrocardiography and coronary angiography and, post mortem by radiography of the coronary arteries and histopathology of myocardium and coronary arteries. The high early mortality rate in series A and B precludes the further use of these procedures. In series C the mortality rate was low and in half of the cases lasting myocardial ischaemia of the anterior wall of the left ventricle was produced. The development of a small myocardial infarction was inevitable, but it was healed by the time the sought after state of stable myocardial ischaemia was reached.", "contents": "Standardized induction of myocardial ischaemia in the dog. Ischaemia in the entire left ventricular wall was induced in dogs by installment of ameroid constrictors on the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LC) branches of the left coronary artery (series A). Ischaemia in the anterior left ventricular wall was induced by installment of an ameroid constrictor on LAD and ligation of all (series B) or part of (series C) the subepicardial intercoronary anastomoses between LC and LAD. The effect of the operation was studied by electrocardiography and coronary angiography and, post mortem by radiography of the coronary arteries and histopathology of myocardium and coronary arteries. The high early mortality rate in series A and B precludes the further use of these procedures. In series C the mortality rate was low and in half of the cases lasting myocardial ischaemia of the anterior wall of the left ventricle was produced. The development of a small myocardial infarction was inevitable, but it was healed by the time the sought after state of stable myocardial ischaemia was reached.", "PMID": 1181190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7929", "title": "Vasocystostomy, a new technique of sperm output measurement.", "content": "A vasocystostomy in the rat is described, a new technique simplifying the common methods of spermatozoa output measuring. In two series of different rat strains a mean output of 21.1 X 10(6) and 29.0 X 10(6) spermatozoa per 24 h were found. Perspectives of the new method are discussed.", "contents": "Vasocystostomy, a new technique of sperm output measurement. A vasocystostomy in the rat is described, a new technique simplifying the common methods of spermatozoa output measuring. In two series of different rat strains a mean output of 21.1 X 10(6) and 29.0 X 10(6) spermatozoa per 24 h were found. Perspectives of the new method are discussed.", "PMID": 1181191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7930", "title": "[Cellular distribution of elongation factor EF1 in wheat germ].", "content": "Cellular distribution of elongation factors (EF1) from imbibed then redessicated wheat embryos is determined after purification and analytical gel electrophoresis of soluble and ribosome-bound factors. Two heavy forms (EF1 H, mol. wt, 250 000) are found in cytosol while ribosome-bound factors contain a light form (EF1L, mol. wt, 45 000) with the greatest activity and a heavy form (mol. wt, 160 000) which might well be an intermediary in the recycling of ribosomal factor EF1L to soluble factor EF1H.", "contents": "[Cellular distribution of elongation factor EF1 in wheat germ]. Cellular distribution of elongation factors (EF1) from imbibed then redessicated wheat embryos is determined after purification and analytical gel electrophoresis of soluble and ribosome-bound factors. Two heavy forms (EF1 H, mol. wt, 250 000) are found in cytosol while ribosome-bound factors contain a light form (EF1L, mol. wt, 45 000) with the greatest activity and a heavy form (mol. wt, 160 000) which might well be an intermediary in the recycling of ribosomal factor EF1L to soluble factor EF1H.", "PMID": 1181202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7931", "title": "Genetic differences in the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenesis in C3H/He and DBA/2 strains of mice.", "content": "The effects of 3-methylcholanthrene and 5,6- and 7,8-benzoflavones on aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase in the liver, small intestine, lung, and skin tissues from C3H/He and DBA/2 strains of mice under the controlled lighting conditions were examined. Apparent differences were observed in the inducibility of the hepatic enzyme by the inducers between the two strains of mice, showing that the enzyme in the C3H/He mice is inducible but not in the DBA/2 mice. Comparison of the results on the enzyme induction by 3-methylcholanthrene in the liver among the parent, intercrossed, and backcrossed mice suggested that the inducibility may be inherited as a single autosomal dominant trait. However, different genetic responses to 3-methylcholanthrene and benzoflavones in the enzyme of small intestine might be considered, because a discrepancy in the inducibility of the enzyme between the liver and the small intestine from the identical mice was demonstrated when the progeny of F2 and (DBA/2 times F1) backcross were used. On the other hand, no apparent difference was found in the inducibility of the enzyme in the lung and skin between the C3H/He and the DBA/2 mice. It is assumed that the genetic regulation of the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase was separately controlled in the respective tissues from the identical mice. By the repeated topical applications of benzo[a]pyrene, the incidence of skin cancer was higher in the DBA/2 mice than in the C3H/He mice. The relationship between the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and carcinogenicity in the skin is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Genetic differences in the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenesis in C3H/He and DBA/2 strains of mice. The effects of 3-methylcholanthrene and 5,6- and 7,8-benzoflavones on aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase in the liver, small intestine, lung, and skin tissues from C3H/He and DBA/2 strains of mice under the controlled lighting conditions were examined. Apparent differences were observed in the inducibility of the hepatic enzyme by the inducers between the two strains of mice, showing that the enzyme in the C3H/He mice is inducible but not in the DBA/2 mice. Comparison of the results on the enzyme induction by 3-methylcholanthrene in the liver among the parent, intercrossed, and backcrossed mice suggested that the inducibility may be inherited as a single autosomal dominant trait. However, different genetic responses to 3-methylcholanthrene and benzoflavones in the enzyme of small intestine might be considered, because a discrepancy in the inducibility of the enzyme between the liver and the small intestine from the identical mice was demonstrated when the progeny of F2 and (DBA/2 times F1) backcross were used. On the other hand, no apparent difference was found in the inducibility of the enzyme in the lung and skin between the C3H/He and the DBA/2 mice. It is assumed that the genetic regulation of the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase was separately controlled in the respective tissues from the identical mice. By the repeated topical applications of benzo[a]pyrene, the incidence of skin cancer was higher in the DBA/2 mice than in the C3H/He mice. The relationship between the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and carcinogenicity in the skin is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1181225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7932", "title": "Histogenesis and growing patterns of lung tumors induced by potassium 1-methyl-1,4-dihydro-7-(2-(5-nitrofuryl)vinyl)-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylate in ICR mice.", "content": "The oral administration of 0.01% potassium 1-methyl-1,4-dihydro-7-(2-(5-nitrofuryl)vinyl)-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylate (NFN) in ICR/JCL mice resulted in the development of tumors in the lung, forestomach, thymus, and other areas. Special attention was directed to the incidence and growing processes of the pulmonary tumors, which usually exhibited multicentric occurrence. Adenomatous hyperplasia and adenoma were observed in 22.2% of group A (15 approximately 30 weeks), 81.3% of group B (30 approximately 38 weeks), and 91.2% of group C (38 approximately 54 weeks). One case of carcinoma in group B and 5 cases in group C were also found. Most of adenomatous hyperplasia and adenomas developed around 30 weeks after the beginning of administration, whereas the carcinomas developed after 36 weeks. The incidence of tumors was much earlier in females than in males. Further, the tumors were observed to have originated from type B alveolar epithelial cells. The growth of type B alveolar epithelial cells was first noted as an adenomatous hyperplasia along the original alveolar walls, disintegrating and virtually replacing type A alveolar epithelial cells. Accordingly adenoma noduli was formed by these proliferated type B alveolar epithelial cells. Atypical, basophilic cell clusters were found to be present within the adenomas. It was suggested that carcinomas might have originated from these atypical type B alveolar epithelial cells.", "contents": "Histogenesis and growing patterns of lung tumors induced by potassium 1-methyl-1,4-dihydro-7-(2-(5-nitrofuryl)vinyl)-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylate in ICR mice. The oral administration of 0.01% potassium 1-methyl-1,4-dihydro-7-(2-(5-nitrofuryl)vinyl)-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylate (NFN) in ICR/JCL mice resulted in the development of tumors in the lung, forestomach, thymus, and other areas. Special attention was directed to the incidence and growing processes of the pulmonary tumors, which usually exhibited multicentric occurrence. Adenomatous hyperplasia and adenoma were observed in 22.2% of group A (15 approximately 30 weeks), 81.3% of group B (30 approximately 38 weeks), and 91.2% of group C (38 approximately 54 weeks). One case of carcinoma in group B and 5 cases in group C were also found. Most of adenomatous hyperplasia and adenomas developed around 30 weeks after the beginning of administration, whereas the carcinomas developed after 36 weeks. The incidence of tumors was much earlier in females than in males. Further, the tumors were observed to have originated from type B alveolar epithelial cells. The growth of type B alveolar epithelial cells was first noted as an adenomatous hyperplasia along the original alveolar walls, disintegrating and virtually replacing type A alveolar epithelial cells. Accordingly adenoma noduli was formed by these proliferated type B alveolar epithelial cells. Atypical, basophilic cell clusters were found to be present within the adenomas. It was suggested that carcinomas might have originated from these atypical type B alveolar epithelial cells.", "PMID": 1181226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7933", "title": "Stimulation of HeLa-S3 cell aggregation by sugars related to cell membrane in rotation culture.", "content": "Effect of various sugars related to cell membrane on the aggregation of HeLa-S3 cells was examined in a rotation culture by adding each sugar to the culture medium. Some specific sugars among those tested induced (1) greater size of aggregates and (2) higher synthesis of hyaluronic acid than that of the control. Since the addition of hyaluronidase inhibited the aggregate formation, both in the test and control cultures, with HeLa-S3 cells of both groups forming only small aggregates, it was presumed that the hyaluronic acid synthesized might be of cardinal importance for the formation of aggregates. The specific sugars producing the effect mentioned above were N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, bis(N-acetyl)chitobiose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranoside, and N-acetyl-D-mannosamine, while D-glucosamine, beta-methyl-D-glucopyranoside, L-fucose, D-glucose, and a commercially available hyaluronic acid were ineffective. The findings obtained in the present study interestingly ran parallel with the results of previously reported study on the induction of specific biological phenomena by the cell membrane-related sugars.", "contents": "Stimulation of HeLa-S3 cell aggregation by sugars related to cell membrane in rotation culture. Effect of various sugars related to cell membrane on the aggregation of HeLa-S3 cells was examined in a rotation culture by adding each sugar to the culture medium. Some specific sugars among those tested induced (1) greater size of aggregates and (2) higher synthesis of hyaluronic acid than that of the control. Since the addition of hyaluronidase inhibited the aggregate formation, both in the test and control cultures, with HeLa-S3 cells of both groups forming only small aggregates, it was presumed that the hyaluronic acid synthesized might be of cardinal importance for the formation of aggregates. The specific sugars producing the effect mentioned above were N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, bis(N-acetyl)chitobiose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranoside, and N-acetyl-D-mannosamine, while D-glucosamine, beta-methyl-D-glucopyranoside, L-fucose, D-glucose, and a commercially available hyaluronic acid were ineffective. The findings obtained in the present study interestingly ran parallel with the results of previously reported study on the induction of specific biological phenomena by the cell membrane-related sugars.", "PMID": 1181227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7934", "title": "Alpha1-acid glycoprotein as a hepatocyte-specific mitosis-inhibiting protein in regenerating rat liver.", "content": "The humoral inhibitor, which may play a primary role in the regulatory mechanism of cell division in the regenerating rat liver, was investigated by isolating the active principle from the ethanol-precipitate (P-3 fraction) of normal rat plasma by isoelectric focusing, and determining the exact nature of the active principle by physicochemical analysis, and studying its localization in the liver by immunofluorescence method. The active principle was demonstrated to be alpha 1-acid glycoprotein by physicochemical analysis and by the immunohistological examination to be synthesized in the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte and excreted from it before its mitosis. These results show that the humoral inhibitor or the hepatocyte-specific mitosis-inhibiting protein is alpha 1-acid glycoprotein itself. Based on these findings, a new hypothesis concerning the regulatory mechanism of cell division in general is proposed.", "contents": "Alpha1-acid glycoprotein as a hepatocyte-specific mitosis-inhibiting protein in regenerating rat liver. The humoral inhibitor, which may play a primary role in the regulatory mechanism of cell division in the regenerating rat liver, was investigated by isolating the active principle from the ethanol-precipitate (P-3 fraction) of normal rat plasma by isoelectric focusing, and determining the exact nature of the active principle by physicochemical analysis, and studying its localization in the liver by immunofluorescence method. The active principle was demonstrated to be alpha 1-acid glycoprotein by physicochemical analysis and by the immunohistological examination to be synthesized in the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte and excreted from it before its mitosis. These results show that the humoral inhibitor or the hepatocyte-specific mitosis-inhibiting protein is alpha 1-acid glycoprotein itself. Based on these findings, a new hypothesis concerning the regulatory mechanism of cell division in general is proposed.", "PMID": 1181228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7935", "title": "Two cases of m\u00e9lanose neurocutan\u00e9e with development of malignant melanoma: a microspectrophotometric and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Two cases of neurocutaneous melanosis with development of malignant melanoma in the Japanese are presented. The first case was a 4-year-old boy in whom a retroperitoneal melanoma appeared with giant nevi, and cerebral and spinal melanosis. The second case was a 39-year-old man, in whom a primary leptomeningeal melanoma developed with leptomeningeal melanosis and smaller pigmented nevi. Microspectrophotometric and electron microscopic studies were made on the neoplastic and non-neoplastic melanotic tissues to elucidate the histogenesis of this rare disorder. Two different patterns of nuclear DNA histograms, corresponding to melanosis and melanoma, were obtained by microspectrophotometry, Considerable variation in the ultrastructure of the melanocytes was seen by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Two cases of m\u00e9lanose neurocutan\u00e9e with development of malignant melanoma: a microspectrophotometric and electron microscopic study. Two cases of neurocutaneous melanosis with development of malignant melanoma in the Japanese are presented. The first case was a 4-year-old boy in whom a retroperitoneal melanoma appeared with giant nevi, and cerebral and spinal melanosis. The second case was a 39-year-old man, in whom a primary leptomeningeal melanoma developed with leptomeningeal melanosis and smaller pigmented nevi. Microspectrophotometric and electron microscopic studies were made on the neoplastic and non-neoplastic melanotic tissues to elucidate the histogenesis of this rare disorder. Two different patterns of nuclear DNA histograms, corresponding to melanosis and melanoma, were obtained by microspectrophotometry, Considerable variation in the ultrastructure of the melanocytes was seen by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 1181229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7936", "title": "Urinary excretion of steroids by Japanese women with breast cancer.", "content": "The urinary excretion of steroids was determined in premenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer in the non-menstrual phase and in control women in the follicular phase, ovulatory stage, and luteal phase. The estrone level in the urine of cancer patients was higher than that in the urine of control women at any phase. Excretion of 17 beta-estradiol in the follicular and luteal phases was similar in the urine of control women and cancer patients, but estradiol and estriol levels in the ovulatory stage of control women were higher than those of cancer patients. The estriol level in the urine of control women in the luteal phase was also higher than that of cancer patients. Total 17-ketosteroid was lower in the urine of cancer patients than in that of controls at any phase. Among the fractions of 17-ketosteroids, only dehydroepiandrosterone was excreted at a higher level by cancer patients than by control subjects.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of steroids by Japanese women with breast cancer. The urinary excretion of steroids was determined in premenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer in the non-menstrual phase and in control women in the follicular phase, ovulatory stage, and luteal phase. The estrone level in the urine of cancer patients was higher than that in the urine of control women at any phase. Excretion of 17 beta-estradiol in the follicular and luteal phases was similar in the urine of control women and cancer patients, but estradiol and estriol levels in the ovulatory stage of control women were higher than those of cancer patients. The estriol level in the urine of control women in the luteal phase was also higher than that of cancer patients. Total 17-ketosteroid was lower in the urine of cancer patients than in that of controls at any phase. Among the fractions of 17-ketosteroids, only dehydroepiandrosterone was excreted at a higher level by cancer patients than by control subjects.", "PMID": 1181230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7937", "title": "Production of respiratory tract tumors in hamsters by benzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "Respiratory tumor induction was tested for the tumorigenic activity of benzo[a]pyrene alone. A group of 32 male and 28 female Syrian golden hamsters were given weekly intratracheal instillation of 1 mg of benzo[a]pyrene suspended in isotonic saline, for 30 weeks. Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, adenoma, papilloma, and polyps were induced in the respiratory tract of hamsters. Tumor incidences were 42.3% in males and 57.7% in females. Respiratory carcinomas were inducible in hamsters by simple instillation of a low dose of benzo[a]pyrene without using a surface-active agent or carrier-dust. These findings may be useful as a standard data for cocarcinogenesis studies when using other modality combined with benzo[a]pyrene in experimental studies.", "contents": "Production of respiratory tract tumors in hamsters by benzo(a)pyrene. Respiratory tumor induction was tested for the tumorigenic activity of benzo[a]pyrene alone. A group of 32 male and 28 female Syrian golden hamsters were given weekly intratracheal instillation of 1 mg of benzo[a]pyrene suspended in isotonic saline, for 30 weeks. Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, adenoma, papilloma, and polyps were induced in the respiratory tract of hamsters. Tumor incidences were 42.3% in males and 57.7% in females. Respiratory carcinomas were inducible in hamsters by simple instillation of a low dose of benzo[a]pyrene without using a surface-active agent or carrier-dust. These findings may be useful as a standard data for cocarcinogenesis studies when using other modality combined with benzo[a]pyrene in experimental studies.", "PMID": 1181231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7938", "title": "Ameloblastic odontoma in rats induced by N-butylnitrosourea.", "content": "Four cases of ameloblastic odontomas were found in the Long-Evans rats treated with multiple oral administration of a heavy dose of N-butylnitrosourea. The tumor was found as an expansive enlargement over the mandible and was roentgen-opaque. The tumor was histologically characterized by various elements such as odontogenic epithelium, stellated reticulum tissue, enamel, and/or dentine, and was classified as ameloblastic odontoma.", "contents": "Ameloblastic odontoma in rats induced by N-butylnitrosourea. Four cases of ameloblastic odontomas were found in the Long-Evans rats treated with multiple oral administration of a heavy dose of N-butylnitrosourea. The tumor was found as an expansive enlargement over the mandible and was roentgen-opaque. The tumor was histologically characterized by various elements such as odontogenic epithelium, stellated reticulum tissue, enamel, and/or dentine, and was classified as ameloblastic odontoma.", "PMID": 1181232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7939", "title": "Induction of ovarian tumor in rats with N-butylnitrosourea.", "content": "Considerable number (8.2 approximately 10.7%) of ovarian tumors were produced in Sprague-Dawley adult rats treated with multiple oral or intramuscular administration of heavy doses of N-butylnitrosourea. Histologically the tumor was a clear-cell adenma which reminded of embryonal testicular tissue. Electron micrograph revealed secretory function of the tumor cells. It was not possible to find histogenesis in the normal ovarian components.", "contents": "Induction of ovarian tumor in rats with N-butylnitrosourea. Considerable number (8.2 approximately 10.7%) of ovarian tumors were produced in Sprague-Dawley adult rats treated with multiple oral or intramuscular administration of heavy doses of N-butylnitrosourea. Histologically the tumor was a clear-cell adenma which reminded of embryonal testicular tissue. Electron micrograph revealed secretory function of the tumor cells. It was not possible to find histogenesis in the normal ovarian components.", "PMID": 1181233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7940", "title": "Effect of cytochalasin-B on the transport of 5-fluorouracil in cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "Cytochalasin-B was found to inhibit the transport of uridine, but not leucine, in cultured fibroblastic mammalian cells. The inhibition of cellular protein synthesis by 5-fluorouracil is also lessened by the addition of Cytochalasin-B to the culture.", "contents": "Effect of cytochalasin-B on the transport of 5-fluorouracil in cultured mammalian cells. Cytochalasin-B was found to inhibit the transport of uridine, but not leucine, in cultured fibroblastic mammalian cells. The inhibition of cellular protein synthesis by 5-fluorouracil is also lessened by the addition of Cytochalasin-B to the culture.", "PMID": 1181234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7941", "title": "Hepatic tumors of rabbits induced by cycad extract.", "content": "Fifteen rabbits were administered cycad extract by gastric intubation, 1 ml/rabbit, once a week for 27 or 33 weeks. The extract contained 16.6 mg of cycasin/ml. Out of 9 rabbits surviving over 200 days, 7 animals had malignant neoplasms developing in the liver. Histological and electron microscopic examinations of the developed tumors revealed that they were malignant hemangioendotheliomas. The animals showed no proliferation of hepatic cells or any tumor development in other organs.", "contents": "Hepatic tumors of rabbits induced by cycad extract. Fifteen rabbits were administered cycad extract by gastric intubation, 1 ml/rabbit, once a week for 27 or 33 weeks. The extract contained 16.6 mg of cycasin/ml. Out of 9 rabbits surviving over 200 days, 7 animals had malignant neoplasms developing in the liver. Histological and electron microscopic examinations of the developed tumors revealed that they were malignant hemangioendotheliomas. The animals showed no proliferation of hepatic cells or any tumor development in other organs.", "PMID": 1181235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7942", "title": "The influence of Cortisone on the hepatic uptake of Triton WR-1339 in adrenalectomized rats.", "content": "The effect of cortisone acetate on the hepatic uptake of Triton WR-1339 was studied in adrenalectomized rats. The hormone was found to retard the uptake of Triton in the liver, and at the same time reduce the plasma clearance of this compound. The inhibitory effect of the hormone on endocytosis was seen in purified preparations of both Kupffer cells and parenchymal cells. Triton renders the liver lysosomes progressively lighter. The change in equilibrium density (in sucrose gradients) was found to occur more rapidly in hormone-treated animals. The possibility that cortisone reduces the number and increases the size of the lysosomes is discussed. Our data indicate that the uptake of Triton in non-parenchymal (Kupffer) cells represents about 20% of the total hepatic uptake.", "contents": "The influence of Cortisone on the hepatic uptake of Triton WR-1339 in adrenalectomized rats. The effect of cortisone acetate on the hepatic uptake of Triton WR-1339 was studied in adrenalectomized rats. The hormone was found to retard the uptake of Triton in the liver, and at the same time reduce the plasma clearance of this compound. The inhibitory effect of the hormone on endocytosis was seen in purified preparations of both Kupffer cells and parenchymal cells. Triton renders the liver lysosomes progressively lighter. The change in equilibrium density (in sucrose gradients) was found to occur more rapidly in hormone-treated animals. The possibility that cortisone reduces the number and increases the size of the lysosomes is discussed. Our data indicate that the uptake of Triton in non-parenchymal (Kupffer) cells represents about 20% of the total hepatic uptake.", "PMID": 1181255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7943", "title": "Steroid metabolism in Bombyx mori, I. Catabolism of ponasterone A and ecdysterone in Bombyx mori.", "content": "Ponasterone A, when injected into silkworm larvae (Bombyx mori), was hydroxylated at C-25 and C-26 with the formation of ecdysterone and inokosterone, followed by fission at C-20:C-22 to form poststerone. The catabolism of ecdysterone to poststerone was also clarified. These conversions are thought to constitute part of the detoxication mechanism for exogenous ecdysones in the insect.", "contents": "Steroid metabolism in Bombyx mori, I. Catabolism of ponasterone A and ecdysterone in Bombyx mori. Ponasterone A, when injected into silkworm larvae (Bombyx mori), was hydroxylated at C-25 and C-26 with the formation of ecdysterone and inokosterone, followed by fission at C-20:C-22 to form poststerone. The catabolism of ecdysterone to poststerone was also clarified. These conversions are thought to constitute part of the detoxication mechanism for exogenous ecdysones in the insect.", "PMID": 1181256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7944", "title": "The lysis effect of bull spermatozoa on gelatin substrate film methodical investigations.", "content": "Proteolytic activity in the acrosomes of ejaculated bull spermatozoa was demonstrated using an autoradiographic film as a gelatin substrate. Incubation of the spermgelatin adducts at +37 degrees C and 94% humidity, which was kept constant by ventilating an incubator with water-saturated compressed air, yielded reproducible results. Gelatin depolymerisation started adjacent to the posterior segment of the acrosome within 30 to 60 s after application of individual spermatozoa to the substrate membrane and, finally, increased to a white circular digestion area enveloping the entire sperm head. The observed gelatinolysis seems to be mainly caused by acrosin, the trypsin-like acrosomal proteinase. This conclusion is supported by the positive correlation (r = +0.83, P is less than or equal to 0.01) found between the mean values of the lysis areas of individual spermatozoa on gelatin films and the acrosin activity of the sperm population measured with Bz-Arg-OEt as substrate after acidic extraction of the spermatozoa. In addition, prior saturation of the substrate layers with acrosin inhibitor (SSPI-I, II) from boar seminal plasma prevented the lysis reaction. Extraction of acrosin from the spermatozoa before application to the gelatin membranes resulted in a complete loss of any proteolytic activity. If spermatozoa were stored for 4 to 6 days at +4 degrees C or -20 degrees C in Tris buffer and afterwards applied to the substrate layer, lysis areas of individual spermatozoa differed markedly. Spermatozoa from undiluted ejaculated frozen at -20 degrees C showed no proteolytic effect on gelatin films. In general, there was a high correlation (r = +0.83, P is less than or equal 0.01) between the number of \"living cells\" characterized by live-dead staining and the percentage of spermatozoa active on the substrate membranes.", "contents": "The lysis effect of bull spermatozoa on gelatin substrate film methodical investigations. Proteolytic activity in the acrosomes of ejaculated bull spermatozoa was demonstrated using an autoradiographic film as a gelatin substrate. Incubation of the spermgelatin adducts at +37 degrees C and 94% humidity, which was kept constant by ventilating an incubator with water-saturated compressed air, yielded reproducible results. Gelatin depolymerisation started adjacent to the posterior segment of the acrosome within 30 to 60 s after application of individual spermatozoa to the substrate membrane and, finally, increased to a white circular digestion area enveloping the entire sperm head. The observed gelatinolysis seems to be mainly caused by acrosin, the trypsin-like acrosomal proteinase. This conclusion is supported by the positive correlation (r = +0.83, P is less than or equal to 0.01) found between the mean values of the lysis areas of individual spermatozoa on gelatin films and the acrosin activity of the sperm population measured with Bz-Arg-OEt as substrate after acidic extraction of the spermatozoa. In addition, prior saturation of the substrate layers with acrosin inhibitor (SSPI-I, II) from boar seminal plasma prevented the lysis reaction. Extraction of acrosin from the spermatozoa before application to the gelatin membranes resulted in a complete loss of any proteolytic activity. If spermatozoa were stored for 4 to 6 days at +4 degrees C or -20 degrees C in Tris buffer and afterwards applied to the substrate layer, lysis areas of individual spermatozoa differed markedly. Spermatozoa from undiluted ejaculated frozen at -20 degrees C showed no proteolytic effect on gelatin films. In general, there was a high correlation (r = +0.83, P is less than or equal 0.01) between the number of \"living cells\" characterized by live-dead staining and the percentage of spermatozoa active on the substrate membranes.", "PMID": 1181257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7945", "title": "[Enzyme induction in Streptomyces hydrogenans. IV. (1) Qualitative and quantitative changes in RNA content and RNA synthesis during induction].", "content": "For isolation of RNA, freeze-dried cells of Streptomyces hydrogenans were disrupted by grinding with kieselguhr. Application of diethylpyrocarbonate (diethyl oxydiformate) in an extraction procedure yielded undegraded nucleic acids of high purity. Best separation of extracted nucleic acids was achieved by electrophoresis on 2% mixed agarose-acrylamide gels. After application of 11beta, 21-dihydroxy-4,14 (20)-pregnadien-3-one to the culture medium, the amount of acid-precipitable RNA in the cells decreased to 50% within 20 min. Concimitantly, the rate of incorporation of precursors into RNA is much slower immediately after addition of the inducer but increases during the next 2 h. 3-4 h after induction there is no difference in the RNA content of induced and control cells. Degradation of stable as well as unstable RNA was observed. Simultaneous addition of inducer and rifamycin inhibits the production of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, suggesting the synthesis of special mRNA for this enzyme. Based on experiments with antibiotics, the half-life of total mRNA was calculated to be 3 min in control cells, and about 4 min in induced cells. Using a double isotope labelling technique, we established the existence of specific mRNA in the induced cells. Together with the longer half-life of mRNA in the induced cells, the increased transcription may allow the 40-fold stimulation of the synthesis of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "contents": "[Enzyme induction in Streptomyces hydrogenans. IV. (1) Qualitative and quantitative changes in RNA content and RNA synthesis during induction]. For isolation of RNA, freeze-dried cells of Streptomyces hydrogenans were disrupted by grinding with kieselguhr. Application of diethylpyrocarbonate (diethyl oxydiformate) in an extraction procedure yielded undegraded nucleic acids of high purity. Best separation of extracted nucleic acids was achieved by electrophoresis on 2% mixed agarose-acrylamide gels. After application of 11beta, 21-dihydroxy-4,14 (20)-pregnadien-3-one to the culture medium, the amount of acid-precipitable RNA in the cells decreased to 50% within 20 min. Concimitantly, the rate of incorporation of precursors into RNA is much slower immediately after addition of the inducer but increases during the next 2 h. 3-4 h after induction there is no difference in the RNA content of induced and control cells. Degradation of stable as well as unstable RNA was observed. Simultaneous addition of inducer and rifamycin inhibits the production of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, suggesting the synthesis of special mRNA for this enzyme. Based on experiments with antibiotics, the half-life of total mRNA was calculated to be 3 min in control cells, and about 4 min in induced cells. Using a double isotope labelling technique, we established the existence of specific mRNA in the induced cells. Together with the longer half-life of mRNA in the induced cells, the increased transcription may allow the 40-fold stimulation of the synthesis of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 1181258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7946", "title": "The cell growth-promoting factor.", "content": "It was recently shown that macromolecular serum proteins [1-3] as well as some of their hydrolyzed products, especially peptides of molecular weight around 5000[4] and even much less[5,6], are able to promote the growth of cells. This paper describes how the serum proteins were separated by salt precipitation and polyacrylamide electrophoresis into various albumin and globulin fractions and their growth-promoting activities ascertained. Subsequently, these macromolecules were treated with alkali, acids or proteolytic enzymes, and the activity of the products obtained was determined. We also isolated growth-promoting peptides from the liver by enzymatic hydrolysis, followed by gel filtration, or by ultrafiltration through Diaflo membranes.", "contents": "The cell growth-promoting factor. It was recently shown that macromolecular serum proteins [1-3] as well as some of their hydrolyzed products, especially peptides of molecular weight around 5000[4] and even much less[5,6], are able to promote the growth of cells. This paper describes how the serum proteins were separated by salt precipitation and polyacrylamide electrophoresis into various albumin and globulin fractions and their growth-promoting activities ascertained. Subsequently, these macromolecules were treated with alkali, acids or proteolytic enzymes, and the activity of the products obtained was determined. We also isolated growth-promoting peptides from the liver by enzymatic hydrolysis, followed by gel filtration, or by ultrafiltration through Diaflo membranes.", "PMID": 1181259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7947", "title": "Sterically hindered disulfide bridges in cystine diketopiperazine, cysteinyl-cysteine disulfide and derivatives.", "content": "L-Cystine diketopiperazine (1), L-cysteinyl-cysteine disulfide -HCl (2), L-cysteinyl-cysteine disulfide methyl ester -HCl (3), and t-butyloxycarbonyl-L-cysteinyl-cysteine disulfide methyl ester (4) are investigated by CD, ultraviolet, 13C NMR, infrared and laser Raman spectroscopy. The temperature dependence of the 13C NMR signals of 1 reveals an exceptionally high energy barrier of deltaGNo. = 15.8 +/- 0.2 kcal/mol for the reversible change in helicity of the inherently dissymmetric disulfide bridge of 1. The P-helical diastereomer predominates in dimethyl-sulfoxide at 25 degrees C, with 80-85% of the molecules having this configuration. The Cotton effects of 1 are larger and show smaller temperature coefficients than the conformationally more mobile cystine compounds 2 and 3. After dissolving crystals of 1 in 95% ethanol there is a time-dependent decrease of the ellipticity of the negative Cotton effect at 225 nm, indicating a conformational change in going from crystal to solution. Besides 1, 2 and 3 are at present the only known examples of cystine derivatives with C-S-S-C torsional angles around 90 degrees, which do not exhibit optical activity in the long wavelength disulfide absorption, as is predicted for 1 from the Linderberg-Michl model. At 305 nm a new weak Cotton effect was discovered for 1. The solvent dependence of the CD spectra is discussed and the infrared and Raman spectra are assigned.", "contents": "Sterically hindered disulfide bridges in cystine diketopiperazine, cysteinyl-cysteine disulfide and derivatives. L-Cystine diketopiperazine (1), L-cysteinyl-cysteine disulfide -HCl (2), L-cysteinyl-cysteine disulfide methyl ester -HCl (3), and t-butyloxycarbonyl-L-cysteinyl-cysteine disulfide methyl ester (4) are investigated by CD, ultraviolet, 13C NMR, infrared and laser Raman spectroscopy. The temperature dependence of the 13C NMR signals of 1 reveals an exceptionally high energy barrier of deltaGNo. = 15.8 +/- 0.2 kcal/mol for the reversible change in helicity of the inherently dissymmetric disulfide bridge of 1. The P-helical diastereomer predominates in dimethyl-sulfoxide at 25 degrees C, with 80-85% of the molecules having this configuration. The Cotton effects of 1 are larger and show smaller temperature coefficients than the conformationally more mobile cystine compounds 2 and 3. After dissolving crystals of 1 in 95% ethanol there is a time-dependent decrease of the ellipticity of the negative Cotton effect at 225 nm, indicating a conformational change in going from crystal to solution. Besides 1, 2 and 3 are at present the only known examples of cystine derivatives with C-S-S-C torsional angles around 90 degrees, which do not exhibit optical activity in the long wavelength disulfide absorption, as is predicted for 1 from the Linderberg-Michl model. At 305 nm a new weak Cotton effect was discovered for 1. The solvent dependence of the CD spectra is discussed and the infrared and Raman spectra are assigned.", "PMID": 1181260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7948", "title": "The influence of insulin on glucose and fatty acid metabolism in the isolated perfused rat hind quarter.", "content": "Glucose and fatty acid metabolism of resting skeletal muscle were studied by perfusion of the isolated rat hind leg with a hemoglobin-free medium. Tissue integrity was demonstrated by normal ATP, ADP and creatine phosphate levels, by a sufficient oxygen supply, and by a normal appearance of perfused muscle specimens under the electron microscope. The rates of glucose and fatty acid uptake, and of lactate, alanine, glycerol and fatty acid release were constant over a perfusion period of 60 min. Insulin (1 unit/l) caused a more than threefold increase in glucose uptake, a stimulation of lactate production, and a 20% increase in the muscular glycogen levels. Fatty acids and alanine release were significantly diminished by insulin, but glycerol release did not change. The uptake of oleate by the rat hind leg was dependent on the medium concentration in a range of 0.7-1.9mM oleate, and was stimulated by insulin. Glucose uptake was not influenced by oleate, whether sodium was present or not. When the leg was perfused with [1-14C]oleate, 75% of the incorporated fatty acids were found in muscle lipids, 10% were oxidized to CO2, and 5% were recovered in bone lipids. The absolute amount of oleate oxidation was not altered by insulin. In all experiments with and without glucose in the medium, 70-80% of the 14C label incorporated into muscle lipids was found in the triglyceride fraction. In the presence of glucose, insulin significantly increased the incorporation of [1-14C]oleate into muscle triglycerides, whereas no insulin effect, either on fatty acid uptake or on triglyceride formation, could be observed when glucose was omitted from the perfusate.  The present results indicate that a \"glucose-fatty acid cycle\" as found in rat heart muscle does not operate in resting peripheral skeletal muscle tissue. They also demonstrate that the stimulating effect of insulin on muscular fatty acid uptake and triglyceride synthesis is dependent on glucose supply. This finding can be intrepreted as a stimulation of fatty acid esterification by sn-glycerol 3-phosphate derived from an increased glucose turnover, which is in turn due to insulin.", "contents": "The influence of insulin on glucose and fatty acid metabolism in the isolated perfused rat hind quarter. Glucose and fatty acid metabolism of resting skeletal muscle were studied by perfusion of the isolated rat hind leg with a hemoglobin-free medium. Tissue integrity was demonstrated by normal ATP, ADP and creatine phosphate levels, by a sufficient oxygen supply, and by a normal appearance of perfused muscle specimens under the electron microscope. The rates of glucose and fatty acid uptake, and of lactate, alanine, glycerol and fatty acid release were constant over a perfusion period of 60 min. Insulin (1 unit/l) caused a more than threefold increase in glucose uptake, a stimulation of lactate production, and a 20% increase in the muscular glycogen levels. Fatty acids and alanine release were significantly diminished by insulin, but glycerol release did not change. The uptake of oleate by the rat hind leg was dependent on the medium concentration in a range of 0.7-1.9mM oleate, and was stimulated by insulin. Glucose uptake was not influenced by oleate, whether sodium was present or not. When the leg was perfused with [1-14C]oleate, 75% of the incorporated fatty acids were found in muscle lipids, 10% were oxidized to CO2, and 5% were recovered in bone lipids. The absolute amount of oleate oxidation was not altered by insulin. In all experiments with and without glucose in the medium, 70-80% of the 14C label incorporated into muscle lipids was found in the triglyceride fraction. In the presence of glucose, insulin significantly increased the incorporation of [1-14C]oleate into muscle triglycerides, whereas no insulin effect, either on fatty acid uptake or on triglyceride formation, could be observed when glucose was omitted from the perfusate.  The present results indicate that a \"glucose-fatty acid cycle\" as found in rat heart muscle does not operate in resting peripheral skeletal muscle tissue. They also demonstrate that the stimulating effect of insulin on muscular fatty acid uptake and triglyceride synthesis is dependent on glucose supply. This finding can be intrepreted as a stimulation of fatty acid esterification by sn-glycerol 3-phosphate derived from an increased glucose turnover, which is in turn due to insulin.", "PMID": 1181261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7949", "title": "[The chemistry of a chitin-protein from crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis) (author's transl)].", "content": "A chitin-protein complex is obtained from crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis) by gentle decalcification with acetic acid and EDTA. The complex is treated with lithium rhodanide, urea, anhydrous formic acid, pronase, papain, anhydrous formamide or 1N NaOH. The first three of these substances have little or no effect on the stability of the chitin-protein complex. The enzymes remove most of the protein, and the last two reagents remove all of it. The protein remaining bound to the polysaccharide after treatment of the chitin-protein complex with pronase or papain is relatively rich in glycine. Quantitative analysis yielded values for the acetyl, glucosaminyl and amino acid residues which reproduce the composition of the corresponding chitin-protein complex. In these calculations however, allowance must be made for the fact that glucosamine is partly destroyed by the acid by hydrolysis and interferes with the determination of basic amino acids. The results of the present work suggest that the chitin in crayfish is present in the form of a stable complex with protein, possibly held together by covalent binding of the protein to the chitin, with glycine as the connecting amino acid.", "contents": "[The chemistry of a chitin-protein from crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis) (author's transl)]. A chitin-protein complex is obtained from crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis) by gentle decalcification with acetic acid and EDTA. The complex is treated with lithium rhodanide, urea, anhydrous formic acid, pronase, papain, anhydrous formamide or 1N NaOH. The first three of these substances have little or no effect on the stability of the chitin-protein complex. The enzymes remove most of the protein, and the last two reagents remove all of it. The protein remaining bound to the polysaccharide after treatment of the chitin-protein complex with pronase or papain is relatively rich in glycine. Quantitative analysis yielded values for the acetyl, glucosaminyl and amino acid residues which reproduce the composition of the corresponding chitin-protein complex. In these calculations however, allowance must be made for the fact that glucosamine is partly destroyed by the acid by hydrolysis and interferes with the determination of basic amino acids. The results of the present work suggest that the chitin in crayfish is present in the form of a stable complex with protein, possibly held together by covalent binding of the protein to the chitin, with glycine as the connecting amino acid.", "PMID": 1181262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7950", "title": "[Repair replication in synchronous Ehrlich ascites cells after reversal of a methotrexate block (author's transl)].", "content": "If synchronous Ehrlich ascites cells are arrested at the beginning of the S phase by a methotrexate block, and the block is reversed by addition of thymidine to the culture, the cells incorporate a considerable amount of this thymidine into parental DNA within the first minute. These newly synthesized segments are irregularly distributed among the total parental DNA. This kind of distribution is expected if these segments are the result of excision repair. On the basis of the kinetics of the process this repair probably is DNA synthesis in regions already excised during the methotrexate block.", "contents": "[Repair replication in synchronous Ehrlich ascites cells after reversal of a methotrexate block (author's transl)]. If synchronous Ehrlich ascites cells are arrested at the beginning of the S phase by a methotrexate block, and the block is reversed by addition of thymidine to the culture, the cells incorporate a considerable amount of this thymidine into parental DNA within the first minute. These newly synthesized segments are irregularly distributed among the total parental DNA. This kind of distribution is expected if these segments are the result of excision repair. On the basis of the kinetics of the process this repair probably is DNA synthesis in regions already excised during the methotrexate block.", "PMID": 1181264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7951", "title": "[The secondary structure and nitrocellulose affinity of freshly replicated DNA from Ehrlich ascites cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Hydroxyapatite chromatography and isopycnic Cs2SO4 centrifugation normally yield no indications of single-stranded DNA when that fraction of replicating DNA from Ehrlich ascites cells which can be separated by nitrocellulose chromatography is analyzed. Single-stranded DNA is detected by both methods if the DNA is fragmented by ultrasound before the nitrocellulose chromatography. The digestion of this DNA fraction by single-strand-specific nucliase leads to a loss of its binding to nitrocellulose and of the indications of single-stranded DNA. The loss for the affinity to nitrocellulose is also observed when the corresponding fraction separated from unfragmented DNA is digested by endonuclease. It is suggested that replicating DNA is bound to nitrocellulose by means of single-stranded gaps on the replication fork. These gaps are apparently too small to be detected within large, otherwise entirely double-stranded molecules by hydroxyapatite chromatography and Cs2SO4 centrifugation. In the case of nitrocellulose-binding ultrasound fragments, this relation seems to be more favorable because of the separation of most of the residual double-stranded part. It is demonstrated that sonication of helical DNA also generates a small amount of fragments with some single-stranded character. The effects observed with replicating DNA could be distinguished from these artifacts.", "contents": "[The secondary structure and nitrocellulose affinity of freshly replicated DNA from Ehrlich ascites cells (author's transl)]. Hydroxyapatite chromatography and isopycnic Cs2SO4 centrifugation normally yield no indications of single-stranded DNA when that fraction of replicating DNA from Ehrlich ascites cells which can be separated by nitrocellulose chromatography is analyzed. Single-stranded DNA is detected by both methods if the DNA is fragmented by ultrasound before the nitrocellulose chromatography. The digestion of this DNA fraction by single-strand-specific nucliase leads to a loss of its binding to nitrocellulose and of the indications of single-stranded DNA. The loss for the affinity to nitrocellulose is also observed when the corresponding fraction separated from unfragmented DNA is digested by endonuclease. It is suggested that replicating DNA is bound to nitrocellulose by means of single-stranded gaps on the replication fork. These gaps are apparently too small to be detected within large, otherwise entirely double-stranded molecules by hydroxyapatite chromatography and Cs2SO4 centrifugation. In the case of nitrocellulose-binding ultrasound fragments, this relation seems to be more favorable because of the separation of most of the residual double-stranded part. It is demonstrated that sonication of helical DNA also generates a small amount of fragments with some single-stranded character. The effects observed with replicating DNA could be distinguished from these artifacts.", "PMID": 1181265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7952", "title": "[Purification of the acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes by affinity chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "The acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes was released from the plasma membrane with 0.2% Triton X-100 at low ionic strength and purified by two affinity chromatography steps on Sepharose-bound m-[6-(6-amino-caproylamino)caproylamino]phenyltrimethyl-ammonium. The synthesis of the inhibitor is described. The purified, detergent-free acetylcholinesterase was obtained with a specific activity of 4270 U/mg (158000-fold purification) and a 28% yield. The enzyme is a glycoprotein and aggregates in the absence of Triton X-100 into higher molecular complexes. The molecular weight was estimated by sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoresis to be 80000 +/- 3000 in the presence of 2-mercapto-ethanol and 154000 +/- 6000 in its absence.", "contents": "[Purification of the acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes by affinity chromatography (author's transl)]. The acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes was released from the plasma membrane with 0.2% Triton X-100 at low ionic strength and purified by two affinity chromatography steps on Sepharose-bound m-[6-(6-amino-caproylamino)caproylamino]phenyltrimethyl-ammonium. The synthesis of the inhibitor is described. The purified, detergent-free acetylcholinesterase was obtained with a specific activity of 4270 U/mg (158000-fold purification) and a 28% yield. The enzyme is a glycoprotein and aggregates in the absence of Triton X-100 into higher molecular complexes. The molecular weight was estimated by sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoresis to be 80000 +/- 3000 in the presence of 2-mercapto-ethanol and 154000 +/- 6000 in its absence.", "PMID": 1181266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7953", "title": "Studies on deoxyribonucleoproteins. IX. Subfractions of deoxyribonucleoproteins from rat and mouse liver.", "content": "By carrier-free continuous electrophoresis, deoxyribonucleoprotein from rat and mouse liver could be separated into two subfractions. The more anodic fraction (DNP I), comprising 5 - 8 per cent of the total, contains fewer proteins (two types of histones only). [3H]Cyclophosphamide caused in vivo a 2.5 times higher alkylation of the DNA in in DNP I than of the DNA in DNP II. These and additional results led to the suggestion of a structural model with DNP I as a spacer in the deoxyribonucleoprotein fiber.", "contents": "Studies on deoxyribonucleoproteins. IX. Subfractions of deoxyribonucleoproteins from rat and mouse liver. By carrier-free continuous electrophoresis, deoxyribonucleoprotein from rat and mouse liver could be separated into two subfractions. The more anodic fraction (DNP I), comprising 5 - 8 per cent of the total, contains fewer proteins (two types of histones only). [3H]Cyclophosphamide caused in vivo a 2.5 times higher alkylation of the DNA in in DNP I than of the DNA in DNP II. These and additional results led to the suggestion of a structural model with DNP I as a spacer in the deoxyribonucleoprotein fiber.", "PMID": 1181267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7954", "title": "The effect of alpha2-macroglobulin from bovine serum on bovine alpha-chymotrypsin.", "content": "Bovine alpha2-globulin contains a protein which increases the activity of bovine alpha-chymotrypsin against synthetic substrates. The active protein fraction migrates slowly on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, so it was named slow alpha2-globulin (Salpha2). The fraction was isolated from bovine serum and purified. Its sedimentation constant S20 was 18.5 S. It was thus identified with the alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M). By kinetic studies, the dissociation constant of the alpha-chymotrypsin-alpha2 M complex was calculated to be of the order of 10(-7) l/mol. The purified alpha2 M was shown to bind alpha-chymotrypsin at a definite rate. If the binding ratio was assumed to be 1:2, the molecular weight was calculated to be about 8 X 10(5).", "contents": "The effect of alpha2-macroglobulin from bovine serum on bovine alpha-chymotrypsin. Bovine alpha2-globulin contains a protein which increases the activity of bovine alpha-chymotrypsin against synthetic substrates. The active protein fraction migrates slowly on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, so it was named slow alpha2-globulin (Salpha2). The fraction was isolated from bovine serum and purified. Its sedimentation constant S20 was 18.5 S. It was thus identified with the alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M). By kinetic studies, the dissociation constant of the alpha-chymotrypsin-alpha2 M complex was calculated to be of the order of 10(-7) l/mol. The purified alpha2 M was shown to bind alpha-chymotrypsin at a definite rate. If the binding ratio was assumed to be 1:2, the molecular weight was calculated to be about 8 X 10(5).", "PMID": 1181268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7955", "title": "[Basic peptides from bee venom, I: isolation, reduction and reoxidation of apamin and MCD-peptide (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple isolation of melittin, apamin and MCD-peptide from bee venom is described. The peptides were separated using Sephadex G-50 and Biogel P-4 followed by preparative column chromatography using silicagel. Apamin and MCD-peptide were converted to the tetra-S-sulfonate derivatives by oxidative sulfitolysis. After reduction of these derivatives by mercaptoethanol followed by cautious air-reoxidation, the disulfide bridges can be reconstituted. The biological activities of the reoxidation products are 50 to 60% for apamin and 70 to 80% for MCD-peptide.", "contents": "[Basic peptides from bee venom, I: isolation, reduction and reoxidation of apamin and MCD-peptide (author's transl)]. A simple isolation of melittin, apamin and MCD-peptide from bee venom is described. The peptides were separated using Sephadex G-50 and Biogel P-4 followed by preparative column chromatography using silicagel. Apamin and MCD-peptide were converted to the tetra-S-sulfonate derivatives by oxidative sulfitolysis. After reduction of these derivatives by mercaptoethanol followed by cautious air-reoxidation, the disulfide bridges can be reconstituted. The biological activities of the reoxidation products are 50 to 60% for apamin and 70 to 80% for MCD-peptide.", "PMID": 1181269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7956", "title": "Sphingolipid metabolism in Bacteroideaceae.", "content": "The lipid composition of the anaerobic Bacteroides thetaiotaomikron has been analyzed. Sphingomyelin, ceramide phosphinicoethanolamine, free even-numbered and branched chain sphingosine bases and ceramide represented about 50% of the total lipid extract. The main ester phospholipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The alkali-stable sphingophospholipids were predominantly N-acylated with 3-hydroxypalmitic acid, whereas the ester phospholipids are preferentially substituted with normal even and odd-numbered and branched-chain fatty acids. When Bacteroides was grown in a medium supplemented with labelled palmitic acid, this fatty acid was utilized for acylation reactions and to a large extent for the de novo synthesis of sphinganine. This long-chain base was incorporated into the sphingolipids and was also present in free form. The 3-hydroxypalmitic acid present in sphingolipids is not derived from palmitic acid, since labelled palmitate did not serve as a precursor. Free sphinganine added to the culture medium was also utilized efficiently for the biosynthesis of the sphingolipids by growing Bacteroides cultures. The 3H/14C ratio in sphingomyelin and ceramide phosphinicoethanolamine is the same, when [1-14C]palmitic acid and [3-3H]sphinganine serve as precursors. Sphingomyelin, which is usually only present in higher animals, is synthesized de novo in this Bacteroides strain.", "contents": "Sphingolipid metabolism in Bacteroideaceae. The lipid composition of the anaerobic Bacteroides thetaiotaomikron has been analyzed. Sphingomyelin, ceramide phosphinicoethanolamine, free even-numbered and branched chain sphingosine bases and ceramide represented about 50% of the total lipid extract. The main ester phospholipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The alkali-stable sphingophospholipids were predominantly N-acylated with 3-hydroxypalmitic acid, whereas the ester phospholipids are preferentially substituted with normal even and odd-numbered and branched-chain fatty acids. When Bacteroides was grown in a medium supplemented with labelled palmitic acid, this fatty acid was utilized for acylation reactions and to a large extent for the de novo synthesis of sphinganine. This long-chain base was incorporated into the sphingolipids and was also present in free form. The 3-hydroxypalmitic acid present in sphingolipids is not derived from palmitic acid, since labelled palmitate did not serve as a precursor. Free sphinganine added to the culture medium was also utilized efficiently for the biosynthesis of the sphingolipids by growing Bacteroides cultures. The 3H/14C ratio in sphingomyelin and ceramide phosphinicoethanolamine is the same, when [1-14C]palmitic acid and [3-3H]sphinganine serve as precursors. Sphingomyelin, which is usually only present in higher animals, is synthesized de novo in this Bacteroides strain.", "PMID": 1181270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7957", "title": "Superoxide dismutase activity of Cu(Tyr)2 and Cu, Co-erythrocuprein.", "content": "Crystalline Cu(Tyr)2 and homogeneous Cu2Co2-erythrocuprein were prepared. The reactivity of each chelated Cu2 compound with superoxide was studied by pulse radiolysis at pH 7.6 +/- 0.1 and compared with the reactivity of native erythrocuprein (superoxide dismutase). Superoxide anions were generated by a 40-ns pulse of 1.81-MeV electrons. The yield of O2 ranged between 6 - 60 muM. The kinetics of the spontaneous O2 decay were second order; in the presence of Cu2 complexes the reaction was first order with respect to O2. Taking into account the effect of the different Cu2 concentrations on the O2 decay, second-order rate constants for the reaction of chelated Cu2 with O2 were obtained. For an equivalent of Cu2 in either erythrocuprein or Cu, Co-erythrocuprein, a numerical value of 1.3 +/- 0.1 x 10(9) M-1S-1 was calculated. Surprisingly, the same value was obtained employing Cu(Tyr)2. The highest rate constant was measured for the hydrated Cu2 (2.7 x 10(9) M-1S-1). In the presence of a biologically significant chelating agent such as serum albumin, a marked decrease in the Cu2aq-induced superoxide dismutation was observed. This was not the case when the dismutation in the presence of either the Cu2 of native erythrocuprein or Cu, Co-erythrocuprein, or those Cu2 ions chelated with tyrosine or certain di- and tripeptides was measured.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase activity of Cu(Tyr)2 and Cu, Co-erythrocuprein. Crystalline Cu(Tyr)2 and homogeneous Cu2Co2-erythrocuprein were prepared. The reactivity of each chelated Cu2 compound with superoxide was studied by pulse radiolysis at pH 7.6 +/- 0.1 and compared with the reactivity of native erythrocuprein (superoxide dismutase). Superoxide anions were generated by a 40-ns pulse of 1.81-MeV electrons. The yield of O2 ranged between 6 - 60 muM. The kinetics of the spontaneous O2 decay were second order; in the presence of Cu2 complexes the reaction was first order with respect to O2. Taking into account the effect of the different Cu2 concentrations on the O2 decay, second-order rate constants for the reaction of chelated Cu2 with O2 were obtained. For an equivalent of Cu2 in either erythrocuprein or Cu, Co-erythrocuprein, a numerical value of 1.3 +/- 0.1 x 10(9) M-1S-1 was calculated. Surprisingly, the same value was obtained employing Cu(Tyr)2. The highest rate constant was measured for the hydrated Cu2 (2.7 x 10(9) M-1S-1). In the presence of a biologically significant chelating agent such as serum albumin, a marked decrease in the Cu2aq-induced superoxide dismutation was observed. This was not the case when the dismutation in the presence of either the Cu2 of native erythrocuprein or Cu, Co-erythrocuprein, or those Cu2 ions chelated with tyrosine or certain di- and tripeptides was measured.", "PMID": 1181271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7958", "title": "Superoxide dismutase micro assay in biological material.", "content": "A micro assay for the rapid and convenient determination of superoxide dismutase activity in limited amounts of biological material was devised and successfully employed. The combination of the formazan derivative colour formation induced by reaction of O2theta with nitroblue tetrazolium and a suitable analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system was used. It was possible to show that the reactivity of soluble superoxide dismutases in polyacrylamide gels was proportional to the enzyme concentrations employed. Bovine erythrocyte Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) (erythrocuprein) served as a standard throughout. To measure the degree of superoxide dismutase activity, a gel-scanning apparatus was usedThe integrated scanning curve of the unstained portions of the gel proved linearly proportional to the logarithm of the superoxide dismutase activity in the range between 10(-12) and 7 X 10(-11) mol of the bovine enzyme. Although the absolute integral is dependent on the different staining conditions, the slope of the superoxide dismutase calibration curve is highly reproducible. Superoxide dismutase added to crude liver and brain homogenates could be fully detected using this assay. Thus, biological material including nucleic acids, enzymes, lipids etc. do not inhibit this reaction.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase micro assay in biological material. A micro assay for the rapid and convenient determination of superoxide dismutase activity in limited amounts of biological material was devised and successfully employed. The combination of the formazan derivative colour formation induced by reaction of O2theta with nitroblue tetrazolium and a suitable analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system was used. It was possible to show that the reactivity of soluble superoxide dismutases in polyacrylamide gels was proportional to the enzyme concentrations employed. Bovine erythrocyte Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) (erythrocuprein) served as a standard throughout. To measure the degree of superoxide dismutase activity, a gel-scanning apparatus was usedThe integrated scanning curve of the unstained portions of the gel proved linearly proportional to the logarithm of the superoxide dismutase activity in the range between 10(-12) and 7 X 10(-11) mol of the bovine enzyme. Although the absolute integral is dependent on the different staining conditions, the slope of the superoxide dismutase calibration curve is highly reproducible. Superoxide dismutase added to crude liver and brain homogenates could be fully detected using this assay. Thus, biological material including nucleic acids, enzymes, lipids etc. do not inhibit this reaction.", "PMID": 1181272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7959", "title": "[Investigations on peptide synthesis with polymeric supports: synthesis and characterization of the deamido-calcitonin-M-(19-32)-tetradecapeptide by use of the soluble support polyethyleneglycol and coupling of the products to the insoluble polystyryl-benzhydrylamine resin (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthesis of the deamido-calcitonin-M-(19-32)-tetradecapeptide Boc-Phe-His-Thr(Bzl)-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr(Bzl)-Ala-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Pro-OH (I) by the use of the soluble polymeric support polyethyleneglycol is described. For product characterization the following compounds were prepared:H-Phe-His-Thr(Bzl)-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr(Bzl)-Ala-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Pro-OH and H-Phe-His-Thr-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr-Ala-Ile-Gly-Ala-Pro-OH. The analyses of these products by ion exchange chromatography indicates that the correct tetradecapeptide sequence was synthesized to more than 90%. Despite high yields in the coupling reactions, crude I was inhomogenous due to partial cleavage to O-benzyl ether bonds. In order to use I for the total synthesis of calcitonin M, it was coupled to the insoluble polystyryl-benzhydrylamine resin. 0.08 mmol of peptide was coupled per g of resin. Treatment of this peptide resin with hydrogen fluoride yielded H-Phe-His-Thr-Phe-Gln-Thr-Ala-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Pro-NH2.", "contents": "[Investigations on peptide synthesis with polymeric supports: synthesis and characterization of the deamido-calcitonin-M-(19-32)-tetradecapeptide by use of the soluble support polyethyleneglycol and coupling of the products to the insoluble polystyryl-benzhydrylamine resin (author's transl)]. The synthesis of the deamido-calcitonin-M-(19-32)-tetradecapeptide Boc-Phe-His-Thr(Bzl)-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr(Bzl)-Ala-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Pro-OH (I) by the use of the soluble polymeric support polyethyleneglycol is described. For product characterization the following compounds were prepared:H-Phe-His-Thr(Bzl)-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr(Bzl)-Ala-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Pro-OH and H-Phe-His-Thr-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr-Ala-Ile-Gly-Ala-Pro-OH. The analyses of these products by ion exchange chromatography indicates that the correct tetradecapeptide sequence was synthesized to more than 90%. Despite high yields in the coupling reactions, crude I was inhomogenous due to partial cleavage to O-benzyl ether bonds. In order to use I for the total synthesis of calcitonin M, it was coupled to the insoluble polystyryl-benzhydrylamine resin. 0.08 mmol of peptide was coupled per g of resin. Treatment of this peptide resin with hydrogen fluoride yielded H-Phe-His-Thr-Phe-Gln-Thr-Ala-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Pro-NH2.", "PMID": 1181273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7960", "title": "[Effect of glucocorticoides on the release of amino acids in the perfused rat hindquarter (author's transl)].", "content": "The release of amino acids by skeletal muscle was studied in the isolated perfused rat hindquarter. Adrenalectomy depressed the formation of glutamine and alanine as well as the efflux of all other amino acids measured. Betamethasone--a synthetic glucocorticoid--caused a significant increase in the efflux of nearly all amino acids up to the level of normal controls. The release of amino acids was also increased in perfused hindquarters of diabetic rats. On the other hand, insulin exhibited a depressing effect on the release of amino acids by hindquarters of normal rats. The metabolic integrity of the muscle tissue was proved by measuring creatine phosphate, ATP, ADP and water content as well as by the significant insulin effect on glucose uptake and on [14C]leucine incorporation into muscle proteins.", "contents": "[Effect of glucocorticoides on the release of amino acids in the perfused rat hindquarter (author's transl)]. The release of amino acids by skeletal muscle was studied in the isolated perfused rat hindquarter. Adrenalectomy depressed the formation of glutamine and alanine as well as the efflux of all other amino acids measured. Betamethasone--a synthetic glucocorticoid--caused a significant increase in the efflux of nearly all amino acids up to the level of normal controls. The release of amino acids was also increased in perfused hindquarters of diabetic rats. On the other hand, insulin exhibited a depressing effect on the release of amino acids by hindquarters of normal rats. The metabolic integrity of the muscle tissue was proved by measuring creatine phosphate, ATP, ADP and water content as well as by the significant insulin effect on glucose uptake and on [14C]leucine incorporation into muscle proteins.", "PMID": 1181274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7961", "title": "Effects of arginine homologous and other guanidino compounds on the ATP level and glucose oxidation in isolated fat cells.", "content": "The arginine homologues 2-amino-3-guanidinopropionic acid, 2-amino-4-guanidino-butyric acid and 2-amino-6-guanidinocaproic acid (= homoarginine) were synthesized and transformed into their methyl esters. The latter, together with arginine methyl esters. The latter, together with arginine methyl ester, arginine diethylamide and some guanidino compounds without the arginyl structure (agmatine, isopentyl-guanidine and n-butylbiguanide) were examined with regard to their behaviour on isolated fat cells, concerning the adrenalin-induced depression of the ATP level and the stimulation of glucose oxidation. The homoarginyl and arginyl derivatives counteracted the effect of adrenalin by re-elevating the ATP level, and thus they exerted an insulin-like activity. The esters were slightly active, whereas the arginine diethylamide and agmatine had a marked effect. The shorter homologues of arginine were totally inactive. However isopentyl-guanidine and butylbiguanide followed the effect of adrenalin: they additionally lowered the ATP level and therefore they acted in opposition to insulin. For comparative reasons the same compounds were tested with regard to their effects on glucose oxidation. The results were consistent with those quoted above: the homoarginyl and arginyl derivatives (agmatine included) forced the glucose oxidation similarly to insulin, the shorter homologues were inactive, isopentylguanidine and butylbiguanide decreased it.", "contents": "Effects of arginine homologous and other guanidino compounds on the ATP level and glucose oxidation in isolated fat cells. The arginine homologues 2-amino-3-guanidinopropionic acid, 2-amino-4-guanidino-butyric acid and 2-amino-6-guanidinocaproic acid (= homoarginine) were synthesized and transformed into their methyl esters. The latter, together with arginine methyl esters. The latter, together with arginine methyl ester, arginine diethylamide and some guanidino compounds without the arginyl structure (agmatine, isopentyl-guanidine and n-butylbiguanide) were examined with regard to their behaviour on isolated fat cells, concerning the adrenalin-induced depression of the ATP level and the stimulation of glucose oxidation. The homoarginyl and arginyl derivatives counteracted the effect of adrenalin by re-elevating the ATP level, and thus they exerted an insulin-like activity. The esters were slightly active, whereas the arginine diethylamide and agmatine had a marked effect. The shorter homologues of arginine were totally inactive. However isopentyl-guanidine and butylbiguanide followed the effect of adrenalin: they additionally lowered the ATP level and therefore they acted in opposition to insulin. For comparative reasons the same compounds were tested with regard to their effects on glucose oxidation. The results were consistent with those quoted above: the homoarginyl and arginyl derivatives (agmatine included) forced the glucose oxidation similarly to insulin, the shorter homologues were inactive, isopentylguanidine and butylbiguanide decreased it.", "PMID": 1181275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7962", "title": "[Syntheses of oligopeptides related to the insulin sequence B 22-25 (Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe) (author's transl)].", "content": "Syntheses of peptides with the sequences Gly-Phe, Gly-Phe-Phe, Arg-Gly-Phe and Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe are described. They were performed with the free acids, methyl esters and caramides. The peptides correspond partially or directly to the insulin sequence B 22 - 25 (Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe), the tetrapeptide amide or tetrapeptide methyl ester of which shows insulin-like activity (l.c.[1,2]). For testing the structural specificity of the arginyl residue, the following peptides were also synthesised: NG-NO2-Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-NH2 and -OMe, Orn-Gly-Phe-Phe-NH2 and Cit-Gly-Phe-Phe--NH2. In connection with the above, the syntheses of the new derivatives Nalpha,Ndelta-Z2-L-ornithine p-nitrophenyl ester and N-Boc-L-citrulline p-nitrophenyl ester are described. All peptides were synthesised conventionally.", "contents": "[Syntheses of oligopeptides related to the insulin sequence B 22-25 (Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe) (author's transl)]. Syntheses of peptides with the sequences Gly-Phe, Gly-Phe-Phe, Arg-Gly-Phe and Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe are described. They were performed with the free acids, methyl esters and caramides. The peptides correspond partially or directly to the insulin sequence B 22 - 25 (Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe), the tetrapeptide amide or tetrapeptide methyl ester of which shows insulin-like activity (l.c.[1,2]). For testing the structural specificity of the arginyl residue, the following peptides were also synthesised: NG-NO2-Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-NH2 and -OMe, Orn-Gly-Phe-Phe-NH2 and Cit-Gly-Phe-Phe--NH2. In connection with the above, the syntheses of the new derivatives Nalpha,Ndelta-Z2-L-ornithine p-nitrophenyl ester and N-Boc-L-citrulline p-nitrophenyl ester are described. All peptides were synthesised conventionally.", "PMID": 1181276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7963", "title": "[Biological activity in vitro and in vivo of different insulin derivatives (author's transl)].", "content": "The biological activities of des-octapeptide-insulin, des-AsnA21-des-AlaB30-insulin, des-GlyA1-des-PheB1-insulin and trimethionyl-insulin were studied in vitro and in vivo. In vitro we measured, using the isolated diaphragm of the rat, the disappearance rate of glucose in the incubation medium, the incorporation of glucose into the glycogen of the diaphragm and the apntilipolytic activity in the isolated fat cell model. The incorporation of [U-14C]glucose after intraperitoneal injection into the glycogen of the diaphragm and the fat pad tissue was studied in vivo, as well as the incorporation of 14C from [U-14C]glucose into the lipids of the fat pad tissue of the rat.", "contents": "[Biological activity in vitro and in vivo of different insulin derivatives (author's transl)]. The biological activities of des-octapeptide-insulin, des-AsnA21-des-AlaB30-insulin, des-GlyA1-des-PheB1-insulin and trimethionyl-insulin were studied in vitro and in vivo. In vitro we measured, using the isolated diaphragm of the rat, the disappearance rate of glucose in the incubation medium, the incorporation of glucose into the glycogen of the diaphragm and the apntilipolytic activity in the isolated fat cell model. The incorporation of [U-14C]glucose after intraperitoneal injection into the glycogen of the diaphragm and the fat pad tissue was studied in vivo, as well as the incorporation of 14C from [U-14C]glucose into the lipids of the fat pad tissue of the rat.", "PMID": 1181277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7964", "title": "[Biosynthesis of glutathione. VI. Ocurrence and level of gamma-glutamylcysteine in human red cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentration of the glutathione precursor gamma-glutamylcysteine in hemolysates of human red cells was determined using three different methods. a) The [14C]N-ethylmaleimide derivatives of the intracellular sulfhydryl compounds were separated on a cation exchange column. The amount of [14C]N-ethylmaleimide glutamycysteine was radiochemically determined. b) With purified glutathione synthetase, an enzymatic endpoint metabolite determination was performed with [14C]glycine as one substrate. The amount of labelled glutathione formed from the gamma-glutamylcysteine present was measured radiochemically.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of glutathione. VI. Ocurrence and level of gamma-glutamylcysteine in human red cells (author's transl)]. The concentration of the glutathione precursor gamma-glutamylcysteine in hemolysates of human red cells was determined using three different methods. a) The [14C]N-ethylmaleimide derivatives of the intracellular sulfhydryl compounds were separated on a cation exchange column. The amount of [14C]N-ethylmaleimide glutamycysteine was radiochemically determined. b) With purified glutathione synthetase, an enzymatic endpoint metabolite determination was performed with [14C]glycine as one substrate. The amount of labelled glutathione formed from the gamma-glutamylcysteine present was measured radiochemically.", "PMID": 1181278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7965", "title": "5-Oxoprolinase from rat kidney, I. Assay, purification, and determination of kinetic parameters.", "content": "A new assay for the determination of 5-oxoprolinase activity is described. The enzyme 5-oxoprolinase was purified from rat kidney 285-fold to apparent homogeneity, as judged by analytical disc electrophoresis and discontinous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. The specific activity of the preparation was 122 mU/mg of protein. A complete initial rate kinetic analysis of the forward reaction catalyzed by 5-oxoprolinase was carried out using 5-oxo-L-proline and MgATP2theta as substrates. The computer-fitted double reciprocal plots showed intersecting patterns indicating a sequential mechanism. The data were fitted by weighted linear regression analysis using the complete equation for bisubstrate reactions. The limiting Michaelis constants for 5-oxoproline and MgATP2theta were calculated to be 31.6 +/- 2.3 muM and 172.7 +/- 11.5muM, respectively. The maximum forward rate is 1.2 +/- 0.02 mumol X min-1; the turnover number 7.0 min-1.", "contents": "5-Oxoprolinase from rat kidney, I. Assay, purification, and determination of kinetic parameters. A new assay for the determination of 5-oxoprolinase activity is described. The enzyme 5-oxoprolinase was purified from rat kidney 285-fold to apparent homogeneity, as judged by analytical disc electrophoresis and discontinous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. The specific activity of the preparation was 122 mU/mg of protein. A complete initial rate kinetic analysis of the forward reaction catalyzed by 5-oxoprolinase was carried out using 5-oxo-L-proline and MgATP2theta as substrates. The computer-fitted double reciprocal plots showed intersecting patterns indicating a sequential mechanism. The data were fitted by weighted linear regression analysis using the complete equation for bisubstrate reactions. The limiting Michaelis constants for 5-oxoproline and MgATP2theta were calculated to be 31.6 +/- 2.3 muM and 172.7 +/- 11.5muM, respectively. The maximum forward rate is 1.2 +/- 0.02 mumol X min-1; the turnover number 7.0 min-1.", "PMID": 1181279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7966", "title": "5-Oxoprolinase from rat kidney, II. Molecular weight determinations.", "content": "The molecular weight of 5-oxoprolinase from rat kidney was estimated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and G-150 to be 460 000 +/- 30 000. A value of 230 000 +/- 10 000 was obtained by zonal sedimentation in a sucrose gradient. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate yielded a molecular weightof 115 000 +/- 6 000. It is concluded that 5-oxoprolinase consists of four subunits of 115 000 daltons each. The dissociation or aggregation behavior of the enzyme seems to be influenced neither by the presence of the substrates 5-oxo-L-proline and MgATP2theta nor by the presence of the stabilizing compounds glutathione mercaptoethanol or dithioerythritol.", "contents": "5-Oxoprolinase from rat kidney, II. Molecular weight determinations. The molecular weight of 5-oxoprolinase from rat kidney was estimated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and G-150 to be 460 000 +/- 30 000. A value of 230 000 +/- 10 000 was obtained by zonal sedimentation in a sucrose gradient. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate yielded a molecular weightof 115 000 +/- 6 000. It is concluded that 5-oxoprolinase consists of four subunits of 115 000 daltons each. The dissociation or aggregation behavior of the enzyme seems to be influenced neither by the presence of the substrates 5-oxo-L-proline and MgATP2theta nor by the presence of the stabilizing compounds glutathione mercaptoethanol or dithioerythritol.", "PMID": 1181280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7967", "title": "Transpeptidation in sequence analysis. Investigations concerning a native and a synthetic hexapeptide.", "content": "On sequencing a hemoglobin a peptic hexapeptide with the amino acid composition Asp2, Gly, Val, Lys2 was isolated. Cleavage of this peptide with Tos-Phe-CH2Cl-trypsin resulted in the fragments Asp-Lys, Gly-Asp, Val-Lys, Asp--Lys-Gly-Asp, Asp-Lys-Val-Lys and Val-Lys-Gly--Asp. From these data two possible but inconsistent sequences for the hexapeptide can be derived: Asp-Lys-Val-Lys-Gly-Asp and Val-Lys-Asp-Lys-Gly-Asp. Fragments obtained by other cleavage procedures, direct sequencing of the globin peptide-chain with a sequenator as well as X-ray data of this hemoglobin show, that only the sequence starting with Asp occurs in the intact protein. Therefore the peptide Asp-Lys-Gly-Asp must have been formed by transpeptidation during sequence work. In order to verify this, Asp-Lys-Val-Lys-Gly-Asp was synthesized by an unequivocal, conventional procedure. Tryptic digestion of this hexapeptide also resulted in ASP-Lys-Gly-Asp in addition to the expected fragments. Thus it has been shown for the first time, that sequencing conditions may alter the constitution of a peptide.", "contents": "Transpeptidation in sequence analysis. Investigations concerning a native and a synthetic hexapeptide. On sequencing a hemoglobin a peptic hexapeptide with the amino acid composition Asp2, Gly, Val, Lys2 was isolated. Cleavage of this peptide with Tos-Phe-CH2Cl-trypsin resulted in the fragments Asp-Lys, Gly-Asp, Val-Lys, Asp--Lys-Gly-Asp, Asp-Lys-Val-Lys and Val-Lys-Gly--Asp. From these data two possible but inconsistent sequences for the hexapeptide can be derived: Asp-Lys-Val-Lys-Gly-Asp and Val-Lys-Asp-Lys-Gly-Asp. Fragments obtained by other cleavage procedures, direct sequencing of the globin peptide-chain with a sequenator as well as X-ray data of this hemoglobin show, that only the sequence starting with Asp occurs in the intact protein. Therefore the peptide Asp-Lys-Gly-Asp must have been formed by transpeptidation during sequence work. In order to verify this, Asp-Lys-Val-Lys-Gly-Asp was synthesized by an unequivocal, conventional procedure. Tryptic digestion of this hexapeptide also resulted in ASP-Lys-Gly-Asp in addition to the expected fragments. Thus it has been shown for the first time, that sequencing conditions may alter the constitution of a peptide.", "PMID": 1181281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7968", "title": "[Insulin analogues with permuted A chain N-terminus (author's transl)].", "content": "By partial synthesis insulin analogues were prepared in which the amino acid in position 1 of the A chain was permuted. Glycine in position A 1 was exchanged for leucine, tert.- butyloxycarbonylvaline, valine, proline, lysine as well as glutamic acid. Two pathways of partial synthesis were followed: Firstly, des-1-glycine-A-chain S-sulfonate was reacted with active esters of tert.-butyloxycarbonylamino acids. The ensuing modified A-chains were combined with natural B-chain to give A1-permuted insulins. In the second procedure, the preparation of tris-Boc-[A1-leucine]insulin was accomplished by reaction of Boc-leucine N-hydroxysuccinimide ester with NalphaB1,NepsilonB29-bis(tert.-butyloxycarbonyl)-des-A1-glycine-insulin. The protected insulin derivative had been prepared by combination of des-glycine-A-chain with Nalpha1,Nepsilon29-bis(tert.-butyloxycarbonyl)-B-chain. The deprotected analogues differed considerably in their CD-spectra from insulin and possessed low in vitro biological activities of 2.5-17%. Crystallization attempts failed. Thus, the introduction of side chains in position A1 distorts the conformation sterically and decreases the biological activity.", "contents": "[Insulin analogues with permuted A chain N-terminus (author's transl)]. By partial synthesis insulin analogues were prepared in which the amino acid in position 1 of the A chain was permuted. Glycine in position A 1 was exchanged for leucine, tert.- butyloxycarbonylvaline, valine, proline, lysine as well as glutamic acid. Two pathways of partial synthesis were followed: Firstly, des-1-glycine-A-chain S-sulfonate was reacted with active esters of tert.-butyloxycarbonylamino acids. The ensuing modified A-chains were combined with natural B-chain to give A1-permuted insulins. In the second procedure, the preparation of tris-Boc-[A1-leucine]insulin was accomplished by reaction of Boc-leucine N-hydroxysuccinimide ester with NalphaB1,NepsilonB29-bis(tert.-butyloxycarbonyl)-des-A1-glycine-insulin. The protected insulin derivative had been prepared by combination of des-glycine-A-chain with Nalpha1,Nepsilon29-bis(tert.-butyloxycarbonyl)-B-chain. The deprotected analogues differed considerably in their CD-spectra from insulin and possessed low in vitro biological activities of 2.5-17%. Crystallization attempts failed. Thus, the introduction of side chains in position A1 distorts the conformation sterically and decreases the biological activity.", "PMID": 1181282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7969", "title": "Studies on polypeptides. V. Improved synthesis of human proinsulin C-peptide and its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative. Circular dichroism and immunological studies of human C-peptide.", "content": "An improved synthesis of human C-peptide is described. Five fragments: 33-39, 40-46, 47-49, 50-54 and 55-63 were used in the total synthesis. In the fully protected C-peptide the N-terminal alpha-amino function was blocked by a benzyloxycarbonyl group and the carboxyl and serine hydroxyl functions were blocked by t-butyl protection.  The latter protecting groups were removed by trifluoroacetic acid to obtain N-alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl human C-peptide which, on catalytic hydrogenation, yielded human C-peptide. The immunoreactivity of the prepared human C-peptide was tested and found to deviate slightly from the human C-peptide synthesized earlier by another route. When tested in the immunoassay, human pancreatic extracts containing natural C-peptide (or fragments thereof) showed dilution patterns identical to that of the new synthetic C-peptide but different from that of the previously synthesized batch of C-peptide. The possible explantation for the observed differences in the immunoreactivity is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on polypeptides. V. Improved synthesis of human proinsulin C-peptide and its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative. Circular dichroism and immunological studies of human C-peptide. An improved synthesis of human C-peptide is described. Five fragments: 33-39, 40-46, 47-49, 50-54 and 55-63 were used in the total synthesis. In the fully protected C-peptide the N-terminal alpha-amino function was blocked by a benzyloxycarbonyl group and the carboxyl and serine hydroxyl functions were blocked by t-butyl protection.  The latter protecting groups were removed by trifluoroacetic acid to obtain N-alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl human C-peptide which, on catalytic hydrogenation, yielded human C-peptide. The immunoreactivity of the prepared human C-peptide was tested and found to deviate slightly from the human C-peptide synthesized earlier by another route. When tested in the immunoassay, human pancreatic extracts containing natural C-peptide (or fragments thereof) showed dilution patterns identical to that of the new synthetic C-peptide but different from that of the previously synthesized batch of C-peptide. The possible explantation for the observed differences in the immunoreactivity is discussed.", "PMID": 1181283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7970", "title": "Ward environment in an inpatient drug dependence treatment unit: II. Attempts to improve ward environment.", "content": "Ward activity and atmosphere in a Drug Dependence Treatment Unit were found to be poor in a previous study. The results of two attempts to improve ward environment are reported. The arrival of an occupational therapist had a very slight and restricted effect on the level of patients' constructive activity, and produced only one significant change on the Ward Atmosphere Scale; patients perceived an increase in Practicality. There was, however, a consistent improvement in patients' Vigor and Friendliness mood scores following the arrival of the occupational therapist. A pilot project using cigarettes as reinforces for patient constructive activity produced little sustained effect. Possible reasons for the difficulties in managing drug-dependent patients are discussed, and suggestions made for improvement.", "contents": "Ward environment in an inpatient drug dependence treatment unit: II. Attempts to improve ward environment. Ward activity and atmosphere in a Drug Dependence Treatment Unit were found to be poor in a previous study. The results of two attempts to improve ward environment are reported. The arrival of an occupational therapist had a very slight and restricted effect on the level of patients' constructive activity, and produced only one significant change on the Ward Atmosphere Scale; patients perceived an increase in Practicality. There was, however, a consistent improvement in patients' Vigor and Friendliness mood scores following the arrival of the occupational therapist. A pilot project using cigarettes as reinforces for patient constructive activity produced little sustained effect. Possible reasons for the difficulties in managing drug-dependent patients are discussed, and suggestions made for improvement.", "PMID": 1181284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7971", "title": "Estimating heroin use in an urban area.", "content": "The purpose of this pilot project was to develop a verifiable method of empirically estimating heroin usage in a defined geographic area. If such a methodology could be constructed, appropriate officials could employ the procedure to promote planning, prevention, and education projects, and to evaluate on-going programs. Thus, should such a technique be developed, it could replace more traditional and empirically unconfirmed methods. Employing data furnished by local law-enforcement social, and medical agencies, a questionnaire was developed, pretested, and applied to a selected sample of the stipulated population.", "contents": "Estimating heroin use in an urban area. The purpose of this pilot project was to develop a verifiable method of empirically estimating heroin usage in a defined geographic area. If such a methodology could be constructed, appropriate officials could employ the procedure to promote planning, prevention, and education projects, and to evaluate on-going programs. Thus, should such a technique be developed, it could replace more traditional and empirically unconfirmed methods. Employing data furnished by local law-enforcement social, and medical agencies, a questionnaire was developed, pretested, and applied to a selected sample of the stipulated population.", "PMID": 1181286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7972", "title": "Mood, primary heroin withdrawal, and acute methadone administration.", "content": "This study was designed to: describe the internal state of addicts undergoing primary withdrawal, determine how the internal state is altered by the alleviation of withdrawal stress through an acute dose of methadone, and to determine a predictor of the probability of a patient completing detoxification. Sixty-seven male and female heroin addicts accepted for methadone detoxification were administered a 65-item Profile of Mood States (POMS). Forty-nine of the Ss were tested immediately prior to receiving their initial dose of methadone and again 45 minutes later, while the remaining 18 Ss were only tested 45 minutes after receiving their methadone in order to control for the effects of repeated testing. Each of the subscales measured by the POMS showed a significant decrease in mood disturbance following methadone administration (p less than .0001); these differences could not be attributed to the effects of repeated testing. Factor analysis of pre- and post-methadone treatment scores indicated a two-factor structure prior to receiving methadone and a single unified mood state after the alleviation of primary withdrawal stress. The Anger subscale, administered immediately prior to receiving methadone, was a highly significant predictor of the completion of detoxification (p less than .005). Further implications of the results were discussed.", "contents": "Mood, primary heroin withdrawal, and acute methadone administration. This study was designed to: describe the internal state of addicts undergoing primary withdrawal, determine how the internal state is altered by the alleviation of withdrawal stress through an acute dose of methadone, and to determine a predictor of the probability of a patient completing detoxification. Sixty-seven male and female heroin addicts accepted for methadone detoxification were administered a 65-item Profile of Mood States (POMS). Forty-nine of the Ss were tested immediately prior to receiving their initial dose of methadone and again 45 minutes later, while the remaining 18 Ss were only tested 45 minutes after receiving their methadone in order to control for the effects of repeated testing. Each of the subscales measured by the POMS showed a significant decrease in mood disturbance following methadone administration (p less than .0001); these differences could not be attributed to the effects of repeated testing. Factor analysis of pre- and post-methadone treatment scores indicated a two-factor structure prior to receiving methadone and a single unified mood state after the alleviation of primary withdrawal stress. The Anger subscale, administered immediately prior to receiving methadone, was a highly significant predictor of the completion of detoxification (p less than .005). Further implications of the results were discussed.", "PMID": 1181289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7973", "title": "A clinical tool with heroin addicts: the urine stall.", "content": "Detection of illicit drug use by means of urine analysis has become a standard procedure in the treatment of drug addicts. Withholding urine is a way in which an addict can compromise the effectiveness of urine analysis. This behavior can be a form of acting out and should not be interpreted in a superficial manner. An attempt should be made to explore the latent psychological material it may represent.", "contents": "A clinical tool with heroin addicts: the urine stall. Detection of illicit drug use by means of urine analysis has become a standard procedure in the treatment of drug addicts. Withholding urine is a way in which an addict can compromise the effectiveness of urine analysis. This behavior can be a form of acting out and should not be interpreted in a superficial manner. An attempt should be made to explore the latent psychological material it may represent.", "PMID": 1181290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7974", "title": "Potential dangers of cannabis.", "content": "Cannabis is not a harmless drug. The potential dangers of cannabis are briefly reviewed in this report. The above-mentioned observations on cannabis users should be kept in mind and carefully examined by all physicians. One could expect that as more potent cannabis preparations become available, some of the toxic manifestations which now seem rare might become more frequent. Some of the remarks about the dangers of cannabis may not be proved in future studies, and they may represent only our anxiety. However, prior to the elimination of these fears, no steps should be taken toward the legalizing of marijuana. At present there is no scientific evidence that cannabis is less harmful than either tobacco or alcohol. The opposite may be true. The analogy can be drawn between opium and cannabis. The permissive attitude toward the use of opium can easily lead to the use of morphine and other opiates. If we legalize the use of marijuana, we cannot prevent the use of more dangerous derivatives of cannabis; namely, hashish, cannabis oil and THC, itself. In my opinion, in the light of our present knowledge, legalizing of marijuana could be hazardous both for the individual and for society.", "contents": "Potential dangers of cannabis. Cannabis is not a harmless drug. The potential dangers of cannabis are briefly reviewed in this report. The above-mentioned observations on cannabis users should be kept in mind and carefully examined by all physicians. One could expect that as more potent cannabis preparations become available, some of the toxic manifestations which now seem rare might become more frequent. Some of the remarks about the dangers of cannabis may not be proved in future studies, and they may represent only our anxiety. However, prior to the elimination of these fears, no steps should be taken toward the legalizing of marijuana. At present there is no scientific evidence that cannabis is less harmful than either tobacco or alcohol. The opposite may be true. The analogy can be drawn between opium and cannabis. The permissive attitude toward the use of opium can easily lead to the use of morphine and other opiates. If we legalize the use of marijuana, we cannot prevent the use of more dangerous derivatives of cannabis; namely, hashish, cannabis oil and THC, itself. In my opinion, in the light of our present knowledge, legalizing of marijuana could be hazardous both for the individual and for society.", "PMID": 1181294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7975", "title": "Women workers in the health service industry.", "content": "The health service industry is unusual in that most of the skilled as well as unskilled workers are women, although the industry is largely controlled by men. Women are hired because they constitute an inexpensive, available, and seemingly powerless work force. Women enter health service because they have few alternatives to the low-paying, dead-end jobs found there. Health service occupations are organized like craft unions, with rigid hierarchical separations and control by the top occupation. Conflicts between men and women-between management and workers-are often played out as conflicts between occupations. Challenges to physicians come from various nursing specialties as well as from technical professions. Physicians in turn create lower-level occupations which challenge the nurses' status. Increasing industrialization alters the pattern of conflict, creating opportunities for individual bureaucratic mobility as well as favorable conditions for unionization drives. Unionism is often held back by sex, race, and professional conflicts, which must be overcome if the status of women is to be changed in the industry.", "contents": "Women workers in the health service industry. The health service industry is unusual in that most of the skilled as well as unskilled workers are women, although the industry is largely controlled by men. Women are hired because they constitute an inexpensive, available, and seemingly powerless work force. Women enter health service because they have few alternatives to the low-paying, dead-end jobs found there. Health service occupations are organized like craft unions, with rigid hierarchical separations and control by the top occupation. Conflicts between men and women-between management and workers-are often played out as conflicts between occupations. Challenges to physicians come from various nursing specialties as well as from technical professions. Physicians in turn create lower-level occupations which challenge the nurses' status. Increasing industrialization alters the pattern of conflict, creating opportunities for individual bureaucratic mobility as well as favorable conditions for unionization drives. Unionism is often held back by sex, race, and professional conflicts, which must be overcome if the status of women is to be changed in the industry.", "PMID": 1181296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7976", "title": "Vaginal cancer: an iatrogenic disease?", "content": "Presently we are witnessing two unique occurrences in the field of public health: the first demonstration of transplacental carcinogenesis in humans and the first drug-induced cancer epidemic in women under age 30. This article examines the current status of the vaginal cancer epidemic and possible reasons for the failure of governmental health agencies to recall and test the generation of females who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero. Epidemiologic evidence indicates that the large majority of \"DES daughters\" may develop adenosis. The carcinogenicity of other estrogens in wide use is examined. It is pointed out that, although vaginal cancer in daughters exposed to DES in utero provided the clinical evidence to secure a Food and Drug Administration ban on DES as an additive to cattle feed, the FDA approved a new use of DES as a \"morning-after pill\" contraceptive even though the contraceptive contains 833,000 times the amount of DES banned for human consumption in beef. The lack of standards of informed consent in the testing of the morning-after pill on university women and the additional risk this presents to DES daughters are discussed. The sociopolitical and economic contributing factors to the vaginal cancer epidemic and the extent to which the scientific direction of medical care is influenced by economic factors are examined. Public health measures which might prevent the occurrence of such man-made epidemics in the future are recommended.", "contents": "Vaginal cancer: an iatrogenic disease? Presently we are witnessing two unique occurrences in the field of public health: the first demonstration of transplacental carcinogenesis in humans and the first drug-induced cancer epidemic in women under age 30. This article examines the current status of the vaginal cancer epidemic and possible reasons for the failure of governmental health agencies to recall and test the generation of females who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero. Epidemiologic evidence indicates that the large majority of \"DES daughters\" may develop adenosis. The carcinogenicity of other estrogens in wide use is examined. It is pointed out that, although vaginal cancer in daughters exposed to DES in utero provided the clinical evidence to secure a Food and Drug Administration ban on DES as an additive to cattle feed, the FDA approved a new use of DES as a \"morning-after pill\" contraceptive even though the contraceptive contains 833,000 times the amount of DES banned for human consumption in beef. The lack of standards of informed consent in the testing of the morning-after pill on university women and the additional risk this presents to DES daughters are discussed. The sociopolitical and economic contributing factors to the vaginal cancer epidemic and the extent to which the scientific direction of medical care is influenced by economic factors are examined. Public health measures which might prevent the occurrence of such man-made epidemics in the future are recommended.", "PMID": 1181297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7977", "title": "The origin of (Kolmer's) epiplexus cells. A combined histomorphological and histochemical study.", "content": "The morphology and the histochemically proofed enzyme pattern of the (Kolmer's) epiplexus cells found at the telencephalic chorioid plexus of humans indicate that these cells are of monocytogenetic origin, that they are monocytes and monocytogenetic macrophages respectively.", "contents": "The origin of (Kolmer's) epiplexus cells. A combined histomorphological and histochemical study. The morphology and the histochemically proofed enzyme pattern of the (Kolmer's) epiplexus cells found at the telencephalic chorioid plexus of humans indicate that these cells are of monocytogenetic origin, that they are monocytes and monocytogenetic macrophages respectively.", "PMID": 1181335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7978", "title": "The development of microperoxisomes in the cells of the proximal tubules of the kidney and epithelium of the small intestine during the embryonic development and postnatal period.", "content": "Microperoxisomes were identified in the cells of proximal tubules of the kidney and small intestine of mice from 13-19 days old embryos, in suckling period and adult animals. Examination of both tissues after incubation in diaminobenzidine medium revealed anucleoid microperoxisomes closely related to the granular endoplasmic reticulum and occasionally found in close relation to it. The number of microperoxisomes within the cells considerably increases with the advanced stage of differentiation of both studies tissues. In the cells of proximal tubules the changes in shape and size of microperoxisomes are also observed with a higher stage of differentiation. These studies indicate that the formation and augmentation of microperoxisomes passes strictly parallelly with the differentiation, i.c. with the ability of cells to perform their specific functions.", "contents": "The development of microperoxisomes in the cells of the proximal tubules of the kidney and epithelium of the small intestine during the embryonic development and postnatal period. Microperoxisomes were identified in the cells of proximal tubules of the kidney and small intestine of mice from 13-19 days old embryos, in suckling period and adult animals. Examination of both tissues after incubation in diaminobenzidine medium revealed anucleoid microperoxisomes closely related to the granular endoplasmic reticulum and occasionally found in close relation to it. The number of microperoxisomes within the cells considerably increases with the advanced stage of differentiation of both studies tissues. In the cells of proximal tubules the changes in shape and size of microperoxisomes are also observed with a higher stage of differentiation. These studies indicate that the formation and augmentation of microperoxisomes passes strictly parallelly with the differentiation, i.c. with the ability of cells to perform their specific functions.", "PMID": 1181336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7979", "title": "Cholinergic innervation of the gastric wall of the cat.", "content": "The inbuilt intrinsic cholinergic nervous apparatus of the gastric wall of the cat was studied by using two thiocholine methods for mapping the acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves and nerve cells. A rich distribution of acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves was observed in all layers of the gastric wall, except the superficial half of the lamina propria (with the epithelium), which was completely devoid of acetylcholinesterase activity, and the submucosa, in which a scarce distribution of large nerve fascicles and nerve trunks was observed. Acetylcholinesterase-positive ganglia were observed both in the subserous layer and in the myenteric plexus of Auerbach, whereas none were recognized in the submucous plexus of Meissner. This obviously fits well to the results of some electrophysiological experiments which indicate that the submucous plexus of Meissner includes an important intramural pathway from the extrinsic vagus nerves to the antrum region; so the submucous plexus of Meissner seems to be mainly involved in direct rapid conduction of nerve impulses without integrative activities, like a cable. Certain clear differences exist in the pattern of organization of the cholinergic intrinsic nervous apparatus within the different layers of the gastric wall in the fundic and pyloric regions. These differences seem to correspond quite logically to the different types of motor, secretory and neurohumoral activities of these main regions of the stomach. The activity of the non-specific cholinesterases was localized both in the neural elements and the smooth muscle, as well as in some epithelial cells.", "contents": "Cholinergic innervation of the gastric wall of the cat. The inbuilt intrinsic cholinergic nervous apparatus of the gastric wall of the cat was studied by using two thiocholine methods for mapping the acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves and nerve cells. A rich distribution of acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves was observed in all layers of the gastric wall, except the superficial half of the lamina propria (with the epithelium), which was completely devoid of acetylcholinesterase activity, and the submucosa, in which a scarce distribution of large nerve fascicles and nerve trunks was observed. Acetylcholinesterase-positive ganglia were observed both in the subserous layer and in the myenteric plexus of Auerbach, whereas none were recognized in the submucous plexus of Meissner. This obviously fits well to the results of some electrophysiological experiments which indicate that the submucous plexus of Meissner includes an important intramural pathway from the extrinsic vagus nerves to the antrum region; so the submucous plexus of Meissner seems to be mainly involved in direct rapid conduction of nerve impulses without integrative activities, like a cable. Certain clear differences exist in the pattern of organization of the cholinergic intrinsic nervous apparatus within the different layers of the gastric wall in the fundic and pyloric regions. These differences seem to correspond quite logically to the different types of motor, secretory and neurohumoral activities of these main regions of the stomach. The activity of the non-specific cholinesterases was localized both in the neural elements and the smooth muscle, as well as in some epithelial cells.", "PMID": 1181337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7980", "title": "Glutamine transport and metabolism by mitochondria from dog renal cortex. General properties and response to acidosis and alkalosis.", "content": "Mitochondria from dog renal cortex were incubated with L-[14Cglutamine. Glutamate metabolism was prevented by inhibitors so that glutamate accumulated either in the mitochondrial matrix space or in the medium. The formation and accumuation of glutamate formed from glutamine and the distribution of glutamine in the mitochondrial fluid spaces were studied. In the matrix space glutamate rapidly reaches levels over 5 times that of glutamine in the medium. A more gradual accumulation occurs in the medium as glutamate is transported out of the mitochondria. Addition of an energy source such as succinate to the medium accelerates glutamate formation. A Km of 0.6 mM appears to govern the reaction at low concentrations of glutamine; at about 4 mM an abrupt change kinetics occurs with a Km of 5 mM above that level. Both NH4+ and glutamate inhibit glutamine metabolism and phosphate stimulates it, but little effect glutamate or phosphate occurs at low levels of these substances. The pH optimum of the reaction is between 7.4 and 7.8. Mersalyl and p-chloromercuribenzoate strongly inhibit glutamate formation; N-ethylmaleimide and bromcresol green have weaker inhibitory actions, and borate increases the reaction rate. In the presence of mersalyl, glutamine is striclly confined to the outer space of mitochondria and none is detectable in the matrix space. Similarly at ) degrees glutamine is confined to the simultaneously determined sucrose or mannitol spaces...", "contents": "Glutamine transport and metabolism by mitochondria from dog renal cortex. General properties and response to acidosis and alkalosis. Mitochondria from dog renal cortex were incubated with L-[14Cglutamine. Glutamate metabolism was prevented by inhibitors so that glutamate accumulated either in the mitochondrial matrix space or in the medium. The formation and accumuation of glutamate formed from glutamine and the distribution of glutamine in the mitochondrial fluid spaces were studied. In the matrix space glutamate rapidly reaches levels over 5 times that of glutamine in the medium. A more gradual accumulation occurs in the medium as glutamate is transported out of the mitochondria. Addition of an energy source such as succinate to the medium accelerates glutamate formation. A Km of 0.6 mM appears to govern the reaction at low concentrations of glutamine; at about 4 mM an abrupt change kinetics occurs with a Km of 5 mM above that level. Both NH4+ and glutamate inhibit glutamine metabolism and phosphate stimulates it, but little effect glutamate or phosphate occurs at low levels of these substances. The pH optimum of the reaction is between 7.4 and 7.8. Mersalyl and p-chloromercuribenzoate strongly inhibit glutamate formation; N-ethylmaleimide and bromcresol green have weaker inhibitory actions, and borate increases the reaction rate. In the presence of mersalyl, glutamine is striclly confined to the outer space of mitochondria and none is detectable in the matrix space. Similarly at ) degrees glutamine is confined to the simultaneously determined sucrose or mannitol spaces...", "PMID": 1181338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7981", "title": "Bronchoprovocation: effect on priming and desensitization phenomenon in the lung.", "content": "Priming, or increased sensitivity to antigen, has not been demonstrated in the lung and could play a role in asthmatic symptomatology during seasonal pollen exposure. It is also an important consideration in the design of any experimental protocol requiring serial bronchoprovocations with antigen. Thirteen patients with a history of asthma symptoms during the pollen season and a positive skin test to ragweed extract were selected. Patients were given bronchial challenge out of season on 4 successive days with stepwise inhalations of antigen, and airways conductance was monitored in the body plethysmograph. Antigen dose-response curves were drawn, and the cumulative dose required for a 35% reduction in specific airway conductance was calculated and designated Provocation Dose (PD35). No regular trend toward either priming or desensitization was noted. The daily changes in antigen sensitivity did not correlate with daily variation of baseline pulmonary function. To determine if there was any priming due to natural exposure to pollen, 9 patients were brought back and rechallenged during the pollen season with no significant increase in bronchial sensitivity to ragweed extract. The PD35 method provides figures useful for comparing dose-response curves and shows a one-log variation from day to day. Any evaluation by bronchial challenge of antigen sensitivity or drug efficacy must take into account such variation.", "contents": "Bronchoprovocation: effect on priming and desensitization phenomenon in the lung. Priming, or increased sensitivity to antigen, has not been demonstrated in the lung and could play a role in asthmatic symptomatology during seasonal pollen exposure. It is also an important consideration in the design of any experimental protocol requiring serial bronchoprovocations with antigen. Thirteen patients with a history of asthma symptoms during the pollen season and a positive skin test to ragweed extract were selected. Patients were given bronchial challenge out of season on 4 successive days with stepwise inhalations of antigen, and airways conductance was monitored in the body plethysmograph. Antigen dose-response curves were drawn, and the cumulative dose required for a 35% reduction in specific airway conductance was calculated and designated Provocation Dose (PD35). No regular trend toward either priming or desensitization was noted. The daily changes in antigen sensitivity did not correlate with daily variation of baseline pulmonary function. To determine if there was any priming due to natural exposure to pollen, 9 patients were brought back and rechallenged during the pollen season with no significant increase in bronchial sensitivity to ragweed extract. The PD35 method provides figures useful for comparing dose-response curves and shows a one-log variation from day to day. Any evaluation by bronchial challenge of antigen sensitivity or drug efficacy must take into account such variation.", "PMID": 1181351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7982", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of dihydroxypropyltheophylline: a basis for rational therapy.", "content": "Dihydroxypropyltheophylline (dyphylline) was administered in a single dose on 7 different days to 7 normal subjects; 5 mg/kg was given by intramuscular injection and oral tablet; 10 mg/kg was given by these routes and also in 3 different liquid formulations. Dyphylline is rapidly absorbed, and bioavailability is independent of route of administration or formulation. The pharmacokinetics of dyphylline do not appear to be dose-dependent in the dosage range studied. The mean half-life of dyphylline is 2.11 +/- 0.36 hr; because of its short half-life and unproved efficacy, current dosage recommendations for dyphylline must be revised greatly. Further efficacy trials utilizing the pharmacokinetic data from this study are essential.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of dihydroxypropyltheophylline: a basis for rational therapy. Dihydroxypropyltheophylline (dyphylline) was administered in a single dose on 7 different days to 7 normal subjects; 5 mg/kg was given by intramuscular injection and oral tablet; 10 mg/kg was given by these routes and also in 3 different liquid formulations. Dyphylline is rapidly absorbed, and bioavailability is independent of route of administration or formulation. The pharmacokinetics of dyphylline do not appear to be dose-dependent in the dosage range studied. The mean half-life of dyphylline is 2.11 +/- 0.36 hr; because of its short half-life and unproved efficacy, current dosage recommendations for dyphylline must be revised greatly. Further efficacy trials utilizing the pharmacokinetic data from this study are essential.", "PMID": 1181352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7983", "title": "Detection of IgG antibody to deoxyribonucleic acid by the radioallergosorbent test.", "content": "IgG antibodies to heat-denatured calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) single-stranded DNA:ss-DNA) in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) could be detected by means of solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Single-stranded DNA coupled covalently to microcrystalline cellulose and 125I-labeled anti-human gamma chain were used for this test. The principle of this test is known as the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). This paper describes the usefulness of the RAST for the detection of human IgG antibody. Specificity of this test was examined by an inhibition test using ss-DNA and double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA). A trial for the detection of IgM and IgA antibodies to ss-DNA was also attempted.", "contents": "Detection of IgG antibody to deoxyribonucleic acid by the radioallergosorbent test. IgG antibodies to heat-denatured calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) single-stranded DNA:ss-DNA) in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) could be detected by means of solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Single-stranded DNA coupled covalently to microcrystalline cellulose and 125I-labeled anti-human gamma chain were used for this test. The principle of this test is known as the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). This paper describes the usefulness of the RAST for the detection of human IgG antibody. Specificity of this test was examined by an inhibition test using ss-DNA and double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA). A trial for the detection of IgM and IgA antibodies to ss-DNA was also attempted.", "PMID": 1181353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7984", "title": "Biphasic local reaction to a new insulin (U-100).", "content": "The phenomenon of localized insulin reaction is described and illustrated by the report of a case. The patient's unusual response consisted of an \"early\" and a \"late\" phase to single-peak and single-component insulins. No definite immunologic mechanism was established on the basis of immunologic studies or from histologic examination of skin biopsies.", "contents": "Biphasic local reaction to a new insulin (U-100). The phenomenon of localized insulin reaction is described and illustrated by the report of a case. The patient's unusual response consisted of an \"early\" and a \"late\" phase to single-peak and single-component insulins. No definite immunologic mechanism was established on the basis of immunologic studies or from histologic examination of skin biopsies.", "PMID": 1181354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7985", "title": "A mathematical model of aging processes. III. Comments on the relative importance of serum cholesterol and blood pressure levels on mortality.", "content": "The distributions of serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and their values added together, were examined on a cross-sectional basis for a Montreal population. The results showed that all three distributions seem to be represented better by a log normal than by a normal distribution; but in each case, there was no pronounced increase in the skew with age. The distribution of the systolic blood pressure values exhibited an increasing variance with age, whereas the distribution of the serum cholesterol values remained approximately similar with age. The distribution of the two parameters added together also did not alter significantly with age. These results are consistent with the assumption that, if the serum cholesterol value of an individual changes, the individual will be placed at a substantially greater risk than if changes occur for blood pressure levels. Subpopulations of particular concern, with respect to changes in serum cholesterol levels, are those which undergo weight changes and those which smoke cigarettes.", "contents": "A mathematical model of aging processes. III. Comments on the relative importance of serum cholesterol and blood pressure levels on mortality. The distributions of serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and their values added together, were examined on a cross-sectional basis for a Montreal population. The results showed that all three distributions seem to be represented better by a log normal than by a normal distribution; but in each case, there was no pronounced increase in the skew with age. The distribution of the systolic blood pressure values exhibited an increasing variance with age, whereas the distribution of the serum cholesterol values remained approximately similar with age. The distribution of the two parameters added together also did not alter significantly with age. These results are consistent with the assumption that, if the serum cholesterol value of an individual changes, the individual will be placed at a substantially greater risk than if changes occur for blood pressure levels. Subpopulations of particular concern, with respect to changes in serum cholesterol levels, are those which undergo weight changes and those which smoke cigarettes.", "PMID": 1181355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7986", "title": "Protective effects of atromid-S in vivo on mitochondrial stability in tissues of aged hamsters.", "content": "Atromid-S and nicotinic acid (hypocholesterolemic agents) were tested in vivo for their effects on mitochondrial yields and oxidative phosphorylation in tissues of aging hamsters. It was observed that atromid-S increased mitochondrial yields from both heart and skeletal muscle (39 and 64%, respectively), while nicotinic acid increased the yield only from skeletal muscle (97%). Efficiency (P:0 ratios) and rates of oxidative phosphorylation remained unchanged by drug treatment. Atromid-S treatment only partially protected against loss of controlled phosphorylation on prolonged storage of heart and skeletal muscle mitochondria of aging hamsters. It appeared that atromid-S may produce its effects on mitochondrial yields by decreasing the fragility of the mitochondria from the aging animals. The effects of the drug were not permanent, and values returned to control levels after 3 weeks from cessation of treatment.", "contents": "Protective effects of atromid-S in vivo on mitochondrial stability in tissues of aged hamsters. Atromid-S and nicotinic acid (hypocholesterolemic agents) were tested in vivo for their effects on mitochondrial yields and oxidative phosphorylation in tissues of aging hamsters. It was observed that atromid-S increased mitochondrial yields from both heart and skeletal muscle (39 and 64%, respectively), while nicotinic acid increased the yield only from skeletal muscle (97%). Efficiency (P:0 ratios) and rates of oxidative phosphorylation remained unchanged by drug treatment. Atromid-S treatment only partially protected against loss of controlled phosphorylation on prolonged storage of heart and skeletal muscle mitochondria of aging hamsters. It appeared that atromid-S may produce its effects on mitochondrial yields by decreasing the fragility of the mitochondria from the aging animals. The effects of the drug were not permanent, and values returned to control levels after 3 weeks from cessation of treatment.", "PMID": 1181356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7987", "title": "The pathogenesis of hypophyseal fibrosis in aging: its relationship to tissue iron deposition.", "content": "An investigation was made of 101 hypophyses from male and female human subjects dying from unrelated diseases. Careful microscopic examination revealed that fibrous replacement of the gland begins after the fourth decade. There is a gradual increase in iron deposition in this connective tissue after the 4th decade. It is suggested that the fibrous replacement of the hypophysis is a consequence of repeated bouts of passive congestion with diapedesis of red cells through the walls of anoxic capillaries. This pattern is akin to that of brown induration of the lung. In this manner, the active cells of the hypophysis may gradually be replaced by collagenous tissue. Because of the inherent slowness of this process, the gland seems to adapt quite well to a reduction in functional elements, thus circumventing significant clinical effects.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of hypophyseal fibrosis in aging: its relationship to tissue iron deposition. An investigation was made of 101 hypophyses from male and female human subjects dying from unrelated diseases. Careful microscopic examination revealed that fibrous replacement of the gland begins after the fourth decade. There is a gradual increase in iron deposition in this connective tissue after the 4th decade. It is suggested that the fibrous replacement of the hypophysis is a consequence of repeated bouts of passive congestion with diapedesis of red cells through the walls of anoxic capillaries. This pattern is akin to that of brown induration of the lung. In this manner, the active cells of the hypophysis may gradually be replaced by collagenous tissue. Because of the inherent slowness of this process, the gland seems to adapt quite well to a reduction in functional elements, thus circumventing significant clinical effects.", "PMID": 1181357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7988", "title": "Human growth hormone and cortisol response to insulin stimulation in aging.", "content": "The influence of age on plasma growth hormone (HGH) and cortisol response to i.v. insulin (0.1 U/kg of body weight) was evaluated in 32 healthy subjects whose ages ranged between 20 and 84 years. A significant reduction in HGH response to insulin was observed with aging. In the young (20-34 years), middel-aged (35-49 years), and elderly (53-84 years) groups, average HGH peaks were 46.51 +/- 7.37, 29.95 +/- 5.35, and 14.31 +/- 2.39 ng/ml while average HGH areas were 2.911 +/- 0.484, 1.654 +/- 0.316, and 0.699 +/- 0.149 mug-min, respectively. Since insulin's hypoglycemic effect became less rapid with aging, this could, in part, explain the progressive decline in the HGH response to insulin. This phenomen may also be attributed to histological changes occurring in the pituitary with aging. Moreover, cortisol response was similar to all three age groups. These findings suggest that, while HGH response to insulin is correlated with age, adrenal response does not show any important modifications with aging.", "contents": "Human growth hormone and cortisol response to insulin stimulation in aging. The influence of age on plasma growth hormone (HGH) and cortisol response to i.v. insulin (0.1 U/kg of body weight) was evaluated in 32 healthy subjects whose ages ranged between 20 and 84 years. A significant reduction in HGH response to insulin was observed with aging. In the young (20-34 years), middel-aged (35-49 years), and elderly (53-84 years) groups, average HGH peaks were 46.51 +/- 7.37, 29.95 +/- 5.35, and 14.31 +/- 2.39 ng/ml while average HGH areas were 2.911 +/- 0.484, 1.654 +/- 0.316, and 0.699 +/- 0.149 mug-min, respectively. Since insulin's hypoglycemic effect became less rapid with aging, this could, in part, explain the progressive decline in the HGH response to insulin. This phenomen may also be attributed to histological changes occurring in the pituitary with aging. Moreover, cortisol response was similar to all three age groups. These findings suggest that, while HGH response to insulin is correlated with age, adrenal response does not show any important modifications with aging.", "PMID": 1181358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7989", "title": "Acute drug reactions among the elderly.", "content": "Research in the field of social gerontology has not examined rug use and abuse amont the aged despite the potential significance of this issue to many students of gerontology. This report, based on an analysis of the records of patients who were treated for acute drug reactions at Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami, Florida, during 1972, examines characteristics of acute drug reactions among a sample of 60 elderly patients and compares these characteristics with those of other age cohorts. The findings show that acute drug reactions were more likely to occur among whites and females, that a substantial number of the reactions followed the ingestion of two or more substances, that roughly one-third of the admissions were directly related to suicide attempts, and that the vast majority of acute drug reactions among the elderly admissions involved the ingestion of legally manufactured and distributed drugs.", "contents": "Acute drug reactions among the elderly. Research in the field of social gerontology has not examined rug use and abuse amont the aged despite the potential significance of this issue to many students of gerontology. This report, based on an analysis of the records of patients who were treated for acute drug reactions at Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami, Florida, during 1972, examines characteristics of acute drug reactions among a sample of 60 elderly patients and compares these characteristics with those of other age cohorts. The findings show that acute drug reactions were more likely to occur among whites and females, that a substantial number of the reactions followed the ingestion of two or more substances, that roughly one-third of the admissions were directly related to suicide attempts, and that the vast majority of acute drug reactions among the elderly admissions involved the ingestion of legally manufactured and distributed drugs.", "PMID": 1181359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7990", "title": "Dementia in the elderly--a search for treatable illnesses.", "content": "Forty patients with senile dementia were evaluated prospectively with laboratory and radiologic investigations, including computerized axial transverse tomography. Five patients were believed to have potentially treatable illnesses causing the dementia. After treatment, the dementia in one patient with hypothyroidism was completely resolved. One patient with pernicious anemia was markedly improved, and a second patient with hypothyroidism was somewhat improved. One patient with a brain tumor was not treated, and a severely demented patient with possible normal pressure hydrocephalus died shortly after shunting without improvement. The discovery of these unsuspected illnesses and the gratifying response to treatment in some suggests the importance of systematic evaluation in all patients with senile dementia.", "contents": "Dementia in the elderly--a search for treatable illnesses. Forty patients with senile dementia were evaluated prospectively with laboratory and radiologic investigations, including computerized axial transverse tomography. Five patients were believed to have potentially treatable illnesses causing the dementia. After treatment, the dementia in one patient with hypothyroidism was completely resolved. One patient with pernicious anemia was markedly improved, and a second patient with hypothyroidism was somewhat improved. One patient with a brain tumor was not treated, and a severely demented patient with possible normal pressure hydrocephalus died shortly after shunting without improvement. The discovery of these unsuspected illnesses and the gratifying response to treatment in some suggests the importance of systematic evaluation in all patients with senile dementia.", "PMID": 1181360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7991", "title": "Response of institutionalized geriatric mental patients to a twelve-week program of regular physical activity.", "content": "Twenty-three geriatric patients from a mental institution were randomly assigned to three groups-a social group, an exercise group, and a control group. Subjects participated in the study for 12 weeks. Heart rate at rest, exercise and recovery, balancing ability, total daily activity level (diary method), and a self-care inventory were recorded for analysis. Data were collected at the start, the 8th and 12th weeks of the study, and 4 weeks after the termination of treatment. A Groups X Sex X Measurement Period factorial design, using multivariate analysis of variance tested the effect of the three factors. The trials effect was significant, as were several univariate tests for the sex effect and group by sex interaction. Data were discussed in terms of programmed physical activity for geriatrics, its value, and the limitations of evaluating such behavior in geriatric populations.", "contents": "Response of institutionalized geriatric mental patients to a twelve-week program of regular physical activity. Twenty-three geriatric patients from a mental institution were randomly assigned to three groups-a social group, an exercise group, and a control group. Subjects participated in the study for 12 weeks. Heart rate at rest, exercise and recovery, balancing ability, total daily activity level (diary method), and a self-care inventory were recorded for analysis. Data were collected at the start, the 8th and 12th weeks of the study, and 4 weeks after the termination of treatment. A Groups X Sex X Measurement Period factorial design, using multivariate analysis of variance tested the effect of the three factors. The trials effect was significant, as were several univariate tests for the sex effect and group by sex interaction. Data were discussed in terms of programmed physical activity for geriatrics, its value, and the limitations of evaluating such behavior in geriatric populations.", "PMID": 1181361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7992", "title": "Qualitative vocabulary test responses and age.", "content": "Vocabulary test responses, as traditionally scored were compared to these same responses when scored for finer nuances of understanding, as determined by the criterion of superior synonyms. It was hypothesized that the latter would be more related to age in a deficit pattern than the former. The results partly supported the hypothesis and partly not. In the context of the positive results, it is not clear whether the aged cannot, or simply do not, give synonym responses as readily as the young. It may be more of a cohort preference not to, rather than an age limitation of intellectual ability.", "contents": "Qualitative vocabulary test responses and age. Vocabulary test responses, as traditionally scored were compared to these same responses when scored for finer nuances of understanding, as determined by the criterion of superior synonyms. It was hypothesized that the latter would be more related to age in a deficit pattern than the former. The results partly supported the hypothesis and partly not. In the context of the positive results, it is not clear whether the aged cannot, or simply do not, give synonym responses as readily as the young. It may be more of a cohort preference not to, rather than an age limitation of intellectual ability.", "PMID": 1181362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7993", "title": "The effect od differential reinforcement of cautiousness in intellectual performance among the elderly.", "content": "The effects of differential reinforcement of cautiousness upon intellectual performance in the elderly were investigated employing 56 females and 32 males with a mean age of 73 years. Cautiousness was manipulated by systematically varying pre-test instruction conditions involving the reinforcement of two levels of risk and of response omission when taking the Primary Mental Abilities Test (PMA). Results suggest that performance in intelligence tests is much influenced by situational variables involving motivational components. Subjects exposed to low-risk conditions performed significantly better on cognitive tasks than those exposed to high-risk conditions only when they were able to exercise the option of responding or not responding to individual task items. Implications for a reconstruction of conventional intelligence measures are discussed.", "contents": "The effect od differential reinforcement of cautiousness in intellectual performance among the elderly. The effects of differential reinforcement of cautiousness upon intellectual performance in the elderly were investigated employing 56 females and 32 males with a mean age of 73 years. Cautiousness was manipulated by systematically varying pre-test instruction conditions involving the reinforcement of two levels of risk and of response omission when taking the Primary Mental Abilities Test (PMA). Results suggest that performance in intelligence tests is much influenced by situational variables involving motivational components. Subjects exposed to low-risk conditions performed significantly better on cognitive tasks than those exposed to high-risk conditions only when they were able to exercise the option of responding or not responding to individual task items. Implications for a reconstruction of conventional intelligence measures are discussed.", "PMID": 1181363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7994", "title": "Aging as exchange: a preface to theory.", "content": "After a brief review of the major concepts and propositions of the social-psychological theory of exchange, a view of aging as exchange is developed. Drawing upon the previous work of Blau and Emerson, problems of aging are seen as problems of decreasing power resources. Because power resources decline with increased age, older persons become increasingly unable to enter into balanced exchange relations with other groups with whom they are in interactions. From this view, the process of disengagement is the result of a series of exchange relations in which the relative power of the aged vis-a-vis their exchange partner increasingly deteriorates. An imbalanced exchange ratio consequently results in which the aged are forced to exchange compliance--the most costly of all generalized reinforcers--for their continued sustenance. The retirement phenomenon is specified as illustrative of the aging as exchange process.", "contents": "Aging as exchange: a preface to theory. After a brief review of the major concepts and propositions of the social-psychological theory of exchange, a view of aging as exchange is developed. Drawing upon the previous work of Blau and Emerson, problems of aging are seen as problems of decreasing power resources. Because power resources decline with increased age, older persons become increasingly unable to enter into balanced exchange relations with other groups with whom they are in interactions. From this view, the process of disengagement is the result of a series of exchange relations in which the relative power of the aged vis-a-vis their exchange partner increasingly deteriorates. An imbalanced exchange ratio consequently results in which the aged are forced to exchange compliance--the most costly of all generalized reinforcers--for their continued sustenance. The retirement phenomenon is specified as illustrative of the aging as exchange process.", "PMID": 1181364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7995", "title": "The efficacy of preretirement preparation programs for industrial workers.", "content": "The ability of preretirement programs to generate changes which will facilitate the transition to retirement was investigated. A research design incorporating two experimental groups and one control group was employed to evaluate a group discussion program and an individual briefing program. Questionnaire data were collected prior to the programs and 1 mo. after program completion. Over 70 hourly and salaried male workers, age 60+, participated in the project. The group discussion program was effective in increasing knowledge of retirement issues. Participants felt better prepared for retirement and evidenced less uncertainty about the future. They also exhibited a significant increase in the number of preparation activities undertaken and the prevalence of retirement plans. Effectiveness of the individual briefing program was relatively minimal. This study indicated that a comprehensive preretirement program can produce favorable changes in retirement-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior.", "contents": "The efficacy of preretirement preparation programs for industrial workers. The ability of preretirement programs to generate changes which will facilitate the transition to retirement was investigated. A research design incorporating two experimental groups and one control group was employed to evaluate a group discussion program and an individual briefing program. Questionnaire data were collected prior to the programs and 1 mo. after program completion. Over 70 hourly and salaried male workers, age 60+, participated in the project. The group discussion program was effective in increasing knowledge of retirement issues. Participants felt better prepared for retirement and evidenced less uncertainty about the future. They also exhibited a significant increase in the number of preparation activities undertaken and the prevalence of retirement plans. Effectiveness of the individual briefing program was relatively minimal. This study indicated that a comprehensive preretirement program can produce favorable changes in retirement-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior.", "PMID": 1181365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7996", "title": "Housing characteristics and the well-being of elderly tenants in federally assisted housing.", "content": "The relationship between sponsorship, community size, building size (number of dwelling units) and height of building, on the one hand, and six indices of well-being of elderly tenants, on the other, was examined in a study of 2457 subjects from 154 federally-assisted housing projects. Control was exercised on a variety of personal variables prior to the examination of the environmental relationships to well-being. Private nonprofit sponsorship was associated with higher friendship scores and greater activity participation. Tenants in smaller communities had higher friendship scores, greater housing satisfaction, and greater activity participation. Housing satisfaction was greater in projects that were smaller in terms of total number of units but was not related to size when size was defined in terms of elderly-designated units. Thus, only marginal support for Barker's undermanning hypothesis was found. Greater height of building was associated with lower housing satisfaction and less neighborhood motility.", "contents": "Housing characteristics and the well-being of elderly tenants in federally assisted housing. The relationship between sponsorship, community size, building size (number of dwelling units) and height of building, on the one hand, and six indices of well-being of elderly tenants, on the other, was examined in a study of 2457 subjects from 154 federally-assisted housing projects. Control was exercised on a variety of personal variables prior to the examination of the environmental relationships to well-being. Private nonprofit sponsorship was associated with higher friendship scores and greater activity participation. Tenants in smaller communities had higher friendship scores, greater housing satisfaction, and greater activity participation. Housing satisfaction was greater in projects that were smaller in terms of total number of units but was not related to size when size was defined in terms of elderly-designated units. Thus, only marginal support for Barker's undermanning hypothesis was found. Greater height of building was associated with lower housing satisfaction and less neighborhood motility.", "PMID": 1181366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7997", "title": "Maintenance of function in relocation of community-dwelling older adults.", "content": "Relocation is often seen as a high-risk stress for the elderly. The present study compared relatively healthy older people moving voluntarily with nonmovers. An examination of behavioral test performance in a pre-post design revealed no decrement in function among those who changed residence. The proscription against relocation of older adults would appear to best be tempered with a careful examination of the conditions surrounding the move and the particular population involved. If there is indeed risk in the relocation of the institutionalized aged, there appears to be no necessary comparable risk among the noninstitutionalized old.", "contents": "Maintenance of function in relocation of community-dwelling older adults. Relocation is often seen as a high-risk stress for the elderly. The present study compared relatively healthy older people moving voluntarily with nonmovers. An examination of behavioral test performance in a pre-post design revealed no decrement in function among those who changed residence. The proscription against relocation of older adults would appear to best be tempered with a careful examination of the conditions surrounding the move and the particular population involved. If there is indeed risk in the relocation of the institutionalized aged, there appears to be no necessary comparable risk among the noninstitutionalized old.", "PMID": 1181367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7998", "title": "A component of fluid absorption linked to passive ion flows in the superficial pars recta.", "content": "We studied salt and water absorption in isolated rabbit superficial proximal straight tubules perfused and bathed with solutions providing oppositely directed transepithelial anion gradients similar to those which might obtain in vivo. The perfusing solution contained 138.6 mM Cl- 3.8 mM HCO-3 (pH 6.6) while the bathing solution contained 113.6 mM Cl- and 25 mM HCO-3 (pH 7.4); the system was bubbled with 95% O2-5% CO2. At 37 degrees C, net volume absorption (Jv nl min-1 mm-1) was 0.32 +/- 0.03 (SEM); Ve, the transepithelial voltage (millivolts; lumen to bath), was +3.1 +/- 0.2. At 21 degrees C, Ve rose to +3.7 +/- 0.1 and Jv fell to 0.13 +/- 0.01 (significantly different from zero at P less than 0.001); in the presence of 10(-4)M ouabain at 37 degrees C, Ve rose to +3.8 +/- 0.1 and Jv fell to 0.16 +/- 0.01 (P less than 0.001 with respect to zero). In paired experiments, the ouabain- and temperature-insensitive moieties of Jv and Ve became zero when transepithelial anion concentration gradients were abolished. Titrametric determinations net chloride flux at 21 degrees C or at 37 degrees C with 10(-4) M ouabain showed that chloride was the sole anion in an isotonic absorbate. And, combined electrical and tracer flux data indicated that the tubular epithelium was approximately 18 times more permeable to Cl- than to HCO-3. We interpret these results to indicate that, in these tubules, NaCl absorption depends in part on transepithelial anion concentration gradients similar to those generated in vivo and in vitro by active Na+ absorption associated with absorption to anions other than chloride. A quantitative analysis of passive solute and solvent flows in lateral intercellular spaces indicated that fluid absorption occurred across junctional complexes when the osmolality of the lateral intercellular spaces was equal to or slightly less than that of the perfusing and bathing solutions; the driving force for volume flow under these conditions depended on the fact that sigmaHCO3 exceeded sigmaCl.", "contents": "A component of fluid absorption linked to passive ion flows in the superficial pars recta. We studied salt and water absorption in isolated rabbit superficial proximal straight tubules perfused and bathed with solutions providing oppositely directed transepithelial anion gradients similar to those which might obtain in vivo. The perfusing solution contained 138.6 mM Cl- 3.8 mM HCO-3 (pH 6.6) while the bathing solution contained 113.6 mM Cl- and 25 mM HCO-3 (pH 7.4); the system was bubbled with 95% O2-5% CO2. At 37 degrees C, net volume absorption (Jv nl min-1 mm-1) was 0.32 +/- 0.03 (SEM); Ve, the transepithelial voltage (millivolts; lumen to bath), was +3.1 +/- 0.2. At 21 degrees C, Ve rose to +3.7 +/- 0.1 and Jv fell to 0.13 +/- 0.01 (significantly different from zero at P less than 0.001); in the presence of 10(-4)M ouabain at 37 degrees C, Ve rose to +3.8 +/- 0.1 and Jv fell to 0.16 +/- 0.01 (P less than 0.001 with respect to zero). In paired experiments, the ouabain- and temperature-insensitive moieties of Jv and Ve became zero when transepithelial anion concentration gradients were abolished. Titrametric determinations net chloride flux at 21 degrees C or at 37 degrees C with 10(-4) M ouabain showed that chloride was the sole anion in an isotonic absorbate. And, combined electrical and tracer flux data indicated that the tubular epithelium was approximately 18 times more permeable to Cl- than to HCO-3. We interpret these results to indicate that, in these tubules, NaCl absorption depends in part on transepithelial anion concentration gradients similar to those generated in vivo and in vitro by active Na+ absorption associated with absorption to anions other than chloride. A quantitative analysis of passive solute and solvent flows in lateral intercellular spaces indicated that fluid absorption occurred across junctional complexes when the osmolality of the lateral intercellular spaces was equal to or slightly less than that of the perfusing and bathing solutions; the driving force for volume flow under these conditions depended on the fact that sigmaHCO3 exceeded sigmaCl.", "PMID": 1181377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_7999", "title": "Light-induced changes of sensitivity in Limulus ventral photoreceptors.", "content": "The responses of Limulus ventral photoreceptors to brief test flashes and to longer adapting lights were measured under voltage clamp conditions. When the cell was dark adapted, there was a range of energy of the test flashes over which the peak amplitude of the responses (light-induced currents) was directly proportional to the flash energy. This was also true when test flashes were superposed on adapting stimuli but the proportionality constant (termed peak currently/photon) was reduced. The peak current/photon was attenuated more by brighter adapting stimuli than by less bright adapting stimuli. The peak current/photon is a measure of the sensitivity of the conductance-increase mechanism underlying the light response of the photo-receptor. The response elicited by an adapting stimulus had a large initial transient which declined to a smaller plateau. The peak current/photon decreased sharply during the declining phase of the transient and was relatively stable during the plateau. This indicates that the onset of light adaptation is delayed with respect to the onset of the response to the adapting stimulus. If the adaptational state just before the onset of each of a series of adapting stimuli was constant, the amplitude of the transient was a nearly linear function of intensity. When the total intensity was rapidly doubled (or halved) during a plateau response, the total current approximately doubled (or halved). We argue that the transition from transient to plateau, light-elicited changes of threshold, and the nonlinear function relating the plateau response to stimulus intensity all reflect changes of the responsiveness of the conductance-increase mechanism.", "contents": "Light-induced changes of sensitivity in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. The responses of Limulus ventral photoreceptors to brief test flashes and to longer adapting lights were measured under voltage clamp conditions. When the cell was dark adapted, there was a range of energy of the test flashes over which the peak amplitude of the responses (light-induced currents) was directly proportional to the flash energy. This was also true when test flashes were superposed on adapting stimuli but the proportionality constant (termed peak currently/photon) was reduced. The peak current/photon was attenuated more by brighter adapting stimuli than by less bright adapting stimuli. The peak current/photon is a measure of the sensitivity of the conductance-increase mechanism underlying the light response of the photo-receptor. The response elicited by an adapting stimulus had a large initial transient which declined to a smaller plateau. The peak current/photon decreased sharply during the declining phase of the transient and was relatively stable during the plateau. This indicates that the onset of light adaptation is delayed with respect to the onset of the response to the adapting stimulus. If the adaptational state just before the onset of each of a series of adapting stimuli was constant, the amplitude of the transient was a nearly linear function of intensity. When the total intensity was rapidly doubled (or halved) during a plateau response, the total current approximately doubled (or halved). We argue that the transition from transient to plateau, light-elicited changes of threshold, and the nonlinear function relating the plateau response to stimulus intensity all reflect changes of the responsiveness of the conductance-increase mechanism.", "PMID": 1181378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8000", "title": "A further study of the fine structure and membrane properties of neuroglia in the optic nerve of Necturus.", "content": "The optic nerve of Necturus maculosus consists of a homogeneous population of astroglia and bundles of unmyelinated axons. The glial cell processes ramify within the nerve roughly delineating fascicles of axons and come together at the periphery to form a complete external limiting membrane interrupted only by narrow clefts between adjacent processes. They are frequently \"attached\" to one another, forming specialized junctions. Blood vessels are entirely outside the nerve which is surrounded by a basal lamina. The temperature dependence of the glial membrane potential is accurately predicted by the Nernst relation. The membrane potential is unaffected by changes in Cl, Na, Li, and guanidinium which are apparently impermeant. The permeability of the glial membrane to other cations is in the sequence Tl greater than K greater than Rb greater than Cs greater than NH4. This suggests that the chemical nature of the site of potassium permeability in glial cells is similar to that in the neuron.", "contents": "A further study of the fine structure and membrane properties of neuroglia in the optic nerve of Necturus. The optic nerve of Necturus maculosus consists of a homogeneous population of astroglia and bundles of unmyelinated axons. The glial cell processes ramify within the nerve roughly delineating fascicles of axons and come together at the periphery to form a complete external limiting membrane interrupted only by narrow clefts between adjacent processes. They are frequently \"attached\" to one another, forming specialized junctions. Blood vessels are entirely outside the nerve which is surrounded by a basal lamina. The temperature dependence of the glial membrane potential is accurately predicted by the Nernst relation. The membrane potential is unaffected by changes in Cl, Na, Li, and guanidinium which are apparently impermeant. The permeability of the glial membrane to other cations is in the sequence Tl greater than K greater than Rb greater than Cs greater than NH4. This suggests that the chemical nature of the site of potassium permeability in glial cells is similar to that in the neuron.", "PMID": 1181380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8001", "title": "Voltage clamping with a single microelectrode.", "content": "A technique is described which allows neurons to be voltage clamped with a single microelectrode, and the advantages of this circuit with respect to conventional bridge techniques are discussed. In this circuit, the single microelectrode is rapidly switched from a current passing to a recording mode. The circuitry consists of: (1) an electronic switch; (2) a high impedance, ultralow input capacity amplifier; (3) a sample-and-hold module; (4) conventional voltage clamping circuitry. The closed electronic switch allows current to flow through the electrode. The switch then opens, and the electrode is in a recording mode. The low input capacity of the preamplifier allows the artifact from the current pulse to rapidly abate, after which time the circuit samples the membrane potential. This cycle is repeated at rates up to 10 kHz. The voltage clamping amplifier senses the output of the sample-and-hold module and adjusts the current pulse amplitude to maintain the desired membrane potential. The system was evaluated in Aplysia neurons by inserting two microelectrodes into a cell. One electrode was used to clamp the cell and the other to independently monitor membrane potential at a remote location in the soma.", "contents": "Voltage clamping with a single microelectrode. A technique is described which allows neurons to be voltage clamped with a single microelectrode, and the advantages of this circuit with respect to conventional bridge techniques are discussed. In this circuit, the single microelectrode is rapidly switched from a current passing to a recording mode. The circuitry consists of: (1) an electronic switch; (2) a high impedance, ultralow input capacity amplifier; (3) a sample-and-hold module; (4) conventional voltage clamping circuitry. The closed electronic switch allows current to flow through the electrode. The switch then opens, and the electrode is in a recording mode. The low input capacity of the preamplifier allows the artifact from the current pulse to rapidly abate, after which time the circuit samples the membrane potential. This cycle is repeated at rates up to 10 kHz. The voltage clamping amplifier senses the output of the sample-and-hold module and adjusts the current pulse amplitude to maintain the desired membrane potential. The system was evaluated in Aplysia neurons by inserting two microelectrodes into a cell. One electrode was used to clamp the cell and the other to independently monitor membrane potential at a remote location in the soma.", "PMID": 1181381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8002", "title": "Compartmental analysis of compliance and outflow resistance of the cerebrospinal fluid system.", "content": "The distribution of compliance and outflow resistance between cerebral and spinal compartments was measured in anesthetized, ventilated cats by analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure response to changes in CSF volume. Cerebral and spinal compartments were isolated by inflating a balloon positioned epidurally at the level of C-6. The change of CSF volume per unit change in pressure (compliance) and change of CSF volume per unit of time (absorption) were evaluated by inserting pressure data from the experimental responses into a series of equations developed from a mathematical model. It was found that 68% of total compliance is contributed by the cerebral compartment while the remaining 32% is contained within the spinal axis. The cerebral compartment accounted for 84% of total CSF absorption. The mechanism for spinal absorption appears to be similar in that no differences were obvious on the basis of pressure dynamics.", "contents": "Compartmental analysis of compliance and outflow resistance of the cerebrospinal fluid system. The distribution of compliance and outflow resistance between cerebral and spinal compartments was measured in anesthetized, ventilated cats by analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure response to changes in CSF volume. Cerebral and spinal compartments were isolated by inflating a balloon positioned epidurally at the level of C-6. The change of CSF volume per unit change in pressure (compliance) and change of CSF volume per unit of time (absorption) were evaluated by inserting pressure data from the experimental responses into a series of equations developed from a mathematical model. It was found that 68% of total compliance is contributed by the cerebral compartment while the remaining 32% is contained within the spinal axis. The cerebral compartment accounted for 84% of total CSF absorption. The mechanism for spinal absorption appears to be similar in that no differences were obvious on the basis of pressure dynamics.", "PMID": 1181384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8003", "title": "Micro- and macrovascular changes as the direct cause of parenchymal destruction in congenital murine hydrocephalus.", "content": "Microangiotomography was used to identify the normal and pathological pattern of cerebral vessels in the hy-3 murine mutant mouse (normal and hydrocephalic) at various developmental stages from birth through 21 days of life. The technique employed allows resolution, in the range of 7 to 10 mu of the surface and intraparenchymal (perforating) microvasculature. Ventricular enlargement causes displacement of primary cerebral arteries, followed by both stretching and a decrease in the caliber of primary, secondary, and tertiary vessels (arterial and venous). Ultimately, there is a reduction in the number and caliber of the microvasculature, resulting in diminished cerebral blood flow and cerebral edema. Tissue destruction leading to ependymal rupture, parenchymal cavitation, and the formation of porencephalic cysts within the edematous parenchyma ensues. External ventricular drainage, by decompressing the ventricles, resulted in rapid restoration of the filling of the primary and secondary vessels, thereby suggesting the primary role of vascular changes in the production of brain damage. This study offers experimental evidence that early diversion of the cerebrospinal fluid interrupts this chain of events in congenital murine hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Micro- and macrovascular changes as the direct cause of parenchymal destruction in congenital murine hydrocephalus. Microangiotomography was used to identify the normal and pathological pattern of cerebral vessels in the hy-3 murine mutant mouse (normal and hydrocephalic) at various developmental stages from birth through 21 days of life. The technique employed allows resolution, in the range of 7 to 10 mu of the surface and intraparenchymal (perforating) microvasculature. Ventricular enlargement causes displacement of primary cerebral arteries, followed by both stretching and a decrease in the caliber of primary, secondary, and tertiary vessels (arterial and venous). Ultimately, there is a reduction in the number and caliber of the microvasculature, resulting in diminished cerebral blood flow and cerebral edema. Tissue destruction leading to ependymal rupture, parenchymal cavitation, and the formation of porencephalic cysts within the edematous parenchyma ensues. External ventricular drainage, by decompressing the ventricles, resulted in rapid restoration of the filling of the primary and secondary vessels, thereby suggesting the primary role of vascular changes in the production of brain damage. This study offers experimental evidence that early diversion of the cerebrospinal fluid interrupts this chain of events in congenital murine hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 1181385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8004", "title": "Clinical manifestations of aqueductal stenosis in adults.", "content": "The authors review 17 cases of aqueductal stenosis in adults and describe five modes of clinical presentation. The average duration of symptoms was 6 years. Dementia was infrequent. Skull x-ray films frequently demonstrated some degree of cranial enlargement and signs of chronic increased intracranial pressure. Characteristic alterations of the sella included elongation of the anterior wall and flattening, erosion, and anterior displacement of the dorsum. Aqueductal configurations as defined by ventriculography and pneumoencephalography in all cases, and the angiographic findings in seven cases are described. Most of the patients improved substantially after shunt insertion. The clinical findings suggested that aqueductal narrowing and associated hydrocephalus had been present in most of these patients since early life.", "contents": "Clinical manifestations of aqueductal stenosis in adults. The authors review 17 cases of aqueductal stenosis in adults and describe five modes of clinical presentation. The average duration of symptoms was 6 years. Dementia was infrequent. Skull x-ray films frequently demonstrated some degree of cranial enlargement and signs of chronic increased intracranial pressure. Characteristic alterations of the sella included elongation of the anterior wall and flattening, erosion, and anterior displacement of the dorsum. Aqueductal configurations as defined by ventriculography and pneumoencephalography in all cases, and the angiographic findings in seven cases are described. Most of the patients improved substantially after shunt insertion. The clinical findings suggested that aqueductal narrowing and associated hydrocephalus had been present in most of these patients since early life.", "PMID": 1181386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8005", "title": "Agenesis of arachnoid granulations and its relationship to communicating hydrocephalus.", "content": "The authors discuss reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid in relation to the post-mortem findings in two children, one with total agenesis of the Pacchionian system accompanied by hydrocephalus, and the other with a subtotal agenesis and no hydrocephalus. Case 1 is the only known documented case of total agenesis of the Pacchionian system and gives credence to the idea that an impaired reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid at the level of the Pacchionian system is a cause of hydrocephalus. The patient in Case 2 showed only two small areas of arachnoid granulations containing a few flattened, microscopic villi of normal cellularity.", "contents": "Agenesis of arachnoid granulations and its relationship to communicating hydrocephalus. The authors discuss reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid in relation to the post-mortem findings in two children, one with total agenesis of the Pacchionian system accompanied by hydrocephalus, and the other with a subtotal agenesis and no hydrocephalus. Case 1 is the only known documented case of total agenesis of the Pacchionian system and gives credence to the idea that an impaired reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid at the level of the Pacchionian system is a cause of hydrocephalus. The patient in Case 2 showed only two small areas of arachnoid granulations containing a few flattened, microscopic villi of normal cellularity.", "PMID": 1181387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8006", "title": "Anatomical mapping of the cerebral nervi vasorum in the human brain.", "content": "The authors present an anatomical study of the vascular nerve fiber distribution to the human intracranial arteries. These fibers are abundant in the circle of Willis and its neighboring arteries, but there are no vascular nerves in small pial arteries over the convexity. These nerve fibers are provided with a cluster of synaptic vesicles as they approach the smooth muscle cells of the media. Adrenergic axons are also found in these fibers.", "contents": "Anatomical mapping of the cerebral nervi vasorum in the human brain. The authors present an anatomical study of the vascular nerve fiber distribution to the human intracranial arteries. These fibers are abundant in the circle of Willis and its neighboring arteries, but there are no vascular nerves in small pial arteries over the convexity. These nerve fibers are provided with a cluster of synaptic vesicles as they approach the smooth muscle cells of the media. Adrenergic axons are also found in these fibers.", "PMID": 1181388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8007", "title": "Ultrastructural observations of the capsule of chronic subdural hematoma in various clinical stages.", "content": "The authors used light and electron microscope to examine the capsules of chronic subdural hematoma in 33 cases. In cases with neurological deficits, capillary endothelial cells in the capsule had many cytoplasmic protrusions and fenestrations, suggesting high permeability of the capillary wall. Endothelial degeneration was also observed in these cases. These morphological changes were reversed by osmotherapy. Formation of collagen fibrils from fibroblasts in the hematoma capsule was frequently observed in the cases treated by osmotherapy.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations of the capsule of chronic subdural hematoma in various clinical stages. The authors used light and electron microscope to examine the capsules of chronic subdural hematoma in 33 cases. In cases with neurological deficits, capillary endothelial cells in the capsule had many cytoplasmic protrusions and fenestrations, suggesting high permeability of the capillary wall. Endothelial degeneration was also observed in these cases. These morphological changes were reversed by osmotherapy. Formation of collagen fibrils from fibroblasts in the hematoma capsule was frequently observed in the cases treated by osmotherapy.", "PMID": 1181389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8008", "title": "Indications for surgical treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.", "content": "The authors report a series of 71 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: 57 underwent surgery and 14, although suitable candidates for surgery, refused operation. The results are assessed in relation to the site of the hemorrhage, mode of onset, and interval between accident and operation.", "contents": "Indications for surgical treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage. The authors report a series of 71 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: 57 underwent surgery and 14, although suitable candidates for surgery, refused operation. The results are assessed in relation to the site of the hemorrhage, mode of onset, and interval between accident and operation.", "PMID": 1181390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8009", "title": "Temporal-lobe seizures with additional foci treated by resection.", "content": "The authors describe the use of temporal lobectomy following careful and repeated electroencephalogram (EEG) evaluation (with implanted electrodes in otherwise unresolvable cases) in the epileptic group characterized by automatisms (psychomotor seizures) with temporal epileptiform activity complicated by EEG foci in the opposite temporal lobe or by extratemporal activity. They found that this can render a significant number of patients (between 25% and 50%) either seizure-free or with significant and useful reduction in their seizure frequency. The cure and improvement rates of cases followed up after temporal resection with or without prior study with implanted electrodes were approximately equal. However, the implanted electrodes permitted surgical treatment of certain cases which would have been rejected on the basis of evidence derived from the scalp recordings alone. Of 28 of these 34 patients with persisting EEG epileptiform activity in the postoperative period, only one had such activity in a different location in a follow-up period of 6 years. No evidence of spreading epileptic activity or appearance of \"mirror foci\" was seen during a follow-up period averaging 8.2 years. Seizure remission up to 15 years with eventual recurrence of the original seizure type may occur following surgical therapy. Follow-up studies of surgical epileptic treatment of less than 3 to 5 years are of doubtful value.", "contents": "Temporal-lobe seizures with additional foci treated by resection. The authors describe the use of temporal lobectomy following careful and repeated electroencephalogram (EEG) evaluation (with implanted electrodes in otherwise unresolvable cases) in the epileptic group characterized by automatisms (psychomotor seizures) with temporal epileptiform activity complicated by EEG foci in the opposite temporal lobe or by extratemporal activity. They found that this can render a significant number of patients (between 25% and 50%) either seizure-free or with significant and useful reduction in their seizure frequency. The cure and improvement rates of cases followed up after temporal resection with or without prior study with implanted electrodes were approximately equal. However, the implanted electrodes permitted surgical treatment of certain cases which would have been rejected on the basis of evidence derived from the scalp recordings alone. Of 28 of these 34 patients with persisting EEG epileptiform activity in the postoperative period, only one had such activity in a different location in a follow-up period of 6 years. No evidence of spreading epileptic activity or appearance of \"mirror foci\" was seen during a follow-up period averaging 8.2 years. Seizure remission up to 15 years with eventual recurrence of the original seizure type may occur following surgical therapy. Follow-up studies of surgical epileptic treatment of less than 3 to 5 years are of doubtful value.", "PMID": 1181391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8010", "title": "Neurinomas of the facial nerve. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of neurinomas of the facial nerve are reported. Two of them originated from the labyrinthine portion of the nerve and the other from the vertical portion. Neurinomas of the first part of the facial nerve can be suspected preoperatively since they seem to give rise to specific clinical and radiological manifestations that can be distinguished from tumors of other portions of the nerve, the petrous bone area, or the cerebellopontine angle. The reported cases of neurinomas of the facial nerve are reviewed and analyzed.", "contents": "Neurinomas of the facial nerve. Report of three cases. Three cases of neurinomas of the facial nerve are reported. Two of them originated from the labyrinthine portion of the nerve and the other from the vertical portion. Neurinomas of the first part of the facial nerve can be suspected preoperatively since they seem to give rise to specific clinical and radiological manifestations that can be distinguished from tumors of other portions of the nerve, the petrous bone area, or the cerebellopontine angle. The reported cases of neurinomas of the facial nerve are reviewed and analyzed.", "PMID": 1181392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8011", "title": "Intrathalamic epidermoid tumor. Case report.", "content": "A case of an intrathalamic epidermoid tumor is reported, and the literature is reviewed with regard to the incidence, location, and etiology of intracerebral epidermoid tumors. The high frequency of mental symptoms associated with these tumors is also discussed.", "contents": "Intrathalamic epidermoid tumor. Case report. A case of an intrathalamic epidermoid tumor is reported, and the literature is reviewed with regard to the incidence, location, and etiology of intracerebral epidermoid tumors. The high frequency of mental symptoms associated with these tumors is also discussed.", "PMID": 1181393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8012", "title": "Embolic posterior cerebral artery occlusion secondary to spondylitic vertebral artery compression. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case of isolated homonymous hemianopsia secondary to embolic occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery. The cause of embolism was demonstrated to be spondylitic vertebral artery compression. The importance of arteriography is emphasized since the clinical syndrome may be nonspecific and myelographic or plain x-ray changes may be minimal. Surgical therapy is also discussed.", "contents": "Embolic posterior cerebral artery occlusion secondary to spondylitic vertebral artery compression. Case report. The authors report a case of isolated homonymous hemianopsia secondary to embolic occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery. The cause of embolism was demonstrated to be spondylitic vertebral artery compression. The importance of arteriography is emphasized since the clinical syndrome may be nonspecific and myelographic or plain x-ray changes may be minimal. Surgical therapy is also discussed.", "PMID": 1181394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8013", "title": "Superimposed chronic subdural hygromas. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases are reported of separate but superimposed chronic subdural collections occurring over one cerebral hemisphere convexity. It is suggested that this phenomenon may account for some apparent recurrences of chronic subdural collections after simple burr-hole evacuation.", "contents": "Superimposed chronic subdural hygromas. Report of two cases. Two cases are reported of separate but superimposed chronic subdural collections occurring over one cerebral hemisphere convexity. It is suggested that this phenomenon may account for some apparent recurrences of chronic subdural collections after simple burr-hole evacuation.", "PMID": 1181395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8014", "title": "Pneumocephalus following ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Case report.", "content": "The authors describe a case of massive pneumocephalus following ventriculoperitoneal shunting for hydrocephalus. After multiple diagnostic and surgical procedures, congenital defects in the tegmen tympani of both temporal bones were identified as the sources for entry of air. A functioning shunt intermittently established negative intracranial pressure and allowed ingress of air through these abnormalities; when the shunt was occluded, air did not enter the skull, and there was no cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Repair of these middle ear defects prevented further recurrence of pneumocephalus.", "contents": "Pneumocephalus following ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Case report. The authors describe a case of massive pneumocephalus following ventriculoperitoneal shunting for hydrocephalus. After multiple diagnostic and surgical procedures, congenital defects in the tegmen tympani of both temporal bones were identified as the sources for entry of air. A functioning shunt intermittently established negative intracranial pressure and allowed ingress of air through these abnormalities; when the shunt was occluded, air did not enter the skull, and there was no cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Repair of these middle ear defects prevented further recurrence of pneumocephalus.", "PMID": 1181396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8015", "title": "Collagen sponge for surface brain protection. Technical note.", "content": "The authors discuss the properties, use, and advantages of collagen sponge as a microneurosurgical adjunct. Experience with the material in over 300 operative cases has demonstrated its value for protecting the surface of the brain during exposure and retraction in neurosurgical procedures.", "contents": "Collagen sponge for surface brain protection. Technical note. The authors discuss the properties, use, and advantages of collagen sponge as a microneurosurgical adjunct. Experience with the material in over 300 operative cases has demonstrated its value for protecting the surface of the brain during exposure and retraction in neurosurgical procedures.", "PMID": 1181397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8016", "title": "The effects of l-propranolol and practolol on atrial and nodal transmembrane potentials.", "content": "Effects of l-propranolol, racemic propranolol and practolol have been determined on transmembrane potentials recorded in guinea-pig left atrium and in sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the rabbit heart. In addition to the voltage -time recording of the action potential, its first time derivative was displayed as a function of membrane voltage, forming a phase-plane trajectory. A number of parameters of the action potential were determined from this trajectory. At the concentrations used the beta adrenoceptor blocking agents reduced the maximum rate of rise of the atrial action potential and slowed repolarization. The velocity of the propagated spike was reduced, and the maximum ionic conductance was also reduced. The excitation potential of the propagated spike was unaffected. The membrane effects were markedly dependent on the frequency of stimulation. The beta adrenoceptor blocking agents were without effect on either the sinoatrial or atrioventricular nodes. Since the spontaneously active right atrium beats more slowly than the heart of the intact rabbit, the atrioventricular node was electrically stimulated at 5 to 6 Hz. Neither drug affected the ability of the node to follow these stimulation frequencies. The importance of these effects in the control of cardiac arrhythmias is discussed.", "contents": "The effects of l-propranolol and practolol on atrial and nodal transmembrane potentials. Effects of l-propranolol, racemic propranolol and practolol have been determined on transmembrane potentials recorded in guinea-pig left atrium and in sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the rabbit heart. In addition to the voltage -time recording of the action potential, its first time derivative was displayed as a function of membrane voltage, forming a phase-plane trajectory. A number of parameters of the action potential were determined from this trajectory. At the concentrations used the beta adrenoceptor blocking agents reduced the maximum rate of rise of the atrial action potential and slowed repolarization. The velocity of the propagated spike was reduced, and the maximum ionic conductance was also reduced. The excitation potential of the propagated spike was unaffected. The membrane effects were markedly dependent on the frequency of stimulation. The beta adrenoceptor blocking agents were without effect on either the sinoatrial or atrioventricular nodes. Since the spontaneously active right atrium beats more slowly than the heart of the intact rabbit, the atrioventricular node was electrically stimulated at 5 to 6 Hz. Neither drug affected the ability of the node to follow these stimulation frequencies. The importance of these effects in the control of cardiac arrhythmias is discussed.", "PMID": 1181399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8017", "title": "Rate of onset of cardiotonic steroid-induced inotropism: influence of temperature and beat interval.", "content": "Isolated rabbit atria were employed to examine the rate of onset of inotropism of two glycosides (strophanthin and ouabain) and aglycones (acetylstrophanthidin and ouabagenin) under a variety of conditions of temperature and beat interval. The rate of onset of glycoside-induced inotropism was found to be highly and directly dependent on temperature between 27 and 37 degrees C at a beat interval of 10 seconds. At a beat interval of 1 second the rate of onset of glycoside effect was faster than at a beat interval of 10 seconds and was not dependent on temperature. At 32 degrees C the rate of onset of glycoside-induced inotropism was inversely related to beat interval (the faster the stimulation rate, the faster the onset). The rate of onset of aglycone-induced inotropism was not dependent on temperature at a beat interval of 1 or 10 seconds. At 32 degrees C the rate of onset of aglycone effect was not dependent on beat interval except at beat intervals of less than 1 second. Depending on experimental conditions, increased temperature and/or myocardial activity increases the rate-limiting step for the onset of effect of cardiac glycosides. Rapid myocardial activity increased, but neither moderate myocardial activity nor increased temperature increase the rate-limiting step for the rate of onset of effect of aglycones under our experimental conditions. The results are interpreted by postulating that the digitalis inotropic receptor is located in a membrane-limited compartment to which aglycones may gain access via passive diffusion but to which glycosides gain access mainly via a carrier mechanism.", "contents": "Rate of onset of cardiotonic steroid-induced inotropism: influence of temperature and beat interval. Isolated rabbit atria were employed to examine the rate of onset of inotropism of two glycosides (strophanthin and ouabain) and aglycones (acetylstrophanthidin and ouabagenin) under a variety of conditions of temperature and beat interval. The rate of onset of glycoside-induced inotropism was found to be highly and directly dependent on temperature between 27 and 37 degrees C at a beat interval of 10 seconds. At a beat interval of 1 second the rate of onset of glycoside effect was faster than at a beat interval of 10 seconds and was not dependent on temperature. At 32 degrees C the rate of onset of glycoside-induced inotropism was inversely related to beat interval (the faster the stimulation rate, the faster the onset). The rate of onset of aglycone-induced inotropism was not dependent on temperature at a beat interval of 1 or 10 seconds. At 32 degrees C the rate of onset of aglycone effect was not dependent on beat interval except at beat intervals of less than 1 second. Depending on experimental conditions, increased temperature and/or myocardial activity increases the rate-limiting step for the onset of effect of cardiac glycosides. Rapid myocardial activity increased, but neither moderate myocardial activity nor increased temperature increase the rate-limiting step for the rate of onset of effect of aglycones under our experimental conditions. The results are interpreted by postulating that the digitalis inotropic receptor is located in a membrane-limited compartment to which aglycones may gain access via passive diffusion but to which glycosides gain access mainly via a carrier mechanism.", "PMID": 1181400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8018", "title": "Neurogenic release of purine compounds in blood vessels.", "content": "The isolated thoracic aorta, ear artery and portal vein of the rabbit concentrated tritiated material on exposure to tritiated adenosine, adenine and its nucleotides. 3H-adenosine was transformed and retained predominantly as 3H-adenosine triphosphate in the portal vein and aortic adventitia, but to a lesser extent in the aortic medial or muscle layer. On transmural stimulation, portal vein and aortic adventitial strips pretreated with 3H-adenosine released tritiated material, which was recovered mainly as tritiated adenosine and nucleotides. Guanethidine abolished this release in the aortic adventitia and greatly diminished it in the portal vein. Both the release and vasodilation induced by transmural stimulation in the portal vein were abolished by tetrodotoxin. It is suggested that purine compounds are released locally within vascular walls from both the adrenergic and nonadrenergic nerves. The results are compatible with the view that adenosine triphosphate or a related compound may function as an inhibitory modulator in association with the adrenergic nerves and as a vasodilator transmitter of the non-adrenergic nerves in the portal vein.", "contents": "Neurogenic release of purine compounds in blood vessels. The isolated thoracic aorta, ear artery and portal vein of the rabbit concentrated tritiated material on exposure to tritiated adenosine, adenine and its nucleotides. 3H-adenosine was transformed and retained predominantly as 3H-adenosine triphosphate in the portal vein and aortic adventitia, but to a lesser extent in the aortic medial or muscle layer. On transmural stimulation, portal vein and aortic adventitial strips pretreated with 3H-adenosine released tritiated material, which was recovered mainly as tritiated adenosine and nucleotides. Guanethidine abolished this release in the aortic adventitia and greatly diminished it in the portal vein. Both the release and vasodilation induced by transmural stimulation in the portal vein were abolished by tetrodotoxin. It is suggested that purine compounds are released locally within vascular walls from both the adrenergic and nonadrenergic nerves. The results are compatible with the view that adenosine triphosphate or a related compound may function as an inhibitory modulator in association with the adrenergic nerves and as a vasodilator transmitter of the non-adrenergic nerves in the portal vein.", "PMID": 1181401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8019", "title": "Pharmacodynamic analysis of substrate stimulation of p-aminohippurate transport by newborn rabbit kidney.", "content": "Penicillin pretreatment of 2-week-old New Zealand White rabbits significantly increased the ability of renal cortical slices to transport p-aminohippuric acid (PAH). The PAH slice/medium ratio increased with dose to a maximum at 90,000 I.U. of procaine penicillin G. Sodium penicillin G (180,000 I.U.) produced no greater increase. Stimulation was maximal after four penicillin injections at 12-hour intervals. The maximal response was observed 24 hours after the final injection, whereas after 72 hours the capacity of slices from treated animals to transport PAH was no different than control. To determine the effect of a maximal substrate challenge on the development of transport capacity, pregnant does were treated with 90,000 I.U. of procaine penicillin i.m. twice daily through the last half of gestation. Young animals received four penicillin injections before sacrifice. The PAH slice/medium ratio from pups 3 days, 1 and 2 weeks old were not significantly different from that normally observed at 4 weeks. Animals 4 weeks old did not respond to penicillin treatment. Thus, intrinsic transport capacity for PAH is mature at 4 weeks of age. Only before this age may transport be enhanced by substrate. Maximal enhancement of PAH transport capacity occurs when four injections of 90,000 I.U. of procaine penicillin G are administered at 12-hour intervals followed by sacrifice 24 hours after the final injection.", "contents": "Pharmacodynamic analysis of substrate stimulation of p-aminohippurate transport by newborn rabbit kidney. Penicillin pretreatment of 2-week-old New Zealand White rabbits significantly increased the ability of renal cortical slices to transport p-aminohippuric acid (PAH). The PAH slice/medium ratio increased with dose to a maximum at 90,000 I.U. of procaine penicillin G. Sodium penicillin G (180,000 I.U.) produced no greater increase. Stimulation was maximal after four penicillin injections at 12-hour intervals. The maximal response was observed 24 hours after the final injection, whereas after 72 hours the capacity of slices from treated animals to transport PAH was no different than control. To determine the effect of a maximal substrate challenge on the development of transport capacity, pregnant does were treated with 90,000 I.U. of procaine penicillin i.m. twice daily through the last half of gestation. Young animals received four penicillin injections before sacrifice. The PAH slice/medium ratio from pups 3 days, 1 and 2 weeks old were not significantly different from that normally observed at 4 weeks. Animals 4 weeks old did not respond to penicillin treatment. Thus, intrinsic transport capacity for PAH is mature at 4 weeks of age. Only before this age may transport be enhanced by substrate. Maximal enhancement of PAH transport capacity occurs when four injections of 90,000 I.U. of procaine penicillin G are administered at 12-hour intervals followed by sacrifice 24 hours after the final injection.", "PMID": 1181402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8020", "title": "Daunorubicin metabolites in human urine.", "content": "We studied the human metabolism of daunorubicin (D) by isolating and identifying metabolites from urine which retained the specific fluorescence properties of D. Metabolites were extracted by adsorption to polystyrene polymeric sorbants, separated on silicic acid columns and purified by thin-layer chromatography. Structures were determined by comparative chromatography, infrared, fluorescence and mass spectroscopy, and enzymatic and chemical degradation. D metabolites identified were daunorubicinol, daunorubicinol aglycone, deoxydaunorubicin aglycone, deoxydaunorubicinol aglycone, demethyl deoxydaunorubicinol aglycone, deoxydaunorubicinol aglycone 13-O-beta-glucuronide, demethyl deoxydaunorubicinol aglycone 4-O-sulfate and demethyl deoxydaunorubicinol aglycone 4-O-beta-glucuronide. Other metabolites have been purified but not identified. Human metabolism of D involves carbonyl reduction, reductive glycosidic cleavage, O-demethylation, O-sulfation and O-glucuronidation. Since daunorubicinol has biochemical properties similar to D, the metabolites may contribute to the pharmacologic and toxicologic effects credited to D.", "contents": "Daunorubicin metabolites in human urine. We studied the human metabolism of daunorubicin (D) by isolating and identifying metabolites from urine which retained the specific fluorescence properties of D. Metabolites were extracted by adsorption to polystyrene polymeric sorbants, separated on silicic acid columns and purified by thin-layer chromatography. Structures were determined by comparative chromatography, infrared, fluorescence and mass spectroscopy, and enzymatic and chemical degradation. D metabolites identified were daunorubicinol, daunorubicinol aglycone, deoxydaunorubicin aglycone, deoxydaunorubicinol aglycone, demethyl deoxydaunorubicinol aglycone, deoxydaunorubicinol aglycone 13-O-beta-glucuronide, demethyl deoxydaunorubicinol aglycone 4-O-sulfate and demethyl deoxydaunorubicinol aglycone 4-O-beta-glucuronide. Other metabolites have been purified but not identified. Human metabolism of D involves carbonyl reduction, reductive glycosidic cleavage, O-demethylation, O-sulfation and O-glucuronidation. Since daunorubicinol has biochemical properties similar to D, the metabolites may contribute to the pharmacologic and toxicologic effects credited to D.", "PMID": 1181403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8021", "title": "The metabolic disposition of 14C-azathioprine in the dog.", "content": "The metabolic disposition of the methylnitroimidazole moiety of azathioprine, labeled with 14C in carbons 4 and 5 of this imidazole ring, was investigated in the dog. The administration of the radioactive drug (10 mg/kg p.o.) was followed, after absorption, by a rapid uptake of the radioactivity into the blood cells, with subsequent redistribution to the plasma. The total urinary excretion of 14C was 41.6% in 32 hours. Anion exchange and high-pressure liquid chromatography of the urine revealed a large number of 14C-containing metabolites. These included unmetabolized azathioprine, 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-(N-acetyl-S-cysteinyl)imidazole, 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-thioimidazole and several compounds with ultraviolet absorption spectra similar to 5-substituted amino-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazoles. The most prominent of these was a highly acidic metabolite which was found to be identical in chemical, chromatographic and spectral properties with N,N'-[5-(1-METHYL-4-NITRO)IMIDAZOLYL]CYSTINE. This metabolite as well as 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-(N-acetyl-S-cysteinyl)imidazole and 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-thioimidazole were also identified in the urine of a dog given 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-(S-glutathionyl)-imidazole (10 mg/kg i.v.) suggesting that the latter compound is an intermediate in the formation of these urinary metabolites. The profile of the methylnitroimidazole urinary metabolites in the dog was similar to that in man and different from that in the rat. A metabolic pathway for the formation of these metabolites in the dog is proposed.", "contents": "The metabolic disposition of 14C-azathioprine in the dog. The metabolic disposition of the methylnitroimidazole moiety of azathioprine, labeled with 14C in carbons 4 and 5 of this imidazole ring, was investigated in the dog. The administration of the radioactive drug (10 mg/kg p.o.) was followed, after absorption, by a rapid uptake of the radioactivity into the blood cells, with subsequent redistribution to the plasma. The total urinary excretion of 14C was 41.6% in 32 hours. Anion exchange and high-pressure liquid chromatography of the urine revealed a large number of 14C-containing metabolites. These included unmetabolized azathioprine, 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-(N-acetyl-S-cysteinyl)imidazole, 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-thioimidazole and several compounds with ultraviolet absorption spectra similar to 5-substituted amino-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazoles. The most prominent of these was a highly acidic metabolite which was found to be identical in chemical, chromatographic and spectral properties with N,N'-[5-(1-METHYL-4-NITRO)IMIDAZOLYL]CYSTINE. This metabolite as well as 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-(N-acetyl-S-cysteinyl)imidazole and 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-thioimidazole were also identified in the urine of a dog given 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-(S-glutathionyl)-imidazole (10 mg/kg i.v.) suggesting that the latter compound is an intermediate in the formation of these urinary metabolites. The profile of the methylnitroimidazole urinary metabolites in the dog was similar to that in man and different from that in the rat. A metabolic pathway for the formation of these metabolites in the dog is proposed.", "PMID": 1181404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8022", "title": "Further studies using carbamate esters as model compounds to investigate the role of lipophilicity in the gastrointestinal absorption of foreign compounds.", "content": "In order to examine the validity of models proposed previously for the gastrointestinal absorption of foreign compounds, the absorption behavior of a series of N-methylated carbamates has been studied in the rat. An optimal partition coefficient for the intestinal absorption of these compounds was demonstrated but this value was approximately one order higher than that reported earlier for a related series of unsubstituted carbamates. It is suggested that this difference is due to the modification in hydrogen bonding arising from N-methyl substitution. In contrast, an optimal partition coefficient for gastric absorption could not be demonstrated within the range of the apparent partition coefficient studied. The absorption behavior of the N-methylated carbamates tends to confirm the different trends previously observed between drug absorption from the intestine and that from the stomach.", "contents": "Further studies using carbamate esters as model compounds to investigate the role of lipophilicity in the gastrointestinal absorption of foreign compounds. In order to examine the validity of models proposed previously for the gastrointestinal absorption of foreign compounds, the absorption behavior of a series of N-methylated carbamates has been studied in the rat. An optimal partition coefficient for the intestinal absorption of these compounds was demonstrated but this value was approximately one order higher than that reported earlier for a related series of unsubstituted carbamates. It is suggested that this difference is due to the modification in hydrogen bonding arising from N-methyl substitution. In contrast, an optimal partition coefficient for gastric absorption could not be demonstrated within the range of the apparent partition coefficient studied. The absorption behavior of the N-methylated carbamates tends to confirm the different trends previously observed between drug absorption from the intestine and that from the stomach.", "PMID": 1181405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8023", "title": "Azolimine: a nonsteroidal antagonist of the effects of mineralocorticoids  on renal electrolyte excretion.", "content": "Azolimine, CL 90,748, an imidazolidinone, displayed the capacity to antagonize the effects of mineralocorticoids on renal electrolyte excretion in several animal models. Although large doses of azolimine produced natriuresis in adrenalectomized rats in the absence of exogenous mineralocorticoid, its effectiveness was greater in the presence of a steroid agonist. However, in conscious dogs given an infusion of saline plus dextrose, azolimine was only effective when desoxycorticosterone (DCA) was administered. The drug, therefore, may not be a pure competitive antagonist of mineralocorticoid, but its greater efficacy in the presence of mineralocorticoid distinguishes it from noncompetitive mineralocorticoid antagonists as amiloride and triamterene. Azolimine significantly improved the urinary Na/K ratio when used in combination with thiazides, furosemide and other classical diuretics both in adrenalectomized, desoxycorticosterone-treated rats and in sodium-deficient rats.", "contents": "Azolimine: a nonsteroidal antagonist of the effects of mineralocorticoids  on renal electrolyte excretion. Azolimine, CL 90,748, an imidazolidinone, displayed the capacity to antagonize the effects of mineralocorticoids on renal electrolyte excretion in several animal models. Although large doses of azolimine produced natriuresis in adrenalectomized rats in the absence of exogenous mineralocorticoid, its effectiveness was greater in the presence of a steroid agonist. However, in conscious dogs given an infusion of saline plus dextrose, azolimine was only effective when desoxycorticosterone (DCA) was administered. The drug, therefore, may not be a pure competitive antagonist of mineralocorticoid, but its greater efficacy in the presence of mineralocorticoid distinguishes it from noncompetitive mineralocorticoid antagonists as amiloride and triamterene. Azolimine significantly improved the urinary Na/K ratio when used in combination with thiazides, furosemide and other classical diuretics both in adrenalectomized, desoxycorticosterone-treated rats and in sodium-deficient rats.", "PMID": 1181406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8024", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin potency and plasma protein binding.", "content": "Rats were given diphenylhydantoin (DPH) orally, and its potency in protecting against maximal electroshock seizures was determined. The effect of an intravenous dose of 100 mg of phenylbutazone per kg 1 hour before testing on the potency and on the total and unbound plasma concentration of DPH was then measured. Phenylbutazone treatment increased the potency of DPH in terms of dose and total drug concentration but did not affect the potency of unbound DPH. The anticonvulsant action of DPH depends upon the concentration of unbound drug in plasma and not upon total plasma concentration nor upon dose.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin potency and plasma protein binding. Rats were given diphenylhydantoin (DPH) orally, and its potency in protecting against maximal electroshock seizures was determined. The effect of an intravenous dose of 100 mg of phenylbutazone per kg 1 hour before testing on the potency and on the total and unbound plasma concentration of DPH was then measured. Phenylbutazone treatment increased the potency of DPH in terms of dose and total drug concentration but did not affect the potency of unbound DPH. The anticonvulsant action of DPH depends upon the concentration of unbound drug in plasma and not upon total plasma concentration nor upon dose.", "PMID": 1181407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8025", "title": "Effect of methamphetamine on norepinephrine metabolism in various regions of brain.", "content": "The effects of methamphetamine on tritiated and endogenous norepinephrine metabolism was examined in various regions of brain. In acute experiments, 30 minutes or 5 hours after methamphetamine i.p., 3H-norepinephrine was injected into the cisterna magna. In chronic experiments, rats were administered increasing doses of methamphetamine twice a day for 17 days, then 18 hours after the last dose of methamphetamine, 3H-norepinephrine was injected intracisternally. All rats were killed 5 minutes after the intracisternal injection and their brains removed, dissected into five parts and assayed for endogenous norepinephrine, 3H-norepinephrine and its metabolites. In rats treated acutely, methamphetamine caused a significant block in uptake of 3H-norepinephrine and a marked increase in the content of 3H-normetanephrine in all regions except the cortex. Five hours after methamphetamine administration, increased levels of 3H-norepinephrine occurred in the pons-medulla, whereas endogenous norepinephrine content tended to decrease in most regions. In rats treated chronically, enhanced accumulation of 3H-norepinephrine was also confined to the pons-medulla region, whereas endogenous levels of norepinephrine were high in the pons-medulla and low in the hypothalamus and cortex. These data suggest that chronic administration of methamphetamine affects either catecholaminergic nerve cell bodies or nerve terminals in the pons-medulla differentially, as compared to other regions studied.", "contents": "Effect of methamphetamine on norepinephrine metabolism in various regions of brain. The effects of methamphetamine on tritiated and endogenous norepinephrine metabolism was examined in various regions of brain. In acute experiments, 30 minutes or 5 hours after methamphetamine i.p., 3H-norepinephrine was injected into the cisterna magna. In chronic experiments, rats were administered increasing doses of methamphetamine twice a day for 17 days, then 18 hours after the last dose of methamphetamine, 3H-norepinephrine was injected intracisternally. All rats were killed 5 minutes after the intracisternal injection and their brains removed, dissected into five parts and assayed for endogenous norepinephrine, 3H-norepinephrine and its metabolites. In rats treated acutely, methamphetamine caused a significant block in uptake of 3H-norepinephrine and a marked increase in the content of 3H-normetanephrine in all regions except the cortex. Five hours after methamphetamine administration, increased levels of 3H-norepinephrine occurred in the pons-medulla, whereas endogenous norepinephrine content tended to decrease in most regions. In rats treated chronically, enhanced accumulation of 3H-norepinephrine was also confined to the pons-medulla region, whereas endogenous levels of norepinephrine were high in the pons-medulla and low in the hypothalamus and cortex. These data suggest that chronic administration of methamphetamine affects either catecholaminergic nerve cell bodies or nerve terminals in the pons-medulla differentially, as compared to other regions studied.", "PMID": 1181408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8026", "title": "Increased analgesia and alterations in distribution and metabolism of methadone by desipramine in the rat.", "content": "Treatment of rats with desipramine (DMI) 1 hour before the subcutaneous administration of methadone increased the intensity and prolonged the duration of methadone analgesia, as determined by the hot plate method. DMI significantly reduced the analgesic ED50 of methadone from a control value of 3.4 to 1.6 or 0.5 mg/kg in rats treated with 20 or 30 mg/kg of DMI, respectively. DMI treatment also significantly reduced the LD50 of methadone. DMI (20 mg/kg i.p.) was given 1 hour prior to administration of 14C-methadone (5 mg/kg s.c.) and the distribution of total 14C, unchanged methadone and methadone metabolites in various tissues was studied. DMI treatment greatly increased the brain uptake of 14C and the methadone brain/plasma concentration ratios for up to 3 hours. The concentrations of 14C and unchanged methadone were higher in kidneys and lower in lungs of DMI-treated rats as compared to controls. However, the ratios of unchanged methadone to its metabolites in kidneys and lungs were not changed significantly by DMI treatment. The level of unchanged methadone in liver was markedly elevated by DMI treatment at 45 and 90 minutes (190 and 183% of controls, respectively). The level of a water-soluble glucuronide metabolite of methadone was significantly decreased at 45-, 90- and 180-minute intervals (37, 36 and 54% of controls, respectively.) However, the total 14C in liver and the concentrations of two N-demethylated metabolites of methadone were not changed significantly. In vitro addition of DMI to liver microsomal incubations resulted in inhibition of the N-demethylation of methadone. It is suggested that DMI potentiated and prolonged methadone analgesia by increasing the brain concentration of methadone and by inhibiting metabolism of methadone in the liver.", "contents": "Increased analgesia and alterations in distribution and metabolism of methadone by desipramine in the rat. Treatment of rats with desipramine (DMI) 1 hour before the subcutaneous administration of methadone increased the intensity and prolonged the duration of methadone analgesia, as determined by the hot plate method. DMI significantly reduced the analgesic ED50 of methadone from a control value of 3.4 to 1.6 or 0.5 mg/kg in rats treated with 20 or 30 mg/kg of DMI, respectively. DMI treatment also significantly reduced the LD50 of methadone. DMI (20 mg/kg i.p.) was given 1 hour prior to administration of 14C-methadone (5 mg/kg s.c.) and the distribution of total 14C, unchanged methadone and methadone metabolites in various tissues was studied. DMI treatment greatly increased the brain uptake of 14C and the methadone brain/plasma concentration ratios for up to 3 hours. The concentrations of 14C and unchanged methadone were higher in kidneys and lower in lungs of DMI-treated rats as compared to controls. However, the ratios of unchanged methadone to its metabolites in kidneys and lungs were not changed significantly by DMI treatment. The level of unchanged methadone in liver was markedly elevated by DMI treatment at 45 and 90 minutes (190 and 183% of controls, respectively). The level of a water-soluble glucuronide metabolite of methadone was significantly decreased at 45-, 90- and 180-minute intervals (37, 36 and 54% of controls, respectively.) However, the total 14C in liver and the concentrations of two N-demethylated metabolites of methadone were not changed significantly. In vitro addition of DMI to liver microsomal incubations resulted in inhibition of the N-demethylation of methadone. It is suggested that DMI potentiated and prolonged methadone analgesia by increasing the brain concentration of methadone and by inhibiting metabolism of methadone in the liver.", "PMID": 1181409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8027", "title": "The effects of 5-bromo-2-thienyl-ethyl-ketone thiosenicarbazone on ovarian cyclicity and ovulation in the rat.", "content": "Pseudopregnant and cyclic rats were injected for 5 to 26 days with daily doses of 5 and/or 3 mg of 5-bromo-2-thienyl-ethyl-ketone thiosemicarbazone (70026) starting on Day 0 (the day of oestrus). The vaginal smear cytology, record of ovulation and ability to breed and conceive were compared with the results for corn oil-injected controls. Both doses of 70026 were found to cause a reappearance of pro-oestrous and/or oestrous vaginal smears within 4 to 6 days in the pseudopregnant rats, but ovulations did not occur. The 5-mg dose of 70026 inhibited ovulation and interrupted the oestrous cycle in cyclic rats, even though the daily 3-mg dose seemed to have little effect on ovulation, ovarian cyclicity, breeding or conception. In spite of the absence of an ovulation accompanying the induced pro-oestrous and/or oestrous vaginal smears in the pseudopregnant rats, the pattern of the vaginal smears suggested the occurrence of a 'delayed pseudopregnancy' in most of the pseudopregnant rats treated daily with 3 mg, but in few of those treated with 5 mg, 70026.", "contents": "The effects of 5-bromo-2-thienyl-ethyl-ketone thiosenicarbazone on ovarian cyclicity and ovulation in the rat. Pseudopregnant and cyclic rats were injected for 5 to 26 days with daily doses of 5 and/or 3 mg of 5-bromo-2-thienyl-ethyl-ketone thiosemicarbazone (70026) starting on Day 0 (the day of oestrus). The vaginal smear cytology, record of ovulation and ability to breed and conceive were compared with the results for corn oil-injected controls. Both doses of 70026 were found to cause a reappearance of pro-oestrous and/or oestrous vaginal smears within 4 to 6 days in the pseudopregnant rats, but ovulations did not occur. The 5-mg dose of 70026 inhibited ovulation and interrupted the oestrous cycle in cyclic rats, even though the daily 3-mg dose seemed to have little effect on ovulation, ovarian cyclicity, breeding or conception. In spite of the absence of an ovulation accompanying the induced pro-oestrous and/or oestrous vaginal smears in the pseudopregnant rats, the pattern of the vaginal smears suggested the occurrence of a 'delayed pseudopregnancy' in most of the pseudopregnant rats treated daily with 3 mg, but in few of those treated with 5 mg, 70026.", "PMID": 1181410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8028", "title": "The influence of feed restriction and subsequent re-feeding on gonadotrophin secretion and serum testosterone levels in male rats.", "content": "Male rats at 3 months were fully fed or were restricted to 50% of normal feed intake for 10 or 20 days. Underfeeding for either period resulted in reduced (P less than 0-05) body weight and pituitary weight but did not affect testicular weight. Underfeeding for 20 days resulted in reduced (P less than 0-05) weights of the seminal vesicles and ventral prostate. The serum concentration of LH was depressed (P less than 0-05) after 10 days of underfeeding and the pituitary concentration of LH was elevated (P less than 0-05) after 20 days of underfeeding. Neither serum nor pituitary concentration of FSH was influenced by feed level. Serum testosterone concentration was reduced in rats underfed for 20 days. In a second study, 2-month-old males were fully fed, underfed (15 days) or underfed and then re-fed (full feed) for 1, 2, 3 or 7 days. Underfeeding produced effects similar to those noted in the first experiment. Re-feeding of underfed rats resulted in body and ventral prostate weights returning to levels similar to those of fully fed controls by Day 7. The serum level of FSH was elevated (P less than 0-05) above the control level on Days 1, 3 and 7 of re-feeding, while the serum level of LH appeared to return to the control level. Serum testosterone level rebounded and exceeded (P less than 0-05) the control level on Days 1 and 2 of re-feeding.", "contents": "The influence of feed restriction and subsequent re-feeding on gonadotrophin secretion and serum testosterone levels in male rats. Male rats at 3 months were fully fed or were restricted to 50% of normal feed intake for 10 or 20 days. Underfeeding for either period resulted in reduced (P less than 0-05) body weight and pituitary weight but did not affect testicular weight. Underfeeding for 20 days resulted in reduced (P less than 0-05) weights of the seminal vesicles and ventral prostate. The serum concentration of LH was depressed (P less than 0-05) after 10 days of underfeeding and the pituitary concentration of LH was elevated (P less than 0-05) after 20 days of underfeeding. Neither serum nor pituitary concentration of FSH was influenced by feed level. Serum testosterone concentration was reduced in rats underfed for 20 days. In a second study, 2-month-old males were fully fed, underfed (15 days) or underfed and then re-fed (full feed) for 1, 2, 3 or 7 days. Underfeeding produced effects similar to those noted in the first experiment. Re-feeding of underfed rats resulted in body and ventral prostate weights returning to levels similar to those of fully fed controls by Day 7. The serum level of FSH was elevated (P less than 0-05) above the control level on Days 1, 3 and 7 of re-feeding, while the serum level of LH appeared to return to the control level. Serum testosterone level rebounded and exceeded (P less than 0-05) the control level on Days 1 and 2 of re-feeding.", "PMID": 1181411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8029", "title": "Developmental changes of free amino acids in bovine fetal fluids with gestational age and the interrelationships between the amino acid concentrations in the fluid compartments.", "content": "Thirty ninhydrin-positive compounds were determined in the sera, amniotic fluid, stomach content and allantoic fluid from 29 bovine fetuses of various gestational ages. Fetal serum was found to contain about 3-fold higher concentrations of free amino acids (FAA) than maternal serum, and allantoic fluid contained about 3-fold higher concentration of FAA than fetal serum. Decreasing concentrations of FAA were found in serum as a function of the crown-rump length for the amino acids taurine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, ornithine and lysine. Decreasing concentrations of FAA in allantoic fluid were found for threonine, alanine and ornithine, whereas increasing concentrations were found for phosphoserine and methionine as a function of the crown-rump length. Correlations were found between the concentrations of most amino acids in amniotic fluid and stomach content, but fewer correlations were found between the other fluid compartments. The transport of amino acids between compartments is discussed.", "contents": "Developmental changes of free amino acids in bovine fetal fluids with gestational age and the interrelationships between the amino acid concentrations in the fluid compartments. Thirty ninhydrin-positive compounds were determined in the sera, amniotic fluid, stomach content and allantoic fluid from 29 bovine fetuses of various gestational ages. Fetal serum was found to contain about 3-fold higher concentrations of free amino acids (FAA) than maternal serum, and allantoic fluid contained about 3-fold higher concentration of FAA than fetal serum. Decreasing concentrations of FAA were found in serum as a function of the crown-rump length for the amino acids taurine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, ornithine and lysine. Decreasing concentrations of FAA in allantoic fluid were found for threonine, alanine and ornithine, whereas increasing concentrations were found for phosphoserine and methionine as a function of the crown-rump length. Correlations were found between the concentrations of most amino acids in amniotic fluid and stomach content, but fewer correlations were found between the other fluid compartments. The transport of amino acids between compartments is discussed.", "PMID": 1181412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8030", "title": "Total unconjugated oestrogen and progesterone concentrations in peripheral blood during pregnancy in the dog.", "content": "Daily blood samples were withdrawn from three bitches throughout gestation and at intervals during parturition. The highest mean oestrogen value of 26-1 +/- 6-0 pg/ml was detected on the last day of pro-oestrus, and a lower post-oestrous peak occurred shortly after the maximum progesterone value of 17-0 +/- 1-0 ng/ml which was recorded 18 days after first service. No oestrogen rise was detected before parturition, and progesterone could not be detected after the end of parturition.", "contents": "Total unconjugated oestrogen and progesterone concentrations in peripheral blood during pregnancy in the dog. Daily blood samples were withdrawn from three bitches throughout gestation and at intervals during parturition. The highest mean oestrogen value of 26-1 +/- 6-0 pg/ml was detected on the last day of pro-oestrus, and a lower post-oestrous peak occurred shortly after the maximum progesterone value of 17-0 +/- 1-0 ng/ml which was recorded 18 days after first service. No oestrogen rise was detected before parturition, and progesterone could not be detected after the end of parturition.", "PMID": 1181413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8031", "title": "Possible mechanisms of cadmium fetotoxicity in golden hamsters and mice: uptake by the embryo, placenta and ovary.", "content": "Pregnant golden hamsters and mice of different gestational ages were injected intravenously with 109CdCl(2). The whole animal or the uterus and embryos were submitted to autoradiography. Cadmium administered on the 8th day accumulated in the primitive gut of the embryos. No cadmium was detected in the embryos after administration on or after the 9th day (hamster) and 11th day (mouse). This finding can be explained by the ability of cadmium to pass from the yolk-sac cavity into the primitive gut (where it is absorbed) before the closure of the vitelline duct but not later. This uptake by the embryo might explain the severe malformations produced by cadmium given on the 8th day as compared with the 9th day in the hamster. Cadmium is also heavily accumulated in the decidua (mainly the antimesometrial part), the yolk sac, the ectoplacental cone, and later in the chorioallantoic placenta-possibly disturbing the maternal-embryonic relationship and fetal nutrition. A high accumulation in the CL and the follicles and in the pituitary may also disturb reproductive function.", "contents": "Possible mechanisms of cadmium fetotoxicity in golden hamsters and mice: uptake by the embryo, placenta and ovary. Pregnant golden hamsters and mice of different gestational ages were injected intravenously with 109CdCl(2). The whole animal or the uterus and embryos were submitted to autoradiography. Cadmium administered on the 8th day accumulated in the primitive gut of the embryos. No cadmium was detected in the embryos after administration on or after the 9th day (hamster) and 11th day (mouse). This finding can be explained by the ability of cadmium to pass from the yolk-sac cavity into the primitive gut (where it is absorbed) before the closure of the vitelline duct but not later. This uptake by the embryo might explain the severe malformations produced by cadmium given on the 8th day as compared with the 9th day in the hamster. Cadmium is also heavily accumulated in the decidua (mainly the antimesometrial part), the yolk sac, the ectoplacental cone, and later in the chorioallantoic placenta-possibly disturbing the maternal-embryonic relationship and fetal nutrition. A high accumulation in the CL and the follicles and in the pituitary may also disturb reproductive function.", "PMID": 1181414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8032", "title": "Stimulatory effect of the lysosomal stabilizer, chloroquine, on the respiration and motility of fresh and aged bovine spermatozoa.", "content": "The lysosomal stabilizer and anti-malarial agent, chloroquine, stimulated the respiration and motility of fresh and aged bovine spermatozoa stored in vitro. Duplication of these effects by the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, theophylline and caffeine, suggested that enhancement of sperm activity by chloroquine may be mediated by cyclic AMP.", "contents": "Stimulatory effect of the lysosomal stabilizer, chloroquine, on the respiration and motility of fresh and aged bovine spermatozoa. The lysosomal stabilizer and anti-malarial agent, chloroquine, stimulated the respiration and motility of fresh and aged bovine spermatozoa stored in vitro. Duplication of these effects by the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, theophylline and caffeine, suggested that enhancement of sperm activity by chloroquine may be mediated by cyclic AMP.", "PMID": 1181415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8033", "title": "The recognition and incidence of haploid and polyploid spermatozoa in man, rabbit and mouse.", "content": "The existence of polyploid mammalian spermatozoa has been inferred from studies of Feulgen-DNA absorption. Rabbit spermatozoa fell into two discrete groups with mean absorptions close to a 1:2 ratio (inferred to be haploids and diploids respectively); simple visual appraisal of the size of the head or nucleus gave an identical classification. The incidences of ploidy classes were 98-94% haploid, 1-06% diploid, 0-00% higher than diploid (N = 3010; from DNA measurements and visual appraisal of the size in a rabbit chosen to have a high incidence of diploids) and, correspondingly, 99-691%, 0-308%, 0-001% (N = 138001; from sixty-nine unselected rabbits, scored by visual appraisal of the size of the sperm head). In man also, virtually discrete groups with absorptions close to a 1:2 ratio existed and were inferred to be haploids and diploids respectively. A few human spermatozoa were found with absorptions corresponding to a ploidy of three and/or four. Visual appraisal of the size of the human sperm nucleus as Small, Medium or Large was only a partial guide to ploidy. All Small human spermatozoa measured for DNA absorption were found to be haploid. About two-thirds of Medium human spermatozoa were found, however, to be haploid, and some Large spermatozoa were haploid or diploid. The incidences of ploidy classes in the human were 99-37% haploid, 0-56% diploid, 0-07% higher than diploid (N = 5554; with consistency between duplicate slides and between two subjects; from DNA measurements and visual appraisal of nuclear size). The estimated incidence of diploid human spermatozoa is consistent with the known incidence oftriploid fetuses. In a mouse with a putatively high incidence of diploids, all 1000 DNA measurements were nevertheless within the haploid range, with one diploid encountered outside the main sampling.", "contents": "The recognition and incidence of haploid and polyploid spermatozoa in man, rabbit and mouse. The existence of polyploid mammalian spermatozoa has been inferred from studies of Feulgen-DNA absorption. Rabbit spermatozoa fell into two discrete groups with mean absorptions close to a 1:2 ratio (inferred to be haploids and diploids respectively); simple visual appraisal of the size of the head or nucleus gave an identical classification. The incidences of ploidy classes were 98-94% haploid, 1-06% diploid, 0-00% higher than diploid (N = 3010; from DNA measurements and visual appraisal of the size in a rabbit chosen to have a high incidence of diploids) and, correspondingly, 99-691%, 0-308%, 0-001% (N = 138001; from sixty-nine unselected rabbits, scored by visual appraisal of the size of the sperm head). In man also, virtually discrete groups with absorptions close to a 1:2 ratio existed and were inferred to be haploids and diploids respectively. A few human spermatozoa were found with absorptions corresponding to a ploidy of three and/or four. Visual appraisal of the size of the human sperm nucleus as Small, Medium or Large was only a partial guide to ploidy. All Small human spermatozoa measured for DNA absorption were found to be haploid. About two-thirds of Medium human spermatozoa were found, however, to be haploid, and some Large spermatozoa were haploid or diploid. The incidences of ploidy classes in the human were 99-37% haploid, 0-56% diploid, 0-07% higher than diploid (N = 5554; with consistency between duplicate slides and between two subjects; from DNA measurements and visual appraisal of nuclear size). The estimated incidence of diploid human spermatozoa is consistent with the known incidence oftriploid fetuses. In a mouse with a putatively high incidence of diploids, all 1000 DNA measurements were nevertheless within the haploid range, with one diploid encountered outside the main sampling.", "PMID": 1181416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8034", "title": "Termination of pregnancy after accelerated lactation in the rat. II. Relationship to number of young, day of pregnancy and length of nursing.", "content": "Pregnancy is terminated in rats that have mated at the postpartum oestrus if they are allowed to suckle a large litter after implantation. For consistent termination, the number of sucking young must be at least nine, the accelerated lactation must be begun before Day 10 of pregnancy, and must be continued for at least 2 days.", "contents": "Termination of pregnancy after accelerated lactation in the rat. II. Relationship to number of young, day of pregnancy and length of nursing. Pregnancy is terminated in rats that have mated at the postpartum oestrus if they are allowed to suckle a large litter after implantation. For consistent termination, the number of sucking young must be at least nine, the accelerated lactation must be begun before Day 10 of pregnancy, and must be continued for at least 2 days.", "PMID": 1181417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8035", "title": "Termination of pregnancy after accelerated lactation in the rat. IV. Relationship to 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and plasma progesterone concentration.", "content": "The activity of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20alpha-HSD) was assayed in the ovaries of rats after accelerated lactation to determine its relationship to the decrease in progesteron secretion that occurs. When rats were sjbjected to accelerated lactation on Day 9 of pregnancy, activity of the enzyme was only slightly increased by Day 10, but had risen to twice the control level by Day 11, and three times the control level by Day 12. Administration of LH or progesterone prevented the increase in enzyme activity. Progesterone concentration had decreased considerably before the time at which any significant increase in 20alpha-HSD activity was detected. These findings are discussed in relation to the role of 20alpha-HSF in regulating progesterone levels in the rat.", "contents": "Termination of pregnancy after accelerated lactation in the rat. IV. Relationship to 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and plasma progesterone concentration. The activity of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20alpha-HSD) was assayed in the ovaries of rats after accelerated lactation to determine its relationship to the decrease in progesteron secretion that occurs. When rats were sjbjected to accelerated lactation on Day 9 of pregnancy, activity of the enzyme was only slightly increased by Day 10, but had risen to twice the control level by Day 11, and three times the control level by Day 12. Administration of LH or progesterone prevented the increase in enzyme activity. Progesterone concentration had decreased considerably before the time at which any significant increase in 20alpha-HSD activity was detected. These findings are discussed in relation to the role of 20alpha-HSF in regulating progesterone levels in the rat.", "PMID": 1181418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8036", "title": "Inhibition of zona shedding of rabbit blastocysts in culture by the presence of a mucin coat.", "content": "Rabbit ova, with and without mucin coats, were cultured to the expanding blastocyst stage. The presence of a mucin coat appeared to inhibit shedding of the zona pellucida by the expanding blastocysts.", "contents": "Inhibition of zona shedding of rabbit blastocysts in culture by the presence of a mucin coat. Rabbit ova, with and without mucin coats, were cultured to the expanding blastocyst stage. The presence of a mucin coat appeared to inhibit shedding of the zona pellucida by the expanding blastocysts.", "PMID": 1181419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8037", "title": "Maternal nest-building performance and fetal number in Rockland-Swiss albino mice.", "content": "A significant correlation was shown in Rockland-Swiss albino mice between the number of fetuses and maternal nest-building performance as assessed by the amount of nesting material gathered into the cage. The greater the number of fetuses, the more nesting material was gathered. A significant correlation first appeared on Day 4 and was maintained until Day 18 of gestation.", "contents": "Maternal nest-building performance and fetal number in Rockland-Swiss albino mice. A significant correlation was shown in Rockland-Swiss albino mice between the number of fetuses and maternal nest-building performance as assessed by the amount of nesting material gathered into the cage. The greater the number of fetuses, the more nesting material was gathered. A significant correlation first appeared on Day 4 and was maintained until Day 18 of gestation.", "PMID": 1181421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8038", "title": "Adpatations for urinary marking in rodents: prepuce length and morphology.", "content": "Urine marking was examined in house mice, deermice, gerbils and hamsters. The frequency of urine deposition varied with the species, and a correlation is suggested between the propensity of males to mark in this fashion and prepuce length and morphology. We postulate an adaptational advantage for a long penis sheath and for a particular configuration of the prepuce; i.e. to act as a wick for the deposition of urinary pheromones.", "contents": "Adpatations for urinary marking in rodents: prepuce length and morphology. Urine marking was examined in house mice, deermice, gerbils and hamsters. The frequency of urine deposition varied with the species, and a correlation is suggested between the propensity of males to mark in this fashion and prepuce length and morphology. We postulate an adaptational advantage for a long penis sheath and for a particular configuration of the prepuce; i.e. to act as a wick for the deposition of urinary pheromones.", "PMID": 1181424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8039", "title": "Induction of multiple ovulation in the cow with single injections of FSH and HCG.", "content": "A gonadotrophin regimen was developed to induce a high incidence of double and triple ovulations in the beef cow using a single injection of FSH on Day 16 followed by a low dose of HCG on the day of oestrus. Conception rate was not affected by gonadotrophin treatment and 1/9 cows experiencing multiple ovulations gave birth to twin calves.", "contents": "Induction of multiple ovulation in the cow with single injections of FSH and HCG. A gonadotrophin regimen was developed to induce a high incidence of double and triple ovulations in the beef cow using a single injection of FSH on Day 16 followed by a low dose of HCG on the day of oestrus. Conception rate was not affected by gonadotrophin treatment and 1/9 cows experiencing multiple ovulations gave birth to twin calves.", "PMID": 1181428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8040", "title": "Seasonal changes in plasma LH levels in domestic ducks.", "content": "Seasonal changes in plasma LH concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay every month for 1 year in nine Khaki Campbell drakes kept under natural lighting conditions in Kiel, Germany. The LH levels rose in all the birds in March and April and reached a mean (+/-S.E.) maximum of 2-4 +/- 0-2 ng/ml early in May. Thereafter, LH levels remained high in three drakes, but decreased in the other six to between 0-9 and 0-4 ng/ml early in June and/or July and rose to about 2-5 ng/ml by the beginning of August. Plasma LH levels started to fall in all nine drakes in September and by early October had reached winter values of about 1-2 to 1-5 ng/ml. A small transient increase in the level of circulating LH was observed in most drakes during November or December.", "contents": "Seasonal changes in plasma LH levels in domestic ducks. Seasonal changes in plasma LH concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay every month for 1 year in nine Khaki Campbell drakes kept under natural lighting conditions in Kiel, Germany. The LH levels rose in all the birds in March and April and reached a mean (+/-S.E.) maximum of 2-4 +/- 0-2 ng/ml early in May. Thereafter, LH levels remained high in three drakes, but decreased in the other six to between 0-9 and 0-4 ng/ml early in June and/or July and rose to about 2-5 ng/ml by the beginning of August. Plasma LH levels started to fall in all nine drakes in September and by early October had reached winter values of about 1-2 to 1-5 ng/ml. A small transient increase in the level of circulating LH was observed in most drakes during November or December.", "PMID": 1181430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8041", "title": "Study of U.S. medical school applicants, 1973-74.", "content": "This annual study reports applicant, application, and enrollment statistics for the 1973-74 entering class of the 114 U.S. medical schools in comparison with previous years. National totals in all categories are larger than ever before, but the annual rate of increase is declining. Traditional tables reflect five years of historical data (1969--70 through 1973--74), while new features for the 1973 study concentrate on: (a) acceptance success for first-time and repeat applicants, (b) rankings of state acceptance ratios, and (c) ability levels by acceptance success and by application frequency. The study concludes with an outline of specific efforts by the Association of American Medical Colleges to assist medical schools in coping with the continuing three-to-one imbalance between numbers of applicants and numbers of first-year places.", "contents": "Study of U.S. medical school applicants, 1973-74. This annual study reports applicant, application, and enrollment statistics for the 1973-74 entering class of the 114 U.S. medical schools in comparison with previous years. National totals in all categories are larger than ever before, but the annual rate of increase is declining. Traditional tables reflect five years of historical data (1969--70 through 1973--74), while new features for the 1973 study concentrate on: (a) acceptance success for first-time and repeat applicants, (b) rankings of state acceptance ratios, and (c) ability levels by acceptance success and by application frequency. The study concludes with an outline of specific efforts by the Association of American Medical Colleges to assist medical schools in coping with the continuing three-to-one imbalance between numbers of applicants and numbers of first-year places.", "PMID": 1181453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8042", "title": "Analysis of a medical internship.", "content": "Considerable discussion concerning the fate of the internship within the postgraduate period of physicians' training has taken place. Some specialty boards have eliminated the requirement of a free-standing internship. However, no replicable study findings defining exactly what an intern does have been reported in the literature. By analyzing the patient experiences that a straight medical intern encountered, the authors of this paper illustrate what many persons have previously said: the traditional internship is unrealistic with respect to the practice of medicine. The intern described here assumed care for acutely ill persons to the exclusion of all other responsibilities. The importance of objective and reproducible record-keeping is emphasized for both established and newly created programs in the primary care specialties.", "contents": "Analysis of a medical internship. Considerable discussion concerning the fate of the internship within the postgraduate period of physicians' training has taken place. Some specialty boards have eliminated the requirement of a free-standing internship. However, no replicable study findings defining exactly what an intern does have been reported in the literature. By analyzing the patient experiences that a straight medical intern encountered, the authors of this paper illustrate what many persons have previously said: the traditional internship is unrealistic with respect to the practice of medicine. The intern described here assumed care for acutely ill persons to the exclusion of all other responsibilities. The importance of objective and reproducible record-keeping is emphasized for both established and newly created programs in the primary care specialties.", "PMID": 1181454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8043", "title": "A longitudinal study of medical specialty choice and certainty level.", "content": "Two successive classes of entering medical students at the University of Colorado participated in a longitudinal study on the development of medical specialty choice. Students indicated specialty choices and their degree of certainty about them in the freshman, sophomore, and senior years. Results indicated that students were highly uncertain of their choices at the beginning of medical school but became very certain by graduation. Nearly three-fourths switched specialties between freshman and senior years. In general, there was no relationship between degree of certainty and switching. The exception occurred in family practice. The least specialty switching occurred with internal medicine and the most with psychiatry. Increasing numbers of students chose internal medicine over the four years.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of medical specialty choice and certainty level. Two successive classes of entering medical students at the University of Colorado participated in a longitudinal study on the development of medical specialty choice. Students indicated specialty choices and their degree of certainty about them in the freshman, sophomore, and senior years. Results indicated that students were highly uncertain of their choices at the beginning of medical school but became very certain by graduation. Nearly three-fourths switched specialties between freshman and senior years. In general, there was no relationship between degree of certainty and switching. The exception occurred in family practice. The least specialty switching occurred with internal medicine and the most with psychiatry. Increasing numbers of students chose internal medicine over the four years.", "PMID": 1181455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8044", "title": "The development of an education program in the pediatric emergency department.", "content": "The pediatric emergency department is a major educational resource in ambulatory pediatrics. A literature review indicates a lack of programs based on the identification of specific educational objectives in this setting. A model educational program for third-year pediatric clinical clerks and pediatric level I and II house officers is presented. Learning is defined in three areas: patient management, behavioral care needs, and hospital and community health care needs. Information on specific educational goals and objectives, learning experiences derived from them, and methods for evaluation of learning is provided.", "contents": "The development of an education program in the pediatric emergency department. The pediatric emergency department is a major educational resource in ambulatory pediatrics. A literature review indicates a lack of programs based on the identification of specific educational objectives in this setting. A model educational program for third-year pediatric clinical clerks and pediatric level I and II house officers is presented. Learning is defined in three areas: patient management, behavioral care needs, and hospital and community health care needs. Information on specific educational goals and objectives, learning experiences derived from them, and methods for evaluation of learning is provided.", "PMID": 1181456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8045", "title": "Experimental cretinism in lambs: an intrauterine model with thyroid evaluation in surviving lambs.", "content": "The experiments in this article were designed to establish an animal model analogous to human athyrotic cretinism without altering maternal thyroid status and subsequently to observe the natural course of the disorder. The effect of ovine intrauterine fetal thyroidectomy during the second trimester was assessed by following maternal thyroid function and amniotic fluid T4 by column [T4(C)], T3 by radioimmunoassay (T3RIA), and ovine TSH (oTSH). Maternal serum T4(C) rose during pregnancy but unexpectedly both T3RIA and oTSH decreased. In amniotic fluid, T4(C) and oTSH values were lower than maternal serum values and T3RIA was not detectable. Amniotic fluid T4(C) at Cesarean section was identical in cretin lambs and twin controls and was thus not a useful diagnostic tool. Athyrotic lambs showed gross physical, behavioral, and pathologic changes of cretinism and expired during the first day of life. At birth, cretin serum T4(C) and T3RIA were markedly decreased and oTSH was elevated. Normal lambs had a gradual decline in T4(C) levels until 10 weeks of age, but T3RIA values changed erratically. In addition, one cryptocretin with a thyroid remnant had a high normal T4(C) and elevated T3RIA and oTSH at birth. Her course was normal until 7 months of age when hypothyroidism suddenly developed. These observations could prove relevant in the interpretation of thyroid function of normal versus partially or completely athyrotic human infants.", "contents": "Experimental cretinism in lambs: an intrauterine model with thyroid evaluation in surviving lambs. The experiments in this article were designed to establish an animal model analogous to human athyrotic cretinism without altering maternal thyroid status and subsequently to observe the natural course of the disorder. The effect of ovine intrauterine fetal thyroidectomy during the second trimester was assessed by following maternal thyroid function and amniotic fluid T4 by column [T4(C)], T3 by radioimmunoassay (T3RIA), and ovine TSH (oTSH). Maternal serum T4(C) rose during pregnancy but unexpectedly both T3RIA and oTSH decreased. In amniotic fluid, T4(C) and oTSH values were lower than maternal serum values and T3RIA was not detectable. Amniotic fluid T4(C) at Cesarean section was identical in cretin lambs and twin controls and was thus not a useful diagnostic tool. Athyrotic lambs showed gross physical, behavioral, and pathologic changes of cretinism and expired during the first day of life. At birth, cretin serum T4(C) and T3RIA were markedly decreased and oTSH was elevated. Normal lambs had a gradual decline in T4(C) levels until 10 weeks of age, but T3RIA values changed erratically. In addition, one cryptocretin with a thyroid remnant had a high normal T4(C) and elevated T3RIA and oTSH at birth. Her course was normal until 7 months of age when hypothyroidism suddenly developed. These observations could prove relevant in the interpretation of thyroid function of normal versus partially or completely athyrotic human infants.", "PMID": 1181470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8046", "title": "Electrophoretic study of human ribosomal core proteins: evidence for selection against variation.", "content": "Ten human ribosomal core proteins examined electrophoretically showed significantly less polymorphic variation than expected on the basis of other protein systems studied. This implies that selective forces may restrict variation at these loci. Variation in common multigenic traits must be determined by a combination of common alleles. If there is restriction of variation at certain types of loci, a limit is placed on the number of loci which can play a role in multigenic inheritance. Surveys for polymorphism in groups of proteins with similar structural or functional roles will further define these limits.", "contents": "Electrophoretic study of human ribosomal core proteins: evidence for selection against variation. Ten human ribosomal core proteins examined electrophoretically showed significantly less polymorphic variation than expected on the basis of other protein systems studied. This implies that selective forces may restrict variation at these loci. Variation in common multigenic traits must be determined by a combination of common alleles. If there is restriction of variation at certain types of loci, a limit is placed on the number of loci which can play a role in multigenic inheritance. Surveys for polymorphism in groups of proteins with similar structural or functional roles will further define these limits.", "PMID": 1181471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8047", "title": "Assessment of maternal health care quality: conceptual and methodologic issues.", "content": "Past efforts in assessment of the quality of maternity care have been analyzed in order to develop an evaluation framework that will have utility and applicability beyond a specific program, population, or health discipline. Presently available evaluation approaches have focused attention on either \"high risk\" populations or upon women experiencing a complicated pregnancy or delivery. Quality has been defined as the extent to which normative or empirically derived standards of obstetrical care have been applied. An alternative approach is suggested which conceives of the pregnancy as a normal physiological event but with the potentiality of either causing or exacerbating social or health problems. Maternity care quality is viewed as the application of those necessary health and health-related services that are required to safeguard the health of the mother and offspring, minimize the noxious consequences of pre-existing or concurrent health hazards or conditions, and upgrade the health and social functioning of those women who require it. Additionally, the system of services should be functionally organized to optimize care. Indicators of quality are suggested which incorporate structural, process, and outcome variables, and which link medical and consumer criteria in a comprehensive community level approach to quality assessment.", "contents": "Assessment of maternal health care quality: conceptual and methodologic issues. Past efforts in assessment of the quality of maternity care have been analyzed in order to develop an evaluation framework that will have utility and applicability beyond a specific program, population, or health discipline. Presently available evaluation approaches have focused attention on either \"high risk\" populations or upon women experiencing a complicated pregnancy or delivery. Quality has been defined as the extent to which normative or empirically derived standards of obstetrical care have been applied. An alternative approach is suggested which conceives of the pregnancy as a normal physiological event but with the potentiality of either causing or exacerbating social or health problems. Maternity care quality is viewed as the application of those necessary health and health-related services that are required to safeguard the health of the mother and offspring, minimize the noxious consequences of pre-existing or concurrent health hazards or conditions, and upgrade the health and social functioning of those women who require it. Additionally, the system of services should be functionally organized to optimize care. Indicators of quality are suggested which incorporate structural, process, and outcome variables, and which link medical and consumer criteria in a comprehensive community level approach to quality assessment.", "PMID": 1181493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8048", "title": "Practice characteristics and quality of primary medical care: the doctor-patient relationship.", "content": "Physician and practice characterisitics were reviewed in relation to the quality of the doctor-patient relationship in primary medical care. This relationship was defined in terms of communication between physicians and patients, patient satisfaction with care, and physician awareness of patient concerns. The study subjects were mothers of infants and pregnant women, identified from the offices of a random sample of primary care physicians is a single community. The patients of 49 physicians, 363 pregnant women and the mothers of 523 infants were the subjects of the study. When controlled for patient characteristics, communication was better for pediatricians with mothers of infants and for obstetricians with pregnant women as compared with other physicians. Mothers of infants were more highly satisfied with care provided by residency-trained physicians; pregnant women were more satisfied with non-Board certified physicians.  Physician awareness of patient concerns presented a mixed pattern of associations with several physicians and practice characteristics. These findings suggest that physician credentials are not consistently associated with the three identified dimensions of the doctor-patient relationship.", "contents": "Practice characteristics and quality of primary medical care: the doctor-patient relationship. Physician and practice characterisitics were reviewed in relation to the quality of the doctor-patient relationship in primary medical care. This relationship was defined in terms of communication between physicians and patients, patient satisfaction with care, and physician awareness of patient concerns. The study subjects were mothers of infants and pregnant women, identified from the offices of a random sample of primary care physicians is a single community. The patients of 49 physicians, 363 pregnant women and the mothers of 523 infants were the subjects of the study. When controlled for patient characteristics, communication was better for pediatricians with mothers of infants and for obstetricians with pregnant women as compared with other physicians. Mothers of infants were more highly satisfied with care provided by residency-trained physicians; pregnant women were more satisfied with non-Board certified physicians.  Physician awareness of patient concerns presented a mixed pattern of associations with several physicians and practice characteristics. These findings suggest that physician credentials are not consistently associated with the three identified dimensions of the doctor-patient relationship.", "PMID": 1181494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8049", "title": "An adaptive social systems model of a prepaid group practice plan.", "content": "In the present study, an adaptive social systems model is developed and utilized to examine the dynamic properties of a health services delivery system. The model employs a Markov chain as a structure for analyzing the utilization of physician services both inside and outside of a prepaid plan. Four system states are defined, namely, no use, inside use, outside use, and both inside and outside use of physician services. Subscribers are considered to be in one of these states on each episode of illness. Transition probabilities are estimated from data collected from a sample of subscribers to a university health plan using a regression approach that permits a heterogeneous population to be examined within a Markovian framework. This framework is used to examine factors that account for differences in utilization patterns among individual subscribers and to examine overtime changes in the transition probabilities resulting from population shifts on specific demographic and health-related attributes. Based on the assumption that individual subscribers rather than the population as a whole follow a Markov process, the k-step transition matrix is constructed for the heterogeneous subscriber population and is used to examine the long-run effects of particular utilization patterns on the functioning of the prepaid plan.", "contents": "An adaptive social systems model of a prepaid group practice plan. In the present study, an adaptive social systems model is developed and utilized to examine the dynamic properties of a health services delivery system. The model employs a Markov chain as a structure for analyzing the utilization of physician services both inside and outside of a prepaid plan. Four system states are defined, namely, no use, inside use, outside use, and both inside and outside use of physician services. Subscribers are considered to be in one of these states on each episode of illness. Transition probabilities are estimated from data collected from a sample of subscribers to a university health plan using a regression approach that permits a heterogeneous population to be examined within a Markovian framework. This framework is used to examine factors that account for differences in utilization patterns among individual subscribers and to examine overtime changes in the transition probabilities resulting from population shifts on specific demographic and health-related attributes. Based on the assumption that individual subscribers rather than the population as a whole follow a Markov process, the k-step transition matrix is constructed for the heterogeneous subscriber population and is used to examine the long-run effects of particular utilization patterns on the functioning of the prepaid plan.", "PMID": 1181495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8050", "title": "Making sense out of utilization data.", "content": "Health care utilization studies often reach conflicting conclusions about the appropriate measures of utilization and the relationships between such measures and the explanatory variables. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate why such ambiguities exist, provide empirical tests of different models, and suggest an appropriate analytical framework. A household survey of a rural California community was used to collect both family and individual data on utilization, \"need,\" accessibility, attitudes, and demographics. A number of possible utilization models are presented, each containing alternative sets of dependent and independent variables. Multiple regression analysis is applied to each model, providing considerable insight into the roles of specific independent variables in explaining alternative utilization measures. The omission of certain variables, such as health status (or \"need\"), can result in an incorrect interpretation of the results.", "contents": "Making sense out of utilization data. Health care utilization studies often reach conflicting conclusions about the appropriate measures of utilization and the relationships between such measures and the explanatory variables. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate why such ambiguities exist, provide empirical tests of different models, and suggest an appropriate analytical framework. A household survey of a rural California community was used to collect both family and individual data on utilization, \"need,\" accessibility, attitudes, and demographics. A number of possible utilization models are presented, each containing alternative sets of dependent and independent variables. Multiple regression analysis is applied to each model, providing considerable insight into the roles of specific independent variables in explaining alternative utilization measures. The omission of certain variables, such as health status (or \"need\"), can result in an incorrect interpretation of the results.", "PMID": 1181496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8051", "title": "Malpractice and employment of allied health personnel.", "content": "Increased costs of malpractice insurance and physician fear of involvement in malpractice suits have been suggested as inhibiting greater employment and utilization of allied health personnel in physicians' offices, since physicians are liable for acts of negligence by their employees. However, data obtained from a survey conducted by the American Medical Association in 1971 suggest that malpractice insurance expenses vary within only a relatively narrow range with the number of allied health personnel employed by physicians. Thus, malpractice insurance expense per se is probably not a significant factor in influencing physicians' decisions to hire aides. On the other hand, nonpecuniary aspects of the malpractice situation may still be an important deterrent to greater employment of allied health personnel.", "contents": "Malpractice and employment of allied health personnel. Increased costs of malpractice insurance and physician fear of involvement in malpractice suits have been suggested as inhibiting greater employment and utilization of allied health personnel in physicians' offices, since physicians are liable for acts of negligence by their employees. However, data obtained from a survey conducted by the American Medical Association in 1971 suggest that malpractice insurance expenses vary within only a relatively narrow range with the number of allied health personnel employed by physicians. Thus, malpractice insurance expense per se is probably not a significant factor in influencing physicians' decisions to hire aides. On the other hand, nonpecuniary aspects of the malpractice situation may still be an important deterrent to greater employment of allied health personnel.", "PMID": 1181497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8052", "title": "[Tuberculin allergy in BCG-vaccinated children (author's transl)].", "content": "Frequency, duration and intensity of tuberculin allergy was tested in 431 children, vaccinated as neonates, and compared with the data of 400 non-vaccinated children, and 30 children with tuberculosis. When tested with 100 TE, 59% of the vaccinees showed a positive reaction at the age of 5 years, still 36% reacted positively in the 7th year. 4,7% of the non-vaccinated children were tuberculin-positive in 7--9 years old. Near half of the children reacting positively to tuberculin without suffering from tuberculosis reacted to 100 TE, nearly all tuberculous children already reacted positively to a lower dose. The overall rate of protection against tuberculosis was more than 90% in the first 5 years of life. Miliar-Tb. or Tb-meningitis was not seen in vaccinees, but 4 times in non protected children. General BCG-vaccination in newborns is recommended.", "contents": "[Tuberculin allergy in BCG-vaccinated children (author's transl)]. Frequency, duration and intensity of tuberculin allergy was tested in 431 children, vaccinated as neonates, and compared with the data of 400 non-vaccinated children, and 30 children with tuberculosis. When tested with 100 TE, 59% of the vaccinees showed a positive reaction at the age of 5 years, still 36% reacted positively in the 7th year. 4,7% of the non-vaccinated children were tuberculin-positive in 7--9 years old. Near half of the children reacting positively to tuberculin without suffering from tuberculosis reacted to 100 TE, nearly all tuberculous children already reacted positively to a lower dose. The overall rate of protection against tuberculosis was more than 90% in the first 5 years of life. Miliar-Tb. or Tb-meningitis was not seen in vaccinees, but 4 times in non protected children. General BCG-vaccination in newborns is recommended.", "PMID": 1181514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8053", "title": "[Measurements of blood volume in children with orthostatic syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The blood volume in 12 children with primary orthostatic syndrome was determined. For six cases it was measured in vertical and horizontal position of the body. Plasma volume was measured by 125J human albumin, erythrocyte volume by 51Cr erythrocytes. In seven cases the values of total blood volume were below the normal values of 68--80 ml/kg body weight when determined in horizontal position. Diminished values were found especially in children suffering from severe orthostatic syndrome. The results indicate the diminution of total blood volume to be an important pathogenetic factor in orthostatic syndrome. In primary orthostatic syndrome it should be differentiated between a hypovolemic type, and a type of predominantly vascular dysregulation. It is suggested that the development of blood volume regulation is delayed. The reduced capacity of the vascular system associated with reduced physical activity could be an additional factor. The active total blood volume increased in all six cases with the change from an upright to a recumbent position. The mean of the difference (3.8 ml/kg body weight) was found to be lower than that in adults. This suggests that sequestration of blood volume is of no evident significance in childhood.", "contents": "[Measurements of blood volume in children with orthostatic syndrome (author's transl)]. The blood volume in 12 children with primary orthostatic syndrome was determined. For six cases it was measured in vertical and horizontal position of the body. Plasma volume was measured by 125J human albumin, erythrocyte volume by 51Cr erythrocytes. In seven cases the values of total blood volume were below the normal values of 68--80 ml/kg body weight when determined in horizontal position. Diminished values were found especially in children suffering from severe orthostatic syndrome. The results indicate the diminution of total blood volume to be an important pathogenetic factor in orthostatic syndrome. In primary orthostatic syndrome it should be differentiated between a hypovolemic type, and a type of predominantly vascular dysregulation. It is suggested that the development of blood volume regulation is delayed. The reduced capacity of the vascular system associated with reduced physical activity could be an additional factor. The active total blood volume increased in all six cases with the change from an upright to a recumbent position. The mean of the difference (3.8 ml/kg body weight) was found to be lower than that in adults. This suggests that sequestration of blood volume is of no evident significance in childhood.", "PMID": 1181515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8054", "title": "[A new in vivo method for the detection of carriers of haemophilia (author's transl)].", "content": "We examined 14 carriers of haemophilia A with the \"Haemorrhagometer\". The cold tolerance test (at 17 degrees C) revealed that 9 out of 10 proven and 3 out of 4 probable carriers had a pathologically prolonged bleeding time. Accordingly blood loss was pathologically elevated in 9 out of 10 proven and 2 out of 4 probable carriers. At room temperature the difference between normal control persons and carriers of haemophilia A was not as pronounced. 5 of 8 proven and 3 of 4 probable carriers showed pathologically elevated bleeding intensity, only 1 of 8 proven and none of 4 probable carriers showed abnormally prolonged bleeding time. Haemorrhagometry at 17 degrees C (cold tolerance test) may be helpful to ascertain whether or not a woman is a carrier of haemophilia A.", "contents": "[A new in vivo method for the detection of carriers of haemophilia (author's transl)]. We examined 14 carriers of haemophilia A with the \"Haemorrhagometer\". The cold tolerance test (at 17 degrees C) revealed that 9 out of 10 proven and 3 out of 4 probable carriers had a pathologically prolonged bleeding time. Accordingly blood loss was pathologically elevated in 9 out of 10 proven and 2 out of 4 probable carriers. At room temperature the difference between normal control persons and carriers of haemophilia A was not as pronounced. 5 of 8 proven and 3 of 4 probable carriers showed pathologically elevated bleeding intensity, only 1 of 8 proven and none of 4 probable carriers showed abnormally prolonged bleeding time. Haemorrhagometry at 17 degrees C (cold tolerance test) may be helpful to ascertain whether or not a woman is a carrier of haemophilia A.", "PMID": 1181516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8055", "title": "DDT residues in starlings, 1974.", "content": "In the preceding issue of this journal, the authors suggested that the mean level of DDT plus metabolites in starlings should drop below 0.1 ppm for the 1974 collection. They based their prediction on an analysis of the relationship between mean levels of DDT and its metabolites in starlings and estimates of domestic disappearance of DDT. The present brief summarizes initial findings from the 1974 starling collection. Authors indicate that their eariler estimates for disappearance of total DDT were optimistic: the geometric mean for 1974 was 0.282, a 36 percent reduction from the 1972 mean of 0.442.", "contents": "DDT residues in starlings, 1974. In the preceding issue of this journal, the authors suggested that the mean level of DDT plus metabolites in starlings should drop below 0.1 ppm for the 1974 collection. They based their prediction on an analysis of the relationship between mean levels of DDT and its metabolites in starlings and estimates of domestic disappearance of DDT. The present brief summarizes initial findings from the 1974 starling collection. Authors indicate that their eariler estimates for disappearance of total DDT were optimistic: the geometric mean for 1974 was 0.282, a 36 percent reduction from the 1972 mean of 0.442.", "PMID": 1181546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8056", "title": "Mercury concentrations in fish, North Atlantic offshore waters--1971.", "content": "Mercury concentrations were determined in muscle and liver of 41 species of fish and a limited number of plankton, sediment, and invertebrate samples collected from North Atlantic offshore waters in 1971. The average mercury concentration in fish muscle was 0.154 ppm with a standard deviation of 0.124. Invertebrate samples had mercury concentrations which were generally less than 0.1 ppm. In a single lobster sample, however, 0.31 ppm mercury was found in the tail muscle and there was 0.60 ppm in the liver. Mercury levels in all 9 plankton and 10 sediment samples taken were less than 0.05 ppm.", "contents": "Mercury concentrations in fish, North Atlantic offshore waters--1971. Mercury concentrations were determined in muscle and liver of 41 species of fish and a limited number of plankton, sediment, and invertebrate samples collected from North Atlantic offshore waters in 1971. The average mercury concentration in fish muscle was 0.154 ppm with a standard deviation of 0.124. Invertebrate samples had mercury concentrations which were generally less than 0.1 ppm. In a single lobster sample, however, 0.31 ppm mercury was found in the tail muscle and there was 0.60 ppm in the liver. Mercury levels in all 9 plankton and 10 sediment samples taken were less than 0.05 ppm.", "PMID": 1181547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8057", "title": "Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in an agricultural environment, Holland Marsh, Ontario--1970-72.", "content": "Analaysis of organochlorine pesticides in soil, fish, and human blood samples from Holland Marsh, Ontario, indicates that although total DDT is present in detectable amounts, it does not constitute a hazard to human health and longevity. Among soils tested, residues were highest in surface samples. DDT levels in human blood samples were similar to those in U.S. and British studies.", "contents": "Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in an agricultural environment, Holland Marsh, Ontario--1970-72. Analaysis of organochlorine pesticides in soil, fish, and human blood samples from Holland Marsh, Ontario, indicates that although total DDT is present in detectable amounts, it does not constitute a hazard to human health and longevity. Among soils tested, residues were highest in surface samples. DDT levels in human blood samples were similar to those in U.S. and British studies.", "PMID": 1181548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8058", "title": "Organochlorine pesticide residues in a farming area, Nova Scotia--1972-73.", "content": "Soil, silt, and water samples from the Habitant Creek water-shed, Nova Scotia, a tobacco-growing area, have been monitored for organochlorine insecticides. Most samples contain measurable quantities of many persistent pesticides used in farming during the past decade. Sediment levels indicate that residues settle in sluggish parts of the stream. Drainage ditches show highest residual content caused in part by mass transport of soil in runoff. Residue content of water samples is normally one-tenth to one-hundredth that of silt, but is much higher during periods of heavy runoff. Levels vary with the seasons and are highest in the fall, decrease through the spring and summer, and are lowest in the winter. Although samples of well water taken fairly close to the stream showed virtually no residual content, a natural drainage reservior had a pesticide content similar to that in the stream.", "contents": "Organochlorine pesticide residues in a farming area, Nova Scotia--1972-73. Soil, silt, and water samples from the Habitant Creek water-shed, Nova Scotia, a tobacco-growing area, have been monitored for organochlorine insecticides. Most samples contain measurable quantities of many persistent pesticides used in farming during the past decade. Sediment levels indicate that residues settle in sluggish parts of the stream. Drainage ditches show highest residual content caused in part by mass transport of soil in runoff. Residue content of water samples is normally one-tenth to one-hundredth that of silt, but is much higher during periods of heavy runoff. Levels vary with the seasons and are highest in the fall, decrease through the spring and summer, and are lowest in the winter. Although samples of well water taken fairly close to the stream showed virtually no residual content, a natural drainage reservior had a pesticide content similar to that in the stream.", "PMID": 1181549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8059", "title": "Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and mercury in coastal biota, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands--1972-74.", "content": "Baseline levels of mercury and chlorinated hydrocarbons were determined for Caribbean coastal biota as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estuarine monitoring program. Forty-one percent of the 150 environmental samples taken had significant levels of these compounds. Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons suggest spatial and temporal variations within the plant or animal. In some cases residues in biota could be related to the land-use practices in the sampled watershed.", "contents": "Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and mercury in coastal biota, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands--1972-74. Baseline levels of mercury and chlorinated hydrocarbons were determined for Caribbean coastal biota as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estuarine monitoring program. Forty-one percent of the 150 environmental samples taken had significant levels of these compounds. Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons suggest spatial and temporal variations within the plant or animal. In some cases residues in biota could be related to the land-use practices in the sampled watershed.", "PMID": 1181550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8060", "title": "Total mercury in water, sediment, and selected aquatic organisms, Carson River, Nevada--1972.", "content": "A 1971-72 study of the Nevada Carson River drainage system by the Geological Survey, U.S. Department of Interior, revealed substantial amounts of mercury from pre-1900 gold and silver milling operations of the Comstock Lode. A monitoring survey was initiated to determine the extent of mercury uptake from corresponding surface water and sediments for seven aquatic species collected from five sampling stations along the watercourse. Total mercury content in fish ranged from 0.02 to 2.72 ppm; highest concentrations occurred in piscivorous white bass (0.50-2.72 ppm) sampled from Lahontan Reservoir. Residue levels appeared to be related to fish size, as demonstrated by highly significant correlations between wet weight and mercury content of five of the six species. Concentrations also appeared to be directly influenced by the species' position on the aquatic food chain. These results indicate that mercury levels in some fish from the Carson River drainage system may exceed the 0.50 ppm maximum concentration considered by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, to be safe for human consumption.", "contents": "Total mercury in water, sediment, and selected aquatic organisms, Carson River, Nevada--1972. A 1971-72 study of the Nevada Carson River drainage system by the Geological Survey, U.S. Department of Interior, revealed substantial amounts of mercury from pre-1900 gold and silver milling operations of the Comstock Lode. A monitoring survey was initiated to determine the extent of mercury uptake from corresponding surface water and sediments for seven aquatic species collected from five sampling stations along the watercourse. Total mercury content in fish ranged from 0.02 to 2.72 ppm; highest concentrations occurred in piscivorous white bass (0.50-2.72 ppm) sampled from Lahontan Reservoir. Residue levels appeared to be related to fish size, as demonstrated by highly significant correlations between wet weight and mercury content of five of the six species. Concentrations also appeared to be directly influenced by the species' position on the aquatic food chain. These results indicate that mercury levels in some fish from the Carson River drainage system may exceed the 0.50 ppm maximum concentration considered by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, to be safe for human consumption.", "PMID": 1181551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8061", "title": "[Intoxication in cattle caused by a batch of sugar beet pulp (author's transl)].", "content": "During the period from Dec. 7th 1972 to Jan. 8th 1973 76 cattle deaths were reported in 20 herds on the island of M\u00f8on and the adjacent south-eastern area of Sealand. The disease was characterized by a sudden onset and a rapid and invariably fatal course. Initially, there was a loss of appetite, depression, excessive salivation and incoordination. These symptoms progressed to paralysis and, in some animals, trmor and convulsions. Death usually ensued less than 2 hours after the first observation of symptoms. Losses in the herds varied from 1 to 12 animals. In herds with multiple incidents the majority of deaths occurred in the 24-hour-period following observation of the first case. Pathology: Gross lesions were few and inconclusive. Histology revealed marked dilatation of cerebral and maningeal blood vessels (arterioles, venoles and capillaries), with perivascular edema and haemorrhage. Adjacent neurons and glia cells showed various degrees of degeneration, apparently secondary to the vascular lesion. In all affected herds sugar beet pulp from one particular sugar mill had been used during the period preceding the outbreak. The syndrome was reproduced by feeding sugar beet pulp from this batch to two heifers. The heifers showed symptoms after 19 and 32 days' feeding, resp. and died after a few hours. Clinical and pathological features were identical with those observed in the spontaneous disease. Thus, it was proved that the particular batch of pulp was responsible for the disease. The investigation did not, however, reveal a toxic factor in this batch. Analyses for lead, arsenic, mercury, nitrite, alkyl phosphates, chlorinated insecticides and Cl. botulinum toxin were negative. Batches of the sugar beet pulp showed pronounced microbial deterioration, the flora being dominated by yeasts and filamentous fungi (moulds). Several species of fungi have been isolated but so fat their possible role in the etiology of the syndrome remains unsettled. The syndrome bears some resemblance to cerebrocortical necrosis (C.C.N.) but differs in several clinical and pathological details. It is tentatively suggested that the beet pulp may have contained one or more toxic substances that interfere with microbial activity in the rumen, resulting in a disturbance of synthesis or absorption of essential metabolites. The clinical, epidemiological and pathological findings are compatible with the hypothesis that the syndrome might be due to fungal toxins. Accordingly, the isolated fungi are now being studied in more detail.", "contents": "[Intoxication in cattle caused by a batch of sugar beet pulp (author's transl)]. During the period from Dec. 7th 1972 to Jan. 8th 1973 76 cattle deaths were reported in 20 herds on the island of M\u00f8on and the adjacent south-eastern area of Sealand. The disease was characterized by a sudden onset and a rapid and invariably fatal course. Initially, there was a loss of appetite, depression, excessive salivation and incoordination. These symptoms progressed to paralysis and, in some animals, trmor and convulsions. Death usually ensued less than 2 hours after the first observation of symptoms. Losses in the herds varied from 1 to 12 animals. In herds with multiple incidents the majority of deaths occurred in the 24-hour-period following observation of the first case. Pathology: Gross lesions were few and inconclusive. Histology revealed marked dilatation of cerebral and maningeal blood vessels (arterioles, venoles and capillaries), with perivascular edema and haemorrhage. Adjacent neurons and glia cells showed various degrees of degeneration, apparently secondary to the vascular lesion. In all affected herds sugar beet pulp from one particular sugar mill had been used during the period preceding the outbreak. The syndrome was reproduced by feeding sugar beet pulp from this batch to two heifers. The heifers showed symptoms after 19 and 32 days' feeding, resp. and died after a few hours. Clinical and pathological features were identical with those observed in the spontaneous disease. Thus, it was proved that the particular batch of pulp was responsible for the disease. The investigation did not, however, reveal a toxic factor in this batch. Analyses for lead, arsenic, mercury, nitrite, alkyl phosphates, chlorinated insecticides and Cl. botulinum toxin were negative. Batches of the sugar beet pulp showed pronounced microbial deterioration, the flora being dominated by yeasts and filamentous fungi (moulds). Several species of fungi have been isolated but so fat their possible role in the etiology of the syndrome remains unsettled. The syndrome bears some resemblance to cerebrocortical necrosis (C.C.N.) but differs in several clinical and pathological details. It is tentatively suggested that the beet pulp may have contained one or more toxic substances that interfere with microbial activity in the rumen, resulting in a disturbance of synthesis or absorption of essential metabolites. The clinical, epidemiological and pathological findings are compatible with the hypothesis that the syndrome might be due to fungal toxins. Accordingly, the isolated fungi are now being studied in more detail.", "PMID": 1181552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8062", "title": "[Pathomorphological and histochemical changes in the liver of rabbits following fractional irradiation with Co-60].", "content": "Two groups of experimental animals, each consisting of 12 rabbits, were subjected to local fractional irradiation with cobalt 60. Group I received the total dose of 2580 R during 13 days, group II - 5100 R during 24 days. The effects of irradiation were estimated on the strength of histological examination of the liver immediately and after 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after the last exposition. The histological sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and colour reactions were performed for argentaffine and collagen fibres and for glycogen, neutral fats, alkaline and acid phosphatase, ATP-ase, glycose-6-phosphatase, non-specific esterase and succinic acid dehydrogenase. It was found that the dose of 2580 R is safe for the liver. The effects of irradiation were slight and limited to weak catabolic disturbances in the form of mild steatosis of the liver and of a transient and short-lived fall of glycogen and rise of hydrolytic enzymes. More pronounced and intense changes were observed in the other group of animals. During the early period, the changes were of a retrograde character and were typical of the acute post-irradiation effect. There was necrosis of the walls of the blood vessels, of the epithelium of the bile ducts and of the liver cells, accompanied by a rise in the hydrolytic enzymes and by a considerable fall of the level of glycogen and succinic acid dehydrogenase. During the late period (30-90 days), changes typical of the so-called post-irradiation hepatitis were found histologically.", "contents": "[Pathomorphological and histochemical changes in the liver of rabbits following fractional irradiation with Co-60]. Two groups of experimental animals, each consisting of 12 rabbits, were subjected to local fractional irradiation with cobalt 60. Group I received the total dose of 2580 R during 13 days, group II - 5100 R during 24 days. The effects of irradiation were estimated on the strength of histological examination of the liver immediately and after 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after the last exposition. The histological sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and colour reactions were performed for argentaffine and collagen fibres and for glycogen, neutral fats, alkaline and acid phosphatase, ATP-ase, glycose-6-phosphatase, non-specific esterase and succinic acid dehydrogenase. It was found that the dose of 2580 R is safe for the liver. The effects of irradiation were slight and limited to weak catabolic disturbances in the form of mild steatosis of the liver and of a transient and short-lived fall of glycogen and rise of hydrolytic enzymes. More pronounced and intense changes were observed in the other group of animals. During the early period, the changes were of a retrograde character and were typical of the acute post-irradiation effect. There was necrosis of the walls of the blood vessels, of the epithelium of the bile ducts and of the liver cells, accompanied by a rise in the hydrolytic enzymes and by a considerable fall of the level of glycogen and succinic acid dehydrogenase. During the late period (30-90 days), changes typical of the so-called post-irradiation hepatitis were found histologically.", "PMID": 1181553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8063", "title": "[Estimation of pathomorphological and histochemical changes in the liver of pigs in the course of edema disease of swine].", "content": "Post-mortem examinations concerned 16 pigs which had died of the oedema disease. A group of 8 healthy pigs were slaughtered at the Lublin abattoir and used as controls. All animals were subjected to detailed autopsy, and sections of the liver were taken for histological examination. The fixed material was cut into sections by the paraffin and refrigeration methods. To the routine staining with haematoxylin and eosin, colour reactions were added to reveal glycogen, simple fats and acid and alkaline phosphatase. The macro- and microscopic examinations demonstrated chronic, focal inflammation of the liver capsule connected with liver cirrhosis. Hyperaemia of the liver was noticed in all cases. A decrease of glycogen, associated with progressive fatty infiltration of the liver cells, was observed in the diseased pigs in contrast to the control group. An increase of the activity of hydrolytic enzymes and a positive reaction to cholesterol compounds are symptoms of progressive catabolic changes in the liver cells.", "contents": "[Estimation of pathomorphological and histochemical changes in the liver of pigs in the course of edema disease of swine]. Post-mortem examinations concerned 16 pigs which had died of the oedema disease. A group of 8 healthy pigs were slaughtered at the Lublin abattoir and used as controls. All animals were subjected to detailed autopsy, and sections of the liver were taken for histological examination. The fixed material was cut into sections by the paraffin and refrigeration methods. To the routine staining with haematoxylin and eosin, colour reactions were added to reveal glycogen, simple fats and acid and alkaline phosphatase. The macro- and microscopic examinations demonstrated chronic, focal inflammation of the liver capsule connected with liver cirrhosis. Hyperaemia of the liver was noticed in all cases. A decrease of glycogen, associated with progressive fatty infiltration of the liver cells, was observed in the diseased pigs in contrast to the control group. An increase of the activity of hydrolytic enzymes and a positive reaction to cholesterol compounds are symptoms of progressive catabolic changes in the liver cells.", "PMID": 1181554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8064", "title": "[Biochemical and morphological changes in blood during growth of heifer during the 1st pregnancy and lactation in cows].", "content": "The investigations were conducted on 18 heifers from the birth to conception, and on 16 cows from the conception to the end of the first lactation. The levels of some blood indices (total protein, protein fractions, urea, erythrocytes, leucocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrit) were examined every month. There was obtained a high agreement between the data collected by the present writer and those published by other authors. Significant changes in the level of total protein and of protein fractions in blood serum were observed mainly at the beginning of the growth period, at the end of pregnancy and in the first months of lactation. The morphological appearance of peripheral blood showed high variability during the growth period in heifers, but more stability during pregnancy and lactation in cows. The variability of the urea levels in blood serum depended more upon feed rations than on the stage of growth, on pregnancy or lactation.", "contents": "[Biochemical and morphological changes in blood during growth of heifer during the 1st pregnancy and lactation in cows]. The investigations were conducted on 18 heifers from the birth to conception, and on 16 cows from the conception to the end of the first lactation. The levels of some blood indices (total protein, protein fractions, urea, erythrocytes, leucocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrit) were examined every month. There was obtained a high agreement between the data collected by the present writer and those published by other authors. Significant changes in the level of total protein and of protein fractions in blood serum were observed mainly at the beginning of the growth period, at the end of pregnancy and in the first months of lactation. The morphological appearance of peripheral blood showed high variability during the growth period in heifers, but more stability during pregnancy and lactation in cows. The variability of the urea levels in blood serum depended more upon feed rations than on the stage of growth, on pregnancy or lactation.", "PMID": 1181555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8065", "title": "[Case of male pseudohermaphroditism in cattle. (Bos taurus L.) with a 60 XY karyotype].", "content": "The clinical, anatomical, histological and cytogenetical evaluation has been made of a case of pseudohermaphroditism in domestic cattle. A 1,5 year old bull of unknown origin with general male features and male sexual orientation has been studied. It showed an underdeveloped udder and external female reproductive organs. The internal male genital organs showed underdeveloped testes and epididymis, vasa deferentia, vesicular glands, small penis and the clitoris-like glans penis. There were also remnants of female genital organs: uterus with uteri horns situated along the vasa deferentia and the vagina. The testes lacked germinal cells. The 60,XY karyotype has been stated on the basis of the blood lymphocyte culture. No Barr bodies have been found in the tissues. The possibility of development of this anomaly as freemartinism syndrome has been discussed. The obtained cytogenetical results enabled us to put forward the hypothesis that the bull did not derive from a heterosexual twin pregnancy. The possibility of absence of the hypothetic \"X\" factor (according to Jost), as a cause of this male external and internal pseudohermaphroditism has also been reviewed.", "contents": "[Case of male pseudohermaphroditism in cattle. (Bos taurus L.) with a 60 XY karyotype]. The clinical, anatomical, histological and cytogenetical evaluation has been made of a case of pseudohermaphroditism in domestic cattle. A 1,5 year old bull of unknown origin with general male features and male sexual orientation has been studied. It showed an underdeveloped udder and external female reproductive organs. The internal male genital organs showed underdeveloped testes and epididymis, vasa deferentia, vesicular glands, small penis and the clitoris-like glans penis. There were also remnants of female genital organs: uterus with uteri horns situated along the vasa deferentia and the vagina. The testes lacked germinal cells. The 60,XY karyotype has been stated on the basis of the blood lymphocyte culture. No Barr bodies have been found in the tissues. The possibility of development of this anomaly as freemartinism syndrome has been discussed. The obtained cytogenetical results enabled us to put forward the hypothesis that the bull did not derive from a heterosexual twin pregnancy. The possibility of absence of the hypothetic \"X\" factor (according to Jost), as a cause of this male external and internal pseudohermaphroditism has also been reviewed.", "PMID": 1181556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8066", "title": "[Antibody formation and resistance in dogs vaccinated intravenously and subcutaneously against distemper and Rubarth's disease].", "content": "The results of the vaccination of dogs with Canivac F (distemper vaccine) and Canivac FH (distemper) hepatitis vaccine, are presented. The Canivac F vaccine was injected intravenously (i.v.) to 8 dogs, intramuscularly (i.m.) to 1 dog and subcutaneously (s.c.) to 1 dog. The Canivac FH was administered i.v. to 19 dogs, i.m. to 1 dog and s.c. to 18 dogs. All the dogs displayed no-postvaccination signs. Distemper antibodies were observed in blood sera of all dogs vaccinated with Canivac F after 9-10 and 20-21 days. In sera of dogs vaccinated with Canivac FH, distemper, antibodies were present in 14 of 18 serum samples after 9-10 days and in 26 of 27 samples after 20-21 days. The antibody titre did not depend on the vaccination route. The peak of antibody titre was observed after 37 to 51 days after vaccination. The hepatitis antibodies in dogs vaccinated with Canivac FH were found in 15 of 17 animals after 9-10 days, and in all 27 dogs examined after 20-21 days. On the basis of an intracerebral challenge with virulent distemper virus and by intraperitoneal challenge with virulent dog's hepatitis virus (Rubarth's disease), it was demonstrated that all the vaccinated dogs acquired the full immunity. In addition, it was found  that vaccinated dogs kept in the environment contaminated naturally with Rubarth's disease virus were also resistant to the disease. All the non-vaccinated dogs were still susceptible to distemper or hepatitis infections. On the strength of the analysis of the obtained results and our previous studies, it can be assumed that Canivac F and FH vaccines produced in Poland are harmless and show a high immunogenic activity.", "contents": "[Antibody formation and resistance in dogs vaccinated intravenously and subcutaneously against distemper and Rubarth's disease]. The results of the vaccination of dogs with Canivac F (distemper vaccine) and Canivac FH (distemper) hepatitis vaccine, are presented. The Canivac F vaccine was injected intravenously (i.v.) to 8 dogs, intramuscularly (i.m.) to 1 dog and subcutaneously (s.c.) to 1 dog. The Canivac FH was administered i.v. to 19 dogs, i.m. to 1 dog and s.c. to 18 dogs. All the dogs displayed no-postvaccination signs. Distemper antibodies were observed in blood sera of all dogs vaccinated with Canivac F after 9-10 and 20-21 days. In sera of dogs vaccinated with Canivac FH, distemper, antibodies were present in 14 of 18 serum samples after 9-10 days and in 26 of 27 samples after 20-21 days. The antibody titre did not depend on the vaccination route. The peak of antibody titre was observed after 37 to 51 days after vaccination. The hepatitis antibodies in dogs vaccinated with Canivac FH were found in 15 of 17 animals after 9-10 days, and in all 27 dogs examined after 20-21 days. On the basis of an intracerebral challenge with virulent distemper virus and by intraperitoneal challenge with virulent dog's hepatitis virus (Rubarth's disease), it was demonstrated that all the vaccinated dogs acquired the full immunity. In addition, it was found  that vaccinated dogs kept in the environment contaminated naturally with Rubarth's disease virus were also resistant to the disease. All the non-vaccinated dogs were still susceptible to distemper or hepatitis infections. On the strength of the analysis of the obtained results and our previous studies, it can be assumed that Canivac F and FH vaccines produced in Poland are harmless and show a high immunogenic activity.", "PMID": 1181557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8067", "title": "[Effect of temperature and storage time of industrial feed mixtures on the occurrence of presence of Staphylococcus aureus].", "content": "The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of temperature and storage time of industrial feed mixtures (IFM) on the occurrence of staphylococci. It has been found that freezing of experimentally infected IFM decreased initially the number of staphylococci. Further storage of IFM below 0 degrees C, even for 8 months, did not destroy completely these microorganisms. At 4 degrees C, the number of staphylococci decreased slowly. In IFM stored at 37 degrees C, or at room temperature, the number of staphylococci decreased rapidly. The storage of IFM at these temperatures may be a good method of removing infections of IFM caused by staphylococci.", "contents": "[Effect of temperature and storage time of industrial feed mixtures on the occurrence of presence of Staphylococcus aureus]. The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of temperature and storage time of industrial feed mixtures (IFM) on the occurrence of staphylococci. It has been found that freezing of experimentally infected IFM decreased initially the number of staphylococci. Further storage of IFM below 0 degrees C, even for 8 months, did not destroy completely these microorganisms. At 4 degrees C, the number of staphylococci decreased slowly. In IFM stored at 37 degrees C, or at room temperature, the number of staphylococci decreased rapidly. The storage of IFM at these temperatures may be a good method of removing infections of IFM caused by staphylococci.", "PMID": 1181558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8068", "title": "[Best methods for the detection of staphylococci in feed mixture. III. Effect of sample preincubation on the most probable number (MPN) of staphylococci in 1 gram of feed].", "content": "The aim of this work was to determine whether 2-hour preincubation of a feed sample in physiological saline at 37 degrees, being in force in this country according to Polish norm 58/R-64785, exerts a favourable effect on the MPN of staphylococci detected in 1 g feed. On the base of the results obtained it is suggested that, contrary to this norm, it is more favourably not to use the preincubation for the detection of staphylococci in feed mixtures because the MPN of staphylococci found by statistical analysis in 1 g of the preincubated mixture is significantly lower than that obtained without preincubation.", "contents": "[Best methods for the detection of staphylococci in feed mixture. III. Effect of sample preincubation on the most probable number (MPN) of staphylococci in 1 gram of feed]. The aim of this work was to determine whether 2-hour preincubation of a feed sample in physiological saline at 37 degrees, being in force in this country according to Polish norm 58/R-64785, exerts a favourable effect on the MPN of staphylococci detected in 1 g feed. On the base of the results obtained it is suggested that, contrary to this norm, it is more favourably not to use the preincubation for the detection of staphylococci in feed mixtures because the MPN of staphylococci found by statistical analysis in 1 g of the preincubated mixture is significantly lower than that obtained without preincubation.", "PMID": 1181559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8069", "title": "[Presence of coryneform organisms (C) in cow udders. III. Fermentation and hemagglutination properties as well as pathogenicity of C. uberis].", "content": "Altogether 111 strains of C. uberis isolated from cow udders of a dairy herd were studied. Only 27 strains gave positive fermentation without gas formation from glucose, 6 strains from maltose, lactose and galactose, 9 strains from maltose, 4 strains from sucrose, and 5 strains from sucrose and lactose. No fermentation was found in 48 strains; 12 strains decomposed various carbohydrates except glucose. Statistically significant differences in the slide haemagglutination test (OH), type A, were obtained only with human blood cells, group O, in connection with acid-producing strains (X20=12.64 greater than 9.21), as well as with those biochemically inactive (X20=9.12 greater than 7.82). The results of OH obtained with sheep, rabbit, horse, cow and calf blood cells were not characteristic, remaining on the levels of X2alpha=0.01 and X2alpha=0.02. Inoculation of C. uberis 22 (2-10(9) organisms in 10 ml inoculum) into 4 udder quarters free from bacteria, and into 8 quarters naturally infected with non-pathogenic coryneform organisms provoked a short-lived positive CMT reaction without clinical symptoms, and elimination of the bacteria. It seems to result from the author's current investigations that C. uberis is able to protect the cow udder against mastitis caused by bacteria.", "contents": "[Presence of coryneform organisms (C) in cow udders. III. Fermentation and hemagglutination properties as well as pathogenicity of C. uberis]. Altogether 111 strains of C. uberis isolated from cow udders of a dairy herd were studied. Only 27 strains gave positive fermentation without gas formation from glucose, 6 strains from maltose, lactose and galactose, 9 strains from maltose, 4 strains from sucrose, and 5 strains from sucrose and lactose. No fermentation was found in 48 strains; 12 strains decomposed various carbohydrates except glucose. Statistically significant differences in the slide haemagglutination test (OH), type A, were obtained only with human blood cells, group O, in connection with acid-producing strains (X20=12.64 greater than 9.21), as well as with those biochemically inactive (X20=9.12 greater than 7.82). The results of OH obtained with sheep, rabbit, horse, cow and calf blood cells were not characteristic, remaining on the levels of X2alpha=0.01 and X2alpha=0.02. Inoculation of C. uberis 22 (2-10(9) organisms in 10 ml inoculum) into 4 udder quarters free from bacteria, and into 8 quarters naturally infected with non-pathogenic coryneform organisms provoked a short-lived positive CMT reaction without clinical symptoms, and elimination of the bacteria. It seems to result from the author's current investigations that C. uberis is able to protect the cow udder against mastitis caused by bacteria.", "PMID": 1181560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8070", "title": "[Epizootiologic studies of trichophytosis in cattle].", "content": "Investigations were carried out during the years 1964 to 1973. The investigated material included 34 134 heads of cattle in 227 industrial farms, and 80 per cent of them were young animals, from 5 days to 22 months old. The aim of the study was to observe the intensity of skin mycosis in cattle in the Pozna\u0144 Province, to determine the pathogenic factor causing the disease in individual years, and to search for a possible relation between the occurrence of this disease and the presence of ectoparasites. The clinical observations on cattle were continued for 9 years, 1932 samples of scrapings were taken from skin with mycotic changes and investigated from the points of view of mycology and parasitology. Basing on the observations and analyses performed, it was found that trichophytosis occurred during the whole year, but was more intensive in autumn and winter and in the wet period of summer. Young animals were more frequently affected with this disease. In individual groups of animals, in 10.9 to 21.1% of cases, trichophytosis occurred together with invasion of ectoparasites (lice, mallophagans, itch mites).", "contents": "[Epizootiologic studies of trichophytosis in cattle]. Investigations were carried out during the years 1964 to 1973. The investigated material included 34 134 heads of cattle in 227 industrial farms, and 80 per cent of them were young animals, from 5 days to 22 months old. The aim of the study was to observe the intensity of skin mycosis in cattle in the Pozna\u0144 Province, to determine the pathogenic factor causing the disease in individual years, and to search for a possible relation between the occurrence of this disease and the presence of ectoparasites. The clinical observations on cattle were continued for 9 years, 1932 samples of scrapings were taken from skin with mycotic changes and investigated from the points of view of mycology and parasitology. Basing on the observations and analyses performed, it was found that trichophytosis occurred during the whole year, but was more intensive in autumn and winter and in the wet period of summer. Young animals were more frequently affected with this disease. In individual groups of animals, in 10.9 to 21.1% of cases, trichophytosis occurred together with invasion of ectoparasites (lice, mallophagans, itch mites).", "PMID": 1181561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8071", "title": "[Effect of temperature on the activity of the thyroid gland in 8-week-old chickens].", "content": "The authors carried out investigations on the influence of temperature (11 degrees C and 28 degrees C) on the thyroid function of 8-week-old Cornish chickens. Experiments on two groups of chickens (7 males and 7 females in each) lasted for two weeks. The chickens were kept in individual cages and fed fodder and drinking water ad libitum. The rooms were ventilated and the light was on for 24 hours. After 14 days of experiment the autors measured the weight of the thyroid per 100 g of body weight, 21 hr thyroid 125J uptake, and conversion ratio of inorganic iodine into bound organic iodine (CR). It was found that the body weight of chickens kept in high temperature was 16% higher than of those maintained in lower temperature. In both groups the males grew more quickly than the females. Low temperature increased the thyroid weight by 7% and CR by 48.5%. The differences in iodine conversion were statistically significant (p less than 0.01). In both groups higher thyroid activity in the females than in the males was observed.", "contents": "[Effect of temperature on the activity of the thyroid gland in 8-week-old chickens]. The authors carried out investigations on the influence of temperature (11 degrees C and 28 degrees C) on the thyroid function of 8-week-old Cornish chickens. Experiments on two groups of chickens (7 males and 7 females in each) lasted for two weeks. The chickens were kept in individual cages and fed fodder and drinking water ad libitum. The rooms were ventilated and the light was on for 24 hours. After 14 days of experiment the autors measured the weight of the thyroid per 100 g of body weight, 21 hr thyroid 125J uptake, and conversion ratio of inorganic iodine into bound organic iodine (CR). It was found that the body weight of chickens kept in high temperature was 16% higher than of those maintained in lower temperature. In both groups the males grew more quickly than the females. Low temperature increased the thyroid weight by 7% and CR by 48.5%. The differences in iodine conversion were statistically significant (p less than 0.01). In both groups higher thyroid activity in the females than in the males was observed.", "PMID": 1181562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8072", "title": "Determining the cause of hematuria.", "content": "Hematuria must always be regarded as a serious symptom. A careful history and physical examination are important in determining the source and cause of the bleeding. Procedures useful in evaluating hematuria include roentgenography, cystoscopy, angiography, ultrasound, and urinary cytology. Of these, cystoscopy is the most important, particularly during periods of active bleeding. Renal biopsy is not routinely advised but is useful in certain cases. A diagnosis of idiopathic hematuria, or hematuria of unknown origin, is warranted only after careful, complete, and repeated examinations.", "contents": "Determining the cause of hematuria. Hematuria must always be regarded as a serious symptom. A careful history and physical examination are important in determining the source and cause of the bleeding. Procedures useful in evaluating hematuria include roentgenography, cystoscopy, angiography, ultrasound, and urinary cytology. Of these, cystoscopy is the most important, particularly during periods of active bleeding. Renal biopsy is not routinely advised but is useful in certain cases. A diagnosis of idiopathic hematuria, or hematuria of unknown origin, is warranted only after careful, complete, and repeated examinations.", "PMID": 1181575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8073", "title": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: an increasing clinical problem.", "content": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is being recognized with increasing frequency in the United States. The characteristics of the disease are recurrent pyrexia, cough, wheezing, sputum plugs containing aspergilli, fleeting pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilia, dual skin reactions (immediate and late), and antibodies to the fungus in the blood. The pathogenetic mechanism is believed to involve type I and type III hypersensitivity reactions. Adrenal corticosteroids are effective in treating this condition.", "contents": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: an increasing clinical problem. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is being recognized with increasing frequency in the United States. The characteristics of the disease are recurrent pyrexia, cough, wheezing, sputum plugs containing aspergilli, fleeting pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilia, dual skin reactions (immediate and late), and antibodies to the fungus in the blood. The pathogenetic mechanism is believed to involve type I and type III hypersensitivity reactions. Adrenal corticosteroids are effective in treating this condition.", "PMID": 1181576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8074", "title": "The perplexing problem of prostatitis.", "content": "Prostatitis presents the physician with a perplexing problem. It is seen often but is not easily treated. The acute form is serious but responds to antibiotic therapy. Chronic prostatitis does not respond well to any form of therapy, and opinion is divided regarding its cause. Bacterial localization tests have helped significantly in the diagnosis of chronic prostatitis. When Gram-negative organisms are found only in the prostatic fluid or in the last voided urine, bacterial prostatitis can be diagnosed. Most antibiotics, however, do not cross prostatic epithelium to combine with prostatic fluid; those that do are not effective against Gram-negative organisms. New agents hold promise but lack the test of time. While some cases of chronic disease definitely are caused by bacterial infection, most probably are not. The diagnosis in these instances is abacterial prostatitis. Treatment is symptomatic and varied. A phenomenon that adds to the mystery of etiology is the fact that antibiotics, particularly tetracycline, may help. Psychotherapy often is needed but seldom is accepted. The physician must rule out underlying causes, such as a physical abnormality of the urinary system, for any form of prostatitis before considering it an isolated disorder.", "contents": "The perplexing problem of prostatitis. Prostatitis presents the physician with a perplexing problem. It is seen often but is not easily treated. The acute form is serious but responds to antibiotic therapy. Chronic prostatitis does not respond well to any form of therapy, and opinion is divided regarding its cause. Bacterial localization tests have helped significantly in the diagnosis of chronic prostatitis. When Gram-negative organisms are found only in the prostatic fluid or in the last voided urine, bacterial prostatitis can be diagnosed. Most antibiotics, however, do not cross prostatic epithelium to combine with prostatic fluid; those that do are not effective against Gram-negative organisms. New agents hold promise but lack the test of time. While some cases of chronic disease definitely are caused by bacterial infection, most probably are not. The diagnosis in these instances is abacterial prostatitis. Treatment is symptomatic and varied. A phenomenon that adds to the mystery of etiology is the fact that antibiotics, particularly tetracycline, may help. Psychotherapy often is needed but seldom is accepted. The physician must rule out underlying causes, such as a physical abnormality of the urinary system, for any form of prostatitis before considering it an isolated disorder.", "PMID": 1181582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8075", "title": "[Pulmonary aspergillosis. Apropos of 5 anatomo-clinical cases].", "content": "The authors report five cases of invading and diffuse pulmonary aspergillosis. Clinically they are characterized by a development in a still clear pulmonary field in patients with a lessened organic resistance and under corticosteroid treatment. Necrotic phenomenons occurred very quickly and prognosis was poor. Anatomically, foci were spreading, rapidly necrosing and contained Aspergillus. Diagnosis was based, besides etiological circumstances, on the presence of Aspergillus in sputum and of anti-aspergillus precipitins in serum.", "contents": "[Pulmonary aspergillosis. Apropos of 5 anatomo-clinical cases]. The authors report five cases of invading and diffuse pulmonary aspergillosis. Clinically they are characterized by a development in a still clear pulmonary field in patients with a lessened organic resistance and under corticosteroid treatment. Necrotic phenomenons occurred very quickly and prognosis was poor. Anatomically, foci were spreading, rapidly necrosing and contained Aspergillus. Diagnosis was based, besides etiological circumstances, on the presence of Aspergillus in sputum and of anti-aspergillus precipitins in serum.", "PMID": 1181583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8076", "title": "[Response to exertion of patients with obstructive bronchopneumopathies in the stage of chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia (functional study)].", "content": "Twenty patients suffering from chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease were tested during exercise. If exhaustive load is always reduced; it is difficult to predict from the functional results obtained at rest. The commun characteristic found in those patients is the insufficient adaptation during exercise of the VA/V ratio, with deterioration of Pao2 and Paco2. Acidosis is constant and mixed both metabolic and respiratory. The results are discussed after review of the literature.", "contents": "[Response to exertion of patients with obstructive bronchopneumopathies in the stage of chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia (functional study)]. Twenty patients suffering from chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease were tested during exercise. If exhaustive load is always reduced; it is difficult to predict from the functional results obtained at rest. The commun characteristic found in those patients is the insufficient adaptation during exercise of the VA/V ratio, with deterioration of Pao2 and Paco2. Acidosis is constant and mixed both metabolic and respiratory. The results are discussed after review of the literature.", "PMID": 1181584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8077", "title": "Two techniques to make the lymphocytotoxic crossmatch more sensitive: prolonged incubation and the antiglobulin test.", "content": "Two techniques capable of increasing the sensitivity of the lymphocytotoxic crossmatch test were compared for sensitivity and practically using the fluorochromasia modification of the cytotoxicity test. Prolonging the incubation period after addition of complement in the standard test resulted in further positive reactions. Modification of the test by addition of antiglobulin reagent increased the reactivity more than prolonged incubation of the standard test. The fluorochromasia adaptation of the antiglobulin test had sensitivity equivalent to the original antiglobulin method. The antiglobulin technique had a number of disadvantages, and neither the prolonged incubation nor the antiglobulin procedure meet the requirements of a busy histocompatibility testing service in view of the time consumed for the first and the complexity of the second.", "contents": "Two techniques to make the lymphocytotoxic crossmatch more sensitive: prolonged incubation and the antiglobulin test. Two techniques capable of increasing the sensitivity of the lymphocytotoxic crossmatch test were compared for sensitivity and practically using the fluorochromasia modification of the cytotoxicity test. Prolonging the incubation period after addition of complement in the standard test resulted in further positive reactions. Modification of the test by addition of antiglobulin reagent increased the reactivity more than prolonged incubation of the standard test. The fluorochromasia adaptation of the antiglobulin test had sensitivity equivalent to the original antiglobulin method. The antiglobulin technique had a number of disadvantages, and neither the prolonged incubation nor the antiglobulin procedure meet the requirements of a busy histocompatibility testing service in view of the time consumed for the first and the complexity of the second.", "PMID": 1181663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8078", "title": "Sugar transport in the small intestine of obese hyperglycemic, fed and fasted mice.", "content": "1. The in vitro transport of 3-0-methyl-D-glucose was measured in the small intestine of obses-hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mice and their lean littermates, fed or fasted for 48 hrs. 2. Transport was much increased in the jejunum of obese animals and, to a lesser extent, in obese mice on a chronic restricted diet. 3. Kinetic studies indicate that the Vmax of transport was significantly greater in obese than in lean mice, whether fed or fasting. Fasting increase the Vmax in lean but not in obese animals. These changes were more prominent in the jejunum. The apparent Km of transport was the same in all four groups. 4. These findings are discussed in relation to the increase in intestinal absorptive functions in diabetes and in some conditions of food restriction or starvation. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of diabetes and of starvation on intestinal sugar transport reflect an alteration in the same controlling factor.", "contents": "Sugar transport in the small intestine of obese hyperglycemic, fed and fasted mice. 1. The in vitro transport of 3-0-methyl-D-glucose was measured in the small intestine of obses-hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mice and their lean littermates, fed or fasted for 48 hrs. 2. Transport was much increased in the jejunum of obese animals and, to a lesser extent, in obese mice on a chronic restricted diet. 3. Kinetic studies indicate that the Vmax of transport was significantly greater in obese than in lean mice, whether fed or fasting. Fasting increase the Vmax in lean but not in obese animals. These changes were more prominent in the jejunum. The apparent Km of transport was the same in all four groups. 4. These findings are discussed in relation to the increase in intestinal absorptive functions in diabetes and in some conditions of food restriction or starvation. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of diabetes and of starvation on intestinal sugar transport reflect an alteration in the same controlling factor.", "PMID": 1181664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8079", "title": "Diabetic microangiopathy in patients with pancreatitic diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Clinically evident diabetic microangiopathy (retinopathy and nephropathy) occurred in 18% of diabetic patients with acute pancreatitis and 14% of diabetic patients with chronic pancreatitis. The presence of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with pancreatitic diabetes without a family history of diabetes mellitus suggests that these patients have \"primary\" diabetes mellitus unmasked by the pancreatitis. The occurrence of diabetic microangiopathy is significantly correlated with the duration of diabetes. The frequency of these diabetic complications seems to increase when there is a family history of diabetes in patients whose pancreatitis is simultaneous with or precedes the onset of diabetes. The majority of patients with diabetic microangiopathy were on insulin therapy, but the need for insulin treatment is an indication of the severity of the diabetes, rather than the insulin being a causative factor of the microangiopathy. The degree of steatorrhea in diabetic patients with chronic pancreatitis did not protect against the development of microangiopathy.", "contents": "Diabetic microangiopathy in patients with pancreatitic diabetes mellitus. Clinically evident diabetic microangiopathy (retinopathy and nephropathy) occurred in 18% of diabetic patients with acute pancreatitis and 14% of diabetic patients with chronic pancreatitis. The presence of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with pancreatitic diabetes without a family history of diabetes mellitus suggests that these patients have \"primary\" diabetes mellitus unmasked by the pancreatitis. The occurrence of diabetic microangiopathy is significantly correlated with the duration of diabetes. The frequency of these diabetic complications seems to increase when there is a family history of diabetes in patients whose pancreatitis is simultaneous with or precedes the onset of diabetes. The majority of patients with diabetic microangiopathy were on insulin therapy, but the need for insulin treatment is an indication of the severity of the diabetes, rather than the insulin being a causative factor of the microangiopathy. The degree of steatorrhea in diabetic patients with chronic pancreatitis did not protect against the development of microangiopathy.", "PMID": 1181665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8080", "title": "A combined radioimmunoassay for glucagon and insulin.", "content": "A combined radioimmunoassay for glucagon and insulin in biological fluids is presented. It is based on the use of 131I-glucagon and 125I-insulin tracers and a charcoal-dextran separation procedure. Standard curves, sample determinations and recovery studies gave comparable results whether in the combined or individual assay for glucagon and insulin. The combined assay, especially if supported by a decoding and calculating computer program, offers the advantages that it requires a smaller volume of the material to be sampled, is more economical and less time-consuming.", "contents": "A combined radioimmunoassay for glucagon and insulin. A combined radioimmunoassay for glucagon and insulin in biological fluids is presented. It is based on the use of 131I-glucagon and 125I-insulin tracers and a charcoal-dextran separation procedure. Standard curves, sample determinations and recovery studies gave comparable results whether in the combined or individual assay for glucagon and insulin. The combined assay, especially if supported by a decoding and calculating computer program, offers the advantages that it requires a smaller volume of the material to be sampled, is more economical and less time-consuming.", "PMID": 1181666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8081", "title": "The effect of somatostatin on the response of GLI to the intraduodenal administration of glucose, protein, and fat.", "content": "The effects of somatostatin on GLI release during the absorption of intraduodenally administered glucose, casein hydrolysate and longchain triglycerides were studied in conscious dogs. Whereas, after an intraduodenal glucose load, GLI rose promptly in saline-infused control experiments to a peak of 5 ng/ml (SEM +/- 4) in 60 minutes, significantly lower values were observed during somatostatin infusion (P less than 0.025 -- 0.05). A similar reduction in the magnitude of the GLI response to intraduodenally administered casein hydrolysate (P less than 0.05) and fat (p less than 0.05) was observed.", "contents": "The effect of somatostatin on the response of GLI to the intraduodenal administration of glucose, protein, and fat. The effects of somatostatin on GLI release during the absorption of intraduodenally administered glucose, casein hydrolysate and longchain triglycerides were studied in conscious dogs. Whereas, after an intraduodenal glucose load, GLI rose promptly in saline-infused control experiments to a peak of 5 ng/ml (SEM +/- 4) in 60 minutes, significantly lower values were observed during somatostatin infusion (P less than 0.025 -- 0.05). A similar reduction in the magnitude of the GLI response to intraduodenally administered casein hydrolysate (P less than 0.05) and fat (p less than 0.05) was observed.", "PMID": 1181667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8082", "title": "Glycolysis and its interaction with a gluconeogenic precursor in perfused rat liver.", "content": "A non-recirculating, haemoglobin-free perfusion system was used to evaluate glycolysis in livers from fasted rats. Glycolysis was calculated from lactate and pyruvate production before and after infusion of glucose. In the absence of extracellular glucose glycolysis was small. Stimulation of glycolytic flux occured at extracellular glucose concentrations above 5 mM. Rates were proportional to glucose concentrations. Glycolysis was also investigated in the presence of extracellular lactate, which is a precursor of gluconeogenesis. High glucose concentrations (15-35 mM) were followed by lactate and pyruvate output suggesting that glycolysis was prevailing. Estimated flux rates, however, were significantly lower in the presence of the gluconeogenic precursor. Our results provide arguments that gluconeogenesis and glycolysis interact in order to regulate the peripheral glucose concentration.", "contents": "Glycolysis and its interaction with a gluconeogenic precursor in perfused rat liver. A non-recirculating, haemoglobin-free perfusion system was used to evaluate glycolysis in livers from fasted rats. Glycolysis was calculated from lactate and pyruvate production before and after infusion of glucose. In the absence of extracellular glucose glycolysis was small. Stimulation of glycolytic flux occured at extracellular glucose concentrations above 5 mM. Rates were proportional to glucose concentrations. Glycolysis was also investigated in the presence of extracellular lactate, which is a precursor of gluconeogenesis. High glucose concentrations (15-35 mM) were followed by lactate and pyruvate output suggesting that glycolysis was prevailing. Estimated flux rates, however, were significantly lower in the presence of the gluconeogenic precursor. Our results provide arguments that gluconeogenesis and glycolysis interact in order to regulate the peripheral glucose concentration.", "PMID": 1181668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8083", "title": "Follow-up of \"non-diabetic\" relatives of diabetics by retesting oral glucose tolerance after 5 years.", "content": "Of 743 first degree relatives of diabetics in whom oral glucose tolerance tests had been performed in 1967 488 were re-tested in 1972. Among the original \"normals\" (n = 353) 17.6% had developed a \"subclinical\" and 1.3% an \"overt diabetes\" within 5 years. The original \"subclinical diabetes\" (n = 118) showed a remission to \"normal\" in 35.6% and a progression to \"overt diabetes\" in 13.6%. 3 out of the 17 formerly \"overt diabetes\" were found to be \"normal\" after 5 years and 3 were \"subclinical diabetics\". Thus the performance of an oral glucose tolerance test is of limited prognostic value in the individual case. In both studies a higher prevalence of abnormal test results occurred in the older age groups and in overweight subjects. Remission or deterioration did not depend, however, on age or on weight changes. The frequency of abnormal tests was higher in males than in females, but the tendency towards the development of diabetes was more pronounced in females, in accordance with a previous observation of a higher age dependance of glucose tolerance in females.", "contents": "Follow-up of \"non-diabetic\" relatives of diabetics by retesting oral glucose tolerance after 5 years. Of 743 first degree relatives of diabetics in whom oral glucose tolerance tests had been performed in 1967 488 were re-tested in 1972. Among the original \"normals\" (n = 353) 17.6% had developed a \"subclinical\" and 1.3% an \"overt diabetes\" within 5 years. The original \"subclinical diabetes\" (n = 118) showed a remission to \"normal\" in 35.6% and a progression to \"overt diabetes\" in 13.6%. 3 out of the 17 formerly \"overt diabetes\" were found to be \"normal\" after 5 years and 3 were \"subclinical diabetics\". Thus the performance of an oral glucose tolerance test is of limited prognostic value in the individual case. In both studies a higher prevalence of abnormal test results occurred in the older age groups and in overweight subjects. Remission or deterioration did not depend, however, on age or on weight changes. The frequency of abnormal tests was higher in males than in females, but the tendency towards the development of diabetes was more pronounced in females, in accordance with a previous observation of a higher age dependance of glucose tolerance in females.", "PMID": 1181669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8084", "title": "The effect of phenformin-HCl on patients with diabetes mellitus, studied under strict balance conditions.", "content": "Under strict balance conditions we studied the effect of phenformin in 5 patients with diabetes mellitus. In all cases phenformin lowered the blood glucose values, and all patients showed a reduction of glycosuria. Contrary to other reports body weight increased during phenformin treatment. This was accompanied by positive nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium balances. The weight gain can be explained by the positive caloric balance, mainly caused by the diminished glycosuria. No change in B.M.R. or R.Q. was seen. During phenformin treatment there was a drop in cholesterol and total lipid levels in 4 patients. No conclusions could be drawn about the effect of phenformin on triglycerides, phospholipids and lipoprotein spectra. Phenformin treatment did not affect the disappearance of glucose, nor the insulin levels after intravenous glucose loading. During oral glucose loading phenformin caused a significant fall in blood glucose levels, accompanied by an increased insulin response in one patient. In the other 4 patients phenformin had no effect on either parameter.", "contents": "The effect of phenformin-HCl on patients with diabetes mellitus, studied under strict balance conditions. Under strict balance conditions we studied the effect of phenformin in 5 patients with diabetes mellitus. In all cases phenformin lowered the blood glucose values, and all patients showed a reduction of glycosuria. Contrary to other reports body weight increased during phenformin treatment. This was accompanied by positive nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium balances. The weight gain can be explained by the positive caloric balance, mainly caused by the diminished glycosuria. No change in B.M.R. or R.Q. was seen. During phenformin treatment there was a drop in cholesterol and total lipid levels in 4 patients. No conclusions could be drawn about the effect of phenformin on triglycerides, phospholipids and lipoprotein spectra. Phenformin treatment did not affect the disappearance of glucose, nor the insulin levels after intravenous glucose loading. During oral glucose loading phenformin caused a significant fall in blood glucose levels, accompanied by an increased insulin response in one patient. In the other 4 patients phenformin had no effect on either parameter.", "PMID": 1181670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8085", "title": "Heptatic and rectal pathology in Schistosoma intercalatum infection.", "content": "Forty nine needle biopsies and 16 rectal biopsies taken from patients infected with S. intercalatum at the Ndoungu\u00e9 hospital (Department of Mungo, Cameroon) were studied. The histopathological changes were compared with the characteristic liver changes in S. mansoni infections. The pathological findings and clinical data were correlated in order to evaluate the extent of the liver changes in isolated S. intercalatum infections and in S. intercalatum infections assoicated with a concomitant disease. Outside the portal triangle eggs were less frequently found in S. intercalatum infection than in S. mansoni infection. This may be explained by the greater dimensions of S. intercalatum eggs. S. intercalatum granulomata, observed only in the portal triangle, had smaller dimensions than S. mansoni granulomata. S. intercalatum infection did not cause liver-cell destruction. Parenchymal lesions, when present, were always due to other causes (concomitant diseases). The liver cells sometimes showed aspecific changes such as pleomorphism of cells or nuclei or doubling of nuclei as a reaction to the toxic effect of schistosomal metabolites or to egg secretions or the inflammatory process around eggs. These changes were not associated with any impairment of liver function. No profound vascular changes such as are found in S. mansoni hepatosplenic schistosomiasis could be demonstrated; this explains the clinically noted absence of portal hypertension. Pigment formation was extensive in S. intercalatum infection; probably more pigment was present in the liver than in S. mansoni infection. In all patients the Kupffer cells were hypertrophied. The cause of the differences in the liver lesions of S. intercalatum and S. MANSONI INFECTION IN MAN MIGHT BE A LOWER IMMUNE RESPonse to S. intercalatum egg antigens.", "contents": "Heptatic and rectal pathology in Schistosoma intercalatum infection. Forty nine needle biopsies and 16 rectal biopsies taken from patients infected with S. intercalatum at the Ndoungu\u00e9 hospital (Department of Mungo, Cameroon) were studied. The histopathological changes were compared with the characteristic liver changes in S. mansoni infections. The pathological findings and clinical data were correlated in order to evaluate the extent of the liver changes in isolated S. intercalatum infections and in S. intercalatum infections assoicated with a concomitant disease. Outside the portal triangle eggs were less frequently found in S. intercalatum infection than in S. mansoni infection. This may be explained by the greater dimensions of S. intercalatum eggs. S. intercalatum granulomata, observed only in the portal triangle, had smaller dimensions than S. mansoni granulomata. S. intercalatum infection did not cause liver-cell destruction. Parenchymal lesions, when present, were always due to other causes (concomitant diseases). The liver cells sometimes showed aspecific changes such as pleomorphism of cells or nuclei or doubling of nuclei as a reaction to the toxic effect of schistosomal metabolites or to egg secretions or the inflammatory process around eggs. These changes were not associated with any impairment of liver function. No profound vascular changes such as are found in S. mansoni hepatosplenic schistosomiasis could be demonstrated; this explains the clinically noted absence of portal hypertension. Pigment formation was extensive in S. intercalatum infection; probably more pigment was present in the liver than in S. mansoni infection. In all patients the Kupffer cells were hypertrophied. The cause of the differences in the liver lesions of S. intercalatum and S. MANSONI INFECTION IN MAN MIGHT BE A LOWER IMMUNE RESPonse to S. intercalatum egg antigens.", "PMID": 1181671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8086", "title": "Tropical ataxic myelopathy.", "content": "A syndrome of ataxic myelopathy with optic atrophy and perceptive deafness has been described. This is essentially similar to the Nigerian ataxic myelopathy which has been ascribed to chronic cyanide intoxication through dietary means. The results of biochemical investigations and bone marrow examination indicate that neither vitamin B12 deficiency nor cyanide intoxication are likely factors in the detiology of our cases. It is possible that the disease may be due to an unrecognized toxic for factor which may or may not be of dietary origin.", "contents": "Tropical ataxic myelopathy. A syndrome of ataxic myelopathy with optic atrophy and perceptive deafness has been described. This is essentially similar to the Nigerian ataxic myelopathy which has been ascribed to chronic cyanide intoxication through dietary means. The results of biochemical investigations and bone marrow examination indicate that neither vitamin B12 deficiency nor cyanide intoxication are likely factors in the detiology of our cases. It is possible that the disease may be due to an unrecognized toxic for factor which may or may not be of dietary origin.", "PMID": 1181672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8087", "title": "Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in North Trinidad.", "content": "A retrospective study of the admissions of cases of acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis to the main hospital serving North Trinidad over a five-year period was made. Follow-up examination suggests that there is an initially good prognosis for those afflicted in early childhood whilst adolescents manifest effects of permanent renal damage at a much earlier stage after the acute attack.", "contents": "Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in North Trinidad. A retrospective study of the admissions of cases of acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis to the main hospital serving North Trinidad over a five-year period was made. Follow-up examination suggests that there is an initially good prognosis for those afflicted in early childhood whilst adolescents manifest effects of permanent renal damage at a much earlier stage after the acute attack.", "PMID": 1181673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8088", "title": "Complement components of C3 and C4 in Nigerians.", "content": "Serum complement component of C3 was lower in both Nigerian children and adults in corresponding British subjects whereas the concentrations of C4 were similar in all groups. It would appear that in the ontogeny of the complement system the concentration of C4 reaches adult level before that of C3.", "contents": "Complement components of C3 and C4 in Nigerians. Serum complement component of C3 was lower in both Nigerian children and adults in corresponding British subjects whereas the concentrations of C4 were similar in all groups. It would appear that in the ontogeny of the complement system the concentration of C4 reaches adult level before that of C3.", "PMID": 1181674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8089", "title": "Total serum protein and protein pattern among healthy Northern Nigerians.", "content": "The total serum protein and serum pattern of 205 healthy adult Northern Nigerians were studied. Compared with figures from Southern Nigeria a relative hyperproteinaemia was found, but the A/G ratio was about the same. The increase in total protein, due to enormously raised globulin, is further accentuated by haemoconcentration, the effect of dehydration, resulting from the hot dry climate.", "contents": "Total serum protein and protein pattern among healthy Northern Nigerians. The total serum protein and serum pattern of 205 healthy adult Northern Nigerians were studied. Compared with figures from Southern Nigeria a relative hyperproteinaemia was found, but the A/G ratio was about the same. The increase in total protein, due to enormously raised globulin, is further accentuated by haemoconcentration, the effect of dehydration, resulting from the hot dry climate.", "PMID": 1181675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8090", "title": "Echinococcosis in bangladesh.", "content": "A questionnaire sent out to eight medical college hospitals in Bangladesh revealed the observations of 18 cases of hydatid disease. Seven affected the lungs, another seven the liver, one both, in three the localization was on or behind the peritoneum. Of seven the nature was suspected beforehand, of eleven confirmed after exploration. The conditions for echinococcal disease are often favourable in Bangladesh. Our results contradict the common opinion that it is rare.", "contents": "Echinococcosis in bangladesh. A questionnaire sent out to eight medical college hospitals in Bangladesh revealed the observations of 18 cases of hydatid disease. Seven affected the lungs, another seven the liver, one both, in three the localization was on or behind the peritoneum. Of seven the nature was suspected beforehand, of eleven confirmed after exploration. The conditions for echinococcal disease are often favourable in Bangladesh. Our results contradict the common opinion that it is rare.", "PMID": 1181676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8091", "title": "Studies of tuberculosis in man in relation to infection in cattle.", "content": "A study has been made in Sweden to investigate whether the risk of tuberculous infection and its trend with time in man in different areas were related to varying prevalences of tuberculous infection in cattle. It was found that the level of the infection risk in man was related to the prevalence of tuberculous infection in cattle, varying from 3-4 per cent in 1935 at age 15 in counties with less than 2 per cent infected cattle to 5-8 per cent in counties with 20 per cent infected cattle or more. However, the downward trend to the risk of infection with time was not to found be associated with the prevalence of tuberculous infection in cattle. The correlation between the risk of infection in man and the prevalence of infection in cattle in the 24 Swedish counties was positive and highly significant (+0-79). The relationship between cattle tuberculosis and tuberculosis in man was further studied by correlating infection in cattle with tuberculosis mortality and morbidity in man. The correlation with mortality was negative and highly significant (-0-77), i.e. counties with little cattle tuberculosis had a high tuberculosis mortality in man, and vice versa. There were similar large negative correlations with measures of tuberculosis incidence. When variations between the counties in relevant environmental factors, namely capital, urbanization and overcrowding, were taken into account, a strong positive association remains between the prevalence of infected cattle and the risk of tuberculous infection in man, but the associations with tuberculous mortality and morbidity, though they remain negative, become weaker. It is suggested that the probable explanation of these findings is the long-term protection against adult infection with human tubercle bacilli conferred by bovine infection in childhood.", "contents": "Studies of tuberculosis in man in relation to infection in cattle. A study has been made in Sweden to investigate whether the risk of tuberculous infection and its trend with time in man in different areas were related to varying prevalences of tuberculous infection in cattle. It was found that the level of the infection risk in man was related to the prevalence of tuberculous infection in cattle, varying from 3-4 per cent in 1935 at age 15 in counties with less than 2 per cent infected cattle to 5-8 per cent in counties with 20 per cent infected cattle or more. However, the downward trend to the risk of infection with time was not to found be associated with the prevalence of tuberculous infection in cattle. The correlation between the risk of infection in man and the prevalence of infection in cattle in the 24 Swedish counties was positive and highly significant (+0-79). The relationship between cattle tuberculosis and tuberculosis in man was further studied by correlating infection in cattle with tuberculosis mortality and morbidity in man. The correlation with mortality was negative and highly significant (-0-77), i.e. counties with little cattle tuberculosis had a high tuberculosis mortality in man, and vice versa. There were similar large negative correlations with measures of tuberculosis incidence. When variations between the counties in relevant environmental factors, namely capital, urbanization and overcrowding, were taken into account, a strong positive association remains between the prevalence of infected cattle and the risk of tuberculous infection in man, but the associations with tuberculous mortality and morbidity, though they remain negative, become weaker. It is suggested that the probable explanation of these findings is the long-term protection against adult infection with human tubercle bacilli conferred by bovine infection in childhood.", "PMID": 1181679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8092", "title": "Present effectiveness of BCG vaccination in England and Wales. A report from the Research Committee of the British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association.", "content": "From a survey of notifications of tuberculosis in England and Wales it is estimated that each 100,000 BCG vaccination of school-children in 1966-71 prevented 15 notifications of persons aged 15-19 years in 1973. Making allowance for the declining infection risk, it is probable that each 100,000 vaccinations in 1966-71 will eventually prevent about 133 notifications in the 15 years following vaccination. It is estimated that one notification of tuberculosis will be prevented by 750 vaccinations given in 1968, by 1,500 vaccinations in 1973, by 3,000 vaccinations in 1978, and by 5,000-10,000 vaccinations in the 1980's.", "contents": "Present effectiveness of BCG vaccination in England and Wales. A report from the Research Committee of the British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association. From a survey of notifications of tuberculosis in England and Wales it is estimated that each 100,000 BCG vaccination of school-children in 1966-71 prevented 15 notifications of persons aged 15-19 years in 1973. Making allowance for the declining infection risk, it is probable that each 100,000 vaccinations in 1966-71 will eventually prevent about 133 notifications in the 15 years following vaccination. It is estimated that one notification of tuberculosis will be prevented by 750 vaccinations given in 1968, by 1,500 vaccinations in 1973, by 3,000 vaccinations in 1978, and by 5,000-10,000 vaccinations in the 1980's.", "PMID": 1181680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8093", "title": "A study to assess the intradermal, triangular needle and bifurcated needle techniques in the administration of BCG to newborns.", "content": "BCG at birth was administered to 3,297 new born babies in Hong Kong using the intradermal, simple triangular and bifurcated needle techniques. Tuberculin testing at 3 months showed similar mean reactions for the intradermal and simple triangular needle methods, namely 9-74 mm and 9-87 mm with 9-94 mm for the triangular needle method when the BCG strength was doubled. Using the bifurcated needle the mean reactions were significantly lower; 8-69 mm, 9-01 mm with double strength BCG and 8-92 mm with puncture through a skin drop. It is concluded that the bifurcated needle is not a satisfactory method of administering BCG to newborns even if the concentration of BCG is increased. In circumstances such as in small maternity units, where the intradermal technique is not warranted, it is recommended that the simple triangular method should be used.", "contents": "A study to assess the intradermal, triangular needle and bifurcated needle techniques in the administration of BCG to newborns. BCG at birth was administered to 3,297 new born babies in Hong Kong using the intradermal, simple triangular and bifurcated needle techniques. Tuberculin testing at 3 months showed similar mean reactions for the intradermal and simple triangular needle methods, namely 9-74 mm and 9-87 mm with 9-94 mm for the triangular needle method when the BCG strength was doubled. Using the bifurcated needle the mean reactions were significantly lower; 8-69 mm, 9-01 mm with double strength BCG and 8-92 mm with puncture through a skin drop. It is concluded that the bifurcated needle is not a satisfactory method of administering BCG to newborns even if the concentration of BCG is increased. In circumstances such as in small maternity units, where the intradermal technique is not warranted, it is recommended that the simple triangular method should be used.", "PMID": 1181681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8094", "title": "Tuberculosis of the abdomen in Ibadan: a clinico-pathological review.", "content": "An account is given of the age distribution and clinical features of 178 patients suffering from abdominal tuberculosis who were treated in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. The importance of peritoneal biopsy and laparotomy in diagnosis is discussed. The main findings at necropsy are described. The importance of early diagnosis is stressed.", "contents": "Tuberculosis of the abdomen in Ibadan: a clinico-pathological review. An account is given of the age distribution and clinical features of 178 patients suffering from abdominal tuberculosis who were treated in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. The importance of peritoneal biopsy and laparotomy in diagnosis is discussed. The main findings at necropsy are described. The importance of early diagnosis is stressed.", "PMID": 1181682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8095", "title": "Bone abscess due to Mycobacterium xenopi.", "content": "Destructive infection of a cuneiform bone due to M. xenopi is described. The organism was isolated and its significance established by a strong skin reaction to xenopi antigen and by demonstration of bacilli in the lesion with fluorescence microscopy. This evidence of metastatic disease suggests that an alimentary route of infection as an alternative to inhalation could be considered.", "contents": "Bone abscess due to Mycobacterium xenopi. Destructive infection of a cuneiform bone due to M. xenopi is described. The organism was isolated and its significance established by a strong skin reaction to xenopi antigen and by demonstration of bacilli in the lesion with fluorescence microscopy. This evidence of metastatic disease suggests that an alimentary route of infection as an alternative to inhalation could be considered.", "PMID": 1181683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8096", "title": "The risk of tuberculous infection in Sweden.", "content": "Large sections of the population of Sweden were tuberculin tested during the 1940s prior to BCG-vaccination. This material has been used to estimate the risk of tuberculous infection and its trends with calendar year and age. An analysis of the results of approximately 200,000 tuberculin tests in military recruits and schoolchildren was made, using the method developed in the Tuberculosis Surveillance Research Unit. The risk of infection was estimated to be 2-8 per cent at age 10 in 1935, the rate decreasing by 9-0 per cent annually. There was also a substantial increase in the risk with each year of age, amounting to 8-6 per cent for each year of age. Separate analyses of the risk of infection and its trend with time for each of the individual 24 counties and the city of Stockholm, showed considerable variations in the level of the risk between the different areas. These are related to variations in tuberculosis in cattle in a further report. In seven areas information was available from earlier surveys in schoolchildren or recruits, using the same method of testing. In these areas separate estimates of the calendar trend of the risk of infection and the age trend have been made. The decrease in the risk with calendar year and the increase with age seem to apply in each of these counties, as in the whole of Sweden. The reliability of the findings was tested by comparing the estimated risk of infection for the whole of Sweden and the tuberculous meningitis mortality rate in children aged 0-4 years between 1925 and 1935. There was a similar trend in the risk and in the mortality rate. Between 1935 and 1940 the decline in the tuberculous meningitis mortality rate became steeper, and amounted to about 11-5 per cent annually between 1935 and 1945. Special measures for the protection of uninfected but exposed children became increasingly common during the 1920s and 1930s, and these were supplemented with BCG-vaccination at a later date. From July 1939 all milk sold for human consumption had to be pasteurised. It is suggested that all these factors may have contributed to the more rapid decrease in the tuberculous meningitis mortality in young children after about 1938.", "contents": "The risk of tuberculous infection in Sweden. Large sections of the population of Sweden were tuberculin tested during the 1940s prior to BCG-vaccination. This material has been used to estimate the risk of tuberculous infection and its trends with calendar year and age. An analysis of the results of approximately 200,000 tuberculin tests in military recruits and schoolchildren was made, using the method developed in the Tuberculosis Surveillance Research Unit. The risk of infection was estimated to be 2-8 per cent at age 10 in 1935, the rate decreasing by 9-0 per cent annually. There was also a substantial increase in the risk with each year of age, amounting to 8-6 per cent for each year of age. Separate analyses of the risk of infection and its trend with time for each of the individual 24 counties and the city of Stockholm, showed considerable variations in the level of the risk between the different areas. These are related to variations in tuberculosis in cattle in a further report. In seven areas information was available from earlier surveys in schoolchildren or recruits, using the same method of testing. In these areas separate estimates of the calendar trend of the risk of infection and the age trend have been made. The decrease in the risk with calendar year and the increase with age seem to apply in each of these counties, as in the whole of Sweden. The reliability of the findings was tested by comparing the estimated risk of infection for the whole of Sweden and the tuberculous meningitis mortality rate in children aged 0-4 years between 1925 and 1935. There was a similar trend in the risk and in the mortality rate. Between 1935 and 1940 the decline in the tuberculous meningitis mortality rate became steeper, and amounted to about 11-5 per cent annually between 1935 and 1945. Special measures for the protection of uninfected but exposed children became increasingly common during the 1920s and 1930s, and these were supplemented with BCG-vaccination at a later date. From July 1939 all milk sold for human consumption had to be pasteurised. It is suggested that all these factors may have contributed to the more rapid decrease in the tuberculous meningitis mortality in young children after about 1938.", "PMID": 1181701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8097", "title": "Adrenergic innervation of the human parathyroid glands.", "content": "The sympathetic innervation of human parathyroid glands has been studied with fluorescence histochemistry. For the first time, sympathetic adrenergic nerve terminals could be demonstrated close to the endocrine cells. The morphological findings permit the conclusion that the adrenergic transmitter noradrenaline can reach a large part of the parenchymal cells, where it may possibly influence hormonal release.", "contents": "Adrenergic innervation of the human parathyroid glands. The sympathetic innervation of human parathyroid glands has been studied with fluorescence histochemistry. For the first time, sympathetic adrenergic nerve terminals could be demonstrated close to the endocrine cells. The morphological findings permit the conclusion that the adrenergic transmitter noradrenaline can reach a large part of the parenchymal cells, where it may possibly influence hormonal release.", "PMID": 1181799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8098", "title": "Polyglycolic acid (PGA, Dexon) sutures in neck surgery.", "content": "The limitations of catgut, which has been the only available absorbably suture material for surgical work are well known. In the present study, catgut and PGA (Dexon) are compared in 123 patients undergoing neck surgery with respect to wound complications. Dexon appears to offer a favourable alternative since this synthetic, absorbable suture material produces fewer early tissue reactions.", "contents": "Polyglycolic acid (PGA, Dexon) sutures in neck surgery. The limitations of catgut, which has been the only available absorbably suture material for surgical work are well known. In the present study, catgut and PGA (Dexon) are compared in 123 patients undergoing neck surgery with respect to wound complications. Dexon appears to offer a favourable alternative since this synthetic, absorbable suture material produces fewer early tissue reactions.", "PMID": 1181800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8099", "title": "The relationship between glycogen content of leg muscles and working capacity in patients with intermittent claudication.", "content": "The relationship between the glycogen content of the vastus lateralis muscle and the working duration was determined in 6 patients with intermittent claudication. The working duration was determined on a bicycle ergometer at a load of 450 kpm/min. Muscle glycogen was determined in percutaneous needle biopsy specimens. The resting glycogen content in the vastus muscle increased significantly after depletion of the stores by physical exercise followed by glucose feeding for 2 days. This increase was associated with an increased working duration. This improvement of the working duration connected with high muscle glycogen content was a temporary phenomenon. When the duration was measured shortly after exercise, i.e. after depletion of the glycogen stores it was reduced to the preexperimental level. The improved working duration associated with increased glycogen content of leg muscles did not seem to be related to the improved walking capacity in claudication patients after physical conditioning.", "contents": "The relationship between glycogen content of leg muscles and working capacity in patients with intermittent claudication. The relationship between the glycogen content of the vastus lateralis muscle and the working duration was determined in 6 patients with intermittent claudication. The working duration was determined on a bicycle ergometer at a load of 450 kpm/min. Muscle glycogen was determined in percutaneous needle biopsy specimens. The resting glycogen content in the vastus muscle increased significantly after depletion of the stores by physical exercise followed by glucose feeding for 2 days. This increase was associated with an increased working duration. This improvement of the working duration connected with high muscle glycogen content was a temporary phenomenon. When the duration was measured shortly after exercise, i.e. after depletion of the glycogen stores it was reduced to the preexperimental level. The improved working duration associated with increased glycogen content of leg muscles did not seem to be related to the improved walking capacity in claudication patients after physical conditioning.", "PMID": 1181801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8100", "title": "Hiatal hernia. A follow-up study.", "content": "A series of 68 patients who had been surgically treated for hiatal hernia were followed up and re-studied. Several repair procedures were used, but an antireflux operation was carried out in 80% (49 Nissen-Rossetti fundoplications and 6 Belsey Mark IV repairs). The primary hospital mortality rate was 3%. Late results were evaluated by studying the patients with endoscopy, cineradiography, and intraluminal pH probe. The overall clinical late results were good in 96%, excluding the 3% primary mortality rate. To achieve these results, however, several secondary operations were necessary. Good primary results after antireflux procedures were obtained in 89%. The present surgical principles are: (1) the hernias of the good-risk normoacid patients are repaired with a Belsey Mark IV procedure, (2) the hernias of hyperacidity patients are repaired with transabdominal fundoplication combined with parietal cell vagotomy without drainage and (3) moderate oesophageal strictures with an antireflux procedure followed by periodical oesophageal dilatation. Resection of oesophagus is reserved for advanced strictures only.", "contents": "Hiatal hernia. A follow-up study. A series of 68 patients who had been surgically treated for hiatal hernia were followed up and re-studied. Several repair procedures were used, but an antireflux operation was carried out in 80% (49 Nissen-Rossetti fundoplications and 6 Belsey Mark IV repairs). The primary hospital mortality rate was 3%. Late results were evaluated by studying the patients with endoscopy, cineradiography, and intraluminal pH probe. The overall clinical late results were good in 96%, excluding the 3% primary mortality rate. To achieve these results, however, several secondary operations were necessary. Good primary results after antireflux procedures were obtained in 89%. The present surgical principles are: (1) the hernias of the good-risk normoacid patients are repaired with a Belsey Mark IV procedure, (2) the hernias of hyperacidity patients are repaired with transabdominal fundoplication combined with parietal cell vagotomy without drainage and (3) moderate oesophageal strictures with an antireflux procedure followed by periodical oesophageal dilatation. Resection of oesophagus is reserved for advanced strictures only.", "PMID": 1181802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8101", "title": "Lysolecithin-mediated inflammatory reaction in rabbit gallbladder. Permeability increase and enzyme liberation.", "content": "Aseptic inflammation in the gallbladder wall was studied in vitro using rabbit gallbladders. Wall permeability changes, measured as changes in the transmural passage of radioactively labelled hippuran and biligraphin as well as enzyme (acid phosphatase) release from wall to lumen were registered as parameters permitting quantitative assessment of an inflammatory process. Lysolecithin, a surface-active substance of possible significance in the pathogenesis of acute cholecystitis was chosen as inflammation-inducing agent. When 6-20 mg/ml lysolecithin was instilled into the gallbladders, dose-dependent increases in permeability and enzyme release occurred. No effects as compared with controls were seen when 2 mg/ml was instilled. Lysolecithin-treated gallbladders showed morphological signs of inflammation as opposed to untreated. The data reported are consistent with earlier observations that lysolecithin may cause inflammatory lesions to the gallbladder wall. The experimental model used may prove useful in examining the effects of aggressive and protective agents upon the gallbladder mucous membrane.", "contents": "Lysolecithin-mediated inflammatory reaction in rabbit gallbladder. Permeability increase and enzyme liberation. Aseptic inflammation in the gallbladder wall was studied in vitro using rabbit gallbladders. Wall permeability changes, measured as changes in the transmural passage of radioactively labelled hippuran and biligraphin as well as enzyme (acid phosphatase) release from wall to lumen were registered as parameters permitting quantitative assessment of an inflammatory process. Lysolecithin, a surface-active substance of possible significance in the pathogenesis of acute cholecystitis was chosen as inflammation-inducing agent. When 6-20 mg/ml lysolecithin was instilled into the gallbladders, dose-dependent increases in permeability and enzyme release occurred. No effects as compared with controls were seen when 2 mg/ml was instilled. Lysolecithin-treated gallbladders showed morphological signs of inflammation as opposed to untreated. The data reported are consistent with earlier observations that lysolecithin may cause inflammatory lesions to the gallbladder wall. The experimental model used may prove useful in examining the effects of aggressive and protective agents upon the gallbladder mucous membrane.", "PMID": 1181803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8102", "title": "Studies on small intestinal obstruction. II. Blood flow, vascular resistance, capillary filtration, and oxygen consumption in denervated small bowel after obstruction.", "content": "Intestinal circulation was studied during in vitro perfusion of denervated small intestine of the cat shortly after release of an in vivo small-bowel obstruction. Blood flow, vascular resistance, capillary filtration, and oxygen consumption were determined. No significant differences were demonstrated between obstructed and non-obstructed intestines. The presently studied facets of small-bowel microcirculation thus exhibit a virtually normal function 30 minutes after decompression of a bowel obstruction. The pertinent literature affords evidence that a distension impairs bowel viability; it would seem that this impairment is rapidly ameliorated following decompression of the bowel.", "contents": "Studies on small intestinal obstruction. II. Blood flow, vascular resistance, capillary filtration, and oxygen consumption in denervated small bowel after obstruction. Intestinal circulation was studied during in vitro perfusion of denervated small intestine of the cat shortly after release of an in vivo small-bowel obstruction. Blood flow, vascular resistance, capillary filtration, and oxygen consumption were determined. No significant differences were demonstrated between obstructed and non-obstructed intestines. The presently studied facets of small-bowel microcirculation thus exhibit a virtually normal function 30 minutes after decompression of a bowel obstruction. The pertinent literature affords evidence that a distension impairs bowel viability; it would seem that this impairment is rapidly ameliorated following decompression of the bowel.", "PMID": 1181804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8103", "title": "The effect of peritoneal lavage on the postoperative course after colonic anastomosis and perforation in the rat.", "content": "Peritoneal lavage was given during four days to rats subjected either to transection and re-anastomosis or perforation of the descending part of the colon or caecum. Control rats were treated in the smae way but did not receive peritoneal lavage. The rats which were treated with a colonic anastomosis and peritoneal lavage had significantly less abdominal adhesions, peritonitis and peritoneal fluid observed at autopsy 11 or 60 days after surgery. No rats developed anastomosis insufficiency and all survived. Peritoneal lavage in rats subjected to colonic or caecal perforation increased  the survival time and reduced the mortality rate, the frequency of adhesions and the signs of peritonitis. An increased frequency of peritoneal adhesions was observed after extensive mobilization of the colon during operation when no peritoneal lavage had been given. The peritoneal lavage catheter per se did not cause adhesions.", "contents": "The effect of peritoneal lavage on the postoperative course after colonic anastomosis and perforation in the rat. Peritoneal lavage was given during four days to rats subjected either to transection and re-anastomosis or perforation of the descending part of the colon or caecum. Control rats were treated in the smae way but did not receive peritoneal lavage. The rats which were treated with a colonic anastomosis and peritoneal lavage had significantly less abdominal adhesions, peritonitis and peritoneal fluid observed at autopsy 11 or 60 days after surgery. No rats developed anastomosis insufficiency and all survived. Peritoneal lavage in rats subjected to colonic or caecal perforation increased  the survival time and reduced the mortality rate, the frequency of adhesions and the signs of peritonitis. An increased frequency of peritoneal adhesions was observed after extensive mobilization of the colon during operation when no peritoneal lavage had been given. The peritoneal lavage catheter per se did not cause adhesions.", "PMID": 1181805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8104", "title": "Serum cholinesterase activity in burned patients. I: biochemical findings.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to determine the magnitude and the aetiology of alterations in serum cholinesterase activity (pseudocholinesterase) in burned patients. Sixty burned patients with an estimated area of burn between 3 and 72% of body surface were investigated. Serum cholinesterase activity, serum albumin concentration and serum bilirubin were measured at various time intervals. The magnitude as well as the rate of fall of serum cholinesterase activity was found to be closely correlated with the severity of burn injury. Minimum levels were often reached 5 to 6 days after the burn injury, at which time the activity might have been depressed by more than 80 per cent. In the most severely burned patients, the activity sometimes remained low for months despite wound healing. Apart from the severity of the burn injury in the individual patient, several important factors determined the level of serum cholinesterase activity at a given time. These included the presence or absence of local or systemic infections, the event of recent surgery such as slough removal or skin grafting, and blood transfusions. The decrease in serum albumin concentration following the burn injury occurred earlier than the decrease in serum cholinesterase activity. Minimum levels were often reached during the first 24 h, after which time the concentration rose to reach fairly constant but decreased levels after 4 to 5 days. Apart from this initial phase, the changes in serum albumin concentration were roughly proportional to the changes in serum cholinesterase activity. The possible reasons for these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Serum cholinesterase activity in burned patients. I: biochemical findings. The purpose of the study was to determine the magnitude and the aetiology of alterations in serum cholinesterase activity (pseudocholinesterase) in burned patients. Sixty burned patients with an estimated area of burn between 3 and 72% of body surface were investigated. Serum cholinesterase activity, serum albumin concentration and serum bilirubin were measured at various time intervals. The magnitude as well as the rate of fall of serum cholinesterase activity was found to be closely correlated with the severity of burn injury. Minimum levels were often reached 5 to 6 days after the burn injury, at which time the activity might have been depressed by more than 80 per cent. In the most severely burned patients, the activity sometimes remained low for months despite wound healing. Apart from the severity of the burn injury in the individual patient, several important factors determined the level of serum cholinesterase activity at a given time. These included the presence or absence of local or systemic infections, the event of recent surgery such as slough removal or skin grafting, and blood transfusions. The decrease in serum albumin concentration following the burn injury occurred earlier than the decrease in serum cholinesterase activity. Minimum levels were often reached during the first 24 h, after which time the concentration rose to reach fairly constant but decreased levels after 4 to 5 days. Apart from this initial phase, the changes in serum albumin concentration were roughly proportional to the changes in serum cholinesterase activity. The possible reasons for these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1181806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8105", "title": "Influence of glucagon on systolic time intervals during induction of anaesthesia with barbiturate.", "content": "The systolic time intervals and calculated parameters of PEP/LVET (pre-injection period/left ventricular ejection time-ratio) and 1/PEP2 before and after induction of anaesthesia with the barbiturate enibomal (Narcodorm) were studied noninvasively in eight surgical patients after pre-treatment with a bolus dose of glucagon. The mean difference between the PEP/LVET-ratio before and after induction was 0.06, and the mean difference between 1/PEP2 before and after induction was -8. The corresponding values in the control group consisting of 12 patients were 0.09 and -28, respectively, suggesting a somewhat greater depression of cardiac function in this group. However, no statistically significant difference at the 5% level was found between changes in the glucagon group and controls. The influence of barbiturates and glucagon on cardiac function is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of glucagon on systolic time intervals during induction of anaesthesia with barbiturate. The systolic time intervals and calculated parameters of PEP/LVET (pre-injection period/left ventricular ejection time-ratio) and 1/PEP2 before and after induction of anaesthesia with the barbiturate enibomal (Narcodorm) were studied noninvasively in eight surgical patients after pre-treatment with a bolus dose of glucagon. The mean difference between the PEP/LVET-ratio before and after induction was 0.06, and the mean difference between 1/PEP2 before and after induction was -8. The corresponding values in the control group consisting of 12 patients were 0.09 and -28, respectively, suggesting a somewhat greater depression of cardiac function in this group. However, no statistically significant difference at the 5% level was found between changes in the glucagon group and controls. The influence of barbiturates and glucagon on cardiac function is discussed.", "PMID": 1181807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8106", "title": "Recent observations on ependyma and subependymal basement membranes.", "content": "Directly under the ependyma, and between the ependymal cells, there are basement membranes which form labyrinths connecting with the perivascular basement membranes of the subependymal vessels. The basement membranes exhibit differences in form, position, and distribution, and they can be distended by fluid absorption into large lacunae. The membranes can be identified as glycoprotein and glylcolipid substances. Electron microscopic studies have shown the differences between the basement membrane labyrinths of the human, the rabbit and the rat. In the human, the labyrinths contain isolated collagen fibrils. Basement membranes generally line all connective tissue spaces and form their interstitial borders. From this point of view, the subependymal basement membrane labyrinths can be seen as interstitial spaces near the ventricles, forming pathways between the ependyma and the subependymal capillaries or postcapillary veins.", "contents": "Recent observations on ependyma and subependymal basement membranes. Directly under the ependyma, and between the ependymal cells, there are basement membranes which form labyrinths connecting with the perivascular basement membranes of the subependymal vessels. The basement membranes exhibit differences in form, position, and distribution, and they can be distended by fluid absorption into large lacunae. The membranes can be identified as glycoprotein and glylcolipid substances. Electron microscopic studies have shown the differences between the basement membrane labyrinths of the human, the rabbit and the rat. In the human, the labyrinths contain isolated collagen fibrils. Basement membranes generally line all connective tissue spaces and form their interstitial borders. From this point of view, the subependymal basement membrane labyrinths can be seen as interstitial spaces near the ventricles, forming pathways between the ependyma and the subependymal capillaries or postcapillary veins.", "PMID": 1181808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8107", "title": "Arterial oxygen tension and high intracranial pressure.", "content": "Arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tension was measured in spontaneously breathing rabbits whose intracranial pressure was raised by a freeze lesion, oil embolism, or hydrostatic pressure. Reports elsewhere had stated that high intracranial pressure led to hypoxaemia. In this series of experiments, arterial oxygen tension appeared to rise and carbon dioxide tension appeared to drop. Both changes were slight and not significant statistically. There was no evidence to suggest that arterial hypoxaemia is caused by high intracranial pressure.", "contents": "Arterial oxygen tension and high intracranial pressure. Arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tension was measured in spontaneously breathing rabbits whose intracranial pressure was raised by a freeze lesion, oil embolism, or hydrostatic pressure. Reports elsewhere had stated that high intracranial pressure led to hypoxaemia. In this series of experiments, arterial oxygen tension appeared to rise and carbon dioxide tension appeared to drop. Both changes were slight and not significant statistically. There was no evidence to suggest that arterial hypoxaemia is caused by high intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 1181809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8108", "title": "rCBF in impending brain death.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in three patients after relief of elevated intracranial pressure and restoration of normal cerebral perfusion pressure. Two patients, studied within 4 hours after closed head injury were found to have marked impairment of cortical blood flow and elevation of cerebrovascular resistance. We suggest that this picture is indicative of impending brain death, and may be the result of a long period of severe cerebral ischemia. The third patient, who had a shorter period of intracranial hypertension occurring during anaesthetic induction, responded to reduction of ICP quite differently with a transient relative hyperaemia. The physiopathological explanations for these two different types of flow response and their possible clinical significance are discussed.", "contents": "rCBF in impending brain death. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in three patients after relief of elevated intracranial pressure and restoration of normal cerebral perfusion pressure. Two patients, studied within 4 hours after closed head injury were found to have marked impairment of cortical blood flow and elevation of cerebrovascular resistance. We suggest that this picture is indicative of impending brain death, and may be the result of a long period of severe cerebral ischemia. The third patient, who had a shorter period of intracranial hypertension occurring during anaesthetic induction, responded to reduction of ICP quite differently with a transient relative hyperaemia. The physiopathological explanations for these two different types of flow response and their possible clinical significance are discussed.", "PMID": 1181810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8109", "title": "Early diagnosis of metastases in the epidural space.", "content": "Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and myelography, were performed in most of 89 consecutive patients with X-ray evidence of vertebral metastases to test the value of these examinations in the early detection of neoplastic involvement of the epidural space. Patients were divided into 3 groups. In 7 cases (group I), the vertebral metastases were asymptomatic. Fifty-nine (group II) had symptoms or signs of radicular lesions but not of spinal cord compression. Twenty-three showed various stages of spinal cord or cauda equina compression (group III). Involvement of the epidural space was demonstrated on myelography in almost 50% of patients from groups I and II by a partial (29%) or complete (19%) arrest of the opaque medium. In addition, five patients in group II with normal myelograms had increased levels of CSF protein. Leucocyte counts were within normal limits in all patients. Neoplastic cells were found in two cases. It is suggested that in patients with only radiological evidence of neoplastic involvement of the epidural space and complete myelographic blocks, laminectomy, followed by radiation therapy, should be performed. Patients showing partial blocks should receive radiation therapy only.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of metastases in the epidural space. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and myelography, were performed in most of 89 consecutive patients with X-ray evidence of vertebral metastases to test the value of these examinations in the early detection of neoplastic involvement of the epidural space. Patients were divided into 3 groups. In 7 cases (group I), the vertebral metastases were asymptomatic. Fifty-nine (group II) had symptoms or signs of radicular lesions but not of spinal cord compression. Twenty-three showed various stages of spinal cord or cauda equina compression (group III). Involvement of the epidural space was demonstrated on myelography in almost 50% of patients from groups I and II by a partial (29%) or complete (19%) arrest of the opaque medium. In addition, five patients in group II with normal myelograms had increased levels of CSF protein. Leucocyte counts were within normal limits in all patients. Neoplastic cells were found in two cases. It is suggested that in patients with only radiological evidence of neoplastic involvement of the epidural space and complete myelographic blocks, laminectomy, followed by radiation therapy, should be performed. Patients showing partial blocks should receive radiation therapy only.", "PMID": 1181811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8110", "title": "The effect of surgical immobilization after laminectomy in the treatment of advanced cases of cervical spondylotic myelopathy.", "content": "Surgical immobilization of the cervical spine after laminectomy is proposed for the treatment of severe cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) occurring with diffuse stenosis of the spinal canal (congenital or acquired). In 20 consecutive patients showing advanced CSM and cord compression at various levels, a laminectomy with posterior fixation was made, in most cases with the aid of a metal plate. In the evaluation of the severity of the myelopathy a slight modification of the Nurick scale was used. With the exception of three patients who developed complications unrelated to the technique, the results were very good as demonstrated by the long lasting improvement in the performance of the patients. The results emphasize the role which mechanical factors may play both, in the genesis of the disease and in the failures of the plain laminectomy.", "contents": "The effect of surgical immobilization after laminectomy in the treatment of advanced cases of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Surgical immobilization of the cervical spine after laminectomy is proposed for the treatment of severe cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) occurring with diffuse stenosis of the spinal canal (congenital or acquired). In 20 consecutive patients showing advanced CSM and cord compression at various levels, a laminectomy with posterior fixation was made, in most cases with the aid of a metal plate. In the evaluation of the severity of the myelopathy a slight modification of the Nurick scale was used. With the exception of three patients who developed complications unrelated to the technique, the results were very good as demonstrated by the long lasting improvement in the performance of the patients. The results emphasize the role which mechanical factors may play both, in the genesis of the disease and in the failures of the plain laminectomy.", "PMID": 1181812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8111", "title": "Herniated lumbar discs in teenagers.", "content": "Forty-three patients under the age of 19 in whom a lumbar disc protrusion was diagnosed and surgically demonstrated are reviewed. The symptomatology resembles that of adults. In 19 cases there was clear relation of trauma to the onset of symptoms. The results of surgical treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Herniated lumbar discs in teenagers. Forty-three patients under the age of 19 in whom a lumbar disc protrusion was diagnosed and surgically demonstrated are reviewed. The symptomatology resembles that of adults. In 19 cases there was clear relation of trauma to the onset of symptoms. The results of surgical treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 1181813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8112", "title": "[The surgical approach to spontaneous intracerebral hematomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a recent statistical survey of 56 cases over a period of 3 years the authors considered the choice between the frontal or the parieto-temporal approaches to intracerebral haematomas. From their anatomical studies they considered that the frontal route is the better for approach to haematomas of the external capsule, whereas the parieto-temporal approach is preferred for haematomas of the internal capsule.", "contents": "[The surgical approach to spontaneous intracerebral hematomas (author's transl)]. Following a recent statistical survey of 56 cases over a period of 3 years the authors considered the choice between the frontal or the parieto-temporal approaches to intracerebral haematomas. From their anatomical studies they considered that the frontal route is the better for approach to haematomas of the external capsule, whereas the parieto-temporal approach is preferred for haematomas of the internal capsule.", "PMID": 1181814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8113", "title": "Familial occurrence of bilateral intracranial occlusion of the internal carotid arteries (Moya Moya).", "content": "In a family of 14 brothers and sisters, 3 cases of occlusive disease of the large intracranial vessels (Moya Moya) were found. Each of the three had one or more cerebrovascular attacks and a typical cerebral angiogram. Eight other members of the family had severe headaches. Angiography was carried out in three of these with normal findings.", "contents": "Familial occurrence of bilateral intracranial occlusion of the internal carotid arteries (Moya Moya). In a family of 14 brothers and sisters, 3 cases of occlusive disease of the large intracranial vessels (Moya Moya) were found. Each of the three had one or more cerebrovascular attacks and a typical cerebral angiogram. Eight other members of the family had severe headaches. Angiography was carried out in three of these with normal findings.", "PMID": 1181815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8114", "title": "Hepatic lesions in pancreatitis. Clinicoexperimental data.", "content": "Patients with active liver cirrhosis display greater abnormality in pancreatic function tests, viz. steatorrhea, hyperamylasemia, than patients with inactive cirrhosis. In autopsy specimens taken from patients dying from cirrhosis, parallel morphologic changes were noted in the liver and pancreas, viz. in postnecrotic cirrhosis, necrosis and necrobiosis predominated in the pancreas. In patients with portal cirrhosis, sclerotic changes rather than necrobiosis was observed in the pancreas. On the other hand, experimental acute and chronic pancreatitis induced in dogs displayed hepatic lesions whose degree and extent were correlated with the duration of the pancreatic inflammation.", "contents": "Hepatic lesions in pancreatitis. Clinicoexperimental data. Patients with active liver cirrhosis display greater abnormality in pancreatic function tests, viz. steatorrhea, hyperamylasemia, than patients with inactive cirrhosis. In autopsy specimens taken from patients dying from cirrhosis, parallel morphologic changes were noted in the liver and pancreas, viz. in postnecrotic cirrhosis, necrosis and necrobiosis predominated in the pancreas. In patients with portal cirrhosis, sclerotic changes rather than necrobiosis was observed in the pancreas. On the other hand, experimental acute and chronic pancreatitis induced in dogs displayed hepatic lesions whose degree and extent were correlated with the duration of the pancreatic inflammation.", "PMID": 1181913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8115", "title": "Cancer in Crohn's disease. The danger of a by-passed loop.", "content": "Carcinoma developed in an excluded segment of small bowel in an 80-year old male patient, 40 years following the onset of regional enteritis and 33 years after by-pass of the terminal ileum. Within the past four years, four patients with malignancy occurring in excluded segments of the bowel in Crohn's disease have been reported from the institution. Two occurred in the small bowel and two in the colon. In three patients the lesion was associated with enterovesical fistula suggesting a possible relationship. This complication stresses the need to encourage resection rather than by-pass of all inflammatory lesions and to view all long-standing by-passed loops of intestine with suspicion. An international tumor registry of cancer in Crohn's disease is desirable to continue to document the true incidence of cancer in Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Cancer in Crohn's disease. The danger of a by-passed loop. Carcinoma developed in an excluded segment of small bowel in an 80-year old male patient, 40 years following the onset of regional enteritis and 33 years after by-pass of the terminal ileum. Within the past four years, four patients with malignancy occurring in excluded segments of the bowel in Crohn's disease have been reported from the institution. Two occurred in the small bowel and two in the colon. In three patients the lesion was associated with enterovesical fistula suggesting a possible relationship. This complication stresses the need to encourage resection rather than by-pass of all inflammatory lesions and to view all long-standing by-passed loops of intestine with suspicion. An international tumor registry of cancer in Crohn's disease is desirable to continue to document the true incidence of cancer in Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 1181914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8116", "title": "Standard and augmented secretin testing in chronic pancreatic alcoholic disease.", "content": "Sequential standard (1.0 U./kg.) and augmented (4.0-5.0 U./kg.) secretin response to the pancreas has been briefly compared in normal subjects and in patients with combinations of alcoholism, cirrhosis and alcoholic pancreatitis. The results of sequential testing led to the conclusion that, for clinical purposes, the standard test is adequate for the diagnosis of well established pancreatic pathologies causing gross destruction of the parenchyma. The augmented test is of particular value when the response to 1 U./kg. produced equivocal results, inasmuch as augmented stimulation enhances the masked secretory deficiency. The administration of the augmented stimulus to alcoholic patients yielded data which suggest a new hypothesis of pathogenesis for alcoholic pancreatitis, e.g., the postsecretin response pattern of minimal pancreatic inflammatory pathology is hypersecretion. Alcohol is thought to induce fatty degeneration of the pancreatic cell initially. Continued injury leads to necrosis and fibrosis.", "contents": "Standard and augmented secretin testing in chronic pancreatic alcoholic disease. Sequential standard (1.0 U./kg.) and augmented (4.0-5.0 U./kg.) secretin response to the pancreas has been briefly compared in normal subjects and in patients with combinations of alcoholism, cirrhosis and alcoholic pancreatitis. The results of sequential testing led to the conclusion that, for clinical purposes, the standard test is adequate for the diagnosis of well established pancreatic pathologies causing gross destruction of the parenchyma. The augmented test is of particular value when the response to 1 U./kg. produced equivocal results, inasmuch as augmented stimulation enhances the masked secretory deficiency. The administration of the augmented stimulus to alcoholic patients yielded data which suggest a new hypothesis of pathogenesis for alcoholic pancreatitis, e.g., the postsecretin response pattern of minimal pancreatic inflammatory pathology is hypersecretion. Alcohol is thought to induce fatty degeneration of the pancreatic cell initially. Continued injury leads to necrosis and fibrosis.", "PMID": 1181915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8117", "title": "A new factor in the blood of patients with peptic ulcer. Distribution in blood fractions.", "content": "Previous work on a factor in the blood of patients with peptic ulcer which contracts smooth muscle was confirmed and the work extended to investigation of the activity of blood fractions. Whole heparinized blood and its fractions were tested on a strip of guinea pig ileum and height of contraction and latent period were used as criteria of activity. Whole heparinized blood of ulcer patients had significantly higher activity than that of normal controls. Differences between the fractions of ulcer patients and controls were less significant. With the lysed buffy coat, however, while the differences between the height of contraction between the groups did not differ statistically, the speed of the reaction (shorter latent period) was significantly greater in the ulcer patients. The cellular alterations causing this response are unknown.", "contents": "A new factor in the blood of patients with peptic ulcer. Distribution in blood fractions. Previous work on a factor in the blood of patients with peptic ulcer which contracts smooth muscle was confirmed and the work extended to investigation of the activity of blood fractions. Whole heparinized blood and its fractions were tested on a strip of guinea pig ileum and height of contraction and latent period were used as criteria of activity. Whole heparinized blood of ulcer patients had significantly higher activity than that of normal controls. Differences between the fractions of ulcer patients and controls were less significant. With the lysed buffy coat, however, while the differences between the height of contraction between the groups did not differ statistically, the speed of the reaction (shorter latent period) was significantly greater in the ulcer patients. The cellular alterations causing this response are unknown.", "PMID": 1181918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8118", "title": "Some innovations in the technic of the one-second needle biopsy of the liver.", "content": "The one-second liver biopsy technic, published about 18 years ago, has undergone, in the course of the years, some minor modifications, suggested by the practical experience and by the critical evaluation of published and unpublished complications. Some instrumental innovations are described. A new design skin perforator and a penetration limiter are proposed. The clinical use of biopsy needles of different size is discussed. Moreover, the importance of some technical aspects of the practical execution of the biopsy, which are frequently neglected, is pointed out. Finally, the biopsy technic, in its up-to-date version is summarized and the opportunity of a further trial to confirm the validity of the innovations suggested is emphasized.", "contents": "Some innovations in the technic of the one-second needle biopsy of the liver. The one-second liver biopsy technic, published about 18 years ago, has undergone, in the course of the years, some minor modifications, suggested by the practical experience and by the critical evaluation of published and unpublished complications. Some instrumental innovations are described. A new design skin perforator and a penetration limiter are proposed. The clinical use of biopsy needles of different size is discussed. Moreover, the importance of some technical aspects of the practical execution of the biopsy, which are frequently neglected, is pointed out. Finally, the biopsy technic, in its up-to-date version is summarized and the opportunity of a further trial to confirm the validity of the innovations suggested is emphasized.", "PMID": 1181920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8119", "title": "Spontaneous internal biliary fistulas.", "content": "Etiology, diagnostic investigations and surgical procedures on 58 patients with spontaneous internal biliary fistulas are reported. Cholelithiasis and peptic ulcer were found to be the presumptive cause of fistula respectively in 53 and five patients. Preoperative diagnosis was established on 31 patients while in the remaining 27 fistula was found incidentally at surgery. Surgical treatment included a wide variety of operations which were performed on the basis of the pathologic features of fistula. Over all mortality rate was 5 percent and morbidity 13 percent. The unsatisfactory results of the surgical treatment of internal biliary fistulas are another strong argument for performing early cholecystectomy in all the patients with cholelithiasis.", "contents": "Spontaneous internal biliary fistulas. Etiology, diagnostic investigations and surgical procedures on 58 patients with spontaneous internal biliary fistulas are reported. Cholelithiasis and peptic ulcer were found to be the presumptive cause of fistula respectively in 53 and five patients. Preoperative diagnosis was established on 31 patients while in the remaining 27 fistula was found incidentally at surgery. Surgical treatment included a wide variety of operations which were performed on the basis of the pathologic features of fistula. Over all mortality rate was 5 percent and morbidity 13 percent. The unsatisfactory results of the surgical treatment of internal biliary fistulas are another strong argument for performing early cholecystectomy in all the patients with cholelithiasis.", "PMID": 1181921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8120", "title": "The prevalence of gastric autoantibodies in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "One hundred fifty alcoholic men and women and 150 age and sex-matched nonalcoholic controls (after exclusion of pernicious anemia and cancer of the stomach) were evaluated for the presence of parietal cell antibodies (PCA). Blocking and binding intrinsic factor antibodies (IFA) were determined in the PCA positive sera. The prevalence and age and sex distribution of PCA in the alcoholics and nonalcoholics was identical. In alcoholics above the age of 60 years, the incidence of PCA, although higher than in those of the younger age group was similar to that in the nonalcoholics of the same age group (in men 6.3 percent and 7.3 percent and in women 7.5 percent and 10.0 percent respectively). Antral gastritis of moderate or severe degree was the frequent lesion in alcoholics. This form of gastritis was not associated with any significant increase in the incidence of PCA. No patients with sera positive for IFA were detected among the 22 PCA positive patients. There is no evidence for humoral derangement of the gastric autoimmunity in chronic alcoholics.", "contents": "The prevalence of gastric autoantibodies in chronic alcoholics. One hundred fifty alcoholic men and women and 150 age and sex-matched nonalcoholic controls (after exclusion of pernicious anemia and cancer of the stomach) were evaluated for the presence of parietal cell antibodies (PCA). Blocking and binding intrinsic factor antibodies (IFA) were determined in the PCA positive sera. The prevalence and age and sex distribution of PCA in the alcoholics and nonalcoholics was identical. In alcoholics above the age of 60 years, the incidence of PCA, although higher than in those of the younger age group was similar to that in the nonalcoholics of the same age group (in men 6.3 percent and 7.3 percent and in women 7.5 percent and 10.0 percent respectively). Antral gastritis of moderate or severe degree was the frequent lesion in alcoholics. This form of gastritis was not associated with any significant increase in the incidence of PCA. No patients with sera positive for IFA were detected among the 22 PCA positive patients. There is no evidence for humoral derangement of the gastric autoimmunity in chronic alcoholics.", "PMID": 1181922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8121", "title": "Primary small bowel plasmacytoma with intracellular fibrils.", "content": "This is a report of a rare plasma cell tumor, an extramedullary plasmacytoma arising in the small bowel. The tumor first occurred in the jejunum without evidence of multiple myeloma. One year later, classical signs of multiple myeloma appeared. The rarity and unusual course of this tumor plus the finding of intracellular fibrils make the case worthy of note.", "contents": "Primary small bowel plasmacytoma with intracellular fibrils. This is a report of a rare plasma cell tumor, an extramedullary plasmacytoma arising in the small bowel. The tumor first occurred in the jejunum without evidence of multiple myeloma. One year later, classical signs of multiple myeloma appeared. The rarity and unusual course of this tumor plus the finding of intracellular fibrils make the case worthy of note.", "PMID": 1181923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8122", "title": "B-glucuronidase in duodenal secretions.", "content": "Determination of B-glucuronidase activity was carried out in 203 subjects including 60 controls. A modified technic for assaying B-glucuronidase activity was used that employs glass column chromatography and Sephadex. Although the lowest mean value was in the group of patients with cancer of the pancreas, there was wide range of activity of B-glucuronidase in all groups and subgroups and considerable overlap in values between them. It was concluded, therefore, that B-glucuronidase activity assay of the duodenal contents was of no value as a diagnostic test for cancer of the pancreas or for distinguishing between the several diseases affecting the pancreas.", "contents": "B-glucuronidase in duodenal secretions. Determination of B-glucuronidase activity was carried out in 203 subjects including 60 controls. A modified technic for assaying B-glucuronidase activity was used that employs glass column chromatography and Sephadex. Although the lowest mean value was in the group of patients with cancer of the pancreas, there was wide range of activity of B-glucuronidase in all groups and subgroups and considerable overlap in values between them. It was concluded, therefore, that B-glucuronidase activity assay of the duodenal contents was of no value as a diagnostic test for cancer of the pancreas or for distinguishing between the several diseases affecting the pancreas.", "PMID": 1181924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8123", "title": "Changing concepts of duodenitis.", "content": "Nonspecific duodenitis exists as a clinical entity distinct from duodenal ulcer disease. Duodenoscopic findings take two general forms: 1. nodularity and erythema, 2. erosions and friability. Both forms usually tend to improve with time but do not necessarily disappear. Although frequently a mild illness, the hemorrhagic erosive form of duodenitis is a potentially serious complication causing marked gastrointestinal bleeding and should be considered in patients taking aspirin-alcohol or following severe physiologic stress. Lastly, most patients initially seem to respond to anticholinergic, tranquilizer or antacid therapy but clinical correlation with long-term treatment will require controlled studies.", "contents": "Changing concepts of duodenitis. Nonspecific duodenitis exists as a clinical entity distinct from duodenal ulcer disease. Duodenoscopic findings take two general forms: 1. nodularity and erythema, 2. erosions and friability. Both forms usually tend to improve with time but do not necessarily disappear. Although frequently a mild illness, the hemorrhagic erosive form of duodenitis is a potentially serious complication causing marked gastrointestinal bleeding and should be considered in patients taking aspirin-alcohol or following severe physiologic stress. Lastly, most patients initially seem to respond to anticholinergic, tranquilizer or antacid therapy but clinical correlation with long-term treatment will require controlled studies.", "PMID": 1181925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8124", "title": "Effect of alcohol on total urinary hydroxyproline excretion.", "content": "Urinary hydroxyproline excretion was measured in 33 patients regularly drinking over 80 gm. alcohol daily. Those with changes of cirrhosis on liver biopsy excreted significantly more hydroxyproline than those with normal appearances, fatty change or hepatofibrosis. In 16 patients, the excretion was measured both when they were drinking and when abstaining from alcohol, in the form of several beverages. The rate of excretion was significantly higher after alcohol has been withdrawn. This result raises the possibility that alcoholic beverages may inhibit collagen degradation. If substantiated, it further suggests that the effect of alcohol on collagen metabolism may be of importance in the pathogenesis of alcoholic cirrhosis.", "contents": "Effect of alcohol on total urinary hydroxyproline excretion. Urinary hydroxyproline excretion was measured in 33 patients regularly drinking over 80 gm. alcohol daily. Those with changes of cirrhosis on liver biopsy excreted significantly more hydroxyproline than those with normal appearances, fatty change or hepatofibrosis. In 16 patients, the excretion was measured both when they were drinking and when abstaining from alcohol, in the form of several beverages. The rate of excretion was significantly higher after alcohol has been withdrawn. This result raises the possibility that alcoholic beverages may inhibit collagen degradation. If substantiated, it further suggests that the effect of alcohol on collagen metabolism may be of importance in the pathogenesis of alcoholic cirrhosis.", "PMID": 1181926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8125", "title": "The removal of an esophageal papilloma by endoscopic means. A case report and brief review of the literature.", "content": "The case of a 77-year old white male on anticoagulant therapy who developed sudden onset of gastrointestinal bleeding is presented. A benign esophageal papilloma was a fortuitous finding. The papilloma was removed in toto by fiberoptic endoscopic polypectomy. A brief review of this rare lesion is presented and the importance of a careful endoscopic examination as well as the therapeutic/curative potentialities of the procedure are stressed.", "contents": "The removal of an esophageal papilloma by endoscopic means. A case report and brief review of the literature. The case of a 77-year old white male on anticoagulant therapy who developed sudden onset of gastrointestinal bleeding is presented. A benign esophageal papilloma was a fortuitous finding. The papilloma was removed in toto by fiberoptic endoscopic polypectomy. A brief review of this rare lesion is presented and the importance of a careful endoscopic examination as well as the therapeutic/curative potentialities of the procedure are stressed.", "PMID": 1181927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8126", "title": "The radiology corner. Porcelain gallbladder.", "content": "Porcelain gallbladder is an uncommon manifestation of chronic cholecystitis. Diagnosis is suggested on the plain abdominal roentgenogram by identifying thin curvilinear calcifications in the right upper quadrant. Because porcelain gallbladders fail to visualize on oral or intravenous studies, cholecystosonography may be used to confirm the location of the calcifications within the gallbladder wall.", "contents": "The radiology corner. Porcelain gallbladder. Porcelain gallbladder is an uncommon manifestation of chronic cholecystitis. Diagnosis is suggested on the plain abdominal roentgenogram by identifying thin curvilinear calcifications in the right upper quadrant. Because porcelain gallbladders fail to visualize on oral or intravenous studies, cholecystosonography may be used to confirm the location of the calcifications within the gallbladder wall.", "PMID": 1181928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8127", "title": "Observations on the core particle of hepatitis B virus and the DNA polymerase associated with hepatitis B antigen.", "content": "Several methods are presented for the purification of core particles of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from nuclei of infected human hepatocytes. No endogenous DNA polymerase activity was found in any of the preparations of core particles even when circular double and single stranded DNAs were used as exogenous templates. The DNA polymerase activity associated with serum HB Ag was not stimulated by circular DNAs. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at concentrations of greater than or equal to 0.1% inhibited the DNA polymerase activity of serum HB Ag. Exogenous templates such as native and activated calf thymus and Micrococcus lysodeikticus DNAs did not stimulate the DNA polymerase of serum HB Ag even in the presence of low concentrations of SDS. It is suggested that the DNA polymerase associated the HB Ag is specific for its own DNA as template.", "contents": "Observations on the core particle of hepatitis B virus and the DNA polymerase associated with hepatitis B antigen. Several methods are presented for the purification of core particles of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from nuclei of infected human hepatocytes. No endogenous DNA polymerase activity was found in any of the preparations of core particles even when circular double and single stranded DNAs were used as exogenous templates. The DNA polymerase activity associated with serum HB Ag was not stimulated by circular DNAs. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at concentrations of greater than or equal to 0.1% inhibited the DNA polymerase activity of serum HB Ag. Exogenous templates such as native and activated calf thymus and Micrococcus lysodeikticus DNAs did not stimulate the DNA polymerase of serum HB Ag even in the presence of low concentrations of SDS. It is suggested that the DNA polymerase associated the HB Ag is specific for its own DNA as template.", "PMID": 1181929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8128", "title": "DNA and DNA polymerase in the core of the Dane particle of hepatitis B.", "content": "The core of the Dane particle was shown to contain a DNA polymerase and a circular double stranded DNA with a molecular weight of 1.6 X 10(6) daltons which served as the primer-template for the enzyme. The product of the DNA polymerase reaction was in a base paired form and was covalently attached to the circular DNA. Neither the circular DNA nor the attached DNA product of the enzyme reaction was attacked by the DNase or released from intact cores until the cores were disrupted with sodium dodecyl sulfate, suggesting that they are internal components of the core. The DNA polymerase is a specific marker for Dane particles and can be used to distinguish sera with high and low concentrations of Dane particles. The DNA polymerase reaction can also be used to radiolabel Dane particle cores for a specific and sensitive radioimmunoprecipitation assay for antibody against the hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc).", "contents": "DNA and DNA polymerase in the core of the Dane particle of hepatitis B. The core of the Dane particle was shown to contain a DNA polymerase and a circular double stranded DNA with a molecular weight of 1.6 X 10(6) daltons which served as the primer-template for the enzyme. The product of the DNA polymerase reaction was in a base paired form and was covalently attached to the circular DNA. Neither the circular DNA nor the attached DNA product of the enzyme reaction was attacked by the DNase or released from intact cores until the cores were disrupted with sodium dodecyl sulfate, suggesting that they are internal components of the core. The DNA polymerase is a specific marker for Dane particles and can be used to distinguish sera with high and low concentrations of Dane particles. The DNA polymerase reaction can also be used to radiolabel Dane particle cores for a specific and sensitive radioimmunoprecipitation assay for antibody against the hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc).", "PMID": 1181930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8129", "title": "Viral hepatitis, type B, in experimental animals.", "content": "Evidence of natural infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in chimpanzees was followed by demonstration that this species provides a highly sensitive animal model system for experimental type B hepatitis. With rare exceptions, inoculation of sero-negative chimps with materials containing infectious HBV produces serologic evidence of infection including appearance of circulating hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) and subsequently development of antibody to HBs Ag and hepatitis B core antigen. Serum enzyme elevations indicative of liver damage occurred in 31 of 46 aminals infected to date. The antigenic subtypes of HBV in the inocula breed true in the infected animals, and HBV titers of sera containing the adw and ayw subtypes have been established as 10(7.5) infectious units/ml. Rhesus monkeys also provide a valuable animal model for type B hepatitis, but they appear to be less sensitive than chimps, and they do not develop evidence of liver damage.", "contents": "Viral hepatitis, type B, in experimental animals. Evidence of natural infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in chimpanzees was followed by demonstration that this species provides a highly sensitive animal model system for experimental type B hepatitis. With rare exceptions, inoculation of sero-negative chimps with materials containing infectious HBV produces serologic evidence of infection including appearance of circulating hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) and subsequently development of antibody to HBs Ag and hepatitis B core antigen. Serum enzyme elevations indicative of liver damage occurred in 31 of 46 aminals infected to date. The antigenic subtypes of HBV in the inocula breed true in the infected animals, and HBV titers of sera containing the adw and ayw subtypes have been established as 10(7.5) infectious units/ml. Rhesus monkeys also provide a valuable animal model for type B hepatitis, but they appear to be less sensitive than chimps, and they do not develop evidence of liver damage.", "PMID": 1181931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8130", "title": "Tissue and organ culture studies of hepatitis B virus.", "content": "Techniques have been developed for the cultivation of human and nonhuman primate liver cells in tissue and organ culture. Progressive non-cytocidal involvement of the normal cytoplasmic and nuclear components of cultured liver cells has been demonstrated by specific attachment of fluorescent antibody to hepatitis B core and surface antigens after inoculation of the cultures of human origin with known infective sera and with clinical material. Hepatitis B surface antigen may be produced, although infrequently, in inoculated liver organ cultures but serial passage has not been achieved. Serial passage of hepatitis B virus has been reported with fragments of human embryo liver cultivated on the chorioallantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo. Intranuclear virus-like particles have been localized in hepatocytes of cultured explants of liver biopsies obtained from infants with chronic hepatitis B antigenemia. Further studies are urgently required to determine whether cultivation of hepatitis B virus can be firmly established in readily available cell and organ cultures.", "contents": "Tissue and organ culture studies of hepatitis B virus. Techniques have been developed for the cultivation of human and nonhuman primate liver cells in tissue and organ culture. Progressive non-cytocidal involvement of the normal cytoplasmic and nuclear components of cultured liver cells has been demonstrated by specific attachment of fluorescent antibody to hepatitis B core and surface antigens after inoculation of the cultures of human origin with known infective sera and with clinical material. Hepatitis B surface antigen may be produced, although infrequently, in inoculated liver organ cultures but serial passage has not been achieved. Serial passage of hepatitis B virus has been reported with fragments of human embryo liver cultivated on the chorioallantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo. Intranuclear virus-like particles have been localized in hepatocytes of cultured explants of liver biopsies obtained from infants with chronic hepatitis B antigenemia. Further studies are urgently required to determine whether cultivation of hepatitis B virus can be firmly established in readily available cell and organ cultures.", "PMID": 1181932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8131", "title": "Female and married: damaging to the therapy profession?", "content": "The first half of this paper describes the socialization process of women to their role in life. An examination is made of the literature and the lessons female children are taught about their place in the adult world in relationship to men. This \"place\" is typified by the hospital structure where the majority of therapists are employed. The second half of the paper looks into four aspects of professionalism--motivation, autonomy, commitment, and a sense of community--and examines each with the added dimension that membership in the therapy professions is predominantly female and married. Criteria for professionalism are defined on a continuum. Female occupational therapists fit much of this criteria, but conflicts of motherhood and career have a negative effect on their professional life and thus on their profession as well.", "contents": "Female and married: damaging to the therapy profession? The first half of this paper describes the socialization process of women to their role in life. An examination is made of the literature and the lessons female children are taught about their place in the adult world in relationship to men. This \"place\" is typified by the hospital structure where the majority of therapists are employed. The second half of the paper looks into four aspects of professionalism--motivation, autonomy, commitment, and a sense of community--and examines each with the added dimension that membership in the therapy professions is predominantly female and married. Criteria for professionalism are defined on a continuum. Female occupational therapists fit much of this criteria, but conflicts of motherhood and career have a negative effect on their professional life and thus on their profession as well.", "PMID": 1181935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8132", "title": "Promising prospects: students choosing therapy as a career.", "content": "Careers in health fields are becoming increasingly popular among college students, and therapy (occupational, physical, and speech) is one of the fastest growing of these fields. To identify the characteristics of potential therapists, a group of subjects who had entered college as first-time, full-time freshmen in 1966 and who indicated in 1970 that they planned on a career in therapy were compared with aspirants to other health careers with respect to demographic characteristics, sources of college financing, academic achievement, and education/employment status as of 1970. In addition, their attitudes and values--as revealed by self-ratings, life goals, and reasons for choosing the career of therapy--were examined. Prospective therapists were found to have outstanding academic records, high rates of baccalaureate completion, and specific skills that seemed to qualify them for success in the career. They were stongly oriented toward working with people, had altruistic goals and values, and were highly confident of their interpersonal skills.", "contents": "Promising prospects: students choosing therapy as a career. Careers in health fields are becoming increasingly popular among college students, and therapy (occupational, physical, and speech) is one of the fastest growing of these fields. To identify the characteristics of potential therapists, a group of subjects who had entered college as first-time, full-time freshmen in 1966 and who indicated in 1970 that they planned on a career in therapy were compared with aspirants to other health careers with respect to demographic characteristics, sources of college financing, academic achievement, and education/employment status as of 1970. In addition, their attitudes and values--as revealed by self-ratings, life goals, and reasons for choosing the career of therapy--were examined. Prospective therapists were found to have outstanding academic records, high rates of baccalaureate completion, and specific skills that seemed to qualify them for success in the career. They were stongly oriented toward working with people, had altruistic goals and values, and were highly confident of their interpersonal skills.", "PMID": 1181936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8133", "title": "Clinical aspects of infantile asthma.", "content": "Infantile asthma presents a major therapeutic challenge to the practicing physician. The typical infant with asthma is a 14-month-old boy with recurrent episodes of wheezing since the age of seven months. Nasal eosinophilia is found less often than in older allergic children; however, 47 percent of infants with asthma will have either peripheral blood or nasal secretion eosinophilia to aid in the recognition of their atopic diathesis. The younger the infant (both at age of onset and at age of evaluation) the more likely are foods to be important factors in his allergic respiratory disease. His disease is unlikely to interfere with growth during infancy but may do so later in life. Hyposensitization is more likely to be required later in childhood if he does not respond to dietary manipulation. Despite appropriate therapy, wheezing may continue to be a problem during childhood and this is significantly correlated with the presence of a positive nasal smear at the time of initial allergy evaluation.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of infantile asthma. Infantile asthma presents a major therapeutic challenge to the practicing physician. The typical infant with asthma is a 14-month-old boy with recurrent episodes of wheezing since the age of seven months. Nasal eosinophilia is found less often than in older allergic children; however, 47 percent of infants with asthma will have either peripheral blood or nasal secretion eosinophilia to aid in the recognition of their atopic diathesis. The younger the infant (both at age of onset and at age of evaluation) the more likely are foods to be important factors in his allergic respiratory disease. His disease is unlikely to interfere with growth during infancy but may do so later in life. Hyposensitization is more likely to be required later in childhood if he does not respond to dietary manipulation. Despite appropriate therapy, wheezing may continue to be a problem during childhood and this is significantly correlated with the presence of a positive nasal smear at the time of initial allergy evaluation.", "PMID": 1181944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8134", "title": "Egg sensitivity and eczematous manifestations in breast-fed newborns with particular reference to intrauterine sensitization.", "content": "In 10 newborn breast-fed infants with eczematous manifestations, sensitivity to egg was confirmed by indirect elimination and provocation tests in the mother and direct provocation and elimination tests in the infant in the weaning period. In almost all of the mothers hemagglutinating antibody titers against egg were high in the amniotic fluid. The role of intra-uterine sensitization to food in the etiology of eczematous manifestations in newborn breast-fed infants is discussed.", "contents": "Egg sensitivity and eczematous manifestations in breast-fed newborns with particular reference to intrauterine sensitization. In 10 newborn breast-fed infants with eczematous manifestations, sensitivity to egg was confirmed by indirect elimination and provocation tests in the mother and direct provocation and elimination tests in the infant in the weaning period. In almost all of the mothers hemagglutinating antibody titers against egg were high in the amniotic fluid. The role of intra-uterine sensitization to food in the etiology of eczematous manifestations in newborn breast-fed infants is discussed.", "PMID": 1181945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8135", "title": "The value of inhalation challenge testing as an office procedure.", "content": "One hundred seventy-three bronchial challenge tests were performed as an outpatient procedure on 35 selected clinic patients. The incidence of positive tests was sufficiently high and the procedure tolerated well enough to suggest this as a practical office procedure if carefully done in properly chosen patients.", "contents": "The value of inhalation challenge testing as an office procedure. One hundred seventy-three bronchial challenge tests were performed as an outpatient procedure on 35 selected clinic patients. The incidence of positive tests was sufficiently high and the procedure tolerated well enough to suggest this as a practical office procedure if carefully done in properly chosen patients.", "PMID": 1181946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8136", "title": "Reactions to hidden agents in foods and drugs can be serious.", "content": "Agents used to color, flavor, preserve or identify medication frequently used in the treatment of allergic diseases may in themselves produce severe allergic or toxic reactions. Some cross-react with Aspirin. Aminopyrine, Indomethacin (indocin), Mefensmic Acid (ponstel) to which an allergic patient may be sensitive. Three case reports are presented.", "contents": "Reactions to hidden agents in foods and drugs can be serious. Agents used to color, flavor, preserve or identify medication frequently used in the treatment of allergic diseases may in themselves produce severe allergic or toxic reactions. Some cross-react with Aspirin. Aminopyrine, Indomethacin (indocin), Mefensmic Acid (ponstel) to which an allergic patient may be sensitive. Three case reports are presented.", "PMID": 1181947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8137", "title": "Basic concepts of behavior therapy: an experiment involving disturbed adolescent girls.", "content": "This paper attempts to summarize some of the basic principles and approaches of behavior therapy that occupational therapists may find useful for application in many areas of practice. It attempts to do this by describing an experimental application of the behavioral modification approach within a treatment unit for disturbed adolescent girls. Two social skills, compliance and social greeting, are dealt with in this article. These skills are two of the many behaviors labeled \"performance survival skills\" shown in recent studies to be necessary for successful community adjustment.", "contents": "Basic concepts of behavior therapy: an experiment involving disturbed adolescent girls. This paper attempts to summarize some of the basic principles and approaches of behavior therapy that occupational therapists may find useful for application in many areas of practice. It attempts to do this by describing an experimental application of the behavioral modification approach within a treatment unit for disturbed adolescent girls. Two social skills, compliance and social greeting, are dealt with in this article. These skills are two of the many behaviors labeled \"performance survival skills\" shown in recent studies to be necessary for successful community adjustment.", "PMID": 1181938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8138", "title": "A sensory-integration program for blind campers.", "content": "An occupational therapy pilot program with emphasis on sensory integration was introduced into a six-week day camp for 18 blind children. The therapist screened and assessed the children through a number of tests that did not require sight. A treatment session was held five mornings each week that stressed individual therapy, and involved balance, movement, and body form concepts. The campers' performance improved in vestibular integration, in lessening of fear of movement, and, in some, in improved integration of reflexes. Plans have been made to continue the program in succeeding summers.", "contents": "A sensory-integration program for blind campers. An occupational therapy pilot program with emphasis on sensory integration was introduced into a six-week day camp for 18 blind children. The therapist screened and assessed the children through a number of tests that did not require sight. A treatment session was held five mornings each week that stressed individual therapy, and involved balance, movement, and body form concepts. The campers' performance improved in vestibular integration, in lessening of fear of movement, and, in some, in improved integration of reflexes. Plans have been made to continue the program in succeeding summers.", "PMID": 1181937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8139", "title": "Allergy epidemiology in the St. Louis, Missouri, area. V. Cereal ingestants.", "content": "Among the cereal ingestants, rice, rye, wheat, corn and oats, provocative skin tests of patients differed according to age. Sensitivity to rice and oats was low for children and that to rice in particular was high for adults, suggesting a differential immunological response to rice allergens. Compared to patient grass pollen reactions, response to ingestants was noticeably lower. Cross-reactivity among ingestants was also lower, particularly between oats and the other cereals.", "contents": "Allergy epidemiology in the St. Louis, Missouri, area. V. Cereal ingestants. Among the cereal ingestants, rice, rye, wheat, corn and oats, provocative skin tests of patients differed according to age. Sensitivity to rice and oats was low for children and that to rice in particular was high for adults, suggesting a differential immunological response to rice allergens. Compared to patient grass pollen reactions, response to ingestants was noticeably lower. Cross-reactivity among ingestants was also lower, particularly between oats and the other cereals.", "PMID": 1181949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8140", "title": "Influencing behavior to improve attendance at occupational therapy in a psychiatric setting.", "content": "In order to increase attendance at occupational therapy of acute psychiatric patients, two reinforcement procedures were tried: Procedure 1 used prompting and social reinforcement, where Procedure 2, in addition, used a positive reinforcer. The two procedures increased both the attendance and the percentage of time used significantly when compared to baseline. The results are discussed in terms of applications and consistency with other findings.", "contents": "Influencing behavior to improve attendance at occupational therapy in a psychiatric setting. In order to increase attendance at occupational therapy of acute psychiatric patients, two reinforcement procedures were tried: Procedure 1 used prompting and social reinforcement, where Procedure 2, in addition, used a positive reinforcer. The two procedures increased both the attendance and the percentage of time used significantly when compared to baseline. The results are discussed in terms of applications and consistency with other findings.", "PMID": 1181939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8141", "title": "\"Shock lung\" resulting from perfusion of canine lungs with stored bank blood.", "content": "An in situ lung perfusion model was used to study the impact of stored bank blood, with or without dacron wool filtration, on morphologic and functional derangement in canine lungs. Autologous blood was stored 24 hours or 21 days in ACD solution and then passed through standard recipient set filters before perfusion through the left lower lung lobes of dogs equipped to have pressure and gas tensions monitored from pulmonary artery, vein and bronchus. In an additional group of dogs, 21-day stored blood was additionally filtered through dacron-wool prior to lung perfusion. Pulmonary vascular resistance increased markedly for lungs perfused with stored blood, whether or not dacron-wool filtered, as compared with lungs perfused with fresh blood. Effective compliance decreased in both groups of lungs perfused with stored blood, and arteriovenous oxygen gradients decreased significantly in these groups as compared with fresh blood-perfused lungs. As an index of congestion, wet/dry lung weight ratios increased for both groups perfused with stored blood which also showed gross and microscopic evidence of pulmonary edema. As a measure of microaggregated blood debris, screen filtration pressure determinations were not significantly different in fresh or stored canine blood in ACD. We conclude from observations of these canine lung perfusions that pulmonary anatomic and functional injury can result from the use of stored bank blood which may be modified, but not eliminated, by depth filtration. We infer that microaggregated blood debris is not the primary noxious factor in stored canine blood, and a toxic serum-borne factor may be implicated.", "contents": "\"Shock lung\" resulting from perfusion of canine lungs with stored bank blood. An in situ lung perfusion model was used to study the impact of stored bank blood, with or without dacron wool filtration, on morphologic and functional derangement in canine lungs. Autologous blood was stored 24 hours or 21 days in ACD solution and then passed through standard recipient set filters before perfusion through the left lower lung lobes of dogs equipped to have pressure and gas tensions monitored from pulmonary artery, vein and bronchus. In an additional group of dogs, 21-day stored blood was additionally filtered through dacron-wool prior to lung perfusion. Pulmonary vascular resistance increased markedly for lungs perfused with stored blood, whether or not dacron-wool filtered, as compared with lungs perfused with fresh blood. Effective compliance decreased in both groups of lungs perfused with stored blood, and arteriovenous oxygen gradients decreased significantly in these groups as compared with fresh blood-perfused lungs. As an index of congestion, wet/dry lung weight ratios increased for both groups perfused with stored blood which also showed gross and microscopic evidence of pulmonary edema. As a measure of microaggregated blood debris, screen filtration pressure determinations were not significantly different in fresh or stored canine blood in ACD. We conclude from observations of these canine lung perfusions that pulmonary anatomic and functional injury can result from the use of stored bank blood which may be modified, but not eliminated, by depth filtration. We infer that microaggregated blood debris is not the primary noxious factor in stored canine blood, and a toxic serum-borne factor may be implicated.", "PMID": 1181952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8142", "title": "Protective effect of steroids on liver ischemia.", "content": "Occlusion of the afferent liver circulation for variable periods of time would be advantageous to temporarily control bleeding from profound lacerations or during extensive resections. Because of its low tolerance to ischemia we attempted to protect the liver with steroids during inflow occlusion. Total hepatic ischemia was produced in rabbits by ligating the portal triad and gastrohepatic ligament for 30 minutes. A 10 per cent survival was obtained in untreated controls whereas pre-treatment with methylprednisolone improved survival to 100 per cent. Methylprednisolone injection after occlusion improved survival only to 57 per cent. There were profound pathohistologic and electron microscopic changes in untreated controls. In animals treated with methylprednisolone either before or after occlusion changes were minimal or absent. This treatment was used in four trauma patients in whom occlusion of the liver inflow was carried out for various periods of time. Even though no significant statement can be made from such small group, the early postoperative course was remarkably smooth and stable. Methylprednisoline protects the liver during warm ischemia, especially if given before occlusion, and decreases the mortality from this maneuver in experimental animals.", "contents": "Protective effect of steroids on liver ischemia. Occlusion of the afferent liver circulation for variable periods of time would be advantageous to temporarily control bleeding from profound lacerations or during extensive resections. Because of its low tolerance to ischemia we attempted to protect the liver with steroids during inflow occlusion. Total hepatic ischemia was produced in rabbits by ligating the portal triad and gastrohepatic ligament for 30 minutes. A 10 per cent survival was obtained in untreated controls whereas pre-treatment with methylprednisolone improved survival to 100 per cent. Methylprednisolone injection after occlusion improved survival only to 57 per cent. There were profound pathohistologic and electron microscopic changes in untreated controls. In animals treated with methylprednisolone either before or after occlusion changes were minimal or absent. This treatment was used in four trauma patients in whom occlusion of the liver inflow was carried out for various periods of time. Even though no significant statement can be made from such small group, the early postoperative course was remarkably smooth and stable. Methylprednisoline protects the liver during warm ischemia, especially if given before occlusion, and decreases the mortality from this maneuver in experimental animals.", "PMID": 1181954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8143", "title": "Thrombosis at the site of interruption of the vena cava: a consideration in prophylactic treatment of pulmonary embolism.", "content": "This study confirms the method of Ratnoff in inducing the hypercoagulable state in dogs, and further demonstrates that there is a varying thrombogenic factor when the vena cava is interrupted by ligation, staple plication, suture plication, serrated clip, and a smooth clip. The incidence of thrombosis caused by ligation, staple plication and suture plication would suggest that these are not suitable methods for prophylactic use. That no thrombosis occurred with the smooth clip would suggest that as a prophylactic measure, the smooth clip may be preferable to a serrated clip.", "contents": "Thrombosis at the site of interruption of the vena cava: a consideration in prophylactic treatment of pulmonary embolism. This study confirms the method of Ratnoff in inducing the hypercoagulable state in dogs, and further demonstrates that there is a varying thrombogenic factor when the vena cava is interrupted by ligation, staple plication, suture plication, serrated clip, and a smooth clip. The incidence of thrombosis caused by ligation, staple plication and suture plication would suggest that these are not suitable methods for prophylactic use. That no thrombosis occurred with the smooth clip would suggest that as a prophylactic measure, the smooth clip may be preferable to a serrated clip.", "PMID": 1181956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8144", "title": "Predictive value of ultrasonically derived arterial pressure in determination of amputation level.", "content": "There is a real need for a reliable guide to determine the lowest level of successful limb amputation. Factors such as wound edge bleeding and clinical judgment cannot be minimized but, when clinical experience had been the sole index, AK amputation has too often resulted. The availability of a pocket-sized Doppler ultrasound pulse detector has made thigh or ankle systolic pressure recording a simple bedside procedure. Our analysis shows that a thigh pressure of 50 mm Hg correlates well with success of BK amputation. This fact can be added to the clinician's judgment in better rehabilitating the elderly ischemic amputee.", "contents": "Predictive value of ultrasonically derived arterial pressure in determination of amputation level. There is a real need for a reliable guide to determine the lowest level of successful limb amputation. Factors such as wound edge bleeding and clinical judgment cannot be minimized but, when clinical experience had been the sole index, AK amputation has too often resulted. The availability of a pocket-sized Doppler ultrasound pulse detector has made thigh or ankle systolic pressure recording a simple bedside procedure. Our analysis shows that a thigh pressure of 50 mm Hg correlates well with success of BK amputation. This fact can be added to the clinician's judgment in better rehabilitating the elderly ischemic amputee.", "PMID": 1181958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8145", "title": "General surgery and trauma.", "content": "While some degree of specialization is essential in surgery there remains a place for the general surgeon. The tendency to regard surgical intensive care as a specialty should be resisted. Similarly the surgery of trauma should remain in the field of the general surgeon in full co-operation with the orthopaedic surgeon and, in special circumstances, the neurosurgeon.", "contents": "General surgery and trauma. While some degree of specialization is essential in surgery there remains a place for the general surgeon. The tendency to regard surgical intensive care as a specialty should be resisted. Similarly the surgery of trauma should remain in the field of the general surgeon in full co-operation with the orthopaedic surgeon and, in special circumstances, the neurosurgeon.", "PMID": 1181960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8146", "title": "Intestinal absorption following small-bowel resection.", "content": "Proximal or distal small-bowel resection was performed on female Wistar rats. Water, glucose, electrolyte, and bile acid absorption from the perfusate was studied in bile-fistula sham-operated rats and in animals 3 months after intestinal resection, using an in-vivo recirculation perfusion system. The jejunum and caecum, but not the colon, showed adaptive increases in intestinal absorption after resection of the ileum, and supranormal bile acid absorption and enhanced glucose, water, and electrolyte absorption were demonstrated in the ileum after jejunal resection. The improvement in diarrhoea observed in some patients after right hemicolectomy may be due to compensatory changes in the residual colon; rectal mucosal thickness becomes significantly increased after right hemicoletomy.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption following small-bowel resection. Proximal or distal small-bowel resection was performed on female Wistar rats. Water, glucose, electrolyte, and bile acid absorption from the perfusate was studied in bile-fistula sham-operated rats and in animals 3 months after intestinal resection, using an in-vivo recirculation perfusion system. The jejunum and caecum, but not the colon, showed adaptive increases in intestinal absorption after resection of the ileum, and supranormal bile acid absorption and enhanced glucose, water, and electrolyte absorption were demonstrated in the ileum after jejunal resection. The improvement in diarrhoea observed in some patients after right hemicolectomy may be due to compensatory changes in the residual colon; rectal mucosal thickness becomes significantly increased after right hemicoletomy.", "PMID": 1181961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8147", "title": "Mass screenings for cervical cancer in Finland 1963-71. Organization, extent, and epidemiological implications.", "content": "In Finland, up to 100,000 smears are taken annually from Finnish women, who number more than 2 millions, in conjunction with the mass screening programme organized by the Cancer Society of Finland. About 400,000 smears were taken during the period 1963-71; the detection rates per 10(5) were found to be 69 for invasive cancer, 6 for microinvasive carcinoma, 168 for carcinoma in situ, 127 for dysplasia of high degree. Those previously married, and those experiencing bleeding on sexual intercourse, formed high risk groups (relative risk 2 and 6) whereas those previously electro-coagulated had a relative risk of 0.13 only. Probably no changes will occur in the time trends of mortality rates as a result of the screening. The incidence of invasive carcinomas was found to be decreasing by time, although the increase in carconoma in situ cases exceeded this decline.", "contents": "Mass screenings for cervical cancer in Finland 1963-71. Organization, extent, and epidemiological implications. In Finland, up to 100,000 smears are taken annually from Finnish women, who number more than 2 millions, in conjunction with the mass screening programme organized by the Cancer Society of Finland. About 400,000 smears were taken during the period 1963-71; the detection rates per 10(5) were found to be 69 for invasive cancer, 6 for microinvasive carcinoma, 168 for carcinoma in situ, 127 for dysplasia of high degree. Those previously married, and those experiencing bleeding on sexual intercourse, formed high risk groups (relative risk 2 and 6) whereas those previously electro-coagulated had a relative risk of 0.13 only. Probably no changes will occur in the time trends of mortality rates as a result of the screening. The incidence of invasive carcinomas was found to be decreasing by time, although the increase in carconoma in situ cases exceeded this decline.", "PMID": 1181974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8148", "title": "HL-A antigens in patients with persistent palmoplantar pustulosis and pustular psoriasis.", "content": "HL-A typing was performed in a series of 22 patients with persistent palmoplantar pustulosis, 14 patients with palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis, 15 patients with generalized pustular psoriasis and 45 patients with uncomplicated psoriasis. None of the patients with persistent palmoplantar pustulosis alone had relatives with psoriasis, which was a common finding in the other groups. The HL-A antigens 13 and 17 were markedly increased in the group of uncomplicated psoriasis. In the group of patients with persistent palmoplantar pustulosis alone neither of these antigens was increased, as compared with a control population. Four patients with persistent palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis had HL-A 17 or 13 and two patients with generalized pustular psoriasis had HL-A 17. In the latter group HL-A 27 occurred in eight cases and correlated with the presence of sacro-iliitis. It was concluded that persistent palmoplantar pustulosis is an entity genetically distinct from psoriasis even if psoriatic patients might have an increased tendency to develop this type of pustular reaction.", "contents": "HL-A antigens in patients with persistent palmoplantar pustulosis and pustular psoriasis. HL-A typing was performed in a series of 22 patients with persistent palmoplantar pustulosis, 14 patients with palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis, 15 patients with generalized pustular psoriasis and 45 patients with uncomplicated psoriasis. None of the patients with persistent palmoplantar pustulosis alone had relatives with psoriasis, which was a common finding in the other groups. The HL-A antigens 13 and 17 were markedly increased in the group of uncomplicated psoriasis. In the group of patients with persistent palmoplantar pustulosis alone neither of these antigens was increased, as compared with a control population. Four patients with persistent palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis had HL-A 17 or 13 and two patients with generalized pustular psoriasis had HL-A 17. In the latter group HL-A 27 occurred in eight cases and correlated with the presence of sacro-iliitis. It was concluded that persistent palmoplantar pustulosis is an entity genetically distinct from psoriasis even if psoriatic patients might have an increased tendency to develop this type of pustular reaction.", "PMID": 1181975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8149", "title": "On biological half-life of potassium in man.", "content": "The highly sensitive whole-body counting technique makes quantitative determinations of nanocurie amounts of gamma-emitters within the body possible. So such counters are especially suitable for the long-term measurement of tracer retention and excretion rates. In the present study, the biological half-life of body potassium in ten male volunteers was determined using 42K as tracer. The group was measured using two different types of whole-body counters. A 43-cm standard chair technique was used with counter A and a multidetector linear scanning technique with counter B. The oral tracer dose of 12-15 muCi 42K to volunteers made it possible to estimate the biological half-life of potassium, which varied from 10 to 28 days, the mean being 16 days. The total body potassium determinations were carried out with the 42K- and 40K-methods. The results of the parallel determinations performed with Counter A agreed well with those of Counter B. A good consistency was also found in the body potassium values of individual subjects, obtained using both the methods separately for each counter.", "contents": "On biological half-life of potassium in man. The highly sensitive whole-body counting technique makes quantitative determinations of nanocurie amounts of gamma-emitters within the body possible. So such counters are especially suitable for the long-term measurement of tracer retention and excretion rates. In the present study, the biological half-life of body potassium in ten male volunteers was determined using 42K as tracer. The group was measured using two different types of whole-body counters. A 43-cm standard chair technique was used with counter A and a multidetector linear scanning technique with counter B. The oral tracer dose of 12-15 muCi 42K to volunteers made it possible to estimate the biological half-life of potassium, which varied from 10 to 28 days, the mean being 16 days. The total body potassium determinations were carried out with the 42K- and 40K-methods. The results of the parallel determinations performed with Counter A agreed well with those of Counter B. A good consistency was also found in the body potassium values of individual subjects, obtained using both the methods separately for each counter.", "PMID": 1181976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8150", "title": "Effect of amiloride on digitalis-induced electrocardiographic changes.", "content": "In 10 out of the 13 healthy subjects a single oral dose of 1.25 mg of digoxin induced S-T-J depression and T wave flattening in the exercise ECG. Treatment with potassium-sparing diuretic, amiloride, at a dose of 5 mg twice daily for one week reversed the digoxin-induced S-T-J depression but had no effect on the T wave changes.", "contents": "Effect of amiloride on digitalis-induced electrocardiographic changes. In 10 out of the 13 healthy subjects a single oral dose of 1.25 mg of digoxin induced S-T-J depression and T wave flattening in the exercise ECG. Treatment with potassium-sparing diuretic, amiloride, at a dose of 5 mg twice daily for one week reversed the digoxin-induced S-T-J depression but had no effect on the T wave changes.", "PMID": 1181977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8151", "title": "Pulmonary function in tetraplegic and paraplegic patients.", "content": "Dynamic spirometry and arterial blood gas analyses were performed in a series of 12 tetraplegic and 8 paraplegic patients. A marked restrictive impairment of ventilatory function was found in all patients with tetraplegia, the mean vital capacity (VC) and one second forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0) were less than half of the predicted normal values. Paraplegia was accompanied only by a slight ventilatory restriction in five patients, while three showed normal respiratory function. Signs of airways obstruction were not revealed in either group. Arterial oxygen tension was normal in all patients. With one exception, elevated PaCO2 values were not found in the series. Hyperventilation (decreased arterial PCO2) was a common finding, it was regarded to be partly due to the effects connected with the examination procedure.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in tetraplegic and paraplegic patients. Dynamic spirometry and arterial blood gas analyses were performed in a series of 12 tetraplegic and 8 paraplegic patients. A marked restrictive impairment of ventilatory function was found in all patients with tetraplegia, the mean vital capacity (VC) and one second forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0) were less than half of the predicted normal values. Paraplegia was accompanied only by a slight ventilatory restriction in five patients, while three showed normal respiratory function. Signs of airways obstruction were not revealed in either group. Arterial oxygen tension was normal in all patients. With one exception, elevated PaCO2 values were not found in the series. Hyperventilation (decreased arterial PCO2) was a common finding, it was regarded to be partly due to the effects connected with the examination procedure.", "PMID": 1181978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8152", "title": "Liver biopsy and liver function tests in 28 consecutive long-term alcoholics.", "content": "Liver cirrhosis was not found by needle biopsy performed on 28 consecutive male alcoholics of \"skid-row\" type, but 14 had fatty degeneration and 14 normal histology of the liver. Hypoalbuminemia was the most consistent finding. The combined galactose tolerance test could not predict fatty degeneration. There was no correlation between the laboratory tests used to assess liver function and the degree of fatty degeneration.", "contents": "Liver biopsy and liver function tests in 28 consecutive long-term alcoholics. Liver cirrhosis was not found by needle biopsy performed on 28 consecutive male alcoholics of \"skid-row\" type, but 14 had fatty degeneration and 14 normal histology of the liver. Hypoalbuminemia was the most consistent finding. The combined galactose tolerance test could not predict fatty degeneration. There was no correlation between the laboratory tests used to assess liver function and the degree of fatty degeneration.", "PMID": 1181979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8153", "title": "Clinical findings in relation to morphology in breast carcinoma.", "content": "In 117 women with breast cancer, breast size, tumour size, suspicion of malignancy and clinical stage (Columbia Clinical Classification) were assessed clinically by palpation. Tumour size, degree of differentiation, malignancy grading (Ackerman), co-existent cystic fibroadenosis and axillary node metastases were assessed histopathologically. Differentiation was also assessed cytologically. There was good agreement between clinical and pathological measurements of tumour size. Ackerman's histopathological grading of malignancy correlated with the other criteria better than some other systems of malignancy grading. A higher histopathological malignancy grade was found in larger tumours and older patients. There was no clear relationship between cytological and histopathological malignancy grading. Lymph node metastases occurred three times more often in large breasts than in small ones, in spite of relatively slight differences in tumour size. Cancers in breast with cystic fibroadenosis were smaller, less malignant histopathologically and had fewer lymph node metastases than cancers in breasts without cystic fibroadenosis. \"Definite cancer\" on palpation was more often associated with a highly malignant tumour than a less suspected palpatory finding.", "contents": "Clinical findings in relation to morphology in breast carcinoma. In 117 women with breast cancer, breast size, tumour size, suspicion of malignancy and clinical stage (Columbia Clinical Classification) were assessed clinically by palpation. Tumour size, degree of differentiation, malignancy grading (Ackerman), co-existent cystic fibroadenosis and axillary node metastases were assessed histopathologically. Differentiation was also assessed cytologically. There was good agreement between clinical and pathological measurements of tumour size. Ackerman's histopathological grading of malignancy correlated with the other criteria better than some other systems of malignancy grading. A higher histopathological malignancy grade was found in larger tumours and older patients. There was no clear relationship between cytological and histopathological malignancy grading. Lymph node metastases occurred three times more often in large breasts than in small ones, in spite of relatively slight differences in tumour size. Cancers in breast with cystic fibroadenosis were smaller, less malignant histopathologically and had fewer lymph node metastases than cancers in breasts without cystic fibroadenosis. \"Definite cancer\" on palpation was more often associated with a highly malignant tumour than a less suspected palpatory finding.", "PMID": 1181980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8154", "title": "[Lymphoid hyperplasia of the colon].", "content": "Report of the cases of two infants presenting with lymphoid hyperplasia of the colon, occuring after intestinal obstruction associated with enterocolitis. In one case, it was histologically proved. These cases emphasize the problem of the real meaning of lymphoid hyperplasia of the colon, as well as the meaning of its relationships with enterocolitis. Evolution was benign and it seems that there is no peculiar symptomatology.", "contents": "[Lymphoid hyperplasia of the colon]. Report of the cases of two infants presenting with lymphoid hyperplasia of the colon, occuring after intestinal obstruction associated with enterocolitis. In one case, it was histologically proved. These cases emphasize the problem of the real meaning of lymphoid hyperplasia of the colon, as well as the meaning of its relationships with enterocolitis. Evolution was benign and it seems that there is no peculiar symptomatology.", "PMID": 1181993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8155", "title": "[Capillary blood coagulation in the healthy premature newborn].", "content": "Blood coagulation of healthy premature newborns, since birth, was studied for 45 days by a method of capillary blood sampling in a plastic tube. The most often measured clotting factors allowed to establish control coagulation times for the tests performed in premature sick infants. In this study, the clotting factors were identical in at-term and premature children. Vitamin-K dependent factors showed the most important deficits; however, at birth their levels seemed higher in at-term newborns. They reached control values after one month, with a progressive evolution. The other blood-clotting factors were normal.", "contents": "[Capillary blood coagulation in the healthy premature newborn]. Blood coagulation of healthy premature newborns, since birth, was studied for 45 days by a method of capillary blood sampling in a plastic tube. The most often measured clotting factors allowed to establish control coagulation times for the tests performed in premature sick infants. In this study, the clotting factors were identical in at-term and premature children. Vitamin-K dependent factors showed the most important deficits; however, at birth their levels seemed higher in at-term newborns. They reached control values after one month, with a progressive evolution. The other blood-clotting factors were normal.", "PMID": 1181994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8156", "title": "[Renal papillary necrosis in an infant].", "content": "Report of a case of renal papillary necrosis in an infant, following acute dehydration with cardio-vascular failure. Evolution was favourable and diagnosis was established retrospectively by I.V. urogram.", "contents": "[Renal papillary necrosis in an infant]. Report of a case of renal papillary necrosis in an infant, following acute dehydration with cardio-vascular failure. Evolution was favourable and diagnosis was established retrospectively by I.V. urogram.", "PMID": 1181995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8157", "title": "[Cerebral malformation and thanatophoric nanism].", "content": "Report of one case of atypical osteo-chondrodysplasia, which was classified as a thanatophoric dwarfism, with neuropathological examination of the brain. Microgyria and cytological changes were in the ectocinerea. Too heterotypies in the neuronal place were observed.", "contents": "[Cerebral malformation and thanatophoric nanism]. Report of one case of atypical osteo-chondrodysplasia, which was classified as a thanatophoric dwarfism, with neuropathological examination of the brain. Microgyria and cytological changes were in the ectocinerea. Too heterotypies in the neuronal place were observed.", "PMID": 1181996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8158", "title": "An experimental evaluation of alternative communication systems as used for medical diagnosis.", "content": "While the problem of providing adequate health care to remote populations has been widely recognized, little research has been undertaken to evaluate alternative systems designed to provide such care. An essential part of such a system is the communications link between the doctor and the community he is serving. Studying this two-way subsystem is the context of primary diagnosis and patient management, efficiency and effectiveness of color television, black and white television and hands-free telephone were compared with physical presence consultation. No significant differences in performance were found among the three systems using telecommunications. Physical presence consultation was found superior only for detecting secondary medical problems. Significant rank order correlations were found, however, between the years of experience of the consulting physician and both diagnostic accuracy and appropriate patient management. Also, the attitudes of the patients, doctors and nurses alike ranked physical presence over color television over black and white television over hands-free telephone for medical consultations.", "contents": "An experimental evaluation of alternative communication systems as used for medical diagnosis. While the problem of providing adequate health care to remote populations has been widely recognized, little research has been undertaken to evaluate alternative systems designed to provide such care. An essential part of such a system is the communications link between the doctor and the community he is serving. Studying this two-way subsystem is the context of primary diagnosis and patient management, efficiency and effectiveness of color television, black and white television and hands-free telephone were compared with physical presence consultation. No significant differences in performance were found among the three systems using telecommunications. Physical presence consultation was found superior only for detecting secondary medical problems. Significant rank order correlations were found, however, between the years of experience of the consulting physician and both diagnostic accuracy and appropriate patient management. Also, the attitudes of the patients, doctors and nurses alike ranked physical presence over color television over black and white television over hands-free telephone for medical consultations.", "PMID": 1182014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8159", "title": "Preparation and properties of concanavalin A-binding glycopeptides derived from rat brain glycoproteins.", "content": "Mannose-rich glycopeptides derived from brain glycoproteins were recovered by affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A-Sepharose. These glycopeptides, which adsorb to the lectin and are eluted with alpha-methylmannoside, constitute about 25--30% of the total glycopeptide material recovered from rat brain glycoproteins. They contain predominately mannose and N-acetylglucosamine (mannose/N-acetylglucosamine = 3), as well as small amounts of galactose and fucose. Approx. 65% of the Concanavalin A-binding glycopeptide carbohydrate was recovered after treatment with leucine aminopeptidase, gel filtration on Biogel P-4, and ion-exchange chromatography on coupled Dowex 50-hydrogen and Dowex 1-chloride columns. The purified glycopeptide fraction contained six mannose and two N-acetylglucosamine residues per aspartic acid and possessed an apparent molecular weight of about 2000 as assessed by gel filtration and amino acid analysis. Galactose and fucose were absent. Treatment of the purified glycopeptides with alpha-mannosidase drastically reduced their affinity for Concanavalin A, suggesting the presence of one or more terminal mannose residues.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of concanavalin A-binding glycopeptides derived from rat brain glycoproteins. Mannose-rich glycopeptides derived from brain glycoproteins were recovered by affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A-Sepharose. These glycopeptides, which adsorb to the lectin and are eluted with alpha-methylmannoside, constitute about 25--30% of the total glycopeptide material recovered from rat brain glycoproteins. They contain predominately mannose and N-acetylglucosamine (mannose/N-acetylglucosamine = 3), as well as small amounts of galactose and fucose. Approx. 65% of the Concanavalin A-binding glycopeptide carbohydrate was recovered after treatment with leucine aminopeptidase, gel filtration on Biogel P-4, and ion-exchange chromatography on coupled Dowex 50-hydrogen and Dowex 1-chloride columns. The purified glycopeptide fraction contained six mannose and two N-acetylglucosamine residues per aspartic acid and possessed an apparent molecular weight of about 2000 as assessed by gel filtration and amino acid analysis. Galactose and fucose were absent. Treatment of the purified glycopeptides with alpha-mannosidase drastically reduced their affinity for Concanavalin A, suggesting the presence of one or more terminal mannose residues.", "PMID": 1182017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8160", "title": "Effect of multiple injections of allogeneic spleen cells on methylcholanthrene carcinogenesis in the mouse.", "content": "Weekly injections of irradiated splenic cells from multiple genetic origin significantly reduces susceptibility of mice to carcinogenesis with one injection of 0.1 mg of methylcholanthrene.", "contents": "Effect of multiple injections of allogeneic spleen cells on methylcholanthrene carcinogenesis in the mouse. Weekly injections of irradiated splenic cells from multiple genetic origin significantly reduces susceptibility of mice to carcinogenesis with one injection of 0.1 mg of methylcholanthrene.", "PMID": 1182018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8161", "title": "Effect of varying differentiator frequency response on recorded peak dP/dt.", "content": "The effects of varying the differentiator cutoff frequency on the recorded peak first derivative of left ventricular pressure were assessed. High fidelity, solid state pressure transducers and recording equipment were used. In the canine heart with a basic periodicity of 1-3 Hz, the differentiator frequency response required to record an accurate peak dP/dt is influenced by the value of peak dP/dt. In the range of peak dP/dt between 1 500 and 9 000 mm Hg/s (200 and 1 200 kPa/s), a differentiator cutoff frequency of at least 90 Hz was required to record accurately peak dP/dt.", "contents": "Effect of varying differentiator frequency response on recorded peak dP/dt. The effects of varying the differentiator cutoff frequency on the recorded peak first derivative of left ventricular pressure were assessed. High fidelity, solid state pressure transducers and recording equipment were used. In the canine heart with a basic periodicity of 1-3 Hz, the differentiator frequency response required to record an accurate peak dP/dt is influenced by the value of peak dP/dt. In the range of peak dP/dt between 1 500 and 9 000 mm Hg/s (200 and 1 200 kPa/s), a differentiator cutoff frequency of at least 90 Hz was required to record accurately peak dP/dt.", "PMID": 1182022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8162", "title": "Histological and ultrastructural studies of the basal disk of Hydra. III. The gastrodermis and the mesoglea.", "content": "The gastrodermis and mesoglea of the basal disk of Hydra were investigated to conclude a three-part series of papers. The gastrodermis is composed of digestive cells (most predominant cell type), mucous and nerve cells (both immature and fully differentiated). The principal function of the digestive cells appears to be storage of protein, lipid and glycogen reserves which are utilized by neighboring cells. Mucous cells apparently use some of the reserves to synthesize their secretions which lubricate cells and prevent cell damage during egestion of waste through the aboral pore. The function of the gastrodermal nerve cells is uncertain. The mesoglea of the basal disk, contains the same structural components as seen in other regions of the polyp. It is reasonable to assume that it maintains the same function of cell adhesion and migration. As the mesoglea converges on the aboral pore, it loses its structural integrity and cells are sloughed off the column.", "contents": "Histological and ultrastructural studies of the basal disk of Hydra. III. The gastrodermis and the mesoglea. The gastrodermis and mesoglea of the basal disk of Hydra were investigated to conclude a three-part series of papers. The gastrodermis is composed of digestive cells (most predominant cell type), mucous and nerve cells (both immature and fully differentiated). The principal function of the digestive cells appears to be storage of protein, lipid and glycogen reserves which are utilized by neighboring cells. Mucous cells apparently use some of the reserves to synthesize their secretions which lubricate cells and prevent cell damage during egestion of waste through the aboral pore. The function of the gastrodermal nerve cells is uncertain. The mesoglea of the basal disk, contains the same structural components as seen in other regions of the polyp. It is reasonable to assume that it maintains the same function of cell adhesion and migration. As the mesoglea converges on the aboral pore, it loses its structural integrity and cells are sloughed off the column.", "PMID": 1182023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8163", "title": "Binding interactions of progesterone and other C21 steroids with rat uterine cytosol.", "content": "The binding of progesterone and other C21 steroids by rat uterine cytosol preparations was studied by equilibrium dialysis. Scatchard plots and preliminary computer-assisted analysis indicated at least two types of binding sites for progestrone. Individual Scatchard plots for cortisol and corticosterone binding were linear with Ka's 0.4 and 1.4 times 10(9) M-1, respectively. Inhibition analyses and modeling of competition experiments suggest, however, that the situation is more complex. There was no binding of labeled dexamethasone.", "contents": "Binding interactions of progesterone and other C21 steroids with rat uterine cytosol. The binding of progesterone and other C21 steroids by rat uterine cytosol preparations was studied by equilibrium dialysis. Scatchard plots and preliminary computer-assisted analysis indicated at least two types of binding sites for progestrone. Individual Scatchard plots for cortisol and corticosterone binding were linear with Ka's 0.4 and 1.4 times 10(9) M-1, respectively. Inhibition analyses and modeling of competition experiments suggest, however, that the situation is more complex. There was no binding of labeled dexamethasone.", "PMID": 1182025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8164", "title": "[The effect of pivampicillin and probenecid on experimental syphilis in rabbits].", "content": "The oral single-dose-treatment of the acute gonorrhoeal urethritis of the male with 1.4 g pivampicillin and 1.0 g probenecid is one of the possible alternatives to a parenteral penicillin treatment. Experiments were performed on rabbits to determine if this dose of pivampicillin and probenecid could cure a simultaneously acquired syphilis at a very early stage of incubation. 300 treponems (Nichols strain, T. pallidum) were inoculated intratesticularly and 3 days later pivampicillin and probenecid were administered in doses which produced antibiotic serum levels similar to those in patients who had received a single oral dose of 1.4 g pivampicillin and 1.0 g probenecid. Controls over a 15-weeks period showed that this dosage did prevent the development of syphilitic orchitis and reactivity to the quantitative FTA-ABS-test. It is concluded that the treatment of acute gonorrhoea with 1.4 g pivampicillin and 1.0 g probenecid in general is sufficient to cure a simultaneously acquired syphilis.", "contents": "[The effect of pivampicillin and probenecid on experimental syphilis in rabbits]. The oral single-dose-treatment of the acute gonorrhoeal urethritis of the male with 1.4 g pivampicillin and 1.0 g probenecid is one of the possible alternatives to a parenteral penicillin treatment. Experiments were performed on rabbits to determine if this dose of pivampicillin and probenecid could cure a simultaneously acquired syphilis at a very early stage of incubation. 300 treponems (Nichols strain, T. pallidum) were inoculated intratesticularly and 3 days later pivampicillin and probenecid were administered in doses which produced antibiotic serum levels similar to those in patients who had received a single oral dose of 1.4 g pivampicillin and 1.0 g probenecid. Controls over a 15-weeks period showed that this dosage did prevent the development of syphilitic orchitis and reactivity to the quantitative FTA-ABS-test. It is concluded that the treatment of acute gonorrhoea with 1.4 g pivampicillin and 1.0 g probenecid in general is sufficient to cure a simultaneously acquired syphilis.", "PMID": 1182027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8165", "title": "Role of anion translocation across the mitochondrial membrane in the regulation of urea synthesis from ammonia by isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "The regulation of urea synthesis from ammonia was investigated using isolated hepatocytes from fasted rats. Addition of ammonia alone produced only a small increase of urea formation, which was stimulated 2-fold by ornithine in conjunction with a fall of ATP levels and an accumulation of citrulline. Further addition of oleate or beta-hydroxybutyrate produced an additional 2-fold stimulation of urea formation to approximately 200 mumol/g dry weight/hour. The presence of oleate also protected against the inhibitory effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on urea synthesis and the cellular ATP content. The data suggest that both the rate of of energy production and the rate of generation of reducing equivalents from endogensou substrates are insufficient to meet the requirements for optimal rates of urea synthesis. Urea formation from NH3 in the presence of ornithine and oleate, but iin the absence of gluconeogenic precursors, was inhibited by butylmalonate, a known inhibitor of malate-phosphate exchange across the mitochondrial membrane, and stimulated by  theaddition of malate and other dicarboxylic acids and amino acids to the cell suspension...", "contents": "Role of anion translocation across the mitochondrial membrane in the regulation of urea synthesis from ammonia by isolated rat hepatocytes. The regulation of urea synthesis from ammonia was investigated using isolated hepatocytes from fasted rats. Addition of ammonia alone produced only a small increase of urea formation, which was stimulated 2-fold by ornithine in conjunction with a fall of ATP levels and an accumulation of citrulline. Further addition of oleate or beta-hydroxybutyrate produced an additional 2-fold stimulation of urea formation to approximately 200 mumol/g dry weight/hour. The presence of oleate also protected against the inhibitory effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on urea synthesis and the cellular ATP content. The data suggest that both the rate of of energy production and the rate of generation of reducing equivalents from endogensou substrates are insufficient to meet the requirements for optimal rates of urea synthesis. Urea formation from NH3 in the presence of ornithine and oleate, but iin the absence of gluconeogenic precursors, was inhibited by butylmalonate, a known inhibitor of malate-phosphate exchange across the mitochondrial membrane, and stimulated by  theaddition of malate and other dicarboxylic acids and amino acids to the cell suspension...", "PMID": 1182028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8166", "title": "Interpretation of the kinetics of consecutive enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Studies on the arginase-urease system.", "content": "Physiocochemical properties of beef liver arginase are reported, particular attention being given to its state of aggregation in the concentration range encountered in enzymic assays. It is shown that a species of molecular weight 114,000 is the operational kinetic unit. Evidence is also provided that arginase does not associate heterogeneously with urease, and therefore, in the absence of macromolecular interactions, the arginase-urease couple provides a suitable experimental system to test the applicability of theory previously developed to guide the interpretation of coupled assay results. Application of the theory led to values of the Michaelis constant and maximal velocity describing the first reaction in the sequence, catalyzed by arginase, which agreed within experimental error with the corresponding values obtained by studying the arginase-catalyzed reaction alone. Comment is also made on the product inhibition of arginase by ornithine, which must be considered in the comparison of experimental results describing the time course of a coupled assay with theoretical solutions obtained by numerical integration.", "contents": "Interpretation of the kinetics of consecutive enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Studies on the arginase-urease system. Physiocochemical properties of beef liver arginase are reported, particular attention being given to its state of aggregation in the concentration range encountered in enzymic assays. It is shown that a species of molecular weight 114,000 is the operational kinetic unit. Evidence is also provided that arginase does not associate heterogeneously with urease, and therefore, in the absence of macromolecular interactions, the arginase-urease couple provides a suitable experimental system to test the applicability of theory previously developed to guide the interpretation of coupled assay results. Application of the theory led to values of the Michaelis constant and maximal velocity describing the first reaction in the sequence, catalyzed by arginase, which agreed within experimental error with the corresponding values obtained by studying the arginase-catalyzed reaction alone. Comment is also made on the product inhibition of arginase by ornithine, which must be considered in the comparison of experimental results describing the time course of a coupled assay with theoretical solutions obtained by numerical integration.", "PMID": 1182029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8167", "title": "Accumulation of gene products in the oocytes of the dragonfly Crodulia Aenea L.. I. The nematosomes.", "content": "The chromosomes of the active previtellogenic oocytes of the dragonfly Cordulia aenea L. extrude into the cytoplasm a substance, which is subsequently found there in the form of granulofibrillar masses. These nuclear extrusions evolve ultrastructurally into two components, nematosomes and dense masses. The nematosomes are later found transitorily adjacent to the mitochondria and undergo transformations that are synchronized with changes in oocyte activity. It is suggested that the nematosomes are storage structures for long-lived informational RNA and that they man be widely distributed in various types of cells containing such RNA.", "contents": "Accumulation of gene products in the oocytes of the dragonfly Crodulia Aenea L.. I. The nematosomes. The chromosomes of the active previtellogenic oocytes of the dragonfly Cordulia aenea L. extrude into the cytoplasm a substance, which is subsequently found there in the form of granulofibrillar masses. These nuclear extrusions evolve ultrastructurally into two components, nematosomes and dense masses. The nematosomes are later found transitorily adjacent to the mitochondria and undergo transformations that are synchronized with changes in oocyte activity. It is suggested that the nematosomes are storage structures for long-lived informational RNA and that they man be widely distributed in various types of cells containing such RNA.", "PMID": 1182030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8168", "title": "Comparative immunology of Galapagos iguana hemoglobins.", "content": "The antigenic properties of the major hemoglobin component of the Galapgaos iguanas were studied using second-approximation qualitative and quantitative immunochemical techniques. Phylogenetic distances, relative to the Galapagos marine iguana. Amblyrhynchus cristatus, were established on the basis of immunological cross-reactions.", "contents": "Comparative immunology of Galapagos iguana hemoglobins. The antigenic properties of the major hemoglobin component of the Galapgaos iguanas were studied using second-approximation qualitative and quantitative immunochemical techniques. Phylogenetic distances, relative to the Galapagos marine iguana. Amblyrhynchus cristatus, were established on the basis of immunological cross-reactions.", "PMID": 1182032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8169", "title": "Comparison between prostaglandin E2 and oxytocin actions on pregnant mouse myometrium.", "content": "Effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and oxytocin on the membrane activity of pregnant mouse myometrium were investigated with the microelectrode method. Sensitivity of the myometrium to oxytocin increased only during the last stage of gestation, however sensitivity to PGE2 gradually increased beginning at the middle stage of gestation. Prolonged treatment with PGE2 but not with oxytocin produced desensitization of the myometrium. When the membrane potential was electrically displaced to the resting level after the membrane had been markedly depolarized by either PGE2 or oxytocin, spike activity was restored. However with PGE2 there was continuous spike generation and with oxytocin periodic burst discharges with silent periods. In Ca-free Locke solution, PGE2 and oxytocin still produced depolarization of the membrane, however, oxytocin produced larger depolarization. The different responses of the membrane to PGE2 and oxytocin are discussed in relation to the roles of Ca ion and to the ovarian and placental hormones during gestation.", "contents": "Comparison between prostaglandin E2 and oxytocin actions on pregnant mouse myometrium. Effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and oxytocin on the membrane activity of pregnant mouse myometrium were investigated with the microelectrode method. Sensitivity of the myometrium to oxytocin increased only during the last stage of gestation, however sensitivity to PGE2 gradually increased beginning at the middle stage of gestation. Prolonged treatment with PGE2 but not with oxytocin produced desensitization of the myometrium. When the membrane potential was electrically displaced to the resting level after the membrane had been markedly depolarized by either PGE2 or oxytocin, spike activity was restored. However with PGE2 there was continuous spike generation and with oxytocin periodic burst discharges with silent periods. In Ca-free Locke solution, PGE2 and oxytocin still produced depolarization of the membrane, however, oxytocin produced larger depolarization. The different responses of the membrane to PGE2 and oxytocin are discussed in relation to the roles of Ca ion and to the ovarian and placental hormones during gestation.", "PMID": 1182033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8170", "title": "The morphologic effects of simultaneous infusion of levarterenol and phentolamine on the canine myocardium.", "content": "The effect of simultaneous administration of levarterenol and phentolamine on the myocardium over a 3 hour period was studied in 15 adult mongrel dogs. All animals receiving levarterenol alone had moderate-to-severe subendocardial hemorrhage and necrosis. Four of the 6 animals receiving the simultaneous infusion of levarterenol and phentolamine had little or no hemorrhage or necrosis. These differences are significant (p less than 0.02). It is concluded that the administration of phentolamine simultaneously with levarterenol affords a significant protective effect on the myocardium.", "contents": "The morphologic effects of simultaneous infusion of levarterenol and phentolamine on the canine myocardium. The effect of simultaneous administration of levarterenol and phentolamine on the myocardium over a 3 hour period was studied in 15 adult mongrel dogs. All animals receiving levarterenol alone had moderate-to-severe subendocardial hemorrhage and necrosis. Four of the 6 animals receiving the simultaneous infusion of levarterenol and phentolamine had little or no hemorrhage or necrosis. These differences are significant (p less than 0.02). It is concluded that the administration of phentolamine simultaneously with levarterenol affords a significant protective effect on the myocardium.", "PMID": 1182034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8171", "title": "Fascioliasis of livestock and snail host for Fasciola in the Altiplano Region of Bolivia.", "content": "Fascioliasis caused by Fasciola hepatica was a serious problem for sheep and alpacas in the Altiplano Region of Bolivia. In some provinces close to Lake Titicaca, the raising of sheep was forced to discontinue, because infection with the fluke made it unprofitable and almost impossible. It was proved that in the Altiplano Region, two species of freshwater snails, Lymnaea viatrix and L. cubensis var., served as intermediate hosts for F. hepatica. In some subtropical areas of Bolivia, these snails could not be found, although other Lymnaea sp. was widely distributed there. As it is possible for Lymnaea sp. to be intermediate host for the fluke, further studies are required on the identification. Acute fascioliasis of sheep occurred in the Altiplano Region principally during a period from May to July, or the dry season. In some areas, the mortality rate of infected sheep was roughly estimated as 15 to 25% annually. Contamination with Fasciola metacercariae of herbage and semi-aquatic plants grown in a swamp in one of these areas was biologically assessed, using guinea pigs. Plants of Compositae and Eleocharis sp. were contaminated most intensely and those of Senicio sp. and Vallisneria sp. carried a fairly large number of cysts, while plants of Scirpus sp. and Ranunclaceae carried only a few cysts. No signs of Fasciola infection were observed in any animal given the plants of Liliaceae.", "contents": "Fascioliasis of livestock and snail host for Fasciola in the Altiplano Region of Bolivia. Fascioliasis caused by Fasciola hepatica was a serious problem for sheep and alpacas in the Altiplano Region of Bolivia. In some provinces close to Lake Titicaca, the raising of sheep was forced to discontinue, because infection with the fluke made it unprofitable and almost impossible. It was proved that in the Altiplano Region, two species of freshwater snails, Lymnaea viatrix and L. cubensis var., served as intermediate hosts for F. hepatica. In some subtropical areas of Bolivia, these snails could not be found, although other Lymnaea sp. was widely distributed there. As it is possible for Lymnaea sp. to be intermediate host for the fluke, further studies are required on the identification. Acute fascioliasis of sheep occurred in the Altiplano Region principally during a period from May to July, or the dry season. In some areas, the mortality rate of infected sheep was roughly estimated as 15 to 25% annually. Contamination with Fasciola metacercariae of herbage and semi-aquatic plants grown in a swamp in one of these areas was biologically assessed, using guinea pigs. Plants of Compositae and Eleocharis sp. were contaminated most intensely and those of Senicio sp. and Vallisneria sp. carried a fairly large number of cysts, while plants of Scirpus sp. and Ranunclaceae carried only a few cysts. No signs of Fasciola infection were observed in any animal given the plants of Liliaceae.", "PMID": 1182037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8172", "title": "Protein deprivation in primates: VI. Food preferences of adult rhesus monkeys maintained on low-protein diets.", "content": "Three groups of adult female rhesus monkeys, maintained on low-protein diets (.5 gm, 1 gm, and 2 gm protein per kg body weight, were compared with a control group (4 gm protein per kg body weight) on a food-preference task. Food responsiveness was assessed by presenting 8 small pieces of a certain food, equally spaced about the perimeter of a turntable attached to the home cage, and recording number of pieces taken, number of pieces eaten, and elapsed time for taking all 8 pieces. 21 different foods were used in sequence, 3 each from the following 7 categories: cheese, meat, vegetable, nut, cereal, fruit, and candy. Scores on all 3 measures were highly correlated, and the order of preference was generally the same for all groups. The 2 lowest-protein groups accepted more foods at the lower end of the palatability spectrum than did either the 4-gm or the 2-gm group. There was a tendency for the foods least preferred by the protein-deprived monkeys to be themselves high in protein. Thus, although protein deprivation appears to increase the catholicity of food preference, there is no corresponding increase in the relationship between palatability and protein content.", "contents": "Protein deprivation in primates: VI. Food preferences of adult rhesus monkeys maintained on low-protein diets. Three groups of adult female rhesus monkeys, maintained on low-protein diets (.5 gm, 1 gm, and 2 gm protein per kg body weight, were compared with a control group (4 gm protein per kg body weight) on a food-preference task. Food responsiveness was assessed by presenting 8 small pieces of a certain food, equally spaced about the perimeter of a turntable attached to the home cage, and recording number of pieces taken, number of pieces eaten, and elapsed time for taking all 8 pieces. 21 different foods were used in sequence, 3 each from the following 7 categories: cheese, meat, vegetable, nut, cereal, fruit, and candy. Scores on all 3 measures were highly correlated, and the order of preference was generally the same for all groups. The 2 lowest-protein groups accepted more foods at the lower end of the palatability spectrum than did either the 4-gm or the 2-gm group. There was a tendency for the foods least preferred by the protein-deprived monkeys to be themselves high in protein. Thus, although protein deprivation appears to increase the catholicity of food preference, there is no corresponding increase in the relationship between palatability and protein content.", "PMID": 1182038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8173", "title": "The influence of dietary nitrate on nitrate concentration in egg yolk and albumen.", "content": "Sodium nitrate (from 0 to 2,000 p.p.m.) was added to the drinking water of 32-week old S.C. White  Leghorn pullets. Eggs collected once a week for 8 weeks were analyzed for nitrate content. Increasing levels of nitrate in the drinking water resulted in increasing levels of nitrate in albumen and yolk. Higher levels of nitrate were found in the yolk than in the albumen. When birds were started on the experiment, nitrate in the drinking water was reflected by immediate increases in nitrate content of the eggs. The nitrate content of eggs from birds receiving 1,000 p.p.m. NaNO3 (728 p.p.m. NO3-) exceeded the 45 p.p.m. permissible level of nitrate in drinking water for human beings.", "contents": "The influence of dietary nitrate on nitrate concentration in egg yolk and albumen. Sodium nitrate (from 0 to 2,000 p.p.m.) was added to the drinking water of 32-week old S.C. White  Leghorn pullets. Eggs collected once a week for 8 weeks were analyzed for nitrate content. Increasing levels of nitrate in the drinking water resulted in increasing levels of nitrate in albumen and yolk. Higher levels of nitrate were found in the yolk than in the albumen. When birds were started on the experiment, nitrate in the drinking water was reflected by immediate increases in nitrate content of the eggs. The nitrate content of eggs from birds receiving 1,000 p.p.m. NaNO3 (728 p.p.m. NO3-) exceeded the 45 p.p.m. permissible level of nitrate in drinking water for human beings.", "PMID": 1182039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8174", "title": "Solubilization of a stereospecific opiate-macromolecular complex from rat brain.", "content": "A [3H]etorphine-macromolecular complex has been solubilized from rat brain synaptosomal fraction by extraction with the nonionic detergent Brij 36T. Stereospecificity of binding to this solubilized complex was demonstrated by the finding that radioactivity in the complex was virtually eliminated when binding had occurred in the presence of excess levorphanol, an active narcotic analgesic, while it was unaffected by its inactive enantiomorph dextrorphan. Bound radioactivity was dissociated by proteolytic enzymes, sulfhydryl reagents, and heat, suggesting the presence of protein. The bound solubilized macromolecular moiety may be the opiate receptor.", "contents": "Solubilization of a stereospecific opiate-macromolecular complex from rat brain. A [3H]etorphine-macromolecular complex has been solubilized from rat brain synaptosomal fraction by extraction with the nonionic detergent Brij 36T. Stereospecificity of binding to this solubilized complex was demonstrated by the finding that radioactivity in the complex was virtually eliminated when binding had occurred in the presence of excess levorphanol, an active narcotic analgesic, while it was unaffected by its inactive enantiomorph dextrorphan. Bound radioactivity was dissociated by proteolytic enzymes, sulfhydryl reagents, and heat, suggesting the presence of protein. The bound solubilized macromolecular moiety may be the opiate receptor.", "PMID": 1182043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8175", "title": "Fine structure of cardiac ganglion trunk in prawn, Penaeus japonicus bates.", "content": "The cardiac ganglion trunk of prawn, Peneaus japonicus Bates, is on the middle line of ventral wall of the cardiac tube and consists of nine ganglion cells, many nerve fibers and neuropils. These neuronal elements are insulated by supporting cells and connective tissue fibers. The peripheral area of the perikaryal cytoplasm of the ganglion cell is separated into many compartments by deep invaginations of the cell membrane. Each compartment is packed with a tight network of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum. Among nerve fiber bundles are many small areas of neuropil. Most of the synapses in the ganglion trunk are observed in the neuropil, but there are a few nerve terminals which form synapses with the somata of ganglion cells.", "contents": "Fine structure of cardiac ganglion trunk in prawn, Penaeus japonicus bates. The cardiac ganglion trunk of prawn, Peneaus japonicus Bates, is on the middle line of ventral wall of the cardiac tube and consists of nine ganglion cells, many nerve fibers and neuropils. These neuronal elements are insulated by supporting cells and connective tissue fibers. The peripheral area of the perikaryal cytoplasm of the ganglion cell is separated into many compartments by deep invaginations of the cell membrane. Each compartment is packed with a tight network of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum. Among nerve fiber bundles are many small areas of neuropil. Most of the synapses in the ganglion trunk are observed in the neuropil, but there are a few nerve terminals which form synapses with the somata of ganglion cells.", "PMID": 1182044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8176", "title": "[Studies of the toxic components of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. 2. Communication: Detailed characterization of an extracted endotoxin (author's transl)].", "content": "The endotoxins of different Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains were examined in various biological systems, since in earlier investigations (Leimbeck and B\u00f6hm, 1975) the lethal effect for 10 day old chick embryos had been found to be highly dependent upon the virulence of the strains. The lethal effect for mice and rats was found to be much less. The toxin of the strain T28 proved to be highly pyrogenic for rabbits and inducing acute shock-effects in swine SCHULZ et al. (1961) already suggested that a shock-like pathogenesis existed in the swine erysipelas infection. Furthermore the endotoxic nature was confirmed by the typical course of temperature after i.v. application of the toxin, the ability to cause the Sanarelli-Schwartzman-reaction (both in rabbits), the protection against toxicity by cortisones, and heat stability. An erysipelas antiserum did not neutralize the toxin. It was found to have low antigenic and apparantly no immunogenic properties and an allergic skin-reaction in experimentally infected swine could not be induced. The toxins of various strains were tested by the macrophagemigration-inhibition test. In respect to a preliminary classification the toxin could be identified as a complexed water-soluble and heat-stable glucoproteid with an estimated molecular weight of 31.700. The polysaccharides were found to be the presumable carriers of toxicity.", "contents": "[Studies of the toxic components of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. 2. Communication: Detailed characterization of an extracted endotoxin (author's transl)]. The endotoxins of different Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains were examined in various biological systems, since in earlier investigations (Leimbeck and B\u00f6hm, 1975) the lethal effect for 10 day old chick embryos had been found to be highly dependent upon the virulence of the strains. The lethal effect for mice and rats was found to be much less. The toxin of the strain T28 proved to be highly pyrogenic for rabbits and inducing acute shock-effects in swine SCHULZ et al. (1961) already suggested that a shock-like pathogenesis existed in the swine erysipelas infection. Furthermore the endotoxic nature was confirmed by the typical course of temperature after i.v. application of the toxin, the ability to cause the Sanarelli-Schwartzman-reaction (both in rabbits), the protection against toxicity by cortisones, and heat stability. An erysipelas antiserum did not neutralize the toxin. It was found to have low antigenic and apparantly no immunogenic properties and an allergic skin-reaction in experimentally infected swine could not be induced. The toxins of various strains were tested by the macrophagemigration-inhibition test. In respect to a preliminary classification the toxin could be identified as a complexed water-soluble and heat-stable glucoproteid with an estimated molecular weight of 31.700. The polysaccharides were found to be the presumable carriers of toxicity.", "PMID": 1182046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8177", "title": "[Kidney lesion in mice from an antirenal serum].", "content": "Intravenous administration of anti-renal serum in a dose 1--1.6 ml to mice line CBA brought about drastic changes in the kidney ranging from severe dystrophy of the tubule cells to necrosis of the epithelium of the proximal and straight tubules. A smaller dose (0.5 ml) produced initially degenerative changes in individual cells of the proximal convoluted and straight tubules, and 2--6 months later degenerative changes were noted almost in all cells of the tubules referred to above. The glomerular apparatus was affected in a lesser degree. The relative weight of the kidneys of the mice treated with anti-renal serum at the end of the 3rd month was less than that in control animals. The urine contained granular and hyaline cylinders and a considerable amount of protein. Concentration of urea in the blood serum of the experimental animals was found to be elevated.", "contents": "[Kidney lesion in mice from an antirenal serum]. Intravenous administration of anti-renal serum in a dose 1--1.6 ml to mice line CBA brought about drastic changes in the kidney ranging from severe dystrophy of the tubule cells to necrosis of the epithelium of the proximal and straight tubules. A smaller dose (0.5 ml) produced initially degenerative changes in individual cells of the proximal convoluted and straight tubules, and 2--6 months later degenerative changes were noted almost in all cells of the tubules referred to above. The glomerular apparatus was affected in a lesser degree. The relative weight of the kidneys of the mice treated with anti-renal serum at the end of the 3rd month was less than that in control animals. The urine contained granular and hyaline cylinders and a considerable amount of protein. Concentration of urea in the blood serum of the experimental animals was found to be elevated.", "PMID": 1182048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8178", "title": "Cell surface sialoglycopeptide metabolism and surface glycosyl transferase activity in the Ehrlich ascites cell.", "content": "1. The in vivo incorporation of radioactivity from [3H]glucosamine into a trypsin labile, cell surface sialoglycopeptide fraction (SGP) of Ehrlich ascites cells was studied in the presence and absence of puromycin pretreatment. The results indicated a much more complete inhibition of incorporation into the surface SGP than in the average intracellular acid insoluble glycoproteins. No evidence of turnover of the carbohydrate portion of the surface SGP independent of protein synthesis could be obtained. 2. However, when intact cells were incubated with labelled uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-actely glucosamine or cytidine 5'-monophosphate (CMP)-sialic acid there was some incorporation largely into acid insoluble material, suggesting the presence of glycosyl transferase activity in the surface. Further evidence for surface activity was obtained when neuraminidase pretreatment of intact cells stimulated incorporation of labelled CMP-sialic acid sixfold and almost all of the incorporated counts could be released by subsequent neuraminidase treatment. Furthermore, a much greater proportion of the incorporated counts could be released by papain than by trypsin treatment of the intact cells. These results suggest that the surface acceptor for exogenously added CMP-sialic acid is not identical to the endogenously synthesized trypsin labile surface SGP.", "contents": "Cell surface sialoglycopeptide metabolism and surface glycosyl transferase activity in the Ehrlich ascites cell. 1. The in vivo incorporation of radioactivity from [3H]glucosamine into a trypsin labile, cell surface sialoglycopeptide fraction (SGP) of Ehrlich ascites cells was studied in the presence and absence of puromycin pretreatment. The results indicated a much more complete inhibition of incorporation into the surface SGP than in the average intracellular acid insoluble glycoproteins. No evidence of turnover of the carbohydrate portion of the surface SGP independent of protein synthesis could be obtained. 2. However, when intact cells were incubated with labelled uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-actely glucosamine or cytidine 5'-monophosphate (CMP)-sialic acid there was some incorporation largely into acid insoluble material, suggesting the presence of glycosyl transferase activity in the surface. Further evidence for surface activity was obtained when neuraminidase pretreatment of intact cells stimulated incorporation of labelled CMP-sialic acid sixfold and almost all of the incorporated counts could be released by subsequent neuraminidase treatment. Furthermore, a much greater proportion of the incorporated counts could be released by papain than by trypsin treatment of the intact cells. These results suggest that the surface acceptor for exogenously added CMP-sialic acid is not identical to the endogenously synthesized trypsin labile surface SGP.", "PMID": 1182049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8179", "title": "A comparison of cytogenetics and histopathology in the malignant lymphomata.", "content": "The non-Hodgkin's lymphomata are characteristically near diploid with occasional examples having higher chromosome numbers. In contrast, about half the cases of Hodgkin's disease have chromosome numbers in the triploid range. Karyotypes in cases of Hodgkin's disease appear to be more deranged than those found in other lymphomata, even when the cells are in the diploid range. If karyotypically normal cells in the tumours represent some degree of host reaction, then this is most marked in Hodgkin's disease. Long arm deletions of chromosome 18 were identified in cells from 7/31 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; 5 were follicular and 2 contained both follicular and diffuse areas. The cases showing this deletion had a relatively good prognosis.", "contents": "A comparison of cytogenetics and histopathology in the malignant lymphomata. The non-Hodgkin's lymphomata are characteristically near diploid with occasional examples having higher chromosome numbers. In contrast, about half the cases of Hodgkin's disease have chromosome numbers in the triploid range. Karyotypes in cases of Hodgkin's disease appear to be more deranged than those found in other lymphomata, even when the cells are in the diploid range. If karyotypically normal cells in the tumours represent some degree of host reaction, then this is most marked in Hodgkin's disease. Long arm deletions of chromosome 18 were identified in cells from 7/31 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; 5 were follicular and 2 contained both follicular and diffuse areas. The cases showing this deletion had a relatively good prognosis.", "PMID": 1182067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8180", "title": "A summary of the results of a review of 405 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at Stanford University.", "content": "A r\u00e9sum\u00e9 of the major advantages of using the Rappaport classification of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomata is presented. The data are taken from a series of 6 papers resulting from a retrospective review of 405 cases at Stanford University. The frequency of nodular lymphomata (44%) is emphasized. The clinical features, response to therapy and natural history of these patients are quite different among the various subgroups. Use of this classification instead of former pathological classifications is urged.", "contents": "A summary of the results of a review of 405 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at Stanford University. A r\u00e9sum\u00e9 of the major advantages of using the Rappaport classification of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomata is presented. The data are taken from a series of 6 papers resulting from a retrospective review of 405 cases at Stanford University. The frequency of nodular lymphomata (44%) is emphasized. The clinical features, response to therapy and natural history of these patients are quite different among the various subgroups. Use of this classification instead of former pathological classifications is urged.", "PMID": 1182068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8181", "title": "A retrospective analysis of the clinical results in relation to the Rappaport histological classification.", "content": "The Rappaport classification of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomata was applied to 460 cases at the Princess Margaret Hospital. Statistically significant differences in the numerical incidence between the nodular and diffuse patterns was found for the entire series and for the lymphocytic, \"histiocytic\" and mixed cell types individually. All of the undifferentiated types were diffuse. These differences were sustained for the degrees of differentiation within the lymphocytic group. The \"histiocytic\" group was not subclassified by differentiation. The cell types differed in the numerical distribution of the patterns. The lymphocytics were predominantly diffuse but their nodular forms constituted a higher proportion of the nodular pattern than did their diffuse types of the diffuse group. More of the well differentiated lymphocytics were nodular than were diffuse and they formed a higher proportion of the nodular group than they did of the diffuse. On the other hand, the poorly differentiated lymphocytics were predominantly diffuse and these were less well represented in the nodular group than in the diffuse tumours. The intermediate differentiated types were usually diffuse but slightly better represented in the nodular group. Most tumours of the \"histiocytic\" type were diffuse and these constituted a higher proportion of diffuse than the nodular tumours. The mixed cell lesions were predominantly nodular and comprised a much higher proportion of nodular lesions than diffuse. No real differences were identified amongst the histological types according to age or sex distributions. The crude survival to 4 years differed significantly for the histological types. For the entire series and for each cellular type, the nodular patterns were superior to the diffuse, although, in the lymphocytic well differentiated types, pattern made no real difference to survival.", "contents": "A retrospective analysis of the clinical results in relation to the Rappaport histological classification. The Rappaport classification of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomata was applied to 460 cases at the Princess Margaret Hospital. Statistically significant differences in the numerical incidence between the nodular and diffuse patterns was found for the entire series and for the lymphocytic, \"histiocytic\" and mixed cell types individually. All of the undifferentiated types were diffuse. These differences were sustained for the degrees of differentiation within the lymphocytic group. The \"histiocytic\" group was not subclassified by differentiation. The cell types differed in the numerical distribution of the patterns. The lymphocytics were predominantly diffuse but their nodular forms constituted a higher proportion of the nodular pattern than did their diffuse types of the diffuse group. More of the well differentiated lymphocytics were nodular than were diffuse and they formed a higher proportion of the nodular group than they did of the diffuse. On the other hand, the poorly differentiated lymphocytics were predominantly diffuse and these were less well represented in the nodular group than in the diffuse tumours. The intermediate differentiated types were usually diffuse but slightly better represented in the nodular group. Most tumours of the \"histiocytic\" type were diffuse and these constituted a higher proportion of diffuse than the nodular tumours. The mixed cell lesions were predominantly nodular and comprised a much higher proportion of nodular lesions than diffuse. No real differences were identified amongst the histological types according to age or sex distributions. The crude survival to 4 years differed significantly for the histological types. For the entire series and for each cellular type, the nodular patterns were superior to the diffuse, although, in the lymphocytic well differentiated types, pattern made no real difference to survival.", "PMID": 1182069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8182", "title": "Patterns of involvement with malignant lymphoma and implications for treatment decision making.", "content": "Decision making in cancer therapy has traditionally evolved through careful observation of the clinical course subsequent to various treatment approaches. This method has also served to delineate the wide spectrum of primary manifestations and patterns of biological behaviour characterizing the malignant lymphomata. Marked disparity has been consistently appreciated between the natural history of lymphomata originating in lymph nodes in contrast to those primary in extranodal sites. The former are usually anatomically generalized at diagnosis whereas primary extranodal lymphomata are commonly localized and more closely resemble carcinomata of the respective organs with their propensity for both regional lymphatic extension and haematogenous spread. Prospective staging of 100 consecutive patients with previously untreated malignant lymphoma has been consistent with this past experience in demonstrating the presence of disseminated involvement in the majority of patients. It has also become apparent that reliance upon either clinical or surgical staging of disease extent is often misleading since widespread disease frequently develops even in those patients staged as having localized involvement and thereby treated with local irradiation. High dose, wide field lymphatic irradiation \"\u00e1 la Hodgkin's disease\" seldom constitutes appropriate treatment for patients having lymph node presentations of lymphoma. There is rather a need to recognize the importance of systemic treatment for most cases, negating the utility of routine exhaustive staging since treatment decisions can be based upon readily assessed clinicohistological determinants in the majority of cases.", "contents": "Patterns of involvement with malignant lymphoma and implications for treatment decision making. Decision making in cancer therapy has traditionally evolved through careful observation of the clinical course subsequent to various treatment approaches. This method has also served to delineate the wide spectrum of primary manifestations and patterns of biological behaviour characterizing the malignant lymphomata. Marked disparity has been consistently appreciated between the natural history of lymphomata originating in lymph nodes in contrast to those primary in extranodal sites. The former are usually anatomically generalized at diagnosis whereas primary extranodal lymphomata are commonly localized and more closely resemble carcinomata of the respective organs with their propensity for both regional lymphatic extension and haematogenous spread. Prospective staging of 100 consecutive patients with previously untreated malignant lymphoma has been consistent with this past experience in demonstrating the presence of disseminated involvement in the majority of patients. It has also become apparent that reliance upon either clinical or surgical staging of disease extent is often misleading since widespread disease frequently develops even in those patients staged as having localized involvement and thereby treated with local irradiation. High dose, wide field lymphatic irradiation \"\u00e1 la Hodgkin's disease\" seldom constitutes appropriate treatment for patients having lymph node presentations of lymphoma. There is rather a need to recognize the importance of systemic treatment for most cases, negating the utility of routine exhaustive staging since treatment decisions can be based upon readily assessed clinicohistological determinants in the majority of cases.", "PMID": 1182071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8183", "title": "Diagnostic laparotomy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "Twenty patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were investigated by diagnostic laparotomy. These patients were seen over a 3 1/2 year period during which a total of 78 patients with NHL were seen. Laparotomy was considered unsuitable in 58 patients, either because widespread disease was easily demonstrated by simpler means or because of their poor general medical condition. Laparotomy revealed more extensive disease in 14 patients. Although laparotomy is proving to be a worthwhile investigative procedure, it is less likely to be useful as a routine investigation than is the case with Hodgkin's disease. Widespread involvement of mesenteric lymph nodes is common and among the 10 patients with a poor histological grade of tumour, 2 with negative laparotomy findings developed disease in the abdomen within 3 months of operation.", "contents": "Diagnostic laparotomy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Twenty patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were investigated by diagnostic laparotomy. These patients were seen over a 3 1/2 year period during which a total of 78 patients with NHL were seen. Laparotomy was considered unsuitable in 58 patients, either because widespread disease was easily demonstrated by simpler means or because of their poor general medical condition. Laparotomy revealed more extensive disease in 14 patients. Although laparotomy is proving to be a worthwhile investigative procedure, it is less likely to be useful as a routine investigation than is the case with Hodgkin's disease. Widespread involvement of mesenteric lymph nodes is common and among the 10 patients with a poor histological grade of tumour, 2 with negative laparotomy findings developed disease in the abdomen within 3 months of operation.", "PMID": 1182072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8184", "title": "Patterns of presentation and relapse in the non-Hodgkin's lymphomata.", "content": "An analysis of the modes of distribution of initial sites of involvement in patients with Stage II and III non-Hodgkin's lymphoma revealed a contiguous pattern of involvement of lymph node bearing areas directly connected by lymphatic channels in 76% of patients with nodular lymphomata and in 84% of those with diffuse lymphomata. The patterns and frequencies of initial relapse following radiotherapy for each histopathological type and stage (Stage I-III) are described. The sites of relapse are analysed in relation to initial pretreatment sites of involvement and in relation to radiation fields employed. The therapeutic implications of these data are discussed.", "contents": "Patterns of presentation and relapse in the non-Hodgkin's lymphomata. An analysis of the modes of distribution of initial sites of involvement in patients with Stage II and III non-Hodgkin's lymphoma revealed a contiguous pattern of involvement of lymph node bearing areas directly connected by lymphatic channels in 76% of patients with nodular lymphomata and in 84% of those with diffuse lymphomata. The patterns and frequencies of initial relapse following radiotherapy for each histopathological type and stage (Stage I-III) are described. The sites of relapse are analysed in relation to initial pretreatment sites of involvement and in relation to radiation fields employed. The therapeutic implications of these data are discussed.", "PMID": 1182073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8185", "title": "Staging procedures in mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Mycosis fungoides (MF) in deep-seated lymph nodes, spleen or liver appears to be associated with a lack of response of the disease to topical external therapy. Fourteen patients with mycosis fungoides were clinically staged and had a staging laparotomy. Mycosis fungoides was found in the lymph nodes of 3 of these patients, in the spleen in 4 and in the liver in 2 cases. Patients with adenopathy, or with splenomegaly or abnormal spleen scans, should be considered for surgical staging to determine the extent of extracutaneous disease. The documentation of extracutaneous MF becomes necessary in the development of new therapeutic approaches.", "contents": "Staging procedures in mycosis fungoides. Mycosis fungoides (MF) in deep-seated lymph nodes, spleen or liver appears to be associated with a lack of response of the disease to topical external therapy. Fourteen patients with mycosis fungoides were clinically staged and had a staging laparotomy. Mycosis fungoides was found in the lymph nodes of 3 of these patients, in the spleen in 4 and in the liver in 2 cases. Patients with adenopathy, or with splenomegaly or abnormal spleen scans, should be considered for surgical staging to determine the extent of extracutaneous disease. The documentation of extracutaneous MF becomes necessary in the development of new therapeutic approaches.", "PMID": 1182074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8186", "title": "Survival in localized nodal and extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomata.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 133 patients with localized nodal and extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomata whose staging investigations included marrow aspirate and lymphography shows that more than 60% remain alive and disease-free 4 years after initial therapy. Further relapses may occur in this group, particularly in the nodular lymphomata, but so far the majority of relapses and three quarters of the deaths from disease have occurred within 2 years of diagnosis. Of the entire group of patients, only 15% showed an unequivocally nodular pattern and a further 25% a partially nodular, partially diffuse pattern. Thus, 60% of patients had diffuse lymphoma but differences were observed depending upon the site of presentation. In the nodal Stages I and II cases, whereas only 4 of 55 patients with supradiaphragmatic disease showed a nodular pattern, 12 of 24 infradiaphragmatic presentations had nodular lymphoma. This difference was reflected in a lower relapse rate in the latter group. Mediastinal involvement was uncommon but carried a grave prognosis. As far as it was possible to judge, extension to adjacent nodal areas as a cause of relapse was not a common problem and, as observed previously, relapse was much commoner to a wide variety of extranodal sites than is the case with Hodgkin's disease. In this series marrow involvement was documented in only 7 patients but this surprisingly low frequency might be due in part to infrequent marrow sampling after the initial investigations were completed.", "contents": "Survival in localized nodal and extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomata. A retrospective analysis of 133 patients with localized nodal and extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomata whose staging investigations included marrow aspirate and lymphography shows that more than 60% remain alive and disease-free 4 years after initial therapy. Further relapses may occur in this group, particularly in the nodular lymphomata, but so far the majority of relapses and three quarters of the deaths from disease have occurred within 2 years of diagnosis. Of the entire group of patients, only 15% showed an unequivocally nodular pattern and a further 25% a partially nodular, partially diffuse pattern. Thus, 60% of patients had diffuse lymphoma but differences were observed depending upon the site of presentation. In the nodal Stages I and II cases, whereas only 4 of 55 patients with supradiaphragmatic disease showed a nodular pattern, 12 of 24 infradiaphragmatic presentations had nodular lymphoma. This difference was reflected in a lower relapse rate in the latter group. Mediastinal involvement was uncommon but carried a grave prognosis. As far as it was possible to judge, extension to adjacent nodal areas as a cause of relapse was not a common problem and, as observed previously, relapse was much commoner to a wide variety of extranodal sites than is the case with Hodgkin's disease. In this series marrow involvement was documented in only 7 patients but this surprisingly low frequency might be due in part to infrequent marrow sampling after the initial investigations were completed.", "PMID": 1182075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8187", "title": "Epidermal antigens in lichen planus.", "content": "The loss of intercellular and basement membrane antigens has been associated with the development of epidermal cell dysplasia and neoplasia. The antigenic components of the epidermis have been investigated in lichen planus, lupus erythematosus and eczema, using pemphigoid and pemphigus sera by the indirect immunofluorescent staining method. In areas of active lichen planus there was extensive reduction or complete absence of basement membrane antigen. Intercellular antigen was preserved in lichen planus although in some damaged rete ridges it appeared to be reduced. Both these antigens were well preserved in lupus erythematosus and eczema. Loss of epithelial antigens is therefore not confined to the development of neoplasia.", "contents": "Epidermal antigens in lichen planus. The loss of intercellular and basement membrane antigens has been associated with the development of epidermal cell dysplasia and neoplasia. The antigenic components of the epidermis have been investigated in lichen planus, lupus erythematosus and eczema, using pemphigoid and pemphigus sera by the indirect immunofluorescent staining method. In areas of active lichen planus there was extensive reduction or complete absence of basement membrane antigen. Intercellular antigen was preserved in lichen planus although in some damaged rete ridges it appeared to be reduced. Both these antigens were well preserved in lupus erythematosus and eczema. Loss of epithelial antigens is therefore not confined to the development of neoplasia.", "PMID": 1182077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8188", "title": "Non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomata of upper digestive and respiratory tract: natural history and results of radiotherapy.", "content": "A total of 218 non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomata of the upper digestive and respiratory tract are reported. 72% had Waldeyer's ring involvement and 22% had paranasal sinus involvement. Ilio-lumbar lymphography was performed in 98 cases: 33 lymphograms were abnormal. In 152 Stage I and II patients, loco-regional irradiation gave 129 remissions. Among these patients, 66 suffered a relapse, most of them during the first year after treatment. Primary relapse analysis revealed 18 true recurrences, 10 nodal extensions and 38 extranodal disseminations. The median survival is 14 months for all stages; the survival rate at 5 years is 38% for Stages I and II for patients treated by 60Co alone. No statistical significance in prognosis has been found for age, sex, size of primary tumour, involvement of upper or lower nodes in the neck, histological type nor between Stage I and Stage II. Lymphography and x-ray gastrointestinal examination must be performed routinely before treatment in order to stage patients correctly.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomata of upper digestive and respiratory tract: natural history and results of radiotherapy. A total of 218 non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomata of the upper digestive and respiratory tract are reported. 72% had Waldeyer's ring involvement and 22% had paranasal sinus involvement. Ilio-lumbar lymphography was performed in 98 cases: 33 lymphograms were abnormal. In 152 Stage I and II patients, loco-regional irradiation gave 129 remissions. Among these patients, 66 suffered a relapse, most of them during the first year after treatment. Primary relapse analysis revealed 18 true recurrences, 10 nodal extensions and 38 extranodal disseminations. The median survival is 14 months for all stages; the survival rate at 5 years is 38% for Stages I and II for patients treated by 60Co alone. No statistical significance in prognosis has been found for age, sex, size of primary tumour, involvement of upper or lower nodes in the neck, histological type nor between Stage I and Stage II. Lymphography and x-ray gastrointestinal examination must be performed routinely before treatment in order to stage patients correctly.", "PMID": 1182076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8189", "title": "Heterogeneity of bovine snout epidermal prekeratin.", "content": "The prekeratin of the snout of cows was extracted with 0-1 mol/l citric acid-sodium citrate buffer, pH 2-6. The results of equilibrium ultracentrifugation analyses of this prekeratin strongly suggest that this protein is not homogeneous. This conclusion is in accordance with the observations of two other investigators whose data infer that there is no major homogeneous keratin precursor in cow's lip or snout epidermis.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of bovine snout epidermal prekeratin. The prekeratin of the snout of cows was extracted with 0-1 mol/l citric acid-sodium citrate buffer, pH 2-6. The results of equilibrium ultracentrifugation analyses of this prekeratin strongly suggest that this protein is not homogeneous. This conclusion is in accordance with the observations of two other investigators whose data infer that there is no major homogeneous keratin precursor in cow's lip or snout epidermis.", "PMID": 1182078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8190", "title": "Surfometry. A method of evaluating the internal structure of the stratum corneum.", "content": "A method is described which enables measurement to be made of the roughness of the surfact of skin surface biopsies. The instrument used in this investigation has previously been employed to measure the degree of unevenness of metal and ceramic surfaces and is called a 'surfometer'. Using this technique the tracings that resulted from examination of normal skin, psoriasis and certain ichthyotic states could easily be distinguished. It was also demonstrated that there was a consistent pattern of change with increasing hydration of the stratum corneum in the absence of easily identifiable morphological alterations.", "contents": "Surfometry. A method of evaluating the internal structure of the stratum corneum. A method is described which enables measurement to be made of the roughness of the surfact of skin surface biopsies. The instrument used in this investigation has previously been employed to measure the degree of unevenness of metal and ceramic surfaces and is called a 'surfometer'. Using this technique the tracings that resulted from examination of normal skin, psoriasis and certain ichthyotic states could easily be distinguished. It was also demonstrated that there was a consistent pattern of change with increasing hydration of the stratum corneum in the absence of easily identifiable morphological alterations.", "PMID": 1182079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8191", "title": "Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in guinea-pigs inoculated intravenously with Leishmania enriettii. Preliminary report.", "content": "Seven guinea-pigs were inoculated intravenously with a rich suspension of Leishmania enriettii. During the sixth to the seventh week from inoculation, all of them developed lesions within the anterior nasal mucosa and in the vulva or scrotum. In one animal nodules occurred in the forepaws during the tenth week. The histology of the latter showed an epithelioid granuloma with multinucleate giant cells, while in all the others macrophages and monocytes highly parasitized with leishmania bodies, formed the main elements in the granulomatous infiltrate. Lesions seem to develop in the cool, non-hairy areas of the integument and those areas of the nasal mucosa which are constantly bombarded by the inhaled cool air stream. The anterior nasal mucosa, with its leaking venular network, its cool timperature, relative stasis and hypoxia probably provides the optimum micro-environment for the localization, survival and multiplication of the leishmanial protozoon.", "contents": "Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in guinea-pigs inoculated intravenously with Leishmania enriettii. Preliminary report. Seven guinea-pigs were inoculated intravenously with a rich suspension of Leishmania enriettii. During the sixth to the seventh week from inoculation, all of them developed lesions within the anterior nasal mucosa and in the vulva or scrotum. In one animal nodules occurred in the forepaws during the tenth week. The histology of the latter showed an epithelioid granuloma with multinucleate giant cells, while in all the others macrophages and monocytes highly parasitized with leishmania bodies, formed the main elements in the granulomatous infiltrate. Lesions seem to develop in the cool, non-hairy areas of the integument and those areas of the nasal mucosa which are constantly bombarded by the inhaled cool air stream. The anterior nasal mucosa, with its leaking venular network, its cool timperature, relative stasis and hypoxia probably provides the optimum micro-environment for the localization, survival and multiplication of the leishmanial protozoon.", "PMID": 1182080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8192", "title": "Skin manifestations associated with tumours of the brain.", "content": "In a 4-year period seventy-seven patients with tumours of the brain were investigated for skin manifestations. These were observed in twenty-four (31-2%) and fall into three main groups: Pruritus. Thirteen patients complained of pruritus. Most characteristic is the pruritus of the nostrils, which was observed in six patients. It can be extremely severe and is a sign of an advanced tumour. Pigmentary disorders were observed in seven patients. In two, vitiligo appeared simultaneously with the brain tumour symptoms. In the others, hyperpigmentation appeared on the face later in the course of the disease. Hyperkeratotic changes were manifest in four patients. Two had a mild hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles. The other two developed in addition an ichthyosiform atrophy of the skin. The possible pathogenesis of the skin manifestations associated with brain tumours is discussed.", "contents": "Skin manifestations associated with tumours of the brain. In a 4-year period seventy-seven patients with tumours of the brain were investigated for skin manifestations. These were observed in twenty-four (31-2%) and fall into three main groups: Pruritus. Thirteen patients complained of pruritus. Most characteristic is the pruritus of the nostrils, which was observed in six patients. It can be extremely severe and is a sign of an advanced tumour. Pigmentary disorders were observed in seven patients. In two, vitiligo appeared simultaneously with the brain tumour symptoms. In the others, hyperpigmentation appeared on the face later in the course of the disease. Hyperkeratotic changes were manifest in four patients. Two had a mild hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles. The other two developed in addition an ichthyosiform atrophy of the skin. The possible pathogenesis of the skin manifestations associated with brain tumours is discussed.", "PMID": 1182081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8193", "title": "Cutaneous extensibility in pseudo-xanthoma elasticum.", "content": "In vivo skin elasticity was measured on unaffected forearm skin of twenty-five patients with pseudo-xanthoma elasticum and compared with age and sex-matched controls. The elastic modulus was raised in the recessive type I group and reduced in the dominant types I and II groups. No significant difference in skin thickness was found.", "contents": "Cutaneous extensibility in pseudo-xanthoma elasticum. In vivo skin elasticity was measured on unaffected forearm skin of twenty-five patients with pseudo-xanthoma elasticum and compared with age and sex-matched controls. The elastic modulus was raised in the recessive type I group and reduced in the dominant types I and II groups. No significant difference in skin thickness was found.", "PMID": 1182082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8194", "title": "Chronic paronychia and psoriasis.", "content": "Nineteen of fifty adult female patients with chronic paronychia and five of fifty adult female control dermatological patients suffered from psoriasis.", "contents": "Chronic paronychia and psoriasis. Nineteen of fifty adult female patients with chronic paronychia and five of fifty adult female control dermatological patients suffered from psoriasis.", "PMID": 1182083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8195", "title": "'Pseudomorphoea': a side effect of subcutaneous corticosteroid injection.", "content": "Three patients are reported who developed cutaneous atrophy in the upper arm following a single injection of a long-acting corticosteroid preparation into the deltoid region.", "contents": "'Pseudomorphoea': a side effect of subcutaneous corticosteroid injection. Three patients are reported who developed cutaneous atrophy in the upper arm following a single injection of a long-acting corticosteroid preparation into the deltoid region.", "PMID": 1182084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8196", "title": "Effects of intensive application of retinoic acid on human skin.", "content": "The daily application of 0-3% retinoic acid to the back produced an acute irritant dermatitis which resolved to a near-normal clinical appearance within 40 days despite continued daily exposure. Hardened skin was markedly altered physiologically. The responses to DMSO, histamine and the histamine liberator, compound 48/80, were sharply enhanced. This reflected enhanced permeability resulting from reduction of the horny layer to less than one-half its normal thickness. Phototoxic and irritant substances produced exaggerated reactions owing to greater penetration. A paradoxical decrease in delayed sinsitivity to streptodornase-streptokinase was attributed to enhanced clearance of the antigen.", "contents": "Effects of intensive application of retinoic acid on human skin. The daily application of 0-3% retinoic acid to the back produced an acute irritant dermatitis which resolved to a near-normal clinical appearance within 40 days despite continued daily exposure. Hardened skin was markedly altered physiologically. The responses to DMSO, histamine and the histamine liberator, compound 48/80, were sharply enhanced. This reflected enhanced permeability resulting from reduction of the horny layer to less than one-half its normal thickness. Phototoxic and irritant substances produced exaggerated reactions owing to greater penetration. A paradoxical decrease in delayed sinsitivity to streptodornase-streptokinase was attributed to enhanced clearance of the antigen.", "PMID": 1182085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8197", "title": "Treatment of solar keratoses of the extremities with retinoic acid and 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "In contrast to solar keratoses of the face, twice daily application of 5% 5-fluorouracil cream was found to be incapable of destroying such lesions situated on the forearms and hands. Twice daily application of 0-1% retinoic acid was also ineffective. Combined use of these agents eradicated keratoses in all twenty subjects with numerous keratoses of the forearms; in only two was the treatment ineffective for keratoses of the hands.", "contents": "Treatment of solar keratoses of the extremities with retinoic acid and 5-fluorouracil. In contrast to solar keratoses of the face, twice daily application of 5% 5-fluorouracil cream was found to be incapable of destroying such lesions situated on the forearms and hands. Twice daily application of 0-1% retinoic acid was also ineffective. Combined use of these agents eradicated keratoses in all twenty subjects with numerous keratoses of the forearms; in only two was the treatment ineffective for keratoses of the hands.", "PMID": 1182086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8198", "title": "Oestrogen-induced familial porphyria cutanea tarda.", "content": "Two brothers with cutaneous hepatic porphyria are reported. One, aged 64 years, had his disease apparently precipitated by the oestrogen treatment given for carcinoma of the prostate.", "contents": "Oestrogen-induced familial porphyria cutanea tarda. Two brothers with cutaneous hepatic porphyria are reported. One, aged 64 years, had his disease apparently precipitated by the oestrogen treatment given for carcinoma of the prostate.", "PMID": 1182087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8199", "title": "Milia occurring in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.", "content": "Large numbers of milia were seen in areas of skin affected with bullae in a 68-year-old woman who had extensive lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Although milia are frequently seen in other sub-epidermal bullous disorders, they have not previously been reported in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.", "contents": "Milia occurring in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Large numbers of milia were seen in areas of skin affected with bullae in a 68-year-old woman who had extensive lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Although milia are frequently seen in other sub-epidermal bullous disorders, they have not previously been reported in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.", "PMID": 1182088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8200", "title": "Estimation of fetal weight from ultrasonic measurement of trunk circumference.", "content": "A new method of estimating fetal weight from the circumference of the fetal trunk, measured by ultrasound, is described. Comparison of weights estimated in this way with the actual birth weights of 50 fetuses, delivered not more than 48 hours later, shows a mean error in prediction of only 75 g, and in 94 per cent the error was less than 145 g. With such accuracy, the method is of clinical value, particularly in anticipating difficult delivery and in monitoring growth of the fetus at risk.", "contents": "Estimation of fetal weight from ultrasonic measurement of trunk circumference. A new method of estimating fetal weight from the circumference of the fetal trunk, measured by ultrasound, is described. Comparison of weights estimated in this way with the actual birth weights of 50 fetuses, delivered not more than 48 hours later, shows a mean error in prediction of only 75 g, and in 94 per cent the error was less than 145 g. With such accuracy, the method is of clinical value, particularly in anticipating difficult delivery and in monitoring growth of the fetus at risk.", "PMID": 1182089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8201", "title": "A critical evaluation of sonar \"crown-rump length\" measurements.", "content": "In a study to evaluate the reproducibility and accuracy of the sonar technique of measurement of the in vivo fetal crown-rump length (Robinson, 1973), a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments was performed in which the random and systematic errors inherent in the technique were assessed. The potential sources of random error were those of operator judgement, movement of the fetus and mother, machine sensitivity settings and measurement from the photograph; while the sources of systematic error were those of oscilloscope scale factor, and velocity calibration inaccuracies, and the effect of beam width. The overall effect of the random errors, that is, the reproducibility of the technique, was assessed in an in vivo blind trial in which three independent measurements were made of the fetus. In a series of 30 experiments the average standard deviation of the three readings was found to be 1.2 mm. Evaluation of the systematic errors by in vivo experimentation, on the other hand, showed that the basic sonar measurements were in error by an overestimate of 1 mm for the beam width effect and 3.7 per cent for the scale factor and velocity calibration errors. A weighted non-linear regression analysis of 334 measurements was performed in order to obtain a \"curve of best fit\" for the period covering 6 to 14 weeks of menstrual age. The values obtained were corrected for the systematic errors and compared with widely quoted anatomical figures. In the second part of this investigation the original data was further analyzed to determine on a statistical basis the accuracy of the technique as a method of estimating maturity. It was shown that such an estimate could be made to within 4.7 days with a 95 per cent probability on the basic of a single measurement, and to within 2.7 days if three independent measurements were made.", "contents": "A critical evaluation of sonar \"crown-rump length\" measurements. In a study to evaluate the reproducibility and accuracy of the sonar technique of measurement of the in vivo fetal crown-rump length (Robinson, 1973), a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments was performed in which the random and systematic errors inherent in the technique were assessed. The potential sources of random error were those of operator judgement, movement of the fetus and mother, machine sensitivity settings and measurement from the photograph; while the sources of systematic error were those of oscilloscope scale factor, and velocity calibration inaccuracies, and the effect of beam width. The overall effect of the random errors, that is, the reproducibility of the technique, was assessed in an in vivo blind trial in which three independent measurements were made of the fetus. In a series of 30 experiments the average standard deviation of the three readings was found to be 1.2 mm. Evaluation of the systematic errors by in vivo experimentation, on the other hand, showed that the basic sonar measurements were in error by an overestimate of 1 mm for the beam width effect and 3.7 per cent for the scale factor and velocity calibration errors. A weighted non-linear regression analysis of 334 measurements was performed in order to obtain a \"curve of best fit\" for the period covering 6 to 14 weeks of menstrual age. The values obtained were corrected for the systematic errors and compared with widely quoted anatomical figures. In the second part of this investigation the original data was further analyzed to determine on a statistical basis the accuracy of the technique as a method of estimating maturity. It was shown that such an estimate could be made to within 4.7 days with a 95 per cent probability on the basic of a single measurement, and to within 2.7 days if three independent measurements were made.", "PMID": 1182090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8202", "title": "Failure of heparin therapy to affect the clinical course of severe pre-eclampsia.", "content": "In view of the association between pre-eclampsia and disseminated intravascular coagulation, three patients presenting with severe pre-eclampsia before the 28th week of pregnancy were treated with heparin. In all three patients, there was deterioration of hypertension and proteinuria that necessitated the withdrawal of treatment after five to six days. During treatment, serum and urinary fibrinolytic degradation products (FDPs) continued to rise or remained unaltered, plasminogen levels showed a steady fall, and the platelet count remained at a reduced level. These data suggest that heparin was an ineffective form of treatment and did not prevent the intravascular fibrin deposition associated with severe pre-eclampsia.", "contents": "Failure of heparin therapy to affect the clinical course of severe pre-eclampsia. In view of the association between pre-eclampsia and disseminated intravascular coagulation, three patients presenting with severe pre-eclampsia before the 28th week of pregnancy were treated with heparin. In all three patients, there was deterioration of hypertension and proteinuria that necessitated the withdrawal of treatment after five to six days. During treatment, serum and urinary fibrinolytic degradation products (FDPs) continued to rise or remained unaltered, plasminogen levels showed a steady fall, and the platelet count remained at a reduced level. These data suggest that heparin was an ineffective form of treatment and did not prevent the intravascular fibrin deposition associated with severe pre-eclampsia.", "PMID": 1182091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8203", "title": "The management of anticoagulant therapy during and after pregnancy.", "content": "Fifteen patients were treated with oral anticoagulants during pregnancy. At 37 weeks they were changed to heparin and were given 5 mg of Vitamin K1 by intravenous injection. Labour was induced seven to ten days later. All infants were normal and healthy and in the 12 tested the cord prothrombin times were within the normal range.", "contents": "The management of anticoagulant therapy during and after pregnancy. Fifteen patients were treated with oral anticoagulants during pregnancy. At 37 weeks they were changed to heparin and were given 5 mg of Vitamin K1 by intravenous injection. Labour was induced seven to ten days later. All infants were normal and healthy and in the 12 tested the cord prothrombin times were within the normal range.", "PMID": 1182092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8204", "title": "Terbutaline inhibition of midtrimester uterine activity induced by prostaglandin F2alpha and hypertonic saline.", "content": "The effect of the beta receptor stimulator, terbutaline, on uterine activity induced by intra-amniotic injection of prostaglandin F2alpha or hypertonic saline was investigated in 20 patients undergoing therapeutic abortion in the second trimester. Intrauterine pressure was recorded, and the basal tone, intensity and frequency of contractions and \"total\" activity (expressed in Montevideo Units or MU), were measured. Uterine activity was higher in the prostaglandin group (mean value 393 MU) than in the hypertonic saline group (mean value 238 MU). However, terbutaline, infused at a rate of 5 to 20 mug/minute, decreased the activity by approximately the same absolute amount in the two groups to a mean value of 214 MU in the prostaglandin group and to 68 MU in the saline group. In some patients of the saline group, terbutaline completely inhibited uterine contractions. Basal tone, which was high in the prostaglandin group (mean value 28 mm Hg) decreased to a mean value of 17 mm Hg during terbutaline infusion. In the saline group the mean value for basal tone decreased from 10-5 to 7-5 mm Hg. It is concluded that uterine activity, induced by intra-amniotic injection of prostaglandin F2alpha or hypertonic saline, can be inhibited by terbutaline. The mechanisms of action for prostaglandins and hypertonic saline are discussed.", "contents": "Terbutaline inhibition of midtrimester uterine activity induced by prostaglandin F2alpha and hypertonic saline. The effect of the beta receptor stimulator, terbutaline, on uterine activity induced by intra-amniotic injection of prostaglandin F2alpha or hypertonic saline was investigated in 20 patients undergoing therapeutic abortion in the second trimester. Intrauterine pressure was recorded, and the basal tone, intensity and frequency of contractions and \"total\" activity (expressed in Montevideo Units or MU), were measured. Uterine activity was higher in the prostaglandin group (mean value 393 MU) than in the hypertonic saline group (mean value 238 MU). However, terbutaline, infused at a rate of 5 to 20 mug/minute, decreased the activity by approximately the same absolute amount in the two groups to a mean value of 214 MU in the prostaglandin group and to 68 MU in the saline group. In some patients of the saline group, terbutaline completely inhibited uterine contractions. Basal tone, which was high in the prostaglandin group (mean value 28 mm Hg) decreased to a mean value of 17 mm Hg during terbutaline infusion. In the saline group the mean value for basal tone decreased from 10-5 to 7-5 mm Hg. It is concluded that uterine activity, induced by intra-amniotic injection of prostaglandin F2alpha or hypertonic saline, can be inhibited by terbutaline. The mechanisms of action for prostaglandins and hypertonic saline are discussed.", "PMID": 1182093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8205", "title": "M\u00f6ssbauer investigations of high-spin ferrous heme proteins. I. Cytochrome P-450.", "content": "Anaerobically reduced samples of cytochrome P-450 from Pseudomonas putida were studied by M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy. In the presence of an applied magnetic field the high-spin ferrous heme iron showed an intricate pattern of electric and magnetic hyperfine interactions which could be parametrized successfully in terms of a spin Hamiltonian formalism. The results imply a very low (triclinic) symmetry of the heme iron. The effects of the ligand environment and of spin-orbit coupling result in a large zero-field splitting of the electronic ground state. The electronic ground state. The electric-field gradient tensor is characterized by a large asymmetry parameter, and its principal axes are rotated substantially from the frame that defines the zero-field splitting. This study shows that high-field M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy provides a unique tool for structural investigations of high-spin ferrous compounds and can substitute, under suitable conditions, for magnetic susceptibility measurements. The present paper focuses on the methodology and data analysis; in the subsequent paper the data obtained for P-450 are compared with new results obtained for hemoglobin, chloroperoxidase, and horseradish peroxidase.", "contents": "M\u00f6ssbauer investigations of high-spin ferrous heme proteins. I. Cytochrome P-450. Anaerobically reduced samples of cytochrome P-450 from Pseudomonas putida were studied by M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy. In the presence of an applied magnetic field the high-spin ferrous heme iron showed an intricate pattern of electric and magnetic hyperfine interactions which could be parametrized successfully in terms of a spin Hamiltonian formalism. The results imply a very low (triclinic) symmetry of the heme iron. The effects of the ligand environment and of spin-orbit coupling result in a large zero-field splitting of the electronic ground state. The electronic ground state. The electric-field gradient tensor is characterized by a large asymmetry parameter, and its principal axes are rotated substantially from the frame that defines the zero-field splitting. This study shows that high-field M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy provides a unique tool for structural investigations of high-spin ferrous compounds and can substitute, under suitable conditions, for magnetic susceptibility measurements. The present paper focuses on the methodology and data analysis; in the subsequent paper the data obtained for P-450 are compared with new results obtained for hemoglobin, chloroperoxidase, and horseradish peroxidase.", "PMID": 1182094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8206", "title": "M\u00f6ssbauer investigations of high-spin ferrous heme proteins. II. Chloroperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and hemoglobin.", "content": "Reduced samples of chloroperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and deoxyhemoglobin were studied by M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy in strong magnetic fields. The intricate paramagnetic spectra of chloroperoxidase were evaluated in detail in the framework of a spin Hamiltonian pertinent to high-spin ferrous iron. The studies strongly suggest that, in their reduced states, chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago and cytochrome P-450 from Pseudomonas putida have similar, if not identical ligand structures of the heme iron. The spectral similarities of these two proteins, noted in an earlier M\u00f6ssbauer investigation, are further explored and substantiated. Reduced horseradish peroxidase and deoxyhemoglobin, on the other hand, show high-field M\u00f6ssbauer spectra that differ considerably from each other and, in particular, from those of the P-450 type, suggesting a different ligand arrangement of the heme iron for each case.", "contents": "M\u00f6ssbauer investigations of high-spin ferrous heme proteins. II. Chloroperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and hemoglobin. Reduced samples of chloroperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and deoxyhemoglobin were studied by M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy in strong magnetic fields. The intricate paramagnetic spectra of chloroperoxidase were evaluated in detail in the framework of a spin Hamiltonian pertinent to high-spin ferrous iron. The studies strongly suggest that, in their reduced states, chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago and cytochrome P-450 from Pseudomonas putida have similar, if not identical ligand structures of the heme iron. The spectral similarities of these two proteins, noted in an earlier M\u00f6ssbauer investigation, are further explored and substantiated. Reduced horseradish peroxidase and deoxyhemoglobin, on the other hand, show high-field M\u00f6ssbauer spectra that differ considerably from each other and, in particular, from those of the P-450 type, suggesting a different ligand arrangement of the heme iron for each case.", "PMID": 1182095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8207", "title": "Magnetic circular dichroism studies of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450.", "content": "Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra have been measured for cytochrome P-450 (P-450) purified from phenobarbital-induced rabbit liver microsomes. The temperature dependence of some of the MCD spectra has also been determined. The MCD spectrum of oxidized P-450 seems to suggest that it is in a state intermediate between the ferric low-spin states. Model experiments suggest that this anomaly arises from the coordination of a thiolate anion to the heme. Reduced P-450 shows a very peculiar MCD spectrum; the spectrum as well as its temperature dependence suggest that the heme in reduced P-450 is a \"mixture\" in terms of redox and/or spin states. The MCD spectrum of the CO complex of reduced P-450 exhibits an apparent Faraday A term around 450 nm which consists of about 50% C term and 50% the other terms, indicating that it is not in a purely ferrous low-spin state. The CO complex of reduced cytochrome P-420 (P-420), on the other hand, shows an MCD spectrum characteristic of a ferrous low-spin heme. It is suggested from model experiments that the thiolate anion coordinates to the heme trans to CO in the P-450-CO complex. The Soret region of the MCD spectrum of the EtNC complex of reduced P-450 is characterized by two apparent A terms around 430 and 455 nm, whereas that of the corresponding complex of P-420 has only one apparent A term around 434 nm.", "contents": "Magnetic circular dichroism studies of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450. Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra have been measured for cytochrome P-450 (P-450) purified from phenobarbital-induced rabbit liver microsomes. The temperature dependence of some of the MCD spectra has also been determined. The MCD spectrum of oxidized P-450 seems to suggest that it is in a state intermediate between the ferric low-spin states. Model experiments suggest that this anomaly arises from the coordination of a thiolate anion to the heme. Reduced P-450 shows a very peculiar MCD spectrum; the spectrum as well as its temperature dependence suggest that the heme in reduced P-450 is a \"mixture\" in terms of redox and/or spin states. The MCD spectrum of the CO complex of reduced P-450 exhibits an apparent Faraday A term around 450 nm which consists of about 50% C term and 50% the other terms, indicating that it is not in a purely ferrous low-spin state. The CO complex of reduced cytochrome P-420 (P-420), on the other hand, shows an MCD spectrum characteristic of a ferrous low-spin heme. It is suggested from model experiments that the thiolate anion coordinates to the heme trans to CO in the P-450-CO complex. The Soret region of the MCD spectrum of the EtNC complex of reduced P-450 is characterized by two apparent A terms around 430 and 455 nm, whereas that of the corresponding complex of P-420 has only one apparent A term around 434 nm.", "PMID": 1182096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8208", "title": "Complexes of DNA with histones f2a2 and f3. Circular dichroism studies.", "content": "Two histones from calf thymus, the slightly lysine-rich histone f2a2 and the arginine-rich f3, were combined separately, with homologous DNA. The complexes were reconstituted by means of guanidine hydrochloride gradient dialysis, and their circular dichroic (CD) spectra were examined in 0.14 M NaCl. The CD spectra of f2a2-DNA complexes are characterized by a positive band at 272 nm which is blue-shifted and greatly enhanced relative to the corresponding band for native DNA. This type of CD change was noted previously with f2a1-DNA and f2b-DNA complexes. In contrast, f3 histone causes only minor distortions in the DNA CD spectrum, and their character depends upon the state of the two sulfhydryl groups in f3. When the cysteines are reduced, f3-DNA complexes have a slightly increased positive band with a small blue shift; when oxidized disulfide is the predominant form, this CD band becomes slightly smaller than native DNA value. This laboratory has now examined complexes reconstituted from DNA and all five histones of calf thymus. The sum of the CD spectra of these complexes, although very similar to the CD curve for reconstituted complexes containing whole histone, does not approximate that of chromatin; the consequence of this observation is discussed.", "contents": "Complexes of DNA with histones f2a2 and f3. Circular dichroism studies. Two histones from calf thymus, the slightly lysine-rich histone f2a2 and the arginine-rich f3, were combined separately, with homologous DNA. The complexes were reconstituted by means of guanidine hydrochloride gradient dialysis, and their circular dichroic (CD) spectra were examined in 0.14 M NaCl. The CD spectra of f2a2-DNA complexes are characterized by a positive band at 272 nm which is blue-shifted and greatly enhanced relative to the corresponding band for native DNA. This type of CD change was noted previously with f2a1-DNA and f2b-DNA complexes. In contrast, f3 histone causes only minor distortions in the DNA CD spectrum, and their character depends upon the state of the two sulfhydryl groups in f3. When the cysteines are reduced, f3-DNA complexes have a slightly increased positive band with a small blue shift; when oxidized disulfide is the predominant form, this CD band becomes slightly smaller than native DNA value. This laboratory has now examined complexes reconstituted from DNA and all five histones of calf thymus. The sum of the CD spectra of these complexes, although very similar to the CD curve for reconstituted complexes containing whole histone, does not approximate that of chromatin; the consequence of this observation is discussed.", "PMID": 1182097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8209", "title": "S1 nuclease hydrolysis of single-stranded nucleic acids with partial double-stranded configuration.", "content": "The single-strand specific nuclease S1 from Aspergillus oryzae (EC 3.1.4.21) was purified 600-fold in 16% yield from dried mycelia. Determination of the isoelectric point of S1 nuclease as 4.3-4.4 allowed adjustment of chromatographic conditions such that the enzyme was isolated free of contaminating ribonucleases T1 and T2. S1 nuclease so purified was used for removal of single-stranded portions from the RNA of the Escherichia coli phage MS2, which has a helical content of about 65% in vitro. At 23 degrees, increasing amounts of enzyme converted the RNA to mononucleotides in about equimolar base ratios. No small intermediates of chain length 2-8 were found. At 0 degrees, MS2 RNA hydrolysis was slower and reached, in exhaustive digests, a plateau where 70% of the substrate RNA remained insoluble in 66% EtOH. With [32P]MS2 RNA, strip chart counting of 6% acrylamide-6 M urea electrophoresis patterns of such digests gave recoveries of 80-91% in the form of defined oligomer bands. On 2.5% acrylamide-0.5% agarose gels, the molecular weights of the major oligomers were found to range from 25,000 to 41,000. Similar to purified tRNAArg used as a control, these oligomers were not resistant to pancreatic RNase-RNase T1 hydrolysis at 37 degrees, and were not bound on hydroxylapatite at 50 degrees in 0.14 M sodium phosphate (pH 6.8). Melting of the oligomers gave complex profiles without a clear Tm and showed an increase in A260 of 35% at 93 degrees over that at 28 degrees. Upon formaldehyde denaturation of MS2 RNA prior to S1 nuclease hydrolysis, no resistant oligomers were found.", "contents": "S1 nuclease hydrolysis of single-stranded nucleic acids with partial double-stranded configuration. The single-strand specific nuclease S1 from Aspergillus oryzae (EC 3.1.4.21) was purified 600-fold in 16% yield from dried mycelia. Determination of the isoelectric point of S1 nuclease as 4.3-4.4 allowed adjustment of chromatographic conditions such that the enzyme was isolated free of contaminating ribonucleases T1 and T2. S1 nuclease so purified was used for removal of single-stranded portions from the RNA of the Escherichia coli phage MS2, which has a helical content of about 65% in vitro. At 23 degrees, increasing amounts of enzyme converted the RNA to mononucleotides in about equimolar base ratios. No small intermediates of chain length 2-8 were found. At 0 degrees, MS2 RNA hydrolysis was slower and reached, in exhaustive digests, a plateau where 70% of the substrate RNA remained insoluble in 66% EtOH. With [32P]MS2 RNA, strip chart counting of 6% acrylamide-6 M urea electrophoresis patterns of such digests gave recoveries of 80-91% in the form of defined oligomer bands. On 2.5% acrylamide-0.5% agarose gels, the molecular weights of the major oligomers were found to range from 25,000 to 41,000. Similar to purified tRNAArg used as a control, these oligomers were not resistant to pancreatic RNase-RNase T1 hydrolysis at 37 degrees, and were not bound on hydroxylapatite at 50 degrees in 0.14 M sodium phosphate (pH 6.8). Melting of the oligomers gave complex profiles without a clear Tm and showed an increase in A260 of 35% at 93 degrees over that at 28 degrees. Upon formaldehyde denaturation of MS2 RNA prior to S1 nuclease hydrolysis, no resistant oligomers were found.", "PMID": 1182098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8210", "title": "Immobilized diol dehydrase and its use in studies of cobalamin binding and subunit interaction.", "content": "Coenzyme B12 dependent diol dehydrase from Aerobacter aerogenes was immobilized by covalent binding to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. The Sepharose-bound enzyme exhibited a markedly high catalytic activity, viz., 75-95% of the specific activity of the original free enzyme. The apoenzyme acquired much greater stability to heat by immobilization. No significant difference between the immobilized and free enzymes was observed in the following properties: the affinity for coenzyme B12; the sensitivity to a sulfhydryl-modifying agent; the absolute requirement for a certain monovalent cation, such as K+, for catalysis; the susceptibility toward oxygen upon incubation with coenzyme B12 in the absence of substrate. These results suggest that the structure and function of the enzyme are not significantly influenced by immobilization on Sepharose. The immobilized enzyme was found to provide a convenient method for a study of ligand interaction with the enzyme. The subunit interaction between two dissimilar subunits, components F and S, was investigated using the component S immobilized on CNBr-activited Sepharose and free component F, and it was demonstrated that the substrate (1,2-propanedoil) promotes the hybrid formation between component F and component S, but K+ alone rather retarded the subunit association to some extent. Na+ markedly weakens the forces which bind the subunits together. The relationship between cobalamin binding and subunit structure is also discussed.", "contents": "Immobilized diol dehydrase and its use in studies of cobalamin binding and subunit interaction. Coenzyme B12 dependent diol dehydrase from Aerobacter aerogenes was immobilized by covalent binding to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. The Sepharose-bound enzyme exhibited a markedly high catalytic activity, viz., 75-95% of the specific activity of the original free enzyme. The apoenzyme acquired much greater stability to heat by immobilization. No significant difference between the immobilized and free enzymes was observed in the following properties: the affinity for coenzyme B12; the sensitivity to a sulfhydryl-modifying agent; the absolute requirement for a certain monovalent cation, such as K+, for catalysis; the susceptibility toward oxygen upon incubation with coenzyme B12 in the absence of substrate. These results suggest that the structure and function of the enzyme are not significantly influenced by immobilization on Sepharose. The immobilized enzyme was found to provide a convenient method for a study of ligand interaction with the enzyme. The subunit interaction between two dissimilar subunits, components F and S, was investigated using the component S immobilized on CNBr-activited Sepharose and free component F, and it was demonstrated that the substrate (1,2-propanedoil) promotes the hybrid formation between component F and component S, but K+ alone rather retarded the subunit association to some extent. Na+ markedly weakens the forces which bind the subunits together. The relationship between cobalamin binding and subunit structure is also discussed.", "PMID": 1182099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8211", "title": "Stoichiometry, ATP/2e values, and energy requirements for reactions catalyzed by nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii.", "content": "The stoichiometry of the nitrogenase ATP-dependent H2 evolution and ecetylene reduction reactions using S2O4(2-) as an electron source was studied by various techniques. For each mole of S2O4(2-) oxidized to 2SO3(2-) by the enzyme-catalyzed reactions at 25 degrees and pH 8, 1 mol of H2 (1 mol of ethylene for acetylene reduction) and two protons are produced. Under these conditions, 4.5 mol of ATP was hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate for each S2O4(2-) oxidized. ATP/S2O4(2-) (ATP/2e) values determined at 5 degree intervals from 10 to 35 degrees were found to go through a minimum at 20 degrees. This effect is explained in terms of possible enzyme structure modifications. Calorimetric measurements for the enzyme-catalyzed H2 evolution and acetylene reduction reactions gave deltaH values of -32.4 and -75.1 kcal/mol of S2O4(2-), respectively.", "contents": "Stoichiometry, ATP/2e values, and energy requirements for reactions catalyzed by nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii. The stoichiometry of the nitrogenase ATP-dependent H2 evolution and ecetylene reduction reactions using S2O4(2-) as an electron source was studied by various techniques. For each mole of S2O4(2-) oxidized to 2SO3(2-) by the enzyme-catalyzed reactions at 25 degrees and pH 8, 1 mol of H2 (1 mol of ethylene for acetylene reduction) and two protons are produced. Under these conditions, 4.5 mol of ATP was hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate for each S2O4(2-) oxidized. ATP/S2O4(2-) (ATP/2e) values determined at 5 degree intervals from 10 to 35 degrees were found to go through a minimum at 20 degrees. This effect is explained in terms of possible enzyme structure modifications. Calorimetric measurements for the enzyme-catalyzed H2 evolution and acetylene reduction reactions gave deltaH values of -32.4 and -75.1 kcal/mol of S2O4(2-), respectively.", "PMID": 1182100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8212", "title": "Sheep liver serine-threonine dehydratase. I. Purification and evidence for covalently linked alpha-ketobutyrate as its cofactor.", "content": "L-Serine-threonine dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.16) from sheep liver has been obtained as a highly purified preparation as shown by ultracentrifuge studies and analytical disc gel electrophoresis. The dehydratase has a molecular weight of 98,000 +/- 10,000 and is composed of two nonidentical subunits with molecular weights of 41,000 and 47,000. The 41,000 subunit is covalently linked to the carbonyl reagent-sensitive coenzyme which has been identified as alpha-ketobutyric acid.", "contents": "Sheep liver serine-threonine dehydratase. I. Purification and evidence for covalently linked alpha-ketobutyrate as its cofactor. L-Serine-threonine dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.16) from sheep liver has been obtained as a highly purified preparation as shown by ultracentrifuge studies and analytical disc gel electrophoresis. The dehydratase has a molecular weight of 98,000 +/- 10,000 and is composed of two nonidentical subunits with molecular weights of 41,000 and 47,000. The 41,000 subunit is covalently linked to the carbonyl reagent-sensitive coenzyme which has been identified as alpha-ketobutyric acid.", "PMID": 1182101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8213", "title": "Tryptophan and cystein residues of the acetylcholine receptors of Torpedo species. Relationship to binding of cholinergic ligands.", "content": "Several methods were used to analyze for tryptophan in the acetylcholine (ACh) receptors purified from the electric organs of the electric rays, Torpedo californica and Torpedo marmorata. The best value of tryptophan was 2.4 mol %. When excited at 290 nm, both receptors fluoresced with a maximum at 336, but there was no change in the fluorescence emission spectra upon binding of carbamylcholine, d-tubocurarine, ACh, or decamethonium. The free SH content of the Torpedo receptors varied in different preparations, and was highest in that purified from fresh T. californica using deaerated solutions and dialysis under nitrogen, and lowest in that prepared from the aged lyophilized membranes of T. marmorata. The maximum free SH content was 20 nmol/mg of protein or 0.22 mol %, equal to at most 18% of the total cysteic acid residues. Reaction of either 33% or of all the SH residues with p-chloromercuribenzoate reduced maximum ACh binding to the pure receptor prepared from fresh T. californica by only 23%.", "contents": "Tryptophan and cystein residues of the acetylcholine receptors of Torpedo species. Relationship to binding of cholinergic ligands. Several methods were used to analyze for tryptophan in the acetylcholine (ACh) receptors purified from the electric organs of the electric rays, Torpedo californica and Torpedo marmorata. The best value of tryptophan was 2.4 mol %. When excited at 290 nm, both receptors fluoresced with a maximum at 336, but there was no change in the fluorescence emission spectra upon binding of carbamylcholine, d-tubocurarine, ACh, or decamethonium. The free SH content of the Torpedo receptors varied in different preparations, and was highest in that purified from fresh T. californica using deaerated solutions and dialysis under nitrogen, and lowest in that prepared from the aged lyophilized membranes of T. marmorata. The maximum free SH content was 20 nmol/mg of protein or 0.22 mol %, equal to at most 18% of the total cysteic acid residues. Reaction of either 33% or of all the SH residues with p-chloromercuribenzoate reduced maximum ACh binding to the pure receptor prepared from fresh T. californica by only 23%.", "PMID": 1182102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8214", "title": "The uncatalyzed rates of enolization of dihydroxyacetone phoshate and of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in neutral aqueous solution. The quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of an enzyme catalyst.", "content": "By a combination of methods involving enzyme-catalyzed reactions and classical iodination techniques it has been possible to obtain all the relevant rate constants for the uncatalyzed interconversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate via their common enediol intermediate. These rate constants are compared with those for the individual steps of the triosephosphate isomerase catalyzed reaction, and a quantitative picture of the effectiveness of the enzyme as a catalyst has been delineated. It is apparent that the enzyme increases the enolization rate of dihydroxyacetone phosphate by a factor of more than 10(9) over that of the uncatalyzed reaction.", "contents": "The uncatalyzed rates of enolization of dihydroxyacetone phoshate and of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in neutral aqueous solution. The quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of an enzyme catalyst. By a combination of methods involving enzyme-catalyzed reactions and classical iodination techniques it has been possible to obtain all the relevant rate constants for the uncatalyzed interconversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate via their common enediol intermediate. These rate constants are compared with those for the individual steps of the triosephosphate isomerase catalyzed reaction, and a quantitative picture of the effectiveness of the enzyme as a catalyst has been delineated. It is apparent that the enzyme increases the enolization rate of dihydroxyacetone phosphate by a factor of more than 10(9) over that of the uncatalyzed reaction.", "PMID": 1182103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8215", "title": "Magnesium-induced self-association of calf brain tubulin. II. Thermodynamics.", "content": "The thermodynamic parameters of the magnesium ion induced self-association of calf brain tubulin in pH 7.0, 0.01 M phosphate buffer containing 10(-4) M GTP, were determined from sedimentation velocity experiments. This reaction proceeds by an isodesmic mechanism terminated by the highly favored formation of a closed ring shaped polymer of degree of association 26 +/- 4. Analysis of the variation of the apparent dimerization constant in the isodesmic mechanism s,ows that this self-association is characterized by positive enthalpy, entropy, heat capacity, and molar volume changes, as well as the binding of one additional magnesium ion, which is probably not involved as a bridge between the protein molecules. The addition of the last monomeric subunit has a free energy which is about three times that of dimer formation. Under the conditions of these experiments, tubulin binds 48 +/- 5 magnesium ions with a free energy of --2.8 kcal/mol.", "contents": "Magnesium-induced self-association of calf brain tubulin. II. Thermodynamics. The thermodynamic parameters of the magnesium ion induced self-association of calf brain tubulin in pH 7.0, 0.01 M phosphate buffer containing 10(-4) M GTP, were determined from sedimentation velocity experiments. This reaction proceeds by an isodesmic mechanism terminated by the highly favored formation of a closed ring shaped polymer of degree of association 26 +/- 4. Analysis of the variation of the apparent dimerization constant in the isodesmic mechanism s,ows that this self-association is characterized by positive enthalpy, entropy, heat capacity, and molar volume changes, as well as the binding of one additional magnesium ion, which is probably not involved as a bridge between the protein molecules. The addition of the last monomeric subunit has a free energy which is about three times that of dimer formation. Under the conditions of these experiments, tubulin binds 48 +/- 5 magnesium ions with a free energy of --2.8 kcal/mol.", "PMID": 1182104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8216", "title": "An investigation of the conformational and self-aggregational processes of histones using 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance.", "content": "Histone self-aggregation processes have been studied by 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as a function of ionic strength and protein concentration. Thus has led to a model involving apolar aggregation between structured regions of these molecules. This analysis supports the validity of the acquistion of conformational data on histones by the simulation of 13C NMR spectra at high concentration. Solution conformations for histones F2B and F3 are presented.", "contents": "An investigation of the conformational and self-aggregational processes of histones using 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Histone self-aggregation processes have been studied by 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as a function of ionic strength and protein concentration. Thus has led to a model involving apolar aggregation between structured regions of these molecules. This analysis supports the validity of the acquistion of conformational data on histones by the simulation of 13C NMR spectra at high concentration. Solution conformations for histones F2B and F3 are presented.", "PMID": 1182105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8217", "title": "An immunological approach to the role of the low molecular weight subunits in myosin. I. Physical--chemical and immunological characterization of the light chains.", "content": "The light chains of chicken breast muscle myosin (alkali 1 and 2, 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) 1.c.) have been isolated in pure form and characterized with respect to amino acid composition, uv and circular dichroism (CD) spectral properties, and molecular weight. Antibodies specific for each of the light chains have been used to demonstrate the similarity of alkali 1 and 2 (mol wt 21,000 and 16,000, respectively), and the distinctness of these from DTNB 1.c. (mol wt of 18,000). The DTNB 1.c. isolated by a variety of methods were all immunologically identical. Significant cross-reactivity was observed between corresponding rabbit and chicken light chains, confirming other indications of homology between these proteins in the two species. The immunological difference between alkali 1 and 2 was largely accounted for by an N-terminal peptide, rich in proline, alanine, and lysine, which is unique to alkali 1. The presence of antibodies to this peptide in anti-alkali 1 serum suggests an immunological approach to the question of how alkali 1.c. are distributed in myosin.", "contents": "An immunological approach to the role of the low molecular weight subunits in myosin. I. Physical--chemical and immunological characterization of the light chains. The light chains of chicken breast muscle myosin (alkali 1 and 2, 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) 1.c.) have been isolated in pure form and characterized with respect to amino acid composition, uv and circular dichroism (CD) spectral properties, and molecular weight. Antibodies specific for each of the light chains have been used to demonstrate the similarity of alkali 1 and 2 (mol wt 21,000 and 16,000, respectively), and the distinctness of these from DTNB 1.c. (mol wt of 18,000). The DTNB 1.c. isolated by a variety of methods were all immunologically identical. Significant cross-reactivity was observed between corresponding rabbit and chicken light chains, confirming other indications of homology between these proteins in the two species. The immunological difference between alkali 1 and 2 was largely accounted for by an N-terminal peptide, rich in proline, alanine, and lysine, which is unique to alkali 1. The presence of antibodies to this peptide in anti-alkali 1 serum suggests an immunological approach to the question of how alkali 1.c. are distributed in myosin.", "PMID": 1182106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8218", "title": "A new method for the large-scale purification of wheat germ DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II.", "content": "An improved method for the purification of the alpha-amanitin-sensitive deoxyribonucleic acid dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase [ribonucleosidetriphosphate:RNA-nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6-A1 (RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase B) from wheat germ is presented. The method involves homogenization of wheat germ in a buffer of moderate ionic strength, precipitation of RNA polymerase with Polymin P (a polyethylenimine), elution of RNA polymerase from the Polymin P precipitate, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose. RNA polymerase II is purified over 4000-fold with a 60% recovery, resulting in a yield of 25-30 mg of RNA polymerase from 1 kg of starting material.", "contents": "A new method for the large-scale purification of wheat germ DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II. An improved method for the purification of the alpha-amanitin-sensitive deoxyribonucleic acid dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase [ribonucleosidetriphosphate:RNA-nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6-A1 (RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase B) from wheat germ is presented. The method involves homogenization of wheat germ in a buffer of moderate ionic strength, precipitation of RNA polymerase with Polymin P (a polyethylenimine), elution of RNA polymerase from the Polymin P precipitate, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose. RNA polymerase II is purified over 4000-fold with a 60% recovery, resulting in a yield of 25-30 mg of RNA polymerase from 1 kg of starting material.", "PMID": 1182107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8219", "title": "The role of bound calcium ions in thermostable, proteolytic enzymes. I. Studies on thermomycolase, the thermostable protease fron the fungus Malbranchea pulchella.", "content": "Thermomycolase, the thermostable, extracellular, serine protease of the fungus Malbranchea pulchella (G. Voordouw, G. M. Gaucher, and R. S. Roche (1974), Can J. Biochem. 52, 981-990), binds one calcium ion with an apparent binding constant of 5 X 10(5) M-1 at 25degreesC, pH 7.50, and ionic strength 0.1. There is very little change in the overall conformation of thermomycolase upon binding of this calcium ion: no change can be detected, beyond experimental error, in the sedimentation coefficient or the aromatic and peptide circular dichroism of the enzyme. However, binding of calcium changes the absorption spectrum, the ultraviolet difference spectrum being characterized by a strong band at 237 nm and smaller bands at 280 and 295 nm. The difference molar extinction coefficient at 237 nm parallels the calcium-binding isotherm. The small changes in equilibrium properties are constrasted by large calcium-dependent changes in the rates of autolytic degradation and thermal and urea denaturation. The dependence of the second-order rate constant for autolytic degradation on the free calcium ion concentration can be quantitatively accounted for by a model in which only conformers with an unoccupied calcium binding site serve as substrates in the reaction. The calcium dependence of the first-order rate constant for thermal denaturation at 70degreesC and pH 7.0 can also be accounted for quantitatively by a model in which the critically activated intermediate has a smaller calcium-binding constant than the native form of the enzyme under these conditions. The same model also accounts for the denaturation in 8 M urea at 50degreesC, pH 7.0. Rates of hydrogen-tritium exchange are shown to decrease when the calcium ion is bound. Irrespective of the occupancy of the calcium-binding site 33% of the backbone peptide hydrogens of thermomycolase do not exchange within 24 hr at 25degreesC, pH 8.0, and ionic strength 0.1.", "contents": "The role of bound calcium ions in thermostable, proteolytic enzymes. I. Studies on thermomycolase, the thermostable protease fron the fungus Malbranchea pulchella. Thermomycolase, the thermostable, extracellular, serine protease of the fungus Malbranchea pulchella (G. Voordouw, G. M. Gaucher, and R. S. Roche (1974), Can J. Biochem. 52, 981-990), binds one calcium ion with an apparent binding constant of 5 X 10(5) M-1 at 25degreesC, pH 7.50, and ionic strength 0.1. There is very little change in the overall conformation of thermomycolase upon binding of this calcium ion: no change can be detected, beyond experimental error, in the sedimentation coefficient or the aromatic and peptide circular dichroism of the enzyme. However, binding of calcium changes the absorption spectrum, the ultraviolet difference spectrum being characterized by a strong band at 237 nm and smaller bands at 280 and 295 nm. The difference molar extinction coefficient at 237 nm parallels the calcium-binding isotherm. The small changes in equilibrium properties are constrasted by large calcium-dependent changes in the rates of autolytic degradation and thermal and urea denaturation. The dependence of the second-order rate constant for autolytic degradation on the free calcium ion concentration can be quantitatively accounted for by a model in which only conformers with an unoccupied calcium binding site serve as substrates in the reaction. The calcium dependence of the first-order rate constant for thermal denaturation at 70degreesC and pH 7.0 can also be accounted for quantitatively by a model in which the critically activated intermediate has a smaller calcium-binding constant than the native form of the enzyme under these conditions. The same model also accounts for the denaturation in 8 M urea at 50degreesC, pH 7.0. Rates of hydrogen-tritium exchange are shown to decrease when the calcium ion is bound. Irrespective of the occupancy of the calcium-binding site 33% of the backbone peptide hydrogens of thermomycolase do not exchange within 24 hr at 25degreesC, pH 8.0, and ionic strength 0.1.", "PMID": 1182108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8220", "title": "The role of bound calcium ions in thermostable, proteolytic enzymes. II. Studies on thermolysin, the thermostable protease from Bacillus thermoproteolyticus.", "content": "The functional properties of the four calcium ions, bound by thermolysin, appear to be very similar to those of the single calcium ion bound by thermomycolase (G. Voordouw and R.S. Roche (1975), Biochemistry, preceding paper in this issue). Hence when the free calcium ion concentration is varied in the range where the calcium double-site dissociates (G. Voordouw and R.S. Roche (1974), Biochemistry 13, 5017), no changes are observed in the sedimentation coefficient or the peptide circular dichroism. Differences in molar ellipticity and molar extinction coefficient occur in the aromatic ultraviolet region, which parallel the occupancy of the calcium binding double site. The difference spectrum, characterized by a main band at 290 nm and a somewhat smaller band at 283 nm, is interpreted as due to the transfer of a partially buried tryptophan residue to the aqueous solvent upon dissociation of the two calcium ions from the double site. This is most likely Trp-186, which is in between Asp-185 and Glu-187, two chelating amino acids of this site. From the calcium dependence of the rate constant for autolytic degradation we conclude, as for thermomycolase, that only conformers devoid of bound calcium ion serve as substrates in the reaction. This rate constant increases about 1000-fold, when the double site dissociates. Hydrogen-tritium exchange studies show the presence of a large stable strcutural core, comprising about 32% of all the peptide hydrogens present. These do not exchange-in after 24 hr at 25degreesC, pH 9.0, ionic strenth 0.1. The exchange-out of 60 slow hydrogens was found to be independent of the free calcium ion concentration in the range 2.0-8.0 X 10(-4) M, where all four calcium-binding sites are saturated. The calcium dependence of the first-order rate constant for thermal denaturation at 80degreesC, pH 7.0, indicates that thermolysin is stabilized by only one calcium ion under these conditions. These observations are rationalized in terms of a calcium-binding model for thermolysin and the known three-dimensional structure of the enzyme and its calcium-binding sites.", "contents": "The role of bound calcium ions in thermostable, proteolytic enzymes. II. Studies on thermolysin, the thermostable protease from Bacillus thermoproteolyticus. The functional properties of the four calcium ions, bound by thermolysin, appear to be very similar to those of the single calcium ion bound by thermomycolase (G. Voordouw and R.S. Roche (1975), Biochemistry, preceding paper in this issue). Hence when the free calcium ion concentration is varied in the range where the calcium double-site dissociates (G. Voordouw and R.S. Roche (1974), Biochemistry 13, 5017), no changes are observed in the sedimentation coefficient or the peptide circular dichroism. Differences in molar ellipticity and molar extinction coefficient occur in the aromatic ultraviolet region, which parallel the occupancy of the calcium binding double site. The difference spectrum, characterized by a main band at 290 nm and a somewhat smaller band at 283 nm, is interpreted as due to the transfer of a partially buried tryptophan residue to the aqueous solvent upon dissociation of the two calcium ions from the double site. This is most likely Trp-186, which is in between Asp-185 and Glu-187, two chelating amino acids of this site. From the calcium dependence of the rate constant for autolytic degradation we conclude, as for thermomycolase, that only conformers devoid of bound calcium ion serve as substrates in the reaction. This rate constant increases about 1000-fold, when the double site dissociates. Hydrogen-tritium exchange studies show the presence of a large stable strcutural core, comprising about 32% of all the peptide hydrogens present. These do not exchange-in after 24 hr at 25degreesC, pH 9.0, ionic strenth 0.1. The exchange-out of 60 slow hydrogens was found to be independent of the free calcium ion concentration in the range 2.0-8.0 X 10(-4) M, where all four calcium-binding sites are saturated. The calcium dependence of the first-order rate constant for thermal denaturation at 80degreesC, pH 7.0, indicates that thermolysin is stabilized by only one calcium ion under these conditions. These observations are rationalized in terms of a calcium-binding model for thermolysin and the known three-dimensional structure of the enzyme and its calcium-binding sites.", "PMID": 1182109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8221", "title": "The orientation and accessibility of substrates on the active site of triosephosphate isomerase.", "content": "Tritiated sodium borohydride was used to reduce the substrates of triosephosphate isomerase in the presence of the enzyme, and the mixture of the four possible products (D-[1(R)-3H]; D-[1(S)-3H]-; D-[2-3H]-, and L-[2-3H]glycerol 3-phosphate) was analyzed. While enzyme-bound dihydroxyacetone phosphate is reduced completely stereoselectively and at a rate eight imes faster than in free solution, D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is inaccessible to reduction by borohydride when bound to the active site of the enzyme.", "contents": "The orientation and accessibility of substrates on the active site of triosephosphate isomerase. Tritiated sodium borohydride was used to reduce the substrates of triosephosphate isomerase in the presence of the enzyme, and the mixture of the four possible products (D-[1(R)-3H]; D-[1(S)-3H]-; D-[2-3H]-, and L-[2-3H]glycerol 3-phosphate) was analyzed. While enzyme-bound dihydroxyacetone phosphate is reduced completely stereoselectively and at a rate eight imes faster than in free solution, D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is inaccessible to reduction by borohydride when bound to the active site of the enzyme.", "PMID": 1182110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8222", "title": "Fluorescence and bioluminescence of bacterial luciferase intermediates.", "content": "An intermediate in the luciferase-catalyzed bioluminescent oxidation of FMNH2, isolated and purified by chromatography at -20degrees, was postulated to be an oxygenated reduced flavin-luciferase. Maintained and studied at -20 to -30degrees, this material exhibits a relatively weak fluorescence emission peaking about 505 nm when excited at 370 nm. It may comprise more than one species. Upon continued exposure to light at 370 nm, the intensity of this fluorescence increases, often by a factor of 5 or more, and its emission spectrum is blue shifted to a maximum at about 485 nm. Upon warming its fluorescence is lost and the fluorescence of flaving mononucleotide appears. If warming is carried out in the presence of a long chain aldehyde, bioluminescence occurs, with the appearance of a similar amount of flavine fluorescence. The bioluminescence yield is about the same with irradiated and nonirradiated samples. The bioluminescence emission spectrum corresponds exactly to the fluorescence emission spectrum of the intermediate formed by irradiation, implicating the latter as being structurally close to the emitting species in bioluminescence.", "contents": "Fluorescence and bioluminescence of bacterial luciferase intermediates. An intermediate in the luciferase-catalyzed bioluminescent oxidation of FMNH2, isolated and purified by chromatography at -20degrees, was postulated to be an oxygenated reduced flavin-luciferase. Maintained and studied at -20 to -30degrees, this material exhibits a relatively weak fluorescence emission peaking about 505 nm when excited at 370 nm. It may comprise more than one species. Upon continued exposure to light at 370 nm, the intensity of this fluorescence increases, often by a factor of 5 or more, and its emission spectrum is blue shifted to a maximum at about 485 nm. Upon warming its fluorescence is lost and the fluorescence of flaving mononucleotide appears. If warming is carried out in the presence of a long chain aldehyde, bioluminescence occurs, with the appearance of a similar amount of flavine fluorescence. The bioluminescence yield is about the same with irradiated and nonirradiated samples. The bioluminescence emission spectrum corresponds exactly to the fluorescence emission spectrum of the intermediate formed by irradiation, implicating the latter as being structurally close to the emitting species in bioluminescence.", "PMID": 1182111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8223", "title": "Microsomal monooxygenation of the carcinostatic 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. Synthesis and identification of cis and trans monohydroxylated products.", "content": "Liver microsomal hydroxylation of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea was shown to occur on the cyclohexyl ring at positions 3 and 4. Four metabolites were isolated by selective solvent extraction and purifed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. cis-4-, trans-4-, cis-3-, and trans-3-OH derivatives of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea were synthesized and their chromatographic, mass spectral, and nuclear magnetic resonance characteristics matched those of the metabolites. The position of ring hydroxylation and the identity of each geometric isomer were established by nuclear magnetic resonance using a shift reagent in conjunction with spin decoupling techniques. Microsomes from rats pretreated with phenobarbital showed a sixfold increase in hydroxylation rate (19.5 vs. 3.3 nmol per mg per min). The induction was quite selective for cis-4 hydroxylation (19-fold); however, induction of trans-4 (threefold), cis-3 (threefold), and trans-3 (twofold) hydroxylation did occur. Quantitatively the cis-4-hydroxy metabolite was 67of the total product by phenobarbital-induced microsomes and 21% for normal microsomes. Microsomes from animals pretreated wit- 3-methyl-cholanthrene gave about the same rate and product distribution that normal microsomes gave. A mixture of 80% carbon monoxide-20% oxygen inhibited formation of all four hydroxy metabolites with the inhibition ranging from 55 to 78%.", "contents": "Microsomal monooxygenation of the carcinostatic 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. Synthesis and identification of cis and trans monohydroxylated products. Liver microsomal hydroxylation of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea was shown to occur on the cyclohexyl ring at positions 3 and 4. Four metabolites were isolated by selective solvent extraction and purifed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. cis-4-, trans-4-, cis-3-, and trans-3-OH derivatives of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea were synthesized and their chromatographic, mass spectral, and nuclear magnetic resonance characteristics matched those of the metabolites. The position of ring hydroxylation and the identity of each geometric isomer were established by nuclear magnetic resonance using a shift reagent in conjunction with spin decoupling techniques. Microsomes from rats pretreated with phenobarbital showed a sixfold increase in hydroxylation rate (19.5 vs. 3.3 nmol per mg per min). The induction was quite selective for cis-4 hydroxylation (19-fold); however, induction of trans-4 (threefold), cis-3 (threefold), and trans-3 (twofold) hydroxylation did occur. Quantitatively the cis-4-hydroxy metabolite was 67of the total product by phenobarbital-induced microsomes and 21% for normal microsomes. Microsomes from animals pretreated wit- 3-methyl-cholanthrene gave about the same rate and product distribution that normal microsomes gave. A mixture of 80% carbon monoxide-20% oxygen inhibited formation of all four hydroxy metabolites with the inhibition ranging from 55 to 78%.", "PMID": 1182112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8224", "title": "Ligand-induced self-association of human luteinizing hormone. Negative cooperativity in the binding of 8-anilino-1-naphthalensulfonate.", "content": "The self-association of human luteinizing hormone (hLH) is enhanced in the presence of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS). Sedimentation equilibrium measurements indicate that the hormone exists primarily as a dimer in the presence of excess ANS. It is shown that, for a self-associating protein system in which monomer and dimer have different affinities and/or capacities for ligand, both the shape and the position of the binding curve depend on protein concentration. Gel filtration and fluorescence measurements indicate that the hLH dimer has a single high affintiy site (K greater than 10(6) M-1) for ANS while binding to the monomer is too weak to be observed. This leads to negative cooperativity in the binding and to a shift of the binding curve to lower free ligand concentration with increasing concentration of the hormone.", "contents": "Ligand-induced self-association of human luteinizing hormone. Negative cooperativity in the binding of 8-anilino-1-naphthalensulfonate. The self-association of human luteinizing hormone (hLH) is enhanced in the presence of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS). Sedimentation equilibrium measurements indicate that the hormone exists primarily as a dimer in the presence of excess ANS. It is shown that, for a self-associating protein system in which monomer and dimer have different affinities and/or capacities for ligand, both the shape and the position of the binding curve depend on protein concentration. Gel filtration and fluorescence measurements indicate that the hLH dimer has a single high affintiy site (K greater than 10(6) M-1) for ANS while binding to the monomer is too weak to be observed. This leads to negative cooperativity in the binding and to a shift of the binding curve to lower free ligand concentration with increasing concentration of the hormone.", "PMID": 1182113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8225", "title": "Ligand-induced self-association of human chorionic gonadotropin. Positive cooperativity in the binding of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate.", "content": "Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) self-associates to form higher molecular weight species in the presence of the fluorescence probe 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS). Sedimentation equilibrium and fluorescence titration data have been analyzed in terms of a monomer-dimer-tetramer model in which the various oligomers have different affinities and/or capacities for the ligand. The results indicate that the ligand affinities are in the order tetramer greater than dimer greater than monomer whereas the numbers of ligand binding sites per mole of hCH are in the reverse order. Consequently, addition of ANS first shifts the equilibrium from monomer to tetramer and gives rise to positive cooperativity in the titration curves. At sufficiently high ANS concentration (approximately 0.5 mM), the equilibrium shifts back to the dimer because of its greater binding capacity. This is manifested by a second phase in the titration curve and a decrease in the polarization of ANS fluorescence. The results are discussed in terms of the general problem of ligand controlled protein association and are contrasted to results reported to the previous paper for the homolgous protein, human luteinizing hormone.", "contents": "Ligand-induced self-association of human chorionic gonadotropin. Positive cooperativity in the binding of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) self-associates to form higher molecular weight species in the presence of the fluorescence probe 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS). Sedimentation equilibrium and fluorescence titration data have been analyzed in terms of a monomer-dimer-tetramer model in which the various oligomers have different affinities and/or capacities for the ligand. The results indicate that the ligand affinities are in the order tetramer greater than dimer greater than monomer whereas the numbers of ligand binding sites per mole of hCH are in the reverse order. Consequently, addition of ANS first shifts the equilibrium from monomer to tetramer and gives rise to positive cooperativity in the titration curves. At sufficiently high ANS concentration (approximately 0.5 mM), the equilibrium shifts back to the dimer because of its greater binding capacity. This is manifested by a second phase in the titration curve and a decrease in the polarization of ANS fluorescence. The results are discussed in terms of the general problem of ligand controlled protein association and are contrasted to results reported to the previous paper for the homolgous protein, human luteinizing hormone.", "PMID": 1182114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8226", "title": "Effects of estradiol on uterine ribonucleic acid metabolism. Assessment of transfer ribonucleic acid methylation.", "content": "Immature rats treated with estradiol for selected periods of time demonstrated both increased methylation of uterine transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) and methylase activities. Whereas the former parameter was assessed by incubating whole uteri with [methyl-14C]methionine and measuring the incorporation of isotope into the tRNA, methylase activity was obtained by measuring the rate of incorporation of methyl groups from S-adenosyl[methyl-14C]methionine into heterologous tRNA (Escherichia coli B) in the presence of uterine cytosol preparations (100,000g supernatants). Although increased methylation of tRNA during the estrogen response was demonstrated, additional studies indicated that these results were largely attributable to an increased rate of synthesis of tRNA rather than gross changes in either the type or amount of methylated constituents present. Evidence in this regard included the inability of estrogen treatment of alter significantly the (a) resulting patterns of methyl-14C-methylated constituents of uterine tRNA, (b) the extent ot which [2-14C]guanine residues, incorporated into tRNA, become methylated, (c) the extent of methylation of precursor tRNA in the absence of tRNA synthesis, and (d) the types of methylase activities expressed in vitro.", "contents": "Effects of estradiol on uterine ribonucleic acid metabolism. Assessment of transfer ribonucleic acid methylation. Immature rats treated with estradiol for selected periods of time demonstrated both increased methylation of uterine transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) and methylase activities. Whereas the former parameter was assessed by incubating whole uteri with [methyl-14C]methionine and measuring the incorporation of isotope into the tRNA, methylase activity was obtained by measuring the rate of incorporation of methyl groups from S-adenosyl[methyl-14C]methionine into heterologous tRNA (Escherichia coli B) in the presence of uterine cytosol preparations (100,000g supernatants). Although increased methylation of tRNA during the estrogen response was demonstrated, additional studies indicated that these results were largely attributable to an increased rate of synthesis of tRNA rather than gross changes in either the type or amount of methylated constituents present. Evidence in this regard included the inability of estrogen treatment of alter significantly the (a) resulting patterns of methyl-14C-methylated constituents of uterine tRNA, (b) the extent ot which [2-14C]guanine residues, incorporated into tRNA, become methylated, (c) the extent of methylation of precursor tRNA in the absence of tRNA synthesis, and (d) the types of methylase activities expressed in vitro.", "PMID": 1182115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8227", "title": "Osmotic pressure induced pores in phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "We report a comparative study of the leadage of hydrophilic molecules from vesicles of egg lecithin (EL) and of dipalmitoyllecithin (DPL). The effect of osmotic pressure differences a leakage is consistent with a model for statistical pore nucleation process. The major difference in osmotic pressure induced leakage from DPL and EL is that the number of pore creation sites is much greater in DPL. We suggest that the difference in number of these sites also accounts for other differences in the properties of DPL and EL, namely for differences in vesicle fusion and apparent rate of \"flip-flop\".", "contents": "Osmotic pressure induced pores in phospholipid vesicles. We report a comparative study of the leadage of hydrophilic molecules from vesicles of egg lecithin (EL) and of dipalmitoyllecithin (DPL). The effect of osmotic pressure differences a leakage is consistent with a model for statistical pore nucleation process. The major difference in osmotic pressure induced leakage from DPL and EL is that the number of pore creation sites is much greater in DPL. We suggest that the difference in number of these sites also accounts for other differences in the properties of DPL and EL, namely for differences in vesicle fusion and apparent rate of \"flip-flop\".", "PMID": 1182116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8228", "title": "Radioimmunological identification of polysomes synthesizing fibrinogen polypeptide chains.", "content": "Hepatocytes of rats stimulated by turpentine into a hyperfibrinogenemic state produce sufficient quantities of fibrinogen to permit unequivocal identification of specific polysomal complexes involved in the synthesis of this molecule. Monospecific antibodies directed against intact fibrinogen and one of its subunits, the gamma-chain, have shown two size classes of polysomes. Furthermore, it seems possible that polypeptide chain assembly may occur by having completed nascent chains bind to partially completed chains that are still attached to the polysome.", "contents": "Radioimmunological identification of polysomes synthesizing fibrinogen polypeptide chains. Hepatocytes of rats stimulated by turpentine into a hyperfibrinogenemic state produce sufficient quantities of fibrinogen to permit unequivocal identification of specific polysomal complexes involved in the synthesis of this molecule. Monospecific antibodies directed against intact fibrinogen and one of its subunits, the gamma-chain, have shown two size classes of polysomes. Furthermore, it seems possible that polypeptide chain assembly may occur by having completed nascent chains bind to partially completed chains that are still attached to the polysome.", "PMID": 1182117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8229", "title": "Purification of murine thymus leukemia antigen (TL). A quantitative assessment of limited proteolysis.", "content": "The murine thymus leukemia antigen (TL) has been solubilized from the tumor ASL1 and from an established cell line ASL1W, by papain digestion. When a 15-min digest was chromatographed on Sephadex G-200, two peaks of TL activity were eluted with apparent molecular weights of approximately 58,000 and 31,000. Chromatography of a 30-min digest under the same conditions resulted in elution of a single peak of activity with an apparent molecular weight of 58,000. Additional purification was carried out on the 58,000 molecular weight material by absorption to, and elution from DEAE-cellulose. The combination of gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography resulted in approximately a 150-fold purification.", "contents": "Purification of murine thymus leukemia antigen (TL). A quantitative assessment of limited proteolysis. The murine thymus leukemia antigen (TL) has been solubilized from the tumor ASL1 and from an established cell line ASL1W, by papain digestion. When a 15-min digest was chromatographed on Sephadex G-200, two peaks of TL activity were eluted with apparent molecular weights of approximately 58,000 and 31,000. Chromatography of a 30-min digest under the same conditions resulted in elution of a single peak of activity with an apparent molecular weight of 58,000. Additional purification was carried out on the 58,000 molecular weight material by absorption to, and elution from DEAE-cellulose. The combination of gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography resulted in approximately a 150-fold purification.", "PMID": 1182118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8230", "title": "Subcellular redistribution of seryl-transfer RNA during estrogen-induced phosvitin synthesis and specificity of the estrogen effect.", "content": "The estrogen-induced hepatic synthesis of the serine-rich protein, phosvitin, in chickens is accompanied by an increase in the serine acceptance of total hepatic tRNA, which is limited to two sering isoacceptors. To investigate the role of the tRNA alterations in the synthesis of phosvitin, the relative amounts of various seryl-tRNA species in isolated nuclei and in free and membrane-bound ribosomes were determined. Estrogen treatment causes a shift in the subcellular distribution of hepatic seryl-tRNA. Of the four serine isoacceptors, the amount of tRNASerAGU,AGC was specifically increased in nuclei and in membrane-bound ribosomes. Changes in total hepatic tRNA occurring during physiologic estrogenization were compared with those occurring by varying steroid hormones, times after estrogen administration, estrogen doses, animal ages, and tissue types. The changes observed demonstrate that the seryl-tRNA alterations are closely correlated with the synthesis of phosvitin. The coincident change in seryl-tRNA levels and in phosvitin synthesis, together with the specific change in cellular localization, suggests that the amount and subcellular distribution of each tRNA species are separately controlled in a manner dependent upon its frequency of use in translation.", "contents": "Subcellular redistribution of seryl-transfer RNA during estrogen-induced phosvitin synthesis and specificity of the estrogen effect. The estrogen-induced hepatic synthesis of the serine-rich protein, phosvitin, in chickens is accompanied by an increase in the serine acceptance of total hepatic tRNA, which is limited to two sering isoacceptors. To investigate the role of the tRNA alterations in the synthesis of phosvitin, the relative amounts of various seryl-tRNA species in isolated nuclei and in free and membrane-bound ribosomes were determined. Estrogen treatment causes a shift in the subcellular distribution of hepatic seryl-tRNA. Of the four serine isoacceptors, the amount of tRNASerAGU,AGC was specifically increased in nuclei and in membrane-bound ribosomes. Changes in total hepatic tRNA occurring during physiologic estrogenization were compared with those occurring by varying steroid hormones, times after estrogen administration, estrogen doses, animal ages, and tissue types. The changes observed demonstrate that the seryl-tRNA alterations are closely correlated with the synthesis of phosvitin. The coincident change in seryl-tRNA levels and in phosvitin synthesis, together with the specific change in cellular localization, suggests that the amount and subcellular distribution of each tRNA species are separately controlled in a manner dependent upon its frequency of use in translation.", "PMID": 1182119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8231", "title": "Transbilayer exchange of phosphatidylethanolamine for phosphatidylcholine and N-acetimidoylphosphatidylethanolamine in single-walled bilayer vesicles.", "content": "A preparation of small single-walled liposome vesicles containing a 9:1 mole ratio of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine was subjected to reaction with the membrane-impermeable reagent, isethionyl acetimidate hydrochloride. This reagent converted 90% of the external phosphatidylethanolamine groups to the amidine derivative, leaving the mole ratio of unreacted phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine on the outside surface of the vesicle much lower than that on the inside surface. Equilibration of phosphatidylethanolamine across the bilayer was then measured as a function of time by monitoring the appearance of phosphatidylethanolamine on the outside surface utilizing the reaction of the amino groups with 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. The results show that no new phosphatidylethanolamine appeared on the external surface of the vesicles over a period of 12 days at 22 degrees. A conservative estimate of the precision of the measurements is +/- 10%. On this basis, the estimated half-time for the equilibration of phosphatidylethanolamine across the bilayer of these vesicles must be at least 80 days at 22 degrees.", "contents": "Transbilayer exchange of phosphatidylethanolamine for phosphatidylcholine and N-acetimidoylphosphatidylethanolamine in single-walled bilayer vesicles. A preparation of small single-walled liposome vesicles containing a 9:1 mole ratio of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine was subjected to reaction with the membrane-impermeable reagent, isethionyl acetimidate hydrochloride. This reagent converted 90% of the external phosphatidylethanolamine groups to the amidine derivative, leaving the mole ratio of unreacted phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine on the outside surface of the vesicle much lower than that on the inside surface. Equilibration of phosphatidylethanolamine across the bilayer was then measured as a function of time by monitoring the appearance of phosphatidylethanolamine on the outside surface utilizing the reaction of the amino groups with 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. The results show that no new phosphatidylethanolamine appeared on the external surface of the vesicles over a period of 12 days at 22 degrees. A conservative estimate of the precision of the measurements is +/- 10%. On this basis, the estimated half-time for the equilibration of phosphatidylethanolamine across the bilayer of these vesicles must be at least 80 days at 22 degrees.", "PMID": 1182120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8232", "title": "Structure of the human erythrocyte blood group P1 glycosphingolipid.", "content": "A glycosphingolipid with blood group P1 activity was extracted from an acetone powder of human erythrocyte stroma with chloroform-methanol. It was purified by chromatography on columns of silicic acid and by preparative thin-layer chromatography of the fully acetylated and deacetylated glycolipid. The purified glycolipid contained galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and glucose in a molar ratio of 3:1:1. Treatment of the P1 glycolipid with fig alpha-galactosidase released a single galactosyl residue and destroyed the blood group activity, and the alpha-galactosidase product had the same chromatographic mobility as paragloboside. Substitution sites on the neutral sugars of the P1 glycolipid and the alpha-galactosidase product were established by identification of methylated alditol acetates, and substitution on N-acetylglucosamine was determined by identification of methyl glycoside derivatives. The terminal nonreducing disaccharide of the P1 glycolipid is Gal(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal. N-Acetylglucosamine was identified as the next sugar in sequence by mass spectrometric analysis of the permethylated P1 glycolipid. On the assumption that the glucose residue is linked to ceramide, we propose the following structure for the P1 glycolipid: Gal(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc-NAc(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer.", "contents": "Structure of the human erythrocyte blood group P1 glycosphingolipid. A glycosphingolipid with blood group P1 activity was extracted from an acetone powder of human erythrocyte stroma with chloroform-methanol. It was purified by chromatography on columns of silicic acid and by preparative thin-layer chromatography of the fully acetylated and deacetylated glycolipid. The purified glycolipid contained galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and glucose in a molar ratio of 3:1:1. Treatment of the P1 glycolipid with fig alpha-galactosidase released a single galactosyl residue and destroyed the blood group activity, and the alpha-galactosidase product had the same chromatographic mobility as paragloboside. Substitution sites on the neutral sugars of the P1 glycolipid and the alpha-galactosidase product were established by identification of methylated alditol acetates, and substitution on N-acetylglucosamine was determined by identification of methyl glycoside derivatives. The terminal nonreducing disaccharide of the P1 glycolipid is Gal(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal. N-Acetylglucosamine was identified as the next sugar in sequence by mass spectrometric analysis of the permethylated P1 glycolipid. On the assumption that the glucose residue is linked to ceramide, we propose the following structure for the P1 glycolipid: Gal(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc-NAc(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer.", "PMID": 1182121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8233", "title": "An immunochemical study of the human blood group P1, P, and PK glycosphingolipid antigens.", "content": "The erythrocyte PK and P blood group antigens have been identified as ceramide trihexoside (CTH), Gal-(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer, and globoside, GalN-Ac(beta, 1 leads to 3)Gal(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer, respectively, and the following structure has been proposed for the P1 antigen: Gal(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)GlcNAc(beta, 1 leads to 3)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer. Although the P1 and PK determinants have identical terminal disaccharides, CTH did not inhibit anti-P1. The P1 glycolipid and hydatid cyst glycoprotein inhibited the agglutination of P1K erythrocytes by anti-P1 and unabsorbed anti-P1PPK sera, but neither antigen inhibited a specific anti-PK serum. The P1 and PK glycolipids were equally effective in inhibiting the hemagglutinating activity of a lectin with alpha-galactosyl specificity obtained from ova of Salmo trutta. Anti-P sera were inhibited most effectively by human erythrocyte globoside, and to a lesser extent by Forssman glycolipid and rat kidney globoside. In the latter glycolipid the linkage between the internal galactosyl residues is alpha, 1 leads to 3, rather than alpha, 1 leads to 4, as in erythrocyte globoside. No cross-reactions between P and P1 or PK antigens were detected. New hypotheses are offered to explain the genetic regulation and biosynthesis of the P1, P, and PK antigens.", "contents": "An immunochemical study of the human blood group P1, P, and PK glycosphingolipid antigens. The erythrocyte PK and P blood group antigens have been identified as ceramide trihexoside (CTH), Gal-(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer, and globoside, GalN-Ac(beta, 1 leads to 3)Gal(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer, respectively, and the following structure has been proposed for the P1 antigen: Gal(alpha, 1 leads to 4)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)GlcNAc(beta, 1 leads to 3)Gal(beta, 1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer. Although the P1 and PK determinants have identical terminal disaccharides, CTH did not inhibit anti-P1. The P1 glycolipid and hydatid cyst glycoprotein inhibited the agglutination of P1K erythrocytes by anti-P1 and unabsorbed anti-P1PPK sera, but neither antigen inhibited a specific anti-PK serum. The P1 and PK glycolipids were equally effective in inhibiting the hemagglutinating activity of a lectin with alpha-galactosyl specificity obtained from ova of Salmo trutta. Anti-P sera were inhibited most effectively by human erythrocyte globoside, and to a lesser extent by Forssman glycolipid and rat kidney globoside. In the latter glycolipid the linkage between the internal galactosyl residues is alpha, 1 leads to 3, rather than alpha, 1 leads to 4, as in erythrocyte globoside. No cross-reactions between P and P1 or PK antigens were detected. New hypotheses are offered to explain the genetic regulation and biosynthesis of the P1, P, and PK antigens.", "PMID": 1182122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8234", "title": "Proton magnetic resonance studies of double helical oligonucleotides. The effect of base sequence on the stability of deoxydinucleotide dimers.", "content": "The concentration dependence of the proton magnetic resonance chemical shifts of a series of deoxydinucleotides and deoxydinucleoside monophosphates in neutral H2O solution has been recorded in the 1-100 mM concentration range by the use of pulsed Fourier transform techniques. The self-complementary molecules pdG-dC, dG-dC, pdC-dG, and dC-dG and the complementary mixtures pdG-dG + pdC-dC as well as pdG-dT + pdA-dC interact at low temperatures by the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonded dimers. Noncomplementary molecules such as pdG-dT, pdT-dG, pdG-dG, pdA-dc, and pdC-dC do not self-associate by the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds under the present experimental conditions. The chemical shifts of the amino protons and the base protons are consistent with the interaction of two complementary dinucleotides to form a miniature double helix. An analysis of the chemical shift of the guanine amino proton resonance as a function of dinucleotide concentration has provided approximate dimerization constants. These results show that the stability of the miniature double helices is in the order (pdG-dG)-(pdC-dC) greater than or approximately (pdG-dC)-(pdG-dC) greater than (pdC-dG)-(pdC-dG) greater than (pdG-dT)-(pdA-dC) which reflects the effect of nucleotide sequence (and composition) on helix stability.", "contents": "Proton magnetic resonance studies of double helical oligonucleotides. The effect of base sequence on the stability of deoxydinucleotide dimers. The concentration dependence of the proton magnetic resonance chemical shifts of a series of deoxydinucleotides and deoxydinucleoside monophosphates in neutral H2O solution has been recorded in the 1-100 mM concentration range by the use of pulsed Fourier transform techniques. The self-complementary molecules pdG-dC, dG-dC, pdC-dG, and dC-dG and the complementary mixtures pdG-dG + pdC-dC as well as pdG-dT + pdA-dC interact at low temperatures by the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonded dimers. Noncomplementary molecules such as pdG-dT, pdT-dG, pdG-dG, pdA-dc, and pdC-dC do not self-associate by the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds under the present experimental conditions. The chemical shifts of the amino protons and the base protons are consistent with the interaction of two complementary dinucleotides to form a miniature double helix. An analysis of the chemical shift of the guanine amino proton resonance as a function of dinucleotide concentration has provided approximate dimerization constants. These results show that the stability of the miniature double helices is in the order (pdG-dG)-(pdC-dC) greater than or approximately (pdG-dC)-(pdG-dC) greater than (pdC-dG)-(pdC-dG) greater than (pdG-dT)-(pdA-dC) which reflects the effect of nucleotide sequence (and composition) on helix stability.", "PMID": 1182123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8235", "title": "Conformation and interaction of short nucleic acid double-stranded helices. I. Proton magnetic resonance studies on the nonexchangeable protons of ribosyl ApApGpCpUpU.", "content": "1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of a self-complementary ribosyl hexanucleotide, A2GCU2, are investigated as a function of temperature and ionic strength in D2O. Seventeen nonexchangeable base and ribose-H1' resonances are resolved, and unequivocally assigned by a systematic comparison with the spectra of a series of oligonucleotide fragments of the A2GCU2 sequence varying in chain length from 2 to 5. Changes in the chemical shifts of the 17 protons from the hexamer as well as the six H1'-H2' coupling constants are followed throughout a thermally induced helix-coil transition. These sigma vs. T and J vs. T (degrees C) profiles indicate that the transition is not totally cooperative and that substantial populations of partially bonded structures must exist at intermediate temperatures, with the central G-C region being most stable. Transitions in chemical shift for protons in the same base pair exhibit considerable differences in their Tm values as the data reflect both thermodynamic and local magnetic field effects in the structural transition, which are not readily separable. However, an average of the Tm values agrees well with the value predicted from studies of the thermally induced transition made by optical methods. The values of J1'-2' for all six residues become very small (less than 1.5 Hz) at low temperatures indicating that C3'-endo is the most heavily populated furanose conformation in the helix. The sigma values of protons in the duplex were compared with those calculated from the ring current magnetic anisotropies of nearest and next-nearest neighboring bases using the geometrical parameters of the A'-RNA and B-DNA models. The sigma values of the base protons in the duplex calculated assuming the A'-RNA geometry agree (+/- approximately 0.1 ppm) with the observed values much more accurately than those calculated on the basis of B-DNA geometry. The measured sigma values of the H1' are not accurately predicted from either model. The synthesis of 35 mg of A2GCU2 using primer-dependent polynucleotide phosphorylase is described in detail with extensive discussion in the microfilm edition.", "contents": "Conformation and interaction of short nucleic acid double-stranded helices. I. Proton magnetic resonance studies on the nonexchangeable protons of ribosyl ApApGpCpUpU. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of a self-complementary ribosyl hexanucleotide, A2GCU2, are investigated as a function of temperature and ionic strength in D2O. Seventeen nonexchangeable base and ribose-H1' resonances are resolved, and unequivocally assigned by a systematic comparison with the spectra of a series of oligonucleotide fragments of the A2GCU2 sequence varying in chain length from 2 to 5. Changes in the chemical shifts of the 17 protons from the hexamer as well as the six H1'-H2' coupling constants are followed throughout a thermally induced helix-coil transition. These sigma vs. T and J vs. T (degrees C) profiles indicate that the transition is not totally cooperative and that substantial populations of partially bonded structures must exist at intermediate temperatures, with the central G-C region being most stable. Transitions in chemical shift for protons in the same base pair exhibit considerable differences in their Tm values as the data reflect both thermodynamic and local magnetic field effects in the structural transition, which are not readily separable. However, an average of the Tm values agrees well with the value predicted from studies of the thermally induced transition made by optical methods. The values of J1'-2' for all six residues become very small (less than 1.5 Hz) at low temperatures indicating that C3'-endo is the most heavily populated furanose conformation in the helix. The sigma values of protons in the duplex were compared with those calculated from the ring current magnetic anisotropies of nearest and next-nearest neighboring bases using the geometrical parameters of the A'-RNA and B-DNA models. The sigma values of the base protons in the duplex calculated assuming the A'-RNA geometry agree (+/- approximately 0.1 ppm) with the observed values much more accurately than those calculated on the basis of B-DNA geometry. The measured sigma values of the H1' are not accurately predicted from either model. The synthesis of 35 mg of A2GCU2 using primer-dependent polynucleotide phosphorylase is described in detail with extensive discussion in the microfilm edition.", "PMID": 1182124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8236", "title": "Conformation and interaction of short nucleic acid double-stranded helices. II. Proton magnetic resonance studies on the hydrogen-bonded NH-N protons of ribosyl ApApGpCpUpU helix.", "content": "A self-complementary ribohexanucleotide, ApApGpCpUpU, was synthesized and its NH-N hydrogen-bonded protons were studied by proton magnetic resonance. At 1 degree C, 0.17 M Na+, pH 7.6 with 10 mM phosphate-0.1 mM EDTA in H2O, three proton resonances are found in the low-field region with the following chemical shifts and line widths at half-height: 13.2 ppm (80 Hz), 13.5 ppm (30 Hz), and 14.2 ppm (44 Hz). The existence of these resonances indicates the formation of a self-complementary, hydrogen-bonded duplex under these conditions. Upon elevation of temperature, these three resonances sequentially broaden and finally all disappear near 35 degrees C. Unambiguous assignments of these three resonances can be made to the terminal A(1)-U(6) pairs, interior A(2)-U(5) pairs, and to the middle G(3)-C(4) pairs. The assignments were based on (i) the differential sensitivities of the line widths of these resonances to thermal variation, as well as on (ii) a comparison of the computed chemical shifts with the observed chemical shifts. The quantitative aspects of the NH proton transfer between helix, coil, and water are discussed in relationship to the line widths of these resonances and the lifetime of the helix state. The computed chemical shifts of the NH-N resonances based on the A-RNA (or A'-RNA) model agree more closely with the observed chemical shifts than the computed values based on the B-DNA model. These results suggest that the helical duplex of A2GCU2 assumes a conformation similar to A-RNA (or A'-RNA) in aqueous solution. The results on both the NH-N resonances and the C-H resonances are summarized and discussed in terms of the helical conformation of (A2GCU2)2.", "contents": "Conformation and interaction of short nucleic acid double-stranded helices. II. Proton magnetic resonance studies on the hydrogen-bonded NH-N protons of ribosyl ApApGpCpUpU helix. A self-complementary ribohexanucleotide, ApApGpCpUpU, was synthesized and its NH-N hydrogen-bonded protons were studied by proton magnetic resonance. At 1 degree C, 0.17 M Na+, pH 7.6 with 10 mM phosphate-0.1 mM EDTA in H2O, three proton resonances are found in the low-field region with the following chemical shifts and line widths at half-height: 13.2 ppm (80 Hz), 13.5 ppm (30 Hz), and 14.2 ppm (44 Hz). The existence of these resonances indicates the formation of a self-complementary, hydrogen-bonded duplex under these conditions. Upon elevation of temperature, these three resonances sequentially broaden and finally all disappear near 35 degrees C. Unambiguous assignments of these three resonances can be made to the terminal A(1)-U(6) pairs, interior A(2)-U(5) pairs, and to the middle G(3)-C(4) pairs. The assignments were based on (i) the differential sensitivities of the line widths of these resonances to thermal variation, as well as on (ii) a comparison of the computed chemical shifts with the observed chemical shifts. The quantitative aspects of the NH proton transfer between helix, coil, and water are discussed in relationship to the line widths of these resonances and the lifetime of the helix state. The computed chemical shifts of the NH-N resonances based on the A-RNA (or A'-RNA) model agree more closely with the observed chemical shifts than the computed values based on the B-DNA model. These results suggest that the helical duplex of A2GCU2 assumes a conformation similar to A-RNA (or A'-RNA) in aqueous solution. The results on both the NH-N resonances and the C-H resonances are summarized and discussed in terms of the helical conformation of (A2GCU2)2.", "PMID": 1182125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8237", "title": "Terbium binding to ribosomes and ribosomal RNA.", "content": "Terbium binding to rat liver ribosomes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was examined by equilibrium dialysis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Upon binding to ribosomes and rRNA, the enhancement of terbium fluorescence emission at both 488 and 541 nm was dependent only upon the amount of bound terbium and independent of ionic strength. Binding profiles for ribosomes and rRNA suggested that terbium was bound to ribosomes primarily through rRNA interactions. Data suggested that terbium mimicked characteristics previously described for interactions between ribosomes and magnesium. It is proposed, therefore, that fluorescence of terbium bound to ribosomes may prove useful in studies on the nature and extent of interactions between ribosomes and magnesium.", "contents": "Terbium binding to ribosomes and ribosomal RNA. Terbium binding to rat liver ribosomes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was examined by equilibrium dialysis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Upon binding to ribosomes and rRNA, the enhancement of terbium fluorescence emission at both 488 and 541 nm was dependent only upon the amount of bound terbium and independent of ionic strength. Binding profiles for ribosomes and rRNA suggested that terbium was bound to ribosomes primarily through rRNA interactions. Data suggested that terbium mimicked characteristics previously described for interactions between ribosomes and magnesium. It is proposed, therefore, that fluorescence of terbium bound to ribosomes may prove useful in studies on the nature and extent of interactions between ribosomes and magnesium.", "PMID": 1182126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8238", "title": "Surface and solution properties of steroid antibiotics: 3-acetoxylfusidic acid, cephalosporin P1 and helvolic acid.", "content": "The colloid/chemical properties of the fusidane antibiotics, 3-acetoxylfusidic acid, cephalosporin P1, and helvolic acid, and their sodium salts, were investigated. The sodium salts of 3-acetoxylfusidic acid and cephalosporin P1 were found to be detergent-like molecules with micellar properties comparable to the parent compound sodium fusidate and the bile salt sodium cholate. Critical micellar temperatures (cmt) were less than 0 degrees C except for sodium helvolate which being sparingly soluble did not form micelles between 0 and 50 degrees C. Potentiometric titrations of dilute solutions gave apparent pK values (5.2-6.5) in the range expected for carboxylated steroid detergents. The apparent pK values increased significantly once the detergent concentration exceeded the critical micellar concentration (cmc). Micellar properties were determined by surface tension, titration with a water-soluble dye (Rhodamine 6G), light scattering, and solubilization of lecithin and cholesterol. Cmc's, in the range of 1.5 to 5.6 mM, were found which varied slightly depending on the method employed and in all cases fell slightly in the presence of added NaCl. The number of monomers per micelle (aggregation number) in concentrations well above the cmc was extrapolated from Debye light scattering plots in 0.15 M NaCl. The values varied from 6 for fusidate to 14 for 3-acetoxylfusidate with sodium cephalosporin P1 having an intermediate value. Each detergent readily solubilized the phospholipid lecithin.", "contents": "Surface and solution properties of steroid antibiotics: 3-acetoxylfusidic acid, cephalosporin P1 and helvolic acid. The colloid/chemical properties of the fusidane antibiotics, 3-acetoxylfusidic acid, cephalosporin P1, and helvolic acid, and their sodium salts, were investigated. The sodium salts of 3-acetoxylfusidic acid and cephalosporin P1 were found to be detergent-like molecules with micellar properties comparable to the parent compound sodium fusidate and the bile salt sodium cholate. Critical micellar temperatures (cmt) were less than 0 degrees C except for sodium helvolate which being sparingly soluble did not form micelles between 0 and 50 degrees C. Potentiometric titrations of dilute solutions gave apparent pK values (5.2-6.5) in the range expected for carboxylated steroid detergents. The apparent pK values increased significantly once the detergent concentration exceeded the critical micellar concentration (cmc). Micellar properties were determined by surface tension, titration with a water-soluble dye (Rhodamine 6G), light scattering, and solubilization of lecithin and cholesterol. Cmc's, in the range of 1.5 to 5.6 mM, were found which varied slightly depending on the method employed and in all cases fell slightly in the presence of added NaCl. The number of monomers per micelle (aggregation number) in concentrations well above the cmc was extrapolated from Debye light scattering plots in 0.15 M NaCl. The values varied from 6 for fusidate to 14 for 3-acetoxylfusidate with sodium cephalosporin P1 having an intermediate value. Each detergent readily solubilized the phospholipid lecithin.", "PMID": 1182127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8239", "title": "Actinomycin D-deoxynucleotide complexes as models for the actinomycin D-DNA complex. The use of nuclear magnetic resonance to determine the stoichiometry and the geometry of the complexes.", "content": "The use of proton and carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the determination of the geometry and the stoichiometry of the actinomycin D-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate complex is outlined. The dimerization of actinomycin D has been reexamined by recording the proton magnetic resonance spectrum of actinomycin D to much lower concentrations through the use of Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The effect of the actinomycin D dimerization on the observed chemical shifts that results from the additon of nucleotides to an actinomycin D solution is directly demonstrated by comparing the actinomycin D-nucleotide titrations at both low (approximately 0.3 mM) and high (approximately 12 mM) concentrations of actinomycin D. In the presence of excess nucleotide the chemical shifts of the actinomycin D groups were essentially the same for both the low and high concentration titrations. The complexes of actinomycin D with pdG-dC, dG-dC, deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate, G-C, C-G, dIMP(5'), 2, 6-diaminopurine deoxyribose, and other nucleotides were also investigated by proton magnetic resonance and visible spectral titrations. These data were interpreted in terms of the molecular geometry of the complexes and in terms of the effect of the structure of the nucleotide base on the relative binding affinity of the nucleotides for the two nucleotide binding sites of actinomycin D. The carbon-13 chemical shifts of dGMP(5') were measured as a function of concentration over the concentration range of 0.5-0.025 M. The infinite dilution carbon-13 chemical shifts were graphically estimated from the dilution curves. These values were used to calculate the changes in the chemical shifts of the dGMP carbons that result from the formation of an actinomycin D-(dGMP)2 complex. It was not possible to interpret these carbon-13 chemical shift changes in terms of only ring current effects, which thus rules out the use of carbon-13 spectroscopy in the determination of the geometries of the actinomycin D complexes with the mono- and dinucleotides. The induced chemical shifts in the proton spectra may be used in the determination of the geometries of the complexes. A consideration of these data for the above nucleotide series shows that the predominant complex formed is one in which the guanine rings in the two nucleotide binding sites of actinomycin D are oriented in a manner very similar to that observed in the cocrystalline complex of actinomycin D with deoxyguanosine.", "contents": "Actinomycin D-deoxynucleotide complexes as models for the actinomycin D-DNA complex. The use of nuclear magnetic resonance to determine the stoichiometry and the geometry of the complexes. The use of proton and carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the determination of the geometry and the stoichiometry of the actinomycin D-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate complex is outlined. The dimerization of actinomycin D has been reexamined by recording the proton magnetic resonance spectrum of actinomycin D to much lower concentrations through the use of Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The effect of the actinomycin D dimerization on the observed chemical shifts that results from the additon of nucleotides to an actinomycin D solution is directly demonstrated by comparing the actinomycin D-nucleotide titrations at both low (approximately 0.3 mM) and high (approximately 12 mM) concentrations of actinomycin D. In the presence of excess nucleotide the chemical shifts of the actinomycin D groups were essentially the same for both the low and high concentration titrations. The complexes of actinomycin D with pdG-dC, dG-dC, deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate, G-C, C-G, dIMP(5'), 2, 6-diaminopurine deoxyribose, and other nucleotides were also investigated by proton magnetic resonance and visible spectral titrations. These data were interpreted in terms of the molecular geometry of the complexes and in terms of the effect of the structure of the nucleotide base on the relative binding affinity of the nucleotides for the two nucleotide binding sites of actinomycin D. The carbon-13 chemical shifts of dGMP(5') were measured as a function of concentration over the concentration range of 0.5-0.025 M. The infinite dilution carbon-13 chemical shifts were graphically estimated from the dilution curves. These values were used to calculate the changes in the chemical shifts of the dGMP carbons that result from the formation of an actinomycin D-(dGMP)2 complex. It was not possible to interpret these carbon-13 chemical shift changes in terms of only ring current effects, which thus rules out the use of carbon-13 spectroscopy in the determination of the geometries of the actinomycin D complexes with the mono- and dinucleotides. The induced chemical shifts in the proton spectra may be used in the determination of the geometries of the complexes. A consideration of these data for the above nucleotide series shows that the predominant complex formed is one in which the guanine rings in the two nucleotide binding sites of actinomycin D are oriented in a manner very similar to that observed in the cocrystalline complex of actinomycin D with deoxyguanosine.", "PMID": 1182128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8240", "title": "Isolation of a protease from sea urchin eggs before and after fertilization.", "content": "Upon fertilization, sea urchin eggs (Stronglyocentrotus pupuratus) release a protease into the surrounding sea water. This protease is in a particulate form which can be solubilized. The soluble form was purified by affinity chromatography on columns of immobilized soybean trypsin inhibitor. The purified enzyme is similar to bovine trypsin both in molecular weight (22500) and in susceptibility to inhibitors such as diisopropyl phosphofluoridate and soybean trypsin inhibitor. In contrast, extracts of unfertilized eggs appear to contain an inactive form of the enzyme which can be activated by dialysis at pH 4.6. The enzyme, as purified from extracts activated in this manner, was similar in its properties to that from fertilized eggs.", "contents": "Isolation of a protease from sea urchin eggs before and after fertilization. Upon fertilization, sea urchin eggs (Stronglyocentrotus pupuratus) release a protease into the surrounding sea water. This protease is in a particulate form which can be solubilized. The soluble form was purified by affinity chromatography on columns of immobilized soybean trypsin inhibitor. The purified enzyme is similar to bovine trypsin both in molecular weight (22500) and in susceptibility to inhibitors such as diisopropyl phosphofluoridate and soybean trypsin inhibitor. In contrast, extracts of unfertilized eggs appear to contain an inactive form of the enzyme which can be activated by dialysis at pH 4.6. The enzyme, as purified from extracts activated in this manner, was similar in its properties to that from fertilized eggs.", "PMID": 1182129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8241", "title": "Isolation and characterization of bovine factor VII.", "content": "Factor VII (proconvertin) has been purified approximately 5 x 10(5)-fold from bovine plasma with an overall yield of 30%. The isolation procedure involves barium sulfate adsorption and elution, DEAE-Sephadex batchwise adsorption and elution, benzamidine-agarose column chromatography, heparin-agarose column chromatography, and preparative polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. The final product was homogeneous when examined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. A minimal molecular weight of 45,500 was determined by sedimentation equilibrium. The molecular weight estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis was 54,000. Factor VII is composed of a single polypeptide chain possessing an amino-terminal sequence of Ala-Asn-Gly-Phe-Leu-. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of factor VII are also reported.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of bovine factor VII. Factor VII (proconvertin) has been purified approximately 5 x 10(5)-fold from bovine plasma with an overall yield of 30%. The isolation procedure involves barium sulfate adsorption and elution, DEAE-Sephadex batchwise adsorption and elution, benzamidine-agarose column chromatography, heparin-agarose column chromatography, and preparative polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. The final product was homogeneous when examined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. A minimal molecular weight of 45,500 was determined by sedimentation equilibrium. The molecular weight estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis was 54,000. Factor VII is composed of a single polypeptide chain possessing an amino-terminal sequence of Ala-Asn-Gly-Phe-Leu-. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of factor VII are also reported.", "PMID": 1182130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8242", "title": "The molecular structure of a dimer composed of the variable portions of the Bence-Jones protein REI refined at 2.0-A resolution.", "content": "The structure of the variable portions of a K-type Bence-Jones protein REI forming a dimer has been determined by X-ray diffraction to a resolution of 2.0 A. The structure has been refined using a constrained crystallographic refinement procedure. The final R value is 0.24 for 15000 significantly measured reflections; the estimated standard deviation of atomic positions is 0.09 A. A more objective assessment of the error in the atomic positions is possible by comparing the two independently refined monomers. The mean deviation of main-chain atoms of the two chains in internal segments in 0.22 A, of main-chain dihedral angles 6.3 degrees for these segments. The unrefined molecular structure of the VREI dimer has been published (Epp, O., Colman, P., Fehlhammer, H., Bode, W., Schiffer, M., Huber, R., and Palm, W. (1974), Eur. J. Biochem. 45, 513). Now a detailed analysis is presented in terms of hydrogen bonds and conformational angles. Secondary structural elements (antiparallel beta structure, reverse turns) are defined. A more precise atomic arrangement of the amino acid residues forming the contact region and the hapten binding site is given as well as the localization of solvent molecules. Two cis-prolines (Pro-8 and Pro-95) were detected. The intrachain disulfide bridge (Cys-23-Cys-88) occurs statistically in two alternative conformations. The structure suggests reasons for strong conservation of several amino acid residues. The knowledge of the refined molecular structure enables crystal structure analyses of related molecules to be made by Patterson search techniques. The calculated phases based on the refined structure are much improved compared to isomorphous phases. Therefore the effects of hapten binding on the molecular structure can be analyzed by the difference Fourier technique with more reliability. Hapten binding studies have been started.", "contents": "The molecular structure of a dimer composed of the variable portions of the Bence-Jones protein REI refined at 2.0-A resolution. The structure of the variable portions of a K-type Bence-Jones protein REI forming a dimer has been determined by X-ray diffraction to a resolution of 2.0 A. The structure has been refined using a constrained crystallographic refinement procedure. The final R value is 0.24 for 15000 significantly measured reflections; the estimated standard deviation of atomic positions is 0.09 A. A more objective assessment of the error in the atomic positions is possible by comparing the two independently refined monomers. The mean deviation of main-chain atoms of the two chains in internal segments in 0.22 A, of main-chain dihedral angles 6.3 degrees for these segments. The unrefined molecular structure of the VREI dimer has been published (Epp, O., Colman, P., Fehlhammer, H., Bode, W., Schiffer, M., Huber, R., and Palm, W. (1974), Eur. J. Biochem. 45, 513). Now a detailed analysis is presented in terms of hydrogen bonds and conformational angles. Secondary structural elements (antiparallel beta structure, reverse turns) are defined. A more precise atomic arrangement of the amino acid residues forming the contact region and the hapten binding site is given as well as the localization of solvent molecules. Two cis-prolines (Pro-8 and Pro-95) were detected. The intrachain disulfide bridge (Cys-23-Cys-88) occurs statistically in two alternative conformations. The structure suggests reasons for strong conservation of several amino acid residues. The knowledge of the refined molecular structure enables crystal structure analyses of related molecules to be made by Patterson search techniques. The calculated phases based on the refined structure are much improved compared to isomorphous phases. Therefore the effects of hapten binding on the molecular structure can be analyzed by the difference Fourier technique with more reliability. Hapten binding studies have been started.", "PMID": 1182131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8243", "title": "Solution studies on heme proteins: subunit structure, dissociation, and unfolding of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin by the ureas.", "content": "The subunit structure, dissociation, and unfolding of the hemoglobin of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, were investigated by light scattering molecular weight methods and changes in optical rotatory dispersion (at 233 nm) and absorption in the Soret region. Urea and the alkylureas, methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butylurea, were employed as the reagents to cause both dissociation and unfolding of the protein. Analysis of the light scattering data suggests that the dissociation patterns as a function of hemoglobin concentration in the various dissociating solvents can be described in quantitative terms, either as an equilibrium mixture consisting of parent duodecamers and hexamers of 3 x 10(6) and 1.5 x 10(6) molecular weight (in 1-3 M urea, 1-2 M methyl- and ethylurea, and 1 M propylurea), as a mixture of hexamers and monomers, the latter with a molecular weight of 250000 (i.e., in 4 M urea), or as a mixture of all three species of duodecamers, hexamers, and monomers, seen in 2 M propylurea. Parallel studies by optical rotation and absorption measurements indicate that there is little or no unfolding of the subunits at urea and alkylurea concentrations where complete dissociation to hexamers and extensive dissociation to monomers can be achieved. Further splitting of the monomers (A subunits) to smaller fragments of one-third to one-quarter of the molecular weight of the monomers (B subunits) is seen in the presence of 7 and 8 M urea (pH 7) and in alkaline urea to propylurea solutions. Analysis of the dissociation data of duodecamers to monomers, based on equations used in studies of the urea and amide dissociation of human hemoglobin A from our laboratory, suggests few urea and alkylurea binding sites at the areas of hexamer contacts in the associated duodecameric form of L. terrestris hemoglobin. This suggests that hydrophobic interactions are not the dominant forces that govern the state of association of L. terrestris hemoglobin relative to polar and ionic interactions. The unfolding effects of the ureas, at concentrations above the dissociation transitions, are closely similar to their effects on other globular proteins, suggesting that hydrophobic interactions play an important role in the maintenance of the folded conformation of the subunits. Use of the Peller-Flory equation, with binding constants based on free energy transfer data of hydrophobic amino acid side chains and denaturation data used in previous denaturation studies, gave a relatively good acount of the observed denaturation midpoints obtained with the various ureas supporting these conclusions.", "contents": "Solution studies on heme proteins: subunit structure, dissociation, and unfolding of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin by the ureas. The subunit structure, dissociation, and unfolding of the hemoglobin of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, were investigated by light scattering molecular weight methods and changes in optical rotatory dispersion (at 233 nm) and absorption in the Soret region. Urea and the alkylureas, methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butylurea, were employed as the reagents to cause both dissociation and unfolding of the protein. Analysis of the light scattering data suggests that the dissociation patterns as a function of hemoglobin concentration in the various dissociating solvents can be described in quantitative terms, either as an equilibrium mixture consisting of parent duodecamers and hexamers of 3 x 10(6) and 1.5 x 10(6) molecular weight (in 1-3 M urea, 1-2 M methyl- and ethylurea, and 1 M propylurea), as a mixture of hexamers and monomers, the latter with a molecular weight of 250000 (i.e., in 4 M urea), or as a mixture of all three species of duodecamers, hexamers, and monomers, seen in 2 M propylurea. Parallel studies by optical rotation and absorption measurements indicate that there is little or no unfolding of the subunits at urea and alkylurea concentrations where complete dissociation to hexamers and extensive dissociation to monomers can be achieved. Further splitting of the monomers (A subunits) to smaller fragments of one-third to one-quarter of the molecular weight of the monomers (B subunits) is seen in the presence of 7 and 8 M urea (pH 7) and in alkaline urea to propylurea solutions. Analysis of the dissociation data of duodecamers to monomers, based on equations used in studies of the urea and amide dissociation of human hemoglobin A from our laboratory, suggests few urea and alkylurea binding sites at the areas of hexamer contacts in the associated duodecameric form of L. terrestris hemoglobin. This suggests that hydrophobic interactions are not the dominant forces that govern the state of association of L. terrestris hemoglobin relative to polar and ionic interactions. The unfolding effects of the ureas, at concentrations above the dissociation transitions, are closely similar to their effects on other globular proteins, suggesting that hydrophobic interactions play an important role in the maintenance of the folded conformation of the subunits. Use of the Peller-Flory equation, with binding constants based on free energy transfer data of hydrophobic amino acid side chains and denaturation data used in previous denaturation studies, gave a relatively good acount of the observed denaturation midpoints obtained with the various ureas supporting these conclusions.", "PMID": 1182132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8244", "title": "The effects of salts on the subunit structure and dissociation of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin.", "content": "The effects of the neutral salts of the Hofmeister series, NaCl, NaClO4, MgCl2, NaI, and also guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl)on the subunit organization and the state of association of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin were examined by light scattering molecular weight measurements. The subunit dissociation of the parent duodecameric structure of 3 x 10(6) molecular weight by various salts is similar in pattern to the sequential splitting of the associated protein to half-molecules of hexamers of 1.5 x 10(6) molecular weight, followed by further dissociation at higher reagent concentration to monomers of 250000 molecular weight. Duodecamer to hexamer dissociation is observed in 0.4 M MgCl2, 1-2 M NaCl, and 1 M Gdn-HCl, while hexamer to monomer dissociation is seen in the presence of 1 M MgCl2. All three species of duodecamers, hexamers, and monomers seem to be present in 1 M NaClO4. Further splitting of the monomers of A subunits to smaller B fragments of one-third to one-quarter molecular weight is observed in 1 M NaI solutions. Optical rotation in the peptide region and absorption measurements in the Soret region indicate the salt dissociation of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin is not accompanied by major changes in the folding of the subunits, except in the case of the strong protein denaturant, Gdn-HCl. Relative to the dissociation effects of the urea series of compounds reported in the preceding paper (Herskovits and Harrington, 1975), the neutral salts appear to be much more effective dissociating agents for L. terrestris hemoglobin. This suggests that polar and ionic interactions are relatively more important for the maintenance of the protein than hydrophobic interactions. This conclusion is also supported by calculations of the possible effects of binding of NaClO4, based on the Setschenow constants of the literature describing the interaction of salts with the peptide and hydrophobic alkyl group of the average amino acid found in proteins, on the standard free energy of dissociation of the duodecamer to hexamer.", "contents": "The effects of salts on the subunit structure and dissociation of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin. The effects of the neutral salts of the Hofmeister series, NaCl, NaClO4, MgCl2, NaI, and also guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl)on the subunit organization and the state of association of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin were examined by light scattering molecular weight measurements. The subunit dissociation of the parent duodecameric structure of 3 x 10(6) molecular weight by various salts is similar in pattern to the sequential splitting of the associated protein to half-molecules of hexamers of 1.5 x 10(6) molecular weight, followed by further dissociation at higher reagent concentration to monomers of 250000 molecular weight. Duodecamer to hexamer dissociation is observed in 0.4 M MgCl2, 1-2 M NaCl, and 1 M Gdn-HCl, while hexamer to monomer dissociation is seen in the presence of 1 M MgCl2. All three species of duodecamers, hexamers, and monomers seem to be present in 1 M NaClO4. Further splitting of the monomers of A subunits to smaller B fragments of one-third to one-quarter molecular weight is observed in 1 M NaI solutions. Optical rotation in the peptide region and absorption measurements in the Soret region indicate the salt dissociation of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin is not accompanied by major changes in the folding of the subunits, except in the case of the strong protein denaturant, Gdn-HCl. Relative to the dissociation effects of the urea series of compounds reported in the preceding paper (Herskovits and Harrington, 1975), the neutral salts appear to be much more effective dissociating agents for L. terrestris hemoglobin. This suggests that polar and ionic interactions are relatively more important for the maintenance of the protein than hydrophobic interactions. This conclusion is also supported by calculations of the possible effects of binding of NaClO4, based on the Setschenow constants of the literature describing the interaction of salts with the peptide and hydrophobic alkyl group of the average amino acid found in proteins, on the standard free energy of dissociation of the duodecamer to hexamer.", "PMID": 1182133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8245", "title": "Effect of vitamin B-12 deficiency on the hepatic tissue concentration of acyl carnitines.", "content": "Concentrations of carnitine, acetyl carnitine, propionyl carnitine, and long chain acyl carnitines have been measured in hepatic tissue of normal and vitamin B-12 deficient rats using radiolabelled butyrobetaine to label carnitine pools. Increased levels of propionyl carnitine were seen in the livers of vitamin B-12 deprived animals when compared to those from normal animals. Methylmalonyl carnitine was not detected in the B-12 deprived animals. Free carnitine levels were no different in the livers from the B-12 deprived animals than from the normal control animals.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin B-12 deficiency on the hepatic tissue concentration of acyl carnitines. Concentrations of carnitine, acetyl carnitine, propionyl carnitine, and long chain acyl carnitines have been measured in hepatic tissue of normal and vitamin B-12 deficient rats using radiolabelled butyrobetaine to label carnitine pools. Increased levels of propionyl carnitine were seen in the livers of vitamin B-12 deprived animals when compared to those from normal animals. Methylmalonyl carnitine was not detected in the B-12 deprived animals. Free carnitine levels were no different in the livers from the B-12 deprived animals than from the normal control animals.", "PMID": 1182134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8246", "title": "Synthesis of sulphoquinovosyl diacylglycerol by higher plants.", "content": "The biosynthesis of sulphoquinovosyl diacylglycerol in germinating alfalfa seeds has been examined. Some incorporation of [35S]sulphate into the lipid occurs before chlorophyll production anh this is unaffected by chloramphenicol. Cysteic acid, molybdate, sulphite and sulpholactic acid all reduce incorporation of [35S]sulphate into sulphoquinovosyl diacylgylcerol. Some comparisons are made with other seed types. The results indicate that sulphoquinovosyl diacylgylcerol synthesis in alfalfa probably proceeds by a pathway similar to that in Euglena.", "contents": "Synthesis of sulphoquinovosyl diacylglycerol by higher plants. The biosynthesis of sulphoquinovosyl diacylglycerol in germinating alfalfa seeds has been examined. Some incorporation of [35S]sulphate into the lipid occurs before chlorophyll production anh this is unaffected by chloramphenicol. Cysteic acid, molybdate, sulphite and sulpholactic acid all reduce incorporation of [35S]sulphate into sulphoquinovosyl diacylgylcerol. Some comparisons are made with other seed types. The results indicate that sulphoquinovosyl diacylgylcerol synthesis in alfalfa probably proceeds by a pathway similar to that in Euglena.", "PMID": 1182135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8247", "title": "Comparison of the acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and membrane-bound lipid in the microsomal fraction from rabbit brain throughout maturation.", "content": "1. Age-related changes in the specific activity of palmitoyl-CoA synthetase, sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.15) and the esterification of [3H]palmitate into endogenous lipid in the microsomal fraction from rabbit brain have been determined throughout development. 2. The increased specific activity of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase at the onset of myelination (rising in parallel with other lipogenic enzymes) is consistent with a direct role of the acyltransferase in promoting the accumulation of cerebral lipid. In adult brain microsomes, although the specific activity was low, the total activity was only 20% lower than during active myelination. 3. Palmitoyl-CoA, synthesized by the palmitoyl-CoA synthetase in the microsomal membrane, was the preferred substrate for the esterification of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. There was no evidence for a pool of palmitoyl-CoA formed from palmitate. 4. The esterification of [3H]palmitate into membrane-bound lipid remained high throughout development and may be part of an acyl-exchange cycle via lysophospholipids. [3H]palmitate was incorporated into both neutral lipids and phospholipids, while phosphatidic acid was the major product of sn-[1(3)-3H]-glycerol-3-phosphate esterification. 5. The microsomal fraction contained a pool of unesterified fatty acid, which was activated and esterified into sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.", "contents": "Comparison of the acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and membrane-bound lipid in the microsomal fraction from rabbit brain throughout maturation. 1. Age-related changes in the specific activity of palmitoyl-CoA synthetase, sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.15) and the esterification of [3H]palmitate into endogenous lipid in the microsomal fraction from rabbit brain have been determined throughout development. 2. The increased specific activity of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase at the onset of myelination (rising in parallel with other lipogenic enzymes) is consistent with a direct role of the acyltransferase in promoting the accumulation of cerebral lipid. In adult brain microsomes, although the specific activity was low, the total activity was only 20% lower than during active myelination. 3. Palmitoyl-CoA, synthesized by the palmitoyl-CoA synthetase in the microsomal membrane, was the preferred substrate for the esterification of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. There was no evidence for a pool of palmitoyl-CoA formed from palmitate. 4. The esterification of [3H]palmitate into membrane-bound lipid remained high throughout development and may be part of an acyl-exchange cycle via lysophospholipids. [3H]palmitate was incorporated into both neutral lipids and phospholipids, while phosphatidic acid was the major product of sn-[1(3)-3H]-glycerol-3-phosphate esterification. 5. The microsomal fraction contained a pool of unesterified fatty acid, which was activated and esterified into sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.", "PMID": 1182136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8248", "title": "Biosynthesis of acyl groups on molecular species of biliary phosphatidylcholines during metabolism of [2,2,2-2H3]ethanol.", "content": "Incorporation of deuterium into different positions of individual molecular species of biliary phosphatidylcholines was determined in bile fistula rats given [2,2,2-2H3]ethanol under conditions ensuring maximal rate of oxidation for 24 h. The deuterium-labelling of the glycerol moiety of the major molecular species was about 6-8 atom% at the end of ethanol administration. The deuterium excess at each of the different positions of the glycerol moiety of 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl phosphatidylcholine was less than 3 atom%. From the isotopic composition of the palmitoyl residues of the phosphatidylcholines, it was calculated that [2,2,2-2H3]ethanol supplied about 35-40% of the acetyl-CoA forming the terminal methyl group and about 25-30% of the other C2 units of the palmitic acid chain. This difference in deuterium incorporation was interpreted as being due to an isotope effect, probably in the rate-limiting carboxylation step of acetyl-CoA. Most or perhaps all of the acetyl groups derived from ethanol were introduced into the terminal methyl group without loss of deuterium. This indicates that citrate is not an important carrier of acetyl-CoA in the biosynthesis of fatty acids from ethanol.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of acyl groups on molecular species of biliary phosphatidylcholines during metabolism of [2,2,2-2H3]ethanol. Incorporation of deuterium into different positions of individual molecular species of biliary phosphatidylcholines was determined in bile fistula rats given [2,2,2-2H3]ethanol under conditions ensuring maximal rate of oxidation for 24 h. The deuterium-labelling of the glycerol moiety of the major molecular species was about 6-8 atom% at the end of ethanol administration. The deuterium excess at each of the different positions of the glycerol moiety of 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl phosphatidylcholine was less than 3 atom%. From the isotopic composition of the palmitoyl residues of the phosphatidylcholines, it was calculated that [2,2,2-2H3]ethanol supplied about 35-40% of the acetyl-CoA forming the terminal methyl group and about 25-30% of the other C2 units of the palmitic acid chain. This difference in deuterium incorporation was interpreted as being due to an isotope effect, probably in the rate-limiting carboxylation step of acetyl-CoA. Most or perhaps all of the acetyl groups derived from ethanol were introduced into the terminal methyl group without loss of deuterium. This indicates that citrate is not an important carrier of acetyl-CoA in the biosynthesis of fatty acids from ethanol.", "PMID": 1182137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8249", "title": "The intermicellar bile salt concentration in equilibrium with the mixed-micelles of human bile.", "content": "The intermicellar bile salt concentration in equilibrium with the bile salt-lecithin-cholesterol mixed-micelle has been studied in human bile. Equilibrium-dialysis, used to measure the biliary intermicellar bile salt concentration, has been validated as an applicable method by studying the cholate-lecithin mixed-micelle, for which intermicellar bile salt concentration values have previously been reported. The intermicellar bile salt concentration of bile was essentially independent of ionic strength in the range 0.05-0.15 M chloride. Simple dilution of bile lowered the intermicellar bile salt concentration (about 2/3 reduction for each two-fold dilution). This reduction occurred because of a simultaneous decrease in the molar ration of bile salt/phospholipid in the micelle. Dilution of micelles with micellar bile salt/phospholipid held constant did not affect the intermicellar bile salt concentration. The relationship between intermicellar bile salt concentration and micellar bile salt/phospholipid, defined in the dilution studies, was linear in the range of study. For a composite of five biles, this relationship was described by the equation: intermicellar bile salt concentration = 1.27 (bile salt/phsopholipid) + 0.538. Data obtained on an artificial bile agreed closely with the results obtained on bile suggesting that the other constituents of bile did not affect this analysis. These findings may be helpful in understanding the process of micellar cholesterol solubilization in bile.", "contents": "The intermicellar bile salt concentration in equilibrium with the mixed-micelles of human bile. The intermicellar bile salt concentration in equilibrium with the bile salt-lecithin-cholesterol mixed-micelle has been studied in human bile. Equilibrium-dialysis, used to measure the biliary intermicellar bile salt concentration, has been validated as an applicable method by studying the cholate-lecithin mixed-micelle, for which intermicellar bile salt concentration values have previously been reported. The intermicellar bile salt concentration of bile was essentially independent of ionic strength in the range 0.05-0.15 M chloride. Simple dilution of bile lowered the intermicellar bile salt concentration (about 2/3 reduction for each two-fold dilution). This reduction occurred because of a simultaneous decrease in the molar ration of bile salt/phospholipid in the micelle. Dilution of micelles with micellar bile salt/phospholipid held constant did not affect the intermicellar bile salt concentration. The relationship between intermicellar bile salt concentration and micellar bile salt/phospholipid, defined in the dilution studies, was linear in the range of study. For a composite of five biles, this relationship was described by the equation: intermicellar bile salt concentration = 1.27 (bile salt/phsopholipid) + 0.538. Data obtained on an artificial bile agreed closely with the results obtained on bile suggesting that the other constituents of bile did not affect this analysis. These findings may be helpful in understanding the process of micellar cholesterol solubilization in bile.", "PMID": 1182138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8250", "title": "Influence of sialic acid groups on the retention of glycosphingolipids in blood plasma.", "content": "The removal of several glycosphingolipids from the circulation and their disposal in different tissue and fluid compartments was studied in adult rats. 3H-labeled dihydro analogs of several glycosphingolipids were injected intravenously and radioactivity was measured in arterial blood samples at subsequent time intervals, to obtain half life values for the labeled compound in the plasma. Half life values of less than 1 min were obtained for neutral glycosphingolipids whereas the half lives of labeled gangliosides were much longer and ranged from 3.8 to 21 h. The prompt removal of labeled neutral glycosphingolipids but not of the gangliosides indicates that sialic acid groups play a significant role in the retention of glycosphingolipids in the circulation. The results suggest that neutral glycosphingolipids are rapidly exchanged with their counterparts in a large extraplasma pool and that a major portion of this exchange could occur between plasma and liver. The detection of only a minute fraction of the injected glycosphingolipids in the cerebrospinal fluid indicates that a blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier exists for these compounds in the rat.", "contents": "Influence of sialic acid groups on the retention of glycosphingolipids in blood plasma. The removal of several glycosphingolipids from the circulation and their disposal in different tissue and fluid compartments was studied in adult rats. 3H-labeled dihydro analogs of several glycosphingolipids were injected intravenously and radioactivity was measured in arterial blood samples at subsequent time intervals, to obtain half life values for the labeled compound in the plasma. Half life values of less than 1 min were obtained for neutral glycosphingolipids whereas the half lives of labeled gangliosides were much longer and ranged from 3.8 to 21 h. The prompt removal of labeled neutral glycosphingolipids but not of the gangliosides indicates that sialic acid groups play a significant role in the retention of glycosphingolipids in the circulation. The results suggest that neutral glycosphingolipids are rapidly exchanged with their counterparts in a large extraplasma pool and that a major portion of this exchange could occur between plasma and liver. The detection of only a minute fraction of the injected glycosphingolipids in the cerebrospinal fluid indicates that a blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier exists for these compounds in the rat.", "PMID": 1182139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8251", "title": "Study of amphibian lipids. I. Characterization of monoglycosylceramides from the skin of Rana nigromaculata (Japanese pond frog).", "content": "1. Monoglycosylceramide was isolated from the skin of Rana nigromaculata (Japanese pond frog), and further fractionated into three subgroups (Fraction I, Fraction II and Fraction III) by borate-impregnated Florisil column chromatography. 2. Fraction I and Fraction II contained mainly glucose as their hexose components, while Fraction III contained galactose. 3. Major long chain bases of Fraction I and Fraction III were D-erythro-1, 3-dihydroxy-2-amino-4-trans-octadecene (4-sphingenine) and D-erythro-1, 3-dihydroxy-2-aminooctadecane (sphinganine), whereas those of Fraction II were D-ribo-1, 3, 4-trihydroxy-2-aminooctadecane (4D-hydroxysphinganine) and 1, 3, 4-trihydroxy-2-aminoeicosane (C20 homologues of 4D-hydroxysphinganine). This is the first evidence of the presence of trihydroxy base-containing glycolipids in the skin of vertebrates. 4. All three subgroups of monoglycosylceramide contained both hydroxy and nonhydroxy fatty acids ranging from C14 and C26. Saturated fatty acids represented more than 90% of the total. Some differences of the fatty acid composition in the three subgroups were also observed.", "contents": "Study of amphibian lipids. I. Characterization of monoglycosylceramides from the skin of Rana nigromaculata (Japanese pond frog). 1. Monoglycosylceramide was isolated from the skin of Rana nigromaculata (Japanese pond frog), and further fractionated into three subgroups (Fraction I, Fraction II and Fraction III) by borate-impregnated Florisil column chromatography. 2. Fraction I and Fraction II contained mainly glucose as their hexose components, while Fraction III contained galactose. 3. Major long chain bases of Fraction I and Fraction III were D-erythro-1, 3-dihydroxy-2-amino-4-trans-octadecene (4-sphingenine) and D-erythro-1, 3-dihydroxy-2-aminooctadecane (sphinganine), whereas those of Fraction II were D-ribo-1, 3, 4-trihydroxy-2-aminooctadecane (4D-hydroxysphinganine) and 1, 3, 4-trihydroxy-2-aminoeicosane (C20 homologues of 4D-hydroxysphinganine). This is the first evidence of the presence of trihydroxy base-containing glycolipids in the skin of vertebrates. 4. All three subgroups of monoglycosylceramide contained both hydroxy and nonhydroxy fatty acids ranging from C14 and C26. Saturated fatty acids represented more than 90% of the total. Some differences of the fatty acid composition in the three subgroups were also observed.", "PMID": 1182140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8252", "title": "Isolation and characterization of C50-carotenoid pigments and other polar isoprenoids from Halobacterium cutirubrum.", "content": "The polar acetone-soluble lipids of Halobacterium cutirubrum were found to contain (in addition to the previously reported vitamin MK-8 and retinal) neo-bacterioruberin U, bacterioruberin, monoanhydrobacterioruberin, bis-anhydrobacterioruberin, an isomer of geranylgeraniol (with one internal cis-isoprene residue), 2,3,-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycerol and two unidentified polar isoprenoids. All compounds were isolated in pure form by column and thin-layer chromatography, quantitated and characterized by their visible, ultraviolet, infrared, proton magnetic resonance and mass spectra and the spectra of their acetyl or silyl derivatives and/or dehydrated products.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of C50-carotenoid pigments and other polar isoprenoids from Halobacterium cutirubrum. The polar acetone-soluble lipids of Halobacterium cutirubrum were found to contain (in addition to the previously reported vitamin MK-8 and retinal) neo-bacterioruberin U, bacterioruberin, monoanhydrobacterioruberin, bis-anhydrobacterioruberin, an isomer of geranylgeraniol (with one internal cis-isoprene residue), 2,3,-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycerol and two unidentified polar isoprenoids. All compounds were isolated in pure form by column and thin-layer chromatography, quantitated and characterized by their visible, ultraviolet, infrared, proton magnetic resonance and mass spectra and the spectra of their acetyl or silyl derivatives and/or dehydrated products.", "PMID": 1182141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8253", "title": "Transfer of esterified cholesterol from serum lipoproteins to the liver.", "content": "The fate of cholesteryl esters of the serum lipoproteins was studied in intact rats and in isolated perfused rat livers. The lipoproteins of fasting rat serum were labeled in vitro with [3H]cholesteryl oleate. Following intravenous injection, it was found that the majority of the radioactive ester was rapidly taken up by the liver where hydrolysis of the ester bond occurred. At 5 min, 58% of the injected material was recovered in the liver, 85% of which was still in the ester form, while at 30 min only 22% of the liver radioactivity was in cholesteryl esters. There was very little difference in the rate at which radioactivity was taken up from the different lipoprotein classes. Similar phenomena were observed in the perfused liver, but it was found that although the radioactive esters were being taken up, there was no change in the concentrations of free or esterified cholesterol in the perfusing medium, indicating that the lipoprotein cholesteryl ester was gaining access to the liver through an exchange of molecules. After uptake, cell fractionation experiments showed that the plasma membranes had the greatest relative amounts of radioactivity, suggesting that this is the site of exchange. Small amounts of radioactivity were recovered in the bile, demonstrating that serum lipoproteins can serve as precursors of at least some of the bile steroids.", "contents": "Transfer of esterified cholesterol from serum lipoproteins to the liver. The fate of cholesteryl esters of the serum lipoproteins was studied in intact rats and in isolated perfused rat livers. The lipoproteins of fasting rat serum were labeled in vitro with [3H]cholesteryl oleate. Following intravenous injection, it was found that the majority of the radioactive ester was rapidly taken up by the liver where hydrolysis of the ester bond occurred. At 5 min, 58% of the injected material was recovered in the liver, 85% of which was still in the ester form, while at 30 min only 22% of the liver radioactivity was in cholesteryl esters. There was very little difference in the rate at which radioactivity was taken up from the different lipoprotein classes. Similar phenomena were observed in the perfused liver, but it was found that although the radioactive esters were being taken up, there was no change in the concentrations of free or esterified cholesterol in the perfusing medium, indicating that the lipoprotein cholesteryl ester was gaining access to the liver through an exchange of molecules. After uptake, cell fractionation experiments showed that the plasma membranes had the greatest relative amounts of radioactivity, suggesting that this is the site of exchange. Small amounts of radioactivity were recovered in the bile, demonstrating that serum lipoproteins can serve as precursors of at least some of the bile steroids.", "PMID": 1182142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8254", "title": "Two-carrier models for mediated transport. I. Theoretical analysis of several two-carrier models.", "content": "Several possible models of two sequential and two simultaneous carriers of different affinities are theoretically analysed. Following the analysis we suggest for each model an experimental procedure capable of testing and rejecting the model.", "contents": "Two-carrier models for mediated transport. I. Theoretical analysis of several two-carrier models. Several possible models of two sequential and two simultaneous carriers of different affinities are theoretically analysed. Following the analysis we suggest for each model an experimental procedure capable of testing and rejecting the model.", "PMID": 1182143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8255", "title": "Two-carrier models for mediated transport. II. Glucose and galactose equilibrium exchange experiments in human erythrocytes as a test for several two-carrier models.", "content": "1. Equilibrium exchange of glucose and of galactose is measured in human erythrocytes over wide concentration ranges. One-site Michaelis-Menten-type kinetics are shown for the two sugars. 2. In view of the results, two of the two-carrier models discussed in paper I (Eilam, Y. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 401, 349-363), the different sequential carriers and the antiparallel simultaneous carriers, are rejected for the sugar transfer system. The antiparallel sequential carriers model is consistent with these results.", "contents": "Two-carrier models for mediated transport. II. Glucose and galactose equilibrium exchange experiments in human erythrocytes as a test for several two-carrier models. 1. Equilibrium exchange of glucose and of galactose is measured in human erythrocytes over wide concentration ranges. One-site Michaelis-Menten-type kinetics are shown for the two sugars. 2. In view of the results, two of the two-carrier models discussed in paper I (Eilam, Y. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 401, 349-363), the different sequential carriers and the antiparallel simultaneous carriers, are rejected for the sugar transfer system. The antiparallel sequential carriers model is consistent with these results.", "PMID": 1182144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8256", "title": "Characterization of autoantigenic sites on isolated dog heart mitochondria.", "content": "1. Anti-heart mitochondria autoantibodies were developed in serum from dogs following experimental myocardial infarction. 2. Heart mitochondria frozen and thawed repeatedly in a sucrose/Tris-chloride buffer retained both their functional integrity as measured by the respiratory control ratio and their ability to serve as an antigen in a complement fixation test. Mitochondria frozen and thawed in a potassium chloride/Tris-chloride buffer lost both their functional integrity and their autoantigenic activity after one freeze-thaw cycle. 3. Extraction of the heart mitochondria with acetone/water mixtures to remove phospholipids from the membrane led to a complete loss of the ability of the mitochondria to react in the complement fixation test but did not affect the ability of the membranes to bind autoantibody in absorption experiments. 4. Treatment of the mitochondrial membranes with increasing concentrations of trypsin caused a loss of up to approximately 50% of the membrane protein with a gradual decrease in the autoantigenic activity of the membrane without impairment of the ability of the membrane to bind autoantibody. 5. Removal of up to 90% of the sialic acid of the mitochondrial membrane with neuraminidase resulted in a considerable increase in the complement-fixing autoantigenic activity of the membrane without changing the apparent ability of the membrane to bind autoantibody in absorption experiments. 6. Exposure of mitochondrial membranes to autoantibody and complement caused an inhibition of both an inner mitochondrial membrane enzyme, i.e. cytochrome oxidase (48%) and an outer mitochondrial membrane enzyme, i.e. NADH cytochrome c reductase (rotenone insensitive) (37%).", "contents": "Characterization of autoantigenic sites on isolated dog heart mitochondria. 1. Anti-heart mitochondria autoantibodies were developed in serum from dogs following experimental myocardial infarction. 2. Heart mitochondria frozen and thawed repeatedly in a sucrose/Tris-chloride buffer retained both their functional integrity as measured by the respiratory control ratio and their ability to serve as an antigen in a complement fixation test. Mitochondria frozen and thawed in a potassium chloride/Tris-chloride buffer lost both their functional integrity and their autoantigenic activity after one freeze-thaw cycle. 3. Extraction of the heart mitochondria with acetone/water mixtures to remove phospholipids from the membrane led to a complete loss of the ability of the mitochondria to react in the complement fixation test but did not affect the ability of the membranes to bind autoantibody in absorption experiments. 4. Treatment of the mitochondrial membranes with increasing concentrations of trypsin caused a loss of up to approximately 50% of the membrane protein with a gradual decrease in the autoantigenic activity of the membrane without impairment of the ability of the membrane to bind autoantibody. 5. Removal of up to 90% of the sialic acid of the mitochondrial membrane with neuraminidase resulted in a considerable increase in the complement-fixing autoantigenic activity of the membrane without changing the apparent ability of the membrane to bind autoantibody in absorption experiments. 6. Exposure of mitochondrial membranes to autoantibody and complement caused an inhibition of both an inner mitochondrial membrane enzyme, i.e. cytochrome oxidase (48%) and an outer mitochondrial membrane enzyme, i.e. NADH cytochrome c reductase (rotenone insensitive) (37%).", "PMID": 1182145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8257", "title": "Accelerative exchange diffusion kinetics of glucose between blood and brain and its relation to transport during anoxia.", "content": "An earlier study showed that unidirectional glucose transport from blood to brain decreases during perfusion with anoxic blood (Betz, A. L., Gilboe, D. D. and Drewes, L. R. (1974) Brain Res. 67, 307-316). Brain glucose levels also decrease during anoxia. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate whether the decreased transport might be the result of decreased accelerative exchange diffusion when brain glucose levels are low. The rate of undirectional transport into brain (v) of D-[6-3H]glucose was studied in 22 isolated, perfused dog brains by means of an indicator dilution technique using 22Na as the intravascular reference. The kinetics of transport were determined over a range of blood glucose concentrations (S1) at each of five different brain glucose levels (S2). The existence of accelerative exchange diffusion for glucose was indicated by a decrease in the intercept (increase of apparent V) of a double reciprocal plot (1/v versus 1/S1) as S2 increased. This phenomenon is consistent with a model for facilitated diffusion in which the mobility of the loaded carrier is greater than that of the unloaded carrier. Although the data predict a decrease in glucose transport during anoxia, the predicted decrease (5%) is less than the observed decrease (35%). It is concluded that the simple mobile-carrier model for facilitated diffusion cannot, by itself, describe all properties of blood-brain glucose transport.", "contents": "Accelerative exchange diffusion kinetics of glucose between blood and brain and its relation to transport during anoxia. An earlier study showed that unidirectional glucose transport from blood to brain decreases during perfusion with anoxic blood (Betz, A. L., Gilboe, D. D. and Drewes, L. R. (1974) Brain Res. 67, 307-316). Brain glucose levels also decrease during anoxia. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate whether the decreased transport might be the result of decreased accelerative exchange diffusion when brain glucose levels are low. The rate of undirectional transport into brain (v) of D-[6-3H]glucose was studied in 22 isolated, perfused dog brains by means of an indicator dilution technique using 22Na as the intravascular reference. The kinetics of transport were determined over a range of blood glucose concentrations (S1) at each of five different brain glucose levels (S2). The existence of accelerative exchange diffusion for glucose was indicated by a decrease in the intercept (increase of apparent V) of a double reciprocal plot (1/v versus 1/S1) as S2 increased. This phenomenon is consistent with a model for facilitated diffusion in which the mobility of the loaded carrier is greater than that of the unloaded carrier. Although the data predict a decrease in glucose transport during anoxia, the predicted decrease (5%) is less than the observed decrease (35%). It is concluded that the simple mobile-carrier model for facilitated diffusion cannot, by itself, describe all properties of blood-brain glucose transport.", "PMID": 1182146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8258", "title": "Sugar transport by intestine. Escape of galactose from preloaded mucosa of hamster jejunum.", "content": "Everted hamster jejunum was loaded with D-galactose and then escape into an initially galactose-free mucosal solution was followed. Mucosal anaerobiosis greatly increased the rate of escape, an effect which might have been caused by inhibiting reuptake from the unstirred layer and/or by augmenting the ease of unidirectional efflux across the brush border membrane. The former effect was expected because of our previous results from influx studies, and the main object here was to find out if the ease of efflux is affected by anaerobiosis. With phlorizin present in the mucosal solution during escape, information about unidirectional efflux was obtainable. We estimated that 10(-4) M phlorizin inhibited the ease of efflux via the phlorizin-sensitive pathway by about 65%. Apparently the reason why mucosal phlorizin accelerates escape of sugar from loaded mucosa, an effect which has been reported previously by others, is that it inhibits unidirectional efflux less effectively than it inhibits reuptake from the unstirred layer. Residual efflux via the phlorizin-sensitive pathway was markedly increased by mucosal anaerobiosis. This increase did not require an elevation of intracellular Na+ concentration. These results, together with those of our previous study, show that mucosal anaerobiosis abolishes uphill transport of galactose across the brush border of hamster jejunum by inhibiting unidirectional influx and by increasing the ease of unidirectional efflux. Neither of these effects requires a rise in intracellular Na+ concentration.", "contents": "Sugar transport by intestine. Escape of galactose from preloaded mucosa of hamster jejunum. Everted hamster jejunum was loaded with D-galactose and then escape into an initially galactose-free mucosal solution was followed. Mucosal anaerobiosis greatly increased the rate of escape, an effect which might have been caused by inhibiting reuptake from the unstirred layer and/or by augmenting the ease of unidirectional efflux across the brush border membrane. The former effect was expected because of our previous results from influx studies, and the main object here was to find out if the ease of efflux is affected by anaerobiosis. With phlorizin present in the mucosal solution during escape, information about unidirectional efflux was obtainable. We estimated that 10(-4) M phlorizin inhibited the ease of efflux via the phlorizin-sensitive pathway by about 65%. Apparently the reason why mucosal phlorizin accelerates escape of sugar from loaded mucosa, an effect which has been reported previously by others, is that it inhibits unidirectional efflux less effectively than it inhibits reuptake from the unstirred layer. Residual efflux via the phlorizin-sensitive pathway was markedly increased by mucosal anaerobiosis. This increase did not require an elevation of intracellular Na+ concentration. These results, together with those of our previous study, show that mucosal anaerobiosis abolishes uphill transport of galactose across the brush border of hamster jejunum by inhibiting unidirectional influx and by increasing the ease of unidirectional efflux. Neither of these effects requires a rise in intracellular Na+ concentration.", "PMID": 1182147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8259", "title": "Experimental alteration of phospholipid-protein interactions within the human erythrocyte membrane. Dependence on glycolytic metabolism.", "content": "Phosphatidylethanolamine in freshly drawn human erythrocytes is trinitrophenylated by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid only slowly and to a maximum of 32%. After different preincubation procedures at 37 degrees C in saline media in the absence of glucose (24 h without additive, 1-5 h with 8 mM hexanol or 1-4 h with the SH reagent, 5 mM tetrathionate) the rate of subsequent trinitrophenylation of phosphatidylethanolamine, in the absence of the additives, is greatly enhanced and the amount of phospholipid reacting increased. Glucose or inosine prevent these effects, inhibitors of glycosis abolish this protection. The results indicate that in fresh as well as in glycolysing incubated erythrocytes phosphatidylethanolamine in the outer layer of the membrane lipid is shielded by a protein. Conformational changes of this protein induced by metabolic starvation and perturbing agents expose the phospholipid head group to 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. In addition, a \"flip-flop\" of phosphatidylethanolamine from the inner to the outer layer may also contribute to the effects observed.", "contents": "Experimental alteration of phospholipid-protein interactions within the human erythrocyte membrane. Dependence on glycolytic metabolism. Phosphatidylethanolamine in freshly drawn human erythrocytes is trinitrophenylated by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid only slowly and to a maximum of 32%. After different preincubation procedures at 37 degrees C in saline media in the absence of glucose (24 h without additive, 1-5 h with 8 mM hexanol or 1-4 h with the SH reagent, 5 mM tetrathionate) the rate of subsequent trinitrophenylation of phosphatidylethanolamine, in the absence of the additives, is greatly enhanced and the amount of phospholipid reacting increased. Glucose or inosine prevent these effects, inhibitors of glycosis abolish this protection. The results indicate that in fresh as well as in glycolysing incubated erythrocytes phosphatidylethanolamine in the outer layer of the membrane lipid is shielded by a protein. Conformational changes of this protein induced by metabolic starvation and perturbing agents expose the phospholipid head group to 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. In addition, a \"flip-flop\" of phosphatidylethanolamine from the inner to the outer layer may also contribute to the effects observed.", "PMID": 1182148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8260", "title": "Response of transmural electrical parameters across in vitro everted sacs of hamster jejunum to variations in oxygenation rate.", "content": "1. The response of the electrical potential difference, short circuit current, and resistance across everted sacs of hamster jejunum to variations in the mucosal solution gassing rate was investigated. 2. Contrary to previous reports by others, it was found that the potential difference responds to increases in mucosal solution gassing rate by increasing in magnitude during the first 20 min of incubation. 3. The increases in potential difference were parallelled by increases in short circuit current but not by changes in resistance. 4. Increases in mucosal solution gassing rate increased epithelial cell O2 availability and this effect was determined to be due to increased stirring by gas bubbles. From the data, it was deduced that the minimum thickness of the mucosally located functional unstirred layer is between 0.08 and 0.16 cm when less than the full magnitude of electrical activity is observed across the everted sac preparation. 5. Serosal N2 or O2 had little or no effect on electrical parameters under maximum mucosal oxygenating conditions but dramatically affected these parameters when less than maximum mucosal oxygenating conditions were used. 6. Qualitative variations in the magnitude of the short circuit current across this preparation with respect to Cl- dependence were demonstrated. These variations were dependent upon the level of O2 availability, being apparent at high levels of O2 and absent at low levels. 7. It is concluded that the thickness of mucosally located unstirred layers can determine the O2 availability to the mucosa of everted sacs of hamster jejunum and thereby influence the observable magnitude and pattern of ionic dependence of the short circuit current across this preparation.", "contents": "Response of transmural electrical parameters across in vitro everted sacs of hamster jejunum to variations in oxygenation rate. 1. The response of the electrical potential difference, short circuit current, and resistance across everted sacs of hamster jejunum to variations in the mucosal solution gassing rate was investigated. 2. Contrary to previous reports by others, it was found that the potential difference responds to increases in mucosal solution gassing rate by increasing in magnitude during the first 20 min of incubation. 3. The increases in potential difference were parallelled by increases in short circuit current but not by changes in resistance. 4. Increases in mucosal solution gassing rate increased epithelial cell O2 availability and this effect was determined to be due to increased stirring by gas bubbles. From the data, it was deduced that the minimum thickness of the mucosally located functional unstirred layer is between 0.08 and 0.16 cm when less than the full magnitude of electrical activity is observed across the everted sac preparation. 5. Serosal N2 or O2 had little or no effect on electrical parameters under maximum mucosal oxygenating conditions but dramatically affected these parameters when less than maximum mucosal oxygenating conditions were used. 6. Qualitative variations in the magnitude of the short circuit current across this preparation with respect to Cl- dependence were demonstrated. These variations were dependent upon the level of O2 availability, being apparent at high levels of O2 and absent at low levels. 7. It is concluded that the thickness of mucosally located unstirred layers can determine the O2 availability to the mucosa of everted sacs of hamster jejunum and thereby influence the observable magnitude and pattern of ionic dependence of the short circuit current across this preparation.", "PMID": 1182149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8261", "title": "Membrane mobility agents. II. Active promoters of cell fusion.", "content": "The membrane mobility agent, A2C, actively promotes the fusion of hen erythrocytes under conditions similar to those used by Lucy et al. for glyceryl monooleate.", "contents": "Membrane mobility agents. II. Active promoters of cell fusion. The membrane mobility agent, A2C, actively promotes the fusion of hen erythrocytes under conditions similar to those used by Lucy et al. for glyceryl monooleate.", "PMID": 1182150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8262", "title": "Molecular order in Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes as determined by deuterium magnetic resonance of biosynthetically-incorporated specifically-labelled lipids.", "content": "The first application of deuterium magentic resonance of specifically labelled lipids to the study of a natural biological membrane is described. Palmitic acid labelled at the terminal methyl group with deuterium was incorporated biosynthetically into the lipids of the plasma membrane of Acholeplasma laidlawii. The deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectra contain quadrupole splittings which yield directly order parameters for this region of the membrane. Below the growth temperature (37 degrees C) the spectra are indicative of lipid in both gel and liquid crystalline states. Above this temperature they demonstrate the existence of an entirely liquid crystalline membrane whose order parameter decreases rapidly with increasing temperature. Comparison with egg phosphatidylcholine over the same temperature range shows a more rapid change in order with temperature for the A. laidlawii membranes.", "contents": "Molecular order in Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes as determined by deuterium magnetic resonance of biosynthetically-incorporated specifically-labelled lipids. The first application of deuterium magentic resonance of specifically labelled lipids to the study of a natural biological membrane is described. Palmitic acid labelled at the terminal methyl group with deuterium was incorporated biosynthetically into the lipids of the plasma membrane of Acholeplasma laidlawii. The deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectra contain quadrupole splittings which yield directly order parameters for this region of the membrane. Below the growth temperature (37 degrees C) the spectra are indicative of lipid in both gel and liquid crystalline states. Above this temperature they demonstrate the existence of an entirely liquid crystalline membrane whose order parameter decreases rapidly with increasing temperature. Comparison with egg phosphatidylcholine over the same temperature range shows a more rapid change in order with temperature for the A. laidlawii membranes.", "PMID": 1182151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8263", "title": "Isozymes of rat AMP deaminase.", "content": "Three AMP deaminase isozymes (EC 3.5.4.6 AMP aminohydrolase) were purified from rat heart, kidney and muscle. These enzyme preparations contained only the required isozyme. Antisera to individual isozymes were prepared and immunological relationships were tested. There was no cross-reactivity as tested by precipitation experiments. The antisera precipitated only the corresponding isozyme and there was no effect on other isozymes. These isozymes were also different in Km values for AMP and in substrate specificity. From the present studies, combined with previous results, it seems clear that the heart, kidney and muscle enzymes are different basic types. It is proposed that the muscle enzyme be designated as AMP deaminase A; the enzyme in kidney and liver, AMP deaminase B; the enzyme in heart, AMP deaminase C. Brain extracts contained five isozymes; two parent isozymes (B and C) and presumably their three hybrids.", "contents": "Isozymes of rat AMP deaminase. Three AMP deaminase isozymes (EC 3.5.4.6 AMP aminohydrolase) were purified from rat heart, kidney and muscle. These enzyme preparations contained only the required isozyme. Antisera to individual isozymes were prepared and immunological relationships were tested. There was no cross-reactivity as tested by precipitation experiments. The antisera precipitated only the corresponding isozyme and there was no effect on other isozymes. These isozymes were also different in Km values for AMP and in substrate specificity. From the present studies, combined with previous results, it seems clear that the heart, kidney and muscle enzymes are different basic types. It is proposed that the muscle enzyme be designated as AMP deaminase A; the enzyme in kidney and liver, AMP deaminase B; the enzyme in heart, AMP deaminase C. Brain extracts contained five isozymes; two parent isozymes (B and C) and presumably their three hybrids.", "PMID": 1182154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8264", "title": "Metabolism of monofluorobenzoates by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus N.C.I.B. 8250. Formation of monofluorocatechols.", "content": "None of the monofluorobenzoates serves as sole source of carbon and energy for growth of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus but all can contribute to growth on other substrates. The monofluorobenzoates are oxidised by bacteria pre-induced for benzoate oxidation and can themselves induce the appropriate enzymes. The initial products of oxidation have been separated and identified by gas-liquid chromatography. 2-Flurobenzoate is oxidised to catechol, fluoride and 3-fluorocatechol; 3-fluorobenzoate gives 3- and 4-fluorocatechol; 4-fluorobenzoate gives 4-fluorocatechol. The fluorocatechols appear to be partially oxidised beyond the stage of 3-oxoadipate by suitably pre-induced bacteria.", "contents": "Metabolism of monofluorobenzoates by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus N.C.I.B. 8250. Formation of monofluorocatechols. None of the monofluorobenzoates serves as sole source of carbon and energy for growth of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus but all can contribute to growth on other substrates. The monofluorobenzoates are oxidised by bacteria pre-induced for benzoate oxidation and can themselves induce the appropriate enzymes. The initial products of oxidation have been separated and identified by gas-liquid chromatography. 2-Flurobenzoate is oxidised to catechol, fluoride and 3-fluorocatechol; 3-fluorobenzoate gives 3- and 4-fluorocatechol; 4-fluorobenzoate gives 4-fluorocatechol. The fluorocatechols appear to be partially oxidised beyond the stage of 3-oxoadipate by suitably pre-induced bacteria.", "PMID": 1182155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8265", "title": "[In vitro biosynthesis of iodothyronines from diiodo-3,5-L-tyrosyl-diiodo-3,5-L-tyrosine (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study of two types of in vitro synthesis of iodothyronines has been done from 3,5-diiodotyrosine and from diiodo-3,5-L-tyrosyl-diiodo-3,5-L-tyrosine (Tyr(I)2-Tyr(I)2) (equimolecular in tyrosyl rings). Incubations are made with rat thyroid gland minces in Eagle's medium or with thyroid microsomal fraction. Synthesis of thyroid hormones from Tyr(I)2-Tyr(I)2 is faster and more important than from diiodo-3,5-L-tyrosine (Tyr(I)2). A mechanism of iodothyronine formation via Tyr(I)2-Tyr(I)2 and different from the one occuring for Tyr(I)2 is suggested.", "contents": "[In vitro biosynthesis of iodothyronines from diiodo-3,5-L-tyrosyl-diiodo-3,5-L-tyrosine (author's transl)]. A comparative study of two types of in vitro synthesis of iodothyronines has been done from 3,5-diiodotyrosine and from diiodo-3,5-L-tyrosyl-diiodo-3,5-L-tyrosine (Tyr(I)2-Tyr(I)2) (equimolecular in tyrosyl rings). Incubations are made with rat thyroid gland minces in Eagle's medium or with thyroid microsomal fraction. Synthesis of thyroid hormones from Tyr(I)2-Tyr(I)2 is faster and more important than from diiodo-3,5-L-tyrosine (Tyr(I)2). A mechanism of iodothyronine formation via Tyr(I)2-Tyr(I)2 and different from the one occuring for Tyr(I)2 is suggested.", "PMID": 1182156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8266", "title": "Inability of the estrogen-induced uterine protein to serve as a substrate for the endogenous phosphokinase(s).", "content": "We have studied the phosphorylation of soluble proteins from uterine extracts by an endogenous protein kinase. The analysis of phosphorylation patterns by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis did not reveal any significant difference in this respect between the soluble proteins from control or 17-beta-estradiol stimulated uteri. In both cases, three main components with mol. wt of about 120,000, 60,000 and 45,000 appear preferentially phosphorylated. Estrogen-induced protein did not coincide with any phosphorylated component, although some migrated very closely to it. This was observed whether phosphorylation was performed on uterine extract incubated with [gamma-3 2P]ATP or on intact organs incubated in the presence of 3 2Pi. We conclude that whatever the role of estrogen-induced protein, it is unlikely to be subjected to regulation through the phosphorylation process.", "contents": "Inability of the estrogen-induced uterine protein to serve as a substrate for the endogenous phosphokinase(s). We have studied the phosphorylation of soluble proteins from uterine extracts by an endogenous protein kinase. The analysis of phosphorylation patterns by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis did not reveal any significant difference in this respect between the soluble proteins from control or 17-beta-estradiol stimulated uteri. In both cases, three main components with mol. wt of about 120,000, 60,000 and 45,000 appear preferentially phosphorylated. Estrogen-induced protein did not coincide with any phosphorylated component, although some migrated very closely to it. This was observed whether phosphorylation was performed on uterine extract incubated with [gamma-3 2P]ATP or on intact organs incubated in the presence of 3 2Pi. We conclude that whatever the role of estrogen-induced protein, it is unlikely to be subjected to regulation through the phosphorylation process.", "PMID": 1182157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8267", "title": "Control over activation or synthesis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase by phytochrome in mustard (Sinapis alba L.)? A contribution to eliminate some misconceptions.", "content": "1. Density labelling with 80 atom% of 2H2O has been used to examine the mode of action of phytochrome (continuous far-red light) in increasing levels of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) activity in cotyledons of developing mustard seedlings (Sinapis alba L.). 2. Bandwidths and density shifts of isopycnically banded enzyme show that in darkness the enzyme was synthesized de novo, continuously turning over (half-life approx. 3 h) and that maximum labelling achievable was reached at 12 h. 3. 2-fold (6h), 5-fold (12h) and 10-fold (24 h) light-mediated increases in enzyme activity were accompanied by a similar pattern of labelling as observed in darkness. 4. Experimental evidence and theoretical arguments are presented which make it unlikely that phytochrome increases enzyme activity by slowing down the rate of degradation or by activating preformed enzyme molecules. 5. The conclusion is drawn that the rate of turnover of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in dark-grown mustard cotyledons is too rapid compared to the measured rise in enzyme activity for density labelling to reveal directly control over the rate of synthesis de novo by phytochrome. However, the elimination of other control mechanisms leads us to the conclusion that phytochrome most probably does control synthesis of this enzyme in mustard, which agrees with the previous findings for parsley cells.", "contents": "Control over activation or synthesis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase by phytochrome in mustard (Sinapis alba L.)? A contribution to eliminate some misconceptions. 1. Density labelling with 80 atom% of 2H2O has been used to examine the mode of action of phytochrome (continuous far-red light) in increasing levels of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) activity in cotyledons of developing mustard seedlings (Sinapis alba L.). 2. Bandwidths and density shifts of isopycnically banded enzyme show that in darkness the enzyme was synthesized de novo, continuously turning over (half-life approx. 3 h) and that maximum labelling achievable was reached at 12 h. 3. 2-fold (6h), 5-fold (12h) and 10-fold (24 h) light-mediated increases in enzyme activity were accompanied by a similar pattern of labelling as observed in darkness. 4. Experimental evidence and theoretical arguments are presented which make it unlikely that phytochrome increases enzyme activity by slowing down the rate of degradation or by activating preformed enzyme molecules. 5. The conclusion is drawn that the rate of turnover of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in dark-grown mustard cotyledons is too rapid compared to the measured rise in enzyme activity for density labelling to reveal directly control over the rate of synthesis de novo by phytochrome. However, the elimination of other control mechanisms leads us to the conclusion that phytochrome most probably does control synthesis of this enzyme in mustard, which agrees with the previous findings for parsley cells.", "PMID": 1182158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8268", "title": "Polyamines and ornithine decarboxylase activity during growth and differentiation in Blastocladiella emersonii.", "content": "The activity of ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17, L-ornithine carboxy-lyase) was determined during the life cycle of Blastocladiella emersonii. The specific activity of the enzyme was found to be low in the zoospores, to rise 20-fold during germination and early growth, to fall during growth and to rise again during sporulation. This rise in enzyme activity was shown to be dependent on protein synthesis. Putrescine levels, on a per mg of protein basis, paralleled the fluctuation found in ornithine decarboxylase activity. Putrescine and spermidine were the only polyamines found in extracts of B. emersonii.", "contents": "Polyamines and ornithine decarboxylase activity during growth and differentiation in Blastocladiella emersonii. The activity of ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17, L-ornithine carboxy-lyase) was determined during the life cycle of Blastocladiella emersonii. The specific activity of the enzyme was found to be low in the zoospores, to rise 20-fold during germination and early growth, to fall during growth and to rise again during sporulation. This rise in enzyme activity was shown to be dependent on protein synthesis. Putrescine levels, on a per mg of protein basis, paralleled the fluctuation found in ornithine decarboxylase activity. Putrescine and spermidine were the only polyamines found in extracts of B. emersonii.", "PMID": 1182159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8269", "title": "Role of calcium in exocrine pancreatic secretion. I. Calcium movements in the rabbit pancreas.", "content": "1. Calcium movements in the isolated rabbit pancreas and in rabbit pancreas fragments have been studied with the aid of 4 5 Ca2+. 2. Addition of 4 5 Ca2+ to the incubation medium of the isolated rabbit pancreas results in an immediate appearance of isotope in the secreted fluid reaching a constant specific activity in 30 min. The absolute activity in the secreted fluid is 30-40% of that in the incubation medium. 3. Addition of 10(-5) M carbachol after 2 h preincubation with 4 5 Ca2+ results in enzyme secretion accompanied by calcium release. There is also an increase in 4 5 Ca2+ secretion, but this is maximal 10 min after the protein and total calcium peaks. 4. Partial removal of 4 5 Ca2+ from the bathing medium, before stimulation, reduces the increase in 4 5 Ca2+ secretion nearly proportionally. 5. [3H]Mannitol, added to the bathing medium, appears in the secreted fluid and behaves upon carbachol stimulation similarly to 4 5 Ca2+. 6. Upon repeated stimulation with 10(-5) M acetylcholine, a 4 5 Ca2+ peak appears, even in virtual absence of enzyme secretion. In this case the peak coincides with a small total calcium peak. 7. Efflux studies of rabbit pancreas fragments, preloaded with 4 5 Ca2+, show a carbachol-stimulated 4 5 Ca2+ efflux in addition to a release of amylase. 8. These studies indicate that there are three calcium movements in rabbit pancreas which can all be influenced by cholinergic agents: (a) an extracellular route for calcium and other small molecules and ions; (b) a calcium release across the apical membrane along with the enzymes, originating from a pool which does not freely exchange with 4 5 Ca2+ in the bath; (c) a calcium flux across the serosal membrane, which involves calcium exchanging freely with 4 5 Ca2+ from the bath. The third flux is thought to result from an increase in cytoplasmic calcium, which may be involved in the stimulus-secretion coupling of pancreatic enzyme secretion.", "contents": "Role of calcium in exocrine pancreatic secretion. I. Calcium movements in the rabbit pancreas. 1. Calcium movements in the isolated rabbit pancreas and in rabbit pancreas fragments have been studied with the aid of 4 5 Ca2+. 2. Addition of 4 5 Ca2+ to the incubation medium of the isolated rabbit pancreas results in an immediate appearance of isotope in the secreted fluid reaching a constant specific activity in 30 min. The absolute activity in the secreted fluid is 30-40% of that in the incubation medium. 3. Addition of 10(-5) M carbachol after 2 h preincubation with 4 5 Ca2+ results in enzyme secretion accompanied by calcium release. There is also an increase in 4 5 Ca2+ secretion, but this is maximal 10 min after the protein and total calcium peaks. 4. Partial removal of 4 5 Ca2+ from the bathing medium, before stimulation, reduces the increase in 4 5 Ca2+ secretion nearly proportionally. 5. [3H]Mannitol, added to the bathing medium, appears in the secreted fluid and behaves upon carbachol stimulation similarly to 4 5 Ca2+. 6. Upon repeated stimulation with 10(-5) M acetylcholine, a 4 5 Ca2+ peak appears, even in virtual absence of enzyme secretion. In this case the peak coincides with a small total calcium peak. 7. Efflux studies of rabbit pancreas fragments, preloaded with 4 5 Ca2+, show a carbachol-stimulated 4 5 Ca2+ efflux in addition to a release of amylase. 8. These studies indicate that there are three calcium movements in rabbit pancreas which can all be influenced by cholinergic agents: (a) an extracellular route for calcium and other small molecules and ions; (b) a calcium release across the apical membrane along with the enzymes, originating from a pool which does not freely exchange with 4 5 Ca2+ in the bath; (c) a calcium flux across the serosal membrane, which involves calcium exchanging freely with 4 5 Ca2+ from the bath. The third flux is thought to result from an increase in cytoplasmic calcium, which may be involved in the stimulus-secretion coupling of pancreatic enzyme secretion.", "PMID": 1182160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8270", "title": "Glycoproteins from ascitic fluid of Ehrlich ascites tumor. Isolation and chemical characterization.", "content": "Three glycoprotein bands were identified by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis in the perchloric acid soluble fraction of ascitic fluid of Ehrlich ascites tumor in mice. The three proteins were first separated by a new discontinuous preparative electrophoresis apparatus described previously [1]. They were further purified on Sephadex G-100 and then were subjected to chemical characterization. These glycoproteins were rich in glutamic and aspartic acids and contained the sugar moieties galactose, mannose, fucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and sialic acid. The percent sugar composition ranged from 17.7-37.3% of the total weights of these glycoproteins.", "contents": "Glycoproteins from ascitic fluid of Ehrlich ascites tumor. Isolation and chemical characterization. Three glycoprotein bands were identified by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis in the perchloric acid soluble fraction of ascitic fluid of Ehrlich ascites tumor in mice. The three proteins were first separated by a new discontinuous preparative electrophoresis apparatus described previously [1]. They were further purified on Sephadex G-100 and then were subjected to chemical characterization. These glycoproteins were rich in glutamic and aspartic acids and contained the sugar moieties galactose, mannose, fucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and sialic acid. The percent sugar composition ranged from 17.7-37.3% of the total weights of these glycoproteins.", "PMID": 1182161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8271", "title": "Glycosidases of rat Kupffer cells, hepatocytes and peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "The acid glycosidase content of rat liver Kupffer cells was compared with that of hepatocytes and resident peritoneal macrophages. Homogenates of all these cells were able to hydrolyze the p-nitrophenyl glycosides of N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, glucose, galactose, fucose and mannose, but not xylose. Activity was greatest against the N-acetylglucosaminoside. With Kupffer cell homogenates, most of the glycosidases behaved as if they were lysosomal enzymes. When expressed as rates of hydrolysis per 10(6) cells, activities against a given substrate by homogenates from the three cell types generally agreed within a factor of 2-4. Significant differences between cell types were found, however, when ratios of glycosidase activities were compared. Furthermore, even though the quantity of glycosidase per cell was similar in Kupffer cells and hepatocytes, the glycosidase concentrations were much higher in the former cells, since Kupffer cells are much smaller than hepatocytes.", "contents": "Glycosidases of rat Kupffer cells, hepatocytes and peritoneal macrophages. The acid glycosidase content of rat liver Kupffer cells was compared with that of hepatocytes and resident peritoneal macrophages. Homogenates of all these cells were able to hydrolyze the p-nitrophenyl glycosides of N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, glucose, galactose, fucose and mannose, but not xylose. Activity was greatest against the N-acetylglucosaminoside. With Kupffer cell homogenates, most of the glycosidases behaved as if they were lysosomal enzymes. When expressed as rates of hydrolysis per 10(6) cells, activities against a given substrate by homogenates from the three cell types generally agreed within a factor of 2-4. Significant differences between cell types were found, however, when ratios of glycosidase activities were compared. Furthermore, even though the quantity of glycosidase per cell was similar in Kupffer cells and hepatocytes, the glycosidase concentrations were much higher in the former cells, since Kupffer cells are much smaller than hepatocytes.", "PMID": 1182162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8272", "title": "Accessibility of the iodopsin chromophore.", "content": "Iodopsin can replace its chromophore (11-cis retinal) by added 9-cis retinal, resulting in the formation of isoiodopsin. NaBH4 bleaches iodopsin in the dark. In a relatively low concentration of digitonin, the scotopsin (the protein moiety of chicken rhodopsin) removes 11-cis retinal from iodopsin in the dark. These facts suggest that the linkage of the chromophore to opsin in the iodopsin molecule (presumably a Schiff-base linkage) is accessible to these reagents, which is different from the situation in rhodopsin.", "contents": "Accessibility of the iodopsin chromophore. Iodopsin can replace its chromophore (11-cis retinal) by added 9-cis retinal, resulting in the formation of isoiodopsin. NaBH4 bleaches iodopsin in the dark. In a relatively low concentration of digitonin, the scotopsin (the protein moiety of chicken rhodopsin) removes 11-cis retinal from iodopsin in the dark. These facts suggest that the linkage of the chromophore to opsin in the iodopsin molecule (presumably a Schiff-base linkage) is accessible to these reagents, which is different from the situation in rhodopsin.", "PMID": 1182163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8273", "title": "X-ray structure of the curare alkaloid (+)-tubocurarine dibromide.", "content": "X-ray structure determination of the compound (C37H42N2O6)2+ .2Br-.4CH3OH, confirms that (+)-tubocurarine is a monoquaternary salt and has established that the molecule adopts different conformations in crystals of the dibromide and dichloride salts. The crystal structure is stabilised by a number of hydrogen bonds involving the two free hydroxyl groups and the tertiary nitrogen of the tubocurarine molecule, the bromide ions and the solvent molecules. The absolute configuration of the molecule, determined by X-ray anomalous scattering, confirms the configuration assigned earlier by chemical studies.", "contents": "X-ray structure of the curare alkaloid (+)-tubocurarine dibromide. X-ray structure determination of the compound (C37H42N2O6)2+ .2Br-.4CH3OH, confirms that (+)-tubocurarine is a monoquaternary salt and has established that the molecule adopts different conformations in crystals of the dibromide and dichloride salts. The crystal structure is stabilised by a number of hydrogen bonds involving the two free hydroxyl groups and the tertiary nitrogen of the tubocurarine molecule, the bromide ions and the solvent molecules. The absolute configuration of the molecule, determined by X-ray anomalous scattering, confirms the configuration assigned earlier by chemical studies.", "PMID": 1182164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8274", "title": "Age-related variations in glycosylation of hydroxylysine in human and rat skin collagens.", "content": "The extent of glycosylation of hydroxylysine in human skin collagen rapidly decreased during maturation and then gradually increased in proportion to the age. This decrease of glycosylation observed during maturation was also confirmed in whole, soluble and insoluble collagens from rat skin. These findings may contribute to the investigations on the functional role of glycosylation and also on the mechanism of maturational as well as senile processes.", "contents": "Age-related variations in glycosylation of hydroxylysine in human and rat skin collagens. The extent of glycosylation of hydroxylysine in human skin collagen rapidly decreased during maturation and then gradually increased in proportion to the age. This decrease of glycosylation observed during maturation was also confirmed in whole, soluble and insoluble collagens from rat skin. These findings may contribute to the investigations on the functional role of glycosylation and also on the mechanism of maturational as well as senile processes.", "PMID": 1182165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8275", "title": "A theoretical model for lipid monolayer phase transitions.", "content": "We present a theoretical model for the liquid-expanded to liquid-condensed phase transition observed in many phospholipid monolayer films. The total two-dimensional pressure in the model is the sum of the hydrocarbon chain pressure and the surface pressure. The hydrocarbon chain pressure is calculated in an exteded version of a model published earlier. The surface pressure results from a lowering of the surface tension in the monolayer over that of pure water, thus producing a force on a Langmuir float. When these two contributions are added, pi/A isotherms are obtained which have slope discontinuities very similar to those observed experimentally. The results indicate that a successful model for lipid phase behavior must consider the interactions between head groups and water as well as cooperative hydrocarbon chain melting.", "contents": "A theoretical model for lipid monolayer phase transitions. We present a theoretical model for the liquid-expanded to liquid-condensed phase transition observed in many phospholipid monolayer films. The total two-dimensional pressure in the model is the sum of the hydrocarbon chain pressure and the surface pressure. The hydrocarbon chain pressure is calculated in an exteded version of a model published earlier. The surface pressure results from a lowering of the surface tension in the monolayer over that of pure water, thus producing a force on a Langmuir float. When these two contributions are added, pi/A isotherms are obtained which have slope discontinuities very similar to those observed experimentally. The results indicate that a successful model for lipid phase behavior must consider the interactions between head groups and water as well as cooperative hydrocarbon chain melting.", "PMID": 1182167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8276", "title": "Lectin-receptor interactions in liposomes.", "content": "The major sialoglycoprotein of mammalian erythrocytes has been incorporated into phosphatidylcholine membranes to generate a model system, glycoprotein-liposomes. Electron microscopic examination revealed these structures to be vesicles, approximately 300 A in diameter. An aqueous compartment inside the glycoprotein-liposomes has been identified by trapped volume studies with [14C]sucrose. These glycoprotein-liposomes were found to interact with the lectins, wheat germ agglutinin, and phytohemagglutinin, to form aggregates of mainly unfused vesicles. The aggregation process has been studied by electron microscopy, 90 degrees light scattering, and differential ultracentrifugation analysis. Hapten inhibitors of the lectins were found to inhibit the lectin-induced aggregation of the glycoprotein-liposomes. Binding of 125I-labeled wheat germ agglutinin to glycoprotein-liposomes was studied by differential ultracentrifugation. Hapten inhibitors of wheat germ agglutinin were also found to inhbit the binding of 125I-labled wheat germ agglutinin to the glycoprotein-liposomes. The characteristics of the lectin interactions with glycoprotein-liposomes appeared to be phenomenologically similar to lectin-cell interactions.", "contents": "Lectin-receptor interactions in liposomes. The major sialoglycoprotein of mammalian erythrocytes has been incorporated into phosphatidylcholine membranes to generate a model system, glycoprotein-liposomes. Electron microscopic examination revealed these structures to be vesicles, approximately 300 A in diameter. An aqueous compartment inside the glycoprotein-liposomes has been identified by trapped volume studies with [14C]sucrose. These glycoprotein-liposomes were found to interact with the lectins, wheat germ agglutinin, and phytohemagglutinin, to form aggregates of mainly unfused vesicles. The aggregation process has been studied by electron microscopy, 90 degrees light scattering, and differential ultracentrifugation analysis. Hapten inhibitors of the lectins were found to inhibit the lectin-induced aggregation of the glycoprotein-liposomes. Binding of 125I-labeled wheat germ agglutinin to glycoprotein-liposomes was studied by differential ultracentrifugation. Hapten inhibitors of wheat germ agglutinin were also found to inhbit the binding of 125I-labled wheat germ agglutinin to the glycoprotein-liposomes. The characteristics of the lectin interactions with glycoprotein-liposomes appeared to be phenomenologically similar to lectin-cell interactions.", "PMID": 1182168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8277", "title": "Fluroescence properties of chlorophyll a and b monomolecular films at the air-water interface.", "content": "The fluorescence properties of chlorophyll a and b monomolecular films at the air-water interface were measured by a high sensitivity fluorophotometer using the photon-counting method. The fluorescence intensity of chlorophyll molecules in monomolecular films in the absence of any diluents did not decrease simply with the mean distance of chlorphyll molecules.  Over the range of the mean distances from 27 to 21 A, three fluorescence components (peaks at 685, 695 and 715 nm) of chlorophyll a were observed. In the case of chlorophyll beta, two fluorescence components (peaks at 667 and 685 nm) were observed over the range of the mean distances from 34 to 24 A. When the mean distance was 18 A, the short wavelength component of chlorophyll beta disappeared, and only the long avelength component was observed.", "contents": "Fluroescence properties of chlorophyll a and b monomolecular films at the air-water interface. The fluorescence properties of chlorophyll a and b monomolecular films at the air-water interface were measured by a high sensitivity fluorophotometer using the photon-counting method. The fluorescence intensity of chlorophyll molecules in monomolecular films in the absence of any diluents did not decrease simply with the mean distance of chlorphyll molecules.  Over the range of the mean distances from 27 to 21 A, three fluorescence components (peaks at 685, 695 and 715 nm) of chlorophyll a were observed. In the case of chlorophyll beta, two fluorescence components (peaks at 667 and 685 nm) were observed over the range of the mean distances from 34 to 24 A. When the mean distance was 18 A, the short wavelength component of chlorophyll beta disappeared, and only the long avelength component was observed.", "PMID": 1182169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8278", "title": "Transport-associated phosphorylation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in Saccharomyces fragilis.", "content": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose transport and metabolism was studied in Saccharomyces fragilis. Inside the cells four phosphorylated and three non-phosphorylated derivatives were found and identified. Accumulation of phosphorylated 2-deoxyglucose derivatives was balanced by a concomitant decrease of cellular ATP, orthophosphate and polyphosphates. The free sugar was concentrated against a concentration gradient, contradiciting facilitated diffusion. Pulse labeling experiments revealed transport-associated phosphorylation. Theoretical considerations and analysis of the effects of iodoacetate showed that an intracellular hexokinase activity was not involved in 2-deoxyglucose phosphorylation, although this sugar is a good substrate for the enzyme in in vitro experiments.", "contents": "Transport-associated phosphorylation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in Saccharomyces fragilis. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose transport and metabolism was studied in Saccharomyces fragilis. Inside the cells four phosphorylated and three non-phosphorylated derivatives were found and identified. Accumulation of phosphorylated 2-deoxyglucose derivatives was balanced by a concomitant decrease of cellular ATP, orthophosphate and polyphosphates. The free sugar was concentrated against a concentration gradient, contradiciting facilitated diffusion. Pulse labeling experiments revealed transport-associated phosphorylation. Theoretical considerations and analysis of the effects of iodoacetate showed that an intracellular hexokinase activity was not involved in 2-deoxyglucose phosphorylation, although this sugar is a good substrate for the enzyme in in vitro experiments.", "PMID": 1182170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8279", "title": "Dielectric breakdown measurements of human and bovine erythrocyte membranes using benzyl alcohol as a probe molecule.", "content": "Dielectric breakdown of intact erythrocytes and subsequent haemolysis in the presence of increasing concentrations of benzyl alcohol were investigated by means of an electrolytical discharge chamber and a hydrodynamic focusing Coulter Counter. Low concentrations of the drug stabilized human and bovine erythrocytes against haemolysis induced by dielectric breakdown of the cell membrane in isotonic solutions, while high concentrations caused lysis similar to hypotonic and mechanical haemolysis. The stabilizing effect of the drug on electrically induced haemolysis depends on the pulse length of the applied electric field. The critical dielectric breakdown voltage of the membranes of intact cells decreases progressively with increasing benzyl alcohol concentrations, at which the membrane is also more stabilized against electrical and osmotic haemolysis. Occasionally, an increase in the dielectric breakdown voltage is observed at drug concentrations at which lysis occurs. A similar depedence of the breakdown voltage on drug concentration was found for human erythrocyte ghost cells prepared by dielectric breakdown. The results are consistent with the electromechanical model suggested for the dielectric breakdwon mechanism and with the assumption of Metcalfe, using NMR and ESR techniques, that the fluidity of the membrane increases with increasing benzyl alcohol concentration.", "contents": "Dielectric breakdown measurements of human and bovine erythrocyte membranes using benzyl alcohol as a probe molecule. Dielectric breakdown of intact erythrocytes and subsequent haemolysis in the presence of increasing concentrations of benzyl alcohol were investigated by means of an electrolytical discharge chamber and a hydrodynamic focusing Coulter Counter. Low concentrations of the drug stabilized human and bovine erythrocytes against haemolysis induced by dielectric breakdown of the cell membrane in isotonic solutions, while high concentrations caused lysis similar to hypotonic and mechanical haemolysis. The stabilizing effect of the drug on electrically induced haemolysis depends on the pulse length of the applied electric field. The critical dielectric breakdown voltage of the membranes of intact cells decreases progressively with increasing benzyl alcohol concentrations, at which the membrane is also more stabilized against electrical and osmotic haemolysis. Occasionally, an increase in the dielectric breakdown voltage is observed at drug concentrations at which lysis occurs. A similar depedence of the breakdown voltage on drug concentration was found for human erythrocyte ghost cells prepared by dielectric breakdown. The results are consistent with the electromechanical model suggested for the dielectric breakdwon mechanism and with the assumption of Metcalfe, using NMR and ESR techniques, that the fluidity of the membrane increases with increasing benzyl alcohol concentration.", "PMID": 1182171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8280", "title": "A hydrophobic form of the small-intestinal sucrase-isomaltase complex.", "content": "A large scale preparation of brush border membranes is described. Solubilized by either papain or Triton X-100, the sucrase-isomaltase complex is purified in a three-step procedure, including differential centrifugation, Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Detergent solubilized and protease solubilized sucrase-isomaltase differ in tendency to aggregate but not in enzymatic characteristics. The chemical composition and the molecular weight of the two enzyme complexes are almost identical. Limited digestion of the Triton-solubilized sucrase-isomaltase complex by papain produces a protein electrophoretically indistinguishable from papain-solubilized sucrase-isomaltase together with low molecular proteolytic fragments.", "contents": "A hydrophobic form of the small-intestinal sucrase-isomaltase complex. A large scale preparation of brush border membranes is described. Solubilized by either papain or Triton X-100, the sucrase-isomaltase complex is purified in a three-step procedure, including differential centrifugation, Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Detergent solubilized and protease solubilized sucrase-isomaltase differ in tendency to aggregate but not in enzymatic characteristics. The chemical composition and the molecular weight of the two enzyme complexes are almost identical. Limited digestion of the Triton-solubilized sucrase-isomaltase complex by papain produces a protein electrophoretically indistinguishable from papain-solubilized sucrase-isomaltase together with low molecular proteolytic fragments.", "PMID": 1182172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8281", "title": "Influence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the thermotropic behaviour and permeability properties of liposomes prepared from dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol and mixtures of dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine.", "content": "Calorimetric experiments showed a marked effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the thermotropic behaviour of dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol. 2. Concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ lower than 1 ion to 2 molecules of phosphatidylglycerol produced a shift of the phase transition to higher temperatures and an increase in the enthalpy change which is consistent with a closer packing of the lipid molecules in the liposomes. 3. Above the 1:2 ratio, freeze-fracture electron microscopy demonstrated typical \"crystal\" structures both in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+. In the presence of Mg2+ a metastable behaviour was noticed in the calorimetric experiments. 4. A Ca2+- and Mg2+-induced shift in the transition temperature and an increase in the enthalpy change was also observed in a 1:1 mixture of dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine. However, these mixed samples remained liposomal in structure at any concentration of the divalent ions. 5. Liposomes prepared from a 1:1 mixture of dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine in the absence of divalent cations are permeable in the range 10-50 degrees C. Bilayers of mixtures neutralized by Ca2+ or Mg2+ were demonstrated to be completely impermeable to K+, except in the vicinity of the phase transition. 6. The leak of ions from liposomes of a 1:1 mixture of dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine in the vicinity of the phase transition temperature was considerably less in the presence of Ca2+ than in the presence of Mg2+. 7. It is concluded that there is a correlation between the calorimetric data and the permeability properties of dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol-containing bilayers with respect to the influence of Ca2+ and Mg2+.", "contents": "Influence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the thermotropic behaviour and permeability properties of liposomes prepared from dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol and mixtures of dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine. Calorimetric experiments showed a marked effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the thermotropic behaviour of dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol. 2. Concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ lower than 1 ion to 2 molecules of phosphatidylglycerol produced a shift of the phase transition to higher temperatures and an increase in the enthalpy change which is consistent with a closer packing of the lipid molecules in the liposomes. 3. Above the 1:2 ratio, freeze-fracture electron microscopy demonstrated typical \"crystal\" structures both in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+. In the presence of Mg2+ a metastable behaviour was noticed in the calorimetric experiments. 4. A Ca2+- and Mg2+-induced shift in the transition temperature and an increase in the enthalpy change was also observed in a 1:1 mixture of dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine. However, these mixed samples remained liposomal in structure at any concentration of the divalent ions. 5. Liposomes prepared from a 1:1 mixture of dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine in the absence of divalent cations are permeable in the range 10-50 degrees C. Bilayers of mixtures neutralized by Ca2+ or Mg2+ were demonstrated to be completely impermeable to K+, except in the vicinity of the phase transition. 6. The leak of ions from liposomes of a 1:1 mixture of dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine in the vicinity of the phase transition temperature was considerably less in the presence of Ca2+ than in the presence of Mg2+. 7. It is concluded that there is a correlation between the calorimetric data and the permeability properties of dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol-containing bilayers with respect to the influence of Ca2+ and Mg2+.", "PMID": 1182173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8282", "title": "Inhibition of glucose transport into brain by phlorizin, phloretin and glucose analogues.", "content": "An indicator dilution technique with 22Na+ as the intravascular marker was used to measure unidirectional transport of D-[6-3H]glucose from blood into the isolated, perfused dog brain. 18 compounds which are structurally related to glucose were tested for their ability to inhibit glucose transport. The data suggest that no single hydroxyl group is absolutely required for glucose transport, but rather that glucose binding to the carrier probably occurs through hydrogen bonding at several sites (hydroxyls on carbons 1, 3, 4 and 6). In addition, alpha-D-glucose has higher affinity for the carrier than does beta-D-glucose. A separate series of experiments demonstrated that phlorizin and phloretin are competitive inhibitors of glucose transport into brain; however, phloretin is partially competitive and inhibits at lower concentrations than does phlorizin. Inhibition by phlorizin and phloretin is mutually competitive, indicating that these compounds compete for binding to the glucose carrier. Comparison with the results reported in the literature for similar studies using the human erythrocyte demonstrates a fundamental similarity between glucose transport systems in the blood-brain barrier and erythrocyte.", "contents": "Inhibition of glucose transport into brain by phlorizin, phloretin and glucose analogues. An indicator dilution technique with 22Na+ as the intravascular marker was used to measure unidirectional transport of D-[6-3H]glucose from blood into the isolated, perfused dog brain. 18 compounds which are structurally related to glucose were tested for their ability to inhibit glucose transport. The data suggest that no single hydroxyl group is absolutely required for glucose transport, but rather that glucose binding to the carrier probably occurs through hydrogen bonding at several sites (hydroxyls on carbons 1, 3, 4 and 6). In addition, alpha-D-glucose has higher affinity for the carrier than does beta-D-glucose. A separate series of experiments demonstrated that phlorizin and phloretin are competitive inhibitors of glucose transport into brain; however, phloretin is partially competitive and inhibits at lower concentrations than does phlorizin. Inhibition by phlorizin and phloretin is mutually competitive, indicating that these compounds compete for binding to the glucose carrier. Comparison with the results reported in the literature for similar studies using the human erythrocyte demonstrates a fundamental similarity between glucose transport systems in the blood-brain barrier and erythrocyte.", "PMID": 1182174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8283", "title": "Characterization of transport systems for the transfer of 3,4-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine into slices of rat cerebral cortex.", "content": "1. Slices of rat cerebral cortex incubated aerobically at 37 degrees C in Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate solution accumulated 3,4-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) against its concentration gradient. With 1 mM L-DOPA in the medium, tissue-water/medium concentration ratios of about 6 : 1 are reached, which are modified by the presence of other amino acids in the medium. 2. Kinetic analysis suggested that L-DOPA influx into brain cells occurred by at least two saturable processes, which show apparent Km values in the range of 10(-3) M and 10(-5) M, respectively. 3. Prior incubation of the slices in Na+-free (choline-containing) medium at 37 degrees C depressed their subsequent uptake of L-DOPA in normal Na+-containing medium; this inhibition did not appear when the preincubation was carried out at 0-4 degrees C. Besides this effect of preincubation, most of L-DOPA influx into brain slices was independent of the actual concentration of Na+ in the medium; the two saturable processes described in this article behaved similarly in this respect. 4. Most of L-DOPA uptake by the high-Km process is mediated by an agency that resembles the Na+-independent L system described in Ehrlich cells (Oxender, D. L. and Christensen, H. N. (1963) J. Biol. Chem. 238, 2686-2699), both in its specificity and in its participation in exchange phenomena. A lesser component of uptake by a type A mediation is also suggested as contributing to the high-Km process . 5. The kinetic and specificity properties of the low-Km process of L-DOPA uptake suggest a similarity between its mediation and that of the high-affinity systems for L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan found in brain tissue preparations (Belin, M. F. and Pujol, J. F. (1973) Experientia 29, 411-413; Bauman, A., Bourgoin, S., Benda, P., Glowinski, J. and Hamon, M. (1971 Brain Res. 66, 253-263).", "contents": "Characterization of transport systems for the transfer of 3,4-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine into slices of rat cerebral cortex. 1. Slices of rat cerebral cortex incubated aerobically at 37 degrees C in Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate solution accumulated 3,4-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) against its concentration gradient. With 1 mM L-DOPA in the medium, tissue-water/medium concentration ratios of about 6 : 1 are reached, which are modified by the presence of other amino acids in the medium. 2. Kinetic analysis suggested that L-DOPA influx into brain cells occurred by at least two saturable processes, which show apparent Km values in the range of 10(-3) M and 10(-5) M, respectively. 3. Prior incubation of the slices in Na+-free (choline-containing) medium at 37 degrees C depressed their subsequent uptake of L-DOPA in normal Na+-containing medium; this inhibition did not appear when the preincubation was carried out at 0-4 degrees C. Besides this effect of preincubation, most of L-DOPA influx into brain slices was independent of the actual concentration of Na+ in the medium; the two saturable processes described in this article behaved similarly in this respect. 4. Most of L-DOPA uptake by the high-Km process is mediated by an agency that resembles the Na+-independent L system described in Ehrlich cells (Oxender, D. L. and Christensen, H. N. (1963) J. Biol. Chem. 238, 2686-2699), both in its specificity and in its participation in exchange phenomena. A lesser component of uptake by a type A mediation is also suggested as contributing to the high-Km process . 5. The kinetic and specificity properties of the low-Km process of L-DOPA uptake suggest a similarity between its mediation and that of the high-affinity systems for L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan found in brain tissue preparations (Belin, M. F. and Pujol, J. F. (1973) Experientia 29, 411-413; Bauman, A., Bourgoin, S., Benda, P., Glowinski, J. and Hamon, M. (1971 Brain Res. 66, 253-263).", "PMID": 1182175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8284", "title": "Effect of metabolic state on phytohemagglutinin-P agglutination of normal human erythrocytes.", "content": "A reproducible quantitative assay for the lectin-mediated agglutination of human erythrocytes, depending on different rates of settling of agglutinated and nonagglutinated erythrocytes, was developed. This assay was used to study the aggregation of human erythrocytes by phytohemagglutinin-P. The aggregation of human erythrocytes by phytohemagglutinin-P was found to depend upon the metabolic state of the cells. Metabolically depleted erythrocytes agglutinated much less readily than did similar cells supplied with adenosine. This was not due to swelling and rigidity of the cells, since erythrocytes in hypotonic solution did not exhibit significantly altered phytohemagglutinin-P agglutination. Metabolically depleted erythrocytes, or erythrocytes from blood stored 8 weeks, lysed and resealed in the presence of ATP, were agglutinated by phytohemagglutinin-P to a much greater extent than control samples without ATP. The presence of Mg2+, either alone or with ATP, had little effect on the agglutinability of the resealed membranes. Low concentrations of Ca2+ (0.2 mM) had little effect on agglutinability, although high Ca2+ (5 mM) inhibited agglutinability of the resealed membranes somewhat. Both metabolically depleted erythrocytes and depleted erythrocytes, previously treated with adenosine, when treated with trypsin released similar amounts of sialic acid. The agglutinability of the trypsinized adenosine-supplemented cells increased more readily than did that of trypsinized metabolically depleted cells. The agglutination of erythrocytes was not affected by cytochalasin B (40 mug/ml). Vinblastine (0.2 mM) caused depleted erythrocytes to agglutinate similarly to adenosine-supplemented erythrocytes, but had no effect on the agglutination of adenosine-supplemented erythrocytes. It is concluded that ATP in the human erythrocyte probably participates in the modulation of phytohemagglutinin-P agglutinability. This is not a consequence of the more rigid membrane known to accompany ATP depletion in the erythrocyte, or of the effect of ATP levels on Ca2+ or Mg2+ content. It appears likely that ATP modulates human erythrocyte phytohemagglutinin-P agglutinability through interaction, direct or indirect, with a membrane-associated component, which might also be sensitivie to vinblastine.", "contents": "Effect of metabolic state on phytohemagglutinin-P agglutination of normal human erythrocytes. A reproducible quantitative assay for the lectin-mediated agglutination of human erythrocytes, depending on different rates of settling of agglutinated and nonagglutinated erythrocytes, was developed. This assay was used to study the aggregation of human erythrocytes by phytohemagglutinin-P. The aggregation of human erythrocytes by phytohemagglutinin-P was found to depend upon the metabolic state of the cells. Metabolically depleted erythrocytes agglutinated much less readily than did similar cells supplied with adenosine. This was not due to swelling and rigidity of the cells, since erythrocytes in hypotonic solution did not exhibit significantly altered phytohemagglutinin-P agglutination. Metabolically depleted erythrocytes, or erythrocytes from blood stored 8 weeks, lysed and resealed in the presence of ATP, were agglutinated by phytohemagglutinin-P to a much greater extent than control samples without ATP. The presence of Mg2+, either alone or with ATP, had little effect on the agglutinability of the resealed membranes. Low concentrations of Ca2+ (0.2 mM) had little effect on agglutinability, although high Ca2+ (5 mM) inhibited agglutinability of the resealed membranes somewhat. Both metabolically depleted erythrocytes and depleted erythrocytes, previously treated with adenosine, when treated with trypsin released similar amounts of sialic acid. The agglutinability of the trypsinized adenosine-supplemented cells increased more readily than did that of trypsinized metabolically depleted cells. The agglutination of erythrocytes was not affected by cytochalasin B (40 mug/ml). Vinblastine (0.2 mM) caused depleted erythrocytes to agglutinate similarly to adenosine-supplemented erythrocytes, but had no effect on the agglutination of adenosine-supplemented erythrocytes. It is concluded that ATP in the human erythrocyte probably participates in the modulation of phytohemagglutinin-P agglutinability. This is not a consequence of the more rigid membrane known to accompany ATP depletion in the erythrocyte, or of the effect of ATP levels on Ca2+ or Mg2+ content. It appears likely that ATP modulates human erythrocyte phytohemagglutinin-P agglutinability through interaction, direct or indirect, with a membrane-associated component, which might also be sensitivie to vinblastine.", "PMID": 1182176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8285", "title": "Uterine chromatin template activity during the early stages of pregnancy in the rat.", "content": "1. The template activity of chromatin prepared from rat uterine nuclei during dioestrus, oestrus and the first 7 days of pregnancy has been examined. 2. The DNA, RNA, histone and non-histone protein contents of uterine chromatin remained constant during early pregnancy. 3. The rate of RNA synthesis on Day 1 uterine chromatin was 8.61 +/- 0.59 (mean +/- S.E.) pmol of UMP incorporated/mg DNA per 10 min. When compared with DNA prepared from rat liver nuclei, 13.20 +/- 0.27% (mean +/- S.E.) of the Day 1 chromatin DNA was available for transcription by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. 4. Uterine chromatin from rats in early dioestrus had significantly less template activity than during oestrus. 5. Chromatin prepared from whole uterus on Day 5 and from implantation sites on Days 6 and 7 of pregnancy had a significantly higher template activity than chromatin obtained from uteri on Day 1. Chromatin from interimplantation tissue on Day 6 had a lower template activity than that from uteri on Day 1. 6. RNA - DNA hybridisation of RNA transcribed from chromatin obtained on Days 2, 5 and 7 of pregnancy showed that RNA transcribed from Day 5 chromatin obtained  species not present (or present in very small amounts) in RNA transcribed by chromatin from uteri on Day 2 and from implantation tissue on Day 7 of pregnancy. 7. The results are discussed in relation to the cellular changes occurring in the stroma immediately before implantation and it is postulated that the appearance of a new species of RNA on Day 5 is related to the preparation of the stromal cells for decidualisation.", "contents": "Uterine chromatin template activity during the early stages of pregnancy in the rat. 1. The template activity of chromatin prepared from rat uterine nuclei during dioestrus, oestrus and the first 7 days of pregnancy has been examined. 2. The DNA, RNA, histone and non-histone protein contents of uterine chromatin remained constant during early pregnancy. 3. The rate of RNA synthesis on Day 1 uterine chromatin was 8.61 +/- 0.59 (mean +/- S.E.) pmol of UMP incorporated/mg DNA per 10 min. When compared with DNA prepared from rat liver nuclei, 13.20 +/- 0.27% (mean +/- S.E.) of the Day 1 chromatin DNA was available for transcription by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. 4. Uterine chromatin from rats in early dioestrus had significantly less template activity than during oestrus. 5. Chromatin prepared from whole uterus on Day 5 and from implantation sites on Days 6 and 7 of pregnancy had a significantly higher template activity than chromatin obtained from uteri on Day 1. Chromatin from interimplantation tissue on Day 6 had a lower template activity than that from uteri on Day 1. 6. RNA - DNA hybridisation of RNA transcribed from chromatin obtained on Days 2, 5 and 7 of pregnancy showed that RNA transcribed from Day 5 chromatin obtained  species not present (or present in very small amounts) in RNA transcribed by chromatin from uteri on Day 2 and from implantation tissue on Day 7 of pregnancy. 7. The results are discussed in relation to the cellular changes occurring in the stroma immediately before implantation and it is postulated that the appearance of a new species of RNA on Day 5 is related to the preparation of the stromal cells for decidualisation.", "PMID": 1182177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8286", "title": "Ornithine decarboxylase activity in relation to DNA synthesis in mouse interfollicular epidermis and hair follicles.", "content": "The relationship between ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxylyase, EC 4.1.1.17) activity and DNA synthetic activity was studied in mouse epidermis. Interfollicular epidermis and hair follicles were investigated separately. It was found that, in hair follicles, the variations of DNA replicative activity, which are reflected in the cyclic growth of hair, are paralleled by corresponding changes in ornithine decarboxylase activity. In both interfollicular epidermis and hair follicles, stimulation of DNA synthetic activity by plucking of hair induced a rapid and marked increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity. The relationship of steady-state and induced ornithine decarboxylase activity to DNA synthetic activity was compared in hair follicles and interfollicular epidermis. A correlation between the activity of this enzyme and DNA replication was found thereby in each of these tissues.", "contents": "Ornithine decarboxylase activity in relation to DNA synthesis in mouse interfollicular epidermis and hair follicles. The relationship between ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxylyase, EC 4.1.1.17) activity and DNA synthetic activity was studied in mouse epidermis. Interfollicular epidermis and hair follicles were investigated separately. It was found that, in hair follicles, the variations of DNA replicative activity, which are reflected in the cyclic growth of hair, are paralleled by corresponding changes in ornithine decarboxylase activity. In both interfollicular epidermis and hair follicles, stimulation of DNA synthetic activity by plucking of hair induced a rapid and marked increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity. The relationship of steady-state and induced ornithine decarboxylase activity to DNA synthetic activity was compared in hair follicles and interfollicular epidermis. A correlation between the activity of this enzyme and DNA replication was found thereby in each of these tissues.", "PMID": 1182178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8287", "title": "Fractionation of plant aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases on tRNA-Sepharose columns.", "content": "It has been shown that tRNA-Sepharose, a chromatographic adsorbent containing unfractionated tRNA bound to a Sepharose matrix, is a useful, group-specific adsorbent for fractionation of the plant aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Conditions are described in which Val-, Trp-, Phe-, Leu- and Ile-tRNA synthetases from yellow lupin seeds can be separated from each other on the tRNA-Sepharose columns. Factors affecting affinity chromatography on the t-RNA-Sepharose columns are discussed. The affinity chromatography procedure for the purification of lupin Ser-tRNA synthetase to homogenity is described.", "contents": "Fractionation of plant aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases on tRNA-Sepharose columns. It has been shown that tRNA-Sepharose, a chromatographic adsorbent containing unfractionated tRNA bound to a Sepharose matrix, is a useful, group-specific adsorbent for fractionation of the plant aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Conditions are described in which Val-, Trp-, Phe-, Leu- and Ile-tRNA synthetases from yellow lupin seeds can be separated from each other on the tRNA-Sepharose columns. Factors affecting affinity chromatography on the t-RNA-Sepharose columns are discussed. The affinity chromatography procedure for the purification of lupin Ser-tRNA synthetase to homogenity is described.", "PMID": 1182179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8288", "title": "Isoaccepting species differences between polysome-bound and total cellular tRNA in SVT2 cells.", "content": "Reversed-phase chromatographic comparisons of total cellular tRNAs with tRNAs isolated from a polysome enriched cell fraction establish significant enrichments for specific isoaccepting species of tRNAIle, tRNALeu, tRNALys, tRNAMet and possibly tRNAA la. Similar comparisons of tRNAAsn, tRNAAsp, tRNAHis, tRNAPhe, tRNASer and tRNATyr have been performed as well; however, no prominent differences were observed.", "contents": "Isoaccepting species differences between polysome-bound and total cellular tRNA in SVT2 cells. Reversed-phase chromatographic comparisons of total cellular tRNAs with tRNAs isolated from a polysome enriched cell fraction establish significant enrichments for specific isoaccepting species of tRNAIle, tRNALeu, tRNALys, tRNAMet and possibly tRNAA la. Similar comparisons of tRNAAsn, tRNAAsp, tRNAHis, tRNAPhe, tRNASer and tRNATyr have been performed as well; however, no prominent differences were observed.", "PMID": 1182181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8289", "title": "Barrier to rotation and conformation of the NB2 group in cytosine and its derivatives. Part I. Theoretical study of cytosine.", "content": "A theoretical investigation of the conformation of the amino group in cytosine has been performed by the CNDO/2 and INDO methods. The results suggest that from the energetical point of view the conformation of the amino group is not stable in the course of rotation. It changes its hybridization from sp2-like in the planar case to sp3-like in the transition state. The physical basis of the barrier to rotation of this group around the C4-N7 bond are discussed. Some comments on the solvent dependence of the electronic absorption spectra of cytosine are presented.", "contents": "Barrier to rotation and conformation of the NB2 group in cytosine and its derivatives. Part I. Theoretical study of cytosine. A theoretical investigation of the conformation of the amino group in cytosine has been performed by the CNDO/2 and INDO methods. The results suggest that from the energetical point of view the conformation of the amino group is not stable in the course of rotation. It changes its hybridization from sp2-like in the planar case to sp3-like in the transition state. The physical basis of the barrier to rotation of this group around the C4-N7 bond are discussed. Some comments on the solvent dependence of the electronic absorption spectra of cytosine are presented.", "PMID": 1182182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8290", "title": "Barrier to rotation and conformation of the -NR2 group in cytosine and its derivatives. Part II. Experimental and theoretical dipole moments of methylated cytosines.", "content": "The dipole moments of several cytosine, methylaminocytosine and dime-thylaminocytosine derivatives with and without an ortho methyl group were determined experimentally in dioxane and benzene. Calculations of total energies and dipole moments were performed by the CNDO/2 and INDO methods for sp2 and sp3 hybridization of exocyclic nitrogen for different values of rotational angle phiC-N. Comparison of the experimental dipole moments with those calculated for the energy minima suggests that the conformation of the dimethylamino group is not planar and differs from that found in cytosine. 1,5,7-Trimethylcytosine, with the dipole moment of 7 Deby units, was considered to be the model compound which closely reproduces the dipole moment of cytosine.", "contents": "Barrier to rotation and conformation of the -NR2 group in cytosine and its derivatives. Part II. Experimental and theoretical dipole moments of methylated cytosines. The dipole moments of several cytosine, methylaminocytosine and dime-thylaminocytosine derivatives with and without an ortho methyl group were determined experimentally in dioxane and benzene. Calculations of total energies and dipole moments were performed by the CNDO/2 and INDO methods for sp2 and sp3 hybridization of exocyclic nitrogen for different values of rotational angle phiC-N. Comparison of the experimental dipole moments with those calculated for the energy minima suggests that the conformation of the dimethylamino group is not planar and differs from that found in cytosine. 1,5,7-Trimethylcytosine, with the dipole moment of 7 Deby units, was considered to be the model compound which closely reproduces the dipole moment of cytosine.", "PMID": 1182183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8291", "title": "The half-life of polyadenylated polysomal RNA from normal and transformed cells in monolayer culture.", "content": "The small genotypic differences between normal and transformed cells are insufficient to account directly for all their wide phenotypic differences, which probably in some cases at least involve alterations in control of gene expression. To ascertain whether such alterations involved changes in mRNA stability, RNA half-lives were estimated in five monolayer cell lines, including two pairs of normal cells and their transformed counterparts. The results for the polyadenylated fractions in all cases fit with those expected from a model in which the whole fraction has a single half-life, of less than one generation time. From both the transformed/untransformed cell pairs, there is evidence that a relationship exists between cell generation time and the half-life of the polyadenylated polysomal RNA fraction, which persists even through the process of transformation. Considerable alteration in the pattern of RNA stability is therefore unlikely to be obligatory in in vitro transformation.", "contents": "The half-life of polyadenylated polysomal RNA from normal and transformed cells in monolayer culture. The small genotypic differences between normal and transformed cells are insufficient to account directly for all their wide phenotypic differences, which probably in some cases at least involve alterations in control of gene expression. To ascertain whether such alterations involved changes in mRNA stability, RNA half-lives were estimated in five monolayer cell lines, including two pairs of normal cells and their transformed counterparts. The results for the polyadenylated fractions in all cases fit with those expected from a model in which the whole fraction has a single half-life, of less than one generation time. From both the transformed/untransformed cell pairs, there is evidence that a relationship exists between cell generation time and the half-life of the polyadenylated polysomal RNA fraction, which persists even through the process of transformation. Considerable alteration in the pattern of RNA stability is therefore unlikely to be obligatory in in vitro transformation.", "PMID": 1182184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8292", "title": "Stimulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis by metal ions.", "content": "1--10 muM Cu2+, Ag+, and Au3+ were found to stimulate rat liver mitochondrial protein synthesis in vitro. Cu2+ and Ag+ also produced an increase in mitochondrial volume (\"swelling\"). Thus, thyroid hormones and their analogs are not unique, as suggested previously (Buchanan, J.L., Primack, M.P. and Tapley, D.F. (1970) Endocrinology 87, 993--999), in stimulating both mitochondrial protein synthesis and swelling. Furthermore, the data suggest a role for Cu2+ in the regulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis.", "contents": "Stimulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis by metal ions. 1--10 muM Cu2+, Ag+, and Au3+ were found to stimulate rat liver mitochondrial protein synthesis in vitro. Cu2+ and Ag+ also produced an increase in mitochondrial volume (\"swelling\"). Thus, thyroid hormones and their analogs are not unique, as suggested previously (Buchanan, J.L., Primack, M.P. and Tapley, D.F. (1970) Endocrinology 87, 993--999), in stimulating both mitochondrial protein synthesis and swelling. Furthermore, the data suggest a role for Cu2+ in the regulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis.", "PMID": 1182185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8293", "title": "Subcellular distribution and functional properties of different forms of elongation fractor EF1 from wheat embryos.", "content": "Elongation factor EF1 was found in a low salt homogenate of wheat embryos, either in the 100 000 X g supernatant or in the ribosome pellet. The ribosome-linked EF1 (EF1R), deteched by high salt washing, was purified to electrophoretical homogenetiy and its molecular and functional properties compared to those of a purified high molecular weight species of EF1 obtained from cytoplasm (EF1H). The two forms are associations of different polypeptides having in common only the polypeptide which can form the ternary complex with aminoacyl-tRNA and GTP. Whereas EF1R is able to fulfill all the EF1 functions, EF1H, incubated with ribosomes completely deprived of elongation factors, can catalyze the aminoacyl-tRNA binding to ribosomes, but, in the presence of EF2, forms only a very small amount of poly(Phe).", "contents": "Subcellular distribution and functional properties of different forms of elongation fractor EF1 from wheat embryos. Elongation factor EF1 was found in a low salt homogenate of wheat embryos, either in the 100 000 X g supernatant or in the ribosome pellet. The ribosome-linked EF1 (EF1R), deteched by high salt washing, was purified to electrophoretical homogenetiy and its molecular and functional properties compared to those of a purified high molecular weight species of EF1 obtained from cytoplasm (EF1H). The two forms are associations of different polypeptides having in common only the polypeptide which can form the ternary complex with aminoacyl-tRNA and GTP. Whereas EF1R is able to fulfill all the EF1 functions, EF1H, incubated with ribosomes completely deprived of elongation factors, can catalyze the aminoacyl-tRNA binding to ribosomes, but, in the presence of EF2, forms only a very small amount of poly(Phe).", "PMID": 1182186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8294", "title": "Sequence heterogeneity of the mini-circles of kinetoplast DNA of Crithidia luciliae and evidence for the presence of a component more complex than mini-circle DNA in the kinetoplast network.", "content": "Exhaustive digestion of the 0.76 mum mini-circles of the kinetoplast DNA from Crithidia luciliae with endonuclease HapII yields at least 37 fragments with an added molecular weight of at least 24-10(6), i.e. about 16 times that of the mini-circle. The DNA isolated from cloned cells yields the same digestion pattern. Endonuclease EcoRI cuts only part of the mini-circles in each network. This proves that mini-circles are not homogeneous in sequence. Digestion of total kinetoplast DNA with HapII yields, in addition to the mini-circle fragments, 7 fragments with an added molecular weight of 16-10(6). We conclude that these are derived from a minor component of the network, with a higher sequence complexity than the mini-circles.", "contents": "Sequence heterogeneity of the mini-circles of kinetoplast DNA of Crithidia luciliae and evidence for the presence of a component more complex than mini-circle DNA in the kinetoplast network. Exhaustive digestion of the 0.76 mum mini-circles of the kinetoplast DNA from Crithidia luciliae with endonuclease HapII yields at least 37 fragments with an added molecular weight of at least 24-10(6), i.e. about 16 times that of the mini-circle. The DNA isolated from cloned cells yields the same digestion pattern. Endonuclease EcoRI cuts only part of the mini-circles in each network. This proves that mini-circles are not homogeneous in sequence. Digestion of total kinetoplast DNA with HapII yields, in addition to the mini-circle fragments, 7 fragments with an added molecular weight of 16-10(6). We conclude that these are derived from a minor component of the network, with a higher sequence complexity than the mini-circles.", "PMID": 1182187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8295", "title": "The effect of ageing on in vitro fidelity of translation in mouse liver.", "content": "In a polyuridylic acid (poly(U)) stimulated in vitro assay, there is an age-related reduction in polyphenylalanine synthesis with mouse liver microsomes. As measured by the incorporation of leucine under the same conditions, old microsomes make fewer errors in translation than do young ones. Old microsomes have a higher requirement for Mg2+ than young for the optimal synthesis on both acids, suggesting an age-related deterioration in poly(U) complexing ability.", "contents": "The effect of ageing on in vitro fidelity of translation in mouse liver. In a polyuridylic acid (poly(U)) stimulated in vitro assay, there is an age-related reduction in polyphenylalanine synthesis with mouse liver microsomes. As measured by the incorporation of leucine under the same conditions, old microsomes make fewer errors in translation than do young ones. Old microsomes have a higher requirement for Mg2+ than young for the optimal synthesis on both acids, suggesting an age-related deterioration in poly(U) complexing ability.", "PMID": 1182188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8296", "title": "Incorporation of ortho[32P]phosphate into phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines in rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. The specific radioactivities of individual molecular species of muscle phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine have been measured by a combination of argentation thin-layer chromatography and countercurrent distribution. 2. The specific radioactivities of individual molecular species of muscle phosphoglycerides have been determined 3 h after intraperitoneal injection of ortho[32 P] phosphate. Under these conditions the specific radioactivities of the species present in rat muscle were found to be measures of the relative turnover times of these molecules. 3. The specificity radioactivity of phosphatidylcholine was approx. three times that of phosphatidylethanolamine. The 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl and 1-oleoyl-2-linoleoyl phosphatidylcholines had the fastest turnover and the 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl the slowest. Of the phosphatidylethanolamines, the linoleoyl and the docosahexaenoyl species showed the fastest turnover and 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl the slowest. 4. The results indicate that phosphoglycerides in muscle turn over more slowly and more evenly than do liver phosphoglycerides.", "contents": "Incorporation of ortho[32P]phosphate into phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines in rat skeletal muscle. 1. The specific radioactivities of individual molecular species of muscle phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine have been measured by a combination of argentation thin-layer chromatography and countercurrent distribution. 2. The specific radioactivities of individual molecular species of muscle phosphoglycerides have been determined 3 h after intraperitoneal injection of ortho[32 P] phosphate. Under these conditions the specific radioactivities of the species present in rat muscle were found to be measures of the relative turnover times of these molecules. 3. The specificity radioactivity of phosphatidylcholine was approx. three times that of phosphatidylethanolamine. The 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl and 1-oleoyl-2-linoleoyl phosphatidylcholines had the fastest turnover and the 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl the slowest. Of the phosphatidylethanolamines, the linoleoyl and the docosahexaenoyl species showed the fastest turnover and 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl the slowest. 4. The results indicate that phosphoglycerides in muscle turn over more slowly and more evenly than do liver phosphoglycerides.", "PMID": 1182189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8297", "title": "Biosynthesis of phosphoglycerides in skeletal muscle in control rats and in rats deficient in essential fatty acids.", "content": "1. The specific radioactivities of individual molecular species of phosphoglycerides in the skeletal muscles of control rats and of rats deficient in essential fatty acids have been determined 3 h after intraperitoneal injection of ortho[32P] phosphate. 2. It has been demonstrated that the high average specific radioactivity of phosphoglycerides in muscles of rats deficient in essential fatty acids is due to both increased amounts and increased turnover of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. 3. The 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl phosphatidylcholine was found to turn over faster than the 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl species. In rats deficient in essential fatty acids, the 1-stearoyl-2-(5,6,11-eicosatrienoyl) phosphatidylcholine turned over more rapidly than the 1-palmitoyl-2-(5,8,11-eicosatrienoyl) species. Both findings are in constant with similar findings for liver.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of phosphoglycerides in skeletal muscle in control rats and in rats deficient in essential fatty acids. 1. The specific radioactivities of individual molecular species of phosphoglycerides in the skeletal muscles of control rats and of rats deficient in essential fatty acids have been determined 3 h after intraperitoneal injection of ortho[32P] phosphate. 2. It has been demonstrated that the high average specific radioactivity of phosphoglycerides in muscles of rats deficient in essential fatty acids is due to both increased amounts and increased turnover of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. 3. The 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl phosphatidylcholine was found to turn over faster than the 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl species. In rats deficient in essential fatty acids, the 1-stearoyl-2-(5,6,11-eicosatrienoyl) phosphatidylcholine turned over more rapidly than the 1-palmitoyl-2-(5,8,11-eicosatrienoyl) species. Both findings are in constant with similar findings for liver.", "PMID": 1182190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8298", "title": "Lipid composition of isolated epiphyseal cartilage cells, membranes and matrix vesicles.", "content": "1. Intact cells, cell fragments (membranes) and matrix vesicles were isolated from the proliferating and calcifying layers of epiphyseal cartilage by sequential hyaluronidase and collagenase digestion and differential centrifugation. Lipids were extracted and analyzed for various lipid classes and their fatty acid composition by column, thin-layer, paper and gas-liquid chromatography. 2. On a protein basis the isolated matrix vesicles had more total lipid than either the membrane or cell fractions, the vesicles and membranes being richer in non-polar lipids and containing smaller quantities of phospholipids than whole cells. Expressed as a percentage of the total lipid, the cells were richer in  triacylglycerols and lower in free fatty acids than in the membrane or vesicle fractions. The proportion of free cholesterol and the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio were nearly twice as high in the matrix vesicles as in the other tissue fractions. Choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides progressively declined in the membrane and matrix vesicle fractions, whereas serine phosphoglycerides and sphinogomyelin increased. Non-phosphorus-containing polar lipids were present in all fractions, the vesicles being richer in polyhexosyl ceramides, cerebrosides, glycosyldiacylglycerols and certain uncharacterized acidic polar lipids. 3. Fatty acid patterns of the matrix vesicles were distinctive from those of isolated cells, being generally richer in 18 : 0 and 18 : 2, and lower in 16 : 1 and 18 : 1 fatty acids. Monoacyl forms were similarly increased in 16 : 0 and/or 18 : 0, and reduced in 16 : 1, 18 : 1 or 20 : 2 fatty acids, depending on the lipid class. The fatty acid composition of diphosphatidylglycerol from cells and matrix vesicles was markedly different, providing evidence that the cardiolipin in the vesicles was not from mitochondrial components. 4. Based on the fact that the matrix vesicles were significantly enriched in free cholesterol, sphingomyelin, glycolipids and serine-phosphoglycerides, it is concluded that they are derived from the plasma membrane of the cell, supporting earlier conclusions based upon morphological and enzymological evidence.", "contents": "Lipid composition of isolated epiphyseal cartilage cells, membranes and matrix vesicles. 1. Intact cells, cell fragments (membranes) and matrix vesicles were isolated from the proliferating and calcifying layers of epiphyseal cartilage by sequential hyaluronidase and collagenase digestion and differential centrifugation. Lipids were extracted and analyzed for various lipid classes and their fatty acid composition by column, thin-layer, paper and gas-liquid chromatography. 2. On a protein basis the isolated matrix vesicles had more total lipid than either the membrane or cell fractions, the vesicles and membranes being richer in non-polar lipids and containing smaller quantities of phospholipids than whole cells. Expressed as a percentage of the total lipid, the cells were richer in  triacylglycerols and lower in free fatty acids than in the membrane or vesicle fractions. The proportion of free cholesterol and the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio were nearly twice as high in the matrix vesicles as in the other tissue fractions. Choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides progressively declined in the membrane and matrix vesicle fractions, whereas serine phosphoglycerides and sphinogomyelin increased. Non-phosphorus-containing polar lipids were present in all fractions, the vesicles being richer in polyhexosyl ceramides, cerebrosides, glycosyldiacylglycerols and certain uncharacterized acidic polar lipids. 3. Fatty acid patterns of the matrix vesicles were distinctive from those of isolated cells, being generally richer in 18 : 0 and 18 : 2, and lower in 16 : 1 and 18 : 1 fatty acids. Monoacyl forms were similarly increased in 16 : 0 and/or 18 : 0, and reduced in 16 : 1, 18 : 1 or 20 : 2 fatty acids, depending on the lipid class. The fatty acid composition of diphosphatidylglycerol from cells and matrix vesicles was markedly different, providing evidence that the cardiolipin in the vesicles was not from mitochondrial components. 4. Based on the fact that the matrix vesicles were significantly enriched in free cholesterol, sphingomyelin, glycolipids and serine-phosphoglycerides, it is concluded that they are derived from the plasma membrane of the cell, supporting earlier conclusions based upon morphological and enzymological evidence.", "PMID": 1182191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8299", "title": "Increased hepatic triacylglycerol secretion in fasted rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "Adult female rats with lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamic area and sham-operated controls were given Triton WR 1339 intravenously after 24 h without food for measurement of liver triacylglycerol secretion rate. Tritiated water was injected for measurement of lipogenesis in liver, perirenal and subcutaneous adipose tissues in vivo. The experiments were performed on unrestrained animals with a chronically implnted venous heart cannula after 24 h without food. By the use of this technique, anesthesia and handling of the animals during the experiments was avoided. The following differences in the lesioned animals compared to the sham-operated controls were found: relative hypertriglyceridemia. A significant increase of triacylglycerol accumulation in the plasma. Increased incorporation of 3H FROM 3H20 into liver fatty acids. The experiments demonstrate that hepatic lipid synthesis during fasting is greater in the lesioned than in the control animals, but not high enough to account for the increased triacylglycerol secretion. A shift in the hepatic metabolism of fatty acids, leading to greater triacylglycerol formation at the expense of other processes is therefore suggested. The possible role of insulin in these metabolic changes is discussed.", "contents": "Increased hepatic triacylglycerol secretion in fasted rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. Adult female rats with lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamic area and sham-operated controls were given Triton WR 1339 intravenously after 24 h without food for measurement of liver triacylglycerol secretion rate. Tritiated water was injected for measurement of lipogenesis in liver, perirenal and subcutaneous adipose tissues in vivo. The experiments were performed on unrestrained animals with a chronically implnted venous heart cannula after 24 h without food. By the use of this technique, anesthesia and handling of the animals during the experiments was avoided. The following differences in the lesioned animals compared to the sham-operated controls were found: relative hypertriglyceridemia. A significant increase of triacylglycerol accumulation in the plasma. Increased incorporation of 3H FROM 3H20 into liver fatty acids. The experiments demonstrate that hepatic lipid synthesis during fasting is greater in the lesioned than in the control animals, but not high enough to account for the increased triacylglycerol secretion. A shift in the hepatic metabolism of fatty acids, leading to greater triacylglycerol formation at the expense of other processes is therefore suggested. The possible role of insulin in these metabolic changes is discussed.", "PMID": 1182192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8300", "title": "Correlation of rat liver chromatin-bound free and esterified cholesterol with the circadian rhythm of cholesterol biosynthesis in the rat.", "content": "Cholesterol has been shown to be present in rat liver chromatin isolated by methods designed to avoid contamination by membrane fragments. Evidence that the cholesterol was actually a component of chromatin includes (a) the constancy of the amount (1.30 +/- 0.14 mug per mg DNA), (b) the striking difference in the ratio of free (i.e. unesterified) to esterified cholesterol between that in chromatin and that in membrane, and (c) the rapid and marked changes which occurred in this ratio during the circadian cycle in chromatin but not in membranes. Although the total amount of chromatin-bound cholesterol did not change throughout the circadian cycle, the concentration of free cholesterol increased sharply a short time before the peak of cholesterol synthetic activity was reached at about midnight; it reached a basal level about 6 h later at approximately the same time the rate of synthesis returned to its basal level. When labelled cholesterol was administered by stomach tube, it was detectable within 2 h in whole nuclei and in chromatin, indicating that chromatin-bound cholesterol is rapidly exchangeable with that in liver cytoplasm and in blood plasma. Removal of basic proteins from chromatin did not result in the loss of any cholesterol, but removal of most of the acidic as well as the basic proteins resulted in loss of most of the chromatin-bound cholesterol. These results indicate that cholesterol is bound either to the acidic proteins or to both the acidic proteins and DNA. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that cholesterol biosynthesis controlled at the nuclear level and suggest that the relative amounts of free and esterified cholesterol associated with chromatin may play a role.", "contents": "Correlation of rat liver chromatin-bound free and esterified cholesterol with the circadian rhythm of cholesterol biosynthesis in the rat. Cholesterol has been shown to be present in rat liver chromatin isolated by methods designed to avoid contamination by membrane fragments. Evidence that the cholesterol was actually a component of chromatin includes (a) the constancy of the amount (1.30 +/- 0.14 mug per mg DNA), (b) the striking difference in the ratio of free (i.e. unesterified) to esterified cholesterol between that in chromatin and that in membrane, and (c) the rapid and marked changes which occurred in this ratio during the circadian cycle in chromatin but not in membranes. Although the total amount of chromatin-bound cholesterol did not change throughout the circadian cycle, the concentration of free cholesterol increased sharply a short time before the peak of cholesterol synthetic activity was reached at about midnight; it reached a basal level about 6 h later at approximately the same time the rate of synthesis returned to its basal level. When labelled cholesterol was administered by stomach tube, it was detectable within 2 h in whole nuclei and in chromatin, indicating that chromatin-bound cholesterol is rapidly exchangeable with that in liver cytoplasm and in blood plasma. Removal of basic proteins from chromatin did not result in the loss of any cholesterol, but removal of most of the acidic as well as the basic proteins resulted in loss of most of the chromatin-bound cholesterol. These results indicate that cholesterol is bound either to the acidic proteins or to both the acidic proteins and DNA. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that cholesterol biosynthesis controlled at the nuclear level and suggest that the relative amounts of free and esterified cholesterol associated with chromatin may play a role.", "PMID": 1182193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8301", "title": "Inhibition of rat liver cholesterol esterase by local anaesthetics.", "content": "1. A number of local anaesthetics was shown to inhibit rat liver cholesterol esterase activity towards radioactively labelled cholesterol oleate. The anaesthetics inhibited in the order dibucaine greater than chlorpromazine greater than tetracaine greater than benzocaine greater than procaine greater than lidocaine greater than cocaine. 2. The mode of inhibition was seen to be non-competitive with respect to the substrate and is probably independent of any involvement of Ca2+. 3. The inhibition by tetracaine is partially reversed by sodium deoxycholate. However, all ionic and non-ionic detergents studied, sodium deoxycholate, sodium taurocholate, Triton X-100, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide are capable of inhibiting the rat liver cholesterol esterase in a concentration dependent manner. Only sodium taurocholate stimulates enzymic activity.", "contents": "Inhibition of rat liver cholesterol esterase by local anaesthetics. 1. A number of local anaesthetics was shown to inhibit rat liver cholesterol esterase activity towards radioactively labelled cholesterol oleate. The anaesthetics inhibited in the order dibucaine greater than chlorpromazine greater than tetracaine greater than benzocaine greater than procaine greater than lidocaine greater than cocaine. 2. The mode of inhibition was seen to be non-competitive with respect to the substrate and is probably independent of any involvement of Ca2+. 3. The inhibition by tetracaine is partially reversed by sodium deoxycholate. However, all ionic and non-ionic detergents studied, sodium deoxycholate, sodium taurocholate, Triton X-100, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide are capable of inhibiting the rat liver cholesterol esterase in a concentration dependent manner. Only sodium taurocholate stimulates enzymic activity.", "PMID": 1182194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8302", "title": "Chemical structure of monosialoganglioside GM1b biosynthesized in vitro.", "content": "The structure of a neuraminidase-labile monosialoganglioside which is formed in vivo from asialoganglioside (galactosyl (beta, 1 in equilibrium 3) N-acetylgalactosaminyl (beta, 1 in equilibrium 4) galactosyl (beta, 1 in equilibrium 4) glucosyl (1 in equilibrium 1) ceramide) and cytidine-5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid in the presence of young rat brain sialytransferase has been established. This monosialoganglioside contains a neuraminidase-labile N-acetylneuraminyl group which is linked at position C-3 of the terminal galactosyl unit. This result was obtained by ultramicro scale permethylation of radioactive neuraminidase-labile monosialoganglioside biosynthesized from asialoganglioside labeled with tritium in the terminal galactose.", "contents": "Chemical structure of monosialoganglioside GM1b biosynthesized in vitro. The structure of a neuraminidase-labile monosialoganglioside which is formed in vivo from asialoganglioside (galactosyl (beta, 1 in equilibrium 3) N-acetylgalactosaminyl (beta, 1 in equilibrium 4) galactosyl (beta, 1 in equilibrium 4) glucosyl (1 in equilibrium 1) ceramide) and cytidine-5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid in the presence of young rat brain sialytransferase has been established. This monosialoganglioside contains a neuraminidase-labile N-acetylneuraminyl group which is linked at position C-3 of the terminal galactosyl unit. This result was obtained by ultramicro scale permethylation of radioactive neuraminidase-labile monosialoganglioside biosynthesized from asialoganglioside labeled with tritium in the terminal galactose.", "PMID": 1182195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8303", "title": "Isolation and characterization of undersulphated chondroitin-4-sulphate from normal human plasma.", "content": "The present study was undertaken in order to characterize further the glycosaminoglycans of normal human plasma. Coagulation factor IX concentrate prepared from undiluted plasma by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography was used as the starting material. The concentrate was subjected to proteolytic treatment with papain and pronase, deproteinised with trichloroacetic acid, dialysed and passed through an AG 1 X 2 anion-exchange column. Glycosaminoglycans were eluted stepwise from the column with NaC1. The sole glycosaminoglycan obtained was an undersulphated chondroitin-4-sulphate which was identified by chemical analyses, digestibility with testicular hyaluronidase, electrophoretic behaviour and infrared spectrum. Gel-exclusion chromatography indicated a molecular weight of 17 000 for the compound. The undersulphated chondroitin-4-sulphate was calculated to represent at least 80% of the macromolecular glycosaminoglycans present in normal human plasma and to occur in a concentration of approx. 3 mg hexuronate per 1 of plasma.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of undersulphated chondroitin-4-sulphate from normal human plasma. The present study was undertaken in order to characterize further the glycosaminoglycans of normal human plasma. Coagulation factor IX concentrate prepared from undiluted plasma by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography was used as the starting material. The concentrate was subjected to proteolytic treatment with papain and pronase, deproteinised with trichloroacetic acid, dialysed and passed through an AG 1 X 2 anion-exchange column. Glycosaminoglycans were eluted stepwise from the column with NaC1. The sole glycosaminoglycan obtained was an undersulphated chondroitin-4-sulphate which was identified by chemical analyses, digestibility with testicular hyaluronidase, electrophoretic behaviour and infrared spectrum. Gel-exclusion chromatography indicated a molecular weight of 17 000 for the compound. The undersulphated chondroitin-4-sulphate was calculated to represent at least 80% of the macromolecular glycosaminoglycans present in normal human plasma and to occur in a concentration of approx. 3 mg hexuronate per 1 of plasma.", "PMID": 1182196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8304", "title": "Beta-Elimination and sulfite addition reaction of chondroitin sulfate peptidoglycan and the peptide structure of the linkage region.", "content": "Pronase digestion of bovine tracheal cartilage yielded acid mucopolysaccharide - peptide complexes which were fractionated by chromatography on Dowex 1(C1-). A major fraction was eluted with 1.5 M NaC1 and presumed to by chondroitin  sulfate A-peptidoglycan by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Alkaline beta-elimination and sulfite addition reaction of this fraction yielded cysteic acid-containing peptides, two of which were obtained in an homogeneous state. The sequence determination of these two made it possible to remodel their original structures as Leu-Pro-Ser-Gly-Glu-Gly-Pro-Glu and Leu-Pro-Ser-Gly-Glu, where the serine residues carried polysaccharide chains. Together with the reported data on the polysaccharide-protein linkage region, the present result suggests that the -Ser-Gly- sequence is a minimum requisite for the glycosylation of serine residues in the protein core of various proteoglycans.", "contents": "Beta-Elimination and sulfite addition reaction of chondroitin sulfate peptidoglycan and the peptide structure of the linkage region. Pronase digestion of bovine tracheal cartilage yielded acid mucopolysaccharide - peptide complexes which were fractionated by chromatography on Dowex 1(C1-). A major fraction was eluted with 1.5 M NaC1 and presumed to by chondroitin  sulfate A-peptidoglycan by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Alkaline beta-elimination and sulfite addition reaction of this fraction yielded cysteic acid-containing peptides, two of which were obtained in an homogeneous state. The sequence determination of these two made it possible to remodel their original structures as Leu-Pro-Ser-Gly-Glu-Gly-Pro-Glu and Leu-Pro-Ser-Gly-Glu, where the serine residues carried polysaccharide chains. Together with the reported data on the polysaccharide-protein linkage region, the present result suggests that the -Ser-Gly- sequence is a minimum requisite for the glycosylation of serine residues in the protein core of various proteoglycans.", "PMID": 1182197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8305", "title": "Adenine nucleotide metabolism in relation to purine enzymes in liver, erythrocytes and cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "To evaluate the regulation of adenine nucleotide metabolism in relation to purine enzyme activities in rat liver, human erythrocytes and cultured human skin fibroblasts, rapid and sensitive assays for the purine enzymes, adenosine deaminase (EC 2.5.4.4), adenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.20), hyposanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.28), adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.7) and 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) were standardized for these tissues. Adenosine deaminase was assayed by measuring the formation of product, inosine (plus traces of hypoxanthine), isolated chromatographically with 95% recovery of inosine. The other enzymes were assayed by isolating the labelled product or substrate nucleotides as lanthanum salts. Fibroblast enzymes were assayed using thin-layer chromatographic procedures because the high levels of 5'-nucleotidase present in this tissue interferred with the formation of LaCl3 salts. The lanthanum and the thin-layer chromatographic methods agreed within 10%. Liver cell sap had the highest activities of all purine enzymes except for 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase which were highest in fibroblasts. Erythrocytes had lowest activities of all except for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase which was intermediate between the liver and fibroblasts. Erhthrocytes were devoid of 5'-nucleotidase activity. Hepatic adenosine kinase activity was thought to control the rate of loss of adenine nucleotides in the tissue. Erythrocytes had excellent purine salvage capacity, but due to the relatively low activity of adenosine deaminase, deamination might be rate limiting in the formation of guanine nucleotides. Fibroblasts, with high levels of 5'-nucleotidase, have the potential to catabolize adenine nucleotides beyond the control od adenosine kinase. The purine salvage capacity in the three tissues was erythrocyte greater than liver greater than fibroblasts. Based on purine enzyme activities, erythrocytes offer a unique system to study adenine salvage; fibroblasts to study adenine degradation; and liver to study both salvage and degradation.", "contents": "Adenine nucleotide metabolism in relation to purine enzymes in liver, erythrocytes and cultured fibroblasts. To evaluate the regulation of adenine nucleotide metabolism in relation to purine enzyme activities in rat liver, human erythrocytes and cultured human skin fibroblasts, rapid and sensitive assays for the purine enzymes, adenosine deaminase (EC 2.5.4.4), adenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.20), hyposanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.28), adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.7) and 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) were standardized for these tissues. Adenosine deaminase was assayed by measuring the formation of product, inosine (plus traces of hypoxanthine), isolated chromatographically with 95% recovery of inosine. The other enzymes were assayed by isolating the labelled product or substrate nucleotides as lanthanum salts. Fibroblast enzymes were assayed using thin-layer chromatographic procedures because the high levels of 5'-nucleotidase present in this tissue interferred with the formation of LaCl3 salts. The lanthanum and the thin-layer chromatographic methods agreed within 10%. Liver cell sap had the highest activities of all purine enzymes except for 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase which were highest in fibroblasts. Erythrocytes had lowest activities of all except for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase which was intermediate between the liver and fibroblasts. Erhthrocytes were devoid of 5'-nucleotidase activity. Hepatic adenosine kinase activity was thought to control the rate of loss of adenine nucleotides in the tissue. Erythrocytes had excellent purine salvage capacity, but due to the relatively low activity of adenosine deaminase, deamination might be rate limiting in the formation of guanine nucleotides. Fibroblasts, with high levels of 5'-nucleotidase, have the potential to catabolize adenine nucleotides beyond the control od adenosine kinase. The purine salvage capacity in the three tissues was erythrocyte greater than liver greater than fibroblasts. Based on purine enzyme activities, erythrocytes offer a unique system to study adenine salvage; fibroblasts to study adenine degradation; and liver to study both salvage and degradation.", "PMID": 1182198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8306", "title": "Serum-induced inhibition of isotonic fluid absorption by the kidney proximal tubule. III. Further evidence that complement-mediated cell lysis is involved.", "content": "The results of our previous studies have suggested that serum-induced inhibition of proximal tubular fluid absorption is due to complement-induced lysis of the tubular cells. The present study provides further evidence in support of this idea as well as other information pertinent to the mechanism of complement activation in vivo. 1. The electrical resistance of the luminal brush border membrane is reduced drastically concomitantly with a drop in cell potential difference when serum is perfused intraluminally. 2. Human C1 inhibitor (30-50 units/ml) does not significantly affect the inhibitory activity of human serum on fluid absorption, suggesting the non-involvement of the classical pathway. 3. Reactive lysis reagents (C56, C7, C8 + C9) partially inhibit fluid absorption when infused into the lumen. 4. In contrast to our previous report (Sato, K. and Ullrich, K.J. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 354, 182-187), very fresh serum, 10-times diluted can inhibit fluid absorption if perfused for 10 min. 5. Both mouse and guinea pig serum, which are normally inactive, are activated to attack the tubular cells if 1/100 volume rat or rabbit serum is added to them No such activation occurs by mixing guinea pig serum and mouse serum. The available data suggest that the presence of the later complement components but not the heat-labile factor (Factor B) or C3PA or C1 in the added serum is a prerequisite for mouse and guinea pig sera to be activated to inhibit fluid absorption.", "contents": "Serum-induced inhibition of isotonic fluid absorption by the kidney proximal tubule. III. Further evidence that complement-mediated cell lysis is involved. The results of our previous studies have suggested that serum-induced inhibition of proximal tubular fluid absorption is due to complement-induced lysis of the tubular cells. The present study provides further evidence in support of this idea as well as other information pertinent to the mechanism of complement activation in vivo. 1. The electrical resistance of the luminal brush border membrane is reduced drastically concomitantly with a drop in cell potential difference when serum is perfused intraluminally. 2. Human C1 inhibitor (30-50 units/ml) does not significantly affect the inhibitory activity of human serum on fluid absorption, suggesting the non-involvement of the classical pathway. 3. Reactive lysis reagents (C56, C7, C8 + C9) partially inhibit fluid absorption when infused into the lumen. 4. In contrast to our previous report (Sato, K. and Ullrich, K.J. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 354, 182-187), very fresh serum, 10-times diluted can inhibit fluid absorption if perfused for 10 min. 5. Both mouse and guinea pig serum, which are normally inactive, are activated to attack the tubular cells if 1/100 volume rat or rabbit serum is added to them No such activation occurs by mixing guinea pig serum and mouse serum. The available data suggest that the presence of the later complement components but not the heat-labile factor (Factor B) or C3PA or C1 in the added serum is a prerequisite for mouse and guinea pig sera to be activated to inhibit fluid absorption.", "PMID": 1182199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8307", "title": "Metabolic actions of vasopressin, glucagon and adrenalin in the intact rat.", "content": "Metabolic effects of vasopressin, glucagan and adrenalin were compared, in intact rats, especially in regard to time courses of effects. Hyperglycaemia was transient in response to vasopressin, prolonged following adrenalin, and, suprisingly, was not discernible after glucagon, except in response to a very large dose. Vasopressin decreased and adrenalin increased, the plasma free fatty acid concentration; both hormones decreased the triacylglycerol level. Muscle glycogen concentrations, measured in heart, diaphragm and skeletal muscle, exhibited small changes, with complex time courses, following hormone administration. Vasopressin brought about a rapid but transient activation of heaptic glycogen phosphorylase which resembled that due to adrenalin. The activation by glucagon of phosphorylase was greater and more prolonged, despite the absence of hyperglycaemia. In response to vasopressin, there was in increase in plasma insulin. Incorporation of 14C from [14C]glucose into glycogen or fatty acids was not influenced by vasopressin. Taken together, these results may be explained by rapid metabolic action of vasopressin on hepatic glycogenolysis, whereas adrenalin has multiple prolonged actions.", "contents": "Metabolic actions of vasopressin, glucagon and adrenalin in the intact rat. Metabolic effects of vasopressin, glucagan and adrenalin were compared, in intact rats, especially in regard to time courses of effects. Hyperglycaemia was transient in response to vasopressin, prolonged following adrenalin, and, suprisingly, was not discernible after glucagon, except in response to a very large dose. Vasopressin decreased and adrenalin increased, the plasma free fatty acid concentration; both hormones decreased the triacylglycerol level. Muscle glycogen concentrations, measured in heart, diaphragm and skeletal muscle, exhibited small changes, with complex time courses, following hormone administration. Vasopressin brought about a rapid but transient activation of heaptic glycogen phosphorylase which resembled that due to adrenalin. The activation by glucagon of phosphorylase was greater and more prolonged, despite the absence of hyperglycaemia. In response to vasopressin, there was in increase in plasma insulin. Incorporation of 14C from [14C]glucose into glycogen or fatty acids was not influenced by vasopressin. Taken together, these results may be explained by rapid metabolic action of vasopressin on hepatic glycogenolysis, whereas adrenalin has multiple prolonged actions.", "PMID": 1182200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8308", "title": "Carbohydrate composition of horse spleen ferritin.", "content": "The carbohydrate composition of horse spleen ferritin was studied. 1 mol of the apoferritin, the protein moiety of ferritin, contains 25 mol of hexose, 3 mol of hexosamine and 10 mol of fucose. Same carbohydrate composition was detected in the apoferritin from iron rich ferritins. These results indicate that horse spleen ferritin is composed of non-identical subunits as regards its carbohydrate composition.", "contents": "Carbohydrate composition of horse spleen ferritin. The carbohydrate composition of horse spleen ferritin was studied. 1 mol of the apoferritin, the protein moiety of ferritin, contains 25 mol of hexose, 3 mol of hexosamine and 10 mol of fucose. Same carbohydrate composition was detected in the apoferritin from iron rich ferritins. These results indicate that horse spleen ferritin is composed of non-identical subunits as regards its carbohydrate composition.", "PMID": 1182201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8309", "title": "The effect of digitonin of the stimulation by insulin of glucose uptake by isolated fat cells.", "content": "The effect of digitonin on glucose uptake by isolated fat cells in the presence and absence of insulin has been studied. At low concentrations of digitonin, the stimulation of glucose uptake by insulin was inhibited without severe cell damage as estimated by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase from the cells. The inhibition of the insulin effect was not reversed by washing the cells or by the addition of cholesterol or lecithin-cholesterol liposomes to the incubation medium of the cells after treatment with digitonin. Cholesterol was shown to be present in the fat cells and it is suggested that the inhibition of the insulin effect is a consequence of the formation of digitonin-cholesterol complexes in the fat cell plasma membrane. Possible ways in which this may results in inhibition of the effect of insulin are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of digitonin of the stimulation by insulin of glucose uptake by isolated fat cells. The effect of digitonin on glucose uptake by isolated fat cells in the presence and absence of insulin has been studied. At low concentrations of digitonin, the stimulation of glucose uptake by insulin was inhibited without severe cell damage as estimated by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase from the cells. The inhibition of the insulin effect was not reversed by washing the cells or by the addition of cholesterol or lecithin-cholesterol liposomes to the incubation medium of the cells after treatment with digitonin. Cholesterol was shown to be present in the fat cells and it is suggested that the inhibition of the insulin effect is a consequence of the formation of digitonin-cholesterol complexes in the fat cell plasma membrane. Possible ways in which this may results in inhibition of the effect of insulin are discussed.", "PMID": 1182202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8310", "title": "Induction of UDPglucose dehydrogenase during development, organ culture, and exposure to phenobarbital. Its relation to levels of UDPglucuronic acid and overall glucuronidation in chicken and mouse.", "content": "Liver UDPglucose in early chick-enbryo has, by the 19th day of incubation, reached levels existing in young hatched (White Leghorn) chicks. In developing ASH/TO mouse liver, the dehydrogenase is low, but increases sharply at late foetal and weaning stages; adult activity is greater in females than males. The UDPglucuronic acid content of embryo liver from at least 12 days resembles that of adult chicken; in mouse liver it rises over birth and infancy. These differences in relative rates of development of enzyme and nucleotide in the 2 species can explain why overall glucuronidation by liver appears in chick rapidly after hatching, but in mouse only gradually during infancy. UDPglucose dehydrogenase increases in embryo liver, probably by induction, 2-3-fold during culture with phenobarbital and some 5-fold when exposed to the drug in ovo. Phenobarbital treatment also increases the enzyme in late foetal and adult mice, abolishing the sex difference. Differences between induction of UDPglucose dehydrogenase and UDPglucuronyl transferase during development, culture and phenobarbital treatment indicate that control mechanism for these two enzymes are not directly linked.", "contents": "Induction of UDPglucose dehydrogenase during development, organ culture, and exposure to phenobarbital. Its relation to levels of UDPglucuronic acid and overall glucuronidation in chicken and mouse. Liver UDPglucose in early chick-enbryo has, by the 19th day of incubation, reached levels existing in young hatched (White Leghorn) chicks. In developing ASH/TO mouse liver, the dehydrogenase is low, but increases sharply at late foetal and weaning stages; adult activity is greater in females than males. The UDPglucuronic acid content of embryo liver from at least 12 days resembles that of adult chicken; in mouse liver it rises over birth and infancy. These differences in relative rates of development of enzyme and nucleotide in the 2 species can explain why overall glucuronidation by liver appears in chick rapidly after hatching, but in mouse only gradually during infancy. UDPglucose dehydrogenase increases in embryo liver, probably by induction, 2-3-fold during culture with phenobarbital and some 5-fold when exposed to the drug in ovo. Phenobarbital treatment also increases the enzyme in late foetal and adult mice, abolishing the sex difference. Differences between induction of UDPglucose dehydrogenase and UDPglucuronyl transferase during development, culture and phenobarbital treatment indicate that control mechanism for these two enzymes are not directly linked.", "PMID": 1182203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8311", "title": "Effect of estrogen on synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in R3230AC mammary tumors and uteri.", "content": "The effect of estrogen on synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-Glucose-6-phosphate:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) in the R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma of ovariectomized Fischer rats was investigated. Enzyme synthesis was estimated by techniques using immunochemica precipitation and isolation of enzyme protein from tissues of rats that had been given radioactive leucine prior to sacrifice. The antibody-enzyme complex was dissociated and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was isolated after electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gels. Administration of estradiol-17beta produced a two-fold increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, which was preceded by a five-fold increase in specific synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in R3230AC tumors. At least a 15-fold increase in enzyme synthesis was observed in the uterus. The rate of enzyme degradation (t 1/2) in the tumor was estimated at 17 h. These data indicate that the estrogen-induced increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was due to a de novo increase in enzyme synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen on synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in R3230AC mammary tumors and uteri. The effect of estrogen on synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-Glucose-6-phosphate:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) in the R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma of ovariectomized Fischer rats was investigated. Enzyme synthesis was estimated by techniques using immunochemica precipitation and isolation of enzyme protein from tissues of rats that had been given radioactive leucine prior to sacrifice. The antibody-enzyme complex was dissociated and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was isolated after electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gels. Administration of estradiol-17beta produced a two-fold increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, which was preceded by a five-fold increase in specific synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in R3230AC tumors. At least a 15-fold increase in enzyme synthesis was observed in the uterus. The rate of enzyme degradation (t 1/2) in the tumor was estimated at 17 h. These data indicate that the estrogen-induced increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was due to a de novo increase in enzyme synthesis.", "PMID": 1182204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8312", "title": "The effect of dietary protein on the excretion of alpha2u, the sex-dependent protein of the adult male rat.", "content": "Adult male rats were maintained on normal (20% casein), protein-free (0% casein), high protein (50% casein), decicient protein (20% zein), and a supplemented, deficient protein (20% zein plus L-lysine and L-tryptophan) diets. Rats on a protein-free diet excreted approximately 1 mg alpha2u/24 h compared with a normal of 10-15 mg/24 h. Depleted rats placed on a 20% casein diet showed a rapid restoration of the normal alpha2u excretion as well as total urinary proteins. Accumulation of alpha2u in the blood serum was measured in nep-rectomized rats. Rats on a 0% casein diet accumulated only 30% of the alpha2u compared to normals. On a 50% casein diet, rats excreted 30-50 mg alpha2u/24 h. However, the accumulation was normal in the serum of nephrectomized rats. A high protein diet did not stimulate alpha2u synthesis but probably increased the renal loss of all urinary proteins. The excretion of alpha2u on a zein diet was reduced to the same degree as with the protein-free diet. Supplementation with lysine and tryptophan restored the capacity to eliminate alpha21 to near normal levels. Accumulation of alpha2u in the serum of nephrectomized rats kept on the zein diets showed that the effect to suppress the synthesis of the ahpha2u. Supplementation restored the biosynthesis of alpha2u. We conclude that the effect of dietary protein on the excretion of urinary proteins in the adult male rat is caused in large part by an influence on the hepatic biosynthesis of alphay2u. The biosynthesis of this protein, which represents approximately 30% of the total urinary proteins, is dependent on an adequate supply of dietary protein.", "contents": "The effect of dietary protein on the excretion of alpha2u, the sex-dependent protein of the adult male rat. Adult male rats were maintained on normal (20% casein), protein-free (0% casein), high protein (50% casein), decicient protein (20% zein), and a supplemented, deficient protein (20% zein plus L-lysine and L-tryptophan) diets. Rats on a protein-free diet excreted approximately 1 mg alpha2u/24 h compared with a normal of 10-15 mg/24 h. Depleted rats placed on a 20% casein diet showed a rapid restoration of the normal alpha2u excretion as well as total urinary proteins. Accumulation of alpha2u in the blood serum was measured in nep-rectomized rats. Rats on a 0% casein diet accumulated only 30% of the alpha2u compared to normals. On a 50% casein diet, rats excreted 30-50 mg alpha2u/24 h. However, the accumulation was normal in the serum of nephrectomized rats. A high protein diet did not stimulate alpha2u synthesis but probably increased the renal loss of all urinary proteins. The excretion of alpha2u on a zein diet was reduced to the same degree as with the protein-free diet. Supplementation with lysine and tryptophan restored the capacity to eliminate alpha21 to near normal levels. Accumulation of alpha2u in the serum of nephrectomized rats kept on the zein diets showed that the effect to suppress the synthesis of the ahpha2u. Supplementation restored the biosynthesis of alpha2u. We conclude that the effect of dietary protein on the excretion of urinary proteins in the adult male rat is caused in large part by an influence on the hepatic biosynthesis of alphay2u. The biosynthesis of this protein, which represents approximately 30% of the total urinary proteins, is dependent on an adequate supply of dietary protein.", "PMID": 1182205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8313", "title": "Hepatic and extrahepatic N-acetyltransferase. Perinatal development using a new radioassay.", "content": "We report a sensitive and rapid radioassay method for p-aminobenzoic acid N-acetyltransferase. The principle of this assay involves acetylation of p-aminobenzoic acid with [1-14C] labeled acetyl coenzyme A and direct extraction of enzymically formed radioactive p-acetamidobenzoic acid into nonaqueous scintillation fluid. Using this radiometric assay, hepatic and extrahepatic tissue distributions from rat and rabbit were studied. Rabbit blastocyst and endometrial N-acetyltransferase specific activities were equivalent to hepatic activities. Perinatal development studies in rats and rabbits revealed that fetal and neonatal animals are capable of N-acetylation. Rat liver developmental studies exhibited two peaks of activity with the first peak occurring in the late fetus followed by a second peak 3 days after birth. Rabbit fetal and neonatal enzyme activity increased to adult levels by the second week after birth in liver and gut, however, lung showed a different developmental pattern. These studies demonstrate that fetal extrahepatic tissues, like adult tissues, play an important role in N-acetylation.", "contents": "Hepatic and extrahepatic N-acetyltransferase. Perinatal development using a new radioassay. We report a sensitive and rapid radioassay method for p-aminobenzoic acid N-acetyltransferase. The principle of this assay involves acetylation of p-aminobenzoic acid with [1-14C] labeled acetyl coenzyme A and direct extraction of enzymically formed radioactive p-acetamidobenzoic acid into nonaqueous scintillation fluid. Using this radiometric assay, hepatic and extrahepatic tissue distributions from rat and rabbit were studied. Rabbit blastocyst and endometrial N-acetyltransferase specific activities were equivalent to hepatic activities. Perinatal development studies in rats and rabbits revealed that fetal and neonatal animals are capable of N-acetylation. Rat liver developmental studies exhibited two peaks of activity with the first peak occurring in the late fetus followed by a second peak 3 days after birth. Rabbit fetal and neonatal enzyme activity increased to adult levels by the second week after birth in liver and gut, however, lung showed a different developmental pattern. These studies demonstrate that fetal extrahepatic tissues, like adult tissues, play an important role in N-acetylation.", "PMID": 1182206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8314", "title": "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of some selenium containing amino acids.", "content": "X-ray photoelectron spectra of some inorganic selenium compounds, Se-methionine, Se-cystine, Se-urea and selenodicysteine were recorded and compared with the XPS data obtained from the respective sulphur containing compounds. The oxidation state of selenium could be monitored by the observed chemical shifts of the Se(3p1/2),Se(3p3/2) and Se(3d3/2,5/2) levels. Though having a formal oxidation state near zero, the binding energy of the core electrons of Se in Se-methionine, Se-cystine and selenodicysteine was shifted by 0.4, 0.7 and 0.4 eV, respectively. This phenomenon was attributed to the rather distinct polarization of Se. The reversible oxidation of Se-cystine using H2O2 and NaBH4 could be successfully demonstrated by this XPS-technique.", "contents": "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of some selenium containing amino acids. X-ray photoelectron spectra of some inorganic selenium compounds, Se-methionine, Se-cystine, Se-urea and selenodicysteine were recorded and compared with the XPS data obtained from the respective sulphur containing compounds. The oxidation state of selenium could be monitored by the observed chemical shifts of the Se(3p1/2),Se(3p3/2) and Se(3d3/2,5/2) levels. Though having a formal oxidation state near zero, the binding energy of the core electrons of Se in Se-methionine, Se-cystine and selenodicysteine was shifted by 0.4, 0.7 and 0.4 eV, respectively. This phenomenon was attributed to the rather distinct polarization of Se. The reversible oxidation of Se-cystine using H2O2 and NaBH4 could be successfully demonstrated by this XPS-technique.", "PMID": 1182207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8315", "title": "Platinum complexes of nucleotides.", "content": "The reaction of [Pt(dien)Cl1Cl (dien = NH2CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2) with nucleotides has been studied by nuclear magnetic resonance. It has been found that the CMP (cytidine 5'-monophosp-ate) and GMP (guanosine 5'-monophosphate/coordinate to the platinum atom through N3 and N7, respectively. The reaction of the platinum salt with the nucleotide is complete when one to one ratio of platinum to nucleotide is used and no evidence of phosphate group binding to platinum has been found. No additional binding sites have been detected except the N7 site on the guanylic group of GMP even in the presence of a large excess of [Pt(dien) Cl1Cl. The AMP (adenosine 5'monophosphate] coordinates to the platinum at the N1 and/or N7 sites. The reaction of AMP and platinum is complete is complete at a ratio of four platinum to one AMP.", "contents": "Platinum complexes of nucleotides. The reaction of [Pt(dien)Cl1Cl (dien = NH2CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2) with nucleotides has been studied by nuclear magnetic resonance. It has been found that the CMP (cytidine 5'-monophosp-ate) and GMP (guanosine 5'-monophosphate/coordinate to the platinum atom through N3 and N7, respectively. The reaction of the platinum salt with the nucleotide is complete when one to one ratio of platinum to nucleotide is used and no evidence of phosphate group binding to platinum has been found. No additional binding sites have been detected except the N7 site on the guanylic group of GMP even in the presence of a large excess of [Pt(dien) Cl1Cl. The AMP (adenosine 5'monophosphate] coordinates to the platinum at the N1 and/or N7 sites. The reaction of AMP and platinum is complete is complete at a ratio of four platinum to one AMP.", "PMID": 1182208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8316", "title": "DNA-platinum interactions in vitro with trans- and cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2.", "content": "In the present study the nature and the hydrolysis of DNA-Pt complexes with the platinum compounds, [Pt(dien)Cl]Cl, trans- and cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2, using potentiometric chloride determinations, have been investigated. The trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 and the [Pt(dien)Cl]Cl react with the GC planes at the N7(G) sites, while the cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 compound reacts with the GC planes and forms a chelate by using the N7(G) and O6(G) sites. The complex is a specific 1:1 Pt:DNA adduct. The platinum atom in cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 liberates both chlorine atoms on chelation. A mechanism for the in vivo antitumor activity of the cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 is proposed and the structure activity relationship is discussed.", "contents": "DNA-platinum interactions in vitro with trans- and cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2. In the present study the nature and the hydrolysis of DNA-Pt complexes with the platinum compounds, [Pt(dien)Cl]Cl, trans- and cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2, using potentiometric chloride determinations, have been investigated. The trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 and the [Pt(dien)Cl]Cl react with the GC planes at the N7(G) sites, while the cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 compound reacts with the GC planes and forms a chelate by using the N7(G) and O6(G) sites. The complex is a specific 1:1 Pt:DNA adduct. The platinum atom in cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 liberates both chlorine atoms on chelation. A mechanism for the in vivo antitumor activity of the cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 is proposed and the structure activity relationship is discussed.", "PMID": 1182209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8317", "title": "beta-Decarboxylation of L-aspartic acid: a metal chelate-catalyzed reaction.", "content": "beta-decarboxylation of L-aspartic acid was observed in the system, pyridoxal: L-aspartic acid:aluminum(III), 1:100:1 when heated at 80 degrees for three hours. This reaction was followed by electronic spectroscopy and showed quantitative conversion of pyridoxal to pyridoxamine indicating decarboxylation of the ketimine. alpha-Methyl-L-aspartic acid was not decarboxylated indicating the presence of the alpha-proton and prior transamination as requirements for decarboxylation. When pyridoxamine and oxalo-2-propionic acid were reacted at pD 4.60, product analysis by nmr showed the presence of pyridoxamine and alpha-ketobutyric acid, indicating hydrolysis of the decarboxylated ketimine. Decarboxylation was fast compared to spontaneous decarboxylation. A mechanism is proposed for non-enzymatic decarboxylation and the previously suggested mechanism for the inactivation of the enzyme aspartate beta-decarboxylase is discussed.", "contents": "beta-Decarboxylation of L-aspartic acid: a metal chelate-catalyzed reaction. beta-decarboxylation of L-aspartic acid was observed in the system, pyridoxal: L-aspartic acid:aluminum(III), 1:100:1 when heated at 80 degrees for three hours. This reaction was followed by electronic spectroscopy and showed quantitative conversion of pyridoxal to pyridoxamine indicating decarboxylation of the ketimine. alpha-Methyl-L-aspartic acid was not decarboxylated indicating the presence of the alpha-proton and prior transamination as requirements for decarboxylation. When pyridoxamine and oxalo-2-propionic acid were reacted at pD 4.60, product analysis by nmr showed the presence of pyridoxamine and alpha-ketobutyric acid, indicating hydrolysis of the decarboxylated ketimine. Decarboxylation was fast compared to spontaneous decarboxylation. A mechanism is proposed for non-enzymatic decarboxylation and the previously suggested mechanism for the inactivation of the enzyme aspartate beta-decarboxylase is discussed.", "PMID": 1182210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8318", "title": "[Isolation and physical chemical properties of rat hemopexin].", "content": "Rat hemopexin was purified by a procedure involving three different steps : ammonium sulfate precipitation, rivanol precipitation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography with concave gradient of molarity. Purity of the preparation was checked by three different methods : analytical ultracentrifugation, immunoelectrophoresis and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The principal physical properties were studied. The amino acid and carbohydrate composition was determined and compared with that of human and rabbit hemopexin.", "contents": "[Isolation and physical chemical properties of rat hemopexin]. Rat hemopexin was purified by a procedure involving three different steps : ammonium sulfate precipitation, rivanol precipitation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography with concave gradient of molarity. Purity of the preparation was checked by three different methods : analytical ultracentrifugation, immunoelectrophoresis and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The principal physical properties were studied. The amino acid and carbohydrate composition was determined and compared with that of human and rabbit hemopexin.", "PMID": 1182212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8319", "title": "[Characterization and physico-chemical properties of human transcortin].", "content": "The molecular weight of human transcortin, calculated from the sedimentation coefficient, was found to be 49,500, thus slightly lower than previously reported values. After purification, human transcortin trended to polymerize rapidly, with participation of both non covalent bonds and one disulfide bridge per dimer. The physicochemical parameters, the amino-acid and carbohydrate composition were determined; its stability was studied under different conditions. Preliminary structural studies showed that the N-terminal sequence of the polypeptide chain was: Met-Asp-Pro-Asn-Ala-Ala-Tyr-Val and that the C-terminal amino acid was leucine.", "contents": "[Characterization and physico-chemical properties of human transcortin]. The molecular weight of human transcortin, calculated from the sedimentation coefficient, was found to be 49,500, thus slightly lower than previously reported values. After purification, human transcortin trended to polymerize rapidly, with participation of both non covalent bonds and one disulfide bridge per dimer. The physicochemical parameters, the amino-acid and carbohydrate composition were determined; its stability was studied under different conditions. Preliminary structural studies showed that the N-terminal sequence of the polypeptide chain was: Met-Asp-Pro-Asn-Ala-Ala-Tyr-Val and that the C-terminal amino acid was leucine.", "PMID": 1182213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8320", "title": "[Primary structure of the alpha chain of the major component of goose hemoglobins (Anser anser)].", "content": "Utilising the homology between goose alpha chain hemoglobin and chicken, the primary arrangement of the amino acid residues of the alpha chain (major component) of goose hemoglobin is presented. Data were obtained from amino acid analysis of the isolated alpha chain and of tryptic peptides of the chain. Their chemical structure was established by Edman degradation, carboxypeptidase A and B and leucineaminopeptidase digestion.", "contents": "[Primary structure of the alpha chain of the major component of goose hemoglobins (Anser anser)]. Utilising the homology between goose alpha chain hemoglobin and chicken, the primary arrangement of the amino acid residues of the alpha chain (major component) of goose hemoglobin is presented. Data were obtained from amino acid analysis of the isolated alpha chain and of tryptic peptides of the chain. Their chemical structure was established by Edman degradation, carboxypeptidase A and B and leucineaminopeptidase digestion.", "PMID": 1182214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8321", "title": "Kinetic amplification of enzyme discrimination.", "content": "The dependence of the accuracy of enzymatic systems on the mechanism of the catalyzed reaction is investigated, using a probabilistic approach. Certain mechanisms of reaction, involving a delay in one of the steps act as kinetic amplifiers of molecular discriminations. The relationship between our scheme for a delayed reaction [1] and Hopfield's scheme [i] is discussed.", "contents": "Kinetic amplification of enzyme discrimination. The dependence of the accuracy of enzymatic systems on the mechanism of the catalyzed reaction is investigated, using a probabilistic approach. Certain mechanisms of reaction, involving a delay in one of the steps act as kinetic amplifiers of molecular discriminations. The relationship between our scheme for a delayed reaction [1] and Hopfield's scheme [i] is discussed.", "PMID": 1182215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8322", "title": "[Purification and chemical study of a Collocalia glycoprotein].", "content": "A glycoprotein was purified from the aqueous extract of \"edible bird's nest\" (Collocalia) using free flow preparative electrophoresis and represented the main fraction of Collocalia glycoproteins. This glycoprotein is homogeneous upon agarose electrophoresis and slightly polydisperse upon ultracentrifugation (S So 20w = 3,0). The carbohydrate moiety contains galactose, mannose, glucosamine, galactosamine and sialic acid, which is completely released by Clostridium perfringens or Diplococcus pneumoniae neuraminidases and has the same chromatographic behaviour as N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. The peptide part of the glycoprotein is rich in serine, threonine and proline. About 40 p. cent of the hydroxyaminoacids are involved in carbohydrate-peptide linkages.", "contents": "[Purification and chemical study of a Collocalia glycoprotein]. A glycoprotein was purified from the aqueous extract of \"edible bird's nest\" (Collocalia) using free flow preparative electrophoresis and represented the main fraction of Collocalia glycoproteins. This glycoprotein is homogeneous upon agarose electrophoresis and slightly polydisperse upon ultracentrifugation (S So 20w = 3,0). The carbohydrate moiety contains galactose, mannose, glucosamine, galactosamine and sialic acid, which is completely released by Clostridium perfringens or Diplococcus pneumoniae neuraminidases and has the same chromatographic behaviour as N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. The peptide part of the glycoprotein is rich in serine, threonine and proline. About 40 p. cent of the hydroxyaminoacids are involved in carbohydrate-peptide linkages.", "PMID": 1182216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8323", "title": "[Comparative metabolism of phospholipids of osmoregulation effector organs in European eel (Anguilla anguilla)].", "content": "The phospholipid composition from various organs of the fresh water eel, such as gill, kidney, gut, liver and muscle, were determined by thin-layer chromatography. The major phosphatides found in these tissues were PC, PE and SPH and minor constituents PS, PI, DPG, AP and also LPC in the gut. A greater percentage of PS and SPH occurs in the osmoregulatory effector organs such as gill, kidney, and gut. From in vivo comparative kinetic studies of the 32P incorporation into the phospholipids, between 6 and 48 hours, certain remarkable features of phospholipid metabolism have been found in these tissues. A low uptake of inorganic 32P into the tissue lipid phosphorus was observed in the eel at 15 degrees C. The specific activity of the lipid phosphorus increased continuously in all tissues during 48 hours after 32P injection. During this experimental period, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidyl inositol fractions were labelled most rapidly in gill, kidney and gut, while the specific activity of the phosphatidyl choline fraction remained low in these organs. In liver, the rate of PC formation appears to be faster than the PI and PE biosynthesis. In gill and gut, the PE showed greater turnover than the PC as measured by 32P incorporation. In the eel, an euryhalin fish, the DPG of osmoregulatory effector organs has a high specific activity at all times. PS showed only a high specific activity in the gill. Labelling  of SPH occured slowly in the various tissues only becoming evident after 24 hours. The results are compared with those published for other poikilotherm and homeotherm vertebrates. Relative differences between the turnover of various tissue phosphatides are discussed with of reference to the general scheme on phospholipid biosynthesis and to the physiological functions of the various organs.", "contents": "[Comparative metabolism of phospholipids of osmoregulation effector organs in European eel (Anguilla anguilla)]. The phospholipid composition from various organs of the fresh water eel, such as gill, kidney, gut, liver and muscle, were determined by thin-layer chromatography. The major phosphatides found in these tissues were PC, PE and SPH and minor constituents PS, PI, DPG, AP and also LPC in the gut. A greater percentage of PS and SPH occurs in the osmoregulatory effector organs such as gill, kidney, and gut. From in vivo comparative kinetic studies of the 32P incorporation into the phospholipids, between 6 and 48 hours, certain remarkable features of phospholipid metabolism have been found in these tissues. A low uptake of inorganic 32P into the tissue lipid phosphorus was observed in the eel at 15 degrees C. The specific activity of the lipid phosphorus increased continuously in all tissues during 48 hours after 32P injection. During this experimental period, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidyl inositol fractions were labelled most rapidly in gill, kidney and gut, while the specific activity of the phosphatidyl choline fraction remained low in these organs. In liver, the rate of PC formation appears to be faster than the PI and PE biosynthesis. In gill and gut, the PE showed greater turnover than the PC as measured by 32P incorporation. In the eel, an euryhalin fish, the DPG of osmoregulatory effector organs has a high specific activity at all times. PS showed only a high specific activity in the gill. Labelling  of SPH occured slowly in the various tissues only becoming evident after 24 hours. The results are compared with those published for other poikilotherm and homeotherm vertebrates. Relative differences between the turnover of various tissue phosphatides are discussed with of reference to the general scheme on phospholipid biosynthesis and to the physiological functions of the various organs.", "PMID": 1182217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8324", "title": "Production of CO2 in the living mouse immediately after injection of 1- or 2-14C acetate.", "content": "Three groups of mice, normally fed, fasted and fed after a fasting period are injected intravenously with either 1- or 2-14C acetate. The respiratory 14CO2 as well as that of the liver, the adipose tissue and the carcass are collected after 3 min and the radioactivity measured. A determination is also made of the radioactivity of the tissue fatty acids and, for two groups of mice, of the circulating glucose. A calculation is suggested by which the number of revolutions performed by the acetate C in the Krebs cycle before it is transformed into CO2 can be deduced. The results suggest that the Krebs cycle is very open, that the acetate C found in the glucose has already broken away from the cycle after one revolution and that the C which appears in the form of CO2 has performed an average of only 2.8 to 3.6 revolutions. The results are evaluated as a function of the experimental conditions chosen.", "contents": "Production of CO2 in the living mouse immediately after injection of 1- or 2-14C acetate. Three groups of mice, normally fed, fasted and fed after a fasting period are injected intravenously with either 1- or 2-14C acetate. The respiratory 14CO2 as well as that of the liver, the adipose tissue and the carcass are collected after 3 min and the radioactivity measured. A determination is also made of the radioactivity of the tissue fatty acids and, for two groups of mice, of the circulating glucose. A calculation is suggested by which the number of revolutions performed by the acetate C in the Krebs cycle before it is transformed into CO2 can be deduced. The results suggest that the Krebs cycle is very open, that the acetate C found in the glucose has already broken away from the cycle after one revolution and that the C which appears in the form of CO2 has performed an average of only 2.8 to 3.6 revolutions. The results are evaluated as a function of the experimental conditions chosen.", "PMID": 1182218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8325", "title": "[Fluorescence study of lymphocyte plasma membranes].", "content": "ANS binding parameters--dissociation constant, number of binding sites, rotation freedom--are measured by fluorescence studies of a complex between ANS and lymph node cell plasma membranes. Divalent ions, Mg++ and Ca++, enhance the complex fluorescence intensity without shifting its maximum wavelength : this enhancement is induced by affinity and quantum yield increases, while the number of binding sites remains constant. The complex fluorescence quenching by ethacrynic acid shows the presence of free SH groups in the ANS binding site. An energy transfer takes place between membrane protein tryptophan residues and bound ANS ; the energy transfer yield is unaffected by Ca++ ions. A correlation of these results is postulated with the biological activity of the membrane.", "contents": "[Fluorescence study of lymphocyte plasma membranes]. ANS binding parameters--dissociation constant, number of binding sites, rotation freedom--are measured by fluorescence studies of a complex between ANS and lymph node cell plasma membranes. Divalent ions, Mg++ and Ca++, enhance the complex fluorescence intensity without shifting its maximum wavelength : this enhancement is induced by affinity and quantum yield increases, while the number of binding sites remains constant. The complex fluorescence quenching by ethacrynic acid shows the presence of free SH groups in the ANS binding site. An energy transfer takes place between membrane protein tryptophan residues and bound ANS ; the energy transfer yield is unaffected by Ca++ ions. A correlation of these results is postulated with the biological activity of the membrane.", "PMID": 1182219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8326", "title": "[Influence of glyoxylic acid on properties of isolated mitochondria].", "content": "Glyoxalate is an effector of oxidative phosphorylation in isolated mitochondria : it slows down State 3 but does not affect State 4 respiration. This report presents the findings of our study on the mechanism of action of glyoxalate ; these findings are listed below. The inhibition of Stage 3 respiration by glyoxalate does not set in immediately, can be reversed in part by the addition of an uncoupling agent or a dithiol, is non-competitive against succinate and can be demonstrated with substrates requiring the involvement of other membrane transport systems. Glyoxalate prevents the increased oxygen uptake stimulated by 2,4-DNP or Sr++. Glyoxalate also inhibits phosphate transport and this inhibition can account for most of the effect observed. The inhibition of State 3 respiration is paralleled by a decrease in the mitochondrial accumulation of succinate : this decrease could arise from a direct effect of glyoxalate on dicarboxylic acid transport or could be the result of an inhibiton of the phosphate transport system, which is connected with the former. The decrease in the respiratory rate of uncoupled mitochondria placed in a phosphate free medium demonstrates that the effector acts directly at the substrate transport or/and electron transfer level. Phosphate, by delaying the respiratory inhibiton due to glyoxalate, has a protecting effect on mitochondrial functions. Glyoxalate is thus acting at several mitochondrial sites. It acts presumably by forming hemimercaptals, blocking sulfhydryl groups. Its effects can be accounted for by the unfolding of such (hemicercaptal) groups under the influence of ADP, Pi, uncoupling or others agents which bring about conformational changes in the internal mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "[Influence of glyoxylic acid on properties of isolated mitochondria]. Glyoxalate is an effector of oxidative phosphorylation in isolated mitochondria : it slows down State 3 but does not affect State 4 respiration. This report presents the findings of our study on the mechanism of action of glyoxalate ; these findings are listed below. The inhibition of Stage 3 respiration by glyoxalate does not set in immediately, can be reversed in part by the addition of an uncoupling agent or a dithiol, is non-competitive against succinate and can be demonstrated with substrates requiring the involvement of other membrane transport systems. Glyoxalate prevents the increased oxygen uptake stimulated by 2,4-DNP or Sr++. Glyoxalate also inhibits phosphate transport and this inhibition can account for most of the effect observed. The inhibition of State 3 respiration is paralleled by a decrease in the mitochondrial accumulation of succinate : this decrease could arise from a direct effect of glyoxalate on dicarboxylic acid transport or could be the result of an inhibiton of the phosphate transport system, which is connected with the former. The decrease in the respiratory rate of uncoupled mitochondria placed in a phosphate free medium demonstrates that the effector acts directly at the substrate transport or/and electron transfer level. Phosphate, by delaying the respiratory inhibiton due to glyoxalate, has a protecting effect on mitochondrial functions. Glyoxalate is thus acting at several mitochondrial sites. It acts presumably by forming hemimercaptals, blocking sulfhydryl groups. Its effects can be accounted for by the unfolding of such (hemicercaptal) groups under the influence of ADP, Pi, uncoupling or others agents which bring about conformational changes in the internal mitochondrial membrane.", "PMID": 1182220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8327", "title": "Developmental aspects of galactose-1-phosphate uridylytransferase in rat intestine.", "content": "Kinetic and developmental characteristics of rat jejunal galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase have been examined. Km values for the substrates galactose-1-phosphate and uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucose were the same for both the newborn and adult rat enzymes, although the Vmax of the enzyme in newborns was about threefold higher than that of the adult rat. Equal enzyme activity was present in the villus, crypt cells and the muscularis of adult jejunum. The specific activity of the enzyme remained relatively uniform (V about 20 nmoles/min/mg protein) until 18 days of age when the velocity of the reaction began to decrease. The adult value at 42 days of age is about one fifth of that in the young. The pattern of change of specific activity was compared with that for galactokinase and UDP-galactose-4-epimerase, and the observations suggest separated regulatory factors for each enzyme. The total activity of the galactose-metabolizing enzymes in jejunum was also calculated. In the young, transferase has the highest activity, but in the adult, epimerase activity is highest. Jejunal galactokinase activity is low throughout the developmental period which suggests that phosphorylation of galactose may be the limiting step in intestinal metabolism of the sugar.", "contents": "Developmental aspects of galactose-1-phosphate uridylytransferase in rat intestine. Kinetic and developmental characteristics of rat jejunal galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase have been examined. Km values for the substrates galactose-1-phosphate and uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucose were the same for both the newborn and adult rat enzymes, although the Vmax of the enzyme in newborns was about threefold higher than that of the adult rat. Equal enzyme activity was present in the villus, crypt cells and the muscularis of adult jejunum. The specific activity of the enzyme remained relatively uniform (V about 20 nmoles/min/mg protein) until 18 days of age when the velocity of the reaction began to decrease. The adult value at 42 days of age is about one fifth of that in the young. The pattern of change of specific activity was compared with that for galactokinase and UDP-galactose-4-epimerase, and the observations suggest separated regulatory factors for each enzyme. The total activity of the galactose-metabolizing enzymes in jejunum was also calculated. In the young, transferase has the highest activity, but in the adult, epimerase activity is highest. Jejunal galactokinase activity is low throughout the developmental period which suggests that phosphorylation of galactose may be the limiting step in intestinal metabolism of the sugar.", "PMID": 1182240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8328", "title": "Development of the neonate opossum (Didelphis virginiana).", "content": "This study describes the postnatal growth and development of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Measurements were made weekly on 6 young opossums between 50 and 189 days following birth. These measurements included: total length, length of ear and tail, and length of front and rear appendages. Body weight measurements were extended to 233 days. The mean body weight at 50 days was 14.1 g, which increased rapidly to 2,560 g at 233 days.", "contents": "Development of the neonate opossum (Didelphis virginiana). This study describes the postnatal growth and development of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Measurements were made weekly on 6 young opossums between 50 and 189 days following birth. These measurements included: total length, length of ear and tail, and length of front and rear appendages. Body weight measurements were extended to 233 days. The mean body weight at 50 days was 14.1 g, which increased rapidly to 2,560 g at 233 days.", "PMID": 1182241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8329", "title": "The influence of diets deficient in energy, or in protein, on conceptus weight, and the placental transfer of a non-metabolisable amino acid in the guinea pig.", "content": "The effect on the guinea pig conceptus of feeding the mother diets deficient in energy or in protein has been investigated. Fetal uptake of a labelled non-metabolisable amino acid, amino-isobutyric acid, injected into the maternal blood stream, was studied at the end of gestation. Both diets retarded fetal growth, influencing litter number and fetal and placental weight. The relationship between fetal and placental weight was similar in the control and restricted-calorie animals, and the transfer studies showed that placental function and fetal uptake per unit weight was similar in the two. Feeding a low-protein diet caused the ratio between fetal and placental weight to increase; enhanced placental transfer and fetal uptake also suggested the possibility of adaptation when the calorie supply is adequate.", "contents": "The influence of diets deficient in energy, or in protein, on conceptus weight, and the placental transfer of a non-metabolisable amino acid in the guinea pig. The effect on the guinea pig conceptus of feeding the mother diets deficient in energy or in protein has been investigated. Fetal uptake of a labelled non-metabolisable amino acid, amino-isobutyric acid, injected into the maternal blood stream, was studied at the end of gestation. Both diets retarded fetal growth, influencing litter number and fetal and placental weight. The relationship between fetal and placental weight was similar in the control and restricted-calorie animals, and the transfer studies showed that placental function and fetal uptake per unit weight was similar in the two. Feeding a low-protein diet caused the ratio between fetal and placental weight to increase; enhanced placental transfer and fetal uptake also suggested the possibility of adaptation when the calorie supply is adequate.", "PMID": 1182242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8330", "title": "Effects of goat anti-rat placenta IgG on the in vitro uptake of 125I-labeled human serum albumin by the rat visceral yolk sac.", "content": "Preincubation of rat visceral yolk sac with goat anti-rat placenta IgG and following incubation with 125I-HSA resulted in a reduction of the uptake of albumin by 30-50% in comparison with the controls. Inhibitors of respiration or glycolysis impair the ingestion of protein, likewise the reduction of the incubation temperature.", "contents": "Effects of goat anti-rat placenta IgG on the in vitro uptake of 125I-labeled human serum albumin by the rat visceral yolk sac. Preincubation of rat visceral yolk sac with goat anti-rat placenta IgG and following incubation with 125I-HSA resulted in a reduction of the uptake of albumin by 30-50% in comparison with the controls. Inhibitors of respiration or glycolysis impair the ingestion of protein, likewise the reduction of the incubation temperature.", "PMID": 1182243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8331", "title": "Metabolic patterns in several tissues of newborn rabbits during ischemia.", "content": "The metabolic states of various tissues of newborn rabbits were studied before and after periods of ischemia of 5-40 min. The contents of substances of the energy distributing adenylic acid-creatine phosphate system as well as glycogen, glucose and lactate were determined and the results are discussed in comparison with the well-known values from ischemic tissues of adult rabbits. The preservation of high energy phosphates as well as the rate of glycolytic energy production during the course of ischemia was quite identical in the myocardium of newborns and adults in contrast to the different ability of newborn and adult rabbits to maintain circulation in anaerobic conditions. In the central nervous system the ATP contents decreased to very low levels within a few minutes in both groups although the glycolytic energy production was rather different. But the larger amounts of adenine nucleotides present in the newborns at any time of ischemia indicate a better chance of postischemic recovery. In the livers and the kidneys of the newborns higher rates of glycolytic energy production led to better preservation of the energy-rich substances while in skeletal muscle and the lung only slight differences occurred between newborns and adults.", "contents": "Metabolic patterns in several tissues of newborn rabbits during ischemia. The metabolic states of various tissues of newborn rabbits were studied before and after periods of ischemia of 5-40 min. The contents of substances of the energy distributing adenylic acid-creatine phosphate system as well as glycogen, glucose and lactate were determined and the results are discussed in comparison with the well-known values from ischemic tissues of adult rabbits. The preservation of high energy phosphates as well as the rate of glycolytic energy production during the course of ischemia was quite identical in the myocardium of newborns and adults in contrast to the different ability of newborn and adult rabbits to maintain circulation in anaerobic conditions. In the central nervous system the ATP contents decreased to very low levels within a few minutes in both groups although the glycolytic energy production was rather different. But the larger amounts of adenine nucleotides present in the newborns at any time of ischemia indicate a better chance of postischemic recovery. In the livers and the kidneys of the newborns higher rates of glycolytic energy production led to better preservation of the energy-rich substances while in skeletal muscle and the lung only slight differences occurred between newborns and adults.", "PMID": 1182244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8332", "title": "Blood glucose, serum insulin and glucagon response to arginine in premature infants.", "content": "The effect of arginine infusion on the peripheral blood sugar, plasma insulin and plasma glucagon was studied in 28 appropriate-for-gestational-age premature newborn infants, 1-day-old, and in 12 normal children 4-10 years old. In the premature plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations increased after arginine though less noticeably than in the older children, and their insulin/glucagon molar ratio was low at fasting and did not change after arginine. It is assumed that the endocrine pancreatic activity is already developed at birth and adequate to the metabolic state in neonatal life.", "contents": "Blood glucose, serum insulin and glucagon response to arginine in premature infants. The effect of arginine infusion on the peripheral blood sugar, plasma insulin and plasma glucagon was studied in 28 appropriate-for-gestational-age premature newborn infants, 1-day-old, and in 12 normal children 4-10 years old. In the premature plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations increased after arginine though less noticeably than in the older children, and their insulin/glucagon molar ratio was low at fasting and did not change after arginine. It is assumed that the endocrine pancreatic activity is already developed at birth and adequate to the metabolic state in neonatal life.", "PMID": 1182245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8333", "title": "Physiology of the artificial heart.", "content": "Numerous deviations from normal physiology formerly ascribed to artificial heart pumping actually resulted from experimental artifacts. Recent results indicate that infection, thromboembolism, pulmonary pathology, and renal deterioration could be considered mostly nonspecific artifacts of mechanical heart implantation. Nonetheless, damage to the blood constituents and hepatic congestion seemed to be specific effects of artificial heart pumping. Hemolysis correlated to pumping sac collapse, low cardiac output, and hematocrit value (r = .912, p is less than .001). Hepatic congestion, caused by pulsatile venous hypertension and hypervolemia, was postulated to result from functional atrial volume restriction (small atrium syndrome).", "contents": "Physiology of the artificial heart. Numerous deviations from normal physiology formerly ascribed to artificial heart pumping actually resulted from experimental artifacts. Recent results indicate that infection, thromboembolism, pulmonary pathology, and renal deterioration could be considered mostly nonspecific artifacts of mechanical heart implantation. Nonetheless, damage to the blood constituents and hepatic congestion seemed to be specific effects of artificial heart pumping. Hemolysis correlated to pumping sac collapse, low cardiac output, and hematocrit value (r = .912, p is less than .001). Hepatic congestion, caused by pulsatile venous hypertension and hypervolemia, was postulated to result from functional atrial volume restriction (small atrium syndrome).", "PMID": 1182249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8334", "title": "Resorption of 125I-labeled fibrin bioplast from the dorsal muscle of rats.", "content": "Fibrin bioplast is an implant material made from plasticized fibrin. The resorption and route of elimenation of 125I-tagged bioplast plates implanted into the back muscle of rats have been studied in 18 experiments. Variation in radioactivity of the implant, appearance of the activity in the urine and fecal output, supplemented with information on the radioactivity of the implant site and that of isolated organs, reveal that the elimination of bioplast begins on the 12th day and proceeds at an even rate without pathological tissue reactions. By the 42nd day 10 to 12% of the original material is present. The elimination of the implant material is complete and occurs mainly with urine through the kidneys.", "contents": "Resorption of 125I-labeled fibrin bioplast from the dorsal muscle of rats. Fibrin bioplast is an implant material made from plasticized fibrin. The resorption and route of elimenation of 125I-tagged bioplast plates implanted into the back muscle of rats have been studied in 18 experiments. Variation in radioactivity of the implant, appearance of the activity in the urine and fecal output, supplemented with information on the radioactivity of the implant site and that of isolated organs, reveal that the elimination of bioplast begins on the 12th day and proceeds at an even rate without pathological tissue reactions. By the 42nd day 10 to 12% of the original material is present. The elimination of the implant material is complete and occurs mainly with urine through the kidneys.", "PMID": 1182251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8335", "title": "Nonthrombogenic ac polarized copper prosthesis.", "content": "In previous studies from our laboratories, it was shown that metals and alloys which register negative potentials in blood vs the normal hydrogen electrode tend to be antithrombogenic while those with positive potentials are invariably thrombogenic. The present paper deals with a novel approach of maintaining an implanted metallic prosthesis at a negative potential. A copper vascular prosthesis in a dog was maintained at cathodic potentials by a small amplitude (+/- 10 mV) high-frequency ac (100 kHz) on the prosthesis. The prostheses were removed after 2 hours, 6 hours, 1 day, and 42 days, with subsequent visual and scanning electron microscopic examination of the prostheses completed. All tubes were free of thrombus deposits. Minimal junctional thrombi were found, probably due to differences in physicochemical characteristics of the vascular prostheses and recipient vessels. The results are compared with those in the control group (copper tubes with no current) and dc polarized copper tubes. While the control tubes occluded in 2 to 6 hours, the dc and ac polarized tubes remained patent. Of the ac and dc polarized tubes, the former tubes lasted up to 6 weeks with less thrombus deposit. The mechanism of operation of the ac polarized copper prosthesis is not fully understood.", "contents": "Nonthrombogenic ac polarized copper prosthesis. In previous studies from our laboratories, it was shown that metals and alloys which register negative potentials in blood vs the normal hydrogen electrode tend to be antithrombogenic while those with positive potentials are invariably thrombogenic. The present paper deals with a novel approach of maintaining an implanted metallic prosthesis at a negative potential. A copper vascular prosthesis in a dog was maintained at cathodic potentials by a small amplitude (+/- 10 mV) high-frequency ac (100 kHz) on the prosthesis. The prostheses were removed after 2 hours, 6 hours, 1 day, and 42 days, with subsequent visual and scanning electron microscopic examination of the prostheses completed. All tubes were free of thrombus deposits. Minimal junctional thrombi were found, probably due to differences in physicochemical characteristics of the vascular prostheses and recipient vessels. The results are compared with those in the control group (copper tubes with no current) and dc polarized copper tubes. While the control tubes occluded in 2 to 6 hours, the dc and ac polarized tubes remained patent. Of the ac and dc polarized tubes, the former tubes lasted up to 6 weeks with less thrombus deposit. The mechanism of operation of the ac polarized copper prosthesis is not fully understood.", "PMID": 1182252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8336", "title": "Histologic evaluation of vitreous carbon endosteal implants in occlusion in dogs.", "content": "A 6-7 month histologic study of vitreous carbon endosteal implants in occlusion was conducted in dogs to determine whether the shape of the implant has adverse effects on supporting tissues. Conical vitreous carbon implants were placed in fresh, second, and third premolar extraction sites, and the sites were allowed to heal for periods of 2 to 8 weeks prior to restoration with cast gold crowns. Gingival tissues healed routinely and showed inflammatory conditions similar to tissues adjacent to teeth, and normal sulculur depths were measured. Bone formation was observed within grooves in the implant surface, providing retention and stabilization, normal bone remodeling appeared to be occurring adjacent to the implant sites. No inflammatory responses, foreign body reactions, or infections were observed. Vitreous carbon appears well suited for application as an endosteal implant material.", "contents": "Histologic evaluation of vitreous carbon endosteal implants in occlusion in dogs. A 6-7 month histologic study of vitreous carbon endosteal implants in occlusion was conducted in dogs to determine whether the shape of the implant has adverse effects on supporting tissues. Conical vitreous carbon implants were placed in fresh, second, and third premolar extraction sites, and the sites were allowed to heal for periods of 2 to 8 weeks prior to restoration with cast gold crowns. Gingival tissues healed routinely and showed inflammatory conditions similar to tissues adjacent to teeth, and normal sulculur depths were measured. Bone formation was observed within grooves in the implant surface, providing retention and stabilization, normal bone remodeling appeared to be occurring adjacent to the implant sites. No inflammatory responses, foreign body reactions, or infections were observed. Vitreous carbon appears well suited for application as an endosteal implant material.", "PMID": 1182253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8337", "title": "Prediction of the strength of the neck of femur from its radiological appearance.", "content": "In this study 39 male and female cadaveric femoral necks of ages between 21 and 89 years have been radiographed and subsequently mechanically tested to determine failure load. A structural model has been developed, in an attempt to predict the failure load of specimens solely from measurements made from an anteroposterior radiograph of the neck region. Good correlation was obtained between the predicted and experimental values for the range tested. The influence of average bone porosity is discussed. It is believed that this method, with modifications will provide a basis for the quantitative assessment of femoral neck strength in the clinical situation.", "contents": "Prediction of the strength of the neck of femur from its radiological appearance. In this study 39 male and female cadaveric femoral necks of ages between 21 and 89 years have been radiographed and subsequently mechanically tested to determine failure load. A structural model has been developed, in an attempt to predict the failure load of specimens solely from measurements made from an anteroposterior radiograph of the neck region. Good correlation was obtained between the predicted and experimental values for the range tested. The influence of average bone porosity is discussed. It is believed that this method, with modifications will provide a basis for the quantitative assessment of femoral neck strength in the clinical situation.", "PMID": 1182254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8338", "title": "A basic design of a chair for hemiplegics with special reference to the back shape.", "content": "The seating requirements of hemiplegic patients are studied extensively in the light of ergonomic principles and with the co-operation of the staffs and patients of 25 hospitals in the UK. It is suggested that the provision of a suitably contoured back and seat shape would greatly reduce the need to use other supporting mechanisms in order to seat the patient comfortably and effectively. Plans are given for a chair which should provide integrated support for the patient although no constructional plans are given. The back shape is designed with the aid of data from a survey of elderly people's back shapes and it is hoped that this part of the design will find application in chairs for geriatric patients generally. First, however, it is necessary thoroughly to test the design under working conditions.", "contents": "A basic design of a chair for hemiplegics with special reference to the back shape. The seating requirements of hemiplegic patients are studied extensively in the light of ergonomic principles and with the co-operation of the staffs and patients of 25 hospitals in the UK. It is suggested that the provision of a suitably contoured back and seat shape would greatly reduce the need to use other supporting mechanisms in order to seat the patient comfortably and effectively. Plans are given for a chair which should provide integrated support for the patient although no constructional plans are given. The back shape is designed with the aid of data from a survey of elderly people's back shapes and it is hoped that this part of the design will find application in chairs for geriatric patients generally. First, however, it is necessary thoroughly to test the design under working conditions.", "PMID": 1182255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8339", "title": "Automatic indirect sphygmomanometry.", "content": "After discussing the different methods of indirect blood pressure measurement the paper describes the fully automatic indirect blood pressure measuring apparatus, Type AVM-2 and AVM-4, development in Hungary. Experience gained using these instruments is reported and the requirements for this type of instrument outlined. Finally the paper discusses the most important characteristics of this equipment.", "contents": "Automatic indirect sphygmomanometry. After discussing the different methods of indirect blood pressure measurement the paper describes the fully automatic indirect blood pressure measuring apparatus, Type AVM-2 and AVM-4, development in Hungary. Experience gained using these instruments is reported and the requirements for this type of instrument outlined. Finally the paper discusses the most important characteristics of this equipment.", "PMID": 1182256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8340", "title": "Hazards of cardiac pacing.", "content": "The implantation of a cardiac pacemaker is now widely accepted as the preferred method of therapy for heartblock, and is increasingly used for treatment of other cardiac abnormalities. Many thousands of pacemakers have been implanted since 1960. Some of the problems which arise from such implants are not urgent and are in the \"low risk\" category, whilst others require immediate remedial action. The hazards which are discussed are based on experience in Glasgow with over 500 pacemaker patients, over two thirds of whom are currently attending pacemaker clinics. If all pacemaker patients are to derive maximum benefit from their implants with minimum inconvenience and risk, there is a need for continued vigilance and better technology. There is also a need for retrieval of all pacemakers after death to confirm that death has not arisen from any of the technical faults which can place the lives of certain patients at great risk.", "contents": "Hazards of cardiac pacing. The implantation of a cardiac pacemaker is now widely accepted as the preferred method of therapy for heartblock, and is increasingly used for treatment of other cardiac abnormalities. Many thousands of pacemakers have been implanted since 1960. Some of the problems which arise from such implants are not urgent and are in the \"low risk\" category, whilst others require immediate remedial action. The hazards which are discussed are based on experience in Glasgow with over 500 pacemaker patients, over two thirds of whom are currently attending pacemaker clinics. If all pacemaker patients are to derive maximum benefit from their implants with minimum inconvenience and risk, there is a need for continued vigilance and better technology. There is also a need for retrieval of all pacemakers after death to confirm that death has not arisen from any of the technical faults which can place the lives of certain patients at great risk.", "PMID": 1182257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8341", "title": "Venous occlusion plethysmography. Part 1: basic principles and applications.", "content": "A complete review of plethysmographic methods using the venous occlusion technique is given. All methods known to the author are covered, with comments on their applications. A comprehensive list of relevant literature concludes the review.", "contents": "Venous occlusion plethysmography. Part 1: basic principles and applications. A complete review of plethysmographic methods using the venous occlusion technique is given. All methods known to the author are covered, with comments on their applications. A comprehensive list of relevant literature concludes the review.", "PMID": 1182259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8342", "title": "A semi-automatic instrument for estimating the differential leucocyte count.", "content": "A specially developed analogue processing unit was used with a Coulter cell counter and a pulse height analyser to determine the differential leucocyte count. The method is based upon a simplified analysis of the white cell volume distribution curve and the results agree well with those obtained by conventional methods.", "contents": "A semi-automatic instrument for estimating the differential leucocyte count. A specially developed analogue processing unit was used with a Coulter cell counter and a pulse height analyser to determine the differential leucocyte count. The method is based upon a simplified analysis of the white cell volume distribution curve and the results agree well with those obtained by conventional methods.", "PMID": 1182260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8343", "title": "A fully automatic device for compensating for artifacts in conventional catheter-manometer pressure recordings.", "content": "A device is described which detects the resonant artifacts in clinical cathetermanometer systems and automatically sets a notch filter so as to provide some measure of compensation. The equalised response characteristic does visibly improve transient response by removing resonant artifacts due to the uneven transfer function characteristic in these systems. Artifacts due to knocking of the catheter by the heart, external vibrations induced in the manometer, its mechanical support, or the catheter are reduced, but not eliminated. Nevertheless, the system described here has provided a solution to an important class of artifacts in conventional fluid filled catheter-manometer pressure recordings.", "contents": "A fully automatic device for compensating for artifacts in conventional catheter-manometer pressure recordings. A device is described which detects the resonant artifacts in clinical cathetermanometer systems and automatically sets a notch filter so as to provide some measure of compensation. The equalised response characteristic does visibly improve transient response by removing resonant artifacts due to the uneven transfer function characteristic in these systems. Artifacts due to knocking of the catheter by the heart, external vibrations induced in the manometer, its mechanical support, or the catheter are reduced, but not eliminated. Nevertheless, the system described here has provided a solution to an important class of artifacts in conventional fluid filled catheter-manometer pressure recordings.", "PMID": 1182261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8344", "title": "Origin of the nonexponentiality of the water proton spin relaxations in tissues.", "content": "An attempt to explain the nonexponential recovery of the water proton spin magnetization in tissues is presented. The origin of this effect is the nonhomogeneity of the material and the distribution of slow diffusion correlation times. This proposal is based on a dispersion study of the tissue water proton spin relaxation time in the rotating frame.", "contents": "Origin of the nonexponentiality of the water proton spin relaxations in tissues. An attempt to explain the nonexponential recovery of the water proton spin magnetization in tissues is presented. The origin of this effect is the nonhomogeneity of the material and the distribution of slow diffusion correlation times. This proposal is based on a dispersion study of the tissue water proton spin relaxation time in the rotating frame.", "PMID": 1182262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8345", "title": "Permselectivity of the glomerular capillary wall to macromolecules. II. Experimental studies in rats using neutral dextran.", "content": "To determine the permselectivity characteristics of the glomerular capillary wall, known molecular size fractions of [3H]dextran, prepared by gel chromatography, were infused into normally hydrated Wistar rats, thus permitting simultaneous measurement of Bowman's space/plasma water (BS/P) and urine/plasma water (U/P) concentration ratios, along with glomerular pressures and flows. Since (BS/P)inulin = 1.01 +/- 0.01 SE(n = 34, radius = approximately 14 A) and since (BS/P)dextran/(BS/P)inulin equaled (U/P)dextran/(U/P)inulin for dextrans ranging in molecular radius from 21 to 35 A, these findings validate that dextrans are neither secreted nor reabsorbed. For dextran radii of 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, and 44 A, (U/P)dextran/(U/P)inulin averaged 0.99, 0.92, 0.69, 0.42, 0.19, 0.06, and 0.01, respectively. In accord with theoretical predictions that these fractional dextran clearances should vary appreciably with changes in glomerular transcapillary pressures and flows, an increase in glomerular plasma flow rate, induced in these same rats by plasma volume expansion, resulted in a highly significant lowering of fractional clearance of all but the smallest and largest dextrans studied. These findings emphasize that fractional solute clearances alone are inadequate to describe the permselective properties of the glomerular capillary wall unless glomerular pressures and flows are also known. This sensitivity of fractional dextran clearance to changes in plasma flow indicates that dextrans are transported across the capillary not only by bulk flow but also to an important extent by diffusion.", "contents": "Permselectivity of the glomerular capillary wall to macromolecules. II. Experimental studies in rats using neutral dextran. To determine the permselectivity characteristics of the glomerular capillary wall, known molecular size fractions of [3H]dextran, prepared by gel chromatography, were infused into normally hydrated Wistar rats, thus permitting simultaneous measurement of Bowman's space/plasma water (BS/P) and urine/plasma water (U/P) concentration ratios, along with glomerular pressures and flows. Since (BS/P)inulin = 1.01 +/- 0.01 SE(n = 34, radius = approximately 14 A) and since (BS/P)dextran/(BS/P)inulin equaled (U/P)dextran/(U/P)inulin for dextrans ranging in molecular radius from 21 to 35 A, these findings validate that dextrans are neither secreted nor reabsorbed. For dextran radii of 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, and 44 A, (U/P)dextran/(U/P)inulin averaged 0.99, 0.92, 0.69, 0.42, 0.19, 0.06, and 0.01, respectively. In accord with theoretical predictions that these fractional dextran clearances should vary appreciably with changes in glomerular transcapillary pressures and flows, an increase in glomerular plasma flow rate, induced in these same rats by plasma volume expansion, resulted in a highly significant lowering of fractional clearance of all but the smallest and largest dextrans studied. These findings emphasize that fractional solute clearances alone are inadequate to describe the permselective properties of the glomerular capillary wall unless glomerular pressures and flows are also known. This sensitivity of fractional dextran clearance to changes in plasma flow indicates that dextrans are transported across the capillary not only by bulk flow but also to an important extent by diffusion.", "PMID": 1182263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8346", "title": "Kinetic studies on insoluble cellulose-cellulase system.", "content": "Enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble amorphous cellulose by Trichoderma viride cellulase was investigated in a batch reactor at several substrate concentrations and three enzyme levels. The reactions were carried out at 50 degrees C and pH 4.8. Enzyme was rapidly adsorbed onto solids on contact, then gradually returned to the liquid phase as the reaction proceeded. A kinetic model that considered the fast adsorption which was followed by the slow reaction, and subsequent product inhibition was developed to interpret the experimental observations. The resulting equation successfully correlated the data for up to 70% conversion. The methods for determining the kinetic parameters are discussed.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on insoluble cellulose-cellulase system. Enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble amorphous cellulose by Trichoderma viride cellulase was investigated in a batch reactor at several substrate concentrations and three enzyme levels. The reactions were carried out at 50 degrees C and pH 4.8. Enzyme was rapidly adsorbed onto solids on contact, then gradually returned to the liquid phase as the reaction proceeded. A kinetic model that considered the fast adsorption which was followed by the slow reaction, and subsequent product inhibition was developed to interpret the experimental observations. The resulting equation successfully correlated the data for up to 70% conversion. The methods for determining the kinetic parameters are discussed.", "PMID": 1182273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8347", "title": "New mechanisms for the biosynthesis and metabolism of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid in bacteria.", "content": "L-Sorbose is oxidized to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (KGA) via the following sequence of reactions which we call the \"sorbosone pathway\": L-sorbose in equilibrium L-sorbosone leads to KGA. The first step is reversible and is mediated by enzymes found in a soluble fraction obtained from Pseudomonas putida ATCC 21812. Although no cofactor requirements were found for the forward reaction, the reverse reaction clearly required NADH. Enzymes for this NADH-dependent synthesis of L-sorbose could be differentiated on the basis of molecular weights. The second step in the sorbosone pathway is catalyzed by a particulate enzyme found in extracts from P. putida and Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293. The rate limiting reaction in the sorbosone pathway is the synthesis of L-sorbosone. In addition to P. putida, Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 27858) and Serratia marcescens (ATCC 27857) also contain the enzymes which catalyze the reactions of the sorbosone pathway. Two of the bacteria studied, P. putida and G. melanogenus, also contain an enzyme involved in the further metabolism of KGA to L-idonic acid. This enzyme, referred to as KGA-reductase, is found in the soluble fraction of cell-free extracts and is dependent on NADH or NADPH.", "contents": "New mechanisms for the biosynthesis and metabolism of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid in bacteria. L-Sorbose is oxidized to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (KGA) via the following sequence of reactions which we call the \"sorbosone pathway\": L-sorbose in equilibrium L-sorbosone leads to KGA. The first step is reversible and is mediated by enzymes found in a soluble fraction obtained from Pseudomonas putida ATCC 21812. Although no cofactor requirements were found for the forward reaction, the reverse reaction clearly required NADH. Enzymes for this NADH-dependent synthesis of L-sorbose could be differentiated on the basis of molecular weights. The second step in the sorbosone pathway is catalyzed by a particulate enzyme found in extracts from P. putida and Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293. The rate limiting reaction in the sorbosone pathway is the synthesis of L-sorbosone. In addition to P. putida, Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 27858) and Serratia marcescens (ATCC 27857) also contain the enzymes which catalyze the reactions of the sorbosone pathway. Two of the bacteria studied, P. putida and G. melanogenus, also contain an enzyme involved in the further metabolism of KGA to L-idonic acid. This enzyme, referred to as KGA-reductase, is found in the soluble fraction of cell-free extracts and is dependent on NADH or NADPH.", "PMID": 1182275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8348", "title": "Enzyme immobilized in a packed-bed reactor: kinetic parameters and mass transfer effects.", "content": "To describe axial dispersion, particle film mass transfer, intraparticle diffusion, and the chemical reaction of the substrate for enzymes immobilized in porous particles in packed columns, we have developed mathematical models for first- and zero-order limits of Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Steady-state solutions were derived for both long and short column boundary conditions and for plug flow. Theory was compared to experiments by hydrolysis of sucrose catalyzed by invertase bound to porous glass particles. Steady-state conversions were measured for a range of flow rates. Pulse response experiments with inert packing were used to determine values of bed void fraction and particle porosity.", "contents": "Enzyme immobilized in a packed-bed reactor: kinetic parameters and mass transfer effects. To describe axial dispersion, particle film mass transfer, intraparticle diffusion, and the chemical reaction of the substrate for enzymes immobilized in porous particles in packed columns, we have developed mathematical models for first- and zero-order limits of Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Steady-state solutions were derived for both long and short column boundary conditions and for plug flow. Theory was compared to experiments by hydrolysis of sucrose catalyzed by invertase bound to porous glass particles. Steady-state conversions were measured for a range of flow rates. Pulse response experiments with inert packing were used to determine values of bed void fraction and particle porosity.", "PMID": 1182276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8349", "title": "A model for diauxic growth.", "content": "A model is developed to predict batch and continuous culture behavior of fermentations on two different carbon and energy sources. The basic assumption of the model is that the permease for the favored substrate is constitutive, whereas the premease for the second substrate is subject to induction and catabolite repression. Simulations of the model show features of diauxic growth described in the literature.", "contents": "A model for diauxic growth. A model is developed to predict batch and continuous culture behavior of fermentations on two different carbon and energy sources. The basic assumption of the model is that the permease for the favored substrate is constitutive, whereas the premease for the second substrate is subject to induction and catabolite repression. Simulations of the model show features of diauxic growth described in the literature.", "PMID": 1182280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8350", "title": "The total containment of a batch-type zonal centrifuge.", "content": "A batch-type zonal centrifuge has been modified and totally contained for use with biologically hazardous materials. A sealed cabinet encloses the centrifuge and the ancilliary equipment. It is operated with a flow of filtered air when the zonal system is on, decontaminated with ethylene oxide, and maintained at a negative pressure throughout. The centrifuge subsystems can be drained, flushed, and decontaminated with ethylene oxide before an engineer services the machine. The sample handling system within the cabinet is remotely controlled.", "contents": "The total containment of a batch-type zonal centrifuge. A batch-type zonal centrifuge has been modified and totally contained for use with biologically hazardous materials. A sealed cabinet encloses the centrifuge and the ancilliary equipment. It is operated with a flow of filtered air when the zonal system is on, decontaminated with ethylene oxide, and maintained at a negative pressure throughout. The centrifuge subsystems can be drained, flushed, and decontaminated with ethylene oxide before an engineer services the machine. The sample handling system within the cabinet is remotely controlled.", "PMID": 1182281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8351", "title": "Production of plant virus inhibitor by Phytolacca americana suspension culture.", "content": "The inhibitory activity of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection was assayed with the extracts of various callus tissues derived from the intact plants. Phytolacca americana callus was selected as a producer of the virus inhibitor and its cultural conditions in suspension were examined for cell growth and the inhibitor production. A modified liquid medium containing twofold concentrations of all components in that of Murashige and Skoog plus2,4-D (1.0 mg/liter) and sucrose (6%), but without any vitamins and glycine was chosen for production of higher levels of the inhibitor. TMV infections in tobacco, bean, and tomato plants were markedly inhibited by the introduction of the disrupted whole broth of suspension cultured P. americana.", "contents": "Production of plant virus inhibitor by Phytolacca americana suspension culture. The inhibitory activity of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection was assayed with the extracts of various callus tissues derived from the intact plants. Phytolacca americana callus was selected as a producer of the virus inhibitor and its cultural conditions in suspension were examined for cell growth and the inhibitor production. A modified liquid medium containing twofold concentrations of all components in that of Murashige and Skoog plus2,4-D (1.0 mg/liter) and sucrose (6%), but without any vitamins and glycine was chosen for production of higher levels of the inhibitor. TMV infections in tobacco, bean, and tomato plants were markedly inhibited by the introduction of the disrupted whole broth of suspension cultured P. americana.", "PMID": 1182282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8352", "title": "[Spontaneous chromosome aberrations in the oogenesis of laboratory rats].", "content": "Cytological preparations were made by Tarkovsky's method from 2335 rat oocytes obtained after an induced superodulation. The chromosomes could be counted exactly in 861 oocytes. In 797 oocytes (92.7%) euploidy (metaphase II with 21 chromosomes) and in 64 oocytes (7.5%) aneuploidy was found. 60 oocytes were hypoploid, but only 4 oocytes (0.4%) were hyperploid (with 22 chromosomes). Hypoploidy can often be due to the presence of artefacts. Probably the rate of spontaneous aneuploidy in rat oogenesis is about 0.8%, this being significantly lower than the rate of spontaneous aneuploidy in mice oogenesis.", "contents": "[Spontaneous chromosome aberrations in the oogenesis of laboratory rats]. Cytological preparations were made by Tarkovsky's method from 2335 rat oocytes obtained after an induced superodulation. The chromosomes could be counted exactly in 861 oocytes. In 797 oocytes (92.7%) euploidy (metaphase II with 21 chromosomes) and in 64 oocytes (7.5%) aneuploidy was found. 60 oocytes were hypoploid, but only 4 oocytes (0.4%) were hyperploid (with 22 chromosomes). Hypoploidy can often be due to the presence of artefacts. Probably the rate of spontaneous aneuploidy in rat oogenesis is about 0.8%, this being significantly lower than the rate of spontaneous aneuploidy in mice oogenesis.", "PMID": 1182291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8353", "title": "[Comparative study of the ultrastructure of immune and normal phytohemagglutinin-treated lymphocytes].", "content": "Immune lymphocytes sorbed on the surface of the target cells were characterized during the period of the first three hours of combined incubation by the presence of the electron-dense matrix, abundance of mitochondria and lipids; small lymphocytes had disseminated ribosome organized into polysomes in the medium lymphocytes forming individual cysterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum in the large lymphocytes, this indicating active protein synthesis by these cells. There were also revealed cells of plasmatic type. Cells incubated with the PHA for one hour represented a homogenous population of small lymphocytes of the same size as the clear cytoplasm containing free ribosomes and individual mitochondria. The proportion of the medium lymphocytes and the blasts increased with increase of the incubation period. These are cells with the clear cytoplasm freely disseminated polyribosomes in which no developed granular endoplasmic reticulum was sometimes revealed. The presence of two types of cells whose ultrastructure reflected their functional characteristics is discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the ultrastructure of immune and normal phytohemagglutinin-treated lymphocytes]. Immune lymphocytes sorbed on the surface of the target cells were characterized during the period of the first three hours of combined incubation by the presence of the electron-dense matrix, abundance of mitochondria and lipids; small lymphocytes had disseminated ribosome organized into polysomes in the medium lymphocytes forming individual cysterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum in the large lymphocytes, this indicating active protein synthesis by these cells. There were also revealed cells of plasmatic type. Cells incubated with the PHA for one hour represented a homogenous population of small lymphocytes of the same size as the clear cytoplasm containing free ribosomes and individual mitochondria. The proportion of the medium lymphocytes and the blasts increased with increase of the incubation period. These are cells with the clear cytoplasm freely disseminated polyribosomes in which no developed granular endoplasmic reticulum was sometimes revealed. The presence of two types of cells whose ultrastructure reflected their functional characteristics is discussed.", "PMID": 1182292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8354", "title": "[Histomorphological study of wound regeneration in animals irradiated for a long time with low-intensity microwaves].", "content": "Experimental study on 80 guinea pigs showed that in the animals exposed for a long time to the action of microwabes of low intensity the linear skin wounds healed by primary intension much more rapidly than in the non-irradiated animals. The  postoperative scar was much more reliable in the irradiated animals. On the third day the irradiated animals were found to have a more intensive regeneration of the epithelium in the inflicted wound, and an intensive development of the granular tissue in the inferior portions. Later, an aceelerated synthesis of proteins, including that of collagen in the wound was observed; there was also a marked process of maturation of the granular tissue and formation of the intercellular substance. On the 7th-9th days fresh connective tissue (rich in fibroblasts with young fuchsinophilous collagen fibers) replaced the granular tissue; it was more mature than in the non-irradiated animals.", "contents": "[Histomorphological study of wound regeneration in animals irradiated for a long time with low-intensity microwaves]. Experimental study on 80 guinea pigs showed that in the animals exposed for a long time to the action of microwabes of low intensity the linear skin wounds healed by primary intension much more rapidly than in the non-irradiated animals. The  postoperative scar was much more reliable in the irradiated animals. On the third day the irradiated animals were found to have a more intensive regeneration of the epithelium in the inflicted wound, and an intensive development of the granular tissue in the inferior portions. Later, an aceelerated synthesis of proteins, including that of collagen in the wound was observed; there was also a marked process of maturation of the granular tissue and formation of the intercellular substance. On the 7th-9th days fresh connective tissue (rich in fibroblasts with young fuchsinophilous collagen fibers) replaced the granular tissue; it was more mature than in the non-irradiated animals.", "PMID": 1182293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8355", "title": "[Mechanism of the discontinuance of work as a consequence of fatigue according to the change in the electromyogram in a hypnotic state].", "content": "A study was made of the changes in the bioelectrical activity of the muscles in the course of local static work up to \"refusal\" under the usual conditions and under condition of inhibition of the program-control function of the cortex (during the somnambulistic stage of hypnosis). Experimental results indicated that during the hypnotic state the time of persistence of the static effort doubled in comparison with control; the bioelectrical activity increased 1 1/2-2 times, and in individual experiments--3--4 times. In the light of the data obtained the mechanism of formation of \"refusal\" to work could be viewed as an active arrest of the activity of the central formations realizing the program-control functions.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the discontinuance of work as a consequence of fatigue according to the change in the electromyogram in a hypnotic state]. A study was made of the changes in the bioelectrical activity of the muscles in the course of local static work up to \"refusal\" under the usual conditions and under condition of inhibition of the program-control function of the cortex (during the somnambulistic stage of hypnosis). Experimental results indicated that during the hypnotic state the time of persistence of the static effort doubled in comparison with control; the bioelectrical activity increased 1 1/2-2 times, and in individual experiments--3--4 times. In the light of the data obtained the mechanism of formation of \"refusal\" to work could be viewed as an active arrest of the activity of the central formations realizing the program-control functions.", "PMID": 1182294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8356", "title": "[Characteristics of the synaptic structure and of the parameters of the electrically excited muscle fiber membrane of fetal and newborn rabbits].", "content": "In intensification of the motor adaptive reactions of the fetus under conditions of a not marked inhibition of the gestation dominant there occurred an acceleration of development of the synaptic structure and of the corresponding characteristics of the muscle fibers. In depression of the motor reactions of the fetus under conditions of a sharp inhibition of the gestation dominant there occurred a retardation of the development of the synaptic structure, of the electrophysiological characteristics and of the transverse striations of the muscle fibers, this being regarded as the result of deficiency of the neurotrophic influences of the skeletal muscles in the physiologically immature fetuses and neonates.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the synaptic structure and of the parameters of the electrically excited muscle fiber membrane of fetal and newborn rabbits]. In intensification of the motor adaptive reactions of the fetus under conditions of a not marked inhibition of the gestation dominant there occurred an acceleration of development of the synaptic structure and of the corresponding characteristics of the muscle fibers. In depression of the motor reactions of the fetus under conditions of a sharp inhibition of the gestation dominant there occurred a retardation of the development of the synaptic structure, of the electrophysiological characteristics and of the transverse striations of the muscle fibers, this being regarded as the result of deficiency of the neurotrophic influences of the skeletal muscles in the physiologically immature fetuses and neonates.", "PMID": 1182296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8357", "title": "[Electrical activity of the motor units of the muscles in blood supply disorders of the latter].", "content": "Electrical activity of the motor units in the muscles (m. gastrocnemius and m. extensor hallucis brevis) in normal humans and in the patients with impaired peripheral circulation in the lower limbs was studied with the needle concentric electrodes. A reduction in the muscle action potentials under conditions of their circulation impairment was revealed; this pointed to the myogenic origin of alterations in the skeletal muscles due to the incompetence of their blood circulation.", "contents": "[Electrical activity of the motor units of the muscles in blood supply disorders of the latter]. Electrical activity of the motor units in the muscles (m. gastrocnemius and m. extensor hallucis brevis) in normal humans and in the patients with impaired peripheral circulation in the lower limbs was studied with the needle concentric electrodes. A reduction in the muscle action potentials under conditions of their circulation impairment was revealed; this pointed to the myogenic origin of alterations in the skeletal muscles due to the incompetence of their blood circulation.", "PMID": 1182297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8358", "title": "[Canges in the monoamine content in the cat brain in a unilateral lesion of the cerebral cortex].", "content": "A spectrofluorometric study of the changes in serotonin and noradrenalin content was carried out in the cortex of large hemispheres, the hypothalamus and the midbrain on the 5th-6th day after creation of a pathological focus in the area of the occipital portion of the cortex in 12 cats. Diffuse changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain were revealed on the EEG at this period: there appeared peak-like variations and slow waves of increased amplitude. There was noted a marked decrease in serotonin content in the cortex of the large hemispheres with the prevalance of an effect in the area directly adhering to the focus of affection. A tendency to reduction in serotonin level was revealed in the hypothalamus and the midbrain. The content of noradrenalin in the mentioned structures of the brain showed no significant change. The significance of the serotoninergic structures of the brain in the mechanisms participating in the restoration of the functional condition of the brain after its experimental injury is discussed.", "contents": "[Canges in the monoamine content in the cat brain in a unilateral lesion of the cerebral cortex]. A spectrofluorometric study of the changes in serotonin and noradrenalin content was carried out in the cortex of large hemispheres, the hypothalamus and the midbrain on the 5th-6th day after creation of a pathological focus in the area of the occipital portion of the cortex in 12 cats. Diffuse changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain were revealed on the EEG at this period: there appeared peak-like variations and slow waves of increased amplitude. There was noted a marked decrease in serotonin content in the cortex of the large hemispheres with the prevalance of an effect in the area directly adhering to the focus of affection. A tendency to reduction in serotonin level was revealed in the hypothalamus and the midbrain. The content of noradrenalin in the mentioned structures of the brain showed no significant change. The significance of the serotoninergic structures of the brain in the mechanisms participating in the restoration of the functional condition of the brain after its experimental injury is discussed.", "PMID": 1182298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8359", "title": "[Effect of a lesion of the hypothalamic nuclei on the morphofunctional state of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system and the development of experimental atherosclerosis].", "content": "Injury of individual nuclei of the anterior and the middle portions of the hypothalamus in rabbits by electrocoagulation through the preliminarily implanted electrodes was accompanied by the change in the morpho-functional condition of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system (HHNS). The nearer the focus of injury to the region of the supraoptic nuclei -- the greater the functional activity of the HHNS. In combining the injuries of individual hypothalamic nuclei with the atherogenic diet there occurred marked morpho-functional changes both in the HHNS and in the adrenal glands; as to animals with experimental atherosclerosis, it acquired under these conditions a more severe form than in the animals on the atherogenic diet alone. Results of investigations pointed to the presence of a close association of the genesis of the atherosclerotic process with the neurogenic factors.", "contents": "[Effect of a lesion of the hypothalamic nuclei on the morphofunctional state of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system and the development of experimental atherosclerosis]. Injury of individual nuclei of the anterior and the middle portions of the hypothalamus in rabbits by electrocoagulation through the preliminarily implanted electrodes was accompanied by the change in the morpho-functional condition of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system (HHNS). The nearer the focus of injury to the region of the supraoptic nuclei -- the greater the functional activity of the HHNS. In combining the injuries of individual hypothalamic nuclei with the atherogenic diet there occurred marked morpho-functional changes both in the HHNS and in the adrenal glands; as to animals with experimental atherosclerosis, it acquired under these conditions a more severe form than in the animals on the atherogenic diet alone. Results of investigations pointed to the presence of a close association of the genesis of the atherosclerotic process with the neurogenic factors.", "PMID": 1182299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8360", "title": "[Disorder of gamma-motor neuronal activity in experimental thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "The activity of gamma-motor neurons was studied in the anesthetized rats following per os administration of thyroidin for 3 weeks. In experimental thyrotoxicosis against the backgrounds of an increased amount of mute filaments isolated from the stem of the n. gastrocnemius there was an increase in the frequency of discharge of the flexors and extensors of the gamma-motor neurons. A high frequency not peculiar to that of intact animals was recorded in the flexors of the gamma-motor neurons of the animals receiving thyroidin.", "contents": "[Disorder of gamma-motor neuronal activity in experimental thyrotoxicosis]. The activity of gamma-motor neurons was studied in the anesthetized rats following per os administration of thyroidin for 3 weeks. In experimental thyrotoxicosis against the backgrounds of an increased amount of mute filaments isolated from the stem of the n. gastrocnemius there was an increase in the frequency of discharge of the flexors and extensors of the gamma-motor neurons. A high frequency not peculiar to that of intact animals was recorded in the flexors of the gamma-motor neurons of the animals receiving thyroidin.", "PMID": 1182300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8361", "title": "[Participation of the posterior hypothalamus in the activity of the ascending activating system].", "content": "In chronic experiments on cats with premezencaphalic section of the brain stem electrica stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus caused desynchronization of the electrical activity of the neocortex. After the isolated injury of the posterior hypothalamus a moderate electrical stimulation of the medical part of the midbrain reticular formation failed to cause any pronounced activation of the neocortex. The results obtained indicated an important role of the posterior hypothalamus in the function of the ascending activating system.", "contents": "[Participation of the posterior hypothalamus in the activity of the ascending activating system]. In chronic experiments on cats with premezencaphalic section of the brain stem electrica stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus caused desynchronization of the electrical activity of the neocortex. After the isolated injury of the posterior hypothalamus a moderate electrical stimulation of the medical part of the midbrain reticular formation failed to cause any pronounced activation of the neocortex. The results obtained indicated an important role of the posterior hypothalamus in the function of the ascending activating system.", "PMID": 1182301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8362", "title": "[Thyroxine depression of compensatory hypertrophy of the thyroid gland in rats of different ages].", "content": "It was shown on hemithyroidectomized male rats (2--2.5, 8--10 and 14--16--month-old) that with the advance of age there occurred an increase in the inhibitory effect of the same (as per 100 g of body weight) dose of the exogenous thyroxine on the thyroid compensatory hypertrophy. It is supposed that the threshold of hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid system to homeostatic inhibition decreased with ageing.", "contents": "[Thyroxine depression of compensatory hypertrophy of the thyroid gland in rats of different ages]. It was shown on hemithyroidectomized male rats (2--2.5, 8--10 and 14--16--month-old) that with the advance of age there occurred an increase in the inhibitory effect of the same (as per 100 g of body weight) dose of the exogenous thyroxine on the thyroid compensatory hypertrophy. It is supposed that the threshold of hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid system to homeostatic inhibition decreased with ageing.", "PMID": 1182302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8363", "title": "[Acute cell death in various sections of the gastrointestinal tract in DNA synthesis inhibition].", "content": "Injection of hydroxyurea induced degeneration of almost all the cells synthesizing DNA in the crypts of the jejunum and of only 10% of such cells in the epithelium of the glandular stomach in mouse. Inhibition of the DNA synthesis by hydroxyurea was complete in both tissues. Thus, the cells of the glandular stomach withstood inhibition of the DNA synthesis without and degeneration.", "contents": "[Acute cell death in various sections of the gastrointestinal tract in DNA synthesis inhibition]. Injection of hydroxyurea induced degeneration of almost all the cells synthesizing DNA in the crypts of the jejunum and of only 10% of such cells in the epithelium of the glandular stomach in mouse. Inhibition of the DNA synthesis by hydroxyurea was complete in both tissues. Thus, the cells of the glandular stomach withstood inhibition of the DNA synthesis without and degeneration.", "PMID": 1182303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8364", "title": "[Changes in the liver lysosomes of the rat in chronic toxic hepatitis].", "content": "A study was made of permeability of the lysosome membranes and subcellular distribution of acid hydrolases in chronic hepatitis caused by CCl4 inhalation and during the restoration of the liver after injury. No normalization of the indices under study occurred during the period of up to 14 days after the last CCl4 inhalation: changes in the stability of the lysosome membran persisted and redistribution of acid hydrolases was noted. This redistribution was associated with both the processes of injury and restoration of the liver.", "contents": "[Changes in the liver lysosomes of the rat in chronic toxic hepatitis]. A study was made of permeability of the lysosome membranes and subcellular distribution of acid hydrolases in chronic hepatitis caused by CCl4 inhalation and during the restoration of the liver after injury. No normalization of the indices under study occurred during the period of up to 14 days after the last CCl4 inhalation: changes in the stability of the lysosome membran persisted and redistribution of acid hydrolases was noted. This redistribution was associated with both the processes of injury and restoration of the liver.", "PMID": 1182305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8365", "title": "[Phospholipids and thromboplastins in various sections of the brain normally and in excitation states].", "content": "The level of the neutral and acid phospholipids and thromboplastic activity of various portions of the rabbit brain were studied under normal conditions and following adrenaline stimulation. The level of total phospholipids, neutral phospholipids, and the ratio of neutral to acid phospholipids, thromboplastic activity and its increase following incubation of homogenates of the brain tissue of normal and adrenaline-treated animals were found to be distributed in the following descending order: the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres. Adrenaline decreased the thromboplastic activity and induced changes in the neutral and acid phospholipid levels. The role of phospholipids in the biosynthesis of various components of the blood clotting and anticoagulant systems are discussed.", "contents": "[Phospholipids and thromboplastins in various sections of the brain normally and in excitation states]. The level of the neutral and acid phospholipids and thromboplastic activity of various portions of the rabbit brain were studied under normal conditions and following adrenaline stimulation. The level of total phospholipids, neutral phospholipids, and the ratio of neutral to acid phospholipids, thromboplastic activity and its increase following incubation of homogenates of the brain tissue of normal and adrenaline-treated animals were found to be distributed in the following descending order: the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres. Adrenaline decreased the thromboplastic activity and induced changes in the neutral and acid phospholipid levels. The role of phospholipids in the biosynthesis of various components of the blood clotting and anticoagulant systems are discussed.", "PMID": 1182306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8366", "title": "[Effect of psychotropic substances on conditioned reflexes in cats after emotional excitation].", "content": "Emotional rage and fear were found to destroy the differential inhibition and the short-term memory in cats. Stelazine, haloperidol, amitriptyline, imizine, chlordiazepoxide, diazepan and benactyzine prevented these disturbances. Chlorpromazine, as well as stelazine and haloperidol in high doses, enhanced these disturbances. The tranquillizers and the antidepressants normalized the higher nervous activity at a greater dose range than neuroleptics and were more preferable for the elimination of the negative consequences of the strong emotional reactions.", "contents": "[Effect of psychotropic substances on conditioned reflexes in cats after emotional excitation]. Emotional rage and fear were found to destroy the differential inhibition and the short-term memory in cats. Stelazine, haloperidol, amitriptyline, imizine, chlordiazepoxide, diazepan and benactyzine prevented these disturbances. Chlorpromazine, as well as stelazine and haloperidol in high doses, enhanced these disturbances. The tranquillizers and the antidepressants normalized the higher nervous activity at a greater dose range than neuroleptics and were more preferable for the elimination of the negative consequences of the strong emotional reactions.", "PMID": 1182307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8367", "title": "[Effect of some adrenergic substances on the cumulative effect of strophanthin].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on cats; a study was made of the effect of pharmacological block and stimulation of the adrenergic innervation on the toxicity and the cumulative effect of strophanthine. It was found that anapryline premedication and a preliminary reserpinization increased the strophanthine tolerance and reduced its cumulative effect. Isadrine caused a sharp elevation of the sensitivity to cardiac glycoside, but no cumulation was present in this case.", "contents": "[Effect of some adrenergic substances on the cumulative effect of strophanthin]. Experiments were conducted on cats; a study was made of the effect of pharmacological block and stimulation of the adrenergic innervation on the toxicity and the cumulative effect of strophanthine. It was found that anapryline premedication and a preliminary reserpinization increased the strophanthine tolerance and reduced its cumulative effect. Isadrine caused a sharp elevation of the sensitivity to cardiac glycoside, but no cumulation was present in this case.", "PMID": 1182308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8368", "title": "[Effect of prothixen and related compounds on serotonin absorption by human thrombocytes].", "content": "Distribution of preparations in the order of reduction of the inhibitory influence on serotonin (ST) absorption by platelets corresponded to the distribution of the preparations, by decrease in the thymoanaleptic action: chlorimipramine greater than imipramine greater than amitryptiline desimpramine-nortyptyline-chlorprotixen greater than chlorpromaxine greater than norprotixen greater than protixen-propazine. A change in the influence of the preparation on the ST absorption by platelets caused by the administration into the structure of the chlorine atom compound or by demethylation of the preparation was largely determined by the chemical structure of the initial compound.", "contents": "[Effect of prothixen and related compounds on serotonin absorption by human thrombocytes]. Distribution of preparations in the order of reduction of the inhibitory influence on serotonin (ST) absorption by platelets corresponded to the distribution of the preparations, by decrease in the thymoanaleptic action: chlorimipramine greater than imipramine greater than amitryptiline desimpramine-nortyptyline-chlorprotixen greater than chlorpromaxine greater than norprotixen greater than protixen-propazine. A change in the influence of the preparation on the ST absorption by platelets caused by the administration into the structure of the chlorine atom compound or by demethylation of the preparation was largely determined by the chemical structure of the initial compound.", "PMID": 1182309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8369", "title": "[DNA and antibodies to DNA in Aleutian mink disease].", "content": "Free DNA and various types of antibodies to DNA were determined in the blood serum and plasma of minks which contracted Aleutian disease (AD) spontaneously and of minks experimentally infected with this disease. Healthy minks and other animals served as controls. It was found that a higher incidence of antibodies to DNA of the 2nd and 3rd types in high titres (1: 80-1: 2560) was characteristic of the experimental group of animals. Besides, a free polymeric DNA was more frequently revealed in the experimental group of animals.", "contents": "[DNA and antibodies to DNA in Aleutian mink disease]. Free DNA and various types of antibodies to DNA were determined in the blood serum and plasma of minks which contracted Aleutian disease (AD) spontaneously and of minks experimentally infected with this disease. Healthy minks and other animals served as controls. It was found that a higher incidence of antibodies to DNA of the 2nd and 3rd types in high titres (1: 80-1: 2560) was characteristic of the experimental group of animals. Besides, a free polymeric DNA was more frequently revealed in the experimental group of animals.", "PMID": 1182310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8370", "title": "[State of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system of rabbits in anaphylactic shock].", "content": "With the aid of morphometric and histochemical methods a study was made of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system of rabbits in anaphylactic shock. The following occurred in rabbits which survived the shock: an enlargement of the perikarions and reduction in the size of the nuclei and nucleoli of the neurosecretory cells; the content of the neurosecretory substance was increased in the whole neurosecretory system. In rabbits which perished from shock the nuclei and the nucleoli of the neurosecretory cells diminished to a lesser extent, perikarion measurements remained unchanged and the content of the neurosecretory substance in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis fell. Thus, in the animals which survived the shock the processes of synthesis of the neurohormones by the neurosecretory cells were sharply activated, but the secretion of the neurohormones from the posterior lobe of the hypophysis was inhibited; in animals which perished from shock the activation of the hormone formation in the neurosecretory cells was less pronounced, but the processes of the secretion of the neurohormones from the posterior lobe were apparently intensified.", "contents": "[State of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system of rabbits in anaphylactic shock]. With the aid of morphometric and histochemical methods a study was made of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system of rabbits in anaphylactic shock. The following occurred in rabbits which survived the shock: an enlargement of the perikarions and reduction in the size of the nuclei and nucleoli of the neurosecretory cells; the content of the neurosecretory substance was increased in the whole neurosecretory system. In rabbits which perished from shock the nuclei and the nucleoli of the neurosecretory cells diminished to a lesser extent, perikarion measurements remained unchanged and the content of the neurosecretory substance in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis fell. Thus, in the animals which survived the shock the processes of synthesis of the neurohormones by the neurosecretory cells were sharply activated, but the secretion of the neurohormones from the posterior lobe of the hypophysis was inhibited; in animals which perished from shock the activation of the hormone formation in the neurosecretory cells was less pronounced, but the processes of the secretion of the neurohormones from the posterior lobe were apparently intensified.", "PMID": 1182311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8371", "title": "[Change in the RNA content in the rat endometrium under the action of estrogen-megestrol and neurotropic substances].", "content": "The effect of the hormone-like estrogen-progestagen preparation megestranol and of megestranol-spasmolytin combination on the activity of metabolic processes in the uterine mucous membrane was studied in experiments on rats. Results of cytochemical studies showed megestranol and megestranol-spasmolytin combination to change  the metabolic activity of the uterine mucous membrane resulting in a decrease in the RNA content in the epithelial cells of the endometrial glands, thereby creating conditions preventing normal implantation and development of the fertilized ovum.", "contents": "[Change in the RNA content in the rat endometrium under the action of estrogen-megestrol and neurotropic substances]. The effect of the hormone-like estrogen-progestagen preparation megestranol and of megestranol-spasmolytin combination on the activity of metabolic processes in the uterine mucous membrane was studied in experiments on rats. Results of cytochemical studies showed megestranol and megestranol-spasmolytin combination to change  the metabolic activity of the uterine mucous membrane resulting in a decrease in the RNA content in the epithelial cells of the endometrial glands, thereby creating conditions preventing normal implantation and development of the fertilized ovum.", "PMID": 1182312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8372", "title": "Biomechanics of a lymphatic vessel.", "content": "The principles of mechanics and the current notions of lymphatic physiology are integrated into a simple mathematical model of a lymphatic vessel which establishes a theoretical base for lymph propulsion in the lymphatic system. The model specifically considers the active and passive contractilities of the lymphatics. The model is simulated on a digital computer. The pressure and flow patterns derived from the model are consistent with the currently available experimental data.", "contents": "Biomechanics of a lymphatic vessel. The principles of mechanics and the current notions of lymphatic physiology are integrated into a simple mathematical model of a lymphatic vessel which establishes a theoretical base for lymph propulsion in the lymphatic system. The model specifically considers the active and passive contractilities of the lymphatics. The model is simulated on a digital computer. The pressure and flow patterns derived from the model are consistent with the currently available experimental data.", "PMID": 1182313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8373", "title": "Calcium flux and binding in the aortic smooth muscle from the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "There was no significant difference in the tissue calcium content between spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and normotensive rat aortae. 45Ca uptake was significantly greater, whereas 45Ca influx was significantly less in SHR than in control aortae. There was no difference in 45Ca efflux in SHR and control tissues. 45Ca influx in both SHR and control tissues was increased by potassium, not increased by norepinephrine and inhibited by Co++, Mn++ and La+++ (all 0.5 mM). Both SHR and control aortae were equally inhibited by Mn++ and Co++ (0.1 mM). There was no difference in the 45Ca uptake by microsome fraction from both SHR and control tissue. These data indicate some differences in the translocation of Ca++ at the cellular level in SHR and control aortae.", "contents": "Calcium flux and binding in the aortic smooth muscle from the spontaneously hypertensive rat. There was no significant difference in the tissue calcium content between spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and normotensive rat aortae. 45Ca uptake was significantly greater, whereas 45Ca influx was significantly less in SHR than in control aortae. There was no difference in 45Ca efflux in SHR and control tissues. 45Ca influx in both SHR and control tissues was increased by potassium, not increased by norepinephrine and inhibited by Co++, Mn++ and La+++ (all 0.5 mM). Both SHR and control aortae were equally inhibited by Mn++ and Co++ (0.1 mM). There was no difference in the 45Ca uptake by microsome fraction from both SHR and control tissue. These data indicate some differences in the translocation of Ca++ at the cellular level in SHR and control aortae.", "PMID": 1182314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8374", "title": "Comparison of the relaxing effect of dopamine with that of adenosine, isoproterenol and acetylcholine in isolated canine coronary arteries.", "content": "Isolated canine coronary arteries were contracted with prostaglandin F2a and the relaxing effects of dopamine, adenosine, isoproterenol and acetylcholine were compared. Relaxation induced by dopamine in phenoxybenzamine-treated arteries was not significantly influenced by propranolol and atropine in concentrations sufficient to shift dose-respone curves of isoproterenol and acetylcholine, respectively, to the right. Dose-response curves of isoproterenol were shifted significantly to the left by 2 x 10(-5) M aminophylline. In contrast, the relaxing effect of adenosine was significantly attenuated by aminophylline (5 x 10(-6)-10(-4) M) in a dose-dependent manner. Kinetic analysis showed that aminophylline competitively antagonized the effect of adenosine, and the pA2 was 5.57. At these concentrations, aminophylline did not alter the relaxing action of dopamine and acetylcholine. It may be concluded that dopamine produces relaxation at a different site and with a different mechanism of action from those of isoproterenol, the effect of the latter being presumably mediated by cellular cyclic AMP, and that dopamine also does not share the site of action with adenosine and acetylcholine. It appears that receptive sites specific for adenosine are present in canine coronary arteries.", "contents": "Comparison of the relaxing effect of dopamine with that of adenosine, isoproterenol and acetylcholine in isolated canine coronary arteries. Isolated canine coronary arteries were contracted with prostaglandin F2a and the relaxing effects of dopamine, adenosine, isoproterenol and acetylcholine were compared. Relaxation induced by dopamine in phenoxybenzamine-treated arteries was not significantly influenced by propranolol and atropine in concentrations sufficient to shift dose-respone curves of isoproterenol and acetylcholine, respectively, to the right. Dose-response curves of isoproterenol were shifted significantly to the left by 2 x 10(-5) M aminophylline. In contrast, the relaxing effect of adenosine was significantly attenuated by aminophylline (5 x 10(-6)-10(-4) M) in a dose-dependent manner. Kinetic analysis showed that aminophylline competitively antagonized the effect of adenosine, and the pA2 was 5.57. At these concentrations, aminophylline did not alter the relaxing action of dopamine and acetylcholine. It may be concluded that dopamine produces relaxation at a different site and with a different mechanism of action from those of isoproterenol, the effect of the latter being presumably mediated by cellular cyclic AMP, and that dopamine also does not share the site of action with adenosine and acetylcholine. It appears that receptive sites specific for adenosine are present in canine coronary arteries.", "PMID": 1182315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8375", "title": "Isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase in varicose veins.", "content": "The activity of lactate dehydrogenase and fractions of this enzyme has been estimated in human large saphenous veins. Typical varicosities were compared in composition with normal veins from the same patients. The total LDH activity was significantly decreased in typical varicosities. Varicose veins further differed from macroscopically normal veins by a lower content of aerobic fractions of LDH and a higher content of anaerobic fractions. These results suggest that there is a disturbance in metabolism of the smooth muscle of the venous wall in varicosities which would make the diseased wall more dependent on anaerobic glycolysis than normal tissue.", "contents": "Isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase in varicose veins. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase and fractions of this enzyme has been estimated in human large saphenous veins. Typical varicosities were compared in composition with normal veins from the same patients. The total LDH activity was significantly decreased in typical varicosities. Varicose veins further differed from macroscopically normal veins by a lower content of aerobic fractions of LDH and a higher content of anaerobic fractions. These results suggest that there is a disturbance in metabolism of the smooth muscle of the venous wall in varicosities which would make the diseased wall more dependent on anaerobic glycolysis than normal tissue.", "PMID": 1182316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8376", "title": "Interaction of mono- and divalent metallic cations and of indomethacin on the membrane potential of vascular endothelial cells in vitro.", "content": "1 Endothelial cells depolarized progressively when heated for 5 h at 45 degrees C in the presence of calcium (1 mM), cupric (0.08 mM) or ferrous (0.04mM) ions. In the absence of these ions, heating caused only slight depolarization. Higher concentrations of these ions caused depolarization even at normal body temperature (37 degrees C). 2 Cuprous and potassium ions, although producing depolarization at 37 degrees C, failed to augment the depolarization due to heating to 45 degrees C. 3 Hydrogen peroxide caused depolarization which was potentiated by the presence of calcium, cupric or ferrous ions, but not by the presence of cuprous or potassium ions. 4 Indomethacin (0.25 mM) reduced the depolarization caused by calcium, cupric or ferrous ions at 37 degrees C and also reduced the potentiation of heat-induced and hydrogen peroxide-induced depolarization which these divalent metallic cations produced. However, indomethacin failed to modify the depolarization caused by cuprous or potassium ions.", "contents": "Interaction of mono- and divalent metallic cations and of indomethacin on the membrane potential of vascular endothelial cells in vitro. 1 Endothelial cells depolarized progressively when heated for 5 h at 45 degrees C in the presence of calcium (1 mM), cupric (0.08 mM) or ferrous (0.04mM) ions. In the absence of these ions, heating caused only slight depolarization. Higher concentrations of these ions caused depolarization even at normal body temperature (37 degrees C). 2 Cuprous and potassium ions, although producing depolarization at 37 degrees C, failed to augment the depolarization due to heating to 45 degrees C. 3 Hydrogen peroxide caused depolarization which was potentiated by the presence of calcium, cupric or ferrous ions, but not by the presence of cuprous or potassium ions. 4 Indomethacin (0.25 mM) reduced the depolarization caused by calcium, cupric or ferrous ions at 37 degrees C and also reduced the potentiation of heat-induced and hydrogen peroxide-induced depolarization which these divalent metallic cations produced. However, indomethacin failed to modify the depolarization caused by cuprous or potassium ions.", "PMID": 1182337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8377", "title": "Mechanism of mechanical inhibition of smooth muscle by ouabain.", "content": "1 Ouabain (10 mug/ml) caused an initial increase followed by a decrease in tension in guinea-pig taenia coli bathed in normal sodium and potassium containing medium. 2 The excitatory effect of ouabain was prevented by the elevation of extracellular potassium while the inhibitory effect was abolished in the absence of sodium in the bathing medium. 3 In the presence of sodium, the inhibitory effect of ouabain disappeared when the drug was washed out, but in the presence of lithium (which is not extruded by the Na-K pump) the inhibition was not abolished. 4 The inhibitory effect of ouabain was accompanied by an increase in tissue Na and a decrease in tissue K concentration. The increase in intracellular [45Ca] which occurred when extracellular [k] was varied, was also reduced by ouabain. 5 It is concluded that a high intracellular level of sodium inhibits contractions in visceral smooth muscle probably by a mechanism involving decreased Ca influx.", "contents": "Mechanism of mechanical inhibition of smooth muscle by ouabain. 1 Ouabain (10 mug/ml) caused an initial increase followed by a decrease in tension in guinea-pig taenia coli bathed in normal sodium and potassium containing medium. 2 The excitatory effect of ouabain was prevented by the elevation of extracellular potassium while the inhibitory effect was abolished in the absence of sodium in the bathing medium. 3 In the presence of sodium, the inhibitory effect of ouabain disappeared when the drug was washed out, but in the presence of lithium (which is not extruded by the Na-K pump) the inhibition was not abolished. 4 The inhibitory effect of ouabain was accompanied by an increase in tissue Na and a decrease in tissue K concentration. The increase in intracellular [45Ca] which occurred when extracellular [k] was varied, was also reduced by ouabain. 5 It is concluded that a high intracellular level of sodium inhibits contractions in visceral smooth muscle probably by a mechanism involving decreased Ca influx.", "PMID": 1182338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8378", "title": "Forecasting the antimalarial activities of arylamidinoureas from their measured physicochemical properties.", "content": "1 The octanol : water partition coefficient (PC), protein binding coefficients to albumin (Ba) and haemoglobin (Bh), proton magnetic resonance (PMR) chemical shifts and pKa of 8 arylamidinoureas have been measured. 2 There were statistically significant correlations for 7 of the 8 compounds between the predicted lipophilicity parameter eta and log PC, Ba and Bh, and also between Hammett's electronic parameter sigma and the PMR and pKa observations. 3 3-Chloro,4-nitrophenylamidinourea showed a larger deviation from these correlations than any other compound. Geometric calculations based on the covalent radii and bond angles of the molecule suggested that the neighbouring chloro and nitro substituents were interacting sterically. 4 Molecular orbital calculations and the observed ultra-violet spectrum provided further evidence for such an interaction, and suggested that the nitro group is twisted out of the plane of the benzene ring in this molecule. 5 Such steric interactions can introduce an additional source of error when attempts are made to correlate the biological and predicted physicochemical properties of compounds. 6 Generalized parameters such as eta and sigma cannot be used with confidence to predict the properties of compounds in which such steric interactions occur.", "contents": "Forecasting the antimalarial activities of arylamidinoureas from their measured physicochemical properties. 1 The octanol : water partition coefficient (PC), protein binding coefficients to albumin (Ba) and haemoglobin (Bh), proton magnetic resonance (PMR) chemical shifts and pKa of 8 arylamidinoureas have been measured. 2 There were statistically significant correlations for 7 of the 8 compounds between the predicted lipophilicity parameter eta and log PC, Ba and Bh, and also between Hammett's electronic parameter sigma and the PMR and pKa observations. 3 3-Chloro,4-nitrophenylamidinourea showed a larger deviation from these correlations than any other compound. Geometric calculations based on the covalent radii and bond angles of the molecule suggested that the neighbouring chloro and nitro substituents were interacting sterically. 4 Molecular orbital calculations and the observed ultra-violet spectrum provided further evidence for such an interaction, and suggested that the nitro group is twisted out of the plane of the benzene ring in this molecule. 5 Such steric interactions can introduce an additional source of error when attempts are made to correlate the biological and predicted physicochemical properties of compounds. 6 Generalized parameters such as eta and sigma cannot be used with confidence to predict the properties of compounds in which such steric interactions occur.", "PMID": 1182339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8379", "title": "Desensitization in the innervated and in the chronically denervated soleus muscle of the mouse.", "content": "1 A study was made of desensitization in chronically denervated and in normally innervated mouse soleus muscles. 2 Very high concentrations of acetylcholine produced small contractions of the innervated muscles; these were reduced in size when the addition was repeated 1 min after wash-out. 3 Desensitization in innervated muscles was receptor specific: contractions in response to KCl and caffeine were not reduced following acetylcholine, nor did KCl produce desensitization. 4 In chronically denervated muscles non-specific desensitization was observed if acetylcholine was added in the presence of low concentrations of acetylcholine or carbachol. Contractions to KCl but not to caffeine were reduced. KCl produced a similar kind of desensitization. 5 After washing out moderate or supramaximal concentrations from the chronically denervated muscle no desensitization was observed. However, 1 min after washout of very high concentrations the muscle was non-specifically desensitized. 6 It is concluded that relatively high concentrations of acetylcholine are required to produce specific desensitization in the soleus muscle. Chronically denervated muscles, being supersensitive, show non-specific loss of sensitivity with concentrations of acetylcholine too low to produce specific desensitization.", "contents": "Desensitization in the innervated and in the chronically denervated soleus muscle of the mouse. 1 A study was made of desensitization in chronically denervated and in normally innervated mouse soleus muscles. 2 Very high concentrations of acetylcholine produced small contractions of the innervated muscles; these were reduced in size when the addition was repeated 1 min after wash-out. 3 Desensitization in innervated muscles was receptor specific: contractions in response to KCl and caffeine were not reduced following acetylcholine, nor did KCl produce desensitization. 4 In chronically denervated muscles non-specific desensitization was observed if acetylcholine was added in the presence of low concentrations of acetylcholine or carbachol. Contractions to KCl but not to caffeine were reduced. KCl produced a similar kind of desensitization. 5 After washing out moderate or supramaximal concentrations from the chronically denervated muscle no desensitization was observed. However, 1 min after washout of very high concentrations the muscle was non-specifically desensitized. 6 It is concluded that relatively high concentrations of acetylcholine are required to produce specific desensitization in the soleus muscle. Chronically denervated muscles, being supersensitive, show non-specific loss of sensitivity with concentrations of acetylcholine too low to produce specific desensitization.", "PMID": 1182340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8380", "title": "A comparison of the effect of mescaline on activity and emotional defaecation in seven strains of mice.", "content": "1 Mescaline hemi-sulphate (35 mg/kg body weight) was injected intraperitoneally into male mice (Mus musculus) from seven genetically diverse laboratory strains. 2 The effect of mescaline was found by comparison of the emotional defaecation and open field activity of mice after mescaline injection with the performance of the same mice after a subsequent saline (0.9% w/v NaCl solution) control injection. 3 In strains A2G, C3H/He, C57BR/cd, CBA/Cam and F/St, mescaline inhibited emotional defaecation and stimulated open field activity. These effects did not occur in strains 1CFW and Schneider. 4 A positive relationship was found between the degree of emotional defaecation characteristic of each strain in the saline control experiment and the inhibitory effect of mescaline on emotional defaecation. 5 Pre-treatment of mice with tranylcypromine (20 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) had no effect on emotional defaecation or on its inhibition by mescaline.", "contents": "A comparison of the effect of mescaline on activity and emotional defaecation in seven strains of mice. 1 Mescaline hemi-sulphate (35 mg/kg body weight) was injected intraperitoneally into male mice (Mus musculus) from seven genetically diverse laboratory strains. 2 The effect of mescaline was found by comparison of the emotional defaecation and open field activity of mice after mescaline injection with the performance of the same mice after a subsequent saline (0.9% w/v NaCl solution) control injection. 3 In strains A2G, C3H/He, C57BR/cd, CBA/Cam and F/St, mescaline inhibited emotional defaecation and stimulated open field activity. These effects did not occur in strains 1CFW and Schneider. 4 A positive relationship was found between the degree of emotional defaecation characteristic of each strain in the saline control experiment and the inhibitory effect of mescaline on emotional defaecation. 5 Pre-treatment of mice with tranylcypromine (20 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) had no effect on emotional defaecation or on its inhibition by mescaline.", "PMID": 1182341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8381", "title": "The penetration of dapsone, rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide into peripheral nerves.", "content": "1 Dapsone, rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide were shown to penetrate readily into the sciatic nerves of the dog and sheep. 2 These findings suggest that the continued persistence of viable drug-sensitive leprosy bacilli in the peripheral nerves of patients treated for long periods with either dapsone or rifampicin is not due to inadequate intraneural drug penetration.", "contents": "The penetration of dapsone, rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide into peripheral nerves. 1 Dapsone, rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide were shown to penetrate readily into the sciatic nerves of the dog and sheep. 2 These findings suggest that the continued persistence of viable drug-sensitive leprosy bacilli in the peripheral nerves of patients treated for long periods with either dapsone or rifampicin is not due to inadequate intraneural drug penetration.", "PMID": 1182342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8382", "title": "Meiosis: a prostaglandin response that is not inhibited by aspirin.", "content": "Antidromic stimulation of the sensory nerve to the rabbit eye produces pupillary meiosis, supposedly by release of prostaglandins into the aqueous humour. The analogy between this phenomenon and neurogenic inflammation is drawn. It is shown that aspirin and indomethacin, known blockers of prostaglandin synthesis and release, fail to block the meiosis thus produced.", "contents": "Meiosis: a prostaglandin response that is not inhibited by aspirin. Antidromic stimulation of the sensory nerve to the rabbit eye produces pupillary meiosis, supposedly by release of prostaglandins into the aqueous humour. The analogy between this phenomenon and neurogenic inflammation is drawn. It is shown that aspirin and indomethacin, known blockers of prostaglandin synthesis and release, fail to block the meiosis thus produced.", "PMID": 1182343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8383", "title": "Effects of iprindole on responses of single cortical and caudate neurones to monoamines and acetylcholine.", "content": "1 The technique of microelectrophoresis was used to study the effects of iprindole on single neurones in the cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus of the rat. 2 Iprindole, when applied for a brief period, did not affect the firing rate of the vast majority of neurones tested. 3 Both potentiation and antagonism of neuronal responses to noradrenaline, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine could be observed after a brief application of iprindole. Potentiation and antagonism often occurred after the same application of iprindole, antagonism always preceding potentiation. 4 Responses to acetylcholine were affected by iprindole similarly: both potentiation and antagonism of the responses could be observed. 5 Responses to glutamate were not affected by iprindole. 6 It is concluded that the potentiation of responses to monoamines by iprindole cannot be explained on the basis of uptake blockade; this potentiation may be due to the blockade of masked receptors on the post-synaptic cell. 7. It is suggested that the common pharmacological action of the tricyclic antidepressants may be the ability to block both monoamine and acetylcholine receptors in the brain.", "contents": "Effects of iprindole on responses of single cortical and caudate neurones to monoamines and acetylcholine. 1 The technique of microelectrophoresis was used to study the effects of iprindole on single neurones in the cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus of the rat. 2 Iprindole, when applied for a brief period, did not affect the firing rate of the vast majority of neurones tested. 3 Both potentiation and antagonism of neuronal responses to noradrenaline, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine could be observed after a brief application of iprindole. Potentiation and antagonism often occurred after the same application of iprindole, antagonism always preceding potentiation. 4 Responses to acetylcholine were affected by iprindole similarly: both potentiation and antagonism of the responses could be observed. 5 Responses to glutamate were not affected by iprindole. 6 It is concluded that the potentiation of responses to monoamines by iprindole cannot be explained on the basis of uptake blockade; this potentiation may be due to the blockade of masked receptors on the post-synaptic cell. 7. It is suggested that the common pharmacological action of the tricyclic antidepressants may be the ability to block both monoamine and acetylcholine receptors in the brain.", "PMID": 1182344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8384", "title": "The action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on chemoreceptor discharges of the cat's carotid body.", "content": "1 Chemoreceptor discharges were recorded in vivo from fine filaments of the carotid sinus nerve containing a single or several active units; their frequency was used as an index of receptor activity. The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on chemoreceptors were studied in 26 adult cats. At times, sinus baroreceptor discharges were recorded from the carotid nerve and the effect of 5-HT on the discharges was examined. 2 Intra-carotid injections of 5-HT (2-20 mug) induced a sharp and brief increase in chemoreceptor discharges, followed by depression or block which lasted for several seconds. Repeated injections at short intervals, and a small dose after a large dose of 5-HT resulted in depressed or blocked response to 5-HT. 3 5-HT in high doses (10-20 mug, i.a.) slightly depressed the chemoreceptor discharges induced by either acetylcholine (ACh) or NaCN, when these substances were applied within 20 s after 5-HT. 5-HT (5-20 mug, i.a.) applied during asphyxia induced a further increase in chemoreceptor discharges, soon followed by block of the discharges lasting for several seconds. 4 Atropine or hexamethonium in high doses did not change the chemoreceptor response to 5-HT, while that to ACh was markedly depressed. 5 (+)-Lysergic diethylamide (LSD), methysergide or gramine did not alter the response to 5-HT, while LSD in low doses produced a marked increase in chemoreceptor discharges. 6 Acute and chronic treatment with reserpine (5-10 mg/kg, i.v.) of the animals did not change the sensitivity and the reactivity of the chemoreceptor to ACh and NaCN, while the chemoreceptor response to 5-HT was augmented, indicating an increase in the sensitivity of chemoreceptors to 5-HT. 7 5-HT in small doses (2-10 mug, i.a.) induced a marked increase in sinus baroreceptor discharges; subsequently discharges were depressed or blocked for several seconds. 8 The results are discussed in relation to possible mechanism of action of 5-HT on the chemoreceptors. It is concluded that the exogenous 5-HT probably acts directly on the chemosensory nerve endings and depolarizes them, but 5-HT contained in the carotid body does not play a significant role in the generation of chemoreceptor discharges.", "contents": "The action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on chemoreceptor discharges of the cat's carotid body. 1 Chemoreceptor discharges were recorded in vivo from fine filaments of the carotid sinus nerve containing a single or several active units; their frequency was used as an index of receptor activity. The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on chemoreceptors were studied in 26 adult cats. At times, sinus baroreceptor discharges were recorded from the carotid nerve and the effect of 5-HT on the discharges was examined. 2 Intra-carotid injections of 5-HT (2-20 mug) induced a sharp and brief increase in chemoreceptor discharges, followed by depression or block which lasted for several seconds. Repeated injections at short intervals, and a small dose after a large dose of 5-HT resulted in depressed or blocked response to 5-HT. 3 5-HT in high doses (10-20 mug, i.a.) slightly depressed the chemoreceptor discharges induced by either acetylcholine (ACh) or NaCN, when these substances were applied within 20 s after 5-HT. 5-HT (5-20 mug, i.a.) applied during asphyxia induced a further increase in chemoreceptor discharges, soon followed by block of the discharges lasting for several seconds. 4 Atropine or hexamethonium in high doses did not change the chemoreceptor response to 5-HT, while that to ACh was markedly depressed. 5 (+)-Lysergic diethylamide (LSD), methysergide or gramine did not alter the response to 5-HT, while LSD in low doses produced a marked increase in chemoreceptor discharges. 6 Acute and chronic treatment with reserpine (5-10 mg/kg, i.v.) of the animals did not change the sensitivity and the reactivity of the chemoreceptor to ACh and NaCN, while the chemoreceptor response to 5-HT was augmented, indicating an increase in the sensitivity of chemoreceptors to 5-HT. 7 5-HT in small doses (2-10 mug, i.a.) induced a marked increase in sinus baroreceptor discharges; subsequently discharges were depressed or blocked for several seconds. 8 The results are discussed in relation to possible mechanism of action of 5-HT on the chemoreceptors. It is concluded that the exogenous 5-HT probably acts directly on the chemosensory nerve endings and depolarizes them, but 5-HT contained in the carotid body does not play a significant role in the generation of chemoreceptor discharges.", "PMID": 1182345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8385", "title": "Pressor response induced by local anaesthetics perfused through the cerebral ventricles of dogs.", "content": "1 The antihistamines mepyramine and halopyramine which have local anesthetic properties, produced a rise in arterial blood pressure followed by a fall, similar to that seen with procaine, when perfused in a 10 mg/ml solution from the lateral ventricle to the cisterna magna in dogs. 2 The pressor response produced by procaine perfused through the cerebral ventricle is due to an action on structures situated in the caudal half of the floor of the fourth ventricle because a pressor response was obtained when a few microlitres of a 50 mg/ml solution of procaine were applied to a small area of the exposed floor of the fourth ventricle in a region 2 to 4 mm rostral to obex, and after cauterization of this area procaine perfused through the cerebral ventricles no longer raised arterial blood pressure. 3 Bilateral denervation of the carotid sinus did not affect the pressor response obtained with procaine perfused through the cerebral ventricles. 4 The pressor response to procaine is mediated through the sympathetic nervous system. It results partly from an increased adrenaline discharge from the adrenal glands and partly from increased sympathetic vasomotor tone, because the response is abolished or attenuated after removal of the adrenal glands and intravenous injections of hexamethonium and phentolamine.", "contents": "Pressor response induced by local anaesthetics perfused through the cerebral ventricles of dogs. 1 The antihistamines mepyramine and halopyramine which have local anesthetic properties, produced a rise in arterial blood pressure followed by a fall, similar to that seen with procaine, when perfused in a 10 mg/ml solution from the lateral ventricle to the cisterna magna in dogs. 2 The pressor response produced by procaine perfused through the cerebral ventricle is due to an action on structures situated in the caudal half of the floor of the fourth ventricle because a pressor response was obtained when a few microlitres of a 50 mg/ml solution of procaine were applied to a small area of the exposed floor of the fourth ventricle in a region 2 to 4 mm rostral to obex, and after cauterization of this area procaine perfused through the cerebral ventricles no longer raised arterial blood pressure. 3 Bilateral denervation of the carotid sinus did not affect the pressor response obtained with procaine perfused through the cerebral ventricles. 4 The pressor response to procaine is mediated through the sympathetic nervous system. It results partly from an increased adrenaline discharge from the adrenal glands and partly from increased sympathetic vasomotor tone, because the response is abolished or attenuated after removal of the adrenal glands and intravenous injections of hexamethonium and phentolamine.", "PMID": 1182346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8386", "title": "Mechanical responses of rat isolated uterine horns to transmural stimulation.", "content": "1 Transmural stimulation of rat isolated uterine horns at low pulse width produced contractions. These were antagonized by hyoscine or tetrodotoxin and potentiated by physostigmine. 2 In the presence of hyoscine, and during bradykinin-induced contractions, transmural stimulation produced inhibition. This inhibition was antagonized by guanethidine, propranolol or tetrodotoxin. 3 Hexamethonium or pempidine did not affect responses to transmural stimulation. 4 It is suggested that transmural stimulation is a method of exciting cholinergic motor and noradrenergic inhibitory postganglionic neurones to the rat myometrium.", "contents": "Mechanical responses of rat isolated uterine horns to transmural stimulation. 1 Transmural stimulation of rat isolated uterine horns at low pulse width produced contractions. These were antagonized by hyoscine or tetrodotoxin and potentiated by physostigmine. 2 In the presence of hyoscine, and during bradykinin-induced contractions, transmural stimulation produced inhibition. This inhibition was antagonized by guanethidine, propranolol or tetrodotoxin. 3 Hexamethonium or pempidine did not affect responses to transmural stimulation. 4 It is suggested that transmural stimulation is a method of exciting cholinergic motor and noradrenergic inhibitory postganglionic neurones to the rat myometrium.", "PMID": 1182347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8387", "title": "The effects of prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha on vagal bradycardia in the anaesthetized mouse.", "content": "1 In anesthetized mice prostaglandins E1 and E2 reduced the bradycardia caused by electrical stimulation of the sectioned peripheral vagus nerve; prostaglandin F2alpha produced only a slight inhibition of the vagal response. 2 None of the prostaglandins studied affected acetylcholine-induced bradycardia. 3 Prostaglandins modify parasympathetic nerve activity in vivo presumably by a pre-synaptic action.", "contents": "The effects of prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha on vagal bradycardia in the anaesthetized mouse. 1 In anesthetized mice prostaglandins E1 and E2 reduced the bradycardia caused by electrical stimulation of the sectioned peripheral vagus nerve; prostaglandin F2alpha produced only a slight inhibition of the vagal response. 2 None of the prostaglandins studied affected acetylcholine-induced bradycardia. 3 Prostaglandins modify parasympathetic nerve activity in vivo presumably by a pre-synaptic action.", "PMID": 1182348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8388", "title": "On the ability of prostaglandin E1, and arachidonic acid to modulate experimentally induced oedema in the rat paw.", "content": "1 Prostaglandins E1 and E2 but not prostaglandin F2alpha, arachidonic acid or linolenic acid, produced slight oedema when injected into the rat hindpaw. 2 Prostaglandin E1 potentiated hindpaw oedema produced by carrageenan, kaolin, bradykinin and trypsin but not that produced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), histamine, dextran B or compound 48/80. Carrageenan- and bradykinin-induced paw oedemas were also potentiated by prostaglandin E2. Arachidonic acid potentiated responses to carrageenan and kaolin but not responses to bradykinin, trypsin, 5-HT, histamine, dextran B or compound 48/80. Linolenic acid did not potentiate hindpaw oedema induced by carrageenan. 3 Potentiation of carrageenan-induced oedema by prostaglandin E1 was not diminished by pretreatment with indomethacin, hydrocortisone or cyproheptadine. However, arachidonic acid potentiation of carrageenan oedema was reduced by pretreatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs but not by anti-inflammatory steroids or by paracetamol. 4 The enhancement of the response to carrageenan and kaolin by prostaglandins E1, E2 and arachidonic acid is discussed in terms of kinin mediation.", "contents": "On the ability of prostaglandin E1, and arachidonic acid to modulate experimentally induced oedema in the rat paw. 1 Prostaglandins E1 and E2 but not prostaglandin F2alpha, arachidonic acid or linolenic acid, produced slight oedema when injected into the rat hindpaw. 2 Prostaglandin E1 potentiated hindpaw oedema produced by carrageenan, kaolin, bradykinin and trypsin but not that produced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), histamine, dextran B or compound 48/80. Carrageenan- and bradykinin-induced paw oedemas were also potentiated by prostaglandin E2. Arachidonic acid potentiated responses to carrageenan and kaolin but not responses to bradykinin, trypsin, 5-HT, histamine, dextran B or compound 48/80. Linolenic acid did not potentiate hindpaw oedema induced by carrageenan. 3 Potentiation of carrageenan-induced oedema by prostaglandin E1 was not diminished by pretreatment with indomethacin, hydrocortisone or cyproheptadine. However, arachidonic acid potentiation of carrageenan oedema was reduced by pretreatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs but not by anti-inflammatory steroids or by paracetamol. 4 The enhancement of the response to carrageenan and kaolin by prostaglandins E1, E2 and arachidonic acid is discussed in terms of kinin mediation.", "PMID": 1182349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8389", "title": "Anti-inflammatory action of glucagon in rats.", "content": "1 Subcutaneous administration of glucagon (1 and 0.5 mg/kg) 30 min before the injection of carrageenin or dextran into the rat's paw reduced oedema and the local exudation of Evans blue previously given intravenously. 2 The effect persisted after removal of the adrenal medulla but not after adrenalectomy. 3 When glucagon (1 mg/kg, s.c.) was given daily after a local reaction to Freund's adjuvant injected into the paw had developed, a decrease in the reaction was observed up to 12 days. Blood sugar levels remained within the normal range. 4 Glucagon may exert an anti-inflammatory effect through the release of adrenal corticosteroids and thus help modulate inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory action of glucagon in rats. 1 Subcutaneous administration of glucagon (1 and 0.5 mg/kg) 30 min before the injection of carrageenin or dextran into the rat's paw reduced oedema and the local exudation of Evans blue previously given intravenously. 2 The effect persisted after removal of the adrenal medulla but not after adrenalectomy. 3 When glucagon (1 mg/kg, s.c.) was given daily after a local reaction to Freund's adjuvant injected into the paw had developed, a decrease in the reaction was observed up to 12 days. Blood sugar levels remained within the normal range. 4 Glucagon may exert an anti-inflammatory effect through the release of adrenal corticosteroids and thus help modulate inflammatory reactions.", "PMID": 1182350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8390", "title": "Formation of dopamine and noradrenaline in rat vas deferens: comparison with guinea-pig vas deferens.", "content": "1 The formation of [14C]-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) from [14C]-tyrosine, in the presence of the amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, brocresine (3-hydroxy-4-bromobenzyloxyamine dihydrogen phosphate), was greatly enhanced in rat vasa deferentia depolarized by a KCl-enriched Krebs-Henseleit solution (52 mM KCl) compared with tissues maintained in unmodified Krebs-Henseleit solution. 2 When the conversion of tyrosine was allowed to proceed as far as catecholamine (brocresine absent) no significant difference was observed between the accumulation of [14C]-catecholamines (CA) in depolarized rat vasa deferentia and the accumulation in control (non-depolarized) tissues. 3 Endogenous CA levels in the depolarized rat vasa deferentia fell to 67% of the controls after a 1 h incubation period and to 53% at the end of 2 hours. 4 Chromatographic separation on Amberlite CG-120 columns of the newly synthesized CA and catechol metabolites from the rat vas deferens revealed that a very high proportion was present as dopamine. The percentage distribution after 1 h incubation in control Krebs-Henseleit was: noradrenaline (NA): 30.6 +/- 5.2; dopamine 56.9 +/- 5.9; acid metabolites: 12.8 +/- 1.1; and in KCl-rich Krebs-Henseleit, NA: 32; dopamine: 44.7 and acid metabolites 23.3. In contrast to the newly synthesized (14C-labelled) CA, endogenous dopamine comprises only 10% of the endogenous CA stores in rat vas deferens. 5 The distribution of newly synthesized NA and dopamine in rat vas deferens is strikingly different from that of guinea-pig vas deferens where more than 80% of newly formed amine is present as NA. In the latter tissue depolarization with K+ causes a striking increase in CA biosynthesis.", "contents": "Formation of dopamine and noradrenaline in rat vas deferens: comparison with guinea-pig vas deferens. 1 The formation of [14C]-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) from [14C]-tyrosine, in the presence of the amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, brocresine (3-hydroxy-4-bromobenzyloxyamine dihydrogen phosphate), was greatly enhanced in rat vasa deferentia depolarized by a KCl-enriched Krebs-Henseleit solution (52 mM KCl) compared with tissues maintained in unmodified Krebs-Henseleit solution. 2 When the conversion of tyrosine was allowed to proceed as far as catecholamine (brocresine absent) no significant difference was observed between the accumulation of [14C]-catecholamines (CA) in depolarized rat vasa deferentia and the accumulation in control (non-depolarized) tissues. 3 Endogenous CA levels in the depolarized rat vasa deferentia fell to 67% of the controls after a 1 h incubation period and to 53% at the end of 2 hours. 4 Chromatographic separation on Amberlite CG-120 columns of the newly synthesized CA and catechol metabolites from the rat vas deferens revealed that a very high proportion was present as dopamine. The percentage distribution after 1 h incubation in control Krebs-Henseleit was: noradrenaline (NA): 30.6 +/- 5.2; dopamine 56.9 +/- 5.9; acid metabolites: 12.8 +/- 1.1; and in KCl-rich Krebs-Henseleit, NA: 32; dopamine: 44.7 and acid metabolites 23.3. In contrast to the newly synthesized (14C-labelled) CA, endogenous dopamine comprises only 10% of the endogenous CA stores in rat vas deferens. 5 The distribution of newly synthesized NA and dopamine in rat vas deferens is strikingly different from that of guinea-pig vas deferens where more than 80% of newly formed amine is present as NA. In the latter tissue depolarization with K+ causes a striking increase in CA biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1182351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8391", "title": "Temperature and behavioural responses induced in the unanaesthetized cat by the central administration of RX72601, a new anticholinesterase.", "content": "1 The central effects produced by a new anticholinesterase RX72601 injected into the cerebral ventricles or perfused within circumscribed forebrain structures have been investigated in the unanesthetized cat. 2 When injected into the cerebral ventricles in doses of 1-10 mug, RX72601 produced a dose-related hyperthermia together with behavioural and autonomic responses. 3 Experiments designed to localize the site or sites of these actions demonstrated that hyperthermia could be produced from several diencephalic sites but that the other effects were not normally produced from these same sites.", "contents": "Temperature and behavioural responses induced in the unanaesthetized cat by the central administration of RX72601, a new anticholinesterase. 1 The central effects produced by a new anticholinesterase RX72601 injected into the cerebral ventricles or perfused within circumscribed forebrain structures have been investigated in the unanesthetized cat. 2 When injected into the cerebral ventricles in doses of 1-10 mug, RX72601 produced a dose-related hyperthermia together with behavioural and autonomic responses. 3 Experiments designed to localize the site or sites of these actions demonstrated that hyperthermia could be produced from several diencephalic sites but that the other effects were not normally produced from these same sites.", "PMID": 1182352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8392", "title": "Influence of some social and environmental factors on the nutrient intake and nutritional status of schoolchildren.", "content": "Only children had significantly higher intakes of many nutrients and nutrients/1000 kcal than other children. A higher proportion of only children was found to be obese. There were no significant differences according to birthrank in intakes by children. There were more obese children among the fatherless than those with fathers, in particular among those whose mothers were widowed. However, this was not accounted for by the present dietary findings, since fatherless children had lower intakes of carbohydrate and added sugar. There were no differences in nutrient intake or intake/1000 kcal by mother's country of origin or her level of education, or by disposable income.", "contents": "Influence of some social and environmental factors on the nutrient intake and nutritional status of schoolchildren. Only children had significantly higher intakes of many nutrients and nutrients/1000 kcal than other children. A higher proportion of only children was found to be obese. There were no significant differences according to birthrank in intakes by children. There were more obese children among the fatherless than those with fathers, in particular among those whose mothers were widowed. However, this was not accounted for by the present dietary findings, since fatherless children had lower intakes of carbohydrate and added sugar. There were no differences in nutrient intake or intake/1000 kcal by mother's country of origin or her level of education, or by disposable income.", "PMID": 1182353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8393", "title": "Family social characteristics related to physical growth of young children.", "content": "Altogether 164 poor families who had children of normal and subnormal weight and height were studied in Bogota, Colombia. Physical growth was found to be positively associated with expenditure on food, sanitary conditions in the home, mother's age, birth interval between surviving children, level of parental newspaper reading, aspirations for children, and socioeconomic status. Physical growth was negatively associated with crowded living conditions and family size. Only mother's age, family size, spacing of births, and sanitary conditions were related to weight and height, independent of socioeconomic status. Food expenditure, crowding, parental newspaper reading, and aspirations for children all reflected the influence of socioeconomic status upon physical growth. The findings emphasized the importance of within-class social differences as they affect the physical growth of young children.", "contents": "Family social characteristics related to physical growth of young children. Altogether 164 poor families who had children of normal and subnormal weight and height were studied in Bogota, Colombia. Physical growth was found to be positively associated with expenditure on food, sanitary conditions in the home, mother's age, birth interval between surviving children, level of parental newspaper reading, aspirations for children, and socioeconomic status. Physical growth was negatively associated with crowded living conditions and family size. Only mother's age, family size, spacing of births, and sanitary conditions were related to weight and height, independent of socioeconomic status. Food expenditure, crowding, parental newspaper reading, and aspirations for children all reflected the influence of socioeconomic status upon physical growth. The findings emphasized the importance of within-class social differences as they affect the physical growth of young children.", "PMID": 1182354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8394", "title": "Recall of women in a cervical cytology screening programme. An estimate of the true rate of response.", "content": "In a sample of 1007 women from a large cervical cytology screening programme in the Manchester region, the apparent response-rate to a letter inviting women to have a second routine smear three years after their first was 47-6%. After taking account of those who had become ineligible on medical grounds, or inaccessible, a conservative estimate of the true rate of response was 65-7%. When women who had had interim smears or examinations elsewhere were included, 72-2% of the original population of women had continued to make use of facilities for cytological screening.", "contents": "Recall of women in a cervical cytology screening programme. An estimate of the true rate of response. In a sample of 1007 women from a large cervical cytology screening programme in the Manchester region, the apparent response-rate to a letter inviting women to have a second routine smear three years after their first was 47-6%. After taking account of those who had become ineligible on medical grounds, or inaccessible, a conservative estimate of the true rate of response was 65-7%. When women who had had interim smears or examinations elsewhere were included, 72-2% of the original population of women had continued to make use of facilities for cytological screening.", "PMID": 1182355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8395", "title": "Bladder cancer mortality in diabetics in relation to saccharin consumption and smoking habits.", "content": "The frequency with which diabetes mellitus was mentioned on the death certificates of 18,733 patients dying from bladder cancer has been compared with that of 19,709 patients dying from other cancers (excluding cancer of the lung and pancreas). The estimated relative risk of bladder cancer in diabetics was 0-98 with 95% confidence limits 0-70-1-38. There was no increase in risk of bladder cancer in patients with diabetes of long duration. Diabetics were shown by questionnaire to consume substantially more saccharin than non-diabetics, and the duration of regular saccharin use by diabetics was highly correlated with the duration of diabetes. There was therefore no evidence from this study that consumption of above average amounts of saccharin had led to bladder cancer in diabetics. The proporation of current smokers among diabetics was significantly less than among non-diabetics, and this may account for a low relative risk of lung cancer in the former (0-72).", "contents": "Bladder cancer mortality in diabetics in relation to saccharin consumption and smoking habits. The frequency with which diabetes mellitus was mentioned on the death certificates of 18,733 patients dying from bladder cancer has been compared with that of 19,709 patients dying from other cancers (excluding cancer of the lung and pancreas). The estimated relative risk of bladder cancer in diabetics was 0-98 with 95% confidence limits 0-70-1-38. There was no increase in risk of bladder cancer in patients with diabetes of long duration. Diabetics were shown by questionnaire to consume substantially more saccharin than non-diabetics, and the duration of regular saccharin use by diabetics was highly correlated with the duration of diabetes. There was therefore no evidence from this study that consumption of above average amounts of saccharin had led to bladder cancer in diabetics. The proporation of current smokers among diabetics was significantly less than among non-diabetics, and this may account for a low relative risk of lung cancer in the former (0-72).", "PMID": 1182356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8396", "title": "Mortality from arteriosclerotic disease and consumption of hydrogenated oils and fats.", "content": "Consumptions of chemically modified hydrogenated fat are estimated for the United Kingdom standard regions, conurbations, and urban/rural aggregates as well as for the social classes. Consumptions are shown to correlate satisfactorily with mortality from arteriosclerotic disease and account reasonably well for certain peculiarities in the ratio of female to male death rates and for secular changes in mortality patterns.", "contents": "Mortality from arteriosclerotic disease and consumption of hydrogenated oils and fats. Consumptions of chemically modified hydrogenated fat are estimated for the United Kingdom standard regions, conurbations, and urban/rural aggregates as well as for the social classes. Consumptions are shown to correlate satisfactorily with mortality from arteriosclerotic disease and account reasonably well for certain peculiarities in the ratio of female to male death rates and for secular changes in mortality patterns.", "PMID": 1182357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8397", "title": "Incidence of ischaemic heart disease in two cohorts of Belgian clerks.", "content": "A study during a five-year period has been conducted on the incidence of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) among two cohorts of Belgian employees who were free of IHD at entry. As regards the final outcome these incidences differ significantly. The chief difference between the two cohorts is their systolic blood pressure. These pressure differences may be attributed to differences in the level of work pressure. The increased work pressure in Cohort I might account, through stress, for the greater incidence of sudden death or myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Incidence of ischaemic heart disease in two cohorts of Belgian clerks. A study during a five-year period has been conducted on the incidence of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) among two cohorts of Belgian employees who were free of IHD at entry. As regards the final outcome these incidences differ significantly. The chief difference between the two cohorts is their systolic blood pressure. These pressure differences may be attributed to differences in the level of work pressure. The increased work pressure in Cohort I might account, through stress, for the greater incidence of sudden death or myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1182358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8398", "title": "Ischaemic heart disease and the water factor. A variable relationship.", "content": "A comparison is made between mortality from ischaemic heart disease and the quality of drinking water in the cities of Brisbane and Melbourne. Mortality from ischaemic heart disease is found to be higher in Brisbane where drinking water is harder, than in Melbourne. Moreover, mortality from all causes is higher in Brisbane than in Melbourne.", "contents": "Ischaemic heart disease and the water factor. A variable relationship. A comparison is made between mortality from ischaemic heart disease and the quality of drinking water in the cities of Brisbane and Melbourne. Mortality from ischaemic heart disease is found to be higher in Brisbane where drinking water is harder, than in Melbourne. Moreover, mortality from all causes is higher in Brisbane than in Melbourne.", "PMID": 1182359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8399", "title": "Genetic hypotheses and environmental factors in the light of psychiatric morbidity in the families of schizophrenics.", "content": "The hypothesis that schizophrenia and some non-psychotic abnormalities occurring in the close relatives are both manifestations of a unitary \"schizoid state' due to a major dominant gene is further examined. Comparisons are made (1) of the observed and expected frequencies of the different types of parent mating; and (2) of the observed and expected risks among sibs in families with neither, or with one or both, of the parents abnormal. It is concluded that the results do not fit well with the model of inheritance of the schizoid state through a major dominant gene. Since some hereditary contribution in schizophrenia can be regarded as established, the excess of personality disorders and heavy drinking in the families is thought to be due to a combination of polygenic inheritance and environmental influences. The findings are regarded only as tentative, but suggest several hypotheses which could be tested.", "contents": "Genetic hypotheses and environmental factors in the light of psychiatric morbidity in the families of schizophrenics. The hypothesis that schizophrenia and some non-psychotic abnormalities occurring in the close relatives are both manifestations of a unitary \"schizoid state' due to a major dominant gene is further examined. Comparisons are made (1) of the observed and expected frequencies of the different types of parent mating; and (2) of the observed and expected risks among sibs in families with neither, or with one or both, of the parents abnormal. It is concluded that the results do not fit well with the model of inheritance of the schizoid state through a major dominant gene. Since some hereditary contribution in schizophrenia can be regarded as established, the excess of personality disorders and heavy drinking in the families is thought to be due to a combination of polygenic inheritance and environmental influences. The findings are regarded only as tentative, but suggest several hypotheses which could be tested.", "PMID": 1182361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8400", "title": "Serum copper in schizophrenia in Nigerians.", "content": "Serum copper concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 102 schizophrenic patients and 95 healthy control subjects. The serum copper concentrations were significantly higher in the schizophrenic patients than in the normal control subjects. The average serum copper in schizophrenic females was higher than in schizophrenic males, but the difference was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Serum copper in schizophrenia in Nigerians. Serum copper concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 102 schizophrenic patients and 95 healthy control subjects. The serum copper concentrations were significantly higher in the schizophrenic patients than in the normal control subjects. The average serum copper in schizophrenic females was higher than in schizophrenic males, but the difference was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 1182362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8401", "title": "Subjective aspects of alpha enhancement.", "content": "Early reports on enhancing occipital alpha through feedback noted that subjects reported the experience as being pleasant and relaxing. This paper reports the subjective experiences of 140 subjects who participated in four studies which examined the alpha enhancement phenomenon. Under both eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions, approximately 50 per cent of the subjects reported that alpha enhancement was \"pleasant' and 50 per cent \"unpleasant/neutral'. With eyes-open training conditions, about half the subjects stated that the experience was \"relaxing' and the other half \"not relaxing'. During eyes-closed training, 63 per cent of the subjects noted that enhancing alpha was \"relaxing', while 37 per cent reported that the experience was \"not relaxing'. However, in the last case the circular relationship between increased alpha and deep relaxation may obtain.", "contents": "Subjective aspects of alpha enhancement. Early reports on enhancing occipital alpha through feedback noted that subjects reported the experience as being pleasant and relaxing. This paper reports the subjective experiences of 140 subjects who participated in four studies which examined the alpha enhancement phenomenon. Under both eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions, approximately 50 per cent of the subjects reported that alpha enhancement was \"pleasant' and 50 per cent \"unpleasant/neutral'. With eyes-open training conditions, about half the subjects stated that the experience was \"relaxing' and the other half \"not relaxing'. During eyes-closed training, 63 per cent of the subjects noted that enhancing alpha was \"relaxing', while 37 per cent reported that the experience was \"not relaxing'. However, in the last case the circular relationship between increased alpha and deep relaxation may obtain.", "PMID": 1182363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8402", "title": "Self-mutilation, obsessionality and narcissism.", "content": "A controlled study of the clinical and biographical features of 22 female repeated self-cutters is described. The results of the assessment of these patients, using the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire and the Obsessive-Compulsive section of the Tavistock Inventory, is presented. The marked obsessionality of these patients is emphasized and the possible implications of these findings for treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Self-mutilation, obsessionality and narcissism. A controlled study of the clinical and biographical features of 22 female repeated self-cutters is described. The results of the assessment of these patients, using the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire and the Obsessive-Compulsive section of the Tavistock Inventory, is presented. The marked obsessionality of these patients is emphasized and the possible implications of these findings for treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 1182364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8403", "title": "Psychiatric morbidity in a sample of a London coroner's open verdicts.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-four deaths recorded as open verdicts in the Inner West London Coroner's District during 1969 and 1970 have been surveyed for evidence of mental illness. For 110 (82 per cent) of these deaths the probable verdicts were suicide or accident and they were reclassified as undetermined deaths. Of these deaths 73 per cent were diagnosed as mentally ill, 54 per cent were receiving medical treatment for psychological symptoms before death, 42 per cent had a history of psychiatric care and 24 per cent had made a previous suicide attempt. In these respects undetermined deaths and suicide deaths resemble each other; both are drawn predominantly from the mentally ill.", "contents": "Psychiatric morbidity in a sample of a London coroner's open verdicts. One hundred and thirty-four deaths recorded as open verdicts in the Inner West London Coroner's District during 1969 and 1970 have been surveyed for evidence of mental illness. For 110 (82 per cent) of these deaths the probable verdicts were suicide or accident and they were reclassified as undetermined deaths. Of these deaths 73 per cent were diagnosed as mentally ill, 54 per cent were receiving medical treatment for psychological symptoms before death, 42 per cent had a history of psychiatric care and 24 per cent had made a previous suicide attempt. In these respects undetermined deaths and suicide deaths resemble each other; both are drawn predominantly from the mentally ill.", "PMID": 1182365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8404", "title": "The potential difference across the rectal mucosa during depressive illness and lithium therapy.", "content": "The potential difference across the rectal mucosa (rectal p.d.) is generated by the active transport of sodium across the mucosa, and it is sensitive to the action of aldosterone. The rectal p.d. values of depressive patients on no treatment, tested whilst depressed or after recovery, were found to be similar to those of control subjects, indicating that sodium transport across the rectal mucosa and the activity of aldosterone were normal in these patients. This contrasts with previous reports of abnormalities of sodium transport and of aldosterone levels in manic-depressive patients. Manic-depressive patients taking lithium carbonate as a prophylactic agent were found to have significantly elevated rectal p.d. values when normothymic. Patients who had become depressed whilst taking lithium, and in whom prophylaxis had therefore failed, were found to have normal rectal p.d. values. Lack of elevation of rectal p.d. in response to lithium administration may be a characteristic of patients who fail to respond to lithium prophylaxis.", "contents": "The potential difference across the rectal mucosa during depressive illness and lithium therapy. The potential difference across the rectal mucosa (rectal p.d.) is generated by the active transport of sodium across the mucosa, and it is sensitive to the action of aldosterone. The rectal p.d. values of depressive patients on no treatment, tested whilst depressed or after recovery, were found to be similar to those of control subjects, indicating that sodium transport across the rectal mucosa and the activity of aldosterone were normal in these patients. This contrasts with previous reports of abnormalities of sodium transport and of aldosterone levels in manic-depressive patients. Manic-depressive patients taking lithium carbonate as a prophylactic agent were found to have significantly elevated rectal p.d. values when normothymic. Patients who had become depressed whilst taking lithium, and in whom prophylaxis had therefore failed, were found to have normal rectal p.d. values. Lack of elevation of rectal p.d. in response to lithium administration may be a characteristic of patients who fail to respond to lithium prophylaxis.", "PMID": 1182366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8405", "title": "Age, persistence and improvement in an open out-patient group.", "content": "The ages of 87 patients attending an open out-patient group in a general hospital psychiatric out-patient department are analysed in relation to persistence with treatment. A highly significant correlation (p smaller than .001) is obtained between increasing age and continued attendance, and a significantly greater number are found to attend for six months or more in the age-range 37-47 than at other ages. In a sub-group of 35 patients, all of whom had attended more than four sessions and had returned a questionnaire, significant correlations are obtained between age and symptomatic improvement (p smaller than .05) and between continued attendance and improvement in interpersonal relationships (p smaller than .05).", "contents": "Age, persistence and improvement in an open out-patient group. The ages of 87 patients attending an open out-patient group in a general hospital psychiatric out-patient department are analysed in relation to persistence with treatment. A highly significant correlation (p smaller than .001) is obtained between increasing age and continued attendance, and a significantly greater number are found to attend for six months or more in the age-range 37-47 than at other ages. In a sub-group of 35 patients, all of whom had attended more than four sessions and had returned a questionnaire, significant correlations are obtained between age and symptomatic improvement (p smaller than .05) and between continued attendance and improvement in interpersonal relationships (p smaller than .05).", "PMID": 1182367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8406", "title": "Psychiatric new-patient clinic non-attenders.", "content": "Non-attenders at a psychiatric new-patient clinic were seen and interviewed six weeks after the missed appointment, as were a group of controls who did attend. The non-attenders were more likely to have had frequent changes of occupation or belong to families where this was the case with the family breadwinner; a history of court conviction; and a history of previous psychiatric treatment. They were less likely to have improved since referral to the clinic; and to have a diagnosis of manic depressive psychosis, depressed type. The findings are discussed. There appears to be some self-selection, the most treatable patients keeping their appointments.", "contents": "Psychiatric new-patient clinic non-attenders. Non-attenders at a psychiatric new-patient clinic were seen and interviewed six weeks after the missed appointment, as were a group of controls who did attend. The non-attenders were more likely to have had frequent changes of occupation or belong to families where this was the case with the family breadwinner; a history of court conviction; and a history of previous psychiatric treatment. They were less likely to have improved since referral to the clinic; and to have a diagnosis of manic depressive psychosis, depressed type. The findings are discussed. There appears to be some self-selection, the most treatable patients keeping their appointments.", "PMID": 1182368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8407", "title": "Psychiatric referrals from the police.", "content": "This is a study of one mode of inception into psychiatric care in Birmingham. Mentally disturbed people coming to the attention of the police are referred to a mental welfare officer and assessed by him, usually in a police station. The mental welfare officer may then refer for a psychiatric decision with regard to further management, and the patient is examined by the doctor in the police station. The annual frequency of use of this referral system was studied from 1962-73 inclusive. It is shown that there was an increase in referral over the years and that such referral from the police became an increasing proportion of new referrals to the Mental Health Department (Social Services Department). The sample of referrals from the police for 12 months is studied in greater detail (252 cases), surveying social characteristics of individual patients, the relationships between such police intervention and areas of the city, the nature of situation requiring intervention and the management and treatment which these patients received. The referrals were traced from contact with the mental welfare officer to hospital where the case notes of those admitted were studied for details of legal status and mental state on admission, diagnosis, duration of stay and disposal. The effectiveness of this method of entering treatment is discussed and some recommendations are made.", "contents": "Psychiatric referrals from the police. This is a study of one mode of inception into psychiatric care in Birmingham. Mentally disturbed people coming to the attention of the police are referred to a mental welfare officer and assessed by him, usually in a police station. The mental welfare officer may then refer for a psychiatric decision with regard to further management, and the patient is examined by the doctor in the police station. The annual frequency of use of this referral system was studied from 1962-73 inclusive. It is shown that there was an increase in referral over the years and that such referral from the police became an increasing proportion of new referrals to the Mental Health Department (Social Services Department). The sample of referrals from the police for 12 months is studied in greater detail (252 cases), surveying social characteristics of individual patients, the relationships between such police intervention and areas of the city, the nature of situation requiring intervention and the management and treatment which these patients received. The referrals were traced from contact with the mental welfare officer to hospital where the case notes of those admitted were studied for details of legal status and mental state on admission, diagnosis, duration of stay and disposal. The effectiveness of this method of entering treatment is discussed and some recommendations are made.", "PMID": 1182370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8408", "title": "Training opportunities for overseas psychiatrists.", "content": "The literature relating to the training opportunities offered to overseas graduates in this country and the United States is reviewed. Although overseas trainees in psychiatry do not see themselves at a great disadvantage, the fact that the great majority are working in non-teaching hospitals means by implication that overall their training is not as good as that of home graduates.", "contents": "Training opportunities for overseas psychiatrists. The literature relating to the training opportunities offered to overseas graduates in this country and the United States is reviewed. Although overseas trainees in psychiatry do not see themselves at a great disadvantage, the fact that the great majority are working in non-teaching hospitals means by implication that overall their training is not as good as that of home graduates.", "PMID": 1182371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8409", "title": "Psycho-social transitions: comparison between reactions to loss of a limb and loss of a spouse.", "content": "In 21 widows and 46 amputees a psychological reaction to loss designated as \"grief' was commonly reported. This included an initial period of numbness, soon followed by restless pining with preoccupation with thoughts of the loss, a clear visual memory of the lost object and a sense of its presence. Defensive processes, reflected in difficulty in believing in the loss and avoidance of reminders, were also evident. Widows differed from amputees in showing more evidence of overt distress in the early post-loss phase, but whereas these features diminished in prevalence in the course of the next year the equivalent features reported by the amputee group remained virtually unchanged.", "contents": "Psycho-social transitions: comparison between reactions to loss of a limb and loss of a spouse. In 21 widows and 46 amputees a psychological reaction to loss designated as \"grief' was commonly reported. This included an initial period of numbness, soon followed by restless pining with preoccupation with thoughts of the loss, a clear visual memory of the lost object and a sense of its presence. Defensive processes, reflected in difficulty in believing in the loss and avoidance of reminders, were also evident. Widows differed from amputees in showing more evidence of overt distress in the early post-loss phase, but whereas these features diminished in prevalence in the course of the next year the equivalent features reported by the amputee group remained virtually unchanged.", "PMID": 1182377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8410", "title": "The treatment of psychotic depression by sleep deprivation: a replication study.", "content": "A replication study of the effects of single-night sleep deprivation therapy was carried out as a preliminary to a controlled comparison with orthodox antidepressent measures. The results show that sleep deprivation therapy was acceptable to a majority of the patients studied, and was followed by an improvement in over half those who completed treatment. Adverse effects were minimal. The authors feel that further clinical and physiological study is warranted.", "contents": "The treatment of psychotic depression by sleep deprivation: a replication study. A replication study of the effects of single-night sleep deprivation therapy was carried out as a preliminary to a controlled comparison with orthodox antidepressent measures. The results show that sleep deprivation therapy was acceptable to a majority of the patients studied, and was followed by an improvement in over half those who completed treatment. Adverse effects were minimal. The authors feel that further clinical and physiological study is warranted.", "PMID": 1182378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8411", "title": "Fertility of the sibs of schizophrenic patients.", "content": "This investigation has provided evidence against the hypothesis that heterozygous carriers of schizophrenic gene have a reproductive advantage through enhanced fertility. An advantage arising from lower mortality between birth and the end of the reproductive period was not investigated, but should be examined before we search for other explanations of the apparently stable polymorphism of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Fertility of the sibs of schizophrenic patients. This investigation has provided evidence against the hypothesis that heterozygous carriers of schizophrenic gene have a reproductive advantage through enhanced fertility. An advantage arising from lower mortality between birth and the end of the reproductive period was not investigated, but should be examined before we search for other explanations of the apparently stable polymorphism of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 1182379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8412", "title": "Looseness of associations in acute schizophrenia.", "content": "To study looseness of associations and other theoretically relevant variables of speech pathology, 51 acute psychiatric patients, including 26 schizophrenics, were studied at the acute phase of their disorder by means of a free verbalization interview. The results on these 51 patients during the acute period were: 1. There were clear differences between the schizophrenic patient group and the control patient group, the overall index of deviant verbalizations being significant at the .001 level. 2. Many types of looseness were found in non-schizophrenic patients as well as in schizophrenics. Except at the very mildest levels, however, the variants of overt looseness were strikingly more frequent in occurrence and severe in degree in the schizophrenic group (p smaller than .01). 3. Gaps in communication, vagueness of ideas and blocking, though present to some degree in our control group, were much more common in the schizophrenic sample (p smaller than .001). 4. In the control group of patients, private meanings (including neologisms), repetition and perseveration were extremely rare, and current delusional thinking virtually non-existent. Private meanings and current delusional thinking were conspicuously present in the schizophrenic sample; repetition and perseveration were present to a mild degree in this acute schizophrenic sample. 5. Schizophrenic patients tend to show more looseness of associations when faced with a request to talk about topics not related to their illness.", "contents": "Looseness of associations in acute schizophrenia. To study looseness of associations and other theoretically relevant variables of speech pathology, 51 acute psychiatric patients, including 26 schizophrenics, were studied at the acute phase of their disorder by means of a free verbalization interview. The results on these 51 patients during the acute period were: 1. There were clear differences between the schizophrenic patient group and the control patient group, the overall index of deviant verbalizations being significant at the .001 level. 2. Many types of looseness were found in non-schizophrenic patients as well as in schizophrenics. Except at the very mildest levels, however, the variants of overt looseness were strikingly more frequent in occurrence and severe in degree in the schizophrenic group (p smaller than .01). 3. Gaps in communication, vagueness of ideas and blocking, though present to some degree in our control group, were much more common in the schizophrenic sample (p smaller than .001). 4. In the control group of patients, private meanings (including neologisms), repetition and perseveration were extremely rare, and current delusional thinking virtually non-existent. Private meanings and current delusional thinking were conspicuously present in the schizophrenic sample; repetition and perseveration were present to a mild degree in this acute schizophrenic sample. 5. Schizophrenic patients tend to show more looseness of associations when faced with a request to talk about topics not related to their illness.", "PMID": 1182380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8413", "title": "The comparability of suicide rates.", "content": "Programmes of suicide prevention require for their planning accurate epidemiological surveys. Doubt has been cast on the accuracy of many existing surveys because of the realization that suicide is under-reported and because of the lack of consistency in the procedure for suicide ascertainment. Two studies are described in this paper which attempt to examine the problem. The first is part of an international study supported by the World Health Organization. In it, Denmark and England are compared, and it is shown that there are striking differences in suicide ascertainment procedure between the two countries. Next, on a blind basis, coroners and their opposite numbers in Denmark examine a sample of each other's case records. It is found that the Danes consistently report more suicides than do the English coroners on the same case material; thus considerable doubt is cast on the supposed difference in suicide rates between the two countries. In the second study, deaths by poisoning are examined for certain coroners' districts in England and Wales. It is shown that there is considerable variation from one district to another in the relative proportions of these deaths which achieve an accident, an open or a suicide verdict. This suggests that in England and Wales coroners may not be consistent in their suicide ascertainment criteria. Hypotheses attempting to account for differences in suicide rate based on such epidemiological surveys should be viewed with great caution.", "contents": "The comparability of suicide rates. Programmes of suicide prevention require for their planning accurate epidemiological surveys. Doubt has been cast on the accuracy of many existing surveys because of the realization that suicide is under-reported and because of the lack of consistency in the procedure for suicide ascertainment. Two studies are described in this paper which attempt to examine the problem. The first is part of an international study supported by the World Health Organization. In it, Denmark and England are compared, and it is shown that there are striking differences in suicide ascertainment procedure between the two countries. Next, on a blind basis, coroners and their opposite numbers in Denmark examine a sample of each other's case records. It is found that the Danes consistently report more suicides than do the English coroners on the same case material; thus considerable doubt is cast on the supposed difference in suicide rates between the two countries. In the second study, deaths by poisoning are examined for certain coroners' districts in England and Wales. It is shown that there is considerable variation from one district to another in the relative proportions of these deaths which achieve an accident, an open or a suicide verdict. This suggests that in England and Wales coroners may not be consistent in their suicide ascertainment criteria. Hypotheses attempting to account for differences in suicide rate based on such epidemiological surveys should be viewed with great caution.", "PMID": 1182381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8414", "title": "Trends in the care of psychiatric patients.", "content": "This study begins with a detailed analysis of the population of a large psychiatric hospital in South Wales. Attempts are made to determine the incidence of chronicity, with its various underlying causes. This is followed by details of the current admissions to the hospital from a catchment area where general hospital and psychogeriatric units have been established, and estimates of future bed requirements. Finally there is a description of the several facilities of the general hospital unit and of the problems of developing a fully comprehensive mental health service.", "contents": "Trends in the care of psychiatric patients. This study begins with a detailed analysis of the population of a large psychiatric hospital in South Wales. Attempts are made to determine the incidence of chronicity, with its various underlying causes. This is followed by details of the current admissions to the hospital from a catchment area where general hospital and psychogeriatric units have been established, and estimates of future bed requirements. Finally there is a description of the several facilities of the general hospital unit and of the problems of developing a fully comprehensive mental health service.", "PMID": 1182382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8415", "title": "Mental health care in rural India: a study of existing patterns and their implications for future policy.", "content": "Three separate studies were carried out to examine the patterns of mental health care in an Indian village. The first examined the conceptual frameworks of the various traditional and modern healers. The second was an attitude study inquiring about the type of healer favoured for psychiatric consultation. The third was a population survey in which every person with one or more symptoms was asked if he or she had consulted anyone for relief of distress. Besides the modern doctors there were three types of traditional healers: Vaids, practising an empirical system of indigenous medicine; Mantarwadis, curing through astrology and charms; and Patris, who acted as mediums for spirits and demons. It was found that a large majority (59 per cent) of those with symptoms had consulted someone. The consultation was determined more by the severity of illness than by socio-demographic factors. Modern doctors were more popular, but most people consulted both traditional and modern healers without regards to the latter's contradictory conceptual framework. Literacy and other socio-demographic factors had no influence on the type of consultation. A conclusion was reached that any scheme for introducing modern psychiatry into rural areas should make use of the locally popular healers, both traditional or modern.", "contents": "Mental health care in rural India: a study of existing patterns and their implications for future policy. Three separate studies were carried out to examine the patterns of mental health care in an Indian village. The first examined the conceptual frameworks of the various traditional and modern healers. The second was an attitude study inquiring about the type of healer favoured for psychiatric consultation. The third was a population survey in which every person with one or more symptoms was asked if he or she had consulted anyone for relief of distress. Besides the modern doctors there were three types of traditional healers: Vaids, practising an empirical system of indigenous medicine; Mantarwadis, curing through astrology and charms; and Patris, who acted as mediums for spirits and demons. It was found that a large majority (59 per cent) of those with symptoms had consulted someone. The consultation was determined more by the severity of illness than by socio-demographic factors. Modern doctors were more popular, but most people consulted both traditional and modern healers without regards to the latter's contradictory conceptual framework. Literacy and other socio-demographic factors had no influence on the type of consultation. A conclusion was reached that any scheme for introducing modern psychiatry into rural areas should make use of the locally popular healers, both traditional or modern.", "PMID": 1182383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8416", "title": "Class change in the personal illness hierarchy.", "content": "Sixty-eight psychiatric in-patients who had completed the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory (D.S.S.I.) on admission were retested after one month. On first testing 92.6 per cent conformed to the hierarchy of classes of personal illness model, and on the second occasion 91.2 per cent. Of those who could improve, 72 per cent did so, most commonly by moving down one hierarchy class, e.g. from the Neurotic Symptoms class to the Dysthymic States class. (On the other hand only 30 per cent of the 61 patients who originally reported symptoms did not do so after one month.) Thus although it is clear that the patients as a group changed markedly, they have not departed from the hierarchy. These results indicate that either the symptoms further up the hierarchy remit before those lower in the hierarchy or they remit together. Certainly those lower in the hierarchy do not go first. It is suggested that the results would be difficult to accommodate within strict disease-entity models, and that they have different implications for both treatment and the assessment of change in current state.", "contents": "Class change in the personal illness hierarchy. Sixty-eight psychiatric in-patients who had completed the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory (D.S.S.I.) on admission were retested after one month. On first testing 92.6 per cent conformed to the hierarchy of classes of personal illness model, and on the second occasion 91.2 per cent. Of those who could improve, 72 per cent did so, most commonly by moving down one hierarchy class, e.g. from the Neurotic Symptoms class to the Dysthymic States class. (On the other hand only 30 per cent of the 61 patients who originally reported symptoms did not do so after one month.) Thus although it is clear that the patients as a group changed markedly, they have not departed from the hierarchy. These results indicate that either the symptoms further up the hierarchy remit before those lower in the hierarchy or they remit together. Certainly those lower in the hierarchy do not go first. It is suggested that the results would be difficult to accommodate within strict disease-entity models, and that they have different implications for both treatment and the assessment of change in current state.", "PMID": 1182385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8417", "title": "Demographic differences in functional psychoses.", "content": "Only Scandinavian investigators have reported on demographic aspects of reactive psychoses. Data from the National Health Service, Denmark, for age at first admission, sex, and length of stay in hospital in reactive, manic-depressive and schizophrenic psychoses are analysed. Differences in sex incidence ratios, age at first admission and length of stay are evident between the three psychoses. The differences noted are considered to provide indirect evidence supporting the separate diagnostic categories.", "contents": "Demographic differences in functional psychoses. Only Scandinavian investigators have reported on demographic aspects of reactive psychoses. Data from the National Health Service, Denmark, for age at first admission, sex, and length of stay in hospital in reactive, manic-depressive and schizophrenic psychoses are analysed. Differences in sex incidence ratios, age at first admission and length of stay are evident between the three psychoses. The differences noted are considered to provide indirect evidence supporting the separate diagnostic categories.", "PMID": 1182386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8418", "title": "A phenomenological analysis of symptoms in obsessive-compulsive neurosis.", "content": "Eighty-two obsessional neurotics were studied from a phenomenological point of view in order to delineate the various forms and contents of obsessions and compulsions. An attempt was made to ascertain the frequency with which the different forms and content occur and their effect on the final outcome of the disorder. Five types of obsessions were identified: doubts, obsessive thinking, fears, impulses, and images, in order of frequency of their occurrence. Compulsive acts could be classified in two types, depending on whether they yielded to or diverted the underlying obsession. One-fourth of the patients displayed no compulsions. The content of obsession could be classified in five broad categories as relating to: dirt and contamination, aggression, inanimate-impersonal themes, religion, and sexual matters, in order of the frequency of their occurrence. The paper, while offering an interpretation of these findings, emphasizes the part played by socio-cultural factors in the character of an obsession's thought content. The absence of compulsions was found to be associated with good prognosis. A downward gradient was noted in the final outcome of patients without compulsions, those with controlling compulsions alone, those with both varieties of compulsions, and those displaying yielding compulsions alone, in that order. Based on this observation the paper suggests a prognosis-related hierarchical continuum of the severity of obsessional disorder.", "contents": "A phenomenological analysis of symptoms in obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Eighty-two obsessional neurotics were studied from a phenomenological point of view in order to delineate the various forms and contents of obsessions and compulsions. An attempt was made to ascertain the frequency with which the different forms and content occur and their effect on the final outcome of the disorder. Five types of obsessions were identified: doubts, obsessive thinking, fears, impulses, and images, in order of frequency of their occurrence. Compulsive acts could be classified in two types, depending on whether they yielded to or diverted the underlying obsession. One-fourth of the patients displayed no compulsions. The content of obsession could be classified in five broad categories as relating to: dirt and contamination, aggression, inanimate-impersonal themes, religion, and sexual matters, in order of the frequency of their occurrence. The paper, while offering an interpretation of these findings, emphasizes the part played by socio-cultural factors in the character of an obsession's thought content. The absence of compulsions was found to be associated with good prognosis. A downward gradient was noted in the final outcome of patients without compulsions, those with controlling compulsions alone, those with both varieties of compulsions, and those displaying yielding compulsions alone, in that order. Based on this observation the paper suggests a prognosis-related hierarchical continuum of the severity of obsessional disorder.", "PMID": 1182387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8419", "title": "A ten-year study of out-patient analytic group therapy.", "content": "Ninety-three chronic neurotic patients whose previous psychiatric treatments had proved unsuccessful were included in this study, and selected patients, relatives and G.P.s were briefed to expect stress during therapy. Assessment made by therapist and patients before and after therapy was made on the basis of the acceptability of eight aspects of their life. Follow-up lasted 2 1/2 years. Of the 93 patients, 87 per cent showed positive change, a small number showed temporary negative change and one patient became psychotic but later recovered. The \"contamination' of results due to therapist involvement in assessment is offset against corroborative evidence of change, in that 96 per cent of patients became independent of the psychiatric and social services after years of dependency in many cases. There were also marked changes in life situations and relationships. A need for increased facilities for basic and in-service training of group therapists is indicated.", "contents": "A ten-year study of out-patient analytic group therapy. Ninety-three chronic neurotic patients whose previous psychiatric treatments had proved unsuccessful were included in this study, and selected patients, relatives and G.P.s were briefed to expect stress during therapy. Assessment made by therapist and patients before and after therapy was made on the basis of the acceptability of eight aspects of their life. Follow-up lasted 2 1/2 years. Of the 93 patients, 87 per cent showed positive change, a small number showed temporary negative change and one patient became psychotic but later recovered. The \"contamination' of results due to therapist involvement in assessment is offset against corroborative evidence of change, in that 96 per cent of patients became independent of the psychiatric and social services after years of dependency in many cases. There were also marked changes in life situations and relationships. A need for increased facilities for basic and in-service training of group therapists is indicated.", "PMID": 1182388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8420", "title": "The problem of generalization in the operant conditioning of social speech in the severely subnormal. Use of reversal to establish generalizability.", "content": "Many severely subnormal patients talk little to each other. In this experiment, three pairs of subjects were reinforced for talking to each other, and learned to do so quite quickly. Whether social speech would continue to occur without the benefit of external reinforcement was examined by observing the subjects through a one-way mirror in a bare interview room adjacent to the teaching room immediately after each training session. On some occasions untrained subjects were observed in the bare room with the trained subjects. The reinforcement of social speech was demonstrated to be effective by the use of a reversal design (baseline, reinforcement, no reinforcement, reinforcement), where the rate of speech increased considerably when reinforcement was available but decreased when it was discontinued. Generalization of the increased social speech, however, was very poor and only significantly above baseline levels with the pair who seemed responsive to social as well as material reinforcement. The implications of this for training programmes are discussed.", "contents": "The problem of generalization in the operant conditioning of social speech in the severely subnormal. Use of reversal to establish generalizability. Many severely subnormal patients talk little to each other. In this experiment, three pairs of subjects were reinforced for talking to each other, and learned to do so quite quickly. Whether social speech would continue to occur without the benefit of external reinforcement was examined by observing the subjects through a one-way mirror in a bare interview room adjacent to the teaching room immediately after each training session. On some occasions untrained subjects were observed in the bare room with the trained subjects. The reinforcement of social speech was demonstrated to be effective by the use of a reversal design (baseline, reinforcement, no reinforcement, reinforcement), where the rate of speech increased considerably when reinforcement was available but decreased when it was discontinued. Generalization of the increased social speech, however, was very poor and only significantly above baseline levels with the pair who seemed responsive to social as well as material reinforcement. The implications of this for training programmes are discussed.", "PMID": 1182389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8421", "title": "The usefulness of the semantic differential with \"mild grade' mental defectives.", "content": "Although the semantic differential has been quite widely used with mental defectives, its usefulness (in its traditional form) with such a population has not been conclusively demonstrated. The semantic differential was developed and shown to be valid as an index of representational mediation processes. However, there is also evidence of a mediational deficiency among retardates which, therefore, ought to be reflected in retardates' responses to the semantic differential. Thus, the present study was designed to test two hypotheses: (a) that mild grade retardates, in comparison with subjects of average intelligence, would show less discrimination in the use of the semantic differential, and (b) that such discriminative deficiencies would in turn predispose toward a polarized response bias among the retarded. The results, which support both hypotheses, are discussed in terms of their implications for the usefulness of an unmodified semantic differential with the mentally subnormal.", "contents": "The usefulness of the semantic differential with \"mild grade' mental defectives. Although the semantic differential has been quite widely used with mental defectives, its usefulness (in its traditional form) with such a population has not been conclusively demonstrated. The semantic differential was developed and shown to be valid as an index of representational mediation processes. However, there is also evidence of a mediational deficiency among retardates which, therefore, ought to be reflected in retardates' responses to the semantic differential. Thus, the present study was designed to test two hypotheses: (a) that mild grade retardates, in comparison with subjects of average intelligence, would show less discrimination in the use of the semantic differential, and (b) that such discriminative deficiencies would in turn predispose toward a polarized response bias among the retarded. The results, which support both hypotheses, are discussed in terms of their implications for the usefulness of an unmodified semantic differential with the mentally subnormal.", "PMID": 1182390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8422", "title": "Schizophrenia in a 47,XYY male.", "content": "A case of schizophrenia in a 47,XYY male diagnosed according to strict phenomenological criteria is presented. The authors suggest that the 47,XYY chromosome anomaly should be added to the list of possible causes of symptomatic schizophrenia, and express the hope that future investigations of the effects of an extra Y chromosome in brain function will yield clues as to the aetiology of idiopathic schizophrenia.", "contents": "Schizophrenia in a 47,XYY male. A case of schizophrenia in a 47,XYY male diagnosed according to strict phenomenological criteria is presented. The authors suggest that the 47,XYY chromosome anomaly should be added to the list of possible causes of symptomatic schizophrenia, and express the hope that future investigations of the effects of an extra Y chromosome in brain function will yield clues as to the aetiology of idiopathic schizophrenia.", "PMID": 1182391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8423", "title": "Psychiatric morbidity in parents and sibs of schizophrenics and non-schizophrenics.", "content": "The aims of this study were to compare the psychiatric morbidity occurring in the close relatives (N = 332) of patients showing nuclear forms of schizophrenia with that of a control group (N = 201), and to consider the findings in relation to the concept of the schizophrenic \"spectrum' and to some genetic theories of schizophrenia. About one third of each group were interviewed by a psychiatrist using defined diagnostic criteria, and information of varying degrees of completeness was obtained about the remainder. After considering possible biases, it was concluded that the \"spectrum disorders' most likely to be biologically related to schizophrenia were personality disorders of non-neurotic type, either alone or in combination with another diagnosis. The results, however, did not fit well with the model of dominant inheritance of schizophrenia and schizoid disease proposed by Heston (1970).", "contents": "Psychiatric morbidity in parents and sibs of schizophrenics and non-schizophrenics. The aims of this study were to compare the psychiatric morbidity occurring in the close relatives (N = 332) of patients showing nuclear forms of schizophrenia with that of a control group (N = 201), and to consider the findings in relation to the concept of the schizophrenic \"spectrum' and to some genetic theories of schizophrenia. About one third of each group were interviewed by a psychiatrist using defined diagnostic criteria, and information of varying degrees of completeness was obtained about the remainder. After considering possible biases, it was concluded that the \"spectrum disorders' most likely to be biologically related to schizophrenia were personality disorders of non-neurotic type, either alone or in combination with another diagnosis. The results, however, did not fit well with the model of dominant inheritance of schizophrenia and schizoid disease proposed by Heston (1970).", "PMID": 1182396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8424", "title": "Information complexity and cross-modal functions.", "content": "Intra-modal and cross-modal presentations of a matching procedure were compared at two levels of information complexity in the same subjects. The modalities were visual and somatosensory. Sequence of information type and sex of experimenter and subject were systematically controlled. Pattern of accuracy among the several modality combinations and the effect of sequence varied as a function of information complexity. Sex of experimenter and subject yielded significant differences with simple information but not complex. The results, involving several detailed comparisons, confirmed generalizations derived from a review of prior studies in which only one type of information had been administered to any single group of subjects. Further examination of the relations between type of information and sensory modality is discussed.", "contents": "Information complexity and cross-modal functions. Intra-modal and cross-modal presentations of a matching procedure were compared at two levels of information complexity in the same subjects. The modalities were visual and somatosensory. Sequence of information type and sex of experimenter and subject were systematically controlled. Pattern of accuracy among the several modality combinations and the effect of sequence varied as a function of information complexity. Sex of experimenter and subject yielded significant differences with simple information but not complex. The results, involving several detailed comparisons, confirmed generalizations derived from a review of prior studies in which only one type of information had been administered to any single group of subjects. Further examination of the relations between type of information and sensory modality is discussed.", "PMID": 1182397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8425", "title": "Stimulus complexity, EEG abundance gradients, and detection efficiency in a visual recognition task.", "content": "Occipital EEG was monitored while subjects inspected 27 projected patterns. The number (N) and variety (V) of elements in the patterns were varied systematically. There were three levels of N (6, 12 or 24 elements) and three levels of V (circles, squares or hexagons occupying all, one half or one third of the element locations for all levels of N). Subjects were instructed that they would be required in a post-test to recognize the patterns, among patterns which had not appeared; they were also informed that the patterns had been constructed according to a set of simple rules, but the nature of these rules was not made fully explicit. The EEG was quantified by means of low-frequency analysis, yielding measures of abundance (theta, alpha and beta) and mean dominant frequency. For the recognition task, nine stimulus items were embedded among 45 items. Recognition efficiency was measured by means of the signal detection theory discrimination index (d'). The results were as follows: (i) Both N and V were inversely related to alpha abundance (P less than 0-01); (ii) the strongest relationship between stimulus parameters and the EEG held for N and EEG beta activity (13-5-19-5 Hz;P less than 0-001), where again the EEG and N were inversely related; (iii) there was a significant (P less than 0-05) direct relationship between N and theta activity; (iv) contrary to prediction, mean dominant alpha frequency decreased as N increased; (v) d' correlated significantly with a number of effects for N, i.e. subjects who exhibited greatest EEG discriminability of items during exposure of the patterns, subsequently obtained the higher detection scores in the recognition task. The work described therefore demonstrates that only only do stimulus parameters have systematic effects upon brain activity as measured by the EEG, but that such effects have functional value and reflect aspects of efficiency. The results are fully compatible with arousal theory constructs relating physiological reactivity and performance.", "contents": "Stimulus complexity, EEG abundance gradients, and detection efficiency in a visual recognition task. Occipital EEG was monitored while subjects inspected 27 projected patterns. The number (N) and variety (V) of elements in the patterns were varied systematically. There were three levels of N (6, 12 or 24 elements) and three levels of V (circles, squares or hexagons occupying all, one half or one third of the element locations for all levels of N). Subjects were instructed that they would be required in a post-test to recognize the patterns, among patterns which had not appeared; they were also informed that the patterns had been constructed according to a set of simple rules, but the nature of these rules was not made fully explicit. The EEG was quantified by means of low-frequency analysis, yielding measures of abundance (theta, alpha and beta) and mean dominant frequency. For the recognition task, nine stimulus items were embedded among 45 items. Recognition efficiency was measured by means of the signal detection theory discrimination index (d'). The results were as follows: (i) Both N and V were inversely related to alpha abundance (P less than 0-01); (ii) the strongest relationship between stimulus parameters and the EEG held for N and EEG beta activity (13-5-19-5 Hz;P less than 0-001), where again the EEG and N were inversely related; (iii) there was a significant (P less than 0-05) direct relationship between N and theta activity; (iv) contrary to prediction, mean dominant alpha frequency decreased as N increased; (v) d' correlated significantly with a number of effects for N, i.e. subjects who exhibited greatest EEG discriminability of items during exposure of the patterns, subsequently obtained the higher detection scores in the recognition task. The work described therefore demonstrates that only only do stimulus parameters have systematic effects upon brain activity as measured by the EEG, but that such effects have functional value and reflect aspects of efficiency. The results are fully compatible with arousal theory constructs relating physiological reactivity and performance.", "PMID": 1182398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8426", "title": "Anxiety and ritualized speech.", "content": "The experiment examines the effects on a number of words that seem irrevelant to semantic communication. The Units of Ritualized Speech (URSs) considered are: 'I mean', 'in fact', 'really', 'sort of', 'well', and 'you know'. Two hypotheses are tested: (i) that URS rate will increase with anxiety; and (ii) that the speaker's preferred URS will increase with anxiety. Subjects were interviewed on topics they had previously rated as anxiety-provoking and non-anxiety-provoking. Hypothesis (i) was supported, but hypothesis (ii) was not. More specifically, the use of 'I mean' and 'well' increases when the speaker is anxious. Explanation for this is sought in the grammatical location of these two units. Sex differences in the use of URSs, correlations between URSs and their relationship to other forms of disfluency are also considered.", "contents": "Anxiety and ritualized speech. The experiment examines the effects on a number of words that seem irrevelant to semantic communication. The Units of Ritualized Speech (URSs) considered are: 'I mean', 'in fact', 'really', 'sort of', 'well', and 'you know'. Two hypotheses are tested: (i) that URS rate will increase with anxiety; and (ii) that the speaker's preferred URS will increase with anxiety. Subjects were interviewed on topics they had previously rated as anxiety-provoking and non-anxiety-provoking. Hypothesis (i) was supported, but hypothesis (ii) was not. More specifically, the use of 'I mean' and 'well' increases when the speaker is anxious. Explanation for this is sought in the grammatical location of these two units. Sex differences in the use of URSs, correlations between URSs and their relationship to other forms of disfluency are also considered.", "PMID": 1182399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8427", "title": "The effects of negative relatedness upon word-picutre and word-word comparisons and subsequent recall.", "content": "In two experiments subjects were required to compare the meanings of either a word and a picture, or of two words. Different name levels, i.e. category versus superordinate names, had only a small effect on the time to compare a name with a picture. When incongruent stimulus pairs were semantically related, both positive and negative decision times were longer than when the incongruent pairs were unrelated; relatedness also affected subjects' recall of stimuli. Implications for models of semantic decision are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of negative relatedness upon word-picutre and word-word comparisons and subsequent recall. In two experiments subjects were required to compare the meanings of either a word and a picture, or of two words. Different name levels, i.e. category versus superordinate names, had only a small effect on the time to compare a name with a picture. When incongruent stimulus pairs were semantically related, both positive and negative decision times were longer than when the incongruent pairs were unrelated; relatedness also affected subjects' recall of stimuli. Implications for models of semantic decision are discussed.", "PMID": 1182400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8428", "title": "Visual imagery and the discrimination of differences between altered pictures simultaneously and successively presented.", "content": "Ten 'good' visual imagers and ten 'poor' imagers, representing the upper and lower halves of an unselected sample of adult volunteers, were given a task of detecting differences between altered pictures presented in pairs, either simultaneously or successively. Performance was measured by reaction time. 'Good' imagers reacted faster than 'poor' imagers, and the mode of presentation (simultaneous v. successive) did not affect their performances. 'Poor' imagers, on the other hand, reacted significantly slower when the pictures compared were presented successively. The results suggest that self-rated visual imagery can be used to predict the successful recall of visual information required in a discrimination task.", "contents": "Visual imagery and the discrimination of differences between altered pictures simultaneously and successively presented. Ten 'good' visual imagers and ten 'poor' imagers, representing the upper and lower halves of an unselected sample of adult volunteers, were given a task of detecting differences between altered pictures presented in pairs, either simultaneously or successively. Performance was measured by reaction time. 'Good' imagers reacted faster than 'poor' imagers, and the mode of presentation (simultaneous v. successive) did not affect their performances. 'Poor' imagers, on the other hand, reacted significantly slower when the pictures compared were presented successively. The results suggest that self-rated visual imagery can be used to predict the successful recall of visual information required in a discrimination task.", "PMID": 1182401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8429", "title": "The subliminal perception of movement and the 'suppression' in binocular rivalry.", "content": "An analogy is drawn between the perceptual limitation that characterizes the dichotic listening paradigm and the 'suppression' that occurs in binocular rivalry when different stimuli are presented to the two eyes. An experiment is reported which focuses on the fate of the information residing in a suppressed eye (unattended channel) during binocular rivalry. It is demonstrated that the temporal course of rivalry is sensitive to the presence of a subliminal moving stimulus within the currently suppressed field. The effects are seen to confirm a literal interpretation of Levelt's (1966) thesis which relates changes in the 'stimulus strength' of a rivalling field to subsequent changes in the temporal course of the phenomenon. This interpretation is consistent with the hypothesis that, despite phenomenal suppression, a full analysis is undertaken on the currently non-dominant stimulus. The data are related to models of selective attention, and to the notion that there are parallel visual systems.", "contents": "The subliminal perception of movement and the 'suppression' in binocular rivalry. An analogy is drawn between the perceptual limitation that characterizes the dichotic listening paradigm and the 'suppression' that occurs in binocular rivalry when different stimuli are presented to the two eyes. An experiment is reported which focuses on the fate of the information residing in a suppressed eye (unattended channel) during binocular rivalry. It is demonstrated that the temporal course of rivalry is sensitive to the presence of a subliminal moving stimulus within the currently suppressed field. The effects are seen to confirm a literal interpretation of Levelt's (1966) thesis which relates changes in the 'stimulus strength' of a rivalling field to subsequent changes in the temporal course of the phenomenon. This interpretation is consistent with the hypothesis that, despite phenomenal suppression, a full analysis is undertaken on the currently non-dominant stimulus. The data are related to models of selective attention, and to the notion that there are parallel visual systems.", "PMID": 1182402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8430", "title": "Experimenter bias and subliminal perception.", "content": "It has been suggested that subliminal perception phenomena may be in part due to experimenter bias effects. Two studies that obtained positive evidence of subliminal perception were therefore replicated with experimenters tested under blind  and not blind conditions. There was only marginal support for the subliminal perception hypothesis and, although there were fairly clear indications of diffuse experimenter effects, the evidence for the experimenter bias explanation of subliminal perception was not strong. The need for more extensive replications of subliminal perception researches is noted. It is argued that the experimenter bias hypothesis lacks detail and generality; it is essential for it to be examined in the context of theoretically substantial issues.", "contents": "Experimenter bias and subliminal perception. It has been suggested that subliminal perception phenomena may be in part due to experimenter bias effects. Two studies that obtained positive evidence of subliminal perception were therefore replicated with experimenters tested under blind  and not blind conditions. There was only marginal support for the subliminal perception hypothesis and, although there were fairly clear indications of diffuse experimenter effects, the evidence for the experimenter bias explanation of subliminal perception was not strong. The need for more extensive replications of subliminal perception researches is noted. It is argued that the experimenter bias hypothesis lacks detail and generality; it is essential for it to be examined in the context of theoretically substantial issues.", "PMID": 1182403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8431", "title": "National differences in extraversion and neuroticism.", "content": "A method is proposed for measuring national differences in extraversion and neuroticism from demographic and epidemiological data. The method is to use national prevalence rates of a number of variables and treat them as indices of the levels of extraversion and neuroticism in national populations. The variables taken are the national rates of divorce, illegitimacy, accidents, crime, murder, suicide, alcoholism, chronic psychosis and coronary heart disease; and the per capita consumption of calories, cigarettes and caffeine. Data for these indices are presented for the advanced western nations. The relationship of these variables to extraversion and neuroticism among individuals is used to set up a model for their relationship among nations. The variables were factored by principal components analysis and this yielded two major factors identified as extraversion and neuroticism. The factor scores of each nation on the two factors were then computed. These indicate that the most extraverted nation is the United States and the most introverted is Japan. The most neurotic nation is Austria and the least neurotic is Ireland.", "contents": "National differences in extraversion and neuroticism. A method is proposed for measuring national differences in extraversion and neuroticism from demographic and epidemiological data. The method is to use national prevalence rates of a number of variables and treat them as indices of the levels of extraversion and neuroticism in national populations. The variables taken are the national rates of divorce, illegitimacy, accidents, crime, murder, suicide, alcoholism, chronic psychosis and coronary heart disease; and the per capita consumption of calories, cigarettes and caffeine. Data for these indices are presented for the advanced western nations. The relationship of these variables to extraversion and neuroticism among individuals is used to set up a model for their relationship among nations. The variables were factored by principal components analysis and this yielded two major factors identified as extraversion and neuroticism. The factor scores of each nation on the two factors were then computed. These indicate that the most extraverted nation is the United States and the most introverted is Japan. The most neurotic nation is Austria and the least neurotic is Ireland.", "PMID": 1182404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8432", "title": "The personal space of hard-of-hearing children after extended contact with 'normals'.", "content": "A group of hard-of-hearing children integrated into a normal public school for a year were found to exhibit similar personal space to that of normal children. Another group of hard-of-hearing children who attended a special institutional school for the deaf, on the other hand, exhibited greater interaction distances under varying dyadic interactions with a 'normal' person. Practical application of the present results is discussed.", "contents": "The personal space of hard-of-hearing children after extended contact with 'normals'. A group of hard-of-hearing children integrated into a normal public school for a year were found to exhibit similar personal space to that of normal children. Another group of hard-of-hearing children who attended a special institutional school for the deaf, on the other hand, exhibited greater interaction distances under varying dyadic interactions with a 'normal' person. Practical application of the present results is discussed.", "PMID": 1182405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8433", "title": "The use of current reading ability in the assessment of dementia.", "content": "Word-reading ability and general intelligence level were shown to be highly correlated in a group of normal adults; from this data a regression equation was obtained. Using this regression equation, IQ levels were predicted from reading scores in a group of dementing patients. The evidence strongly suggested that these predicted IQ levels provided close approximations to the premorbid IQ levels. Furthermore, the evidence implied that reading ability is potentially a better indicator of premorbid level of functioning than vocabulary level. The advantages and limitations of using the regression equation in the detection and evaluation of dementia in the individual patient are considered.", "contents": "The use of current reading ability in the assessment of dementia. Word-reading ability and general intelligence level were shown to be highly correlated in a group of normal adults; from this data a regression equation was obtained. Using this regression equation, IQ levels were predicted from reading scores in a group of dementing patients. The evidence strongly suggested that these predicted IQ levels provided close approximations to the premorbid IQ levels. Furthermore, the evidence implied that reading ability is potentially a better indicator of premorbid level of functioning than vocabulary level. The advantages and limitations of using the regression equation in the detection and evaluation of dementia in the individual patient are considered.", "PMID": 1182406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8434", "title": "Arousal and speed of recall.", "content": "Subjects were divided into four groups based upon the possible combinations of high or low Extraversion and high or low General Activation. They learned two lists of paired associates in an A-B, A-Br paradigm, with a record being kept of the number of errors and the latency of correct responses. The groups were found to differ considerably more in terms of response latency than in terms of the probability of responding correctly. A number of the analyses indicated an interactive effect of Extraversion and General Activation on retrieval performance, in which high General Activation led to reduced response latencies for extraverts, but to slower latencies for introverts. This finding was interpreted with reference to arousal theory. Additional findings suggested that the poor performance of high arousal subjects was partially due to their tendency to take in information from dominant sources, a hypothesis suggested by Broadbent (1971).", "contents": "Arousal and speed of recall. Subjects were divided into four groups based upon the possible combinations of high or low Extraversion and high or low General Activation. They learned two lists of paired associates in an A-B, A-Br paradigm, with a record being kept of the number of errors and the latency of correct responses. The groups were found to differ considerably more in terms of response latency than in terms of the probability of responding correctly. A number of the analyses indicated an interactive effect of Extraversion and General Activation on retrieval performance, in which high General Activation led to reduced response latencies for extraverts, but to slower latencies for introverts. This finding was interpreted with reference to arousal theory. Additional findings suggested that the poor performance of high arousal subjects was partially due to their tendency to take in information from dominant sources, a hypothesis suggested by Broadbent (1971).", "PMID": 1182407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8435", "title": "Some characteristics of schizophrenics and their parents.", "content": "This study was designed to test four hypotheses: (a) parents of schizophrenics constitute a discrete group amongst the parents of psychiatric patients with regard to aspects of their construing; (b) schizophrenics can be differentiated from other psychiatric patients by aspects of their construing; (c) the construing of parents of psychiatric patients is related to that of their disturbed children; and (d) parents of schizophrenics differ from parents of other psychiatric patients in their personality and attitudes. An experimental group of parents of acute schizophrenics and a control group of parents of acute non-schizophrenic psychiatric patients were given a battery of psychological tests, and their hospitalized children completed a shortened battery. There was some confirmation of each hypothesis. Both experimental groups structured supplied, but not their own personal, constructs more abnormally than the corresponding control groups, and showed more deviant sexual identification, though this latter was a function of social class. The parents' structuring of supplied constructs was related to that of their children. There were also some differences in personality between the groups of parents.", "contents": "Some characteristics of schizophrenics and their parents. This study was designed to test four hypotheses: (a) parents of schizophrenics constitute a discrete group amongst the parents of psychiatric patients with regard to aspects of their construing; (b) schizophrenics can be differentiated from other psychiatric patients by aspects of their construing; (c) the construing of parents of psychiatric patients is related to that of their disturbed children; and (d) parents of schizophrenics differ from parents of other psychiatric patients in their personality and attitudes. An experimental group of parents of acute schizophrenics and a control group of parents of acute non-schizophrenic psychiatric patients were given a battery of psychological tests, and their hospitalized children completed a shortened battery. There was some confirmation of each hypothesis. Both experimental groups structured supplied, but not their own personal, constructs more abnormally than the corresponding control groups, and showed more deviant sexual identification, though this latter was a function of social class. The parents' structuring of supplied constructs was related to that of their children. There were also some differences in personality between the groups of parents.", "PMID": 1182408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8436", "title": "Relationship of mental status, functioning and stress to readmission of schizophrenics.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the interrelations among the variables of patient functioning, life stress, mental status and readmission to the hospital after release. The population consisted of 516 chronic and 125 acute schizophrenic men and women. Stress and functioning were measured by the Social Stress and Functionability Inventory for Psychotic Disorders. Mental status was assessed through the use of a standard Problem Appraisal inventory. Results demonstrated that mental status variables correlated at a low level with readmission, accounting for a minimal amount of variance, and that the factor of patient functioning had more predictive value, but its effectiveness was hampered by the long-standing cycle of admission-release-readmission in regard to chronic patients. Apparently there is no justification for considering mental status as a factor in prognosis, as some researchers have done in the past, based on the same low correlations.", "contents": "Relationship of mental status, functioning and stress to readmission of schizophrenics. A study was conducted to determine the interrelations among the variables of patient functioning, life stress, mental status and readmission to the hospital after release. The population consisted of 516 chronic and 125 acute schizophrenic men and women. Stress and functioning were measured by the Social Stress and Functionability Inventory for Psychotic Disorders. Mental status was assessed through the use of a standard Problem Appraisal inventory. Results demonstrated that mental status variables correlated at a low level with readmission, accounting for a minimal amount of variance, and that the factor of patient functioning had more predictive value, but its effectiveness was hampered by the long-standing cycle of admission-release-readmission in regard to chronic patients. Apparently there is no justification for considering mental status as a factor in prognosis, as some researchers have done in the past, based on the same low correlations.", "PMID": 1182409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8437", "title": "Extraversion and pain.", "content": "According to Eysenck's (1957, 1960, 1967) theory of personality, extroverts are posited as having higher pain thresholds and greater pain tolerance than introverts. The evidence for these hypothesized relationships is reviewed. Findings appear inconclusive in both cases. Probability pooling (Mosteller & Bush, 1954) is therefore performed, grouping the comparable studies and carrying out overall tests of significance. Results support the hypothesized relationships between extraversion and pain threshold and between extraversion and pain tolerance. Possible reasons why certain studies failed to find these results are discussed.", "contents": "Extraversion and pain. According to Eysenck's (1957, 1960, 1967) theory of personality, extroverts are posited as having higher pain thresholds and greater pain tolerance than introverts. The evidence for these hypothesized relationships is reviewed. Findings appear inconclusive in both cases. Probability pooling (Mosteller & Bush, 1954) is therefore performed, grouping the comparable studies and carrying out overall tests of significance. Results support the hypothesized relationships between extraversion and pain threshold and between extraversion and pain tolerance. Possible reasons why certain studies failed to find these results are discussed.", "PMID": 1182410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8438", "title": "Intracavitary metastasis to the left ventricle: an angiocardiographic diagnosis.", "content": "A patient with an intracavitary metastasis to the outflow tract of the left ventricle diagnosed prior to the primary tumours is presented. It is unique in location, type and diagnosis. Metastatic disease of the heart is far more common than primary cardiac tumours and usually is diagnosed late in the course of the disease or at autopsy. Angiocardiography is the best method of diagnosing tumours of the heart and should be performed whenever such a diagnosis is considered.", "contents": "Intracavitary metastasis to the left ventricle: an angiocardiographic diagnosis. A patient with an intracavitary metastasis to the outflow tract of the left ventricle diagnosed prior to the primary tumours is presented. It is unique in location, type and diagnosis. Metastatic disease of the heart is far more common than primary cardiac tumours and usually is diagnosed late in the course of the disease or at autopsy. Angiocardiography is the best method of diagnosing tumours of the heart and should be performed whenever such a diagnosis is considered.", "PMID": 1182419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8439", "title": "The radiosensitivity of endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "An analysis of all cases (121) of endometrial carcinoma treated by pre-operative radium in the uterine cavity revealed that the menopausal status of a patient affects the radiosensitivity of her tumour. It was found that if the patient is more than ten years post-menopausal at time of diagnosis her carcinoma will be more resistant to radiation. The technique used by the authors is adequate in eradicating a considerable percentage (68%) of endometrial carcinomas.", "contents": "The radiosensitivity of endometrial carcinoma. An analysis of all cases (121) of endometrial carcinoma treated by pre-operative radium in the uterine cavity revealed that the menopausal status of a patient affects the radiosensitivity of her tumour. It was found that if the patient is more than ten years post-menopausal at time of diagnosis her carcinoma will be more resistant to radiation. The technique used by the authors is adequate in eradicating a considerable percentage (68%) of endometrial carcinomas.", "PMID": 1182420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8440", "title": "The relationship between mouse arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and the effectiveness of localized tumour irradiation.", "content": "The effectiveness of localized X-irradiation on the transplantable KHT sarcoma was investigated while the host mice breathed gas mixtures ranging from 5% O2 : 95% N2 to 100% O2. Subcutaneous tumours in the flank of C3H mice anaesthetized with Nembutal (sodium pentobarbitol), Valium (diazepam), or urethane, were irradiated with doses of 1,500 or 2,500 rads and the delay in days for the tumours to grow from 4 to 10 mm in diameter was determined. Measurements of the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) were made under conditions identical to the irradiation experiments. For PaO2 values less than 100 mm Hg (animals breathing air), growth delay decreased linearly, while for PaO2 values greater than 100 mm Hg, growth delay increased and reached a plateau at a PaO2 between 200 and 300 mm Hg, (animals breathing congruent to 50% O2). This relationship holds for the two doses and the three anaesthetics studied, and indicates the importance of investigating the Pa02 levels of patients undergoing radiotherapy treatment.", "contents": "The relationship between mouse arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and the effectiveness of localized tumour irradiation. The effectiveness of localized X-irradiation on the transplantable KHT sarcoma was investigated while the host mice breathed gas mixtures ranging from 5% O2 : 95% N2 to 100% O2. Subcutaneous tumours in the flank of C3H mice anaesthetized with Nembutal (sodium pentobarbitol), Valium (diazepam), or urethane, were irradiated with doses of 1,500 or 2,500 rads and the delay in days for the tumours to grow from 4 to 10 mm in diameter was determined. Measurements of the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) were made under conditions identical to the irradiation experiments. For PaO2 values less than 100 mm Hg (animals breathing air), growth delay decreased linearly, while for PaO2 values greater than 100 mm Hg, growth delay increased and reached a plateau at a PaO2 between 200 and 300 mm Hg, (animals breathing congruent to 50% O2). This relationship holds for the two doses and the three anaesthetics studied, and indicates the importance of investigating the Pa02 levels of patients undergoing radiotherapy treatment.", "PMID": 1182421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8441", "title": "The lymphocyte response and prognosis in cancer of the lung.", "content": "One hundred and twenty cases of cancer of the lung have been tested for their lymphocyte transformation to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) before and after treatment by radical radiotherapy. The average response of these patients was lower than that of the controls. The fall in the lymphocyte response during treatment was calculated. The pre-treatment lymphocyte response with PHA was not related to survival after treatment. The fall in the lymphocyte response during treatment was related to the survival of the patients after treatment.", "contents": "The lymphocyte response and prognosis in cancer of the lung. One hundred and twenty cases of cancer of the lung have been tested for their lymphocyte transformation to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) before and after treatment by radical radiotherapy. The average response of these patients was lower than that of the controls. The fall in the lymphocyte response during treatment was calculated. The pre-treatment lymphocyte response with PHA was not related to survival after treatment. The fall in the lymphocyte response during treatment was related to the survival of the patients after treatment.", "PMID": 1182422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8442", "title": "Traumatic vertebral artery aneurysm. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of traumatic vertebral artery aneurysm are described. One followed a stab wound, the other a closed injury. The literature is reviewed. The value of angiography in diagnosis and localization is emphasized.", "contents": "Traumatic vertebral artery aneurysm. Report of two cases. Two cases of traumatic vertebral artery aneurysm are described. One followed a stab wound, the other a closed injury. The literature is reviewed. The value of angiography in diagnosis and localization is emphasized.", "PMID": 1182423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8443", "title": "An anomalous calyx in the mid-kidney: an anatomical variant.", "content": "Three cases in which there was an anomalous short calyx without a papilla in the mid kidney are described. This is believed to be a developmental abnormality which is associated with a pelvicalyceal pattern of two major calyces, and with renal \"pseudotumour\". It is important to recognize this calyceal appearance in order to distinguish it from calyceal disease.", "contents": "An anomalous calyx in the mid-kidney: an anatomical variant. Three cases in which there was an anomalous short calyx without a papilla in the mid kidney are described. This is believed to be a developmental abnormality which is associated with a pelvicalyceal pattern of two major calyces, and with renal \"pseudotumour\". It is important to recognize this calyceal appearance in order to distinguish it from calyceal disease.", "PMID": 1182424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8444", "title": "Radiology in chemical sympathectomy.", "content": "Chemical sympathectomy is an alternative to surgical sympathectomy when the patient's age or general condition precludes surgery. The indications and rationale in lower-limb arterial disease are discussed, and it is suggested that X-ray control is a valuable adjunct to the procedure.", "contents": "Radiology in chemical sympathectomy. Chemical sympathectomy is an alternative to surgical sympathectomy when the patient's age or general condition precludes surgery. The indications and rationale in lower-limb arterial disease are discussed, and it is suggested that X-ray control is a valuable adjunct to the procedure.", "PMID": 1182430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8445", "title": "Repair of radiation damage to capillary endothelium.", "content": "Two types of repair occurring in capillary endothelium after irradiation were investigated. The system used was the rat subcutis airpouch, in which the capillary endothelium was stimulated to proliferate by a combined mechanical and chemical stimulus. Assay was by an angiographic technique. The system allows temporal separation between the moment of irradiation and the moment of stimulation to proliferation. The results indicate that capillary endothelium shows the typical \"Elkind-type\" of time-recovery curve. When the stimulus to proliferation after a single dose of X rays is delayed, however, the D0 value rises from 168 rads (immediate stimulation) to 273 rads (stimulation to proliferation delayed for 32 days). The conclusion can therefore be made that many more endothelial cells survive in the tissues after radiotherapy than one would infer from the simple direct proliferation assays.", "contents": "Repair of radiation damage to capillary endothelium. Two types of repair occurring in capillary endothelium after irradiation were investigated. The system used was the rat subcutis airpouch, in which the capillary endothelium was stimulated to proliferate by a combined mechanical and chemical stimulus. Assay was by an angiographic technique. The system allows temporal separation between the moment of irradiation and the moment of stimulation to proliferation. The results indicate that capillary endothelium shows the typical \"Elkind-type\" of time-recovery curve. When the stimulus to proliferation after a single dose of X rays is delayed, however, the D0 value rises from 168 rads (immediate stimulation) to 273 rads (stimulation to proliferation delayed for 32 days). The conclusion can therefore be made that many more endothelial cells survive in the tissues after radiotherapy than one would infer from the simple direct proliferation assays.", "PMID": 1182431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8446", "title": "Experience in implementing the Mark III Rad 8 system for radiotherapy dose computations.", "content": "Rad 8 is a small, in-house computer system for calculating radiotherapy dose distributions, both for multiple field and rotational external beam techniques and for interstitial and intracavitary redium treatments. Implementing the system has its difficulties, particularly in obtaining the necessary beam profile information. Several approaches have been tried and finally a separate profile generator program was written. Other difficulties encountered with beam data storage were overcome by making minor changes to the system programs. The various calculation techniques have been evaluated, and in general found to be satisfactory, and suitable factors to be used in the inhomogeneity correction for 4 MV X rays have been calculated based on previously published measured data. An option to change beam weightings exists and this can be used to renormalize dose distributions to give percentage isodose curves relative to the prescribed tumour dose. If this procedure is followed dose homogeneity over the target volume can readily be assessed, and the exposure times may easily be calculated from the new weightings. Certain shortcomings in the rotating beam program and the radium program may easily lead to error if extreme care is not exercised.", "contents": "Experience in implementing the Mark III Rad 8 system for radiotherapy dose computations. Rad 8 is a small, in-house computer system for calculating radiotherapy dose distributions, both for multiple field and rotational external beam techniques and for interstitial and intracavitary redium treatments. Implementing the system has its difficulties, particularly in obtaining the necessary beam profile information. Several approaches have been tried and finally a separate profile generator program was written. Other difficulties encountered with beam data storage were overcome by making minor changes to the system programs. The various calculation techniques have been evaluated, and in general found to be satisfactory, and suitable factors to be used in the inhomogeneity correction for 4 MV X rays have been calculated based on previously published measured data. An option to change beam weightings exists and this can be used to renormalize dose distributions to give percentage isodose curves relative to the prescribed tumour dose. If this procedure is followed dose homogeneity over the target volume can readily be assessed, and the exposure times may easily be calculated from the new weightings. Certain shortcomings in the rotating beam program and the radium program may easily lead to error if extreme care is not exercised.", "PMID": 1182432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8447", "title": "Empirical equations for the representation of depth dose data for computerized treatment planning.", "content": "Equations of the form (see article) have been used to represent the variation of central axis percentage depth dose P or tissue-air ratio (TAR) with depth d below the dose maximum. The equations were originally developed for the representation of cobalt 60 depth dose data but have also been fitted to the central axis depth dose data published in the British Journal of Radiology Supplement 11, for radiations ranging in energy from 1-5 mm Cu HVT to 8 MV. Values of the constants Q and M for standard field sizes are presented together with an estimate of the goodness of fit in each case. Two different approaches have been used in determining the dose at points other than those on the central axis. In the simpler method, used for rotation techniques, the off-axis ratio (OAR) is calculated from the equation. (see article) where x is the off-axis distance, w the field width at the depth and k1 and k2 are constants. In the more accurate method, used for fixed field techniques, different equations are used within the main beam, within the geometrical penumbra and outside the beam.", "contents": "Empirical equations for the representation of depth dose data for computerized treatment planning. Equations of the form (see article) have been used to represent the variation of central axis percentage depth dose P or tissue-air ratio (TAR) with depth d below the dose maximum. The equations were originally developed for the representation of cobalt 60 depth dose data but have also been fitted to the central axis depth dose data published in the British Journal of Radiology Supplement 11, for radiations ranging in energy from 1-5 mm Cu HVT to 8 MV. Values of the constants Q and M for standard field sizes are presented together with an estimate of the goodness of fit in each case. Two different approaches have been used in determining the dose at points other than those on the central axis. In the simpler method, used for rotation techniques, the off-axis ratio (OAR) is calculated from the equation. (see article) where x is the off-axis distance, w the field width at the depth and k1 and k2 are constants. In the more accurate method, used for fixed field techniques, different equations are used within the main beam, within the geometrical penumbra and outside the beam.", "PMID": 1182433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8448", "title": "A thermoluminescent method for estimation of effective thyroidal half-life of therapeutic 131I in toxic goitre.", "content": "The half-life of radio iodine, in the thyroid gland, was measured using thermoluminescent discs which were placed on the neck surface. Discs placed by hospital staff and by the patient gave self consistent results.", "contents": "A thermoluminescent method for estimation of effective thyroidal half-life of therapeutic 131I in toxic goitre. The half-life of radio iodine, in the thyroid gland, was measured using thermoluminescent discs which were placed on the neck surface. Discs placed by hospital staff and by the patient gave self consistent results.", "PMID": 1182436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8449", "title": "Assessment of regional ventilation by continuous inhalation of radioactive krypton-81m.", "content": "A simple technique is described for producing high-quality functional images of regional ventilation during physiological tidal breathing of the inert gas 81mKr. These images are quickly obtained on a gamma-camera without the need of computerized systems for data acquisition and display and are directly comparable with those of perfusion obtained with 99mTc-labelled macroaggregates. The short time required for the procedure, its simplicity, and the extremely low absorbed-radiation dose enable serial images of ventilation to be obtained in multiple views.", "contents": "Assessment of regional ventilation by continuous inhalation of radioactive krypton-81m. A simple technique is described for producing high-quality functional images of regional ventilation during physiological tidal breathing of the inert gas 81mKr. These images are quickly obtained on a gamma-camera without the need of computerized systems for data acquisition and display and are directly comparable with those of perfusion obtained with 99mTc-labelled macroaggregates. The short time required for the procedure, its simplicity, and the extremely low absorbed-radiation dose enable serial images of ventilation to be obtained in multiple views.", "PMID": 1182453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8450", "title": "Changes in cerebral blood flow during a migraine attack.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow studies during a typical prodromal phase of a migraine attack in a young woman showed a global decrease of cerebral blood flow in the carotid artery territory. These studies were repeated during the subsequent headache phase of the same attack and hemispheric blood flow increased considerably. Ergotamine tartrate was then administered intramuscularly which brought definite relief of symptoms but no change in cerebral blood flow. Carotid angiography performed immediately afterwards showed retrograde filling of the proximal portion of the basilar artery, which suggested that the brain stem was the site of hyper-perfusion. These findings illustrate certain features underlying both the pathophysiology of migraine itself and its response to ergotamine preparations.", "contents": "Changes in cerebral blood flow during a migraine attack. Regional cerebral blood flow studies during a typical prodromal phase of a migraine attack in a young woman showed a global decrease of cerebral blood flow in the carotid artery territory. These studies were repeated during the subsequent headache phase of the same attack and hemispheric blood flow increased considerably. Ergotamine tartrate was then administered intramuscularly which brought definite relief of symptoms but no change in cerebral blood flow. Carotid angiography performed immediately afterwards showed retrograde filling of the proximal portion of the basilar artery, which suggested that the brain stem was the site of hyper-perfusion. These findings illustrate certain features underlying both the pathophysiology of migraine itself and its response to ergotamine preparations.", "PMID": 1182454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8451", "title": "Aeromedical evacuation of the seriously ill.", "content": "Almost any patient may be carried by air, but air transport introduces some special problems owing to the effects of altitude, noise, turbulence, and the special environment. Because of these factors it is important to know when considering a patient's suitability for air transport the type of aircraft to be used, the flight profile--its duration and expected cabin altitudes--and the facilities available on board. It is essential to carry all equipment (as simple and as portable as possible), drugs, and diets that may be needed, and to be sure that all the skills and nursing help needed to deal with any possible problems are available.", "contents": "Aeromedical evacuation of the seriously ill. Almost any patient may be carried by air, but air transport introduces some special problems owing to the effects of altitude, noise, turbulence, and the special environment. Because of these factors it is important to know when considering a patient's suitability for air transport the type of aircraft to be used, the flight profile--its duration and expected cabin altitudes--and the facilities available on board. It is essential to carry all equipment (as simple and as portable as possible), drugs, and diets that may be needed, and to be sure that all the skills and nursing help needed to deal with any possible problems are available.", "PMID": 1182455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8452", "title": "Intravenous diazoxide in treatment of hypertension associated with recent myocardial infarction.", "content": "Twenty patients with blood pressure over 180/110 mm Hg one hour after admission to a coronary care unit with recent acute myocardial infarction were given intravenous diazoxide in a bolus of 300 mg. The average blood pressure before diazoxide was 194/122 mm Hg. Blood pressure fell considerably in all patients, though six patients required two injections. The average fall was 58 mm Hg systolic and 40 mm Hg diastolic. No patient became severely hypotensive. The heart rate increased by an average of 10 beats/min. In nine patients the electrocardiographic changes immediately after the administration of diazoxide suggested an increase in myocardial injury. Though none of the patients seemed to deteriorate clinically from the diazoxide the electrocardiographic changes suggested that the use of intravenous diazoxide to lower blood pressure in patients with acute myocardial infarction might possibly be deleterious.", "contents": "Intravenous diazoxide in treatment of hypertension associated with recent myocardial infarction. Twenty patients with blood pressure over 180/110 mm Hg one hour after admission to a coronary care unit with recent acute myocardial infarction were given intravenous diazoxide in a bolus of 300 mg. The average blood pressure before diazoxide was 194/122 mm Hg. Blood pressure fell considerably in all patients, though six patients required two injections. The average fall was 58 mm Hg systolic and 40 mm Hg diastolic. No patient became severely hypotensive. The heart rate increased by an average of 10 beats/min. In nine patients the electrocardiographic changes immediately after the administration of diazoxide suggested an increase in myocardial injury. Though none of the patients seemed to deteriorate clinically from the diazoxide the electrocardiographic changes suggested that the use of intravenous diazoxide to lower blood pressure in patients with acute myocardial infarction might possibly be deleterious.", "PMID": 1182475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8453", "title": "Effect of breast-feeding on pituitary-ovarian function after childbirth.", "content": "Pituitary and ovarian function at the end of pregnancy and during the first six weeks after delivery was investigated serially in women who fully breast-fed their infants and in women who did not. In the women who did not breast-feed the plasma prolactin level decreased rapidly and from the third day after delivery was significantly lower than in the breast-feeding mothers, reaching the normal range of the menstrual cycle by the third week of the puerperium. In the breast-feeding mothers the plasma prolactin was still raised six weeks after delivery. The levels of FSH in both groups were identical and increased over the third week of the puerperium. Plasma oestrogen fell steeply in both groups during the first two weeks after delivery. In the breast-feeding mothers plasma oestrogen remained depressed but increased in the non-lactating women, reflecting follicular development in the ovary in response to FSH; the plasma oestrogen levels were significantly higher in the non-lactating women from the 17th day of the puerperium onwards. These findings support the concept that in breast-feeding women prolactin delays the return of ovulation by inhibiting the ovarian response to FSH stimulation.", "contents": "Effect of breast-feeding on pituitary-ovarian function after childbirth. Pituitary and ovarian function at the end of pregnancy and during the first six weeks after delivery was investigated serially in women who fully breast-fed their infants and in women who did not. In the women who did not breast-feed the plasma prolactin level decreased rapidly and from the third day after delivery was significantly lower than in the breast-feeding mothers, reaching the normal range of the menstrual cycle by the third week of the puerperium. In the breast-feeding mothers the plasma prolactin was still raised six weeks after delivery. The levels of FSH in both groups were identical and increased over the third week of the puerperium. Plasma oestrogen fell steeply in both groups during the first two weeks after delivery. In the breast-feeding mothers plasma oestrogen remained depressed but increased in the non-lactating women, reflecting follicular development in the ovary in response to FSH; the plasma oestrogen levels were significantly higher in the non-lactating women from the 17th day of the puerperium onwards. These findings support the concept that in breast-feeding women prolactin delays the return of ovulation by inhibiting the ovarian response to FSH stimulation.", "PMID": 1182476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8454", "title": "Pregnancy, prolactin, and pituitary tumours.", "content": "Nine pregnancies are described in patients with pituitary tumours. All patients had definite radiological evidence of a pituitary tumour and no evidence of acromegaly or Cushing's disease. In seven patients serum prolactin levels were estimated before pregnancy and found to be raised.Seven patients had been treated with pituitary implantation of yttrium-90. The remaining two developed complications of the tumour during pregnancy. One developed a bitemporal visual field defect in the second trimester which was successfully treated by emergency yttrium-90 implantation. The other developed diabetes insipidus in the third trimester which resolved spontaneously after delivery.Six patients were treated with drugs to achieve pregnancy. Four took bromocriptine to suppress raised prolactin levels, one was treated with human menopausal gonadotrophin, and one was treated with clomiphene.", "contents": "Pregnancy, prolactin, and pituitary tumours. Nine pregnancies are described in patients with pituitary tumours. All patients had definite radiological evidence of a pituitary tumour and no evidence of acromegaly or Cushing's disease. In seven patients serum prolactin levels were estimated before pregnancy and found to be raised.Seven patients had been treated with pituitary implantation of yttrium-90. The remaining two developed complications of the tumour during pregnancy. One developed a bitemporal visual field defect in the second trimester which was successfully treated by emergency yttrium-90 implantation. The other developed diabetes insipidus in the third trimester which resolved spontaneously after delivery.Six patients were treated with drugs to achieve pregnancy. Four took bromocriptine to suppress raised prolactin levels, one was treated with human menopausal gonadotrophin, and one was treated with clomiphene.", "PMID": 1182480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8455", "title": "Liberty and psychiatry.", "content": "The security facilities available in one regional health authority area have been surveyed. The simultaneous run-down of the large mental hospitals and the open-door policy have resulted in a lack of facilities for mentally abnormal offenders, and the increasing scarcity of common lodging houses has exacerbated the problem. Newer psychiatric units associated with general hospitals have been mainly concerned with patients suffering from neurosis or acute psychoses. The failure to develop other services to deal with offenders has seriously overburdened both the penal system and the special hospitals.", "contents": "Liberty and psychiatry. The security facilities available in one regional health authority area have been surveyed. The simultaneous run-down of the large mental hospitals and the open-door policy have resulted in a lack of facilities for mentally abnormal offenders, and the increasing scarcity of common lodging houses has exacerbated the problem. Newer psychiatric units associated with general hospitals have been mainly concerned with patients suffering from neurosis or acute psychoses. The failure to develop other services to deal with offenders has seriously overburdened both the penal system and the special hospitals.", "PMID": 1182482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8456", "title": "Stripes, complex cells and seizures. An attempt to determine the locus and nature of the trigger mechanism in pattern-sensitive epilepsy.", "content": "The study concerns an epileptic patient whose absence attacks were contingent on the viewing of striped patterns. A series of experiments demonstrated first that seizures were not due to the intermittent stimulation of retinal cells produced as physiological nystagmus vibrated the image of the pattern, and secondly that seizures were triggered at the cortical level, probably by the firing of complex cells. Spectacles which occluded pattern vision in one eye were highly effective in reducing seizure incidence.", "contents": "Stripes, complex cells and seizures. An attempt to determine the locus and nature of the trigger mechanism in pattern-sensitive epilepsy. The study concerns an epileptic patient whose absence attacks were contingent on the viewing of striped patterns. A series of experiments demonstrated first that seizures were not due to the intermittent stimulation of retinal cells produced as physiological nystagmus vibrated the image of the pattern, and secondly that seizures were triggered at the cortical level, probably by the firing of complex cells. Spectacles which occluded pattern vision in one eye were highly effective in reducing seizure incidence.", "PMID": 1182483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8457", "title": "Comprehension and appreciation of humorous material following brain damage.", "content": "The effects of brain damage on cognitive and affective status have been assessed separately; however, a dearth of information exists about the interaction of these facets in the brain-damaged patient. Because appreciation of humour involves both cognitive and affective dimensions, an investigation of response to humorous materials should yield information relevant to this issue. In addition, a study of response to humour in aphasic patients can reveal the extent to which appreciation of humour is dependent upon an intact language system. Accordingly a test of humour, in which an individual chose the \"funniest\" of four cartoons, was administered to a population of brain-damaged and control patients. Ability to detect the most humorous cartoon was impaired in all brain-damaged patients, more in severe than in mild aphasics, but there was no significant difference between patients with left and right hemisphere lesions in their overall performance on the test. A different order of difficulty across items, and a different profile of \"mirth\" responses to the items did, however, correlate with site of lesion. Right hemisphere patients tended either to laugh throughout or, more frequently, not at all; they often confabulated answers to made impossible inferences; and they performed better on items with captions. Their cognitive reactions appeared \"dissociated\" from their affective responses. In contrast left hemisphere patients performed better on the captionless items and behaved in a manner which more closely approximated normal subjects in their humorous reactions, their order of item difficulty, and their explanations. All brain-damaged patients found it relatively easier to locate the humorous cartoons when the members of a set differed appreciably from one another. These results provide information about the altered cognitive and affective states of brain-damaged patients, the impairment of cognitive operations in aphasic patients, and the respective \"life-spaces\" of left and right hemisphere injured patients.", "contents": "Comprehension and appreciation of humorous material following brain damage. The effects of brain damage on cognitive and affective status have been assessed separately; however, a dearth of information exists about the interaction of these facets in the brain-damaged patient. Because appreciation of humour involves both cognitive and affective dimensions, an investigation of response to humorous materials should yield information relevant to this issue. In addition, a study of response to humour in aphasic patients can reveal the extent to which appreciation of humour is dependent upon an intact language system. Accordingly a test of humour, in which an individual chose the \"funniest\" of four cartoons, was administered to a population of brain-damaged and control patients. Ability to detect the most humorous cartoon was impaired in all brain-damaged patients, more in severe than in mild aphasics, but there was no significant difference between patients with left and right hemisphere lesions in their overall performance on the test. A different order of difficulty across items, and a different profile of \"mirth\" responses to the items did, however, correlate with site of lesion. Right hemisphere patients tended either to laugh throughout or, more frequently, not at all; they often confabulated answers to made impossible inferences; and they performed better on items with captions. Their cognitive reactions appeared \"dissociated\" from their affective responses. In contrast left hemisphere patients performed better on the captionless items and behaved in a manner which more closely approximated normal subjects in their humorous reactions, their order of item difficulty, and their explanations. All brain-damaged patients found it relatively easier to locate the humorous cartoons when the members of a set differed appreciably from one another. These results provide information about the altered cognitive and affective states of brain-damaged patients, the impairment of cognitive operations in aphasic patients, and the respective \"life-spaces\" of left and right hemisphere injured patients.", "PMID": 1182484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8458", "title": "Electrically elicited blink reflex in diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Review of 260 patients over a seven-year period.", "content": "The blink reflex obtained from 260 patients with suspected multiple sclerosis was analysed according to clinical criteria for diagnosis. The R1 component was dealyed on one or both sides in 96 of 145 patients with definite diagnosis (66 per cent), 32 of 57 with probable diagnosis (56 per cent), and 17 of 58 with possible diagnosis (29 per cent). The incidence of abnormal R1 rose with increasing duration of illness in each category. When the reflex was analysed according to the clinical localization of the lesion in the 260 patients, R1 was abnormal in 49 of 63 patients with pontine signs (78 per cent), 59 of 104 with other brain-stem signs (57 per cent), and 37 of 93 with no clinical brain-stem signs (40 per cent). Alteration of R2 was less specific but, when seen in the face of a normal R1, was usually associated with clinical signs suggesting lateral medullary lesions. These fingings offer direct evidence that conduction through demyelinated zones in the central nervous system is indeed slowed and that the degree of slowing can be measured objectively by means of this simple technique in man. The high inicdence of delayed R1 in patients with no clinical pontine signs suggests that the test may be used to document a clinically silent pontine lesion in multiple sclerosis and help to establish the anatomical dissemination of pathology.", "contents": "Electrically elicited blink reflex in diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Review of 260 patients over a seven-year period. The blink reflex obtained from 260 patients with suspected multiple sclerosis was analysed according to clinical criteria for diagnosis. The R1 component was dealyed on one or both sides in 96 of 145 patients with definite diagnosis (66 per cent), 32 of 57 with probable diagnosis (56 per cent), and 17 of 58 with possible diagnosis (29 per cent). The incidence of abnormal R1 rose with increasing duration of illness in each category. When the reflex was analysed according to the clinical localization of the lesion in the 260 patients, R1 was abnormal in 49 of 63 patients with pontine signs (78 per cent), 59 of 104 with other brain-stem signs (57 per cent), and 37 of 93 with no clinical brain-stem signs (40 per cent). Alteration of R2 was less specific but, when seen in the face of a normal R1, was usually associated with clinical signs suggesting lateral medullary lesions. These fingings offer direct evidence that conduction through demyelinated zones in the central nervous system is indeed slowed and that the degree of slowing can be measured objectively by means of this simple technique in man. The high inicdence of delayed R1 in patients with no clinical pontine signs suggests that the test may be used to document a clinically silent pontine lesion in multiple sclerosis and help to establish the anatomical dissemination of pathology.", "PMID": 1182485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8459", "title": "Simultaneous recording of absence seizures with video tape and electroencephalography. A study of 374 seizures in 48 patients.", "content": "Forty-eight patients, 4 to 24 years of age, with recurring absence seizures were studied prospectively for twenty-seven months. Each patient and his EEG were recorded simultaneously by a multicamera videotape technique and each recording was repeatedly viewed and described in writing by two observers who subsequently resolved any differences by joint viewing. From the 48 patients, 374 clinical absence seizures were recorded and classified according to the International Classification of Epileptic Seizures. Automatisms accompanied at least one attack in 88 per cent of the patients. Mild clonic components occurred in 71 per cent, and decreased postural tone in 41 per cent. Only one patient experienced an attack comprising only \"blank staring\" accompanied by unawareness and amnesia, but 40 per cent of patients exhibited this type of attack in addition to more complex absence attacks. Seizures of ten seconds or less in duration occurred among 85 per cent of patients. Each of the 374 seizures were readily classified according to the International Classification, but simple absence constituted only 9-4 per cent of the seizures. The others most often contained, in order of prevalence, either automatisms, mild clonic components, or decreased postural tone, or a combination of two or more of these features. The relationship between increased duration of the seizures and the occurrence of automatisms was significant. The findings are discussed in relation to differential diagnosis and mechanisms of automatisms. Absence seizures differ from complex partial (temporal lobe, psychomotor) seizures because an aura does not precede the abruptly beginning absence attack, the seizure usually lasts less than ten seconds, and mental clarity returns instantly at the end of the seizure.", "contents": "Simultaneous recording of absence seizures with video tape and electroencephalography. A study of 374 seizures in 48 patients. Forty-eight patients, 4 to 24 years of age, with recurring absence seizures were studied prospectively for twenty-seven months. Each patient and his EEG were recorded simultaneously by a multicamera videotape technique and each recording was repeatedly viewed and described in writing by two observers who subsequently resolved any differences by joint viewing. From the 48 patients, 374 clinical absence seizures were recorded and classified according to the International Classification of Epileptic Seizures. Automatisms accompanied at least one attack in 88 per cent of the patients. Mild clonic components occurred in 71 per cent, and decreased postural tone in 41 per cent. Only one patient experienced an attack comprising only \"blank staring\" accompanied by unawareness and amnesia, but 40 per cent of patients exhibited this type of attack in addition to more complex absence attacks. Seizures of ten seconds or less in duration occurred among 85 per cent of patients. Each of the 374 seizures were readily classified according to the International Classification, but simple absence constituted only 9-4 per cent of the seizures. The others most often contained, in order of prevalence, either automatisms, mild clonic components, or decreased postural tone, or a combination of two or more of these features. The relationship between increased duration of the seizures and the occurrence of automatisms was significant. The findings are discussed in relation to differential diagnosis and mechanisms of automatisms. Absence seizures differ from complex partial (temporal lobe, psychomotor) seizures because an aura does not precede the abruptly beginning absence attack, the seizure usually lasts less than ten seconds, and mental clarity returns instantly at the end of the seizure.", "PMID": 1182486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8460", "title": "A clinical and genetic study of chronic proximal spinal muscular atrophy.", "content": "A study of chronic proximal spinal muscular atrophy was undertaken with the main aim of obtaining empirical recurrence risks for genetic counselling. Thirty-eight patients and their families were studied. Of these, 33 had similar clinical features and onset of disease in infancy or childhood. A division of these 33 patients by onset before or after 2 years (which was equivalent to whether or not they ever walked normally) gave recurrence risks for sibs which were higher with early onset. Among the sibs of patients with onset before 2 years, the incidence of disease was 1 in 5, due to most patients having an autosomal recessive disorder. A few patients, however, were thought to represent new dominant mutations. Among the families of index patients with onset after 2 years, the incidence of disease in sibs was only 1 in 15, but among their children it as 1 in 8. Both autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant forms therefore occurred in this age group, but it was concluded that nearly half the patients with onset after 2 had non-genetic motor neuron disease. The autosomal recessive form of chronic spinal muscular atrophy generally had onset before 2 years, but occasionally after 2. About a third of the patients never walked, and about half were in wheelchairs by age 10. No genetic heterogeneity within this form was demonstrated. Three remaining patients had distinctive clinical features associated with their proximal weakness, external ophthalmoplegia in one, dysarthria in another, and joint contractures in a third. Only 2 patients had onset in adult life, one of a probable recessive disorder and the other a probable dominant disorder.", "contents": "A clinical and genetic study of chronic proximal spinal muscular atrophy. A study of chronic proximal spinal muscular atrophy was undertaken with the main aim of obtaining empirical recurrence risks for genetic counselling. Thirty-eight patients and their families were studied. Of these, 33 had similar clinical features and onset of disease in infancy or childhood. A division of these 33 patients by onset before or after 2 years (which was equivalent to whether or not they ever walked normally) gave recurrence risks for sibs which were higher with early onset. Among the sibs of patients with onset before 2 years, the incidence of disease was 1 in 5, due to most patients having an autosomal recessive disorder. A few patients, however, were thought to represent new dominant mutations. Among the families of index patients with onset after 2 years, the incidence of disease in sibs was only 1 in 15, but among their children it as 1 in 8. Both autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant forms therefore occurred in this age group, but it was concluded that nearly half the patients with onset after 2 had non-genetic motor neuron disease. The autosomal recessive form of chronic spinal muscular atrophy generally had onset before 2 years, but occasionally after 2. About a third of the patients never walked, and about half were in wheelchairs by age 10. No genetic heterogeneity within this form was demonstrated. Three remaining patients had distinctive clinical features associated with their proximal weakness, external ophthalmoplegia in one, dysarthria in another, and joint contractures in a third. Only 2 patients had onset in adult life, one of a probable recessive disorder and the other a probable dominant disorder.", "PMID": 1182487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8461", "title": "Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia.", "content": "The clinical features and investigative findings of 50 patients with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) were analysed. The group was found to be clinically, genetically and histologically heterogeneous. With the possible exception of patients with \"ophthalmoplegia plus,\" namely those who in addition to muscular weakness had evidence of central and/or peripheral nervous system abnormality, there was no apparent justification for separating out from among the group patients' subgroups which were distinctive enough to be recognized as syndromes. CPEO therefore seems to represent a number of different degenerative disorders whose common denominator is ophthalmoplegia and for which there are to date no adequate criteria for further classification.", "contents": "Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. The clinical features and investigative findings of 50 patients with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) were analysed. The group was found to be clinically, genetically and histologically heterogeneous. With the possible exception of patients with \"ophthalmoplegia plus,\" namely those who in addition to muscular weakness had evidence of central and/or peripheral nervous system abnormality, there was no apparent justification for separating out from among the group patients' subgroups which were distinctive enough to be recognized as syndromes. CPEO therefore seems to represent a number of different degenerative disorders whose common denominator is ophthalmoplegia and for which there are to date no adequate criteria for further classification.", "PMID": 1182488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8462", "title": "Hemispheric specialization in normal man studied by bilateral measurements of the regional cerebral blood flow. A study with the 133-Xe inhalation technique.", "content": "Changes of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during mental activation have so far only been studied unilaterally by means of the intracarotid 133Xe injection technique. In the present study bilateral rCBF measurements were made by the 133Xe inhalation technique during mental activities supposed to engage the hemispheres selectively. The study was carried out on 24 normal right-handed male volunteers by the short 133Xe inhalation method. Fourteen scintilation detectors were placed in parallel overcorresponding regions of the two hemispheres. Four rCBF measurements were made on each subject during three randomized conditions: (1) Rest (two studies); (2) Verbal test (Miller Analogy Test), and (3) Spatial test (Street). The recordings were separated by at least one hour to avoid contamination from previous measurement. The answers to the problems were given either by raising the fingers of the left hand (Verbal test) or after the study (Spatial test). In order to investigate the effects of increased motivation 12 of the subjects were promised an extra money reward in addition to the basic payment, if they performed above a certain level on the tests. Small but statistically significant differences between the average hemisphere flows were recorded during the two tests. In the highest motivated (paid) group the verbal test increased the flow in the left hemisphere by 16 per cent while the right-sided increase was significantly smaller, 13 per cent (P less than 0-001). The corresponding figures for the spatial test were: left 7 per cent, right 10 per cent (P less than 0-01). The same tendencies were seen in the less motivated group although the hemisphere differences were smaller and statistically not significant. Analysis of the regional results showed that the largest interhemispheric differences (about 5 per cent) were seen in occipital and parietal regions during the verbal test and in frontal and parietal regions during the spatial test. It is concluded that bilateral measurements of rCBF can be used with advantage in the study of lateralization of mental functions in the human brain.", "contents": "Hemispheric specialization in normal man studied by bilateral measurements of the regional cerebral blood flow. A study with the 133-Xe inhalation technique. Changes of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during mental activation have so far only been studied unilaterally by means of the intracarotid 133Xe injection technique. In the present study bilateral rCBF measurements were made by the 133Xe inhalation technique during mental activities supposed to engage the hemispheres selectively. The study was carried out on 24 normal right-handed male volunteers by the short 133Xe inhalation method. Fourteen scintilation detectors were placed in parallel overcorresponding regions of the two hemispheres. Four rCBF measurements were made on each subject during three randomized conditions: (1) Rest (two studies); (2) Verbal test (Miller Analogy Test), and (3) Spatial test (Street). The recordings were separated by at least one hour to avoid contamination from previous measurement. The answers to the problems were given either by raising the fingers of the left hand (Verbal test) or after the study (Spatial test). In order to investigate the effects of increased motivation 12 of the subjects were promised an extra money reward in addition to the basic payment, if they performed above a certain level on the tests. Small but statistically significant differences between the average hemisphere flows were recorded during the two tests. In the highest motivated (paid) group the verbal test increased the flow in the left hemisphere by 16 per cent while the right-sided increase was significantly smaller, 13 per cent (P less than 0-001). The corresponding figures for the spatial test were: left 7 per cent, right 10 per cent (P less than 0-01). The same tendencies were seen in the less motivated group although the hemisphere differences were smaller and statistically not significant. Analysis of the regional results showed that the largest interhemispheric differences (about 5 per cent) were seen in occipital and parietal regions during the verbal test and in frontal and parietal regions during the spatial test. It is concluded that bilateral measurements of rCBF can be used with advantage in the study of lateralization of mental functions in the human brain.", "PMID": 1182489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8463", "title": "Disappearance of supra-ependymal 5-HT axons in the rat forebrain after electrolytic and 5,6-DHT-induced lesions of the medial forebrain bundle.", "content": "The present study was intended to demonstrate the origin of supra-ependymal 5-hydroxytryptamine axons in the rat forebrain. Electrolytic lesions and injections of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (10 mug in 4 mul) were carried out unilaterally in and close to the medial forebrain bundle in the posterior hypothalamus of rats. Ten to 14 days later, terminal axons and formaldehyde-induced indolealkylamine fluorescence had virtually disappeared supra-ependymally in the lateral ventricles and interventricular foramina ipsilateral to the lesion if the indolealkylamine axons passing through the medial part of the medial forebrain bundle had been destroyed. No changes were observed, electron microscopically or fluorescence histochemically, in ventricles contralateral to the lesion. It is concluded that the supra-ependymal serotonergic nerve terminals in the lateral ventricles and interventricular foramina originate, uncrossed, from non-terminal axons passing through the medial forebrain bundle in the posterior hypothalamus.", "contents": "Disappearance of supra-ependymal 5-HT axons in the rat forebrain after electrolytic and 5,6-DHT-induced lesions of the medial forebrain bundle. The present study was intended to demonstrate the origin of supra-ependymal 5-hydroxytryptamine axons in the rat forebrain. Electrolytic lesions and injections of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (10 mug in 4 mul) were carried out unilaterally in and close to the medial forebrain bundle in the posterior hypothalamus of rats. Ten to 14 days later, terminal axons and formaldehyde-induced indolealkylamine fluorescence had virtually disappeared supra-ependymally in the lateral ventricles and interventricular foramina ipsilateral to the lesion if the indolealkylamine axons passing through the medial part of the medial forebrain bundle had been destroyed. No changes were observed, electron microscopically or fluorescence histochemically, in ventricles contralateral to the lesion. It is concluded that the supra-ependymal serotonergic nerve terminals in the lateral ventricles and interventricular foramina originate, uncrossed, from non-terminal axons passing through the medial forebrain bundle in the posterior hypothalamus.", "PMID": 1182503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8464", "title": "Reaction time to square-wave gratings as a function of spatial frequency, complexity and contrast.", "content": "Visuomotor reaction time (RT) of normal human subjects to briefly presented square-wave bar patterns were measured. The pattern varied with respect to magnitude and number of spatial frequencies (one cycle/degree of visual angle, 3 cycles/degree, and both combined) with each spatial frequency stimulus presented at 3 levels of contrast. Space-average luminance was held constant. RT increased with the higher spatial frequency and was intermediate in value for the combination stimulus at each level of contrast. RT increased with decreasing contrast levels for each spatial frequency stimulus. There was no interaction between the two parameters. The findings indicate that a behavioral response measure can be employed to study the multiple channel hypothesis of human vision. The results were compared with those of other investigators employing sine-wave gratings, perceptual response measures and the evoked potentials technique.", "contents": "Reaction time to square-wave gratings as a function of spatial frequency, complexity and contrast. Visuomotor reaction time (RT) of normal human subjects to briefly presented square-wave bar patterns were measured. The pattern varied with respect to magnitude and number of spatial frequencies (one cycle/degree of visual angle, 3 cycles/degree, and both combined) with each spatial frequency stimulus presented at 3 levels of contrast. Space-average luminance was held constant. RT increased with the higher spatial frequency and was intermediate in value for the combination stimulus at each level of contrast. RT increased with decreasing contrast levels for each spatial frequency stimulus. There was no interaction between the two parameters. The findings indicate that a behavioral response measure can be employed to study the multiple channel hypothesis of human vision. The results were compared with those of other investigators employing sine-wave gratings, perceptual response measures and the evoked potentials technique.", "PMID": 1182504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8465", "title": "Loss of chemoreceptive properties of the rabbit carotid body after destruction of the glomus cells.", "content": "Glomus cells of the rabbit carotid body were destroyed by local freezing. Electrophysiological recording of baroreceptor afferent activities showed that carotid sinus nerve regeneration was completed after 3 months. Nevertheless, ventilatory reaction as well as chemoreceptor afferent activity were no longer observed in response to the usual stimuli of arterial chemoreceptors (O2 test, NaCN). Results support the view that glomus cells are necessary for chemoreception and question the specificity of their afferent innervation.", "contents": "Loss of chemoreceptive properties of the rabbit carotid body after destruction of the glomus cells. Glomus cells of the rabbit carotid body were destroyed by local freezing. Electrophysiological recording of baroreceptor afferent activities showed that carotid sinus nerve regeneration was completed after 3 months. Nevertheless, ventilatory reaction as well as chemoreceptor afferent activity were no longer observed in response to the usual stimuli of arterial chemoreceptors (O2 test, NaCN). Results support the view that glomus cells are necessary for chemoreception and question the specificity of their afferent innervation.", "PMID": 1182506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8466", "title": "The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from the developing limb of the chick embryo.", "content": "Chick embryos ranging in age from 4.0 to 18 days of incubation and 1-2-day-old hatchlings received injections of HRP solutions directly into the leg musculature. After survival periods of from 5 to 25 h motoneurons and cells in the spinal sensory ganglia were found to be stained with the HRP reaction product. It was found that the first appearance of a positive HRP reaction coincided with the time when nerve processes are first detected in the limb-bud by silver techniques (i.e. at 4.5 days of incubation). Only neurons with processes in the region of injection showed a positive reaction. The demonstration of a retrograde transport mechanism in neurons and axons which are still undergoing growth and differentiation provides a possible mechanism for the peripheral regulation of certain features of CNS neurogenesis. The application of this technique during development may also allow one to map neuroanatomical pathways during their formation.", "contents": "The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from the developing limb of the chick embryo. Chick embryos ranging in age from 4.0 to 18 days of incubation and 1-2-day-old hatchlings received injections of HRP solutions directly into the leg musculature. After survival periods of from 5 to 25 h motoneurons and cells in the spinal sensory ganglia were found to be stained with the HRP reaction product. It was found that the first appearance of a positive HRP reaction coincided with the time when nerve processes are first detected in the limb-bud by silver techniques (i.e. at 4.5 days of incubation). Only neurons with processes in the region of injection showed a positive reaction. The demonstration of a retrograde transport mechanism in neurons and axons which are still undergoing growth and differentiation provides a possible mechanism for the peripheral regulation of certain features of CNS neurogenesis. The application of this technique during development may also allow one to map neuroanatomical pathways during their formation.", "PMID": 1182520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8467", "title": "A late component of flash-evoked potentials in the cat's optic chiasma and superior colliculus: its appearance due to background illumination.", "content": "Flash-evoked potentials (FEPs) in the cat's optic chiasma and superior colliculus were recorded under the following two conditions: complete darkness and background illumination. Special attention was paid to a specific late component of FEP'S and comparison in the behavior of the late component was made between the two conditions. It was found that a late component of FEPs in the optic chiasma appeared in the presence of background illumination while it was not observed under the condition of complete darkness. A corresponding late component of FEPs was detected in the superior colliculus. The late component might be supposed to be driven from a class of W-cells in the cat's retina.", "contents": "A late component of flash-evoked potentials in the cat's optic chiasma and superior colliculus: its appearance due to background illumination. Flash-evoked potentials (FEPs) in the cat's optic chiasma and superior colliculus were recorded under the following two conditions: complete darkness and background illumination. Special attention was paid to a specific late component of FEP'S and comparison in the behavior of the late component was made between the two conditions. It was found that a late component of FEPs in the optic chiasma appeared in the presence of background illumination while it was not observed under the condition of complete darkness. A corresponding late component of FEPs was detected in the superior colliculus. The late component might be supposed to be driven from a class of W-cells in the cat's retina.", "PMID": 1182521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8468", "title": "Hippocampal influence on hyperreactivity induced by septal lesions.", "content": "Rats were tested for their responses to 4 stimuli in order to measure hyperreactivity. Animals with septal lesions emitted the expected hyperreactivity. Lesions of the postcommisural fornix, precommissural fornix, or anterior hippocampus, administered 16 days prior to a septal lesion, blocked the expected hyperreactivity. Lesions localized to the medial or the lateral fibers of the fornix decreased the magnitude the duration of the expected hyperreactivity following septal lesions but did not block it. Lesions of the posterior hippocampus-entorhinal cortex had no reliable effect on the expected hyperreactivity after septal lesions. These data indicate that the appearance of hyperreactivity following a septal lesion depends upon a circuit involving the septum, precommissural fornix, anterior hippocampus, postcommissural fornix, and hypothalamus, and document an important functional relationship between the septum, anterior hippocampus, and hypothalamus.", "contents": "Hippocampal influence on hyperreactivity induced by septal lesions. Rats were tested for their responses to 4 stimuli in order to measure hyperreactivity. Animals with septal lesions emitted the expected hyperreactivity. Lesions of the postcommisural fornix, precommissural fornix, or anterior hippocampus, administered 16 days prior to a septal lesion, blocked the expected hyperreactivity. Lesions localized to the medial or the lateral fibers of the fornix decreased the magnitude the duration of the expected hyperreactivity following septal lesions but did not block it. Lesions of the posterior hippocampus-entorhinal cortex had no reliable effect on the expected hyperreactivity after septal lesions. These data indicate that the appearance of hyperreactivity following a septal lesion depends upon a circuit involving the septum, precommissural fornix, anterior hippocampus, postcommissural fornix, and hypothalamus, and document an important functional relationship between the septum, anterior hippocampus, and hypothalamus.", "PMID": 1182522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8469", "title": "Effects of intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine and replacement therapy with norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin on self-stimulation in diencephalic and mesencephalic regions in the rat.", "content": "Although 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) reduced the rate of hypothalamic self-stimulation, it is not known whether the same effect is produced at other reinforcing sites remote from the hypothalamus. This was investigated in rats implanted with rewarding probes in the hypothalamus, in the substantia nigra, in the midbrain, and in the pontine region. Two patterns of self-stimulation emerged in each subject. One, characterized by short, medium and long-stimulus-train durations, was seen in the hypothalamus, in the substantia nigra, and in selected sites in the pons. The other, which comprised only short stimulus-trains, was found in the medial midbrain and in the pontine region. 6-OHDA (250 mug intraventricular route) reduced the rate of responding in the regions where responding was for short, medium, and long stimulus trains. It has a minor effect on responding in regions where the brain rewards were exclusively of short duration. Thus, self-stimulation in the hypothalamus, in the substantia nigra and in the pons was suppressed after 6-OHDA, while self-stimulation in the medial midbrain and at sites in the pons, where selection was for short trains, was only slightly below control levels after 6-OHDA. L-Norepinephrine (L-NE) (10, 20 and 30 mug) injected into the lateral ventricle of the 6-OHDA-treated rats temporarily reinstated self-stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus but not in the substantia nigra and not in the pontine region where the pattern of selection had been for long brain rewards. Dopamine (DA) was not effective as an antagonist of the suppressant action of 6-OHDA. Serotonin (5-HT) reinstated self-stimulation behavior in the lateral hypothalamus but not in the other positive regions. Its action was less than that of NE and did not take place in all animals tested.", "contents": "Effects of intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine and replacement therapy with norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin on self-stimulation in diencephalic and mesencephalic regions in the rat. Although 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) reduced the rate of hypothalamic self-stimulation, it is not known whether the same effect is produced at other reinforcing sites remote from the hypothalamus. This was investigated in rats implanted with rewarding probes in the hypothalamus, in the substantia nigra, in the midbrain, and in the pontine region. Two patterns of self-stimulation emerged in each subject. One, characterized by short, medium and long-stimulus-train durations, was seen in the hypothalamus, in the substantia nigra, and in selected sites in the pons. The other, which comprised only short stimulus-trains, was found in the medial midbrain and in the pontine region. 6-OHDA (250 mug intraventricular route) reduced the rate of responding in the regions where responding was for short, medium, and long stimulus trains. It has a minor effect on responding in regions where the brain rewards were exclusively of short duration. Thus, self-stimulation in the hypothalamus, in the substantia nigra and in the pons was suppressed after 6-OHDA, while self-stimulation in the medial midbrain and at sites in the pons, where selection was for short trains, was only slightly below control levels after 6-OHDA. L-Norepinephrine (L-NE) (10, 20 and 30 mug) injected into the lateral ventricle of the 6-OHDA-treated rats temporarily reinstated self-stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus but not in the substantia nigra and not in the pontine region where the pattern of selection had been for long brain rewards. Dopamine (DA) was not effective as an antagonist of the suppressant action of 6-OHDA. Serotonin (5-HT) reinstated self-stimulation behavior in the lateral hypothalamus but not in the other positive regions. Its action was less than that of NE and did not take place in all animals tested.", "PMID": 1182523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8470", "title": "Barbiturate spindle activity in functionally corresponding thalamic and cortical somato-sensory areas in the cat.", "content": "(1) Spontaneous barbiturate spindles were recorded from a locus in the thalamic nucleus ventralis postero-lateralis (VPL) and the corresponding projection area in the somato-sensory cortex (SI) in the cat. (2) Type I spindles32 recorded from such sites in the thalamus and cortex, regarded as being functionally on line, were cross-correlated. The analysis gave high negative cross-correlation coefficients, indicating that a considerable degree of wave synchrony existed between the spindles. Maximal wave synchrony was present in the first and middle part of the spindle. (3) The thalamo-cortical spindle wave synchrony was reduced by a small displacement of the cortical electrode within the somato-sensory cortex. Starting with a very lightly anaesthetized animal, small amounts of barbiturate did not influence the size of the cortical area which had spindles in synchrony with the thalamic spindles. (4) Spindles recorded from a VPL locus and from its cortical projection site started simultaneously. When the thalamic and cortical electrodes were positioned functionally off line this spindle coincidence decreased. The intervals between the spindle onsets increased with increasing off line positions of the electrodes. Those few thalamic and cortical spindles which occurred simultaneously showed no, or only weak, spindle wave synchrony. (5) These data suggest a point-to-point topographical relation between thalamic and cortical loci engaged in barbiturate spindle activity. (6) Type I and type II spindles32 differed with respect to spindle characteristics (amplitude, duration, incidence) and also with respect to corresponding thalamic rhythmic activity. These spindle types are, therefore, probably produced by different mechanisms. We suggest that type II spindles represent a purely cortical process initiated by type I spindles.", "contents": "Barbiturate spindle activity in functionally corresponding thalamic and cortical somato-sensory areas in the cat. (1) Spontaneous barbiturate spindles were recorded from a locus in the thalamic nucleus ventralis postero-lateralis (VPL) and the corresponding projection area in the somato-sensory cortex (SI) in the cat. (2) Type I spindles32 recorded from such sites in the thalamus and cortex, regarded as being functionally on line, were cross-correlated. The analysis gave high negative cross-correlation coefficients, indicating that a considerable degree of wave synchrony existed between the spindles. Maximal wave synchrony was present in the first and middle part of the spindle. (3) The thalamo-cortical spindle wave synchrony was reduced by a small displacement of the cortical electrode within the somato-sensory cortex. Starting with a very lightly anaesthetized animal, small amounts of barbiturate did not influence the size of the cortical area which had spindles in synchrony with the thalamic spindles. (4) Spindles recorded from a VPL locus and from its cortical projection site started simultaneously. When the thalamic and cortical electrodes were positioned functionally off line this spindle coincidence decreased. The intervals between the spindle onsets increased with increasing off line positions of the electrodes. Those few thalamic and cortical spindles which occurred simultaneously showed no, or only weak, spindle wave synchrony. (5) These data suggest a point-to-point topographical relation between thalamic and cortical loci engaged in barbiturate spindle activity. (6) Type I and type II spindles32 differed with respect to spindle characteristics (amplitude, duration, incidence) and also with respect to corresponding thalamic rhythmic activity. These spindle types are, therefore, probably produced by different mechanisms. We suggest that type II spindles represent a purely cortical process initiated by type I spindles.", "PMID": 1182532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8471", "title": "Barbiturate spindle activity in the thalamic lateral ventro-posterior nucleus and the second somato-sensory area of the cortex.", "content": "(1) Barbiturate spindles recorded from the second somato-sensory cortical area (SII) were similar to spindles in the primary somato-sensory area (SI) both with respect to incidence, duration of each spindle and per cent spindle time. The spindle wave amplitude was smaller in SII. The highest spindle wave amplitude was observed in the anterior part of SII which receives input from nucleus ventralis postero-lateralis (VPL). No spindle activity was observed in the posterior part of SII which receives input from the posterior nuclear group (PO) of the thalamus. (2) Barbiturate spindles recorded from a locus in VPL and its projection area in SII were cross-correlated. The analysis resulted in high cross-correlation factors, indicating that a considerable degree of spindle wave synchrony existed between the spindles. This wave synchrony was reduced by moving the cortical electrode a short distance. (3) Cortical spindles recorded from corresponding sites in SI and SII were cross-correlated, and gave a high cross-correlation coefficient. This synchrony was markedly reduced if one of the electrodes was moved a few millimetres away from the optimal point. (4) Spindles started simultaneously in corresponding sites of SI and SII. A high degree of coincidence was found also between spindles in a VPL locus and the corresponding projection site in SII. Local anaesthesia applied to or total removal of SI failed to influence the spindle activity in SII and vice versa. Similarly, the SI-SII synchrony survived a deep incision cutting all connections between the two areas. (6) It is suggested that spindles in corresponding sites of SII and SI have a common thalamic pacemaker which probably projects to both areas by axonal branching.", "contents": "Barbiturate spindle activity in the thalamic lateral ventro-posterior nucleus and the second somato-sensory area of the cortex. (1) Barbiturate spindles recorded from the second somato-sensory cortical area (SII) were similar to spindles in the primary somato-sensory area (SI) both with respect to incidence, duration of each spindle and per cent spindle time. The spindle wave amplitude was smaller in SII. The highest spindle wave amplitude was observed in the anterior part of SII which receives input from nucleus ventralis postero-lateralis (VPL). No spindle activity was observed in the posterior part of SII which receives input from the posterior nuclear group (PO) of the thalamus. (2) Barbiturate spindles recorded from a locus in VPL and its projection area in SII were cross-correlated. The analysis resulted in high cross-correlation factors, indicating that a considerable degree of spindle wave synchrony existed between the spindles. This wave synchrony was reduced by moving the cortical electrode a short distance. (3) Cortical spindles recorded from corresponding sites in SI and SII were cross-correlated, and gave a high cross-correlation coefficient. This synchrony was markedly reduced if one of the electrodes was moved a few millimetres away from the optimal point. (4) Spindles started simultaneously in corresponding sites of SI and SII. A high degree of coincidence was found also between spindles in a VPL locus and the corresponding projection site in SII. Local anaesthesia applied to or total removal of SI failed to influence the spindle activity in SII and vice versa. Similarly, the SI-SII synchrony survived a deep incision cutting all connections between the two areas. (6) It is suggested that spindles in corresponding sites of SII and SI have a common thalamic pacemaker which probably projects to both areas by axonal branching.", "PMID": 1182533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8472", "title": "Sleep cycle control and cholinergic mechanisms: differential effects of carbachol injections at pontine brain stem sites.", "content": "Muscular atonia and cortical desynchronization, two signs of desynchronized sleep, can be enhanced or suppressed by direct injection of carbachol into the pontine brain stem of cats. The positive effects are graded, being maximal in the gigantocellular tegmental field and less marked in adjacent nuclei. These positive effects are dose-dependent. Suppressive effects of carbachol are maximal in the region of the locus coeruleus and are dose-dependent but do not exceed those of the vehicle alone. The results support the hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms of the pontine tegmentum are involved in desynchronized sleep generation.", "contents": "Sleep cycle control and cholinergic mechanisms: differential effects of carbachol injections at pontine brain stem sites. Muscular atonia and cortical desynchronization, two signs of desynchronized sleep, can be enhanced or suppressed by direct injection of carbachol into the pontine brain stem of cats. The positive effects are graded, being maximal in the gigantocellular tegmental field and less marked in adjacent nuclei. These positive effects are dose-dependent. Suppressive effects of carbachol are maximal in the region of the locus coeruleus and are dose-dependent but do not exceed those of the vehicle alone. The results support the hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms of the pontine tegmentum are involved in desynchronized sleep generation.", "PMID": 1182534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8473", "title": "Catecholaminergic mechanisms of the lateral hypothalamus: their role in the mediation of amphetamine anorexia.", "content": "The brain mechanisms mediating amphetamine's suppressive effect on feeding behavior were analyzed in rats with chronically implanted brain cannulas. Experiments in which drugs were injected directly into the anterolateral hypothalamus, the region found to be most responsive to amphetamine's action, yielded the following results. (1) Over a dose range of 6.25 nmoles (0.8 mug) to 400 nmoles (51.4 mug), hypothalamically injected D-amphetamine produced a reliable suppression of food consumption (20 percent at 6.25 nmoles, increasing to 88 percent at 200 nmoles) and was found to be approximately 3 times as potent as L-amphetamine in yielding this effect. (2) The anorexic effect of hypothalamically injected D-amphetamine was totally abolished by local administration of alpha-methyltyrosine, an inhibitor of dopamine, norepinephrine, and perhaps epinephrine synthesis, or by local administration of Fla-63, an inhibitor of only norepinephrine, and perhaps epinephrine, synthesis. (3) This effect of hypothalamic D-amphetamine was also antagonized by locally administered dopaminergic or beta-adrenergic receptor blockers but was unaffected by alpha-adrenergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic blockers. (4) Lateral hypothalamic administration of dopaminergic or beta-adrenergic receptor blockers, at quite low doses, was also effective in antagonizing the anorexia induced by peripherally administered D-amphetamine. These results strongly suggest that amphetamine, in suppressing feeding behavior, acts through the lateral hypothalamus, perhaps the anterior region, causing a release of dopamine and norepinephrine (or perhaps epinephrine) from lateral hypothalamic nerve endings and a subsequent stimulation of dopaminergic and beta-adrenergic receptors located in that region.", "contents": "Catecholaminergic mechanisms of the lateral hypothalamus: their role in the mediation of amphetamine anorexia. The brain mechanisms mediating amphetamine's suppressive effect on feeding behavior were analyzed in rats with chronically implanted brain cannulas. Experiments in which drugs were injected directly into the anterolateral hypothalamus, the region found to be most responsive to amphetamine's action, yielded the following results. (1) Over a dose range of 6.25 nmoles (0.8 mug) to 400 nmoles (51.4 mug), hypothalamically injected D-amphetamine produced a reliable suppression of food consumption (20 percent at 6.25 nmoles, increasing to 88 percent at 200 nmoles) and was found to be approximately 3 times as potent as L-amphetamine in yielding this effect. (2) The anorexic effect of hypothalamically injected D-amphetamine was totally abolished by local administration of alpha-methyltyrosine, an inhibitor of dopamine, norepinephrine, and perhaps epinephrine synthesis, or by local administration of Fla-63, an inhibitor of only norepinephrine, and perhaps epinephrine, synthesis. (3) This effect of hypothalamic D-amphetamine was also antagonized by locally administered dopaminergic or beta-adrenergic receptor blockers but was unaffected by alpha-adrenergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic blockers. (4) Lateral hypothalamic administration of dopaminergic or beta-adrenergic receptor blockers, at quite low doses, was also effective in antagonizing the anorexia induced by peripherally administered D-amphetamine. These results strongly suggest that amphetamine, in suppressing feeding behavior, acts through the lateral hypothalamus, perhaps the anterior region, causing a release of dopamine and norepinephrine (or perhaps epinephrine) from lateral hypothalamic nerve endings and a subsequent stimulation of dopaminergic and beta-adrenergic receptors located in that region.", "PMID": 1182535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8474", "title": "Biochemical and pathological studies of myelin in hexachlorophene intoxication.", "content": "Adult female rats were fed a diet containing 500 ppm hexachlorophene (HCP). Morphological study of brains from these animals showed vacuolation of the myelin sheaths due to separation of myelin lamellae at the minor dense line. However, myelin could be isolated from the brains of these animals in normal yield. The myelin isolated from HCP-fed animals had normal lipid and protein compositions as shown by analyses of the individual lipids and by disc gel electrophoresis of the proteins. Assay of the myelin-specific enzyme, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphohydrolase, showed normal specific activity in myelin obtained from HCP-fed rats. Brains of HCP-fed rats showed an increase in wet weight and a decrease in dry weight, with the chloroform-methanol insoluble fraction showing the greatest weight loss. During isolation of myelin from HCP-fed rats material was found floating over 0.32 M sucrose. This \"floating fraction\" contained a higher ratio of lipid to protein but the same relative proportions of the individual lipids as are found in myelin. The yield of \"floating fraction\" from each HCP-fed rat was less than 10 percent of the yield of myelin. Disc gel electrophoresis demonstrated the presence of the usual myelin proteins in this fraction, but with a slight increase in the relative amount of the low molecular weight basic protein. The data were compared to reports on the biochemistry of triethyltin poisoning, and it was concluded that vacuolation of myelin in HCP poisoning is probably due to increased permeability of myelin lamellae to water and electrolytes.", "contents": "Biochemical and pathological studies of myelin in hexachlorophene intoxication. Adult female rats were fed a diet containing 500 ppm hexachlorophene (HCP). Morphological study of brains from these animals showed vacuolation of the myelin sheaths due to separation of myelin lamellae at the minor dense line. However, myelin could be isolated from the brains of these animals in normal yield. The myelin isolated from HCP-fed animals had normal lipid and protein compositions as shown by analyses of the individual lipids and by disc gel electrophoresis of the proteins. Assay of the myelin-specific enzyme, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphohydrolase, showed normal specific activity in myelin obtained from HCP-fed rats. Brains of HCP-fed rats showed an increase in wet weight and a decrease in dry weight, with the chloroform-methanol insoluble fraction showing the greatest weight loss. During isolation of myelin from HCP-fed rats material was found floating over 0.32 M sucrose. This \"floating fraction\" contained a higher ratio of lipid to protein but the same relative proportions of the individual lipids as are found in myelin. The yield of \"floating fraction\" from each HCP-fed rat was less than 10 percent of the yield of myelin. Disc gel electrophoresis demonstrated the presence of the usual myelin proteins in this fraction, but with a slight increase in the relative amount of the low molecular weight basic protein. The data were compared to reports on the biochemistry of triethyltin poisoning, and it was concluded that vacuolation of myelin in HCP poisoning is probably due to increased permeability of myelin lamellae to water and electrolytes.", "PMID": 1182536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8475", "title": "Soluble and membrane-bound S-100 protein in cerebral cortex synaptosomes. Properties of the S-100 receptor.", "content": "Within cerebral cortex synaptosomes, S-100 protein can be recovered in two forms: soluble and membrane-bound. Synaptosomal S-100 is mainly a soluble protein (85 percent). The membrane-bound S-100 is differently distributed in the synaptosomal membranes, intraterminal mitochondria, and synaptic vesicles. S-100 binds to a specific receptor. The binding is time-dependent, reversible and saturable with respect to S-100. The number of receptors is calculated to be about 9 times 10(12)/mg protein, since saturation is achieved at 31 ng [125I]S-100/0.1 mg protein of disrupted synaptosomes. The rate constant for association of S-100 with its receptor at 37 degrees C, k1, is 4.74 times 10(4) M(-1) sec(-1), and the rate constant for dissociation, k-1, 9.24 times 10(-4) sec(-1).", "contents": "Soluble and membrane-bound S-100 protein in cerebral cortex synaptosomes. Properties of the S-100 receptor. Within cerebral cortex synaptosomes, S-100 protein can be recovered in two forms: soluble and membrane-bound. Synaptosomal S-100 is mainly a soluble protein (85 percent). The membrane-bound S-100 is differently distributed in the synaptosomal membranes, intraterminal mitochondria, and synaptic vesicles. S-100 binds to a specific receptor. The binding is time-dependent, reversible and saturable with respect to S-100. The number of receptors is calculated to be about 9 times 10(12)/mg protein, since saturation is achieved at 31 ng [125I]S-100/0.1 mg protein of disrupted synaptosomes. The rate constant for association of S-100 with its receptor at 37 degrees C, k1, is 4.74 times 10(4) M(-1) sec(-1), and the rate constant for dissociation, k-1, 9.24 times 10(-4) sec(-1).", "PMID": 1182537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8476", "title": "Tail pinch-induced eating, gnawing and licking behavior in rats: dependence on the nigrostriatal dopamine system.", "content": "Mild-tail-pinch induces a syndrome of eating, gnawing and licking behavior in rats in the presence of food. Detailed behavioral, pharmacological and biochemical analyses of this phenomenon resulted in the following conclusions. (1) This is an unusually reliable phenomenon, demonstrable in each of more than 200 animals tested. (2) Eating is by far the predominant response to tail-pinch. (3) Tail-pinch behavior is critically dependent on the nigrostriatal dopamine system. (4) There are striking pharmacological parallels between tail-pinch behavior and schizophrenia.", "contents": "Tail pinch-induced eating, gnawing and licking behavior in rats: dependence on the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Mild-tail-pinch induces a syndrome of eating, gnawing and licking behavior in rats in the presence of food. Detailed behavioral, pharmacological and biochemical analyses of this phenomenon resulted in the following conclusions. (1) This is an unusually reliable phenomenon, demonstrable in each of more than 200 animals tested. (2) Eating is by far the predominant response to tail-pinch. (3) Tail-pinch behavior is critically dependent on the nigrostriatal dopamine system. (4) There are striking pharmacological parallels between tail-pinch behavior and schizophrenia.", "PMID": 1182545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8477", "title": "Perturbations in fluid balance induced by medially placed forebrain lesions.", "content": "Acute and chronic effects on the fluid balance of radio-frequency forebrain lesions were studied in the goat. Medial lesions which involved practically the entire anterior wall of the third cerebral ventricle cause persistent loss of thirst and lack of significant antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release in response to hypernatraemia and plasma hyperosmolality. As acute response to such lesions an uncompensated, temporary water diuresis was seen, which rapidly caused pronounced hypernatraemia and hypovolaemia. Lesions extending laterally to encroach upon the supraoptic nuclei resulted in persistent signs of weak, inappropriate ADH secretion (=impaired water diuresis, renal salt wasting, and pronounced hyponatraemia during hydration). Forebrain damage, mainly restricted to the septal region, caused hyperdipsia. In some goats, obvious post-lesioning increase in salt appetite was observed which could not be coreelated to the extent of their forebrain damage. The results are discussed in relation to hypothalamic syndromes in man and previous studies on central control of fluid balance in the goat.", "contents": "Perturbations in fluid balance induced by medially placed forebrain lesions. Acute and chronic effects on the fluid balance of radio-frequency forebrain lesions were studied in the goat. Medial lesions which involved practically the entire anterior wall of the third cerebral ventricle cause persistent loss of thirst and lack of significant antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release in response to hypernatraemia and plasma hyperosmolality. As acute response to such lesions an uncompensated, temporary water diuresis was seen, which rapidly caused pronounced hypernatraemia and hypovolaemia. Lesions extending laterally to encroach upon the supraoptic nuclei resulted in persistent signs of weak, inappropriate ADH secretion (=impaired water diuresis, renal salt wasting, and pronounced hyponatraemia during hydration). Forebrain damage, mainly restricted to the septal region, caused hyperdipsia. In some goats, obvious post-lesioning increase in salt appetite was observed which could not be coreelated to the extent of their forebrain damage. The results are discussed in relation to hypothalamic syndromes in man and previous studies on central control of fluid balance in the goat.", "PMID": 1182546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8478", "title": "Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on central noradrenaline neurons during ontogeny.", "content": "The effects of the catecholamine neurotoxic compound, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) have been investigated on central noradrenaline (NA) neurons after neonatal administration. In agreement with previous studies this treatment (1-3 X 100 mg/kg) led to a pronounced reduction of the in vitro uptake of [3H]NA and the endogenous NA in the cerebral cortex, while these parameters were markedly augmented in the pons and medulla oblongata, regions containing the NA perikarya. The 6-OHDA induced changes in the cerebral cortex and the pons-medulla could be completely prevented by the 'membrane pump' blocker desipramine, indicating that the effects are associated with a specific neurotoxic action of 6-OHDA on  the NA neurons. Consistently, 6-OHDA acutely (within 2 h) produced a marked reduction of the [3H]NA uptake in both the cerebral cortex and pons-medulla. In the cerebral cortex the nadir (approximately 75% reduction) was reached within 6 h and remained so, while in the pons-medulla the [3H]NA uptake rapidly recovered, being maximally elevated after 14 days (50-80% increase) and remained so for at least 6 months. The [3H]NA uptake in the pons-medulla from 6-OHDA treated rats had the same kinetic and pharmacological properties as that of control. Thus the observed differences in [3H]NA uptake are most likely quantitatively related to actual changes in the number of NA nerve terminals. Treatment with lower 6-OHDA doses (10 or 50 mg/kg) resulted in less pronounced reduction of [3H]NA uptake initially, and there was a gradual recovery of tuptake with time in the cerebral cortex, which was more pronounced after the lower dose. These results are indications of regenerative growth, which may be possible when a critical part of the axon is spared from the neurotoxic effect of 6-OHDA. Administration of 6-OHDA on various days after birth disclosed that both the reduction of [3H]NA uptake in the cerebral cortex and the increase of [3H]NA uptake in the pons-medulla did not appear as permanent phenomena when 6-OHDA was given later than on the seventh postnatal day. This is most likely associated with the postnatal development of the blood-brain barrier. It may be concluded that the neonatal 6-OHDA treatment causes a marked NA denervation in the forebrain, e.g. the cerebral cortex, and an increased outgrowth of NA nerve terminals in the pons-medulla, which is preceded by a partial damage. This partial NA denervation is then followed by a regeneration (regenerative and/or collateral sprouting) and a stimulated outgrowth of NA nerve terminals.", "contents": "Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on central noradrenaline neurons during ontogeny. The effects of the catecholamine neurotoxic compound, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) have been investigated on central noradrenaline (NA) neurons after neonatal administration. In agreement with previous studies this treatment (1-3 X 100 mg/kg) led to a pronounced reduction of the in vitro uptake of [3H]NA and the endogenous NA in the cerebral cortex, while these parameters were markedly augmented in the pons and medulla oblongata, regions containing the NA perikarya. The 6-OHDA induced changes in the cerebral cortex and the pons-medulla could be completely prevented by the 'membrane pump' blocker desipramine, indicating that the effects are associated with a specific neurotoxic action of 6-OHDA on  the NA neurons. Consistently, 6-OHDA acutely (within 2 h) produced a marked reduction of the [3H]NA uptake in both the cerebral cortex and pons-medulla. In the cerebral cortex the nadir (approximately 75% reduction) was reached within 6 h and remained so, while in the pons-medulla the [3H]NA uptake rapidly recovered, being maximally elevated after 14 days (50-80% increase) and remained so for at least 6 months. The [3H]NA uptake in the pons-medulla from 6-OHDA treated rats had the same kinetic and pharmacological properties as that of control. Thus the observed differences in [3H]NA uptake are most likely quantitatively related to actual changes in the number of NA nerve terminals. Treatment with lower 6-OHDA doses (10 or 50 mg/kg) resulted in less pronounced reduction of [3H]NA uptake initially, and there was a gradual recovery of tuptake with time in the cerebral cortex, which was more pronounced after the lower dose. These results are indications of regenerative growth, which may be possible when a critical part of the axon is spared from the neurotoxic effect of 6-OHDA. Administration of 6-OHDA on various days after birth disclosed that both the reduction of [3H]NA uptake in the cerebral cortex and the increase of [3H]NA uptake in the pons-medulla did not appear as permanent phenomena when 6-OHDA was given later than on the seventh postnatal day. This is most likely associated with the postnatal development of the blood-brain barrier. It may be concluded that the neonatal 6-OHDA treatment causes a marked NA denervation in the forebrain, e.g. the cerebral cortex, and an increased outgrowth of NA nerve terminals in the pons-medulla, which is preceded by a partial damage. This partial NA denervation is then followed by a regeneration (regenerative and/or collateral sprouting) and a stimulated outgrowth of NA nerve terminals.", "PMID": 1182547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8479", "title": "Quantitative localization of biogenic amines in the spinal cord.", "content": "Recently developed highly sensitive radiometric assays for biogenic amines have been combined with microdissection techniques to localize and quantify these amines in different structures, and at various levels of rabbit and rat spinal cords. Assays were performed for serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and epinephrine. It was generally found that the highest concentrations of those biogenic amines were found in the lateral and ventral horns, slightly lesser concentrations were found around the central canal, and still lower concentrations were found in the dorsal horns. Relatively low amine concentrations were found in the white matter. These biochemical measurements correlate well with localizations indicated by histofluorescence methods but provide precise quantification. Comparisons with previously available, less sensitive biochemical measurements are discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative localization of biogenic amines in the spinal cord. Recently developed highly sensitive radiometric assays for biogenic amines have been combined with microdissection techniques to localize and quantify these amines in different structures, and at various levels of rabbit and rat spinal cords. Assays were performed for serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and epinephrine. It was generally found that the highest concentrations of those biogenic amines were found in the lateral and ventral horns, slightly lesser concentrations were found around the central canal, and still lower concentrations were found in the dorsal horns. Relatively low amine concentrations were found in the white matter. These biochemical measurements correlate well with localizations indicated by histofluorescence methods but provide precise quantification. Comparisons with previously available, less sensitive biochemical measurements are discussed.", "PMID": 1182548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8480", "title": "The effect of diethylstilbestrol on the rate of osseous repair, bone integrity, and plasma calcium in the adult avian.", "content": "The effect of diethylstilbestrol on healing experimental osseous defects in adult roosters was studied by means of I-125 photon absorptiometry. Although the two dose levels utilized in this study both resulted in elevated plasma calcium and lipid levels and significantly increased the mineral and organic fractions of femoral bone, diethylstilbestrol treatment over a six-week period had no effect on the rate or magnitude of mineralization in the repairing osseous defect.", "contents": "The effect of diethylstilbestrol on the rate of osseous repair, bone integrity, and plasma calcium in the adult avian. The effect of diethylstilbestrol on healing experimental osseous defects in adult roosters was studied by means of I-125 photon absorptiometry. Although the two dose levels utilized in this study both resulted in elevated plasma calcium and lipid levels and significantly increased the mineral and organic fractions of femoral bone, diethylstilbestrol treatment over a six-week period had no effect on the rate or magnitude of mineralization in the repairing osseous defect.", "PMID": 1182579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8481", "title": "The metabolism of labeled parathyroid hormone. II. Methodological studies.", "content": "Further studies on the preparation of 125I-labeled, biologically active parathyroid hormone have resulted in improvements in the procedure, in the storage of the labeled product, and in the establisment of the location of the label in the polypeptide chain. Approximately 95% of the label is on the single tyrosyl residue, amino acid 43, in the bovine hormone. New procedures have also been developed for the isolation and quantitative gel filtration of the labeled hormone deposited in tissues (liver, kidney and bone).", "contents": "The metabolism of labeled parathyroid hormone. II. Methodological studies. Further studies on the preparation of 125I-labeled, biologically active parathyroid hormone have resulted in improvements in the procedure, in the storage of the labeled product, and in the establisment of the location of the label in the polypeptide chain. Approximately 95% of the label is on the single tyrosyl residue, amino acid 43, in the bovine hormone. New procedures have also been developed for the isolation and quantitative gel filtration of the labeled hormone deposited in tissues (liver, kidney and bone).", "PMID": 1182580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8482", "title": "The metabolism of labeled parathyroid hormone. III. Studies in rats.", "content": "A series of experiments indicated that 125I-parathyroid hormone administered to the rat i.v. was deposited very rapidly in three organ systems only, bone, kidney and the liver. As indicated by increasing solubility in trichloracetic acid, the hormone seemed to be rapidly metabolized at the sites of deposition. The experiments were in part repeated employing quantitative extraction and gel filtration procedures. It was found that intact hormone predominated (82%) in the circulation but was cleared very rapidly: 91, 97, and 99% having left by 10, 30 and 60 minutes respectively after injection. The intact hormone was found at 10 minutes to be principally in kidney, bone, and liver. Although there was evidence of fragmentation preferentially to polypeptides of molecular weights of 6000, 4500 and 2500 these cannot be claimed to represent real molecular entities. By one hour, only a few per cent of the injected hormone remained intact, the bulk having been degraded to fragments of small molecular weight.", "contents": "The metabolism of labeled parathyroid hormone. III. Studies in rats. A series of experiments indicated that 125I-parathyroid hormone administered to the rat i.v. was deposited very rapidly in three organ systems only, bone, kidney and the liver. As indicated by increasing solubility in trichloracetic acid, the hormone seemed to be rapidly metabolized at the sites of deposition. The experiments were in part repeated employing quantitative extraction and gel filtration procedures. It was found that intact hormone predominated (82%) in the circulation but was cleared very rapidly: 91, 97, and 99% having left by 10, 30 and 60 minutes respectively after injection. The intact hormone was found at 10 minutes to be principally in kidney, bone, and liver. Although there was evidence of fragmentation preferentially to polypeptides of molecular weights of 6000, 4500 and 2500 these cannot be claimed to represent real molecular entities. By one hour, only a few per cent of the injected hormone remained intact, the bulk having been degraded to fragments of small molecular weight.", "PMID": 1182581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8483", "title": "The metabolism of labeled parathyroid hormone. IV. Autoradiographic studies.", "content": "Autoradiographs were prepared from tissues of rats sacrificed 10 minutes after injection of biologically active 125I-labeled parathyroid hormone. No radioactivity was seen in intestine and muscle. Deposition in liver was diffuse showing some sinusoidal concentrations. Depostion in kidney was high and, nearly all activity appeared in selected tubules (presumably proximal tubules) in the outer third of the cortex. Specific localization was also seen in bone particularly in the cellular layers of periosteum and endosteum adjacent to bony matrix and to some extent in osteocytes.", "contents": "The metabolism of labeled parathyroid hormone. IV. Autoradiographic studies. Autoradiographs were prepared from tissues of rats sacrificed 10 minutes after injection of biologically active 125I-labeled parathyroid hormone. No radioactivity was seen in intestine and muscle. Deposition in liver was diffuse showing some sinusoidal concentrations. Depostion in kidney was high and, nearly all activity appeared in selected tubules (presumably proximal tubules) in the outer third of the cortex. Specific localization was also seen in bone particularly in the cellular layers of periosteum and endosteum adjacent to bony matrix and to some extent in osteocytes.", "PMID": 1182582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8484", "title": "The metabolism of labeled parathyroid hormone. V. Collected biological studies.", "content": "Biologically active 125I-labeled parathyroid hormone (125I-PTH) was used in a series of studies in dogs and chickens designed to confirm and augment earlier studies in rats. As in rats, a three exponential equation was required to describe disappearance of 125I-PTH from the blood in the dog. The first two \"half-lives\" (1.8 and 7 min) accounted for the bulk of the dose. Also as in rats, deposition of apparently intact hormone took place rapidly in kidney, liver and bone in both the dog and the chicken. Degradation occurred very rapidly in all three target organs. Three labeled hormones of different biological activities were compared in the rat. Inactive, oxidized hormone was rejected by the liver but showed markedly increased deposition in kidney and the higher the purity of the hormone the higher was its uptake by liver. Exploration of a wide range of dosages revealed few effects on distribution (smaller deposition in liver and kidney at highest dosages, 65 mug/rat). Fresh sera did not degrade hormone rapidly or extensively. There was no deposition of hormone in intestinal mucosa, marrow, and red cells. Nephrectomy increased deposition in liver and bone. Finally, the perfused liver was capable of extensive degradation of the hormone.", "contents": "The metabolism of labeled parathyroid hormone. V. Collected biological studies. Biologically active 125I-labeled parathyroid hormone (125I-PTH) was used in a series of studies in dogs and chickens designed to confirm and augment earlier studies in rats. As in rats, a three exponential equation was required to describe disappearance of 125I-PTH from the blood in the dog. The first two \"half-lives\" (1.8 and 7 min) accounted for the bulk of the dose. Also as in rats, deposition of apparently intact hormone took place rapidly in kidney, liver and bone in both the dog and the chicken. Degradation occurred very rapidly in all three target organs. Three labeled hormones of different biological activities were compared in the rat. Inactive, oxidized hormone was rejected by the liver but showed markedly increased deposition in kidney and the higher the purity of the hormone the higher was its uptake by liver. Exploration of a wide range of dosages revealed few effects on distribution (smaller deposition in liver and kidney at highest dosages, 65 mug/rat). Fresh sera did not degrade hormone rapidly or extensively. There was no deposition of hormone in intestinal mucosa, marrow, and red cells. Nephrectomy increased deposition in liver and bone. Finally, the perfused liver was capable of extensive degradation of the hormone.", "PMID": 1182583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8485", "title": "The metabolism of labeled parathyroid hormone. VI. Effects of vitamin D status.", "content": "Labeled 125I-PTH with full biological activity was utilized to investigate the interrelationship between vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) function. The distribution of labeled PTH was studied in rats and chickens on diets containing various amounts of vitamin D and calcium. The effects of vitamin D deficiency were found to be minor. There was a slightly delayed (10--30%) blood clearance of the hormone and a smaller deposition in the liver (20--30%) in the D-deficient animals. Deposition in bone and kidney appeared to be essentially normal. It is concluded that any failure of PTH to evoke a bone response in the deficient animal is not due to the failure of binding of hormone at the target organ.", "contents": "The metabolism of labeled parathyroid hormone. VI. Effects of vitamin D status. Labeled 125I-PTH with full biological activity was utilized to investigate the interrelationship between vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) function. The distribution of labeled PTH was studied in rats and chickens on diets containing various amounts of vitamin D and calcium. The effects of vitamin D deficiency were found to be minor. There was a slightly delayed (10--30%) blood clearance of the hormone and a smaller deposition in the liver (20--30%) in the D-deficient animals. Deposition in bone and kidney appeared to be essentially normal. It is concluded that any failure of PTH to evoke a bone response in the deficient animal is not due to the failure of binding of hormone at the target organ.", "PMID": 1182584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8486", "title": "Ultrastructural observations of amorphous bone mineral in avian bone.", "content": "Mineral from medullary bone of three avian species was examined with the electron microscope in order to clarify the ultrastructure of amorphous bone mineral (ABM) in a mineralized tissue. Powders from freeze-dried bone revealed bone mineral with morphology and behavior identical to synthetic amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). These powders exhibited spherically shaped particles 180--400 A in diameter with uniform electron density when viewed at low beam intensity. Thin sections of embedded freeze-dried bone also revealed spherically shaped particles 100--350 A in diameter with electron beam sensitivity characteristic of ACP. Regions of bone mineral with irregular outline and morphology were observed which closely resemble the discoidal form of synthetic ACP. More electron-dense spherical particles (150 A in diameter) could be seen budding from these regions. Some of these buds exhibited electronlucent centers characteristic of AMB. The inorganic nature of these features of bone mineral was confirmed using ultramicroincineration. Preliminary exploration of a freeze-substitution technique showed spherical bone mineral particles which were similar in morphology to those observed in freeze-dried samples. A limited degree of preservation of cellular material was observed using this freeze-substitution technique.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations of amorphous bone mineral in avian bone. Mineral from medullary bone of three avian species was examined with the electron microscope in order to clarify the ultrastructure of amorphous bone mineral (ABM) in a mineralized tissue. Powders from freeze-dried bone revealed bone mineral with morphology and behavior identical to synthetic amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). These powders exhibited spherically shaped particles 180--400 A in diameter with uniform electron density when viewed at low beam intensity. Thin sections of embedded freeze-dried bone also revealed spherically shaped particles 100--350 A in diameter with electron beam sensitivity characteristic of ACP. Regions of bone mineral with irregular outline and morphology were observed which closely resemble the discoidal form of synthetic ACP. More electron-dense spherical particles (150 A in diameter) could be seen budding from these regions. Some of these buds exhibited electronlucent centers characteristic of AMB. The inorganic nature of these features of bone mineral was confirmed using ultramicroincineration. Preliminary exploration of a freeze-substitution technique showed spherical bone mineral particles which were similar in morphology to those observed in freeze-dried samples. A limited degree of preservation of cellular material was observed using this freeze-substitution technique.", "PMID": 1182585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8487", "title": "Glycerolipid biosynthesis in isolated rat intestinal epithelial cells.", "content": "Intestinal epithelial cells were prepared from fasted rats by dispersion with collagenase (EC 3.4.24.3). The structural and metabolic integrity of the cells was verified by electron microscopy, a high percentage of Trypan Blue exclusion, a low degree of release of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) in the medium, and by the retention of sensitivity to agents known to modify metabolic and transport activity in everted sacs of intestinal mucosa. The isolated intestinal epithelial cells were used to study glycerolipid biosynthesis from glucose, glycerol, 2-monoacylglycerol, and free fatty acids. The cells actively incorporated the labeled precursors into glycerolipids without specific cofactor requirements. Addition of fatty acids stimulated the incorporation of both glucose and glycerol into triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids, the greatest effect being observed with palmitate. The stimulation of monoacylglycerol acylation appeared to depend on both the nature of the monoacylglycerol and fatty acid supplied. Stereospecific analyses of the diacylglycerols formed from 2-monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids showed that 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols (62-70%) were the major and that 2,3-diacyl-sn-glycerols (30-38%) the minor intermediates in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. The data indicate that isolated intestinal epithelial cells exhibit a total capacity of glycerolipid synthesis and a stereochemical course of reaction which is comparable to that observed for triacylglycerol formation in everted sacs of intestinal mucosa, but much less specific than that seen in microsomal preparations of intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "Glycerolipid biosynthesis in isolated rat intestinal epithelial cells. Intestinal epithelial cells were prepared from fasted rats by dispersion with collagenase (EC 3.4.24.3). The structural and metabolic integrity of the cells was verified by electron microscopy, a high percentage of Trypan Blue exclusion, a low degree of release of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) in the medium, and by the retention of sensitivity to agents known to modify metabolic and transport activity in everted sacs of intestinal mucosa. The isolated intestinal epithelial cells were used to study glycerolipid biosynthesis from glucose, glycerol, 2-monoacylglycerol, and free fatty acids. The cells actively incorporated the labeled precursors into glycerolipids without specific cofactor requirements. Addition of fatty acids stimulated the incorporation of both glucose and glycerol into triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids, the greatest effect being observed with palmitate. The stimulation of monoacylglycerol acylation appeared to depend on both the nature of the monoacylglycerol and fatty acid supplied. Stereospecific analyses of the diacylglycerols formed from 2-monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids showed that 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols (62-70%) were the major and that 2,3-diacyl-sn-glycerols (30-38%) the minor intermediates in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. The data indicate that isolated intestinal epithelial cells exhibit a total capacity of glycerolipid synthesis and a stereochemical course of reaction which is comparable to that observed for triacylglycerol formation in everted sacs of intestinal mucosa, but much less specific than that seen in microsomal preparations of intestinal mucosa.", "PMID": 1182587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8488", "title": "The transfer of glucose to steroids by chimpanzee liver microsomes.", "content": "Microsomal preparations from chimpanzee liver can transfer glucose from UDPglucose to the 17alpha-hydroxyl group of 17alpha-estradiol and of 17alpha-estradiol-3-glucuronide. A phenolic glucoside of estrone, but not of either 17alpha- or 17beta-estradiol is also formed. No formation of glucosides of  p-nitrophenol, or of diethylstilbestrol was demonstrated. The specificity of glucosyl transfer in the chimpanzee is not identical to that in either the human, the rabbit, or the sheep.", "contents": "The transfer of glucose to steroids by chimpanzee liver microsomes. Microsomal preparations from chimpanzee liver can transfer glucose from UDPglucose to the 17alpha-hydroxyl group of 17alpha-estradiol and of 17alpha-estradiol-3-glucuronide. A phenolic glucoside of estrone, but not of either 17alpha- or 17beta-estradiol is also formed. No formation of glucosides of  p-nitrophenol, or of diethylstilbestrol was demonstrated. The specificity of glucosyl transfer in the chimpanzee is not identical to that in either the human, the rabbit, or the sheep.", "PMID": 1182588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8489", "title": "Inhibition of cardiolipin synthesis by end-products and other complex lipids in membrane preparations of Micrococcus lysodeikticus.", "content": "Using membrane preparations of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, the end-products of cardiolipin synthesis, cardiolipin and glycerol, were shown to inhibit cardiolipin synthetase at several concentrations. Other phospholipids tested for inhibitory effects, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidic acid were also shown to inhibit cardiolipin synthesis. Phosphatidic acid was considerably more inhibitory than cardiolipin, phosphatidylethanolamine was similar to cardiolipin, and phosphatidylinositol less inhibitory at the same concentrations. A non-phosphate-containing glycolipid was also inhibitory. In contrast, glycerophosphate had no effect on cardiolipin synthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of cardiolipin synthesis by end-products and other complex lipids in membrane preparations of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Using membrane preparations of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, the end-products of cardiolipin synthesis, cardiolipin and glycerol, were shown to inhibit cardiolipin synthetase at several concentrations. Other phospholipids tested for inhibitory effects, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidic acid were also shown to inhibit cardiolipin synthesis. Phosphatidic acid was considerably more inhibitory than cardiolipin, phosphatidylethanolamine was similar to cardiolipin, and phosphatidylinositol less inhibitory at the same concentrations. A non-phosphate-containing glycolipid was also inhibitory. In contrast, glycerophosphate had no effect on cardiolipin synthesis.", "PMID": 1182589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8490", "title": "The role of membrane proteins and phospholipids in the interaction of ribosomes with endoplasmic reticulum membranes.", "content": "Hydrolysis of the membrane proteins and phospholipid headgroups of rat liver rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes showed that the ribosomal binding sites involve membrane proteins susceptible to low concentrations of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain. Three membrane proteins having molecular weights of 120 000, 93 000 and 36 000 are found to be altered by trypsin and chymotrypsin treatment. Also the polar headgroup of phosphatidylinositol appears to play a role in the binding process.", "contents": "The role of membrane proteins and phospholipids in the interaction of ribosomes with endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Hydrolysis of the membrane proteins and phospholipid headgroups of rat liver rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes showed that the ribosomal binding sites involve membrane proteins susceptible to low concentrations of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain. Three membrane proteins having molecular weights of 120 000, 93 000 and 36 000 are found to be altered by trypsin and chymotrypsin treatment. Also the polar headgroup of phosphatidylinositol appears to play a role in the binding process.", "PMID": 1182590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8491", "title": "Liver cell plasma membrane lipids and the origin of biliary phospholipid.", "content": "The liver cell plasma membranes of fed male Wistar rats were separated into a fraction rich in bile canaliculi and the remainder of the plasma membrane. Electron-microscopically, the bile canalicular fraction consisted almost exclusively of intact bile canaliculi with thier contiguous membranes. The remaining plasma membrane fraction consisted primarily of vesicles and sheets of membranes essentially free from the bile canaliculi. The bile canalicular membrane fraction contained relatively more total lipid, cholesterol, and phospholipid, and relatively less protein. Although the phospholipid composition of the two fractions was the same, the specific activity of the bile canalicular membrane phosholipids, up to 12 h following in vivo administration of [2-3H]glycerol, was always significantly greater than that of the remaining plasma membranes, and showed a biphasic response not found in the latter. The specific activity of the phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine of the bile canalicular membranes rose to a peak within 40 min after administration of the label, fell sharply and then rose to a second peak after 120 min. The specific activity of the sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserine plus phosphatidylinositol of the bile canalicular membranes and of all the phospholipids of the remaining plasma membranes diphasic pattern but increased steadily to reach a maximum at 120 min. The specific activity of biliary phosphatidylcholine followed a pattern identical to that of the phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine of the bile canalicular membrane fraction. These results show that the average rate of turnover of phospholipid in the bile canalicular membranes is considerably greater than that in the remaining plasma membrane and other cell membrane fractions; they indicate that the phospholipid of the bile canalicular membranes exists in two or more pools, turning over a different rates; and they support the concept that biliary phospholipid is derived from the bile canalicular membrane. The results also suggest that bile canalicular phospholipid may be derived from two different sources, in contrast to the remainong plasma membrane.", "contents": "Liver cell plasma membrane lipids and the origin of biliary phospholipid. The liver cell plasma membranes of fed male Wistar rats were separated into a fraction rich in bile canaliculi and the remainder of the plasma membrane. Electron-microscopically, the bile canalicular fraction consisted almost exclusively of intact bile canaliculi with thier contiguous membranes. The remaining plasma membrane fraction consisted primarily of vesicles and sheets of membranes essentially free from the bile canaliculi. The bile canalicular membrane fraction contained relatively more total lipid, cholesterol, and phospholipid, and relatively less protein. Although the phospholipid composition of the two fractions was the same, the specific activity of the bile canalicular membrane phosholipids, up to 12 h following in vivo administration of [2-3H]glycerol, was always significantly greater than that of the remaining plasma membranes, and showed a biphasic response not found in the latter. The specific activity of the phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine of the bile canalicular membranes rose to a peak within 40 min after administration of the label, fell sharply and then rose to a second peak after 120 min. The specific activity of the sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserine plus phosphatidylinositol of the bile canalicular membranes and of all the phospholipids of the remaining plasma membranes diphasic pattern but increased steadily to reach a maximum at 120 min. The specific activity of biliary phosphatidylcholine followed a pattern identical to that of the phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine of the bile canalicular membrane fraction. These results show that the average rate of turnover of phospholipid in the bile canalicular membranes is considerably greater than that in the remaining plasma membrane and other cell membrane fractions; they indicate that the phospholipid of the bile canalicular membranes exists in two or more pools, turning over a different rates; and they support the concept that biliary phospholipid is derived from the bile canalicular membrane. The results also suggest that bile canalicular phospholipid may be derived from two different sources, in contrast to the remainong plasma membrane.", "PMID": 1182591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8492", "title": "A comparison of lactate dehydrogenase from an ectothermic and an endothermic animal.", "content": "Adaptation to environmental temperature is examined in beef heart, beef muscle, and flounder muscle lactate dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.27). Low temperature adaptation in the ectothermic (flounder) enzyme is indicated by a reduced enthalpy of activation for kcat (enzyme turnover number, s-1) and increased catalytic efficiency. Also, the reaction rate at low substrate concentrations has a maximum at a lower temperature than in the endothermic enzymes. This is a result of altered bonding in the enzyme-substrate complexes. Adaptation to higher temperatures in the endothermic (beef) enzymes is  suggested by a decreased sensitivity to heat denaturation, especially in the presence of substrates. A direct correlation is found between the degree of bonding in the enzyme-substrate complexes and the decrease in rate of heat denaturation caused by addition of substrates.", "contents": "A comparison of lactate dehydrogenase from an ectothermic and an endothermic animal. Adaptation to environmental temperature is examined in beef heart, beef muscle, and flounder muscle lactate dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.27). Low temperature adaptation in the ectothermic (flounder) enzyme is indicated by a reduced enthalpy of activation for kcat (enzyme turnover number, s-1) and increased catalytic efficiency. Also, the reaction rate at low substrate concentrations has a maximum at a lower temperature than in the endothermic enzymes. This is a result of altered bonding in the enzyme-substrate complexes. Adaptation to higher temperatures in the endothermic (beef) enzymes is  suggested by a decreased sensitivity to heat denaturation, especially in the presence of substrates. A direct correlation is found between the degree of bonding in the enzyme-substrate complexes and the decrease in rate of heat denaturation caused by addition of substrates.", "PMID": 1182592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8493", "title": "Trisomy in Aedes aegypti.", "content": "A trisomic (2n=6+1) pupa of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti has been found. The trisomy involved chromosome 3 which is intermediate in size between 1 and 2. The extra chromosome formed a univalent or a trivalent during meiosis.", "contents": "Trisomy in Aedes aegypti. A trisomic (2n=6+1) pupa of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti has been found. The trisomy involved chromosome 3 which is intermediate in size between 1 and 2. The extra chromosome formed a univalent or a trivalent during meiosis.", "PMID": 1182593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8494", "title": "Limitations of horizontal partial laryngectomy.", "content": "The author considers successively: 1--The theoretical justifications for horizontal partial laryngectomy (anatomical considerations, indications as to the modalities of extension of supraglottic tumors, results concerning the cancer itself, functional results). 2--The indications of and contraindications for this type of surgery, with special reference to two types of cancers: median supraglottic carcinomas and antero-lateral epilarynx carcinomas. 3--Some specific problems, namely that of large supraglottic laryngectomy, of combined nodal surgery, and of preoperative radiotherapy. The limits of horizontal partial laryngectomy are specified on the basis of two criteria: its value as far as cancer is concerned (five-year survival rate), the quality of functional results.", "contents": "Limitations of horizontal partial laryngectomy. The author considers successively: 1--The theoretical justifications for horizontal partial laryngectomy (anatomical considerations, indications as to the modalities of extension of supraglottic tumors, results concerning the cancer itself, functional results). 2--The indications of and contraindications for this type of surgery, with special reference to two types of cancers: median supraglottic carcinomas and antero-lateral epilarynx carcinomas. 3--Some specific problems, namely that of large supraglottic laryngectomy, of combined nodal surgery, and of preoperative radiotherapy. The limits of horizontal partial laryngectomy are specified on the basis of two criteria: its value as far as cancer is concerned (five-year survival rate), the quality of functional results.", "PMID": 1182594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8495", "title": "Roles and limitations of conservation surgical therapy for laryngeal cancer.", "content": "This paper deals with the limitations of conservation surgical therapy for cancer in various sites. The detailed techniques are not included in this paper, but rather its pathophysiological approach to partial surgery. The technique has been reported many times previously.", "contents": "Roles and limitations of conservation surgical therapy for laryngeal cancer. This paper deals with the limitations of conservation surgical therapy for cancer in various sites. The detailed techniques are not included in this paper, but rather its pathophysiological approach to partial surgery. The technique has been reported many times previously.", "PMID": 1182596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8496", "title": "Limitations of supraglottic laryngectomy and conservative neck dissection.", "content": "Limitations of supraglottic laryngectomy may arise from either the primary location, or secondary spread of the tumor in the vestibule. When a growth reaches the epilarynx a modified supraglottic laryngectomy or a more radical operation must be envisaged. Other limitations include poor bronchopulmonary condition, age of the patient, and previous radiotherapy. All these conditions may jeopardize healing and/or, even more important, functional rehabilitation. New hands to this surgery should know its limitations and should be warned against its risks. On the other hand no limitations exist to conservation neck dissection, except fixed nodes or lymph node metastases following radiation or earlier surgery. The conservative technique is as radical as the traditional technique, but respects essential structures and thus widens instead of limiting the indications for elective bilateral neck dissection.", "contents": "Limitations of supraglottic laryngectomy and conservative neck dissection. Limitations of supraglottic laryngectomy may arise from either the primary location, or secondary spread of the tumor in the vestibule. When a growth reaches the epilarynx a modified supraglottic laryngectomy or a more radical operation must be envisaged. Other limitations include poor bronchopulmonary condition, age of the patient, and previous radiotherapy. All these conditions may jeopardize healing and/or, even more important, functional rehabilitation. New hands to this surgery should know its limitations and should be warned against its risks. On the other hand no limitations exist to conservation neck dissection, except fixed nodes or lymph node metastases following radiation or earlier surgery. The conservative technique is as radical as the traditional technique, but respects essential structures and thus widens instead of limiting the indications for elective bilateral neck dissection.", "PMID": 1182597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8497", "title": "Role and limitations of vertical hemilaryngectomy.", "content": "Two types of vertical hemilaryngectomy are discussed. The frontolateral operation is indicated for infiltrating lesions of the cord, anterior to the vocal process, which approach or involve the anterior commissure. It should not be used for carcinomas which extend posteriorly beyond the tip of the vocal process, into the ventricle or below the inferior surface of the cord. The \"extended\" frontolateral operation is useful for infiltrative cordal lesions showing (1) posterior extension to or beyond the tip of the vocal process, but not into the posterior commissure, (2) beginning impairment of motility without actual fixation of the cord, (3) limited and superficial extension to the ventricle or margin of the ventricular band, or (4) subglottic extension amounting to no more than a few millimeters. The lesions are removed en bloc, along with a large portion of the thyroid cartilage and usually the entire arytenoid. Accurate delineation of the gross extent of the lesion is essential if these techniques are to be successfully applied. Failures are likely if attempts are made to over-extend the indications.", "contents": "Role and limitations of vertical hemilaryngectomy. Two types of vertical hemilaryngectomy are discussed. The frontolateral operation is indicated for infiltrating lesions of the cord, anterior to the vocal process, which approach or involve the anterior commissure. It should not be used for carcinomas which extend posteriorly beyond the tip of the vocal process, into the ventricle or below the inferior surface of the cord. The \"extended\" frontolateral operation is useful for infiltrative cordal lesions showing (1) posterior extension to or beyond the tip of the vocal process, but not into the posterior commissure, (2) beginning impairment of motility without actual fixation of the cord, (3) limited and superficial extension to the ventricle or margin of the ventricular band, or (4) subglottic extension amounting to no more than a few millimeters. The lesions are removed en bloc, along with a large portion of the thyroid cartilage and usually the entire arytenoid. Accurate delineation of the gross extent of the lesion is essential if these techniques are to be successfully applied. Failures are likely if attempts are made to over-extend the indications.", "PMID": 1182599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8498", "title": "Limitations of conservation surgery in carcinoma involving the arytenoid.", "content": "The various types of conservation surgery for laryngeal cancer can be systematized in one entity and be classified into four types of \"laryngoplasty.\" Laryngeal cancer involving the arytenoid is thought to be amenable to laryngoplasty type 3. The indication and the procedures of hemilaryngectomy B, subtotal laryngectomy, and subtotal laryngopharyngectomy are described. The therapeutic results of these operations were better than that of total laryngectomy. Tumors involving both sides of the arytenoid portion rule out conservation surgery. They should be treated by the operations of laryngoplasty type 4, which means total laryngectomy and laryngeal reconstruction.", "contents": "Limitations of conservation surgery in carcinoma involving the arytenoid. The various types of conservation surgery for laryngeal cancer can be systematized in one entity and be classified into four types of \"laryngoplasty.\" Laryngeal cancer involving the arytenoid is thought to be amenable to laryngoplasty type 3. The indication and the procedures of hemilaryngectomy B, subtotal laryngectomy, and subtotal laryngopharyngectomy are described. The therapeutic results of these operations were better than that of total laryngectomy. Tumors involving both sides of the arytenoid portion rule out conservation surgery. They should be treated by the operations of laryngoplasty type 4, which means total laryngectomy and laryngeal reconstruction.", "PMID": 1182601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8499", "title": "Limitations of surgery in the treatment of head and neck cancer.", "content": "The limitations of head and neck surgery are discussed. The overall survival rate has not improved to any great extent in the past 30 years. A plea is made for careful selection of patients who are to undergo massive debilitating surgery.", "contents": "Limitations of surgery in the treatment of head and neck cancer. The limitations of head and neck surgery are discussed. The overall survival rate has not improved to any great extent in the past 30 years. A plea is made for careful selection of patients who are to undergo massive debilitating surgery.", "PMID": 1182604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8500", "title": "Combination of extranasal and intranasal approach in surgery of the nasal pyramid and nasal septum (decortication).", "content": "Decortication of the nose is a combination of the extranasal and intranasal approach to the surgery of the nasal pyramid and nasal septum. It consists of temporary removal (decortication) of the skin from the infrastructure of the tip and dorsum of the nose through a columellar and slot incision. This method makes it possible to perform very precisely a wide spectrum of surgical interventions under visual inspection and thus guarantees the basic surgical postulate of good surveillance over the operative field. We have used this method in 500 cases and evaluated the esthetic and functional results of the operation in all of these patients. This modified technique meets all the requirements of functional rhinosurgery.", "contents": "Combination of extranasal and intranasal approach in surgery of the nasal pyramid and nasal septum (decortication). Decortication of the nose is a combination of the extranasal and intranasal approach to the surgery of the nasal pyramid and nasal septum. It consists of temporary removal (decortication) of the skin from the infrastructure of the tip and dorsum of the nose through a columellar and slot incision. This method makes it possible to perform very precisely a wide spectrum of surgical interventions under visual inspection and thus guarantees the basic surgical postulate of good surveillance over the operative field. We have used this method in 500 cases and evaluated the esthetic and functional results of the operation in all of these patients. This modified technique meets all the requirements of functional rhinosurgery.", "PMID": 1182605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8501", "title": "Performance of hearing aids and wearer satisfaction--a two year study.", "content": "A group of 66 patients with newly acquired hearing aids were seen at intervals over a two year period. The hearing aids' performance was measured at each visit. Many aids were not performing according to manufacturer's specifications but their performance as a group did not deteriorate over two years. Aids required on average nearly two repairs in the two year period, eyeglass aids being slightly more fragile than other types. Most of the patients were satisfied with their aids and their degree of satisfaction was found to correlate with their aided speech discrimination score.", "contents": "Performance of hearing aids and wearer satisfaction--a two year study. A group of 66 patients with newly acquired hearing aids were seen at intervals over a two year period. The hearing aids' performance was measured at each visit. Many aids were not performing according to manufacturer's specifications but their performance as a group did not deteriorate over two years. Aids required on average nearly two repairs in the two year period, eyeglass aids being slightly more fragile than other types. Most of the patients were satisfied with their aids and their degree of satisfaction was found to correlate with their aided speech discrimination score.", "PMID": 1182606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8502", "title": "Biological activity of phthalated endotoxin.", "content": "Glycolipid (GL) was extracted from a heptoseless mutant of Salmonella minnesota by a mixture of phenol, chloroform, and petroleum ether. The GL was subjected to treatment with either acetic anhydride or phthalic anhydride; a portion of the GL was untreated. Both of the chemically treated preparations as well as the parent GL were examined for biological activity in the following systems: mouse lethality assays, rabbit pyrogenicity assays, and rabbit skin assays. The results of these studies indicated that both treated preparations were less toxic in mice than the parent GL. Compared with saline-treated controls, rabbits pretreated with either of the modified preparations exhibited a reduced pyrogenic response to a subsequent challenge dose of the homologous material but no reduction when challenged with the parent GL. Pretreatment with the unaltered GL rendered rabbits tolerant to the homologous material and to some degree to the modified preparations. Rabbits immunized witn any of the three Gl preparations exhibited dermal toxicity responses comparable with those in untreated animals. Based on these findings, it was concluded that treating GL with either phthalic anhydride or acetic anhydride results in a product which is less toxic in mice and less pyrogenic in rabbits than the parent GL, but which also exhibits a loss of ability to render rabbits tolerant to challenge with untreated GL.", "contents": "Biological activity of phthalated endotoxin. Glycolipid (GL) was extracted from a heptoseless mutant of Salmonella minnesota by a mixture of phenol, chloroform, and petroleum ether. The GL was subjected to treatment with either acetic anhydride or phthalic anhydride; a portion of the GL was untreated. Both of the chemically treated preparations as well as the parent GL were examined for biological activity in the following systems: mouse lethality assays, rabbit pyrogenicity assays, and rabbit skin assays. The results of these studies indicated that both treated preparations were less toxic in mice than the parent GL. Compared with saline-treated controls, rabbits pretreated with either of the modified preparations exhibited a reduced pyrogenic response to a subsequent challenge dose of the homologous material but no reduction when challenged with the parent GL. Pretreatment with the unaltered GL rendered rabbits tolerant to the homologous material and to some degree to the modified preparations. Rabbits immunized witn any of the three Gl preparations exhibited dermal toxicity responses comparable with those in untreated animals. Based on these findings, it was concluded that treating GL with either phthalic anhydride or acetic anhydride results in a product which is less toxic in mice and less pyrogenic in rabbits than the parent GL, but which also exhibits a loss of ability to render rabbits tolerant to challenge with untreated GL.", "PMID": 1182609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8503", "title": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of three strains of Bifidobacterium.", "content": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy was applied for a morphological study of three strains of Bifidobacterium grown on solid or liquid media. The pronounced pleomorphism of the cultures previously observed by light microscopy was confirmed. A possible sequence of the morphological events during transformation from one to another pleomorphic form is proposed for B.  bifidum and B. longum. Ultrastructural differences such as the formation of extensive mesosomal complexes in B. longum and characteristic plasmalemma particles only observed in the B. bifidum mutant are described and discussed.", "contents": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of three strains of Bifidobacterium. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy was applied for a morphological study of three strains of Bifidobacterium grown on solid or liquid media. The pronounced pleomorphism of the cultures previously observed by light microscopy was confirmed. A possible sequence of the morphological events during transformation from one to another pleomorphic form is proposed for B.  bifidum and B. longum. Ultrastructural differences such as the formation of extensive mesosomal complexes in B. longum and characteristic plasmalemma particles only observed in the B. bifidum mutant are described and discussed.", "PMID": 1182610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8504", "title": "[Numerical analysis of telluric nonfermenting Gram-negative bacteria].", "content": "A numerical analysis was carried out from a set of 165 telluric Gram-negative bacterial strains. The results allowed to join up 130 of them divided into eight phenons. Two of these phenons represent on their own 70% of the classified strains. The first of these phenons (52 strains) can be assimilated to the genus Pseudomonas in the fluorescent group; the second one (41 strains) offers some analogies with the Acinetobacter. A representative strain type of the latter phenon was retained for later taxonomic comparisons.", "contents": "[Numerical analysis of telluric nonfermenting Gram-negative bacteria]. A numerical analysis was carried out from a set of 165 telluric Gram-negative bacterial strains. The results allowed to join up 130 of them divided into eight phenons. Two of these phenons represent on their own 70% of the classified strains. The first of these phenons (52 strains) can be assimilated to the genus Pseudomonas in the fluorescent group; the second one (41 strains) offers some analogies with the Acinetobacter. A representative strain type of the latter phenon was retained for later taxonomic comparisons.", "PMID": 1182611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8505", "title": "Heterotrophic nutrition of the marine pennate diatom Navicula pavillardi Hustedt.", "content": "Navicula pavillardi Hustedt, a marine, littoral, pennate diatom, can grow in the dark on glutamate or on the complex organic supplements tryptone or yeast extract. Growth on glutamate in the dark took place without an initial lag phase, whereas growth on tryptone began only after a 2-day lag phase that could be abolished by the simultaneous presence of glucose. Lactate inhibited growth in the dark on glutamate, but not photoautotrophic growth. Relatively low concentrations of glutamine inhibited photoautotrophic growth. The observed doubling time for heterotrophic growth on glutamate or tryptone was about 70 h, compared with a doubling time of 24 h under optimal photoautotrophic conditions. Glucose did not decrease the doubling time in the dark on tryptone. The assimilation efficiency for glutamate was 41%. The estimated necessary uptake rate for glutamate to account for the observed heterotrophic doubling time on glutamate was close to those measured with isotope techniques. The kinetic parameters for glutamate uptake, which followed Michelis-Menten kinetics, were Ks = 0.018 mM, and Vmax = 7.0 X 10(-10) mumol per cell per minute. Although several amino acids served as sole nitrogen sources for photoautotrophic growth and were demonstrated by the use of isotope techniques to enter the cells, they could not be used as substrates for growth in the dark. Glucose was not taken up to a significant extent except by cells grown in the presence of tryptone. Lactate was taken up only by dark-grown cells. Results of preliminary studies on the metabolic fate of several uniformly labeled amino acids are presented.", "contents": "Heterotrophic nutrition of the marine pennate diatom Navicula pavillardi Hustedt. Navicula pavillardi Hustedt, a marine, littoral, pennate diatom, can grow in the dark on glutamate or on the complex organic supplements tryptone or yeast extract. Growth on glutamate in the dark took place without an initial lag phase, whereas growth on tryptone began only after a 2-day lag phase that could be abolished by the simultaneous presence of glucose. Lactate inhibited growth in the dark on glutamate, but not photoautotrophic growth. Relatively low concentrations of glutamine inhibited photoautotrophic growth. The observed doubling time for heterotrophic growth on glutamate or tryptone was about 70 h, compared with a doubling time of 24 h under optimal photoautotrophic conditions. Glucose did not decrease the doubling time in the dark on tryptone. The assimilation efficiency for glutamate was 41%. The estimated necessary uptake rate for glutamate to account for the observed heterotrophic doubling time on glutamate was close to those measured with isotope techniques. The kinetic parameters for glutamate uptake, which followed Michelis-Menten kinetics, were Ks = 0.018 mM, and Vmax = 7.0 X 10(-10) mumol per cell per minute. Although several amino acids served as sole nitrogen sources for photoautotrophic growth and were demonstrated by the use of isotope techniques to enter the cells, they could not be used as substrates for growth in the dark. Glucose was not taken up to a significant extent except by cells grown in the presence of tryptone. Lactate was taken up only by dark-grown cells. Results of preliminary studies on the metabolic fate of several uniformly labeled amino acids are presented.", "PMID": 1182612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8506", "title": "Valine, malic, and pyruvic dehydrogenase tests in the differentiation of Bacteroides.", "content": "Fifteen isolates of Bacteroides were tested for their ability to dehydrogenate a variety of amino acids and organic acids. A simple and rapid method was developed for detecting dehydrogenase activity using 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride as a hydrogen acceptor and indicator. The results indicate that the tests for valine, malic, and pyruvic acid dehydrogenases have value in differentiating organisms in this genus.", "contents": "Valine, malic, and pyruvic dehydrogenase tests in the differentiation of Bacteroides. Fifteen isolates of Bacteroides were tested for their ability to dehydrogenate a variety of amino acids and organic acids. A simple and rapid method was developed for detecting dehydrogenase activity using 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride as a hydrogen acceptor and indicator. The results indicate that the tests for valine, malic, and pyruvic acid dehydrogenases have value in differentiating organisms in this genus.", "PMID": 1182613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8507", "title": "The use of irradiated vaccine in immunization against experimental murine toxoplasmosis.", "content": "Trophozoites from the peritoneal cavities of mice infected with the RH strain Toxoplasma gondii were given irradiation in doses of 5, 10, 15, and 20 kiloroentgens (kr). CD-1 strain mice that received intraperitoneal inoculation of trophozoites irradiated with 5 kr all died of toxoplasmosis, but the mice that received trophozoites irradiated with the higher doses all survived. The survirors that were examined were found to be free of toxoplasmic cysts. Single doses of these irradiated vaccines provided good protection to subsequent virulent challenge. This protection was 100% in the first 3 weeks after the immunization. Survivors of the first challenge were also solidly protected against a subsequent rechallenge.", "contents": "The use of irradiated vaccine in immunization against experimental murine toxoplasmosis. Trophozoites from the peritoneal cavities of mice infected with the RH strain Toxoplasma gondii were given irradiation in doses of 5, 10, 15, and 20 kiloroentgens (kr). CD-1 strain mice that received intraperitoneal inoculation of trophozoites irradiated with 5 kr all died of toxoplasmosis, but the mice that received trophozoites irradiated with the higher doses all survived. The survirors that were examined were found to be free of toxoplasmic cysts. Single doses of these irradiated vaccines provided good protection to subsequent virulent challenge. This protection was 100% in the first 3 weeks after the immunization. Survivors of the first challenge were also solidly protected against a subsequent rechallenge.", "PMID": 1182614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8508", "title": "Adaptation to cycloheximide: in vitro studies with filamentous fungi.", "content": "Adaptation of numerous strains of filamentous fungi to cycloheximide was noted upon first transfer during serial exposure to the antibiotic. The extent of this adaptation varied in part with the species and strain of the microorganism. Exposure on subsequent transfers caused no change in the growth of any of the strains used. These results suggest that nonzoopathogens may be differentiated from zoopathogens on the basis of adaptation to cycloheximide and that such adaptation might also be found in other eucaryotes.", "contents": "Adaptation to cycloheximide: in vitro studies with filamentous fungi. Adaptation of numerous strains of filamentous fungi to cycloheximide was noted upon first transfer during serial exposure to the antibiotic. The extent of this adaptation varied in part with the species and strain of the microorganism. Exposure on subsequent transfers caused no change in the growth of any of the strains used. These results suggest that nonzoopathogens may be differentiated from zoopathogens on the basis of adaptation to cycloheximide and that such adaptation might also be found in other eucaryotes.", "PMID": 1182615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8509", "title": "Nitrification on a coral reef.", "content": "We report that the algal pavement just behind the reef crest at Enewetak Atoll produces nitrate at measurable rates. In situ and in vitro incubations with N-Serve indicate that the autotrophic pathway involving two separate organisms is effective in this oxidation of ammonia to nitrate. Significant nitrification is indicated throughout the reef environment; Nitrobacter agilis has specifically been identified as at least one of the organisms responsible for the terminal oxidation of nitrite to nitrate.", "contents": "Nitrification on a coral reef. We report that the algal pavement just behind the reef crest at Enewetak Atoll produces nitrate at measurable rates. In situ and in vitro incubations with N-Serve indicate that the autotrophic pathway involving two separate organisms is effective in this oxidation of ammonia to nitrate. Significant nitrification is indicated throughout the reef environment; Nitrobacter agilis has specifically been identified as at least one of the organisms responsible for the terminal oxidation of nitrite to nitrate.", "PMID": 1182616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8510", "title": "Relationships in Canada between mortality from tumours of the gastrointestinal tract and marital status.", "content": "The mortality from tumours of the gastrointestinal tract in the Canadian population in 1970-72 was 16% higher in single than in married men (on the basis of age-adjusted rates), 25% higher in widowed men and 28% higher in divorced men. All these differences were unlikely to be due to chance. The rates were 4% higher for single women, 14% higher for widows and 22% higher for divorced women, compared with the married. The differences for single and divorced women were not significant. Substantial excess mortality was found in the unmarried for tumours of the mouth, pharynx and esophagus, and rectum; for tumours of the stomach and colon the excess was small or nonexistent. This variation between sites suggests that systematic errors in the census data used as denominators are not responsible for the high mortality for the unmarried from certain tumours. The effect is found in conditions for which treatment can have made little difference (e.g., a 75% excess mortality for tumours of the esophagus in single men compared with married) and in conditions for which differences in the use of medical facilities may have been important (e.g., a 44% excess mortality for tumours of the rectum in widowers).", "contents": "Relationships in Canada between mortality from tumours of the gastrointestinal tract and marital status. The mortality from tumours of the gastrointestinal tract in the Canadian population in 1970-72 was 16% higher in single than in married men (on the basis of age-adjusted rates), 25% higher in widowed men and 28% higher in divorced men. All these differences were unlikely to be due to chance. The rates were 4% higher for single women, 14% higher for widows and 22% higher for divorced women, compared with the married. The differences for single and divorced women were not significant. Substantial excess mortality was found in the unmarried for tumours of the mouth, pharynx and esophagus, and rectum; for tumours of the stomach and colon the excess was small or nonexistent. This variation between sites suggests that systematic errors in the census data used as denominators are not responsible for the high mortality for the unmarried from certain tumours. The effect is found in conditions for which treatment can have made little difference (e.g., a 75% excess mortality for tumours of the esophagus in single men compared with married) and in conditions for which differences in the use of medical facilities may have been important (e.g., a 44% excess mortality for tumours of the rectum in widowers).", "PMID": 1182628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8511", "title": "Prevalence of hepatitis B antibodies in hospital personnel.", "content": "Of 426 hospital staff tested for hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBS) by the radioimmunoassay method 57 (13.4%) had positive results. Laboratory staff had the highest prevalence, followed by nurses, and both values were significantly higher than that of administrative staff. Clerical staff working in laboratories were at the same risk for hepatitis B as general-duty nurses. Significantly more staff with anti-HBS had a history of hepatitis (19.3%) compared with staff without anti-HBS (79%), and significantly more staff with a history of hepatitis had anti-HBS (25.6%) compared with staff without such a history (12.0%). History of blood transfusions was not related to prevalence of anti-HBS. The risk for hepatitis B is greater in hospital staff who are in direct contact with patients or handle patients' blood and other specimens. However, contact with patients is less important than contact with patients' blood and other specimens.", "contents": "Prevalence of hepatitis B antibodies in hospital personnel. Of 426 hospital staff tested for hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBS) by the radioimmunoassay method 57 (13.4%) had positive results. Laboratory staff had the highest prevalence, followed by nurses, and both values were significantly higher than that of administrative staff. Clerical staff working in laboratories were at the same risk for hepatitis B as general-duty nurses. Significantly more staff with anti-HBS had a history of hepatitis (19.3%) compared with staff without anti-HBS (79%), and significantly more staff with a history of hepatitis had anti-HBS (25.6%) compared with staff without such a history (12.0%). History of blood transfusions was not related to prevalence of anti-HBS. The risk for hepatitis B is greater in hospital staff who are in direct contact with patients or handle patients' blood and other specimens. However, contact with patients is less important than contact with patients' blood and other specimens.", "PMID": 1182629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8512", "title": "Evaluation of late results of surgical treatment of congenital heart disease.", "content": "Operative mortality from surgical treatment of congenital heart disease has been steadily reduced over the past 20 years. During the same period it has become clear that a proportion of survivors have residual clinical problems. Some of these are due to imperfect repair, a number being due to factors beyond present surgical control, and some are the consequence of associated cardiovascular defects. The chief problems can be elucidated by an analysis of the results of surgical treatment of six cardiac malformations: simple pulmonary valve stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, secundum atrial septal defect, isolated ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries. Recognition of the sequelae of preoperative hemodynamic strain and apparently minor associated malformations is important, and it is possible to anticipate such factors. Long-term follow-up of patients after operation is particularly important.", "contents": "Evaluation of late results of surgical treatment of congenital heart disease. Operative mortality from surgical treatment of congenital heart disease has been steadily reduced over the past 20 years. During the same period it has become clear that a proportion of survivors have residual clinical problems. Some of these are due to imperfect repair, a number being due to factors beyond present surgical control, and some are the consequence of associated cardiovascular defects. The chief problems can be elucidated by an analysis of the results of surgical treatment of six cardiac malformations: simple pulmonary valve stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, secundum atrial septal defect, isolated ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries. Recognition of the sequelae of preoperative hemodynamic strain and apparently minor associated malformations is important, and it is possible to anticipate such factors. Long-term follow-up of patients after operation is particularly important.", "PMID": 1182630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8513", "title": "The choice of estrogen preparations in the treatment of prostatic cancer.", "content": "A total of 154 patients with carcinoma of the prostate received estrogen therapy with diethylstillbestrol (DES), chlorotrianisene or ethinyl estradiol. During a mean follow-up period of 26 months the incidence of complications -- thromboembolic episodes, fluid retention and gynecomastia -- was recorded. Although the incidence of cardiovascular complications was significantly higher in the DES group, the differences in mortality between the groups were not significant. The differences in incidence of fluid retention and gynecomastia also lacked significance. All three compounds produced adrenal cortical hyperplasia as indicated by the increased serum cortisol values.", "contents": "The choice of estrogen preparations in the treatment of prostatic cancer. A total of 154 patients with carcinoma of the prostate received estrogen therapy with diethylstillbestrol (DES), chlorotrianisene or ethinyl estradiol. During a mean follow-up period of 26 months the incidence of complications -- thromboembolic episodes, fluid retention and gynecomastia -- was recorded. Although the incidence of cardiovascular complications was significantly higher in the DES group, the differences in mortality between the groups were not significant. The differences in incidence of fluid retention and gynecomastia also lacked significance. All three compounds produced adrenal cortical hyperplasia as indicated by the increased serum cortisol values.", "PMID": 1182631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8514", "title": "Biliary-bronchial fistula demonstrated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography is valuable in the evaluation of biliary tract disorders. A 50-year-old Italian woman developed biloptysis 1 year after cholecystectomy because of intrabiliary rupture of a hydatid cyst with secondary infection, which resulted in intrathoracic rupture and communication with the bronchial tree. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography showed the cause and pathway of the fistulous tract by outlining the biliary tree, abscess cavity and communication with the right upper lobe bronchus. This technique appears to be well suited to the investigation of patients with biliary-bronchial fistula.", "contents": "Biliary-bronchial fistula demonstrated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography is valuable in the evaluation of biliary tract disorders. A 50-year-old Italian woman developed biloptysis 1 year after cholecystectomy because of intrabiliary rupture of a hydatid cyst with secondary infection, which resulted in intrathoracic rupture and communication with the bronchial tree. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography showed the cause and pathway of the fistulous tract by outlining the biliary tree, abscess cavity and communication with the right upper lobe bronchus. This technique appears to be well suited to the investigation of patients with biliary-bronchial fistula.", "PMID": 1182632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8515", "title": "External biliary fistula.", "content": "External biliary fistulas, once common, are now rare: before the present report of 4 cases only 27 cases have been reported in the English literature since 1900. Review of the records of four patients with external biliary fistula confirmed its occurrence in patients over 50 years of age and the variable site for operning of the fistulous tract. Cholecystectomy provided successful treatment in three of the four patients but the fourth was too ill to undergo an operation; in general, definitive treatment is cholecystectomy, together with excision of the fistulous tract if this takes a direct path through the abdominal wall from the gallbladder, or curettage if the course is devious.", "contents": "External biliary fistula. External biliary fistulas, once common, are now rare: before the present report of 4 cases only 27 cases have been reported in the English literature since 1900. Review of the records of four patients with external biliary fistula confirmed its occurrence in patients over 50 years of age and the variable site for operning of the fistulous tract. Cholecystectomy provided successful treatment in three of the four patients but the fourth was too ill to undergo an operation; in general, definitive treatment is cholecystectomy, together with excision of the fistulous tract if this takes a direct path through the abdominal wall from the gallbladder, or curettage if the course is devious.", "PMID": 1182633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8516", "title": "Lithium intoxication: a report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of toxic reaction to lithium carbonate are reported. The first patient displayed symptoms resembling those of organic brain syndrome which was not associated with a high serum lithium level. The influence of diuretic therapy in combination with lithium is felt to enhance the risk of intoxication. The second case depicts acute CNS toxicity with known fatal potential. Conservative lithium administration is recommended for acute manic psychosis and reference is made to the beneficial effects of urea and aminophylline on renal lithium elimination in the active treatment of lithium poisoning.", "contents": "Lithium intoxication: a report of two cases. Two cases of toxic reaction to lithium carbonate are reported. The first patient displayed symptoms resembling those of organic brain syndrome which was not associated with a high serum lithium level. The influence of diuretic therapy in combination with lithium is felt to enhance the risk of intoxication. The second case depicts acute CNS toxicity with known fatal potential. Conservative lithium administration is recommended for acute manic psychosis and reference is made to the beneficial effects of urea and aminophylline on renal lithium elimination in the active treatment of lithium poisoning.", "PMID": 1182639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8517", "title": "[Perception of the father's attitudes and educational practices by delinquent and normal adolescents].", "content": "This is a study of the perception of fathers' child-rearing attitudes and practices as experienced by the child during his socialization process. Forty-one delinquent adolescents and a similar number of normal adolescents evaluated ten variables of child-rearing by means of a rating scale and projective techniques. Findings strongly support the hypotheses that a significant difference exists between the two groups and that a far greater number of delinquents perceive their fathers as ineffective, negative and pathogenic.", "contents": "[Perception of the father's attitudes and educational practices by delinquent and normal adolescents]. This is a study of the perception of fathers' child-rearing attitudes and practices as experienced by the child during his socialization process. Forty-one delinquent adolescents and a similar number of normal adolescents evaluated ten variables of child-rearing by means of a rating scale and projective techniques. Findings strongly support the hypotheses that a significant difference exists between the two groups and that a far greater number of delinquents perceive their fathers as ineffective, negative and pathogenic.", "PMID": 1182643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8518", "title": "Medicines and mental illness in old age.", "content": "When treating an apparent psychiatric disturbance in an elderly patient it is wise to review all his medications carefully, and then to prescribe sparingly only those drugs with which one is completely familiar. Psychiatric side effects of drugs commonly used with elderly patients are reviewed.", "contents": "Medicines and mental illness in old age. When treating an apparent psychiatric disturbance in an elderly patient it is wise to review all his medications carefully, and then to prescribe sparingly only those drugs with which one is completely familiar. Psychiatric side effects of drugs commonly used with elderly patients are reviewed.", "PMID": 1182644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8519", "title": "Growth hormone treatment in hypopituitary dwarfs: longitudinal psychological effects.", "content": "This is one of a series of studies on the psychological effects of medically induced growth in a group of hypopituitary dwarfs treated with Human Growth Hormone (HGH). Before treatment these dwarfs were found to be psychologically immature and hypoactive, without any manifestation of aggressive drives, and had an underlying low self-esteem when compared with the normal population. When compared with a matched group with constitutional growth delay the hypopituitary patients were found to use denial, whereas the control group used well-organized compensatory mechanisms (9). Immaturity was found in both groups. When the hypopituitary dwarfs reached adolescence they lacked the core attributes of masculinity or femininity and manifested some ambiguity or even inversion in their choice of gender role (10). This report deals with their psychological evolution in relation to physical growth.", "contents": "Growth hormone treatment in hypopituitary dwarfs: longitudinal psychological effects. This is one of a series of studies on the psychological effects of medically induced growth in a group of hypopituitary dwarfs treated with Human Growth Hormone (HGH). Before treatment these dwarfs were found to be psychologically immature and hypoactive, without any manifestation of aggressive drives, and had an underlying low self-esteem when compared with the normal population. When compared with a matched group with constitutional growth delay the hypopituitary patients were found to use denial, whereas the control group used well-organized compensatory mechanisms (9). Immaturity was found in both groups. When the hypopituitary dwarfs reached adolescence they lacked the core attributes of masculinity or femininity and manifested some ambiguity or even inversion in their choice of gender role (10). This report deals with their psychological evolution in relation to physical growth.", "PMID": 1182646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8520", "title": "Amnesia following severe head injury.", "content": "This report concerns some aspects of the problem of establishing valid and reliable criteria for post-traumatic amnesia, and of relating this to other cognitive functions in the post-injury period. Of specific interest are the variability of the duration of retrograde and anterograde amnesia on attempts at repeated assessment, and the relationship between the time of return of full orientation and the end of the period of anterograde amnesia. A prospective study was undertaken of sixty consecutive patients who had suffered severe head injuries and had been admitted to the neurosurgical service of the Winnipeg General Hospital. The object of this study was to obtain information regarding organic, psychological and social indices of the future clinical course.", "contents": "Amnesia following severe head injury. This report concerns some aspects of the problem of establishing valid and reliable criteria for post-traumatic amnesia, and of relating this to other cognitive functions in the post-injury period. Of specific interest are the variability of the duration of retrograde and anterograde amnesia on attempts at repeated assessment, and the relationship between the time of return of full orientation and the end of the period of anterograde amnesia. A prospective study was undertaken of sixty consecutive patients who had suffered severe head injuries and had been admitted to the neurosurgical service of the Winnipeg General Hospital. The object of this study was to obtain information regarding organic, psychological and social indices of the future clinical course.", "PMID": 1182647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8521", "title": "Neuropsychological deficits in 'primary' and 'secondary' non-medical drug users.", "content": "An extensive neuropsychological test battery, specifically designed to investigate brain-behaviour relationships, was administered to two groups of multiple drug users. The 'primary' group consisted of subjects referred fundamentally on account of drug abuse problems. The 'secondary' group were referred principally for neurological reasons, but during history taking they reported drug use. Fifty patients, in all, were examined. Results showed that people who have received psychiatric care for drug abuse and who had started using drugs at an earlier age ('primary' group) had fewer adaptive resources and limited psychometric and academic achievement skills. This effect cannont be attributed to personality differences. Both groups had noticeably greater difficulties on motor tests, fine manipulative skills, and Halstead's Impairment Index when compared with a normal control group matched for age and sex.", "contents": "Neuropsychological deficits in 'primary' and 'secondary' non-medical drug users. An extensive neuropsychological test battery, specifically designed to investigate brain-behaviour relationships, was administered to two groups of multiple drug users. The 'primary' group consisted of subjects referred fundamentally on account of drug abuse problems. The 'secondary' group were referred principally for neurological reasons, but during history taking they reported drug use. Fifty patients, in all, were examined. Results showed that people who have received psychiatric care for drug abuse and who had started using drugs at an earlier age ('primary' group) had fewer adaptive resources and limited psychometric and academic achievement skills. This effect cannont be attributed to personality differences. Both groups had noticeably greater difficulties on motor tests, fine manipulative skills, and Halstead's Impairment Index when compared with a normal control group matched for age and sex.", "PMID": 1182648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8522", "title": "The Iowa 500: field work in a 35-year follow-up of depression, mania, and schizophrenia.", "content": "This paper reports a follow-up and family study being carried out at the University of Iowa College of Medicine on primary affective disorders and schizophrenia in patients hospitalized thirty-five years ago. The purpose of this project is to obtain objective data to shed light on our understanding of these two major functional psychoses -- their diagnostic validity, clinical features, course and outcome, heterogeneity, life histories, related illnesses and characteristics of familial association. This research started with 525 patients selected from inpatients consecutively admitted to the Iowa Psychopathic Hospital between 1934 and 1944, and with a stratified random sample of 160 surgical patients admitted to the University General Hospital during the same period. A specially designed structured interview form -- the Iowa Structured Psychiatric Interview (ISPI) -- is used to follow up all living index patients, and as many of their living first-degree relatives as possible. At this time, over one-third of the estimated total study population of three thousand patients and relatives have been personally interviewed, and the preliminary findings are reported here.", "contents": "The Iowa 500: field work in a 35-year follow-up of depression, mania, and schizophrenia. This paper reports a follow-up and family study being carried out at the University of Iowa College of Medicine on primary affective disorders and schizophrenia in patients hospitalized thirty-five years ago. The purpose of this project is to obtain objective data to shed light on our understanding of these two major functional psychoses -- their diagnostic validity, clinical features, course and outcome, heterogeneity, life histories, related illnesses and characteristics of familial association. This research started with 525 patients selected from inpatients consecutively admitted to the Iowa Psychopathic Hospital between 1934 and 1944, and with a stratified random sample of 160 surgical patients admitted to the University General Hospital during the same period. A specially designed structured interview form -- the Iowa Structured Psychiatric Interview (ISPI) -- is used to follow up all living index patients, and as many of their living first-degree relatives as possible. At this time, over one-third of the estimated total study population of three thousand patients and relatives have been personally interviewed, and the preliminary findings are reported here.", "PMID": 1182649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8523", "title": "Fetal mesenchymal hamartoma of kidney. A tumor of secondary mesenchyme.", "content": "The ultrastructure of a fetal mesenchymal hamartoma of the kidney shows undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, whose morphological characteristics conform to those of secondary mesenchyme. In contrast to primary mesenchyme or mesoblast, which may form epithelial structures, secondary mesenchyme is incapable of doing so. While Wilms' tumor may be considered a tumor of mesoblast, the fetal mesenchymal hamartoma is believed to originate from secondary mesenchyme or some of its more mature derivatives.", "contents": "Fetal mesenchymal hamartoma of kidney. A tumor of secondary mesenchyme. The ultrastructure of a fetal mesenchymal hamartoma of the kidney shows undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, whose morphological characteristics conform to those of secondary mesenchyme. In contrast to primary mesenchyme or mesoblast, which may form epithelial structures, secondary mesenchyme is incapable of doing so. While Wilms' tumor may be considered a tumor of mesoblast, the fetal mesenchymal hamartoma is believed to originate from secondary mesenchyme or some of its more mature derivatives.", "PMID": 1182653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8524", "title": "Unclassified benign tumor of the rib. Osteochondroblastoma.", "content": "A previously unclassified benign tumor of the rib is reported. The tumor was found in a 21-year-old black woman who presented herself with chest pain. After its radiologic discovery the exophytic tumor was resected. Histologically, it was composed of two seemingly independent components. The more central portion of the tumor was principally an osteoblastoma, while the more peripheral and greater mass of the neoplasm was chondroblastic. The name \"osteochondroblastoma\" is proposed for this lesion.", "contents": "Unclassified benign tumor of the rib. Osteochondroblastoma. A previously unclassified benign tumor of the rib is reported. The tumor was found in a 21-year-old black woman who presented herself with chest pain. After its radiologic discovery the exophytic tumor was resected. Histologically, it was composed of two seemingly independent components. The more central portion of the tumor was principally an osteoblastoma, while the more peripheral and greater mass of the neoplasm was chondroblastic. The name \"osteochondroblastoma\" is proposed for this lesion.", "PMID": 1182654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8525", "title": "A possible primary cutaneous carcinoid.", "content": "A case is described of carcinoid tumor in the skin in which all efforts failed to discover a primary tumor in the internal organs. The possibility that this is a primary cutaneous carcinoid is discussed.", "contents": "A possible primary cutaneous carcinoid. A case is described of carcinoid tumor in the skin in which all efforts failed to discover a primary tumor in the internal organs. The possibility that this is a primary cutaneous carcinoid is discussed.", "PMID": 1182655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8526", "title": "Erythroplakia of the oral cavity.", "content": "Erythroplakia of the oral cavity is a specific disease entity which must be differentiated from other specific or nonspecific inflammatory oral lesions, although this can only be done in most cases by biopsy. A series of 58 cases of oral erythroplakia has been retrieved from 65,354 consecutively accessioned biopsy-surgical specimens. The disease was found to have no apparent sex predilection (31 males and 27 females) and was most frequently seen during the 6th and 7th decades. The most common site of occurrence in females was the mandibular alveolar mucosa-mandibular gingiva-mandibular sulcus, whereas this was the least common site in males. The floor of the mouth was the most common site in males, followed by the retromolar area in both males and females. The histologic findings emphasized the serious nature of the disease, since 91% of the specimens were either invasive carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, or severe epithelial dysplasia.", "contents": "Erythroplakia of the oral cavity. Erythroplakia of the oral cavity is a specific disease entity which must be differentiated from other specific or nonspecific inflammatory oral lesions, although this can only be done in most cases by biopsy. A series of 58 cases of oral erythroplakia has been retrieved from 65,354 consecutively accessioned biopsy-surgical specimens. The disease was found to have no apparent sex predilection (31 males and 27 females) and was most frequently seen during the 6th and 7th decades. The most common site of occurrence in females was the mandibular alveolar mucosa-mandibular gingiva-mandibular sulcus, whereas this was the least common site in males. The floor of the mouth was the most common site in males, followed by the retromolar area in both males and females. The histologic findings emphasized the serious nature of the disease, since 91% of the specimens were either invasive carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, or severe epithelial dysplasia.", "PMID": 1182656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8527", "title": "Eccrine sweat gland tumor of clear cell origin involving the eyelids.", "content": "A 47-year-old patient with an unusual tumor involving the right upper and lower eyelids has been followed for almost 6 years. The tumor has remained localized to the eyelids and has recurred locally following attempts at complete or partial excision. The morphological features of the tumor as seen by ordinary light microscopic methods were puzzling, and resulted in a variety of pathologic diagnoses. Light microscopic examination of plastic-embedded semithin sections, and electron microscopic examination indicate that this is a hitherto undescribed eccrine sweat gland tumor of clear cell origin. Its infiltrative growth pattern and tendency to local recurrence suggests that it may be a low-grade malignant neoplasm.", "contents": "Eccrine sweat gland tumor of clear cell origin involving the eyelids. A 47-year-old patient with an unusual tumor involving the right upper and lower eyelids has been followed for almost 6 years. The tumor has remained localized to the eyelids and has recurred locally following attempts at complete or partial excision. The morphological features of the tumor as seen by ordinary light microscopic methods were puzzling, and resulted in a variety of pathologic diagnoses. Light microscopic examination of plastic-embedded semithin sections, and electron microscopic examination indicate that this is a hitherto undescribed eccrine sweat gland tumor of clear cell origin. Its infiltrative growth pattern and tendency to local recurrence suggests that it may be a low-grade malignant neoplasm.", "PMID": 1182657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8528", "title": "Ganglioneuroblastoma associated with malignant mesenchymoma.", "content": "A case of ganglioneuroblastoma associated with malignant mesenchymoma is reported. The tumor originated from the retroperitoneum and was comprised not only of neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma, but also of typical rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, undifferentiated mesenchymoma, as well as cartilaginous tissue. No distinct border existed between thses different components. The histogenesis of the tumor is discussed. We suggest that the tumor derived from a remnant of neural crest (ectomesenchyme).", "contents": "Ganglioneuroblastoma associated with malignant mesenchymoma. A case of ganglioneuroblastoma associated with malignant mesenchymoma is reported. The tumor originated from the retroperitoneum and was comprised not only of neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma, but also of typical rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, undifferentiated mesenchymoma, as well as cartilaginous tissue. No distinct border existed between thses different components. The histogenesis of the tumor is discussed. We suggest that the tumor derived from a remnant of neural crest (ectomesenchyme).", "PMID": 1182658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8529", "title": "Glycogen-rich adenocarcinoma of minor salivary glands. A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "A malignant glycogen-rich adenocarcinoma of palatal salivary glands is reported. Histopathology revealed nonencapsulated nests and cords of polyhedral cells showing voluminous clear cytoplasms and cellular pleomorphisms, separated by fine vascular septae. Small and large ducts were infrequently seen showing apparent transition of large ducts into clear cells. The tumor cells were PAS- and Best-carmine positive, diastase soluble, and mucicarmine and Alcian-blue negative. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells were arranged in solid nests and cords of electron-lucent cells surrounding single or multiple lumina, and surrounded by basement lamina. Occasional fusiform electron-dense cell processes were present beneath the basement lamina. The electron-lucent cells were joined by junctional complexes, contained intracytoplasmic canals, and were filled with massive accumulations of beta glycogen particles. The electron-dense processes contained interlacing whorls of fine filaments and exhibited peripheral focal densities. The findings suggest that this glycogen-rich malignant tumor is of epithelial origin most probably of ductal cells.", "contents": "Glycogen-rich adenocarcinoma of minor salivary glands. A light and electron microscopic study. A malignant glycogen-rich adenocarcinoma of palatal salivary glands is reported. Histopathology revealed nonencapsulated nests and cords of polyhedral cells showing voluminous clear cytoplasms and cellular pleomorphisms, separated by fine vascular septae. Small and large ducts were infrequently seen showing apparent transition of large ducts into clear cells. The tumor cells were PAS- and Best-carmine positive, diastase soluble, and mucicarmine and Alcian-blue negative. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells were arranged in solid nests and cords of electron-lucent cells surrounding single or multiple lumina, and surrounded by basement lamina. Occasional fusiform electron-dense cell processes were present beneath the basement lamina. The electron-lucent cells were joined by junctional complexes, contained intracytoplasmic canals, and were filled with massive accumulations of beta glycogen particles. The electron-dense processes contained interlacing whorls of fine filaments and exhibited peripheral focal densities. The findings suggest that this glycogen-rich malignant tumor is of epithelial origin most probably of ductal cells.", "PMID": 1182659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8530", "title": "Proportional mortality among alcoholics.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that there is a positive association between chronic alcoholism and carcinoma of the pancreas, the mortality experience of 1382 chronic alcoholics was studied. Analysis was limited to a comparison of observed and expected proportional mortality of different causes of death in the 894 whites who were known to have died. For carcinoma of the pancreas, 3 deaths were observed and 5.2 were expected. The observed/expected ratios for other causes of death, including other sites of cancer, were in accordance with prior studies.", "contents": "Proportional mortality among alcoholics. To test the hypothesis that there is a positive association between chronic alcoholism and carcinoma of the pancreas, the mortality experience of 1382 chronic alcoholics was studied. Analysis was limited to a comparison of observed and expected proportional mortality of different causes of death in the 894 whites who were known to have died. For carcinoma of the pancreas, 3 deaths were observed and 5.2 were expected. The observed/expected ratios for other causes of death, including other sites of cancer, were in accordance with prior studies.", "PMID": 1182660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8531", "title": "Pericardial effusion secondary to mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland. A report of an unusual case.", "content": "This paper reports a unique case of malignant pericardial effusion secondary to metastatic mucoepidermoid carcinoma in a patient who previously had mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland and subsequently was found to have a hypernephroma of the kidney. Its distinctive features warranted the diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma as the cause of the effusion, and excluded the more aggressive hypernephroma. Although pericardectomy was ultimately necessary, there was no evidence of viable malignancy in fluid specimens obtained after an initial course of radiation therapy or in the resected pericardium. This suggests that conservative treatment with local radiation therapy might be successful in future cases of pericardial effusion in this malignancy.", "contents": "Pericardial effusion secondary to mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland. A report of an unusual case. This paper reports a unique case of malignant pericardial effusion secondary to metastatic mucoepidermoid carcinoma in a patient who previously had mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland and subsequently was found to have a hypernephroma of the kidney. Its distinctive features warranted the diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma as the cause of the effusion, and excluded the more aggressive hypernephroma. Although pericardectomy was ultimately necessary, there was no evidence of viable malignancy in fluid specimens obtained after an initial course of radiation therapy or in the resected pericardium. This suggests that conservative treatment with local radiation therapy might be successful in future cases of pericardial effusion in this malignancy.", "PMID": 1182661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8532", "title": "Malignant mesenchymoma. Case report with electron microscopic study.", "content": "A malignant tumor from the thigh of a 65-year-old man was examined by light and electron microscopy. The tumor was diagnosed by light microscopy as malignant mesenchymoma with prevalence of leiomyosarcomatous or liposarcomatous components, but electron microscopic study revealed that the basic cell was similar to chondroblastic or osteoblastic cells. However, a precise ultrastructural classification of the tumor cells was not possible, since the majority of the cells had mixed features. The histogenesis, differentiation, and relation to prognosis are discussed.", "contents": "Malignant mesenchymoma. Case report with electron microscopic study. A malignant tumor from the thigh of a 65-year-old man was examined by light and electron microscopy. The tumor was diagnosed by light microscopy as malignant mesenchymoma with prevalence of leiomyosarcomatous or liposarcomatous components, but electron microscopic study revealed that the basic cell was similar to chondroblastic or osteoblastic cells. However, a precise ultrastructural classification of the tumor cells was not possible, since the majority of the cells had mixed features. The histogenesis, differentiation, and relation to prognosis are discussed.", "PMID": 1182662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8533", "title": "Geographic pathology of occult thyroid carcinomas.", "content": "Thyroid glands obtained from patients in southeastern Canada, northeastern Japan, southern Poland, western Colombia, and from Japanese living in Hawaii were serially step-sectioned and examined microscopically using identical techniques and diagnostic criteria. The prevalence of occult papillary thyroid carcinoma was significantly higher in Japan (28.4%) and in Hawaiian Japanese (24.2%) when compared with Canada (6%), Poland (9.1%), and Colombia (5.6%). The carcinomas were all papillary except for a single follicular lesion from Colombia. There was no significant sex prevalence. Most of the patients were between 40 and 79 years of age, but there was no particular predominant decade. Only the Colombian series had a large number of younger patients, and they showed a slightly lower prevalence of occult carcinomas before age 40. Most papillary thyroid carcinomas grow slowly and probably remain occult for the life of the patient.", "contents": "Geographic pathology of occult thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid glands obtained from patients in southeastern Canada, northeastern Japan, southern Poland, western Colombia, and from Japanese living in Hawaii were serially step-sectioned and examined microscopically using identical techniques and diagnostic criteria. The prevalence of occult papillary thyroid carcinoma was significantly higher in Japan (28.4%) and in Hawaiian Japanese (24.2%) when compared with Canada (6%), Poland (9.1%), and Colombia (5.6%). The carcinomas were all papillary except for a single follicular lesion from Colombia. There was no significant sex prevalence. Most of the patients were between 40 and 79 years of age, but there was no particular predominant decade. Only the Colombian series had a large number of younger patients, and they showed a slightly lower prevalence of occult carcinomas before age 40. Most papillary thyroid carcinomas grow slowly and probably remain occult for the life of the patient.", "PMID": 1182663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8534", "title": "A case of hyperparathyroidism associated with radiation to the head and neck area.", "content": "Hyperparathyroidism due to a hyperfunctioning parathyroid adenoma developed in a 57-year-old woman exposed to radiation for facial hirsutism, in whom other tumors of the head and neck had occurred. The details of history and the implications of causal relationship are presented.", "contents": "A case of hyperparathyroidism associated with radiation to the head and neck area. Hyperparathyroidism due to a hyperfunctioning parathyroid adenoma developed in a 57-year-old woman exposed to radiation for facial hirsutism, in whom other tumors of the head and neck had occurred. The details of history and the implications of causal relationship are presented.", "PMID": 1182664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8535", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the nose and paranasal sinuses in woodworkers in the state of Victoria, Australia.", "content": "The case index of the Cancer Institute of Victoria (Australia) contained 19 cases of adenocarcinoma of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Eighteen of the cases were in men and 1 in a women. Routine questioning of these patients revealed an occupation involving woodworking in 7 cases, whereas among 80 cases of other malignant tumors of the nose and sinuses there were only 4 who had been woodworkers. Among the patients with adenocarcinoma of the nose and sinuses, there was a significantly higher proportion of woodworkers than in the general population. The findings are consistent with European reports associating nasal adenocarcinoma with wood dust, but whereas the workers at risk in Europe are mainly in the furniture industry, some of the workers affected in Victoria have been sawmillers or carpenters. The specific salivary patterns of tumors of mucous glands are not associated with woodworking.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the nose and paranasal sinuses in woodworkers in the state of Victoria, Australia. The case index of the Cancer Institute of Victoria (Australia) contained 19 cases of adenocarcinoma of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Eighteen of the cases were in men and 1 in a women. Routine questioning of these patients revealed an occupation involving woodworking in 7 cases, whereas among 80 cases of other malignant tumors of the nose and sinuses there were only 4 who had been woodworkers. Among the patients with adenocarcinoma of the nose and sinuses, there was a significantly higher proportion of woodworkers than in the general population. The findings are consistent with European reports associating nasal adenocarcinoma with wood dust, but whereas the workers at risk in Europe are mainly in the furniture industry, some of the workers affected in Victoria have been sawmillers or carpenters. The specific salivary patterns of tumors of mucous glands are not associated with woodworking.", "PMID": 1182665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8536", "title": "Kaposi's sarcoma of the brain. A case report with necropsy findings.", "content": "A case of Kaposi's sarcoma involving the brain is described, this being the first of its kind in Uganda. The patient was a 40-year-old woman who presented with a 2-year history of skin tumors on the left ankle that proved resistant to chemotherapy. She therefore underwent an above-knee amputation. Six months after amputation, she developed signs of cerebral involvement, and 6 weeks later she died. Necropsy showed large tumor deposits in bone and lungs as well as in the brain. Histologically the cutaneous tumors consisted of the monomorphic variety, whereas the cerebral and other deposits were anaplastic. In the three cases of cerebral Kaposi's sarcoma hitherto reported from other countries, only minute foci of tumor were found in the brain.", "contents": "Kaposi's sarcoma of the brain. A case report with necropsy findings. A case of Kaposi's sarcoma involving the brain is described, this being the first of its kind in Uganda. The patient was a 40-year-old woman who presented with a 2-year history of skin tumors on the left ankle that proved resistant to chemotherapy. She therefore underwent an above-knee amputation. Six months after amputation, she developed signs of cerebral involvement, and 6 weeks later she died. Necropsy showed large tumor deposits in bone and lungs as well as in the brain. Histologically the cutaneous tumors consisted of the monomorphic variety, whereas the cerebral and other deposits were anaplastic. In the three cases of cerebral Kaposi's sarcoma hitherto reported from other countries, only minute foci of tumor were found in the brain.", "PMID": 1182666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8537", "title": "Death from Hodgkin's disease after 18 years' complete remission.", "content": "Survival studies on series of patients with Hodgkin's disease have indicated that localized disease and certain histologic types are associated with a favorable prognosis. The permanency of cure in such instances has seldom been proved by long-term followup and autopsy; there is evidence that the disease may remain dormant for considerable periods, with the attendant risk of recurrence. A case is reported wherein a patient was relapse-free for 18 years prior to fatal recurrence, which was confirmed by autopsy.", "contents": "Death from Hodgkin's disease after 18 years' complete remission. Survival studies on series of patients with Hodgkin's disease have indicated that localized disease and certain histologic types are associated with a favorable prognosis. The permanency of cure in such instances has seldom been proved by long-term followup and autopsy; there is evidence that the disease may remain dormant for considerable periods, with the attendant risk of recurrence. A case is reported wherein a patient was relapse-free for 18 years prior to fatal recurrence, which was confirmed by autopsy.", "PMID": 1182667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8538", "title": "Prognosis in thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "All cases of thyroid cancer reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry in 1958-62 were re-examined histologically; 227 cases of thyroid carcinoma were found. The correlation between survival rates and different histologic and clinical features was studied. The survival rates for papillary carcinoma were significantly higher than those for follicular carcinoma, and the latter significantly higher than those for anaplastic carcinoma. The survival rates for medullary carcinoma were similar to those for papillary carcinoma, but there were only 10 medullary tumors. Within papillary carcinoma, vascular invasion correlated with low survival rates. In follicular carcinoma, the encapsulated type, and in anaplastic carcinoma the diffuse small cell type had higher survival rates than other tumors. The extent of the primary tumor and the presence of distant metastases correlated with survival, but the presence of regional metastases did not. The presence of severe compression symptoms correlated with low survival rates. Young patients and females had higher survival rates than old patients and males. In making a postoperative estimation of prognosis it is best to take the histologic type, the extent of the primary tumor, and the presence of distant metastases into consideration. A tentative preoperative prognosis can be bases on the age and sex of the patient and the presence of distant metastases and severe compression symptoms.", "contents": "Prognosis in thyroid carcinoma. All cases of thyroid cancer reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry in 1958-62 were re-examined histologically; 227 cases of thyroid carcinoma were found. The correlation between survival rates and different histologic and clinical features was studied. The survival rates for papillary carcinoma were significantly higher than those for follicular carcinoma, and the latter significantly higher than those for anaplastic carcinoma. The survival rates for medullary carcinoma were similar to those for papillary carcinoma, but there were only 10 medullary tumors. Within papillary carcinoma, vascular invasion correlated with low survival rates. In follicular carcinoma, the encapsulated type, and in anaplastic carcinoma the diffuse small cell type had higher survival rates than other tumors. The extent of the primary tumor and the presence of distant metastases correlated with survival, but the presence of regional metastases did not. The presence of severe compression symptoms correlated with low survival rates. Young patients and females had higher survival rates than old patients and males. In making a postoperative estimation of prognosis it is best to take the histologic type, the extent of the primary tumor, and the presence of distant metastases into consideration. A tentative preoperative prognosis can be bases on the age and sex of the patient and the presence of distant metastases and severe compression symptoms.", "PMID": 1182668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8539", "title": "Augmentation mammoplasty, irradiation, and breast cancer. A case report.", "content": "A case report is presented of mammary adenocarcinoma in association with a Silastic prosthesis and earlier irradiation exposure. Causative relationships of these two variables are discussed. Recommendations for management of the breast cancer patient with a mammary prosthesis are suggested.", "contents": "Augmentation mammoplasty, irradiation, and breast cancer. A case report. A case report is presented of mammary adenocarcinoma in association with a Silastic prosthesis and earlier irradiation exposure. Causative relationships of these two variables are discussed. Recommendations for management of the breast cancer patient with a mammary prosthesis are suggested.", "PMID": 1182669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8540", "title": "Prognosis in Black children with neuroblastoma.", "content": "Thirty white and 15 black children with neuroblastoma were compared with respect to survival. Patient age and tumor stage at diagnosis were similar in the two groups, as was duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis. There was no significant difference between the white and black children in regard to median duration of survival or percentage of long-term survivors. The results of this study indicate that race is not a factor in the prognosis of this tumor.", "contents": "Prognosis in Black children with neuroblastoma. Thirty white and 15 black children with neuroblastoma were compared with respect to survival. Patient age and tumor stage at diagnosis were similar in the two groups, as was duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis. There was no significant difference between the white and black children in regard to median duration of survival or percentage of long-term survivors. The results of this study indicate that race is not a factor in the prognosis of this tumor.", "PMID": 1182670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8541", "title": "Metastatic thymoma with myasthenia gravis and pure red cell aplasia.", "content": "Metastatic malignant thymoma developed in a 64-year-old man after a 9-year history of myasthenia gravis. Following good response to irradiation of the mediastinal mass and osseous metastasis, pure red cell aplasia developed.", "contents": "Metastatic thymoma with myasthenia gravis and pure red cell aplasia. Metastatic malignant thymoma developed in a 64-year-old man after a 9-year history of myasthenia gravis. Following good response to irradiation of the mediastinal mass and osseous metastasis, pure red cell aplasia developed.", "PMID": 1182671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8542", "title": "Nonevaluable patients in clinical cancer research.", "content": "Analysis of controlled and uncontrolled published papers in clinical cancer therapy has revealed differences in patient data handling, which may reflect both the inherent biases of patient selection for uncontrolled studies and the primary purpose of such studies. A distinction between drug-data oriented research and patient oriented research was advanced to explain these results. If comparable results are to be developed, we urge controlled trials at all phases of treatment development.", "contents": "Nonevaluable patients in clinical cancer research. Analysis of controlled and uncontrolled published papers in clinical cancer therapy has revealed differences in patient data handling, which may reflect both the inherent biases of patient selection for uncontrolled studies and the primary purpose of such studies. A distinction between drug-data oriented research and patient oriented research was advanced to explain these results. If comparable results are to be developed, we urge controlled trials at all phases of treatment development.", "PMID": 1182672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8543", "title": "Cancer mortality among Mormons.", "content": "Preliminary results show that the 1970-72 cancer mortality rate among California Mormon adults is about one-half to three-fourths that of the general California population for most cancer sites, including many sites with an unclear etiology. Furthermore, the cancer death rate in the predominately Mormon state of Utah is about two-thirds to three-fourths of the United States rate, and the lowest in the entire country. Mormons are a large, health-conscious religious group whose Church doctrine forbids the use of tobacco, alcohol, coffee, and tea, and recommends a nutritious diet. Initial indications are that Mormons as a whole smoke and drink about half as much as the general population, and that active Mormons abstain almost completely from tobacco and alcohol. However, they appear to be fairly similar to the general white population in other respects, such as socioeconomic status and urbanization. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Cancer mortality among Mormons. Preliminary results show that the 1970-72 cancer mortality rate among California Mormon adults is about one-half to three-fourths that of the general California population for most cancer sites, including many sites with an unclear etiology. Furthermore, the cancer death rate in the predominately Mormon state of Utah is about two-thirds to three-fourths of the United States rate, and the lowest in the entire country. Mormons are a large, health-conscious religious group whose Church doctrine forbids the use of tobacco, alcohol, coffee, and tea, and recommends a nutritious diet. Initial indications are that Mormons as a whole smoke and drink about half as much as the general population, and that active Mormons abstain almost completely from tobacco and alcohol. However, they appear to be fairly similar to the general white population in other respects, such as socioeconomic status and urbanization. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1182673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8544", "title": "A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival.", "content": "The presenting clinical features of 71 patients with multiple myeloma were correlated with myeloma cell mass (myeloma cells X 10(12)/m2 of body surface area) determined from measurements of monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-component) synthesis and metabolism. Bivariate correlation and multivariate regression analyses showed that myeloma cell mass could be accurately predicted from A) extent of bone lesions, B) hemoglobin level, C) serum calcium level, and D) M-component levels in serum and urine. Analyses of response to chemotherapy and survival indicated significant correlation with measured myeloma cell burden. The results were synthesized to produce a very reliable and useful clinical staging system with three tumor cell mass levels (Table 7). For clinical research purposes, multivariate regression equations were developed to predict optimally the exact myeloma cell mass. Thus, initial staging can be quantitatively related to followup using tumor cell mass changes calculated from changes in M-component production. Use of the clinical staging system sould provide better initial assessment and followup of individual patients, and should lead to improved study design and analysis in large clinical trials of therapy for multiple myeloma.", "contents": "A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival. The presenting clinical features of 71 patients with multiple myeloma were correlated with myeloma cell mass (myeloma cells X 10(12)/m2 of body surface area) determined from measurements of monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-component) synthesis and metabolism. Bivariate correlation and multivariate regression analyses showed that myeloma cell mass could be accurately predicted from A) extent of bone lesions, B) hemoglobin level, C) serum calcium level, and D) M-component levels in serum and urine. Analyses of response to chemotherapy and survival indicated significant correlation with measured myeloma cell burden. The results were synthesized to produce a very reliable and useful clinical staging system with three tumor cell mass levels (Table 7). For clinical research purposes, multivariate regression equations were developed to predict optimally the exact myeloma cell mass. Thus, initial staging can be quantitatively related to followup using tumor cell mass changes calculated from changes in M-component production. Use of the clinical staging system sould provide better initial assessment and followup of individual patients, and should lead to improved study design and analysis in large clinical trials of therapy for multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 1182674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8545", "title": "The role of cytosine arabinoside maintenance in acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "A series of 30 unselected patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) was treated with combination chemotherapy, including three courses of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) by 5-day continuous i.v. infusion, vincristine i.v. weekly, and prednisone daily to complete remission. Ara-C was administered alone as a 5-day continuous i.v. infusion monthly for maintenance. Ten (33%) achieved a complete remission (CR). The remaining 30 (67%), including temporary partial remissions, hematologic improvements, inadequate trials, and early deaths, were all considered failures. The CR rate was 57% in those 17 cases receiving an adequate trial. After After 5 1/2 years' followup, the overall median survival, including cases failing to achieve CR, was 3.1 months. For those having adequate trials the median survival was 16.6 months, and for those achieving a CR, 36.6 months. Two patients are still alive, one at 55.2 months on maintenance therapy, and the other at 62.8 months, currently unmaintained.", "contents": "The role of cytosine arabinoside maintenance in acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. A series of 30 unselected patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) was treated with combination chemotherapy, including three courses of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) by 5-day continuous i.v. infusion, vincristine i.v. weekly, and prednisone daily to complete remission. Ara-C was administered alone as a 5-day continuous i.v. infusion monthly for maintenance. Ten (33%) achieved a complete remission (CR). The remaining 30 (67%), including temporary partial remissions, hematologic improvements, inadequate trials, and early deaths, were all considered failures. The CR rate was 57% in those 17 cases receiving an adequate trial. After After 5 1/2 years' followup, the overall median survival, including cases failing to achieve CR, was 3.1 months. For those having adequate trials the median survival was 16.6 months, and for those achieving a CR, 36.6 months. Two patients are still alive, one at 55.2 months on maintenance therapy, and the other at 62.8 months, currently unmaintained.", "PMID": 1182675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8546", "title": "Evaluation of methotrexate in the treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "One hundred ninety-five patients with disseminated bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with 10 different dosage schedules of methotrexate. Patient response to methotrexate therapy varied with the type of treatment, but overall, 18% of the patients treated responded to a measurable degree. Survival was not increased in any of the treatment categories when compared to a placebo group; however, the survival of patients that responded to therapy was greater than the survival of patients that did not respond to therapy. Methotrexate will find its greatest potential use in combination with other drugs proven to be effective in treating bronchogenic carcinoma.", "contents": "Evaluation of methotrexate in the treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma. One hundred ninety-five patients with disseminated bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with 10 different dosage schedules of methotrexate. Patient response to methotrexate therapy varied with the type of treatment, but overall, 18% of the patients treated responded to a measurable degree. Survival was not increased in any of the treatment categories when compared to a placebo group; however, the survival of patients that responded to therapy was greater than the survival of patients that did not respond to therapy. Methotrexate will find its greatest potential use in combination with other drugs proven to be effective in treating bronchogenic carcinoma.", "PMID": 1182676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8547", "title": "Rupture of major vessels after radiation.", "content": "Rupture of irradiated large vessels is an uncommon complication which tends to occur in carotid, aorta, and femoral arteries, in decreasing order of incidence. It particularly affects men subjected to surgery and radiotherapy for epidermoid carcinomas in oropharynx, esophagus, or genitalia. Contrary to some opinion, radiation is not the most significant cause; this \"spontaneous\" arterial rupture can occur without radiation. The perforation is not associated with tumor invasion of arterial wall, as has been claimed. Surgical complications, especially necrosis of skin flaps, infection, and fistulas are most important etiologically. Only 2 of the 11 instances that we describe appear to have been caused mainly by radiation. The perforation is usually fatal, but several patients, including 3 of our series (2 carotid, 1 femoral), have been saved by hospital personnel aware of this complication. To prevent it, prolonged exposure or infection of arteries, whether irradiated or not, should be avoided.", "contents": "Rupture of major vessels after radiation. Rupture of irradiated large vessels is an uncommon complication which tends to occur in carotid, aorta, and femoral arteries, in decreasing order of incidence. It particularly affects men subjected to surgery and radiotherapy for epidermoid carcinomas in oropharynx, esophagus, or genitalia. Contrary to some opinion, radiation is not the most significant cause; this \"spontaneous\" arterial rupture can occur without radiation. The perforation is not associated with tumor invasion of arterial wall, as has been claimed. Surgical complications, especially necrosis of skin flaps, infection, and fistulas are most important etiologically. Only 2 of the 11 instances that we describe appear to have been caused mainly by radiation. The perforation is usually fatal, but several patients, including 3 of our series (2 carotid, 1 femoral), have been saved by hospital personnel aware of this complication. To prevent it, prolonged exposure or infection of arteries, whether irradiated or not, should be avoided.", "PMID": 1182677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8548", "title": "Hyperkalemia complicating splenic irradiation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Hyperkalemia is an infrequent complication of the therapy of malignant disease. In previously reported cases, hyperkalemia following the institution of chemotherapy has been associated with acute renal failure. In this report, we present a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who developed hyperkalemia following splenic irradiation. Necrosis of tumor cells, either as direct or an abscopal effect appears to be implicated as a cause of hyperkalemia. It seems appropriate to monitor potassium levels when therapy of a responsive tumor is instituted.", "contents": "Hyperkalemia complicating splenic irradiation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hyperkalemia is an infrequent complication of the therapy of malignant disease. In previously reported cases, hyperkalemia following the institution of chemotherapy has been associated with acute renal failure. In this report, we present a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who developed hyperkalemia following splenic irradiation. Necrosis of tumor cells, either as direct or an abscopal effect appears to be implicated as a cause of hyperkalemia. It seems appropriate to monitor potassium levels when therapy of a responsive tumor is instituted.", "PMID": 1182678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8549", "title": "The effects of therapeutic radiation on colonic mucosa.", "content": "Low to moderate doses of therapeutic irradiation are capable of producing bizarre cytologic changes in the mucosal cells of colorectal crypts. This may be associated with eosinophilia of the lamina propria and with eosinophilic crypt abscesses. The bizarre cells generally line intact crypts and do not exhibit invasive behavior. The change subsides within 1-2 months at the dose levels studied (approximately 2000 rads).", "contents": "The effects of therapeutic radiation on colonic mucosa. Low to moderate doses of therapeutic irradiation are capable of producing bizarre cytologic changes in the mucosal cells of colorectal crypts. This may be associated with eosinophilia of the lamina propria and with eosinophilic crypt abscesses. The bizarre cells generally line intact crypts and do not exhibit invasive behavior. The change subsides within 1-2 months at the dose levels studied (approximately 2000 rads).", "PMID": 1182679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8550", "title": "Radiation-adriamycin interactions: preliminary clinical observations.", "content": "This communication reports four patients treated with the anthracycline adriamycin and irradiation either concurrently or sequentially, who demonstrated apparent augumentation of radiation reactions. Two of these patients demonstrated the so-called \"recall\" phenomenon.", "contents": "Radiation-adriamycin interactions: preliminary clinical observations. This communication reports four patients treated with the anthracycline adriamycin and irradiation either concurrently or sequentially, who demonstrated apparent augumentation of radiation reactions. Two of these patients demonstrated the so-called \"recall\" phenomenon.", "PMID": 1182680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8551", "title": "Correlation of delayed hypersensitivity responses with chemotherapeutic results in advanced Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Delayed skin test responses to several or all of a battery of six antigens were evaluated in 64 patients with disseminated Hodgkin's disease before, during, and after multiple-agent chemotherapy. Before therapy, 53% of patients had one or more positive skin tests, as compared to 55% during intensive chemotherapy, 79% during maintenance therapy, and 100% after discontinuation of all treatment. Pretreatment skin tests were of no value in predicting clinical response to chemotherapy. Response rates, duration of response, and survival were similar among anergic patients and patients with positive skin tests before treatment. There were too few patients who remained anergic after intensive induction chemotherapy to permit a correlation of immunologic reactivity with course. We conclude that skin test responses to recall antigens, before or during aggressive treatment, are more indicative of Hodgkin's disease activity (and also, of the immunosuppressive effects of treatment routines) than of prognosis.", "contents": "Correlation of delayed hypersensitivity responses with chemotherapeutic results in advanced Hodgkin's disease. Delayed skin test responses to several or all of a battery of six antigens were evaluated in 64 patients with disseminated Hodgkin's disease before, during, and after multiple-agent chemotherapy. Before therapy, 53% of patients had one or more positive skin tests, as compared to 55% during intensive chemotherapy, 79% during maintenance therapy, and 100% after discontinuation of all treatment. Pretreatment skin tests were of no value in predicting clinical response to chemotherapy. Response rates, duration of response, and survival were similar among anergic patients and patients with positive skin tests before treatment. There were too few patients who remained anergic after intensive induction chemotherapy to permit a correlation of immunologic reactivity with course. We conclude that skin test responses to recall antigens, before or during aggressive treatment, are more indicative of Hodgkin's disease activity (and also, of the immunosuppressive effects of treatment routines) than of prognosis.", "PMID": 1182681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8552", "title": "Lymphocyte response to autologous tumor antigen(s) and phytohemagglutinin in ovarian cancer patients.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 11 patients with ovarian carcinoma were incubated several times with autologous tumor extract as well as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at different concentrations. Lymphocytes from 10 normal, healthy, age-matched females were also studied similarly. Tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA of transformed lymphocytes was measured. No significant response was obtained with lymphocytes from ovarian cancer patients or normal individuals in the presence of tumor extracts. Of 6 tumor extracts tested, 5 did not have any cytotoxic effect on autologous or on homologous normal healthy lymphocytes. Hence, with this test system employed, no evidence for a cell-mediated immunity to autologous tumor in ovarian cancer patients was observed. PHA, on the other hand, induced vigorous blastogenic response in several ovarian cancer patient's lymphocytes, as well as in all normal healthy lymphocytes, indicating no inherent defect in the T-lymphocyte system of ovarian cancer patients. Only 2 of the patients, when tested for delayed hypersensitivity reaction against a battery of recall antigens and keyhole limpet hematocyanin, were completely anergic. None of the patients responded when skin tested with their own tumor extracts.", "contents": "Lymphocyte response to autologous tumor antigen(s) and phytohemagglutinin in ovarian cancer patients. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 11 patients with ovarian carcinoma were incubated several times with autologous tumor extract as well as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at different concentrations. Lymphocytes from 10 normal, healthy, age-matched females were also studied similarly. Tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA of transformed lymphocytes was measured. No significant response was obtained with lymphocytes from ovarian cancer patients or normal individuals in the presence of tumor extracts. Of 6 tumor extracts tested, 5 did not have any cytotoxic effect on autologous or on homologous normal healthy lymphocytes. Hence, with this test system employed, no evidence for a cell-mediated immunity to autologous tumor in ovarian cancer patients was observed. PHA, on the other hand, induced vigorous blastogenic response in several ovarian cancer patient's lymphocytes, as well as in all normal healthy lymphocytes, indicating no inherent defect in the T-lymphocyte system of ovarian cancer patients. Only 2 of the patients, when tested for delayed hypersensitivity reaction against a battery of recall antigens and keyhole limpet hematocyanin, were completely anergic. None of the patients responded when skin tested with their own tumor extracts.", "PMID": 1182682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8553", "title": "Immunologic aspects of human thyroid cancer. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity, and a trial of immunotherapy.", "content": "Immunologic studies were performed on 16 patients with thyroid cancer. Circulating leukocyte counts increased, parallel to development of the terminal stage of disease, but total lymphocytes decreased. Serum immunoglobulin and complement were high, even though almost all patients showed negative antithyroid antibodies. Delayed skin hypersensitivity to bacterial and viral antigens and lymphocyte responsivity to PHA were not impaired at the initial stage of disease, but were impaired in terminal illness. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to tumor antigens(s) was measured using the assays of lymphotoxin, migration inhibition factor, and peripheral leukocyte migration inhibition. A few patients showed significant response to tumor antigen, but not to homogenates of Graves' thyroid gland. Active immunotherapy was applied to three patients. Two patients, who were in the terminal stage of illness, could not develop generalized CMI; immunization did not alter the patients' rapid downhill course. One patient developed in vitro evidence of CMI against cancer tissue antigens, associated with decrease in tumor size. Four months after immunization, CMI was impaired in autologous plasma culture, but not in cultures in allogenic normal plasma.", "contents": "Immunologic aspects of human thyroid cancer. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity, and a trial of immunotherapy. Immunologic studies were performed on 16 patients with thyroid cancer. Circulating leukocyte counts increased, parallel to development of the terminal stage of disease, but total lymphocytes decreased. Serum immunoglobulin and complement were high, even though almost all patients showed negative antithyroid antibodies. Delayed skin hypersensitivity to bacterial and viral antigens and lymphocyte responsivity to PHA were not impaired at the initial stage of disease, but were impaired in terminal illness. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to tumor antigens(s) was measured using the assays of lymphotoxin, migration inhibition factor, and peripheral leukocyte migration inhibition. A few patients showed significant response to tumor antigen, but not to homogenates of Graves' thyroid gland. Active immunotherapy was applied to three patients. Two patients, who were in the terminal stage of illness, could not develop generalized CMI; immunization did not alter the patients' rapid downhill course. One patient developed in vitro evidence of CMI against cancer tissue antigens, associated with decrease in tumor size. Four months after immunization, CMI was impaired in autologous plasma culture, but not in cultures in allogenic normal plasma.", "PMID": 1182683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8554", "title": "Thymosin-induced increase in E-rosette-forming capacity of lymphocytes in patients with malignant neoplasms.", "content": "Thymosin, a thymic hormone, restores decreased cellular immunity under various experimental conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of thymosin on the E-rosette-forming capacity in cancer patients. Peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from eight patients with various malignant neoplasms were examined. One of these patients received thymosin intramuscularly; his E-rosette formation was examined serially. Eight normal adults served as controls. Patients with advanced stages of malignant tumors showed decreased E-rosette-forming capacity, which increased significantly under the influence of thymosin. Patients with less-advanced tumors, as well as normal adults, demonstrated normal E-rosette formation without further effects by thymosin. The in vivo administration of thymosin to one patient was followed by a marked increase of the E-rosette-forming capacity. These results suggest that the administration of thymosin, both in vivo and in vitro, significantly increases the circulating T-lymphocyte levels and/or functions in patients with advanced malignant neoplasms.", "contents": "Thymosin-induced increase in E-rosette-forming capacity of lymphocytes in patients with malignant neoplasms. Thymosin, a thymic hormone, restores decreased cellular immunity under various experimental conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of thymosin on the E-rosette-forming capacity in cancer patients. Peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from eight patients with various malignant neoplasms were examined. One of these patients received thymosin intramuscularly; his E-rosette formation was examined serially. Eight normal adults served as controls. Patients with advanced stages of malignant tumors showed decreased E-rosette-forming capacity, which increased significantly under the influence of thymosin. Patients with less-advanced tumors, as well as normal adults, demonstrated normal E-rosette formation without further effects by thymosin. The in vivo administration of thymosin to one patient was followed by a marked increase of the E-rosette-forming capacity. These results suggest that the administration of thymosin, both in vivo and in vitro, significantly increases the circulating T-lymphocyte levels and/or functions in patients with advanced malignant neoplasms.", "PMID": 1182684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8555", "title": "Clear cell sarcoma with melanin pigment.", "content": "A patient with a clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses arising in the left sacral area is reported. The tumor grossly contained two black foci that had pigment with the staining characteristics of melanin on light microscopy. Electron microscopy of these areas showed the pigment to be within melanosomes. This is the second report of a neoplasm diagnosed as clear cell sarcoma in which melanin was demonstrated; the possibility that the tumor represents a soft tissue variant of malignant melanoma is discussed. It is suggested that clear cell sarcoma is a heterogeneous entity, and that a number of different soft tissue neoplasms may present with a clear cell pattern, making diagnosis and classification difficult.", "contents": "Clear cell sarcoma with melanin pigment. A patient with a clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses arising in the left sacral area is reported. The tumor grossly contained two black foci that had pigment with the staining characteristics of melanin on light microscopy. Electron microscopy of these areas showed the pigment to be within melanosomes. This is the second report of a neoplasm diagnosed as clear cell sarcoma in which melanin was demonstrated; the possibility that the tumor represents a soft tissue variant of malignant melanoma is discussed. It is suggested that clear cell sarcoma is a heterogeneous entity, and that a number of different soft tissue neoplasms may present with a clear cell pattern, making diagnosis and classification difficult.", "PMID": 1182685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8556", "title": "A classification of transplantable tumors in Nb rats controlled by estrogen from dormancy to autonomy.", "content": "Transplantable tumor lines were previously established from a variety of estrogen-induced tumors in Nb rats, including tumors of the adrenal cervix, salivary gland, and pancreas, a lymphoma, and a liposarcoma. Spontaneous tumors, however, were found to arise in untreated females and showed the same characteristics. Tumor growth was dependent upon or influenced by estrogen when assessed in estrogenized and unconditioned hosts. Intermitten estrogenization was effective, but tumor growth took place more slowly. The type of response observed led to a new classification of five types of hormone-responsive tumors including tumors inhibited by estrogen. Estrogen-dependent tumor cells might remain dormant indefinitely and not grow in unconditioned animals until stimulated to grow by estrogen. The growth rate of hormone-dependent adrenal carcinomas was related to the amount of estrogen. Tumor growth started more rapidly in the presence of low estrogen dose levels in old rats used as hosts than it did in young rats. Breast carcinomas required the largest amount of estrogen for growth, whereas ovarian thecomas would grow in normal females but not in males. The growth rate in conditioned hosts of most transplanted tumors (some have maintained hormone dependency over 10 years) increased over successive generations. Progression, however, towards a more autonomous state after repeated transplantations was remarkably slow, and a sudden change to autonomy was rarely noted. In contrast, transplants of 9,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinomas progressed rapidly to autonomy. Fould's concept of progression (2, 3) has been discussed but the described classification of tumors under hormone influence apparently allows a more detailed analysis of definition of different types of progression.", "contents": "A classification of transplantable tumors in Nb rats controlled by estrogen from dormancy to autonomy. Transplantable tumor lines were previously established from a variety of estrogen-induced tumors in Nb rats, including tumors of the adrenal cervix, salivary gland, and pancreas, a lymphoma, and a liposarcoma. Spontaneous tumors, however, were found to arise in untreated females and showed the same characteristics. Tumor growth was dependent upon or influenced by estrogen when assessed in estrogenized and unconditioned hosts. Intermitten estrogenization was effective, but tumor growth took place more slowly. The type of response observed led to a new classification of five types of hormone-responsive tumors including tumors inhibited by estrogen. Estrogen-dependent tumor cells might remain dormant indefinitely and not grow in unconditioned animals until stimulated to grow by estrogen. The growth rate of hormone-dependent adrenal carcinomas was related to the amount of estrogen. Tumor growth started more rapidly in the presence of low estrogen dose levels in old rats used as hosts than it did in young rats. Breast carcinomas required the largest amount of estrogen for growth, whereas ovarian thecomas would grow in normal females but not in males. The growth rate in conditioned hosts of most transplanted tumors (some have maintained hormone dependency over 10 years) increased over successive generations. Progression, however, towards a more autonomous state after repeated transplantations was remarkably slow, and a sudden change to autonomy was rarely noted. In contrast, transplants of 9,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinomas progressed rapidly to autonomy. Fould's concept of progression (2, 3) has been discussed but the described classification of tumors under hormone influence apparently allows a more detailed analysis of definition of different types of progression.", "PMID": 1182686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8557", "title": "Tumor-blocking and -inhibitory serum factors in the clinical course of canine venereal tumor.", "content": "An in vitro method for growing colonies of canine transplantable venereal tumor cells in a semisolid agar medium is described. Using autologous or pooled homologous normal dog sera as a feeder layer, 49.3 +/- 3.5 and 47.5 +/- 4.5 tumor colonies were obtained, respectively, when 2 X 10(4) tumor cells were plated. With this assay system, assessment of colony counts provided an accurate and rapid technique for monitoring serum factors in tumor-bearing dogs that inhibited colony formation, or blocked the inhibition of colony formation. In 52 dogs given tumor transplants, a direct correlation was demonstrated between serum activity tested in vitro and the in vivo growth characteristics of the tumor. Tumor cells preincubated with serum from dogs with active tumor growth consistently showed normal colony growth when cultured in agar containing colony-inhibitory sera (blocking effect). In vivo regression was characterized by loss of serum blocking and the development of serum colony-inhibitory activity in culture. In metastatic disease, only blocking activity could be identified, while persistent local invasive disease was characterized by low levels of both blocking and inhibitory serum activity. The sensitivity of this technique coupled with its in vivo predictive capabilities provides a model for monitoring serological responses to a naturally occurring neoplasm in a large, randomly bred animal.", "contents": "Tumor-blocking and -inhibitory serum factors in the clinical course of canine venereal tumor. An in vitro method for growing colonies of canine transplantable venereal tumor cells in a semisolid agar medium is described. Using autologous or pooled homologous normal dog sera as a feeder layer, 49.3 +/- 3.5 and 47.5 +/- 4.5 tumor colonies were obtained, respectively, when 2 X 10(4) tumor cells were plated. With this assay system, assessment of colony counts provided an accurate and rapid technique for monitoring serum factors in tumor-bearing dogs that inhibited colony formation, or blocked the inhibition of colony formation. In 52 dogs given tumor transplants, a direct correlation was demonstrated between serum activity tested in vitro and the in vivo growth characteristics of the tumor. Tumor cells preincubated with serum from dogs with active tumor growth consistently showed normal colony growth when cultured in agar containing colony-inhibitory sera (blocking effect). In vivo regression was characterized by loss of serum blocking and the development of serum colony-inhibitory activity in culture. In metastatic disease, only blocking activity could be identified, while persistent local invasive disease was characterized by low levels of both blocking and inhibitory serum activity. The sensitivity of this technique coupled with its in vivo predictive capabilities provides a model for monitoring serological responses to a naturally occurring neoplasm in a large, randomly bred animal.", "PMID": 1182687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8558", "title": "Conditions modifying development of tumors in mice at various sites by benzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "The modifying roles of age, sex, and strain of mice on the incidence, multiplicity, and spectrum of tumors induced by benzo(a)pyrene have been investigated. The first-generation (F1) hybrids of C57BL/6J X C3HeB/FeJ and C3HEB/Fej X A/J mice of both sexes were given single i.p. injections (75 or 150 mug/g) of benzo(a)pyrene at 1, 15, or 42 days of age. Experimental animals were allowed to live their life-spans, while animals in control groups were killed at 52, 90, 142, or 170 weeks of age. Animals treated with benzo(a)pyrene died, in general, by the 100th week of age due to development of liver, lung, stomach and lymphoreticular tumors. Few of the control animals died during that same observational period. The age of mice at the time of exposure to the carcinogen modified development of tumors at all the sites. The sex of animals influenced the development of liver and lymphoreticular tumors. The C3HeB/FeJ X A/J F1 hybrids developed lung tumors more readily than did the C57BL/6J X C3HeB/FeJ F1 mice, which had significantly more liver tumors and neoplasms of the lymphoreticular system than the former strain. No strain difference was observed in regard to tumors at other sites. Higher doses of benzo(a)pyrene were more effective in inducing lung, liver, and stomach tumors. In addition, 5 cases of pancreatic ductal adenoma and adenocarcinoma were observed in carcinogen-treated mice.", "contents": "Conditions modifying development of tumors in mice at various sites by benzo(a)pyrene. The modifying roles of age, sex, and strain of mice on the incidence, multiplicity, and spectrum of tumors induced by benzo(a)pyrene have been investigated. The first-generation (F1) hybrids of C57BL/6J X C3HeB/FeJ and C3HEB/Fej X A/J mice of both sexes were given single i.p. injections (75 or 150 mug/g) of benzo(a)pyrene at 1, 15, or 42 days of age. Experimental animals were allowed to live their life-spans, while animals in control groups were killed at 52, 90, 142, or 170 weeks of age. Animals treated with benzo(a)pyrene died, in general, by the 100th week of age due to development of liver, lung, stomach and lymphoreticular tumors. Few of the control animals died during that same observational period. The age of mice at the time of exposure to the carcinogen modified development of tumors at all the sites. The sex of animals influenced the development of liver and lymphoreticular tumors. The C3HeB/FeJ X A/J F1 hybrids developed lung tumors more readily than did the C57BL/6J X C3HeB/FeJ F1 mice, which had significantly more liver tumors and neoplasms of the lymphoreticular system than the former strain. No strain difference was observed in regard to tumors at other sites. Higher doses of benzo(a)pyrene were more effective in inducing lung, liver, and stomach tumors. In addition, 5 cases of pancreatic ductal adenoma and adenocarcinoma were observed in carcinogen-treated mice.", "PMID": 1182688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8559", "title": "Comparative toxicity of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in several strains of rats.", "content": "Male Spraque-Dawley rats were 6 or 7 times more susceptible than females to the acute toxic effects of a single i.p. injection of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. The N-hydroxy compound were equally toxic in male and female Fischer rats and about twice as toxic to male as to female Wistar rats. A negative correlation between the 50% lethal dose of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and hepatic N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene sulfotransferase activity was found. These data substantiate earlier indications that the level of the liver sulfotransferase is an important factor in determining the degree of toxicity of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. It is suggested that the reported sex difference in the hepatocarcinogenicity of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene might be peculiar to the Sprague-Dawley rat.", "contents": "Comparative toxicity of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in several strains of rats. Male Spraque-Dawley rats were 6 or 7 times more susceptible than females to the acute toxic effects of a single i.p. injection of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. The N-hydroxy compound were equally toxic in male and female Fischer rats and about twice as toxic to male as to female Wistar rats. A negative correlation between the 50% lethal dose of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and hepatic N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene sulfotransferase activity was found. These data substantiate earlier indications that the level of the liver sulfotransferase is an important factor in determining the degree of toxicity of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. It is suggested that the reported sex difference in the hepatocarcinogenicity of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene might be peculiar to the Sprague-Dawley rat.", "PMID": 1182689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8560", "title": "The reduction of N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl by the intestinal microflora of the rat.", "content": "The role of the intestinal flora in the conversion of N-hydroxy-4-acetyl-aminobiphenyl (N-OH-AABP) to 4-acetylaminobiphenyl has been examined. This reaction, which reverses the metabolic activation of the parent carcinogen, can be demonstrated in cultures of some bacteria indigenous to the intestinal microflora. These include cultures of Clostridium sp., Clostridium perfringens, Peptostreptococcus productus I, and Bacteroides fragilis ss. thetaiotaomicron and ss. vulgatus. In contrast, cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum and Escherichia coli show little or no capacity for this reaction. The reduction of N-OH-AABP is also carried out by homogenates of liver, kidney, and brain. On a weight basis, the cecal flora is considerably more active in reducing N-OH-AABP than are homogenates of tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. The cecal flora also has a greater activity for reducing N-OH-AABP than the stomach flora, an observation which may relate to the induction of tumors in the forestomach but not in the cecum of rats fed this compound. The products of the metabolism of N-OH-AABP have been compared in germ-free and conventional animals. Glucuronide conjugates of N-OH-AABP are found in the cecal contents and feces only of the germ-free rats, while 4-acetylaminobiphenyl is found in the feces only of conventional rats. These results suggest that the flora, by hydrolyzing glucuronides and reducing N-OH-AABP, may influence the level of metabolities of 4-acetylaminobiphenyl which are critical for carcinogenesis.", "contents": "The reduction of N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl by the intestinal microflora of the rat. The role of the intestinal flora in the conversion of N-hydroxy-4-acetyl-aminobiphenyl (N-OH-AABP) to 4-acetylaminobiphenyl has been examined. This reaction, which reverses the metabolic activation of the parent carcinogen, can be demonstrated in cultures of some bacteria indigenous to the intestinal microflora. These include cultures of Clostridium sp., Clostridium perfringens, Peptostreptococcus productus I, and Bacteroides fragilis ss. thetaiotaomicron and ss. vulgatus. In contrast, cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum and Escherichia coli show little or no capacity for this reaction. The reduction of N-OH-AABP is also carried out by homogenates of liver, kidney, and brain. On a weight basis, the cecal flora is considerably more active in reducing N-OH-AABP than are homogenates of tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. The cecal flora also has a greater activity for reducing N-OH-AABP than the stomach flora, an observation which may relate to the induction of tumors in the forestomach but not in the cecum of rats fed this compound. The products of the metabolism of N-OH-AABP have been compared in germ-free and conventional animals. Glucuronide conjugates of N-OH-AABP are found in the cecal contents and feces only of the germ-free rats, while 4-acetylaminobiphenyl is found in the feces only of conventional rats. These results suggest that the flora, by hydrolyzing glucuronides and reducing N-OH-AABP, may influence the level of metabolities of 4-acetylaminobiphenyl which are critical for carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 1182690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8561", "title": "Carbamoylation of amino acid, peptides, and proteins by nitrosoureas.", "content": "Incubation at approximately physiological conditions of amino acids, peptides, and proteins with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea or cyclohexyl isocyanate resulted in carbamoylation of the alpha-amino groups of amino acids, the terminal amino groups of peptides and proteins and the epsilon-amino groups of lysine moieties. Carbamoylation of the alpha-amino groups and the terminal amino groups occurred as readily as, or more readily than, the carbamoylation of the epsilon-amino groups. Carbamoylation of the amino groups of amino acids or peptides by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea or 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea altered the electrophoretic mobility of those compounds. Cyclization of (2-cloroethylcarbamoyl)-amino groups to form (2-oxazolin-2-yl)amino groups occurred at room temperature, and the resulting oxazolinyl compounds migrated electrophoretically similarly to the parent compounds. Since such cyclization did not occur with cyclohexylcarbamoylamino groups, treatment of amino acids, peptides, or proteins with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea might result in less permanent alteration of the respective charges on the resulting products than would treatment with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea or other nitrosoureas lacking a 2-chloroethyl group on N-3. The relevance of these differences in charge to differences in physiological effects is not presently known. Although the present study does not establish a definite relationship between carbamoylation of any specific protein and the physiological effects of nitrosourea, it does reinforce and expand the existing evidence that carbamoylation of proteins is a proteins is a process that must be considered in efforts to explain the physiological effects of these agents, and it points to terminal amino groups of proteins as possible primary sites of carbamoylation.", "contents": "Carbamoylation of amino acid, peptides, and proteins by nitrosoureas. Incubation at approximately physiological conditions of amino acids, peptides, and proteins with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea or cyclohexyl isocyanate resulted in carbamoylation of the alpha-amino groups of amino acids, the terminal amino groups of peptides and proteins and the epsilon-amino groups of lysine moieties. Carbamoylation of the alpha-amino groups and the terminal amino groups occurred as readily as, or more readily than, the carbamoylation of the epsilon-amino groups. Carbamoylation of the amino groups of amino acids or peptides by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea or 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea altered the electrophoretic mobility of those compounds. Cyclization of (2-cloroethylcarbamoyl)-amino groups to form (2-oxazolin-2-yl)amino groups occurred at room temperature, and the resulting oxazolinyl compounds migrated electrophoretically similarly to the parent compounds. Since such cyclization did not occur with cyclohexylcarbamoylamino groups, treatment of amino acids, peptides, or proteins with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea might result in less permanent alteration of the respective charges on the resulting products than would treatment with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea or other nitrosoureas lacking a 2-chloroethyl group on N-3. The relevance of these differences in charge to differences in physiological effects is not presently known. Although the present study does not establish a definite relationship between carbamoylation of any specific protein and the physiological effects of nitrosourea, it does reinforce and expand the existing evidence that carbamoylation of proteins is a proteins is a process that must be considered in efforts to explain the physiological effects of these agents, and it points to terminal amino groups of proteins as possible primary sites of carbamoylation.", "PMID": 1182691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8562", "title": "Tissue-specific synthesis of methotrexate polyglutamates in the rat.", "content": "Purified tritium-labeled methotrexate was administered to rats and Sephadex G-15 gel chromatography was used to study the formation of poly-gamma-glutamyl metabolites of methotrexate in different tissues. These metabolities were recognized as tritium-labeled antifolate fractions and were identified by their response to serum pterolypolyglutamate hydrolases and by cochromatography with authentic standards. After doses equivalent to 15 to 20 mg for man, rat liver and kidney were found to contain both 4-amino 10-methylpterolyglutamyl-gamma-glutamic acid and 4-amino-10-methylpterolyglutamyl-gamma-glutamyl-gamma-glutamic acid. With one-third of the dose, only 4-amino 10-methylpteroylglutamyl-gamma-glutamic acid was found. Synthesis of methotrexate polyglutamates in liver and kidney was limited to the interval immediately following methotrexate administration and appeared to occur by sequential addition of single glutamyl residues to so-called \"free\" intracellular methotrexate. No synthesis of methotrexate polyglutamates was demonstrated in small intestine or thymus. After formation, 4-amino-10-methylpteroyglutamyl-gamma-glutamic acid disappeared from liver and kidney with a half-time of 6.5 days. The effect of these metabolites of methotrexate of cell metabolism is unknown.", "contents": "Tissue-specific synthesis of methotrexate polyglutamates in the rat. Purified tritium-labeled methotrexate was administered to rats and Sephadex G-15 gel chromatography was used to study the formation of poly-gamma-glutamyl metabolites of methotrexate in different tissues. These metabolities were recognized as tritium-labeled antifolate fractions and were identified by their response to serum pterolypolyglutamate hydrolases and by cochromatography with authentic standards. After doses equivalent to 15 to 20 mg for man, rat liver and kidney were found to contain both 4-amino 10-methylpterolyglutamyl-gamma-glutamic acid and 4-amino-10-methylpterolyglutamyl-gamma-glutamyl-gamma-glutamic acid. With one-third of the dose, only 4-amino 10-methylpteroylglutamyl-gamma-glutamic acid was found. Synthesis of methotrexate polyglutamates in liver and kidney was limited to the interval immediately following methotrexate administration and appeared to occur by sequential addition of single glutamyl residues to so-called \"free\" intracellular methotrexate. No synthesis of methotrexate polyglutamates was demonstrated in small intestine or thymus. After formation, 4-amino-10-methylpteroyglutamyl-gamma-glutamic acid disappeared from liver and kidney with a half-time of 6.5 days. The effect of these metabolites of methotrexate of cell metabolism is unknown.", "PMID": 1182692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8563", "title": "Surface properties of phorbol esters and their interaction with lipid monolayers and bilayers.", "content": "The potent tumor-promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is surface active and was found to occupy a limiting area of 62 sq A/molecule in monolayers at the air-water interface. The interfacial tension of aqueous TPA solutions is decreased by increasing the bulk-phase TPA concentrations up to 2 x 10(-6) M,beyond which no further decreases were observed. This concentration is in agreement with the apparent solubility limit previously obtained. The apparent aqueous solubility limit of the more hydrophobic phorbol-didecanoate is 5 x 10(-8) M. Interaction of TPA with egg phosphatidylcholine monolayers at the air-water interface was shown by an increase in the surface pressure of the monolayer from 22 dynes/cm, initial film pressure, to 34 dynes/cm 90 min after introduction of TPA into the aqueous subphase. It was shown by gel filtration chromatography that a similar phorbol derivative, tritiated phorbol-didecanoate, binds to phospholipid vesicles. Differential scanning calorimetry also indicated that the addition of either TPA or an inactive stereoisomer, 4-alpha-phorbol-didecanoate, to phospholipid bilayers results in a marked reduction of the enthalphy of the minor transition of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes. Several fluorescence polarization probes for membrane fluidity indicate that TPA does not affect this membrane parameter. Further, the presence of TPA induces no measurable change in the cation permeability of phospholipid vesicles, the conductance of planar bilayer membranes, or the electrophoretic mobility of negatively charged liposomes. The lack of a specific effect with bilayers alone, combined with the documented physiological effects at low TPA concentrations, point to the possibility of a specific membrane component as the receptor for TPA at the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Surface properties of phorbol esters and their interaction with lipid monolayers and bilayers. The potent tumor-promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is surface active and was found to occupy a limiting area of 62 sq A/molecule in monolayers at the air-water interface. The interfacial tension of aqueous TPA solutions is decreased by increasing the bulk-phase TPA concentrations up to 2 x 10(-6) M,beyond which no further decreases were observed. This concentration is in agreement with the apparent solubility limit previously obtained. The apparent aqueous solubility limit of the more hydrophobic phorbol-didecanoate is 5 x 10(-8) M. Interaction of TPA with egg phosphatidylcholine monolayers at the air-water interface was shown by an increase in the surface pressure of the monolayer from 22 dynes/cm, initial film pressure, to 34 dynes/cm 90 min after introduction of TPA into the aqueous subphase. It was shown by gel filtration chromatography that a similar phorbol derivative, tritiated phorbol-didecanoate, binds to phospholipid vesicles. Differential scanning calorimetry also indicated that the addition of either TPA or an inactive stereoisomer, 4-alpha-phorbol-didecanoate, to phospholipid bilayers results in a marked reduction of the enthalphy of the minor transition of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes. Several fluorescence polarization probes for membrane fluidity indicate that TPA does not affect this membrane parameter. Further, the presence of TPA induces no measurable change in the cation permeability of phospholipid vesicles, the conductance of planar bilayer membranes, or the electrophoretic mobility of negatively charged liposomes. The lack of a specific effect with bilayers alone, combined with the documented physiological effects at low TPA concentrations, point to the possibility of a specific membrane component as the receptor for TPA at the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 1182693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8564", "title": "Schedule-dependent synergistic cytotoxicity of arabinofuranosylcytosine with adriamycin or 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidinyl)-2,5-piperazinedione in cultured cells.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that in vitro cell culture systems could serve a useful purpose in providing some guidelines in formulating drug schedules for combination cancer chemotherapy in the clinic. Using monolayer cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells as the test system, we screened the combinations of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) + adriamycin, ara-C + 3,6 - BIS(5 - CHloro - 2 - piperidinyl) - 2,5 - piperazinedione, melphalan + 5-fluorouracil, and melphalan + ara-C as to the effect of drug sequence on the plating efficiency of these cells. Schedule-dependent therapeutic synergism was observed only when ara-C treatment was followed by either adriamycin or 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidinyl)2,5-piperazinedione but not vice versa. No synergistic effects were observed in the combination of melphalan with 5-fluorouracil or ara-C. The basis for this synergism appeared to be that ara-C was primarily acting as a synchronizing agent to set up the cells in S phase so that subsequent treatment with an S-phase-specific drug, such as adriamycin or 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidinyl)-2,5-piperazinedione, would produce the maximum cell kill. On the other hand, the lack of synergism in the combinations of melphalan with 5-fluorouracil or ara-C was due to the lack of S-phase specificity for melphalan. On the basis of these data, we postulate that schedule-dependent synergism could be expected if the first agent renders the cells more sensitive (for example, by selectively blocking cells in one of the phases of the cell cycle) to the action of the second drug.", "contents": "Schedule-dependent synergistic cytotoxicity of arabinofuranosylcytosine with adriamycin or 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidinyl)-2,5-piperazinedione in cultured cells. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that in vitro cell culture systems could serve a useful purpose in providing some guidelines in formulating drug schedules for combination cancer chemotherapy in the clinic. Using monolayer cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells as the test system, we screened the combinations of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) + adriamycin, ara-C + 3,6 - BIS(5 - CHloro - 2 - piperidinyl) - 2,5 - piperazinedione, melphalan + 5-fluorouracil, and melphalan + ara-C as to the effect of drug sequence on the plating efficiency of these cells. Schedule-dependent therapeutic synergism was observed only when ara-C treatment was followed by either adriamycin or 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidinyl)2,5-piperazinedione but not vice versa. No synergistic effects were observed in the combination of melphalan with 5-fluorouracil or ara-C. The basis for this synergism appeared to be that ara-C was primarily acting as a synchronizing agent to set up the cells in S phase so that subsequent treatment with an S-phase-specific drug, such as adriamycin or 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidinyl)-2,5-piperazinedione, would produce the maximum cell kill. On the other hand, the lack of synergism in the combinations of melphalan with 5-fluorouracil or ara-C was due to the lack of S-phase specificity for melphalan. On the basis of these data, we postulate that schedule-dependent synergism could be expected if the first agent renders the cells more sensitive (for example, by selectively blocking cells in one of the phases of the cell cycle) to the action of the second drug.", "PMID": 1182694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8565", "title": "The nature of adriamycin-induced cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster cells as revealed by premature chromosome condensation.", "content": "The short- and long-term effects of adriamycin treatment on the cell cycle kinetics and chromosome structure of Chinese hamster ovary cells were investigated. Adriamycin treatment, either pulse or continuous, did not delay the progression of G1 cells into S phase but did prolong the duration of S and G2 phases. This effect was dose dependent, and the prolongation of G2 period was greater than that of S. The frequency of chromosomal aberrations induced by adriamycin was studied in the mitotic as well as in the prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC) of the treated cells. The types of aberrations observed were chromosome stickiness, chromatid exchanges, breaks, and gaps. The frequency of aberrations continued to increase as cells progressed to mitosis even after the removal of drug from the medium. At prolonged intervals (24 to 72 hr) after a brief or extended treatment, the labeling indices of the treated populations decreased, indicating an eventual block in the cell cycle progression. Visualization of chromosomes of these blocked interphase cells by the PCC method revealed that normal G2 PCC were totally absent. We observed that the PCC of these blocked cells were abnormal in the following respects: (a) some of the G2 PCC were extensively damaged; (b) many of the S PCC failed to incorporate [3H]thymidine; (c) a significant fraction of these PCC were poorly condensed and hence it was difficult to determine whether they were in G1 or G2. These results indicate that there is a good correlation between damage to the genome and the inhibition of cell cycle progression after adriamycin treatment.", "contents": "The nature of adriamycin-induced cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster cells as revealed by premature chromosome condensation. The short- and long-term effects of adriamycin treatment on the cell cycle kinetics and chromosome structure of Chinese hamster ovary cells were investigated. Adriamycin treatment, either pulse or continuous, did not delay the progression of G1 cells into S phase but did prolong the duration of S and G2 phases. This effect was dose dependent, and the prolongation of G2 period was greater than that of S. The frequency of chromosomal aberrations induced by adriamycin was studied in the mitotic as well as in the prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC) of the treated cells. The types of aberrations observed were chromosome stickiness, chromatid exchanges, breaks, and gaps. The frequency of aberrations continued to increase as cells progressed to mitosis even after the removal of drug from the medium. At prolonged intervals (24 to 72 hr) after a brief or extended treatment, the labeling indices of the treated populations decreased, indicating an eventual block in the cell cycle progression. Visualization of chromosomes of these blocked interphase cells by the PCC method revealed that normal G2 PCC were totally absent. We observed that the PCC of these blocked cells were abnormal in the following respects: (a) some of the G2 PCC were extensively damaged; (b) many of the S PCC failed to incorporate [3H]thymidine; (c) a significant fraction of these PCC were poorly condensed and hence it was difficult to determine whether they were in G1 or G2. These results indicate that there is a good correlation between damage to the genome and the inhibition of cell cycle progression after adriamycin treatment.", "PMID": 1182695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8566", "title": "Cholera toxin effects on cell growth accompanied by selective alterations in metabolite uptake and modification of cell surface proteins.", "content": "Exposure of Chinese hamster ovary cells to cholera toxin at or below mug levels causes a marked morphological changes and increased adhesion and orientation of the cells. Such changes are paralleled by alterations in surface proteins as indicated by the cholera toxin-mediated modifications detectable by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination of outer proteins. Mild tryptic treatment of cells prelabeled with [3H]glucosamine revealed a different kinetics of release of external glycoproteins in cells exposed to the toxin. An alteration in a specific glycoprotein species in cholera toxin-treated cells became evident by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by fluorography of 3H-labeled cellular glycoproteins. The effects of cholera toxin on surface proteins and growth of the cells occurred in the absence of a modification in amino acid uptake or incorporation of precursors into protein. However, thymidine uptake and glucosamine incorporation were inversely affected to toxin treatment. Some of the effects of the toxin appeared to be antagonized by colchicine.", "contents": "Cholera toxin effects on cell growth accompanied by selective alterations in metabolite uptake and modification of cell surface proteins. Exposure of Chinese hamster ovary cells to cholera toxin at or below mug levels causes a marked morphological changes and increased adhesion and orientation of the cells. Such changes are paralleled by alterations in surface proteins as indicated by the cholera toxin-mediated modifications detectable by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination of outer proteins. Mild tryptic treatment of cells prelabeled with [3H]glucosamine revealed a different kinetics of release of external glycoproteins in cells exposed to the toxin. An alteration in a specific glycoprotein species in cholera toxin-treated cells became evident by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by fluorography of 3H-labeled cellular glycoproteins. The effects of cholera toxin on surface proteins and growth of the cells occurred in the absence of a modification in amino acid uptake or incorporation of precursors into protein. However, thymidine uptake and glucosamine incorporation were inversely affected to toxin treatment. Some of the effects of the toxin appeared to be antagonized by colchicine.", "PMID": 1182696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8567", "title": "9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate metabolism and excretion in humans.", "content": "9-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) was converted chemically to the 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate (ara-A-5'-P) and administered i.v. to four cancer patients in seven experiments. Urinary excretion and plasma levels of radioactivity were monitored for 24 hr in each case. Radioactivity present as unchanged ara-A-5'-P, ara-A, and the deamination product of ara-A, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine, was determined. Excretion was, as in earlier studies with ara-A, given i.v., largely as 6-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine. However, in contrast to the 88 to 97% excretion of ara-A and products in 24 hr when ara-A was given by i.v. push, excretion was 41.47 to 79.1% in 24 hr when ara-A-5'-P was given. With the exception of one experiment at a low dose, where plasma ara-A levels were significant for 6 hr, the plasma levels of ara-A were sustained at significant levels for 24 hr after a single dose of ara-A-5'-P. The doses of ara-A-5'-P given were well tolerated by the four patients. Indications are that this derivative provides important advantages (solubility and sustained blood levels) over ara-A.", "contents": "9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate metabolism and excretion in humans. 9-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) was converted chemically to the 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate (ara-A-5'-P) and administered i.v. to four cancer patients in seven experiments. Urinary excretion and plasma levels of radioactivity were monitored for 24 hr in each case. Radioactivity present as unchanged ara-A-5'-P, ara-A, and the deamination product of ara-A, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine, was determined. Excretion was, as in earlier studies with ara-A, given i.v., largely as 6-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine. However, in contrast to the 88 to 97% excretion of ara-A and products in 24 hr when ara-A was given by i.v. push, excretion was 41.47 to 79.1% in 24 hr when ara-A-5'-P was given. With the exception of one experiment at a low dose, where plasma ara-A levels were significant for 6 hr, the plasma levels of ara-A were sustained at significant levels for 24 hr after a single dose of ara-A-5'-P. The doses of ara-A-5'-P given were well tolerated by the four patients. Indications are that this derivative provides important advantages (solubility and sustained blood levels) over ara-A.", "PMID": 1182697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8568", "title": "The release of high-molecular-weight alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase into the media of cultured human cells.", "content": "Using exclusion from Sepharose 4B as our criterion, we have found a high-molecular-weight form of alkaline phosphatase and of leucine aminopeptidase which are released into the culture media by the FL amnion cell line. A low-molecular-weight form of leucine aminopeptidase is also found to contribute to the total levels of this enzyme in the media. The levels of these enzymes increased during the growth cycle of the culture, paralleling the increase in cell density, suggesting that the two events may be related. This phenomen in culture suggests a possible explanation for the appearance of similar enzyme forms in patient serum and fluids originating from diseased tissue.", "contents": "The release of high-molecular-weight alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase into the media of cultured human cells. Using exclusion from Sepharose 4B as our criterion, we have found a high-molecular-weight form of alkaline phosphatase and of leucine aminopeptidase which are released into the culture media by the FL amnion cell line. A low-molecular-weight form of leucine aminopeptidase is also found to contribute to the total levels of this enzyme in the media. The levels of these enzymes increased during the growth cycle of the culture, paralleling the increase in cell density, suggesting that the two events may be related. This phenomen in culture suggests a possible explanation for the appearance of similar enzyme forms in patient serum and fluids originating from diseased tissue.", "PMID": 1182698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8569", "title": "Enhancement of spontaneous C3H/HeJ mammary tumorigenesis by long-term polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid therapy.", "content": "Female C3H/HeJ mice received weekly s.c. injections of 2 mg polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid. Therapy was initiated at either 2 or 9 months of age. In both cases, poly-adenylic-polyuridylic acid-treated animals developed the spontaneous mammary carcinoma associated with this strain more rapidly. Because the opposite result was formerly observed for AKR spontaneous leukemia, the data indicate the polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid has no generalized antineoplastic effect upon spontaneous tumors genetically associated with specific murine strains.", "contents": "Enhancement of spontaneous C3H/HeJ mammary tumorigenesis by long-term polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid therapy. Female C3H/HeJ mice received weekly s.c. injections of 2 mg polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid. Therapy was initiated at either 2 or 9 months of age. In both cases, poly-adenylic-polyuridylic acid-treated animals developed the spontaneous mammary carcinoma associated with this strain more rapidly. Because the opposite result was formerly observed for AKR spontaneous leukemia, the data indicate the polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid has no generalized antineoplastic effect upon spontaneous tumors genetically associated with specific murine strains.", "PMID": 1182699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8570", "title": "The relationship among transport, intracellular binding, and inhibition of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro.", "content": "Uptake of actinomycin D (AD) was characterized in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro. The time course of uptake consists of an initial component that represents a unidirectional flux of AD into the cells, following which the net uptake rate falls to achieve a velocity that is constant over a 45-min interval of observation. The velocity of influx exceeds that of the late uptake phase by a factor of 2. Influx is 1st order over an AD concentration range of 0.02 to 14 muM. Influx is highly temperature sensitive (Q10 = 4.5); this is related only in part to the high temperature dependence (Q10 =2) of the oil-adqueous partition coefficient for this agent. Within 4 min after exposure of cells to AD, a component of intracellular AD appears which exceeds the concentration of extracellular AD and rapidly leaves the cells (t 1/2 congruent to 3 min) when the cells are resuspended into an AD-free medium. The level of this component of intracellular drug is unaffected by metabolic poisons, and the apparent chemical gradient is attributed to loose binding. While transport of AD does not appear to be energy-dependent, the data do not clafity whether translocation across the cell membrane is diffusional or carrier mediated. In addition to a loosely bound intracellular component, analysis of the unidirectional net efflux of AD indicates at least 3 other exit components; one with a t 1/2 of 35 min, a very tightly bound component, and another representing drug that is free within the intracellular water, The bulk of AD taken up is tightly bound to intracellular constituents, and the rate of accumulation of this cellular component accounts almost entirely for the net rate of uptake of AD during the late uptake phase. Because influx exceeds the rate of tight binding within the cell by a factor of only 2, it is unlikely that osmotically active AD achieves thermodynamic equilibrium across the cell membrane over the interval of these experiments. Rather, prior to saturation of binding sites within the cell, the level of free AD achieved is probably below the extracellular concentration. Since the rate of binding should be influenced by the level of free intracellular AD, factors that increase influx and bring the intracellular AD level closer to equilibrium should also increase the rate of intracellular binding. Tween 80 augments both influx and AD binding within the cell, an effect that may be related to augmented transport alone, but an additional stimulatory effect on the binding process is also possible. Association of AD with only a small number of the very-high-affinty intracellular binding sites, in the absence of free or loosely bound AD, results in approximately 35% inhibition of [2-14C]uridine incorporation into RNA within 50 sec after exposure of cells to 1 muM AD. Within 10 min. 75% inhibition is achieved indicating that association of AD with only a small fraction of the total high-affinity sites is sufficient to suppress RNA synthesis.", "contents": "The relationship among transport, intracellular binding, and inhibition of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro. Uptake of actinomycin D (AD) was characterized in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro. The time course of uptake consists of an initial component that represents a unidirectional flux of AD into the cells, following which the net uptake rate falls to achieve a velocity that is constant over a 45-min interval of observation. The velocity of influx exceeds that of the late uptake phase by a factor of 2. Influx is 1st order over an AD concentration range of 0.02 to 14 muM. Influx is highly temperature sensitive (Q10 = 4.5); this is related only in part to the high temperature dependence (Q10 =2) of the oil-adqueous partition coefficient for this agent. Within 4 min after exposure of cells to AD, a component of intracellular AD appears which exceeds the concentration of extracellular AD and rapidly leaves the cells (t 1/2 congruent to 3 min) when the cells are resuspended into an AD-free medium. The level of this component of intracellular drug is unaffected by metabolic poisons, and the apparent chemical gradient is attributed to loose binding. While transport of AD does not appear to be energy-dependent, the data do not clafity whether translocation across the cell membrane is diffusional or carrier mediated. In addition to a loosely bound intracellular component, analysis of the unidirectional net efflux of AD indicates at least 3 other exit components; one with a t 1/2 of 35 min, a very tightly bound component, and another representing drug that is free within the intracellular water, The bulk of AD taken up is tightly bound to intracellular constituents, and the rate of accumulation of this cellular component accounts almost entirely for the net rate of uptake of AD during the late uptake phase. Because influx exceeds the rate of tight binding within the cell by a factor of only 2, it is unlikely that osmotically active AD achieves thermodynamic equilibrium across the cell membrane over the interval of these experiments. Rather, prior to saturation of binding sites within the cell, the level of free AD achieved is probably below the extracellular concentration. Since the rate of binding should be influenced by the level of free intracellular AD, factors that increase influx and bring the intracellular AD level closer to equilibrium should also increase the rate of intracellular binding. Tween 80 augments both influx and AD binding within the cell, an effect that may be related to augmented transport alone, but an additional stimulatory effect on the binding process is also possible. Association of AD with only a small number of the very-high-affinty intracellular binding sites, in the absence of free or loosely bound AD, results in approximately 35% inhibition of [2-14C]uridine incorporation into RNA within 50 sec after exposure of cells to 1 muM AD. Within 10 min. 75% inhibition is achieved indicating that association of AD with only a small fraction of the total high-affinity sites is sufficient to suppress RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1182700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8571", "title": "Bulk transfer of fluid in the interstitial compartment of mammary tumors.", "content": "Venous blood leaving a solid tumor showed higher erythrocyte concentration than did aortic blood. Net fluid loss of efferent blood as calculated from hematocrit differences was 2.7 to 6.7% of flow volume, 4.5 to 10.2% of perfusing plasma volume, or 0.14 to 0.22 ml fluid per hr per g in 2 to 5 g transplanted MTW9 and Walker 256 mammary carcinomas, and primary N-nitrosomethylurea- and 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene-induced mammary carcinomas of rats. Net fluid loss was directly related to blood flow but inversely related to tumor size. Increased hydrostatic pressure in tumor interstitial space was a consistent finding. Micropore chambers embedded in transplanted tumors drained 4 to 5 times more interstitial fluid than did identical chambers in the s.c. tissue. It is concluded that: (a) convective currents are present within the interstitial spaces of tumors; (b) the magnitude of fluid transfer can be measured by the difference in hemoconcentration between afferent and efferent tumor blood; and (c) the volume of this fluid transfer is not altered by hormone-induced tumor regression. The increased hydrostatic pressure of tumor interstitial spaces is interpreted as being due to absence of an anatomically well-developed lymphatic network. The bulk transfer of fluid within interstitial spaces is comparable to lymphatic drainage and should be considered in assessing drug concentration and distribution in solid tumors.", "contents": "Bulk transfer of fluid in the interstitial compartment of mammary tumors. Venous blood leaving a solid tumor showed higher erythrocyte concentration than did aortic blood. Net fluid loss of efferent blood as calculated from hematocrit differences was 2.7 to 6.7% of flow volume, 4.5 to 10.2% of perfusing plasma volume, or 0.14 to 0.22 ml fluid per hr per g in 2 to 5 g transplanted MTW9 and Walker 256 mammary carcinomas, and primary N-nitrosomethylurea- and 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene-induced mammary carcinomas of rats. Net fluid loss was directly related to blood flow but inversely related to tumor size. Increased hydrostatic pressure in tumor interstitial space was a consistent finding. Micropore chambers embedded in transplanted tumors drained 4 to 5 times more interstitial fluid than did identical chambers in the s.c. tissue. It is concluded that: (a) convective currents are present within the interstitial spaces of tumors; (b) the magnitude of fluid transfer can be measured by the difference in hemoconcentration between afferent and efferent tumor blood; and (c) the volume of this fluid transfer is not altered by hormone-induced tumor regression. The increased hydrostatic pressure of tumor interstitial spaces is interpreted as being due to absence of an anatomically well-developed lymphatic network. The bulk transfer of fluid within interstitial spaces is comparable to lymphatic drainage and should be considered in assessing drug concentration and distribution in solid tumors.", "PMID": 1182701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8572", "title": "Fatty acid synthetase from a mouse mammary adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Fatty acid synthetase was isolated from transplantable mammary adenocarcinomas carried by C3H mice. Comparison of physicochemical and immunological properties of this enzyme with those of the fatty acid synthetase isolated from normal glands of lactating C3H mice indicates that the enzymes are similar in all respects. The products of the purified fatty acid synthetase from normal and neoplastic tissues were the same, mainly long-chain fatty acids. The normal gland was found to contain 30 times more enzymes per g tissue than did the neoplasm; this may account in part for the relatively low rat of fatty acid synthetase found previously in this neoplasm.", "contents": "Fatty acid synthetase from a mouse mammary adenocarcinoma. Fatty acid synthetase was isolated from transplantable mammary adenocarcinomas carried by C3H mice. Comparison of physicochemical and immunological properties of this enzyme with those of the fatty acid synthetase isolated from normal glands of lactating C3H mice indicates that the enzymes are similar in all respects. The products of the purified fatty acid synthetase from normal and neoplastic tissues were the same, mainly long-chain fatty acids. The normal gland was found to contain 30 times more enzymes per g tissue than did the neoplasm; this may account in part for the relatively low rat of fatty acid synthetase found previously in this neoplasm.", "PMID": 1182702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8573", "title": "Selective destruction of cultured tumor cells with uncontrolled nuclear division by cytochalasin B and cytosine arabinoside.", "content": "Cultures of normal human and hamster and malignant human and hamster cells respond to cytochalasin B (CB) differently. The neoplastic cells become highly multinucleated with continuous nuclear division, while cytoplasmic division is prevented. These cells exhibit uncontrolled nuclear division. The normal cells show control of nuclear division, since CB treatment results in only binucleation, although cytoplasmic division is prevented. The CB-treated normal cells also show reduced incorporation of [3H]thymidine. When rapidly growing normal or neoplastic cells of either species are treated with cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), all cells are killed within 10 to 20 days. If the normal cells are treated with ara-C in the presence of CB, the cells survive for at least 35 to 40 days, suggesting that CB can protect normal cells from the destructive effects of ara-C. However, if malignant cells are treated with ara-C in the presence of CB, all cells are destroyed in 25 days. Although CB affords some protection to tumor cells, it is relatively small and appears only to effect a delay in ultimate cell death. Treatment of any of the cell lines with CB alone results in some loss of viability, but the drug is reversible although less so for the malignant cells, In additional experiments, are-C plus CB-treated normal and neoplastic cells were reversed from the drugs and propagated in normal medium at various periods after the initiation of ara-C treatment. ara-C plus CB-treated normal cells could be freely reversed at any time after the start of ara-C treatment up to at least 35 days. After reversal, cell growth resumed, and the total number of cells returned to that present prior to drug treatment. The tumor cells could not be freely reversed from ara-C plus CB, even when the ara-C was present for only 5 days. In this case the cells seemed to be destroyed at the same rate as in cultures where both drugs were kept in the medium. These results suggest that CB can protect normal but not malignant cells from the toxic effects of ara-C and offer a method to specifically destroy tumor cells.", "contents": "Selective destruction of cultured tumor cells with uncontrolled nuclear division by cytochalasin B and cytosine arabinoside. Cultures of normal human and hamster and malignant human and hamster cells respond to cytochalasin B (CB) differently. The neoplastic cells become highly multinucleated with continuous nuclear division, while cytoplasmic division is prevented. These cells exhibit uncontrolled nuclear division. The normal cells show control of nuclear division, since CB treatment results in only binucleation, although cytoplasmic division is prevented. The CB-treated normal cells also show reduced incorporation of [3H]thymidine. When rapidly growing normal or neoplastic cells of either species are treated with cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), all cells are killed within 10 to 20 days. If the normal cells are treated with ara-C in the presence of CB, the cells survive for at least 35 to 40 days, suggesting that CB can protect normal cells from the destructive effects of ara-C. However, if malignant cells are treated with ara-C in the presence of CB, all cells are destroyed in 25 days. Although CB affords some protection to tumor cells, it is relatively small and appears only to effect a delay in ultimate cell death. Treatment of any of the cell lines with CB alone results in some loss of viability, but the drug is reversible although less so for the malignant cells, In additional experiments, are-C plus CB-treated normal and neoplastic cells were reversed from the drugs and propagated in normal medium at various periods after the initiation of ara-C treatment. ara-C plus CB-treated normal cells could be freely reversed at any time after the start of ara-C treatment up to at least 35 days. After reversal, cell growth resumed, and the total number of cells returned to that present prior to drug treatment. The tumor cells could not be freely reversed from ara-C plus CB, even when the ara-C was present for only 5 days. In this case the cells seemed to be destroyed at the same rate as in cultures where both drugs were kept in the medium. These results suggest that CB can protect normal but not malignant cells from the toxic effects of ara-C and offer a method to specifically destroy tumor cells.", "PMID": 1182703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8574", "title": "The effect of dead cells on the activity of actinomycin D against mouse sarcoma 180 ascites.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that cells killed by heat or irradiation have four times greater affinity for actinomycin D (AMD) than do viable tumor cells. By using a double labeling technique, we were able to show that, with increasing amounts of AMD bound in cells, the incorporation of RNA precursors is proportionally decreased. However, in the presence of nonviable cells or of native DNA, the AMD-induced inhibition of [3H]uridine incorporation is markedly reduced. This reduction does not occur if DNase is added to the system. The accumulation of dead cells in the tumor vicinity during the natural course of tumor growth or therapy must be taken into consideration in planning therapeutic regimens. We suggest that, in combined chemo- and radiotherapy, increased effectiveness of AMD may be obtained by its use prior to irradiation, thereby assuring its direct access to the tumor cells. The addition of DNase could eliminate or greatly diminish the dead cell competition for the drug.", "contents": "The effect of dead cells on the activity of actinomycin D against mouse sarcoma 180 ascites. It has been demonstrated that cells killed by heat or irradiation have four times greater affinity for actinomycin D (AMD) than do viable tumor cells. By using a double labeling technique, we were able to show that, with increasing amounts of AMD bound in cells, the incorporation of RNA precursors is proportionally decreased. However, in the presence of nonviable cells or of native DNA, the AMD-induced inhibition of [3H]uridine incorporation is markedly reduced. This reduction does not occur if DNase is added to the system. The accumulation of dead cells in the tumor vicinity during the natural course of tumor growth or therapy must be taken into consideration in planning therapeutic regimens. We suggest that, in combined chemo- and radiotherapy, increased effectiveness of AMD may be obtained by its use prior to irradiation, thereby assuring its direct access to the tumor cells. The addition of DNase could eliminate or greatly diminish the dead cell competition for the drug.", "PMID": 1182704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8575", "title": "Decrease of epidermal histidase activity by tumor-promoting phorbol esters.", "content": "The potent skin tumor promoter (12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulates epidermal macromolecular synthesis as well as proliferation, but little is known of specific functional aberrations produced by TPA. This report presents results of a study on the effects of TPA on epidermal histidase (L-histidine ammonia lyase), an enzyme found in normal epidermis but not in dermis or in mouse squamous cell carcinomas. Histidase activity was assayed on postmitochondrial supernatants obtained from hairless mouse epidermis after removal by keratotome. Topical TPA treatment at doses active in tumor promotion (1.7 to 17.0 nmoles/application) produced dose-dependent decreases in epidermal histidase specific activity at 19 hr posttreatment. The onset of the decrease occurred at 12 hr with recovery to control level specific activity by 5 days, showing kinetics similar to those obtained for stimulation of DNA synthesis. This decrease in histidase could not be attributed to a general inhibition of soluble protein synthesis or to the appearance of an inhibitor of histidase activity. The strong promoter TPA produced a greater histidase decrease than did the moderate promoter and mitogen 12,13-didecanoyl phorbol at equimolar dose, while phorbol, a nonpromoter and nonmitogen, produced no effects on histidase. The relationship of this histidase depression to tumor promotion and not initiation is further indicated by the finding that (a) Tween 60, a structurally unrelated tumor promotor, also produced a decrease in histidase; and (b) the tumor initiator urethan and an initiating dose of 9,10-dimethybenz(a)anthracene showed no effects on histadase activity.", "contents": "Decrease of epidermal histidase activity by tumor-promoting phorbol esters. The potent skin tumor promoter (12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulates epidermal macromolecular synthesis as well as proliferation, but little is known of specific functional aberrations produced by TPA. This report presents results of a study on the effects of TPA on epidermal histidase (L-histidine ammonia lyase), an enzyme found in normal epidermis but not in dermis or in mouse squamous cell carcinomas. Histidase activity was assayed on postmitochondrial supernatants obtained from hairless mouse epidermis after removal by keratotome. Topical TPA treatment at doses active in tumor promotion (1.7 to 17.0 nmoles/application) produced dose-dependent decreases in epidermal histidase specific activity at 19 hr posttreatment. The onset of the decrease occurred at 12 hr with recovery to control level specific activity by 5 days, showing kinetics similar to those obtained for stimulation of DNA synthesis. This decrease in histidase could not be attributed to a general inhibition of soluble protein synthesis or to the appearance of an inhibitor of histidase activity. The strong promoter TPA produced a greater histidase decrease than did the moderate promoter and mitogen 12,13-didecanoyl phorbol at equimolar dose, while phorbol, a nonpromoter and nonmitogen, produced no effects on histidase. The relationship of this histidase depression to tumor promotion and not initiation is further indicated by the finding that (a) Tween 60, a structurally unrelated tumor promotor, also produced a decrease in histidase; and (b) the tumor initiator urethan and an initiating dose of 9,10-dimethybenz(a)anthracene showed no effects on histadase activity.", "PMID": 1182705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8576", "title": "Isolation of cis- and trans-4-methylcyclophosphamide and antitumor evaluation in vivo.", "content": "4-Methylcyclophosphamide was synthesized and separated into cis and trans isomers by column chromatography. Isolation of these isomers permitted individual evaluation against murine leukemia L1210 in vivo and assessment of possible differences in antileukemic activity. Results indicate no appreciable difference in activity of the isomers, suggesting essentially equal facility for activation by mouse liver microsomes in vivo.", "contents": "Isolation of cis- and trans-4-methylcyclophosphamide and antitumor evaluation in vivo. 4-Methylcyclophosphamide was synthesized and separated into cis and trans isomers by column chromatography. Isolation of these isomers permitted individual evaluation against murine leukemia L1210 in vivo and assessment of possible differences in antileukemic activity. Results indicate no appreciable difference in activity of the isomers, suggesting essentially equal facility for activation by mouse liver microsomes in vivo.", "PMID": 1182706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8577", "title": "Carcinogenicity of N-nitroso-3,4-dichloro- and n-nitroso-3,4-dibromopiperidine in rats.", "content": "The carcinogenic potencies of 3,4-dichloro- and 3,4-dibromonitrosopiperdine were compared with that of nitrosopiperidine by feeding to groups of 15 male rats in drinking water. A treatment of 15 weeks with a total of 0.5 mmole of the dichloro compound led to death of all animals before 24 weeks with tumors of the tongue, pharynx, esophagus, nonglandular stomach, nasal turbinates, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Treatment of 27 weeks with the dibromo compound, a total of 1.0 mmole, caused death of all the animals by 41 weeks, with the same types of tumors. One-half of the rats treated with an almost 3-fold higher daily dose of nitrosopiperidine, 3.9 mmoles total, were alive at 40 weeks, and all were not dead until 55 weeks. Most of these animals died with tumors of the tongue, pharynx, esophagus, and nonglandular stomach and with squamous cell tumors and olfactory carcinomas of the nasal cavity, but there were no tumors of the respiratory tree. Substitution of chlorine or bromine in nitrosopiperidine greatly increased the carcinogenicity of the compound.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of N-nitroso-3,4-dichloro- and n-nitroso-3,4-dibromopiperidine in rats. The carcinogenic potencies of 3,4-dichloro- and 3,4-dibromonitrosopiperdine were compared with that of nitrosopiperidine by feeding to groups of 15 male rats in drinking water. A treatment of 15 weeks with a total of 0.5 mmole of the dichloro compound led to death of all animals before 24 weeks with tumors of the tongue, pharynx, esophagus, nonglandular stomach, nasal turbinates, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Treatment of 27 weeks with the dibromo compound, a total of 1.0 mmole, caused death of all the animals by 41 weeks, with the same types of tumors. One-half of the rats treated with an almost 3-fold higher daily dose of nitrosopiperidine, 3.9 mmoles total, were alive at 40 weeks, and all were not dead until 55 weeks. Most of these animals died with tumors of the tongue, pharynx, esophagus, and nonglandular stomach and with squamous cell tumors and olfactory carcinomas of the nasal cavity, but there were no tumors of the respiratory tree. Substitution of chlorine or bromine in nitrosopiperidine greatly increased the carcinogenicity of the compound.", "PMID": 1182707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8578", "title": "Synthesis of p-nitrobenzyl and p-nitrophenyl 1-thioglycopyranosides.", "content": "Reaction of 2,3,4-trio-O-acetyl-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl bromide (1) with thiourea (2), followed by reductive cleavage of the product, gave 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-thio-beta-L-fucopyranose (4). Reaction of 4 with p-nitrobenzyl bromide followed by O-deacylation yielded p-nitrobenzyl 1-thio-beta-L-fucopyranoside (6). Similar reaction conditions were used for the synthesis of p-nitrobenzyl 1-thio-beta-D-fucopyranoside (11) and 1-thio-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (16). A facile preparation of O-acylated p-nitrophenyl 1-thioglycopyranosides was achieved by condensing the appropriate glycosyl halide with sodium p-nitrobenzenethioxide in N,N-dimethylformamide.", "contents": "Synthesis of p-nitrobenzyl and p-nitrophenyl 1-thioglycopyranosides. Reaction of 2,3,4-trio-O-acetyl-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl bromide (1) with thiourea (2), followed by reductive cleavage of the product, gave 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-thio-beta-L-fucopyranose (4). Reaction of 4 with p-nitrobenzyl bromide followed by O-deacylation yielded p-nitrobenzyl 1-thio-beta-L-fucopyranoside (6). Similar reaction conditions were used for the synthesis of p-nitrobenzyl 1-thio-beta-D-fucopyranoside (11) and 1-thio-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (16). A facile preparation of O-acylated p-nitrophenyl 1-thioglycopyranosides was achieved by condensing the appropriate glycosyl halide with sodium p-nitrobenzenethioxide in N,N-dimethylformamide.", "PMID": 1182709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8579", "title": "The galactan sulphate of the red alga Polysiphonia lanosa.", "content": "The structure of the galactan sulphate of P. lanosa has been established by a combination of methylation, treatment with alkali, and partial methanolysis of the alkali-treated polysaccharide to give derivatives of agarobiose. The polysaccharide belongs to the agar class, in which 3-linked derivatives of beta-D-galactose alternate with 4-linked derivatives of alpha-L-galactose in a repeating sequence. In addition to D-galactose itself, the 3-linked units include 6-O-methyl-D-galactose, D-galactose 6-sulphate, and a hitherto unreported unit, 6-O-methyl-D-galactose 4-sulphate. The 4-linked units include L-galactose 6-sulphate, 2-O-methyl-L-galactose 6-sulphate, and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose.", "contents": "The galactan sulphate of the red alga Polysiphonia lanosa. The structure of the galactan sulphate of P. lanosa has been established by a combination of methylation, treatment with alkali, and partial methanolysis of the alkali-treated polysaccharide to give derivatives of agarobiose. The polysaccharide belongs to the agar class, in which 3-linked derivatives of beta-D-galactose alternate with 4-linked derivatives of alpha-L-galactose in a repeating sequence. In addition to D-galactose itself, the 3-linked units include 6-O-methyl-D-galactose, D-galactose 6-sulphate, and a hitherto unreported unit, 6-O-methyl-D-galactose 4-sulphate. The 4-linked units include L-galactose 6-sulphate, 2-O-methyl-L-galactose 6-sulphate, and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose.", "PMID": 1182710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8580", "title": "Fragmentation analysis of extracellular acid polysaccharides from seven Rhizobium strains. Part I. D-glucuronic acid-containing oligosaccharides.", "content": "The extracellular, bacterial polysaccharides from seven Rhizobium strains have been submitted to partial hydrolysis with acid. Several neutral oligosaccharides, some containing pyruvic acid, were isolated together with D-glucuronic acid-containing oligosaccharides. The polysaccharide from Rh. meliloti did not contain glucuronic acid. For the other six strains, the following components were characterized: 4-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D-glucuronic acid, 4-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D-glucose, and O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1leads to4)-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1leads to4)-D-glucose. These results indicate the presence of chains containing two beta-(1leads to4)-linked D-glucuronic acid residues, beta-linked to D-glucose at position 4.", "contents": "Fragmentation analysis of extracellular acid polysaccharides from seven Rhizobium strains. Part I. D-glucuronic acid-containing oligosaccharides. The extracellular, bacterial polysaccharides from seven Rhizobium strains have been submitted to partial hydrolysis with acid. Several neutral oligosaccharides, some containing pyruvic acid, were isolated together with D-glucuronic acid-containing oligosaccharides. The polysaccharide from Rh. meliloti did not contain glucuronic acid. For the other six strains, the following components were characterized: 4-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D-glucuronic acid, 4-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D-glucose, and O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1leads to4)-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1leads to4)-D-glucose. These results indicate the presence of chains containing two beta-(1leads to4)-linked D-glucuronic acid residues, beta-linked to D-glucose at position 4.", "PMID": 1182711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8581", "title": "Studies on synthesis of 1,2-cis-D-galactosides with partially benzylated intermediates.", "content": "The 1-bromides of p-nitrobenzoylated 2-O-benzyl- (1) and 2,3- (8) and 2,6-di-O-benzyl-D-galactose (14) and 2-O-benzyl-D-glucose (20) were treated under Koenigs-Knorr conditions with 6-(trifluoroacetamido)-1-hexanol. Examination of the products by p.m.r. spectroscopy, g.l.c., and mass spectrometry revealed that, whereas the major product derived from 14 was the pyranoside (19), the glycosides derived from both 1 and 8 were mainly furanosides. The corresponding glycoside from 20 was entirely the pyranoside (23).", "contents": "Studies on synthesis of 1,2-cis-D-galactosides with partially benzylated intermediates. The 1-bromides of p-nitrobenzoylated 2-O-benzyl- (1) and 2,3- (8) and 2,6-di-O-benzyl-D-galactose (14) and 2-O-benzyl-D-glucose (20) were treated under Koenigs-Knorr conditions with 6-(trifluoroacetamido)-1-hexanol. Examination of the products by p.m.r. spectroscopy, g.l.c., and mass spectrometry revealed that, whereas the major product derived from 14 was the pyranoside (19), the glycosides derived from both 1 and 8 were mainly furanosides. The corresponding glycoside from 20 was entirely the pyranoside (23).", "PMID": 1182713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8582", "title": "Comparison of clinical and hemodynamic assessment of cardiac disability.", "content": "Clinical versus hemodynamic assessment of cardiac disability was compared in 187 patients with either coronary artery or valvular disease classified using the New York Heart Association classification (excluding class IV). The following variables were analyzed during rest and exercise: arteriovenous oxygen content difference (CavO2), cardiac index (CI), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), pulmonary arteriolar resistance index (PARI) and heart rate (HR). 180 comparisons of variables were made. Hemodynamic evaluation paralleled clinical evaluation only 19 times during rest and 12 during exercise. There were 5 instances of clinical and hemodynamic distinction between class I and II, 14 between class I and III and 12 between class II and III. Correlation was best in mitral stenosis. The most useful variable was CI followed by PAP and CavO2. HR was not helpful. This study emphasizes that subjective clinical disability may not correlate with physiologic derangement in certain patients.", "contents": "Comparison of clinical and hemodynamic assessment of cardiac disability. Clinical versus hemodynamic assessment of cardiac disability was compared in 187 patients with either coronary artery or valvular disease classified using the New York Heart Association classification (excluding class IV). The following variables were analyzed during rest and exercise: arteriovenous oxygen content difference (CavO2), cardiac index (CI), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), pulmonary arteriolar resistance index (PARI) and heart rate (HR). 180 comparisons of variables were made. Hemodynamic evaluation paralleled clinical evaluation only 19 times during rest and 12 during exercise. There were 5 instances of clinical and hemodynamic distinction between class I and II, 14 between class I and III and 12 between class II and III. Correlation was best in mitral stenosis. The most useful variable was CI followed by PAP and CavO2. HR was not helpful. This study emphasizes that subjective clinical disability may not correlate with physiologic derangement in certain patients.", "PMID": 1182715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8583", "title": "Cardiac effects of sodium selenite.", "content": "The classical idea that selenium is toxic to the heart at levels higher than available in a balanced diet is not supported by experimental work. In mice, treatment with sodium selenite increased the LD50 of ouabain and 2,4-dinitrophenol, and increased the tolerance to nitrogen inhalation. Although sodium selenite had no effect on the dog heart with circulation intact, there was a reduction in coronary vascular resistance in the heart-lung preparation. In the isolated ventricular segment perfused with blood, the administration of sodium selenite caused a positive inotropic effect which appeared even after blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors and in segments perfused with a Krebs-bicarbonate solution that was deficient in oxygen. These results cannot be explained merely as the correction of a selenium deficiency but rather as a positive influence of sodium selenite on the heart that has been acutely stressed by oxygen lack, ouabain, or 2,4-dinitrophenol.", "contents": "Cardiac effects of sodium selenite. The classical idea that selenium is toxic to the heart at levels higher than available in a balanced diet is not supported by experimental work. In mice, treatment with sodium selenite increased the LD50 of ouabain and 2,4-dinitrophenol, and increased the tolerance to nitrogen inhalation. Although sodium selenite had no effect on the dog heart with circulation intact, there was a reduction in coronary vascular resistance in the heart-lung preparation. In the isolated ventricular segment perfused with blood, the administration of sodium selenite caused a positive inotropic effect which appeared even after blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors and in segments perfused with a Krebs-bicarbonate solution that was deficient in oxygen. These results cannot be explained merely as the correction of a selenium deficiency but rather as a positive influence of sodium selenite on the heart that has been acutely stressed by oxygen lack, ouabain, or 2,4-dinitrophenol.", "PMID": 1182716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8584", "title": "Myocardial contractility in primary nonobstructive myocardiopathy.", "content": "Left ventricular myocardial function was studied in 13 patients with primary nonobstructive myocardiopathy and compared to the values determined in two control groups. Peak rate of rise of ventricular pressure (max dp/dt) and rate of the proportional rise of ventricular pressure at max dp/dt [(max dp/dt)p-1] were significantly decreased and interval t-max dp/dt was significantly prolonged in primary myocardiopathy, indicating that decreased contractility is characteristic of this disease. Left ventricular pre-ejection period (PEP) was significantly prolonged and PEP/LVET (left ventricular ejection time) ratio was significantly higher in patients with primary myocardiopathy. Increased end diastolic volume (EDV) and end diastolic pressure (EDP) were not characteristic of this diease. Best correlations were found between (max dp/dt)p-1 and t-max dp/dt (r = 0.71). Good correlations between PEP/LVET and internal indices of myocardial contractility qualify this ratio as a simple and useful index of myocardial contractility in various heart diseases.", "contents": "Myocardial contractility in primary nonobstructive myocardiopathy. Left ventricular myocardial function was studied in 13 patients with primary nonobstructive myocardiopathy and compared to the values determined in two control groups. Peak rate of rise of ventricular pressure (max dp/dt) and rate of the proportional rise of ventricular pressure at max dp/dt [(max dp/dt)p-1] were significantly decreased and interval t-max dp/dt was significantly prolonged in primary myocardiopathy, indicating that decreased contractility is characteristic of this disease. Left ventricular pre-ejection period (PEP) was significantly prolonged and PEP/LVET (left ventricular ejection time) ratio was significantly higher in patients with primary myocardiopathy. Increased end diastolic volume (EDV) and end diastolic pressure (EDP) were not characteristic of this diease. Best correlations were found between (max dp/dt)p-1 and t-max dp/dt (r = 0.71). Good correlations between PEP/LVET and internal indices of myocardial contractility qualify this ratio as a simple and useful index of myocardial contractility in various heart diseases.", "PMID": 1182717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8585", "title": "Left ventricular end-diastolic volume in advanced ischemic heart disease; comparison between healthy subjects and patients with mitral stenosis.", "content": "The left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV) and systolic ejection fraction (SV/EDV) were determined in 6 healthy subjects, 21 patients with ischemic heart disease and 8 patients with mitral stenosis by the left ventricular 133Xe washout technique. Cardiac and stroke indexes as well as left ventricular work and stroke work indexes do not differ in all three groups. A significantly higher EDV and ESV together with a low SV/EDV suggested impaired left ventricular function in patients with ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "Left ventricular end-diastolic volume in advanced ischemic heart disease; comparison between healthy subjects and patients with mitral stenosis. The left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV) and systolic ejection fraction (SV/EDV) were determined in 6 healthy subjects, 21 patients with ischemic heart disease and 8 patients with mitral stenosis by the left ventricular 133Xe washout technique. Cardiac and stroke indexes as well as left ventricular work and stroke work indexes do not differ in all three groups. A significantly higher EDV and ESV together with a low SV/EDV suggested impaired left ventricular function in patients with ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 1182718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8586", "title": "Studies on the hemodynamic changes induced by electrical stimulation of the vagosympathetic trunks in the dog.", "content": "The effects of electrostimulation of the cephalic endings of the vago-sympathetic trunks on the systemic and perfusion pressure of the hind limb of the dog depend upon frequency, intensity and duration of the stimulus. The electrostimulation performed with stimuli of high frequency, low intensity and moderately long duration (rectangular waves of 1.5 V, 0.7 msec, 100 Hz) consistently elicited systemic hypertension and vasoconstriction. This response was completely abolished by pretreatment with guanethidine or hexamethonium. On the other hand, electrostimulation with stimuli of low frequency, high intensity and long duration (5 V, 1 msec, 10 Hz) produced systemic hypotension and vasodilatation in the perfused hind limb. These effects were completely blocked by atropine or hexamethonium, while guanethidine was unable to induce any modification. These findings suggest that electrostimulation of vagosympathetic trunks can evoke different hemodynamic responses depending upon the characteristics of the stimulus. The occurrence of a  vasodilatation specifically blocked by atropine demonstrates that a purely cholinergic mechanism underlies such a reflex response.", "contents": "Studies on the hemodynamic changes induced by electrical stimulation of the vagosympathetic trunks in the dog. The effects of electrostimulation of the cephalic endings of the vago-sympathetic trunks on the systemic and perfusion pressure of the hind limb of the dog depend upon frequency, intensity and duration of the stimulus. The electrostimulation performed with stimuli of high frequency, low intensity and moderately long duration (rectangular waves of 1.5 V, 0.7 msec, 100 Hz) consistently elicited systemic hypertension and vasoconstriction. This response was completely abolished by pretreatment with guanethidine or hexamethonium. On the other hand, electrostimulation with stimuli of low frequency, high intensity and long duration (5 V, 1 msec, 10 Hz) produced systemic hypotension and vasodilatation in the perfused hind limb. These effects were completely blocked by atropine or hexamethonium, while guanethidine was unable to induce any modification. These findings suggest that electrostimulation of vagosympathetic trunks can evoke different hemodynamic responses depending upon the characteristics of the stimulus. The occurrence of a  vasodilatation specifically blocked by atropine demonstrates that a purely cholinergic mechanism underlies such a reflex response.", "PMID": 1182719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8587", "title": "Systolic pressure--diameter relations in the normal conscious dog.", "content": "Pressure--diameter loops were generated in normal, conscious dogs during left ventricular contraction by means of endocardial ultrasonic gauges and micromanometers. Studies were made in the control state, during volume and pressure loading, and during enhancement of contractility. The diameter at the end of ejection was linearly related to systolic pressure, and the pressure--diameter relation at end-ejection was not affected by changes in preload. However, this relation was substantially displaced by changes in inotropic state, suggesting that the instantaneous pressure--length plane produced by pressure loading is unique to a given level of contractility.", "contents": "Systolic pressure--diameter relations in the normal conscious dog. Pressure--diameter loops were generated in normal, conscious dogs during left ventricular contraction by means of endocardial ultrasonic gauges and micromanometers. Studies were made in the control state, during volume and pressure loading, and during enhancement of contractility. The diameter at the end of ejection was linearly related to systolic pressure, and the pressure--diameter relation at end-ejection was not affected by changes in preload. However, this relation was substantially displaced by changes in inotropic state, suggesting that the instantaneous pressure--length plane produced by pressure loading is unique to a given level of contractility.", "PMID": 1182720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8588", "title": "The fractional rate of change of ventricular power during isovolumic contraction. Derivation of haemodynamic terms and studies in dogs.", "content": "Power and the rate of change of power generated by the ventricle during isovolumic contraction can be calculated on the basis of the energy expended upon compression of the blood within the ventricle during this phase of systole. The ratio of the instantaneous rate of change of power, normalized to instantaneous power, appears to be an expression of particular physiological significance and practical value. This ratio, termed the isovolumic fractional rate of change of ventricular power, describes the capability of the ventricle to sustain an acceleration of energy production relative to instantaneous rates of energy production during isovolumic contraction. In dogs, the fractional rate of change of power changed insignificantly with changes of the preload and afterload; yet its magnitude varied prominently with drug-induced alterations of the contractile state. Although the isovolumic fractional rate of change of power takes a form that in some ways is similar to some previously derived indices of performance, it is independent of assumptions of ventricular geometry, fibre orientation, symmetry of contraction, or elasticity of muscle fibres. The isovolumic fractional rate of change of power is both meaningful and theoretically valid. For these reasons, it appears preferable to empirically-derived indices of performance or indices based upon assumptions which are approximations.", "contents": "The fractional rate of change of ventricular power during isovolumic contraction. Derivation of haemodynamic terms and studies in dogs. Power and the rate of change of power generated by the ventricle during isovolumic contraction can be calculated on the basis of the energy expended upon compression of the blood within the ventricle during this phase of systole. The ratio of the instantaneous rate of change of power, normalized to instantaneous power, appears to be an expression of particular physiological significance and practical value. This ratio, termed the isovolumic fractional rate of change of ventricular power, describes the capability of the ventricle to sustain an acceleration of energy production relative to instantaneous rates of energy production during isovolumic contraction. In dogs, the fractional rate of change of power changed insignificantly with changes of the preload and afterload; yet its magnitude varied prominently with drug-induced alterations of the contractile state. Although the isovolumic fractional rate of change of power takes a form that in some ways is similar to some previously derived indices of performance, it is independent of assumptions of ventricular geometry, fibre orientation, symmetry of contraction, or elasticity of muscle fibres. The isovolumic fractional rate of change of power is both meaningful and theoretically valid. For these reasons, it appears preferable to empirically-derived indices of performance or indices based upon assumptions which are approximations.", "PMID": 1182721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8589", "title": "Ventricular fibrillation threshold in acute myocardial infarction and its relation to myocardial infarct size.", "content": "The effect of myocardial infarct size on ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was evaluated by determining changes in VFT during acute myocardial infarction and relating those changes to infarct size. Infarct size was estimated from gross measurement and from serial changes in serum CPK activity in 25 dogs. VFT reduction correlated well  with gross infarct size (r=0.92). This suggests that the severity of electrical instability during AMI is related to the size of the developing infarct, and that appropriate therapeutic interventions to reduce infarct size during this time may also render the heart more electrically stable.", "contents": "Ventricular fibrillation threshold in acute myocardial infarction and its relation to myocardial infarct size. The effect of myocardial infarct size on ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was evaluated by determining changes in VFT during acute myocardial infarction and relating those changes to infarct size. Infarct size was estimated from gross measurement and from serial changes in serum CPK activity in 25 dogs. VFT reduction correlated well  with gross infarct size (r=0.92). This suggests that the severity of electrical instability during AMI is related to the size of the developing infarct, and that appropriate therapeutic interventions to reduce infarct size during this time may also render the heart more electrically stable.", "PMID": 1182722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8590", "title": "The fractional disappearance rate of the separate isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase in the dog.", "content": "Separation of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes from canine tissue was accomplished successfully with column chromatography. Intravenous injection of each isoenzyme into six dogs resulted in a mono-exponential loss with differing fractional disappearance rates with averaged 0.65%, 0.86%, and 1.68%/min for the MM, MB, and BB isoenzymes, respectively. The distribution volume also varied: MM averaged 6.7%/body weight, MB 7.8%, and BB 10.4%.", "contents": "The fractional disappearance rate of the separate isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase in the dog. Separation of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes from canine tissue was accomplished successfully with column chromatography. Intravenous injection of each isoenzyme into six dogs resulted in a mono-exponential loss with differing fractional disappearance rates with averaged 0.65%, 0.86%, and 1.68%/min for the MM, MB, and BB isoenzymes, respectively. The distribution volume also varied: MM averaged 6.7%/body weight, MB 7.8%, and BB 10.4%.", "PMID": 1182723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8591", "title": "Uptake of 125I albumin by the endothelial surface of the isolated dog common carotid artery: effect of certain physical factors and metabolic inhibitors.", "content": "A study has been made, under transient conditions, of the uptake of 125I albumin by the endothelial surface of isolated dog carotid arteries. Effective rate constants were determined and the apparent activation energy was calculated to be about 13 kcal/mol in the range 25-37 degrees C. Label uptake was not significantly altered by the presence of 1 mmol/1 potassium cyanide or 10 mmol/1 iodoacetate in the incubating medium, or by the absence of substrate from it, consistent with the process being primarily passive. It appeared that the label entered the wall mainly by other routes than the endothelial inter-cell clefts.", "contents": "Uptake of 125I albumin by the endothelial surface of the isolated dog common carotid artery: effect of certain physical factors and metabolic inhibitors. A study has been made, under transient conditions, of the uptake of 125I albumin by the endothelial surface of isolated dog carotid arteries. Effective rate constants were determined and the apparent activation energy was calculated to be about 13 kcal/mol in the range 25-37 degrees C. Label uptake was not significantly altered by the presence of 1 mmol/1 potassium cyanide or 10 mmol/1 iodoacetate in the incubating medium, or by the absence of substrate from it, consistent with the process being primarily passive. It appeared that the label entered the wall mainly by other routes than the endothelial inter-cell clefts.", "PMID": 1182724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8592", "title": "Inhibitory action of acetylcholine on potassium uptake of the sinus node.", "content": "The effect of endogenously released and exogenously administered acetylcholine on potassium uptake was studied in the sinus node of the guinea pig under different conditions. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) acetylcholine is released in small amounts in the sinus node perfused in vitro and more so during electrical stimulation; (2) when the muscarinic receptors are blocked, an inhibitory action of endogenously-released acetylcholine on potassium uptake is revealed; (3) the inhibition requires small concentrations of acetylcholine, for 10(-5) mol/i eserine, by preventing acetylcholine hydrolysis, turns the inhibition into a stimulation of potassium uptake; and (4) the inhibitory action of acetylcholine on potassium uptake can be reproduced by administering small amounts of exogenous acetylcholine.", "contents": "Inhibitory action of acetylcholine on potassium uptake of the sinus node. The effect of endogenously released and exogenously administered acetylcholine on potassium uptake was studied in the sinus node of the guinea pig under different conditions. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) acetylcholine is released in small amounts in the sinus node perfused in vitro and more so during electrical stimulation; (2) when the muscarinic receptors are blocked, an inhibitory action of endogenously-released acetylcholine on potassium uptake is revealed; (3) the inhibition requires small concentrations of acetylcholine, for 10(-5) mol/i eserine, by preventing acetylcholine hydrolysis, turns the inhibition into a stimulation of potassium uptake; and (4) the inhibitory action of acetylcholine on potassium uptake can be reproduced by administering small amounts of exogenous acetylcholine.", "PMID": 1182725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8593", "title": "Analysis of sino-atrial conduction in man using premature atrial stimulation.", "content": "Sino-atrial conduction was investigated using premature atrial depolarization in 25 patients seven of whom had sino-atrial block. The results obtained in this investigation were evaluated plotting the test cycle (expressed as difference between the basic sinus cycle and the test cycle as a percentage of the basic sinus cycle) as a function of the return cycle (expressed as difference between the return cycle and the basic cycle as a percentage of the basic sinus cycle). In normal subjects, premature atrial depolarizations elicited in the last 10-20% of the spontaneous sinus cycle, produced a progressive prolongation of the return cycle and the points correlating the return cycle index to the test cycle index fell above the diagonal of the plotting system. After earlier premature atrial depolarizations, the return cycle remained of the same length, and the points correlating the return cycle index to the test cycle index fell along a line parallel to the y-axis ('plateau'). The mean value of the returning cycles (as expressed above) corresponding to the test cycles (as evaluated above) included in the first 5% of the 'plateau' can be defined as 'the sino-atrial conduction index'. This index, the sum of conduction into and out of the sinus node, was found to range from 79 to 185 ms. By assuming similar anterograde and retrograde conduction, the sino-atrial conduction time ranged from 39.5 to 97.5 ms (mean value=70 ms). In the patients with sino-atrial block, fully compensatory pauses were observed for atrial premature depolarizations elicited up to the last 25-35% of the atrial cycle, and a slow and progressive divergence from the diagonal of the plotting system was seen instead of the 'plateau'. In these patients the sino-atrial conduction index ranged from 151 to 297 ms (mean 253 ms). By assuming similar antegrade and retrograde conduction, the sino-atrial conduction time ranged from 75.5 to 148.5 ms (mean value=126.5 ms) with a statistically significant difference with respect to normal subjects (P=0.001).", "contents": "Analysis of sino-atrial conduction in man using premature atrial stimulation. Sino-atrial conduction was investigated using premature atrial depolarization in 25 patients seven of whom had sino-atrial block. The results obtained in this investigation were evaluated plotting the test cycle (expressed as difference between the basic sinus cycle and the test cycle as a percentage of the basic sinus cycle) as a function of the return cycle (expressed as difference between the return cycle and the basic cycle as a percentage of the basic sinus cycle). In normal subjects, premature atrial depolarizations elicited in the last 10-20% of the spontaneous sinus cycle, produced a progressive prolongation of the return cycle and the points correlating the return cycle index to the test cycle index fell above the diagonal of the plotting system. After earlier premature atrial depolarizations, the return cycle remained of the same length, and the points correlating the return cycle index to the test cycle index fell along a line parallel to the y-axis ('plateau'). The mean value of the returning cycles (as expressed above) corresponding to the test cycles (as evaluated above) included in the first 5% of the 'plateau' can be defined as 'the sino-atrial conduction index'. This index, the sum of conduction into and out of the sinus node, was found to range from 79 to 185 ms. By assuming similar anterograde and retrograde conduction, the sino-atrial conduction time ranged from 39.5 to 97.5 ms (mean value=70 ms). In the patients with sino-atrial block, fully compensatory pauses were observed for atrial premature depolarizations elicited up to the last 25-35% of the atrial cycle, and a slow and progressive divergence from the diagonal of the plotting system was seen instead of the 'plateau'. In these patients the sino-atrial conduction index ranged from 151 to 297 ms (mean 253 ms). By assuming similar antegrade and retrograde conduction, the sino-atrial conduction time ranged from 75.5 to 148.5 ms (mean value=126.5 ms) with a statistically significant difference with respect to normal subjects (P=0.001).", "PMID": 1182726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8594", "title": "Mechanical effects of heart contraction on coronary flow.", "content": "The mechanical effects of heart contraction on coronary flow were studied in the dog heart by implanting vessels in the subendocardial and subepicardial layers of the left ventricular wall and perfusing them independetly of the aortic pressure. At a perfusion pressure of 4 kPa (30 mm Hg), with spontaneous aortic pressure and heart rate, subendocardial flow was 40% less than subepicardial flow. Increasing the aortic pressure or the heart rate produced a comparatively larger decrease of the subendocardial flow. The results suggest that these changes are due to variations of the period of systolic time during which the vessels remain close.", "contents": "Mechanical effects of heart contraction on coronary flow. The mechanical effects of heart contraction on coronary flow were studied in the dog heart by implanting vessels in the subendocardial and subepicardial layers of the left ventricular wall and perfusing them independetly of the aortic pressure. At a perfusion pressure of 4 kPa (30 mm Hg), with spontaneous aortic pressure and heart rate, subendocardial flow was 40% less than subepicardial flow. Increasing the aortic pressure or the heart rate produced a comparatively larger decrease of the subendocardial flow. The results suggest that these changes are due to variations of the period of systolic time during which the vessels remain close.", "PMID": 1182727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8595", "title": "Direct effect of thyroid hormone on intracardiac conduction in acute and chronic hyperthyroid animals.", "content": "Studies of intracardiac conduction utilizing His bundle electrograms demonstrate direct thyroid hormone action on the conduction system in both acute and chronic hyperthyroid animals.", "contents": "Direct effect of thyroid hormone on intracardiac conduction in acute and chronic hyperthyroid animals. Studies of intracardiac conduction utilizing His bundle electrograms demonstrate direct thyroid hormone action on the conduction system in both acute and chronic hyperthyroid animals.", "PMID": 1182728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8596", "title": "Inhibition of pacing-induced coronary dilation by aminophylline.", "content": "In closed-chest anaesthetized dogs, aminophylline was infused into the left circumflex coronary artery at a rate of 250 mug/min. When the heart rate was lower than 100 beats/min, infusion did not modify the left circumflex coronary blood flow and resistance. When the heart rate was elevated to an average of 153 +/- 6 beats/min by right atrial pacing, infusion inhibited the increase in left circumflex coronary blood flow and decrease in coronary resistance. The pacing-induced increment in coronary blood flow was reduced by an average of 64% and the flow deficit was associated with a lowering of the coronary sinus blood oxygen tension. Since aminophylline is known to inhibit the coronary dilator action of exogenous adenosine, the results support the concept that adenosine resulting from the breakdown of adenine nucleotides is a mediator of the metabolic regulation of coronary blood flow.", "contents": "Inhibition of pacing-induced coronary dilation by aminophylline. In closed-chest anaesthetized dogs, aminophylline was infused into the left circumflex coronary artery at a rate of 250 mug/min. When the heart rate was lower than 100 beats/min, infusion did not modify the left circumflex coronary blood flow and resistance. When the heart rate was elevated to an average of 153 +/- 6 beats/min by right atrial pacing, infusion inhibited the increase in left circumflex coronary blood flow and decrease in coronary resistance. The pacing-induced increment in coronary blood flow was reduced by an average of 64% and the flow deficit was associated with a lowering of the coronary sinus blood oxygen tension. Since aminophylline is known to inhibit the coronary dilator action of exogenous adenosine, the results support the concept that adenosine resulting from the breakdown of adenine nucleotides is a mediator of the metabolic regulation of coronary blood flow.", "PMID": 1182729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8597", "title": "Changes in flow and pressure due to rotation of a saphenous vein segment.", "content": "The effect of axial rotation on flow through and pressure gradient across saphenous vein segments was studied using 15 cadaver long saphenous veins. A significant reduction in flow occurred at a mean rotation of 25 degrees/cm and a significant increase in head loss across the segments occurred at a mean rotation of 23 degrees/cm. Collapse of the vein segments occurred at a mean rotation of 27 degrees/cm.", "contents": "Changes in flow and pressure due to rotation of a saphenous vein segment. The effect of axial rotation on flow through and pressure gradient across saphenous vein segments was studied using 15 cadaver long saphenous veins. A significant reduction in flow occurred at a mean rotation of 25 degrees/cm and a significant increase in head loss across the segments occurred at a mean rotation of 23 degrees/cm. Collapse of the vein segments occurred at a mean rotation of 27 degrees/cm.", "PMID": 1182730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8598", "title": "Optimal length of a saphenous vein segment when used as an arterial substitute.", "content": "An in-vitro experiment using 12 cadaver long saphenous veins was performed to determine the optimal length of a saphenous vein segment intended for use as an arterial substitute. This length was found to be 8% greater than the body length, as judged by maximal flow through the veins and 6% greater than body length judged by minimal pressure loss across the vein segments. Extreme extension of the veins resulted in incomplete transverse rupture of the inner layers of three of the veins tested.", "contents": "Optimal length of a saphenous vein segment when used as an arterial substitute. An in-vitro experiment using 12 cadaver long saphenous veins was performed to determine the optimal length of a saphenous vein segment intended for use as an arterial substitute. This length was found to be 8% greater than the body length, as judged by maximal flow through the veins and 6% greater than body length judged by minimal pressure loss across the vein segments. Extreme extension of the veins resulted in incomplete transverse rupture of the inner layers of three of the veins tested.", "PMID": 1182731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8599", "title": "Ultrasonic measurement of prosthetic heart valve action.", "content": "An in-vitro study has been made of the echo patterns obtained during ultrasonic Time-Motion (T-M) scanning of commonly used prosthetic heart valves. Studies have been undertaken of Starr-Edwards, Beal, and Bj\u00f6rk-Shilley valves. From the recorded traces information has been obtained regarding the orientations of the ultrasound beam to the central axes of the valves for which accurate measurements can be made. The orientations have been determined for which the opening and closing times of the valves can be measured to within 20 ms. Characteristics of the T-M trances have been noted which allow the angle between the direction of an ultrasound beam and a central valve axis to be reduced to less than 20 degrees. This makes the error due to angular misalignment of the beam less than --6% when the range of movement of a ball, disc, or flap is being measured. Finally a number of artefacts are considered which can arise when prosthetic valves are examined with ultrasound.", "contents": "Ultrasonic measurement of prosthetic heart valve action. An in-vitro study has been made of the echo patterns obtained during ultrasonic Time-Motion (T-M) scanning of commonly used prosthetic heart valves. Studies have been undertaken of Starr-Edwards, Beal, and Bj\u00f6rk-Shilley valves. From the recorded traces information has been obtained regarding the orientations of the ultrasound beam to the central axes of the valves for which accurate measurements can be made. The orientations have been determined for which the opening and closing times of the valves can be measured to within 20 ms. Characteristics of the T-M trances have been noted which allow the angle between the direction of an ultrasound beam and a central valve axis to be reduced to less than 20 degrees. This makes the error due to angular misalignment of the beam less than --6% when the range of movement of a ball, disc, or flap is being measured. Finally a number of artefacts are considered which can arise when prosthetic valves are examined with ultrasound.", "PMID": 1182732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8600", "title": "Effects of prindolol on isoproterenol-induced subendocardial ischaemia in dogs with multiple chronic coronary artery occlusion.", "content": "Multiple chronic coronary artery occlusions were produced in dogs by implantation of ameroid rings on the circumflex branches of the left and right coronary artery. Sixty-five per cent of the animals survived. Seventy-seven per cent of the remaining animals had no detectable myocardial infarction. Myocardial blood flow distribution was studied 4 weeks after operation using the tracer microsphere technique. During control conditions myocardial blood flow was homogeneously distributed within the left ventricle. In one group of dogs, regional dilatory capacity was tested by intravenous infusion of dipyridamole. Four compartments of myocardial blood flow were found. The collateral dependent subendocardium with 114 ml/min-100 g-1 was the lowest perfusion rate. In another group of dogs myocardial blood flow distribution was examined during isoproterenol infusion and after beta-blockade with prindolol during continuous isoproterenol infusion. During isoproterenol infusion, a nonhomogeneous blood flow pattern was found when the heart rate increased to 200/min together with a slight fall in diastolic perfusion pressure. Under these conditions, the flow to the collateral dependent subendocardium was severely diminished, while the flow to the areas perfused by normal coronary arteries increased, reflecting compensatory vasodilation. After beta-blockade with prindolol 0.1 mg/kg, the myocardial blood flow distribution was also nonhomogeneous but in the opposite direction: the collateral dependent subendocardium was now the best perfused compartment. The flow to the areas perfused by normal coronary arteries decreased due to the reduced oxygen requirements, while the collateral dependent subendocardium remained maximally dilated. This phenomenon was explained as a postischaemic reactive hyperaemic response to the isoproterenol-induced ischaemia in the collateral dependent subendocardium.", "contents": "Effects of prindolol on isoproterenol-induced subendocardial ischaemia in dogs with multiple chronic coronary artery occlusion. Multiple chronic coronary artery occlusions were produced in dogs by implantation of ameroid rings on the circumflex branches of the left and right coronary artery. Sixty-five per cent of the animals survived. Seventy-seven per cent of the remaining animals had no detectable myocardial infarction. Myocardial blood flow distribution was studied 4 weeks after operation using the tracer microsphere technique. During control conditions myocardial blood flow was homogeneously distributed within the left ventricle. In one group of dogs, regional dilatory capacity was tested by intravenous infusion of dipyridamole. Four compartments of myocardial blood flow were found. The collateral dependent subendocardium with 114 ml/min-100 g-1 was the lowest perfusion rate. In another group of dogs myocardial blood flow distribution was examined during isoproterenol infusion and after beta-blockade with prindolol during continuous isoproterenol infusion. During isoproterenol infusion, a nonhomogeneous blood flow pattern was found when the heart rate increased to 200/min together with a slight fall in diastolic perfusion pressure. Under these conditions, the flow to the collateral dependent subendocardium was severely diminished, while the flow to the areas perfused by normal coronary arteries increased, reflecting compensatory vasodilation. After beta-blockade with prindolol 0.1 mg/kg, the myocardial blood flow distribution was also nonhomogeneous but in the opposite direction: the collateral dependent subendocardium was now the best perfused compartment. The flow to the areas perfused by normal coronary arteries decreased due to the reduced oxygen requirements, while the collateral dependent subendocardium remained maximally dilated. This phenomenon was explained as a postischaemic reactive hyperaemic response to the isoproterenol-induced ischaemia in the collateral dependent subendocardium.", "PMID": 1182733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8601", "title": "Effects of verapamil on infarct size following experimental coronary occlusion.", "content": "Open-chest anaesthetized dogs were given verapamil after left anterior descending artery occlusion, and ST-segment alterations and haemodynamic variables were monitored. Verapamil produced a highly significant reduction in ST-segment elevation in the epicardial electrocardiogram and prevented the haemodynamic deterioration seen in the control animals in which ST-segment elevation persisted. The apparent protective effect of verapamil in myocardial ischaemia is discussed in relation to its ability to inhibit selectively the transmembrane fluxes of calcium ions in excitable tissues.", "contents": "Effects of verapamil on infarct size following experimental coronary occlusion. Open-chest anaesthetized dogs were given verapamil after left anterior descending artery occlusion, and ST-segment alterations and haemodynamic variables were monitored. Verapamil produced a highly significant reduction in ST-segment elevation in the epicardial electrocardiogram and prevented the haemodynamic deterioration seen in the control animals in which ST-segment elevation persisted. The apparent protective effect of verapamil in myocardial ischaemia is discussed in relation to its ability to inhibit selectively the transmembrane fluxes of calcium ions in excitable tissues.", "PMID": 1182734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8602", "title": "Presynaptic dendrite cells and two other classes of neurons in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of the chimpanzee.", "content": "In the superior colliculus of chimpanzee, three classes of neurons can be identified by ultrastructural criteria. They are 1) marginal cells located in the stratum zonale, 2) collicular relay cells in the stratum griseum superficiale and 3) presynaptic dendrite (PSD) cells, i.e., neurons with presynaptic specializations in soma and/or dendrites. PSD cells are the smallest neurons in the stratum griseum superficiale; they have a relatively large, deeply infolded nucleus and a small rim of cytoplasm rich in free ribosomes. PSD cells are sufficiently different from the two other classes of neurons to be reliably identified at the ultrastructural level. They closely resemble presynaptic neurons as described in the lateral geniculate nucleus of other mammalian species. Presynaptic dendrites in continuity with PSD cells are rich in organelles, especially ribosomal cluster, and establish en passage contact with other dendrites. Another type of presynaptic dendrite, poor in organelles, except for bundles of microtubules, could not be traced back to its parent neuron. Homo- or heterogeneity of PSD cells is discussed. No amxon was traced from a PSD cell.", "contents": "Presynaptic dendrite cells and two other classes of neurons in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of the chimpanzee. In the superior colliculus of chimpanzee, three classes of neurons can be identified by ultrastructural criteria. They are 1) marginal cells located in the stratum zonale, 2) collicular relay cells in the stratum griseum superficiale and 3) presynaptic dendrite (PSD) cells, i.e., neurons with presynaptic specializations in soma and/or dendrites. PSD cells are the smallest neurons in the stratum griseum superficiale; they have a relatively large, deeply infolded nucleus and a small rim of cytoplasm rich in free ribosomes. PSD cells are sufficiently different from the two other classes of neurons to be reliably identified at the ultrastructural level. They closely resemble presynaptic neurons as described in the lateral geniculate nucleus of other mammalian species. Presynaptic dendrites in continuity with PSD cells are rich in organelles, especially ribosomal cluster, and establish en passage contact with other dendrites. Another type of presynaptic dendrite, poor in organelles, except for bundles of microtubules, could not be traced back to its parent neuron. Homo- or heterogeneity of PSD cells is discussed. No amxon was traced from a PSD cell.", "PMID": 1182764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8603", "title": "Immunoelectron microscopic evidence of contractile proteins in the cellular and acellular components of mouse kidney glomeruli.", "content": "Actin and/or actin-like protein have been localized in the cellular and acellular components of the glomerular walls of mouse kidney by means of immunoelectron microscopy, employing human antibodies to smooth muscle (SMA). Contractile antigens have been confirmed to be present in the cytoplasm of podocytes and mesangial cells in association with fine filaments which are considered of importance in the control of blood flow, intravascular pressure, and filtration rate within the glomerulus. The extracellular presence of contractile proteins in the mesangial matrix and glomerular basement membrane can be related to cell movement in a frictional environment. This latter phenomenon, which is strictly interdependent with cell adhesion and aggregation, is most evident in the mesangial cells in a form of luminar pseudopodia, cytoplasmic projections, and phagocytosis.", "contents": "Immunoelectron microscopic evidence of contractile proteins in the cellular and acellular components of mouse kidney glomeruli. Actin and/or actin-like protein have been localized in the cellular and acellular components of the glomerular walls of mouse kidney by means of immunoelectron microscopy, employing human antibodies to smooth muscle (SMA). Contractile antigens have been confirmed to be present in the cytoplasm of podocytes and mesangial cells in association with fine filaments which are considered of importance in the control of blood flow, intravascular pressure, and filtration rate within the glomerulus. The extracellular presence of contractile proteins in the mesangial matrix and glomerular basement membrane can be related to cell movement in a frictional environment. This latter phenomenon, which is strictly interdependent with cell adhesion and aggregation, is most evident in the mesangial cells in a form of luminar pseudopodia, cytoplasmic projections, and phagocytosis.", "PMID": 1182765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8604", "title": "Troponin bound calcium in electron micrographs of myocardial cells as demonstrated by the potassium-antimonate technique.", "content": "Following the K-antimonate reaction in atrial myocardial tissue, a pattern of evenly spaced cross striations of antimonate precipitates is demonstrated along the myofilaments. This spacing, found in both turtle and mouse atria, has a periodicity of about 400 A. In order to test the shifts of the antimonate reaction product in the tissue, a comparison is made between the localization of the antimonate precipitate as seen in viz. thin plastic sections and in cryo-ultra sections being dry-cut at -90 degree C from N2 frozen tissue. Preliminary results suggest only minor distributional differences in the sarcomeric pattern. On the basis of these tests, and, on the basis of previous studies by means of X-ray microanalysis, it is suggested that the periodic pattern of evenly spaced precipitates, reflects the localization of troponin bound calcium along the thin filaments during contraction.", "contents": "Troponin bound calcium in electron micrographs of myocardial cells as demonstrated by the potassium-antimonate technique. Following the K-antimonate reaction in atrial myocardial tissue, a pattern of evenly spaced cross striations of antimonate precipitates is demonstrated along the myofilaments. This spacing, found in both turtle and mouse atria, has a periodicity of about 400 A. In order to test the shifts of the antimonate reaction product in the tissue, a comparison is made between the localization of the antimonate precipitate as seen in viz. thin plastic sections and in cryo-ultra sections being dry-cut at -90 degree C from N2 frozen tissue. Preliminary results suggest only minor distributional differences in the sarcomeric pattern. On the basis of these tests, and, on the basis of previous studies by means of X-ray microanalysis, it is suggested that the periodic pattern of evenly spaced precipitates, reflects the localization of troponin bound calcium along the thin filaments during contraction.", "PMID": 1182766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8605", "title": "Role of the \"thrombocytoids\" in capsule formation in the dipteran Calliphora erythrocephala.", "content": "Of the three hemocyte types present in the blood of Calliphora, only one participates in capsule formation around implanted cellophane. This hemocyte, the thrombocytoid, shows in the blood a tendency to dissociate into numerous small cytoplasmic fragments, comparable to the mammalian megakaryocyte. This tendency is dramatically increased during the process of encapsulation. Most of the intact thrombocytoids and the numerous fragments participating in capsule formation do not show any particular modifications in their cytoplasm during this process, which corresponds to a mere sequestration of the implant. Dense material, resulting from necrotic cell debris and hemolymph lipoproteins, is often observed between the cellophane and encapsulating thrombocytoids, which apparently participate in the resorption of this material.", "contents": "Role of the \"thrombocytoids\" in capsule formation in the dipteran Calliphora erythrocephala. Of the three hemocyte types present in the blood of Calliphora, only one participates in capsule formation around implanted cellophane. This hemocyte, the thrombocytoid, shows in the blood a tendency to dissociate into numerous small cytoplasmic fragments, comparable to the mammalian megakaryocyte. This tendency is dramatically increased during the process of encapsulation. Most of the intact thrombocytoids and the numerous fragments participating in capsule formation do not show any particular modifications in their cytoplasm during this process, which corresponds to a mere sequestration of the implant. Dense material, resulting from necrotic cell debris and hemolymph lipoproteins, is often observed between the cellophane and encapsulating thrombocytoids, which apparently participate in the resorption of this material.", "PMID": 1182767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8606", "title": "Observations on peroxisomes in interrenal (adrenocortical) cells of Triturus cristatus and Salamandra salamandra (Urodele Amphibians).", "content": "Intracellular organelles (average diameter: 0.3 mu) similar to peroxisomes were observed in the interrenal cells of Triturus cristatus and Salamandra salamandra. Their peroxisomal nature was demonstrated by incubating tissue sections in alkaline 3,3-diaminobenzidine. Oxidation of diaminobenzidine, a characteristic feature of peroxisomes, was observed. These organelles are devoid of a central nucleoid and are surrounded to various degrees by profiles of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The matrix of these organelles is sometimes in direct communication with the inside of the smooth tubules. These relationships suggest a possible origin of the peroxisomes from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Observations on peroxisomes in interrenal (adrenocortical) cells of Triturus cristatus and Salamandra salamandra (Urodele Amphibians). Intracellular organelles (average diameter: 0.3 mu) similar to peroxisomes were observed in the interrenal cells of Triturus cristatus and Salamandra salamandra. Their peroxisomal nature was demonstrated by incubating tissue sections in alkaline 3,3-diaminobenzidine. Oxidation of diaminobenzidine, a characteristic feature of peroxisomes, was observed. These organelles are devoid of a central nucleoid and are surrounded to various degrees by profiles of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The matrix of these organelles is sometimes in direct communication with the inside of the smooth tubules. These relationships suggest a possible origin of the peroxisomes from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 1182768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8607", "title": "Cytochemical and electron-microscopic study of the paraoesophageal bodies and related nerves in Schizophyllum sabulosum (L.), Diplopoda Julidae.", "content": "The ultrastructural study of the paraoesophageal bodies of Schizophyllum sabulosum reveals the occurrence of two axonal types (ax 1 and ax 2) near secretory cells. Two possibilities exist for the functional role of the nerves related to these paraoesophageal bodies. The results of treatment with proteases (pronase, pepsin, trypsin) and the identification of glycogen in both the paraoesophageal bodies and the nerves that link them to the brain and Gabe organs, suggest transport of at least part of the secretions from the paraoesophageal bodies to the Gabe organs.", "contents": "Cytochemical and electron-microscopic study of the paraoesophageal bodies and related nerves in Schizophyllum sabulosum (L.), Diplopoda Julidae. The ultrastructural study of the paraoesophageal bodies of Schizophyllum sabulosum reveals the occurrence of two axonal types (ax 1 and ax 2) near secretory cells. Two possibilities exist for the functional role of the nerves related to these paraoesophageal bodies. The results of treatment with proteases (pronase, pepsin, trypsin) and the identification of glycogen in both the paraoesophageal bodies and the nerves that link them to the brain and Gabe organs, suggest transport of at least part of the secretions from the paraoesophageal bodies to the Gabe organs.", "PMID": 1182769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8608", "title": "Surface fine structure of the globiferous pedicellariae of the regular echinoid, Psammechinus miliaris Gmelin.", "content": "The globiferous pedicellariae of Psammechinus miliaris are described. Two fixation methods giving minimal distortion and rapid tissue hardening were adapted for soft tissue preparation for scanning electron microscopy. The pedicellarial valves are covered by a microvillous epithelium. The outer valve epithelial microvilli overlying red spherulocytes in the epidermis are characterized by a filament matrix radiating out from each microvillus. These microvilli may function in epidermal absorption of organic solutes. The inner valve microvilli are more densely packed and the filament matrix is absent. Ciliation is confined to the inner valve surface where the cilia are concentrated to form a distal sensory pad and sensory hillock. Behavioural evidence suggests a chemo- and mechanosensory role for the inner valve surface.", "contents": "Surface fine structure of the globiferous pedicellariae of the regular echinoid, Psammechinus miliaris Gmelin. The globiferous pedicellariae of Psammechinus miliaris are described. Two fixation methods giving minimal distortion and rapid tissue hardening were adapted for soft tissue preparation for scanning electron microscopy. The pedicellarial valves are covered by a microvillous epithelium. The outer valve epithelial microvilli overlying red spherulocytes in the epidermis are characterized by a filament matrix radiating out from each microvillus. These microvilli may function in epidermal absorption of organic solutes. The inner valve microvilli are more densely packed and the filament matrix is absent. Ciliation is confined to the inner valve surface where the cilia are concentrated to form a distal sensory pad and sensory hillock. Behavioural evidence suggests a chemo- and mechanosensory role for the inner valve surface.", "PMID": 1182770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8609", "title": "Ultrastructure of the larval corpus allatum of hyphantria cunea Drury (Insecta, Lepidoptera).", "content": "The corpora allata of the three last larval instars were studied in newly molted animals, at the beginning, middle, and end of the feeding period, and during the molt period. They were found to consist of uniform gland cells, whose ultrastructure changes in the course of the instars. In glands cells considered to be resting, the outer and inner nuclear membranes run in parallel without forming a dilated perinuclear space. Mitochondria are small, polymorphic, with an electron-dense matrix. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) appears as stacks of parallel cisternae near the nuclear envelope and in the rest of the cytoplasm, and as accumulations of twisted profiles. Occasionally, the SER takes the form of paracrystalline bodies. There are few small smooth-surfaced vesicles in the cytoplasm. In cells considered as active, a dilated perinuclear space occurs. The peripheral ends of profiles forming the SER are swollen, and numerous vesicles and vacuoles bud off from them to fill the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are large, with a more transparent matrix. The plasma membrane of gland cells located just beneath the connective tissue sheath forms numerous small invaginations. The corpora allata consist of resting cells during the molt periods. At the beginning of each instar, few active gland cells appear. In the middle of the second to last and the third to last instars, the bulk of the gland cells is active. At the end of these instars, there are both active and inactive cells. In the middle of the last instar, the gland cells are inactive or subactive, and at its end, all gland cells are completely inactive.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the larval corpus allatum of hyphantria cunea Drury (Insecta, Lepidoptera). The corpora allata of the three last larval instars were studied in newly molted animals, at the beginning, middle, and end of the feeding period, and during the molt period. They were found to consist of uniform gland cells, whose ultrastructure changes in the course of the instars. In glands cells considered to be resting, the outer and inner nuclear membranes run in parallel without forming a dilated perinuclear space. Mitochondria are small, polymorphic, with an electron-dense matrix. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) appears as stacks of parallel cisternae near the nuclear envelope and in the rest of the cytoplasm, and as accumulations of twisted profiles. Occasionally, the SER takes the form of paracrystalline bodies. There are few small smooth-surfaced vesicles in the cytoplasm. In cells considered as active, a dilated perinuclear space occurs. The peripheral ends of profiles forming the SER are swollen, and numerous vesicles and vacuoles bud off from them to fill the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are large, with a more transparent matrix. The plasma membrane of gland cells located just beneath the connective tissue sheath forms numerous small invaginations. The corpora allata consist of resting cells during the molt periods. At the beginning of each instar, few active gland cells appear. In the middle of the second to last and the third to last instars, the bulk of the gland cells is active. At the end of these instars, there are both active and inactive cells. In the middle of the last instar, the gland cells are inactive or subactive, and at its end, all gland cells are completely inactive.", "PMID": 1182771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8610", "title": "The fine structure of the hypothalamic secretory neurons of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii (Passeriformes: Fringillidae). I. Parvocellular tuberal nuclei.", "content": "The fine structure of the parvocellular tuberal nuclei and that of the ependyma bordering the third ventricle in the basal hypothalamus of the White-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, have been investigated. Photoperiodically stimulated birds have been compared with birds held on short days. The perikarya of the neurons of the basal infundibular (tuberal) nucleus, and in part, of the more dorsal layers, contain dense-cored granules (1000-1500 A). The granules in the anterior part of the nucleus are somewhat larger than those of the posterior part. The synapses and the synaptic relationships of these cells are described. The single-layered ependyma of the third ventricle in the basal hypothalamus may be divided into the dorsal typical ependyma, the ventrolateral \"glandular\" ependyma, and the ventral \"glandular\" ependyma. Cells of the ventral ependyma lack apical cilia but bear a few microvillous processes. They have well-developed Golgi apparatus, conspicuous polysomes, and frequently dense, irregularly-shaped granules. Basal cytoplasmic processes extend ventrally to the outer surface of the median eminence. Photoperiodic stimulation appears to increase the numbers of apical protrusions of the cells in the ventral glandular ependyma and to cause an increase in size of the nerve cells of the basal infundibular nucleus.", "contents": "The fine structure of the hypothalamic secretory neurons of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii (Passeriformes: Fringillidae). I. Parvocellular tuberal nuclei. The fine structure of the parvocellular tuberal nuclei and that of the ependyma bordering the third ventricle in the basal hypothalamus of the White-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, have been investigated. Photoperiodically stimulated birds have been compared with birds held on short days. The perikarya of the neurons of the basal infundibular (tuberal) nucleus, and in part, of the more dorsal layers, contain dense-cored granules (1000-1500 A). The granules in the anterior part of the nucleus are somewhat larger than those of the posterior part. The synapses and the synaptic relationships of these cells are described. The single-layered ependyma of the third ventricle in the basal hypothalamus may be divided into the dorsal typical ependyma, the ventrolateral \"glandular\" ependyma, and the ventral \"glandular\" ependyma. Cells of the ventral ependyma lack apical cilia but bear a few microvillous processes. They have well-developed Golgi apparatus, conspicuous polysomes, and frequently dense, irregularly-shaped granules. Basal cytoplasmic processes extend ventrally to the outer surface of the median eminence. Photoperiodic stimulation appears to increase the numbers of apical protrusions of the cells in the ventral glandular ependyma and to cause an increase in size of the nerve cells of the basal infundibular nucleus.", "PMID": 1182772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8611", "title": "Larval and adult eye of the western rock lobster (Panulirus longipes).", "content": "A number of differences exists between the compound eyes of larval and adult rock lobsters, Panulirus longipes. The larval eye more closely resembles the apposition type of compound eye, in which retinula cells and rhabdom lie immediately below the cone cells. The adult eye, on the other hand, is a typical clear-zone photoreceptor in which cones and retinula cell layers are separated by a wide transparent region. The rhabdom of the larval eye, if cut longitudinally, exhibits a \"banded\" structure over its entire length; in the adult the banded part is confined to the distal end, and the rhabdom is tiered. Both eyes have in common an eighth, distally-located retinula cell, which possesses orthogonally-oriented microvilli, and a peculiar lens-shaped \"crystal\", which appears to focus light onto the narrow column of the distal rhabdom. Migration of screening pigment on dark-light adaptation is accompanied by changes in sensitivity and resolution of the eye. Retinula cells belonging to one ommatidium do not arrange into one single bundle of axons, but interweave with axons of four neighbouring facets in an extraordinarily regular fashion.", "contents": "Larval and adult eye of the western rock lobster (Panulirus longipes). A number of differences exists between the compound eyes of larval and adult rock lobsters, Panulirus longipes. The larval eye more closely resembles the apposition type of compound eye, in which retinula cells and rhabdom lie immediately below the cone cells. The adult eye, on the other hand, is a typical clear-zone photoreceptor in which cones and retinula cell layers are separated by a wide transparent region. The rhabdom of the larval eye, if cut longitudinally, exhibits a \"banded\" structure over its entire length; in the adult the banded part is confined to the distal end, and the rhabdom is tiered. Both eyes have in common an eighth, distally-located retinula cell, which possesses orthogonally-oriented microvilli, and a peculiar lens-shaped \"crystal\", which appears to focus light onto the narrow column of the distal rhabdom. Migration of screening pigment on dark-light adaptation is accompanied by changes in sensitivity and resolution of the eye. Retinula cells belonging to one ommatidium do not arrange into one single bundle of axons, but interweave with axons of four neighbouring facets in an extraordinarily regular fashion.", "PMID": 1182773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8612", "title": "The general ultrastructure of the carotid body of the domestic fowl.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies of the carotid body of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) have shown Type I and Type II cells combined with axons into compact groups. The many Type I cells in the depths of the organ had a body, containing the nucleus, and an elongated, flared process. Some of the Type I cells in the superficial regions tended to be spindle-shaped. Type I cells were characterised by membrane-bound, dense-cored vesicles about 120 nm in diameter. Type II cells invested the Type I cells and had axons embedded in them as in Schwann cells. The fine structure of the carotid body in the domestic fowl resembles that of the Lovebird (Uroloncha domestica) and of various amphibia and mammals. The possibility is discussed that the Type I cells may have a chemoreceptor or a general secretory function, or even both of these axons leading to or from Type I cells. The main role of the Type II cells seems to be to provide a pathway for functions together.", "contents": "The general ultrastructure of the carotid body of the domestic fowl. Electron microscopic studies of the carotid body of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) have shown Type I and Type II cells combined with axons into compact groups. The many Type I cells in the depths of the organ had a body, containing the nucleus, and an elongated, flared process. Some of the Type I cells in the superficial regions tended to be spindle-shaped. Type I cells were characterised by membrane-bound, dense-cored vesicles about 120 nm in diameter. Type II cells invested the Type I cells and had axons embedded in them as in Schwann cells. The fine structure of the carotid body in the domestic fowl resembles that of the Lovebird (Uroloncha domestica) and of various amphibia and mammals. The possibility is discussed that the Type I cells may have a chemoreceptor or a general secretory function, or even both of these axons leading to or from Type I cells. The main role of the Type II cells seems to be to provide a pathway for functions together.", "PMID": 1182774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8613", "title": "Immunocytochemical identification of neurophysin-secreting neurons in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of some non-mammalian vertebrates.", "content": "Antiserum raised against a mammalian neurophysin, porcine neurophysin-II, was used in conjugation with the immunoperoxidase histochemical technique to detect neurophysin in the hypothalamus of the chickens, frog and goldfish. In the chickens, the paraventricular and supraoptic nuceli as well as the internal and external zones of the median eminence stained for neurophysin. Material in the perikarya of the frog and goldfish preoptic nucleus also cross-reacted immunologically against anti-porcine neurophysin-II serum. Serial dilutions of the anti-mammalian neurophysins serum were carried out in order to ascertain at which point the 3-layer immunocytochemical reaction ceased to localize neurophysin. In the chicken, frog and goldfish as well as in the rat, neurosecretory structures became difficult to visualize between 12800 and 25400 fold dilution of antiserum. The results demonstrate that the immunological cross-reactivity previously observed between an anti-mammalian neurophysin serum and the neurophysin isolated from mammals of varying phylogeny also extends to certain non-mammalian vertebrates and is suggestive of a structural homology of neurophysin from different species.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical identification of neurophysin-secreting neurons in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of some non-mammalian vertebrates. Antiserum raised against a mammalian neurophysin, porcine neurophysin-II, was used in conjugation with the immunoperoxidase histochemical technique to detect neurophysin in the hypothalamus of the chickens, frog and goldfish. In the chickens, the paraventricular and supraoptic nuceli as well as the internal and external zones of the median eminence stained for neurophysin. Material in the perikarya of the frog and goldfish preoptic nucleus also cross-reacted immunologically against anti-porcine neurophysin-II serum. Serial dilutions of the anti-mammalian neurophysins serum were carried out in order to ascertain at which point the 3-layer immunocytochemical reaction ceased to localize neurophysin. In the chicken, frog and goldfish as well as in the rat, neurosecretory structures became difficult to visualize between 12800 and 25400 fold dilution of antiserum. The results demonstrate that the immunological cross-reactivity previously observed between an anti-mammalian neurophysin serum and the neurophysin isolated from mammals of varying phylogeny also extends to certain non-mammalian vertebrates and is suggestive of a structural homology of neurophysin from different species.", "PMID": 1182775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8614", "title": "Ultrastructure of the adrenal medulla of normal and insulin-treated hamsters.", "content": "Fine structural characteristics of the chromaffin cells both in normal and insulin-administered hamster adrenal gland were studied. Exocytosis occurs in 5 per cent of nonstimulated cells especially on the apical cell surfaces. At the same time the occurrence of a great number of closely attached secretory granules was conspicuous on the lateral plasma membrane in the untreated hamster adrenal medulla. Following insulin treatment (10 IU/100 g/body weight), characteristic was the development of large intercellular vacuoles between the lateral plasma membrane, in which electron-dense secretory material was frequently present. On the basis of this observation it is suggested that in the case of insulin-induced hormone secretion, exocytosis preferentially occurs on the lateral plasma membrane, and may play an important role in the discharge of secretory materials from the cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the adrenal medulla of normal and insulin-treated hamsters. Fine structural characteristics of the chromaffin cells both in normal and insulin-administered hamster adrenal gland were studied. Exocytosis occurs in 5 per cent of nonstimulated cells especially on the apical cell surfaces. At the same time the occurrence of a great number of closely attached secretory granules was conspicuous on the lateral plasma membrane in the untreated hamster adrenal medulla. Following insulin treatment (10 IU/100 g/body weight), characteristic was the development of large intercellular vacuoles between the lateral plasma membrane, in which electron-dense secretory material was frequently present. On the basis of this observation it is suggested that in the case of insulin-induced hormone secretion, exocytosis preferentially occurs on the lateral plasma membrane, and may play an important role in the discharge of secretory materials from the cells.", "PMID": 1182776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8615", "title": "Indoleamines and the eccentric cells of the limulus lateral eye.", "content": "The lateral eye of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, was studied by fluorescence microscopy according to Falck and Hillarp and microspectrofluorometry for identifying neuronal monoamines. After the formaldehyde treatment, the eccentric cells and their axons have a yellowish, rapidly fading fluorescence, such as is seen with 5-hydroxytryptamine. The microspectrofluorometric analysis was compatible with the fluorescence being caused by an indole, which could not be definitely identified, however. The eccentric cells have the ability to accumulate indoleamines such as 5-hydroxytryptamine, 6-hydroxytryptamine and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. Their axons were best demonstrated after being loaded with 6-hydroxytryptamine. Characteristic varicose terminals were seen in the neuropil, often arranged in clusters. Other terminals, possibly originating from the eccentric cells, were also seen among the pigment cells in the basal part of the ommatidia.", "contents": "Indoleamines and the eccentric cells of the limulus lateral eye. The lateral eye of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, was studied by fluorescence microscopy according to Falck and Hillarp and microspectrofluorometry for identifying neuronal monoamines. After the formaldehyde treatment, the eccentric cells and their axons have a yellowish, rapidly fading fluorescence, such as is seen with 5-hydroxytryptamine. The microspectrofluorometric analysis was compatible with the fluorescence being caused by an indole, which could not be definitely identified, however. The eccentric cells have the ability to accumulate indoleamines such as 5-hydroxytryptamine, 6-hydroxytryptamine and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. Their axons were best demonstrated after being loaded with 6-hydroxytryptamine. Characteristic varicose terminals were seen in the neuropil, often arranged in clusters. Other terminals, possibly originating from the eccentric cells, were also seen among the pigment cells in the basal part of the ommatidia.", "PMID": 1182777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8616", "title": "In vitro culture of the proximal tubule of the bovine nephron: transmission and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "By means of a previously described method, viable pure tubules of the nephron were isolated in high yield from the outer cortex of the near-term foetal bovine kidney. The tubular suspension obtained was constituted almost exclusively of proximal segments (about 95%), whose cells were dispersed and grown as confluent primary cultures. The cultured proximal cells were shown to maintain in vitro, on glass or plastic surfaces, the same orientation as on the tubular basement membrane in vivo, with interdigitations extending from the base of the cells and along their full height. Numerous mitochondria and the typical cytoplasmic bodies of the proximal cell were retained in cells grown in vitro. A flagellum was seen in every cultured cell and was shown to be present in the proximal cell in vivo. There is a progressive change, in vitro, of the microvilli of the brush border, from a close-packed to a sparse distribution and to a decrease in height and a reduction in number. This in vitro regression to an earlier embryonic state was correlated with the ability of the proximal cells to synthesize in vitro an alpha-fetoprotein and with the loss in vitro of histiospecific antigen synthesis, confined in vivo to the brush border area. The confluent proximal cells became filled with microfilaments and microtubules, the significance of which is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro culture of the proximal tubule of the bovine nephron: transmission and scanning electron microscopy. By means of a previously described method, viable pure tubules of the nephron were isolated in high yield from the outer cortex of the near-term foetal bovine kidney. The tubular suspension obtained was constituted almost exclusively of proximal segments (about 95%), whose cells were dispersed and grown as confluent primary cultures. The cultured proximal cells were shown to maintain in vitro, on glass or plastic surfaces, the same orientation as on the tubular basement membrane in vivo, with interdigitations extending from the base of the cells and along their full height. Numerous mitochondria and the typical cytoplasmic bodies of the proximal cell were retained in cells grown in vitro. A flagellum was seen in every cultured cell and was shown to be present in the proximal cell in vivo. There is a progressive change, in vitro, of the microvilli of the brush border, from a close-packed to a sparse distribution and to a decrease in height and a reduction in number. This in vitro regression to an earlier embryonic state was correlated with the ability of the proximal cells to synthesize in vitro an alpha-fetoprotein and with the loss in vitro of histiospecific antigen synthesis, confined in vivo to the brush border area. The confluent proximal cells became filled with microfilaments and microtubules, the significance of which is discussed.", "PMID": 1182778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8617", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of rabbit spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract following coitus.", "content": "The surface morphology of rabbit spermatozoa, fixed in situ (female reproductive tract) and prepared for scanning electron microscopy by critical point drying, was studied for as many as 36 hours post coitum. The findings demonstrate that 1) spermatozoa in the reproductive tract following coitus exist as a heterogenous, morphological population and 2) with time, shifts within this population from one predominant morphology to another take place. In the fresh ejaculate, most spermatozoa have intact surfaces free of membranous disruptions.  With time, a process of labilization (denudation) of the membranes covering the acrosomal region occurs in a progressively larger proportion of spermatozoa. The labilization originates by a process of vesiculation and/or vacuolation and leads to the appearance of a series of small fenestrations of perforations of the surface membranes. The perforations coalesce, and gradually larger areas of the surface membranes are eroded such that by 15 hours post coitum, the outer acrosomal membrane, as well as other acrosomal areas, are to varying degrees, directly exposed to the uterine milieu. Secretory granules, picked up by cilia and transferred to the spermatozoa become localized over the acrosomal region shortly after coitus. The possible significance of these time-dependent morphological events with the phenomena of capacitation and the \"true\" and \"false\" acrosome reactions are discussed.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of rabbit spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract following coitus. The surface morphology of rabbit spermatozoa, fixed in situ (female reproductive tract) and prepared for scanning electron microscopy by critical point drying, was studied for as many as 36 hours post coitum. The findings demonstrate that 1) spermatozoa in the reproductive tract following coitus exist as a heterogenous, morphological population and 2) with time, shifts within this population from one predominant morphology to another take place. In the fresh ejaculate, most spermatozoa have intact surfaces free of membranous disruptions.  With time, a process of labilization (denudation) of the membranes covering the acrosomal region occurs in a progressively larger proportion of spermatozoa. The labilization originates by a process of vesiculation and/or vacuolation and leads to the appearance of a series of small fenestrations of perforations of the surface membranes. The perforations coalesce, and gradually larger areas of the surface membranes are eroded such that by 15 hours post coitum, the outer acrosomal membrane, as well as other acrosomal areas, are to varying degrees, directly exposed to the uterine milieu. Secretory granules, picked up by cilia and transferred to the spermatozoa become localized over the acrosomal region shortly after coitus. The possible significance of these time-dependent morphological events with the phenomena of capacitation and the \"true\" and \"false\" acrosome reactions are discussed.", "PMID": 1182779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8618", "title": "The retina-lamina projection in the visual system of the bee, Apis mellifera.", "content": "Single Golgi impregnated visual cells and their axons were treated from the retina to the first synaptic layer (lamina) in serial electron microscopic sections. This analysis of the retina-lamina projection was undertaken in the upper dorso-median eye region which is known to be involved in the perception of polarized light. For identification of individual visual cells and their fibres a numbering system was used which relates the number of each of the nine visual cells within one retinula to the transverse axis of the rhabdom (TRA) (Fig. 1). Because of the twist of the retinula along its course to the basement membrane (Fig. 6), individual visual cells change their position relative to any eye-constant co-ordinate system. Each axon bundle originating from one 9-celled retinula performs a 180 degrees-rotation before entering the lamina (Fig. 2). The direction of rotation (clockwise or counter-clockwise), which may differ even between adjacent bundles, is related to the two mirror-image types of rhabdoms in the corresponding retinulae and is opposite to the direction of rhabdom twist. Thus, even in small groups of the in total 5500 ommatidia in the eye of the bee, two types of retinulae exist which can be characterized by the geometry of the rhabdoms as well as by the direction of rotation of the retinulae and the axon bundles (Fig. 1). Visual cell numbers 1, 2, and 9, the microvilli of which are oriented in the direction of TRA, form three long visual fibres terminating in the second synaptic layer (medulla). In cross sections of laminar pseudocartridges they appear as the smallest fibre profiles arranged in a symmetrical line of the pseudocartridge bundle (=the transverse axis of the pseudocartridge; TPA) (Fig. 4). The remaining six fibres (cell numbers 3-8) only project to the lamina (short visual fibres; svf's). Two of them (cell numbers 5 and 6), which are the largest cells in the proximal retinula and have their microvilli perpendicularly arranged to TRA (Fig. 1), give rise to the two thickest axons of the underlaying pseudocartridge. In cross sections, t he connecting line of these two axons is orthogonally oriented to TPA (Fig. 5). A model was developed, in which all long visual fibres originate from ultraviolet receptors and in which the polarization sensitivity of the basal ninth cell is enhanced by the twist of the rhabdom. Finally, this model is discussed in light of behavioral experiments revealing the ultraviolet receptors as the only cells involved in the detection of polarized light.", "contents": "The retina-lamina projection in the visual system of the bee, Apis mellifera. Single Golgi impregnated visual cells and their axons were treated from the retina to the first synaptic layer (lamina) in serial electron microscopic sections. This analysis of the retina-lamina projection was undertaken in the upper dorso-median eye region which is known to be involved in the perception of polarized light. For identification of individual visual cells and their fibres a numbering system was used which relates the number of each of the nine visual cells within one retinula to the transverse axis of the rhabdom (TRA) (Fig. 1). Because of the twist of the retinula along its course to the basement membrane (Fig. 6), individual visual cells change their position relative to any eye-constant co-ordinate system. Each axon bundle originating from one 9-celled retinula performs a 180 degrees-rotation before entering the lamina (Fig. 2). The direction of rotation (clockwise or counter-clockwise), which may differ even between adjacent bundles, is related to the two mirror-image types of rhabdoms in the corresponding retinulae and is opposite to the direction of rhabdom twist. Thus, even in small groups of the in total 5500 ommatidia in the eye of the bee, two types of retinulae exist which can be characterized by the geometry of the rhabdoms as well as by the direction of rotation of the retinulae and the axon bundles (Fig. 1). Visual cell numbers 1, 2, and 9, the microvilli of which are oriented in the direction of TRA, form three long visual fibres terminating in the second synaptic layer (medulla). In cross sections of laminar pseudocartridges they appear as the smallest fibre profiles arranged in a symmetrical line of the pseudocartridge bundle (=the transverse axis of the pseudocartridge; TPA) (Fig. 4). The remaining six fibres (cell numbers 3-8) only project to the lamina (short visual fibres; svf's). Two of them (cell numbers 5 and 6), which are the largest cells in the proximal retinula and have their microvilli perpendicularly arranged to TRA (Fig. 1), give rise to the two thickest axons of the underlaying pseudocartridge. In cross sections, t he connecting line of these two axons is orthogonally oriented to TPA (Fig. 5). A model was developed, in which all long visual fibres originate from ultraviolet receptors and in which the polarization sensitivity of the basal ninth cell is enhanced by the twist of the rhabdom. Finally, this model is discussed in light of behavioral experiments revealing the ultraviolet receptors as the only cells involved in the detection of polarized light.", "PMID": 1182780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8619", "title": "Production and fates of unique organelles (transosomes) in ovarian follicles of Gallus domesticus under various conditions. II.", "content": "Production and fates of transosomes (sacs of ribosomes made in the follicular cells of an ovarian follicle and subsequently passed to the cytoplasms of the oocyte) have been studied by electron microscopy in ovaries of young chicks, a testosterone-treated hen, aged hens which had ceased laying eggs and a \"non-layer\" mutant. Study was also made of \"primitive yolk\" (vacuoles present in both follicular cells and ooplasms of small follicles of normally laying hens). It was found that both transosomes and vacuoles of primitive yolk were present in small oocytes of young chicks, and \"non-layer\" mutants. However, the transosomes deep within the ooplasms were present within lysosomal vesicles in both of these instances and the vacuoles containing primitive yolk were patently abnormal in the \"non-layer\" mutant. Very few transosomes or primitive yolk vacuoles were present within the ooplasms of follicles from a testosterone-treated hen or from those of aged hens which were no longer laying. In both of these latter cases such bodies were present in the follicular cells. However, many transosomes were seen to be in the process of being lysed within the cytoplasms of these follicular cells.", "contents": "Production and fates of unique organelles (transosomes) in ovarian follicles of Gallus domesticus under various conditions. II. Production and fates of transosomes (sacs of ribosomes made in the follicular cells of an ovarian follicle and subsequently passed to the cytoplasms of the oocyte) have been studied by electron microscopy in ovaries of young chicks, a testosterone-treated hen, aged hens which had ceased laying eggs and a \"non-layer\" mutant. Study was also made of \"primitive yolk\" (vacuoles present in both follicular cells and ooplasms of small follicles of normally laying hens). It was found that both transosomes and vacuoles of primitive yolk were present in small oocytes of young chicks, and \"non-layer\" mutants. However, the transosomes deep within the ooplasms were present within lysosomal vesicles in both of these instances and the vacuoles containing primitive yolk were patently abnormal in the \"non-layer\" mutant. Very few transosomes or primitive yolk vacuoles were present within the ooplasms of follicles from a testosterone-treated hen or from those of aged hens which were no longer laying. In both of these latter cases such bodies were present in the follicular cells. However, many transosomes were seen to be in the process of being lysed within the cytoplasms of these follicular cells.", "PMID": 1182781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8620", "title": "The surface fine structure of the bovine subcommissural organ.", "content": "The bovine subcommissural organ was studied by using scanning electron microscopy. The most prominent findings was the existence of protruded and dilated endings of the ependymal cells. The majority of these cells were ciliated with two or more cilia; only a few unciliated cells were seen. Some pore-like structures were also seen on the surface. From the functional point of view, the most interesting finding was an amorphous heterogeneous material on the subcommissural ependyma. Especially in the caudal part of the organ this material accumulated in abundance. No real filamentous structures such as Reissner's fibre could be seen, however, it was assumed that the heterogeneous material corresponds to this formation. No supraependymal neurones were demonstrated.", "contents": "The surface fine structure of the bovine subcommissural organ. The bovine subcommissural organ was studied by using scanning electron microscopy. The most prominent findings was the existence of protruded and dilated endings of the ependymal cells. The majority of these cells were ciliated with two or more cilia; only a few unciliated cells were seen. Some pore-like structures were also seen on the surface. From the functional point of view, the most interesting finding was an amorphous heterogeneous material on the subcommissural ependyma. Especially in the caudal part of the organ this material accumulated in abundance. No real filamentous structures such as Reissner's fibre could be seen, however, it was assumed that the heterogeneous material corresponds to this formation. No supraependymal neurones were demonstrated.", "PMID": 1182782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8621", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on human cerebral capillaries in organ culture.", "content": "The use of an organotypic-in the strictly literal meaning of the word, nervous tissue culture device has allowed the identification and ultrastructural study of various types of developing capillaries in human cerebellum and olfactory bulb in vitro. Most capillaries were similar to those already described by other authors or by us, in human or animal embryos and fetuses. Large Type I Capillaries. Their luminal diameters were greater than 8 microns. The basement membranes were thin and discontinous. Numerous interendothelial junctions were either plate-like attachments or contained pentalaminar zones. Type II Capillaries. Their lumina were between 2 and 8 microns in diameter. The basement membranes were wider than those of type I capillaries and were sometimes continuous. The interendothelial junctional complexes of type II capillaries included pentalaminar portions. Many simple or complex vascular sprouts (type IV and V capillaries) had small or non-patent lumina. Their basement membranes were absent or very thin and discontinuous. Their interendothelial junctions were similar to those of type I capillaries. Some of the less frequently encountered capillary types seen in developing human nervous tissue were absent in culture. Some pathological features were seen-especially in long-term cultures-in type I and II capillaries containing degenerating blood cells or processes sometimes obviously related to histiocytic cells. They consisted mainly of an accumulation of microfilaments and modifications of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the endothelial cells. These pathological changes did not modify the main characteristics of the capillaries. The origin of the vascular sprouts, the exact nature of the interendothelial junctions and the significance of the pathological changes are discussed. This model may prove useful for the study of cerebral vasculogenesis, the development of the blood-brain barrier and the physiological or pathological properties of the human brain capillaries in tissue culture.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on human cerebral capillaries in organ culture. The use of an organotypic-in the strictly literal meaning of the word, nervous tissue culture device has allowed the identification and ultrastructural study of various types of developing capillaries in human cerebellum and olfactory bulb in vitro. Most capillaries were similar to those already described by other authors or by us, in human or animal embryos and fetuses. Large Type I Capillaries. Their luminal diameters were greater than 8 microns. The basement membranes were thin and discontinous. Numerous interendothelial junctions were either plate-like attachments or contained pentalaminar zones. Type II Capillaries. Their lumina were between 2 and 8 microns in diameter. The basement membranes were wider than those of type I capillaries and were sometimes continuous. The interendothelial junctional complexes of type II capillaries included pentalaminar portions. Many simple or complex vascular sprouts (type IV and V capillaries) had small or non-patent lumina. Their basement membranes were absent or very thin and discontinuous. Their interendothelial junctions were similar to those of type I capillaries. Some of the less frequently encountered capillary types seen in developing human nervous tissue were absent in culture. Some pathological features were seen-especially in long-term cultures-in type I and II capillaries containing degenerating blood cells or processes sometimes obviously related to histiocytic cells. They consisted mainly of an accumulation of microfilaments and modifications of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the endothelial cells. These pathological changes did not modify the main characteristics of the capillaries. The origin of the vascular sprouts, the exact nature of the interendothelial junctions and the significance of the pathological changes are discussed. This model may prove useful for the study of cerebral vasculogenesis, the development of the blood-brain barrier and the physiological or pathological properties of the human brain capillaries in tissue culture.", "PMID": 1182783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8622", "title": "Fenestrated blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries in rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "Capillary fenestrae occur in one of about 60 cross-sectioned blood capillaries in normal adult rat skeletal muscles. The fenestrae occur singly or in groups. Fenestrated capillaries are found close to muscle fibers as well as in the perimysial and perineurial connective tissue. Small numbers of lymphatic capillaries are also present, mostly in the perimysial connective tissue.", "contents": "Fenestrated blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries in rat skeletal muscle. Capillary fenestrae occur in one of about 60 cross-sectioned blood capillaries in normal adult rat skeletal muscles. The fenestrae occur singly or in groups. Fenestrated capillaries are found close to muscle fibers as well as in the perimysial and perineurial connective tissue. Small numbers of lymphatic capillaries are also present, mostly in the perimysial connective tissue.", "PMID": 1182784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8623", "title": "The membrane systems of the cardiac muscle cell of Cirolana borealis Lilljeborg (Crustacea, Isopoda).", "content": "The membrane systems of the cardiac muscle cell of the isopod Cirolana borealis Lilljeborg are described. The sarcolemma invaginates at the level of the Z band, forming transverse tubules. Narrow tubules branch off in a longitudinal direction from these transverse and radially arranged Tz-tubules forming a transverse collar at each A-I level, where dyadic and triadic junctions are formed with the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Two different orientations of the coupling discs have been detected in the supercontracted sarcomere, and this observation has been discussed. Adjacent myofibrils are separated by a double layer of sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "The membrane systems of the cardiac muscle cell of Cirolana borealis Lilljeborg (Crustacea, Isopoda). The membrane systems of the cardiac muscle cell of the isopod Cirolana borealis Lilljeborg are described. The sarcolemma invaginates at the level of the Z band, forming transverse tubules. Narrow tubules branch off in a longitudinal direction from these transverse and radially arranged Tz-tubules forming a transverse collar at each A-I level, where dyadic and triadic junctions are formed with the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Two different orientations of the coupling discs have been detected in the supercontracted sarcomere, and this observation has been discussed. Adjacent myofibrils are separated by a double layer of sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 1182785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8624", "title": "Ultrastructure of muscle cells in Siboglinum fiordicum (Pogonophora).", "content": "Two different muscle types are found in the body of Siboglinum fiordicum: body wall muscle and blood vessel muscle. Both are of a myomesothelial type. The myofibrils of the body wall muscle are non-striated and consist of thick and thin myofilaments. Scattered dense bodies and attachment plaques are described. The sarcoplasmic reticulum forms a three-dimensional network in the myofibrils and only peripheral couplings are observed. The thick filaments are of a paramyosin type and have a diameter ranging from 400-1500 A. The blood vessels muscle is non-striated, but sometimes a sarcomere-like organization has been observed. Both thick and thin filaments are present. The thick filaments have a diameter of 250-400 A and lack transverse striations. Dense bodies and attachment of plaques are few. The sparse sarcoplasmic reticulum is restricted to the myofibril periphery where it makes peripheral couplings with sarcolemma. The luminal surface of the vessels is lined by a basal lamina with collagen-like inclusions. No endothelium is found. The body wall muscle and the blood vessel muscle are compared with other muscle types described in invertebrates.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of muscle cells in Siboglinum fiordicum (Pogonophora). Two different muscle types are found in the body of Siboglinum fiordicum: body wall muscle and blood vessel muscle. Both are of a myomesothelial type. The myofibrils of the body wall muscle are non-striated and consist of thick and thin myofilaments. Scattered dense bodies and attachment plaques are described. The sarcoplasmic reticulum forms a three-dimensional network in the myofibrils and only peripheral couplings are observed. The thick filaments are of a paramyosin type and have a diameter ranging from 400-1500 A. The blood vessels muscle is non-striated, but sometimes a sarcomere-like organization has been observed. Both thick and thin filaments are present. The thick filaments have a diameter of 250-400 A and lack transverse striations. Dense bodies and attachment of plaques are few. The sparse sarcoplasmic reticulum is restricted to the myofibril periphery where it makes peripheral couplings with sarcolemma. The luminal surface of the vessels is lined by a basal lamina with collagen-like inclusions. No endothelium is found. The body wall muscle and the blood vessel muscle are compared with other muscle types described in invertebrates.", "PMID": 1182786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8625", "title": "Hypertrophy of intestinal smooth muscle.", "content": "Proximal to an experimental stenosis of the small intestine of rats and guinea-pigs a remarkable hypertrophy of the muscle coat develops 3-5 weeks after the operation. There is no increase in the length of the intestine but an overall increase in volume of the muscularis externa up to 10 times. This increase is accounted for by an increase in size and in number (by mitosis) of smooth muscle cells of both the longitudinal and circular layers. Bundles of newly-formed smooth cells appear in the serosa and are circularly arranged. In the hypertrophic smooth muscle cells of the circular layer the ratio of surface to volume is 0.80 (0.80 mum2 of cell surface for every mum3 of cell volume) as against 1.4 in the control muscle. The hypertrophic muscle cells have a highly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum and show a large number of nexuses. The density of innervation (number of axons per given number of smooth muscle cells) is smaller than in controls. Few collagen fibrils are visible in the extracellular space.", "contents": "Hypertrophy of intestinal smooth muscle. Proximal to an experimental stenosis of the small intestine of rats and guinea-pigs a remarkable hypertrophy of the muscle coat develops 3-5 weeks after the operation. There is no increase in the length of the intestine but an overall increase in volume of the muscularis externa up to 10 times. This increase is accounted for by an increase in size and in number (by mitosis) of smooth muscle cells of both the longitudinal and circular layers. Bundles of newly-formed smooth cells appear in the serosa and are circularly arranged. In the hypertrophic smooth muscle cells of the circular layer the ratio of surface to volume is 0.80 (0.80 mum2 of cell surface for every mum3 of cell volume) as against 1.4 in the control muscle. The hypertrophic muscle cells have a highly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum and show a large number of nexuses. The density of innervation (number of axons per given number of smooth muscle cells) is smaller than in controls. Few collagen fibrils are visible in the extracellular space.", "PMID": 1182787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8626", "title": "The composition and protein metabolism in the immature rabbit intervertebral disc.", "content": "The nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) of immature rabbit intervertebral discs (IVD) have been subjected to the dissociative extraction procedure of Sajdera and Hascall (1969). The soluble, insoluble and unextracted fractions so obtained were analysed for total nitrogen, collagen, tyrosine, uronic acid, hexosamine and sialic acid content. A high proportion of non-collagenous protein, hexose and sialic acid in the NP insoluble fraction suggests the presence of glycopeptides associated with collagen and/or proteoglycans. The levels of proteoglycan in the soluble NP and AF fraction are similar. Immature (soluble) collagen, however, resides largely in the AF region. The metabolism of rabbit IVD protein components was also investigated both chemically and by autoradiography. L-Tyrosine-3,5-H3 was administered intraperitoneally (3 mc/kg) to 4 week-old rabbits. Animals were sacrificed at various time intervals and the harvested tissues extracted as before and lumbar discs collected. The levels of L-Tyrosine-3,5-H3 in the NP and AF insoluble and soluble fractions were determined using a tritium scintillation counting procedure and localisation by autoradiography. Pronounced extracellular activity of proteoglycan and glycoprotein is not evident before 24 hours. Soluble collagen, however, is synthesized and dispersed within 4 hours of isotope administration.", "contents": "The composition and protein metabolism in the immature rabbit intervertebral disc. The nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) of immature rabbit intervertebral discs (IVD) have been subjected to the dissociative extraction procedure of Sajdera and Hascall (1969). The soluble, insoluble and unextracted fractions so obtained were analysed for total nitrogen, collagen, tyrosine, uronic acid, hexosamine and sialic acid content. A high proportion of non-collagenous protein, hexose and sialic acid in the NP insoluble fraction suggests the presence of glycopeptides associated with collagen and/or proteoglycans. The levels of proteoglycan in the soluble NP and AF fraction are similar. Immature (soluble) collagen, however, resides largely in the AF region. The metabolism of rabbit IVD protein components was also investigated both chemically and by autoradiography. L-Tyrosine-3,5-H3 was administered intraperitoneally (3 mc/kg) to 4 week-old rabbits. Animals were sacrificed at various time intervals and the harvested tissues extracted as before and lumbar discs collected. The levels of L-Tyrosine-3,5-H3 in the NP and AF insoluble and soluble fractions were determined using a tritium scintillation counting procedure and localisation by autoradiography. Pronounced extracellular activity of proteoglycan and glycoprotein is not evident before 24 hours. Soluble collagen, however, is synthesized and dispersed within 4 hours of isotope administration.", "PMID": 1182788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8627", "title": "Selection and characterization of eight phenotypically distinct lines of lectin-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell.", "content": "Clones resistant to the lectins phytohemagglutinin (PHA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), the agglutinin(s) from Lens culinaris (LCA), and ricin (RIC) have been selected from parental auxotrophic Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The sensitivity to other lectins of these cells and of CHO cells resistant to concanavalin A (ConA) has been determined, and their activity of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine glycoprotein N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase (GlcNAc-T) has been measured. At least 8 different phenotypes have been identified on the basis of this analysis, and complementation between 2 of them demonstrated.", "contents": "Selection and characterization of eight phenotypically distinct lines of lectin-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell. Clones resistant to the lectins phytohemagglutinin (PHA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), the agglutinin(s) from Lens culinaris (LCA), and ricin (RIC) have been selected from parental auxotrophic Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The sensitivity to other lectins of these cells and of CHO cells resistant to concanavalin A (ConA) has been determined, and their activity of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine glycoprotein N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase (GlcNAc-T) has been measured. At least 8 different phenotypes have been identified on the basis of this analysis, and complementation between 2 of them demonstrated.", "PMID": 1182798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8628", "title": "Alteration in cellular RNAs during the in vitro lifespan of cultured human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "An abrupt concommitant increase in total cellular RNA and protein was observed as cultured human diploid fibroblasts entered the senescent phase of their in vitro lifespan. DNA content remained stable from early to final passages. Fractionation of cellular RNAs by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated an increase in both 28S and 18S ribosomal and 4S transfer RNAs in these senescent cells. Separation of poly(A) RNA (mRNA) by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography suggests an increase in this group of RNAs. However, the ratios of 28S to 18S rRNAs, tRNA to rRNA, and mRNA to total cellular RNA were not significantly different in cells before and after senescence, indicating that the overall increases in total cellular RNA was not due to an accumulation of a single RNA class.", "contents": "Alteration in cellular RNAs during the in vitro lifespan of cultured human diploid fibroblasts. An abrupt concommitant increase in total cellular RNA and protein was observed as cultured human diploid fibroblasts entered the senescent phase of their in vitro lifespan. DNA content remained stable from early to final passages. Fractionation of cellular RNAs by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated an increase in both 28S and 18S ribosomal and 4S transfer RNAs in these senescent cells. Separation of poly(A) RNA (mRNA) by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography suggests an increase in this group of RNAs. However, the ratios of 28S to 18S rRNAs, tRNA to rRNA, and mRNA to total cellular RNA were not significantly different in cells before and after senescence, indicating that the overall increases in total cellular RNA was not due to an accumulation of a single RNA class.", "PMID": 1182799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8629", "title": "Ribosome binding to reovirus mRNA in protein synthesis requires 5' terminal 7-methylguanosine.", "content": "Purified reovirus synthesizes in vitro a mixture of mRNA molecules that contain 5' terminal structures of the type ppG..., GpppG..., and m7GpppGm, the relative amount of each depending upon the presence of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) or S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) in the transcription incubation mixture. Reovirus mRNAs containing 5' termini of the type ppG... and GpppG... can be specifically modified by wheat germ extracts in the presence of SAM to yield the structure m7GpppG...(Muthukrishnan et al., 1975). The mRNA methylase activity is ribosome-independent and is recovered almost entirely in the high speed supernatant fraction of wheat germ extracts. Its activity is inhibited by aurintricarboxylic acid. Ribosome binding experiments with reovirus mRNA and wheat germ extract indicate that only those mRNA molecules containing 5' terminal m7G are capable of participating in the initiation of protein synthesis and subsequent polysome formation. mRNA with unmethylated 5' termini do not form a complex with 40S ribosomal subunits. Discrimination between unmethylated and methylated reovirus mRNA, active in protein synthesis, apparently occurs at or before the formation of 40S-mRNA complexes. T1 or pancreatic RNAase digestion of methylated mRNA bound to 80S ribosomes yields 5' terminal fragments of apparent chain lengths about 32 and 36 nucleotides, respectively. A portion of the T1 RNAase-resistant fragments rebinds to ribosomes to form a nuclease-resistant complex. In contrast, the shorter 5' terminal oligonucleotide m7GpppGmpCpUp(Np)3Gp derived by RNAase T1 digestion of purified reovirus mRNA does not bind to ribosomes. The results suggest that 5' terminal m7G may function as the primary recognition signal for ribosome binding and that wheat germ ribosomes bind very close to the 5' termini of some of the species of methylated reovirus mRNAs.", "contents": "Ribosome binding to reovirus mRNA in protein synthesis requires 5' terminal 7-methylguanosine. Purified reovirus synthesizes in vitro a mixture of mRNA molecules that contain 5' terminal structures of the type ppG..., GpppG..., and m7GpppGm, the relative amount of each depending upon the presence of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) or S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) in the transcription incubation mixture. Reovirus mRNAs containing 5' termini of the type ppG... and GpppG... can be specifically modified by wheat germ extracts in the presence of SAM to yield the structure m7GpppG...(Muthukrishnan et al., 1975). The mRNA methylase activity is ribosome-independent and is recovered almost entirely in the high speed supernatant fraction of wheat germ extracts. Its activity is inhibited by aurintricarboxylic acid. Ribosome binding experiments with reovirus mRNA and wheat germ extract indicate that only those mRNA molecules containing 5' terminal m7G are capable of participating in the initiation of protein synthesis and subsequent polysome formation. mRNA with unmethylated 5' termini do not form a complex with 40S ribosomal subunits. Discrimination between unmethylated and methylated reovirus mRNA, active in protein synthesis, apparently occurs at or before the formation of 40S-mRNA complexes. T1 or pancreatic RNAase digestion of methylated mRNA bound to 80S ribosomes yields 5' terminal fragments of apparent chain lengths about 32 and 36 nucleotides, respectively. A portion of the T1 RNAase-resistant fragments rebinds to ribosomes to form a nuclease-resistant complex. In contrast, the shorter 5' terminal oligonucleotide m7GpppGmpCpUp(Np)3Gp derived by RNAase T1 digestion of purified reovirus mRNA does not bind to ribosomes. The results suggest that 5' terminal m7G may function as the primary recognition signal for ribosome binding and that wheat germ ribosomes bind very close to the 5' termini of some of the species of methylated reovirus mRNAs.", "PMID": 1182800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8630", "title": "The messenger RNA sequences in growing and resting mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "The sequences present in messenger RNA in resting and growing 3T6 cells have been examined. First, the abundance and complexity classes of mRNA in growing 3T6 were compared to those in other established cell lines. The overall complexities measured for mRNA from HeLa cells and the three mouse fibroblast lines, 3T6, SV-PY-3T3, and L, are qualitatively similar and correspond to approximately 10,000 sequences. The relative amount of the two major abundance classes and their complexities appear identical in the three mouse fibroblast lines despite their different histories. HeLa cell mRNA is significantly different both in the amount and the complexity of the two major classes. The complexity of the two mRNA classes appears the same in resting and growing 3T6, although there is a small difference in relative amounts. Cross hybridizing cDNA and mRNA from resting and growing cells shows that the majority of mRNA sequences are the same in the two states. However, cross hybridization after the common sequences are removed shows that about 3% of the mRNA in resting cells is not present in the growing state, while the opposite cross shows 3% of the mRNA in growing cells is not present in resting cells. These differences may result from alterations in gene expression which are related to the growth state of the cell.", "contents": "The messenger RNA sequences in growing and resting mouse fibroblasts. The sequences present in messenger RNA in resting and growing 3T6 cells have been examined. First, the abundance and complexity classes of mRNA in growing 3T6 were compared to those in other established cell lines. The overall complexities measured for mRNA from HeLa cells and the three mouse fibroblast lines, 3T6, SV-PY-3T3, and L, are qualitatively similar and correspond to approximately 10,000 sequences. The relative amount of the two major abundance classes and their complexities appear identical in the three mouse fibroblast lines despite their different histories. HeLa cell mRNA is significantly different both in the amount and the complexity of the two major classes. The complexity of the two mRNA classes appears the same in resting and growing 3T6, although there is a small difference in relative amounts. Cross hybridizing cDNA and mRNA from resting and growing cells shows that the majority of mRNA sequences are the same in the two states. However, cross hybridization after the common sequences are removed shows that about 3% of the mRNA in resting cells is not present in the growing state, while the opposite cross shows 3% of the mRNA in growing cells is not present in resting cells. These differences may result from alterations in gene expression which are related to the growth state of the cell.", "PMID": 1182801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8631", "title": "Initiation sites for translation of sindbis virus 42S and 26S messenger RNAs.", "content": "Sindbis virus 26S RNA is the principal species of virus-specific RNA found in the infected cell; it is derived from a one third segment of virion 42S RNA. When translated in cell-free extracts from mouse ascites cells or rabbit reticulocytes, 26S RNA directed the synthesis primarily of the 33,000 dalton virus capsid protein, and the protein products were in the form of free peptides rather than peptidyl-tRNA. In contrast, the polypeptides synthesized in either extract in response to Sindbis virus 42S RNA were heterogeneous, ranging in molecular weight from 33,000 to 190,000, and were largely in the form of peptidyl-tRNA. The number of independent initiation sites on the 26S and 42S RNAs was determined by analyzing a tryptic digest of reaction products labeled with yeast N-formyl-35S-methionyl-tRNAFmet. The 26S RNA appeared to contain a single initiation site, and this site could also be found in varying amounts in different preparations of 42S RNA. However, a second initiation site, distinct from that of 26S RNA, was the major site in 42S virion RNA. These results suggest that 42S virion RNA contains two potential sites for initiation of protein synthesis. Only one of these may be active, however, and it is postulated that the second site functions primarily, if not exclusively, in the subgenomic 26S RNA species. In this regard, Sindbis virus 42S RNA may represent a novel form of a eucaryotic messenger RNA.", "contents": "Initiation sites for translation of sindbis virus 42S and 26S messenger RNAs. Sindbis virus 26S RNA is the principal species of virus-specific RNA found in the infected cell; it is derived from a one third segment of virion 42S RNA. When translated in cell-free extracts from mouse ascites cells or rabbit reticulocytes, 26S RNA directed the synthesis primarily of the 33,000 dalton virus capsid protein, and the protein products were in the form of free peptides rather than peptidyl-tRNA. In contrast, the polypeptides synthesized in either extract in response to Sindbis virus 42S RNA were heterogeneous, ranging in molecular weight from 33,000 to 190,000, and were largely in the form of peptidyl-tRNA. The number of independent initiation sites on the 26S and 42S RNAs was determined by analyzing a tryptic digest of reaction products labeled with yeast N-formyl-35S-methionyl-tRNAFmet. The 26S RNA appeared to contain a single initiation site, and this site could also be found in varying amounts in different preparations of 42S RNA. However, a second initiation site, distinct from that of 26S RNA, was the major site in 42S virion RNA. These results suggest that 42S virion RNA contains two potential sites for initiation of protein synthesis. Only one of these may be active, however, and it is postulated that the second site functions primarily, if not exclusively, in the subgenomic 26S RNA species. In this regard, Sindbis virus 42S RNA may represent a novel form of a eucaryotic messenger RNA.", "PMID": 1182802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8632", "title": "Genes for VA-RNA in adenovirus 2.", "content": "VA-RNA from adenovirus 2 (Ad2) infected cells is shown to consist of two species. The gene coding for the major species maps at position 30 on the viral DNA, where it spans a site cleaved by the restriction enzyme Bam Hl. The minor species, constituting a few percent of the total VA-RNA, is distantly related in oligonucleotide composition to the major species. Its template maps within 700 base pairs to the right of the gene for the major species. The direction of transcription is from left to right on the conventional Ad2 map. These results, gained with a novel method for blotting (E. M. Southern, manuscript in preparation), have also led to the identification of the Bam Hl recognition sequence.", "contents": "Genes for VA-RNA in adenovirus 2. VA-RNA from adenovirus 2 (Ad2) infected cells is shown to consist of two species. The gene coding for the major species maps at position 30 on the viral DNA, where it spans a site cleaved by the restriction enzyme Bam Hl. The minor species, constituting a few percent of the total VA-RNA, is distantly related in oligonucleotide composition to the major species. Its template maps within 700 base pairs to the right of the gene for the major species. The direction of transcription is from left to right on the conventional Ad2 map. These results, gained with a novel method for blotting (E. M. Southern, manuscript in preparation), have also led to the identification of the Bam Hl recognition sequence.", "PMID": 1182803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8633", "title": "Fibrinolytic activity in a human fibrosarcoma cell line and evidence for the induction of plasminogen activator secretion during tumor formation.", "content": "Seven clones were isolated from the HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cell line using a fibrinagarose overlay technique. Three of these clones induced lysis of the fibrin overlay, whereas four did not. The extracellular and intracellular levels of protease were then measured using 125I-fibrin plates incubated with acid-treated human serum. The extracellular protease can be directly assayed in the medium from cells incubated with 10% fetal calf serum. Although there were large differences in the amounts of protease secreted by these two sets of clones, the intracellular levels of protease were similar. No significant differences were found between the abilities of the cells to grow in soft agar or as tumors in immunosuppressed hamsters. However, cells grown from tumors derived from all the low secretors of protease showed an increase in the amount of protease secreted. It appeared, therefore, that the secretion of protease might be selected for or induced during tumor growth. Further detailed studies with one of the low secreting clones (clone E) suggested an inductive rather than a selective mechanism for this increase in extracellular plasminogen activator.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic activity in a human fibrosarcoma cell line and evidence for the induction of plasminogen activator secretion during tumor formation. Seven clones were isolated from the HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cell line using a fibrinagarose overlay technique. Three of these clones induced lysis of the fibrin overlay, whereas four did not. The extracellular and intracellular levels of protease were then measured using 125I-fibrin plates incubated with acid-treated human serum. The extracellular protease can be directly assayed in the medium from cells incubated with 10% fetal calf serum. Although there were large differences in the amounts of protease secreted by these two sets of clones, the intracellular levels of protease were similar. No significant differences were found between the abilities of the cells to grow in soft agar or as tumors in immunosuppressed hamsters. However, cells grown from tumors derived from all the low secretors of protease showed an increase in the amount of protease secreted. It appeared, therefore, that the secretion of protease might be selected for or induced during tumor growth. Further detailed studies with one of the low secreting clones (clone E) suggested an inductive rather than a selective mechanism for this increase in extracellular plasminogen activator.", "PMID": 1182804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8634", "title": "The effects of topoinhibition and cytochalasin B on metabolic cooperation.", "content": "Metabolic cooperation was used to investigate the ability of 3T3 cells to form intercellular junctions under conditions of topoinhibition and topostimulation, respectively. A transformed BHK cell lacking hypoxanthine guanosine phosphoribosyl tranferase, which was used an an indicator, was found to incorporate 3H-hypoxanthine when in prolonged (20 hr) or brief (1 hr) contact with donor 3T3 cells, whether the latter were in a quiescent layer of in the region of stimulation at the edge of a wound. Cytochalasin B (1 mug/ml) prevented the development of metabolic cooperation and abolished most preexisting cooperation between donor 3T3 cells and recipient BHK cells. Cooperation was reestablished by removal of the drug. Cytochalasin B inhibited cooperation by the donor 3T3 cells in both the layer and wound edges, irrespective of topoinhibition and topostimulation. This provides further evidence that alteration in capacity to form stable intercellular junctions is not a necessary feature of the topoinhibition phenomenon.", "contents": "The effects of topoinhibition and cytochalasin B on metabolic cooperation. Metabolic cooperation was used to investigate the ability of 3T3 cells to form intercellular junctions under conditions of topoinhibition and topostimulation, respectively. A transformed BHK cell lacking hypoxanthine guanosine phosphoribosyl tranferase, which was used an an indicator, was found to incorporate 3H-hypoxanthine when in prolonged (20 hr) or brief (1 hr) contact with donor 3T3 cells, whether the latter were in a quiescent layer of in the region of stimulation at the edge of a wound. Cytochalasin B (1 mug/ml) prevented the development of metabolic cooperation and abolished most preexisting cooperation between donor 3T3 cells and recipient BHK cells. Cooperation was reestablished by removal of the drug. Cytochalasin B inhibited cooperation by the donor 3T3 cells in both the layer and wound edges, irrespective of topoinhibition and topostimulation. This provides further evidence that alteration in capacity to form stable intercellular junctions is not a necessary feature of the topoinhibition phenomenon.", "PMID": 1182805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8635", "title": "Ultrastructural aspects of histolytic processes in the salivary gland cells during metamorphic stages in Rhynchosciara hollaenderi (Diptera, Sciaridae).", "content": "The cytoplasm of Rhynchosciara hollaenderi late larval, prepupal and pupal salivary gland cells was studied at the ultrastructural level. In the second half of the 4th instar, evidence of an intensive secretory activity is visible in the form of numerous secretory granules in the apical area of the cells. At the same stage, the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae adjacent to Golgi groups are active in the transfer of vesicular elements. At later stages this activity rapidly diminishes. Before the appearance of the DNA puffs, i.e. at the end of the 4th instar, mitochondria begin to show a granular deposit and normal mitochondria decrease in number. These with the granular deposit form clusters and initiate formation of single autophagic vacuoles before the appearance of the DNA puffs. Later, at the time, when the 2B puff opens, the autophagic vacuoles appear in great number. Simultaneously with the formation of the autophagic vacuoles the presence of acid phosphatase in the Golgi vesicles and in autophagic vacuoles was shown. In the last stages investigated (late pupae) acid phosphatase is present free in the cytoplasm and at the same time disappearance of free ribosomes, pycnosis of polytene chromosomes and breakage of nuclear membranes occur. It is concluded that the histolysis of the salivary gland cells begins before the large DNA puffs appear, then it becomes very intensive and continues after these puffs undergo regression.", "contents": "Ultrastructural aspects of histolytic processes in the salivary gland cells during metamorphic stages in Rhynchosciara hollaenderi (Diptera, Sciaridae). The cytoplasm of Rhynchosciara hollaenderi late larval, prepupal and pupal salivary gland cells was studied at the ultrastructural level. In the second half of the 4th instar, evidence of an intensive secretory activity is visible in the form of numerous secretory granules in the apical area of the cells. At the same stage, the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae adjacent to Golgi groups are active in the transfer of vesicular elements. At later stages this activity rapidly diminishes. Before the appearance of the DNA puffs, i.e. at the end of the 4th instar, mitochondria begin to show a granular deposit and normal mitochondria decrease in number. These with the granular deposit form clusters and initiate formation of single autophagic vacuoles before the appearance of the DNA puffs. Later, at the time, when the 2B puff opens, the autophagic vacuoles appear in great number. Simultaneously with the formation of the autophagic vacuoles the presence of acid phosphatase in the Golgi vesicles and in autophagic vacuoles was shown. In the last stages investigated (late pupae) acid phosphatase is present free in the cytoplasm and at the same time disappearance of free ribosomes, pycnosis of polytene chromosomes and breakage of nuclear membranes occur. It is concluded that the histolysis of the salivary gland cells begins before the large DNA puffs appear, then it becomes very intensive and continues after these puffs undergo regression.", "PMID": 1182806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8636", "title": "Histone synthesis in Rhynchosciara salivary glands. I. Site and timing of synthesis.", "content": "The site of histone synthesis was studied in polytene cells of the salivary glands of the Rhynchosciara americana (Diptera). It was found that, as is the case in non-polytene systems, these proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm in a class of light polysomes which contain 3-4 ribosomes. This class of polyribosomes is most active at about 5 days before pupation when the nuclei are most active in DNA synthesis and the chromosomes of the gland show many open 'DNA puffs'.", "contents": "Histone synthesis in Rhynchosciara salivary glands. I. Site and timing of synthesis. The site of histone synthesis was studied in polytene cells of the salivary glands of the Rhynchosciara americana (Diptera). It was found that, as is the case in non-polytene systems, these proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm in a class of light polysomes which contain 3-4 ribosomes. This class of polyribosomes is most active at about 5 days before pupation when the nuclei are most active in DNA synthesis and the chromosomes of the gland show many open 'DNA puffs'.", "PMID": 1182807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8637", "title": "Investigation of lipid + water systems. Part 6. Proton magnetic resonance in ordered lyotropic mesophases.", "content": "P.m.r. measurements have been made on macroscopically ordered samples of the smectic mesophase in two 1-monoglyceride + water systems and the 1-amino-octane + water system. Three doublets have been observed, one from hydroxyl protons, and the remaining two from methylene protons in two sections of the alkyl chain undergoing different types of molecular motion. The protons of the glyceryl residue also contribute to one of the alkyl chain doublets. The magnitudes of the doublet splittings have been measured at a number of different temperatures and compositions in each system. Some correlations have been made between the splittings obtained and the type of head group and the length and conformation of the alkyl chain. The effects of temperature change have been interpreted in terms of the increasing occurrence of gauche configurations in segments of the alkyl chain. Correlations have been made between degrees of order obtained from p.m.r. and d.m.r. spectra.", "contents": "Investigation of lipid + water systems. Part 6. Proton magnetic resonance in ordered lyotropic mesophases. P.m.r. measurements have been made on macroscopically ordered samples of the smectic mesophase in two 1-monoglyceride + water systems and the 1-amino-octane + water system. Three doublets have been observed, one from hydroxyl protons, and the remaining two from methylene protons in two sections of the alkyl chain undergoing different types of molecular motion. The protons of the glyceryl residue also contribute to one of the alkyl chain doublets. The magnitudes of the doublet splittings have been measured at a number of different temperatures and compositions in each system. Some correlations have been made between the splittings obtained and the type of head group and the length and conformation of the alkyl chain. The effects of temperature change have been interpreted in terms of the increasing occurrence of gauche configurations in segments of the alkyl chain. Correlations have been made between degrees of order obtained from p.m.r. and d.m.r. spectra.", "PMID": 1182927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8638", "title": "Raman studies of some diunsaturated olefinic and acetylenic fatty acids and their derivatives.", "content": "The Raman spectra of CCl4 solutions of the 6,12; 7,12; 8,12; 9,12; and 10,12 isomers of octadecadiynoic acid and of the octadecadienoic acid methyl esters of both the cis,cis and trans,trans series are reported. Provided that there are two or more methylene groups between the unsaturated groups, the double and triple bond vibrational wavenumber values are close to those found in monounsaturated derivatives. An attempt has been made to obtain a correlation between the relative intensities of the nu(CequalsC) and delta(CH2) bands and the ratio of the number of double bonds to methylene groups in the molecule.", "contents": "Raman studies of some diunsaturated olefinic and acetylenic fatty acids and their derivatives. The Raman spectra of CCl4 solutions of the 6,12; 7,12; 8,12; 9,12; and 10,12 isomers of octadecadiynoic acid and of the octadecadienoic acid methyl esters of both the cis,cis and trans,trans series are reported. Provided that there are two or more methylene groups between the unsaturated groups, the double and triple bond vibrational wavenumber values are close to those found in monounsaturated derivatives. An attempt has been made to obtain a correlation between the relative intensities of the nu(CequalsC) and delta(CH2) bands and the ratio of the number of double bonds to methylene groups in the molecule.", "PMID": 1182928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8639", "title": "The PMR analysis of non-conjugated alkenoic and alkynoic acids and esters.", "content": "The 220 MHz PMR spectra of 143 non-conjugated alkenoic and alkynoic acids and esters are correlated so as to provide a method for the structural analysis of such compounds in general. The spectral data are explained in terms of long-range deshielding of the double bonds, triple bonds, acid and ester groups in the molecules, and parameters are derived to quantify the influence of these groups on the chemical shifts of methyl and methylene protons up to six carbon atoms distant along an alkyl chain. It is shown that, by the application of these parameters, 220 MHz PMR spectroscopy can be used to determine both the stereochemistry and position of double bonds, and the position of triple bonds, in the majority of fatty acids and esters. The 2- to 9- and 13- to 17-cis- and trans-isomers of octadecenoic acid may be readily idenfited in this way, whilst for the octadecynoic acids all positional isomers may be characterized. Examples are also given of the structural analysis of several polyenoic compounds, including methyl cis-5, cis-8, cis-11, cis-14, cis-5, cis-8, cis-11, trans-14, and trans-5, cis-8, cis-11, cis-14-eicosatetraenoates, and methyl trans-5, cis-9, cis-12-octadecatrienoate.", "contents": "The PMR analysis of non-conjugated alkenoic and alkynoic acids and esters. The 220 MHz PMR spectra of 143 non-conjugated alkenoic and alkynoic acids and esters are correlated so as to provide a method for the structural analysis of such compounds in general. The spectral data are explained in terms of long-range deshielding of the double bonds, triple bonds, acid and ester groups in the molecules, and parameters are derived to quantify the influence of these groups on the chemical shifts of methyl and methylene protons up to six carbon atoms distant along an alkyl chain. It is shown that, by the application of these parameters, 220 MHz PMR spectroscopy can be used to determine both the stereochemistry and position of double bonds, and the position of triple bonds, in the majority of fatty acids and esters. The 2- to 9- and 13- to 17-cis- and trans-isomers of octadecenoic acid may be readily idenfited in this way, whilst for the octadecynoic acids all positional isomers may be characterized. Examples are also given of the structural analysis of several polyenoic compounds, including methyl cis-5, cis-8, cis-11, cis-14, cis-5, cis-8, cis-11, trans-14, and trans-5, cis-8, cis-11, cis-14-eicosatetraenoates, and methyl trans-5, cis-9, cis-12-octadecatrienoate.", "PMID": 1182930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8640", "title": "Sinoatrial transmission and atrial invasion during normal rhythm in the rabbit heart.", "content": "Intracellular microelectrodes and small unipolar leads applied to endocardial surface of the right atrium in vitro were used to study the complex extracellular wave patterns recorded from the neighborhood of the cardiac pacemaker during spontaneous activity. Sinus activity propagated slowly toward the site of atrial invasion on the venous border of the crista terminalis. Atrial activation was marked by a primary negative wave that appeared 20-40 msec after pacemaker firing. Two sources of complex multiphasic waves were found. First, potentials from transitional sinus tissue propagated toward the atrium and caused low-voltage waves that preceded and slurred the onset of the atrial initial negativity. Second, bundles and layers of the crista terminalis muscle were excited asynchronously around the invasion region, as if cross-connections were infrequent. Waves originating from this source occurred after the firing of the invasion site. No extracellular wave could be associated with the firing of the true pacemaker cells. The sinoatrial ring bundle (SARB) yielded a discrete biphasic deflection along most of its way toward the coronary sinus. This potential appeared most frequently after that of the adjoining cristal muscle, raising questions about the functional role of the SARB as an internodal preferential pathway.", "contents": "Sinoatrial transmission and atrial invasion during normal rhythm in the rabbit heart. Intracellular microelectrodes and small unipolar leads applied to endocardial surface of the right atrium in vitro were used to study the complex extracellular wave patterns recorded from the neighborhood of the cardiac pacemaker during spontaneous activity. Sinus activity propagated slowly toward the site of atrial invasion on the venous border of the crista terminalis. Atrial activation was marked by a primary negative wave that appeared 20-40 msec after pacemaker firing. Two sources of complex multiphasic waves were found. First, potentials from transitional sinus tissue propagated toward the atrium and caused low-voltage waves that preceded and slurred the onset of the atrial initial negativity. Second, bundles and layers of the crista terminalis muscle were excited asynchronously around the invasion region, as if cross-connections were infrequent. Waves originating from this source occurred after the firing of the invasion site. No extracellular wave could be associated with the firing of the true pacemaker cells. The sinoatrial ring bundle (SARB) yielded a discrete biphasic deflection along most of its way toward the coronary sinus. This potential appeared most frequently after that of the adjoining cristal muscle, raising questions about the functional role of the SARB as an internodal preferential pathway.", "PMID": 1182932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8641", "title": "Influence of cardiopulmonary vagal afferent activity on carotid chemoreceptor and baroreceptor reflexes in the dog.", "content": "The goal of this study was to determine if physiological levels of cardiopulmonary vagal afferent activity modulate carotid chemoreceptor and baroreceptor reflexes. In anesthetized, ventilated dogs, the aortic nerves and the cervical sympathetic trunks were cut, and atropine was administered so that vagotomy would interrupt only cardiopulmonary afferent impulses. Reflex vascular responses were observed in perfused gracilis muscle and hindpaw. Carotid chemoreceptors were activated with nicotine or hypoxic, hypercapnic blood; carotid baroreceptors were stimulated by changes in carotid pressure. Interruption of vaga afferents augmented reflex vascular responses during changes incarotid pressure from 75 to 125 mm Hg. Interruption of cardiopulmonary vagal afferents potentiated reflex vasoconstrictor (muscle), vasodilator (paw), and vasopressor responses to activation of the carotid chemoreceptors. The potentiation of the chemoreceptor reflex frequently occurred in the absence of increases in base-line vascular resistance. Vagotomy also potentiated ventilatory responses to stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors in spontaneously breathing dogs. The results indicate that interruption of cardiopulmonary afferents potentiates the vascular and ventilatory responses to activation of the carotid chemoreceptors and augments the gain of the carotid baroreceptor reflex at low carotid pressures. These findings suggest that physiological levels of cardiopulmonary vagal afferent impulses suppress carotid baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes through an interaction in the central nervous system. The suppressive effect on the chemoreceptor reflex may be distinct from tonic restraint of the vasomotor center by vagal afferents, since it involves sympathetic vasodilator as well as vasoconstrictor responses and may occur without suppression of base-line adrenergic constrictor tone.", "contents": "Influence of cardiopulmonary vagal afferent activity on carotid chemoreceptor and baroreceptor reflexes in the dog. The goal of this study was to determine if physiological levels of cardiopulmonary vagal afferent activity modulate carotid chemoreceptor and baroreceptor reflexes. In anesthetized, ventilated dogs, the aortic nerves and the cervical sympathetic trunks were cut, and atropine was administered so that vagotomy would interrupt only cardiopulmonary afferent impulses. Reflex vascular responses were observed in perfused gracilis muscle and hindpaw. Carotid chemoreceptors were activated with nicotine or hypoxic, hypercapnic blood; carotid baroreceptors were stimulated by changes in carotid pressure. Interruption of vaga afferents augmented reflex vascular responses during changes incarotid pressure from 75 to 125 mm Hg. Interruption of cardiopulmonary vagal afferents potentiated reflex vasoconstrictor (muscle), vasodilator (paw), and vasopressor responses to activation of the carotid chemoreceptors. The potentiation of the chemoreceptor reflex frequently occurred in the absence of increases in base-line vascular resistance. Vagotomy also potentiated ventilatory responses to stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors in spontaneously breathing dogs. The results indicate that interruption of cardiopulmonary afferents potentiates the vascular and ventilatory responses to activation of the carotid chemoreceptors and augments the gain of the carotid baroreceptor reflex at low carotid pressures. These findings suggest that physiological levels of cardiopulmonary vagal afferent impulses suppress carotid baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes through an interaction in the central nervous system. The suppressive effect on the chemoreceptor reflex may be distinct from tonic restraint of the vasomotor center by vagal afferents, since it involves sympathetic vasodilator as well as vasoconstrictor responses and may occur without suppression of base-line adrenergic constrictor tone.", "PMID": 1182933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8642", "title": "Inhibition of bradykinin vasodilation and potentiation of norepinephrine and angiotensin vasoconstriction by inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis in skeletal muscle of the rat.", "content": "Recent reports have indicated that vascular responsiveness can be altered by exogenously administered or endogenously released prostaglandins. Furthermore, in certain tissues inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis have been shown to limit the increase in blood flow in response to bradykinin and to enhance the reduction in blood flow in response to angiotensin and norepinephrine. These findings suggest an important local circulatory role for prostaglandins. We attempted to implicate further prostaglandins in local blood flow regulation by examining the effects of indomethacin (IND) and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETA), inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, on microvascular arteriolar responses to bradykinin, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), histamine, norepinephrine, and angiotensin. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, and their cremaster muscle was exteriorized and prepared for in vivo microscopic observation of microvessels. Changes in arteriolar luminal diameters in response to topical administration of vasoactive agents were quantified with an image-shearing measuring eyepiece in conjunction with a television microscope and recorder. Local administration of IND or ETA significantly reduced the arteriolar dilation elicited by bradykinin, whereas the responses to PGE1 and PGE2 remained unaltered. Responses to histamine, although somewhat reduced, were not significantly different from control. Vasoconstrictor responses of arterioles elicited by norepinephrine and angiotensin were potentiated by IND or ETA administration. These results indicate that prostaglandins synthetized in skeletal muscle microcirculation in situ (1) mediate, in part, vasodilator responses to bradykinin and (2) modulate vasoconstrictor responses to angiotensin and norepinephrine. Thus, these findings support the hypothesis that prostaglandins are local regulators of microvascular responsiveness.", "contents": "Inhibition of bradykinin vasodilation and potentiation of norepinephrine and angiotensin vasoconstriction by inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis in skeletal muscle of the rat. Recent reports have indicated that vascular responsiveness can be altered by exogenously administered or endogenously released prostaglandins. Furthermore, in certain tissues inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis have been shown to limit the increase in blood flow in response to bradykinin and to enhance the reduction in blood flow in response to angiotensin and norepinephrine. These findings suggest an important local circulatory role for prostaglandins. We attempted to implicate further prostaglandins in local blood flow regulation by examining the effects of indomethacin (IND) and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETA), inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, on microvascular arteriolar responses to bradykinin, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), histamine, norepinephrine, and angiotensin. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, and their cremaster muscle was exteriorized and prepared for in vivo microscopic observation of microvessels. Changes in arteriolar luminal diameters in response to topical administration of vasoactive agents were quantified with an image-shearing measuring eyepiece in conjunction with a television microscope and recorder. Local administration of IND or ETA significantly reduced the arteriolar dilation elicited by bradykinin, whereas the responses to PGE1 and PGE2 remained unaltered. Responses to histamine, although somewhat reduced, were not significantly different from control. Vasoconstrictor responses of arterioles elicited by norepinephrine and angiotensin were potentiated by IND or ETA administration. These results indicate that prostaglandins synthetized in skeletal muscle microcirculation in situ (1) mediate, in part, vasodilator responses to bradykinin and (2) modulate vasoconstrictor responses to angiotensin and norepinephrine. Thus, these findings support the hypothesis that prostaglandins are local regulators of microvascular responsiveness.", "PMID": 1182934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8643", "title": "Transmural gradients in ventricular tissue metabolites produced by stopping coronary blood flow in the dog.", "content": "To determine whether transmural metabolite gradients develop in the contracting, ischemic left ventricle due to factors other than a nonuniform distribution of myocardial blood flow, right and left coronary artery inflow was completely stopped with vessel occluders in open-chest dogs for 15 or 30 seconds before a transmural myocardial tissue sample was obtained for regional analysis of creatine phosphate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and lactate. Heart rate was controlled, and the decline in left ventricular systolic pressure during the period in which coronary blood flow was stopped was attenuated by aortic constriction. Studies were also performed in dogs that were (1) pretreated with propranolol, (2) subjected to ventricular fibrillation, and (3) volume loaded. Control studies revealed no transmural metabolite gradients in the normally perfused ventricle, but creatine phosphate was slightly lower in the inner region than it was in the outer and middle ventricular wall regions. With coronary blood flow stopped for 30 seconds, a significant lactate gradient, increasing from the outer to the inner region, was present. Propranolol-treated dogs with their coronary blood flow stopped for 30 seconds also exhibited a lactate gradient, but dogs with ventricular fibrillation and their coronary blood flow stopped for 30 seconds did not. Volume-loaded dogs with their coronary blood flow stopped for only 15 seconds had a significant lactate gradient. Reciprocal gradients occurred in creatine phosphate but not in ATP. The findings suggest that the contracting ventricle uses energy unevenly and that in myocardial ischemia one of the factors causing greater subendocardial vulnerability is a greater energy need in this region.", "contents": "Transmural gradients in ventricular tissue metabolites produced by stopping coronary blood flow in the dog. To determine whether transmural metabolite gradients develop in the contracting, ischemic left ventricle due to factors other than a nonuniform distribution of myocardial blood flow, right and left coronary artery inflow was completely stopped with vessel occluders in open-chest dogs for 15 or 30 seconds before a transmural myocardial tissue sample was obtained for regional analysis of creatine phosphate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and lactate. Heart rate was controlled, and the decline in left ventricular systolic pressure during the period in which coronary blood flow was stopped was attenuated by aortic constriction. Studies were also performed in dogs that were (1) pretreated with propranolol, (2) subjected to ventricular fibrillation, and (3) volume loaded. Control studies revealed no transmural metabolite gradients in the normally perfused ventricle, but creatine phosphate was slightly lower in the inner region than it was in the outer and middle ventricular wall regions. With coronary blood flow stopped for 30 seconds, a significant lactate gradient, increasing from the outer to the inner region, was present. Propranolol-treated dogs with their coronary blood flow stopped for 30 seconds also exhibited a lactate gradient, but dogs with ventricular fibrillation and their coronary blood flow stopped for 30 seconds did not. Volume-loaded dogs with their coronary blood flow stopped for only 15 seconds had a significant lactate gradient. Reciprocal gradients occurred in creatine phosphate but not in ATP. The findings suggest that the contracting ventricle uses energy unevenly and that in myocardial ischemia one of the factors causing greater subendocardial vulnerability is a greater energy need in this region.", "PMID": 1182935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8644", "title": "Effect of spatial variations in shear on diffusion at the wall of an arterial branch.", "content": "The effect of spatially varying shear on transport to the wall of a two-dimensional branch was examined, using oxygen as the test solute and the results of earlier fluid mechanical calculations to provide the shear profiles in a region characterizing the aortic bifurcation. The numerical technique employed allowed both blood-phase and mural resistances to solute uptake to be treated simultaneously and self-consistently. The calculated profiles of wall concentration and mural flux were significantly different from those which would have obtained if the shear had been uniform. The calculations suggest that, even when solute is rapidly taken up from the blood, the occasional high-shear and flow-development sites encountered along the arterial tree prevent the diffusion boundary layer adjacent to the wall from thickening to the point at which nutrition is compromised. The indirect effect of arterial geometry on transport, consequent to its direct effect on the magnitude and the distribution of the relevant hemodynamic variables, was illustrated using the branch area ratio as the geometric parameter. The shapes of the flux and interfacial concentration profiles along the branch wall were markedly dependent on the extent to which wall shear affected intimal permeability.", "contents": "Effect of spatial variations in shear on diffusion at the wall of an arterial branch. The effect of spatially varying shear on transport to the wall of a two-dimensional branch was examined, using oxygen as the test solute and the results of earlier fluid mechanical calculations to provide the shear profiles in a region characterizing the aortic bifurcation. The numerical technique employed allowed both blood-phase and mural resistances to solute uptake to be treated simultaneously and self-consistently. The calculated profiles of wall concentration and mural flux were significantly different from those which would have obtained if the shear had been uniform. The calculations suggest that, even when solute is rapidly taken up from the blood, the occasional high-shear and flow-development sites encountered along the arterial tree prevent the diffusion boundary layer adjacent to the wall from thickening to the point at which nutrition is compromised. The indirect effect of arterial geometry on transport, consequent to its direct effect on the magnitude and the distribution of the relevant hemodynamic variables, was illustrated using the branch area ratio as the geometric parameter. The shapes of the flux and interfacial concentration profiles along the branch wall were markedly dependent on the extent to which wall shear affected intimal permeability.", "PMID": 1182936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8645", "title": "Changes in intramyocardial ST segment voltage and gas tensions with regional myocardial ischemia in the dog.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate the sensitivity of changes in myocardial carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions as indicators of regional myocardial ischemia and also to determine to what extent these changes can be related to changes in intramyocardial ST segment voltage. Changes in ST segment voltage recorded in unipolar epicardial electrodes proved to be a less-sensitive indicator of underlying myocardial ischemia than were changes in ST segment voltage recorded in unipolar intramyocardial electrodes. In 9 dogs, regional ischemia was produced by placing a variable constrictor on the left circumflex coronary artery; circumflex flow was monitored. Myocardial carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions were measured using a mass spectrometer. Unipolar electrograms were recorded using a multicontact plunge electrode. With progressive degrees of proximal stenosis, ranging from a critical stenosis, which is associated with a decrease in mean flow of less than 15%, to a severe stenosis associated with and 80% decrease, ST voltage increased 21 mv and carbon dioxide tension increased 84 mm Hg, but oxygen tension decreased only 7 mm Hg. The study suggests that increases in intramyocardial ST segment voltage, an index of myocardial ischemia, are associated with parallel increases in myocardial carbon dioxide tension, each providing a more sensitive quantitative correlate of regional myocardial ischemia than do decreases in oxygen tension. The local accumulation of carbon dioxide may be an important pathophysiological mechanism in myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Changes in intramyocardial ST segment voltage and gas tensions with regional myocardial ischemia in the dog. This study was designed to evaluate the sensitivity of changes in myocardial carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions as indicators of regional myocardial ischemia and also to determine to what extent these changes can be related to changes in intramyocardial ST segment voltage. Changes in ST segment voltage recorded in unipolar epicardial electrodes proved to be a less-sensitive indicator of underlying myocardial ischemia than were changes in ST segment voltage recorded in unipolar intramyocardial electrodes. In 9 dogs, regional ischemia was produced by placing a variable constrictor on the left circumflex coronary artery; circumflex flow was monitored. Myocardial carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions were measured using a mass spectrometer. Unipolar electrograms were recorded using a multicontact plunge electrode. With progressive degrees of proximal stenosis, ranging from a critical stenosis, which is associated with a decrease in mean flow of less than 15%, to a severe stenosis associated with and 80% decrease, ST voltage increased 21 mv and carbon dioxide tension increased 84 mm Hg, but oxygen tension decreased only 7 mm Hg. The study suggests that increases in intramyocardial ST segment voltage, an index of myocardial ischemia, are associated with parallel increases in myocardial carbon dioxide tension, each providing a more sensitive quantitative correlate of regional myocardial ischemia than do decreases in oxygen tension. The local accumulation of carbon dioxide may be an important pathophysiological mechanism in myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 1182937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8646", "title": "Control of renin secretion in the dog. Effects of furosemide on the vascular and macula densa receptors.", "content": "Experiments were undertaken to investigate further the effect of furosemide on renin secretion in the anesthetized dog. To separate the effects of the macula densa and the baroreceptor mechanisms, experiments were conducted in kidneys made nonfiltering by combining 2.5 hours of renal ischemia with ureteral ligation. Furosemide, in a dose of 5 mg/kg, increased renin secretion and decreased renal resistance in dogs with a nonfiltering kidney. Prior dilation of the nonfiltering kidney with either acetylcholine or papaverine prevented changes in both resistance and renin secretion. However, following dilation of the intact filtering kidney with acetylcholine, furosemide caused an increase in renin secretion. Infusion of d,l-propranolol decreased renin secretion in both the filtering and the nonfiltering kidneys. Following propranolol treatment, furosemide increased renin secretion in the filtering kidney but had no effect on renal resistance. These experiments indicate that furosemide stimulates renin secretion by both the macula densa and the baroreceptor mechanisms. The data suggest that stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system may alter renin secretion by modulating the renal baroreceptor, but sympathetic innervation does not appear to be involved in the macula densa mechanism.", "contents": "Control of renin secretion in the dog. Effects of furosemide on the vascular and macula densa receptors. Experiments were undertaken to investigate further the effect of furosemide on renin secretion in the anesthetized dog. To separate the effects of the macula densa and the baroreceptor mechanisms, experiments were conducted in kidneys made nonfiltering by combining 2.5 hours of renal ischemia with ureteral ligation. Furosemide, in a dose of 5 mg/kg, increased renin secretion and decreased renal resistance in dogs with a nonfiltering kidney. Prior dilation of the nonfiltering kidney with either acetylcholine or papaverine prevented changes in both resistance and renin secretion. However, following dilation of the intact filtering kidney with acetylcholine, furosemide caused an increase in renin secretion. Infusion of d,l-propranolol decreased renin secretion in both the filtering and the nonfiltering kidneys. Following propranolol treatment, furosemide increased renin secretion in the filtering kidney but had no effect on renal resistance. These experiments indicate that furosemide stimulates renin secretion by both the macula densa and the baroreceptor mechanisms. The data suggest that stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system may alter renin secretion by modulating the renal baroreceptor, but sympathetic innervation does not appear to be involved in the macula densa mechanism.", "PMID": 1182938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8647", "title": "Precordial and epicardial surface potentials during Myocardial ischemia in the pig. A theoretical and experimental analysis of the TQ and ST segments.", "content": "The solid angle theorem was used to analyze the relationships between TQ and ST segment deflections recorded from precordial and epicardial locations and the time course, size, shape, and transmural location of the ischemic process in the ventricular myocardium. Mathematical predictions were compared with experimental data from the intact heart. Precordial electrograms obtained in anesthetized close-chest pigs were compared with epicardial electrograms recorded directly from the heart's surface. Various areas of ischemia were produced by occluding large and small coronary artery branches, and the resultant changes in ischemic shape were delineated with Thioflavin S injections and postmortem ultraviolet photography. Formally derived equations and cumulative experimental data were in close agreement, suggesting that in the ischemic ventricle (1) TQ depression always accompanies ST elevation, (2) TQ and ST segment changes in magnitude and polarity are complex functions of ischemic size, shape, and transmural location; (3) precordial electrocardiogram (ECG) ST segment elevation is directly related to ischemic size; and (4) epicardial ECG ST segment elevation is inversely related to ischemic size. It is thus concluded that precordial and epicardial ECG TQ and ST segment deflections are complex functions of ischemic geometry and that their accurate interpretation with respect to ischemic size and shape and in the presence of pharmacological interventions is often difficult and may be misleading.", "contents": "Precordial and epicardial surface potentials during Myocardial ischemia in the pig. A theoretical and experimental analysis of the TQ and ST segments. The solid angle theorem was used to analyze the relationships between TQ and ST segment deflections recorded from precordial and epicardial locations and the time course, size, shape, and transmural location of the ischemic process in the ventricular myocardium. Mathematical predictions were compared with experimental data from the intact heart. Precordial electrograms obtained in anesthetized close-chest pigs were compared with epicardial electrograms recorded directly from the heart's surface. Various areas of ischemia were produced by occluding large and small coronary artery branches, and the resultant changes in ischemic shape were delineated with Thioflavin S injections and postmortem ultraviolet photography. Formally derived equations and cumulative experimental data were in close agreement, suggesting that in the ischemic ventricle (1) TQ depression always accompanies ST elevation, (2) TQ and ST segment changes in magnitude and polarity are complex functions of ischemic size, shape, and transmural location; (3) precordial electrocardiogram (ECG) ST segment elevation is directly related to ischemic size; and (4) epicardial ECG ST segment elevation is inversely related to ischemic size. It is thus concluded that precordial and epicardial ECG TQ and ST segment deflections are complex functions of ischemic geometry and that their accurate interpretation with respect to ischemic size and shape and in the presence of pharmacological interventions is often difficult and may be misleading.", "PMID": 1182939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8648", "title": "Stress, deformation, and atelectasis of the lung.", "content": "The lung parenchyma as a tissue has a rather unusual stress-strain relationship. A theoretical derivation of this relationship is presented which connects the surface tension and the tissue elastic stress in the alveolar septa with the alveolar geometry. The mathematical expression contains a few meaningful physical constants which can be determined by in vitro and in vivo experiments. With this stress-strain relationship, the general equations of lung mechanics are formulated, and solutions to some simpler problems are presented. First, the equilibrium of a lung subjected to a uniform inflation pressure (definition: alveolar air pressure - intrapleural pressure - pleural tension X mean curvature of pleura) is analyzed, and the stability of the equilibrium states with respect to small perturbations is examined. Second, an exact solution for a lung in a chest under the influence of gravity is presented; the solution is \"exact,\" of course, for only a particular lung, but it can serve as a standard to check numerical procedures being developed in many laboratories. Finally, three types of possible atelectasis-planar, axial, and focal-are analyzed. The planar type can exist in a normally inflated lung, provided the layers of alveoli are forced to collapse toward a plane by some external agent. But axial atelectasis (alveoli collapse into a cylinder) can occur only if the dimension (at which the elastic tension in the alveolar septa vanishes). Similarly, focal atelectasis can occur only if the entire lung is smaller than the resting volume.", "contents": "Stress, deformation, and atelectasis of the lung. The lung parenchyma as a tissue has a rather unusual stress-strain relationship. A theoretical derivation of this relationship is presented which connects the surface tension and the tissue elastic stress in the alveolar septa with the alveolar geometry. The mathematical expression contains a few meaningful physical constants which can be determined by in vitro and in vivo experiments. With this stress-strain relationship, the general equations of lung mechanics are formulated, and solutions to some simpler problems are presented. First, the equilibrium of a lung subjected to a uniform inflation pressure (definition: alveolar air pressure - intrapleural pressure - pleural tension X mean curvature of pleura) is analyzed, and the stability of the equilibrium states with respect to small perturbations is examined. Second, an exact solution for a lung in a chest under the influence of gravity is presented; the solution is \"exact,\" of course, for only a particular lung, but it can serve as a standard to check numerical procedures being developed in many laboratories. Finally, three types of possible atelectasis-planar, axial, and focal-are analyzed. The planar type can exist in a normally inflated lung, provided the layers of alveoli are forced to collapse toward a plane by some external agent. But axial atelectasis (alveoli collapse into a cylinder) can occur only if the dimension (at which the elastic tension in the alveolar septa vanishes). Similarly, focal atelectasis can occur only if the entire lung is smaller than the resting volume.", "PMID": 1182940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8649", "title": "Does the surface tension make the lung inherently unstable?", "content": "Many authors regard the human lung as a collection of 300 million bubbles independently connected by cylindrical tubes. Under surface tension such a model is inherently unstable in the sense that the small alveoli would empty into the large ones so that the lung would consist only of collapses and hyperinflated alveoli. It has been demonstrated that this basic model is wrong. My observation is based on the well-known fact that both sides of each interalveolar septum are exposed to ventilated air. When the topological relationship between the alveolar septa is properly taken into account, it can be shown that each interalveolar septum is a minimal surface and that there is no problem of inherent instability in the sense mentioned earlier. However, the lung structure is flimsy and can become unstable in the same sense that an airplane structure or an Atlas rocket can become unstable. The clarification of lung inflation and atelectasis can proceed in a rational manner when the confusion of an erroneous model is removed.", "contents": "Does the surface tension make the lung inherently unstable? Many authors regard the human lung as a collection of 300 million bubbles independently connected by cylindrical tubes. Under surface tension such a model is inherently unstable in the sense that the small alveoli would empty into the large ones so that the lung would consist only of collapses and hyperinflated alveoli. It has been demonstrated that this basic model is wrong. My observation is based on the well-known fact that both sides of each interalveolar septum are exposed to ventilated air. When the topological relationship between the alveolar septa is properly taken into account, it can be shown that each interalveolar septum is a minimal surface and that there is no problem of inherent instability in the sense mentioned earlier. However, the lung structure is flimsy and can become unstable in the same sense that an airplane structure or an Atlas rocket can become unstable. The clarification of lung inflation and atelectasis can proceed in a rational manner when the confusion of an erroneous model is removed.", "PMID": 1182941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8650", "title": "Static linear and nonlinear elastic properties of normal and arterialized venous tissue in dog and man.", "content": "Ten normal and four transplanted canine jugular vein segments and four human saphenous vein segments were studied to determine the in vitro static elastic properties of venous tissue and their modification by transplantation into the arterial system. Both the intraluminal pressure and the longitudinal force were varied, and the resulting dimensions were recorded photographically. Venous segments manifested a hysteresis response but showed minimum tendency to creep. The pressure-strain relationships were curvilinear with an initial, highly compliant phase over the physiological venous pressure range followed by a relatively noncompliant phase. This transition occurred at lower pressures for jugular segments than it did for saphenous segments. In contrast, comparable-sized canine carotide artery segments did not show this essentially noncompliant phase over the pressure range studied (0 to 200 cm H2O). At comparable pressures and strains, the jugular vein segments were stiffer than the saphenous vein segments in both the circumferential and the longitudinal directions. At comparable strains, the saphenous vein moduli were similar to those in the carotid artery segments. Jugular segments transplanted into arterial circuits became virtually noncompliant and markedly inhomogeneous, with wall thickening and a histologic picture of intimal proliferation. They showed no tendency to \"arterialize,\" that is, they failed to assume either the elastic or the histologic characteristics of arterial tissue.", "contents": "Static linear and nonlinear elastic properties of normal and arterialized venous tissue in dog and man. Ten normal and four transplanted canine jugular vein segments and four human saphenous vein segments were studied to determine the in vitro static elastic properties of venous tissue and their modification by transplantation into the arterial system. Both the intraluminal pressure and the longitudinal force were varied, and the resulting dimensions were recorded photographically. Venous segments manifested a hysteresis response but showed minimum tendency to creep. The pressure-strain relationships were curvilinear with an initial, highly compliant phase over the physiological venous pressure range followed by a relatively noncompliant phase. This transition occurred at lower pressures for jugular segments than it did for saphenous segments. In contrast, comparable-sized canine carotide artery segments did not show this essentially noncompliant phase over the pressure range studied (0 to 200 cm H2O). At comparable pressures and strains, the jugular vein segments were stiffer than the saphenous vein segments in both the circumferential and the longitudinal directions. At comparable strains, the saphenous vein moduli were similar to those in the carotid artery segments. Jugular segments transplanted into arterial circuits became virtually noncompliant and markedly inhomogeneous, with wall thickening and a histologic picture of intimal proliferation. They showed no tendency to \"arterialize,\" that is, they failed to assume either the elastic or the histologic characteristics of arterial tissue.", "PMID": 1182942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8651", "title": "Studies on magnesium's mechanism of action in digitalis-induced arrhythmias.", "content": "The mechanism by which magnesium affects digitalis-induced arrhythmias was studied in dogs with and without beta-receptor blockade. Digoxin was infused at a rate of 2.5mug/kg/min until ventricular tachycardia developed, then half the animals were given MgSO4, the other half saline. In animals given MgSO4, sinus rhythm was immediately re-established; in animals given saline, ventricular tachycardia persisted. In animals with beta-receptor blockade, MgSO4 was as effective in abolishing ventricular tachycardia as in those without beta-receptor blockade. We found no evidence that magnesium re-activated digoxin-inhibited (Na+, K+)-ATPase, altered myocardial or microsomal digoxin binding, or acted via the autonomic nervous system. Magnesium's direct effect on calcium and potassium fluxes across the myocardial cell membrane may be the mechanism of its antiarrhythmic action in digitalis-toxic arrhythmias.", "contents": "Studies on magnesium's mechanism of action in digitalis-induced arrhythmias. The mechanism by which magnesium affects digitalis-induced arrhythmias was studied in dogs with and without beta-receptor blockade. Digoxin was infused at a rate of 2.5mug/kg/min until ventricular tachycardia developed, then half the animals were given MgSO4, the other half saline. In animals given MgSO4, sinus rhythm was immediately re-established; in animals given saline, ventricular tachycardia persisted. In animals with beta-receptor blockade, MgSO4 was as effective in abolishing ventricular tachycardia as in those without beta-receptor blockade. We found no evidence that magnesium re-activated digoxin-inhibited (Na+, K+)-ATPase, altered myocardial or microsomal digoxin binding, or acted via the autonomic nervous system. Magnesium's direct effect on calcium and potassium fluxes across the myocardial cell membrane may be the mechanism of its antiarrhythmic action in digitalis-toxic arrhythmias.", "PMID": 1182944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8652", "title": "Ventricular arrhythmias in the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. Relation to left ventricular function detected by gated cardiac blood pool scanning.", "content": "Abnormalities of left ventricular function and extent of myocardial infarction were studied in relation to prevalence of late ventricular premature contractions (VPCs) in 36 patients in the convalescent stage of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and percent akinesis (%A) were calculated from gated cardiac blood pool scans; myocardial infarct size was estimated from peak CPK values; and VPCs were detected by 24 hour ambulatory ECGs 2-4 weeks following hospitalization for acute MI. Twenty-two patients had either zero (class 0) or less than 30/hour unifocal VPCs (class I). Fourteen patients had greater than 30/hour unifocal (class II), multifocal (class III) or coupled VPCs (class IV), including ventricular tachycardia. Thirteen of 14 class II-IV patients had EF less than 40% compared with only 8 of 22 class 0-I patients. Class II-IV patients had significantly lower mean EF (30.5 +/- 2.3 SE to 49.6 +/- 4.0) P less than 0.01, higher mean %A (28.1 +/- 2.2 to 16.9 +/- 3.7) P less than 0.05, and higher mean peak CPK (1350 +/- 187 to 721 +/- 155) P less than 0.05 than class 0-I patients. These data suggest that VPCs may not be an independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death in the convalescent phase of MI.", "contents": "Ventricular arrhythmias in the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. Relation to left ventricular function detected by gated cardiac blood pool scanning. Abnormalities of left ventricular function and extent of myocardial infarction were studied in relation to prevalence of late ventricular premature contractions (VPCs) in 36 patients in the convalescent stage of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and percent akinesis (%A) were calculated from gated cardiac blood pool scans; myocardial infarct size was estimated from peak CPK values; and VPCs were detected by 24 hour ambulatory ECGs 2-4 weeks following hospitalization for acute MI. Twenty-two patients had either zero (class 0) or less than 30/hour unifocal VPCs (class I). Fourteen patients had greater than 30/hour unifocal (class II), multifocal (class III) or coupled VPCs (class IV), including ventricular tachycardia. Thirteen of 14 class II-IV patients had EF less than 40% compared with only 8 of 22 class 0-I patients. Class II-IV patients had significantly lower mean EF (30.5 +/- 2.3 SE to 49.6 +/- 4.0) P less than 0.01, higher mean %A (28.1 +/- 2.2 to 16.9 +/- 3.7) P less than 0.05, and higher mean peak CPK (1350 +/- 187 to 721 +/- 155) P less than 0.05 than class 0-I patients. These data suggest that VPCs may not be an independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death in the convalescent phase of MI.", "PMID": 1182945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8653", "title": "Time dependent changes in the functional properties of the atrioventricular conduction system in man.", "content": "Time dependent changes in the electrophysiological properties of the atrioventricular conducting system (AVCS) were determined at two or more cycle lengths (CL) in 22 patients using bundle of His (H) electrograms, incremental atrial pacing and atrial extrastimulus method. The atrioventricular (A-H interval) and intraventricular (H-V interval) conduction times and refractory periods (RP) of the atrium, the A-V node (AVN) and His-Purkinje system (HPS) were measured during the control period, and repeat measurements were made after a 30 minute interval in eight patients (group A), after a 60 minute interval in nine (group B) and after 30 and 60 minute intervals in five (group C). No statistically significant changes from control values were seen after 30 and 60 minute intervals in any group in sinus rate, A-V nodal conduction time and the onset of A-V nodal Wenckebach block. H-V intervals were identical to the control values in all groups. Insignificant changes from control values occurred in RP of the atrium and HPS. Only the functional refractory period (FRP) of the AVN showed a statistically significant decrease from control values in groups B and C. This decrease could be explained by changes in autonomic tone. These observations in general confirm the reproducibility of electrophysiological properties of AVCS within one hour, and further support the validity of the techniques utilized in this and previously reported studies in the evaluation of cardioactive drugs.", "contents": "Time dependent changes in the functional properties of the atrioventricular conduction system in man. Time dependent changes in the electrophysiological properties of the atrioventricular conducting system (AVCS) were determined at two or more cycle lengths (CL) in 22 patients using bundle of His (H) electrograms, incremental atrial pacing and atrial extrastimulus method. The atrioventricular (A-H interval) and intraventricular (H-V interval) conduction times and refractory periods (RP) of the atrium, the A-V node (AVN) and His-Purkinje system (HPS) were measured during the control period, and repeat measurements were made after a 30 minute interval in eight patients (group A), after a 60 minute interval in nine (group B) and after 30 and 60 minute intervals in five (group C). No statistically significant changes from control values were seen after 30 and 60 minute intervals in any group in sinus rate, A-V nodal conduction time and the onset of A-V nodal Wenckebach block. H-V intervals were identical to the control values in all groups. Insignificant changes from control values occurred in RP of the atrium and HPS. Only the functional refractory period (FRP) of the AVN showed a statistically significant decrease from control values in groups B and C. This decrease could be explained by changes in autonomic tone. These observations in general confirm the reproducibility of electrophysiological properties of AVCS within one hour, and further support the validity of the techniques utilized in this and previously reported studies in the evaluation of cardioactive drugs.", "PMID": 1182946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8654", "title": "Initial forces of ventricular depolarization in the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. Analysis based upon localization of the accessory pathway by epicardial mapping.", "content": "The epicardial activation sequence of 34 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was determined. Epicardial pre-excitation occurred at a spectrum of sites over either the free wall of the left or right ventricle or in a paraseptal region, always adjacent to the atrioventricular rings. The site of pre-excitation was related to the spatial position of the 10 msec vector of the vectorcardiogram (VCG) in 15 patients and the 20 msec vector of the electrocardiogram (ECG) in 29 patients with a single accessory pathway. All patients whose 20 msec vector (ECG) was directed to the right had accessory pathways which caused epicardial breakthrough over the free wall of the left ventricle. When the 20 msec vector (ECG) was to the left and inferior, epicardial pre-excitation was over either the right ventricular free wall or in the region of the pulmonary outflow tract. Superior location of the initial forces, especially the 10 msec vector (VCG), strongly suggested the presence of a septal bypass tract. The polarity of the delta wave and maximum QRS forces in precordial lead V1 were discordant in a significant number of patients, pointing to probable shortcomings of a classification based upon the latter.", "contents": "Initial forces of ventricular depolarization in the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. Analysis based upon localization of the accessory pathway by epicardial mapping. The epicardial activation sequence of 34 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was determined. Epicardial pre-excitation occurred at a spectrum of sites over either the free wall of the left or right ventricle or in a paraseptal region, always adjacent to the atrioventricular rings. The site of pre-excitation was related to the spatial position of the 10 msec vector of the vectorcardiogram (VCG) in 15 patients and the 20 msec vector of the electrocardiogram (ECG) in 29 patients with a single accessory pathway. All patients whose 20 msec vector (ECG) was directed to the right had accessory pathways which caused epicardial breakthrough over the free wall of the left ventricle. When the 20 msec vector (ECG) was to the left and inferior, epicardial pre-excitation was over either the right ventricular free wall or in the region of the pulmonary outflow tract. Superior location of the initial forces, especially the 10 msec vector (VCG), strongly suggested the presence of a septal bypass tract. The polarity of the delta wave and maximum QRS forces in precordial lead V1 were discordant in a significant number of patients, pointing to probable shortcomings of a classification based upon the latter.", "PMID": 1182947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8655", "title": "Diagnostic accuracy of ambulatory ECG monitoring in ischemic heart disease.", "content": "Fifty patients with precordial pain were evaluated by 24 hour ambulatory ECG monitoring during normal everyday activities, and by coronary arteriography. The monitoring was regarded as positive if deviation of the ST segment of 1 mm or more from the resting pattern was observed, or if major T wave inversion occurred. Comparison of the results of the two tests showed a good correlation. Among the 32 patients with positive abnormalities on ECG monitoring, 28 had severe coronary disease (greater than 60% obstruction). Among the 18 patients with negative monitoring, only three had severe coronary disease. All seven patients with major T inversion had significant coronary obstruction. The type of chest pain and the resting ECG were less indicative of coronary pathology. The good correlation demonstrated between the ambulatory ECG monitoring and coronary arteriograms validates the monitoring as a reliable tool for uncovering latent ischemic heart disease (IHD) and for evaluation of patients with established IHD.", "contents": "Diagnostic accuracy of ambulatory ECG monitoring in ischemic heart disease. Fifty patients with precordial pain were evaluated by 24 hour ambulatory ECG monitoring during normal everyday activities, and by coronary arteriography. The monitoring was regarded as positive if deviation of the ST segment of 1 mm or more from the resting pattern was observed, or if major T wave inversion occurred. Comparison of the results of the two tests showed a good correlation. Among the 32 patients with positive abnormalities on ECG monitoring, 28 had severe coronary disease (greater than 60% obstruction). Among the 18 patients with negative monitoring, only three had severe coronary disease. All seven patients with major T inversion had significant coronary obstruction. The type of chest pain and the resting ECG were less indicative of coronary pathology. The good correlation demonstrated between the ambulatory ECG monitoring and coronary arteriograms validates the monitoring as a reliable tool for uncovering latent ischemic heart disease (IHD) and for evaluation of patients with established IHD.", "PMID": 1182948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8656", "title": "Prodromata of myocardial infarction and sudden death.", "content": "A sample of 160 hospitalized, acute myocardial infarction patients and 138 individuals who died prior to hospitalization from acute coronary heart disease were studied to determine the incidence and duration of prodromal symptoms and action taken to cope with the symptoms. Seventy percent of the in-hospital subsample (IHS) and 64% of the out-hospital subsample (OHS) reported prodromata. The OHS reported a significantly longer median duration of symptoms than the IHS (29 versus 10.5 days). Sixty-seven percent of the IHS reported new or accelerated anginal symptoms as the most frequently occurring symptom, in contrast to 35% for the OHS. Twenty-seven percent of the IHS and 36% of the OHS consulted a physician about symptoms. Individuals in both subgroups, especially chronically diseased patients, considered their symptoms manageable. Likewise, when contacted, their physicians may have viewed these symptoms as manageable. Patients with a high risk of myocardial infarction and sudden death were significantly more likely to have consulted physicians during the prodromal phase than low-risk patients. A clearly delineated prodromal syndrome is needed so that both lay and medical communities can effectively respond to and intervene during the prodromal phase of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death.", "contents": "Prodromata of myocardial infarction and sudden death. A sample of 160 hospitalized, acute myocardial infarction patients and 138 individuals who died prior to hospitalization from acute coronary heart disease were studied to determine the incidence and duration of prodromal symptoms and action taken to cope with the symptoms. Seventy percent of the in-hospital subsample (IHS) and 64% of the out-hospital subsample (OHS) reported prodromata. The OHS reported a significantly longer median duration of symptoms than the IHS (29 versus 10.5 days). Sixty-seven percent of the IHS reported new or accelerated anginal symptoms as the most frequently occurring symptom, in contrast to 35% for the OHS. Twenty-seven percent of the IHS and 36% of the OHS consulted a physician about symptoms. Individuals in both subgroups, especially chronically diseased patients, considered their symptoms manageable. Likewise, when contacted, their physicians may have viewed these symptoms as manageable. Patients with a high risk of myocardial infarction and sudden death were significantly more likely to have consulted physicians during the prodromal phase than low-risk patients. A clearly delineated prodromal syndrome is needed so that both lay and medical communities can effectively respond to and intervene during the prodromal phase of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death.", "PMID": 1182949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8657", "title": "Coronary occlusion during coronary angiography.", "content": "Between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 1974, 2981 patients underwent coronary arteriography. Twelve acute coronary dissections or embolizations occurred, an incidence of 0.4%. The incidences of acute occlusions for the Sones and Judkins techniques were 0.19% (4/2077 studies) and 0.88% (8/940), respectively. No instance of acute occlusion has occurred during the past 490 studies performed by the Judkins technique. Eight patients with right coronary artery dissections or circumflex emboli were treated medically. All survived, but in seven a myocardial infarction evolved. Four patients underwent emergency saphenous venous bypass grafting because of refractory ventricular fibrillation (two patients) or because large amounts of myocardium were thought jeopardized (two patients). All patients in this group had interruption of flow supplying the left anterior descending coronary artery. Despite surgical intervention in less than three hours in all patients, survivors all sustained transmural myocardial infarctions. Three patients survived surgery and were discharged home.", "contents": "Coronary occlusion during coronary angiography. Between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 1974, 2981 patients underwent coronary arteriography. Twelve acute coronary dissections or embolizations occurred, an incidence of 0.4%. The incidences of acute occlusions for the Sones and Judkins techniques were 0.19% (4/2077 studies) and 0.88% (8/940), respectively. No instance of acute occlusion has occurred during the past 490 studies performed by the Judkins technique. Eight patients with right coronary artery dissections or circumflex emboli were treated medically. All survived, but in seven a myocardial infarction evolved. Four patients underwent emergency saphenous venous bypass grafting because of refractory ventricular fibrillation (two patients) or because large amounts of myocardium were thought jeopardized (two patients). All patients in this group had interruption of flow supplying the left anterior descending coronary artery. Despite surgical intervention in less than three hours in all patients, survivors all sustained transmural myocardial infarctions. Three patients survived surgery and were discharged home.", "PMID": 1182950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8658", "title": "Left ventricular performance assessed by radionuclide angiocardiography and echocardiography in patients with previous myocardial infarction.", "content": "In 61 patients (77 studies) who had a transmural myocardial infarction, we compared the left ventricular ejection fraction by echocardiography with the ejection fraction determined by a computerized radioisotope technique that makes no assumptions regarding left ventricular geometry. In 31 studies of 26 patients with normal left ventricular wall motion by videotracking and normal left heart size, ejection fraction averaged 0.57 +/- 0.09 (SD) by ultrasound and 0.62 +/- 0.10 by the isotope method. Measurements of ejection fraction by both techniques correlated well (r = 0.86) and there was complete separation between patients with normal and reduced ejection fraction. In 46 studies of 35 patients in whom left ventricular wall motion abnormalities were recorded by videotracking, ejection fraction by the isotope method averaged 0.46 +/- 0.08, while average echo ejection fraction was 0.62 +/- 0.12. The correlation between the ultrasound and isotope methods in these 46 studies was poor (r = 0.33) and in 28 studies measurement of the ejection fraction by the two techniques was discordant. In 26 of the 27 studies where there was a reduced ejection fraction by the isotope method and a normal ejection fraction by echo, the dyssynergy involved the anterolateral left ventricular wall. These data indicate that echocardiographic measurements frequently overestimate left ventricular performance in patients with previous myocardial infarction associated with anterolateral wall motion disorders.", "contents": "Left ventricular performance assessed by radionuclide angiocardiography and echocardiography in patients with previous myocardial infarction. In 61 patients (77 studies) who had a transmural myocardial infarction, we compared the left ventricular ejection fraction by echocardiography with the ejection fraction determined by a computerized radioisotope technique that makes no assumptions regarding left ventricular geometry. In 31 studies of 26 patients with normal left ventricular wall motion by videotracking and normal left heart size, ejection fraction averaged 0.57 +/- 0.09 (SD) by ultrasound and 0.62 +/- 0.10 by the isotope method. Measurements of ejection fraction by both techniques correlated well (r = 0.86) and there was complete separation between patients with normal and reduced ejection fraction. In 46 studies of 35 patients in whom left ventricular wall motion abnormalities were recorded by videotracking, ejection fraction by the isotope method averaged 0.46 +/- 0.08, while average echo ejection fraction was 0.62 +/- 0.12. The correlation between the ultrasound and isotope methods in these 46 studies was poor (r = 0.33) and in 28 studies measurement of the ejection fraction by the two techniques was discordant. In 26 of the 27 studies where there was a reduced ejection fraction by the isotope method and a normal ejection fraction by echo, the dyssynergy involved the anterolateral left ventricular wall. These data indicate that echocardiographic measurements frequently overestimate left ventricular performance in patients with previous myocardial infarction associated with anterolateral wall motion disorders.", "PMID": 1182951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8659", "title": "Quantitative relationships between potassium-43 imaging and left ventricular cineangiography following myocardial infarction in man.", "content": "To evaluate the quantitative relationships between resting potassium-43 (43K) myocardial imaging and left ventricular segmental contraction abnormalities, 15 patients were studied by both radionuclide and contrast angiographic techniques at least two months following transmural myocardial infarction. The ECG location of infarction involved the anterior wall alone in six patients, inferior wall alone in three patients, both anterior and inferior walls in five patients, and in one patient ECG-anatomic correlation was obscured by newly developed left bundle branch block. 43K defects were noted in all patients. Anterior wall 43K defects were noted in all patients with previous anterior infarction and seven of nine inferior infarcts. These 43K defects were associated with a quantifiable decrease in regional radioactivity of at least 20% of normal appearing zones, and their location correlated with the angiographic site of akinesis or dyskinesis. The extent of the 43K defect (% 43K HP [% potassium 43 hypoperfusion]) was measured by planimetry and averaged 49% of the anterior view image (range 25-66%), 43% of the left anterior oblique image (range 0-58%), with the mean of both views being 47% (range 17-62%). The mean total area of the anterior image was 58 cm2 (range 40-101 cm2). The extent of the 43K defect (% 43K HP) was related to the extent of segmental contraction abnormality (% ACS). Correlations between % ACS and anterior view % 43K HP (r = 0.67), left anterior oblique % 43K HP (r = 0.54), and mean % 43K HP (r = 0.77) were found. The total size of the anterior view image correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic volume (r = 0.79). Thus, in this initial group of patients following transmural infarction, potassium-43 imaging can be accurately and quantitatively correlated with the site and extent of regional ventricular dysfunction as it is assessed by quantitative left ventricular angiography.", "contents": "Quantitative relationships between potassium-43 imaging and left ventricular cineangiography following myocardial infarction in man. To evaluate the quantitative relationships between resting potassium-43 (43K) myocardial imaging and left ventricular segmental contraction abnormalities, 15 patients were studied by both radionuclide and contrast angiographic techniques at least two months following transmural myocardial infarction. The ECG location of infarction involved the anterior wall alone in six patients, inferior wall alone in three patients, both anterior and inferior walls in five patients, and in one patient ECG-anatomic correlation was obscured by newly developed left bundle branch block. 43K defects were noted in all patients. Anterior wall 43K defects were noted in all patients with previous anterior infarction and seven of nine inferior infarcts. These 43K defects were associated with a quantifiable decrease in regional radioactivity of at least 20% of normal appearing zones, and their location correlated with the angiographic site of akinesis or dyskinesis. The extent of the 43K defect (% 43K HP [% potassium 43 hypoperfusion]) was measured by planimetry and averaged 49% of the anterior view image (range 25-66%), 43% of the left anterior oblique image (range 0-58%), with the mean of both views being 47% (range 17-62%). The mean total area of the anterior image was 58 cm2 (range 40-101 cm2). The extent of the 43K defect (% 43K HP) was related to the extent of segmental contraction abnormality (% ACS). Correlations between % ACS and anterior view % 43K HP (r = 0.67), left anterior oblique % 43K HP (r = 0.54), and mean % 43K HP (r = 0.77) were found. The total size of the anterior view image correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic volume (r = 0.79). Thus, in this initial group of patients following transmural infarction, potassium-43 imaging can be accurately and quantitatively correlated with the site and extent of regional ventricular dysfunction as it is assessed by quantitative left ventricular angiography.", "PMID": 1182952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8660", "title": "Nutrient myocardial blood flow in experimental myocardial ischemia. Effects of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation and coronary reperfusion.", "content": "This experimental study was designed to evaluate the effect of intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP) upon nutrient myocardial blood flow (NMBF) following acute myocardial ischemia in dogs, but also to determine whether IABP improves NMBF following revascularization. Localized myocardial ischemia was produced by ligation of one or two small branches of the circumflex coronary artery combined with a three hour snare occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery distal to the first septal branch. NMBF was measured by NaI131 washout at three points corresponding to the peripheral, intermediate, and central zones of the infarct. Occlusion of the coronary arteries reduced NMBF. Release of occlusion after three hours, or the equivalent of coronary artery revascularization, increased NMBF but did not restore it to control levels. The increase in flow was more marked in the peripheral zones of ischemia. IABP increased NMBF significantly both during and after release of occlusion. The effect was sustained after cessation of IABP only when the latter was maintained during the period of reperfusion. The results indicate that NMBF, defined by washout of a locally injected tracer, was improved by both IABP and reperfusion. The beneficial effect was maximal when the two techniques were combined.", "contents": "Nutrient myocardial blood flow in experimental myocardial ischemia. Effects of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation and coronary reperfusion. This experimental study was designed to evaluate the effect of intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP) upon nutrient myocardial blood flow (NMBF) following acute myocardial ischemia in dogs, but also to determine whether IABP improves NMBF following revascularization. Localized myocardial ischemia was produced by ligation of one or two small branches of the circumflex coronary artery combined with a three hour snare occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery distal to the first septal branch. NMBF was measured by NaI131 washout at three points corresponding to the peripheral, intermediate, and central zones of the infarct. Occlusion of the coronary arteries reduced NMBF. Release of occlusion after three hours, or the equivalent of coronary artery revascularization, increased NMBF but did not restore it to control levels. The increase in flow was more marked in the peripheral zones of ischemia. IABP increased NMBF significantly both during and after release of occlusion. The effect was sustained after cessation of IABP only when the latter was maintained during the period of reperfusion. The results indicate that NMBF, defined by washout of a locally injected tracer, was improved by both IABP and reperfusion. The beneficial effect was maximal when the two techniques were combined.", "PMID": 1182953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8661", "title": "Echocardiographic detection of mitral valve prolapse. Exclusion of false positive diagnosis and determination of inheritance.", "content": "An important potential source of error in the echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse has been identified -- namely a systolic hammock-like pattern of the anterior and/or posterior mitral leaflet echoes, similar to that associated with true mitral valve prolapse, produced artifactually when the ultrasonic transducer is angulated inferiorly. Utilizing a modified, more specific technique we characterized the mode of inheritance and familial prevalence of this disorder. Among 74 subjects, composed of 57 first-degree relatives and 17 propositi with mitral valve prolapse, mitral valve prolapse was detected in 27 of 57 (47%) of the first-degree relatives. Fifty-three percent of female and 36% of male progeny of propositi were affected. Furthermore, familial transmission occurred from propositi to both sexes. Results of this study indicate that mitral valve prolapse is transmitted in an autosomal dominant mode with reduced male expressivity and a familial prevalence of 47% and that appropriate echocardiographic techniques must be employed to avoid a high incidence of false positive diagnosis.", "contents": "Echocardiographic detection of mitral valve prolapse. Exclusion of false positive diagnosis and determination of inheritance. An important potential source of error in the echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse has been identified -- namely a systolic hammock-like pattern of the anterior and/or posterior mitral leaflet echoes, similar to that associated with true mitral valve prolapse, produced artifactually when the ultrasonic transducer is angulated inferiorly. Utilizing a modified, more specific technique we characterized the mode of inheritance and familial prevalence of this disorder. Among 74 subjects, composed of 57 first-degree relatives and 17 propositi with mitral valve prolapse, mitral valve prolapse was detected in 27 of 57 (47%) of the first-degree relatives. Fifty-three percent of female and 36% of male progeny of propositi were affected. Furthermore, familial transmission occurred from propositi to both sexes. Results of this study indicate that mitral valve prolapse is transmitted in an autosomal dominant mode with reduced male expressivity and a familial prevalence of 47% and that appropriate echocardiographic techniques must be employed to avoid a high incidence of false positive diagnosis.", "PMID": 1182954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8662", "title": "Correlation between echocardiographically demonstrated segmental dyskinesis and regional myocardial perfusion.", "content": "In order to evaluate the relationship between regional myocardial perfusion and segmental dyskinesis, 22 open chest dogs were studied using ultrasound to register cardiac wall motion and radioactive labeled microspheres to determine myocardial perfusion. In six dogs, motion and perfusion were correlated at two levels of partial circumflex coronary artery occlusion followed by complete occlusion. A good correlation between declining myocardial perfusion of all the ischemic segments and development of aneurysmal bulging (during isometric contraction) was seen: r = minus 0.80. A similar correlation between myocardial perfusion and endocardial wall velocity (during systolic ejection) was observed: r = 0.92. In nine dogs, the effect of 45 minutes of complete coronary occlusion followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion was evaluated with respect to perfusion and motion. After coronary reperfusion myocardial perfusion of the ischemic area returned to control levels (from 32.6 +/- 3.5 to 130.3 +/- 13.3 ml/100 g/min), but aneurysmal bulging during isometric contraction persisted. Endocardial wall velocity during systolic ejection showed a variable response to reperfusion, achieving values ranging from 32% to 162% of the preocclusion levels. In seven dogs the ultrasound beam was reflected off nonischemic myocardium adjacent to areas of ischemia resulting from coronary occlusion. Despite preservation of normal myocardial perfusion in these nonischemic areas wall motion abnormalities were evident: endocardial wall velocity declined from 25.8 +/- 5.8 to 14.0 +/- 4.9 mm/sec (P less than 0.01), and aneurysmal bulging in three animals. These changes may be due to transient undetected ischemia in the segments struck by the ultrasound beam, or to passive alteration of the motion of the normally perfused areas by the severe dyskinesis of the adjacent ischemic myocardium.", "contents": "Correlation between echocardiographically demonstrated segmental dyskinesis and regional myocardial perfusion. In order to evaluate the relationship between regional myocardial perfusion and segmental dyskinesis, 22 open chest dogs were studied using ultrasound to register cardiac wall motion and radioactive labeled microspheres to determine myocardial perfusion. In six dogs, motion and perfusion were correlated at two levels of partial circumflex coronary artery occlusion followed by complete occlusion. A good correlation between declining myocardial perfusion of all the ischemic segments and development of aneurysmal bulging (during isometric contraction) was seen: r = minus 0.80. A similar correlation between myocardial perfusion and endocardial wall velocity (during systolic ejection) was observed: r = 0.92. In nine dogs, the effect of 45 minutes of complete coronary occlusion followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion was evaluated with respect to perfusion and motion. After coronary reperfusion myocardial perfusion of the ischemic area returned to control levels (from 32.6 +/- 3.5 to 130.3 +/- 13.3 ml/100 g/min), but aneurysmal bulging during isometric contraction persisted. Endocardial wall velocity during systolic ejection showed a variable response to reperfusion, achieving values ranging from 32% to 162% of the preocclusion levels. In seven dogs the ultrasound beam was reflected off nonischemic myocardium adjacent to areas of ischemia resulting from coronary occlusion. Despite preservation of normal myocardial perfusion in these nonischemic areas wall motion abnormalities were evident: endocardial wall velocity declined from 25.8 +/- 5.8 to 14.0 +/- 4.9 mm/sec (P less than 0.01), and aneurysmal bulging in three animals. These changes may be due to transient undetected ischemia in the segments struck by the ultrasound beam, or to passive alteration of the motion of the normally perfused areas by the severe dyskinesis of the adjacent ischemic myocardium.", "PMID": 1182955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8663", "title": "Myocardial metabolic studies in prolapsing mitral leaflet syndrome.", "content": "Patients with prolapsing mitral leaflet syndrome (PML) frequently have chest pain of undetermined etiology. Twenty-three patients with PML underwent cardiac hemodynamic, angiographic, and metabolic studies. The latter were performed during control spontaneous heart rate and tachycardia by right atrial pacing. Myocardial supply-demand ratio (DPTI:SPTI) was estimated from the planimetric integration of the diastolic area (diastolic pressure time index = DPTI) and systolic area (systolic pressure time index = SPTI) of the central aortic pressure. Chest pain during pacing occurred in five patients. In two patients, it was associated with ST depression typical of ischemia on the electrocardiogram. Myocardial lactate abnormalities (lactate production or less than 10% extraction) occurred in seven patients during pacing tachycardia and was present in two patients during control state. DPTI:SPTI ratio during control state was 1.22 (+/- 0.07 SE) and decreased to 0.85 (+/- 0.05 SE) during pacing tachycardia. It is concluded that the myocardial lactate abnormalities in PML, which were present in approximately 30% of the patients in the present series, are most likely due to myocardial hypoxia. Whether or not the hypoxia is secondary to \"small vessel disease\" is not elucidated by this study.", "contents": "Myocardial metabolic studies in prolapsing mitral leaflet syndrome. Patients with prolapsing mitral leaflet syndrome (PML) frequently have chest pain of undetermined etiology. Twenty-three patients with PML underwent cardiac hemodynamic, angiographic, and metabolic studies. The latter were performed during control spontaneous heart rate and tachycardia by right atrial pacing. Myocardial supply-demand ratio (DPTI:SPTI) was estimated from the planimetric integration of the diastolic area (diastolic pressure time index = DPTI) and systolic area (systolic pressure time index = SPTI) of the central aortic pressure. Chest pain during pacing occurred in five patients. In two patients, it was associated with ST depression typical of ischemia on the electrocardiogram. Myocardial lactate abnormalities (lactate production or less than 10% extraction) occurred in seven patients during pacing tachycardia and was present in two patients during control state. DPTI:SPTI ratio during control state was 1.22 (+/- 0.07 SE) and decreased to 0.85 (+/- 0.05 SE) during pacing tachycardia. It is concluded that the myocardial lactate abnormalities in PML, which were present in approximately 30% of the patients in the present series, are most likely due to myocardial hypoxia. Whether or not the hypoxia is secondary to \"small vessel disease\" is not elucidated by this study.", "PMID": 1182956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8664", "title": "Amelioration of the effects of ischemic cardiac arrest by the intracoronary administration of cardioplegic solutions.", "content": "Interruption of coronary flow during cardiac surgical procedures provides a bloodless flaccid heart and allows precise and rapid correction of complex cardiac defects. However, myocardial damage occurs in direct proportion to the duration of the ischemia. As the induction of cardioplegia simulataneous with the initiation of cardiac ischemia helps to preserve cardiac energy reserves and thus myocardial integrity, the identification of a consistently reliable cardioplegic technique is desirable. Isolated perfused working rat hearts were made ischemic for one hour by aortic cross-clamping and were compared with hearts rendered cardioplegic at the onset of ischemia by the intracoronary administration of 5 ml of a hypothermic solution: 1) Krebs-Henseleit buffer, 2) Ringer's lactate, 3) tetrodotoxin, 4) potassium chloride, or 5) potassium citrate. Cardiac output, heart rate, aortic pressure and coronary flow were determined pre and post-ischemia. When compared to time-matched controls and hearts arrested with potassium or tetrodotoxin, the ischemia and ischemia-Ringer's lactate groups showed significant post cross-clamp depression of all measured parameters. Intracoronary Ringer's lactate, although often used as an adjunct to ischemic arrest, was not of significant value. In contrast, hearts arrested with tetrodotoxin, potassium chloride or potassium citrate showed no significant post-ischemic functional or histologic deficit. Perfusion with hypothermic Krebs-Henseleit buffer protected the myocardium better than did Ringer's lactate but less well than the tetrodotoxin or isotonic high potassium solutions. The induction of hypothermic metabolic arrest of the heart by briefly perfusing the coronary arteries via the aortic root with isotonic buffered solutions results in markedly improved myocardial tolerance to one hour of ischemia and avoids the problems of low cardiac output and ventricular irritability previously reported with hypertonic potassium citrate arrest.", "contents": "Amelioration of the effects of ischemic cardiac arrest by the intracoronary administration of cardioplegic solutions. Interruption of coronary flow during cardiac surgical procedures provides a bloodless flaccid heart and allows precise and rapid correction of complex cardiac defects. However, myocardial damage occurs in direct proportion to the duration of the ischemia. As the induction of cardioplegia simulataneous with the initiation of cardiac ischemia helps to preserve cardiac energy reserves and thus myocardial integrity, the identification of a consistently reliable cardioplegic technique is desirable. Isolated perfused working rat hearts were made ischemic for one hour by aortic cross-clamping and were compared with hearts rendered cardioplegic at the onset of ischemia by the intracoronary administration of 5 ml of a hypothermic solution: 1) Krebs-Henseleit buffer, 2) Ringer's lactate, 3) tetrodotoxin, 4) potassium chloride, or 5) potassium citrate. Cardiac output, heart rate, aortic pressure and coronary flow were determined pre and post-ischemia. When compared to time-matched controls and hearts arrested with potassium or tetrodotoxin, the ischemia and ischemia-Ringer's lactate groups showed significant post cross-clamp depression of all measured parameters. Intracoronary Ringer's lactate, although often used as an adjunct to ischemic arrest, was not of significant value. In contrast, hearts arrested with tetrodotoxin, potassium chloride or potassium citrate showed no significant post-ischemic functional or histologic deficit. Perfusion with hypothermic Krebs-Henseleit buffer protected the myocardium better than did Ringer's lactate but less well than the tetrodotoxin or isotonic high potassium solutions. The induction of hypothermic metabolic arrest of the heart by briefly perfusing the coronary arteries via the aortic root with isotonic buffered solutions results in markedly improved myocardial tolerance to one hour of ischemia and avoids the problems of low cardiac output and ventricular irritability previously reported with hypertonic potassium citrate arrest.", "PMID": 1182957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8665", "title": "Postmortem tissue digoxin concentrations in infants and children.", "content": "The concentrations of digoxin in tissues of premature infants, full-term infants and older children obtained at autopsy were determined by a radioimmunoassay procedure. Infants were found to have much higher concentrations in the right and left ventricle (about 190 ng/g) than older children (about 70 ng/g) and adults as reported in the literature. Renal concentrations were lower in the premature group which may be related to their limited excretory capacity for digoxin. The relatively high myocardial concentrations of digoxin found in this study suggest that the usually recommended doses for infants may be excessive.", "contents": "Postmortem tissue digoxin concentrations in infants and children. The concentrations of digoxin in tissues of premature infants, full-term infants and older children obtained at autopsy were determined by a radioimmunoassay procedure. Infants were found to have much higher concentrations in the right and left ventricle (about 190 ng/g) than older children (about 70 ng/g) and adults as reported in the literature. Renal concentrations were lower in the premature group which may be related to their limited excretory capacity for digoxin. The relatively high myocardial concentrations of digoxin found in this study suggest that the usually recommended doses for infants may be excessive.", "PMID": 1182958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8666", "title": "Long-term survival after aortic valve replacement using Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis.", "content": "The long-term prognosis of 187 consecutive patients who received single aortic valve replacement using Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis was studied. Of the 163 patients who survived the operation, a long-term follow-up (up to eight years) was obtained in 153 patients (95%). A total of 34 patients (22%) died during the follow-up period. Including the hospital mortality, the actuarial survival rate of our patients with Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis was 0.69 after the fifth year and 0.611 after the eighth year of follow-up. This is similar to the actuarial survival rate of patients with Starr-Edwards prosthesis but it appears significantly better than the expected survival rate of symptomatic patients with aortic stenosis treated without surgery. Thus, this result supports the contention that aortic valve surgery in properly selected patients can prolong life expectancy in addition to relieving symptoms in patients with aortic valve disease. The majority of surviving patients reported to have improved (88%) since the operation and to be symptom free (82%).", "contents": "Long-term survival after aortic valve replacement using Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis. The long-term prognosis of 187 consecutive patients who received single aortic valve replacement using Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis was studied. Of the 163 patients who survived the operation, a long-term follow-up (up to eight years) was obtained in 153 patients (95%). A total of 34 patients (22%) died during the follow-up period. Including the hospital mortality, the actuarial survival rate of our patients with Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis was 0.69 after the fifth year and 0.611 after the eighth year of follow-up. This is similar to the actuarial survival rate of patients with Starr-Edwards prosthesis but it appears significantly better than the expected survival rate of symptomatic patients with aortic stenosis treated without surgery. Thus, this result supports the contention that aortic valve surgery in properly selected patients can prolong life expectancy in addition to relieving symptoms in patients with aortic valve disease. The majority of surviving patients reported to have improved (88%) since the operation and to be symptom free (82%).", "PMID": 1182959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8667", "title": "De subitaneis mortibus. XV. Hereditary stenosis of the His bundle in Pug dogs.", "content": "Syncope and sudden death occurs in certain purebred Pug dogs which have been found to have intermittent sinus pauses and paroxysmal second degree heart block on electrocardiographic (ECG) study. We have established a colony of such dogs to study this problem and here report the results of histological examination of the cardiac conduction system in twenty-one of them. These include a dam which may be considered the proband, three of her offspring (two littermates) and three fetal pups in an unborn litter of one of these; three of the four adult dogs died suddenly and unexpectedly. Two groups of puppies descendants of these lines were also studied after they all died within three days of birth. The first group of puppies (8) did not have suitable ECG studies but the second group (6) did and showed ECG changes similar to those in the adult dogs. In all 21 dogs the sinus node was anatomically normal, but in every one there was significant stenosis of the midportion of the His bundle. There was no abnormality of the atrioventricular (A-V) node or of the bundle branches, and the cardiac valves and coronary arteries were normal. Two pups had ventricular septal defects and one of these had an atrial defect as well. All the dogs were of the normal fawn color, had a normal physical appearance and no visible evidence of associated extracardiac abnormalities. The adult dogs were able to hear normally but the puppies died too early to test their hearing. The paroxysmal heart block may in part be attributable to the abnormality in the His bundle, but other factors possibly leading to heart block and long sinus pauses are discussed. Stenosis of the midportion of the His bundle appears to be a heritable trait in these purebred Pug dogs.", "contents": "De subitaneis mortibus. XV. Hereditary stenosis of the His bundle in Pug dogs. Syncope and sudden death occurs in certain purebred Pug dogs which have been found to have intermittent sinus pauses and paroxysmal second degree heart block on electrocardiographic (ECG) study. We have established a colony of such dogs to study this problem and here report the results of histological examination of the cardiac conduction system in twenty-one of them. These include a dam which may be considered the proband, three of her offspring (two littermates) and three fetal pups in an unborn litter of one of these; three of the four adult dogs died suddenly and unexpectedly. Two groups of puppies descendants of these lines were also studied after they all died within three days of birth. The first group of puppies (8) did not have suitable ECG studies but the second group (6) did and showed ECG changes similar to those in the adult dogs. In all 21 dogs the sinus node was anatomically normal, but in every one there was significant stenosis of the midportion of the His bundle. There was no abnormality of the atrioventricular (A-V) node or of the bundle branches, and the cardiac valves and coronary arteries were normal. Two pups had ventricular septal defects and one of these had an atrial defect as well. All the dogs were of the normal fawn color, had a normal physical appearance and no visible evidence of associated extracardiac abnormalities. The adult dogs were able to hear normally but the puppies died too early to test their hearing. The paroxysmal heart block may in part be attributable to the abnormality in the His bundle, but other factors possibly leading to heart block and long sinus pauses are discussed. Stenosis of the midportion of the His bundle appears to be a heritable trait in these purebred Pug dogs.", "PMID": 1182960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8668", "title": "The incidence and clinical implications of coronary artery spasm.", "content": "The total incidence of coronary artery spasm during coronary angiography has been reported to be between 0.26% and 0.93%. The rarity of this phenomenon has been invoked to minimize its clinical significance. Review of a one-year experience in our catheterization laboratory showed that coronary spasm occurred in eight of 274 coronary angiograms (2.93%). In three instances, spasm could not be ascribed to catheter tip irrigation, and was considered to be spontaneous. Since multiple factors during coronary arteriography might inhibit the occurrence of coronary spasm, it is believed that the incidence of spontaneous spasm may be higher than can be documented during angiography. Coronary spasm may have important clinical significance in various chest pain syndromes and greater methodical attention should be directed toward this phenomenon.", "contents": "The incidence and clinical implications of coronary artery spasm. The total incidence of coronary artery spasm during coronary angiography has been reported to be between 0.26% and 0.93%. The rarity of this phenomenon has been invoked to minimize its clinical significance. Review of a one-year experience in our catheterization laboratory showed that coronary spasm occurred in eight of 274 coronary angiograms (2.93%). In three instances, spasm could not be ascribed to catheter tip irrigation, and was considered to be spontaneous. Since multiple factors during coronary arteriography might inhibit the occurrence of coronary spasm, it is believed that the incidence of spontaneous spasm may be higher than can be documented during angiography. Coronary spasm may have important clinical significance in various chest pain syndromes and greater methodical attention should be directed toward this phenomenon.", "PMID": 1182961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8669", "title": "Electrophysiologic characteristics of Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve.", "content": "Electrophysiologic characteristics of five patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve were defined with studies using luminal intracardiac electrode catheters. The diagnosis was made in each case from clinical data and confirmed at cardiac catheterization by the presence of an atrialized right ventricular chamber with atrial mechanical activity and ventricular electrical activity. In three cases intra-right atrial conduction was prolonged (P-A intervals of 50, 50, and 65 msec), a finding which reflected the presence of a characteristically large right atrium. The bundle of His electrogram was recorded in its usual anatomical location. Atrioventricular nodal conduction was prolonged in only one case. Intra-His delay was observed in two cases (bundle of His duration of 30 and 30 msec). Infranodal conduction was prolonged in four cases with H-V intervals of 60, 65, 65, and 80 msec. The anatomical abnormalities were least severe in the only patient with a normal H-V interval (50 msec). The prolonged H-V interval was thought to result from stretching of the conduction system over the atrialized right ventricle (ARV). The late depolarization during the splintered R' of the electrocardiogram found during intracardiac mapping of the ARV in three patients confirms the theory that the ARV produces the \"second QRS\" typically seen in this anomaly. The ARV was particularly irritable, and ventricular fibrillation was produced in two patients during catheter manipulation in this area. In one case the ARV had a shorter refractory period than the body of the right ventricle. Re-entrant supraventricular tachycardia was induced in the only patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In addition to the previously recognized electrophysiologic features reconfirmed here, patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve usually have: normal position of the bundle of His, prolonged intra- right atrial conduction, prolonged infranodal conduction, and irritable ARV with delayed activation.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic characteristics of Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve. Electrophysiologic characteristics of five patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve were defined with studies using luminal intracardiac electrode catheters. The diagnosis was made in each case from clinical data and confirmed at cardiac catheterization by the presence of an atrialized right ventricular chamber with atrial mechanical activity and ventricular electrical activity. In three cases intra-right atrial conduction was prolonged (P-A intervals of 50, 50, and 65 msec), a finding which reflected the presence of a characteristically large right atrium. The bundle of His electrogram was recorded in its usual anatomical location. Atrioventricular nodal conduction was prolonged in only one case. Intra-His delay was observed in two cases (bundle of His duration of 30 and 30 msec). Infranodal conduction was prolonged in four cases with H-V intervals of 60, 65, 65, and 80 msec. The anatomical abnormalities were least severe in the only patient with a normal H-V interval (50 msec). The prolonged H-V interval was thought to result from stretching of the conduction system over the atrialized right ventricle (ARV). The late depolarization during the splintered R' of the electrocardiogram found during intracardiac mapping of the ARV in three patients confirms the theory that the ARV produces the \"second QRS\" typically seen in this anomaly. The ARV was particularly irritable, and ventricular fibrillation was produced in two patients during catheter manipulation in this area. In one case the ARV had a shorter refractory period than the body of the right ventricle. Re-entrant supraventricular tachycardia was induced in the only patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In addition to the previously recognized electrophysiologic features reconfirmed here, patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve usually have: normal position of the bundle of His, prolonged intra- right atrial conduction, prolonged infranodal conduction, and irritable ARV with delayed activation.", "PMID": 1182962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8670", "title": "Left ventricular function in tricuspid atresia. Angiographic analysis in 28 patients.", "content": "Thirty-one left ventricular (LV) biplane angiograms were performed in 28 patients with tricuspid atresia. Measurements of left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and left ventricular end-systolic volume were obtained by the modified Simpson's rule and systolic ejection fraction (EF) calculated. Left ventricular volumes and ejection fractions were also obtained in 19 control patients with no significant heart disease. The patients with tricuspid atresia were classified according to the appearance of the pulmonary vascularity on initial radiologic examination: Group A, decreased pulmonary vascularity; Group B, increased pulmonary vascularity. In the 13 group A infants who were unoperated, LVEDV was increased and EF mildly diminished. In the group B patients LVEDV was increased and EF normal. In the 12 group A patients with surgical shunts LVEDV was elevated. The five group A patients with long-standing systemic artery to pulmonary artery anastomoses (greater than 10 years) showed the largest LVEDV and the poorest EF. The angiographic data indicate that patients with tricuspid atresia experience significant LV dysfunction as a consequence of longstanding LV volume overload. The early detection of LV dysfunction may be an indication for a right ventricular bypass procedure in these patients.", "contents": "Left ventricular function in tricuspid atresia. Angiographic analysis in 28 patients. Thirty-one left ventricular (LV) biplane angiograms were performed in 28 patients with tricuspid atresia. Measurements of left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and left ventricular end-systolic volume were obtained by the modified Simpson's rule and systolic ejection fraction (EF) calculated. Left ventricular volumes and ejection fractions were also obtained in 19 control patients with no significant heart disease. The patients with tricuspid atresia were classified according to the appearance of the pulmonary vascularity on initial radiologic examination: Group A, decreased pulmonary vascularity; Group B, increased pulmonary vascularity. In the 13 group A infants who were unoperated, LVEDV was increased and EF mildly diminished. In the group B patients LVEDV was increased and EF normal. In the 12 group A patients with surgical shunts LVEDV was elevated. The five group A patients with long-standing systemic artery to pulmonary artery anastomoses (greater than 10 years) showed the largest LVEDV and the poorest EF. The angiographic data indicate that patients with tricuspid atresia experience significant LV dysfunction as a consequence of longstanding LV volume overload. The early detection of LV dysfunction may be an indication for a right ventricular bypass procedure in these patients.", "PMID": 1182963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8671", "title": "Demographic characteristics and trends in arteriosclerotic heart disease mortality: Sudden death and myocardial infarction.", "content": "The Baltimore Study of Sudden Death and Myocardial Infarction was a two-year project to investigate the epidemiological, clinical and pathological characteristics of sudden death and myocardial infarction in a defined population. The incidence of sudden death was much higher in men than women for both blacks and whites. Blacks and white women had a similar incidence of transmural myocardial infarction, but white men had a much higher incidence of transmural myocardial infarction than black men. White men who died suddenly had twice as many coronary thrombi at postmortem examination than black men and a greater extent of coronary artery stenosis than the other three race-sex groups. Black men had a higher prevalence of heart weights greater than 500 grams. Women who died suddenly were more often not married and smoked more cigarettes than neighborhood controls. Nine of 39 white women who died suddenly due to ASHD had a definite prior psychiatric history. The ASHD death rates have been declining in the 45 to 64 age groups, especially for white men. However, a comparison of the 1964 and 1970-72 sudden death studies in Baltimore reveals that the same percentage of ASHD deaths were sudden unwitnessed, occurred in a hospital or had a prior history of heart disease in both time periods.", "contents": "Demographic characteristics and trends in arteriosclerotic heart disease mortality: Sudden death and myocardial infarction. The Baltimore Study of Sudden Death and Myocardial Infarction was a two-year project to investigate the epidemiological, clinical and pathological characteristics of sudden death and myocardial infarction in a defined population. The incidence of sudden death was much higher in men than women for both blacks and whites. Blacks and white women had a similar incidence of transmural myocardial infarction, but white men had a much higher incidence of transmural myocardial infarction than black men. White men who died suddenly had twice as many coronary thrombi at postmortem examination than black men and a greater extent of coronary artery stenosis than the other three race-sex groups. Black men had a higher prevalence of heart weights greater than 500 grams. Women who died suddenly were more often not married and smoked more cigarettes than neighborhood controls. Nine of 39 white women who died suddenly due to ASHD had a definite prior psychiatric history. The ASHD death rates have been declining in the 45 to 64 age groups, especially for white men. However, a comparison of the 1964 and 1970-72 sudden death studies in Baltimore reveals that the same percentage of ASHD deaths were sudden unwitnessed, occurred in a hospital or had a prior history of heart disease in both time periods.", "PMID": 1182964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8672", "title": "The nervous system and cardiac arrhythmias.", "content": "The nervous system has marked influence on the electrophysiological state of the heart and in certain circumstances may lead to serious cardiac arrhythmias. Electrocardiographic waveform abnormalities that occur in association with central nervous system disease suggest disturbances of ventricular repolarization. Disorders of ventricular depolarization have been implicated in vulnerability to and occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias, including fibrillation. Experimental studies have demonstrated localized influences of cardiac sympathetic nerves and have provided suggestive evidence that regional cardiac disorders due to inappropriate sympathetic influence occur in disease. Clinical observations suggest that such autonomic abnormalities occur in a variety of conditions, including the idiopathic prolonged QT interval syndromes, acute myocardial infarction, and in association with central nervous system disease.", "contents": "The nervous system and cardiac arrhythmias. The nervous system has marked influence on the electrophysiological state of the heart and in certain circumstances may lead to serious cardiac arrhythmias. Electrocardiographic waveform abnormalities that occur in association with central nervous system disease suggest disturbances of ventricular repolarization. Disorders of ventricular depolarization have been implicated in vulnerability to and occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias, including fibrillation. Experimental studies have demonstrated localized influences of cardiac sympathetic nerves and have provided suggestive evidence that regional cardiac disorders due to inappropriate sympathetic influence occur in disease. Clinical observations suggest that such autonomic abnormalities occur in a variety of conditions, including the idiopathic prolonged QT interval syndromes, acute myocardial infarction, and in association with central nervous system disease.", "PMID": 1182965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8673", "title": "Electrophysiological mechanisms involved in ventricular fibrillation.", "content": "This report reviews the electrophysiological mechanisms involved in the initiation, maintenance, and termination of ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation may be defined as chaotic, random, asynchronous electrical activity of the ventricles due to repetitive re-entrant excitation and/or rapid focal discharge. The capacity to fibrillate is inherent in ventricular muscle because the electrophysiological properties of the various segments of the ventricle are not uniform. Factors that enhance electrical asynchrony facilitate, while factors that decrease electrical asynchrony hinder, the development of fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation may result following stimulation during the vulnerable period; under certain circumstances, rapid ventricular rates produced by ventricular or supraventricular arrhythmias may provoke ventricular fibrillation. Once fibrillation is initiated, a large mass, brief refractory period, and slow conduction velocity favor perpetuation. Reducing the excitable ventricular mass to a value less than the amount necessary to support spontaneous fibrillation causes fibrillation to terminate. Depolarization of every cell in both ventricles is not necessary to terminate ventricular fibrillation in the entire heart.", "contents": "Electrophysiological mechanisms involved in ventricular fibrillation. This report reviews the electrophysiological mechanisms involved in the initiation, maintenance, and termination of ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation may be defined as chaotic, random, asynchronous electrical activity of the ventricles due to repetitive re-entrant excitation and/or rapid focal discharge. The capacity to fibrillate is inherent in ventricular muscle because the electrophysiological properties of the various segments of the ventricle are not uniform. Factors that enhance electrical asynchrony facilitate, while factors that decrease electrical asynchrony hinder, the development of fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation may result following stimulation during the vulnerable period; under certain circumstances, rapid ventricular rates produced by ventricular or supraventricular arrhythmias may provoke ventricular fibrillation. Once fibrillation is initiated, a large mass, brief refractory period, and slow conduction velocity favor perpetuation. Reducing the excitable ventricular mass to a value less than the amount necessary to support spontaneous fibrillation causes fibrillation to terminate. Depolarization of every cell in both ventricles is not necessary to terminate ventricular fibrillation in the entire heart.", "PMID": 1182966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8674", "title": "Validity of myocardial infarction models.", "content": "Because of the importance of acute myocardial infarction, much effort has been made to develop a representative animal model. Clinical characteristics that have been sought in the models include sudden death, early and late tachyarrhythmias, slow cardiac rhythms and bundle blocks, and variable influence of location of infarction. Each of these characteristics has been found under some conditions and in some models, but it has not been possible to imitate the entire range of the human disease in a simple model. Each model has significant drawbacks in terms of nonhuman cardiac response to stress or drugs, different coronary artery physiology, convenience of study, or cost. In particular, the use of isolated tissue confuses the influences of hypoxia and ischemia. The models have been of great value to investigation in myocardial infarction, but more focus on physiological and biochemical mechanisms may help to avoid the errors inherent in the use of models.", "contents": "Validity of myocardial infarction models. Because of the importance of acute myocardial infarction, much effort has been made to develop a representative animal model. Clinical characteristics that have been sought in the models include sudden death, early and late tachyarrhythmias, slow cardiac rhythms and bundle blocks, and variable influence of location of infarction. Each of these characteristics has been found under some conditions and in some models, but it has not been possible to imitate the entire range of the human disease in a simple model. Each model has significant drawbacks in terms of nonhuman cardiac response to stress or drugs, different coronary artery physiology, convenience of study, or cost. In particular, the use of isolated tissue confuses the influences of hypoxia and ischemia. The models have been of great value to investigation in myocardial infarction, but more focus on physiological and biochemical mechanisms may help to avoid the errors inherent in the use of models.", "PMID": 1182967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8675", "title": "Predictors of sudden cardiac death.", "content": "A search was made for predictors of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among 197 men, age 40 to 79, who had multiphasic health checkups and experienced SCD 2 days to 5 1/2 years later (mean 18.1 months). Two age-sex-race-matched control groups, one matched and one unmatched for standard coronary risk factors, have been compared to the cases. In this ambulatory population, SCD occurred largely in persons with prior diagnosed heart disease. Standard coronary risk factors were confirmed as predictors of SCD. Predictors among other laboratory and quantitative tests include chylous serum, uric acid, hemoglobin, leukocyte count, pulse rate, diminished lung volumes, and hearing loss. Some of these had predictive value independent of standard risk factors. Pain tolerance was not related to SCD or to death in, versus out of hospital. Most of these predictors were not related to terminal symptom duration; this suggests a relationship more to the underlying atherosclerotic process than to the terminal fatal mechanism.", "contents": "Predictors of sudden cardiac death. A search was made for predictors of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among 197 men, age 40 to 79, who had multiphasic health checkups and experienced SCD 2 days to 5 1/2 years later (mean 18.1 months). Two age-sex-race-matched control groups, one matched and one unmatched for standard coronary risk factors, have been compared to the cases. In this ambulatory population, SCD occurred largely in persons with prior diagnosed heart disease. Standard coronary risk factors were confirmed as predictors of SCD. Predictors among other laboratory and quantitative tests include chylous serum, uric acid, hemoglobin, leukocyte count, pulse rate, diminished lung volumes, and hearing loss. Some of these had predictive value independent of standard risk factors. Pain tolerance was not related to SCD or to death in, versus out of hospital. Most of these predictors were not related to terminal symptom duration; this suggests a relationship more to the underlying atherosclerotic process than to the terminal fatal mechanism.", "PMID": 1182969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8676", "title": "Sudden death in patients evaluated for ischemic heart disease.", "content": "Data from 981 patients evaluated for ischemic heart disease with coronary angiography were reviewed to identify variables predictive of sudden death and duration from onset of symptoms to death. During the period of follow-up, 113 patients died. Of these deaths, 99 were classified as cardiovascular. Forty percent occurred within 1 hour of onset of symptoms, 34% within 24 hours, and 25% in greater than 24 hours. Patients prone to sudden death were characterized as having severe multiple-vessel disease in combination with left ventricular dysfunction and disturbances in intraventricular conduction and rhythm. The best five-variable model to predict sudden death in these patients included the following variables: number of vessels greater than or equal to 70% obstructed (P less than .001); therapeutic requirement of inotropic (P less than .003) and diuretic (P less than .006) drugs; premature beats (P less than .006); and ventricular conduction defects (P less than .008). Additional variables were related significantly to the duration of the terminal episode. These data are preliminary, but indicate the possibility of identifying patients prone to sudden death.", "contents": "Sudden death in patients evaluated for ischemic heart disease. Data from 981 patients evaluated for ischemic heart disease with coronary angiography were reviewed to identify variables predictive of sudden death and duration from onset of symptoms to death. During the period of follow-up, 113 patients died. Of these deaths, 99 were classified as cardiovascular. Forty percent occurred within 1 hour of onset of symptoms, 34% within 24 hours, and 25% in greater than 24 hours. Patients prone to sudden death were characterized as having severe multiple-vessel disease in combination with left ventricular dysfunction and disturbances in intraventricular conduction and rhythm. The best five-variable model to predict sudden death in these patients included the following variables: number of vessels greater than or equal to 70% obstructed (P less than .001); therapeutic requirement of inotropic (P less than .003) and diuretic (P less than .006) drugs; premature beats (P less than .006); and ventricular conduction defects (P less than .008). Additional variables were related significantly to the duration of the terminal episode. These data are preliminary, but indicate the possibility of identifying patients prone to sudden death.", "PMID": 1182970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8677", "title": "Anatomical pathology of sudden unexpected cardiac death.", "content": "Approximately one-third of patients dying suddenly exhibit occlusive coronary artery thrombi, in contrast to the high frequency (90%) associated with transmural myocardial infarction. Such a discrepancy, along with other considerations, indicates that not all cases of sudden cardiac death are simply the result of myocardial ischemia or infarction in the traditional sense, and does, we believe, justify a rigorous search for alternative pathophysiological mechanisms. Some alternative mechanisms have been discussed, including disturbances in the cardiac conducting system, and the potentially very important role of platelet microembolism or microthrombosis in the genesis of focal ischemia and the lethal arrhythmias. Additionally, not all disturbances leading to the development of lethal arrhythmias may be reflected in light microscopic changes. There is a need for more sophisticated methodological approaches to the detection of early ischemia or other changes at a subcellular level. Although existing studies have provided a useful initial approach to an understanding of the pathology of sudden cardiac death, more questions remain unanswered than answered. In particular, no definitive comparison of deaths occurring in or out of hospital is currently possible, while much more information is necessary in relationship to the clinical status of patients dying suddenly. For example, one needs to know whether there are fundamental pathological differences in patients dying instantaneously relative to those surviving minutes or hours after the onset of terminal symptoms or signs; to what extent the pathologic findings are modified by therapy; whether there are any terminal symptoms specifically associated with particular pathological findings; what differences, if any, exist between patients with myocardial injury who die suddenly and those who do not; and how one can ensure a reasonable degree of comparability between different studies. Answers to these and many other questions will not, we believe, be forthcoming if we continue to be preoccupied with the epicardial arteries and light microscopy alone, but rather from well-conceived studies employing the collective resources of clinical cardiology, epidemiology, pathology, and experimental biology.", "contents": "Anatomical pathology of sudden unexpected cardiac death. Approximately one-third of patients dying suddenly exhibit occlusive coronary artery thrombi, in contrast to the high frequency (90%) associated with transmural myocardial infarction. Such a discrepancy, along with other considerations, indicates that not all cases of sudden cardiac death are simply the result of myocardial ischemia or infarction in the traditional sense, and does, we believe, justify a rigorous search for alternative pathophysiological mechanisms. Some alternative mechanisms have been discussed, including disturbances in the cardiac conducting system, and the potentially very important role of platelet microembolism or microthrombosis in the genesis of focal ischemia and the lethal arrhythmias. Additionally, not all disturbances leading to the development of lethal arrhythmias may be reflected in light microscopic changes. There is a need for more sophisticated methodological approaches to the detection of early ischemia or other changes at a subcellular level. Although existing studies have provided a useful initial approach to an understanding of the pathology of sudden cardiac death, more questions remain unanswered than answered. In particular, no definitive comparison of deaths occurring in or out of hospital is currently possible, while much more information is necessary in relationship to the clinical status of patients dying suddenly. For example, one needs to know whether there are fundamental pathological differences in patients dying instantaneously relative to those surviving minutes or hours after the onset of terminal symptoms or signs; to what extent the pathologic findings are modified by therapy; whether there are any terminal symptoms specifically associated with particular pathological findings; what differences, if any, exist between patients with myocardial injury who die suddenly and those who do not; and how one can ensure a reasonable degree of comparability between different studies. Answers to these and many other questions will not, we believe, be forthcoming if we continue to be preoccupied with the epicardial arteries and light microscopy alone, but rather from well-conceived studies employing the collective resources of clinical cardiology, epidemiology, pathology, and experimental biology.", "PMID": 1182972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8678", "title": "Sudden death due to coronary artery disease. A clinical, hemodynamic, and angiographic profile.", "content": "The authors followed 536 medically managed patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease for up to 4 years, and examined antemortem clinical, anatomical, and hemodynamic characteristics of the 29 patients who died suddenly during the follow-up period. These patients are compared in terms of hemodynamic characteristics to those who survived and those who died non-suddenly of coronary heart disease. Of the 29 patients who died suddenly, more than 80% had evidence of moderate to severe impairment of myocardial function many months prior to death. Only a single patient had the combination of relatively mild coronary artery disease and normal ventricular function. This single patient would be the ultimate target of a program designed to prevent sudden death. However, it has been necessary to follow 536 patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease in order to find this one potential benefactor of sudden death prophylaxis. This study demonstrates that there are patients with coronary artery disease who die suddenly, despite relatively mild disease; however, these patients appear to represent only a small proportion of all sudden deaths.", "contents": "Sudden death due to coronary artery disease. A clinical, hemodynamic, and angiographic profile. The authors followed 536 medically managed patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease for up to 4 years, and examined antemortem clinical, anatomical, and hemodynamic characteristics of the 29 patients who died suddenly during the follow-up period. These patients are compared in terms of hemodynamic characteristics to those who survived and those who died non-suddenly of coronary heart disease. Of the 29 patients who died suddenly, more than 80% had evidence of moderate to severe impairment of myocardial function many months prior to death. Only a single patient had the combination of relatively mild coronary artery disease and normal ventricular function. This single patient would be the ultimate target of a program designed to prevent sudden death. However, it has been necessary to follow 536 patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease in order to find this one potential benefactor of sudden death prophylaxis. This study demonstrates that there are patients with coronary artery disease who die suddenly, despite relatively mild disease; however, these patients appear to represent only a small proportion of all sudden deaths.", "PMID": 1182973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8679", "title": "Emergency care.", "content": "Prehospital ventricular fibrillation can be treated successfully by rescue (paramedic) personnel. By retrospective history, one-half of prehospital sudden death victims experienced no prior warning and collapsed either instantaneously or within one minute of symptoms. The follow-up course was analyzed. Of 301 such subjects, 199 were defibrillated successfully, but only 101 survived long enough to be hospitalized, and only 42 were discharged alive. Predictors for successful outcome were initially rapid post-defibrillation heart rates and atrial fibrillation or sinus tachycardia rhythms. In the hospitalized group, 57% suffered repeat ventricular fibrillation and/or ventricular tachycardia usually during the first 24 hours. Among those discharged from the hospital, mean survival was 13 months with 28% dying suddenly regardless of presence of antiarrhythmic therapy. Intensive antiarrhythmic therapy and monitoring of this survivor population seems indicated.", "contents": "Emergency care. Prehospital ventricular fibrillation can be treated successfully by rescue (paramedic) personnel. By retrospective history, one-half of prehospital sudden death victims experienced no prior warning and collapsed either instantaneously or within one minute of symptoms. The follow-up course was analyzed. Of 301 such subjects, 199 were defibrillated successfully, but only 101 survived long enough to be hospitalized, and only 42 were discharged alive. Predictors for successful outcome were initially rapid post-defibrillation heart rates and atrial fibrillation or sinus tachycardia rhythms. In the hospitalized group, 57% suffered repeat ventricular fibrillation and/or ventricular tachycardia usually during the first 24 hours. Among those discharged from the hospital, mean survival was 13 months with 28% dying suddenly regardless of presence of antiarrhythmic therapy. Intensive antiarrhythmic therapy and monitoring of this survivor population seems indicated.", "PMID": 1182974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8680", "title": "Coronary revascularization in patients surviving unexpected ventricular fibrillation.", "content": "Coronary angiography and hemodynamic studies were performed in a group of 13 patients who had been successfully resuscitated from unexpected ventricular fibrillation, had had angina pectoris prior to the cardiac arrest, and who had not had an acute myocardial infarction in the periarrest period. Eleven of the 13 had one or more coronary artery lesions which were amenable to surgical intervention, and eight of the 11 accepted surgery. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was elevated in most patients, while cardiac index and ejection fraction were depressed. Bypassable lesions were found in the main left coronary artery in one patient, and the proximal left anterior descending artery in two. Both of these patients had disease elsewhere. The remaining five patients had diffuse three-vessel disease. The eight patients have survived for periods ranging from 8 to 32 months (average = 24 months). This contrasts to an overall 1-year mortality of approximately 30% in survivors of hospitalization after unexpected ventricular fibrillation.", "contents": "Coronary revascularization in patients surviving unexpected ventricular fibrillation. Coronary angiography and hemodynamic studies were performed in a group of 13 patients who had been successfully resuscitated from unexpected ventricular fibrillation, had had angina pectoris prior to the cardiac arrest, and who had not had an acute myocardial infarction in the periarrest period. Eleven of the 13 had one or more coronary artery lesions which were amenable to surgical intervention, and eight of the 11 accepted surgery. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was elevated in most patients, while cardiac index and ejection fraction were depressed. Bypassable lesions were found in the main left coronary artery in one patient, and the proximal left anterior descending artery in two. Both of these patients had disease elsewhere. The remaining five patients had diffuse three-vessel disease. The eight patients have survived for periods ranging from 8 to 32 months (average = 24 months). This contrasts to an overall 1-year mortality of approximately 30% in survivors of hospitalization after unexpected ventricular fibrillation.", "PMID": 1182975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8681", "title": "Resuscitation from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: 4 years follow-up.", "content": "In 51 months, 234 patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation (VF) were successfully resuscitated, hospitalized, and discharged home. Patients surviving an episode of primary ventricular fibrillation, that is, VF not associated with acute myocardial infarction, showed a 2-year mortality rate greater than three times that of survivors from VF associated with acute transmural infarction. Recurrent out-of-hospital VF was common, and a pattern of early recurrence was noted, with a median interval of 17 weeks in 34 documented cases. Ten patients were counted as long-term survivors from second episodes of out-of-hospital VF, one of whom survived a third episode. Coronary anatomy and ventricular function were studied in 29 survivors of primary VF. Of the 29 patients, 23 had coronary disease, considered \"operable\" in 17. Exercise testing and left ventricular function studies were normal or minimally abnormal in approximately half of these patients. There is an obvious need to develop effective measures to prevent primary VF, which commonly presents almost instantaneously, without prodromal symptoms.", "contents": "Resuscitation from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: 4 years follow-up. In 51 months, 234 patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation (VF) were successfully resuscitated, hospitalized, and discharged home. Patients surviving an episode of primary ventricular fibrillation, that is, VF not associated with acute myocardial infarction, showed a 2-year mortality rate greater than three times that of survivors from VF associated with acute transmural infarction. Recurrent out-of-hospital VF was common, and a pattern of early recurrence was noted, with a median interval of 17 weeks in 34 documented cases. Ten patients were counted as long-term survivors from second episodes of out-of-hospital VF, one of whom survived a third episode. Coronary anatomy and ventricular function were studied in 29 survivors of primary VF. Of the 29 patients, 23 had coronary disease, considered \"operable\" in 17. Exercise testing and left ventricular function studies were normal or minimally abnormal in approximately half of these patients. There is an obvious need to develop effective measures to prevent primary VF, which commonly presents almost instantaneously, without prodromal symptoms.", "PMID": 1182976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8682", "title": "Pharmacological modification of arrhythmias after experimentally induced acute myocardial infarction. Drugs acting on the nervous system.", "content": "The adrenergic neurohumors, when present locally in the myocardium in high concentrations, can produce a variety of cardiac arrhythmias which may develop into ventricular fibrillation (VF). Of particular importance are the arrhythmias observed immediately after experimentally induced acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Fatal VF, often seen to occur after acute coronary occlusion in the canine heart, may be related to the release of endogenous catecholamines, and a similar phenomenon might be responsible for sudden coronary death (SCD) in man. If adrenergic amines play a vital role in the development of arrhythmias and VF in response to acute myocardial ischemia, then it is conceivable that pharmacological means may be undertaken in an attempt to prevent the release of the adrenergic neurotransmitter or to prevent its arrhythmogenic actions by specific blockade of cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors. Drugs that have a central site of action and are capable of producing a decrease in sympathetic outflow might also play a valuable role in the prevention of arrhythmias and SCD. While the activity of the autonomic nervous system can modify the type and severity of arrhythmias resulting from AMI, existing pharmacological agents have little to offer in preventing the potential adverse effects of adrenergic stimulation without compromising the level of consciousness or cardiovascular function through the removal of adrenergic support to the heart. It would seem more beneficial to direct drug therapy at the electrophysiological defect in the myocardium in an effort to prevent arrhythmias and fatal VF. While currently available antiarrhythmic agents fail to achieve the desired effect, the recent evidence dealing with the quaternary ammonium derivatives of propranolol, lidocaine, and bretylium provides some hope for the future development of drugs with antiarrhythmic as well as antifibrillatory properties which may provide a therapeutic approach to the prevention of SCD.", "contents": "Pharmacological modification of arrhythmias after experimentally induced acute myocardial infarction. Drugs acting on the nervous system. The adrenergic neurohumors, when present locally in the myocardium in high concentrations, can produce a variety of cardiac arrhythmias which may develop into ventricular fibrillation (VF). Of particular importance are the arrhythmias observed immediately after experimentally induced acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Fatal VF, often seen to occur after acute coronary occlusion in the canine heart, may be related to the release of endogenous catecholamines, and a similar phenomenon might be responsible for sudden coronary death (SCD) in man. If adrenergic amines play a vital role in the development of arrhythmias and VF in response to acute myocardial ischemia, then it is conceivable that pharmacological means may be undertaken in an attempt to prevent the release of the adrenergic neurotransmitter or to prevent its arrhythmogenic actions by specific blockade of cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors. Drugs that have a central site of action and are capable of producing a decrease in sympathetic outflow might also play a valuable role in the prevention of arrhythmias and SCD. While the activity of the autonomic nervous system can modify the type and severity of arrhythmias resulting from AMI, existing pharmacological agents have little to offer in preventing the potential adverse effects of adrenergic stimulation without compromising the level of consciousness or cardiovascular function through the removal of adrenergic support to the heart. It would seem more beneficial to direct drug therapy at the electrophysiological defect in the myocardium in an effort to prevent arrhythmias and fatal VF. While currently available antiarrhythmic agents fail to achieve the desired effect, the recent evidence dealing with the quaternary ammonium derivatives of propranolol, lidocaine, and bretylium provides some hope for the future development of drugs with antiarrhythmic as well as antifibrillatory properties which may provide a therapeutic approach to the prevention of SCD.", "PMID": 1182977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8683", "title": "Arteriosclerosis of coronary arteries in sudden, unexpected deaths.", "content": "The authors graphically studied the topographic pattern and severity of coronary arteriosclerosis in arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) sudden deaths using an improved technique involving in toto removal and decalcification of the main coronary tree. The study involved 171 cases of ASHD sudden death and 154 deaths from other causes. White males were the most severely affected group. The majority of the ASHD deaths had three or four major coronary vessels showing greater than 75% luminal stenosis; single-artery disease was a rare occurence. The intra- and interarterial pattern of coronary stenosis was equally severe and diffuse, with the exception of the arteries to SA and AV nodes. No small intramyocardial blood vessel disease was evident. Severe chronic coronary stenosis was associated with a high incidence of old myocardial infarction. The anatomical and pathological pattern of coronary stenosis in ASHD deaths appears to have ominous therapeutic implications.", "contents": "Arteriosclerosis of coronary arteries in sudden, unexpected deaths. The authors graphically studied the topographic pattern and severity of coronary arteriosclerosis in arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) sudden deaths using an improved technique involving in toto removal and decalcification of the main coronary tree. The study involved 171 cases of ASHD sudden death and 154 deaths from other causes. White males were the most severely affected group. The majority of the ASHD deaths had three or four major coronary vessels showing greater than 75% luminal stenosis; single-artery disease was a rare occurence. The intra- and interarterial pattern of coronary stenosis was equally severe and diffuse, with the exception of the arteries to SA and AV nodes. No small intramyocardial blood vessel disease was evident. Severe chronic coronary stenosis was associated with a high incidence of old myocardial infarction. The anatomical and pathological pattern of coronary stenosis in ASHD deaths appears to have ominous therapeutic implications.", "PMID": 1182979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8684", "title": "The pathogenesis of coronary plaques, thromboses, and hemorrhages: an evaluative review.", "content": "The initial appearance and continuous development of a coronary plaque depends on a combination of hemodynamic trauma, deposition of excess cholesterol, and accretion and incorporation of thrombogenic elements as well as fully formed mural thrombi. Plaques become life-threatening when rupture of their intimal surface due to internal necrosis and calcification leads to acute thrombosis and/or intramural hemorrhage. Although infarcts can and do occur in the absence of acute thrombi, the latter are caused not by the occurrence of infarcts, but almost always by plaque rupture. Following the occurrence of and survival from an acute occlusive coronary thrombosis, canalization of the thrombus frequently takes place, leading to the formation of a \"luminal collateral vascularization.\" The vessels making up such complexes are prone in turn to hemorrhage and thrombosis.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of coronary plaques, thromboses, and hemorrhages: an evaluative review. The initial appearance and continuous development of a coronary plaque depends on a combination of hemodynamic trauma, deposition of excess cholesterol, and accretion and incorporation of thrombogenic elements as well as fully formed mural thrombi. Plaques become life-threatening when rupture of their intimal surface due to internal necrosis and calcification leads to acute thrombosis and/or intramural hemorrhage. Although infarcts can and do occur in the absence of acute thrombi, the latter are caused not by the occurrence of infarcts, but almost always by plaque rupture. Following the occurrence of and survival from an acute occlusive coronary thrombosis, canalization of the thrombus frequently takes place, leading to the formation of a \"luminal collateral vascularization.\" The vessels making up such complexes are prone in turn to hemorrhage and thrombosis.", "PMID": 1182980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8685", "title": "Pathology of the myocardium and the conduction system in sudden coronary death.", "content": "This review summarizes previously unpublished and recently published autopsy findings of prehospital sudden coronary death (SCD) in four different counties (Olmsted, Minnesota; Albany, New York; Dade, Florida; and San Francisco Bay Area, California), totaling 868 patients. The prevalence of cardiomegaly and significant coronary atherosclerosis, and the relative infrequency of acute coronary thrombosis in prehospital SCD, well documented in the past, have been reaffirmed in current studies. Differences in the patient populations and laboratory techniques notwithstanding, these independent autopsy studies showed that 62% to 74% of cases of SCD had either acute or old myocardial infarction (MI); the incidence of acute MI ranged from 12% to 47%, and that of old MI from 22% to 53%. The prospective autopsy study of 120 Olmsted County SCD cases showed that among those with established acute MI, subendocardial lesions outnumbered transmural lesions by the ratio of 2:1, and the infarcts ranged in histological age from less than 24 hours to 4 weeks. Evidence of acute myocardial ischemia, as determined by the histological criteria of myofibrillar degeneration, sinuous fibers, and positive HBFP staining, was present in 52% to 81% of patients. Such high incidence of myocardial ischemia is compatible with the proposed mechanism of the terminal event in SCD, namely ventricular fibrillation or asystole, and underscores the importance of presymptomatic diagnosis of coronary heart disease. The lack of specific or acute anatomical lesions in the conduction system in SCD, however, does not preclude the possibility of bradyarrhythmias occurring shortly before death.", "contents": "Pathology of the myocardium and the conduction system in sudden coronary death. This review summarizes previously unpublished and recently published autopsy findings of prehospital sudden coronary death (SCD) in four different counties (Olmsted, Minnesota; Albany, New York; Dade, Florida; and San Francisco Bay Area, California), totaling 868 patients. The prevalence of cardiomegaly and significant coronary atherosclerosis, and the relative infrequency of acute coronary thrombosis in prehospital SCD, well documented in the past, have been reaffirmed in current studies. Differences in the patient populations and laboratory techniques notwithstanding, these independent autopsy studies showed that 62% to 74% of cases of SCD had either acute or old myocardial infarction (MI); the incidence of acute MI ranged from 12% to 47%, and that of old MI from 22% to 53%. The prospective autopsy study of 120 Olmsted County SCD cases showed that among those with established acute MI, subendocardial lesions outnumbered transmural lesions by the ratio of 2:1, and the infarcts ranged in histological age from less than 24 hours to 4 weeks. Evidence of acute myocardial ischemia, as determined by the histological criteria of myofibrillar degeneration, sinuous fibers, and positive HBFP staining, was present in 52% to 81% of patients. Such high incidence of myocardial ischemia is compatible with the proposed mechanism of the terminal event in SCD, namely ventricular fibrillation or asystole, and underscores the importance of presymptomatic diagnosis of coronary heart disease. The lack of specific or acute anatomical lesions in the conduction system in SCD, however, does not preclude the possibility of bradyarrhythmias occurring shortly before death.", "PMID": 1182981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8686", "title": "Pathology of atherosclerotic heart disease in sudden death. I. Organizing thrombosis and acute coronary vessel lesions.", "content": "The significance of organizing thrombosis was investigated in 121 cases of sudden death with atherosclerotic heart disease. Organizing thrombosis was observed in one-third of the cases, and sites at which it was present showed a higher prevalence of acute lesions -- thrombus, plaque rupture, and hemorrhage -- than sites at which it was not present. Acute and subacute coronary lesions were almost entirely restricted to vessels with 75% or greater obstruction. Evidence was presented suggesting that the organization of thrombosis in the coronary arteries was a more extended process than that observed in peripheral arteries.", "contents": "Pathology of atherosclerotic heart disease in sudden death. I. Organizing thrombosis and acute coronary vessel lesions. The significance of organizing thrombosis was investigated in 121 cases of sudden death with atherosclerotic heart disease. Organizing thrombosis was observed in one-third of the cases, and sites at which it was present showed a higher prevalence of acute lesions -- thrombus, plaque rupture, and hemorrhage -- than sites at which it was not present. Acute and subacute coronary lesions were almost entirely restricted to vessels with 75% or greater obstruction. Evidence was presented suggesting that the organization of thrombosis in the coronary arteries was a more extended process than that observed in peripheral arteries.", "PMID": 1182982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8687", "title": "Myocardial cell necrosis and sudden death in humans.", "content": "Using morphologic criteria to distinguish between myocardial infarction and lesions that selectively involve myocardial cells, the authors found evidence of ongoing selective myocardial necrosis in 88% of 50 individuals dying suddenly. Acute coronary thrombosis was rare. Since the morphological characteristics of the cell injury differ significantly from that seen in infarction and since the lesion may occur in individuals without significant epicardial coronary disease, factors other than permanent vascular obstruction are indicated as having a role in sudden cardiac death. Some other yet-unidentified process may alter susceptible myocardial cells.", "contents": "Myocardial cell necrosis and sudden death in humans. Using morphologic criteria to distinguish between myocardial infarction and lesions that selectively involve myocardial cells, the authors found evidence of ongoing selective myocardial necrosis in 88% of 50 individuals dying suddenly. Acute coronary thrombosis was rare. Since the morphological characteristics of the cell injury differ significantly from that seen in infarction and since the lesion may occur in individuals without significant epicardial coronary disease, factors other than permanent vascular obstruction are indicated as having a role in sudden cardiac death. Some other yet-unidentified process may alter susceptible myocardial cells.", "PMID": 1182983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8688", "title": "Pathology of atherosclerotic heart disease in sudden death. II. The significance of myocardial infarction.", "content": "The role of myocardial infarction was investigated in 121 cases of sudden death with atherosclerotic heart disease. In addition to supporting other reports which have demonstrated the importance of chronic occlusion of the coronary vessels in relation to the high rate of infarctions found in such cases, the authors presented evidence which showed differences in occurrence in the sites of remote and recent infarctions, a lack of concordance between the sites of recent infarctions, and acute thrombosis in coronary vessels proximal to these lesions. No relationship between patient age or prior symptoms could be associated with the occurrence of infarction. Evidence was also presented which discounted the possible role of transmural infarction in the formation of acute thrombosis. These pathological observations support the concept that sudden cardiac deaths are results of functional instability of the myocardium produced by advanced coronary atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Pathology of atherosclerotic heart disease in sudden death. II. The significance of myocardial infarction. The role of myocardial infarction was investigated in 121 cases of sudden death with atherosclerotic heart disease. In addition to supporting other reports which have demonstrated the importance of chronic occlusion of the coronary vessels in relation to the high rate of infarctions found in such cases, the authors presented evidence which showed differences in occurrence in the sites of remote and recent infarctions, a lack of concordance between the sites of recent infarctions, and acute thrombosis in coronary vessels proximal to these lesions. No relationship between patient age or prior symptoms could be associated with the occurrence of infarction. Evidence was also presented which discounted the possible role of transmural infarction in the formation of acute thrombosis. These pathological observations support the concept that sudden cardiac deaths are results of functional instability of the myocardium produced by advanced coronary atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 1182984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8689", "title": "Methodological considerations for the study of sudden cardiac death: An autopsy protocol.", "content": "An autopsy protocol, devised specifically for the pathologic study of sudden cardiac death, is presented. In addition to providing guidelines for the precise clinical documentation of the patients studied, it emphasizes a number of areas of potential importance needing further and detailed exploration, including the cardiac conducting system, and the intramyocardial microvascular circulatory bed. Some of the problems and procedural approaches recommended are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Methodological considerations for the study of sudden cardiac death: An autopsy protocol. An autopsy protocol, devised specifically for the pathologic study of sudden cardiac death, is presented. In addition to providing guidelines for the precise clinical documentation of the patients studied, it emphasizes a number of areas of potential importance needing further and detailed exploration, including the cardiac conducting system, and the intramyocardial microvascular circulatory bed. Some of the problems and procedural approaches recommended are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1182985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8690", "title": "Possible electrophysiological mechanisms for lethal arrhythmias accompanying myocardial ischemia and infarction.", "content": "Ventricular arrhythmias are probably the cause of sudden death due to myocardial ischemia or infarction. Such arrhythmias result from alterations in the transmembrane potentials of ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers. Most of our knowledge concerning mechanisms for these arrhythmias has been derived from experimental studies on the canine heart. In this model, the early ventricular arrhythmias which occur within minutes after coronary artery occlusion probably have different electrophysiological mechanisms than the late arrhythmias which occur several or more hours after the onset of ischemia. The early arrhythmias probably result from reentry in ventricular muscle due to slow conduction in ischemic or infarcting muscle cells. The later arrhythmias most likely arise in subendocardial Purkinje fibers which develop spontaneous diastolic depolarization and abnormally prolonged action potential duration. It is important for future investigations to determine the relevance of electrophysiological studies on the canine heart to human ischemic and infarction arrhythmias.", "contents": "Possible electrophysiological mechanisms for lethal arrhythmias accompanying myocardial ischemia and infarction. Ventricular arrhythmias are probably the cause of sudden death due to myocardial ischemia or infarction. Such arrhythmias result from alterations in the transmembrane potentials of ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers. Most of our knowledge concerning mechanisms for these arrhythmias has been derived from experimental studies on the canine heart. In this model, the early ventricular arrhythmias which occur within minutes after coronary artery occlusion probably have different electrophysiological mechanisms than the late arrhythmias which occur several or more hours after the onset of ischemia. The early arrhythmias probably result from reentry in ventricular muscle due to slow conduction in ischemic or infarcting muscle cells. The later arrhythmias most likely arise in subendocardial Purkinje fibers which develop spontaneous diastolic depolarization and abnormally prolonged action potential duration. It is important for future investigations to determine the relevance of electrophysiological studies on the canine heart to human ischemic and infarction arrhythmias.", "PMID": 1182986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8691", "title": "Vitamin C metabolism and atopic allergy.", "content": "The procedure for carrying out the Leucocyte Ascorbic Acid Uptake Direct Antigen Challenge Test (LAADACT) is described. Leucocytes from normal individuals, when incubated in a buffered medium containing ascorbic acid, increase their ascorbic acid concentration by about 80%. When leucocytes from atopic individuals are incubated in a medium containing the antigen to which they are sensitive, as shown by positive skin tests, the leucocyte uptake of ascorbic acid is significantly reduced. Addition of antigen, to which atopic or normal individuals are not sensitive, to the incubation mixture does not reduce leucocyte ascorbic acid uptake. Measurement of ascorbic acid uptake into leucocytes is a relatively simple, routine, laboratory procedure. The LAADACT, therefore, provides a quick and accurate blood test for diagnosing sensitivity to specific antigens, and measuring relative antigenic sensitivities. The underlying mechanism of the LAADACT is discussed.", "contents": "Vitamin C metabolism and atopic allergy. The procedure for carrying out the Leucocyte Ascorbic Acid Uptake Direct Antigen Challenge Test (LAADACT) is described. Leucocytes from normal individuals, when incubated in a buffered medium containing ascorbic acid, increase their ascorbic acid concentration by about 80%. When leucocytes from atopic individuals are incubated in a medium containing the antigen to which they are sensitive, as shown by positive skin tests, the leucocyte uptake of ascorbic acid is significantly reduced. Addition of antigen, to which atopic or normal individuals are not sensitive, to the incubation mixture does not reduce leucocyte ascorbic acid uptake. Measurement of ascorbic acid uptake into leucocytes is a relatively simple, routine, laboratory procedure. The LAADACT, therefore, provides a quick and accurate blood test for diagnosing sensitivity to specific antigens, and measuring relative antigenic sensitivities. The underlying mechanism of the LAADACT is discussed.", "PMID": 1182988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8692", "title": "IgE, IgG and patient-self tests during slow hyposensitization to grass pollen.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with severe hay fever unrelieved by antihistamines in previous years were slowly hyposensitized with alum-precipitated pyridine grass pollen extracts. Their responses were objectively assessed as very good (55%), good (18%) or improved (23%). Two mechanisms were detected: (i) an increase in serum blocking activity in 59% and (ii) the prevention in 59% of the serum IgE elevation expected in the pollen season.", "contents": "IgE, IgG and patient-self tests during slow hyposensitization to grass pollen. Twenty-two patients with severe hay fever unrelieved by antihistamines in previous years were slowly hyposensitized with alum-precipitated pyridine grass pollen extracts. Their responses were objectively assessed as very good (55%), good (18%) or improved (23%). Two mechanisms were detected: (i) an increase in serum blocking activity in 59% and (ii) the prevention in 59% of the serum IgE elevation expected in the pollen season.", "PMID": 1182987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8693", "title": "More sensitive automated detection of polyamines in physiological fluids and tissue extracts with omicron-phthalaldehyde.", "content": "Omicron-Phthalaldehyde reacts with primary amines to form an intensely blue-fluorescing product. Replacing ninhydrin with this compound in our automated high-pressure liquid-chromatographic technique for determination of polyamines, we achieved a 6- to 10-fold increase in sensitivity. Linearity and reproducibility are excellent, and the method is shown to be applicable to analysis of physiological fluids and of tissue extracts.", "contents": "More sensitive automated detection of polyamines in physiological fluids and tissue extracts with omicron-phthalaldehyde. Omicron-Phthalaldehyde reacts with primary amines to form an intensely blue-fluorescing product. Replacing ninhydrin with this compound in our automated high-pressure liquid-chromatographic technique for determination of polyamines, we achieved a 6- to 10-fold increase in sensitivity. Linearity and reproducibility are excellent, and the method is shown to be applicable to analysis of physiological fluids and of tissue extracts.", "PMID": 1182991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8694", "title": "Evaluation of kinetic light scattering as an approach to the measurement of specific proteins with the centrifugal analyzer. I. Methodology.", "content": "A laser-modified centrifugal analyzer was used to develop kinetic light scattering methods for the measurement of human immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and IgM. Comparison of equilibrium light scattering methods with kinetic procedures for IgG and IgA demonstrate equivalent precision and relative accuracy. However, quantitative results obtained by equilibrium and kinetics methods for IgM were found to differ significantly. Recovery studies performed with purified IgM have shown that both methods can yield quantitative results in the normal range. Our observations demonstrate that the technique offers a viable and in some respects a superior alternative to other methods currently used in the clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Evaluation of kinetic light scattering as an approach to the measurement of specific proteins with the centrifugal analyzer. I. Methodology. A laser-modified centrifugal analyzer was used to develop kinetic light scattering methods for the measurement of human immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and IgM. Comparison of equilibrium light scattering methods with kinetic procedures for IgG and IgA demonstrate equivalent precision and relative accuracy. However, quantitative results obtained by equilibrium and kinetics methods for IgM were found to differ significantly. Recovery studies performed with purified IgM have shown that both methods can yield quantitative results in the normal range. Our observations demonstrate that the technique offers a viable and in some respects a superior alternative to other methods currently used in the clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 1182992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8695", "title": "Evaluation of kinetic light scattering as an approach to the measurement of specific proteins with the centrifugal analyzer. II. Theoretical considerations.", "content": "Development of centrifugal analyzers capable of making light-scattering measurements has prompted the investigation of the application of this type of instrumentation to the measurement of specific proteins. Investigation of antigen/antibody complex dimension and the kinetics of the IgG/anti-IgG reaction as followed by light scattering are examined in relation to improved analytical methodology. The effect of nonspecific protein on the reaction rate has been investigated for IgM, and data are presented that provide insight into the mechanism of the effect of periodic mixing.", "contents": "Evaluation of kinetic light scattering as an approach to the measurement of specific proteins with the centrifugal analyzer. II. Theoretical considerations. Development of centrifugal analyzers capable of making light-scattering measurements has prompted the investigation of the application of this type of instrumentation to the measurement of specific proteins. Investigation of antigen/antibody complex dimension and the kinetics of the IgG/anti-IgG reaction as followed by light scattering are examined in relation to improved analytical methodology. The effect of nonspecific protein on the reaction rate has been investigated for IgM, and data are presented that provide insight into the mechanism of the effect of periodic mixing.", "PMID": 1182993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8696", "title": "Enzymatic immunoassay vs. gas/liquid chromatography for determination of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin in serum.", "content": "The antiepileptic drugs diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital were measured in serum by a new commercially available enzyme immunoassay procedure (\"EMIT,\" Syva Corp.). The procedure requires less than 5 min and no more than 50 mul of serum per determination. It is simple; only four steps (pipetting and diluting with an automatic pipettor-dilutor) are required before spectrophotometry. Twenty replicate analyses of a serum containing phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin gave results with a CV of 6.8% and 9.1%, respectively. Results attained in a large series of patients were compared with results by a gas/liquid chromatographic procedure. For phenobarbital r = 0.97, and for diphenylhydantoin r = 0.98. No false negatives or false positives were encountered.", "contents": "Enzymatic immunoassay vs. gas/liquid chromatography for determination of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin in serum. The antiepileptic drugs diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital were measured in serum by a new commercially available enzyme immunoassay procedure (\"EMIT,\" Syva Corp.). The procedure requires less than 5 min and no more than 50 mul of serum per determination. It is simple; only four steps (pipetting and diluting with an automatic pipettor-dilutor) are required before spectrophotometry. Twenty replicate analyses of a serum containing phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin gave results with a CV of 6.8% and 9.1%, respectively. Results attained in a large series of patients were compared with results by a gas/liquid chromatographic procedure. For phenobarbital r = 0.97, and for diphenylhydantoin r = 0.98. No false negatives or false positives were encountered.", "PMID": 1182994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8697", "title": "Scatchard plot and heterogeneity in binding affinity of labeled and unlabeled ligand.", "content": "In saturation analysis the Scatchard plot is a generally accepted method for calculation of the affinity constant, K, and the molar concentration, q, of the binder. However, in a system where the K's for the labeled and unlabeled ligand are unequal, a nonlinear plot can be obtained from which incorrect values for K and q may be calculated. This paper mathematically explains how the plot may deviate and under which conditions there will be a maximum in the curve. When the binding sites are homogeneous, the coordinates of this maximum can be used to calculate K and q. A general mathematical expression is derived on the basis of which a linear curve can be constructed for calculation of q and K, which is valid even when affinity for the labeled and unlabeled ligand is not identical.", "contents": "Scatchard plot and heterogeneity in binding affinity of labeled and unlabeled ligand. In saturation analysis the Scatchard plot is a generally accepted method for calculation of the affinity constant, K, and the molar concentration, q, of the binder. However, in a system where the K's for the labeled and unlabeled ligand are unequal, a nonlinear plot can be obtained from which incorrect values for K and q may be calculated. This paper mathematically explains how the plot may deviate and under which conditions there will be a maximum in the curve. When the binding sites are homogeneous, the coordinates of this maximum can be used to calculate K and q. A general mathematical expression is derived on the basis of which a linear curve can be constructed for calculation of q and K, which is valid even when affinity for the labeled and unlabeled ligand is not identical.", "PMID": 1182995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8698", "title": "Plasma theophylline concentrations measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "We present a specific, sensitive high-pressure liquid-chromatographic assay for theophylline in plasma. Only 0.5 ml of plasma is required for each determination, and the lower limit of detection by this method is 0.1 mg/liter. Other xanthines and their metabolites do not interfere. This method is suitable for use in studying the pharmacokinetics of this drug in infants and children, from whom only small volumes of blood are available.", "contents": "Plasma theophylline concentrations measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. We present a specific, sensitive high-pressure liquid-chromatographic assay for theophylline in plasma. Only 0.5 ml of plasma is required for each determination, and the lower limit of detection by this method is 0.1 mg/liter. Other xanthines and their metabolites do not interfere. This method is suitable for use in studying the pharmacokinetics of this drug in infants and children, from whom only small volumes of blood are available.", "PMID": 1182996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8699", "title": "Fluorometric determination of delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase activity in human erythrocytes as an index to lead exposure.", "content": "We describe a fluorometric method for determining delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24) activity in human erythrocytes and compare it with the existing colorimetric method. Incubation conditions are identical. In the proposed method, the porphobilinogen formed during incubation is converted to a stable and highly fluorescent uroporphyrin by heating for 20 min at 93 degrees C in an acidic medium in the presence of air. The correlation between results by the two methods was good (r = 0.89). We found a good negative correlation between the activity of the enzyme and the concentration of circulating lead with both methods (r = -0.61 for present method and -0.59 for colorimetric method) for groups of persons subjected to various degrees of lead exposure. Our method is more sensitive and accurate, requires less sample, and the fluorescence is more stable than is the color in the colorimetric method.", "contents": "Fluorometric determination of delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase activity in human erythrocytes as an index to lead exposure. We describe a fluorometric method for determining delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24) activity in human erythrocytes and compare it with the existing colorimetric method. Incubation conditions are identical. In the proposed method, the porphobilinogen formed during incubation is converted to a stable and highly fluorescent uroporphyrin by heating for 20 min at 93 degrees C in an acidic medium in the presence of air. The correlation between results by the two methods was good (r = 0.89). We found a good negative correlation between the activity of the enzyme and the concentration of circulating lead with both methods (r = -0.61 for present method and -0.59 for colorimetric method) for groups of persons subjected to various degrees of lead exposure. Our method is more sensitive and accurate, requires less sample, and the fluorescence is more stable than is the color in the colorimetric method.", "PMID": 1182997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8700", "title": "Fluorometric assay of serum acid or alkaline phosphatase, either in solution or on a semisolid surface.", "content": "We describe enzymatic fluorometric methods for determining activities of serum alkaline phosphatase and of serum acid phosphatase in solution and on silicone rubber pads. 4-Methylumbelliferone phosphate is used as substrate, in either tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane or citrate buffer. In solution, the reaction is measured at 37 degrees C in a 3-ml Pyrex cuvette. Measurements on the pads are also made at 37 degrees C, after establishing a stable substrate film by lyophilizing all reagents on the surface of the pads. Only 20 to 30 mul of substrate solution, 50 mul of buffer solution, and 1 to 10 mul of blood are necessary, making a total volume of 51 to 60 mul for each assay. The rate of appearance of the fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone liberated from 4-methylumbelliferone phosphate by the enzymatic action is measured and equated to enzyme activity. Calibration plots of the change in fluorescence per minute vs. enzyme activity for measurements in solution and on pads show a good proportionality in the range of 30.8 to 633 U/liter for alkaline phosphatase and in the range of 0.265 to 5.3 King-Armstrong units for acid phosphatase, indicating the usefulness of these methods in the clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Fluorometric assay of serum acid or alkaline phosphatase, either in solution or on a semisolid surface. We describe enzymatic fluorometric methods for determining activities of serum alkaline phosphatase and of serum acid phosphatase in solution and on silicone rubber pads. 4-Methylumbelliferone phosphate is used as substrate, in either tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane or citrate buffer. In solution, the reaction is measured at 37 degrees C in a 3-ml Pyrex cuvette. Measurements on the pads are also made at 37 degrees C, after establishing a stable substrate film by lyophilizing all reagents on the surface of the pads. Only 20 to 30 mul of substrate solution, 50 mul of buffer solution, and 1 to 10 mul of blood are necessary, making a total volume of 51 to 60 mul for each assay. The rate of appearance of the fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone liberated from 4-methylumbelliferone phosphate by the enzymatic action is measured and equated to enzyme activity. Calibration plots of the change in fluorescence per minute vs. enzyme activity for measurements in solution and on pads show a good proportionality in the range of 30.8 to 633 U/liter for alkaline phosphatase and in the range of 0.265 to 5.3 King-Armstrong units for acid phosphatase, indicating the usefulness of these methods in the clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 1182998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8701", "title": "Screening for albuminuria: a case for estimation of albumin in urine.", "content": "The usefulness of bromcresol green for estimating albumin in urine was evaluated by comparison with the Laurell \"rocket\" technique. In contrast to the bromcresol green method applied for urinary albumin, rather doubtful results were obtained with conventional (Microzone) electrophoresis for albumin and with precipitation techniques for total protein estimation. Albumin estimation with bromcresol green is recommended as a more reliable substitute for total-protein estimations in urine. Limitations of bromcresol green are also pointed out.", "contents": "Screening for albuminuria: a case for estimation of albumin in urine. The usefulness of bromcresol green for estimating albumin in urine was evaluated by comparison with the Laurell \"rocket\" technique. In contrast to the bromcresol green method applied for urinary albumin, rather doubtful results were obtained with conventional (Microzone) electrophoresis for albumin and with precipitation techniques for total protein estimation. Albumin estimation with bromcresol green is recommended as a more reliable substitute for total-protein estimations in urine. Limitations of bromcresol green are also pointed out.", "PMID": 1182999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8702", "title": "Semi-solid surface fluorometric analysis of glucose.", "content": "We describe an enzymatic fluorometric method for determining glucose concentrations in blood samples by analysis on a semi-solid surface (silicone-rubber pads). The method is an adaptation of existing spectrophotometric procedures based on the sequential coupling reactions with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP+. The rate of appearance of NADPH fluorescence at 460 nm (excitation wavelength, 340 nm) is monitored and related to the glucose concentration in plasma or serum. The calibration curve is linear to 2.50 g/liter. The chief advantages of this method over the spectrophotometric procedure are low cost and rapid response. The results obtained correlate well with those of the o-toluidine method (correlation coefficient, 0.986).", "contents": "Semi-solid surface fluorometric analysis of glucose. We describe an enzymatic fluorometric method for determining glucose concentrations in blood samples by analysis on a semi-solid surface (silicone-rubber pads). The method is an adaptation of existing spectrophotometric procedures based on the sequential coupling reactions with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP+. The rate of appearance of NADPH fluorescence at 460 nm (excitation wavelength, 340 nm) is monitored and related to the glucose concentration in plasma or serum. The calibration curve is linear to 2.50 g/liter. The chief advantages of this method over the spectrophotometric procedure are low cost and rapid response. The results obtained correlate well with those of the o-toluidine method (correlation coefficient, 0.986).", "PMID": 1183000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8703", "title": "Negligible interference by spironolactone and prednisone in digoxin radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Spironolactone and prednisone reportedly cause measurable values for apparent digoxin, even when none is present. Effects of these medications were evaluated with 125I-labeled digoxin kits from five different manufacturers. Values obtained for apparent digoxin were either negligible or not sufficiently great to be clinically significant, regardless of kit methodology or manufacturer.", "contents": "Negligible interference by spironolactone and prednisone in digoxin radioimmunoassay. Spironolactone and prednisone reportedly cause measurable values for apparent digoxin, even when none is present. Effects of these medications were evaluated with 125I-labeled digoxin kits from five different manufacturers. Values obtained for apparent digoxin were either negligible or not sufficiently great to be clinically significant, regardless of kit methodology or manufacturer.", "PMID": 1183001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8704", "title": "Screening for drug abuse: use of NaCl to increase drug recovery from papers coated with ion-exchange resin.", "content": "Use of papers loaded with ion-exchange resins to adsorb drugs from urine specimens resulted in large losses during the procedure. The first step, removal of drugs from urine specimens, was 25-85% efficient. The second step, elution of drugs from paper for further processing, was approximately 40-70% complete. The efficiency of the first step was decreased and the efficiency of the second step was increased by addition of NaCl, except in the case of barbiturates. Presence of salt during elution increased the yield of dihydromorphine by 20%, of methadone by 16%, of amphetamine by 34%, and of chlorpromazine by 40%, but did not enhance the yield of pentobarbital. Overall recovery rates were: 51% for the opiates, 57% for methadone, 72% for a phenothiazine tranquillizer, but only 35% for amphetamine and 15% for a barbiturate.", "contents": "Screening for drug abuse: use of NaCl to increase drug recovery from papers coated with ion-exchange resin. Use of papers loaded with ion-exchange resins to adsorb drugs from urine specimens resulted in large losses during the procedure. The first step, removal of drugs from urine specimens, was 25-85% efficient. The second step, elution of drugs from paper for further processing, was approximately 40-70% complete. The efficiency of the first step was decreased and the efficiency of the second step was increased by addition of NaCl, except in the case of barbiturates. Presence of salt during elution increased the yield of dihydromorphine by 20%, of methadone by 16%, of amphetamine by 34%, and of chlorpromazine by 40%, but did not enhance the yield of pentobarbital. Overall recovery rates were: 51% for the opiates, 57% for methadone, 72% for a phenothiazine tranquillizer, but only 35% for amphetamine and 15% for a barbiturate.", "PMID": 1183002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8705", "title": "Direct radioimmunoassay for unconjugated estriol in pregnancy serum, with use of a radioiodinated derivative of estriol.", "content": "We describe a rapid and direct 125I-based radioimmunoassay for quantification of unconjugated (free) estriol in pregnancy serum. Estriol in serum is adsorbed onto a small column of Sephadex, thereby allowing its separation from proteins and interfering materials. A radioiodinated derivative of estriol (6-ketoestriol-6(o-carboxymethyl)oxime-[125I]tyrosine methyl ester) is added to the column, followed by a limiting amount of antiserum. After incubation, the antibody-bound hormone is separated by a buffer wash. The assay exhibits satisfactory recovery and parallelism, and the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation are less than 10%. The values obtained by using the assay correlate well (r = 0.97) with those from a comparison method in which solvent extraction and chromatographic purification are used.", "contents": "Direct radioimmunoassay for unconjugated estriol in pregnancy serum, with use of a radioiodinated derivative of estriol. We describe a rapid and direct 125I-based radioimmunoassay for quantification of unconjugated (free) estriol in pregnancy serum. Estriol in serum is adsorbed onto a small column of Sephadex, thereby allowing its separation from proteins and interfering materials. A radioiodinated derivative of estriol (6-ketoestriol-6(o-carboxymethyl)oxime-[125I]tyrosine methyl ester) is added to the column, followed by a limiting amount of antiserum. After incubation, the antibody-bound hormone is separated by a buffer wash. The assay exhibits satisfactory recovery and parallelism, and the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation are less than 10%. The values obtained by using the assay correlate well (r = 0.97) with those from a comparison method in which solvent extraction and chromatographic purification are used.", "PMID": 1183003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8706", "title": "Sodium iodoacetate as an antiglycolytic agent in blood samples.", "content": "We evaluated the effect of sodium iodoacetate on glycolysis in a series of randomly selected blood samples from patients. Glucose values for serum and for serum with added sodium fluoride (2.5 g/liter) or sodium iodoacetate (2 g and 0.5 g/liter) were compared at room temperature. Respective declines in glucose values averaged 170, 40, 30, and 30 mg/liter after 24 h. Iodoacetate-preserved (0.5 g/liter) samples showed no visible hemolysis. Results of determinations of urea with urease and of other tests on SMA 12/60 (Technicon) panels were unaffected.", "contents": "Sodium iodoacetate as an antiglycolytic agent in blood samples. We evaluated the effect of sodium iodoacetate on glycolysis in a series of randomly selected blood samples from patients. Glucose values for serum and for serum with added sodium fluoride (2.5 g/liter) or sodium iodoacetate (2 g and 0.5 g/liter) were compared at room temperature. Respective declines in glucose values averaged 170, 40, 30, and 30 mg/liter after 24 h. Iodoacetate-preserved (0.5 g/liter) samples showed no visible hemolysis. Results of determinations of urea with urease and of other tests on SMA 12/60 (Technicon) panels were unaffected.", "PMID": 1183004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8707", "title": "An example of lyophilized protein-based materials not simulating patient sera.", "content": "Use of reconstituted lyophilized protein-based materials in the clinical laboratory is partly based on the assumption that these materials adequately simulate patients' sera. We examined several of these materials and found that certain ones do not have the same adsorbancies at 340 and 380 nm as do most sera. The implication of this is examined with respect to glucose determination by the hexokinase method on a dual-wave-length blank-subtraction instrument.", "contents": "An example of lyophilized protein-based materials not simulating patient sera. Use of reconstituted lyophilized protein-based materials in the clinical laboratory is partly based on the assumption that these materials adequately simulate patients' sera. We examined several of these materials and found that certain ones do not have the same adsorbancies at 340 and 380 nm as do most sera. The implication of this is examined with respect to glucose determination by the hexokinase method on a dual-wave-length blank-subtraction instrument.", "PMID": 1183005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8708", "title": "Automatic treatment of radioimmunoassay data: an experimental validation of the results.", "content": "A computational method for the automatic treatment of radioimmunoassay data has been developed and a computer program has been written in accordance. The main features of the approach used are the following: (a) a constant ratio between the bound fraction and its variance is assumed and estimated in each assay; (b) the points of the dose-response curve are fitted using the three-parameter function y' equals b1/(1 plus b2x(-b)3) where y' equals bound - nonspecific counts and x is the amount of hormone; the fitting is performed using the nonlinear, least-squares technique; (c) the values of the unknown samples are evaluated from the fitted standard curve; their confidence limits are computed taking into account both the variance of the bound replicates and the variance of the parameters of the dose-response curve. Experimental data that support the validity of the assumption on the variance of bound measurement and the suitability of the chosen function to fit the points of the standard curve are presented. A comparison between the confidence limits of the unknowns experimentally obtained and those computed by the program is reported and discussed.", "contents": "Automatic treatment of radioimmunoassay data: an experimental validation of the results. A computational method for the automatic treatment of radioimmunoassay data has been developed and a computer program has been written in accordance. The main features of the approach used are the following: (a) a constant ratio between the bound fraction and its variance is assumed and estimated in each assay; (b) the points of the dose-response curve are fitted using the three-parameter function y' equals b1/(1 plus b2x(-b)3) where y' equals bound - nonspecific counts and x is the amount of hormone; the fitting is performed using the nonlinear, least-squares technique; (c) the values of the unknown samples are evaluated from the fitted standard curve; their confidence limits are computed taking into account both the variance of the bound replicates and the variance of the parameters of the dose-response curve. Experimental data that support the validity of the assumption on the variance of bound measurement and the suitability of the chosen function to fit the points of the standard curve are presented. A comparison between the confidence limits of the unknowns experimentally obtained and those computed by the program is reported and discussed.", "PMID": 1183023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8709", "title": "An improved semi-automated method for the colorimetric determination of triglycerides in serum.", "content": "A semi-automated colorimetric determination for triglycerides in serum is described. The extraction is performed in sample cups and a part of the upper layer is sampled automatically. The use of modified reagents leads to greater stability and results in only one phase in the continuous flow system. The method is simple and inexpensive and therefore convenient for most laboratories with increasing requests for triglyceride determinations in serum. The method also shows good reproducibility and excellent correlation with the enzymatic method (Eggstein, M. and Kreuz, F.H. (1966) Klin. Wochenschr., 267-273).", "contents": "An improved semi-automated method for the colorimetric determination of triglycerides in serum. A semi-automated colorimetric determination for triglycerides in serum is described. The extraction is performed in sample cups and a part of the upper layer is sampled automatically. The use of modified reagents leads to greater stability and results in only one phase in the continuous flow system. The method is simple and inexpensive and therefore convenient for most laboratories with increasing requests for triglyceride determinations in serum. The method also shows good reproducibility and excellent correlation with the enzymatic method (Eggstein, M. and Kreuz, F.H. (1966) Klin. Wochenschr., 267-273).", "PMID": 1183025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8710", "title": "Serum-selenium concentrations in patients with maple-syrup-urine disease and phenylketonuria under dieto-therapy.", "content": "Serum-selenium concentrations were measured in 2 dietetically treated patients with maple-syrup-urine disease, in 11 dietetically treated patients with phenylketonuria, in 37 healthy children of different ages and in 183 healthy adults. The estimations were performed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The values of the dietetically treated patients were much lower than those of healthy children of the same age group. Within 8 to 12 weeks the serum-selenium concentrations decreased from normal values before therapy to very low values under dieto-therapy. During infancy the serum-selenium concentrations of healthy individuals show an increase to the adult range of values.", "contents": "Serum-selenium concentrations in patients with maple-syrup-urine disease and phenylketonuria under dieto-therapy. Serum-selenium concentrations were measured in 2 dietetically treated patients with maple-syrup-urine disease, in 11 dietetically treated patients with phenylketonuria, in 37 healthy children of different ages and in 183 healthy adults. The estimations were performed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The values of the dietetically treated patients were much lower than those of healthy children of the same age group. Within 8 to 12 weeks the serum-selenium concentrations decreased from normal values before therapy to very low values under dieto-therapy. During infancy the serum-selenium concentrations of healthy individuals show an increase to the adult range of values.", "PMID": 1183026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8711", "title": "Determination of serum bile acids by glass capillary gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Bile acids were extracted from serum samples by chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2 and, after alkaline or enzymic hydrolysis, purified by chromatography on aluminium oxide. The quantitation was carried out by gas-liquid chromatography with an OV-101 glass capillary column using their methyl ester trimethylsilyl derivatives. The mean total amount of cholic, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acids in a group of healthy fasting women was 2.14 mumol/l, in a group of fasting pregnant women at 8-12 weeks of gestation 1.13 mumol/l and at 38-41 weeks of gestation 2.10 mumol/l. In patients with cholestasis of pregnancy the total bile acid levels varied from 6 to 86 mumol/l.", "contents": "Determination of serum bile acids by glass capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Bile acids were extracted from serum samples by chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2 and, after alkaline or enzymic hydrolysis, purified by chromatography on aluminium oxide. The quantitation was carried out by gas-liquid chromatography with an OV-101 glass capillary column using their methyl ester trimethylsilyl derivatives. The mean total amount of cholic, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acids in a group of healthy fasting women was 2.14 mumol/l, in a group of fasting pregnant women at 8-12 weeks of gestation 1.13 mumol/l and at 38-41 weeks of gestation 2.10 mumol/l. In patients with cholestasis of pregnancy the total bile acid levels varied from 6 to 86 mumol/l.", "PMID": 1183027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8712", "title": "Plasma pyridoxal phosphate levels and tryptophan metabolism in children with burns and scalds.", "content": "Depression of the pyridoxal phosphate concentration in the plasma was observed in eight children after burning or scalding. The concentrations remained low for several weeks with the usual dietary supplements but could be restored rapidly with large doses of pyridoxine; this does not seem to alter the excretion of xanthurenic acid but causes an increased loss of kynurenic acid and kynurenine.", "contents": "Plasma pyridoxal phosphate levels and tryptophan metabolism in children with burns and scalds. Depression of the pyridoxal phosphate concentration in the plasma was observed in eight children after burning or scalding. The concentrations remained low for several weeks with the usual dietary supplements but could be restored rapidly with large doses of pyridoxine; this does not seem to alter the excretion of xanthurenic acid but causes an increased loss of kynurenic acid and kynurenine.", "PMID": 1183028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8713", "title": "Practical aspects on the determination of serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes using L-phenylalanine and urea.", "content": "Simple methods for estimation of the most frequently occurring alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum are evaluated. Methods based on inhibition by L-phenylalanine or denaturation by heat or urea have been adopted for a reaction-rate instrument (LKB 8600) using conditions recommended by the Scandinavian Enzyme Committee, when applicable. The analytical results are directly evaluated for various groups of patients and also used in a mathematical \"three-isoenzyme\" model. These calculations did not improve the clinical value of the primarily obtained data. Thus, it was concluded that under certain precautions the results obtained in the presence of L-phenylalanine or urea should be used separately.", "contents": "Practical aspects on the determination of serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes using L-phenylalanine and urea. Simple methods for estimation of the most frequently occurring alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum are evaluated. Methods based on inhibition by L-phenylalanine or denaturation by heat or urea have been adopted for a reaction-rate instrument (LKB 8600) using conditions recommended by the Scandinavian Enzyme Committee, when applicable. The analytical results are directly evaluated for various groups of patients and also used in a mathematical \"three-isoenzyme\" model. These calculations did not improve the clinical value of the primarily obtained data. Thus, it was concluded that under certain precautions the results obtained in the presence of L-phenylalanine or urea should be used separately.", "PMID": 1183030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8714", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-IgG3 immunoglobulin complexes in human serum.", "content": "Sera of fifteen patients containing complexes of LDH and IgG were analysed. The LDH-IgG complexes of fourteen of these patients were investigated for their subclass specificity. They appeared to consist of LDH and IgG3, except for one of the patients. The serum of the latter patient also contained complexes of LDH and IgG1. In this serum both types of the immunoglobulin light chains were involved in the formation of the complexes, whereas in the serum of the patients with LDH-IgG3 complexes alone, they only contained one of the two immunoglobulin light chain types; it mainly concerned kappa type. The results of the present study were compared to those of a previous study on LDH-IgA complexes, in which the IgA fraction always contained light chains of kappa type. The mean LDH activity and the heat stability of the LDH activity in the sera with LDH-IgA complexes appeared to be higher than in the sera with LDH-IgG3 complexes. In contrast to complexes of LDH and IgA which occurred in all age groups LDH-IgG3 complexes were mainly found in elderly persons. Although auto-antibodies to different tissue antigens were present in the majority of the sera containing LDH IgG3 complexes, antibodies to LDH could not be demonstrated. A relationship between the presence of the complexes in the serum and a particular disease could not be established.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-IgG3 immunoglobulin complexes in human serum. Sera of fifteen patients containing complexes of LDH and IgG were analysed. The LDH-IgG complexes of fourteen of these patients were investigated for their subclass specificity. They appeared to consist of LDH and IgG3, except for one of the patients. The serum of the latter patient also contained complexes of LDH and IgG1. In this serum both types of the immunoglobulin light chains were involved in the formation of the complexes, whereas in the serum of the patients with LDH-IgG3 complexes alone, they only contained one of the two immunoglobulin light chain types; it mainly concerned kappa type. The results of the present study were compared to those of a previous study on LDH-IgA complexes, in which the IgA fraction always contained light chains of kappa type. The mean LDH activity and the heat stability of the LDH activity in the sera with LDH-IgA complexes appeared to be higher than in the sera with LDH-IgG3 complexes. In contrast to complexes of LDH and IgA which occurred in all age groups LDH-IgG3 complexes were mainly found in elderly persons. Although auto-antibodies to different tissue antigens were present in the majority of the sera containing LDH IgG3 complexes, antibodies to LDH could not be demonstrated. A relationship between the presence of the complexes in the serum and a particular disease could not be established.", "PMID": 1183031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8715", "title": "Applications of statistics in clinical chemistry. A critical evaluation of regression lines.", "content": "When two chemical determination methods are compared, a regression line is commonly used to elucidate constant and proportional errors. The classical procedure for the calculation of such a line is compared to the fairly unknown procedures described by Deming and by Bartlett. It is shown that the reliability of the classical procedure is restricted to only some cases. Deming's procedure is more generally applicable and also has the advantage, that estimates are obtained for the random errors in both chemical determination methods. Bartlett's procedure is not recommended.", "contents": "Applications of statistics in clinical chemistry. A critical evaluation of regression lines. When two chemical determination methods are compared, a regression line is commonly used to elucidate constant and proportional errors. The classical procedure for the calculation of such a line is compared to the fairly unknown procedures described by Deming and by Bartlett. It is shown that the reliability of the classical procedure is restricted to only some cases. Deming's procedure is more generally applicable and also has the advantage, that estimates are obtained for the random errors in both chemical determination methods. Bartlett's procedure is not recommended.", "PMID": 1183033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8716", "title": "The influence of drugs and disease activity on biochemical and haematological data in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Biochemical and haematological data from 218 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were analysed and compared with data from a reference hospital population. The comparison demonstrated significant differences in several biochemical and haematological tests and that the patterns of change are different between males and females. The data were also analysed by conventional statistical methods and discriminant analysis using a computer to establish which tests were most influenced by the activity of the disease and drug therapy. The results obtained demonstrate marked difference between groups of patients with different disease activity or receiving different drugs. The discriminant analysis also identified those tests which differentiate these groups most effectively.", "contents": "The influence of drugs and disease activity on biochemical and haematological data in rheumatoid arthritis. Biochemical and haematological data from 218 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were analysed and compared with data from a reference hospital population. The comparison demonstrated significant differences in several biochemical and haematological tests and that the patterns of change are different between males and females. The data were also analysed by conventional statistical methods and discriminant analysis using a computer to establish which tests were most influenced by the activity of the disease and drug therapy. The results obtained demonstrate marked difference between groups of patients with different disease activity or receiving different drugs. The discriminant analysis also identified those tests which differentiate these groups most effectively.", "PMID": 1183034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8717", "title": "Presence of serum and tissue forms of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in urine from patients with renal disease.", "content": "1. The A, B, I1 and I2 forms of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase present in urine, serum, kidney, liver and cerebral spinal fluid were separated on DEAE-cellulose and their presence confirmed by cellogel electrophoresis. The relative activities of each enzyme were determined by integrating the area under the elution peaks. 2. Serum A-form was eluted at a lower molarity of chloride than liver A-form and this was designated the As-form to distinguish it from the A-form of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase found in liver and kidney. 3. The P-form of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase present in the serum of a group of pregnant women was not detectable in urine samples from the same women. 4. Urinary NAG activities were found to be abnormally high in patients with impaired renal function. 5. The activity of both N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidases A and B increased in pathological urines. The higher the total N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity excreted the higher the % of activity of the B-form present. 6. In a number of patients with haematuria an A-form similar to the serum As-form was present in the urine.", "contents": "Presence of serum and tissue forms of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in urine from patients with renal disease. 1. The A, B, I1 and I2 forms of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase present in urine, serum, kidney, liver and cerebral spinal fluid were separated on DEAE-cellulose and their presence confirmed by cellogel electrophoresis. The relative activities of each enzyme were determined by integrating the area under the elution peaks. 2. Serum A-form was eluted at a lower molarity of chloride than liver A-form and this was designated the As-form to distinguish it from the A-form of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase found in liver and kidney. 3. The P-form of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase present in the serum of a group of pregnant women was not detectable in urine samples from the same women. 4. Urinary NAG activities were found to be abnormally high in patients with impaired renal function. 5. The activity of both N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidases A and B increased in pathological urines. The higher the total N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity excreted the higher the % of activity of the B-form present. 6. In a number of patients with haematuria an A-form similar to the serum As-form was present in the urine.", "PMID": 1183035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8718", "title": "Biliary lipid composition in early childhood.", "content": "The biliary lipid composition was studied in 11 children without hepatic or gastrointestinal disease who ranged in age from 15 to 54 months. The molar percentages of cholesterol, bile acids and phospholipids in the biliary lipid mixture averaged 5.0 +/- 1.1; 80 +/- 6.1 and 15 +/- 6.2%, respectively. Cholic, chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acid comprised 48; 45; 4 and 3% of total bile acids, respectively. A comparison of the lipid composition with data reported in the literature for the adult reveals that the molar percentage of cholesterol is relatively low in early childhood. This could be one of the factors which is responsible for the low incidence of cholesterol gallstones in this age group.", "contents": "Biliary lipid composition in early childhood. The biliary lipid composition was studied in 11 children without hepatic or gastrointestinal disease who ranged in age from 15 to 54 months. The molar percentages of cholesterol, bile acids and phospholipids in the biliary lipid mixture averaged 5.0 +/- 1.1; 80 +/- 6.1 and 15 +/- 6.2%, respectively. Cholic, chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acid comprised 48; 45; 4 and 3% of total bile acids, respectively. A comparison of the lipid composition with data reported in the literature for the adult reveals that the molar percentage of cholesterol is relatively low in early childhood. This could be one of the factors which is responsible for the low incidence of cholesterol gallstones in this age group.", "PMID": 1183039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8719", "title": "Evaluation of quantitative methods for determination of protein in urine.", "content": "The automated immunoprecipitin reaction (A.I.P.) and the Laurell electroimmuno assay (rocket electrophoresis) are applied to unconcentrated overnight urines from patients hospitalised for various diseases, including both Albustix-positive and Albustix-negative samples. The results of both methods and the results of a quantitative determination of total protein are compared. The correlation coefficients between the two immunochemical methods are good, with a significance level of p less than 0.01 for all r-values. The correlation coefficient between the immunochemical methods and the quantitative determination of total protein is dependent on the amount of protein excreted in the urine. If urines should be examined for proteins we recommend a quantitative screening method or an immunochemical determination of albumin. For the latter we find that the A.I.P.-reaction is the method of choice, because it is fast, precise, sensitive, and specific.", "contents": "Evaluation of quantitative methods for determination of protein in urine. The automated immunoprecipitin reaction (A.I.P.) and the Laurell electroimmuno assay (rocket electrophoresis) are applied to unconcentrated overnight urines from patients hospitalised for various diseases, including both Albustix-positive and Albustix-negative samples. The results of both methods and the results of a quantitative determination of total protein are compared. The correlation coefficients between the two immunochemical methods are good, with a significance level of p less than 0.01 for all r-values. The correlation coefficient between the immunochemical methods and the quantitative determination of total protein is dependent on the amount of protein excreted in the urine. If urines should be examined for proteins we recommend a quantitative screening method or an immunochemical determination of albumin. For the latter we find that the A.I.P.-reaction is the method of choice, because it is fast, precise, sensitive, and specific.", "PMID": 1183040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8720", "title": "Urinary excretion of indolyl-3-acryloylglycine in some skin affections.", "content": "1. Urinary excretion of indolyl-3-acryloylglycine (chromogen of the so-called Kimmig's light band) in 15 normal subjects was highly significantly increased in June-September (\"summer\") against the November-April (\"winter\") collection in the same subjects. Possible explanation of this phenomenon is discussed. 2. In the \"winter\" period, the mean of 23 patients with chronic polymorphous light eruption was significantly higher than the mean of the 29 controls. In the \"summer\" period, though an increaes of the average against \"winter\" was also noted, this difference against the control group (29) disappeared. 3. In 24 patients with skin tuberculosis the mean excretion in \"winter\" was significantly higher than in controls. This increase cannot be simply attributed to heliotherapy. 4. In \"winter\", there was no significant difference between the normal subjects and 12 patients with lupus erythematosus and 10 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. In both these groups there was marked \"summer\" increase in excretion, though in the case of porphyria cutanea tarda, the \"summer\" mean was significantly lower than that of the controls. 5. All results were expressed on creatinine basis. In part of the subjects it was possible to calculate the excretion per unit time. Identical conclusions could be drawn.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of indolyl-3-acryloylglycine in some skin affections. 1. Urinary excretion of indolyl-3-acryloylglycine (chromogen of the so-called Kimmig's light band) in 15 normal subjects was highly significantly increased in June-September (\"summer\") against the November-April (\"winter\") collection in the same subjects. Possible explanation of this phenomenon is discussed. 2. In the \"winter\" period, the mean of 23 patients with chronic polymorphous light eruption was significantly higher than the mean of the 29 controls. In the \"summer\" period, though an increaes of the average against \"winter\" was also noted, this difference against the control group (29) disappeared. 3. In 24 patients with skin tuberculosis the mean excretion in \"winter\" was significantly higher than in controls. This increase cannot be simply attributed to heliotherapy. 4. In \"winter\", there was no significant difference between the normal subjects and 12 patients with lupus erythematosus and 10 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. In both these groups there was marked \"summer\" increase in excretion, though in the case of porphyria cutanea tarda, the \"summer\" mean was significantly lower than that of the controls. 5. All results were expressed on creatinine basis. In part of the subjects it was possible to calculate the excretion per unit time. Identical conclusions could be drawn.", "PMID": 1183041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8721", "title": "[Determination of bismuth in blood urine and cerebrospinal fluid by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for the determination of bismuth in blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid is described. Using ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate as chelating agent, bismuth is extracted in hexane and determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry with a graphite furnace. A sample of 0.5 ml is sufficient for the determination of bismuth at concentrations ranging from a few mug/l to 2000 mug/l. In subjects not receiving bismuth, the concentration in blood is below 10 mug/l and in subjects intoxicated with bismuth prescribed for digestive diseases the concentration can reach 2000 mug/l and more.", "contents": "[Determination of bismuth in blood urine and cerebrospinal fluid by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry (author's transl)]. A method for the determination of bismuth in blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid is described. Using ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate as chelating agent, bismuth is extracted in hexane and determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry with a graphite furnace. A sample of 0.5 ml is sufficient for the determination of bismuth at concentrations ranging from a few mug/l to 2000 mug/l. In subjects not receiving bismuth, the concentration in blood is below 10 mug/l and in subjects intoxicated with bismuth prescribed for digestive diseases the concentration can reach 2000 mug/l and more.", "PMID": 1183042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8722", "title": "Studies on the interaction of dopamine beta-hydroxylase from various sources with phytohaemagglutinins.", "content": "1. Bovine adrenal medulla dopamine beta-hydroxylase, a glycoprotein with terminal mannose residues in carbohydrate moiety, did not precipitate with any lectins tested except concanavalin A. After digestion with neuraminidase, the enzyme was shown to interact with ricin, and a good correlation was found between the amount of liberated sialic acids and the extent of agglutination. This finding show either that more than one type of carbohydrate unit occurs on the protein or that three are multibranched chains in the carbohydrate moiety. 2. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase from human serum, pheochromocytoma and normal adrenal were incubated with concanavalin A, ricin, wheat germ agglutinin and lectins from Dilochos biflorus and Robinia pseudoacacia. 83% of dopamine beta-hydroxylase from pheochromocytoma was precipitated by ricin, whereas the enzyme from human serum precipitated to a lesser extent (5-15%). Neuraminidase digestion of human serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase led to an increase of precipitation with ricin. The low extent of native human serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase precipitation with ricin can be explained by the attack of plasma membrane sialidases of liver cells, whereas the greater ricin precipitation of pheochromocytoma and normal adrenal dopamine beta-hydroxylases could be due to post-mortem effects. The clinical implications of possibility of difference concerning the carbohydrate moiety structures of pheochromocytoma and normal enzymes is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the interaction of dopamine beta-hydroxylase from various sources with phytohaemagglutinins. 1. Bovine adrenal medulla dopamine beta-hydroxylase, a glycoprotein with terminal mannose residues in carbohydrate moiety, did not precipitate with any lectins tested except concanavalin A. After digestion with neuraminidase, the enzyme was shown to interact with ricin, and a good correlation was found between the amount of liberated sialic acids and the extent of agglutination. This finding show either that more than one type of carbohydrate unit occurs on the protein or that three are multibranched chains in the carbohydrate moiety. 2. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase from human serum, pheochromocytoma and normal adrenal were incubated with concanavalin A, ricin, wheat germ agglutinin and lectins from Dilochos biflorus and Robinia pseudoacacia. 83% of dopamine beta-hydroxylase from pheochromocytoma was precipitated by ricin, whereas the enzyme from human serum precipitated to a lesser extent (5-15%). Neuraminidase digestion of human serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase led to an increase of precipitation with ricin. The low extent of native human serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase precipitation with ricin can be explained by the attack of plasma membrane sialidases of liver cells, whereas the greater ricin precipitation of pheochromocytoma and normal adrenal dopamine beta-hydroxylases could be due to post-mortem effects. The clinical implications of possibility of difference concerning the carbohydrate moiety structures of pheochromocytoma and normal enzymes is discussed.", "PMID": 1183043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8723", "title": "Sialic acid containing abnormal amylases in human sera.", "content": "The properties of abnormal amylases with unusually fast electrophortetic mobility from five patients were studied. These abnormal amulases showed markedly reduced electrophoretic migration to the cathodic side by digestion with neuraminidase. It was suggested that these five abnormal amylases contained sialic acid in their molecules, and the increased electrophorectic mobility resulted from sialic acid, which is not present in normal human amylases.", "contents": "Sialic acid containing abnormal amylases in human sera. The properties of abnormal amylases with unusually fast electrophortetic mobility from five patients were studied. These abnormal amulases showed markedly reduced electrophoretic migration to the cathodic side by digestion with neuraminidase. It was suggested that these five abnormal amylases contained sialic acid in their molecules, and the increased electrophorectic mobility resulted from sialic acid, which is not present in normal human amylases.", "PMID": 1183044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8724", "title": "Immunological determination of muscle-type enolase in the serum as a diagnostic test for myocardial infarction.", "content": "An antiserum raised in the chicken against purified rat skeletal muscle enolase neutralized 86% of the enolase activity of human heart muscle and 8.7% +/- 4.8% (mean +/- S.D.) of the enolase activity in normal human serum. The fraction of enolase inhibited by the antiserum, designated as 'immunologically reacting muscle enolase', promptly rose after myocardial infarction in the serum of affected subjects, reaching peak values in excess of 40% in all but one of 23 subjects. Only one subject with ischaemic heart disease, but without infarction, and 2 with miscellaneous conditions, among 117 such patients tested, yielded comparable values. The test appears to be highly specific for myocardial infarction when muscle disease can be excluded and would not be difficult to introduce as a laboratory routine.", "contents": "Immunological determination of muscle-type enolase in the serum as a diagnostic test for myocardial infarction. An antiserum raised in the chicken against purified rat skeletal muscle enolase neutralized 86% of the enolase activity of human heart muscle and 8.7% +/- 4.8% (mean +/- S.D.) of the enolase activity in normal human serum. The fraction of enolase inhibited by the antiserum, designated as 'immunologically reacting muscle enolase', promptly rose after myocardial infarction in the serum of affected subjects, reaching peak values in excess of 40% in all but one of 23 subjects. Only one subject with ischaemic heart disease, but without infarction, and 2 with miscellaneous conditions, among 117 such patients tested, yielded comparable values. The test appears to be highly specific for myocardial infarction when muscle disease can be excluded and would not be difficult to introduce as a laboratory routine.", "PMID": 1183045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8725", "title": "Comparison of an all-aqueous automated urine pregnancy oestrogen method with one using organic solvent extraction.", "content": "A comparative study between an all-aqueous automated urine pregnancy oestrogen method and a well established one requiring organic solvent extraction showed good agreement (r = 0.992). Advantages offered by the all-aqueous method include a faster rate of sample analysis and elimination of the difficulties of phase separation. The storage of urine for 5 days did not affect the oestrogen concentration measured by the all-aqueous method. Glucose, which reduced the apparent oestrogen concentration, was readily removed by treatment of the urine with borohydride, and treated urines showed good recoveries. The recovery of oestrogen was inadequate when glucose was removed from urine by incubation with yeast, possibly due to the formation of acetaldehyde.", "contents": "Comparison of an all-aqueous automated urine pregnancy oestrogen method with one using organic solvent extraction. A comparative study between an all-aqueous automated urine pregnancy oestrogen method and a well established one requiring organic solvent extraction showed good agreement (r = 0.992). Advantages offered by the all-aqueous method include a faster rate of sample analysis and elimination of the difficulties of phase separation. The storage of urine for 5 days did not affect the oestrogen concentration measured by the all-aqueous method. Glucose, which reduced the apparent oestrogen concentration, was readily removed by treatment of the urine with borohydride, and treated urines showed good recoveries. The recovery of oestrogen was inadequate when glucose was removed from urine by incubation with yeast, possibly due to the formation of acetaldehyde.", "PMID": 1183051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8726", "title": "An improved method for the determination of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate.", "content": "A spectrophotometric method for the determination of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) is presented which shows several advantages in comparison to the radiochemical techniques, such as a relatively simple, rapid and less expensive procedure. This technique has been used to evaluate PRPP content in erythrocytes, leukocytes and lymphocytes of normal subjects and individuals with partial hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) deficiency. The results obtained proved to be completely reliable in both groups of subjects examined, with values of PRPP similar to those observed by radiochemical techniques.", "contents": "An improved method for the determination of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate. A spectrophotometric method for the determination of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) is presented which shows several advantages in comparison to the radiochemical techniques, such as a relatively simple, rapid and less expensive procedure. This technique has been used to evaluate PRPP content in erythrocytes, leukocytes and lymphocytes of normal subjects and individuals with partial hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) deficiency. The results obtained proved to be completely reliable in both groups of subjects examined, with values of PRPP similar to those observed by radiochemical techniques.", "PMID": 1183052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8727", "title": "Permanent chemical phenylketonuria and a normal phenylalanine tolerance in two sisters with a normal mental development.", "content": "A positive ferric chloride reaction was found at routine examination of the urine of a 14 year old mentally normal girl, admitted for complaints of headache and other meningitis-like symptoms. It turned out that she excreted permanently increased amounts of phenylpyruvic, phenyllactic and o-hydroxyphenylacetic acids, but phenylacetic acid (free plus conjugated) was normal. Fasting serum phenylalanine was not increased nor was urinary phenylalanine. On loading with L-phenylalanine (100 mg/kg) a normal serum phenylalanine response followed, but urinary phenylpyruvic, phenyllactic and o-hydroxyphenylacetic acids increased further. Phenylacetic acid responded too, but remained in the normal range. In addition to the above-mentioned abnormalities the urine contained a still unidentified abnormal acid, which also increased after loading with phenylalanine. Her 12 year old healthy sister showed the same chemical abnormality. Two older brothers and the parents had normal excretions. The enzyme defect has not been identified. As a possibility the defective decarboxylation of phenylpyruvic acid is proposed.", "contents": "Permanent chemical phenylketonuria and a normal phenylalanine tolerance in two sisters with a normal mental development. A positive ferric chloride reaction was found at routine examination of the urine of a 14 year old mentally normal girl, admitted for complaints of headache and other meningitis-like symptoms. It turned out that she excreted permanently increased amounts of phenylpyruvic, phenyllactic and o-hydroxyphenylacetic acids, but phenylacetic acid (free plus conjugated) was normal. Fasting serum phenylalanine was not increased nor was urinary phenylalanine. On loading with L-phenylalanine (100 mg/kg) a normal serum phenylalanine response followed, but urinary phenylpyruvic, phenyllactic and o-hydroxyphenylacetic acids increased further. Phenylacetic acid responded too, but remained in the normal range. In addition to the above-mentioned abnormalities the urine contained a still unidentified abnormal acid, which also increased after loading with phenylalanine. Her 12 year old healthy sister showed the same chemical abnormality. Two older brothers and the parents had normal excretions. The enzyme defect has not been identified. As a possibility the defective decarboxylation of phenylpyruvic acid is proposed.", "PMID": 1183053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8728", "title": "False rise of starch-iodine determined amylase values caused by heparin treatment during haemodialysis.", "content": "A false rise in the levels of serum amylase as determined by a starch-iodine method was observed in patients undergoing haemodialysis and after treatment with heparin. In in vitro experiments, neither dialysis of serum nor addition of heparin produced a corresponding increase. The results showed that lipoproteins, altered by heparin-induced lipoprotein lipase, may have a considerable influence by interacting with starch and thereby partly preventing the formation of starch-iodine complexes. Amyloclastic methods that employ the starch-iodine reaction for determining amylase are therefore not to be used on patients treated with heparin.", "contents": "False rise of starch-iodine determined amylase values caused by heparin treatment during haemodialysis. A false rise in the levels of serum amylase as determined by a starch-iodine method was observed in patients undergoing haemodialysis and after treatment with heparin. In in vitro experiments, neither dialysis of serum nor addition of heparin produced a corresponding increase. The results showed that lipoproteins, altered by heparin-induced lipoprotein lipase, may have a considerable influence by interacting with starch and thereby partly preventing the formation of starch-iodine complexes. Amyloclastic methods that employ the starch-iodine reaction for determining amylase are therefore not to be used on patients treated with heparin.", "PMID": 1183054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8729", "title": "The use of preparative continuous flow electrophoresis to study low molecular weight proteins in urine.", "content": "The authors propose a convenient method for the separation of low molecular weight proteins, present in tubular urines. In particular, the method is used for the purification of beta2 microglobulin, after one recycling, and also for the isolation of the various post-gamma globulins which can later be separated on DEAE Sephadex.", "contents": "The use of preparative continuous flow electrophoresis to study low molecular weight proteins in urine. The authors propose a convenient method for the separation of low molecular weight proteins, present in tubular urines. In particular, the method is used for the purification of beta2 microglobulin, after one recycling, and also for the isolation of the various post-gamma globulins which can later be separated on DEAE Sephadex.", "PMID": 1183055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8730", "title": "Dynamics of the rectum and anus.", "content": "The anorectum is a continuously active area with integration of smooth and striated muscle sphincters. Their responses to the entry of material from the colon into the rectum are usually at a subconscious level but voluntary control can be exerted. In the accommodation response the rectum adapts to the presence of faeces and the rise in rectal pressure caused by their entry into the rectum passes off in a few minutes. The sampling response consists of transient relaxation of the upper part of the internal anal sphincter which allows the rectal content to come in contact with the somatic sensory area in the anal canal to assess the nature of the content. Defaecation is the most complex response. Controlled defaecation occurs when a moderate stimulus from the full rectum reaches consciousness by release of cortical inhibition. When the rectal stimulus is greater and combined with stimulation of the anal canal urgent defaecation takes place.", "contents": "Dynamics of the rectum and anus. The anorectum is a continuously active area with integration of smooth and striated muscle sphincters. Their responses to the entry of material from the colon into the rectum are usually at a subconscious level but voluntary control can be exerted. In the accommodation response the rectum adapts to the presence of faeces and the rise in rectal pressure caused by their entry into the rectum passes off in a few minutes. The sampling response consists of transient relaxation of the upper part of the internal anal sphincter which allows the rectal content to come in contact with the somatic sensory area in the anal canal to assess the nature of the content. Defaecation is the most complex response. Controlled defaecation occurs when a moderate stimulus from the full rectum reaches consciousness by release of cortical inhibition. When the rectal stimulus is greater and combined with stimulation of the anal canal urgent defaecation takes place.", "PMID": 1183057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8731", "title": "Treatment of rectal prolapse.", "content": "There are two schools of thought concerning the aetiology of rectal prolapse. On the one hand it was conceived to be a sliding hernia through a defect in the pelvic fascia, while on the other hand radiological studies have demonstrated prolapse to be represented by an intussusception of the rectum. Various operative procedures have been proposed for the treatment of rectal prolapse based on the belief in one or the other of these concepts. The anatomic defects which have been described with prolapse include a defect in the pelvic floor with diastasis of the levatores ani, loss of the normal horizontal position of the rectum, an abnormally deep cul-de-sac of Douglas, a redundant rectosigmoid, and a patulous anal sphincter. The popularly used procedure in Great Britain is that in which a sheet of Ivalon sponge is sutured to the sacrum and wrapped around the rectum thus anchoring it in place. Various authors have reported good results using this technique. The mortality and morbidity rate appear to be acceptable. In the U.S.A. a popular procedure is the Ripstein technique where a sheet of Teflon is wrapped around the rectum anteriorly anchoring the rectum to the sacrum. This technique also has its proponents who rport satisfactory results. Abdominal proctopexy and sigmoid resection, although not in common general use, has been found to be effective with an acceptable morbidity and mortality rate. These three procedures have some drawbacks but the one problem common to all the repairs so far developed for prolapse is their inability to guarantee to restore continence. Probably half the patients operated upon continue to be incontinent. Faradic stimulation of the sphincter has not proved to be as helpful as initially hoped.", "contents": "Treatment of rectal prolapse. There are two schools of thought concerning the aetiology of rectal prolapse. On the one hand it was conceived to be a sliding hernia through a defect in the pelvic fascia, while on the other hand radiological studies have demonstrated prolapse to be represented by an intussusception of the rectum. Various operative procedures have been proposed for the treatment of rectal prolapse based on the belief in one or the other of these concepts. The anatomic defects which have been described with prolapse include a defect in the pelvic floor with diastasis of the levatores ani, loss of the normal horizontal position of the rectum, an abnormally deep cul-de-sac of Douglas, a redundant rectosigmoid, and a patulous anal sphincter. The popularly used procedure in Great Britain is that in which a sheet of Ivalon sponge is sutured to the sacrum and wrapped around the rectum thus anchoring it in place. Various authors have reported good results using this technique. The mortality and morbidity rate appear to be acceptable. In the U.S.A. a popular procedure is the Ripstein technique where a sheet of Teflon is wrapped around the rectum anteriorly anchoring the rectum to the sacrum. This technique also has its proponents who rport satisfactory results. Abdominal proctopexy and sigmoid resection, although not in common general use, has been found to be effective with an acceptable morbidity and mortality rate. These three procedures have some drawbacks but the one problem common to all the repairs so far developed for prolapse is their inability to guarantee to restore continence. Probably half the patients operated upon continue to be incontinent. Faradic stimulation of the sphincter has not proved to be as helpful as initially hoped.", "PMID": 1183058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8732", "title": "The solitary ulcer syndrome of the rectum.", "content": "The solitary ulcer syndrome of the rectum is not rare but often remains unrecognised. A greater awareness of the condition will lead to more frequent diagnosis. The aetiology remains unproven but the evidence would suggest that a combination of prolapse, trauma and ischaemia, caused by excessive straining at stool may be important factors. The reasons for straining at stool are also obscure but in some cases a failure in the normal behaviour of the puborectalis may be involved. The history and clinical features of the condition are described, and the pathogenesis discussed.", "contents": "The solitary ulcer syndrome of the rectum. The solitary ulcer syndrome of the rectum is not rare but often remains unrecognised. A greater awareness of the condition will lead to more frequent diagnosis. The aetiology remains unproven but the evidence would suggest that a combination of prolapse, trauma and ischaemia, caused by excessive straining at stool may be important factors. The reasons for straining at stool are also obscure but in some cases a failure in the normal behaviour of the puborectalis may be involved. The history and clinical features of the condition are described, and the pathogenesis discussed.", "PMID": 1183059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8733", "title": "Malignant tumours of the rectum. Part I: radiotherapy.", "content": "We have confined our discussion to two modalities of treatment by means of x-ray therapy which are now being used in order to improve not only the survival rate but the quality of survival in carcinoma of the rectum. Endocavity irradiation should be established as a recognised method of therapy for selected patients with carcinoma of the rectum and it should be universally available. A number of trials are now in progress which we believe will definitely demonstrate preoperative radiation therapy as an established treatment for cancer of the rectum. It is our belief that preoperative external irradiation by means of supervoltage therapy will contribute considerably to improvement in the five-year survival figures. It may be postulated that in view of the fact that external radiation reduces the number of lymph nodes found at surgery it seems reasonable to offer patients receiving endocavity irradiation a simultaneous course of external irradiation. This may further increase the survival rate for patients with localized tumours.", "contents": "Malignant tumours of the rectum. Part I: radiotherapy. We have confined our discussion to two modalities of treatment by means of x-ray therapy which are now being used in order to improve not only the survival rate but the quality of survival in carcinoma of the rectum. Endocavity irradiation should be established as a recognised method of therapy for selected patients with carcinoma of the rectum and it should be universally available. A number of trials are now in progress which we believe will definitely demonstrate preoperative radiation therapy as an established treatment for cancer of the rectum. It is our belief that preoperative external irradiation by means of supervoltage therapy will contribute considerably to improvement in the five-year survival figures. It may be postulated that in view of the fact that external radiation reduces the number of lymph nodes found at surgery it seems reasonable to offer patients receiving endocavity irradiation a simultaneous course of external irradiation. This may further increase the survival rate for patients with localized tumours.", "PMID": 1183061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8734", "title": "Conservative management of haemorrhoids. Part I: injection, freezing and ligation.", "content": "Of 111 consecutive patients treated by partial internal sphincterotomy for a haemorrhoidal disease in the course of a prospective study, 101 could be re-examined between 24 and 36 months after operation. There were no major complications but 11 patients had some significant complaints at some time after operation. There were six recurrences, five of which could be attributed to inadequate sphincterotomy. One patient had an excessive sphincterotomy which led to difficulties with continence of fluid stools. One patient developed a peri-anal abscess two years after partial sphincterotomy and four patients with marked soiling will require surgical correction of the posterior gutter. The gutter is due to secondary epithelialisation after open sphincterotomy in the posterior midline. The recommended technique entails the division of the internal sphincter up to a few millimeters above the dentate line and reconstruction of the anal mucosa with a continuous absorbable suture. 'Landscaping' by partial resections of the prolapsed haemorrhoids is recommended to avoid sclerotic tags. Submucosal sphincterotomy should be considered by the very experienced only and then provided that the anal mucosa shows little scarring.", "contents": "Conservative management of haemorrhoids. Part I: injection, freezing and ligation. Of 111 consecutive patients treated by partial internal sphincterotomy for a haemorrhoidal disease in the course of a prospective study, 101 could be re-examined between 24 and 36 months after operation. There were no major complications but 11 patients had some significant complaints at some time after operation. There were six recurrences, five of which could be attributed to inadequate sphincterotomy. One patient had an excessive sphincterotomy which led to difficulties with continence of fluid stools. One patient developed a peri-anal abscess two years after partial sphincterotomy and four patients with marked soiling will require surgical correction of the posterior gutter. The gutter is due to secondary epithelialisation after open sphincterotomy in the posterior midline. The recommended technique entails the division of the internal sphincter up to a few millimeters above the dentate line and reconstruction of the anal mucosa with a continuous absorbable suture. 'Landscaping' by partial resections of the prolapsed haemorrhoids is recommended to avoid sclerotic tags. Submucosal sphincterotomy should be considered by the very experienced only and then provided that the anal mucosa shows little scarring.", "PMID": 1183063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8735", "title": "Fissure-in-ano and anal stenosis. Part I: conservative management.", "content": "Acute superficial fissure-in-ano responds readily to conservative non-surgical treatment. For chronic deep fissures we recommend manual anal dilatation and the post-dilatation regimen but recognise that equally good results follow the simple procedure of subcutaneous lateral internal sphincterotomy. The recurrence rate following these minor procedures is less than 10 per cent and the incidence of poor flatus control and mucus leakage is even lower. It is never necessary to excise fissures nor sentinel piles although it may be desirable to excise large redundant skin tags to facilitate anal hygiene. Painless or atypically sited fissures should suggest the diagnosis of Crohn's disease. Treatment is rarely required for fissure-in-ano in this condition, although severe anal stenosis may need extremely gentle anal dilatation. Postoperative anal stenosis can also be managed successfully by manual dilatation under anaesthesia with a prolonged regimen of self dilatation until healing is complete. Radical or complicated plastic operations are rarely indicated for any patient with fissure-in-ano or stenosis and are strongly contraindicated in Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Fissure-in-ano and anal stenosis. Part I: conservative management. Acute superficial fissure-in-ano responds readily to conservative non-surgical treatment. For chronic deep fissures we recommend manual anal dilatation and the post-dilatation regimen but recognise that equally good results follow the simple procedure of subcutaneous lateral internal sphincterotomy. The recurrence rate following these minor procedures is less than 10 per cent and the incidence of poor flatus control and mucus leakage is even lower. It is never necessary to excise fissures nor sentinel piles although it may be desirable to excise large redundant skin tags to facilitate anal hygiene. Painless or atypically sited fissures should suggest the diagnosis of Crohn's disease. Treatment is rarely required for fissure-in-ano in this condition, although severe anal stenosis may need extremely gentle anal dilatation. Postoperative anal stenosis can also be managed successfully by manual dilatation under anaesthesia with a prolonged regimen of self dilatation until healing is complete. Radical or complicated plastic operations are rarely indicated for any patient with fissure-in-ano or stenosis and are strongly contraindicated in Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 1183064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8736", "title": "A cytogenetic survey of 14,069 newborn infants. I. Incidence of chromosome abnormalities.", "content": "Data from a chromosome examination of 14,069 consecutive newborn infants is presented. Successful karyotypes were obtained on 13,939 babies using short-term blood cultures and conventional staining methods. Of those, 13,645 babies had normal chromosomes; 64 (0.46%) had a major chromosome abnormality; and 230 (1.65%) had a marker chromosome; giving a total of 294 (2.11%) babies with a major chromosome abnormality or distinctive marker chromosomes. Six male babies with sex chromosome abnormalities had a 47,XXY and four a 47,XYY karyotype, and three were mixoploids. Five female babies had a 47,XXX karytotype and two were mixoploids. There were three babies with ambiguous external genitalia, all with normal karyotypes. Fourteen babies had 21-trisomy; there were three 18-trisomics and one 13-trisomic. The mother of one 18-trisomy baby had a balanced (18;21) translocation. Twenty-four infants had a balanced chromosome rearrangement. Eleven of these were reciprocal and thirteen were Robertsonian translocations. One baby had an unbalanced derivative chromosome resulting from an 18;11 insertion. Two infants with additional unidentified fragments were detected. Two hundred and thirty babies (1:60) carying distinctive chromosome variants were detected. The commonest variant was the Yq+ among males (0.89%). Other common variants involved the short arms of the D and G groups (0.32% and 0.57%, respectively) 16q+ (0.09%), and 1q+ (0.04%). The results of the present study when combined with five other comparable studies, thus comprising a total of 46,150 newborn infants, indicates that the frequency of major chromosome abnormalities is between 1:150 and 1:200 live-born babies. This represents a small proportion of all conceptuses with chromosome abnormalities, which has been estimated as being approximately 1:20. It is thus clear that chromosome abnormalities form a major part of the genetic load carried by the human population. The development of chromosome banding techniques already has increased, and with further increase, the complexities of human cytogenetics and may reveal many additional rearrangements undetectable by conventional methods.", "contents": "A cytogenetic survey of 14,069 newborn infants. I. Incidence of chromosome abnormalities. Data from a chromosome examination of 14,069 consecutive newborn infants is presented. Successful karyotypes were obtained on 13,939 babies using short-term blood cultures and conventional staining methods. Of those, 13,645 babies had normal chromosomes; 64 (0.46%) had a major chromosome abnormality; and 230 (1.65%) had a marker chromosome; giving a total of 294 (2.11%) babies with a major chromosome abnormality or distinctive marker chromosomes. Six male babies with sex chromosome abnormalities had a 47,XXY and four a 47,XYY karyotype, and three were mixoploids. Five female babies had a 47,XXX karytotype and two were mixoploids. There were three babies with ambiguous external genitalia, all with normal karyotypes. Fourteen babies had 21-trisomy; there were three 18-trisomics and one 13-trisomic. The mother of one 18-trisomy baby had a balanced (18;21) translocation. Twenty-four infants had a balanced chromosome rearrangement. Eleven of these were reciprocal and thirteen were Robertsonian translocations. One baby had an unbalanced derivative chromosome resulting from an 18;11 insertion. Two infants with additional unidentified fragments were detected. Two hundred and thirty babies (1:60) carying distinctive chromosome variants were detected. The commonest variant was the Yq+ among males (0.89%). Other common variants involved the short arms of the D and G groups (0.32% and 0.57%, respectively) 16q+ (0.09%), and 1q+ (0.04%). The results of the present study when combined with five other comparable studies, thus comprising a total of 46,150 newborn infants, indicates that the frequency of major chromosome abnormalities is between 1:150 and 1:200 live-born babies. This represents a small proportion of all conceptuses with chromosome abnormalities, which has been estimated as being approximately 1:20. It is thus clear that chromosome abnormalities form a major part of the genetic load carried by the human population. The development of chromosome banding techniques already has increased, and with further increase, the complexities of human cytogenetics and may reveal many additional rearrangements undetectable by conventional methods.", "PMID": 1183067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8737", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis and family studies in a case of propionicacidaemia.", "content": "In a family with a history of two neonatal deaths, propionicacidaemia was diagnosed retrospectively from stored plasma as the cause of the second death during the mother's next pregnancy. Amniocentesis was performed and a culture of amniotic cells was assayed for propionyl CoA carboxylase activity. The absence of any detectable propionyl CoA carboxylase activity allowed the prenatal diagnosis of propionicacidaemia to be made. Treatment with biotin and a modified aminoacid diet was started in the immediate postnatal period. Investigation of propionyl CoA carboxylase in leucocytes from the parents, siblings and other relations of the patient failed to demonstrate intermediate enzyme activities in even the parents, who were presumably heterozygotes for this condition.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis and family studies in a case of propionicacidaemia. In a family with a history of two neonatal deaths, propionicacidaemia was diagnosed retrospectively from stored plasma as the cause of the second death during the mother's next pregnancy. Amniocentesis was performed and a culture of amniotic cells was assayed for propionyl CoA carboxylase activity. The absence of any detectable propionyl CoA carboxylase activity allowed the prenatal diagnosis of propionicacidaemia to be made. Treatment with biotin and a modified aminoacid diet was started in the immediate postnatal period. Investigation of propionyl CoA carboxylase in leucocytes from the parents, siblings and other relations of the patient failed to demonstrate intermediate enzyme activities in even the parents, who were presumably heterozygotes for this condition.", "PMID": 1183068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8738", "title": "Syndrome of epiphyseal dysplasia, short stature, microcephaly and nystagmus.", "content": "This report describes two brothers with short stature, congenital nystagmus and microcephaly. The radiographic findings disclosed small, irregularly shaped epiphyses, square iliac bones and flattened acetabulae. The humeri and femora were short. The parents were normal. The syndrome is possibly X-linked, or autosomal recessive in origin.", "contents": "Syndrome of epiphyseal dysplasia, short stature, microcephaly and nystagmus. This report describes two brothers with short stature, congenital nystagmus and microcephaly. The radiographic findings disclosed small, irregularly shaped epiphyses, square iliac bones and flattened acetabulae. The humeri and femora were short. The parents were normal. The syndrome is possibly X-linked, or autosomal recessive in origin.", "PMID": 1183069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8739", "title": "Retinoblastoma-a clinical survey and its genetic implications.", "content": "A clinical, pathological and genetic study was made of 50 patients with retinoblastoma in the Newcastle Hospital region over the period 1931-1970 inclusive. Twenty-seven patients were affected in one eye only; 23 had bilateral tumours. The incidence of the tumour was approximately 1:16,000 live births. Bilateral cases tended to present at a younger age, and were more likely to be familial. In bilateral cases the tumour in the second eye was often detected at an early stage by ophthalmoscopy. In a quarter of the cases there was a considerable interval (up to 10 years) before the second eye was found to be affected. A surprisingly large proportion of eyes with clinically advanced tumour proved to have the tumour histologically confined to the retina. This disparity between clinical and pathological severity emphasises the jusifiability of conservative treatment in the first instance in many cases. Twelve of the 50 patients developed a new tumour, local spread, or reactivation of a treated tumour, over a period ranging from 2 months to 10 years after primary treatment. This finding emphasizes the importance of frequent follow-up of all cases. Follow-up should include the patient's siblings and offspring, even in apparently \"sporadic\" cases. The of liability to develop retinoblastoma is suggested.", "contents": "Retinoblastoma-a clinical survey and its genetic implications. A clinical, pathological and genetic study was made of 50 patients with retinoblastoma in the Newcastle Hospital region over the period 1931-1970 inclusive. Twenty-seven patients were affected in one eye only; 23 had bilateral tumours. The incidence of the tumour was approximately 1:16,000 live births. Bilateral cases tended to present at a younger age, and were more likely to be familial. In bilateral cases the tumour in the second eye was often detected at an early stage by ophthalmoscopy. In a quarter of the cases there was a considerable interval (up to 10 years) before the second eye was found to be affected. A surprisingly large proportion of eyes with clinically advanced tumour proved to have the tumour histologically confined to the retina. This disparity between clinical and pathological severity emphasises the jusifiability of conservative treatment in the first instance in many cases. Twelve of the 50 patients developed a new tumour, local spread, or reactivation of a treated tumour, over a period ranging from 2 months to 10 years after primary treatment. This finding emphasizes the importance of frequent follow-up of all cases. Follow-up should include the patient's siblings and offspring, even in apparently \"sporadic\" cases. The of liability to develop retinoblastoma is suggested.", "PMID": 1183070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8740", "title": "Length of Y chromosome and activity in boys.", "content": "In a cytogenetic-psychological study of 47 school boys in special classes and 48 controls in normal classes in a Danish city no significant difference was found between the mean Y length. There were, however, four boys with enlarged Y among the 47 in special classes, compared with one of the 48 in the normal classes. We found a significant correlation between length of Y and level of activity with increase of level of activity correlated with increase of length of Y when both groups were taken together (P is less than 0.005). The mean activity score was 6.5 for the boys with Y/F is less than or equal to 0.83, compared with 8.1 for those with Y/F greater than or equal to 0.95 (P is less than 0.005). If the milieu is restrictive with poor understanding and support for the needs of a boy, a comparatively large Y with associated high level of activity might intensify the problems of such a boy. If the milieu is positive, understanding, permissive and with possibilities of channeling activity, the large Y associated with a high level of activity might be a positive factor in personality and social adjustment. The present study shows certain tendencies confirming this.", "contents": "Length of Y chromosome and activity in boys. In a cytogenetic-psychological study of 47 school boys in special classes and 48 controls in normal classes in a Danish city no significant difference was found between the mean Y length. There were, however, four boys with enlarged Y among the 47 in special classes, compared with one of the 48 in the normal classes. We found a significant correlation between length of Y and level of activity with increase of level of activity correlated with increase of length of Y when both groups were taken together (P is less than 0.005). The mean activity score was 6.5 for the boys with Y/F is less than or equal to 0.83, compared with 8.1 for those with Y/F greater than or equal to 0.95 (P is less than 0.005). If the milieu is restrictive with poor understanding and support for the needs of a boy, a comparatively large Y with associated high level of activity might intensify the problems of such a boy. If the milieu is positive, understanding, permissive and with possibilities of channeling activity, the large Y associated with a high level of activity might be a positive factor in personality and social adjustment. The present study shows certain tendencies confirming this.", "PMID": 1183071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8741", "title": "The inhibition of complement-dependent lymphocyte rosette formation by the sera of children with steroid-sensitive hephrotic syndrome and other renal diseases.", "content": "Sera from patients with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) in relapse, Henoch-Schonlein purpura with nephritis (HSP) and acute post-strptococcal glomerulonephritis inhibited EAC rosette formation by normal human lymphocytes; a similar effect was seen in some patients with focal glomerulosclerosis, but not in patients with congenital neophrotic syndrome. There was significantly less inhibition by sera of SSNS and HSP patients in remission. There were fewer EAC rosette-forming cells (EAC-RFC) in the blood of three patients with SSNS in relapse, suggesting that such blockade occurred in vivo. These findings, interpreted as evidence of circulating activated C3 in the sera, provide further indirect evidence of the immunopathogenesis of these diseases. Sera of healthy adults inhibited EAC rosette formation to a small extent which correclated inversely with the numbers of EAC-RFC in their blood. The EAC rosette inhibition test may be sensitive enough to detect normal variations of complement activation in healthy individuals.", "contents": "The inhibition of complement-dependent lymphocyte rosette formation by the sera of children with steroid-sensitive hephrotic syndrome and other renal diseases. Sera from patients with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) in relapse, Henoch-Schonlein purpura with nephritis (HSP) and acute post-strptococcal glomerulonephritis inhibited EAC rosette formation by normal human lymphocytes; a similar effect was seen in some patients with focal glomerulosclerosis, but not in patients with congenital neophrotic syndrome. There was significantly less inhibition by sera of SSNS and HSP patients in remission. There were fewer EAC rosette-forming cells (EAC-RFC) in the blood of three patients with SSNS in relapse, suggesting that such blockade occurred in vivo. These findings, interpreted as evidence of circulating activated C3 in the sera, provide further indirect evidence of the immunopathogenesis of these diseases. Sera of healthy adults inhibited EAC rosette formation to a small extent which correclated inversely with the numbers of EAC-RFC in their blood. The EAC rosette inhibition test may be sensitive enough to detect normal variations of complement activation in healthy individuals.", "PMID": 1183072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8742", "title": "Complement-dependent and cell-dependent antiplatelet humoral antibody in sera from multi-transfused patients.", "content": "Sera from eight multi-transfused patients, who were resistant to platelet trans-fusions from allogeneic donors, were tested for antiplatelet humoral antibody. Complement-dependent cytotoxic humoral antibody against platelets was found in sera from six of eight patients. Cell-dependent cytotoxic humoral antibody against platelets was found in sera from four of seven of these patients. Sera from two patients had cell-dependent antiplatelet activity but no detectable complement-dependent antiplatelet activity. Results of this study argue that both complement-dependent and cell-dependent humoral immunity may be important pathways for in vivo resistance to platelets.", "contents": "Complement-dependent and cell-dependent antiplatelet humoral antibody in sera from multi-transfused patients. Sera from eight multi-transfused patients, who were resistant to platelet trans-fusions from allogeneic donors, were tested for antiplatelet humoral antibody. Complement-dependent cytotoxic humoral antibody against platelets was found in sera from six of eight patients. Cell-dependent cytotoxic humoral antibody against platelets was found in sera from four of seven of these patients. Sera from two patients had cell-dependent antiplatelet activity but no detectable complement-dependent antiplatelet activity. Results of this study argue that both complement-dependent and cell-dependent humoral immunity may be important pathways for in vivo resistance to platelets.", "PMID": 1183073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8743", "title": "Differences between IgA and IgE as secretory proteins.", "content": "IgA is the prototype of a secretory immunoglobulin and usually is present in external fluids in proportions greater than in serum. Previous studies have suggested that IgE also is a secretory immunoglobulin. We measured IgE, IgA and albumin levels in nasal washings (NW), parotid fluids (PF) and serum in seventeen individuals. In secretions, all of these proteins were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). In serum, IgE was measured by RIA, IgA by a turbidimetric method, and albumin by radial immunodiffusion. IgA was detected in NW and PF in all individuals and IgA/total protein ratios in both of these secretions exceeded the corresponding ratios in serum (P less than 0-01). In contrast, IgE was detected only in NW from atopic subjects and IgE/total protein ratios were less than those in serum (P less than 0-02). IgE was not detected in the PF in any of the seventeen subjects. When the proportion (protein/total protein) of IgA, IgE, or albumin in NW was expressed as a percentage of the proportion in serum, IgA and IgE were increased when compared to albumin (P less than 0-01 and P less than 0-03, respectively). These results support the view that IgE is a secretory immunoglobulin in that it is present in NW in proportions greater than expected if it diffused from serum. However, IgE differs from secretory IgA in that ratios of IgE to total protein are greater in serum than in NW. This difference is discussed in terms of local production of IgE and passive diffusion into serum and nasal secretions. Finally, the observation that IgE is present in one external secretion while absent from another indicates that external secretions may be subdivided into two classes on the basis of their content of IgE.", "contents": "Differences between IgA and IgE as secretory proteins. IgA is the prototype of a secretory immunoglobulin and usually is present in external fluids in proportions greater than in serum. Previous studies have suggested that IgE also is a secretory immunoglobulin. We measured IgE, IgA and albumin levels in nasal washings (NW), parotid fluids (PF) and serum in seventeen individuals. In secretions, all of these proteins were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). In serum, IgE was measured by RIA, IgA by a turbidimetric method, and albumin by radial immunodiffusion. IgA was detected in NW and PF in all individuals and IgA/total protein ratios in both of these secretions exceeded the corresponding ratios in serum (P less than 0-01). In contrast, IgE was detected only in NW from atopic subjects and IgE/total protein ratios were less than those in serum (P less than 0-02). IgE was not detected in the PF in any of the seventeen subjects. When the proportion (protein/total protein) of IgA, IgE, or albumin in NW was expressed as a percentage of the proportion in serum, IgA and IgE were increased when compared to albumin (P less than 0-01 and P less than 0-03, respectively). These results support the view that IgE is a secretory immunoglobulin in that it is present in NW in proportions greater than expected if it diffused from serum. However, IgE differs from secretory IgA in that ratios of IgE to total protein are greater in serum than in NW. This difference is discussed in terms of local production of IgE and passive diffusion into serum and nasal secretions. Finally, the observation that IgE is present in one external secretion while absent from another indicates that external secretions may be subdivided into two classes on the basis of their content of IgE.", "PMID": 1183074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8744", "title": "The hydroxyproline content of plasma of patients with impaired renal function.", "content": "The plasma concentration of hydroxyproline fractions were determined in 52 patients with diminished renal function. High levels were found in each case and a correlation was found between the serum creatinine concentration and the plasma concentrations of peptide-bound hydroxyproline. Bone biopsies was taken from 16 patients from renal insufficiency and the results of morphometric studies of the biopsies were correlated with the blood determinations. Free hydroxyproline levels correlated significantly both with bone formation and with bone resorption. However peptide-bound and protein-bound hydroxyproline levels did not correlate with bone histology. Hence the plasma concentration of free hydroxyproline in patients with renal insufficiency can be used as an index of bone collagen turn-over.", "contents": "The hydroxyproline content of plasma of patients with impaired renal function. The plasma concentration of hydroxyproline fractions were determined in 52 patients with diminished renal function. High levels were found in each case and a correlation was found between the serum creatinine concentration and the plasma concentrations of peptide-bound hydroxyproline. Bone biopsies was taken from 16 patients from renal insufficiency and the results of morphometric studies of the biopsies were correlated with the blood determinations. Free hydroxyproline levels correlated significantly both with bone formation and with bone resorption. However peptide-bound and protein-bound hydroxyproline levels did not correlate with bone histology. Hence the plasma concentration of free hydroxyproline in patients with renal insufficiency can be used as an index of bone collagen turn-over.", "PMID": 1183097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8745", "title": "Stauffer's syndrome--diagnostic help in hypernephroma.", "content": "Dysfunctions of the liver known as Stauffer's syndrome have been observed in various cases of renal cell carcinoma. In a case history of renal cell carcinoma the most common clinical symptoms and laboratory findings of early presentation are displayed. During the first clinical investigations the evidence of typical laboratory values indicating unusual hepatic dysfunction, did not lead to the true diagnosis until symptoms became clearer two year later. Intensified renal diagnosis are asked for in any case of unexplained abnormalities of liver function in order to exclude a renal cell carcinoma or to force its early diagnosis.", "contents": "Stauffer's syndrome--diagnostic help in hypernephroma. Dysfunctions of the liver known as Stauffer's syndrome have been observed in various cases of renal cell carcinoma. In a case history of renal cell carcinoma the most common clinical symptoms and laboratory findings of early presentation are displayed. During the first clinical investigations the evidence of typical laboratory values indicating unusual hepatic dysfunction, did not lead to the true diagnosis until symptoms became clearer two year later. Intensified renal diagnosis are asked for in any case of unexplained abnormalities of liver function in order to exclude a renal cell carcinoma or to force its early diagnosis.", "PMID": 1183098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8746", "title": "Testosterone therapy in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "30 patients undergoing regular, three times weekly hemodialysis were treated with large doses of intramuscular testosterone with evaluation of hematopoiesis before and after treatment. A control group of 30 patients not using the drug was evaluated in similar fashion. The presence or absence of native kidneys was the most important factor determining hematocrit level and transfusion requirements in these patients, whether treated with testosterone or not. The mean hematocrit was lower and the transfusion requirements were higher in bilaterally nephrectomized patients. A significant increase in hematocrit occurred in testosterone treated nephric patients, but untreated nephric patients also had a significant rise. Important adverse side effects occurred with testosterone. Anephric patients did not increase hematocrit levels with or without testosterone.", "contents": "Testosterone therapy in hemodialysis patients. 30 patients undergoing regular, three times weekly hemodialysis were treated with large doses of intramuscular testosterone with evaluation of hematopoiesis before and after treatment. A control group of 30 patients not using the drug was evaluated in similar fashion. The presence or absence of native kidneys was the most important factor determining hematocrit level and transfusion requirements in these patients, whether treated with testosterone or not. The mean hematocrit was lower and the transfusion requirements were higher in bilaterally nephrectomized patients. A significant increase in hematocrit occurred in testosterone treated nephric patients, but untreated nephric patients also had a significant rise. Important adverse side effects occurred with testosterone. Anephric patients did not increase hematocrit levels with or without testosterone.", "PMID": 1183099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8747", "title": "Surgical treatment of extracranial carotid occlusive disease.", "content": "This report has reviewed the preoperative evaluation, operative technique, postoperative care, results, and representative pathological findings in 225 carotid endarterectomies. Surgery is generally indicated in patients with: 1. TIA's, and carotid stenosis (lumen diameter less than 2 mm.) or an ulcerated plaque. 2. A stable, mild to moderate neurological deficit with or without TIA's, and carotid stenosis (lumen diameter less than 2 mm.) or an ulcerated plaque. 3. An acute progressive or fluctuating neurological deficit, and carotid stenosis (lumen diameter less than 2 mm.) or carotid occlusion. Surgery should be considered in some patients with: 1. TIA's, and ipsilateral carotid occlusion. 2. An acute partial persistent neurological deficit, and carotid stenosis (lumen diameter less than 2 mm.) or occlusion. 3. No symptoms, and carotid stenosis (lumen diameter less than 2 mm.). Surgery is generally not indicated in patients with an acute severe persistent neurological deficit, and carotid stenosis or occlusion.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of extracranial carotid occlusive disease. This report has reviewed the preoperative evaluation, operative technique, postoperative care, results, and representative pathological findings in 225 carotid endarterectomies. Surgery is generally indicated in patients with: 1. TIA's, and carotid stenosis (lumen diameter less than 2 mm.) or an ulcerated plaque. 2. A stable, mild to moderate neurological deficit with or without TIA's, and carotid stenosis (lumen diameter less than 2 mm.) or an ulcerated plaque. 3. An acute progressive or fluctuating neurological deficit, and carotid stenosis (lumen diameter less than 2 mm.) or carotid occlusion. Surgery should be considered in some patients with: 1. TIA's, and ipsilateral carotid occlusion. 2. An acute partial persistent neurological deficit, and carotid stenosis (lumen diameter less than 2 mm.) or occlusion. 3. No symptoms, and carotid stenosis (lumen diameter less than 2 mm.). Surgery is generally not indicated in patients with an acute severe persistent neurological deficit, and carotid stenosis or occlusion.", "PMID": 1183111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8748", "title": "Clinical evaluation of the unconscious patient.", "content": "A systematic approach in the differential diagnosis of the comatose patient, based on the pathophysiological classification of the various disorders causing coma and the clinical neurological examination, is outlined. This approach appears useful in that in most instances a clinical diagnosis suggesting the pathophysiological abnormality producing coma can be made. Appropriate laboratory tests can then be selected to establish a definitive etiological diagnosis. Such a systematic approach to the evaluation of the comatose patient hastens definitive therapy in a disorder where time in which to institute therapy is often short.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of the unconscious patient. A systematic approach in the differential diagnosis of the comatose patient, based on the pathophysiological classification of the various disorders causing coma and the clinical neurological examination, is outlined. This approach appears useful in that in most instances a clinical diagnosis suggesting the pathophysiological abnormality producing coma can be made. Appropriate laboratory tests can then be selected to establish a definitive etiological diagnosis. Such a systematic approach to the evaluation of the comatose patient hastens definitive therapy in a disorder where time in which to institute therapy is often short.", "PMID": 1183112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8749", "title": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. A case report with known cerebral involvement and cardiac catheterization data.", "content": "Numerous bleeding episodes, neurological signs and symptoms, and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations are well documented in reports of families with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. It is always assumed that these are due to the arteriovenous malformations. We are here reporting a case with positive cerebral angiographic findings of large arteriovenous communications, as well as catheterization data revealing pulmonary abnormalities secondary to the cerebral arteriovenous fistula, but no abnormalities within the pulmonary vasculature itself.", "contents": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. A case report with known cerebral involvement and cardiac catheterization data. Numerous bleeding episodes, neurological signs and symptoms, and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations are well documented in reports of families with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. It is always assumed that these are due to the arteriovenous malformations. We are here reporting a case with positive cerebral angiographic findings of large arteriovenous communications, as well as catheterization data revealing pulmonary abnormalities secondary to the cerebral arteriovenous fistula, but no abnormalities within the pulmonary vasculature itself.", "PMID": 1183128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8750", "title": "The assessment of maternal nutrition.", "content": "The assessment of maternal nutrition is a very important task that should become a more integral part of clinical obstetrical care. It is not simple but neither is it overly complex for the practical office or clinic setting or personnel. This is especially critical for the groups at nutritional risk. Normal pregnancy physiology complicates the interpretation of traditional physical and laboratory techniques and, therefore, must be thoroughly understood. The dietician and/or nutritionist should be involved where available. The physician and nursing component of maternity care must, however, be increasingly aware  of and involved with assessment techniques if maternity patients are to achieve adequate nutrition in practical clinical terms.", "contents": "The assessment of maternal nutrition. The assessment of maternal nutrition is a very important task that should become a more integral part of clinical obstetrical care. It is not simple but neither is it overly complex for the practical office or clinic setting or personnel. This is especially critical for the groups at nutritional risk. Normal pregnancy physiology complicates the interpretation of traditional physical and laboratory techniques and, therefore, must be thoroughly understood. The dietician and/or nutritionist should be involved where available. The physician and nursing component of maternity care must, however, be increasingly aware  of and involved with assessment techniques if maternity patients are to achieve adequate nutrition in practical clinical terms.", "PMID": 1183135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8751", "title": "Hydration of the low birth-weight infant.", "content": "Factors relating to water balance in the perinatal and neonatal periods are reviewed. The major areas considered are changes in body water compartments, insensible water loss, and renal function. A most striking feature in all these areas is the wide variation in 'normal' values, both within the same infant with advancing postnatal age and also between infants of the same postnatal age but of different gestational ages. A second feature is the fluctuation caused by changes in environmental conditions, e.g., temperature, humidity, type of warming device, use of phototherapy. Much of the literature on water balance relates to term infants and experimental animals; only for insensible water loss are there studies on infants as small as less than 1000 gm. Because of the developmental changes occurring in these infants, many areas require further study. The last 5 to 10 years have seen marked changes in our approach to the hydration and nutrition of the low birth-weight infant. Despite much experience with new routes and types of fluids and formulas, no method has been shown to be ideal for all situations. In replacing the neonate's ongoing water losses, the clinician strives to maintain normal volume and tonicity of the body fluids, and to prevent clinical and biochemical signs of dehydration or over-hydration. In planning therapy, the clinician is presented with a wide range of possible water requirements, and with a choice of route and type of fluid administration. Each low birth-weight infant must be viewed individually, and once fluid requirements have been estimated, frequent assessment of hydration status is necessary, with appropriately frequent readjustment of the rate of fluid administration.", "contents": "Hydration of the low birth-weight infant. Factors relating to water balance in the perinatal and neonatal periods are reviewed. The major areas considered are changes in body water compartments, insensible water loss, and renal function. A most striking feature in all these areas is the wide variation in 'normal' values, both within the same infant with advancing postnatal age and also between infants of the same postnatal age but of different gestational ages. A second feature is the fluctuation caused by changes in environmental conditions, e.g., temperature, humidity, type of warming device, use of phototherapy. Much of the literature on water balance relates to term infants and experimental animals; only for insensible water loss are there studies on infants as small as less than 1000 gm. Because of the developmental changes occurring in these infants, many areas require further study. The last 5 to 10 years have seen marked changes in our approach to the hydration and nutrition of the low birth-weight infant. Despite much experience with new routes and types of fluids and formulas, no method has been shown to be ideal for all situations. In replacing the neonate's ongoing water losses, the clinician strives to maintain normal volume and tonicity of the body fluids, and to prevent clinical and biochemical signs of dehydration or over-hydration. In planning therapy, the clinician is presented with a wide range of possible water requirements, and with a choice of route and type of fluid administration. Each low birth-weight infant must be viewed individually, and once fluid requirements have been estimated, frequent assessment of hydration status is necessary, with appropriately frequent readjustment of the rate of fluid administration.", "PMID": 1183136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8752", "title": "Commentary: Patient package inserts. I. Nature, notions, and needs.", "content": "A total of 137 completed questionnaires were obtained from several population samples in an attempt to assess drug knowledge, information sources, and views on drug information with particular attention to the possible role of a patient-oriented package insert. The results indicated that the study population was variably informed and could make fairly accurate assessments by this knowledge. Responders placed great importance on the doctor and pharmacist as preferred and actual drug information sources. The mass media were accorded little prominence. Great emphasis was placed on the adequate provision of information, and this appears to be a crucial function in an adequate doctor-patient relationship. The results appear to indicate a favorable climate for establishing a patient-oriented package insert that should have summarized as well as detailed information to complement the doctor and pharmacist as primary information sources.", "contents": "Commentary: Patient package inserts. I. Nature, notions, and needs. A total of 137 completed questionnaires were obtained from several population samples in an attempt to assess drug knowledge, information sources, and views on drug information with particular attention to the possible role of a patient-oriented package insert. The results indicated that the study population was variably informed and could make fairly accurate assessments by this knowledge. Responders placed great importance on the doctor and pharmacist as preferred and actual drug information sources. The mass media were accorded little prominence. Great emphasis was placed on the adequate provision of information, and this appears to be a crucial function in an adequate doctor-patient relationship. The results appear to indicate a favorable climate for establishing a patient-oriented package insert that should have summarized as well as detailed information to complement the doctor and pharmacist as primary information sources.", "PMID": 1183137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8753", "title": "Spuriously low plasma propranolol concentrations resulting from blood collection methods.", "content": "Spuriously low values of plasma propranolol concentrations resulted when one commercial brand of collection tube was used. The mechanism of this effect was established and was due to the presence of the stopper containing substances that reduced plasma propranolol binding and resulted in a redistribution of the drug in whole blood so that more was present in the cells and less in the plasma. A similar phenomenon was noted some years ago when a needle for intravenous infusion was used as an indwelling cannula. Th mechanism in this case could not be established as in the interim the phenomenon was no longer detectable. Although it was established that these findings do not apply to all drugs, the data suggest that collection methods should be routinely checked at intervals unless separate venipuncture and all glass collection tubes are used.", "contents": "Spuriously low plasma propranolol concentrations resulting from blood collection methods. Spuriously low values of plasma propranolol concentrations resulted when one commercial brand of collection tube was used. The mechanism of this effect was established and was due to the presence of the stopper containing substances that reduced plasma propranolol binding and resulted in a redistribution of the drug in whole blood so that more was present in the cells and less in the plasma. A similar phenomenon was noted some years ago when a needle for intravenous infusion was used as an indwelling cannula. Th mechanism in this case could not be established as in the interim the phenomenon was no longer detectable. Although it was established that these findings do not apply to all drugs, the data suggest that collection methods should be routinely checked at intervals unless separate venipuncture and all glass collection tubes are used.", "PMID": 1183138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8754", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: clinical presentation and plasma levels.", "content": "Fifteen patients were studied at 8- to 12-hr intervals during the first 24 hr after overdosing with tricyclic antidepressants, and subsequently followed daily for up to 144 hr. The severity of the overdose was determined by measuring the plasma tricyclic antidepressant level using gas chromatography-mass fragmentography. No correlation was found between total, tertiary, or desmethyl tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels and maximum heart rate, lowest blood pressure, degree of unconsciousness, or EKG changes involving the P-R interval or ST-T wave changes. There was a weak correlation between drug plasma level and maximum pupil size (r = 0.46; p less than 0.05) and a strong correlation between the duration of the QRS complex and tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels (r = 0.75; p less than 0.01). All patients with a total tricyclic antidepressant plasma level greater than or equal to 1,000 ng/ml had a QRS interval greater than or equal to 100 msec. As the total plasma tricyclic level fell, the duration of the QRS interval returned to normal. Thus, the duration of the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram appears to be the most reliable clinical sign for evaluating the seriousness of tricyclic antidepressant overdosage.", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: clinical presentation and plasma levels. Fifteen patients were studied at 8- to 12-hr intervals during the first 24 hr after overdosing with tricyclic antidepressants, and subsequently followed daily for up to 144 hr. The severity of the overdose was determined by measuring the plasma tricyclic antidepressant level using gas chromatography-mass fragmentography. No correlation was found between total, tertiary, or desmethyl tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels and maximum heart rate, lowest blood pressure, degree of unconsciousness, or EKG changes involving the P-R interval or ST-T wave changes. There was a weak correlation between drug plasma level and maximum pupil size (r = 0.46; p less than 0.05) and a strong correlation between the duration of the QRS complex and tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels (r = 0.75; p less than 0.01). All patients with a total tricyclic antidepressant plasma level greater than or equal to 1,000 ng/ml had a QRS interval greater than or equal to 100 msec. As the total plasma tricyclic level fell, the duration of the QRS interval returned to normal. Thus, the duration of the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram appears to be the most reliable clinical sign for evaluating the seriousness of tricyclic antidepressant overdosage.", "PMID": 1183139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8755", "title": "Propranolol in hypertensive dialysis patients: efficacy and compliance.", "content": "The effect of propranolol therapy on plasma renin activity and blood pressure control was evaluated in 35 uremic patients receiving intermittent center-based outpatient hemodialysis. Patients were determined to be either compliant or noncompliant with therapy based on the steady-state predialysis plasma propranolol concentration.  Noncompliance occurred with remarkable frequency and was associated with persistent hyperreninemia and poorly controlled hypertension. Blood pressure control was significantly better in compliant patients, in whom plasma renin activity was generally, but not universally, suppressed. Propranolol can be effectively used in the management of hypertensive dialysis patients, but steady-state plasma propranolol levels should be measured to assess compliance in patients apparently refractory to treatment.", "contents": "Propranolol in hypertensive dialysis patients: efficacy and compliance. The effect of propranolol therapy on plasma renin activity and blood pressure control was evaluated in 35 uremic patients receiving intermittent center-based outpatient hemodialysis. Patients were determined to be either compliant or noncompliant with therapy based on the steady-state predialysis plasma propranolol concentration.  Noncompliance occurred with remarkable frequency and was associated with persistent hyperreninemia and poorly controlled hypertension. Blood pressure control was significantly better in compliant patients, in whom plasma renin activity was generally, but not universally, suppressed. Propranolol can be effectively used in the management of hypertensive dialysis patients, but steady-state plasma propranolol levels should be measured to assess compliance in patients apparently refractory to treatment.", "PMID": 1183140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8756", "title": "Absolute bioavailability in man of N-acetylprocainamide determined by a novel stable isotope method.", "content": "Absorption of a single oral dose of N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) was studied in 3 normal subjects. Approximately 85% of the oral dose was absorbed and peak plasma NAPA concentrations were reached in 45 to 90 min. In 2 subjects, NAPA was absorbed at a fast initial rate, then more slowly, prolonging the apparent elimination phase half-life. Absolute bioavailability was determined by a new stable isotope method that entailed intravenous injection of NAPA 13C at the same time that an unlabeled NAPA capsule was given orally. Plasma levels and urine excretion of both compounds were determined by mass fragmentography. Bioavailability was assessed by deconvoluting the plasma level vs time curves resulting from intravenous and oral drug administration, and also by comparing the relative percentage of NAPA and NAPA-13C excreted unchanged in the 24 hr after simultaneous administration.", "contents": "Absolute bioavailability in man of N-acetylprocainamide determined by a novel stable isotope method. Absorption of a single oral dose of N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) was studied in 3 normal subjects. Approximately 85% of the oral dose was absorbed and peak plasma NAPA concentrations were reached in 45 to 90 min. In 2 subjects, NAPA was absorbed at a fast initial rate, then more slowly, prolonging the apparent elimination phase half-life. Absolute bioavailability was determined by a new stable isotope method that entailed intravenous injection of NAPA 13C at the same time that an unlabeled NAPA capsule was given orally. Plasma levels and urine excretion of both compounds were determined by mass fragmentography. Bioavailability was assessed by deconvoluting the plasma level vs time curves resulting from intravenous and oral drug administration, and also by comparing the relative percentage of NAPA and NAPA-13C excreted unchanged in the 24 hr after simultaneous administration.", "PMID": 1183141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8757", "title": "Electrophysiologic properties of perhexiline.", "content": "Perhexiline maleate (Pexid), a promising clinical antiarrhythmic and antianginal drug, was evaluated for its electrophysiologic effects on the entire conduction system of the intact canine heart throughout a wide range of therapeutic and potentially toxic doses. Intracardiac conduction times were measured by bipolar intramyocardial and transvenous endocardial electrodes before and following the intravenous administration of each dose of perhexiline maleate, 3 mg/kg every 30 min for a total of 4 doses in 7 open-chest anesthetized dogs. Eight animals served as controls in which similar operative technique and electrophysiologic variables were recorded after infusion of the maleate diluent. In addition, the effects of perhexiline on atrial and ventricular thresholds to electrical stimulation were recorded, as well as the QRS and QT intervals, sinus rate, and rhythm disorders. It was observed that perhexiline did not significantly (p greater than .05) alter sinus rate, QT interval, QRS duration, PR interval, intra-atrial conduction time, atrioventricular nodal conduction time, and His-Purkinje conduction velocity. The drug did not affect the cardiac threshold to electrical stimulation of less than 0.1 ma. No ectopic atrial or ventricular activity emerged during the accumulated influence of the agent. From this study, it is concluded that perhexiline does not exert deleterious actions on the conduction system of the intact canine heart. In view of the negligible toxic effects and its efficacy in treating ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients, the drug deserves further clinical evaluation.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic properties of perhexiline. Perhexiline maleate (Pexid), a promising clinical antiarrhythmic and antianginal drug, was evaluated for its electrophysiologic effects on the entire conduction system of the intact canine heart throughout a wide range of therapeutic and potentially toxic doses. Intracardiac conduction times were measured by bipolar intramyocardial and transvenous endocardial electrodes before and following the intravenous administration of each dose of perhexiline maleate, 3 mg/kg every 30 min for a total of 4 doses in 7 open-chest anesthetized dogs. Eight animals served as controls in which similar operative technique and electrophysiologic variables were recorded after infusion of the maleate diluent. In addition, the effects of perhexiline on atrial and ventricular thresholds to electrical stimulation were recorded, as well as the QRS and QT intervals, sinus rate, and rhythm disorders. It was observed that perhexiline did not significantly (p greater than .05) alter sinus rate, QT interval, QRS duration, PR interval, intra-atrial conduction time, atrioventricular nodal conduction time, and His-Purkinje conduction velocity. The drug did not affect the cardiac threshold to electrical stimulation of less than 0.1 ma. No ectopic atrial or ventricular activity emerged during the accumulated influence of the agent. From this study, it is concluded that perhexiline does not exert deleterious actions on the conduction system of the intact canine heart. In view of the negligible toxic effects and its efficacy in treating ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients, the drug deserves further clinical evaluation.", "PMID": 1183142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8758", "title": "Measuring agency investment in community mental health.", "content": "This paper reports a study of the extent to which essential elements of community mental health are part of mental health agencies' practices. A sample of 263 social workers reported on the nature of programming and services of 19 mental health facilities ranging from city and state community mental health centers to inpatient psychiatric hospitals. All agencies were found to be engaged primarily in diagnosis and treatment, and such community mental health components as primary prevention, coordination, continuity of care, and use of community boards were virtually nonexistent. Possible explanations and implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Measuring agency investment in community mental health. This paper reports a study of the extent to which essential elements of community mental health are part of mental health agencies' practices. A sample of 263 social workers reported on the nature of programming and services of 19 mental health facilities ranging from city and state community mental health centers to inpatient psychiatric hospitals. All agencies were found to be engaged primarily in diagnosis and treatment, and such community mental health components as primary prevention, coordination, continuity of care, and use of community boards were virtually nonexistent. Possible explanations and implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1183150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8759", "title": "Community mental health boards: a comparison of their development, functions, and powers by board members and mental health center staff.", "content": "Orientations toward citizens' board functioning in a community mental health setting were studied in an urban setting involving 18 community-based mental health centers. Four groups were interviewed: citizen board members, board chairpersons, center staff, and center directors. Groups generally agreed that the primary function of a board is to make certain that community needs are met. Board members and professionals differed in perceptions of reasons for joining boards and, more important, the degree of involvement board members should have. Board members saw their role as advisory, staff favored codecision or advisory, directors favored codecision, and charipersons wanted a stronger board role.", "contents": "Community mental health boards: a comparison of their development, functions, and powers by board members and mental health center staff. Orientations toward citizens' board functioning in a community mental health setting were studied in an urban setting involving 18 community-based mental health centers. Four groups were interviewed: citizen board members, board chairpersons, center staff, and center directors. Groups generally agreed that the primary function of a board is to make certain that community needs are met. Board members and professionals differed in perceptions of reasons for joining boards and, more important, the degree of involvement board members should have. Board members saw their role as advisory, staff favored codecision or advisory, directors favored codecision, and charipersons wanted a stronger board role.", "PMID": 1183151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8760", "title": "Power: the appropriate target of community research.", "content": "The underlying power structure of communities and of the nation as a whole deeply affect the well-being of our clients and the continuity of our programs. Systematic inquiry into this area, however, has been minimal and the black-box nature of power has contributed to the alienation of those affected by it. There are, however, good sources for finding the data. Their use revealed, in one community, an interlocking power elite of about 8 to 10 persons. The type of inquiry can be conducted at many levels. It holds the promise of making visible for our clients and ourselves the sociopolitical context in which community mental health exists.", "contents": "Power: the appropriate target of community research. The underlying power structure of communities and of the nation as a whole deeply affect the well-being of our clients and the continuity of our programs. Systematic inquiry into this area, however, has been minimal and the black-box nature of power has contributed to the alienation of those affected by it. There are, however, good sources for finding the data. Their use revealed, in one community, an interlocking power elite of about 8 to 10 persons. The type of inquiry can be conducted at many levels. It holds the promise of making visible for our clients and ourselves the sociopolitical context in which community mental health exists.", "PMID": 1183152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8761", "title": "Using rumors for therapeutic purposes.", "content": "Mental health workers and programs in small towns become the subject of rumors. A method is suggested for the investigation of such rumors and their use for therapeutic purposes. Three rumor case histories are presented to illustrate these ideas. The function of rumors in a small town is discussed.", "contents": "Using rumors for therapeutic purposes. Mental health workers and programs in small towns become the subject of rumors. A method is suggested for the investigation of such rumors and their use for therapeutic purposes. Three rumor case histories are presented to illustrate these ideas. The function of rumors in a small town is discussed.", "PMID": 1183153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8762", "title": "Models of mental illness and duration of hospitalization.", "content": "Three approaches to the study of mental illness are examined: the medical, the behavioral, and the societal reaction models. Operational measures of each model are presented and used to determine the relationship between the measures and duration of institutionalization and the relative importance of the three models in predicting duration of institutionalization. Data were obtained on 36 admissions at two state hospitals, and from interviews with 142 of the patients' relatives, friends, and co-workers. The measures of the societal reaction model and behavioral model were found to be related to duration of hospitalization, with the societal reaction model being the most predictive.", "contents": "Models of mental illness and duration of hospitalization. Three approaches to the study of mental illness are examined: the medical, the behavioral, and the societal reaction models. Operational measures of each model are presented and used to determine the relationship between the measures and duration of institutionalization and the relative importance of the three models in predicting duration of institutionalization. Data were obtained on 36 admissions at two state hospitals, and from interviews with 142 of the patients' relatives, friends, and co-workers. The measures of the societal reaction model and behavioral model were found to be related to duration of hospitalization, with the societal reaction model being the most predictive.", "PMID": 1183154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8763", "title": "Staff attitudes towar a family planning service in the mental hospital.", "content": "Staff attitudes toward an innovative family planning and gynecological service offered to patients in three psychiatric hospitals were assayed. Despite structural differences between hospitals, generally similar and favorable reports were obtained at all sites. However, comparison of verbal responses and actual utilization of the family planning service suggests that a theoretical position held by a minority as well as scattered personal biases militate against fullest cooperation with the program.", "contents": "Staff attitudes towar a family planning service in the mental hospital. Staff attitudes toward an innovative family planning and gynecological service offered to patients in three psychiatric hospitals were assayed. Despite structural differences between hospitals, generally similar and favorable reports were obtained at all sites. However, comparison of verbal responses and actual utilization of the family planning service suggests that a theoretical position held by a minority as well as scattered personal biases militate against fullest cooperation with the program.", "PMID": 1183155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8764", "title": "Community mental health and the community college.", "content": "This paper represents one solution to the present mental health dilemma facing today's colleges and universities--static or declining services in the face of increased student needs. What is unique to this solution is that it developed out of a collaborative interaction between a community college and a prototype of a community mental health center in the same geographical area. Multiple interfaces between systems and various members within these systems were established in an effort to provide improved mental health services and the training of all personnel so involved to a higher level of professional functioning.", "contents": "Community mental health and the community college. This paper represents one solution to the present mental health dilemma facing today's colleges and universities--static or declining services in the face of increased student needs. What is unique to this solution is that it developed out of a collaborative interaction between a community college and a prototype of a community mental health center in the same geographical area. Multiple interfaces between systems and various members within these systems were established in an effort to provide improved mental health services and the training of all personnel so involved to a higher level of professional functioning.", "PMID": 1183156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8765", "title": "The crisis scale: a factor analysis and revision.", "content": "The present paper consists of a factor analytic study of the Crisis Test and a revision of the test based on this analysis. Two factor analyses are presented: the first, the 10 initial subtests; and the second, the 60 individual items. In both analyses the first factor accounts for a large proportion of the variance. This is interpreted as a demonstration of the unitary nature of the crisis syndrome. The revised test, based on the factor analysis of the individual items, consists of 36 items in two subtests: the first, crisis feelings; and the second, social behaviors. Implications for future research and potential clinical application are discussed.", "contents": "The crisis scale: a factor analysis and revision. The present paper consists of a factor analytic study of the Crisis Test and a revision of the test based on this analysis. Two factor analyses are presented: the first, the 10 initial subtests; and the second, the 60 individual items. In both analyses the first factor accounts for a large proportion of the variance. This is interpreted as a demonstration of the unitary nature of the crisis syndrome. The revised test, based on the factor analysis of the individual items, consists of 36 items in two subtests: the first, crisis feelings; and the second, social behaviors. Implications for future research and potential clinical application are discussed.", "PMID": 1183157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8766", "title": "Police training in domestic crises: a suburban approach.", "content": "This paper discusses an intervention method that was presented to develop joint police-mental health programs with seven suburban police departments. A seminar on family crisis intervention was instituted. The program method and goals are described and the result of numerous new requests by police for mental health consultation are discussed. Results suggest that a training approach different from urban programs is needed and wanted by suburban police. The initiative for developing such programs clearly falls on the shoulders of community mental health practitioners.", "contents": "Police training in domestic crises: a suburban approach. This paper discusses an intervention method that was presented to develop joint police-mental health programs with seven suburban police departments. A seminar on family crisis intervention was instituted. The program method and goals are described and the result of numerous new requests by police for mental health consultation are discussed. Results suggest that a training approach different from urban programs is needed and wanted by suburban police. The initiative for developing such programs clearly falls on the shoulders of community mental health practitioners.", "PMID": 1183158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8767", "title": "Role of behavior modification in community mental health.", "content": "This paper briefly reviews the original concept of the community mental health movement; points to ways in which current service delivery systems deviate from this; offers and alternative framework for service delivery, that is, a behavioral model; and argues that its implementation would move community services closer to this conception. The implications of this model for intervention in the natural environment as well as for transitional and prosthetic facilities are described and examples given of its use. Emphasis is placed on working in the natural environment whenever possible via the use and cultivation of significant others as well as via provision of training in self-directed behavior change in addition to the blending of case management with careful evaluation of service.", "contents": "Role of behavior modification in community mental health. This paper briefly reviews the original concept of the community mental health movement; points to ways in which current service delivery systems deviate from this; offers and alternative framework for service delivery, that is, a behavioral model; and argues that its implementation would move community services closer to this conception. The implications of this model for intervention in the natural environment as well as for transitional and prosthetic facilities are described and examples given of its use. Emphasis is placed on working in the natural environment whenever possible via the use and cultivation of significant others as well as via provision of training in self-directed behavior change in addition to the blending of case management with careful evaluation of service.", "PMID": 1183159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8768", "title": "Legal dimensions of the psychiatric halfway house.", "content": "This paper addresses itself to the solutions developed in Massachusetts to three key legal problem areas with regard to the psychiatric halfway house. The areas are (1) the assurance of the overall quality of the programs through rigorous implementation of regulatory statutes; (2) the determination of beneficial location and equitable geographical distribution of these facilities as enabled through local zoning ordinances--preventing at the same time arbitrary community exclusion; and (3) the establishment of standards for safe, suitable, and feasible structures to house the community residence as determined by building codes.", "contents": "Legal dimensions of the psychiatric halfway house. This paper addresses itself to the solutions developed in Massachusetts to three key legal problem areas with regard to the psychiatric halfway house. The areas are (1) the assurance of the overall quality of the programs through rigorous implementation of regulatory statutes; (2) the determination of beneficial location and equitable geographical distribution of these facilities as enabled through local zoning ordinances--preventing at the same time arbitrary community exclusion; and (3) the establishment of standards for safe, suitable, and feasible structures to house the community residence as determined by building codes.", "PMID": 1183160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8769", "title": "Self-termination from a child guidance center.", "content": "Fifty-two household interviews were held with families who had self-terminated from a child guidance center. The purpose of these interviews was to determine reasons for self-termination and to measure the effectiveness of the center's program. Findings indicate that the most common reason for self-termination was (1) parents' expectations of therapy were not fulfilled, (2) general dissatisfaction with services, and (3) lack of progress. However, many of the self-terminators rated the center program highly and therefore it was concluded that many self-terminators do not actually reject psychotherapy. Inferences about the causes of self-termination and its alleviation are made.", "contents": "Self-termination from a child guidance center. Fifty-two household interviews were held with families who had self-terminated from a child guidance center. The purpose of these interviews was to determine reasons for self-termination and to measure the effectiveness of the center's program. Findings indicate that the most common reason for self-termination was (1) parents' expectations of therapy were not fulfilled, (2) general dissatisfaction with services, and (3) lack of progress. However, many of the self-terminators rated the center program highly and therefore it was concluded that many self-terminators do not actually reject psychotherapy. Inferences about the causes of self-termination and its alleviation are made.", "PMID": 1183161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8770", "title": "Patients referred to extended inpatient treatment or outpatient therapy from a private short-term therapeutic community.", "content": "An exploratory, longitudinal, multimethod examination of characteristics of short-term therapeutic community patients suggests that male and femal patients receiving recommendations for further extended hospitalization were the relatively younger, more docile, conforming, and good patients who appreciated their hospital experience and the unit. Diagnostic, biographical, and staff ratings were not improtant predictors of referral patterns.", "contents": "Patients referred to extended inpatient treatment or outpatient therapy from a private short-term therapeutic community. An exploratory, longitudinal, multimethod examination of characteristics of short-term therapeutic community patients suggests that male and femal patients receiving recommendations for further extended hospitalization were the relatively younger, more docile, conforming, and good patients who appreciated their hospital experience and the unit. Diagnostic, biographical, and staff ratings were not improtant predictors of referral patterns.", "PMID": 1183162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8771", "title": "Assessing the psychosocial environment of halfway houses for the retarded.", "content": "The Community-Oriented Programs Environment Scale (COPES) was used to assess the psychosocial environment of two halfway houses for the mentally retarded. Residents of the houses were individually asked each question and the staff completed the same scale. Results showed general agreement between staff and residents, suggesting that the retarded were adequately able to describe their treatment program. The results were meaningfully graphed on the existing norms for the mentally disturbed.", "contents": "Assessing the psychosocial environment of halfway houses for the retarded. The Community-Oriented Programs Environment Scale (COPES) was used to assess the psychosocial environment of two halfway houses for the mentally retarded. Residents of the houses were individually asked each question and the staff completed the same scale. Results showed general agreement between staff and residents, suggesting that the retarded were adequately able to describe their treatment program. The results were meaningfully graphed on the existing norms for the mentally disturbed.", "PMID": 1183163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8772", "title": "Abnormalities in mineral metabolism suggestive of parathyroid over-activity in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A three-part study on mineral metabolism in patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis is described. In the first two parts, biochemical abnormalities were revealed suggestive of parathyroid over-activity, and in the third part, observation on calcium absorption provides a hyperparathyroid pattern. The importance of these findings in relation to demineralisation of bone in rheumatoid arthritis is discussed.", "contents": "Abnormalities in mineral metabolism suggestive of parathyroid over-activity in rheumatoid arthritis. A three-part study on mineral metabolism in patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis is described. In the first two parts, biochemical abnormalities were revealed suggestive of parathyroid over-activity, and in the third part, observation on calcium absorption provides a hyperparathyroid pattern. The importance of these findings in relation to demineralisation of bone in rheumatoid arthritis is discussed.", "PMID": 1183217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8773", "title": "Metoclopramide in hiccup.", "content": "Metaclopramide has been observed to induce dramatic relief of intractable hiccup in 14 patients with diverse serious illnesses. When given orally or parenterally the effect was observed within 30 minutes, the relief lasting up to 8 hours, indicating a direct relation to the duration of action of the drug. This drug is recommended for symptomatic relief of hiccup associated even with serious organic illnesses, without any fear of undesirable effects.", "contents": "Metoclopramide in hiccup. Metaclopramide has been observed to induce dramatic relief of intractable hiccup in 14 patients with diverse serious illnesses. When given orally or parenterally the effect was observed within 30 minutes, the relief lasting up to 8 hours, indicating a direct relation to the duration of action of the drug. This drug is recommended for symptomatic relief of hiccup associated even with serious organic illnesses, without any fear of undesirable effects.", "PMID": 1183218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8774", "title": "Comparison of the response of psoriasis, over a 6-month period, to clobetasol propionate and fluocinolone acetonide ointments.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with bilateral psoriasis were treated with clobetasol propionate ointment on one side of the body and fluocinolone acetonide ointment on the other in a double-blind clinical trial lasting 6 months. With one exception, after the first month of treatment, all patients responded better on the clobetasol propionate treated side. There was a tendency for any relapses to be less rapid and less severe in clobetasol propionate treated lesions. No adverse effects from either steroid were observed.", "contents": "Comparison of the response of psoriasis, over a 6-month period, to clobetasol propionate and fluocinolone acetonide ointments. Twenty-nine patients with bilateral psoriasis were treated with clobetasol propionate ointment on one side of the body and fluocinolone acetonide ointment on the other in a double-blind clinical trial lasting 6 months. With one exception, after the first month of treatment, all patients responded better on the clobetasol propionate treated side. There was a tendency for any relapses to be less rapid and less severe in clobetasol propionate treated lesions. No adverse effects from either steroid were observed.", "PMID": 1183219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8775", "title": "A double-blind controlled trial of 'Gaviscon' in patients with symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux.", "content": "In a double-blind trial in 26 patients with symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux, the alginate/effervescent/antacid compound 'Gaviscon' was compared with antacid containing placebo similarly formulated. Retrosternal pain after meals and at night was significantly reduced whilst patients were taking 'Gaviscon' and the beneficial effects lasted for many weeks after discontinuation of the active preparation.", "contents": "A double-blind controlled trial of 'Gaviscon' in patients with symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux. In a double-blind trial in 26 patients with symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux, the alginate/effervescent/antacid compound 'Gaviscon' was compared with antacid containing placebo similarly formulated. Retrosternal pain after meals and at night was significantly reduced whilst patients were taking 'Gaviscon' and the beneficial effects lasted for many weeks after discontinuation of the active preparation.", "PMID": 1183220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8776", "title": "Gastro-intestinal absorption and transplacental transfer of amoxycillin during labour and the influence of metoclopramide.", "content": "The absorption of amoxycillin from the gastro-intestinal tract, with or without oral metoclopramide, has been evaluated. Levels of amoxycillin in the maternal blood and liquor prior to the induction of labour were of a therapeutic level against many organisms. However, absorption during labour, as reflected by maternal blood levels at delivery and cord blood levels, suggests that amoxycillin is poorly absorbed and may not reach adequate therapeutic levels in the fetus. Oral metoclopramide did not improve the absorption of amoxycillin. Should a parenteral form of amoxycillin become available, a similar study of blood and liquor levels may indicate that, like ampicillin, intramuscular administration is required for adequate therapeutic use at this stage of pregnancy. Until an oral formulation of an appropriate antibiotic is available which gives rapid absorption may and a sustained level of the chemotherapeutic agent in this situation, parenteral administration of an appropriate antibiotic remains mandatory.", "contents": "Gastro-intestinal absorption and transplacental transfer of amoxycillin during labour and the influence of metoclopramide. The absorption of amoxycillin from the gastro-intestinal tract, with or without oral metoclopramide, has been evaluated. Levels of amoxycillin in the maternal blood and liquor prior to the induction of labour were of a therapeutic level against many organisms. However, absorption during labour, as reflected by maternal blood levels at delivery and cord blood levels, suggests that amoxycillin is poorly absorbed and may not reach adequate therapeutic levels in the fetus. Oral metoclopramide did not improve the absorption of amoxycillin. Should a parenteral form of amoxycillin become available, a similar study of blood and liquor levels may indicate that, like ampicillin, intramuscular administration is required for adequate therapeutic use at this stage of pregnancy. Until an oral formulation of an appropriate antibiotic is available which gives rapid absorption may and a sustained level of the chemotherapeutic agent in this situation, parenteral administration of an appropriate antibiotic remains mandatory.", "PMID": 1183221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8777", "title": "The role of amniotomy in induction of labour with oral administration of prostaglandin E2.", "content": "Prostaglandin E2 was administered orally in doses of 0.5 mg. to 2.0 mg. every 2 hours to 169 women for induction of labour. Induction was successful in 153 women (90%). In 99 of these women, low amniotomy was performed at the beginning. Performance of amniotomy at the beginning of induction did not alter the incidence of successful induction but did lead to a mean induction-delivery interval shorter than that in women who had amniotomy performed in the active phase of labour. Vomiting and/or diarrhoea occurred in 34 women (20%). Uterine hypertonus of only transient nature occurred in 3 women. One woman suffered from atonic post-partum haemorrhage. No adverse effects on the fetus were apparent. The presence of fetopelvic disproportion was associated with a slow rate of cervical dilatation and unsuccessful induction.", "contents": "The role of amniotomy in induction of labour with oral administration of prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandin E2 was administered orally in doses of 0.5 mg. to 2.0 mg. every 2 hours to 169 women for induction of labour. Induction was successful in 153 women (90%). In 99 of these women, low amniotomy was performed at the beginning. Performance of amniotomy at the beginning of induction did not alter the incidence of successful induction but did lead to a mean induction-delivery interval shorter than that in women who had amniotomy performed in the active phase of labour. Vomiting and/or diarrhoea occurred in 34 women (20%). Uterine hypertonus of only transient nature occurred in 3 women. One woman suffered from atonic post-partum haemorrhage. No adverse effects on the fetus were apparent. The presence of fetopelvic disproportion was associated with a slow rate of cervical dilatation and unsuccessful induction.", "PMID": 1183222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8778", "title": "Mutagenic activity of hydrazine and its combinations with maleic mydrazide and X-rays in barley.", "content": "The study was undertaken to investigate the mutagenic activity of hydrazine hydrate a structural isomer of the nucleic acid base thymidine in barley. The treatments were administered alone or in the presence of maleic hydrazide and X-rays. Hydrazine was able to produce chlorophyll mutations in the M1-generation itself if applied alone, in a mixture or as a last treatment in a sequence. In the M2-generation, however, segregation for chlorophyll mutations was observed in all the treatments. The possible mode of action of the mutagen is discussed.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of hydrazine and its combinations with maleic mydrazide and X-rays in barley. The study was undertaken to investigate the mutagenic activity of hydrazine hydrate a structural isomer of the nucleic acid base thymidine in barley. The treatments were administered alone or in the presence of maleic hydrazide and X-rays. Hydrazine was able to produce chlorophyll mutations in the M1-generation itself if applied alone, in a mixture or as a last treatment in a sequence. In the M2-generation, however, segregation for chlorophyll mutations was observed in all the treatments. The possible mode of action of the mutagen is discussed.", "PMID": 1183229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8779", "title": "Studies on leucocyte migration inhibiton: in vitro enucleation of human eosinophils in reactive cultures.", "content": "Peripheral blood eosinophils present in leucocyte migration cultures underwent enucleation when cell migration was inhibited in the presence of specific antigen. Enucleation was not induced by antigen alone or at 22 degrees C or 4 degrees C, and only occurred in the presence of an in vitro cellular immune response.", "contents": "Studies on leucocyte migration inhibiton: in vitro enucleation of human eosinophils in reactive cultures. Peripheral blood eosinophils present in leucocyte migration cultures underwent enucleation when cell migration was inhibited in the presence of specific antigen. Enucleation was not induced by antigen alone or at 22 degrees C or 4 degrees C, and only occurred in the presence of an in vitro cellular immune response.", "PMID": 1183230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8780", "title": "Meiotic disjunction in t(14;15)6ca heterozygotes and fate of chromosomally unbalanced gametes in embryonic development.", "content": "In heterozygous carriers of the mouse reciprocal translocation T(14;15)6Ca, the frequency of nondisjunction involving the minute marker chromosome was 4.4% in the male and 22.2% in the female. The fate of gametes with unbalanced genomes derived from normal as well as abnormal meiotic disjunction in T6 heterozygotes was investigated on the basis of chromosome counts at metaphase II and karyotype analyses in early postimplantation embryos produced by backcrossing with chromosomally normal animals. Results obtained indicate that meiotic, gametic, and zygotic selection attributable to specific types of chromosomal imbalances is minimal, if any, by the late blastocyst stage. All zygotes with unbalanced genomes, except those with 20 normal pairs plus the minute marker, however, die off in the latter half of pregnancy. Therefore, the increased incidence of translocation trisomics among progeny of female as compared with male heterozygotes reflects the higher incidence of nondisjunction in primary oocytes than in spermatocytes.", "contents": "Meiotic disjunction in t(14;15)6ca heterozygotes and fate of chromosomally unbalanced gametes in embryonic development. In heterozygous carriers of the mouse reciprocal translocation T(14;15)6Ca, the frequency of nondisjunction involving the minute marker chromosome was 4.4% in the male and 22.2% in the female. The fate of gametes with unbalanced genomes derived from normal as well as abnormal meiotic disjunction in T6 heterozygotes was investigated on the basis of chromosome counts at metaphase II and karyotype analyses in early postimplantation embryos produced by backcrossing with chromosomally normal animals. Results obtained indicate that meiotic, gametic, and zygotic selection attributable to specific types of chromosomal imbalances is minimal, if any, by the late blastocyst stage. All zygotes with unbalanced genomes, except those with 20 normal pairs plus the minute marker, however, die off in the latter half of pregnancy. Therefore, the increased incidence of translocation trisomics among progeny of female as compared with male heterozygotes reflects the higher incidence of nondisjunction in primary oocytes than in spermatocytes.", "PMID": 1183231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8781", "title": "Somatic cell genetics resource for research in aging. The National Institutes of Health plan for an expanded program in cellular aging.", "content": "A mutant cell bank in support of research in aging has been established at the Institute for Medical Research, Camden, N.J. The bank is under contract support of the Adult Development and Aging Program of the National Institute of child Health and Human Development. We anticipate that the bank, with associated services such as an annual workshop, will facilitate the growth of the NIH grant-supported cellular aging research program and thus contribute to the elucidation of mechanisms in human aging at the cellular and molecular level.", "contents": "Somatic cell genetics resource for research in aging. The National Institutes of Health plan for an expanded program in cellular aging. A mutant cell bank in support of research in aging has been established at the Institute for Medical Research, Camden, N.J. The bank is under contract support of the Adult Development and Aging Program of the National Institute of child Health and Human Development. We anticipate that the bank, with associated services such as an annual workshop, will facilitate the growth of the NIH grant-supported cellular aging research program and thus contribute to the elucidation of mechanisms in human aging at the cellular and molecular level.", "PMID": 1183232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8782", "title": "The site of 5S RNA genes in human chromosome 1.", "content": "The major site of genes for human 5S RNA is in the long arm of chromosome 1. We find no evidence of sites in other chromosomes; if such exist, they are much smaller than the site in 1q.", "contents": "The site of 5S RNA genes in human chromosome 1. The major site of genes for human 5S RNA is in the long arm of chromosome 1. We find no evidence of sites in other chromosomes; if such exist, they are much smaller than the site in 1q.", "PMID": 1183233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8783", "title": "Mapping G-bands on human prophase chromosomes.", "content": "OHNUKI's method for demonstrating coils in human metaphase chromosomes also reveals a fine G-band pattern on prophase chromosomes of sufficient clarity to justify an attempt at mapping. Maps are provided for each chromosome to show the maximum number of prophase bands observed, and an intermediate stage in chromosome contraction, tracing the pathways of apparent band fusion as the cell progresses to metaphase, is presented. The prophase bands on many chromosomes tend to occur in distinct groups, the members of which ultimately merge to give the dark G-bands of metaphase chromosomes. Every G-band of the standard metaphase chromosomes. Every G-band of the standard metaphase pattern is compounded from two or more prophase bands. In at least contracted prophase chromosomes examined, some bands are seen which have no obvious metaphase counterpart. There are marked similarities between banded prophases and the chromoomere pattern seen at meiotic prophase. However, since chromosome contraction is a dynamic process, agreement between maps will be expected only for corresponding degrees of chromosome contraction.", "contents": "Mapping G-bands on human prophase chromosomes. OHNUKI's method for demonstrating coils in human metaphase chromosomes also reveals a fine G-band pattern on prophase chromosomes of sufficient clarity to justify an attempt at mapping. Maps are provided for each chromosome to show the maximum number of prophase bands observed, and an intermediate stage in chromosome contraction, tracing the pathways of apparent band fusion as the cell progresses to metaphase, is presented. The prophase bands on many chromosomes tend to occur in distinct groups, the members of which ultimately merge to give the dark G-bands of metaphase chromosomes. Every G-band of the standard metaphase chromosomes. Every G-band of the standard metaphase pattern is compounded from two or more prophase bands. In at least contracted prophase chromosomes examined, some bands are seen which have no obvious metaphase counterpart. There are marked similarities between banded prophases and the chromoomere pattern seen at meiotic prophase. However, since chromosome contraction is a dynamic process, agreement between maps will be expected only for corresponding degrees of chromosome contraction.", "PMID": 1183235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8784", "title": "Attraction between centric heterochromatin of human chromosomes.", "content": "An analysis of the pattern of association of acrocentric chromosomes with nonacrocentric chromosomes in human lymphocyte metaphases was performed. This pattern in nonrandom with respect to chromosome length and intrachromosomal distribution. There is a general preference for the centric regions, most pronounced at the proximal segments of the long arms of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16, which is interpreted to reflect heterochromatin attraction during interphase. Comparison of the association patterns of homologous chromosome 1's differing with regard to the size of their heterochromatic regions corroborates this interpretation. The possible significance of heterochromatin attraction for the formation of spontaneous and induced chromosome anomalies is discused.", "contents": "Attraction between centric heterochromatin of human chromosomes. An analysis of the pattern of association of acrocentric chromosomes with nonacrocentric chromosomes in human lymphocyte metaphases was performed. This pattern in nonrandom with respect to chromosome length and intrachromosomal distribution. There is a general preference for the centric regions, most pronounced at the proximal segments of the long arms of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16, which is interpreted to reflect heterochromatin attraction during interphase. Comparison of the association patterns of homologous chromosome 1's differing with regard to the size of their heterochromatic regions corroborates this interpretation. The possible significance of heterochromatin attraction for the formation of spontaneous and induced chromosome anomalies is discused.", "PMID": 1183239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8785", "title": "[Karyotype analysis of 2 species of gibbons (Hylobates lar and H. concolor) with different banding species].", "content": "The mitotic chromosomes of two species of gibbons (Hylobates lar and H. concolor) are examined and compared, using various banding techniques. These two species have very different karyotypes. At the most, seven pairs of chromosomes have a similar banding pattern. The other elements generally differ by complex structrual rearrangements. Thus, it is difficult to propose a scheme for chromosomal evolution at this stage. Comparison with the karyotypes of man and anthropoid apes also shows very important differences; very few chromosomes are common or only slightly modified. Some considerations about the hypothetical origin of particular chromosomal structures are given.", "contents": "[Karyotype analysis of 2 species of gibbons (Hylobates lar and H. concolor) with different banding species]. The mitotic chromosomes of two species of gibbons (Hylobates lar and H. concolor) are examined and compared, using various banding techniques. These two species have very different karyotypes. At the most, seven pairs of chromosomes have a similar banding pattern. The other elements generally differ by complex structrual rearrangements. Thus, it is difficult to propose a scheme for chromosomal evolution at this stage. Comparison with the karyotypes of man and anthropoid apes also shows very important differences; very few chromosomes are common or only slightly modified. Some considerations about the hypothetical origin of particular chromosomal structures are given.", "PMID": 1183240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8786", "title": "Karyotype of the gibbons hylobates lar and h. moloch inversion in chromosome 7.", "content": "A karyotype of the gibbon, Hylobates, has been prepared based on the chromosome banding patterns produced by quinacrine, trypsin-Giemsa, and centromeric heterochromatin stains. The banding patterns of H. lar and H. moloch are virtually identical. No brilliant quinacrine-fluorescent areas are present. The banding pattern of most of the gibbon chromosomes show less resemblance to those of the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, or orangutan than the chromosomes of the higher primates do to each other, suggesting a relatively large evolutionary separation of the gibbon from the higher primates. A pericentric inversion of chromosome 7 is present in one gibbon.", "contents": "Karyotype of the gibbons hylobates lar and h. moloch inversion in chromosome 7. A karyotype of the gibbon, Hylobates, has been prepared based on the chromosome banding patterns produced by quinacrine, trypsin-Giemsa, and centromeric heterochromatin stains. The banding patterns of H. lar and H. moloch are virtually identical. No brilliant quinacrine-fluorescent areas are present. The banding pattern of most of the gibbon chromosomes show less resemblance to those of the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, or orangutan than the chromosomes of the higher primates do to each other, suggesting a relatively large evolutionary separation of the gibbon from the higher primates. A pericentric inversion of chromosome 7 is present in one gibbon.", "PMID": 1183241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8787", "title": "Uptake of 5-iododeoxyuridine as a measure of tumor growth and tumor inhibition.", "content": "The DNA synthesis of tumor cells in spleen, lung and liver of mice bearing spontaneous or transplanted lymphomas or Lewis lung carcinoma was determined by measuring the uptake of 5-iododeoxyuridine labeled with iodine-125 (125IUdR). An in vitro uptake method was also developed to assess 125IUdR uptake of peripheral blood of leukemic animals. A direct relationship was found between isotope uptake values and the extent of neoplastic growth. The 125IUdR uptake method was found to be applicable to determination of inhibition of tumor growth in drug-treated animals and in pre-sensitized allogeneic hosts and to measurement of regression in non-sensitized allogeneic mice.", "contents": "Uptake of 5-iododeoxyuridine as a measure of tumor growth and tumor inhibition. The DNA synthesis of tumor cells in spleen, lung and liver of mice bearing spontaneous or transplanted lymphomas or Lewis lung carcinoma was determined by measuring the uptake of 5-iododeoxyuridine labeled with iodine-125 (125IUdR). An in vitro uptake method was also developed to assess 125IUdR uptake of peripheral blood of leukemic animals. A direct relationship was found between isotope uptake values and the extent of neoplastic growth. The 125IUdR uptake method was found to be applicable to determination of inhibition of tumor growth in drug-treated animals and in pre-sensitized allogeneic hosts and to measurement of regression in non-sensitized allogeneic mice.", "PMID": 1183242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8788", "title": "Experimental and clinical studies of 5-fluorocytosine activity in Candida ocular infections. I. In vitro activity of 5-fluorocytosine on Candida species isolated from ocular infections.", "content": "In vitro sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) of 35 Candida strains (14 C. albicans, 10 C. tropicalis, 5 C. parapsilosis, 2 C. guilliermondii, 2 C. krusei, 2 C. pseudotropicalis), isolated from the eyes of patients suffering from various external ocular inflammations who had not been treated with 5-FC, was tested and compared to that of standard Candida species. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 5-FC for the strains isolated from ocular infections ranged from 0.06 to 1.95 mug/ml and from 0.24 to 7.81 mug/ml, respectively, indicating that no primary resistant strains to 5-FC were found in this series.", "contents": "Experimental and clinical studies of 5-fluorocytosine activity in Candida ocular infections. I. In vitro activity of 5-fluorocytosine on Candida species isolated from ocular infections. In vitro sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) of 35 Candida strains (14 C. albicans, 10 C. tropicalis, 5 C. parapsilosis, 2 C. guilliermondii, 2 C. krusei, 2 C. pseudotropicalis), isolated from the eyes of patients suffering from various external ocular inflammations who had not been treated with 5-FC, was tested and compared to that of standard Candida species. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 5-FC for the strains isolated from ocular infections ranged from 0.06 to 1.95 mug/ml and from 0.24 to 7.81 mug/ml, respectively, indicating that no primary resistant strains to 5-FC were found in this series.", "PMID": 1183243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8789", "title": "Isotope cisternography and ventriculography in congenital CNS anomalies.", "content": "Isotope studies are well-tolerated examinations in various congenital CNS anomalies and are valuable in demonstrating the presence of associated hydrocephalus, abnormal accumulation of isotope associated with abnormal CSF flow or a failure of absorption. In some cases these studies may be of differential diagnostic value and a helpful indicator in the choice of surgical treatment. These tests do not disturb the CSF equilibrium which is often observed following air or other contrast studies.", "contents": "Isotope cisternography and ventriculography in congenital CNS anomalies. Isotope studies are well-tolerated examinations in various congenital CNS anomalies and are valuable in demonstrating the presence of associated hydrocephalus, abnormal accumulation of isotope associated with abnormal CSF flow or a failure of absorption. In some cases these studies may be of differential diagnostic value and a helpful indicator in the choice of surgical treatment. These tests do not disturb the CSF equilibrium which is often observed following air or other contrast studies.", "PMID": 1183253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8790", "title": "Brain tumors of early infants.", "content": "The authors describe their experience with ten cases of brain tumors in children in whom the onset of symptoms occurred within the first year of life, but who were operated on when they were 2 months to 4 years of age. The series includes 5 gliomas (4 supratentorial, 1 cerebellar; 3 astrocytomas, 1 spongioblastoma, 1 ependymoblastoma), 2 teratomas of the lateral ventricle, and 3 single cases of third ventricle choroid plexus papilloma, temporal lobe sarcoma, and a parasellar craniopharyngioma. Six cases were partially removed, one of them was shunted. Only biopsy was carried out in two, one of which was shunted. The only case of radical removal was a lateral ventricle teratoma; this patient died at operation. Nine patients survived at surgery, three of whom are alive on the 3rd, 4th, and 7th postoperative year. There were two late deaths: one at 2 years (lateral ventricle astrocytoma, which was only biopsied) and one at 7 years and 3 months (spongioblastoma) following surgery. This series from a 40-year period (1933-1973) represents 0.4% of 2,832 brain tumors and 1.9% of 528 brain tumors in the pediatric age. The authors emphasize the need to treat brain tumors in early infancy and insist on the use of radiotherapy and chemotherapy when the lesions are not radically removed at surgery.", "contents": "Brain tumors of early infants. The authors describe their experience with ten cases of brain tumors in children in whom the onset of symptoms occurred within the first year of life, but who were operated on when they were 2 months to 4 years of age. The series includes 5 gliomas (4 supratentorial, 1 cerebellar; 3 astrocytomas, 1 spongioblastoma, 1 ependymoblastoma), 2 teratomas of the lateral ventricle, and 3 single cases of third ventricle choroid plexus papilloma, temporal lobe sarcoma, and a parasellar craniopharyngioma. Six cases were partially removed, one of them was shunted. Only biopsy was carried out in two, one of which was shunted. The only case of radical removal was a lateral ventricle teratoma; this patient died at operation. Nine patients survived at surgery, three of whom are alive on the 3rd, 4th, and 7th postoperative year. There were two late deaths: one at 2 years (lateral ventricle astrocytoma, which was only biopsied) and one at 7 years and 3 months (spongioblastoma) following surgery. This series from a 40-year period (1933-1973) represents 0.4% of 2,832 brain tumors and 1.9% of 528 brain tumors in the pediatric age. The authors emphasize the need to treat brain tumors in early infancy and insist on the use of radiotherapy and chemotherapy when the lesions are not radically removed at surgery.", "PMID": 1183254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8791", "title": "Follow-up study of brain stem tumors in children.", "content": "In a series of 180 patients affected by brain stem tumors, 70 cases of children up to 16 years are analyzed. Diagnosis was made with clinical examinations, neuroradiological tests and, in 20 cases, with surgical explorations. A description is made concerning the clinical status with regard to site, extension and features of the tumor. Then the authors analyze statistically the survival of such patients in connection with clinical symptomatology, the radiological picture, medical treatment, radiation and/or surgical therapy either in the few cases of subtotal removal of the tumors, or in the more numerous cases of palliative procedures such as intra- and extra-thecal CSF shunting.", "contents": "Follow-up study of brain stem tumors in children. In a series of 180 patients affected by brain stem tumors, 70 cases of children up to 16 years are analyzed. Diagnosis was made with clinical examinations, neuroradiological tests and, in 20 cases, with surgical explorations. A description is made concerning the clinical status with regard to site, extension and features of the tumor. Then the authors analyze statistically the survival of such patients in connection with clinical symptomatology, the radiological picture, medical treatment, radiation and/or surgical therapy either in the few cases of subtotal removal of the tumors, or in the more numerous cases of palliative procedures such as intra- and extra-thecal CSF shunting.", "PMID": 1183255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8792", "title": "Intracranial tumours in childhood.", "content": "420 paediatric intracranial tumour cases were admitted from an area with a 2 million population in 20 years. The incidence of various groups in Melbourne is compared to similar series in Boston, Vienna, and Tokyo. The author believes that there is a remarkable uniformity in their distribution. The greater number of ependymomas in Melbourne can be due to different pathological interpretations. The higher rate of optic gliomas can be related to a higher frequency of neurofibromatosis. Myodil ventriculography followed by immediate surgery without disturbance of the child's position on the author's neurosurgical wheel reduces post-operative morbidity and mortality. The author uses the anterior approach to choroidal papillomas, contralateral approach to trigone tumours and occasionally posterior fossa osteoplastic flaps. Over the years, operative mortality has decreased to less than 5% but the overall survival rate has not greatly changed, which is possibly due to the excessive 'growth potential' of children.", "contents": "Intracranial tumours in childhood. 420 paediatric intracranial tumour cases were admitted from an area with a 2 million population in 20 years. The incidence of various groups in Melbourne is compared to similar series in Boston, Vienna, and Tokyo. The author believes that there is a remarkable uniformity in their distribution. The greater number of ependymomas in Melbourne can be due to different pathological interpretations. The higher rate of optic gliomas can be related to a higher frequency of neurofibromatosis. Myodil ventriculography followed by immediate surgery without disturbance of the child's position on the author's neurosurgical wheel reduces post-operative morbidity and mortality. The author uses the anterior approach to choroidal papillomas, contralateral approach to trigone tumours and occasionally posterior fossa osteoplastic flaps. Over the years, operative mortality has decreased to less than 5% but the overall survival rate has not greatly changed, which is possibly due to the excessive 'growth potential' of children.", "PMID": 1183256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8793", "title": "Growing skull fractures of childhood. Possible mechanism of its focal ventricular dilatation.", "content": "Four cases of growing skull fracture are presented. Pneumoencephalography done on these cases showed a moderate to extensive degree of focal ventricular dilatation beneath the skull defect. An important factor, heretofore overlooked in explaining this focal ventricular enlargement, is our hypothesis that the force exerted on the particular area of the ventricular wall represents a pulsatile CSF movement damped in the region which is liable to yield to this compression wave in the absence of covering resistant dura mater. Because of the importance of early diagnosis in order to avoid possible delayed neurologic complications such as convulsive disorders, it is advisable to carry on repeated radiological examinations of the skull following fracture in this particular age group until the fracture heals by the progressive apposition of the bone on either side of the fractured line.", "contents": "Growing skull fractures of childhood. Possible mechanism of its focal ventricular dilatation. Four cases of growing skull fracture are presented. Pneumoencephalography done on these cases showed a moderate to extensive degree of focal ventricular dilatation beneath the skull defect. An important factor, heretofore overlooked in explaining this focal ventricular enlargement, is our hypothesis that the force exerted on the particular area of the ventricular wall represents a pulsatile CSF movement damped in the region which is liable to yield to this compression wave in the absence of covering resistant dura mater. Because of the importance of early diagnosis in order to avoid possible delayed neurologic complications such as convulsive disorders, it is advisable to carry on repeated radiological examinations of the skull following fracture in this particular age group until the fracture heals by the progressive apposition of the bone on either side of the fractured line.", "PMID": 1183257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8794", "title": "Cerebral fluid dynamics and brain regional blood flow in experimental hydrocephalus.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow was measured by the indicator fractionation technique in normal, acute hydrocephalic, chronic compensated hydrocephalic and craniectomized hydrocephalic cats. In the five normal cats the mean total brain blood flow was 136.1 ml/min/100 g dry weight. The six acute hydrocephalic animals demonstrated a relatively uniform 22% reduction in total blood flow. In eight chronic hydrocephalic cats CBF increased to the point where there was only an overall 7% decrease. In three hydrocephalic and craniectomized cats the CBF was reduced by 30.6%. In the acute phases there was a decrease in the number of blood vessels. Chronic compensated hydrocephalic brains had somewhat more vessels than the normal, whereas the craniectomized, massively hydrocephalic brain had a dramatic increase in both the number and caliber of blood vessels. These results clearly demonstrate that in acute obstructive hydrocephalus in cats, there is a significant decrease in CBF. The blood vessels revert to normal in shunted cats.", "contents": "Cerebral fluid dynamics and brain regional blood flow in experimental hydrocephalus. Cerebral blood flow was measured by the indicator fractionation technique in normal, acute hydrocephalic, chronic compensated hydrocephalic and craniectomized hydrocephalic cats. In the five normal cats the mean total brain blood flow was 136.1 ml/min/100 g dry weight. The six acute hydrocephalic animals demonstrated a relatively uniform 22% reduction in total blood flow. In eight chronic hydrocephalic cats CBF increased to the point where there was only an overall 7% decrease. In three hydrocephalic and craniectomized cats the CBF was reduced by 30.6%. In the acute phases there was a decrease in the number of blood vessels. Chronic compensated hydrocephalic brains had somewhat more vessels than the normal, whereas the craniectomized, massively hydrocephalic brain had a dramatic increase in both the number and caliber of blood vessels. These results clearly demonstrate that in acute obstructive hydrocephalus in cats, there is a significant decrease in CBF. The blood vessels revert to normal in shunted cats.", "PMID": 1183258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8795", "title": "Dynamic changes of cerebrospinal fluid in upright and recumbent shunted experimental animals.", "content": "The effect of positional change on intracranial CSF pressure, valve flow rates and atrial pressures were studied in 40 experimental dogs. The flow rate with a 30 to 60 mm H2O Holter valve changed from the recumbent to the head-up position: during the first minute it increased 2 1/2 times and then progressively decreased to become stabilized 20-30 min later at a value slightly lower than the head-up value. At the same time pressure dropped rapidly to -23 mm H2O and then slowly, during 30 min to -120 mm H2O. In dogs without a shunt the pressure drop was initially similar to that of shunted dogs but recovered to almost the initial positive pressure in 30 min. The flow rate from a reservoir to the atrium through a shunt system when changing to the head-up position showed a siphon effect. Atrial pressure does not change with positioning. The findings were similar with cisternal-peritoneal shunts. Flow rate, therefore, increase in the head-up position. Negative intracranial CSF pressure was due to a siphon effect through the shunt system.", "contents": "Dynamic changes of cerebrospinal fluid in upright and recumbent shunted experimental animals. The effect of positional change on intracranial CSF pressure, valve flow rates and atrial pressures were studied in 40 experimental dogs. The flow rate with a 30 to 60 mm H2O Holter valve changed from the recumbent to the head-up position: during the first minute it increased 2 1/2 times and then progressively decreased to become stabilized 20-30 min later at a value slightly lower than the head-up value. At the same time pressure dropped rapidly to -23 mm H2O and then slowly, during 30 min to -120 mm H2O. In dogs without a shunt the pressure drop was initially similar to that of shunted dogs but recovered to almost the initial positive pressure in 30 min. The flow rate from a reservoir to the atrium through a shunt system when changing to the head-up position showed a siphon effect. Atrial pressure does not change with positioning. The findings were similar with cisternal-peritoneal shunts. Flow rate, therefore, increase in the head-up position. Negative intracranial CSF pressure was due to a siphon effect through the shunt system.", "PMID": 1183259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8796", "title": "An attempt to treat cerebrovascular 'Moyamoya' disease in children.", "content": "Moyamoya formations at the base of the brain are not congenital vascular malformations but represent collateral pathways associated with chronic progressive stenosis of the carotid fork. The authors have studied 44 personal cases, 18 children under 15 years of age, and 26 adults. In children the Moyamoya vessels change through six stages: (1) carotid fork stenosis; (2) progressive carotid stenosis with initial Moyamoya collaterals and dilatations of cerebral arteries; (3) dilatation of Moyamoya collaterals and disappearance of anterior and middle cerebral arteries; (4) thinning of Moyamoya; (5) contraction of Moyamoya and disappearance of posterior cerebral arteries; (6) intracerebral vessels perfused from the external carotid and/or vertebrae. These six stages are not observed in adults. Bilateral cervical perivascular sympathectomy (PVS) was performed in 9 children and superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCG) was added unilaterally in 4 and bilaterally in 3 cases. Angiographic follow-up studies were carried out 1-7 years following surgery. Improvement was observed in most of the cases examined within the first 2 months after surgery. This was not the case in arteriograms performed more than 6 months postoperatively. It would seem that PVS and SCG can improve the progress of Moyamoya vessels but only for a short period of time. Clinical symptoms, however, seem to continue improving over a long period of time. Cerebral blood flow improved 5 weeks following surgery in a 13-year-old boy.", "contents": "An attempt to treat cerebrovascular 'Moyamoya' disease in children. Moyamoya formations at the base of the brain are not congenital vascular malformations but represent collateral pathways associated with chronic progressive stenosis of the carotid fork. The authors have studied 44 personal cases, 18 children under 15 years of age, and 26 adults. In children the Moyamoya vessels change through six stages: (1) carotid fork stenosis; (2) progressive carotid stenosis with initial Moyamoya collaterals and dilatations of cerebral arteries; (3) dilatation of Moyamoya collaterals and disappearance of anterior and middle cerebral arteries; (4) thinning of Moyamoya; (5) contraction of Moyamoya and disappearance of posterior cerebral arteries; (6) intracerebral vessels perfused from the external carotid and/or vertebrae. These six stages are not observed in adults. Bilateral cervical perivascular sympathectomy (PVS) was performed in 9 children and superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCG) was added unilaterally in 4 and bilaterally in 3 cases. Angiographic follow-up studies were carried out 1-7 years following surgery. Improvement was observed in most of the cases examined within the first 2 months after surgery. This was not the case in arteriograms performed more than 6 months postoperatively. It would seem that PVS and SCG can improve the progress of Moyamoya vessels but only for a short period of time. Clinical symptoms, however, seem to continue improving over a long period of time. Cerebral blood flow improved 5 weeks following surgery in a 13-year-old boy.", "PMID": 1183260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8797", "title": "Diagnostic and therapeutic problems concerning tumors of the vault.", "content": "We observed 36 tumors of the cranial vault in children (11 epidermoid and dermoid cysts, 3 meningiomas, 3 malignant tumors, 11 vascular tumors, 6 eosinophilic granulomas, 2 osteomas). The common clinical finding enabling us to include all 36 tumors in this study is a large tumefaction of the cranial vault, without our being able to determine its anatomical starting point or histological nature. These observations are described according to whether they have a bony, dural or cutaneous origin, differentiating tumors of embryological origin. In the majority of cases, internal and external carotid angiography was performed to help surgery, which remains the only cure.", "contents": "Diagnostic and therapeutic problems concerning tumors of the vault. We observed 36 tumors of the cranial vault in children (11 epidermoid and dermoid cysts, 3 meningiomas, 3 malignant tumors, 11 vascular tumors, 6 eosinophilic granulomas, 2 osteomas). The common clinical finding enabling us to include all 36 tumors in this study is a large tumefaction of the cranial vault, without our being able to determine its anatomical starting point or histological nature. These observations are described according to whether they have a bony, dural or cutaneous origin, differentiating tumors of embryological origin. In the majority of cases, internal and external carotid angiography was performed to help surgery, which remains the only cure.", "PMID": 1183261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8798", "title": "Correction of ocular hypertelorism.", "content": "36 patients with congenital hypertelorism, eight with Crouzon's disease, and three with a posttraumatic deformity, were operated with Tessier's technique with some modifications, i.e. the dura is not separated from the cribriform plate avoiding olfactory damage. The entire procedure for hypertelorism could be carried out in less than 5 h but correction of Crouzon's disease required 6-8 h, and longer in older patients. There was only one intraoperative anesthesic death in a 3-year-old child. One cardiac arrest recovered. Nine staphylococcus infections were superficial and readily treated. There was postoperative cerebral edema in one case and convulsions following surgery in another. Anticonvulsants and steroids were subsequently routinely employed. There were no SF fistulas. Excellent cosmetic results are due primarily to the skill of the plastic surgeons.", "contents": "Correction of ocular hypertelorism. 36 patients with congenital hypertelorism, eight with Crouzon's disease, and three with a posttraumatic deformity, were operated with Tessier's technique with some modifications, i.e. the dura is not separated from the cribriform plate avoiding olfactory damage. The entire procedure for hypertelorism could be carried out in less than 5 h but correction of Crouzon's disease required 6-8 h, and longer in older patients. There was only one intraoperative anesthesic death in a 3-year-old child. One cardiac arrest recovered. Nine staphylococcus infections were superficial and readily treated. There was postoperative cerebral edema in one case and convulsions following surgery in another. Anticonvulsants and steroids were subsequently routinely employed. There were no SF fistulas. Excellent cosmetic results are due primarily to the skill of the plastic surgeons.", "PMID": 1183262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8799", "title": "Comparative study of various models of experimental hydrocephalus.", "content": "The authors present morphological findings in the brains of rabbits, dogs, cats, rats, and mice that have been used as experimental hydrocephalic models. The methods used were as follows: (1) silicone oil injection into the cisterna magna and the neighboring basal cisterns in rabbits by the method of Wisniewski; (2) kaolin administration into the cisterna magna in rabbits and dogs (Dixon); (3) ballooning method with Foley's catheter into the 4th ventricle in rabbits (Milho-rat); (4) plug formation with small pieces of laminalia into the cisterna magna in rabbits by our method; (5) Hy-3 hereditary hydrocephalic mouse bred by Gruenberg; (6) ligation of the placental vessels of the pregnant rat at 13 days of gestation by our method, and (7) transplacental intraperitoneal administration of ethylnitrosourea in a pregnant rat at 9.5 days of gestation. The models with silicone oil, kaolin, laminalia, and ballooning methods produced obstructive hydrocephalus with various grades of ventricular dilatation. The models with the ethylnitrosourea-induced method, ligation of placental vessels, and Hy-3 mouse produced prenatal hydrocephalus. Dilatation of the ventricular system and histological abnormalities do not occur as a uniform process.", "contents": "Comparative study of various models of experimental hydrocephalus. The authors present morphological findings in the brains of rabbits, dogs, cats, rats, and mice that have been used as experimental hydrocephalic models. The methods used were as follows: (1) silicone oil injection into the cisterna magna and the neighboring basal cisterns in rabbits by the method of Wisniewski; (2) kaolin administration into the cisterna magna in rabbits and dogs (Dixon); (3) ballooning method with Foley's catheter into the 4th ventricle in rabbits (Milho-rat); (4) plug formation with small pieces of laminalia into the cisterna magna in rabbits by our method; (5) Hy-3 hereditary hydrocephalic mouse bred by Gruenberg; (6) ligation of the placental vessels of the pregnant rat at 13 days of gestation by our method, and (7) transplacental intraperitoneal administration of ethylnitrosourea in a pregnant rat at 9.5 days of gestation. The models with silicone oil, kaolin, laminalia, and ballooning methods produced obstructive hydrocephalus with various grades of ventricular dilatation. The models with the ethylnitrosourea-induced method, ligation of placental vessels, and Hy-3 mouse produced prenatal hydrocephalus. Dilatation of the ventricular system and histological abnormalities do not occur as a uniform process.", "PMID": 1183263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8800", "title": "An analysis of external ventricular drainage as a treatment for infected shunts.", "content": "An analysis of EVD as a treatment for infected shunts is reported. The study consists of 6 patients with ventriculo-jugular shunts and 17 patients with ventriculo-peritoneal shunts. When infection of the shunting system is suspected on a clinical basis, the shunt should be removed immediately. EVD is adequate to control intraventricular pressure. After the infection clears, reimplantation of shunt should be considered.", "contents": "An analysis of external ventricular drainage as a treatment for infected shunts. An analysis of EVD as a treatment for infected shunts is reported. The study consists of 6 patients with ventriculo-jugular shunts and 17 patients with ventriculo-peritoneal shunts. When infection of the shunting system is suspected on a clinical basis, the shunt should be removed immediately. EVD is adequate to control intraventricular pressure. After the infection clears, reimplantation of shunt should be considered.", "PMID": 1183264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8801", "title": "Attachment behavior: a validation study in two age groups.", "content": "To assess the validity of attachment scores derived from the Ainsworth \"strange situation,\" 56 1-year-olds and 79 2-year-olds accompanied by either the mother, the father, or a brief acquaintance were studied. Proximity to the adult, duration of play, crying, activity, and the incidence of looks and distance bids were measured. 1-year-olds were more secure with their parents: they were more active, played more, cried less, and stood closer to their parents than to an acquaintance. 2-year-olds accompanied by their parents were less settled in the presence of a stranger than children accompanied by the acquaintance. The adequacy of current conceptions and measures of attachment was discussed in light of these results.", "contents": "Attachment behavior: a validation study in two age groups. To assess the validity of attachment scores derived from the Ainsworth \"strange situation,\" 56 1-year-olds and 79 2-year-olds accompanied by either the mother, the father, or a brief acquaintance were studied. Proximity to the adult, duration of play, crying, activity, and the incidence of looks and distance bids were measured. 1-year-olds were more secure with their parents: they were more active, played more, cried less, and stood closer to their parents than to an acquaintance. 2-year-olds accompanied by their parents were less settled in the presence of a stranger than children accompanied by the acquaintance. The adequacy of current conceptions and measures of attachment was discussed in light of these results.", "PMID": 1183265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8802", "title": "Mother-infant attachment: the importance of the mother's visual field.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to answer 2 questions: (1) how important to 2-year-old children is fact-to-face contact with the mother, and (2) do attachment behaviors, such as looking at, talking to, and being close to mothers, interact in a compensatory fashion? 24 male and female children, 18 to 30 months, were observed with their mothers for 15 minutes in 3 conditions: (1) mother facing tethered toys, (2) mother facing away from toys, and (3) mother behind a partition and not visible from toys. Observations were made by time-lapse photography techniques. Results indicated that the potential for face-to-face contact was important: children spent 94% of their time in mother's visual field when she faced the toys and 50% of their time in her visual field when she either faced away or was behind the partition. Overall, they established face-to-face contact about 12% of the time. Some compensation was observed: talking and physical proximity increased as visual contact decreased.", "contents": "Mother-infant attachment: the importance of the mother's visual field. The purpose of this study was to answer 2 questions: (1) how important to 2-year-old children is fact-to-face contact with the mother, and (2) do attachment behaviors, such as looking at, talking to, and being close to mothers, interact in a compensatory fashion? 24 male and female children, 18 to 30 months, were observed with their mothers for 15 minutes in 3 conditions: (1) mother facing tethered toys, (2) mother facing away from toys, and (3) mother behind a partition and not visible from toys. Observations were made by time-lapse photography techniques. Results indicated that the potential for face-to-face contact was important: children spent 94% of their time in mother's visual field when she faced the toys and 50% of their time in her visual field when she either faced away or was behind the partition. Overall, they established face-to-face contact about 12% of the time. Some compensation was observed: talking and physical proximity increased as visual contact decreased.", "PMID": 1183266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8803", "title": "Gender labels and early sex role development.", "content": "A series of tests was designed for 24-, 30-, and 36-month-old children to measure their ability to apply various gender labels to the appropriate sexes, their capacity to place themselves in their own gender category, and their usage of labels to guide preference behavior. Also, the child's awareness of sex role stereotyping and the relationship of the above measures to parental SES and sex role attitudes were examined. In general, unlike the younger children, the oldest children consistently applied gender labels properly, were certain of their own gender, used same-sex gender labels to guide behavior, and were aware of sex role stereotyping. There was no relation between these measures and demographic variables.", "contents": "Gender labels and early sex role development. A series of tests was designed for 24-, 30-, and 36-month-old children to measure their ability to apply various gender labels to the appropriate sexes, their capacity to place themselves in their own gender category, and their usage of labels to guide preference behavior. Also, the child's awareness of sex role stereotyping and the relationship of the above measures to parental SES and sex role attitudes were examined. In general, unlike the younger children, the oldest children consistently applied gender labels properly, were certain of their own gender, used same-sex gender labels to guide behavior, and were aware of sex role stereotyping. There was no relation between these measures and demographic variables.", "PMID": 1183267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8804", "title": "Infants' reactions to an approaching stranger: description, validation, and functional significance of wariness.", "content": "Reliable descriptions of infants' behavioral responses to an approaching stranger were made from video records. Subtle negative responses (wariness) were validated against heart rate acceleration and responses to mother approach and showed significant age changes. Behavioral aspects of wariness appear to serve a \"cutoff\" (coping) function for the infant, preventing all-or-none responses (crying) and facilitating subsequent reengagement of the stranger. Attention to both positive and negative responses, especially in the milder forms, helps clarify inconsistencies in reported age of onset and frequency of \"stranger fear.\" The role of data on infants' responses to strangers in formulating an integrated picture of development in the second half-year of life is discussed.", "contents": "Infants' reactions to an approaching stranger: description, validation, and functional significance of wariness. Reliable descriptions of infants' behavioral responses to an approaching stranger were made from video records. Subtle negative responses (wariness) were validated against heart rate acceleration and responses to mother approach and showed significant age changes. Behavioral aspects of wariness appear to serve a \"cutoff\" (coping) function for the infant, preventing all-or-none responses (crying) and facilitating subsequent reengagement of the stranger. Attention to both positive and negative responses, especially in the milder forms, helps clarify inconsistencies in reported age of onset and frequency of \"stranger fear.\" The role of data on infants' responses to strangers in formulating an integrated picture of development in the second half-year of life is discussed.", "PMID": 1183268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8805", "title": "Visual complexity in infancy: contour or numerosity?", "content": "To examine the relationship between visual attention in infancy and the stimulus variables of contour and numerosity, 2- and 4-month-old infants were placed in 3 experimental conditions. In the first condition, the patterns shown to the infants varied in amount of contour but had an equal number of elements; in the second, they varied in numerosity but had an equal amount of contour; and in the third, the patterns varied in both numerosity and contour. The results showed that contour and numerosity acting in tandem are responsible for the age-complexity shift observed in previous investigations of infant attention.", "contents": "Visual complexity in infancy: contour or numerosity? To examine the relationship between visual attention in infancy and the stimulus variables of contour and numerosity, 2- and 4-month-old infants were placed in 3 experimental conditions. In the first condition, the patterns shown to the infants varied in amount of contour but had an equal number of elements; in the second, they varied in numerosity but had an equal amount of contour; and in the third, the patterns varied in both numerosity and contour. The results showed that contour and numerosity acting in tandem are responsible for the age-complexity shift observed in previous investigations of infant attention.", "PMID": 1183269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8806", "title": "Continuous stimulation and arousal level in infancy: effects of stimulus intensity and stress.", "content": "The effectiveness of continuous stimulation in lowering arousal level, as indexed by state and heart rate, was studied in 30 uncircumcised males, 30 circumcised males, and 30 female subjects. The continuous-stimulation effect was shown to be directly related to auditory stimulus intensity. It is more complexly related to preexisting stress, operationally defined as subjects' circumcision status.", "contents": "Continuous stimulation and arousal level in infancy: effects of stimulus intensity and stress. The effectiveness of continuous stimulation in lowering arousal level, as indexed by state and heart rate, was studied in 30 uncircumcised males, 30 circumcised males, and 30 female subjects. The continuous-stimulation effect was shown to be directly related to auditory stimulus intensity. It is more complexly related to preexisting stress, operationally defined as subjects' circumcision status.", "PMID": 1183270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8807", "title": "Development of detection and recognition of orientation of geometric and real figures.", "content": "Black and white kindergarten and second-grade children were tested for accuracy of detection and recognition of orientation and location changes in pictures of real-world and geometric figures. No differences were found in accuracy of recognition between the 2 kinds of pictures, but patterns of verbalization differed on specific transformations. Although differences in accuracy were found between kindergarten and second grade on an initial recognition task, practice on a matching-to-sample task eliminated differences on a second recognition task. Few ethnic differences were found on accuracy of recognition, but significant differences were found in amount of verbal output on specific transformations. For both groups, mention of orientation changes was markedly reduced when location changes were present.", "contents": "Development of detection and recognition of orientation of geometric and real figures. Black and white kindergarten and second-grade children were tested for accuracy of detection and recognition of orientation and location changes in pictures of real-world and geometric figures. No differences were found in accuracy of recognition between the 2 kinds of pictures, but patterns of verbalization differed on specific transformations. Although differences in accuracy were found between kindergarten and second grade on an initial recognition task, practice on a matching-to-sample task eliminated differences on a second recognition task. Few ethnic differences were found on accuracy of recognition, but significant differences were found in amount of verbal output on specific transformations. For both groups, mention of orientation changes was markedly reduced when location changes were present.", "PMID": 1183271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8808", "title": "Verbal effects in children's visual recognition memory.", "content": "Preschool children were shown line drawings of 12 pairs of items and were asked to describe them. Each child saw elaborated and unelaborated pictures (items interacting vs. not interacting). The children's descriptions were rated as elaborated or unelaborated (interactions mentioned vs. not mentioned). 1 week later, a recognition test was given, with choices between an elaborated and an unelaborated picture for each pair. In general, recognition accuracy was best for elaborated pictures given elaborated descriptions and worst for unelaborated pictures given elaborated descriptions. However, for the younger subjects, 32-55 months old, accuracy was influenced more by type of picture than by type of description; and for older subjects, 56-70 months old, the opposite was true. Apparently, younger preschoolers rely more on visual memory for recognition of this type of picture, and older preschoolers rely more on reconstruction from verbal memory.", "contents": "Verbal effects in children's visual recognition memory. Preschool children were shown line drawings of 12 pairs of items and were asked to describe them. Each child saw elaborated and unelaborated pictures (items interacting vs. not interacting). The children's descriptions were rated as elaborated or unelaborated (interactions mentioned vs. not mentioned). 1 week later, a recognition test was given, with choices between an elaborated and an unelaborated picture for each pair. In general, recognition accuracy was best for elaborated pictures given elaborated descriptions and worst for unelaborated pictures given elaborated descriptions. However, for the younger subjects, 32-55 months old, accuracy was influenced more by type of picture than by type of description; and for older subjects, 56-70 months old, the opposite was true. Apparently, younger preschoolers rely more on visual memory for recognition of this type of picture, and older preschoolers rely more on reconstruction from verbal memory.", "PMID": 1183272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8809", "title": "Reading disability: age differences and the perceptual-deficit hypothesis.", "content": "The present study assessed the suggestion that specific reading disability is caused by visual-spatial disorder. A previous investigation questioned this hypothesis in demonstrating that poor readers' orientation errors (e.g., b/d; was/saw) result from malfunction in verbal identification rather than optical distortion. However, the generality of its findings was limited by the fact that its subject included only children at the upper age levels (9-15 years). In order to extend our results to younger children, poor and normal readers in the second and sixth grades were presented with tachistoscopic exposures of both verbal and nonverbal stimuli and were asked to identify and/or reproduce them both orally and graphically. With some exceptions, the results obtained in the previous study were replicated: the performance of poor readers at both age levels closely approximated that of normals in visual as compared with verbal encoding.", "contents": "Reading disability: age differences and the perceptual-deficit hypothesis. The present study assessed the suggestion that specific reading disability is caused by visual-spatial disorder. A previous investigation questioned this hypothesis in demonstrating that poor readers' orientation errors (e.g., b/d; was/saw) result from malfunction in verbal identification rather than optical distortion. However, the generality of its findings was limited by the fact that its subject included only children at the upper age levels (9-15 years). In order to extend our results to younger children, poor and normal readers in the second and sixth grades were presented with tachistoscopic exposures of both verbal and nonverbal stimuli and were asked to identify and/or reproduce them both orally and graphically. With some exceptions, the results obtained in the previous study were replicated: the performance of poor readers at both age levels closely approximated that of normals in visual as compared with verbal encoding.", "PMID": 1183273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8810", "title": "The effects of provocation, intentions, and consequences on children's moral judgments.", "content": "Dutch boys 8 and 12 years old read brief stories about a harm doer whose intentions were either good or bad and whose actions resulted in either minor or serious injury to a victim. The harm doer had previously been either strongly provoked or not provoked by the victim. The older boys differentiated their evaluations of the harm doer's naughtiness on the basis of provocation and intentions, while the younger boys failed to differentiate their evaluations of the provoked harm doer on the basis of intentions. Both age groups strongly differentiated their judgments of the victim's naughtiness on the basis of his role as provoker, except when the victim was seriously injured by a bad-intentioned aggressor.", "contents": "The effects of provocation, intentions, and consequences on children's moral judgments. Dutch boys 8 and 12 years old read brief stories about a harm doer whose intentions were either good or bad and whose actions resulted in either minor or serious injury to a victim. The harm doer had previously been either strongly provoked or not provoked by the victim. The older boys differentiated their evaluations of the harm doer's naughtiness on the basis of provocation and intentions, while the younger boys failed to differentiate their evaluations of the provoked harm doer on the basis of intentions. Both age groups strongly differentiated their judgments of the victim's naughtiness on the basis of his role as provoker, except when the victim was seriously injured by a bad-intentioned aggressor.", "PMID": 1183274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8811", "title": "Task characteristics and a stage 6 sensorimotor problem.", "content": "A previously demonstrated high rate of failure on a Stage 6 sensorimotor means-end problem, of children otherwise inferred to be in Stage 6 development, prompted a study of task characteristics of the problem. A component part of the task was modified by introducing an additional visual cue; the purpose of the problem was unchanged. Results indicated that problem solving was facilitated in the transformed condition, with older subjects performing somewhat better than younger subjects. The authors suggest that cognitive requirements of the problem, as representative of Stage 6 sensorimotor development, remained the same in the original or transformed condition. The modification appeared to permit children to focus their attention on the requirements of the problem, so that a greater number of children demonstrated mental representation. Task characteristics of sensorimotor problems need to be investigated further.", "contents": "Task characteristics and a stage 6 sensorimotor problem. A previously demonstrated high rate of failure on a Stage 6 sensorimotor means-end problem, of children otherwise inferred to be in Stage 6 development, prompted a study of task characteristics of the problem. A component part of the task was modified by introducing an additional visual cue; the purpose of the problem was unchanged. Results indicated that problem solving was facilitated in the transformed condition, with older subjects performing somewhat better than younger subjects. The authors suggest that cognitive requirements of the problem, as representative of Stage 6 sensorimotor development, remained the same in the original or transformed condition. The modification appeared to permit children to focus their attention on the requirements of the problem, so that a greater number of children demonstrated mental representation. Task characteristics of sensorimotor problems need to be investigated further.", "PMID": 1183275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8812", "title": "Differential effects of prenatal rhythmic stimulation on neonatal arousal states.", "content": "This study tested Salk's hypothesis that the human fetus is prenatally imprinted to the repetitive intermittent sound of the maternal heartbeat. 2 groups of neonates were selected prior to birth based on low (70-80 bpm) and high (100-110 bpm) maternal resting heart rates. At 24-48 hours old, the neonates were exposed to a 75-bpm, 105-bpm, or a no-sound tape, each prior to 1 of 3 different mealtimes. The prediction, based on Salk's hypothesis, that neonates would quiet most to their own mother's heart rate compared with the unfamiliar heart rate was not supported. Greater arousal reduction was found for any rhythmic sound compared with no sound. M-st important, clear prenatal influences on postnatal quieting behavior were demonstrated. Babies born to low-heart-rate mothers fell asleep faster, slept longer, and cried less under all conditions than did high-maternal-heart-rate children.", "contents": "Differential effects of prenatal rhythmic stimulation on neonatal arousal states. This study tested Salk's hypothesis that the human fetus is prenatally imprinted to the repetitive intermittent sound of the maternal heartbeat. 2 groups of neonates were selected prior to birth based on low (70-80 bpm) and high (100-110 bpm) maternal resting heart rates. At 24-48 hours old, the neonates were exposed to a 75-bpm, 105-bpm, or a no-sound tape, each prior to 1 of 3 different mealtimes. The prediction, based on Salk's hypothesis, that neonates would quiet most to their own mother's heart rate compared with the unfamiliar heart rate was not supported. Greater arousal reduction was found for any rhythmic sound compared with no sound. M-st important, clear prenatal influences on postnatal quieting behavior were demonstrated. Babies born to low-heart-rate mothers fell asleep faster, slept longer, and cried less under all conditions than did high-maternal-heart-rate children.", "PMID": 1183276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8813", "title": "Posture as a determinant of visual behavior in newborns.", "content": "The effects of posture on the visual behavior of 15 3-day-old healthy black newborn males and females were assessed. The amount of time each infant kept his eyes open and the quality of fixation and following a visual stimulus were measured in each of 3 positions: lying down, sitting up, and on shoulder. Although position had little effect on the amount of time the eyes were open, the on-shoulder position significantly increased the quality of the visual behavior. These findings suggest that the vestibular, proprioceptive, and contact stimulation provided by the on-shoulder position affects the newborn's ability to follow and process visual stimuli.", "contents": "Posture as a determinant of visual behavior in newborns. The effects of posture on the visual behavior of 15 3-day-old healthy black newborn males and females were assessed. The amount of time each infant kept his eyes open and the quality of fixation and following a visual stimulus were measured in each of 3 positions: lying down, sitting up, and on shoulder. Although position had little effect on the amount of time the eyes were open, the on-shoulder position significantly increased the quality of the visual behavior. These findings suggest that the vestibular, proprioceptive, and contact stimulation provided by the on-shoulder position affects the newborn's ability to follow and process visual stimuli.", "PMID": 1183277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8814", "title": "Perceptual information in conservation: effects of screening.", "content": "Variations of the screening method developed by Piaget and Frank made it possible to systematically vary the number and type of perceptual cues in the conservation of liquid quantity task. In general, nonconservation increased in kindergartners as the number of cues increased. In contrast, first graders were affected very little by the perceptual conditions. The results suggest that the development of conservation involves several levels, beginning with a concept which can be demonstrated only under facilitating conditions.", "contents": "Perceptual information in conservation: effects of screening. Variations of the screening method developed by Piaget and Frank made it possible to systematically vary the number and type of perceptual cues in the conservation of liquid quantity task. In general, nonconservation increased in kindergartners as the number of cues increased. In contrast, first graders were affected very little by the perceptual conditions. The results suggest that the development of conservation involves several levels, beginning with a concept which can be demonstrated only under facilitating conditions.", "PMID": 1183278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8815", "title": "[Thrombotic occlusion and late lysis in the arteria subclavia lusoria dextra].", "content": "Case history of a 45 years aged male patient with an aortic arch anomaly. Thrombotic occlusion of the A. lusoria dextra with symptoms of a subclavian-steal syndrome and anoxia in the right hand. Spontaneous lysis after 8 weeks is documentated by arteriography.", "contents": "[Thrombotic occlusion and late lysis in the arteria subclavia lusoria dextra]. Case history of a 45 years aged male patient with an aortic arch anomaly. Thrombotic occlusion of the A. lusoria dextra with symptoms of a subclavian-steal syndrome and anoxia in the right hand. Spontaneous lysis after 8 weeks is documentated by arteriography.", "PMID": 1183296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8816", "title": "Location of genes coding for 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA within the genome of Mus musculus.", "content": "Cytological detection of cistrons coding for 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) within the genome of Mus musculus inbred strain SEC/1ReJ was accomplished using the technique of in situ hybridization. Metaphase chromosome spreads prepared from cultured fetal mouse cells were stained with quinacrine-HCl and photographed. After destaining, they were hybridized to Xenopus laevis tritiated 18S and 28S rRNA, specific activity 7.5 X 10(6) dpm/mug. Silver grains clustered over specific chromosomes were readily apparent after 4 months of autoradiographic exposure. The identity of the labelled chromosomes was established by comparing the autoradiographs to quinacrine photographs showing characteristic fluorescent banding of the chromosomes in each metaphase spread. The 18S and 28S rRNA was found to hybridize to chromosomes 12, 18, and 16. Statistical analysis of the grain distribution over 26 spreads revealed that the three chromosomes were significantly labelled. Grains over these chromosomes were concentrated in an area immediately distal to the centromere, a region which in chromosomes 12 and 18 in this particular strain is the site of a secondary constriction. The relative size of the secondary constrictions, long and thus prominent on chromosome 12, obvious but shorter on 18, and indistinguishable on chromosome 16, correlated with the average number of grains observed over the centromeric region of these chromosomes, 2.5, 1.0, and 0.78, respectively.", "contents": "Location of genes coding for 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA within the genome of Mus musculus. Cytological detection of cistrons coding for 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) within the genome of Mus musculus inbred strain SEC/1ReJ was accomplished using the technique of in situ hybridization. Metaphase chromosome spreads prepared from cultured fetal mouse cells were stained with quinacrine-HCl and photographed. After destaining, they were hybridized to Xenopus laevis tritiated 18S and 28S rRNA, specific activity 7.5 X 10(6) dpm/mug. Silver grains clustered over specific chromosomes were readily apparent after 4 months of autoradiographic exposure. The identity of the labelled chromosomes was established by comparing the autoradiographs to quinacrine photographs showing characteristic fluorescent banding of the chromosomes in each metaphase spread. The 18S and 28S rRNA was found to hybridize to chromosomes 12, 18, and 16. Statistical analysis of the grain distribution over 26 spreads revealed that the three chromosomes were significantly labelled. Grains over these chromosomes were concentrated in an area immediately distal to the centromere, a region which in chromosomes 12 and 18 in this particular strain is the site of a secondary constriction. The relative size of the secondary constrictions, long and thus prominent on chromosome 12, obvious but shorter on 18, and indistinguishable on chromosome 16, correlated with the average number of grains observed over the centromeric region of these chromosomes, 2.5, 1.0, and 0.78, respectively.", "PMID": 1183299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8817", "title": "Mechanisms of chromosome banding. VIII. Hoechst 33258-DNA interaction.", "content": "The interaction of Hoechst 33258 with DNA has been examined to help clarify the mechanisms of banding. 1. In agreement with previous studies Hoechst fluorescence is enhanced to a greater degree in AT-rich compared to GC-rich DNA. 2. Hoechst causes an increase in the DNA Tm which is greater at the higher AT content of the DNA. 3. There is a decrease in extinction coefficient and shift in the adsorption spectra to a higher wavelength when Hoechst binds to DNA. 4. DNA is completely precipitated at a ratio of one dye molecular per base pair, and this precipitation is not affected by salt. 5. There is no increase in viscosity or change in the circular dichroism of DNA when bound to Hoechst. These findings suggest Hoechst does not bind to DNA by intercalation or by ionic interaction with the phosphate groups, but rather binds by an attachment to the outside of the double DNA helix by interacting with the base pairs. This type of binding allows greater sensitivity to the base composition than occurs with intercalating agents. In this respect its binding is similar to that of dibutyl proflavine (Muller et al., 1973).", "contents": "Mechanisms of chromosome banding. VIII. Hoechst 33258-DNA interaction. The interaction of Hoechst 33258 with DNA has been examined to help clarify the mechanisms of banding. 1. In agreement with previous studies Hoechst fluorescence is enhanced to a greater degree in AT-rich compared to GC-rich DNA. 2. Hoechst causes an increase in the DNA Tm which is greater at the higher AT content of the DNA. 3. There is a decrease in extinction coefficient and shift in the adsorption spectra to a higher wavelength when Hoechst binds to DNA. 4. DNA is completely precipitated at a ratio of one dye molecular per base pair, and this precipitation is not affected by salt. 5. There is no increase in viscosity or change in the circular dichroism of DNA when bound to Hoechst. These findings suggest Hoechst does not bind to DNA by intercalation or by ionic interaction with the phosphate groups, but rather binds by an attachment to the outside of the double DNA helix by interacting with the base pairs. This type of binding allows greater sensitivity to the base composition than occurs with intercalating agents. In this respect its binding is similar to that of dibutyl proflavine (Muller et al., 1973).", "PMID": 1183300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8818", "title": "Identification of pachytene bivalents in human male meiosis using G-banding technique.", "content": "G-banding of human pachytene bivalents is obtained using trypsin digestion. Each of the 22 autosomal bivalents is clearly identified. Such an identification leads to construction of the human pachytene map. Our results show the equivalence between the G-band patterns of mitotic chromosomes and meiotic bivalents. The G-band patterns of mitotic-meiotic chromosomes also correlate closely with the chromomere sequence of pachytene bivalents. Thus, study of chromomeres should constitute an excellent approach to comprehension of G-banding mechanism.", "contents": "Identification of pachytene bivalents in human male meiosis using G-banding technique. G-banding of human pachytene bivalents is obtained using trypsin digestion. Each of the 22 autosomal bivalents is clearly identified. Such an identification leads to construction of the human pachytene map. Our results show the equivalence between the G-band patterns of mitotic chromosomes and meiotic bivalents. The G-band patterns of mitotic-meiotic chromosomes also correlate closely with the chromomere sequence of pachytene bivalents. Thus, study of chromomeres should constitute an excellent approach to comprehension of G-banding mechanism.", "PMID": 1183301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8819", "title": "Personality characteristics of exhibitionists.", "content": "Forty-one exhibitionists were examined clinically and thirty-four psychometrically. The data does not support any definitive character type or evidence of severe pathology. If specific reference to their symptom of exhibiting is omitted they do not appear to be strikingly abnormal. Exhibiting was viewed as a unique way of expressing unconscious aggressive strivings, without provoking the retaliatory response that more direct aggression might stimulate.", "contents": "Personality characteristics of exhibitionists. Forty-one exhibitionists were examined clinically and thirty-four psychometrically. The data does not support any definitive character type or evidence of severe pathology. If specific reference to their symptom of exhibiting is omitted they do not appear to be strikingly abnormal. Exhibiting was viewed as a unique way of expressing unconscious aggressive strivings, without provoking the retaliatory response that more direct aggression might stimulate.", "PMID": 1183303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8820", "title": "Serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in neuromuscular diseases.", "content": "Serum LDH isozymes render qualitative information which may be more specific than the quantitative changes of total serum LDH and total serum CPK in neuromuscular diseases. Muscle LDH isozymes vary with age, muscle, and species. Temporal study of serum LDH isozymes in experimental neurogenic atrophy demonstrated a temporary rise of serum LDH 5. In acute and progressive neurogenic diseases, a high serum LDH 5 was noted. Isozyme patterns were normal in chronic and non-progressive diseases. In Duchenne dystrophy, serum LDH 5 was low and stayed low until the final stages of the disease. This abnormality persisted long after serum total LDH and CPK returned to normal. This may reflect the leakage of genetically abnormal isozymes from the muscles to serum. It is concluded that the serum LDH isozyme pattern is a reliable qualitative test in the diagnosis of a genetic myopathy, and in differentiating progressive from static neurogenic atrophies.", "contents": "Serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in neuromuscular diseases. Serum LDH isozymes render qualitative information which may be more specific than the quantitative changes of total serum LDH and total serum CPK in neuromuscular diseases. Muscle LDH isozymes vary with age, muscle, and species. Temporal study of serum LDH isozymes in experimental neurogenic atrophy demonstrated a temporary rise of serum LDH 5. In acute and progressive neurogenic diseases, a high serum LDH 5 was noted. Isozyme patterns were normal in chronic and non-progressive diseases. In Duchenne dystrophy, serum LDH 5 was low and stayed low until the final stages of the disease. This abnormality persisted long after serum total LDH and CPK returned to normal. This may reflect the leakage of genetically abnormal isozymes from the muscles to serum. It is concluded that the serum LDH isozyme pattern is a reliable qualitative test in the diagnosis of a genetic myopathy, and in differentiating progressive from static neurogenic atrophies.", "PMID": 1183304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8821", "title": "The forgotten treatment modality in bipolar illness: psychotherapy.", "content": "The author presents 31 bipolar patients treated with combined lithium prophylaxis and psychotherapy for up to 41 months. The grave prognosis of untreated bipolar illness is reviewed. The improved prognosis with lithium prophylaxis alone is reviewed. The author demonstrates an improved prognosis when lithium prophylaxis is combined with psychotherapy and discusses his findings as to why lithium prophylaxis alone still predicts a grave outcome.", "contents": "The forgotten treatment modality in bipolar illness: psychotherapy. The author presents 31 bipolar patients treated with combined lithium prophylaxis and psychotherapy for up to 41 months. The grave prognosis of untreated bipolar illness is reviewed. The improved prognosis with lithium prophylaxis alone is reviewed. The author demonstrates an improved prognosis when lithium prophylaxis is combined with psychotherapy and discusses his findings as to why lithium prophylaxis alone still predicts a grave outcome.", "PMID": 1183307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8822", "title": "[Early operation in acute haemorrhagic-necotizing pancreatitis. (author transl)].", "content": "Between 1973 and 1975, \"early\" operation with removal of necrotic tissue was performed on 15 patients with acute haemorrhagic-necrotizing pancreatitis. Partial necrotizing pancreatitis was found in ten patients, of whom seven survived. But all patients with total pancreatic necrosis died. Two early operations in patients with a necrotizing bout in the course of chronic recurrent pancreatitis were successful. The surgical procedure consisted of digital removal of necrotic tissue (greater than digitoclasia less than) and left-sided resection, combined with adequate drainage. Patients with acute, partial necrotizing pancreatitis can be saved by early operation, while those with total necrosis would require almost immediate surgical intervention, before the onset of lethal complications.", "contents": "[Early operation in acute haemorrhagic-necotizing pancreatitis. (author transl)]. Between 1973 and 1975, \"early\" operation with removal of necrotic tissue was performed on 15 patients with acute haemorrhagic-necrotizing pancreatitis. Partial necrotizing pancreatitis was found in ten patients, of whom seven survived. But all patients with total pancreatic necrosis died. Two early operations in patients with a necrotizing bout in the course of chronic recurrent pancreatitis were successful. The surgical procedure consisted of digital removal of necrotic tissue (greater than digitoclasia less than) and left-sided resection, combined with adequate drainage. Patients with acute, partial necrotizing pancreatitis can be saved by early operation, while those with total necrosis would require almost immediate surgical intervention, before the onset of lethal complications.", "PMID": 1183320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8823", "title": "[Prognosis and treatment of Hodgkin's disease in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Observations on 29 children with Hodgkin's disease confirm that the initial spread, presence or absence of general symptoms, and histological type all have prognostic significance. The results of lymphangiography in 27, and laparotomy with multiple biopsies and splenectomy in 14 children demonstrated that - except in stage IV - both procedures are necessary for adequate classification as to stage of the disease. On the basis of these personal cases (5-year-survival rate of 53%) and published reports a therapeutic schema is suggested which is particularly appropriate for children.", "contents": "[Prognosis and treatment of Hodgkin's disease in children (author's transl)]. Observations on 29 children with Hodgkin's disease confirm that the initial spread, presence or absence of general symptoms, and histological type all have prognostic significance. The results of lymphangiography in 27, and laparotomy with multiple biopsies and splenectomy in 14 children demonstrated that - except in stage IV - both procedures are necessary for adequate classification as to stage of the disease. On the basis of these personal cases (5-year-survival rate of 53%) and published reports a therapeutic schema is suggested which is particularly appropriate for children.", "PMID": 1183321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8824", "title": "[The value of suprapubic bladder aspiration in the diagnosis of bacteriuria (author's transl)].", "content": "Urine obtained simultaneously by midstream voiding and supra-public bladder aspiration from 500 patients were compared by bacteriological and, in some, microscopic examination. In a second series a similar examination was undertaken on 1000 samples each, obtained by midstream voiding, catheterisation or suprapublic bladder aspiration from different patients. There was no significant difference in sediments or Stansfeld count between midstream and aspirated samples. Qualitative false-positive results for protein were obtained in 20% of midstream samples from women. The Kass count for significant bacteriuria was false-positive in 3.4% of midstream compared with bladder-aspiration samples, in 7.6% for \"questionable bacteriuria\". Positive counts of under 10(5)/ml were obtained in 41.3%, of under 10(4)/ml in 26.7% of aspirated samples. Counts under 10(4)/ml in midstream-voided samples are usually considered the result of contamination, at times falsely so. \"Mixed infections\" were 7.8 times more common in catheter and 11.4 to 11.8 times more common in midstream than in aspirated samples. The presence of microorganisms in suprapublic bladder aspiration is always abnormal. Chemotherapy is indicated only on results from bladder aspiration.", "contents": "[The value of suprapubic bladder aspiration in the diagnosis of bacteriuria (author's transl)]. Urine obtained simultaneously by midstream voiding and supra-public bladder aspiration from 500 patients were compared by bacteriological and, in some, microscopic examination. In a second series a similar examination was undertaken on 1000 samples each, obtained by midstream voiding, catheterisation or suprapublic bladder aspiration from different patients. There was no significant difference in sediments or Stansfeld count between midstream and aspirated samples. Qualitative false-positive results for protein were obtained in 20% of midstream samples from women. The Kass count for significant bacteriuria was false-positive in 3.4% of midstream compared with bladder-aspiration samples, in 7.6% for \"questionable bacteriuria\". Positive counts of under 10(5)/ml were obtained in 41.3%, of under 10(4)/ml in 26.7% of aspirated samples. Counts under 10(4)/ml in midstream-voided samples are usually considered the result of contamination, at times falsely so. \"Mixed infections\" were 7.8 times more common in catheter and 11.4 to 11.8 times more common in midstream than in aspirated samples. The presence of microorganisms in suprapublic bladder aspiration is always abnormal. Chemotherapy is indicated only on results from bladder aspiration.", "PMID": 1183322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8825", "title": "[Effect of digitalis on contractility of the failing right and left ventricles during exercise (authors transl)].", "content": "Intra-venticular pressures were measured at rest and during simulated exercise before and after intravenous administration of 0.6 mg beta-methyldigoxin in 16 patients (right ventricular measurements in 11, left ones in five), measurements in the right ventricle being taken before and 30-45 min after, in the left ventricle before and 20 min after injection of the drug. There was an increase in stroke volume and maximal cardiac work, while end-diastolic pressure fell. Cardiac glycosides can, therefore, favourably influence congestive cardiac failure on physical exertion. Digitalization indicated in those patients who, on exercise, have an increased end-diastolic pressure and reduced contractility. The positive digitalis effect consists of improved contractility and sustained reduction in end-diastolic pressure. On maintenance digitalization it is to be expected that the heart will profit from both mechanisms, both at rest and during exercise. The increased contractility caused by the glycosides is, however, so small that it does not cause any significant change in oxygen consumption.", "contents": "[Effect of digitalis on contractility of the failing right and left ventricles during exercise (authors transl)]. Intra-venticular pressures were measured at rest and during simulated exercise before and after intravenous administration of 0.6 mg beta-methyldigoxin in 16 patients (right ventricular measurements in 11, left ones in five), measurements in the right ventricle being taken before and 30-45 min after, in the left ventricle before and 20 min after injection of the drug. There was an increase in stroke volume and maximal cardiac work, while end-diastolic pressure fell. Cardiac glycosides can, therefore, favourably influence congestive cardiac failure on physical exertion. Digitalization indicated in those patients who, on exercise, have an increased end-diastolic pressure and reduced contractility. The positive digitalis effect consists of improved contractility and sustained reduction in end-diastolic pressure. On maintenance digitalization it is to be expected that the heart will profit from both mechanisms, both at rest and during exercise. The increased contractility caused by the glycosides is, however, so small that it does not cause any significant change in oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 1183323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8826", "title": "[Cardiac myxoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1965 and 1974 ten patients were operared on for cardiac myxoma. There was a striking variety of signs and symptoms caused by tumour embolization, haemodynamic obstruction, and auto-immunological reactions. The diagnosis should be made early before the occurrence of irreversible complications, especially cerebral embolism. Echocardiography is a simple technique for the detection of atrial myxoma but a negative result does not exclude it, and diagnosis has to be confirmed by angiocardiography. The tumour should be removed as soon as possible after diagnosis. There is danger of tumour embolization in the course of operation. Operative mortality is low in patients with only haemodynamic complications, but in patients with previous cerebral embolism the risk is higher because of possible bleeding in the infarcted areas of the brain resulting from anticoagulation during cardio-pulmonary bypass. Nonetheless, the operation is indicated in all cases. If removal of the myxoma is complete, recurrence is rate and long-term results are good.", "contents": "[Cardiac myxoma (author's transl)]. Between 1965 and 1974 ten patients were operared on for cardiac myxoma. There was a striking variety of signs and symptoms caused by tumour embolization, haemodynamic obstruction, and auto-immunological reactions. The diagnosis should be made early before the occurrence of irreversible complications, especially cerebral embolism. Echocardiography is a simple technique for the detection of atrial myxoma but a negative result does not exclude it, and diagnosis has to be confirmed by angiocardiography. The tumour should be removed as soon as possible after diagnosis. There is danger of tumour embolization in the course of operation. Operative mortality is low in patients with only haemodynamic complications, but in patients with previous cerebral embolism the risk is higher because of possible bleeding in the infarcted areas of the brain resulting from anticoagulation during cardio-pulmonary bypass. Nonetheless, the operation is indicated in all cases. If removal of the myxoma is complete, recurrence is rate and long-term results are good.", "PMID": 1183324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8827", "title": "[Arterielle occlusion in two leg amputees (\"phantom claudication\" due to pelvic-artery stenosis) (author's transl)].", "content": "Signs of intermittent claudication in the phantom leg developed in two patients 18 and 27 years, respectively, after mid-thigh amputation. Symptomatic treatment of the phantom pain was without success. Clinical, oscillographic and angiographic studies demonstrated atherosclerotic arterial stenoses of the iliac arteries. After successful vascular reconstruction (iliac-femoral and aortic-femoral bypass, respectively) on the side of amputation both patients are without pain or other symptoms and can again walk with restriction.", "contents": "[Arterielle occlusion in two leg amputees (\"phantom claudication\" due to pelvic-artery stenosis) (author's transl)]. Signs of intermittent claudication in the phantom leg developed in two patients 18 and 27 years, respectively, after mid-thigh amputation. Symptomatic treatment of the phantom pain was without success. Clinical, oscillographic and angiographic studies demonstrated atherosclerotic arterial stenoses of the iliac arteries. After successful vascular reconstruction (iliac-femoral and aortic-femoral bypass, respectively) on the side of amputation both patients are without pain or other symptoms and can again walk with restriction.", "PMID": 1183325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8828", "title": "[The pathology and clinical features of generalized lymphangiomyomatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Generalized lymphangiomyomatosis with diffuse pulmonary involvement was diagnosed at post-mortem of a 26-year-old woman. The disease occurs only in women, during or after their reproductive phase, with chylous effusion, especially chylothorax, dyspnoea and chronic progression. It is a multitopic condition starting with a focal lesion, which has its origin in the smooth musculature of the lymphatics and probably develops in dependence on hormonal factors.", "contents": "[The pathology and clinical features of generalized lymphangiomyomatosis (author's transl)]. Generalized lymphangiomyomatosis with diffuse pulmonary involvement was diagnosed at post-mortem of a 26-year-old woman. The disease occurs only in women, during or after their reproductive phase, with chylous effusion, especially chylothorax, dyspnoea and chronic progression. It is a multitopic condition starting with a focal lesion, which has its origin in the smooth musculature of the lymphatics and probably develops in dependence on hormonal factors.", "PMID": 1183326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8829", "title": "[Sinus-node recovery time in the sick-sinus syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Sinus-node recovery times were measured, before and after atropine administration, in 21 patients with the clinical diagnosis of sick-sinus syndrome. The results were compared with those reported by other workers. It is concluded that sinus-node recovery times of more than 1 400 ms are most likely due to sinus-node damage (sick-sinus syndrome); normal recovery times are rare in such patients. The diagnosis of the syndrome is strengthened if the recovery time remains abnormally long even after atropine. Further useful diagnostic information can be obtained from the total stimulation phase (duration until restoration of the basic rhythm), this being overall longer in patients with the syndrome than in normal subjects. The increased incidence of A-V nodal rhythms before restoration of the basic rhythm is another indication of organic damage to the sinus node, especially if it also occurs after atropine. The significance of a recovery time which is prolonged before but normal after atropine is less clear: a raised sensitivity to vagotonic influences may be the determining factor here.", "contents": "[Sinus-node recovery time in the sick-sinus syndrome (author's transl)]. Sinus-node recovery times were measured, before and after atropine administration, in 21 patients with the clinical diagnosis of sick-sinus syndrome. The results were compared with those reported by other workers. It is concluded that sinus-node recovery times of more than 1 400 ms are most likely due to sinus-node damage (sick-sinus syndrome); normal recovery times are rare in such patients. The diagnosis of the syndrome is strengthened if the recovery time remains abnormally long even after atropine. Further useful diagnostic information can be obtained from the total stimulation phase (duration until restoration of the basic rhythm), this being overall longer in patients with the syndrome than in normal subjects. The increased incidence of A-V nodal rhythms before restoration of the basic rhythm is another indication of organic damage to the sinus node, especially if it also occurs after atropine. The significance of a recovery time which is prolonged before but normal after atropine is less clear: a raised sensitivity to vagotonic influences may be the determining factor here.", "PMID": 1183334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8830", "title": "[Early CNS manifestations in lupus erythematosus (author's transl)].", "content": "CNS involvement is a rare manifestation of collagen disease. But in three patients with lupus erythematosus (L.E.) the disease was from its onset characterized by CNS signs: epileptic seizures, cerebellar ataxia, and organic psychosis. The combination of epilepsy or organic psychosis with inflammatory joint disease should make one consider L.E. in the differential diagnosis, even if there is no close time relationship between the occurrence of these signs. Muscle biopsy, EEG recordings and CSF examinations may be of diagnostic value in addition to serological and immunological studies.", "contents": "[Early CNS manifestations in lupus erythematosus (author's transl)]. CNS involvement is a rare manifestation of collagen disease. But in three patients with lupus erythematosus (L.E.) the disease was from its onset characterized by CNS signs: epileptic seizures, cerebellar ataxia, and organic psychosis. The combination of epilepsy or organic psychosis with inflammatory joint disease should make one consider L.E. in the differential diagnosis, even if there is no close time relationship between the occurrence of these signs. Muscle biopsy, EEG recordings and CSF examinations may be of diagnostic value in addition to serological and immunological studies.", "PMID": 1183335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8831", "title": "[Clotting abnormalities in the Lyell's syndrome (acute toxic epidermal necrolysis) (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's syndrome) ended fatally in a 48-year-old patient with chronic recurrent bronchial pneumonia. A marked haemorrhagic diathesis had developed, with signs of severe clotting and platelet abnormalities, indicating that the clotting disorder was, in the first instance, the result of \"toxic\" liver and bone-marrow damage (in connection with the recurrent pneumonia and its previous drug treatment), and not disseminated intravascular coagulation. The clotting abnormalities in this patient were probably less the result of \"necrolysis\" of the epidermis than an accompanying effect of the generatized intoxication of multiple aetiologies of the entire organism, which probably also precipitated the fulminating course of the Lyell's syndrome. An important part, of course, was the preceding protracted administration of chloramphenicol for the recurrent bronchial pneumonia.", "contents": "[Clotting abnormalities in the Lyell's syndrome (acute toxic epidermal necrolysis) (author's transl)]. Acute toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's syndrome) ended fatally in a 48-year-old patient with chronic recurrent bronchial pneumonia. A marked haemorrhagic diathesis had developed, with signs of severe clotting and platelet abnormalities, indicating that the clotting disorder was, in the first instance, the result of \"toxic\" liver and bone-marrow damage (in connection with the recurrent pneumonia and its previous drug treatment), and not disseminated intravascular coagulation. The clotting abnormalities in this patient were probably less the result of \"necrolysis\" of the epidermis than an accompanying effect of the generatized intoxication of multiple aetiologies of the entire organism, which probably also precipitated the fulminating course of the Lyell's syndrome. An important part, of course, was the preceding protracted administration of chloramphenicol for the recurrent bronchial pneumonia.", "PMID": 1183336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8832", "title": "[de Quervain's thyroiditis].", "content": "Among 31 patients with de Quervain's thyroiditis (confirmed by biopsy in 15) there were seven who had an acute course. It is, therefore, suggested that the misleading term \"subacute\" thyroiditis for this form of inflammatory thyroid disease be avoided. It is nowadays the most frequent form of painful thyroiditis seen in clinical practice. Extremely rapid ESR with normal peripheral leucocyte count is a typical finding. Generally the disease is completely cured within a few weeks to months, transition to an immunothyroiditis or hypothyroidism being rare. Conventional antiinflammatory drugs, combined with thyroid hormone, give a good therapeutic response. Corticoids should be used only in exceptional instances.", "contents": "[de Quervain's thyroiditis]. Among 31 patients with de Quervain's thyroiditis (confirmed by biopsy in 15) there were seven who had an acute course. It is, therefore, suggested that the misleading term \"subacute\" thyroiditis for this form of inflammatory thyroid disease be avoided. It is nowadays the most frequent form of painful thyroiditis seen in clinical practice. Extremely rapid ESR with normal peripheral leucocyte count is a typical finding. Generally the disease is completely cured within a few weeks to months, transition to an immunothyroiditis or hypothyroidism being rare. Conventional antiinflammatory drugs, combined with thyroid hormone, give a good therapeutic response. Corticoids should be used only in exceptional instances.", "PMID": 1183345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8833", "title": "[Non-invasive myocardial scanning with thallium-201: basic principles and methods (author's transl)].", "content": "201Tl scanning demonstrated viable myocardium in the area supplied by the anterior interventricular branch (on frontal scanning) and viable myocardium in the interventricular septum and left ventricular lateral wall (scanning in the second oblique position) in 9 of 11 patients. Akinetic myocardial segments in the left ventricular anterior wall and left ventricular apex could be recognized by absent activity when scanning from in front. But hypokinetic segments, which contrary to the appearance with akinesia cannot be equated with myocardial scar, could not according to present experience be recognized by 201TL scanning. The special advantage of 201Tl scanning is is that, except for its intravenous injection, no further invasive procedure has to be undertaken, and it can be repeated. No side effects of complications have been observed.", "contents": "[Non-invasive myocardial scanning with thallium-201: basic principles and methods (author's transl)]. 201Tl scanning demonstrated viable myocardium in the area supplied by the anterior interventricular branch (on frontal scanning) and viable myocardium in the interventricular septum and left ventricular lateral wall (scanning in the second oblique position) in 9 of 11 patients. Akinetic myocardial segments in the left ventricular anterior wall and left ventricular apex could be recognized by absent activity when scanning from in front. But hypokinetic segments, which contrary to the appearance with akinesia cannot be equated with myocardial scar, could not according to present experience be recognized by 201TL scanning. The special advantage of 201Tl scanning is is that, except for its intravenous injection, no further invasive procedure has to be undertaken, and it can be repeated. No side effects of complications have been observed.", "PMID": 1183344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8834", "title": "[Duodenal reflux and gastritis after Billroth I gastric resection (author's transl)].", "content": "Endoscopic and biopsy studies were undertaken in 92 patients who had undergone partial gastric resection (end-to-end gastroduodenostomy, Billroth I) one to seven years previously. In addition, the amound of duodeno-gastric reflux was evaluated by measuring bromsulphalein excretion in gastric juice. Atrophic gastritis occurred in 36%, while superficial gastritis was noted in 49% of patients. The degree and severity of the inflammatory changes was most marked near the anastomosis. The severity of the duodenal gastric reflux was decisive in the development of the atrophic mucosal changes. There was no demonstrable relationship between the degree of mucosal changes and the interval since the operation.", "contents": "[Duodenal reflux and gastritis after Billroth I gastric resection (author's transl)]. Endoscopic and biopsy studies were undertaken in 92 patients who had undergone partial gastric resection (end-to-end gastroduodenostomy, Billroth I) one to seven years previously. In addition, the amound of duodeno-gastric reflux was evaluated by measuring bromsulphalein excretion in gastric juice. Atrophic gastritis occurred in 36%, while superficial gastritis was noted in 49% of patients. The degree and severity of the inflammatory changes was most marked near the anastomosis. The severity of the duodenal gastric reflux was decisive in the development of the atrophic mucosal changes. There was no demonstrable relationship between the degree of mucosal changes and the interval since the operation.", "PMID": 1183346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8835", "title": "[Paroxysmal tachycardic atrial fibrillation: termination by surgically induced A-V block (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 58-year-old patient frequent attacks of tachycardic atrial fibrillation had given rise to signs of abnormal cardiac function. All drug treatment had failed, as had several attempts at electric countershock and rapid atrial and ventricular stimulation. For this reason a surgical A-V block at the level of the His bundle was induced under cardio-pulmonary bypass and a ventricular pacemaker inserted. One year postoperatively the pacemaker functions without complication, and the patient is without symptoms. The ECG shows no sign of spontaneous A-V conduction. This is thought to be the first report of surgically induced A-V block for the control of atrial fibrillation.", "contents": "[Paroxysmal tachycardic atrial fibrillation: termination by surgically induced A-V block (author's transl)]. In a 58-year-old patient frequent attacks of tachycardic atrial fibrillation had given rise to signs of abnormal cardiac function. All drug treatment had failed, as had several attempts at electric countershock and rapid atrial and ventricular stimulation. For this reason a surgical A-V block at the level of the His bundle was induced under cardio-pulmonary bypass and a ventricular pacemaker inserted. One year postoperatively the pacemaker functions without complication, and the patient is without symptoms. The ECG shows no sign of spontaneous A-V conduction. This is thought to be the first report of surgically induced A-V block for the control of atrial fibrillation.", "PMID": 1183347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8836", "title": "[Mild course of botulinus intoxication (author's transl)].", "content": "Botulinus poisoning generally ends fatally after an only short course, mild forms being rare. In four members of a family who had eaten deep-frozen grilled sausages symptoms of botulinus poisoning developed, predominantly marked by disturbances of the autonomic nervous system. The course was so mild that hospitalization was not necessary nor was specific antitoxin administration. All clinical symptoms had disappeared after nine weeks. But special clinical and neurophysiological studies (electromyography, pupillography, electroencephalography) demonstrated abnormalities for very much longer. Botulinus poisoning was proven in animal tests and neutralization tests with botulinus antitoxin. The epidemiology, source of infection, and clinical symptoms suggest botulinus type B poisoning.", "contents": "[Mild course of botulinus intoxication (author's transl)]. Botulinus poisoning generally ends fatally after an only short course, mild forms being rare. In four members of a family who had eaten deep-frozen grilled sausages symptoms of botulinus poisoning developed, predominantly marked by disturbances of the autonomic nervous system. The course was so mild that hospitalization was not necessary nor was specific antitoxin administration. All clinical symptoms had disappeared after nine weeks. But special clinical and neurophysiological studies (electromyography, pupillography, electroencephalography) demonstrated abnormalities for very much longer. Botulinus poisoning was proven in animal tests and neutralization tests with botulinus antitoxin. The epidemiology, source of infection, and clinical symptoms suggest botulinus type B poisoning.", "PMID": 1183348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8837", "title": "[Digitalization for acute myocardial infarction: haemodynamic changes in patients with heart failure at rest (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemodynamic changes after intravenous administration of 0.4 mg beta-methyldigoxin or 0.4 mg digoxin daily were measured on the first to fourth day in 42 patients in heart failure after onset of transmural myocardial infarction. Regular reduction in filling pressure and increased stroke volume while arterial blood pressure remained unaltered pointed to improved contractility. Digitalization in the first few days after infarction achieved sustained tendency towards improved haemodynamics. It is concluded that early digitalization is indicated in patients with acute myocardial infarction if there are signs of heart failure.", "contents": "[Digitalization for acute myocardial infarction: haemodynamic changes in patients with heart failure at rest (author's transl)]. Haemodynamic changes after intravenous administration of 0.4 mg beta-methyldigoxin or 0.4 mg digoxin daily were measured on the first to fourth day in 42 patients in heart failure after onset of transmural myocardial infarction. Regular reduction in filling pressure and increased stroke volume while arterial blood pressure remained unaltered pointed to improved contractility. Digitalization in the first few days after infarction achieved sustained tendency towards improved haemodynamics. It is concluded that early digitalization is indicated in patients with acute myocardial infarction if there are signs of heart failure.", "PMID": 1183355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8838", "title": "[Metastasizing carcinoma of the breast and diabetes mellitus, a prognostically favourable combination (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1972 and 1973 altogether 130 women were treated with hormones and cytostatic drugs for progressive, metastasizing breast carcinoma. 30 of them also had subclinical or manifest diabetes mellitus. Clinical analysis indicated that metastasizing cancer of the breast in women who also have diabetes took a protracted course. Survival timed from the moment of operations, as well as from the occurrence of the first metastases, were significantly longer in women with than without diabetes. Those with a familial predisposition towards cancer of the breast were, however, not within the tested groups. It is possible that women with cancer of the breast and diabetes are also a favourable group for trying hormone therapy: in 18 of 24, hormones induced remissions, but in only less than one third of all the other patients.", "contents": "[Metastasizing carcinoma of the breast and diabetes mellitus, a prognostically favourable combination (author's transl)]. In 1972 and 1973 altogether 130 women were treated with hormones and cytostatic drugs for progressive, metastasizing breast carcinoma. 30 of them also had subclinical or manifest diabetes mellitus. Clinical analysis indicated that metastasizing cancer of the breast in women who also have diabetes took a protracted course. Survival timed from the moment of operations, as well as from the occurrence of the first metastases, were significantly longer in women with than without diabetes. Those with a familial predisposition towards cancer of the breast were, however, not within the tested groups. It is possible that women with cancer of the breast and diabetes are also a favourable group for trying hormone therapy: in 18 of 24, hormones induced remissions, but in only less than one third of all the other patients.", "PMID": 1183356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8839", "title": "[Occlusion of the renal artery by intra-arterial injection of thrombin in a case of inoperable renal tumour (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 53-year-old man with an inoperable metastasizing renal carcinoma embolic occlusion of the renal circulation was achieved by injection of thrombin (600 NIH units) through a balloon catheter into the renal artery. With short-term administration of analgesics and under anti-biotic cover the post-embolic course ran without complications. The general condition of the patient is good and macrohaematuria had, at the time of the report, not recurred for two months.", "contents": "[Occlusion of the renal artery by intra-arterial injection of thrombin in a case of inoperable renal tumour (author's transl)]. In a 53-year-old man with an inoperable metastasizing renal carcinoma embolic occlusion of the renal circulation was achieved by injection of thrombin (600 NIH units) through a balloon catheter into the renal artery. With short-term administration of analgesics and under anti-biotic cover the post-embolic course ran without complications. The general condition of the patient is good and macrohaematuria had, at the time of the report, not recurred for two months.", "PMID": 1183357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8840", "title": "[Ventricular fibrillation during testing of a demand pacemaker (author's transl)].", "content": "Ventricular fibrillation was precipitated in a patient with an implanted unipolar demand pacemaker while its function was being tested by switching over to a fixed-rate output by means of a magnet. There was no evidence of either myocardial infarction, abnormal electrolyte state, or digitalis intoxication. This, probably unique, case indicates that non-synchronized stimulation, even during brief switching over of a demand pacemaker to a fixed-rate one, may endanger the patient.", "contents": "[Ventricular fibrillation during testing of a demand pacemaker (author's transl)]. Ventricular fibrillation was precipitated in a patient with an implanted unipolar demand pacemaker while its function was being tested by switching over to a fixed-rate output by means of a magnet. There was no evidence of either myocardial infarction, abnormal electrolyte state, or digitalis intoxication. This, probably unique, case indicates that non-synchronized stimulation, even during brief switching over of a demand pacemaker to a fixed-rate one, may endanger the patient.", "PMID": 1183358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8841", "title": "[Distribution pattern of coronary arteries and their intramyocardial architecture: on the functional anatomy of the coronary arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of 100 human hearts demonstrated a diverse normal pattern of coronary arteries. Variations were classifiable into three general groups: 1. balanced coronary circulation (68 specimens), 2. right coronary artery preponderance (22), and 3. left coronary artery preponderance (9). A large intercoronary anastomosis between the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries, measuring about 2 mm in diameter, was seen in one heart. In about 57% of hearts the left anterior descending artery was partially covered by cardiac muscle bridges, up to 6 cm long. In some instances the artery passed through the wall of the right ventricle, running through the inner layer of the myocardium. Such coronary arterial course would not be demonstrable by coronary angiography. Yet it increases the risk of coronary artery surgery at the site of a thin-walled right ventricle. A phylogenetic explanation for the variations in normal arterial pattern and the muscle bridges is given.", "contents": "[Distribution pattern of coronary arteries and their intramyocardial architecture: on the functional anatomy of the coronary arteries (author's transl)]. A study of 100 human hearts demonstrated a diverse normal pattern of coronary arteries. Variations were classifiable into three general groups: 1. balanced coronary circulation (68 specimens), 2. right coronary artery preponderance (22), and 3. left coronary artery preponderance (9). A large intercoronary anastomosis between the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries, measuring about 2 mm in diameter, was seen in one heart. In about 57% of hearts the left anterior descending artery was partially covered by cardiac muscle bridges, up to 6 cm long. In some instances the artery passed through the wall of the right ventricle, running through the inner layer of the myocardium. Such coronary arterial course would not be demonstrable by coronary angiography. Yet it increases the risk of coronary artery surgery at the site of a thin-walled right ventricle. A phylogenetic explanation for the variations in normal arterial pattern and the muscle bridges is given.", "PMID": 1183359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8842", "title": "Influence of day of pregnancy on rat placental, uterine, and ovarian prostaglandin synthesis and metabolism.", "content": "Synthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins in reproductive tissues of the gravid rat were studied from the time of post-implantation to just prior to parturition. Rat placental prostaglandin synthesis is low on day 8 of pregnancy, sharply increases on day 11, falls on day 14, and remains at a low level for the remainder of gestation. In the tissue PGE2 synthesis is 6 times greater than that of PGF2alpha on day 11. Prostaglandin metabolism in the placenta was high on day 11, low on days 8 and 14, and elevated on days 16, 18, and 21 of pregnancy. PGE1 metabolism was 8 times greater than that of PGF2alpha. Uterine prostaglandin synthesis was low until day 16, and then increased until the end of pregnancy. PGE2 synthesis was very low in this tissue in comparison to PGF2alpha synthesis. Prostaglandin metabolism in the uterus was relatively low until day 16 and then sharply increased for the remainder of gestation. This increase in metabolism was not directly proportional to uterine growth. PGE1 metabolism was 5 times higher than PGF2alpha metabolism in this organ. Ovarian prostaglandin synthesis was very low in comparison to that of the other reproductive organs. Prostaglandin metabolism in this tissue decreased from day 8 through day 18 of pregnancy. PGE1 metabolism in the ovary was twice that of PGF2alpha. These studies demonstrate patterns for synthesis and metabolism of prostaglandin in each tissue studied which may indicate inter-relationships with the physiological requirements of pregnancy.", "contents": "Influence of day of pregnancy on rat placental, uterine, and ovarian prostaglandin synthesis and metabolism. Synthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins in reproductive tissues of the gravid rat were studied from the time of post-implantation to just prior to parturition. Rat placental prostaglandin synthesis is low on day 8 of pregnancy, sharply increases on day 11, falls on day 14, and remains at a low level for the remainder of gestation. In the tissue PGE2 synthesis is 6 times greater than that of PGF2alpha on day 11. Prostaglandin metabolism in the placenta was high on day 11, low on days 8 and 14, and elevated on days 16, 18, and 21 of pregnancy. PGE1 metabolism was 8 times greater than that of PGF2alpha. Uterine prostaglandin synthesis was low until day 16, and then increased until the end of pregnancy. PGE2 synthesis was very low in this tissue in comparison to PGF2alpha synthesis. Prostaglandin metabolism in the uterus was relatively low until day 16 and then sharply increased for the remainder of gestation. This increase in metabolism was not directly proportional to uterine growth. PGE1 metabolism was 5 times higher than PGF2alpha metabolism in this organ. Ovarian prostaglandin synthesis was very low in comparison to that of the other reproductive organs. Prostaglandin metabolism in this tissue decreased from day 8 through day 18 of pregnancy. PGE1 metabolism in the ovary was twice that of PGF2alpha. These studies demonstrate patterns for synthesis and metabolism of prostaglandin in each tissue studied which may indicate inter-relationships with the physiological requirements of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1183404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8843", "title": "Electron microscopic identification of adrenergic nerve endings on thyroid epithelial cells.", "content": "Electron microscopic observations were made of the microinnervation of the thyroids of normal mice and of mice given false adrenergic neurotransmitters, and the effects of the drugs on thyroidal norepinephrine uptake were measured. In addition to adrenergic nerve terminals on thyroid blood vessels, structures resembling nerve endings were seen in close apposition to the bases of thyroid epithelial cells. Because they take up false adrenergic neurotransmitters, and undergo degenerative change after administration of cytotoxic false neurotransmitters (6-hydroxydopamine and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine), which also reduce thyroid norepinephrine uptake, they probably represent adrenergic nerve terminals on thyroid follicles. If so, they afford a morphological basis for the direct effects of catecholamines on thyroid function, which have been reported.", "contents": "Electron microscopic identification of adrenergic nerve endings on thyroid epithelial cells. Electron microscopic observations were made of the microinnervation of the thyroids of normal mice and of mice given false adrenergic neurotransmitters, and the effects of the drugs on thyroidal norepinephrine uptake were measured. In addition to adrenergic nerve terminals on thyroid blood vessels, structures resembling nerve endings were seen in close apposition to the bases of thyroid epithelial cells. Because they take up false adrenergic neurotransmitters, and undergo degenerative change after administration of cytotoxic false neurotransmitters (6-hydroxydopamine and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine), which also reduce thyroid norepinephrine uptake, they probably represent adrenergic nerve terminals on thyroid follicles. If so, they afford a morphological basis for the direct effects of catecholamines on thyroid function, which have been reported.", "PMID": 1183405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8844", "title": "Influence of histamine- and 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing thyroid mast cells on thyroid blood flow and permeability in the rat.", "content": "The possible significance of thyroid mast cells in the regulation of thyroid blood flow and capillary permeability was investigated in rats whose TSH secretion had been eliminated by exogenous T4. Mast cells were identified by their abundance of metachromatic granules, and their content of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was examined by fluorescence histochemistry. Thyroid histamine levels were determined by fluorometry. The tissue uptake of 86Rb was used as an indicator of blood flow and permeability. Numerous histamine- and 5-HT-containing mast cells were found within the thyroid and in connective tissue adjacent to the thyroid, whereas juxtathyroidal muscle tissue was virtually devoid of mast cells. Administration of compound 48/80 evoked a prompt depletion of 5-HT, histamine and metachromatic granules from thyroid mast cells, and a concomitant increase in the thyroidal uptake of 86Rb. The 86Rb uptake by juxtathyroidal muscle tissue was unaffected. Exogenous 5-HT and histamine both induced prompt increments in thyroidal 86Rb uptake, and 5-HT also stimulated 86Rb uptake in juxtathyroidal muscle tissue. TSH, previously shown to induce a gradual amine release from mast cells within, but not outside, the thyroid, evoked a gradual increase in thyroidal, but not in muscular, uptake of 86Rb. The findings support the concept that, in the rat, histamine and/or 5-HT, released from intrathyroidal mast cells by TSH, stimulate thyroid blood flow and/or permeability.", "contents": "Influence of histamine- and 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing thyroid mast cells on thyroid blood flow and permeability in the rat. The possible significance of thyroid mast cells in the regulation of thyroid blood flow and capillary permeability was investigated in rats whose TSH secretion had been eliminated by exogenous T4. Mast cells were identified by their abundance of metachromatic granules, and their content of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was examined by fluorescence histochemistry. Thyroid histamine levels were determined by fluorometry. The tissue uptake of 86Rb was used as an indicator of blood flow and permeability. Numerous histamine- and 5-HT-containing mast cells were found within the thyroid and in connective tissue adjacent to the thyroid, whereas juxtathyroidal muscle tissue was virtually devoid of mast cells. Administration of compound 48/80 evoked a prompt depletion of 5-HT, histamine and metachromatic granules from thyroid mast cells, and a concomitant increase in the thyroidal uptake of 86Rb. The 86Rb uptake by juxtathyroidal muscle tissue was unaffected. Exogenous 5-HT and histamine both induced prompt increments in thyroidal 86Rb uptake, and 5-HT also stimulated 86Rb uptake in juxtathyroidal muscle tissue. TSH, previously shown to induce a gradual amine release from mast cells within, but not outside, the thyroid, evoked a gradual increase in thyroidal, but not in muscular, uptake of 86Rb. The findings support the concept that, in the rat, histamine and/or 5-HT, released from intrathyroidal mast cells by TSH, stimulate thyroid blood flow and/or permeability.", "PMID": 1183406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8845", "title": "Effect of acute exposure to cold on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system.", "content": "The effects of a sudden but sustained exposure to cold (1 to 6C) on serum TSH, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) (all measured by radioimmunoassay), pituitary TSH concentration, pituitary TSH secretory responsiveness to hypothalamic extract or synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in vitro as well as in vivo, and the changes of the thyrotropin-releasing activity in three TRF-rich hypothalamic areas were determined. In normal animals, serum TSH underwent a series of oscillations, first rising then returning to the basal levels, then rising again, whereas serum T4 and T3 increased within 2 h of cold exposure and remained elevated. Pituitary TSH concentration and the in vitro pituitary responsiveness declined after an initial elevation, whereas the in vivo responsiveness to TRH was diminished throughout the whole exposure to cold. Thyroid-blocked animals with steady, low levels of serum T4 and T3 showed a step by step increase of serum TSH levels and no changes in the other parameters. It is therefore assumed that the decrease of TSH secretion following the initial rise is due to a feedback inhibition by the increased levels of thyroid hormones as is the decreased pituitary responsiveness of TRH in vivo. The pituitary responsiveness in vitro seems to be determined by TSH pituitary concentrations, the changes of which are probably also secondary to the changes of the thyroid hormone levels. The mechanism of the second rise of serum TSH levels is not clear. Thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) activity was higher after 2 and 24 h of cold exposure in the median eminence and after 8 h in the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area, but lower after 8 and 24 h in the dorsomedial hypothalamus. Since the changes of TRF activity in the median eminence coincided with the elevated serum TSH, they are assumed to reflect increased TRF production and secretion. The significance of the TRF changes in the other two areas is not clear.", "contents": "Effect of acute exposure to cold on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system. The effects of a sudden but sustained exposure to cold (1 to 6C) on serum TSH, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) (all measured by radioimmunoassay), pituitary TSH concentration, pituitary TSH secretory responsiveness to hypothalamic extract or synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in vitro as well as in vivo, and the changes of the thyrotropin-releasing activity in three TRF-rich hypothalamic areas were determined. In normal animals, serum TSH underwent a series of oscillations, first rising then returning to the basal levels, then rising again, whereas serum T4 and T3 increased within 2 h of cold exposure and remained elevated. Pituitary TSH concentration and the in vitro pituitary responsiveness declined after an initial elevation, whereas the in vivo responsiveness to TRH was diminished throughout the whole exposure to cold. Thyroid-blocked animals with steady, low levels of serum T4 and T3 showed a step by step increase of serum TSH levels and no changes in the other parameters. It is therefore assumed that the decrease of TSH secretion following the initial rise is due to a feedback inhibition by the increased levels of thyroid hormones as is the decreased pituitary responsiveness of TRH in vivo. The pituitary responsiveness in vitro seems to be determined by TSH pituitary concentrations, the changes of which are probably also secondary to the changes of the thyroid hormone levels. The mechanism of the second rise of serum TSH levels is not clear. Thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) activity was higher after 2 and 24 h of cold exposure in the median eminence and after 8 h in the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area, but lower after 8 and 24 h in the dorsomedial hypothalamus. Since the changes of TRF activity in the median eminence coincided with the elevated serum TSH, they are assumed to reflect increased TRF production and secretion. The significance of the TRF changes in the other two areas is not clear.", "PMID": 1183407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8846", "title": "Changes in plasma thyrotrophin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine after acute or chronic administration of iodide to iodine-deficient rats.", "content": "The effect of chronic oral or acute iv administration of small graded doses of iodide was studied in severely iodine-deficient rats. Drinking water supplemented with 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mug 127I-/ml was given for up to 42 days. Plasma T3, which was initially in the normal range, increased 2--3-fold on days 1 and 2 after initiation of iodide supplementation, then dropped to approximately the intial concentration at day 3. Plasma T4, initially undetectable, was calculated to increase approximately 20-fold within one day after beginning iodide supplementation, but was still climbing into the normal range at day 3. In all groups, the initially high plasma TSH fell significantly by day 1 and was in approximately the normal range for iodine-sufficient rats by day 3. At 42 days, thyroid weight and 131I uptake were significantly elevated in all groups and inversely correlated with the dose of iodide, even though the thyroidal labeled T3/T4 ratio and plasma TSH, T4, and T3 were within the normal range. Intravenous injection of 0.1 or 0.5 mug 125I-/100 g caused an approximately 2-fold increase in plasma T3 within 24 h, which was not statistically different between the 2 groups. Plasma T4 rose to the normal range 24 h after 0.5 mug and was slightly, but significantly, elevated after 0.1 mug; it then declined in both groups. Twenty-four hours after injection of 2.5 mug 125I-/100 g, there was a significant fall in plasma T3, no change in plasma TSH, and no detectable plasma T4. Thereafter, there was a dramatic increase in plasma T4 and a fall in plasma TSH. The duration and degree of suppression of plasma TSH was related to the dose of iodide injected. We conclude that, under the conditions of our experiments, plasma T3 derives primarily from thyroidal secretion rather than from extra-thyroidal conversion of T4 to T3. Severely iodine-deficient rats secrete maximum quantities of TSH which are not increased by a further transient drop in plasma thyroid hormone concentration.", "contents": "Changes in plasma thyrotrophin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine after acute or chronic administration of iodide to iodine-deficient rats. The effect of chronic oral or acute iv administration of small graded doses of iodide was studied in severely iodine-deficient rats. Drinking water supplemented with 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mug 127I-/ml was given for up to 42 days. Plasma T3, which was initially in the normal range, increased 2--3-fold on days 1 and 2 after initiation of iodide supplementation, then dropped to approximately the intial concentration at day 3. Plasma T4, initially undetectable, was calculated to increase approximately 20-fold within one day after beginning iodide supplementation, but was still climbing into the normal range at day 3. In all groups, the initially high plasma TSH fell significantly by day 1 and was in approximately the normal range for iodine-sufficient rats by day 3. At 42 days, thyroid weight and 131I uptake were significantly elevated in all groups and inversely correlated with the dose of iodide, even though the thyroidal labeled T3/T4 ratio and plasma TSH, T4, and T3 were within the normal range. Intravenous injection of 0.1 or 0.5 mug 125I-/100 g caused an approximately 2-fold increase in plasma T3 within 24 h, which was not statistically different between the 2 groups. Plasma T4 rose to the normal range 24 h after 0.5 mug and was slightly, but significantly, elevated after 0.1 mug; it then declined in both groups. Twenty-four hours after injection of 2.5 mug 125I-/100 g, there was a significant fall in plasma T3, no change in plasma TSH, and no detectable plasma T4. Thereafter, there was a dramatic increase in plasma T4 and a fall in plasma TSH. The duration and degree of suppression of plasma TSH was related to the dose of iodide injected. We conclude that, under the conditions of our experiments, plasma T3 derives primarily from thyroidal secretion rather than from extra-thyroidal conversion of T4 to T3. Severely iodine-deficient rats secrete maximum quantities of TSH which are not increased by a further transient drop in plasma thyroid hormone concentration.", "PMID": 1183408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8847", "title": "Development of the mechanism regulating the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone in sheep.", "content": "Development of the mechanism controlling cyclic LH secretion in the sheep was studied by examining the ability of estradiol to elicit LH surges in lambs at various ages. Silastic capsules containing estradiol were implanted sc for a 96-hour period at 3, 7, 12, 20, and 27 weeks of age. (First spontaneous ovulation occursss between 30 and 50 weeks). Although administration of estradiol failed to elicit a discharge of LH at 3 weeks of age, LH surges of progressively increasing magnitude (36 +/- 15, 73 +/- 28, 107 +/- 19 ng/ml) were elicited by estradiol as the lambs became older (7, 12, 20 weeks). By 27 weeks, the maximal serum LH level attained during the induced surge (123 +/- 29 ng/ml) was similar to that of the estrogen-induced LH surge in anestrous adults (179 +/- 23 ng/ml). Ovulation, however, did not occur in response to the induced LH surges. An additional experiment was performed to determine whether, as in the adult, progesterone can block the estradiol-induced LH discharge in the immature (12-week old) female. A sustained elevation of circulating progesterone to levels characteristic of the mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle of the adult (3--4 ng/ml), beginning 24 h prior to insertion of the estradiol capsules, blocked the induced LH surge. These results demonstrate that, in immature female sheep, the LH surge mechanism is capable of functioning long before first ovulation occur and, further, suggest that timing of the initial preovulatory LH surge is limited by the ability of the ovary to produce the estradiol stimulus rather than by the ability of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system to respond to the positive feedback action of estradiol. Additionally, the hypothalamo-hypophyseal mechanism whereby progesterone blocks the LH surge develops long before first ovulation.", "contents": "Development of the mechanism regulating the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone in sheep. Development of the mechanism controlling cyclic LH secretion in the sheep was studied by examining the ability of estradiol to elicit LH surges in lambs at various ages. Silastic capsules containing estradiol were implanted sc for a 96-hour period at 3, 7, 12, 20, and 27 weeks of age. (First spontaneous ovulation occursss between 30 and 50 weeks). Although administration of estradiol failed to elicit a discharge of LH at 3 weeks of age, LH surges of progressively increasing magnitude (36 +/- 15, 73 +/- 28, 107 +/- 19 ng/ml) were elicited by estradiol as the lambs became older (7, 12, 20 weeks). By 27 weeks, the maximal serum LH level attained during the induced surge (123 +/- 29 ng/ml) was similar to that of the estrogen-induced LH surge in anestrous adults (179 +/- 23 ng/ml). Ovulation, however, did not occur in response to the induced LH surges. An additional experiment was performed to determine whether, as in the adult, progesterone can block the estradiol-induced LH discharge in the immature (12-week old) female. A sustained elevation of circulating progesterone to levels characteristic of the mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle of the adult (3--4 ng/ml), beginning 24 h prior to insertion of the estradiol capsules, blocked the induced LH surge. These results demonstrate that, in immature female sheep, the LH surge mechanism is capable of functioning long before first ovulation occur and, further, suggest that timing of the initial preovulatory LH surge is limited by the ability of the ovary to produce the estradiol stimulus rather than by the ability of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system to respond to the positive feedback action of estradiol. Additionally, the hypothalamo-hypophyseal mechanism whereby progesterone blocks the LH surge develops long before first ovulation.", "PMID": 1183409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8848", "title": "Effect of hypothalamic deafferentation on the secretion of thyrotropin during thyroid blockade and exposure to cold in the rat.", "content": "Complete hypothalamic deafferentation, either limited to the median eminence, arcuate nucleus, and basal parts of ventromedial nuclei, or comprising ventromedial nuclei and dorsomedial hypothalamus as well reduced considerably the rise of immunoassayable serum TSH in adult male rats rendered hypothyroid by administration of methimazole. Complete hypothalamic deafferentation extended rostrally to include also the caudal half of the anterior hypothalamus did not affect the TSH response to thyroid blockade. Administration of triiodothyronine (T3) to the goitrogen-treated rats reduced serum TSH rapidly and with equal speed in controls and in deafferented animals, which indicates a direct effect of T3 on the pituitary. Animals which, in addition to the hypothalamic deafferentation, had electrolytic lesions in the median eminence, responded both to thyroid blockade and to T3, but the responses were greatly reduced. The cold-stimulated increase of serum TSH was reduced, but not abolished, in animals deafferented several weeks beforehand, but it was absent in rats deafferented 4 days prior to cold exposure. These results suggest that most, if not all of the thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) necessary for normal TSH secretion in resting conditions or during the hypothyroid state, is produced and released in the median eminence-arcuate nucleus area, the adequate activity of which, in turn, depends on intact connections with the anterior hypothalamus. Other hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic areas containing large amounts of TRF do not seem to be required under these conditions.", "contents": "Effect of hypothalamic deafferentation on the secretion of thyrotropin during thyroid blockade and exposure to cold in the rat. Complete hypothalamic deafferentation, either limited to the median eminence, arcuate nucleus, and basal parts of ventromedial nuclei, or comprising ventromedial nuclei and dorsomedial hypothalamus as well reduced considerably the rise of immunoassayable serum TSH in adult male rats rendered hypothyroid by administration of methimazole. Complete hypothalamic deafferentation extended rostrally to include also the caudal half of the anterior hypothalamus did not affect the TSH response to thyroid blockade. Administration of triiodothyronine (T3) to the goitrogen-treated rats reduced serum TSH rapidly and with equal speed in controls and in deafferented animals, which indicates a direct effect of T3 on the pituitary. Animals which, in addition to the hypothalamic deafferentation, had electrolytic lesions in the median eminence, responded both to thyroid blockade and to T3, but the responses were greatly reduced. The cold-stimulated increase of serum TSH was reduced, but not abolished, in animals deafferented several weeks beforehand, but it was absent in rats deafferented 4 days prior to cold exposure. These results suggest that most, if not all of the thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) necessary for normal TSH secretion in resting conditions or during the hypothyroid state, is produced and released in the median eminence-arcuate nucleus area, the adequate activity of which, in turn, depends on intact connections with the anterior hypothalamus. Other hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic areas containing large amounts of TRF do not seem to be required under these conditions.", "PMID": 1183410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8849", "title": "Metabolism and biological activity of proparathyroid hormone and synthetic analogues in renal cortical membranes.", "content": "The metabolism of natural and synthetic analogues of bovine proparathyroid hormone (Pro-bPTH) and the biological activity of the synthetic fragments were evaluated in an in vitro assay employing renal cortical membranes (adenylyl cyclase bioassay). Apparent biological activity of the prohormone analogue was correlated with the cleavage of prohormone to hormone by the membranes. Analysis by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and by ion-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) of the synthetic analogue Pro-bPTH-(-6 leads to +34) labelled with 125I, after incubation with renal cortical membranes, revealed conversion of the analogue to a fragment co-migrating or co-eluting with bPTH (1-34). Similar electrophoretic analyses using biosynthetic Pro-bPTH-(-6 leads to +84) internally labelled with [3H] leucine revealed degradation of Pro-bPTH-(-6 leads to +84) to smaller fragments. Proteolysis of both native prohormone and prohormone analogue was markedly reduced in incubations performed in the presence of benzamidine, a competitive inhibitor of trypsin and trypsin-like enzymes. Inclusion of benzamidine in incubations with purified renal cortical membranes from rat or dog in the in vitro renal adenylyl cyclase bioassay resulted in a ten-fold lowering of the potency of the fragment Pro-bPTH-(-6 leads to +34) relative to that of bPTH-(1-34); the potency of Pro-bPTH-(-6 leads to +34) was reduced from 5.4-3.6% to 0.5-0.3%, on a molar basis, of the potency of bPTH-(1-34). There was no effect of benzamidine on the intrinsic activity of bPTH-(1-34). These studies indicate that most if not all of the apparent biological activity of Pro-bPTH-(-6 leads to +34), at least in vitro, is dependent upon prior enzymic conversion to bPTH-(1-34).", "contents": "Metabolism and biological activity of proparathyroid hormone and synthetic analogues in renal cortical membranes. The metabolism of natural and synthetic analogues of bovine proparathyroid hormone (Pro-bPTH) and the biological activity of the synthetic fragments were evaluated in an in vitro assay employing renal cortical membranes (adenylyl cyclase bioassay). Apparent biological activity of the prohormone analogue was correlated with the cleavage of prohormone to hormone by the membranes. Analysis by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and by ion-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) of the synthetic analogue Pro-bPTH-(-6 leads to +34) labelled with 125I, after incubation with renal cortical membranes, revealed conversion of the analogue to a fragment co-migrating or co-eluting with bPTH (1-34). Similar electrophoretic analyses using biosynthetic Pro-bPTH-(-6 leads to +84) internally labelled with [3H] leucine revealed degradation of Pro-bPTH-(-6 leads to +84) to smaller fragments. Proteolysis of both native prohormone and prohormone analogue was markedly reduced in incubations performed in the presence of benzamidine, a competitive inhibitor of trypsin and trypsin-like enzymes. Inclusion of benzamidine in incubations with purified renal cortical membranes from rat or dog in the in vitro renal adenylyl cyclase bioassay resulted in a ten-fold lowering of the potency of the fragment Pro-bPTH-(-6 leads to +34) relative to that of bPTH-(1-34); the potency of Pro-bPTH-(-6 leads to +34) was reduced from 5.4-3.6% to 0.5-0.3%, on a molar basis, of the potency of bPTH-(1-34). There was no effect of benzamidine on the intrinsic activity of bPTH-(1-34). These studies indicate that most if not all of the apparent biological activity of Pro-bPTH-(-6 leads to +34), at least in vitro, is dependent upon prior enzymic conversion to bPTH-(1-34).", "PMID": 1183411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8850", "title": "Estradiol-17beta biosynthesis in cultured granulosa cells from hypophysectomized immature rats; stimulation by follicle-stimulating hormone.", "content": "Granulosa cells isolated from the ovaries of hypophysectomized immature rats synthesize and secrete estradiol-17beta and estrone when grown for 2 days in monolayer culture in a synthetic medium containing testosterone (0.5 muM) and a highly purified follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) preparation (0.25 mug/ml). Secretion is negligible in the absence of either testosterone or FSH, and a highly purified luteinizing hormone (LH) preparation (0.25 mug/ml) was without significant stimulatory effect. It is concluded that FSH regulates estrogen biosynthesis in granulosa cells of hypophysectomized rats by a specific stimulation of the aromatizing enzyme system.", "contents": "Estradiol-17beta biosynthesis in cultured granulosa cells from hypophysectomized immature rats; stimulation by follicle-stimulating hormone. Granulosa cells isolated from the ovaries of hypophysectomized immature rats synthesize and secrete estradiol-17beta and estrone when grown for 2 days in monolayer culture in a synthetic medium containing testosterone (0.5 muM) and a highly purified follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) preparation (0.25 mug/ml). Secretion is negligible in the absence of either testosterone or FSH, and a highly purified luteinizing hormone (LH) preparation (0.25 mug/ml) was without significant stimulatory effect. It is concluded that FSH regulates estrogen biosynthesis in granulosa cells of hypophysectomized rats by a specific stimulation of the aromatizing enzyme system.", "PMID": 1183412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8851", "title": "P-32 uptake the letic algae.", "content": "A study of the Flat Creek Embayment of Lake Sidney Lanier near Gainesville, Georgia revealed three genera of algae, Chlorococcum, Fragillaria and Nostoc, to be prominent in this eutrophic region of the lake. The algae was grown in phosphate-rich media and subsequently labelled with P-32. All species incorporated luxury amounts of phosphorus as determined by the uptake of P-32. The results indicate that the P-32 uptake is proportional to the surface-per-volume ratio. The higher surface-per-volume ratio resulted in greater uptake of P-32.", "contents": "P-32 uptake the letic algae. A study of the Flat Creek Embayment of Lake Sidney Lanier near Gainesville, Georgia revealed three genera of algae, Chlorococcum, Fragillaria and Nostoc, to be prominent in this eutrophic region of the lake. The algae was grown in phosphate-rich media and subsequently labelled with P-32. All species incorporated luxury amounts of phosphorus as determined by the uptake of P-32. The results indicate that the P-32 uptake is proportional to the surface-per-volume ratio. The higher surface-per-volume ratio resulted in greater uptake of P-32.", "PMID": 1183413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8852", "title": "A simplified phosphorus analysis technique.", "content": "A simplified method for the analysis of total P(TP), total dissolved P(TDP) and dissolved reactive P (DRP) in multiple water samples has been developed. The reported modification utilizes a single digestion reagent and a single \"mixed reagent\" to eliminate neutralization, transfer and dilution steps normally required in total P analyses. The method results in a 70 percent decrease in analysis time for multiple samples, a reduction in the glassware required, and about a 30 percent increase in sensitivity. The method can be directly applied to water samples with P levels of 2 to 1100 ug P/l. Reproducibility and precision measurements compare to or exceed commonly used P techniques.", "contents": "A simplified phosphorus analysis technique. A simplified method for the analysis of total P(TP), total dissolved P(TDP) and dissolved reactive P (DRP) in multiple water samples has been developed. The reported modification utilizes a single digestion reagent and a single \"mixed reagent\" to eliminate neutralization, transfer and dilution steps normally required in total P analyses. The method results in a 70 percent decrease in analysis time for multiple samples, a reduction in the glassware required, and about a 30 percent increase in sensitivity. The method can be directly applied to water samples with P levels of 2 to 1100 ug P/l. Reproducibility and precision measurements compare to or exceed commonly used P techniques.", "PMID": 1183414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8853", "title": "A modified procedure for the determination of nitrate in sediments and some natural waters.", "content": "This paper describes a modified procedure for the determination of nitrate in sediments and some natural water samples. In the Water Quality Branch Laboratories where large numbers of samples are regularly analysed, it was found that existing methods1,4 do not give precise and accurate results particularly when applied to sediment samples and some natural waters. The reasons for such inaccuracies have sebsequently been found and a method for removal of such interfering substances have been devised. The proposed method essentially consist of two steps. In the first step the interfering substances such as sulfide and humic acid substances are removed by precipitation with copper. The resultant solution is then analysed by a colorimetric approach utilizing cadmium fillings as the reducing agent to reduce nitrate to nitrite, and analyse the resultant nitrite with sulfanilamide, and naphtylene diamine. The smallest amount of nitrate that can be detected with certainty is approximately 10 mug-at N/Kg and 50 mug/ at N/Kg in water and sediments respectively. The figures for sediments are based on dissolving 20 gms. of sediment, dry weight, in 100 ml volume. The proposed method has been tested on a wide variety of natural water samples, sediments, clays and sands.", "contents": "A modified procedure for the determination of nitrate in sediments and some natural waters. This paper describes a modified procedure for the determination of nitrate in sediments and some natural water samples. In the Water Quality Branch Laboratories where large numbers of samples are regularly analysed, it was found that existing methods1,4 do not give precise and accurate results particularly when applied to sediment samples and some natural waters. The reasons for such inaccuracies have sebsequently been found and a method for removal of such interfering substances have been devised. The proposed method essentially consist of two steps. In the first step the interfering substances such as sulfide and humic acid substances are removed by precipitation with copper. The resultant solution is then analysed by a colorimetric approach utilizing cadmium fillings as the reducing agent to reduce nitrate to nitrite, and analyse the resultant nitrite with sulfanilamide, and naphtylene diamine. The smallest amount of nitrate that can be detected with certainty is approximately 10 mug-at N/Kg and 50 mug/ at N/Kg in water and sediments respectively. The figures for sediments are based on dissolving 20 gms. of sediment, dry weight, in 100 ml volume. The proposed method has been tested on a wide variety of natural water samples, sediments, clays and sands.", "PMID": 1183415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8854", "title": "Metal concentrations in the sewage, effluents, and sludges of some southern Ontario wastewater treatment plants.", "content": "Aluminum, barium, berylliu, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, silver, strontium, vanadium and zinc concentrations in the sewage, effluents and sludges of ten southern Ontario wastewater treatment plants are reported. The efficiency for metal removal by a conventional activated sludge plant was determined. The effect of metal concentrations in receiving waters from residual metals in sewage effluents is discussed. The environmental hazards of disposing of sewage sludges with high metal content on agricultural land is considered.", "contents": "Metal concentrations in the sewage, effluents, and sludges of some southern Ontario wastewater treatment plants. Aluminum, barium, berylliu, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, silver, strontium, vanadium and zinc concentrations in the sewage, effluents and sludges of ten southern Ontario wastewater treatment plants are reported. The efficiency for metal removal by a conventional activated sludge plant was determined. The effect of metal concentrations in receiving waters from residual metals in sewage effluents is discussed. The environmental hazards of disposing of sewage sludges with high metal content on agricultural land is considered.", "PMID": 1183416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8855", "title": "Nitrates in Wisconsin ground water.", "content": "Nitrate analyses were performed on ground water well samples originating from sources throughout Wisconsin. The data ranged from below the analytical detection limit up to 140 mg NO3-N/1. Over nine percent of all wells sampled has nitrate concentrations in excess of 10 mg NO3-N/1. Six individual counties had more than 10 mg NO3-N/1 in at least twenty percent of the wells covered in this survey. However, data reported for over eight thousand new wells driven in 1971-1972 showed only slightly more than two percent with nitrate levels above 10 mg NO3-N/1. This reflected the trend toward drilling deeper wells which are influenced less by nitrate seepage as well as adherence to new and stricter well construction codes.", "contents": "Nitrates in Wisconsin ground water. Nitrate analyses were performed on ground water well samples originating from sources throughout Wisconsin. The data ranged from below the analytical detection limit up to 140 mg NO3-N/1. Over nine percent of all wells sampled has nitrate concentrations in excess of 10 mg NO3-N/1. Six individual counties had more than 10 mg NO3-N/1 in at least twenty percent of the wells covered in this survey. However, data reported for over eight thousand new wells driven in 1971-1972 showed only slightly more than two percent with nitrate levels above 10 mg NO3-N/1. This reflected the trend toward drilling deeper wells which are influenced less by nitrate seepage as well as adherence to new and stricter well construction codes.", "PMID": 1183417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8856", "title": "The generalized convulsive seizure state induced by daily electrical stimulation of the amygdala in split brain cats.", "content": "Daily unilateral electrical stimulation of amygdala in forebrain bisected cats provoked the development of the final stage of the kindled convulsion with remarkable rapidity regardless of presence or absence of anterior commissure. The chronological and spatial pattern of propagation of afterdischarge, interictal spike discharge, and clinical manifestations strongly suggest the significant role played by the midbrain reticular formation and possibly other brainstem structures in the progressive electroclinical seizure development. This assumption was supported by the results of a lesion study in which placement of a destructive lesion in the ipsilateral midbrain reticular formation markedly increased the generalized seizure triggering threshold, lateralized the afterdischarge to the stimulated hemisphere when induced with increased intensity stimulation, fragmented clinical seizure manifestations, and failed to produce progression of clinical and electrographic events with prolonged daily stimulation. This is in contrast to the insignificant effect produced by a peduncular lesion. Our findings suggest that vertical (limbic-brainstem), but not horizontal (transhemispheric interlimbic) connection is critically involved in the amygdaloid seizure development while the forebrain commissures may play a role in the development of bisynchronous and bisymmetrical ictal and interictal electrographic and clinical manifestations. Finally, possible differential effect of forebrain bisection depending on developing in contrast with a established (cerebral) hemispheric epileptogenic process is postulated to explain the \"facilitatory\" effect observed in our series in contrast to the beneficial effects reported on some intractable seizure patients.", "contents": "The generalized convulsive seizure state induced by daily electrical stimulation of the amygdala in split brain cats. Daily unilateral electrical stimulation of amygdala in forebrain bisected cats provoked the development of the final stage of the kindled convulsion with remarkable rapidity regardless of presence or absence of anterior commissure. The chronological and spatial pattern of propagation of afterdischarge, interictal spike discharge, and clinical manifestations strongly suggest the significant role played by the midbrain reticular formation and possibly other brainstem structures in the progressive electroclinical seizure development. This assumption was supported by the results of a lesion study in which placement of a destructive lesion in the ipsilateral midbrain reticular formation markedly increased the generalized seizure triggering threshold, lateralized the afterdischarge to the stimulated hemisphere when induced with increased intensity stimulation, fragmented clinical seizure manifestations, and failed to produce progression of clinical and electrographic events with prolonged daily stimulation. This is in contrast to the insignificant effect produced by a peduncular lesion. Our findings suggest that vertical (limbic-brainstem), but not horizontal (transhemispheric interlimbic) connection is critically involved in the amygdaloid seizure development while the forebrain commissures may play a role in the development of bisynchronous and bisymmetrical ictal and interictal electrographic and clinical manifestations. Finally, possible differential effect of forebrain bisection depending on developing in contrast with a established (cerebral) hemispheric epileptogenic process is postulated to explain the \"facilitatory\" effect observed in our series in contrast to the beneficial effects reported on some intractable seizure patients.", "PMID": 1183418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8857", "title": "Kinetic properties of hexokinase in resected temporal lobes of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.", "content": "Properties of the cerebral glycolytic enzyme, hexokinase, were studied in biopsy samples of human temporal lobe, obtained during lobectomy for drug-resistant epilepsy and compared \"blind\" with contol biopsy samples of human cerebral cortex. No significant changes in the total activity or subcellular distribution of the enzyme were observed but the Km value for glucose was altered. The 17 control samples gave a normal mean value for Km (glucose) of 0.05 mM and the 14 epileptic samples gave a significantly higher mean value of 0.09 mM. The drugs used in previous treatment of the epilepsies were \"scored\" with respect to type and dose; analysis of these in relation to the kinetic results eliminated the possibility that the increase in Km value was an artifact due to the drugs. The observed change in enzyme kinetic properties is discussed in terms of potential interactions of small molecules with the isoenzymes of cerebral hexokinase.", "contents": "Kinetic properties of hexokinase in resected temporal lobes of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Properties of the cerebral glycolytic enzyme, hexokinase, were studied in biopsy samples of human temporal lobe, obtained during lobectomy for drug-resistant epilepsy and compared \"blind\" with contol biopsy samples of human cerebral cortex. No significant changes in the total activity or subcellular distribution of the enzyme were observed but the Km value for glucose was altered. The 17 control samples gave a normal mean value for Km (glucose) of 0.05 mM and the 14 epileptic samples gave a significantly higher mean value of 0.09 mM. The drugs used in previous treatment of the epilepsies were \"scored\" with respect to type and dose; analysis of these in relation to the kinetic results eliminated the possibility that the increase in Km value was an artifact due to the drugs. The observed change in enzyme kinetic properties is discussed in terms of potential interactions of small molecules with the isoenzymes of cerebral hexokinase.", "PMID": 1183419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8858", "title": "Relative frequency of different types of epilepsy: a study employing the classification of the International League Against Epilepsy.", "content": "Approximately three-quarters of epileptic patients seen in consultation by specialists can easily be assigned to one of the diagnostic categories of the International League against Epilepsy. When patient age is taken into account, such a distribution shows that partial epilepsy is more common than generalized epilepsy (62% versus 38%) in patients of all ages, especially in those over 15 years of age (78% versus 22%). In contrast, generalized epilepsy is more frequent in subjects under 15 than partial epilepsy (55% versus 45%). In this younger age group the rarity of partial epilepsy is primarily due to the infrequency of temporal lobe epilepsy (21% of cases, as opposed to 56% in subjects over 15), whereas both primary and secondary generalized epilepsy contribute to the frequency of generalized epilepsy in this group.", "contents": "Relative frequency of different types of epilepsy: a study employing the classification of the International League Against Epilepsy. Approximately three-quarters of epileptic patients seen in consultation by specialists can easily be assigned to one of the diagnostic categories of the International League against Epilepsy. When patient age is taken into account, such a distribution shows that partial epilepsy is more common than generalized epilepsy (62% versus 38%) in patients of all ages, especially in those over 15 years of age (78% versus 22%). In contrast, generalized epilepsy is more frequent in subjects under 15 than partial epilepsy (55% versus 45%). In this younger age group the rarity of partial epilepsy is primarily due to the infrequency of temporal lobe epilepsy (21% of cases, as opposed to 56% in subjects over 15), whereas both primary and secondary generalized epilepsy contribute to the frequency of generalized epilepsy in this group.", "PMID": 1183420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8859", "title": "Serum pyridoxal, folate, and vitamin B12 levels in institutionalized epileptics.", "content": "Serum pyridoxal, folate, and vitamin B12 concentrations were measured in 68 institutionalized patients with severe epilepsy. Twenty-five patients had a reduced level of pyridoxal and thirty-three a reduced level of folate. There was no instance of a low serum vitamin B12 although in three patients the levels were found to be abnormally high. Fifteen patients had both a low serum pyridoxal and a low serum folate but there was no significant correlation. All patients had a normal hemoglobin concentration and a normal mean corpuscular volume. There was no close relationship between reduced serum vitamin levels and single or groups of anticonvulsant agents, although the size of the groups was too small to permit a detailed study.", "contents": "Serum pyridoxal, folate, and vitamin B12 levels in institutionalized epileptics. Serum pyridoxal, folate, and vitamin B12 concentrations were measured in 68 institutionalized patients with severe epilepsy. Twenty-five patients had a reduced level of pyridoxal and thirty-three a reduced level of folate. There was no instance of a low serum vitamin B12 although in three patients the levels were found to be abnormally high. Fifteen patients had both a low serum pyridoxal and a low serum folate but there was no significant correlation. All patients had a normal hemoglobin concentration and a normal mean corpuscular volume. There was no close relationship between reduced serum vitamin levels and single or groups of anticonvulsant agents, although the size of the groups was too small to permit a detailed study.", "PMID": 1183421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8860", "title": "Neuroexcitatory and depressant effects of penicillin at the cat soleus neuromuscular junction.", "content": "Penicillin administered intraarterially in a dose of 200 units per kg produced high frequency (ca 300 Hz) repetitive discharges originating in motor nerve endings in response to single stimuli applies to the cat soleus nerve. The high frequency repetitive discharges were antidromically conducted and recorded on ventral root filaments. Simultaneously each repetitive burst was transmitted to the muscle, producing an increase in contractile strength by converting a twitch into a brief tetanic contraction. Posttetanic potentiation in this system, which is mediated by repetitive discharges originating in nerve terminals after high frequency stimulation, is augmented by penicillin; larger doses depressed posttetanic potentiation, and still larger doses produced varying degrees of neuromuscular block. Events similar to those observed after intraarterial injections were recorded when penicillin was administered intravenously in larger doses. These data suggest that in the presence of penicillin the motor nerve terminals remain depolarized for a prolonged period after excitation by the stimulus, thus providing a current sink for the parent axon. Under the influence of this constant cathodal focus the axon fires repetitively at the high frequency.", "contents": "Neuroexcitatory and depressant effects of penicillin at the cat soleus neuromuscular junction. Penicillin administered intraarterially in a dose of 200 units per kg produced high frequency (ca 300 Hz) repetitive discharges originating in motor nerve endings in response to single stimuli applies to the cat soleus nerve. The high frequency repetitive discharges were antidromically conducted and recorded on ventral root filaments. Simultaneously each repetitive burst was transmitted to the muscle, producing an increase in contractile strength by converting a twitch into a brief tetanic contraction. Posttetanic potentiation in this system, which is mediated by repetitive discharges originating in nerve terminals after high frequency stimulation, is augmented by penicillin; larger doses depressed posttetanic potentiation, and still larger doses produced varying degrees of neuromuscular block. Events similar to those observed after intraarterial injections were recorded when penicillin was administered intravenously in larger doses. These data suggest that in the presence of penicillin the motor nerve terminals remain depolarized for a prolonged period after excitation by the stimulus, thus providing a current sink for the parent axon. Under the influence of this constant cathodal focus the axon fires repetitively at the high frequency.", "PMID": 1183422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8861", "title": "Biofeedback in epileptics: equivocal relationship of reinforced EEG frequency to seizure reduction.", "content": "It has been reported that biofeedback training of 12- to 14-Hz activity recorded over Rolandic cortex was accompanied by a reduction in seizure incidence in four human epileptics (Sterman et al., 1974). Biofeedback training of 12- to 14-Hz activity was provided for two epileptics and had no effect on clinical EEGs, seizure incidence, or proportion of EEG spectral power in the frequency range being trained. Subsequently, biofeedback training of 6- to 12-Hz Rolandic activity was provided for three epileptics. Two patients experienced reductions in seizure not accompanied by medication changes. Since no learning of 6- to 12-Hz activity was detected, the changes in seizure incidence are not attributed to EEG biofeedback. It is suggested that the experience in the feedback setting provided these two patients with new techniques of relaxation. In view of the lack of statistical evidence of EEG changes following EEG biofeedback and the small number of patients trained to date, it appears wise to maintain a cautious attitude until the issue of causality is clear.", "contents": "Biofeedback in epileptics: equivocal relationship of reinforced EEG frequency to seizure reduction. It has been reported that biofeedback training of 12- to 14-Hz activity recorded over Rolandic cortex was accompanied by a reduction in seizure incidence in four human epileptics (Sterman et al., 1974). Biofeedback training of 12- to 14-Hz activity was provided for two epileptics and had no effect on clinical EEGs, seizure incidence, or proportion of EEG spectral power in the frequency range being trained. Subsequently, biofeedback training of 6- to 12-Hz Rolandic activity was provided for three epileptics. Two patients experienced reductions in seizure not accompanied by medication changes. Since no learning of 6- to 12-Hz activity was detected, the changes in seizure incidence are not attributed to EEG biofeedback. It is suggested that the experience in the feedback setting provided these two patients with new techniques of relaxation. In view of the lack of statistical evidence of EEG changes following EEG biofeedback and the small number of patients trained to date, it appears wise to maintain a cautious attitude until the issue of causality is clear.", "PMID": 1183423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8862", "title": "EEG of a nocturnal seizure in a patient with \"benign epilepsy of childhood with Rolandic spikes\".", "content": "The first EEG recording is reported of a child with \"benign epilepsy of childhood with Rolandic spikes\" during a partial motor (facial) seizure, which occurred during Phase II of natural sleep.", "contents": "EEG of a nocturnal seizure in a patient with \"benign epilepsy of childhood with Rolandic spikes\". The first EEG recording is reported of a child with \"benign epilepsy of childhood with Rolandic spikes\" during a partial motor (facial) seizure, which occurred during Phase II of natural sleep.", "PMID": 1183426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8863", "title": "Antiepileptic and prophylactic effects of tetrahydrocannabinols in amygdaloid kindled cats.", "content": "Acute administration of delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta8-THC) or delta9-THC failed to affect partially developed or fully developed kindled amygdaloid seizures in cats. However, delta9-THC was quite effective in suppressing focal AD in the stimulated amygdala when administered very early in kindling, before the development of any clinical manifestations. This finding suggested that chronic administration of delta9-THC during kindling might block the process of seizure development, which was supported by the observation that three of four cats failed to kindle when treated with the drug. The cat that failed to be protected by delta9-THC was also insensitive to the general electroclinical effects of moderately high doses of delta9-THC. The prophylactic activity of delta9-THC is in contrast to the ineffectiveness of diphenylhydantoin, a drug whose anticonvulsant activity is often compared with that of THC.", "contents": "Antiepileptic and prophylactic effects of tetrahydrocannabinols in amygdaloid kindled cats. Acute administration of delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta8-THC) or delta9-THC failed to affect partially developed or fully developed kindled amygdaloid seizures in cats. However, delta9-THC was quite effective in suppressing focal AD in the stimulated amygdala when administered very early in kindling, before the development of any clinical manifestations. This finding suggested that chronic administration of delta9-THC during kindling might block the process of seizure development, which was supported by the observation that three of four cats failed to kindle when treated with the drug. The cat that failed to be protected by delta9-THC was also insensitive to the general electroclinical effects of moderately high doses of delta9-THC. The prophylactic activity of delta9-THC is in contrast to the ineffectiveness of diphenylhydantoin, a drug whose anticonvulsant activity is often compared with that of THC.", "PMID": 1183427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8864", "title": "Epileptogenic properties of folic acid and N5 methyltetrahydrofolate in cat.", "content": "The epileptogenic properties of folic acid and N5-methyltetrahydrofolate applied locally on the cortex were compared in cats. Neither substance was epileptogenic except in very high concentration, on the order of 10(-3) M. N5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, the folate derivative most widely distributed in the central nervous system and CSF of mammals, was not more epileptogenic than folic acid. Because the level of N5-methyltetrahydrofolate is only slightly diminished in patients treated with anticonvulsants, the change cannot account for the therapeutic effect of the drugs.", "contents": "Epileptogenic properties of folic acid and N5 methyltetrahydrofolate in cat. The epileptogenic properties of folic acid and N5-methyltetrahydrofolate applied locally on the cortex were compared in cats. Neither substance was epileptogenic except in very high concentration, on the order of 10(-3) M. N5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, the folate derivative most widely distributed in the central nervous system and CSF of mammals, was not more epileptogenic than folic acid. Because the level of N5-methyltetrahydrofolate is only slightly diminished in patients treated with anticonvulsants, the change cannot account for the therapeutic effect of the drugs.", "PMID": 1183428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8865", "title": "Amino-acid sequence of toxin III of Naja haje.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of toxin III of Naja haje (72 residues) has been established mainly by use of a protein sequenator (identification of 70 residues). The two C-terminal residues have been determined by digestion with carboxypeptidases A and B. Addition of succinylated protein or peptide greatly improved the performance of the sequenator for the Edman degradation of peptides: on one peptide (39 residues) degradation went to step 34 with a protein program and on two peptides (10 and 13 residues) degradation reached the last amino acid with a peptide program (use of dimethylbenzylamine). Amino acid analysis of tryptic peptides obtained by digestion of the C-terminal cyanogen bromide peptide are in full agreement with the sequence established by automatic degradation. The sequence of toxin III of Naja haje is unique and is very similar to that of Naja nivea alpha (although there are 9 differences), of Naja melanoleuca b (11 differences) and also to that of Naja naja A (18 differences).", "contents": "Amino-acid sequence of toxin III of Naja haje. The complete amino acid sequence of toxin III of Naja haje (72 residues) has been established mainly by use of a protein sequenator (identification of 70 residues). The two C-terminal residues have been determined by digestion with carboxypeptidases A and B. Addition of succinylated protein or peptide greatly improved the performance of the sequenator for the Edman degradation of peptides: on one peptide (39 residues) degradation went to step 34 with a protein program and on two peptides (10 and 13 residues) degradation reached the last amino acid with a peptide program (use of dimethylbenzylamine). Amino acid analysis of tryptic peptides obtained by digestion of the C-terminal cyanogen bromide peptide are in full agreement with the sequence established by automatic degradation. The sequence of toxin III of Naja haje is unique and is very similar to that of Naja nivea alpha (although there are 9 differences), of Naja melanoleuca b (11 differences) and also to that of Naja naja A (18 differences).", "PMID": 1183429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8866", "title": "Identity and activities of lysosomal enzymes in parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells from rat liver.", "content": "1. Intact parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells were isolated from rat liver. The parenchymal cells were purified by differential centrifugation, while non-parenchymal cells were obtained free of parenchymal cell contamination by preferentially destroying the parenchymal cells with the aid of pronase (0.25%). 2. The ability to isolate pure intact parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells permitted the characterization and measurement of specific activities of various lysosomal enzymes, representing the main functional hydrolytic activities of the lysosomes in these distinct cell types. 3. Lysosomal enzymes catalysing the hydrolysis of the terminal carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins and glycolipids were not particularly enriched in the non-parenchymal cells as compared to parenchymal cells. The ratio of the specific activities of non-parenchymal cells over parenchymal cells varied between 0.7 for N-acetyl-beta-D-hexoseaminidase to 2.1 for alpha-glucosidase. This suggests no specific role of the non-parenchymal cells in the hydrolysis of terminal carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins and glycolipids. 4. The enzymes acid phosphatase and aryl sulphatase, representing the phosphate and sulphate hydrolyzing activities, were enriched in the non-paranchymal cells as compared to the parenchymal cells by a factor of 2.5. 5. The most important peptidase cathepsin D, representing protein breakdown capacity, is enriched in the non-parenchymal cells as compared to parenchymal cells by a factor 6.0, suggesting a possible specific function of non-parenchymal cells in protein breakdown. 6. The most enriched lysosomal enzyme, representing lipid hydrolysis, is acid lipase, which is enriched in the non-parenchymal cells with a factor of 10. 7. The distribution of lysosomal enzymes between parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells suggests different functional roles of the lysosomes in these cell types. It can be concluded that the non-parenchymal cells possess a set of lysosomal enzymes which makes them extremely suitable for a phagocytic and antimicrobial function in the liver.", "contents": "Identity and activities of lysosomal enzymes in parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells from rat liver. 1. Intact parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells were isolated from rat liver. The parenchymal cells were purified by differential centrifugation, while non-parenchymal cells were obtained free of parenchymal cell contamination by preferentially destroying the parenchymal cells with the aid of pronase (0.25%). 2. The ability to isolate pure intact parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells permitted the characterization and measurement of specific activities of various lysosomal enzymes, representing the main functional hydrolytic activities of the lysosomes in these distinct cell types. 3. Lysosomal enzymes catalysing the hydrolysis of the terminal carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins and glycolipids were not particularly enriched in the non-parenchymal cells as compared to parenchymal cells. The ratio of the specific activities of non-parenchymal cells over parenchymal cells varied between 0.7 for N-acetyl-beta-D-hexoseaminidase to 2.1 for alpha-glucosidase. This suggests no specific role of the non-parenchymal cells in the hydrolysis of terminal carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins and glycolipids. 4. The enzymes acid phosphatase and aryl sulphatase, representing the phosphate and sulphate hydrolyzing activities, were enriched in the non-paranchymal cells as compared to the parenchymal cells by a factor of 2.5. 5. The most important peptidase cathepsin D, representing protein breakdown capacity, is enriched in the non-parenchymal cells as compared to parenchymal cells by a factor 6.0, suggesting a possible specific function of non-parenchymal cells in protein breakdown. 6. The most enriched lysosomal enzyme, representing lipid hydrolysis, is acid lipase, which is enriched in the non-parenchymal cells with a factor of 10. 7. The distribution of lysosomal enzymes between parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells suggests different functional roles of the lysosomes in these cell types. It can be concluded that the non-parenchymal cells possess a set of lysosomal enzymes which makes them extremely suitable for a phagocytic and antimicrobial function in the liver.", "PMID": 1183430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8867", "title": "Studies on plasma free-fatty-acid metabolism and triglyceride synthesis of brown adipose tissue in vivo during cold-induced thermogenesis of the newborn rabbit.", "content": "Parameters of plasma free fatty acid metabolism (pool size, half time, disappearance rate, turnover time and absolute turnover rate), the influx of plasma free fatty acids into the glycerides of brown adipose tissue and the pathway of triglyceride synthesis in brown adipose tissue (glycerol-1-phosphate versus monoglyceride pathway) were examined after intravenous injection of [1-14C]palmitate in newborn rabbits. In the thermoneutral environment of 35 degrees C the turnover rate of plasma free fatty acids was 10.20 mumol/min per 100 g body weight and its flux into the glycerides of brown adipose tissue 0.367 mumol/min per 100 g body weight. Cold exposure at an ambient temperature of 20 degrees C caused a decrease to 5.84 mumol/min and 0.207 mumol/min per 100 g body weight, respectively. Both under basal conditions at an ambient temperature of 35 degrees C and under cold-induced thermogenesis at an ambient temperature of 20 degrees C triglyceride synthesis in brown adipose tissue ran through the glycerol 1-phosphate pathway.", "contents": "Studies on plasma free-fatty-acid metabolism and triglyceride synthesis of brown adipose tissue in vivo during cold-induced thermogenesis of the newborn rabbit. Parameters of plasma free fatty acid metabolism (pool size, half time, disappearance rate, turnover time and absolute turnover rate), the influx of plasma free fatty acids into the glycerides of brown adipose tissue and the pathway of triglyceride synthesis in brown adipose tissue (glycerol-1-phosphate versus monoglyceride pathway) were examined after intravenous injection of [1-14C]palmitate in newborn rabbits. In the thermoneutral environment of 35 degrees C the turnover rate of plasma free fatty acids was 10.20 mumol/min per 100 g body weight and its flux into the glycerides of brown adipose tissue 0.367 mumol/min per 100 g body weight. Cold exposure at an ambient temperature of 20 degrees C caused a decrease to 5.84 mumol/min and 0.207 mumol/min per 100 g body weight, respectively. Both under basal conditions at an ambient temperature of 35 degrees C and under cold-induced thermogenesis at an ambient temperature of 20 degrees C triglyceride synthesis in brown adipose tissue ran through the glycerol 1-phosphate pathway.", "PMID": 1183431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8868", "title": "The initial binding of Cu(II) to some amino acids and dipeptides: a 13C nuclear-magnetic-resonance study.", "content": "The initial binding of Cu2+ ot L-lysine, L-histidine, glycyl-histidine and histidyl-glycine in aqueous solutions was examined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The measurements were carried out in a substantially improved way employing the pulse Fourier transform technique. Spectra of both high quality and resolution were obtained. Cu2+ complex formation with L-lysine occurred with the alpha-amino and carboxyl group attributable to the well expressed broadening effect of the 13C signals of the alpha-carbon atom and the carboxyl atom. The epsilon-amino group was not involved. Measurements of the Cu chelates using L-histidine and glycyl-histidine and histidyl-glycine confirmed the ambidentate nature of the histidine residue. It was concluded that an equilibrium exists between two Cu-complex species designated as histamine-like and histamine-like/glycine-like species. In the homogeneous histamine-like Cu complex, the Cu2+ is exclusively bound with 4 nitrogens, while in the other species one oxygen of the glycyl carboxyl group is involved in the Cu2+ binding. Blocking of this carboxyl groups by peptide bonding as found in histidyl-glycine favoured the formation of a Cu complex where the imidazole carbons of the histidyl residue were the most influenced species.", "contents": "The initial binding of Cu(II) to some amino acids and dipeptides: a 13C nuclear-magnetic-resonance study. The initial binding of Cu2+ ot L-lysine, L-histidine, glycyl-histidine and histidyl-glycine in aqueous solutions was examined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The measurements were carried out in a substantially improved way employing the pulse Fourier transform technique. Spectra of both high quality and resolution were obtained. Cu2+ complex formation with L-lysine occurred with the alpha-amino and carboxyl group attributable to the well expressed broadening effect of the 13C signals of the alpha-carbon atom and the carboxyl atom. The epsilon-amino group was not involved. Measurements of the Cu chelates using L-histidine and glycyl-histidine and histidyl-glycine confirmed the ambidentate nature of the histidine residue. It was concluded that an equilibrium exists between two Cu-complex species designated as histamine-like and histamine-like/glycine-like species. In the homogeneous histamine-like Cu complex, the Cu2+ is exclusively bound with 4 nitrogens, while in the other species one oxygen of the glycyl carboxyl group is involved in the Cu2+ binding. Blocking of this carboxyl groups by peptide bonding as found in histidyl-glycine favoured the formation of a Cu complex where the imidazole carbons of the histidyl residue were the most influenced species.", "PMID": 1183432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8869", "title": "Kinetic investigation of the alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of peptide-ester substrates. The relationship between the structure of the peptide moiety and reactivity.", "content": "A number of peptide-ester substrates of the general structure Ac-Lxn-...-Lx2-Lx1-OMe have been synthesized and their alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis studied. The kinetic analysis involved varying the concentration of substrate and methanol product, and measuring rates along the entire progression curve. For the dipeptide esters Ac-Lx2-Lx1-OMe and the amino-acid derivatives Ac-Lx1-OMe the following constants could be determined: the dissociation constant of the enzyme-substrate complex, KEA, both rate constants of the acylation step, k23 and k32, and the forward rate constant of the deacylation step, k31. For the tripeptide ester Ac-Ala-Ala-Tyr-OMe it appears that the rate constant for the dissociation of the enzyme-substrate complex, k21, is smaller than the rate constant for acylation, k23. Thus, for this substrate only the association and dissociation rate constants k12 and k21 could be determined and the values of k23, k32 and k31 only indirectly estimated. The influence of structural changes in the peptide moiety of the substrates on reactivity has been established by comparing the rate constants of appropriate pairs of substrates. It was found that the substrate reactivity, as measured by k23/KEA, increase with the number and strength of the secondary interactions in a manner consistent with the binding scheme which has been proposed on the basis of crystallographic studies. The effect of a particular interaction on k23 and on KEA is dependent on the nature of the other interactions. However, the effect of k23/KEA appears to be independent of the presence of the other interactions and therefore characteristic of that particular interaction. The results for these substrates are compared with those found previously for a series of peptide substrates of the structure Ac-Lxn-... Lx2-...-Lx1-Gly-NH2 which have the same acyl moiety as the peptide esters studied in this work.", "contents": "Kinetic investigation of the alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of peptide-ester substrates. The relationship between the structure of the peptide moiety and reactivity. A number of peptide-ester substrates of the general structure Ac-Lxn-...-Lx2-Lx1-OMe have been synthesized and their alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis studied. The kinetic analysis involved varying the concentration of substrate and methanol product, and measuring rates along the entire progression curve. For the dipeptide esters Ac-Lx2-Lx1-OMe and the amino-acid derivatives Ac-Lx1-OMe the following constants could be determined: the dissociation constant of the enzyme-substrate complex, KEA, both rate constants of the acylation step, k23 and k32, and the forward rate constant of the deacylation step, k31. For the tripeptide ester Ac-Ala-Ala-Tyr-OMe it appears that the rate constant for the dissociation of the enzyme-substrate complex, k21, is smaller than the rate constant for acylation, k23. Thus, for this substrate only the association and dissociation rate constants k12 and k21 could be determined and the values of k23, k32 and k31 only indirectly estimated. The influence of structural changes in the peptide moiety of the substrates on reactivity has been established by comparing the rate constants of appropriate pairs of substrates. It was found that the substrate reactivity, as measured by k23/KEA, increase with the number and strength of the secondary interactions in a manner consistent with the binding scheme which has been proposed on the basis of crystallographic studies. The effect of a particular interaction on k23 and on KEA is dependent on the nature of the other interactions. However, the effect of k23/KEA appears to be independent of the presence of the other interactions and therefore characteristic of that particular interaction. The results for these substrates are compared with those found previously for a series of peptide substrates of the structure Ac-Lxn-... Lx2-...-Lx1-Gly-NH2 which have the same acyl moiety as the peptide esters studied in this work.", "PMID": 1183433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8870", "title": "Polyadenylation of RNA in vitro in isolated chromatin and nuclei.", "content": "Poly(A) is added post-transcriptionally to RNA transcribed in vitro by endogenous form B DNA-dependent RNA polymerase bound to the template in isolated nuclei or chromatin. It is also added to processed fragments of the products from alpha-amanitin-resistant RNA polymerases A and/or C. The poly(A) segments are of similar size to those found in nuclear RNA pulse-labelled in vivo and are added onto the 3' terminus of RNA chains (whether pre-existing, completed during the incubation in vitro or created by fragmentation of larger RNA transcripts). That poly(A) addition is not directly mediated by any of the nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases is shown by the differential sensitivities of RNA and poly(A) syntheses to increasing ionic strength and transcriptional inhibitors such as the exotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis.", "contents": "Polyadenylation of RNA in vitro in isolated chromatin and nuclei. Poly(A) is added post-transcriptionally to RNA transcribed in vitro by endogenous form B DNA-dependent RNA polymerase bound to the template in isolated nuclei or chromatin. It is also added to processed fragments of the products from alpha-amanitin-resistant RNA polymerases A and/or C. The poly(A) segments are of similar size to those found in nuclear RNA pulse-labelled in vivo and are added onto the 3' terminus of RNA chains (whether pre-existing, completed during the incubation in vitro or created by fragmentation of larger RNA transcripts). That poly(A) addition is not directly mediated by any of the nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases is shown by the differential sensitivities of RNA and poly(A) syntheses to increasing ionic strength and transcriptional inhibitors such as the exotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis.", "PMID": 1183434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8871", "title": "Molecular changes associated with proteolysis of bovine factor V by thrombin.", "content": "Native factor V contains two major polypeptide chains, h and 1. The molecular weights determined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate and dithiothreitol (125 000 and 73 000) are in reasonable agreement with those obtained by gel filtration in 5 M guanidine-HC1 (125000 and 64000). Exposure of factor V to thrombin results in cleavage of the heavier chain to an altered form with a molecular weight of 87000. The other fragment of this proteolytic reaction appears to be a carbohydrate-rich piece, which migrates abnormally slowly on gel electrophoresis conducted under denaturing and reducing conditions. Both proteolytic cleavage products remain associated with the light chain during the purification of factor V. The 87000-Mr fragment is present in samples of factor V which are isolated by immunoprecipitation of blood obtained from a single animal by venous catheter. This finding suggests that some proteolysis may occur in vivo. In contrast, the molecular weight of the light chain is unaltered after thrombin proteolysis of either purified factor V or thrombin-treated plasma.", "contents": "Molecular changes associated with proteolysis of bovine factor V by thrombin. Native factor V contains two major polypeptide chains, h and 1. The molecular weights determined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate and dithiothreitol (125 000 and 73 000) are in reasonable agreement with those obtained by gel filtration in 5 M guanidine-HC1 (125000 and 64000). Exposure of factor V to thrombin results in cleavage of the heavier chain to an altered form with a molecular weight of 87000. The other fragment of this proteolytic reaction appears to be a carbohydrate-rich piece, which migrates abnormally slowly on gel electrophoresis conducted under denaturing and reducing conditions. Both proteolytic cleavage products remain associated with the light chain during the purification of factor V. The 87000-Mr fragment is present in samples of factor V which are isolated by immunoprecipitation of blood obtained from a single animal by venous catheter. This finding suggests that some proteolysis may occur in vivo. In contrast, the molecular weight of the light chain is unaltered after thrombin proteolysis of either purified factor V or thrombin-treated plasma.", "PMID": 1183435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8872", "title": "Heart hexokinase: quaternary structure changes accompanying the binding of regulatory molecules.", "content": "Heart hexokinase monomer has a molecular weight of 97000 and so20,w 5.2 S. It exists in equilibrium with dimer of 194000 molecular weight and so20,w 8.1 S. The proportions of monomer and dimer presence of added ligands are 91% and 9% respectively. The existence of these forms may be demonstrated by separation on electrophoresis or chromatography. In the presence of the regulatory molecule glucose 6-phosphate, the dimer form of the enzyme is favoured. The glucose 6-phosphate mediated dimerisation is abolished in the presence of phosphate or ATP-Mg and less effectively by free ATP. Glucose has no effect on the manomer-dimer equilibrium. On prolonged storage of hexokinase in glucose 6-phosphate polymers are also formed and polymerisation is further enhanced by removal of the ligand.", "contents": "Heart hexokinase: quaternary structure changes accompanying the binding of regulatory molecules. Heart hexokinase monomer has a molecular weight of 97000 and so20,w 5.2 S. It exists in equilibrium with dimer of 194000 molecular weight and so20,w 8.1 S. The proportions of monomer and dimer presence of added ligands are 91% and 9% respectively. The existence of these forms may be demonstrated by separation on electrophoresis or chromatography. In the presence of the regulatory molecule glucose 6-phosphate, the dimer form of the enzyme is favoured. The glucose 6-phosphate mediated dimerisation is abolished in the presence of phosphate or ATP-Mg and less effectively by free ATP. Glucose has no effect on the manomer-dimer equilibrium. On prolonged storage of hexokinase in glucose 6-phosphate polymers are also formed and polymerisation is further enhanced by removal of the ligand.", "PMID": 1183436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8873", "title": "Animal DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Partial purification and properties of three classes of RNA polymerases from uninfected and adenovirus-infected HeLa cells.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase was solubilized from normal and adenovirus-2 infected HeLa cells. Multiple peaks of enzyme activity were separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. In addition to class A and B enzyme activities (respectively insensitive and sensitive to inhibition by 10 nM alpha-amanitin), three peaks of class C enzyme activity were found which are sensitive to inhibition by alpha-amanitin only at much higher concentrations (0.1 mM). Rechromatography of these class C peaks indicates that they are not chromatographic artifacts. Class C enzymes differ from class A and B enzymes by several criteria including inhibition by alpha-amanitin, immunological properties, and the ability to transcribe native calf thymus DNA at high ionic strength. However, the ionic strength optimum and the divalent cation requirements of class C enzymes are not invariant characteristics of the enzymes and are markedly dependent on the nature and the amount of template in the reaction. No differences, either qualitative or quantitative, were found between the multiple enzymes isolated from normal or adenovirus-2 infected cells. All of the partially purified HeLa cell RNA polymerases were able to transcribe an intact double-stranded adenovirus-2 DNA under conditions where no transcription occurred with purified calf thymus AI and B RNA polymerases. Since the multiple enzymes were devoid of endonuclease and exonuclease activities, the ability of the partially purified enzymes to transcribe adenovirus-2 DNA cannot be ascribed to initiation of RNA synthesis at nicks of single-stranded regions of the DNA. No differences in transcriptional ability between corresponding enzyme classes from normal or infected cells, but a comparison of the ability of the various enzyme classes to transcribe intact viral DNA revealed large differences. Although partially purified HeLa class A and B enzymes were able to initiate on the intact viral DNA to a limited extent only, it appears that the class C enzymes transcribe intact duplex DNA much more efficiently than any other class of eukaryotic polymerase yet reported.", "contents": "Animal DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Partial purification and properties of three classes of RNA polymerases from uninfected and adenovirus-infected HeLa cells. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase was solubilized from normal and adenovirus-2 infected HeLa cells. Multiple peaks of enzyme activity were separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. In addition to class A and B enzyme activities (respectively insensitive and sensitive to inhibition by 10 nM alpha-amanitin), three peaks of class C enzyme activity were found which are sensitive to inhibition by alpha-amanitin only at much higher concentrations (0.1 mM). Rechromatography of these class C peaks indicates that they are not chromatographic artifacts. Class C enzymes differ from class A and B enzymes by several criteria including inhibition by alpha-amanitin, immunological properties, and the ability to transcribe native calf thymus DNA at high ionic strength. However, the ionic strength optimum and the divalent cation requirements of class C enzymes are not invariant characteristics of the enzymes and are markedly dependent on the nature and the amount of template in the reaction. No differences, either qualitative or quantitative, were found between the multiple enzymes isolated from normal or adenovirus-2 infected cells. All of the partially purified HeLa cell RNA polymerases were able to transcribe an intact double-stranded adenovirus-2 DNA under conditions where no transcription occurred with purified calf thymus AI and B RNA polymerases. Since the multiple enzymes were devoid of endonuclease and exonuclease activities, the ability of the partially purified enzymes to transcribe adenovirus-2 DNA cannot be ascribed to initiation of RNA synthesis at nicks of single-stranded regions of the DNA. No differences in transcriptional ability between corresponding enzyme classes from normal or infected cells, but a comparison of the ability of the various enzyme classes to transcribe intact viral DNA revealed large differences. Although partially purified HeLa class A and B enzymes were able to initiate on the intact viral DNA to a limited extent only, it appears that the class C enzymes transcribe intact duplex DNA much more efficiently than any other class of eukaryotic polymerase yet reported.", "PMID": 1183437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8874", "title": "Adenine nucleosides in solution: circular dichroism studies and base conformation.", "content": "Adenosine, AMP, S-adenosylhomocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine, aristeromycin and 25 other synthetic adenosine analogs modified in the 4' or 5' positions show certain groups of different circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Both positive and negative Cotton effects can occur in the long-wavelength part (250-270 nm) of the spectra. Molar ellipticities [theta] range from -6000 (in adenosine 5'-carboxylate) to +4000 deg. cm2 dmol-1 (in 5'-deoxy-5'iodoadenosine), including some compounds with small, polar 5'-substituents in which low-intensity bands are found in signed pairs. Most of these adenosine derivatives that have the same adenine chromophore and a ribofuranose moiety unsubstituted in the 2' and 3' positions prefer an anti-conformation of the adenine base, as evidenced by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In the majority of cases, electronic perturbations of the chromophore or major alterations of the assymmetric sugar residue can be excluded as sources of the CD variations. Therefore a correlation of the long-wavelength CD bands with the glycosyl torsion angle phiCN is suggested, where the gauche, gauche/anti combination which is typical of AMP in the crystal and in solution (phiCN approximately -40degrees, [theta] negative) is one reference point and a region for phiCN = 0degrees ([theta] positive) is assigned to compounds with space-filling substituents such as S-adenosylmethionine. Both negative and positive Cotton effects can be associated with the anti conformation range. Within this series, the base conformation of novel nucleoside structures could be predicted from CD measurements. The CD spectrum gives no indication, however, of whether a certain torsion angle is the result of a rigid structure (as in AMP) or the average value of a molecule with high rotational freedom (as in 5'-deoxyadenosine). The conformations of aristeromycin and 4'-thioadenosine are discussed in relation to adenosine, and a structure-determining effect of the 4' bridge atom is noted.", "contents": "Adenine nucleosides in solution: circular dichroism studies and base conformation. Adenosine, AMP, S-adenosylhomocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine, aristeromycin and 25 other synthetic adenosine analogs modified in the 4' or 5' positions show certain groups of different circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Both positive and negative Cotton effects can occur in the long-wavelength part (250-270 nm) of the spectra. Molar ellipticities [theta] range from -6000 (in adenosine 5'-carboxylate) to +4000 deg. cm2 dmol-1 (in 5'-deoxy-5'iodoadenosine), including some compounds with small, polar 5'-substituents in which low-intensity bands are found in signed pairs. Most of these adenosine derivatives that have the same adenine chromophore and a ribofuranose moiety unsubstituted in the 2' and 3' positions prefer an anti-conformation of the adenine base, as evidenced by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In the majority of cases, electronic perturbations of the chromophore or major alterations of the assymmetric sugar residue can be excluded as sources of the CD variations. Therefore a correlation of the long-wavelength CD bands with the glycosyl torsion angle phiCN is suggested, where the gauche, gauche/anti combination which is typical of AMP in the crystal and in solution (phiCN approximately -40degrees, [theta] negative) is one reference point and a region for phiCN = 0degrees ([theta] positive) is assigned to compounds with space-filling substituents such as S-adenosylmethionine. Both negative and positive Cotton effects can be associated with the anti conformation range. Within this series, the base conformation of novel nucleoside structures could be predicted from CD measurements. The CD spectrum gives no indication, however, of whether a certain torsion angle is the result of a rigid structure (as in AMP) or the average value of a molecule with high rotational freedom (as in 5'-deoxyadenosine). The conformations of aristeromycin and 4'-thioadenosine are discussed in relation to adenosine, and a structure-determining effect of the 4' bridge atom is noted.", "PMID": 1183438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8875", "title": "Biochemical research on oogenesis. Comparison between transfer RNAs from somatic cells and from oocytes in Xenopus laevis.", "content": "The properties of tRNA from oocytes of Xenopus laevis were compared with those of tRNA from somatic cells of the same species. Both types of tRNAs were found to have the same average length and to contain an equal variety of modified nucleotides. However, tRNA from small oocytes differed from somatic tRNA by its chromatographic behavior on methylated-albumin kieselguhr columns. The elution profiles from reversed-phase chromatography 5 columns of several aminoacyl tRNAs were compared after charging somatic and oocyte tRNSs with 3H or 14C-labelled amino acids. Striking differences in peak position were observed when tRNA from small oocytes was mixed and co-chromatographed with somatic tRNA. The differences were less important when tRNAs from large oocytes and from somatic cells were compared. Mixtures of egg and somatic tRNAs gave completely or almost completely coincident elution profiles. Only one isoacceptor, tNRA1Met (initiator tRNA) had the same position in all reversed-phase chromatography 5 chromatograms. The results are discussed in terms of possible post-transcriptional modifications of tRNA in the course of oogenesis. An alternative explanation resorting to changes in the tRNA population of the growing oocyte is also envisaged.", "contents": "Biochemical research on oogenesis. Comparison between transfer RNAs from somatic cells and from oocytes in Xenopus laevis. The properties of tRNA from oocytes of Xenopus laevis were compared with those of tRNA from somatic cells of the same species. Both types of tRNAs were found to have the same average length and to contain an equal variety of modified nucleotides. However, tRNA from small oocytes differed from somatic tRNA by its chromatographic behavior on methylated-albumin kieselguhr columns. The elution profiles from reversed-phase chromatography 5 columns of several aminoacyl tRNAs were compared after charging somatic and oocyte tRNSs with 3H or 14C-labelled amino acids. Striking differences in peak position were observed when tRNA from small oocytes was mixed and co-chromatographed with somatic tRNA. The differences were less important when tRNAs from large oocytes and from somatic cells were compared. Mixtures of egg and somatic tRNAs gave completely or almost completely coincident elution profiles. Only one isoacceptor, tNRA1Met (initiator tRNA) had the same position in all reversed-phase chromatography 5 chromatograms. The results are discussed in terms of possible post-transcriptional modifications of tRNA in the course of oogenesis. An alternative explanation resorting to changes in the tRNA population of the growing oocyte is also envisaged.", "PMID": 1183439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8876", "title": "Characterization of yeast ribosomal DNA.", "content": "High-molecular-weight yeast ribosomal DNA, purified by preparative Hg2+/Cs2SO4 gradient centrifugation, was characterized using RNA-DNA hybridization, CsC1 gradient analysis and denaturation-renaturation experiments. The following conclusions are drawn from the results of these studies. 1. 55--60% of the total yeast rDNA is made up of sequences coding for 42-S ribosomal precursor RNA. 2. The mean length of the 42-S precursor cistrons corresponds to a molecular weight of 6.2 X 10(6). 3. The overall G + C content fo yeast rDNA is 42%. On the hand, both the segments coding for the nonribosomal excess RNA of the 42-S precursor and those specifying 26-S and 17-S rRNA have a higher G + C content of 46.9--47.5%. 4. The 42-S precursor cistrons are closely bound up with sequences rather low in G + C content (34--35%), which account for 40--45% of the total yeast rDNA. In contrast to the multiple 42-S precurosr cistrons which show very little or no base sequence divergence these intervening (A + T)-rich sequences display a considerable heterogeneity in base sequence.", "contents": "Characterization of yeast ribosomal DNA. High-molecular-weight yeast ribosomal DNA, purified by preparative Hg2+/Cs2SO4 gradient centrifugation, was characterized using RNA-DNA hybridization, CsC1 gradient analysis and denaturation-renaturation experiments. The following conclusions are drawn from the results of these studies. 1. 55--60% of the total yeast rDNA is made up of sequences coding for 42-S ribosomal precursor RNA. 2. The mean length of the 42-S precursor cistrons corresponds to a molecular weight of 6.2 X 10(6). 3. The overall G + C content fo yeast rDNA is 42%. On the hand, both the segments coding for the nonribosomal excess RNA of the 42-S precursor and those specifying 26-S and 17-S rRNA have a higher G + C content of 46.9--47.5%. 4. The 42-S precursor cistrons are closely bound up with sequences rather low in G + C content (34--35%), which account for 40--45% of the total yeast rDNA. In contrast to the multiple 42-S precurosr cistrons which show very little or no base sequence divergence these intervening (A + T)-rich sequences display a considerable heterogeneity in base sequence.", "PMID": 1183440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8877", "title": "Transcription of the genome of adenovirus type 12. Viral mRNA in productively infected KB cells.", "content": "In human KB cells productively infected with adenovirus type 12, viral DNA replication starts between 12 and 14h postinfection. Virus-specific, polysome-associated mRNA was investigated early (6-8h) and late (26-28h) after infection. Most of the viral mRNA was polyadenylated and accounted for 0.46% and 24.1% of the mRNA synthesized early and late postinfection, respectively. The viral-specific mRNA isolated both early and late after infection falls into several distinct size-classes, ranging in molecular weights between 0.3X10(6) and 1.5X10(6) for the early RNA and between 0.6X10(6) and 2.3X10(6) for the RNA synthesized late in the infection.", "contents": "Transcription of the genome of adenovirus type 12. Viral mRNA in productively infected KB cells. In human KB cells productively infected with adenovirus type 12, viral DNA replication starts between 12 and 14h postinfection. Virus-specific, polysome-associated mRNA was investigated early (6-8h) and late (26-28h) after infection. Most of the viral mRNA was polyadenylated and accounted for 0.46% and 24.1% of the mRNA synthesized early and late postinfection, respectively. The viral-specific mRNA isolated both early and late after infection falls into several distinct size-classes, ranging in molecular weights between 0.3X10(6) and 1.5X10(6) for the early RNA and between 0.6X10(6) and 2.3X10(6) for the RNA synthesized late in the infection.", "PMID": 1183441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8878", "title": "Interaction between the synthesis of alpha and beta globin.", "content": "We have examined the relationship between alpha and beta globin chain syntheses by utilizing the distribution of isoleucyl residues in rabbit hemoglobin. The alpha globin chain contains three isoleucyl residues while the beta chain of certain rabbits contains no isoleucine. O-Methyl-L-threonine, an isoleucine isostere, inhibits incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids into alpha chains in rabbit reticulocytes. When alpha chain synthesis is inhibited by 50-85%, beta synthesis is stimulated by 15-50%. The excess labeled beta chains are not distinguishable from authentic beta chains by any of the following criteria: (a) carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography in sodium phosphate-urea buffers, (b) electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, and (c) electrophoresis of methionine-containing tryptic peptides. The stimulation of beta synthesis continues after the pool of excess alpha chains has been exhausted by preincubation with O-methyl-L-threonine. The stimulation does not occur, however, when 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol is added to the incubation medium or when the cells are excessively diluted in the incubation mixture. The rates of beta chain initiation and elongation during stimulation have been compared to the rates during normal synthesis. Although both rates are increased, the rate of elongation increases more than initiation, suggesting that initiation is the rate-limiting step in increased beta chain production. The stimulation of beta synthesis when alpha synthesis is inhibited is interpreted as resulting from relief of competition between alpha and beta mRNAs for limiting components of the protein synthetic apparatus.", "contents": "Interaction between the synthesis of alpha and beta globin. We have examined the relationship between alpha and beta globin chain syntheses by utilizing the distribution of isoleucyl residues in rabbit hemoglobin. The alpha globin chain contains three isoleucyl residues while the beta chain of certain rabbits contains no isoleucine. O-Methyl-L-threonine, an isoleucine isostere, inhibits incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids into alpha chains in rabbit reticulocytes. When alpha chain synthesis is inhibited by 50-85%, beta synthesis is stimulated by 15-50%. The excess labeled beta chains are not distinguishable from authentic beta chains by any of the following criteria: (a) carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography in sodium phosphate-urea buffers, (b) electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, and (c) electrophoresis of methionine-containing tryptic peptides. The stimulation of beta synthesis continues after the pool of excess alpha chains has been exhausted by preincubation with O-methyl-L-threonine. The stimulation does not occur, however, when 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol is added to the incubation medium or when the cells are excessively diluted in the incubation mixture. The rates of beta chain initiation and elongation during stimulation have been compared to the rates during normal synthesis. Although both rates are increased, the rate of elongation increases more than initiation, suggesting that initiation is the rate-limiting step in increased beta chain production. The stimulation of beta synthesis when alpha synthesis is inhibited is interpreted as resulting from relief of competition between alpha and beta mRNAs for limiting components of the protein synthetic apparatus.", "PMID": 1183442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8879", "title": "Studies on norepinephrine-induced efflux of free fatty acid from hamster brown-adipose-tissue cells.", "content": "Cells were isolated from brown adipose tissue of warm-adapted hamsters and the fate of free fatty acids released during norepinephrine-induced lipolysis was investigated. The isolated resting cells contain between 100-400 nmoles cell-associated free fatty acids per 10(6) cells; most preparations contained about 200 nmoles/10(6) cells. During norepinephrine-stimulated lipolysis, the level of cell-associated free fatty acids remains constant or decreases gradually, but does not increase, while the concentration of extracellular fatty acids increases linearly. The rate of norepinephrine-stimulated efflux of free fatty acids was 40 +/- 20 nmol X min-1 X 10(6) cells-1 (n = 11) at 37 degrees C. The data strongly indicate that brown adipose tissue can supply free fatty acids to the circulatory system in hamster.", "contents": "Studies on norepinephrine-induced efflux of free fatty acid from hamster brown-adipose-tissue cells. Cells were isolated from brown adipose tissue of warm-adapted hamsters and the fate of free fatty acids released during norepinephrine-induced lipolysis was investigated. The isolated resting cells contain between 100-400 nmoles cell-associated free fatty acids per 10(6) cells; most preparations contained about 200 nmoles/10(6) cells. During norepinephrine-stimulated lipolysis, the level of cell-associated free fatty acids remains constant or decreases gradually, but does not increase, while the concentration of extracellular fatty acids increases linearly. The rate of norepinephrine-stimulated efflux of free fatty acids was 40 +/- 20 nmol X min-1 X 10(6) cells-1 (n = 11) at 37 degrees C. The data strongly indicate that brown adipose tissue can supply free fatty acids to the circulatory system in hamster.", "PMID": 1183443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8880", "title": "Requirement for ribosome-releasing factor for the release of ribosomes at the termination codon.", "content": "With the use of 3H-labeled R 17 amB2 phage RNA having an UAG codon at the seventh triplet of the coat cistron, release of the RNA from ribosomes at the termination codon was studied. The ribosome-releasing factor previously described was shown to stimulate the process of mRNA release at the termination factor (RF-1). GTP was required for this process and guanosine 5'-(beta,gamma-methylene)triphosphate could not replace GTP. No apparent change of size of R 17 RNA was observed during the release of the R 17 RNA from the ribosomes. The ribosome-releasing factor is distinct from the known termination codon-specific factor such as RF-1.", "contents": "Requirement for ribosome-releasing factor for the release of ribosomes at the termination codon. With the use of 3H-labeled R 17 amB2 phage RNA having an UAG codon at the seventh triplet of the coat cistron, release of the RNA from ribosomes at the termination codon was studied. The ribosome-releasing factor previously described was shown to stimulate the process of mRNA release at the termination factor (RF-1). GTP was required for this process and guanosine 5'-(beta,gamma-methylene)triphosphate could not replace GTP. No apparent change of size of R 17 RNA was observed during the release of the R 17 RNA from the ribosomes. The ribosome-releasing factor is distinct from the known termination codon-specific factor such as RF-1.", "PMID": 1183444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8881", "title": "Precursor mRNA from erythroid-enriched bone-marrow cells of the rabbit. Electron microscope investigation of precursor mRNA molecules, molecular weight about 1.7 X 10(7), containing mRNA-like structures at one end.", "content": "Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) molecules, sedimenting at greater than 45 S, from erythroid-enriched bone marrow cells of the rabbit and hemoglobin mRNA molecules from rabbit reticulocytes were investigated by electron microscopy. Four of 98 measured pre-mRNA molecules had a length between 15 and 17.1 mum. In some of the pre-mRNA molecules a characteristic condensed structure was observed at one end, strikingly resembling the structure of the mRNA molecules.", "contents": "Precursor mRNA from erythroid-enriched bone-marrow cells of the rabbit. Electron microscope investigation of precursor mRNA molecules, molecular weight about 1.7 X 10(7), containing mRNA-like structures at one end. Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) molecules, sedimenting at greater than 45 S, from erythroid-enriched bone marrow cells of the rabbit and hemoglobin mRNA molecules from rabbit reticulocytes were investigated by electron microscopy. Four of 98 measured pre-mRNA molecules had a length between 15 and 17.1 mum. In some of the pre-mRNA molecules a characteristic condensed structure was observed at one end, strikingly resembling the structure of the mRNA molecules.", "PMID": 1183445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8882", "title": "The amino-acid sequence of isoinhibitor K form snails (Helix pomatia). A sequence determination by automated Edman degradation and mass-spectral identification of the phenylthiohydantoins.", "content": "Performic-acid-oxidized isoinhibitor K of snails (Helix pomatia) was subjected to arginine-directed tryptic proteolysis. Six peptide fragments including one overlap peptide from limited cleavage of the Arg-3-Pro-4 bond were purified to homogeneity. Four arginine peptides and the C-terminal peptide were sequenced by automatic Edman degradation using a special peptide program. The phenylthiohydantoins were all identified by chemical ionization mass spectrometry, except four cysteic acid residues that were identified on an amino acid analyzer after acid hydrolysis. Quantitative evaluation of the phenylthiohydantoins by chemical ionization mass spectrometry using total molecular-ion beam integration greatly facilitated sequencing. The mass spectrum of the dipeptide less than Glu-Gly revealed that the N-terminus was blocked by pyroglutamic acid. The complete amino acid sequence of isoinhibitor K was determined. An almost 50% homology between the sequences of the snail inhibitor and the bovine trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor (Kunitz) became obvious. A comparison of all homologous sequences of this particular class of proteins known to date is presented.", "contents": "The amino-acid sequence of isoinhibitor K form snails (Helix pomatia). A sequence determination by automated Edman degradation and mass-spectral identification of the phenylthiohydantoins. Performic-acid-oxidized isoinhibitor K of snails (Helix pomatia) was subjected to arginine-directed tryptic proteolysis. Six peptide fragments including one overlap peptide from limited cleavage of the Arg-3-Pro-4 bond were purified to homogeneity. Four arginine peptides and the C-terminal peptide were sequenced by automatic Edman degradation using a special peptide program. The phenylthiohydantoins were all identified by chemical ionization mass spectrometry, except four cysteic acid residues that were identified on an amino acid analyzer after acid hydrolysis. Quantitative evaluation of the phenylthiohydantoins by chemical ionization mass spectrometry using total molecular-ion beam integration greatly facilitated sequencing. The mass spectrum of the dipeptide less than Glu-Gly revealed that the N-terminus was blocked by pyroglutamic acid. The complete amino acid sequence of isoinhibitor K was determined. An almost 50% homology between the sequences of the snail inhibitor and the bovine trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor (Kunitz) became obvious. A comparison of all homologous sequences of this particular class of proteins known to date is presented.", "PMID": 1183446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8883", "title": "Regulation of rat-liver glycoprotein: N-acetylneuraminic acid transferase activity by pyrimidine nucleotides.", "content": "CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid: glycoprotein sialyltransferase activities were assayed in rat liver microsomal fractions using desialylated fetuin as the substrate acceptors for N-acetylneuraminic acid. It was found that cytidine nucleotides specifically depressed enzyme activities. CMP was shown to act as a competitive inhibitor with an apparent Ki of 0.62 mM. N-Acetylneuraminic acid at 1.15 mM had no effect on enzyme activities. Uridine nucleotides at 1.15 mM, especially UDP, increased enzyme activities. UDP may act as an allosteric activating agent increasing the apparent V. Other nucleotides, sugars and nucleotide-sugars at similar concentrations affected sialyltransferase activities only slightly. A general mechanism is proposed for the regulation of glycosyltransferase activities by free nucleotides.", "contents": "Regulation of rat-liver glycoprotein: N-acetylneuraminic acid transferase activity by pyrimidine nucleotides. CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid: glycoprotein sialyltransferase activities were assayed in rat liver microsomal fractions using desialylated fetuin as the substrate acceptors for N-acetylneuraminic acid. It was found that cytidine nucleotides specifically depressed enzyme activities. CMP was shown to act as a competitive inhibitor with an apparent Ki of 0.62 mM. N-Acetylneuraminic acid at 1.15 mM had no effect on enzyme activities. Uridine nucleotides at 1.15 mM, especially UDP, increased enzyme activities. UDP may act as an allosteric activating agent increasing the apparent V. Other nucleotides, sugars and nucleotide-sugars at similar concentrations affected sialyltransferase activities only slightly. A general mechanism is proposed for the regulation of glycosyltransferase activities by free nucleotides.", "PMID": 1183447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8884", "title": "Identification by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of 1-monoglycerides in European hamster brown adipose tissue and plasma.", "content": "1. In organ culture, brown adipose tissue of the hibernator, the European hamster, synthezises from [14C]acetate a compound which is secreted into the culture medium. 2. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of samples, extracted from brown adipose tissue and corresponding to that unknown radioactive compound, used as a marker, lead to the identification of the two major components as 1-monoglycerides: 1-monopalmitin and 1-monoolein. 3. The two 1-monoglycerides are also present in the blood plasma and are not of alimentary origin. 4. The problem of the significance of 1-monoglycerides in brown adipose tissue and plasma is discussed in connexion with the postulated indirect role of brown adipose tissue in thermogenic processes.", "contents": "Identification by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of 1-monoglycerides in European hamster brown adipose tissue and plasma. 1. In organ culture, brown adipose tissue of the hibernator, the European hamster, synthezises from [14C]acetate a compound which is secreted into the culture medium. 2. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of samples, extracted from brown adipose tissue and corresponding to that unknown radioactive compound, used as a marker, lead to the identification of the two major components as 1-monoglycerides: 1-monopalmitin and 1-monoolein. 3. The two 1-monoglycerides are also present in the blood plasma and are not of alimentary origin. 4. The problem of the significance of 1-monoglycerides in brown adipose tissue and plasma is discussed in connexion with the postulated indirect role of brown adipose tissue in thermogenic processes.", "PMID": 1183448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8885", "title": "Interactions of colipase with bile salt micelles. 1. Ultracentrifugation studies.", "content": "A detailed investigation by ultracentrifugation of the colipase-taurodeoxycholate system showed the formation of well-defined mixed associations with a sedimentation coefficient of about 2.2S. The fact that these associations were only detectable above the critical micelle concentration of the salt indicated that micelles rather than monomers were bound to the cofactor. Two technical difficulties must be overcome before the weight of the associations could be measured with a reasonable accuracy. Firstly, the partial specific volume of the associations was determined using a digital microdensimeter and the interferometric system of the ultracentrifuge for concentration determinations. Secondly, due to the fact that micelle concentrations could not be equilibrated by dialysis, even after an extended period of time, an appropriate dilution of the ligand in the buffer compartment was necessary in order to compensate for its fixation by colipase in the solution. Then, the ionic strength dependence of the weight of the associations was found to vary in parallel with that of the micelles and to be in each case equal to the sum of the weights of one colipase molecule and one micelle. Therefore, colipase can be expected to contain a single high affinity site for bile salt micelle binding.", "contents": "Interactions of colipase with bile salt micelles. 1. Ultracentrifugation studies. A detailed investigation by ultracentrifugation of the colipase-taurodeoxycholate system showed the formation of well-defined mixed associations with a sedimentation coefficient of about 2.2S. The fact that these associations were only detectable above the critical micelle concentration of the salt indicated that micelles rather than monomers were bound to the cofactor. Two technical difficulties must be overcome before the weight of the associations could be measured with a reasonable accuracy. Firstly, the partial specific volume of the associations was determined using a digital microdensimeter and the interferometric system of the ultracentrifuge for concentration determinations. Secondly, due to the fact that micelle concentrations could not be equilibrated by dialysis, even after an extended period of time, an appropriate dilution of the ligand in the buffer compartment was necessary in order to compensate for its fixation by colipase in the solution. Then, the ionic strength dependence of the weight of the associations was found to vary in parallel with that of the micelles and to be in each case equal to the sum of the weights of one colipase molecule and one micelle. Therefore, colipase can be expected to contain a single high affinity site for bile salt micelle binding.", "PMID": 1183449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8886", "title": "Interactions of colipase with bile salt micelles. 2. Study by dialysis and spectrophotometry.", "content": "The finding reported in the preceding paper that colipase is able to bind one sodium taurodeoxycholate micelle per molecule was confirmed by dialysis and spectrophotometry. Dialysis in the presence of labelled sodium taurodeoxycholate provided a direct qualitative proof of taurodeoxycholate binding to colipase. This binding was found to occur only above the critical micelle concentration. But, dialysis did not give any information about the composition of the associations, because equilibrium was not attained at the end of the assays. Addition of sodium taurodeoxycholate above the critical micelle concentration was also observed to induce a strong perturbation of the ultraviolet spectrum of one or several of the three tyrosines of colipase. The variation of the perturbation as a function of sodium taurodeoxycholate concentration was consistent with the binding of a single micelle to colipase. The dissociation constant calculated in \"micelle molarity\" was approximately 1 X 10(-4) M. The colipase-bile salt micelle association can fix one molecule of lipase to form a ternary complex which represents an interesting model of a protein-protein interaction mediated by an organized lipid structure. The ternary complex is probably also a model for lipase-substrate interactions in the presence of an amphipath.", "contents": "Interactions of colipase with bile salt micelles. 2. Study by dialysis and spectrophotometry. The finding reported in the preceding paper that colipase is able to bind one sodium taurodeoxycholate micelle per molecule was confirmed by dialysis and spectrophotometry. Dialysis in the presence of labelled sodium taurodeoxycholate provided a direct qualitative proof of taurodeoxycholate binding to colipase. This binding was found to occur only above the critical micelle concentration. But, dialysis did not give any information about the composition of the associations, because equilibrium was not attained at the end of the assays. Addition of sodium taurodeoxycholate above the critical micelle concentration was also observed to induce a strong perturbation of the ultraviolet spectrum of one or several of the three tyrosines of colipase. The variation of the perturbation as a function of sodium taurodeoxycholate concentration was consistent with the binding of a single micelle to colipase. The dissociation constant calculated in \"micelle molarity\" was approximately 1 X 10(-4) M. The colipase-bile salt micelle association can fix one molecule of lipase to form a ternary complex which represents an interesting model of a protein-protein interaction mediated by an organized lipid structure. The ternary complex is probably also a model for lipase-substrate interactions in the presence of an amphipath.", "PMID": 1183450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8887", "title": "Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of ribosomal proteins from streptomycin-sensitive and streptomycin-resistant mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardi.", "content": "Ribosomal proteins from three mutant strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardi were analysed and compared by one-dimensional and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. One mutant was streptomycin-sensitive the other two were streptomycin-resistant, one with a Mendelian the other with a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance. In the 30-S subunits of chloroplast ribosomes approximately 25 proteins are found and in the 50-S subunits 34 proteins. The 40-S subunits of cytoplasmic ribosomes contain about 31 proteins and the 60-S subunits 44 proteins. The molecular weights of most proteins in all subunits are in the range of 10 000 to 35 000. However, the 60-S subunits contain in addition a protein of molecular weight 50 000 and the 30-S subunits show 6-7 bands of molecular weights from 50 000 to 83 000. The proteins of the cytoplasmic 80-S ribosomes or of their subunits from all three mutants are electrophoretically identical. The proteins of the 70-S organellar ribosomes and both of their subunits show distinct differences between the three strains. Our results indicate that organellar ribosomal proteins are in part controlled by nuclear DNA and in part by organellar DNA.", "contents": "Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of ribosomal proteins from streptomycin-sensitive and streptomycin-resistant mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Ribosomal proteins from three mutant strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardi were analysed and compared by one-dimensional and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. One mutant was streptomycin-sensitive the other two were streptomycin-resistant, one with a Mendelian the other with a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance. In the 30-S subunits of chloroplast ribosomes approximately 25 proteins are found and in the 50-S subunits 34 proteins. The 40-S subunits of cytoplasmic ribosomes contain about 31 proteins and the 60-S subunits 44 proteins. The molecular weights of most proteins in all subunits are in the range of 10 000 to 35 000. However, the 60-S subunits contain in addition a protein of molecular weight 50 000 and the 30-S subunits show 6-7 bands of molecular weights from 50 000 to 83 000. The proteins of the cytoplasmic 80-S ribosomes or of their subunits from all three mutants are electrophoretically identical. The proteins of the 70-S organellar ribosomes and both of their subunits show distinct differences between the three strains. Our results indicate that organellar ribosomal proteins are in part controlled by nuclear DNA and in part by organellar DNA.", "PMID": 1183451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8888", "title": "Reliability of human and machine measurements in patient monitoring.", "content": "In a study on 29 patients for 152 hours a continuous monitoring system has been shown to have a reliability of 90.53% for pulse rate and 82.20% for arterial blood pressure, but for approximately half of the period of unreliable monitoring a not obviously artifactual reading was being displayed. The relevance of this to possible incorrect diagnosis and management is discussed. The monitor and a nurse using traditional chart keeping methods gave equivalent charts with respect to average levels and trends, but the monitor assisted chart showed a much greater variability. The latter tended to obscure underlying trends and render clinical diagnosis from the chart more difficult.", "contents": "Reliability of human and machine measurements in patient monitoring. In a study on 29 patients for 152 hours a continuous monitoring system has been shown to have a reliability of 90.53% for pulse rate and 82.20% for arterial blood pressure, but for approximately half of the period of unreliable monitoring a not obviously artifactual reading was being displayed. The relevance of this to possible incorrect diagnosis and management is discussed. The monitor and a nurse using traditional chart keeping methods gave equivalent charts with respect to average levels and trends, but the monitor assisted chart showed a much greater variability. The latter tended to obscure underlying trends and render clinical diagnosis from the chart more difficult.", "PMID": 1183452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8889", "title": "Biochemical quantification of blunt injuries.", "content": "During eight post-traumatic days, the blood loss and severity of trauma were correlated with the blood levels of lactate, creatinine and catecholamines in 45 patients with multiple blunt injuries. During two days these biochemical indicators correlated with the extent of thoracoabdominal, pelvic and cerebral injuries. In the critically injured patients all three parameters were elevated throughout the observation period. No correlations were observed between plasma catecholamines and lower limb injuries, which seems to make the importance of catecholamines for predicting the onset of fat embolism syndrome less useful.", "contents": "Biochemical quantification of blunt injuries. During eight post-traumatic days, the blood loss and severity of trauma were correlated with the blood levels of lactate, creatinine and catecholamines in 45 patients with multiple blunt injuries. During two days these biochemical indicators correlated with the extent of thoracoabdominal, pelvic and cerebral injuries. In the critically injured patients all three parameters were elevated throughout the observation period. No correlations were observed between plasma catecholamines and lower limb injuries, which seems to make the importance of catecholamines for predicting the onset of fat embolism syndrome less useful.", "PMID": 1183453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8890", "title": "Haemodynamic study of prolonged deep accidental hypothermia.", "content": "Right heart catheterisation was undertaken in six patients with accidental deep hypothermia. Studies were carried out before and after rapid blood volume expansion, with and without Isoproterenol infusion, and were repeated at normal body temperatures. The initial haemodynamic pattern indicated a marked hypovolemia with a simultaneous decrease of both cardiac output and ventricular filling pressures, and a decreased measured total blood volume. Rapid correction of the hypovolemia revealed cardiac insufficiency, in part due to the persisting bradycardia. Left ventricular function was depressed in patients with prolonged cold exposure and normal in patients with short exposure. These abnormalities disappeared after Isoproterenol infusion during hypothermia, and spontaneously after return to normothermia. No imbalance existed between the decreased cardiac output and oxygen uptake in hypothermia, arterio-venous oxygen difference being within normal limits.", "contents": "Haemodynamic study of prolonged deep accidental hypothermia. Right heart catheterisation was undertaken in six patients with accidental deep hypothermia. Studies were carried out before and after rapid blood volume expansion, with and without Isoproterenol infusion, and were repeated at normal body temperatures. The initial haemodynamic pattern indicated a marked hypovolemia with a simultaneous decrease of both cardiac output and ventricular filling pressures, and a decreased measured total blood volume. Rapid correction of the hypovolemia revealed cardiac insufficiency, in part due to the persisting bradycardia. Left ventricular function was depressed in patients with prolonged cold exposure and normal in patients with short exposure. These abnormalities disappeared after Isoproterenol infusion during hypothermia, and spontaneously after return to normothermia. No imbalance existed between the decreased cardiac output and oxygen uptake in hypothermia, arterio-venous oxygen difference being within normal limits.", "PMID": 1183454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8891", "title": "Epidural analgesia for the treatment of multiple ribfractures.", "content": "Epidural analgesia can be the choice of therapy for all patients with ribfractures and only minor coexisting injuries who are conscious and able to cooperate. In these cases we believe that EA is equivalent or even better than artificial ventilation with all its problems. Generally these patients are far easier to handle and one needs less nursing staff. The dignity of the patients can be maintained and the convalescent time in the intensive care unit is shorter. The criteria for the treatment and for measuring the progress of the patients with multiple ribfractures are discussed.", "contents": "Epidural analgesia for the treatment of multiple ribfractures. Epidural analgesia can be the choice of therapy for all patients with ribfractures and only minor coexisting injuries who are conscious and able to cooperate. In these cases we believe that EA is equivalent or even better than artificial ventilation with all its problems. Generally these patients are far easier to handle and one needs less nursing staff. The dignity of the patients can be maintained and the convalescent time in the intensive care unit is shorter. The criteria for the treatment and for measuring the progress of the patients with multiple ribfractures are discussed.", "PMID": 1183455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8892", "title": "Active immunization against tetanus in man. III. Antibody response to vaccine injections in the presence of therapeutic doses of human tetanus immune globulin. a record of five cases.", "content": "The tetanus antitoxin titres of five tetanus cases treated with 6,000-45,000 IU of human immune globulin and 2-4 doses of adsorbed tetanus toxoid were followed during 1 year. A typical response to the second injection of toxoid might be masked by the passively administered antibodies. The rise in titre after the third injection of toxoid was of the same magnitude as in patients receiving only active immunization. Hence the possible impediment by large doses of human immune globulin does not seem to play any practical role in complete immunization with three doses of tetanus toxoid.", "contents": "Active immunization against tetanus in man. III. Antibody response to vaccine injections in the presence of therapeutic doses of human tetanus immune globulin. a record of five cases. The tetanus antitoxin titres of five tetanus cases treated with 6,000-45,000 IU of human immune globulin and 2-4 doses of adsorbed tetanus toxoid were followed during 1 year. A typical response to the second injection of toxoid might be masked by the passively administered antibodies. The rise in titre after the third injection of toxoid was of the same magnitude as in patients receiving only active immunization. Hence the possible impediment by large doses of human immune globulin does not seem to play any practical role in complete immunization with three doses of tetanus toxoid.", "PMID": 1183456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8893", "title": "Plasma volume after dextran infusion in rats sensitive and non-sensitive to dextran.", "content": "Plasma volume determinations were done with RIHSA under normal conditions and after intravenous infusion of dextran solutions. The plasma volume of normal rats in millilitre was found to be 0.026 X body weight + 0.92. Infusion of dextran into dextran-sensitive Sprague-Dawley rats was followed by a marked plasma volume reduction and haemoconcentration as consequence of an anaphylactoid reaction. This reaction could be partially inhibited by pretreatment with cyproheptadine chloride. Plasma volume determination with the method used in this study can be used to evaluate the dextran-anaphylactoid reaction. In dextran non-sensitive Wistar rats, infusion of dextran had a strong plasma volume-expanding effect comparable to the plasma volume-expanding effect of dextran in humans. No signs of abnormal leakage of fluid out into the extravascular space were evident, which indicated that the Wistar rats really were non-sensitive to dextran.", "contents": "Plasma volume after dextran infusion in rats sensitive and non-sensitive to dextran. Plasma volume determinations were done with RIHSA under normal conditions and after intravenous infusion of dextran solutions. The plasma volume of normal rats in millilitre was found to be 0.026 X body weight + 0.92. Infusion of dextran into dextran-sensitive Sprague-Dawley rats was followed by a marked plasma volume reduction and haemoconcentration as consequence of an anaphylactoid reaction. This reaction could be partially inhibited by pretreatment with cyproheptadine chloride. Plasma volume determination with the method used in this study can be used to evaluate the dextran-anaphylactoid reaction. In dextran non-sensitive Wistar rats, infusion of dextran had a strong plasma volume-expanding effect comparable to the plasma volume-expanding effect of dextran in humans. No signs of abnormal leakage of fluid out into the extravascular space were evident, which indicated that the Wistar rats really were non-sensitive to dextran.", "PMID": 1183457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8894", "title": "Dextrans and the formation of pulmonary metastases after intravenous tumour cell injection in rats non-sensitive to dextran.", "content": "This study showed, that in a syngeneic tumour-host system in rats non-sensitive to dextran, dextran 40 and dextran 100 did not stimulate metastasis formation after intravenous tumour cell injection, neither when given as intravenous pretreatment nor when given in the tumour cell suspension. Dextran 1000 stimulated the formation of metastases in both these situations. Disturbed microcirculation, intravascular coagulation and effects upon the tumour cell membrane appear to be the main resons, why dextran 1000 stimulated metastasis formation under the experimental conditions used.", "contents": "Dextrans and the formation of pulmonary metastases after intravenous tumour cell injection in rats non-sensitive to dextran. This study showed, that in a syngeneic tumour-host system in rats non-sensitive to dextran, dextran 40 and dextran 100 did not stimulate metastasis formation after intravenous tumour cell injection, neither when given as intravenous pretreatment nor when given in the tumour cell suspension. Dextran 1000 stimulated the formation of metastases in both these situations. Disturbed microcirculation, intravascular coagulation and effects upon the tumour cell membrane appear to be the main resons, why dextran 1000 stimulated metastasis formation under the experimental conditions used.", "PMID": 1183458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8895", "title": "Transport and conjugation of 14C-bilirubin during acute and chronic cholestasis in the cholecystectomized dog.", "content": "The role of the lymphatics in the regurgitation of bilirubin during acute and chronic extrahepatic cholestasis in the dog was studied after intravenous injection of 14C-bilirubin. In acute cholestasis the injected labelled bilirubin was rapidly removed from plasma and reappeared in thoracic duct lymph as labelled bilirubin conjugates. No labelled conjugates were at any time demonstrated in plasma. This is most easily explained as a result of a bilio-lymphatic regurgitation. In chronic cholestasis the labelled bilirubin conjugates were delivered back into the blood, and no specific transport function of the lymph was found. Our results indicate a change in liver cell secretory direction in long-standing cholestasis.", "contents": "Transport and conjugation of 14C-bilirubin during acute and chronic cholestasis in the cholecystectomized dog. The role of the lymphatics in the regurgitation of bilirubin during acute and chronic extrahepatic cholestasis in the dog was studied after intravenous injection of 14C-bilirubin. In acute cholestasis the injected labelled bilirubin was rapidly removed from plasma and reappeared in thoracic duct lymph as labelled bilirubin conjugates. No labelled conjugates were at any time demonstrated in plasma. This is most easily explained as a result of a bilio-lymphatic regurgitation. In chronic cholestasis the labelled bilirubin conjugates were delivered back into the blood, and no specific transport function of the lymph was found. Our results indicate a change in liver cell secretory direction in long-standing cholestasis.", "PMID": 1183459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8896", "title": "Hemodynamics, compartments and the renin-aldosterone system in chronic heart failure.", "content": "In 12 patients with chronic mitral or aortic disease plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone secretion rate (ASR) were correlated to hemodynamics, kidney function, plasma and interstitial fluid volume, and plasma sodium concentration, both in the congestive state (I) and after sodium depletion (II). PRA (I) and ASR (I) were normal or slightly elevated and increased normally after sodium depletion. A significant inverse correlation between plasma concentration (I + II) and PRA (I + II) was found. Further an abnormal inverse correlation between increments in PRA and cumulative sodium loss was demonstrated. By contrast, no correlations were found between PRA and ASR on one hand and pressures, kidney function or compartments on the other, neither in I - elevated pressures in the atria, low renal plasma flow, large compartments, nor in II - reduced pressures and compartments, almost unchanged kidney function. It is concluded that PRA hardly plays any primary role in the maintenance of sodium and fluid retention in human chronic congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Hemodynamics, compartments and the renin-aldosterone system in chronic heart failure. In 12 patients with chronic mitral or aortic disease plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone secretion rate (ASR) were correlated to hemodynamics, kidney function, plasma and interstitial fluid volume, and plasma sodium concentration, both in the congestive state (I) and after sodium depletion (II). PRA (I) and ASR (I) were normal or slightly elevated and increased normally after sodium depletion. A significant inverse correlation between plasma concentration (I + II) and PRA (I + II) was found. Further an abnormal inverse correlation between increments in PRA and cumulative sodium loss was demonstrated. By contrast, no correlations were found between PRA and ASR on one hand and pressures, kidney function or compartments on the other, neither in I - elevated pressures in the atria, low renal plasma flow, large compartments, nor in II - reduced pressures and compartments, almost unchanged kidney function. It is concluded that PRA hardly plays any primary role in the maintenance of sodium and fluid retention in human chronic congestive heart failure.", "PMID": 1183461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8897", "title": "Prolongation of the tachycardia zone: a possible mechanism for medical failure in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in man has been considered to be due to either development of reentry utilizing AV junctional tissue or the presence of an ectopic pacemaker located within the atrium. Most contemporary information suggests that AV junctional reentry is the dominant mechanism for this arrhythmia in man. This present study identifies that the frequence of tachycardia episodes may be correlated with the width of a tachycardia zone as determined by the atrial extrastimulus technique. Moreover, pharmacological therapy directed toward the elimination of this arrhythmia can be assessed utilizing this atrial stimulation technique. Findings in this present study identify that, in patients with widened tachycardia zones, propranolol therapy may not be efficacious. This latter finding is no contrast to the previous observations suggesting that propranolol therapy is the drug of choice for reentrant arrhythmias in man.", "contents": "Prolongation of the tachycardia zone: a possible mechanism for medical failure in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in man has been considered to be due to either development of reentry utilizing AV junctional tissue or the presence of an ectopic pacemaker located within the atrium. Most contemporary information suggests that AV junctional reentry is the dominant mechanism for this arrhythmia in man. This present study identifies that the frequence of tachycardia episodes may be correlated with the width of a tachycardia zone as determined by the atrial extrastimulus technique. Moreover, pharmacological therapy directed toward the elimination of this arrhythmia can be assessed utilizing this atrial stimulation technique. Findings in this present study identify that, in patients with widened tachycardia zones, propranolol therapy may not be efficacious. This latter finding is no contrast to the previous observations suggesting that propranolol therapy is the drug of choice for reentrant arrhythmias in man.", "PMID": 1183462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8898", "title": "Cardiac rupture following myocardial infarction.", "content": "The 38 months incidence of cardiac rupture in a coronary care unit was found to be 10/460 or 2.1%. The patients at high risk were elderly people with a first transmural infarct, digitalized, experiencing recurring pain without a pericardial friction rub. 7/10 heart ruptures occurred within 36 hours after the first symptoms of infarction. Decreasing left ventricular work may be an effective method for preventing rupture of infarcted myocardium.", "contents": "Cardiac rupture following myocardial infarction. The 38 months incidence of cardiac rupture in a coronary care unit was found to be 10/460 or 2.1%. The patients at high risk were elderly people with a first transmural infarct, digitalized, experiencing recurring pain without a pericardial friction rub. 7/10 heart ruptures occurred within 36 hours after the first symptoms of infarction. Decreasing left ventricular work may be an effective method for preventing rupture of infarcted myocardium.", "PMID": 1183463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8899", "title": "Fatal dislodgment of ball from aortic Starr--Edwards valve prosthesis.", "content": "A case is reported of fatal dislodgment of the ball from an aortic Starr-Edwards valve prosthesis 48 mth after its implantation. A description is given of the typical clinical picture of this catastrophe. The most noticeable finding in our patient was the 8-hr interval between onset of symptoms and death.", "contents": "Fatal dislodgment of ball from aortic Starr--Edwards valve prosthesis. A case is reported of fatal dislodgment of the ball from an aortic Starr-Edwards valve prosthesis 48 mth after its implantation. A description is given of the typical clinical picture of this catastrophe. The most noticeable finding in our patient was the 8-hr interval between onset of symptoms and death.", "PMID": 1183464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8900", "title": "Double outlet right ventricle with l-malposition and uncommitted ventricular septal defect.", "content": "A case is described which exhibited Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV) with l-malposition of the aorta in association with a ventricular septal defect of the noncommitted, atrioventricular canal variety. When the ventriculoarterial relationship of DORV is encountered, it is more usual to find the aorta to the right of the pulmonary artery. Review of the literature shows that examples of DORV and l-malposition have been described with subaortic, subpulmonary and doubly committed defects, but we are unaware of any previous example reported with a noncommitted defect. These findings indicate that DORV with l-malposition should be anticipated in association with the same accompanying defects as those described in DORV with d-malposition, and emphasize the necessity for adopting a segmental approach to nomenclature. They also have morphogenetic significance, suggesting that DORV with l-malposition is closely linked with the anomalies for anatomically corrected malposition and concordant (complete) l-transposition. The present case exhibited an electrocardiographic superior axis, which is probably related to the presence of the atrioventricular canal deformity. The coexistence of hypoplasia of the aortic isthmus is speculatively related to the presence of conal and valvar factors, which can be considered to have reduced aortic blood flow.", "contents": "Double outlet right ventricle with l-malposition and uncommitted ventricular septal defect. A case is described which exhibited Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV) with l-malposition of the aorta in association with a ventricular septal defect of the noncommitted, atrioventricular canal variety. When the ventriculoarterial relationship of DORV is encountered, it is more usual to find the aorta to the right of the pulmonary artery. Review of the literature shows that examples of DORV and l-malposition have been described with subaortic, subpulmonary and doubly committed defects, but we are unaware of any previous example reported with a noncommitted defect. These findings indicate that DORV with l-malposition should be anticipated in association with the same accompanying defects as those described in DORV with d-malposition, and emphasize the necessity for adopting a segmental approach to nomenclature. They also have morphogenetic significance, suggesting that DORV with l-malposition is closely linked with the anomalies for anatomically corrected malposition and concordant (complete) l-transposition. The present case exhibited an electrocardiographic superior axis, which is probably related to the presence of the atrioventricular canal deformity. The coexistence of hypoplasia of the aortic isthmus is speculatively related to the presence of conal and valvar factors, which can be considered to have reduced aortic blood flow.", "PMID": 1183465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8901", "title": "Anterograde block in accessory pathways with retrograde conduction in reciprocating tachycardia.", "content": "3 patients with reciprocating tachycardia are described. In all 3, tachycardia was due to a reentrant mechanism. Anterograde conduction was via the AV node while retrograde conduction was over an accessory (Kent) pathway. In none of the 3 patients did this pathway sustain anterograde conduction despite pacing the atrium close to its location. With the advent of surgical modes of therapy, it is important to recognize such 'silent' bypasses. The observations which allow this diagnosis of unidirectional anterograde block in an accessory pathway and the exclusion of AV nodal reentry, the main differential diagnostic possibility, are discussed.", "contents": "Anterograde block in accessory pathways with retrograde conduction in reciprocating tachycardia. 3 patients with reciprocating tachycardia are described. In all 3, tachycardia was due to a reentrant mechanism. Anterograde conduction was via the AV node while retrograde conduction was over an accessory (Kent) pathway. In none of the 3 patients did this pathway sustain anterograde conduction despite pacing the atrium close to its location. With the advent of surgical modes of therapy, it is important to recognize such 'silent' bypasses. The observations which allow this diagnosis of unidirectional anterograde block in an accessory pathway and the exclusion of AV nodal reentry, the main differential diagnostic possibility, are discussed.", "PMID": 1183466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8902", "title": "Double ectopic accelerated ventricular and nonaccelerated ventricular or supraventricular rhythms.", "content": "Three patients with acute inferior wall myocardial infarction has accelerated idioventricular rhythms alternating and (or) coexisting with: (a) AV junctional (or low atrial) rhythm (Case 2); (b) paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia and another accelerated idioventricular rhythm (Case 3); and (c) AV junctional rhythm, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia and accelerated idioventricular rhythm from another center (Case 4). The tracings from a fourth patient (Case 1) served to focus attention on one of the most pertinent features of accelerated idioventricular rhythms, namely the gradual decrease in rate to values below that of the preexisting basic rhythm. Cardioacceleration with atropine and cardiosuppression with lidocaine failed to abolish the arrhythmias or relieve the symptoms in cases  3 and 4. Atrial stimulation proved the most effective mode of therapy in these two patients.", "contents": "Double ectopic accelerated ventricular and nonaccelerated ventricular or supraventricular rhythms. Three patients with acute inferior wall myocardial infarction has accelerated idioventricular rhythms alternating and (or) coexisting with: (a) AV junctional (or low atrial) rhythm (Case 2); (b) paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia and another accelerated idioventricular rhythm (Case 3); and (c) AV junctional rhythm, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia and accelerated idioventricular rhythm from another center (Case 4). The tracings from a fourth patient (Case 1) served to focus attention on one of the most pertinent features of accelerated idioventricular rhythms, namely the gradual decrease in rate to values below that of the preexisting basic rhythm. Cardioacceleration with atropine and cardiosuppression with lidocaine failed to abolish the arrhythmias or relieve the symptoms in cases  3 and 4. Atrial stimulation proved the most effective mode of therapy in these two patients.", "PMID": 1183467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8903", "title": "Sinoatrial block during lithium treatment.", "content": "Lithium is known to produce T wave changes in the ECG, whereas effect upon the conducting system of the heart has not been described. In our patient lithium produced sinoauricular block and possibly tachycardia. The correlation between lithium treatment and tachyarrhythmias is discussed. When during lithium treatment block is found, the treatment should preferably be stopped, but if this is not possible it is important to realize that digitalis should not be used as a prophylactic drug against tachycardia, as it worsens the block and therefore increases the frequency of arrhythmia, even leading to Adams-Stokes attacks.", "contents": "Sinoatrial block during lithium treatment. Lithium is known to produce T wave changes in the ECG, whereas effect upon the conducting system of the heart has not been described. In our patient lithium produced sinoauricular block and possibly tachycardia. The correlation between lithium treatment and tachyarrhythmias is discussed. When during lithium treatment block is found, the treatment should preferably be stopped, but if this is not possible it is important to realize that digitalis should not be used as a prophylactic drug against tachycardia, as it worsens the block and therefore increases the frequency of arrhythmia, even leading to Adams-Stokes attacks.", "PMID": 1183468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8904", "title": "Assessment of left ventricular function and hemodynamic reserve by volume loading in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Volume manipulations in 27 patients (volume loading n = 22; phlebotomy n = 5) with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 7 normal subjects has been performed in order to evaluate left ventricular performance in terms of cardiac index (CI) and pulmonary artery enddiastolic pressure (EDPAP). An EDPAP in the range of 18-22 mm Hg was in general associated with maximal cardiac output. In patients with AMI maximal cardiac performance was significantly lower compared to normal subjects (p less than 0.01). Volume loading that increased the EDPAP beyond the level of 18-22 mm Hg usually deteriorated cardiac performance in AMI. A phlebotomy in 5 subjects with severe pulmonary congestion decreased EDPAP significantly from 32 to 24 mm Hg (p less than 0.1) without a change of cardiac index (2.2 - 2.5 1/min/m2;NS). In 11 patients left ventricular performance was assessed during the acute and convalescent period. 4-6 weeks after AMI resting EDPAP decreased from initially 16 to 11 mm Hg (p less than 0.02), whereas cardiac index did not change significantly (3.1-3.3. 1/min/m2;NS) and even did not rise markedly after volume loading (3.3-3.4 1/min/m2;NS). By plotting the relative change of cardiac index after volume loading against the individual infarct size (n = 16), left ventricular hemodynamic reserve was assessed and revealed a significant depression compared to normal subjects (n = 7). A rough reverse relationship (r = -0.69) between left ventricular hemodynamic reserve and infarct size was observed.", "contents": "Assessment of left ventricular function and hemodynamic reserve by volume loading in acute myocardial infarction. Volume manipulations in 27 patients (volume loading n = 22; phlebotomy n = 5) with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 7 normal subjects has been performed in order to evaluate left ventricular performance in terms of cardiac index (CI) and pulmonary artery enddiastolic pressure (EDPAP). An EDPAP in the range of 18-22 mm Hg was in general associated with maximal cardiac output. In patients with AMI maximal cardiac performance was significantly lower compared to normal subjects (p less than 0.01). Volume loading that increased the EDPAP beyond the level of 18-22 mm Hg usually deteriorated cardiac performance in AMI. A phlebotomy in 5 subjects with severe pulmonary congestion decreased EDPAP significantly from 32 to 24 mm Hg (p less than 0.1) without a change of cardiac index (2.2 - 2.5 1/min/m2;NS). In 11 patients left ventricular performance was assessed during the acute and convalescent period. 4-6 weeks after AMI resting EDPAP decreased from initially 16 to 11 mm Hg (p less than 0.02), whereas cardiac index did not change significantly (3.1-3.3. 1/min/m2;NS) and even did not rise markedly after volume loading (3.3-3.4 1/min/m2;NS). By plotting the relative change of cardiac index after volume loading against the individual infarct size (n = 16), left ventricular hemodynamic reserve was assessed and revealed a significant depression compared to normal subjects (n = 7). A rough reverse relationship (r = -0.69) between left ventricular hemodynamic reserve and infarct size was observed.", "PMID": 1183469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8905", "title": "T-wave alternans associated with heart failure and hypomagnesemia in alcoholic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Marked T wave abnormality developed in a patient with alcoholic cardiomyopathy. The T negativity was  of giant size and occurred in an alternating sequence in the presence of sinus rhythm. This change was rapidly transient, disappearing in 3 days. The complete electrocardiographic recovery was temporally related to successful treatment of severe heart failure, normalization of initially low serum magnesium level, and abolition of recurrent ventricular fibrillation.", "contents": "T-wave alternans associated with heart failure and hypomagnesemia in alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Marked T wave abnormality developed in a patient with alcoholic cardiomyopathy. The T negativity was  of giant size and occurred in an alternating sequence in the presence of sinus rhythm. This change was rapidly transient, disappearing in 3 days. The complete electrocardiographic recovery was temporally related to successful treatment of severe heart failure, normalization of initially low serum magnesium level, and abolition of recurrent ventricular fibrillation.", "PMID": 1183470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8906", "title": "Prediction of sudden death in patients discharged after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A follow-up was made of 475 patients discharged after an acute myocardial infarction. Sudden death, i.e. death within 2 hours after the onset of the final attack, was more common in patients below 60 years on admission than in the older age groups. Patients succumbing suddenly often had a history of an earlier myocardial infarction. They also had a higher incidence of inferior infarcts and more frequently showed ventricular tachycardia during the early hospital period than those dying more than 24 hours after the onset of the final episode. When comparisons were made with all patients dying after more than 2 hours' duration of the terminal attack no significant differences were noted for these or other parameters. Prediction of sudden death in immediate survivors of acute myocardial infarction thus seems elusive. Further studies of the relations between the incidence of ventricular ectopic activity during the early and late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction and sudden death after discharge from hospital are implicated.", "contents": "Prediction of sudden death in patients discharged after acute myocardial infarction. A follow-up was made of 475 patients discharged after an acute myocardial infarction. Sudden death, i.e. death within 2 hours after the onset of the final attack, was more common in patients below 60 years on admission than in the older age groups. Patients succumbing suddenly often had a history of an earlier myocardial infarction. They also had a higher incidence of inferior infarcts and more frequently showed ventricular tachycardia during the early hospital period than those dying more than 24 hours after the onset of the final episode. When comparisons were made with all patients dying after more than 2 hours' duration of the terminal attack no significant differences were noted for these or other parameters. Prediction of sudden death in immediate survivors of acute myocardial infarction thus seems elusive. Further studies of the relations between the incidence of ventricular ectopic activity during the early and late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction and sudden death after discharge from hospital are implicated.", "PMID": 1183471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8907", "title": "Late banding operation in children with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary arterial hypertension.", "content": "Since 1960 31 children, 2-10 years old, with large ventricular septal defects and pulmonary arterial hypertension, underwent pulmonary artery banding in Munich. 22 of these children were recatheterized 3-5 years after the operation. Only 8 of these children were shown to have a definite decrease in pressure distal to the band, and in only 2 of these children a reduction of pulmonary vascular resistance to values at the upper limit of normal could be shown. In the remaining children either little or no alteration and rarely even a definite increase of pulmonary vascular resistance was found. There was only a poor correlation between pressure changes and resistance changes. During preoperative catheterization oxygen breathing was shown to produce a more than 50% reduction in the pulmonary arterial pressure in 8 cases. Of these, only 5 showed a decrease of pulmonary vascular resistance after pulmonary artery banding. This decrease, however, was relatively small.", "contents": "Late banding operation in children with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Since 1960 31 children, 2-10 years old, with large ventricular septal defects and pulmonary arterial hypertension, underwent pulmonary artery banding in Munich. 22 of these children were recatheterized 3-5 years after the operation. Only 8 of these children were shown to have a definite decrease in pressure distal to the band, and in only 2 of these children a reduction of pulmonary vascular resistance to values at the upper limit of normal could be shown. In the remaining children either little or no alteration and rarely even a definite increase of pulmonary vascular resistance was found. There was only a poor correlation between pressure changes and resistance changes. During preoperative catheterization oxygen breathing was shown to produce a more than 50% reduction in the pulmonary arterial pressure in 8 cases. Of these, only 5 showed a decrease of pulmonary vascular resistance after pulmonary artery banding. This decrease, however, was relatively small.", "PMID": 1183472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8908", "title": "Ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm with aortic-left atrial fistula.", "content": "We report the case of a previously healthy 56-year-old male who suddenly developed severe chest pain and pulmonary edema. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed an aneurysm of the noncoronary sinus of Valsalva which had ruptured into the left atrium. This was confirmed at operation and it was noted that there were no signs of bacterial infection or rheumatic valve disease. We therefore concluded that the aneurysm was of congential origin. A successful repair of the defect was carried out and the patient made a satisfactory recovery. There are only 3 other reported cases of rupture of a congenital sinus of Valsalva aneurysm into the left atrium, and in only one case did the aneurysm originate from the noncoronary sinus and this patient had associated rheumatic aortic and mitral valve disease. We have received the classification of sinus of Valsalva aneurysms, the associated congenital and acquired defects and the presenting features of unruptured and ruptured aneurysms.", "contents": "Ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm with aortic-left atrial fistula. We report the case of a previously healthy 56-year-old male who suddenly developed severe chest pain and pulmonary edema. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed an aneurysm of the noncoronary sinus of Valsalva which had ruptured into the left atrium. This was confirmed at operation and it was noted that there were no signs of bacterial infection or rheumatic valve disease. We therefore concluded that the aneurysm was of congential origin. A successful repair of the defect was carried out and the patient made a satisfactory recovery. There are only 3 other reported cases of rupture of a congenital sinus of Valsalva aneurysm into the left atrium, and in only one case did the aneurysm originate from the noncoronary sinus and this patient had associated rheumatic aortic and mitral valve disease. We have received the classification of sinus of Valsalva aneurysms, the associated congenital and acquired defects and the presenting features of unruptured and ruptured aneurysms.", "PMID": 1183473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8909", "title": "The effect of toxic and therapeutic doses of tricyclic antidepressant drugs on intracardiac conduction.", "content": "Intracardiac conduction studies using His bundle electrography (HBE) were performed in 14 patients admitted to hospital following an overdosage of one of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs and in another 12 patients before and during administration of therapeutic doses of nortriptylline. Amongst the former group, 7 of 8 patients showed impaired distal intracardiac conduction (H-V interval) following overdosages of nortriptyline, imipramine or amitriptyline but none of the 6 patients with doxepin overdosage. The prolonged H-V interval had returned to normal at a repeat study 7 days later. In the therapeutic dose study, 5 of 12 patients showed an increase in the H-V interval by more than 10 msec during treatment with nortriptyline. Four of these 5 patients had plasma nortriptyline levels of over 200 ng/ml. Tricyclic antidepressant drugs show a quinidine-like effect in toxic, and in some patients, in therapeutic doses. This finding may having a bearing on the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in patients following overdosage with these drugs and may provide a clue to the reported increase in the incidence of sudden deaths in 'cardiac patients' following therapeutic doses of such agents.", "contents": "The effect of toxic and therapeutic doses of tricyclic antidepressant drugs on intracardiac conduction. Intracardiac conduction studies using His bundle electrography (HBE) were performed in 14 patients admitted to hospital following an overdosage of one of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs and in another 12 patients before and during administration of therapeutic doses of nortriptylline. Amongst the former group, 7 of 8 patients showed impaired distal intracardiac conduction (H-V interval) following overdosages of nortriptyline, imipramine or amitriptyline but none of the 6 patients with doxepin overdosage. The prolonged H-V interval had returned to normal at a repeat study 7 days later. In the therapeutic dose study, 5 of 12 patients showed an increase in the H-V interval by more than 10 msec during treatment with nortriptyline. Four of these 5 patients had plasma nortriptyline levels of over 200 ng/ml. Tricyclic antidepressant drugs show a quinidine-like effect in toxic, and in some patients, in therapeutic doses. This finding may having a bearing on the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in patients following overdosage with these drugs and may provide a clue to the reported increase in the incidence of sudden deaths in 'cardiac patients' following therapeutic doses of such agents.", "PMID": 1183474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8910", "title": "Decreased haem synthetase activity in blood cells of patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria.", "content": "A constant finding in erythropoietic protoporphyria (E.P.P.) is a raised protoporphyrin content of the erythrocytes. It has been shown before that the biosynthesis of this protoporphyrin takes place in the erythroid cell. In circulating blood cells of patients with E.P.P. the haem synthetase activity is significantly decreased. This observation and the increased protoporphyrin concentration in the cells can be explained by assuming a decreased stability of haem synthetase in the red blood cells of E.P.P. patients.", "contents": "Decreased haem synthetase activity in blood cells of patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria. A constant finding in erythropoietic protoporphyria (E.P.P.) is a raised protoporphyrin content of the erythrocytes. It has been shown before that the biosynthesis of this protoporphyrin takes place in the erythroid cell. In circulating blood cells of patients with E.P.P. the haem synthetase activity is significantly decreased. This observation and the increased protoporphyrin concentration in the cells can be explained by assuming a decreased stability of haem synthetase in the red blood cells of E.P.P. patients.", "PMID": 1183475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8911", "title": "Mechanisms of albumin loss during peritoneal dialysis in man.", "content": "Albumin loss in the dialysate was evaluated during a total of 5 peritoneal dialyses carried out on 3 uraemic patients. The measurements were made by two different methods, the first based on the evaluation in the dialysate of intravenously injected radioiodinated albumin, the second one based on a radioimmunoassay of the protein in the dialysate. The results obtained showed three main mechanisms of protein loss during peritoneal dialysis: 1) albumin shift from extravascular sites adjacent to the peritoneum, 2) direct passage of albumin from blood stream to peritoneal cavity, and 3) tendency of the inter-dialysis peritoneal fluid to equilibrate with plasma proteins. Furthermore, the observations made on a patient with evident peritonitis proved the importance of the intrinsic biological properties of the peritoneum in determining the amplitude of protein wasting by the dialysate.", "contents": "Mechanisms of albumin loss during peritoneal dialysis in man. Albumin loss in the dialysate was evaluated during a total of 5 peritoneal dialyses carried out on 3 uraemic patients. The measurements were made by two different methods, the first based on the evaluation in the dialysate of intravenously injected radioiodinated albumin, the second one based on a radioimmunoassay of the protein in the dialysate. The results obtained showed three main mechanisms of protein loss during peritoneal dialysis: 1) albumin shift from extravascular sites adjacent to the peritoneum, 2) direct passage of albumin from blood stream to peritoneal cavity, and 3) tendency of the inter-dialysis peritoneal fluid to equilibrate with plasma proteins. Furthermore, the observations made on a patient with evident peritonitis proved the importance of the intrinsic biological properties of the peritoneum in determining the amplitude of protein wasting by the dialysate.", "PMID": 1183476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8912", "title": "The effects of metiamide on gastric secretion and stress ulceration in rats.", "content": "The effects of metiamide, a histamine H2 blocker, on gastric secretion and ulcer formation in stressed pylorus-occluded rats were investigated. Metiamide, like atropine, significantly reduced the volume of gastric secretion and total acid output in unrestrained pylorus-occluded rats. Both drugs produced greater decreases in the volumes of gastric secretion in stressed rats than in their corresponding unrestrained groups. Stress itself reduced both parameters. Metiamide, like atropine, significantly reduced the incidence of gastric stress ulcers. When given together these two drugs did not provide greater protection. The results obtained with metiamide indicate that histamine plays a role in basal gastric secretion and in the pathogenesis of stress ulcers. As no correlation between gastric acid secretion and ulcer formation was demonstrated in this study, it is suggested that H2 receptors may also be involved in gastric motility. However, the possibility that metiamide could exert its ulcer-protecting effects through other mechanisms cannot yet be excluded.", "contents": "The effects of metiamide on gastric secretion and stress ulceration in rats. The effects of metiamide, a histamine H2 blocker, on gastric secretion and ulcer formation in stressed pylorus-occluded rats were investigated. Metiamide, like atropine, significantly reduced the volume of gastric secretion and total acid output in unrestrained pylorus-occluded rats. Both drugs produced greater decreases in the volumes of gastric secretion in stressed rats than in their corresponding unrestrained groups. Stress itself reduced both parameters. Metiamide, like atropine, significantly reduced the incidence of gastric stress ulcers. When given together these two drugs did not provide greater protection. The results obtained with metiamide indicate that histamine plays a role in basal gastric secretion and in the pathogenesis of stress ulcers. As no correlation between gastric acid secretion and ulcer formation was demonstrated in this study, it is suggested that H2 receptors may also be involved in gastric motility. However, the possibility that metiamide could exert its ulcer-protecting effects through other mechanisms cannot yet be excluded.", "PMID": 1183477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8913", "title": "Structural aspects of the effect of ethyl benzoates on caffeine contracture.", "content": "The effect of ethyl benzoate, ethyl o- and p-fluorobenzoate and ethyl o- and p-toluate on the caffeine-induced contracture of frog sartorius muscle was investigated. All drugs with the exception of ethyl o-toluate depressed caffeine-induced contractures. It is proposed that the methyl group in ethyl o-toluate sterically blocks the ester carbonyl group from exerting its inhibitory action. It is further proposed that ethyl o-aminobenzoate exerts its potentiating effect through the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom.", "contents": "Structural aspects of the effect of ethyl benzoates on caffeine contracture. The effect of ethyl benzoate, ethyl o- and p-fluorobenzoate and ethyl o- and p-toluate on the caffeine-induced contracture of frog sartorius muscle was investigated. All drugs with the exception of ethyl o-toluate depressed caffeine-induced contractures. It is proposed that the methyl group in ethyl o-toluate sterically blocks the ester carbonyl group from exerting its inhibitory action. It is further proposed that ethyl o-aminobenzoate exerts its potentiating effect through the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom.", "PMID": 1183478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8914", "title": "Decrease in rat striatal acetylcholine levels by some direct- and indirect-acting dopaminergic antagonists.", "content": "Several direct- or indirect-acting dopamine receptor antagonists were found to decrease rat striatal acetylcholine levels. The maximum decrease of about 50% was produced by pimozide (0.5 mg/kg), by haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) and by reserpine (2.5 mg/kg). The decreases in acetylcholine produced by pimozide and by haloperidol were found to be specific for the striatum and did not alter diencephalonic, mesencephalonic, cerebellar or hemispheric acetylcholine levels. Furthermore, these two drugs completely blocked the increase in striatal acetylcholine produced by the dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine, and had no effect on striatal choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterase. These data suggest that haloperidol and pimozide act on the striatal cholinergic neurons through strong blockade of dopamine receptors. Reserpine presumably decreased striatal acetylcholine levels indirectly by depleting biogenic amines. Clozapine and 1-fenfluramine were unable to block the action of apomorphine, as was shown previously for chlorpromazine. It is thus suggested that these drugs are reversible dopamine receptor antagonists. Their weaker action in decreasing striatal acetylcholine may depend upon this property.", "contents": "Decrease in rat striatal acetylcholine levels by some direct- and indirect-acting dopaminergic antagonists. Several direct- or indirect-acting dopamine receptor antagonists were found to decrease rat striatal acetylcholine levels. The maximum decrease of about 50% was produced by pimozide (0.5 mg/kg), by haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) and by reserpine (2.5 mg/kg). The decreases in acetylcholine produced by pimozide and by haloperidol were found to be specific for the striatum and did not alter diencephalonic, mesencephalonic, cerebellar or hemispheric acetylcholine levels. Furthermore, these two drugs completely blocked the increase in striatal acetylcholine produced by the dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine, and had no effect on striatal choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterase. These data suggest that haloperidol and pimozide act on the striatal cholinergic neurons through strong blockade of dopamine receptors. Reserpine presumably decreased striatal acetylcholine levels indirectly by depleting biogenic amines. Clozapine and 1-fenfluramine were unable to block the action of apomorphine, as was shown previously for chlorpromazine. It is thus suggested that these drugs are reversible dopamine receptor antagonists. Their weaker action in decreasing striatal acetylcholine may depend upon this property.", "PMID": 1183479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8915", "title": "Suppression of ventricular automaticity by antidysrhythmic agents.", "content": "In view of the potentially important role of automaticity in the genesis of ventricular dysrhythmias, the effects of four widely used antidysrhythmic agents on ventricular automaticity were examined in anesthetized dogs at doses previously shown to antagonize experiments induced rhythm disturbances. Quinidine, and particularly procainamide, lidocaine and propranolol slowed ventricular rate in A-V blocked dogs. Quinidine and procainamide but particularly the last two agents also markedly prolonged overdrive suppression. Thus, all four substances depressed automaticity. However, propranolol was effective at doses substantially lower than those required to antagonize several experimental dysrhythmias.", "contents": "Suppression of ventricular automaticity by antidysrhythmic agents. In view of the potentially important role of automaticity in the genesis of ventricular dysrhythmias, the effects of four widely used antidysrhythmic agents on ventricular automaticity were examined in anesthetized dogs at doses previously shown to antagonize experiments induced rhythm disturbances. Quinidine, and particularly procainamide, lidocaine and propranolol slowed ventricular rate in A-V blocked dogs. Quinidine and procainamide but particularly the last two agents also markedly prolonged overdrive suppression. Thus, all four substances depressed automaticity. However, propranolol was effective at doses substantially lower than those required to antagonize several experimental dysrhythmias.", "PMID": 1183481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8916", "title": "Deleterious effects of taurine in cats with digitalis-induced arrhythmias.", "content": "An established model of digitalis toxicity was used to investigate the antiarrhythmic properties of taurine. I.v. doses of taurine ranging from 0.01 to 4.0 mmole/kg were ineffective in converting a deslanoside-induced arrhythmia to sinus rhythm. Indeed, taurine was found to aggravate the arrhythmia and in three experiments precipitated ventricular fibrillation. In addition, pretreatment with 5 mmole/kg taurine i.v. had no significant effect on the doses of deslanoside to produce ventricular arrhythmia and fibrillation.", "contents": "Deleterious effects of taurine in cats with digitalis-induced arrhythmias. An established model of digitalis toxicity was used to investigate the antiarrhythmic properties of taurine. I.v. doses of taurine ranging from 0.01 to 4.0 mmole/kg were ineffective in converting a deslanoside-induced arrhythmia to sinus rhythm. Indeed, taurine was found to aggravate the arrhythmia and in three experiments precipitated ventricular fibrillation. In addition, pretreatment with 5 mmole/kg taurine i.v. had no significant effect on the doses of deslanoside to produce ventricular arrhythmia and fibrillation.", "PMID": 1183482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8917", "title": "Increased susceptibility to seizures and decreased catecholamine turnover in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were compared with normotensive Wistar rats for their sensitivity to tonic extensor seizures. SHR were more sensitive to seizures and did not respond to the anticonvulsant effects of L-DOPA. SHR had a slower turnover rate of norepinephrine in brain stem and cortex and of dopamine in striatum. Steady-state levels of catecholamines were similar in both groups. These findings are consistent with earlier ones that reported an inverse relationship between central catecholamine activity and sensitivity to electroconvulsive seizures.", "contents": "Increased susceptibility to seizures and decreased catecholamine turnover in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were compared with normotensive Wistar rats for their sensitivity to tonic extensor seizures. SHR were more sensitive to seizures and did not respond to the anticonvulsant effects of L-DOPA. SHR had a slower turnover rate of norepinephrine in brain stem and cortex and of dopamine in striatum. Steady-state levels of catecholamines were similar in both groups. These findings are consistent with earlier ones that reported an inverse relationship between central catecholamine activity and sensitivity to electroconvulsive seizures.", "PMID": 1183483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8918", "title": "Effect of bretylium on cardiovascular changes induced by coronary occlusion in the cat.", "content": "The influence of bretylium pretreatment on the heart rate, blood pressure, contractile force and cardiac rhythm changes produced by occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery was evaluated in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Bretylium pretreatment shortened the duration of the ventricular arrhythmia. This drug however had no effect on the other cardiovascular changes evoked by coronary occlusion. These results suggest that the sympathetic nervous system has a role in maintaining electrical instability after experimentally induced myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Effect of bretylium on cardiovascular changes induced by coronary occlusion in the cat. The influence of bretylium pretreatment on the heart rate, blood pressure, contractile force and cardiac rhythm changes produced by occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery was evaluated in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Bretylium pretreatment shortened the duration of the ventricular arrhythmia. This drug however had no effect on the other cardiovascular changes evoked by coronary occlusion. These results suggest that the sympathetic nervous system has a role in maintaining electrical instability after experimentally induced myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1183484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8919", "title": "Prostaglandin 15-hydroxydehydrogenase activity during pregnancy in rabbits and rats.", "content": "Prostaglandin 15-hydroxydehydrogenase (PGDH) activity in the rabbit lung increased strikingly during pregnancy. This change did not occur in the kidney, or spleen. In the corresponding organs from the rat, PGDH activity was essentially the same in pregnant and non-pregnant animals. These results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the increased PGDH activity in the pregnant rabbit lung is secondary to an elevated concentration of prostaglandins in the venous blood.", "contents": "Prostaglandin 15-hydroxydehydrogenase activity during pregnancy in rabbits and rats. Prostaglandin 15-hydroxydehydrogenase (PGDH) activity in the rabbit lung increased strikingly during pregnancy. This change did not occur in the kidney, or spleen. In the corresponding organs from the rat, PGDH activity was essentially the same in pregnant and non-pregnant animals. These results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the increased PGDH activity in the pregnant rabbit lung is secondary to an elevated concentration of prostaglandins in the venous blood.", "PMID": 1183485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8920", "title": "A centrally acting antihypertensive agent (R28935) not mediated via central alpha-adrenoreceptors.", "content": "Intraventricular administration (i.c.v.) of R28935 (25 mug) produced a marked fall in blood pressure without any bradycardia in conscious renal hypertensive cats. This hypotensive effect was not antagonised by central administration of tolazoline (200 mug i.c.v.) or phentolamine (200 mug). However, these doses of alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking agents did antagonise the centrally mediated hypotensive actions of clonidine (20 mug i.c.v.) or alpha-methyl-dopa (1 mg i.c.v.). Infusions of R28935 in the perfused artery preparation did not modify the basal perfusion pressures or modify the vasoconstrictor actions of noradrenaline or 5-hydroxytryptamine. The results suggest that R28935, an analogue of pimozide, exerts a central hypotensive effect not mediated via central alpha-adrenoreceptors, and does not have any peripheral sympathomimetic action.", "contents": "A centrally acting antihypertensive agent (R28935) not mediated via central alpha-adrenoreceptors. Intraventricular administration (i.c.v.) of R28935 (25 mug) produced a marked fall in blood pressure without any bradycardia in conscious renal hypertensive cats. This hypotensive effect was not antagonised by central administration of tolazoline (200 mug i.c.v.) or phentolamine (200 mug). However, these doses of alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking agents did antagonise the centrally mediated hypotensive actions of clonidine (20 mug i.c.v.) or alpha-methyl-dopa (1 mg i.c.v.). Infusions of R28935 in the perfused artery preparation did not modify the basal perfusion pressures or modify the vasoconstrictor actions of noradrenaline or 5-hydroxytryptamine. The results suggest that R28935, an analogue of pimozide, exerts a central hypotensive effect not mediated via central alpha-adrenoreceptors, and does not have any peripheral sympathomimetic action.", "PMID": 1183486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8921", "title": "The effect of pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine on the norepinephrine concentration and sensitivity of the rat vas deferens.", "content": "Injection of 6-hydroxydopamine via the dorsal vein of the penis results in a marked depletion of the endogenous norepinephrine of the vas deferens. Seven days after pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine there is a shift to the left and increase in maxima of the dose-response curves for norepinephrine and methoxamine. The results indicate that pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine produces denervation of the vas deferens and that the in vitro tissue exhibits both prejunctional and postjunctional supersensitivity.", "contents": "The effect of pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine on the norepinephrine concentration and sensitivity of the rat vas deferens. Injection of 6-hydroxydopamine via the dorsal vein of the penis results in a marked depletion of the endogenous norepinephrine of the vas deferens. Seven days after pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine there is a shift to the left and increase in maxima of the dose-response curves for norepinephrine and methoxamine. The results indicate that pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine produces denervation of the vas deferens and that the in vitro tissue exhibits both prejunctional and postjunctional supersensitivity.", "PMID": 1183487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8922", "title": "Receptive field mechanisms of sustained and transient retinal ganglion cells in the cat.", "content": "Receptive field organization of 135 sustained and 45 transient retinal ganglion cells was investigated in lightly pentobarbitone-anaesthetised cats. Stimuli were concentric annuli presented alone or simultaneously with a small spot centred on the receptive field, against photopic, mesopic or scotopic backgrounds. The addition of the test spot led to reduction in diameter of the centre-surround boundary of receptive fields of sustained retinal ganglion cells (assessed with annuli), and a decrease in diameter of the annulus which was most effective on the surround. In transient cells there was only marginal reduction in diameter of the centre-surround boundary, measured with annuli, and little or no decrease in diameter of the most effective annulus. Reducing background intensity from photopic to scotopic induced changes in response patterns and receptive field organization of sustained and transient retinal ganglion cells which were independent of stimulus intensity. Against photopic backgrounds, large annuli evoked surround-type responses from the majority of transient ganglion cells and from all sustained cells. In the scotopic range, surround-type responses could still be evoked from sustained cells, whereas predominantly centre-type responses were obtained throughout the receptive fields of transient cells. With transition from cone to rod vision, receptive field surrounds of sustained and transient cells became progressively less responsive than centres; in consequence the diameter of the centre-surround boundary increased. The initial, high frequency burst of impulses in discharges at annulus onset or offset became less evident and response latency increased substantially. The results are consistent with a model in which the centre and surround receptive field mechanisms are spatially co-extensive in transient retinal ganglion cells, albeit of different shape, but only partially overlapping in sustained retinal ganglion cells. It is suggested that the surround mechanism in sustained cells is spatially more extensive than the centre mechanism but does not extend entirely through the centre of the field.", "contents": "Receptive field mechanisms of sustained and transient retinal ganglion cells in the cat. Receptive field organization of 135 sustained and 45 transient retinal ganglion cells was investigated in lightly pentobarbitone-anaesthetised cats. Stimuli were concentric annuli presented alone or simultaneously with a small spot centred on the receptive field, against photopic, mesopic or scotopic backgrounds. The addition of the test spot led to reduction in diameter of the centre-surround boundary of receptive fields of sustained retinal ganglion cells (assessed with annuli), and a decrease in diameter of the annulus which was most effective on the surround. In transient cells there was only marginal reduction in diameter of the centre-surround boundary, measured with annuli, and little or no decrease in diameter of the most effective annulus. Reducing background intensity from photopic to scotopic induced changes in response patterns and receptive field organization of sustained and transient retinal ganglion cells which were independent of stimulus intensity. Against photopic backgrounds, large annuli evoked surround-type responses from the majority of transient ganglion cells and from all sustained cells. In the scotopic range, surround-type responses could still be evoked from sustained cells, whereas predominantly centre-type responses were obtained throughout the receptive fields of transient cells. With transition from cone to rod vision, receptive field surrounds of sustained and transient cells became progressively less responsive than centres; in consequence the diameter of the centre-surround boundary increased. The initial, high frequency burst of impulses in discharges at annulus onset or offset became less evident and response latency increased substantially. The results are consistent with a model in which the centre and surround receptive field mechanisms are spatially co-extensive in transient retinal ganglion cells, albeit of different shape, but only partially overlapping in sustained retinal ganglion cells. It is suggested that the surround mechanism in sustained cells is spatially more extensive than the centre mechanism but does not extend entirely through the centre of the field.", "PMID": 1183499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8923", "title": "Optokinetic nystagmus during selective retinal stimulation.", "content": "Nystagmic eye movements in response to selective optokinetic stimulation of different parts of the retina were studied in normal human subjects by two methods: 1. a digital computer controlled by the eye movement signal was used to generate an optokinetic display which stimulated only the peripheral retina, simulating a central scotoma, and 2. a single dot of 0.6 degrees in diameter was used as the stimulus during maintained forward gaze. The results show that stimulation of the central or peripheral retina alone can produce optokinetic nystagmus in man, and that essentially the same type of nystagmus is produced in both cases. The slow phase velocity of nystagmus evoked from the peripheral retina falls off rapidly with distance from the fovea but can be facilitated by attention. Results are compared with other findings and a possible explanation is offered for the observed variation in slow phase speed which occurs during constant velocity optokinetic stimulation.", "contents": "Optokinetic nystagmus during selective retinal stimulation. Nystagmic eye movements in response to selective optokinetic stimulation of different parts of the retina were studied in normal human subjects by two methods: 1. a digital computer controlled by the eye movement signal was used to generate an optokinetic display which stimulated only the peripheral retina, simulating a central scotoma, and 2. a single dot of 0.6 degrees in diameter was used as the stimulus during maintained forward gaze. The results show that stimulation of the central or peripheral retina alone can produce optokinetic nystagmus in man, and that essentially the same type of nystagmus is produced in both cases. The slow phase velocity of nystagmus evoked from the peripheral retina falls off rapidly with distance from the fovea but can be facilitated by attention. Results are compared with other findings and a possible explanation is offered for the observed variation in slow phase speed which occurs during constant velocity optokinetic stimulation.", "PMID": 1183500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8924", "title": "Effects of visual cortex lesions following recovery from monocular deprivation in the cat.", "content": "Six monocularly deprived (MD) and four normal cats were trained monocularly on two-choice form and pattern discriminations. MD cats trained through the initially deprived eye were able to learn the discriminations; however, they required many more trials than normals. Retention tests showed that MD cats have nearly perfect retention of the discriminations over periods of up to 4 months. With retention intervals of 6 months or longer, there is a tendency for the MD cats to show an initial drop in performance, particularly on more difficult discriminations. However, criterion performance typically was attained with considerable savings, indicating good retention even over these extended intervals. Following the preoperative training and retention testing, the cats received one of the three types of visual cortex lesions. Two MD cats received total visual cortex removal (areas 17, 18, and 19). This produced a complete postoperative loss of the discriminations with continued chance performance over 800--1000 trials. Two MD cats and two normal cats received removal of the monocular segment of area 17, with the central visual field projection region of area 17 and all of areas 18 and 19 remaining intact. This produced no loss of the discriminations in either normal or MD cats beyond what is expected on the basis of normal forgetting. Two MD cats and two normal cats received removal of areas 18, 19, and the central 5--10 deg. of the visual field projection in area 17. Postoperative retention was somewhat variable for both normal and MD cats. However, subsequent acquisition of the discriminations by both normal and MD cats was in sharp contrast to the prolonged deficits produced by total visual cortex lesions. These results indicate that one or more of visual cortical areas 17, 18, and 19 are involved in the recovery of visual discrimination capacities in MD cats. However, the monocular segment of striate cortex does not appear to be specially involved in this ability, as has been suggested by previous investigations. Possible mechanisms for the recovered visual capacities in MD cats are considered.", "contents": "Effects of visual cortex lesions following recovery from monocular deprivation in the cat. Six monocularly deprived (MD) and four normal cats were trained monocularly on two-choice form and pattern discriminations. MD cats trained through the initially deprived eye were able to learn the discriminations; however, they required many more trials than normals. Retention tests showed that MD cats have nearly perfect retention of the discriminations over periods of up to 4 months. With retention intervals of 6 months or longer, there is a tendency for the MD cats to show an initial drop in performance, particularly on more difficult discriminations. However, criterion performance typically was attained with considerable savings, indicating good retention even over these extended intervals. Following the preoperative training and retention testing, the cats received one of the three types of visual cortex lesions. Two MD cats received total visual cortex removal (areas 17, 18, and 19). This produced a complete postoperative loss of the discriminations with continued chance performance over 800--1000 trials. Two MD cats and two normal cats received removal of the monocular segment of area 17, with the central visual field projection region of area 17 and all of areas 18 and 19 remaining intact. This produced no loss of the discriminations in either normal or MD cats beyond what is expected on the basis of normal forgetting. Two MD cats and two normal cats received removal of areas 18, 19, and the central 5--10 deg. of the visual field projection in area 17. Postoperative retention was somewhat variable for both normal and MD cats. However, subsequent acquisition of the discriminations by both normal and MD cats was in sharp contrast to the prolonged deficits produced by total visual cortex lesions. These results indicate that one or more of visual cortical areas 17, 18, and 19 are involved in the recovery of visual discrimination capacities in MD cats. However, the monocular segment of striate cortex does not appear to be specially involved in this ability, as has been suggested by previous investigations. Possible mechanisms for the recovered visual capacities in MD cats are considered.", "PMID": 1183501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8925", "title": "Responses of striate cortical cells to moving edges of different curvatures.", "content": "The responses of twenty cells to stimuli of varying curvature were measured in cat's striate cortex. All the investigated cells were sensitive to the orientation of lines and not hypercomplex. Fourteen cells showed a systematic change of response with curvature. The optimal curvatures of the cells were distributed over the whole range investigated. Six cells were insensitive to curvature. The responses from all the typical simple cells (8) varied with curvature, whereas all the complex cells (5) were insensitive to curvature changes. The curvature tuning curves were broad and the variability to individual stimuli was high, independent on whether the cell responded best to straight or to curved edges. The findings do not support the view that individual cells of area 17 could detect curvature.", "contents": "Responses of striate cortical cells to moving edges of different curvatures. The responses of twenty cells to stimuli of varying curvature were measured in cat's striate cortex. All the investigated cells were sensitive to the orientation of lines and not hypercomplex. Fourteen cells showed a systematic change of response with curvature. The optimal curvatures of the cells were distributed over the whole range investigated. Six cells were insensitive to curvature. The responses from all the typical simple cells (8) varied with curvature, whereas all the complex cells (5) were insensitive to curvature changes. The curvature tuning curves were broad and the variability to individual stimuli was high, independent on whether the cell responded best to straight or to curved edges. The findings do not support the view that individual cells of area 17 could detect curvature.", "PMID": 1183502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8926", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies in normal and edematous brain tissue.", "content": "The nmr relaxation rate results show unequivocally that there are at least two fractions of tissue water in both normal and edematous white matter which do not exchange on an nmr time scale (i.e. at times of the order of milli-seconds to fraction of a second). In conjunction with the electron microscopic determination of the extracellular volumes of normal and edematous white matter, the relaxation results can be interpreted in terms of the following model. The two slowly-exchanging water components giving rise to the non-exponential relaxation correspond to cellular and extracellular water; edema changes the relaxation rate of the extracellular component much more than that of the cellular component (the extracellular component becoming more \"liquid-like\" in its relaxation). Such behavior is consistent with the properties of the extracellular water being due to rapid exchange between motionally restricted water adsorbed at the surface of myelin sheaths, and relatively unrestricted, bulk water. Edema presumably increases the relative amount of the \"bulk\" water between the axons.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies in normal and edematous brain tissue. The nmr relaxation rate results show unequivocally that there are at least two fractions of tissue water in both normal and edematous white matter which do not exchange on an nmr time scale (i.e. at times of the order of milli-seconds to fraction of a second). In conjunction with the electron microscopic determination of the extracellular volumes of normal and edematous white matter, the relaxation results can be interpreted in terms of the following model. The two slowly-exchanging water components giving rise to the non-exponential relaxation correspond to cellular and extracellular water; edema changes the relaxation rate of the extracellular component much more than that of the cellular component (the extracellular component becoming more \"liquid-like\" in its relaxation). Such behavior is consistent with the properties of the extracellular water being due to rapid exchange between motionally restricted water adsorbed at the surface of myelin sheaths, and relatively unrestricted, bulk water. Edema presumably increases the relative amount of the \"bulk\" water between the axons.", "PMID": 1183503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8927", "title": "The effect of area and intensity on the response of cat retinal ganglion cells to brief light flashes.", "content": "1. The action potentials of single optic tract axons were recorded in cats anaesthetized by pentobarbital. The receptive fields were stimulated with brief light flashes (20 or 25 msec) of variable area (0.18 less than or equal to A less than or equal to 11.8 degrees) and stimulus intensity (0.36 less than or equal to I less than or equal to 360 cd-m-2). 2. Retinal on-center and off-center neurons responded in one of two ways to brief light flashes: oscillatory responses (O-response) to certain stimulus combinations or non-oscillatory responses (N-response) for all stimulus combinations. 3. The O-respnse of on-center neurons was characterized in its PST-histogram by up to five peaks. Neurons exhibiting an O-response at medium and/or strong stimulus intensities responded at low AxI-values with an N-response. Other neurons, however, exhibited for all stimulus combinations an N-response, in which the instantaneous neuronal impulse rate decreased after an initial peak approximately expronentially with time. 4. The O-response of off-center neurons exhibited with medium AxI-values up to four peaks in the PST-histograms. N-type off-center neurons had at low and medium AxI-values a short primary inhibition period which was followed by a fast rising and slowly decaying activity period. 5. Ricco's law was only valid for small AxI-values not more than one 10log unit above threshold. For higher stimulus values (especially in the O-response) an increment of the stimulus intensity was usually more effective than an equal increment of the stimulus area. 6. On-center and off-center neurons located in about the same region of the retina had a strong tendency to discharge alternately with each other. 7. A superposition model is proposed as an explanation of the experimental data. 8. Possible correlations between the neurophysiological findings and the fast oscillatory after-images seen in corresponding psychophysical experiments are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of area and intensity on the response of cat retinal ganglion cells to brief light flashes. 1. The action potentials of single optic tract axons were recorded in cats anaesthetized by pentobarbital. The receptive fields were stimulated with brief light flashes (20 or 25 msec) of variable area (0.18 less than or equal to A less than or equal to 11.8 degrees) and stimulus intensity (0.36 less than or equal to I less than or equal to 360 cd-m-2). 2. Retinal on-center and off-center neurons responded in one of two ways to brief light flashes: oscillatory responses (O-response) to certain stimulus combinations or non-oscillatory responses (N-response) for all stimulus combinations. 3. The O-respnse of on-center neurons was characterized in its PST-histogram by up to five peaks. Neurons exhibiting an O-response at medium and/or strong stimulus intensities responded at low AxI-values with an N-response. Other neurons, however, exhibited for all stimulus combinations an N-response, in which the instantaneous neuronal impulse rate decreased after an initial peak approximately expronentially with time. 4. The O-response of off-center neurons exhibited with medium AxI-values up to four peaks in the PST-histograms. N-type off-center neurons had at low and medium AxI-values a short primary inhibition period which was followed by a fast rising and slowly decaying activity period. 5. Ricco's law was only valid for small AxI-values not more than one 10log unit above threshold. For higher stimulus values (especially in the O-response) an increment of the stimulus intensity was usually more effective than an equal increment of the stimulus area. 6. On-center and off-center neurons located in about the same region of the retina had a strong tendency to discharge alternately with each other. 7. A superposition model is proposed as an explanation of the experimental data. 8. Possible correlations between the neurophysiological findings and the fast oscillatory after-images seen in corresponding psychophysical experiments are discussed.", "PMID": 1183504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8928", "title": "The tendon organs of cat soleus: static sensitivity to active force.", "content": "The static force sensitivity of soleus tendon organ (Ib) afferents has been studied by noting their responses to graded force development produced by isometric contractions of either the whole muscle or single motor units. Data included responses of 23 Ib afferents to contraction of 8 whole muscles (8 experiments) and 16 Ib afferents to contraction of 30 motor units (5 experiments). Tendon organ responses of varying magnitude to contraction of the whole muscle or several of its individual motor units could be explained by differences in the number of muscle fibers that insert into each receptor's capsule and by differences in the contraction strength of these fibers. This finding suggests that soleus tendon organs have similar absolute sensitivities to static force development. An estimate was made of this absolute sensitivity and the value obtained (314 pps/g of force actually coupled to the receptor) is 2 orders of magnitude greater than those previously reported indices that simply relate Ib firing rate to force as measured at the tendon. The relationship between force exerted on a tendon organ's capsule and Ib firing rate is whown to be curvilinear and in keeping with a possible saturation effect that reduces the receptor's responsiveness to active contractions at relatively long muscle lengths.", "contents": "The tendon organs of cat soleus: static sensitivity to active force. The static force sensitivity of soleus tendon organ (Ib) afferents has been studied by noting their responses to graded force development produced by isometric contractions of either the whole muscle or single motor units. Data included responses of 23 Ib afferents to contraction of 8 whole muscles (8 experiments) and 16 Ib afferents to contraction of 30 motor units (5 experiments). Tendon organ responses of varying magnitude to contraction of the whole muscle or several of its individual motor units could be explained by differences in the number of muscle fibers that insert into each receptor's capsule and by differences in the contraction strength of these fibers. This finding suggests that soleus tendon organs have similar absolute sensitivities to static force development. An estimate was made of this absolute sensitivity and the value obtained (314 pps/g of force actually coupled to the receptor) is 2 orders of magnitude greater than those previously reported indices that simply relate Ib firing rate to force as measured at the tendon. The relationship between force exerted on a tendon organ's capsule and Ib firing rate is whown to be curvilinear and in keeping with a possible saturation effect that reduces the receptor's responsiveness to active contractions at relatively long muscle lengths.", "PMID": 1183505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8929", "title": "Sensitivity of Purkinje cell dendrites to glutamic acid.", "content": "The distribution of glutamate sensitive site was studied in vitro in thin cerebellar sections from guinea-pigs, in which Purkinje cell bodies and some of the principal dendrites were identified microscopically. Glutamate administered near the cell body induced firing. Stronger excitation, however, was produced when glutamate was administered to the molecular layer along a strip of tissue extending from the soma of the cell under study towards the pial surface of the slice. Excitation induced by glutamate slowly declined in some cells during prolonged administration. D-Glutamate was a weaker excitant than the L-isomer. These results suggest that the dendrite of the Purkinje cell is more sensitive to glutamate that the cell soma.", "contents": "Sensitivity of Purkinje cell dendrites to glutamic acid. The distribution of glutamate sensitive site was studied in vitro in thin cerebellar sections from guinea-pigs, in which Purkinje cell bodies and some of the principal dendrites were identified microscopically. Glutamate administered near the cell body induced firing. Stronger excitation, however, was produced when glutamate was administered to the molecular layer along a strip of tissue extending from the soma of the cell under study towards the pial surface of the slice. Excitation induced by glutamate slowly declined in some cells during prolonged administration. D-Glutamate was a weaker excitant than the L-isomer. These results suggest that the dendrite of the Purkinje cell is more sensitive to glutamate that the cell soma.", "PMID": 1183506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8930", "title": "The motor units of cat medial gastrocnemius: problem of their categorisation on the basis of mechanical properties.", "content": "The mechanical properties of 126 motor units from medial gastrocnemius muscle have been studied in 12 adult cats. Units with long contraction times (greater than 45 msec) were non fatigable (24 out of 26 units) and small (25 out of 26 units with less than or equal to 0.3% of the parent whole muscle tetanic tension) thus forming a very homogeneous population. In contrast, fast twitch units (contraction time less than or equal to 45 msec) exhibited a very broad range of tetanic tensions and fatigability. Significant correlations were found, however, within the fast contracting population which indicate a tendency for the more fatigable units to develop more tetanic tension and to be faster contracting. These findings are discussed in relation to the problems associated with using the interrelationships between twitch contraction time, tetanic tension and fatigue resistance to classify motor units into subpopulations sharing similar mechanical properties.", "contents": "The motor units of cat medial gastrocnemius: problem of their categorisation on the basis of mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of 126 motor units from medial gastrocnemius muscle have been studied in 12 adult cats. Units with long contraction times (greater than 45 msec) were non fatigable (24 out of 26 units) and small (25 out of 26 units with less than or equal to 0.3% of the parent whole muscle tetanic tension) thus forming a very homogeneous population. In contrast, fast twitch units (contraction time less than or equal to 45 msec) exhibited a very broad range of tetanic tensions and fatigability. Significant correlations were found, however, within the fast contracting population which indicate a tendency for the more fatigable units to develop more tetanic tension and to be faster contracting. These findings are discussed in relation to the problems associated with using the interrelationships between twitch contraction time, tetanic tension and fatigue resistance to classify motor units into subpopulations sharing similar mechanical properties.", "PMID": 1183507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8931", "title": "Effects of serial lesions of somatosensory cortex and further neodecortication on tactile retention in rats.", "content": "Four groups of rats with bilateral lesions of somatosensory cortex and one of animals sustaining only sham operations were tested for retention of a difficult tactile discrimination. Two of the lesion groups had serial ablations, in one case with interoperative testing, and two had one-stage lesions. Bilateral ablations of somatosensory cortex severely retarded retention in all lesion groups relative to the control group and serial and one-stage groups did not differ from each other. The sham operated rats then experienced lesions of cortex anterior and posterior to the somatosensory areas. These lesions only marginally affected retention. Somatosensory cortex then was ablated and severe performance decrements were seen. Removal of additional neocortex in animals that previously had relearned the discrimination after somatosensory cortex lesions also resulted in very poor retention. These data demonstrate the importance of the somatosensory cortex in mediating tactile discriminations and suggest that non-somatosensory cortex may play a role in recovery after somatosensory cortical lesions.", "contents": "Effects of serial lesions of somatosensory cortex and further neodecortication on tactile retention in rats. Four groups of rats with bilateral lesions of somatosensory cortex and one of animals sustaining only sham operations were tested for retention of a difficult tactile discrimination. Two of the lesion groups had serial ablations, in one case with interoperative testing, and two had one-stage lesions. Bilateral ablations of somatosensory cortex severely retarded retention in all lesion groups relative to the control group and serial and one-stage groups did not differ from each other. The sham operated rats then experienced lesions of cortex anterior and posterior to the somatosensory areas. These lesions only marginally affected retention. Somatosensory cortex then was ablated and severe performance decrements were seen. Removal of additional neocortex in animals that previously had relearned the discrimination after somatosensory cortex lesions also resulted in very poor retention. These data demonstrate the importance of the somatosensory cortex in mediating tactile discriminations and suggest that non-somatosensory cortex may play a role in recovery after somatosensory cortical lesions.", "PMID": 1183509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8932", "title": "Patterns of projection and braching of reticulospinal neurons.", "content": "Extracellular microelectrodes were used to record the activity of reticulospinal neurons within the medial ponto-medullary reticular formation in the cat. In one series of experiments reticulospinal neurons were activated from electrodes in the ventro-medial reticulospinal tract (RSTm) and in the ipsi- and contralateral lateral reticulospinal tracts (RSTi, RSTc) at spinal levels C1--2, C4, Th1 and L1. RSTm neurons were found primarily in n.r. pontis caudalis and the rostro-dorsal part of n.r. gigantocellularis. 71% of these neurons projected as far as the lumbar spinal cord. RSTi neurons projecting to C4 and beyond were clustered in the caudo-ventral part of n.r. gigantocellularis, but those RSTi neurons projecting to the first three cervical segments were located more rostro-dorsally. In all, 63% of the RSTi neurons projected to the lumbar spinal cord. RSTc neurons, which comprised only 5% of the reticulospinal population, were found throughout n.r. gigantocellularis. RSTm neurons had a median conduction velocity of 101 m/sec whereas RSTi and RSTc had median conduction velocities on the order of 70 m/sec. In a second series of experiments microstimulation was used to activate branches of reticulospinal neurons within the gray matter of the cervical enlargement. Twenty-two of thirty-three neurons found to project to the cerivcal ventral horn were branching neurons that also sent axons to the lumbar spinal cord. Thus much of the teticulospinal activity reaching the cervical enlargement also acts at one or more other spinal levels. Detailed investigation of the course of reticulospinal axons within the cervical gray matter indicated that a single axon may traverse wide areas of the ventral horn including regions on both sides of the spinal cord.", "contents": "Patterns of projection and braching of reticulospinal neurons. Extracellular microelectrodes were used to record the activity of reticulospinal neurons within the medial ponto-medullary reticular formation in the cat. In one series of experiments reticulospinal neurons were activated from electrodes in the ventro-medial reticulospinal tract (RSTm) and in the ipsi- and contralateral lateral reticulospinal tracts (RSTi, RSTc) at spinal levels C1--2, C4, Th1 and L1. RSTm neurons were found primarily in n.r. pontis caudalis and the rostro-dorsal part of n.r. gigantocellularis. 71% of these neurons projected as far as the lumbar spinal cord. RSTi neurons projecting to C4 and beyond were clustered in the caudo-ventral part of n.r. gigantocellularis, but those RSTi neurons projecting to the first three cervical segments were located more rostro-dorsally. In all, 63% of the RSTi neurons projected to the lumbar spinal cord. RSTc neurons, which comprised only 5% of the reticulospinal population, were found throughout n.r. gigantocellularis. RSTm neurons had a median conduction velocity of 101 m/sec whereas RSTi and RSTc had median conduction velocities on the order of 70 m/sec. In a second series of experiments microstimulation was used to activate branches of reticulospinal neurons within the gray matter of the cervical enlargement. Twenty-two of thirty-three neurons found to project to the cerivcal ventral horn were branching neurons that also sent axons to the lumbar spinal cord. Thus much of the teticulospinal activity reaching the cervical enlargement also acts at one or more other spinal levels. Detailed investigation of the course of reticulospinal axons within the cervical gray matter indicated that a single axon may traverse wide areas of the ventral horn including regions on both sides of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 1183508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8933", "title": "Spectral and temporal characteristics of activation and suppression of units in the cochlear nuclei of the anaesthetized cat.", "content": "1. The responses are described of cochlear nucleus neurons of anaesthetized cats as a function of time in dependence on intensity and frequency of tonal stimuli. Depending on spectral properties three types are distinguished in the group of spontaneously active units: A type (activation only) AS type (activation and suppression) and S type (suppression only). The A(S) neurons have insufficient spontaneous activity to judge presence or absence of suppression. 2. Four temporal patterns of response are distinguished: transient, sustained, build up and complex. Units of the A type display a sustained time course of activation and have properties similar to those of auditory nerve fibres. S type units show sustained suppression. Temporal patterns of activation other than sustained were found only in the AS and A(S) units. 3. The recordings indicate that on suppression and off suppression are present more frequently in VCN neurons than previously found. The suppression phenomena in the DCN are, however, still more wide spread and more dramatic in appearance. 4. In contrast to earlier findings, off suppression was always observed and never seen to extent beyond the on activation band in A neurons. Data from AS neurons indicate that off suppression is neither simply an affect of high firing rates nor simply a continuation of on suppresion. 5. The relations between off suppression and spectral and temporal characteristics of on activation and suppression can be matched with a model featuring overlapping antagonistic inputs and postexcitatory inhibition.", "contents": "Spectral and temporal characteristics of activation and suppression of units in the cochlear nuclei of the anaesthetized cat. 1. The responses are described of cochlear nucleus neurons of anaesthetized cats as a function of time in dependence on intensity and frequency of tonal stimuli. Depending on spectral properties three types are distinguished in the group of spontaneously active units: A type (activation only) AS type (activation and suppression) and S type (suppression only). The A(S) neurons have insufficient spontaneous activity to judge presence or absence of suppression. 2. Four temporal patterns of response are distinguished: transient, sustained, build up and complex. Units of the A type display a sustained time course of activation and have properties similar to those of auditory nerve fibres. S type units show sustained suppression. Temporal patterns of activation other than sustained were found only in the AS and A(S) units. 3. The recordings indicate that on suppression and off suppression are present more frequently in VCN neurons than previously found. The suppression phenomena in the DCN are, however, still more wide spread and more dramatic in appearance. 4. In contrast to earlier findings, off suppression was always observed and never seen to extent beyond the on activation band in A neurons. Data from AS neurons indicate that off suppression is neither simply an affect of high firing rates nor simply a continuation of on suppresion. 5. The relations between off suppression and spectral and temporal characteristics of on activation and suppression can be matched with a model featuring overlapping antagonistic inputs and postexcitatory inhibition.", "PMID": 1183510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8934", "title": "Neurons in the cochlear nucleus investigated with tone and noise stimuli.", "content": "1. Responses of cochlear nucleus neurons to stationary and amplitude modulated noise stimulation are investigated and compared with responses to tonal stimuli. 2. Cross-correlation functions, computed from responses to stationary noise stimulation, showing a clear oscillation could be most easily obtained from low CF fibres presumed to be auditory nerve fibres and low CF cochlear nucleus neurons showing only activation response and a primarylike temporal pattern of response to tone bursts. This reflects good quality of phase locking in these neurons. 3. The CCF reflects strongly the frequency selectivity of the neuron as revealed in its response area but not the temporal pattern of response to tone bursts. 4. Responses to noise bursts are correlated with the responses to tone bursts of many different frequencies in both their sign (i.e. activation or suppression) and their temporal pattern. 5. The concept of two independently operating mechanisms, one depending on the fine time structure of the stimulus (the carrier) and the other on its amplitude, and determining respectively the fine time structure of the response pattern and its magnitude, is introduced. Experimental data are presented which lend support to the adequacy of the description in the majority of cases and reveal its shortcomings in others.", "contents": "Neurons in the cochlear nucleus investigated with tone and noise stimuli. 1. Responses of cochlear nucleus neurons to stationary and amplitude modulated noise stimulation are investigated and compared with responses to tonal stimuli. 2. Cross-correlation functions, computed from responses to stationary noise stimulation, showing a clear oscillation could be most easily obtained from low CF fibres presumed to be auditory nerve fibres and low CF cochlear nucleus neurons showing only activation response and a primarylike temporal pattern of response to tone bursts. This reflects good quality of phase locking in these neurons. 3. The CCF reflects strongly the frequency selectivity of the neuron as revealed in its response area but not the temporal pattern of response to tone bursts. 4. Responses to noise bursts are correlated with the responses to tone bursts of many different frequencies in both their sign (i.e. activation or suppression) and their temporal pattern. 5. The concept of two independently operating mechanisms, one depending on the fine time structure of the stimulus (the carrier) and the other on its amplitude, and determining respectively the fine time structure of the response pattern and its magnitude, is introduced. Experimental data are presented which lend support to the adequacy of the description in the majority of cases and reveal its shortcomings in others.", "PMID": 1183511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8935", "title": "Statistical analysis and interpretation of the initial response of cochlear nucleus neurons to tone bursts.", "content": "1. Subject of investigation is the initial response of cochlear nucleus neurons and units presumed to be auditory nerve fibres to CF tone burst stimulation. 2. The initial response is characterized by computing the distribution of the latency of the first spike and of the duration of the first interval in the ensemble of responses to a large number of stimuli. 3. In many of the neurons the properties of both distributions appear to be related. The presumed auditory nerve fibres and spontaneously active cochlear nucleus neurons showing only activation responses to tonal stimuli (A type) exhibit irregularity in both response onset and intervals. Minimum latency and minimum first intervals are short. On the other hand, spontaneously active neurons with both activation and suppression in the response area (AS type) and silent neurons showing only activation (A(S) type) often show a more precisely timed onset of response and narrow interval distributions. In many neurons this leads to oscillations in the PSTH (chopping). In these neurons minimum latency and minimum first interval have higher values. The longer minimum latency cannot be attribute-d to longer pure time delays in these neurons. 4. The results are interpreted as speaking in favour of temporal integration as an important mechanism in many of the AS and A(S) neurons, particularly those in the DCN. The firing patterns of A neurons are thought to indicate virtual absence of this mechanism. 5. Using pure time delay estimates derived from cross-correlation functions, computed from the responses to stationary noise, an attempt is made to estimate the integration time in the cochlear and in the cochlear nucleus neurons.", "contents": "Statistical analysis and interpretation of the initial response of cochlear nucleus neurons to tone bursts. 1. Subject of investigation is the initial response of cochlear nucleus neurons and units presumed to be auditory nerve fibres to CF tone burst stimulation. 2. The initial response is characterized by computing the distribution of the latency of the first spike and of the duration of the first interval in the ensemble of responses to a large number of stimuli. 3. In many of the neurons the properties of both distributions appear to be related. The presumed auditory nerve fibres and spontaneously active cochlear nucleus neurons showing only activation responses to tonal stimuli (A type) exhibit irregularity in both response onset and intervals. Minimum latency and minimum first intervals are short. On the other hand, spontaneously active neurons with both activation and suppression in the response area (AS type) and silent neurons showing only activation (A(S) type) often show a more precisely timed onset of response and narrow interval distributions. In many neurons this leads to oscillations in the PSTH (chopping). In these neurons minimum latency and minimum first interval have higher values. The longer minimum latency cannot be attribute-d to longer pure time delays in these neurons. 4. The results are interpreted as speaking in favour of temporal integration as an important mechanism in many of the AS and A(S) neurons, particularly those in the DCN. The firing patterns of A neurons are thought to indicate virtual absence of this mechanism. 5. Using pure time delay estimates derived from cross-correlation functions, computed from the responses to stationary noise, an attempt is made to estimate the integration time in the cochlear and in the cochlear nucleus neurons.", "PMID": 1183512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8936", "title": "Development of vestibulo-ocular responses in visually deprived kittens.", "content": "The vestibular system contributes to the stabilisation of visual images on the retina by means of vestibulo-ocular compensatory reactions. The development of vestibular control of eye movements has been studied in twelve week old kittens, reared in total darkness, which have been compared with a control group of kittens reared in normal conditions. Postrotatory nystagmus, nystagmus during sinusoidal oscillations, visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus by fixation and pathological mystagmus following hemilabyrinthectomy, have been used as indicators of the functional state of the vestibulo-ocular control system. The results shown that most of the essential features of this control are present in dark-reared kittens. However, differences have been noted which possibly concern precise regulation of compensatory movements and head-eye coordination. The frequency of vestibular nystagmus is much smaller and the initial deviation of post-rotatory nystagmus in the direction of the change of movement is weak or absent in dark-reared kittens. Habituation also seems to operate differently in the two groups of kittens. Visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus is present, however, showing that an important part of the neuronal basis for visual-vestibular interaction has developed.", "contents": "Development of vestibulo-ocular responses in visually deprived kittens. The vestibular system contributes to the stabilisation of visual images on the retina by means of vestibulo-ocular compensatory reactions. The development of vestibular control of eye movements has been studied in twelve week old kittens, reared in total darkness, which have been compared with a control group of kittens reared in normal conditions. Postrotatory nystagmus, nystagmus during sinusoidal oscillations, visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus by fixation and pathological mystagmus following hemilabyrinthectomy, have been used as indicators of the functional state of the vestibulo-ocular control system. The results shown that most of the essential features of this control are present in dark-reared kittens. However, differences have been noted which possibly concern precise regulation of compensatory movements and head-eye coordination. The frequency of vestibular nystagmus is much smaller and the initial deviation of post-rotatory nystagmus in the direction of the change of movement is weak or absent in dark-reared kittens. Habituation also seems to operate differently in the two groups of kittens. Visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus is present, however, showing that an important part of the neuronal basis for visual-vestibular interaction has developed.", "PMID": 1183513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8937", "title": "[Study of the mechanism of action of the new antidepressant pyrazidol].", "content": "The biochemical mechanism of action produced by a new antidepressant pyrazidol (1,10-trimethylene-8-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a] indole hydrochloride) includes the inhibitory influence on the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine and a reversible comparatively short-lived inhibitory effect on the MAO activity.", "contents": "[Study of the mechanism of action of the new antidepressant pyrazidol]. The biochemical mechanism of action produced by a new antidepressant pyrazidol (1,10-trimethylene-8-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a] indole hydrochloride) includes the inhibitory influence on the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine and a reversible comparatively short-lived inhibitory effect on the MAO activity.", "PMID": 1183581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8938", "title": "[Effect of psychotropic substances on the uptake of [H3]-gamma-aminobutyric acid by rat brain synaptosomes].", "content": "The in vitro effects of some neuroleptics and antidepressants on the accumulation of [3H]/-GABA by the synaprosomes of the rat brain cortex were studied. Chloropromazine, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, thioproperazine, haloperidol, trifluperidol,  droperidol, imipramine, haloanison and phthoracyzine were found (in order of a decreasing activity) to inhibit the [3H]/-GABA uptake of synaptosomes. Neuroleptics, except for a new drug carbidine, proved to be more potent inhibitors than antidepressants are. The tranquilized diazepan failed to have any effect on the [3H]/-GABA uptake. The rats synaptosomes treated with chlorpromazine and imipramine were found to display a decreased ability to accumulate [3H]/-GABA. The suppressive effect of psychotropic agents on the [3H]/-GABA uptake by synaptosomes is suggested to be due, at least partly, to their known inhibitory influence on the Na+, K+-dependent ATPase.", "contents": "[Effect of psychotropic substances on the uptake of [H3]-gamma-aminobutyric acid by rat brain synaptosomes]. The in vitro effects of some neuroleptics and antidepressants on the accumulation of [3H]/-GABA by the synaprosomes of the rat brain cortex were studied. Chloropromazine, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, thioproperazine, haloperidol, trifluperidol,  droperidol, imipramine, haloanison and phthoracyzine were found (in order of a decreasing activity) to inhibit the [3H]/-GABA uptake of synaptosomes. Neuroleptics, except for a new drug carbidine, proved to be more potent inhibitors than antidepressants are. The tranquilized diazepan failed to have any effect on the [3H]/-GABA uptake. The rats synaptosomes treated with chlorpromazine and imipramine were found to display a decreased ability to accumulate [3H]/-GABA. The suppressive effect of psychotropic agents on the [3H]/-GABA uptake by synaptosomes is suggested to be due, at least partly, to their known inhibitory influence on the Na+, K+-dependent ATPase.", "PMID": 1183582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8939", "title": "[Pain-alleviating action of fentanyl and pentazocine in combination with droperdol and carbidine].", "content": "Tests staged on rabbits showd that analgesic (phentanyl and pentasocine), neuroleptics (droperidol and carbidine) and their combinations produce a more pronounced and analgesic action with an electric irritation of the dental tissues than with that of the rabbit's paw. Neuroleptanalgesic mixtures containing pentasocine display a somewhat weaker analgesic activity, but their effect lasts longer and they have a less marked influence on the respiration. Mixtures containing cabidine in lieu of droperidol produce a somewhat greater analgesic effect and relax and skeletal muscles less.", "contents": "[Pain-alleviating action of fentanyl and pentazocine in combination with droperdol and carbidine]. Tests staged on rabbits showd that analgesic (phentanyl and pentasocine), neuroleptics (droperidol and carbidine) and their combinations produce a more pronounced and analgesic action with an electric irritation of the dental tissues than with that of the rabbit's paw. Neuroleptanalgesic mixtures containing pentasocine display a somewhat weaker analgesic activity, but their effect lasts longer and they have a less marked influence on the respiration. Mixtures containing cabidine in lieu of droperidol produce a somewhat greater analgesic effect and relax and skeletal muscles less.", "PMID": 1183584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8940", "title": "[Effect of tranquilizers and analgesics on the permeability of the histohematic barriers for sulfacyl in inflammation].", "content": "The effect of neurotropics (analgetics and tranquilizers) on the permeability of histo-blood barriers in normalcy and pathology was wound to be dissimilar. In tests conducted on intact rats the studied neurotropic agents used in pharmacological doses did not affect the permeability of the histological-blood barriers of the brain and spleen with respect to the indicator--sodium sulfacyl. In rats with an inflammation focus the same drugs produced changes of the said factor, not always similar in their orientation (rise of fall).", "contents": "[Effect of tranquilizers and analgesics on the permeability of the histohematic barriers for sulfacyl in inflammation]. The effect of neurotropics (analgetics and tranquilizers) on the permeability of histo-blood barriers in normalcy and pathology was wound to be dissimilar. In tests conducted on intact rats the studied neurotropic agents used in pharmacological doses did not affect the permeability of the histological-blood barriers of the brain and spleen with respect to the indicator--sodium sulfacyl. In rats with an inflammation focus the same drugs produced changes of the said factor, not always similar in their orientation (rise of fall).", "PMID": 1183585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8941", "title": "[Study of the changes in the membrane permeability of smooth muscle cells for Ca45 and Na22 isotopes under the action of catecholamines].", "content": "Relaxation of smooth muscles of the stomachal band, but not of the portal vein of rats, induced with isadrine, is accompanied by a reduced entrance of Ca45 into the cells, this process, however, being barred by propranol. Contraction of smooth muscles of the seminal duct, aortic band and that of the portal vein of the rats, induced by norepinephrine is attended by an intensified incorporation of Ca45 in the cells, which diminishes in the presence of phentolamine. Norepinephrine stimulates an insignificant increase of the Na22 entrance into the cells of the portal vein and does not produce any regular changes in the movement of this isotope in the cells of the seminal duct of the rats.", "contents": "[Study of the changes in the membrane permeability of smooth muscle cells for Ca45 and Na22 isotopes under the action of catecholamines]. Relaxation of smooth muscles of the stomachal band, but not of the portal vein of rats, induced with isadrine, is accompanied by a reduced entrance of Ca45 into the cells, this process, however, being barred by propranol. Contraction of smooth muscles of the seminal duct, aortic band and that of the portal vein of the rats, induced by norepinephrine is attended by an intensified incorporation of Ca45 in the cells, which diminishes in the presence of phentolamine. Norepinephrine stimulates an insignificant increase of the Na22 entrance into the cells of the portal vein and does not produce any regular changes in the movement of this isotope in the cells of the seminal duct of the rats.", "PMID": 1183583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8942", "title": "[Prophylactic and therapeutic action of etimizol on the change in myocardial tissue metabolism in a neurogenic lesion].", "content": "The effect of aethimizol, introduced to rabbits before and after inflicting a 3-hours long extraordinary stimulation applied to the reflexogenic zone of the aortic arch, was studied. Investigations covered some aspects of energy metabolism and the level of the norepinephrine mediator in the muscle of the heart and also the functional state of the latter. Aethimizol was found to prevent shifts of the studied metabolic factors, induced by electric stimulation, and also to avert depletion of norepinephrine in the tissue of the myocardium and normalize its function.", "contents": "[Prophylactic and therapeutic action of etimizol on the change in myocardial tissue metabolism in a neurogenic lesion]. The effect of aethimizol, introduced to rabbits before and after inflicting a 3-hours long extraordinary stimulation applied to the reflexogenic zone of the aortic arch, was studied. Investigations covered some aspects of energy metabolism and the level of the norepinephrine mediator in the muscle of the heart and also the functional state of the latter. Aethimizol was found to prevent shifts of the studied metabolic factors, induced by electric stimulation, and also to avert depletion of norepinephrine in the tissue of the myocardium and normalize its function.", "PMID": 1183586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8943", "title": "[Effect of prostaglandins F2alpha and E1 on systemic and regional hemodynamics].", "content": "In experiments with anesthetized female-rats the influence of intravenous prostaglandins F2alpha (40 mg/kg) and Ei (10 mg/kg) on the cardiac output (by the method of dye dilution) and on the blood flow distribution among organs and tissues (by the method of Rb86 distribution) was studied. Prostaglandin F2alpha increased the arterial pressure, cardiac output along with the volume of the circulating plasma and reduced the total peripheral resistance. The hypertensive effect of prostaglandin F 2alpha is, under the circumstances, conditioned by the increased cardiac output and this substance is also instrumental in augmenting the proportion of the blood flow going to the digestive tract, skeletal muscles and, at the same time, in reducing its share flowing to the liver, spleen, skin and the uterus. Prostaglandin E1 reduced the blood pressure and total peripheral resistance and raised the cardiac output. The hypotensive effec of prostaglandin Ei is due to the fall of the total peripheral resistance. This compound tends to increase the part of the cardiac output that goes to supply the intesine, liver, lungs, myocardium and skeletal muscles and cuts down that part which caters for the stomach and kidneys.", "contents": "[Effect of prostaglandins F2alpha and E1 on systemic and regional hemodynamics]. In experiments with anesthetized female-rats the influence of intravenous prostaglandins F2alpha (40 mg/kg) and Ei (10 mg/kg) on the cardiac output (by the method of dye dilution) and on the blood flow distribution among organs and tissues (by the method of Rb86 distribution) was studied. Prostaglandin F2alpha increased the arterial pressure, cardiac output along with the volume of the circulating plasma and reduced the total peripheral resistance. The hypertensive effect of prostaglandin F 2alpha is, under the circumstances, conditioned by the increased cardiac output and this substance is also instrumental in augmenting the proportion of the blood flow going to the digestive tract, skeletal muscles and, at the same time, in reducing its share flowing to the liver, spleen, skin and the uterus. Prostaglandin E1 reduced the blood pressure and total peripheral resistance and raised the cardiac output. The hypotensive effec of prostaglandin Ei is due to the fall of the total peripheral resistance. This compound tends to increase the part of the cardiac output that goes to supply the intesine, liver, lungs, myocardium and skeletal muscles and cuts down that part which caters for the stomach and kidneys.", "PMID": 1183588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8944", "title": "[Action of ornid and papavperine on the biopotential and electrolytic balance of the vascular wall].", "content": "The influence of ornidium (bretylan) and papaverine on the biopotential and electrolytes metabolism in the vascular wall was studied in tests with cats. With their single administration ornidium (30 mg/kg) and papaverine (10 mg/kg) were found to increase the electrongegative biopotential and the potassium content in the vasculr wall. Ornidum causes the amount of magnesium to augment in the wall of venous vessels and of calcium--in the abdominal aorta. When used course-wise papaverine dose not produce any changes in the biopotential, but increases the potassium content in the venous vessels and decreases the amount of magnesium in the abdominal aorta.", "contents": "[Action of ornid and papavperine on the biopotential and electrolytic balance of the vascular wall]. The influence of ornidium (bretylan) and papaverine on the biopotential and electrolytes metabolism in the vascular wall was studied in tests with cats. With their single administration ornidium (30 mg/kg) and papaverine (10 mg/kg) were found to increase the electrongegative biopotential and the potassium content in the vasculr wall. Ornidum causes the amount of magnesium to augment in the wall of venous vessels and of calcium--in the abdominal aorta. When used course-wise papaverine dose not produce any changes in the biopotential, but increases the potassium content in the venous vessels and decreases the amount of magnesium in the abdominal aorta.", "PMID": 1183589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8945", "title": "[Effect of ether-oxygen anesthesia and of the premedication agents on the toxicity and cardiotonic effect of strophanthin].", "content": "Experiments conducted with mice, rats and cats demonstrated ether-oxygen anesthesia to reduce the tolerance of the animals to strophanthin in the LD50 and MDL tests. The premedication agents (atropine, promedol, diprazine) increased, according to observations on mice and rats, the resistance of the animals to strophanthin. In tests on dogs involving determination of the cardiac ejection by thermodilution strophanthin in a dose of 44 gamma/kg and under ether-oxygen anesthesia with premedication produced a statistically significant increase of the systolic cardiac index and well-marked bradycardia. Exclusion of thepremedicationagents drastically lowered the effect of strophanthin.", "contents": "[Effect of ether-oxygen anesthesia and of the premedication agents on the toxicity and cardiotonic effect of strophanthin]. Experiments conducted with mice, rats and cats demonstrated ether-oxygen anesthesia to reduce the tolerance of the animals to strophanthin in the LD50 and MDL tests. The premedication agents (atropine, promedol, diprazine) increased, according to observations on mice and rats, the resistance of the animals to strophanthin. In tests on dogs involving determination of the cardiac ejection by thermodilution strophanthin in a dose of 44 gamma/kg and under ether-oxygen anesthesia with premedication produced a statistically significant increase of the systolic cardiac index and well-marked bradycardia. Exclusion of thepremedicationagents drastically lowered the effect of strophanthin.", "PMID": 1183587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8946", "title": "[Effect of aminazine on the lymphocyte blast transformation].", "content": "Chlorpromazine used in low concentrations during in vivo experiments stimulates the lymphocytes blast transformation reaction (LBR) in the blood of donors and in that of rabbits, while in large doses it suppresses this reaction. When LBR is stimulated with phitohemagglutinin (PHA), chlorpromazine weakens the reaction. Follwing a single intravenous injection of chlorpromazine to a rabbit the spontaneous LBR rises, while the stimulating effect of PHA declines. After a repeated introduction there of there are on the rise: spontaneous LBR, the reactions developing in response to PHA, the phenomenon of inhibition with chlorpromazine of the blast reaction stimulation, caused by PHA.", "contents": "[Effect of aminazine on the lymphocyte blast transformation]. Chlorpromazine used in low concentrations during in vivo experiments stimulates the lymphocytes blast transformation reaction (LBR) in the blood of donors and in that of rabbits, while in large doses it suppresses this reaction. When LBR is stimulated with phitohemagglutinin (PHA), chlorpromazine weakens the reaction. Follwing a single intravenous injection of chlorpromazine to a rabbit the spontaneous LBR rises, while the stimulating effect of PHA declines. After a repeated introduction there of there are on the rise: spontaneous LBR, the reactions developing in response to PHA, the phenomenon of inhibition with chlorpromazine of the blast reaction stimulation, caused by PHA.", "PMID": 1183590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8947", "title": "[Anti-inflammatory properties of some immunodepressants].", "content": "As evidenced from experiments conducted on rats immunodepressants-antimetabolites 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate and 5-fluoruracil exert an antiexudative action and inhibit inflammation in its proliferative phase, as well as significantly change the count of leucocytes and their formula in the peripheral blood. It was established that the anti-exudate properties of these compounds may not be related to their immunodepressive action, while inhibition of proliferation is occasioned by their specific cytostatic effect.", "contents": "[Anti-inflammatory properties of some immunodepressants]. As evidenced from experiments conducted on rats immunodepressants-antimetabolites 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate and 5-fluoruracil exert an antiexudative action and inhibit inflammation in its proliferative phase, as well as significantly change the count of leucocytes and their formula in the peripheral blood. It was established that the anti-exudate properties of these compounds may not be related to their immunodepressive action, while inhibition of proliferation is occasioned by their specific cytostatic effect.", "PMID": 1183591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8948", "title": "[Effect of corticosteroids on the enzymatic activity of hepatic tissue].", "content": "Tests conducted with rats demonstrated that hydrocortisone and desoxycorticosterone-acetate (DOCA) manifest an effect close by its orientation with regard to mitochondrial and extramitochondrial forms of aspartate- and alanine-aminotransferase (ACT and ALT), as well as cytoplasmatic malate-dehydrogenase (MDG) of the liver. It was only mitochondrial MDG that lent itself to be inhibited by hydrocortisone, but it was induced by DOCA. Adrenalectomy resulted in inhibition on ALT and MDG and in activation of ACT and of mitochondrial LDG. A course-wise introduction of sulphapyridazine with an excess of deficiency of corticosteroids changed the effects of hydrocortisone with respect to cytoplasmatic LDG, as well as the effects of DOCA or adrenalectomy in regard to LDG and MDG.", "contents": "[Effect of corticosteroids on the enzymatic activity of hepatic tissue]. Tests conducted with rats demonstrated that hydrocortisone and desoxycorticosterone-acetate (DOCA) manifest an effect close by its orientation with regard to mitochondrial and extramitochondrial forms of aspartate- and alanine-aminotransferase (ACT and ALT), as well as cytoplasmatic malate-dehydrogenase (MDG) of the liver. It was only mitochondrial MDG that lent itself to be inhibited by hydrocortisone, but it was induced by DOCA. Adrenalectomy resulted in inhibition on ALT and MDG and in activation of ACT and of mitochondrial LDG. A course-wise introduction of sulphapyridazine with an excess of deficiency of corticosteroids changed the effects of hydrocortisone with respect to cytoplasmatic LDG, as well as the effects of DOCA or adrenalectomy in regard to LDG and MDG.", "PMID": 1183592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8949", "title": "[Synthesis of 1-and 3-phenyl substituted 1,5-dihydro-2,4-benzoxazepin-3(4H)-ones].", "content": "The synthesis of 1-phenyl-1,5-dihydro-2,4-benzoxazepin-3(4H)-ones (II), of 5-phenyl-1,5-dihydro-2,4-benzoxazepin-3(4H)-ones (III) and of the 7-chloro substituted analogs is described. These compounds were prepared by reacting the corresponding amino alcohols with COCl2 in the presence of Na2CO3. The reactivity of some compounds of this series in acid or basic media is also described.", "contents": "[Synthesis of 1-and 3-phenyl substituted 1,5-dihydro-2,4-benzoxazepin-3(4H)-ones]. The synthesis of 1-phenyl-1,5-dihydro-2,4-benzoxazepin-3(4H)-ones (II), of 5-phenyl-1,5-dihydro-2,4-benzoxazepin-3(4H)-ones (III) and of the 7-chloro substituted analogs is described. These compounds were prepared by reacting the corresponding amino alcohols with COCl2 in the presence of Na2CO3. The reactivity of some compounds of this series in acid or basic media is also described.", "PMID": 1183597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8950", "title": "[Evaluation of the skin resorptive action of testosterone and its esters].", "content": "The skin-resorptive action of testosterone and of its ethers (propionate, phenylpropionate, isocapronate, enantate, caprinate) was studied on castrated albino male rats with a one-time application to the skin. The effect was assessed by the growth of the seminal vesicles and the ventral lobe of the prostate. The highest skin-resorptive activity displayed testosterone-propionate and the lowest--testosterone-caprinate. The maximum effect following application of all the studied substances was registered on the 2-3d day. The amount of the maximum active dose (0,1 mg per animal) warrants including these compounds in a group of highly dangerous substances producing a skin-resorptive action.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the skin resorptive action of testosterone and its esters]. The skin-resorptive action of testosterone and of its ethers (propionate, phenylpropionate, isocapronate, enantate, caprinate) was studied on castrated albino male rats with a one-time application to the skin. The effect was assessed by the growth of the seminal vesicles and the ventral lobe of the prostate. The highest skin-resorptive activity displayed testosterone-propionate and the lowest--testosterone-caprinate. The maximum effect following application of all the studied substances was registered on the 2-3d day. The amount of the maximum active dose (0,1 mg per animal) warrants including these compounds in a group of highly dangerous substances producing a skin-resorptive action.", "PMID": 1183593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8951", "title": "Isolation and structure determination of a further metabolite of diftalone.", "content": "A further metabolite of diftalone, a new antiinflammatory drug, has been identified as 7,14-dihydroxyphthalazino [2,3-b] phthalazine-5,12(7H,14H)-dione, on the basis of physico-chemical properties. The free metabolite was isolated from guinea-pig urine, where it is present as such and as the beta-glucuronide. This structure confirms the selective susceptibility of the methylene group of diftalone towards biological hydroxylation.", "contents": "Isolation and structure determination of a further metabolite of diftalone. A further metabolite of diftalone, a new antiinflammatory drug, has been identified as 7,14-dihydroxyphthalazino [2,3-b] phthalazine-5,12(7H,14H)-dione, on the basis of physico-chemical properties. The free metabolite was isolated from guinea-pig urine, where it is present as such and as the beta-glucuronide. This structure confirms the selective susceptibility of the methylene group of diftalone towards biological hydroxylation.", "PMID": 1183598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8952", "title": "[Research on heterocyclic compounds. I. Heteroarylacetic acids with anti-inflammatory action].", "content": "Some new heteroarylacetic acids were prepared. Among the products so far obtained, 2-imidazo [1,2-a] pyrazineacetic acid showed an interesting antiinflammatory activity coupled with low toxicity.", "contents": "[Research on heterocyclic compounds. I. Heteroarylacetic acids with anti-inflammatory action]. Some new heteroarylacetic acids were prepared. Among the products so far obtained, 2-imidazo [1,2-a] pyrazineacetic acid showed an interesting antiinflammatory activity coupled with low toxicity.", "PMID": 1183599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8953", "title": "[Spasmolytic effect of mebeverine on the gastrointestinal motility].", "content": "Mebeverine, N-ethyl-4'-[1-methyl-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylamino] butyl-3,4-dimetoxybenzoate, was studied for its inhibitory effect on the motility of the gastrointestinal tract in vivo and in vitro. In both cases its activity was more evident on the hypermotility induced by some common physiological spasmogenic agents than on basal motility. In various tests it was ascertained that mebeverine was able to inhibit the stimulant actions of all the drugs employed, both those acting on specific receptor sites such as histamine and acetylcholine, and those acting directly on the smooth muscle such as substance P, physalaemin etc. This backs up the suggestion of a nonspecific miotropic effect of mebeverine. This compound has the same spasmolytic action at different levels of the gastrointestinal tract and is decisively stronger than papaverine. The lack of remarkable side-effects in the tests which were carried out in vivo with decisively active doses on the gastrointestinal motility and the good inhibitory effect on human isolated strips of the gastrointestinal tract suggest that mebeverine may be useful in the treatment of clinical morbid conditions characterized by hypertone or hypermotility of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "[Spasmolytic effect of mebeverine on the gastrointestinal motility]. Mebeverine, N-ethyl-4'-[1-methyl-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylamino] butyl-3,4-dimetoxybenzoate, was studied for its inhibitory effect on the motility of the gastrointestinal tract in vivo and in vitro. In both cases its activity was more evident on the hypermotility induced by some common physiological spasmogenic agents than on basal motility. In various tests it was ascertained that mebeverine was able to inhibit the stimulant actions of all the drugs employed, both those acting on specific receptor sites such as histamine and acetylcholine, and those acting directly on the smooth muscle such as substance P, physalaemin etc. This backs up the suggestion of a nonspecific miotropic effect of mebeverine. This compound has the same spasmolytic action at different levels of the gastrointestinal tract and is decisively stronger than papaverine. The lack of remarkable side-effects in the tests which were carried out in vivo with decisively active doses on the gastrointestinal motility and the good inhibitory effect on human isolated strips of the gastrointestinal tract suggest that mebeverine may be useful in the treatment of clinical morbid conditions characterized by hypertone or hypermotility of the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 1183600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8954", "title": "[Results of a pharmacological and toxicological study of pentagastrin].", "content": "Pentagastrin is found to be a highly active stimulator of the gastric glands secretion. With its intraperitoneal introduction to albino rats the drug displays a low acute toxicity. On its re-administration to rabbits and albino rats in doses significantly exceeding the diagnostic ones no substantial influence on the growth of the animals, hematological, enzymological, proteinological blood indices and morphological condition of internal organs was noted.", "contents": "[Results of a pharmacological and toxicological study of pentagastrin]. Pentagastrin is found to be a highly active stimulator of the gastric glands secretion. With its intraperitoneal introduction to albino rats the drug displays a low acute toxicity. On its re-administration to rabbits and albino rats in doses significantly exceeding the diagnostic ones no substantial influence on the growth of the animals, hematological, enzymological, proteinological blood indices and morphological condition of internal organs was noted.", "PMID": 1183595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8955", "title": "[Derivatives of isothiochromane].", "content": "In connection with a program, the purpose of which is to aim at the synthesis of molecules containing the residual phenylethylamine in a rigid structure, the synthesis of 1-methylaminoisotiocromane (IV) starting from isotiocromane (I) is hereby described.", "contents": "[Derivatives of isothiochromane]. In connection with a program, the purpose of which is to aim at the synthesis of molecules containing the residual phenylethylamine in a rigid structure, the synthesis of 1-methylaminoisotiocromane (IV) starting from isotiocromane (I) is hereby described.", "PMID": 1183601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8956", "title": "[Experimental study of manganese chloride toxicity].", "content": "In experiments with rabbits is shown weak toxic action of managanese chloride (0,5 and 5 mg/kg intravenously for 2 months) on the organism of animals. The blood managanese level rose only when the element was introduced in a large dose. The ascorbic acid content in the supprarenals diminished. At the site of the preparation administration (muscles) were in evidence manifestations of irritation (necrosis with regeneration), which disappeared 2 weeks after abolishment of the preparation.", "contents": "[Experimental study of manganese chloride toxicity]. In experiments with rabbits is shown weak toxic action of managanese chloride (0,5 and 5 mg/kg intravenously for 2 months) on the organism of animals. The blood managanese level rose only when the element was introduced in a large dose. The ascorbic acid content in the supprarenals diminished. At the site of the preparation administration (muscles) were in evidence manifestations of irritation (necrosis with regeneration), which disappeared 2 weeks after abolishment of the preparation.", "PMID": 1183596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8957", "title": "[Substituted benzensulfobiguanides].", "content": "In continuation of earlier work on biguanide derivatives a number of 1-alkoxybenzensulphonyl-5-alkylbiguanides has been prepared. The U.V. absorption spectra have been measured and Beer's Law investigated. None of the compounds tested extensively for microbiological and pharmacological activity was found to possess significant activity in our screening.", "contents": "[Substituted benzensulfobiguanides]. In continuation of earlier work on biguanide derivatives a number of 1-alkoxybenzensulphonyl-5-alkylbiguanides has been prepared. The U.V. absorption spectra have been measured and Beer's Law investigated. None of the compounds tested extensively for microbiological and pharmacological activity was found to possess significant activity in our screening.", "PMID": 1183602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8958", "title": "[Synthesis and biological activity of pyrido(2,3-e)-1,4-diazepine and of pyrido(2,3-b)(1,4)diazepine].", "content": "The Schmidt reaction on tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-4-ones gave pyrido [2,3-e]-1,4-diazepines and pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]diazepines. The preliminary pharmacological screening of some of these compounds showed no appreciable activity.", "contents": "[Synthesis and biological activity of pyrido(2,3-e)-1,4-diazepine and of pyrido(2,3-b)(1,4)diazepine]. The Schmidt reaction on tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-4-ones gave pyrido [2,3-e]-1,4-diazepines and pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]diazepines. The preliminary pharmacological screening of some of these compounds showed no appreciable activity.", "PMID": 1183603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8959", "title": "New 2-methyldialkylammoniumalkylthio-4,p-substituted phenyl-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine iodides with antibacterial activity note I.", "content": "A series of 2-methyldialkylammoniumalkylthio-4,p-substituted phenyl-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine iodides has been synthesized. Some compounds showed high selective activity against Staph. aureus and Strep. pyogenes. The nature of the sustituents at the phenyl moiety bound to the 4-position of the 1,5-benzodiazepine ring is of decisive influence, wherease the length of the aliphatic chain and the modification of the cationic head are of minor importance for the activity. The most active compound, 2-methyldiethylammoniumethylthio-4,p-phenylthiophenyl-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine iodide (XXXVIII), was selected for further research.", "contents": "New 2-methyldialkylammoniumalkylthio-4,p-substituted phenyl-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine iodides with antibacterial activity note I. A series of 2-methyldialkylammoniumalkylthio-4,p-substituted phenyl-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine iodides has been synthesized. Some compounds showed high selective activity against Staph. aureus and Strep. pyogenes. The nature of the sustituents at the phenyl moiety bound to the 4-position of the 1,5-benzodiazepine ring is of decisive influence, wherease the length of the aliphatic chain and the modification of the cationic head are of minor importance for the activity. The most active compound, 2-methyldiethylammoniumethylthio-4,p-phenylthiophenyl-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine iodide (XXXVIII), was selected for further research.", "PMID": 1183604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8960", "title": "[New esters of N-arylanthranilic acids].", "content": "A series of acyloxy- and alkyloxymethyl esters of meclofenamic, flufenamic and mefenamic acids has been synthesized and its antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities have been compared with those of the corresponding acids and the methyl, beta,gamma-isopropylidene-dioxypropyl, N,N-diethylaminoethyl esters. The acyloxy- and alkyloxymethyl esters are the most interesting compounds, because they possess pharmacological activity of the same order as that of the corresponding acids and a lower toxicity. The ethoxymethyl ester of the N-(2,6-dichloro-m-tolyl)anthranilic acid is presently under clinical investigation.", "contents": "[New esters of N-arylanthranilic acids]. A series of acyloxy- and alkyloxymethyl esters of meclofenamic, flufenamic and mefenamic acids has been synthesized and its antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities have been compared with those of the corresponding acids and the methyl, beta,gamma-isopropylidene-dioxypropyl, N,N-diethylaminoethyl esters. The acyloxy- and alkyloxymethyl esters are the most interesting compounds, because they possess pharmacological activity of the same order as that of the corresponding acids and a lower toxicity. The ethoxymethyl ester of the N-(2,6-dichloro-m-tolyl)anthranilic acid is presently under clinical investigation.", "PMID": 1183605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8961", "title": "Cholinergic compounds. III - Synthesis and biological activity of epi-desmethyldesethermuscarine, desmethyldesethermuscarine and desmethyldesethermuscarone.", "content": "As a further contribution to better understanding of the nature of the cholinergic receptors, desmethyldesethermuscarone (I), epi-desmethyldesethermuscarine (II a) and desmethyldesethermuscarine (II b) were synthesized. With few exceptions, the drop in muscarinic activity of these compounds compared with that of desethermuscarone and desethermuscarines emphasizes the importance of C-7 methyl (5). As far as nicotinic activity is concerned, C-7 methyl appears much less critical.", "contents": "Cholinergic compounds. III - Synthesis and biological activity of epi-desmethyldesethermuscarine, desmethyldesethermuscarine and desmethyldesethermuscarone. As a further contribution to better understanding of the nature of the cholinergic receptors, desmethyldesethermuscarone (I), epi-desmethyldesethermuscarine (II a) and desmethyldesethermuscarine (II b) were synthesized. With few exceptions, the drop in muscarinic activity of these compounds compared with that of desethermuscarone and desethermuscarines emphasizes the importance of C-7 methyl (5). As far as nicotinic activity is concerned, C-7 methyl appears much less critical.", "PMID": 1183606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8962", "title": "Cholinergic compounds. V - New synthesis and further pharmacological evaluation of desethermuscarine.", "content": "Two new methods of syntesis of (+/-)-desethermuscarine (I) are reported along with the pharmacological evaluation of (I) extended to several muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.", "contents": "Cholinergic compounds. V - New synthesis and further pharmacological evaluation of desethermuscarine. Two new methods of syntesis of (+/-)-desethermuscarine (I) are reported along with the pharmacological evaluation of (I) extended to several muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.", "PMID": 1183607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8963", "title": "Drugs and muscular pathways of pyruvate metabolism adapted to endurance training.", "content": "Limited experimental data are so far available on drug interference at muscular level on the pathways of pyruvate metabolism activated by training. In this study, the effect of chronic treatment with caffeine and papaverine on the activity of the muscular malic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase was evaluated in the trained rat. In trained animals these drugs did not induce any significant change in the enzymatic activities studied as a whole, and particularly in glutamate-pyruvate transaminase related to an important alternative pathway of pyruvate metabolism.", "contents": "Drugs and muscular pathways of pyruvate metabolism adapted to endurance training. Limited experimental data are so far available on drug interference at muscular level on the pathways of pyruvate metabolism activated by training. In this study, the effect of chronic treatment with caffeine and papaverine on the activity of the muscular malic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase was evaluated in the trained rat. In trained animals these drugs did not induce any significant change in the enzymatic activities studied as a whole, and particularly in glutamate-pyruvate transaminase related to an important alternative pathway of pyruvate metabolism.", "PMID": 1183608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8964", "title": "Science for medicine--time for another reappraisal.", "content": "The Amendments to the National Cancer Act of 1974 included a provision for a comprehensive review of the Federal policies and programs for medical research. This would appear to be a particularly timely review since many of the fundamental issues concerning the Government's role in biomedical research are presently in question. These issues include the rationale for public support for basic medical research, public expectations for returns on these investments, establishment of priorities among various research avenues, and a number of derivative as well as ethical questions. Since the professional and scientific communities have been historically successful in gaining public funds for research, a periodic opportunity for public review and consideration would appear to be highly desirable.", "contents": "Science for medicine--time for another reappraisal. The Amendments to the National Cancer Act of 1974 included a provision for a comprehensive review of the Federal policies and programs for medical research. This would appear to be a particularly timely review since many of the fundamental issues concerning the Government's role in biomedical research are presently in question. These issues include the rationale for public support for basic medical research, public expectations for returns on these investments, establishment of priorities among various research avenues, and a number of derivative as well as ethical questions. Since the professional and scientific communities have been historically successful in gaining public funds for research, a periodic opportunity for public review and consideration would appear to be highly desirable.", "PMID": 1183611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8965", "title": "Nutritional and metabolic studies in humans with 1,3-butanediol.", "content": "Three studies of the role of 1,3-butanediol (BD) in human nutrition are described. Isocaloric substitution of BD for starch in the diets of volunteers caused less negative nitrogen balance. Ingestion of urea also decreased negative nitrogen balance, and the effect of BD plus urea in the diets seemed to be additive. No effects were detected on many blood parameters measured during and after the study, except that BD feeding decreased blood glucose significantly. 1,3-Butanediol was shown to be a nontoxic metabolite providing a source of calories for human nutrition. In a second study, ingestion of BD was shown to cause slight increases in serum insulin and growth hormone concentrations in the fasting state. We next studied the effects of prior ingestion of BD on serum insulin, growth hormone, glucose, and lipids during glucose tolerance tests. No significant differences in these parameters were noted when prior ingestion of sucrose or an isocaloric quantity of BD were compared. Possible mechanisms whereby ingestion of BD spared nitrogen and caused decreased blood glucose are discussed.", "contents": "Nutritional and metabolic studies in humans with 1,3-butanediol. Three studies of the role of 1,3-butanediol (BD) in human nutrition are described. Isocaloric substitution of BD for starch in the diets of volunteers caused less negative nitrogen balance. Ingestion of urea also decreased negative nitrogen balance, and the effect of BD plus urea in the diets seemed to be additive. No effects were detected on many blood parameters measured during and after the study, except that BD feeding decreased blood glucose significantly. 1,3-Butanediol was shown to be a nontoxic metabolite providing a source of calories for human nutrition. In a second study, ingestion of BD was shown to cause slight increases in serum insulin and growth hormone concentrations in the fasting state. We next studied the effects of prior ingestion of BD on serum insulin, growth hormone, glucose, and lipids during glucose tolerance tests. No significant differences in these parameters were noted when prior ingestion of sucrose or an isocaloric quantity of BD were compared. Possible mechanisms whereby ingestion of BD spared nitrogen and caused decreased blood glucose are discussed.", "PMID": 1183620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8966", "title": "Butanediol and lipid metabolism.", "content": "Young growing rats, chicks and pigs were fed diets containing graded levels of 1,3-butanediol (BD). Replacement of up to 20% of the dietary carbohydrate energy with BD did not affect body weight gain or food efficiency in these species. Blood beta-hydroxybutyrate levels were markedly elevated when BD was added to the diet. Plasma triglyceride response varied with species. In the rat, plasma triglyceride levels were decreased when BD was added to a high-carbohydrate diet. Plasma triglyceride levels were increased when BD-containing diets were fed to pigs and unchanged when chicks consumed diets containing BD. The hepatic lactate:pyruvate ratio was increased in rats fed BD and decreased in chicks fed BD. Hepatic long-chain acyl CoA levels were increased in rats, but not in chicks, fed BD. Addition of BD to a high-carbohydrate diet markedly decreased the rate of fatty acid synthesis, as measured in vitro or in vivo, in rat liver but not in rat or pig adipose tissue. Hepatic fatty acid synthesis in the chick was not affected by replacement of up to 18% of the dietary carbohydrate with BD. We propose that the hepatic conversion of BD to beta-hydroxybutyrate in the rat shifts the cytoplasmic redox state, reduces the glycolytic rate, and reduces substrate availability for fatty acid synthesis. Further, the concomitant shift in the mitochondrial redox state allows long-chain acyl CoA levels to increase. The overall effect is a decrease in the rate of fatty acid synthesis in livers of rats fed BD.", "contents": "Butanediol and lipid metabolism. Young growing rats, chicks and pigs were fed diets containing graded levels of 1,3-butanediol (BD). Replacement of up to 20% of the dietary carbohydrate energy with BD did not affect body weight gain or food efficiency in these species. Blood beta-hydroxybutyrate levels were markedly elevated when BD was added to the diet. Plasma triglyceride response varied with species. In the rat, plasma triglyceride levels were decreased when BD was added to a high-carbohydrate diet. Plasma triglyceride levels were increased when BD-containing diets were fed to pigs and unchanged when chicks consumed diets containing BD. The hepatic lactate:pyruvate ratio was increased in rats fed BD and decreased in chicks fed BD. Hepatic long-chain acyl CoA levels were increased in rats, but not in chicks, fed BD. Addition of BD to a high-carbohydrate diet markedly decreased the rate of fatty acid synthesis, as measured in vitro or in vivo, in rat liver but not in rat or pig adipose tissue. Hepatic fatty acid synthesis in the chick was not affected by replacement of up to 18% of the dietary carbohydrate with BD. We propose that the hepatic conversion of BD to beta-hydroxybutyrate in the rat shifts the cytoplasmic redox state, reduces the glycolytic rate, and reduces substrate availability for fatty acid synthesis. Further, the concomitant shift in the mitochondrial redox state allows long-chain acyl CoA levels to increase. The overall effect is a decrease in the rate of fatty acid synthesis in livers of rats fed BD.", "PMID": 1183622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8967", "title": "Plasma testosterone free index: a better indicator of plasma androgen activity?", "content": "Testosterone, quantitatively the most important androgen in the circulation, must enter cells to exert an androgenic effect. It is accepted that it is that fraction of the hormone not bound to the specific, binding, beta-globulin which is available for entry into the cells. By equilibrium dialysis we obtained an in vitro measurement of the unbound fraction. The product of this fraction and the total testosterone level gave us a testosterone free index (TFI). In normal men and women, our ranges were 24.6 to 93.6 and 0.8 to 3.8 ng/100 ml, respectively. Of 54 hirsute women, 24 had an elevated TFI; 4 of these had normal plasma testosterone levels. Thirteen men with hypogonadism had a decreased TFI. Nine of ten women and two men with hyperthyroidism had a normal TFI, although there was an elevated plasma testosterone level in most instances. The calculated TFI, which reflects both the extent of binding and the total testosterone level, may therefore be a better indicator of circulating androgen activity.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone free index: a better indicator of plasma androgen activity? Testosterone, quantitatively the most important androgen in the circulation, must enter cells to exert an androgenic effect. It is accepted that it is that fraction of the hormone not bound to the specific, binding, beta-globulin which is available for entry into the cells. By equilibrium dialysis we obtained an in vitro measurement of the unbound fraction. The product of this fraction and the total testosterone level gave us a testosterone free index (TFI). In normal men and women, our ranges were 24.6 to 93.6 and 0.8 to 3.8 ng/100 ml, respectively. Of 54 hirsute women, 24 had an elevated TFI; 4 of these had normal plasma testosterone levels. Thirteen men with hypogonadism had a decreased TFI. Nine of ten women and two men with hyperthyroidism had a normal TFI, although there was an elevated plasma testosterone level in most instances. The calculated TFI, which reflects both the extent of binding and the total testosterone level, may therefore be a better indicator of circulating androgen activity.", "PMID": 1183623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8968", "title": "Studies on the mucosa of postmenopausal oviducts: surface appearance, ciliary activity, and the effect of estrogen treatment.", "content": "The epithelial lining of the human oviduct is known to be responsive to the fluctuating hormonal levels of the normal menstrual cycle, but its response to the changes in hormonal climate at the time of the menopause is not clearly defined. In this study the oviducts of nine postmenopausal patients were obtained at the time of abdominal hysterectomy, and the lining epithelium was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The activity of cilia on the fresh tissue was assessed by their ability to transport particulate matter applied to the epithelial surface. The fimbriae of oviducts from women who had received little or no estrogen treatment before surgery showed a significant deciliation of the epithelium, compared with specimens from premenopausal patients, and even showed some sloughing of cells from the surface. The secretory cells appeared inactive. However, the specimens from patients who had been treated with estrogen for periods of 1 year or more showed a remarkable maintenance of the epithelium, with the proportion of ciliated cells remaining almost as high as in premenopausal oviducts, even as late as 25 years after the menopause. The ampullar and isthmic portions showed less obvious changes. Cilia in oviducts from the former group (short-term or no treatment) were incapable of transporting 15-mum microspheres or lycopodium spores applied to the epithelial surface, whereas the oviductal cilia obtained from patients under long-term estrogen therapy showed efficient transport of particulate matter. The results are discussed in relation to earlier conflicting reports on the postmenopausal oviduct.", "contents": "Studies on the mucosa of postmenopausal oviducts: surface appearance, ciliary activity, and the effect of estrogen treatment. The epithelial lining of the human oviduct is known to be responsive to the fluctuating hormonal levels of the normal menstrual cycle, but its response to the changes in hormonal climate at the time of the menopause is not clearly defined. In this study the oviducts of nine postmenopausal patients were obtained at the time of abdominal hysterectomy, and the lining epithelium was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The activity of cilia on the fresh tissue was assessed by their ability to transport particulate matter applied to the epithelial surface. The fimbriae of oviducts from women who had received little or no estrogen treatment before surgery showed a significant deciliation of the epithelium, compared with specimens from premenopausal patients, and even showed some sloughing of cells from the surface. The secretory cells appeared inactive. However, the specimens from patients who had been treated with estrogen for periods of 1 year or more showed a remarkable maintenance of the epithelium, with the proportion of ciliated cells remaining almost as high as in premenopausal oviducts, even as late as 25 years after the menopause. The ampullar and isthmic portions showed less obvious changes. Cilia in oviducts from the former group (short-term or no treatment) were incapable of transporting 15-mum microspheres or lycopodium spores applied to the epithelial surface, whereas the oviductal cilia obtained from patients under long-term estrogen therapy showed efficient transport of particulate matter. The results are discussed in relation to earlier conflicting reports on the postmenopausal oviduct.", "PMID": 1183624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8969", "title": "Eight years of fertility control with norgestrel-ethinyl estradiol (Ovral): an updated clinical review.", "content": "Data on a combination norgestrel-ethinyl estradiol oral contraceptive (Ovral) were obtained from eight large family planning clinics. The safety and efficacy of the drug were evaluated for 6,806 mature, sexually active women who received a total of 127,872 cycles of the medication; this represents 9,836 woman-years of usage. No pregnancy attributable to medication failure occurred, but 19 women who omitted two or more consecutive tablets became pregnant. This produced an overall use-effectiveness pregnancy rate of 0.19/100 woman-years. Cycle control was excellent, and intermenstrual bleeding was rare. Adverse effects were minimal; laboratory values seldom deviated from pretreatment levels. Fertility returned promptly upon withdrawal of the contraceptive, and no infant abnormalities were attributed to its use.", "contents": "Eight years of fertility control with norgestrel-ethinyl estradiol (Ovral): an updated clinical review. Data on a combination norgestrel-ethinyl estradiol oral contraceptive (Ovral) were obtained from eight large family planning clinics. The safety and efficacy of the drug were evaluated for 6,806 mature, sexually active women who received a total of 127,872 cycles of the medication; this represents 9,836 woman-years of usage. No pregnancy attributable to medication failure occurred, but 19 women who omitted two or more consecutive tablets became pregnant. This produced an overall use-effectiveness pregnancy rate of 0.19/100 woman-years. Cycle control was excellent, and intermenstrual bleeding was rare. Adverse effects were minimal; laboratory values seldom deviated from pretreatment levels. Fertility returned promptly upon withdrawal of the contraceptive, and no infant abnormalities were attributed to its use.", "PMID": 1183625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8970", "title": "The semen of fertile men. II. Semen characteristics of 100 fertile men.", "content": "From a population of men applying for voluntary sterilization, 100 consecutive cases were selected according to the following criteria: (1) each man had fathered at least two children; (2) at the time of the request for a vasectomy the man's wife was pregnant; and (3) a complete prevasectomy semen analysis, including sperm morphology, was available. The usual parameters of human semen evaluation are reported: the mean volume of the ejaculates was 3.3 ml +/- 0.84 SD (range, 0.5 to 11 ml); the mean sperm density was 81 million/ml +/- 57 SD (range, 4 to 318); while the geometric mean, which according to the sample distribution is more representative, was 68. The mean percentage of motile sperm was 63% +/- 16 SD (range, 10 to 95%); the grade of forward progression was 3 +/- 0.55 SD (range, 2 to 4); and for sperm morphology the mean number of sperm with oval heads was 75% +/- 6 SD (range, 21 to 90%). Statistical comparison of these findings with those of our previous study of the semen of 1300 fertile men revealed complete agreement; minor statistical differences, on single parameters, with three similar studies are indicated. A positive relationship between the different variables, sperm density and sperm motility (in percentage of motile sperm and degree of forward motion), as well as between the two variables of sperm motility and sperm morphology to the other variables was confirmed.", "contents": "The semen of fertile men. II. Semen characteristics of 100 fertile men. From a population of men applying for voluntary sterilization, 100 consecutive cases were selected according to the following criteria: (1) each man had fathered at least two children; (2) at the time of the request for a vasectomy the man's wife was pregnant; and (3) a complete prevasectomy semen analysis, including sperm morphology, was available. The usual parameters of human semen evaluation are reported: the mean volume of the ejaculates was 3.3 ml +/- 0.84 SD (range, 0.5 to 11 ml); the mean sperm density was 81 million/ml +/- 57 SD (range, 4 to 318); while the geometric mean, which according to the sample distribution is more representative, was 68. The mean percentage of motile sperm was 63% +/- 16 SD (range, 10 to 95%); the grade of forward progression was 3 +/- 0.55 SD (range, 2 to 4); and for sperm morphology the mean number of sperm with oval heads was 75% +/- 6 SD (range, 21 to 90%). Statistical comparison of these findings with those of our previous study of the semen of 1300 fertile men revealed complete agreement; minor statistical differences, on single parameters, with three similar studies are indicated. A positive relationship between the different variables, sperm density and sperm motility (in percentage of motile sperm and degree of forward motion), as well as between the two variables of sperm motility and sperm morphology to the other variables was confirmed.", "PMID": 1183628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8971", "title": "Semen zinc levels in infertile and postvasectomy patients and patients with prostatitis.", "content": "The semen zinc levels were determined in 18 volunteers, 132 patients postvasectomy, and in 19 patients with prostatitis. The mean values for semen zinc were the same in the volunteers and postvasectomy patients. However, the mean zinc concentration in the volunteers and postvasectomy patients was significantly different from that of the patients with prostatitis. When a group of 12 patients with prostatitis was given supplementary zinc sulfate, the levels of semen zinc rose  dramatically and were significantly different from those before treatment. As part of an infertility evaluation, 153 specimens from 72 men who had not fathered a child were examined. A complete semen analysis of each specimen was made, including the semen zinc concentration. The specimens were separated into four arbitrary groups with differing fertility potential. The groups were organized by sperm counts (less than 20 million sperm/ml, 20 to 60 million sperm/ml, 60 to 100 million sperm/ml, and greater than 100 million sperm/ml). There was a trend toward increasing zinc concentrations in the groups with increasing fertility potential. Eleven patients with oligospermia and low semen zinc levels were given supplementary zinc sulfate, 80 mg three times/day for 6 months to 1 year. The parameters of the semen analysis improved in all categories. There were three pregnancies during the period of treatment.", "contents": "Semen zinc levels in infertile and postvasectomy patients and patients with prostatitis. The semen zinc levels were determined in 18 volunteers, 132 patients postvasectomy, and in 19 patients with prostatitis. The mean values for semen zinc were the same in the volunteers and postvasectomy patients. However, the mean zinc concentration in the volunteers and postvasectomy patients was significantly different from that of the patients with prostatitis. When a group of 12 patients with prostatitis was given supplementary zinc sulfate, the levels of semen zinc rose  dramatically and were significantly different from those before treatment. As part of an infertility evaluation, 153 specimens from 72 men who had not fathered a child were examined. A complete semen analysis of each specimen was made, including the semen zinc concentration. The specimens were separated into four arbitrary groups with differing fertility potential. The groups were organized by sperm counts (less than 20 million sperm/ml, 20 to 60 million sperm/ml, 60 to 100 million sperm/ml, and greater than 100 million sperm/ml). There was a trend toward increasing zinc concentrations in the groups with increasing fertility potential. Eleven patients with oligospermia and low semen zinc levels were given supplementary zinc sulfate, 80 mg three times/day for 6 months to 1 year. The parameters of the semen analysis improved in all categories. There were three pregnancies during the period of treatment.", "PMID": 1183629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8972", "title": "Isolation of a factor from normal human semen that accelerates dissolution of abnormally liquefying semen.", "content": "A liquefraction factor from normal human seminal plasma was purified by cation and anion exchange chromatography. It is nondialyzable, heat-labile, and has many properties in common with the seminal protease \"chymotrypsin-like enzyme.\" Its lytic effect is most distinctly observed in abnormal semen that is semisolid or that is solid and fails to liquefy for several hours. Seminal plasmas from certain of these samples have and adverse effect on normal sperm motility. Clinically, the purified seminal liquefaction factor is useful in solubilizing abnormal samples for sperm analysis and homologous artificial insemination.", "contents": "Isolation of a factor from normal human semen that accelerates dissolution of abnormally liquefying semen. A liquefraction factor from normal human seminal plasma was purified by cation and anion exchange chromatography. It is nondialyzable, heat-labile, and has many properties in common with the seminal protease \"chymotrypsin-like enzyme.\" Its lytic effect is most distinctly observed in abnormal semen that is semisolid or that is solid and fails to liquefy for several hours. Seminal plasmas from certain of these samples have and adverse effect on normal sperm motility. Clinically, the purified seminal liquefaction factor is useful in solubilizing abnormal samples for sperm analysis and homologous artificial insemination.", "PMID": 1183630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8973", "title": "The organized distribution of acrosomal proteinase within the acrosomes of rabbit spermatozoa.", "content": "Acrosomal proteinase was found to be present in a highly organized distribution in the acrosomes of rabbit spermatozoa, using cytochemistry. This distribution consists of at least six linear loops of evenly spaced proteinase granules, which run diagonally across the flat side of the sperm head in a criss-crossing pattern. Two additional loops may be present, one encircling the tip of the spermatozoon in the region of the acrosome reaction, and the other at the posterior end of the acrosome. The results also seem to indicate that the enzyme granules are associated with the outer, and not the inner, acrosomal membrane.", "contents": "The organized distribution of acrosomal proteinase within the acrosomes of rabbit spermatozoa. Acrosomal proteinase was found to be present in a highly organized distribution in the acrosomes of rabbit spermatozoa, using cytochemistry. This distribution consists of at least six linear loops of evenly spaced proteinase granules, which run diagonally across the flat side of the sperm head in a criss-crossing pattern. Two additional loops may be present, one encircling the tip of the spermatozoon in the region of the acrosome reaction, and the other at the posterior end of the acrosome. The results also seem to indicate that the enzyme granules are associated with the outer, and not the inner, acrosomal membrane.", "PMID": 1183631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8974", "title": "Human follicular oocytes and their maturation in vitro.", "content": "To study the maturation of follicular oocytes, germ cells were flushed from visible follicles in the ovaries of 145 oophorectomized patients 17 to 65 years of age. The number of oocytes recovered decreased (P less than 0.05) as patient age increased. More oocytes (P less than 0.05) were recovered from ovaries removed during the proliferative stage of the menstrual cycle than during the secretory stage. Of 776 oocytes obtained, 132 (17%) were examined without incubation. Two had matured in vivo and another possessed two vesicular nuclei. Of 124 oocytes incubated in tissue culture Medium 199 or Ham's F10 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 52 (42%) displayed germinal vesicle breakdown and 39 (31%) progressed to metaphase of the second meiotic division within 42 hours. Neither the stage of the cycle at which ovaries were removed nor the addition of progesterone to the medium had a significant effect on maturation. The rate of maturation peaked with oocytes from women 34 to 39 years of age. Even though more oocytes were recovered from patients 17 to 33 years of age than from patients 34 to 39 years, fewer oocytes obtained from the younger patients appeared to be viable, perhaps because of a greater incidence of ovarian follicle pathology in the youngest group.", "contents": "Human follicular oocytes and their maturation in vitro. To study the maturation of follicular oocytes, germ cells were flushed from visible follicles in the ovaries of 145 oophorectomized patients 17 to 65 years of age. The number of oocytes recovered decreased (P less than 0.05) as patient age increased. More oocytes (P less than 0.05) were recovered from ovaries removed during the proliferative stage of the menstrual cycle than during the secretory stage. Of 776 oocytes obtained, 132 (17%) were examined without incubation. Two had matured in vivo and another possessed two vesicular nuclei. Of 124 oocytes incubated in tissue culture Medium 199 or Ham's F10 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 52 (42%) displayed germinal vesicle breakdown and 39 (31%) progressed to metaphase of the second meiotic division within 42 hours. Neither the stage of the cycle at which ovaries were removed nor the addition of progesterone to the medium had a significant effect on maturation. The rate of maturation peaked with oocytes from women 34 to 39 years of age. Even though more oocytes were recovered from patients 17 to 33 years of age than from patients 34 to 39 years, fewer oocytes obtained from the younger patients appeared to be viable, perhaps because of a greater incidence of ovarian follicle pathology in the youngest group.", "PMID": 1183632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8975", "title": "Lack of effect of ovarian denervation on ovulation and pregnancy in the rabbit.", "content": "Following unilateral ovarian denervation by ovarian artery stripping in female rabbits, ovulation and pregnancy were achieved within 3 days of denervation. Three weeks later, at repeat laparotomy, ovarian dimensions and the numbers of corpora lutea and pregnancies were noted. Fluorescent histochemical studies confirmed complete adrenergic denervation in five of the rabbits' ovaries. There was no significant difference in ovarian dimensions, numbers of corpora lutea and pregnancies, or the excess of corpora lutea over implantations when the intact control side was compared with the denervated side. The control ovaries demonstrated an average of 5 corpora lutea/ovary and an average of 3.4 conceptuses in the adjacent uterine horn, while the numbers on the denervated side were 5 and 3.2, respectively. Although these findings demonstrate that central neural efferent control is not essential for the occurrence of pregnancy after mating in the rabbit, the potential significance of ovarian neuromuscular mechanisms in these functions is discussed, and future studies are suggested.", "contents": "Lack of effect of ovarian denervation on ovulation and pregnancy in the rabbit. Following unilateral ovarian denervation by ovarian artery stripping in female rabbits, ovulation and pregnancy were achieved within 3 days of denervation. Three weeks later, at repeat laparotomy, ovarian dimensions and the numbers of corpora lutea and pregnancies were noted. Fluorescent histochemical studies confirmed complete adrenergic denervation in five of the rabbits' ovaries. There was no significant difference in ovarian dimensions, numbers of corpora lutea and pregnancies, or the excess of corpora lutea over implantations when the intact control side was compared with the denervated side. The control ovaries demonstrated an average of 5 corpora lutea/ovary and an average of 3.4 conceptuses in the adjacent uterine horn, while the numbers on the denervated side were 5 and 3.2, respectively. Although these findings demonstrate that central neural efferent control is not essential for the occurrence of pregnancy after mating in the rabbit, the potential significance of ovarian neuromuscular mechanisms in these functions is discussed, and future studies are suggested.", "PMID": 1183633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8976", "title": "Endometrial biopsy in the cycle of conception.", "content": "The pregnancy outcome of 18 infertile patients inadvertently biopsied during the cycle of conception is reviewed. Fourteen patients delivered term infants, one a premature infant; one patient aborted during the first trimester, and two patients were lost to follow-up. The pregnancy outcome was better than that frequently quoted for infertile patients. A comparison of the present series with those previously reported is made and the author's technique for endometrial biopsy is discussed. The average duration of gestation is calculated using the endometrial biopsy.", "contents": "Endometrial biopsy in the cycle of conception. The pregnancy outcome of 18 infertile patients inadvertently biopsied during the cycle of conception is reviewed. Fourteen patients delivered term infants, one a premature infant; one patient aborted during the first trimester, and two patients were lost to follow-up. The pregnancy outcome was better than that frequently quoted for infertile patients. A comparison of the present series with those previously reported is made and the author's technique for endometrial biopsy is discussed. The average duration of gestation is calculated using the endometrial biopsy.", "PMID": 1183634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8977", "title": "Retrograde seeding of endometrium: a sequela of tubal flushing.", "content": "The problem of retrograde seeding of endometrial tissue fragments to the peritoneum was investigated by injecting fluids through the cervical canal into the uterus before and after curettage. Fluid samples were collected from the peritoneal cavity through a laparoscope. Endometrial glands were detected in almost all of the fluids samples, and seeding was greater after curettage than before. It is concluded that any procedure in which fluids are pushed through the uterus may cause peritoneal seeding of endometrium.", "contents": "Retrograde seeding of endometrium: a sequela of tubal flushing. The problem of retrograde seeding of endometrial tissue fragments to the peritoneum was investigated by injecting fluids through the cervical canal into the uterus before and after curettage. Fluid samples were collected from the peritoneal cavity through a laparoscope. Endometrial glands were detected in almost all of the fluids samples, and seeding was greater after curettage than before. It is concluded that any procedure in which fluids are pushed through the uterus may cause peritoneal seeding of endometrium.", "PMID": 1183635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8978", "title": "Alterations in uterine and serum esterases in pregnant mammals.", "content": "Uterine flushings, endometrial extracts, and serum from estrous and pregnant rabbits were analyzed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis for esterase activity. Two bands of enzyme activity in uterine findings were detectable on days 4 through 7 after coitus. No activity was detectable in washings from nonpregnant animals or on days 1 to 3 of pregnancy. Esterase activity was detectable in endometrial extracts of all rabbits. The intensity and complexity of the esterase activity markedly increased on day 3 and persisted through day 7 after coitus, during which time nine to ten electrophoretic bands were apparent, compared with four bands in extracts from estrous animals. Serum from pregnant rabbits showed two basic patterns. High esterase activity, concentrated in four major bands, was seen in some sera, while other serum samples showed little esterase activity. No consistent correlation was apparent, however, between the stage of gestation and the serum esterase pattern. In contrast, analysis of mouse serum prior to and after mating showed consistent, reproducible changes in esterase profiles, noticeable about 7 days after coitus and becoming increasingly pronounced until parturition. Changes in mouse serum included both marked enhancement of some esterase activities and concomitant diminution in others with increasing gestation time.", "contents": "Alterations in uterine and serum esterases in pregnant mammals. Uterine flushings, endometrial extracts, and serum from estrous and pregnant rabbits were analyzed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis for esterase activity. Two bands of enzyme activity in uterine findings were detectable on days 4 through 7 after coitus. No activity was detectable in washings from nonpregnant animals or on days 1 to 3 of pregnancy. Esterase activity was detectable in endometrial extracts of all rabbits. The intensity and complexity of the esterase activity markedly increased on day 3 and persisted through day 7 after coitus, during which time nine to ten electrophoretic bands were apparent, compared with four bands in extracts from estrous animals. Serum from pregnant rabbits showed two basic patterns. High esterase activity, concentrated in four major bands, was seen in some sera, while other serum samples showed little esterase activity. No consistent correlation was apparent, however, between the stage of gestation and the serum esterase pattern. In contrast, analysis of mouse serum prior to and after mating showed consistent, reproducible changes in esterase profiles, noticeable about 7 days after coitus and becoming increasingly pronounced until parturition. Changes in mouse serum included both marked enhancement of some esterase activities and concomitant diminution in others with increasing gestation time.", "PMID": 1183636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8979", "title": "Application of a radioreceptorassay of human chorionic gonadotropin in the diagnosis of early abortion.", "content": "A radioreceptorassay for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was used to detect pregnancy as early as 6 to 8 days following conception and to predict spontaneous abortion as early as 8 to 10 days after conception in subjects whose hCG levels were lower than those occurring during normal pregnancy of the same duration. The evidence for the specific measurement of hCG was further provided by the correlation of plasma hCG levels measured by radioimmunoassay using antisera specific for hCG-beta and radioreceptorassay of hCG. By virtue of its sensitivity and specificity, the radioreceptorassay of hCG allowed early and accurate prediction of spontaneous abortion in 15 patients.", "contents": "Application of a radioreceptorassay of human chorionic gonadotropin in the diagnosis of early abortion. A radioreceptorassay for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was used to detect pregnancy as early as 6 to 8 days following conception and to predict spontaneous abortion as early as 8 to 10 days after conception in subjects whose hCG levels were lower than those occurring during normal pregnancy of the same duration. The evidence for the specific measurement of hCG was further provided by the correlation of plasma hCG levels measured by radioimmunoassay using antisera specific for hCG-beta and radioreceptorassay of hCG. By virtue of its sensitivity and specificity, the radioreceptorassay of hCG allowed early and accurate prediction of spontaneous abortion in 15 patients.", "PMID": 1183637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8980", "title": "Reversibility of clip sterilization.", "content": "A spring clip designed to be applied to the fallopian tube for sterilization without electrocoagulation was applied to 10 pigs. After documenting the prevention of pregnancy for 3 months, the clips were removed and successful reanastomosis was performed on eight pigs. Six of these pigs became pregnant within 2 months of the reanastomosis. This paper describes the technique of the reanastomosis and documents the potential reversibility of spring clip sterilization.", "contents": "Reversibility of clip sterilization. A spring clip designed to be applied to the fallopian tube for sterilization without electrocoagulation was applied to 10 pigs. After documenting the prevention of pregnancy for 3 months, the clips were removed and successful reanastomosis was performed on eight pigs. Six of these pigs became pregnant within 2 months of the reanastomosis. This paper describes the technique of the reanastomosis and documents the potential reversibility of spring clip sterilization.", "PMID": 1183638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8981", "title": "Clomiphene citrate-induced simulatneous intra- and extrauterine pregnancy: case report.", "content": "A rare complication of ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate is presented. The importance of keeping in mind such a serious complication is emphasized in order to achieve early diagnosis and appropriate management. In pregnancies following clomiphene treatment, close supervision is imperative as soon as pregnancy is evident.", "contents": "Clomiphene citrate-induced simulatneous intra- and extrauterine pregnancy: case report. A rare complication of ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate is presented. The importance of keeping in mind such a serious complication is emphasized in order to achieve early diagnosis and appropriate management. In pregnancies following clomiphene treatment, close supervision is imperative as soon as pregnancy is evident.", "PMID": 1183639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8982", "title": "Abdominal pregnancy complicated by genital and renal tuberculosts and hemolytic anemia.", "content": "After a 10-year period of primary infertility, a patient presented with abdominal pregnancy. Known to have had previously treated genital tuberculosis, on admission she was found to have renal tuberculosis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. After fetal death, laparotomy was performed and the fetus was removed. The patient's anemia responded well to steroid therapy and she was discharged on antituberculous triple therapy. The literature on hemolytic anemia in pregnancy and in association with tuberculosis, as well as on ectopic gestations, was reviewed.", "contents": "Abdominal pregnancy complicated by genital and renal tuberculosts and hemolytic anemia. After a 10-year period of primary infertility, a patient presented with abdominal pregnancy. Known to have had previously treated genital tuberculosis, on admission she was found to have renal tuberculosis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. After fetal death, laparotomy was performed and the fetus was removed. The patient's anemia responded well to steroid therapy and she was discharged on antituberculous triple therapy. The literature on hemolytic anemia in pregnancy and in association with tuberculosis, as well as on ectopic gestations, was reviewed.", "PMID": 1183640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8983", "title": "Variable motility recovery of spermatozoa following freeze preservation.", "content": "Semen from a random group of potentially fertile men and a small number of donors who had established an artificial insemination pregnancy was mixed with a cryoprotective agent and frozen by two different methods. After 1 week under liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C), all samples were thawed and their motilities determined. The post-thaw motilities were compared with the prefreeze motilities. The mean motility recovery rate in the group of semen samples with high counts was better than that in the group with counts in the low-normal range. The recovery rate with the slow-freeze method was slightly higher than that with the quick-freeze technique. However, the wide range of post-thaw motility among the random donors (0 to 60%) and the donors of proven fertility (15 to 45%) demonstrated that prefreeze motility and/or paternity history was no guarantee of good motility recovery following freezing. At a time when semen banking is being contemplated for \"fertility insurance\" prior to vasectomy, it is apparent that a trial freeze is necessary before recommending freeze-preservation of his semen to the man contemplating permanent surgical sterilization.", "contents": "Variable motility recovery of spermatozoa following freeze preservation. Semen from a random group of potentially fertile men and a small number of donors who had established an artificial insemination pregnancy was mixed with a cryoprotective agent and frozen by two different methods. After 1 week under liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C), all samples were thawed and their motilities determined. The post-thaw motilities were compared with the prefreeze motilities. The mean motility recovery rate in the group of semen samples with high counts was better than that in the group with counts in the low-normal range. The recovery rate with the slow-freeze method was slightly higher than that with the quick-freeze technique. However, the wide range of post-thaw motility among the random donors (0 to 60%) and the donors of proven fertility (15 to 45%) demonstrated that prefreeze motility and/or paternity history was no guarantee of good motility recovery following freezing. At a time when semen banking is being contemplated for \"fertility insurance\" prior to vasectomy, it is apparent that a trial freeze is necessary before recommending freeze-preservation of his semen to the man contemplating permanent surgical sterilization.", "PMID": 1183641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8984", "title": "Seminal prostaglandins in infertile men.", "content": "The concentration of prostaglandin E (PGE) was measured in the semen of 5 men of proven fertility and in 12 men of couples who were infertile but in whom no abnormality had been detected by conventional semen analysis, postcoital test of sperm motility, endometrial biopsy, and laparoscopic dye insufflation of the fallopian tubes. In the fertile men the mean PGE concentration was 52.7 +/- 9.9 mug/ml, and in infertile men the concentration was 22.1 +/- 2.76 mug/ml; the difference between the two groups was highly significant (P less than 0.001). In five of the infertile men attempts were made to raise the PGE concentration by the administration of either corn oil, which contains the prostaglandin precursor linoleic acid, or caffeine, which inhibits prostaglandin degradation; the response to both agents was insignificant.", "contents": "Seminal prostaglandins in infertile men. The concentration of prostaglandin E (PGE) was measured in the semen of 5 men of proven fertility and in 12 men of couples who were infertile but in whom no abnormality had been detected by conventional semen analysis, postcoital test of sperm motility, endometrial biopsy, and laparoscopic dye insufflation of the fallopian tubes. In the fertile men the mean PGE concentration was 52.7 +/- 9.9 mug/ml, and in infertile men the concentration was 22.1 +/- 2.76 mug/ml; the difference between the two groups was highly significant (P less than 0.001). In five of the infertile men attempts were made to raise the PGE concentration by the administration of either corn oil, which contains the prostaglandin precursor linoleic acid, or caffeine, which inhibits prostaglandin degradation; the response to both agents was insignificant.", "PMID": 1183642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8985", "title": "Post-ovarian wedge resection adhesive disease.", "content": "Our purpose was to determine how frequently adhesions develop after  wedge resection for polycystic ovarian disease and to investigate the possibility of their contributing to subsequent infertility. Medical records spanning 15 years were compiled on 173 patients who had been followed for at least 1 year after ovarian wedge resection. Ovarian adhesions were found either by endoscopy or laparotomy at varying times after surgery in 59 of 111 patients not lost to follow-up. Forty-three patients who desired conception did not conceive; forty developed postoperative adhesions. Drug therapy for polycystic ovarian disease seems to offer results comparable to those of surgery and eliminates the risk of adhesions.", "contents": "Post-ovarian wedge resection adhesive disease. Our purpose was to determine how frequently adhesions develop after  wedge resection for polycystic ovarian disease and to investigate the possibility of their contributing to subsequent infertility. Medical records spanning 15 years were compiled on 173 patients who had been followed for at least 1 year after ovarian wedge resection. Ovarian adhesions were found either by endoscopy or laparotomy at varying times after surgery in 59 of 111 patients not lost to follow-up. Forty-three patients who desired conception did not conceive; forty developed postoperative adhesions. Drug therapy for polycystic ovarian disease seems to offer results comparable to those of surgery and eliminates the risk of adhesions.", "PMID": 1183643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8986", "title": "Ocular effects of oral contraceptives. I. Studies in the dog.", "content": "The administration of two oral contraceptives to female dogs for 5 years did not produce ocular lesions. Corneal and lenticular opacities occurred with equal frequency in control and treated groups, and fundic lesions, including papilledema, venous dilatation, and venous or arterial retinal thrombosis, were not produced by doses of Enovid-E or Ovulen 1, 10, and 25 times the human dose.", "contents": "Ocular effects of oral contraceptives. I. Studies in the dog. The administration of two oral contraceptives to female dogs for 5 years did not produce ocular lesions. Corneal and lenticular opacities occurred with equal frequency in control and treated groups, and fundic lesions, including papilledema, venous dilatation, and venous or arterial retinal thrombosis, were not produced by doses of Enovid-E or Ovulen 1, 10, and 25 times the human dose.", "PMID": 1183645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8987", "title": "Effect of copper and plastic intrauterine devices on the norepinephrine content of rabbit oviduct and uterus.", "content": "An intrauterine device (IUD) consisting of either a plain or a copper-coated polyethylene catheter was inserted in one of the uteri of rabbits. Sham-operated uteri served as controls. The norepinephrine (NE) content was compared only between uteri within the same animal. Both copper and plastic IUDs markedly reduced the NE content in the uterus, but not in the oviduct, within 1 week after insertion. NE in both organs was present exclusively in the adrenergic nerve system. There was no difference in the action of the two types of IUDs. The effect of an IUD was probably eliminated by interruption of the preganglionic nerve connections. The results showed that the uterine adrenergic neurons are influenced by the presence of an IUD.", "contents": "Effect of copper and plastic intrauterine devices on the norepinephrine content of rabbit oviduct and uterus. An intrauterine device (IUD) consisting of either a plain or a copper-coated polyethylene catheter was inserted in one of the uteri of rabbits. Sham-operated uteri served as controls. The norepinephrine (NE) content was compared only between uteri within the same animal. Both copper and plastic IUDs markedly reduced the NE content in the uterus, but not in the oviduct, within 1 week after insertion. NE in both organs was present exclusively in the adrenergic nerve system. There was no difference in the action of the two types of IUDs. The effect of an IUD was probably eliminated by interruption of the preganglionic nerve connections. The results showed that the uterine adrenergic neurons are influenced by the presence of an IUD.", "PMID": 1183646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8988", "title": "Ultrastructural evolution of nucleoli of female rat germ cells.", "content": "The nucleoli of oogonia and oocytes of rat ovaries during fetal and neonatal life  were studied by light and electron microscopy. An evolution from atypical to typical nucleoli was shown. Nucleoli undergo a gradual increase in size and change from dense fibrillar bodies to complete nucleoli with pars fibrosa, pars granulosa, pars amorpha, and associated chromatin.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evolution of nucleoli of female rat germ cells. The nucleoli of oogonia and oocytes of rat ovaries during fetal and neonatal life  were studied by light and electron microscopy. An evolution from atypical to typical nucleoli was shown. Nucleoli undergo a gradual increase in size and change from dense fibrillar bodies to complete nucleoli with pars fibrosa, pars granulosa, pars amorpha, and associated chromatin.", "PMID": 1183647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8989", "title": "Ultrastructural study of separated cell and acrosomal membranes from bull spermatozoa.", "content": "Ejaculated bull spermatozoa were washed and incubated with a cationic detergent, Hyamine 2389, and the material removed was centrifuged on a three-step sucrose gradient. Five different bands were obtained, three of which contained cell and acrosomal membranes and also acrosomal material. The first of these, band  III, was composed of two parts. The lower part contained U-shaped membrane profiles originating from the outer acrosomal membrane, acrosomal material attached to them, and vesicles of different sizes. The upper part, in addition to various vesicles (probably formed from cell membrane), contained acrosomal vesicles arranged in the form of aggregates or caps. The latter vesicles were formed by fusion and vesiculation of the cell and outer acrosomal membranes with tightly bound acrosomal material. Band IV was uniform and comprised various round vesicles with a smooth membrane, which had a typical unit-membrane structure. There were obviously formed from the cell membrane. The fifth band, in the saline portion with material unsedimented in the sucrose, included small vesicles and membrane fragments, the origin of which was obscure. The solubilized material was also left in this fraction.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of separated cell and acrosomal membranes from bull spermatozoa. Ejaculated bull spermatozoa were washed and incubated with a cationic detergent, Hyamine 2389, and the material removed was centrifuged on a three-step sucrose gradient. Five different bands were obtained, three of which contained cell and acrosomal membranes and also acrosomal material. The first of these, band  III, was composed of two parts. The lower part contained U-shaped membrane profiles originating from the outer acrosomal membrane, acrosomal material attached to them, and vesicles of different sizes. The upper part, in addition to various vesicles (probably formed from cell membrane), contained acrosomal vesicles arranged in the form of aggregates or caps. The latter vesicles were formed by fusion and vesiculation of the cell and outer acrosomal membranes with tightly bound acrosomal material. Band IV was uniform and comprised various round vesicles with a smooth membrane, which had a typical unit-membrane structure. There were obviously formed from the cell membrane. The fifth band, in the saline portion with material unsedimented in the sucrose, included small vesicles and membrane fragments, the origin of which was obscure. The solubilized material was also left in this fraction.", "PMID": 1183648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8990", "title": "Influence of neonatal castration or neonatal anti-gonadotropin treatment on fertility, phallus development, and male sexual behavior in the mouse.", "content": "Male mice were castrated on the day of birth or were treated with anti-gonadotropin serum (AGS) successively on days 1, 3, and 5 of age. When the adult AGS-treated males were compared with normal rabbit serum (NRS)-treated males with respect to fertility, male sexual behavior, gonadotropin release, body size, and penis size it was found that: (1) fertility of AGS-treated males did not differ from that of NRS-treated males; (2) AGS-treated males showed a significant reduction in penis size, compared with NRS-treated males; (3) both groups showed high levels of male sexual behavior; (4) neither group showed the capacity to support ovulation in ovarian grafts from immature mice. It was also observed that the fertility of female mice treated with AGS on days 1, 3, and 5 of age did not differ from that of control females treated with comparable doses of NRS. Male mice castrated at birth showed a significant reduction in male sexual behavior and penis size compared with males first sham-operated at birth then castrated at 25 days of age. Thus, males castrated at  birth were similar to males receiving AGS in infancy, except for sex behavior. The results suggest that the neonatal pituitary in the mouse may not have an important role in the process of sexual differentiation. Previous data for the male rat were compared with those for the mouse.", "contents": "Influence of neonatal castration or neonatal anti-gonadotropin treatment on fertility, phallus development, and male sexual behavior in the mouse. Male mice were castrated on the day of birth or were treated with anti-gonadotropin serum (AGS) successively on days 1, 3, and 5 of age. When the adult AGS-treated males were compared with normal rabbit serum (NRS)-treated males with respect to fertility, male sexual behavior, gonadotropin release, body size, and penis size it was found that: (1) fertility of AGS-treated males did not differ from that of NRS-treated males; (2) AGS-treated males showed a significant reduction in penis size, compared with NRS-treated males; (3) both groups showed high levels of male sexual behavior; (4) neither group showed the capacity to support ovulation in ovarian grafts from immature mice. It was also observed that the fertility of female mice treated with AGS on days 1, 3, and 5 of age did not differ from that of control females treated with comparable doses of NRS. Male mice castrated at birth showed a significant reduction in male sexual behavior and penis size compared with males first sham-operated at birth then castrated at 25 days of age. Thus, males castrated at  birth were similar to males receiving AGS in infancy, except for sex behavior. The results suggest that the neonatal pituitary in the mouse may not have an important role in the process of sexual differentiation. Previous data for the male rat were compared with those for the mouse.", "PMID": 1183649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8991", "title": "Immunoglobulins on the surface of lymphocytes in ontogeny.", "content": "Immunoglobulins on the surface of lymphocytes from pig foetuses and newborn precolostral piglets were studied using iodinated monospecific anti-pig gamma- or mu-antisera. Labelling of cells was determined by autoradiography in light and electron microscope. Beginning with the 80th day of gestation the lymphocytes with surface IgM were detected in significant amounts in the spleen, whereas at earlier stages of prenatal development the IgM-bearing lymphocytes were detected rarely. The cells which carry surface immunoglobulins were classified as small lymphocytes with typical ultrastructural morphology.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins on the surface of lymphocytes in ontogeny. Immunoglobulins on the surface of lymphocytes from pig foetuses and newborn precolostral piglets were studied using iodinated monospecific anti-pig gamma- or mu-antisera. Labelling of cells was determined by autoradiography in light and electron microscope. Beginning with the 80th day of gestation the lymphocytes with surface IgM were detected in significant amounts in the spleen, whereas at earlier stages of prenatal development the IgM-bearing lymphocytes were detected rarely. The cells which carry surface immunoglobulins were classified as small lymphocytes with typical ultrastructural morphology.", "PMID": 1183651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8992", "title": "The effect of thymic humoral factor upon regeneration of lymphatic and haemopoietic tissues of irradiated mice.", "content": "The study investigates the effect of humoral factor isolated from calf-thymus (thymosin) upon regeneration of lymphatic and haemopoietic tissues of female (CBA times C57BL/10ScSn)F1 mice irradiated with a whole-body exposure of 500R or 600R of gamma-rays. Thymosin was applied subcutaneously in amounts of 5 mg. per mouse per day. Two schemes of application were used: 1. The first dose given immediately after irradiation, followed by one injection daily for a total of either 3 or 9 days. 2. The first dose given 3 days prior to radiation exposure, followed by one injection daily for a total of 7 days. The number of endogenous spleen colonies, 59Fe splenic uptake, and dry spleen weight, all estimated on day 9 postirradiation, were significantly higher in both experimental groups treated with thymosin, when tested against untreated controls. If the start of the treatment preceded the irradiation, the ESC number increased as much as five times beyond the level found in the irradiated untreated group and the 59Fe uptake even exceeded the values of iron incorporation in unirradiated mice. Stimulation of lymphopoiesis induced by thymosin was reflected in an increase in 2-(14)C-thymidine incorporation into DNA of the spleen, thymus and lymph nodes, measured 72 hours after irradiation.", "contents": "The effect of thymic humoral factor upon regeneration of lymphatic and haemopoietic tissues of irradiated mice. The study investigates the effect of humoral factor isolated from calf-thymus (thymosin) upon regeneration of lymphatic and haemopoietic tissues of female (CBA times C57BL/10ScSn)F1 mice irradiated with a whole-body exposure of 500R or 600R of gamma-rays. Thymosin was applied subcutaneously in amounts of 5 mg. per mouse per day. Two schemes of application were used: 1. The first dose given immediately after irradiation, followed by one injection daily for a total of either 3 or 9 days. 2. The first dose given 3 days prior to radiation exposure, followed by one injection daily for a total of 7 days. The number of endogenous spleen colonies, 59Fe splenic uptake, and dry spleen weight, all estimated on day 9 postirradiation, were significantly higher in both experimental groups treated with thymosin, when tested against untreated controls. If the start of the treatment preceded the irradiation, the ESC number increased as much as five times beyond the level found in the irradiated untreated group and the 59Fe uptake even exceeded the values of iron incorporation in unirradiated mice. Stimulation of lymphopoiesis induced by thymosin was reflected in an increase in 2-(14)C-thymidine incorporation into DNA of the spleen, thymus and lymph nodes, measured 72 hours after irradiation.", "PMID": 1183652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8993", "title": "The difference in absorption of bull seminal ribonuclease by organ tissues of juvenile and adult mice.", "content": "Young (6- to 8-day-old) mice, weighing 3-5 g., died after the injection of 0.5 mg. bull seminal ribonuclease, whereas adult mice (24-27 g.) withstood a 10-fold amount given in one injection and a 30-fold amount administered in 15 injections without histological changes in the tissues or blood cell counts. The determination of the antitesticular efficiency of AS, AS RNase in the mouse revealed that kidney, heart, lung, peritoneal and spleen tissues in young animals significantly absorb in vitro the enzyme. In adult mice, absorption occurs only in spleen, testicular tissue and Crocker tumour tissue. The difference in absorption of AS RNase by the tissues of juvenile and adult mice was also confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence under conditions in vitro and even in vivo.", "contents": "The difference in absorption of bull seminal ribonuclease by organ tissues of juvenile and adult mice. Young (6- to 8-day-old) mice, weighing 3-5 g., died after the injection of 0.5 mg. bull seminal ribonuclease, whereas adult mice (24-27 g.) withstood a 10-fold amount given in one injection and a 30-fold amount administered in 15 injections without histological changes in the tissues or blood cell counts. The determination of the antitesticular efficiency of AS, AS RNase in the mouse revealed that kidney, heart, lung, peritoneal and spleen tissues in young animals significantly absorb in vitro the enzyme. In adult mice, absorption occurs only in spleen, testicular tissue and Crocker tumour tissue. The difference in absorption of AS RNase by the tissues of juvenile and adult mice was also confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence under conditions in vitro and even in vivo.", "PMID": 1183653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8994", "title": "The effect of dried thyroid gland pretreatment upon survival, formation of endogenous spleen colonies and differentiation of haemopoietic cell populations in x-irradiated mice.", "content": "Experiments on non-inbred H-strain male mice confirmed that their radioresistance could be increased by a stimulatory action of the thyroid hormones applied for three weeks preceding the radiation exposure. It was found that the 30-day survival after 750R rose between the 1st and the 5th day after the end of the pretreatment. The highest degree of radioresistance was observed, when the radiation exposure fell into the phase of gradual receding of increased metabolic rate. The relevant experimental groups showed a higher frequency of endogenous spleen colonies and an increased granulocytic differentiation of haemopoietic stem cells. Higher colony-forming activity was also found in animals irradiated immediately after the termination of pretreatment with thyroid, but without an increase in survival. The lack of radioprotective effect under those circumstances could be explained by the persisting hypermetabolic effect of the thyroid, and by the fact that an increased proportion of haemopoietic stem cells underwent differentiation into the erythroid line.", "contents": "The effect of dried thyroid gland pretreatment upon survival, formation of endogenous spleen colonies and differentiation of haemopoietic cell populations in x-irradiated mice. Experiments on non-inbred H-strain male mice confirmed that their radioresistance could be increased by a stimulatory action of the thyroid hormones applied for three weeks preceding the radiation exposure. It was found that the 30-day survival after 750R rose between the 1st and the 5th day after the end of the pretreatment. The highest degree of radioresistance was observed, when the radiation exposure fell into the phase of gradual receding of increased metabolic rate. The relevant experimental groups showed a higher frequency of endogenous spleen colonies and an increased granulocytic differentiation of haemopoietic stem cells. Higher colony-forming activity was also found in animals irradiated immediately after the termination of pretreatment with thyroid, but without an increase in survival. The lack of radioprotective effect under those circumstances could be explained by the persisting hypermetabolic effect of the thyroid, and by the fact that an increased proportion of haemopoietic stem cells underwent differentiation into the erythroid line.", "PMID": 1183654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8995", "title": "Influence of ultraviolet light, various temperatures, and zinc ions on anthralin (dithranol). Biochemical and chemical investigations.", "content": "The changes of anthralin under various physical conditions (temperature, ultraviolet irradiation) were investigated by biochemical assay (inhibition of G-6-PDH activity), by oxygen monitor (increased oxygen consumption in the presence of zinc ions), and by recording the absorption spectra. Higher temperatures and exposure to ultraviolet light provoke the formation of a biochemically highly active compound within short periods of time. In clinical therapy, this compound may easily be formed when anthralin is used together with ultraviolet irradiation (Ingram method). Changes in the biochemical activity of anthralin are accompanied by changes in the absorption spectra. Oxidation (e.g. in the presence of zins ions) or inhibition of oxidation (e.g. in the presence of salicylic acid) may easily be detected by spectroscopic assay.", "contents": "Influence of ultraviolet light, various temperatures, and zinc ions on anthralin (dithranol). Biochemical and chemical investigations. The changes of anthralin under various physical conditions (temperature, ultraviolet irradiation) were investigated by biochemical assay (inhibition of G-6-PDH activity), by oxygen monitor (increased oxygen consumption in the presence of zinc ions), and by recording the absorption spectra. Higher temperatures and exposure to ultraviolet light provoke the formation of a biochemically highly active compound within short periods of time. In clinical therapy, this compound may easily be formed when anthralin is used together with ultraviolet irradiation (Ingram method). Changes in the biochemical activity of anthralin are accompanied by changes in the absorption spectra. Oxidation (e.g. in the presence of zins ions) or inhibition of oxidation (e.g. in the presence of salicylic acid) may easily be detected by spectroscopic assay.", "PMID": 1183690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8996", "title": "Sweating in the 'anhidrotic type' of congenital ectodermal dysplasia.", "content": "Whole body sweat rate in two brothers suffering from congenital ectodermal dysplasia (CED) was measured. At a moderate heat load (DBT 30 degrees C and 50% relative humidity) we found no apparent weight loss due to sweating. At a higher heat load (DBT 36 degrees C, 50% relative humidity) sweating was observed, but only at levels approximately two thirds of those observed in normal controls. In the light of these experimental results, we support the suggestion that the nomenclature for CED patients should be changed. Instead of the present classification of anhidrotic CED and hidrotic CED, it is suggested that the terms hypohidrotic and hidrotic be substituted.", "contents": "Sweating in the 'anhidrotic type' of congenital ectodermal dysplasia. Whole body sweat rate in two brothers suffering from congenital ectodermal dysplasia (CED) was measured. At a moderate heat load (DBT 30 degrees C and 50% relative humidity) we found no apparent weight loss due to sweating. At a higher heat load (DBT 36 degrees C, 50% relative humidity) sweating was observed, but only at levels approximately two thirds of those observed in normal controls. In the light of these experimental results, we support the suggestion that the nomenclature for CED patients should be changed. Instead of the present classification of anhidrotic CED and hidrotic CED, it is suggested that the terms hypohidrotic and hidrotic be substituted.", "PMID": 1183691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8997", "title": "Ingestion of ammonium nitrate as a possible cause of erythema dyschromicum perstans (ashy dermatosis).", "content": "Clinically and histologically typical erythema dyschromicum perstans has been provoked by repeated ingestion of very small amounts of a fertilizer, ammonium nitrate. It has been used by a boy who has noticed accidentally that after licking the fertilizer he developed hyperpigmentations. His main purpose was to avoid school attendance, and he developed a very ingenious method of licking the fertilizer once in several weeks in such a way that it did not produce any digestive or other troubles. His brother, an uniovular twin who had no contact with ammonium nitrate, was healthy. The case supports Pinkus' hypothesis that this type of lesions may be related to some environmental contaminant. Attention is called to a possible food contamination by ammonium nitrate.", "contents": "Ingestion of ammonium nitrate as a possible cause of erythema dyschromicum perstans (ashy dermatosis). Clinically and histologically typical erythema dyschromicum perstans has been provoked by repeated ingestion of very small amounts of a fertilizer, ammonium nitrate. It has been used by a boy who has noticed accidentally that after licking the fertilizer he developed hyperpigmentations. His main purpose was to avoid school attendance, and he developed a very ingenious method of licking the fertilizer once in several weeks in such a way that it did not produce any digestive or other troubles. His brother, an uniovular twin who had no contact with ammonium nitrate, was healthy. The case supports Pinkus' hypothesis that this type of lesions may be related to some environmental contaminant. Attention is called to a possible food contamination by ammonium nitrate.", "PMID": 1183692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8998", "title": "Effect of growth hormone on surface charge and electrophoretic mobility of thymocytes from young and aged rats.", "content": "The electrophoretic mobility and surface charge of thymocytes was reduced on incubation of the cells with growth hormone in vitro. All cells in thymus were not found to be sensitive to the hormone. The proportion of cells whose surface charge was altered by the hormone was 65% in the thymocytes from 5-week-old rats. The subpopulation of hormone-sensitive cells was reduced to 19% of the total teased-out thymocytes in 1-year-old rats and was below the level of detection in thymocytes derived from 11/2-year-old rats. Analytical studies showed that the alteration in the surface charge of the hormone-sensitive subpopulation was nearly of the same order in thymocytes derived from 5-week and 1-year-old rats, suggesting that the binding capacity of the cells for the hormone was presumably similar at the two ages. On the other hand the quantitative preponderance of the subpopulation of cells sensitive to growth hormone diminishes with age, reaching insignificant levels at 11/2 years.", "contents": "Effect of growth hormone on surface charge and electrophoretic mobility of thymocytes from young and aged rats. The electrophoretic mobility and surface charge of thymocytes was reduced on incubation of the cells with growth hormone in vitro. All cells in thymus were not found to be sensitive to the hormone. The proportion of cells whose surface charge was altered by the hormone was 65% in the thymocytes from 5-week-old rats. The subpopulation of hormone-sensitive cells was reduced to 19% of the total teased-out thymocytes in 1-year-old rats and was below the level of detection in thymocytes derived from 11/2-year-old rats. Analytical studies showed that the alteration in the surface charge of the hormone-sensitive subpopulation was nearly of the same order in thymocytes derived from 5-week and 1-year-old rats, suggesting that the binding capacity of the cells for the hormone was presumably similar at the two ages. On the other hand the quantitative preponderance of the subpopulation of cells sensitive to growth hormone diminishes with age, reaching insignificant levels at 11/2 years.", "PMID": 1183720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_8999", "title": "Enzymes of glucose metabolism and of the citrate cleavage pathway in adipose tissue of normal and diabetic subjects.", "content": "Enzyme activities operative in glucose degradation and citrate cleavage pathway were studied in the adipose tissue of twenty-four patients with adult-onset diabetes and normal body weight, aged 59+/-9 years, and twenty-four matched controls. In normal tissue, type II (heat-inactivated) hexokinase moderately predominated over type I (heat-resistant). 6-Phosphofructokinase had an extremely low activity, which was by far the lowest among the ten glycolytic enzyme activities investigated, and which therefore might greatly limit the glycolytic rate. The level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) was elevated above that occurring in other tissues. This, especially if considered together with the low 6-phosphofructokinase activity, would suggest a major role of pentose cycle in glucose degradation. Of the citrate cleavage pathway enzymes, ATP citrate-lyase, although having a lower activity than malate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP), was readily measurable, which contrasts with previous data by others. This finding is consistent with the occurrence of lipogenetic capacity in human adipose tissue. In diabetic tissue, there was a decreased activity, both on a protein and on a wet-weight basis, of enzymes concerned with the glucose entry into metabolic pathways, namely hexokinase (both type I and, especially, type II) and pentose cycle dehydrogenases, as well as of pyruvate kinase. This could be connected with the defective glucose utilization by adipose tissue in diabetes. Beside the above-mentioned dehydrogenases, malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) was also diminished. The reduction of these NADPH-forming enzymes, which supply reducing equivalents for fatty acid synthesis, would suggest a depressed lipogenesis.", "contents": "Enzymes of glucose metabolism and of the citrate cleavage pathway in adipose tissue of normal and diabetic subjects. Enzyme activities operative in glucose degradation and citrate cleavage pathway were studied in the adipose tissue of twenty-four patients with adult-onset diabetes and normal body weight, aged 59+/-9 years, and twenty-four matched controls. In normal tissue, type II (heat-inactivated) hexokinase moderately predominated over type I (heat-resistant). 6-Phosphofructokinase had an extremely low activity, which was by far the lowest among the ten glycolytic enzyme activities investigated, and which therefore might greatly limit the glycolytic rate. The level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) was elevated above that occurring in other tissues. This, especially if considered together with the low 6-phosphofructokinase activity, would suggest a major role of pentose cycle in glucose degradation. Of the citrate cleavage pathway enzymes, ATP citrate-lyase, although having a lower activity than malate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP), was readily measurable, which contrasts with previous data by others. This finding is consistent with the occurrence of lipogenetic capacity in human adipose tissue. In diabetic tissue, there was a decreased activity, both on a protein and on a wet-weight basis, of enzymes concerned with the glucose entry into metabolic pathways, namely hexokinase (both type I and, especially, type II) and pentose cycle dehydrogenases, as well as of pyruvate kinase. This could be connected with the defective glucose utilization by adipose tissue in diabetes. Beside the above-mentioned dehydrogenases, malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) was also diminished. The reduction of these NADPH-forming enzymes, which supply reducing equivalents for fatty acid synthesis, would suggest a depressed lipogenesis.", "PMID": 1183727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9000", "title": "Effect of adrenergic agents on postgastrectomy hypoglycemia.", "content": "Reactive hypoglycemia was documented in ten postgastrectomy patients by a control oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Nine patients experienced nausea, flushing, and fatigue during the first hour of the test. Neuroglycopenic or adrenergic symptoms of hypoglycemia occurred in eight patients two to five hours after oral glucose. The oral administration of phenylephrine elixir, 15 mg., thirty minutes before a repeat OGTT, significantly raised thelowest plasma glucose from 37.5 +/- 2.8 mg./dl. to 45.2 +/- 3.8 mg./dl. (p less than 0.05) but did not affect the occurrence of either the early or the late symptoms. In contrast, propranolol, 10 mg., raised the lowest plasma glucose from 37.5 +/- 2.8 mg./dl. to 57 +/- 5.2 mg./dl. (p less than 0.02) and prevented the occurrence of early and late symptoms. Neither peak nor total plasma insulin levels were affected by either drug. The rate of glucose utilization, as determined by intravenous glucose tolerance tests, did not significantly change after the oral administration of either drug. It is concluded that propranolol ameliorated the symptoms and chemical hypoglycemia after oral glucose and merits more detailed study as a long-term therapy for this disorder.", "contents": "Effect of adrenergic agents on postgastrectomy hypoglycemia. Reactive hypoglycemia was documented in ten postgastrectomy patients by a control oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Nine patients experienced nausea, flushing, and fatigue during the first hour of the test. Neuroglycopenic or adrenergic symptoms of hypoglycemia occurred in eight patients two to five hours after oral glucose. The oral administration of phenylephrine elixir, 15 mg., thirty minutes before a repeat OGTT, significantly raised thelowest plasma glucose from 37.5 +/- 2.8 mg./dl. to 45.2 +/- 3.8 mg./dl. (p less than 0.05) but did not affect the occurrence of either the early or the late symptoms. In contrast, propranolol, 10 mg., raised the lowest plasma glucose from 37.5 +/- 2.8 mg./dl. to 57 +/- 5.2 mg./dl. (p less than 0.02) and prevented the occurrence of early and late symptoms. Neither peak nor total plasma insulin levels were affected by either drug. The rate of glucose utilization, as determined by intravenous glucose tolerance tests, did not significantly change after the oral administration of either drug. It is concluded that propranolol ameliorated the symptoms and chemical hypoglycemia after oral glucose and merits more detailed study as a long-term therapy for this disorder.", "PMID": 1183731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9001", "title": "Modulation of fatty acid metabolism by glucagon in man. III. Role of pharmacologic limitation of FFA availability.", "content": "This study was undertaken to examine the contribution of plasma free fatty acid availability upon the regulation of ketone body and endogenous triglyceride concentration in man. This substrate-product relationship was examined both in the basal state and during hormonally induced ketogenic stimulation. Five insulin-deficient diabetics receiving a fixed dose of exogenous insulin were studied after a twelve-hour fast and twenty-four hours after their last therapeutic insulin injection. Reduction in basal free fatty acid concentration was induced with two weeks of clofibrate administration, and hormonal ketogenic stimulation was induced with glucagon administration. A highly significant correlation was observed between the basal free fatty acid level and the basal ketone body concentration. This substrate-product relationship persisted throughout hormonally induced ketogenic stimulation, suggesting that the basal free fatty acid concentration is a major determinant of the plasma ketone body concentration in man. In contrast, alterations in basal free fatty acid concentration were not accompanied by consistent changes in plasma triglyceride concentration, suggesting that plasma free fatty acid concentration may not be the principal determinant of the endogenous triglyceride concentration in clofibrate-treated diabetic man.", "contents": "Modulation of fatty acid metabolism by glucagon in man. III. Role of pharmacologic limitation of FFA availability. This study was undertaken to examine the contribution of plasma free fatty acid availability upon the regulation of ketone body and endogenous triglyceride concentration in man. This substrate-product relationship was examined both in the basal state and during hormonally induced ketogenic stimulation. Five insulin-deficient diabetics receiving a fixed dose of exogenous insulin were studied after a twelve-hour fast and twenty-four hours after their last therapeutic insulin injection. Reduction in basal free fatty acid concentration was induced with two weeks of clofibrate administration, and hormonal ketogenic stimulation was induced with glucagon administration. A highly significant correlation was observed between the basal free fatty acid level and the basal ketone body concentration. This substrate-product relationship persisted throughout hormonally induced ketogenic stimulation, suggesting that the basal free fatty acid concentration is a major determinant of the plasma ketone body concentration in man. In contrast, alterations in basal free fatty acid concentration were not accompanied by consistent changes in plasma triglyceride concentration, suggesting that plasma free fatty acid concentration may not be the principal determinant of the endogenous triglyceride concentration in clofibrate-treated diabetic man.", "PMID": 1183732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9002", "title": "Twenty-four-hour serum growth hormone levels in maturity-onset diabetics.", "content": "Serum growth hormone, glucose, and insulin were studied every half hour during a twenty-four-hour period of \"daily life\" in four groups of subjects: nonobese normal subjects, obese normal subjects, nonobese maturity-onset diabetics, and obese maturity-onset diabetics. It was found that (1) serum growth horomone was uniformly low without meal- and sleep-related peaks in obese normals and diabetics. The twenty-four-hour serum growth hormone level was significantly higher in nonobese subjects than in obese subjects, in both diabetics and normals; (2) the twenty-four-hour serum growth hormone level was more fluctuating and significantly higher in nonobese diabetics than in nonobese normals; (3) there was no difference in the twenty-four-hour serum growth hormone level between obese diabetics and obese normals.", "contents": "Twenty-four-hour serum growth hormone levels in maturity-onset diabetics. Serum growth hormone, glucose, and insulin were studied every half hour during a twenty-four-hour period of \"daily life\" in four groups of subjects: nonobese normal subjects, obese normal subjects, nonobese maturity-onset diabetics, and obese maturity-onset diabetics. It was found that (1) serum growth horomone was uniformly low without meal- and sleep-related peaks in obese normals and diabetics. The twenty-four-hour serum growth hormone level was significantly higher in nonobese subjects than in obese subjects, in both diabetics and normals; (2) the twenty-four-hour serum growth hormone level was more fluctuating and significantly higher in nonobese diabetics than in nonobese normals; (3) there was no difference in the twenty-four-hour serum growth hormone level between obese diabetics and obese normals.", "PMID": 1183733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9003", "title": "Glucose tolerance in a Saharan nomad population--the Broayas, from the Toubou ethnic group.", "content": "Oral plucose tolerance was studied in the Toubou Broayas living in northeaster Niger. Mean fasting plasma level of glucose was 64 +/- 22 (S.D.) mg./100 ml. Two hours after oral administration of 100 gm. glucose, the level was 74 +/- 26 mg./100 ml. Plasma insulin levels were, respectively, 18 +/- 13 and 36 +/- 24 muU./ml. There was no sex difference. Older subjects had higher glucose levels and heavier females had higher insulin levels two hours after glucose administration. In six subjects (4 per cent) the plasma glucose level exceeded either 110 or 130 mg./100 ml. in the fasting state or after glucose administration, respectively, without, however, exceeding 150 mg./100 ml. in any of them. The low prevalence of glucose intolerance in this population is discussed with regard to their nutritional conditions (80 per cent carbohydrates) and their physical activity (nomadism). The Broaya group, in whom obesity is unknown, appears to be well adapted to its extreme environment.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance in a Saharan nomad population--the Broayas, from the Toubou ethnic group. Oral plucose tolerance was studied in the Toubou Broayas living in northeaster Niger. Mean fasting plasma level of glucose was 64 +/- 22 (S.D.) mg./100 ml. Two hours after oral administration of 100 gm. glucose, the level was 74 +/- 26 mg./100 ml. Plasma insulin levels were, respectively, 18 +/- 13 and 36 +/- 24 muU./ml. There was no sex difference. Older subjects had higher glucose levels and heavier females had higher insulin levels two hours after glucose administration. In six subjects (4 per cent) the plasma glucose level exceeded either 110 or 130 mg./100 ml. in the fasting state or after glucose administration, respectively, without, however, exceeding 150 mg./100 ml. in any of them. The low prevalence of glucose intolerance in this population is discussed with regard to their nutritional conditions (80 per cent carbohydrates) and their physical activity (nomadism). The Broaya group, in whom obesity is unknown, appears to be well adapted to its extreme environment.", "PMID": 1183734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9004", "title": "Transport of peptide hormones across isolated rat mesentery: effect of human serum-bound insulin.", "content": "The exchange of 125I-insulin, 125I-glucagon, 125I-proinsulin, 125I-growth hormone, 131I-albumin, 14C-inulin, and 14C-dextran across isolated rat mesentery was studied in a diffusion cell. The passage of immunoprecipitable porcine 125I-insulin (0.88 ng./ml.) was not affected by porcine proinsulin (145 ng./ml.), crystalline porcine insulin (17.4 ng./ml.), human growth hormone (87 ng./ml.), bovine serum albumin (4.5 mg./ml.), or normal guinea pig serum (840 mug. protein/ml.). However, the rate of insulin exchange was reduced by guinea pig anti-insulin antiserum and partially purified human serum-bound insulin (175 mug. protein/ml.). Bound insulin at the same concentration did not affect the exchange of 125I-glucagon, 125I-growth hormone, 14C-inulin, or 14C-dextran. Further purification of bound insulin by Sephadex G-100 chromatography yielded an approximately 45,000-molecular-weight fraction that at 5 mug. protein permilliliter allowed essentially no insulin transport. This same fraction of bound insulin significantly inhibited the disappearance of immunoprecipitable porcine 125I-insulin from the incubation medium of isolated rat hemidiaphragms. Theses studies suggest that the transport of insulin across biologic membranes, mesothelium, and possible endothelium is specifically inhibited by bound insulin, a circulating macromolecule that possesses insulin-like activity.", "contents": "Transport of peptide hormones across isolated rat mesentery: effect of human serum-bound insulin. The exchange of 125I-insulin, 125I-glucagon, 125I-proinsulin, 125I-growth hormone, 131I-albumin, 14C-inulin, and 14C-dextran across isolated rat mesentery was studied in a diffusion cell. The passage of immunoprecipitable porcine 125I-insulin (0.88 ng./ml.) was not affected by porcine proinsulin (145 ng./ml.), crystalline porcine insulin (17.4 ng./ml.), human growth hormone (87 ng./ml.), bovine serum albumin (4.5 mg./ml.), or normal guinea pig serum (840 mug. protein/ml.). However, the rate of insulin exchange was reduced by guinea pig anti-insulin antiserum and partially purified human serum-bound insulin (175 mug. protein/ml.). Bound insulin at the same concentration did not affect the exchange of 125I-glucagon, 125I-growth hormone, 14C-inulin, or 14C-dextran. Further purification of bound insulin by Sephadex G-100 chromatography yielded an approximately 45,000-molecular-weight fraction that at 5 mug. protein permilliliter allowed essentially no insulin transport. This same fraction of bound insulin significantly inhibited the disappearance of immunoprecipitable porcine 125I-insulin from the incubation medium of isolated rat hemidiaphragms. Theses studies suggest that the transport of insulin across biologic membranes, mesothelium, and possible endothelium is specifically inhibited by bound insulin, a circulating macromolecule that possesses insulin-like activity.", "PMID": 1183735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9005", "title": "Equilibrium reactions in the feet of children with spastic cerebral palsy and of normal children.", "content": "The foot-balancing reactions to posterior and lateral displacement of the body were compared in 20 normal children and 30 children with spastic cerebral palsy. The children were divided into five functional groups in order to describe the normal developmental sequence and to contrast the responses of the feet of the spastic children with those of normal children. Normal children who had been walking for more than six months (advanced walkers) showed adult-like reactions, including ankle and tow dorsiflexion, medial-arch reactions and stepping responses. Normal children who had been walking for less than six weeks (Beginning Walkers) showed less developed ankle and medial-arch reactions and exhibited clawing rather than toe dorsiflexion. Children with spastic cerebral palsy differed significantly from the normal Advanced Walkers in each of the reactions observed. When compared with the normal Beginning Walkers they demonstrated less ankle dorsiflexion and medial-arch reactions but appeared similar in other factors. Differences were noted between the three functional spastic groups.", "contents": "Equilibrium reactions in the feet of children with spastic cerebral palsy and of normal children. The foot-balancing reactions to posterior and lateral displacement of the body were compared in 20 normal children and 30 children with spastic cerebral palsy. The children were divided into five functional groups in order to describe the normal developmental sequence and to contrast the responses of the feet of the spastic children with those of normal children. Normal children who had been walking for more than six months (advanced walkers) showed adult-like reactions, including ankle and tow dorsiflexion, medial-arch reactions and stepping responses. Normal children who had been walking for less than six weeks (Beginning Walkers) showed less developed ankle and medial-arch reactions and exhibited clawing rather than toe dorsiflexion. Children with spastic cerebral palsy differed significantly from the normal Advanced Walkers in each of the reactions observed. When compared with the normal Beginning Walkers they demonstrated less ankle dorsiflexion and medial-arch reactions but appeared similar in other factors. Differences were noted between the three functional spastic groups.", "PMID": 1183736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9006", "title": "Needle biopsies of muscle in infants for diagnosis and research.", "content": "The results of needle biopsies of muscle in 14 infants (age-range four months to 3 years 3 months) with marked hypotonia are presented. In adults, needle biopsies of muscle have been used to aid in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders, with considerable success. The simplicity of the method and the high quality of the samples obtained in the present study suggest that further evaluation of the technique in infants and small children is warranted, and that needle biopsy may in future take precedence over the more commonly used open technique.", "contents": "Needle biopsies of muscle in infants for diagnosis and research. The results of needle biopsies of muscle in 14 infants (age-range four months to 3 years 3 months) with marked hypotonia are presented. In adults, needle biopsies of muscle have been used to aid in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders, with considerable success. The simplicity of the method and the high quality of the samples obtained in the present study suggest that further evaluation of the technique in infants and small children is warranted, and that needle biopsy may in future take precedence over the more commonly used open technique.", "PMID": 1183737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9007", "title": "A home-visiting intervention programme with Jamaican mothers and children.", "content": "In order to promote better mental development in three-year-old children from poor Jamaican families, a home-visiting project was carried out with the aim of helping mothers to interact with and stimulate their children. Homes were visited once a week, and the use of toys and books was demonstrated to the mothers. The play equipment was then left with the family and exchanged at the following visit. After a maximum of 29 visits, the children had made significant gains (average 13 IQ points) compared with children in a previously matched control group. The mothers' knowledge of child-rearing had also improved. Similar intervention programmes may be useful on a larger scale, and need not be expensive if full use is made of the mothers' help.", "contents": "A home-visiting intervention programme with Jamaican mothers and children. In order to promote better mental development in three-year-old children from poor Jamaican families, a home-visiting project was carried out with the aim of helping mothers to interact with and stimulate their children. Homes were visited once a week, and the use of toys and books was demonstrated to the mothers. The play equipment was then left with the family and exchanged at the following visit. After a maximum of 29 visits, the children had made significant gains (average 13 IQ points) compared with children in a previously matched control group. The mothers' knowledge of child-rearing had also improved. Similar intervention programmes may be useful on a larger scale, and need not be expensive if full use is made of the mothers' help.", "PMID": 1183739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9008", "title": "Peripheral neuropathy in Leigh's encephalomyelopathy.", "content": "An infant with subacute necrotising encephalopathy is described, in whom slow motornerve conduction velocities suggested the presence of peripheral neuropathy. Peripheral nerves are not invariably involved in patients with this disease, but as they are involved in thiamine-deficiency states it is conjectured that the presence or absence of peripheral neuropathy in patients with subacute necrotising encephalopathy may distinguish those with thiamine triphosphate deficiency from those in whom the disease is due to other causes.", "contents": "Peripheral neuropathy in Leigh's encephalomyelopathy. An infant with subacute necrotising encephalopathy is described, in whom slow motornerve conduction velocities suggested the presence of peripheral neuropathy. Peripheral nerves are not invariably involved in patients with this disease, but as they are involved in thiamine-deficiency states it is conjectured that the presence or absence of peripheral neuropathy in patients with subacute necrotising encephalopathy may distinguish those with thiamine triphosphate deficiency from those in whom the disease is due to other causes.", "PMID": 1183740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9009", "title": "Progressive neural muscular atrophy in a case of phenylketonuria.", "content": "Clinical, neurophysiological and nerve-biopsy findings are described in a 13-1/2-year-old boy with classical phenylketonuria who developed progressive muscular atrophy. Clinical examination revealed atrophy of the calf muscles and pes varus. Tendon jerks were brisk in the upper extremities but were absent in the right leg and weak in the left leg. Nerve conduction velocities of the median and peroneal nerve were strongly reduced. Light- and electronmicroscopic investigation of sural nerve biopsy revealed axonal dystrophy and 'onion-bulb' formation of the Schwann cells. It is assumed that the combination of phenylketonuria and progressive muscular atrophy in this patient is an accidental occurrence.", "contents": "Progressive neural muscular atrophy in a case of phenylketonuria. Clinical, neurophysiological and nerve-biopsy findings are described in a 13-1/2-year-old boy with classical phenylketonuria who developed progressive muscular atrophy. Clinical examination revealed atrophy of the calf muscles and pes varus. Tendon jerks were brisk in the upper extremities but were absent in the right leg and weak in the left leg. Nerve conduction velocities of the median and peroneal nerve were strongly reduced. Light- and electronmicroscopic investigation of sural nerve biopsy revealed axonal dystrophy and 'onion-bulb' formation of the Schwann cells. It is assumed that the combination of phenylketonuria and progressive muscular atrophy in this patient is an accidental occurrence.", "PMID": 1183741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9010", "title": "Familial inheritance of coronal craniosynostosis.", "content": "Five members of three families with premature fusion of the coronal sutures are briefly reported. The pedigrees of these patients are presented. In each case the mode of inheritance was autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance.", "contents": "Familial inheritance of coronal craniosynostosis. Five members of three families with premature fusion of the coronal sutures are briefly reported. The pedigrees of these patients are presented. In each case the mode of inheritance was autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance.", "PMID": 1183742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9011", "title": "Sex-linked hydrocephalus.", "content": "A Danish family with seven males with hydrocephalus in three generations is described. Frequent findings in this x-linked recessive form of the disease are irregular cranium, asymmetrical face, thumb held across palm, spasticity of the legs and paradoxical plantar responses. The literature on this mode of inheritance is reviewed.", "contents": "Sex-linked hydrocephalus. A Danish family with seven males with hydrocephalus in three generations is described. Frequent findings in this x-linked recessive form of the disease are irregular cranium, asymmetrical face, thumb held across palm, spasticity of the legs and paradoxical plantar responses. The literature on this mode of inheritance is reviewed.", "PMID": 1183743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9012", "title": "On the relationship of cholelithiasis to carcinoma of the gall-bladder and on the sex dependency of the carcinoma of the bile ducts. A study based on the autopsy data from 1928 to 1972.", "content": "On the basis of the autopsy data from the Pathology Department of the Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna from 1928 to 1972, it has been shown that gall-stones occur more frequently in conjunction with the carcinoma of the gall-bladder but have not aetiological relationship with the malignancy. It is further shown that the carcinoma of the bile ducts is more common in males and the carcinoma of the gall-bladder more common in females.", "contents": "On the relationship of cholelithiasis to carcinoma of the gall-bladder and on the sex dependency of the carcinoma of the bile ducts. A study based on the autopsy data from 1928 to 1972. On the basis of the autopsy data from the Pathology Department of the Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna from 1928 to 1972, it has been shown that gall-stones occur more frequently in conjunction with the carcinoma of the gall-bladder but have not aetiological relationship with the malignancy. It is further shown that the carcinoma of the bile ducts is more common in males and the carcinoma of the gall-bladder more common in females.", "PMID": 1183746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9013", "title": "Effects of long-term treatment with metiamide.", "content": "Metiamide was given to patients with peptic ulcer or oesophagitis in a pilot study to establish the therapeutic value of the drug. Administration of metiamide resulted in relief of pain within a week in the majority of patients. Healing of duodenal and gastric ulcers was observed.", "contents": "Effects of long-term treatment with metiamide. Metiamide was given to patients with peptic ulcer or oesophagitis in a pilot study to establish the therapeutic value of the drug. Administration of metiamide resulted in relief of pain within a week in the majority of patients. Healing of duodenal and gastric ulcers was observed.", "PMID": 1183747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9014", "title": "Influence of the length of Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty on the area of gastric outlet.", "content": "Using agar casts of human post-mortem stomachs we have shown that (1) A 4-cm Heineke-Mikulicz (H-M) pyloroplasty increases the diameter of the narrowest area of the pylorus in every case. (2) Further increase to an 8-cm pyloroplasty leads to a further comparable increase in the size of the outlet. (3) The distortion caused by H-M pyloroplasty does not reduce the mean cross-sectioned area of the pyloric canal. (4) The narrowest area of the outlet appears to remain at the pylorus. These findings and their significance in gastric emptying are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Influence of the length of Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty on the area of gastric outlet. Using agar casts of human post-mortem stomachs we have shown that (1) A 4-cm Heineke-Mikulicz (H-M) pyloroplasty increases the diameter of the narrowest area of the pylorus in every case. (2) Further increase to an 8-cm pyloroplasty leads to a further comparable increase in the size of the outlet. (3) The distortion caused by H-M pyloroplasty does not reduce the mean cross-sectioned area of the pyloric canal. (4) The narrowest area of the outlet appears to remain at the pylorus. These findings and their significance in gastric emptying are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1183749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9015", "title": "Effect of portal arterialization on hepatic cytochrome P-450 in rats with portacaval shunt.", "content": "Fractional clearance of colloidal gold particles (k), liver weight and hepatic cytochrome P-450 were measured in rats with portacaval shunt and in rats with portacaval shunt plus arterialization of the hepatic stump of the portal vein. The effects of enzyme induction by phenobarbital was studied in both groups. Total arterialization of the liver provides a probably normal hepatic blood flow and seems to protect the liver from post-shunt atrophy. Nevertheless, in both arterialized and shunted rats, the cytochrome P-450 concentration was significantly lower than in controls. The same results were obtained after treatment by phenobarbital. These findings suggest that normal hepatic blood flow and oxygen supply are not the main determinant of a normal activity of the hepatic microsomal biotransformation system. Substances present in portal blood would probably be necessary in maintaining hepatic cytochrome P-450 level.", "contents": "Effect of portal arterialization on hepatic cytochrome P-450 in rats with portacaval shunt. Fractional clearance of colloidal gold particles (k), liver weight and hepatic cytochrome P-450 were measured in rats with portacaval shunt and in rats with portacaval shunt plus arterialization of the hepatic stump of the portal vein. The effects of enzyme induction by phenobarbital was studied in both groups. Total arterialization of the liver provides a probably normal hepatic blood flow and seems to protect the liver from post-shunt atrophy. Nevertheless, in both arterialized and shunted rats, the cytochrome P-450 concentration was significantly lower than in controls. The same results were obtained after treatment by phenobarbital. These findings suggest that normal hepatic blood flow and oxygen supply are not the main determinant of a normal activity of the hepatic microsomal biotransformation system. Substances present in portal blood would probably be necessary in maintaining hepatic cytochrome P-450 level.", "PMID": 1183748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9016", "title": "Inhibition of bile acid and water absorption by phenethylbiguanide in rat ileum in vivo.", "content": "Since biguanides are known to inhibit hexose and amino acid absorption in vivo and in vitro as well as vitamin B12 absorption the effect of phenethylbiguanide on taurocholate (TC) and water absorption was measured in rat ileum in vivo. Phenethylbiguanide exhibited a time-dependent inhibitory effect on TC- and water absorption. If the bile acid inhibitory effect of biguanides can be found in diabetics on treatment with biguanides it might explain the observed cholesterol-lowering effect of these oral antidiabetic drugs.", "contents": "Inhibition of bile acid and water absorption by phenethylbiguanide in rat ileum in vivo. Since biguanides are known to inhibit hexose and amino acid absorption in vivo and in vitro as well as vitamin B12 absorption the effect of phenethylbiguanide on taurocholate (TC) and water absorption was measured in rat ileum in vivo. Phenethylbiguanide exhibited a time-dependent inhibitory effect on TC- and water absorption. If the bile acid inhibitory effect of biguanides can be found in diabetics on treatment with biguanides it might explain the observed cholesterol-lowering effect of these oral antidiabetic drugs.", "PMID": 1183750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9017", "title": "Aspects of basal gastric secretion in man.", "content": "In patients with duodenal ulcer, basal secretion may be significantly inhibited by venepuncture or by overnight aspiration of gastric contents. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Aspects of basal gastric secretion in man. In patients with duodenal ulcer, basal secretion may be significantly inhibited by venepuncture or by overnight aspiration of gastric contents. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1183751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9018", "title": "Gastric acid secretion in pancreatic disease.", "content": "Gastric acid secretion studies were carried out in 48 patients with pancreatic disease and in 20 control subjects. The mean basal and maximal outputs were lower in the patients than in control subjects. The present study indicates that such patients are not likely to suffer from gastric hypersecretion and peptic ulceration.", "contents": "Gastric acid secretion in pancreatic disease. Gastric acid secretion studies were carried out in 48 patients with pancreatic disease and in 20 control subjects. The mean basal and maximal outputs were lower in the patients than in control subjects. The present study indicates that such patients are not likely to suffer from gastric hypersecretion and peptic ulceration.", "PMID": 1183752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9019", "title": "New observations on the absorption of 47Ca in patients with partial gastrectomy.", "content": "By comparison with controls the investigation of 47Ca absorption and excretion kinetics after oral administration to patients with Billroth I gastrectomy (without milk intolerance) showed no differences in excretion of the isotope in urine and stool or in retention in the body. Patients with Billroth II gastrectomy had a higher degree of isotope excretion in stool and a lower retention of 47Ca. The higher absorption curves of isotope in Billroth I patients suggest a more rapid rate of 47Ca absorption without an actual change in transport capacity.", "contents": "New observations on the absorption of 47Ca in patients with partial gastrectomy. By comparison with controls the investigation of 47Ca absorption and excretion kinetics after oral administration to patients with Billroth I gastrectomy (without milk intolerance) showed no differences in excretion of the isotope in urine and stool or in retention in the body. Patients with Billroth II gastrectomy had a higher degree of isotope excretion in stool and a lower retention of 47Ca. The higher absorption curves of isotope in Billroth I patients suggest a more rapid rate of 47Ca absorption without an actual change in transport capacity.", "PMID": 1183753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9020", "title": "Parietal cell vagotomy in dogs. Influence on heidenhain pouch acid secretion, serum gastrin concentration, gastric emptying and motility.", "content": "No change was observed in fasting Heidenhain pouch (HP) acid secretion and fasting serum gastrin concentration following parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) in six dogs whereas significant increase in food-stimulated pouch secretion and serum gastrin concentration was observed. The increase in pouch secretion after PCV took place mainly in the first 2 h after meal. The maximum serum gastrin concentration was reached at 15 min after feeding before as well as after PCV. Maximum in HP secretion was reached later, at 120 min before and at 90 min after surgery. Gastric emptying studies, using a food-barium meal, showed a slight decrease in the emptying rate after PCV in two dogs, while it was unchanged in the others. Cineradiography showed an unaffected antral motility in all dogs after PCV.", "contents": "Parietal cell vagotomy in dogs. Influence on heidenhain pouch acid secretion, serum gastrin concentration, gastric emptying and motility. No change was observed in fasting Heidenhain pouch (HP) acid secretion and fasting serum gastrin concentration following parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) in six dogs whereas significant increase in food-stimulated pouch secretion and serum gastrin concentration was observed. The increase in pouch secretion after PCV took place mainly in the first 2 h after meal. The maximum serum gastrin concentration was reached at 15 min after feeding before as well as after PCV. Maximum in HP secretion was reached later, at 120 min before and at 90 min after surgery. Gastric emptying studies, using a food-barium meal, showed a slight decrease in the emptying rate after PCV in two dogs, while it was unchanged in the others. Cineradiography showed an unaffected antral motility in all dogs after PCV.", "PMID": 1183754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9021", "title": "Concentration and transport of different sugars in the lymph of the thoracic duct and in blood of the portal vein in dogs after enteral and parenteral administration.", "content": "The uptake and distribution of glucose, galactose, fructose and inulin in dogs was investigated in the lymph of the thoracic duct and in different blood vessels after enteral and parenteral administration. Whereas inulin could be detected neither in the lymph nor in portal venous blood after enteral administration, all other sugars were found in different concentrations in blood and lymph. Although the concentration of different sugars in the lymph after enteral and parenteral application can be compared to that in serum, the amount of sugars transported via the lymphatics is so small that it can be neglected.", "contents": "Concentration and transport of different sugars in the lymph of the thoracic duct and in blood of the portal vein in dogs after enteral and parenteral administration. The uptake and distribution of glucose, galactose, fructose and inulin in dogs was investigated in the lymph of the thoracic duct and in different blood vessels after enteral and parenteral administration. Whereas inulin could be detected neither in the lymph nor in portal venous blood after enteral administration, all other sugars were found in different concentrations in blood and lymph. Although the concentration of different sugars in the lymph after enteral and parenteral application can be compared to that in serum, the amount of sugars transported via the lymphatics is so small that it can be neglected.", "PMID": 1183755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9022", "title": "Ontogensis of spermatozoa autoantigens in guinea pigs.", "content": "The ontogenetic appearance of three independant spermatozoa autoantigens (S, P and T) has been studied in guinea pig germinal cells by immunofluorescence and comparison with cytology and histological structures during early maturation of seminiferous tubule cells. The maturation of 120 testes from 60 guinea pigs studied from day 1 to day 50 after birth has shown an evolution in 3 periods. During the first, or negative, period (day 1 to day 25), only spermatogonia (from day 1) and spermatocytes I (from day 16) are present. No significant PAS-positive formations are seen and no autoantigen is detected. During the second, or transitional, period (day 26 to 29), spermatocytes II and spermatids appear as well as paranuclear PAS-positive golgian proacrosomal and acrosomal granules. At the same time, the three autoantigens S, P and T are detected on the same PAS-positive formations with a frequency that increases from day to day. During the third, or positive, period (from day 30) all testes present cells with PAS-positive formation, progressive maturation of acrosomes in spermatids and appearance of spermatozoa (present on day 39) leading to the adult structure of seminiferous tubules. The three autoantigens are constantly present during that period. The simultaneous appearance of the 3 antigens in haploid germinal cells (spermatids and possibly spermatocytes II) as an early expression of cytodifferentiation and their total absence from diploid germinal cells (spermatogonia and spermatocytes I) seem to be of biological significance.", "contents": "Ontogensis of spermatozoa autoantigens in guinea pigs. The ontogenetic appearance of three independant spermatozoa autoantigens (S, P and T) has been studied in guinea pig germinal cells by immunofluorescence and comparison with cytology and histological structures during early maturation of seminiferous tubule cells. The maturation of 120 testes from 60 guinea pigs studied from day 1 to day 50 after birth has shown an evolution in 3 periods. During the first, or negative, period (day 1 to day 25), only spermatogonia (from day 1) and spermatocytes I (from day 16) are present. No significant PAS-positive formations are seen and no autoantigen is detected. During the second, or transitional, period (day 26 to 29), spermatocytes II and spermatids appear as well as paranuclear PAS-positive golgian proacrosomal and acrosomal granules. At the same time, the three autoantigens S, P and T are detected on the same PAS-positive formations with a frequency that increases from day to day. During the third, or positive, period (from day 30) all testes present cells with PAS-positive formation, progressive maturation of acrosomes in spermatids and appearance of spermatozoa (present on day 39) leading to the adult structure of seminiferous tubules. The three autoantigens are constantly present during that period. The simultaneous appearance of the 3 antigens in haploid germinal cells (spermatids and possibly spermatocytes II) as an early expression of cytodifferentiation and their total absence from diploid germinal cells (spermatogonia and spermatocytes I) seem to be of biological significance.", "PMID": 1183756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9023", "title": "The localisation of bovine sperm hyaluronidase.", "content": "Hyaluronidase is a component of the acrosome of bovine spermatozoa. Utilizing fluorescein and peroxidase-labelled antibodies, the enzyme has been localised at both the light and electron microscopic levels. Antibodies against purified bovine testicular hyaluronidase were prepared in New Zealand white rabbits. Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and immuno-inhibition studies of the antiserum demonstrated the presence of an antibody specific for bovine sperm hyaluronidase with no cross reactivity to other sperm-associated antigens. Fluorescence microscopy of ejaculated bovine spermatozoa show the enzyme to be limited to the anterior portion of the acrosome with a sharp termination at the rostral border of the equatorial segment of the acrosome. Light microscopic studies with peroxidase-labelled antiserum were similar to the fluorescent findings. Fine structure studies revealed reaction product predominately associated with the matrix of the acrosome cap. Within the acrosome, more intense localisation was observed in the apical densities, while no product was visualised within the equatorial segment. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that the enzyme functions to facilitate the passage of spermatozoa between cells.", "contents": "The localisation of bovine sperm hyaluronidase. Hyaluronidase is a component of the acrosome of bovine spermatozoa. Utilizing fluorescein and peroxidase-labelled antibodies, the enzyme has been localised at both the light and electron microscopic levels. Antibodies against purified bovine testicular hyaluronidase were prepared in New Zealand white rabbits. Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and immuno-inhibition studies of the antiserum demonstrated the presence of an antibody specific for bovine sperm hyaluronidase with no cross reactivity to other sperm-associated antigens. Fluorescence microscopy of ejaculated bovine spermatozoa show the enzyme to be limited to the anterior portion of the acrosome with a sharp termination at the rostral border of the equatorial segment of the acrosome. Light microscopic studies with peroxidase-labelled antiserum were similar to the fluorescent findings. Fine structure studies revealed reaction product predominately associated with the matrix of the acrosome cap. Within the acrosome, more intense localisation was observed in the apical densities, while no product was visualised within the equatorial segment. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that the enzyme functions to facilitate the passage of spermatozoa between cells.", "PMID": 1183757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9024", "title": "Relation of an evolutionary mechanism to differentiation.", "content": "It is believed that new gene products and differentiations arise during evolution by the creation of new members of families of repeated DNA sequences which undergo diversification and take on new functions, while still retaining some common sequences indicating their common ancestry. Since some of the sequences of such DNA families control differentiations that occur in present-day embryos, it appears that members of such families formed during evolution are active in development. The presence of partially homologous proteins in related types of cells, as well as the labile pattern of determination and differentiation of these cells, supports this idea. The ontogenetic sequence of differentiation follows the phylogenetic one and this may occur because the more conservative members of any family of DNA sequences are more reiterated and transcribe more copies of RNA.", "contents": "Relation of an evolutionary mechanism to differentiation. It is believed that new gene products and differentiations arise during evolution by the creation of new members of families of repeated DNA sequences which undergo diversification and take on new functions, while still retaining some common sequences indicating their common ancestry. Since some of the sequences of such DNA families control differentiations that occur in present-day embryos, it appears that members of such families formed during evolution are active in development. The presence of partially homologous proteins in related types of cells, as well as the labile pattern of determination and differentiation of these cells, supports this idea. The ontogenetic sequence of differentiation follows the phylogenetic one and this may occur because the more conservative members of any family of DNA sequences are more reiterated and transcribe more copies of RNA.", "PMID": 1183758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9025", "title": "Long term culture of cells derived from mouse blastocysts.", "content": "The development of mouse blastocysts in primary culture has been followed for up to two months. The trophectoderm layer of the blastocyst gives rise to a monolayer of trophoblast cells; cells resembling both ectoplacental cone cells and primary giant cells are observed. The former can transform to giant cells, presumably secondary trophoblast, after several days in culture. Giant trophoblast cells are evident in the culture for much longer than the normal gestation period. Under the culture conditions described, the proportion of blastocysts showing substantial inner cell mass (ICM) proliferation in vitro is higher than that noted in previous studies. The ICM clumps develop into either egg cylinder-like structures, or, more commonly, into spherical, fluid-filled vesicles. The vesicles, which resemble yolk sac morphologically and biochemically [10, 11], continue to enlarge in size during several weeks of culture. The vesicles are attached to the underlying trophoblast monolayers by a stalk. Cells appear to migrate from this stalk out along the culture dish. The result after two to four weeks of culture is the appearance of a mixed monolayer containing a variety of different cell types. Secondary cultures of blastocyst cells have been continuously maintained in vitro for more than one year. Four lines of cells, all developing from the same pool of blastocysts, have been monitored for morphological, growth and biochemical properties, as well as chromosome number. Each line contained two or more morphologically distinct cell types, clearly indicated by cloning studies after eight months of culture. Doubling times and saturation densities among the four lines differed, as did biochemical properties. Although none of the cell lines resembled trophoblast biochemically after 7.5 months in culture, one line, MB4, possessed a number of biochemical properties in common with midgestation yolk sac. After a further five months of culture, some enzymes in the four lines were relatively unchanged; in other cases, notably with alkaline phosphatase, a sharp drop in enzyme activity was observed. One cell line, MB2, and specifically one of the cell types in this line, produced a yellow-orange pigment with a spectrum resembling that of a heme protein. After 7.5 months of culture, two of the four lines, MB21 and MB31, contained large numbers of cells with a diploid number of chromosomes. However, by 12.5 months in culture, the large majority of metaphases in all four cell lines possessed a hypotetraploid chromosome number. In a number of studies carried out to date, none of the cell lines generated tumors when injected into syngeneic hosts.", "contents": "Long term culture of cells derived from mouse blastocysts. The development of mouse blastocysts in primary culture has been followed for up to two months. The trophectoderm layer of the blastocyst gives rise to a monolayer of trophoblast cells; cells resembling both ectoplacental cone cells and primary giant cells are observed. The former can transform to giant cells, presumably secondary trophoblast, after several days in culture. Giant trophoblast cells are evident in the culture for much longer than the normal gestation period. Under the culture conditions described, the proportion of blastocysts showing substantial inner cell mass (ICM) proliferation in vitro is higher than that noted in previous studies. The ICM clumps develop into either egg cylinder-like structures, or, more commonly, into spherical, fluid-filled vesicles. The vesicles, which resemble yolk sac morphologically and biochemically [10, 11], continue to enlarge in size during several weeks of culture. The vesicles are attached to the underlying trophoblast monolayers by a stalk. Cells appear to migrate from this stalk out along the culture dish. The result after two to four weeks of culture is the appearance of a mixed monolayer containing a variety of different cell types. Secondary cultures of blastocyst cells have been continuously maintained in vitro for more than one year. Four lines of cells, all developing from the same pool of blastocysts, have been monitored for morphological, growth and biochemical properties, as well as chromosome number. Each line contained two or more morphologically distinct cell types, clearly indicated by cloning studies after eight months of culture. Doubling times and saturation densities among the four lines differed, as did biochemical properties. Although none of the cell lines resembled trophoblast biochemically after 7.5 months in culture, one line, MB4, possessed a number of biochemical properties in common with midgestation yolk sac. After a further five months of culture, some enzymes in the four lines were relatively unchanged; in other cases, notably with alkaline phosphatase, a sharp drop in enzyme activity was observed. One cell line, MB2, and specifically one of the cell types in this line, produced a yellow-orange pigment with a spectrum resembling that of a heme protein. After 7.5 months of culture, two of the four lines, MB21 and MB31, contained large numbers of cells with a diploid number of chromosomes. However, by 12.5 months in culture, the large majority of metaphases in all four cell lines possessed a hypotetraploid chromosome number. In a number of studies carried out to date, none of the cell lines generated tumors when injected into syngeneic hosts.", "PMID": 1183760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9026", "title": "Cell proliferation and cell differentiation in tissue cultures of adult muco-cilliary epithelia.", "content": "Explants and monolayers from a variety of muco-ciliary epithelia were cultivated in vitro and the kinetics of their proliferation and differentiation described. New epithelial lining and epithelial-like monolayer sheets of cells formed in which the migration cells were all originally undifferentiated cycling stem cells. The divided and differentiated in ML growth into cell types characteristic of the tissue source: however, the control mechanisms which regulate cell division and cell differentiation in the tissues were lost outside the tissue framework. Cell division and cyto-differentiation in ML growths both in ciliated and in mucus-producing cells, were not always mutually exclusive.", "contents": "Cell proliferation and cell differentiation in tissue cultures of adult muco-cilliary epithelia. Explants and monolayers from a variety of muco-ciliary epithelia were cultivated in vitro and the kinetics of their proliferation and differentiation described. New epithelial lining and epithelial-like monolayer sheets of cells formed in which the migration cells were all originally undifferentiated cycling stem cells. The divided and differentiated in ML growth into cell types characteristic of the tissue source: however, the control mechanisms which regulate cell division and cell differentiation in the tissues were lost outside the tissue framework. Cell division and cyto-differentiation in ML growths both in ciliated and in mucus-producing cells, were not always mutually exclusive.", "PMID": 1183761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9027", "title": "Aspartate aminotransferase activity during early development of chicken embryo.", "content": "Aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) activity is studied, employing two different procedures, during early development stages of chicken embryo. ATT activity is steady from pre-streak to the definitive primitive streak stage after which it suddenly increases as growth proceeds. INH or IIH administration in this embryonic system led to almost instantaneous and complete disappearance of AAT activity which could be reversed to 80 percent by treatment with equimolar pyridoxal phosphate. Histochemical studies from the literature support a view that the period of intense differentiation coincides with an increased RNA content. The present study shows more AAT activity per mg wet embryo during the same development stages. Whether this is due to availability of more aspartic acid for pyrimidine is not clear due to possible presence of two AAT activities, the many competing reactions that can use aspartic acid, and in situ conditions during differentiation.", "contents": "Aspartate aminotransferase activity during early development of chicken embryo. Aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) activity is studied, employing two different procedures, during early development stages of chicken embryo. ATT activity is steady from pre-streak to the definitive primitive streak stage after which it suddenly increases as growth proceeds. INH or IIH administration in this embryonic system led to almost instantaneous and complete disappearance of AAT activity which could be reversed to 80 percent by treatment with equimolar pyridoxal phosphate. Histochemical studies from the literature support a view that the period of intense differentiation coincides with an increased RNA content. The present study shows more AAT activity per mg wet embryo during the same development stages. Whether this is due to availability of more aspartic acid for pyrimidine is not clear due to possible presence of two AAT activities, the many competing reactions that can use aspartic acid, and in situ conditions during differentiation.", "PMID": 1183762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9028", "title": "Mouse histidyl-tRNAs during pregnancy. Differentiation of activity profiles within and between organs.", "content": "Optimal conditions for in vitro formation of His-tRNA were established. Transfer RNA of maternal mouse organs and total embryo at 13 and 17 days of pregnancy was acylated in vitro with [3H] or [14C] histidine and examined by reversed-phase plaskon chromatography. Most tissues show different radioactive profiles reflecting a varying activity of six to eight isoaccepting His-tRNA species. Quantitative differences in profile were observed for liver tRNA during pregnancy. Profiles of embryo and uterus, kidney, heart and muscle changes less, and that of brain did not change during pregnancy. The significance of these observations with respect to molecular differentiation of His-tRNAs during pregnancy is discussed.", "contents": "Mouse histidyl-tRNAs during pregnancy. Differentiation of activity profiles within and between organs. Optimal conditions for in vitro formation of His-tRNA were established. Transfer RNA of maternal mouse organs and total embryo at 13 and 17 days of pregnancy was acylated in vitro with [3H] or [14C] histidine and examined by reversed-phase plaskon chromatography. Most tissues show different radioactive profiles reflecting a varying activity of six to eight isoaccepting His-tRNA species. Quantitative differences in profile were observed for liver tRNA during pregnancy. Profiles of embryo and uterus, kidney, heart and muscle changes less, and that of brain did not change during pregnancy. The significance of these observations with respect to molecular differentiation of His-tRNAs during pregnancy is discussed.", "PMID": 1183763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9029", "title": "Influence of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), a glutamine analogue, on cartilaginous differentiation in mouse limb buds in vitro.", "content": "The antibiotic, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), an analogue of L-glutamine, causes limb malformations in several species, including mice. This report shows that DON also interferes with differentiation of cartilaginous rudiments of mouse limb buds grown as organ cultures for 3 to 8 days in medium containing the teratogen. DON (5 mug/ml) inhibits growth of the explants and interferes with production of normal matrix by chondrocytes. The cartilage of DON-treated cultures exhibits a striking lack of matrix, compared with that of control explants which contains abundant metachromatic matrix. Differentiation of osteoblasts, and secretion of osteoid around the scapula and humerus are enhanced by DON. The direct effects of DON on growth and chondrogenesis, which can be prevented by addition of L-glutamine (1 mg/ml) to the medium, can be attributed to the known interference of DON in L-glutamine-dependent steps in metabolism. The possible relationships between these effects of DON in vitro and the malformations produced in vivo, are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), a glutamine analogue, on cartilaginous differentiation in mouse limb buds in vitro. The antibiotic, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), an analogue of L-glutamine, causes limb malformations in several species, including mice. This report shows that DON also interferes with differentiation of cartilaginous rudiments of mouse limb buds grown as organ cultures for 3 to 8 days in medium containing the teratogen. DON (5 mug/ml) inhibits growth of the explants and interferes with production of normal matrix by chondrocytes. The cartilage of DON-treated cultures exhibits a striking lack of matrix, compared with that of control explants which contains abundant metachromatic matrix. Differentiation of osteoblasts, and secretion of osteoid around the scapula and humerus are enhanced by DON. The direct effects of DON on growth and chondrogenesis, which can be prevented by addition of L-glutamine (1 mg/ml) to the medium, can be attributed to the known interference of DON in L-glutamine-dependent steps in metabolism. The possible relationships between these effects of DON in vitro and the malformations produced in vivo, are discussed.", "PMID": 1183764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9030", "title": "In vivo hybridisation of cultured melanoma cells and isogenic normal mouse cells.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids were derived by fusing tumourigenic and melanogenic melanoma (PAZG) cells with normal diploid male mouse cells in vivo. Their chromosomal composition was equivalent to the sum of both parental genomes and included a Y chromosome lacking in the melanoma parent. Our study showed that in PAZG X C57BL hybrids (MP), tumourigenicity was suppressed but pigmentation was expressed.", "contents": "In vivo hybridisation of cultured melanoma cells and isogenic normal mouse cells. Somatic cell hybrids were derived by fusing tumourigenic and melanogenic melanoma (PAZG) cells with normal diploid male mouse cells in vivo. Their chromosomal composition was equivalent to the sum of both parental genomes and included a Y chromosome lacking in the melanoma parent. Our study showed that in PAZG X C57BL hybrids (MP), tumourigenicity was suppressed but pigmentation was expressed.", "PMID": 1183765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9031", "title": "[Exercise test and atrial pacing in angina pectoris: behaviour of adrenosympathetic system (author's transl)].", "content": "Arterial plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations before, during and after an attack of pain, induced first by constant supine exercise and then by multistep atrial pacing, were determined in four patients with coronary occlusion disease and stable angina pectoris. An identical protocol was applied to a patient with atypical precordial pain (anxiety state) and normal coronary arteriograms. When compared, the results led to the following conclusions: 1) during supine exercise arterial plasma catecholamine concentrations, particularly noradrenaline, progressively increase, reaching highest values in temporal coincidence with the onset or the peak of pain, 2) during multistep atrial pacing-induced angina no significant changes of arterial plasma catecholamine concentrations are seen. These data, obtained from the same patients, further emphasize that the application of atrial pacing to the study of pathophysiology of angina pectoris and for evaluating antianginal drugs, especially if interfering with adrenosympathetic system activity, must be considered with caution.", "contents": "[Exercise test and atrial pacing in angina pectoris: behaviour of adrenosympathetic system (author's transl)]. Arterial plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations before, during and after an attack of pain, induced first by constant supine exercise and then by multistep atrial pacing, were determined in four patients with coronary occlusion disease and stable angina pectoris. An identical protocol was applied to a patient with atypical precordial pain (anxiety state) and normal coronary arteriograms. When compared, the results led to the following conclusions: 1) during supine exercise arterial plasma catecholamine concentrations, particularly noradrenaline, progressively increase, reaching highest values in temporal coincidence with the onset or the peak of pain, 2) during multistep atrial pacing-induced angina no significant changes of arterial plasma catecholamine concentrations are seen. These data, obtained from the same patients, further emphasize that the application of atrial pacing to the study of pathophysiology of angina pectoris and for evaluating antianginal drugs, especially if interfering with adrenosympathetic system activity, must be considered with caution.", "PMID": 1183766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9032", "title": "[Coronary angiographic findings in the myocardial infarction involving the dorsal wall of the heart (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors report the results of a coronary angiographic study in 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction in which the necrosis was extended to the dorsal wall of the heart. The electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic criteria applied in order to assess the involvement of the dorsal wall have been those suggested by Perloff and by Hoffman and coll. and Massie and Walsh, respectively. The diagnosis of dorsal involvement has been also confirmed by the esophageal electrocardiogram. Discussing their results, the Authors consider the variants of blood supply of the posterior wall of the heart. On the basis of their angiographic findings, they underline that significant lesions of the circumflex artery, either alone or associated with narrowing of other main coronary arteries, are the most frequent finding in cases of myocardial infarction involving the dorsal wall of the heart.", "contents": "[Coronary angiographic findings in the myocardial infarction involving the dorsal wall of the heart (author's transl)]. The Authors report the results of a coronary angiographic study in 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction in which the necrosis was extended to the dorsal wall of the heart. The electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic criteria applied in order to assess the involvement of the dorsal wall have been those suggested by Perloff and by Hoffman and coll. and Massie and Walsh, respectively. The diagnosis of dorsal involvement has been also confirmed by the esophageal electrocardiogram. Discussing their results, the Authors consider the variants of blood supply of the posterior wall of the heart. On the basis of their angiographic findings, they underline that significant lesions of the circumflex artery, either alone or associated with narrowing of other main coronary arteries, are the most frequent finding in cases of myocardial infarction involving the dorsal wall of the heart.", "PMID": 1183768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9033", "title": "[Indications and limits in the use of digitalis in chronic cor pulmonale (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of the haemodymanic responses and the behaviour of many \"contractility indices\" of the right ventricle -- after acute intravenous injection of large doses of acetil-digoxin, in twelve patients with CPC caused by COLD with predominant clinical signs of emphysema (group A) or bronchitis (group B) -- showed an alarming, although transient, increase of the average pulmonary pressure (PAP), accompanied by rise of pulmonary arteriolar resistanced (RAP), especially in patients of the first group. In these cases a slow and cautious digitalization is required. It furthermore suggested that such treatment should start only after an efficient restoration of ventilation, in order to allow a good response of the heart to cardiocynetic treatment.", "contents": "[Indications and limits in the use of digitalis in chronic cor pulmonale (author's transl)]. The analysis of the haemodymanic responses and the behaviour of many \"contractility indices\" of the right ventricle -- after acute intravenous injection of large doses of acetil-digoxin, in twelve patients with CPC caused by COLD with predominant clinical signs of emphysema (group A) or bronchitis (group B) -- showed an alarming, although transient, increase of the average pulmonary pressure (PAP), accompanied by rise of pulmonary arteriolar resistanced (RAP), especially in patients of the first group. In these cases a slow and cautious digitalization is required. It furthermore suggested that such treatment should start only after an efficient restoration of ventilation, in order to allow a good response of the heart to cardiocynetic treatment.", "PMID": 1183769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9034", "title": "Elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure due to decreased myocardial compliance during angina pectoris.", "content": "The etiology for the increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), which is frequently seen during angina pectoris, remains controversial. Although left ventricular failure may be present, recent evidence suggests that a decrease in myocardial compliance may be involved. The patient reported here developed a rise in LVEDP when angina was precipitated by atrial pacing. Hemodynamic data during and after pacing showed normal left ventricular function and indicates that a decrease in myocardial compliance should have occurred.", "contents": "Elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure due to decreased myocardial compliance during angina pectoris. The etiology for the increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), which is frequently seen during angina pectoris, remains controversial. Although left ventricular failure may be present, recent evidence suggests that a decrease in myocardial compliance may be involved. The patient reported here developed a rise in LVEDP when angina was precipitated by atrial pacing. Hemodynamic data during and after pacing showed normal left ventricular function and indicates that a decrease in myocardial compliance should have occurred.", "PMID": 1183770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9035", "title": "Restoration of antibody-forming capacities by PS-K in tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "PS-K, a protein-bound polysaccharide from a basidiomycetes, was found to suppress tumor growth after grafting of sarcoma-180 or Ehrlich tumor in ICR mice. In the present study, effect of PS-K on antibody-forming capacities was examined in tumor-bearing mice and normal controls. 1) PS-K did not enhance the capacities of normal mice to produce antibodies against sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), hamster erythrocytes (HRBC), and trinitrophenyl group (TNP). 2) The capacities of mice to produce IgG antibody against SRBC, IgM antibody aganist HRBC, and IgG antibody against TNP were depressed after grafting of sarcoma-180. Intraperitoneal injection of PS-K restored these capacities to the normal levels. 3) Oral as well as intraperitoneal administration of PS-K restored the capacity of the mice bearing sarcoma-180 to produce IgG antibody against SRBC. 4) The capacity to produce IgG antibody against SRBC was depressed after grafting of Ehrlick tumor and it recovered to the normal level after intraperitoneal injection of PS-K. These results showed that antibody-fforming capacity of mice was depressed after tumor grafing and recovered after administration of PS-K.", "contents": "Restoration of antibody-forming capacities by PS-K in tumor-bearing mice. PS-K, a protein-bound polysaccharide from a basidiomycetes, was found to suppress tumor growth after grafting of sarcoma-180 or Ehrlich tumor in ICR mice. In the present study, effect of PS-K on antibody-forming capacities was examined in tumor-bearing mice and normal controls. 1) PS-K did not enhance the capacities of normal mice to produce antibodies against sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), hamster erythrocytes (HRBC), and trinitrophenyl group (TNP). 2) The capacities of mice to produce IgG antibody against SRBC, IgM antibody aganist HRBC, and IgG antibody against TNP were depressed after grafting of sarcoma-180. Intraperitoneal injection of PS-K restored these capacities to the normal levels. 3) Oral as well as intraperitoneal administration of PS-K restored the capacity of the mice bearing sarcoma-180 to produce IgG antibody against SRBC. 4) The capacity to produce IgG antibody against SRBC was depressed after grafting of Ehrlick tumor and it recovered to the normal level after intraperitoneal injection of PS-K. These results showed that antibody-fforming capacity of mice was depressed after tumor grafing and recovered after administration of PS-K.", "PMID": 1183773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9036", "title": "Nucleotide sequence homology between a virus-specific 6S RNA and various RNA species from adenovirus-2-infected KB cells.", "content": "To investigate the metabolic fate of a 6S RNA (VA-RNA), which appears in human cell lines only after infection with adenovirus, various species of RNA from the cells at different stages of infection were tested for the presence of nucleotide sequence homologous to this RNA. RNA extracted from subvellular fractions of the cells was further fractionated by sucrose gradient centrifugation and analysed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis or by competition against 32P-labeled VA-RNA in hybridization with adenovirus DNA. The results pointed to the following conclusions. (1) VA-RNA is synthesized in the cells throughout the entire period after infections, starting before the onset of viral DNA synthesis. (2) VA-RNA does not participate in protein synthesis as a messenger RNA or a precursor of transfer RNA. (3) The nucleotide sequence homologous to VA-RNA exists as a part of certain species of nuclear high molecular weight RNA in the infected cells.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence homology between a virus-specific 6S RNA and various RNA species from adenovirus-2-infected KB cells. To investigate the metabolic fate of a 6S RNA (VA-RNA), which appears in human cell lines only after infection with adenovirus, various species of RNA from the cells at different stages of infection were tested for the presence of nucleotide sequence homologous to this RNA. RNA extracted from subvellular fractions of the cells was further fractionated by sucrose gradient centrifugation and analysed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis or by competition against 32P-labeled VA-RNA in hybridization with adenovirus DNA. The results pointed to the following conclusions. (1) VA-RNA is synthesized in the cells throughout the entire period after infections, starting before the onset of viral DNA synthesis. (2) VA-RNA does not participate in protein synthesis as a messenger RNA or a precursor of transfer RNA. (3) The nucleotide sequence homologous to VA-RNA exists as a part of certain species of nuclear high molecular weight RNA in the infected cells.", "PMID": 1183774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9037", "title": "Urinary excretion of steroids and response to oophorectomy in premenopausal women with advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Relationship between the urinary excretion of steroids in premenopausal Japaneses patients with advanced breast cancer and their response to oophorectomy was studied. The estrogen fractions were determined by radioimmunoassay and those who responded to oophorectomy showed higher levels of 17 beta-estradiol than the non-responders before surgery. The high levels of urinary 17 beta-estradiol of the responders dropped markedly after oophorectomy. On the contrary, the non-responders showed relatively low levels of urinary excretion of 17 beta-estradiol before oophorectomy and the levels appeared either unchanged or slightly elevated after surgery. No definite relation was found between changes in the urinary excretion of estrone or estriol and the clinical effect of oophorectomy. Excretion of 17-ketosteroids in the responders was lower than that of the non-responders.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of steroids and response to oophorectomy in premenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Relationship between the urinary excretion of steroids in premenopausal Japaneses patients with advanced breast cancer and their response to oophorectomy was studied. The estrogen fractions were determined by radioimmunoassay and those who responded to oophorectomy showed higher levels of 17 beta-estradiol than the non-responders before surgery. The high levels of urinary 17 beta-estradiol of the responders dropped markedly after oophorectomy. On the contrary, the non-responders showed relatively low levels of urinary excretion of 17 beta-estradiol before oophorectomy and the levels appeared either unchanged or slightly elevated after surgery. No definite relation was found between changes in the urinary excretion of estrone or estriol and the clinical effect of oophorectomy. Excretion of 17-ketosteroids in the responders was lower than that of the non-responders.", "PMID": 1183775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9038", "title": "Induction of tumors of the urinary bladder in female mice following surgical implantation of glass beads and feeding of bracken fern.", "content": "The carcinogenic effect of bracken fern (Pteris aquilina) to the urinary bladder of mice was studied. Powdered bracken fern mixed with a basic commercial diet (1:4 by weight) was fed to a group of 40 ICR strain mice for 20 weeks after the implantation of a glass bead into the bladder. A total experimental period was 70 weeks. Fifteen mice survived 40 or more weeks and 4 mice (27%) developed urinary bladder tumors. No urinary bladder tumor was found in the group of mice fed a similar bracken fern diet mixture without a glass bead in their bladder and in the control group of mice fed a normal diet after the implantation of a glass bead. The result of this experiment may indicate that there is a metabolite(s) in the urine of bracken-fed mice carcinogenic to the bladder.", "contents": "Induction of tumors of the urinary bladder in female mice following surgical implantation of glass beads and feeding of bracken fern. The carcinogenic effect of bracken fern (Pteris aquilina) to the urinary bladder of mice was studied. Powdered bracken fern mixed with a basic commercial diet (1:4 by weight) was fed to a group of 40 ICR strain mice for 20 weeks after the implantation of a glass bead into the bladder. A total experimental period was 70 weeks. Fifteen mice survived 40 or more weeks and 4 mice (27%) developed urinary bladder tumors. No urinary bladder tumor was found in the group of mice fed a similar bracken fern diet mixture without a glass bead in their bladder and in the control group of mice fed a normal diet after the implantation of a glass bead. The result of this experiment may indicate that there is a metabolite(s) in the urine of bracken-fed mice carcinogenic to the bladder.", "PMID": 1183777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9039", "title": "Adjuvant action of garlic sugar solution in animals immunized with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells attenuated with allicin.", "content": "Ethanol-insoluble components were extracted from fresh garlic with 0.9% NaCl solution containing streptomycin and penicillin. This extract, containing approximately 10% sugar, 0.3% nitrogen, and 0.4% ash, was termed garlic sugar solution. This garlic sugar solution (Medium 1) was used as the suspending medium for Ehrlich ascites tumor cells attenuated with allicin, the main principle of garlic, and 0.9% NaCl solution containing streptomycin and penicillin (Medium 2) was also used as the suspending medium. Mice of DDD strain were immunized with the attenuated tumor cells suspended in Medium 1 or 2. After immunization, the immunized and control mice were challenged intraperitoneally with viable Ehrlich ascites tumorcells. Animals immunized with the attenuated tumor cells suspended in Medium 1 acquired significantly stronger resistance against the tumor cells than animals immunized with those suspended in Medium 2.", "contents": "Adjuvant action of garlic sugar solution in animals immunized with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells attenuated with allicin. Ethanol-insoluble components were extracted from fresh garlic with 0.9% NaCl solution containing streptomycin and penicillin. This extract, containing approximately 10% sugar, 0.3% nitrogen, and 0.4% ash, was termed garlic sugar solution. This garlic sugar solution (Medium 1) was used as the suspending medium for Ehrlich ascites tumor cells attenuated with allicin, the main principle of garlic, and 0.9% NaCl solution containing streptomycin and penicillin (Medium 2) was also used as the suspending medium. Mice of DDD strain were immunized with the attenuated tumor cells suspended in Medium 1 or 2. After immunization, the immunized and control mice were challenged intraperitoneally with viable Ehrlich ascites tumorcells. Animals immunized with the attenuated tumor cells suspended in Medium 1 acquired significantly stronger resistance against the tumor cells than animals immunized with those suspended in Medium 2.", "PMID": 1183776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9040", "title": "Urinary polyamines in patients with gastric cancer and their change after gastrectomy.", "content": "Urinary polyamines in patients with gastric cancer were determined and changes in their content due to gastrectomy were studied. Total polyamines (spermine plus spermidine) in patients with gastric cancer of either stage II or III decreased significantly after the operation, the mean values before and after operation being 8.35 and 2.71 mg/day, respectively. The mean value of total polyamines in normal cases has been reported to 4.02 +/- 1.35 mg/day, so that the value in these patients after the operation is within the normal range.", "contents": "Urinary polyamines in patients with gastric cancer and their change after gastrectomy. Urinary polyamines in patients with gastric cancer were determined and changes in their content due to gastrectomy were studied. Total polyamines (spermine plus spermidine) in patients with gastric cancer of either stage II or III decreased significantly after the operation, the mean values before and after operation being 8.35 and 2.71 mg/day, respectively. The mean value of total polyamines in normal cases has been reported to 4.02 +/- 1.35 mg/day, so that the value in these patients after the operation is within the normal range.", "PMID": 1183778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9041", "title": "Intestinal tumors of rats by gastric or intestinal administration of cycad extract and cycasin.", "content": "Sprague-Dawley rats were given gastric intubation of cycad extract (group 1), rectal infusion of cycasin (group 2), or rectal indusion of cycad extract after external colostomy at 1/3 proximal portion of the large intestine (group 3). In group 1, intestinal tumors developed in any portion of the intestinal tract ranging from the duodenum to the rectum. In group 2, tumors developed in mucosa of the large intestine. In group 3, however, tumors arose from both sites of intestinal mucosa which were in contact and not in contact directly with the cycad extract infused. Possible hypothesis for intestinal tumor development by cycad extract and cycasin was presented.", "contents": "Intestinal tumors of rats by gastric or intestinal administration of cycad extract and cycasin. Sprague-Dawley rats were given gastric intubation of cycad extract (group 1), rectal infusion of cycasin (group 2), or rectal indusion of cycad extract after external colostomy at 1/3 proximal portion of the large intestine (group 3). In group 1, intestinal tumors developed in any portion of the intestinal tract ranging from the duodenum to the rectum. In group 2, tumors developed in mucosa of the large intestine. In group 3, however, tumors arose from both sites of intestinal mucosa which were in contact and not in contact directly with the cycad extract infused. Possible hypothesis for intestinal tumor development by cycad extract and cycasin was presented.", "PMID": 1183779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9042", "title": "[Urographic and cineradiographic follow-up studies in ureteral stenoses following radical pelvic operations (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of 19 urographic follow-up studies 6-15 months following vaginal or abdominal radical pelvic operation are reported. Compared to the first follow-up studies 1-7 weeks after the operation which always showed stenosis of the pelvic ureters with various degrees of urinary retention about one half of the cases showed improvement of the stenoses and normalization of the ureteral function later on even when marked urinary retention was found earlier on. Seven cases showed marked improvement. In these seven cases the dynamics of the ureteral function was studied by cineradiography. The results of this investigation are discussed. A deterioration of the urinary retention was observed in only 2 cases. An adverse effect of preoperative or post-operative radiotherapy on the prognosis of ureteral stenosis was not observed.", "contents": "[Urographic and cineradiographic follow-up studies in ureteral stenoses following radical pelvic operations (author's transl)]. The results of 19 urographic follow-up studies 6-15 months following vaginal or abdominal radical pelvic operation are reported. Compared to the first follow-up studies 1-7 weeks after the operation which always showed stenosis of the pelvic ureters with various degrees of urinary retention about one half of the cases showed improvement of the stenoses and normalization of the ureteral function later on even when marked urinary retention was found earlier on. Seven cases showed marked improvement. In these seven cases the dynamics of the ureteral function was studied by cineradiography. The results of this investigation are discussed. A deterioration of the urinary retention was observed in only 2 cases. An adverse effect of preoperative or post-operative radiotherapy on the prognosis of ureteral stenosis was not observed.", "PMID": 1183791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9043", "title": "[A comparison of low dose heparin and oral anticoagulants in the prevention ot thrombo-phlebitis following gynaecological operations (author's transl)].", "content": "In a randomized series of patients who underwent gynaecological operations, the prophylactic effect on thrombophlebitis of low dose Heparin was compared to that of oral anti-coagulants. One group (n = 221) received Heparin (Liquemin Roche) subcutaneously in a dosage of 5000 units 2 hours pre-operatively and every 12 hours until the eighth post-operative day. The control group (n = 237) continued to receive the conventional prophylactic medication with Sintrom by mouth from the second post-operative day to complete ambulation keeping the quick test between 20 and 30%. The two groups were more or less identical regarding several risk factors and the following results were obtained: 1. The number of cases of deep thrombophlebitis diagnosed by the I-125-Fibrinogen test was significantly less in the group receiving Heparin than in the group receiving Sintrom. Clinical examination showed the same correlation but only detected 30% of all cases of deep thrombophlebitis. 2. The clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism was more frequent in the group of patients receiving low dosage Heparin. Most of the symptoms were mild and none of the patients died. 3. During the anti-coagulant treatment the incidence of secondary bleeding was the same in both groups. The prevention of deep thrombophlebitis by low dosage Heparin is a very effective and simple method with few side effects and is superior to the post-operative prophylaxis with oral anti-coagulants.", "contents": "[A comparison of low dose heparin and oral anticoagulants in the prevention ot thrombo-phlebitis following gynaecological operations (author's transl)]. In a randomized series of patients who underwent gynaecological operations, the prophylactic effect on thrombophlebitis of low dose Heparin was compared to that of oral anti-coagulants. One group (n = 221) received Heparin (Liquemin Roche) subcutaneously in a dosage of 5000 units 2 hours pre-operatively and every 12 hours until the eighth post-operative day. The control group (n = 237) continued to receive the conventional prophylactic medication with Sintrom by mouth from the second post-operative day to complete ambulation keeping the quick test between 20 and 30%. The two groups were more or less identical regarding several risk factors and the following results were obtained: 1. The number of cases of deep thrombophlebitis diagnosed by the I-125-Fibrinogen test was significantly less in the group receiving Heparin than in the group receiving Sintrom. Clinical examination showed the same correlation but only detected 30% of all cases of deep thrombophlebitis. 2. The clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism was more frequent in the group of patients receiving low dosage Heparin. Most of the symptoms were mild and none of the patients died. 3. During the anti-coagulant treatment the incidence of secondary bleeding was the same in both groups. The prevention of deep thrombophlebitis by low dosage Heparin is a very effective and simple method with few side effects and is superior to the post-operative prophylaxis with oral anti-coagulants.", "PMID": 1183792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9044", "title": "[Vaginal hysterectomy at the department of gynecology of the university of Graz from 1955 to 1970 (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 2309 vaginal hysterectomies. The leading indication for vaginal hysterectomy was benign disease of the uterus (54.4%). Utero-vaginal prolapse was the indication in approximately 32% of the patients. In 71.1% of the hysterectomies, the vaginal approach for removal of the uterus was selected in malignant and pre-malignant diseases. Of these cases 11.9% had carcinoma in situ and 2.7% had micro-invasive carcinoma of the cervix. 2.6% of these cases had carcinoma of the endometrium. In 69.9% of the cases the vaginal hysterectomy was combined with a colporrhaphy. Previous genital operations or laparotomies where no contra-indication to vaginal hysterectomy. Trauma to the urinary tract or the rectum occurred in 26 cases (1.02%). Post-operatively 3 urinary tract fistulas and 3 rectovaginal fistulas developed. The mortality was 0.51%. Among 272 cases of carcinoma in situ and 62 cases of micro-invasive carcinoma of the cervix treated by vaginal hysterectomy, one case developed a recurrent carcinoma in situ of the vaginal vault eight years after vaginal hysterectomy for carcinoma in situ. One patient treated for micro-invasive carcinoma of the cervix died four years following vaginal hysterectomy in another hospital of suspected pulmonary metastases. The diagnosis was not confirmed by autopsy. Simple total hysterectomy whenever possible by the vaginal approach is at present the maximal treatment in the University Department in Graz for carcinoma in situ and micro-invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "contents": "[Vaginal hysterectomy at the department of gynecology of the university of Graz from 1955 to 1970 (author's transl)]. Report on 2309 vaginal hysterectomies. The leading indication for vaginal hysterectomy was benign disease of the uterus (54.4%). Utero-vaginal prolapse was the indication in approximately 32% of the patients. In 71.1% of the hysterectomies, the vaginal approach for removal of the uterus was selected in malignant and pre-malignant diseases. Of these cases 11.9% had carcinoma in situ and 2.7% had micro-invasive carcinoma of the cervix. 2.6% of these cases had carcinoma of the endometrium. In 69.9% of the cases the vaginal hysterectomy was combined with a colporrhaphy. Previous genital operations or laparotomies where no contra-indication to vaginal hysterectomy. Trauma to the urinary tract or the rectum occurred in 26 cases (1.02%). Post-operatively 3 urinary tract fistulas and 3 rectovaginal fistulas developed. The mortality was 0.51%. Among 272 cases of carcinoma in situ and 62 cases of micro-invasive carcinoma of the cervix treated by vaginal hysterectomy, one case developed a recurrent carcinoma in situ of the vaginal vault eight years after vaginal hysterectomy for carcinoma in situ. One patient treated for micro-invasive carcinoma of the cervix died four years following vaginal hysterectomy in another hospital of suspected pulmonary metastases. The diagnosis was not confirmed by autopsy. Simple total hysterectomy whenever possible by the vaginal approach is at present the maximal treatment in the University Department in Graz for carcinoma in situ and micro-invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "PMID": 1183793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9045", "title": "[Critical evaluation of paracervical anaesthesia in obstetrics (personal observations in 8038 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1966 and 1973 a total of 8038 paracervical blockades (PCB) were performed at the Rhine State Women's Hospital in Wuppertal. In recent years the preparation normally used has been Bupivacain (Carbostesin) with adrenalin, 5 ml being injected paracervically. This results in complete analgesia in over 90% of cases. The incidence of forceps deliveries in the PCB group (19%) was higher, while the number of cesarean sections did not increase. Typical PCB-related bradycardias were observed in 6.9% of cases. Taking other forms of bradycardia into account-mainly reduced Dip II-a change in fetal cardiac action was seen in 12% of cases altogether. In 1973 there may have been a causal connection between PCB and postpartum infant death in 2 cases. In cases of acute bradycardia following PCB, intra-uterine reanimation, e.g. with Th 1165 a (Partutisten) under circulation control is recommended. Considering perinatal risks, especially those recognizable cardiotokodynagraphically, paracervical anesthesia is judged to be a suitable method of facilitating birth.", "contents": "[Critical evaluation of paracervical anaesthesia in obstetrics (personal observations in 8038 cases) (author's transl)]. Between 1966 and 1973 a total of 8038 paracervical blockades (PCB) were performed at the Rhine State Women's Hospital in Wuppertal. In recent years the preparation normally used has been Bupivacain (Carbostesin) with adrenalin, 5 ml being injected paracervically. This results in complete analgesia in over 90% of cases. The incidence of forceps deliveries in the PCB group (19%) was higher, while the number of cesarean sections did not increase. Typical PCB-related bradycardias were observed in 6.9% of cases. Taking other forms of bradycardia into account-mainly reduced Dip II-a change in fetal cardiac action was seen in 12% of cases altogether. In 1973 there may have been a causal connection between PCB and postpartum infant death in 2 cases. In cases of acute bradycardia following PCB, intra-uterine reanimation, e.g. with Th 1165 a (Partutisten) under circulation control is recommended. Considering perinatal risks, especially those recognizable cardiotokodynagraphically, paracervical anesthesia is judged to be a suitable method of facilitating birth.", "PMID": 1183794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9046", "title": "[Breast feeding and the relationship between mother and infant (author's transl)].", "content": "The attitude of 345 maternity patients to nursing was explored by a questionnaire. Psychological and sociological data were taken into account. 4/5 of the women expected that breast feeding would enhance the relationship between mother and infant. The least enhancing effect was expected by women under the age of 20 (S 5%). Knowledge on breast feeding was the most important factor governing the attitude toward nursing. The less women knew on breast feeding the rarer did they expect that nursing would be of importance for the relationship between mother and child (S 1%). Uninformed women often had the anxiety that breast feeding was not sufficient to nourish an infant (S 1%). Women who did not think that breast feeding was of importance in the relationship between mother and infant did also not think that it had other advantages such as protection against infection (S 1%). Women who had frequent so-called psychosomatic complaints were especially motivated in favor of breast feeding (S 1%).", "contents": "[Breast feeding and the relationship between mother and infant (author's transl)]. The attitude of 345 maternity patients to nursing was explored by a questionnaire. Psychological and sociological data were taken into account. 4/5 of the women expected that breast feeding would enhance the relationship between mother and infant. The least enhancing effect was expected by women under the age of 20 (S 5%). Knowledge on breast feeding was the most important factor governing the attitude toward nursing. The less women knew on breast feeding the rarer did they expect that nursing would be of importance for the relationship between mother and child (S 1%). Uninformed women often had the anxiety that breast feeding was not sufficient to nourish an infant (S 1%). Women who did not think that breast feeding was of importance in the relationship between mother and infant did also not think that it had other advantages such as protection against infection (S 1%). Women who had frequent so-called psychosomatic complaints were especially motivated in favor of breast feeding (S 1%).", "PMID": 1183795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9047", "title": "[The problem of ovarian cancer after preceding gynaecological operations. Case report with special reference to endometriosis (author's transl)].", "content": "5 cases of ovarian cancer following hysterectomy are presented. Prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy is discussed. After age 45, a prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy should be performed. After age 50, the ovaries should always be removed along with a hysterectomy. A case of ovarian adeno-carcinoma in the right parametrium two years following radical surgery for wide spread endometriosis is described in detail.", "contents": "[The problem of ovarian cancer after preceding gynaecological operations. Case report with special reference to endometriosis (author's transl)]. 5 cases of ovarian cancer following hysterectomy are presented. Prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy is discussed. After age 45, a prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy should be performed. After age 50, the ovaries should always be removed along with a hysterectomy. A case of ovarian adeno-carcinoma in the right parametrium two years following radical surgery for wide spread endometriosis is described in detail.", "PMID": 1183796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9048", "title": "[The so-called pure gonadal dysgenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "4 cases of pure gonadal dysgenesis are reported, their phenotype, karyotype and the histology of the rudimentary gonads are described. There were 3 cases with a 46/XY-karyotype and 1 case with a 46/XX/45/X-karotype. In the 2 cases with a 46/XY-karyotype gonadal dysgenesis, a gonadoblastoma was found. It is therefore recommended that the rudimentary gonads should be removed in cases of pure gonadal dysgenesis of the XY-type.", "contents": "[The so-called pure gonadal dysgenesis (author's transl)]. 4 cases of pure gonadal dysgenesis are reported, their phenotype, karyotype and the histology of the rudimentary gonads are described. There were 3 cases with a 46/XY-karyotype and 1 case with a 46/XX/45/X-karotype. In the 2 cases with a 46/XY-karyotype gonadal dysgenesis, a gonadoblastoma was found. It is therefore recommended that the rudimentary gonads should be removed in cases of pure gonadal dysgenesis of the XY-type.", "PMID": 1183797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9049", "title": "[Cystitic duplication of the intestine presenting with the clinical diagnosis of ovarian tumor (author's transl)].", "content": "Under the clinical preoperative diagnosis of mobile ovarian tumor, a laparotomy was done on a 24 month old female. The pyelogram had shown lateral displacement of the right ureter. The colon X-ray showed displacement of the cecum towards the liver. The ultrasound scan showed a unilocular cyst of 23 cm. diameter. At laparotomy a cystic duplication of the intestine in the iliocecal region of 23 cm. diameter was found and resected. The microscopic examination showed extensive benign metaplasia of the epithelium in association with a normal intestinal wall in all layers.", "contents": "[Cystitic duplication of the intestine presenting with the clinical diagnosis of ovarian tumor (author's transl)]. Under the clinical preoperative diagnosis of mobile ovarian tumor, a laparotomy was done on a 24 month old female. The pyelogram had shown lateral displacement of the right ureter. The colon X-ray showed displacement of the cecum towards the liver. The ultrasound scan showed a unilocular cyst of 23 cm. diameter. At laparotomy a cystic duplication of the intestine in the iliocecal region of 23 cm. diameter was found and resected. The microscopic examination showed extensive benign metaplasia of the epithelium in association with a normal intestinal wall in all layers.", "PMID": 1183798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9050", "title": "The effects of identifying objects on a concept-matching task performed by four preschool groups.", "content": "Subjects for the present study were 20 retarded, 20 brain-injuried, 20 normal, and 20 disadvantaged children equated for average MA of 4 years 10 months. The study focused on a Concept-Matching task that required subjects to match an index object to one within a multiple-choice array on the basis of function or class. Materials were controlled so that this choice had a conceptual, rather than perceptual, base. Subjects were required to identify objects before proceeding to the Concept-Matching task. It was assumed that Identification responses served as mediators for the Concept-Matching task. Materials consisted of 84 common objects and a duplicate set of drawings. One set of hypotheses predicted that all groups would be hampered by the two-dimensional format for both the Identification and Concept-Matching tasks. A second set of hypotheses pertained to the correlation between Identification and Concept-Matching responses. They predicted (a) significant correlations between Identification and Concept-Matching scores for all groups; (b) a rank order for these correlations as follows: brain-injured greater than normals greater than disadvantaged greater than retardates. Hypotheses dealing with format were confirmed with two exceptions: the retarded and the brain-injured did equally well on the Concept-Matching task in either format. Data concerned with correlations were significant and followed the predicted rank order in the case of three groups: the retarded, disadvantaged, and brain-injured. Results were interpreted in the light of two interrelated theories that emerged from the study: a mediational pattern theory and a coping response theory.", "contents": "The effects of identifying objects on a concept-matching task performed by four preschool groups. Subjects for the present study were 20 retarded, 20 brain-injuried, 20 normal, and 20 disadvantaged children equated for average MA of 4 years 10 months. The study focused on a Concept-Matching task that required subjects to match an index object to one within a multiple-choice array on the basis of function or class. Materials were controlled so that this choice had a conceptual, rather than perceptual, base. Subjects were required to identify objects before proceeding to the Concept-Matching task. It was assumed that Identification responses served as mediators for the Concept-Matching task. Materials consisted of 84 common objects and a duplicate set of drawings. One set of hypotheses predicted that all groups would be hampered by the two-dimensional format for both the Identification and Concept-Matching tasks. A second set of hypotheses pertained to the correlation between Identification and Concept-Matching responses. They predicted (a) significant correlations between Identification and Concept-Matching scores for all groups; (b) a rank order for these correlations as follows: brain-injured greater than normals greater than disadvantaged greater than retardates. Hypotheses dealing with format were confirmed with two exceptions: the retarded and the brain-injured did equally well on the Concept-Matching task in either format. Data concerned with correlations were significant and followed the predicted rank order in the case of three groups: the retarded, disadvantaged, and brain-injured. Results were interpreted in the light of two interrelated theories that emerged from the study: a mediational pattern theory and a coping response theory.", "PMID": 1183799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9051", "title": "Social class and preschool language skill. I. Introduction.", "content": "This series of studies concerns the relative validity of two explanations of why children of parents of poverty do poorly in school. Both explanations assume that nearly all children have the genetic potential to learn what the schools attempt to teach. One holds that children, and especially the black children, of poverty are in no way deficient in cognitive and linguistic skills. They fail merely because they enter school with a dialect differing from standard English. This complicates the task of learning to read in standard English. The other view holds that the rearing conditions in families of poverty limit the number and variety of objects and places and action models with which the poor child becomes acquainted during his infancy and preschool years, resulting in a cognitive deficit. These conditions also hamper the poor child's acquisition of phonemic symbols for objects and places and the relationships among them, resulting in a deficit in semantic mastery. This series of studies employs several strategies of investigation. This paper indicates their nature. It also describes in some detail the economic and educational characteristics of the parents of the two sets of children examined.", "contents": "Social class and preschool language skill. I. Introduction. This series of studies concerns the relative validity of two explanations of why children of parents of poverty do poorly in school. Both explanations assume that nearly all children have the genetic potential to learn what the schools attempt to teach. One holds that children, and especially the black children, of poverty are in no way deficient in cognitive and linguistic skills. They fail merely because they enter school with a dialect differing from standard English. This complicates the task of learning to read in standard English. The other view holds that the rearing conditions in families of poverty limit the number and variety of objects and places and action models with which the poor child becomes acquainted during his infancy and preschool years, resulting in a cognitive deficit. These conditions also hamper the poor child's acquisition of phonemic symbols for objects and places and the relationships among them, resulting in a deficit in semantic mastery. This series of studies employs several strategies of investigation. This paper indicates their nature. It also describes in some detail the economic and educational characteristics of the parents of the two sets of children examined.", "PMID": 1183800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9052", "title": "Social class and preschool language skill: II. semantic mastery of color information.", "content": "The four-year-old children of Head Start (two-year-classes of 90 for 1969-71 and 72 for 1971-72) performed on a test of perceptual identification approximately as well as four-year-old nursery-school children of parents predominantly of college background. On the other hand, only 28.9% and 19.4% of the children of Head Start, as compared with 87.9% and 90.2% of the children of the nursery-school pointed correctly to all six of the blocks when the examiner named the colors. Also, only 25.6% and 23.6% of those of Head Start, as compared with 81.8% and 76.5% of those of the nursery school, named the colors of all six blocks as they were designated by the examiners. Sex differences and race differences, except in the case of brown, among the children of Head Start were negligible and not significant. Somewhat more children showed semantic mastery for the warn colors, orange and red, than for the cool colors, blue and green. The finding of a deficiency in semantic mastery for such an elementary abstraction as color is highly dissonant with the contention of many students of sociological linguistics that children of poverty, and especially black children of poverty, are without cognitive or linguistic deficit, and that they fail in school only because they use a dialect differing from standard English. The finding is quite consonant with the contention that children of poverty do have a cognitive and linguistic deficit which may, and probably does, derive from the rearing conditions in their homes during the preschool years.", "contents": "Social class and preschool language skill: II. semantic mastery of color information. The four-year-old children of Head Start (two-year-classes of 90 for 1969-71 and 72 for 1971-72) performed on a test of perceptual identification approximately as well as four-year-old nursery-school children of parents predominantly of college background. On the other hand, only 28.9% and 19.4% of the children of Head Start, as compared with 87.9% and 90.2% of the children of the nursery-school pointed correctly to all six of the blocks when the examiner named the colors. Also, only 25.6% and 23.6% of those of Head Start, as compared with 81.8% and 76.5% of those of the nursery school, named the colors of all six blocks as they were designated by the examiners. Sex differences and race differences, except in the case of brown, among the children of Head Start were negligible and not significant. Somewhat more children showed semantic mastery for the warn colors, orange and red, than for the cool colors, blue and green. The finding of a deficiency in semantic mastery for such an elementary abstraction as color is highly dissonant with the contention of many students of sociological linguistics that children of poverty, and especially black children of poverty, are without cognitive or linguistic deficit, and that they fail in school only because they use a dialect differing from standard English. The finding is quite consonant with the contention that children of poverty do have a cognitive and linguistic deficit which may, and probably does, derive from the rearing conditions in their homes during the preschool years.", "PMID": 1183801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9053", "title": "Social class and preschool language skill: III. Semantic mastery of position information.", "content": "The four-year-old children of Head Start (two-year-classes of 90 for 1970-71 and 67 for 1971-72) performed on a test of perceptual identification of a sample of six positions approximately as well as did four-year-olds of parents with predominantly college backgrounds. On the other hand, only 22% and 16% of those of Head Start as compared with 70% and 67% of those of the nursery school placed blocks in all six positions that they heard the examiner name, and only 12% and 9% of the former as compared with 45.5% and 44.9% of the latter gave appropriate names for all the six positions designated by the examiner. Sex differences and differences between black and white children of Head Start were negligible and not significant. Somewhat more children of both Head Start and the nursery school showed semantic mastery based on both heard and spoken identification for positions based on body-object relations (in, on, and under) than for those based on object-object relations (in fromt of, between, and in back of). The fact that the children of Head Start perform so much less well than those of the nursery school on the test semantic mastery for position information is highly dissonant with the contention that children of poverty are without either cognitive or linguistic deficit, but quite consonant with the contention that they suffer a deficit that may well and probably does result from the rearing conditions in their homes during the preschool years.", "contents": "Social class and preschool language skill: III. Semantic mastery of position information. The four-year-old children of Head Start (two-year-classes of 90 for 1970-71 and 67 for 1971-72) performed on a test of perceptual identification of a sample of six positions approximately as well as did four-year-olds of parents with predominantly college backgrounds. On the other hand, only 22% and 16% of those of Head Start as compared with 70% and 67% of those of the nursery school placed blocks in all six positions that they heard the examiner name, and only 12% and 9% of the former as compared with 45.5% and 44.9% of the latter gave appropriate names for all the six positions designated by the examiner. Sex differences and differences between black and white children of Head Start were negligible and not significant. Somewhat more children of both Head Start and the nursery school showed semantic mastery based on both heard and spoken identification for positions based on body-object relations (in, on, and under) than for those based on object-object relations (in fromt of, between, and in back of). The fact that the children of Head Start perform so much less well than those of the nursery school on the test semantic mastery for position information is highly dissonant with the contention that children of poverty are without either cognitive or linguistic deficit, but quite consonant with the contention that they suffer a deficit that may well and probably does result from the rearing conditions in their homes during the preschool years.", "PMID": 1183802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9054", "title": "Assessment of iron stores in old people.", "content": "Iron deficiency is the commonest cause of anaemia in the old. Anaemia is a useful indicator of morbidity, occurring much more frequently in individuals referred to hospital. Isolated serum iron estimations are often misleading. A study of 34 cases in whom serum iron, iron-binding capacity and bone marrow were examined showed that the percentage saturation of the binding capacity remains a good method of assessing iron stores.", "contents": "Assessment of iron stores in old people. Iron deficiency is the commonest cause of anaemia in the old. Anaemia is a useful indicator of morbidity, occurring much more frequently in individuals referred to hospital. Isolated serum iron estimations are often misleading. A study of 34 cases in whom serum iron, iron-binding capacity and bone marrow were examined showed that the percentage saturation of the binding capacity remains a good method of assessing iron stores.", "PMID": 1183813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9055", "title": "Continuous combined assessment in rehabilitation of strokes.", "content": "Treatment of strokes by the method of continuous combined assessment and management is described. It is suggested that stroke patients can only obtain rational and comprehensive assistance when the multiple agencies available use their skills in a multi-disciplinary team situation. A simple scoring system was devised to evaluate the continuous combined assessment and management method of treating a defined group of 454 patients aged 60-85 with strokes. Data on comparative recovery rates in reported series of strokes is confounded by varying criteria for recording disability, evaluating recovery and age patterns. The importance of an internationally acceptable system of scoring disability is emphasised.", "contents": "Continuous combined assessment in rehabilitation of strokes. Treatment of strokes by the method of continuous combined assessment and management is described. It is suggested that stroke patients can only obtain rational and comprehensive assistance when the multiple agencies available use their skills in a multi-disciplinary team situation. A simple scoring system was devised to evaluate the continuous combined assessment and management method of treating a defined group of 454 patients aged 60-85 with strokes. Data on comparative recovery rates in reported series of strokes is confounded by varying criteria for recording disability, evaluating recovery and age patterns. The importance of an internationally acceptable system of scoring disability is emphasised.", "PMID": 1183815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9056", "title": "10 years observation and rehabilitation of stroke disability. Longitudinal study.", "content": "In the I State Home for Incurables in Lodz (Poland) 195 hemiplegia cases were observed over ten years. 140 women and 55 men. This comprised 8.2% and 17.8% of all ill females and males respectively. Causes of the lesion were vascular 187, trauma 4, neoplasm 4. Hemiparesis was in females most frequent between 60 and 80 years, in males between 50 and 80 years. Communication was absent or difficult in 126 cases (in 22 the cause was aphasia, in 104 dementia). Incontinence was noted in 77 cases, inability to walk (on admission) in 129. During the ten years under survey 135 died, 15 were discharged home, 26 females and 18 males were rehabilitated. Very good improvement in motor activity was obtained in 14 females (3 without kinesitherapy) and 7 males, indicating adequate walking and independence in activities of daily living after prolonged bedfastness. (average 2.5 years in males and 2.7 years in females). Altogether 88 patients improved from the locomotor angle. In cases with dementia, incontinence and severe aphasia prognosis in rehabilitation was found to be poor.", "contents": "10 years observation and rehabilitation of stroke disability. Longitudinal study. In the I State Home for Incurables in Lodz (Poland) 195 hemiplegia cases were observed over ten years. 140 women and 55 men. This comprised 8.2% and 17.8% of all ill females and males respectively. Causes of the lesion were vascular 187, trauma 4, neoplasm 4. Hemiparesis was in females most frequent between 60 and 80 years, in males between 50 and 80 years. Communication was absent or difficult in 126 cases (in 22 the cause was aphasia, in 104 dementia). Incontinence was noted in 77 cases, inability to walk (on admission) in 129. During the ten years under survey 135 died, 15 were discharged home, 26 females and 18 males were rehabilitated. Very good improvement in motor activity was obtained in 14 females (3 without kinesitherapy) and 7 males, indicating adequate walking and independence in activities of daily living after prolonged bedfastness. (average 2.5 years in males and 2.7 years in females). Altogether 88 patients improved from the locomotor angle. In cases with dementia, incontinence and severe aphasia prognosis in rehabilitation was found to be poor.", "PMID": 1183816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9057", "title": "Some characteristics of non-surviving subjects in a three-year longitudinal study of elderly people living at home.", "content": "During the period 1969-71 a random sample of 300 people aged 65 years and over living in their own homes was studied intensively by the staff of the University Department of Geriatric Medicine in Glasgow. Physical, psychiatric, social and dietetic data were collected. In the follow-up study, three years later (1972-74), all subjects were re-assessed. The relationship between survivors and non-survivors was considered with regard to twenty-five characteristics representative of the first survey data. No significant difference was found between survivors and nonsurvivors for age, sex, marital status, or the inadequate intake of various nutritients. Factors which related to mortality at the three year interval were the presence of arteriosclerotic disease, central nervous systemic disease, organic brain syndrome, and other psychiatric disorders, limitation of mobility, physical disability, cigarette smoking, poor recent memory and calculation ability.", "contents": "Some characteristics of non-surviving subjects in a three-year longitudinal study of elderly people living at home. During the period 1969-71 a random sample of 300 people aged 65 years and over living in their own homes was studied intensively by the staff of the University Department of Geriatric Medicine in Glasgow. Physical, psychiatric, social and dietetic data were collected. In the follow-up study, three years later (1972-74), all subjects were re-assessed. The relationship between survivors and non-survivors was considered with regard to twenty-five characteristics representative of the first survey data. No significant difference was found between survivors and nonsurvivors for age, sex, marital status, or the inadequate intake of various nutritients. Factors which related to mortality at the three year interval were the presence of arteriosclerotic disease, central nervous systemic disease, organic brain syndrome, and other psychiatric disorders, limitation of mobility, physical disability, cigarette smoking, poor recent memory and calculation ability.", "PMID": 1183817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9058", "title": "Health testing in the elderly by the multiphasic method.", "content": "A multiphasic screening programme was carried out on a stratified sample of the elderly population of a small town in Israel. The purpose was to gain an assessment of the health profile of the subjects and to estimate what kind of community geriatric services might be required. The performance of the programme in 3 days on 89% of the 200 subjects who were available testified to the rapidity and yield of information by this 'conveyor-belt' system of examination. The technique is described, and some criticisms and suggestions are advanced. Evaluation of the efficacy of this method of screening was judged on four types of information accruing in a survey of the elderly. Demographic and epidemiological data, together with prevalence of symptoms or clinical signs and their correlations could be rapidly ascertained; so also could specific pathologic parameters be rapidly collected, which required medical follow-up, such as blood sugar values. The method appeared less successful in assessing an individual's functional or social difficulties which would require specific community services because of the multi-facetted type of examination by different members of the team. Similarly, a screening programme which depends on its subjects being transported may miss some of the more infirm people, as was subsequently found in this survey. It is concluded that for the elderly, the multiphasic method with the expense and organisation required is appropriate for preliminary screening of a section of a population, or for the screening of selective groups at risk.", "contents": "Health testing in the elderly by the multiphasic method. A multiphasic screening programme was carried out on a stratified sample of the elderly population of a small town in Israel. The purpose was to gain an assessment of the health profile of the subjects and to estimate what kind of community geriatric services might be required. The performance of the programme in 3 days on 89% of the 200 subjects who were available testified to the rapidity and yield of information by this 'conveyor-belt' system of examination. The technique is described, and some criticisms and suggestions are advanced. Evaluation of the efficacy of this method of screening was judged on four types of information accruing in a survey of the elderly. Demographic and epidemiological data, together with prevalence of symptoms or clinical signs and their correlations could be rapidly ascertained; so also could specific pathologic parameters be rapidly collected, which required medical follow-up, such as blood sugar values. The method appeared less successful in assessing an individual's functional or social difficulties which would require specific community services because of the multi-facetted type of examination by different members of the team. Similarly, a screening programme which depends on its subjects being transported may miss some of the more infirm people, as was subsequently found in this survey. It is concluded that for the elderly, the multiphasic method with the expense and organisation required is appropriate for preliminary screening of a section of a population, or for the screening of selective groups at risk.", "PMID": 1183818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9059", "title": "Circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol in the aged (Cosinor method).", "content": "Plasma cortisol circadian rhythm was investigated in 18 apparently healthy elderly subjects, in 11 elderly patients affected by cerebrovascular hemiplegia and in 11 otherwise healthy blind elderly subjects. Results were microscopically analyzed by the least squares and Cosinor methods. The circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol was present and normal both in elderly subjects and in elderly patients with cerebrovascular hemiplegia. By contrast, a plasma cortisol rhythm was not found in blind elderly subjects.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol in the aged (Cosinor method). Plasma cortisol circadian rhythm was investigated in 18 apparently healthy elderly subjects, in 11 elderly patients affected by cerebrovascular hemiplegia and in 11 otherwise healthy blind elderly subjects. Results were microscopically analyzed by the least squares and Cosinor methods. The circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol was present and normal both in elderly subjects and in elderly patients with cerebrovascular hemiplegia. By contrast, a plasma cortisol rhythm was not found in blind elderly subjects.", "PMID": 1183819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9060", "title": "Geriatric medicine in a community hospital.", "content": "A study is reported of the care that was being received by the patients over the age of 60 years in general practitioner community hospital beds at Abingdon Hospital in Berkshire. The appropriateness of this care is discussed and measures are suggested for improving it. The practical working relationship between general practitioners attending the community hospital and the local consultant physicians in geriatric medicine is also discussed and again measures for improving their combined services to the community hospital are suggested.", "contents": "Geriatric medicine in a community hospital. A study is reported of the care that was being received by the patients over the age of 60 years in general practitioner community hospital beds at Abingdon Hospital in Berkshire. The appropriateness of this care is discussed and measures are suggested for improving it. The practical working relationship between general practitioners attending the community hospital and the local consultant physicians in geriatric medicine is also discussed and again measures for improving their combined services to the community hospital are suggested.", "PMID": 1183821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9061", "title": "Value of experience of general practice in geriatric medicine.", "content": "This is a review of lessons learned during thirteen years in general practice and experience of caring for elderly patients in three different types of practice. Attitudes and relationships with general practitioners as a consultant geriatrician are described. There is comment on the future training of general practitioners in geriatric medicine, the value of prophylactic care and the use of geriatric clinics in health centres. The need is stressed for proper management of acute disease, the better use of drugs and of ancillary services and the correct handling of relatives. Death should be regarded as a positive and not a negative end to life.", "contents": "Value of experience of general practice in geriatric medicine. This is a review of lessons learned during thirteen years in general practice and experience of caring for elderly patients in three different types of practice. Attitudes and relationships with general practitioners as a consultant geriatrician are described. There is comment on the future training of general practitioners in geriatric medicine, the value of prophylactic care and the use of geriatric clinics in health centres. The need is stressed for proper management of acute disease, the better use of drugs and of ancillary services and the correct handling of relatives. Death should be regarded as a positive and not a negative end to life.", "PMID": 1183822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9062", "title": "Oral temperature range in old age.", "content": "(1) The oral temperature of 105 females aged 61-100 years has been taken with an electric thermometer. (2) The readings obtained ranged from 30 to 37.2 degrees C. (3) Median reading of the group was 36.0 degress C. (4) There was no close relation between age and temperature. (5) Some correlation was found between oral readings and existing room temperature. (6) The figure of 37.0 degrees C is not a reliable normal in aged subjects.", "contents": "Oral temperature range in old age. (1) The oral temperature of 105 females aged 61-100 years has been taken with an electric thermometer. (2) The readings obtained ranged from 30 to 37.2 degrees C. (3) Median reading of the group was 36.0 degress C. (4) There was no close relation between age and temperature. (5) Some correlation was found between oral readings and existing room temperature. (6) The figure of 37.0 degrees C is not a reliable normal in aged subjects.", "PMID": 1183823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9063", "title": "Low nosetip temperatures in the old.", "content": "A study was made of the significance of cold nosetips as a simple prognostic sign in the elderly sick. This sign was thought to be due to the presence of chronic brain damage. Nosetip temperatures were compared with forehead and ambient temperatures in 400 patients until recovery, death or transfer. Weekly readings were taken, and may have failed to give an accurate record in those observed for 4 weeks or less, though here 56% of the 154 fatalities had low nosetip temperatures. A longer-stay group consisted of 177 cases, of whom 155 had low nosetip temperatures at some time. 87 patients in this group died, 43 remained disabled and only 25 regained their previous state of health. It is concluded that low nosetip temperatures provide a useful indicator that adequate recovery is unlikely to occur.", "contents": "Low nosetip temperatures in the old. A study was made of the significance of cold nosetips as a simple prognostic sign in the elderly sick. This sign was thought to be due to the presence of chronic brain damage. Nosetip temperatures were compared with forehead and ambient temperatures in 400 patients until recovery, death or transfer. Weekly readings were taken, and may have failed to give an accurate record in those observed for 4 weeks or less, though here 56% of the 154 fatalities had low nosetip temperatures. A longer-stay group consisted of 177 cases, of whom 155 had low nosetip temperatures at some time. 87 patients in this group died, 43 remained disabled and only 25 regained their previous state of health. It is concluded that low nosetip temperatures provide a useful indicator that adequate recovery is unlikely to occur.", "PMID": 1183824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9064", "title": "The significance of carotid sinus hypersensitivity in the elderly.", "content": "The carotid sinus stimulation test was performed under electrocardiographic control in 100 consecutive patients admitted to a psychogeriatric assessment unit. An abnormal cardioinhibitory response was obtained in two patients, and a borderline response in 13 patients. The incidence of carotid sinus hypersensitivity was no higher in those with dementia, coronary artery disease, and arteriosclerosis, nor in the very elderly. The increased frequency in males was significant. It is suggested that age alone is not a predisposing factor. Further studies are needed to determine the importance of a hypersensitive reflex as a clinical entity in the elderly.", "contents": "The significance of carotid sinus hypersensitivity in the elderly. The carotid sinus stimulation test was performed under electrocardiographic control in 100 consecutive patients admitted to a psychogeriatric assessment unit. An abnormal cardioinhibitory response was obtained in two patients, and a borderline response in 13 patients. The incidence of carotid sinus hypersensitivity was no higher in those with dementia, coronary artery disease, and arteriosclerosis, nor in the very elderly. The increased frequency in males was significant. It is suggested that age alone is not a predisposing factor. Further studies are needed to determine the importance of a hypersensitive reflex as a clinical entity in the elderly.", "PMID": 1183825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9065", "title": "Psittacosis in the elderly.", "content": "Six elderly patients with serological evidence of psittacosis but atypical syndromes are described. These cases illustrate the difficulties in diagnosing this infection in the old. Four patients were febrile and three had lesions visible on X-ray of the chest. Three died, in one acute toxic viral myocarditis seemed the cause. All were treated with tetracycline, which must be given generously. Psittacosis infection would probably be more commonly diagnosed in the old if serological examinations were carried out in old people immediately on their administration to hospital because of a severe febrile illness. Serological tests appear clearly to be the most certain means of identifying psittacosis in patients with multiple pathology.", "contents": "Psittacosis in the elderly. Six elderly patients with serological evidence of psittacosis but atypical syndromes are described. These cases illustrate the difficulties in diagnosing this infection in the old. Four patients were febrile and three had lesions visible on X-ray of the chest. Three died, in one acute toxic viral myocarditis seemed the cause. All were treated with tetracycline, which must be given generously. Psittacosis infection would probably be more commonly diagnosed in the old if serological examinations were carried out in old people immediately on their administration to hospital because of a severe febrile illness. Serological tests appear clearly to be the most certain means of identifying psittacosis in patients with multiple pathology.", "PMID": 1183826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9066", "title": "Plasma viscosity in the elderly.", "content": "Plasma viscosity has been measured by a standardised technique in an unselected series of elderly subjects. Results have been grouped according to the severity of clinical disease and are found to give a good statistical differentiation between most groups, although with a wide overlap. Repeated tests show only a fair correlation with the course of an individual patient's illness. These results are compared with those previously reported. In general, values are lower in elderly than in younger subjects with diesease of comparable clinical severity. \"Normal' values are, however, slightly higher in the elderly. Further studies are planned to analyse apparently anomalous results in an attempt to determine more exactly the clinical value of plasma viscosity estimation in the elderly.", "contents": "Plasma viscosity in the elderly. Plasma viscosity has been measured by a standardised technique in an unselected series of elderly subjects. Results have been grouped according to the severity of clinical disease and are found to give a good statistical differentiation between most groups, although with a wide overlap. Repeated tests show only a fair correlation with the course of an individual patient's illness. These results are compared with those previously reported. In general, values are lower in elderly than in younger subjects with diesease of comparable clinical severity. \"Normal' values are, however, slightly higher in the elderly. Further studies are planned to analyse apparently anomalous results in an attempt to determine more exactly the clinical value of plasma viscosity estimation in the elderly.", "PMID": 1183827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9067", "title": "Ageing and cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "The lymphocyte transformation test with phytohemagglutinin as mitogen estimated according to the incorporation of 2-(14)C-thymidine in DNA was used as an indicator of cell-mediated reactivity in 53 healthy subjects. Three age groups were examined: up to 20 years (21 subjects), 21-40 years (10 subjects) and over 70 years (22 subjects). The responsiveness of lymphocytes decreased significantly with age. In the highest age group 12 pathologically low values were found.", "contents": "Ageing and cell-mediated immunity. The lymphocyte transformation test with phytohemagglutinin as mitogen estimated according to the incorporation of 2-(14)C-thymidine in DNA was used as an indicator of cell-mediated reactivity in 53 healthy subjects. Three age groups were examined: up to 20 years (21 subjects), 21-40 years (10 subjects) and over 70 years (22 subjects). The responsiveness of lymphocytes decreased significantly with age. In the highest age group 12 pathologically low values were found.", "PMID": 1183828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9068", "title": "Testosterone uptake by prostatic tissue from young and old rats.", "content": "The uptake of [3H]-testosterone in vitro by the ventral lobe of the prostate of rats more than 11 months old was significantly less than that of rats 4-5 weeks old. There were significant decreases between young and old rats in the RNA and DNA content of the prostate but not in the activity of acid or alkaline phosphatases. Alkaline phosphatase activity was higher than that of acid phosphatase. Testosterone uptake by the prostate was higher in culture medium TC199 than in Krebs-Ringer buffer solution.", "contents": "Testosterone uptake by prostatic tissue from young and old rats. The uptake of [3H]-testosterone in vitro by the ventral lobe of the prostate of rats more than 11 months old was significantly less than that of rats 4-5 weeks old. There were significant decreases between young and old rats in the RNA and DNA content of the prostate but not in the activity of acid or alkaline phosphatases. Alkaline phosphatase activity was higher than that of acid phosphatase. Testosterone uptake by the prostate was higher in culture medium TC199 than in Krebs-Ringer buffer solution.", "PMID": 1183829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9069", "title": "An electron microscopic investigation of age-dependent changes in the flight muscle of Musca domestica L.", "content": "The thoracic flight muscle from adult male NAIDM house flies was examined, from emergence to very old age. Thin sections stained with uranyl acetate and bismuth showed no myofibrillar or mitochondrial degeneration from 1 day to 19 days post-emergence, contrary to earlier reports. Some progressive loss in glycogen content and increase in mitochondrial size were observed for muscle from young to very old flies. However, there was no conclusive evidence of fusion of smaller mitochondria into larger ones with advancing age, despite exhaustive examination of representative sections of muscle samples of adult males of different ages.", "contents": "An electron microscopic investigation of age-dependent changes in the flight muscle of Musca domestica L. The thoracic flight muscle from adult male NAIDM house flies was examined, from emergence to very old age. Thin sections stained with uranyl acetate and bismuth showed no myofibrillar or mitochondrial degeneration from 1 day to 19 days post-emergence, contrary to earlier reports. Some progressive loss in glycogen content and increase in mitochondrial size were observed for muscle from young to very old flies. However, there was no conclusive evidence of fusion of smaller mitochondria into larger ones with advancing age, despite exhaustive examination of representative sections of muscle samples of adult males of different ages.", "PMID": 1183830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9070", "title": "Effect of aging on brain respiration and carbohydrate metabolism of Syrian hamsters.", "content": "Syrian hamsters were used to study the effect of aging on brain slice respiration and metabolism. Young animals (average age 8 months) and old animals (average age 18 months) were incubated under standard conditions with the following parameters being measured: oxygen uptake, 14CO2 production, glucose utilization, lactate and pyruvate formation. No differences were found in the two groups. It is still very likely that subtle differences exist but can only be documented under conditions of metabolic stress.", "contents": "Effect of aging on brain respiration and carbohydrate metabolism of Syrian hamsters. Syrian hamsters were used to study the effect of aging on brain slice respiration and metabolism. Young animals (average age 8 months) and old animals (average age 18 months) were incubated under standard conditions with the following parameters being measured: oxygen uptake, 14CO2 production, glucose utilization, lactate and pyruvate formation. No differences were found in the two groups. It is still very likely that subtle differences exist but can only be documented under conditions of metabolic stress.", "PMID": 1183831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9071", "title": "Growth in craniofacial cartilages studied by 3H-thymidine incorporation.", "content": "Various cartilaginous zones in the craniofacial region were studied using radioactive thymidine incorporation. An increase in the cpm/DNA ratios was found in all zones investigated between the 10th and the 14th day with the exception of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis, corresponding to a period of great weight increase of the animals. Autoradiography of the mandibular condyle revealed no thymidine marking centrally, tending to show that this structure grows purely by surface apposition.", "contents": "Growth in craniofacial cartilages studied by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Various cartilaginous zones in the craniofacial region were studied using radioactive thymidine incorporation. An increase in the cpm/DNA ratios was found in all zones investigated between the 10th and the 14th day with the exception of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis, corresponding to a period of great weight increase of the animals. Autoradiography of the mandibular condyle revealed no thymidine marking centrally, tending to show that this structure grows purely by surface apposition.", "PMID": 1183851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9072", "title": "Fitting Richards' Curve to data of diverse origins.", "content": "Published techniques for fitting data to nonlinear growth curves are briefly reviewed; most techniques require knowledge of the shape of the curve. A flexible growth curve developed by Richards (1959) is discussed as an alternative when the shape is unknown. The shape of this curve is governed by a specific parameter, which can be estimated from the data. We describe in detail the fitting of a diverse set of longitudinal and cross-sectional data to Richards' growth curve for the purpose of determining the age of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) pups on the basis of right hind foot length. The fitted curve is found suitable for pups less than approximately 80 days old. The curve is extrapolated to pre-natal growth and shown to be appropriate only for about 10 days prior to birth.", "contents": "Fitting Richards' Curve to data of diverse origins. Published techniques for fitting data to nonlinear growth curves are briefly reviewed; most techniques require knowledge of the shape of the curve. A flexible growth curve developed by Richards (1959) is discussed as an alternative when the shape is unknown. The shape of this curve is governed by a specific parameter, which can be estimated from the data. We describe in detail the fitting of a diverse set of longitudinal and cross-sectional data to Richards' growth curve for the purpose of determining the age of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) pups on the basis of right hind foot length. The fitted curve is found suitable for pups less than approximately 80 days old. The curve is extrapolated to pre-natal growth and shown to be appropriate only for about 10 days prior to birth.", "PMID": 1183852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9073", "title": "Effect of temperature-transfer on growth of laboratory populations of a South American annual fish Cynolebias bellottii.", "content": "Previous observation had shown that annual fish living at 15 degrees C grow faster and live longer than those at 20 degrees C. We now demonstrate that when populations of these fish undergo reciprocal transfer between these two temperatures, their growth rates change to that of animals living at the temperature into which they have been transferred. These growth rates do not entirely correlate with the longevity patterns observed in annual fish subjected to temperature-transfer, nor to certain other observations of the relationships among growth, temperature and longevity as reported in the literature.", "contents": "Effect of temperature-transfer on growth of laboratory populations of a South American annual fish Cynolebias bellottii. Previous observation had shown that annual fish living at 15 degrees C grow faster and live longer than those at 20 degrees C. We now demonstrate that when populations of these fish undergo reciprocal transfer between these two temperatures, their growth rates change to that of animals living at the temperature into which they have been transferred. These growth rates do not entirely correlate with the longevity patterns observed in annual fish subjected to temperature-transfer, nor to certain other observations of the relationships among growth, temperature and longevity as reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1183853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9074", "title": "Stress and fluctuating limb asymmetry in various species of rodents.", "content": "Recent studies have shown that the dentition of rodents responds to stress, evidenced by an increase in fluctuating asymmetry. In the present study, three known stressors, noise, cold and behavioral modification, were employed in evaluating the effects of stress on limb asymmetry. None of the stressors employed produced significant increases in fluctuating limb asymmetry except in the humerus. As teeth are highly genetically determined and bone highly responsive to function, these results suggest a stress-related interference in the synchronization of genetically stable structures.", "contents": "Stress and fluctuating limb asymmetry in various species of rodents. Recent studies have shown that the dentition of rodents responds to stress, evidenced by an increase in fluctuating asymmetry. In the present study, three known stressors, noise, cold and behavioral modification, were employed in evaluating the effects of stress on limb asymmetry. None of the stressors employed produced significant increases in fluctuating limb asymmetry except in the humerus. As teeth are highly genetically determined and bone highly responsive to function, these results suggest a stress-related interference in the synchronization of genetically stable structures.", "PMID": 1183854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9075", "title": "Bone mineral in mentally retarded patients receiving long-term anticonvulsive therapy.", "content": "A direct photon absorptiometry method was used to measure bone mineral content in a population of mentally retarded subjects, one half of whom were undergoing long-term anticonvulsant drug therapy. The sample consisted of 134 subjects, 60 males and 74 females. Average ages were 22.5 years for the females and 19.7 years for the males. A multiple regression analysis showed there was no apparent effect on anticonvulsant drug therapy on bone mineral content in this mentally retarded and growth retarded population. A comparison with normal standards indicates that bone mineral values for age for both sexes of mentally retarded subjects were depressed from 15-40 percent relative to white standards. The bone mineral depression closely paralleled the growth depression seen in this population. It is suggested that the inability to detect an overall anticonvulsive drug effect on bone mineral values may be due to the general growth retardation seen in this institutionalized mentally retarded population.", "contents": "Bone mineral in mentally retarded patients receiving long-term anticonvulsive therapy. A direct photon absorptiometry method was used to measure bone mineral content in a population of mentally retarded subjects, one half of whom were undergoing long-term anticonvulsant drug therapy. The sample consisted of 134 subjects, 60 males and 74 females. Average ages were 22.5 years for the females and 19.7 years for the males. A multiple regression analysis showed there was no apparent effect on anticonvulsant drug therapy on bone mineral content in this mentally retarded and growth retarded population. A comparison with normal standards indicates that bone mineral values for age for both sexes of mentally retarded subjects were depressed from 15-40 percent relative to white standards. The bone mineral depression closely paralleled the growth depression seen in this population. It is suggested that the inability to detect an overall anticonvulsive drug effect on bone mineral values may be due to the general growth retardation seen in this institutionalized mentally retarded population.", "PMID": 1183855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9076", "title": "Standards of morphological development of the quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, embryo.", "content": "The morphologic growth of 290 Japanese quail embryos was analyzed to enable an assessment of the developmental status of an organism and permit the evaluation of experimental effects on development. The growth of 36- to 228-hr embryos was analyzed according to Hamburger and Hamilton's (1951) stages of development for the chick; the growth of 240-hr and older embryos was analyzed by correlating age with the length of 5 morphologic structures, toe, leg, beak, wing, and total. A correlation of +.99 was obtained for age-stage relations and a correlation of +.97 was found for age-structure length relations.", "contents": "Standards of morphological development of the quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, embryo. The morphologic growth of 290 Japanese quail embryos was analyzed to enable an assessment of the developmental status of an organism and permit the evaluation of experimental effects on development. The growth of 36- to 228-hr embryos was analyzed according to Hamburger and Hamilton's (1951) stages of development for the chick; the growth of 240-hr and older embryos was analyzed by correlating age with the length of 5 morphologic structures, toe, leg, beak, wing, and total. A correlation of +.99 was obtained for age-stage relations and a correlation of +.97 was found for age-structure length relations.", "PMID": 1183856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9077", "title": "Assessment of severity in colitis: a preliminary study.", "content": "Clinical features, alone and in combinations of up to five, noted early in patients during 181 admissions to one hospital for treatment of acute colitis over five years, have been correlated with the success or failure of drug treatment as judged by death during medical treatment or the need for urgent surgical treatment. Many of the 56 clinical features studied were of no value in predicting the outcome of the attack. The four features of greatest predictive value were the maximum daily body temperature, the maximum daily pulse rate, the bowel frequency and plasma albumin. The simplest and most discriminating prediction at the end of the first 24 hours in hospital was obtained by combining observations on maximum body temperature and the number of stools passed. Serial observations of temperature or pulse rate over the first four days in hospital gave more prognostic information than observations confined to the first day. The predictive value of certain other features, such as x-ray appearances, is described. A simple classification of severity in acute colitis is proposed from these results as a basis for prospective testing in other hospitals.", "contents": "Assessment of severity in colitis: a preliminary study. Clinical features, alone and in combinations of up to five, noted early in patients during 181 admissions to one hospital for treatment of acute colitis over five years, have been correlated with the success or failure of drug treatment as judged by death during medical treatment or the need for urgent surgical treatment. Many of the 56 clinical features studied were of no value in predicting the outcome of the attack. The four features of greatest predictive value were the maximum daily body temperature, the maximum daily pulse rate, the bowel frequency and plasma albumin. The simplest and most discriminating prediction at the end of the first 24 hours in hospital was obtained by combining observations on maximum body temperature and the number of stools passed. Serial observations of temperature or pulse rate over the first four days in hospital gave more prognostic information than observations confined to the first day. The predictive value of certain other features, such as x-ray appearances, is described. A simple classification of severity in acute colitis is proposed from these results as a basis for prospective testing in other hospitals.", "PMID": 1183857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9078", "title": "The effect of iron stores on iron absorption in the rat: the possible role of circulating ferritin.", "content": "Iron absorption in man is inversely related to body iron stores and serum ferritin concentration. A negative correlation between intestinal iron absorption and the amount of storage iron in the body has been confirmed in the rat and the hypothesis that absorption may be regulated through the mediation of ferritin has been tested. There was no difference in mucosal iron uptake or absorption between rats undergoing a jugular infusion of ferritin and those infused with saline despite a hundredfold difference in circulating ferritin concentration.", "contents": "The effect of iron stores on iron absorption in the rat: the possible role of circulating ferritin. Iron absorption in man is inversely related to body iron stores and serum ferritin concentration. A negative correlation between intestinal iron absorption and the amount of storage iron in the body has been confirmed in the rat and the hypothesis that absorption may be regulated through the mediation of ferritin has been tested. There was no difference in mucosal iron uptake or absorption between rats undergoing a jugular infusion of ferritin and those infused with saline despite a hundredfold difference in circulating ferritin concentration.", "PMID": 1183858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9079", "title": "A structural study of gallstones.", "content": "A number of gallstones have been studied using methods which have not previously been applied to gallstones. In particular, the use of scanning electron microscopy and micro-x-radiography have allowed detailed observations to be made on the structure of the stones and the distribution of the various components within the stones. Large differences in structure have been shown to exist between stones having similar overall chemical compositions. In cholesterol gallstones containing calcium carbonate the crystalline nature, distribution and method of deposition of the calcium carbonate was studied and was found to vary from stone to stone. Evidence was found for the presence of fibrous material in the centre of many stones and it is possible that this material acted as a nucleus for the deposition of the other stone components.", "contents": "A structural study of gallstones. A number of gallstones have been studied using methods which have not previously been applied to gallstones. In particular, the use of scanning electron microscopy and micro-x-radiography have allowed detailed observations to be made on the structure of the stones and the distribution of the various components within the stones. Large differences in structure have been shown to exist between stones having similar overall chemical compositions. In cholesterol gallstones containing calcium carbonate the crystalline nature, distribution and method of deposition of the calcium carbonate was studied and was found to vary from stone to stone. Evidence was found for the presence of fibrous material in the centre of many stones and it is possible that this material acted as a nucleus for the deposition of the other stone components.", "PMID": 1183859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9080", "title": "The influence of plasma triglycerides on human growth hormone response to arginine and insulin: a study in hyperlipemics and normal subjects.", "content": "Human growth hormone (HGH) response to arginine (25 gm IV in 30 min) and to insulin (0.1 U/kg B.W.) was studied in 12 male patients (mean age 36 +/- 2 years), with normal glucose tolerance and normal body weight, affected with Fredrickson's Type IV primary hyperlipemia. The patients were examined both when plasma triglycerides (TG) were elevated and following clofibrate (2 gm/die for 30-60 days) induced TG reduction. No variations in glucose or FFA behaviour or in body weight were observed after clofibrate. HGH response to arginine was absent, while that to insulin was only inhibited, when plasma TG were elevated. A significant increase in HGH peaks after arginine (from 1.99 +/- 0.59 to 9.34 +/- 1.58 ng/ml) and a slight increment in HGH peaks after insulin (from 23.09 +/- 7.19 to 31.46 +/- 7.95 ng/ml) were observed following reduction in plasma TG. Arginine test was carried out in 7 normal subjects during saline infusion and at the 3rd hour of lipid infusion (Intralipid 20%). HGH response to arginine was absent in all of the subjects during lipid infusion. The HGH response to insulin test, carried out in 9 other normal subjects during saline infusion and at the 3rd hour of lipid infusion (Lipiphysan 15%) was significantly inhibited during lipid infusion. Since lipid infusion provoked an increment, not only in plasma TG but also in FFA, the inhibition of HGH release could be correlated with the elevated plasma levels of both TG and FFA. The results obtained in both spontaneous and experimental hyperlipemia not only confirm the role played by FFA in the regulation of HGH secretion, but also support the hypothesis that elevated TG levels could inhibit HGH response to some stimuli.", "contents": "The influence of plasma triglycerides on human growth hormone response to arginine and insulin: a study in hyperlipemics and normal subjects. Human growth hormone (HGH) response to arginine (25 gm IV in 30 min) and to insulin (0.1 U/kg B.W.) was studied in 12 male patients (mean age 36 +/- 2 years), with normal glucose tolerance and normal body weight, affected with Fredrickson's Type IV primary hyperlipemia. The patients were examined both when plasma triglycerides (TG) were elevated and following clofibrate (2 gm/die for 30-60 days) induced TG reduction. No variations in glucose or FFA behaviour or in body weight were observed after clofibrate. HGH response to arginine was absent, while that to insulin was only inhibited, when plasma TG were elevated. A significant increase in HGH peaks after arginine (from 1.99 +/- 0.59 to 9.34 +/- 1.58 ng/ml) and a slight increment in HGH peaks after insulin (from 23.09 +/- 7.19 to 31.46 +/- 7.95 ng/ml) were observed following reduction in plasma TG. Arginine test was carried out in 7 normal subjects during saline infusion and at the 3rd hour of lipid infusion (Intralipid 20%). HGH response to arginine was absent in all of the subjects during lipid infusion. The HGH response to insulin test, carried out in 9 other normal subjects during saline infusion and at the 3rd hour of lipid infusion (Lipiphysan 15%) was significantly inhibited during lipid infusion. Since lipid infusion provoked an increment, not only in plasma TG but also in FFA, the inhibition of HGH release could be correlated with the elevated plasma levels of both TG and FFA. The results obtained in both spontaneous and experimental hyperlipemia not only confirm the role played by FFA in the regulation of HGH secretion, but also support the hypothesis that elevated TG levels could inhibit HGH response to some stimuli.", "PMID": 1183914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9081", "title": "Blood glucose and serum insulin levels in lean and genetically obese mice.", "content": "Fed and 24 hour fasted lean and genetically obese mice (ob/ob) were given a fixed glucose load per gm body weight by intraperitoneal and intragastric administration. Intraperitoneal glucose injection into the obese mice produced a prolonged elevated blood glucose level with a concomitant significant decrease of circulating insulin. Possible interpretations of this observation are discussed. In those obese animals in which glucose was administered intragastrically the fed obese mice had a blood glucose concentration of 450-500 mg% for a period of one hour but there was no increase in circulating insulin, however, in the fasted obese mice in which the glucose concentration was about 350 mg% for one hour, there was a significant increase in the circulating insulin levels. The fed and fasted lean mice showed normal glucose tolerance curves and the expected increase in circulating insulin following either intraperitoneal orintragastric glucose loads. It is concluded that hyperglycaemia in the ob/ob mice is unlikely to be the principal cause of hyperinsulinaemia.", "contents": "Blood glucose and serum insulin levels in lean and genetically obese mice. Fed and 24 hour fasted lean and genetically obese mice (ob/ob) were given a fixed glucose load per gm body weight by intraperitoneal and intragastric administration. Intraperitoneal glucose injection into the obese mice produced a prolonged elevated blood glucose level with a concomitant significant decrease of circulating insulin. Possible interpretations of this observation are discussed. In those obese animals in which glucose was administered intragastrically the fed obese mice had a blood glucose concentration of 450-500 mg% for a period of one hour but there was no increase in circulating insulin, however, in the fasted obese mice in which the glucose concentration was about 350 mg% for one hour, there was a significant increase in the circulating insulin levels. The fed and fasted lean mice showed normal glucose tolerance curves and the expected increase in circulating insulin following either intraperitoneal orintragastric glucose loads. It is concluded that hyperglycaemia in the ob/ob mice is unlikely to be the principal cause of hyperinsulinaemia.", "PMID": 1183915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9082", "title": "The role of cortisol and growth hormone in the counter-regulation of insulin-induced hypoglycemia.", "content": "Four normal volunteers underwent a control insulin tolerance test (ITT) and an insulin tolerance test (ITT) after two days administration of the serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine (Cypro). Cypro administration resulted in an 81 +/- 11.4% (M +/- SEM) reduction in cortisol secretion and a 73 +/- 15.1% reduction in growth hormone (GH) secretion. Despite the reduction in hypoglycemia-induced cortisol and GH secretion, there was a similar decline and recovery of plasma glucose in the control ITT and the ITT after Cypro administration. Although previous studies indicate that normal basal levels of cortisol and growth hormone are needed for normal counter-regulation after insulin-induced hypoglycemia, augmented secretion of these hormones is probably not essential for this response. Hypoglycemia-induced increases in epinephrine and glucagon, secretion may contribute to the restoration of the normal plasma glucose concentration after insulin-induced hypoglycemia.", "contents": "The role of cortisol and growth hormone in the counter-regulation of insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Four normal volunteers underwent a control insulin tolerance test (ITT) and an insulin tolerance test (ITT) after two days administration of the serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine (Cypro). Cypro administration resulted in an 81 +/- 11.4% (M +/- SEM) reduction in cortisol secretion and a 73 +/- 15.1% reduction in growth hormone (GH) secretion. Despite the reduction in hypoglycemia-induced cortisol and GH secretion, there was a similar decline and recovery of plasma glucose in the control ITT and the ITT after Cypro administration. Although previous studies indicate that normal basal levels of cortisol and growth hormone are needed for normal counter-regulation after insulin-induced hypoglycemia, augmented secretion of these hormones is probably not essential for this response. Hypoglycemia-induced increases in epinephrine and glucagon, secretion may contribute to the restoration of the normal plasma glucose concentration after insulin-induced hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 1183916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9083", "title": "The effect of insulin on amino acid incorporation into exocrine pancreatic cells of the rat.", "content": "The rate of incorporation of radioactive leucine per cell in the acinar pancreatic cells of the rat increases by 50 per cent within one hour after subcutaneous administration of insulin, an effect that lasts for at least one more hour. The rate of incorporation has been measured by quantitative radioautography and by determination of the radioactivity per mug DNA in TCA-precipitable material from tissue homogenates. The capacity for amino acid (leucine and lysine) incorporation as measured by incubating pancreatic fragments in vitro is not enhanced by insulin treatment of the rat in vivo during one or more hours. Insulin was found to lower the serum concentration of most amino acids significantly, leucine by 50 per cent. The apparent effect of insulin on the incorporation of radioactive leucine in vivo can be explained by the difference in the specific radioactivity of the circulating amino acid in the treated rats as compared to the untreated ones. A change in amino acid concentration in the serum may likewise be the explanation of the decrease in amino acid incorporation rate in alloxan diabetic rats. The absence of a short term effect of insulin on the rate of protein synthesis does not exclude a long term effect as suggested by the higher rate of incorporation in the cells of peri-insular acini.", "contents": "The effect of insulin on amino acid incorporation into exocrine pancreatic cells of the rat. The rate of incorporation of radioactive leucine per cell in the acinar pancreatic cells of the rat increases by 50 per cent within one hour after subcutaneous administration of insulin, an effect that lasts for at least one more hour. The rate of incorporation has been measured by quantitative radioautography and by determination of the radioactivity per mug DNA in TCA-precipitable material from tissue homogenates. The capacity for amino acid (leucine and lysine) incorporation as measured by incubating pancreatic fragments in vitro is not enhanced by insulin treatment of the rat in vivo during one or more hours. Insulin was found to lower the serum concentration of most amino acids significantly, leucine by 50 per cent. The apparent effect of insulin on the incorporation of radioactive leucine in vivo can be explained by the difference in the specific radioactivity of the circulating amino acid in the treated rats as compared to the untreated ones. A change in amino acid concentration in the serum may likewise be the explanation of the decrease in amino acid incorporation rate in alloxan diabetic rats. The absence of a short term effect of insulin on the rate of protein synthesis does not exclude a long term effect as suggested by the higher rate of incorporation in the cells of peri-insular acini.", "PMID": 1183917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9084", "title": "Studies on the different forms of material reacting with antiinsulin antibodies in the fetal and adult rat.", "content": "The nature of peak B (MW = 10-12000, proinsulin?) and PEak C (MW = 50-100000, \"big big\" insulin?) materials detected by the double antibody (DA) procedure in elution profiles of rat sera after Sephadex G 50 or G 100 chromatography (cf. preceding companion paper) is further investigated. Peak B is converted by mild tryptic digestion in an immunoreactive material behaving in rechromatography exactly like insulin monomer. Peak C is less easily detected by the dextran coated charcoal (DCC) method; it resists 8 M urea 37 degrees C for 1 hr, is not an artifact due to the complement system; its relative importance is very much reduced in pancreatic extracts or perifusates. Incubation of biologically active 125I labelled insulin in rat sera results in appearance of labelled material behaving on chromatography like peak C natural material, having the electrophoretic mobility of rat alpha I globulins and albumin, and resisting 8 M urea, acidic pHs and 0.5 M NaCl. Similar incubation in buffer supplemented with bovine albumin results in appearance of a labelled material having the electrophoretic mobility of beef albumin; N-ethyl-maleimide provides against this binding, which might result from (S-S)-(SH) interchanges. Rat alpha globulins and albumin (but not beef albumin) cross-react with the DA procedures; they do not react with the DCC method. Insulin bound to plasma proteins reacts with both methods. It is suggested that peak C material, as detected by the DA method in rat serum, consists both of insulin covalently bound to plasma proteins and of certain plasma proteins; the DCC method detects only bound insulin. In streptozotocin treated rats, peak C material persists after the complete disappearance of insulin and proinsulin, when detected by the (DA) procedure, but disappears when detected by the DCC procedure.", "contents": "Studies on the different forms of material reacting with antiinsulin antibodies in the fetal and adult rat. The nature of peak B (MW = 10-12000, proinsulin?) and PEak C (MW = 50-100000, \"big big\" insulin?) materials detected by the double antibody (DA) procedure in elution profiles of rat sera after Sephadex G 50 or G 100 chromatography (cf. preceding companion paper) is further investigated. Peak B is converted by mild tryptic digestion in an immunoreactive material behaving in rechromatography exactly like insulin monomer. Peak C is less easily detected by the dextran coated charcoal (DCC) method; it resists 8 M urea 37 degrees C for 1 hr, is not an artifact due to the complement system; its relative importance is very much reduced in pancreatic extracts or perifusates. Incubation of biologically active 125I labelled insulin in rat sera results in appearance of labelled material behaving on chromatography like peak C natural material, having the electrophoretic mobility of rat alpha I globulins and albumin, and resisting 8 M urea, acidic pHs and 0.5 M NaCl. Similar incubation in buffer supplemented with bovine albumin results in appearance of a labelled material having the electrophoretic mobility of beef albumin; N-ethyl-maleimide provides against this binding, which might result from (S-S)-(SH) interchanges. Rat alpha globulins and albumin (but not beef albumin) cross-react with the DA procedures; they do not react with the DCC method. Insulin bound to plasma proteins reacts with both methods. It is suggested that peak C material, as detected by the DA method in rat serum, consists both of insulin covalently bound to plasma proteins and of certain plasma proteins; the DCC method detects only bound insulin. In streptozotocin treated rats, peak C material persists after the complete disappearance of insulin and proinsulin, when detected by the (DA) procedure, but disappears when detected by the DCC procedure.", "PMID": 1183918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9085", "title": "Effect of insulin on human intestinal smooth muscle.", "content": "The action of insulin (0.1 U/ml) on the metabolism of human intestinal smooth muscle was studied in vitro. The experiments were performed on the muscle layer of human jujunum obtained from patients undergoing intestinal shunt operations because of obesity. Insulin significantly increased glucose uptake, glycogen content, the membrane transport of alpha-amino-isobutyric acid (AIB), the incorporation of leucine into protein and tended to increase the membrane transport of the nonutilizable model monosaccharide 3-0-methylglucose. The effects of insulin were moderate and appeared after incubation times of 120 to 180 min.", "contents": "Effect of insulin on human intestinal smooth muscle. The action of insulin (0.1 U/ml) on the metabolism of human intestinal smooth muscle was studied in vitro. The experiments were performed on the muscle layer of human jujunum obtained from patients undergoing intestinal shunt operations because of obesity. Insulin significantly increased glucose uptake, glycogen content, the membrane transport of alpha-amino-isobutyric acid (AIB), the incorporation of leucine into protein and tended to increase the membrane transport of the nonutilizable model monosaccharide 3-0-methylglucose. The effects of insulin were moderate and appeared after incubation times of 120 to 180 min.", "PMID": 1183919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9086", "title": "The triglyceride content of adipocytes and plasma of patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In two groups of obese diabetic patients closely matched for age, glucose intolerance and indices of obesity, the group with hypertriglyceridaemia was found to have an increased triglyceride content of adipocytes (p less than 0.001) and raised fasting plasma insulin (p less than 0.02). Plasma insulin did not directly relate to the level of plasma triglyceride (r = +0.28, n = 36, p N.S.) but correlated with the triglyceride content of adipocytes (r = +0.59, n = 37, p less than 0.001). The results suggest that raised plasma insulin is not a primary determinant of the level of plasmatriglyceride but that it may be related by its effect on lipogenesis in adipose and other tissues.", "contents": "The triglyceride content of adipocytes and plasma of patients with diabetes mellitus. In two groups of obese diabetic patients closely matched for age, glucose intolerance and indices of obesity, the group with hypertriglyceridaemia was found to have an increased triglyceride content of adipocytes (p less than 0.001) and raised fasting plasma insulin (p less than 0.02). Plasma insulin did not directly relate to the level of plasma triglyceride (r = +0.28, n = 36, p N.S.) but correlated with the triglyceride content of adipocytes (r = +0.59, n = 37, p less than 0.001). The results suggest that raised plasma insulin is not a primary determinant of the level of plasmatriglyceride but that it may be related by its effect on lipogenesis in adipose and other tissues.", "PMID": 1183920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9087", "title": "Adrenal function and the effect of a high-fat diet on C57BL/6J and C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice.", "content": "In C57BL/6J mice and the ob/+ and ob/ob mutants total plasma corticosterone levels were found to be statistically different. In C57BL/6J mice the level was 1.9 +/- 0.2 mug/100 ml plasma, in ob/+ mice 8.6 +/- 1.6 mug/100 ml and in ob/ob mice 13.7 +/- 1.5 mug/100 ml. The percentage of protein-bound corticosterone as well as the free endogenous corticosterone levels were also different. Feeding a high-fat diet to young C57BL/6J and C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice for a period of 4 weeks had no effect upon blood glucose, plasma insulin and plasma corticosterone levels. The significantly higher increase in body weight of the high-fat diet groups of both lines of mice was mainly due to fat cell hypertrophy.", "contents": "Adrenal function and the effect of a high-fat diet on C57BL/6J and C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice. In C57BL/6J mice and the ob/+ and ob/ob mutants total plasma corticosterone levels were found to be statistically different. In C57BL/6J mice the level was 1.9 +/- 0.2 mug/100 ml plasma, in ob/+ mice 8.6 +/- 1.6 mug/100 ml and in ob/ob mice 13.7 +/- 1.5 mug/100 ml. The percentage of protein-bound corticosterone as well as the free endogenous corticosterone levels were also different. Feeding a high-fat diet to young C57BL/6J and C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice for a period of 4 weeks had no effect upon blood glucose, plasma insulin and plasma corticosterone levels. The significantly higher increase in body weight of the high-fat diet groups of both lines of mice was mainly due to fat cell hypertrophy.", "PMID": 1183921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9088", "title": "Effects of SH-reagents of different molecular size upon glucose metabolism in isolated rat fat cells.", "content": "To study the role of membrane SH-groups in glucose transport of isolated rat fat cells we compared the effects of a small organic mercurial reagent p-CMB with those of a large p--CMB-derivative -- p-CMB-Dextran, MW  10.000 --. It could be shown that both compounds were of almost identical reactivity on fat cell homogenate metabolism. When applied to intact fat cells uncoupled p--CMB showed an (1) insulin like enhancement of 14C incorporation from (U-14C) glucose into CO2 and triglyceride, (2) inhibition of the insulin-stimulatory effect on these parameters and (3) inhibition of basal glucose uptake dependent on the concentrations used. Identical concentrations of p-CMB-Dextran, however, failed to influence basal glucose uptake as well as the insulin mediated increase in glucose metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of SH-reagents of different molecular size upon glucose metabolism in isolated rat fat cells. To study the role of membrane SH-groups in glucose transport of isolated rat fat cells we compared the effects of a small organic mercurial reagent p-CMB with those of a large p--CMB-derivative -- p-CMB-Dextran, MW  10.000 --. It could be shown that both compounds were of almost identical reactivity on fat cell homogenate metabolism. When applied to intact fat cells uncoupled p--CMB showed an (1) insulin like enhancement of 14C incorporation from (U-14C) glucose into CO2 and triglyceride, (2) inhibition of the insulin-stimulatory effect on these parameters and (3) inhibition of basal glucose uptake dependent on the concentrations used. Identical concentrations of p-CMB-Dextran, however, failed to influence basal glucose uptake as well as the insulin mediated increase in glucose metabolism.", "PMID": 1183922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9089", "title": "Regulation of aldosterone secretion in primary aldosteronism.", "content": "Plasma aldosterone, plasma renin activity and plasma cortisol were determined in patients with primary aldosteronism in response to posture and at short-time intervals overnight while the patient were supine. In the 5 patients with an aldosterone-producing adenoma postural changes in plasma aldosterone were paralleled by those in cortisol while plasma renin activity was generally undetectable indicating an ACTH-dependent secretion of aldosterone. This concept was supported by the observation that in 3 of these patients who were tested overnight 1. episodic secretion of plasma aldosterone was paralleled by those of cortisol and 2. episodic secretion of plasma aldosterone could be blunted by dexamethasone. In the patient with idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia concomittant changes in plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity occurred. The assumption that in this patient the fluctuations in plasma aldosterone were mediated through changes in renal renin secretion was supported by the finding that episodic secretion of plasma aldosterone persisted under suppression of ACTH-secretion by dexamethasone. Our results indicate, that the described procedures may all serve as diagnostic criteria to differentiate between aldosterone-producing adenoma and idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia.", "contents": "Regulation of aldosterone secretion in primary aldosteronism. Plasma aldosterone, plasma renin activity and plasma cortisol were determined in patients with primary aldosteronism in response to posture and at short-time intervals overnight while the patient were supine. In the 5 patients with an aldosterone-producing adenoma postural changes in plasma aldosterone were paralleled by those in cortisol while plasma renin activity was generally undetectable indicating an ACTH-dependent secretion of aldosterone. This concept was supported by the observation that in 3 of these patients who were tested overnight 1. episodic secretion of plasma aldosterone was paralleled by those of cortisol and 2. episodic secretion of plasma aldosterone could be blunted by dexamethasone. In the patient with idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia concomittant changes in plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity occurred. The assumption that in this patient the fluctuations in plasma aldosterone were mediated through changes in renal renin secretion was supported by the finding that episodic secretion of plasma aldosterone persisted under suppression of ACTH-secretion by dexamethasone. Our results indicate, that the described procedures may all serve as diagnostic criteria to differentiate between aldosterone-producing adenoma and idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia.", "PMID": 1183923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9090", "title": "Plasma immunoreactive calcitonin levels in pregnant mares and newborn foals.", "content": "Plasma calcium and calcitonin levels were measured periodically during the two last months of pregnancy and at the time of parturition in 9 pregnant mares and their foals. In pregnant animals, there was an increase in plasma calcitonin levels in the days before parturition, which was not due to any change in plasma calcium. This result indicates that in the mare, as in the cow, in the days before parturition CT secretion escapes from its control by plasma calcium. In 0-day and 7-day-old foals plasma calcium levels were significantly higher than in their mothers, but plasma calcitonin levels were not significantly different from those observed in their dams at the time of parturition.", "contents": "Plasma immunoreactive calcitonin levels in pregnant mares and newborn foals. Plasma calcium and calcitonin levels were measured periodically during the two last months of pregnancy and at the time of parturition in 9 pregnant mares and their foals. In pregnant animals, there was an increase in plasma calcitonin levels in the days before parturition, which was not due to any change in plasma calcium. This result indicates that in the mare, as in the cow, in the days before parturition CT secretion escapes from its control by plasma calcium. In 0-day and 7-day-old foals plasma calcium levels were significantly higher than in their mothers, but plasma calcitonin levels were not significantly different from those observed in their dams at the time of parturition.", "PMID": 1183924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9091", "title": "Kinetic study of the enzymatic inactivation of progestogens by rat liver microsomes.", "content": "The kinetics of enzymatic hydrogenation of synthetic progestogens by female rat liver microsomes with NADPH as hydrogen donor were investigated by means of an optical test. Steroids with high progestational activity (Clauberg test) showed a low hydrogenation rate (Vmax). There also seemed to be a certain correlation between molecular structure and Vmax. The metabolites from incubation with the progestogens were isolated from the micro-preparations, and identified by infrared spectroscopy. It was found that the hydrogenation of the olefinic and carbonylic groups involved the uptake of hydrogen from NADPH.", "contents": "Kinetic study of the enzymatic inactivation of progestogens by rat liver microsomes. The kinetics of enzymatic hydrogenation of synthetic progestogens by female rat liver microsomes with NADPH as hydrogen donor were investigated by means of an optical test. Steroids with high progestational activity (Clauberg test) showed a low hydrogenation rate (Vmax). There also seemed to be a certain correlation between molecular structure and Vmax. The metabolites from incubation with the progestogens were isolated from the micro-preparations, and identified by infrared spectroscopy. It was found that the hydrogenation of the olefinic and carbonylic groups involved the uptake of hydrogen from NADPH.", "PMID": 1183930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9092", "title": "Effect of electroconvulsive therapy without anticonvulsive premedication on serum growth hormone in man.", "content": "Serum concentrations of human growth hormone (HGH) were measured in psychiatric patients during the first, third and sixth electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) without anticonvulsive premedication. Serum HGH increased 30 min after the application of current and no differences were found between responses to 1st, 3rd, or 6th ECT. Maximal increase of serum glucose was seen after the first ECT and gradual decreases after the 3rd and 6th ECT were observed", "contents": "Effect of electroconvulsive therapy without anticonvulsive premedication on serum growth hormone in man. Serum concentrations of human growth hormone (HGH) were measured in psychiatric patients during the first, third and sixth electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) without anticonvulsive premedication. Serum HGH increased 30 min after the application of current and no differences were found between responses to 1st, 3rd, or 6th ECT. Maximal increase of serum glucose was seen after the first ECT and gradual decreases after the 3rd and 6th ECT were observed", "PMID": 1183931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9093", "title": "Changes in gonadotropin secretion following complete or hemicastration in the adult rat.", "content": "The effect of sham castration, hemicastration or complete castration on gonadotropin and testosterone secretion was studied in adult male rats. Untreated control rats were autopsied 1, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days following assignment to treatment groups. Sham-castrated controls were autopsied 1, 2 and 3 days after surgery. Complete and hemicastrates were autopsied 1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days after surgery. Serum levels of both FSH and LH were elevated by 24 h postcastration and the levels of both gonadotropins continued to rise throughout the course of the experiment. Serum levels of LH rose following hemicastration and remained above control values through day 30. Serum FSH levels were not significantly affected by hemicastration. Compensatory testicular hypertrophy was not observed in hemicastrated rats.", "contents": "Changes in gonadotropin secretion following complete or hemicastration in the adult rat. The effect of sham castration, hemicastration or complete castration on gonadotropin and testosterone secretion was studied in adult male rats. Untreated control rats were autopsied 1, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days following assignment to treatment groups. Sham-castrated controls were autopsied 1, 2 and 3 days after surgery. Complete and hemicastrates were autopsied 1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days after surgery. Serum levels of both FSH and LH were elevated by 24 h postcastration and the levels of both gonadotropins continued to rise throughout the course of the experiment. Serum levels of LH rose following hemicastration and remained above control values through day 30. Serum FSH levels were not significantly affected by hemicastration. Compensatory testicular hypertrophy was not observed in hemicastrated rats.", "PMID": 1183932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9094", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of 17-hydroxyprogesterone in serum with or without thin-layer chromatographic purification.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) is described. The antigen 11-desoxycortisol-21-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin has been used to produce two antisera of different antibody populations in the same animal. The thin-layer chromatographic system described can be used to separate all the cross-reacting steroids investigated from 17-OHP. A simplified method is also presented using preliminary solvent extraction only. The mean 17-OHP levels measured, using this method, were, for normal men, 0.86 +/- 0.19 ng/ml (SD), for normal females 0.30 +/- 0.19 ng/ml in the follicular phase and 1.72 +/- 0.18 ng/ml in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, and 0.45 +/- 0.17 ng/ml in normal postmenopausal women.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of 17-hydroxyprogesterone in serum with or without thin-layer chromatographic purification. A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) is described. The antigen 11-desoxycortisol-21-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin has been used to produce two antisera of different antibody populations in the same animal. The thin-layer chromatographic system described can be used to separate all the cross-reacting steroids investigated from 17-OHP. A simplified method is also presented using preliminary solvent extraction only. The mean 17-OHP levels measured, using this method, were, for normal men, 0.86 +/- 0.19 ng/ml (SD), for normal females 0.30 +/- 0.19 ng/ml in the follicular phase and 1.72 +/- 0.18 ng/ml in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, and 0.45 +/- 0.17 ng/ml in normal postmenopausal women.", "PMID": 1183933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9095", "title": "Thyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism upon the reproductive performance of female rats.", "content": "L-Thyroxine (L-T4) was injected into mature rats daily at levels of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 mug/100 g body weight through estrous cycling, conception, pregnancy, parturition and 20 days of lactation. Mothers which lactated to 20 days were killed and mammary glands measured for DNA and RNA content. Those which were not able to maintain their pups were killed on the day when all pups died. Estrous cycling and pregnancy were not markedly effected by exogenous L-T4 at levels 3-96 times the normal thyroxine secretion rate in rats. After parturition the mothers on L-T4 above 12 mug did not allow the pups to suckle. As a result the pups died within 2-7 days after birth. Levels of L-T4 from 3 to 12 mug allowed lactation to progress, but survival of pups to day 20 of lactation was significantly lower than in the normal control group. The results of this study indicate that high levels of L-T4 inhibit mammary growth and mild secretion. This, in turn, results in the loss of pups, probably through depletion of prolactin as a result of higher metabolic rate due to hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Thyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism upon the reproductive performance of female rats. L-Thyroxine (L-T4) was injected into mature rats daily at levels of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 mug/100 g body weight through estrous cycling, conception, pregnancy, parturition and 20 days of lactation. Mothers which lactated to 20 days were killed and mammary glands measured for DNA and RNA content. Those which were not able to maintain their pups were killed on the day when all pups died. Estrous cycling and pregnancy were not markedly effected by exogenous L-T4 at levels 3-96 times the normal thyroxine secretion rate in rats. After parturition the mothers on L-T4 above 12 mug did not allow the pups to suckle. As a result the pups died within 2-7 days after birth. Levels of L-T4 from 3 to 12 mug allowed lactation to progress, but survival of pups to day 20 of lactation was significantly lower than in the normal control group. The results of this study indicate that high levels of L-T4 inhibit mammary growth and mild secretion. This, in turn, results in the loss of pups, probably through depletion of prolactin as a result of higher metabolic rate due to hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 1183934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9096", "title": "Enzymic activity in rat uterus during early pregnancy.", "content": "Total protein, RNA and DNA content and the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases, 5'-nucleotidase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were studied in rat uterus during the first 8 days of pregnancy. Isocitrate dehydrogenase activity showed marked fluctuations from day to day. Nucleotidase and acid phosphatase activities showed a significant increase on day 8. The most marked change in activity was that of alkaline phosphatase which showed a 10-fold increase between days 6 and 8, due largely to an increase in the activity of this enzyme in the decidual nodule. The rise in alkaline phosphatase activity did not occur in rats ovariectomized on days 1, 2 or 4 of pregnancy and was markedly decreased in those ovariectomized on day 6. [3H]-uridine incorporation into RNA showed a significant increase between days 2 and 6 whereas [3H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA showed a significant increase on day 6.", "contents": "Enzymic activity in rat uterus during early pregnancy. Total protein, RNA and DNA content and the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases, 5'-nucleotidase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were studied in rat uterus during the first 8 days of pregnancy. Isocitrate dehydrogenase activity showed marked fluctuations from day to day. Nucleotidase and acid phosphatase activities showed a significant increase on day 8. The most marked change in activity was that of alkaline phosphatase which showed a 10-fold increase between days 6 and 8, due largely to an increase in the activity of this enzyme in the decidual nodule. The rise in alkaline phosphatase activity did not occur in rats ovariectomized on days 1, 2 or 4 of pregnancy and was markedly decreased in those ovariectomized on day 6. [3H]-uridine incorporation into RNA showed a significant increase between days 2 and 6 whereas [3H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA showed a significant increase on day 6.", "PMID": 1183935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9097", "title": "Utilization of part-time employees can enhance operating efficiency.", "content": "Part-time employees offer some distinct advantages in improving hospital efficiency. Part-time employees provide significant scheduling benefits that will enable perceptive supervisors to enhance their department's performance. Desperately needed skills to staff laboratories, nursing units, admissions offices, clinics, and other divisions can be found among housewives and retirees. These benefits can be achieved while cutting the hospital's total labor costs--the most promising dimension of all. It is becoming increasingly important for administrators to discover new methods of achieving their organizations' objectives. With labor costs representing a significant part of operating expenditures, creative manpower innovations hold the potential for major improvements, especially in hospitals.", "contents": "Utilization of part-time employees can enhance operating efficiency. Part-time employees offer some distinct advantages in improving hospital efficiency. Part-time employees provide significant scheduling benefits that will enable perceptive supervisors to enhance their department's performance. Desperately needed skills to staff laboratories, nursing units, admissions offices, clinics, and other divisions can be found among housewives and retirees. These benefits can be achieved while cutting the hospital's total labor costs--the most promising dimension of all. It is becoming increasingly important for administrators to discover new methods of achieving their organizations' objectives. With labor costs representing a significant part of operating expenditures, creative manpower innovations hold the potential for major improvements, especially in hospitals.", "PMID": 1183957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9098", "title": "Pseudomalignant myositis ossificans. A pathological study of eight cases.", "content": "Eight cases of pseudomalignant myositis ossificans are presented. There was a male predominance and four patients were under 20 years of age. There was no history of trauma, but there was evidence of mild local or general inflammation with positive roentgenograms in two cases. Histologically there was active fibroblastic proliferation, appearing to develop essentially in fibrin deposits with metaplasia leading to the formation of an unusual osteoid. The newly formed mass was surrounded by bone and compressed the surrounding muscle fibers, which were either atrophic or trapped therein. The histological criteria distinguishing this disorder from other forms of myositis ossificans are discussed, and comparisons are drawn with nodular fascitis and proliferative myositis. An association with the latter was observed in one case. This nontumourous growth must be distinguished from osteogenic sarcoma of soft tissue. The differential diagnosis is based on careful histological criteria, which must be supported by clinical and radiological data.", "contents": "Pseudomalignant myositis ossificans. A pathological study of eight cases. Eight cases of pseudomalignant myositis ossificans are presented. There was a male predominance and four patients were under 20 years of age. There was no history of trauma, but there was evidence of mild local or general inflammation with positive roentgenograms in two cases. Histologically there was active fibroblastic proliferation, appearing to develop essentially in fibrin deposits with metaplasia leading to the formation of an unusual osteoid. The newly formed mass was surrounded by bone and compressed the surrounding muscle fibers, which were either atrophic or trapped therein. The histological criteria distinguishing this disorder from other forms of myositis ossificans are discussed, and comparisons are drawn with nodular fascitis and proliferative myositis. An association with the latter was observed in one case. This nontumourous growth must be distinguished from osteogenic sarcoma of soft tissue. The differential diagnosis is based on careful histological criteria, which must be supported by clinical and radiological data.", "PMID": 1183991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9099", "title": "Mental retardation, hypotonia, and generalized seizures associated with astrocytic \"residual\" bodies. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Two siblings suffering since birth from convulsions, hypotonia, and mental retardation are presented. In the older sibling (eight and one-half years of age) frontal lobe biopsy revealed abnormal cytosomes with lamellar profiles in astrocytes, macrophages, and to a lesser degree in neurons. Similar cytosomes have not yet been reported in cases of sphingolipidoses or in late infantile-juvenile amaurotic idiocy. These cytosomes stained intensely with silver proteinate, an ultrastructural cytochemical stain for carbohydrate moieties. In contrast, lipofuscin did not stain with silver proteinate. Multilamellar (crescentic curvilinear) cytosomes from a reported case of late infantile amaurotic idocy (Batten-Vogt-Spielmeyer disease) did not stain with silver proteinate. Abnormal cytosomes were not found in blood cells, liver, and peripheral nerve. In the younger sibling (14 months old) postmortem ultrastructural studies of cerebral tissue showed very few abnormal cytosomes. On the basis of the clinical and ultrastructural findings, we conclude that these two cases can be distinguished from those with multilamellar (crescentic-curvilinear) inclusions and from cases of the so-called \"neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis\" syndrome.", "contents": "Mental retardation, hypotonia, and generalized seizures associated with astrocytic \"residual\" bodies. An ultrastructural study. Two siblings suffering since birth from convulsions, hypotonia, and mental retardation are presented. In the older sibling (eight and one-half years of age) frontal lobe biopsy revealed abnormal cytosomes with lamellar profiles in astrocytes, macrophages, and to a lesser degree in neurons. Similar cytosomes have not yet been reported in cases of sphingolipidoses or in late infantile-juvenile amaurotic idiocy. These cytosomes stained intensely with silver proteinate, an ultrastructural cytochemical stain for carbohydrate moieties. In contrast, lipofuscin did not stain with silver proteinate. Multilamellar (crescentic curvilinear) cytosomes from a reported case of late infantile amaurotic idocy (Batten-Vogt-Spielmeyer disease) did not stain with silver proteinate. Abnormal cytosomes were not found in blood cells, liver, and peripheral nerve. In the younger sibling (14 months old) postmortem ultrastructural studies of cerebral tissue showed very few abnormal cytosomes. On the basis of the clinical and ultrastructural findings, we conclude that these two cases can be distinguished from those with multilamellar (crescentic-curvilinear) inclusions and from cases of the so-called \"neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis\" syndrome.", "PMID": 1183992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9100", "title": "Pathology of high dose intermittent cyclophosphamide therapy.", "content": "Pathologic changes induced by high dose intermittent cyclophosphamide therapy are described in 39 patients with solid tumors, lymphohematopoietic malignant disease, and bone marrow transplants. Patients receiving 50 to 120 mg. per kg. daily for one to four days showed transmural bladder injury affecting all component tissue; toxic vasculitis involving small arteries, capillaries, and venules; and interstitial, myocardial, and vascular changes in the heart. Myocardial necrosis with heart failure was the dose limiting factor of very high dose therapy. Patients receiving 15 to 30 mg. per kg. for four days showed variable degrees of bladder injury limited to the mucosa and lamina propria and vascular changes consisting only of telangiectasia. Both groups showed atypia of transitional urinary and esophageal epithelia as well as of mesenchymal cells in the lamina propria of the bladder, persistent and total ablation of spermatogenesis, and long lasting absence of ovarian follicular maturation. Bone marrow hypoplasia and lymphoid depletion developing after cyclophosphamide therapy completely disappeared an average of 3.5 weeks after the last dose.", "contents": "Pathology of high dose intermittent cyclophosphamide therapy. Pathologic changes induced by high dose intermittent cyclophosphamide therapy are described in 39 patients with solid tumors, lymphohematopoietic malignant disease, and bone marrow transplants. Patients receiving 50 to 120 mg. per kg. daily for one to four days showed transmural bladder injury affecting all component tissue; toxic vasculitis involving small arteries, capillaries, and venules; and interstitial, myocardial, and vascular changes in the heart. Myocardial necrosis with heart failure was the dose limiting factor of very high dose therapy. Patients receiving 15 to 30 mg. per kg. for four days showed variable degrees of bladder injury limited to the mucosa and lamina propria and vascular changes consisting only of telangiectasia. Both groups showed atypia of transitional urinary and esophageal epithelia as well as of mesenchymal cells in the lamina propria of the bladder, persistent and total ablation of spermatogenesis, and long lasting absence of ovarian follicular maturation. Bone marrow hypoplasia and lymphoid depletion developing after cyclophosphamide therapy completely disappeared an average of 3.5 weeks after the last dose.", "PMID": 1183993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9101", "title": "Pathogenesis of fungal infection on heart valve prosthesis.", "content": "Four patients with heart valve prostheses developed Candidate endocarditis. At autopsy the foci of infection were confined to patches of neoendocardium that appeared to have developed as ingrowths of host endocardium onto the sewing cloth of the artificial valve. This suggested that one mechanism of fungal infection is related to the presence of the neoendocardium rather than to the cloth or metallic substances of the valve itself. Future studies might be directed toward inhibiting the development of the neoendocardium or to agents preventing its susceptibility to infection.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of fungal infection on heart valve prosthesis. Four patients with heart valve prostheses developed Candidate endocarditis. At autopsy the foci of infection were confined to patches of neoendocardium that appeared to have developed as ingrowths of host endocardium onto the sewing cloth of the artificial valve. This suggested that one mechanism of fungal infection is related to the presence of the neoendocardium rather than to the cloth or metallic substances of the valve itself. Future studies might be directed toward inhibiting the development of the neoendocardium or to agents preventing its susceptibility to infection.", "PMID": 1183994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9102", "title": "Small cell malignant tumors of the thyroid. A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Three small cell malignant tumors involving the thyroid gland were examined by light and electron microscopy. In each, numerous similarities were presented on light microscopic analysis rendering interpretation difficult. In the first patient the small cells were identified on electron microscopy as moderately well differentiated lymphocytes. This tumor occurred in an elderly woman as a locally invasive thyroid tumor, subsequently involving distant sites, including the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and soft tissue. The tumor repeatedly regressed following radiotherapy. The patients eventually died with disseminated lymphocytic lymphoma. In the second patient the thyroid tumor, also locally invasive, was composed principally of neoplastic epithelial cells when studied on electron microscopy. This patient responded poorly to radiation and died within a year after diagnosis. The third patient presented with an enlarging thyroid mass, which ultrastructurally was found to be composed principally of well differentiated lymphocytes. Subsequent clinical evaluation established a diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Small cell malignant tumors of the thyroid represent a difficult diagnosis problem for surgical pathologists. Ultrastructural study, we believe, is a useful adjunct in the differentiation of these tumors.", "contents": "Small cell malignant tumors of the thyroid. A light and electron microscopic study. Three small cell malignant tumors involving the thyroid gland were examined by light and electron microscopy. In each, numerous similarities were presented on light microscopic analysis rendering interpretation difficult. In the first patient the small cells were identified on electron microscopy as moderately well differentiated lymphocytes. This tumor occurred in an elderly woman as a locally invasive thyroid tumor, subsequently involving distant sites, including the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and soft tissue. The tumor repeatedly regressed following radiotherapy. The patients eventually died with disseminated lymphocytic lymphoma. In the second patient the thyroid tumor, also locally invasive, was composed principally of neoplastic epithelial cells when studied on electron microscopy. This patient responded poorly to radiation and died within a year after diagnosis. The third patient presented with an enlarging thyroid mass, which ultrastructurally was found to be composed principally of well differentiated lymphocytes. Subsequent clinical evaluation established a diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Small cell malignant tumors of the thyroid represent a difficult diagnosis problem for surgical pathologists. Ultrastructural study, we believe, is a useful adjunct in the differentiation of these tumors.", "PMID": 1183995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9103", "title": "Hematoxylin bodies: their appearance in renal tubular epithelium.", "content": "Hematoxylin bodies, the pathognomonic light microscopic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus commonly found in renal glomeruli affected with active nephritis, are described in renal tubular epithelium. Formerly thought to be the result of \"L.E. transformation\" of these cells, a proposed mechanism of this phenomenon is that hematoxylin space are phagocytosed by tubular epithelial cells. This would explain the observation in the case presented and also that of the single previous report of this unusual feature.", "contents": "Hematoxylin bodies: their appearance in renal tubular epithelium. Hematoxylin bodies, the pathognomonic light microscopic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus commonly found in renal glomeruli affected with active nephritis, are described in renal tubular epithelium. Formerly thought to be the result of \"L.E. transformation\" of these cells, a proposed mechanism of this phenomenon is that hematoxylin space are phagocytosed by tubular epithelial cells. This would explain the observation in the case presented and also that of the single previous report of this unusual feature.", "PMID": 1183996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9104", "title": "Double aortic arch: report of a case.", "content": "Abnormalities of the embryonic development of the aortic arch system and the great vessels produce a multiplicity of anomalies. This discussion deals with an unusual combination of congenital abnormalities of the aortic arch system found at necropsy in a 71 year old woman. The condition had not produced any clinical signs or symptoms and was totally unsuspected.", "contents": "Double aortic arch: report of a case. Abnormalities of the embryonic development of the aortic arch system and the great vessels produce a multiplicity of anomalies. This discussion deals with an unusual combination of congenital abnormalities of the aortic arch system found at necropsy in a 71 year old woman. The condition had not produced any clinical signs or symptoms and was totally unsuspected.", "PMID": 1183997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9105", "title": "Arterial dysplasia with ruptured basilar artery aneurysm: report of a case.", "content": "An 11 year old girl died unexpectedly as a result of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage originating from a ruptured giant fusiform aneurysm of the basilar artery. The aneurysm had developed as a long standing complication of arterial fibromuscular dysplasia. This discussion describes the light and electron microscopic findings in the aneurysm and the histologic examination of abnormalities in the muscular arteries of the viscera.", "contents": "Arterial dysplasia with ruptured basilar artery aneurysm: report of a case. An 11 year old girl died unexpectedly as a result of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage originating from a ruptured giant fusiform aneurysm of the basilar artery. The aneurysm had developed as a long standing complication of arterial fibromuscular dysplasia. This discussion describes the light and electron microscopic findings in the aneurysm and the histologic examination of abnormalities in the muscular arteries of the viscera.", "PMID": 1183998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9106", "title": "Incidence of chromosome aberrations among 11148 newborn children.", "content": "Chromosome analysis has been made of 11148 children; 29 had sex chromosome abnormalities (2.60 per 1000) and 64 autosomal abnormalities (5.74 per 1000). The total incidence of major chromosome abnormalities was 8.34 per 1000. The incidence of chromosome variations was 16.8 per 1000. The most common variants were those with variation in size of short arms-satellites in D and G chromosomes and variations in Y chromosome size. So far, very little is known about the significance of such chromosome variations. The incidence of most chromosome abnormalities in liveborn children is well established by now from studies of a total of 54749 consecutively liveborn children in 6 studies as shown in Table 1. More chromosome studies of liveborn children are, however, needed for several purposes such as finding families with chromosome translocations, studying segregation rates and giving genetic advice to families with inheritable chromosome aberrations and an increased risk of getting children with unbalanced chromosome abnormalities, mental retardation and physical abnormalities. One of the main purposes in chromosome examination of newborn children is to study the development of children with different chromosome abnormalities, especially those with sex chromosome abnormalities, and compare then with controls, treat them when needed and give advice to the parents of such children.", "contents": "Incidence of chromosome aberrations among 11148 newborn children. Chromosome analysis has been made of 11148 children; 29 had sex chromosome abnormalities (2.60 per 1000) and 64 autosomal abnormalities (5.74 per 1000). The total incidence of major chromosome abnormalities was 8.34 per 1000. The incidence of chromosome variations was 16.8 per 1000. The most common variants were those with variation in size of short arms-satellites in D and G chromosomes and variations in Y chromosome size. So far, very little is known about the significance of such chromosome variations. The incidence of most chromosome abnormalities in liveborn children is well established by now from studies of a total of 54749 consecutively liveborn children in 6 studies as shown in Table 1. More chromosome studies of liveborn children are, however, needed for several purposes such as finding families with chromosome translocations, studying segregation rates and giving genetic advice to families with inheritable chromosome aberrations and an increased risk of getting children with unbalanced chromosome abnormalities, mental retardation and physical abnormalities. One of the main purposes in chromosome examination of newborn children is to study the development of children with different chromosome abnormalities, especially those with sex chromosome abnormalities, and compare then with controls, treat them when needed and give advice to the parents of such children.", "PMID": 1184003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9107", "title": "Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase immunoprecipitation reactions in human-mouse and human-hamster cell hybrids.", "content": "Male New Zealand White rabbits were immunized with human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), which were purified about 2000-fold and 800-fold, respectively, from erythrocytes by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Specific immunoprecipitations of APRT and HGPRT were achieved with the antisera that were obtained and by using polyethylene glycol as a substitute for goat anti-(rabbit) gamma globulin. The activities of the human forms of these enzymes, whether from red blood cells or from cultured cells, were almost completely eliminated under the conditions of immunoprecipitation used. Little or no reduction of APRT and HGPRT activities from mouse and Chinese hamster cells was observed. This discriminatory capacity of the antisera was successfully used for the identification of human APRT and HGPRT in human-mouse and human-hamster cell hybrids using the immunoprecipitation reaction.", "contents": "Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase immunoprecipitation reactions in human-mouse and human-hamster cell hybrids. Male New Zealand White rabbits were immunized with human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), which were purified about 2000-fold and 800-fold, respectively, from erythrocytes by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Specific immunoprecipitations of APRT and HGPRT were achieved with the antisera that were obtained and by using polyethylene glycol as a substitute for goat anti-(rabbit) gamma globulin. The activities of the human forms of these enzymes, whether from red blood cells or from cultured cells, were almost completely eliminated under the conditions of immunoprecipitation used. Little or no reduction of APRT and HGPRT activities from mouse and Chinese hamster cells was observed. This discriminatory capacity of the antisera was successfully used for the identification of human APRT and HGPRT in human-mouse and human-hamster cell hybrids using the immunoprecipitation reaction.", "PMID": 1184004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9108", "title": "A 6p trisomy detected in a family with a \"giant satellite\".", "content": "A very large (giant) satellite was observed on one of the D-group chromosomes of a malformed and mentally retarded infant and her father. Detailed cytogenetic studies revealed that the giant satellite represented, in fact, a der(15) chromosome of translocation t(6;15)(p21;p12 or 13). The proposita was trisomic for a part of 6p(6pter leads to 6p21). The father was a balanced carrier, however, the deletion of the short arm of a No. 6 was hard to detect in routine karyotype analysis.", "contents": "A 6p trisomy detected in a family with a \"giant satellite\". A very large (giant) satellite was observed on one of the D-group chromosomes of a malformed and mentally retarded infant and her father. Detailed cytogenetic studies revealed that the giant satellite represented, in fact, a der(15) chromosome of translocation t(6;15)(p21;p12 or 13). The proposita was trisomic for a part of 6p(6pter leads to 6p21). The father was a balanced carrier, however, the deletion of the short arm of a No. 6 was hard to detect in routine karyotype analysis.", "PMID": 1184005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9109", "title": "Transmission of a t(13q22q) chromosome observed in three generations with segregation of the translocation D1-trisomy syndrome.", "content": "A case of an inherited type of D/G translocation D1-trisomy syndrome was described. A female proposita who had the clinical signs of D1-trisomy syndrome was found to have a chromosome complement of 46,XX,--G,+t(DqGq). examination of Q- and G-stained karyotypes revealed that the chromosomes involved in the translocation were members of Nos. 13 and 22, or t(13q22q) with breaks at p12 of both chromosomes. C-stained figures also showed a large heterochromatin block in its centromeric region. The t(13q22q) chromosome was transmitted from the paternal grandmother of the proposita through at least three generations.", "contents": "Transmission of a t(13q22q) chromosome observed in three generations with segregation of the translocation D1-trisomy syndrome. A case of an inherited type of D/G translocation D1-trisomy syndrome was described. A female proposita who had the clinical signs of D1-trisomy syndrome was found to have a chromosome complement of 46,XX,--G,+t(DqGq). examination of Q- and G-stained karyotypes revealed that the chromosomes involved in the translocation were members of Nos. 13 and 22, or t(13q22q) with breaks at p12 of both chromosomes. C-stained figures also showed a large heterochromatin block in its centromeric region. The t(13q22q) chromosome was transmitted from the paternal grandmother of the proposita through at least three generations.", "PMID": 1184006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9110", "title": "Association of pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 and reproductive failure in ten unrelated families.", "content": "A pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 has been detected in 10 unrelated families. The break points are identical and the inversions involved the heterochromatic segment. The effects of inversion of chromosome 9 on different aspects of reproductive failure are discussed.", "contents": "Association of pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 and reproductive failure in ten unrelated families. A pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 has been detected in 10 unrelated families. The break points are identical and the inversions involved the heterochromatic segment. The effects of inversion of chromosome 9 on different aspects of reproductive failure are discussed.", "PMID": 1184007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9111", "title": "A case of extra small acrocentric bisatellited chromosome in a non mongoloid child.", "content": "A mentally retarded child with an extra small bisatellited acrocentric chromosome is described. The patient exhibited rather unspecific clinical signs such as strabismus, marked facial asymmetry, broad and prominent nasal bridge, hypertelorism, Brushfield's spots, malformed ears with atresia of the external auditory canal on the right side. Giemsa banding (R and G methods) did not allow a clear cytogenetic identification of the extra-chromosome. A tentative interpretation of the cytogenetic aberration as a trisomy of the proximal part of the long arm of chromosome 13 is discussed.", "contents": "A case of extra small acrocentric bisatellited chromosome in a non mongoloid child. A mentally retarded child with an extra small bisatellited acrocentric chromosome is described. The patient exhibited rather unspecific clinical signs such as strabismus, marked facial asymmetry, broad and prominent nasal bridge, hypertelorism, Brushfield's spots, malformed ears with atresia of the external auditory canal on the right side. Giemsa banding (R and G methods) did not allow a clear cytogenetic identification of the extra-chromosome. A tentative interpretation of the cytogenetic aberration as a trisomy of the proximal part of the long arm of chromosome 13 is discussed.", "PMID": 1184008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9112", "title": "A new contribution to the study of 22 trisomy.", "content": "The case of a 2 1/2-month-old male child with intrauterine distrophy features and multiple congenital malformations is presented. Cytogenetic studies of the child and his parents, completed with Q- and G-banding techniques led us to conclude that it is a case of 22 trisomy inherited from his mother.", "contents": "A new contribution to the study of 22 trisomy. The case of a 2 1/2-month-old male child with intrauterine distrophy features and multiple congenital malformations is presented. Cytogenetic studies of the child and his parents, completed with Q- and G-banding techniques led us to conclude that it is a case of 22 trisomy inherited from his mother.", "PMID": 1184009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9113", "title": "Genetic parameters of dermal patterns of ridge counts.", "content": "Dermatoglyphic traits including ridge counts and pattern type counts on fingers were studied in 711 families representing six racial groups in Hawaii. Heritability tesimates were derived from regressions of offspring on father, mother and mid-parent values as well as from full-sib correlations. These estimates varied from 0.23 for radial loops to 0.80 for total ridge count. The heritability estimates were lower for ridge counts of single hands or single digits.", "contents": "Genetic parameters of dermal patterns of ridge counts. Dermatoglyphic traits including ridge counts and pattern type counts on fingers were studied in 711 families representing six racial groups in Hawaii. Heritability tesimates were derived from regressions of offspring on father, mother and mid-parent values as well as from full-sib correlations. These estimates varied from 0.23 for radial loops to 0.80 for total ridge count. The heritability estimates were lower for ridge counts of single hands or single digits.", "PMID": 1184010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9114", "title": "Abnormal hemoglobins, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and hereditary ovalocytosis in the Dayaks of Sarawak.", "content": "A survey of abnormal hemoglobins, G6PD deficiency and hereditary ovalocytosis was carried out among the Dayaks of Sarawak. The only abnormal hemoglobin found was Hb Co Sp, which occurred in 0.35% of the Land Dayaks and 0.83% of the Sea Dayaks. G6PD deficiency occurred in 5.3% of the male Land Dayaks and 5.0% of the male Sea Dayaks; no electrophoretic variant of G6PD was found in any of the 285 Land Dayaks and 240 Sea Dayaks examined. Hereditary ovalocytosis was found in 12.7% of the Land Dayaks and 9.0% of the Sea Dayaks.", "contents": "Abnormal hemoglobins, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and hereditary ovalocytosis in the Dayaks of Sarawak. A survey of abnormal hemoglobins, G6PD deficiency and hereditary ovalocytosis was carried out among the Dayaks of Sarawak. The only abnormal hemoglobin found was Hb Co Sp, which occurred in 0.35% of the Land Dayaks and 0.83% of the Sea Dayaks. G6PD deficiency occurred in 5.3% of the male Land Dayaks and 5.0% of the male Sea Dayaks; no electrophoretic variant of G6PD was found in any of the 285 Land Dayaks and 240 Sea Dayaks examined. Hereditary ovalocytosis was found in 12.7% of the Land Dayaks and 9.0% of the Sea Dayaks.", "PMID": 1184011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9115", "title": "Red cell glutamic-pyruvic transaminase polymorphism in a sample of the Italian population a new variant allele: GPT8.", "content": "247 individuals from Northern Italy have been tested for red cell glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) polymorphism. An abnormal phenotype has been detected. Family data support the hypothesis of the existence of a new variant allele, GPT8, at the GPT locus.", "contents": "Red cell glutamic-pyruvic transaminase polymorphism in a sample of the Italian population a new variant allele: GPT8. 247 individuals from Northern Italy have been tested for red cell glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) polymorphism. An abnormal phenotype has been detected. Family data support the hypothesis of the existence of a new variant allele, GPT8, at the GPT locus.", "PMID": 1184012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9116", "title": "Association between the C3F gene and atherosclerotic vascular diseases.", "content": "The C3 phenotype distribution was studied in a group of patients suffering from atherosclerotic vascular diseases. A statistically significant association was found between the presence of the C3F gene and the occurrence of atherosclerosis. A relative risk incidence of the disease of 1.87 was found for the C3F-positive individuals as compared to the C3F-negative ones.", "contents": "Association between the C3F gene and atherosclerotic vascular diseases. The C3 phenotype distribution was studied in a group of patients suffering from atherosclerotic vascular diseases. A statistically significant association was found between the presence of the C3F gene and the occurrence of atherosclerosis. A relative risk incidence of the disease of 1.87 was found for the C3F-positive individuals as compared to the C3F-negative ones.", "PMID": 1184013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9117", "title": "C3 polymorphism in relation to age.", "content": "The C3 phenotype distribution was investigated in different age-groups among 2,078 voluntary blood donors between the ages of 20 and 65 years, in a group of unrelated babies and in a group of old healthy persons. A continuous increase in the C3F gene frequency with age was found among the blood donors varying from 0.1780 in the youngest age group (babies: 0.1585) to 0.2516 at the age of 50-55 years followed by a continuous decrease to a level of 0.1700 among the eldest donors (01718 among the old persons). In the age group 45-49 years the C3 distribution differed significantly from that in the adjoining age-groups (C3F = 0.1619). It is believed that the variations are brought about by selection of the blood donor population and a balanced polymorphism for the C3 system, possibly due to differences in the biological efficiency of the C3 variants in the complement sequence.", "contents": "C3 polymorphism in relation to age. The C3 phenotype distribution was investigated in different age-groups among 2,078 voluntary blood donors between the ages of 20 and 65 years, in a group of unrelated babies and in a group of old healthy persons. A continuous increase in the C3F gene frequency with age was found among the blood donors varying from 0.1780 in the youngest age group (babies: 0.1585) to 0.2516 at the age of 50-55 years followed by a continuous decrease to a level of 0.1700 among the eldest donors (01718 among the old persons). In the age group 45-49 years the C3 distribution differed significantly from that in the adjoining age-groups (C3F = 0.1619). It is believed that the variations are brought about by selection of the blood donor population and a balanced polymorphism for the C3 system, possibly due to differences in the biological efficiency of the C3 variants in the complement sequence.", "PMID": 1184014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9118", "title": "Plasma cholinesterase studies on south-eastern Bantu of Mozambique.", "content": "Blood samples from four Bantu tribes in South-East Mozambique have been phenotyped for the plasma cholinesterase variants of the E1 locus. A control roup of 153 Portuguese residents in Mozambique have also been phenotyped. The frequencies of both the E1a and E1f genes in the Portuguese population is very similar to those in other Caucasian populations. The absence of the E1a gene in the four Bantu tribes provides more evidence of the rarity of this gene in Negroid populations. There is an increased frequency of E1f gene in all tribes as compared with previous surveys. The Ronga and Bitonga tribes have similar E1f frequencies of 0.047 and 0.048, respectively. The Shangana has an E1f frequency of 0.060, and the corresponding figure for the Chopi tribe is 0.089. The latter is the highest recorded frequency for this gene. The results give some support to the doubts concerning the affiliation of the Chopi tribe.", "contents": "Plasma cholinesterase studies on south-eastern Bantu of Mozambique. Blood samples from four Bantu tribes in South-East Mozambique have been phenotyped for the plasma cholinesterase variants of the E1 locus. A control roup of 153 Portuguese residents in Mozambique have also been phenotyped. The frequencies of both the E1a and E1f genes in the Portuguese population is very similar to those in other Caucasian populations. The absence of the E1a gene in the four Bantu tribes provides more evidence of the rarity of this gene in Negroid populations. There is an increased frequency of E1f gene in all tribes as compared with previous surveys. The Ronga and Bitonga tribes have similar E1f frequencies of 0.047 and 0.048, respectively. The Shangana has an E1f frequency of 0.060, and the corresponding figure for the Chopi tribe is 0.089. The latter is the highest recorded frequency for this gene. The results give some support to the doubts concerning the affiliation of the Chopi tribe.", "PMID": 1184015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9119", "title": "A heterozygot expression of a 'recessive' gene?", "content": "An individual affected with severe bone reductions of the upper limbs, apparently due to an autosomal recessive gene, had eight normal children and then a child with absence of the right thumb and the correspondent metacarpal. This is supposed to be the result of a mild expression of the postulated gene in heterozygous state.", "contents": "A heterozygot expression of a 'recessive' gene? An individual affected with severe bone reductions of the upper limbs, apparently due to an autosomal recessive gene, had eight normal children and then a child with absence of the right thumb and the correspondent metacarpal. This is supposed to be the result of a mild expression of the postulated gene in heterozygous state.", "PMID": 1184016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9120", "title": "Sex-linked hereditary thrombocytopenia with immunological defects.", "content": "14 cases of severe thrombocytopenia in one family are presented. Case histories, clinical examination, analyses of platelets, haemoglobin, reticulocytes, leucocytes, eosinophilocytes, differential counts of leucocytes, serum immunoglobulin IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE concentrations, complement fixing platelet antibodies, isohaemagglutinins, colour perception, determination of red cell and serum groups as well as HL-A types were obtained from a total of 59 members of the family. The in vitro blast transformation response of blood lymphocytes was studied in 6 patients and 45 relatives. The pattern of transmission of the disease was in full agreement with X-linked recessive inheritance. Investigation of the immune system revealed impaired responses to microbial antigens in the 6 patients so studied. All relatives examined had normal haematological status, whereas approximately half showed a subnormal response to one microbial extract. The low responders were evenly distributed within the family, and it was not possible to correlate low response and presumed carrier state.", "contents": "Sex-linked hereditary thrombocytopenia with immunological defects. 14 cases of severe thrombocytopenia in one family are presented. Case histories, clinical examination, analyses of platelets, haemoglobin, reticulocytes, leucocytes, eosinophilocytes, differential counts of leucocytes, serum immunoglobulin IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE concentrations, complement fixing platelet antibodies, isohaemagglutinins, colour perception, determination of red cell and serum groups as well as HL-A types were obtained from a total of 59 members of the family. The in vitro blast transformation response of blood lymphocytes was studied in 6 patients and 45 relatives. The pattern of transmission of the disease was in full agreement with X-linked recessive inheritance. Investigation of the immune system revealed impaired responses to microbial antigens in the 6 patients so studied. All relatives examined had normal haematological status, whereas approximately half showed a subnormal response to one microbial extract. The low responders were evenly distributed within the family, and it was not possible to correlate low response and presumed carrier state.", "PMID": 1184018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9121", "title": "Establishment of heteroploid cell lines from mouse peritoneal exudate cells.", "content": "Proliferation was observed during in vitro cultivation of peritoneal exudate cells that had been educed from a C3H mouse with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. These cells were successfully subcultured by release with trypsin-EDTA solution and are now at passage 108 after 22 months in culture. Using this technique, 12 other rapidly growing peritoneal exudate cultures were obtained, whereas 10 cultures not educed with adjuvant did not proliferate. Characteristics of four adjuvant-induced cell lines established in culture include: rapid attachment to glass, doubling time in culture of 18 to 19 hr, phagocytosis of colloidal carbon, enhanced phagocytosis of specifically sensitized bacteria, epithelium-like morphology, and retention of C3H histocompatible specificities. These cell lines had widely varying chromosome distributions with modes from 37.3 +/- 2.4 to 82.6 +/- 2.30, but inoculation of 10(7) cultured cells into syngeneic animals did not produce tumors. Procedures described for the reproducible establishment of peritoneal exudate cell lines did not require use of conditioned media or exogenous viral infection.", "contents": "Establishment of heteroploid cell lines from mouse peritoneal exudate cells. Proliferation was observed during in vitro cultivation of peritoneal exudate cells that had been educed from a C3H mouse with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. These cells were successfully subcultured by release with trypsin-EDTA solution and are now at passage 108 after 22 months in culture. Using this technique, 12 other rapidly growing peritoneal exudate cultures were obtained, whereas 10 cultures not educed with adjuvant did not proliferate. Characteristics of four adjuvant-induced cell lines established in culture include: rapid attachment to glass, doubling time in culture of 18 to 19 hr, phagocytosis of colloidal carbon, enhanced phagocytosis of specifically sensitized bacteria, epithelium-like morphology, and retention of C3H histocompatible specificities. These cell lines had widely varying chromosome distributions with modes from 37.3 +/- 2.4 to 82.6 +/- 2.30, but inoculation of 10(7) cultured cells into syngeneic animals did not produce tumors. Procedures described for the reproducible establishment of peritoneal exudate cell lines did not require use of conditioned media or exogenous viral infection.", "PMID": 1184034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9122", "title": "Development of an in vitro colony formation assay for the evaluation of in vivo chemotherapy of a rat brain tumor.", "content": "An in vitro colony formation assay for the evaluation of in vivo brain tumor therapy has been developed. When plated, disaggregated cells derived from solid tumors proliferated to form relatively homogeneous colonies after a latency period of 2 to 6 days. Increasing concentrations of fetal calf serum enhanced colony-forming efficiency (CFE) with a plateau between 7 and 16%. Supplementation with either irradiated feeder cells (10(3) to 10(5) cells per dish), or medium conditioned by 1 to 3 days of in vitro incubation with the same cell line, doubled the CFE. The density of tumor cells (untreated or previously treated with chemotherapeutic agents) did not affect the CFE when a minimum of 10(4) total cells (tumor plus feeder) were plated. Therefore, in this system the optimal experimental conditions for evaluating chemotherapy and radiotherapy require incubation of disaggregated tumor cells for 12 days in medium containing 10% of fetal calf serum and enough feeder cells to provide a minimum of 10(4) cells per dish. The CFE for untreated tumors was 18 +/- 10% (+/-S.D.), demonstrating that there is significant biological variation. The assay appeared sensitive, with reproducible results, when applied to individual chemically treated tumors. An estimate of the percentage of clonogenic cells affected by in vivo chemotherapy may be obtained by comparing the CFE of cells from treated and untreated tumors. This assay can measure up to a 5 log(10) cell kill, and it should prove to be valuable in developing more effective regimens for the treatment of solid tumors in animals and man.", "contents": "Development of an in vitro colony formation assay for the evaluation of in vivo chemotherapy of a rat brain tumor. An in vitro colony formation assay for the evaluation of in vivo brain tumor therapy has been developed. When plated, disaggregated cells derived from solid tumors proliferated to form relatively homogeneous colonies after a latency period of 2 to 6 days. Increasing concentrations of fetal calf serum enhanced colony-forming efficiency (CFE) with a plateau between 7 and 16%. Supplementation with either irradiated feeder cells (10(3) to 10(5) cells per dish), or medium conditioned by 1 to 3 days of in vitro incubation with the same cell line, doubled the CFE. The density of tumor cells (untreated or previously treated with chemotherapeutic agents) did not affect the CFE when a minimum of 10(4) total cells (tumor plus feeder) were plated. Therefore, in this system the optimal experimental conditions for evaluating chemotherapy and radiotherapy require incubation of disaggregated tumor cells for 12 days in medium containing 10% of fetal calf serum and enough feeder cells to provide a minimum of 10(4) cells per dish. The CFE for untreated tumors was 18 +/- 10% (+/-S.D.), demonstrating that there is significant biological variation. The assay appeared sensitive, with reproducible results, when applied to individual chemically treated tumors. An estimate of the percentage of clonogenic cells affected by in vivo chemotherapy may be obtained by comparing the CFE of cells from treated and untreated tumors. This assay can measure up to a 5 log(10) cell kill, and it should prove to be valuable in developing more effective regimens for the treatment of solid tumors in animals and man.", "PMID": 1184035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9123", "title": "Technique for cultivation of transitional epithelium from mammalian urinary bladder.", "content": "A technique for initiating cultures of epithelial (urothelial) cells from mammalian urinary bladder has been described. Urothelial cells obtained by this method have been used to support replication of viruses and as controls for immunological, biochemical, chromosome, and electron microscopy studies. Both light and electron microscopic studies of cultured cells suggest that they are epithelial and not a mixed culture.", "contents": "Technique for cultivation of transitional epithelium from mammalian urinary bladder. A technique for initiating cultures of epithelial (urothelial) cells from mammalian urinary bladder has been described. Urothelial cells obtained by this method have been used to support replication of viruses and as controls for immunological, biochemical, chromosome, and electron microscopy studies. Both light and electron microscopic studies of cultured cells suggest that they are epithelial and not a mixed culture.", "PMID": 1184033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9124", "title": "Influence of physical factors on the growth of insect cells in vitro. II. Sodium and potassium as osmotic pressure regulators of moth cell growth.", "content": "The tolerance of a cell line (IMC-HZ-1) from a moth, Heliothis zea, for the monovalent cations Na+ and K+ were defined. Cells shifted to media containing more than 70 mM of K+ showed decreased growth rates. No evidence was obtained for Na+ toxicity. The osmotic pressure tolerances were influenced by the K+ concentration of the medium. The richer the medium was in K+, the narrower was the spectrum of osmotic pressure tolerance. Once the limit of K+ tolerance was exceeded, the rate of decline of growth was linear with respect to further increases in K+. This rate of decline was independent of osmotic pressure. The initial responses of cells during one subculture (2 to 4 population doublings) in media differing from the standard medium (used to maintain the cell line) were not reliable indicators of the growth potential of the cells. Continued subculture in such media resulted in an upward trend in population growth rates in most cases.", "contents": "Influence of physical factors on the growth of insect cells in vitro. II. Sodium and potassium as osmotic pressure regulators of moth cell growth. The tolerance of a cell line (IMC-HZ-1) from a moth, Heliothis zea, for the monovalent cations Na+ and K+ were defined. Cells shifted to media containing more than 70 mM of K+ showed decreased growth rates. No evidence was obtained for Na+ toxicity. The osmotic pressure tolerances were influenced by the K+ concentration of the medium. The richer the medium was in K+, the narrower was the spectrum of osmotic pressure tolerance. Once the limit of K+ tolerance was exceeded, the rate of decline of growth was linear with respect to further increases in K+. This rate of decline was independent of osmotic pressure. The initial responses of cells during one subculture (2 to 4 population doublings) in media differing from the standard medium (used to maintain the cell line) were not reliable indicators of the growth potential of the cells. Continued subculture in such media resulted in an upward trend in population growth rates in most cases.", "PMID": 1184036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9125", "title": "Collagen synthesized and modified by aging fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "Collagen is produced by WI-38 diploid human fibroblast cultures throughout their life cycle. It is examined by a sensitive method based on the analysis of specific peptides obtained after digestion with bacterial collagenase. The production and hydroxylation of the collagen is strongly dependent upon the age (population doublings) of the culture and the presence of ascorbic acid. Young cultures (passage 26) produce large amounts of collagen in the absence of ascorbic acid, and this collagen is about 50% hydroxylated compared to that produced by young cultures in the presence of ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid reduces to about one-half the amount of collagen produced by these young cultures. The young confluent cultures also depend strongly on ascorbic acid for hydroxylation of proline. The dependence declines rapidly with the age of the culture. The collagen produced by young cultures supplied with ascorbic acid is very similar to the type I collagen produced by normal individuals and has about the same degree of hydroxylation of its prolyl residues. The amount of collagen produced by \"older\" cultures is unaffected by ascorbic acid, but the degree of hydroxylation is normal only if ascorbic acid is present, and is decreased to about 60 to 70% in the absence of the vitamin. \"Senescent\" cultures showed little, if any, dependency on ascorbic acid, and the collagen produced, with and without the vitamine, is about 80% hydroxylated. The prolyl hydroxylation system of the WI-38 cells and the various controls on the system are age-dependent.", "contents": "Collagen synthesized and modified by aging fibroblasts in culture. Collagen is produced by WI-38 diploid human fibroblast cultures throughout their life cycle. It is examined by a sensitive method based on the analysis of specific peptides obtained after digestion with bacterial collagenase. The production and hydroxylation of the collagen is strongly dependent upon the age (population doublings) of the culture and the presence of ascorbic acid. Young cultures (passage 26) produce large amounts of collagen in the absence of ascorbic acid, and this collagen is about 50% hydroxylated compared to that produced by young cultures in the presence of ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid reduces to about one-half the amount of collagen produced by these young cultures. The young confluent cultures also depend strongly on ascorbic acid for hydroxylation of proline. The dependence declines rapidly with the age of the culture. The collagen produced by young cultures supplied with ascorbic acid is very similar to the type I collagen produced by normal individuals and has about the same degree of hydroxylation of its prolyl residues. The amount of collagen produced by \"older\" cultures is unaffected by ascorbic acid, but the degree of hydroxylation is normal only if ascorbic acid is present, and is decreased to about 60 to 70% in the absence of the vitamin. \"Senescent\" cultures showed little, if any, dependency on ascorbic acid, and the collagen produced, with and without the vitamine, is about 80% hydroxylated. The prolyl hydroxylation system of the WI-38 cells and the various controls on the system are age-dependent.", "PMID": 1184037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9126", "title": "[Current problems and new developments in therapy of mycoses (author's transl)].", "content": "Mycoses for most of them) represent a group of infectious diseases which seem to increase steadily although numerous fungicidal or fungistatic therapeutics are available. A severe problem is provided by the so-called opportunistic fungi which become parasitic only after the host's immunological protection has been impaired by predisposing factors. Therapy resistance and prevention of relapse are problems of a general nature in the therapy of mycoses. As special topics local treatment of dermatophytoses, of Candida mycoses, and new development in systemic treatment of deep mycoses are discussed.", "contents": "[Current problems and new developments in therapy of mycoses (author's transl)]. Mycoses for most of them) represent a group of infectious diseases which seem to increase steadily although numerous fungicidal or fungistatic therapeutics are available. A severe problem is provided by the so-called opportunistic fungi which become parasitic only after the host's immunological protection has been impaired by predisposing factors. Therapy resistance and prevention of relapse are problems of a general nature in the therapy of mycoses. As special topics local treatment of dermatophytoses, of Candida mycoses, and new development in systemic treatment of deep mycoses are discussed.", "PMID": 1184093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9127", "title": "[Mathematical methods to judge the efficiency of protective vaccinations (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect, hazards and risk of vaccinations may be calculated by means of special formulas which determine the value for N, Q and D. The formula for N considers the question whether a vaccination is effective, necessary and valuable and may be recommended on epidemiological grounds. Q considers the individual risk (i. e. relation between total risk of unvaccinated and vaccinated persons) and D the yearly difference in risks between unvaccinated and vaccinated members of a community. If p stands for protection rate of a vaccination, t = time for which the vaccination effect is lasting, R = complications of disease under study in a community in which vaccinations against this disease are not in use and r = comparable complications of vaccination, the following formulas are applicable: (see article) A vaccination may be recommended if N and Q greater than 1 and the value for D is positiv. Application of these formulas to special vaccinations lead to the following conclusions: In case of BCG, measles and poliomyelitis (oral vaccination) the above mentioned values exceed at least 10(1)-10(2) (N), 4-5 (Q) or are highly positiv (D). These vaccinations-if performed correctly-are considered valuable and highly recommendable. Vaccination against pertussis is not recommendable beyond the second year of life. According to the present epidemiologic situation in Austria this vaccination is still rectified in children under 2 years. However, values for N, Q and D are near border-line and should be yearly evaluated. Smallpox vaccination in Europe is still recommendable. Similarly, continuous reevaluations are necessary due to low values of N, Q and D. On the other hand, vaccination against tetanus is available and vaccination against influenza may be recommended.", "contents": "[Mathematical methods to judge the efficiency of protective vaccinations (author's transl)]. The effect, hazards and risk of vaccinations may be calculated by means of special formulas which determine the value for N, Q and D. The formula for N considers the question whether a vaccination is effective, necessary and valuable and may be recommended on epidemiological grounds. Q considers the individual risk (i. e. relation between total risk of unvaccinated and vaccinated persons) and D the yearly difference in risks between unvaccinated and vaccinated members of a community. If p stands for protection rate of a vaccination, t = time for which the vaccination effect is lasting, R = complications of disease under study in a community in which vaccinations against this disease are not in use and r = comparable complications of vaccination, the following formulas are applicable: (see article) A vaccination may be recommended if N and Q greater than 1 and the value for D is positiv. Application of these formulas to special vaccinations lead to the following conclusions: In case of BCG, measles and poliomyelitis (oral vaccination) the above mentioned values exceed at least 10(1)-10(2) (N), 4-5 (Q) or are highly positiv (D). These vaccinations-if performed correctly-are considered valuable and highly recommendable. Vaccination against pertussis is not recommendable beyond the second year of life. According to the present epidemiologic situation in Austria this vaccination is still rectified in children under 2 years. However, values for N, Q and D are near border-line and should be yearly evaluated. Smallpox vaccination in Europe is still recommendable. Similarly, continuous reevaluations are necessary due to low values of N, Q and D. On the other hand, vaccination against tetanus is available and vaccination against influenza may be recommended.", "PMID": 1184094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9128", "title": "[The diangostic value of skin tests with tissue-extracts, especially in lepra and sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The immunological aspects of lepra (India, Germany) and Sarcoidosis are presented under consideration of cutaneous reaction to lepromin and Kveim-extracts. Patients with lepra, erythema nodosum, sarcoidosis and different dermatoses have been tested with lepromin, Kveim-Antigen and tuberculin. The specifity of the results has been discussed. Patients with tuberculoid lepra did not react on Kveim-test, but patients with sarcoidosis can give positive reaction on lepromin. Patients with erythema nodosum without clinical signs of sarcoidosis are Kveim negativ and a positive lepromin-test is an exception. The positive Kveim-test is bound to a histological examination. The positive lepromin-test in non lepraendemic countries should be interpreted also by histological examination. Granulomatous dermatoses can show positive lepromin-tests, but the histological picture is different from the lepromin reaction in tuberculoid lepra. The positive reactions on tissue extracts are not combined with positive immunfluorescence results. Intracutaneous injection of lepra-bacilli in lepromin extract can be presented days to weeks after intracutaneous application in biopsies.", "contents": "[The diangostic value of skin tests with tissue-extracts, especially in lepra and sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. The immunological aspects of lepra (India, Germany) and Sarcoidosis are presented under consideration of cutaneous reaction to lepromin and Kveim-extracts. Patients with lepra, erythema nodosum, sarcoidosis and different dermatoses have been tested with lepromin, Kveim-Antigen and tuberculin. The specifity of the results has been discussed. Patients with tuberculoid lepra did not react on Kveim-test, but patients with sarcoidosis can give positive reaction on lepromin. Patients with erythema nodosum without clinical signs of sarcoidosis are Kveim negativ and a positive lepromin-test is an exception. The positive Kveim-test is bound to a histological examination. The positive lepromin-test in non lepraendemic countries should be interpreted also by histological examination. Granulomatous dermatoses can show positive lepromin-tests, but the histological picture is different from the lepromin reaction in tuberculoid lepra. The positive reactions on tissue extracts are not combined with positive immunfluorescence results. Intracutaneous injection of lepra-bacilli in lepromin extract can be presented days to weeks after intracutaneous application in biopsies.", "PMID": 1184095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9129", "title": "[Seroimmunity against rubella 5 years after immunisation with Cendehill vaccine (author's transl)].", "content": "The HI-antibodies against rubella of 383 schoolgirls, vaccinated with the Cendehill vaccine between 1969 and 1973 were investigated 8 weeks and 1,9 to 5 years, respectively, after the immunisation. The geometric mean titer of the sera investigated was 1 : 81 in the second sera. 69% of the girls, immunized at the age of 15 to 17 years in 1973 had identical serotiters in the 1st and 2nd serum samples, whilst those vaccinated between 1969 and 1971 had only in 54% constant titers. The geometric mean titer varied between 1 : 91 and 1 : 73. 33% of those vaccinated between 1969 and 1971 and 24% of the vaccinees from 1973 had a fourfold increase in the serotiter in the second postvaccinal serum. A decrease in titer could be demonstrated between 7% to 13% in different periods. Only 1% of the sera investigated became seronegative. The fourfold increases in titers are probably due to inapparent clinical rubella infections, leading to a not undesirable booster of immunity.", "contents": "[Seroimmunity against rubella 5 years after immunisation with Cendehill vaccine (author's transl)]. The HI-antibodies against rubella of 383 schoolgirls, vaccinated with the Cendehill vaccine between 1969 and 1973 were investigated 8 weeks and 1,9 to 5 years, respectively, after the immunisation. The geometric mean titer of the sera investigated was 1 : 81 in the second sera. 69% of the girls, immunized at the age of 15 to 17 years in 1973 had identical serotiters in the 1st and 2nd serum samples, whilst those vaccinated between 1969 and 1971 had only in 54% constant titers. The geometric mean titer varied between 1 : 91 and 1 : 73. 33% of those vaccinated between 1969 and 1971 and 24% of the vaccinees from 1973 had a fourfold increase in the serotiter in the second postvaccinal serum. A decrease in titer could be demonstrated between 7% to 13% in different periods. Only 1% of the sera investigated became seronegative. The fourfold increases in titers are probably due to inapparent clinical rubella infections, leading to a not undesirable booster of immunity.", "PMID": 1184096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9130", "title": "[Progresses in the development of antimycotic effective substances (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative review of widely used classic and modern antimycotic agents - Polyene-group, Griseofulvin, Tolnaphthate, 5-Fluorcytosin and the new Imidazolyl-group - in view of antimycotic, pharmacocinetic and therapeutic properties.", "contents": "[Progresses in the development of antimycotic effective substances (author's transl)]. Comparative review of widely used classic and modern antimycotic agents - Polyene-group, Griseofulvin, Tolnaphthate, 5-Fluorcytosin and the new Imidazolyl-group - in view of antimycotic, pharmacocinetic and therapeutic properties.", "PMID": 1184097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9131", "title": "Serological study of coronavirus antibodies in Hamburg.", "content": "A serological study of coronaviruses with the OC 43 agent (HI-test) was undertaken in 1000 sera from the population of Hamburg. 32,7% of the sera showed HI=titers between 1 : 8 and 1 : 128. The geometric mean titer (GMT) for the whole group was 1 : 16. The frequency of seropositive reactions was highest in 244 individuals 15 to 24 years old (52,8% positive reactions, GMT 1 : 19) whilst in the older age groups (25-59 years and over 60 years old) the precentage of positive reactors was markedly lower (14,4% and 16,8%, respectively, GMT 1 : 12). Among 131 twelve to 17 years old youngsters, a seroconversion was demonstrated in paired sera in 6,8% with a 4- to 8-fold rise in HI-titer within 8 weeks.", "contents": "Serological study of coronavirus antibodies in Hamburg. A serological study of coronaviruses with the OC 43 agent (HI-test) was undertaken in 1000 sera from the population of Hamburg. 32,7% of the sera showed HI=titers between 1 : 8 and 1 : 128. The geometric mean titer (GMT) for the whole group was 1 : 16. The frequency of seropositive reactions was highest in 244 individuals 15 to 24 years old (52,8% positive reactions, GMT 1 : 19) whilst in the older age groups (25-59 years and over 60 years old) the precentage of positive reactors was markedly lower (14,4% and 16,8%, respectively, GMT 1 : 12). Among 131 twelve to 17 years old youngsters, a seroconversion was demonstrated in paired sera in 6,8% with a 4- to 8-fold rise in HI-titer within 8 weeks.", "PMID": 1184098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9132", "title": "[Auto-immune diseases of the skeletal muscle-system. Immune-pathogenetic mechanisms in myasthenia gravis and polymyositis (author's transl)].", "content": "Intensive clinical as well as experimental research over the past decade in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis suggest the imporatance of involved immunological reactions. The thymus as well as the muscle endplates appeare to be possible target organs of autoaggressive reactions, although the real trigger mechanismus of autoimmune reactivity are not yet understood. Different pathogenetic hypothesis for myasthenia gravis are discussed. Regarding the pathogenesis of polymyositis more direct evidence for the possible involvement of viruses are offered by electronmicroscopy. Beside clinical and neurological findings, immunoserological data provide the most important facts for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of myasthenia gravis and polymyositis.", "contents": "[Auto-immune diseases of the skeletal muscle-system. Immune-pathogenetic mechanisms in myasthenia gravis and polymyositis (author's transl)]. Intensive clinical as well as experimental research over the past decade in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis suggest the imporatance of involved immunological reactions. The thymus as well as the muscle endplates appeare to be possible target organs of autoaggressive reactions, although the real trigger mechanismus of autoimmune reactivity are not yet understood. Different pathogenetic hypothesis for myasthenia gravis are discussed. Regarding the pathogenesis of polymyositis more direct evidence for the possible involvement of viruses are offered by electronmicroscopy. Beside clinical and neurological findings, immunoserological data provide the most important facts for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of myasthenia gravis and polymyositis.", "PMID": 1184099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9133", "title": "[Treatment of chronic active hepatitis--newer aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "Recent advances in the treatment of chronic active hepatitis based on several controlled studies indicate that immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids alone or in combination with low doses of azathioprine for more than one year is the therapy of choice because of the induction of long lasting remissions. with the combination therapy (10 mg prednisone and 50 mg azathioprine per day) the side effects seem to be less pronounced. Clinical, histological and immunological results indicate that the lupoid form of chronic hepatitis may be differentiated from the HBAg positive one. Although many reports seem to underline that immunosuppressive treatment should be performed in all cases of chronic active hepatitis this conclusion cannot be drawn in general because the controlled studies almost exclusively contained BHAg negative patients. Considering the different conceptions on the aetiology of chronic active hepatitis the possibility has been discussed to influence chronic active hepatitis by active immunotherapy. First results of such a treatment were demonstrated.", "contents": "[Treatment of chronic active hepatitis--newer aspects (author's transl)]. Recent advances in the treatment of chronic active hepatitis based on several controlled studies indicate that immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids alone or in combination with low doses of azathioprine for more than one year is the therapy of choice because of the induction of long lasting remissions. with the combination therapy (10 mg prednisone and 50 mg azathioprine per day) the side effects seem to be less pronounced. Clinical, histological and immunological results indicate that the lupoid form of chronic hepatitis may be differentiated from the HBAg positive one. Although many reports seem to underline that immunosuppressive treatment should be performed in all cases of chronic active hepatitis this conclusion cannot be drawn in general because the controlled studies almost exclusively contained BHAg negative patients. Considering the different conceptions on the aetiology of chronic active hepatitis the possibility has been discussed to influence chronic active hepatitis by active immunotherapy. First results of such a treatment were demonstrated.", "PMID": 1184101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9134", "title": "A new micromethod for lymphocyte stimulation using whole blood.", "content": "A new micromethod for stimulation of human lymphocytes is described. The use of small amounts of whole blood, microtiter plates, 125I-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine and a multiple cell-culture harvester makes the method easy, rapid, reproducible and suitable for routine laboratory use.", "contents": "A new micromethod for lymphocyte stimulation using whole blood. A new micromethod for stimulation of human lymphocytes is described. The use of small amounts of whole blood, microtiter plates, 125I-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine and a multiple cell-culture harvester makes the method easy, rapid, reproducible and suitable for routine laboratory use.", "PMID": 1184113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9135", "title": "Role of the regional lymph node in neoplasia: cellular mediated reactivity in vitro by autologous regional or distant lymph nodes or peripheral blood lymphocytes of dogs with spontaneous neoplasms.", "content": "This report concerns the in vitro reactivity of lymphocytes obtained from regional (draining) lymph nodes, distant nodes and peripheral blood against autochthonous spontaneous neoplasms. Tumors, blood and lymph nodes were collected aseptically prior to necropsy. Primary tumor cultures were established. Viable tumor cells were first incubated with media or autologous sera and then various numbers of lymphocytes were added. The mixtures were rotated for 60 minutes and then plated. Two and/or five days later cultures were terminated and viable target cells counted. The results of the tests were similar regardless of the lymphocyte source utilized. In vitro tumor cell cytotoxicity by high numbers (1000:1 lymphocytes to tumor cells) of any autologous lymphocytes and interference of such reactivity by autologous sera were demonstrated. Low numbers (100:1) of any lymphocyte source lead to tumor growth stimulation. Animals with spontaneous neoplasms are probably the best model for the study of human clinical oncology. Our data demonstrate that in these animals lymphocytes obtained from regional nodes were not unique in their reactivity to tumors. It is possible that early in the disease the draining node may play a vital role in initiation of host response; however, later its importance probably diminishes.", "contents": "Role of the regional lymph node in neoplasia: cellular mediated reactivity in vitro by autologous regional or distant lymph nodes or peripheral blood lymphocytes of dogs with spontaneous neoplasms. This report concerns the in vitro reactivity of lymphocytes obtained from regional (draining) lymph nodes, distant nodes and peripheral blood against autochthonous spontaneous neoplasms. Tumors, blood and lymph nodes were collected aseptically prior to necropsy. Primary tumor cultures were established. Viable tumor cells were first incubated with media or autologous sera and then various numbers of lymphocytes were added. The mixtures were rotated for 60 minutes and then plated. Two and/or five days later cultures were terminated and viable target cells counted. The results of the tests were similar regardless of the lymphocyte source utilized. In vitro tumor cell cytotoxicity by high numbers (1000:1 lymphocytes to tumor cells) of any autologous lymphocytes and interference of such reactivity by autologous sera were demonstrated. Low numbers (100:1) of any lymphocyte source lead to tumor growth stimulation. Animals with spontaneous neoplasms are probably the best model for the study of human clinical oncology. Our data demonstrate that in these animals lymphocytes obtained from regional nodes were not unique in their reactivity to tumors. It is possible that early in the disease the draining node may play a vital role in initiation of host response; however, later its importance probably diminishes.", "PMID": 1184114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9136", "title": "Nascent DNA from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes.", "content": "DNA synthesis was studied in human peripheral blood lymphocytes that had been stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. DNA pulse-labeled with [3H]thymidine was fractionated by sucrose gradient centrifugation or by chromatography on hydroxylapatite columns. Nascent DNA was identified as a single-stranded species that sedimented at 4-5S in neutral sucrose gradients and appeared to be precursor to chromosomal DNA in pulse-chase experiments. At least two-thirds of the nascent DNA was released as single strands from high molecular weight DNA without employing a denaturation step. It is concluded that synthesis of DNA by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes involves a low molecular weight, single-stranded, short-lived intermediate similar to that described for other eukaryotic cells.", "contents": "Nascent DNA from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes. DNA synthesis was studied in human peripheral blood lymphocytes that had been stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. DNA pulse-labeled with [3H]thymidine was fractionated by sucrose gradient centrifugation or by chromatography on hydroxylapatite columns. Nascent DNA was identified as a single-stranded species that sedimented at 4-5S in neutral sucrose gradients and appeared to be precursor to chromosomal DNA in pulse-chase experiments. At least two-thirds of the nascent DNA was released as single strands from high molecular weight DNA without employing a denaturation step. It is concluded that synthesis of DNA by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes involves a low molecular weight, single-stranded, short-lived intermediate similar to that described for other eukaryotic cells.", "PMID": 1184115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9137", "title": "Amplification of cell-associated immunological memory by secondary antigenic stimulus. Secondary type increase in memory.", "content": "In mice primed with a mixture of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and adjuvant (capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS-K)) cell-associated immunological memory was increased secondarily after a second injection of BSA alone, whereas a primary injection of BSA alone into normal unprimed mice did not result in detectable memory. The optimum antigen doses for expression of the primary and secondary memories of adoptively transferred cells from unboosted primed donors or boosted donors in in vivo culture systems were very similar, although those observed in intact mice were very different, as reported previously. The size of the secondary memory of adoptively transferred cells from boosted donors was more than ten times greater than that of the primary memory of adoptively transferred cells from unboosted primed donors. The lag period for increase of the secondary memory was shorter than that for the primary memory. Both primary and secondary memories increased during a long period (up to 3 months) after the antigenic stimulus. From the results of this study it was concluded that cell-associated immunological memory could be amplified in a secondary fashion upon contact with a second stimulus.", "contents": "Amplification of cell-associated immunological memory by secondary antigenic stimulus. Secondary type increase in memory. In mice primed with a mixture of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and adjuvant (capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS-K)) cell-associated immunological memory was increased secondarily after a second injection of BSA alone, whereas a primary injection of BSA alone into normal unprimed mice did not result in detectable memory. The optimum antigen doses for expression of the primary and secondary memories of adoptively transferred cells from unboosted primed donors or boosted donors in in vivo culture systems were very similar, although those observed in intact mice were very different, as reported previously. The size of the secondary memory of adoptively transferred cells from boosted donors was more than ten times greater than that of the primary memory of adoptively transferred cells from unboosted primed donors. The lag period for increase of the secondary memory was shorter than that for the primary memory. Both primary and secondary memories increased during a long period (up to 3 months) after the antigenic stimulus. From the results of this study it was concluded that cell-associated immunological memory could be amplified in a secondary fashion upon contact with a second stimulus.", "PMID": 1184116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9138", "title": "The effect of cytochalasin B on effector--target cell interaction. Quantitative and ultrastructural study.", "content": "Interaction between pokeweed mitogen-stimulated secondary lymphocytes (PWM-lymphocytes) and target fibroblasts resulted in over 80 per cent adherence of the sensitized lymphocytes to the target cells. Adherence is by pseudopod penetration into target fibroblasts. The only lymphocyte cellular components found in the contact region were microfilaments. Cytochalasin B completely inhibited the specific adsorption of the PWM-secondary lymphocytes to the target cells. What adhesion did take place in the presence of cytochalasin B was found to be nonspecific. Ultrastructurally, the contact between lymphocyte and target cells was altered by the drug, when pseudopods were not observed. Possible effects of cytochalasin B on lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis, mainly by its effect on microfilament function, is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of cytochalasin B on effector--target cell interaction. Quantitative and ultrastructural study. Interaction between pokeweed mitogen-stimulated secondary lymphocytes (PWM-lymphocytes) and target fibroblasts resulted in over 80 per cent adherence of the sensitized lymphocytes to the target cells. Adherence is by pseudopod penetration into target fibroblasts. The only lymphocyte cellular components found in the contact region were microfilaments. Cytochalasin B completely inhibited the specific adsorption of the PWM-secondary lymphocytes to the target cells. What adhesion did take place in the presence of cytochalasin B was found to be nonspecific. Ultrastructurally, the contact between lymphocyte and target cells was altered by the drug, when pseudopods were not observed. Possible effects of cytochalasin B on lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis, mainly by its effect on microfilament function, is discussed.", "PMID": 1184117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9139", "title": "Prevention of spontaneous autoimmunity to DNA in NZB/Swiss mice by treatment with natural double-stranded RNA.", "content": "Data are presented demonstrating the prevention of spontaneous autoimmune disease in NZB/Swiss mice treated natural double-stranded RNA. The successful treatment of animals was followed both by improvement in clinical manifestations and by the migration inhibition test performed with DNA as antigen. The reasons for the successful employment of natural double-stranded RNA are thought to be in its physicochemical properties.", "contents": "Prevention of spontaneous autoimmunity to DNA in NZB/Swiss mice by treatment with natural double-stranded RNA. Data are presented demonstrating the prevention of spontaneous autoimmune disease in NZB/Swiss mice treated natural double-stranded RNA. The successful treatment of animals was followed both by improvement in clinical manifestations and by the migration inhibition test performed with DNA as antigen. The reasons for the successful employment of natural double-stranded RNA are thought to be in its physicochemical properties.", "PMID": 1184118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9140", "title": "Lymphocyte reactivity to influenza virus in man.", "content": "Dermal delayed hypersensitivity and in vitro lymphocyte reactivity, both to purified influenza antigens, have been observed in man. A correlation between these two indices of delayed hypersensitivity was found in subjects without known recent exposure to the virus, but neither correlated with levels of circulating haemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody. Results suggest that in man immunological sensitization of lymphocytes to influenza virus antigen is long-lived.", "contents": "Lymphocyte reactivity to influenza virus in man. Dermal delayed hypersensitivity and in vitro lymphocyte reactivity, both to purified influenza antigens, have been observed in man. A correlation between these two indices of delayed hypersensitivity was found in subjects without known recent exposure to the virus, but neither correlated with levels of circulating haemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody. Results suggest that in man immunological sensitization of lymphocytes to influenza virus antigen is long-lived.", "PMID": 1184119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9141", "title": "The role of the macrophage in cutaneous leishmaniasis.", "content": "The investigation of the role of the macrophage in cutaneous leishmaniasis has been prompted by observations of the clinical behaviour of the infection. In contrast to the self-healing oriental sore, chronic leishmaniasis is characterized by persistent lesions and leishmania recidiva by lesions that flare up locally long after clinical healing. In both clinical types, the parasite is thought to be maintained inside the macrophages. It will be shown that the normal macrophages of mice and guinea-pigs are parasitized by L. tropica; the parasite is not killed by the macrophages but it multiplies within these cells. Incubation of the macrophages with rabbit or human anti-Leishmania sera on the other hand, leads to the attachment of specific immunoglobulins to the macrophage cell surface and consequently to the prevention of parasitization by L. tropica under the experimental conditions. The parasite appears to be immobilized at the macrophage cell surface. Normal rabbit or human sera did not interfere with parasitization. It is postulated that the parasite specifically immobilized at the cell surface might possibly be better exposed to and affected by the immune response than intracellular parasites. Furthermore, infected parasitized macrophages contribute to the immune response by processing soluble antigens from the intracellular parasites and presenting them on their surfaces, as seen by the greater affinity (higher dilution) of anti-Leishmania antibody for the cell membrane of infected macrophages than for normal macrophages.", "contents": "The role of the macrophage in cutaneous leishmaniasis. The investigation of the role of the macrophage in cutaneous leishmaniasis has been prompted by observations of the clinical behaviour of the infection. In contrast to the self-healing oriental sore, chronic leishmaniasis is characterized by persistent lesions and leishmania recidiva by lesions that flare up locally long after clinical healing. In both clinical types, the parasite is thought to be maintained inside the macrophages. It will be shown that the normal macrophages of mice and guinea-pigs are parasitized by L. tropica; the parasite is not killed by the macrophages but it multiplies within these cells. Incubation of the macrophages with rabbit or human anti-Leishmania sera on the other hand, leads to the attachment of specific immunoglobulins to the macrophage cell surface and consequently to the prevention of parasitization by L. tropica under the experimental conditions. The parasite appears to be immobilized at the macrophage cell surface. Normal rabbit or human sera did not interfere with parasitization. It is postulated that the parasite specifically immobilized at the cell surface might possibly be better exposed to and affected by the immune response than intracellular parasites. Furthermore, infected parasitized macrophages contribute to the immune response by processing soluble antigens from the intracellular parasites and presenting them on their surfaces, as seen by the greater affinity (higher dilution) of anti-Leishmania antibody for the cell membrane of infected macrophages than for normal macrophages.", "PMID": 1184120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9142", "title": "Phylogeny of immunoglobulin structure and function. VII. Monomeric and tetrameric immunoglobulins of the margate, a marine teleost fish.", "content": "The margate, a marine teleost fish, was found to contain both high (16S) and low (7S) molecular weight antibodies 17 days after initial immunization. The 16S antibodies were detectable with both haemagglutination and antigen-binding assays, whereas the 7S antibodies were only detected by the latter technique. Margate 16S (molecular weight approximately 700,000) and 7S (molecular weight approximately 175,000) immunoglobulins were isolated and shown to be antigenically indistinguishable. They therefore appear to belong to the same immunoglobulin class and to have a tetramer--monomer relationship. Experiments with stored sera indicated the 7S protein is probably not an in vitro degradation product of the 16S molecule.", "contents": "Phylogeny of immunoglobulin structure and function. VII. Monomeric and tetrameric immunoglobulins of the margate, a marine teleost fish. The margate, a marine teleost fish, was found to contain both high (16S) and low (7S) molecular weight antibodies 17 days after initial immunization. The 16S antibodies were detectable with both haemagglutination and antigen-binding assays, whereas the 7S antibodies were only detected by the latter technique. Margate 16S (molecular weight approximately 700,000) and 7S (molecular weight approximately 175,000) immunoglobulins were isolated and shown to be antigenically indistinguishable. They therefore appear to belong to the same immunoglobulin class and to have a tetramer--monomer relationship. Experiments with stored sera indicated the 7S protein is probably not an in vitro degradation product of the 16S molecule.", "PMID": 1184121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9143", "title": "[Metabolic behavior and utilization of parenterally administered carbohydrates in the postoperative phase].", "content": "60 patients who had to undergo the same operation were subdivided at random into five groups. Each group obtained in respect to the part of carbohydrates a different infusion solution (5% glucose, 5% fructose, 5% xylitol, 5% xylitol-glucose-fructose, 5% sorbitol) with an always constant part of electrolytes, the dosage of which was 60 ml/kg body weight on the day of operation and 40 ml/kg body weight during the first 3 postoperative days being continuously distributed over 24 hours. From the day before the operation until the third postoperative day the effects on metabolic parameters (lactate, uric acid, blood glucose and others) as well as the utilization of the different energy carriers were investigated. While after a glucose infusion, due to a reduced utilization, no change of the lactate level could be proved in the postoperative phase, the effect of fructose on the lactate concentration was most evident. The administration of xylitol was followed by a small increase of the serum uric acid on the first and second postoperative day, whereas in the other groups its decrease could be proved - there was no change after the administration of sorbitol. The highest blood glucose levels were found in the group to which glucose and the three-part solution of xylitol-glucose-fructose were administered. About the utilization of the different energy carriers only a limited information could be given. Altogether the results allow the conclusion that a combination of xylitol, glucose, and fructose or alternatively sorbitol can be considered the most favourable carbohydrates for preparing an isotonic base electrolyte solution.", "contents": "[Metabolic behavior and utilization of parenterally administered carbohydrates in the postoperative phase]. 60 patients who had to undergo the same operation were subdivided at random into five groups. Each group obtained in respect to the part of carbohydrates a different infusion solution (5% glucose, 5% fructose, 5% xylitol, 5% xylitol-glucose-fructose, 5% sorbitol) with an always constant part of electrolytes, the dosage of which was 60 ml/kg body weight on the day of operation and 40 ml/kg body weight during the first 3 postoperative days being continuously distributed over 24 hours. From the day before the operation until the third postoperative day the effects on metabolic parameters (lactate, uric acid, blood glucose and others) as well as the utilization of the different energy carriers were investigated. While after a glucose infusion, due to a reduced utilization, no change of the lactate level could be proved in the postoperative phase, the effect of fructose on the lactate concentration was most evident. The administration of xylitol was followed by a small increase of the serum uric acid on the first and second postoperative day, whereas in the other groups its decrease could be proved - there was no change after the administration of sorbitol. The highest blood glucose levels were found in the group to which glucose and the three-part solution of xylitol-glucose-fructose were administered. About the utilization of the different energy carriers only a limited information could be given. Altogether the results allow the conclusion that a combination of xylitol, glucose, and fructose or alternatively sorbitol can be considered the most favourable carbohydrates for preparing an isotonic base electrolyte solution.", "PMID": 1184167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9144", "title": "[The complications of the subclavian vein catheter and their prevention].", "content": "The subclavian vein catheter as approach to vena cava in emergency cases and intensive care is today approved. However, it is loaded with some troublesome complications. The most important are such in consequence of incorrect puncture like lesions of the pleura or the subclavian artery, complications by catheter embolism, air embolus or thrombosis or infection. Cause and frequency of these complications and possibilities to avoid them are demonstrated. Finally a new set for cannulation and catheterisation of the subclavian vein is presented, which considers the risk of this method in the best way. The advantages of the subclavian catheter in catheterisation of the vena cava are proved. But on account of the demonstrated complications it must be strictly limited to certain indications.", "contents": "[The complications of the subclavian vein catheter and their prevention]. The subclavian vein catheter as approach to vena cava in emergency cases and intensive care is today approved. However, it is loaded with some troublesome complications. The most important are such in consequence of incorrect puncture like lesions of the pleura or the subclavian artery, complications by catheter embolism, air embolus or thrombosis or infection. Cause and frequency of these complications and possibilities to avoid them are demonstrated. Finally a new set for cannulation and catheterisation of the subclavian vein is presented, which considers the risk of this method in the best way. The advantages of the subclavian catheter in catheterisation of the vena cava are proved. But on account of the demonstrated complications it must be strictly limited to certain indications.", "PMID": 1184168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9145", "title": "[The effect of potassium chloride and organic potassium salts on the acid-base equilibrium in normo and hypokalemic rats].", "content": "The effects of intravenous infusions of potassium chloride, potassium acetate, potassium aspartate and potassium malate on plasma electrolytes and acid-base balance were investigated in normokalemic or hypokalemic alkalotic rats. Animals who obtained equal volumes of isotonic sodium chloride solution served as controls. All of these potassium solutions increased the plasma potassium concentrations to the same extent. Potassium chloride shifted the acid-base balance to acidotic values in normal rats or corrected metabolic alkalosis in hypokalemic rats. The potassium salts of organic acids, however, caused an increase in alkalosis, acetate acting stronger than aspartate and malate. In potassium deficiency combined with metabolic alkalosis the administration of potassium chloride is preferable to the organic potassium salts since it corrects both the electrolyte disturbances at the same time.", "contents": "[The effect of potassium chloride and organic potassium salts on the acid-base equilibrium in normo and hypokalemic rats]. The effects of intravenous infusions of potassium chloride, potassium acetate, potassium aspartate and potassium malate on plasma electrolytes and acid-base balance were investigated in normokalemic or hypokalemic alkalotic rats. Animals who obtained equal volumes of isotonic sodium chloride solution served as controls. All of these potassium solutions increased the plasma potassium concentrations to the same extent. Potassium chloride shifted the acid-base balance to acidotic values in normal rats or corrected metabolic alkalosis in hypokalemic rats. The potassium salts of organic acids, however, caused an increase in alkalosis, acetate acting stronger than aspartate and malate. In potassium deficiency combined with metabolic alkalosis the administration of potassium chloride is preferable to the organic potassium salts since it corrects both the electrolyte disturbances at the same time.", "PMID": 1184169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9146", "title": "Experience with essential amino acids in the treatment of patients with chronic uremia.", "content": "Nitrogen balance studies in chronic severe uremia have shown that it is possible to convert the negative nitrogen balance on a protein-poor diet to a positive one when the diet is supplemented with the essential amino acids intravenously or orally. It has been possible to make the diet variable and good tasting. This is a great advance as the patients can remain on the diet for a long time. 15N-studies have shown that this nitrogen balance represents true protein synthesis. These studies have also shown that histidine may be an essential amino acid in chronic severe uremia and further improves the nitrogen balance. During long-term treatment with the diet supplemented with essential amino acids including histidine, no signs of progressive neuropathy, bleeding or muscle wasting have been observed. We think that this diet and amino acid regimen is a feasible way to keep chronic severe uremic patients in fairly good general condition and nutritive state until they can have a renal transplantation or a place in a home-dialysis program.", "contents": "Experience with essential amino acids in the treatment of patients with chronic uremia. Nitrogen balance studies in chronic severe uremia have shown that it is possible to convert the negative nitrogen balance on a protein-poor diet to a positive one when the diet is supplemented with the essential amino acids intravenously or orally. It has been possible to make the diet variable and good tasting. This is a great advance as the patients can remain on the diet for a long time. 15N-studies have shown that this nitrogen balance represents true protein synthesis. These studies have also shown that histidine may be an essential amino acid in chronic severe uremia and further improves the nitrogen balance. During long-term treatment with the diet supplemented with essential amino acids including histidine, no signs of progressive neuropathy, bleeding or muscle wasting have been observed. We think that this diet and amino acid regimen is a feasible way to keep chronic severe uremic patients in fairly good general condition and nutritive state until they can have a renal transplantation or a place in a home-dialysis program.", "PMID": 1184170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9147", "title": "[Infusion therapy in uretero-enterostomy].", "content": "The special problems of the uretero-enterostomy, which is often followed by disturbances of the electrolyte metabolism such as hyperchloremia, metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia with all complications, are dealt with. The pre-operative treatment of the patient and the postoperative infusion therapy are discussed in detail, suggestions as to the infusion, electrolyte and calorie quantity to be administered are made. The postoperative complications are demonstrated on the basis of a special case, the theories on the causes of the electrolyte imbalances are also mentioned.", "contents": "[Infusion therapy in uretero-enterostomy]. The special problems of the uretero-enterostomy, which is often followed by disturbances of the electrolyte metabolism such as hyperchloremia, metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia with all complications, are dealt with. The pre-operative treatment of the patient and the postoperative infusion therapy are discussed in detail, suggestions as to the infusion, electrolyte and calorie quantity to be administered are made. The postoperative complications are demonstrated on the basis of a special case, the theories on the causes of the electrolyte imbalances are also mentioned.", "PMID": 1184171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9148", "title": "Amino acid requirements and non-specific nitrogen.", "content": "These investigations report on the E/T ratios and the importance of the amino acid histidine. Proteins with high proportions of essential amino acids can be diluted to very low E/T ratios with non-specific nitrogen sources without losing their biological value. Histidine has to be regarded as an essential amino acid because the histidine level in plasma and in the muscles decreased by more than 50% when a histidine-free diet is administered.", "contents": "Amino acid requirements and non-specific nitrogen. These investigations report on the E/T ratios and the importance of the amino acid histidine. Proteins with high proportions of essential amino acids can be diluted to very low E/T ratios with non-specific nitrogen sources without losing their biological value. Histidine has to be regarded as an essential amino acid because the histidine level in plasma and in the muscles decreased by more than 50% when a histidine-free diet is administered.", "PMID": 1184172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9149", "title": "[Changes in serum electrolyte concentration and in urinary electrolyte excretion during the infusion of glucose or glucose substitutes].", "content": "In groups of volunteers the concentration differences of phosphate potassium and sodium in serum were measured during 48-hour continuous infusion of glucose or glucose substitutes (fructose, sorbitol or xylitol). The dosage was 0.25 g/kg BW/hour. Additionally, the effect of fructose infusion in a dosage of 0.5 g/kg BW/hour was observed. Besides, the urinary excretion of sodium  and of potassium was analysed. In contrast to short-term and high-dosed infusions of glucose or glucose substitutes, the phosphate concentration in serum was scarcely influenced. Only during high-dosed fructose infusion and during infusion of xylitol and sorbitol a small decrease in serum phosphate concentration was noticed. The effect of xylitol is pronounced. Additionally, the sodium concentration in serum was especially decreased during xylitol infusion. With regard to the sodium excretion - and less pronounced with regard to the potassium excretion - a gradual adaptation to the infusion of the electrolyte-free solution is observed. The excretion of the cations is more and more decreased. In particular the excretion of sodium and of potassium is very high in the initial period, i.e. in the course of the first twelve hours of the xylitol infusions. On the other hand, the potassium excretion is very low in the final period of the infusion of xylitol (during 36 hours up to 48 hours) in comparison to the other sugars.", "contents": "[Changes in serum electrolyte concentration and in urinary electrolyte excretion during the infusion of glucose or glucose substitutes]. In groups of volunteers the concentration differences of phosphate potassium and sodium in serum were measured during 48-hour continuous infusion of glucose or glucose substitutes (fructose, sorbitol or xylitol). The dosage was 0.25 g/kg BW/hour. Additionally, the effect of fructose infusion in a dosage of 0.5 g/kg BW/hour was observed. Besides, the urinary excretion of sodium  and of potassium was analysed. In contrast to short-term and high-dosed infusions of glucose or glucose substitutes, the phosphate concentration in serum was scarcely influenced. Only during high-dosed fructose infusion and during infusion of xylitol and sorbitol a small decrease in serum phosphate concentration was noticed. The effect of xylitol is pronounced. Additionally, the sodium concentration in serum was especially decreased during xylitol infusion. With regard to the sodium excretion - and less pronounced with regard to the potassium excretion - a gradual adaptation to the infusion of the electrolyte-free solution is observed. The excretion of the cations is more and more decreased. In particular the excretion of sodium and of potassium is very high in the initial period, i.e. in the course of the first twelve hours of the xylitol infusions. On the other hand, the potassium excretion is very low in the final period of the infusion of xylitol (during 36 hours up to 48 hours) in comparison to the other sugars.", "PMID": 1184174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9150", "title": "Effects of oral xylitol administration on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in normal subjects.", "content": "Oral tolerance tests with 30 and 50 g of xylitol were performed in 10 normal subjects adapted to taking this pentitol. A 50 g oral glucose tolerance test served as control. Continuous indirect calorimetry was carried out in 7 of these subjects to measure the effects on the metabolic rate and on the oxidation rates of carbohydrate and fat. A small and short rise in serum xylitol and low quantitites of xylitol excretion in urine were observed in both xylitol tests. Xylitol caused a small but statistically significant increase in blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations. Plasma free glycerol diminished significantly. After xylitol the metabolic rate rose throughout the test period but the total increase was only half of that after glucose administration. There was no significant influence of xylitol on the oxidation rates of carbohydrate and lipids. The total increase in carbohydrate oxidation during 2 1/2 hours amounted to one fourth of that caused by glucose. It is suggested that xylitol, during the first two hours after ingestion, charges the body's metabolism much less than equal amounts of glucose. Therefore, the use of xylitol as a sweetener in the diet of diabetic patients seems to be justified.", "contents": "Effects of oral xylitol administration on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in normal subjects. Oral tolerance tests with 30 and 50 g of xylitol were performed in 10 normal subjects adapted to taking this pentitol. A 50 g oral glucose tolerance test served as control. Continuous indirect calorimetry was carried out in 7 of these subjects to measure the effects on the metabolic rate and on the oxidation rates of carbohydrate and fat. A small and short rise in serum xylitol and low quantitites of xylitol excretion in urine were observed in both xylitol tests. Xylitol caused a small but statistically significant increase in blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations. Plasma free glycerol diminished significantly. After xylitol the metabolic rate rose throughout the test period but the total increase was only half of that after glucose administration. There was no significant influence of xylitol on the oxidation rates of carbohydrate and lipids. The total increase in carbohydrate oxidation during 2 1/2 hours amounted to one fourth of that caused by glucose. It is suggested that xylitol, during the first two hours after ingestion, charges the body's metabolism much less than equal amounts of glucose. Therefore, the use of xylitol as a sweetener in the diet of diabetic patients seems to be justified.", "PMID": 1184175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9151", "title": "[Intranarcotic infusion therapy -- a computer interpretation using the program package SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)].", "content": "In a retrospective 18-month study the infusion therapy applied in a great anesthesia institute is examined. The data of the course of anesthesia recorded on magnetic tape by routine are analysed for this purpose bya computer with the statistical program SPSS. It could be proved that the behaviour of the several anesthetists is very different. Various correlations are discussed.", "contents": "[Intranarcotic infusion therapy -- a computer interpretation using the program package SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)]. In a retrospective 18-month study the infusion therapy applied in a great anesthesia institute is examined. The data of the course of anesthesia recorded on magnetic tape by routine are analysed for this purpose bya computer with the statistical program SPSS. It could be proved that the behaviour of the several anesthetists is very different. Various correlations are discussed.", "PMID": 1184176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9152", "title": "[Determination of molecular weight distributions and mean molecular-weight values of clinical dextrans].", "content": "Clinical dextrans can be separated in fractions of different molecular size by permeation chromatography on porous glass columns. The apparatus, which is rather simple, is described in detail. The conversion of the elution diagrams in molecular weight distributions is possible if an adequate calibration curve and the magnitude of peak broadening are known. This information can be obtained experimentally. The analysis of the elution diagram is uncomplicated and generally applicable if both the elution curve and the boradening function are approximately Gaussian distributions. Usually this is the case in the systems in question. With the method described clinical dextrans can be characterized as to their molecular weights with high accuracy. The separation method can also be applied to the production of dextran fractions of narrow molecular weight distributions in a preparative scale.", "contents": "[Determination of molecular weight distributions and mean molecular-weight values of clinical dextrans]. Clinical dextrans can be separated in fractions of different molecular size by permeation chromatography on porous glass columns. The apparatus, which is rather simple, is described in detail. The conversion of the elution diagrams in molecular weight distributions is possible if an adequate calibration curve and the magnitude of peak broadening are known. This information can be obtained experimentally. The analysis of the elution diagram is uncomplicated and generally applicable if both the elution curve and the boradening function are approximately Gaussian distributions. Usually this is the case in the systems in question. With the method described clinical dextrans can be characterized as to their molecular weights with high accuracy. The separation method can also be applied to the production of dextran fractions of narrow molecular weight distributions in a preparative scale.", "PMID": 1184177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9153", "title": "[Heparin therapy in postoperative consumption coagulopathy in childhood].", "content": "On the basis of clinical symptoms and the results of coagulation tests, some changes in the blood coagulation similar to a consumption coagulopathy were found in eight children in the postoperative phase. In addition to the postoperative routine basic therapy a \"low-dosage heparin therapy\" was started. 3-5 IU of heparin/kg body weight/hour were administered in the form of a continuous intravenous infusion. The results are discussed.", "contents": "[Heparin therapy in postoperative consumption coagulopathy in childhood]. On the basis of clinical symptoms and the results of coagulation tests, some changes in the blood coagulation similar to a consumption coagulopathy were found in eight children in the postoperative phase. In addition to the postoperative routine basic therapy a \"low-dosage heparin therapy\" was started. 3-5 IU of heparin/kg body weight/hour were administered in the form of a continuous intravenous infusion. The results are discussed.", "PMID": 1184178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9154", "title": "[The importance of the carbohydrate portion in a synthetic diet].", "content": "The influence of an almost fat-free and carbohydrate-rich diet on different serum parameters was investigated in human volunteers. These studies were supplemented by animal experiments where the effects of different additions of carbohydrates were compared. In human volunteers the fat-free and carbohydrate-rich diet caused a decrease in serum cholesterol concentration. This effect was especially seen when the initial cholesterol values were elevated. Exchange of the glucose carbohydrates (consisting predominantly of oligosaccharides) by frutose or by surose was without an influence on serum concentrations of cholesterol or triglycerides. No signs of carbohydrate-induced hyperlipemia were seen in human volunteers. Only under extreme conditions (60% fructose in the diet) a moderate increase in serum triglyceride concentration was found in animal experiments. However, serum cholesterol was unaltered even under these conditions. Additionally, no significant influence on fat concentration in the liver (triglycerides or cholesterol) was seen. Only using an imbalanced diet (80% glucose or 80% fructose) a slight increase in fat content of the liver and a moderate hypertriglyceridemia were observed. The concentration of serum cholesterol remained unaltered, cholesterol concentration in the liver diminished slightly. These experimental results are considered as evidence that only the extreme situation of a food imbalance (or hypernutrition) can cause a so-called carbohydrate-induced hyperlipemia.", "contents": "[The importance of the carbohydrate portion in a synthetic diet]. The influence of an almost fat-free and carbohydrate-rich diet on different serum parameters was investigated in human volunteers. These studies were supplemented by animal experiments where the effects of different additions of carbohydrates were compared. In human volunteers the fat-free and carbohydrate-rich diet caused a decrease in serum cholesterol concentration. This effect was especially seen when the initial cholesterol values were elevated. Exchange of the glucose carbohydrates (consisting predominantly of oligosaccharides) by frutose or by surose was without an influence on serum concentrations of cholesterol or triglycerides. No signs of carbohydrate-induced hyperlipemia were seen in human volunteers. Only under extreme conditions (60% fructose in the diet) a moderate increase in serum triglyceride concentration was found in animal experiments. However, serum cholesterol was unaltered even under these conditions. Additionally, no significant influence on fat concentration in the liver (triglycerides or cholesterol) was seen. Only using an imbalanced diet (80% glucose or 80% fructose) a slight increase in fat content of the liver and a moderate hypertriglyceridemia were observed. The concentration of serum cholesterol remained unaltered, cholesterol concentration in the liver diminished slightly. These experimental results are considered as evidence that only the extreme situation of a food imbalance (or hypernutrition) can cause a so-called carbohydrate-induced hyperlipemia.", "PMID": 1184179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9155", "title": "[The effect of various electrolyte solutions on the water and electrolyte balance during the postoperative phase].", "content": "Investigations with 3 electrolyte solutions having different qualitative and quantitative compositions were carried out to see their effect on the physiological equilibrium in the pre, intra- and postoperative phases in patients who had to undergo moderately severe surgery. On the basis of electrolyte and osmolarity determinations in serum and 24-hour urine, blood gas analyses, determinations of hemoglobin and hematocrit, 24-hour volume and specific weight of the urine, it was possible to establish an electrolyte administration adapted to the pre-, intra- and postoperative condition of the patients. By the infusion of a solution with this electrolyte content it was possible to keep the measured parameters within the normal range throughout the entire period of measurement before, during and after the operation.", "contents": "[The effect of various electrolyte solutions on the water and electrolyte balance during the postoperative phase]. Investigations with 3 electrolyte solutions having different qualitative and quantitative compositions were carried out to see their effect on the physiological equilibrium in the pre, intra- and postoperative phases in patients who had to undergo moderately severe surgery. On the basis of electrolyte and osmolarity determinations in serum and 24-hour urine, blood gas analyses, determinations of hemoglobin and hematocrit, 24-hour volume and specific weight of the urine, it was possible to establish an electrolyte administration adapted to the pre-, intra- and postoperative condition of the patients. By the infusion of a solution with this electrolyte content it was possible to keep the measured parameters within the normal range throughout the entire period of measurement before, during and after the operation.", "PMID": 1184180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9156", "title": "[Clinical experiences with a new ready-made lidocain-electrolyte solution for intravenous permanent therapy of ventricular arrhythmias].", "content": "Efficacy, tolerability and adverse effects of a ready-for-use lidocain-electrolyte infusion solution for the therapy and prophylaxis of ventricular arrhythmias were tested in routine clinical use. The solution proved highly efficacious and was well tolerated. Even in long-term administration (mean 5 days), no disturbances of the water and electrolyte homeostasis or any other complications were observed.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with a new ready-made lidocain-electrolyte solution for intravenous permanent therapy of ventricular arrhythmias]. Efficacy, tolerability and adverse effects of a ready-for-use lidocain-electrolyte infusion solution for the therapy and prophylaxis of ventricular arrhythmias were tested in routine clinical use. The solution proved highly efficacious and was well tolerated. Even in long-term administration (mean 5 days), no disturbances of the water and electrolyte homeostasis or any other complications were observed.", "PMID": 1184181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9157", "title": "[The effect of halothane on the fructose metabolism in the liver].", "content": "Glucose production from frutose (2 mmol) and fructolysis was studied in perfused rat liver. In the presence of halothane (0.5, 1.5, and 4.0 vol%) glucose production was inhibited, whereas lactate production was stimulated. Total fructose metabolism was unchanged. Since halogenated hydrocarbon compounds are known to inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain, it is concluded that glucose synthesis is inhibited due to decreased supply of energy-rich phosphates from oxidative phosphorylation. On the other hand, this depletion of energy may be partially compensated for by an increased extramitochondrial energy production due to fructolysis.", "contents": "[The effect of halothane on the fructose metabolism in the liver]. Glucose production from frutose (2 mmol) and fructolysis was studied in perfused rat liver. In the presence of halothane (0.5, 1.5, and 4.0 vol%) glucose production was inhibited, whereas lactate production was stimulated. Total fructose metabolism was unchanged. Since halogenated hydrocarbon compounds are known to inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain, it is concluded that glucose synthesis is inhibited due to decreased supply of energy-rich phosphates from oxidative phosphorylation. On the other hand, this depletion of energy may be partially compensated for by an increased extramitochondrial energy production due to fructolysis.", "PMID": 1184182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9158", "title": "[Clinical studies on possible side effects of a plasma substitute on the basis of gelatin (in spinal anesthesia)].", "content": "In 265 patients who were infused 500 ml of modified gelatin during spinal anesthesia, examinations for adverse effects were carried out. Only in one case a weak reaction (shivering) was observed. Other clinically manifest side effects could not be detected.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on possible side effects of a plasma substitute on the basis of gelatin (in spinal anesthesia)]. In 265 patients who were infused 500 ml of modified gelatin during spinal anesthesia, examinations for adverse effects were carried out. Only in one case a weak reaction (shivering) was observed. Other clinically manifest side effects could not be detected.", "PMID": 1184183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9159", "title": "[Osmo-oncotherapy in brain edema].", "content": "The treatment of cerebral edema must be directed towards improving the volume regulation of the brain cell which is disturbed due to reduced blood flow and hypoxia and towards restoring the disturbed function of the blood-brain barrier. Onco-osmotherapy increases the effective intracranial blood pressure difference and improves cerebral blood supply and oxygen absorption, thus exerting a positive effect on sodium concentration in the brain cell which is responsible for the intracellular corticocerebral edema. After renal excretion of the osmotherapeutic agent, however, water may again flow into the brain cell, depending on the osmotic gradient. When the function of the blood-brain barrier is disturbed, osmotherapy may lead to an undesired increase of the osmotic pressure in the tissue. In spite of this, onco-osmotherapy is one of the most effective measures in the treatment of cerebral edema. Choice of therapeutic agents, dosage, infusion rates, side effects and contraindications are dealt with in detail.", "contents": "[Osmo-oncotherapy in brain edema]. The treatment of cerebral edema must be directed towards improving the volume regulation of the brain cell which is disturbed due to reduced blood flow and hypoxia and towards restoring the disturbed function of the blood-brain barrier. Onco-osmotherapy increases the effective intracranial blood pressure difference and improves cerebral blood supply and oxygen absorption, thus exerting a positive effect on sodium concentration in the brain cell which is responsible for the intracellular corticocerebral edema. After renal excretion of the osmotherapeutic agent, however, water may again flow into the brain cell, depending on the osmotic gradient. When the function of the blood-brain barrier is disturbed, osmotherapy may lead to an undesired increase of the osmotic pressure in the tissue. In spite of this, onco-osmotherapy is one of the most effective measures in the treatment of cerebral edema. Choice of therapeutic agents, dosage, infusion rates, side effects and contraindications are dealt with in detail.", "PMID": 1184184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9160", "title": "[Knowledge of the damages of wrong nutrition and of the effect of stimulants. (Results of questioning 100 employees of a large industry].", "content": "In an unselected collective of 100 employees of a big concern the knowledge with regard to body weight, nutrition and nicotine abuse was studied and the eating habits as well as the principles of education connected with them were ascertained. Nearly all questioned persons knew their body weight. Half of them were able to indicate their ideal weight with a precision of +/- 10%. The rate of the considerably overweight persons in the collective showed a dependence on higher age and female sex. Among the questionees with secondary education more normalweight persons were found. The test persons were well informed about the disadvantages of overweight and controlled their body weight in two thirds of the cases at least once a week. They stated to have met the term \"diet\" above all in the mass media. About half of them were able to define the term \"calorie\" approximately precisely. The questionees, however, often underestimated the required caloric quantity, apparently without drawing conclusions. The caloric content of alcoholic drinks was underestimated. Beer ranked first among the consumed alcoholic drinks. Only one fifth of the test persons \"reward\" their children with sweets and wish that they eat up their dinner. About half of the questionees were smokers. One fourth had never smoked, while another fourth had given up smoking. Mostly cigarettes were consumed, although nearly all test persons regarded inhaling smoking as harmful. The sole knowledge of factors that have a detrimental effect on the state of health (e.g. overweight, smoking) seems to be not sufficient to lead a healthy life. Since the test persons are, however, willing to do something for their health it would be useful to concentrate adipose persons and smokers into groups that should be treated by behaviour therapy and be positively motivated.", "contents": "[Knowledge of the damages of wrong nutrition and of the effect of stimulants. (Results of questioning 100 employees of a large industry]. In an unselected collective of 100 employees of a big concern the knowledge with regard to body weight, nutrition and nicotine abuse was studied and the eating habits as well as the principles of education connected with them were ascertained. Nearly all questioned persons knew their body weight. Half of them were able to indicate their ideal weight with a precision of +/- 10%. The rate of the considerably overweight persons in the collective showed a dependence on higher age and female sex. Among the questionees with secondary education more normalweight persons were found. The test persons were well informed about the disadvantages of overweight and controlled their body weight in two thirds of the cases at least once a week. They stated to have met the term \"diet\" above all in the mass media. About half of them were able to define the term \"calorie\" approximately precisely. The questionees, however, often underestimated the required caloric quantity, apparently without drawing conclusions. The caloric content of alcoholic drinks was underestimated. Beer ranked first among the consumed alcoholic drinks. Only one fifth of the test persons \"reward\" their children with sweets and wish that they eat up their dinner. About half of the questionees were smokers. One fourth had never smoked, while another fourth had given up smoking. Mostly cigarettes were consumed, although nearly all test persons regarded inhaling smoking as harmful. The sole knowledge of factors that have a detrimental effect on the state of health (e.g. overweight, smoking) seems to be not sufficient to lead a healthy life. Since the test persons are, however, willing to do something for their health it would be useful to concentrate adipose persons and smokers into groups that should be treated by behaviour therapy and be positively motivated.", "PMID": 1184185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9161", "title": "[Permanent registration of the energy transformation in patients with skull-brain injuries and brain tumors].", "content": "By means of a measuring device based on the principles of indirect calorimetry, long-term recording of energy transformation in patients with cerebral tumours and cerebral traumas is performed. Contrary to the conception that the catabolic state in the postoperative/posttraumatic period corresponds to a negative balance between requirement and enteral/parenteral supply, it appears that, as a rule, the energy requirement is only 1 to 1 1/2 times higher than under normal conditions. During long-term measurement, clinical phenomena that are characterized by increased muscular activity (seizures, extension automatisms, extreme psychomotor excitations) show a daily requirement of maximal 3,500 kcal. Considering the clearly lower requirement, the change of the catabolic state by a high-caloric intake (5,000 and 6,000 calories/day) can only be due to an effect on the regulation of the metabolic processes.", "contents": "[Permanent registration of the energy transformation in patients with skull-brain injuries and brain tumors]. By means of a measuring device based on the principles of indirect calorimetry, long-term recording of energy transformation in patients with cerebral tumours and cerebral traumas is performed. Contrary to the conception that the catabolic state in the postoperative/posttraumatic period corresponds to a negative balance between requirement and enteral/parenteral supply, it appears that, as a rule, the energy requirement is only 1 to 1 1/2 times higher than under normal conditions. During long-term measurement, clinical phenomena that are characterized by increased muscular activity (seizures, extension automatisms, extreme psychomotor excitations) show a daily requirement of maximal 3,500 kcal. Considering the clearly lower requirement, the change of the catabolic state by a high-caloric intake (5,000 and 6,000 calories/day) can only be due to an effect on the regulation of the metabolic processes.", "PMID": 1184186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9162", "title": "The use of vivasorb in the treatment of enterocutaneous fistulae.", "content": "The authors report excellent results with Vivasorb in the treatment of 9 patients with enterocutaneous fistulae. During exclusive alimentation with Vivasorb, there was a spontaneous closure in all 9 cases. With this form of therapy, all the risks of a long-term complete parenteral nutrition can be avoided.", "contents": "The use of vivasorb in the treatment of enterocutaneous fistulae. The authors report excellent results with Vivasorb in the treatment of 9 patients with enterocutaneous fistulae. During exclusive alimentation with Vivasorb, there was a spontaneous closure in all 9 cases. With this form of therapy, all the risks of a long-term complete parenteral nutrition can be avoided.", "PMID": 1184188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9163", "title": "Treatment with elementary diet in gastrointestinal disease.", "content": "Experiences with Vivasorb in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases are reported. The author successfully treated severe cases of Crohn's disease and distal ulcerative colitis. In severe total ulcerative colitis, marked improvement with Vivasorb could be achieved in only one of three cases. The administration also proved successful in one case of agnogenic chronic diarrhea. No effect could be achieved in two patients with internal and external bowel fistulae, nor in three patients with short bowel syndrome in the immediate postoperative phase.", "contents": "Treatment with elementary diet in gastrointestinal disease. Experiences with Vivasorb in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases are reported. The author successfully treated severe cases of Crohn's disease and distal ulcerative colitis. In severe total ulcerative colitis, marked improvement with Vivasorb could be achieved in only one of three cases. The administration also proved successful in one case of agnogenic chronic diarrhea. No effect could be achieved in two patients with internal and external bowel fistulae, nor in three patients with short bowel syndrome in the immediate postoperative phase.", "PMID": 1184189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9164", "title": "Chemically defined diet in the treatment of kwashiorkor.", "content": "The authors report on the treatment of children with kwashiorkor, using Vivonex or Casilan. With Vivonex, all patients were bottle-fed as early as the 2nd or 3rd day, whereas Casilan had to be administered by stomach tube for about a week. Children fed Casilan vomited much more frequently than patients receiving Vivonex. When Casilan was given, the albumin level rose after 8 days, whereas with Vivonex, this did not occur unitl 15 days. On the other hand, only the Vivonex fed children showed an increase of hemoglobin in the first 3 weeks of treatment. With Vivonex, the patients reached their minimum weight much faster and at a lower albumin level than with Casilan. In both groups, the frequency of diarrhea was similar; the relatively high glucose concentration of Vivonex and the disturbance of resorption, even of monosaccharides, which is frequently observed in severe cases of kwashiorkor may be responsible for the diarrhea of the children receiving Vivonex.", "contents": "Chemically defined diet in the treatment of kwashiorkor. The authors report on the treatment of children with kwashiorkor, using Vivonex or Casilan. With Vivonex, all patients were bottle-fed as early as the 2nd or 3rd day, whereas Casilan had to be administered by stomach tube for about a week. Children fed Casilan vomited much more frequently than patients receiving Vivonex. When Casilan was given, the albumin level rose after 8 days, whereas with Vivonex, this did not occur unitl 15 days. On the other hand, only the Vivonex fed children showed an increase of hemoglobin in the first 3 weeks of treatment. With Vivonex, the patients reached their minimum weight much faster and at a lower albumin level than with Casilan. In both groups, the frequency of diarrhea was similar; the relatively high glucose concentration of Vivonex and the disturbance of resorption, even of monosaccharides, which is frequently observed in severe cases of kwashiorkor may be responsible for the diarrhea of the children receiving Vivonex.", "PMID": 1184190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9165", "title": "[Long term feeding with a chemically defined diet].", "content": "The author reports the successful treatment with Vivasorb, the bulk-free, balanced synthetic diet, of patients with severe forms of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, indigenous sprue and condition after small bowel resection, and of one patient with a Cronkhite Canada syndrome. The duration of the treatment was from a few weeks to 34 months. The patients received between 320 and 640 g/day, according to their requirements and their tolerance. Because of the relatively low content of essential fatty acids, long-term exclusive administration of Vivasorb may lead to symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency, which disappear after the administration of Lipofundin S. The successful treatment of patients with malabsorption syndrome was verified histologically. Particles of mucosa taken from different small bowel sections showed the development of villi after only four weeks of treatment, whereas, before the treatment, subtotal villi atrophy had been observed.", "contents": "[Long term feeding with a chemically defined diet]. The author reports the successful treatment with Vivasorb, the bulk-free, balanced synthetic diet, of patients with severe forms of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, indigenous sprue and condition after small bowel resection, and of one patient with a Cronkhite Canada syndrome. The duration of the treatment was from a few weeks to 34 months. The patients received between 320 and 640 g/day, according to their requirements and their tolerance. Because of the relatively low content of essential fatty acids, long-term exclusive administration of Vivasorb may lead to symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency, which disappear after the administration of Lipofundin S. The successful treatment of patients with malabsorption syndrome was verified histologically. Particles of mucosa taken from different small bowel sections showed the development of villi after only four weeks of treatment, whereas, before the treatment, subtotal villi atrophy had been observed.", "PMID": 1184191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9166", "title": "Phagocytosis by macrophages of mycoplasma pneumoniae after opsonization by complement.", "content": "Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells are not phagocytized by peritoneal macrophages without opsonization. They are taken up after treatment with complement or antibody.", "contents": "Phagocytosis by macrophages of mycoplasma pneumoniae after opsonization by complement. Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells are not phagocytized by peritoneal macrophages without opsonization. They are taken up after treatment with complement or antibody.", "PMID": 1184192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9167", "title": "How infection can trigger autoimmunity.", "content": "The role of infection in the development of autoimmunity is discussed in view of recent advances in the field of immunologic tolerance. Infectious agents may directly damage immune function by impairing the mechanisms of discrimination between self and non-self antigens; alternatively they may \"deceive\" the immune system by presentation of self-determinants in an immunogenic form or by uncovering of normally sequestered antigenic determinants. The first of these two pathogenetic mechanisms may be responsible for generalized and the second for selective autoimmune reactions. Different clinical conditions are evaluated on the basis of these concepts. The interaction of personal factors with infection and autoimmunity is also taken into consideration.", "contents": "How infection can trigger autoimmunity. The role of infection in the development of autoimmunity is discussed in view of recent advances in the field of immunologic tolerance. Infectious agents may directly damage immune function by impairing the mechanisms of discrimination between self and non-self antigens; alternatively they may \"deceive\" the immune system by presentation of self-determinants in an immunogenic form or by uncovering of normally sequestered antigenic determinants. The first of these two pathogenetic mechanisms may be responsible for generalized and the second for selective autoimmune reactions. Different clinical conditions are evaluated on the basis of these concepts. The interaction of personal factors with infection and autoimmunity is also taken into consideration.", "PMID": 1184194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9168", "title": "[Experimental study in rats on the renal compatibility of cephalothin and cephalothin-aminoglycoside combinations (author's transl)].", "content": "The possible nephrotoxity of cephalothin and the antibiotic combinations cephalotin-gentamicin and cephalothin-tobramycin was investigated in standardized animal experiments. Toxicity parameters were blood-urea concentration, the urinary enzymes GOT, LDH, MDH and the cell excretion rate, supplemented by histological investigations of the kidneys. Compared with other cephalosporine derivates, the antibiotic cephalothin in a toxic threshold-dose of 3000 mg/kg/day proved to be realtively well tolerated by the kidneys. On comparison with the respective monotherapy, the renal tolerance for cephalothin-aminoglycoside combinations was reduced. The clinical value of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental study in rats on the renal compatibility of cephalothin and cephalothin-aminoglycoside combinations (author's transl)]. The possible nephrotoxity of cephalothin and the antibiotic combinations cephalotin-gentamicin and cephalothin-tobramycin was investigated in standardized animal experiments. Toxicity parameters were blood-urea concentration, the urinary enzymes GOT, LDH, MDH and the cell excretion rate, supplemented by histological investigations of the kidneys. Compared with other cephalosporine derivates, the antibiotic cephalothin in a toxic threshold-dose of 3000 mg/kg/day proved to be realtively well tolerated by the kidneys. On comparison with the respective monotherapy, the renal tolerance for cephalothin-aminoglycoside combinations was reduced. The clinical value of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1184195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9169", "title": "Familial clustering of hepatitis B antigen and liver diseases in families with a high incidence of viral hepatitis.", "content": "In each of 23 families in which two or more cases of acute hepatitis-like jaundice (index cases) occurred, all family members were studied to evaluate HBAg clustering and the incidence of asymptomatic liver disease. There were 49 \"index cases\" of hepatitis-like jaundice: 38 cases of acute viral hepatitis, 5 of chronic agressive hepatitis and 6 of active cirrhosis. The overall number of members in these families (excluding index cases) was 170 and 155 of which were tested by clinical examination, laboratory tests and needle liver biopsy. In 27 out of the 155 subjects there was evidence of liver diseases (10 non icteric hepatitis cases, 12 CAH cases and 5 cirrhosis cases). HBAg was present in the serum of 19 of these patients, and twof the cirrhotic patients were positive. Furthermore, 33 of the 155 cases were healthy HGAg carriers showing no abnormality in liver function tests. In the majority of these carriers liver histology showed slight damage (pin-head necrosis or portitis) sometimes compatible with resolving viral hepatitis. A long-term follow-up of the HGAg carriers showed that three of these subjects progressed to acute viral hepatitis.", "contents": "Familial clustering of hepatitis B antigen and liver diseases in families with a high incidence of viral hepatitis. In each of 23 families in which two or more cases of acute hepatitis-like jaundice (index cases) occurred, all family members were studied to evaluate HBAg clustering and the incidence of asymptomatic liver disease. There were 49 \"index cases\" of hepatitis-like jaundice: 38 cases of acute viral hepatitis, 5 of chronic agressive hepatitis and 6 of active cirrhosis. The overall number of members in these families (excluding index cases) was 170 and 155 of which were tested by clinical examination, laboratory tests and needle liver biopsy. In 27 out of the 155 subjects there was evidence of liver diseases (10 non icteric hepatitis cases, 12 CAH cases and 5 cirrhosis cases). HBAg was present in the serum of 19 of these patients, and twof the cirrhotic patients were positive. Furthermore, 33 of the 155 cases were healthy HGAg carriers showing no abnormality in liver function tests. In the majority of these carriers liver histology showed slight damage (pin-head necrosis or portitis) sometimes compatible with resolving viral hepatitis. A long-term follow-up of the HGAg carriers showed that three of these subjects progressed to acute viral hepatitis.", "PMID": 1184196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9170", "title": "Relationship between the response to complete freund adjuvant, phytohemagglutinin, and subsequent tumor growth in mice.", "content": "Groups of inbred C3H mice selected on the basis of strong or weak PPD reactions after sensitization with complete Freund adjuvant had significantly different reactions to PHA. The growth rate of a methylcholanthrene-induced tumor, previously shown to elicit a cell-mediated immune response, was significantly different in these two groups of mice. The basis for the marked variation observed between members of an inbred mouse strain in response to CFA is not understood but may bear an important potential relationship to tumor growth.", "contents": "Relationship between the response to complete freund adjuvant, phytohemagglutinin, and subsequent tumor growth in mice. Groups of inbred C3H mice selected on the basis of strong or weak PPD reactions after sensitization with complete Freund adjuvant had significantly different reactions to PHA. The growth rate of a methylcholanthrene-induced tumor, previously shown to elicit a cell-mediated immune response, was significantly different in these two groups of mice. The basis for the marked variation observed between members of an inbred mouse strain in response to CFA is not understood but may bear an important potential relationship to tumor growth.", "PMID": 1184209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9171", "title": "In vitro reaction of antibodies to ragweed. I. Radioimmunoassay for measuring antibody levels.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay was developed in which human antibodies to ragweed compete with 125I-labeled rabbit anti-ragweed antibodies for the ragweed antigen coupled to cellulose particles. By means of this test, antibodies to ragweed were determined in 96 sera of treated and untreated patients with ragweed allergy and in 32 sera of nonallergic individuals. Within the applied experimental conditions, it was possible to measure antibodies over a range from 0.4 to 200 mug/ml. In patients receiving immunotherapy, the mean value of the antibodies was 7.2 mug/ml, and in the untreated patients 1.8 mug/ml. Antibodies to ragweed were also found in the sera of nonallergic individuals. It is assumed that this test measures 'total' serum antibodies to ragweed.", "contents": "In vitro reaction of antibodies to ragweed. I. Radioimmunoassay for measuring antibody levels. A radioimmunoassay was developed in which human antibodies to ragweed compete with 125I-labeled rabbit anti-ragweed antibodies for the ragweed antigen coupled to cellulose particles. By means of this test, antibodies to ragweed were determined in 96 sera of treated and untreated patients with ragweed allergy and in 32 sera of nonallergic individuals. Within the applied experimental conditions, it was possible to measure antibodies over a range from 0.4 to 200 mug/ml. In patients receiving immunotherapy, the mean value of the antibodies was 7.2 mug/ml, and in the untreated patients 1.8 mug/ml. Antibodies to ragweed were also found in the sera of nonallergic individuals. It is assumed that this test measures 'total' serum antibodies to ragweed.", "PMID": 1184210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9172", "title": "Experimental osteomyelitis induced by repeated administration of soluble immune complexes: consideration of the fundamental pathogenesis of osteomyelitis.", "content": "Morphological changes of blood vessel walls including various kinds of capillaries have been induced by administration of soluble immune complexes. After repeated administrations, those experimental animals who survived the phase of initial anaphylactic shock developed osteomyelitis. In this paper, the formative processes of osteomyelitis will be discussed in relation to Aschoff's definition of inflammation. We will emphasize the importance of the capillarization of the sinusoidal endothelia for the formation of osteomyelitis.", "contents": "Experimental osteomyelitis induced by repeated administration of soluble immune complexes: consideration of the fundamental pathogenesis of osteomyelitis. Morphological changes of blood vessel walls including various kinds of capillaries have been induced by administration of soluble immune complexes. After repeated administrations, those experimental animals who survived the phase of initial anaphylactic shock developed osteomyelitis. In this paper, the formative processes of osteomyelitis will be discussed in relation to Aschoff's definition of inflammation. We will emphasize the importance of the capillarization of the sinusoidal endothelia for the formation of osteomyelitis.", "PMID": 1184211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9173", "title": "Cellular immune reactivity in vitro and tumor rejection provided by tumor-associated antigens of friend-virus-induced leukemia.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and tumor rejection were studied in the Friend virus leukemia system of C57Bl/6 mice. Mice were immunized with Friend leukemia virus (FLV) or X-irradiated FBL-3 leukemic cells and studied temporally for the development of CMI reactivity by assays of 51Cr release lymphocyte cytotoxicity, lymphocyte transformation, migration inhibition, Winn tumor cell neutralization and transplantation rejection. High levels of specific lymphocyte cytotoxicity were observed by day 7 f0llowing FLV infection; this reactivity reached a peak between 17 and 21 days, and returned to background levels by day 36. Further, positive Winn assays were obtained with spleen cells from mice immunized with FLV at times when the mice resisted live FBL-3 tumor challenge. Positive lymphocyte transformation was obtained with spleen cells from mice immunized with FLV or FBL-3, but not with cells from normal mice or mice immune to a syngeneic methycholanthrene-induced tumor, when cultured with papain-soluble FBL-3 or RBL-5 tumor-cell extracts or mitomycin-C (MMC)-treated FBL-3 or RBL-5 cells. Positive reactivity in the lymphocyte transformation assay occurred after reactivity had peaked in the lymphocyte cytotoxicity test. Similar positive macrophage migration inhibition patterns were also obtained with peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from FLV-immunized mice using papain-solubilized tumor-associated antigen (TAA) from FBL-3 cells. These data suggest that sequential development and modulation of CMI reactivity occurs as observed in different assays following immunization in this system.", "contents": "Cellular immune reactivity in vitro and tumor rejection provided by tumor-associated antigens of friend-virus-induced leukemia. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and tumor rejection were studied in the Friend virus leukemia system of C57Bl/6 mice. Mice were immunized with Friend leukemia virus (FLV) or X-irradiated FBL-3 leukemic cells and studied temporally for the development of CMI reactivity by assays of 51Cr release lymphocyte cytotoxicity, lymphocyte transformation, migration inhibition, Winn tumor cell neutralization and transplantation rejection. High levels of specific lymphocyte cytotoxicity were observed by day 7 f0llowing FLV infection; this reactivity reached a peak between 17 and 21 days, and returned to background levels by day 36. Further, positive Winn assays were obtained with spleen cells from mice immunized with FLV at times when the mice resisted live FBL-3 tumor challenge. Positive lymphocyte transformation was obtained with spleen cells from mice immunized with FLV or FBL-3, but not with cells from normal mice or mice immune to a syngeneic methycholanthrene-induced tumor, when cultured with papain-soluble FBL-3 or RBL-5 tumor-cell extracts or mitomycin-C (MMC)-treated FBL-3 or RBL-5 cells. Positive reactivity in the lymphocyte transformation assay occurred after reactivity had peaked in the lymphocyte cytotoxicity test. Similar positive macrophage migration inhibition patterns were also obtained with peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from FLV-immunized mice using papain-solubilized tumor-associated antigen (TAA) from FBL-3 cells. These data suggest that sequential development and modulation of CMI reactivity occurs as observed in different assays following immunization in this system.", "PMID": 1184239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9174", "title": "Humoral cytotoxicity in melanoma patients and its correlation with the extent and course of the disease.", "content": "Complement-dependent cytotoxicity against melanoma cells was demonstrated with a microassay in sera from melanoma patients. The response was tumor-specific and histologic type-specific since 16 out of 52 (30%) melanoma patient sera taken before surgery reacted against melanoma cells, whereas 3 out of 43 (7%) control sera, collected from patients with unrelated tumors and from cancer-free individuals, were positive. The serum activity correlated with the clinical stage of the disease since it was detected in 15 out of 40 patients with stage I and II tumors and in 1 of the 12 patients in stage III. Twelve melanoma patients, clinically tumor-free for  to 4 years after surgery, showed no humoral cytotoxicity. A follow-up study of 13 melanoma patients revealed that the cytotoxicity appeared 7-10 days after radical removal of the tumor and that it disappeared if there was no recurrence. The histologic type-specificity was further tested by assaying sera from 16 melanoma and 10 breast-cancer patients simultaneously on both melanoma and breast-cancer cells; a positive reaction was observed in 6 cases of melanoma and in 5 of breast cancer on homologous cells only, in 1 case on the opposite type of cells, and in 3 cases on both types of tumor cells.", "contents": "Humoral cytotoxicity in melanoma patients and its correlation with the extent and course of the disease. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity against melanoma cells was demonstrated with a microassay in sera from melanoma patients. The response was tumor-specific and histologic type-specific since 16 out of 52 (30%) melanoma patient sera taken before surgery reacted against melanoma cells, whereas 3 out of 43 (7%) control sera, collected from patients with unrelated tumors and from cancer-free individuals, were positive. The serum activity correlated with the clinical stage of the disease since it was detected in 15 out of 40 patients with stage I and II tumors and in 1 of the 12 patients in stage III. Twelve melanoma patients, clinically tumor-free for  to 4 years after surgery, showed no humoral cytotoxicity. A follow-up study of 13 melanoma patients revealed that the cytotoxicity appeared 7-10 days after radical removal of the tumor and that it disappeared if there was no recurrence. The histologic type-specificity was further tested by assaying sera from 16 melanoma and 10 breast-cancer patients simultaneously on both melanoma and breast-cancer cells; a positive reaction was observed in 6 cases of melanoma and in 5 of breast cancer on homologous cells only, in 1 case on the opposite type of cells, and in 3 cases on both types of tumor cells.", "PMID": 1184240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9175", "title": "Combination of C. parvum and specific immunization against artificial pulmonary metastases in mice.", "content": "We have studied whether specific immunization administered intraperitoneally can augment the activity of C. parvum (0.25 mg intraperitoneally or intravenously) against intravenously injected cells of a syngeneic fibrosarcoma in C3Hf/Bu mice as expressed by the reduction of pulmonary metastases (nodules, colonies) and/or by the prolongation of the survival of recipients. Combination of specific immunization and C. parvum, applied either before or after IV inoculation of viable tumor cells, was more effective than the single treatments. IV injection of a mixture of heavily irradiated and viable tumor cells gave more tumor nodules in the lungs of normal mice than injection of viable cells alone. The metastasis-enhancing effect of admixed irradiated cells was not found in mice previously treated with C. parvum, and was abolished if the immunostimulant was injected after tumor cells. Generation of lung metastases by IV inoculation of fibrosarcoma cells was reduced in mice already having this tumor in the leg. This concomitant immunity to metastases was increased by treating the recipients with C. parvum, but not with irradiated cells; also, the injection of irradiated cells together with C. parvum did not augment the efficiency of the latter. C. parvum was not as effective in T-cell deprived as in control mice, which suggests that in this system, T-cells are required for optimal anti-tumor activity of this immunostimulant. Specific immunization was not effective in T-cell-deprived mice and did not augment the efficiency of C. parvum.", "contents": "Combination of C. parvum and specific immunization against artificial pulmonary metastases in mice. We have studied whether specific immunization administered intraperitoneally can augment the activity of C. parvum (0.25 mg intraperitoneally or intravenously) against intravenously injected cells of a syngeneic fibrosarcoma in C3Hf/Bu mice as expressed by the reduction of pulmonary metastases (nodules, colonies) and/or by the prolongation of the survival of recipients. Combination of specific immunization and C. parvum, applied either before or after IV inoculation of viable tumor cells, was more effective than the single treatments. IV injection of a mixture of heavily irradiated and viable tumor cells gave more tumor nodules in the lungs of normal mice than injection of viable cells alone. The metastasis-enhancing effect of admixed irradiated cells was not found in mice previously treated with C. parvum, and was abolished if the immunostimulant was injected after tumor cells. Generation of lung metastases by IV inoculation of fibrosarcoma cells was reduced in mice already having this tumor in the leg. This concomitant immunity to metastases was increased by treating the recipients with C. parvum, but not with irradiated cells; also, the injection of irradiated cells together with C. parvum did not augment the efficiency of the latter. C. parvum was not as effective in T-cell deprived as in control mice, which suggests that in this system, T-cells are required for optimal anti-tumor activity of this immunostimulant. Specific immunization was not effective in T-cell-deprived mice and did not augment the efficiency of C. parvum.", "PMID": 1184241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9176", "title": "The effect produced by some carcinogenic nitrosocompounds on organ cultures from human embryonic lung and kidney tissues.", "content": "Previous works using organ cultures of lung and kidney tissues of mouse, rat and hamster embryos exposed to transplacental action of some carcinogens showed premalignant growth. This paper presents the results of organ culture of human embryonic lung and kidney tissues. Direct action of some carcinogenic nitrosocompounds (N-nitrosomethylurea, dimethylnitrosamine and orthoaminoazotoluene) resulted in higher survival of the treated organ cultures and induced epithelial hyperplasia. The changes depended directly upon the dose of carcinogen employed.", "contents": "The effect produced by some carcinogenic nitrosocompounds on organ cultures from human embryonic lung and kidney tissues. Previous works using organ cultures of lung and kidney tissues of mouse, rat and hamster embryos exposed to transplacental action of some carcinogens showed premalignant growth. This paper presents the results of organ culture of human embryonic lung and kidney tissues. Direct action of some carcinogenic nitrosocompounds (N-nitrosomethylurea, dimethylnitrosamine and orthoaminoazotoluene) resulted in higher survival of the treated organ cultures and induced epithelial hyperplasia. The changes depended directly upon the dose of carcinogen employed.", "PMID": 1184242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9177", "title": "Isolation of tumor-specific antibodies from effusions of ovarian carcinomas.", "content": "Peritoneal effusions of patients with ovarian cancer contain sizable amounts of free and complexed immunoglobulins. By means of salt precipitation procedures, antibodies were recovered that after purification and concentration displayed a high degree of specificity against ovarian carcinoma cells. In indirect immunofluorescence, immunoglobulins recovered from seven different peritoneal effusions showed bright cytoplasmic staining with tissue cultures and fresh suspensions of ovarian carcinoma cells but not of normal ovaries or non-ovarian tumors. Immunoglobulins isolated from fluids of benign ovarian cysts or from effusions of non-ovarian tumors were negative in immunofluorescence tests. Autologous antibodies recovered from peritoneal effusions will be hopefully utilized in sensitive radioimmunoassay tests that are greatly needed for the early detection of ovarian cancer, the leading cause of death from gynecologic neoplasia.", "contents": "Isolation of tumor-specific antibodies from effusions of ovarian carcinomas. Peritoneal effusions of patients with ovarian cancer contain sizable amounts of free and complexed immunoglobulins. By means of salt precipitation procedures, antibodies were recovered that after purification and concentration displayed a high degree of specificity against ovarian carcinoma cells. In indirect immunofluorescence, immunoglobulins recovered from seven different peritoneal effusions showed bright cytoplasmic staining with tissue cultures and fresh suspensions of ovarian carcinoma cells but not of normal ovaries or non-ovarian tumors. Immunoglobulins isolated from fluids of benign ovarian cysts or from effusions of non-ovarian tumors were negative in immunofluorescence tests. Autologous antibodies recovered from peritoneal effusions will be hopefully utilized in sensitive radioimmunoassay tests that are greatly needed for the early detection of ovarian cancer, the leading cause of death from gynecologic neoplasia.", "PMID": 1184243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9178", "title": "Preneoplastic changes in rabbit pancreatic duct cells produced by dimethylhydrazine.", "content": "Permeation catheters containing 40% dimethylhydrazine (DMH) were implanted into the main pancreatic duct of New Zealand white rabbits. The catheters were constructed of silicone polycarbonate with a 4- to 10-day carcinogen release rate. Rabbits implanted with catheters containing DMH showed pancreatic ductal cell hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia with periductal cell infiltration, adenosis and adenoma formation. These changes began approximately 9 to 12 weeks after implantation and persisted for 75 to 80 weeks. Specificity of the delivery system appeared to be excellent in that pathologic effects were observed only in the pancreatic and peripancreatic tissues. Moreover, these effects were probably directly related to the implanted carcinogen since similar maintained effects were not observed in control animals.", "contents": "Preneoplastic changes in rabbit pancreatic duct cells produced by dimethylhydrazine. Permeation catheters containing 40% dimethylhydrazine (DMH) were implanted into the main pancreatic duct of New Zealand white rabbits. The catheters were constructed of silicone polycarbonate with a 4- to 10-day carcinogen release rate. Rabbits implanted with catheters containing DMH showed pancreatic ductal cell hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia with periductal cell infiltration, adenosis and adenoma formation. These changes began approximately 9 to 12 weeks after implantation and persisted for 75 to 80 weeks. Specificity of the delivery system appeared to be excellent in that pathologic effects were observed only in the pancreatic and peripancreatic tissues. Moreover, these effects were probably directly related to the implanted carcinogen since similar maintained effects were not observed in control animals.", "PMID": 1184244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9179", "title": "A quantitative comparison between in vivo-and in vitro-derived Friend leukemia virus.", "content": "The biological activities of RNA viruses derived from Friend leukemia cells in culture (TCV) were compared with those of viruses derived from the plasma (PV) of mice infected with Friend leukemia virus (FLV). The comparison was quantitatively based on the actual number of viruses used in each experiment as determined by counting under the electron microscope. Electron microscopy also provided a qualitative assessment of the structural integrity of the concentrated virus particles used in various bioassays. The data shows that the leukemogenic and spleen-focus-forming (SFF) activities of TCV, although demonstrable, are respectively 10(5) and 10(4) lower than those of PV. Moreover, TCV has 10(4) less helper activity (S+L- test) than PV. The level of reverse transcriptase activity is ten times lower in TCV than in PV which indicates that there is little correlation between polymerase activity and the other biological activities measured. The decreased biological activity of the in vitro grown virus is thought to be intrinsic to this type of virus although all extrinsic factors have not been ruled out.", "contents": "A quantitative comparison between in vivo-and in vitro-derived Friend leukemia virus. The biological activities of RNA viruses derived from Friend leukemia cells in culture (TCV) were compared with those of viruses derived from the plasma (PV) of mice infected with Friend leukemia virus (FLV). The comparison was quantitatively based on the actual number of viruses used in each experiment as determined by counting under the electron microscope. Electron microscopy also provided a qualitative assessment of the structural integrity of the concentrated virus particles used in various bioassays. The data shows that the leukemogenic and spleen-focus-forming (SFF) activities of TCV, although demonstrable, are respectively 10(5) and 10(4) lower than those of PV. Moreover, TCV has 10(4) less helper activity (S+L- test) than PV. The level of reverse transcriptase activity is ten times lower in TCV than in PV which indicates that there is little correlation between polymerase activity and the other biological activities measured. The decreased biological activity of the in vitro grown virus is thought to be intrinsic to this type of virus although all extrinsic factors have not been ruled out.", "PMID": 1184245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9180", "title": "Increased lymphocyte-mediated destruction of tumor cells in microcytotoxicity assays seen after addition of inhibitors of protein synthesis.", "content": "Two methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced sarcomas were used as targets in a criss-cross pattern to study lymph-node-cell (LNC)-mediated cytotoxic reactions to tumor-specific antigens in a 26 h microcytotoxicity assay. Destruction of plated tumor cells by syngeneic LNC from specifically tumor-immune or multiparous mice significantly increased when cycloheximide was added during the whole duration of the test. A similar increase was also seen if either cycloheximide or puromycin was added during the last 6 h of the 24 h assay. A slight increase of cytotoxicity was seen if, instead, the mixture of fetal calf serum and LNC was simply replaced by serum-free medium during the last 6 h of the test. The findings suggest that a repair process may occur in target cells contacted by immune LNC or that target cells damaged by contact with immune LNC are more sensitive to further damage by the exposure to certain inhibitors of protein synthesis. Additional mechanisms may contribute to the increased LNC-mediated cytotoxicity seen when cycloheximide is added for the whole duration of the test.", "contents": "Increased lymphocyte-mediated destruction of tumor cells in microcytotoxicity assays seen after addition of inhibitors of protein synthesis. Two methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced sarcomas were used as targets in a criss-cross pattern to study lymph-node-cell (LNC)-mediated cytotoxic reactions to tumor-specific antigens in a 26 h microcytotoxicity assay. Destruction of plated tumor cells by syngeneic LNC from specifically tumor-immune or multiparous mice significantly increased when cycloheximide was added during the whole duration of the test. A similar increase was also seen if either cycloheximide or puromycin was added during the last 6 h of the 24 h assay. A slight increase of cytotoxicity was seen if, instead, the mixture of fetal calf serum and LNC was simply replaced by serum-free medium during the last 6 h of the test. The findings suggest that a repair process may occur in target cells contacted by immune LNC or that target cells damaged by contact with immune LNC are more sensitive to further damage by the exposure to certain inhibitors of protein synthesis. Additional mechanisms may contribute to the increased LNC-mediated cytotoxicity seen when cycloheximide is added for the whole duration of the test.", "PMID": 1184246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9181", "title": "Immune enhancement of the tumorigenicity of hamster brain tumor cells persistently infected with measles virus.", "content": "Studies were conducted on the tumorigenicity of a hamster brain tumor (HBT) cell line persistently infected with measles virus (MV). This cell population, termed HBT-M, exhibited decreased tumorigenicity in weanling hamsters when implanted intracutaneously. The lowered tumorigenicity of the HBT-M cells could be counteracted by concurrent hydrocortisone treatment restoring the tumor-producing capacity to levels comparable to those of the highly tumorigenic HBT cells. It was also determined that prior immunization of hamsters with MV resulted in enhancement of tumor formation from usually subtumorigenic doses of HBT-M cells. This increase in tumorigenicity appeared to correlate with high titers of MV antibody. Treatment of hamsters with cyclophosphamide resulted in a reduction of MV antibody titers and effected a decrease of HBT-M cell tumorigenicity to control levels. Preliminary studies with passive immunizations indicated that the enhancing factor could be transferred in the sera from hamsters hyperimmunized with MV. These data suggested that MV antibody may potentiate the development of neoplasia of cells persistently infected with MV in a manner similar to the enhancement of tumor growth by blocking antibody.", "contents": "Immune enhancement of the tumorigenicity of hamster brain tumor cells persistently infected with measles virus. Studies were conducted on the tumorigenicity of a hamster brain tumor (HBT) cell line persistently infected with measles virus (MV). This cell population, termed HBT-M, exhibited decreased tumorigenicity in weanling hamsters when implanted intracutaneously. The lowered tumorigenicity of the HBT-M cells could be counteracted by concurrent hydrocortisone treatment restoring the tumor-producing capacity to levels comparable to those of the highly tumorigenic HBT cells. It was also determined that prior immunization of hamsters with MV resulted in enhancement of tumor formation from usually subtumorigenic doses of HBT-M cells. This increase in tumorigenicity appeared to correlate with high titers of MV antibody. Treatment of hamsters with cyclophosphamide resulted in a reduction of MV antibody titers and effected a decrease of HBT-M cell tumorigenicity to control levels. Preliminary studies with passive immunizations indicated that the enhancing factor could be transferred in the sera from hamsters hyperimmunized with MV. These data suggested that MV antibody may potentiate the development of neoplasia of cells persistently infected with MV in a manner similar to the enhancement of tumor growth by blocking antibody.", "PMID": 1184247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9182", "title": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic activity in syngeneic moouse ascites tumors.", "content": "Eight different syngeneic murine ascites tumor preparations were tested for their ability to lyse antibody-coated chicken erythrocytes in an assay for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). All of the tumor preparations demonstrated significant ADCC effector activity, even at effector-cell:target-cell ratios of less than 1:1. In contrast, none of eight in vitro murine tumor-cell lines showed any consistent ability to function as ADCC effector cells. Several cell fractionation experiments were performed to ascertain the nature of the effector cells in the ascites tumors. Adherent cells were removed from tumor preparations by passage of cells over columns of Degalan plastic beads and 19S Fc-receptor-bearing cells were removed by sedimentation of EA rosette-forming cells. Although each of these procedures depleted only a minority of the total cells, all the ADCC activity was simultaneously removed in each case. Depletion of phagocytic cells by treatment of tumor preparations with carbonyl iron and magnetism only slightly diminished the ADCC activity. These results indicate that the ADCC activity associated with ascites tumors is due to effector cells most probably of host origin, but possibly representing an atypical sub-population of tumor cells. The characteristics of the effector cell closely parallel those defined for the major non-phagocytic ADCC effector cell in normal mouse spleen and peritoneal exudate.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic activity in syngeneic moouse ascites tumors. Eight different syngeneic murine ascites tumor preparations were tested for their ability to lyse antibody-coated chicken erythrocytes in an assay for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). All of the tumor preparations demonstrated significant ADCC effector activity, even at effector-cell:target-cell ratios of less than 1:1. In contrast, none of eight in vitro murine tumor-cell lines showed any consistent ability to function as ADCC effector cells. Several cell fractionation experiments were performed to ascertain the nature of the effector cells in the ascites tumors. Adherent cells were removed from tumor preparations by passage of cells over columns of Degalan plastic beads and 19S Fc-receptor-bearing cells were removed by sedimentation of EA rosette-forming cells. Although each of these procedures depleted only a minority of the total cells, all the ADCC activity was simultaneously removed in each case. Depletion of phagocytic cells by treatment of tumor preparations with carbonyl iron and magnetism only slightly diminished the ADCC activity. These results indicate that the ADCC activity associated with ascites tumors is due to effector cells most probably of host origin, but possibly representing an atypical sub-population of tumor cells. The characteristics of the effector cell closely parallel those defined for the major non-phagocytic ADCC effector cell in normal mouse spleen and peritoneal exudate.", "PMID": 1184248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9183", "title": "Diffuse \"essential\" normolipemic xanthomatosis.", "content": "Most types of cutaneous xanthomas are associated with hyperlipidemic states. However, the diffuse normolipemic xanthomatoses have normal lipid blood levels but are often associated with serious hepatic disease or hematologic dyscrasias, especially multiple myeloma. A patient is presented who had \"essential\" diffuse normolipemic xanthomatosis unassociated with any sytemic disease, and displayed an unusual number of different types of lesions. His condition was clearly different from those of patients reported with xanthoma disseminatum.", "contents": "Diffuse \"essential\" normolipemic xanthomatosis. Most types of cutaneous xanthomas are associated with hyperlipidemic states. However, the diffuse normolipemic xanthomatoses have normal lipid blood levels but are often associated with serious hepatic disease or hematologic dyscrasias, especially multiple myeloma. A patient is presented who had \"essential\" diffuse normolipemic xanthomatosis unassociated with any sytemic disease, and displayed an unusual number of different types of lesions. His condition was clearly different from those of patients reported with xanthoma disseminatum.", "PMID": 1184257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9184", "title": "Recurrent contact dermatitis caused by mercury in amalgam dental fillings.", "content": "A metal worker had repeated episodes of contact dermatitis over a period of years. Patch tests with 5% ammoniated mercury were strongly positive but occupational contact could not be proved. Recurrence of the dermatitis one day after amalgam dental fillings had been made and again one year later, this time without new fillings, raised the possibility that it was due to the old amalgam fillings. Removal of all the amalgam fillings resulted in a new outbreak of severe dermatitis; during the 5 years ensuing there has been no recurrence. This case history suggests that contact dermatitis may be caused by not only the mercury in new fillings but also by that in old fillings.", "contents": "Recurrent contact dermatitis caused by mercury in amalgam dental fillings. A metal worker had repeated episodes of contact dermatitis over a period of years. Patch tests with 5% ammoniated mercury were strongly positive but occupational contact could not be proved. Recurrence of the dermatitis one day after amalgam dental fillings had been made and again one year later, this time without new fillings, raised the possibility that it was due to the old amalgam fillings. Removal of all the amalgam fillings resulted in a new outbreak of severe dermatitis; during the 5 years ensuing there has been no recurrence. This case history suggests that contact dermatitis may be caused by not only the mercury in new fillings but also by that in old fillings.", "PMID": 1184258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9185", "title": "Chronic paronychia in which hair was a foreign body.", "content": "A patient who worked as a baker and a part-time barber had chronic paronychia. Biopsy revealed the presence of hair in the dermis of the nail fold. This is only the second case of chronic paronychia to be reported in which the dermis contained nonmicrobial exogenous material. Based on experimental work it has been previously suggested that the rounding out of the posterior nail fold in most paronychia is due to the body's reaction to the penetration of debris derived from Candida albicans. However, patients recalcitrant to therapy or those exposed to chemicals or particulate material deserve detailed histologic study.", "contents": "Chronic paronychia in which hair was a foreign body. A patient who worked as a baker and a part-time barber had chronic paronychia. Biopsy revealed the presence of hair in the dermis of the nail fold. This is only the second case of chronic paronychia to be reported in which the dermis contained nonmicrobial exogenous material. Based on experimental work it has been previously suggested that the rounding out of the posterior nail fold in most paronychia is due to the body's reaction to the penetration of debris derived from Candida albicans. However, patients recalcitrant to therapy or those exposed to chemicals or particulate material deserve detailed histologic study.", "PMID": 1184259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9186", "title": "Erythema nodosum leprosum in Nigeria.", "content": "The occurrence of erythema nodosum leprosum among leprosy patients treated with diamino diphenyl sulfone in an endemic area is not rare, unlike in the leprosy patients treated at Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Two Nigerian patients with this disease are described, in whom this rarity was seen. Recurrent monthly fever with painful skin swellings in lepromatous patients from an edemic area is highly suggestive of erythema nodosum leprosum. The occurrence of this reaction in lepromatous leprosy gives a relatively poor prognosis.", "contents": "Erythema nodosum leprosum in Nigeria. The occurrence of erythema nodosum leprosum among leprosy patients treated with diamino diphenyl sulfone in an endemic area is not rare, unlike in the leprosy patients treated at Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Two Nigerian patients with this disease are described, in whom this rarity was seen. Recurrent monthly fever with painful skin swellings in lepromatous patients from an edemic area is highly suggestive of erythema nodosum leprosum. The occurrence of this reaction in lepromatous leprosy gives a relatively poor prognosis.", "PMID": 1184260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9187", "title": "A pattern analysis study of weanling diarrhoeal disease of infants.", "content": "Methods of pattern analysis based on statistical signal procedures have been applied to (512-day) records of daily defaecation rate obtained in an ensemble of weanling infants. Careful analysis of the records using several different methods has established the potential significance of the signal. A technique of coherent averaging has produced a stable consistent age-dependent baseline of average behaviour, referred to as an average profile. Extensions have been proposed for the application of statistical methods for the acquisition of standard patterns of diarrhoeal behaviour. Numerical low pass filtering the signal allows a dichotomization of cases, the significance of which is confirmed by differences of class average profiles. Removing the class average profile from the records shows that the majority of cases exhibit consistent individual signal patterns; standardized patterns of behaviour can also be discussed. It is tentatively concluded that objective specification of normal and abnormal defaecation behaviour could be based on spontaneous patterns identified in the records. Several methods have been suggested. Methods similar to those applied here would appear, on the evidence of this study, to be applicable to a variety of other longitudinal epidemiological studies.", "contents": "A pattern analysis study of weanling diarrhoeal disease of infants. Methods of pattern analysis based on statistical signal procedures have been applied to (512-day) records of daily defaecation rate obtained in an ensemble of weanling infants. Careful analysis of the records using several different methods has established the potential significance of the signal. A technique of coherent averaging has produced a stable consistent age-dependent baseline of average behaviour, referred to as an average profile. Extensions have been proposed for the application of statistical methods for the acquisition of standard patterns of diarrhoeal behaviour. Numerical low pass filtering the signal allows a dichotomization of cases, the significance of which is confirmed by differences of class average profiles. Removing the class average profile from the records shows that the majority of cases exhibit consistent individual signal patterns; standardized patterns of behaviour can also be discussed. It is tentatively concluded that objective specification of normal and abnormal defaecation behaviour could be based on spontaneous patterns identified in the records. Several methods have been suggested. Methods similar to those applied here would appear, on the evidence of this study, to be applicable to a variety of other longitudinal epidemiological studies.", "PMID": 1184267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9188", "title": "Factors influencing demand for primary medical care in women aged 20-44 years: a preliminary report.", "content": "This paper reports on a study designed to relate certain social and psychological variables to demand for medical care in a random sample of female patients aged between 20 and 44 years, in a National Health Service General Practice in the United Kingdom. Women selected for study completed questionnaires on anxiety and on their social characteristics. They also completed a health diary for four weeks, and over 12 months their demand for general practitioner care was recorded. This paper summarizes some of the literature on the subject of utilization behaviour, describes the objectives and methodology, and gives some preliminary results suggesting associations between anxiety, perception of symptoms and demand for primary care.", "contents": "Factors influencing demand for primary medical care in women aged 20-44 years: a preliminary report. This paper reports on a study designed to relate certain social and psychological variables to demand for medical care in a random sample of female patients aged between 20 and 44 years, in a National Health Service General Practice in the United Kingdom. Women selected for study completed questionnaires on anxiety and on their social characteristics. They also completed a health diary for four weeks, and over 12 months their demand for general practitioner care was recorded. This paper summarizes some of the literature on the subject of utilization behaviour, describes the objectives and methodology, and gives some preliminary results suggesting associations between anxiety, perception of symptoms and demand for primary care.", "PMID": 1184268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9189", "title": "An epidemiological study of the relationship between occupations and acute herniated lumbar intervertebral discs.", "content": "A case-control study of the epidemiology of acute herniated lumbar intervertebral discs in the New Haven, Connecticut, area indicates that sedentary occupations increase the risk for herniated lumbar discs, particularly among those aged 35 years and older who have had sedentary jobs for several years. People in occupations requiring prolonged driving of motor vehicles, such as truck drivers, appear to be at particularly high risk. The results of this study provide no evidence that people whose jobs involve heavy manual labour are at greater risk for acute herniated lumbar disc than others of their age and sex.", "contents": "An epidemiological study of the relationship between occupations and acute herniated lumbar intervertebral discs. A case-control study of the epidemiology of acute herniated lumbar intervertebral discs in the New Haven, Connecticut, area indicates that sedentary occupations increase the risk for herniated lumbar discs, particularly among those aged 35 years and older who have had sedentary jobs for several years. People in occupations requiring prolonged driving of motor vehicles, such as truck drivers, appear to be at particularly high risk. The results of this study provide no evidence that people whose jobs involve heavy manual labour are at greater risk for acute herniated lumbar disc than others of their age and sex.", "PMID": 1184269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9190", "title": "Distributions of percentage methaemoglobin in several population groups in California.", "content": "Several epidemiological studies in California have yielded data on percentage methaemoglobin in healthy individuals. The population groups represented include infants, elementary and high school children, and adults. The distributions of values in each group are described, as well as the differences between groups. Factors affecting the distributions are discussed. In the study of infants, the factors assessed include respiratory and gastrointestinal disease, and food and water intake. In schoolchildren, the effect of age and location of residence within Southern California are evaluated, and in adults, smoking, gender and time of day. Among infants in the 31 to 60 day age range, 33 per cent had methaemoglobin levels of 3 per cent or above, while 8 per cent had methaemoglobin levels of 4 per cent or above. Among adults, 15 per cent had levels of 3 per cent or above, while 2 per cent had levels of 4 per cent or above. Among both elementary and high school students, 3 per cent had methaemoglobin levels of 3 per cent or above, while less than 1 per cent had levels of 4 per cent or greater.", "contents": "Distributions of percentage methaemoglobin in several population groups in California. Several epidemiological studies in California have yielded data on percentage methaemoglobin in healthy individuals. The population groups represented include infants, elementary and high school children, and adults. The distributions of values in each group are described, as well as the differences between groups. Factors affecting the distributions are discussed. In the study of infants, the factors assessed include respiratory and gastrointestinal disease, and food and water intake. In schoolchildren, the effect of age and location of residence within Southern California are evaluated, and in adults, smoking, gender and time of day. Among infants in the 31 to 60 day age range, 33 per cent had methaemoglobin levels of 3 per cent or above, while 8 per cent had methaemoglobin levels of 4 per cent or above. Among adults, 15 per cent had levels of 3 per cent or above, while 2 per cent had levels of 4 per cent or above. Among both elementary and high school students, 3 per cent had methaemoglobin levels of 3 per cent or above, while less than 1 per cent had levels of 4 per cent or greater.", "PMID": 1184270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9191", "title": "Blood pressure and length of stay in Australia of Italian immigrants in the Australian National Blood Pressure Study.", "content": "Data obtained from 10,975 Australian-born and 1,717 Italian-born subjects aged 30-69 years in one centre of the Australian National Blood Pressure Study revealed that the Italians had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures compared with Australians of the same age and sex. The Italians' blood pressures rose in successive age groups and at the same rate as in the Australians. After the effect of age was eliminated, the duration of residence of the Italians in Australia had a small but significant association with their blood pressures, possibly indicating exposure to blood pressure-elevating environmental factors in Australia.", "contents": "Blood pressure and length of stay in Australia of Italian immigrants in the Australian National Blood Pressure Study. Data obtained from 10,975 Australian-born and 1,717 Italian-born subjects aged 30-69 years in one centre of the Australian National Blood Pressure Study revealed that the Italians had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures compared with Australians of the same age and sex. The Italians' blood pressures rose in successive age groups and at the same rate as in the Australians. After the effect of age was eliminated, the duration of residence of the Italians in Australia had a small but significant association with their blood pressures, possibly indicating exposure to blood pressure-elevating environmental factors in Australia.", "PMID": 1184271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9192", "title": "A family study of blood pressure in Polynesians.", "content": "The family aggregation of blood pressure was studied in Tokelau Island children aged 5-14 years and their parents resident on their home islands in 1971. Five hundred and two (97 per cent) of the children had a recorded blood pressure and they formed 210 sibling groups. The sibship similarity of blood pressure z scores adjusted for year of age and sex was examined by analysis of variance between and within sibships in the 133 sibships with more than one member. For both systolic and diastolic pressure a statistically significant sibship similarity exists which is independent of family size, level of pressure, and the sibship similarity of Quetelet Index. The correlation coefficient of the z score of one index child chosen at random and the remaining siblings is 0-14 (n = 282, p = 0-017). Of the parental variables studied the mother's systolic pressure is the best, and only, predictor of the child's systolic z score. These results suggest that in the Tokelau islanders a family similarity of blood pressure is established relatively early in life.", "contents": "A family study of blood pressure in Polynesians. The family aggregation of blood pressure was studied in Tokelau Island children aged 5-14 years and their parents resident on their home islands in 1971. Five hundred and two (97 per cent) of the children had a recorded blood pressure and they formed 210 sibling groups. The sibship similarity of blood pressure z scores adjusted for year of age and sex was examined by analysis of variance between and within sibships in the 133 sibships with more than one member. For both systolic and diastolic pressure a statistically significant sibship similarity exists which is independent of family size, level of pressure, and the sibship similarity of Quetelet Index. The correlation coefficient of the z score of one index child chosen at random and the remaining siblings is 0-14 (n = 282, p = 0-017). Of the parental variables studied the mother's systolic pressure is the best, and only, predictor of the child's systolic z score. These results suggest that in the Tokelau islanders a family similarity of blood pressure is established relatively early in life.", "PMID": 1184272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9193", "title": "Varicose veins in a population of lowland New Guinea.", "content": "A survey of varicose veins in a rural area of northern New Guinea showed a very low prevalence in women (0-1 percent in females aged 20 and over) and a modest prevalence in men (5-1 per cent in the same age range). The people lacked factors of diet, body bulk and tight clothing that have been postulated to be important in other populations. Multi-parity, leg trauma and heavy lifting were present but did not accord with the sex difference in prevalence. Sitting habits may be important in the aetiology of varicose veins in this population.", "contents": "Varicose veins in a population of lowland New Guinea. A survey of varicose veins in a rural area of northern New Guinea showed a very low prevalence in women (0-1 percent in females aged 20 and over) and a modest prevalence in men (5-1 per cent in the same age range). The people lacked factors of diet, body bulk and tight clothing that have been postulated to be important in other populations. Multi-parity, leg trauma and heavy lifting were present but did not accord with the sex difference in prevalence. Sitting habits may be important in the aetiology of varicose veins in this population.", "PMID": 1184273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9194", "title": "Solar activity and mortality in the United States.", "content": "Mortality from all causes, from coronary heart disease, and from stroke in the US was studied in relation to solar activity as measured by the geomagnetic index, Ap, on a daily basis for the years 1964-66 and on a monthly basis for the years 1964-71. The data did not support previous assertions by Soviet researchers of an association between solar activity and cardiovascular mortality.", "contents": "Solar activity and mortality in the United States. Mortality from all causes, from coronary heart disease, and from stroke in the US was studied in relation to solar activity as measured by the geomagnetic index, Ap, on a daily basis for the years 1964-66 and on a monthly basis for the years 1964-71. The data did not support previous assertions by Soviet researchers of an association between solar activity and cardiovascular mortality.", "PMID": 1184274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9195", "title": "Synthesis of the pentadecapeptide sequence of the active site of rabbit muscle triosephosphate isomerase.", "content": "The pentadecapeptide fragment, Trp-Val-Leu-Ala-Tyr-Glu-Pro-Val-Trp-Ala-Ile-Gly-Thr-Gly-Lys, which constitutes a part of the active site of rabbit muscle triosephosphate isomerase has been synthesized. It does not exhibit any catalytic activity typical of triosephosphate isomerase.", "contents": "Synthesis of the pentadecapeptide sequence of the active site of rabbit muscle triosephosphate isomerase. The pentadecapeptide fragment, Trp-Val-Leu-Ala-Tyr-Glu-Pro-Val-Trp-Ala-Ile-Gly-Thr-Gly-Lys, which constitutes a part of the active site of rabbit muscle triosephosphate isomerase has been synthesized. It does not exhibit any catalytic activity typical of triosephosphate isomerase.", "PMID": 1184279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9196", "title": "Syhthesis of peptides by fragment condensation on a solid support. I. Application in preparation of bradykinin.", "content": "Two tripeptides and one dipeptide, protected except at the carboxyl ends, have been prepared in solution and used as intermediates in a new synthesis of bradykinin on a solid support. Condensation of the two tripeptides to the resin was effected in satisfactroy yield with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide plus N-hydroxysuccinimide. The partial epimerization that might occur by such an approach was explicitly verified to be without practical importance in this case. The crude product contained only traces of impurities and yielded, after purification, bradykinin of high purity. Both the crude and purified bradykinin exhibited full biological activity.", "contents": "Syhthesis of peptides by fragment condensation on a solid support. I. Application in preparation of bradykinin. Two tripeptides and one dipeptide, protected except at the carboxyl ends, have been prepared in solution and used as intermediates in a new synthesis of bradykinin on a solid support. Condensation of the two tripeptides to the resin was effected in satisfactroy yield with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide plus N-hydroxysuccinimide. The partial epimerization that might occur by such an approach was explicitly verified to be without practical importance in this case. The crude product contained only traces of impurities and yielded, after purification, bradykinin of high purity. Both the crude and purified bradykinin exhibited full biological activity.", "PMID": 1184280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9197", "title": "Theory of reversible denaturation of globular proteins.", "content": "A theoretical method is developed by which the character of the process of protein denaturation (e.g., whether or not it is of the all-or-none type) can be discussed in terms of conformation of native proteins and the forces stabilizing it. An important role is played by a quantity S(H): entropy of a protein molecule in solution in the conformational states with a given value of enthalpy H. It is demonstrated that the all-or-none type denaturation of proteins is a rather direct consequence of the globularity and specificity of the native conformations. Denaturations with significant intermediate states are discussed. Denaturations induced by added denaturants are also discussed.", "contents": "Theory of reversible denaturation of globular proteins. A theoretical method is developed by which the character of the process of protein denaturation (e.g., whether or not it is of the all-or-none type) can be discussed in terms of conformation of native proteins and the forces stabilizing it. An important role is played by a quantity S(H): entropy of a protein molecule in solution in the conformational states with a given value of enthalpy H. It is demonstrated that the all-or-none type denaturation of proteins is a rather direct consequence of the globularity and specificity of the native conformations. Denaturations with significant intermediate states are discussed. Denaturations induced by added denaturants are also discussed.", "PMID": 1184281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9198", "title": "Spectrophotometric titration of tyrosyl residues in alkaline mesentericopeptidase.", "content": "At pH 7.0 the alkaline mesentericopeptidase has ultraviolet absorption spectrum with a minimum at 251 nm and a maximum at 280 nm and no visible absorption. From the tyrosine to tryptophan ratio a value of 3 tryptophyl residues per mole of protein is obtained. The molar extinction coefficient at 280 nm is 3.55 X 10(4)M-1cm-1. Spectrophotometric titration studies show that the molecule of mesentericopeptidase contains seven phenolic groups with a pKapp - 9.92 and four to five groups with a pKapp = 11.96. Denaturing agents, such as 5 M guanidine hydrochloride or alkali, normalize the ionization of the tyrosyl residues. There is a good correlation between the spectrophotometric titration data and the results for the reactivities of the tyrosines in mesentericopeptidase towards tetranitromethane. The correlation is explained by the mechanism of nitration. Conclusions about the state of the tyrosyl residues and the three-dimensional structure of mesentericopeptidase are made.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric titration of tyrosyl residues in alkaline mesentericopeptidase. At pH 7.0 the alkaline mesentericopeptidase has ultraviolet absorption spectrum with a minimum at 251 nm and a maximum at 280 nm and no visible absorption. From the tyrosine to tryptophan ratio a value of 3 tryptophyl residues per mole of protein is obtained. The molar extinction coefficient at 280 nm is 3.55 X 10(4)M-1cm-1. Spectrophotometric titration studies show that the molecule of mesentericopeptidase contains seven phenolic groups with a pKapp - 9.92 and four to five groups with a pKapp = 11.96. Denaturing agents, such as 5 M guanidine hydrochloride or alkali, normalize the ionization of the tyrosyl residues. There is a good correlation between the spectrophotometric titration data and the results for the reactivities of the tyrosines in mesentericopeptidase towards tetranitromethane. The correlation is explained by the mechanism of nitration. Conclusions about the state of the tyrosyl residues and the three-dimensional structure of mesentericopeptidase are made.", "PMID": 1184282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9199", "title": "Breathing mode of conformational fluctuations in globular proteins.", "content": "Globular proteins in the native state are assumed to behave as continuous elastic spheres in the low frequency breathing motions. Reasonable values of Young's modulus E = 10(11) dyne/cm2 and the radius of the sphere ro = 20 A, yield a wave number of 26 cm-1 for the fundamental vibration of the sphere. The peak at around 30 cm-1 in the laser Raman spectra of native alpha-chymotrypsin and pepsin observed by Brown et al. might be assigned to the breathing motion which the native proteins undergo as continuous elastic bodies.", "contents": "Breathing mode of conformational fluctuations in globular proteins. Globular proteins in the native state are assumed to behave as continuous elastic spheres in the low frequency breathing motions. Reasonable values of Young's modulus E = 10(11) dyne/cm2 and the radius of the sphere ro = 20 A, yield a wave number of 26 cm-1 for the fundamental vibration of the sphere. The peak at around 30 cm-1 in the laser Raman spectra of native alpha-chymotrypsin and pepsin observed by Brown et al. might be assigned to the breathing motion which the native proteins undergo as continuous elastic bodies.", "PMID": 1184283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9200", "title": "On the 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas testosteroni. The effect of denaturing agents.", "content": "Highly purified preparations of the 3alpha-hydroxysteroid:NAD- oxidoreductase (E.C.1.1.1.50) from Pseudomonas testosteroni (ATCC 11996) which consist of two major isoenzymes, with traces of a third, have been split into two enzymatically inactive polypeptides A and B by the use of sodium dodecylsulphate, urea and guanidinium hydrochloride. Both polypeptides have a molecular weight of 25,000 +/- 2,500 as shown by thin-layer gel chromatography and ultracentrifugations. They differ, however, in charge as shown by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips in the presence of 8 M urea. Each of the isoenzymes, have molecular weight of about 50,000 and thus consist of two subunits. The presence of the three isoenzymes may be explained by the following combinations of the subunits, AA, AB and BB. Close to 100% of the original activity towards the three substrates, androsterone tetrahydrocortisone and desoxycholate could be restored within 24 h when the inactivated enzyme was diluted in order to remove the effect of the denaturant.", "contents": "On the 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas testosteroni. The effect of denaturing agents. Highly purified preparations of the 3alpha-hydroxysteroid:NAD- oxidoreductase (E.C.1.1.1.50) from Pseudomonas testosteroni (ATCC 11996) which consist of two major isoenzymes, with traces of a third, have been split into two enzymatically inactive polypeptides A and B by the use of sodium dodecylsulphate, urea and guanidinium hydrochloride. Both polypeptides have a molecular weight of 25,000 +/- 2,500 as shown by thin-layer gel chromatography and ultracentrifugations. They differ, however, in charge as shown by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips in the presence of 8 M urea. Each of the isoenzymes, have molecular weight of about 50,000 and thus consist of two subunits. The presence of the three isoenzymes may be explained by the following combinations of the subunits, AA, AB and BB. Close to 100% of the original activity towards the three substrates, androsterone tetrahydrocortisone and desoxycholate could be restored within 24 h when the inactivated enzyme was diluted in order to remove the effect of the denaturant.", "PMID": 1184284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9201", "title": "NMR investigations of proline and its derivatives. 4-Proton magnetic resonance parameters and structure of acetyl-proline amide.", "content": "The proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectrum of acetyl-proline amide in D2O solution has been analysed by computer simulation. The spectra of the cis and the trans isomers have been separated and their PMR parameters (chemical shift and coupling constants) are given. Vicinal coupling constants of the pyrrolidine ring are interpreted by means of a Karplus zone relation. The chemical shift effect of the anisotropy of both peptide planes is considered. It follows that both isomers are puckered with Cgamma in an endo position, but the cis isomer is more rigid than the trans isomer, which moreover undergoes a small interconversion of the Cgamma and Cdelta atoms between two extreme spatial positions. The dihedral angle phi has different values in both isomers. Thus, the dihedral angle between the two peptide planes is smaller in the trans isomer than in the cis isomer.", "contents": "NMR investigations of proline and its derivatives. 4-Proton magnetic resonance parameters and structure of acetyl-proline amide. The proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectrum of acetyl-proline amide in D2O solution has been analysed by computer simulation. The spectra of the cis and the trans isomers have been separated and their PMR parameters (chemical shift and coupling constants) are given. Vicinal coupling constants of the pyrrolidine ring are interpreted by means of a Karplus zone relation. The chemical shift effect of the anisotropy of both peptide planes is considered. It follows that both isomers are puckered with Cgamma in an endo position, but the cis isomer is more rigid than the trans isomer, which moreover undergoes a small interconversion of the Cgamma and Cdelta atoms between two extreme spatial positions. The dihedral angle phi has different values in both isomers. Thus, the dihedral angle between the two peptide planes is smaller in the trans isomer than in the cis isomer.", "PMID": 1184285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9202", "title": "Frequency-dependent diffraction from enzymatic breathing modes.", "content": "The intensity of the time-dependent Fourier transform of any macro-molecule which contains a cleft of the sort that exists in the protein lysozyme is derived. It is shown that there is a region of this transform in which this intensity varies nearly sinusoidally with time with a frequency equal to that of the macromolecule's breathing mode of vibration, and where, therefore, the diffracted power will be primarily at this single frequency. Observation of this power will allow the experimental determination of the frequency of this mode, which is expected to be much lower than those observable by Raman spectroscopy.", "contents": "Frequency-dependent diffraction from enzymatic breathing modes. The intensity of the time-dependent Fourier transform of any macro-molecule which contains a cleft of the sort that exists in the protein lysozyme is derived. It is shown that there is a region of this transform in which this intensity varies nearly sinusoidally with time with a frequency equal to that of the macromolecule's breathing mode of vibration, and where, therefore, the diffracted power will be primarily at this single frequency. Observation of this power will allow the experimental determination of the frequency of this mode, which is expected to be much lower than those observable by Raman spectroscopy.", "PMID": 1184286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9203", "title": "Studies on the conformation and interactions of elastin: nuclear magnetic resonance of the polyhexapeptide.", "content": "Synthesis, proton magnetic resonance and carbon-13 magnetic resonance characterizations, including complete assignments, are reported for the polyhexapeptide of elastin, HCO-Val(Ala1-Pro2-Gly3-Val4-Gly5-Val6)18-OMe. Temperature dependence of peptide NH chemical shifts and solvent dependence of peptide C-O chemical shifts have been determined in several solvents and have been interpreted in terms of four hydrogen bonded rings for each repeat of the polyhexapeptide. The more stable hydrogen bonded ring is a beta-turn involving Ala1C-O--HN-Val4. More dynamic hydrogen bonds are an 11-atom hydrogen bonded ring Gly3NH--O-C Gly5, a 7-atom hydrogen bonded ring (a gamma-turn) Gly3 C-O--NH-Gly5, and a 23-atom hydrogen bonded ring Val6inH--O-C Val6(i+1). This set of hydrogen bonds results in a right-handed beta-spiral structure with slightly more than two repeats (approximately 2.2) per turn of spiral. The beta-spiral structure is briefly discussed relative to data on the elastic fiber.", "contents": "Studies on the conformation and interactions of elastin: nuclear magnetic resonance of the polyhexapeptide. Synthesis, proton magnetic resonance and carbon-13 magnetic resonance characterizations, including complete assignments, are reported for the polyhexapeptide of elastin, HCO-Val(Ala1-Pro2-Gly3-Val4-Gly5-Val6)18-OMe. Temperature dependence of peptide NH chemical shifts and solvent dependence of peptide C-O chemical shifts have been determined in several solvents and have been interpreted in terms of four hydrogen bonded rings for each repeat of the polyhexapeptide. The more stable hydrogen bonded ring is a beta-turn involving Ala1C-O--HN-Val4. More dynamic hydrogen bonds are an 11-atom hydrogen bonded ring Gly3NH--O-C Gly5, a 7-atom hydrogen bonded ring (a gamma-turn) Gly3 C-O--NH-Gly5, and a 23-atom hydrogen bonded ring Val6inH--O-C Val6(i+1). This set of hydrogen bonds results in a right-handed beta-spiral structure with slightly more than two repeats (approximately 2.2) per turn of spiral. The beta-spiral structure is briefly discussed relative to data on the elastic fiber.", "PMID": 1184287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9204", "title": "Solid phase synthesis and some pharmacological properties of 8-D-homolysine-vasopressin and 1-deamino-8-D-homolysine-vasopressin.", "content": "8-DL-Homolysine-vasopressin and its 1-deamino derivative were synthesized by the solid phase method. The desired D-homolysine analogues were obtained by digestion of the mixtures with trypsin and isolation of the peptide components by ion-exchange chromatography. In agreement with earlier observations on vasopressins containing alpha, omega-diamino acids of D configuration the new analogues show very low pressor activities. However, the antidiuretic effects are surprisingly high, thus reversing the known activity trend and making the D-homolysine analogues highly selective antidiuretic agents.", "contents": "Solid phase synthesis and some pharmacological properties of 8-D-homolysine-vasopressin and 1-deamino-8-D-homolysine-vasopressin. 8-DL-Homolysine-vasopressin and its 1-deamino derivative were synthesized by the solid phase method. The desired D-homolysine analogues were obtained by digestion of the mixtures with trypsin and isolation of the peptide components by ion-exchange chromatography. In agreement with earlier observations on vasopressins containing alpha, omega-diamino acids of D configuration the new analogues show very low pressor activities. However, the antidiuretic effects are surprisingly high, thus reversing the known activity trend and making the D-homolysine analogues highly selective antidiuretic agents.", "PMID": 1184288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9205", "title": "Synthesis of the sequential polypeptide poly[Cys(Acm)-Ser-Phe-Glu-Glu] as a model for hydrolytic enzymes.", "content": "To construct a possible model of hydrolytic enzymes, the sequential polypeptide H[Cys(Acm)-Ser-Phe-Glu-Glu]nOH, n = 3-110, was prepared by polycondensation of H-Cys(Acm)-Ser(But)-Phe-Glu(OBut)-Glu(OBut)-O Su/1-hydroxybenzotriazole. In a solid state the polypeptide material showed beta-conformation both before and after cleavage of t-butyl protecting groups. The pentapeptide unit was synthetized by the Merrifield method utilizing modifications as follows: Gel phase synthesis on less than 0.5% cross-linked copolystyrene (quasi dissolved state). Centrifugal reactor. Ddz-amino acids, deprotected by 5% trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane/15 min. 3-Nitrophthalic anhydride to suppress formation of false sequences. Continuous photometric control of the completion of all operations during synthesis and transesterfication, yielding Ddz-Cys(Acm)-Ser(But)-Phe-Glu-(OBut)-Glu(OBut)-OMe (0.827 g; 53%, m.p. 180-182 degrees).", "contents": "Synthesis of the sequential polypeptide poly[Cys(Acm)-Ser-Phe-Glu-Glu] as a model for hydrolytic enzymes. To construct a possible model of hydrolytic enzymes, the sequential polypeptide H[Cys(Acm)-Ser-Phe-Glu-Glu]nOH, n = 3-110, was prepared by polycondensation of H-Cys(Acm)-Ser(But)-Phe-Glu(OBut)-Glu(OBut)-O Su/1-hydroxybenzotriazole. In a solid state the polypeptide material showed beta-conformation both before and after cleavage of t-butyl protecting groups. The pentapeptide unit was synthetized by the Merrifield method utilizing modifications as follows: Gel phase synthesis on less than 0.5% cross-linked copolystyrene (quasi dissolved state). Centrifugal reactor. Ddz-amino acids, deprotected by 5% trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane/15 min. 3-Nitrophthalic anhydride to suppress formation of false sequences. Continuous photometric control of the completion of all operations during synthesis and transesterfication, yielding Ddz-Cys(Acm)-Ser(But)-Phe-Glu-(OBut)-Glu(OBut)-OMe (0.827 g; 53%, m.p. 180-182 degrees).", "PMID": 1184289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9206", "title": "Binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to bovine serum albumin and albumin fragments obtained after proteolytic hydrolysis. Localization and nature of the primary PLP binding site.", "content": "The binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) to bovine serum albumin (BSA), and to large BSA fragments obtained after proteolytic hydrolysis, was investigated in order to study the structure of these fragments in relation to the albumin structure itself, and to get information about the PLP binding sites on albumin. From absorbance and circular dichroism spectra, combined with peptide mapping of the tryptic digests of the reduced PLP-protein complexes, it could be concluded that the primary binding site is localized with the NH2-terminal part of the albumin molecule. The COOH-terminal part contains one or more secondary sites. It appeared that in albumin and in the largest NH2-terminal fragment, the environment of the primary binding site is rather apolar in character. However, in the smallest NH2-terminal fragment this site is more exposed to the solvent. This suggests that the part of the peptide chain which is not common in both fragments has a stabilizing effect on the structure around the primary binding site.", "contents": "Binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to bovine serum albumin and albumin fragments obtained after proteolytic hydrolysis. Localization and nature of the primary PLP binding site. The binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) to bovine serum albumin (BSA), and to large BSA fragments obtained after proteolytic hydrolysis, was investigated in order to study the structure of these fragments in relation to the albumin structure itself, and to get information about the PLP binding sites on albumin. From absorbance and circular dichroism spectra, combined with peptide mapping of the tryptic digests of the reduced PLP-protein complexes, it could be concluded that the primary binding site is localized with the NH2-terminal part of the albumin molecule. The COOH-terminal part contains one or more secondary sites. It appeared that in albumin and in the largest NH2-terminal fragment, the environment of the primary binding site is rather apolar in character. However, in the smallest NH2-terminal fragment this site is more exposed to the solvent. This suggests that the part of the peptide chain which is not common in both fragments has a stabilizing effect on the structure around the primary binding site.", "PMID": 1184290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9207", "title": "Intrinsic viscosity of ovomucoid in random coil conformation.", "content": "Ovomucoid is denatured by concentrated solutions of guanidine hydrochloride. The intrinsic viscosities of the glycoprotein in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride in the absence and presence of beta-mercaptoethanol were found to be 8.1 and 16.0 ml/g, respectively. Ovomucoid with disulphide bonds reduced exists in linear random coil conformation. However, the intrinsic viscosity of the randomly coiled protein was less than that predicted from the empirical equations describing the molecular weight dependence of intrinsic viscosities of random coil proteins in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. On excluding the carbohydrate content of the protein, which is theoretically justified, the calculated intrinsic viscosity interestingly became closer to the measured one. The temperature dependence of the intrinsic viscosity of ovomucoid in linear random coil conformation was studied in the temperature range, 25-55 degrees. The features of the intrinsic viscosity-temperature profile are not comparable with those exhibited by other linear random coil proteins in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride.", "contents": "Intrinsic viscosity of ovomucoid in random coil conformation. Ovomucoid is denatured by concentrated solutions of guanidine hydrochloride. The intrinsic viscosities of the glycoprotein in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride in the absence and presence of beta-mercaptoethanol were found to be 8.1 and 16.0 ml/g, respectively. Ovomucoid with disulphide bonds reduced exists in linear random coil conformation. However, the intrinsic viscosity of the randomly coiled protein was less than that predicted from the empirical equations describing the molecular weight dependence of intrinsic viscosities of random coil proteins in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. On excluding the carbohydrate content of the protein, which is theoretically justified, the calculated intrinsic viscosity interestingly became closer to the measured one. The temperature dependence of the intrinsic viscosity of ovomucoid in linear random coil conformation was studied in the temperature range, 25-55 degrees. The features of the intrinsic viscosity-temperature profile are not comparable with those exhibited by other linear random coil proteins in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride.", "PMID": 1184291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9208", "title": "[Influencing of acetylation and corticosterone biosynthesis through long-term pantothenic acid deficiency in rats].", "content": "The effect of different dietary intake of pantothenic acid (150;100;25 and 0% of the requirement) on the metabolism of rats was studied during 15 months. The ability of the adrenals for synthesis of corticosterone and the rate of acetylation of a sulfonamid (Sulfisomidin) were taken as parameters. The above mentioned parameters were influenced significantly already after two weeks and a pantothenic acid free diet containing the antagonist omega-methyl-pantothenic acid. With a 25% supply of pantothenic acid and without omega-methyl-pantothenic acid it lasted half a year until significant alterations of acetylation could be demonstrated. The synthetic ability of the adrenals for corticosteroids was significantly increased after a year in the 25% group. After the end of the study, this hyperfunctional state was followed by hypofunction, resulting in a significantly reduced ability of synthesis of the glands. Studies of this type were conducted to obrain basic informations for later experiments in human beings.", "contents": "[Influencing of acetylation and corticosterone biosynthesis through long-term pantothenic acid deficiency in rats]. The effect of different dietary intake of pantothenic acid (150;100;25 and 0% of the requirement) on the metabolism of rats was studied during 15 months. The ability of the adrenals for synthesis of corticosterone and the rate of acetylation of a sulfonamid (Sulfisomidin) were taken as parameters. The above mentioned parameters were influenced significantly already after two weeks and a pantothenic acid free diet containing the antagonist omega-methyl-pantothenic acid. With a 25% supply of pantothenic acid and without omega-methyl-pantothenic acid it lasted half a year until significant alterations of acetylation could be demonstrated. The synthetic ability of the adrenals for corticosteroids was significantly increased after a year in the 25% group. After the end of the study, this hyperfunctional state was followed by hypofunction, resulting in a significantly reduced ability of synthesis of the glands. Studies of this type were conducted to obrain basic informations for later experiments in human beings.", "PMID": 1184292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9209", "title": "Metabolism of L-ascorbic acid in rats under in vivo administration of mercury: effect of L-ascorbic acid supplementation.", "content": "1. Rats toxicated with mercury showed drastic fall in growth rate and supplementation of L-ascorbic acid to these rats could not reverse this effect. The contents of L-ascorbic acid and of D-glucuronic acid in the urine of the toxicated animals were decreased which could be counteracted by subsequent L-ascorbic acid supplementation. 2. The concentration of L-ascorbic acid in the liver tissues of mercury toxicated rats was decreased markedly and administration of L-ascorbic acid to this group could raise the tissue reserve considerably. 3. Severe damages of the normal histological pattern of the kidney tissues of rats viz. cellular and glomerular degeneration were observed under mercury toxicity. 4. In the liver tissues of the mercury toxicated rats, the rate of L-ascorbic acid synthesis was reduced along with increased catabolism of L-ascorbic acid. Subsequent supplementation of L-ascorbic acid to these toxicated rats was, however, found to be effective in reversing these alterations almost to the basal level.", "contents": "Metabolism of L-ascorbic acid in rats under in vivo administration of mercury: effect of L-ascorbic acid supplementation. 1. Rats toxicated with mercury showed drastic fall in growth rate and supplementation of L-ascorbic acid to these rats could not reverse this effect. The contents of L-ascorbic acid and of D-glucuronic acid in the urine of the toxicated animals were decreased which could be counteracted by subsequent L-ascorbic acid supplementation. 2. The concentration of L-ascorbic acid in the liver tissues of mercury toxicated rats was decreased markedly and administration of L-ascorbic acid to this group could raise the tissue reserve considerably. 3. Severe damages of the normal histological pattern of the kidney tissues of rats viz. cellular and glomerular degeneration were observed under mercury toxicity. 4. In the liver tissues of the mercury toxicated rats, the rate of L-ascorbic acid synthesis was reduced along with increased catabolism of L-ascorbic acid. Subsequent supplementation of L-ascorbic acid to these toxicated rats was, however, found to be effective in reversing these alterations almost to the basal level.", "PMID": 1184293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9210", "title": "Presence of cellular retinol and retinoic acid binding proteins in human uterus.", "content": "Human uterine cells contain two separate soluble proteins, one binding retinol and one binding retinoic acid with high specifity. This suggests that both retinol and retinoic acid may be required for normal uterine function.", "contents": "Presence of cellular retinol and retinoic acid binding proteins in human uterus. Human uterine cells contain two separate soluble proteins, one binding retinol and one binding retinoic acid with high specifity. This suggests that both retinol and retinoic acid may be required for normal uterine function.", "PMID": 1184294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9211", "title": "Vitamin A alcohol and vitamin A palmitate transfer from ewes to lambs.", "content": "The effects of pre-partum intravenous injections of vitamin A alcohol and vitamin  palmitate on vitamin A levels in the plasma and livers of newborn lambs and in colostrum were studied with twenty mature Romney ewes. Injecting ewes with 250000 IU of vitamin A alcohol significantly (P less than .05) increased vitamin A levels in the blood (77%) and livers (75%) of newborn lambs. Differences between effect of vitamin A alcohol and vitamin A palmitate on either blood or liver levels in lambs were not significant. Transfer of injected vitamin A to lamb liver was inefficient (0.37% for palmitate, 0.12% for alcohol). There was 52% more vitamin A in colostrum from alcohol-injected than from palmitate-injected ewes. Although consistent with a postulation of preferential mammary transfer of vitamin A alcohol, this difference was not statistically significant (P greater than .05).", "contents": "Vitamin A alcohol and vitamin A palmitate transfer from ewes to lambs. The effects of pre-partum intravenous injections of vitamin A alcohol and vitamin  palmitate on vitamin A levels in the plasma and livers of newborn lambs and in colostrum were studied with twenty mature Romney ewes. Injecting ewes with 250000 IU of vitamin A alcohol significantly (P less than .05) increased vitamin A levels in the blood (77%) and livers (75%) of newborn lambs. Differences between effect of vitamin A alcohol and vitamin A palmitate on either blood or liver levels in lambs were not significant. Transfer of injected vitamin A to lamb liver was inefficient (0.37% for palmitate, 0.12% for alcohol). There was 52% more vitamin A in colostrum from alcohol-injected than from palmitate-injected ewes. Although consistent with a postulation of preferential mammary transfer of vitamin A alcohol, this difference was not statistically significant (P greater than .05).", "PMID": 1184295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9212", "title": "Preparation, properties and metabolism of retinoic acid anhydride.", "content": "A new analogue of vitamin A, viz., retinoic acid anhydride was prepared, for the first time, by the action of thionyl chloride on retinoic acid in benzene containing pyridine. The amhydride was charcterised by its chromatographic properties, elemental analysis, ultraviolet absorption, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral characteristics. The compound could be readily hydrolysed to retinoic acid both by acid and alkali treatments and reduced by lithium aluminium hydride to vitamin A alcohol (retinol). The spectral changes with antimony trichloride reagent were similar to those observed for retinoic acid. The metabolism of retinoic acid anhydride was found to be similar to that of retinoic acic. When administered either orally or intraperitoneally, the compound promotes growth in vitamin A-deficient rats. Time-course experiments revealed that retinoic acid anhydride is converted into retinoic acid by non-enzymatic hydrolysis and thereby exerts its biological activity. The biopotency of the anhydride was found to be nearly the same as that of the acid. A new method of preparing esters of retinoic acid employing retinoic acid anhydride as an intermediate, has been described.", "contents": "Preparation, properties and metabolism of retinoic acid anhydride. A new analogue of vitamin A, viz., retinoic acid anhydride was prepared, for the first time, by the action of thionyl chloride on retinoic acid in benzene containing pyridine. The amhydride was charcterised by its chromatographic properties, elemental analysis, ultraviolet absorption, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral characteristics. The compound could be readily hydrolysed to retinoic acid both by acid and alkali treatments and reduced by lithium aluminium hydride to vitamin A alcohol (retinol). The spectral changes with antimony trichloride reagent were similar to those observed for retinoic acid. The metabolism of retinoic acid anhydride was found to be similar to that of retinoic acic. When administered either orally or intraperitoneally, the compound promotes growth in vitamin A-deficient rats. Time-course experiments revealed that retinoic acid anhydride is converted into retinoic acid by non-enzymatic hydrolysis and thereby exerts its biological activity. The biopotency of the anhydride was found to be nearly the same as that of the acid. A new method of preparing esters of retinoic acid employing retinoic acid anhydride as an intermediate, has been described.", "PMID": 1184296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9213", "title": "Effect of hypervitaminoisis A on composition of chick cartilage.", "content": "1. Day-old chicks were fed a diet containing one mg of retinyl acetate per kg feed. One group was treated with 18.300 mug retinyl acetate/100 g of body weight/week, whereas the other group served as control. Retinol treatment did not affect weight gain during a 4-weeks observation period. 2. At the end of this period the animals were killed and epiphyseal cartilage of the tibiotarsus examined. Retinol excess decreased ash and hydroxyproline and increased glycosaminoglycans and uronic acid in dry, fat-free cartilage. Sialic acid and hexosamine contents of glycosaminoglycans were elevated without a great change in the proportion of glucosamine and galactosamine. 3. Activity of 5 enzymes degrading glycosaminoglycans was not affected by retinol excess. 4. In hypervitaminotic chicks, uptake of injected radiosulphate by cartilage tissue and incorporation into glycosaminoglycans were enhanced and breakdown retarded.", "contents": "Effect of hypervitaminoisis A on composition of chick cartilage. 1. Day-old chicks were fed a diet containing one mg of retinyl acetate per kg feed. One group was treated with 18.300 mug retinyl acetate/100 g of body weight/week, whereas the other group served as control. Retinol treatment did not affect weight gain during a 4-weeks observation period. 2. At the end of this period the animals were killed and epiphyseal cartilage of the tibiotarsus examined. Retinol excess decreased ash and hydroxyproline and increased glycosaminoglycans and uronic acid in dry, fat-free cartilage. Sialic acid and hexosamine contents of glycosaminoglycans were elevated without a great change in the proportion of glucosamine and galactosamine. 3. Activity of 5 enzymes degrading glycosaminoglycans was not affected by retinol excess. 4. In hypervitaminotic chicks, uptake of injected radiosulphate by cartilage tissue and incorporation into glycosaminoglycans were enhanced and breakdown retarded.", "PMID": 1184297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9214", "title": "[Serum picture of vitamin A in healthy persons following a vitamin A palmitate loading].", "content": "After oral consumption of 150 000 U vitamin A-palmitate the serum of eight healthy men was hourly determined for vitamin A-concentration. Rapidly ascending to a maximum within three to four hours the concentration returned exponentially to its normal fasting level after 24 hours. The curve could be adapted to the BATEMAN-function. The velocity constants k1 and k2 were equal except for one case. These results were opposite to earlier results of patients with psoriasis vulgaris.", "contents": "[Serum picture of vitamin A in healthy persons following a vitamin A palmitate loading]. After oral consumption of 150 000 U vitamin A-palmitate the serum of eight healthy men was hourly determined for vitamin A-concentration. Rapidly ascending to a maximum within three to four hours the concentration returned exponentially to its normal fasting level after 24 hours. The curve could be adapted to the BATEMAN-function. The velocity constants k1 and k2 were equal except for one case. These results were opposite to earlier results of patients with psoriasis vulgaris.", "PMID": 1184298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9215", "title": "[Vitamin E concentration in blood and tissues of growing pigs fed on varying DL-a-Tocopherylacetate supplements].", "content": "The concentration of tocopherols in blood serum, liver and adipose tissue of growing pigs with different vitamin E supply was estimated gas-chromatographically. The animals were fed with a practical diet, supplemented with 0, 5, 15, 25 and 95 ppm dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (groups I-V). Based on a naturally vitamin E content of 7.4 and 8.6 mg per kg of the diet the control animals (group I) showed very low tocopherol concentrations of 0.5 mug per ml serum and about 1 mug per g tissue. No clinical vitamin E-deficiency symptoms were observed. The increasing alpha-tocopherol supplements raised the vitamin E contents in a proportional rate, and with high vitamin E supplies the highest quantities of tocopherols were stored in the adipose tissue. When the alpha-tocopherol content in the diet was raised by 1 mg, the concentration in the serum increased by 0.033 mug per ml, in the liver by 0.094 and in the adipose tissue by 0.129 mug per g, respectively (gamma = 0.99). This increase in the concentrations was strongly linear and can be interpreted by constant rates of absorption and retention of alpha-tocopherol in the present investigation. The growth of the pigs was no influenced by the different alpha-tocopherol supplements.", "contents": "[Vitamin E concentration in blood and tissues of growing pigs fed on varying DL-a-Tocopherylacetate supplements]. The concentration of tocopherols in blood serum, liver and adipose tissue of growing pigs with different vitamin E supply was estimated gas-chromatographically. The animals were fed with a practical diet, supplemented with 0, 5, 15, 25 and 95 ppm dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (groups I-V). Based on a naturally vitamin E content of 7.4 and 8.6 mg per kg of the diet the control animals (group I) showed very low tocopherol concentrations of 0.5 mug per ml serum and about 1 mug per g tissue. No clinical vitamin E-deficiency symptoms were observed. The increasing alpha-tocopherol supplements raised the vitamin E contents in a proportional rate, and with high vitamin E supplies the highest quantities of tocopherols were stored in the adipose tissue. When the alpha-tocopherol content in the diet was raised by 1 mg, the concentration in the serum increased by 0.033 mug per ml, in the liver by 0.094 and in the adipose tissue by 0.129 mug per g, respectively (gamma = 0.99). This increase in the concentrations was strongly linear and can be interpreted by constant rates of absorption and retention of alpha-tocopherol in the present investigation. The growth of the pigs was no influenced by the different alpha-tocopherol supplements.", "PMID": 1184299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9216", "title": "A review of children operated upon because of stenosis of the pelvo-ureteral junction.", "content": "The authors report the late results of reconstructive surgery on stenosis of the pelvo-ureteral junction in children. 69 patients had been operated during 1965--1970. The results on clinical grounds were good: the infections and pain disappeared and the renal function was normal; however, the operation had no noticeable effect on the hydronephrosis.", "contents": "A review of children operated upon because of stenosis of the pelvo-ureteral junction. The authors report the late results of reconstructive surgery on stenosis of the pelvo-ureteral junction in children. 69 patients had been operated during 1965--1970. The results on clinical grounds were good: the infections and pain disappeared and the renal function was normal; however, the operation had no noticeable effect on the hydronephrosis.", "PMID": 1184300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9217", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of the renal collecting system.", "content": "Three cases of spontaneous rupture of the collecting system of the kidney are reported on. Organ-saving surgery was feasible in two of them. The etiology and treatment of spontaneous ruptures of the renal pelvis are discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of the renal collecting system. Three cases of spontaneous rupture of the collecting system of the kidney are reported on. Organ-saving surgery was feasible in two of them. The etiology and treatment of spontaneous ruptures of the renal pelvis are discussed.", "PMID": 1184301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9218", "title": "Youssef's syndrome.", "content": "A case of menouria (Youssef's syndrome) following a vesicovaginal fistula repair is presented. The patient had typical clinical features of cyclic hematuria, absence of vaginal bleeding and complete urinary continence. Diagnosis was established by cystoscopy, cystography and hysterosalpingography which disclosed the communication between the bladder and the uterine cavity. Surgical treatment was hysterectomy with the closure of the bladder opening. The authors quote similar cases reported in the literature and attention is also called to the fact that the first case of menouria was reported in the literature by Machado in 1935.", "contents": "Youssef's syndrome. A case of menouria (Youssef's syndrome) following a vesicovaginal fistula repair is presented. The patient had typical clinical features of cyclic hematuria, absence of vaginal bleeding and complete urinary continence. Diagnosis was established by cystoscopy, cystography and hysterosalpingography which disclosed the communication between the bladder and the uterine cavity. Surgical treatment was hysterectomy with the closure of the bladder opening. The authors quote similar cases reported in the literature and attention is also called to the fact that the first case of menouria was reported in the literature by Machado in 1935.", "PMID": 1184302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9219", "title": "Vascular and morphological changes in the urinary bladder wall after irradiation.", "content": "Twelve adult rabbits were used to study radiation-induced changes in the urinary bladder by angiographic, microangiographic, light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic methods. Angiographic, microangiographic and light microscopy examinations were performed on 2 animals in which the urinary bladders were not irradiated and on 4 animals in which parts of the bladders received high radiation doses of 60Co. The bladders irradiated in this manner exhibited advanced changes within a shorter time after irradiation than those in an earlier study. In this study a lower dose of irradiation was given over the entire bladder. Otherwise, the radiation changes were similar. Light and scanning electron microscopic studies were carried out on 2 normal and 4 irradiated bladders. In the latter, atrophy of the mucosa, epithelial desquamation, cellular atypisms and ulcerations were observed.", "contents": "Vascular and morphological changes in the urinary bladder wall after irradiation. Twelve adult rabbits were used to study radiation-induced changes in the urinary bladder by angiographic, microangiographic, light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic methods. Angiographic, microangiographic and light microscopy examinations were performed on 2 animals in which the urinary bladders were not irradiated and on 4 animals in which parts of the bladders received high radiation doses of 60Co. The bladders irradiated in this manner exhibited advanced changes within a shorter time after irradiation than those in an earlier study. In this study a lower dose of irradiation was given over the entire bladder. Otherwise, the radiation changes were similar. Light and scanning electron microscopic studies were carried out on 2 normal and 4 irradiated bladders. In the latter, atrophy of the mucosa, epithelial desquamation, cellular atypisms and ulcerations were observed.", "PMID": 1184303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9220", "title": "Granulomatous orchitis and spermatic granuloma.", "content": "One case of granulomatous orchitis and three cases of spermatic granuloma are described and the clinical and pathologic features of the two syndromes are discussed. Since no certain diagnosis is possible on clinical grounds alone, it rests on the evidence of pathology. Both granulomatous orchitis and spermatic granuloma are of practical importance to the specialists, the first being apt to mimic tumours, and the second to tuberculous epididymitis. Histological study, possibly of biopsy specimens, permits to differentiate either process from malignancy and from tuberculosis with certainty. It is to be emphasized that in many cases of chronic epididymitis with clinical suspicion of tuberculosis careful histological search reveals spermatic granuloma. Since the processes under discussion are unresponsive to antibiotics, their therapy is surgical.", "contents": "Granulomatous orchitis and spermatic granuloma. One case of granulomatous orchitis and three cases of spermatic granuloma are described and the clinical and pathologic features of the two syndromes are discussed. Since no certain diagnosis is possible on clinical grounds alone, it rests on the evidence of pathology. Both granulomatous orchitis and spermatic granuloma are of practical importance to the specialists, the first being apt to mimic tumours, and the second to tuberculous epididymitis. Histological study, possibly of biopsy specimens, permits to differentiate either process from malignancy and from tuberculosis with certainty. It is to be emphasized that in many cases of chronic epididymitis with clinical suspicion of tuberculosis careful histological search reveals spermatic granuloma. Since the processes under discussion are unresponsive to antibiotics, their therapy is surgical.", "PMID": 1184304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9221", "title": "Experimental renal hypertension in rats.", "content": "The present study has been concerned with blood pressure, renal functions and the microscopic changes of the kidney during permanent hypertension induced by unilateral ligation of the renal artery.", "contents": "Experimental renal hypertension in rats. The present study has been concerned with blood pressure, renal functions and the microscopic changes of the kidney during permanent hypertension induced by unilateral ligation of the renal artery.", "PMID": 1184305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9222", "title": "Peripheral small vessel involvement in chronic nephritides.", "content": "Small cutaneous vessels, obtained by ear lobe biopsies, were studied in 14 patients with various chronic nephritides and in 10 normal controls. The capillaries in the group of patients with nephritis were found to undergo two main changes: thickening of the adventitia reticularis and perivascular cellular infiltration in an inverse ratio. This infiltration was seen to be made up of mononuclear cells and an increased number of mast cells in various stages of degranulation. Changes in the basement membrane as seen by electron microscopy are not constant. All of the above changes were absent in the controls and are similar to what has been described in previous studies in both experimental and spontaneous pathologic conditions, such as experimental hypertension, diabetes mellitus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. Small vessel involvement in chronic nephritides could be part of a process of diffuse microvascular damage that includes the kidneys or it may be related to hypertension or to the biochemical changes which follow uremic and pre-uremic states.", "contents": "Peripheral small vessel involvement in chronic nephritides. Small cutaneous vessels, obtained by ear lobe biopsies, were studied in 14 patients with various chronic nephritides and in 10 normal controls. The capillaries in the group of patients with nephritis were found to undergo two main changes: thickening of the adventitia reticularis and perivascular cellular infiltration in an inverse ratio. This infiltration was seen to be made up of mononuclear cells and an increased number of mast cells in various stages of degranulation. Changes in the basement membrane as seen by electron microscopy are not constant. All of the above changes were absent in the controls and are similar to what has been described in previous studies in both experimental and spontaneous pathologic conditions, such as experimental hypertension, diabetes mellitus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. Small vessel involvement in chronic nephritides could be part of a process of diffuse microvascular damage that includes the kidneys or it may be related to hypertension or to the biochemical changes which follow uremic and pre-uremic states.", "PMID": 1184306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9223", "title": "Development of the optic nerve of the rat.", "content": "Development of the rat optic nerve is studied electron microscopically. By marked bionecrosis, many neuroepithelial cells of the fissure portion of the optic stalk are eliminated immediately following optic cup formation. A small number of the surviving neuroepithelial cells forms the tubular optic stalk. The wall cells of the stalk elongate and proliferate to become a cluster of cells at the retrobulbar region. These cells differentiate into glia cells, astrocytes first and oligodendroglia cells second. Axons invade into the intercellular spaces of the elongating stalk cells which are differentiating into astrocytes. The invading axons are found first in the space at the basal portion of the stalk cells, or the peripheral zone of the optic nerve. Myelination occurs in the later stage of development. The fine processes of the oligodendroglia cells which surround groups of axons, eliminate the cytoplasm, and become the first myelin membrane.", "contents": "Development of the optic nerve of the rat. Development of the rat optic nerve is studied electron microscopically. By marked bionecrosis, many neuroepithelial cells of the fissure portion of the optic stalk are eliminated immediately following optic cup formation. A small number of the surviving neuroepithelial cells forms the tubular optic stalk. The wall cells of the stalk elongate and proliferate to become a cluster of cells at the retrobulbar region. These cells differentiate into glia cells, astrocytes first and oligodendroglia cells second. Axons invade into the intercellular spaces of the elongating stalk cells which are differentiating into astrocytes. The invading axons are found first in the space at the basal portion of the stalk cells, or the peripheral zone of the optic nerve. Myelination occurs in the later stage of development. The fine processes of the oligodendroglia cells which surround groups of axons, eliminate the cytoplasm, and become the first myelin membrane.", "PMID": 1184307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9224", "title": "Mechanism of \"hypoglycemic\" cataract formation in the rat lens. I. The role of hexokinase instability.", "content": "Lenses from 100 gram albino rats remain clear and possess normal levels of Na+, K+, ATP, and hexokinase activity for 20 hours incubated in medium containing 12 mM glucose. Below 2.0 mM glucose, a cataract forms and there is an abrupt rise in lens Na+ and wet weight, a fall in lens K+, ATP, and hexokinase activity. The cataract is a thin lamellar opacity involving the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens. If the lens is deprived of glucose for 48 hours, a nuclear cataract forms; the cortex between the superficial lamellar opacity and the nucleus being clear. This experimental cataract bears a striking resemblance to the hypoglycemic cataract seen in children. The thermal deactivation of hexokinase follows rapidly upon the depletion of its substrates (ATP and glucose) and is a primary factor leading to cataract formation. This was established by incubating the lens with 2-deoxyglucose, a competitive inhibitor of lens hexokinase. This compound blocks the entry of glucose into the glycolytic sequence. The cataract formed in its presence is identical morphologically and biochemically to that observed in a glucose-free medium. The effects of 2-deoxyglucose are prevented by increasing the glucose level; this rules out a direct toxic influence of 2-deoxyglucose and further supports the primary role of hexokinase thermolability in the etiology of this experimental cataract. This in vitro system appears to be an excellent experimental model for the study of the human hypoglycemic cataract.", "contents": "Mechanism of \"hypoglycemic\" cataract formation in the rat lens. I. The role of hexokinase instability. Lenses from 100 gram albino rats remain clear and possess normal levels of Na+, K+, ATP, and hexokinase activity for 20 hours incubated in medium containing 12 mM glucose. Below 2.0 mM glucose, a cataract forms and there is an abrupt rise in lens Na+ and wet weight, a fall in lens K+, ATP, and hexokinase activity. The cataract is a thin lamellar opacity involving the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens. If the lens is deprived of glucose for 48 hours, a nuclear cataract forms; the cortex between the superficial lamellar opacity and the nucleus being clear. This experimental cataract bears a striking resemblance to the hypoglycemic cataract seen in children. The thermal deactivation of hexokinase follows rapidly upon the depletion of its substrates (ATP and glucose) and is a primary factor leading to cataract formation. This was established by incubating the lens with 2-deoxyglucose, a competitive inhibitor of lens hexokinase. This compound blocks the entry of glucose into the glycolytic sequence. The cataract formed in its presence is identical morphologically and biochemically to that observed in a glucose-free medium. The effects of 2-deoxyglucose are prevented by increasing the glucose level; this rules out a direct toxic influence of 2-deoxyglucose and further supports the primary role of hexokinase thermolability in the etiology of this experimental cataract. This in vitro system appears to be an excellent experimental model for the study of the human hypoglycemic cataract.", "PMID": 1184308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9225", "title": "Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholine esterase activities in normal and biologically fractionated mouse retinas.", "content": "Radiometric biochemical assays were carried out for choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) in retinas isolated from 90-day-old pigmented mice. The retinas were either normal [(C57Bl (6) and rd/le controls)], or genetically receptorless (rd/le and C3H), or had markedly reduced inner layers due to postnatal treatment of C57Bl (6) mice with monosodium glutamate. The receptorless rd/le retinas were obtained from an inbred hybrid stock that provided littermate contols with normal retinas. Glutamate-damaged retinas were compared to retinas from untreated control animals. Receptorless C3H retinas were compared to both sources of normal retinas. Control retinas had specific activities (millimoles per kilogram dry weight per hour) of 36.5 to 38.5 for ChAc and 2,180 to 2,350 for AChE and total activities per retina (nanomoles per hour) of 23 to 26 for ChAc and 1,360 to 1,160 for AChE, with the higher total values coming from slightly heavier rd/le controls. Receptorless retinas had 44 to 48 times the ChAc specific activity of those from glutamate-treated animals and had 2.4 to 2.5 times that of retinas from control animals. They had five to six times the AChE specific activity of retinas of glutamate-treated animals and 2.4 to 2.5 times that of controls. On a total activity per retina basis, receptorless rd/le retinas had 81 per cent of the ChAc activity and 66 per cent of the AChE activity of those from littermate controls and receptorless C3H retinas had 97 per cent and 98 per cent of the total ChAc and AChE activity of the C57Bl (6) controls, but only 91 per cent and 82 per cent of the same total activities in the heavier rd/le controls. The data are consistent with the view that both enzymes are normally more concentrated in the inner than outer retina, with the disparity being more marked for ChAc.", "contents": "Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholine esterase activities in normal and biologically fractionated mouse retinas. Radiometric biochemical assays were carried out for choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) in retinas isolated from 90-day-old pigmented mice. The retinas were either normal [(C57Bl (6) and rd/le controls)], or genetically receptorless (rd/le and C3H), or had markedly reduced inner layers due to postnatal treatment of C57Bl (6) mice with monosodium glutamate. The receptorless rd/le retinas were obtained from an inbred hybrid stock that provided littermate contols with normal retinas. Glutamate-damaged retinas were compared to retinas from untreated control animals. Receptorless C3H retinas were compared to both sources of normal retinas. Control retinas had specific activities (millimoles per kilogram dry weight per hour) of 36.5 to 38.5 for ChAc and 2,180 to 2,350 for AChE and total activities per retina (nanomoles per hour) of 23 to 26 for ChAc and 1,360 to 1,160 for AChE, with the higher total values coming from slightly heavier rd/le controls. Receptorless retinas had 44 to 48 times the ChAc specific activity of those from glutamate-treated animals and had 2.4 to 2.5 times that of retinas from control animals. They had five to six times the AChE specific activity of retinas of glutamate-treated animals and 2.4 to 2.5 times that of controls. On a total activity per retina basis, receptorless rd/le retinas had 81 per cent of the ChAc activity and 66 per cent of the AChE activity of those from littermate controls and receptorless C3H retinas had 97 per cent and 98 per cent of the total ChAc and AChE activity of the C57Bl (6) controls, but only 91 per cent and 82 per cent of the same total activities in the heavier rd/le controls. The data are consistent with the view that both enzymes are normally more concentrated in the inner than outer retina, with the disparity being more marked for ChAc.", "PMID": 1184309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9226", "title": "Arachidonic acid-induced elevation of intraocular pressure and anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "Arachidonic acid, a precursor of prostaglandin E2 subconjunctivally injected into rabbit eyes in concentrations of 0.8 to 5 per cent, produced a dose-related rise of intraocular pressure (IOP) similar to the one observed after topical administration of PGE2 in concentrations of 0.001 to 0.1 per cent. Indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, had an inhibitory effect when administered systemically or topically prior to arachidonic acid. Dose-response relationships were demonstrated by topical and oral administration of Indomethacin which, as expected, had no effect on PGE2. Dexamethasone did not exert any inhibitory effect on the increased IOP following arachidonic acid administration. Indomethacin applied topically readily penetrated into the aqueous humor in concentrations considerably above those appearing in the plasma, which justifies the use of this route of administration. Since prostaglandin (PG) appeared to be implicated in ocular inflammation, these findings underline the specificity of action of Indomethacin and suggest its use in the topical treatment of ocular inflammation.", "contents": "Arachidonic acid-induced elevation of intraocular pressure and anti-inflammatory agents. Arachidonic acid, a precursor of prostaglandin E2 subconjunctivally injected into rabbit eyes in concentrations of 0.8 to 5 per cent, produced a dose-related rise of intraocular pressure (IOP) similar to the one observed after topical administration of PGE2 in concentrations of 0.001 to 0.1 per cent. Indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, had an inhibitory effect when administered systemically or topically prior to arachidonic acid. Dose-response relationships were demonstrated by topical and oral administration of Indomethacin which, as expected, had no effect on PGE2. Dexamethasone did not exert any inhibitory effect on the increased IOP following arachidonic acid administration. Indomethacin applied topically readily penetrated into the aqueous humor in concentrations considerably above those appearing in the plasma, which justifies the use of this route of administration. Since prostaglandin (PG) appeared to be implicated in ocular inflammation, these findings underline the specificity of action of Indomethacin and suggest its use in the topical treatment of ocular inflammation.", "PMID": 1184310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9227", "title": "The circadian rhythm of the intraocular pressure in the New Zealand White rabbit.", "content": "Most physiologic functions in man as well as in animals have been shown to have a circadian (approximately 24 hour) rhythm. It has been found in both the normal and glaucomatous human eye that the intraocular pressure, which is one of these circadian functions, varies considerably over a 24-hour period. Because of the extensive use of the rabbit in glaucoma research, a detailed study of the intraocular pressure over a 24-hour period was undertaken. Using hourly applanation tonometry for 25 consecutive measurements in ten New Zealand White rabbits (20 eyes), a circadian rhythm of the rabbit intraocular pressure was found. The pressures were lowest at night and rose to their highest values during the day. In addition, the data suggest that the maximum intraocular pressure may be biphasic with maximum values occurring between 0800 and 1100 and 1600 and 1900. Therefore, studies involving the New Zealand White rabbit must take into consideration these 24-hour pressure changes when intraocular pressure measurements are made.", "contents": "The circadian rhythm of the intraocular pressure in the New Zealand White rabbit. Most physiologic functions in man as well as in animals have been shown to have a circadian (approximately 24 hour) rhythm. It has been found in both the normal and glaucomatous human eye that the intraocular pressure, which is one of these circadian functions, varies considerably over a 24-hour period. Because of the extensive use of the rabbit in glaucoma research, a detailed study of the intraocular pressure over a 24-hour period was undertaken. Using hourly applanation tonometry for 25 consecutive measurements in ten New Zealand White rabbits (20 eyes), a circadian rhythm of the rabbit intraocular pressure was found. The pressures were lowest at night and rose to their highest values during the day. In addition, the data suggest that the maximum intraocular pressure may be biphasic with maximum values occurring between 0800 and 1100 and 1600 and 1900. Therefore, studies involving the New Zealand White rabbit must take into consideration these 24-hour pressure changes when intraocular pressure measurements are made.", "PMID": 1184311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9228", "title": "Note on the distribution of iodine-123-labeled indocyanine green in the eye. XVIII.", "content": "Indocyanine green was excitation labeled with radioactive iodine-123 and the distribution of the labeled dye in the eye structures of animals was determined.", "contents": "Note on the distribution of iodine-123-labeled indocyanine green in the eye. XVIII. Indocyanine green was excitation labeled with radioactive iodine-123 and the distribution of the labeled dye in the eye structures of animals was determined.", "PMID": 1184312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9229", "title": "Electron microscopic examinations of a conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma before and during beta-irradiation.", "content": "An electron microscopic study was performed on a conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in an 82-year-old man. Biopsies were taken before and during beta-irradiation and the morphologic features of nonirradiated tumor cells were compared to those after application of 10,000 rad. There occur striking changes in the nucleus and the cytoplasm after irradiation. The nuclei show hypertrophic and electron-dense nucleoli as well as altered chromatin structures. The cytoplasm of many cells appears destroyed and contains numerous vacuole-like structures, as well as swollen mitochondria. It is of interest that numerous normal lymphoid cells were present within the irradiated tumor.", "contents": "Electron microscopic examinations of a conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma before and during beta-irradiation. An electron microscopic study was performed on a conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in an 82-year-old man. Biopsies were taken before and during beta-irradiation and the morphologic features of nonirradiated tumor cells were compared to those after application of 10,000 rad. There occur striking changes in the nucleus and the cytoplasm after irradiation. The nuclei show hypertrophic and electron-dense nucleoli as well as altered chromatin structures. The cytoplasm of many cells appears destroyed and contains numerous vacuole-like structures, as well as swollen mitochondria. It is of interest that numerous normal lymphoid cells were present within the irradiated tumor.", "PMID": 1184313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9230", "title": "A quantitative analysis of extraocular muscle cooperation and squint.", "content": "The mechanical properties of human extraocular muscles have recently been described. This allows one to use the force-balance equation of mechanics to solve for the complete mechanical state of all six extraocular muscles and the passive orbital tissues in any eye position. This includes each muscle's force, length, innervation, and unit action vector, which describes how its force is distributed to act horizontally, vertically, and in torsion. Most important, this calculation method allows one to predict the tropias that occur in an eye subject to any imaginable form of peripheral pathology. It also permitts, by calculation, an estimation of the correction that might be expected from any sort of muscle surgery. The tight lateral rectus syndrome is used to illustrate the application of the method in diagnosis and surgery. It also offers, for the first time, a quantitative estimate of the multitude of ways in which muscles can interact and interfere with each other when they hold the globe. Two of the results are interesting: because muscles have different lengths and sizes, their innervational participation in a movement can appear to be quite different than their mechanical participation. From an innervational standpoint, the vertical recti and obliques participate equally in vertical gaze. Muscles interfere with each other a good deal and necessitate changes of innervation to counteract these cross-couplings. This causes unexpected dependencies of innervation on eye position and leads, for example, to the fact that the superior rectus innervation in up gaze is just as large in adduction as in abduction.", "contents": "A quantitative analysis of extraocular muscle cooperation and squint. The mechanical properties of human extraocular muscles have recently been described. This allows one to use the force-balance equation of mechanics to solve for the complete mechanical state of all six extraocular muscles and the passive orbital tissues in any eye position. This includes each muscle's force, length, innervation, and unit action vector, which describes how its force is distributed to act horizontally, vertically, and in torsion. Most important, this calculation method allows one to predict the tropias that occur in an eye subject to any imaginable form of peripheral pathology. It also permitts, by calculation, an estimation of the correction that might be expected from any sort of muscle surgery. The tight lateral rectus syndrome is used to illustrate the application of the method in diagnosis and surgery. It also offers, for the first time, a quantitative estimate of the multitude of ways in which muscles can interact and interfere with each other when they hold the globe. Two of the results are interesting: because muscles have different lengths and sizes, their innervational participation in a movement can appear to be quite different than their mechanical participation. From an innervational standpoint, the vertical recti and obliques participate equally in vertical gaze. Muscles interfere with each other a good deal and necessitate changes of innervation to counteract these cross-couplings. This causes unexpected dependencies of innervation on eye position and leads, for example, to the fact that the superior rectus innervation in up gaze is just as large in adduction as in abduction.", "PMID": 1184315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9231", "title": "Genetic analysis of indices of corneal power and corneal astigmatism in human populations with varying incidences of strabismus.", "content": "Heritability estimates for corneal power were found to be high and similar for two populations which differed in their incidence of esotropia. This similarity suggest (1) that genetic differences for corneal power do not contribute to the difference in heritability for spherical refractive error reported for these populations and (2) that this character is not a critical variable contributing to the pathophysiology of esotropia. Heritability estimates for corneal astigmatism were, in most cases, rather low. The pattern of population and sex differences among heritability estimates was consistent with those previously reported for cylindrical refractive error. These population differences in heritability suggest that they contribute to population differences found for cylindrical refractive error.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of indices of corneal power and corneal astigmatism in human populations with varying incidences of strabismus. Heritability estimates for corneal power were found to be high and similar for two populations which differed in their incidence of esotropia. This similarity suggest (1) that genetic differences for corneal power do not contribute to the difference in heritability for spherical refractive error reported for these populations and (2) that this character is not a critical variable contributing to the pathophysiology of esotropia. Heritability estimates for corneal astigmatism were, in most cases, rather low. The pattern of population and sex differences among heritability estimates was consistent with those previously reported for cylindrical refractive error. These population differences in heritability suggest that they contribute to population differences found for cylindrical refractive error.", "PMID": 1184316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9232", "title": "Studies of aqueous humor dynamics in man. IV. Effects of pilocarpine upon measurements in young normal volunteers.", "content": "The acute effects of topical pilocarpine 4 per cent, administered to one eye, have been studied in replicate experiments in young volunteers. One hour after medication administration the intraocular pressure was significantly lower. The magnitude of the reduction exceeded that predicated from the significant increase of true facility of outflow. This is explained by the observation of a significant reduction of calculated aqueous humor flow. Pilocarpine caused a significant increase of pseudofacility, a clinically useful drug effect not previously reported. One hour after medication administration, measured episcleral venous pressure was not different from the pretreatment level.", "contents": "Studies of aqueous humor dynamics in man. IV. Effects of pilocarpine upon measurements in young normal volunteers. The acute effects of topical pilocarpine 4 per cent, administered to one eye, have been studied in replicate experiments in young volunteers. One hour after medication administration the intraocular pressure was significantly lower. The magnitude of the reduction exceeded that predicated from the significant increase of true facility of outflow. This is explained by the observation of a significant reduction of calculated aqueous humor flow. Pilocarpine caused a significant increase of pseudofacility, a clinically useful drug effect not previously reported. One hour after medication administration, measured episcleral venous pressure was not different from the pretreatment level.", "PMID": 1184317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9233", "title": "The characterization of the hexokinases in several tissues of the calf eye.", "content": "Several tissues from the calf eye were studied so as to determine the characteristics of the hexokinases in each tissue. The corneal stroma, sclera, and vitreous body are devoid of measurable hexokinase activity. The tissue specific activities decrease in the following order: retina, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, lens capsule-epithelium, corneal epithelium, and lens cortex-nucleus. Each tissue possesses Types I and II hexokinase in varying proportions in the soluble and insoluble fractions; latent hexokinase is Type I in all tissues except the retina in which both Types I and II are found in the latent fraction. No hexokinase Type IIa, III, or IV is found in any ocular tissue. Michaelis constants for glucose and MgATP= are similar to those found in extraocular tissues. Except for retinal hexokinase, ocular hexokinases are quite similar to extraocular hexokinases. The activity of retinal hexokinase varies greatly and abruptly with time and with change in buffer composition; in the absence of Na2EDTA, glucose, and -SH compounds, there is a rapid deactivation of hexokinase and a shift of the soluble to the insoluble form. The relevance of these findings to glycolysis in each tissue is discussed.", "contents": "The characterization of the hexokinases in several tissues of the calf eye. Several tissues from the calf eye were studied so as to determine the characteristics of the hexokinases in each tissue. The corneal stroma, sclera, and vitreous body are devoid of measurable hexokinase activity. The tissue specific activities decrease in the following order: retina, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, lens capsule-epithelium, corneal epithelium, and lens cortex-nucleus. Each tissue possesses Types I and II hexokinase in varying proportions in the soluble and insoluble fractions; latent hexokinase is Type I in all tissues except the retina in which both Types I and II are found in the latent fraction. No hexokinase Type IIa, III, or IV is found in any ocular tissue. Michaelis constants for glucose and MgATP= are similar to those found in extraocular tissues. Except for retinal hexokinase, ocular hexokinases are quite similar to extraocular hexokinases. The activity of retinal hexokinase varies greatly and abruptly with time and with change in buffer composition; in the absence of Na2EDTA, glucose, and -SH compounds, there is a rapid deactivation of hexokinase and a shift of the soluble to the insoluble form. The relevance of these findings to glycolysis in each tissue is discussed.", "PMID": 1184318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9234", "title": "Contrast and electrolyte dynamics of the intravenous pyelogram. II. Disparities in serum and urine concentrations of meglumine and anion.", "content": "Intravenous or intra-aortic injections of meglumine iothalamate in dogs indicate a slightly different tissue distribution and excretory pattern of the meglumine cation and the iothalamate anion. Differences in serum and urinary concentrations of these ions suggest some cellular penetration of the meglumine anion. In addition, there seems to be some evidence for both tubular absorption and tubular excretion of meglumine as a minor component in the renal excretion of this ion. No significant differences could be demonstrated for either urinary load or concentration when the sodium salts of iothalamate were compared to the methylglucamine salts.", "contents": "Contrast and electrolyte dynamics of the intravenous pyelogram. II. Disparities in serum and urine concentrations of meglumine and anion. Intravenous or intra-aortic injections of meglumine iothalamate in dogs indicate a slightly different tissue distribution and excretory pattern of the meglumine cation and the iothalamate anion. Differences in serum and urinary concentrations of these ions suggest some cellular penetration of the meglumine anion. In addition, there seems to be some evidence for both tubular absorption and tubular excretion of meglumine as a minor component in the renal excretion of this ion. No significant differences could be demonstrated for either urinary load or concentration when the sodium salts of iothalamate were compared to the methylglucamine salts.", "PMID": 1184320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9235", "title": "Failure to induce hypersensitivity reactions to opaque contrast media analogs in guinea pigs.", "content": "In a further exploration of idiosyncratic reactions to injections of contrast media, a systematic study of immediate or delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs injected with contrast media analogs was performed. No evidence of immediate or delayed hypersensitivity could be ascertained to either contrast media analogs alone, or analogs bound to protein carriers. This does not represent conclusive evidence against the notion of antibody formation as a factor in the production of some adverse reactions, but makes such a pathogenesis less likely.", "contents": "Failure to induce hypersensitivity reactions to opaque contrast media analogs in guinea pigs. In a further exploration of idiosyncratic reactions to injections of contrast media, a systematic study of immediate or delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs injected with contrast media analogs was performed. No evidence of immediate or delayed hypersensitivity could be ascertained to either contrast media analogs alone, or analogs bound to protein carriers. This does not represent conclusive evidence against the notion of antibody formation as a factor in the production of some adverse reactions, but makes such a pathogenesis less likely.", "PMID": 1184321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9236", "title": "Intravenous cholangiography in different degrees of common bile duct obstruction. An experimental study in the dog.", "content": "A total of 83 cholangiograms was performed in three cholecystectomized dogs equipped with Thomas cannulas through which complete and different degrees of incomplete common bile duct obstruction were produced. With incomplete common bile duct obstruction, the iodine concentration in the bile necessary for radiographic visualization of the common duct was always obtained for all three tested iodipamide dosages of .3, .6, and 1.2 ml/kg, infused over 30 minutes. The largest dose resulted in the highest biliary iodine concentrations. With increasing obstruction, an increasing delay of the biliary iodipamide excretion was noted. With complete common bile duct obstruction the iodine concentration in the bile necessary for radiographic visualization of the common duct was never obtained, even with an iodipamide dose increased to 1.8 ml/kg and/or prolongation of the contrast material infusion time from 30 minutes to 2 and 6 hours. Nevertheless, the highest biliary iodine concentration in complete common bile duct obstruction resulted with the largest iodipamide dose (1.8 ml/kg) and the shortest infusion time (30 minutes).", "contents": "Intravenous cholangiography in different degrees of common bile duct obstruction. An experimental study in the dog. A total of 83 cholangiograms was performed in three cholecystectomized dogs equipped with Thomas cannulas through which complete and different degrees of incomplete common bile duct obstruction were produced. With incomplete common bile duct obstruction, the iodine concentration in the bile necessary for radiographic visualization of the common duct was always obtained for all three tested iodipamide dosages of .3, .6, and 1.2 ml/kg, infused over 30 minutes. The largest dose resulted in the highest biliary iodine concentrations. With increasing obstruction, an increasing delay of the biliary iodipamide excretion was noted. With complete common bile duct obstruction the iodine concentration in the bile necessary for radiographic visualization of the common duct was never obtained, even with an iodipamide dose increased to 1.8 ml/kg and/or prolongation of the contrast material infusion time from 30 minutes to 2 and 6 hours. Nevertheless, the highest biliary iodine concentration in complete common bile duct obstruction resulted with the largest iodipamide dose (1.8 ml/kg) and the shortest infusion time (30 minutes).", "PMID": 1184323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9237", "title": "Toxicity studies of coronary arteriographic media in dogs.", "content": "Sequential injections of different contrast material in the canine coronary artery were performed while ventricular pressure and EKG were recorded. Larger volumes of contrast material caused more fibrillation and more drop in pressure. Preliminary myocardial infarction increased pressure effects. Diatrizoate methylglucamine (Renografin-76) caused more fibrillation and lowering of ventricular pressure than iothalamate or metrizoate Coronar. Calcium lessened the ventricular pressure depression from iothalamate.", "contents": "Toxicity studies of coronary arteriographic media in dogs. Sequential injections of different contrast material in the canine coronary artery were performed while ventricular pressure and EKG were recorded. Larger volumes of contrast material caused more fibrillation and more drop in pressure. Preliminary myocardial infarction increased pressure effects. Diatrizoate methylglucamine (Renografin-76) caused more fibrillation and lowering of ventricular pressure than iothalamate or metrizoate Coronar. Calcium lessened the ventricular pressure depression from iothalamate.", "PMID": 1184322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9238", "title": "A stereoradiographic technique and its application to the evaluation of lung casts.", "content": "Stereoradiographs have been used on occasion for three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement of objects in radiology and radiotherapy. The lack of a good stereoradiographic technique has limited the uses of steroradiographic exposures. In this paper, the principle of the double-image is outlined and a method of applying this principle to stereoradiographic exposures is developed. A computer program has been developed from geometrical considerations to analyze the stereobronchogram and to calculate the dimensions of the objects in question. The applications of this technique are discussed and its use in evaluating lung casts is described.", "contents": "A stereoradiographic technique and its application to the evaluation of lung casts. Stereoradiographs have been used on occasion for three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement of objects in radiology and radiotherapy. The lack of a good stereoradiographic technique has limited the uses of steroradiographic exposures. In this paper, the principle of the double-image is outlined and a method of applying this principle to stereoradiographic exposures is developed. A computer program has been developed from geometrical considerations to analyze the stereobronchogram and to calculate the dimensions of the objects in question. The applications of this technique are discussed and its use in evaluating lung casts is described.", "PMID": 1184324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9239", "title": "The endoscopic intrahepatic cholangiogram. Clinicopathologic correlation with postmortem cholangiograms.", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) allows visualization of the entire biliary tree. The cholangiographic appearance of the intrahepatic bile ducts has received relatively little attention. This postmortem study was performed to define cholangiographic alterations produced by disease and to aid in the recognition of pathologic intrahepatic cholangiographic patterns produced by ERC. Intrahepatic cholangiographic patterns in the normal biliary tree, hepatic cirrhosis, hepatic infiltrative processes, and hepatic mass lesions are presented.", "contents": "The endoscopic intrahepatic cholangiogram. Clinicopathologic correlation with postmortem cholangiograms. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) allows visualization of the entire biliary tree. The cholangiographic appearance of the intrahepatic bile ducts has received relatively little attention. This postmortem study was performed to define cholangiographic alterations produced by disease and to aid in the recognition of pathologic intrahepatic cholangiographic patterns produced by ERC. Intrahepatic cholangiographic patterns in the normal biliary tree, hepatic cirrhosis, hepatic infiltrative processes, and hepatic mass lesions are presented.", "PMID": 1184325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9240", "title": "The use of pedicled omentum in the repair of large vesicovaginal fistulas. Experimental work in dogs.", "content": "Large vesicovaginal fistulas involving most of the trigone were created in eight dogs. Three weeks postoperatively, pedicled omentum was insinuated between the open bladder and vaginal defects. Bladder continuity was present at 2 weeks and epithelization was complete at 3 weeks postoperatively. There was little morbidity and no mortality.", "contents": "The use of pedicled omentum in the repair of large vesicovaginal fistulas. Experimental work in dogs. Large vesicovaginal fistulas involving most of the trigone were created in eight dogs. Three weeks postoperatively, pedicled omentum was insinuated between the open bladder and vaginal defects. Bladder continuity was present at 2 weeks and epithelization was complete at 3 weeks postoperatively. There was little morbidity and no mortality.", "PMID": 1184331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9241", "title": "Computer analysis of factors associated with thrombus formation observed on pullout angiograms. Preliminary communication.", "content": "A prospective study was instituted to determine both the incidence of postcatheterization arterial thrombus formation and the possibility of a statistically significant correlation between predetermined parameters and the incidence of arterial thrombosis. Pullout angiograms and 12 recorded variables from 176 procedures were studied. Postcatheterization arterial thrombus formation was demonstrated in 9 cases (5%). Statistical analysis by computer showed a statistically significant relationship between 4 factors and postcatheterization thrombosis, viz. catheter/artery ratio, age, catheter diameter, and number of puncture attempts. Total elapsed time of the procedure was not found to be a statistically significant variable. These variables are integrated into a postulate to explain the pathogenesis of postcatheterization thrombus formation seen on pullout angiograms.", "contents": "Computer analysis of factors associated with thrombus formation observed on pullout angiograms. Preliminary communication. A prospective study was instituted to determine both the incidence of postcatheterization arterial thrombus formation and the possibility of a statistically significant correlation between predetermined parameters and the incidence of arterial thrombosis. Pullout angiograms and 12 recorded variables from 176 procedures were studied. Postcatheterization arterial thrombus formation was demonstrated in 9 cases (5%). Statistical analysis by computer showed a statistically significant relationship between 4 factors and postcatheterization thrombosis, viz. catheter/artery ratio, age, catheter diameter, and number of puncture attempts. Total elapsed time of the procedure was not found to be a statistically significant variable. These variables are integrated into a postulate to explain the pathogenesis of postcatheterization thrombus formation seen on pullout angiograms.", "PMID": 1184328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9242", "title": "An absorbable intravasal stent and a silicone intravasal reversible plug. Report of experiments on animals.", "content": "The high failure rate of vasovasotomy to restore fertility in vasectomized men prompted this investigation using guinea pigs as the experimental animals. The vasa were divided and absorbable intravasal stents were inserted into the lumens of the vasa at the site of anastomosis. The success or failure to secure patency and reestablish fertility was appraised by histologic sections, vasograms, semen analyses, and breeding tests. A second group of animals had silicone plugs equipped with a detachable central pin placed in both vasa. The design of this procedure was to produce an occlusive azoospermia which might be reversed by removing the central pin. Similar tests were used to establish the effectiveness of this reversible device in producing a temporary sterilization. The procedures were controlled by sham operations and insertion of plugs without pins.", "contents": "An absorbable intravasal stent and a silicone intravasal reversible plug. Report of experiments on animals. The high failure rate of vasovasotomy to restore fertility in vasectomized men prompted this investigation using guinea pigs as the experimental animals. The vasa were divided and absorbable intravasal stents were inserted into the lumens of the vasa at the site of anastomosis. The success or failure to secure patency and reestablish fertility was appraised by histologic sections, vasograms, semen analyses, and breeding tests. A second group of animals had silicone plugs equipped with a detachable central pin placed in both vasa. The design of this procedure was to produce an occlusive azoospermia which might be reversed by removing the central pin. Similar tests were used to establish the effectiveness of this reversible device in producing a temporary sterilization. The procedures were controlled by sham operations and insertion of plugs without pins.", "PMID": 1184332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9243", "title": "In vitro measurement of respiration of choroid plexus cells in communicating hydrocephalus.", "content": "Communicating hydrocephalus occurs as a result of inappropriate CSF production in the circumstance of diminished absorption. Ventricular enlargement does not progress as rapidly as the measured normal production of CSF would suggest. Thus, compensatory mechanisms must exist to respond in some manner to the altered pathophysiology. In this experiment the metabolic activity (O2 consumption) of the choroid plexus cells in animals with communicating hydrocephalus was compared with that of normals. The modified Cartesian diver technique of Zeuthen13 was employed. These preliminary measurements show that the metabolic activity of the choroid plexus cells was the same in hydrocephalic animals and normals. Response to experimentally induced increased CSF pressure also showed no difference.", "contents": "In vitro measurement of respiration of choroid plexus cells in communicating hydrocephalus. Communicating hydrocephalus occurs as a result of inappropriate CSF production in the circumstance of diminished absorption. Ventricular enlargement does not progress as rapidly as the measured normal production of CSF would suggest. Thus, compensatory mechanisms must exist to respond in some manner to the altered pathophysiology. In this experiment the metabolic activity (O2 consumption) of the choroid plexus cells in animals with communicating hydrocephalus was compared with that of normals. The modified Cartesian diver technique of Zeuthen13 was employed. These preliminary measurements show that the metabolic activity of the choroid plexus cells was the same in hydrocephalic animals and normals. Response to experimentally induced increased CSF pressure also showed no difference.", "PMID": 1184326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9244", "title": "Control of oxalate urolithiasis by DL-alanine.", "content": "Oxalate urolithiasis in male rats was experimentally induced by feeding a basal diet composed of Purina laboratory chow and 3 per cent glycolic acid. When this basal oxalate calculus-producing diet containing 10 per cent alanine was fed to rats, the incidence of oxalate urolithiasis was markedly reduced. Moreover, when Purina laboratory chow containing 10 per cent alanine was fed to rats which had been on the calculi-producing basal diet for 4 weeks, it appeared that most uroliths were dissolved. Excess intake of alanine increased the concentration of alanine in urine and this apparently aided in the prevention and treatment of urolithiasis.", "contents": "Control of oxalate urolithiasis by DL-alanine. Oxalate urolithiasis in male rats was experimentally induced by feeding a basal diet composed of Purina laboratory chow and 3 per cent glycolic acid. When this basal oxalate calculus-producing diet containing 10 per cent alanine was fed to rats, the incidence of oxalate urolithiasis was markedly reduced. Moreover, when Purina laboratory chow containing 10 per cent alanine was fed to rats which had been on the calculi-producing basal diet for 4 weeks, it appeared that most uroliths were dissolved. Excess intake of alanine increased the concentration of alanine in urine and this apparently aided in the prevention and treatment of urolithiasis.", "PMID": 1184333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9245", "title": "The composition of the radiologic report.", "content": "In order to understand and evaluate fully the composition of the radiologic report, an experiment was performed in which eight readers each read the same 100 chest radiographs. The reports were dissected into individual statements, each of which was analyzed for accuracy, statement type (descriptive or etiologic), confidence, and specificity. In addition, each report was evaluated for stylistic factors of succinctness, orderliness, and the use of supplemental comments. Detailed analysis showed the radiologic report to be a series of largely descriptive statements in which confidence level, specificity, and orderliness were associated with the presence of errors in film interpretation. These factors can serve as important markers for identifying error-laden films. The use of specific, etiologic diagnoses in these film readings was limited. The composition of the report was not related to the length of radiologic training beyond the first year of residency. The implications of these findings concerning report composition in light of present day radiologic practice and new, automated radiologic reporting systems were discussed.", "contents": "The composition of the radiologic report. In order to understand and evaluate fully the composition of the radiologic report, an experiment was performed in which eight readers each read the same 100 chest radiographs. The reports were dissected into individual statements, each of which was analyzed for accuracy, statement type (descriptive or etiologic), confidence, and specificity. In addition, each report was evaluated for stylistic factors of succinctness, orderliness, and the use of supplemental comments. Detailed analysis showed the radiologic report to be a series of largely descriptive statements in which confidence level, specificity, and orderliness were associated with the presence of errors in film interpretation. These factors can serve as important markers for identifying error-laden films. The use of specific, etiologic diagnoses in these film readings was limited. The composition of the report was not related to the length of radiologic training beyond the first year of residency. The implications of these findings concerning report composition in light of present day radiologic practice and new, automated radiologic reporting systems were discussed.", "PMID": 1184329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9246", "title": "Saturation kinetics of iopanoate in the dog.", "content": "Experiments were carried out in dogs with a modified Thomas cannula in the duodenum through which the common bile duct could be catheterized. Constant intravenous infusion of sodium iopanoate at different infusion rates greater than the apparent excretion maximum revealed linearity of the blood concentration with time above a threshold concentration. When the slopes of the blood curves were plotted against the known infusion rates, a straight line relationship was obtained. The X axis intercept of this straight line represents an apparent transport maximum. This value obtained from the X axis intercept matched closely with the observed excretion maximum determined from bile and urine collection. The slope of this same line equals the inverse of the volume of distribution of the drug. Although previous workers have failed to appreciate an apparent transport maximum for iopanoate, the current studies clearly demonstrate that iopanoate is excreted by a saturable mechanism. Using this technique the apparent transport maximum for iopanoate was evaluated at high and low rates of taurocholate replacement to evaluate the quantitative effect of bile salt on the apparent transport maximum. A five-fold increase in taurocholate replacement led to an average 40% increase in the apparent transport maximum of iopanoate without effecting its volume of distribution significantly.", "contents": "Saturation kinetics of iopanoate in the dog. Experiments were carried out in dogs with a modified Thomas cannula in the duodenum through which the common bile duct could be catheterized. Constant intravenous infusion of sodium iopanoate at different infusion rates greater than the apparent excretion maximum revealed linearity of the blood concentration with time above a threshold concentration. When the slopes of the blood curves were plotted against the known infusion rates, a straight line relationship was obtained. The X axis intercept of this straight line represents an apparent transport maximum. This value obtained from the X axis intercept matched closely with the observed excretion maximum determined from bile and urine collection. The slope of this same line equals the inverse of the volume of distribution of the drug. Although previous workers have failed to appreciate an apparent transport maximum for iopanoate, the current studies clearly demonstrate that iopanoate is excreted by a saturable mechanism. Using this technique the apparent transport maximum for iopanoate was evaluated at high and low rates of taurocholate replacement to evaluate the quantitative effect of bile salt on the apparent transport maximum. A five-fold increase in taurocholate replacement led to an average 40% increase in the apparent transport maximum of iopanoate without effecting its volume of distribution significantly.", "PMID": 1184327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9247", "title": "Effect of transient hydronephrosis on subsequent compensatory renal growth.", "content": "Apparent augmentation of renal growth occurs in kidneys made temporarily ischemic, or partially obstructed, before contralateral nephrectomy. The study herein was undertaken to investigate the effect of acute complete ureteral occlusion on a subsequent course of renoprival hypertrophy and hypoplasia. Three groups of animals were established. Animals in Group 1 underwent high ligation of the right ureter. Animals in Groups 2 and 3 underwent exposure and manipulation of the right ureter. Forty-eight hours later, animals in Group 1 underwent deligation and contralateral nephrectomy, animals in Group 2 underwent contralateral nephrectomy, and animals in Group 3 underwent sham operation. Animals were then selected 6 and 17 days after their second operative procedure and decapitated; the right kidneys were removed and underwent analysis with respect to wet and dry weight, total RNA, DNA, and protein content. At 6 days and at 17 days, animals in Groups 1 and 2 demonstrated no difference between these groups, although the remaining kidneys from animals in Group 1 and Group 2 were significantly larger than Group 3 animals. When compared to Group 3 animals, wet renal weight at 17 days had increased by 41 per cent, total bulk RNA had increased by 26 per cent, and total bulk DNA had increased by 33 per cent. The data support the clinical impression that transient, complete ureteral obstruction is well tolerated by the normal kidney, and that the metabolic response to obstruction does not hinder recovery after release of obstruction.", "contents": "Effect of transient hydronephrosis on subsequent compensatory renal growth. Apparent augmentation of renal growth occurs in kidneys made temporarily ischemic, or partially obstructed, before contralateral nephrectomy. The study herein was undertaken to investigate the effect of acute complete ureteral occlusion on a subsequent course of renoprival hypertrophy and hypoplasia. Three groups of animals were established. Animals in Group 1 underwent high ligation of the right ureter. Animals in Groups 2 and 3 underwent exposure and manipulation of the right ureter. Forty-eight hours later, animals in Group 1 underwent deligation and contralateral nephrectomy, animals in Group 2 underwent contralateral nephrectomy, and animals in Group 3 underwent sham operation. Animals were then selected 6 and 17 days after their second operative procedure and decapitated; the right kidneys were removed and underwent analysis with respect to wet and dry weight, total RNA, DNA, and protein content. At 6 days and at 17 days, animals in Groups 1 and 2 demonstrated no difference between these groups, although the remaining kidneys from animals in Group 1 and Group 2 were significantly larger than Group 3 animals. When compared to Group 3 animals, wet renal weight at 17 days had increased by 41 per cent, total bulk RNA had increased by 26 per cent, and total bulk DNA had increased by 33 per cent. The data support the clinical impression that transient, complete ureteral obstruction is well tolerated by the normal kidney, and that the metabolic response to obstruction does not hinder recovery after release of obstruction.", "PMID": 1184334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9248", "title": "The recovery of function of chronically obstructed and infected ureters.", "content": "Twelve experiments in which intraluminal ureteral pressure, ureteral diameter, aortic blood pressure, and respirations were measured, and in which ureteral wall tension was calculated, were performed on 11 female dogs. These experiments demonstrated that the impairment in ureteral function caused by chronic obstruction and infection could be reversed after surgical correction of the obstruction in conjunction with antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "The recovery of function of chronically obstructed and infected ureters. Twelve experiments in which intraluminal ureteral pressure, ureteral diameter, aortic blood pressure, and respirations were measured, and in which ureteral wall tension was calculated, were performed on 11 female dogs. These experiments demonstrated that the impairment in ureteral function caused by chronic obstruction and infection could be reversed after surgical correction of the obstruction in conjunction with antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 1184335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9249", "title": "Changes in the composition of urinary tract stones.", "content": "An increase in the average calcium oxalate content and decrease in average calcium phosphate content of stones received for analysis has been noted in a 9-year study. These changes appear to be due to a progressive increase in the number of patients with noninfected upper urinary tract stone and to the gradual elimination of phosphatic stones as a result of improved diagnosis and treatment. Some of the conditions associated with calcium phosphate stones are examined, particularly primary hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, and medullary sponge kidney. These results further emphasize the importance of calcium oxalate in idiopathic stone disease and the need for a fuller understanding of the factors influencing calcium oxalate crystallization.", "contents": "Changes in the composition of urinary tract stones. An increase in the average calcium oxalate content and decrease in average calcium phosphate content of stones received for analysis has been noted in a 9-year study. These changes appear to be due to a progressive increase in the number of patients with noninfected upper urinary tract stone and to the gradual elimination of phosphatic stones as a result of improved diagnosis and treatment. Some of the conditions associated with calcium phosphate stones are examined, particularly primary hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, and medullary sponge kidney. These results further emphasize the importance of calcium oxalate in idiopathic stone disease and the need for a fuller understanding of the factors influencing calcium oxalate crystallization.", "PMID": 1184336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9250", "title": "The inhibition of dimethylnitrosamine-induced renal tumorigenesis in NZO/Bl mice by orchiectomy.", "content": "In NZO inbred mice a single dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) induced kidney tumors in males only; females did not develop kidney tumors even when the dose of DMN was doubled. Orchiectomy before DMN injection abolished the kidney tumor response in male mice. These observations imply that androgens are essential for renal carcinogenesis by DMN in the NZO mouse.", "contents": "The inhibition of dimethylnitrosamine-induced renal tumorigenesis in NZO/Bl mice by orchiectomy. In NZO inbred mice a single dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) induced kidney tumors in males only; females did not develop kidney tumors even when the dose of DMN was doubled. Orchiectomy before DMN injection abolished the kidney tumor response in male mice. These observations imply that androgens are essential for renal carcinogenesis by DMN in the NZO mouse.", "PMID": 1184337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9251", "title": "Studies on the feasibility of urinary bladder evacuation by direct spinal cord stimulation. I. Parameters of most effective stimulation.", "content": "In 30 female dogs, spinal cord stimulation was tested to find the optimal parameters producing good voiding and, hopefully, total bladder emptying. Twelve different electrodes or application modifications were examined. Variable frequencies, stimulus duration, and voltages were applied. Search of the site of highest detrusor response (micturition center) was easily identifiable. It became obvious that electrode design was not of critical importance: the responses were basically the same whether we used the wrap-around electrode, which stimulates an entire level, or the coaxial electrode which theoretically limits the current spread around its minute exposed tip. The stimulation parameters that gave the best results were: 2 to 5 volts; frequency: 10 to 15 cps; duration 1 msec. The site of highest detrusor response was round vertebral level L5 1/2, corresponding to cord level S2-4. Generally, no voiding was obtained because of too high sphincteric contraction during stimulation; it appeared that a sphincteric center overlaps the micturition center in either direction. To achieve successful voiding during stimulation, a separation of these two centers with selective stimulation of the detrusor center is necessary, eleiminating sphincteric contraction.", "contents": "Studies on the feasibility of urinary bladder evacuation by direct spinal cord stimulation. I. Parameters of most effective stimulation. In 30 female dogs, spinal cord stimulation was tested to find the optimal parameters producing good voiding and, hopefully, total bladder emptying. Twelve different electrodes or application modifications were examined. Variable frequencies, stimulus duration, and voltages were applied. Search of the site of highest detrusor response (micturition center) was easily identifiable. It became obvious that electrode design was not of critical importance: the responses were basically the same whether we used the wrap-around electrode, which stimulates an entire level, or the coaxial electrode which theoretically limits the current spread around its minute exposed tip. The stimulation parameters that gave the best results were: 2 to 5 volts; frequency: 10 to 15 cps; duration 1 msec. The site of highest detrusor response was round vertebral level L5 1/2, corresponding to cord level S2-4. Generally, no voiding was obtained because of too high sphincteric contraction during stimulation; it appeared that a sphincteric center overlaps the micturition center in either direction. To achieve successful voiding during stimulation, a separation of these two centers with selective stimulation of the detrusor center is necessary, eleiminating sphincteric contraction.", "PMID": 1184338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9252", "title": "Studies on the feasibility of urinary bladder evacuation by direct spinal cord stimulation. II. Poststimulus voiding: a way to overcome outflow resistance.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord micturition center is effective in inducing strong detrusor contraction. Simultaneous sphincteric contraction, however, prevents voiding from occurring. At the end of stimulation a sharp drop in sphincteric activity takes place, with a concomitant and slower drop in intravesical pressure--resulting in a short poststimulus phase where bladder pressure exceeds urethral resistance and a spurt of urine is passed. This brief period was put to use by applying a train of short stimuli of 1-sec duration and separated by 1-sec intervals, following which complete bladder emptying could be obtained in an average time of 30 sec. This poststimulus voiding was constantly observed after high spinal cord transection. It can be accomplished without the need for neurectomy, sphincterectomy, or drug-induced muscular blockade.", "contents": "Studies on the feasibility of urinary bladder evacuation by direct spinal cord stimulation. II. Poststimulus voiding: a way to overcome outflow resistance. Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord micturition center is effective in inducing strong detrusor contraction. Simultaneous sphincteric contraction, however, prevents voiding from occurring. At the end of stimulation a sharp drop in sphincteric activity takes place, with a concomitant and slower drop in intravesical pressure--resulting in a short poststimulus phase where bladder pressure exceeds urethral resistance and a spurt of urine is passed. This brief period was put to use by applying a train of short stimuli of 1-sec duration and separated by 1-sec intervals, following which complete bladder emptying could be obtained in an average time of 30 sec. This poststimulus voiding was constantly observed after high spinal cord transection. It can be accomplished without the need for neurectomy, sphincterectomy, or drug-induced muscular blockade.", "PMID": 1184339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9253", "title": "alpha-Adrenergic (norepinephrine) effect on antidiuretic hormone activity.", "content": "The mechanism by which norepinephrine (NE) inhibits the antidiuretic activity of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) was studied in anesthetized normal and ADH-deficient rats. NE infusion increased aortic blood pressure and resulted in increased urine volume and sodium and potassium excretion without changes in creatinine excretion. p-Aminohippuric acid excretion did not change in normals and rose (from 34 +/- 9 to 51 +/- 11, P less than 0.025) in ADH-deficient rats. Urine osmolality fell in normals (from 363 +/- 29 to 298 +/- 42, P less than 0.05) but not in ADH deficients (from 332 +/- 29 to 363 +/- 26, p less than 0.1). ADH-deficient rats given 50 muU per kg-min of ADH intravenously responded with antidiuresis, including hyperosmolality (from a range of 225 to 240 to a range of 332 to 333, P less than 0.025). When NE was infused at 0.5 mug per kg-min, no inhibition of hyperosmolality was noted but natriuresis and augmented volume excretion occurred. At 1.5 mug per kg-min, NE completely reversed the hyperosmolality induced with ADH. The results suggest that NE-induced pressure diuresis reduces osmolality only when ADH is present in the system and so by competitive inhibition of ADH action on the renal tubule.", "contents": "alpha-Adrenergic (norepinephrine) effect on antidiuretic hormone activity. The mechanism by which norepinephrine (NE) inhibits the antidiuretic activity of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) was studied in anesthetized normal and ADH-deficient rats. NE infusion increased aortic blood pressure and resulted in increased urine volume and sodium and potassium excretion without changes in creatinine excretion. p-Aminohippuric acid excretion did not change in normals and rose (from 34 +/- 9 to 51 +/- 11, P less than 0.025) in ADH-deficient rats. Urine osmolality fell in normals (from 363 +/- 29 to 298 +/- 42, P less than 0.05) but not in ADH deficients (from 332 +/- 29 to 363 +/- 26, p less than 0.1). ADH-deficient rats given 50 muU per kg-min of ADH intravenously responded with antidiuresis, including hyperosmolality (from a range of 225 to 240 to a range of 332 to 333, P less than 0.025). When NE was infused at 0.5 mug per kg-min, no inhibition of hyperosmolality was noted but natriuresis and augmented volume excretion occurred. At 1.5 mug per kg-min, NE completely reversed the hyperosmolality induced with ADH. The results suggest that NE-induced pressure diuresis reduces osmolality only when ADH is present in the system and so by competitive inhibition of ADH action on the renal tubule.", "PMID": 1184340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9254", "title": "Compensatory renal hypertrophy in male dwarf mice.", "content": "The Snell dwarf mouse (dw/dw) is the result of a single recessive gene that is not sex-linked. The dwarfism is caused by the congenital deficiency of growth hormone, thyrotropin, and prolactin. This unique genetic model was selected to study compensatory renal hypertrophy. Compensatory renal hypertrophy occurred to a significant degree (P less than 0.01) in the unilaterally nephrectomized dwarf mutant (dw/dw), normal heterozygous (dw/DW), and normal homozygous (DW/DW) male littermates. There was no significant difference in the amount of compensatory renal hypertrophy between the groups (P greater than 0.5). These results suggest that three of the anterior pituitary hormones are not necessary for the compensatory hypertrophy response to unilateral nephrectomy.", "contents": "Compensatory renal hypertrophy in male dwarf mice. The Snell dwarf mouse (dw/dw) is the result of a single recessive gene that is not sex-linked. The dwarfism is caused by the congenital deficiency of growth hormone, thyrotropin, and prolactin. This unique genetic model was selected to study compensatory renal hypertrophy. Compensatory renal hypertrophy occurred to a significant degree (P less than 0.01) in the unilaterally nephrectomized dwarf mutant (dw/dw), normal heterozygous (dw/DW), and normal homozygous (DW/DW) male littermates. There was no significant difference in the amount of compensatory renal hypertrophy between the groups (P greater than 0.5). These results suggest that three of the anterior pituitary hormones are not necessary for the compensatory hypertrophy response to unilateral nephrectomy.", "PMID": 1184341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9255", "title": "Immune responses to soluble tumor antigens in various stages of tumor growth.", "content": "Mice immunized to a syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma by surgical removal of a growing tumor showed specific resistance to challenge with that tumor. An in vivo response to tumor-specific antigens solubilized by hypertonic potassium chloride was measured by 24-hr footpad swelling response in mice immunized to the tumor from which the antigens were extracted. Normal mice given an injection of 5 X 10(6) tumor cells showed significant 24-hr footpad swelling response to solubilized tumor antigens (solubilized from the tumor line injected) 10 days after tumor transfer. The responses were negative 28 days after tumor transfer when tumor diameters were in excess of 1.0 cm. Surgical removal of tumor at this point promptly restored footpad responses within 24 hr. The footpad response is undoubtedly a complex situation. However, continued study of this response correlated with other measures of in vitro with in vivo tumor immunity holds promise not only of understanding the nature of the footpad response itself but also of unraveling some of the immunologic mechanisms of host-tumor interactions.", "contents": "Immune responses to soluble tumor antigens in various stages of tumor growth. Mice immunized to a syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma by surgical removal of a growing tumor showed specific resistance to challenge with that tumor. An in vivo response to tumor-specific antigens solubilized by hypertonic potassium chloride was measured by 24-hr footpad swelling response in mice immunized to the tumor from which the antigens were extracted. Normal mice given an injection of 5 X 10(6) tumor cells showed significant 24-hr footpad swelling response to solubilized tumor antigens (solubilized from the tumor line injected) 10 days after tumor transfer. The responses were negative 28 days after tumor transfer when tumor diameters were in excess of 1.0 cm. Surgical removal of tumor at this point promptly restored footpad responses within 24 hr. The footpad response is undoubtedly a complex situation. However, continued study of this response correlated with other measures of in vitro with in vivo tumor immunity holds promise not only of understanding the nature of the footpad response itself but also of unraveling some of the immunologic mechanisms of host-tumor interactions.", "PMID": 1184342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9256", "title": "The effects of 5-fluorouracil on prostatic DNA synthesis.", "content": "A new animal model has been developed for studying the effects of nonhormonal drugs on the androgen-induced growth of the rat prostate. The antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil caused a 60 per cent reduction of the rate of prostatic DNA synthesis in androgen-stimulated castrate rats. This drug did not decrease the size of the prostate in normal intact animals and did not exhibit significant antiandrogenic activity. Its distribution is primarily in the acid-soluble fraction of the total prostatic homogenate.", "contents": "The effects of 5-fluorouracil on prostatic DNA synthesis. A new animal model has been developed for studying the effects of nonhormonal drugs on the androgen-induced growth of the rat prostate. The antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil caused a 60 per cent reduction of the rate of prostatic DNA synthesis in androgen-stimulated castrate rats. This drug did not decrease the size of the prostate in normal intact animals and did not exhibit significant antiandrogenic activity. Its distribution is primarily in the acid-soluble fraction of the total prostatic homogenate.", "PMID": 1184343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9257", "title": "Lack of effect of spironolactone on male genital development.", "content": "Spironolactone, which has been shown to have antiandrogen action in mature male rats, was given to pregnant rats from day 14 of pregnancy until delivery in a dose equivalent to the 400-mg adult human regimen. The male members of the resultant litters were then dissected and examined for evidence of pseudohermaphroditism. No evidence of hypospadias, malformation of Wolffian ducts, or narrowing of anogenital distances was found. In the experimental model used, no evidence of an antiandrogen action of spironolactone was found.", "contents": "Lack of effect of spironolactone on male genital development. Spironolactone, which has been shown to have antiandrogen action in mature male rats, was given to pregnant rats from day 14 of pregnancy until delivery in a dose equivalent to the 400-mg adult human regimen. The male members of the resultant litters were then dissected and examined for evidence of pseudohermaphroditism. No evidence of hypospadias, malformation of Wolffian ducts, or narrowing of anogenital distances was found. In the experimental model used, no evidence of an antiandrogen action of spironolactone was found.", "PMID": 1184344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9258", "title": "Serum, renal, and urinary lysozyme levels after hypohysectomy.", "content": "Hypophysectomy is known to cause a rise in the renal lysozyme levels and atrophy of the proximal tubules of the kidney. The present study describes the relationship of serum, urinary, and renal lysozyme levels in hypophysectiomized animals. The renal lysozyme level continued to rise during the first 4 weeks after hypophysectomy and then remained constant while the serum level increased immediately after hypophysectomy and plateaued. Hypophysectomy did not produce lysozymuria for the time periods used in these experiments despite obvious tubular atrophy by the end of the 1st week after hypophysectomy. These data suggest that tubular atrophy must progress to a severe stage before a lysozymuria is produced. Thus the absence of urinary lysozyme activity does not exclude the possibility of proximal tubule injury.", "contents": "Serum, renal, and urinary lysozyme levels after hypohysectomy. Hypophysectomy is known to cause a rise in the renal lysozyme levels and atrophy of the proximal tubules of the kidney. The present study describes the relationship of serum, urinary, and renal lysozyme levels in hypophysectiomized animals. The renal lysozyme level continued to rise during the first 4 weeks after hypophysectomy and then remained constant while the serum level increased immediately after hypophysectomy and plateaued. Hypophysectomy did not produce lysozymuria for the time periods used in these experiments despite obvious tubular atrophy by the end of the 1st week after hypophysectomy. These data suggest that tubular atrophy must progress to a severe stage before a lysozymuria is produced. Thus the absence of urinary lysozyme activity does not exclude the possibility of proximal tubule injury.", "PMID": 1184345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9259", "title": "Demonstration of infectious DNA in transformed cells. III. Correlation of detection of infectious DNA-protein complexes with persistence of virus in simian adenovirus SA7-induced tumor cells.", "content": "Primary tumors induced in newborn hamsters by simian adenovirus SA7 were investigated in transfection experiments. Infectious DNA-protein complexes were readily detected in both the supernatant and pellet fractions obtained by a modified Hirt extraction procedure; DEAE-dextran was required for infectivity to become manifest. Infectivity could be abolished by exposure to DNase, but it was unaffected by SA7-specific antiserum or RNase, and only partially inactivated by trypsin treatment. SA7 tumor cells serially passaged either in tissue culture or in hamsters yielded infectious DNA complexes much less frequently and appeared to evolve into nonyielder cell lines. When large numbers of cells were lysed, intact virus could be recovered from all the primary tumors and from some of the subcultured cell lines. There was a correlation between the persistence of complete virus and the presence of infectious DNA-protein complexes. When the tumor cells carried very small amounts of intact virus, infectious DNA complexes could still be detected; when virus could no longer be detected in the tumor cells, infectious DNA complexes could no longer be found. The results suggest that a portion of the infectious DNA moieties exists as viral DNA-protein complexes in the tumor cells.", "contents": "Demonstration of infectious DNA in transformed cells. III. Correlation of detection of infectious DNA-protein complexes with persistence of virus in simian adenovirus SA7-induced tumor cells. Primary tumors induced in newborn hamsters by simian adenovirus SA7 were investigated in transfection experiments. Infectious DNA-protein complexes were readily detected in both the supernatant and pellet fractions obtained by a modified Hirt extraction procedure; DEAE-dextran was required for infectivity to become manifest. Infectivity could be abolished by exposure to DNase, but it was unaffected by SA7-specific antiserum or RNase, and only partially inactivated by trypsin treatment. SA7 tumor cells serially passaged either in tissue culture or in hamsters yielded infectious DNA complexes much less frequently and appeared to evolve into nonyielder cell lines. When large numbers of cells were lysed, intact virus could be recovered from all the primary tumors and from some of the subcultured cell lines. There was a correlation between the persistence of complete virus and the presence of infectious DNA-protein complexes. When the tumor cells carried very small amounts of intact virus, infectious DNA complexes could still be detected; when virus could no longer be detected in the tumor cells, infectious DNA complexes could no longer be found. The results suggest that a portion of the infectious DNA moieties exists as viral DNA-protein complexes in the tumor cells.", "PMID": 1184347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9260", "title": "Development of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus in ovarian and hemocyte cultures from Estigmene acrea larvae.", "content": "Primary ovarian and hemocyte tissue cultures prepared from Estigmene acrea larvae were infected with Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. Infection of cultures was achieved with either purified virus or virus-containing culture medium from infected cultures. Virus replication and formation of virus-containing inclusions (VCI) were similar to that normally observed in vivo except that fewer virions appeared to be occluded in VCI.", "contents": "Development of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus in ovarian and hemocyte cultures from Estigmene acrea larvae. Primary ovarian and hemocyte tissue cultures prepared from Estigmene acrea larvae were infected with Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. Infection of cultures was achieved with either purified virus or virus-containing culture medium from infected cultures. Virus replication and formation of virus-containing inclusions (VCI) were similar to that normally observed in vivo except that fewer virions appeared to be occluded in VCI.", "PMID": 1184348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9261", "title": "RNA polymerase activity of Amsacta moorei entomopox virions.", "content": "Optimum conditions for in vitro RNA synthesis by the entomopoxvirus from Amsacta moorei, except for a temperature optimum of 26 degrees, were similar to those reported for vaccinia. Incorporation of 3H-ATP in the presence of CTP, GTP and UTP was significantly inhibited by actinomycin D; incorporation of 3H-ATP alone was not. The products formed by incorporation of 3H-ATP alone or with the three other nucleotides contained polyadenylic acid sequences. The sedimentation coefficient of the 3H-ATP-labeled product formed in the presence of CTP, GTP and UTP was reduced from 8-23S to 3-5S after RNase treatment. The product formed from 3H-ATP alone had an apparent sedimentation value of 3-5S.", "contents": "RNA polymerase activity of Amsacta moorei entomopox virions. Optimum conditions for in vitro RNA synthesis by the entomopoxvirus from Amsacta moorei, except for a temperature optimum of 26 degrees, were similar to those reported for vaccinia. Incorporation of 3H-ATP in the presence of CTP, GTP and UTP was significantly inhibited by actinomycin D; incorporation of 3H-ATP alone was not. The products formed by incorporation of 3H-ATP alone or with the three other nucleotides contained polyadenylic acid sequences. The sedimentation coefficient of the 3H-ATP-labeled product formed in the presence of CTP, GTP and UTP was reduced from 8-23S to 3-5S after RNase treatment. The product formed from 3H-ATP alone had an apparent sedimentation value of 3-5S.", "PMID": 1184349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9262", "title": "Arbovirus antibodies in children of rural Guanabara, Brazil.", "content": "School children living in Guanabara State, Brazil, have been tested for evidence of infection with 16 arboviruses. 3 percent were positive, and in every instance the positive reaction was attributable to St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus. Evidence of familial aggregation was observed.", "contents": "Arbovirus antibodies in children of rural Guanabara, Brazil. School children living in Guanabara State, Brazil, have been tested for evidence of infection with 16 arboviruses. 3 percent were positive, and in every instance the positive reaction was attributable to St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus. Evidence of familial aggregation was observed.", "PMID": 1184352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9263", "title": "The isolation of cricket paralysis virus from the emperor gum moth, Antheraea eucalypti Scott, and its infectivity towards a range of insect species.", "content": "Three virus-like particles have been isolated from diseased larvae of Antheraea eucalypti. Serological tests established that one of them was indistinguishable from cricket paralysis virus (CrPV). CrPV isolated from crickets and from Antheraea were cross-infectious, and crickets could acquire lethal doses of the virus by feeding on infected Antheraea larvae. In addition to two species of Teleogryllus, three other species of Orthoptera and nine out of ten species of Lepidoptera tested were susceptible to the virus. It is suggested that CrPV may have originated amongst the Lepidoptera and has been acquired by the field cricket by infectious passage along a food chain.", "contents": "The isolation of cricket paralysis virus from the emperor gum moth, Antheraea eucalypti Scott, and its infectivity towards a range of insect species. Three virus-like particles have been isolated from diseased larvae of Antheraea eucalypti. Serological tests established that one of them was indistinguishable from cricket paralysis virus (CrPV). CrPV isolated from crickets and from Antheraea were cross-infectious, and crickets could acquire lethal doses of the virus by feeding on infected Antheraea larvae. In addition to two species of Teleogryllus, three other species of Orthoptera and nine out of ten species of Lepidoptera tested were susceptible to the virus. It is suggested that CrPV may have originated amongst the Lepidoptera and has been acquired by the field cricket by infectious passage along a food chain.", "PMID": 1184353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9264", "title": "Lyapunov Redesign of Model Reference Adaptive Control System for long term ventilation of lung.", "content": "A lyapunov redesign of Model reference adaptive control system for a long term, automatically regulated, ventilatory system is presented. A fixed resistance-capacitance RC analog lung model is used to generate a desirable (reference response) alveolar pressure. The instantaneous difference in alveolar pressures between the patient and its model is fed to an adaptive controller. The controller is designed to adjust the patient's inflating pressure in such a way as to reduce the instantaneous difference in the alveolar pressures to zero. The adaptive control system described can be implemented provided the patient's alveolar pressure is continuously measurable. Unfortunately, this measurement is impossible to realize; therefore, a method to estimate the continuous alveolar pressure of the patient is to be developed. This estimation is achieved indirectly from the identification process of the patient's respiratory parameter. The same Lyapunov redesign is used in this identification process. Digital simulation of the control of the patient's inflating pressure and the identification process, as well as the simulation of the combined system, were performed. The result has demonstrated the ability of this adaptive system to perform in a fast and stable manner.", "contents": "Lyapunov Redesign of Model Reference Adaptive Control System for long term ventilation of lung. A lyapunov redesign of Model reference adaptive control system for a long term, automatically regulated, ventilatory system is presented. A fixed resistance-capacitance RC analog lung model is used to generate a desirable (reference response) alveolar pressure. The instantaneous difference in alveolar pressures between the patient and its model is fed to an adaptive controller. The controller is designed to adjust the patient's inflating pressure in such a way as to reduce the instantaneous difference in the alveolar pressures to zero. The adaptive control system described can be implemented provided the patient's alveolar pressure is continuously measurable. Unfortunately, this measurement is impossible to realize; therefore, a method to estimate the continuous alveolar pressure of the patient is to be developed. This estimation is achieved indirectly from the identification process of the patient's respiratory parameter. The same Lyapunov redesign is used in this identification process. Digital simulation of the control of the patient's inflating pressure and the identification process, as well as the simulation of the combined system, were performed. The result has demonstrated the ability of this adaptive system to perform in a fast and stable manner.", "PMID": 1184357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9265", "title": "Selective testicular lesions resulting from continuous prolonged intake of minimal amounts of ethionine.", "content": "A threshold dose of ethionine was determined which, when administered continuously for up to 10 months, produced testicular lesions in rats but did not interfere with body growth and did not produce histologic lesions in the pancreas. In the liver, only mild fatty changes were observed. Interstitial cells of the testis showed hyperplasia at three to four months, followed by dedifferentiation of these cells in the later stages of the experiment. Complete atrophy of tubules was seen in most segments, but even at 8 and 10 months of ethionine ingestion, well-defined segments revealed intact spermatogenesis in all animals. The hypothetical emergence of a mutant ethionine-resistant spermatogonial stem cell is discussed. When ethionine was withdrawn from the diet at 10 months, incomplete regeneration of tubular epithelium was seen two months later, but the interstitial cells remained of the nondifferentiated type. Fatty changes in the liver, comparable to those observed in male ethionine-treated animals only after castration, are likely to have resulted from dedifferentiation of Leydig cells with concomitant testosterone deficiency. Rats receiving smaller doses of ethionine showed fatty change in the liver although no testicular lesions were recognizable. It is possible that ethionine interfered with synthesis of testosterone before testicular lesions could be demonstrated by light microscopy.", "contents": "Selective testicular lesions resulting from continuous prolonged intake of minimal amounts of ethionine. A threshold dose of ethionine was determined which, when administered continuously for up to 10 months, produced testicular lesions in rats but did not interfere with body growth and did not produce histologic lesions in the pancreas. In the liver, only mild fatty changes were observed. Interstitial cells of the testis showed hyperplasia at three to four months, followed by dedifferentiation of these cells in the later stages of the experiment. Complete atrophy of tubules was seen in most segments, but even at 8 and 10 months of ethionine ingestion, well-defined segments revealed intact spermatogenesis in all animals. The hypothetical emergence of a mutant ethionine-resistant spermatogonial stem cell is discussed. When ethionine was withdrawn from the diet at 10 months, incomplete regeneration of tubular epithelium was seen two months later, but the interstitial cells remained of the nondifferentiated type. Fatty changes in the liver, comparable to those observed in male ethionine-treated animals only after castration, are likely to have resulted from dedifferentiation of Leydig cells with concomitant testosterone deficiency. Rats receiving smaller doses of ethionine showed fatty change in the liver although no testicular lesions were recognizable. It is possible that ethionine interfered with synthesis of testosterone before testicular lesions could be demonstrated by light microscopy.", "PMID": 1184358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9266", "title": "Effect of triiodothyronine on chick embryo heart cells maintained in tissue culture.", "content": "The effects of L-triiodothyronine (T3) on heart cells were studied in chick embryo heart cells maintained in tissue culture. T3 at a concentration of 3 x 10(-7) M had no effect on the contraction rate of these cells, either acutely or after 24 hr. On the other hand, T3 in concentrations as low as 3 x 10(-9) M stimulated both 2-deoxy-D-(1-3H) glucose uptake and lactic acid production. The effect of T3 on both deoxyglucose uptake and lactic acid production was noticed only after a lag period. Lactic acid production was measured again after removal of T3 from the media, and was found to remain elevated for at least an additional five days.", "contents": "Effect of triiodothyronine on chick embryo heart cells maintained in tissue culture. The effects of L-triiodothyronine (T3) on heart cells were studied in chick embryo heart cells maintained in tissue culture. T3 at a concentration of 3 x 10(-7) M had no effect on the contraction rate of these cells, either acutely or after 24 hr. On the other hand, T3 in concentrations as low as 3 x 10(-9) M stimulated both 2-deoxy-D-(1-3H) glucose uptake and lactic acid production. The effect of T3 on both deoxyglucose uptake and lactic acid production was noticed only after a lag period. Lactic acid production was measured again after removal of T3 from the media, and was found to remain elevated for at least an additional five days.", "PMID": 1184359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9267", "title": "In vitro cortisone sensitivity of in vivo cortisone-resistant thymocytes.", "content": "Thymus cells from untreated or hydrocortisone-treated mice were cultured for 20 hr in the presence or absence of a water-soluble glucocorticoid, hydrocortisone sodium succinate. By two independent assays of cell viability or function, virtually all thymocytes from untreated hosts were inactivated by hydrocortisone sodium succinate, whereas most, but not all, thymocytes from hydrocortisone-treated hosts were inactivated. Thus, the thymocytes which survive after treatment of the animal with glucocorticoids are only partially resistant to the effects of glucocorticoids in vitro.", "contents": "In vitro cortisone sensitivity of in vivo cortisone-resistant thymocytes. Thymus cells from untreated or hydrocortisone-treated mice were cultured for 20 hr in the presence or absence of a water-soluble glucocorticoid, hydrocortisone sodium succinate. By two independent assays of cell viability or function, virtually all thymocytes from untreated hosts were inactivated by hydrocortisone sodium succinate, whereas most, but not all, thymocytes from hydrocortisone-treated hosts were inactivated. Thus, the thymocytes which survive after treatment of the animal with glucocorticoids are only partially resistant to the effects of glucocorticoids in vitro.", "PMID": 1184360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9268", "title": "Viability of Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor and of cholera phage on vegetables.", "content": "Different vegetables were contaminated with sewage water containing large amounts of El Tor vibrios, and the viability of these vibrios was studied under defined conditions of storage. During the dry season (summer) in Jerusalem, the El Tor vibrios survived for up to 24 hr on parsley, 24 to 30 hr on tomatoes and carrots, 24 to 48 hr on cucumbers, peppers and okra and two to three days on lettuce, when the vegetables were stored at room temperature. The survival time was longer during the rainy season or during storage of the vegetables in a refrigerator. It was also prolonged on damaged vegetables. The El Tor vibrios survived for only a few hours on vegetables exposed to sunlight. The El Tor vibrios survived for 12 to 24 days in experimentally contaminated sewage water, and for up to 10 days in sewage-contaminated soil. The El Tor bacteriophage persisted for up to 36 days on phage-contaminated vegetables.", "contents": "Viability of Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor and of cholera phage on vegetables. Different vegetables were contaminated with sewage water containing large amounts of El Tor vibrios, and the viability of these vibrios was studied under defined conditions of storage. During the dry season (summer) in Jerusalem, the El Tor vibrios survived for up to 24 hr on parsley, 24 to 30 hr on tomatoes and carrots, 24 to 48 hr on cucumbers, peppers and okra and two to three days on lettuce, when the vegetables were stored at room temperature. The survival time was longer during the rainy season or during storage of the vegetables in a refrigerator. It was also prolonged on damaged vegetables. The El Tor vibrios survived for only a few hours on vegetables exposed to sunlight. The El Tor vibrios survived for 12 to 24 days in experimentally contaminated sewage water, and for up to 10 days in sewage-contaminated soil. The El Tor bacteriophage persisted for up to 36 days on phage-contaminated vegetables.", "PMID": 1184361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9269", "title": "Cesarean section in a patient with a mitral valve prosthesis.", "content": "A successful cesarean section performed in a 24-year-old woman with rheumatic heart disease and a Starr-Edwards mitral valve prosthesis is reported. In the 33rd week of pregnancy, previous warfarin sodium therapy was discontinued and dipyridamole therapy instituted. Successful pregnancy and cesarean section in patients with mitral valve prostheses are possible with this regimen.", "contents": "Cesarean section in a patient with a mitral valve prosthesis. A successful cesarean section performed in a 24-year-old woman with rheumatic heart disease and a Starr-Edwards mitral valve prosthesis is reported. In the 33rd week of pregnancy, previous warfarin sodium therapy was discontinued and dipyridamole therapy instituted. Successful pregnancy and cesarean section in patients with mitral valve prostheses are possible with this regimen.", "PMID": 1184362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9270", "title": "\"True agonadism\" and its relation to other forms of sex reversal in males.", "content": "In a phenotypic (XY karyotype) eunuchoid female aged 24, external genitalia were represented by completely fused underdeveloped scrotolabial folds and a 1-cm-long phallus with phallic urethra. At laparotomy, only rudimentary fallopian tubes and rudimentary wolffian ducts and wolffian body, but no testes, epididymis, uterus or vagina, were found. The patient fulfills the criteria for \"true agonadism.\" This syndrome is considered a distinct form of a wider category of male pseudohermaphroditism, which results from sudden complete testicular arrest taking place not earlier than the second half of the third month of embryonic development.", "contents": "\"True agonadism\" and its relation to other forms of sex reversal in males. In a phenotypic (XY karyotype) eunuchoid female aged 24, external genitalia were represented by completely fused underdeveloped scrotolabial folds and a 1-cm-long phallus with phallic urethra. At laparotomy, only rudimentary fallopian tubes and rudimentary wolffian ducts and wolffian body, but no testes, epididymis, uterus or vagina, were found. The patient fulfills the criteria for \"true agonadism.\" This syndrome is considered a distinct form of a wider category of male pseudohermaphroditism, which results from sudden complete testicular arrest taking place not earlier than the second half of the third month of embryonic development.", "PMID": 1184364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9271", "title": "Cushing's syndrome associated with a bronchial adenoma. Possible periodic hormonogenesis.", "content": "Diagnostic and therapeutic problems in a patient with ectopic ACTH syndrome caused by a malignant bronchial adenoma are discussed. Persistent Cushing's syndrome was present following apparent total adrenalectomy, but radioactive scanning with 131I-19-iodocholesterol showed the presence of residual adrenal tissue in the right suprarenal bed. Amelioration of the hypercortisolism occurred after removal of the bronchial adenoma. A paradoxical elevation of adrenocortical activity followed administration of dexamethasone and data are presented which suggest that periodic secretion of ACTH accounted for this phenomenon.", "contents": "Cushing's syndrome associated with a bronchial adenoma. Possible periodic hormonogenesis. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems in a patient with ectopic ACTH syndrome caused by a malignant bronchial adenoma are discussed. Persistent Cushing's syndrome was present following apparent total adrenalectomy, but radioactive scanning with 131I-19-iodocholesterol showed the presence of residual adrenal tissue in the right suprarenal bed. Amelioration of the hypercortisolism occurred after removal of the bronchial adenoma. A paradoxical elevation of adrenocortical activity followed administration of dexamethasone and data are presented which suggest that periodic secretion of ACTH accounted for this phenomenon.", "PMID": 1184365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9272", "title": "Nonrheumatic mitral incompetence.", "content": "This review clearly indicates that a clinical picture of pure, isolated mitral insufficiency constitutes an interesting diagnostic challenge. In adult patients especially, this common valvular lesion is often nonrheumatic and may be found in a variety of cardiac conditions. The following provides a general orientation for their differential diagnosis. The first clue to the presence of papillary muscle dysfunction, a \"spontaneous\" chordal rupture, or a congenital or traumatic lesion which may account for the mitral insufficiency, may be derived from the patient's case history. A history suggesting systemic manifestations raises the possibility of atrial myxoma. When a familial incidence is reported, various syndromes or a cardiomyopathy should be considered as the etiology of the mitral incompetence. The auscultatory findings are typical in the mid-late systolic click and murmur syndrome, but recognition of this condition may require careful examination of the patient in different postures. The possibility of obstructive cardiomyopathy may be confirmed by the characteristic carotid pressure tracing. ECG findings of acute or chronic coronary heart disease favor the possibility of papillary muscle dysfunction. In addition, the ECG may support the clinical impression of a cardiomyopathy. Fluoroscopy may show calcification of the coronary arteries and/or dyskinetic left ventricular contractions in papillary muscle dysfunction, intracardiac calcifications in atrial space-occupying lesions, or calcification of a mitral annulus. Chest X-rays may contribute to the diagnosis of acute mitral insufficiency by showing a relatively small left atrium and ventricle in the presence of severe congestive failure. While echocardiography is invaluable as a noninvasive procedure and readily demonstrates the presence of a flail mitral leaflet from chordal rupture, or aids in the recognition of obstructive cardiomyopathy, an atrial space-occupying lesion, or of a billowing mitral leaflet, left ventriculography and coronary angiography constitute the procedure of choice for the fine anatomic diagnosis and functional evaluation of most cases. The accurate diagnosis of the anatomic disruption of the mitral valvular apparatus, as well as of the state of the myocardium and of the coronary arteries, is of particular importance in symptomatic patients, in order to determine the prognosis and to plan the surgical approach.", "contents": "Nonrheumatic mitral incompetence. This review clearly indicates that a clinical picture of pure, isolated mitral insufficiency constitutes an interesting diagnostic challenge. In adult patients especially, this common valvular lesion is often nonrheumatic and may be found in a variety of cardiac conditions. The following provides a general orientation for their differential diagnosis. The first clue to the presence of papillary muscle dysfunction, a \"spontaneous\" chordal rupture, or a congenital or traumatic lesion which may account for the mitral insufficiency, may be derived from the patient's case history. A history suggesting systemic manifestations raises the possibility of atrial myxoma. When a familial incidence is reported, various syndromes or a cardiomyopathy should be considered as the etiology of the mitral incompetence. The auscultatory findings are typical in the mid-late systolic click and murmur syndrome, but recognition of this condition may require careful examination of the patient in different postures. The possibility of obstructive cardiomyopathy may be confirmed by the characteristic carotid pressure tracing. ECG findings of acute or chronic coronary heart disease favor the possibility of papillary muscle dysfunction. In addition, the ECG may support the clinical impression of a cardiomyopathy. Fluoroscopy may show calcification of the coronary arteries and/or dyskinetic left ventricular contractions in papillary muscle dysfunction, intracardiac calcifications in atrial space-occupying lesions, or calcification of a mitral annulus. Chest X-rays may contribute to the diagnosis of acute mitral insufficiency by showing a relatively small left atrium and ventricle in the presence of severe congestive failure. While echocardiography is invaluable as a noninvasive procedure and readily demonstrates the presence of a flail mitral leaflet from chordal rupture, or aids in the recognition of obstructive cardiomyopathy, an atrial space-occupying lesion, or of a billowing mitral leaflet, left ventriculography and coronary angiography constitute the procedure of choice for the fine anatomic diagnosis and functional evaluation of most cases. The accurate diagnosis of the anatomic disruption of the mitral valvular apparatus, as well as of the state of the myocardium and of the coronary arteries, is of particular importance in symptomatic patients, in order to determine the prognosis and to plan the surgical approach.", "PMID": 1184367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9273", "title": "[Antipsoriatic effect of dithranol (anthralin). 1].", "content": "This review deals with the biochemical-pharmacological actions of anthralin (dithranol) and with the various possibilities of regulating the disturbed metabolism in psoriasis. A close relationship exists between enzyme inhibition, blocking of nucleic acid metabolism, and cytostatic-cytotoxic actions exerted by anthralin. Special reference is made of the inhibitory capacity on important enzymes of the pentose phosphate shunt the importance of which is briefly outlined. In vitro experiments with dithranol confirmed clinical observations such as the advantageous application of anthralin together with ultraviolet light or the decreased efficacy of anthralin incorporated in plain zinc paste.", "contents": "[Antipsoriatic effect of dithranol (anthralin). 1]. This review deals with the biochemical-pharmacological actions of anthralin (dithranol) and with the various possibilities of regulating the disturbed metabolism in psoriasis. A close relationship exists between enzyme inhibition, blocking of nucleic acid metabolism, and cytostatic-cytotoxic actions exerted by anthralin. Special reference is made of the inhibitory capacity on important enzymes of the pentose phosphate shunt the importance of which is briefly outlined. In vitro experiments with dithranol confirmed clinical observations such as the advantageous application of anthralin together with ultraviolet light or the decreased efficacy of anthralin incorporated in plain zinc paste.", "PMID": 1184389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9274", "title": "[Entity of the Gianotti-Crosti's syndrome and its relation to hepatitis B infection].", "content": "6 cases of acrodermatitis papulosa eruptiva infantum (acrodermatitis papulosa infantilis or Gianotti-Crostisyndrome: G.C.S.) were observed and the clinical features of this disease are discussed. 1. An erythemato-papular dermatitis mainly of the face, legs, arms, buttocks, not itching, without re-occurrence lasting on the average 20--25 days. 2. An distinct enlargement of the lymph nodes, especially of the inguinal and axillary areas (reactive reticulo-histocytic lymphadenitis). 3. Acute hepatitis, mostly without icterus. 4. Presence of HB Ag-Australia Antigen in the serum of patients a few days after the onset of the disease. Doubts concerning the entity of G.C.S. are getting irrelevant considering the distinct characteristics. The viral genesis already suggested by Gianotti and Crosti of the picture of the disease seems to be true: in all cases Australian antigens are positive. The infectiousness, but the small danger of infection, even if the disease dates back a few months, should not be underestimated. When diagnosing G.C.S. among others the akrolocalized papular-vesicular syndrome described by Crosti and Gianotti should be considered. In 2 patients we could find by electron microscopic studies microtubular aggregates having a diameter of 200 A. These aggregates were situated in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of smaller vessels in the upper part of the corium.", "contents": "[Entity of the Gianotti-Crosti's syndrome and its relation to hepatitis B infection]. 6 cases of acrodermatitis papulosa eruptiva infantum (acrodermatitis papulosa infantilis or Gianotti-Crostisyndrome: G.C.S.) were observed and the clinical features of this disease are discussed. 1. An erythemato-papular dermatitis mainly of the face, legs, arms, buttocks, not itching, without re-occurrence lasting on the average 20--25 days. 2. An distinct enlargement of the lymph nodes, especially of the inguinal and axillary areas (reactive reticulo-histocytic lymphadenitis). 3. Acute hepatitis, mostly without icterus. 4. Presence of HB Ag-Australia Antigen in the serum of patients a few days after the onset of the disease. Doubts concerning the entity of G.C.S. are getting irrelevant considering the distinct characteristics. The viral genesis already suggested by Gianotti and Crosti of the picture of the disease seems to be true: in all cases Australian antigens are positive. The infectiousness, but the small danger of infection, even if the disease dates back a few months, should not be underestimated. When diagnosing G.C.S. among others the akrolocalized papular-vesicular syndrome described by Crosti and Gianotti should be considered. In 2 patients we could find by electron microscopic studies microtubular aggregates having a diameter of 200 A. These aggregates were situated in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of smaller vessels in the upper part of the corium.", "PMID": 1184390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9275", "title": "[Electron microscopy of the oral mucosa in pemphigus vulgaris].", "content": "Oral lesions in a typical case of pemphigus vulgaris were investigated electron microscopically. The region of the basement membrane shows only minor changes. The basal cells have normal hemidesmosomes whereas the desmosomes disappear. Acantholytic cells sometimes reveal remnants of desmosomes. The tonofilaments show perinuclear centralization. The findings seem to indicate that the immunopathological process affects the cellular walls and thus separates existing desmosomal contacts and at the same time inhibits new desmosome formation.", "contents": "[Electron microscopy of the oral mucosa in pemphigus vulgaris]. Oral lesions in a typical case of pemphigus vulgaris were investigated electron microscopically. The region of the basement membrane shows only minor changes. The basal cells have normal hemidesmosomes whereas the desmosomes disappear. Acantholytic cells sometimes reveal remnants of desmosomes. The tonofilaments show perinuclear centralization. The findings seem to indicate that the immunopathological process affects the cellular walls and thus separates existing desmosomal contacts and at the same time inhibits new desmosome formation.", "PMID": 1184391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9276", "title": "[Disseminated granuloma annulare].", "content": "A case of generalized granuloma annulare in a 55 year old man is reported. The disease appeared five years before the first admission to the hospital. A large number of bluish-red or skin-colour papules were scattered mainly around the earlobes, buttocks and on the extremities. Some of the lesions were lined up in rings or plaques. Small depigmented and brownish scars were present. Two biopsies revealed characteristic foci of complete collagen degeneration accompanied by a palisading infiltrate in the upper dermis. Treatment with tuberculostatics and antimalarics was without improvement. The lesions cleared after a course of prednison, but reappeared when the drug was discontinued.", "contents": "[Disseminated granuloma annulare]. A case of generalized granuloma annulare in a 55 year old man is reported. The disease appeared five years before the first admission to the hospital. A large number of bluish-red or skin-colour papules were scattered mainly around the earlobes, buttocks and on the extremities. Some of the lesions were lined up in rings or plaques. Small depigmented and brownish scars were present. Two biopsies revealed characteristic foci of complete collagen degeneration accompanied by a palisading infiltrate in the upper dermis. Treatment with tuberculostatics and antimalarics was without improvement. The lesions cleared after a course of prednison, but reappeared when the drug was discontinued.", "PMID": 1184392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9277", "title": "[Case contribution on a group affliction with photodermatitis bullosa striata pratensis (Oppenheim)].", "content": "After duty in the open field a group of 58 soldiers were simultaneously affected by photodermatitis bullosa striata pratensis Oppenheim. Among others Heracleum sphondylium was found in the botanical inventory of the lower vegetation of the terrain in question. This plant is in our latitudes the most important trigger of phototoxic reactions of the skin.", "contents": "[Case contribution on a group affliction with photodermatitis bullosa striata pratensis (Oppenheim)]. After duty in the open field a group of 58 soldiers were simultaneously affected by photodermatitis bullosa striata pratensis Oppenheim. Among others Heracleum sphondylium was found in the botanical inventory of the lower vegetation of the terrain in question. This plant is in our latitudes the most important trigger of phototoxic reactions of the skin.", "PMID": 1184393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9278", "title": "Studies on the valine sensitivity in non-ketotic hyperglycinemia.", "content": "An oral loading test with L-valine (100 mg/kg body weight) in 3 patients with non-ketotic hyperglycinemia was accompanied by drowsiness and hyperreflexia of the patients. Metabolic studies revealed a slightly lower rate of disappearance of valine from blood in 2 of the patients. In a third patient, the curve was not different from controls. Gas chromatographic analysis for short-chain fatty acids in serum carried out during the valine loading test did not show increased concentrations. Urine collected during the valine loading test did not show excretion of N-acylglycine derivatives. As neither of the branched chain amino acid transaminases proved to be inhibited by glycine, inhibition by glycine of the uptake of valine by the tissues became likely. This uptake has been measured in rat liver slices. Glycine was found to be a competitive inhibitor of valine uptake, with a Ki of 4.9 mM. It is concluded that the tendency to a decreased rate of valine disappearance from blood in non-ketotic hyperglycinemia could be due to an inhibition of valine uptake by the high plasma glycine concentration. The relationship of the inhibited valine uptake in liver slices of rats with the clinical symptoms in non-ketotic hyperglycinemia patients after a valine load remains to be established.", "contents": "Studies on the valine sensitivity in non-ketotic hyperglycinemia. An oral loading test with L-valine (100 mg/kg body weight) in 3 patients with non-ketotic hyperglycinemia was accompanied by drowsiness and hyperreflexia of the patients. Metabolic studies revealed a slightly lower rate of disappearance of valine from blood in 2 of the patients. In a third patient, the curve was not different from controls. Gas chromatographic analysis for short-chain fatty acids in serum carried out during the valine loading test did not show increased concentrations. Urine collected during the valine loading test did not show excretion of N-acylglycine derivatives. As neither of the branched chain amino acid transaminases proved to be inhibited by glycine, inhibition by glycine of the uptake of valine by the tissues became likely. This uptake has been measured in rat liver slices. Glycine was found to be a competitive inhibitor of valine uptake, with a Ki of 4.9 mM. It is concluded that the tendency to a decreased rate of valine disappearance from blood in non-ketotic hyperglycinemia could be due to an inhibition of valine uptake by the high plasma glycine concentration. The relationship of the inhibited valine uptake in liver slices of rats with the clinical symptoms in non-ketotic hyperglycinemia patients after a valine load remains to be established.", "PMID": 1184395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9279", "title": "Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in two siblings with deficient lysyl hydroxylase activity in cultured skin fibroblasts but only mild hydroxylysine deficit in skin.", "content": "Two siblings suffered from Ehlers-Danlos syndrome characterized by skin fragility, joint laxity and dermal hyperelasticity. The association with microcornea and muscle hypotonia allowed the preliminary classification into type VI according to McKusick. Ultrastructure analysis of skin biopsies revealed poor integration of collagen fibrils into fibres; accordingly, the texture of the connective tissue appeared irregular. Lysyl hydroxylase activity of cultured skin fibroblasts was markedly reduced in the cells of the two patients. Preliminary studies revealed intermediate activity in the cells cultured from the skin of the parents. This finding suggested an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Unexpectedly and in contrast to the 3 cases reported in the literature, the hydroxylysine deficit in the patients' skin was, for reasons not yet understood, only mild. Therefore, amino acid analysis of skin is not adequate for the diagnosis of lysyl hydroxylase-deficient Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI.", "contents": "Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in two siblings with deficient lysyl hydroxylase activity in cultured skin fibroblasts but only mild hydroxylysine deficit in skin. Two siblings suffered from Ehlers-Danlos syndrome characterized by skin fragility, joint laxity and dermal hyperelasticity. The association with microcornea and muscle hypotonia allowed the preliminary classification into type VI according to McKusick. Ultrastructure analysis of skin biopsies revealed poor integration of collagen fibrils into fibres; accordingly, the texture of the connective tissue appeared irregular. Lysyl hydroxylase activity of cultured skin fibroblasts was markedly reduced in the cells of the two patients. Preliminary studies revealed intermediate activity in the cells cultured from the skin of the parents. This finding suggested an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Unexpectedly and in contrast to the 3 cases reported in the literature, the hydroxylysine deficit in the patients' skin was, for reasons not yet understood, only mild. Therefore, amino acid analysis of skin is not adequate for the diagnosis of lysyl hydroxylase-deficient Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI.", "PMID": 1184396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9280", "title": "Testicular endocrine function and cyclophosphamide in prepubertal and pubertal patients.", "content": "Testicular function was examined by means of HCG-stimulation tests in 6 prepubertal or pubertal patients with leukemia or malignant tumours during cytostatic therapy and in 5 patients with nephrotic syndrome after discontinuation of treatment. The results of urinary testosterone assays suggest no damaging effect of cyclophosphamide on Leydig cell function.", "contents": "Testicular endocrine function and cyclophosphamide in prepubertal and pubertal patients. Testicular function was examined by means of HCG-stimulation tests in 6 prepubertal or pubertal patients with leukemia or malignant tumours during cytostatic therapy and in 5 patients with nephrotic syndrome after discontinuation of treatment. The results of urinary testosterone assays suggest no damaging effect of cyclophosphamide on Leydig cell function.", "PMID": 1184397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9281", "title": "Trisomy of the distal third of the long arm of chromosome 10. Report of a new case due to a familial translocation t(10;18) (q24;p11).", "content": "A new case of trisomy of the distal third of the long arm of chromosome 10 due to familial translocation t(10;18) (q24;p11) is described. The main clinical and radiological signs may be summarized as follows: growth at lower limits of normal; poor facial expression; round, flat face with high, broad forehead, fine, highly arched eyebrows, pseudohyperthelorism, microphthalmia, flat, broad bridged nose, hypoplasia of the bony structures of the central area of the face, \"fish mouth\", macroglossia, micrognathia; short neck; marked dextroconvex lumbar scoliosis; psychomotor delay of mild degree; selective, more pronounced speech delay. Our observation confirms the suggestion by Yunis and Sanchez that a clinical syndrome corresponds to this chromosomal alteration. However, some interesting differences from the previously reported cases, i.e., the absence of microcephaly and of severe impairment of growth and psychomotor development induce us to establish a more favorable prognosis in our case.", "contents": "Trisomy of the distal third of the long arm of chromosome 10. Report of a new case due to a familial translocation t(10;18) (q24;p11). A new case of trisomy of the distal third of the long arm of chromosome 10 due to familial translocation t(10;18) (q24;p11) is described. The main clinical and radiological signs may be summarized as follows: growth at lower limits of normal; poor facial expression; round, flat face with high, broad forehead, fine, highly arched eyebrows, pseudohyperthelorism, microphthalmia, flat, broad bridged nose, hypoplasia of the bony structures of the central area of the face, \"fish mouth\", macroglossia, micrognathia; short neck; marked dextroconvex lumbar scoliosis; psychomotor delay of mild degree; selective, more pronounced speech delay. Our observation confirms the suggestion by Yunis and Sanchez that a clinical syndrome corresponds to this chromosomal alteration. However, some interesting differences from the previously reported cases, i.e., the absence of microcephaly and of severe impairment of growth and psychomotor development induce us to establish a more favorable prognosis in our case.", "PMID": 1184398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9282", "title": "[Glomerulonephritis in the Schoenlein-Henoch syndrome in childhood].", "content": "Ten children suffering from anaphylactoid purpura Schoenlein-Henoch and presenting urinary abnormalities of various degrees and reported. The histological and immunohistochemical tests allowed to distinguish two types of glomerulonephritis in these patients: focal glomerulonephritis and extracapillary glomerulonephritis. The prognosis was always favorable: no relationship was found between the clinical signs and symptoms and the findings in the kidney. The authors discuss, on a practical and theoretical level, the indications for kidney biopsies in children with the Schoenlein-Henoch syndrome.", "contents": "[Glomerulonephritis in the Schoenlein-Henoch syndrome in childhood]. Ten children suffering from anaphylactoid purpura Schoenlein-Henoch and presenting urinary abnormalities of various degrees and reported. The histological and immunohistochemical tests allowed to distinguish two types of glomerulonephritis in these patients: focal glomerulonephritis and extracapillary glomerulonephritis. The prognosis was always favorable: no relationship was found between the clinical signs and symptoms and the findings in the kidney. The authors discuss, on a practical and theoretical level, the indications for kidney biopsies in children with the Schoenlein-Henoch syndrome.", "PMID": 1184399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9283", "title": "Different types of osteochondrodysplasia in a consecutive series of newborns.", "content": "Among 14816 consecutive live births there were 7 cases of osteochondrodysplasia (incidence 1:2117). In addition there was 1 case of stippled epiphyses, possibly induced by anticonvulsive drugs taken by the mother during the pregnancy, and one case of cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger with roentgenological features similar to those of hypochondrodysplasia. None of 102 stillborns seen at the same time had osteochondrodysplasia. For genetic counselling an exact diagnosis is mandatory, radiological examination of the skeleton is often of decisive importance.", "contents": "Different types of osteochondrodysplasia in a consecutive series of newborns. Among 14816 consecutive live births there were 7 cases of osteochondrodysplasia (incidence 1:2117). In addition there was 1 case of stippled epiphyses, possibly induced by anticonvulsive drugs taken by the mother during the pregnancy, and one case of cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger with roentgenological features similar to those of hypochondrodysplasia. None of 102 stillborns seen at the same time had osteochondrodysplasia. For genetic counselling an exact diagnosis is mandatory, radiological examination of the skeleton is often of decisive importance.", "PMID": 1184400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9284", "title": "Simultaneous fluorescence histochemical demonstration of catecholamines and tryptophyl-peptides in endocrine cells.", "content": "Simple and efficient fluorescence histochemical methods for the concomitant demonstration of tryptophyl-peptide-containing cells and dopamine-containing cells have been developed in this study. Combined formaldehyde and chloral vapour or solution of 5% glyoxylic acid monohydrate in n-butanol induced concomitantly strong yellow fluorescence in the tryptophyl-peptide-containing cells and moderate green fluorescence in the dopamine-containing cells in the sections of the freeze-dried adenohypophysis.", "contents": "Simultaneous fluorescence histochemical demonstration of catecholamines and tryptophyl-peptides in endocrine cells. Simple and efficient fluorescence histochemical methods for the concomitant demonstration of tryptophyl-peptide-containing cells and dopamine-containing cells have been developed in this study. Combined formaldehyde and chloral vapour or solution of 5% glyoxylic acid monohydrate in n-butanol induced concomitantly strong yellow fluorescence in the tryptophyl-peptide-containing cells and moderate green fluorescence in the dopamine-containing cells in the sections of the freeze-dried adenohypophysis.", "PMID": 1184412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9285", "title": "Cytochemical localization of cholinesterase activity at the giant synapse of the squid.", "content": "The giant synapse of squid stellate ganglion is a chemical synapse where the transmitter substance is not known. The components of the ACh-system are present in squid nervous tissue in large quantities. However externally applied cholinergic drugs have no effect on junctional transmission. Using the Copper thiocholine method for electron microscopic cytochemistry the reaction product was found at the axolemmal surface, in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum of neurons and occasionally between the infoldings of the sheat cells surounding the axons. Abundant deposits of end product are observed in the extracellular space in the proximity to junctional region. However, the localization of the cytochemical end product at the junctional region proper was observed frequently, but not consistently. Radiometric measurements of enzyme activity have revealed that neither specific inhibitors nor specific substrates generaly used for differentiation of cholinesterases in mammalian nervous tissue can be employed for differentiation of squid enzymes. Considering the permeability barriers imposed for external acetylcholine by cytoplasmic processes and the high enzyme activity of structures surrounding the giant synapse, the possibility that acetylcholine may still be a candidate for the missing transmitter is discussed.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of cholinesterase activity at the giant synapse of the squid. The giant synapse of squid stellate ganglion is a chemical synapse where the transmitter substance is not known. The components of the ACh-system are present in squid nervous tissue in large quantities. However externally applied cholinergic drugs have no effect on junctional transmission. Using the Copper thiocholine method for electron microscopic cytochemistry the reaction product was found at the axolemmal surface, in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum of neurons and occasionally between the infoldings of the sheat cells surounding the axons. Abundant deposits of end product are observed in the extracellular space in the proximity to junctional region. However, the localization of the cytochemical end product at the junctional region proper was observed frequently, but not consistently. Radiometric measurements of enzyme activity have revealed that neither specific inhibitors nor specific substrates generaly used for differentiation of cholinesterases in mammalian nervous tissue can be employed for differentiation of squid enzymes. Considering the permeability barriers imposed for external acetylcholine by cytoplasmic processes and the high enzyme activity of structures surrounding the giant synapse, the possibility that acetylcholine may still be a candidate for the missing transmitter is discussed.", "PMID": 1184413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9286", "title": "Histochemical study of monoamine oxidase latency in the liver of the rat.", "content": "In a histochemical test system with adrenaline as substrate and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) as electron acceptor, an increase of NBT reduction in rat liver sections was found microspectrophotometrically following short hypotonic treatment. Investigations with iproniazide, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and non-enzymatic NBT reduction showed that the increased formazan formation was related to the presence of monoamine oxidase. It is suggested that the reason for the observed increase of formazan formation is due to increased permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to NBT. Consequently, the increase of monoamine oxidase observed in the histochemical test system does not represent mobilization of a latent activity, but rather complete assessment of activity that is normally present.", "contents": "Histochemical study of monoamine oxidase latency in the liver of the rat. In a histochemical test system with adrenaline as substrate and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) as electron acceptor, an increase of NBT reduction in rat liver sections was found microspectrophotometrically following short hypotonic treatment. Investigations with iproniazide, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and non-enzymatic NBT reduction showed that the increased formazan formation was related to the presence of monoamine oxidase. It is suggested that the reason for the observed increase of formazan formation is due to increased permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to NBT. Consequently, the increase of monoamine oxidase observed in the histochemical test system does not represent mobilization of a latent activity, but rather complete assessment of activity that is normally present.", "PMID": 1184414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9287", "title": "Studies on 5'-nucleotidase histochemistry. III. 5'-Nucleotidase activity in smooth muscle cells of the rat's gastrointestinal tube.", "content": "The distribution pattern of histochemically detectable 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nase) activity is described in smooth muscle cells of the rat's gastrointestinal tube (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine). Both, light and electron microscopic methods are used. Faint positive 5'-Nase activity is observed on smooth muscle cells of the lamina muscularis mucosae in the thoracal esophagus whereas it is completely absent from smooth muscle cells of the abdominal esophagus and the stomach. In the small and large intestine strong positive 5'-Nase reaction is found on smooth muscle cells of the lamina muscularis mucosae and the innermost part of the lamina muscularis externa. In the circular and longitudinal layer of the lamina muscularis externa a slight increase in 5'-Nase activity is observed from the proximal to the distal segments. The reaction product is restricted to the outer cell surface of smooth muscle cells. In the small intestine the strong enzymatic activity in the innermost part of the muscularis externa is found to be localized at small and dense muscle cells (sd-cells). Common morphological and histochemical characteristics of sd-cells and smooth muscle cells of the lamina muscularis mucosae are emphasized. Hypothetical functions e.g. uptake of precursors of nucleosidephosphates, possible functional connection to a high glycogen content, correlation between 5'-Nase activity and proliferation capacity and local vasodilatory effect are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on 5'-nucleotidase histochemistry. III. 5'-Nucleotidase activity in smooth muscle cells of the rat's gastrointestinal tube. The distribution pattern of histochemically detectable 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nase) activity is described in smooth muscle cells of the rat's gastrointestinal tube (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine). Both, light and electron microscopic methods are used. Faint positive 5'-Nase activity is observed on smooth muscle cells of the lamina muscularis mucosae in the thoracal esophagus whereas it is completely absent from smooth muscle cells of the abdominal esophagus and the stomach. In the small and large intestine strong positive 5'-Nase reaction is found on smooth muscle cells of the lamina muscularis mucosae and the innermost part of the lamina muscularis externa. In the circular and longitudinal layer of the lamina muscularis externa a slight increase in 5'-Nase activity is observed from the proximal to the distal segments. The reaction product is restricted to the outer cell surface of smooth muscle cells. In the small intestine the strong enzymatic activity in the innermost part of the muscularis externa is found to be localized at small and dense muscle cells (sd-cells). Common morphological and histochemical characteristics of sd-cells and smooth muscle cells of the lamina muscularis mucosae are emphasized. Hypothetical functions e.g. uptake of precursors of nucleosidephosphates, possible functional connection to a high glycogen content, correlation between 5'-Nase activity and proliferation capacity and local vasodilatory effect are discussed.", "PMID": 1184415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9288", "title": "A comparison of various procedures for fine grain development in electron microscopic radioautography.", "content": "Fine grain development for electron microscopic radioautography was investigated with two types of radioactive specimens: sections of tritiated methacrylate, which provide a homogeneously labeled source for quantitative evaluation of the radioautographic reaction, and sections of 125I-labeled thyroid. Radioautographs were prepared with Ilford L4, Sakura NR-H2, Agfa-Gevaert NUC 307 or Kodak NTE emulsions. The radioautographs were developed with one of several \"solution physical\" development procedures (Agfa-Gevaert, phenidone-ascorbic acid, p-phenylenediamine developers) or with arrested \"direct\" developments (D-19b, Elon-ascorbic acid developers). By arresting each development at an early stage of the reaction and at progressively longer time intervals, it was possible to examine the sequence of shapes in the growth of developed silver deposits for each emulsion-development combination. Thus, conditions which resulted in the development of small, round, compact silver deposits were defined for each emulsion. These developments were used in conjuction with gold latensification, a treatment which increases the sensitivity of the emulsions and thus compensates for the lowered sensitivity of fine grain development procedures. The location of the silver deposits in relation to the silver bromide crystals from which they derive was investigated. The emulsion gelatin surrounding the crystals was stained whereas the spaces, which remained after the crystals were dissolved in the photographic fixer, appeared transparent. This analysis permitted the selection of development procedures in which the single or multiple round silver deposits originating from a single crystal will remain within or on the boundary of this crystal. By this method, quantitation of radioautographic reactions composed of small, round silver deposits was studied by using the uniformly labeled 3H-methacrylate sections as a standard source of radiation. The conditions under which grain counting is feasible are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of various procedures for fine grain development in electron microscopic radioautography. Fine grain development for electron microscopic radioautography was investigated with two types of radioactive specimens: sections of tritiated methacrylate, which provide a homogeneously labeled source for quantitative evaluation of the radioautographic reaction, and sections of 125I-labeled thyroid. Radioautographs were prepared with Ilford L4, Sakura NR-H2, Agfa-Gevaert NUC 307 or Kodak NTE emulsions. The radioautographs were developed with one of several \"solution physical\" development procedures (Agfa-Gevaert, phenidone-ascorbic acid, p-phenylenediamine developers) or with arrested \"direct\" developments (D-19b, Elon-ascorbic acid developers). By arresting each development at an early stage of the reaction and at progressively longer time intervals, it was possible to examine the sequence of shapes in the growth of developed silver deposits for each emulsion-development combination. Thus, conditions which resulted in the development of small, round, compact silver deposits were defined for each emulsion. These developments were used in conjuction with gold latensification, a treatment which increases the sensitivity of the emulsions and thus compensates for the lowered sensitivity of fine grain development procedures. The location of the silver deposits in relation to the silver bromide crystals from which they derive was investigated. The emulsion gelatin surrounding the crystals was stained whereas the spaces, which remained after the crystals were dissolved in the photographic fixer, appeared transparent. This analysis permitted the selection of development procedures in which the single or multiple round silver deposits originating from a single crystal will remain within or on the boundary of this crystal. By this method, quantitation of radioautographic reactions composed of small, round silver deposits was studied by using the uniformly labeled 3H-methacrylate sections as a standard source of radiation. The conditions under which grain counting is feasible are discussed.", "PMID": 1184416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9289", "title": "[The development of the guinea pig gallbladder epithelial cells. II. Electron microscopical and enzymhistochemical investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of the guinea pig gallbladder epithelium follows a distinct time schedule. During the first phase (up to 30th day of intrauterine life) the epithelial cells increase in number. They remain small and undifferentiated. In the second phase, from the 30th to the 44th day, cytodifferentiation is a dominating feature. The epithelial cells increase in height, the nuclei become more basal, the cells acquire their final zonal structure and the cell organelles exhibit their characteeristic appearance. Weak enzyme activities can be observed. In the third phase, from the 45th day until birth, there is functional differentiation and the adult pattern of enzyme distribution is established. Glycogen appears first on day 29, increases in amount and then disappears by day 57. There is a marked development of the Golgi apparatus associated with increased synthesis of secretory material. Between the 59th embryonic day and the 6th day of life mucoid cells with different functional states appear in the gallbladder epithelium. Later on these cells can be visualized only in the depths of the invaginations. After birth the epithelial cells become more columnar and by 10 days after birth the adult appearance of the epithelium is fully established.", "contents": "[The development of the guinea pig gallbladder epithelial cells. II. Electron microscopical and enzymhistochemical investigations (author's transl)]. The development of the guinea pig gallbladder epithelium follows a distinct time schedule. During the first phase (up to 30th day of intrauterine life) the epithelial cells increase in number. They remain small and undifferentiated. In the second phase, from the 30th to the 44th day, cytodifferentiation is a dominating feature. The epithelial cells increase in height, the nuclei become more basal, the cells acquire their final zonal structure and the cell organelles exhibit their characteeristic appearance. Weak enzyme activities can be observed. In the third phase, from the 45th day until birth, there is functional differentiation and the adult pattern of enzyme distribution is established. Glycogen appears first on day 29, increases in amount and then disappears by day 57. There is a marked development of the Golgi apparatus associated with increased synthesis of secretory material. Between the 59th embryonic day and the 6th day of life mucoid cells with different functional states appear in the gallbladder epithelium. Later on these cells can be visualized only in the depths of the invaginations. After birth the epithelial cells become more columnar and by 10 days after birth the adult appearance of the epithelium is fully established.", "PMID": 1184417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9290", "title": "Fine structural localization of arylsulfatase B activity in the rabbit blood platelets.", "content": "Fine structural localization of arylsulfatase in the rabbit blood platelets has been investigated in this study. Among many cell organellae, reaction products were exclusively observed in the alpha granules of the platelets. Within the alpha granules, arylsulfatase activity appeared to localize in variable patterns, i.e. reaction products confined mainly at the peripheral region in many granules, while they deposited heavily throughout the granule matrices in some others. In a blood platelets, each alpha granule showed the different staining pattern which indicated more variable functional heterogeneity in the granules.", "contents": "Fine structural localization of arylsulfatase B activity in the rabbit blood platelets. Fine structural localization of arylsulfatase in the rabbit blood platelets has been investigated in this study. Among many cell organellae, reaction products were exclusively observed in the alpha granules of the platelets. Within the alpha granules, arylsulfatase activity appeared to localize in variable patterns, i.e. reaction products confined mainly at the peripheral region in many granules, while they deposited heavily throughout the granule matrices in some others. In a blood platelets, each alpha granule showed the different staining pattern which indicated more variable functional heterogeneity in the granules.", "PMID": 1184418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9291", "title": "Motor vehicle accidents in urban dogs: a study of 600 cases.", "content": "The records of 600 dogs injured in motor vehicle accidents and admitted as emergencies to the Trauma Emergency Service of the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Hospital were studied. Young males were the most frequently injured dogs. The motor vehicle accidents resulted in a wide variety of injuries. Superficial wounds were diagnosed as the only manifestation of trauma in 190 (31%) dogs. Among the remaining 410 dogs, skeletal injury was diagnosed in 87% and soft organ injury in 27%. Multiple region injury occurred in 36% of all dogs. Among specific injuries, it was found that the pelvis was the most frequently injured skeletal structure and that the liver was the most frequently injured abdominal organ. Almost all deaths resulted from intrathoracic and intraabdominal injuries, and over 50% of the dogs euthanatized had central nervous system injury. The overall fatality rate, including euthanasias, was 12.5%.", "contents": "Motor vehicle accidents in urban dogs: a study of 600 cases. The records of 600 dogs injured in motor vehicle accidents and admitted as emergencies to the Trauma Emergency Service of the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Hospital were studied. Young males were the most frequently injured dogs. The motor vehicle accidents resulted in a wide variety of injuries. Superficial wounds were diagnosed as the only manifestation of trauma in 190 (31%) dogs. Among the remaining 410 dogs, skeletal injury was diagnosed in 87% and soft organ injury in 27%. Multiple region injury occurred in 36% of all dogs. Among specific injuries, it was found that the pelvis was the most frequently injured skeletal structure and that the liver was the most frequently injured abdominal organ. Almost all deaths resulted from intrathoracic and intraabdominal injuries, and over 50% of the dogs euthanatized had central nervous system injury. The overall fatality rate, including euthanasias, was 12.5%.", "PMID": 1184425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9292", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and dosage of aspirin in cattle.", "content": "Sodium salicylate was given intravenously to clinically normal cows, and aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) was given orally to arthritic and clinically normal cattle. Despite slow absorption (half-time of absorption, 2.91 hours) of orally administered aspirin and rapid elimination (biologic half-life, 32 minutes) of salicylates, oral dosage of 100 mg/kg every 12 hours maintained serum salicylate concentration greater than 30 mug/ml, which was considered to be therapeutically effective.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and dosage of aspirin in cattle. Sodium salicylate was given intravenously to clinically normal cows, and aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) was given orally to arthritic and clinically normal cattle. Despite slow absorption (half-time of absorption, 2.91 hours) of orally administered aspirin and rapid elimination (biologic half-life, 32 minutes) of salicylates, oral dosage of 100 mg/kg every 12 hours maintained serum salicylate concentration greater than 30 mug/ml, which was considered to be therapeutically effective.", "PMID": 1184427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9293", "title": "Perirenal edema and toxic nephrosis in cattle, associated with ingestion of pigweed.", "content": "Twenty-two young cows died or were euthanatized after intoxication associated with ingestion of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) growing in marginal grass pasture. After several days of weakness and posterior incoordination, the cattle became recumbent but remained alert. Pertinent clinical laboratory findings included increased blood urea nitrogen content and marked proteinuria. At necropsy, perirenal edema and toxic tubular neprosis were seen.", "contents": "Perirenal edema and toxic nephrosis in cattle, associated with ingestion of pigweed. Twenty-two young cows died or were euthanatized after intoxication associated with ingestion of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) growing in marginal grass pasture. After several days of weakness and posterior incoordination, the cattle became recumbent but remained alert. Pertinent clinical laboratory findings included increased blood urea nitrogen content and marked proteinuria. At necropsy, perirenal edema and toxic tubular neprosis were seen.", "PMID": 1184428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9294", "title": "Empyema of the equine paranasal sinuses.", "content": "A survey of 28 cases of chronic purulent infection of the sinuses in the horse showed a relationship between incidence and age, and a probable relationship with breed. Dental disease was apparently the cause of half the cases. The conventional treatment of trephination followed by irrigation with antiseptic solutions resulted in freedom from recurrence of the disease for over 1 year in 17 of the 28 horses. Antibiotic therapy appears to be useless in chronic empyema. The prognosis is adversely affected by the development of facial swelling, a sign seen usually only in long-standing cases.", "contents": "Empyema of the equine paranasal sinuses. A survey of 28 cases of chronic purulent infection of the sinuses in the horse showed a relationship between incidence and age, and a probable relationship with breed. Dental disease was apparently the cause of half the cases. The conventional treatment of trephination followed by irrigation with antiseptic solutions resulted in freedom from recurrence of the disease for over 1 year in 17 of the 28 horses. Antibiotic therapy appears to be useless in chronic empyema. The prognosis is adversely affected by the development of facial swelling, a sign seen usually only in long-standing cases.", "PMID": 1184431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9295", "title": "An expansion and compression technique for reducing and stabilizing proximal epiphyseal fractures of the tibia in foals.", "content": "Proximal tibial epiphyseal fractures in 2 foals were reduced and stabilized by expansion and compression between 2 transversely placed Steinman pins, one on each side of the fracture. A Charnley apparatus or turnbuckles placed between the pins on each side of the fracture provided the mechanical advantage for repositioning the fracture fragments and achieving rigid fixation during healing. A light cast was applied over the fixation  apparatus, keeping the limb in an extended position. The cast and fixation apparatus were removed after 4 weeks. The technique allowed rapid healing and adequate ambulation. The foals had functional, straight hindlimbs 6 months after the fractures occurred.", "contents": "An expansion and compression technique for reducing and stabilizing proximal epiphyseal fractures of the tibia in foals. Proximal tibial epiphyseal fractures in 2 foals were reduced and stabilized by expansion and compression between 2 transversely placed Steinman pins, one on each side of the fracture. A Charnley apparatus or turnbuckles placed between the pins on each side of the fracture provided the mechanical advantage for repositioning the fracture fragments and achieving rigid fixation during healing. A light cast was applied over the fixation  apparatus, keeping the limb in an extended position. The cast and fixation apparatus were removed after 4 weeks. The technique allowed rapid healing and adequate ambulation. The foals had functional, straight hindlimbs 6 months after the fractures occurred.", "PMID": 1184433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9296", "title": "Muscular cysticercosis from Taenia ovis in feedlot lambs.", "content": "From a Colorado enterprise annually fattening about 50,000 lambs, 3,664 animals were examined for muscular cysticercosis. Of the total number, 406 (11.1%) were parasitized, wheras an estimated 0.1% of Colorado lamb carcasses are infected. Of the infected lambs, 60% had cardiac lesions. Two types of cysticerci-viable and degenerated-were found. The lambs probably acquired infection from grazing summer ranges and pastures where coyotes or dogs infected with Taenia ovis contaminated the forage.", "contents": "Muscular cysticercosis from Taenia ovis in feedlot lambs. From a Colorado enterprise annually fattening about 50,000 lambs, 3,664 animals were examined for muscular cysticercosis. Of the total number, 406 (11.1%) were parasitized, wheras an estimated 0.1% of Colorado lamb carcasses are infected. Of the infected lambs, 60% had cardiac lesions. Two types of cysticerci-viable and degenerated-were found. The lambs probably acquired infection from grazing summer ranges and pastures where coyotes or dogs infected with Taenia ovis contaminated the forage.", "PMID": 1184435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9297", "title": "Hydrocephalus associated with the noneffusive form of feline infectious peritonitis.", "content": "The noneffusive form of feline infectious peritonitis was diagnosed in a cat with progressive vestibular and cerebellar deficits. Histopathologic findings included generalized pyogranulomatous lesions of the meningeal, ependymal, and subependymal areas of the brain. Hydrocephalus was associated with the lesions.", "contents": "Hydrocephalus associated with the noneffusive form of feline infectious peritonitis. The noneffusive form of feline infectious peritonitis was diagnosed in a cat with progressive vestibular and cerebellar deficits. Histopathologic findings included generalized pyogranulomatous lesions of the meningeal, ependymal, and subependymal areas of the brain. Hydrocephalus was associated with the lesions.", "PMID": 1184436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9298", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder in a cat.", "content": "An 81/2-year-old female domestic short-haired cat was admitted with signs of chronic cystitis. Radiography revealed marked and irregular thickening of the bladder wall. Biopsy revealed the thickening to be a malignant tumor of muscle origin and treatment with proteolytic enzymes was instituted. After one month, the cat was euthanatized because of uremia associated with progressive tumor growth. At necropsy the bladder was grossly thickened. The histopathologic diagnosis was leiomyosarcoma.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder in a cat. An 81/2-year-old female domestic short-haired cat was admitted with signs of chronic cystitis. Radiography revealed marked and irregular thickening of the bladder wall. Biopsy revealed the thickening to be a malignant tumor of muscle origin and treatment with proteolytic enzymes was instituted. After one month, the cat was euthanatized because of uremia associated with progressive tumor growth. At necropsy the bladder was grossly thickened. The histopathologic diagnosis was leiomyosarcoma.", "PMID": 1184437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9299", "title": "Human psittacosis associated with commercial processing of turkeys.", "content": "Between May 1 and Aug 1, 1974, 114 of approximately 1,000 employees in 7 turkey processing plants in Texas (5), Missouri (1), and Nebraska (1) had an illness compatible with psittacosis. The illness was characterized by fever, severe headache, and pneumonia. Treatment with tetracycline was effective in most cases. Psittacosis was confirmed in 41 (36%) of the cases by a fourfold change in complement-fixation titer to the Chlamydia group antigen. Investigations implicated several turkey flocks from Texas as the source of the disease. Control measured, including screening turkey flocks before slaughter and assuring treatment of infected birds, were instituted by a special task force of state and federal veterinarians.", "contents": "Human psittacosis associated with commercial processing of turkeys. Between May 1 and Aug 1, 1974, 114 of approximately 1,000 employees in 7 turkey processing plants in Texas (5), Missouri (1), and Nebraska (1) had an illness compatible with psittacosis. The illness was characterized by fever, severe headache, and pneumonia. Treatment with tetracycline was effective in most cases. Psittacosis was confirmed in 41 (36%) of the cases by a fourfold change in complement-fixation titer to the Chlamydia group antigen. Investigations implicated several turkey flocks from Texas as the source of the disease. Control measured, including screening turkey flocks before slaughter and assuring treatment of infected birds, were instituted by a special task force of state and federal veterinarians.", "PMID": 1184442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9300", "title": "An epizootic of bovine tuberculosis in Georgia.", "content": "A tuberculous beef animal was detected Aug 29, 1973, by a veterinary medical officer in a Georgia slaughter establishment. Animal identification and traceback eventually led to a purebred beef herd in Decatur County, Georgia. Investigation and tuberculin testing of 23,000 cattle in 350 herds revealed 11 Mycobacterium bovis-infected beef herds and resulted in the complete depopulation of 5 herds. The epizootic was confined to Georgia and was eradicated by April, 1975.", "contents": "An epizootic of bovine tuberculosis in Georgia. A tuberculous beef animal was detected Aug 29, 1973, by a veterinary medical officer in a Georgia slaughter establishment. Animal identification and traceback eventually led to a purebred beef herd in Decatur County, Georgia. Investigation and tuberculin testing of 23,000 cattle in 350 herds revealed 11 Mycobacterium bovis-infected beef herds and resulted in the complete depopulation of 5 herds. The epizootic was confined to Georgia and was eradicated by April, 1975.", "PMID": 1184445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9301", "title": "Epizootic of anthrax in Falls County, Texas.", "content": "An epizootic of anthrax in Eastern Falls County, Texas, killed at least 238 animals during a 6-week period ending July 31, 1974. Infection appeared to be caused by the ingestion of contaminated soil and grass in the drought-stricken central Texas area. The participation of the Texas Department of Agriculture, the Texas National Guard, and other state agencies was of great assistance to the Texas Animal Health Commission in handling the epizootic and panic stricken public. Use of the unencapsulated Sterne strain spore vaccine was credited with preventing many livestock losses in the area. Contaminated city water was detected during the epizootic but human disease did not result.", "contents": "Epizootic of anthrax in Falls County, Texas. An epizootic of anthrax in Eastern Falls County, Texas, killed at least 238 animals during a 6-week period ending July 31, 1974. Infection appeared to be caused by the ingestion of contaminated soil and grass in the drought-stricken central Texas area. The participation of the Texas Department of Agriculture, the Texas National Guard, and other state agencies was of great assistance to the Texas Animal Health Commission in handling the epizootic and panic stricken public. Use of the unencapsulated Sterne strain spore vaccine was credited with preventing many livestock losses in the area. Contaminated city water was detected during the epizootic but human disease did not result.", "PMID": 1184447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9302", "title": "The histology of epiphyseal union in mammals.", "content": "Epiphyses of man and dog in various stages of union are described. As union approaches, new cartilage is added to the epiphyseal surface of the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate by chondrification of the epiphyseal marrow. Before and during early union the cellular arrangement of the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate is well preserved, with good cartilage columns. Mineralization of the cartilage, demarcated by tide-lines, spreads from both surfaces, engulfing the cartilage columns. The first union of an epiphysis is by such mineralized tissue, a form of metaplastic bone. In the smaller and earlier-uniting epiphyses, the mineralized cartilage and the sheets of lamellar bone that cover its surfaces are first removed in one restricted area and replaced by new bone and marrow. The original perforation is later enlarged until all the cartilage is destroyed and union in complete, leaving no scar. In the larger and later-uniting epiphyses there are multiple perforations in the epiphyseal plate and remnants of epiphyseal bone often persist as an epiphyseal scar. In both types of union remnants of the peripheral parts of the plates may be found for a while with the cartilage columns set at right angles to the axis of the bone as a whole, an unexplained peculiarity. At full union all such \"residual\" cartilage is destroyed.", "contents": "The histology of epiphyseal union in mammals. Epiphyses of man and dog in various stages of union are described. As union approaches, new cartilage is added to the epiphyseal surface of the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate by chondrification of the epiphyseal marrow. Before and during early union the cellular arrangement of the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate is well preserved, with good cartilage columns. Mineralization of the cartilage, demarcated by tide-lines, spreads from both surfaces, engulfing the cartilage columns. The first union of an epiphysis is by such mineralized tissue, a form of metaplastic bone. In the smaller and earlier-uniting epiphyses, the mineralized cartilage and the sheets of lamellar bone that cover its surfaces are first removed in one restricted area and replaced by new bone and marrow. The original perforation is later enlarged until all the cartilage is destroyed and union in complete, leaving no scar. In the larger and later-uniting epiphyses there are multiple perforations in the epiphyseal plate and remnants of epiphyseal bone often persist as an epiphyseal scar. In both types of union remnants of the peripheral parts of the plates may be found for a while with the cartilage columns set at right angles to the axis of the bone as a whole, an unexplained peculiarity. At full union all such \"residual\" cartilage is destroyed.", "PMID": 1184450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9303", "title": "Gland ultrastructure in human gall bladder.", "content": "The ultrastructure of two gland cell types in the chronically inflamed human gall bladder is described. The lumina of the glands in the neck region are wide and the gland cells are cuboidal in shape. The nuclei are round and relatively large and there are only a few secretory granules in the scanty cytoplasm. Glands elsewhere resemble those in the pyloric antrum of the stomach in their ultrastructure, and therefore the former may be called \"antral type\" glands. They contain abundant mucin granules in their cytoplasm and the Golgi apparatus is prominent. There are rather tall irregular microvilli on the apical cell surface and the nuclei are located close to the basal plasma membrane. Enterochromaffin-like cells are to be found in the antral type glands, but not in the glands of the neck region.", "contents": "Gland ultrastructure in human gall bladder. The ultrastructure of two gland cell types in the chronically inflamed human gall bladder is described. The lumina of the glands in the neck region are wide and the gland cells are cuboidal in shape. The nuclei are round and relatively large and there are only a few secretory granules in the scanty cytoplasm. Glands elsewhere resemble those in the pyloric antrum of the stomach in their ultrastructure, and therefore the former may be called \"antral type\" glands. They contain abundant mucin granules in their cytoplasm and the Golgi apparatus is prominent. There are rather tall irregular microvilli on the apical cell surface and the nuclei are located close to the basal plasma membrane. Enterochromaffin-like cells are to be found in the antral type glands, but not in the glands of the neck region.", "PMID": 1184451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9304", "title": "Factors involved in the nutrition of the human lumbar intervertebral disc: cellularity and diffusion of glucose in vitro.", "content": "Post-mortem specimens of the human lumbar (L4-L5) intervertebral disc have been studied histologically and physico-chemically. Blood vessels were found only at the margin of the anulus fibrosus and in the vertebral marrow spaces. Contact between disc tissue and marrow spaces occupied about 10% of the bone-cartilage interface. The disc was most cellular at the periphery of the anulus fibrosus and in the hyaline cartilage next to the vertebral bone. Cellularity declined towards the nucleus pulposus where it achieved a low constant value. The cell density of the disc as a whole was about 60000 cells/mm3. For glucose, the diffusion coefficient of the anulus fibrosus and hyaline cartilage end plate was 2.5 cm2/sec and 2.4 cm2/sec respectively at 37 degrees C, comparable to that of cartilage elsewhere. The permeability of the bone-cartilage interface was low, particularly in the peripheral part. Calculations, based on the present findings and derived values for glucose utilization in disc tissue, indicate that nutritional conditions in the intervertebral disc are more critical than, for example, in articular cartilage.", "contents": "Factors involved in the nutrition of the human lumbar intervertebral disc: cellularity and diffusion of glucose in vitro. Post-mortem specimens of the human lumbar (L4-L5) intervertebral disc have been studied histologically and physico-chemically. Blood vessels were found only at the margin of the anulus fibrosus and in the vertebral marrow spaces. Contact between disc tissue and marrow spaces occupied about 10% of the bone-cartilage interface. The disc was most cellular at the periphery of the anulus fibrosus and in the hyaline cartilage next to the vertebral bone. Cellularity declined towards the nucleus pulposus where it achieved a low constant value. The cell density of the disc as a whole was about 60000 cells/mm3. For glucose, the diffusion coefficient of the anulus fibrosus and hyaline cartilage end plate was 2.5 cm2/sec and 2.4 cm2/sec respectively at 37 degrees C, comparable to that of cartilage elsewhere. The permeability of the bone-cartilage interface was low, particularly in the peripheral part. Calculations, based on the present findings and derived values for glucose utilization in disc tissue, indicate that nutritional conditions in the intervertebral disc are more critical than, for example, in articular cartilage.", "PMID": 1184452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9305", "title": "Structure and innervation of extraocular muscles of Carassius.", "content": "The extraocular muscles of the carp Carassius contain two types of muscle fibre. Large white fibres have ribbon-shaped peripheral myofibrils and triads located at the Z line. Small red fibres, rich in mitochondria, have polygonal-shaped myofibrils and triads at the A-I junction. Silver- and cholinesterase-stained preparations show that the large fibres are innervated by axons which spiral around them and exhibit intense cholinesterase activity over long distances. Axons supplying small muscle fibres run across bundles of fibres, making one contact with each fibre. By electron microscopy the nerve endings on each fibre type appear identical, both having a smooth post-junctional muscle membrane. The differences in structure and innervation pattern of the two fibre types are discussed in relation to their possible functional roles.", "contents": "Structure and innervation of extraocular muscles of Carassius. The extraocular muscles of the carp Carassius contain two types of muscle fibre. Large white fibres have ribbon-shaped peripheral myofibrils and triads located at the Z line. Small red fibres, rich in mitochondria, have polygonal-shaped myofibrils and triads at the A-I junction. Silver- and cholinesterase-stained preparations show that the large fibres are innervated by axons which spiral around them and exhibit intense cholinesterase activity over long distances. Axons supplying small muscle fibres run across bundles of fibres, making one contact with each fibre. By electron microscopy the nerve endings on each fibre type appear identical, both having a smooth post-junctional muscle membrane. The differences in structure and innervation pattern of the two fibre types are discussed in relation to their possible functional roles.", "PMID": 1184453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9306", "title": "The dentinal tubule and odontoblast process in the cat.", "content": "The odontoblast process and dentinal tubule of the cat have been examined after vascular perfusion of aldehydes for periods of 20-60 minutes. The odontoblast process is apparently confined to the inner half of a dentinal tubule. Its structure consists of microtubules, microfilaments and a variable population of vesicles, all surrounded by a plasma membrane. The apparent limited peripheral extent of the process is perhaps an artefact due to incomplete penetration of the fixatives.", "contents": "The dentinal tubule and odontoblast process in the cat. The odontoblast process and dentinal tubule of the cat have been examined after vascular perfusion of aldehydes for periods of 20-60 minutes. The odontoblast process is apparently confined to the inner half of a dentinal tubule. Its structure consists of microtubules, microfilaments and a variable population of vesicles, all surrounded by a plasma membrane. The apparent limited peripheral extent of the process is perhaps an artefact due to incomplete penetration of the fixatives.", "PMID": 1184454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9307", "title": "The ultrastructure of the adrenal cortex of the Mongolian gerbil (M. unguiculatus).", "content": "Ultrastructurally, the adrenal cortex of the Mongolian gerbil can be divided into two main regions and one narrow interposed border zone. The outer region corresponds to the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata of the rat adrenal cortex, whereas the inner region corresponds to the rat zona reticularis. The mitochondria are variable in shape, size and internal structure but generally lamelliform or tubulo-vesicular with a dense matrix in the outer region and plate-like and tubular in the inner region. Some of the mitochondria in the border region are of the polylaminar membranous type. The endoplasmic reticulum is abundant and smooth in the outer region but less prominent in the inner regions, where it is both smooth and rough. The concentric whorled membranes of rough endoplasmic reticulum are a characteristic feature of the border zone. Lipid vacuoles are abundant in the outer region. Lysosomes are numerous in the inner region and tend to form groups of 4 or 5. Aminoglutethimide causes a less conspicuous alteration in the adrenal cortex of the Mongolian gerbil than in the rat. The main alterations consist of a profound increase of lipid and lysosomes, a decrease in the number of SER profiles, and complete disappearance of the whorled membranes of RER.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the adrenal cortex of the Mongolian gerbil (M. unguiculatus). Ultrastructurally, the adrenal cortex of the Mongolian gerbil can be divided into two main regions and one narrow interposed border zone. The outer region corresponds to the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata of the rat adrenal cortex, whereas the inner region corresponds to the rat zona reticularis. The mitochondria are variable in shape, size and internal structure but generally lamelliform or tubulo-vesicular with a dense matrix in the outer region and plate-like and tubular in the inner region. Some of the mitochondria in the border region are of the polylaminar membranous type. The endoplasmic reticulum is abundant and smooth in the outer region but less prominent in the inner regions, where it is both smooth and rough. The concentric whorled membranes of rough endoplasmic reticulum are a characteristic feature of the border zone. Lipid vacuoles are abundant in the outer region. Lysosomes are numerous in the inner region and tend to form groups of 4 or 5. Aminoglutethimide causes a less conspicuous alteration in the adrenal cortex of the Mongolian gerbil than in the rat. The main alterations consist of a profound increase of lipid and lysosomes, a decrease in the number of SER profiles, and complete disappearance of the whorled membranes of RER.", "PMID": 1184455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9308", "title": "The postnatal development of the liver in a marsupial, Didelphis virginiana. 2. Electron microscopy.", "content": "The postnatal development of the liver has been examined with the electron microscope in 15 groups of young opossums. At birth, hepatic cells show little organization and large islands of haemopoietic elements occur between clusters of hepatic cells. Hepatocytes appear small and contain an abundance of granular endoplasmic reticulum. The cytoplasm is also characterized by scattered lipid droplets of varying sizes. Canaliculi occasionally are found between hepatocytes. Only a few scattered lining cells are found in relation to the sinusoids and extensive areas appear to lack a lining endothelium. By the 9th postnatal day large accumulations of glycogen are present in the majority of hepatic cells and large areas of the sinusoids remain devoid of a lining endothelium. Glycogen and lipid droplets remain abundant in hepatocytes of the 15 day old opossum and later stages. By the 69th postnatal day, hepatocytes are relatively mature in appearance and the principal cytological features appear similar in this and subsequent stages. The cytoplasm is characterized by the presence of glycogen, granular endoplasmic reticulum and numerous small, spherical mitochondria. A heterogeneous population of hepatic cells was noted in the majority of stages examined. This ultrastructural study confirmed the tendency for haemopoietic cells to remain in discrete foci of like kind, both with regard to cell lineage and stage of maturation.", "contents": "The postnatal development of the liver in a marsupial, Didelphis virginiana. 2. Electron microscopy. The postnatal development of the liver has been examined with the electron microscope in 15 groups of young opossums. At birth, hepatic cells show little organization and large islands of haemopoietic elements occur between clusters of hepatic cells. Hepatocytes appear small and contain an abundance of granular endoplasmic reticulum. The cytoplasm is also characterized by scattered lipid droplets of varying sizes. Canaliculi occasionally are found between hepatocytes. Only a few scattered lining cells are found in relation to the sinusoids and extensive areas appear to lack a lining endothelium. By the 9th postnatal day large accumulations of glycogen are present in the majority of hepatic cells and large areas of the sinusoids remain devoid of a lining endothelium. Glycogen and lipid droplets remain abundant in hepatocytes of the 15 day old opossum and later stages. By the 69th postnatal day, hepatocytes are relatively mature in appearance and the principal cytological features appear similar in this and subsequent stages. The cytoplasm is characterized by the presence of glycogen, granular endoplasmic reticulum and numerous small, spherical mitochondria. A heterogeneous population of hepatic cells was noted in the majority of stages examined. This ultrastructural study confirmed the tendency for haemopoietic cells to remain in discrete foci of like kind, both with regard to cell lineage and stage of maturation.", "PMID": 1184456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9309", "title": "Electron microscopic observations on the repair of perforated tympanic membranes in the guinea-pig.", "content": "Experimental perforations of the tympanic membrane in the guinea-pig have been examined electron microscopically. The perforation site became filled with maturing granulation tissue, covered on its external (meatal) and internal (middle ear) surfaces by cells derived from the epithelia of the respective surfaces of the normal membrane. The fibrils and interfibrillar matrix of the normal tympanic membrane in this species have a unique ultrastructure. The fibrils are quadrangular, apparently composed of four subunits, and the surrounding matrix is more electron-dense than in most connective tissues. During repair this type of fibril and matrix was not reconstituted within the 6 month period examined. In its place were formed fibrils of varying diameter, probably collagenous, and differing from those of normal membrane both in size and in the lack of characteristic interfibrillar matrix. The fibroblasts of the wound site, even if of local origin, thus do not appear to be capable of synthesizing the local type of connective tissue.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations on the repair of perforated tympanic membranes in the guinea-pig. Experimental perforations of the tympanic membrane in the guinea-pig have been examined electron microscopically. The perforation site became filled with maturing granulation tissue, covered on its external (meatal) and internal (middle ear) surfaces by cells derived from the epithelia of the respective surfaces of the normal membrane. The fibrils and interfibrillar matrix of the normal tympanic membrane in this species have a unique ultrastructure. The fibrils are quadrangular, apparently composed of four subunits, and the surrounding matrix is more electron-dense than in most connective tissues. During repair this type of fibril and matrix was not reconstituted within the 6 month period examined. In its place were formed fibrils of varying diameter, probably collagenous, and differing from those of normal membrane both in size and in the lack of characteristic interfibrillar matrix. The fibroblasts of the wound site, even if of local origin, thus do not appear to be capable of synthesizing the local type of connective tissue.", "PMID": 1184457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9310", "title": "Growth of human intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies.", "content": "In normal children, who usually learn to walk unaided before the age of two, the resultant change from a primary to secondary lumbar curvature is accompanied by a change in the relative position of the nucleus pulposus within the intervertebral disc, from a predominantly posterior situation to a central situation. During the third and fourth years of life, an increase in the rate of vertical growth of the L 4-5 \"total disc\", as measured at its centre, is associated with the gradual change from convexity to concavity in the shape of the bony vertebral end surfaces bounding the disc. In non-ambulant spastic children, the increased vertical growth of L 4-5 discs and the change in shape of the lumbar vertebral bodies, described in normal children, are not seen. In these non-ambulant children, though normal vertebral body heights are attained, the heights of the L 4-5 discs are severely reduced compared with normal heights for corresponding ages, and the anteroposterior diameters of lower lumbar vertebral bodies and discs are also more than two standard deviations below the corresponding norms. It is suggested that while vertical growth of the central region of lumbar vertebral bodies may be genetically determined and independent of mechanical factors, vertical growth of lumbar intervertebral discs and anteroposterior growth of lumbar vertebral bodies and discs are dependent on the activity associated with weight-bearing in the erect posture.", "contents": "Growth of human intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies. In normal children, who usually learn to walk unaided before the age of two, the resultant change from a primary to secondary lumbar curvature is accompanied by a change in the relative position of the nucleus pulposus within the intervertebral disc, from a predominantly posterior situation to a central situation. During the third and fourth years of life, an increase in the rate of vertical growth of the L 4-5 \"total disc\", as measured at its centre, is associated with the gradual change from convexity to concavity in the shape of the bony vertebral end surfaces bounding the disc. In non-ambulant spastic children, the increased vertical growth of L 4-5 discs and the change in shape of the lumbar vertebral bodies, described in normal children, are not seen. In these non-ambulant children, though normal vertebral body heights are attained, the heights of the L 4-5 discs are severely reduced compared with normal heights for corresponding ages, and the anteroposterior diameters of lower lumbar vertebral bodies and discs are also more than two standard deviations below the corresponding norms. It is suggested that while vertical growth of the central region of lumbar vertebral bodies may be genetically determined and independent of mechanical factors, vertical growth of lumbar intervertebral discs and anteroposterior growth of lumbar vertebral bodies and discs are dependent on the activity associated with weight-bearing in the erect posture.", "PMID": 1184458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9311", "title": "Observations on the structure and autonomic innervation of the guinea-pig seminal vesicle and ductus deferens.", "content": "A combination of light microscopic, neurohistochemical and electron microscopic techniques were used to study the distribution of autonomic nerves in the seminal vesicle, and in the submucosa of the ductus deferens, in the guinea-pig. In routine histological preparations, the muscle coat of the seminal vesicle consisted largely of circularly orientated smooth muscle cells with an additional longitudinal layer confined to its urethral end. Using fluorescence microscopy, a rich plexus of noradrenergic nerves was demonstrated throughout the muscle coat of the seminal vesicle and this was confirmed electron microscopically. Numerous noradrenergic terminal regions were frequently observed 10-100 nm from adjacent smooth muscle cells, and catecholamine-containing nerve cell bodies were observed in the adventitia of the urethral end of the seminal vesicle. With the light microscope, a rich plexus of AChE+ve nerves was found in the circular muscle layer but the outer longitudinal layer contained few similar nerves. AChE+ve ganglion cells were confined to the adventitia of the urethral end of the seminal vesicle. Electron microscopy revealed a second type of terminal region containing small agranular vesicles, the distribution of which corresponded to that of the AChE+ve nerves observed by light microscopy. In both layers, these terminal regions were associated with other axons, although the circular muscle layer also contained single axons of this type in close association with adjacent smooth muscle cells. Very few noradrenergic nerves were found in the submucosa of the seminal vesicle and ductus deferens and those which were observed usually accompanied the vascular supply. In contrast, a rich AChE+ve nerve network was observed in the submucosa of both the seminal vesicle and the ductus deferens. Electron microscopy revealed numerous groups of submucosal axons, many of which appeared varicose and contained small, agranular vesicles. Similar intra-epithelial axons were occasionally observed in both organs. These findings have been discussed in relation to the possible functional significance of this extensive autonomic innervation.", "contents": "Observations on the structure and autonomic innervation of the guinea-pig seminal vesicle and ductus deferens. A combination of light microscopic, neurohistochemical and electron microscopic techniques were used to study the distribution of autonomic nerves in the seminal vesicle, and in the submucosa of the ductus deferens, in the guinea-pig. In routine histological preparations, the muscle coat of the seminal vesicle consisted largely of circularly orientated smooth muscle cells with an additional longitudinal layer confined to its urethral end. Using fluorescence microscopy, a rich plexus of noradrenergic nerves was demonstrated throughout the muscle coat of the seminal vesicle and this was confirmed electron microscopically. Numerous noradrenergic terminal regions were frequently observed 10-100 nm from adjacent smooth muscle cells, and catecholamine-containing nerve cell bodies were observed in the adventitia of the urethral end of the seminal vesicle. With the light microscope, a rich plexus of AChE+ve nerves was found in the circular muscle layer but the outer longitudinal layer contained few similar nerves. AChE+ve ganglion cells were confined to the adventitia of the urethral end of the seminal vesicle. Electron microscopy revealed a second type of terminal region containing small agranular vesicles, the distribution of which corresponded to that of the AChE+ve nerves observed by light microscopy. In both layers, these terminal regions were associated with other axons, although the circular muscle layer also contained single axons of this type in close association with adjacent smooth muscle cells. Very few noradrenergic nerves were found in the submucosa of the seminal vesicle and ductus deferens and those which were observed usually accompanied the vascular supply. In contrast, a rich AChE+ve nerve network was observed in the submucosa of both the seminal vesicle and the ductus deferens. Electron microscopy revealed numerous groups of submucosal axons, many of which appeared varicose and contained small, agranular vesicles. Similar intra-epithelial axons were occasionally observed in both organs. These findings have been discussed in relation to the possible functional significance of this extensive autonomic innervation.", "PMID": 1184459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9312", "title": "N-acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-phenylalaninol a metabolite of Emericellopsis salmosynnemata.", "content": "A new metabolite N-acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-phenylalaninol was isolated from culture filtrates of Emericellopsis salmosynnemata which produces zervamicins I and II. The structure was assigned from spectral properties and degradative studies.", "contents": "N-acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-phenylalaninol a metabolite of Emericellopsis salmosynnemata. A new metabolite N-acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-phenylalaninol was isolated from culture filtrates of Emericellopsis salmosynnemata which produces zervamicins I and II. The structure was assigned from spectral properties and degradative studies.", "PMID": 1184465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9313", "title": "The structure of a glyoxalase I inhibitor and its chemical reactivity with SH-compounds.", "content": "The structure of a glyoxalase I inhibitor (I), isolated from a cultured broth of Streptomyces griseosporeus, was found to be 2-crotonyloxymethyl-4,5,6-trihydroxy-cyclohex-2-enone by chemical studies. Stereochemistry and absolute configuration were determined to be 4R, 5R and 6R by X-ray crystallographic analysis of a bromine-containing crystalline derivative. The crotonyloxy group of I shows a surprising proclivity to be displaced by SH-compounds. This property is shown to be the basis for its biological activity.", "contents": "The structure of a glyoxalase I inhibitor and its chemical reactivity with SH-compounds. The structure of a glyoxalase I inhibitor (I), isolated from a cultured broth of Streptomyces griseosporeus, was found to be 2-crotonyloxymethyl-4,5,6-trihydroxy-cyclohex-2-enone by chemical studies. Stereochemistry and absolute configuration were determined to be 4R, 5R and 6R by X-ray crystallographic analysis of a bromine-containing crystalline derivative. The crotonyloxy group of I shows a surprising proclivity to be displaced by SH-compounds. This property is shown to be the basis for its biological activity.", "PMID": 1184466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9314", "title": "Studies on the biosynthesis of basic 16-membered macrolide antibiotic, platenomycins. I. Selection of and cosynthesis by non-platenomycin-producing mutants.", "content": "In a search for blocked mutants which may produce a biosynthetic intermediate, mutation by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment and/or ultra-violet irradiation were performed on platenomycin-producing Streptomyces platensis subsp. malvinus MCRL 0388 (NRRL 3761). Twenty four non-platenomycin-producing stable mutants were thus obtained and tested for cosynthesis ability. Antibiotic cosynthesis with a pair of these mutants made it possible to detect the producer of an intermediate. Among these mutants which were classified into eight groups (A to G and doubtful groups), mutants of groups A and B appeared from their complementation pattern to be the useful producers of biosynthetic intermediates of platenomycin.", "contents": "Studies on the biosynthesis of basic 16-membered macrolide antibiotic, platenomycins. I. Selection of and cosynthesis by non-platenomycin-producing mutants. In a search for blocked mutants which may produce a biosynthetic intermediate, mutation by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment and/or ultra-violet irradiation were performed on platenomycin-producing Streptomyces platensis subsp. malvinus MCRL 0388 (NRRL 3761). Twenty four non-platenomycin-producing stable mutants were thus obtained and tested for cosynthesis ability. Antibiotic cosynthesis with a pair of these mutants made it possible to detect the producer of an intermediate. Among these mutants which were classified into eight groups (A to G and doubtful groups), mutants of groups A and B appeared from their complementation pattern to be the useful producers of biosynthetic intermediates of platenomycin.", "PMID": 1184467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9315", "title": "Studies on the biosynthesis of basic 16-membered macrolide antibiotics, platenomycins. II. Production isolation and structures of 3-O-propionyl-5-O-mycaminosyl platenolides I and II, 9-dehydro demycarosyl platenomycin and demycarosyl platenomycin.", "content": "Four basic glycosides have been isolated from the fermentation broth of the blocked mutants of Streptomyces platensis subsp. malvinus MCRL 0388. These compounds isolated and purified by solvent extraction and column chromatography were identified as 3-O-propionyl-5-O-mycaminosyl platenolides I (PPL-I-MC) and II (PP-II-MC), 9-dehydro demycarosyl platenomycin (DDM-PLM) and demycarosyl platenomycin (DM-PLM).", "contents": "Studies on the biosynthesis of basic 16-membered macrolide antibiotics, platenomycins. II. Production isolation and structures of 3-O-propionyl-5-O-mycaminosyl platenolides I and II, 9-dehydro demycarosyl platenomycin and demycarosyl platenomycin. Four basic glycosides have been isolated from the fermentation broth of the blocked mutants of Streptomyces platensis subsp. malvinus MCRL 0388. These compounds isolated and purified by solvent extraction and column chromatography were identified as 3-O-propionyl-5-O-mycaminosyl platenolides I (PPL-I-MC) and II (PP-II-MC), 9-dehydro demycarosyl platenomycin (DDM-PLM) and demycarosyl platenomycin (DM-PLM).", "PMID": 1184468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9316", "title": "Studies on the biosynthesis of basic 16-membered macrolide antibiotics, platenomycins. III. Production, isolation and structures of platenolides I and II.", "content": "Two neutral macrocyclic lactones designated platenolides I and II have been isolated as the major products from the fermentation broth of the blocked mutants of Streptomyces platensis subsp. malvinus. These two compounds were isolated by solvent extraction and purified by column chromatography. Both platenolides [PL-I: C20H32O6, PL-II: C20H34O6] are closely related to the platenomycin aglycone.", "contents": "Studies on the biosynthesis of basic 16-membered macrolide antibiotics, platenomycins. III. Production, isolation and structures of platenolides I and II. Two neutral macrocyclic lactones designated platenolides I and II have been isolated as the major products from the fermentation broth of the blocked mutants of Streptomyces platensis subsp. malvinus. These two compounds were isolated by solvent extraction and purified by column chromatography. Both platenolides [PL-I: C20H32O6, PL-II: C20H34O6] are closely related to the platenomycin aglycone.", "PMID": 1184469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9317", "title": "Studies on the biosynthesis of basic 16-membered macrolide antibiotics, platenomycins. IV. Biosynthesis of platenomycins.", "content": "To elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of platenomycin (PLM), biosynthetic relationships of platenolides I (PL-I) and II (PL-II), 3-O-propionyl-5-O-mycaminosyl platenolides I (PPL-I-MC) and II (PPL-UU-MC), 9-dehydro demycarosyl platenomycin (DDM-PLM) were examined with growing cultures or the washed mycelium of blocked mutants of Streptomyces platensis subsp. malvinus MCRL0388, a  platenomycin-producing organism. As a result, it was revealed that PLM was biosynthesized from PL-I via DM-PLM and DA-PLM along the pathways shown in Chart 1. 4''-Isovaleroyl unit of PLM-A and 4''-propionyl unit of PLM-B were respectively derived from L-leucine and L-isoleucine.", "contents": "Studies on the biosynthesis of basic 16-membered macrolide antibiotics, platenomycins. IV. Biosynthesis of platenomycins. To elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of platenomycin (PLM), biosynthetic relationships of platenolides I (PL-I) and II (PL-II), 3-O-propionyl-5-O-mycaminosyl platenolides I (PPL-I-MC) and II (PPL-UU-MC), 9-dehydro demycarosyl platenomycin (DDM-PLM) were examined with growing cultures or the washed mycelium of blocked mutants of Streptomyces platensis subsp. malvinus MCRL0388, a  platenomycin-producing organism. As a result, it was revealed that PLM was biosynthesized from PL-I via DM-PLM and DA-PLM along the pathways shown in Chart 1. 4''-Isovaleroyl unit of PLM-A and 4''-propionyl unit of PLM-B were respectively derived from L-leucine and L-isoleucine.", "PMID": 1184470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9318", "title": "New isoflavones, inhibiting catechol-O-methyltransferase, produced by Streptomyces.", "content": "In the screening of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors in streptomyces culture filtrates, three new isoflavones were isolated. Their structures were shown to be 3',5,7-trihydroxy-4',6-dimethoxyisoflavone (I), 3',5,7-trihydroxy-4',8-dimethoxyisoflavone (II), 3',8-dihydroxy-4',6,7-trimethoxyisoflavone (III). I and II inhibited both catechol-O-methyltransferase and dopa decarboxylase, and showed hypotensive action. III was a specific inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase, and showed no hypotensive action.", "contents": "New isoflavones, inhibiting catechol-O-methyltransferase, produced by Streptomyces. In the screening of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors in streptomyces culture filtrates, three new isoflavones were isolated. Their structures were shown to be 3',5,7-trihydroxy-4',6-dimethoxyisoflavone (I), 3',5,7-trihydroxy-4',8-dimethoxyisoflavone (II), 3',8-dihydroxy-4',6,7-trimethoxyisoflavone (III). I and II inhibited both catechol-O-methyltransferase and dopa decarboxylase, and showed hypotensive action. III was a specific inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase, and showed no hypotensive action.", "PMID": 1184476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9319", "title": "A new antibiotic, fumaramidmycin I. Production, biological properties and characterization of producer strain.", "content": "A new antibiotic, fumaramidmycin, has been isolated from a streptomycete NR-7GG1 which was characterized and named Streptomyces kurssanovii. The strain produced the antibiotic only when grown on agar plates but not in the submerged culture broth, where the contact with the vegetative mycelia appears to cause the inactivation of the antibiotic. The antibiotic shows an antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "A new antibiotic, fumaramidmycin I. Production, biological properties and characterization of producer strain. A new antibiotic, fumaramidmycin, has been isolated from a streptomycete NR-7GG1 which was characterized and named Streptomyces kurssanovii. The strain produced the antibiotic only when grown on agar plates but not in the submerged culture broth, where the contact with the vegetative mycelia appears to cause the inactivation of the antibiotic. The antibiotic shows an antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.", "PMID": 1184477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9320", "title": "A new antibiotic, fumaramidmycin. II. Isolation, structure and syntheses.", "content": "A new antibiotic fumaramidmycin produced by Streptomyces kurssanovii NR-7GG1 was isolated as colorless crystals. The structure was shown to be N-(phenylacetyl) fumaramide. Starting from fumaramic acid, fumaramidmycin has been synthesized in good yield, in which the key stage involves N-acylated imino ether formation followed by mild acid hydrolysis. Five analogues of fumaramidmycin have also been prepared.", "contents": "A new antibiotic, fumaramidmycin. II. Isolation, structure and syntheses. A new antibiotic fumaramidmycin produced by Streptomyces kurssanovii NR-7GG1 was isolated as colorless crystals. The structure was shown to be N-(phenylacetyl) fumaramide. Starting from fumaramic acid, fumaramidmycin has been synthesized in good yield, in which the key stage involves N-acylated imino ether formation followed by mild acid hydrolysis. Five analogues of fumaramidmycin have also been prepared.", "PMID": 1184478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9321", "title": "A behavioral-educational alternative to drug control of hyperactive children.", "content": "A behavioral procedure for controlling hyperactivity without inhibiting academic performance is described. Using a time-sample observational method, the hyperactivity displayed by three school children was recorded during math and reading classes. Concurrently, math and reading performances were measured. The study consisted of two baselines, one while the children were on medication and the second while they were off medication. A multiple-baseline design across the two academic subject matters was used to assess the behavioral intervention, which consisted of token reinforcement for correct academic responses in math and subsequently math and reading. Discontinuation of medication resulted in a gross increase in hyperactivity from 20% to about 80%, and a slight increase in math and reading performance. Introduction of a behavioral program for academic performance, during no medication, controlled the children's hyperactivity at a level comparable to that when they were on drugs (about 20%). At the same time, math and reading performance for the group jumped from about 12% during baseline to a level of over 85% correct. Each child performed behaviorally and academically in an optimal manner without medication. Contingency management techniques provided a feasible alternative to medication for controlling hyperactivity in the classroom while enabling the children to grow academically.", "contents": "A behavioral-educational alternative to drug control of hyperactive children. A behavioral procedure for controlling hyperactivity without inhibiting academic performance is described. Using a time-sample observational method, the hyperactivity displayed by three school children was recorded during math and reading classes. Concurrently, math and reading performances were measured. The study consisted of two baselines, one while the children were on medication and the second while they were off medication. A multiple-baseline design across the two academic subject matters was used to assess the behavioral intervention, which consisted of token reinforcement for correct academic responses in math and subsequently math and reading. Discontinuation of medication resulted in a gross increase in hyperactivity from 20% to about 80%, and a slight increase in math and reading performance. Introduction of a behavioral program for academic performance, during no medication, controlled the children's hyperactivity at a level comparable to that when they were on drugs (about 20%). At the same time, math and reading performance for the group jumped from about 12% during baseline to a level of over 85% correct. Each child performed behaviorally and academically in an optimal manner without medication. Contingency management techniques provided a feasible alternative to medication for controlling hyperactivity in the classroom while enabling the children to grow academically.", "PMID": 1184484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9322", "title": "Modification of human gastric acid secretion with operant-conditioning procedures.", "content": "In an attempt to control gastric acid secretion with operant-conditioning techniques, four normal women were given visual feedback on gastric pH plus money reinforcers. When money was made dependent on increased secretion in a differential-reinforcement-of-high-rates schedule, the rate of secretion of three of the four subjects increased to three times baseline. When money was then made dependent on decreased secretion in a differential-reinforcement-of-other-behaviors schedule, the rate of secretion of these three subjects returned to baseline levels. Heart rate, respiratory frequency, abdominal electromyographic activity, and stomach motility (measured by the electrogastrogram method) were not consistently correlated with acid secretion across subjects, although individual subjects showed substantial correlations between acid secretion and one or more other physiological response.", "contents": "Modification of human gastric acid secretion with operant-conditioning procedures. In an attempt to control gastric acid secretion with operant-conditioning techniques, four normal women were given visual feedback on gastric pH plus money reinforcers. When money was made dependent on increased secretion in a differential-reinforcement-of-high-rates schedule, the rate of secretion of three of the four subjects increased to three times baseline. When money was then made dependent on decreased secretion in a differential-reinforcement-of-other-behaviors schedule, the rate of secretion of these three subjects returned to baseline levels. Heart rate, respiratory frequency, abdominal electromyographic activity, and stomach motility (measured by the electrogastrogram method) were not consistently correlated with acid secretion across subjects, although individual subjects showed substantial correlations between acid secretion and one or more other physiological response.", "PMID": 1184485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9323", "title": "Developing generalized behavior-modification skills in high-school students working with retarded children.", "content": "Seven high-school trainees each conducted training sessions with two profoundly retarded children. Each trainee was asked to teach one child to follow the instruction \"Bring ball\" and the other child to follow the instructions \"Sit down\" and \"Come here\". During baseline sessions, before the trainees had been instructed in behavior-modification techniques, no trainee successfully taught either child to follow the instructions. After differing numbers of baseline sessions, trainees were exposed to training procedures designed to teach them to teach one child to follow the instruction \"Bring ball\". The training procedures consisted of videotaped modelling, rehearsal, and corrective feedback and praise. Following the training procedures, four of the seven trainees successfully taught their child the instruction \"Bring ball\". Further, all trainees were able to teach their other children to follow the instructions \"Sit down\" and \"Come here\", even though they had received no modelling, rehearsal, or feedback on how to teach the children to follow these instructions. The ability of the trainees to teach new behaviors to different children indicates the development of generalized skills in behavior modification.", "contents": "Developing generalized behavior-modification skills in high-school students working with retarded children. Seven high-school trainees each conducted training sessions with two profoundly retarded children. Each trainee was asked to teach one child to follow the instruction \"Bring ball\" and the other child to follow the instructions \"Sit down\" and \"Come here\". During baseline sessions, before the trainees had been instructed in behavior-modification techniques, no trainee successfully taught either child to follow the instructions. After differing numbers of baseline sessions, trainees were exposed to training procedures designed to teach them to teach one child to follow the instruction \"Bring ball\". The training procedures consisted of videotaped modelling, rehearsal, and corrective feedback and praise. Following the training procedures, four of the seven trainees successfully taught their child the instruction \"Bring ball\". Further, all trainees were able to teach their other children to follow the instructions \"Sit down\" and \"Come here\", even though they had received no modelling, rehearsal, or feedback on how to teach the children to follow these instructions. The ability of the trainees to teach new behaviors to different children indicates the development of generalized skills in behavior modification.", "PMID": 1184486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9324", "title": "Generalizing the use of descriptive adjectives through modelling.", "content": "Two retarded children were exposed to daily imitation training in which teacher or nurse modelled and instructed each child to imitate 12 sentences containing one of six animal names. The subjects were praised for correct verbal imitation. Across three phases of a multiple-baseline design, sentences varied as to the presence or absence of size and/or color adjectives describing the animals. In probe sessions at another time of day and in a different setting, the experimenter twice asked each subject to dfescribe 12 different animal pictures. The subjects' use of descriptive adjectives (color and/or size) greatly increased during probe sessions as a function of the sentence content (presence or absence of color and/or size adjectives) in modelling and imitation training sessions. Generalization to descriptions of animals also not used in imitation training sentences was also obtained..", "contents": "Generalizing the use of descriptive adjectives through modelling. Two retarded children were exposed to daily imitation training in which teacher or nurse modelled and instructed each child to imitate 12 sentences containing one of six animal names. The subjects were praised for correct verbal imitation. Across three phases of a multiple-baseline design, sentences varied as to the presence or absence of size and/or color adjectives describing the animals. In probe sessions at another time of day and in a different setting, the experimenter twice asked each subject to dfescribe 12 different animal pictures. The subjects' use of descriptive adjectives (color and/or size) greatly increased during probe sessions as a function of the sentence content (presence or absence of color and/or size adjectives) in modelling and imitation training sessions. Generalization to descriptions of animals also not used in imitation training sentences was also obtained..", "PMID": 1184487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9325", "title": "The impact of applied behavior analysis on diverse areas of research.", "content": "The impact of applied behavior analysis on various disciplines and areas of research was assessed through two major analyses. First, the relationship of applied behavior analysis to the general area of \"behavior modification\" was evaluated by examining the citation characteristics of journal articles in JABA and three other behavior-modification journals. Second, the penetration of applied behavior analysis into diverse areas and disciplines, including behavior modification, psychiatry, clinical psychology, education, special education, retardation, speech and hearing, counselling, and law enforcement and correction was assessed. Twenty-five journals representing diverse research areas were evaluated from 1968 to 1974 to assess the extent to which operant techniques were applied for therapeutic, rehabilitative, and educative purposes and the degree to which methodological desiderata of applied behavior analysis were met. The analyses revealed diverse publication outlets for applied behavior analysis in various disciplines.", "contents": "The impact of applied behavior analysis on diverse areas of research. The impact of applied behavior analysis on various disciplines and areas of research was assessed through two major analyses. First, the relationship of applied behavior analysis to the general area of \"behavior modification\" was evaluated by examining the citation characteristics of journal articles in JABA and three other behavior-modification journals. Second, the penetration of applied behavior analysis into diverse areas and disciplines, including behavior modification, psychiatry, clinical psychology, education, special education, retardation, speech and hearing, counselling, and law enforcement and correction was assessed. Twenty-five journals representing diverse research areas were evaluated from 1968 to 1974 to assess the extent to which operant techniques were applied for therapeutic, rehabilitative, and educative purposes and the degree to which methodological desiderata of applied behavior analysis were met. The analyses revealed diverse publication outlets for applied behavior analysis in various disciplines.", "PMID": 1184488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9326", "title": "Setting generality and stimulus control in autistic children.", "content": "This study was designed to assess the transfer of treatment gains of autistic children across settings. In the first phase, each of 10 autistic children learned a new behavior in a treatment room and transfer to a novel extra-therapy setting was assessed. Four of the 10 children showed no transfer to the novel setting. Therefore, in the second phase, each child who failed to transfer participated in an analysis of stimulus control in order to determine the variables influencing the deficit in transfer. Eachof the four children who did not transfer were selectively responding to an incidental stimulus during the original training in the treatment room. Utilizing a reversal design, each of the four children responded correctly in the extra-therapy setting when the stimulus that was functional during training was identified and introduced into the extra-therapy setting. The extreme selective responding and the resulting bizarre stimulus control found are discussed in relation to the issue of setting generality of treatment gains.", "contents": "Setting generality and stimulus control in autistic children. This study was designed to assess the transfer of treatment gains of autistic children across settings. In the first phase, each of 10 autistic children learned a new behavior in a treatment room and transfer to a novel extra-therapy setting was assessed. Four of the 10 children showed no transfer to the novel setting. Therefore, in the second phase, each child who failed to transfer participated in an analysis of stimulus control in order to determine the variables influencing the deficit in transfer. Eachof the four children who did not transfer were selectively responding to an incidental stimulus during the original training in the treatment room. Utilizing a reversal design, each of the four children responded correctly in the extra-therapy setting when the stimulus that was functional during training was identified and introduced into the extra-therapy setting. The extreme selective responding and the resulting bizarre stimulus control found are discussed in relation to the issue of setting generality of treatment gains.", "PMID": 1184489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9327", "title": "Identifying specific erotic cues in sexual deviations by audiotaped descriptions.", "content": "Using audiotaped descriptions of sexual experiences and a direct measure of penile erection, it is possible to specify more precisely erotic cues in sexual deviates. Results indicated that such cues are highly idiosyncratic. Some tentative conclusions and suggested application for the method are discussed.", "contents": "Identifying specific erotic cues in sexual deviations by audiotaped descriptions. Using audiotaped descriptions of sexual experiences and a direct measure of penile erection, it is possible to specify more precisely erotic cues in sexual deviates. Results indicated that such cues are highly idiosyncratic. Some tentative conclusions and suggested application for the method are discussed.", "PMID": 1184490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9328", "title": "Treating overweight children through parental training and contingency contracting.", "content": "Fifteen overweight girls aged 5 to 11 yr were randomly assigned to one of two weight-reduction treatments: response-cost plus reinforcement, response-cost only, or a no-treatment control group. In the response-cost plus reinforcement group, parents contracted to facilitate their child's weight loss by carrying out reinforcement and stimulus control techniques, completing weekly charts and graphs, and encouraging their child to exercise. The response-cost only group parents did not contract to reinforce their child's performance. The response-cost program applied to both experimental groups was conducted in weekly meetings in which parents lost previously deposited sums of money. Twenty-five per cent was deducted for missing the weekly meeting, 25% for failing to fill out charts and graphs, and 50% if their child failed to meet her specified weekly weight-loss goal. At the end of the 12-week treatment period, both experimental groups had lost significantly more weight than the control group. After an eight-week, no-contact follow-up, some of the lost weight was regained. The response-cost plus reinforcement group was still significantly below the controls. The response-cost group just missed significance. A 31-week, no-contact follow-up failed to show a treatment effect, but did show a trend towards slower weight gain by the response-cost plus reinforcement group.", "contents": "Treating overweight children through parental training and contingency contracting. Fifteen overweight girls aged 5 to 11 yr were randomly assigned to one of two weight-reduction treatments: response-cost plus reinforcement, response-cost only, or a no-treatment control group. In the response-cost plus reinforcement group, parents contracted to facilitate their child's weight loss by carrying out reinforcement and stimulus control techniques, completing weekly charts and graphs, and encouraging their child to exercise. The response-cost only group parents did not contract to reinforce their child's performance. The response-cost program applied to both experimental groups was conducted in weekly meetings in which parents lost previously deposited sums of money. Twenty-five per cent was deducted for missing the weekly meeting, 25% for failing to fill out charts and graphs, and 50% if their child failed to meet her specified weekly weight-loss goal. At the end of the 12-week treatment period, both experimental groups had lost significantly more weight than the control group. After an eight-week, no-contact follow-up, some of the lost weight was regained. The response-cost plus reinforcement group was still significantly below the controls. The response-cost group just missed significance. A 31-week, no-contact follow-up failed to show a treatment effect, but did show a trend towards slower weight gain by the response-cost plus reinforcement group.", "PMID": 1184491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9329", "title": "The use of prompts to enhance vicarious effects of nonverbal approval.", "content": "The effect of nonverbal teacher approval (physical contact in the form of patting approvingly) delivered to target subjects on the attentive behavior of adjacent peers was examined in a special-education classroom. In a reversal design, two pairs of moderately retarded children were exposed to nonverbal approval, with only one subject in each pair receiving approval. In different phases, nonverbal approval was delivered alone or in conjunction with a verbal prompt directed to the adjacent peer or to the class as a whole. The prompt was designed to make salient the target subject's attentive behavior and the nonverbal reinforcing consequences that followed. Providing contingent nonverbal approval alone consistently altered attentive behavior of the target subjects but did not alter the attentive behavior of adjacent peers. However, accompanying nonverbal approval with a verbal prompt did increase attentive behavior of nonreinforced peers.", "contents": "The use of prompts to enhance vicarious effects of nonverbal approval. The effect of nonverbal teacher approval (physical contact in the form of patting approvingly) delivered to target subjects on the attentive behavior of adjacent peers was examined in a special-education classroom. In a reversal design, two pairs of moderately retarded children were exposed to nonverbal approval, with only one subject in each pair receiving approval. In different phases, nonverbal approval was delivered alone or in conjunction with a verbal prompt directed to the adjacent peer or to the class as a whole. The prompt was designed to make salient the target subject's attentive behavior and the nonverbal reinforcing consequences that followed. Providing contingent nonverbal approval alone consistently altered attentive behavior of the target subjects but did not alter the attentive behavior of adjacent peers. However, accompanying nonverbal approval with a verbal prompt did increase attentive behavior of nonreinforced peers.", "PMID": 1184492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9330", "title": "Replication of the Achievement Place model in California.", "content": "Attempting to replicate procedures from Achievement Place, token reinforcement procedures were used to modify savings, conversational interruptions, and table-setting of delinquent boys residing in a home-style, community based, treatment setting. The tokens (points) were redeemable for various privileges and could be earned for specified appropriate behaviors and lost for specified inappropriate behaviors. Contingent point fines reduced the frequency of interruptions. Point rewards improved table-setting, but even large point rewards did not substantially increase savings. Baseline data indicated that lateness to dinner was not a problem, as it was in Achievement Place. Withdrawal of contingent points and back-up rewards did not disrupt the clean-up behavior of two boys.", "contents": "Replication of the Achievement Place model in California. Attempting to replicate procedures from Achievement Place, token reinforcement procedures were used to modify savings, conversational interruptions, and table-setting of delinquent boys residing in a home-style, community based, treatment setting. The tokens (points) were redeemable for various privileges and could be earned for specified appropriate behaviors and lost for specified inappropriate behaviors. Contingent point fines reduced the frequency of interruptions. Point rewards improved table-setting, but even large point rewards did not substantially increase savings. Baseline data indicated that lateness to dinner was not a problem, as it was in Achievement Place. Withdrawal of contingent points and back-up rewards did not disrupt the clean-up behavior of two boys.", "PMID": 1184493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9331", "title": "Training mentally retarded adolescents to brush their teeth.", "content": "The need for self-care by retarded individuals in behaviors such as brushing teeth led to the development and evaluation of a comprehensive toothbrushing program that included a task analysis and training procedure specific to each component of the task analysis. Eight mentally retarded adolescents, in two groups, individually received acquisition training that included scheduled opportunities for independent performances, verbal instruction, modelling, demonstration, and physical assistance. The first group of four subjects received token plus social reinforcement; the second received only social reinforcement. All eight subjects showed improved toothbrushing behaviors when compared to baseline. Six of the eight subjects correctly performed all toothbrushing steps in two of three consecutive sessions. The study emphasizes the need for systematic program development and evaluation.", "contents": "Training mentally retarded adolescents to brush their teeth. The need for self-care by retarded individuals in behaviors such as brushing teeth led to the development and evaluation of a comprehensive toothbrushing program that included a task analysis and training procedure specific to each component of the task analysis. Eight mentally retarded adolescents, in two groups, individually received acquisition training that included scheduled opportunities for independent performances, verbal instruction, modelling, demonstration, and physical assistance. The first group of four subjects received token plus social reinforcement; the second received only social reinforcement. All eight subjects showed improved toothbrushing behaviors when compared to baseline. Six of the eight subjects correctly performed all toothbrushing steps in two of three consecutive sessions. The study emphasizes the need for systematic program development and evaluation.", "PMID": 1184494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9332", "title": "Teaching generative use of sentence answers to three forms of questions.", "content": "Three retarded and four economically disadvantaged children were taught, through modelling and reinforcement procedures, to produce complete sentences in response to three types of questions involving changes in verb inflections. To evaluate generalization of training, new but similar questions were periodically asked, answers to which were never modelled or reinforced. Modelling and reinforcement effectively taught correct sentence answers to training questions and produced new sentence answers to questions for which no specific training had been given.", "contents": "Teaching generative use of sentence answers to three forms of questions. Three retarded and four economically disadvantaged children were taught, through modelling and reinforcement procedures, to produce complete sentences in response to three types of questions involving changes in verb inflections. To evaluate generalization of training, new but similar questions were periodically asked, answers to which were never modelled or reinforced. Modelling and reinforcement effectively taught correct sentence answers to training questions and produced new sentence answers to questions for which no specific training had been given.", "PMID": 1184495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9333", "title": "Do elephants ever forget?", "content": "Three adult female elephants (Elephas maximus) were tested on a light-dark discrimination problem with an 8-yr intertrial interval. The first subject took only 6 min to reach criterion and made only two errors, suggesting remarkable retention. The other two subjects were found to have visual anomalies that would have gone undetected without this research.", "contents": "Do elephants ever forget? Three adult female elephants (Elephas maximus) were tested on a light-dark discrimination problem with an 8-yr intertrial interval. The first subject took only 6 min to reach criterion and made only two errors, suggesting remarkable retention. The other two subjects were found to have visual anomalies that would have gone undetected without this research.", "PMID": 1184496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9334", "title": "Effects of expiratory threshold loading during steady-state exercise.", "content": "Increases in functional residual capacity (FRC) decrease inspiratory muscle efficiency; the present experiments were designed to determine the effect of FRC change on the ventilatory response to exercise. Six well-trained adults were exposed to expiratory threshold loads (ETL) ranging from 5 to 40 cmH2O during steady-state exercise on a bicycle ergometer at 40-95% VO2max. Inspiratory capacity (IC) was measured and changes of IC interpreted as changes of FRC. ETL did not consistently limit exercise performance. At heavy work (greater than 92% VO2max) minute ventilation decreased with increasing ETL; at moderate work (less than 58% VO2max) it did not. Decreases in ventilation were due to decreases in respiratory frequency with prolongation of the duration of expiration being the most consistent change in breathing pattern. At moderate work levels, FRC increased with ETL; at maximum work it did not. Changes in FRC were dictated by constancy of tidal volume and a fixed maximum end-inspiratory volume of 80-90% of the inspiratory capacity. When tidal volume was such that end-inspiratory volume was less than this value, FRC increased with ETL. Mouth pressure measured during the first 0-1 s of inspiratory effort against an occluded airway (P0-1) was increased by ETL equals 30 cmH2O, in spite of the fact that ventilation was decreased. We concluded that changes in FRC due to ETL had no effect on the ventilatory response to exercise and that changes in P0-1 induced by ETL did not reflect changes of inspiratory drive so much as changes of the pattern of inspiration.", "contents": "Effects of expiratory threshold loading during steady-state exercise. Increases in functional residual capacity (FRC) decrease inspiratory muscle efficiency; the present experiments were designed to determine the effect of FRC change on the ventilatory response to exercise. Six well-trained adults were exposed to expiratory threshold loads (ETL) ranging from 5 to 40 cmH2O during steady-state exercise on a bicycle ergometer at 40-95% VO2max. Inspiratory capacity (IC) was measured and changes of IC interpreted as changes of FRC. ETL did not consistently limit exercise performance. At heavy work (greater than 92% VO2max) minute ventilation decreased with increasing ETL; at moderate work (less than 58% VO2max) it did not. Decreases in ventilation were due to decreases in respiratory frequency with prolongation of the duration of expiration being the most consistent change in breathing pattern. At moderate work levels, FRC increased with ETL; at maximum work it did not. Changes in FRC were dictated by constancy of tidal volume and a fixed maximum end-inspiratory volume of 80-90% of the inspiratory capacity. When tidal volume was such that end-inspiratory volume was less than this value, FRC increased with ETL. Mouth pressure measured during the first 0-1 s of inspiratory effort against an occluded airway (P0-1) was increased by ETL equals 30 cmH2O, in spite of the fact that ventilation was decreased. We concluded that changes in FRC due to ETL had no effect on the ventilatory response to exercise and that changes in P0-1 induced by ETL did not reflect changes of inspiratory drive so much as changes of the pattern of inspiration.", "PMID": 1184506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9335", "title": "Localization of the effective thermosensitive site in the preoptic region of the ox.", "content": "These studies were carried out using chronically implanted thermode probes in conscious oxen at 15 degrees C air temperature. The probes were perfused with water either 4 degrees C above or 5 degrees C below resiting hypothalamic temperature and the thermoregulatory response measured by the change in auditory meatal temperature during the perfusion periods of 25 or 40 min duration, respectively. The anatomical position of the probes was known relative to the third cerebral ventricle in each animal. The thermosensitive area of the ox anterior hypothalamic/preoptic region was shown to be highly localized in a position corresponding to the posterior part of the area preoptica. The same area was responsible for both warm and cold sensitivity, the warm sensitivity being approximately three times greater than the cold.", "contents": "Localization of the effective thermosensitive site in the preoptic region of the ox. These studies were carried out using chronically implanted thermode probes in conscious oxen at 15 degrees C air temperature. The probes were perfused with water either 4 degrees C above or 5 degrees C below resiting hypothalamic temperature and the thermoregulatory response measured by the change in auditory meatal temperature during the perfusion periods of 25 or 40 min duration, respectively. The anatomical position of the probes was known relative to the third cerebral ventricle in each animal. The thermosensitive area of the ox anterior hypothalamic/preoptic region was shown to be highly localized in a position corresponding to the posterior part of the area preoptica. The same area was responsible for both warm and cold sensitivity, the warm sensitivity being approximately three times greater than the cold.", "PMID": 1184507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9336", "title": "Effect of chest strapping on regional lung function.", "content": "We studied lung mechanics and regional lung function in five young men during restrictive chest strapping. The effects on lung mechanics were similar to those noted by others in that lung elastic recoil increased as did maximum expiratory flow at low lung volumes. Chest strapping reduced the maximum expiratory flow observed at a given elastic recoil pressure. Breathing helium increased maximum expiratory flow less when subjects were strapped than when they were not. These findings indicated that strapping decreased the caliber of airways upstream from the equal pressure point. Regional lung volumes from apex to base were measured with xenon 133 while subjects were seated. The distribution of regional volumes was measured at RV, and at volumes equal to strapped FRC and strapped TLC; no change due to chest strapping was observed. Similarly, the regional distribution of 133Xe boluses inhaled at RV and strapped TLC was unaffected by chest strapping. Closing capacity decreased with chest strapping. We concluded that airway closure decreased during chest strapping and that airway closure was not the cause of the observed increase in elastic recoil of the lung. The combination of decreased slope of the static pressure-volume curve and unchanged regional volumes suggested that strapping increased the apex-to-base pleural pressure gradient.", "contents": "Effect of chest strapping on regional lung function. We studied lung mechanics and regional lung function in five young men during restrictive chest strapping. The effects on lung mechanics were similar to those noted by others in that lung elastic recoil increased as did maximum expiratory flow at low lung volumes. Chest strapping reduced the maximum expiratory flow observed at a given elastic recoil pressure. Breathing helium increased maximum expiratory flow less when subjects were strapped than when they were not. These findings indicated that strapping decreased the caliber of airways upstream from the equal pressure point. Regional lung volumes from apex to base were measured with xenon 133 while subjects were seated. The distribution of regional volumes was measured at RV, and at volumes equal to strapped FRC and strapped TLC; no change due to chest strapping was observed. Similarly, the regional distribution of 133Xe boluses inhaled at RV and strapped TLC was unaffected by chest strapping. Closing capacity decreased with chest strapping. We concluded that airway closure decreased during chest strapping and that airway closure was not the cause of the observed increase in elastic recoil of the lung. The combination of decreased slope of the static pressure-volume curve and unchanged regional volumes suggested that strapping increased the apex-to-base pleural pressure gradient.", "PMID": 1184508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9337", "title": "Tetanic force development of adductor pollicis muscle in anesthetized man.", "content": "The tetanic force development of the human adductor pollicis muscle was studied under light anesthesia with nitrous oxide, oxygen, and Demerol, by the use of tetanic stimulation of the ulnar nerve at frequencies ranging from 10 to 100 Hz. The time necessary for the tetanic contraction to reach a plateau was longest at frequencies between 15 and 20 Hz. Fusion of tetanus occurred between 40 and 45 Hz. The mean maximal force of 6.92 kg was developed at a mean frequency of approximately 75 Hz. The maximal force was well maintained up to a stimulation frequency of 100 Hz. The results indicate that in lightly anesthetized man, the maximal force is developed at higher stimulation frequencies than those observed in conscious man and that it is well sustained at higher frequencies.", "contents": "Tetanic force development of adductor pollicis muscle in anesthetized man. The tetanic force development of the human adductor pollicis muscle was studied under light anesthesia with nitrous oxide, oxygen, and Demerol, by the use of tetanic stimulation of the ulnar nerve at frequencies ranging from 10 to 100 Hz. The time necessary for the tetanic contraction to reach a plateau was longest at frequencies between 15 and 20 Hz. Fusion of tetanus occurred between 40 and 45 Hz. The mean maximal force of 6.92 kg was developed at a mean frequency of approximately 75 Hz. The maximal force was well maintained up to a stimulation frequency of 100 Hz. The results indicate that in lightly anesthetized man, the maximal force is developed at higher stimulation frequencies than those observed in conscious man and that it is well sustained at higher frequencies.", "PMID": 1184509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9338", "title": "Substrate utilization by the inactive leg during one-leg or arm exercise.", "content": "Substrate utilization by the nonexercising leg was studied in healthy subjects during one-leg exercise at an average work load of 105 W for 40 min (n equals 8) or during arm exercise at 65 W for 20 min (n equals 5). During one-leg exercise both the blood flow and the A-FV difference of oxygen for the non exercising leg rose, resulting in an approximately five fold increment in oxygen uptake. EMG activity of the leg was increased above basal. Despite unchanged or falling arterial levels of insulin, the A-FV difference for glucose across the nonexercising leg rose during exercise and the estimated glucose uptake increased approximately fourfold. Release of lactate in the basal state reverted to a significant net uptake of lactate by the nonexercising leg. During arm exercise there was a 20-70% rise in leg blood flow and the leg oxygen uptake rose 25-45% in spite of minimal EMG activity from the thigh muscles. There was a large uptake of lactate  by the legs during arm exercise. We conclude that several important metabolic alterations take place in the nonexercising leg tissues during physical exertion: 1) blood flow and oxygen uptake rise, partly as a consequence of motor activation; 2) substrate utilization shifts from a predominant FFA uptake in the basal state to a greater utilization of carbohydrate; 3) nonexercising muscle, and possibly adipose tissue, play an important role in the removal of lactate during exercise.", "contents": "Substrate utilization by the inactive leg during one-leg or arm exercise. Substrate utilization by the nonexercising leg was studied in healthy subjects during one-leg exercise at an average work load of 105 W for 40 min (n equals 8) or during arm exercise at 65 W for 20 min (n equals 5). During one-leg exercise both the blood flow and the A-FV difference of oxygen for the non exercising leg rose, resulting in an approximately five fold increment in oxygen uptake. EMG activity of the leg was increased above basal. Despite unchanged or falling arterial levels of insulin, the A-FV difference for glucose across the nonexercising leg rose during exercise and the estimated glucose uptake increased approximately fourfold. Release of lactate in the basal state reverted to a significant net uptake of lactate by the nonexercising leg. During arm exercise there was a 20-70% rise in leg blood flow and the leg oxygen uptake rose 25-45% in spite of minimal EMG activity from the thigh muscles. There was a large uptake of lactate  by the legs during arm exercise. We conclude that several important metabolic alterations take place in the nonexercising leg tissues during physical exertion: 1) blood flow and oxygen uptake rise, partly as a consequence of motor activation; 2) substrate utilization shifts from a predominant FFA uptake in the basal state to a greater utilization of carbohydrate; 3) nonexercising muscle, and possibly adipose tissue, play an important role in the removal of lactate during exercise.", "PMID": 1184510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9339", "title": "Regional vascular influences on tail-cuff measurements of drug-induced changes in systolic pressure.", "content": "When drug effects are quantified using the tail-cuff method, changes in systemic arterial pressure are extrapolated from those occurring in the caudal artery. The validity of this extrapolation was tested in anesthetized rats by recording drug-induced changes in phasic arterial pressure simultaneously from catheters inserted into the lower abdominal aorta, carotid, and caudal arteries. Pressor responses to norepinephrine or angiotensin were of equal magnitude at all three sites, but phentolamine reduced systolic pressure in the aorta or caudal artery more than that in the carotid artery. Unlike previous discrepancies between carotid and tail-cuff systolic pressures, aortic hypotension caused by injections of phentolamine or pentolinium in awake normotensive or spontaneously hypertensive rats was accurately predicted by the tail-cuff method. Because drug-induced changes in diastolic pressure always varied much less than those in systolic pressure, should indirect measurement of diastolic pressure become technically feasible, it might be preferable for assessing drug effects on blood pressure.", "contents": "Regional vascular influences on tail-cuff measurements of drug-induced changes in systolic pressure. When drug effects are quantified using the tail-cuff method, changes in systemic arterial pressure are extrapolated from those occurring in the caudal artery. The validity of this extrapolation was tested in anesthetized rats by recording drug-induced changes in phasic arterial pressure simultaneously from catheters inserted into the lower abdominal aorta, carotid, and caudal arteries. Pressor responses to norepinephrine or angiotensin were of equal magnitude at all three sites, but phentolamine reduced systolic pressure in the aorta or caudal artery more than that in the carotid artery. Unlike previous discrepancies between carotid and tail-cuff systolic pressures, aortic hypotension caused by injections of phentolamine or pentolinium in awake normotensive or spontaneously hypertensive rats was accurately predicted by the tail-cuff method. Because drug-induced changes in diastolic pressure always varied much less than those in systolic pressure, should indirect measurement of diastolic pressure become technically feasible, it might be preferable for assessing drug effects on blood pressure.", "PMID": 1184511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9340", "title": "Physiological evidence consistent with the presence of a specific O2 carrier in the placenta.", "content": "In 30 experiments we perfused the fetal side of the sheep placenta with fluids which had different solubilities for argon, N2, and O2 (dextran, blood, and fluorocarbon emulsions). In some of the experiments we partially exchange-transfused the ewe with the fluorocarbon emulsion. By these procedures we were able to change the physical solubility of argon and N2 severalfold in the fetal perfusion fluid and maternal blood. We found that the diffusing capacity for argon and N2 did not increase with increases in physical solubility in the fetal perfusion medium or in maternal blood. This indicated that the rate-limiting step in the placental transfer of these gases is the small diffusing capacity of the placenta. In contrast, O2 diffusing capacity increased markedly with increased solubility in the fetal perfusion medium. Also the Po2 was frequently the same in the venous blood leaving both sides of the placenta. This indicates that O2 may reach equilibrium between maternal and fetal capillaries in one pass through the placenta. The results are compatible with the presence of specific O2 carrier in the placenta.", "contents": "Physiological evidence consistent with the presence of a specific O2 carrier in the placenta. In 30 experiments we perfused the fetal side of the sheep placenta with fluids which had different solubilities for argon, N2, and O2 (dextran, blood, and fluorocarbon emulsions). In some of the experiments we partially exchange-transfused the ewe with the fluorocarbon emulsion. By these procedures we were able to change the physical solubility of argon and N2 severalfold in the fetal perfusion fluid and maternal blood. We found that the diffusing capacity for argon and N2 did not increase with increases in physical solubility in the fetal perfusion medium or in maternal blood. This indicated that the rate-limiting step in the placental transfer of these gases is the small diffusing capacity of the placenta. In contrast, O2 diffusing capacity increased markedly with increased solubility in the fetal perfusion medium. Also the Po2 was frequently the same in the venous blood leaving both sides of the placenta. This indicates that O2 may reach equilibrium between maternal and fetal capillaries in one pass through the placenta. The results are compatible with the presence of specific O2 carrier in the placenta.", "PMID": 1184512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9341", "title": "Properties of lung parenchyma in distortion.", "content": "This study offers a basis for evaluating and developing models of stress-strain behavior of the lung in distortion. Tensile forces were applied along three axes to cubes of dog lung parenchyma. With axially symmetrical force-loading, expansion was reasonably symmetrical and pressure-volume relationships were reasonably conventional in range, hysteresis, and time-dependent behavior. When the force load was changed on one axis only, that axis appeared more compliant than it did during symmetrical loading and the other axes changed length in the opposite sign. Similar distortion was apparent at the alveolar level. Data for five specimens over a range of applied loads are filed with the National Auxiliary Publications Service; graphical examples are presented herein. Relationship among the compliances for symmetrical and asymmetrical loadings were consistent with elastic theory. We derived the elastic coefficients, bulk and Young's moduli, and Poisson's ratio from the data. Poison's ratio was about 0.30 in air-filled specimens, but was lower (0.16-0.24) and increases with stress in saline-filled specimens.", "contents": "Properties of lung parenchyma in distortion. This study offers a basis for evaluating and developing models of stress-strain behavior of the lung in distortion. Tensile forces were applied along three axes to cubes of dog lung parenchyma. With axially symmetrical force-loading, expansion was reasonably symmetrical and pressure-volume relationships were reasonably conventional in range, hysteresis, and time-dependent behavior. When the force load was changed on one axis only, that axis appeared more compliant than it did during symmetrical loading and the other axes changed length in the opposite sign. Similar distortion was apparent at the alveolar level. Data for five specimens over a range of applied loads are filed with the National Auxiliary Publications Service; graphical examples are presented herein. Relationship among the compliances for symmetrical and asymmetrical loadings were consistent with elastic theory. We derived the elastic coefficients, bulk and Young's moduli, and Poisson's ratio from the data. Poison's ratio was about 0.30 in air-filled specimens, but was lower (0.16-0.24) and increases with stress in saline-filled specimens.", "PMID": 1184513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9342", "title": "Effects of hypoxic and CO hypoxia on isolated hearts.", "content": "Isolated perfused dog hearts were made hypoxic by respiring the support dog with low oxygen (hypoxic hypoxia) or with carbon monoxide (CO hypoxia). Each heart was exposed to both types of hypoxia, separately. Effects on coronary flow (Qt), coronary vascular resistance, cardiac oxygen consumption (Vo2), and contractility (%deltadP/dt) were studied. Two series of experiments were done. Series I: At constant perfusion pressure. As oxygen content (Cao2) was lowered from 20 to 5 vol%, Qt doubled with hypoxic hypoxia and almost tripled with CO hypoxia (P less than 0.01). Vo2 and contractility increased with both types of hypoxia. Beta-adrenergic blockade eliminated the increase in VO2 and contractility but not the difference in Qt increase between hypoxic and CO hypoxia. Series II: At constant Qt (with beta-blockade), vascular resistance decreased more with CO than hypoxic hypoxia. Finally, alpha-blockade eliminated the difference in vascular resistance and thus with complete (alpha and beta) blockade, the two types of hypoxia have the same effect and are indistinguishable.", "contents": "Effects of hypoxic and CO hypoxia on isolated hearts. Isolated perfused dog hearts were made hypoxic by respiring the support dog with low oxygen (hypoxic hypoxia) or with carbon monoxide (CO hypoxia). Each heart was exposed to both types of hypoxia, separately. Effects on coronary flow (Qt), coronary vascular resistance, cardiac oxygen consumption (Vo2), and contractility (%deltadP/dt) were studied. Two series of experiments were done. Series I: At constant perfusion pressure. As oxygen content (Cao2) was lowered from 20 to 5 vol%, Qt doubled with hypoxic hypoxia and almost tripled with CO hypoxia (P less than 0.01). Vo2 and contractility increased with both types of hypoxia. Beta-adrenergic blockade eliminated the increase in VO2 and contractility but not the difference in Qt increase between hypoxic and CO hypoxia. Series II: At constant Qt (with beta-blockade), vascular resistance decreased more with CO than hypoxic hypoxia. Finally, alpha-blockade eliminated the difference in vascular resistance and thus with complete (alpha and beta) blockade, the two types of hypoxia have the same effect and are indistinguishable.", "PMID": 1184514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9343", "title": "Cellular distribution and clearance of aerosolized dipalmitoyl lecithin.", "content": "Wistar-Lewis rats were anesthetized anc connected to a 3-MHz nebulizer which aerosolized 250 muCi l-alpha-1-palmitoyl-2palmitoyl-[9-10-3H]phosphatidylcholine ([3H]DPL) for 3 min. Appleton frozen-section autoradiographs showed greater than 4 times background radioactivity in approximately 30% of alveoli at 1 min and 2 h after aerosol. As tritium content in the lung decreased, it increased in liver, spleen, kidney, blood, and urine. Percentage of radioactivity from [3H]phosphatidylcholine in the liver declined with time, while [3H]phosphatidylethanolamine doubled between 2 and 12 h. One minute postaerosol 2,500 +/- 500 (SE) type I cells/mm3 lung and 2,500 +/- 750 type II cells/mm3 lung had greater than 20 times background radioactivity; 2 h later only 950 +/- 250 type I cells/-m3 lung still had levels of radioactivity greater than 20 times background while 3,150 +/- 600 type II cells/mm3 lumg now had this level of 3HIDPL. Corresponding numbers of alveolar macrophages were 450 +/- 250 1 min postaerosol and 1,100 +/- 200 after 2 h. Aerosolized DPL as a synthetic surfactant is hampered by significantly faster clearance from the alveolar surface as compared with normal in vivo DPL.", "contents": "Cellular distribution and clearance of aerosolized dipalmitoyl lecithin. Wistar-Lewis rats were anesthetized anc connected to a 3-MHz nebulizer which aerosolized 250 muCi l-alpha-1-palmitoyl-2palmitoyl-[9-10-3H]phosphatidylcholine ([3H]DPL) for 3 min. Appleton frozen-section autoradiographs showed greater than 4 times background radioactivity in approximately 30% of alveoli at 1 min and 2 h after aerosol. As tritium content in the lung decreased, it increased in liver, spleen, kidney, blood, and urine. Percentage of radioactivity from [3H]phosphatidylcholine in the liver declined with time, while [3H]phosphatidylethanolamine doubled between 2 and 12 h. One minute postaerosol 2,500 +/- 500 (SE) type I cells/mm3 lung and 2,500 +/- 750 type II cells/mm3 lung had greater than 20 times background radioactivity; 2 h later only 950 +/- 250 type I cells/-m3 lung still had levels of radioactivity greater than 20 times background while 3,150 +/- 600 type II cells/mm3 lumg now had this level of 3HIDPL. Corresponding numbers of alveolar macrophages were 450 +/- 250 1 min postaerosol and 1,100 +/- 200 after 2 h. Aerosolized DPL as a synthetic surfactant is hampered by significantly faster clearance from the alveolar surface as compared with normal in vivo DPL.", "PMID": 1184515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9344", "title": "Slow respiratory stimulant effect of hyperoxia in chemodenervated decerebrate cats.", "content": "A direct stimulating action of oxygen on the CO2 respiratory control system was determined from steady-state and dynamic observations in unanesthetized decerebrate cats. In peripheral nerve-intact animals, inhalation of oxygen (1 atm) produced a small but significant shift to the left as well as a decrease in slope in the steady-state VT vs. log PACO2 relationship. Carotid sinus neurotomy more than doubled the shift, to the extent that the mean PACO2 apneic point was lowered by 6.5 mmHg. Neither vagotomy nor chronic ablation of the area postrema had any detectable influence on the stimulating effect of oxygen on CO2 responsiveness. The arterial-alveolar PCO2 difference, prior to and following carotid chemo-denervation, remained unchanged or was increased by a negligible amount during oxygen inhalation. The oxygen threshold for respiratory stimulation, obtained isocapnically, occurred between 115 and 200 mmHg; VT then increased exponentially tending to level off as PAO2 approached 1 atm. The dynamic response to sudden presentation of oxygen after carotid chemodenervation consisted of a monotonic rise in VT, starting after 20-30 s with a t 1/2 of about 75 s.", "contents": "Slow respiratory stimulant effect of hyperoxia in chemodenervated decerebrate cats. A direct stimulating action of oxygen on the CO2 respiratory control system was determined from steady-state and dynamic observations in unanesthetized decerebrate cats. In peripheral nerve-intact animals, inhalation of oxygen (1 atm) produced a small but significant shift to the left as well as a decrease in slope in the steady-state VT vs. log PACO2 relationship. Carotid sinus neurotomy more than doubled the shift, to the extent that the mean PACO2 apneic point was lowered by 6.5 mmHg. Neither vagotomy nor chronic ablation of the area postrema had any detectable influence on the stimulating effect of oxygen on CO2 responsiveness. The arterial-alveolar PCO2 difference, prior to and following carotid chemo-denervation, remained unchanged or was increased by a negligible amount during oxygen inhalation. The oxygen threshold for respiratory stimulation, obtained isocapnically, occurred between 115 and 200 mmHg; VT then increased exponentially tending to level off as PAO2 approached 1 atm. The dynamic response to sudden presentation of oxygen after carotid chemodenervation consisted of a monotonic rise in VT, starting after 20-30 s with a t 1/2 of about 75 s.", "PMID": 1184516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9345", "title": "Thermal responses of unclothed men exposed to both cold temperatures and high altitudes.", "content": "Six resting men were exposed to three temperatures (15.5, 21, 26.5 degrees C) for 120 min at three altitudes (sea level, 2,500 m, 5,000 m). A 60-min sea-level control at the scheduled temperature preceded the nine altitude episodes. Comparison of the base-line results at any one temperature showed no differences between rectal temperatures (Tre) or mean weighted skin temperatures (Tsk). After 120 min, Tre and Tsk not only depended on ambient temperature but also altitude. The initial rate of fall in Tre increased with altitude and equilibrium occurred earlier. At 15.5 degrees C, Tre was 0.3 degrees C lower at 5,000 m and 0.2 degrees C lower at 2,500 m than at sea level. Tsk was almost 2 degrees C higher at 15.5 degrees C at 5,000 m and 1 degrees C higher at 2,500 m than at sea level. Similar, smaller differences were observed at 21 degrees C. Mean weighted body temperature showed no change with altitude, but, since the gradient between core and shell was reduced, a shift of blood toward the periphery is implied.", "contents": "Thermal responses of unclothed men exposed to both cold temperatures and high altitudes. Six resting men were exposed to three temperatures (15.5, 21, 26.5 degrees C) for 120 min at three altitudes (sea level, 2,500 m, 5,000 m). A 60-min sea-level control at the scheduled temperature preceded the nine altitude episodes. Comparison of the base-line results at any one temperature showed no differences between rectal temperatures (Tre) or mean weighted skin temperatures (Tsk). After 120 min, Tre and Tsk not only depended on ambient temperature but also altitude. The initial rate of fall in Tre increased with altitude and equilibrium occurred earlier. At 15.5 degrees C, Tre was 0.3 degrees C lower at 5,000 m and 0.2 degrees C lower at 2,500 m than at sea level. Tsk was almost 2 degrees C higher at 15.5 degrees C at 5,000 m and 1 degrees C higher at 2,500 m than at sea level. Similar, smaller differences were observed at 21 degrees C. Mean weighted body temperature showed no change with altitude, but, since the gradient between core and shell was reduced, a shift of blood toward the periphery is implied.", "PMID": 1184517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9346", "title": "Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: noninvasive measure of parasympathetic cardiac control.", "content": "The degree of parasympathetic heart rate control, PC, was defined as the decrease in average heart period (RR interval) caused by the elimination of parasympathetically mediated influences on the heart while keeping sympathetic activity unchanged. By reviewing published results on the interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic heart rate control, the prediction was made that PC should be directly proportional to VHP, the peak-to-peak variations in heart period caused by spontaneous respiration. In sevel chloralose/urethan-anesthetized dogs the vagi were reversibly blocked by cooling, and PC (the difference between average heart period before and after cooling) and VHP (without cooling) were determined under a variety of conditions that included a) increasing vagal activity by elevating the blood pressure b) sympathetic blockade, and c) parasympathetic blockade. The relationship between VHP and PC was linear with an average correlation coefficient of 0.969 +/- 0.024 (SD) and a PC-axis intercept of 15.2 +/- 25.9 ms. In each dog the correlation coefficient between VHP and PC was higher than between VHP and the average heart period (avg correlation coef: 0.914 +/- 0.044). These results suggest that the degree of respiratory sinus arrhythmia may be used as a noninvasive indicator of the degree of parasympathetic cardiac control.", "contents": "Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: noninvasive measure of parasympathetic cardiac control. The degree of parasympathetic heart rate control, PC, was defined as the decrease in average heart period (RR interval) caused by the elimination of parasympathetically mediated influences on the heart while keeping sympathetic activity unchanged. By reviewing published results on the interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic heart rate control, the prediction was made that PC should be directly proportional to VHP, the peak-to-peak variations in heart period caused by spontaneous respiration. In sevel chloralose/urethan-anesthetized dogs the vagi were reversibly blocked by cooling, and PC (the difference between average heart period before and after cooling) and VHP (without cooling) were determined under a variety of conditions that included a) increasing vagal activity by elevating the blood pressure b) sympathetic blockade, and c) parasympathetic blockade. The relationship between VHP and PC was linear with an average correlation coefficient of 0.969 +/- 0.024 (SD) and a PC-axis intercept of 15.2 +/- 25.9 ms. In each dog the correlation coefficient between VHP and PC was higher than between VHP and the average heart period (avg correlation coef: 0.914 +/- 0.044). These results suggest that the degree of respiratory sinus arrhythmia may be used as a noninvasive indicator of the degree of parasympathetic cardiac control.", "PMID": 1184518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9347", "title": "Menstrual variations in thermal properties of the human breast.", "content": "Menstrual variations in breast skin temperature (Tbr), heat flow (HF), volume (Vol), surface area (A), and core temperature (Tre) have been measured in 13 women. Measurements were made twice weekly on resting subjects throughout one cycle. Twelve of thirteen subjects showed increased Vol and A during the second half of the menstrual cycle; six also showed a minor peak prior to the midcycle rise in Tre. Eight of thirteen subjects had significant peaks in Tbr which preceded the estimated day of ovulation. Breast HF was generally low during the first half of the cycle, rising following estimated ovulation. Analysis of core-to-breast conductance indicates that a decrease in resistance to heat transfer occurs both during the luteal phase and at the Tbr peak. It is hypothesized that the control mechanism underlying the Tbr peak is independent of that controlling the postovulatory increases in Vol, HF, and Tre.", "contents": "Menstrual variations in thermal properties of the human breast. Menstrual variations in breast skin temperature (Tbr), heat flow (HF), volume (Vol), surface area (A), and core temperature (Tre) have been measured in 13 women. Measurements were made twice weekly on resting subjects throughout one cycle. Twelve of thirteen subjects showed increased Vol and A during the second half of the menstrual cycle; six also showed a minor peak prior to the midcycle rise in Tre. Eight of thirteen subjects had significant peaks in Tbr which preceded the estimated day of ovulation. Breast HF was generally low during the first half of the cycle, rising following estimated ovulation. Analysis of core-to-breast conductance indicates that a decrease in resistance to heat transfer occurs both during the luteal phase and at the Tbr peak. It is hypothesized that the control mechanism underlying the Tbr peak is independent of that controlling the postovulatory increases in Vol, HF, and Tre.", "PMID": 1184519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9348", "title": "Localization of the medullary respiratory neurons in rats by microelectrode recording.", "content": "Neuronal activity has been recorded extracellularly from the medulla of anesthetized rats. Units whose discharge frequency varied in phase with respiratory airflow were located bilaterally between 1.5 and 2 mm lateral to midline, extending from 1 mm caudal to 1.5 mm rostral to the obex, in the ventral two-thirds of the medulla. Expiratory units predominated and were intermingled with inspiratory units. Ten different patterns of discharge were distinguished, varying from a short burst at the beginning of expiration to a resting discharge which increased in frequency during either inspiration or expiration. Evidence was also obtained that fiber tracts from other areas of the brain cross midline just caudally to the obex and pass to the respiratory centers on which they apparently exert and excitatory action.", "contents": "Localization of the medullary respiratory neurons in rats by microelectrode recording. Neuronal activity has been recorded extracellularly from the medulla of anesthetized rats. Units whose discharge frequency varied in phase with respiratory airflow were located bilaterally between 1.5 and 2 mm lateral to midline, extending from 1 mm caudal to 1.5 mm rostral to the obex, in the ventral two-thirds of the medulla. Expiratory units predominated and were intermingled with inspiratory units. Ten different patterns of discharge were distinguished, varying from a short burst at the beginning of expiration to a resting discharge which increased in frequency during either inspiration or expiration. Evidence was also obtained that fiber tracts from other areas of the brain cross midline just caudally to the obex and pass to the respiratory centers on which they apparently exert and excitatory action.", "PMID": 1184520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9349", "title": "Longitudinal measurements of blood volume and essential body mass in human subjects.", "content": "Repeated determinations of blood volume and body density were made on 34 Chinese subjects (28 men and 6 women) in Taiwan over a period of 12 yr, as the mean age increased from 31 to 43 yr. Essential body mass calculated from body density and body weight showed no significant change over the 12-yr period. Changes in body weight (mean gain equals 6.0 kg) were attributable to alterations in adipose tissue weight, the density of which was found to be 0.948 g/cm3. In two-thirds of the subjects the second blood volume increased by more than 5% over the first determination, and the mean blood volume for all subjects increased by 7.5% (P less than 0.01). Correlation of the blood volume data with the findings on essential body mass and adipose tissue mass suggests that blood content per unit tissue mass increased in the second determination. This interpretation is supported by the increase in nutrient availability in Taiwan over the 12-yr period, and it may explain the lack of blood volume increase in an earlier longitudinal study on American subjects with stable nutrient availability.", "contents": "Longitudinal measurements of blood volume and essential body mass in human subjects. Repeated determinations of blood volume and body density were made on 34 Chinese subjects (28 men and 6 women) in Taiwan over a period of 12 yr, as the mean age increased from 31 to 43 yr. Essential body mass calculated from body density and body weight showed no significant change over the 12-yr period. Changes in body weight (mean gain equals 6.0 kg) were attributable to alterations in adipose tissue weight, the density of which was found to be 0.948 g/cm3. In two-thirds of the subjects the second blood volume increased by more than 5% over the first determination, and the mean blood volume for all subjects increased by 7.5% (P less than 0.01). Correlation of the blood volume data with the findings on essential body mass and adipose tissue mass suggests that blood content per unit tissue mass increased in the second determination. This interpretation is supported by the increase in nutrient availability in Taiwan over the 12-yr period, and it may explain the lack of blood volume increase in an earlier longitudinal study on American subjects with stable nutrient availability.", "PMID": 1184521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9350", "title": "Longitudinal studies on adipose tissue and its distribution in human subjects.", "content": "On 27 men and 6 women, total body density and 10 skinfolds were measured 12 yr apart, with the mean age increasing from 31 to 43 yr. The increase in skinfold thickness was found to be related to the increase in total body adiposity, calculated from hydrostatic weighing. The external adipose tissue was calculated from the mean skinfold thickness and body surface area. Variations in total adiposity among the population studied as well as changes in total adiposity with age showed a characteristic distribution with approximately two-thirds on the surface and one-third in the interior. The essential body mass or total adipose mass determined by hydrostatic weighing was compared with the values obtained by water-immersion volumetry, total body potassium counting, and skinfold measurements. Teh volumetric and skinfold determinations gave better estimates of these parameters than total body potassium counting.", "contents": "Longitudinal studies on adipose tissue and its distribution in human subjects. On 27 men and 6 women, total body density and 10 skinfolds were measured 12 yr apart, with the mean age increasing from 31 to 43 yr. The increase in skinfold thickness was found to be related to the increase in total body adiposity, calculated from hydrostatic weighing. The external adipose tissue was calculated from the mean skinfold thickness and body surface area. Variations in total adiposity among the population studied as well as changes in total adiposity with age showed a characteristic distribution with approximately two-thirds on the surface and one-third in the interior. The essential body mass or total adipose mass determined by hydrostatic weighing was compared with the values obtained by water-immersion volumetry, total body potassium counting, and skinfold measurements. Teh volumetric and skinfold determinations gave better estimates of these parameters than total body potassium counting.", "PMID": 1184522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9351", "title": "Myocardial infarction in closed-chest dogs: a simplified method for production.", "content": "Due to our need, we sought a simple method to reliably create myocardial infarction in the closed-chest dog. Previous techniques were dangerous, time consuming, unreliable, and costly. Here we described a new coaxial catheter method by which occluded catheter plugs are embolized selectively to branches of the left coronary artery in closed chest dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (10 mg/lb). Infarcts varying in size from 3 to 27 g, 2-27% of the left ventricle, were reliably created in dogs weighing 26-70 lb. Complications were rare with only a single fatality in the last 15 procedures. The method proved safe, simple, quick, versatile, reproducible, and inexpensive.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction in closed-chest dogs: a simplified method for production. Due to our need, we sought a simple method to reliably create myocardial infarction in the closed-chest dog. Previous techniques were dangerous, time consuming, unreliable, and costly. Here we described a new coaxial catheter method by which occluded catheter plugs are embolized selectively to branches of the left coronary artery in closed chest dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (10 mg/lb). Infarcts varying in size from 3 to 27 g, 2-27% of the left ventricle, were reliably created in dogs weighing 26-70 lb. Complications were rare with only a single fatality in the last 15 procedures. The method proved safe, simple, quick, versatile, reproducible, and inexpensive.", "PMID": 1184523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9352", "title": "Glottal aperture during panting with voluntary limitation of tidal volume.", "content": "A disadvantage of the forced oscillatory technique for measuring total respiratory resistance (namely, that it is usually done during quiet breathing or breathing holding--breathing patterns where the glottic aperture may be highly variable) was overcome by making the measurement during panting. The imposed forced oscillations (Hz) were distinguished from the spontaneous quiet breathing and panting frequencies by ensemble averaging. However, when panting was voluntary restricted so as to standardize the quiet breathing and panting flow amplitudes, resistance values frequently increased. The suggestion that partial glottal closure occurred during voluntarily restricted panting was confirmed by simultaneous inspection of the glottis with a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Thus, maximal opening of the glottis is assured only during unrestricted panting.", "contents": "Glottal aperture during panting with voluntary limitation of tidal volume. A disadvantage of the forced oscillatory technique for measuring total respiratory resistance (namely, that it is usually done during quiet breathing or breathing holding--breathing patterns where the glottic aperture may be highly variable) was overcome by making the measurement during panting. The imposed forced oscillations (Hz) were distinguished from the spontaneous quiet breathing and panting frequencies by ensemble averaging. However, when panting was voluntary restricted so as to standardize the quiet breathing and panting flow amplitudes, resistance values frequently increased. The suggestion that partial glottal closure occurred during voluntarily restricted panting was confirmed by simultaneous inspection of the glottis with a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Thus, maximal opening of the glottis is assured only during unrestricted panting.", "PMID": 1184524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9353", "title": "Alveostat, an alveolar PACO2 and PAO2 control system.", "content": "In the study of the physiological regulation of respiration through a control system model it is necessary to test the ventilatory response to various forcing functions of either the parrtial pressure of alveolar carbon dioxide (PACO2) or oxygen (PAO2). Since PACO2 and PAO2 are both functions of alveolar ventilation and metabolic rate, such a result cannot be obtained by merely changing the composition of the inspired gases without a feedback control. Thus a servomechanism is necessary. The input to the servomechanism is an instantaneous determination of PACO2 and PAO2. This is accomplished by using the criterion of equality of the exchange ratio in mean alveolar gas and mean expired gas. The servomechanism described has three essential characteristics: rapidity, accuracy, and stability. In experiments of step, ramp, and sinusoidal forcing functions, variations of PACO2 have been obtained without change in PAO2, and step variations of PAO2 have been obtained without change in PACO2.", "contents": "Alveostat, an alveolar PACO2 and PAO2 control system. In the study of the physiological regulation of respiration through a control system model it is necessary to test the ventilatory response to various forcing functions of either the parrtial pressure of alveolar carbon dioxide (PACO2) or oxygen (PAO2). Since PACO2 and PAO2 are both functions of alveolar ventilation and metabolic rate, such a result cannot be obtained by merely changing the composition of the inspired gases without a feedback control. Thus a servomechanism is necessary. The input to the servomechanism is an instantaneous determination of PACO2 and PAO2. This is accomplished by using the criterion of equality of the exchange ratio in mean alveolar gas and mean expired gas. The servomechanism described has three essential characteristics: rapidity, accuracy, and stability. In experiments of step, ramp, and sinusoidal forcing functions, variations of PACO2 have been obtained without change in PAO2, and step variations of PAO2 have been obtained without change in PACO2.", "PMID": 1184525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9354", "title": "Suturable gastrointestinal cannulas for animals of various sizes.", "content": "A new procedure in which gastrointestinal cannulas are prepared from suturable material improves in vovo methods and requires little machining. Substitution of a suturable material for rigid collars, previously used, prevents leakage, infection, and loss of the cannulas into the gut lumen. The technique has been successfully applied to rats, rabbits, and dogs; consequently it should be useful in animals of almost any size. Two designs of cannulas with descriptions of their implantation are presented. The first version fits into each end of a gut loop and is useful for perfusion, digestion, and secretion studies. The second version forms a sidearm through which feeding or sampling can be carried out at any point in the intestine or the stomach.", "contents": "Suturable gastrointestinal cannulas for animals of various sizes. A new procedure in which gastrointestinal cannulas are prepared from suturable material improves in vovo methods and requires little machining. Substitution of a suturable material for rigid collars, previously used, prevents leakage, infection, and loss of the cannulas into the gut lumen. The technique has been successfully applied to rats, rabbits, and dogs; consequently it should be useful in animals of almost any size. Two designs of cannulas with descriptions of their implantation are presented. The first version fits into each end of a gut loop and is useful for perfusion, digestion, and secretion studies. The second version forms a sidearm through which feeding or sampling can be carried out at any point in the intestine or the stomach.", "PMID": 1184526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9355", "title": "An automatic, closed-circuit oxygen consumption apparatus for small animals.", "content": "An apparatus suitable for the continuous measurement of oxygen consumption of rats and mice is described. The system uses a motorized syringe dispenser to deliver fixed volumes of oxygen to a closed animal chamber. The dispenser is controlled by a micro-differential pressure switch to maintain chamber pressure slightly above ambient. The rate of oxygen consumption is determined by timing the interval between successive operations of the dispenser. The system has proved suitable for a range of experimental conditions and treatments.", "contents": "An automatic, closed-circuit oxygen consumption apparatus for small animals. An apparatus suitable for the continuous measurement of oxygen consumption of rats and mice is described. The system uses a motorized syringe dispenser to deliver fixed volumes of oxygen to a closed animal chamber. The dispenser is controlled by a micro-differential pressure switch to maintain chamber pressure slightly above ambient. The rate of oxygen consumption is determined by timing the interval between successive operations of the dispenser. The system has proved suitable for a range of experimental conditions and treatments.", "PMID": 1184527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9356", "title": "Continuous estimation of adipose tissue blood flow in rats by 133Xe elimination.", "content": "A method is described which permits continuous estimation of adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) in anesthetized female rats. The method is basesd on continuous monitoring of the elimination of 133Xe after labeling of the animal by intraperitoneal injection. From 2 to 6 h after the beginning of the elimination period close to 100% of the measured activity is shown to be located in adipose tissue, mainly in the parametrial fat. About 18% of the elimination is by way of intertissue diffusion, 82% of the perfusing blood. Changes in ATBF can readily be detected. The coefficient of variation for ATBF determinations is 9-11%. Changes in ATBF can be determined with great accuracy. Average ATBF per g tissue for fed and 48-h fasted rats were 0.105 and 0.122 ml-g-1-min-1, respectively. Total ATBF was lower in fasted than in fed rats (1.05 vs. 1.43 ml-min-1 for parametrial plus retroperitoneal fat). Intravenous administration of glucose (250 mg/h) decreased ATBF significantly in fed but not in fasted rats.", "contents": "Continuous estimation of adipose tissue blood flow in rats by 133Xe elimination. A method is described which permits continuous estimation of adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) in anesthetized female rats. The method is basesd on continuous monitoring of the elimination of 133Xe after labeling of the animal by intraperitoneal injection. From 2 to 6 h after the beginning of the elimination period close to 100% of the measured activity is shown to be located in adipose tissue, mainly in the parametrial fat. About 18% of the elimination is by way of intertissue diffusion, 82% of the perfusing blood. Changes in ATBF can readily be detected. The coefficient of variation for ATBF determinations is 9-11%. Changes in ATBF can be determined with great accuracy. Average ATBF per g tissue for fed and 48-h fasted rats were 0.105 and 0.122 ml-g-1-min-1, respectively. Total ATBF was lower in fasted than in fed rats (1.05 vs. 1.43 ml-min-1 for parametrial plus retroperitoneal fat). Intravenous administration of glucose (250 mg/h) decreased ATBF significantly in fed but not in fasted rats.", "PMID": 1184528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9357", "title": "Luft's syndrome: O2 cost of exercise and chemical control of breathing.", "content": "The oxygen cost of exercise and chemical control of breathing were studied in a subject with Luft's syndrome, a disorder in which skeletal muscle mitochondria have a high \"resting\" O2 consumption which is imcreased only slightly by stimulation with excess phosphate acceptor, but a normal P/O ratio. The O2 consumption was more than three times normal (1.05 1/min) at rest but could be doubled when stimulated by maximal exercise. The O2 cost of exercise was similar to that of normal subjects. At rest, arterial blood PCO2 and ventilatory response to CO2 were normal, while ventilatory response to hypoxia was four times the predicted value. The data 1) confirm, in vivo, the normal respiratory efficiency of skeletal muscles in this disorder; 2) suggest that in vitro estimates of the extent to which mitochondrial respiration can be stimulated may not correlate with in vivo determinations; and 3) suggests that hypermetabolism per se can cause the ventilatory adjustments which are associated with exercise in normal subjects.", "contents": "Luft's syndrome: O2 cost of exercise and chemical control of breathing. The oxygen cost of exercise and chemical control of breathing were studied in a subject with Luft's syndrome, a disorder in which skeletal muscle mitochondria have a high \"resting\" O2 consumption which is imcreased only slightly by stimulation with excess phosphate acceptor, but a normal P/O ratio. The O2 consumption was more than three times normal (1.05 1/min) at rest but could be doubled when stimulated by maximal exercise. The O2 cost of exercise was similar to that of normal subjects. At rest, arterial blood PCO2 and ventilatory response to CO2 were normal, while ventilatory response to hypoxia was four times the predicted value. The data 1) confirm, in vivo, the normal respiratory efficiency of skeletal muscles in this disorder; 2) suggest that in vitro estimates of the extent to which mitochondrial respiration can be stimulated may not correlate with in vivo determinations; and 3) suggests that hypermetabolism per se can cause the ventilatory adjustments which are associated with exercise in normal subjects.", "PMID": 1184529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9358", "title": "A technique for measurement of retrograde coronary blood flow in intact anesthetized dogs.", "content": "A technique for measurement of retrograde coronary blood flow in intact anesthetized dogs is described. Occlusion of the coronary artery is produced by the inflation of a small rubber balloon at the tip of a no. 9 cardiac catheter placed under fluorescopy in a branch of the left coronary artery. Blood which bleeds back from the occluded coronary artery through the no. 9 catheter is diverted into a small reservoir of 1-ml capacity. The time to fill this reservoir is recorded electrically. Retrograde coronary blood flow is calculated from the time required to fill this reservoir. Results indicate good repeatability of meadurements. The technique seems to be a simple, adequate, and convenient means for assessing agents for possible vasodilator action on the collateral circulation in intact animals.", "contents": "A technique for measurement of retrograde coronary blood flow in intact anesthetized dogs. A technique for measurement of retrograde coronary blood flow in intact anesthetized dogs is described. Occlusion of the coronary artery is produced by the inflation of a small rubber balloon at the tip of a no. 9 cardiac catheter placed under fluorescopy in a branch of the left coronary artery. Blood which bleeds back from the occluded coronary artery through the no. 9 catheter is diverted into a small reservoir of 1-ml capacity. The time to fill this reservoir is recorded electrically. Retrograde coronary blood flow is calculated from the time required to fill this reservoir. Results indicate good repeatability of meadurements. The technique seems to be a simple, adequate, and convenient means for assessing agents for possible vasodilator action on the collateral circulation in intact animals.", "PMID": 1184530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9359", "title": "A device for testing mechanical properties of biological materials--the \"Biodyne\".", "content": "An electromechanical servo-controlled device has been developed. This device can be used to test the mechanical behavior of a wide variety of biological soft tissues. Control and execution of material testing procedures such as stress-strain, vibration, relaxation, creep etc. can be performed by manual operation of the device or by interfacing it with a laboratory type minicomputer. Experiments on excitable tissues such as muscle can also be executed. The design details and system performance are discussed.", "contents": "A device for testing mechanical properties of biological materials--the \"Biodyne\". An electromechanical servo-controlled device has been developed. This device can be used to test the mechanical behavior of a wide variety of biological soft tissues. Control and execution of material testing procedures such as stress-strain, vibration, relaxation, creep etc. can be performed by manual operation of the device or by interfacing it with a laboratory type minicomputer. Experiments on excitable tissues such as muscle can also be executed. The design details and system performance are discussed.", "PMID": 1184531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9360", "title": "A design improvement in continuous blood sampling and analysis for glucose in rest and exercise.", "content": "In the past 15 yr attempts to sample blood continuously for glucose analysis with the AutoAnalyzer (Technicon Corp.) have been reasonably successful in resting subjects. However, they have sometimes required heparinization of the subjects so as to avoid clotting in the tubes of the system. To avoid the hazards of heparinization during exercise, a method is described for sampling and analyzing blood glucose continuously with the AutoAnalyzer, using a specially designed male Luer adaptor which fits into disposable Teflon catheters.", "contents": "A design improvement in continuous blood sampling and analysis for glucose in rest and exercise. In the past 15 yr attempts to sample blood continuously for glucose analysis with the AutoAnalyzer (Technicon Corp.) have been reasonably successful in resting subjects. However, they have sometimes required heparinization of the subjects so as to avoid clotting in the tubes of the system. To avoid the hazards of heparinization during exercise, a method is described for sampling and analyzing blood glucose continuously with the AutoAnalyzer, using a specially designed male Luer adaptor which fits into disposable Teflon catheters.", "PMID": 1184532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9361", "title": "Growth of Pseudomonas C on C1 compounds: a correction.", "content": "On reexamination Pseudomonas C was found to be incapable of growth on formaldehyde or formate as a sole carbon source and to contain a hexose phosphate synthase activity when grown on methanol.", "contents": "Growth of Pseudomonas C on C1 compounds: a correction. On reexamination Pseudomonas C was found to be incapable of growth on formaldehyde or formate as a sole carbon source and to contain a hexose phosphate synthase activity when grown on methanol.", "PMID": 1184571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9362", "title": "Induction of morphogenesis in the genus Arthrobacter.", "content": "Thirty-eight different compounds were used with 17 species of Arthrobacter to determine their ability to support growth and to induce the morphogenic cycle. In most cases, when a compound supported growth, it also induced the rod phase of growth. However, in a few cases, a compound would support growth with cells remaining in the coccoidal phase throughout the growth cycle. Arthrobacter crystallopoietes was unique in the most compounds that supported growth did not induce the rod phase of the morphogenic cycle.", "contents": "Induction of morphogenesis in the genus Arthrobacter. Thirty-eight different compounds were used with 17 species of Arthrobacter to determine their ability to support growth and to induce the morphogenic cycle. In most cases, when a compound supported growth, it also induced the rod phase of growth. However, in a few cases, a compound would support growth with cells remaining in the coccoidal phase throughout the growth cycle. Arthrobacter crystallopoietes was unique in the most compounds that supported growth did not induce the rod phase of the morphogenic cycle.", "PMID": 1184572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9363", "title": "Recombinant plasmid obtained from two different, compatible staphylococcal plasmids.", "content": "From two different, compatible staphylococcal plasmids that determine streptomycin and chloramphenicol resistance, respectively, a recombinant plasmid was obtained. This plasmid can be transduced with a rather high frequency (10(-4)/plaque-forming unit) to plasmid-negative strains, the linkage of the two markers being 100%. The maintenance of the recombinant plasmid in the host cell seems to be controlled by the chloramphenicol resistance plasmid. The recombinant plasmid proved to be incompatible with both parental plasmids, which are unrelated. The relationship between the chloramphenicol resistance plasmid and the recombinant plasmid was the same as the between genetically marked derivatives of the recombinant plasmid, whereas the relationship of the streptomycin resistance plasmid to the recombinant plasmid was of a different, asymmetrical type.", "contents": "Recombinant plasmid obtained from two different, compatible staphylococcal plasmids. From two different, compatible staphylococcal plasmids that determine streptomycin and chloramphenicol resistance, respectively, a recombinant plasmid was obtained. This plasmid can be transduced with a rather high frequency (10(-4)/plaque-forming unit) to plasmid-negative strains, the linkage of the two markers being 100%. The maintenance of the recombinant plasmid in the host cell seems to be controlled by the chloramphenicol resistance plasmid. The recombinant plasmid proved to be incompatible with both parental plasmids, which are unrelated. The relationship between the chloramphenicol resistance plasmid and the recombinant plasmid was the same as the between genetically marked derivatives of the recombinant plasmid, whereas the relationship of the streptomycin resistance plasmid to the recombinant plasmid was of a different, asymmetrical type.", "PMID": 1184573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9364", "title": "Formation of cell wall polymers by reverting protoplasts of Bacillus licheniformis.", "content": "The biosynthesis of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid by reverting protoplasts of Bacillus licheniformis 6346 His-, in cubated at 35 C on medium containing 2.5% agar, is detectable after 40 min. The amount of N-acetyl-[1-14C]glucosamine incorporated into peptidoglycan and teichoic acid on continued incubation doubles at the same rate as the incorporation of [3H]tryptophan into protein. At the early stages of reversion the average glycan chain length, measured by the ratio of free reducing groups of muramic acid and glucosamine to total muramic acid present, is very short. As reversion proceeds, the average chain length increases to a value similar to the found in the wall of the parent bacillus. The extent of cross-linkage found in the peptide side chains of the peptidoglycan also increases as reversion proceeds. At the completion of reversion the wall material synthesized has similar characteristics to those of the walls of the parent bacilli, containing peptidoglycan and teichoic and teichuronic acids in about the same proportions. Soluble peptidoglycan can be isolated from the reversion medium, amounting to 30% of the total formed after 3 h of incubation and 8% after 12 h. This amount was reduced by the presence in the medium of the walls of an autolysin-deficient mutant; they were not formed at all by reverting protoplasts of the autolysin-deficient mutant itself. Analysis of the soluble material provided additional evidence for their being autolytic products rather than small unchanged molecules. When protoplasts were incubated on medium containing only 0.8% agar, 53 to 67% of the peptidoglycan formed after 3 h of incubation was soluble, and 21% after 12 h. Fibers that appeared to be sheared from the protoplasts at intermediate stages of reversion on medium containing 2.5% agar were similar in composition to the bacillary walls.", "contents": "Formation of cell wall polymers by reverting protoplasts of Bacillus licheniformis. The biosynthesis of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid by reverting protoplasts of Bacillus licheniformis 6346 His-, in cubated at 35 C on medium containing 2.5% agar, is detectable after 40 min. The amount of N-acetyl-[1-14C]glucosamine incorporated into peptidoglycan and teichoic acid on continued incubation doubles at the same rate as the incorporation of [3H]tryptophan into protein. At the early stages of reversion the average glycan chain length, measured by the ratio of free reducing groups of muramic acid and glucosamine to total muramic acid present, is very short. As reversion proceeds, the average chain length increases to a value similar to the found in the wall of the parent bacillus. The extent of cross-linkage found in the peptide side chains of the peptidoglycan also increases as reversion proceeds. At the completion of reversion the wall material synthesized has similar characteristics to those of the walls of the parent bacilli, containing peptidoglycan and teichoic and teichuronic acids in about the same proportions. Soluble peptidoglycan can be isolated from the reversion medium, amounting to 30% of the total formed after 3 h of incubation and 8% after 12 h. This amount was reduced by the presence in the medium of the walls of an autolysin-deficient mutant; they were not formed at all by reverting protoplasts of the autolysin-deficient mutant itself. Analysis of the soluble material provided additional evidence for their being autolytic products rather than small unchanged molecules. When protoplasts were incubated on medium containing only 0.8% agar, 53 to 67% of the peptidoglycan formed after 3 h of incubation was soluble, and 21% after 12 h. Fibers that appeared to be sheared from the protoplasts at intermediate stages of reversion on medium containing 2.5% agar were similar in composition to the bacillary walls.", "PMID": 1184574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9365", "title": "Metabolism of naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, salicylate, and benzoate by Pseudomonas PG: regulation of tangential pathways.", "content": "Naphthalene is metabolized by Pseudomonas PG through 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene and salicylate to catechol, which is then degraded by the meta pathway. 2-Methylnaphthalene, but not 1-methylnaphthalene, also serves as a growth substrate and is metabolized by the same route, through 4-methylcatechol. The same nonspecific meta pathway enzymes appear to be induced by growth on either naphthalene or 2-methylnaphthalene. The level to which 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde hydrolase is induced is low and probably of no metabolic significance. Growth on salicylate or catechol, both intermediates of naphthalene degradation, or benzoate results in induction of the ortho pathway, the alternative route for catechol dissimilation. No induction of 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene oxygenase was found in salicylate-grown cells. Anaerobic growth on a succinate-nitrate medium in the presence of various inducers indicates that cis, cis-muconate, or one of its metabolites is the inducer of the ortho pathway enzymes. The inducer or inducers of the early enzymes of naphthalene degradation and of the meta pathway enzymes must be an early intermediate of the naphthalene pathway above salicylate.", "contents": "Metabolism of naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, salicylate, and benzoate by Pseudomonas PG: regulation of tangential pathways. Naphthalene is metabolized by Pseudomonas PG through 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene and salicylate to catechol, which is then degraded by the meta pathway. 2-Methylnaphthalene, but not 1-methylnaphthalene, also serves as a growth substrate and is metabolized by the same route, through 4-methylcatechol. The same nonspecific meta pathway enzymes appear to be induced by growth on either naphthalene or 2-methylnaphthalene. The level to which 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde hydrolase is induced is low and probably of no metabolic significance. Growth on salicylate or catechol, both intermediates of naphthalene degradation, or benzoate results in induction of the ortho pathway, the alternative route for catechol dissimilation. No induction of 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene oxygenase was found in salicylate-grown cells. Anaerobic growth on a succinate-nitrate medium in the presence of various inducers indicates that cis, cis-muconate, or one of its metabolites is the inducer of the ortho pathway enzymes. The inducer or inducers of the early enzymes of naphthalene degradation and of the meta pathway enzymes must be an early intermediate of the naphthalene pathway above salicylate.", "PMID": 1184575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9366", "title": "Cell wall composition of novobiocin-resistant pleiotropic mutant staphylococci.", "content": "Physically purified cell walls were prepared from selected pleiotropic novobiocin-resistant staphylococcal strains. The quantitative amino acid, amino sugar, and phosphorus contents of these walls are reported. This pleiotype was culturally diagnosed by its inability to support the growth of typing phages, inability to release latent bacteriophage, failure to elaborate coagulase, altered sugar catabolic pattern, and resistance to novobiocin. The strains were divided into two groups on the basis of wall composition. The walls of both groups of strains appeared to possess at least two phosphorus-containing polymers. On group of strains contained elevated levels of phosphorus in the cell walls. The second group contained the novel amino sugar galactosamine in the cell walls. This amino sugar is probably associated with one of the phosphorus-containing wall polymers of this group. On the basis of the data presented, it is suggested that the pleiotropy of these strains is the result of genetic change in the control of the biosynthesis of teichoic acids.", "contents": "Cell wall composition of novobiocin-resistant pleiotropic mutant staphylococci. Physically purified cell walls were prepared from selected pleiotropic novobiocin-resistant staphylococcal strains. The quantitative amino acid, amino sugar, and phosphorus contents of these walls are reported. This pleiotype was culturally diagnosed by its inability to support the growth of typing phages, inability to release latent bacteriophage, failure to elaborate coagulase, altered sugar catabolic pattern, and resistance to novobiocin. The strains were divided into two groups on the basis of wall composition. The walls of both groups of strains appeared to possess at least two phosphorus-containing polymers. On group of strains contained elevated levels of phosphorus in the cell walls. The second group contained the novel amino sugar galactosamine in the cell walls. This amino sugar is probably associated with one of the phosphorus-containing wall polymers of this group. On the basis of the data presented, it is suggested that the pleiotropy of these strains is the result of genetic change in the control of the biosynthesis of teichoic acids.", "PMID": 1184576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9367", "title": "Ultrastructural study of the reversion of protoplasts of Bacillus licheniformis to bacilli.", "content": "The reversion of protoplasts of Bacillus licheniformis 6346 His- on a medium containing 2.5% agar has been studied in sectioned material after reaction with a ferritin-conjugated antibody specific to the peptidoglycan isolated from the walls of the bacilli. Freeze etching has also been used. Fibrils of material reacting with the antibody have been detected emerging from isolated areas of the protoplasts after 3 h of incubation. This material gradually covers the cell and can eventually (at 6 h) be seen in freeze-etched preparations as a fringe of up to 400 nm around the cells and covering the surfaces with particles that can be removed by lysozyme. At later stages the wall begins to take on a compact, well-defined appearance that can be seen in sections; however, the cells are still grossly deformed. A transitory emergence, beyond the wall of long fibers of 6 nm in diameter, takes place after about 12 h of incubation. These fibers react with the conjugated antibody and after freeze etching show a regular banded structure. They are probably indentical with the fibers isolated elsewhere (Elliott et al., 1975) and shown to contain all the wall constituents (i.e., peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and teichuronic acid). These fibers are not detectable in the final stages of reversion.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of the reversion of protoplasts of Bacillus licheniformis to bacilli. The reversion of protoplasts of Bacillus licheniformis 6346 His- on a medium containing 2.5% agar has been studied in sectioned material after reaction with a ferritin-conjugated antibody specific to the peptidoglycan isolated from the walls of the bacilli. Freeze etching has also been used. Fibrils of material reacting with the antibody have been detected emerging from isolated areas of the protoplasts after 3 h of incubation. This material gradually covers the cell and can eventually (at 6 h) be seen in freeze-etched preparations as a fringe of up to 400 nm around the cells and covering the surfaces with particles that can be removed by lysozyme. At later stages the wall begins to take on a compact, well-defined appearance that can be seen in sections; however, the cells are still grossly deformed. A transitory emergence, beyond the wall of long fibers of 6 nm in diameter, takes place after about 12 h of incubation. These fibers react with the conjugated antibody and after freeze etching show a regular banded structure. They are probably indentical with the fibers isolated elsewhere (Elliott et al., 1975) and shown to contain all the wall constituents (i.e., peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and teichuronic acid). These fibers are not detectable in the final stages of reversion.", "PMID": 1184577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9368", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of the mycelium-to yeast transformation of Sporothrix schenckii.", "content": "Fine details of the internal and external morphology of the in vitro mycelial phase (MP) to yeastlike phase (YP) transition of the dimorphic fungal pathogen Sporothrix schenckii are shown in electron micrographs of ultrathin sections. Morphological transformation at the ultrastructural level was observed to occur by direct formation of budlike structures at the tips and along the hyphae and by oidial cell formation. Direct budding of yeast from conidiospores was not observed. Early transitional forms arising by direct blastic action from the MP possessed conspicuous electron-dense microfibrillar material at the outer limits of the cell wall. The electron density of this microfibrillar material was enhanced by staining with acidified dialyzed iron. It is believed that this extracellular material may be composed in part of an acid mucosubstance. No acid phosphatase activity was associated with this microfibrillar material. This substance was found to be a characteristic of the outer limits of the cell wall of the YP of S. schenckii. Oidial YP cell formation occurred later during the transition. The cell wall of the developing oidial YP transitional form arose from an inner layer of the converting hyphae. No consupicuous alterations of the cytoplasmic content of the parent MP cell was observed during MP-to-YP transition. It is suggested that the MP-to-YP transition of S. schenckii may be regulated by at least two mechanisms involving alterations of the biochemical and/or biophysical nature of the cell wall of the MP cell in response to the conversional stimuli.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of the mycelium-to yeast transformation of Sporothrix schenckii. Fine details of the internal and external morphology of the in vitro mycelial phase (MP) to yeastlike phase (YP) transition of the dimorphic fungal pathogen Sporothrix schenckii are shown in electron micrographs of ultrathin sections. Morphological transformation at the ultrastructural level was observed to occur by direct formation of budlike structures at the tips and along the hyphae and by oidial cell formation. Direct budding of yeast from conidiospores was not observed. Early transitional forms arising by direct blastic action from the MP possessed conspicuous electron-dense microfibrillar material at the outer limits of the cell wall. The electron density of this microfibrillar material was enhanced by staining with acidified dialyzed iron. It is believed that this extracellular material may be composed in part of an acid mucosubstance. No acid phosphatase activity was associated with this microfibrillar material. This substance was found to be a characteristic of the outer limits of the cell wall of the YP of S. schenckii. Oidial YP cell formation occurred later during the transition. The cell wall of the developing oidial YP transitional form arose from an inner layer of the converting hyphae. No consupicuous alterations of the cytoplasmic content of the parent MP cell was observed during MP-to-YP transition. It is suggested that the MP-to-YP transition of S. schenckii may be regulated by at least two mechanisms involving alterations of the biochemical and/or biophysical nature of the cell wall of the MP cell in response to the conversional stimuli.", "PMID": 1184578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9369", "title": "The possible role of palmitoyl-CoA in the regulation of the adenine nucleotides transport in mitochondria under different metabolic states. I. Comparison of liver mitochondria from starved and fed rats.", "content": "It has been shown that KM values for ADP when rat liver mitochondria oxidized succinate were strictly dependent on the values of the respiratory control ratios. The Ki values for palmitoyl-CoA inhibition of the ADP-stimulated succinate oxidation and the inhibition of the uncoupler-stimulated ATPase activity were equal to 0.5 muM. Mitochondria from livers of starved rats showed 30% inhibition of the state 3 respiratory rate (compared to the uncoupled respiratory rate) which was abolished by addition of carnitine. It was supposed that this inhibition was due to the influence of acyl-CoAs bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane on the adeninenucleotide translocase. Mitochondria from livers of fed rats showed a strong inhibition of succinate oxidation both in state 4 and state 3, although the rate of uncoupled respiration was normal. It was assumed that in this case the changes in mitochondrial behaviour was caused by the decrease in the concentration of ADP and ATP in the matrix space of mitochondria.", "contents": "The possible role of palmitoyl-CoA in the regulation of the adenine nucleotides transport in mitochondria under different metabolic states. I. Comparison of liver mitochondria from starved and fed rats. It has been shown that KM values for ADP when rat liver mitochondria oxidized succinate were strictly dependent on the values of the respiratory control ratios. The Ki values for palmitoyl-CoA inhibition of the ADP-stimulated succinate oxidation and the inhibition of the uncoupler-stimulated ATPase activity were equal to 0.5 muM. Mitochondria from livers of starved rats showed 30% inhibition of the state 3 respiratory rate (compared to the uncoupled respiratory rate) which was abolished by addition of carnitine. It was supposed that this inhibition was due to the influence of acyl-CoAs bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane on the adeninenucleotide translocase. Mitochondria from livers of fed rats showed a strong inhibition of succinate oxidation both in state 4 and state 3, although the rate of uncoupled respiration was normal. It was assumed that in this case the changes in mitochondrial behaviour was caused by the decrease in the concentration of ADP and ATP in the matrix space of mitochondria.", "PMID": 1184579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9370", "title": "Cell-free transcription of mammalian chromatin. Quantitative measurement of newly synthesized globin messenger RNA sequences.", "content": "Transcription of globin mRNA sequences from rabbit marrow chromatin was detected by hybridization with globin complementary DNA (cDNA). The presence of newly synthesized RNA in cDNA-globin mRNA hybrids isolated by Cs2SO4 density equilibrium centrifugation required the addition of both rabbit marrow chromatin and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Escherichia coli) to the transcription reaction. No globin mRNA sequences were detected in RNA transcribed from rabbit liver chromatin or from rabbit marrow DNA. Selective transcription of globin mRNA sequences was therefore tissue-specific and dependent on the presence of chromosomal proteins. Globin mRNA sequences synthesized by E. coli RNA polymerase were distinguished from those synthesized by chromatin-bound (endogenous) RNA polymerases by the use of alpha-amanitin. A typical reaction with rabbit marrow chromatin yielded 100 mug of purified RNA which contained approximately 5 ng (0.005%) of globin mRNA sequences synthesized by E. coli RNA polymerase, 1 ng (0.001%) of globin mRNA seqeences synthesized by endogenous RNA polymerases, and 4 ng (0.004%) of globin mRNA sequences derived from chromatin-associated (endogenous) RNA. Forty per cent of the globin mRNA sequences derived from endogenous RNA could be removed by poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography. The accurate measurement of globin mRNA sequences required improved conditions for the purification and hybridization of RNA transcribed from chromatin.", "contents": "Cell-free transcription of mammalian chromatin. Quantitative measurement of newly synthesized globin messenger RNA sequences. Transcription of globin mRNA sequences from rabbit marrow chromatin was detected by hybridization with globin complementary DNA (cDNA). The presence of newly synthesized RNA in cDNA-globin mRNA hybrids isolated by Cs2SO4 density equilibrium centrifugation required the addition of both rabbit marrow chromatin and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Escherichia coli) to the transcription reaction. No globin mRNA sequences were detected in RNA transcribed from rabbit liver chromatin or from rabbit marrow DNA. Selective transcription of globin mRNA sequences was therefore tissue-specific and dependent on the presence of chromosomal proteins. Globin mRNA sequences synthesized by E. coli RNA polymerase were distinguished from those synthesized by chromatin-bound (endogenous) RNA polymerases by the use of alpha-amanitin. A typical reaction with rabbit marrow chromatin yielded 100 mug of purified RNA which contained approximately 5 ng (0.005%) of globin mRNA sequences synthesized by E. coli RNA polymerase, 1 ng (0.001%) of globin mRNA seqeences synthesized by endogenous RNA polymerases, and 4 ng (0.004%) of globin mRNA sequences derived from chromatin-associated (endogenous) RNA. Forty per cent of the globin mRNA sequences derived from endogenous RNA could be removed by poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography. The accurate measurement of globin mRNA sequences required improved conditions for the purification and hybridization of RNA transcribed from chromatin.", "PMID": 1184580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9371", "title": "A temperature-sensitive mutation affecting the mammalian 60 S ribosome.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive Chinese hamster cell mutant, ts14, is unable to synthesize protein in tissue culture at 39 degrees. That mutant's protein biosynthetic machinery has been characterized in cell-free, biologically active extracts. Similar to the mutant's phenotype in tissue culture, ts14 extracts cease protein synthesis in vitro within 15 min at 40 degrees. In contrast, at 25 degrees both ts14 and wild type extracts synthesize protein for more than 2 hours. Fractionation of mutant extracts and complementation with comparable wild type preparations indicate that ts14 possesses a thermolabile component associated with its polyribosomes. In preparation of ts14 ribosomes that are free of mRNA and bound protein factors, the defective factor is complemented functionally only by 60 S ribosomal subunits prepared from the wild type parent. Sedimentation analyses in sucrose gradients demonstrate that ts14's mutation specifically affects stability of the mutant's 60 S ribosome. Treatment with high ionic strength buffers preferentially disrupts the mutant's 60 S ribosomal subunit and results in preparations of mutant ribosomes that contain biologically active 40 S subunits only. These studies demonstrate the applicability of a genetic approach to analyzing structure-function relationships in the eukaryotic ribosome.", "contents": "A temperature-sensitive mutation affecting the mammalian 60 S ribosome. A temperature-sensitive Chinese hamster cell mutant, ts14, is unable to synthesize protein in tissue culture at 39 degrees. That mutant's protein biosynthetic machinery has been characterized in cell-free, biologically active extracts. Similar to the mutant's phenotype in tissue culture, ts14 extracts cease protein synthesis in vitro within 15 min at 40 degrees. In contrast, at 25 degrees both ts14 and wild type extracts synthesize protein for more than 2 hours. Fractionation of mutant extracts and complementation with comparable wild type preparations indicate that ts14 possesses a thermolabile component associated with its polyribosomes. In preparation of ts14 ribosomes that are free of mRNA and bound protein factors, the defective factor is complemented functionally only by 60 S ribosomal subunits prepared from the wild type parent. Sedimentation analyses in sucrose gradients demonstrate that ts14's mutation specifically affects stability of the mutant's 60 S ribosome. Treatment with high ionic strength buffers preferentially disrupts the mutant's 60 S ribosomal subunit and results in preparations of mutant ribosomes that contain biologically active 40 S subunits only. These studies demonstrate the applicability of a genetic approach to analyzing structure-function relationships in the eukaryotic ribosome.", "PMID": 1184581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9372", "title": "Patterns of hemoglobin assembly in reticulocytes of sickle cell trait individuals.", "content": "Venous blood was obtained from five sickle cell trait donors with relatively high hemoglobin S concentrations (40% of total hemoglobin) and five donors with unusually low hemoglobin S concentrations (25 to 30%). A fraction of cells with 15 to 20% reticulocytes was isolated from the blood and incubated with [3H]leucine in a medium supporting protein synthesis for various times from 1.25 to 60 min. Previous studies showed an imbalance in globin chain synthesis in reticulocytes of \"low hemoglobin S\" donors which suggested the presence of an alpha-thalassemia gene; reticulocytes of \"high hemoglobin S\" donors had balanced globin chain synthesis (DeSimone, J., Kleve, L., Longley, M.A., and Shaeffer, J. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 59, 564-569). In the present study the soluble phase of the 3H-labeled reticulocytes was examined by electrophoresis on strips of cellulose acetate. The tetramer hemoglobins A and S were separated from each other and from a small pool of free, newly synthesized alpha and beta chains. Kinetics of labeling studies showed that the free alpha and beta chains were intermediates in tetramer hemoglobin assembly. The distribution of radioactivity between the alpha and beta chains of each of the electrophoretically isolated components were determined by separation of their globin chains on CM-cellulose columns. After 5 min of 3H-labeling of the reticulocytes from donors with 40% hemoglobin S the ratio of newly synthesized alpha chains to beta chains in the tetramer hemoglobins A and S ranged from 0.37 to 0.58. This ratio increased with longer labeling times. Almost all of the radioactivity of the free chain intermediates was in the alpha chain. These results confirmed the presence of a significant pool of newly synthesized alpha chains and a normal pattern of hemoglobin assembly in which initially unlabeled alpha chains combined with labeled beta chains when the cells were exposed to [3H]leucine. Conversely, in the reticulocytes of donors with 25 to 30% hemoglobin S the ratio of newly synthesized alpha chains to beta chains in the completed hemoglobins A and S ranged from 0.96 to 1.37 and remained unchanged throughout the 3H-labelling period. The radioactivity of the free alpha chain pool was substantially less that the total radioactivity of the betaA and betaS chain pools. These results confirmed the existence of a decreased pool size of soluble alpha chain intermediates and a pattern of hemoglobin assembly consistent with the presence of the alpha-thalassemia gene.", "contents": "Patterns of hemoglobin assembly in reticulocytes of sickle cell trait individuals. Venous blood was obtained from five sickle cell trait donors with relatively high hemoglobin S concentrations (40% of total hemoglobin) and five donors with unusually low hemoglobin S concentrations (25 to 30%). A fraction of cells with 15 to 20% reticulocytes was isolated from the blood and incubated with [3H]leucine in a medium supporting protein synthesis for various times from 1.25 to 60 min. Previous studies showed an imbalance in globin chain synthesis in reticulocytes of \"low hemoglobin S\" donors which suggested the presence of an alpha-thalassemia gene; reticulocytes of \"high hemoglobin S\" donors had balanced globin chain synthesis (DeSimone, J., Kleve, L., Longley, M.A., and Shaeffer, J. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 59, 564-569). In the present study the soluble phase of the 3H-labeled reticulocytes was examined by electrophoresis on strips of cellulose acetate. The tetramer hemoglobins A and S were separated from each other and from a small pool of free, newly synthesized alpha and beta chains. Kinetics of labeling studies showed that the free alpha and beta chains were intermediates in tetramer hemoglobin assembly. The distribution of radioactivity between the alpha and beta chains of each of the electrophoretically isolated components were determined by separation of their globin chains on CM-cellulose columns. After 5 min of 3H-labeling of the reticulocytes from donors with 40% hemoglobin S the ratio of newly synthesized alpha chains to beta chains in the tetramer hemoglobins A and S ranged from 0.37 to 0.58. This ratio increased with longer labeling times. Almost all of the radioactivity of the free chain intermediates was in the alpha chain. These results confirmed the presence of a significant pool of newly synthesized alpha chains and a normal pattern of hemoglobin assembly in which initially unlabeled alpha chains combined with labeled beta chains when the cells were exposed to [3H]leucine. Conversely, in the reticulocytes of donors with 25 to 30% hemoglobin S the ratio of newly synthesized alpha chains to beta chains in the completed hemoglobins A and S ranged from 0.96 to 1.37 and remained unchanged throughout the 3H-labelling period. The radioactivity of the free alpha chain pool was substantially less that the total radioactivity of the betaA and betaS chain pools. These results confirmed the existence of a decreased pool size of soluble alpha chain intermediates and a pattern of hemoglobin assembly consistent with the presence of the alpha-thalassemia gene.", "PMID": 1184582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9373", "title": "Metabolism of [5-T]fructose by isolated liver cells.", "content": "Glucose formed from [5-T]fructose in rat hepatocytes contains about 10 to 30% tritium. This does not appear to be due to fructose metabolism via hexokinase since neither the initial presence of glucose, nor wide variations in the original fructose concentration, have much effect on the relative labeling of glucose versus water from [5-T]fructose. Comparison of the T:14C ratios in glucose produced from [U-14C, 5-T]fructose and D-[U-14C, 2-T]glyceraldehyde indicate that there is tritium retention in the metabolism of fructose via the fructokinase-initiated pathway. The tritium retention can cause significant errors in the estimation of the futile cycle between fructose-1,6-P2 and fructose 6-P, by methods involving the use of [5-T]glucose.", "contents": "Metabolism of [5-T]fructose by isolated liver cells. Glucose formed from [5-T]fructose in rat hepatocytes contains about 10 to 30% tritium. This does not appear to be due to fructose metabolism via hexokinase since neither the initial presence of glucose, nor wide variations in the original fructose concentration, have much effect on the relative labeling of glucose versus water from [5-T]fructose. Comparison of the T:14C ratios in glucose produced from [U-14C, 5-T]fructose and D-[U-14C, 2-T]glyceraldehyde indicate that there is tritium retention in the metabolism of fructose via the fructokinase-initiated pathway. The tritium retention can cause significant errors in the estimation of the futile cycle between fructose-1,6-P2 and fructose 6-P, by methods involving the use of [5-T]glucose.", "PMID": 1184583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9374", "title": "Binding of nonsubstrate ligands to the glutathione S-transferases.", "content": "Fluorescence spectroscopy and inhibition kinetics were used to quantitate the affinity of nonsubstrate ligands for the rat liver glutathione S-transferases AA, A, B, and C in the presence of glutahione. The dissociation constants KD, for ligands such as bilirubin, indocyanine green, and hematin were determined by measuring the decrease in the intrinsic fluorescence of the proteins attendant on the addition of ligand. A second technique, used for compounds which absorb strongly at the excitation maxima of tryptophan, was to utilize 8-anilinonaphthalen sulfonate in the formation of protein complex fluorescing at a higher wavelength. The quenching of this complex allowed the determination of the dissociation constants for ligands such as 3,6-dibromosulfophthalein and cephalothin. These data indicate that all four proteins bind these ligands but do so with different affinities. The bilirubin-induced decrease in fluorescence was used to estimate the stoichiometry of binding as 1.2 mol of bilirubin bound/mol of transferase B and 0.7 mol/mol of transferase C. All of the ligands examine are inhibitors of catalytic activity, as tested in a standard assay with GSH and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as substrates. From these studies we conclude that these proteins have a broad specificity not only for their substrates, but for the binding of nonsubstrate ligands as well.", "contents": "Binding of nonsubstrate ligands to the glutathione S-transferases. Fluorescence spectroscopy and inhibition kinetics were used to quantitate the affinity of nonsubstrate ligands for the rat liver glutathione S-transferases AA, A, B, and C in the presence of glutahione. The dissociation constants KD, for ligands such as bilirubin, indocyanine green, and hematin were determined by measuring the decrease in the intrinsic fluorescence of the proteins attendant on the addition of ligand. A second technique, used for compounds which absorb strongly at the excitation maxima of tryptophan, was to utilize 8-anilinonaphthalen sulfonate in the formation of protein complex fluorescing at a higher wavelength. The quenching of this complex allowed the determination of the dissociation constants for ligands such as 3,6-dibromosulfophthalein and cephalothin. These data indicate that all four proteins bind these ligands but do so with different affinities. The bilirubin-induced decrease in fluorescence was used to estimate the stoichiometry of binding as 1.2 mol of bilirubin bound/mol of transferase B and 0.7 mol/mol of transferase C. All of the ligands examine are inhibitors of catalytic activity, as tested in a standard assay with GSH and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as substrates. From these studies we conclude that these proteins have a broad specificity not only for their substrates, but for the binding of nonsubstrate ligands as well.", "PMID": 1184584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9375", "title": "Sites of in vivo histone methylation in developing trout testis.", "content": "Specific lysyl residues of trout testis histones H3 and H4 are methylated partially during rainbow trout spermatogenesis. Histones H1, H2A, H2B, and protamine are not methylated. The single site (lysine 20) in histone H4 and the two major sites (lysines 9 and 27) in histone H3 are homologous to those determined for other organisms, but an additional minor site (lysine 4) occurs in histone H3. As described for calf thymus, both histones H3 and H4 contain epsilon-N-mono- and dimethyllysine, while histone H3 contains in addition, epsilon-N-trimethyllysine. The trout-specific histone H6, which accounts for 0.5 to 1.0% of total histone, contains a sequence for residues 3 to 5,-Arg-Lys-Ser-, which is the same as one methylated in histones H3, at lysines 9 and 27. However, histone H6 yields only trace amounts of [3H]methyl incorporation and no detectable methyllysines on amino acid analysis.", "contents": "Sites of in vivo histone methylation in developing trout testis. Specific lysyl residues of trout testis histones H3 and H4 are methylated partially during rainbow trout spermatogenesis. Histones H1, H2A, H2B, and protamine are not methylated. The single site (lysine 20) in histone H4 and the two major sites (lysines 9 and 27) in histone H3 are homologous to those determined for other organisms, but an additional minor site (lysine 4) occurs in histone H3. As described for calf thymus, both histones H3 and H4 contain epsilon-N-mono- and dimethyllysine, while histone H3 contains in addition, epsilon-N-trimethyllysine. The trout-specific histone H6, which accounts for 0.5 to 1.0% of total histone, contains a sequence for residues 3 to 5,-Arg-Lys-Ser-, which is the same as one methylated in histones H3, at lysines 9 and 27. However, histone H6 yields only trace amounts of [3H]methyl incorporation and no detectable methyllysines on amino acid analysis.", "PMID": 1184585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9376", "title": "Histone methylation. Its occurrence in different cell types and relation to histone H4 metabolism in developing trout testis.", "content": "Histone methylation in developing trout testis has been observed in the diploid stem cells and primary spermatocytes, which actively synthesize DNA and histones. In spermatids, histone methylation is minimal and so probably plays no role in the replacement of histones by protamine which is characteristic of this cell type. No turnover of histone methyl groups could be detected over several hours, so that unlike acetylation or phosphorylation of histones, methylation in this tissue appears to be a stable, irreversible modification. When histone H4, labeled with [14C]methyl groups, is separated on starch gels into acetylated and phosphorylated derivatives, [14C]methyl label does not appear in positions characteristic of newly synthesized histone H4, i.e. the highly acetylated (di-, tri-, and tetra-acetylated), unphosphorylated species. [14C]Methyl label appears rather in the unphosphorylated, and unacetylated or monoacetylated species, shifting with time to the monophosphorylated form of histone H4. These data suggest a temporal sequence of events for histone H4: synthesis, then acetylation and deacetylation, followed by methylation and phosphorylation. Occurring late after histone synthesis and assembly into chromatin, histone methylation might then be necessary for histone interactions with other molecules (e.g. histone phosphokinase) prior to mitosis.", "contents": "Histone methylation. Its occurrence in different cell types and relation to histone H4 metabolism in developing trout testis. Histone methylation in developing trout testis has been observed in the diploid stem cells and primary spermatocytes, which actively synthesize DNA and histones. In spermatids, histone methylation is minimal and so probably plays no role in the replacement of histones by protamine which is characteristic of this cell type. No turnover of histone methyl groups could be detected over several hours, so that unlike acetylation or phosphorylation of histones, methylation in this tissue appears to be a stable, irreversible modification. When histone H4, labeled with [14C]methyl groups, is separated on starch gels into acetylated and phosphorylated derivatives, [14C]methyl label does not appear in positions characteristic of newly synthesized histone H4, i.e. the highly acetylated (di-, tri-, and tetra-acetylated), unphosphorylated species. [14C]Methyl label appears rather in the unphosphorylated, and unacetylated or monoacetylated species, shifting with time to the monophosphorylated form of histone H4. These data suggest a temporal sequence of events for histone H4: synthesis, then acetylation and deacetylation, followed by methylation and phosphorylation. Occurring late after histone synthesis and assembly into chromatin, histone methylation might then be necessary for histone interactions with other molecules (e.g. histone phosphokinase) prior to mitosis.", "PMID": 1184586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9377", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage polysaccharide.", "content": "A high molecular weight heteropolysaccharide, composed of glucose, glucuronic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, and mannose in an approximate molar ratio of 1:2:2:5, respectively, was isolated from phage K-2 and from the soluble fraction of phage-infected Aerobacter aerogenes lysates. Treatment of pure phage with 8 M urea at 4 degrees quantitatively solubilizes the bound polysaccharide and capsular polysaccharide (Yurewicz, E.C., Ghalambor, M.A., Duckworth, D.H., and Heath, E.C. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 5607-5616) with the release of only traces of other phage constituents; on this basis, it was concluded that the polysaccharide, like the the glycanohydrolase, is externally localized in the phage structure. Phage polysaccharide and glycanohydrolase fractionate similarly on ion exchange resins and gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, but each may be purified to homogeneity by the procedures employed. The biosynthesis of the polysaccharide was shown to be uniquely dependent upon phage K-2 infection by: (a) absence of the polysaccharide in cells, the culture filtrate, or sonicated extracts of uninfected cells; (b) kinetics of polysaccharide synthesis following phage infection; and (c) isotopic double-labeling experiments that demonstrated the synthesis of polysaccharide only after initiation of phage replication in infected cells.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage polysaccharide. A high molecular weight heteropolysaccharide, composed of glucose, glucuronic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, and mannose in an approximate molar ratio of 1:2:2:5, respectively, was isolated from phage K-2 and from the soluble fraction of phage-infected Aerobacter aerogenes lysates. Treatment of pure phage with 8 M urea at 4 degrees quantitatively solubilizes the bound polysaccharide and capsular polysaccharide (Yurewicz, E.C., Ghalambor, M.A., Duckworth, D.H., and Heath, E.C. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 5607-5616) with the release of only traces of other phage constituents; on this basis, it was concluded that the polysaccharide, like the the glycanohydrolase, is externally localized in the phage structure. Phage polysaccharide and glycanohydrolase fractionate similarly on ion exchange resins and gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, but each may be purified to homogeneity by the procedures employed. The biosynthesis of the polysaccharide was shown to be uniquely dependent upon phage K-2 infection by: (a) absence of the polysaccharide in cells, the culture filtrate, or sonicated extracts of uninfected cells; (b) kinetics of polysaccharide synthesis following phage infection; and (c) isotopic double-labeling experiments that demonstrated the synthesis of polysaccharide only after initiation of phage replication in infected cells.", "PMID": 1184587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9378", "title": "Ability of six different lipoprotein fractions to regulate the rate of hepatic cholesterogenesis in vivo.", "content": "Two in vivo assay procedures were used to study the inhibitory activity of cholesterol carried in three intestinal lymph and three serum lipoprotein fractions on the rate of cholesterol synthesis in the liver. In the first preparation, different lipoproteins were injected intravenously as a bolus into rats at the mid-light phase of the diurnal light cycle, following which they were killed 12 hours later in the mid-dark phase of the cycle. Using this assay, three intestinal lymph lipoprotein fractions of varying Sf values all produced a similar degree of inhibition which averaged approximately 11%/mg of cholesterol injected. The serum lipoprotein fractions caused only about one-third this amount of inhibition. Detailed analysis of events occurring within the liver during this 12-hour assay period revealed that there were marked differences in the rate of net cholesterol uptake into the liver and in the rate of new removal of cholesterol esters from the liver following injection of each of these different lipoprotein fractions. The amount of inhibition of sterol synthesis produced by any fraction was proportional to the product of the incremental increase in hepatic cholesterol ester content and the time over which this increase in esters occurred. In the second type of assay where the lipoprotein fractions were administered to the animals as a continuous intravenous infusion over 24 hours the largest increase in hepatic cholesterol ester content and the greatest inhibition of cholesterol synthesis was found with intestinal lipoproteins having Sf values larger than 8000. Intestinal lipoprotein fractions with lower Sf values and all serum lipoprotein fractions were significantly less effective in bringing about an increase in hepatic cholesterol ester content and in producing inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by the liver. These studies emphasize the primary role of cholesterol carried in lipoproteins of intestinal origin in regulating hepatic sterol synthesis. The inhibitory activity of these fractions appears to correlate with the ability of these lipoproteins to bring about a maximal increase in hepatic cholesterol ester content which, in turn, appears to relate to the capacity of these fractions to transfer cholesterol rapidly into the hepatocyte while, at the same time, slowing the rate of cholesterol mobilization from the liver.", "contents": "Ability of six different lipoprotein fractions to regulate the rate of hepatic cholesterogenesis in vivo. Two in vivo assay procedures were used to study the inhibitory activity of cholesterol carried in three intestinal lymph and three serum lipoprotein fractions on the rate of cholesterol synthesis in the liver. In the first preparation, different lipoproteins were injected intravenously as a bolus into rats at the mid-light phase of the diurnal light cycle, following which they were killed 12 hours later in the mid-dark phase of the cycle. Using this assay, three intestinal lymph lipoprotein fractions of varying Sf values all produced a similar degree of inhibition which averaged approximately 11%/mg of cholesterol injected. The serum lipoprotein fractions caused only about one-third this amount of inhibition. Detailed analysis of events occurring within the liver during this 12-hour assay period revealed that there were marked differences in the rate of net cholesterol uptake into the liver and in the rate of new removal of cholesterol esters from the liver following injection of each of these different lipoprotein fractions. The amount of inhibition of sterol synthesis produced by any fraction was proportional to the product of the incremental increase in hepatic cholesterol ester content and the time over which this increase in esters occurred. In the second type of assay where the lipoprotein fractions were administered to the animals as a continuous intravenous infusion over 24 hours the largest increase in hepatic cholesterol ester content and the greatest inhibition of cholesterol synthesis was found with intestinal lipoproteins having Sf values larger than 8000. Intestinal lipoprotein fractions with lower Sf values and all serum lipoprotein fractions were significantly less effective in bringing about an increase in hepatic cholesterol ester content and in producing inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by the liver. These studies emphasize the primary role of cholesterol carried in lipoproteins of intestinal origin in regulating hepatic sterol synthesis. The inhibitory activity of these fractions appears to correlate with the ability of these lipoproteins to bring about a maximal increase in hepatic cholesterol ester content which, in turn, appears to relate to the capacity of these fractions to transfer cholesterol rapidly into the hepatocyte while, at the same time, slowing the rate of cholesterol mobilization from the liver.", "PMID": 1184588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9379", "title": "The amino acid sequence of the tryptic peptides isolated from dogfish M4 lactate dehydrogenase.", "content": "The peptides which result from treatment of the S-[14C]carboxymethyl derivative of dogfish M4 lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) with trypsin have been isolated and their sequences have been elucidated. Each identical subunit has a molecular weight of 36,000 and on the basis of the amino acid composition 40 unique tryptic peptides are anticipated. Thirty-seven of these peptides have been isolated and have been completely characterized. The amino acid sequences of these peptides are presented.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of the tryptic peptides isolated from dogfish M4 lactate dehydrogenase. The peptides which result from treatment of the S-[14C]carboxymethyl derivative of dogfish M4 lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) with trypsin have been isolated and their sequences have been elucidated. Each identical subunit has a molecular weight of 36,000 and on the basis of the amino acid composition 40 unique tryptic peptides are anticipated. Thirty-seven of these peptides have been isolated and have been completely characterized. The amino acid sequences of these peptides are presented.", "PMID": 1184589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9380", "title": "Action of bacteriophage T4 ultraviolet endonuclease on duplex DNA containing one ultraviolet-irradiated strand.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated that the ultraviolet endonuclease of bacteriophage T4 acts specifically at pyrimidine dimer sites in ultraviolet-irradiated DNA. At such sites the enzyme could conceivably catalyze endonucleolytic incision of the DNA either on the dimer-containing strand or on the strand directly opposite to the dimer. In the present work, a direct test of these alternatives was made. Substrate molecules containing one irradiated and one unirradiated strand were prepared from differentially isotopically labeled purified complementary strands of bacteriophage lambdaDNA. Following incubation with the enzyme, the sedimentation profiles of the DNA strands in alkaline sucrose density gradients were compared. The results show that the enzyme selectively nicks the irradiated strand.", "contents": "Action of bacteriophage T4 ultraviolet endonuclease on duplex DNA containing one ultraviolet-irradiated strand. Previous studies have indicated that the ultraviolet endonuclease of bacteriophage T4 acts specifically at pyrimidine dimer sites in ultraviolet-irradiated DNA. At such sites the enzyme could conceivably catalyze endonucleolytic incision of the DNA either on the dimer-containing strand or on the strand directly opposite to the dimer. In the present work, a direct test of these alternatives was made. Substrate molecules containing one irradiated and one unirradiated strand were prepared from differentially isotopically labeled purified complementary strands of bacteriophage lambdaDNA. Following incubation with the enzyme, the sedimentation profiles of the DNA strands in alkaline sucrose density gradients were compared. The results show that the enzyme selectively nicks the irradiated strand.", "PMID": 1184590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9381", "title": "Inhibition by 6-O-tosyl galactosides of beta-galactoside phosphorylation and transport by the lactose phosphotransferase system of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The effect of various galactose derivatives, substituted at C-6, on the phosphoenolpyruvate:beta-galactoside phosphotransferase system of Staphylococcus aureus was studied. Cells were grown by an improved procedure, which resulted in a 5- to 10-fold increase in cell yield. The four protein components of the system were separated. A membrane fraction containing negligible levels of the soluble components was prepared by alternate cycles of sonic treatment and differential centrifugation. The in vitro system reconstituted from these fractions was used to test the ability of the galactose derivatives to inhibit the phosphorylation of lactose analogs, under conditions where the membrane-bound component, Enzyme IIlac, was rate limiting. Derivaites in which the hydroxyl group of C-6 was missing, or replaced by a fluoro, O-methyl, or carboxyl group had no affinity for Enzyme IIlac, as judged by their inability to inhibit phosphorylation. Surprisingly, derivatives containing arylsulfonyl groups at C-6 were potent inhibitors; the O-tosyl compound has an apparent affinity five times that of galactose. The arylsulfonyl substitution in an absolute requirement; neither O-benzyl or O-methanesulfonyl derivatives were inhibitory. The specificity of the inhibition by tosyl derivatives parallels that of unsubstituted substrates; tosyl galactosides of the beta configuration were inhibitory, but those of the alpha configuration were not. The tosyl derivatives also strongly inhibited the uptake of lactose analogs into whole cells; the requirement for the arylsulfonyl moiety was again observed. The chemical analogy between the tosyl galactosides and possible intermediates in the transport-phosphorylation step catalyzed by Enzyme IIlac provides a possible explanation for the unexpected properties of these derivatives.", "contents": "Inhibition by 6-O-tosyl galactosides of beta-galactoside phosphorylation and transport by the lactose phosphotransferase system of Staphylococcus aureus. The effect of various galactose derivatives, substituted at C-6, on the phosphoenolpyruvate:beta-galactoside phosphotransferase system of Staphylococcus aureus was studied. Cells were grown by an improved procedure, which resulted in a 5- to 10-fold increase in cell yield. The four protein components of the system were separated. A membrane fraction containing negligible levels of the soluble components was prepared by alternate cycles of sonic treatment and differential centrifugation. The in vitro system reconstituted from these fractions was used to test the ability of the galactose derivatives to inhibit the phosphorylation of lactose analogs, under conditions where the membrane-bound component, Enzyme IIlac, was rate limiting. Derivaites in which the hydroxyl group of C-6 was missing, or replaced by a fluoro, O-methyl, or carboxyl group had no affinity for Enzyme IIlac, as judged by their inability to inhibit phosphorylation. Surprisingly, derivatives containing arylsulfonyl groups at C-6 were potent inhibitors; the O-tosyl compound has an apparent affinity five times that of galactose. The arylsulfonyl substitution in an absolute requirement; neither O-benzyl or O-methanesulfonyl derivatives were inhibitory. The specificity of the inhibition by tosyl derivatives parallels that of unsubstituted substrates; tosyl galactosides of the beta configuration were inhibitory, but those of the alpha configuration were not. The tosyl derivatives also strongly inhibited the uptake of lactose analogs into whole cells; the requirement for the arylsulfonyl moiety was again observed. The chemical analogy between the tosyl galactosides and possible intermediates in the transport-phosphorylation step catalyzed by Enzyme IIlac provides a possible explanation for the unexpected properties of these derivatives.", "PMID": 1184591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9382", "title": "Presence of displacement loops in the covalently closed circular chloroplast deoxyribonucleic acid from higher plants.", "content": "Chloroplast DNAs (ctDNA) from pea and corn plants were examined in the electron microscope for the presence of replicative intermediates. Pea and corn ctDNAs were each found to contain two displacement loops (D-loops). The D-loops were 820 (+/- 90) base pairs long in pea ctDNA and 860 (+/- 125) base pairs long in corn ctDNA. In each ctDNA, the two D-loops were located at positions that were 7100 +/- 240) base pairs apart. The displacing strands of the two D-loops were located on opposite strands of the parental DNA molecule and they were seen to expand toward each other. The D-loops in the ctDNA from pea and corn exhibited branch migration and thus were easily distinguished from the denatured regions that were also present in these closed circular ctDNAs. In addition, the positions of the D-loops were found to be distinct from the positions of the denaturation loops (Den-loops). The Den-loops were also shown to be located at AT-rich regions in these ctDNA molecules. D-loops and Den-loops were also found in the circular and catenated ctDNA oligomers from pea and corn plants. Mapping the positions of the D-loops relative to the positions of the Den-loops showed that the structure of the D-loop-containing region in the pea and corn ctDNAs has been conserved to a greater extent than the structure of the rest of the two ctDNA molecules.", "contents": "Presence of displacement loops in the covalently closed circular chloroplast deoxyribonucleic acid from higher plants. Chloroplast DNAs (ctDNA) from pea and corn plants were examined in the electron microscope for the presence of replicative intermediates. Pea and corn ctDNAs were each found to contain two displacement loops (D-loops). The D-loops were 820 (+/- 90) base pairs long in pea ctDNA and 860 (+/- 125) base pairs long in corn ctDNA. In each ctDNA, the two D-loops were located at positions that were 7100 +/- 240) base pairs apart. The displacing strands of the two D-loops were located on opposite strands of the parental DNA molecule and they were seen to expand toward each other. The D-loops in the ctDNA from pea and corn exhibited branch migration and thus were easily distinguished from the denatured regions that were also present in these closed circular ctDNAs. In addition, the positions of the D-loops were found to be distinct from the positions of the denaturation loops (Den-loops). The Den-loops were also shown to be located at AT-rich regions in these ctDNA molecules. D-loops and Den-loops were also found in the circular and catenated ctDNA oligomers from pea and corn plants. Mapping the positions of the D-loops relative to the positions of the Den-loops showed that the structure of the D-loop-containing region in the pea and corn ctDNAs has been conserved to a greater extent than the structure of the rest of the two ctDNA molecules.", "PMID": 1184592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9383", "title": "Respiratory properties of rat liver mitochondria immobilized on an alkylsilylated glass surface.", "content": "Rat liver mitochondria are shown to adhere to the alkylsilylated glass beads in essentially a monolayer. The amount of mitochondria bound to the beads reaches a maximum where the length of the alkyl groups covalently linked to the beads exceeds eight carbons. Mitochondria immobilized on the beads and placed in a flow system exhibit normal: (a) respiratory control, (b) phosphate to oxygen ratio, (c) uncoupling by 2,4-dinitrophenol and carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, and (d) inhibition by cyanide, azide, rotenone, oligomycin, and antimycin. Reversibility of the effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol, cyanide, and azide was rapid and complete. Inhibition by rotenone, oligomycin was essentially irreversible. Mitochondria have been maintained in a viable state on the beads at 27 degrees for periods up to 4 hours. The use of immobilized organelles appears to offer a new technique for the study of membrane-bound particles whereby substances can be rapidly added and removed while monitoring the composition of solution flowing over the particles.", "contents": "Respiratory properties of rat liver mitochondria immobilized on an alkylsilylated glass surface. Rat liver mitochondria are shown to adhere to the alkylsilylated glass beads in essentially a monolayer. The amount of mitochondria bound to the beads reaches a maximum where the length of the alkyl groups covalently linked to the beads exceeds eight carbons. Mitochondria immobilized on the beads and placed in a flow system exhibit normal: (a) respiratory control, (b) phosphate to oxygen ratio, (c) uncoupling by 2,4-dinitrophenol and carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, and (d) inhibition by cyanide, azide, rotenone, oligomycin, and antimycin. Reversibility of the effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol, cyanide, and azide was rapid and complete. Inhibition by rotenone, oligomycin was essentially irreversible. Mitochondria have been maintained in a viable state on the beads at 27 degrees for periods up to 4 hours. The use of immobilized organelles appears to offer a new technique for the study of membrane-bound particles whereby substances can be rapidly added and removed while monitoring the composition of solution flowing over the particles.", "PMID": 1184593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9384", "title": "Biological evaluation of polymers. I. Poly(methyl methacylate).", "content": "A series of poly(methyl methacrylate) formulations differing widely in chemical and physical properties was employed for the evaluation of primary screening methods for the assessment of acute toxicity. Materials and USP extracts of materials were tested in parallel. Tissue culture, hemolysis, intradermal irritation, systemic toxicity, muscle implant and histopathologic responses were determined for each of 27 formulations. A determination of the nonvolatile methanol extractable components was carried out on each formulation. The formulations varied with respect to percent, w/w, methyl methacrylate, N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, stannous octoate, 3, 4-diamino-toluene and, also, with respect to curing conditions. Volatile components, primarily methyl methacrylate, of three selected formulations were determined quantitatively by vacuum distillation and mass spectrographic analysis. Statistical analysis of the primary data indicated a significant correlation of residue weight (methanol extractable) with hemolytic activity (r = 0.93) and with the cumulative biological response (r = 0.9). Multiple linear regression analysis of residue weights with hemolysis and intradermal irriation responses gave the highest overall correlation (r = 0.96). Hemolytic activity and tissue culture responses were significantly correlated (r = 0.87). It was concluded that the observed variation of biological test results reflected significant differences in the toxicity of the test materials. The poly(methyl methacrylate) series examined was relatively low in toxicity and the biological tests examined, particularly the in vitro tests, were found to be responsive to formulation and curing conditions which indicated their suitability for primary toxicity screening.", "contents": "Biological evaluation of polymers. I. Poly(methyl methacylate). A series of poly(methyl methacrylate) formulations differing widely in chemical and physical properties was employed for the evaluation of primary screening methods for the assessment of acute toxicity. Materials and USP extracts of materials were tested in parallel. Tissue culture, hemolysis, intradermal irritation, systemic toxicity, muscle implant and histopathologic responses were determined for each of 27 formulations. A determination of the nonvolatile methanol extractable components was carried out on each formulation. The formulations varied with respect to percent, w/w, methyl methacrylate, N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, stannous octoate, 3, 4-diamino-toluene and, also, with respect to curing conditions. Volatile components, primarily methyl methacrylate, of three selected formulations were determined quantitatively by vacuum distillation and mass spectrographic analysis. Statistical analysis of the primary data indicated a significant correlation of residue weight (methanol extractable) with hemolytic activity (r = 0.93) and with the cumulative biological response (r = 0.9). Multiple linear regression analysis of residue weights with hemolysis and intradermal irriation responses gave the highest overall correlation (r = 0.96). Hemolytic activity and tissue culture responses were significantly correlated (r = 0.87). It was concluded that the observed variation of biological test results reflected significant differences in the toxicity of the test materials. The poly(methyl methacrylate) series examined was relatively low in toxicity and the biological tests examined, particularly the in vitro tests, were found to be responsive to formulation and curing conditions which indicated their suitability for primary toxicity screening.", "PMID": 1184607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9385", "title": "Corrosion of surface defects in fine wires.", "content": "Defects were observed on the surfaces of various fine diameter wires commonly used in biomedical applications. These surface irregularities were viewed at high magnifications using a scanning electron microscope which has a much greater depth of field than normal light microscopy. Defects include scratches, pits, and crevices, which are the result of commercial wire drawing practices. Corrosion test results show that imperfections can serve as sites for localized corrosion attack which could lead to premature failures.", "contents": "Corrosion of surface defects in fine wires. Defects were observed on the surfaces of various fine diameter wires commonly used in biomedical applications. These surface irregularities were viewed at high magnifications using a scanning electron microscope which has a much greater depth of field than normal light microscopy. Defects include scratches, pits, and crevices, which are the result of commercial wire drawing practices. Corrosion test results show that imperfections can serve as sites for localized corrosion attack which could lead to premature failures.", "PMID": 1184608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9386", "title": "The influences of electrical potential and surface finish on the fatigue life of surgical implant materials.", "content": "The influence of both imposed anodic potential in Ringer's solution and surface finish on the fatigue lives of annealed 316 type stainless steel and annealed pure titanium were measured and statistically compared to fatigue data run in air. The applied potentials in simulated extracellular fluid approximated conditions existing within the body while also producing the types of surface defects actually found on removed long time implants within the time interval of the accelerated R. R. Moor fatigue tests. Differentiating tests were run at single levels of applied cyclic stress well above the endurance limits. In Ringer's solution, the fatigue life of the 316 stainless steel decreased with increasing applied potential, and at +500 mV was significantly shorter than when run in air. At each condition, the 316 stainless steel was independent of initial surface finish. In contrast, the fatigue life of titanium improved rapidly with increasingly fine surface finishes. Furthermore, compared to air, the application of +500 mV in Ringer's solution improved the life of the rough surface finished material and markedly increased to number of cycles to failure for the electopolished specimens.", "contents": "The influences of electrical potential and surface finish on the fatigue life of surgical implant materials. The influence of both imposed anodic potential in Ringer's solution and surface finish on the fatigue lives of annealed 316 type stainless steel and annealed pure titanium were measured and statistically compared to fatigue data run in air. The applied potentials in simulated extracellular fluid approximated conditions existing within the body while also producing the types of surface defects actually found on removed long time implants within the time interval of the accelerated R. R. Moor fatigue tests. Differentiating tests were run at single levels of applied cyclic stress well above the endurance limits. In Ringer's solution, the fatigue life of the 316 stainless steel decreased with increasing applied potential, and at +500 mV was significantly shorter than when run in air. At each condition, the 316 stainless steel was independent of initial surface finish. In contrast, the fatigue life of titanium improved rapidly with increasingly fine surface finishes. Furthermore, compared to air, the application of +500 mV in Ringer's solution improved the life of the rough surface finished material and markedly increased to number of cycles to failure for the electopolished specimens.", "PMID": 1184609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9387", "title": "Ultrathin coating by plasma polymerization applied to corneal contact lens.", "content": "Plasma coating (deposition of polymer under the influence of plasma) is utilized to modify the surface properties of corneal contact lens. An ultrathin layer (thickness of roughly 200 A) of plasma polymer of acetylene/H20/N2 is applied to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) corneal contact lenses. The surface becomes highly wettable with water compared to uncoated lens. When coated and uncoated contact lenses are placed on rabbit eyes, a remarkable difference in accumulation of mucous matter is observed. With the control lenses, the accumulation of mucous matter in a week is sufficient to affect the optical clarity of the lenses, whereas the coated lenses show no change after three months continuous wearing. The comparative degree of adhesion of the corneal epithelium cells onto glass, modified glass, PMMA, and coated PMMA surfaces is studied using tissue cultures and phase contrast microscopy. The coated PMMA surface exhibits a degree of tissue adhesion lower than that of control PMMA and higher than that of glass surface, and no sign of toxicity of the coated surface is observed by the tissue cultures.", "contents": "Ultrathin coating by plasma polymerization applied to corneal contact lens. Plasma coating (deposition of polymer under the influence of plasma) is utilized to modify the surface properties of corneal contact lens. An ultrathin layer (thickness of roughly 200 A) of plasma polymer of acetylene/H20/N2 is applied to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) corneal contact lenses. The surface becomes highly wettable with water compared to uncoated lens. When coated and uncoated contact lenses are placed on rabbit eyes, a remarkable difference in accumulation of mucous matter is observed. With the control lenses, the accumulation of mucous matter in a week is sufficient to affect the optical clarity of the lenses, whereas the coated lenses show no change after three months continuous wearing. The comparative degree of adhesion of the corneal epithelium cells onto glass, modified glass, PMMA, and coated PMMA surfaces is studied using tissue cultures and phase contrast microscopy. The coated PMMA surface exhibits a degree of tissue adhesion lower than that of control PMMA and higher than that of glass surface, and no sign of toxicity of the coated surface is observed by the tissue cultures.", "PMID": 1184610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9388", "title": "Reaction associated with a silicone rubber gel: an experimental study.", "content": "A blend of Silastic 382 (Room Temperature Vulcanizing, RTV) Medical Grade silicone oil and a catalyst was prepared in vitro, in both the catalyzed and noncatalyzed state, and injected subcutaneously in mice, rats, and rabbits. When properly blended, this catalyzed material, referred to as \"silicone gel,\" formed a soft rubbery mass that remained at the site of injection. Properly catalyzed silicone rubber gel produces no macroscopic inflammatory reaction, attracts few polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and after 5-6 days a thin fibrous capsule begins to form aroung the gel. No degeneration of the silicone gel was observed during the 62 days of this experiment. Additional rats with this silicone gel have been under observation for 8 months and clinically have shown no changes in the local mass of silicone. If the catalyst is partly oxidized when added to the silicone fluid, the degree of gelling is much less. A local mass usually forms at the site of injection with some of the fluid diffusing into the tissue, forming minute cysts. The inflammatory reaciton is characterized by polymorphonuclear leucocytes, associated with many macrophages and giant cells phagocytizing oil droplets and particles of the diatomaceous earth. The pathogenesis of the inflammatory reaction is discussed, referring to the ionic change and the emigration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes to particles of plastics embedded in tissue.", "contents": "Reaction associated with a silicone rubber gel: an experimental study. A blend of Silastic 382 (Room Temperature Vulcanizing, RTV) Medical Grade silicone oil and a catalyst was prepared in vitro, in both the catalyzed and noncatalyzed state, and injected subcutaneously in mice, rats, and rabbits. When properly blended, this catalyzed material, referred to as \"silicone gel,\" formed a soft rubbery mass that remained at the site of injection. Properly catalyzed silicone rubber gel produces no macroscopic inflammatory reaction, attracts few polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and after 5-6 days a thin fibrous capsule begins to form aroung the gel. No degeneration of the silicone gel was observed during the 62 days of this experiment. Additional rats with this silicone gel have been under observation for 8 months and clinically have shown no changes in the local mass of silicone. If the catalyst is partly oxidized when added to the silicone fluid, the degree of gelling is much less. A local mass usually forms at the site of injection with some of the fluid diffusing into the tissue, forming minute cysts. The inflammatory reaciton is characterized by polymorphonuclear leucocytes, associated with many macrophages and giant cells phagocytizing oil droplets and particles of the diatomaceous earth. The pathogenesis of the inflammatory reaction is discussed, referring to the ionic change and the emigration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes to particles of plastics embedded in tissue.", "PMID": 1184611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9389", "title": "Viscoelastic properties of human dentin.", "content": "Stress relaxation measurements were performed on thick-walled cylinders of radicular human dentin. The experimentally measured relaxation moduli were used to obtain an approximation to the logarithmic distribution function of relaxation times. This distribution function was used to predict the behavior of other viscoelastic properties. In particular, the prediction of the strain and strain rate dependence of the modulus was determined and compared with experimental results.", "contents": "Viscoelastic properties of human dentin. Stress relaxation measurements were performed on thick-walled cylinders of radicular human dentin. The experimentally measured relaxation moduli were used to obtain an approximation to the logarithmic distribution function of relaxation times. This distribution function was used to predict the behavior of other viscoelastic properties. In particular, the prediction of the strain and strain rate dependence of the modulus was determined and compared with experimental results.", "PMID": 1184612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9390", "title": "Long-term experience with poly(glycol monomethacrylate) gel in plastic operations of the nose.", "content": "Between 1964 and 1970 the authors implanted Hydron gel in 62 patients with nose malformations. The cosmetic defects most frequently operated on were the saddle, and scoliosis of the nasal dorsum. By the end of 1973, 39 of the total number of cases were checked again. In two cases, the gel had to be removed shortly after the operation because of local inflammatory changes. No signs of hypersensitivity could be detected. Calcifications were detected by x-ray examination in 54.2% of the cases. Thirty-four of the patients subjected to the checkup were satisfied with the results of their operations. The authors considered the results to be very good in 16 cases, and unsatisfactory in 6 cases. Calcifications detected by x-ray examination did not affect the final cosmetic effect. None of the examined patients had any complaints in connection with long-term application of the gel. Hydron gel seems to be a suitable implant material in plastic operations of the nose.", "contents": "Long-term experience with poly(glycol monomethacrylate) gel in plastic operations of the nose. Between 1964 and 1970 the authors implanted Hydron gel in 62 patients with nose malformations. The cosmetic defects most frequently operated on were the saddle, and scoliosis of the nasal dorsum. By the end of 1973, 39 of the total number of cases were checked again. In two cases, the gel had to be removed shortly after the operation because of local inflammatory changes. No signs of hypersensitivity could be detected. Calcifications were detected by x-ray examination in 54.2% of the cases. Thirty-four of the patients subjected to the checkup were satisfied with the results of their operations. The authors considered the results to be very good in 16 cases, and unsatisfactory in 6 cases. Calcifications detected by x-ray examination did not affect the final cosmetic effect. None of the examined patients had any complaints in connection with long-term application of the gel. Hydron gel seems to be a suitable implant material in plastic operations of the nose.", "PMID": 1184613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9391", "title": "Pharmacological properties of the plasticizer, acetyl N-tributyl citrate, and its extraction from poly(vinyl chloride) tubing.", "content": "Aqueous extracts of a PVC transfusion tubing contracted isolated guinea-pig ilea. A pharmacological and chemical study (infrared spectroscopy, gas-liquid chromatography) showed that this was due to extraction of the plasticizer, acetyl N-tributyl citrate (ATBC). The concentrations of ATBC to produce contractions of the isolated guinea-pig ileum (from 1 mug/ml) can be compared with those achieved after recirculating tubing under conditions simulating use (up to 6 mug/ml). In assessing the toxicity of plastic tubing, there is a need to determine extraction of consituents under conditions simulating use and the effects of such extracts on a variety of tissues.", "contents": "Pharmacological properties of the plasticizer, acetyl N-tributyl citrate, and its extraction from poly(vinyl chloride) tubing. Aqueous extracts of a PVC transfusion tubing contracted isolated guinea-pig ilea. A pharmacological and chemical study (infrared spectroscopy, gas-liquid chromatography) showed that this was due to extraction of the plasticizer, acetyl N-tributyl citrate (ATBC). The concentrations of ATBC to produce contractions of the isolated guinea-pig ileum (from 1 mug/ml) can be compared with those achieved after recirculating tubing under conditions simulating use (up to 6 mug/ml). In assessing the toxicity of plastic tubing, there is a need to determine extraction of consituents under conditions simulating use and the effects of such extracts on a variety of tissues.", "PMID": 1184614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9392", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the biocompatibility of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) in bone.", "content": "Because of the unique properties for swelling in a fluid medium and variable modulus of elasticity, hydrophilic methacrylates may be of potential usefulness for implanting prosthetic devices in bone. To investigate the biocompatibility, electron micrographic studies were done on specimens of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) imbedded in bone for varying periods of time. Ultrastructural examination revealed progressive ossification of surrounding connective tissue up to the tissue polymer junction over a 6 month period. There was no evidence of inflammatory response. Based upon this study, it would appear that bone adjusts to an implant of hydrophilic methacrylate by ossification to the implant junction. This supports continued studies into the usefulness of this material as an implant.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the biocompatibility of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) in bone. Because of the unique properties for swelling in a fluid medium and variable modulus of elasticity, hydrophilic methacrylates may be of potential usefulness for implanting prosthetic devices in bone. To investigate the biocompatibility, electron micrographic studies were done on specimens of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) imbedded in bone for varying periods of time. Ultrastructural examination revealed progressive ossification of surrounding connective tissue up to the tissue polymer junction over a 6 month period. There was no evidence of inflammatory response. Based upon this study, it would appear that bone adjusts to an implant of hydrophilic methacrylate by ossification to the implant junction. This supports continued studies into the usefulness of this material as an implant.", "PMID": 1184615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9393", "title": "The anatomy of orthopaedic malpractice. A study of two hundred and fifty cases.", "content": "Nine per cent of all of the Aetna Life and Casualty Company's closed malpractice cases during an eleven and a half-year period were orthopaedic. Two hundred and eleven orthopaedists (164 Board-certified), twelve general surgeons (eight Board-certified), and nineteen general practitioner-general surgeons were involved. Allegations of improper treatment (seventy cases), poor results (severty-four cases), postoperative infection including seven cases of gas gangrene (thirty-one cases), diagnostic error (twenty-six cases), back-surgery complications (twenty-six cases), miscellaneous complications (sixteen cases), and cardiac arrest (seven cases) were the grounds for these malpractice cases. When there was evidence of careful clinical appraisal, good clinical judgment, impeccable surgical technique, good doctor-patient rapport, and well documented records, the defense was successful.", "contents": "The anatomy of orthopaedic malpractice. A study of two hundred and fifty cases. Nine per cent of all of the Aetna Life and Casualty Company's closed malpractice cases during an eleven and a half-year period were orthopaedic. Two hundred and eleven orthopaedists (164 Board-certified), twelve general surgeons (eight Board-certified), and nineteen general practitioner-general surgeons were involved. Allegations of improper treatment (seventy cases), poor results (severty-four cases), postoperative infection including seven cases of gas gangrene (thirty-one cases), diagnostic error (twenty-six cases), back-surgery complications (twenty-six cases), miscellaneous complications (sixteen cases), and cardiac arrest (seven cases) were the grounds for these malpractice cases. When there was evidence of careful clinical appraisal, good clinical judgment, impeccable surgical technique, good doctor-patient rapport, and well documented records, the defense was successful.", "PMID": 1184635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9394", "title": "Non-operative management of central fracture-dislocations of the hip.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with central fracture-dislocations, seen over a seven-year period and all treated non-operatively, were evaluated. A follow-up study was done on twenty-four patients; the remainder had either died or could not be located. Several techniques were used to maintain the reduction obtained by closed manipulation done under anesthesia. The superiority of the method of traction using pins in the distal and proximal lateral parts of the femur and the importance of prolonged traction were demonstrated.", "contents": "Non-operative management of central fracture-dislocations of the hip. Thirty-eight patients with central fracture-dislocations, seen over a seven-year period and all treated non-operatively, were evaluated. A follow-up study was done on twenty-four patients; the remainder had either died or could not be located. Several techniques were used to maintain the reduction obtained by closed manipulation done under anesthesia. The superiority of the method of traction using pins in the distal and proximal lateral parts of the femur and the importance of prolonged traction were demonstrated.", "PMID": 1184637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9395", "title": "Arthroplasty of both hips and both knees in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Eleven patients with rheumatoid arthritis underwent total joint replacement of both hips and both knees (four-joint arthroplasty). All patients had increased function and decreased pain. Severe rheumatoid arthritis in both hips and knees does not preclude a satisfactory result after replacement arthroplasty.", "contents": "Arthroplasty of both hips and both knees in rheumatoid arthritis. Eleven patients with rheumatoid arthritis underwent total joint replacement of both hips and both knees (four-joint arthroplasty). All patients had increased function and decreased pain. Severe rheumatoid arthritis in both hips and knees does not preclude a satisfactory result after replacement arthroplasty.", "PMID": 1184638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9396", "title": "The Syme amputation in children.", "content": "Twenty-three children had proportionate growth of bone and soft tissue between two and eleven years after a Syme ankle disarticulation. All walked with permanent prostheses within three months after operation. Ischemic necrosis occurred twice after inadvertent ligation of the posterior tibial artery. Suture of the extensor tendons into the heel pad eliminated its posterior migration. Prosthetic realignment compensated for progressive genu valgum in ten of fourteen amputees with fibular hemimelia. On the basis of these gratifying results, the Syme ankle disarticulation is suggested as early treatment for certain congenital anomalies of the lower extremity.", "contents": "The Syme amputation in children. Twenty-three children had proportionate growth of bone and soft tissue between two and eleven years after a Syme ankle disarticulation. All walked with permanent prostheses within three months after operation. Ischemic necrosis occurred twice after inadvertent ligation of the posterior tibial artery. Suture of the extensor tendons into the heel pad eliminated its posterior migration. Prosthetic realignment compensated for progressive genu valgum in ten of fourteen amputees with fibular hemimelia. On the basis of these gratifying results, the Syme ankle disarticulation is suggested as early treatment for certain congenital anomalies of the lower extremity.", "PMID": 1184639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9397", "title": "Percutaneous pin fixation of open tibial fractures. Double-frame anchorage using the Vidal-Adrey method.", "content": "From 1970 to 1973, twenty-eight severe open tibial fractures in twenty-seven patients were treated with stable external transfixation by the Vidal-Adrey double-frame method. Excluding one patient who had an amputation because of vascular damage at the time of injury, wound healing was satisfactory in all patients with no primary soft-tissue or deep infection. There was one late infection following secondary intramedullary nailing three months after injury. Secondary skin and bone grafts were part of the original plan of treatment and were easily performed. All patients were able to start range-of-motion exercises in the early postoperative period. In the case of a severely comminuted tibial fracture combined with arterial injury, this method made it possible to observe the limb for a few days before amputation for vascular insufficiency. The average time in the frame was 4.9 months, and then a patellar-tendon bearing plaster case or splint was used. The mean time until full weight-bearing without external support was 7.9 months. In the twenty-two patients who could be assessed, the final result was excellent or good in seventeen and acceptable in five.", "contents": "Percutaneous pin fixation of open tibial fractures. Double-frame anchorage using the Vidal-Adrey method. From 1970 to 1973, twenty-eight severe open tibial fractures in twenty-seven patients were treated with stable external transfixation by the Vidal-Adrey double-frame method. Excluding one patient who had an amputation because of vascular damage at the time of injury, wound healing was satisfactory in all patients with no primary soft-tissue or deep infection. There was one late infection following secondary intramedullary nailing three months after injury. Secondary skin and bone grafts were part of the original plan of treatment and were easily performed. All patients were able to start range-of-motion exercises in the early postoperative period. In the case of a severely comminuted tibial fracture combined with arterial injury, this method made it possible to observe the limb for a few days before amputation for vascular insufficiency. The average time in the frame was 4.9 months, and then a patellar-tendon bearing plaster case or splint was used. The mean time until full weight-bearing without external support was 7.9 months. In the twenty-two patients who could be assessed, the final result was excellent or good in seventeen and acceptable in five.", "PMID": 1184640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9398", "title": "Rheumatoid wrist deformities and their relation to ulnar drift.", "content": "With a new technique of roentgenography to reveal more accurately the degree of ulnar drift and radial deviation in hands of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, it was shown that the radial deviation was less marked than would be ascertained with conventional roentgenograms. Therefore radial deviation probably does not constitute a cause for ulnar drift. The study led to clinical implications as regards the position of splinting (with the wrist in ulnar deviation) and as regards operations to correct deformities of the wrist due to rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Rheumatoid wrist deformities and their relation to ulnar drift. With a new technique of roentgenography to reveal more accurately the degree of ulnar drift and radial deviation in hands of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, it was shown that the radial deviation was less marked than would be ascertained with conventional roentgenograms. Therefore radial deviation probably does not constitute a cause for ulnar drift. The study led to clinical implications as regards the position of splinting (with the wrist in ulnar deviation) and as regards operations to correct deformities of the wrist due to rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 1184642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9399", "title": "High-pressure injection injuries of the hand.", "content": "In high-pressure injection injuries to the hand the most commonly injected materials are automotive grease, diesel oil, and paint. We treated twenty-six patients with high-pressure injection injuries of the hand and found that the injection of paint resulted in a poorer prognosis than did the injection of grease. Amputation is often necessary with paint injections into a digit, while injections into the palm have a somewhat better prognosis. The disability time of patients with paint-injection injuries appeared to be directly related to the time elapsed until amputation of the involved digit. Although we were unable to specifically relate the ultimate result to the time elapsed between injury and proper treatment, we continue to recommend early aggressive wide d\u00e9bridement of these injuries.", "contents": "High-pressure injection injuries of the hand. In high-pressure injection injuries to the hand the most commonly injected materials are automotive grease, diesel oil, and paint. We treated twenty-six patients with high-pressure injection injuries of the hand and found that the injection of paint resulted in a poorer prognosis than did the injection of grease. Amputation is often necessary with paint injections into a digit, while injections into the palm have a somewhat better prognosis. The disability time of patients with paint-injection injuries appeared to be directly related to the time elapsed until amputation of the involved digit. Although we were unable to specifically relate the ultimate result to the time elapsed between injury and proper treatment, we continue to recommend early aggressive wide d\u00e9bridement of these injuries.", "PMID": 1184643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9400", "title": "The effect of sensory denervation on rabbits' knee joints. A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Unilateral sensory denervation of the hind limb in a group of rabbits caused progressive atrophy of cells in all structures of the knee joint, whether or not the joint was protected by a plaster cast. Immobilization without denervation caused proliferative changes, first in the synovium and then in the articular cartilage. The initial changes in the articular cartilage following sensory denervation occurred in the middle layers, suggesting that nutritional deficiency was involved. In contrast, the first changes in the cartilage of intact immobilized limbs occurred in the superficial layers and were most likely of mechanical origin.", "contents": "The effect of sensory denervation on rabbits' knee joints. A light and electron microscopic study. Unilateral sensory denervation of the hind limb in a group of rabbits caused progressive atrophy of cells in all structures of the knee joint, whether or not the joint was protected by a plaster cast. Immobilization without denervation caused proliferative changes, first in the synovium and then in the articular cartilage. The initial changes in the articular cartilage following sensory denervation occurred in the middle layers, suggesting that nutritional deficiency was involved. In contrast, the first changes in the cartilage of intact immobilized limbs occurred in the superficial layers and were most likely of mechanical origin.", "PMID": 1184644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9401", "title": "Contribution of collagen and mineral to the elastic-plastic properties of bone.", "content": "Tension testing of wet bovine haversian cortical bone demonstrated marked plastic behavior. Progressive surface decalcification of this bone with dilute hydrochloric acid resulted in progressive decreases in the tension yield point and the ultimate stress with no change in the yield strain or ultimate strain unless decalcification was complete. The slope of the plastic region remained identical throughout decalcification. These findings are consistent with an elastic-perfectly plastic model for the mineral phase of bone tissue in which the mineral contributes the major portion of the tension yield strength. The slope or stiffness of the plastic region of the stress-strain curve is a function only of the properties of collagen, which itself plays a minor role in the tension yield strength of bone.", "contents": "Contribution of collagen and mineral to the elastic-plastic properties of bone. Tension testing of wet bovine haversian cortical bone demonstrated marked plastic behavior. Progressive surface decalcification of this bone with dilute hydrochloric acid resulted in progressive decreases in the tension yield point and the ultimate stress with no change in the yield strain or ultimate strain unless decalcification was complete. The slope of the plastic region remained identical throughout decalcification. These findings are consistent with an elastic-perfectly plastic model for the mineral phase of bone tissue in which the mineral contributes the major portion of the tension yield strength. The slope or stiffness of the plastic region of the stress-strain curve is a function only of the properties of collagen, which itself plays a minor role in the tension yield strength of bone.", "PMID": 1184645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9402", "title": "Excessive thoracic lordosis and loss of pulmonary function in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.", "content": "Idiopathic thoracic lordoscoliosis is more common and more productive of respiratory compromise than is kyphoscoliosis. In some patients with idiopathic scoliosis, thoracic lordosis is the predominant component of the disease. Five such patients, all of whom had idiopathic scoliosis with excessive thoracic lordosis, progressive deformity despite Milwaukee brace treatment, and significant compromise of pulmonary function, are presented. Harrington instrumentation (distraction rod only) and spine fusion improved the deformity and respiratory function. The recommended treatment for this type of idiopathic scoliosis is early recognition and prompt surgical correction. The Milwaukee brace should be avoided. Postoperative management must include early ambulation combined with vigorous breathing exercises.", "contents": "Excessive thoracic lordosis and loss of pulmonary function in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Idiopathic thoracic lordoscoliosis is more common and more productive of respiratory compromise than is kyphoscoliosis. In some patients with idiopathic scoliosis, thoracic lordosis is the predominant component of the disease. Five such patients, all of whom had idiopathic scoliosis with excessive thoracic lordosis, progressive deformity despite Milwaukee brace treatment, and significant compromise of pulmonary function, are presented. Harrington instrumentation (distraction rod only) and spine fusion improved the deformity and respiratory function. The recommended treatment for this type of idiopathic scoliosis is early recognition and prompt surgical correction. The Milwaukee brace should be avoided. Postoperative management must include early ambulation combined with vigorous breathing exercises.", "PMID": 1184646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9403", "title": "Giant-cell tumor of the radius treated by massive resection and tibial bone graft.", "content": "Six cases of aggressive or malignant giant-cell tumor of the distal end of the radius were treated by massive resection and reconstruction using a corticocancellous autograft taken from the tibia. There was no local recurrence or metastasis noted on follow-up (average, eight years and three months). An excellent functional result was achieved in each case.", "contents": "Giant-cell tumor of the radius treated by massive resection and tibial bone graft. Six cases of aggressive or malignant giant-cell tumor of the distal end of the radius were treated by massive resection and reconstruction using a corticocancellous autograft taken from the tibia. There was no local recurrence or metastasis noted on follow-up (average, eight years and three months). An excellent functional result was achieved in each case.", "PMID": 1184647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9404", "title": "Gluteal fibrosis.", "content": "Five cases of gluteal fibrosis are presented. The anatomical extent of the gluteal involvement explains the clinical picture. Reports of gluteal fibrosis and fibrosis elsewhere suggest that the lesion was the same in all five patients. Intramuscular injections were a possible etiological factor. All the reported sites were those usually used for administration of intramuscular injections. Because the use of intramuscular injection is so common in Spain another factor is necessary to explain the involvement in only a small number of children.", "contents": "Gluteal fibrosis. Five cases of gluteal fibrosis are presented. The anatomical extent of the gluteal involvement explains the clinical picture. Reports of gluteal fibrosis and fibrosis elsewhere suggest that the lesion was the same in all five patients. Intramuscular injections were a possible etiological factor. All the reported sites were those usually used for administration of intramuscular injections. Because the use of intramuscular injection is so common in Spain another factor is necessary to explain the involvement in only a small number of children.", "PMID": 1184648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9405", "title": "Complications of silicone implant surgery in the metacarpophalangeal joint.", "content": "Of 162 metacarpophalangeal silicone prostheses inserted from 1967 to 1973, fifteen fractured, two were associated with an infection, and there was one case of skin necrosis. A recurrence of ulnar drift occurred in four hands. Three prostheses had to be removed and in one such case additional significant foreign-body reaction was evident. Although the complication rate was over 10 per cent, the failure rate was fairly low.", "contents": "Complications of silicone implant surgery in the metacarpophalangeal joint. Of 162 metacarpophalangeal silicone prostheses inserted from 1967 to 1973, fifteen fractured, two were associated with an infection, and there was one case of skin necrosis. A recurrence of ulnar drift occurred in four hands. Three prostheses had to be removed and in one such case additional significant foreign-body reaction was evident. Although the complication rate was over 10 per cent, the failure rate was fairly low.", "PMID": 1184650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9406", "title": "Immediate occlusions dependent on the type of reconstruction.", "content": "In 507 reconstructive procedures on patients with chronic occlusions, we saw 4.1% immediate occlusions. We performed 409 thrombendarteriectomies, 40 dacron grafts, and 32 venous bypasses. As cause of the immediate occlusion, we found in 23 cases a dissection of the intima in the distal segment of the restored artery, in one case a bleeding from a perforation was discovered. Intimal dissection was found mostly after orthograde thrombendarteriectomy of the femoral and popliteal artery. The results of orthograde TEA could be improved by intraoperative angiography or direct opening of the distal popliteal artery. Intimal dissection after bypass operations are generally the result of technical errors.", "contents": "Immediate occlusions dependent on the type of reconstruction. In 507 reconstructive procedures on patients with chronic occlusions, we saw 4.1% immediate occlusions. We performed 409 thrombendarteriectomies, 40 dacron grafts, and 32 venous bypasses. As cause of the immediate occlusion, we found in 23 cases a dissection of the intima in the distal segment of the restored artery, in one case a bleeding from a perforation was discovered. Intimal dissection was found mostly after orthograde thrombendarteriectomy of the femoral and popliteal artery. The results of orthograde TEA could be improved by intraoperative angiography or direct opening of the distal popliteal artery. Intimal dissection after bypass operations are generally the result of technical errors.", "PMID": 1184659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9407", "title": "Intraoperative angiography.", "content": "The thromboendarterectomy can be improved with intraoperative angiography, sources of error may be considerably reduced. The control possibilities of intraoperative angiography offer advantages also for the various bypass operations as surgical errors can be found and corrected during the operation.", "contents": "Intraoperative angiography. The thromboendarterectomy can be improved with intraoperative angiography, sources of error may be considerably reduced. The control possibilities of intraoperative angiography offer advantages also for the various bypass operations as surgical errors can be found and corrected during the operation.", "PMID": 1184661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9408", "title": "Anatomical concepts to be observed when performing a vascular junction.", "content": "An anatomical study shows that the vascular junctions are always very well rounded in accordance with the direction of the blood flow. When performing an anastomosis, the further one departs from this configuration, which we can define as perfect, the more flow disturbances are likely to arise. This may jeopardize the satisfactory outcome of surgery.", "contents": "Anatomical concepts to be observed when performing a vascular junction. An anatomical study shows that the vascular junctions are always very well rounded in accordance with the direction of the blood flow. When performing an anastomosis, the further one departs from this configuration, which we can define as perfect, the more flow disturbances are likely to arise. This may jeopardize the satisfactory outcome of surgery.", "PMID": 1184663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9409", "title": "Polycythaemia and thrombocythaemia and their influence on reconstructive arterial surgery.", "content": "Relative polycythaemia and thrombocythaemia have a deleterious effect after artery grafting. Bleeding is more common than thrombosis, though both occur.", "contents": "Polycythaemia and thrombocythaemia and their influence on reconstructive arterial surgery. Relative polycythaemia and thrombocythaemia have a deleterious effect after artery grafting. Bleeding is more common than thrombosis, though both occur.", "PMID": 1184664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9410", "title": "Competition between collateral vessels in femoro-popliteal by-pass grafting.", "content": "In patients with severe ischaemia and maximum collateral development there is no significant competition between the patent superficial femoral artery and common femoral to popliteal by-pass vein graft provided that there is a block in the main line arterial channel between the superficial femoral artery and the popliteal anastomosis of the vein graft.", "contents": "Competition between collateral vessels in femoro-popliteal by-pass grafting. In patients with severe ischaemia and maximum collateral development there is no significant competition between the patent superficial femoral artery and common femoral to popliteal by-pass vein graft provided that there is a block in the main line arterial channel between the superficial femoral artery and the popliteal anastomosis of the vein graft.", "PMID": 1184665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9411", "title": "Causes of rethrombosis following arterial reconstructions below the renal arteries.", "content": "Causes of rethrombosis after primary reconstructive surgery for arterial occlusive disease below the renal arteries are discussed, based on experience with 1,700 reconstructions since 1958, and data from literature. Important for reoperation is the fact that mortality of secondary procedures is much higher than for the primary ones (13% versus 0.9%). Longterm anticoagulant therapy is advocated. Results of reoperations are excellent.", "contents": "Causes of rethrombosis following arterial reconstructions below the renal arteries. Causes of rethrombosis after primary reconstructive surgery for arterial occlusive disease below the renal arteries are discussed, based on experience with 1,700 reconstructions since 1958, and data from literature. Important for reoperation is the fact that mortality of secondary procedures is much higher than for the primary ones (13% versus 0.9%). Longterm anticoagulant therapy is advocated. Results of reoperations are excellent.", "PMID": 1184670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9412", "title": "Rethrombosis analysed in reference to anticoagulant therapy.", "content": "Of 1,103 re-examinations on femoro-popliteal operations, 485 in reference to anticoagulant therapy could be more closely analyzed. A very significant difference was found on relapse occlusions with or without Coumadin in relation to the disease stage. A significant difference could not be proven between the frequency of occlusion and the type of operation with or without Coumadin. After correction of chronic occlusions the indication for an anticoagulant therapy is poor distal outflow and stage III or IV disease.", "contents": "Rethrombosis analysed in reference to anticoagulant therapy. Of 1,103 re-examinations on femoro-popliteal operations, 485 in reference to anticoagulant therapy could be more closely analyzed. A very significant difference was found on relapse occlusions with or without Coumadin in relation to the disease stage. A significant difference could not be proven between the frequency of occlusion and the type of operation with or without Coumadin. After correction of chronic occlusions the indication for an anticoagulant therapy is poor distal outflow and stage III or IV disease.", "PMID": 1184669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9413", "title": "Influence of the type of anastomosis: end-to-side anastomosis versus end-to-end.", "content": "The by-pass technique of arterial reconstruction has some theoretical disadvantages, particularly, unnecessary abandoning of useful main arteries, undesirable flow patterns and the possible descent of debris from the by-passed portion of artery. An oblique end-to-end technique can avoid these undesirable features and also avoid the creation of an over-sized vessel at the site of end-to-side anastomosis. It is suggested that the least procedure compatible with success should be used in arterial reconstruction in the lower limb and an ascending range of options open to the surgeon is given.", "contents": "Influence of the type of anastomosis: end-to-side anastomosis versus end-to-end. The by-pass technique of arterial reconstruction has some theoretical disadvantages, particularly, unnecessary abandoning of useful main arteries, undesirable flow patterns and the possible descent of debris from the by-passed portion of artery. An oblique end-to-end technique can avoid these undesirable features and also avoid the creation of an over-sized vessel at the site of end-to-side anastomosis. It is suggested that the least procedure compatible with success should be used in arterial reconstruction in the lower limb and an ascending range of options open to the surgeon is given.", "PMID": 1184671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9414", "title": "Interruption of the aortic arch associated with patent ductus arteriosus and ventricular septal defect. Proposal of a new surgical technique for total correction.", "content": "A four-year-old girl underwent complete correction of the association of interruption of the aortic arch (Type A, Celoria and Patton's classification), patent ductus arteriosus, and ventricular septal defect. The surgical procedure consists of establishment of a continuity between the ascending and descending aortas utilizing the patent ductus arteriosus and the anterior wall of the pulmonary arterial trunk, reconstruction of the rest of pulmonary arterial trunk with pericardium, and closure of the ventricular septal defect. Though the patient expired from cerebral complications, the hemodynamic result after repair was quite satisfactory. The procedure described makes total correction of this complex anomaly feasible at one operation through a median sternotomy and seems to be a method of choice for most patients with this association of anomalies, unless there is severe narrowing of the patent ductus arteriosus.", "contents": "Interruption of the aortic arch associated with patent ductus arteriosus and ventricular septal defect. Proposal of a new surgical technique for total correction. A four-year-old girl underwent complete correction of the association of interruption of the aortic arch (Type A, Celoria and Patton's classification), patent ductus arteriosus, and ventricular septal defect. The surgical procedure consists of establishment of a continuity between the ascending and descending aortas utilizing the patent ductus arteriosus and the anterior wall of the pulmonary arterial trunk, reconstruction of the rest of pulmonary arterial trunk with pericardium, and closure of the ventricular septal defect. Though the patient expired from cerebral complications, the hemodynamic result after repair was quite satisfactory. The procedure described makes total correction of this complex anomaly feasible at one operation through a median sternotomy and seems to be a method of choice for most patients with this association of anomalies, unless there is severe narrowing of the patent ductus arteriosus.", "PMID": 1184673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9415", "title": "Effects of lumbar sympathectomy on thromboangiitis obliterans.", "content": "The clinical response to lumbar sympathectomy has been reported. The incidence of improvement was as follows: Coldness 52 percent, ulcer 58 percent, rest pain 64 percent, and claudication 31 percent, respectively. The blood flow in the anterior tibial muscles did not increase within 5 weeks postoperatively. There were correlations between the effects and the clinical stages, the interval from the onset to the operations, the abuse of tobacco, and the degree of reactive hyperemia, but not relation was observed between as to the site of obstruction. In the experiments, the influence of acetylcholine on blood flow increased after the operations and the duration of vasoconstriction following administration of noradrenalin became shorter. On the basis of the clinical and experimental facts, postoperative improvement seems to be due to increased blood flow to the peripheral skin and to relief of vasospasm.", "contents": "Effects of lumbar sympathectomy on thromboangiitis obliterans. The clinical response to lumbar sympathectomy has been reported. The incidence of improvement was as follows: Coldness 52 percent, ulcer 58 percent, rest pain 64 percent, and claudication 31 percent, respectively. The blood flow in the anterior tibial muscles did not increase within 5 weeks postoperatively. There were correlations between the effects and the clinical stages, the interval from the onset to the operations, the abuse of tobacco, and the degree of reactive hyperemia, but not relation was observed between as to the site of obstruction. In the experiments, the influence of acetylcholine on blood flow increased after the operations and the duration of vasoconstriction following administration of noradrenalin became shorter. On the basis of the clinical and experimental facts, postoperative improvement seems to be due to increased blood flow to the peripheral skin and to relief of vasospasm.", "PMID": 1184672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9416", "title": "Thoracic aorta-to-femoral artery by-pass. For the treatment of complete obstruction of the abdominal aorta at the level of the renal arteries.", "content": "Complete obstruction of the abdominal aorta at the renal artery level is often a difficult surgical problem in case of long standing thrombosis, short suprarenal aortic space, and extensive periarterial inflammatory reaction. Six patients in whom revascularization of the lower extremities was performed through a prosthetic by-pass from the thoracic aorta to the femoral arteries, were reported here. One patient underwent also a left nephrectomy for renal hypertension, chronic renal artery obstruction, shrunken kidney. Both the short and long term results have been satisfactory in all cases.", "contents": "Thoracic aorta-to-femoral artery by-pass. For the treatment of complete obstruction of the abdominal aorta at the level of the renal arteries. Complete obstruction of the abdominal aorta at the renal artery level is often a difficult surgical problem in case of long standing thrombosis, short suprarenal aortic space, and extensive periarterial inflammatory reaction. Six patients in whom revascularization of the lower extremities was performed through a prosthetic by-pass from the thoracic aorta to the femoral arteries, were reported here. One patient underwent also a left nephrectomy for renal hypertension, chronic renal artery obstruction, shrunken kidney. Both the short and long term results have been satisfactory in all cases.", "PMID": 1184674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9417", "title": "Surgical treatment of giant left ventricular aneurysms. The intraventricular resection technique.", "content": "The intraventricular resection technique for giant aneurysm of the left ventricle decreases anoxic cardiac arrest time and controls the detachment of intramural thrombus. To perform this technique, it is necessary to expose only a longitudinal segment on the anterior aspect of the aneurysm to permit a ventriculotomy parallel to the anterior descending coronary artery 4-5 cm away. In the same way, to resect a giant aneurysm of the diaphragmatic aspect, only a segment parallel to the posterior descending coronary artery needs to be exposed. Then with the clear intraventricular vision of the limit between the fibrous sac and the contracting left ventricle, the surgeon rapidly detaches the aneurysm. In any case besides the relation of this limit, the transecting line must keep away at least 4 cm from the implantation of the papillary muscle of the mitral valve, in order to leave an adequate functional chamber for the left ventricle. The early visualization of the mitral apparatus during the resection of giant aneurysm is another basic advantage of the intraventricular approach. The ventriculotomy is closed with a running suture and coronary circulation is restored. Anoxic cardiac arrest averaged 15 minutes in the five out of six cases of giant aneurysm treated with this technique. In the period July 1972-December 1973, 28 aneurysms of the left ventricle with varied associated pathology have been treated in this surgical unit, with 14% (4 cases) mortality. By contrast, no death has been registered in this severely ill group of six patients with giant left ventricular aneurysm. In cases I and VI myocardial revascularization was added. Two important aspects contribute to the excellent long term result in this group. 1. Correction of the altered geometry and consequent dysfunction of the left ventricle. 2. Correction of the functional ischemia of the contracting myocardium. The presence of giant aneurysm increases the left ventricle wall tension, including the contracting mass, and consequently the myocardial oxygen consumption.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of giant left ventricular aneurysms. The intraventricular resection technique. The intraventricular resection technique for giant aneurysm of the left ventricle decreases anoxic cardiac arrest time and controls the detachment of intramural thrombus. To perform this technique, it is necessary to expose only a longitudinal segment on the anterior aspect of the aneurysm to permit a ventriculotomy parallel to the anterior descending coronary artery 4-5 cm away. In the same way, to resect a giant aneurysm of the diaphragmatic aspect, only a segment parallel to the posterior descending coronary artery needs to be exposed. Then with the clear intraventricular vision of the limit between the fibrous sac and the contracting left ventricle, the surgeon rapidly detaches the aneurysm. In any case besides the relation of this limit, the transecting line must keep away at least 4 cm from the implantation of the papillary muscle of the mitral valve, in order to leave an adequate functional chamber for the left ventricle. The early visualization of the mitral apparatus during the resection of giant aneurysm is another basic advantage of the intraventricular approach. The ventriculotomy is closed with a running suture and coronary circulation is restored. Anoxic cardiac arrest averaged 15 minutes in the five out of six cases of giant aneurysm treated with this technique. In the period July 1972-December 1973, 28 aneurysms of the left ventricle with varied associated pathology have been treated in this surgical unit, with 14% (4 cases) mortality. By contrast, no death has been registered in this severely ill group of six patients with giant left ventricular aneurysm. In cases I and VI myocardial revascularization was added. Two important aspects contribute to the excellent long term result in this group. 1. Correction of the altered geometry and consequent dysfunction of the left ventricle. 2. Correction of the functional ischemia of the contracting myocardium. The presence of giant aneurysm increases the left ventricle wall tension, including the contracting mass, and consequently the myocardial oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 1184675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9418", "title": "Separation of enantiomers on packed columns containing optically active diamide phases.", "content": "Chromatography of fourteen protein amino acids has been studied on 2-4- m long packed columns containing chiral diamide phases. Twelve of the thirteen optically active compounds examined could be resolved, with R greater than or equal to 1 in many instances. Two of the phases, N-docosanoyl-L-valine tert.-butylamide and N-lauroyl-L-valine 2-methyl-2-hepatadecylamide, can be employed at temperatures as high as 190 degrees and 180 degrees, respectively, without losing their efficiency, even after prolonged use. The problem of peak overlap in the analysis of mixtures of different amino acids was examined and partially solved.", "contents": "Separation of enantiomers on packed columns containing optically active diamide phases. Chromatography of fourteen protein amino acids has been studied on 2-4- m long packed columns containing chiral diamide phases. Twelve of the thirteen optically active compounds examined could be resolved, with R greater than or equal to 1 in many instances. Two of the phases, N-docosanoyl-L-valine tert.-butylamide and N-lauroyl-L-valine 2-methyl-2-hepatadecylamide, can be employed at temperatures as high as 190 degrees and 180 degrees, respectively, without losing their efficiency, even after prolonged use. The problem of peak overlap in the analysis of mixtures of different amino acids was examined and partially solved.", "PMID": 1184679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9419", "title": "Methionine dipeptide stationary phases for the resolution of enantiomers.", "content": "N-Trifluoroacetyl-L-methionyl-L-methionine cyclohexyl ester as well as the disulfide and disulfone derivatives of this phase have been synthesized. The methionine phase exhibits improved properties as a stationary phase for the separation of amino acid enantiomers as compared to other dipeptide stationary phases and can be used at temperatures ranging from 70 to 150 degrees. The sulfoxide phase, however, was incapable of resolving the enantiomeric derivatives. Physical properties of the sulfone compound limit its use as an effective resolving agent.", "contents": "Methionine dipeptide stationary phases for the resolution of enantiomers. N-Trifluoroacetyl-L-methionyl-L-methionine cyclohexyl ester as well as the disulfide and disulfone derivatives of this phase have been synthesized. The methionine phase exhibits improved properties as a stationary phase for the separation of amino acid enantiomers as compared to other dipeptide stationary phases and can be used at temperatures ranging from 70 to 150 degrees. The sulfoxide phase, however, was incapable of resolving the enantiomeric derivatives. Physical properties of the sulfone compound limit its use as an effective resolving agent.", "PMID": 1184680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9420", "title": "New considerations in detector-application relationships.", "content": "This report relates new ways of using refractometer and ultraviolet (UV) detectors in liquid chromatography (LC) which involve less sample preparation and handling. A new cell design is proposed which extends the sensitivity of UV detectors by correcting for refractive index effects as light passes through a cell. Finally, a technique called \"trace enrichment\" is proposed for concentrating non-polar organics, in very low concentration, from polar sources (river water) for analysis by LC.", "contents": "New considerations in detector-application relationships. This report relates new ways of using refractometer and ultraviolet (UV) detectors in liquid chromatography (LC) which involve less sample preparation and handling. A new cell design is proposed which extends the sensitivity of UV detectors by correcting for refractive index effects as light passes through a cell. Finally, a technique called \"trace enrichment\" is proposed for concentrating non-polar organics, in very low concentration, from polar sources (river water) for analysis by LC.", "PMID": 1184681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9421", "title": "Concurrent determination of alpha-tocopherol and free fatty acids in human plasma by glass open tubular capillary column gas chromatography.", "content": "A new gas chromatographic procedure was developed for the concurrent analysis of mixtures of long-chain acids (as methyl esters), cholesterol (as the trimethylsilyl ether) and the tocopherols (as trimethylsilyl ethers). This method was used in a study of free fatty acids and alpha-tocopherol in the plasma of normal subjects and stroke patients. The chromatographic separation was based upon the use of thermostable glass open tubular capillary columns prepared with Silanox (procedure of Lin, Pfaffenberger and Horning) and a new polar liquid phase (Schwartz-Mathews polyphenyl ether sulfone phase). The German-Horning injection system was used in a modified gas chromatograph.", "contents": "Concurrent determination of alpha-tocopherol and free fatty acids in human plasma by glass open tubular capillary column gas chromatography. A new gas chromatographic procedure was developed for the concurrent analysis of mixtures of long-chain acids (as methyl esters), cholesterol (as the trimethylsilyl ether) and the tocopherols (as trimethylsilyl ethers). This method was used in a study of free fatty acids and alpha-tocopherol in the plasma of normal subjects and stroke patients. The chromatographic separation was based upon the use of thermostable glass open tubular capillary columns prepared with Silanox (procedure of Lin, Pfaffenberger and Horning) and a new polar liquid phase (Schwartz-Mathews polyphenyl ether sulfone phase). The German-Horning injection system was used in a modified gas chromatograph.", "PMID": 1184682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9422", "title": "Analysis of long-chain acids or human plasma phosphatidylcholines (lecithins) and cholesteryl esters by glass open tubular capillary column gas chromatography for stroke patients and for normal subjects.", "content": "Methods are described for long-chain acid compositional analyses of human plasma phosphatidylcholines and plasma cholesteryl esters. Conventional procedures were employed for the isolation of these lipids and for the preparation of methyl esters of the acids. The gas chromatographic analytical procedure was based upon the use of thermostable glass open tubular capillary columns with a new polar phase. The methods were used in a study of plasma lipids in stroke patients and in normal young adult subjects.", "contents": "Analysis of long-chain acids or human plasma phosphatidylcholines (lecithins) and cholesteryl esters by glass open tubular capillary column gas chromatography for stroke patients and for normal subjects. Methods are described for long-chain acid compositional analyses of human plasma phosphatidylcholines and plasma cholesteryl esters. Conventional procedures were employed for the isolation of these lipids and for the preparation of methyl esters of the acids. The gas chromatographic analytical procedure was based upon the use of thermostable glass open tubular capillary columns with a new polar phase. The methods were used in a study of plasma lipids in stroke patients and in normal young adult subjects.", "PMID": 1184683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9423", "title": "Cholesterol oxidase. Further studies of substrate specificity in relation to the analytical characterisation of steroids.", "content": "The substrate specificity of cholesterol oxidase has been further examined with respect to the size and shape of the steroid 17beta-side-chain and oxygenation of the nucleus. The relatively unreactive 17-keto-delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroids were converted to satisfactory substrates by formation of the isopentyl- or benzyloximes. The results obtained have been used to illustrate further uses of the enzyme in the gas-phase analytical characterisation and selective oxidation steroids. Oxidations were studied by kinetic experiments, gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Cholesterol oxidase. Further studies of substrate specificity in relation to the analytical characterisation of steroids. The substrate specificity of cholesterol oxidase has been further examined with respect to the size and shape of the steroid 17beta-side-chain and oxygenation of the nucleus. The relatively unreactive 17-keto-delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroids were converted to satisfactory substrates by formation of the isopentyl- or benzyloximes. The results obtained have been used to illustrate further uses of the enzyme in the gas-phase analytical characterisation and selective oxidation steroids. Oxidations were studied by kinetic experiments, gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 1184684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9424", "title": "Mass fragmentography of 5-hydroxytryptophol and 5-methoxytryptophol in human cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "A specific and very sensitive method for the determination of 5-hydroxy-tryptophol (5-HTOL) and 5-methoxytryptophol (5-MTOL) in extracts from human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) involving the use of mass fragmentography and pentafluoropriopionyl derivatives is described. 5-HTOL and 5-MTOL were determined in human CSF of three patients with leukaemia and from nine patients with neurological disorders. The concentration of free 5-HOT in CSF was in the range of 0.1-33 ng/ml and that of 5-MTOL was 0.3-13.9 ng/ml. For the first time the presence of these compounds in human material has been shown. The concentration of these two alcohols in CSF is markedly lower than the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. These results suggest that human cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine is preferentially metabolized to 5-HTOL-hydroxyindoleacetic acid rather than to 5-HTOL and 5-MTOL.", "contents": "Mass fragmentography of 5-hydroxytryptophol and 5-methoxytryptophol in human cerebrospinal fluid. A specific and very sensitive method for the determination of 5-hydroxy-tryptophol (5-HTOL) and 5-methoxytryptophol (5-MTOL) in extracts from human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) involving the use of mass fragmentography and pentafluoropriopionyl derivatives is described. 5-HTOL and 5-MTOL were determined in human CSF of three patients with leukaemia and from nine patients with neurological disorders. The concentration of free 5-HOT in CSF was in the range of 0.1-33 ng/ml and that of 5-MTOL was 0.3-13.9 ng/ml. For the first time the presence of these compounds in human material has been shown. The concentration of these two alcohols in CSF is markedly lower than the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. These results suggest that human cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine is preferentially metabolized to 5-HTOL-hydroxyindoleacetic acid rather than to 5-HTOL and 5-MTOL.", "PMID": 1184685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9425", "title": "A micro method for the determination of volatile metabolites in biological samples. A preliminary report.", "content": "A new method for analyzing volatile metabolites in biological fluids and tissues has been developed. The procedure involves extraction of the sample with diethyl ether, concentration on a short column of glass wool by elution of the diethyl ether, then thermal desorption of the trace constituents into a chromatographic system. Small samples of 100 mul are quite adequate. The method is applicable to serum, plasma, urine and other fluids. Small tissue samples can also be used with this technique.", "contents": "A micro method for the determination of volatile metabolites in biological samples. A preliminary report. A new method for analyzing volatile metabolites in biological fluids and tissues has been developed. The procedure involves extraction of the sample with diethyl ether, concentration on a short column of glass wool by elution of the diethyl ether, then thermal desorption of the trace constituents into a chromatographic system. Small samples of 100 mul are quite adequate. The method is applicable to serum, plasma, urine and other fluids. Small tissue samples can also be used with this technique.", "PMID": 1184686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9426", "title": "Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric study of volatile organic metabolites in urines of patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Abnormally increased concentrations of the aliphatic alcohols ethanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, n-butanol and isopentanol and the ketones 4-heptanone and cyclohexanone in human urine reflect metabolic disorders related to diabetes mellitus. For the determination of these low-molecular-weight metabolites, the components are trapped on an absorbent, separated by gas chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry. After standardization of the adsorption and desorption techniques, the procedure is applicable for comparative studies and for screening.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric study of volatile organic metabolites in urines of patients with diabetes mellitus. Abnormally increased concentrations of the aliphatic alcohols ethanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, n-butanol and isopentanol and the ketones 4-heptanone and cyclohexanone in human urine reflect metabolic disorders related to diabetes mellitus. For the determination of these low-molecular-weight metabolites, the components are trapped on an absorbent, separated by gas chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry. After standardization of the adsorption and desorption techniques, the procedure is applicable for comparative studies and for screening.", "PMID": 1184687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9427", "title": "Specific detection of volatile metabolites in urines of normal subjects and patients with diabetes mellitus using computerized mass fragmentography.", "content": "Volatile urinary components are analyzed by a combination of gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and a data-acquisition system. Mass fragmentograms using the mass spectrometric data on magnetic tape are recorded for the primary aliphatic alcohols ethanol, n-propanol, isobutanol and isopentanol and the ketones 4-hepatonone and cyclohexanone. The mass fragmentograms are used as selective profiles to facilitate recognition of abnormalities in the urinary components in cases of diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Specific detection of volatile metabolites in urines of normal subjects and patients with diabetes mellitus using computerized mass fragmentography. Volatile urinary components are analyzed by a combination of gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and a data-acquisition system. Mass fragmentograms using the mass spectrometric data on magnetic tape are recorded for the primary aliphatic alcohols ethanol, n-propanol, isobutanol and isopentanol and the ketones 4-hepatonone and cyclohexanone. The mass fragmentograms are used as selective profiles to facilitate recognition of abnormalities in the urinary components in cases of diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 1184688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9428", "title": "Automated high-resolution gas chromatographic system for recording and evaluation of metabolic profiles.", "content": "A fully automated high-resolution gas chromatographic system is described that incorporates repetitive sampling of volatile biological samples onto a glass capillary column, and a simultaneous flame ionization and nitrogen-sensitive detection prior to data acquisition and computer handling. Reliable headspace sampling procedure and reproducible column characteristics that are essential to automation have been studied. The application of this system to the reproducible chromatographic recording of human urinary volatile constituents is shown.", "contents": "Automated high-resolution gas chromatographic system for recording and evaluation of metabolic profiles. A fully automated high-resolution gas chromatographic system is described that incorporates repetitive sampling of volatile biological samples onto a glass capillary column, and a simultaneous flame ionization and nitrogen-sensitive detection prior to data acquisition and computer handling. Reliable headspace sampling procedure and reproducible column characteristics that are essential to automation have been studied. The application of this system to the reproducible chromatographic recording of human urinary volatile constituents is shown.", "PMID": 1184689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9429", "title": "Identification of microorganisms by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of cellular fatty acids.", "content": "The cellular fatty acid compositions of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. cepacia, and P. maltophilia were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. A variety of acids was detected in these organisms, including branched and straight-chain acids, cyclopropane, and hydroxy acids. Comparison of the presence and relative amounts of these acids was useful in distinguishing the three species. Three branched-chain hydroxy acids not found in other bacteria were present in P. maltophilia and were identified by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and infrared spectroscopy.", "contents": "Identification of microorganisms by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of cellular fatty acids. The cellular fatty acid compositions of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. cepacia, and P. maltophilia were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. A variety of acids was detected in these organisms, including branched and straight-chain acids, cyclopropane, and hydroxy acids. Comparison of the presence and relative amounts of these acids was useful in distinguishing the three species. Three branched-chain hydroxy acids not found in other bacteria were present in P. maltophilia and were identified by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and infrared spectroscopy.", "PMID": 1184690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9430", "title": "The use of gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric-computer systems in pharmacokinetic studies.", "content": "Pharmacokinetic studies involving plasma, urine, breast milk, saliva and liver homogenates have been carried out by selective ion detection with a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric-computer system operated in the chemical ionization mode. Stable isotope labeled drugs were used as internal standards for quantification. The half-lives, the concentration at zero time, the slope (regression coefficient), the maximum velocity of the reaction and the apparent Michaelis constant of the reaction were determined by regression analysis, and also by graphic means.", "contents": "The use of gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric-computer systems in pharmacokinetic studies. Pharmacokinetic studies involving plasma, urine, breast milk, saliva and liver homogenates have been carried out by selective ion detection with a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric-computer system operated in the chemical ionization mode. Stable isotope labeled drugs were used as internal standards for quantification. The half-lives, the concentration at zero time, the slope (regression coefficient), the maximum velocity of the reaction and the apparent Michaelis constant of the reaction were determined by regression analysis, and also by graphic means.", "PMID": 1184691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9431", "title": "Gas chromatographic-mass fragmentographic determination of trazodone in rat plasma.", "content": "A sensitive and specific combined gas chromatographic-mass fragmentographic method for the determination of trazodone in rat plasma is described. After extraction with diethyl ether and washing of the extracts in order to prevent interference from endogenous materials, trazodone and the internal standard benperidol were separated on an OV-1 column. The minimum amount of trazodone detected was 20 ng by gas chromatography with the use of a flame ionization detector and 200 pg when using the mass fragmentographic technique. Plasma levels in rats treated with a single intravenous dose (10 mg/kg) of trazodone are also reported.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic-mass fragmentographic determination of trazodone in rat plasma. A sensitive and specific combined gas chromatographic-mass fragmentographic method for the determination of trazodone in rat plasma is described. After extraction with diethyl ether and washing of the extracts in order to prevent interference from endogenous materials, trazodone and the internal standard benperidol were separated on an OV-1 column. The minimum amount of trazodone detected was 20 ng by gas chromatography with the use of a flame ionization detector and 200 pg when using the mass fragmentographic technique. Plasma levels in rats treated with a single intravenous dose (10 mg/kg) of trazodone are also reported.", "PMID": 1184692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9432", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of amino acids and peptide-hormone hydrolysates in the picomole range.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic system for the separation of amino acids and peptide-hormone hydrolysates is described. A modified high-pressure liquid chromatography (Hewlett-Packard, model 1010B) equipped with an automatic gradient-generating system, and the applications of fluorescamine and ion-exchange resins of particle size 8 +/- 2 mum permit the detection of amino acids in the picomole range with good resolution. Compared with conventional amino acid analyzers, the times for separation are reduced by a factor of 3--4.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of amino acids and peptide-hormone hydrolysates in the picomole range. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic system for the separation of amino acids and peptide-hormone hydrolysates is described. A modified high-pressure liquid chromatography (Hewlett-Packard, model 1010B) equipped with an automatic gradient-generating system, and the applications of fluorescamine and ion-exchange resins of particle size 8 +/- 2 mum permit the detection of amino acids in the picomole range with good resolution. Compared with conventional amino acid analyzers, the times for separation are reduced by a factor of 3--4.", "PMID": 1184693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9433", "title": "The performance of microparticle chemically-bonded anion-exchange resins in the analysis of nucleotides.", "content": "The performance of microparticles in the ion-exchange chromatographic separation of nucleotides was investigated. A microparticle chemically-bonded strong anion-exchange column packing was used for the analysis of the 5'-mono-, di- and -triphosphate nucleotides of adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, cytosine, uracil and thymine. It was found that excellent resolution of the majority of the nucleotides was obtained at ambient temperatures. The packings were stable and the sample capacity was greater than with pellicular resins. The retention times, peak shapes, heights and areas were highly reproducible and there was good linearity of response. Use of this column packing in biochemical studies is reported.", "contents": "The performance of microparticle chemically-bonded anion-exchange resins in the analysis of nucleotides. The performance of microparticles in the ion-exchange chromatographic separation of nucleotides was investigated. A microparticle chemically-bonded strong anion-exchange column packing was used for the analysis of the 5'-mono-, di- and -triphosphate nucleotides of adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, cytosine, uracil and thymine. It was found that excellent resolution of the majority of the nucleotides was obtained at ambient temperatures. The packings were stable and the sample capacity was greater than with pellicular resins. The retention times, peak shapes, heights and areas were highly reproducible and there was good linearity of response. Use of this column packing in biochemical studies is reported.", "PMID": 1184694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9434", "title": "Liquid chromatographic separation and detection of nanogram quantities of biologically important dicarboxylic acids.", "content": "Phenacyl and benzyl derivatives of some biologically significant dicarboxylic acids have been prepared in a quantitative manner using a crown ether catalyst. They were separated using reversed-phase chromatography. The column used was packed with Corasil II to which a C9 phase (nonyl) was bonded. Water-methanol (68:32) was used as the mobile phase. Detection limits in the range of 5--15 ng have been obtained for a non-optimized system. The ease of preparation of these derivatives, coupled with their excellent chromatographic properties, makes this a very attractive procedure for the investigation of mixtures containing biologically significant acids. The implications and future of this technique are discussed.", "contents": "Liquid chromatographic separation and detection of nanogram quantities of biologically important dicarboxylic acids. Phenacyl and benzyl derivatives of some biologically significant dicarboxylic acids have been prepared in a quantitative manner using a crown ether catalyst. They were separated using reversed-phase chromatography. The column used was packed with Corasil II to which a C9 phase (nonyl) was bonded. Water-methanol (68:32) was used as the mobile phase. Detection limits in the range of 5--15 ng have been obtained for a non-optimized system. The ease of preparation of these derivatives, coupled with their excellent chromatographic properties, makes this a very attractive procedure for the investigation of mixtures containing biologically significant acids. The implications and future of this technique are discussed.", "PMID": 1184695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9435", "title": "Computerized gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples.", "content": "Substantial progress has been made in the last few years in the development of a rapid method for determining polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in environmental samples. The three-step method consists of (i) a preliminary separation of PAH by solvent and/or column chromatography, (ii) identification by a combination of gas chromatography with quadrupole mass spectrometry and computer, and (iii) measurement by computerized gas chromatography using internal standards. Samples of industrial effluents, coke oven emissions, coal tar and airborne particulates have been investigated. The efficiencies of different gas chromatographic columns were evaluated during these investigations.", "contents": "Computerized gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples. Substantial progress has been made in the last few years in the development of a rapid method for determining polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in environmental samples. The three-step method consists of (i) a preliminary separation of PAH by solvent and/or column chromatography, (ii) identification by a combination of gas chromatography with quadrupole mass spectrometry and computer, and (iii) measurement by computerized gas chromatography using internal standards. Samples of industrial effluents, coke oven emissions, coal tar and airborne particulates have been investigated. The efficiencies of different gas chromatographic columns were evaluated during these investigations.", "PMID": 1184696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9436", "title": "Trace analysis of organic volatiles in water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with glass capillary columns.", "content": "Traces of volatile organic materials in water have been concentrated by gas phase stripping and adsorption onto a porous polymer. A simple all-glass sampling device is proposed which allows efficient concentration at elevated temperatures. Sample transfer from absorbent into a gas chromatographic column is effected by a simple one-step procedure involving heat desorption. The capacity of the absorbent has been determined for a number of model substances which are found in water. Under the sampling conditions used, compounds being less volatile than benzene are usually quantitatively retained, with some exceptions. Separations were effected with highly efficient glass capillary columns. Water samples, collected from a small number of locations, included both tap water and untreated waters. A number of volatiles have been determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in drinking water and in a river which flows  through an industrialized area. The drinking water examined contains a large number of chlorinated and brominated compounds whereas the river water is largely free from this class of substances. Derivatives of camphor and terpenes have been identified in this particular river.", "contents": "Trace analysis of organic volatiles in water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with glass capillary columns. Traces of volatile organic materials in water have been concentrated by gas phase stripping and adsorption onto a porous polymer. A simple all-glass sampling device is proposed which allows efficient concentration at elevated temperatures. Sample transfer from absorbent into a gas chromatographic column is effected by a simple one-step procedure involving heat desorption. The capacity of the absorbent has been determined for a number of model substances which are found in water. Under the sampling conditions used, compounds being less volatile than benzene are usually quantitatively retained, with some exceptions. Separations were effected with highly efficient glass capillary columns. Water samples, collected from a small number of locations, included both tap water and untreated waters. A number of volatiles have been determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in drinking water and in a river which flows  through an industrialized area. The drinking water examined contains a large number of chlorinated and brominated compounds whereas the river water is largely free from this class of substances. Derivatives of camphor and terpenes have been identified in this particular river.", "PMID": 1184697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9437", "title": "Analysis for aqueous nitrates and nitrites and gaseous oxides of nitrogen by electron capture gas chromatography.", "content": "A highly sensitive gas chromatographic method is presented for the determination of aqueous nitrates. By suitable chemical pretreatment, this method is also applicable to the analysis of aqueous nitrites and gaseous oxides of nitrogen. The method has been applied to the analysis of drinking water, urine, and nitric acid. The technique involves the conversion of the nitrate ion to nitrobenzene with subsequent analysis by electron capture gas chromatography. The detection limit for nitrobenzene is ca. 10(-12) g, making possible the analysis of environmentally significant concentrations of aqueous nitrates and nitrites and gaseous oxides of nitrogen.", "contents": "Analysis for aqueous nitrates and nitrites and gaseous oxides of nitrogen by electron capture gas chromatography. A highly sensitive gas chromatographic method is presented for the determination of aqueous nitrates. By suitable chemical pretreatment, this method is also applicable to the analysis of aqueous nitrites and gaseous oxides of nitrogen. The method has been applied to the analysis of drinking water, urine, and nitric acid. The technique involves the conversion of the nitrate ion to nitrobenzene with subsequent analysis by electron capture gas chromatography. The detection limit for nitrobenzene is ca. 10(-12) g, making possible the analysis of environmentally significant concentrations of aqueous nitrates and nitrites and gaseous oxides of nitrogen.", "PMID": 1184698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9438", "title": "A comparison of the chromatographic properties of various polyadenylate binding materials.", "content": "The suitability of various materials for messenger RNA isolation and possible fractionation was examined by comparing the chromatographic behaviour of synthetic poly(riboadenylic acid) [poly(A)] and ribosomal RNA on each suport. The ratios of poly(A) to ribosomal RNA capacities of the various materials under different chromatographic conditions were used to estimate the potential selectivity of the columns for messenger RNA isolation. Using this criterion, benzoylated cellulose and oligo(deoxythymidylate)-cellulose should be the most selective materials of those studied. The elution conditions (temperature or salt gradient) used to obtain bound poly(A) were investigated to determine the optimum conditions for possible messenger RNA fractionation. It is concluded that oligo(deoxythymidylate)-cellulose appears to be the most suitable support of those investigated for messenger RNA isolation and possible fractionation.", "contents": "A comparison of the chromatographic properties of various polyadenylate binding materials. The suitability of various materials for messenger RNA isolation and possible fractionation was examined by comparing the chromatographic behaviour of synthetic poly(riboadenylic acid) [poly(A)] and ribosomal RNA on each suport. The ratios of poly(A) to ribosomal RNA capacities of the various materials under different chromatographic conditions were used to estimate the potential selectivity of the columns for messenger RNA isolation. Using this criterion, benzoylated cellulose and oligo(deoxythymidylate)-cellulose should be the most selective materials of those studied. The elution conditions (temperature or salt gradient) used to obtain bound poly(A) were investigated to determine the optimum conditions for possible messenger RNA fractionation. It is concluded that oligo(deoxythymidylate)-cellulose appears to be the most suitable support of those investigated for messenger RNA isolation and possible fractionation.", "PMID": 1184699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9439", "title": "Analysis of 1-(2-phenyladamant-1-yl)-2-methylaminopropane as its chlorodifluoroacetyl derivative.", "content": "The diastereoisomeric content of 1-(2-phenyladamant-1-yl)-2-methylaminopropane can be determined by gas chromatography following treatment with chlorodifluoroacetic anhydride. Racemisation occurs in the synthesis of 2-phenyladamantane from the corresponding 2-chloroadamantane in the Friedel-Crafts reaction with aluminium chloride, but fractionation of the diastereoisomers can occur in the purification steps. A method for determining 2-phenyladamantane in plasma and urine extracts at the nanogram level using an electron-capture detector is described and compared with a previously described radio-assay procedure.", "contents": "Analysis of 1-(2-phenyladamant-1-yl)-2-methylaminopropane as its chlorodifluoroacetyl derivative. The diastereoisomeric content of 1-(2-phenyladamant-1-yl)-2-methylaminopropane can be determined by gas chromatography following treatment with chlorodifluoroacetic anhydride. Racemisation occurs in the synthesis of 2-phenyladamantane from the corresponding 2-chloroadamantane in the Friedel-Crafts reaction with aluminium chloride, but fractionation of the diastereoisomers can occur in the purification steps. A method for determining 2-phenyladamantane in plasma and urine extracts at the nanogram level using an electron-capture detector is described and compared with a previously described radio-assay procedure.", "PMID": 1184700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9440", "title": "Quantitative assay of maprotiline in biological fluids by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A specific and sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the assay of maprotiline in biological fluids. Maprotiline is isolated from the biological sample by base-specific extraction followed by conversion into the heptafluorobutyramide. The derivative is determined quantitatively by gas-liquid chromatography with an electron capture detector, nortriptyline being used as the internal standard. Amounts below 10 ng per biological sample can be measured.", "contents": "Quantitative assay of maprotiline in biological fluids by gas-liquid chromatography. A specific and sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the assay of maprotiline in biological fluids. Maprotiline is isolated from the biological sample by base-specific extraction followed by conversion into the heptafluorobutyramide. The derivative is determined quantitatively by gas-liquid chromatography with an electron capture detector, nortriptyline being used as the internal standard. Amounts below 10 ng per biological sample can be measured.", "PMID": 1184701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9441", "title": "Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Separation and identification of isomers by gas chromatography-mas spectrometry.", "content": "Attempts were made to synthesize all polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin isomers containing six to eight chlorine atoms by micro-scale pyrolysis of different polychlorophenates. Eight of the ten possible hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, the two hepta- and the octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin were observed and separated by gas chromatography using glass capillary columns. Without actual isolation of these toxic materials, isomers were characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Commercial chlorinate phenols were analyzed for the presence of these isomers. The major hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin observed in two commerical products was the unexpected 1,2,3,7,8,9-substituted isomer, which was not formed as the main dioxin component in any of the pyrolysis experiments. The same isomer was reported to be isolated from toxic fat and identified by X-ray crystallography.", "contents": "Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Separation and identification of isomers by gas chromatography-mas spectrometry. Attempts were made to synthesize all polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin isomers containing six to eight chlorine atoms by micro-scale pyrolysis of different polychlorophenates. Eight of the ten possible hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, the two hepta- and the octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin were observed and separated by gas chromatography using glass capillary columns. Without actual isolation of these toxic materials, isomers were characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Commercial chlorinate phenols were analyzed for the presence of these isomers. The major hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin observed in two commerical products was the unexpected 1,2,3,7,8,9-substituted isomer, which was not formed as the main dioxin component in any of the pyrolysis experiments. The same isomer was reported to be isolated from toxic fat and identified by X-ray crystallography.", "PMID": 1184711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9442", "title": "Applications of moving-wire detectors for the liquid chromatography of fats and fatty acid derived oleochemicals.", "content": "Published applications of moving-wire detectors and other transport flame ionization detectors for the liquid chromatography of fats and oleochemical are briefly reviewed. The usefulness of this detector is illustrated by a number of examples taken from our own work at the Unilever Forschungsgesellschaft Hamburg. The chromatograms shown were chosen in which a way as to give an idea of how broad a range of applications may be covered by this approach.", "contents": "Applications of moving-wire detectors for the liquid chromatography of fats and fatty acid derived oleochemicals. Published applications of moving-wire detectors and other transport flame ionization detectors for the liquid chromatography of fats and oleochemical are briefly reviewed. The usefulness of this detector is illustrated by a number of examples taken from our own work at the Unilever Forschungsgesellschaft Hamburg. The chromatograms shown were chosen in which a way as to give an idea of how broad a range of applications may be covered by this approach.", "PMID": 1184712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9443", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative gas liquid chromatography of triglycerides.", "content": "This article reviews the methodology required for triglyceride analysis by gas liquid chromatography. Compositions of the animal and vegetable triglyceride mixtures to which this technique has been applied are summarized.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative gas liquid chromatography of triglycerides. This article reviews the methodology required for triglyceride analysis by gas liquid chromatography. Compositions of the animal and vegetable triglyceride mixtures to which this technique has been applied are summarized.", "PMID": 1184714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9444", "title": "Application of open-tubular column/gas-liquid chromatography to the analysis of complex mixtures of branched-chain fatty acids.", "content": "Methyl and butyl esters of branched-chain fatty acids of subcutaneous triacylgycerols from barley-fed lambs were subjected to urea-adduction and the resulting fractions were analyzed as methyl esters by gas-liquid chromatography on wall-coated open-tubular columns. The chromatogram of each fraction was less complex than that of the original and there was evidence to suggest that, in the original mixture of branched-chain acids, components resistant to urea-adduction were present, but their occurrence was obscured in chromatograms by the presence of monomethyl-substituted acids.", "contents": "Application of open-tubular column/gas-liquid chromatography to the analysis of complex mixtures of branched-chain fatty acids. Methyl and butyl esters of branched-chain fatty acids of subcutaneous triacylgycerols from barley-fed lambs were subjected to urea-adduction and the resulting fractions were analyzed as methyl esters by gas-liquid chromatography on wall-coated open-tubular columns. The chromatogram of each fraction was less complex than that of the original and there was evidence to suggest that, in the original mixture of branched-chain acids, components resistant to urea-adduction were present, but their occurrence was obscured in chromatograms by the presence of monomethyl-substituted acids.", "PMID": 1184715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9445", "title": "GLC identification techniques for long-chain unsaturated fatty acids.", "content": "Relationships between GLC behavior and structures of long-chain fatty acids are discussed. These relationships have been developed for mono-olefinic and myethylene-interrupted polyolefinic acids and have been made possible by the extensive published retention data on polyester phases and by a rationalization of ideas of stationary phase polarity. The relationships have been extended to nonmethylene-interrupted polyolefinic acids and the concept of fractional chain-length (FCL) values is explored for polyolefinic acids.", "contents": "GLC identification techniques for long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. Relationships between GLC behavior and structures of long-chain fatty acids are discussed. These relationships have been developed for mono-olefinic and myethylene-interrupted polyolefinic acids and have been made possible by the extensive published retention data on polyester phases and by a rationalization of ideas of stationary phase polarity. The relationships have been extended to nonmethylene-interrupted polyolefinic acids and the concept of fractional chain-length (FCL) values is explored for polyolefinic acids.", "PMID": 1184716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9446", "title": "Technology for the identification of unusual cis, cis octadecadienoic fatty acids.", "content": "In this article methods are presented for the separation and identification of unusual cis, cis dienoic and polygnoic long chain fatty acids. Special emphasis has been laid on the identification of cis, cis octadecadienoic acids. The steps followed are: after transesterification the fatty acid methyl esters are separated by preparative gas chromatography according to chain length followed by argentation chromatography on thin-layer plates. After hydroxylation of the double bonds with osmium tetroxide the polyhydroxy compounds are derivatized to the per-O-trimethylsilyl-ethers. Separation and identification of individual compounds are achieved by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using SCOT columns and low ionization energy.", "contents": "Technology for the identification of unusual cis, cis octadecadienoic fatty acids. In this article methods are presented for the separation and identification of unusual cis, cis dienoic and polygnoic long chain fatty acids. Special emphasis has been laid on the identification of cis, cis octadecadienoic acids. The steps followed are: after transesterification the fatty acid methyl esters are separated by preparative gas chromatography according to chain length followed by argentation chromatography on thin-layer plates. After hydroxylation of the double bonds with osmium tetroxide the polyhydroxy compounds are derivatized to the per-O-trimethylsilyl-ethers. Separation and identification of individual compounds are achieved by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using SCOT columns and low ionization energy.", "PMID": 1184717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9447", "title": "Effect of clonidine on growth hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the serum of normal men.", "content": "Clonidine (0.15 mg iv), a selective noradrenergic receptor agonist, increased serum growth hormone (GH) levels (greater than 6 ng/ml) on 8 out of 12 administrations to 6 normal men. This increase was independent of the hypotensive effects of the drug and unrelated to changes in serum cortisol. Clonidine induced a hyperglycemic effect in all subjects which was greatest 15 min after commencint the injection. No changes in blood sugar or GH occurred after placebo injection. Apomorphine, a selective dopamine receptor agonist, elevated GH in each of these 6 subjects (greater than 10 ng/ml). Clonidine had no effect on serum prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). These data are compatible with a dual dopaminergic and noradrenergic mechanism modulating GH secretion in normal men and with the absence of a noradrenergic mechanism in the regulation of PRL, LH, FSH, or TSH.", "contents": "Effect of clonidine on growth hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the serum of normal men. Clonidine (0.15 mg iv), a selective noradrenergic receptor agonist, increased serum growth hormone (GH) levels (greater than 6 ng/ml) on 8 out of 12 administrations to 6 normal men. This increase was independent of the hypotensive effects of the drug and unrelated to changes in serum cortisol. Clonidine induced a hyperglycemic effect in all subjects which was greatest 15 min after commencint the injection. No changes in blood sugar or GH occurred after placebo injection. Apomorphine, a selective dopamine receptor agonist, elevated GH in each of these 6 subjects (greater than 10 ng/ml). Clonidine had no effect on serum prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). These data are compatible with a dual dopaminergic and noradrenergic mechanism modulating GH secretion in normal men and with the absence of a noradrenergic mechanism in the regulation of PRL, LH, FSH, or TSH.", "PMID": 1184719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9448", "title": "Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in patients with myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "Gonadal function was studied in three post-pubertal siblings (two male and one female) and one unrelated male patient with myotonic dystrophy. The diagnosis was confirmed in all cases by electromyography and muscle biopsy. Basal levels of plasma immunoreactive LH, FSH, testosterone, and estradiol were measured. Hypothalamic, pituitary, and gonadal reserve and responsiveness were evaluated by clomiphene, LHRH, and HCG tests. Histologic examination of gonadal biopsies was also performed. The results showed that gonadal failure present in the four patients had different characteristics. In the same family, hypothalamic amenorrhea was observed in the female patient, and hypothalamic eunuchoidism and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism with marked tubular and leydig cells failure in the male patients. The non-related male patient had hypergonadotropic hypogonadism with tubular failure but with a compensatory leydig-cell hyperplasia. These data are interpreted as demonstrating different expressivity of the hypogonadism associated with the same inherited muscle disease.", "contents": "Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in patients with myotonic dystrophy. Gonadal function was studied in three post-pubertal siblings (two male and one female) and one unrelated male patient with myotonic dystrophy. The diagnosis was confirmed in all cases by electromyography and muscle biopsy. Basal levels of plasma immunoreactive LH, FSH, testosterone, and estradiol were measured. Hypothalamic, pituitary, and gonadal reserve and responsiveness were evaluated by clomiphene, LHRH, and HCG tests. Histologic examination of gonadal biopsies was also performed. The results showed that gonadal failure present in the four patients had different characteristics. In the same family, hypothalamic amenorrhea was observed in the female patient, and hypothalamic eunuchoidism and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism with marked tubular and leydig cells failure in the male patients. The non-related male patient had hypergonadotropic hypogonadism with tubular failure but with a compensatory leydig-cell hyperplasia. These data are interpreted as demonstrating different expressivity of the hypogonadism associated with the same inherited muscle disease.", "PMID": 1184720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9449", "title": "Allergic response to glucagon injection as a result of insulin contamination.", "content": "A 25-year-old obese woman with adult onset diabetes, with known insulin allergy, was evaluated for her insulin response to glucagon. Intravenous injection of glucagon produced severe generlaized allergic reaction. Skin tests with various insulin and glucagon preparations showed allergic reaction to be most pronounced with beef regular single peak and single component insulin, pork regular single peak, beef lente single peak, and neutral regular (beef-pork) single peak insulin. Allergic reactions to numerous glucagon preparations were found to be directly proportional to the amount of insulin contamination in those preparations. Purification of one glucagon lot by column chromatography verified the presence of proinsulin and insulin contaminants in the preparation.", "contents": "Allergic response to glucagon injection as a result of insulin contamination. A 25-year-old obese woman with adult onset diabetes, with known insulin allergy, was evaluated for her insulin response to glucagon. Intravenous injection of glucagon produced severe generlaized allergic reaction. Skin tests with various insulin and glucagon preparations showed allergic reaction to be most pronounced with beef regular single peak and single component insulin, pork regular single peak, beef lente single peak, and neutral regular (beef-pork) single peak insulin. Allergic reactions to numerous glucagon preparations were found to be directly proportional to the amount of insulin contamination in those preparations. Purification of one glucagon lot by column chromatography verified the presence of proinsulin and insulin contaminants in the preparation.", "PMID": 1184721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9450", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for cortisol using antibodies against prednisolone conjugated at the 3-position.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of cortisol in plasma was developed. The procedure requires a one-step precipitation of the proteins in plasma or a one-step extraction with methylene chloride in urine. The method is precise, accurate, sensitive, and very specific. The primary antibody was prepared against prednisolone-3- carboxymethoxime-bovine serum albumin. The method is sensitive to 12.5 pg/ml of plasma. The antiserum has little interference from other endogenous steroids and metabolites of cortisol. 0830 hour plasma levels of cortisol in twenty normal human adults averaged 150 +/- 33 ng/ml.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for cortisol using antibodies against prednisolone conjugated at the 3-position. A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of cortisol in plasma was developed. The procedure requires a one-step precipitation of the proteins in plasma or a one-step extraction with methylene chloride in urine. The method is precise, accurate, sensitive, and very specific. The primary antibody was prepared against prednisolone-3- carboxymethoxime-bovine serum albumin. The method is sensitive to 12.5 pg/ml of plasma. The antiserum has little interference from other endogenous steroids and metabolites of cortisol. 0830 hour plasma levels of cortisol in twenty normal human adults averaged 150 +/- 33 ng/ml.", "PMID": 1184722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9451", "title": "Effects of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, and diazepam on the metabolism of methylprednisolone and its sodium succinate.", "content": "The metabolic clearance rates (MCR) of methylprednisolone (MP) (no. = 13) and methylprednisolone-21- Na-hemisuccinate (MPHS) (no. = 6) were studied in normal humans using tritium-labeled steroids. The cumulative appearance of the labeled steroid was examined for the whole urine and for three major urinary fractions. The MCR, half-life, and volume of distribution were, respectively, 383 +/- 72 (SD) liters/day, 165 +/- 49 minutes, and 61 +/- 12 liters for MP, and 234 +/- 37, 160 +/- 19, and 41 +/- 6 for MPHS. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) administered to 4 subjects increased the MCR of MP from 424 +/- 71 to 977 +/- 132 (P less than 0.01), and decreased the half-life from 149 +/- 44 to 69 +/- 7 (P less than 0.001). Similar effects were found with phenobarbital (PB). Diazepam (DZP) had no effect. Major increases in urinary metabolites after DPH and PB were in the unconjugated ethyl acetate fraction, and this suggests that MP metabolism is significantly altered by hepatic microsomal hydroxylation enzyme induction by DHP and PB, but not DZP. This could occur with the formation of a 6beta-hydroxy derivative which could be readily cleared by the kidney. The urinary pattern of excretion for MPHS was similar to that of MP. The MCR of MPHS was affected to a lesser extent by DPH and PB than was the MCR of MP(P less than 0.01). Therefore, the use of hepatic microsomal hydroxylase inducers should be taken into consideration in clinical states in which MP is being used.", "contents": "Effects of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, and diazepam on the metabolism of methylprednisolone and its sodium succinate. The metabolic clearance rates (MCR) of methylprednisolone (MP) (no. = 13) and methylprednisolone-21- Na-hemisuccinate (MPHS) (no. = 6) were studied in normal humans using tritium-labeled steroids. The cumulative appearance of the labeled steroid was examined for the whole urine and for three major urinary fractions. The MCR, half-life, and volume of distribution were, respectively, 383 +/- 72 (SD) liters/day, 165 +/- 49 minutes, and 61 +/- 12 liters for MP, and 234 +/- 37, 160 +/- 19, and 41 +/- 6 for MPHS. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) administered to 4 subjects increased the MCR of MP from 424 +/- 71 to 977 +/- 132 (P less than 0.01), and decreased the half-life from 149 +/- 44 to 69 +/- 7 (P less than 0.001). Similar effects were found with phenobarbital (PB). Diazepam (DZP) had no effect. Major increases in urinary metabolites after DPH and PB were in the unconjugated ethyl acetate fraction, and this suggests that MP metabolism is significantly altered by hepatic microsomal hydroxylation enzyme induction by DHP and PB, but not DZP. This could occur with the formation of a 6beta-hydroxy derivative which could be readily cleared by the kidney. The urinary pattern of excretion for MPHS was similar to that of MP. The MCR of MPHS was affected to a lesser extent by DPH and PB than was the MCR of MP(P less than 0.01). Therefore, the use of hepatic microsomal hydroxylase inducers should be taken into consideration in clinical states in which MP is being used.", "PMID": 1184723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9452", "title": "Parathyroid hormone status and renal responsiveness in familial hypophosphatemic rickets.", "content": "Basal serum and urinary biochemical parameters and their response to PTH or calcium infusion were examined in 14 untreated patients with familial hypophosphatemic rickets (FHR) from 5 kindreds and 9 normal control subjects after a period of dietary equilibration. FHR subjects exhibited significantly elevated basal serum iPTH levels (FHR: 11.4 +/- 0.8, controls: 5.1 +/- 0.5 ng/ml, P less than 0.001) and urinary cAMP excretion (FHR: 7.83 +/- 0.81, controls: 3.78 +/- 0.46 nmol/mg creatinine P less than 0.001). In response to PTH infusion (6 units/kg over 4 hours) FHR subjects exhibited a mean 34% decrease in TRP and a 22-fold increase in cAMP excretion, both comparable to the control response. Calcium infusion (10 mg/kg over 1 h) rapidly suppressed serum iPTH and urinary cAMP values in FHR subjects. However, TRP remained inappropriately low for the level of serum phosphate. Basal and post-calcium infusion serum iPTH levels correlated positively with urinary cAMP in FHR subjects and controls. Pre- and post-calcium infusion iPTH levels correlated with serum calcium in FHR subjects. Mean Salivary phosphate concentration was significantly reduced in FHR subjects (FHR: 12.68 +/- 0.87, controls: 22.47 +/- 2.16 mg/100 ml, P less than 0.001). However, calculated salivary phosphate clearance rates were similar in FHR and control subjects. PTH or calcium infusion did not significantly alter salivary phosphate concentration or clearance rates in either patients or controls. We concluded that untreated FHR patients exhibit a state of mild secondary hyperparathyroidism and an at least normal renal phosphaturic response to PTH. In addition, there is no evidence for increased salivary phosphate excretion in FHR.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone status and renal responsiveness in familial hypophosphatemic rickets. Basal serum and urinary biochemical parameters and their response to PTH or calcium infusion were examined in 14 untreated patients with familial hypophosphatemic rickets (FHR) from 5 kindreds and 9 normal control subjects after a period of dietary equilibration. FHR subjects exhibited significantly elevated basal serum iPTH levels (FHR: 11.4 +/- 0.8, controls: 5.1 +/- 0.5 ng/ml, P less than 0.001) and urinary cAMP excretion (FHR: 7.83 +/- 0.81, controls: 3.78 +/- 0.46 nmol/mg creatinine P less than 0.001). In response to PTH infusion (6 units/kg over 4 hours) FHR subjects exhibited a mean 34% decrease in TRP and a 22-fold increase in cAMP excretion, both comparable to the control response. Calcium infusion (10 mg/kg over 1 h) rapidly suppressed serum iPTH and urinary cAMP values in FHR subjects. However, TRP remained inappropriately low for the level of serum phosphate. Basal and post-calcium infusion serum iPTH levels correlated positively with urinary cAMP in FHR subjects and controls. Pre- and post-calcium infusion iPTH levels correlated with serum calcium in FHR subjects. Mean Salivary phosphate concentration was significantly reduced in FHR subjects (FHR: 12.68 +/- 0.87, controls: 22.47 +/- 2.16 mg/100 ml, P less than 0.001). However, calculated salivary phosphate clearance rates were similar in FHR and control subjects. PTH or calcium infusion did not significantly alter salivary phosphate concentration or clearance rates in either patients or controls. We concluded that untreated FHR patients exhibit a state of mild secondary hyperparathyroidism and an at least normal renal phosphaturic response to PTH. In addition, there is no evidence for increased salivary phosphate excretion in FHR.", "PMID": 1184724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9453", "title": "Familial incomplete virilization due to partial end organ insensitivity to androgens.", "content": "A 16-yr-old 46 XY individual with a familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism closely resembling the syndrome described by Gilbert-Dreyfus et al. was studied. The patient's habitus was masculine despite the presence of a small phallus, pseudo-vaginal perineal hypospadias, bifid scrotum, gynecomastia, and diminished virilization. Blood samples obtained at 20-min intervals were submitted to hormone analysis. Episodic fluctuations of plasma gonadotropins with mean values of LH above the normal male range and FSH within normal limits were observed. Moderately elevated plasma testosterone and increased plasma estradiol also showed episodic oscillations. The administration of LH-releasing hormone resulted in a significative increase of plasma LH and FSH. Testicular biopsy revealed the presence of seminiferous tubules with few spermatogonia and no spermatocytes, and normal sertoli and interstitial cells. Gonadal stimulation with hCG for 4 consecutive days induced a significative increase of plasma testosterone and estradiol. The daily administration of 50 mg of testosterone propionate for 3 days neither depressed the circulating levels of gonadotropins nor modified the pulsatile pattern of gonadotropins release. Administration of testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate failed to diminish plasma LH and FSH levels. Testosterone administration for 10 weeks also failed to induce virilization. These results are similar to those observed in patients with testicular feminization syndrome, and the underlying abnormality involves a partial defect of the mechanism of action of testosterone rather than decreased androgen biosynthesis. According to a recently proposed classification this individual corresponds to the type 1 incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism.", "contents": "Familial incomplete virilization due to partial end organ insensitivity to androgens. A 16-yr-old 46 XY individual with a familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism closely resembling the syndrome described by Gilbert-Dreyfus et al. was studied. The patient's habitus was masculine despite the presence of a small phallus, pseudo-vaginal perineal hypospadias, bifid scrotum, gynecomastia, and diminished virilization. Blood samples obtained at 20-min intervals were submitted to hormone analysis. Episodic fluctuations of plasma gonadotropins with mean values of LH above the normal male range and FSH within normal limits were observed. Moderately elevated plasma testosterone and increased plasma estradiol also showed episodic oscillations. The administration of LH-releasing hormone resulted in a significative increase of plasma LH and FSH. Testicular biopsy revealed the presence of seminiferous tubules with few spermatogonia and no spermatocytes, and normal sertoli and interstitial cells. Gonadal stimulation with hCG for 4 consecutive days induced a significative increase of plasma testosterone and estradiol. The daily administration of 50 mg of testosterone propionate for 3 days neither depressed the circulating levels of gonadotropins nor modified the pulsatile pattern of gonadotropins release. Administration of testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate failed to diminish plasma LH and FSH levels. Testosterone administration for 10 weeks also failed to induce virilization. These results are similar to those observed in patients with testicular feminization syndrome, and the underlying abnormality involves a partial defect of the mechanism of action of testosterone rather than decreased androgen biosynthesis. According to a recently proposed classification this individual corresponds to the type 1 incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism.", "PMID": 1184725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9454", "title": "Heterogeneity of human growth hormone and prolactin secreted in vitro: Immunoassay and radioreceptor assay correlations.", "content": "Gel filtration of sera and of in vitro pituitary incubation media from a normal subject and from subjects with pituitary tumors or physiologically elevated growth hormone (hGH) and/or prolactin (hPRL) levels, has been performed. Heterogeneous immunoreactive forms of both hormones with comparable elution profiles in sera and in in vitro incubation media were identified. In each instance the most retarded component ('little hPRL' and 'little hGH') migrated identically with the respective radioiodinated pituitary standard and constituted the major component identified. Several components of intermediate mobility were identified and characterized as 'big hPRL', 'big hGH,' and 'big big hGH'. In addition, a void volume immunoreactive peak was often identified. No interconversion was demonstrated on refiltration of prolactin tumor sera or normal pituitary incubation media. Radioreceptor activity utilizing pregnant rabbit liver membranes for hGH and rabbit mammary membranes for hPRL indicates comparable immunologic and receptor activity in all forms identified following gel filtration of prolactin tumor sera (for hPRL) and normal pituitary incubation media (for hGH). Only for the larger species of HGH, identified by gel filtration of clinical grade hGH, was diminished receptor activity demonstrated. These data suggest that the human pituitary synthesizes and secretes protein hormones of different molecular size according to gel filtration elution volume profiles but with comparable receptor and immunologic assay reactivity. These results support but do not establish the proposal that pituitary hormones are also secreted as prohormones.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of human growth hormone and prolactin secreted in vitro: Immunoassay and radioreceptor assay correlations. Gel filtration of sera and of in vitro pituitary incubation media from a normal subject and from subjects with pituitary tumors or physiologically elevated growth hormone (hGH) and/or prolactin (hPRL) levels, has been performed. Heterogeneous immunoreactive forms of both hormones with comparable elution profiles in sera and in in vitro incubation media were identified. In each instance the most retarded component ('little hPRL' and 'little hGH') migrated identically with the respective radioiodinated pituitary standard and constituted the major component identified. Several components of intermediate mobility were identified and characterized as 'big hPRL', 'big hGH,' and 'big big hGH'. In addition, a void volume immunoreactive peak was often identified. No interconversion was demonstrated on refiltration of prolactin tumor sera or normal pituitary incubation media. Radioreceptor activity utilizing pregnant rabbit liver membranes for hGH and rabbit mammary membranes for hPRL indicates comparable immunologic and receptor activity in all forms identified following gel filtration of prolactin tumor sera (for hPRL) and normal pituitary incubation media (for hGH). Only for the larger species of HGH, identified by gel filtration of clinical grade hGH, was diminished receptor activity demonstrated. These data suggest that the human pituitary synthesizes and secretes protein hormones of different molecular size according to gel filtration elution volume profiles but with comparable receptor and immunologic assay reactivity. These results support but do not establish the proposal that pituitary hormones are also secreted as prohormones.", "PMID": 1184726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9455", "title": "Thyrotropin and prolactin pituitary reserve in the \"empty sella syndrome\".", "content": "Ten patients (8 women, 2 men) with the \"empty sella syndrome\" were studied to evaluate the pituitary reserve of human thyrotropin (hTSH) and prolactin (hPRL). None of the patients had signs or symptoms of hypopituitarism or primary hypothyroidism. All patients had normal baseline thyroid function tests except for 2 patients with mild elevations in total triiodothyronine as measured by competitive protein displacement assay (T3D). Eight of ten patients had normal hTSH responses to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), whereas the 2 patients with elevated T3D had blunted TRH responses. In the 4 patients studied, the metabolic clearance (MCR) and production rates (PR) of hTSH were normal. In 9 of 10 patients normal baseline serum hPRL levels were detected, and each responded to TRH. In one case serum hPRL was undetectable and failed to respond to TRH. The assessment of other anterior pituitary function revealed few minor abnormalities. In summary, like other anterior pituitary hormones, the pituitary reserve in \"empty sella syndrome\" of hTSH and hPRL is usually normal. When abnormalities do occur, they are attributable to other co-existent endocrine pathology.", "contents": "Thyrotropin and prolactin pituitary reserve in the \"empty sella syndrome\". Ten patients (8 women, 2 men) with the \"empty sella syndrome\" were studied to evaluate the pituitary reserve of human thyrotropin (hTSH) and prolactin (hPRL). None of the patients had signs or symptoms of hypopituitarism or primary hypothyroidism. All patients had normal baseline thyroid function tests except for 2 patients with mild elevations in total triiodothyronine as measured by competitive protein displacement assay (T3D). Eight of ten patients had normal hTSH responses to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), whereas the 2 patients with elevated T3D had blunted TRH responses. In the 4 patients studied, the metabolic clearance (MCR) and production rates (PR) of hTSH were normal. In 9 of 10 patients normal baseline serum hPRL levels were detected, and each responded to TRH. In one case serum hPRL was undetectable and failed to respond to TRH. The assessment of other anterior pituitary function revealed few minor abnormalities. In summary, like other anterior pituitary hormones, the pituitary reserve in \"empty sella syndrome\" of hTSH and hPRL is usually normal. When abnormalities do occur, they are attributable to other co-existent endocrine pathology.", "PMID": 1184727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9456", "title": "The effect of short-term triiodothyronine administration on thyroxine response to exogenous TSH in man.", "content": "In order to examine whether thyroid hormone concentration interfere with the thyroid gland responsivity to TSH, paired studies on the effect of short-term T3 treatment on T4 response to exogenous TSH ( 5 I.U. i.m.) were carried out in 10 euthyroid volunteers. During T3 administration ( 120 mcg/day for 4 days starting 48 hr before TSH injection) a significant decrease in T4 concentrations was observed both prior to and after TSH, with an inhibition of the T4 response ranging from 36-77% as calculated from the area under the response curve. The present data are in agreement with the existence of a \"short-loop\" thyroid-thyroid regulatory mechanism in man. In fact, the decreased percent rise of T4 after TSH suggests an inhibitory effect of T4 release following TSH, even though a modification of T4 kinetic parameters during T3 administration may account for a portion of the lowering of T4 blood concentrations.", "contents": "The effect of short-term triiodothyronine administration on thyroxine response to exogenous TSH in man. In order to examine whether thyroid hormone concentration interfere with the thyroid gland responsivity to TSH, paired studies on the effect of short-term T3 treatment on T4 response to exogenous TSH ( 5 I.U. i.m.) were carried out in 10 euthyroid volunteers. During T3 administration ( 120 mcg/day for 4 days starting 48 hr before TSH injection) a significant decrease in T4 concentrations was observed both prior to and after TSH, with an inhibition of the T4 response ranging from 36-77% as calculated from the area under the response curve. The present data are in agreement with the existence of a \"short-loop\" thyroid-thyroid regulatory mechanism in man. In fact, the decreased percent rise of T4 after TSH suggests an inhibitory effect of T4 release following TSH, even though a modification of T4 kinetic parameters during T3 administration may account for a portion of the lowering of T4 blood concentrations.", "PMID": 1184728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9457", "title": "Pattern of plasma testosterone and delta4-androstenedione in normal newborns: Evidence for testicular activity at birth.", "content": "Plasma testosterone (T) and delta4-androstenedione (delta) levels were measured by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay method in 157 blood specimens from normal neonates. In both sexes at birth plasma T and delta were significantly higher in peripheral than in cord blood and drop within the first week of life. In males a secondary increase in both T and delta had occurred by the 2nd week of life while values continue to decrease in females. The present data demonstrate that testicular activity is still present at birth and suggest that the transient fall in T levels likely due to the removal of chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secretion is responsible for the secondary activation of the hypothalamic pituitary axis by a negative feed-back mechanism.", "contents": "Pattern of plasma testosterone and delta4-androstenedione in normal newborns: Evidence for testicular activity at birth. Plasma testosterone (T) and delta4-androstenedione (delta) levels were measured by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay method in 157 blood specimens from normal neonates. In both sexes at birth plasma T and delta were significantly higher in peripheral than in cord blood and drop within the first week of life. In males a secondary increase in both T and delta had occurred by the 2nd week of life while values continue to decrease in females. The present data demonstrate that testicular activity is still present at birth and suggest that the transient fall in T levels likely due to the removal of chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secretion is responsible for the secondary activation of the hypothalamic pituitary axis by a negative feed-back mechanism.", "PMID": 1184729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9458", "title": "Influence of body weight on estradiol metabolism in young women.", "content": "The metabolism of estradiol in girls with anorexia nervosa was compared with obese subjects and normal weight, age and sex matched controls. Increasing body weight was accompanied by a sharp decrease in 2-hydroxylation of estradiol and an increase in 16alpha-hydroxylation. These metabolic changes are discussed in terms of the biological activity of 2-hydroxyestrone and estriol.", "contents": "Influence of body weight on estradiol metabolism in young women. The metabolism of estradiol in girls with anorexia nervosa was compared with obese subjects and normal weight, age and sex matched controls. Increasing body weight was accompanied by a sharp decrease in 2-hydroxylation of estradiol and an increase in 16alpha-hydroxylation. These metabolic changes are discussed in terms of the biological activity of 2-hydroxyestrone and estriol.", "PMID": 1184730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9459", "title": "Effect of temperature on transport and plating media for enteric pathogens.", "content": "The effect of wide variations in incubation temperatures and long periods of incubation on transport and enrichment broths and plating media was determined by exhaustive analysis of 132 diarrheal stools for salmonellae and shigellae. Homogenized stools were streaked onto eosin methylene blue (EMB), Salmonella-Shigella (SS), and xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar plates, and into saline, Cary-Blair (CB) transport medium, and Selenite F and gram-negative (GN) enrichment broths. Incubation temperatures were compared at 20 C, 35 C, 40 C and ambient, and over a range of 4 to 52 C for media incubated in an insulated picnic cooler in an auto trunk. At 1, 2, 4, and 7 days the plates were observed, and the broths were subcultured. Each stool was streaked to 12 plates for 48 observations and pickings, and to 48 tubes, subcultured to 192 plates, for a total of 240 observations for pathogens. Analysis of data from 6,246 Salmonella-positive plates showed direct streaking to be most effective after 2 days of incubation, but broths were equally effective at 1 or 2 days. By day 4 many plates were overgrown, and both plates and broths showed diminution of positives by about 10% and at day 7, 19%. The 2,434 Shigella-positive plates were more demanding in all times and temperatures of incubation than salmonellae. Although at day 2 best results were obtained on direct streaking, shigellae die-offs in broths were excessive, with positive declining 23.7% by day 2, 49% by day 4, and 60% by day 7. Direct plating of both pathogens was poor at 20 C with about 48% success, but salmonellae preferred higher temperatures (35 and 40 C), whereas shigellae chose 35 C and ambient, which averaged 28 C for the 10-month study. Temperature was immaterial to salmonellae in broths with ambient slightly better than 35 C, but shigellae preferred 20 C and showed a 50% failure rate at 40 C, ambient being equal to 35 C. The preferential rank of broths in efficacy was GN greater than selenite greater than saline greater than CB greater than direct for salmonellae; for shigellae, GN greater than saline greater than direct greater than CB greater than selenite, with selenite proving to be unsuitable for shigellae. Plating media preferences were XLD greater than EMB greater than SS. Ten of 39 shigellae strains could not be recovered from the selenite and SS media combination, the many replications notwithstanding. The effectiveness of salmonellae and shigellae detection at ambient temperatures in Louisiana during the 10-month study period, as compared to controlled incubation temperatures, indicates that satisfactory enteric bacteriology can be done in warm climates without constant temperature incubators.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on transport and plating media for enteric pathogens. The effect of wide variations in incubation temperatures and long periods of incubation on transport and enrichment broths and plating media was determined by exhaustive analysis of 132 diarrheal stools for salmonellae and shigellae. Homogenized stools were streaked onto eosin methylene blue (EMB), Salmonella-Shigella (SS), and xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar plates, and into saline, Cary-Blair (CB) transport medium, and Selenite F and gram-negative (GN) enrichment broths. Incubation temperatures were compared at 20 C, 35 C, 40 C and ambient, and over a range of 4 to 52 C for media incubated in an insulated picnic cooler in an auto trunk. At 1, 2, 4, and 7 days the plates were observed, and the broths were subcultured. Each stool was streaked to 12 plates for 48 observations and pickings, and to 48 tubes, subcultured to 192 plates, for a total of 240 observations for pathogens. Analysis of data from 6,246 Salmonella-positive plates showed direct streaking to be most effective after 2 days of incubation, but broths were equally effective at 1 or 2 days. By day 4 many plates were overgrown, and both plates and broths showed diminution of positives by about 10% and at day 7, 19%. The 2,434 Shigella-positive plates were more demanding in all times and temperatures of incubation than salmonellae. Although at day 2 best results were obtained on direct streaking, shigellae die-offs in broths were excessive, with positive declining 23.7% by day 2, 49% by day 4, and 60% by day 7. Direct plating of both pathogens was poor at 20 C with about 48% success, but salmonellae preferred higher temperatures (35 and 40 C), whereas shigellae chose 35 C and ambient, which averaged 28 C for the 10-month study. Temperature was immaterial to salmonellae in broths with ambient slightly better than 35 C, but shigellae preferred 20 C and showed a 50% failure rate at 40 C, ambient being equal to 35 C. The preferential rank of broths in efficacy was GN greater than selenite greater than saline greater than CB greater than direct for salmonellae; for shigellae, GN greater than saline greater than direct greater than CB greater than selenite, with selenite proving to be unsuitable for shigellae. Plating media preferences were XLD greater than EMB greater than SS. Ten of 39 shigellae strains could not be recovered from the selenite and SS media combination, the many replications notwithstanding. The effectiveness of salmonellae and shigellae detection at ambient temperatures in Louisiana during the 10-month study period, as compared to controlled incubation temperatures, indicates that satisfactory enteric bacteriology can be done in warm climates without constant temperature incubators.", "PMID": 1184731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9460", "title": "Production of influenza virus complement-fixing antibody in mouse ascitic fluid.", "content": "Suspension cultures of BHK-21/13s cells infected with either A/Hong Kong/8/68 or B/Massachusetts/3/66 strains of influenza were used to prepare type-specific influenza ribonucleoprotein-immunizing antigens. These antigens were used in comparing four immunization schedules in the production of immune mouse ascitic fluids. Large volumes of ascitic fluids were obtained by these schedules. These fluids contained type-specific complement-fixing antibody and were devoid of nonspecific host tissue or heterologous cross-reactions.", "contents": "Production of influenza virus complement-fixing antibody in mouse ascitic fluid. Suspension cultures of BHK-21/13s cells infected with either A/Hong Kong/8/68 or B/Massachusetts/3/66 strains of influenza were used to prepare type-specific influenza ribonucleoprotein-immunizing antigens. These antigens were used in comparing four immunization schedules in the production of immune mouse ascitic fluids. Large volumes of ascitic fluids were obtained by these schedules. These fluids contained type-specific complement-fixing antibody and were devoid of nonspecific host tissue or heterologous cross-reactions.", "PMID": 1184732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9461", "title": "Effects of atmosphere of incubation and of routine subcultures on detection of bacteremia in vacuum blood culture bottles.", "content": "Studies comparing isolation rates of bacteria and yeasts from vented and unvented vacuum blood culture bottles containing soybean-casein digest broth showed significantly more frequent and more rapid recovery of Candida and Pseudomonas from the vented bottle and no other statistically significant differences between the two. Subculture of bottles on the day of their collection was shown to accelerate recovery of 48% of positive cultures by day 1. A second subculture of known positive cultures yielded additional organisms in 1.5% of cultures.", "contents": "Effects of atmosphere of incubation and of routine subcultures on detection of bacteremia in vacuum blood culture bottles. Studies comparing isolation rates of bacteria and yeasts from vented and unvented vacuum blood culture bottles containing soybean-casein digest broth showed significantly more frequent and more rapid recovery of Candida and Pseudomonas from the vented bottle and no other statistically significant differences between the two. Subculture of bottles on the day of their collection was shown to accelerate recovery of 48% of positive cultures by day 1. A second subculture of known positive cultures yielded additional organisms in 1.5% of cultures.", "PMID": 1184733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9462", "title": "Differential medium for detecting dental plaque bacteria resembling Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii.", "content": "A medium for detecting colonies of Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii in dental plaque samples was developed. The medium (CNAC-20) contains 20.0 mug of 3CdSO4-8H2O per ml of Columbia CNA agar base. Laboratory strains of A. viscosus grew on CNAC-20 in characteristic round, white, smooth, opaque colonies. Increasing the cadmium concentration impaired the growth of some A. viscosus strains. Stock strains of A. naeslundii and A. israelii grew in colonies of similar white, opaque morphology. The few strains of other gram-positive plaque bacteria that grew on CNAC-20 had colonies easily distinguished from those of A. viscosus. Most of the bacterial strains freshly isolated from Actinomyces-like colonies on CNAC-20 that had been inoculated with human dental plaque samples were found to have cultural characteristics consistent with previous descriptions of A. viscosus or A. naeslundii. CNAC-20 may facilitate investigations into the relationship of microaerophilic Actinomyces with the etiology of dental diseases.", "contents": "Differential medium for detecting dental plaque bacteria resembling Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii. A medium for detecting colonies of Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii in dental plaque samples was developed. The medium (CNAC-20) contains 20.0 mug of 3CdSO4-8H2O per ml of Columbia CNA agar base. Laboratory strains of A. viscosus grew on CNAC-20 in characteristic round, white, smooth, opaque colonies. Increasing the cadmium concentration impaired the growth of some A. viscosus strains. Stock strains of A. naeslundii and A. israelii grew in colonies of similar white, opaque morphology. The few strains of other gram-positive plaque bacteria that grew on CNAC-20 had colonies easily distinguished from those of A. viscosus. Most of the bacterial strains freshly isolated from Actinomyces-like colonies on CNAC-20 that had been inoculated with human dental plaque samples were found to have cultural characteristics consistent with previous descriptions of A. viscosus or A. naeslundii. CNAC-20 may facilitate investigations into the relationship of microaerophilic Actinomyces with the etiology of dental diseases.", "PMID": 1184734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9463", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for serum rat thyroglobulin. Physiologic and pharmacological studies.", "content": "A double antibody radioimmunoassay has been developed to measure thyroglobulin in rat (RTg) serum. The lowest detectable quantity measurable was 5.0 ng/ml. Specificity was documented by: (a) fall in serum RTg to undetectable levels after thyroid ablation; (b) the fact that L-thyroxine, D-thyroxine, L-triiodothyronine, D-triiodothyronine, triiodothyroacetic acid, tetraiodothyroacetic acid, triiodothyropropionic acid, moniodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine, and human thyroglobulin (HTg) in concentrations up to 40,000 ng per tube did not cross-react in the assay; (c) the demonstration that constant levels of serum RTg were observed while varying amounts of serum (criterion of parallelism) were introduced in the assay. The mean RTg concentration in tail vein blood of adult Sprague-Dawley rats were 101.5 +/- 13.0 ng/ml (SEM) (n=21); values ranged from 12.0 to 258.0 ng/ml. Chronic administration of a high-iodine diet (HID) did not affect serum thyroglobulin levels. Chronic administration of a low-iodine diet (LID) and propylthiouracil (PTU) led to a statistically significant increase in serum RTg that was accompanied by a significant rise in serum thyrotropin (rTSH). Serum thyroxine (T4) administered to normal rats for 14 days (20 mug/day subcutaneously) depressed serum RTg concentration from a mean level of 119.4 +/- 17.5 ng/ml (n=19) to a mean of 35.0 +/- 0.27 ng/ml (n=19) (P less than 0.001). While rats were on continuous T4 suppression, bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone (bTSH) given intravenously (2 IU) resulted in a mean maximal increment of RTg of 332.0 +/- 81.5 ng/ml (n=6) at 24 h. IgC-(LATS) long-acting thyroid stimulatory injected intravenously resulted in a mean maximal increment of RTg concentration at 96 h of 87.2 +/- 14.3 ng/ml (n=5). Normal IgG had no statistical significant effect of RTg levels at any time after the injection.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for serum rat thyroglobulin. Physiologic and pharmacological studies. A double antibody radioimmunoassay has been developed to measure thyroglobulin in rat (RTg) serum. The lowest detectable quantity measurable was 5.0 ng/ml. Specificity was documented by: (a) fall in serum RTg to undetectable levels after thyroid ablation; (b) the fact that L-thyroxine, D-thyroxine, L-triiodothyronine, D-triiodothyronine, triiodothyroacetic acid, tetraiodothyroacetic acid, triiodothyropropionic acid, moniodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine, and human thyroglobulin (HTg) in concentrations up to 40,000 ng per tube did not cross-react in the assay; (c) the demonstration that constant levels of serum RTg were observed while varying amounts of serum (criterion of parallelism) were introduced in the assay. The mean RTg concentration in tail vein blood of adult Sprague-Dawley rats were 101.5 +/- 13.0 ng/ml (SEM) (n=21); values ranged from 12.0 to 258.0 ng/ml. Chronic administration of a high-iodine diet (HID) did not affect serum thyroglobulin levels. Chronic administration of a low-iodine diet (LID) and propylthiouracil (PTU) led to a statistically significant increase in serum RTg that was accompanied by a significant rise in serum thyrotropin (rTSH). Serum thyroxine (T4) administered to normal rats for 14 days (20 mug/day subcutaneously) depressed serum RTg concentration from a mean level of 119.4 +/- 17.5 ng/ml (n=19) to a mean of 35.0 +/- 0.27 ng/ml (n=19) (P less than 0.001). While rats were on continuous T4 suppression, bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone (bTSH) given intravenously (2 IU) resulted in a mean maximal increment of RTg of 332.0 +/- 81.5 ng/ml (n=6) at 24 h. IgC-(LATS) long-acting thyroid stimulatory injected intravenously resulted in a mean maximal increment of RTg concentration at 96 h of 87.2 +/- 14.3 ng/ml (n=5). Normal IgG had no statistical significant effect of RTg levels at any time after the injection.", "PMID": 1184735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9464", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of contact activation cofactor.", "content": "The contact phase of intrinsic clotting involves Factor XI, Factor XII, Fletcher factor, and a fourth activity that we call contact activation cofactor (CAC). All four of these activities are reduced or absent in Dicalite-adsorbed plasma. A modified activated partial thromboplastin time assay for CAC has been defined by using a substrate of Dicalite-adsorbed plasma combined with partially purified sources of Factors XI and XII, and Fletcher factor. The following properties of CAC in plasma have been determined by using the assay: it is stable up to 60 min at 56 degrees C; gradually loses activity at 80 degrees C; is stable between pH 6 and 9; is precipitated by ammonium sulfate between 40% and 50% saturation; is slightly adsorbed by A1(OH)3; and is eluted from DEAE-cellulose after the major protein peaks. A purification procedure has been devised that separates CAC from other known clotting factors. Isolated CAC was less stable than CAC in plasma, but in the presence of dilute human serum albumin it retained full activity for 80 min at 56 degrees C. On gel filtration CAC had an apparent mol wt of 220,000 daltons. These properties are consistent with those described for Fitzgerald factor, which further supports the conclusion that CAC and Fitzgerald factor represent the same activity. Isolated CAC promoted the generation of activated Factor XI (XIa) in a mixture containing purified Factor XI, Factor XII, and kaolin. The amount of Factor XIa generated was proportional to the amount of added CAC. No time-consuming reaction between Factor XI or Factor XII and CAC could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of contact activation cofactor. The contact phase of intrinsic clotting involves Factor XI, Factor XII, Fletcher factor, and a fourth activity that we call contact activation cofactor (CAC). All four of these activities are reduced or absent in Dicalite-adsorbed plasma. A modified activated partial thromboplastin time assay for CAC has been defined by using a substrate of Dicalite-adsorbed plasma combined with partially purified sources of Factors XI and XII, and Fletcher factor. The following properties of CAC in plasma have been determined by using the assay: it is stable up to 60 min at 56 degrees C; gradually loses activity at 80 degrees C; is stable between pH 6 and 9; is precipitated by ammonium sulfate between 40% and 50% saturation; is slightly adsorbed by A1(OH)3; and is eluted from DEAE-cellulose after the major protein peaks. A purification procedure has been devised that separates CAC from other known clotting factors. Isolated CAC was less stable than CAC in plasma, but in the presence of dilute human serum albumin it retained full activity for 80 min at 56 degrees C. On gel filtration CAC had an apparent mol wt of 220,000 daltons. These properties are consistent with those described for Fitzgerald factor, which further supports the conclusion that CAC and Fitzgerald factor represent the same activity. Isolated CAC promoted the generation of activated Factor XI (XIa) in a mixture containing purified Factor XI, Factor XII, and kaolin. The amount of Factor XIa generated was proportional to the amount of added CAC. No time-consuming reaction between Factor XI or Factor XII and CAC could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1184736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9465", "title": "25-hydroxycholecalciferol stimulation of muscle metabolism.", "content": "Intact diaphragms from vitamin D-deficient rats were incubated in vitro with [3H]leucine. Oral administration of 10 mug (400 U) of cholecalciferol 7 h before incubation increased leucine incorporation into diaphragm muscle protein by 136% (P less than 0.001) of the preparation from untreated animals. Nephrectomy did not obliterate this response. ATP content of the diaphragm muscle was also enhanced 7 h after administration of the vitamin. At 4 h after administration of cholecalciferol, serum phosphorus concentration was reduced by 0.7 mg/100 ml (P less than 0.025) and the rate of inorganic 32PO4 accumulation by diaphragm muscle was increased by 18% (P less than 0.025) over the untreated animals. Increasing serum phosphate concentration of the vitamin D-deficient animals by dietary supplementation with phosphate for 3 days failed to significantly enhance leucine incorporation into protein. However, supplementation of the rachitogenic, vitamin D-deficient diet with phosphorus for 3 wk stimulated the growth of the animal and muscle ATP levels. This increase in growth and muscle ATP content attributed to the addition of phosphorus to the diet was less than the increase in growth and muscle ATP levels achieved by the addition of both phosphorus and vitamin D to the diet. To eliminate systemic effects of the vitamin, the epitrochlear muscle of the rat foreleg of vitamin D-depleted rats was maintained in tissue culture. Addition of 20 ng/ml of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) to the medium enhanced ATP content of the muscle and increased leucine incorporation into protein. Vitamin D3 at a concentration of 20 mug/ml and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) at a concentration of 500 pg/ml were without effect. Analysis of muscle cytosol in sucrose density gradients revealed a protein fraction which specifically bound 25-OHD3 and which demonstrated a lesser affinity for 1,25-(OH)2D3. These studies suggest that 25-OHD3 may influence directly the intracellular accumulation of phosphate by muscle and thereby play an important role in the maintenance of muscle metabolism and function.", "contents": "25-hydroxycholecalciferol stimulation of muscle metabolism. Intact diaphragms from vitamin D-deficient rats were incubated in vitro with [3H]leucine. Oral administration of 10 mug (400 U) of cholecalciferol 7 h before incubation increased leucine incorporation into diaphragm muscle protein by 136% (P less than 0.001) of the preparation from untreated animals. Nephrectomy did not obliterate this response. ATP content of the diaphragm muscle was also enhanced 7 h after administration of the vitamin. At 4 h after administration of cholecalciferol, serum phosphorus concentration was reduced by 0.7 mg/100 ml (P less than 0.025) and the rate of inorganic 32PO4 accumulation by diaphragm muscle was increased by 18% (P less than 0.025) over the untreated animals. Increasing serum phosphate concentration of the vitamin D-deficient animals by dietary supplementation with phosphate for 3 days failed to significantly enhance leucine incorporation into protein. However, supplementation of the rachitogenic, vitamin D-deficient diet with phosphorus for 3 wk stimulated the growth of the animal and muscle ATP levels. This increase in growth and muscle ATP content attributed to the addition of phosphorus to the diet was less than the increase in growth and muscle ATP levels achieved by the addition of both phosphorus and vitamin D to the diet. To eliminate systemic effects of the vitamin, the epitrochlear muscle of the rat foreleg of vitamin D-depleted rats was maintained in tissue culture. Addition of 20 ng/ml of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) to the medium enhanced ATP content of the muscle and increased leucine incorporation into protein. Vitamin D3 at a concentration of 20 mug/ml and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) at a concentration of 500 pg/ml were without effect. Analysis of muscle cytosol in sucrose density gradients revealed a protein fraction which specifically bound 25-OHD3 and which demonstrated a lesser affinity for 1,25-(OH)2D3. These studies suggest that 25-OHD3 may influence directly the intracellular accumulation of phosphate by muscle and thereby play an important role in the maintenance of muscle metabolism and function.", "PMID": 1184737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9466", "title": "Determinants of human adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase. Effect of diabetes and obesity on basal- and diet-induced activity.", "content": "The role of insulin in the regulation of human adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase was evaluated. Adipose tissue heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase (thought to be related to peripheral clearance of plasma triglycerides) was low in insulin-deficient, untreated hyperglycemic diabetic subjects (P less than 0.001) and treatment of hyperglycemia returned the activity to normal. In chronic hyperinsulinism, represented by obesity, heparin-releasable activity among control subjects was correlated to percent of ideal body weight (r=0.53, P less than 0.05) and to fat cell size (r=0.61, P less than 0.02). Acetone-ether powder lipoprotein lipase activity (presumed to reflect total tissue enzyme) was also related to percent of ideal body weight (r=0.76, P less than 0.001 for controls; r=0.67, P less than 0.05 for diabetics) and to fat cell size (r=0.71, P less than 0.01 for controls; r=0.85, P less than 0.01 for diabetics. Postprandial-stimulated insulin secretion was related to diet-induced changes in lipoprotein lipase in control subjects; both were dependent upon the amount of dietary carbohydrate. In contrast, the diabetic patients with low insulin responses, failed to increase lipoprotein lipase activity with feeding. The changes in heparin-releasable (r=0.66, P less than 0.01) and acetone-ether powder (r=0.69, P less than 0.01) activity during feeding were related to the percent increase in plasma insulin. Thus, insulin appears to be important in the regulation of human adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity. Elevated insulin levels in obesity and increased insulin secretion after eating were associated with increased lipoprotein lipase activity. Defects in insulin secretion, both in postabsorptive and postprandial states, are associated with low adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase and may lead to hypertriglyceridemia in diabetic man.", "contents": "Determinants of human adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase. Effect of diabetes and obesity on basal- and diet-induced activity. The role of insulin in the regulation of human adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase was evaluated. Adipose tissue heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase (thought to be related to peripheral clearance of plasma triglycerides) was low in insulin-deficient, untreated hyperglycemic diabetic subjects (P less than 0.001) and treatment of hyperglycemia returned the activity to normal. In chronic hyperinsulinism, represented by obesity, heparin-releasable activity among control subjects was correlated to percent of ideal body weight (r=0.53, P less than 0.05) and to fat cell size (r=0.61, P less than 0.02). Acetone-ether powder lipoprotein lipase activity (presumed to reflect total tissue enzyme) was also related to percent of ideal body weight (r=0.76, P less than 0.001 for controls; r=0.67, P less than 0.05 for diabetics) and to fat cell size (r=0.71, P less than 0.01 for controls; r=0.85, P less than 0.01 for diabetics. Postprandial-stimulated insulin secretion was related to diet-induced changes in lipoprotein lipase in control subjects; both were dependent upon the amount of dietary carbohydrate. In contrast, the diabetic patients with low insulin responses, failed to increase lipoprotein lipase activity with feeding. The changes in heparin-releasable (r=0.66, P less than 0.01) and acetone-ether powder (r=0.69, P less than 0.01) activity during feeding were related to the percent increase in plasma insulin. Thus, insulin appears to be important in the regulation of human adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity. Elevated insulin levels in obesity and increased insulin secretion after eating were associated with increased lipoprotein lipase activity. Defects in insulin secretion, both in postabsorptive and postprandial states, are associated with low adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase and may lead to hypertriglyceridemia in diabetic man.", "PMID": 1184738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9467", "title": "Transcobalamins I and II as natural transport proteins of vitamin B12.", "content": "There are two conflicting theories of how plasma vitamin B12 (B12) is transported in man: (a) by two distinct transport proteins, transcobalamins I and II (TC I and II), each having a specific role and time of function; and (b) by three active transport proteins, TC I, II, and III, that take up B12 randomly in proportion to the unsaturated amounts of each. To test these theories a man was given 1.12 mug, 229 muCi, of [57Co]B12 mixed with food. Blood samples were taken several times on the 1st day and at lengthening intervals up to day 51. The amount of TC II-B12 was measured in each sample by: gel filtration and by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4. Total serum R-B12 was then separated into TC I and TC III by: (a) a single step anion exchange system and (b) isoelectric focusing (IEF). As the B12 was being absorbed, 92-95% of that in venous blood was carried by TC II. Absolute and percentage transport by TC II declined sharply during the first 24 h; between days 7 and 51 20-33% of the label was on TC II, and the rest was carried by R-type binders. Absolute transport by TC I did not reach a maximum until after day 1 and before day 3. Transport by an alpha2 R-type binder, TC III, could not be demonstrated. TC I was isoelectrically heterogenous, with the components focusing between pH 2.9 and 3.35. It was concluded that (a) TC II is the dominant carrier of B12 immediately after absorption; (b) maximum transport by TC I requires the passage of time after absorption; (c) after the absorbed B12 reaches equilibrium with the total body B12, about one fourth of the plasma B12 is carried by TC II and three fourth by TC I; and (d) TC I and TC II are the only functional transport proteins of plasma B12.", "contents": "Transcobalamins I and II as natural transport proteins of vitamin B12. There are two conflicting theories of how plasma vitamin B12 (B12) is transported in man: (a) by two distinct transport proteins, transcobalamins I and II (TC I and II), each having a specific role and time of function; and (b) by three active transport proteins, TC I, II, and III, that take up B12 randomly in proportion to the unsaturated amounts of each. To test these theories a man was given 1.12 mug, 229 muCi, of [57Co]B12 mixed with food. Blood samples were taken several times on the 1st day and at lengthening intervals up to day 51. The amount of TC II-B12 was measured in each sample by: gel filtration and by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4. Total serum R-B12 was then separated into TC I and TC III by: (a) a single step anion exchange system and (b) isoelectric focusing (IEF). As the B12 was being absorbed, 92-95% of that in venous blood was carried by TC II. Absolute and percentage transport by TC II declined sharply during the first 24 h; between days 7 and 51 20-33% of the label was on TC II, and the rest was carried by R-type binders. Absolute transport by TC I did not reach a maximum until after day 1 and before day 3. Transport by an alpha2 R-type binder, TC III, could not be demonstrated. TC I was isoelectrically heterogenous, with the components focusing between pH 2.9 and 3.35. It was concluded that (a) TC II is the dominant carrier of B12 immediately after absorption; (b) maximum transport by TC I requires the passage of time after absorption; (c) after the absorbed B12 reaches equilibrium with the total body B12, about one fourth of the plasma B12 is carried by TC II and three fourth by TC I; and (d) TC I and TC II are the only functional transport proteins of plasma B12.", "PMID": 1184739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9468", "title": "Effect of insulin-glucose infusions on plasma glucagon levels in fasting diabetics and nondiabetics.", "content": "The effect of the intravenous infusion of insulin plus glucose on plasma glucagon levels was studied in hyperglycemic fasting adult-type and juvenile-type diabetics and compared with fasting nondiabetics. Adult-type diabetics were given insulin for 2 h at a rate of 0.03 U/kg-min, raising their mean insulin to between 25 and 36 muU/ml; glucagon declined from a base-line value of 71+/-2 (SEM) to 56+/-1 pg/ml at 120 min (P less than 0.001). In juvenile-type diabetics given the same insulin-glucose infusion, glucagon declined from a base-line level of 74+/-8 to 55+/-5 pg/ml at 120 min (P less than 0.05). The absolute glucagon values in the diabetic groups did not differ significantly at any point from the mean glucagon levels in nondiabetics given insulin at the same rate plus enough glucose to maintain normoglycemia. When glucagon was expressed as percent of baseline, however, the normoglycemic nondiabetics exhibited significantly lower values than adult-type diabetics at 90 and 120 min and juvenile-type diabetics at 60 min. In nondiabetics given insulin plus glucose at a rate that caused hyperglycemia averaging between 134 and 160 mg/dl, glucagon fell to 41+/-7 pg/ml at 120 min, significantly below the adult diabetics at 90 and 120 min (P less than 0.01 and less than 0.05) and the juvenile group at 60 min (P less than 0.01). The mean minimal level of 39+/-2 pg/ml was significantly below the adult (P less than 0.001) and juvenile groups (P less than 0.05). When insulin was infused in the diabetic groups at a rate of 0.4 U/kg-min together with glucose, raising mean plasma insulin to between 300 and 600 muU/ml, differences from the hyperglycemic nondiabetics were no longer statistically significant. It is concluded that, contrary to the previously reported lack of insulin effect in diabetics during carbohydrate meals, intravenous administration for 2 h of physiologic amounts of insulin plus glucose is accompanied in unfed diabetics by a substantial decline in plasma glucagon. These levels are significantly above hyperglycemic nondiabetics at certain points but differ from normoglycemic nondiabetics only when expressed as percent of the baseline. At a supraphysiologic rate of insulin infusion in diabetics, these differences disappear.", "contents": "Effect of insulin-glucose infusions on plasma glucagon levels in fasting diabetics and nondiabetics. The effect of the intravenous infusion of insulin plus glucose on plasma glucagon levels was studied in hyperglycemic fasting adult-type and juvenile-type diabetics and compared with fasting nondiabetics. Adult-type diabetics were given insulin for 2 h at a rate of 0.03 U/kg-min, raising their mean insulin to between 25 and 36 muU/ml; glucagon declined from a base-line value of 71+/-2 (SEM) to 56+/-1 pg/ml at 120 min (P less than 0.001). In juvenile-type diabetics given the same insulin-glucose infusion, glucagon declined from a base-line level of 74+/-8 to 55+/-5 pg/ml at 120 min (P less than 0.05). The absolute glucagon values in the diabetic groups did not differ significantly at any point from the mean glucagon levels in nondiabetics given insulin at the same rate plus enough glucose to maintain normoglycemia. When glucagon was expressed as percent of baseline, however, the normoglycemic nondiabetics exhibited significantly lower values than adult-type diabetics at 90 and 120 min and juvenile-type diabetics at 60 min. In nondiabetics given insulin plus glucose at a rate that caused hyperglycemia averaging between 134 and 160 mg/dl, glucagon fell to 41+/-7 pg/ml at 120 min, significantly below the adult diabetics at 90 and 120 min (P less than 0.01 and less than 0.05) and the juvenile group at 60 min (P less than 0.01). The mean minimal level of 39+/-2 pg/ml was significantly below the adult (P less than 0.001) and juvenile groups (P less than 0.05). When insulin was infused in the diabetic groups at a rate of 0.4 U/kg-min together with glucose, raising mean plasma insulin to between 300 and 600 muU/ml, differences from the hyperglycemic nondiabetics were no longer statistically significant. It is concluded that, contrary to the previously reported lack of insulin effect in diabetics during carbohydrate meals, intravenous administration for 2 h of physiologic amounts of insulin plus glucose is accompanied in unfed diabetics by a substantial decline in plasma glucagon. These levels are significantly above hyperglycemic nondiabetics at certain points but differ from normoglycemic nondiabetics only when expressed as percent of the baseline. At a supraphysiologic rate of insulin infusion in diabetics, these differences disappear.", "PMID": 1184740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9469", "title": "Heme synthetase deficiency in human protoporphyria. Demonstration of the defect in liver and cultured skin fibroblasts.", "content": "The final step in heme biosynthesis is chelation of porphyrin with Fe++ catalyzed by the mitochondrial enzyme heme synthetase. We have employed a sensitive radiochemical assay for this enzyme, using 59Fe and deuteroporphyrin or protoporphyrin as substrates. In this method iron is maintained in the ferrous state, oxygen is excluded from the incubation system, and labeled heme product is extracted into ethyl acetate. This assay has been used to measure the activity of heme synthetase in homogenates of liver, obtained by needle biopsy, and in sonicates of human skin fibroblasts, cultured in vitro. In addition, activity of the first enzyme of the heme synthetic pathway, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, has been measured in fibroblast lysates. Lysates of fibroblasts from eight patients with protoporphyria had activities of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase which did not differ significantly from those of eight normal fibroblast lines, whereas activity of heme synthetase, with either deuteroporphyrin or protoporphyrin as substrate, was markedly decreased in sonicates of skin fibroblasts from these patients, the mean being 8% of control with deuteroporphyrin and 14% with protoporphyrin as substrate. In homogenates of liver from five patients with protoporphyria, activity of heme synthetase was also significantly less than that found in six patients without prophyria, the mean being 13% of control with protoporphyrin as substrate. These results provide evidence that decreased activity of heme synthetase is the basic defect in the heme synthetic pathway in protoporphyria. This deficiency is probably responsible for protoporphyrin accumulation and hence the biochemical and clinical features observed in protoporphyria.", "contents": "Heme synthetase deficiency in human protoporphyria. Demonstration of the defect in liver and cultured skin fibroblasts. The final step in heme biosynthesis is chelation of porphyrin with Fe++ catalyzed by the mitochondrial enzyme heme synthetase. We have employed a sensitive radiochemical assay for this enzyme, using 59Fe and deuteroporphyrin or protoporphyrin as substrates. In this method iron is maintained in the ferrous state, oxygen is excluded from the incubation system, and labeled heme product is extracted into ethyl acetate. This assay has been used to measure the activity of heme synthetase in homogenates of liver, obtained by needle biopsy, and in sonicates of human skin fibroblasts, cultured in vitro. In addition, activity of the first enzyme of the heme synthetic pathway, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, has been measured in fibroblast lysates. Lysates of fibroblasts from eight patients with protoporphyria had activities of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase which did not differ significantly from those of eight normal fibroblast lines, whereas activity of heme synthetase, with either deuteroporphyrin or protoporphyrin as substrate, was markedly decreased in sonicates of skin fibroblasts from these patients, the mean being 8% of control with deuteroporphyrin and 14% with protoporphyrin as substrate. In homogenates of liver from five patients with protoporphyria, activity of heme synthetase was also significantly less than that found in six patients without prophyria, the mean being 13% of control with protoporphyrin as substrate. These results provide evidence that decreased activity of heme synthetase is the basic defect in the heme synthetic pathway in protoporphyria. This deficiency is probably responsible for protoporphyrin accumulation and hence the biochemical and clinical features observed in protoporphyria.", "PMID": 1184741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9470", "title": "Effects of low-level lead exposure on pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase and other erythrocyte enzymes. Possible role of pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase in the pathogenesis of lead-induced anemia.", "content": "Similarities between lead-induced anemia and a new hereditary erythorenzymopathy involving pyrimidine-specific 5'-nucleotidase prompted studies of the effects of lead on this and other erythrocyte enzymes. In vitro incubations of normal mature erythrocytes demonstrated that significant inhibition of pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase occurred in the presence of lead at concentrations that had minimal effects on many other erythrocyte enzymes assayed simultaneously. Similarly, subjects with chronic lead intoxication secondary to industrial exposure exhibited substantial and consistent impairment of erythrocyte pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase activity. Results suggest that lead-induced deficiency of this enzyme in maturing erythroid elements could, if sufficiently severe, result in induction of basophilic stippling and premature erythrocyte hemolysis analogous to that encountered in the genetically induced enzyme-deficiency syndrome.", "contents": "Effects of low-level lead exposure on pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase and other erythrocyte enzymes. Possible role of pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase in the pathogenesis of lead-induced anemia. Similarities between lead-induced anemia and a new hereditary erythorenzymopathy involving pyrimidine-specific 5'-nucleotidase prompted studies of the effects of lead on this and other erythrocyte enzymes. In vitro incubations of normal mature erythrocytes demonstrated that significant inhibition of pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase occurred in the presence of lead at concentrations that had minimal effects on many other erythrocyte enzymes assayed simultaneously. Similarly, subjects with chronic lead intoxication secondary to industrial exposure exhibited substantial and consistent impairment of erythrocyte pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase activity. Results suggest that lead-induced deficiency of this enzyme in maturing erythroid elements could, if sufficiently severe, result in induction of basophilic stippling and premature erythrocyte hemolysis analogous to that encountered in the genetically induced enzyme-deficiency syndrome.", "PMID": 1184742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9471", "title": "Urea synthesis after oral protein ingestion in man.", "content": "In an attempt to assess hepatic functional capacity, hourly urea production, and corresponding serum amino acid concentrations after the ingestion of single protein meals (60, 120, and 240 g of protein) were evaluated in 18 normal subjects and in 8 patients with liver disease. In normal subjects, the relationship between urea production and serum amino acid concentration was linear (urea production in milligram urea nitrogen/kilogram lean body mass/hour = 6.3 times mg amino acid nitrogen/100 ml minus 20.5 SE of the estimate 6.9, r = 0.74, P less than 0.001), and variation of protein intake from 50 to 150 g/day for 3 days before testing did not change this relationship. The patients demonstrated impairment of urea synthesis proportional to the clinical severity of their liver disease. The potential clinical applications of these findings need to be determined.", "contents": "Urea synthesis after oral protein ingestion in man. In an attempt to assess hepatic functional capacity, hourly urea production, and corresponding serum amino acid concentrations after the ingestion of single protein meals (60, 120, and 240 g of protein) were evaluated in 18 normal subjects and in 8 patients with liver disease. In normal subjects, the relationship between urea production and serum amino acid concentration was linear (urea production in milligram urea nitrogen/kilogram lean body mass/hour = 6.3 times mg amino acid nitrogen/100 ml minus 20.5 SE of the estimate 6.9, r = 0.74, P less than 0.001), and variation of protein intake from 50 to 150 g/day for 3 days before testing did not change this relationship. The patients demonstrated impairment of urea synthesis proportional to the clinical severity of their liver disease. The potential clinical applications of these findings need to be determined.", "PMID": 1184743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9472", "title": "Prostaglandin-stimulated bone resorption by rheumatoid synovia. A possible mechanism for bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis was maintained in organ culture for 3-14 days. Conditioned media from these synovial cultures contained bone resorption-stimulating activity, measured in vitro by using calcium release from mouse calvaria as the assay system. The synovial cultures also produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as measured by serologic methods. The production of both the bone resorption-stimulating activity and PGE2 was inhibited by more than 90% by treatment of the synovial cultures with indomethacin (5 mug/ml). In contrast, treatment of the synovial cultures with colchicine (0.1 mug/ml) caused a marked and parallel increase in the concentration of both bone resorption-stimulating activity and PGE2 in the conditioned media. The bone resorption-stimulating activity was quantitatively extracted into diethyl ether. Within the limits of experimental error, all of the bone resorption-stimulating activity in medium was accounted for by its content of PGE2, itself a potent osteolytic factor. We conclude that the bone resorption-stimulating activity produced by rheumatoid synovia in culture is PGE2.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-stimulated bone resorption by rheumatoid synovia. A possible mechanism for bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis was maintained in organ culture for 3-14 days. Conditioned media from these synovial cultures contained bone resorption-stimulating activity, measured in vitro by using calcium release from mouse calvaria as the assay system. The synovial cultures also produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as measured by serologic methods. The production of both the bone resorption-stimulating activity and PGE2 was inhibited by more than 90% by treatment of the synovial cultures with indomethacin (5 mug/ml). In contrast, treatment of the synovial cultures with colchicine (0.1 mug/ml) caused a marked and parallel increase in the concentration of both bone resorption-stimulating activity and PGE2 in the conditioned media. The bone resorption-stimulating activity was quantitatively extracted into diethyl ether. Within the limits of experimental error, all of the bone resorption-stimulating activity in medium was accounted for by its content of PGE2, itself a potent osteolytic factor. We conclude that the bone resorption-stimulating activity produced by rheumatoid synovia in culture is PGE2.", "PMID": 1184744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9473", "title": "Effect of corticosteroids on the human monocyte IgG and complement receptors.", "content": "A quantitative in vitro assay was employed to directly assess the effect of corticosteroids on the IgG and complement receptor function of human  mononuclear phagocytic cells. In this system corticosteroids were solubilized with cholesterol-phospholipid sonicated dispersions before exposure to mononuclear cells. Solubilized corticosteroids at concentrations between 10(-4) and 10(-3) M inhibited both IgG and complement receptor activity in a dose-response fashion. Inhibition was dependent upon the time of interaction of the mononuclear cells with corticosteroids and was half-maximal by 15 min. The inhibitory effect at all concentrations of hydrocortisone was partially overcome by increasing the number of IgG molecules per erythrocyte. Hydrocortisone also inhibited the binding of erythrocytes coated with both IgG and C3, despite the fact that when both were on the erythrocyte surface a synergistic effect on binding to mononuclear cells was observed. At the steroid concentrations employed, the capacity of mononuclear cells to exclude trypan blue and to take up latex particles and neutral red was unaffected. Mineralocorticoids also inhibited receptor activity, but the sex hormones were less effective. These studies demonstrate an effect of steroid hormones on cell membrane receptor function, and they suggest that an inhibition of the recognition system for IgG and C3 in vivo may explain, in part, the effect of corticosteroids in man.", "contents": "Effect of corticosteroids on the human monocyte IgG and complement receptors. A quantitative in vitro assay was employed to directly assess the effect of corticosteroids on the IgG and complement receptor function of human  mononuclear phagocytic cells. In this system corticosteroids were solubilized with cholesterol-phospholipid sonicated dispersions before exposure to mononuclear cells. Solubilized corticosteroids at concentrations between 10(-4) and 10(-3) M inhibited both IgG and complement receptor activity in a dose-response fashion. Inhibition was dependent upon the time of interaction of the mononuclear cells with corticosteroids and was half-maximal by 15 min. The inhibitory effect at all concentrations of hydrocortisone was partially overcome by increasing the number of IgG molecules per erythrocyte. Hydrocortisone also inhibited the binding of erythrocytes coated with both IgG and C3, despite the fact that when both were on the erythrocyte surface a synergistic effect on binding to mononuclear cells was observed. At the steroid concentrations employed, the capacity of mononuclear cells to exclude trypan blue and to take up latex particles and neutral red was unaffected. Mineralocorticoids also inhibited receptor activity, but the sex hormones were less effective. These studies demonstrate an effect of steroid hormones on cell membrane receptor function, and they suggest that an inhibition of the recognition system for IgG and C3 in vivo may explain, in part, the effect of corticosteroids in man.", "PMID": 1184745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9474", "title": "Pulmonary mechanics by spectral analysis of forced random noise.", "content": "The magnitude (Zrs) and phase angle (thetars) of the total respiratory impedance (Zrs), from 3 to 45 Hz, were rapidly obtained by a modification of the forced oscillation method, in which a random noise pressure wave is imposed on the respiratory system at the mouth and compared to the induced random flow using Fourier and spectral analysis. No significant amplitude or phase errors were introduced by the instrumentation. 10 normals, 5 smokers, and 5 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) were studied. Measurements of Zrs were corrected for the parallel shunt impedance of the mouth, which was independently measured during a Valsalva maneuver, and from which the mechanical properties of the mouth were derived. There were small differences in Zrs between normals and smokers but both behaved approximately like a second-order system with thetars = 0 degree in the range of 5--9 Hz, and thetars in the range of +40 degrees at 20 Hz and +60 degrees at 40 Hz. In COPD, thetars remained more negative (compared to normals and smokers) at all frequencies and crossed 0 between 15 and 29 Hz. Changes in Zrs, similar in those in COPD, were also observed at low lung volumes in normals. These changes, the effects of a bronchodilator in COPD, and deviations of Zrs from second-order behavior in normals, can best be explained by a two-compartment parallel model, in which time-constant discrepancies between the lung parenchyma and compliant airway keep compliant greater than inertial reactance, resulting in a more negative phase angle as frequency is increased.", "contents": "Pulmonary mechanics by spectral analysis of forced random noise. The magnitude (Zrs) and phase angle (thetars) of the total respiratory impedance (Zrs), from 3 to 45 Hz, were rapidly obtained by a modification of the forced oscillation method, in which a random noise pressure wave is imposed on the respiratory system at the mouth and compared to the induced random flow using Fourier and spectral analysis. No significant amplitude or phase errors were introduced by the instrumentation. 10 normals, 5 smokers, and 5 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) were studied. Measurements of Zrs were corrected for the parallel shunt impedance of the mouth, which was independently measured during a Valsalva maneuver, and from which the mechanical properties of the mouth were derived. There were small differences in Zrs between normals and smokers but both behaved approximately like a second-order system with thetars = 0 degree in the range of 5--9 Hz, and thetars in the range of +40 degrees at 20 Hz and +60 degrees at 40 Hz. In COPD, thetars remained more negative (compared to normals and smokers) at all frequencies and crossed 0 between 15 and 29 Hz. Changes in Zrs, similar in those in COPD, were also observed at low lung volumes in normals. These changes, the effects of a bronchodilator in COPD, and deviations of Zrs from second-order behavior in normals, can best be explained by a two-compartment parallel model, in which time-constant discrepancies between the lung parenchyma and compliant airway keep compliant greater than inertial reactance, resulting in a more negative phase angle as frequency is increased.", "PMID": 1184746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9475", "title": "Biochemical determinants of 5-fluorouracil response in vivo. The role of deoxyuridylate pool expansion.", "content": "5-Fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP), the active metabolite of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is a tight-binding inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase, the enzyme which converts dUMP to TMP. Newly developed assays for FdUMP and dUMP were utilized to assess the competitive roles played by these nucleotides in determining the inhibition of TMP synthesis in mice bearing the P1534 ascites tumor. After 5-FU administration, levels of FdUMP reached a dose-dependent peak within 6 h in the ascites tumor and in bone marrow, and declined thereafter in a biphasic manner with an initial t 1/2 of 6 h and a final t 1/2 of 7-9 days. In duodenal mucosa, FdUMP levels were 1.8-2-fold higher than in the other tissues, but elimination was much more rapid. Simultaneous with the fall in FdUMP a progressive accumulation of the competitive substrate dUMP was observed in each tissue after 5-FU; and peak dUMP levels coincided with recovery of thymidylate synthesis, as determined by the incorporation of [3H]deoxyuridine into DNA. In vitro experiments with partially purifed thymidylate synthetase revealed and initial competitive interaction of dUMP and FdUMP, which, at high concentrations of dUMP was capable of markedly slowing the rate of irreversible inactivation of enzyme by FdUMP. These studies were found to be quantitatively consistent with a two-phase model of enzyme inactivation involving an initial competition between dUMP and FdUMP, with subsequent irreversible inactivation of enzyme by covalent linkage to the inhibitor. Recovery of thymidylate synthesis after 5-FU appears to result from both a fall in intracellular levels of inhibitor and a progressive accumulation of the competitive substrate dUMP.", "contents": "Biochemical determinants of 5-fluorouracil response in vivo. The role of deoxyuridylate pool expansion. 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP), the active metabolite of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is a tight-binding inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase, the enzyme which converts dUMP to TMP. Newly developed assays for FdUMP and dUMP were utilized to assess the competitive roles played by these nucleotides in determining the inhibition of TMP synthesis in mice bearing the P1534 ascites tumor. After 5-FU administration, levels of FdUMP reached a dose-dependent peak within 6 h in the ascites tumor and in bone marrow, and declined thereafter in a biphasic manner with an initial t 1/2 of 6 h and a final t 1/2 of 7-9 days. In duodenal mucosa, FdUMP levels were 1.8-2-fold higher than in the other tissues, but elimination was much more rapid. Simultaneous with the fall in FdUMP a progressive accumulation of the competitive substrate dUMP was observed in each tissue after 5-FU; and peak dUMP levels coincided with recovery of thymidylate synthesis, as determined by the incorporation of [3H]deoxyuridine into DNA. In vitro experiments with partially purifed thymidylate synthetase revealed and initial competitive interaction of dUMP and FdUMP, which, at high concentrations of dUMP was capable of markedly slowing the rate of irreversible inactivation of enzyme by FdUMP. These studies were found to be quantitatively consistent with a two-phase model of enzyme inactivation involving an initial competition between dUMP and FdUMP, with subsequent irreversible inactivation of enzyme by covalent linkage to the inhibitor. Recovery of thymidylate synthesis after 5-FU appears to result from both a fall in intracellular levels of inhibitor and a progressive accumulation of the competitive substrate dUMP.", "PMID": 1184747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9476", "title": "Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Characterization of a mutant in a patient with gout.", "content": "The mutation in a young gouty male with a partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase has been evaluated. The serum uric acid was 11.8 mg/100 ml, and the urinary uric acid excretion was 1,279 mg/24 h. Erythrocyte hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase was 34.2 nmol/h/mg, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase was 36.5 nmol/h/mg and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate was 2.6 muM. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from peripheral leukocytes and cultured diploid skin fibroblasts was within the normal range, but enzyme activity in rectal mucosa was below the normal range. Initial velocity studies of the normal enzyme and the mutant enzyme from erythrocytes with the substrates hypoxanthine, guanine, or phosphoribosylpyrophosphate showed that the Michaelis constants were similar. Product inhibition studies distinguished the mutant enzyme from the normal enzyme. Hyperbolic kinetics with increasing phosphoribosylpyrophosphate were converted to sigmoid kinetics by 0.2 mM GMP with the mutant enzyme but not with the normal enzyme. The mutant erythrocyte hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase was inactivated normally at 80 degrees C and had a normal half-life in the peripheral circulation. The mol wt of 48,000 was similar to the normal enzyme mol wt of 47,000. With isoelectric focusing, the mutant erythrocyte enzyme had two major peaks with isoelectric pH's of 5.50 and 5.70, in contrast to the isoelectric pH's of 5.76, 5.82, and 6.02 of the normal isozymes. Isoelectric focusing of leukocyte extracts from the patient revealed the presence of the mutant enzyme. Cultured diploid fibroblasts from the propositus appeared to function normally, as shown by the inability to grow in 50-100 muM azaguanine and by the normal incorporation of [14C]hypoxanthine into nucleic acid. In contrast, erythrocytes from the patient displayed abnormal properties, including the increased synthesis of phosphoribosylphyrophosphate and elevated functional activity of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylic decarboxylase. These unique kinetic, physical, and functional properties provide support for heterogeneous structural gene mutations in partial deficiencies of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase.", "contents": "Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Characterization of a mutant in a patient with gout. The mutation in a young gouty male with a partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase has been evaluated. The serum uric acid was 11.8 mg/100 ml, and the urinary uric acid excretion was 1,279 mg/24 h. Erythrocyte hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase was 34.2 nmol/h/mg, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase was 36.5 nmol/h/mg and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate was 2.6 muM. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from peripheral leukocytes and cultured diploid skin fibroblasts was within the normal range, but enzyme activity in rectal mucosa was below the normal range. Initial velocity studies of the normal enzyme and the mutant enzyme from erythrocytes with the substrates hypoxanthine, guanine, or phosphoribosylpyrophosphate showed that the Michaelis constants were similar. Product inhibition studies distinguished the mutant enzyme from the normal enzyme. Hyperbolic kinetics with increasing phosphoribosylpyrophosphate were converted to sigmoid kinetics by 0.2 mM GMP with the mutant enzyme but not with the normal enzyme. The mutant erythrocyte hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase was inactivated normally at 80 degrees C and had a normal half-life in the peripheral circulation. The mol wt of 48,000 was similar to the normal enzyme mol wt of 47,000. With isoelectric focusing, the mutant erythrocyte enzyme had two major peaks with isoelectric pH's of 5.50 and 5.70, in contrast to the isoelectric pH's of 5.76, 5.82, and 6.02 of the normal isozymes. Isoelectric focusing of leukocyte extracts from the patient revealed the presence of the mutant enzyme. Cultured diploid fibroblasts from the propositus appeared to function normally, as shown by the inability to grow in 50-100 muM azaguanine and by the normal incorporation of [14C]hypoxanthine into nucleic acid. In contrast, erythrocytes from the patient displayed abnormal properties, including the increased synthesis of phosphoribosylphyrophosphate and elevated functional activity of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylic decarboxylase. These unique kinetic, physical, and functional properties provide support for heterogeneous structural gene mutations in partial deficiencies of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase.", "PMID": 1184748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9477", "title": "Hepatic organic anion uptake in the rat.", "content": "The hepatic uptake of bilirubin (BR), indocyanine green (ICG), and sulfobromophthalein (BSP) was studied in 350 anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats by determining the initial plasma disappearance rate (V) of various doses of unlabeled ICG, or of tracer quantities of [3H]BR or [35S]BSP injected into the jugular vein simultaneously with varying amounts of unlabeled BR or BSP. Similar studies were also performed involving the simultaneous injection of potential inhibitors of hepatic uptake. The results indicate that: (a) hepatic uptake determined by direct tissue measurement could be accurately estimated from the plasma disappearance data; (b) saturation of hepatic uptake with increasing dose was readily demonstrated for each of these three organic anions, and in each instance a plot of V versus dose took the form of a rectangular hyperbola analyzable in terms of Michaelis-Menten kinetics; (c) for BR, the saturable uptake process showed a Vmax more than 100 times the normal net transfer rate from plasma to bile; (d) hepatic uptake of BR, BSP, and ICG showed relatively selective, mutually competitive inhibition; glycoholic acid did not inhibit hepatic uptake of any of these substances; and (e) \"counter-transport\" could be demonstrated for each of the three test substances. These data are compatible with the existence of a carrier-mediated transport process for hepatic uptake of each of these three organic anions and clarify the relationship of hepatic BR uptake to its overall transport from plasma to bile.", "contents": "Hepatic organic anion uptake in the rat. The hepatic uptake of bilirubin (BR), indocyanine green (ICG), and sulfobromophthalein (BSP) was studied in 350 anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats by determining the initial plasma disappearance rate (V) of various doses of unlabeled ICG, or of tracer quantities of [3H]BR or [35S]BSP injected into the jugular vein simultaneously with varying amounts of unlabeled BR or BSP. Similar studies were also performed involving the simultaneous injection of potential inhibitors of hepatic uptake. The results indicate that: (a) hepatic uptake determined by direct tissue measurement could be accurately estimated from the plasma disappearance data; (b) saturation of hepatic uptake with increasing dose was readily demonstrated for each of these three organic anions, and in each instance a plot of V versus dose took the form of a rectangular hyperbola analyzable in terms of Michaelis-Menten kinetics; (c) for BR, the saturable uptake process showed a Vmax more than 100 times the normal net transfer rate from plasma to bile; (d) hepatic uptake of BR, BSP, and ICG showed relatively selective, mutually competitive inhibition; glycoholic acid did not inhibit hepatic uptake of any of these substances; and (e) \"counter-transport\" could be demonstrated for each of the three test substances. These data are compatible with the existence of a carrier-mediated transport process for hepatic uptake of each of these three organic anions and clarify the relationship of hepatic BR uptake to its overall transport from plasma to bile.", "PMID": 1184749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9478", "title": "Studies on N5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocystein methyltransferase in normal and leukemia leukocytes.", "content": "A cobalamin-dependent N5-methyltetra-hydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (methyl-transferase) was demonstrated in unfractioned extracts of human normal and leukemia leukocytes. Activity was substantially reduced in the absence of an added cobalamin derivative. Presumably, this residual activity reflects the endogeneous level of holoenzyme. Enzyme activity was notably higher in lymphoid cells than in myeloid cells. Thus, mean specific activities (+/-SD) were: chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes, 2.15+/-1.16; normal lymphocytes, 0.91+/-0.59; normal mature granulocytes, 0.15+/-0.10; chronic myelocytic leukemia granulocytes, barely detectable activity. Properties of leukocytes enzymes resembled those of methyltransferases previously studied in bacteria and other animal cells. Granulocytes and chronic myelocytic leukemia cells contain a factor or factors that inhibits Escherichia coli enzyme. The data suggest that the prominence of this cobalamin-dependent enzyme in lymphocytes and other mononuclear cell types may be related to their potential for cell division.", "contents": "Studies on N5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocystein methyltransferase in normal and leukemia leukocytes. A cobalamin-dependent N5-methyltetra-hydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (methyl-transferase) was demonstrated in unfractioned extracts of human normal and leukemia leukocytes. Activity was substantially reduced in the absence of an added cobalamin derivative. Presumably, this residual activity reflects the endogeneous level of holoenzyme. Enzyme activity was notably higher in lymphoid cells than in myeloid cells. Thus, mean specific activities (+/-SD) were: chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes, 2.15+/-1.16; normal lymphocytes, 0.91+/-0.59; normal mature granulocytes, 0.15+/-0.10; chronic myelocytic leukemia granulocytes, barely detectable activity. Properties of leukocytes enzymes resembled those of methyltransferases previously studied in bacteria and other animal cells. Granulocytes and chronic myelocytic leukemia cells contain a factor or factors that inhibits Escherichia coli enzyme. The data suggest that the prominence of this cobalamin-dependent enzyme in lymphocytes and other mononuclear cell types may be related to their potential for cell division.", "PMID": 1184750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9479", "title": "An inhibitor of sodium transport in the urine of dogs with normal renal function.", "content": "The urine and serum of chronically uremic patients and dogs contain an inhibitor of sodium transport that reduces short-circuit current (SCC) in the toad bladder and produces natriuresis in the rat. The present studies represent an effort to determine whether the same inhibitor is detectable in urine of normal dogs maintained on a dosium intake varying from 3 to 258 meq/day. Observations were made with and without fludrocortisone. The same Sephadex G-25 gel filtration fraction previously shown to contain the \"uremic\" inhibitor was tested in both the isolated toad bladder and rat bioassay systems. The fraction from dogs maintained on 258 meq qodium plus 0.2 mg fludrocortisone/day consistently inhibited SCC in the toad bladder and induced a natriuresis in the rat (P less than 0.001). The fraction from dogs on the same sodium intake without fludrocortisone was also natriuretic (P less than 0.01) but did not inhibit SCC significantly. In contrast, the fraction from dogs fed 3 meq sodium with fludrocortisone or 91 meq sodium without fludrocortisone had no significant effect in either assay system. Thus, an inhibitor of sodium transport has been found in the urine of nonuremic dogs. Both the degree of natriuresis in the rat and the degree of inhibition of SCC in the toad bladder correlated with the state of sodium balance which ensued in the dog.", "contents": "An inhibitor of sodium transport in the urine of dogs with normal renal function. The urine and serum of chronically uremic patients and dogs contain an inhibitor of sodium transport that reduces short-circuit current (SCC) in the toad bladder and produces natriuresis in the rat. The present studies represent an effort to determine whether the same inhibitor is detectable in urine of normal dogs maintained on a dosium intake varying from 3 to 258 meq/day. Observations were made with and without fludrocortisone. The same Sephadex G-25 gel filtration fraction previously shown to contain the \"uremic\" inhibitor was tested in both the isolated toad bladder and rat bioassay systems. The fraction from dogs maintained on 258 meq qodium plus 0.2 mg fludrocortisone/day consistently inhibited SCC in the toad bladder and induced a natriuresis in the rat (P less than 0.001). The fraction from dogs on the same sodium intake without fludrocortisone was also natriuretic (P less than 0.01) but did not inhibit SCC significantly. In contrast, the fraction from dogs fed 3 meq sodium with fludrocortisone or 91 meq sodium without fludrocortisone had no significant effect in either assay system. Thus, an inhibitor of sodium transport has been found in the urine of nonuremic dogs. Both the degree of natriuresis in the rat and the degree of inhibition of SCC in the toad bladder correlated with the state of sodium balance which ensued in the dog.", "PMID": 1184751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9480", "title": "Free radicals and inflammation. Protection of phagocytosine leukocytes by superoxide dismutase.", "content": "Isolated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes engaged in phagocytosis liberate superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide into the surrounding medium. These two chemical species react to produce the hydroxyl radical, which attacks the leukocyte and leads to premature death of the cell. The hydroxyl radical may be scavenged by mannitol, or its formation can be prevented by the addition of superoxide dismutase or catalase to the medium, thereby eliminating the premature death of the cells. This phenomenon may partially explain the observed anti-inflammatory activity of superoxide dismutase.", "contents": "Free radicals and inflammation. Protection of phagocytosine leukocytes by superoxide dismutase. Isolated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes engaged in phagocytosis liberate superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide into the surrounding medium. These two chemical species react to produce the hydroxyl radical, which attacks the leukocyte and leads to premature death of the cell. The hydroxyl radical may be scavenged by mannitol, or its formation can be prevented by the addition of superoxide dismutase or catalase to the medium, thereby eliminating the premature death of the cells. This phenomenon may partially explain the observed anti-inflammatory activity of superoxide dismutase.", "PMID": 1184752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9481", "title": "Human lymphocytes: 5'-nucleotidase-positive and -negative subpopulations.", "content": "The enzyme, 5'-nucleotidase (5'N) (E.C.-3.1.3.5) is present in lymphocytes isolated from the blood of normal subjects. This activity is markedly decreased or not detectable in the cells from three-quarters of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), while supranormal levels are found in less than 10% of the cases. To determine whether the decreased 5'N value in CLL represents a lower activity per cell or fewer enzyme-containing cells than in the normal, conditions were established for the histochemical measurement of 5'N in human lymphocytes. It was found that the cells isolated from the blood of normal subjects or patients with CLL consist of 5'N-positive and 5'N-negative subpopulations. Normal subjects who had high 5'N specific activity were shown to have a greater percentage of 5'N-positive cells than individuals with low 5'N activity. Patients with CLL who had no activity by standard chemical assay had no 5'N-positive cells, while the exceptional patient with CLL with a higher than normal specific activity showed an percentage of 5'N-positive cells. It is suggested that the selective proliferation of 5'N-positive and 5'N-negative populations may account for the heterogeneity of 5'N in CLL.", "contents": "Human lymphocytes: 5'-nucleotidase-positive and -negative subpopulations. The enzyme, 5'-nucleotidase (5'N) (E.C.-3.1.3.5) is present in lymphocytes isolated from the blood of normal subjects. This activity is markedly decreased or not detectable in the cells from three-quarters of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), while supranormal levels are found in less than 10% of the cases. To determine whether the decreased 5'N value in CLL represents a lower activity per cell or fewer enzyme-containing cells than in the normal, conditions were established for the histochemical measurement of 5'N in human lymphocytes. It was found that the cells isolated from the blood of normal subjects or patients with CLL consist of 5'N-positive and 5'N-negative subpopulations. Normal subjects who had high 5'N specific activity were shown to have a greater percentage of 5'N-positive cells than individuals with low 5'N activity. Patients with CLL who had no activity by standard chemical assay had no 5'N-positive cells, while the exceptional patient with CLL with a higher than normal specific activity showed an percentage of 5'N-positive cells. It is suggested that the selective proliferation of 5'N-positive and 5'N-negative populations may account for the heterogeneity of 5'N in CLL.", "PMID": 1184753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9482", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of myoglobin in human serum. Results in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement of serum myoglobin in order to evaluate the time-course and frequency of myoglobinemia in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The method can detect as little as 0.5 ng of myoglobin and is not affected by hemolysis or storage of serum at -- 20 degrees C. Myoglobin was detected in all of 92 sera from normal adults and ranged between 6 and 85 ng/ml. Levels were markedly elevated in sera from 18 of 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction when samples were obtained within 12 h after hospital admission, the mean concentration being 380+/-53 ng/ml. Wehn the initial sample was drawn between 12 and 24 h after admission in another group of 20 patients with acute myocardial infarcts, the mean serum myoglobin concentration was 195+/-47 ng/ml, and 11 of these individuals had normal levels. Serial determinations performed on nine patients with acute infarction demonstrated that maximum myoglobin levels occurred within the first 8-12 h after admission and fell rapidly toward normal thereafter. The serum concentration of myoglobin in 21 additional patients admitted with chest pain but without acute myocardial infarction was 41+/-6 ng/ml. Radioimmunoassay of serum myoglobin appears to be useful and sensitive test for the early detection of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of myoglobin in human serum. Results in patients with acute myocardial infarction. A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement of serum myoglobin in order to evaluate the time-course and frequency of myoglobinemia in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The method can detect as little as 0.5 ng of myoglobin and is not affected by hemolysis or storage of serum at -- 20 degrees C. Myoglobin was detected in all of 92 sera from normal adults and ranged between 6 and 85 ng/ml. Levels were markedly elevated in sera from 18 of 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction when samples were obtained within 12 h after hospital admission, the mean concentration being 380+/-53 ng/ml. Wehn the initial sample was drawn between 12 and 24 h after admission in another group of 20 patients with acute myocardial infarcts, the mean serum myoglobin concentration was 195+/-47 ng/ml, and 11 of these individuals had normal levels. Serial determinations performed on nine patients with acute infarction demonstrated that maximum myoglobin levels occurred within the first 8-12 h after admission and fell rapidly toward normal thereafter. The serum concentration of myoglobin in 21 additional patients admitted with chest pain but without acute myocardial infarction was 41+/-6 ng/ml. Radioimmunoassay of serum myoglobin appears to be useful and sensitive test for the early detection of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1184754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9483", "title": "Glucagon regulation of plasma ketone body concentration in human diabetes.", "content": "The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that physiological concentrations of glucagon may increase plasma ketone body concentration when sufficient free fatty acid substrate is available to support hepatic ketogenesis. Physiological elevations of plasma glucagon concentration were produced by a constant infusion of hormone, and increased plasma-free fatty acid availability was produced by simultaneous heparin injection to induce intravascular lipolysis. In the five insulin-dependent subjects studied, when plasma glucagon concentration remained at the normal basal level of 72+/-14 pg/ml during control saline infusion, the heparin-induced increase in free fatty acid availability resulted in approximately a 20% increase in plasma ketone body concentration. In contrast, when plasma glucagon concentration was elevated by hormone infusion to the physiological level of 215+/-35 pg/ml, the heparin-induced increases in free fatty acid availability resulted in approximately an 80% increase in plasma ketone body concentration. These results suggest that physiological elevations in plasma glucagon concentration may augment ketonemia in diabetic man when simultaneous elevations in plasma-free fatty acid arepresent.", "contents": "Glucagon regulation of plasma ketone body concentration in human diabetes. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that physiological concentrations of glucagon may increase plasma ketone body concentration when sufficient free fatty acid substrate is available to support hepatic ketogenesis. Physiological elevations of plasma glucagon concentration were produced by a constant infusion of hormone, and increased plasma-free fatty acid availability was produced by simultaneous heparin injection to induce intravascular lipolysis. In the five insulin-dependent subjects studied, when plasma glucagon concentration remained at the normal basal level of 72+/-14 pg/ml during control saline infusion, the heparin-induced increase in free fatty acid availability resulted in approximately a 20% increase in plasma ketone body concentration. In contrast, when plasma glucagon concentration was elevated by hormone infusion to the physiological level of 215+/-35 pg/ml, the heparin-induced increases in free fatty acid availability resulted in approximately an 80% increase in plasma ketone body concentration. These results suggest that physiological elevations in plasma glucagon concentration may augment ketonemia in diabetic man when simultaneous elevations in plasma-free fatty acid arepresent.", "PMID": 1184755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9484", "title": "Effects of cholera toxin on adenylate cyclase. Studies with guanylylimidodiphosphate.", "content": "Similarities exist between the properties of adenylate cyclase after stimulation by cholera toxin and after stimulation by guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp-(NH)p). Thus a strong stimulation is achieved by both agents, the stimulation is essentially irreversible, the action of certain hormones is enhanced and the enzyme can be solublized with Lubrol PX in the activated state. Because of these similarities the interaction of cholera toxin and Gpp(NH)p on adenylate cyclase was examined. It was found that prior activation of rat liver adenylate cyclase by cholera toxin in vivo, or by cholera toxin and NAD in homogenates, blocked the stimulatory effect of Gpp(NH)p. Furthermore under conditions in which the effect of Gpp(NH)p was less than that of cholera toxin, inhibition of stimulation by cholera toxin was seen. Stimulation of adenylate cyclase by maximal concentrations of Gpp(NH)p, but not by submaximal concentrations, blocked the stimulatory effect of cholera toxin. The mutant interference of the actions of these two agents suggests a common target in the regulatory mechanism of the adenylate cyclase complex.", "contents": "Effects of cholera toxin on adenylate cyclase. Studies with guanylylimidodiphosphate. Similarities exist between the properties of adenylate cyclase after stimulation by cholera toxin and after stimulation by guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp-(NH)p). Thus a strong stimulation is achieved by both agents, the stimulation is essentially irreversible, the action of certain hormones is enhanced and the enzyme can be solublized with Lubrol PX in the activated state. Because of these similarities the interaction of cholera toxin and Gpp(NH)p on adenylate cyclase was examined. It was found that prior activation of rat liver adenylate cyclase by cholera toxin in vivo, or by cholera toxin and NAD in homogenates, blocked the stimulatory effect of Gpp(NH)p. Furthermore under conditions in which the effect of Gpp(NH)p was less than that of cholera toxin, inhibition of stimulation by cholera toxin was seen. Stimulation of adenylate cyclase by maximal concentrations of Gpp(NH)p, but not by submaximal concentrations, blocked the stimulatory effect of cholera toxin. The mutant interference of the actions of these two agents suggests a common target in the regulatory mechanism of the adenylate cyclase complex.", "PMID": 1184756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9485", "title": "Adenylate cyclase of human fat cells. Expression of epinephrrine-sensitive activation revealed by 5'guanylyl-imidodiphosphate.", "content": "Although catecholamines stimulate lipolysis in human fat cells, activation by epinephrine of adenylate cyclase in human fat cell membranes is not readily observed. The possible role of guanine nucleotides in this reaction has now been examined with human material. Fat cell ghosts were prepared from subcutaneous fat obtained from patients undergoing elective surgery. Adenylate cyclase was assayed with [alpha-32P]ATP as substrate. Fluoride ion stimulated the enzyme 8.3-fold relative to basal levels, but epinephrine activation of cyclase was not statistically significant. GTP did not allow expression of an epinephrine effect. However, the addition of the GTP analogue, 5'-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate [GMP-P(NH)P], along with epinephrine produced 5.7-fold activation of the enzyme (P less than 0.001). GMP-P(NH)P alone was without stimulatory effect. Comparable augmentation by GMP-P (NH) P of adenylate cyclase activity was seen with isoproterenol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Propranolol blocked catecholamine-GMP-P (NH) P stimulation of the enzyme, suggesting that the nucleotide-dependent activation of catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase is mediated by beta-receptors. GMP-P(NH)P may prove useful in allowing in vitro demonstration of additional hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase systems.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase of human fat cells. Expression of epinephrrine-sensitive activation revealed by 5'guanylyl-imidodiphosphate. Although catecholamines stimulate lipolysis in human fat cells, activation by epinephrine of adenylate cyclase in human fat cell membranes is not readily observed. The possible role of guanine nucleotides in this reaction has now been examined with human material. Fat cell ghosts were prepared from subcutaneous fat obtained from patients undergoing elective surgery. Adenylate cyclase was assayed with [alpha-32P]ATP as substrate. Fluoride ion stimulated the enzyme 8.3-fold relative to basal levels, but epinephrine activation of cyclase was not statistically significant. GTP did not allow expression of an epinephrine effect. However, the addition of the GTP analogue, 5'-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate [GMP-P(NH)P], along with epinephrine produced 5.7-fold activation of the enzyme (P less than 0.001). GMP-P(NH)P alone was without stimulatory effect. Comparable augmentation by GMP-P (NH) P of adenylate cyclase activity was seen with isoproterenol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Propranolol blocked catecholamine-GMP-P (NH) P stimulation of the enzyme, suggesting that the nucleotide-dependent activation of catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase is mediated by beta-receptors. GMP-P(NH)P may prove useful in allowing in vitro demonstration of additional hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase systems.", "PMID": 1184757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9486", "title": "Differentiation of porphyria cutanea tarda symptomatica from other types of porphyria by measurement of isocoproporphyrin in faeces.", "content": "The faecal porphyrin patterns of 24 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda symptomatica (PCTS), eight patients with variegate porphyria, three patients with other types of porphyria, and 20 non-porphyrics subjects have been compared using a two-demensional thin layer chromatographic technique that separates porphyrins of the isocoproporphyrin series from other faecal porphyrins. The 'isocoproporphyrin': coproporphyrin ratio ranged from 0-1 to 5-6 for patients with PCTS, whereas in other types of porphyria and non-porphyric subjects it was 0-05 or less.", "contents": "Differentiation of porphyria cutanea tarda symptomatica from other types of porphyria by measurement of isocoproporphyrin in faeces. The faecal porphyrin patterns of 24 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda symptomatica (PCTS), eight patients with variegate porphyria, three patients with other types of porphyria, and 20 non-porphyrics subjects have been compared using a two-demensional thin layer chromatographic technique that separates porphyrins of the isocoproporphyrin series from other faecal porphyrins. The 'isocoproporphyrin': coproporphyrin ratio ranged from 0-1 to 5-6 for patients with PCTS, whereas in other types of porphyria and non-porphyric subjects it was 0-05 or less.", "PMID": 1184758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9487", "title": "A comparative study of serum total thyroxine estimation on unextracted serum by radioimmunoassay and by competitive protein binding.", "content": "A rapid and precise radioimmunoassay (RIA) for serum total thyroxine (T4) on as little as 1-10 mul of unextracted serum is described. Results in hypothyroidism (overt and borderline), in euthyroid subjects in pregnant and oestrogen-medicated subjects, and in hyperthyroidism (overt and borderline) are compared with the results on the same sera by an established competitive protein binding technique (Ames' Tetralute) on unextracted serum from a different laboratory. The correlation between the two methods was excellent (r= 0.94) and no significant difference between overall appeared to measure total T4 Reliaby in sera containing only 1-3 or 2-6 nmol/1. Both methods predicted the clinical outcome in borderline hypothyroidism and borderline hyperthyroidism equally well and both gave normal results in T3-toxicosis. It is concluded that both techniques reliably measure total T4- RIA appears to have advantages of sensitivity and precision (especially in the hypothroid range), of simplicity, and of low cost.", "contents": "A comparative study of serum total thyroxine estimation on unextracted serum by radioimmunoassay and by competitive protein binding. A rapid and precise radioimmunoassay (RIA) for serum total thyroxine (T4) on as little as 1-10 mul of unextracted serum is described. Results in hypothyroidism (overt and borderline), in euthyroid subjects in pregnant and oestrogen-medicated subjects, and in hyperthyroidism (overt and borderline) are compared with the results on the same sera by an established competitive protein binding technique (Ames' Tetralute) on unextracted serum from a different laboratory. The correlation between the two methods was excellent (r= 0.94) and no significant difference between overall appeared to measure total T4 Reliaby in sera containing only 1-3 or 2-6 nmol/1. Both methods predicted the clinical outcome in borderline hypothyroidism and borderline hyperthyroidism equally well and both gave normal results in T3-toxicosis. It is concluded that both techniques reliably measure total T4- RIA appears to have advantages of sensitivity and precision (especially in the hypothroid range), of simplicity, and of low cost.", "PMID": 1184759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9488", "title": "Asymptomatic liver disease in haemophiliacs.", "content": "The incidence of jaundice and of abnormal liver function tests has been assessed in 91 multitransfused patients with severe haemophilia A and B. Tests of hepatocyte function were within the normal range in the majority of patients. On the contrary, tests of biliary cell function, liver cell damage, and bromsulphthalein retention gave high rates of abnormal values, which tended to increase with age. Hepatitis B surface antigen was present in 8% and the corresponding antibody in 66% of the cases; 18% had a history of jaundice. All patients were asymptomatic and only a minority showed clinical signs of liver involvement. These data suggest that in haemophilacs repeated and prolonged contact with the agent(s) responsible for post-transfusion hepatitis may cause chronic liver damage not associated with overt illness.", "contents": "Asymptomatic liver disease in haemophiliacs. The incidence of jaundice and of abnormal liver function tests has been assessed in 91 multitransfused patients with severe haemophilia A and B. Tests of hepatocyte function were within the normal range in the majority of patients. On the contrary, tests of biliary cell function, liver cell damage, and bromsulphthalein retention gave high rates of abnormal values, which tended to increase with age. Hepatitis B surface antigen was present in 8% and the corresponding antibody in 66% of the cases; 18% had a history of jaundice. All patients were asymptomatic and only a minority showed clinical signs of liver involvement. These data suggest that in haemophilacs repeated and prolonged contact with the agent(s) responsible for post-transfusion hepatitis may cause chronic liver damage not associated with overt illness.", "PMID": 1184760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9489", "title": "Measurement of plasma renin activity by semi-micro radioimmunoassay of generated angiotensin I.", "content": "A semi-micro method for determination of plasma renin activity (PRA) by radioimmunoassay of generated angiotensin I (AI) is described. The method permits measurement of PRA on 250 mul of plasma without loss of specificity, sensitivity, accuracy or preision. The small sample size has considerable application in terms of investigation of infants and young children. A reference range was established for healthy children on free diets. There was a 15-fold decline in PRA with age from a mean value of 1404pgAI/ml h-1 (ngAI/1. h-1) in infancy to a mean of 85 pgAI/ml h-1 (ngAI/1. h-1) in adult life.", "contents": "Measurement of plasma renin activity by semi-micro radioimmunoassay of generated angiotensin I. A semi-micro method for determination of plasma renin activity (PRA) by radioimmunoassay of generated angiotensin I (AI) is described. The method permits measurement of PRA on 250 mul of plasma without loss of specificity, sensitivity, accuracy or preision. The small sample size has considerable application in terms of investigation of infants and young children. A reference range was established for healthy children on free diets. There was a 15-fold decline in PRA with age from a mean value of 1404pgAI/ml h-1 (ngAI/1. h-1) in infancy to a mean of 85 pgAI/ml h-1 (ngAI/1. h-1) in adult life.", "PMID": 1184761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9490", "title": "Ultrastructure of cell migration throught the gastric epithelium and its relationship to bacteria.", "content": "The migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes through the gastric mucosa has been studied with the electron microscope. Bacteria have been found related to the gastric epithelium. Arguments in favour of these bacteria not being contaminants at the time that the biopsies were taken are presented. The relationship between polymorphonuclear leucocyte migration and the occurrence of bacteria is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of cell migration throught the gastric epithelium and its relationship to bacteria. The migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes through the gastric mucosa has been studied with the electron microscope. Bacteria have been found related to the gastric epithelium. Arguments in favour of these bacteria not being contaminants at the time that the biopsies were taken are presented. The relationship between polymorphonuclear leucocyte migration and the occurrence of bacteria is discussed.", "PMID": 1184762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9491", "title": "The cytocentrifuge NBT test.", "content": "The NBT test is a non-specific test of neutrophil membrane stimulation which has application to the study of neutrophil function, particularly in the septicaemic patient. An improved cytochemical test which eliminates potential sources of laboratory error has been developed. Venous or capillary blood samples may be studied and the technique can be applied to the neutropenic patient since available neutrophils are concentrated by cytocentrifugation. Clinical evaluation in 443 patients is described.", "contents": "The cytocentrifuge NBT test. The NBT test is a non-specific test of neutrophil membrane stimulation which has application to the study of neutrophil function, particularly in the septicaemic patient. An improved cytochemical test which eliminates potential sources of laboratory error has been developed. Venous or capillary blood samples may be studied and the technique can be applied to the neutropenic patient since available neutrophils are concentrated by cytocentrifugation. Clinical evaluation in 443 patients is described.", "PMID": 1184763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9492", "title": "Muscle fibre type changes in hypothyroid myopathy.", "content": "Changes in muscle fibre type in hypothyroid myopathy were studied by serial percutaneous needle biopsy of vastus lateralis before and during treatment with L-thyroxine. A type II fibre atrophy and loss was found, which correlated with the clinical and biochemical evidence of a myopathy. The type II fibre atrophy was corrected by L-thyroxine but type II fibre loss was still apparent in severely myopathic patients up to two years after starting treatment. The pathogenesis and significance of type II fibre atrophy and loss are discussed in relation to prognosis.", "contents": "Muscle fibre type changes in hypothyroid myopathy. Changes in muscle fibre type in hypothyroid myopathy were studied by serial percutaneous needle biopsy of vastus lateralis before and during treatment with L-thyroxine. A type II fibre atrophy and loss was found, which correlated with the clinical and biochemical evidence of a myopathy. The type II fibre atrophy was corrected by L-thyroxine but type II fibre loss was still apparent in severely myopathic patients up to two years after starting treatment. The pathogenesis and significance of type II fibre atrophy and loss are discussed in relation to prognosis.", "PMID": 1184764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9493", "title": "Some observations on cooling in laboratory autoclaves.", "content": "Cooling times for various autoclave loads were recorded using thermocouples. Loads which may be encountered during normal laboratory working require between 17 and 174 minutes to cool to 100 degrees, C and up to 260 minutes to cool to 95 degrees C. Such long cooling times had an adverse effect on nutritive properties of bacteriological culture medium. Observations are made on some factors which influenced the cooling times, and the need for artificially assisted cooling is stressed. Recommendations are given for the safe operation of laboratory autoclaves.", "contents": "Some observations on cooling in laboratory autoclaves. Cooling times for various autoclave loads were recorded using thermocouples. Loads which may be encountered during normal laboratory working require between 17 and 174 minutes to cool to 100 degrees, C and up to 260 minutes to cool to 95 degrees C. Such long cooling times had an adverse effect on nutritive properties of bacteriological culture medium. Observations are made on some factors which influenced the cooling times, and the need for artificially assisted cooling is stressed. Recommendations are given for the safe operation of laboratory autoclaves.", "PMID": 1184765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9494", "title": "Elution patterns of rubella IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies from a dextran and an agarose gel.", "content": "The elution pattern of serum proteins and the distribution of rubella HAI activity in 95 sera from 65 cases were determined after gel filtration with (a) Sephadex G-200 and (b) Bio-Gel A-5M. Rubella HAI antibody in peak 1 after Sephadex G-200 fractionation of early convalescent sera consists of both IgM and high molecular weight IgA. However, these two classes of antibody can be distinguished by gel filtration with Bio-Gel A-5M. Bearing these differences in mind, the results of fractionation with the two gels correlate very well although the use of Bio-Gel A-5M gives a slightly less sensitive technique for the diagnosis of recent infection.", "contents": "Elution patterns of rubella IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies from a dextran and an agarose gel. The elution pattern of serum proteins and the distribution of rubella HAI activity in 95 sera from 65 cases were determined after gel filtration with (a) Sephadex G-200 and (b) Bio-Gel A-5M. Rubella HAI antibody in peak 1 after Sephadex G-200 fractionation of early convalescent sera consists of both IgM and high molecular weight IgA. However, these two classes of antibody can be distinguished by gel filtration with Bio-Gel A-5M. Bearing these differences in mind, the results of fractionation with the two gels correlate very well although the use of Bio-Gel A-5M gives a slightly less sensitive technique for the diagnosis of recent infection.", "PMID": 1184766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9495", "title": "Determination of cefalexin pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustments in relation to renal function.", "content": "Following oral administration of a single 500-mg dose of cefalexin, serum and urine levels of the antibiotic were determined comparatively in ten normal subjects, ten patients with renal impairment, and ten patients with chronic nephritis on maintenance hemodialysis. In normal subjects, mean serum peak levels (12.0 +/- 0.8 mcg/ml) were observed 2 hours after drug administration. Absorption half-time (Ta1/2) averaged 0.82 hour and mean serum half-life (T 1/2) was 1.03 hours. Urinary recovery of cefalexin over a 6-hour period amounted to 64 per cent of the ingested dose. The renal clearance of the drug was 214 ml/min. In patients with renal impairment and in patients on maintenance hemodialysis, total elimination rate constant (Ke) was markedly lower (CrCl=0; Ke=Km=0.0766), whereas serum half-life (T 1/2) was significantly increased, reaching theoretically 8.47 hours in patinets with creatinine clearance of 0 ml/min. A correlation was established between Ke values and the creatinine clearances of the patients under study (Ke=0.0766 + 0.0060 CrCl). Initial loading doses, maintenance doses, and intervals adjusted to creatinine clearances were calculated from these data; accurate dosage schedules well adjusted to the renal status of each individual patient were derived from the calculated values.", "contents": "Determination of cefalexin pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustments in relation to renal function. Following oral administration of a single 500-mg dose of cefalexin, serum and urine levels of the antibiotic were determined comparatively in ten normal subjects, ten patients with renal impairment, and ten patients with chronic nephritis on maintenance hemodialysis. In normal subjects, mean serum peak levels (12.0 +/- 0.8 mcg/ml) were observed 2 hours after drug administration. Absorption half-time (Ta1/2) averaged 0.82 hour and mean serum half-life (T 1/2) was 1.03 hours. Urinary recovery of cefalexin over a 6-hour period amounted to 64 per cent of the ingested dose. The renal clearance of the drug was 214 ml/min. In patients with renal impairment and in patients on maintenance hemodialysis, total elimination rate constant (Ke) was markedly lower (CrCl=0; Ke=Km=0.0766), whereas serum half-life (T 1/2) was significantly increased, reaching theoretically 8.47 hours in patinets with creatinine clearance of 0 ml/min. A correlation was established between Ke values and the creatinine clearances of the patients under study (Ke=0.0766 + 0.0060 CrCl). Initial loading doses, maintenance doses, and intervals adjusted to creatinine clearances were calculated from these data; accurate dosage schedules well adjusted to the renal status of each individual patient were derived from the calculated values.", "PMID": 1184770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9496", "title": "Interhemispheric neocortical connections of the corpus callosum in the normal mouse: a study based on anterograde and retrograde methods.", "content": "Interhemispheric neocortical connections are widely distributed through the corpus callosum in the mouse. Callosal connections are present in all cytoarchitectonic fields except field 25. The distal extemity representations of SmI, and MsI the representation of the mystacial vibrissae in SmI, and the more peripheral field representation of VI are relatively acallosal. Dense projections lie in the midline or truncal representations of SmI, MsI, SmII, at the vertical meridian representations bordering field 17, and medial to the AI representation. The radial distribution of terminals is bimodal in most cytoarchitectonic fields. It is unimodal in the supracallosal segment of field 29b and fields 49 and 27, trimodal in fields 13 and 35. The cells of origin of callosal fibers appear to have the same topographic pattern of distribution as the callosal terminals, observing the same steep and gradual density gradients. No cells giving rise to callosal axons are identified in the acallosal regions of fields 2 and 17. Further, superficial focal lesions in cortical areas which receive callosal connections give rise only to homotopic contralateral degeneration. Acallosal areas of 17 and 2 give rise to no callosal connections. The cells of origin of callosal connections are located at all laminar levels of the cortex and include pyramidal and polymorphic cells but not the granule cells of layer IV.", "contents": "Interhemispheric neocortical connections of the corpus callosum in the normal mouse: a study based on anterograde and retrograde methods. Interhemispheric neocortical connections are widely distributed through the corpus callosum in the mouse. Callosal connections are present in all cytoarchitectonic fields except field 25. The distal extemity representations of SmI, and MsI the representation of the mystacial vibrissae in SmI, and the more peripheral field representation of VI are relatively acallosal. Dense projections lie in the midline or truncal representations of SmI, MsI, SmII, at the vertical meridian representations bordering field 17, and medial to the AI representation. The radial distribution of terminals is bimodal in most cytoarchitectonic fields. It is unimodal in the supracallosal segment of field 29b and fields 49 and 27, trimodal in fields 13 and 35. The cells of origin of callosal fibers appear to have the same topographic pattern of distribution as the callosal terminals, observing the same steep and gradual density gradients. No cells giving rise to callosal axons are identified in the acallosal regions of fields 2 and 17. Further, superficial focal lesions in cortical areas which receive callosal connections give rise only to homotopic contralateral degeneration. Acallosal areas of 17 and 2 give rise to no callosal connections. The cells of origin of callosal connections are located at all laminar levels of the cortex and include pyramidal and polymorphic cells but not the granule cells of layer IV.", "PMID": 1184784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9497", "title": "Architectonic map of neocortex of the normal mouse.", "content": "The neocortex of the normal mouse has been subdivided into architectonic fields on the basis of its cellular and fiber patterns. The map of medial, retrohippocampal, frontal and insular regions is little different from that of Brodmann as modified in minor ways by Krieg. The map of parietal, occipital and temporal regions follows closely the major rearrangements introduced to Brodmann's map by Krieg. Krieg's map has been modified to give individual status to the barrel fields and to disignate occipital fields around the full circumference of field 17, and temporal fields circumferentially around field 41.", "contents": "Architectonic map of neocortex of the normal mouse. The neocortex of the normal mouse has been subdivided into architectonic fields on the basis of its cellular and fiber patterns. The map of medial, retrohippocampal, frontal and insular regions is little different from that of Brodmann as modified in minor ways by Krieg. The map of parietal, occipital and temporal regions follows closely the major rearrangements introduced to Brodmann's map by Krieg. Krieg's map has been modified to give individual status to the barrel fields and to disignate occipital fields around the full circumference of field 17, and temporal fields circumferentially around field 41.", "PMID": 1184785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9498", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of glutamate decarboxylase in rat spinal cord.", "content": "The GABA synthesizing enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), has been localized by light and electron microscopy in the rat lumbosacral spinal cord using a peroxidase-labeling antibody technique. The light microscopic localization shows heavy, punctate reaction product for GAD in the dorsal horn laminae I-III. Moderately heavy reaction product is also seen in the deeper dorsal horn laminae IV-VI, the medial aspect of the intermediate gray (lamina VII) and the region around the central canal (lamina X). A moderately light concentration of GAD reaction product is observed in the ventral horn, and punctate deposits of reaction product also are seen on motoneuron cell bodies. The punctate distribution of reaction product for GAD in both ventral and dorsal horns, as visualized by light microscopy, corresponds to GAD-containing synaptic terminals seen by electron microscopy in comparable regions of the spinal gray. Many more GAD-positive terminals are observed in dorsal horn laminae I-III than in deeper laminae IV-VI. GAD-containing terminals in the dorsal horn are presynpatic to dendrites and cell bodies. Gad-containing terminals presynaptic to other axon terminals are observed also, and they are more numerous in laminae II and III. In the ventral horn motor nuclei, GAD-positive knobs are presynaptic to large and small dendrites and motoneuror cell bodies. In addition, small GAD-containing terminals also are presynaptic to larger axonal terminals which are in turn presynaptic to motoneuron somata. The observation of GAD-containing terminals presynaptic to dendrites and cell bodies in both dorsal and ventral horns is compatible with the evidence suggesting that GABA terminals may mediate postsynaptic inhibition of spinal interneurons and motoneurons. The additional finding of GAD-positive terminals presynaptic to other axonal terminals in the dorsal horn and motor nuclei is consistent with the growing evidence that GABA also may be the transmises mediating presynaptic inhibition via axo-axond synapses in the spinal cord.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of glutamate decarboxylase in rat spinal cord. The GABA synthesizing enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), has been localized by light and electron microscopy in the rat lumbosacral spinal cord using a peroxidase-labeling antibody technique. The light microscopic localization shows heavy, punctate reaction product for GAD in the dorsal horn laminae I-III. Moderately heavy reaction product is also seen in the deeper dorsal horn laminae IV-VI, the medial aspect of the intermediate gray (lamina VII) and the region around the central canal (lamina X). A moderately light concentration of GAD reaction product is observed in the ventral horn, and punctate deposits of reaction product also are seen on motoneuron cell bodies. The punctate distribution of reaction product for GAD in both ventral and dorsal horns, as visualized by light microscopy, corresponds to GAD-containing synaptic terminals seen by electron microscopy in comparable regions of the spinal gray. Many more GAD-positive terminals are observed in dorsal horn laminae I-III than in deeper laminae IV-VI. GAD-containing terminals in the dorsal horn are presynpatic to dendrites and cell bodies. Gad-containing terminals presynaptic to other axon terminals are observed also, and they are more numerous in laminae II and III. In the ventral horn motor nuclei, GAD-positive knobs are presynaptic to large and small dendrites and motoneuror cell bodies. In addition, small GAD-containing terminals also are presynaptic to larger axonal terminals which are in turn presynaptic to motoneuron somata. The observation of GAD-containing terminals presynaptic to dendrites and cell bodies in both dorsal and ventral horns is compatible with the evidence suggesting that GABA terminals may mediate postsynaptic inhibition of spinal interneurons and motoneurons. The additional finding of GAD-positive terminals presynaptic to other axonal terminals in the dorsal horn and motor nuclei is consistent with the growing evidence that GABA also may be the transmises mediating presynaptic inhibition via axo-axond synapses in the spinal cord.", "PMID": 1184786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9499", "title": "Anatomical identification of a telencephalic visual area in crocodiles: ascending connections of nucleus rotundus in Caiman crocodilus.", "content": "Nucleus rotundus receives a major input from the optic tectum in crocodiles, Caiman crocodilus. Telencephalic projections of nucleus rotundus were studied in Caiman by means by the Fink-Heimer procedure after anodal, stereotaxic lesions. Efferent axons of nucleus rotundus assemble on the ventromedial aspect of this nucleus and swing ventrolaterally to enter the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle. These ascending fibers continue rostrally in the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle to enter the telencephalon where they remain restricted to a lateral portion of the lateral forebrain bundle. At more anterior levels, these fascicles turn dorsally, pass through the ventrolateral area, and terminate massively in a lateral part of the rostral dorsolateral area. The results of this experiment are compared with similar studies on thalamotelencephalic connections of diencephalic visual areas in other amniotes. Parallels in fiber connections of thalamic auditory and visual areas and the segregation of these modalities in the telencephalon of Caiman are discussed. These similarities in neural circuitry and synaptic elements of auditory and visual systems that synapse in the midbrain of Caiman form the basis for a different interpretation of sensory system organization in amniotes.", "contents": "Anatomical identification of a telencephalic visual area in crocodiles: ascending connections of nucleus rotundus in Caiman crocodilus. Nucleus rotundus receives a major input from the optic tectum in crocodiles, Caiman crocodilus. Telencephalic projections of nucleus rotundus were studied in Caiman by means by the Fink-Heimer procedure after anodal, stereotaxic lesions. Efferent axons of nucleus rotundus assemble on the ventromedial aspect of this nucleus and swing ventrolaterally to enter the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle. These ascending fibers continue rostrally in the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle to enter the telencephalon where they remain restricted to a lateral portion of the lateral forebrain bundle. At more anterior levels, these fascicles turn dorsally, pass through the ventrolateral area, and terminate massively in a lateral part of the rostral dorsolateral area. The results of this experiment are compared with similar studies on thalamotelencephalic connections of diencephalic visual areas in other amniotes. Parallels in fiber connections of thalamic auditory and visual areas and the segregation of these modalities in the telencephalon of Caiman are discussed. These similarities in neural circuitry and synaptic elements of auditory and visual systems that synapse in the midbrain of Caiman form the basis for a different interpretation of sensory system organization in amniotes.", "PMID": 1184787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9500", "title": "Catecholamine distribution in feline hypothalamus.", "content": "Catecholamine distribution was examined in cat hypothalamus using the histochemical fluorescence technique of Falck and Hillarp. The heaviest accumulations of catecholamine-containing varicosities were seen within the: anterior periventricular nucleus; dorsal hypothalamic area; bed nucleus of the inferior thalamic peduncle; doral component of the paraventricular nucleus; dorsomedial nucleus; infundibular nucleus; bed nucleus of the stria terminalis-medial division; and supraoptic nucelus. Catecholaminergic perikarya were observed within periventricular, dorsal, and caudal hypothalamic areas as well as within the supramamillary nucleus and caudal diencephalon. Catecholamine distribution in cat hypothalamus possesses both similarities and dissimilarities in relation to distributions reported in other mammals.", "contents": "Catecholamine distribution in feline hypothalamus. Catecholamine distribution was examined in cat hypothalamus using the histochemical fluorescence technique of Falck and Hillarp. The heaviest accumulations of catecholamine-containing varicosities were seen within the: anterior periventricular nucleus; dorsal hypothalamic area; bed nucleus of the inferior thalamic peduncle; doral component of the paraventricular nucleus; dorsomedial nucleus; infundibular nucleus; bed nucleus of the stria terminalis-medial division; and supraoptic nucelus. Catecholaminergic perikarya were observed within periventricular, dorsal, and caudal hypothalamic areas as well as within the supramamillary nucleus and caudal diencephalon. Catecholamine distribution in cat hypothalamus possesses both similarities and dissimilarities in relation to distributions reported in other mammals.", "PMID": 1184788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9501", "title": "Distribution and properties of commissural and other neurons in cat sensorimotor cortex.", "content": "Commissural, cortico-cortical and cortico-caudate neurons have been investigated in the primary sensorimotor cortex of the cat, using antidromic stimulation techniques, and histological identification of recording sites. These neurons are to be found in all cortical laminae except the first; commissural and cortico-cortical neurons were found to be commonest in laminae III and VI, whilst cortico-caudate neurons were most abundant on the border between laminae III and V, in motor areas. In sensory areas topographically identified as representing distal parts of limbs, commissural neurons are very rare, confirming neuroanatomical studies on the origin and termination of callosal fibres. The intracerebral neuronal projections investigated in this study had slow conduction velocities (less than 1 m/sec, up to about 10 m/sec). It was found that projections from area 6, whether commissural, cortico-caudate, or cortico-peduncular have slower conduction velocities than their counterparts from area 4. It is suggested that this is related to the type of motor control in which these two areas are involved (slowly-responding postural movements, as opposed to more rapid distal limb movements). No neurons were found which had both commissural (or cortico-cortical), and cortico-fugal projections.", "contents": "Distribution and properties of commissural and other neurons in cat sensorimotor cortex. Commissural, cortico-cortical and cortico-caudate neurons have been investigated in the primary sensorimotor cortex of the cat, using antidromic stimulation techniques, and histological identification of recording sites. These neurons are to be found in all cortical laminae except the first; commissural and cortico-cortical neurons were found to be commonest in laminae III and VI, whilst cortico-caudate neurons were most abundant on the border between laminae III and V, in motor areas. In sensory areas topographically identified as representing distal parts of limbs, commissural neurons are very rare, confirming neuroanatomical studies on the origin and termination of callosal fibres. The intracerebral neuronal projections investigated in this study had slow conduction velocities (less than 1 m/sec, up to about 10 m/sec). It was found that projections from area 6, whether commissural, cortico-caudate, or cortico-peduncular have slower conduction velocities than their counterparts from area 4. It is suggested that this is related to the type of motor control in which these two areas are involved (slowly-responding postural movements, as opposed to more rapid distal limb movements). No neurons were found which had both commissural (or cortico-cortical), and cortico-fugal projections.", "PMID": 1184789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9502", "title": "Corticoseptal projections in the snakes Natrix sipedon and Thamnophis sirtalis.", "content": "The projections of the cerebral cortex upon the septum in water snakes (Natrix sipedon) and garter snakes. (Thamnophis sirtalis) were studied with the Fink-Heimer degeneration techniques. Two cortical areas send major projections to the septum. Medial cortex projects bilaterally to the dorsal portion of the precommissural septum along its full rostrocaudal extent. The ipsilateral projection is more massive than the contralateral one. Dorsal cortex projects ipsilaterally to a column within the septum which is present dorsally, caudal to the level of the anterior commissure, but shifts ventrally as the septum is followed rostrally. Lateral cortex may send a sparse projection to the ipsilateral ventral septum.", "contents": "Corticoseptal projections in the snakes Natrix sipedon and Thamnophis sirtalis. The projections of the cerebral cortex upon the septum in water snakes (Natrix sipedon) and garter snakes. (Thamnophis sirtalis) were studied with the Fink-Heimer degeneration techniques. Two cortical areas send major projections to the septum. Medial cortex projects bilaterally to the dorsal portion of the precommissural septum along its full rostrocaudal extent. The ipsilateral projection is more massive than the contralateral one. Dorsal cortex projects ipsilaterally to a column within the septum which is present dorsally, caudal to the level of the anterior commissure, but shifts ventrally as the septum is followed rostrally. Lateral cortex may send a sparse projection to the ipsilateral ventral septum.", "PMID": 1184790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9503", "title": "Trigeminal deafferentation and hunger in the pigeon (Columbia livia).", "content": "The location and distribution of the pigeon's trigeminal nerve permit deafferentation of the oral region without affecting motor functions. Although trigeminal deafferentation does not affect drinking, it reduces the efficiency of the consummatory response of eating and disrupts motivational processes underlying hunger and weight regulation. Although the two types of deficit may be experimentally dissociated, trigeminal deafferentation invariably affects both sensorimotor and motivational mechanisms. The deficits in food intake and weight regulation seen after trigeminal deafferentation in the pigeon resemble some components of the \"lateral hypothalamic syndrome\" in the rat. The results are related to recent studies of the contribution of peripheral and central oropharyngeal factors to the neural control of food intake in both rat and pigeon.", "contents": "Trigeminal deafferentation and hunger in the pigeon (Columbia livia). The location and distribution of the pigeon's trigeminal nerve permit deafferentation of the oral region without affecting motor functions. Although trigeminal deafferentation does not affect drinking, it reduces the efficiency of the consummatory response of eating and disrupts motivational processes underlying hunger and weight regulation. Although the two types of deficit may be experimentally dissociated, trigeminal deafferentation invariably affects both sensorimotor and motivational mechanisms. The deficits in food intake and weight regulation seen after trigeminal deafferentation in the pigeon resemble some components of the \"lateral hypothalamic syndrome\" in the rat. The results are related to recent studies of the contribution of peripheral and central oropharyngeal factors to the neural control of food intake in both rat and pigeon.", "PMID": 1184791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9504", "title": "Trigeminal nerve and eating in the pigeon (Columba livia): neurosensory control of the consummatory responses.", "content": "Electrophysiological, neurobehavioral, and cinematographic techniques were used to study the role of the trigeminal nerve in the neurosensory control of eating. Analaysis of single-unit data recorded in the pigeon's trigeminal ganglion indicates that the trigeminal nerve provides somatosensory inputs from the oral region that signal the location and movement of food and monitor the extent of mouth opening. Trigeminal deafferentation, although it does not affect pecking or swallowing, severly impairs the efficiency of eating. Cinematographic analysis shows that the impairment is due to disruption of the neurosensory control of mandibulation-the process by which grain is grasped at the beak tip and moved to the back of the mouth.", "contents": "Trigeminal nerve and eating in the pigeon (Columba livia): neurosensory control of the consummatory responses. Electrophysiological, neurobehavioral, and cinematographic techniques were used to study the role of the trigeminal nerve in the neurosensory control of eating. Analaysis of single-unit data recorded in the pigeon's trigeminal ganglion indicates that the trigeminal nerve provides somatosensory inputs from the oral region that signal the location and movement of food and monitor the extent of mouth opening. Trigeminal deafferentation, although it does not affect pecking or swallowing, severly impairs the efficiency of eating. Cinematographic analysis shows that the impairment is due to disruption of the neurosensory control of mandibulation-the process by which grain is grasped at the beak tip and moved to the back of the mouth.", "PMID": 1184792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9505", "title": "Septal lesions and behavior: effects of presurgical rearing and strain of mouse.", "content": "Male mice (C57BL/10J or SJL/J strains) were reared in either enriched social cages or restricted individual cages from 25 days of age until they underwent septal or control surgery 1 mo later. Enrichment differentially altered septal or control behavior as measured by: fluid consumption of water, saccharin, and quinine; performance on a rotorod; and the acquisition of an active avoidance task. The interactions of presurgical history with brain damage were manifested differently in the two strains of mice. The importance of attending more to genetic and presurgical history in attempts to define the effects of brain damage on behavior and to determine the function of brain structures is discussed.", "contents": "Septal lesions and behavior: effects of presurgical rearing and strain of mouse. Male mice (C57BL/10J or SJL/J strains) were reared in either enriched social cages or restricted individual cages from 25 days of age until they underwent septal or control surgery 1 mo later. Enrichment differentially altered septal or control behavior as measured by: fluid consumption of water, saccharin, and quinine; performance on a rotorod; and the acquisition of an active avoidance task. The interactions of presurgical history with brain damage were manifested differently in the two strains of mice. The importance of attending more to genetic and presurgical history in attempts to define the effects of brain damage on behavior and to determine the function of brain structures is discussed.", "PMID": 1184793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9506", "title": "Sparing of function after infant lesions of selected limbic structures in the rat.", "content": "The effects, in adult animals, of limbic lesions produced in infancy were studied in 273 male Wistar rats using weight gain and conditioned emotional response (CER) and conditioned avoidance response (CAR) acquisition as the critical measures. Subjects received bilateral lesions of the amygdala, septum, posteroventral hippocampus (PH), anterodorsal hippocampus (AH), or frontal cortex either as infants (at 10 days of age) or as adults (at 60 days). Normal and anesthetized control groups were also used. Frontal cortical lesions, AH lesions, and anesthetization had no effect on weights or on CER and CAR acquisition. Both infant and adult amygdala and septal lesions significantly disrupted normal weight gain. Adult-accrued amydala and PH lesions significantly retarded CER acquisition, and adult septal and PH lesions significantly facilitated CAR acquisition. Infant-accrued amygdala lesions significantly retarded CER acquisition but had no effect on CAR acquisition. Infant septal lesions significantly facilitated CAR acquisition, and infant PH lesions had no effect on either task. The results were interpreted to mean that the observed task-specific recovery in early-operated animals may have been due to some form of functional reorganization.", "contents": "Sparing of function after infant lesions of selected limbic structures in the rat. The effects, in adult animals, of limbic lesions produced in infancy were studied in 273 male Wistar rats using weight gain and conditioned emotional response (CER) and conditioned avoidance response (CAR) acquisition as the critical measures. Subjects received bilateral lesions of the amygdala, septum, posteroventral hippocampus (PH), anterodorsal hippocampus (AH), or frontal cortex either as infants (at 10 days of age) or as adults (at 60 days). Normal and anesthetized control groups were also used. Frontal cortical lesions, AH lesions, and anesthetization had no effect on weights or on CER and CAR acquisition. Both infant and adult amygdala and septal lesions significantly disrupted normal weight gain. Adult-accrued amydala and PH lesions significantly retarded CER acquisition, and adult septal and PH lesions significantly facilitated CAR acquisition. Infant-accrued amygdala lesions significantly retarded CER acquisition but had no effect on CAR acquisition. Infant septal lesions significantly facilitated CAR acquisition, and infant PH lesions had no effect on either task. The results were interpreted to mean that the observed task-specific recovery in early-operated animals may have been due to some form of functional reorganization.", "PMID": 1184794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9507", "title": "Sensorimotor responsiveness in rats with unilateral superior collicular and amygdaloid lesions.", "content": "Large unilateral lesions of superior colliculus, but not amygdala, result in strong ipsiversive progression tendencies and permanent neglects of visual, auditory, and whisker-touch stimuli presented on the contralateral side of the body. Combined collicular-amygdaloid lesions also yield circling behaviors and multimodal neglects that are completely independent of the order or laterality of the amygdaloid lesion. Rats with colliculectomy either neglect or else turn away from pinches of the contralateral ear and forepaw. Subjects with combined lesions display more crossed orientations, and this tendency is greatly potentiated by ipsilateral lesion placement. The nature and time course of the crossed response in rats with sensory neglects is reminiscent of the clinical syndrome described as alloaesthesia or as contralateral sensory displacement.", "contents": "Sensorimotor responsiveness in rats with unilateral superior collicular and amygdaloid lesions. Large unilateral lesions of superior colliculus, but not amygdala, result in strong ipsiversive progression tendencies and permanent neglects of visual, auditory, and whisker-touch stimuli presented on the contralateral side of the body. Combined collicular-amygdaloid lesions also yield circling behaviors and multimodal neglects that are completely independent of the order or laterality of the amygdaloid lesion. Rats with colliculectomy either neglect or else turn away from pinches of the contralateral ear and forepaw. Subjects with combined lesions display more crossed orientations, and this tendency is greatly potentiated by ipsilateral lesion placement. The nature and time course of the crossed response in rats with sensory neglects is reminiscent of the clinical syndrome described as alloaesthesia or as contralateral sensory displacement.", "PMID": 1184795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9508", "title": "Differential effects of environmental enrichment on the open-field behavior of wild and domestic Norway rats.", "content": "Early postweaning experience in an enriched environment had a greater influence on the open-field behavior and body weight of wild Norway rats than of their domestic counterparts. Genetic changes accompanying the domestication process may have reduced the relative impact of postweaning experience on the development of the domestic rat's response to changes in its environment.", "contents": "Differential effects of environmental enrichment on the open-field behavior of wild and domestic Norway rats. Early postweaning experience in an enriched environment had a greater influence on the open-field behavior and body weight of wild Norway rats than of their domestic counterparts. Genetic changes accompanying the domestication process may have reduced the relative impact of postweaning experience on the development of the domestic rat's response to changes in its environment.", "PMID": 1184796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9509", "title": "Development of species identification in ducklings: III. Maturational rectification of perceptual deficit caused by auditory deprivation.", "content": "Mute ducklings, devocalized as embryos and maintained in auditory isolation, manifest a selective high-frequency perceptual deficit vis-\u00e0-vis the maternal call of their species at 24 hr after hatching. Since it takes a rather specific auditory experiential input to rectify this high-frequency insensitivity at 24 hr, it was predicted that, in the absence of auditory experience, devocal-isolated ducklings would fail to show sufficient endogenously mediated improvement to bring them up to the level of perceptual competence of vocal-communal ducklings at any age. This hypothesis proved wrong in that the proportion of devocalized ducklings showing a preference for the normal maternal call over the greater than 825-Hz attenuated one became equivalent to the vocal ducklings at 48 hr after hatching, as did their ability to discriminate the normal maternal call from greater than 1,800-Hz attenuated maternal call. At 65 hr, however, the devocalized ducklings' performance deteriorated back to the level observed at 24 hr. Embryonic exposure to the (sibling) contact-contentment call prevents the perceptual deficit at 24 hr and the deterioration at 65 hr.", "contents": "Development of species identification in ducklings: III. Maturational rectification of perceptual deficit caused by auditory deprivation. Mute ducklings, devocalized as embryos and maintained in auditory isolation, manifest a selective high-frequency perceptual deficit vis-\u00e0-vis the maternal call of their species at 24 hr after hatching. Since it takes a rather specific auditory experiential input to rectify this high-frequency insensitivity at 24 hr, it was predicted that, in the absence of auditory experience, devocal-isolated ducklings would fail to show sufficient endogenously mediated improvement to bring them up to the level of perceptual competence of vocal-communal ducklings at any age. This hypothesis proved wrong in that the proportion of devocalized ducklings showing a preference for the normal maternal call over the greater than 825-Hz attenuated one became equivalent to the vocal ducklings at 48 hr after hatching, as did their ability to discriminate the normal maternal call from greater than 1,800-Hz attenuated maternal call. At 65 hr, however, the devocalized ducklings' performance deteriorated back to the level observed at 24 hr. Embryonic exposure to the (sibling) contact-contentment call prevents the perceptual deficit at 24 hr and the deterioration at 65 hr.", "PMID": 1184797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9510", "title": "Free-operant comparisons of wild and domestic Norway rats.", "content": "Wild and domestic rats (Rattus norvegicus) were compared on nondifferential appetitive variable interval responding, discrimination, and discrimination reversal procedures. The effects of strain, sex, deprivation, preexperimental handling, and sessions on response rate were examined. Performances during the 60 days of variable interval training showed prolonged increases over that period for all strain-sex groupings, with domestic subjects responding at higher rates than wild. Males also tended to respond at higher rates than females. During the discrimination procedure wild subjects showed more resistance to extinction than did the domestic subjects, although these differences generally diminished after the 30 days of training. During the discrimination reversal procedure domestic subjects reversed their responding pattern more readily than did the wild subjects, and domestic females reached criterion significantly sooner than domestic males. The effects of deprivation and handling were not significant during the experimental procedures.", "contents": "Free-operant comparisons of wild and domestic Norway rats. Wild and domestic rats (Rattus norvegicus) were compared on nondifferential appetitive variable interval responding, discrimination, and discrimination reversal procedures. The effects of strain, sex, deprivation, preexperimental handling, and sessions on response rate were examined. Performances during the 60 days of variable interval training showed prolonged increases over that period for all strain-sex groupings, with domestic subjects responding at higher rates than wild. Males also tended to respond at higher rates than females. During the discrimination procedure wild subjects showed more resistance to extinction than did the domestic subjects, although these differences generally diminished after the 30 days of training. During the discrimination reversal procedure domestic subjects reversed their responding pattern more readily than did the wild subjects, and domestic females reached criterion significantly sooner than domestic males. The effects of deprivation and handling were not significant during the experimental procedures.", "PMID": 1184798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9511", "title": "Cephalic mechanism for social control of fissioning in planarians: III. Central nervous system centers of facilitation and inhibition.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated that asexual reproduction (fissioning) in the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala is socially controlled through a cephalic mechanism: Isolation releases fissioning; grouping inhibits it; decapitation, at the level of the auricles, releases it even in grouped subjects. The brain is not necessary for programming the actual events of fissioning; these are orchestrated by the segmental plexus fissioning (SPF) system. Various surgical cuts were made to ablate selected portions of the central nervous system of isolated and grouped planarians in order to ascertain the inhibitory or facilitatory effects of these in the physiological mediation of such control on the SPF system. These results were synthesized into a model of this control system; the anterior lobes and optic regions of the brain inhibit the SPF system, and the anterior and caudal segmental plexuses facilitate it. These influences are partially tonic and partially contingent upon social stimulation.", "contents": "Cephalic mechanism for social control of fissioning in planarians: III. Central nervous system centers of facilitation and inhibition. Previous studies have indicated that asexual reproduction (fissioning) in the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala is socially controlled through a cephalic mechanism: Isolation releases fissioning; grouping inhibits it; decapitation, at the level of the auricles, releases it even in grouped subjects. The brain is not necessary for programming the actual events of fissioning; these are orchestrated by the segmental plexus fissioning (SPF) system. Various surgical cuts were made to ablate selected portions of the central nervous system of isolated and grouped planarians in order to ascertain the inhibitory or facilitatory effects of these in the physiological mediation of such control on the SPF system. These results were synthesized into a model of this control system; the anterior lobes and optic regions of the brain inhibit the SPF system, and the anterior and caudal segmental plexuses facilitate it. These influences are partially tonic and partially contingent upon social stimulation.", "PMID": 1184799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9512", "title": "Orogastric, hydrational, and behavioral controls of drinking following water deprivation in rats.", "content": "Drinking and its associated behaviors were studied in rats deprived of fluid for 8,24, or 48 hr. The behavior of rats drinking water could be divided into three successive stages: (a) an initial intense burst of drinking that could not be easily disrupted; (b) intermittent drinking, often distinguished by the brief appearance of conflict behavior directed at the drinking spout; and (c) termination of drinking. Drinking stopped well before the fluid loss, reflected in a sizable extracellular deficit, was restored. Intake of water was terminated when serum hyponatremia and hypoosmolality (and presumably cellular overhydration) developed in temporal continguity with drinking. These and other considerations suggest that the cellular fluid phase exerts significant inhibitory as well as excitatory control over drinking.", "contents": "Orogastric, hydrational, and behavioral controls of drinking following water deprivation in rats. Drinking and its associated behaviors were studied in rats deprived of fluid for 8,24, or 48 hr. The behavior of rats drinking water could be divided into three successive stages: (a) an initial intense burst of drinking that could not be easily disrupted; (b) intermittent drinking, often distinguished by the brief appearance of conflict behavior directed at the drinking spout; and (c) termination of drinking. Drinking stopped well before the fluid loss, reflected in a sizable extracellular deficit, was restored. Intake of water was terminated when serum hyponatremia and hypoosmolality (and presumably cellular overhydration) developed in temporal continguity with drinking. These and other considerations suggest that the cellular fluid phase exerts significant inhibitory as well as excitatory control over drinking.", "PMID": 1184800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9513", "title": "Intestinal satiety in rats.", "content": "Infusion of liquid food into the duodenum inhibited sham feeding. The inhibition of sham feeding reflected satiety because the duodenal infusion elicited the complete behavioral sequence characteristic of satiety. The chemical and/or colligative load that the infusion imposed on the intestine appeared to be the adequate stimulus for satiety. Duodenal infusions that inhibit sham feeding and elicit satiety are not aversive because they will not function as the unconditioned stimulus for the formation of a conditioned taste aversion for saccharin. We call the satiety elicited by the infusion of food into the duodenum \"intestinal satiety.\" This emphasizes our belief that satiety is a reflex that can be elicited by the activation of receptors in the wall of the intestine. It is known that the activation of some intestinal receptors releases the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). Since CCK mimics a duodenal infusion by inhibiting sham feeding and eliciting the complete behavioral sequence of satiety, we suggest, but do not prove, that CCK mediates intestinal satiety in  the rat.", "contents": "Intestinal satiety in rats. Infusion of liquid food into the duodenum inhibited sham feeding. The inhibition of sham feeding reflected satiety because the duodenal infusion elicited the complete behavioral sequence characteristic of satiety. The chemical and/or colligative load that the infusion imposed on the intestine appeared to be the adequate stimulus for satiety. Duodenal infusions that inhibit sham feeding and elicit satiety are not aversive because they will not function as the unconditioned stimulus for the formation of a conditioned taste aversion for saccharin. We call the satiety elicited by the infusion of food into the duodenum \"intestinal satiety.\" This emphasizes our belief that satiety is a reflex that can be elicited by the activation of receptors in the wall of the intestine. It is known that the activation of some intestinal receptors releases the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). Since CCK mimics a duodenal infusion by inhibiting sham feeding and eliciting the complete behavioral sequence of satiety, we suggest, but do not prove, that CCK mediates intestinal satiety in  the rat.", "PMID": 1184801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9514", "title": "Ingestive responses of human newborns to salty, sour, and bitter stimuli.", "content": "Human newborns (1-4 days old) were offered two fluids differing in taste for 3 min each. The volumes ingested were measured. Infants offered water and bitter or sour solutions did not ingest them differentially, which corroborated earlier observations with weaker solutions. A sucrose solution was used to raise baseline ingestion above that of water. Infants offered the sucrose solution with and without urea, citric acid, or sodium chloride consumed less of it when citric acid was added. They were indiffferent to  the addition of urea or sodium chloride. The failure to observe intakes lower than that of water suggests that newborns maximally inhibit their ingestion of water. The effects of sex, age, birth weight, and individual consistency on intake were assessed.", "contents": "Ingestive responses of human newborns to salty, sour, and bitter stimuli. Human newborns (1-4 days old) were offered two fluids differing in taste for 3 min each. The volumes ingested were measured. Infants offered water and bitter or sour solutions did not ingest them differentially, which corroborated earlier observations with weaker solutions. A sucrose solution was used to raise baseline ingestion above that of water. Infants offered the sucrose solution with and without urea, citric acid, or sodium chloride consumed less of it when citric acid was added. They were indiffferent to  the addition of urea or sodium chloride. The failure to observe intakes lower than that of water suggests that newborns maximally inhibit their ingestion of water. The effects of sex, age, birth weight, and individual consistency on intake were assessed.", "PMID": 1184802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9515", "title": "Taste rejection of nonnutritive sweeteners in cats.", "content": "Cats reject saccharin and cyclamate and are indifferent to dulcin, although they, like other mammals, prefer sucrose. The rejection threshold for saccharin found in this experiments, .0001 M, is about 2 log steps lower than a previously reported rejection threshold for sodium saccharin. Water produces a taste in cats adapted to their own saliva. The high sodium saccharin threshold may have resulted because the taste of the sodium saccharin was masked by the taste of the water solvent; however, saccharin may also be somewhat more aversive to the cat than sodium saccharin. Saccharin may produce an aversive taste because it stimulates receptor sites sensitive to substances bitter to man as well as those sensitive to sugars. In addition, saccharin may not be an effective stimulus for all sugar-sensitive sites.", "contents": "Taste rejection of nonnutritive sweeteners in cats. Cats reject saccharin and cyclamate and are indifferent to dulcin, although they, like other mammals, prefer sucrose. The rejection threshold for saccharin found in this experiments, .0001 M, is about 2 log steps lower than a previously reported rejection threshold for sodium saccharin. Water produces a taste in cats adapted to their own saliva. The high sodium saccharin threshold may have resulted because the taste of the sodium saccharin was masked by the taste of the water solvent; however, saccharin may also be somewhat more aversive to the cat than sodium saccharin. Saccharin may produce an aversive taste because it stimulates receptor sites sensitive to substances bitter to man as well as those sensitive to sugars. In addition, saccharin may not be an effective stimulus for all sugar-sensitive sites.", "PMID": 1184803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9516", "title": "Task complexity as a factor in eliciting heterosis in mice: aversively motivated behaviors.", "content": "Three inbred strains of mice (A/J, DBA/2J, and C57BL/6J) and their six reciprocal F1 hybrids were tested in activity levels before and after shock, inhibitory avoidance, one-way avoidance, and shuttle avoidance. In the activity and inhibitory situations the hybrids generally exhibited an intermediate pattern of inheritance. In the one-way avoidance task complete dominance was the rule, whereas in the shuttle task overdominance was apparent in all the hybrid strains. Overdominance was found to be more evident in tasks requiring increased versatility of associative processes. It is suggested that when the task involves relatively simple contingencies or reflexive behaviors, increased versatility is not necessary and consequently the hybrid advantage is not apparent. When the task involves integrative capacities, the hybrid advantage emerges.", "contents": "Task complexity as a factor in eliciting heterosis in mice: aversively motivated behaviors. Three inbred strains of mice (A/J, DBA/2J, and C57BL/6J) and their six reciprocal F1 hybrids were tested in activity levels before and after shock, inhibitory avoidance, one-way avoidance, and shuttle avoidance. In the activity and inhibitory situations the hybrids generally exhibited an intermediate pattern of inheritance. In the one-way avoidance task complete dominance was the rule, whereas in the shuttle task overdominance was apparent in all the hybrid strains. Overdominance was found to be more evident in tasks requiring increased versatility of associative processes. It is suggested that when the task involves relatively simple contingencies or reflexive behaviors, increased versatility is not necessary and consequently the hybrid advantage is not apparent. When the task involves integrative capacities, the hybrid advantage emerges.", "PMID": 1184804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9517", "title": "Composition of cottontail rabbit milk from stomachs of young and directly from gland.", "content": "Milk samples were from stomachs of 27 nursing cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) within 5 min after cessation of nursing. Four milk samples were directly from mammary glands by hand milking aided by tranquilizer and oxytocin. Means and standard errors for 27 stomach samples for total solids, fat, protein, lactose, and ash were 33.6 +/- .8%, 13.9 +/- 1.7%, 14.6 +/- .5%, 2.22 +/- .05%, and 2.06 +/- .07%. Those values of 4 samples directly from the gland were 35.2 +/- .4%, 14.4 +/- .4%, 15.8 +/- .6%, 2.67 +/- .26%, and 2.07 +/- .06%. Fatty acid compositions were similar for the groups, except linoleic acid was 30.0% of fatty acids from stomach milk and 24.7% in milk obtained directly. Differences between sampling methods in palmitoleate, stearate, and oleate may have been from differences in season of sampling. Minerals were more concentrated in milk obtained directly, except potassium. Differences between milks of domesticated and cottontail rabbits are discussed.", "contents": "Composition of cottontail rabbit milk from stomachs of young and directly from gland. Milk samples were from stomachs of 27 nursing cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) within 5 min after cessation of nursing. Four milk samples were directly from mammary glands by hand milking aided by tranquilizer and oxytocin. Means and standard errors for 27 stomach samples for total solids, fat, protein, lactose, and ash were 33.6 +/- .8%, 13.9 +/- 1.7%, 14.6 +/- .5%, 2.22 +/- .05%, and 2.06 +/- .07%. Those values of 4 samples directly from the gland were 35.2 +/- .4%, 14.4 +/- .4%, 15.8 +/- .6%, 2.67 +/- .26%, and 2.07 +/- .06%. Fatty acid compositions were similar for the groups, except linoleic acid was 30.0% of fatty acids from stomach milk and 24.7% in milk obtained directly. Differences between sampling methods in palmitoleate, stearate, and oleate may have been from differences in season of sampling. Minerals were more concentrated in milk obtained directly, except potassium. Differences between milks of domesticated and cottontail rabbits are discussed.", "PMID": 1184805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9518", "title": "External form and internal anatomy of Holsteins and Jerseys.", "content": "Body weights, external dimensions, and postmortem measures of internal body dimensions or weights of organs and glands of Holsteins and Jerseys were used to establish norms, interrelationships of traits, and effects of sire and inbreeding on changes in external form. Sires differed in nearly all measures of external body form. Sire effects increased with advancing age whereas effects of inbreeding (greater than 12.5, 3.0 to 12.4, or less than 3.0% of inbreeding) declined. Skeletal dimensions were smallest in the greater than 12.5% inbred group. Differences due to inbreeding were largest at 3 and 6 mo of age and in first lactation. Body heights and head dimensions were nearer to mature size at 3 and 6 mo than other measures. In both breeds, most rapid development was between 3 and 6 mo, but Jersey matured 1 to 2% faster. Age (2 to 3, 4 to 5, 6 to 10, greater than 10 yr) was significant for most postmortem measurements. Correlations among measures of external form were .30 to .93. Correlations between external form and internal features or between internal dimensions and organs were lower. External and internal features were positively correlated, but few external features showed strong enough association with internal features for use as predictors of size of organs, glands, or digestive capacity.", "contents": "External form and internal anatomy of Holsteins and Jerseys. Body weights, external dimensions, and postmortem measures of internal body dimensions or weights of organs and glands of Holsteins and Jerseys were used to establish norms, interrelationships of traits, and effects of sire and inbreeding on changes in external form. Sires differed in nearly all measures of external body form. Sire effects increased with advancing age whereas effects of inbreeding (greater than 12.5, 3.0 to 12.4, or less than 3.0% of inbreeding) declined. Skeletal dimensions were smallest in the greater than 12.5% inbred group. Differences due to inbreeding were largest at 3 and 6 mo of age and in first lactation. Body heights and head dimensions were nearer to mature size at 3 and 6 mo than other measures. In both breeds, most rapid development was between 3 and 6 mo, but Jersey matured 1 to 2% faster. Age (2 to 3, 4 to 5, 6 to 10, greater than 10 yr) was significant for most postmortem measurements. Correlations among measures of external form were .30 to .93. Correlations between external form and internal features or between internal dimensions and organs were lower. External and internal features were positively correlated, but few external features showed strong enough association with internal features for use as predictors of size of organs, glands, or digestive capacity.", "PMID": 1184806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9519", "title": "Assay and use of magnesium ferrite as a reference in absorption trials with cattle.", "content": "Magnesium ferrite, an inert ferrimagnetic material, was introduced as reference substances in absorption trials with ruminants. A method for assaying magnesium ferrite was based upon the difference between the weight of the test material on an analytic balance and that of the same material weighed below a permanent magnet. Four heifers in two pairs were in a feeding experiment lasting for 6 wk divided into two 3-wk periods. Each animal received once daily 12 g magnesium ferrite and, as control, 12 g shredded paper impregnated with 4.2 g chromium oxide. The rations were composed of chopped wheat straw and concentrates, given twice daily, with a different straw-concentrate ratio for each group. The treatments were reversed after the first experimental period. Mean recoveries of magnesium ferrite and chromic oxide in total collection of feces were 103 and 90.2%. Mean absorption coefficients of organic matter calculated by total collection and by the ratios of magnesium ferrite and chromic oxide in feces taken from the rectum were 68.1, 70.1, and 65.7%. The method is simple and accurate and may replace methods involving time consuming chemical determinations.", "contents": "Assay and use of magnesium ferrite as a reference in absorption trials with cattle. Magnesium ferrite, an inert ferrimagnetic material, was introduced as reference substances in absorption trials with ruminants. A method for assaying magnesium ferrite was based upon the difference between the weight of the test material on an analytic balance and that of the same material weighed below a permanent magnet. Four heifers in two pairs were in a feeding experiment lasting for 6 wk divided into two 3-wk periods. Each animal received once daily 12 g magnesium ferrite and, as control, 12 g shredded paper impregnated with 4.2 g chromium oxide. The rations were composed of chopped wheat straw and concentrates, given twice daily, with a different straw-concentrate ratio for each group. The treatments were reversed after the first experimental period. Mean recoveries of magnesium ferrite and chromic oxide in total collection of feces were 103 and 90.2%. Mean absorption coefficients of organic matter calculated by total collection and by the ratios of magnesium ferrite and chromic oxide in feces taken from the rectum were 68.1, 70.1, and 65.7%. The method is simple and accurate and may replace methods involving time consuming chemical determinations.", "PMID": 1184807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9520", "title": "Fungal cellulase and hemicellulase prediction of forage digestibility.", "content": "An enzymatic procedure using Trichoderma viride carbohydrases, a fungal hemicellulase, and pepsin was developed to provide a laboratory method for predicting forage digestibility. The amount of forage dry matter solubilized by enzymes and incubation buffer was less than that in vivo or by in vitro fermentation by rumen microorganisms. Total forage dry matter solubilized by the enzymatic procedure was correlated (.92) with in vitro digestibility. Simple correlation coefficients between in vivo true digestibility of 18 forages and total dry matter solubilized by enzymes and buffer was .87; that soluble in the buffer only, .65; and that solubilized by the enzymes, .82. Correlation coefficients with in vivo true digestible amount of cell-wall and protein were greater when the forage species were considered separately than when pooled together. With this restriction, the enzymatic procedure can be a useful method for predicting forage digestibility. Fermentations with rumen inoculum however, provided more accurate predictions of in vivo digestibility in a variety of forage species.", "contents": "Fungal cellulase and hemicellulase prediction of forage digestibility. An enzymatic procedure using Trichoderma viride carbohydrases, a fungal hemicellulase, and pepsin was developed to provide a laboratory method for predicting forage digestibility. The amount of forage dry matter solubilized by enzymes and incubation buffer was less than that in vivo or by in vitro fermentation by rumen microorganisms. Total forage dry matter solubilized by the enzymatic procedure was correlated (.92) with in vitro digestibility. Simple correlation coefficients between in vivo true digestibility of 18 forages and total dry matter solubilized by enzymes and buffer was .87; that soluble in the buffer only, .65; and that solubilized by the enzymes, .82. Correlation coefficients with in vivo true digestible amount of cell-wall and protein were greater when the forage species were considered separately than when pooled together. With this restriction, the enzymatic procedure can be a useful method for predicting forage digestibility. Fermentations with rumen inoculum however, provided more accurate predictions of in vivo digestibility in a variety of forage species.", "PMID": 1184808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9521", "title": "Iodine absorption, excretion, recycling, and tissue distribution in the dairy cow.", "content": "Research on iodine metabolism was reviewed with special reference to cattle and milk secretion. Iodine metabolism in the fetus and thyroid activity as related to milk secretion and iodine feeding have also been considered. Between 70 and 90% of dietary iodine is absorbed directly from the bovine rumen, reticulum, and omasum. In the abomasum, rate of iodide secretion is approximately 18 times the rate of absorption. Circulating thyroxine is not secreted into the abomasum but enters the small intestine in the bile. Most of the iodide secreted into the abomasum is reabsorbed from the small and large intestines; absorption of thyroxine averages less than 10%. The thyroid usually contains an amount of iodine equal to the daily dietary intake; extrathyroidal tissues concentrate only .006 to .04% as much radioiodine per unit weight as the thyroid. At normal iodine intake (less than 10 mug/kg body weight daily), iodine losses average 30% of the daily intake in feces, 40% in urine, and 8% in milk. Milk iodine is influenced by amount and chemical form of dietary iodine, stage of lactation or milk yield, seasonal effects, goitrogens, and thyroid status. Cows secrete less iodine into milk than most other species and have an efficient iodine recycling system via the gastrointestinal tract which conserves iodine and can protect them against low dietary iodine.", "contents": "Iodine absorption, excretion, recycling, and tissue distribution in the dairy cow. Research on iodine metabolism was reviewed with special reference to cattle and milk secretion. Iodine metabolism in the fetus and thyroid activity as related to milk secretion and iodine feeding have also been considered. Between 70 and 90% of dietary iodine is absorbed directly from the bovine rumen, reticulum, and omasum. In the abomasum, rate of iodide secretion is approximately 18 times the rate of absorption. Circulating thyroxine is not secreted into the abomasum but enters the small intestine in the bile. Most of the iodide secreted into the abomasum is reabsorbed from the small and large intestines; absorption of thyroxine averages less than 10%. The thyroid usually contains an amount of iodine equal to the daily dietary intake; extrathyroidal tissues concentrate only .006 to .04% as much radioiodine per unit weight as the thyroid. At normal iodine intake (less than 10 mug/kg body weight daily), iodine losses average 30% of the daily intake in feces, 40% in urine, and 8% in milk. Milk iodine is influenced by amount and chemical form of dietary iodine, stage of lactation or milk yield, seasonal effects, goitrogens, and thyroid status. Cows secrete less iodine into milk than most other species and have an efficient iodine recycling system via the gastrointestinal tract which conserves iodine and can protect them against low dietary iodine.", "PMID": 1184809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9522", "title": "Phospholipids and fat secretion by cows on normal and low fiber diets: lactational trends.", "content": "Daily yields of milk, milk fat, phospholipids, and fatty acids were measured weekly during lactations of two groups of cows on a normal and restricted roughage diet. Milk yield was higher in normal cows during the initial 15 wk of lactation. Fat production decreased and was consistently lower in milk from cows on restricted roughage (from 1.2 to .4 in normal and from .8 to .3 kg/day for restricted). Phospholipid secretion decreased from an average 7 g to 3 g/day in both groups. The concentration of phospholipid in both milks fluctuated during lactation (20 to 30 mg/100 ml milk), but in milks from restricted cows it tended to increase with progress of lactation. Milk lipids from cows on restricted diets had higher phospholipid to fat ratio, (1.0 to 1.5 compared to .5 to .6 g phospholipid/100 g fat for milk from normal cows). Composition of the phospholipid classes changed slightly during lactation. Phosplatidylinositol changed most, increasing from 4 to 10 and 6 to 8% in normal and restricted milks, respectively. Fatty acids of short and medium chain lengths (C6 to C14) followed a typical quadratic regression in normal milks increasing from 10 to 30% of the total fatty acids during the first 25 wk of lactation. In restricted milk these fatty acids were already high (25%) within 2 wk and followed a linear regression with lactation. Both palmitic and stearic acid were lower in milk from restricted cows while oleic and linoleic acid were higher particularly after 10 wk of lactation.", "contents": "Phospholipids and fat secretion by cows on normal and low fiber diets: lactational trends. Daily yields of milk, milk fat, phospholipids, and fatty acids were measured weekly during lactations of two groups of cows on a normal and restricted roughage diet. Milk yield was higher in normal cows during the initial 15 wk of lactation. Fat production decreased and was consistently lower in milk from cows on restricted roughage (from 1.2 to .4 in normal and from .8 to .3 kg/day for restricted). Phospholipid secretion decreased from an average 7 g to 3 g/day in both groups. The concentration of phospholipid in both milks fluctuated during lactation (20 to 30 mg/100 ml milk), but in milks from restricted cows it tended to increase with progress of lactation. Milk lipids from cows on restricted diets had higher phospholipid to fat ratio, (1.0 to 1.5 compared to .5 to .6 g phospholipid/100 g fat for milk from normal cows). Composition of the phospholipid classes changed slightly during lactation. Phosplatidylinositol changed most, increasing from 4 to 10 and 6 to 8% in normal and restricted milks, respectively. Fatty acids of short and medium chain lengths (C6 to C14) followed a typical quadratic regression in normal milks increasing from 10 to 30% of the total fatty acids during the first 25 wk of lactation. In restricted milk these fatty acids were already high (25%) within 2 wk and followed a linear regression with lactation. Both palmitic and stearic acid were lower in milk from restricted cows while oleic and linoleic acid were higher particularly after 10 wk of lactation.", "PMID": 1184810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9523", "title": "Volatile fatty acid metabolism by rumen mucosa from cattle fed hay or grain.", "content": "Effects of an all-grain versus an all-hay diet on metabolic activity of rumen mucosa of cattle were investigated. After diets had been fed for 3 to 4 mo, rumen papillae were collected at slaughter from the dorsal rumen sac and incubated with one of various volatile fatty acids. Rates of substrate utilization were in the order: n-butyrate greater than n-valerate approximately propionate greater than iso-butyrate approximately iso-valerate. Over-all, papillae from hay-fed steers utilized greater amounts of volatile fatty acids. Dietary treatment did not significantly affect extent of conversion of volatile fatty acids to lactate and to ketone bodies. Lactate was the major metabolite from propionate and n-valerate. Ketone body formation accounted for more than 90% of n-butyrate uptake by papillae. Ketone formation from n-valerate was restricted to beta-hydroxybutyrate while that from iso-valerate was essentially acetoacetate plus acetone. Metabolic systems in rumen mucosa of physiologically mature ruminants seem to adapt little to varying individual volatile fatty acids available for absorption in vivo.", "contents": "Volatile fatty acid metabolism by rumen mucosa from cattle fed hay or grain. Effects of an all-grain versus an all-hay diet on metabolic activity of rumen mucosa of cattle were investigated. After diets had been fed for 3 to 4 mo, rumen papillae were collected at slaughter from the dorsal rumen sac and incubated with one of various volatile fatty acids. Rates of substrate utilization were in the order: n-butyrate greater than n-valerate approximately propionate greater than iso-butyrate approximately iso-valerate. Over-all, papillae from hay-fed steers utilized greater amounts of volatile fatty acids. Dietary treatment did not significantly affect extent of conversion of volatile fatty acids to lactate and to ketone bodies. Lactate was the major metabolite from propionate and n-valerate. Ketone body formation accounted for more than 90% of n-butyrate uptake by papillae. Ketone formation from n-valerate was restricted to beta-hydroxybutyrate while that from iso-valerate was essentially acetoacetate plus acetone. Metabolic systems in rumen mucosa of physiologically mature ruminants seem to adapt little to varying individual volatile fatty acids available for absorption in vivo.", "PMID": 1184811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9524", "title": "Influence of dry matter and nitrogen intakes on fecal nitrogen losses in cattle.", "content": "Dietary factors influencing loss of fecal nitrogen in Holstein steers have been examined in data on metabolism from forage diets. Two factors- total nitrogen and dry matter intake, accounted for a large part of the variation in fecal nitrogen. Nitrogen intak expressed as grams per kilogram dry matter intake more accurately accounted for variability in total fecal nitrogen than did nitrogen intake expressed as grams per animal per day. Data were from trials on 68 forages covering a range of nitrogen intakes and of nitrogen concentration in dry matter of forage. Correlations were .93 between total fecal nitrogen and dry matter intake, .90 between total fecal nitrogen and total nitrogen intake, and .95 between total fecal nitrogen and total fecal dry matter. However, at high and low nitrogen intake there was evidence of departure from a linear relationship. The relative usefulness of three regression analyses to estimate metabolic fecal nitrogen is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of dry matter and nitrogen intakes on fecal nitrogen losses in cattle. Dietary factors influencing loss of fecal nitrogen in Holstein steers have been examined in data on metabolism from forage diets. Two factors- total nitrogen and dry matter intake, accounted for a large part of the variation in fecal nitrogen. Nitrogen intak expressed as grams per kilogram dry matter intake more accurately accounted for variability in total fecal nitrogen than did nitrogen intake expressed as grams per animal per day. Data were from trials on 68 forages covering a range of nitrogen intakes and of nitrogen concentration in dry matter of forage. Correlations were .93 between total fecal nitrogen and dry matter intake, .90 between total fecal nitrogen and total nitrogen intake, and .95 between total fecal nitrogen and total fecal dry matter. However, at high and low nitrogen intake there was evidence of departure from a linear relationship. The relative usefulness of three regression analyses to estimate metabolic fecal nitrogen is discussed.", "PMID": 1184812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9525", "title": "Effects of silage diets on health, reproduction, and blood metabolites of dairy cattle.", "content": "Forty-eight Hostein dairy cows were assigned uniformly by parity and calving date to three forage treatments for three lactations. Forage treatments were corn silage (F-I), corn silage plus Hay-crop silage (-f-II), and corn silage plus hay (F-III). Records of health and reproductive data were kept to evaluate dietary effects. During the third lactation six animals in each treatment were blood-sampled on a 4-day interval from 24 days prepartum to 60 days postpartum to determine metabolites. Reproductive traits were similar among the treatment groups as were occurrences of mastitis. Corn silage and hay-crop silage cows had more ketosis than hay cows. Corn silage cows had more parturient paresis than the other two groups, and abomasal displacement occurred only in the corn silage group. There were differences in concentrations of plasma metabolites among treatments; however, they appeared to be within normal ranges, and no pathological implications were obvious. Blood pH, blood packed cell volume, blood alkaline reserve, and pH values were similar among treatment groups. Histological evaluation of hepatic and endocrine tissues revealed no treatment effects.", "contents": "Effects of silage diets on health, reproduction, and blood metabolites of dairy cattle. Forty-eight Hostein dairy cows were assigned uniformly by parity and calving date to three forage treatments for three lactations. Forage treatments were corn silage (F-I), corn silage plus Hay-crop silage (-f-II), and corn silage plus hay (F-III). Records of health and reproductive data were kept to evaluate dietary effects. During the third lactation six animals in each treatment were blood-sampled on a 4-day interval from 24 days prepartum to 60 days postpartum to determine metabolites. Reproductive traits were similar among the treatment groups as were occurrences of mastitis. Corn silage and hay-crop silage cows had more ketosis than hay cows. Corn silage cows had more parturient paresis than the other two groups, and abomasal displacement occurred only in the corn silage group. There were differences in concentrations of plasma metabolites among treatments; however, they appeared to be within normal ranges, and no pathological implications were obvious. Blood pH, blood packed cell volume, blood alkaline reserve, and pH values were similar among treatment groups. Histological evaluation of hepatic and endocrine tissues revealed no treatment effects.", "PMID": 1184813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9526", "title": "Effect of 1,2-propanediol on the rumen mucosal growth of kids.", "content": "Intra-abomasally administered 1,2-propanediol, 150 to 160 g per Japanese meat-type kid in 3 to 4 wk, increased the ratio of rumen to body weight, of rumen to total stomach, and of rumen mucosa to muscle over the control which received only water. Intra-abomasal administration of glycerol, glucose, fructose, 1.3-butanediol, xylitol, lactic acid, sodium propionate, or sodium butyrate showed no increases over the control. Only propanediol chemically stimulated rumen mucosal growth. Intraruminal administration of propanediol showed the same stimulation as intra-abomasal. Intraruminal administration of minerals or of polyethylene glycol (Carbowax 4,000) and intraruminal insertion of plastic cubes were not effective, but the latter showed a cooperative effect to accelerate rumen growth with propanediol stimulation. Average fresh tissue weights of rumen mucosa in kids of 2.7 kg body weight of control, of propanediol-treatment, and of plastic cube plus propanediol-treatment were 6.4, 10.4, and 14.8 g, and those of rumen muscle were 7.9, 8.3, and 11.1 g. Propanediol may be involved directly in the local control of rumen epithelial growth.", "contents": "Effect of 1,2-propanediol on the rumen mucosal growth of kids. Intra-abomasally administered 1,2-propanediol, 150 to 160 g per Japanese meat-type kid in 3 to 4 wk, increased the ratio of rumen to body weight, of rumen to total stomach, and of rumen mucosa to muscle over the control which received only water. Intra-abomasal administration of glycerol, glucose, fructose, 1.3-butanediol, xylitol, lactic acid, sodium propionate, or sodium butyrate showed no increases over the control. Only propanediol chemically stimulated rumen mucosal growth. Intraruminal administration of propanediol showed the same stimulation as intra-abomasal. Intraruminal administration of minerals or of polyethylene glycol (Carbowax 4,000) and intraruminal insertion of plastic cubes were not effective, but the latter showed a cooperative effect to accelerate rumen growth with propanediol stimulation. Average fresh tissue weights of rumen mucosa in kids of 2.7 kg body weight of control, of propanediol-treatment, and of plastic cube plus propanediol-treatment were 6.4, 10.4, and 14.8 g, and those of rumen muscle were 7.9, 8.3, and 11.1 g. Propanediol may be involved directly in the local control of rumen epithelial growth.", "PMID": 1184814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9527", "title": "Body length, head circumference, and weight of bovine fetuses: prediction of gestational age.", "content": "Ninety fetuses from 92 pregnant uteri from Red Danish and Holstein cows were collected at a slaughterhouse. Fetal weights, body length, and head circumference were measured. Correlations were linear between log weight and log length, log weight and log head circumference, and log body length and log head circumference. From these relationships a method of calculating fetal age was derived.", "contents": "Body length, head circumference, and weight of bovine fetuses: prediction of gestational age. Ninety fetuses from 92 pregnant uteri from Red Danish and Holstein cows were collected at a slaughterhouse. Fetal weights, body length, and head circumference were measured. Correlations were linear between log weight and log length, log weight and log head circumference, and log body length and log head circumference. From these relationships a method of calculating fetal age was derived.", "PMID": 1184816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9528", "title": "Routine postpartum treatment of dairy cattle with intrauterine neomycin sulfate boluses.", "content": "Within location, 119 dairy cattle from two experiment station herds, which had no problems associated with parturition, were randomly either treated by insertion of two intrauterine boluses containing a total of 1000 mg neomycin sulfate 24 h postpartum or maintained as a control. Uteri and ovaries of all cows were palpated 17 to 24 days postpartum and at 14 day intervals thereafter until inovulation of the uterus was judged complete and an estrus had been observed. All cows were inseminated at the first estrus after 60 days postpartum and at each estrus thereafter until conception. Cows treated with neomycin sulfate required more services per conception (1.7 to 1.4) and were open more days before conception (100.5 to 88.5) than the controls. The probable cause of the lowered reproductive efficiency is discussed. Treatment did not later significantly days to ovulation, estrus, involution, or first service. Three treated and five control animals needed additional uterine treatment. Routine intrauterine treatment of all cows with neomycin sulfate boluses should not be recommended.", "contents": "Routine postpartum treatment of dairy cattle with intrauterine neomycin sulfate boluses. Within location, 119 dairy cattle from two experiment station herds, which had no problems associated with parturition, were randomly either treated by insertion of two intrauterine boluses containing a total of 1000 mg neomycin sulfate 24 h postpartum or maintained as a control. Uteri and ovaries of all cows were palpated 17 to 24 days postpartum and at 14 day intervals thereafter until inovulation of the uterus was judged complete and an estrus had been observed. All cows were inseminated at the first estrus after 60 days postpartum and at each estrus thereafter until conception. Cows treated with neomycin sulfate required more services per conception (1.7 to 1.4) and were open more days before conception (100.5 to 88.5) than the controls. The probable cause of the lowered reproductive efficiency is discussed. Treatment did not later significantly days to ovulation, estrus, involution, or first service. Three treated and five control animals needed additional uterine treatment. Routine intrauterine treatment of all cows with neomycin sulfate boluses should not be recommended.", "PMID": 1184815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9529", "title": "Multiple comparisons: comparisonwise versus experimentwise Type I error rates and their relationship to power.", "content": "Some statisticians contend that the experimentwise Type I error rate is the most important attribute of multiple comparison procedures to be used for making all possible pairwise comparisons among treatment means after an analysis of variance. That contention is challenged here. The importance of Type I errors is discussed as well as the occurrence of Type I errors in biological experiments. Also considered is the effect of Type I error protection on power. The two methods of measuring Type I error rate, comparisonwise and experimentwise, are explained, and the reader may decide which kind he wishes to control. Several references cited support Fisher's least significant difference and Duncan's new multiple range test despite their higher-than-nominal experimentwise Type I error rates. These procedures control the comparisonwise Type I error rates and are considerably more powerful in finding differences among treatments than procedures that control the experimentwise Type I error rates.", "contents": "Multiple comparisons: comparisonwise versus experimentwise Type I error rates and their relationship to power. Some statisticians contend that the experimentwise Type I error rate is the most important attribute of multiple comparison procedures to be used for making all possible pairwise comparisons among treatment means after an analysis of variance. That contention is challenged here. The importance of Type I errors is discussed as well as the occurrence of Type I errors in biological experiments. Also considered is the effect of Type I error protection on power. The two methods of measuring Type I error rate, comparisonwise and experimentwise, are explained, and the reader may decide which kind he wishes to control. Several references cited support Fisher's least significant difference and Duncan's new multiple range test despite their higher-than-nominal experimentwise Type I error rates. These procedures control the comparisonwise Type I error rates and are considerably more powerful in finding differences among treatments than procedures that control the experimentwise Type I error rates.", "PMID": 1184817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9530", "title": "The A.D.A. registration examination. Development and operation.", "content": "The registration examination is the means by which The American Dietetic Association seeks to determine whether candidates throughout the country have attained a basic level of competence in terms of significant and appropriate areas of basic knowledge. The goal of every registration program is the passing, and thus, the registration of every candidate. If the examination reflects what the Association believes a registered dietitian must know, then candidates who answer correctly the questions on the registration examination will have shown that they are qualified to be registered representatives of the profession.", "contents": "The A.D.A. registration examination. Development and operation. The registration examination is the means by which The American Dietetic Association seeks to determine whether candidates throughout the country have attained a basic level of competence in terms of significant and appropriate areas of basic knowledge. The goal of every registration program is the passing, and thus, the registration of every candidate. If the examination reflects what the Association believes a registered dietitian must know, then candidates who answer correctly the questions on the registration examination will have shown that they are qualified to be registered representatives of the profession.", "PMID": 1184898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9531", "title": "Functions of dietetic personnel in ambulatory care.", "content": "By observation in ten ambulatory care settings and a literature review, the author found that dietetic service is being delivered by a variety of personnel--trained lay aides, nurses, and physicians, as well as professional dietitians. Employers in such settings agree that nutrition is an important component of total health care but question whether it must necessarily be delivered by dietetic personnel. The dietitian, to survive, must justify on a cost-benefit basis the unique value of her competency to the outcome of patient care. Sixty-eight nutritional care functions, appropriate for dietitians and/or dietetic technicians working in ambulatory care organizations, are identified and listed. In contrast to hospital-based, in-patient care, the author concludes that performance of these functions requires greater interest in helping others and greater flexibility, and she sees such service as the wave of the future.", "contents": "Functions of dietetic personnel in ambulatory care. By observation in ten ambulatory care settings and a literature review, the author found that dietetic service is being delivered by a variety of personnel--trained lay aides, nurses, and physicians, as well as professional dietitians. Employers in such settings agree that nutrition is an important component of total health care but question whether it must necessarily be delivered by dietetic personnel. The dietitian, to survive, must justify on a cost-benefit basis the unique value of her competency to the outcome of patient care. Sixty-eight nutritional care functions, appropriate for dietitians and/or dietetic technicians working in ambulatory care organizations, are identified and listed. In contrast to hospital-based, in-patient care, the author concludes that performance of these functions requires greater interest in helping others and greater flexibility, and she sees such service as the wave of the future.", "PMID": 1184899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9532", "title": "Chilled food systems. Effects of chilled holding on quality of beef loaves.", "content": "Following storage at 32 degrees or 42 degrees +/- 1 degrees F. for zero (4 hr.), and one, two, four, seven, and nine days, beef loaves which had either been cooked; cooked and pasteurized; or cooked, frozen, and thawed prior to storage were compared with a freshly prepared, freshly cooked loaf. Loaves were initially cooked to an internal temperature of 165 degrees F. and reheated to the same temperature prior to testing. A freshly prepared loaf cooked immediately prior to evaluation statistically had a shorter heating time, less cooking losses, higher moisture content, lower thiobarbituric acid (TBA) scores, and higher taste panel scores for odor, juiciness, flavor, and appearance. In all quality-related properties evaluated, the reference loaf rated higher. Pasteurized loaves were not significantly different from refrigerated loaves. Frozen, thawed loaves had significantly different values for TBA scores for all taste panel evaluations; these differences were indicative of reduced quality. Taste panel scores decreased and TBA scores increased significantly over nine-day storage. The hypothesis that changes over time were linear was not rejected. The only significant difference noted for the two storage temperatures of 32 degrees and 42 degrees F. was for total heating time. Standard plate counts for aerobic bacteria were extremely low when samples were taken after storage and after reheating. Only two loaves sampled had counts per gram above 100. The absence of microbial growth pattern indicated that increases in TBA scores and decreases in odor and flavor scores were produced by autoxidation of lipids.", "contents": "Chilled food systems. Effects of chilled holding on quality of beef loaves. Following storage at 32 degrees or 42 degrees +/- 1 degrees F. for zero (4 hr.), and one, two, four, seven, and nine days, beef loaves which had either been cooked; cooked and pasteurized; or cooked, frozen, and thawed prior to storage were compared with a freshly prepared, freshly cooked loaf. Loaves were initially cooked to an internal temperature of 165 degrees F. and reheated to the same temperature prior to testing. A freshly prepared loaf cooked immediately prior to evaluation statistically had a shorter heating time, less cooking losses, higher moisture content, lower thiobarbituric acid (TBA) scores, and higher taste panel scores for odor, juiciness, flavor, and appearance. In all quality-related properties evaluated, the reference loaf rated higher. Pasteurized loaves were not significantly different from refrigerated loaves. Frozen, thawed loaves had significantly different values for TBA scores for all taste panel evaluations; these differences were indicative of reduced quality. Taste panel scores decreased and TBA scores increased significantly over nine-day storage. The hypothesis that changes over time were linear was not rejected. The only significant difference noted for the two storage temperatures of 32 degrees and 42 degrees F. was for total heating time. Standard plate counts for aerobic bacteria were extremely low when samples were taken after storage and after reheating. Only two loaves sampled had counts per gram above 100. The absence of microbial growth pattern indicated that increases in TBA scores and decreases in odor and flavor scores were produced by autoxidation of lipids.", "PMID": 1184900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9533", "title": "Protein value of two imitation milks. Chemical and biologic assays.", "content": "Two imitation powdered milk products were compared with whole milk for both quantity and quality of protein. One product had comparable quantity of protein, but inferior quality, while the other had comparable quality but inferior quantity. Therefore, neither was equivalent to whole milk when a reconstituted serving of the product was calculated in terms of the U.S. RDA. However, a single serving of either product would constitute 10 per cent of the U.S. RDA for protein. Calcium contribution in terms of U.S. RDA would also be significant, but would not equal whole milk for these particular products. Thus ingredient composition varies widely for imitation milk products. These products were not evaluated for other nutrients, such as fats and vitamins.", "contents": "Protein value of two imitation milks. Chemical and biologic assays. Two imitation powdered milk products were compared with whole milk for both quantity and quality of protein. One product had comparable quantity of protein, but inferior quality, while the other had comparable quality but inferior quantity. Therefore, neither was equivalent to whole milk when a reconstituted serving of the product was calculated in terms of the U.S. RDA. However, a single serving of either product would constitute 10 per cent of the U.S. RDA for protein. Calcium contribution in terms of U.S. RDA would also be significant, but would not equal whole milk for these particular products. Thus ingredient composition varies widely for imitation milk products. These products were not evaluated for other nutrients, such as fats and vitamins.", "PMID": 1184901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9534", "title": "Rat brain fatty acid composition: effect of dietary fat and age.", "content": "The polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of human brain changes, as well as progressively decreases, with age. To determine if whole brain rat lipid shows similar changes with age, rats born to mothers fed semi-synthetic diets were raised on the same diet as their mothers for varying periods prior to sacrifice. Whole brain lipid composition was determined for female offspring, fed diets containing 20% w (by weight) of either lard or safflower oil, from age 6 days to 730 days. The percentage of 20:4omega6 and 22:6omega6 decreased with age; as in man these changes were compensated for largely by increases in 18:1omega9. In contrast, 22:6omega3 rose gradually from 6 to 730 days of age. Varying the degree of unsaturation and/or the amount of dietary fat, with the exception of lard, did not influence the fatty acid composition of whole brain lipid or of the two major phospholipids, phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl choline (PC). Lard was found to contain trace amounts of 22:5omega3; this acid was avidly retained in the brain accompanied by corresponding decreases in 22:5omega6. The functional significance of the observed age-related brain lipid changes is unknown; it is likely that the lipid changes are in some way related to the deterioration of the central nervous system with time.", "contents": "Rat brain fatty acid composition: effect of dietary fat and age. The polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of human brain changes, as well as progressively decreases, with age. To determine if whole brain rat lipid shows similar changes with age, rats born to mothers fed semi-synthetic diets were raised on the same diet as their mothers for varying periods prior to sacrifice. Whole brain lipid composition was determined for female offspring, fed diets containing 20% w (by weight) of either lard or safflower oil, from age 6 days to 730 days. The percentage of 20:4omega6 and 22:6omega6 decreased with age; as in man these changes were compensated for largely by increases in 18:1omega9. In contrast, 22:6omega3 rose gradually from 6 to 730 days of age. Varying the degree of unsaturation and/or the amount of dietary fat, with the exception of lard, did not influence the fatty acid composition of whole brain lipid or of the two major phospholipids, phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl choline (PC). Lard was found to contain trace amounts of 22:5omega3; this acid was avidly retained in the brain accompanied by corresponding decreases in 22:5omega6. The functional significance of the observed age-related brain lipid changes is unknown; it is likely that the lipid changes are in some way related to the deterioration of the central nervous system with time.", "PMID": 1184922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9535", "title": "Unrecognized psychiatric illness in elderly medical-surgical patients.", "content": "Research diagnostic criteria were used in a structured interview to evaluate the presence of unrecognized psychiatric illness in 50 acute medical and surgical patients over the age of 65 at the La Jolla Veterans Administration Hospital; 24% of the subjects had unrecognized major mental disorders -- predominantly depression or alcoholism. The geriatric patients most likely to have unrecognized illness were older, widowed or divorced, had past jail and/or psychiatric hospital experiences, and gave histories of vascular disorders. The results are consistent with past literature on the elderly.", "contents": "Unrecognized psychiatric illness in elderly medical-surgical patients. Research diagnostic criteria were used in a structured interview to evaluate the presence of unrecognized psychiatric illness in 50 acute medical and surgical patients over the age of 65 at the La Jolla Veterans Administration Hospital; 24% of the subjects had unrecognized major mental disorders -- predominantly depression or alcoholism. The geriatric patients most likely to have unrecognized illness were older, widowed or divorced, had past jail and/or psychiatric hospital experiences, and gave histories of vascular disorders. The results are consistent with past literature on the elderly.", "PMID": 1184923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9536", "title": "Aging and postural sway in women.", "content": "The effects of aging on postural sway in upright and forward lean stance were investigated. Postural sway was measured on a center of gravity apparatus using two age groups of female subjects 20 to 30 years old and 70 to 80 years old. The older adults demonstrated significantly larger sway areas than the young adults in both stance positions. The patterning of the center of gravity projections on the base of support tended to be similar under all conditions except in the young adults/upright position where the antero-postero excursion was larger than the medial-lateral. The mean locations of the center of gravity projections were often posterior and to the left of the geometric center of the base of support. The distance between the two points was least in the older adults/forward lean position, i.e., the experimental unit which demonstrated the largest area of sway.", "contents": "Aging and postural sway in women. The effects of aging on postural sway in upright and forward lean stance were investigated. Postural sway was measured on a center of gravity apparatus using two age groups of female subjects 20 to 30 years old and 70 to 80 years old. The older adults demonstrated significantly larger sway areas than the young adults in both stance positions. The patterning of the center of gravity projections on the base of support tended to be similar under all conditions except in the young adults/upright position where the antero-postero excursion was larger than the medial-lateral. The mean locations of the center of gravity projections were often posterior and to the left of the geometric center of the base of support. The distance between the two points was least in the older adults/forward lean position, i.e., the experimental unit which demonstrated the largest area of sway.", "PMID": 1184924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9537", "title": "Gerontological research in psychology published in the Journal of Gerontology 1963-1974: Perspectives and progress.", "content": "Psychological research on human subjects published in the Journal of Gerontology from 1963 through 1974 was summarized along a variety of dimensions, including subject selection procedures, sample characteristics, data analysis techniques, research design, author characteristics, and area of psychological research. Comparison of 1963-1968 with 1969-1974 showed a dramatic increase in the number of studies analyzing data for sex differences and a lessened concern for the health status of subjects. Studies of intellectual/cognitive functioning clearly dominated, while those measuring a physiological variable increased the most over the 12-year span. Discussion focused on variations among studies on definitions of age, concerns with sample description with respect to health, and sex differences.", "contents": "Gerontological research in psychology published in the Journal of Gerontology 1963-1974: Perspectives and progress. Psychological research on human subjects published in the Journal of Gerontology from 1963 through 1974 was summarized along a variety of dimensions, including subject selection procedures, sample characteristics, data analysis techniques, research design, author characteristics, and area of psychological research. Comparison of 1963-1968 with 1969-1974 showed a dramatic increase in the number of studies analyzing data for sex differences and a lessened concern for the health status of subjects. Studies of intellectual/cognitive functioning clearly dominated, while those measuring a physiological variable increased the most over the 12-year span. Discussion focused on variations among studies on definitions of age, concerns with sample description with respect to health, and sex differences.", "PMID": 1184925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9538", "title": "Age differences in the speed of a spatial cognitive process.", "content": "Older subjects responded slower than younger subjects on a spatial task which required them to rotate mentally a perspectively drawn figure in order to judge whether it was congruent with a second figure. Decision time was partitioned into two components: (1) the time taken for the \"mental rotation\" process, (2) the time taken for the remaining processes such as stimulus encoding and motor output. Both components required more time in the elderly group. The increase with age in the component of decision time representing rotational processes was similar to those increases seen by other investigators examining age-dependent differences in time required for memory-scanning processes using verbal stimuli.", "contents": "Age differences in the speed of a spatial cognitive process. Older subjects responded slower than younger subjects on a spatial task which required them to rotate mentally a perspectively drawn figure in order to judge whether it was congruent with a second figure. Decision time was partitioned into two components: (1) the time taken for the \"mental rotation\" process, (2) the time taken for the remaining processes such as stimulus encoding and motor output. Both components required more time in the elderly group. The increase with age in the component of decision time representing rotational processes was similar to those increases seen by other investigators examining age-dependent differences in time required for memory-scanning processes using verbal stimuli.", "PMID": 1184926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9539", "title": "The relationship of impulse control to cognition and adjustment among institutionalized aged women.", "content": "Several dimensions of impulse control (i.e., delay of gratification, reflectivity, and motor control) were related to intelligence, mental status, and adjustment among 91 institutionalized aged women. Four different types of impulse control measures were used: Self reports of impulse control, staff ratings, interviewer's ratings, and tests of impulse control. Impulse control measures yielded statistically significant multiple correlations with all outcome measures except life satisfaction. The findings suggest that impulse control in its various forms has a consistent and significant relationship with indices of adaptation. Utilizing stepwise regression analyses, the best predictors of outcome among impulse control measures are presented.", "contents": "The relationship of impulse control to cognition and adjustment among institutionalized aged women. Several dimensions of impulse control (i.e., delay of gratification, reflectivity, and motor control) were related to intelligence, mental status, and adjustment among 91 institutionalized aged women. Four different types of impulse control measures were used: Self reports of impulse control, staff ratings, interviewer's ratings, and tests of impulse control. Impulse control measures yielded statistically significant multiple correlations with all outcome measures except life satisfaction. The findings suggest that impulse control in its various forms has a consistent and significant relationship with indices of adaptation. Utilizing stepwise regression analyses, the best predictors of outcome among impulse control measures are presented.", "PMID": 1184927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9540", "title": "Modernization, modernity, and perceptions of aging: A cross-cultural study.", "content": "Data from a comparative study of 5,450 young males in six developing nations were used to investigate the association between modernization or modernity and negative attitudes toward aging. The findings question the frequent assertion that \"modernity\" (the exposure of individuals in developing nations to industrial technology and urban social experience) results in negative perceptions of aging and diminished value attributed to the aged. The data do provide support for the hypothesis that \"modernization\" (societal development) is related to negative perceptions of aging. Results suggest the necessity of differentiating between \"modernization\" and \"modernity\" as levels of analysis and of avoiding value-laden assumptions concerning advantages of either traditional or industrial social settings with respect to the position of elders.", "contents": "Modernization, modernity, and perceptions of aging: A cross-cultural study. Data from a comparative study of 5,450 young males in six developing nations were used to investigate the association between modernization or modernity and negative attitudes toward aging. The findings question the frequent assertion that \"modernity\" (the exposure of individuals in developing nations to industrial technology and urban social experience) results in negative perceptions of aging and diminished value attributed to the aged. The data do provide support for the hypothesis that \"modernization\" (societal development) is related to negative perceptions of aging. Results suggest the necessity of differentiating between \"modernization\" and \"modernity\" as levels of analysis and of avoiding value-laden assumptions concerning advantages of either traditional or industrial social settings with respect to the position of elders.", "PMID": 1184928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9541", "title": "Age and fearfulness: Personal and situational factors.", "content": "Recent research in the quality of life has identified a sense of security as a significant component. Taking its negative, fear, the personal and structural factors associated with fear of walking around one's neighborhood were assessed in a secondary analysis using data from a 1973 representative national sample collected from the National Opinion Research Center. Although the direct effect of age on fear was minimal, clear and significant age differentials on fear were found by income, size of city of residence, and the presence or absence of others in the household.", "contents": "Age and fearfulness: Personal and situational factors. Recent research in the quality of life has identified a sense of security as a significant component. Taking its negative, fear, the personal and structural factors associated with fear of walking around one's neighborhood were assessed in a secondary analysis using data from a 1973 representative national sample collected from the National Opinion Research Center. Although the direct effect of age on fear was minimal, clear and significant age differentials on fear were found by income, size of city of residence, and the presence or absence of others in the household.", "PMID": 1184929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9542", "title": "Happiness and social participation in aging.", "content": "This paper reports on a 4-year longitudinal study of 60 elderly women. Data about their happiness and social activities were collected using the Affect Balance Scale and nine measures of socially relevant activities, including three measures of media use, three of interpersonal interaction, and three of activities in voluntary associations. Direct relationships between happiness and social activity among elderly people were found in analysis of these data. This finding was not spurious according to longitudinal data: activity increments were associated with happiness and decrements with unhappiness. Although these findings describe the over-all picture, changes in activities may be more important to happiness among the most elderly persons interviewed than others.", "contents": "Happiness and social participation in aging. This paper reports on a 4-year longitudinal study of 60 elderly women. Data about their happiness and social activities were collected using the Affect Balance Scale and nine measures of socially relevant activities, including three measures of media use, three of interpersonal interaction, and three of activities in voluntary associations. Direct relationships between happiness and social activity among elderly people were found in analysis of these data. This finding was not spurious according to longitudinal data: activity increments were associated with happiness and decrements with unhappiness. Although these findings describe the over-all picture, changes in activities may be more important to happiness among the most elderly persons interviewed than others.", "PMID": 1184930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9543", "title": "Ego-defense or cognitive consistency effects on environmental evaluations.", "content": "Numerous investigators have commented upon the sanguine evaluations of their living environments which are given by elderly people. The discrepancy between residents' and observers' evaluations suggests the involvement of ego defense or dissonance reduction. Insofar as this is true, old people's evaluations should become more negative when their efforts to move to a more desirable setting meet with sucess. This hypothesis was tested with the original group of applicants to one housing project for the elderly and cross-validated 9 years later with the original group of applicants to a different project. In both cases the hypothesis was supported. Applicants who were selected to move to new housing became more negative in their evaluations of housing than applicants who were not selected to move.", "contents": "Ego-defense or cognitive consistency effects on environmental evaluations. Numerous investigators have commented upon the sanguine evaluations of their living environments which are given by elderly people. The discrepancy between residents' and observers' evaluations suggests the involvement of ego defense or dissonance reduction. Insofar as this is true, old people's evaluations should become more negative when their efforts to move to a more desirable setting meet with sucess. This hypothesis was tested with the original group of applicants to one housing project for the elderly and cross-validated 9 years later with the original group of applicants to a different project. In both cases the hypothesis was supported. Applicants who were selected to move to new housing became more negative in their evaluations of housing than applicants who were not selected to move.", "PMID": 1184931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9544", "title": "Clinico-pathological studies on naturally-occurring bovine fascioliasis in the Sudan.", "content": "An investigation was made of the pathological, haematological and biochemical aspects of naturally-occurring bovine fascioliasis in the Sudan. 228 animals infected with Fasciola gigantica and 25 non-infected controls were used in the study. The infected cattle revealed emaciation, typical liver pathology, and, occasionally, lesions in the lung and the pancreas. Analysis of their sera also showed reduced albumin values, increased globulin concentrations and decrease albumin/globulin ratio, in addition to increased arginase activity. The serum iron concentration, on the other hand, was decreased, while the total iron binding capacity increased and the resultant iron saturation values reduced. Haematological findings in the infected animals included reduced erythrocyte counts, decreased haematocrit values, increased mean corpuscular volumes, eosinophilia and decreased neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts. Other parameters were similar in infected and control cattle.", "contents": "Clinico-pathological studies on naturally-occurring bovine fascioliasis in the Sudan. An investigation was made of the pathological, haematological and biochemical aspects of naturally-occurring bovine fascioliasis in the Sudan. 228 animals infected with Fasciola gigantica and 25 non-infected controls were used in the study. The infected cattle revealed emaciation, typical liver pathology, and, occasionally, lesions in the lung and the pancreas. Analysis of their sera also showed reduced albumin values, increased globulin concentrations and decrease albumin/globulin ratio, in addition to increased arginase activity. The serum iron concentration, on the other hand, was decreased, while the total iron binding capacity increased and the resultant iron saturation values reduced. Haematological findings in the infected animals included reduced erythrocyte counts, decreased haematocrit values, increased mean corpuscular volumes, eosinophilia and decreased neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts. Other parameters were similar in infected and control cattle.", "PMID": 1184942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9545", "title": "Motheaten, an immunodeficient mutant of the mouse. I. Genetics and pathology.", "content": "A new recessive mutation, motheaten (me), is on chromosome 6, 21.9 +/- 4.3 recombination units distal to white (Miwh). Mice homozygous for the new mutation have neutrophilic lesions of the skin beginning as early as day 1, and pneumonitis with many macrophages in the alveoli as early as day 3. They suffer high mortality from birth onward and none has survived longer than 8 weeks. The lymph nodes may be enlarged, but the thymus, Reyer's patches, and lymphatic tissue of the spleen are much reduced in size. Lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer's patches lack lymphatic nodules. The lymph nodes and spleen contain many plasma cells. There are increased numbers of neutrophils and monocytes in the peripheral blood, and increased numbers of neutrophils in bone marrow at the expense of red cell precursors. Hematopoietic tissue in the spleen is increased and appears more active than normal. Motheaten mice appear to have an immune deficiency beginning very shortly after birth.", "contents": "Motheaten, an immunodeficient mutant of the mouse. I. Genetics and pathology. A new recessive mutation, motheaten (me), is on chromosome 6, 21.9 +/- 4.3 recombination units distal to white (Miwh). Mice homozygous for the new mutation have neutrophilic lesions of the skin beginning as early as day 1, and pneumonitis with many macrophages in the alveoli as early as day 3. They suffer high mortality from birth onward and none has survived longer than 8 weeks. The lymph nodes may be enlarged, but the thymus, Reyer's patches, and lymphatic tissue of the spleen are much reduced in size. Lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer's patches lack lymphatic nodules. The lymph nodes and spleen contain many plasma cells. There are increased numbers of neutrophils and monocytes in the peripheral blood, and increased numbers of neutrophils in bone marrow at the expense of red cell precursors. Hematopoietic tissue in the spleen is increased and appears more active than normal. Motheaten mice appear to have an immune deficiency beginning very shortly after birth.", "PMID": 1184950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9546", "title": "Hereditary chondrodystrophy in the rabbit. Genetics and pathology of a new mutant, a model for metatropic dwarfism.", "content": "Thirty-one cases of a new hereditary chondrodystrophy in the rabbit have been shown to be associated with a fully penetrant autosomal recessive gene symbolized cd. The mutant is viable prenatally but does not survive after birth. It differs from the two other inherited chondrodystrophies, dachs and achondroplasia, but is very similar to the metatropic dwarf reported in man.", "contents": "Hereditary chondrodystrophy in the rabbit. Genetics and pathology of a new mutant, a model for metatropic dwarfism. Thirty-one cases of a new hereditary chondrodystrophy in the rabbit have been shown to be associated with a fully penetrant autosomal recessive gene symbolized cd. The mutant is viable prenatally but does not survive after birth. It differs from the two other inherited chondrodystrophies, dachs and achondroplasia, but is very similar to the metatropic dwarf reported in man.", "PMID": 1184951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9547", "title": "Sensitivity of rat testes to inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis. III. The inheritance of mitomycin C-induced structural rearrangements of chromosomes.", "content": "The inheritance of mitomycin C-induced aberrations was studied. Examination of spermatogonia showed statistically significant differences between the progeny of the untreated and treated rats in terms of total aberrant cells and chromosomal structural rearrangements. With the exception of gaps, breaks and fragments, which showed no significant differences between the progeny of the two treatment groups, the rest of the aberrations scored revealed significant increases in their frequencies with an increase in daily doses of mitomycin C (MC). The profile of the aberrations demonstrated a high incidence of X and Y chromosome dissociations, multiple autosomal associations, hypodiploidy, and translocation. Translocations consisted of autosome-autoome, autosome-X chromosome, autosome-X-Y chromosome, and autosome-Y chromosome. It is suggested that the reduced number of offspring per female in the F1 was the consequence of inherited MC-induced chromosomal errors.", "contents": "Sensitivity of rat testes to inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis. III. The inheritance of mitomycin C-induced structural rearrangements of chromosomes. The inheritance of mitomycin C-induced aberrations was studied. Examination of spermatogonia showed statistically significant differences between the progeny of the untreated and treated rats in terms of total aberrant cells and chromosomal structural rearrangements. With the exception of gaps, breaks and fragments, which showed no significant differences between the progeny of the two treatment groups, the rest of the aberrations scored revealed significant increases in their frequencies with an increase in daily doses of mitomycin C (MC). The profile of the aberrations demonstrated a high incidence of X and Y chromosome dissociations, multiple autosomal associations, hypodiploidy, and translocation. Translocations consisted of autosome-autoome, autosome-X chromosome, autosome-X-Y chromosome, and autosome-Y chromosome. It is suggested that the reduced number of offspring per female in the F1 was the consequence of inherited MC-induced chromosomal errors.", "PMID": 1184952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9548", "title": "The genetics of two new eye color mutants in Culex tarsalis.", "content": "Two mutants are described the affect eye pigment in the Culex tarsalis mosquito. The data indicate that carmine eye car, and black eye ble, are each linked to one of the two autosomes. The expression of the two pigment in individuals homozygous for both mutants is unique in that larvae and pupae have car eyes and young adults show both the car and ble phenotypes.", "contents": "The genetics of two new eye color mutants in Culex tarsalis. Two mutants are described the affect eye pigment in the Culex tarsalis mosquito. The data indicate that carmine eye car, and black eye ble, are each linked to one of the two autosomes. The expression of the two pigment in individuals homozygous for both mutants is unique in that larvae and pupae have car eyes and young adults show both the car and ble phenotypes.", "PMID": 1184953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9549", "title": "[Quantitative architectonic variations in the visual cortex of mice following varying light exposure of the visual organ].", "content": "Quantitative - architectural investigations were carried through with two experimental groups of white mice. One group was expsed to a source of light day and night, the other group lived under normal light variations. The animals of both groups were already born under the mentioned conditions and killed in etherization after 51 days. After the determination of the brain-weights, which showed smaller quantities for the group living under light day and night, sections of 10 mum were stained according to the NISSL method and the thickness of the cortex was measured. The layers in the area striata were examined with regard to possible differences. But in this connection no differences between the two groups were to be found. According to the point - method the different coefficients of the cortical layers were determined. The mathematical - statistical analysis with the help of t-test showed significantly bigger coefficients with the latter group (living under light day and night). These coefficients correspond to a smaller part of volume of neurons or their components in a defined volume. This way it was proved that changed light conditions result in changes of the microscopical structure of the area striata. At the same time significant changes occur in the nucleus-plasma-relation of the various layers. These make us recognize the functional adaptations to the changed environmental influences.", "contents": "[Quantitative architectonic variations in the visual cortex of mice following varying light exposure of the visual organ]. Quantitative - architectural investigations were carried through with two experimental groups of white mice. One group was expsed to a source of light day and night, the other group lived under normal light variations. The animals of both groups were already born under the mentioned conditions and killed in etherization after 51 days. After the determination of the brain-weights, which showed smaller quantities for the group living under light day and night, sections of 10 mum were stained according to the NISSL method and the thickness of the cortex was measured. The layers in the area striata were examined with regard to possible differences. But in this connection no differences between the two groups were to be found. According to the point - method the different coefficients of the cortical layers were determined. The mathematical - statistical analysis with the help of t-test showed significantly bigger coefficients with the latter group (living under light day and night). These coefficients correspond to a smaller part of volume of neurons or their components in a defined volume. This way it was proved that changed light conditions result in changes of the microscopical structure of the area striata. At the same time significant changes occur in the nucleus-plasma-relation of the various layers. These make us recognize the functional adaptations to the changed environmental influences.", "PMID": 1184956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9550", "title": "Genes associated with leukocyte production in mice.", "content": "We have investigated the genes influencing leukocyte production in mice by selective breeding for differences in leukocyte count and developed two major lines differing about 8-fold. In these lines we have made counter selective breeding, crossbreeding between them, and developed methods of using marker genes to search for individual genes distributed on different chromosomes. We have revealed an overall dominance of genes for low leukocyte count over those for high counts, and effects of genes at the agouti locus, certain mutant genes, and a gene or genes in the XVI linkage group. We have commented on the application and approach of quantitative genetic experimentation from both a theoretical and practical point of view and, on the basis of present results, discussed the nature of polygenes in relation to genes causing polymorphisms.", "contents": "Genes associated with leukocyte production in mice. We have investigated the genes influencing leukocyte production in mice by selective breeding for differences in leukocyte count and developed two major lines differing about 8-fold. In these lines we have made counter selective breeding, crossbreeding between them, and developed methods of using marker genes to search for individual genes distributed on different chromosomes. We have revealed an overall dominance of genes for low leukocyte count over those for high counts, and effects of genes at the agouti locus, certain mutant genes, and a gene or genes in the XVI linkage group. We have commented on the application and approach of quantitative genetic experimentation from both a theoretical and practical point of view and, on the basis of present results, discussed the nature of polygenes in relation to genes causing polymorphisms.", "PMID": 1184954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9551", "title": "[The ontogenetic development of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus (CA1) of the rat].", "content": "1. The development of pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus (CA1) of the albino rat was investigated by means of light-microscopy with GOLGI impregnation methods. The stages of age of the animals covered the period from the 15th prenatal to the 30th prematal day. Three and six months old rats were used for comparison. In addition some histological series were made by staining with hemalaun-eosine. 2. The formation of the apical, basal and side dendrites, the existence of common signs of growth (swellings, growth cones, sprouts) and the amount of spines were used for the estimation of neuronal changes. The development of the typical structure of the hippocampal region and of the pyramidal layer in the CA1-field was described. 3. The migration of neuronal elements to the pyramidal layer is finished around the time of birth, but lasts in the area dentata at least to the 8th postnatal day. The hippocampus shows a nearly mature figure in its hitology 15 days after birth. 4. Until the 19th embryonal day bipolare spongioblasts can be seen, but already one day before postmigratory neuroblasts are existent. During this period the division of matrix cells occurs and the migration of the neuroblasts is beginning. (early prenatal developmental period) 5. Since the 19th prenatal day the neuroblasts show long apical dendrites, growing axons with first sprouts of collaterals, but also sprouts of basal and side dendrites. Until the time of birth a further formation of dendrites and a narrowing of the perikarya in the pyramidal layer follow. (late prenatal developmental period) 6. The intermediate neuroblasts grow continuously in the first postnatal time and let perceive an increase in the number of dendritic stems and branches. Postsynaptic structures (spines) appear in a little increasing number. The initial segment of the apical dendrite remains free of spines. (early postnatal developmental period).", "contents": "[The ontogenetic development of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus (CA1) of the rat]. 1. The development of pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus (CA1) of the albino rat was investigated by means of light-microscopy with GOLGI impregnation methods. The stages of age of the animals covered the period from the 15th prenatal to the 30th prematal day. Three and six months old rats were used for comparison. In addition some histological series were made by staining with hemalaun-eosine. 2. The formation of the apical, basal and side dendrites, the existence of common signs of growth (swellings, growth cones, sprouts) and the amount of spines were used for the estimation of neuronal changes. The development of the typical structure of the hippocampal region and of the pyramidal layer in the CA1-field was described. 3. The migration of neuronal elements to the pyramidal layer is finished around the time of birth, but lasts in the area dentata at least to the 8th postnatal day. The hippocampus shows a nearly mature figure in its hitology 15 days after birth. 4. Until the 19th embryonal day bipolare spongioblasts can be seen, but already one day before postmigratory neuroblasts are existent. During this period the division of matrix cells occurs and the migration of the neuroblasts is beginning. (early prenatal developmental period) 5. Since the 19th prenatal day the neuroblasts show long apical dendrites, growing axons with first sprouts of collaterals, but also sprouts of basal and side dendrites. Until the time of birth a further formation of dendrites and a narrowing of the perikarya in the pyramidal layer follow. (late prenatal developmental period) 6. The intermediate neuroblasts grow continuously in the first postnatal time and let perceive an increase in the number of dendritic stems and branches. Postsynaptic structures (spines) appear in a little increasing number. The initial segment of the apical dendrite remains free of spines. (early postnatal developmental period).", "PMID": 1184958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9552", "title": "Linkage of white band and long hair in the Syrian hamster.", "content": "The mutant genes Ba and l display autosomal linkage of 20.2 +/- 2.3. The available evidence indicates that the linkage is independent of two others previously reported. Thus, three linkage groups are now known for the Syrian hamster.", "contents": "Linkage of white band and long hair in the Syrian hamster. The mutant genes Ba and l display autosomal linkage of 20.2 +/- 2.3. The available evidence indicates that the linkage is independent of two others previously reported. Thus, three linkage groups are now known for the Syrian hamster.", "PMID": 1184955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9553", "title": "[Development of the telencephalon of Salmo irideus Gib].", "content": "A developmental study of the Telencephalon of the trout (Salmo irideus) has been done. The stages of fixation were 18 days after fecondation, hatching; 5 days, 1, 2, and 3 months, and 1 year after hatching. The different cell-masses are summarized in table 1. In the young trout, eversion is not important. Just, 2 olfactory bulbs are evaginated. In front of the commissura anterior, we can see: the Nucleus ventroventralis and the Nucleus ventrodorsalis, on the one hand; a voluminous dorsal area which includes: the Nucleus dorsolateralis, the Nucleus dorsomedialis, the Nucleus dorsocentralis and the dorso and ventro-lateral groups, on the other hand. The different Nuclei of the dorsal area are differentiated from a primordial territory which is the area intermedius at the hatching stage. On the hemispheric wall at the level of the tela, we can see the Nucleus teniae. Behind the plan of the commissura anterior, the Nucleus posterior is already seeing at the end of the first month after the hatching. A Golgi-Cox study showed some aspects of different kinds of neurons, and an important neuropil at the level of the Nucleus dorsocentralis too.", "contents": "[Development of the telencephalon of Salmo irideus Gib]. A developmental study of the Telencephalon of the trout (Salmo irideus) has been done. The stages of fixation were 18 days after fecondation, hatching; 5 days, 1, 2, and 3 months, and 1 year after hatching. The different cell-masses are summarized in table 1. In the young trout, eversion is not important. Just, 2 olfactory bulbs are evaginated. In front of the commissura anterior, we can see: the Nucleus ventroventralis and the Nucleus ventrodorsalis, on the one hand; a voluminous dorsal area which includes: the Nucleus dorsolateralis, the Nucleus dorsomedialis, the Nucleus dorsocentralis and the dorso and ventro-lateral groups, on the other hand. The different Nuclei of the dorsal area are differentiated from a primordial territory which is the area intermedius at the hatching stage. On the hemispheric wall at the level of the tela, we can see the Nucleus teniae. Behind the plan of the commissura anterior, the Nucleus posterior is already seeing at the end of the first month after the hatching. A Golgi-Cox study showed some aspects of different kinds of neurons, and an important neuropil at the level of the Nucleus dorsocentralis too.", "PMID": 1184960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9554", "title": "[Chronoarchitectonic analysis of the rat brain using radioautography. I. Histogenesis of the telencephalon].", "content": "1) Isocortex We find a centrifugal type chronoarchitectonic gradient with, however, a considerable overlap between the various generations of neurons. Thus in the older, deep layers (13.5 days) of the lateral neocortex 35% of the cells are chromologically incongruous (certain are very recent: 17.5 days and more). Cell production is a continuous process and has its peak towards 15.5 days of gestation. This refutes the existence of successive waves of cells. It is not possible to give even an approximate date to the isocortical layers, for the cortical laminations and the isochrones are nor concentric. What finally characterizes this structure from a chronoarchitectonic point of view is the considerable duration of the sequence of neuron production going from 13,5 days to birth. 2) Allocortex We find a centrifugal gradient in the paleocortex. In several of the structures of which it is composed a chronoarchitectonic incongruity can be attributed to the microneurons. It is the case with the islands of CALLEJA (in the olfactive tubercule) which separate very late on. In the archicortex the dominant gradient is again centrifugal. Here we find horizontal variations of the chronoarchitectonic patterns which are discussed with reference to the conception of a possibly fragmented cortex. 3) Striatum the chronoarchitectonic results largely confirm the diencephalic origin of the paleostriatum (STRASSER 1920, SPATZ 1921). In the archistriatum we find a steep rostrocaudal gradient, while the chronoarchitectonic heterogeneity of the structure tends to confirm the conception of a mixed origin (striatum and paleopallium). 4) Claustrum there is a real chronoarchitectonic incongruity between this structure and the isocortex. On one hand the sequence of the anterior part of the claustrum is of the paleostriate type. The posterior part is more probably archistriate. These findings suggest that the formation of the claustrum is of hybrid origin. 5) Septum The characteristic gradient of this formation is caudorostral. This gradient is practically common to all the structures except the telencephalon. We also find a centrifugal gradient related to the presence of a recent \"cortex\" which could be the counterpart of the cortical septal nuclei in superior mammals.", "contents": "[Chronoarchitectonic analysis of the rat brain using radioautography. I. Histogenesis of the telencephalon]. 1) Isocortex We find a centrifugal type chronoarchitectonic gradient with, however, a considerable overlap between the various generations of neurons. Thus in the older, deep layers (13.5 days) of the lateral neocortex 35% of the cells are chromologically incongruous (certain are very recent: 17.5 days and more). Cell production is a continuous process and has its peak towards 15.5 days of gestation. This refutes the existence of successive waves of cells. It is not possible to give even an approximate date to the isocortical layers, for the cortical laminations and the isochrones are nor concentric. What finally characterizes this structure from a chronoarchitectonic point of view is the considerable duration of the sequence of neuron production going from 13,5 days to birth. 2) Allocortex We find a centrifugal gradient in the paleocortex. In several of the structures of which it is composed a chronoarchitectonic incongruity can be attributed to the microneurons. It is the case with the islands of CALLEJA (in the olfactive tubercule) which separate very late on. In the archicortex the dominant gradient is again centrifugal. Here we find horizontal variations of the chronoarchitectonic patterns which are discussed with reference to the conception of a possibly fragmented cortex. 3) Striatum the chronoarchitectonic results largely confirm the diencephalic origin of the paleostriatum (STRASSER 1920, SPATZ 1921). In the archistriatum we find a steep rostrocaudal gradient, while the chronoarchitectonic heterogeneity of the structure tends to confirm the conception of a mixed origin (striatum and paleopallium). 4) Claustrum there is a real chronoarchitectonic incongruity between this structure and the isocortex. On one hand the sequence of the anterior part of the claustrum is of the paleostriate type. The posterior part is more probably archistriate. These findings suggest that the formation of the claustrum is of hybrid origin. 5) Septum The characteristic gradient of this formation is caudorostral. This gradient is practically common to all the structures except the telencephalon. We also find a centrifugal gradient related to the presence of a recent \"cortex\" which could be the counterpart of the cortical septal nuclei in superior mammals.", "PMID": 1184959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9555", "title": "Niridazole, a potent long-acting suppressant of cellular hypersensitivity. III. Minimal suppression of antibody responses.", "content": "Niridazole, an anthelminthic drug, has been shown to be a potent long-acting suppressant of cell-mediated immune responses both in man and in experimental animals. In the present study the effect of niridazole on the magnitude and kinetics of the primary and secondary antibody responses of mice to sheep erythrocytes, human serum albumin, and keyhold limpet hemocyanin was investigated. The therapeutic dose of niridazole for murine schistosomiasis moderately and transiently inhibited the primary antibody response to these antigens, but had no effect on ongoing antibody production against keyhole limpet hemocyanin or on secondary responses to any of the antigens. Single doses of niridazole (which suppress cell-mediated immune responses) had no effect whatsoever on the most strongly inhibited of the primary antibody responses, that to alum-precipitated polymerized human serum albumin.", "contents": "Niridazole, a potent long-acting suppressant of cellular hypersensitivity. III. Minimal suppression of antibody responses. Niridazole, an anthelminthic drug, has been shown to be a potent long-acting suppressant of cell-mediated immune responses both in man and in experimental animals. In the present study the effect of niridazole on the magnitude and kinetics of the primary and secondary antibody responses of mice to sheep erythrocytes, human serum albumin, and keyhold limpet hemocyanin was investigated. The therapeutic dose of niridazole for murine schistosomiasis moderately and transiently inhibited the primary antibody response to these antigens, but had no effect on ongoing antibody production against keyhole limpet hemocyanin or on secondary responses to any of the antigens. Single doses of niridazole (which suppress cell-mediated immune responses) had no effect whatsoever on the most strongly inhibited of the primary antibody responses, that to alum-precipitated polymerized human serum albumin.", "PMID": 1184961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9556", "title": "Specifically cytotoxic human and mouse lymphoid cells induced with antibody or antigen-antibody complexes.", "content": "Human or mouse lymphoid cells could be \"armed\" with anti-NIP antibodies to become cytotoxic to NNP-conjugated fowl erythrocytes (NNP and NIP are closely related haptens). The arming factor was neutralized by a sufficient concentration of NIP-BSA (twice the concentration causing maximal precipitation) but low concentrations (e.g., 7% of the maximal precipitation concentration) increased the arming capacity.", "contents": "Specifically cytotoxic human and mouse lymphoid cells induced with antibody or antigen-antibody complexes. Human or mouse lymphoid cells could be \"armed\" with anti-NIP antibodies to become cytotoxic to NNP-conjugated fowl erythrocytes (NNP and NIP are closely related haptens). The arming factor was neutralized by a sufficient concentration of NIP-BSA (twice the concentration causing maximal precipitation) but low concentrations (e.g., 7% of the maximal precipitation concentration) increased the arming capacity.", "PMID": 1184962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9557", "title": "Antibody-dependent cytolytically active human leukocytes: an analysis of inactivation following in vitro interaction with antibody-coated target cells.", "content": "A leukocyte population consisting of approximately 85% lymphocytes, prepared from human peripheral blood by centrifugation through a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient, was studied for its capacity to destroy antibody-coated human liver (Chang) cells in vitro. Cytolysis was a rapid event: increased ionic flux (86Rb) from the target cell occurred within 10 min of the addition of effector cells. Kinetic analysis of target cell destruction (51 Cr release) was compatible with a \"one hit\" hypothesis, thereby indicating that cytolysis resulted from a single collision was an effector cell. The initial rate of cytolysis was linear and related to the number of leukocytes added, but lysis at all of the leukocyte to target cell ratios tested ceased after 5 hr. The number of target cells killed at that time was directly proportional to the number of leukocytes added. While the lytic capacity of the effector population was totally depleted after incubation with antibody-coated target cells, cytotoxicity was not affected by co-culturing leukocytes with Chang cells treated with pre-immune serum. The cytotoxic effector cells functioning in this antibody-dependent lytic system are thus to be contrasted with killer T cells, whose lytic activity is not compromised by interaction with homologous target cells. It was estimated that approximately 4% of the leukocyte population employed could kill antibody-coated Chang cells, a figure consistent with the estimated frequency of \"null\" cells within human peripheral lymphocytes.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cytolytically active human leukocytes: an analysis of inactivation following in vitro interaction with antibody-coated target cells. A leukocyte population consisting of approximately 85% lymphocytes, prepared from human peripheral blood by centrifugation through a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient, was studied for its capacity to destroy antibody-coated human liver (Chang) cells in vitro. Cytolysis was a rapid event: increased ionic flux (86Rb) from the target cell occurred within 10 min of the addition of effector cells. Kinetic analysis of target cell destruction (51 Cr release) was compatible with a \"one hit\" hypothesis, thereby indicating that cytolysis resulted from a single collision was an effector cell. The initial rate of cytolysis was linear and related to the number of leukocytes added, but lysis at all of the leukocyte to target cell ratios tested ceased after 5 hr. The number of target cells killed at that time was directly proportional to the number of leukocytes added. While the lytic capacity of the effector population was totally depleted after incubation with antibody-coated target cells, cytotoxicity was not affected by co-culturing leukocytes with Chang cells treated with pre-immune serum. The cytotoxic effector cells functioning in this antibody-dependent lytic system are thus to be contrasted with killer T cells, whose lytic activity is not compromised by interaction with homologous target cells. It was estimated that approximately 4% of the leukocyte population employed could kill antibody-coated Chang cells, a figure consistent with the estimated frequency of \"null\" cells within human peripheral lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1184963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9558", "title": "Cationic proteins of human granulocytes. VI. Effects on the complement system and mediation of chemotactic activity.", "content": "The chymotrypsin-like cationic proteins of human granulocytes are shown to possess the ability to produce conversion of the complement components C1s, C4, C3, and C5 as detected by crossed immuno-electrophoresis. This ability seems to be a direct proteolytic effect. Incubation of cationic proteins with serum or functionally pure preparations of C3 and C5 is shown to generate the formation of chemotactic activity which is abolished by prolonged incubation. Also, the chemotactic activity of porcine C5a or spontaneously activated C5 is abolished by incubation with cationic proteins. It is suggested that the chymotrypsin-like cationic proteins of human granulocytes after extrusion from the phagocytic cell play an important role for generation of inflammatory mediators.", "contents": "Cationic proteins of human granulocytes. VI. Effects on the complement system and mediation of chemotactic activity. The chymotrypsin-like cationic proteins of human granulocytes are shown to possess the ability to produce conversion of the complement components C1s, C4, C3, and C5 as detected by crossed immuno-electrophoresis. This ability seems to be a direct proteolytic effect. Incubation of cationic proteins with serum or functionally pure preparations of C3 and C5 is shown to generate the formation of chemotactic activity which is abolished by prolonged incubation. Also, the chemotactic activity of porcine C5a or spontaneously activated C5 is abolished by incubation with cationic proteins. It is suggested that the chymotrypsin-like cationic proteins of human granulocytes after extrusion from the phagocytic cell play an important role for generation of inflammatory mediators.", "PMID": 1184964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9559", "title": "Cell-mediated immune responses in vitro. II. Simultaneous generation of cytotoxic lymphocyte responses to two sets of alloantigens of limited cross-reactivity.", "content": "The conditions for generation of simultaneous and independent cytotoxic lymphocyte (CL) responses to each of two sets of alloantigens of limited cross-reactivity by mouse spleen cells in vitro have been investigated. Responder spleen cells were incubated with mitomycin C-treated C57BL/6 (H-2b) or DBA/2 (H-2d) stimulator spleen cells and day 5 CL responses were assayed with 51Cr-labeled EL-4 leukemia (H-2b) and P815 mastocytoma (H-2d) as target cells. Spleen cells from mice of the various H-2 haplotypes tested differed greatly in their ability to develop specific CL responses against alloantigens on the stimulator spleen cells and in the degree of cross-reactive cytotoxic activity against target cells bearing alloantigens not present on the stimulator spleen cells. In contrast to the other strains examined, DBA/1 (H-2q) spleen cells developed specific CL responses to either H-2b or H-2d alloantigens without exhibiting significant cross-reactive activity on the inappropriate target cell. The CL responses to H-2b and H-2d alloantigens by DBA/1 spleen cells were comparable in magnitude and had similar stimulator cell-dose requirements. Further, DBA/1 spleen cells developed CL responses of normal magnitude simultaneously against both target cells when incubated with both mitomycin C-treated C57BL/6 and DBA/2 stimulator cells.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune responses in vitro. II. Simultaneous generation of cytotoxic lymphocyte responses to two sets of alloantigens of limited cross-reactivity. The conditions for generation of simultaneous and independent cytotoxic lymphocyte (CL) responses to each of two sets of alloantigens of limited cross-reactivity by mouse spleen cells in vitro have been investigated. Responder spleen cells were incubated with mitomycin C-treated C57BL/6 (H-2b) or DBA/2 (H-2d) stimulator spleen cells and day 5 CL responses were assayed with 51Cr-labeled EL-4 leukemia (H-2b) and P815 mastocytoma (H-2d) as target cells. Spleen cells from mice of the various H-2 haplotypes tested differed greatly in their ability to develop specific CL responses against alloantigens on the stimulator spleen cells and in the degree of cross-reactive cytotoxic activity against target cells bearing alloantigens not present on the stimulator spleen cells. In contrast to the other strains examined, DBA/1 (H-2q) spleen cells developed specific CL responses to either H-2b or H-2d alloantigens without exhibiting significant cross-reactive activity on the inappropriate target cell. The CL responses to H-2b and H-2d alloantigens by DBA/1 spleen cells were comparable in magnitude and had similar stimulator cell-dose requirements. Further, DBA/1 spleen cells developed CL responses of normal magnitude simultaneously against both target cells when incubated with both mitomycin C-treated C57BL/6 and DBA/2 stimulator cells.", "PMID": 1184965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9560", "title": "Response of mouse splenic lymphocytes to timothy pollen antigens in a microculture system.", "content": "Spleen cells from LAF1 mice were stimulated in a microculture system with T and B cell mitogens or antigens of timothy pollen. Only cells from mice immunized with crude timothy pollen extract (WST) or a major antigen of timothy pollen conjugated to Ascaris (antigen B-Ascaris) responded to timothy antigens in vitro. Optimum responses were obtained at 120 to 144 hr of culture with 5 to 10 mug WST per culture and ranged from three to 10 times greater than cell background. No correlations could be found between the optimum antigen concentration or the maximum response and the immune status of the spleen cell donor. Response could be inhibited by a dialyzable fraction of timothy pollen, antigen D, which is a monovalent form of a major antigen of timothy pollen.", "contents": "Response of mouse splenic lymphocytes to timothy pollen antigens in a microculture system. Spleen cells from LAF1 mice were stimulated in a microculture system with T and B cell mitogens or antigens of timothy pollen. Only cells from mice immunized with crude timothy pollen extract (WST) or a major antigen of timothy pollen conjugated to Ascaris (antigen B-Ascaris) responded to timothy antigens in vitro. Optimum responses were obtained at 120 to 144 hr of culture with 5 to 10 mug WST per culture and ranged from three to 10 times greater than cell background. No correlations could be found between the optimum antigen concentration or the maximum response and the immune status of the spleen cell donor. Response could be inhibited by a dialyzable fraction of timothy pollen, antigen D, which is a monovalent form of a major antigen of timothy pollen.", "PMID": 1184966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9561", "title": "Cyanate as an inactivator of complement proteins.", "content": "Sodium cyanate added to normal human serum or serum from patients with sickle-cell disease resulted in the functional inactivation of C3, C5, C6, C7, and the C3b inactivator, but not C8 and C9. Final concentrations as low as 0.5 mM in serum caused inactivation of 12 to 64% of the C3 after 8 hr at 37 degrees C. The activity of the inactivated C3, C5, and C3b inactivator was not restored by dialysis. Most of the functional activity of C3 in cyanate-treated sera was destroyed by very small quantities of 14C-labeled cyanate that was bound to the protein. C3 inactivation by cyanate occurred in heated sera (50 degrees C, 30 min) and sera treated with EDTA, probably indicating that one mechanism for inactivation was by a direct carbamylation reaction. Both C3 and C5 showed two anodal-migrating forms in two dimensional antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis in some sera treated with low concentrations of cyanate. Measurements of circular dichroism of highly purified carbamylated C3 showed no detectable changes in structure even though most of the functional activity was destroyed. Purified, inactive C3 that was carbamylated with 14C-labeled cyanate was capable of binding to EAC142, but the resulting EAC1423 was weakly positive for immune adherence and negative for agglutination with anti-C3 antiserum. Unlabeled, cell-bound C3b on EAC142 was not susceptible to cyanate action as shown by no loss in immune adherence and positive agglutination with anti-C3 antiserum. The C3b inactivator was more susceptible to cyanate than C3 in a short time period, whereas both were inactivated after 8 hr. Since cyanate is currently being evaluated as a treatment for sickle-cell disease, the inactivation of C3 by the drug is an important consideration for such patients who are already deficient in C3 dependent heat-labile opsonins that aid in host defense.", "contents": "Cyanate as an inactivator of complement proteins. Sodium cyanate added to normal human serum or serum from patients with sickle-cell disease resulted in the functional inactivation of C3, C5, C6, C7, and the C3b inactivator, but not C8 and C9. Final concentrations as low as 0.5 mM in serum caused inactivation of 12 to 64% of the C3 after 8 hr at 37 degrees C. The activity of the inactivated C3, C5, and C3b inactivator was not restored by dialysis. Most of the functional activity of C3 in cyanate-treated sera was destroyed by very small quantities of 14C-labeled cyanate that was bound to the protein. C3 inactivation by cyanate occurred in heated sera (50 degrees C, 30 min) and sera treated with EDTA, probably indicating that one mechanism for inactivation was by a direct carbamylation reaction. Both C3 and C5 showed two anodal-migrating forms in two dimensional antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis in some sera treated with low concentrations of cyanate. Measurements of circular dichroism of highly purified carbamylated C3 showed no detectable changes in structure even though most of the functional activity was destroyed. Purified, inactive C3 that was carbamylated with 14C-labeled cyanate was capable of binding to EAC142, but the resulting EAC1423 was weakly positive for immune adherence and negative for agglutination with anti-C3 antiserum. Unlabeled, cell-bound C3b on EAC142 was not susceptible to cyanate action as shown by no loss in immune adherence and positive agglutination with anti-C3 antiserum. The C3b inactivator was more susceptible to cyanate than C3 in a short time period, whereas both were inactivated after 8 hr. Since cyanate is currently being evaluated as a treatment for sickle-cell disease, the inactivation of C3 by the drug is an important consideration for such patients who are already deficient in C3 dependent heat-labile opsonins that aid in host defense.", "PMID": 1184967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9562", "title": "Maintenance of lymphocyte surface Ig by mitogen stimulation in vitro.", "content": "In 4 to 24 hr cultures of rabbit lymphoid cells in medium supplemented with autologous serum, most B cells lost their surface Ig as assayed by rosette formation with anti-Ig antibody-coated erythrocytes. This loss was prevented by adding selected mitogens such as streptococcal mitogen (SM), lipopolysaccharide, and concanavalin A or by supplementing the medium with fetal calf serum. When SM was added at various times to the cultures (1, 2, 3, and 4 hr), it was effective in maintaining the approximate level of Ig-bearing cells present at the time of its addition but was ineffective in restoring the level of Ig-bearing cells present at the time the cultures were intiated. Very small, submitogenic doses of SM were sufficient to maintain the level of Ig-bearing cells. The data suggest that lymphocytes require continuous stimulation to maintain their surface receptors.", "contents": "Maintenance of lymphocyte surface Ig by mitogen stimulation in vitro. In 4 to 24 hr cultures of rabbit lymphoid cells in medium supplemented with autologous serum, most B cells lost their surface Ig as assayed by rosette formation with anti-Ig antibody-coated erythrocytes. This loss was prevented by adding selected mitogens such as streptococcal mitogen (SM), lipopolysaccharide, and concanavalin A or by supplementing the medium with fetal calf serum. When SM was added at various times to the cultures (1, 2, 3, and 4 hr), it was effective in maintaining the approximate level of Ig-bearing cells present at the time of its addition but was ineffective in restoring the level of Ig-bearing cells present at the time the cultures were intiated. Very small, submitogenic doses of SM were sufficient to maintain the level of Ig-bearing cells. The data suggest that lymphocytes require continuous stimulation to maintain their surface receptors.", "PMID": 1184968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9563", "title": "Preparation and properties of an antiplasma cell serum directed against a defined plasmacytoma cell population.", "content": "Heterologous antisera were prepared against a subpopulation of MOPC-104E tumor cells obtained by centrifugation on discontinuous BSA gradients as well as against cells from the whole tumor mass. The gradient-separated cells were more effective than the cells from the whole tumor mass in eliciting antisera not only higher titer, but also with greater specificity for plasmacytoma antigens. The unabsorbed antiserum prepared against the gradient-separated plasmacytoma population was cytotoxic for murine lymphoid cells, but not for murine kidney, liver, or brain cells. After in vitro absorption with murine thymocytes and removal of anti-immunoglobulin activity by affinity chromatography, the antiserum was found to be reactive against plasmacytoma cells, but was no longer cytotoxic for murine thymus or unstimulated spleen cells. This absorbed antiserum was also cytotoxic for LPS-, but not PHA- or Con A-stimulated normal murine spleen cells.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of an antiplasma cell serum directed against a defined plasmacytoma cell population. Heterologous antisera were prepared against a subpopulation of MOPC-104E tumor cells obtained by centrifugation on discontinuous BSA gradients as well as against cells from the whole tumor mass. The gradient-separated cells were more effective than the cells from the whole tumor mass in eliciting antisera not only higher titer, but also with greater specificity for plasmacytoma antigens. The unabsorbed antiserum prepared against the gradient-separated plasmacytoma population was cytotoxic for murine lymphoid cells, but not for murine kidney, liver, or brain cells. After in vitro absorption with murine thymocytes and removal of anti-immunoglobulin activity by affinity chromatography, the antiserum was found to be reactive against plasmacytoma cells, but was no longer cytotoxic for murine thymus or unstimulated spleen cells. This absorbed antiserum was also cytotoxic for LPS-, but not PHA- or Con A-stimulated normal murine spleen cells.", "PMID": 1184969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9564", "title": "Mouse mononuclear cell chemotaxis. I. Differential response of monocytes and macrophages.", "content": "The chemotactic responses of peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages to lymphocyte- and complement-derived stimuli were studied in vitro. Monocyte and macrophage chemotactic responses to these stimuli were different in both dose-response and time course. These differences provide a useful functional marker between these two cell populations.", "contents": "Mouse mononuclear cell chemotaxis. I. Differential response of monocytes and macrophages. The chemotactic responses of peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages to lymphocyte- and complement-derived stimuli were studied in vitro. Monocyte and macrophage chemotactic responses to these stimuli were different in both dose-response and time course. These differences provide a useful functional marker between these two cell populations.", "PMID": 1184970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9565", "title": "Quantitative assays of human monocyte-macrophage function.", "content": "Monocyte-macrophages are required for the development of cell mediated immunity to a variety of microorganisms and tumors. Quantitative assays of human monocyte-macrophage function would be most useful in the evaluation of cell mediated immune function in man. Five quantitative assays are described that provide a human monocyte-macrophage function profile. These assays parallel the physiologic steps necessary for monocyte-macrophages to function as phagocytes: 1) chemotaxis, 2) opsonization, 3) phagocytosis, 4) phagocytosis-induced metabolic stimulation and 5) destruction of foreign material. Application of these quantitative assays will allow detection and dissection of disorders of monocyte-macrophage function in man.", "contents": "Quantitative assays of human monocyte-macrophage function. Monocyte-macrophages are required for the development of cell mediated immunity to a variety of microorganisms and tumors. Quantitative assays of human monocyte-macrophage function would be most useful in the evaluation of cell mediated immune function in man. Five quantitative assays are described that provide a human monocyte-macrophage function profile. These assays parallel the physiologic steps necessary for monocyte-macrophages to function as phagocytes: 1) chemotaxis, 2) opsonization, 3) phagocytosis, 4) phagocytosis-induced metabolic stimulation and 5) destruction of foreign material. Application of these quantitative assays will allow detection and dissection of disorders of monocyte-macrophage function in man.", "PMID": 1184971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9566", "title": "An electro-mechanical method for measuring delayed hypersensitivity in mice by increase of ear thickness.", "content": "An electro-mechanical modification of a micrometer gauge for measurements of mouse ear thickness is described. Its advantages are objectivity and speed of operation. The instrument is useful for measuring delayed hypersensitivity reactions to oxazolone and picryl chloride in mice.", "contents": "An electro-mechanical method for measuring delayed hypersensitivity in mice by increase of ear thickness. An electro-mechanical modification of a micrometer gauge for measurements of mouse ear thickness is described. Its advantages are objectivity and speed of operation. The instrument is useful for measuring delayed hypersensitivity reactions to oxazolone and picryl chloride in mice.", "PMID": 1184972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9567", "title": "Therapy of cryptococcosis with a combination of flucytosine and amphotericin B.", "content": "In a prospective study from May 1971 to November 1973, 20 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of disseminated cryptococcosis were treated for six weeks with a combination of amphotericin B (20 mg daily) intravenously and flucytosine (150 mg/kg daily) orally. Fifteen patients has culturally docummented Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis, and three died of infection early in therapy. Of the remaining 12 patients, eight were alive and well eight to 34 months after therapy, and four died of other causes. None of the surviving patients has relapsed. Hematologic complications developed in nine patients, three of whom had no underlying lymphoreticular disorder or therapy with known cytotoxic agents. Renal insufficiency of mild degree occurred in only six patients. A shorter period of hospitalization and reduction in toxicity of amphotericin B suggest that combined therapy is a safe and efficacious alternative to other regimens.", "contents": "Therapy of cryptococcosis with a combination of flucytosine and amphotericin B. In a prospective study from May 1971 to November 1973, 20 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of disseminated cryptococcosis were treated for six weeks with a combination of amphotericin B (20 mg daily) intravenously and flucytosine (150 mg/kg daily) orally. Fifteen patients has culturally docummented Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis, and three died of infection early in therapy. Of the remaining 12 patients, eight were alive and well eight to 34 months after therapy, and four died of other causes. None of the surviving patients has relapsed. Hematologic complications developed in nine patients, three of whom had no underlying lymphoreticular disorder or therapy with known cytotoxic agents. Renal insufficiency of mild degree occurred in only six patients. A shorter period of hospitalization and reduction in toxicity of amphotericin B suggest that combined therapy is a safe and efficacious alternative to other regimens.", "PMID": 1185007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9568", "title": "Serologic response to canine distemper viral antigens in gnotobiotic dogs infected with canine distemper virus.", "content": "The humoral immune response to canine distemper viral antigens in gnotobiotic dogs experimentally infected with canine distemper virus was studied by the complement fixation and serum neutralization tests. Antibody titers measured by both serologic methods varied inversely with the severity of disease produced. Recovered dogs demonstrated the highest titers of antibody, whereas fatally infected dogs had little or no antibody activity in their sera. A third group of dogs, characterized by chronic persistent infection, had intermediate levels of anitbody to canine distemper virus. Preliminary characterization of the viral antigens involved in the complement fixation test indicated that at least two antigenic components were involved. One antigen was soluble in ether and was heat-labile, whereas the other was relatively heat-stable and was unaffected by treatment with ether. No evidence for serologic cross-reaction between viral and central nervous system components was found. A vigorous antibody response to envelope antigen determinants in addition to core determinants distinguished immune dogs from persistently infected dogs. The results of this study suggest that the inability to produce antibodies to envelope antigens may be a crucial factor in the establishment of a persistent infection with canine distemper virus in these dogs.", "contents": "Serologic response to canine distemper viral antigens in gnotobiotic dogs infected with canine distemper virus. The humoral immune response to canine distemper viral antigens in gnotobiotic dogs experimentally infected with canine distemper virus was studied by the complement fixation and serum neutralization tests. Antibody titers measured by both serologic methods varied inversely with the severity of disease produced. Recovered dogs demonstrated the highest titers of antibody, whereas fatally infected dogs had little or no antibody activity in their sera. A third group of dogs, characterized by chronic persistent infection, had intermediate levels of anitbody to canine distemper virus. Preliminary characterization of the viral antigens involved in the complement fixation test indicated that at least two antigenic components were involved. One antigen was soluble in ether and was heat-labile, whereas the other was relatively heat-stable and was unaffected by treatment with ether. No evidence for serologic cross-reaction between viral and central nervous system components was found. A vigorous antibody response to envelope antigen determinants in addition to core determinants distinguished immune dogs from persistently infected dogs. The results of this study suggest that the inability to produce antibodies to envelope antigens may be a crucial factor in the establishment of a persistent infection with canine distemper virus in these dogs.", "PMID": 1185008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9569", "title": "Experimental disseminated candidiasis. II. Administration of glucocorticosteroids, susceptibility to infection, and immunity.", "content": "A model of experimental disseminated candidiasis in inbred guinea pigs was used for study of the effects of both short-acting and long-acting glucocorticosteroid administration on the susceptibility to infection, the development of in vivo and in vitro parameters of cell-mediated immunity, and the expression of already established Candida-specific, cell-mediated immunity. Results revealed that long-acting glucocorticosteroids markedly potentiated infection, increasing mortality and suppressing already established cellular immune parameters. The development of cellular immunity to Candida was not impaired. Short-acting glucocorticosteroids, however, did not potentiate infection, and they affected neither the development nor the expression of immune parameters.", "contents": "Experimental disseminated candidiasis. II. Administration of glucocorticosteroids, susceptibility to infection, and immunity. A model of experimental disseminated candidiasis in inbred guinea pigs was used for study of the effects of both short-acting and long-acting glucocorticosteroid administration on the susceptibility to infection, the development of in vivo and in vitro parameters of cell-mediated immunity, and the expression of already established Candida-specific, cell-mediated immunity. Results revealed that long-acting glucocorticosteroids markedly potentiated infection, increasing mortality and suppressing already established cellular immune parameters. The development of cellular immunity to Candida was not impaired. Short-acting glucocorticosteroids, however, did not potentiate infection, and they affected neither the development nor the expression of immune parameters.", "PMID": 1185009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9570", "title": "Miconazole in coccidioidomycosis. I. Assays of activity in mice and in vitro.", "content": "Administration of miconazole to mice infected with Coccidioides immitis prevented death in all cases; the infecting doses killed 60%-100% of the untreated animals. The drug's anticoccidioidal influence was also demonstrated by its capacity to limit fungal proliferation in the lungs. The endospore phase of C. immitis, which predominates in lesions, was more susceptible to miconazole than were the saprophytic arthrospore and mycelial phases. The drug was lethal to endospores in vitro in the presence or absence of human plasma, but plasma decelerated the rate of killing. A sensitive quantitative assay (using endospores) for the drug in plasma was developed, and the inefficacy of determining the sensitivity of strains with mycelia was demonstrated.", "contents": "Miconazole in coccidioidomycosis. I. Assays of activity in mice and in vitro. Administration of miconazole to mice infected with Coccidioides immitis prevented death in all cases; the infecting doses killed 60%-100% of the untreated animals. The drug's anticoccidioidal influence was also demonstrated by its capacity to limit fungal proliferation in the lungs. The endospore phase of C. immitis, which predominates in lesions, was more susceptible to miconazole than were the saprophytic arthrospore and mycelial phases. The drug was lethal to endospores in vitro in the presence or absence of human plasma, but plasma decelerated the rate of killing. A sensitive quantitative assay (using endospores) for the drug in plasma was developed, and the inefficacy of determining the sensitivity of strains with mycelia was demonstrated.", "PMID": 1185010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9571", "title": "Hepatitis B virus infection in chimpanzees: titration of subtypes.", "content": "Thirty-four chimpanzees were inoculated with sera containing the adw, ayw, adr, or ayr subtype of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag). Twenty-nine of the animals became infected with hepatitis B virus, and in every instance the subtype of HBs Ag in the infected animal was the same as the subtype in the inoculum. Infectivity titers were established for the adw and ayw inocula. The patterns of serologic events varied in the infected animals but included most of the typical patterns of serologic change seen in human cases of type B hepatitis. Mild disease, manifested by elevated concentrations of serum enzymes and changes detected by liver biopsy, occurred in 23 of the 29 infected animals.", "contents": "Hepatitis B virus infection in chimpanzees: titration of subtypes. Thirty-four chimpanzees were inoculated with sera containing the adw, ayw, adr, or ayr subtype of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag). Twenty-nine of the animals became infected with hepatitis B virus, and in every instance the subtype of HBs Ag in the infected animal was the same as the subtype in the inoculum. Infectivity titers were established for the adw and ayw inocula. The patterns of serologic events varied in the infected animals but included most of the typical patterns of serologic change seen in human cases of type B hepatitis. Mild disease, manifested by elevated concentrations of serum enzymes and changes detected by liver biopsy, occurred in 23 of the 29 infected animals.", "PMID": 1185011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9572", "title": "Induction of congenital hydrocephalus in hamsters with attenuated and natural strains of mumps virus.", "content": "The abilities of a low-passage strain and of a live, attenuated vaccine strain of mumps virus to induce congenital hydrocephalus in hamsters were tested by intraamniotic inoculation on the 10th day of pregnancy. Examination of term fetuses and neonates, with cytoplasmic inclusions, cytopathic effects, and specific immunofluorescence used as indicators, demonstrated an oronasal portal of entry for both strains. The vaccine strain appeared to be more pathogenic; it spread primarily into the respiratory tract and hence to the central nervous system. Inclusions were observed as long as 21 days after inoculation. Hydrocephalus and ependymal involvement, potentially capable of producing aqueductal stenosis, were observed in 19 of 81 animals studied 11-29 days after inoculation.", "contents": "Induction of congenital hydrocephalus in hamsters with attenuated and natural strains of mumps virus. The abilities of a low-passage strain and of a live, attenuated vaccine strain of mumps virus to induce congenital hydrocephalus in hamsters were tested by intraamniotic inoculation on the 10th day of pregnancy. Examination of term fetuses and neonates, with cytoplasmic inclusions, cytopathic effects, and specific immunofluorescence used as indicators, demonstrated an oronasal portal of entry for both strains. The vaccine strain appeared to be more pathogenic; it spread primarily into the respiratory tract and hence to the central nervous system. Inclusions were observed as long as 21 days after inoculation. Hydrocephalus and ependymal involvement, potentially capable of producing aqueductal stenosis, were observed in 19 of 81 animals studied 11-29 days after inoculation.", "PMID": 1185012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9573", "title": "Experimental osteomyelitis. IV. Therapeutic trials with rifampin alone and in combination with gentamicin, sisomicin, and cephalothin.", "content": "Levels of rifampin, gentamicin, sisomicin, and cephalothin in normal and osteomyelitic rabbit bones were measured, and the efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of osteomyelitis was evaluated. Single drug regimens, including rifampin for 14 days and gentamicin, sisomicin, and cephalothin each for 28 days, were relatively ineffective (5%-33% sterile bone cultures). Rifampin, administered for 28 days, sterilized the bones of 55% of treated animals. The combination of gentamicin and rifampin, given for either 14 or 28 days, sterilized the bones of 67% of treated animals. The combinations of rifampin plus sisomicin and of rifampin plus cephalothin, given for 28 days, were significantly more effective than these agents alone, sterilizing 90%-95% of bones. The combination of rifampin, sisomicin, and cephalothin, given for only 14 days, sterilized the bones of all treated rabbits. Staphylococci isolated from the bones of therapeutic failures that had received rifampin alone or in combination with other antibiotics were highly resistant to rifampin (minimal inhibitory concentration, greater than 250 mug/ml), whereas the organisms recovered from animals not receiving rifampin remained sensitive. Results of in vitro studies of synergy and/or bactericidal activity of antibiotic combinations correlated with in vivo results in some, but not all, instances.", "contents": "Experimental osteomyelitis. IV. Therapeutic trials with rifampin alone and in combination with gentamicin, sisomicin, and cephalothin. Levels of rifampin, gentamicin, sisomicin, and cephalothin in normal and osteomyelitic rabbit bones were measured, and the efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of osteomyelitis was evaluated. Single drug regimens, including rifampin for 14 days and gentamicin, sisomicin, and cephalothin each for 28 days, were relatively ineffective (5%-33% sterile bone cultures). Rifampin, administered for 28 days, sterilized the bones of 55% of treated animals. The combination of gentamicin and rifampin, given for either 14 or 28 days, sterilized the bones of 67% of treated animals. The combinations of rifampin plus sisomicin and of rifampin plus cephalothin, given for 28 days, were significantly more effective than these agents alone, sterilizing 90%-95% of bones. The combination of rifampin, sisomicin, and cephalothin, given for only 14 days, sterilized the bones of all treated rabbits. Staphylococci isolated from the bones of therapeutic failures that had received rifampin alone or in combination with other antibiotics were highly resistant to rifampin (minimal inhibitory concentration, greater than 250 mug/ml), whereas the organisms recovered from animals not receiving rifampin remained sensitive. Results of in vitro studies of synergy and/or bactericidal activity of antibiotic combinations correlated with in vivo results in some, but not all, instances.", "PMID": 1185015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9574", "title": "Cytotoxicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in HeLa cell culture.", "content": "In an investigation of the effect of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on epithelial cells in vitro, HeLa cells in slide culture chambers were inoculated with washed bacteria and several bacterial preparations. Preparations tested included live and heat-killed whole cells, unconcentrated culture filtrates, whole-cell lysates and their supernatant fluids, and supernatant fluids taken from HeLa cell monolayers previously inoculated with live bacteria. Slide cultures were evaluated at 3 and 5 hr by light microscopy and, in a few instances, by electron microscopy (live preparations) or at 24 hr by light microscopy (nonviable preparations). Live V. parahaemolyticus had a rapid cytotoxic effect that did not appear to be due to cellular invasion. The nonviable preparations had no effect on HeLa cells. The results demonstrate that V. parahaemolyticus is rapidly cytotoxic to epithelial cells in vitro and suggest that the presence of live organisms may be required for its enteropathogenicity.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in HeLa cell culture. In an investigation of the effect of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on epithelial cells in vitro, HeLa cells in slide culture chambers were inoculated with washed bacteria and several bacterial preparations. Preparations tested included live and heat-killed whole cells, unconcentrated culture filtrates, whole-cell lysates and their supernatant fluids, and supernatant fluids taken from HeLa cell monolayers previously inoculated with live bacteria. Slide cultures were evaluated at 3 and 5 hr by light microscopy and, in a few instances, by electron microscopy (live preparations) or at 24 hr by light microscopy (nonviable preparations). Live V. parahaemolyticus had a rapid cytotoxic effect that did not appear to be due to cellular invasion. The nonviable preparations had no effect on HeLa cells. The results demonstrate that V. parahaemolyticus is rapidly cytotoxic to epithelial cells in vitro and suggest that the presence of live organisms may be required for its enteropathogenicity.", "PMID": 1185016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9575", "title": "Bioassay of metronidazole with either anaerobic or aerobic incubation.", "content": "In a bioassay for metronidazole, a modified agar well diffusion technique was used. Two clostridial species were used as the test organisms, and, with minor variations, the method was as effective with aerobic as with anaerobic incubation. Serum and urine levels of 0.25-128 mug/ml were measurable by this method without dilution of the specimens being assayed. The principal acid and alcohol metabolites of metronidazole were found to possess only approximately 5% and 30%, respectively, of the activity of the parent compound.", "contents": "Bioassay of metronidazole with either anaerobic or aerobic incubation. In a bioassay for metronidazole, a modified agar well diffusion technique was used. Two clostridial species were used as the test organisms, and, with minor variations, the method was as effective with aerobic as with anaerobic incubation. Serum and urine levels of 0.25-128 mug/ml were measurable by this method without dilution of the specimens being assayed. The principal acid and alcohol metabolites of metronidazole were found to possess only approximately 5% and 30%, respectively, of the activity of the parent compound.", "PMID": 1185017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9576", "title": "T-mycoplasmas: Growth patterns and physical characteristics of some human strains.", "content": "Five T-mycoplasmas isolated from patients with nonspecific urethritis and five laboratory strains of T-mycoplasma were examined for differentiating biological properties. The strains differed by the presence or absence of a lag phase and the number of T-mycoplasmas constituting a colony-forming unit (cfu). Most T-mycoplasmas had no lag phase and a cfu consisting of single organisms. All had biphasic ultraviolet inactivation curves typical of suspensions containing both mononucleate and binucleate cells. Binucleate cells probably were in the process of division. They resisted sonication for 3 min. Sonication disrupted multicellular cfu in to single cells within 2 min. Stationary-phase organisms died more rapidly than exponential-phase cells. T-mycoplasmas replicated at 2 C; they grew more slowly in T-broth at 40 C and died in 2.5 min at 56 C. Inactivation curves at 45 C and 50 C differed but insufficiently to permit identification of individual strains. At pressures less than 5 psi, single-cell suspensions passed through filter membranes with 0.65-mum and 0.45-mum pores but were retained by membranes with 0.22-mum pores.", "contents": "T-mycoplasmas: Growth patterns and physical characteristics of some human strains. Five T-mycoplasmas isolated from patients with nonspecific urethritis and five laboratory strains of T-mycoplasma were examined for differentiating biological properties. The strains differed by the presence or absence of a lag phase and the number of T-mycoplasmas constituting a colony-forming unit (cfu). Most T-mycoplasmas had no lag phase and a cfu consisting of single organisms. All had biphasic ultraviolet inactivation curves typical of suspensions containing both mononucleate and binucleate cells. Binucleate cells probably were in the process of division. They resisted sonication for 3 min. Sonication disrupted multicellular cfu in to single cells within 2 min. Stationary-phase organisms died more rapidly than exponential-phase cells. T-mycoplasmas replicated at 2 C; they grew more slowly in T-broth at 40 C and died in 2.5 min at 56 C. Inactivation curves at 45 C and 50 C differed but insufficiently to permit identification of individual strains. At pressures less than 5 psi, single-cell suspensions passed through filter membranes with 0.65-mum and 0.45-mum pores but were retained by membranes with 0.22-mum pores.", "PMID": 1185018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9577", "title": "Sequential responses of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis to acute postural change: effect of dietary sodium.", "content": "The simultaneous levels of plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (A II), and aldosterone (PA) were frequently assessed in 13 normal subjects following acute postural change (assumption of upright posture or returning to the supine position) on low (10 mEq.) and high (200 mEq.) sodium (Na+) intakes. The rate of response of aldosterone secretion was also correlated with changes in the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of aldosterone. Significant increments of PRA and A II on either sodium intake occurred within 5 to 20 minutes; the peak values occurred within 90 minutes and tended to plateau until the end of the study (240 minutes). The mean absolute peak levels were approximately 2 to 3.5-fold greater than control. Increments of PA were initially delayed 20 to 30 minutes, but peak levels also were achieved by 90 minutes. The secretion rate of aldosterone increased 4-fold on the 10 mEq. Na+ and 2-fold on the 200 mEq. Na+ intake even though MCR declined 30 to 40 per cent in the upright posture. Sodium restriction enhanced the rate and magnitude of response of all parameters. Specifically, the slope of the regression relationship between PRA and PA was more than 4-fold steeper in the sodium-restricted than sodium-loaded subjects. From the rate of decline in PRA following resumption of supine posture, the half-life of PRA was estimated to be 14 to 15 minutes. The present study demonstrates that acute changes in posture are associated with closely correlated changes in PRA or A II. To varying degrees, it appeared that sympathetic activity, intravascular volume, diurnal secretion, and the sodium ion play a role in the sequential responses of these parameters to acute postural alterations.", "contents": "Sequential responses of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis to acute postural change: effect of dietary sodium. The simultaneous levels of plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (A II), and aldosterone (PA) were frequently assessed in 13 normal subjects following acute postural change (assumption of upright posture or returning to the supine position) on low (10 mEq.) and high (200 mEq.) sodium (Na+) intakes. The rate of response of aldosterone secretion was also correlated with changes in the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of aldosterone. Significant increments of PRA and A II on either sodium intake occurred within 5 to 20 minutes; the peak values occurred within 90 minutes and tended to plateau until the end of the study (240 minutes). The mean absolute peak levels were approximately 2 to 3.5-fold greater than control. Increments of PA were initially delayed 20 to 30 minutes, but peak levels also were achieved by 90 minutes. The secretion rate of aldosterone increased 4-fold on the 10 mEq. Na+ and 2-fold on the 200 mEq. Na+ intake even though MCR declined 30 to 40 per cent in the upright posture. Sodium restriction enhanced the rate and magnitude of response of all parameters. Specifically, the slope of the regression relationship between PRA and PA was more than 4-fold steeper in the sodium-restricted than sodium-loaded subjects. From the rate of decline in PRA following resumption of supine posture, the half-life of PRA was estimated to be 14 to 15 minutes. The present study demonstrates that acute changes in posture are associated with closely correlated changes in PRA or A II. To varying degrees, it appeared that sympathetic activity, intravascular volume, diurnal secretion, and the sodium ion play a role in the sequential responses of these parameters to acute postural alterations.", "PMID": 1185036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9578", "title": "Growth hormone secretion and sulfation factor activity in pseudohypoparathyroidism.", "content": "The role of growth hormone and serum sulfation factor in the pathogenesis of the short stature of pseudohypoparathyroidism was investigated in two adults with this syndrome. Growth hormone levels rose to 10.6 and 26.0 ng. per milliliter with insulin hypoglycemia, and reached 6.6 and 6.4 ng. per milliliter 120 minutes after 500 mg. of L-Dopa orally in these patients. Serum from both patients supported the incorporation of 35S-sulfate into chick embryo pelvic rudiments when incubated for 6 hours in a physiologic salt solution containing 13 amino acids. Pseudohypoparathyroid serum also stimulated the incorporation of radioactive sulfate into rat costal and xyphoid cartilage at a level similar to that observed with normal serum. It is concluded that growth hormone and sulfation factor deficiency are not implicated in the short statue of pseudohypoparathyroidism.", "contents": "Growth hormone secretion and sulfation factor activity in pseudohypoparathyroidism. The role of growth hormone and serum sulfation factor in the pathogenesis of the short stature of pseudohypoparathyroidism was investigated in two adults with this syndrome. Growth hormone levels rose to 10.6 and 26.0 ng. per milliliter with insulin hypoglycemia, and reached 6.6 and 6.4 ng. per milliliter 120 minutes after 500 mg. of L-Dopa orally in these patients. Serum from both patients supported the incorporation of 35S-sulfate into chick embryo pelvic rudiments when incubated for 6 hours in a physiologic salt solution containing 13 amino acids. Pseudohypoparathyroid serum also stimulated the incorporation of radioactive sulfate into rat costal and xyphoid cartilage at a level similar to that observed with normal serum. It is concluded that growth hormone and sulfation factor deficiency are not implicated in the short statue of pseudohypoparathyroidism.", "PMID": 1185037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9579", "title": "Subcellular distribution of nitroblue tetrazolium reductase (NBT-R) in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN).", "content": "Subcellular distribution study of cytoplasmic organelles was performed on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes after homogenization in 0.34 molar sucrose by differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the homogenate. The whole homogenate and each fraction was assayed for nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-reductase with and without 1 mM potassium cyanide, and the distribution of this enzyme was compared to the distribution of lysozyme, peroxidase, beta-glucuronidase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase. Enzyme recovery was 97 per cent and ranged between 74 and 124 per cent. Latent activity of all enzymes except NBT-reductase, acid, and alkaline phosphatase was demonstrated by observing a four- to sixfold increase in activity after the addition of Triton-X 100. Maximal relative specific activity using either DPNH or without cyanide for NBT-reductase was found in the 100,000 x g differential centrifugation fraction and was concentrated in the less dense top fraction of the sucrose density gradient. The distribution pattern was similar to acid and alkaline phosphatase. In contrast, the maximal concentration of beta-glucuronidase and peroxidase was found in the heavier 7,200 x g granule fraction and in the more dense bottom fractions of the sucrose density gradient. Maximal lysozyme activity was concentrated in the 30,000 x g granule fraction and in the fractions located between the heaviest and lightest fractions of the sucrose density gradient. The lack of latent activity and the similarity of subcellular distribution of NBT-reductase to acid and alkaline phosphatase, two enzymes associated with microsomes and plasmalemal membranes in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), indicates that NBT-reductase is also a nonlysosomal enzyme located in microsomes or in plasmalemal membranes. These findings support the previously described histochemical observations that initial reduction of NBT to formazan occurs on the PMN plasmalemal surface membrane at the point of particle attachment. In addition, they suggest that alteration of the surface membrane of the PMN by particle attachment or other surface forces may activate NBT-reductase, leading to an accumulation of formazan in the region of the altered membrane as the phagocytic vacuole is formed.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of nitroblue tetrazolium reductase (NBT-R) in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Subcellular distribution study of cytoplasmic organelles was performed on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes after homogenization in 0.34 molar sucrose by differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the homogenate. The whole homogenate and each fraction was assayed for nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-reductase with and without 1 mM potassium cyanide, and the distribution of this enzyme was compared to the distribution of lysozyme, peroxidase, beta-glucuronidase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase. Enzyme recovery was 97 per cent and ranged between 74 and 124 per cent. Latent activity of all enzymes except NBT-reductase, acid, and alkaline phosphatase was demonstrated by observing a four- to sixfold increase in activity after the addition of Triton-X 100. Maximal relative specific activity using either DPNH or without cyanide for NBT-reductase was found in the 100,000 x g differential centrifugation fraction and was concentrated in the less dense top fraction of the sucrose density gradient. The distribution pattern was similar to acid and alkaline phosphatase. In contrast, the maximal concentration of beta-glucuronidase and peroxidase was found in the heavier 7,200 x g granule fraction and in the more dense bottom fractions of the sucrose density gradient. Maximal lysozyme activity was concentrated in the 30,000 x g granule fraction and in the fractions located between the heaviest and lightest fractions of the sucrose density gradient. The lack of latent activity and the similarity of subcellular distribution of NBT-reductase to acid and alkaline phosphatase, two enzymes associated with microsomes and plasmalemal membranes in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), indicates that NBT-reductase is also a nonlysosomal enzyme located in microsomes or in plasmalemal membranes. These findings support the previously described histochemical observations that initial reduction of NBT to formazan occurs on the PMN plasmalemal surface membrane at the point of particle attachment. In addition, they suggest that alteration of the surface membrane of the PMN by particle attachment or other surface forces may activate NBT-reductase, leading to an accumulation of formazan in the region of the altered membrane as the phagocytic vacuole is formed.", "PMID": 1185038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9580", "title": "Thiamine transport across the rat intestine. II. Effect of ethanol.", "content": "We have previously investigated the normal characteristics of thiamine intestinal transport in rats and found that a very low concentrations (0.06 to 2.0 muM) thiamine transport is a saturable, carrier-mediated, active process while at high concentrations (greater than 2.0 muM) transport proceeds by simple diffusion. The present studies were undertaken to characterize the effect of ethanol on thiamine transport. Intact isolated loops were used to measure rates of 35S-thiamine hydrochloride absorption into the circulation in vivo, and everted jejunal segments to measure net transmural flux, unidirectional uptake, and cellular exit of 14C-thiamine hydrochloride in vitro. Intragastric administration of ethanol (50 to 750 mg. per 100 grams of weight) reduced absorption of low thiamine concentration in vivo to 65.44 per cent of control value. A similar inhibition was noted after intravenous ethanol. Once attained, the inhibition of thiamine absorption was not related to the ethanol dose or to ethanol concentration in the blood or in the intestinal lumen; this inhibition was reversible. In contrast, ethanol did not affect absorption of high concentrations of thiamine. These findings were confirmed by the in vitro results. In transmural flux studies, the movement of low, but not high, thiamine concentration against a concentration gradient was inhibited by ethanol, so that the normal serosal/mucosal ratio of 1.5 was reduced to 1.0. Ethanol did not affect unidirectional uptake into the mucosa of either low or high thiamine concentrations, but blocked cellular exit of low thiamine concentrations from the cells into the serosal compartment. Exit of high thiamine concentrations was not affected. Ouabain, like ethanol, markedly reduced cellular exit but did not influence uptake of low thiamine concentrations. The present studies suggest that ethanol adversely affects the active, but not the passive, component of thiamine transport. Moreover, ethanol appears to block thiamine exit from the cells but does not affect cellular uptake of thiamine. The similarity to ouabain action suggests that ethanol may impair active thiamine transport by inhibiting Na-K ATPase activity.", "contents": "Thiamine transport across the rat intestine. II. Effect of ethanol. We have previously investigated the normal characteristics of thiamine intestinal transport in rats and found that a very low concentrations (0.06 to 2.0 muM) thiamine transport is a saturable, carrier-mediated, active process while at high concentrations (greater than 2.0 muM) transport proceeds by simple diffusion. The present studies were undertaken to characterize the effect of ethanol on thiamine transport. Intact isolated loops were used to measure rates of 35S-thiamine hydrochloride absorption into the circulation in vivo, and everted jejunal segments to measure net transmural flux, unidirectional uptake, and cellular exit of 14C-thiamine hydrochloride in vitro. Intragastric administration of ethanol (50 to 750 mg. per 100 grams of weight) reduced absorption of low thiamine concentration in vivo to 65.44 per cent of control value. A similar inhibition was noted after intravenous ethanol. Once attained, the inhibition of thiamine absorption was not related to the ethanol dose or to ethanol concentration in the blood or in the intestinal lumen; this inhibition was reversible. In contrast, ethanol did not affect absorption of high concentrations of thiamine. These findings were confirmed by the in vitro results. In transmural flux studies, the movement of low, but not high, thiamine concentration against a concentration gradient was inhibited by ethanol, so that the normal serosal/mucosal ratio of 1.5 was reduced to 1.0. Ethanol did not affect unidirectional uptake into the mucosa of either low or high thiamine concentrations, but blocked cellular exit of low thiamine concentrations from the cells into the serosal compartment. Exit of high thiamine concentrations was not affected. Ouabain, like ethanol, markedly reduced cellular exit but did not influence uptake of low thiamine concentrations. The present studies suggest that ethanol adversely affects the active, but not the passive, component of thiamine transport. Moreover, ethanol appears to block thiamine exit from the cells but does not affect cellular uptake of thiamine. The similarity to ouabain action suggests that ethanol may impair active thiamine transport by inhibiting Na-K ATPase activity.", "PMID": 1185039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9581", "title": "The effect of massive liver resection on platelet kinetics in the rat.", "content": "The effect of partial hepatectomy on platelet kinetics has been assessed in the rat. Four-fifths hepatectomy resulted in thrombocytopenia reaching 50 per cent of control platelet counts on the fifth postoperative day. Platelets were found to accumulate in the sinusoids of the liver remnant after partial hepatectomy. Once correction was made for changing blood volume, it was found that during the first two postoperative days 50 per cent of platelets had disappeared from the blood. After this, platelet numbers fell slowly for a further three days following which recovery commenced. Neither 51Chromium labeled platelet survival nor total organ pooling of platelets varied from the normal after four-fifths hepatectomy. Although platelets were shown to accumulate in the liver remnant the numbers involved did not contribute significantly to the thrombocytopenia. The mechanism responsible for the thrombocytopenia was suppression of entry of platelets into the peripheral blood. The observed effect was specific for platelets; erythropoiesis was not suppressed. Megakaryocytes showed a decrease in average diameter and ploidy value, a change seen also after physiologic suppression of platelet production; these findings raise the possibility that the liver is concerned in the elaboration of thrombopoietin. However, as four-fifths hepatectomy results in immediate cessation of entry of platelets into the peripheral circulation, a phase of platelet production in which the principal physiologic regulator has hitherto been considered to have no effect, a second mechanism must be invoked affecting the final step of platelet production.", "contents": "The effect of massive liver resection on platelet kinetics in the rat. The effect of partial hepatectomy on platelet kinetics has been assessed in the rat. Four-fifths hepatectomy resulted in thrombocytopenia reaching 50 per cent of control platelet counts on the fifth postoperative day. Platelets were found to accumulate in the sinusoids of the liver remnant after partial hepatectomy. Once correction was made for changing blood volume, it was found that during the first two postoperative days 50 per cent of platelets had disappeared from the blood. After this, platelet numbers fell slowly for a further three days following which recovery commenced. Neither 51Chromium labeled platelet survival nor total organ pooling of platelets varied from the normal after four-fifths hepatectomy. Although platelets were shown to accumulate in the liver remnant the numbers involved did not contribute significantly to the thrombocytopenia. The mechanism responsible for the thrombocytopenia was suppression of entry of platelets into the peripheral blood. The observed effect was specific for platelets; erythropoiesis was not suppressed. Megakaryocytes showed a decrease in average diameter and ploidy value, a change seen also after physiologic suppression of platelet production; these findings raise the possibility that the liver is concerned in the elaboration of thrombopoietin. However, as four-fifths hepatectomy results in immediate cessation of entry of platelets into the peripheral circulation, a phase of platelet production in which the principal physiologic regulator has hitherto been considered to have no effect, a second mechanism must be invoked affecting the final step of platelet production.", "PMID": 1185040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9582", "title": "Inhibition of the membrane transport of folates by anions retained in uremia.", "content": "Previous studies from this laboratory indicated that inorganic and organic anions inhibit the unidirectional influx and net transport of the folate analog methotrexate in mammalian cells. Studies were undertaken to establish whether anions retained in uremia might inhibit the membrane transport of folates. Methotrexate was utilized as a model folate compound and its transport was determined in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. Influx of methotrexate was inhibited when cells were suspended into sera or ultrafiltrates of sera (pH adjusted to 7.4 by regulation of PCO2) from uremic patients, an effect that was decreased after the patient underwent hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. The inhibitory effect of uremic sera correlated well with the level of retained anions as estimated from the \"anion gap,\" but could not be related to changes in osmolality, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium. While inhibiting the influx of methotrexate, inorganic anions did not displace methotrexate from albumin binding sites. Anionic inhibition of the membrane transport of 5-methyl [14C] tetrahydrofolate was also demonstrated and this was shown to be accompanied by a depression in the rate of incorporation of the labeled 14C moiety into nucleic acids and protein. The data suggested that transport of folates is impaired in uremia and raises the possibility that whatever the measured blood folate level in the uremic individual with retained anions, the rate of uptake of folates into folate-dependent tissues which this blood folate level will sustain may be reduced.", "contents": "Inhibition of the membrane transport of folates by anions retained in uremia. Previous studies from this laboratory indicated that inorganic and organic anions inhibit the unidirectional influx and net transport of the folate analog methotrexate in mammalian cells. Studies were undertaken to establish whether anions retained in uremia might inhibit the membrane transport of folates. Methotrexate was utilized as a model folate compound and its transport was determined in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. Influx of methotrexate was inhibited when cells were suspended into sera or ultrafiltrates of sera (pH adjusted to 7.4 by regulation of PCO2) from uremic patients, an effect that was decreased after the patient underwent hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. The inhibitory effect of uremic sera correlated well with the level of retained anions as estimated from the \"anion gap,\" but could not be related to changes in osmolality, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium. While inhibiting the influx of methotrexate, inorganic anions did not displace methotrexate from albumin binding sites. Anionic inhibition of the membrane transport of 5-methyl [14C] tetrahydrofolate was also demonstrated and this was shown to be accompanied by a depression in the rate of incorporation of the labeled 14C moiety into nucleic acids and protein. The data suggested that transport of folates is impaired in uremia and raises the possibility that whatever the measured blood folate level in the uremic individual with retained anions, the rate of uptake of folates into folate-dependent tissues which this blood folate level will sustain may be reduced.", "PMID": 1185041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9583", "title": "Alteration by immunosuppression of early mortality in a naturally occurring cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Turkeys from a highly inbred flock, which shows a 100 per cent incidence of naturally occurring cardiomyopathy, were treated daily for 3 weeks following hatching with cortisone acetate, or for 4 days following hatching with parenteral cyclophosphamide, or underwent surgical removal of the bursa of Fabricius at hatching. Mortality was significantly reduced during the first 10 days of age when each of the treated groups was compared with its own control group. By 5 weeks of age, the mortality rates in the bursectomized and cyclophosphamide-treated birds were not significantly different than their control groups. Five-week mortality in the cortisone acetate-treated group, however, was significantly lower than in its control group. Long-term morbidity, as reflected by the incidence of cardiac dilatation and hypertrophy in all birds during or killed through one year of age, was lower in the cortisone acetate-treated birds and significantly reduced in the bursectomized birds. These data suggest that the humoral immune system may function in the pathogenesis of this naturally occurring cardiomyopathy in the turkey.", "contents": "Alteration by immunosuppression of early mortality in a naturally occurring cardiomyopathy. Turkeys from a highly inbred flock, which shows a 100 per cent incidence of naturally occurring cardiomyopathy, were treated daily for 3 weeks following hatching with cortisone acetate, or for 4 days following hatching with parenteral cyclophosphamide, or underwent surgical removal of the bursa of Fabricius at hatching. Mortality was significantly reduced during the first 10 days of age when each of the treated groups was compared with its own control group. By 5 weeks of age, the mortality rates in the bursectomized and cyclophosphamide-treated birds were not significantly different than their control groups. Five-week mortality in the cortisone acetate-treated group, however, was significantly lower than in its control group. Long-term morbidity, as reflected by the incidence of cardiac dilatation and hypertrophy in all birds during or killed through one year of age, was lower in the cortisone acetate-treated birds and significantly reduced in the bursectomized birds. These data suggest that the humoral immune system may function in the pathogenesis of this naturally occurring cardiomyopathy in the turkey.", "PMID": 1185042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9584", "title": "Comparison of methodologies for thalassemia screening by Hb A2 quantitation.", "content": "An efficient, reliable, inexpensive screening test for beta-thalassemia triat is required before the National Cooley's Anemia Control Act can be carried out. Densitometry of hemoglobin samples separated by cellulose acetate has become a routine procedure to quantitate Hb A2 and thereby indicate beta-thalassemia trait carriers. To determine the utility of densitometry in quantitation of Hb A2, we evaluated three densitometers marketed in the United States. Individuals with genetically proved beta-thalassemia trait and normal Hb AA controls were studied. Two analytic procedures (elution and column chromatography) for Hb A2 quantitation were used as reference methods. Densitometry was shown to be unsatisfactory for detecting beta-thalassemia-trait carriers. We recommend that a unified approach to the detection of anemia, which would include thalassemia trait, be developed in the United States rather than free-standing thalassemia screening centers and clinics.", "contents": "Comparison of methodologies for thalassemia screening by Hb A2 quantitation. An efficient, reliable, inexpensive screening test for beta-thalassemia triat is required before the National Cooley's Anemia Control Act can be carried out. Densitometry of hemoglobin samples separated by cellulose acetate has become a routine procedure to quantitate Hb A2 and thereby indicate beta-thalassemia trait carriers. To determine the utility of densitometry in quantitation of Hb A2, we evaluated three densitometers marketed in the United States. Individuals with genetically proved beta-thalassemia trait and normal Hb AA controls were studied. Two analytic procedures (elution and column chromatography) for Hb A2 quantitation were used as reference methods. Densitometry was shown to be unsatisfactory for detecting beta-thalassemia-trait carriers. We recommend that a unified approach to the detection of anemia, which would include thalassemia trait, be developed in the United States rather than free-standing thalassemia screening centers and clinics.", "PMID": 1185043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9585", "title": "Method for extraction of glycoprotein hormones from plasma for use in radioimmunoassays.", "content": "Concanavalin-A covalently linked to Sepharose was used to extract the glycoproteins from a volume of human plasma about 10 times that volume usually added to conventional radioimmunoassay systems. Using a chorionic gonadoptropin (hCG) radioimmunoassay, hCG inhibition curves generated in the presence of the extracts were nearly identical to those generated by the conventional method; therefore, the sensitivity of the radioimmunoassays for glycoprotein hormones.", "contents": "Method for extraction of glycoprotein hormones from plasma for use in radioimmunoassays. Concanavalin-A covalently linked to Sepharose was used to extract the glycoproteins from a volume of human plasma about 10 times that volume usually added to conventional radioimmunoassay systems. Using a chorionic gonadoptropin (hCG) radioimmunoassay, hCG inhibition curves generated in the presence of the extracts were nearly identical to those generated by the conventional method; therefore, the sensitivity of the radioimmunoassays for glycoprotein hormones.", "PMID": 1185044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9586", "title": "Radioimmunoassays for Ig classes G, A, M, D, and E in spinal fluids: normal values of different age groups.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay procedures of sufficient sensitivity (IgG, 0.5 mug per 100 mul; IgA, 25.0 ng. per 100 mul; IgM, 10.0 ng. per 100 mul; IgD, 0.5 U. per 100 mul; and IgE, 1.0 U. per 100 mul) were developed detect and quantitate all 5 immunoglobulin classes in the cerebrospinal fluid on small aliquots (1 ml.) of unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid. All 5 immunoglobulin classes were routinely detected in normal individuals for the first time, the levels varying with different age groups for IgG and A but not for the remaining immunoglobulin classes. Race and sex had no effect. Standardization of techniques and establishment of normal values for different age groups sets the stage for determination of immunoglobulin changes related to central nervous system disease.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassays for Ig classes G, A, M, D, and E in spinal fluids: normal values of different age groups. Radioimmunoassay procedures of sufficient sensitivity (IgG, 0.5 mug per 100 mul; IgA, 25.0 ng. per 100 mul; IgM, 10.0 ng. per 100 mul; IgD, 0.5 U. per 100 mul; and IgE, 1.0 U. per 100 mul) were developed detect and quantitate all 5 immunoglobulin classes in the cerebrospinal fluid on small aliquots (1 ml.) of unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid. All 5 immunoglobulin classes were routinely detected in normal individuals for the first time, the levels varying with different age groups for IgG and A but not for the remaining immunoglobulin classes. Race and sex had no effect. Standardization of techniques and establishment of normal values for different age groups sets the stage for determination of immunoglobulin changes related to central nervous system disease.", "PMID": 1185045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9587", "title": "On the immunology of head and neck cancer--a prognostic index. Preliminary communication.", "content": "A pilot study on the immune response in patients with carcinoma of the head and neck has been made. The clinical behaviour of such neoplasia is reasoned as being partly determined by the immunological response. If prognosis is related to competence of the immune system then this parameter should be assessed. DNCB (di-nitro-chloro-benzene) skin sensitization and serial lymphocyte transformation studies were performed on all patients whose progress was studied for at least two years. On analysing the results of survival, patients could be divided into two groups--DNCB positive and DNCB negative. The negative patients could be further subdivided; those with a lymphocyte stimulation index of over fifteen; and those beneath this level--the former had a much better prognosis than the latter. Also, such cancer patients were shown to have both cellular and serum factors causing depression of lymphocyte transformation. In the light of all findings, a future programme of investigation is proposed.", "contents": "On the immunology of head and neck cancer--a prognostic index. Preliminary communication. A pilot study on the immune response in patients with carcinoma of the head and neck has been made. The clinical behaviour of such neoplasia is reasoned as being partly determined by the immunological response. If prognosis is related to competence of the immune system then this parameter should be assessed. DNCB (di-nitro-chloro-benzene) skin sensitization and serial lymphocyte transformation studies were performed on all patients whose progress was studied for at least two years. On analysing the results of survival, patients could be divided into two groups--DNCB positive and DNCB negative. The negative patients could be further subdivided; those with a lymphocyte stimulation index of over fifteen; and those beneath this level--the former had a much better prognosis than the latter. Also, such cancer patients were shown to have both cellular and serum factors causing depression of lymphocyte transformation. In the light of all findings, a future programme of investigation is proposed.", "PMID": 1185059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9588", "title": "Sudden deafness following cardio-pulmonary bypass surgery.", "content": "A case is presented of sudden deafness following cardio-pulmonary bypass surgery. Microembolism is believed to be the most likely cause as this is common following the use of pump oxygenator systems. There was no response to anticoagulants.", "contents": "Sudden deafness following cardio-pulmonary bypass surgery. A case is presented of sudden deafness following cardio-pulmonary bypass surgery. Microembolism is believed to be the most likely cause as this is common following the use of pump oxygenator systems. There was no response to anticoagulants.", "PMID": 1185060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9589", "title": "A cochlear implant electrode.", "content": "This study has shown that an electrode array can be passed along the hold length of the cochlea if it is inserted through and opening in the scala tympani of the apical turn. The electrode must have the appropriate mechanical properties and some of these were stiffness and extensibility. The electrode and operative approach should be helpful in stimulating the terminal auditory nerve fibres on a place basis, which is desirable if patients with severe sensorineural deafness are to be helped with a cochlear implant.", "contents": "A cochlear implant electrode. This study has shown that an electrode array can be passed along the hold length of the cochlea if it is inserted through and opening in the scala tympani of the apical turn. The electrode must have the appropriate mechanical properties and some of these were stiffness and extensibility. The electrode and operative approach should be helpful in stimulating the terminal auditory nerve fibres on a place basis, which is desirable if patients with severe sensorineural deafness are to be helped with a cochlear implant.", "PMID": 1185061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9590", "title": "Experimental autogenous incus transposition.", "content": "Incus replacement or transposition was performed in 82 rats. Findings were similar in that a degree of vitality was retained or regained, though more slowly in boiled implants. Gelatin sponge induced fibrosis. Activity rapid at first ceased later. Generally replanted includes seemed stable.", "contents": "Experimental autogenous incus transposition. Incus replacement or transposition was performed in 82 rats. Findings were similar in that a degree of vitality was retained or regained, though more slowly in boiled implants. Gelatin sponge induced fibrosis. Activity rapid at first ceased later. Generally replanted includes seemed stable.", "PMID": 1185062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9591", "title": "Eustachian tuboplasty.", "content": "Until recently a practical method of reconstruction of the osseous Eustachian tube, stenosed by bony or connective tissue, was yet to be evolved. This paper recommends a new surgical procedure illustrating the possibility of reaching the isthmus of the Eustachian tube by way of a combined transcanal and preauricular approach. After initial cadaveric dissections the basic surgical anatomy was worked out in two rhesus monkeys. Subsequently within the duration of one-and-a-half years two cases of osseous Eustachian tube stenosis have been managed successfully with no post-operative complication.", "contents": "Eustachian tuboplasty. Until recently a practical method of reconstruction of the osseous Eustachian tube, stenosed by bony or connective tissue, was yet to be evolved. This paper recommends a new surgical procedure illustrating the possibility of reaching the isthmus of the Eustachian tube by way of a combined transcanal and preauricular approach. After initial cadaveric dissections the basic surgical anatomy was worked out in two rhesus monkeys. Subsequently within the duration of one-and-a-half years two cases of osseous Eustachian tube stenosis have been managed successfully with no post-operative complication.", "PMID": 1185063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9592", "title": "Masked diabetic mastoiditis.", "content": "Seven cases of elderly diabetics suffering from ths so-called 'malignant external otitis' are presented. Chandler (1968) and others consider that this disease is localized to the external ear canal. We do not agree and believe that it is due to a masked middle-ear infection extending through the tympano-mastoid cells to the mastoid process, sparing the antrum and bulging into the floor of the external meatus. In time, extension to petrous apex results in petrositis and a fatal end in many cases.", "contents": "Masked diabetic mastoiditis. Seven cases of elderly diabetics suffering from ths so-called 'malignant external otitis' are presented. Chandler (1968) and others consider that this disease is localized to the external ear canal. We do not agree and believe that it is due to a masked middle-ear infection extending through the tympano-mastoid cells to the mastoid process, sparing the antrum and bulging into the floor of the external meatus. In time, extension to petrous apex results in petrositis and a fatal end in many cases.", "PMID": 1185064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9593", "title": "Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and endotracheal intubation.", "content": "Voice changes developing after endotracheal intubation have been found to be due to a recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in four patients. In none of these patients was there any obvious cause and this posed the question whether endotracheal intubation itself could result in a paralysis of the nerve. Cadaver dissection has suggested a way in which which paralysis could occur and this and other possible aetiologies are discussed.", "contents": "Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and endotracheal intubation. Voice changes developing after endotracheal intubation have been found to be due to a recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in four patients. In none of these patients was there any obvious cause and this posed the question whether endotracheal intubation itself could result in a paralysis of the nerve. Cadaver dissection has suggested a way in which which paralysis could occur and this and other possible aetiologies are discussed.", "PMID": 1185065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9594", "title": "Bilateral symmetrical maldevelopment of external and middle-ear cleft with pharyngeal and soft palate defects.", "content": "An unusual combination of first and second arch anomlies is presented. This has resulted in absent middle and external ears with gross naso- and oropharyngeal defects. A brief reference is made to the embryology of this region to explain the anatomical and functional defects. Vascular abnormality during the peri-gestational period is suggested as a possible cause and a conservative line of treatment has been followed with good result.", "contents": "Bilateral symmetrical maldevelopment of external and middle-ear cleft with pharyngeal and soft palate defects. An unusual combination of first and second arch anomlies is presented. This has resulted in absent middle and external ears with gross naso- and oropharyngeal defects. A brief reference is made to the embryology of this region to explain the anatomical and functional defects. Vascular abnormality during the peri-gestational period is suggested as a possible cause and a conservative line of treatment has been followed with good result.", "PMID": 1185068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9595", "title": "Laryngeal giant cell tumour.", "content": "The surgical treatment of an exceedingly rare neoplasm, the laryngeal giant cell tumor, is reported. After removal of the grossly visible part of the growth and reconstruction of the larynx, the lumen of the latter could be preserved by insertion of metal and/or plastic dilator cannulas. Post-operative X-ray treatment has prevented recurrence of the growth throughout the two-year period which has elapsed since the operation.", "contents": "Laryngeal giant cell tumour. The surgical treatment of an exceedingly rare neoplasm, the laryngeal giant cell tumor, is reported. After removal of the grossly visible part of the growth and reconstruction of the larynx, the lumen of the latter could be preserved by insertion of metal and/or plastic dilator cannulas. Post-operative X-ray treatment has prevented recurrence of the growth throughout the two-year period which has elapsed since the operation.", "PMID": 1185069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9596", "title": "Nasal glioma.", "content": "A case of nasal glioma is presented along with a brief review of the artiology, structure and diagnostic possibilities and published in earlier surveys. Considering the extremely benign nature of this type of tumour, we are of the opinion that the surgical measures may be relatively conservative and that mutilating, or grossly disfiguring, procedures should be avoided.", "contents": "Nasal glioma. A case of nasal glioma is presented along with a brief review of the artiology, structure and diagnostic possibilities and published in earlier surveys. Considering the extremely benign nature of this type of tumour, we are of the opinion that the surgical measures may be relatively conservative and that mutilating, or grossly disfiguring, procedures should be avoided.", "PMID": 1185070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9597", "title": "Mesenchymal derivatives of the neural crest: analysis of chimaeric quail and chick embryos.", "content": "Interspecific grafts of neural tube and associated neural crest (NC) have been made between quail and chick embryos. Structural differences of the interphase nucleus in the two species make it possible to identify quail from chick cells in the chimaeras after Feulgen-Rossenbeck's staining and at the electron microscope level. Owing to the stability of the natural quail nuclear maker labelling, migration pattern and developmental fate of the grafted NC cells could be followed in the host embryo. In previous work it has been demonstrated that the visceral skeleton derives entirely from NC mesenchyme and the various levels of the neural axis from which visceral cartilages and bones originate have been established. In the present work, the contribution to the lower jaw and pharynx of NC mesenchymal derivatives other than bones and cartilages has been studied. It is shown that the dermis in the face and ventrolateral side of the neck has a neural origin. The wall of the large arteries deriving from the branchial arches (systemic aorta, pulmonary arteries, branchiocephalic trunks and common carotid arteries) are entirely made up of mesectodermal cells except for the endothelial epithelium which is mesodermal in origin. The presence in the wall of the common carotid arteries of fluoregenic monoamines-containing cells is demonstrated using the formol-induced-fluorescence technique. Like the secretory cells of the carotid body, the fluorescent cells of the carotid artery wall originate from the rhombencephalic NC. Connective tissue of the lower jaw, tongue and ventrolateral part of the neck originate from the neural crest. Mesectoderm participate in the formation of the glands associated with the tongue and pharynx (lingual gland, thymus, thyroid, parathyroids) giving their mesenchymal component. On the other hand, as demonstrated previously by our group, NC cells are the main cellular component of the UB since they give rise to the calcitonin producing cells. The wall of the oesophagus and trachea is of mesodermal origin, but adipose tissue around the trachea and parasympathetic enteric ganglia of the digestive tube derives from NC. NC cells participate in the formation of striated muscles of the branchial arches and differentiate there into connective and muscle cells. It appears from this study that the differentiating capabilities are similar in mesenchymal and mesectodermal cells with the exception of blood vessel endothelia which in our experiments are always of host origin in mesectoderm-derived tissues. The capacity of the NC to give rise to mesen chymal derivatives is restricted to the cephalic neural axis down to the level of the 5th somite in both chick and quail embryos.", "contents": "Mesenchymal derivatives of the neural crest: analysis of chimaeric quail and chick embryos. Interspecific grafts of neural tube and associated neural crest (NC) have been made between quail and chick embryos. Structural differences of the interphase nucleus in the two species make it possible to identify quail from chick cells in the chimaeras after Feulgen-Rossenbeck's staining and at the electron microscope level. Owing to the stability of the natural quail nuclear maker labelling, migration pattern and developmental fate of the grafted NC cells could be followed in the host embryo. In previous work it has been demonstrated that the visceral skeleton derives entirely from NC mesenchyme and the various levels of the neural axis from which visceral cartilages and bones originate have been established. In the present work, the contribution to the lower jaw and pharynx of NC mesenchymal derivatives other than bones and cartilages has been studied. It is shown that the dermis in the face and ventrolateral side of the neck has a neural origin. The wall of the large arteries deriving from the branchial arches (systemic aorta, pulmonary arteries, branchiocephalic trunks and common carotid arteries) are entirely made up of mesectodermal cells except for the endothelial epithelium which is mesodermal in origin. The presence in the wall of the common carotid arteries of fluoregenic monoamines-containing cells is demonstrated using the formol-induced-fluorescence technique. Like the secretory cells of the carotid body, the fluorescent cells of the carotid artery wall originate from the rhombencephalic NC. Connective tissue of the lower jaw, tongue and ventrolateral part of the neck originate from the neural crest. Mesectoderm participate in the formation of the glands associated with the tongue and pharynx (lingual gland, thymus, thyroid, parathyroids) giving their mesenchymal component. On the other hand, as demonstrated previously by our group, NC cells are the main cellular component of the UB since they give rise to the calcitonin producing cells. The wall of the oesophagus and trachea is of mesodermal origin, but adipose tissue around the trachea and parasympathetic enteric ganglia of the digestive tube derives from NC. NC cells participate in the formation of striated muscles of the branchial arches and differentiate there into connective and muscle cells. It appears from this study that the differentiating capabilities are similar in mesenchymal and mesectodermal cells with the exception of blood vessel endothelia which in our experiments are always of host origin in mesectoderm-derived tissues. The capacity of the NC to give rise to mesen chymal derivatives is restricted to the cephalic neural axis down to the level of the 5th somite in both chick and quail embryos.", "PMID": 1185098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9598", "title": "The function of the ectodermal apical ridge and distinctive characteristics of adjacent distal mesoderm in the avian wing-bud.", "content": "Blocks of mesoderm about 0-1 mm in diameter were isolated from various regions of chick wing-buds of stages 17 through 22 and cultured individually, or sometimes in pairs, in microtest plate wells. Cell deaths had occurred after 10 h of culture in those explants that had come from the region associated with the thickest part of the ectodermal ridge, and after 11-12 h in all other mesoderm. When the adjacent ectodermal ridge was left attached to the mesodermal block there were almost no cell deaths for up to 24 h of culture. When the dorsal ectoderm immediately proximal to the apical ridge was left attached, but no ridge was present, cell deaths occurred just as they did in mesoderm with no ectoderm. When a number (usually six) of complete ridges were suspended in a wire basket at the top of a well,  cell deaths did not occur in a test mesodermal block at the bottom of the well (six of eight cases). These experiments support previous evivence for a special function of the ectodermal apical ridge in limb morphogenesis, and indicate that there is a chemical messenger. The cells that migrated from distal mesodermal explants (the band up to 0-15 mm from the apical ridge) differed sharply in morphology and behavior from those coming from explants from any more proximal region. Within the proximal mesoderm there was a less striking variation alons the antero-posterior axis. These observations reveal that there is present even at early stages a detailed pattern within the mesoderm of the limb-bud. The particularly striking and distinctive characteristics of that mesoderm closest to the apical  ectodermal ridge provide new possibilities for the understanding of the function of the ridge in limb morphogenesis.", "contents": "The function of the ectodermal apical ridge and distinctive characteristics of adjacent distal mesoderm in the avian wing-bud. Blocks of mesoderm about 0-1 mm in diameter were isolated from various regions of chick wing-buds of stages 17 through 22 and cultured individually, or sometimes in pairs, in microtest plate wells. Cell deaths had occurred after 10 h of culture in those explants that had come from the region associated with the thickest part of the ectodermal ridge, and after 11-12 h in all other mesoderm. When the adjacent ectodermal ridge was left attached to the mesodermal block there were almost no cell deaths for up to 24 h of culture. When the dorsal ectoderm immediately proximal to the apical ridge was left attached, but no ridge was present, cell deaths occurred just as they did in mesoderm with no ectoderm. When a number (usually six) of complete ridges were suspended in a wire basket at the top of a well,  cell deaths did not occur in a test mesodermal block at the bottom of the well (six of eight cases). These experiments support previous evivence for a special function of the ectodermal apical ridge in limb morphogenesis, and indicate that there is a chemical messenger. The cells that migrated from distal mesodermal explants (the band up to 0-15 mm from the apical ridge) differed sharply in morphology and behavior from those coming from explants from any more proximal region. Within the proximal mesoderm there was a less striking variation alons the antero-posterior axis. These observations reveal that there is present even at early stages a detailed pattern within the mesoderm of the limb-bud. The particularly striking and distinctive characteristics of that mesoderm closest to the apical  ectodermal ridge provide new possibilities for the understanding of the function of the ridge in limb morphogenesis.", "PMID": 1185099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9599", "title": "Mitochondrial and other ultrastructural changes in the developing Habrobracon embryo.", "content": "Cells of the wasp, Habrobracon juglandis, were studied by electron microscopy with the view to comparing ultrastructural changes, especially those found in mitochondria, that occur during the first two-thirds of the 29 h embryonic period. In 1- to 2-h embryos (the earliest studied) mitochondria are distributed principally in the periplasm and typically are arranged in clumps with their long axes parallel to each other. Based on a study of profiles occurring in thin sections, most appear to be elongate with poorly developed cristae, have dense matrices and are longer than those of later stages. At 3-4 h of age, in incipient blastoderm cells, the mitochondria are distributed throughout the cytoplasm with  40% located lateral to the nuclei and 42% concentrated in a subnuclear position. Most (81%) exhibit spherical profiles, with well-developed cristae and less dense matrices than those found at earlier ages. In fully formed blastodermal cells (7-8 h), mitochondria are similar morphologically except that a lower percentage (53%) are spherical; almost half (48%) have migrated to a supra-nuclear location. In early gastrula cells (11-12 h) no significant variations from the blastoderm condition were apparent. Mitochondria in the oldest cells studied (18-19 h) show somewhat greater structural complexity and variability. The number per cell section is drastically reduced compared to earlier ages, but this, at least in part, is related to a reduction in cell size. Changes observed in other cellular constituents are also described. Comparisons are made with similar variations reported in other developing organisms and their possible significance is discussed.", "contents": "Mitochondrial and other ultrastructural changes in the developing Habrobracon embryo. Cells of the wasp, Habrobracon juglandis, were studied by electron microscopy with the view to comparing ultrastructural changes, especially those found in mitochondria, that occur during the first two-thirds of the 29 h embryonic period. In 1- to 2-h embryos (the earliest studied) mitochondria are distributed principally in the periplasm and typically are arranged in clumps with their long axes parallel to each other. Based on a study of profiles occurring in thin sections, most appear to be elongate with poorly developed cristae, have dense matrices and are longer than those of later stages. At 3-4 h of age, in incipient blastoderm cells, the mitochondria are distributed throughout the cytoplasm with  40% located lateral to the nuclei and 42% concentrated in a subnuclear position. Most (81%) exhibit spherical profiles, with well-developed cristae and less dense matrices than those found at earlier ages. In fully formed blastodermal cells (7-8 h), mitochondria are similar morphologically except that a lower percentage (53%) are spherical; almost half (48%) have migrated to a supra-nuclear location. In early gastrula cells (11-12 h) no significant variations from the blastoderm condition were apparent. Mitochondria in the oldest cells studied (18-19 h) show somewhat greater structural complexity and variability. The number per cell section is drastically reduced compared to earlier ages, but this, at least in part, is related to a reduction in cell size. Changes observed in other cellular constituents are also described. Comparisons are made with similar variations reported in other developing organisms and their possible significance is discussed.", "PMID": 1185101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9600", "title": "The development of animals homozygous for a mutation causing periodic albinism (ap) in Xenopus laevis.", "content": "This paper describes the development of a mutant strain associated with periodic albinism (ap) in the clawed toad Xenopus laevis. The most outstanding feature of this mutation is the instability of the albino state. In the course of the development there is a succession of three periods of pigment expression: (1) complete absence of melanin pigment, (2) appearance of melanin in the pigmented epithelium of the eyes and in small quantities in skin melanophores, (3) disappearance of most pigment granules. Repeated spawnings show that the mutant syndrome is inherited as a recessive trait. Possible ways of analysing pigment cell differentiation with the use of the mutation described are discussed.", "contents": "The development of animals homozygous for a mutation causing periodic albinism (ap) in Xenopus laevis. This paper describes the development of a mutant strain associated with periodic albinism (ap) in the clawed toad Xenopus laevis. The most outstanding feature of this mutation is the instability of the albino state. In the course of the development there is a succession of three periods of pigment expression: (1) complete absence of melanin pigment, (2) appearance of melanin in the pigmented epithelium of the eyes and in small quantities in skin melanophores, (3) disappearance of most pigment granules. Repeated spawnings show that the mutant syndrome is inherited as a recessive trait. Possible ways of analysing pigment cell differentiation with the use of the mutation described are discussed.", "PMID": 1185102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9601", "title": "Adult deficiencies and duplications of head and thoracic structures resulting from microcautery of blastoderm stage Drosophila embryos.", "content": "Drosophila embryos were damaged by microcautery at the cellular blastoderm stage at the sites of presumptive imaginal cells, identified from fate maps. The resulting adults were analyzed for abnormal structures. Cautery of any of the presumptive imaginal regions can lead to defects in the adult cuticle, though the majority of adults which hatch are morphologically normal. The abnormal adults had one or more discs either deleted, incompletely formed, or misarranged. Several of the structures which were incomplete had duplicated regions. The results suggest that, from the time fo their initial formation in the cellular blastoderm, a group of cells determined to be an 'adult' structure possesses a gradient of developmental capacity which is expressed by certain regions duplicating and other cells regenerating. The types of duplications found were similar to those resulting from other experimental treatments of imaginal discs at later stages in development, indicating that the presumptive imaginal disc cells, when they are first established in the cellular blastoderm, have a similar organization to mature imaginal discs.", "contents": "Adult deficiencies and duplications of head and thoracic structures resulting from microcautery of blastoderm stage Drosophila embryos. Drosophila embryos were damaged by microcautery at the cellular blastoderm stage at the sites of presumptive imaginal cells, identified from fate maps. The resulting adults were analyzed for abnormal structures. Cautery of any of the presumptive imaginal regions can lead to defects in the adult cuticle, though the majority of adults which hatch are morphologically normal. The abnormal adults had one or more discs either deleted, incompletely formed, or misarranged. Several of the structures which were incomplete had duplicated regions. The results suggest that, from the time fo their initial formation in the cellular blastoderm, a group of cells determined to be an 'adult' structure possesses a gradient of developmental capacity which is expressed by certain regions duplicating and other cells regenerating. The types of duplications found were similar to those resulting from other experimental treatments of imaginal discs at later stages in development, indicating that the presumptive imaginal disc cells, when they are first established in the cellular blastoderm, have a similar organization to mature imaginal discs.", "PMID": 1185103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9602", "title": "A role for the eosinophil in acquired resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection as determined by antieosinophil serum.", "content": "Partial immunity to schistosomiasis mansoni has been demonstrated in mice and has recently been transferred passively with serum, but not with cells. In vitro studies using human and rodent materials have demonstrated antibody-dependent cell-mediated damage to immature schistosomes (schistosomula); the cell involved in some of these in vitro systems appears to be the neutrophil and in others the eosinophil is suspected. In the present study the effect of antileukocyte sera on partial immunity to schistosomiasis was tested in vivo using quantitative assay systems for schistosomula in the lungs and adult worms in the portal venous system. Mice infected with 10 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni 16 and 32 wk before challenge with 500 cercariae showed reductions in the recovery of schistosomula at 4 and 6 days of approximately 40%; adult worm recovery was reduced by 60%. Treatment with antilymphocyte, antimacrophage, or antineutrophil serum had no effect on the numbers of schistosomula recovered from the lungs of immune animals, but in the mice treated with antieosinophil serum the numbers of schistosomula and adult worms recovered increased to the levels seen in normal nonimmune animals. Furthermore, sera collected from the partially immune mice and passively transferred to uninfected mice conferred a marked resistance to infection as measured by recovery of schistosomula; this was also abrogated by treatment with antieosinophil serum. These studies suggest that antibody-dependent cell-mediated immunity to schistosomiasis occurs in vivo, and also establishes a role for the eosinophil in immune systems.", "contents": "A role for the eosinophil in acquired resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection as determined by antieosinophil serum. Partial immunity to schistosomiasis mansoni has been demonstrated in mice and has recently been transferred passively with serum, but not with cells. In vitro studies using human and rodent materials have demonstrated antibody-dependent cell-mediated damage to immature schistosomes (schistosomula); the cell involved in some of these in vitro systems appears to be the neutrophil and in others the eosinophil is suspected. In the present study the effect of antileukocyte sera on partial immunity to schistosomiasis was tested in vivo using quantitative assay systems for schistosomula in the lungs and adult worms in the portal venous system. Mice infected with 10 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni 16 and 32 wk before challenge with 500 cercariae showed reductions in the recovery of schistosomula at 4 and 6 days of approximately 40%; adult worm recovery was reduced by 60%. Treatment with antilymphocyte, antimacrophage, or antineutrophil serum had no effect on the numbers of schistosomula recovered from the lungs of immune animals, but in the mice treated with antieosinophil serum the numbers of schistosomula and adult worms recovered increased to the levels seen in normal nonimmune animals. Furthermore, sera collected from the partially immune mice and passively transferred to uninfected mice conferred a marked resistance to infection as measured by recovery of schistosomula; this was also abrogated by treatment with antieosinophil serum. These studies suggest that antibody-dependent cell-mediated immunity to schistosomiasis occurs in vivo, and also establishes a role for the eosinophil in immune systems.", "PMID": 1185104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9603", "title": "Inhibition of lymphocyte mitogenesis by immobilized antigen-antibody complexes.", "content": "Mouse spleen cells, cultured on surfaces coated with antigen-antibody complexes, are inhibited from responding to the B-cell mitogens, lipopolysaccharide, lipid A, Pneumococcal polysaccharide SIII, and poly I:C. The response to the T-cell mitogen, concanavalin A, is also substantially inhibited by immobilized antigen-antibody complexes, but specific inhibition of the response to phytohemagglutinin is minimal. Control experiments showed that immobilized complexes prepared from IgG F(ab')2 fragments and IgA antibodies (both of which fail to bind to Fc receptors when complexed to antigen) did not show significant inhibitory activity when compared with the inhibition observed with complexes prepared from whole IgG. Suspensions of antigen-antibody complexes prepared from the same antigen and intact IgG antibody did not inhibit mitogenesis. None of the mitogens used could be demonstrated to compete with the binding of aggregated immunoglobulin to the B-cell Fc receptor. It appears that the interaction of Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes and/or macrophages with immobilized complexes prevents lymphocyte activation by mitogens. It is suggested that the mechanism(s) involved may be relevant to antibody feedback control of the humoral immune response.", "contents": "Inhibition of lymphocyte mitogenesis by immobilized antigen-antibody complexes. Mouse spleen cells, cultured on surfaces coated with antigen-antibody complexes, are inhibited from responding to the B-cell mitogens, lipopolysaccharide, lipid A, Pneumococcal polysaccharide SIII, and poly I:C. The response to the T-cell mitogen, concanavalin A, is also substantially inhibited by immobilized antigen-antibody complexes, but specific inhibition of the response to phytohemagglutinin is minimal. Control experiments showed that immobilized complexes prepared from IgG F(ab')2 fragments and IgA antibodies (both of which fail to bind to Fc receptors when complexed to antigen) did not show significant inhibitory activity when compared with the inhibition observed with complexes prepared from whole IgG. Suspensions of antigen-antibody complexes prepared from the same antigen and intact IgG antibody did not inhibit mitogenesis. None of the mitogens used could be demonstrated to compete with the binding of aggregated immunoglobulin to the B-cell Fc receptor. It appears that the interaction of Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes and/or macrophages with immobilized complexes prevents lymphocyte activation by mitogens. It is suggested that the mechanism(s) involved may be relevant to antibody feedback control of the humoral immune response.", "PMID": 1185105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9604", "title": "Selective phagocytic paralysis induced by immobilized immune complexes.", "content": "The phagocytic recognition by peritoneal macrophages plated on glass- or plastic-bound immune complexes of bovine plasma albumin (BSA) and anti-BSA was examined. Ingestion but not the attachment of erythrocytes opsonized with an IgG rich antiserum (EA) was markedly inhibited. In contrast, macrophage interactions with complement-coated (EAC) red cells, or ingestion of latex particles, yeast cell walls or glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes was not inhibited. Complexes prepared with pepsin-treated anti-BSA IgG were ineffective indicating a requirement for the Fc region. Inhibition of ingestion of EA was not a consequence of macrophage spreading and did not appear to be mediated by solubilized complexes or by cell-derived inhibitors of phagocytosis. Significant restoration of the ability to ingest EA was obtained when macrophages on complex-coated substrates were incubated for 4-8 h in medium enriched with mouse or fetal bovine serum. Restoration was also attained by removing macrophages from complex-coated dishes and replating onto uncoated dishes. The selective inhibition of ingestion of EA may be due to blocking of Fc receptors by the complexes but depletion of receptors by endocytosis of complexes cannot be ruled out. Alternatively, the complexes may have induced selective failure of the interiorization mechanism.", "contents": "Selective phagocytic paralysis induced by immobilized immune complexes. The phagocytic recognition by peritoneal macrophages plated on glass- or plastic-bound immune complexes of bovine plasma albumin (BSA) and anti-BSA was examined. Ingestion but not the attachment of erythrocytes opsonized with an IgG rich antiserum (EA) was markedly inhibited. In contrast, macrophage interactions with complement-coated (EAC) red cells, or ingestion of latex particles, yeast cell walls or glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes was not inhibited. Complexes prepared with pepsin-treated anti-BSA IgG were ineffective indicating a requirement for the Fc region. Inhibition of ingestion of EA was not a consequence of macrophage spreading and did not appear to be mediated by solubilized complexes or by cell-derived inhibitors of phagocytosis. Significant restoration of the ability to ingest EA was obtained when macrophages on complex-coated substrates were incubated for 4-8 h in medium enriched with mouse or fetal bovine serum. Restoration was also attained by removing macrophages from complex-coated dishes and replating onto uncoated dishes. The selective inhibition of ingestion of EA may be due to blocking of Fc receptors by the complexes but depletion of receptors by endocytosis of complexes cannot be ruled out. Alternatively, the complexes may have induced selective failure of the interiorization mechanism.", "PMID": 1185106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9605", "title": "Cellular immune responses to methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma in BALB/c mice.", "content": "Several in vitro parameters of cellular immunity were examined in BALB/c mice with an experimentally induced fibrosarcoma tumor. The results of capillary migration of spleen cells in high tumor cell dose inoculated mice show appearance of cellular immune response in the early stages of the tumor growth. As the tumor progresses, the cellular response declines and rapidly disappears, culminating in stimulation values near the time of the death of these mice. The blastogenic studies also show early cellular recognition of tumor antigen by mouse spleen cells and whole blood (Z24 h). After the 2nd day following tumor injection, no blast transformation is noted. However, the results obtained with a lower inoculating tumor cell dose demonstrate an initial cellular recognition on the 7th day. This response gradually disappears by the 19th day and remains negative up to the time of the death of these mice. This cellular immunity was confirmed by the cytotoxic experiments showing that the primary cells responsible for this cellular reactivity were the immune cells. An interesting finding was the presence of a factor(s) capable of blocking the cytotoxic effect. The nature and mechanism of this blocking factor(s) is now under investigation.", "contents": "Cellular immune responses to methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma in BALB/c mice. Several in vitro parameters of cellular immunity were examined in BALB/c mice with an experimentally induced fibrosarcoma tumor. The results of capillary migration of spleen cells in high tumor cell dose inoculated mice show appearance of cellular immune response in the early stages of the tumor growth. As the tumor progresses, the cellular response declines and rapidly disappears, culminating in stimulation values near the time of the death of these mice. The blastogenic studies also show early cellular recognition of tumor antigen by mouse spleen cells and whole blood (Z24 h). After the 2nd day following tumor injection, no blast transformation is noted. However, the results obtained with a lower inoculating tumor cell dose demonstrate an initial cellular recognition on the 7th day. This response gradually disappears by the 19th day and remains negative up to the time of the death of these mice. This cellular immunity was confirmed by the cytotoxic experiments showing that the primary cells responsible for this cellular reactivity were the immune cells. An interesting finding was the presence of a factor(s) capable of blocking the cytotoxic effect. The nature and mechanism of this blocking factor(s) is now under investigation.", "PMID": 1185107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9606", "title": "Properdin: binding to C3b and stabilization of the C3b-dependent C3 convertase.", "content": "A function of P in the alternative complement pathway is to prolong the first order decay of the hemolytic sites on EAC43B in a dose-dependent manner. As the number of initial convertase sites is not changed, even when activated  properdin (P) increases the t1/2 10-fold or more, P acts to stabilize rather than to uncover additional sites. P binds to EAC43 to generate EAC43P in a reaction that proceeds slightly more rapidly at 15 degrees C than at 0 degrees C, but reaches the same plateau and does not require divalent cations. The presence of P on EAC43P not only stabilizes the convertase subsequently formed on that cell, but, alternatively, permits transfer to convertase sites on other cells with the stability of the recipient intermediate being dependent on the P available for transfer. The capacity of P to bind to C3b and stabilize C3B contrasts with the inhibitory effect of the C3b inactivator on formation of this amplification convertase.", "contents": "Properdin: binding to C3b and stabilization of the C3b-dependent C3 convertase. A function of P in the alternative complement pathway is to prolong the first order decay of the hemolytic sites on EAC43B in a dose-dependent manner. As the number of initial convertase sites is not changed, even when activated  properdin (P) increases the t1/2 10-fold or more, P acts to stabilize rather than to uncover additional sites. P binds to EAC43 to generate EAC43P in a reaction that proceeds slightly more rapidly at 15 degrees C than at 0 degrees C, but reaches the same plateau and does not require divalent cations. The presence of P on EAC43P not only stabilizes the convertase subsequently formed on that cell, but, alternatively, permits transfer to convertase sites on other cells with the stability of the recipient intermediate being dependent on the P available for transfer. The capacity of P to bind to C3b and stabilize C3B contrasts with the inhibitory effect of the C3b inactivator on formation of this amplification convertase.", "PMID": 1185108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9607", "title": "Immunological and physiological characteristics of the rapid immune hemolysis of neuraminidase-treated sheep red cells produced by fresh guinea pig serum.", "content": "The rapid hemolysis by fresh guinea pig serum known to occur with neuraminidase-treated sheep red cells has been investigated with respect to the immunological and physiological properties of the lytic process. The following observations were made: (a) The susceptibility to hemolysis is directly proportional to the amounts of neuraminic acid enzymatically released from the cell surface. Complement lysis is mediated through binding of an IgM antibody protein to membranes of neuraminidase-treated cells. (b) Hemolysis is relatively temperature-independent above about 28 degrees C but below which a decrease in the hemolysis rate occurs. Arrhenius activation energies above and below the transition temperature were therefore found to be different. (c) Colloid osmotic swelling of neuraminidase-treated high potassium sheep red cells with a chloride ion concentration ratio near unity suspended in high potassium medium could not be prevented by sucrose. Hence, colloid osmotic swelling before lysis must be due to the entrance of sucrose and water since sucrose was the only external solute not at equilibrium. (d) From the rate of swelling and the apparent flux of sucrose under nonsteady state conditions an experimental permeability coefficient (P) for sucrose of 3-10(-8) cm-s-1 was computed. Comparison with a theoretical P of 4-10(-6) cm-s-1 for sucrose freely permeating through a single, hypothetical membrane lesion per cell of 60 A effective diameter indicates a membrane lesion which permits the passage of solutes larger than cations, but clearly constrains the free diffusion of sucrose.", "contents": "Immunological and physiological characteristics of the rapid immune hemolysis of neuraminidase-treated sheep red cells produced by fresh guinea pig serum. The rapid hemolysis by fresh guinea pig serum known to occur with neuraminidase-treated sheep red cells has been investigated with respect to the immunological and physiological properties of the lytic process. The following observations were made: (a) The susceptibility to hemolysis is directly proportional to the amounts of neuraminic acid enzymatically released from the cell surface. Complement lysis is mediated through binding of an IgM antibody protein to membranes of neuraminidase-treated cells. (b) Hemolysis is relatively temperature-independent above about 28 degrees C but below which a decrease in the hemolysis rate occurs. Arrhenius activation energies above and below the transition temperature were therefore found to be different. (c) Colloid osmotic swelling of neuraminidase-treated high potassium sheep red cells with a chloride ion concentration ratio near unity suspended in high potassium medium could not be prevented by sucrose. Hence, colloid osmotic swelling before lysis must be due to the entrance of sucrose and water since sucrose was the only external solute not at equilibrium. (d) From the rate of swelling and the apparent flux of sucrose under nonsteady state conditions an experimental permeability coefficient (P) for sucrose of 3-10(-8) cm-s-1 was computed. Comparison with a theoretical P of 4-10(-6) cm-s-1 for sucrose freely permeating through a single, hypothetical membrane lesion per cell of 60 A effective diameter indicates a membrane lesion which permits the passage of solutes larger than cations, but clearly constrains the free diffusion of sucrose.", "PMID": 1185109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9608", "title": "The role of small changes in the acoustic environment in modifying the startle reflex.", "content": "When either the intensity or frequency spectrum of an approximately 70-db. SPL narrow-band noise was abruptly changed by a small amount, the rat's response to a startle stimulus presented 64 msec later was inhibited. When similar small frequency changes preceded the startle stimulus by ony 5 msec, the latency of the startle response was reduced, but even relatively large changes in intensity of the antecedent stimulus had no effect on response latency. These findings provide added support for the generalization that the neural processes associated with startle are engaged by small changes in the auditory environment. They also point to a measure of separation between the processes responsible for inhibition and those responsible for latency shift.", "contents": "The role of small changes in the acoustic environment in modifying the startle reflex. When either the intensity or frequency spectrum of an approximately 70-db. SPL narrow-band noise was abruptly changed by a small amount, the rat's response to a startle stimulus presented 64 msec later was inhibited. When similar small frequency changes preceded the startle stimulus by ony 5 msec, the latency of the startle response was reduced, but even relatively large changes in intensity of the antecedent stimulus had no effect on response latency. These findings provide added support for the generalization that the neural processes associated with startle are engaged by small changes in the auditory environment. They also point to a measure of separation between the processes responsible for inhibition and those responsible for latency shift.", "PMID": 1185110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9609", "title": "\"Pseudoconditioned\" jaw movements of the rabbit reflect associations conditioned to contextual background cues.", "content": "Two experiments employing 180 rabbits and involving tone conditioned stimuli (CSs) and intraoral water unconditioned stimuli (UCSs) investigated pseudoconditioning of jaw movement. CS-alone, UCS-alone, paired CS-UCS, and four explicitly unpaired CS-UCS treatments were compared to no stimulus presentation. UCS-alone presentations were sufficient to produce pseudo-CR (conditioned response) acquisition. Pseudo-CRs were retained and gradually extinguished over 30 days of CS-alone presentations. Random sequences of unpaired CSc and UCSs produced higher pseudo-CR frequencies than fixed sequences. A pseudo-CR partial reinforcement extinction effect was observed. Background extinction, that is, simply confining the subject in the experimental environment without stimulation, was effective in extinguishing both pseudo-CRs and CRs. Pseudo-CR results could not be attributed to CS-UCS trace conditioning, sensory preconditioning, second-order conditioning, or intra-analyzer conditioning. Results indicate that the associative mechanisms underlying pseudoconditioning phenomena involve conditioning of associations to contextual background (apparatus, trace, temporal, and sequential aftereffect) cues by UCS-alone and unpaired UCS presentations.", "contents": "\"Pseudoconditioned\" jaw movements of the rabbit reflect associations conditioned to contextual background cues. Two experiments employing 180 rabbits and involving tone conditioned stimuli (CSs) and intraoral water unconditioned stimuli (UCSs) investigated pseudoconditioning of jaw movement. CS-alone, UCS-alone, paired CS-UCS, and four explicitly unpaired CS-UCS treatments were compared to no stimulus presentation. UCS-alone presentations were sufficient to produce pseudo-CR (conditioned response) acquisition. Pseudo-CRs were retained and gradually extinguished over 30 days of CS-alone presentations. Random sequences of unpaired CSc and UCSs produced higher pseudo-CR frequencies than fixed sequences. A pseudo-CR partial reinforcement extinction effect was observed. Background extinction, that is, simply confining the subject in the experimental environment without stimulation, was effective in extinguishing both pseudo-CRs and CRs. Pseudo-CR results could not be attributed to CS-UCS trace conditioning, sensory preconditioning, second-order conditioning, or intra-analyzer conditioning. Results indicate that the associative mechanisms underlying pseudoconditioning phenomena involve conditioning of associations to contextual background (apparatus, trace, temporal, and sequential aftereffect) cues by UCS-alone and unpaired UCS presentations.", "PMID": 1185111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9610", "title": "Eye movements under different rehearsal strategies.", "content": "Eye movements were recorded while subjects studied lists of simultaneously presented words. The 24 subjects in the storage group studied for immediate recall, and the 24 subjects in the coding group studied primarily for a later, final recall. Those subjects in the coding group had longer eye fixations and fewer regressions than did subjects in the storage group. In addition, the subjects in the coding group recalled fewer words in immediate recall and more words in final recall than did the subjects in the storage group. These results were interpreted as supporting the elaboration hypothesis of coding in rehearsal, which states that coding into long-term store consists of rehearsing both old and new information in short-term store. The results did not support the concentration hypothesis, which states that coding into long-term store consists of intensively rehearsing a smaller number of items than rehearsed under a storage strategy. The eye movement data also indicate that subjects read about twice as many words as they overtly rehearse.", "contents": "Eye movements under different rehearsal strategies. Eye movements were recorded while subjects studied lists of simultaneously presented words. The 24 subjects in the storage group studied for immediate recall, and the 24 subjects in the coding group studied primarily for a later, final recall. Those subjects in the coding group had longer eye fixations and fewer regressions than did subjects in the storage group. In addition, the subjects in the coding group recalled fewer words in immediate recall and more words in final recall than did the subjects in the storage group. These results were interpreted as supporting the elaboration hypothesis of coding in rehearsal, which states that coding into long-term store consists of rehearsing both old and new information in short-term store. The results did not support the concentration hypothesis, which states that coding into long-term store consists of intensively rehearsing a smaller number of items than rehearsed under a storage strategy. The eye movement data also indicate that subjects read about twice as many words as they overtly rehearse.", "PMID": 1185112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9611", "title": "Recognition memory as a function of encoding strategy and stimulus codability.", "content": "The primary purpose of this research was to determine how imaginal and verbal encoding strategies intereact with various stimulus characteristics to either enhance or retard recognition; the secondary purpose of these studies was to test the conceptual coding hypothesis of Ellis, 1972. A between-groups multivariate factorial analysis of covariance experiment and a within-subjects multivariate factorial analysis of variance experiment were conducted. In Experiment 1 it was found that low-codability shapes were better recognized under the verbal encoding set rather than the imaginal encoding verbal encoding sets; and high-codability shapes were not better recognized than low-codability shapes. However, in Experiment 2, where instructional set was a within-subjects factor, it was found that low-codability shapes were not better recognized under the verbal encoding set than the imaginal encoding set.", "contents": "Recognition memory as a function of encoding strategy and stimulus codability. The primary purpose of this research was to determine how imaginal and verbal encoding strategies intereact with various stimulus characteristics to either enhance or retard recognition; the secondary purpose of these studies was to test the conceptual coding hypothesis of Ellis, 1972. A between-groups multivariate factorial analysis of covariance experiment and a within-subjects multivariate factorial analysis of variance experiment were conducted. In Experiment 1 it was found that low-codability shapes were better recognized under the verbal encoding set rather than the imaginal encoding verbal encoding sets; and high-codability shapes were not better recognized than low-codability shapes. However, in Experiment 2, where instructional set was a within-subjects factor, it was found that low-codability shapes were not better recognized under the verbal encoding set than the imaginal encoding set.", "PMID": 1185113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9612", "title": "Sensory and meaning features in stimulus recognition and associative retrieval.", "content": "Three experiments addressed the problem of isolating the effects of sensory similarity on subprocesses involved in coding paired associates. In the first, the standard recognition-recall procedure was used and stimulus similarity, concreteness, and frequency were varied. However, because of concern with the validity of this recognition procedure as a measure of functional stimulus contact, an alternative was developed. This alternative led to the second study in which only stimulus similarity was manipulated. In the third experiment, similarity was varied, and the pairs were either associatively compatible, unrelated, or incompatible. The results using the new procedure indicated that similarity consistently disrupted functional stimulus contact but not associative retrieval. By contrast, associative relatedness facilitated both subprocesses.", "contents": "Sensory and meaning features in stimulus recognition and associative retrieval. Three experiments addressed the problem of isolating the effects of sensory similarity on subprocesses involved in coding paired associates. In the first, the standard recognition-recall procedure was used and stimulus similarity, concreteness, and frequency were varied. However, because of concern with the validity of this recognition procedure as a measure of functional stimulus contact, an alternative was developed. This alternative led to the second study in which only stimulus similarity was manipulated. In the third experiment, similarity was varied, and the pairs were either associatively compatible, unrelated, or incompatible. The results using the new procedure indicated that similarity consistently disrupted functional stimulus contact but not associative retrieval. By contrast, associative relatedness facilitated both subprocesses.", "PMID": 1185114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9613", "title": "A categorically postcategorical interpretation of the modality effect: a reply to Nilsson.", "content": "Watkins found the modality effect undiminished when four-syllable rather than one-syllable words were used, and concluded that the effect has a post-categorical origin. Nilsson replicated this result, and also found that with entirely unfamiliar words the effect was greater with one-syllable words than with four-syllable words. Nilsson considered his findings to be in support of a precategorical origin of the effect. This reply argues that, to the contrary, Nilsson's findings are not only consistent with a postcategorical interpretation, but also inconsistent with a precategorical interpretation.", "contents": "A categorically postcategorical interpretation of the modality effect: a reply to Nilsson. Watkins found the modality effect undiminished when four-syllable rather than one-syllable words were used, and concluded that the effect has a post-categorical origin. Nilsson replicated this result, and also found that with entirely unfamiliar words the effect was greater with one-syllable words than with four-syllable words. Nilsson considered his findings to be in support of a precategorical origin of the effect. This reply argues that, to the contrary, Nilsson's findings are not only consistent with a postcategorical interpretation, but also inconsistent with a precategorical interpretation.", "PMID": 1185115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9614", "title": "Effects of visual and tactual stimulus presentation on learning two-choice patterned and semirandom sequences.", "content": "Three experiments compared the effects of visual and tactual stimulus presentation in two-choice sequential learning situations requiring a predictive response. In Experiments 1 and 2, subjects received a five- or six-unit repeating pattern; in Experiment 3, they received a semirandom sequence. Tactual as compared to visual stimulus presentation resulted in less trials to criterion in predicting a repearing pattern and in earlier frequency matching in predicting a semirandom sequence. These results suggest an unusual tactual adeptness in binary serial learning. Additionally, a new method of analyzing conditional responding in th brobability learning paradigm is described and applied to the data in Experiment 3.", "contents": "Effects of visual and tactual stimulus presentation on learning two-choice patterned and semirandom sequences. Three experiments compared the effects of visual and tactual stimulus presentation in two-choice sequential learning situations requiring a predictive response. In Experiments 1 and 2, subjects received a five- or six-unit repeating pattern; in Experiment 3, they received a semirandom sequence. Tactual as compared to visual stimulus presentation resulted in less trials to criterion in predicting a repearing pattern and in earlier frequency matching in predicting a semirandom sequence. These results suggest an unusual tactual adeptness in binary serial learning. Additionally, a new method of analyzing conditional responding in th brobability learning paradigm is described and applied to the data in Experiment 3.", "PMID": 1185116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9615", "title": "Preselection in short-term motor memory.", "content": "Recent studies by Jones (1974) have posited that accurate movements in short-term motor memory (STMM) are mediated by the subject's ability to preset effector mechanisms and monitor their efferent output. Three experiments were conducted to examine this hypothesis. Experiment 1 involved comparisons between the reproduction of the end-location and the reproduction of the distance of a preselected movement. The results revealed that preselected location was superior to preselected distance, indicating that the efference attached to movement extent was not primary. Experiment 2 examined whether location cues were primarily encoded independent of the movement presentation mode. The subjects recalled target locations under preselected, constrained, and passive movement conditions. Recall in the preselected condition was superior to that in the constrained and passive conditions, which showed no difference, suggesting that afferent location information per se was not totally responsible for recall accuracy. Experiment 3 examined the processing requirements of preselected, constrained, and passive location information by filling the retention interval with interpolated processing activity. While preselected location was clearly superior, the three conditions were not differentially affected by processing activity. These overall findings were interpreted as contrary to Jones (1974) and pointed to the importance of preselection in short-term motor memory.", "contents": "Preselection in short-term motor memory. Recent studies by Jones (1974) have posited that accurate movements in short-term motor memory (STMM) are mediated by the subject's ability to preset effector mechanisms and monitor their efferent output. Three experiments were conducted to examine this hypothesis. Experiment 1 involved comparisons between the reproduction of the end-location and the reproduction of the distance of a preselected movement. The results revealed that preselected location was superior to preselected distance, indicating that the efference attached to movement extent was not primary. Experiment 2 examined whether location cues were primarily encoded independent of the movement presentation mode. The subjects recalled target locations under preselected, constrained, and passive movement conditions. Recall in the preselected condition was superior to that in the constrained and passive conditions, which showed no difference, suggesting that afferent location information per se was not totally responsible for recall accuracy. Experiment 3 examined the processing requirements of preselected, constrained, and passive location information by filling the retention interval with interpolated processing activity. While preselected location was clearly superior, the three conditions were not differentially affected by processing activity. These overall findings were interpreted as contrary to Jones (1974) and pointed to the importance of preselection in short-term motor memory.", "PMID": 1185117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9616", "title": "Effect of subvocalization on memory for speech sounds.", "content": "Subjects in two groups were presented with sequences of 6 consonant-vowel syllables for ordered recall. Subjects in both groups were trained to suppress subvocalization. Only subjects in the feedback group were asked to suppress subvocalization during the experiment, while subjects in the no-feedback group were allowed to subvocalize during the memory task. Analysis of the electromyographic records showed a large decrease in subvocalization in the feedback condition, and results of the memory task revealed an increase in errors for this group. However, a comparison of errors within each group revealed an identical pattern of overall errors and intrusion errors on subvocalization and nonsubvocalization trials, and these results were identical in both groups. The results suggest that requiring subjects to simultaneously suppress subvocalization and remember syllables depresses performance slightly, but encoding of speech sounds in short-term memory occurs independently of subvocal activity during the memory task.", "contents": "Effect of subvocalization on memory for speech sounds. Subjects in two groups were presented with sequences of 6 consonant-vowel syllables for ordered recall. Subjects in both groups were trained to suppress subvocalization. Only subjects in the feedback group were asked to suppress subvocalization during the experiment, while subjects in the no-feedback group were allowed to subvocalize during the memory task. Analysis of the electromyographic records showed a large decrease in subvocalization in the feedback condition, and results of the memory task revealed an increase in errors for this group. However, a comparison of errors within each group revealed an identical pattern of overall errors and intrusion errors on subvocalization and nonsubvocalization trials, and these results were identical in both groups. The results suggest that requiring subjects to simultaneously suppress subvocalization and remember syllables depresses performance slightly, but encoding of speech sounds in short-term memory occurs independently of subvocal activity during the memory task.", "PMID": 1185118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9617", "title": "Extremely long-term persistence of the McCollough effect.", "content": "The question has been raised whether an associative mechanism is responsible for the persistence of the McCollough effect. Since current estimates of its rate of decay are derived from procedures in which subjects are repeatedly tested, it was hypothesized that the measured effects might be attenuated by the testing process. Accordingly, a comparison was made between repeated testing and time-elapse testing. A conventional group of 16 subjects had repeated testing at 0, 8, 24, 56, and 120 hr. after induction. Five other groups of 16 were run, each at one of the time delays, with no intervening tests; an additional measure was taken where appropriate at 120 hr. A magenta-green nulling procedure was used to assess the aftereffect. The repeated-test group showed a linear decrease of effect against the stated delays, reaching zero at 120 hr. In contrast, the time-elapse groups showed little decline up to 120 hr. Those groups retested at 120 hr. showed declines due to prior testing. When four more groups were subsequently tested at intervals up to 2,040 hr., the effect remained at better than half strength.", "contents": "Extremely long-term persistence of the McCollough effect. The question has been raised whether an associative mechanism is responsible for the persistence of the McCollough effect. Since current estimates of its rate of decay are derived from procedures in which subjects are repeatedly tested, it was hypothesized that the measured effects might be attenuated by the testing process. Accordingly, a comparison was made between repeated testing and time-elapse testing. A conventional group of 16 subjects had repeated testing at 0, 8, 24, 56, and 120 hr. after induction. Five other groups of 16 were run, each at one of the time delays, with no intervening tests; an additional measure was taken where appropriate at 120 hr. A magenta-green nulling procedure was used to assess the aftereffect. The repeated-test group showed a linear decrease of effect against the stated delays, reaching zero at 120 hr. In contrast, the time-elapse groups showed little decline up to 120 hr. Those groups retested at 120 hr. showed declines due to prior testing. When four more groups were subsequently tested at intervals up to 2,040 hr., the effect remained at better than half strength.", "PMID": 1185119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9618", "title": "Familiarity affects visual processing of words.", "content": "While previous research has demonstrated that words can be processed more rapidly and/or more accurately than random strings of letters, it has not been convincingly demonstrated that the superior processing of words is a visual effect. In the present experiment, the cases of letters were manipulated in letter strings that were to be compared on the basis of physical identity. Mean response time was shorter for words than for nonwords even for pairs of letter strings that differed only in case (e.g., site-site). This finding implies that the advantage of words over nonwords (the familiarity effect) typically observed in the simultaneous matching task is not due solely to comparison of either the word names or the letter names and, thus, that at least part of the familiarity effect must be due to more rapid formation and/or comparison of visual representations of the two letter strings when they are words. Further analysis failed to reveal a significant involvement of phonemic or lexical codes in the comparison judgments.", "contents": "Familiarity affects visual processing of words. While previous research has demonstrated that words can be processed more rapidly and/or more accurately than random strings of letters, it has not been convincingly demonstrated that the superior processing of words is a visual effect. In the present experiment, the cases of letters were manipulated in letter strings that were to be compared on the basis of physical identity. Mean response time was shorter for words than for nonwords even for pairs of letter strings that differed only in case (e.g., site-site). This finding implies that the advantage of words over nonwords (the familiarity effect) typically observed in the simultaneous matching task is not due solely to comparison of either the word names or the letter names and, thus, that at least part of the familiarity effect must be due to more rapid formation and/or comparison of visual representations of the two letter strings when they are words. Further analysis failed to reveal a significant involvement of phonemic or lexical codes in the comparison judgments.", "PMID": 1185120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9619", "title": "Judging up and down.", "content": "In Experiment I subjects were asked to judge whether an arrow was pointing up or pointing down at various heights inside a surrounding rectangle. They were faster on an arrow pointing up the higher it was in the rectangle, and they were faster on an arrow pointing down the lower it was in the rectangle. Experiments 2, 3, and 4 were designed to test sources for this\"congruity effect.\" The intrusive height information for each arrow was assumed to facilitate or interfere with (a) the activation of the correct motor response; (b) the maintenance of the implicit instruction \"Is it pointing up, or is it pointing down?\"; or (c) the selection of the criterial perceptual information as a basis for the response. All three experiments were consistent with c, but not with a or b. Indeed, the results contrasted with previous demonstrations of the Stroop effect in certain critical features.", "contents": "Judging up and down. In Experiment I subjects were asked to judge whether an arrow was pointing up or pointing down at various heights inside a surrounding rectangle. They were faster on an arrow pointing up the higher it was in the rectangle, and they were faster on an arrow pointing down the lower it was in the rectangle. Experiments 2, 3, and 4 were designed to test sources for this\"congruity effect.\" The intrusive height information for each arrow was assumed to facilitate or interfere with (a) the activation of the correct motor response; (b) the maintenance of the implicit instruction \"Is it pointing up, or is it pointing down?\"; or (c) the selection of the criterial perceptual information as a basis for the response. All three experiments were consistent with c, but not with a or b. Indeed, the results contrasted with previous demonstrations of the Stroop effect in certain critical features.", "PMID": 1185121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9620", "title": "Individual differences in adult foveal visual asymmetries.", "content": "The existence and nature of asymmetries in the recognition of elements of a visually presented array have been topics of dispute. In the present study, 32 adults responded to a single vertical or horizontal bar embedded in one circle of a 5 times 7 array of circles by touching a plate corresponding to the orientation of the bar. Two thirds of the subjects were left superior, while one third were right superior. Performance was in general top superior and decreased with increasing distance from the center. Possible explanations for these asymmetries are examined in terms of sequential processing, acuity dominance, hemispheric specialization, and selective attention.", "contents": "Individual differences in adult foveal visual asymmetries. The existence and nature of asymmetries in the recognition of elements of a visually presented array have been topics of dispute. In the present study, 32 adults responded to a single vertical or horizontal bar embedded in one circle of a 5 times 7 array of circles by touching a plate corresponding to the orientation of the bar. Two thirds of the subjects were left superior, while one third were right superior. Performance was in general top superior and decreased with increasing distance from the center. Possible explanations for these asymmetries are examined in terms of sequential processing, acuity dominance, hemispheric specialization, and selective attention.", "PMID": 1185122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9621", "title": "Hemisphere differences in the effects of cuing in visual recognition tasks.", "content": "In Experiment 1 uncued recognition of single letters presented in left or right visual fields showed no hemispheric asymmetry, but cuing by alternatives produced a left-hemisphere advantage. Uncued recognition of words was better in the right visual field (left hemisphere), and this advantage was unchanged by cuing by alternatives or cuing by class. In Experiment 2 a mixed series of words, digits, and dots was presented. Uncued trials showed no asymmetry, but when a precue indicated which type or stimulus would appear next, a left-hemisphere advantage for words was evident. Cuing also produced a nonsignificant shift toward a left-hemisphere advantage for digits and a right-hemisphere advantage for dots. The asymmetrical effects of cuing can be explained by Kinsbourne's attentional model of lateralization, which suggests that cuing may selectively activate one hemisphere, and so bias attention toward the contralateral visual field. Repetition effects within and between visual fields were analyzed but no asymmetries were found.", "contents": "Hemisphere differences in the effects of cuing in visual recognition tasks. In Experiment 1 uncued recognition of single letters presented in left or right visual fields showed no hemispheric asymmetry, but cuing by alternatives produced a left-hemisphere advantage. Uncued recognition of words was better in the right visual field (left hemisphere), and this advantage was unchanged by cuing by alternatives or cuing by class. In Experiment 2 a mixed series of words, digits, and dots was presented. Uncued trials showed no asymmetry, but when a precue indicated which type or stimulus would appear next, a left-hemisphere advantage for words was evident. Cuing also produced a nonsignificant shift toward a left-hemisphere advantage for digits and a right-hemisphere advantage for dots. The asymmetrical effects of cuing can be explained by Kinsbourne's attentional model of lateralization, which suggests that cuing may selectively activate one hemisphere, and so bias attention toward the contralateral visual field. Repetition effects within and between visual fields were analyzed but no asymmetries were found.", "PMID": 1185123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9622", "title": "Aging faces as viscal-elastic events: implications for a theory of nonrigid shape perception.", "content": "A theory for the perception of events is proposed using the concepts of transformational and structural invariants. This approach involves the application of a method of spatial coordinate transformation to characterize the remodeling of faces by growth. By construing growing faces to the viscal-elastic events, the perception of the relative age level faces in made amenable to the proposed event perception analysis. Shear and strain transformation are compared as alternative formulations of growth-produced changes in the shape of  human profiles. Thes studies indicate that profiles transformed by strain elicit more reliable rank-order age judgments than those transformed by shear, although shear had a small significant effect. It is also shown that subjects are highly sensitive to small changes in strain, and that perceived identity of a shape is preserved under the strain transformation. The explanatory adequacy of the event perception theory of age information is compared to that of more traditional feature analytic theories.", "contents": "Aging faces as viscal-elastic events: implications for a theory of nonrigid shape perception. A theory for the perception of events is proposed using the concepts of transformational and structural invariants. This approach involves the application of a method of spatial coordinate transformation to characterize the remodeling of faces by growth. By construing growing faces to the viscal-elastic events, the perception of the relative age level faces in made amenable to the proposed event perception analysis. Shear and strain transformation are compared as alternative formulations of growth-produced changes in the shape of  human profiles. Thes studies indicate that profiles transformed by strain elicit more reliable rank-order age judgments than those transformed by shear, although shear had a small significant effect. It is also shown that subjects are highly sensitive to small changes in strain, and that perceived identity of a shape is preserved under the strain transformation. The explanatory adequacy of the event perception theory of age information is compared to that of more traditional feature analytic theories.", "PMID": 1185124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9623", "title": "On the relation between time and space in the visual discrimination of velocity.", "content": "Is the perception of velocity determined by the prior discrimination of spatial and temporal distances? Two experiments sought to answer this question by comparing the discriminabilities of moving stimuli varied in spatial extent, temporal duration, or in redundant combinations of both variables. The subject's task was to identify which of two alternative stimuli was presented on each trial. A set of four stimuli was constructed from two values of spatial extent and two values of temporal duration. Separate conditions required discrimination of each of the six possible pairs of these stimuli. Experiment 1 examined continuous motion and Experiment 2 examined apparent motion for stimuli with short (50 versus 65 msec) and with long (500 versus 650 msec) interstimulus intervals. With continuous motion and with good apparent motion (short intervals), the discrimination between the different-velocity bivariate pairs was too accurate to be attributed only to discriminations of the spatial and temporal extents of the motion. This did not occur with poor apparent motion. Evidently, time and space are perceptually related.", "contents": "On the relation between time and space in the visual discrimination of velocity. Is the perception of velocity determined by the prior discrimination of spatial and temporal distances? Two experiments sought to answer this question by comparing the discriminabilities of moving stimuli varied in spatial extent, temporal duration, or in redundant combinations of both variables. The subject's task was to identify which of two alternative stimuli was presented on each trial. A set of four stimuli was constructed from two values of spatial extent and two values of temporal duration. Separate conditions required discrimination of each of the six possible pairs of these stimuli. Experiment 1 examined continuous motion and Experiment 2 examined apparent motion for stimuli with short (50 versus 65 msec) and with long (500 versus 650 msec) interstimulus intervals. With continuous motion and with good apparent motion (short intervals), the discrimination between the different-velocity bivariate pairs was too accurate to be attributed only to discriminations of the spatial and temporal extents of the motion. This did not occur with poor apparent motion. Evidently, time and space are perceptually related.", "PMID": 1185125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9624", "title": "Perception and extrapolation of velocity and acceleration.", "content": "A moving target disappeared behind a screen and subjects predicted when the target passed behind a marker on the screen. When the target moved with constant velocity, predictions were extremely accurate, regardless of the spatial and temporal exposure and concealment of the target and regardless of its rate of velocity. When the target accelerated, accuracy of prediction decreased with increasing acceleration and with increasing target concealment. Analyses of the results suggest that the perception of velocity and acceleration is direct and accurate and that extrapolation of velocity and acceleration incorporates concrete and abstract characteristics of the motion that was seen. It is proposed that the motion perception system is tuned to accelerated rather than to constant velocity movement.", "contents": "Perception and extrapolation of velocity and acceleration. A moving target disappeared behind a screen and subjects predicted when the target passed behind a marker on the screen. When the target moved with constant velocity, predictions were extremely accurate, regardless of the spatial and temporal exposure and concealment of the target and regardless of its rate of velocity. When the target accelerated, accuracy of prediction decreased with increasing acceleration and with increasing target concealment. Analyses of the results suggest that the perception of velocity and acceleration is direct and accurate and that extrapolation of velocity and acceleration incorporates concrete and abstract characteristics of the motion that was seen. It is proposed that the motion perception system is tuned to accelerated rather than to constant velocity movement.", "PMID": 1185126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9625", "title": "Cardiac activity and information processing: the effects of stimulus significance, and detection and response requirements.", "content": "In two experiments, measures of heart rate and electromyographic activity were obtained from 40 male undergraduates while they performed two series of trials involving a sequential information processing task. Each trial consisted of a warning light, three successive tones, and a responded light, separated by 6-sec intervals. In Experiment 1, subjects responded only if the three tones were of different frequencies. Acclerative heart-rate responses to the last tone increased as a function of the significance of that tone. Subsequent cardiac decelerations were only observed if the subject was preparing to make a response. These results were replicated in Experiment 2, in which subjects responded only if two of the preceding tones were of the same frequency. Electromyographic activity was not significantly affected by stimulus significance or response anticipation. The data indicate that cardiac acceleration and deceleration reflect two independent psychological processes, associated with information-processing and decision-making activity on the one hand, and preparatory activity on the other.", "contents": "Cardiac activity and information processing: the effects of stimulus significance, and detection and response requirements. In two experiments, measures of heart rate and electromyographic activity were obtained from 40 male undergraduates while they performed two series of trials involving a sequential information processing task. Each trial consisted of a warning light, three successive tones, and a responded light, separated by 6-sec intervals. In Experiment 1, subjects responded only if the three tones were of different frequencies. Acclerative heart-rate responses to the last tone increased as a function of the significance of that tone. Subsequent cardiac decelerations were only observed if the subject was preparing to make a response. These results were replicated in Experiment 2, in which subjects responded only if two of the preceding tones were of the same frequency. Electromyographic activity was not significantly affected by stimulus significance or response anticipation. The data indicate that cardiac acceleration and deceleration reflect two independent psychological processes, associated with information-processing and decision-making activity on the one hand, and preparatory activity on the other.", "PMID": 1185127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9626", "title": "Behavioral perspectives in coronary care.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit were interviewed to discover the natural history of their moods and to assess their level of understanding of their medical condition. A progression of moods from anxiety to denial to depression was noted. Only seven of 38 patients were found to have a good understanding of their illness. Several barriers to doctor-patient communication were identified, including patient's denial, patient's distractibility due to surroundings, patient's \"wishfully hearing,\" doctor's unwarranted assumptions about the patient's understanding, doctor's overuse of medical terminology, and doctor's unawareness of patient's emotional state. Finally, four suggestions for improving total patient care in the Coronary Care Unit are proposed: (1) understand the natural history of patient mood and perceive where your patient is in the progression, (2) institute formal teaching on dealing with patients' moods for nursing and medical personnel, (3) be aware of, and deal with, the barriers to physician-patient communication, and (4) institute formal patient education programs to aid communication and understanding.", "contents": "Behavioral perspectives in coronary care. Thirty-eight patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit were interviewed to discover the natural history of their moods and to assess their level of understanding of their medical condition. A progression of moods from anxiety to denial to depression was noted. Only seven of 38 patients were found to have a good understanding of their illness. Several barriers to doctor-patient communication were identified, including patient's denial, patient's distractibility due to surroundings, patient's \"wishfully hearing,\" doctor's unwarranted assumptions about the patient's understanding, doctor's overuse of medical terminology, and doctor's unawareness of patient's emotional state. Finally, four suggestions for improving total patient care in the Coronary Care Unit are proposed: (1) understand the natural history of patient mood and perceive where your patient is in the progression, (2) institute formal teaching on dealing with patients' moods for nursing and medical personnel, (3) be aware of, and deal with, the barriers to physician-patient communication, and (4) institute formal patient education programs to aid communication and understanding.", "PMID": 1185129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9627", "title": "Runaways: a growing social and family problem.", "content": "The problem of the juvenile runaway is one of increasing magnitude, and it is causing considerable alarm among lay and professional people. As the age of the runaway becomes younger and the harmful consequences of being away from home increase, public attention has focused on the problem. Family physicians are in a unique position to provide both preventive and remedial help to runaways and their families. Some of the ways in which physicians may play a significant role in this serious problem include individual and family counseling to anticipate and prevent such episodes and counseling to strengthen the adolescent-parent relationship following a running away episode.", "contents": "Runaways: a growing social and family problem. The problem of the juvenile runaway is one of increasing magnitude, and it is causing considerable alarm among lay and professional people. As the age of the runaway becomes younger and the harmful consequences of being away from home increase, public attention has focused on the problem. Family physicians are in a unique position to provide both preventive and remedial help to runaways and their families. Some of the ways in which physicians may play a significant role in this serious problem include individual and family counseling to anticipate and prevent such episodes and counseling to strengthen the adolescent-parent relationship following a running away episode.", "PMID": 1185130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9628", "title": "The management of ordinary grief.", "content": "Considerable experience with the problem of ordinary grief has led to the development of some basic management principles which are presented in this paper. The discussion is centered around a case history which originated in a family practice setting. A transcribed interview with the patient emphasizes technique. The working through of grief requires an early and open expression of the pain associated with loss of a loved one. After a discussion of the dynamics of anxiety, grief, and hostility that underlie a grief reaction, specific suggestions for means of helping the bereaved express their feelings and work out their grief are offered.", "contents": "The management of ordinary grief. Considerable experience with the problem of ordinary grief has led to the development of some basic management principles which are presented in this paper. The discussion is centered around a case history which originated in a family practice setting. A transcribed interview with the patient emphasizes technique. The working through of grief requires an early and open expression of the pain associated with loss of a loved one. After a discussion of the dynamics of anxiety, grief, and hostility that underlie a grief reaction, specific suggestions for means of helping the bereaved express their feelings and work out their grief are offered.", "PMID": 1185131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9629", "title": "A computer-administered interview on life events: improving patient-doctor communication.", "content": "A computer-administered interview on life events (CAI-LEV) was developed for use by patients in the waiting room of the model family practice unit at the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Computer printouts of CAI-LEV are immediately available for doctor/patient communication, so that CAI-LEV fits into ongoing patient flow and care. Throughout a three-month study, confidentiality of information was protected by the use of numbers for patient responses to questions in 16 areas covering a wide range of possible life events. The adept physician can utilize the printout to assess stress in the patient's current situation, to focus quickly on any particular area of concern, or to initiate a counseling session. Of some 250 completed interview, 93 have been reviewed by residents and faculty after in-depth utilization during patient care. Of these 93 physician-evaluated interviews, 40 percent yielded important new information, while in 22 percent of the cases, doctor/patient communication was improved.", "contents": "A computer-administered interview on life events: improving patient-doctor communication. A computer-administered interview on life events (CAI-LEV) was developed for use by patients in the waiting room of the model family practice unit at the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Computer printouts of CAI-LEV are immediately available for doctor/patient communication, so that CAI-LEV fits into ongoing patient flow and care. Throughout a three-month study, confidentiality of information was protected by the use of numbers for patient responses to questions in 16 areas covering a wide range of possible life events. The adept physician can utilize the printout to assess stress in the patient's current situation, to focus quickly on any particular area of concern, or to initiate a counseling session. Of some 250 completed interview, 93 have been reviewed by residents and faculty after in-depth utilization during patient care. Of these 93 physician-evaluated interviews, 40 percent yielded important new information, while in 22 percent of the cases, doctor/patient communication was improved.", "PMID": 1185132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9630", "title": "Emergency room use by patients from a family practice. Patterns of illness and motivation.", "content": "Patient visits to hospital Emergency Rooms, often for non-urgent illnesses, have increased phenomenally. Yet, an Emergency Room cannot give satisfactory care for those non-urgent illnesses since its management is fragmented and episodic, the antithesis of family practice. This study of private patients from a family practice explores the total spectrum of illness taken to an Emergency Room over a six-month period and the motivation behind the patients' visits. Diagnoses were not distributed at random but fell into discrete patterns of illness of epidemiological interest and which suggest possibilities for prevention. Emergency Room visits were made at times of self-perceived crisis when the private physician was considered inaccessible, and the hospital came to mind as a convenient and reliable source. The family physician should be aware of the special characteristics of his patients who visit Emergency Rooms and alert to the possibility of prevention of traumatic episodes. He should also consider follow-up care on those patients who make Emergency Room visits, with particular reference to exploring those common psycho-social problems which may have loomed large in the motivation for the hospital visit and yet were not recognized or treated at that time.", "contents": "Emergency room use by patients from a family practice. Patterns of illness and motivation. Patient visits to hospital Emergency Rooms, often for non-urgent illnesses, have increased phenomenally. Yet, an Emergency Room cannot give satisfactory care for those non-urgent illnesses since its management is fragmented and episodic, the antithesis of family practice. This study of private patients from a family practice explores the total spectrum of illness taken to an Emergency Room over a six-month period and the motivation behind the patients' visits. Diagnoses were not distributed at random but fell into discrete patterns of illness of epidemiological interest and which suggest possibilities for prevention. Emergency Room visits were made at times of self-perceived crisis when the private physician was considered inaccessible, and the hospital came to mind as a convenient and reliable source. The family physician should be aware of the special characteristics of his patients who visit Emergency Rooms and alert to the possibility of prevention of traumatic episodes. He should also consider follow-up care on those patients who make Emergency Room visits, with particular reference to exploring those common psycho-social problems which may have loomed large in the motivation for the hospital visit and yet were not recognized or treated at that time.", "PMID": 1185133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9631", "title": "A critical review of periodic health screening using specific screening criteria. Part 4: selected miscellaneous diseases.", "content": "Despite the increasing interest in recent years in prevention and early recognition of asymptomatic disease, an objectively based program for periodic health screening of asymptomatic adults has yet to be proposed for the primary care physician. This is the last in a series of four articles which have critically examined the feasibility of screening procedures for 36 selected diseases. Six basic criteria are adopted as necessary to justify periodic screening. Specific screening recommendations are made for each disease, and a longitudinal screening program for asymptomatic adults is proposed. Cost and patient education are two important factors in any viable screening program.", "contents": "A critical review of periodic health screening using specific screening criteria. Part 4: selected miscellaneous diseases. Despite the increasing interest in recent years in prevention and early recognition of asymptomatic disease, an objectively based program for periodic health screening of asymptomatic adults has yet to be proposed for the primary care physician. This is the last in a series of four articles which have critically examined the feasibility of screening procedures for 36 selected diseases. Six basic criteria are adopted as necessary to justify periodic screening. Specific screening recommendations are made for each disease, and a longitudinal screening program for asymptomatic adults is proposed. Cost and patient education are two important factors in any viable screening program.", "PMID": 1185134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9632", "title": "Limp in childhood.", "content": "A method is presented to assist the physician in diagnosing the cause of a limp in a child. This is based on how diseases alter locomotion. The normal gait can be affected in any one of five ways: shortened extremity, contracture, loss of supporting structures, pain, and paralysis. Each of these pathological states produces a characteristic limp which can be observed and recorded by noting the movements of the pelvis and the trunk, and the position of the joints of the lower extremities. Once the examiner has determined how the gait is affected, it becomes less difficult to determine the causative condition, based on the history, physical examination, and ancillary studies which would be ordered.", "contents": "Limp in childhood. A method is presented to assist the physician in diagnosing the cause of a limp in a child. This is based on how diseases alter locomotion. The normal gait can be affected in any one of five ways: shortened extremity, contracture, loss of supporting structures, pain, and paralysis. Each of these pathological states produces a characteristic limp which can be observed and recorded by noting the movements of the pelvis and the trunk, and the position of the joints of the lower extremities. Once the examiner has determined how the gait is affected, it becomes less difficult to determine the causative condition, based on the history, physical examination, and ancillary studies which would be ordered.", "PMID": 1185135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9633", "title": "Simple wounds and simple incisions.", "content": "Wound healing without complications and with minimal scarring is facilitated in minor surgical procedures by careful attention to basic surgical principles as reviewed in this article. \"Langer's lines\" represent the natural creases of the skin and are helpful in locating incisions. Whenever possible, incisions should be made in the skin crease, particularly in the neck or across moving parts. Some incisions, such as those required for drainage of pilonidal or perirectal abscesses, must be carefully located with specific reference to underlying structures.", "contents": "Simple wounds and simple incisions. Wound healing without complications and with minimal scarring is facilitated in minor surgical procedures by careful attention to basic surgical principles as reviewed in this article. \"Langer's lines\" represent the natural creases of the skin and are helpful in locating incisions. Whenever possible, incisions should be made in the skin crease, particularly in the neck or across moving parts. Some incisions, such as those required for drainage of pilonidal or perirectal abscesses, must be carefully located with specific reference to underlying structures.", "PMID": 1185136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9634", "title": "Characterization of Mycoplasmatales virus-laidlawii 3.", "content": "Purified preparations of Mycoplasmatales virus-laidlawii 3 were negatively stained and studied by electron microscopy. They were seen to consist of uniform sized particles having a polyhedral head, 57 nm by 61 nm, and a short tail, 25 nm long, joined to the head at one vertex by a collar. The particles were shown to have buoyant densities of 1-477 g/ml in CsC1, 1-32 g/ml and 1-26 g/ml in potassium tartrate and a sedimentation coefficient, S20,W, OF 290 +/- 13. They are composed of 35-2% double-stranded DNA and five structural polypeptides with approximate mol. wt. of 172000, 81000 73000, 68000 and 43000. The classification of the virus from its morphology and chemical properties is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of Mycoplasmatales virus-laidlawii 3. Purified preparations of Mycoplasmatales virus-laidlawii 3 were negatively stained and studied by electron microscopy. They were seen to consist of uniform sized particles having a polyhedral head, 57 nm by 61 nm, and a short tail, 25 nm long, joined to the head at one vertex by a collar. The particles were shown to have buoyant densities of 1-477 g/ml in CsC1, 1-32 g/ml and 1-26 g/ml in potassium tartrate and a sedimentation coefficient, S20,W, OF 290 +/- 13. They are composed of 35-2% double-stranded DNA and five structural polypeptides with approximate mol. wt. of 172000, 81000 73000, 68000 and 43000. The classification of the virus from its morphology and chemical properties is discussed.", "PMID": 1185149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9635", "title": "Communicative behavior in schizophrenia. The relation of adaptive styles to kinetic and linguistic aspects of interview behavior.", "content": "Recent studies of formal kinetic and linguistic aspects of communication suggest that these may be important signposts of internal processes responsible for the regulation and organization of verbal thought. If so, the formal analysis of communication patterns of patients known to have difficulty in cognitive organization (chronic schizophrenics) should reveal kinetic and linguistic characteristics consistent with their level of adaptive cognitive functioning. In the present study, 16 chronic nonparanoid schizophrenic patients were video recorded during a clinical interview, and their kinetic and linguistic behavior was analyzed according to systems developed in our laboratory. Eight of these patients were chronic, isolated patients, classified by means of a scale for measuring proneness to future hospitalization, as extremely \"prone\" to rehospitalization, and eight were chronic, overtly oppositional patients, classified as \"nonprone\" to hospitalization. Prone patients are known to exhibit a relatively impoverished form of cognitive functioning, while nonprone patients exhibit more highly differentiated cognitive functioning. The major findings of this study revealed that the isolated prone patients could be distinguished from the nonprone patients, in their communicative behavior, by an increased utilization of the most repetitive and unpatterned stimulation of body parts, as well as the most simple form of linguistic narration of experience. The oppositional nonprone patients more often utilized circumscribed, patterned, and brief kinetic stimulation of body parts, as well as a form of language construction characterized by a complex conditional (i.e., causal, deductive, or purposive) framework for the expression of thought. In addition, social and affective components of the scale measuring hospital proneness were related to our formal kinetic and linguistic scoring categories. An explanation of these findings was offered based upon the well documented relationship observed in the literature between isolation and hyperarousal in chronic schizophrenia. That is, an attempt was made to integrate these findings with the notion that the schizophrenic disorder reflects an integrative deficit which is regulated by increasing the magnitude of proprioceptive feedback (and hence, arousal) through stereotyped repetitive motor activity.", "contents": "Communicative behavior in schizophrenia. The relation of adaptive styles to kinetic and linguistic aspects of interview behavior. Recent studies of formal kinetic and linguistic aspects of communication suggest that these may be important signposts of internal processes responsible for the regulation and organization of verbal thought. If so, the formal analysis of communication patterns of patients known to have difficulty in cognitive organization (chronic schizophrenics) should reveal kinetic and linguistic characteristics consistent with their level of adaptive cognitive functioning. In the present study, 16 chronic nonparanoid schizophrenic patients were video recorded during a clinical interview, and their kinetic and linguistic behavior was analyzed according to systems developed in our laboratory. Eight of these patients were chronic, isolated patients, classified by means of a scale for measuring proneness to future hospitalization, as extremely \"prone\" to rehospitalization, and eight were chronic, overtly oppositional patients, classified as \"nonprone\" to hospitalization. Prone patients are known to exhibit a relatively impoverished form of cognitive functioning, while nonprone patients exhibit more highly differentiated cognitive functioning. The major findings of this study revealed that the isolated prone patients could be distinguished from the nonprone patients, in their communicative behavior, by an increased utilization of the most repetitive and unpatterned stimulation of body parts, as well as the most simple form of linguistic narration of experience. The oppositional nonprone patients more often utilized circumscribed, patterned, and brief kinetic stimulation of body parts, as well as a form of language construction characterized by a complex conditional (i.e., causal, deductive, or purposive) framework for the expression of thought. In addition, social and affective components of the scale measuring hospital proneness were related to our formal kinetic and linguistic scoring categories. An explanation of these findings was offered based upon the well documented relationship observed in the literature between isolation and hyperarousal in chronic schizophrenia. That is, an attempt was made to integrate these findings with the notion that the schizophrenic disorder reflects an integrative deficit which is regulated by increasing the magnitude of proprioceptive feedback (and hence, arousal) through stereotyped repetitive motor activity.", "PMID": 1185150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9636", "title": "Integration and sealing-over as recovery styles from acute psychosis.", "content": "Integration and sealing-over are terms frequently used to describe different types of recovery from acute psychosis. Metapsychological and dynamic propositions regarding integration and sealing-over as recovery styles are presented and illustrated with clinical case material. Particular emphasis is placed on the different modes of conflict resolution characteristic of integration and sealing-over. The ego operations underlying these modes of conflict resolution are discussed.", "contents": "Integration and sealing-over as recovery styles from acute psychosis. Integration and sealing-over are terms frequently used to describe different types of recovery from acute psychosis. Metapsychological and dynamic propositions regarding integration and sealing-over as recovery styles are presented and illustrated with clinical case material. Particular emphasis is placed on the different modes of conflict resolution characteristic of integration and sealing-over. The ego operations underlying these modes of conflict resolution are discussed.", "PMID": 1185151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9637", "title": "Daydream patterns and self-awareness in psychiatric patients.", "content": "This study investigates the daydream activity of psychiatric patients as measured by the standard retrospective questionnaire vs. a more immediate measure. It also compares the responses of psychiatric patients vs. college students to a daydreaming inventory. Factor analytic and correlative results show considerable consistency between the retrospective and more immediate measures of daydreaming. Psychiatric patients were observed to have less positive and less vivid daydreams than college students, with greater emphasis on fears of failure.", "contents": "Daydream patterns and self-awareness in psychiatric patients. This study investigates the daydream activity of psychiatric patients as measured by the standard retrospective questionnaire vs. a more immediate measure. It also compares the responses of psychiatric patients vs. college students to a daydreaming inventory. Factor analytic and correlative results show considerable consistency between the retrospective and more immediate measures of daydreaming. Psychiatric patients were observed to have less positive and less vivid daydreams than college students, with greater emphasis on fears of failure.", "PMID": 1185152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9638", "title": "The psychiatric sick role and rejection.", "content": "One of the most generally accepted assumptions among mental health professionals is that if the mentally ill were accorded the rights and obligations of the sick role, they would be less rejected by the public. This is the first study that could be found in the literature which examines whether or not this assumption is valid. The data strongly suggest that conferring the sick role on the mentally ill does not lessen rejection, but may, in some instances, increase social rejection. A possible interpretation for this striking and unexpected finding is offered.", "contents": "The psychiatric sick role and rejection. One of the most generally accepted assumptions among mental health professionals is that if the mentally ill were accorded the rights and obligations of the sick role, they would be less rejected by the public. This is the first study that could be found in the literature which examines whether or not this assumption is valid. The data strongly suggest that conferring the sick role on the mentally ill does not lessen rejection, but may, in some instances, increase social rejection. A possible interpretation for this striking and unexpected finding is offered.", "PMID": 1185153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9639", "title": "Individual differences and setting as determinants of acute adverse reactions to psychoactive drugs.", "content": "The relationship between setting and individual differences in determining acute adverse reactions to psychoactive drugs was examined using retrospective data from 483 drug users. Five dimensions of setting were identified. Although there were some small setting main effects, these effects failed to reach significance when shared variance with individual difference variables was considered. For acute adverse reactions to LSD, however, there were seven independent interaction effects between setting and individual difference variables. There were two interaction effects of smaller magnitude related to acute adverse reactions to marijuana. The significance of these results for the current controversy over the relative importance of situational vs. personality determinants of behavior was discussed.", "contents": "Individual differences and setting as determinants of acute adverse reactions to psychoactive drugs. The relationship between setting and individual differences in determining acute adverse reactions to psychoactive drugs was examined using retrospective data from 483 drug users. Five dimensions of setting were identified. Although there were some small setting main effects, these effects failed to reach significance when shared variance with individual difference variables was considered. For acute adverse reactions to LSD, however, there were seven independent interaction effects between setting and individual difference variables. There were two interaction effects of smaller magnitude related to acute adverse reactions to marijuana. The significance of these results for the current controversy over the relative importance of situational vs. personality determinants of behavior was discussed.", "PMID": 1185154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9640", "title": "Feedback EEG reactivity and the social responsivity of psychiatric patients.", "content": "Social responsivity and spontaneous attentiveness to the environment were evaluated in a heterogeneous sample of psychiatric patients. Each of the 22 male inpatients was first seen in a nondirective, taped interview and then tested with a feedback electroencephalogram (EEG) measure of attention. It was predicted that those patients who were more responsive in the interview a) would initially be more reactive in terms of their EEG response to visual stimulation; and b) would maintain their attentiveness longer than would the less socially responsive group. The results indicated significant correlations (from +.49 to +.64) between the measures of interview responsivity and attentional reactivity for ranks across all Ss. In addition, when the sample was divided into two separate groups of high vs. low social responders, group differences were found with respect to both initial EEG reactivity and the measures of persistence of attentiveness. The results appear to have implications for the \"trait\" concept within personality theory, and less directly, for aspects of psychoanalytic theory. In addition, the clear group differences obtained on a variety of attentional parameters underline the potential usefulness of the method of feedback in the study of EEG and behavior.", "contents": "Feedback EEG reactivity and the social responsivity of psychiatric patients. Social responsivity and spontaneous attentiveness to the environment were evaluated in a heterogeneous sample of psychiatric patients. Each of the 22 male inpatients was first seen in a nondirective, taped interview and then tested with a feedback electroencephalogram (EEG) measure of attention. It was predicted that those patients who were more responsive in the interview a) would initially be more reactive in terms of their EEG response to visual stimulation; and b) would maintain their attentiveness longer than would the less socially responsive group. The results indicated significant correlations (from +.49 to +.64) between the measures of interview responsivity and attentional reactivity for ranks across all Ss. In addition, when the sample was divided into two separate groups of high vs. low social responders, group differences were found with respect to both initial EEG reactivity and the measures of persistence of attentiveness. The results appear to have implications for the \"trait\" concept within personality theory, and less directly, for aspects of psychoanalytic theory. In addition, the clear group differences obtained on a variety of attentional parameters underline the potential usefulness of the method of feedback in the study of EEG and behavior.", "PMID": 1185155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9641", "title": "A comment on critical flicker fusion as an objective measure of alcohol tolerance by alcoholics.", "content": "A previous paper reported that for alcoholics the threshold for critical flicker fusion is relatively unchanged by the ingestion of alcohol and concluded therefore that the technique could be used to indicate tolerance to alcohol. The present paper urges caution in this respect owing to the evidence that clinical subjects frequently adopt more cautious response strategies than normals with psychophysical procedures. Reports are also reviewed which indicate that alcoholics consume more tobacco than normals and that the stimulant effect of nicotine could antagonize the depressant effect of alcohol on CFF.", "contents": "A comment on critical flicker fusion as an objective measure of alcohol tolerance by alcoholics. A previous paper reported that for alcoholics the threshold for critical flicker fusion is relatively unchanged by the ingestion of alcohol and concluded therefore that the technique could be used to indicate tolerance to alcohol. The present paper urges caution in this respect owing to the evidence that clinical subjects frequently adopt more cautious response strategies than normals with psychophysical procedures. Reports are also reviewed which indicate that alcoholics consume more tobacco than normals and that the stimulant effect of nicotine could antagonize the depressant effect of alcohol on CFF.", "PMID": 1185156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9642", "title": "Learned helplessness, depression, and anxiety.", "content": "The learned helplessness model of depression predicts that depressives should tend to perceive reinforcement as response-independent in skill tasks. Depressed-anxious, nondepressed-anxious, and nondepressed-nonanxious college students estimated their chances for success in a skill or a chance task. (Virtually no depressed-nonanxious subjects could be obtained.) Depressed-anxious subjects showed less expectancy change in skill than nondepressed-anxious subjects, while these two groups exhibited similar expectancy change in chance. Nondepressed-anxious and nondepressed-nonanxious subjects did not differ in either skill or chance. The results for a discrimination learning problem were mixed. The groups did not differ in latency to shut off an aversive noise. So, depressed subjects perceptually distort the outcomes of skilled responding as being response-independent, and they may, under certain conditions, show deficits at learning the consequences of responses. These deficits may reflect learned helplessness and are specific to depression.", "contents": "Learned helplessness, depression, and anxiety. The learned helplessness model of depression predicts that depressives should tend to perceive reinforcement as response-independent in skill tasks. Depressed-anxious, nondepressed-anxious, and nondepressed-nonanxious college students estimated their chances for success in a skill or a chance task. (Virtually no depressed-nonanxious subjects could be obtained.) Depressed-anxious subjects showed less expectancy change in skill than nondepressed-anxious subjects, while these two groups exhibited similar expectancy change in chance. Nondepressed-anxious and nondepressed-nonanxious subjects did not differ in either skill or chance. The results for a discrimination learning problem were mixed. The groups did not differ in latency to shut off an aversive noise. So, depressed subjects perceptually distort the outcomes of skilled responding as being response-independent, and they may, under certain conditions, show deficits at learning the consequences of responses. These deficits may reflect learned helplessness and are specific to depression.", "PMID": 1185158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9643", "title": "Serotonin uptake and release by biochemically characterized nerve endings isolated from rat brain by concomitant flotation and sedimentation centrifugation.", "content": "Crude synaptosomal preparations of rat brain were separated by concomitant flotation and sedimentation in a sucrose gradient into fractions containing myelin, nerve endings, and mitochondria, respectively. Two myelin-free nerve ending fractions were obtained which differ in the serotonin content and the activities of the enzymes 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, monoamine oxidase, choline acetylase, and acetylcholin-esterase. In glucose medium sodium ions stimulate serotonin uptake into the nerve endings while potassium ions in sucrose solution induce the release of this amine.", "contents": "Serotonin uptake and release by biochemically characterized nerve endings isolated from rat brain by concomitant flotation and sedimentation centrifugation. Crude synaptosomal preparations of rat brain were separated by concomitant flotation and sedimentation in a sucrose gradient into fractions containing myelin, nerve endings, and mitochondria, respectively. Two myelin-free nerve ending fractions were obtained which differ in the serotonin content and the activities of the enzymes 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, monoamine oxidase, choline acetylase, and acetylcholin-esterase. In glucose medium sodium ions stimulate serotonin uptake into the nerve endings while potassium ions in sucrose solution induce the release of this amine.", "PMID": 1185159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9644", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase neurons in dopamine-containing regions of the brain.", "content": "A pharmaco-histochemical regimen was used to examine the morphology and internal organization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) neurons in brain areas--the caudate-putamen nucleus, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercule, and subtantia nigra--monoaminergically characterized in terms of their dopamine content. Intense, homogenous staining is produced in these neural regions by other histochemical protocols for AChE; individual AChE-containing neurons cannot be observed reliably or consistently. With the present technique, based on the differential regeneration of AChE in the separate subcellular compartments of the neuron (i.e., axon, dendrite, soma) after intramuscular injection of bis-(1-methylethyl)-phosphorofluoridate (di-isopropylfluorophosphate: DFP), it was shown that AChE was associated with neurons whose cell bodies lay within the brain areas studied. Although the significance of dopaminergic-cholinergic relationships in the caudate-putamen complex, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercule could not be established on the basis of these new histochemical data, arguments were presented indicating that dopamine neurons in the zona compacta of the substantia nigra also contained AChE.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase neurons in dopamine-containing regions of the brain. A pharmaco-histochemical regimen was used to examine the morphology and internal organization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) neurons in brain areas--the caudate-putamen nucleus, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercule, and subtantia nigra--monoaminergically characterized in terms of their dopamine content. Intense, homogenous staining is produced in these neural regions by other histochemical protocols for AChE; individual AChE-containing neurons cannot be observed reliably or consistently. With the present technique, based on the differential regeneration of AChE in the separate subcellular compartments of the neuron (i.e., axon, dendrite, soma) after intramuscular injection of bis-(1-methylethyl)-phosphorofluoridate (di-isopropylfluorophosphate: DFP), it was shown that AChE was associated with neurons whose cell bodies lay within the brain areas studied. Although the significance of dopaminergic-cholinergic relationships in the caudate-putamen complex, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercule could not be established on the basis of these new histochemical data, arguments were presented indicating that dopamine neurons in the zona compacta of the substantia nigra also contained AChE.", "PMID": 1185160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9645", "title": "Further studies on the binding properties of cobra neurotoxin to cholinergic receptors in mouse skeletal muscle.", "content": "Preparations of 3H-monoacetylated derivatives of Naja naja siamensis neurotoxin siamensis 3 were found to be resistant to degradation and deacetylation during in vitro muscle incubation. A low rate of free 3H-acetate (less than 0.4%) was present in the preparations, but should not interfere with the binding of toxin to cholinergic receptors in mouse extensor digitorum longus muscles in vitro. The binding of toxin to cholinergic receptors in mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle was essentially irreversible. d-Tubocurarine antagonized the binding of toxin in both innervated and denervated muscles. Administration of actinomycin D one day after denervation prevented the appearance of new toxin binding sites in the muscles.", "contents": "Further studies on the binding properties of cobra neurotoxin to cholinergic receptors in mouse skeletal muscle. Preparations of 3H-monoacetylated derivatives of Naja naja siamensis neurotoxin siamensis 3 were found to be resistant to degradation and deacetylation during in vitro muscle incubation. A low rate of free 3H-acetate (less than 0.4%) was present in the preparations, but should not interfere with the binding of toxin to cholinergic receptors in mouse extensor digitorum longus muscles in vitro. The binding of toxin to cholinergic receptors in mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle was essentially irreversible. d-Tubocurarine antagonized the binding of toxin in both innervated and denervated muscles. Administration of actinomycin D one day after denervation prevented the appearance of new toxin binding sites in the muscles.", "PMID": 1185161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9646", "title": "Responsibility of extrastriatal areas for the appearance of psychotic symptoms (clinical and biochemical human post-mortem findings).", "content": "1. A Dopa-medication leads sometimes in Parkinsonian patients to a psychosis. 2. The diminished capacity of striatal dopaminergic neurons to store DA leads to a storage of DA in serotoninergic or noradrenergic neurons. 3. Extrastriatal noradrenergic and/or serotoninergic neurons are involved. 4. Dopaminergic receptors of the striatium are not involved because of a lack of kinetic response after L-Dopa application in Parkinsonian patients with akinetic crises. 5. Extrastriatal dopaminergic receptors of DA as \"false transmitter\" at serotoninergic receptors seem to be responsible for the production of psychotic symptoms, whereas noradrenaline is not responsible. Psychotic symptoms can be imagined to be triggered by a contact of a transmitter to a nonspecific receptor.", "contents": "Responsibility of extrastriatal areas for the appearance of psychotic symptoms (clinical and biochemical human post-mortem findings). 1. A Dopa-medication leads sometimes in Parkinsonian patients to a psychosis. 2. The diminished capacity of striatal dopaminergic neurons to store DA leads to a storage of DA in serotoninergic or noradrenergic neurons. 3. Extrastriatal noradrenergic and/or serotoninergic neurons are involved. 4. Dopaminergic receptors of the striatium are not involved because of a lack of kinetic response after L-Dopa application in Parkinsonian patients with akinetic crises. 5. Extrastriatal dopaminergic receptors of DA as \"false transmitter\" at serotoninergic receptors seem to be responsible for the production of psychotic symptoms, whereas noradrenaline is not responsible. Psychotic symptoms can be imagined to be triggered by a contact of a transmitter to a nonspecific receptor.", "PMID": 1185162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9647", "title": "Biochemical post-mortem findings in depressed patients.", "content": "Biochemical human post-mortem studies on depressed patients indicate an unspecific deficiency of neurotransmitters in several brain areas. The loss of drive of these patients could be correlated with a decrease of striatal dopamine concentration. Noradrenaline was significantly diminished in red nucleus, a fact which points to the characteristic posture of depressed patients. Serotonin was diminished in all brain areas. During remission all values trended to be normal. There also exists a circadian disrhythm in depressed patients resulting in lowered VMA- and HVA-levels in urines during the morning and a remission to normal values in the evening. This agrees with the findings of lowered blood tyrosine levels in the morning. The ratio of blood tyrosine and tryptophan is disturbed during depression and recovers during remission. Central and peripheral biochemical mechanisms seems to be involved in depression syndrom.", "contents": "Biochemical post-mortem findings in depressed patients. Biochemical human post-mortem studies on depressed patients indicate an unspecific deficiency of neurotransmitters in several brain areas. The loss of drive of these patients could be correlated with a decrease of striatal dopamine concentration. Noradrenaline was significantly diminished in red nucleus, a fact which points to the characteristic posture of depressed patients. Serotonin was diminished in all brain areas. During remission all values trended to be normal. There also exists a circadian disrhythm in depressed patients resulting in lowered VMA- and HVA-levels in urines during the morning and a remission to normal values in the evening. This agrees with the findings of lowered blood tyrosine levels in the morning. The ratio of blood tyrosine and tryptophan is disturbed during depression and recovers during remission. Central and peripheral biochemical mechanisms seems to be involved in depression syndrom.", "PMID": 1185163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9648", "title": "Monoaminergic neurotoxins: are they selective?", "content": "Introduction of 6-hydroxydopamine into the cerebrospinal fluid produces a selective destruction of adrenergic pathways. However, the selectivity of interstitial injections of 6-hydroxydopamine for catecholamine elements is critically dependent upon the dose and volume of injection must be evaluated by biochemical and cytochemical indices.", "contents": "Monoaminergic neurotoxins: are they selective? Introduction of 6-hydroxydopamine into the cerebrospinal fluid produces a selective destruction of adrenergic pathways. However, the selectivity of interstitial injections of 6-hydroxydopamine for catecholamine elements is critically dependent upon the dose and volume of injection must be evaluated by biochemical and cytochemical indices.", "PMID": 1185164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9649", "title": "Degenerative processes after punctate intracerebral administration of 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "Various doses of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were infused into the substantia nigra-ventromedial tegmental area, caudateputamen nucleus, and red nucleus. A maximum of four successively occurring zones of neuropathology could by detected at all injection sites: (1) A zone of complete absence of neural, glial, and vascular elements due to tissue displacement by the cannula, (2) an area of glial cells, developing over time, which surrounded the cannula tract, (3) a region exhibiting virtually complete loss of neuronal elements, and (4) a zone of selective neuropathological reaction or cellular loss in which some neurons were affected and others were not. All investigators who have histochemically and/or histologically evaluated the effects of intracerebrally administered 6-OHDA agree on the existence and genesis, some non-selective process, of the first three zones. Although some scientists maintain that the fourth zone is where 6-OHDA operates selectively, data are presented in this report that other, well-established processes can account for neuropathology beyond zone 3. Prominent among these are retrograde and anterograde degeneration, ischemia as a function of interruption of blood supply, and nonselective traumatization. In addition, the topography of the injected site (e.g., morphology of affected neurons, degree of myelination) was found to be as important a determinant of the locus of tissue damage as the presumed selectivity of 6-OHDA's action. Furthermore, monoamine oxidase inhibition by nialamide did not appear to increase the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA. Similarly, 1-(2,5-dihydroxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane was not a more potent cytotoxin than 6-OHDA even though this new neurotoxin has a propane side chain which renders it immune to monoamine oxidase. These observations, taken together, suggest that considerable cautioon should be exercised in interpreting data from experiments in which 6-OHDA, or related neurotoxins, are used to uncover catecholaminergic mechanisms of behavior and other functional processes.", "contents": "Degenerative processes after punctate intracerebral administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. Various doses of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were infused into the substantia nigra-ventromedial tegmental area, caudateputamen nucleus, and red nucleus. A maximum of four successively occurring zones of neuropathology could by detected at all injection sites: (1) A zone of complete absence of neural, glial, and vascular elements due to tissue displacement by the cannula, (2) an area of glial cells, developing over time, which surrounded the cannula tract, (3) a region exhibiting virtually complete loss of neuronal elements, and (4) a zone of selective neuropathological reaction or cellular loss in which some neurons were affected and others were not. All investigators who have histochemically and/or histologically evaluated the effects of intracerebrally administered 6-OHDA agree on the existence and genesis, some non-selective process, of the first three zones. Although some scientists maintain that the fourth zone is where 6-OHDA operates selectively, data are presented in this report that other, well-established processes can account for neuropathology beyond zone 3. Prominent among these are retrograde and anterograde degeneration, ischemia as a function of interruption of blood supply, and nonselective traumatization. In addition, the topography of the injected site (e.g., morphology of affected neurons, degree of myelination) was found to be as important a determinant of the locus of tissue damage as the presumed selectivity of 6-OHDA's action. Furthermore, monoamine oxidase inhibition by nialamide did not appear to increase the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA. Similarly, 1-(2,5-dihydroxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane was not a more potent cytotoxin than 6-OHDA even though this new neurotoxin has a propane side chain which renders it immune to monoamine oxidase. These observations, taken together, suggest that considerable cautioon should be exercised in interpreting data from experiments in which 6-OHDA, or related neurotoxins, are used to uncover catecholaminergic mechanisms of behavior and other functional processes.", "PMID": 1185165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9650", "title": "Histopathologic changes associated with intracerebral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and peroxide (H2O2) in the cat and the rat.", "content": "Several factors must be taken into consideration in order to establish whether or not 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) introduced in the CNS more or less selectively destroys monoaminergic and, more especially, catecholaminergic structures. These include an assessment of all elements possibly damaged following different sites of injection in various species, a comparison with the effects of known neurotoxic agents, the degree of diffusion and/or of dilution of the substance used, the assessment of associated behavioral, neurochemical and morphological changes in the light of the known topography of brain nervous structures etc. A comparison of the effects of 6-OHDA and of peroxide (H2O2) introduced in the CNS suggests  that both agents produced similar morphological changes in various sites of the brains of cats and rats. In the light of various data in the literature and of the results reported in this study it appears that 6-OHDA which may be used to induce a focal lesion cannot be regarded as a specific neurotoxic agent.", "contents": "Histopathologic changes associated with intracerebral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and peroxide (H2O2) in the cat and the rat. Several factors must be taken into consideration in order to establish whether or not 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) introduced in the CNS more or less selectively destroys monoaminergic and, more especially, catecholaminergic structures. These include an assessment of all elements possibly damaged following different sites of injection in various species, a comparison with the effects of known neurotoxic agents, the degree of diffusion and/or of dilution of the substance used, the assessment of associated behavioral, neurochemical and morphological changes in the light of the known topography of brain nervous structures etc. A comparison of the effects of 6-OHDA and of peroxide (H2O2) introduced in the CNS suggests  that both agents produced similar morphological changes in various sites of the brains of cats and rats. In the light of various data in the literature and of the results reported in this study it appears that 6-OHDA which may be used to induce a focal lesion cannot be regarded as a specific neurotoxic agent.", "PMID": 1185166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9651", "title": "Partial selectivity of 6-OHDA induced neuronal degeneration after intraissular injection in the brain with special reference to the nigro-striatal dopamine system.", "content": "The selectivity of 6-OHDA induced neuronal degeneration after intra-tissular injection in the brain is discussed considering the morphological and biochemical events occurring in the substantia nigra and in the striatum--after intranigral or intrastriatal application of the drug. The data suggest that a critical intratissular concentration of 6-OHDA is required to induce an elective neuronal degeneration. The importance of the non-specific damage can not be neglected when high doses of the drug are administered in the brain tissue.", "contents": "Partial selectivity of 6-OHDA induced neuronal degeneration after intraissular injection in the brain with special reference to the nigro-striatal dopamine system. The selectivity of 6-OHDA induced neuronal degeneration after intra-tissular injection in the brain is discussed considering the morphological and biochemical events occurring in the substantia nigra and in the striatum--after intranigral or intrastriatal application of the drug. The data suggest that a critical intratissular concentration of 6-OHDA is required to induce an elective neuronal degeneration. The importance of the non-specific damage can not be neglected when high doses of the drug are administered in the brain tissue.", "PMID": 1185167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9652", "title": "Effects of low doses of catecholamine receptor agonists on exploration in mice.", "content": "Female mice were given 0.025--0.8 mg/kg of the dopamine and noradrenaline receptor agonists apomorphine and clonidine, respectively, and the effect on explorative behaviour of these drugs was tested in a Y-shaped runway for three minutes. Saline-treated controls displayed a stable exploratory behaviour, declining during the time period measured. The decline probably reflects adaptation to the new environment. Apomorphine depressed the activity, but the configuration of the time curve was the same as in controls. Clonidine also depressed the exploratory activity and further appeared to break the pattern of adaptation, the activity in clonidine-treated mice being low from the beginning. The higher doses of the drugs, alone or in combination, caused a pronounced suppression of the exploration. These mice were observed for ten minutes, under which period their exploration of the runway was not increased, as compared with the first three minutes. The smaller doses used are not known to cause functionally measureable activation of postsynaptic catecholamine receptors. On the other hand these doses are known as cause inhibition of firing in the respective presynaptic neurons and also inhibition of synthesis of the respective transmitter. Thus the present findings are interpreted to be due to presynaptic inhibition of the respective neurons. Clonidine caused a more pronounced inhibition of the exploration than apomorphine, suggesting nordrenaline to be of particular importance for exploratory behaviour.", "contents": "Effects of low doses of catecholamine receptor agonists on exploration in mice. Female mice were given 0.025--0.8 mg/kg of the dopamine and noradrenaline receptor agonists apomorphine and clonidine, respectively, and the effect on explorative behaviour of these drugs was tested in a Y-shaped runway for three minutes. Saline-treated controls displayed a stable exploratory behaviour, declining during the time period measured. The decline probably reflects adaptation to the new environment. Apomorphine depressed the activity, but the configuration of the time curve was the same as in controls. Clonidine also depressed the exploratory activity and further appeared to break the pattern of adaptation, the activity in clonidine-treated mice being low from the beginning. The higher doses of the drugs, alone or in combination, caused a pronounced suppression of the exploration. These mice were observed for ten minutes, under which period their exploration of the runway was not increased, as compared with the first three minutes. The smaller doses used are not known to cause functionally measureable activation of postsynaptic catecholamine receptors. On the other hand these doses are known as cause inhibition of firing in the respective presynaptic neurons and also inhibition of synthesis of the respective transmitter. Thus the present findings are interpreted to be due to presynaptic inhibition of the respective neurons. Clonidine caused a more pronounced inhibition of the exploration than apomorphine, suggesting nordrenaline to be of particular importance for exploratory behaviour.", "PMID": 1185168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9653", "title": "Effects of melatonin treatment and environmental lighting on the ultrastructural appearence, melatonin synthesis, norepinephrine turnover and microtubule protein content of the rat pineal gland.", "content": "Melatonin administration or exposure of rats to darkness for two weeks induced comparable changes in pineal ultrastructure, compatible with a generalized organ's activation. These include an increased number of ribosomes, procentrioles and microtubules, prominent nucleoli and Golgi apparatus, and annulate lamellae. Melatonin treatment resulted in a dose-dependent increase of hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase and serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activities. In addition it increased by 85% the colchicine binding capacity of pineal homogenates, an estimation of the microtubule protein content of the gland. Pineal norepinephrine turnover was not affected by melatonin treatment. These data indicate that the pineal itself is a target organ for exogenously administered melatonin. Key words: Pineal gland, melatonin, norepinephrine, tubulin.", "contents": "Effects of melatonin treatment and environmental lighting on the ultrastructural appearence, melatonin synthesis, norepinephrine turnover and microtubule protein content of the rat pineal gland. Melatonin administration or exposure of rats to darkness for two weeks induced comparable changes in pineal ultrastructure, compatible with a generalized organ's activation. These include an increased number of ribosomes, procentrioles and microtubules, prominent nucleoli and Golgi apparatus, and annulate lamellae. Melatonin treatment resulted in a dose-dependent increase of hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase and serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activities. In addition it increased by 85% the colchicine binding capacity of pineal homogenates, an estimation of the microtubule protein content of the gland. Pineal norepinephrine turnover was not affected by melatonin treatment. These data indicate that the pineal itself is a target organ for exogenously administered melatonin. Key words: Pineal gland, melatonin, norepinephrine, tubulin.", "PMID": 1185169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9654", "title": "On the organization of memeory in the optomotor system of the crab Pachygrapsus crassipes.", "content": "Memory responses of the optomotor system to rotations of various stripe patterns were studied. The separate elements of the visual background are individually remembered in terms of the parts of the eye on which their images fell. A visual illusion resulting from this property is described. All parts of the retina have an equal capacity to contribute to memory. The memory response results from the summation of contributions from individual elements rather than the maintenance of a fixation upon any particular feature of the situation. Both the separation between background elements for angles from 6 degrees up to 60 degrees and the number of elements present affect the size of the memory evoked response.", "contents": "On the organization of memeory in the optomotor system of the crab Pachygrapsus crassipes. Memory responses of the optomotor system to rotations of various stripe patterns were studied. The separate elements of the visual background are individually remembered in terms of the parts of the eye on which their images fell. A visual illusion resulting from this property is described. All parts of the retina have an equal capacity to contribute to memory. The memory response results from the summation of contributions from individual elements rather than the maintenance of a fixation upon any particular feature of the situation. Both the separation between background elements for angles from 6 degrees up to 60 degrees and the number of elements present affect the size of the memory evoked response.", "PMID": 1185170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9655", "title": "Dorsal root recording relevant for mating reflexes in female rats: identification of receptive fields and effects of peripheral denervation.", "content": "Cutaneous receptive fields of dorsal roots T11 through S3 in rats were mapped by recording dorsal root multiple unit activity. The receptive fields, having the shape of transverse bands on the skin, are arranged in order according to their dorsal roots, and there are extensive overlaps between adjacent fields. Routes followed by peripheral sensory innervation of skin were also studied by observing effects of various methods of skin denervation on dorsal root responses to cutaneous stimulation. The results are discussed with respect to the somatosensory control of female rat mating reflexes.", "contents": "Dorsal root recording relevant for mating reflexes in female rats: identification of receptive fields and effects of peripheral denervation. Cutaneous receptive fields of dorsal roots T11 through S3 in rats were mapped by recording dorsal root multiple unit activity. The receptive fields, having the shape of transverse bands on the skin, are arranged in order according to their dorsal roots, and there are extensive overlaps between adjacent fields. Routes followed by peripheral sensory innervation of skin were also studied by observing effects of various methods of skin denervation on dorsal root responses to cutaneous stimulation. The results are discussed with respect to the somatosensory control of female rat mating reflexes.", "PMID": 1185173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9656", "title": "Oculomotor areas in the rabbits midbrain and pretectum.", "content": "The role of some meso- and diencephalic structures in eye movements was investigated by ablation and stimulation experiments. Optokinetic nystagmus was abolished by small lesions in the lateral pretectum, but not by complete removal of the superior colliculi. Stimulation of the superior colliculus and other visual centers was effective in eliciting nystagmus (slow phase ipsilateral), but the most efficient trigger zones are found in the lateral pretectum and the midbrain tegmentum. Only from these areas could nystagmus still be elicited after degeneration of the primary optic fibers. The lateral pretectal trigger zone is probably identical with the nucleus of the optic tract. It is postulated that this nucleus is an essential station for horizontal optokinetic reactions. Saccades were obtained by stimulation of the mesencephalic central grey, but not for any visual centers such as the superior colliculus.", "contents": "Oculomotor areas in the rabbits midbrain and pretectum. The role of some meso- and diencephalic structures in eye movements was investigated by ablation and stimulation experiments. Optokinetic nystagmus was abolished by small lesions in the lateral pretectum, but not by complete removal of the superior colliculi. Stimulation of the superior colliculus and other visual centers was effective in eliciting nystagmus (slow phase ipsilateral), but the most efficient trigger zones are found in the lateral pretectum and the midbrain tegmentum. Only from these areas could nystagmus still be elicited after degeneration of the primary optic fibers. The lateral pretectal trigger zone is probably identical with the nucleus of the optic tract. It is postulated that this nucleus is an essential station for horizontal optokinetic reactions. Saccades were obtained by stimulation of the mesencephalic central grey, but not for any visual centers such as the superior colliculus.", "PMID": 1185174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9657", "title": "Gel filtration of myelin using 2,2,2-trichloroethanol as the solvent.", "content": "The use of 2,2,2-trichloroethanol as a solvent for myelin from both the central and peripheral nervous systems is described. Concentrated, optically clear solutions of lyophilized myelin in this solvent are stable for weeks. The preparation of highly concentrated myelin proteins by gel filtration in trichloroethanol is described.", "contents": "Gel filtration of myelin using 2,2,2-trichloroethanol as the solvent. The use of 2,2,2-trichloroethanol as a solvent for myelin from both the central and peripheral nervous systems is described. Concentrated, optically clear solutions of lyophilized myelin in this solvent are stable for weeks. The preparation of highly concentrated myelin proteins by gel filtration in trichloroethanol is described.", "PMID": 1185175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9658", "title": "Functional characterization of types of plasma membranes in cerebral cortex.", "content": "The cerebral cortex of normal oxygenated and of asphyxiated mice has been studied by freeze-fracturing technique with a twofold purpose. First, to investigate changes, if any, in the molecular organization of the plasma membrane of any specific cell type(s) that could be correlated with permeability changes thought to take place as a consequence of asphyxiation. Secondly, to attempt characterization of plasma membranes on the basis of the organization of their fractured faces. The decrease in the extracellular material in asphyxiated cerebral cortex seen in electron micrographs of thin sections could not be correlated with change(s), if any, in the molecular organization of the plasma membrane of any particular cell type. Plasma membranes of various types could be characterized on the basis of the arrangement of particles on the fractured faces. Some of these types correspond to identifiable cell processes, while others have not yet been identified with certainty. Fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane is mediated through clustering of 100-150 A membrane-associated particles.", "contents": "Functional characterization of types of plasma membranes in cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex of normal oxygenated and of asphyxiated mice has been studied by freeze-fracturing technique with a twofold purpose. First, to investigate changes, if any, in the molecular organization of the plasma membrane of any specific cell type(s) that could be correlated with permeability changes thought to take place as a consequence of asphyxiation. Secondly, to attempt characterization of plasma membranes on the basis of the organization of their fractured faces. The decrease in the extracellular material in asphyxiated cerebral cortex seen in electron micrographs of thin sections could not be correlated with change(s), if any, in the molecular organization of the plasma membrane of any particular cell type. Plasma membranes of various types could be characterized on the basis of the arrangement of particles on the fractured faces. Some of these types correspond to identifiable cell processes, while others have not yet been identified with certainty. Fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane is mediated through clustering of 100-150 A membrane-associated particles.", "PMID": 1185176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9659", "title": "Electrolyte- and fluid-spaces of rat brain in situ after infusion with dinitrophenol.", "content": "Chemical distribution measurements of radioactive sodium-thiosulfate (35S) and of the brain water indicate that infusion of 2.4-dinitrophenol into  a carotid artery of rats caused a water uptake and fluid shifts from the extra- into the intracellular compartments in the central nervous system. The extracellular marker compound was administered to the brain via ventriculo-cisternal perfusion and intravenous injection yielding almost equal concentrations in plasma-water and perfusate. In order to prevent an active efflux of the label from the tissue, high concentrations were utilized in the perfusate to saturate potential outward transport mechanisms. The indicator space (based on total brain water) was 16% in controls and 12% in experimental animals when marker equilibrium had been attained, which is equivalent in reduction of the extracellular space of about 1/4. Intracellular water and Na+ rose after DNP, while K+ remained all but unchanged. The fluid shift into the intracellular compartment was found to relate closely with a cellular uptake of Na+. The Na+ concentration both in plasma and in the perfusion fluid leaving the ventricular system was consistently reduced in experimental animals. The K+ concentration was significantly elevated in the plasma of experimental animals but virtually unchanged in the cisternal effluate.", "contents": "Electrolyte- and fluid-spaces of rat brain in situ after infusion with dinitrophenol. Chemical distribution measurements of radioactive sodium-thiosulfate (35S) and of the brain water indicate that infusion of 2.4-dinitrophenol into  a carotid artery of rats caused a water uptake and fluid shifts from the extra- into the intracellular compartments in the central nervous system. The extracellular marker compound was administered to the brain via ventriculo-cisternal perfusion and intravenous injection yielding almost equal concentrations in plasma-water and perfusate. In order to prevent an active efflux of the label from the tissue, high concentrations were utilized in the perfusate to saturate potential outward transport mechanisms. The indicator space (based on total brain water) was 16% in controls and 12% in experimental animals when marker equilibrium had been attained, which is equivalent in reduction of the extracellular space of about 1/4. Intracellular water and Na+ rose after DNP, while K+ remained all but unchanged. The fluid shift into the intracellular compartment was found to relate closely with a cellular uptake of Na+. The Na+ concentration both in plasma and in the perfusion fluid leaving the ventricular system was consistently reduced in experimental animals. The K+ concentration was significantly elevated in the plasma of experimental animals but virtually unchanged in the cisternal effluate.", "PMID": 1185177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9660", "title": "Habituation of mechanoreceptive interneurons in the crayfish.", "content": "The effect of repetition of sensory stimuli was studied on the responses of mechanoreceptive interneurons in the optic tract of the crayfish (Procambarus bouvieri (Ortmann)). The number of spikes recorded from a given unit gradually decreased during a train of stimuli. The decrease showed a negative exponential time course, with a curvature dependent upon the frequency of stimulation, the intensity of stimuli, and the hour of the day. Habituation is selective for the intensity and rate of stimulation, and the particular spot of receptive field stimulated. Locomotor excitation results in a dimminution of the rate of decay. The effect of a single train of stimuli when leading to pronounced habituation may persist for periods longer than 24 hr.", "contents": "Habituation of mechanoreceptive interneurons in the crayfish. The effect of repetition of sensory stimuli was studied on the responses of mechanoreceptive interneurons in the optic tract of the crayfish (Procambarus bouvieri (Ortmann)). The number of spikes recorded from a given unit gradually decreased during a train of stimuli. The decrease showed a negative exponential time course, with a curvature dependent upon the frequency of stimulation, the intensity of stimuli, and the hour of the day. Habituation is selective for the intensity and rate of stimulation, and the particular spot of receptive field stimulated. Locomotor excitation results in a dimminution of the rate of decay. The effect of a single train of stimuli when leading to pronounced habituation may persist for periods longer than 24 hr.", "PMID": 1185178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9661", "title": "Viability of some metabolic processes in the isolated toad brain adapted to two osmotic environments.", "content": "The viability of the isolated toad brain in an aerated Ringer-like medium has been evaluated by the following criteria: 1) amino acid content before and after incubation; 2) accumulation of amino acids in the incubation medium; 3) a comparison of glucose utilization and [U-14C]glucose metabolism with that occurring in vivo; 4) tissue swelling; and 5) tissue lactate contents. On the basis of these criteria, the isolated toad brain, from toads adapted to a fresh-water or a salt-water environment, retains considerable metabolic integrity for at least 2 hr of incubation at 25 degrees C. Specifically, there was no swelling of the tissue, no apparent accumulation of lactate in the tissue, glucose appeared to be utilized at a rate not too different from that calculated for the toad brain in vivo, and the distribution of label from [U-14C]glucose had an overall pattern which resembled that observed in vivo. The tissue levels of amino acids were generally stable in vitro; however, there was a marked decline in the content of aspartate. The accumulation of amino acids in the medium varied considerably from one amino acid to another. Thus, there was very little net efflux of aspartate, GABA, and glutamate from the tissue but considerable net efflux of glutamine. This efflux of amino acids was greater from brains of hyperosmotically adapted toads than from the brains of toads adapted to fresh water by amounts proportional to their initial tissue contents.", "contents": "Viability of some metabolic processes in the isolated toad brain adapted to two osmotic environments. The viability of the isolated toad brain in an aerated Ringer-like medium has been evaluated by the following criteria: 1) amino acid content before and after incubation; 2) accumulation of amino acids in the incubation medium; 3) a comparison of glucose utilization and [U-14C]glucose metabolism with that occurring in vivo; 4) tissue swelling; and 5) tissue lactate contents. On the basis of these criteria, the isolated toad brain, from toads adapted to a fresh-water or a salt-water environment, retains considerable metabolic integrity for at least 2 hr of incubation at 25 degrees C. Specifically, there was no swelling of the tissue, no apparent accumulation of lactate in the tissue, glucose appeared to be utilized at a rate not too different from that calculated for the toad brain in vivo, and the distribution of label from [U-14C]glucose had an overall pattern which resembled that observed in vivo. The tissue levels of amino acids were generally stable in vitro; however, there was a marked decline in the content of aspartate. The accumulation of amino acids in the medium varied considerably from one amino acid to another. Thus, there was very little net efflux of aspartate, GABA, and glutamate from the tissue but considerable net efflux of glutamine. This efflux of amino acids was greater from brains of hyperosmotically adapted toads than from the brains of toads adapted to fresh water by amounts proportional to their initial tissue contents.", "PMID": 1185179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9662", "title": "Differences in some properties of newborn and adult brain glutamate decarboxylase.", "content": "Some properties of glutamate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15) activity in brain of newborn and adult mouse were studied comparatively. It was found that glutamate decarboxylase of the newborn brain was strongly inactivated by homogenization in hypotonic medium, centrifugation of isotonic sucrose homogenates, preincubation at 37 degrees C or the addition of Triton-X-100, whereas the adult brain enzyme was practically unaffected by any of these conditions. It was also found that the newborn glutamate decarboxylase was less activated by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and less inhibited by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate oxime-O-acetic acid, than the adult enzyme. These differences do not exist for brain dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.26) and are not due to the release of inhibitors from the newborn brain. On the basis of the results obtained it is postulated that two forms of glutamate decarboxylase exist in brain: a newborn form, which is unstable and has high affinity for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and an adult form, which is much more stable and has low affinity for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The possible implications of these findings in the establishment of the gamma-aminobutyric acid dependent synaptic inhibitory mechanisms during development are discussed.", "contents": "Differences in some properties of newborn and adult brain glutamate decarboxylase. Some properties of glutamate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15) activity in brain of newborn and adult mouse were studied comparatively. It was found that glutamate decarboxylase of the newborn brain was strongly inactivated by homogenization in hypotonic medium, centrifugation of isotonic sucrose homogenates, preincubation at 37 degrees C or the addition of Triton-X-100, whereas the adult brain enzyme was practically unaffected by any of these conditions. It was also found that the newborn glutamate decarboxylase was less activated by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and less inhibited by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate oxime-O-acetic acid, than the adult enzyme. These differences do not exist for brain dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.26) and are not due to the release of inhibitors from the newborn brain. On the basis of the results obtained it is postulated that two forms of glutamate decarboxylase exist in brain: a newborn form, which is unstable and has high affinity for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and an adult form, which is much more stable and has low affinity for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The possible implications of these findings in the establishment of the gamma-aminobutyric acid dependent synaptic inhibitory mechanisms during development are discussed.", "PMID": 1185180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9663", "title": "Habituation and dishabituation mediated by the peripheral and central neural circuits of the siphon of Aplysia.", "content": "The siphon withdrawal response evoked by a weak tactile (water drop) or light stimulus is mediated primarily by neurons in the siphon. Central neurons (abdominal ganglion) contribute very little since the response amplitude and latency are not changed following removal of the abdominal ganglion. Similarly, habituation and dishabituation of this withdrawal response are not different after removal of the abdominal ganglion, indicating that the peripheral neural circuit in the isolated siphon can mediate habituation itself, and thus has many of the properties attributed to central neurons. Response evoked by electrical stimulation of the siphon nerve habituate, depending upon the stimulus intensity and interval. These habituated responses may be dishabituated by tactile or light stimulation of the siphon. These results show that each neural system, peripheral and central, has an excitatory modulatory influence on the other. Normally adaptive siphon responses must be shaped by the integrated activity of both of these neural systems.", "contents": "Habituation and dishabituation mediated by the peripheral and central neural circuits of the siphon of Aplysia. The siphon withdrawal response evoked by a weak tactile (water drop) or light stimulus is mediated primarily by neurons in the siphon. Central neurons (abdominal ganglion) contribute very little since the response amplitude and latency are not changed following removal of the abdominal ganglion. Similarly, habituation and dishabituation of this withdrawal response are not different after removal of the abdominal ganglion, indicating that the peripheral neural circuit in the isolated siphon can mediate habituation itself, and thus has many of the properties attributed to central neurons. Response evoked by electrical stimulation of the siphon nerve habituate, depending upon the stimulus intensity and interval. These habituated responses may be dishabituated by tactile or light stimulation of the siphon. These results show that each neural system, peripheral and central, has an excitatory modulatory influence on the other. Normally adaptive siphon responses must be shaped by the integrated activity of both of these neural systems.", "PMID": 1185181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9664", "title": "Electrophysiological properties of biventer cervicis muscle fibers of normal and roller pigeons.", "content": "Cable parameters, excitability characteristics, and contractile response to acetylcholine were measured in biventer cervicis muscles from Helmet pigeons, Racing Homer pigeons and Parlor (nonflying) Roller pigeons. Cable parameters for the three strains, were respectively: calculated diameter, 30.1, 42.5, and 37.3 mum; membrane resistance, 450, 556, and 386 omega-cm2; membrane capacitance, 4.2, 3.9, and 4.5 muF/cm2, and myoplasmic resistivity, 79, 185, and 116 omega-cm. Significant differences between excitability characteristics of Homer pigeon and Roller pigeon fibers were a 17% shorter maximal latency for spike initiation (P less than 0.025) and 24% lower rheobasic current (P less than 0.05) in Roller fibers. Dose-response curves of isolated biventer cervicis to acetylcholine revealed slight, but significant, differences between Helmets and Rollers. These are the first electrophysiological data from pigeon skeletal muscle and the first from any avian biventer cervicis. The biventer muscles of chickens contain mainly \"slow\" fibers, but our results show that pigeon biventer fibers have properties similar to the \"fast\" PLD fibers of the chicken. Furthermore, the existence of different myoplasmic resistivities for each strain of pigeons used in this study suggests the need for more careful determination of this parameter in electrophysiological investigations. Although our results show that Roller pigeon fibers differ from those of nonrolling pigeons in the respects described above, these differences are minor in comparison to the severe behavioral abnormalities of Roller pigeons. Some yet untested component of neuromuscular transmission may be directly involved in the rolling phenomenon, but the differences we report may simply be due to strain differences, muscle hypertrophy, or a more severe defect elsewhere in the nervous system.", "contents": "Electrophysiological properties of biventer cervicis muscle fibers of normal and roller pigeons. Cable parameters, excitability characteristics, and contractile response to acetylcholine were measured in biventer cervicis muscles from Helmet pigeons, Racing Homer pigeons and Parlor (nonflying) Roller pigeons. Cable parameters for the three strains, were respectively: calculated diameter, 30.1, 42.5, and 37.3 mum; membrane resistance, 450, 556, and 386 omega-cm2; membrane capacitance, 4.2, 3.9, and 4.5 muF/cm2, and myoplasmic resistivity, 79, 185, and 116 omega-cm. Significant differences between excitability characteristics of Homer pigeon and Roller pigeon fibers were a 17% shorter maximal latency for spike initiation (P less than 0.025) and 24% lower rheobasic current (P less than 0.05) in Roller fibers. Dose-response curves of isolated biventer cervicis to acetylcholine revealed slight, but significant, differences between Helmets and Rollers. These are the first electrophysiological data from pigeon skeletal muscle and the first from any avian biventer cervicis. The biventer muscles of chickens contain mainly \"slow\" fibers, but our results show that pigeon biventer fibers have properties similar to the \"fast\" PLD fibers of the chicken. Furthermore, the existence of different myoplasmic resistivities for each strain of pigeons used in this study suggests the need for more careful determination of this parameter in electrophysiological investigations. Although our results show that Roller pigeon fibers differ from those of nonrolling pigeons in the respects described above, these differences are minor in comparison to the severe behavioral abnormalities of Roller pigeons. Some yet untested component of neuromuscular transmission may be directly involved in the rolling phenomenon, but the differences we report may simply be due to strain differences, muscle hypertrophy, or a more severe defect elsewhere in the nervous system.", "PMID": 1185182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9665", "title": "Isolation and polymerization of brain actin.", "content": "The studies presented here confirm earlier reports that an actin-like protein is abundant in brain. However, when the traditional procedures for isolating muscle actin are applied to brain, many different proteins are extracted. Tubulin, a major protein in brain with properties similar to actin, is the major constituent. A method is described for isolating the \"brain actin\" to a purity of 90-95%. The isolation method begins with an extraction of bovine brain in low ionic strength buffer with ATP and sucrose. The extract is treated with NH4SO4, MgCl, and KCl and incubated  at 37 degrees C. A precipitate is formed which contains primarily tubulin and brain actin. Resolubilization of the brain actin is achieved with a low ionic strength buffer solution with sucrose and ATP. Further purification is accomplished by a cycle of polymerization-depolymerization. This \"brain actin\" shares with muscle actin the following properties: (1) Similar molecular weight and molecular charge as determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel and ordinary disc electrophoresis; (2) Polymerization to a filamentous form under the same conditions; (3) Contains 3-methylhistidine; (4) Vinblastine sulfate will induce filament formation.", "contents": "Isolation and polymerization of brain actin. The studies presented here confirm earlier reports that an actin-like protein is abundant in brain. However, when the traditional procedures for isolating muscle actin are applied to brain, many different proteins are extracted. Tubulin, a major protein in brain with properties similar to actin, is the major constituent. A method is described for isolating the \"brain actin\" to a purity of 90-95%. The isolation method begins with an extraction of bovine brain in low ionic strength buffer with ATP and sucrose. The extract is treated with NH4SO4, MgCl, and KCl and incubated  at 37 degrees C. A precipitate is formed which contains primarily tubulin and brain actin. Resolubilization of the brain actin is achieved with a low ionic strength buffer solution with sucrose and ATP. Further purification is accomplished by a cycle of polymerization-depolymerization. This \"brain actin\" shares with muscle actin the following properties: (1) Similar molecular weight and molecular charge as determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel and ordinary disc electrophoresis; (2) Polymerization to a filamentous form under the same conditions; (3) Contains 3-methylhistidine; (4) Vinblastine sulfate will induce filament formation.", "PMID": 1185183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9666", "title": "Comparison of lipids in total brain tissue from five mouse genotypes.", "content": "Brain tissue from adult male and female mice of the C57BL/6J, C57BL/6J-AW-J, BALB/cJ, SJL/J, and DBA/2J genotypes was examined for brain weight, total protein, total lipid, cholesterol, phospholipid, plasmalogen, sulfatide, nonganglioside-glycolipid sphingosine, and ganglioside N-acetyl neuraminic acid, fatty acid, and sphingosine. No significant differences were found between sexes for any of these constituents. When compared to the overall average obtained for other animals, the DBA/2J, C57BL/6J-AW-J, and BALB/cJ mice contained lower quantities of plasmalogen and sulfatide compared to the overall averages obtained for the other genotypes. In addition, the sterol content in DBA/2J mice was significantly higher than the overall average value obtained for the other animals.", "contents": "Comparison of lipids in total brain tissue from five mouse genotypes. Brain tissue from adult male and female mice of the C57BL/6J, C57BL/6J-AW-J, BALB/cJ, SJL/J, and DBA/2J genotypes was examined for brain weight, total protein, total lipid, cholesterol, phospholipid, plasmalogen, sulfatide, nonganglioside-glycolipid sphingosine, and ganglioside N-acetyl neuraminic acid, fatty acid, and sphingosine. No significant differences were found between sexes for any of these constituents. When compared to the overall average obtained for other animals, the DBA/2J, C57BL/6J-AW-J, and BALB/cJ mice contained lower quantities of plasmalogen and sulfatide compared to the overall averages obtained for the other genotypes. In addition, the sterol content in DBA/2J mice was significantly higher than the overall average value obtained for the other animals.", "PMID": 1185184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9667", "title": "Alterations in the accumulation patterns of polyamines in brains of myelin-deficient mice.", "content": "Quaking mutants and jimpy mutants of mice have known deficiencies of myelination of the central nervous system, as well as lesser involvement of the peripheral nervous system. Both mutants also have altered polyamine synthesis and accumulation, particularly in the hindbrain and spinal column. The ratio of spermidine/spermine, which generally is higher in tissues with high rates of biosynthetic activity, was significantly lower in the mutants as compared to their normal siblings. In quaking mutants, 5 months of age, the spermidine concentration of hindbrain and spinal column was 60% that of controls. In contrast, the decreased spermidine/spermine ratio in jimpy mutants resulted from a marked increase in the spermine concentration in both forebrain and hindbrain. Alterations in the spermidine/spermine ratio could lead to reductions in the biosynthetic potential of the brain during development.", "contents": "Alterations in the accumulation patterns of polyamines in brains of myelin-deficient mice. Quaking mutants and jimpy mutants of mice have known deficiencies of myelination of the central nervous system, as well as lesser involvement of the peripheral nervous system. Both mutants also have altered polyamine synthesis and accumulation, particularly in the hindbrain and spinal column. The ratio of spermidine/spermine, which generally is higher in tissues with high rates of biosynthetic activity, was significantly lower in the mutants as compared to their normal siblings. In quaking mutants, 5 months of age, the spermidine concentration of hindbrain and spinal column was 60% that of controls. In contrast, the decreased spermidine/spermine ratio in jimpy mutants resulted from a marked increase in the spermine concentration in both forebrain and hindbrain. Alterations in the spermidine/spermine ratio could lead to reductions in the biosynthetic potential of the brain during development.", "PMID": 1185185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9668", "title": "Cooperative interaction of glutamate and aspartate with receptors in the neuromuscular excitatory membrane in walking limbs of the lobster.", "content": "When applied to lobster muscle fibers, L-glutamate, L-aspartate, and combinations of the two amino acids can induce membrane depolarization. Under normal conditions, a quantitative analysis of the depolarization response or change in membrane conductance was precluded by nonlinearities in the voltage-current relationship of the membrane. By including gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) in the bathing medium, the voltage-current relationship was made linear in the depolarizing direction over a range of 15-20 mV from the resting potential. However, a meaningful examination of the increase in membrane conductance caused by glutamate and aspartate was still not possible. Therefore, the depolarization responses caused by the excitatory amino acids were taken as a quantitative reflection of receptor activation in the excitatory postsynaptic membrane. In the presence of GABA, aspartate by itself, at concentrations up to 10 mM, had little excitatory activity, whereas glutamate effected an appreciable membrane depolarization at concentrations of 0.1 to 0.2 mM. Aspartate, at concentrations which exhibited no activity alone, markedly enhanced the excitatory action of glutamate. Aspartate shifted the glutamate dose-response curve to the left, but did not appear to affect the maximum depolarization response elicited by glutamate. These observations are consistent with the concept that aspartate increases the affinity between glutamate and the glutamate binding sites. Limiting slopes of log-dose versus log-response curves for the excitatory action of glutamate suggest that the interaction of glutamate with excitatory receptors is a cooperative process. The possibility exists that individual receptors contain multiple and distinct glutamate and aspartate binding sites. These results support the view that neuromuscular excitation in the lobster is mediated by glutamate and aspartate functioning synergistically.", "contents": "Cooperative interaction of glutamate and aspartate with receptors in the neuromuscular excitatory membrane in walking limbs of the lobster. When applied to lobster muscle fibers, L-glutamate, L-aspartate, and combinations of the two amino acids can induce membrane depolarization. Under normal conditions, a quantitative analysis of the depolarization response or change in membrane conductance was precluded by nonlinearities in the voltage-current relationship of the membrane. By including gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) in the bathing medium, the voltage-current relationship was made linear in the depolarizing direction over a range of 15-20 mV from the resting potential. However, a meaningful examination of the increase in membrane conductance caused by glutamate and aspartate was still not possible. Therefore, the depolarization responses caused by the excitatory amino acids were taken as a quantitative reflection of receptor activation in the excitatory postsynaptic membrane. In the presence of GABA, aspartate by itself, at concentrations up to 10 mM, had little excitatory activity, whereas glutamate effected an appreciable membrane depolarization at concentrations of 0.1 to 0.2 mM. Aspartate, at concentrations which exhibited no activity alone, markedly enhanced the excitatory action of glutamate. Aspartate shifted the glutamate dose-response curve to the left, but did not appear to affect the maximum depolarization response elicited by glutamate. These observations are consistent with the concept that aspartate increases the affinity between glutamate and the glutamate binding sites. Limiting slopes of log-dose versus log-response curves for the excitatory action of glutamate suggest that the interaction of glutamate with excitatory receptors is a cooperative process. The possibility exists that individual receptors contain multiple and distinct glutamate and aspartate binding sites. These results support the view that neuromuscular excitation in the lobster is mediated by glutamate and aspartate functioning synergistically.", "PMID": 1185186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9669", "title": "Dissociation of field potential from neuronal activity in the isolated retina: failure of the b-wave with normal ganglion cell response.", "content": "The b-wave of the isolated rabbit retina was compared with the ganglion cell response to light before and after modification of the retina's incubating medium. Marked diminution of the b-wave, with no reduction in ganglion cell response, was observed under three experimental conditions: (1) following a short period of anoxia; (2) following a short period in 0.2 mM Ca++; (3) in a small percentage of preparations, simply as a result of prolonged incubation in control medium. In contrast, a short period in 50 mM K+ led to a parallel fall and parallel recovery of both responses. It is apparent that under selected conditions the field potentials which constitute the b-wave are poorly correlated with the retina's neural activity.", "contents": "Dissociation of field potential from neuronal activity in the isolated retina: failure of the b-wave with normal ganglion cell response. The b-wave of the isolated rabbit retina was compared with the ganglion cell response to light before and after modification of the retina's incubating medium. Marked diminution of the b-wave, with no reduction in ganglion cell response, was observed under three experimental conditions: (1) following a short period of anoxia; (2) following a short period in 0.2 mM Ca++; (3) in a small percentage of preparations, simply as a result of prolonged incubation in control medium. In contrast, a short period in 50 mM K+ led to a parallel fall and parallel recovery of both responses. It is apparent that under selected conditions the field potentials which constitute the b-wave are poorly correlated with the retina's neural activity.", "PMID": 1185187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9670", "title": "Effect of aromatic acids on protein synthesis in subcellular preparations from the rat brain.", "content": "The incorporation of [3H]phenylalanine, [3H]tyrosine, and [3H]tryptophan into protein and amino acyl-tRNA was studied in cell-free preparations from rat brain. Tyrosine and tryptophan inhibited the incorporation of phenylalanine into protein, and tyrosine inhibited the incorporation of phenylalanine and tryptophan into amino acyl-tRNAs. In most cases, homogentisate, phenylpyruvate, and phenyllactate inhibited the incorporation of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan into protein and amino acyl-tRNAs, and the incorporation of phenylalanine into polyphenylalanine. All other protein amino acids, and phenylacetate, salicylate, and benzoate were wholly ineffectual. The results suggest that the formation of amino acyl-tRNAs may have been the step which was affected most by the inhibitors. The incorporation data at different concentrations of the aromatic amino acids were fitted to the simple Michaelis equation. Homogentisate and phenylpyruvate generally tended to reduce both Km and V in the incorporation of aromatic amino acids into protein and amino acyl-tRNAs, even if V decreased more than Km.", "contents": "Effect of aromatic acids on protein synthesis in subcellular preparations from the rat brain. The incorporation of [3H]phenylalanine, [3H]tyrosine, and [3H]tryptophan into protein and amino acyl-tRNA was studied in cell-free preparations from rat brain. Tyrosine and tryptophan inhibited the incorporation of phenylalanine into protein, and tyrosine inhibited the incorporation of phenylalanine and tryptophan into amino acyl-tRNAs. In most cases, homogentisate, phenylpyruvate, and phenyllactate inhibited the incorporation of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan into protein and amino acyl-tRNAs, and the incorporation of phenylalanine into polyphenylalanine. All other protein amino acids, and phenylacetate, salicylate, and benzoate were wholly ineffectual. The results suggest that the formation of amino acyl-tRNAs may have been the step which was affected most by the inhibitors. The incorporation data at different concentrations of the aromatic amino acids were fitted to the simple Michaelis equation. Homogentisate and phenylpyruvate generally tended to reduce both Km and V in the incorporation of aromatic amino acids into protein and amino acyl-tRNAs, even if V decreased more than Km.", "PMID": 1185188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9671", "title": "Content of amino acids in axons from the CNS of the lobster.", "content": "The contents of alanine, proline, glycine, GABA, glutamate, and aspartate were measured in four bundles of axons (designated areas A through D) from the circumesophageal connective of the lobster (Homarus americanus). The contents of these amino acids were also determined in individual axons within specific bundles and in the external sheath covering the circumesophageal connective. Within the nerve bundles the levels of aspartate were highest of the amino acids measured, ranging from 1.95 +/- 0.12 mumol/mg protein in area C to 7.55 +/- 0.54 mumol/mg protein in area B. On the other hand, GABA had the lowest value in the four bundles; its highest level was found in area C (0.083 +/- 0.006 mu mol/mg protein) and the lowest in area B (none detected). The content of glycine ranged from 1.63 +/- 0.14 (area C) to 2.52 +/- 0.32 mumol/mg protein in area A; that for glutamate ranged from 0.390 +/- 0.019 (area C) to 1.01 +/- 1.03 (area B). The contents of alanine and proline changed relatively little from bundle-to-bundle. The content of aspartate was the highest of any of the amino acids assayed in individual axons (with diameters in the range of 40 to 65 mu) dissected from areas B and C. Glycine had the next highest content followed in order by glutamate, proline, and alanine. GABA was not detected in these axons. With the exception of GABA (which could not be detected), aspartate had the lowest level (0.066 +/- 0.017) and glycine had the highest level (2.00 +/- 0.498 mumol/mg protein) in the external sheath covering the the circumesophageal connective.", "contents": "Content of amino acids in axons from the CNS of the lobster. The contents of alanine, proline, glycine, GABA, glutamate, and aspartate were measured in four bundles of axons (designated areas A through D) from the circumesophageal connective of the lobster (Homarus americanus). The contents of these amino acids were also determined in individual axons within specific bundles and in the external sheath covering the circumesophageal connective. Within the nerve bundles the levels of aspartate were highest of the amino acids measured, ranging from 1.95 +/- 0.12 mumol/mg protein in area C to 7.55 +/- 0.54 mumol/mg protein in area B. On the other hand, GABA had the lowest value in the four bundles; its highest level was found in area C (0.083 +/- 0.006 mu mol/mg protein) and the lowest in area B (none detected). The content of glycine ranged from 1.63 +/- 0.14 (area C) to 2.52 +/- 0.32 mumol/mg protein in area A; that for glutamate ranged from 0.390 +/- 0.019 (area C) to 1.01 +/- 1.03 (area B). The contents of alanine and proline changed relatively little from bundle-to-bundle. The content of aspartate was the highest of any of the amino acids assayed in individual axons (with diameters in the range of 40 to 65 mu) dissected from areas B and C. Glycine had the next highest content followed in order by glutamate, proline, and alanine. GABA was not detected in these axons. With the exception of GABA (which could not be detected), aspartate had the lowest level (0.066 +/- 0.017) and glycine had the highest level (2.00 +/- 0.498 mumol/mg protein) in the external sheath covering the the circumesophageal connective.", "PMID": 1185189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9672", "title": "Formation of a functional adrenergic input to intraocular cerebellar grafts: ingrowth of inhibitory sympathetic fibers.", "content": "The intraocular transplantation technique was used to study the ingrowth of peripheral sympathetic adrenergic nerves from the iris into transplants of fetal rat cerebellum, and the possible function of these nerves. The transplants, grown in oculo for one-half to eight months, were analyzed by fluorescence histochemistry and electrophysiological techniques. Peripheral sympathetic adrenergic fibers from the iris were able to grow into the cerebellar transplants and arborize in a pattern similar to that in situ, appearing in all three cortical layers and the noncortical areas of the transplants. The density of visible nerves without pretreatment and after preincubation in 10(-6) or 10(-5) M alpha-methylnorepinephrine was comparable to mature rat cerebellum. The spontaneous discharge of the Purkinje cells in oculo was inhibited by microiontophoresis of norepinephrine (NE) and amphetamine in sympathetically innervated, as well as sympathectomized transplants denervated by ganglionectomy. The NE response was blocked by the adrenergic beta-receptor blocker MJ-1999. GABA also inhibited the Purkinje cell activity while glutamate accelerated the discharge. Parenteral amphetamine inhibited Purkinje cell activity in sympathetically innervated transplants, but was ineffective in denervated transplants. The Purkinje cell spontaneous activity was inhibited by electrical stimulation of the NE fiber input through the cervical sympathetic trunk. This inhibition could be antagonized by parenteral reserpine or the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol. The responses of the Purkinje cells within the transplants to drugs and transmitters mimic those of the adult rat in situ. In view of the fluorescence histochemical evidence for an ingrowth of peripheral sympathetic adrenergic fibers into the cerebellar transplants, and the results of stimulating the sympathetic trunk, it is suggested that peripheral adrenergic fibers may be able to establish functional connections with the Purkinje cells similar to the cerebellar adrenergic synapses normally formed in situ by fibers from the locus coeruleus.", "contents": "Formation of a functional adrenergic input to intraocular cerebellar grafts: ingrowth of inhibitory sympathetic fibers. The intraocular transplantation technique was used to study the ingrowth of peripheral sympathetic adrenergic nerves from the iris into transplants of fetal rat cerebellum, and the possible function of these nerves. The transplants, grown in oculo for one-half to eight months, were analyzed by fluorescence histochemistry and electrophysiological techniques. Peripheral sympathetic adrenergic fibers from the iris were able to grow into the cerebellar transplants and arborize in a pattern similar to that in situ, appearing in all three cortical layers and the noncortical areas of the transplants. The density of visible nerves without pretreatment and after preincubation in 10(-6) or 10(-5) M alpha-methylnorepinephrine was comparable to mature rat cerebellum. The spontaneous discharge of the Purkinje cells in oculo was inhibited by microiontophoresis of norepinephrine (NE) and amphetamine in sympathetically innervated, as well as sympathectomized transplants denervated by ganglionectomy. The NE response was blocked by the adrenergic beta-receptor blocker MJ-1999. GABA also inhibited the Purkinje cell activity while glutamate accelerated the discharge. Parenteral amphetamine inhibited Purkinje cell activity in sympathetically innervated transplants, but was ineffective in denervated transplants. The Purkinje cell spontaneous activity was inhibited by electrical stimulation of the NE fiber input through the cervical sympathetic trunk. This inhibition could be antagonized by parenteral reserpine or the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol. The responses of the Purkinje cells within the transplants to drugs and transmitters mimic those of the adult rat in situ. In view of the fluorescence histochemical evidence for an ingrowth of peripheral sympathetic adrenergic fibers into the cerebellar transplants, and the results of stimulating the sympathetic trunk, it is suggested that peripheral adrenergic fibers may be able to establish functional connections with the Purkinje cells similar to the cerebellar adrenergic synapses normally formed in situ by fibers from the locus coeruleus.", "PMID": 1185191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9673", "title": "Catechol-O-methyl transferase and monoamine oxidase activities in brains of mice susceptible and resistant to audiogenic seizures.", "content": "The activities of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and a methanol forming enzyme were studied in whole brain homogenates and in livers obtained from DBA/2J, C57B1/6J, and F1 hybrid mice. DBA/2J mice are extremely susceptible to audiogenic seizures, whereas C57B1/6J mice are resistant to sound-induced convulsions. C57B1/6J mice were found to have significantly higher brain levels of COMT, while MAO activities were not different in animals of these genotypes. No methanol forming activity was detected in animals of either strain. No differences were found in hepatic activities of either COMT or MAO. Pyrogallol was shown to protect DBA/2J animals against audiogenic seizures.", "contents": "Catechol-O-methyl transferase and monoamine oxidase activities in brains of mice susceptible and resistant to audiogenic seizures. The activities of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and a methanol forming enzyme were studied in whole brain homogenates and in livers obtained from DBA/2J, C57B1/6J, and F1 hybrid mice. DBA/2J mice are extremely susceptible to audiogenic seizures, whereas C57B1/6J mice are resistant to sound-induced convulsions. C57B1/6J mice were found to have significantly higher brain levels of COMT, while MAO activities were not different in animals of these genotypes. No methanol forming activity was detected in animals of either strain. No differences were found in hepatic activities of either COMT or MAO. Pyrogallol was shown to protect DBA/2J animals against audiogenic seizures.", "PMID": 1185192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9674", "title": "Chorea, polycythaemis, and cyanotic heart disease.", "content": "Two cases of polycythaemic chorea are described, both of which were complicated by severe heart disease. The first was a child with patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation of the aorta causing severe cyanosis and secondary polycythaemia. Chorea began intermittently at an early age, becoming continuous by his fifth birthday. The second was a middle-aged male with tight mitral stenosis and a story of paralytic chorea in his teens. Polycythaemia rubra vera was eventually diagnosed two years after mitral valvotomy, some seven years after the onset of chorea.", "contents": "Chorea, polycythaemis, and cyanotic heart disease. Two cases of polycythaemic chorea are described, both of which were complicated by severe heart disease. The first was a child with patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation of the aorta causing severe cyanosis and secondary polycythaemia. Chorea began intermittently at an early age, becoming continuous by his fifth birthday. The second was a middle-aged male with tight mitral stenosis and a story of paralytic chorea in his teens. Polycythaemia rubra vera was eventually diagnosed two years after mitral valvotomy, some seven years after the onset of chorea.", "PMID": 1185193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9675", "title": "Acute unilateral hydrocephalus resulting from oedematous occlusion of foramen of Monro: complication of intraventricular surgery.", "content": "Transcerebral removal of a small choroid plexus papilloma in the region of the foramen of Monro was followed within 48 hours by severe and progressive unilateral hydrocephalus. Acute unilateral hydrocephalus is a hitherto unrecognized complication of intraventricular surgery.", "contents": "Acute unilateral hydrocephalus resulting from oedematous occlusion of foramen of Monro: complication of intraventricular surgery. Transcerebral removal of a small choroid plexus papilloma in the region of the foramen of Monro was followed within 48 hours by severe and progressive unilateral hydrocephalus. Acute unilateral hydrocephalus is a hitherto unrecognized complication of intraventricular surgery.", "PMID": 1185194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9676", "title": "Effects of stimulus site on the pattern of skin conductance responses evoked from spinal man.", "content": "The spatial organization of sudomotor responses mediated by the cervically transected human spinal cord was investigated by recording skin conductance responses from the volar surfaces of the hands and feet of 10 patients after pulse trains applied separately to the skin of each extremity. Each stimulus site tended to be associated with a distinctive pattern of skin conductance responses.", "contents": "Effects of stimulus site on the pattern of skin conductance responses evoked from spinal man. The spatial organization of sudomotor responses mediated by the cervically transected human spinal cord was investigated by recording skin conductance responses from the volar surfaces of the hands and feet of 10 patients after pulse trains applied separately to the skin of each extremity. Each stimulus site tended to be associated with a distinctive pattern of skin conductance responses.", "PMID": 1185195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9677", "title": "Normal ulnar nerve conduction velocity across the thoracic outlet: comparison of two measuring techniques.", "content": "Comparison of ulnar nerve conduction across the thoracic outlet in 30 normal individuals using caliper and steel tape measurements is reported. A difference of 11.3 m/s was noted between the two methods (58.9 +/- 4.20 m/s by caliper; 70.2 +/- 5.20 m/s by tape). Comparison of these values with previous studies and the use of the opposite limb as a control are discussed. This procedure is of clinical importance in the diagnosis of nerve compression in the thoracic outlet syndrome.", "contents": "Normal ulnar nerve conduction velocity across the thoracic outlet: comparison of two measuring techniques. Comparison of ulnar nerve conduction across the thoracic outlet in 30 normal individuals using caliper and steel tape measurements is reported. A difference of 11.3 m/s was noted between the two methods (58.9 +/- 4.20 m/s by caliper; 70.2 +/- 5.20 m/s by tape). Comparison of these values with previous studies and the use of the opposite limb as a control are discussed. This procedure is of clinical importance in the diagnosis of nerve compression in the thoracic outlet syndrome.", "PMID": 1185196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9678", "title": "Myotubular myopathy associated with cataract and electrical myotonia.", "content": "A case of myotubular myopathy is described which is unusual because of bilateral cataracts and prominent myotonic-like discharges on the EMG. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to dystrophia myotonica.", "contents": "Myotubular myopathy associated with cataract and electrical myotonia. A case of myotubular myopathy is described which is unusual because of bilateral cataracts and prominent myotonic-like discharges on the EMG. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to dystrophia myotonica.", "PMID": 1185197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9679", "title": "Symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst with amyloid stroma.", "content": "A patient with panhypopituitarism and visual field defects due to a Rathke's cleft cyst is presented. These cysts are commonly found in random pituitaries examined at necropsy, but rarely produce symptoms. Subtle endocrine deficiencies, however, may now be uncovered more frequently with modern diagnostic techniques. An unusual and unreported feature of this cyst was an apudamyloid stroma. This would imply that cells derived from the neural crest participate in the formation of the cyst. Recognition of these cysts at the time of operation is important in avoiding confusion with pituitary adenomas and unnecessarily aggressive treatment.", "contents": "Symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst with amyloid stroma. A patient with panhypopituitarism and visual field defects due to a Rathke's cleft cyst is presented. These cysts are commonly found in random pituitaries examined at necropsy, but rarely produce symptoms. Subtle endocrine deficiencies, however, may now be uncovered more frequently with modern diagnostic techniques. An unusual and unreported feature of this cyst was an apudamyloid stroma. This would imply that cells derived from the neural crest participate in the formation of the cyst. Recognition of these cysts at the time of operation is important in avoiding confusion with pituitary adenomas and unnecessarily aggressive treatment.", "PMID": 1185198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9680", "title": "Note on the scoliosis of Parkinsonism.", "content": "A lateral deviation of the spine and a corresponding tendency to lean to one side was found in 19 and 21 consecutive unoperated patients with Parkinsonism encountered in an outpatient clinic. The direction of postural deviation correlated significantly with the laterality of the major signs and symptoms of Parkinsonism. The phenomenon appears to be analogous to the postural asymmetries produced in experimental animals by unilateral lesions of the nigroneostriatal pathways.", "contents": "Note on the scoliosis of Parkinsonism. A lateral deviation of the spine and a corresponding tendency to lean to one side was found in 19 and 21 consecutive unoperated patients with Parkinsonism encountered in an outpatient clinic. The direction of postural deviation correlated significantly with the laterality of the major signs and symptoms of Parkinsonism. The phenomenon appears to be analogous to the postural asymmetries produced in experimental animals by unilateral lesions of the nigroneostriatal pathways.", "PMID": 1185199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9681", "title": "Cognitive deficits associated with chronic hepatic encephalopathy and their response to levodopa.", "content": "A battery of computer-based psychological tests given to seven patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy showed them to be intellectually impaired, particularly on speed-based measures, as compared with general hospital patients and with patients with cirrhosis but without clinical or electroencephalographic evidence of encephalopathy. Two of the seven patients  in the latter group also showed evidence of cognitive impairment on some tests. The effects of levodopa were also evaluated by sequential assessment with these tests. Although there was some improvement in speed of performance on certain tasks and a suggestion of deterioration on other measures, there was little overall change. It is concluded that levodopa has an 'arousing' or antidepressant action and that its effect on intellectual functions is secondary to this alerting effect and is consequently dependent on the emotional and attentional status of the patient.", "contents": "Cognitive deficits associated with chronic hepatic encephalopathy and their response to levodopa. A battery of computer-based psychological tests given to seven patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy showed them to be intellectually impaired, particularly on speed-based measures, as compared with general hospital patients and with patients with cirrhosis but without clinical or electroencephalographic evidence of encephalopathy. Two of the seven patients  in the latter group also showed evidence of cognitive impairment on some tests. The effects of levodopa were also evaluated by sequential assessment with these tests. Although there was some improvement in speed of performance on certain tasks and a suggestion of deterioration on other measures, there was little overall change. It is concluded that levodopa has an 'arousing' or antidepressant action and that its effect on intellectual functions is secondary to this alerting effect and is consequently dependent on the emotional and attentional status of the patient.", "PMID": 1185200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9682", "title": "Precentral cerebellar vein in cystic astrocytomas of the vermis.", "content": "A peculiar abnormality of the precentral cerebellar vein seen only in cystic astrocytoma of the vermis is reported. Implications of this angiographic finding are discussed. The importance of posterior fossa angiography (especially venography) in the diagnosis of posterior fossa mass lesions is emphasized.", "contents": "Precentral cerebellar vein in cystic astrocytomas of the vermis. A peculiar abnormality of the precentral cerebellar vein seen only in cystic astrocytoma of the vermis is reported. Implications of this angiographic finding are discussed. The importance of posterior fossa angiography (especially venography) in the diagnosis of posterior fossa mass lesions is emphasized.", "PMID": 1185201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9683", "title": "Traumatic disruption of the sacral root sheath.", "content": "An unusual case of sacral nerve root injury in a boy aged 6 years is described. Surgical intervention was not undertaken. Recovery of function was complete.", "contents": "Traumatic disruption of the sacral root sheath. An unusual case of sacral nerve root injury in a boy aged 6 years is described. Surgical intervention was not undertaken. Recovery of function was complete.", "PMID": 1185202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9684", "title": "Ventricular size after shunting for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.", "content": "It has been presumed that idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is due to obstruction. We visualized the ventricles in 19 patients subsequent to shunting. We found no consistent relationship between clinical improvement after shunting and reduction in ventricular size. This suggests that the positive effect of shunting in at least some instances is due to some other factor than reduced ventricular size.", "contents": "Ventricular size after shunting for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. It has been presumed that idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is due to obstruction. We visualized the ventricles in 19 patients subsequent to shunting. We found no consistent relationship between clinical improvement after shunting and reduction in ventricular size. This suggests that the positive effect of shunting in at least some instances is due to some other factor than reduced ventricular size.", "PMID": 1185220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9685", "title": "Effects of psychotropic drugs on canine cerebral metabolism and circulation related to EEG--diazepam, clomipramine, and chlorpromazine.", "content": "The effects of diazepam, clomipramine, and chlorpromazine upon cerebral metabolism and blood flow were examined separately in 18 dogs. After the administration of diazepam or clomipramine, cerebral cortical oxygen consumption (CMRO2) decreased significantly by a maximum of 17% and 13% of control within 10 minutes and 15 minutes, and returned to control at 120 minutes and 90 minutes, respectively. Chlorpromazine, however, decreased by a maximum of 10% of control, a level which continued throughout the period of observation. It was observed that reduction in CMRglucose was followed by the reduction in CMRO2 at an interval during the early stages of CMRO2 depression. Diazepam produced a significant decrease in CBF accompanied by reduction in CMRO2, but neither clomipramine nor chlorpromazine had any effect on CBF in spite of reduction in CMRO2. Reduction in CMRO2 both with diazepam and clomipramine was accompanied by slow wave activities of EEG, but with chlorpromazine reduction in CMRO2 was accompanied with less pronounced slow wave activities. It was concluded that the three drugs examined were cerebral metabolic depressants.", "contents": "Effects of psychotropic drugs on canine cerebral metabolism and circulation related to EEG--diazepam, clomipramine, and chlorpromazine. The effects of diazepam, clomipramine, and chlorpromazine upon cerebral metabolism and blood flow were examined separately in 18 dogs. After the administration of diazepam or clomipramine, cerebral cortical oxygen consumption (CMRO2) decreased significantly by a maximum of 17% and 13% of control within 10 minutes and 15 minutes, and returned to control at 120 minutes and 90 minutes, respectively. Chlorpromazine, however, decreased by a maximum of 10% of control, a level which continued throughout the period of observation. It was observed that reduction in CMRglucose was followed by the reduction in CMRO2 at an interval during the early stages of CMRO2 depression. Diazepam produced a significant decrease in CBF accompanied by reduction in CMRO2, but neither clomipramine nor chlorpromazine had any effect on CBF in spite of reduction in CMRO2. Reduction in CMRO2 both with diazepam and clomipramine was accompanied by slow wave activities of EEG, but with chlorpromazine reduction in CMRO2 was accompanied with less pronounced slow wave activities. It was concluded that the three drugs examined were cerebral metabolic depressants.", "PMID": 1185221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9686", "title": "Progressive familial myoclonus epilepsy.", "content": "Seven cases of progressive familial myoclonus epilepsy occurring in three families are presented. The patients were in different stages of the illness. The EEG was abnormal in all. It is suggested that these cases belong clinically to the Lafora bodies group. Nystagmus and optic atrophy, seen in one patient, have not been described previously. Myoclonic jerks did not respond to treatment with diazepam and ethosuximide.", "contents": "Progressive familial myoclonus epilepsy. Seven cases of progressive familial myoclonus epilepsy occurring in three families are presented. The patients were in different stages of the illness. The EEG was abnormal in all. It is suggested that these cases belong clinically to the Lafora bodies group. Nystagmus and optic atrophy, seen in one patient, have not been described previously. Myoclonic jerks did not respond to treatment with diazepam and ethosuximide.", "PMID": 1185222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9687", "title": "Progressive myoclonic epilepsy due to Gaucher's disease in an adult.", "content": "A 39 year old Jewish male with a 22 year history of progressive myoclonic epilepsy was found to have Gaucher cells in his sternal bone marrow. The diagnosis of Gaucher's disease was confirmed by the demonstration of beta-glucosidase deficiency in fibroblasts. Although neurological involvement is extremely rare in adults with Gaucher's disease, this disease is another lipidosis which should be considered in patients with progressive myoclonic epilepsy.", "contents": "Progressive myoclonic epilepsy due to Gaucher's disease in an adult. A 39 year old Jewish male with a 22 year history of progressive myoclonic epilepsy was found to have Gaucher cells in his sternal bone marrow. The diagnosis of Gaucher's disease was confirmed by the demonstration of beta-glucosidase deficiency in fibroblasts. Although neurological involvement is extremely rare in adults with Gaucher's disease, this disease is another lipidosis which should be considered in patients with progressive myoclonic epilepsy.", "PMID": 1185223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9688", "title": "Cutaneous afferent activity in median and radial nerve fascicles: a microelectrode study.", "content": "Cutaneous afferent activity was recorded in fascicles of the median and radial nerves of normal subjects using percutaneous microelectrodes. Multi-unit fascicular responses were dominated by activity in large myelinated fibres. Easily tolerated electrical stimuli evoked the full spectrum of fast and slow myelinated fibre activity but more intense levels were required to activate unmyelinated fibres. Correlation of the evoked potentials and the sensations reported by the subject suggested that fast myelinated fibres mediate tactile sensations. Pricking pain appeared with the activation of slow myelinated fibres. The only sensations induced by electrical stimuli were tactile or painful.", "contents": "Cutaneous afferent activity in median and radial nerve fascicles: a microelectrode study. Cutaneous afferent activity was recorded in fascicles of the median and radial nerves of normal subjects using percutaneous microelectrodes. Multi-unit fascicular responses were dominated by activity in large myelinated fibres. Easily tolerated electrical stimuli evoked the full spectrum of fast and slow myelinated fibre activity but more intense levels were required to activate unmyelinated fibres. Correlation of the evoked potentials and the sensations reported by the subject suggested that fast myelinated fibres mediate tactile sensations. Pricking pain appeared with the activation of slow myelinated fibres. The only sensations induced by electrical stimuli were tactile or painful.", "PMID": 1185224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9689", "title": "Fibre function and perception during cutaneous nerve block.", "content": "In awake human subjects, neural responses in radial nerves to electrical stimulation were recorded with intrafascicular tungsten microelectrodes. Changes in the activity of individual fibre groups during blocking procedures were recorded and correlated with simultaneous alterations in the perception of standardized stimuli. Light touch sensibility in hairy skin appeared to depend on the integrity of A-beta-gamma fibres, cold and pinprick on A-delta fibres, and warmth and dull pain on C fibres.", "contents": "Fibre function and perception during cutaneous nerve block. In awake human subjects, neural responses in radial nerves to electrical stimulation were recorded with intrafascicular tungsten microelectrodes. Changes in the activity of individual fibre groups during blocking procedures were recorded and correlated with simultaneous alterations in the perception of standardized stimuli. Light touch sensibility in hairy skin appeared to depend on the integrity of A-beta-gamma fibres, cold and pinprick on A-delta fibres, and warmth and dull pain on C fibres.", "PMID": 1185225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9690", "title": "Motor unit fibre density in the extensor digitorum communis muscle. Single fibre electromyographic study in normal subjects at different ages.", "content": "A single fibre EMG study is presented from extensor digitorum communis muscle in sujbects aged 10 to 89 years. The average number of single muscle fibre action potentials generated by muscle fibres in the same motor unit within the uptake area of the electrode is used as a measure of the motor unit fibre density. The fibre density increases slowly during life with a faster progression after the age 70 years. The number of recordings indicating impaired nerve or neuromuscular impulse transmission increases at the same time. The findings indicate degenerative loss of motor neurones with aging, compensated for by reinnervation. The changes are relatively slight in the extensor digitorum communis muscle as compared with other muscles, permitting early pathological changes in this muscle to be recognized independently of age factors.", "contents": "Motor unit fibre density in the extensor digitorum communis muscle. Single fibre electromyographic study in normal subjects at different ages. A single fibre EMG study is presented from extensor digitorum communis muscle in sujbects aged 10 to 89 years. The average number of single muscle fibre action potentials generated by muscle fibres in the same motor unit within the uptake area of the electrode is used as a measure of the motor unit fibre density. The fibre density increases slowly during life with a faster progression after the age 70 years. The number of recordings indicating impaired nerve or neuromuscular impulse transmission increases at the same time. The findings indicate degenerative loss of motor neurones with aging, compensated for by reinnervation. The changes are relatively slight in the extensor digitorum communis muscle as compared with other muscles, permitting early pathological changes in this muscle to be recognized independently of age factors.", "PMID": 1185226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9691", "title": "Spectrum of symptomatic brain-stem metastasis.", "content": "Three cases are presented which depict the spectrum of neurological disability attendant on intra-axial brain-stem metastases, ranging from fulminant decline to a more leisurely and less disabling course.  The rarity of primary glioma of brain-stem compared with brain-stem metastases in a general hospital population in the age group from 50 years and over is emphasized. Clinical deficit, certain ancillary findings, and response to therapy do not serve to separate brain-stem glioma from secondary brain-stem metastasis. The primary tumour may not be apparent when central nervous system symptoms appear or even for as long as two years after. It is recommended that the diagnosis of primary brain-stem glioma in the middle-aged adult be provisional and increasingly tentative over the age of 50 years.", "contents": "Spectrum of symptomatic brain-stem metastasis. Three cases are presented which depict the spectrum of neurological disability attendant on intra-axial brain-stem metastases, ranging from fulminant decline to a more leisurely and less disabling course.  The rarity of primary glioma of brain-stem compared with brain-stem metastases in a general hospital population in the age group from 50 years and over is emphasized. Clinical deficit, certain ancillary findings, and response to therapy do not serve to separate brain-stem glioma from secondary brain-stem metastasis. The primary tumour may not be apparent when central nervous system symptoms appear or even for as long as two years after. It is recommended that the diagnosis of primary brain-stem glioma in the middle-aged adult be provisional and increasingly tentative over the age of 50 years.", "PMID": 1185227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9692", "title": "\"Pure\" motor hemiplegia.", "content": "Attenuation of cerebral evoked responses after stimulation of the median nerve in the hemiplegic limbs suggested that an apparently pure motor hemiplegia in some patients may not have pure involvement of the corticospinal system. Frontoparietal metastasis, infarction in basis pontis and medullary pyramid, and occlusion of internal carotid artery in the neck resulted in pure motor hemiplegia in some individuals.", "contents": "\"Pure\" motor hemiplegia. Attenuation of cerebral evoked responses after stimulation of the median nerve in the hemiplegic limbs suggested that an apparently pure motor hemiplegia in some patients may not have pure involvement of the corticospinal system. Frontoparietal metastasis, infarction in basis pontis and medullary pyramid, and occlusion of internal carotid artery in the neck resulted in pure motor hemiplegia in some individuals.", "PMID": 1185228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9693", "title": "Comparative epidemiological studies of multiple sclerosis in South Africa and Japan.", "content": "Evidence is presented pointing to an increased incidence of multiple sclerosis having taken place in South Africa during the period 1964 to 1970 and in Tokyo, Japan, during the period 1966 to 1972. There is a possibility that these changes in incidence point to the introduction during the years immediately after the second world war, of an infective element-probably from a high-risk area-to Tokyo and South Africa. If this is so, it lends support to the theory of an infective basis for multiple sclerosis and that the suspected infection in prepubertal susceptibles may produce the symptoms of multiple sclerosis years later. Other factors relevant to multiple sclerosis such as environmental changes, improved diagnostic techniques, and susceptibility are discussed.", "contents": "Comparative epidemiological studies of multiple sclerosis in South Africa and Japan. Evidence is presented pointing to an increased incidence of multiple sclerosis having taken place in South Africa during the period 1964 to 1970 and in Tokyo, Japan, during the period 1966 to 1972. There is a possibility that these changes in incidence point to the introduction during the years immediately after the second world war, of an infective element-probably from a high-risk area-to Tokyo and South Africa. If this is so, it lends support to the theory of an infective basis for multiple sclerosis and that the suspected infection in prepubertal susceptibles may produce the symptoms of multiple sclerosis years later. Other factors relevant to multiple sclerosis such as environmental changes, improved diagnostic techniques, and susceptibility are discussed.", "PMID": 1185229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9694", "title": "Visual failure from pituitary and parasellar tumours occurring with favourable outcome in pregnant women.", "content": "Very few cases have been reported of a successful outcome after relief by operation of severe visual failure from a pituitary or other parasellar tumour during the late stages of pregnancy. Two such cases are recorded here together with the obstetric features and follow-up studies of more than three years. Usually the deterioration of vi sion occurs in the latter half of the pregnancy and recovers rapidly after delivery, whether the onset of labour has occurred spontaneously or after induction. In subsequent pregnancies vision deteriorates at an earlier stage and becomes even more marked. Some cases are now occurring even in pregnancies induced by modern fertility drugs. The treatment of choice whenever vision is seriously threatened at any stage of pregnancy is a surgical attack on the pituitary, followed by suitable replacement therapy to ensure that the pregnancy continues.", "contents": "Visual failure from pituitary and parasellar tumours occurring with favourable outcome in pregnant women. Very few cases have been reported of a successful outcome after relief by operation of severe visual failure from a pituitary or other parasellar tumour during the late stages of pregnancy. Two such cases are recorded here together with the obstetric features and follow-up studies of more than three years. Usually the deterioration of vi sion occurs in the latter half of the pregnancy and recovers rapidly after delivery, whether the onset of labour has occurred spontaneously or after induction. In subsequent pregnancies vision deteriorates at an earlier stage and becomes even more marked. Some cases are now occurring even in pregnancies induced by modern fertility drugs. The treatment of choice whenever vision is seriously threatened at any stage of pregnancy is a surgical attack on the pituitary, followed by suitable replacement therapy to ensure that the pregnancy continues.", "PMID": 1185230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9695", "title": "Absence of papilloedema in cerebral tumors.", "content": "Fluorescein fundus angiography in 10 patients with a cerebral tumour of considerable size but without ophthalmoscopic papilloedema does not support the hypothesis that such patients have in fact minimal papilloedema. Absence of papilloedema in these cases usually indicates absence of persistently high CSF pressure.", "contents": "Absence of papilloedema in cerebral tumors. Fluorescein fundus angiography in 10 patients with a cerebral tumour of considerable size but without ophthalmoscopic papilloedema does not support the hypothesis that such patients have in fact minimal papilloedema. Absence of papilloedema in these cases usually indicates absence of persistently high CSF pressure.", "PMID": 1185231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9696", "title": "On the tau-protein in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "128 cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained. About 5 mul of each of the samples was subjected unconcentrated to agar gel electrophoresis. The remaining 44 of these samples were concentrated and the concentrates were electrophoresed. The proteins were stained. Analysis of the relative mobilities of the peaks makes two conclusions possible: the albumin in cerebrospinal fluid has the same electrophoretic mobility as purified serum albumin. The tau-protein possibly arises from transferrin by proteolytic breakdown, some products (such as the classical tau-protein) being less unstable than others (the intermediate peaks).", "contents": "On the tau-protein in cerebrospinal fluid. 128 cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained. About 5 mul of each of the samples was subjected unconcentrated to agar gel electrophoresis. The remaining 44 of these samples were concentrated and the concentrates were electrophoresed. The proteins were stained. Analysis of the relative mobilities of the peaks makes two conclusions possible: the albumin in cerebrospinal fluid has the same electrophoretic mobility as purified serum albumin. The tau-protein possibly arises from transferrin by proteolytic breakdown, some products (such as the classical tau-protein) being less unstable than others (the intermediate peaks).", "PMID": 1185232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9697", "title": "Measles antibodies and immunoglobulins in sera from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and from an infected ferret.", "content": "Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of sera from 2 patients with SSPE revealed a slow-moving and a fast-moving gamma-globulin band. The IgG fractions from sera were isolated by the combination of starch block electrophoresis, Sephadex gel filtration and isoelectric focusing techniques. The purity of each protein was tested by immunoelectrophoresis using a potent goat anti-whole human serum. The isolated IgG preparations were tested in HI, CF and N tests against measles virus envelope, measles virus nucleocapsid and whole measles virus, respectively. The results showed that isolated IgG fractions, having different electrophoretic mobilities, contained high titers of HI, CF and N antibodies, and these titers were proportional to the protein concentration of IgG. Although both IgG fractions appeared to show an increase of K-type chain, neither fraction was devoid of L-type chain. These results indicate that the homogeneous IgG bands observed in the SSPE serum were not monoclonal as they failed to show selective increase of one type of light chain and uneven distribution of measles antibody activity. These findings were compared with the results from a ferret, which developed encephalitis 2 months after intracerebral inoculation with cell-associated measles virus derived from the brain of an SSPE patient. The electrophoretic pattern of the ferret serum was similar to that of the human. High titers of measles HI and N antibodies were seen in the isolated slow- and fast-moving IgG's. The similarities observed in the human and ferret IgG's, with respect to homogeneous bands in electrophoresis and measles HI and H antibody activities, suggest that the ferret may be a useful animal model for studying the immune mechanism of SSPE.", "contents": "Measles antibodies and immunoglobulins in sera from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and from an infected ferret. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of sera from 2 patients with SSPE revealed a slow-moving and a fast-moving gamma-globulin band. The IgG fractions from sera were isolated by the combination of starch block electrophoresis, Sephadex gel filtration and isoelectric focusing techniques. The purity of each protein was tested by immunoelectrophoresis using a potent goat anti-whole human serum. The isolated IgG preparations were tested in HI, CF and N tests against measles virus envelope, measles virus nucleocapsid and whole measles virus, respectively. The results showed that isolated IgG fractions, having different electrophoretic mobilities, contained high titers of HI, CF and N antibodies, and these titers were proportional to the protein concentration of IgG. Although both IgG fractions appeared to show an increase of K-type chain, neither fraction was devoid of L-type chain. These results indicate that the homogeneous IgG bands observed in the SSPE serum were not monoclonal as they failed to show selective increase of one type of light chain and uneven distribution of measles antibody activity. These findings were compared with the results from a ferret, which developed encephalitis 2 months after intracerebral inoculation with cell-associated measles virus derived from the brain of an SSPE patient. The electrophoretic pattern of the ferret serum was similar to that of the human. High titers of measles HI and N antibodies were seen in the isolated slow- and fast-moving IgG's. The similarities observed in the human and ferret IgG's, with respect to homogeneous bands in electrophoresis and measles HI and H antibody activities, suggest that the ferret may be a useful animal model for studying the immune mechanism of SSPE.", "PMID": 1185233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9698", "title": "The cortical form of subacute necrotizing encephalopathy of the Leigh type. A light- and electron-microscopic study.", "content": "The present paper is a clinico-pathological study of a 14-year-old boy with a chronic, progressive occipital syndrome for which he was operated upon. Postoperatively, metabolic acidosis developed. Pathological anatomy revealed spongy necrosis of the thalamus and corpora quadrigemina with the typical histological features of Leigh's necrotizing encephalopathy. Similar necrotic lesions had developed in the occipital cortex. At this level apart from the typical foci, cavitating necrosis was found as well as involvement of the smaller vessels of the pial circulation. Electron microscopy revealed vascular and glial changes suggestive of primary mesenchymoglial dystrophy. The histiocytes presented intracytoplasmic multiplication of lysosomes and their transformation into lipofuscin pigment. The changes demonstrate a juvenile cortical form of Leigh's subacute necrotizing encephalopathy.", "contents": "The cortical form of subacute necrotizing encephalopathy of the Leigh type. A light- and electron-microscopic study. The present paper is a clinico-pathological study of a 14-year-old boy with a chronic, progressive occipital syndrome for which he was operated upon. Postoperatively, metabolic acidosis developed. Pathological anatomy revealed spongy necrosis of the thalamus and corpora quadrigemina with the typical histological features of Leigh's necrotizing encephalopathy. Similar necrotic lesions had developed in the occipital cortex. At this level apart from the typical foci, cavitating necrosis was found as well as involvement of the smaller vessels of the pial circulation. Electron microscopy revealed vascular and glial changes suggestive of primary mesenchymoglial dystrophy. The histiocytes presented intracytoplasmic multiplication of lysosomes and their transformation into lipofuscin pigment. The changes demonstrate a juvenile cortical form of Leigh's subacute necrotizing encephalopathy.", "PMID": 1185234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9699", "title": "Experimental mitochondrial myopathy produced by in vivo uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.", "content": "Two uncouplers of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation [2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCH)] were infused intra-arterially into a branch of the lower abdominal aorta of anesthetized rats over a 60-180 min period. An acute, severe, hypermetabolic state with systemic lactic acidosis and stiffness of the lower extremeities developed. In the plantaris muscles, by histochemistry, numerous \"ragged red\" fibers were present after the infusion. The \"ragged red\" areas presumably represented an absolute increase in mitochondrial mass in affected muscle fibers. By electron microscopy, linear inclusions were present in the intracristal space of many mitochondria. Simultaneous infusion of DNP and chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis, prevented the formation of ragged red fibers but not the intracristal inclusions. Infusion of relatively large amounts of oleic acid produced histochemical and electron-microscopic changes similar to those caused by the uncouplers. A possible pathogenesis of these reversible mitochondrial changes was discussed and their potential relevance to morphologic abnormalities of skeletal muscle mitochondria in human diseases was reviewed.", "contents": "Experimental mitochondrial myopathy produced by in vivo uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Two uncouplers of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation [2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCH)] were infused intra-arterially into a branch of the lower abdominal aorta of anesthetized rats over a 60-180 min period. An acute, severe, hypermetabolic state with systemic lactic acidosis and stiffness of the lower extremeities developed. In the plantaris muscles, by histochemistry, numerous \"ragged red\" fibers were present after the infusion. The \"ragged red\" areas presumably represented an absolute increase in mitochondrial mass in affected muscle fibers. By electron microscopy, linear inclusions were present in the intracristal space of many mitochondria. Simultaneous infusion of DNP and chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis, prevented the formation of ragged red fibers but not the intracristal inclusions. Infusion of relatively large amounts of oleic acid produced histochemical and electron-microscopic changes similar to those caused by the uncouplers. A possible pathogenesis of these reversible mitochondrial changes was discussed and their potential relevance to morphologic abnormalities of skeletal muscle mitochondria in human diseases was reviewed.", "PMID": 1185235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9700", "title": "Changes of epidural pressures after experimental occlusion of one middle cerebral artery in cats.", "content": "Epidural pressures (EDP) were measured in 29 cats. Twenty cats had the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) occluded; pentobarbital was used for anesthesia for 10 of these, and halothane was used for the other 10. Two cats had sham operations: the MCA was manipulated but not occluded. Seven cats were used for testing the reliability of the EDP devices. EDP was measured successfully and was directly related to the swelling of the brain and to the size of the cerebral infarct resulting from MCA occlusion. Side-to-side pressure gradients were demonstrated in 7 cats with marked increases of EDP after occlusion; in these cats, EDP may have reflected the pressure of compressed cerebral tissue rather than the pressure of cerebrospinal fluid. Cats anesthetized with pentobarbital had greater increases of EDP and died before the end of the period of observation more frequently than cats anesthetized with halothane, probably because of respiratory depression and slower recovery with pentobarbital. Measurements of EDP may be useful for studies of the treatment of cerebral edema in experimental models of acute cerebral ischemia.", "contents": "Changes of epidural pressures after experimental occlusion of one middle cerebral artery in cats. Epidural pressures (EDP) were measured in 29 cats. Twenty cats had the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) occluded; pentobarbital was used for anesthesia for 10 of these, and halothane was used for the other 10. Two cats had sham operations: the MCA was manipulated but not occluded. Seven cats were used for testing the reliability of the EDP devices. EDP was measured successfully and was directly related to the swelling of the brain and to the size of the cerebral infarct resulting from MCA occlusion. Side-to-side pressure gradients were demonstrated in 7 cats with marked increases of EDP after occlusion; in these cats, EDP may have reflected the pressure of compressed cerebral tissue rather than the pressure of cerebrospinal fluid. Cats anesthetized with pentobarbital had greater increases of EDP and died before the end of the period of observation more frequently than cats anesthetized with halothane, probably because of respiratory depression and slower recovery with pentobarbital. Measurements of EDP may be useful for studies of the treatment of cerebral edema in experimental models of acute cerebral ischemia.", "PMID": 1185236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9701", "title": "[Deoxyribonucleases in spontaneous and experimental tumors of the nervous system].", "content": "DNA- and RNA-concentrations, as well as in vitro activities of DNase I (EC 3.1.4.5), DNase II (EC 3.1.4.6), and DNase I inhibitor, have been determined in 63 spontaneous (man) and 22 experimentally induced (rat) nervous system blastomas of various types and of different degrees of malignancy. Generally, a distinct elevation of DNA concentrations and of the ratio (Q) of DNase II- to DNase I-activities has been observed when compared with control values. A statistically significant relationship could be demonstrated between increase of DNA concentrations and Q in experimentally induced neurinomas of rats as well as in human astrocytomas and glioblastomas. Whereas the increase of Q may be a biochemical expression of elevated DNA synthesis of tumour cells, no conclusions can be drawn as to the role of DNases in the process of malignant transformation.", "contents": "[Deoxyribonucleases in spontaneous and experimental tumors of the nervous system]. DNA- and RNA-concentrations, as well as in vitro activities of DNase I (EC 3.1.4.5), DNase II (EC 3.1.4.6), and DNase I inhibitor, have been determined in 63 spontaneous (man) and 22 experimentally induced (rat) nervous system blastomas of various types and of different degrees of malignancy. Generally, a distinct elevation of DNA concentrations and of the ratio (Q) of DNase II- to DNase I-activities has been observed when compared with control values. A statistically significant relationship could be demonstrated between increase of DNA concentrations and Q in experimentally induced neurinomas of rats as well as in human astrocytomas and glioblastomas. Whereas the increase of Q may be a biochemical expression of elevated DNA synthesis of tumour cells, no conclusions can be drawn as to the role of DNases in the process of malignant transformation.", "PMID": 1185237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9702", "title": "Altered states of consciousness in disorders of daytime sleepiness.", "content": "Patients with daytime sleepiness present altered states of consciousness. The occurrence of these states impairs their professional, social and familial activities and may threaten life itself. The automatic behavior syndrome is characterized by continuation of mechanical activity and complete amnesia. Episodes lasting from a few seconds to several hours are correlated with repetitive micro-sleep periods. During cataplectic attacks, patients may have a meshing of reality with hallucinatory dream contents. Sleep-induced apnea may lead to abnormal movement and abnormal ambulation during sleep as well as hallucinations in the early morning. These altered states of consciousness must be considered as diagnostic indexes in differentiating epileptic syndromes from syndromes of daytime sleepiness.", "contents": "Altered states of consciousness in disorders of daytime sleepiness. Patients with daytime sleepiness present altered states of consciousness. The occurrence of these states impairs their professional, social and familial activities and may threaten life itself. The automatic behavior syndrome is characterized by continuation of mechanical activity and complete amnesia. Episodes lasting from a few seconds to several hours are correlated with repetitive micro-sleep periods. During cataplectic attacks, patients may have a meshing of reality with hallucinatory dream contents. Sleep-induced apnea may lead to abnormal movement and abnormal ambulation during sleep as well as hallucinations in the early morning. These altered states of consciousness must be considered as diagnostic indexes in differentiating epileptic syndromes from syndromes of daytime sleepiness.", "PMID": 1185238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9703", "title": "Electron-microscopic observations on preterminal fibers in the oculomotor nucleus of the cat. With special reference to the relation between axon diameter and myelin thickness in mammalian gray matter.", "content": "Electron microscopy of myelinated fibers in main lateral cell groups of the cat oculomotor nucleus reveals the majority to have diameters of less than 3 mum, with more  than one-half less than 1 mum in diameter. The values of the ratio g (axon diameter/total fiber diameter) range between 0.58 and 0.88, with a mean of 0.74. There is no definite relation between g and fiber diameter. The morphological data are consistent with physiological data on preterminal conduction velocities in the oculomotor nucleus, and extend the dimensional analysis of myelinated fibers in gray matter, which has previously been confined to lower vertebrates, to the mammalian central nervous system.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic observations on preterminal fibers in the oculomotor nucleus of the cat. With special reference to the relation between axon diameter and myelin thickness in mammalian gray matter. Electron microscopy of myelinated fibers in main lateral cell groups of the cat oculomotor nucleus reveals the majority to have diameters of less than 3 mum, with more  than one-half less than 1 mum in diameter. The values of the ratio g (axon diameter/total fiber diameter) range between 0.58 and 0.88, with a mean of 0.74. There is no definite relation between g and fiber diameter. The morphological data are consistent with physiological data on preterminal conduction velocities in the oculomotor nucleus, and extend the dimensional analysis of myelinated fibers in gray matter, which has previously been confined to lower vertebrates, to the mammalian central nervous system.", "PMID": 1185239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9704", "title": "Parabiotic reinnervation in normal and dystrophic mice. Part 1. Muscle weight and physiological studies.", "content": "A technique called parabiotic reinnervation has been developed. This technique consisted of suturing the sectioned peripheral end of the common peroneal nerve of a normal mouse, strain 129 ReJ +/+ to that of the distal stump remaining after sectioning that same nerve in a dystrophic mouse, strain 129 ReJ dy/dy. The animals were then parabiosed and allowed to recover and thus it was possible to innervate a dystrophic muscle with a normal nerve and vice-versa. This made it possible to test the hypothesis that a derangement of the trophic function normally exerted by a nerve on a muscle might be an element in the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy in the adult mouse. Studies on the weights and isometric twitch characteristics of such parabiotically reinnervated muscles led to the conclusion that a derangement of the trophic function exerted by a nerve on a muscle is not an element in the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy in the adult 129 ReJ dy/dy strain of mouse.", "contents": "Parabiotic reinnervation in normal and dystrophic mice. Part 1. Muscle weight and physiological studies. A technique called parabiotic reinnervation has been developed. This technique consisted of suturing the sectioned peripheral end of the common peroneal nerve of a normal mouse, strain 129 ReJ +/+ to that of the distal stump remaining after sectioning that same nerve in a dystrophic mouse, strain 129 ReJ dy/dy. The animals were then parabiosed and allowed to recover and thus it was possible to innervate a dystrophic muscle with a normal nerve and vice-versa. This made it possible to test the hypothesis that a derangement of the trophic function normally exerted by a nerve on a muscle might be an element in the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy in the adult mouse. Studies on the weights and isometric twitch characteristics of such parabiotically reinnervated muscles led to the conclusion that a derangement of the trophic function exerted by a nerve on a muscle is not an element in the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy in the adult 129 ReJ dy/dy strain of mouse.", "PMID": 1185240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9705", "title": "The occurrence and characteristics of non-myelinated neuromas within central nervous tissue.", "content": "Three cases are described in which neuromas composed of non-myelinated axons were present within central nervous tissues in areas of tissue destruction, together with neuromas of peripheral myelinated axons. The non-myelinated neuromas were larger than the myelinated, but contained very much fewer Schwann cells and less connective tissue fibers. It is suggested that they took origin from heterotopic non-myelinated peripheral nerves, just as the myelinated neuromas are thought to take origin from heterotopic myelinated peripheral nerves. The non-myelinated neuromas are very much less common than the myelinated neuromas, and the inference may be drawn that their nerves of origin may be very much less common, a malformational rarity. Because of their rarity, and the very limited proliferation of Schwann cells which follow their injury, these non-myelinated perivascular nerves are not likely to provide the Schwann cells which produce the regenerated peripheral myelin about some denuded but perserved central axons in myltiple sclerosis. These may take origin from multipotential primitive reticular cells within the central nervous tissues, as is consistent with the thesis perviously offered that Schwann cells are mesenchymal in character. It may also be inferred that any neurogenic control of cerebral circulation would be limited to an effect on the larger, extracerebral vessels in the subarachnoid space.", "contents": "The occurrence and characteristics of non-myelinated neuromas within central nervous tissue. Three cases are described in which neuromas composed of non-myelinated axons were present within central nervous tissues in areas of tissue destruction, together with neuromas of peripheral myelinated axons. The non-myelinated neuromas were larger than the myelinated, but contained very much fewer Schwann cells and less connective tissue fibers. It is suggested that they took origin from heterotopic non-myelinated peripheral nerves, just as the myelinated neuromas are thought to take origin from heterotopic myelinated peripheral nerves. The non-myelinated neuromas are very much less common than the myelinated neuromas, and the inference may be drawn that their nerves of origin may be very much less common, a malformational rarity. Because of their rarity, and the very limited proliferation of Schwann cells which follow their injury, these non-myelinated perivascular nerves are not likely to provide the Schwann cells which produce the regenerated peripheral myelin about some denuded but perserved central axons in myltiple sclerosis. These may take origin from multipotential primitive reticular cells within the central nervous tissues, as is consistent with the thesis perviously offered that Schwann cells are mesenchymal in character. It may also be inferred that any neurogenic control of cerebral circulation would be limited to an effect on the larger, extracerebral vessels in the subarachnoid space.", "PMID": 1185241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9706", "title": "Do neurological signs occur in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the absence of inflammatory lesions of the central nervous system?.", "content": "Guinea pigs with paralysis or other severe neurological signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) always exhibited typical histological inflammatory lesions. A few animals inoculated with either the encephalitogenic emulsion or only the control adjuvant emulsion had mild weakness or slowness but no histologic lesion. In some instances, these signs were explained by coincidental non-neural disease or trauma. Therefore, such mild clinical signs cannot be considered pathognominic of EAE. Reports from the literature suggesting that animals have developed clinical signs without histological lesions in EAE are considered invalid because of the nonspecificity of clinical signs, the occurrence of intercurrent diseases, the inadequacy or incorrect timing of histologic evaluations, and the lack of controls for specificity of the signs. There is no basis for the supposition that autoimmunity can cause major neurological signs in the absence of inflammatory lesions in the nervous system.", "contents": "Do neurological signs occur in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the absence of inflammatory lesions of the central nervous system?. Guinea pigs with paralysis or other severe neurological signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) always exhibited typical histological inflammatory lesions. A few animals inoculated with either the encephalitogenic emulsion or only the control adjuvant emulsion had mild weakness or slowness but no histologic lesion. In some instances, these signs were explained by coincidental non-neural disease or trauma. Therefore, such mild clinical signs cannot be considered pathognominic of EAE. Reports from the literature suggesting that animals have developed clinical signs without histological lesions in EAE are considered invalid because of the nonspecificity of clinical signs, the occurrence of intercurrent diseases, the inadequacy or incorrect timing of histologic evaluations, and the lack of controls for specificity of the signs. There is no basis for the supposition that autoimmunity can cause major neurological signs in the absence of inflammatory lesions in the nervous system.", "PMID": 1185242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9707", "title": "Fluorescence histochemical and ultrastructural studies of locus coeruleus of human fetal brain.", "content": "Catecholamine (CA) containing neurons and processes of the putative locus coeruleus (LC) of human fetal brain have been identified by the use of a modified Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemical technique and have been examined by light and electron microscopy. Fetuses were received as surgical specimens following abortion by hysterotomy. Estimated gestational ages varied between 11 and 18 weeks. Small granular vesicles (SGV) ranging from 450 to 650 A and large granular vesicles (LGV) ranging from 700 to 1050 A were identified in variable numbers along with agranular vesicles in the cell bodies and processes of neurons in the LC of all fetal specimens examined by electron microscopy. The occurrence of SGV in association with green fluorescence within the LC of a 12-week-old human fetus suggests a relatively early ontogenetic development of a storage mechanism for CA within this nucleus.", "contents": "Fluorescence histochemical and ultrastructural studies of locus coeruleus of human fetal brain. Catecholamine (CA) containing neurons and processes of the putative locus coeruleus (LC) of human fetal brain have been identified by the use of a modified Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemical technique and have been examined by light and electron microscopy. Fetuses were received as surgical specimens following abortion by hysterotomy. Estimated gestational ages varied between 11 and 18 weeks. Small granular vesicles (SGV) ranging from 450 to 650 A and large granular vesicles (LGV) ranging from 700 to 1050 A were identified in variable numbers along with agranular vesicles in the cell bodies and processes of neurons in the LC of all fetal specimens examined by electron microscopy. The occurrence of SGV in association with green fluorescence within the LC of a 12-week-old human fetus suggests a relatively early ontogenetic development of a storage mechanism for CA within this nucleus.", "PMID": 1185243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9708", "title": "Quantitative ultrastructural studies of the axon Schwann cell abnormality in spinal nerve roots from dystrophic mice.", "content": "Lumbo-sacral spinal roots and the nerve to the medial gastrocnemius muscle (NMG) from normal and dystrophic mice were examined by quantitative ultrastructural techniques. It was demonstrated that, although many axons at this level were totally devoid of Schwann cells, totatl axonal numbers were approximately normal. Some axons in these roots were surrounded by Schwann cells but their myelin sheaths were abnormally thin. In addition, cells resembling oligodendrocytes were observed in the dorsal roots of the dystrophic mice. In contrast, Schwann cells and myelin sheaths were normal in the more peripherally situated NMG and the regenerative response of these nerves to crush injury was not significantly different from that of control nerves. Thus, the main abnormality of neural morphology in dystrophic mice is a localized absence of Schwann cells. Such a deficiency does not appear to have influenced axonal growth or the capacity of these axons to regenerate when crushed distally.", "contents": "Quantitative ultrastructural studies of the axon Schwann cell abnormality in spinal nerve roots from dystrophic mice. Lumbo-sacral spinal roots and the nerve to the medial gastrocnemius muscle (NMG) from normal and dystrophic mice were examined by quantitative ultrastructural techniques. It was demonstrated that, although many axons at this level were totally devoid of Schwann cells, totatl axonal numbers were approximately normal. Some axons in these roots were surrounded by Schwann cells but their myelin sheaths were abnormally thin. In addition, cells resembling oligodendrocytes were observed in the dorsal roots of the dystrophic mice. In contrast, Schwann cells and myelin sheaths were normal in the more peripherally situated NMG and the regenerative response of these nerves to crush injury was not significantly different from that of control nerves. Thus, the main abnormality of neural morphology in dystrophic mice is a localized absence of Schwann cells. Such a deficiency does not appear to have influenced axonal growth or the capacity of these axons to regenerate when crushed distally.", "PMID": 1185244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9709", "title": "Chemotherapeutic implications of growth fraction and cell cycle time in glioblastomas.", "content": "Four patients received 3H-thymidine 4 to 7 days and vinblastine 4 to 6 hours prior to operation for recurrent malignant gliomas (three glioblastomas and one anaplastic astrocytoma). Tumor biopsies obtained at operation were fixed for routine histological studies and radioautography. The tumors' growth fractions averaged 0.28 with a range of 0.14 to 0.39. The tumor cell cycle time calculated in three patients had a mean duration of 57 hours with a standard deviation of 6 hours. The authors concluded that: 1) single short-term courses of cell-cycle specific chemotherapeutic agents alone will probably fail to achieve either significant reduction in tumor mass or dramatic clinical improvement; 2) cell-cycle phase-specific drugs should be administered to maintain effective blood levels over 2 to 3 days for maximal tumor cell kill. Tumor growth rate appears to correlate with the fraction of proliferating cells rather than the length of the tumor cell cycle. The scientific basis for combination drug and multimodality therapy is discussed.", "contents": "Chemotherapeutic implications of growth fraction and cell cycle time in glioblastomas. Four patients received 3H-thymidine 4 to 7 days and vinblastine 4 to 6 hours prior to operation for recurrent malignant gliomas (three glioblastomas and one anaplastic astrocytoma). Tumor biopsies obtained at operation were fixed for routine histological studies and radioautography. The tumors' growth fractions averaged 0.28 with a range of 0.14 to 0.39. The tumor cell cycle time calculated in three patients had a mean duration of 57 hours with a standard deviation of 6 hours. The authors concluded that: 1) single short-term courses of cell-cycle specific chemotherapeutic agents alone will probably fail to achieve either significant reduction in tumor mass or dramatic clinical improvement; 2) cell-cycle phase-specific drugs should be administered to maintain effective blood levels over 2 to 3 days for maximal tumor cell kill. Tumor growth rate appears to correlate with the fraction of proliferating cells rather than the length of the tumor cell cycle. The scientific basis for combination drug and multimodality therapy is discussed.", "PMID": 1185245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9710", "title": "Computer-assisted analysis of intraventricular pressure after mannitol administration.", "content": "The effect of prolonged mannitol infusion upon intraventricular pressure was investigated with the aid of a specially-designed automatic digital recording system; the data recorded were processed off-line by a minicomputer. The character of the pressure curves is thought to result from interaction between the mannitol effect and the observed system's shifting equilibrium position, which is caused by other factors. The character of the pressure curves prior to mannitol infusion must be taken into consideration in estimating the actual effect of the drug; the authors suggest that in certain cases it might be possible to decrease further the rate of mannitol administration. The advantages of statistical approach to the evaluation of intracranial pressure variations are discussed.", "contents": "Computer-assisted analysis of intraventricular pressure after mannitol administration. The effect of prolonged mannitol infusion upon intraventricular pressure was investigated with the aid of a specially-designed automatic digital recording system; the data recorded were processed off-line by a minicomputer. The character of the pressure curves is thought to result from interaction between the mannitol effect and the observed system's shifting equilibrium position, which is caused by other factors. The character of the pressure curves prior to mannitol infusion must be taken into consideration in estimating the actual effect of the drug; the authors suggest that in certain cases it might be possible to decrease further the rate of mannitol administration. The advantages of statistical approach to the evaluation of intracranial pressure variations are discussed.", "PMID": 1185246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9711", "title": "Oxygen tension in spinal cord gray matter during exposure to hyperbaric oxygen.", "content": "Adult female rats were exposed to 60 psig of 100% oxygen for 60 minutes. Oxygen tensions in the gray matter of the lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord, electroenecephalograms, electrocardiograms, and respirations were monitored before, during, and after the compression periods. Oxygen tensions were found to rise sharply to as high as 1050 mm Hg during compression and remained at significantly high levels throughout the entire hour of exposure. These data support the hypothesis that spinal cord lesions induced by exposure to hyperbaric oxygen are the result of excessive tissue oxygenation.", "contents": "Oxygen tension in spinal cord gray matter during exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. Adult female rats were exposed to 60 psig of 100% oxygen for 60 minutes. Oxygen tensions in the gray matter of the lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord, electroenecephalograms, electrocardiograms, and respirations were monitored before, during, and after the compression periods. Oxygen tensions were found to rise sharply to as high as 1050 mm Hg during compression and remained at significantly high levels throughout the entire hour of exposure. These data support the hypothesis that spinal cord lesions induced by exposure to hyperbaric oxygen are the result of excessive tissue oxygenation.", "PMID": 1185247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9712", "title": "Miniature intravascular pCO2 sensors in neurosurgery.", "content": "In this study the authors compared PaCO2 measurements from a newly developed miniature intravascular pCO2 sensor for continuous on-line monitoring with those from a Radiometer bench instrument. In 10 patients undergoing craniotomy procedures, 84 paired comparisons were made. At the same time it was possible to follow continuously the trend of PaCO2 during deliberate hyperventilation, during the apneic period following hyperventilation, and during spontaneous respiration in the postoperative period. The comparisons showed an average difference in pCO2 of 1.62 +/- SE 0.15 torr. The apneic threshold for PaCO2 after passive hyperventilation was lower than in the awake patient. After the period of apnea no hypoxemia occurred. In the recovery room the PaCO2 increased and the PaO2 decreased. The latter decreased to subnormal levels in two patients more than an hour postoperatively.", "contents": "Miniature intravascular pCO2 sensors in neurosurgery. In this study the authors compared PaCO2 measurements from a newly developed miniature intravascular pCO2 sensor for continuous on-line monitoring with those from a Radiometer bench instrument. In 10 patients undergoing craniotomy procedures, 84 paired comparisons were made. At the same time it was possible to follow continuously the trend of PaCO2 during deliberate hyperventilation, during the apneic period following hyperventilation, and during spontaneous respiration in the postoperative period. The comparisons showed an average difference in pCO2 of 1.62 +/- SE 0.15 torr. The apneic threshold for PaCO2 after passive hyperventilation was lower than in the awake patient. After the period of apnea no hypoxemia occurred. In the recovery room the PaCO2 increased and the PaO2 decreased. The latter decreased to subnormal levels in two patients more than an hour postoperatively.", "PMID": 1185248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9713", "title": "Empty sella syndrome as complication of benign intracranial hypertension.", "content": "An empty sella was demonstrated on air study in five patients with the benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) syndrome. All patients had a protracted course and very high cerebrospinal fluid pressure; two required a shunt procedure. No patient had any endocrine symptoms or visual field defects but an air study was done to exclude a mass lesion in the sella region. Among the last 50 patients seen with the BIH syndrome, there were five cases of an associated empty sella (10%). In these cases, the empty sella is a probable consequence of the long-standing intracranial hypertension associated with a congenital deficiency of the diaphragma sellae.", "contents": "Empty sella syndrome as complication of benign intracranial hypertension. An empty sella was demonstrated on air study in five patients with the benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) syndrome. All patients had a protracted course and very high cerebrospinal fluid pressure; two required a shunt procedure. No patient had any endocrine symptoms or visual field defects but an air study was done to exclude a mass lesion in the sella region. Among the last 50 patients seen with the BIH syndrome, there were five cases of an associated empty sella (10%). In these cases, the empty sella is a probable consequence of the long-standing intracranial hypertension associated with a congenital deficiency of the diaphragma sellae.", "PMID": 1185249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9714", "title": "Long-term survival of patients treated with BCNU for brain tumors.", "content": "The authors present three patients who, after excision and irradiation of their brain tumors, were treated with BCNU for recurrence. All three patients responded well and now are without evidence of tumor, 37, 30, and 36 months after BCNU was stopped. Although these patients represent only a small fraction of those treated with BCNU, they indicate the potential role of chemotherapy in the management of glial tumors.", "contents": "Long-term survival of patients treated with BCNU for brain tumors. The authors present three patients who, after excision and irradiation of their brain tumors, were treated with BCNU for recurrence. All three patients responded well and now are without evidence of tumor, 37, 30, and 36 months after BCNU was stopped. Although these patients represent only a small fraction of those treated with BCNU, they indicate the potential role of chemotherapy in the management of glial tumors.", "PMID": 1185250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9715", "title": "Convexity leptomeningeal cysts diagnosed by scinticisternography.", "content": "The scintigraphic diagnosis of eight convexity leptomeningeal cysts is described; the cysts appear as a local collection of abnormal radioactivity, best seen at 48 hours. The correlation of the scintigraphic findings with clinical, radiological, and operative findings is discussed.", "contents": "Convexity leptomeningeal cysts diagnosed by scinticisternography. The scintigraphic diagnosis of eight convexity leptomeningeal cysts is described; the cysts appear as a local collection of abnormal radioactivity, best seen at 48 hours. The correlation of the scintigraphic findings with clinical, radiological, and operative findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1185251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9716", "title": "Neurological manifestations of primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children.", "content": "The authors describe four of their own cases of primary rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) of the head and neck and summarize an additional 25 cases collected from the world literature, each manifesting neurological involvement. The need for early diagnosis and radical surgery is stressed.", "contents": "Neurological manifestations of primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children. The authors describe four of their own cases of primary rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) of the head and neck and summarize an additional 25 cases collected from the world literature, each manifesting neurological involvement. The need for early diagnosis and radical surgery is stressed.", "PMID": 1185252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9717", "title": "Choroid plexus carcinoma.", "content": "The authors report a case of carcinoma of the choroid plexus and review the 22 cases reported since 1844 that adhere to the criteria for primary choroid plexus carcinoma. Two-thirds of the tumors are found in children and all of these are located in the lateral ventricles. In adults most of the tumors are present in the fourth ventricle. Differentiation of this neoplasm from papillary ependymomas, choroid plexus papillomas, secondary carcinomas, and \"collision tumors\" is discussed.", "contents": "Choroid plexus carcinoma. The authors report a case of carcinoma of the choroid plexus and review the 22 cases reported since 1844 that adhere to the criteria for primary choroid plexus carcinoma. Two-thirds of the tumors are found in children and all of these are located in the lateral ventricles. In adults most of the tumors are present in the fourth ventricle. Differentiation of this neoplasm from papillary ependymomas, choroid plexus papillomas, secondary carcinomas, and \"collision tumors\" is discussed.", "PMID": 1185253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9718", "title": "Focal porta hepatis scintiscan defects:  What is their significance?", "content": "A total of 537 consecutive liver scintiscans were retrospectively reviewed and 80 of them revealed suspicious focal decreased activity in the region of the prota hepatis. Postmortem, surgical, or biopsy correlation was obtained in 40 of these cases: 14 were pathologically negative; 9, cirrhosis or fibrosis; 10, metastases; 3, dilated bile ducts; 1, viral hepatitis; 1, hepatic laceration; 1, falciform ligament cyst; and 1, ruptured gallbladder with abscessed head of the pancreas. Thus, only 42% represented significant disease. Sixty-eight percent of the defects were seen only on the anterior scintiscan. Appearance of the majority of defects was nonspecific. Subjective grading of defects according to size and comparative decrease in density was not beneficial. Elevations of serum alkaline phosphatase, total serum bilirubin, and serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase were nonspecific.", "contents": "Focal porta hepatis scintiscan defects:  What is their significance? A total of 537 consecutive liver scintiscans were retrospectively reviewed and 80 of them revealed suspicious focal decreased activity in the region of the prota hepatis. Postmortem, surgical, or biopsy correlation was obtained in 40 of these cases: 14 were pathologically negative; 9, cirrhosis or fibrosis; 10, metastases; 3, dilated bile ducts; 1, viral hepatitis; 1, hepatic laceration; 1, falciform ligament cyst; and 1, ruptured gallbladder with abscessed head of the pancreas. Thus, only 42% represented significant disease. Sixty-eight percent of the defects were seen only on the anterior scintiscan. Appearance of the majority of defects was nonspecific. Subjective grading of defects according to size and comparative decrease in density was not beneficial. Elevations of serum alkaline phosphatase, total serum bilirubin, and serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase were nonspecific.", "PMID": 1185257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9719", "title": "\"Cold\" lesions on bone imaging.", "content": "Photon-deficient foci or \"cold\" lesions were demonstrated on 99mTc-polyphosphate bone imaging in eight individuals with various malignancies and one in sickle cell crisis. The bone radiographs of five of these persons failed to show corresponding bony changes at the time of the imaging. Most of the \"cold\" lesions observed on bone imaging were located in the denser and tubular bones. A postulate has been advanced regarding the factors that might influence the different gamma-imaging manifestations of radiographically demonstrable lytic lesions. The cases presented herein further emphasize the importance of recognizing the existence of \"cold\" areas in the images of bones and the need to place these in proper perspective when interpreting scans.", "contents": "\"Cold\" lesions on bone imaging. Photon-deficient foci or \"cold\" lesions were demonstrated on 99mTc-polyphosphate bone imaging in eight individuals with various malignancies and one in sickle cell crisis. The bone radiographs of five of these persons failed to show corresponding bony changes at the time of the imaging. Most of the \"cold\" lesions observed on bone imaging were located in the denser and tubular bones. A postulate has been advanced regarding the factors that might influence the different gamma-imaging manifestations of radiographically demonstrable lytic lesions. The cases presented herein further emphasize the importance of recognizing the existence of \"cold\" areas in the images of bones and the need to place these in proper perspective when interpreting scans.", "PMID": 1185258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9720", "title": "Acute pulmonary embolus associated with transient ventilatory defect: Case report.", "content": "In a patient with a clinical history highly suggestive of pulmonary embolism and angiographic evidence also indicative of embolism, the ventilation/perfusion pattern was that usually observed with parenchymal disease of the lung. The possible basis of this contradiction is discussed.", "contents": "Acute pulmonary embolus associated with transient ventilatory defect: Case report. In a patient with a clinical history highly suggestive of pulmonary embolism and angiographic evidence also indicative of embolism, the ventilation/perfusion pattern was that usually observed with parenchymal disease of the lung. The possible basis of this contradiction is discussed.", "PMID": 1185259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9721", "title": "Accumulation of 99mTc-polyphosphate in two squamous cell carcinomas of the lung: Case report.", "content": "Technetium-99m-polyphosphate was found to accumulate in two squamous cell carcinomas of the lung. In one case, microscopy and electron microscopy failed to demonstrate calcification in the tumor. Possible mechanism(s) of accumulation of polyphosphate in nonosseous tissues was reviewed.", "contents": "Accumulation of 99mTc-polyphosphate in two squamous cell carcinomas of the lung: Case report. Technetium-99m-polyphosphate was found to accumulate in two squamous cell carcinomas of the lung. In one case, microscopy and electron microscopy failed to demonstrate calcification in the tumor. Possible mechanism(s) of accumulation of polyphosphate in nonosseous tissues was reviewed.", "PMID": 1185260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9722", "title": "Pre- and postoperative myocardial and blood pool scans in a case of left ventricular aneurysm: Case report.", "content": "Myocardial perfusion scans (using 131Cs) and blood pool scans (113mIn) were performed on a patient before and after resection of a left venticular aneurysm. Although the huge aneurysm was revealed by preoperative scans, preservation of a significant mass of myocardium was evident. Postoperative scans show the reconstructed heart and the amount of residual damage. The operative findings confirmed the reliability of the scan information.", "contents": "Pre- and postoperative myocardial and blood pool scans in a case of left ventricular aneurysm: Case report. Myocardial perfusion scans (using 131Cs) and blood pool scans (113mIn) were performed on a patient before and after resection of a left venticular aneurysm. Although the huge aneurysm was revealed by preoperative scans, preservation of a significant mass of myocardium was evident. Postoperative scans show the reconstructed heart and the amount of residual damage. The operative findings confirmed the reliability of the scan information.", "PMID": 1185261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9723", "title": "Hepatic artery traumatic aneurysm.", "content": "The diagnosis of intrahepatic aneurysm was suspected following radioisotope scintigraphic studies. A patient developed abdominal pain following blunt abdominal trauma. The scintigrams of the liver revealed a large intrahepatic defect and separation between lung and liver. Angiogram revealed a large false aneurysm of the right hepatic artery.", "contents": "Hepatic artery traumatic aneurysm. The diagnosis of intrahepatic aneurysm was suspected following radioisotope scintigraphic studies. A patient developed abdominal pain following blunt abdominal trauma. The scintigrams of the liver revealed a large intrahepatic defect and separation between lung and liver. Angiogram revealed a large false aneurysm of the right hepatic artery.", "PMID": 1185262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9724", "title": "Liver scanning and the intrahepatic gallbladder: Case report.", "content": "Hepatic focal defects identified with 99mTc-sulfur colloid imaging procedures are nonspecific. This report describes a case of an ectopic gallbladder localized by cholecystography and 131I-rose bengal studies in a patient with cirrhosis and suspected intrahepatic neoplasm.", "contents": "Liver scanning and the intrahepatic gallbladder: Case report. Hepatic focal defects identified with 99mTc-sulfur colloid imaging procedures are nonspecific. This report describes a case of an ectopic gallbladder localized by cholecystography and 131I-rose bengal studies in a patient with cirrhosis and suspected intrahepatic neoplasm.", "PMID": 1185263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9725", "title": "Plague and the gallium scan: Case report.", "content": "Inflammation in the right axillary lymph nodes and the meninges was detected by 67Gacitrate scans in an 11-year-old boy with Yersinia pestis infection. This case provides another example of 67Ga localizing to areas of infection, indicating potential utility in future cases of bubonic plague.", "contents": "Plague and the gallium scan: Case report. Inflammation in the right axillary lymph nodes and the meninges was detected by 67Gacitrate scans in an 11-year-old boy with Yersinia pestis infection. This case provides another example of 67Ga localizing to areas of infection, indicating potential utility in future cases of bubonic plague.", "PMID": 1185264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9726", "title": "A new and superior adrenal scanning agent, NP-59.", "content": "The first synthesis of 131I-19-iodocholesterol had a 10-25% radiochemical impurity that was not iodide ion. This impurity has been identified as 6beta-131I-iodomethyl-19-nor cholest 5(10)-en-3beta-ol (NP-59) and has been synthesized. Tissue distribution studies with 131I-NP-59 in rats and dogs revealed a higher adrenal uptake and adrenal-to-tissue ratios compared to 131I-19-iodocholesterol, probably less in vivo deiodination, and superior adrenal images. A high uptake was seen in the adrenal medulla in addition to that in the cortex. Iodine-131-NP-59 is being evaluated for the early detection of adrenal-cortical disorders and as a potential scanning agent for detecting structural abnormalities of the adrenal medulla.", "contents": "A new and superior adrenal scanning agent, NP-59. The first synthesis of 131I-19-iodocholesterol had a 10-25% radiochemical impurity that was not iodide ion. This impurity has been identified as 6beta-131I-iodomethyl-19-nor cholest 5(10)-en-3beta-ol (NP-59) and has been synthesized. Tissue distribution studies with 131I-NP-59 in rats and dogs revealed a higher adrenal uptake and adrenal-to-tissue ratios compared to 131I-19-iodocholesterol, probably less in vivo deiodination, and superior adrenal images. A high uptake was seen in the adrenal medulla in addition to that in the cortex. Iodine-131-NP-59 is being evaluated for the early detection of adrenal-cortical disorders and as a potential scanning agent for detecting structural abnormalities of the adrenal medulla.", "PMID": 1185265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9727", "title": "Sodium trimetaphosphate as a bone-imaging agent. I. Animal studies.", "content": "When used is conjunction with stannous ion and 99Tc, the nonsequestering, cyclic, trimeric phosphate anion, (P309)3-, introduced in the form of its sodium salt, exhibits admirable properties as a bone-visualizing agent as demonstrated by animal studies. These studies show that this combinatation is easily prepared reproducibly and, compared to the agents described in the recent literature (all based on sequestering phosphates), is at least equivalent for bone visualization while being considerably less toxic.", "contents": "Sodium trimetaphosphate as a bone-imaging agent. I. Animal studies. When used is conjunction with stannous ion and 99Tc, the nonsequestering, cyclic, trimeric phosphate anion, (P309)3-, introduced in the form of its sodium salt, exhibits admirable properties as a bone-visualizing agent as demonstrated by animal studies. These studies show that this combinatation is easily prepared reproducibly and, compared to the agents described in the recent literature (all based on sequestering phosphates), is at least equivalent for bone visualization while being considerably less toxic.", "PMID": 1185266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9728", "title": "Relationship of chemical structure and solvent to in vivo scintigraphic distribution patterns of 11C compounds. II. 11C aminonitriles.", "content": "The preparation and scintigraphic evaluation of the distribution patterns in dogs of a series of structurally related aminonitriles labeled with 11C is described. Carbon-11-HCN was collected in water containing carrier NaCN following 22 MeV proton bombardment of 99% N2 and 1% H2 gas mixture for 1 hr. Ten 11C alphaN-alkylaminophenylacetonitrile hydrochlorides and 12 11C alpha-N-arylaminoarylacetonitriles were prepared from 11C-NaCN and the corresponding Schiff base, Ar-CH=N-R(Ar). Those 11C aminonitriles that were administered intravenously in aqueous solution showed some initial accumulation of activity in the liver followed by diffuse whole-body distribution and some small accumulation in urine. Aqueous insoluble 11C aminonitriles, which were administered intravenously in ethanol, ether, or DMSO, showed variable initial partial retention of activity in the lungs with prominent accumulation of activity in liver and excretion in bile. Several of these compounds showed pronounced and rapid accumulation of activity in the brain. Such activity in the brain was largely cleared within 15 min. Concentration of activity in the cerebrospinal fluid following clearance from the brain was 30 times greater than blood and equivalent in concentration to that noted in bile 18 min after intravenous administration of 11C alpha-anilinophenylacetonitrile in ethanol. These results suggest the possible correlation of regional brain uptake of activity of certain 11C aminonitriles with regional brain perfusion. Use of these or similar materials could permit assessment of brain tissue morphology followed by scintigraphic imaging of the bulk flow characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Relationship of chemical structure and solvent to in vivo scintigraphic distribution patterns of 11C compounds. II. 11C aminonitriles. The preparation and scintigraphic evaluation of the distribution patterns in dogs of a series of structurally related aminonitriles labeled with 11C is described. Carbon-11-HCN was collected in water containing carrier NaCN following 22 MeV proton bombardment of 99% N2 and 1% H2 gas mixture for 1 hr. Ten 11C alphaN-alkylaminophenylacetonitrile hydrochlorides and 12 11C alpha-N-arylaminoarylacetonitriles were prepared from 11C-NaCN and the corresponding Schiff base, Ar-CH=N-R(Ar). Those 11C aminonitriles that were administered intravenously in aqueous solution showed some initial accumulation of activity in the liver followed by diffuse whole-body distribution and some small accumulation in urine. Aqueous insoluble 11C aminonitriles, which were administered intravenously in ethanol, ether, or DMSO, showed variable initial partial retention of activity in the lungs with prominent accumulation of activity in liver and excretion in bile. Several of these compounds showed pronounced and rapid accumulation of activity in the brain. Such activity in the brain was largely cleared within 15 min. Concentration of activity in the cerebrospinal fluid following clearance from the brain was 30 times greater than blood and equivalent in concentration to that noted in bile 18 min after intravenous administration of 11C alpha-anilinophenylacetonitrile in ethanol. These results suggest the possible correlation of regional brain uptake of activity of certain 11C aminonitriles with regional brain perfusion. Use of these or similar materials could permit assessment of brain tissue morphology followed by scintigraphic imaging of the bulk flow characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 1185267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9729", "title": "Dosimetry of four heart-imaging radionuclides: 43K, 81Rb, 129Cs, and 201Ti.", "content": "In conjunction with research into the relative clinical suitability of radionuclides for heart imaging, estimates of the radiation dosimetry for 43K, 81Rb, 129Cs, and 201Tl were calculated. Estimates of absorbed radiation dose for the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, testes, and whole body of the standard man were computed from published distribution data in rats via the MIRD method by assuming that the concentration in each organ per initial mean whole-body concentration is the same in rats and humans. The whole-body absorbed radiation doses from 81Rb, 129Cs, 201Tl, and 43K are 0.08, 0.17, 0.24, and 0.60 rads/mCi administered intravenously. In general, the organ doses from the four radionuclides follow the same order.", "contents": "Dosimetry of four heart-imaging radionuclides: 43K, 81Rb, 129Cs, and 201Ti. In conjunction with research into the relative clinical suitability of radionuclides for heart imaging, estimates of the radiation dosimetry for 43K, 81Rb, 129Cs, and 201Tl were calculated. Estimates of absorbed radiation dose for the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, testes, and whole body of the standard man were computed from published distribution data in rats via the MIRD method by assuming that the concentration in each organ per initial mean whole-body concentration is the same in rats and humans. The whole-body absorbed radiation doses from 81Rb, 129Cs, 201Tl, and 43K are 0.08, 0.17, 0.24, and 0.60 rads/mCi administered intravenously. In general, the organ doses from the four radionuclides follow the same order.", "PMID": 1185268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9730", "title": "Indium-113m-labeled polyfunctional phosphonates as bone-imaging agents.", "content": "Indium-113m complexed with polyfunctional phosphonates EDTMP (an analog of EDTA with carboxylic groups replaced by phosphate groups) and DTPMP (an analog of DTPA) showed preferential skeletal localization in experimental animals. Excellent images of the rabbit skeleton were obtained with both 113mIn and 111In complexes using the scintillation camera. In tissue radioassay using 85Sr as a simultaneous biologic standard, 113mIn-EDTMP compound showed higher concentration in the skeleton than the DTPMP complex and its bone uptake was comparable to that of 85Sr. Renal excretion was greater for the DTPMP complex (70% vs. 50% for EDTMP at 4 hr) and its blood clearance was faster than EDTMP. EDTMP was found to be the superior agent also to two other polyfunctional phosphonates, NTMP and HMDTMP. Because of the excellent skeletal localization with minimal soft-tissue levels, 113mIn-EDTMP may find use in bone scanning in humans wherever 99mTc bone-imaging agents are not available. These compounds may prove useful also in demonstrating acute myocardial infarcts, particularly for repeat studies after 99mTc bone agents have already been administered.", "contents": "Indium-113m-labeled polyfunctional phosphonates as bone-imaging agents. Indium-113m complexed with polyfunctional phosphonates EDTMP (an analog of EDTA with carboxylic groups replaced by phosphate groups) and DTPMP (an analog of DTPA) showed preferential skeletal localization in experimental animals. Excellent images of the rabbit skeleton were obtained with both 113mIn and 111In complexes using the scintillation camera. In tissue radioassay using 85Sr as a simultaneous biologic standard, 113mIn-EDTMP compound showed higher concentration in the skeleton than the DTPMP complex and its bone uptake was comparable to that of 85Sr. Renal excretion was greater for the DTPMP complex (70% vs. 50% for EDTMP at 4 hr) and its blood clearance was faster than EDTMP. EDTMP was found to be the superior agent also to two other polyfunctional phosphonates, NTMP and HMDTMP. Because of the excellent skeletal localization with minimal soft-tissue levels, 113mIn-EDTMP may find use in bone scanning in humans wherever 99mTc bone-imaging agents are not available. These compounds may prove useful also in demonstrating acute myocardial infarcts, particularly for repeat studies after 99mTc bone agents have already been administered.", "PMID": 1185269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9731", "title": "Radiometric identification of Streptococcus Group A in throat cultures.", "content": "Streptococcus Group A may be identified in simulated and patients' throat cultures by the selective inhibition of Group A streptococcus carbohydrate metabolism in the presence of specific antisera.", "contents": "Radiometric identification of Streptococcus Group A in throat cultures. Streptococcus Group A may be identified in simulated and patients' throat cultures by the selective inhibition of Group A streptococcus carbohydrate metabolism in the presence of specific antisera.", "PMID": 1185270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9732", "title": "Selective uptake of 99mTc complexes and 67Ga in acutely infarcted myocardium.", "content": "The suitability of various radiopharmaceuticals (99mTc-tetracycline analogs, 99mTc-glucoheptonate, 99mTc-diphosphonate, and 67Ga-citrate) for use in imaging acute myocardial infarction was assessed by determining their biologic distributions in experimentally infarcted dogs. The highest infarct-to-normal myocardial concentration ratio was found with 99mTc-diphosphonate (27.9:1); the highest infarct-to-liver ratio was also found with 99mTc-diphosphonate (15.9:1). The infarct-to-bone ratio, however, was 0.4:1 with 99mTc-diphosphonate. There was an excellent positive linear correlation between blood-flow reduction and uptake of the radiopharmaceutical after a threshold reduction in blood flow with 99mTc-glucoheptonate and 99mTc-tetracycline. Technetium-99m-tetracycline accumulated only in infarcted tissue while 99mTc-diphosphonate was increased in both ischemic and infarcted tissue. Thus, 99mTc-diphosphonate has characteristics best suited for scintigraphic imaging. Since 99mTc-tetracycline accumulates only in infarcted tissue, however, this tracer more accurately defines the size of an acute infarction.", "contents": "Selective uptake of 99mTc complexes and 67Ga in acutely infarcted myocardium. The suitability of various radiopharmaceuticals (99mTc-tetracycline analogs, 99mTc-glucoheptonate, 99mTc-diphosphonate, and 67Ga-citrate) for use in imaging acute myocardial infarction was assessed by determining their biologic distributions in experimentally infarcted dogs. The highest infarct-to-normal myocardial concentration ratio was found with 99mTc-diphosphonate (27.9:1); the highest infarct-to-liver ratio was also found with 99mTc-diphosphonate (15.9:1). The infarct-to-bone ratio, however, was 0.4:1 with 99mTc-diphosphonate. There was an excellent positive linear correlation between blood-flow reduction and uptake of the radiopharmaceutical after a threshold reduction in blood flow with 99mTc-glucoheptonate and 99mTc-tetracycline. Technetium-99m-tetracycline accumulated only in infarcted tissue while 99mTc-diphosphonate was increased in both ischemic and infarcted tissue. Thus, 99mTc-diphosphonate has characteristics best suited for scintigraphic imaging. Since 99mTc-tetracycline accumulates only in infarcted tissue, however, this tracer more accurately defines the size of an acute infarction.", "PMID": 1185276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9733", "title": "Detection and size estimation of acute myocardial infarction using 99Tc-glucoheptonate.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction were studied by precordial scanning after intravenous administration of 99mTc-gluchoheptonate 2-48 hr after the onset of chest pain. Fifteen of the patients had clinically documented acute myocardial infarctions. Twelve of these 15 (80%) had areas of distinctly increased tracer uptake in the region of the heart. The three infarctions not identified by scan had peak serum CPK values of less than 300. In seven patients without infarction, no distinct areas of increased tracer uptake were found in the region of the heart. Five patients could not be classified as to whether infarction had or had not occurred. Three had abnormal scans, the significance of which is uncertain. Infarct size was estimated from the area of increased 99mTc-glucoheptonate concentration on scan and compared to peak serum CPK values. A linear correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.77 was found. Technetium-99-m-glucoheptonate scanning was useful for the identification and size estimation of moderate- to large-size transmural and nontransmural acute myocardial infaractions.", "contents": "Detection and size estimation of acute myocardial infarction using 99Tc-glucoheptonate. Twenty-seven patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction were studied by precordial scanning after intravenous administration of 99mTc-gluchoheptonate 2-48 hr after the onset of chest pain. Fifteen of the patients had clinically documented acute myocardial infarctions. Twelve of these 15 (80%) had areas of distinctly increased tracer uptake in the region of the heart. The three infarctions not identified by scan had peak serum CPK values of less than 300. In seven patients without infarction, no distinct areas of increased tracer uptake were found in the region of the heart. Five patients could not be classified as to whether infarction had or had not occurred. Three had abnormal scans, the significance of which is uncertain. Infarct size was estimated from the area of increased 99mTc-glucoheptonate concentration on scan and compared to peak serum CPK values. A linear correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.77 was found. Technetium-99-m-glucoheptonate scanning was useful for the identification and size estimation of moderate- to large-size transmural and nontransmural acute myocardial infaractions.", "PMID": 1185277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9734", "title": "Early 67Ga scintigraphy for the localization of abnominal abscesses.", "content": "Sixty patients suspected of having abdominal abscesses were evaluated by early and delayed 67Ga scintigraphy. The 67Ga scintigraphs obtained 6 hr after injection correctly localized 18 of 20 abdominal or retroperitoneal abscesses. An additional 13 patients with abnormal scintigraphs had clinically established infections. In no instance was an abscess or inflammatory focus present on delayed scintigraphs that was no evident on the 6-hr study. Two false-positive and two false-negative studies were recorded. Early 67Ga scintigraphy is warranted in patients with suspected abdominal abscesses.", "contents": "Early 67Ga scintigraphy for the localization of abnominal abscesses. Sixty patients suspected of having abdominal abscesses were evaluated by early and delayed 67Ga scintigraphy. The 67Ga scintigraphs obtained 6 hr after injection correctly localized 18 of 20 abdominal or retroperitoneal abscesses. An additional 13 patients with abnormal scintigraphs had clinically established infections. In no instance was an abscess or inflammatory focus present on delayed scintigraphs that was no evident on the 6-hr study. Two false-positive and two false-negative studies were recorded. Early 67Ga scintigraphy is warranted in patients with suspected abdominal abscesses.", "PMID": 1185278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9735", "title": "A useful, objective criterion for determining the healing potential of an ischemic ulcer.", "content": "Peripheral vascular perfusion studies utilizing intra-arterial injections of radioactive microspheres were performed on 60 patients who had ischemic ulcers of the lower extremity. Point counting over the lesion and adjacent areas was utilized to qualitate and quantitate the relative hyperemia of the lesion. When this this relative hyperemia ulcers healed. In those without this degree of hyperemia only approximately 10% eventually had their ulcers healed without surgical intervention. Assessment of relative hyperemia of the ulcer bed is a useful, objective, prognostic indicator of the healing potential of an \"ischemic\" ulcer.", "contents": "A useful, objective criterion for determining the healing potential of an ischemic ulcer. Peripheral vascular perfusion studies utilizing intra-arterial injections of radioactive microspheres were performed on 60 patients who had ischemic ulcers of the lower extremity. Point counting over the lesion and adjacent areas was utilized to qualitate and quantitate the relative hyperemia of the lesion. When this this relative hyperemia ulcers healed. In those without this degree of hyperemia only approximately 10% eventually had their ulcers healed without surgical intervention. Assessment of relative hyperemia of the ulcer bed is a useful, objective, prognostic indicator of the healing potential of an \"ischemic\" ulcer.", "PMID": 1185279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9736", "title": "Usefulness of gallium scintigraphy in primary and metastatic breast carcinoma.", "content": "Gallium-67-citrate whole-body scintigraphy was incorporated into the evaluation of 125 patients with primary and metastatic breast carcinoma. A prospective analysis of these patients demonstrated gallium scanning to be limited in its corroborative value and of practical use only in detecting metastatic breast carcinoma in the mediastinum. Since the extent of tumor involvement is a significant prognostic factor, the gallium scan merits consideration for the detection of mediastinal metastases.", "contents": "Usefulness of gallium scintigraphy in primary and metastatic breast carcinoma. Gallium-67-citrate whole-body scintigraphy was incorporated into the evaluation of 125 patients with primary and metastatic breast carcinoma. A prospective analysis of these patients demonstrated gallium scanning to be limited in its corroborative value and of practical use only in detecting metastatic breast carcinoma in the mediastinum. Since the extent of tumor involvement is a significant prognostic factor, the gallium scan merits consideration for the detection of mediastinal metastases.", "PMID": 1185280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9737", "title": "Avoidance behavior in vitamin B-6 deficient rats.", "content": "Pyridoxine deficiency was induced during the postweaning period in infant and young adult male rats and the effects on active avoidance and escape learning were studied. Five weeks of pyridoxine deficiency was sufficient to produce a deficit in active avoidance learning in the postweanling animals, whereas up to 10 weeks of deficient diet ingestion produced no effect on young adult animals. Mild motor impairment was produced in the young pyridoxine-deficient rats but the avoidance learning deficit could not be explained away on this basis, because a deficit in passive avoidance was also produced by the deficiency. Reversal of the deficiency by pyridoxine injection restored the active avoidance learning to normal within 1 week.", "contents": "Avoidance behavior in vitamin B-6 deficient rats. Pyridoxine deficiency was induced during the postweaning period in infant and young adult male rats and the effects on active avoidance and escape learning were studied. Five weeks of pyridoxine deficiency was sufficient to produce a deficit in active avoidance learning in the postweanling animals, whereas up to 10 weeks of deficient diet ingestion produced no effect on young adult animals. Mild motor impairment was produced in the young pyridoxine-deficient rats but the avoidance learning deficit could not be explained away on this basis, because a deficit in passive avoidance was also produced by the deficiency. Reversal of the deficiency by pyridoxine injection restored the active avoidance learning to normal within 1 week.", "PMID": 1185281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9738", "title": "Effects of a high fructose diet on lipogenic enzyme activities in some organs of rats fed ad libitum.", "content": "The effect of a high fructose diet on lipogenesis was studied in rats. Male and female rats were divided into three groups and were fed a high carbohydrate diet ad libitum for 4 days: group 1 was fed a high cornstarch diet, group 2 was fed a high fructose diet without starvation, and group 3 was fed a high fructose diet after 2 days of starvation. The activities of lipogenic enzymes, i.e., glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme were assayed in liver, adipose tissue, and small intestine. The lipid content of liver was also determined. On day 4, the lipid content of group 1 was about 45 mg, that of group 2 was about 70 mg, and that of group 3 was about 115 mg (female) and 145 mg (male) per gram of wet weight. Groups 2 and 3 showed significantly higher activity of hepatic malic enzyme than group 1. The activity of intestinal malic enzyme was highest in group 1 and not significantly different between groups 2 and 3. The malic enzyme activity in adipose tissue of females of group 3 was higher than that in either sex of the other groups.", "contents": "Effects of a high fructose diet on lipogenic enzyme activities in some organs of rats fed ad libitum. The effect of a high fructose diet on lipogenesis was studied in rats. Male and female rats were divided into three groups and were fed a high carbohydrate diet ad libitum for 4 days: group 1 was fed a high cornstarch diet, group 2 was fed a high fructose diet without starvation, and group 3 was fed a high fructose diet after 2 days of starvation. The activities of lipogenic enzymes, i.e., glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme were assayed in liver, adipose tissue, and small intestine. The lipid content of liver was also determined. On day 4, the lipid content of group 1 was about 45 mg, that of group 2 was about 70 mg, and that of group 3 was about 115 mg (female) and 145 mg (male) per gram of wet weight. Groups 2 and 3 showed significantly higher activity of hepatic malic enzyme than group 1. The activity of intestinal malic enzyme was highest in group 1 and not significantly different between groups 2 and 3. The malic enzyme activity in adipose tissue of females of group 3 was higher than that in either sex of the other groups.", "PMID": 1185282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9739", "title": "Effect of maternal protein deprivation on in vitro neonatal intestinal function in rats.", "content": "Pregnant rats were fed a 27% (normal) protein diet or an 8% (low) protein diet. The in vitro absorptive capacity of the small intestine of the 2-day-old offspring of these animals was studied. The intracellular accumulations of a prototype amino acid (L-leucine) and sugar (D-galactose) were measured at initial velocity. The offspring of females fed the 8% (low) protein diet demonstrated a 32% decrease in the intracellular accumulation of leucine and a 19% decrease in the intracellular accumulation of galactose. The results are suggestive of a decrease in available transport sites in the offspring of protein-deprived females.", "contents": "Effect of maternal protein deprivation on in vitro neonatal intestinal function in rats. Pregnant rats were fed a 27% (normal) protein diet or an 8% (low) protein diet. The in vitro absorptive capacity of the small intestine of the 2-day-old offspring of these animals was studied. The intracellular accumulations of a prototype amino acid (L-leucine) and sugar (D-galactose) were measured at initial velocity. The offspring of females fed the 8% (low) protein diet demonstrated a 32% decrease in the intracellular accumulation of leucine and a 19% decrease in the intracellular accumulation of galactose. The results are suggestive of a decrease in available transport sites in the offspring of protein-deprived females.", "PMID": 1185283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9740", "title": "Lead poisoning in vitamin E-deficient rats.", "content": "Weanling male rats were fed either a vitamin E-deficient Torula yeast diet or the same diet supplemented with 100 ppm vitamin E for a period of 3 months. One group of animals fed each diet received 250 ppm lead in the drinking water, whereas another group of animals fed each diet received no lead in the water. Vitamin E deficiency per se had little or no effect on hematocrit value, reticulocyte count, spleen weight, or erythrocyte mechanical fragility in rats not poisoned with lead. On the other hand, the decreased hematocrit, increased reticulocyte count, and splenic enlargement due to lead poisoning were much more pronounced in vitamin E-deficient rats than in rats supplemented with vitamin E. The resistance to mechanical trauma of red blood cells from vitamin E-deficient lead-poisoned rats was much less than that of red cells from vitamin E-adequate lead-poisoned rats. Dietary vitamin E status had no significant influence on the increased mechanical fragility of erythrocytes from nonpoisoned rats caused by exposure to lead in vitro. These results suggest that vitamin E deficiency enhances the susceptibility of animals to the in vivo hemolytic effect of lead poisoning.", "contents": "Lead poisoning in vitamin E-deficient rats. Weanling male rats were fed either a vitamin E-deficient Torula yeast diet or the same diet supplemented with 100 ppm vitamin E for a period of 3 months. One group of animals fed each diet received 250 ppm lead in the drinking water, whereas another group of animals fed each diet received no lead in the water. Vitamin E deficiency per se had little or no effect on hematocrit value, reticulocyte count, spleen weight, or erythrocyte mechanical fragility in rats not poisoned with lead. On the other hand, the decreased hematocrit, increased reticulocyte count, and splenic enlargement due to lead poisoning were much more pronounced in vitamin E-deficient rats than in rats supplemented with vitamin E. The resistance to mechanical trauma of red blood cells from vitamin E-deficient lead-poisoned rats was much less than that of red cells from vitamin E-adequate lead-poisoned rats. Dietary vitamin E status had no significant influence on the increased mechanical fragility of erythrocytes from nonpoisoned rats caused by exposure to lead in vitro. These results suggest that vitamin E deficiency enhances the susceptibility of animals to the in vivo hemolytic effect of lead poisoning.", "PMID": 1185284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9741", "title": "The Bronx study -- a trial of health care management.", "content": "We have reviewed our experiences in the Bronx study, which was a one-year pilot study by the New York Telephone Medical Department, aimed at expanding our involvement in the health care of company employees without duplicating what already existed in the community. We learned much from the study, chiefly in its evolution of a concept which we call Health Care Management (HCM). The three basic elements of HCM are (1) to deliver just enough care in-house to gain from the employee his authority to let us manage his health, (2) to document all of his health data confidentially, and (3) to work closely with community care resources in treating those clinical episodes needing their services. We learned that the two key ingredients of such a program are an adequate, comprehensive record system and thorough training of every member of our in-house HCM team. We are intensively developing both of these in preparation for incorporating HCM into our medical program throughout the New York company.", "contents": "The Bronx study -- a trial of health care management. We have reviewed our experiences in the Bronx study, which was a one-year pilot study by the New York Telephone Medical Department, aimed at expanding our involvement in the health care of company employees without duplicating what already existed in the community. We learned much from the study, chiefly in its evolution of a concept which we call Health Care Management (HCM). The three basic elements of HCM are (1) to deliver just enough care in-house to gain from the employee his authority to let us manage his health, (2) to document all of his health data confidentially, and (3) to work closely with community care resources in treating those clinical episodes needing their services. We learned that the two key ingredients of such a program are an adequate, comprehensive record system and thorough training of every member of our in-house HCM team. We are intensively developing both of these in preparation for incorporating HCM into our medical program throughout the New York company.", "PMID": 1185292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9742", "title": "Filter model for lightness and brightness on different backgrounds.", "content": "A filter model is proposed to account for the effects of background luminance on perceived brightness or lightness of a target area. Special attention is focused on a crispening effect describable as a local increase of the rate of change of brightness with target luminance, as target luminance passes through the level of background luminance. The model is based on the assumption of competition, in the form of mutual-shunting-feedback inhibition, between target and surround.", "contents": "Filter model for lightness and brightness on different backgrounds. A filter model is proposed to account for the effects of background luminance on perceived brightness or lightness of a target area. Special attention is focused on a crispening effect describable as a local increase of the rate of change of brightness with target luminance, as target luminance passes through the level of background luminance. The model is based on the assumption of competition, in the form of mutual-shunting-feedback inhibition, between target and surround.", "PMID": 1185294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9743", "title": "Instrument myopia.", "content": "The basis for instrument myopia, the tendency to accommodate inappropriately while viewing through an optical instrument, was investigated in three experiments. The first demonstrated that the distance of a peripheral surround, analogous to a field stop, influences accommodation but that the magnitude of the effect cannot account for instrument myopia. The second experiment re-examined the hypothesis that perceived distance can affect accommodation. The data indicate that perceived distance is unlikely to influence accommodation and does not provide an explanation of instrument myopia. The last experiment tested the hypothesis that instrument myopia is a manifestation of the return of accommodation to an intermediate state of rest or equilibrium in the absence of an adequate stimulus for accommodation. Implications of the intermediate-resting-state hypothesis are discussed.", "contents": "Instrument myopia. The basis for instrument myopia, the tendency to accommodate inappropriately while viewing through an optical instrument, was investigated in three experiments. The first demonstrated that the distance of a peripheral surround, analogous to a field stop, influences accommodation but that the magnitude of the effect cannot account for instrument myopia. The second experiment re-examined the hypothesis that perceived distance can affect accommodation. The data indicate that perceived distance is unlikely to influence accommodation and does not provide an explanation of instrument myopia. The last experiment tested the hypothesis that instrument myopia is a manifestation of the return of accommodation to an intermediate state of rest or equilibrium in the absence of an adequate stimulus for accommodation. Implications of the intermediate-resting-state hypothesis are discussed.", "PMID": 1185295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9744", "title": "Night myopia and the intermediate dark focus of accommodation.", "content": "The phenomenon of night myopia, the tendency to overaccommodate for distant objects as luminance is decreased, results from the passive return of accommodation to an individually determined intermediate resting or dark focus. More generally, accommodation is viewed as a compromise between the subject's individual resting focus and the accommodative stimulus. Under optimum viewing conditions, accommodation tends to correspond to the distance of the stimulus, but is biased progressively toward the dark focus as the adequacy of the accommodative stimulus is degraded by decreased luminance. Control experiments suggest that optical aberrations are not major factors that contribute to this effect.", "contents": "Night myopia and the intermediate dark focus of accommodation. The phenomenon of night myopia, the tendency to overaccommodate for distant objects as luminance is decreased, results from the passive return of accommodation to an individually determined intermediate resting or dark focus. More generally, accommodation is viewed as a compromise between the subject's individual resting focus and the accommodative stimulus. Under optimum viewing conditions, accommodation tends to correspond to the distance of the stimulus, but is biased progressively toward the dark focus as the adequacy of the accommodative stimulus is degraded by decreased luminance. Control experiments suggest that optical aberrations are not major factors that contribute to this effect.", "PMID": 1185296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9745", "title": "Articular and cutaneous prodromal manifestations of viral hepatitis.", "content": "The association of arthritis, arthralgia, and various types of skin rashes, as a prodrome to viral hepatitis, although well recognized in adults, has not been well described in children. In an 18-month period, three children presented with this serum sickness-like illness before the onset of evident liver involvement. In one case, the prodromal symptoms occurred four weeks before biochemical or clinical evidence of hepatitis. The SSLI tended to subside with the onset of clinically evident liver disease. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg, Australia antigen) was detected in the sera of two patients, but free antibody to the antigen was not demonstrable in either one. Serum complement levels were low during the prodromal phase and tended to return to normal value at the onset of extensive liver involvement. The diagnosis of viral hepatitis should be considered in children presenting with polyarthritis, polyarthralgia, and a rash (serum sickness-like illness) of uncertain etiology.", "contents": "Articular and cutaneous prodromal manifestations of viral hepatitis. The association of arthritis, arthralgia, and various types of skin rashes, as a prodrome to viral hepatitis, although well recognized in adults, has not been well described in children. In an 18-month period, three children presented with this serum sickness-like illness before the onset of evident liver involvement. In one case, the prodromal symptoms occurred four weeks before biochemical or clinical evidence of hepatitis. The SSLI tended to subside with the onset of clinically evident liver disease. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg, Australia antigen) was detected in the sera of two patients, but free antibody to the antigen was not demonstrable in either one. Serum complement levels were low during the prodromal phase and tended to return to normal value at the onset of extensive liver involvement. The diagnosis of viral hepatitis should be considered in children presenting with polyarthritis, polyarthralgia, and a rash (serum sickness-like illness) of uncertain etiology.", "PMID": 1185334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9746", "title": "Myelofibrosis in children with chronic renal insufficiency.", "content": "During investigation of splenomegaly in a boy with chronic renal failure and osteodystrophy, bone marrow aspirates resulted in \"dry taps,\" whereas biopsied material provided evidence that the marrow had been replaced by fibrous tissue. In a study of six other children with chronic renal failure, similar changes were observed. These findings suggest that the anemia of chronic renal failure may in part be a result of myelofibrosis, and the resulting reduction of functional bone marrow may limit the tolerance to immunosuppressive agents in patients who undergo renal transplantation.", "contents": "Myelofibrosis in children with chronic renal insufficiency. During investigation of splenomegaly in a boy with chronic renal failure and osteodystrophy, bone marrow aspirates resulted in \"dry taps,\" whereas biopsied material provided evidence that the marrow had been replaced by fibrous tissue. In a study of six other children with chronic renal failure, similar changes were observed. These findings suggest that the anemia of chronic renal failure may in part be a result of myelofibrosis, and the resulting reduction of functional bone marrow may limit the tolerance to immunosuppressive agents in patients who undergo renal transplantation.", "PMID": 1185335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9747", "title": "Exercise-induced electrocardiographic changes in children with congenital aortic stenosis.", "content": "The relationship of exercise-induced electrocardiographic changes to severity of obstruction in congenital aortic stenosis was studied in 44 children. Twelve subjects, with ST segment depression of 1 mm or more lasting 0.08 seconds after the J Point, had left ventricular-aortic peak systolic pressure differences (gradients) ranging from 54 to 112 mm Hg. The remaining 32 children had less than 1 mm or no ST segment depression. Thirty-one of these had gradients ranging from 10 to 48 mm Hg and one had a gradient of 52 mm Hg. Vectorcardiograms, electrocardiograms, and chest roentgenograms were not useful in the identification of the severity of the lesion. The study suggests that children with severe gradients develop electrocardiographic ST segment changes with exercise, thereby helping to select those patients who should have catheterization studies to delineate the severity of the lesion. In those with a normal exercise test, cardiac catheterization may be safely delayed, but the exercise test should be repeated to identify those who develop progressive obstruction.", "contents": "Exercise-induced electrocardiographic changes in children with congenital aortic stenosis. The relationship of exercise-induced electrocardiographic changes to severity of obstruction in congenital aortic stenosis was studied in 44 children. Twelve subjects, with ST segment depression of 1 mm or more lasting 0.08 seconds after the J Point, had left ventricular-aortic peak systolic pressure differences (gradients) ranging from 54 to 112 mm Hg. The remaining 32 children had less than 1 mm or no ST segment depression. Thirty-one of these had gradients ranging from 10 to 48 mm Hg and one had a gradient of 52 mm Hg. Vectorcardiograms, electrocardiograms, and chest roentgenograms were not useful in the identification of the severity of the lesion. The study suggests that children with severe gradients develop electrocardiographic ST segment changes with exercise, thereby helping to select those patients who should have catheterization studies to delineate the severity of the lesion. In those with a normal exercise test, cardiac catheterization may be safely delayed, but the exercise test should be repeated to identify those who develop progressive obstruction.", "PMID": 1185336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9748", "title": "Hyperdibasicaminoaciduria, hyperammonemia, and growth retardation: Treatment with arginine, lysine, and citrulline.", "content": "A 9-year-old girl with hereditary dibasicaminoaciduria has been studied for three years. Initially, clinical features were: growth failure; anorexia and aversion to protein, spontaneous daily protein intake averaging only 10 gm; fasting and postprandial venous hyperammonemia; subnormal plasma concentrations of lysine, arginine, ornithine, and citrulline, with generalized hypermonobasicaminoacidemia; abnormally high renal clearances of lysine, arginine, and ornithine; and intestinal malabsorption of lysine and arginine. Intestinal absorption of citrulline, a precursor of arginine and ornithine, was normal. The patient was observed during four sequential 6-month periods as follows: no treatment (Period I); dietary supplement of arginine and lysine (Period II); dietary supplement of citrulline and lysine (Period III); no treatment (Period IV). During Periods II and III growth rate increased 3- to 4-fold, spontaneous protein intake increased 2- to 3-fold, and abnormalities in blood NH3 and the plasma aminogram were partially corrected. In most respects the citrulline plus lysine supplement was more beneficial than that of arginine plus lysine.", "contents": "Hyperdibasicaminoaciduria, hyperammonemia, and growth retardation: Treatment with arginine, lysine, and citrulline. A 9-year-old girl with hereditary dibasicaminoaciduria has been studied for three years. Initially, clinical features were: growth failure; anorexia and aversion to protein, spontaneous daily protein intake averaging only 10 gm; fasting and postprandial venous hyperammonemia; subnormal plasma concentrations of lysine, arginine, ornithine, and citrulline, with generalized hypermonobasicaminoacidemia; abnormally high renal clearances of lysine, arginine, and ornithine; and intestinal malabsorption of lysine and arginine. Intestinal absorption of citrulline, a precursor of arginine and ornithine, was normal. The patient was observed during four sequential 6-month periods as follows: no treatment (Period I); dietary supplement of arginine and lysine (Period II); dietary supplement of citrulline and lysine (Period III); no treatment (Period IV). During Periods II and III growth rate increased 3- to 4-fold, spontaneous protein intake increased 2- to 3-fold, and abnormalities in blood NH3 and the plasma aminogram were partially corrected. In most respects the citrulline plus lysine supplement was more beneficial than that of arginine plus lysine.", "PMID": 1185337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9749", "title": "Combined portal and vena caval hypertension in Gaucher disease: The value of preoperative venography.", "content": "Portal hypertension in Gaucher disease is unusual; the seventh known patient with this complication is reported. Prior to portacaval shunting in this child, a localized obstruction of the inferior vena cava at the subdiaphragmatic level was demonstrated by caval manometry and inferior vena cavography. At autopsy, centrilobular hepatic fibrosis seemed to be responsible for the portal hypertension. Nodular enlargement of the right and caudate lobes of the liver was the cause of the caval obstruction; elevated caval resistance may have contributed to the portal hypertension and possibly was responsible for failure of a portacaval anastomosis. The value of preoperative inferior vena cavography in addition to arterial portography in children with portal hypertension is stressed.", "contents": "Combined portal and vena caval hypertension in Gaucher disease: The value of preoperative venography. Portal hypertension in Gaucher disease is unusual; the seventh known patient with this complication is reported. Prior to portacaval shunting in this child, a localized obstruction of the inferior vena cava at the subdiaphragmatic level was demonstrated by caval manometry and inferior vena cavography. At autopsy, centrilobular hepatic fibrosis seemed to be responsible for the portal hypertension. Nodular enlargement of the right and caudate lobes of the liver was the cause of the caval obstruction; elevated caval resistance may have contributed to the portal hypertension and possibly was responsible for failure of a portacaval anastomosis. The value of preoperative inferior vena cavography in addition to arterial portography in children with portal hypertension is stressed.", "PMID": 1185338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9750", "title": "A prospective search for congenital dermal abnormalities of the craniospinal axis.", "content": "Nineteen-hundred and ninety-seven consecutive term newborn infants were examined for cutaneous abnormalities of the craniospinal axis. Fifty-eight of the neonates (3%) had one or more abnormalities. The major findings included 28 (1.4%) deep dimples; 23 (1.2%) presumed sinuses; six (0.3%) skin tags,and one nodular mass. Fifty children were seen in follow-up at 4 to 12 months; in 40 infants the initial major finding persisted unchanged. Surgery has been performed on five children. One dermal sinus was found to terminate at the dura, three sinuses terminated at the coccyx, and a skin tag was associated with a fibrous band that extended to the coccyx. The management of congenital dermal sinuses is discussed.", "contents": "A prospective search for congenital dermal abnormalities of the craniospinal axis. Nineteen-hundred and ninety-seven consecutive term newborn infants were examined for cutaneous abnormalities of the craniospinal axis. Fifty-eight of the neonates (3%) had one or more abnormalities. The major findings included 28 (1.4%) deep dimples; 23 (1.2%) presumed sinuses; six (0.3%) skin tags,and one nodular mass. Fifty children were seen in follow-up at 4 to 12 months; in 40 infants the initial major finding persisted unchanged. Surgery has been performed on five children. One dermal sinus was found to terminate at the dura, three sinuses terminated at the coccyx, and a skin tag was associated with a fibrous band that extended to the coccyx. The management of congenital dermal sinuses is discussed.", "PMID": 1185339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9751", "title": "Pneumonitis following inclusion blennorrhea.", "content": "A pregnant woman and her husband had proved chlamydial genital tract infections. She gave birth to a male infant who developed inclusion blennorrhea (inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn infant). While on topical chemotherapy for his eye disease, the infant developed pneumonitis. Chlamydiae were recovered from his sputum at a time when conjunctival specimens were sterile. This finding raises the possibility that the agent of inclusion conjunctivitis may cause systemic infections in neonates exposed during passage through an infected birth canal.", "contents": "Pneumonitis following inclusion blennorrhea. A pregnant woman and her husband had proved chlamydial genital tract infections. She gave birth to a male infant who developed inclusion blennorrhea (inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn infant). While on topical chemotherapy for his eye disease, the infant developed pneumonitis. Chlamydiae were recovered from his sputum at a time when conjunctival specimens were sterile. This finding raises the possibility that the agent of inclusion conjunctivitis may cause systemic infections in neonates exposed during passage through an infected birth canal.", "PMID": 1185349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9752", "title": "Transplacental passage of maternal erythrocytes with sickling.", "content": "Sickled erythrocytes served as a marker for maternal blood in a cell transfer study of placentas from uncomplicated term pregnancies of women with sicklemia. The incidence of concurrent sickling in maternal and fetal blood was 100% in the 44 cases examined. Maternofetal passage of the erythrocytes was found four times more frequently in umbilical or chorionic veins (8.4%) than in arteries (1.9%). Deported chorionic villi were found in the veins in three of 44 cases but not in the arteries. These findings indicate fresh maternofetal leakage of blood during the third stage of labor.", "contents": "Transplacental passage of maternal erythrocytes with sickling. Sickled erythrocytes served as a marker for maternal blood in a cell transfer study of placentas from uncomplicated term pregnancies of women with sicklemia. The incidence of concurrent sickling in maternal and fetal blood was 100% in the 44 cases examined. Maternofetal passage of the erythrocytes was found four times more frequently in umbilical or chorionic veins (8.4%) than in arteries (1.9%). Deported chorionic villi were found in the veins in three of 44 cases but not in the arteries. These findings indicate fresh maternofetal leakage of blood during the third stage of labor.", "PMID": 1185350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9753", "title": "Renal response of the lamb fetus to partial occlusion of the umbilical cord.", "content": "The role of the fetal kidney during impairment of placental exchange was studied in eight fetal lambs, intact in utero; a standard asphyxial insult for a period of 1 hour was produced by occluding the umbilical cord sufficiently to lower the fetal heart rate by 35 +/- 5 beats/min and the pH by 0.15 units. This asphyxial stress caused a fall in urine output from a control of 0.17 to 0.03 ml/kg/min and of glomerular filtration rate from 1.2 to 0.3 ml/min; release of the occlusion was followed by mild diuresis. The fall in urine output was accompanied by a rise in total primary solutes including  concentrations of electrolytes; this rise continued for 1 to 2 hours following the release of the occlusion. Because of the low urinary output during the period of occlusion, there was a fall in excretion of electrolyte; an increase in net acid excretion occurred only after the release of the cord. These experiments show that, although the fetal kidney is capable of contributing to elimination of acid following compression of the cord, there may be an associated net loss of water and electrolytes.", "contents": "Renal response of the lamb fetus to partial occlusion of the umbilical cord. The role of the fetal kidney during impairment of placental exchange was studied in eight fetal lambs, intact in utero; a standard asphyxial insult for a period of 1 hour was produced by occluding the umbilical cord sufficiently to lower the fetal heart rate by 35 +/- 5 beats/min and the pH by 0.15 units. This asphyxial stress caused a fall in urine output from a control of 0.17 to 0.03 ml/kg/min and of glomerular filtration rate from 1.2 to 0.3 ml/min; release of the occlusion was followed by mild diuresis. The fall in urine output was accompanied by a rise in total primary solutes including  concentrations of electrolytes; this rise continued for 1 to 2 hours following the release of the occlusion. Because of the low urinary output during the period of occlusion, there was a fall in excretion of electrolyte; an increase in net acid excretion occurred only after the release of the cord. These experiments show that, although the fetal kidney is capable of contributing to elimination of acid following compression of the cord, there may be an associated net loss of water and electrolytes.", "PMID": 1185351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9754", "title": "Intravenous diazoxide in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with hypertension secondary to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis were treated by the rapid intravenous infusion of diazoxide. The average pretreatment systolic pressure was 159 mm Hg. Five minutes after administration, the average systolic pressure was 122 mm Hg (a 23% reduction). The average initial diastolic pressure was 104 mm Hg, which fell 5 minutes after diazoxide injection to 71 mm Hg (a 32% reduction). No hypotensive episodes were noted. Occasional episodes of nausea occurred. Concentrations of blood glucose increased after administration of diazoxide; however, no values were above 155 mg/dl. Diazoxide appears to be a safe antihypertensive drug that is effective in the treatment of hypertension secondary to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Intravenous diazoxide in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Twenty-six patients with hypertension secondary to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis were treated by the rapid intravenous infusion of diazoxide. The average pretreatment systolic pressure was 159 mm Hg. Five minutes after administration, the average systolic pressure was 122 mm Hg (a 23% reduction). The average initial diastolic pressure was 104 mm Hg, which fell 5 minutes after diazoxide injection to 71 mm Hg (a 32% reduction). No hypotensive episodes were noted. Occasional episodes of nausea occurred. Concentrations of blood glucose increased after administration of diazoxide; however, no values were above 155 mg/dl. Diazoxide appears to be a safe antihypertensive drug that is effective in the treatment of hypertension secondary to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 1185352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9755", "title": "Sodium nitroprusside treatment of severe arterial hypertension in children.", "content": "Severe arterial hypertension in children constitutes a high-risk situation requiring rapid and effective therapy. We have assessed the clinical value of sodium nitroprusside as a rapidly acting antihypertensive agent. Twenty children admitted with hypertensive crises of renal origin were treated with intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside at an average rate of 1.4 mug/kg/min. Desired levels of blood pressure were reached in all patients within one to 20 minutes. Rapid improvement of cardiac failure was observed in all patients, and neurologic signs of distress disappeared in 16 of the 20 children within 24 to 48 hours of treatment, permitting substitution of oral medication. One patient died of cerebral hemorrhage without improvement of encephalopathy. There were no undesirable effects of therapy or deterioration of renal function in any patient.", "contents": "Sodium nitroprusside treatment of severe arterial hypertension in children. Severe arterial hypertension in children constitutes a high-risk situation requiring rapid and effective therapy. We have assessed the clinical value of sodium nitroprusside as a rapidly acting antihypertensive agent. Twenty children admitted with hypertensive crises of renal origin were treated with intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside at an average rate of 1.4 mug/kg/min. Desired levels of blood pressure were reached in all patients within one to 20 minutes. Rapid improvement of cardiac failure was observed in all patients, and neurologic signs of distress disappeared in 16 of the 20 children within 24 to 48 hours of treatment, permitting substitution of oral medication. One patient died of cerebral hemorrhage without improvement of encephalopathy. There were no undesirable effects of therapy or deterioration of renal function in any patient.", "PMID": 1185353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9756", "title": "Age-dependent dose response to gentamicin.", "content": "Serum gentamicin concentrations were measured 30 minutes after 140 intravenous doses in 60 children and nine adults with normal renal function. Distinct interpatient variation was observed but individual patients tended to have similar pharmacokinetics with repeated doses. Age had a significant effect in that mean peak serum concentrations were  1.58 mug/ml per 1 mg/kg dose in children between 6 months and 5 years, 2.03 mug/ml per 1 mg/kg in those between 5 and 10, and 2.86 mug/ml per 1 mg/kg in children 10 to 15 years of age. The mean calculated single dose of gentamicin necessary to achieve a peak serum concentration between 4 and 5 mug/ml is 2.5 mg/kg for  ages 0.5 to 5 years, 2.0 mg/kg for ages 5 to 10 years, and 1.5 mg/kg for individuals over 10 years of age.", "contents": "Age-dependent dose response to gentamicin. Serum gentamicin concentrations were measured 30 minutes after 140 intravenous doses in 60 children and nine adults with normal renal function. Distinct interpatient variation was observed but individual patients tended to have similar pharmacokinetics with repeated doses. Age had a significant effect in that mean peak serum concentrations were  1.58 mug/ml per 1 mg/kg dose in children between 6 months and 5 years, 2.03 mug/ml per 1 mg/kg in those between 5 and 10, and 2.86 mug/ml per 1 mg/kg in children 10 to 15 years of age. The mean calculated single dose of gentamicin necessary to achieve a peak serum concentration between 4 and 5 mug/ml is 2.5 mg/kg for  ages 0.5 to 5 years, 2.0 mg/kg for ages 5 to 10 years, and 1.5 mg/kg for individuals over 10 years of age.", "PMID": 1185355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9757", "title": "Effects of parents' and pediatricians' worry concerning severe gastroenteritis in early childhood on later disturbances in the child's behavior.", "content": "Probands who had been hospitalized for gastroenteritis between the ages of 2 and 5 years were studied at the ages of 8 to 12 years. More conduct problems and a tendency to excessive dependence were found (1) in probands who were severely ill by objective criteria than were others and (2) in probands whose parents were specifically worried that their child might die as a result of the illness. General worry in the parents had different consequences. Other data suggest that pediatricians, because they are no longer worried about the illness after the child is discharged, may be failing to take appropriate preventative measures at opportune moments in the years following the hospitalization.", "contents": "Effects of parents' and pediatricians' worry concerning severe gastroenteritis in early childhood on later disturbances in the child's behavior. Probands who had been hospitalized for gastroenteritis between the ages of 2 and 5 years were studied at the ages of 8 to 12 years. More conduct problems and a tendency to excessive dependence were found (1) in probands who were severely ill by objective criteria than were others and (2) in probands whose parents were specifically worried that their child might die as a result of the illness. General worry in the parents had different consequences. Other data suggest that pediatricians, because they are no longer worried about the illness after the child is discharged, may be failing to take appropriate preventative measures at opportune moments in the years following the hospitalization.", "PMID": 1185356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9758", "title": "Acute liver disease and encephalopathy mimicking Reye syndrome. A report of three cases.", "content": "Three patients are described whose clinical presentation suggested Reye syndrome, and in whom the initial laboratory investigations supported the diagnosis. The subsequent clinical and biochemical evolution of the illness differed from that of Reye syndrome. The liver biopsy of each patient revealed changes in centrilobular hepatocytes rather than the diffuse small droplet fatty change characteristic of Reye syndrome. In each of them normal liver functions were regained. The findings in these patients suggest that a firm diagnosis of Reye syndrome cannot be made without histologic examination of the liver.", "contents": "Acute liver disease and encephalopathy mimicking Reye syndrome. A report of three cases. Three patients are described whose clinical presentation suggested Reye syndrome, and in whom the initial laboratory investigations supported the diagnosis. The subsequent clinical and biochemical evolution of the illness differed from that of Reye syndrome. The liver biopsy of each patient revealed changes in centrilobular hepatocytes rather than the diffuse small droplet fatty change characteristic of Reye syndrome. In each of them normal liver functions were regained. The findings in these patients suggest that a firm diagnosis of Reye syndrome cannot be made without histologic examination of the liver.", "PMID": 1185387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9759", "title": "Reye syndrome: results of intensive supportive care.", "content": "Thirty-six patients with Reye syndrome were admitted to St. Louis Children's Hospital during a ten-year period from January, 1966, through June, 1975; ten patients (28%) died. Seven (64%) of the ten deaths occurred in the 11 patients admitted between 1966 and 1971, whereas only three (12%) of 25 patients died thereafter. We attribute this reduction in case fatality rate to early diagnosis, recognition of milder cases, and intensive medical support including continuous intravenous infusion of hypertonic glucose, intermittent infusion of hypertonic mannitol, and early elective endotracheal intubation. Analyses of metabolic, hormonal, and blood gas data obtained serially during the acute illness in 16 of these patients provide a basis for a discussion of the pathophysiology of this disorder.", "contents": "Reye syndrome: results of intensive supportive care. Thirty-six patients with Reye syndrome were admitted to St. Louis Children's Hospital during a ten-year period from January, 1966, through June, 1975; ten patients (28%) died. Seven (64%) of the ten deaths occurred in the 11 patients admitted between 1966 and 1971, whereas only three (12%) of 25 patients died thereafter. We attribute this reduction in case fatality rate to early diagnosis, recognition of milder cases, and intensive medical support including continuous intravenous infusion of hypertonic glucose, intermittent infusion of hypertonic mannitol, and early elective endotracheal intubation. Analyses of metabolic, hormonal, and blood gas data obtained serially during the acute illness in 16 of these patients provide a basis for a discussion of the pathophysiology of this disorder.", "PMID": 1185388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9760", "title": "Reye syndrome: treatment by exchange transfusion with special reference to the 1974 epidemic in Cincinnati, Ohio.", "content": "The treatment of 66 children with Reye syndrome proved by hepatic biopsy or autopsy is described. Prior to the utilization of exchange transfusion early in the course of the disease, our case fatality rate was 100% of nine patients. With early diagnosis and early exchange transfusion, the case fatality rate was reduced to 27% of 44 patients. During the 1974 epidemic of Reye syndrome, 26 children were treated. In 18 children the diagnosis was established by hepatic biopsy; 16 received one or more exchange transfusions. There were no deaths among these 26 patients. In the 1974 epidemic, the national case fatality rate was estimated to be 40%. Exchange transfusion appears to have been an important factor in the reduction of the case fatality rate among our patients.", "contents": "Reye syndrome: treatment by exchange transfusion with special reference to the 1974 epidemic in Cincinnati, Ohio. The treatment of 66 children with Reye syndrome proved by hepatic biopsy or autopsy is described. Prior to the utilization of exchange transfusion early in the course of the disease, our case fatality rate was 100% of nine patients. With early diagnosis and early exchange transfusion, the case fatality rate was reduced to 27% of 44 patients. During the 1974 epidemic of Reye syndrome, 26 children were treated. In 18 children the diagnosis was established by hepatic biopsy; 16 received one or more exchange transfusions. There were no deaths among these 26 patients. In the 1974 epidemic, the national case fatality rate was estimated to be 40%. Exchange transfusion appears to have been an important factor in the reduction of the case fatality rate among our patients.", "PMID": 1185389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9761", "title": "Liver dysfunction and histologic abnormalities in neonatal hypopituitarism.", "content": "Pituitary aplasia or hypoplasia occurs in anencephalic and normocephalic infants. Two infants with hypopituitarism are described; in each the diagnosis was made clinically. The infants had frank clinical and histologic evidence of the neonatal hepatitis syndrome. There may be more than a chance relationship between the clinicopathologic findings of neonatal hypopituitarism and hepatitis.", "contents": "Liver dysfunction and histologic abnormalities in neonatal hypopituitarism. Pituitary aplasia or hypoplasia occurs in anencephalic and normocephalic infants. Two infants with hypopituitarism are described; in each the diagnosis was made clinically. The infants had frank clinical and histologic evidence of the neonatal hepatitis syndrome. There may be more than a chance relationship between the clinicopathologic findings of neonatal hypopituitarism and hepatitis.", "PMID": 1185390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9762", "title": "Spectrum of function of neutrophils from carriers of sex-linked chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "Bactericidal and metabolic activities were compared for polymorphonuclear leukocytes from normal controls, patients with sex-linked chronic granulomatous disease, five obligate carriers, and six potential carriers of CGD. Bacteria surviving at one hour were quantitated in a standardized assay which employed 1.25 Staphylococcus aureus per neutrophil. Heat-killed bacteria or a chemical agent, phorbol myristate acetate, were used to stimulate increases in utilization of oxygen, oxidation of [1--14C] glucose, and reduction of neotetrazolium chloride by PMN. The results demonstrate that PMN from the individual obligate carriers of CGD have a broad spectrum of functional capabilities. Neutrophils from one obligate carrier performed in the above in vitro tests and others on a par with normal control cells, whereas the PMN of others displayed deficiencies nearly as profound as those of the affected CGD patients. The observations parallel the broad range of phenotypic expression observed in heterozygotic carriers of other sex-linked recessive disorders as a result of random inactivation of the X chromosome. Although predictable from the current concept of random X inactivation, the spectrum has not been previously demonstrated for carriers of sex-linked recessive CGD and thus has important implications for the detection and counseling of carriers of CGD.", "contents": "Spectrum of function of neutrophils from carriers of sex-linked chronic granulomatous disease. Bactericidal and metabolic activities were compared for polymorphonuclear leukocytes from normal controls, patients with sex-linked chronic granulomatous disease, five obligate carriers, and six potential carriers of CGD. Bacteria surviving at one hour were quantitated in a standardized assay which employed 1.25 Staphylococcus aureus per neutrophil. Heat-killed bacteria or a chemical agent, phorbol myristate acetate, were used to stimulate increases in utilization of oxygen, oxidation of [1--14C] glucose, and reduction of neotetrazolium chloride by PMN. The results demonstrate that PMN from the individual obligate carriers of CGD have a broad spectrum of functional capabilities. Neutrophils from one obligate carrier performed in the above in vitro tests and others on a par with normal control cells, whereas the PMN of others displayed deficiencies nearly as profound as those of the affected CGD patients. The observations parallel the broad range of phenotypic expression observed in heterozygotic carriers of other sex-linked recessive disorders as a result of random inactivation of the X chromosome. Although predictable from the current concept of random X inactivation, the spectrum has not been previously demonstrated for carriers of sex-linked recessive CGD and thus has important implications for the detection and counseling of carriers of CGD.", "PMID": 1185391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9763", "title": "Defective neutrophil chemotaxis with variant ichthyosis, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and recurrent infections.", "content": "Host defense mechanisms were evaluated in a 4-1/2-year-old boy with recurrent pyogenic infections and a unique hyperkeratotic skin disorder. The patient's neutrophils were consistently defective in chemotactic responsiveness but had normal NBT reduction, glucose oxidation, and iodination. Serum concentrations of IgE were markedly elevated and the secondary antibody response was abnormal. No T-cell dysfunction was detected. These findings suggest a relationship between this patient and patients with other syndromes associated with recurrent infections, cutaneous disease, defective chemotaxis, immunodeficiency, and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E.", "contents": "Defective neutrophil chemotaxis with variant ichthyosis, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and recurrent infections. Host defense mechanisms were evaluated in a 4-1/2-year-old boy with recurrent pyogenic infections and a unique hyperkeratotic skin disorder. The patient's neutrophils were consistently defective in chemotactic responsiveness but had normal NBT reduction, glucose oxidation, and iodination. Serum concentrations of IgE were markedly elevated and the secondary antibody response was abnormal. No T-cell dysfunction was detected. These findings suggest a relationship between this patient and patients with other syndromes associated with recurrent infections, cutaneous disease, defective chemotaxis, immunodeficiency, and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E.", "PMID": 1185392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9764", "title": "Serum complement profiles in infants and children.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine normal serum values for the complement components, C3, C4, and C5, and total hemolytic complement (CH50) activity in 163 healthy infants and children, in the age range from birth through 14 years. There were statistically significant relationships of C3, C4, and C5, but not CH50 with age. None of the complement components or CH50 could be differentiated by sex or race. Tolerance limits for high and low values were projected for each complement measurement for 75%, 90%, and 95% of the general population. Our data confirm the differences in complement levels between children and adults and demonstrate a wide range of values within each group, reflecting the biologic variability of complement measurements. These results emphasize the importance of establishing normal pediatric values in any laboratory that measures complement profiles in various diseases of childhood.", "contents": "Serum complement profiles in infants and children. The purpose of this study was to examine normal serum values for the complement components, C3, C4, and C5, and total hemolytic complement (CH50) activity in 163 healthy infants and children, in the age range from birth through 14 years. There were statistically significant relationships of C3, C4, and C5, but not CH50 with age. None of the complement components or CH50 could be differentiated by sex or race. Tolerance limits for high and low values were projected for each complement measurement for 75%, 90%, and 95% of the general population. Our data confirm the differences in complement levels between children and adults and demonstrate a wide range of values within each group, reflecting the biologic variability of complement measurements. These results emphasize the importance of establishing normal pediatric values in any laboratory that measures complement profiles in various diseases of childhood.", "PMID": 1185393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9765", "title": "Growth hormone excess and sexual precocity in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (McCune-Albright syndrome): evidence for abnormal hypothalamic function.", "content": "A 5-5/12-year-old boy with gigantism and precocious puberty associated with the McCune-Albright syndrome is presented. Serum concentrations of growth hormone were extremely elevated (128-163 ng/ml) and were not suppressed by hyperglycemia or chlorpromazine. Serum LH (7.4 +/- 1.0 SD mIU/ml) and FSH (5.3 +/- 0.3 SD mIU/ml) concentrations were in the range observed in midpuberty. The secretion pattern of LH was episodic. The administration of estradiol suppressed the secretion of FSH and had an apparent positive feedback effect on release of LH. These findings are compatible with abnormal hypothalamic function as the mechanism for the endocrinopathies associated with the McCune-Albright syndrome.", "contents": "Growth hormone excess and sexual precocity in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (McCune-Albright syndrome): evidence for abnormal hypothalamic function. A 5-5/12-year-old boy with gigantism and precocious puberty associated with the McCune-Albright syndrome is presented. Serum concentrations of growth hormone were extremely elevated (128-163 ng/ml) and were not suppressed by hyperglycemia or chlorpromazine. Serum LH (7.4 +/- 1.0 SD mIU/ml) and FSH (5.3 +/- 0.3 SD mIU/ml) concentrations were in the range observed in midpuberty. The secretion pattern of LH was episodic. The administration of estradiol suppressed the secretion of FSH and had an apparent positive feedback effect on release of LH. These findings are compatible with abnormal hypothalamic function as the mechanism for the endocrinopathies associated with the McCune-Albright syndrome.", "PMID": 1185394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9766", "title": "Recent trends in the mortality rate from renal disease in children and young adults in New York City.", "content": "Analysis has shown that the over-all death rate from renal disease for residents of New York City under 25 years of age has declined from 4.6 per 100,000 in 1950 to 2.3 per 100,000 in 1970. Nephritis and nephrosis was the major disease category accounting for this decrease in deaths. A similar trend was found for the United States as a whole. Other causes of renal disease did not manifest consistent changes in death rates. The decline in deaths from nephritis and nephrosis could not be ascribed solely to changing diagnostic habits or terminology. A possible alternative explanation is a change in the natural history of these diseases. Data of this type might be useful as an index to future trends in the mortality rate from renal diseases and as one basis for projections of potential future needs for dialysis and renal transplantation. Using 1965 data, we estimate the number of such potential candidates in New York City would have been 9 per 1,000,000 for the 5 to 14 year age group and 23 per 1,000,000 for the 15 to 24 year age group. There are significant limitations of projections based on such data. These estimates of potential candidates for chronic dialysis or renal transplantation are the first available for children in the United States.", "contents": "Recent trends in the mortality rate from renal disease in children and young adults in New York City. Analysis has shown that the over-all death rate from renal disease for residents of New York City under 25 years of age has declined from 4.6 per 100,000 in 1950 to 2.3 per 100,000 in 1970. Nephritis and nephrosis was the major disease category accounting for this decrease in deaths. A similar trend was found for the United States as a whole. Other causes of renal disease did not manifest consistent changes in death rates. The decline in deaths from nephritis and nephrosis could not be ascribed solely to changing diagnostic habits or terminology. A possible alternative explanation is a change in the natural history of these diseases. Data of this type might be useful as an index to future trends in the mortality rate from renal diseases and as one basis for projections of potential future needs for dialysis and renal transplantation. Using 1965 data, we estimate the number of such potential candidates in New York City would have been 9 per 1,000,000 for the 5 to 14 year age group and 23 per 1,000,000 for the 15 to 24 year age group. There are significant limitations of projections based on such data. These estimates of potential candidates for chronic dialysis or renal transplantation are the first available for children in the United States.", "PMID": 1185395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9767", "title": "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the head and neck in childhood.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of pediatric patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma localized to the head and neck revealed a survival rate of 51.7%. This contrasts with a survival rate of 9% computed from the literature for children with local and regional non-Hodgkin lymphoma in various parts of the body. Major factors influencing survival appeared to be: (1) stage of lymphoma (12 of 17 Stage I survived); (2) histology (7 of 7 patients whose lesions were classified as nodular survived as compared to 5 of 17 with lesions classified as diffuse); and (3) anatomic location. Leukemia developed in seven patients with lesions of the diffuse histologic type. Recent experience suggests that aggressive, integrated treatment with surgery, radiation therapy, ano chemotherapy may favorably alter the course of the disease in patients with unfavorable histologic lesions.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the head and neck in childhood. A retrospective analysis of pediatric patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma localized to the head and neck revealed a survival rate of 51.7%. This contrasts with a survival rate of 9% computed from the literature for children with local and regional non-Hodgkin lymphoma in various parts of the body. Major factors influencing survival appeared to be: (1) stage of lymphoma (12 of 17 Stage I survived); (2) histology (7 of 7 patients whose lesions were classified as nodular survived as compared to 5 of 17 with lesions classified as diffuse); and (3) anatomic location. Leukemia developed in seven patients with lesions of the diffuse histologic type. Recent experience suggests that aggressive, integrated treatment with surgery, radiation therapy, ano chemotherapy may favorably alter the course of the disease in patients with unfavorable histologic lesions.", "PMID": 1185396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9768", "title": "Insulin antagonism of cortisol action on lechithin synthesis by cultured fetal lung cells.", "content": "In monolayer cel cultures from late gestation (28-day) rabbit fetal lungs, cortisol (5.5 X 10(-6)M) enhances lecithin synthesis and reduced cellular growth. The addition of insulin (25-100 muU/ml) abolishes the stimulatory effect of cortisol on lecithin synthesis but does not affect its growth-inhibiting activity.", "contents": "Insulin antagonism of cortisol action on lechithin synthesis by cultured fetal lung cells. In monolayer cel cultures from late gestation (28-day) rabbit fetal lungs, cortisol (5.5 X 10(-6)M) enhances lecithin synthesis and reduced cellular growth. The addition of insulin (25-100 muU/ml) abolishes the stimulatory effect of cortisol on lecithin synthesis but does not affect its growth-inhibiting activity.", "PMID": 1185403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9769", "title": "Fetal alcohol syndrome in dizygotic twins.", "content": "A pair of fraternal twins with stigmata of the fetal alcohol syndrome are described. Apparently differences in susceptibility to the dysmorphogenic influence of ethanol caused one twin to be more severely affected than the other one. Both infants are growing poorly postnatally, and both are at risk for retarded development. Any evidence of the fetal alcohol syndrome, however, subtle, should be considered a warning of possible future developmental delay.", "contents": "Fetal alcohol syndrome in dizygotic twins. A pair of fraternal twins with stigmata of the fetal alcohol syndrome are described. Apparently differences in susceptibility to the dysmorphogenic influence of ethanol caused one twin to be more severely affected than the other one. Both infants are growing poorly postnatally, and both are at risk for retarded development. Any evidence of the fetal alcohol syndrome, however, subtle, should be considered a warning of possible future developmental delay.", "PMID": 1185405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9770", "title": "Radiographic technic, safety, and interpretation in the newborn nursery.", "content": "The technic and safety aspects of the radiographic evaluation of neonates with RDS are discussed. A study of radiographs taken in an intensive care nursery revealed that densitometric measurements are helpful in distinguishing changes in lung aeration from changes in radiographic quality. The radiation exposure to neonates was 5.1 (SD 2.3) mR per film and 44.9 (SD 39.7) MR per neonate. Limited chromosomal studies revealed no detectable abnormalities. The radiation exposure to the staff was minimal. The low-radiation exposure to the staff and neonates is the result of careful attention to radiation hygiene.", "contents": "Radiographic technic, safety, and interpretation in the newborn nursery. The technic and safety aspects of the radiographic evaluation of neonates with RDS are discussed. A study of radiographs taken in an intensive care nursery revealed that densitometric measurements are helpful in distinguishing changes in lung aeration from changes in radiographic quality. The radiation exposure to neonates was 5.1 (SD 2.3) mR per film and 44.9 (SD 39.7) MR per neonate. Limited chromosomal studies revealed no detectable abnormalities. The radiation exposure to the staff was minimal. The low-radiation exposure to the staff and neonates is the result of careful attention to radiation hygiene.", "PMID": 1185406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9771", "title": "Leg growth following umbilical artery catheter-associated thrombus formation: a 4-year follow-up.", "content": "Fourteen children were re-examined 4 years following the radiographic demonstration of umbilical artery catheter associated thrombus formation. Positive correlations could not be established between radiographically determined femoral and/or tibial lengths, length differences, pulse pressure differences, and the location of thrombi noted on the 1971 aortograms.", "contents": "Leg growth following umbilical artery catheter-associated thrombus formation: a 4-year follow-up. Fourteen children were re-examined 4 years following the radiographic demonstration of umbilical artery catheter associated thrombus formation. Positive correlations could not be established between radiographically determined femoral and/or tibial lengths, length differences, pulse pressure differences, and the location of thrombi noted on the 1971 aortograms.", "PMID": 1185407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9772", "title": "The lack of effect of phototherapy on serum bilirubin-binding capacity in newborn infants.", "content": "Using a Sephadex G-25 separation technique, the total bilirubin-binding capacity was measured in 18 jaundiced infants before and after phototherapy. The initial total bilirubin-binding capacity obtained at 20 to 113 hours of age averaged 17.5 +/- 4.4 mg/dl (mean +/- SD) and was unchanged during phototherapy at 34 to 135 hours of age. In ten infants, the total bilirubin-binding capacity was measured before, during, and 24 hours after the cessation of phototherapy. Here too, phototherapy did not significantly influence the TBBC. These data indicate that in vivo, phototherapy does not alter the serum bilirubin binding capacity of newborn infants.", "contents": "The lack of effect of phototherapy on serum bilirubin-binding capacity in newborn infants. Using a Sephadex G-25 separation technique, the total bilirubin-binding capacity was measured in 18 jaundiced infants before and after phototherapy. The initial total bilirubin-binding capacity obtained at 20 to 113 hours of age averaged 17.5 +/- 4.4 mg/dl (mean +/- SD) and was unchanged during phototherapy at 34 to 135 hours of age. In ten infants, the total bilirubin-binding capacity was measured before, during, and 24 hours after the cessation of phototherapy. Here too, phototherapy did not significantly influence the TBBC. These data indicate that in vivo, phototherapy does not alter the serum bilirubin binding capacity of newborn infants.", "PMID": 1185408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9773", "title": "Evaluation of rifampicin in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis in children.", "content": "Of the 20 patients given rifampicin and isoniazid, 19 survived and one died. Twelve patients recovered from the disease without any significant neurologic defect. Seven patients had moderate to severe handicaps which included hemiparesis in four, hydrocephalus in two,mental retardation in three, and blindness in one. There was no hearing deficit. The average hospital stay in this group was 3-1/2 weeks. Among the 13 patients given streptomycin, PAS, and isoniazid, four are dead. Only three patients recovered with a completely good condition. The remainder had either single or multiple neurologic defects. The moderate degree of nerve deafness was also observed in two patients.", "contents": "Evaluation of rifampicin in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis in children. Of the 20 patients given rifampicin and isoniazid, 19 survived and one died. Twelve patients recovered from the disease without any significant neurologic defect. Seven patients had moderate to severe handicaps which included hemiparesis in four, hydrocephalus in two,mental retardation in three, and blindness in one. There was no hearing deficit. The average hospital stay in this group was 3-1/2 weeks. Among the 13 patients given streptomycin, PAS, and isoniazid, four are dead. Only three patients recovered with a completely good condition. The remainder had either single or multiple neurologic defects. The moderate degree of nerve deafness was also observed in two patients.", "PMID": 1185410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9774", "title": "Problems after adoption: some guidelines for pediatrician involvement.", "content": "Adoptive families face several important parent-child confrontations relevant to the adopted status of the child, for which early intervention is indicated. These postplacement difficulties are often not rooted in psychologic disturbance but rather reflect the problem of information deprivation in adoptive parents. Specifically, confrontations arise out of telling the child of the adoption, the adoptee's need for information about the biologic parents, and the tendency of adoptees to place adoptive parents in competition with the biologic parents. The nature of these problems and guidelines for intervention by the pediatrician are detailed in this paper.", "contents": "Problems after adoption: some guidelines for pediatrician involvement. Adoptive families face several important parent-child confrontations relevant to the adopted status of the child, for which early intervention is indicated. These postplacement difficulties are often not rooted in psychologic disturbance but rather reflect the problem of information deprivation in adoptive parents. Specifically, confrontations arise out of telling the child of the adoption, the adoptee's need for information about the biologic parents, and the tendency of adoptees to place adoptive parents in competition with the biologic parents. The nature of these problems and guidelines for intervention by the pediatrician are detailed in this paper.", "PMID": 1185411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9775", "title": "Blood volume and blood pressure in infants with respiratory distress.", "content": "Mean aortic blood pressure volume were measured in true premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Seven infants had Type I RDS (hyaline membrane disease) and ten had transient tachypnea of the newborn (Type II RDS). Blood volume in the infants with Type I RDS was significantly lower than in the infants with Type II RDS. The difference was due to a low red cell volume. Mean aortic blood pressure was within the range of normal in all infants and therefore did not reflect the low blood volume of infants with Type I RDS. Normal mean aortic blood pressure does not indicate normal blood volume or normal circulation in infants with RDS.", "contents": "Blood volume and blood pressure in infants with respiratory distress. Mean aortic blood pressure volume were measured in true premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Seven infants had Type I RDS (hyaline membrane disease) and ten had transient tachypnea of the newborn (Type II RDS). Blood volume in the infants with Type I RDS was significantly lower than in the infants with Type II RDS. The difference was due to a low red cell volume. Mean aortic blood pressure was within the range of normal in all infants and therefore did not reflect the low blood volume of infants with Type I RDS. Normal mean aortic blood pressure does not indicate normal blood volume or normal circulation in infants with RDS.", "PMID": 1185413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9776", "title": "Development of the sheep as an animal model to study placental lactogen physiology.", "content": "Ovine placental lactogen, purified from term sheep cotyledons, has been found to have chemical and biologic properties similar to those of human placental lactogen, ovine growth hormone, and ovine prolactin. OPL stimulates lactation in vivo and in vitro and binds to prolactin and growth hormone membrane receptors. Its binding to growth hormone receptors is approximately 20 times greater than that of hPL, suggesting that its somatotrophic potency is greater than that of hPL. Preliminary in vivo studies in the sheep indicate that oPL affects maternal carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism and that its effects are, in part, similar to those of hPL and growth hormone.", "contents": "Development of the sheep as an animal model to study placental lactogen physiology. Ovine placental lactogen, purified from term sheep cotyledons, has been found to have chemical and biologic properties similar to those of human placental lactogen, ovine growth hormone, and ovine prolactin. OPL stimulates lactation in vivo and in vitro and binds to prolactin and growth hormone membrane receptors. Its binding to growth hormone receptors is approximately 20 times greater than that of hPL, suggesting that its somatotrophic potency is greater than that of hPL. Preliminary in vivo studies in the sheep indicate that oPL affects maternal carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism and that its effects are, in part, similar to those of hPL and growth hormone.", "PMID": 1185414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9777", "title": "Juvenile Wilson disease: histologic and functional studies during penicillamine therapy.", "content": "Because the long-term effects of penicillamine on hepatic morphology in Wilson disease are virtually unknown, seven patients with this disorder were studied two to seven years after the onset of drug treatment. All were without symptoms at follow-up. By comparison to initial biopsies (four patients), posttreatment specimens showed either considerable reduction in portal fibrosis (two patients) or no significant change (two patients); portal inflammation and necrosis were greatly diminished or absent in three. In none was there complete restitution of normal architecture. Three patients lacked initial biopsies. In these, portal cirrhosis, inflammation and necrosis, and fatty vacuolization of the hepatocytes were present three, five, and seven years after onset of therapy. Lipofuscin pigment was abundant in follow-up biopsies. The data demonstrate that morphologic improvement is achieved in some patients with Wilson disease receiving penicilliamine, but that this is not predicted by biochemical factors. Sequential biopsies are necessary to evaluate completely the extent of healing.", "contents": "Juvenile Wilson disease: histologic and functional studies during penicillamine therapy. Because the long-term effects of penicillamine on hepatic morphology in Wilson disease are virtually unknown, seven patients with this disorder were studied two to seven years after the onset of drug treatment. All were without symptoms at follow-up. By comparison to initial biopsies (four patients), posttreatment specimens showed either considerable reduction in portal fibrosis (two patients) or no significant change (two patients); portal inflammation and necrosis were greatly diminished or absent in three. In none was there complete restitution of normal architecture. Three patients lacked initial biopsies. In these, portal cirrhosis, inflammation and necrosis, and fatty vacuolization of the hepatocytes were present three, five, and seven years after onset of therapy. Lipofuscin pigment was abundant in follow-up biopsies. The data demonstrate that morphologic improvement is achieved in some patients with Wilson disease receiving penicilliamine, but that this is not predicted by biochemical factors. Sequential biopsies are necessary to evaluate completely the extent of healing.", "PMID": 1185415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9778", "title": "Congenital hypopituitarism associated with neonatal hypoglycemia and microphallus: four cases secondary to hypothalamic hormone deficiencies.", "content": "The association of hypoglycemia and microphallus in the male neonate is presumptive evidence of congenital hypopituitarism. This was observed in four male infants with normal birth weight and length, optic discs, and intelligence, and without gross central nervous system malformations. Plasma and urinary cortisol values were low. Stimulation with metyrapone and insulin hypoglycemia failed to elicit a rise in plasma corticoids, but multiple doses of ACTH evoked a response. Growth hormone responses to arginine, insulin, sleep, L-dopa, and glucagon were uniformly less than 2.5 ng/ml. In three patients, however, length remained within 2 SD of the mean until two years of age; in one, there was a sharp decrease in growth by three months. Two patients had low plasma TSH and thyroxine concentrations within the first month of life. In the other two patients, whose thyroxine levels were measurable, intravenous administration of thyrotropin-releasing factor evoked a normal rise in plasma TSH; serum thyroxine decreased into the hypothyroid range in one after GH therapy was initiated. Plasma prolactin was normal in the first two patients receiving thyroxine replacement therapy. The other two patients had elevated baseline prolactin levels and had an augmented rise in plasma prolactin after administration of TRF. Human chorionic gonadotropin induced a 10- to 15-fold rise in plasma testosterone in the two patients tested. The changes in plasma FSH and LH after luteinizing hormone-releasing factor were either low or in the prepubertal range. In three patients, treated with testosterone enanthate intramuscularly, phallic growth occurred. In addition, all three had a transient increase in height but no acceleration of skeletal maturation. The data suggest a deficiency of hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones rather than a primary pituitary defect. Early recognition of this syndrome complex is critical for prompt treatment of the life-threatening cortisol deficiency. The diagnosis is more difficult in affected females because their external genitals are normal. The microphallus is a remediable manifestation of hypopituitarism.", "contents": "Congenital hypopituitarism associated with neonatal hypoglycemia and microphallus: four cases secondary to hypothalamic hormone deficiencies. The association of hypoglycemia and microphallus in the male neonate is presumptive evidence of congenital hypopituitarism. This was observed in four male infants with normal birth weight and length, optic discs, and intelligence, and without gross central nervous system malformations. Plasma and urinary cortisol values were low. Stimulation with metyrapone and insulin hypoglycemia failed to elicit a rise in plasma corticoids, but multiple doses of ACTH evoked a response. Growth hormone responses to arginine, insulin, sleep, L-dopa, and glucagon were uniformly less than 2.5 ng/ml. In three patients, however, length remained within 2 SD of the mean until two years of age; in one, there was a sharp decrease in growth by three months. Two patients had low plasma TSH and thyroxine concentrations within the first month of life. In the other two patients, whose thyroxine levels were measurable, intravenous administration of thyrotropin-releasing factor evoked a normal rise in plasma TSH; serum thyroxine decreased into the hypothyroid range in one after GH therapy was initiated. Plasma prolactin was normal in the first two patients receiving thyroxine replacement therapy. The other two patients had elevated baseline prolactin levels and had an augmented rise in plasma prolactin after administration of TRF. Human chorionic gonadotropin induced a 10- to 15-fold rise in plasma testosterone in the two patients tested. The changes in plasma FSH and LH after luteinizing hormone-releasing factor were either low or in the prepubertal range. In three patients, treated with testosterone enanthate intramuscularly, phallic growth occurred. In addition, all three had a transient increase in height but no acceleration of skeletal maturation. The data suggest a deficiency of hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones rather than a primary pituitary defect. Early recognition of this syndrome complex is critical for prompt treatment of the life-threatening cortisol deficiency. The diagnosis is more difficult in affected females because their external genitals are normal. The microphallus is a remediable manifestation of hypopituitarism.", "PMID": 1185416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9779", "title": "Etiology of the electrocardiographic pattern of \"incomplete right bundle branch block\" in atrial septal defect: an electrophysiologic study.", "content": "His bundle and right ventricular apical endocardial electrograms were recorded in 18 patients, ages five to 17 years, of whom ten had atrial septal defect of the secundum type and eight had mild aortic stenosis. The H-RVA interval was assumed to approximate conduction time from the level of the His bundle along the RBB to the site of earliest activation in the right ventricle at the RVA. The H-V interval was normal in all patients (less than or equal to 40 msec). All patients in the ASD group had an rsR' or rSr' pattern in Vl with a mean duration of 99 +/- 9 msec (86 to 116 msec); the mean duration of the H-RVA intervals was 54 +/- 6 msec in this group. In patients with AS, the surface electrocardiograms were normal, with a mean QRS duration of 82 +/- 8 msec (70 to 95 msec); the H-RVA intervals averaged 52 +/- 6 msec. The difference in the H-RVA intervals in the two groups was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.50) despite the fact that patients with ASD had significant prolongation of QRS duration (P greater than 0.001). Moreover, when functional RBB block was induced by premature atrial stimulation in the ASD group, the prolongation of QRS duration was accompanied by an increase in H-RVA interval, indicating relatively intact function of the RBB. It is concluded that the rsR' or rSr' pattern in ASD is likely to be a manifestation of right ventricular overload rather than a true conduction delay in the RBB.", "contents": "Etiology of the electrocardiographic pattern of \"incomplete right bundle branch block\" in atrial septal defect: an electrophysiologic study. His bundle and right ventricular apical endocardial electrograms were recorded in 18 patients, ages five to 17 years, of whom ten had atrial septal defect of the secundum type and eight had mild aortic stenosis. The H-RVA interval was assumed to approximate conduction time from the level of the His bundle along the RBB to the site of earliest activation in the right ventricle at the RVA. The H-V interval was normal in all patients (less than or equal to 40 msec). All patients in the ASD group had an rsR' or rSr' pattern in Vl with a mean duration of 99 +/- 9 msec (86 to 116 msec); the mean duration of the H-RVA intervals was 54 +/- 6 msec in this group. In patients with AS, the surface electrocardiograms were normal, with a mean QRS duration of 82 +/- 8 msec (70 to 95 msec); the H-RVA intervals averaged 52 +/- 6 msec. The difference in the H-RVA intervals in the two groups was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.50) despite the fact that patients with ASD had significant prolongation of QRS duration (P greater than 0.001). Moreover, when functional RBB block was induced by premature atrial stimulation in the ASD group, the prolongation of QRS duration was accompanied by an increase in H-RVA interval, indicating relatively intact function of the RBB. It is concluded that the rsR' or rSr' pattern in ASD is likely to be a manifestation of right ventricular overload rather than a true conduction delay in the RBB.", "PMID": 1185417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9780", "title": "Risk factors for coronary artery disease in children of affected families.", "content": "Risk factors for coronary artery disease were present to a greater degree in children of men who had experienced premature myocardial infarction when compared to children of unaffected male parents. Levels of cholesterol and body weight, as well as family history of premature CAD, differed significantly between the groups of children. The chance of identifying a child with hyperlipidemia was three times greater if the father had premature CAD. Data regarding familial aggregation of risk factors for CAD are reviewed and their significance discussed.", "contents": "Risk factors for coronary artery disease in children of affected families. Risk factors for coronary artery disease were present to a greater degree in children of men who had experienced premature myocardial infarction when compared to children of unaffected male parents. Levels of cholesterol and body weight, as well as family history of premature CAD, differed significantly between the groups of children. The chance of identifying a child with hyperlipidemia was three times greater if the father had premature CAD. Data regarding familial aggregation of risk factors for CAD are reviewed and their significance discussed.", "PMID": 1185418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9781", "title": "Fucosidosis: detection of the carrier state in peripheral blood leukocytes.", "content": "We have utilized the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-L-fucoside to measure the activity of alpha-L-fucosidase in white blood cells and serum. We have compared the findings with those using the P-nitrophenyl derivative. pH activity curves showed two major peaks of activity in leukocyte lysates, with different specificities to these substrates. alpha-L-Fucosidase activity was determined in peripheral leukocytes. Isolated mononuclear cells (mainly lymphocytes), and granulocytes in 21 members of a family in which fucosidosis had occurred and in normal control subjects. The activity in the leukocytes, lymphocytes, and granulocytes of the normal subjects was 300.7 +/- 79.8, 190.1 +/- 43.9, and 281.9 +/- 73.1 nmoles 4-methylumbelliferone/mg protein/hour with the fluorogenic substrate, and 150.0 +/- 31.8, 154.8 +/- 21.0, and 148.3 +/- 48.3 nmoles p-nitrophenol/mg protein/hour with the colorigenic substrate, respectively. No activity was detected in the patients' cells with the colorigenic substrate, whereas with the fluorogenic substrate the apparent activity varied from 0.5 to 1.1. In the lymphocytes of both of the patients' parents, two grandparents, and six other potential carriers, the activity fell between the normal and patients' values. Great variation in alpha-L-fucosidase activity, with broad overlap between normal subjects and heterozygotes, was observed in serum and plasma. Our findings indicate that detection of carriers for fucosidosis is possible by direct fucosidase determinations in isolated mononuclear cells.", "contents": "Fucosidosis: detection of the carrier state in peripheral blood leukocytes. We have utilized the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-L-fucoside to measure the activity of alpha-L-fucosidase in white blood cells and serum. We have compared the findings with those using the P-nitrophenyl derivative. pH activity curves showed two major peaks of activity in leukocyte lysates, with different specificities to these substrates. alpha-L-Fucosidase activity was determined in peripheral leukocytes. Isolated mononuclear cells (mainly lymphocytes), and granulocytes in 21 members of a family in which fucosidosis had occurred and in normal control subjects. The activity in the leukocytes, lymphocytes, and granulocytes of the normal subjects was 300.7 +/- 79.8, 190.1 +/- 43.9, and 281.9 +/- 73.1 nmoles 4-methylumbelliferone/mg protein/hour with the fluorogenic substrate, and 150.0 +/- 31.8, 154.8 +/- 21.0, and 148.3 +/- 48.3 nmoles p-nitrophenol/mg protein/hour with the colorigenic substrate, respectively. No activity was detected in the patients' cells with the colorigenic substrate, whereas with the fluorogenic substrate the apparent activity varied from 0.5 to 1.1. In the lymphocytes of both of the patients' parents, two grandparents, and six other potential carriers, the activity fell between the normal and patients' values. Great variation in alpha-L-fucosidase activity, with broad overlap between normal subjects and heterozygotes, was observed in serum and plasma. Our findings indicate that detection of carriers for fucosidosis is possible by direct fucosidase determinations in isolated mononuclear cells.", "PMID": 1185419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9782", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, A. suum, Toxocara canis, and T. mystax.", "content": "Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, A. suum, Toxocara canis, and T. mystax were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All species under study exhibited pronounced surface ridges. The ridges formed distinctive patterns in T. canis and T. mystax. In the Ascaris species, the ridges are similar except that they are more pronounced in the eggs of A. suum. Operculumlike structures were observed only in Ascaris. Correlation of data from SEM with previously reported transmission electron microscopy suggests that the surface ridges seen in Ascaris eggs are formed by the chitinous layer of the shell.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, A. suum, Toxocara canis, and T. mystax. Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, A. suum, Toxocara canis, and T. mystax were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All species under study exhibited pronounced surface ridges. The ridges formed distinctive patterns in T. canis and T. mystax. In the Ascaris species, the ridges are similar except that they are more pronounced in the eggs of A. suum. Operculumlike structures were observed only in Ascaris. Correlation of data from SEM with previously reported transmission electron microscopy suggests that the surface ridges seen in Ascaris eggs are formed by the chitinous layer of the shell.", "PMID": 1185420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9783", "title": "Capillaria procyonis sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichuridae) from the esophagus of the raccoon, Procyon lotor.", "content": "A new species of nematode, Capillaria procyonis, is described from the esophageal epithelium of the raccoon in southern Louisiana. This species is distinguished from other similar mammalian capillarids found in this location by the terminal location of the anus and more posterior postion of the vulva in the female. In the male there is a much longer cirrus and spicule and a unique bursalike expansion of the posterior extremity. The systematics and biological implications of the new species are discussed in relation to similar forms from carnivorous and insectivorous mammals.", "contents": "Capillaria procyonis sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichuridae) from the esophagus of the raccoon, Procyon lotor. A new species of nematode, Capillaria procyonis, is described from the esophageal epithelium of the raccoon in southern Louisiana. This species is distinguished from other similar mammalian capillarids found in this location by the terminal location of the anus and more posterior postion of the vulva in the female. In the male there is a much longer cirrus and spicule and a unique bursalike expansion of the posterior extremity. The systematics and biological implications of the new species are discussed in relation to similar forms from carnivorous and insectivorous mammals.", "PMID": 1185421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9784", "title": "Tetrameres (Tetrameres) tinamicola sp. n. from the crested tinamou, Eudromia elegans, with comments on the subgenus Petrowimeres (Nematoda: Tetrameridae).", "content": "Tetrameres (Tetrameres) tinamicola sp. n. is described from the crested tinamou, Eudromia elegans, of Argentina. The new species is most similar to other alate species of the subgenus Tetrameres, but it can be differentiated on the basis of its large size, length and structure of the left spicule, and arrangement of the 5 subventral and 3 sublateral pairs of postanal papillae. A review of the subgenus Petrowimeres is presented including the reassignment of several species to the subgenus Tetrameres.", "contents": "Tetrameres (Tetrameres) tinamicola sp. n. from the crested tinamou, Eudromia elegans, with comments on the subgenus Petrowimeres (Nematoda: Tetrameridae). Tetrameres (Tetrameres) tinamicola sp. n. is described from the crested tinamou, Eudromia elegans, of Argentina. The new species is most similar to other alate species of the subgenus Tetrameres, but it can be differentiated on the basis of its large size, length and structure of the left spicule, and arrangement of the 5 subventral and 3 sublateral pairs of postanal papillae. A review of the subgenus Petrowimeres is presented including the reassignment of several species to the subgenus Tetrameres.", "PMID": 1185422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9785", "title": "Morphological changes in cysticerci of Taenia taeniaeformis after mebendazole treatment.", "content": "The progressive micromorphological changes in Taenia taeniaeformis cysticerci, induced by a single parenteral treatment of the infected mice with mebendazole, are described. The time-related alterations concerned the tegument and tegumental cells and were successively: disappearance of microtubules, accumulation of secretory substances in the Golgi areas, decrease in number to complete loss of microtriches, \"ballooning\" of all tegumental cells with subsequent burst, vacuolization and degeneration of the tegument, and finally necrosis of the pseudoproglottids. Similar but less pronounced injuries were seen in the scolices, although microtubules disappeared as early as in the pseudoproglottids. Microtubules from the host tissues remained intact. The meaning of the apparent primary interference of mebendazole with the microtubular system in relation to the subsequently observed death of the cysticercoids is discussed.", "contents": "Morphological changes in cysticerci of Taenia taeniaeformis after mebendazole treatment. The progressive micromorphological changes in Taenia taeniaeformis cysticerci, induced by a single parenteral treatment of the infected mice with mebendazole, are described. The time-related alterations concerned the tegument and tegumental cells and were successively: disappearance of microtubules, accumulation of secretory substances in the Golgi areas, decrease in number to complete loss of microtriches, \"ballooning\" of all tegumental cells with subsequent burst, vacuolization and degeneration of the tegument, and finally necrosis of the pseudoproglottids. Similar but less pronounced injuries were seen in the scolices, although microtubules disappeared as early as in the pseudoproglottids. Microtubules from the host tissues remained intact. The meaning of the apparent primary interference of mebendazole with the microtubular system in relation to the subsequently observed death of the cysticercoids is discussed.", "PMID": 1185423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9786", "title": "Fine structure of the germinal membrane of Echinococcus granulosus cysts.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the hydatid cyst germinal membrane was studied. It was divided into 3 regions, the tegument, the tegumental cell region, and the innermost area bordering the cyst cavity. The morphology of tegumental, muscular, flame, duct, and glycogen-containing cells and cells containing lysosomal-like bodies is described. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of the possible function of these structures and present knowledge on the penetration of macromolecules into hydatid cysts.", "contents": "Fine structure of the germinal membrane of Echinococcus granulosus cysts. The ultrastructure of the hydatid cyst germinal membrane was studied. It was divided into 3 regions, the tegument, the tegumental cell region, and the innermost area bordering the cyst cavity. The morphology of tegumental, muscular, flame, duct, and glycogen-containing cells and cells containing lysosomal-like bodies is described. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of the possible function of these structures and present knowledge on the penetration of macromolecules into hydatid cysts.", "PMID": 1185424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9787", "title": "Axenic development of cysticercoids of Hymenolepis nana.", "content": "Cysticercoids of the tapeworm Hymenolepis nana were grown axenically in vitro, from oncospheres hatched in vitro to fully developed organisms infective to mice. A gas phase of 95 N2--5 CO2 was essential for normal development.", "contents": "Axenic development of cysticercoids of Hymenolepis nana. Cysticercoids of the tapeworm Hymenolepis nana were grown axenically in vitro, from oncospheres hatched in vitro to fully developed organisms infective to mice. A gas phase of 95 N2--5 CO2 was essential for normal development.", "PMID": 1185425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9788", "title": "Redescription of Acanthosentis acanthuri Cable et Quick 1954 (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae).", "content": "Acanthosentis acanthuri Cable et Quick 1954 is redescribed from the type host, Acanthurus coeruleus, from Tobago, W.I. The sizes of proboscis hooks in the 3 circles is corrected to 66 to 88 mu, 30 to 40 mu, and 30 to 40 mu.", "contents": "Redescription of Acanthosentis acanthuri Cable et Quick 1954 (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae). Acanthosentis acanthuri Cable et Quick 1954 is redescribed from the type host, Acanthurus coeruleus, from Tobago, W.I. The sizes of proboscis hooks in the 3 circles is corrected to 66 to 88 mu, 30 to 40 mu, and 30 to 40 mu.", "PMID": 1185426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9789", "title": "Turgecaecum longifauces gen. et sp. n. (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from Suwanee bass, Micropterus notius Bailey and Hubbs, and emendation of the subfamily Caecincolinae Yamaguti 1958.", "content": "A new trematode of the family Cryptogonimidae is described from Suwanee bass (Micropterus notius Bailey and Hubbs) from Florida. Turgecaecum longifauces gen. et sp. n. is characterized by having a long esophagus, precrural acetabula, short expanded ceca and vitellaria in the shoulder region. It is placed in the subfamily Caecincolinae and is compared with Caecincola Marshall and Gilbert 1905, the only other genus in the subfamily. Emendments to the subfamily are made.", "contents": "Turgecaecum longifauces gen. et sp. n. (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from Suwanee bass, Micropterus notius Bailey and Hubbs, and emendation of the subfamily Caecincolinae Yamaguti 1958. A new trematode of the family Cryptogonimidae is described from Suwanee bass (Micropterus notius Bailey and Hubbs) from Florida. Turgecaecum longifauces gen. et sp. n. is characterized by having a long esophagus, precrural acetabula, short expanded ceca and vitellaria in the shoulder region. It is placed in the subfamily Caecincolinae and is compared with Caecincola Marshall and Gilbert 1905, the only other genus in the subfamily. Emendments to the subfamily are made.", "PMID": 1185427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9790", "title": "Observations on the life histories of Paramacroderoides pseudoechinus sp. n. (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) and P. echinus Venard 1941, trematodes from the Florida gar.", "content": "Paramacroderoides pseudoechinus sp. n. is described from the intestine of Lepisosteus platyrhincus. Life history studies reveal that developmental stages previously reported for P. echinus from gars belong instead to the new species. The account of the life history of P. echinus is emended accordingly and differences in structure and behavior between that species and P. pseudoechinus are described.", "contents": "Observations on the life histories of Paramacroderoides pseudoechinus sp. n. (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) and P. echinus Venard 1941, trematodes from the Florida gar. Paramacroderoides pseudoechinus sp. n. is described from the intestine of Lepisosteus platyrhincus. Life history studies reveal that developmental stages previously reported for P. echinus from gars belong instead to the new species. The account of the life history of P. echinus is emended accordingly and differences in structure and behavior between that species and P. pseudoechinus are described.", "PMID": 1185428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9791", "title": "Surface features, sensory structures, and movement of the newly excysted juvenile Fasciola hepatica L.", "content": "Three types of presumed sensory endings were distinguished by scanning electron microscopy: a ciliated type, a domed type, and a pit. The ciliated and domed type were also serially sectioned for transmission electron microscopy. Six of the pit type were observed, a group of 3 on each side of the oral sucker. The ciliated type were found only among the tegumental spines, and on the anterior ventrolateral surfaces except for an anterodorsal pair. The domed type resembled the ciliated type in that it had a ciliary basal body and rootlet but it lacked a cilium. It was found only in the tegument above the suckers where it probably serves as a pressure or contact receptor. Movement in vitro occurred by alternate attachment and release of the suckers with a vermiform peristalsis and the rings of spines between the suckers were considered to aid this movement in vivo.", "contents": "Surface features, sensory structures, and movement of the newly excysted juvenile Fasciola hepatica L. Three types of presumed sensory endings were distinguished by scanning electron microscopy: a ciliated type, a domed type, and a pit. The ciliated and domed type were also serially sectioned for transmission electron microscopy. Six of the pit type were observed, a group of 3 on each side of the oral sucker. The ciliated type were found only among the tegumental spines, and on the anterior ventrolateral surfaces except for an anterodorsal pair. The domed type resembled the ciliated type in that it had a ciliary basal body and rootlet but it lacked a cilium. It was found only in the tegument above the suckers where it probably serves as a pressure or contact receptor. Movement in vitro occurred by alternate attachment and release of the suckers with a vermiform peristalsis and the rings of spines between the suckers were considered to aid this movement in vivo.", "PMID": 1185430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9792", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of Fasciola hepatica L. during growth and maturation in the mouse.", "content": "Throughout the entire life of the fluke the spines anterior to the ventral sucker are arranged in approximately 60 rings each of 60 to 70 spines. The spines on the posterior body are scattered without any pattern of rings and by 1 week post infection (p.i.) their numbers have doubled (from 3,000 on the newly excysted juvenile) to 6,000 and by 3 weeks p.i. their numbers have multiplied by 8 to 24,000. Just prior to entry into the bile ducts, between 2 and 3 weeks p.i., all spines, anterior and posterior, have metamorphosed from single pointed to multipointed forms by division at the spine tips. Spines on the anterior body of mature flukes recovered from the bile ducts of mice 26 weeks p.i. have between 10 and 15 points whereas those on the posterior body have up to 30 points. The tegument forms a rectangular pattern of plateaux and valleys around each spine on the posterior body of mature flukes but this pattern is not present on the anterior body.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of Fasciola hepatica L. during growth and maturation in the mouse. Throughout the entire life of the fluke the spines anterior to the ventral sucker are arranged in approximately 60 rings each of 60 to 70 spines. The spines on the posterior body are scattered without any pattern of rings and by 1 week post infection (p.i.) their numbers have doubled (from 3,000 on the newly excysted juvenile) to 6,000 and by 3 weeks p.i. their numbers have multiplied by 8 to 24,000. Just prior to entry into the bile ducts, between 2 and 3 weeks p.i., all spines, anterior and posterior, have metamorphosed from single pointed to multipointed forms by division at the spine tips. Spines on the anterior body of mature flukes recovered from the bile ducts of mice 26 weeks p.i. have between 10 and 15 points whereas those on the posterior body have up to 30 points. The tegument forms a rectangular pattern of plateaux and valleys around each spine on the posterior body of mature flukes but this pattern is not present on the anterior body.", "PMID": 1185431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9793", "title": "The life history of Plagioporus shawi (McIntosh 1939) (Trematoda:Opecoelida), an intestinal parasite of salmonid fishes.", "content": "Podocotyle shawi is transferred to the genus Plagioporus. The miracidium develops and hatches in 11 to 14 days at 22 to 25 C. The operculate snail, Lithoglyphus virens, serves as first intermediate host. Mother and daughter sporocysts develop, the latter producing cotylomicrocercous cercariae within 90 to 130 days. Cercariae encyst in the amphipod, Hyalella azteca; stonefly nymphs of the genus Arcynopteryx; mayfly nymphs of the genera Heptagenia and Paraleptophlebia; chironomid larvae of the genera Chironomus, Polypedilum, Phaenopsectra, Ablabesmyia, and Psectrocladius and caddis larvae of the genera Brachycentrus, Limnephilus, and Hydropsyche. Metacercariae 60 to 100 days old were fed to young steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri, and partially developed specimens of P. shawi were recovered 26 days later. Stonefly nymphs are believed to be the most important second intermediate host in the natural environment. The parasite seems to be restricted to the Pacific Northwest of the United States and has been reported from the silver salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch; kokanee, O. nerka; cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki; steelhead trout, S. gairdneri; and the mountain whitefish, Prosopium williamsoni.", "contents": "The life history of Plagioporus shawi (McIntosh 1939) (Trematoda:Opecoelida), an intestinal parasite of salmonid fishes. Podocotyle shawi is transferred to the genus Plagioporus. The miracidium develops and hatches in 11 to 14 days at 22 to 25 C. The operculate snail, Lithoglyphus virens, serves as first intermediate host. Mother and daughter sporocysts develop, the latter producing cotylomicrocercous cercariae within 90 to 130 days. Cercariae encyst in the amphipod, Hyalella azteca; stonefly nymphs of the genus Arcynopteryx; mayfly nymphs of the genera Heptagenia and Paraleptophlebia; chironomid larvae of the genera Chironomus, Polypedilum, Phaenopsectra, Ablabesmyia, and Psectrocladius and caddis larvae of the genera Brachycentrus, Limnephilus, and Hydropsyche. Metacercariae 60 to 100 days old were fed to young steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri, and partially developed specimens of P. shawi were recovered 26 days later. Stonefly nymphs are believed to be the most important second intermediate host in the natural environment. The parasite seems to be restricted to the Pacific Northwest of the United States and has been reported from the silver salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch; kokanee, O. nerka; cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki; steelhead trout, S. gairdneri; and the mountain whitefish, Prosopium williamsoni.", "PMID": 1185432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9794", "title": "Accumulation and excretion of neutral lipids in the metacercaria of Leucochloridiomorpha constantiae (Trematoda) maintained in vitro.", "content": "Histochemical and thin-layer chromatographic analyses were made on neutral lipids in Leucochloridiomorpha constantiae (Trematoda) metacercariae incubated in non-nutrient Locke's solution at 37.5 or 42 C for 24 hr. As determined by Oil Red O staining, lipid droplets accumulate mainly in the intestine of incubated worms. Attempts to distinguish specific neutral lipid fraction of metacercariae obtained directly from snails is free sterol. During incubation, metacercariae accumulate triglycerides and to a lesser extent cholesterol esters, and excrete free sterol into the medium.", "contents": "Accumulation and excretion of neutral lipids in the metacercaria of Leucochloridiomorpha constantiae (Trematoda) maintained in vitro. Histochemical and thin-layer chromatographic analyses were made on neutral lipids in Leucochloridiomorpha constantiae (Trematoda) metacercariae incubated in non-nutrient Locke's solution at 37.5 or 42 C for 24 hr. As determined by Oil Red O staining, lipid droplets accumulate mainly in the intestine of incubated worms. Attempts to distinguish specific neutral lipid fraction of metacercariae obtained directly from snails is free sterol. During incubation, metacercariae accumulate triglycerides and to a lesser extent cholesterol esters, and excrete free sterol into the medium.", "PMID": 1185433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9795", "title": "Observations on the life cycle of Carneophallus brevicaeca (Africa et Garcia 1935) comb. n. (Digenea: Microphallidae).", "content": "Metacercariae of Carneophallus brevicaeca (Africa et Garcia 1935) comb. n. from the muscles of naturally infected shrimps, Macrobrachium sp., were force-fed to laboratory-reared 4- to 5-day-old albino rats and day-old chicks. Ovigerous worms were recovered from the small intestines of the rats after 1 to 5 days, and gradually disappeared in 10 days. Only 1 of 10 chicks was positive 24 hr after exposure. These findings contribute to out knowledge of the mode of transmission, prevention, and control of this medically important trematode in some regions of the Philippines where raw Macrobrachium sp. is consumed.", "contents": "Observations on the life cycle of Carneophallus brevicaeca (Africa et Garcia 1935) comb. n. (Digenea: Microphallidae). Metacercariae of Carneophallus brevicaeca (Africa et Garcia 1935) comb. n. from the muscles of naturally infected shrimps, Macrobrachium sp., were force-fed to laboratory-reared 4- to 5-day-old albino rats and day-old chicks. Ovigerous worms were recovered from the small intestines of the rats after 1 to 5 days, and gradually disappeared in 10 days. Only 1 of 10 chicks was positive 24 hr after exposure. These findings contribute to out knowledge of the mode of transmission, prevention, and control of this medically important trematode in some regions of the Philippines where raw Macrobrachium sp. is consumed.", "PMID": 1185434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9796", "title": "Cultivating Lithoglyphopsis aperta Temcharoen, a new snail host for Schistosoma japonicum, Mekong strain.", "content": "Lithoglyphopsis aperta Temcharoen, a new intermediate host for Schistosoma japonicum, Mekong strain, was cultivated successfully through the F2 generation with the use of a petri dish aquarium provided with mud and alga. The incubation period of eggs was about 4 weeks; the young grew to maturity in 16 to 20 weeks; egg-laying followed about 6 to 8 weeks later, the cycle taking roughly 6 months. The husked eggs were deposited exclusively at the edge and wall of the aquarium. Eggs were hemispherical and with the husks were between 0.37 and 0.43 mm in diameter. The newly hatched young were only 0.24 mm in shell length and the full-grown snails were 3.11 to 3.36 mm long. Logarithmic growth began between the 12th and 14th weeks.", "contents": "Cultivating Lithoglyphopsis aperta Temcharoen, a new snail host for Schistosoma japonicum, Mekong strain. Lithoglyphopsis aperta Temcharoen, a new intermediate host for Schistosoma japonicum, Mekong strain, was cultivated successfully through the F2 generation with the use of a petri dish aquarium provided with mud and alga. The incubation period of eggs was about 4 weeks; the young grew to maturity in 16 to 20 weeks; egg-laying followed about 6 to 8 weeks later, the cycle taking roughly 6 months. The husked eggs were deposited exclusively at the edge and wall of the aquarium. Eggs were hemispherical and with the husks were between 0.37 and 0.43 mm in diameter. The newly hatched young were only 0.24 mm in shell length and the full-grown snails were 3.11 to 3.36 mm long. Logarithmic growth began between the 12th and 14th weeks.", "PMID": 1185435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9797", "title": "Eimeria Macyi sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the eastern pipistrelle, Pipistrellus subflavus, from Alabama.", "content": "The subspherical to broadly ellipsoidal oocysts of Eimeria macyi measure 16 to 21 by 15 to 19 mu (mean 19.0 by 17.6 mu), and sporocysts measure 10 to 12 by 6 to 8 mu (mean 11.0 by 7.0 mu). The rough walled oocysts lack a micropyle and residuum, but a sporocyst residuum and polar granule are present. This is the first description of coccidian oocysts from the genus Pipistrellus.", "contents": "Eimeria Macyi sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the eastern pipistrelle, Pipistrellus subflavus, from Alabama. The subspherical to broadly ellipsoidal oocysts of Eimeria macyi measure 16 to 21 by 15 to 19 mu (mean 19.0 by 17.6 mu), and sporocysts measure 10 to 12 by 6 to 8 mu (mean 11.0 by 7.0 mu). The rough walled oocysts lack a micropyle and residuum, but a sporocyst residuum and polar granule are present. This is the first description of coccidian oocysts from the genus Pipistrellus.", "PMID": 1185436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9798", "title": "Pancreatic chymotrypsin as the essential enzyme for excystation of Eimeria tenella.", "content": "Sporocysts from the protozoan parasite, Eimeria tenella, were isolated, preincubated with sodium taurocholate, and treated with various preparations of pancreatic enzymes. Crude trypsin, crude lipase, and purified alpha-chymotrypsin all could break the shells of sporocysts and release sporozoites. Purified trypsin was much less active than crude trypsin and purified lipase showed no activity at all. Specific inhibitors of  chymotrypsin, tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethane, diphenylcarbamyl chloride, and chymostatin inhibited the release of sporozoites by all the enzyme samples, whereas tosyl-L-lysyl chloromethane, a specific inhibitor of trypsin, exerted no inhibitory effect. It is thus postulated that chymotrypsin, not trypsin, is an essential enzyme involved in excystation of E. tenella. Purified chymotrypsin is recommended to replace crude trypsin in the vitro excystation of E. tenella as a likely improved procedure.", "contents": "Pancreatic chymotrypsin as the essential enzyme for excystation of Eimeria tenella. Sporocysts from the protozoan parasite, Eimeria tenella, were isolated, preincubated with sodium taurocholate, and treated with various preparations of pancreatic enzymes. Crude trypsin, crude lipase, and purified alpha-chymotrypsin all could break the shells of sporocysts and release sporozoites. Purified trypsin was much less active than crude trypsin and purified lipase showed no activity at all. Specific inhibitors of  chymotrypsin, tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethane, diphenylcarbamyl chloride, and chymostatin inhibited the release of sporozoites by all the enzyme samples, whereas tosyl-L-lysyl chloromethane, a specific inhibitor of trypsin, exerted no inhibitory effect. It is thus postulated that chymotrypsin, not trypsin, is an essential enzyme involved in excystation of E. tenella. Purified chymotrypsin is recommended to replace crude trypsin in the vitro excystation of E. tenella as a likely improved procedure.", "PMID": 1185437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9799", "title": "Insect juvenile hormone mimics against the short-nosed cattle louse, Haematopinus eurysternus Denny (Anoplura), and their effect on warbles of Hypoderma sp. Latr. (Diptera:Oestridae).", "content": "Insect juvenile hormone mimics (IJH) at 0.1 and 0.01% were used as sprays for control of the short-nosed cattle louse, Haematopinus eurysternus Denny, on 11 heavily infested Hereford cows. A significant reduction of lice occurred although eradication was achieved in only one case. Severe reactions, apparently associated with the death or failure of complete development of cattle grub larvae, Hypoderma sp. Latr., were seen in the IJH-treated cows.", "contents": "Insect juvenile hormone mimics against the short-nosed cattle louse, Haematopinus eurysternus Denny (Anoplura), and their effect on warbles of Hypoderma sp. Latr. (Diptera:Oestridae). Insect juvenile hormone mimics (IJH) at 0.1 and 0.01% were used as sprays for control of the short-nosed cattle louse, Haematopinus eurysternus Denny, on 11 heavily infested Hereford cows. A significant reduction of lice occurred although eradication was achieved in only one case. Severe reactions, apparently associated with the death or failure of complete development of cattle grub larvae, Hypoderma sp. Latr., were seen in the IJH-treated cows.", "PMID": 1185439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9800", "title": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in lambs: hemodynamic and ventilatory changes with breathing.", "content": "Left diaphragmatic hernias were produced surgically in ten control lambs at term, and in 19 lambs in 127-144 days' gestation. The hemodynamic and ventilatory changes that occur following delivery and attempted spontaneous breathing were noted. The herniated viscera effectively occluded the diaphragmatic defect, and all lambs were capable of developing negative intrathoracic pressure. Pulmonary artery pressure remained consistently elevated in all lambs with diaphragmatic hernia produced early in gestation. The lambs with diaphragmatic hernia early in gestation had hypoplastic lung with abnormally low air capacity and compliance.", "contents": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in lambs: hemodynamic and ventilatory changes with breathing. Left diaphragmatic hernias were produced surgically in ten control lambs at term, and in 19 lambs in 127-144 days' gestation. The hemodynamic and ventilatory changes that occur following delivery and attempted spontaneous breathing were noted. The herniated viscera effectively occluded the diaphragmatic defect, and all lambs were capable of developing negative intrathoracic pressure. Pulmonary artery pressure remained consistently elevated in all lambs with diaphragmatic hernia produced early in gestation. The lambs with diaphragmatic hernia early in gestation had hypoplastic lung with abnormally low air capacity and compliance.", "PMID": 1185447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9801", "title": "Effect of dry and humidified gases on the respiratory epithelium in rabbits.", "content": "A laboratory study was conducted in rabbits to compare histologic changes in the lungs and bronchi after prolonged dry anesthesia and humidified anesthesia. Dry anesthesia caused severe damage to the respiratory epithelium, which was not observed with humidified controls.", "contents": "Effect of dry and humidified gases on the respiratory epithelium in rabbits. A laboratory study was conducted in rabbits to compare histologic changes in the lungs and bronchi after prolonged dry anesthesia and humidified anesthesia. Dry anesthesia caused severe damage to the respiratory epithelium, which was not observed with humidified controls.", "PMID": 1185448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9802", "title": "Microcirculatory changes in the gastrointestinal tract of the hypoxic puppy: an electron microscope study.", "content": "Hypoxia and hypovolemia result in similar ultrastructural changes. These changes are characterized by aggregation of platelets and leukocytes in the vascular space, focal endothelial cell disruption, and appearance of increased amounts of perivascular edema, and loss of ultrastructural organization of the mucosal cell. These changes appear to relate to variations in blood flow to the mucosa of different areas of the bowel and to follow the distribution observed for necrotizing enterocolitis in the human infant.", "contents": "Microcirculatory changes in the gastrointestinal tract of the hypoxic puppy: an electron microscope study. Hypoxia and hypovolemia result in similar ultrastructural changes. These changes are characterized by aggregation of platelets and leukocytes in the vascular space, focal endothelial cell disruption, and appearance of increased amounts of perivascular edema, and loss of ultrastructural organization of the mucosal cell. These changes appear to relate to variations in blood flow to the mucosa of different areas of the bowel and to follow the distribution observed for necrotizing enterocolitis in the human infant.", "PMID": 1185449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9803", "title": "Effect of stress and aspirin on extrahepatic portal hypertension in rats.", "content": "Extrahepatic portal hypertension was induced in rats by portal venous constriction. Portal pressures on the fourth postconstriction day were significantly elevated in PVC rats when compared to control rats. Splenoportograms showed decreased hepatic flow and venous collaterals. Histologic sections showed gastric mucosal congestion in PVC rats. Gastric acid production and H+ ion equilibration were similar in PVC and control rats. Rats with portal hypertension had a significant increase (p less than 0.001) in mucosal erosions when subjected to a 7-hr restraint stress. Erosion formation was significantly augmented by aspirin administration. Although the exact relationship between the stress of a respiratory infection and variceal bleeding is unknown, these data demonstrate an increased susceptibility of PVC rats to nonhemorrhagic stress. This response is clearly augmented by aspirin treatment. Gastric congestion and the known effect of aspirin on gastric mucosal permeability and the gastric mucosal barrier are implicated in these observations. These findings correlated with clinical observations and strongly suggest avoidance of aspirin therapy in children with extrahepatic portal hypertension.", "contents": "Effect of stress and aspirin on extrahepatic portal hypertension in rats. Extrahepatic portal hypertension was induced in rats by portal venous constriction. Portal pressures on the fourth postconstriction day were significantly elevated in PVC rats when compared to control rats. Splenoportograms showed decreased hepatic flow and venous collaterals. Histologic sections showed gastric mucosal congestion in PVC rats. Gastric acid production and H+ ion equilibration were similar in PVC and control rats. Rats with portal hypertension had a significant increase (p less than 0.001) in mucosal erosions when subjected to a 7-hr restraint stress. Erosion formation was significantly augmented by aspirin administration. Although the exact relationship between the stress of a respiratory infection and variceal bleeding is unknown, these data demonstrate an increased susceptibility of PVC rats to nonhemorrhagic stress. This response is clearly augmented by aspirin treatment. Gastric congestion and the known effect of aspirin on gastric mucosal permeability and the gastric mucosal barrier are implicated in these observations. These findings correlated with clinical observations and strongly suggest avoidance of aspirin therapy in children with extrahepatic portal hypertension.", "PMID": 1185450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9804", "title": "Surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension in children.", "content": "In fourteen children with renovascular hypertension the most prevalent lesion was fibromuscular dysplasia (nine patients). Nephrectomy was performed in four patients prior to the adoption of reconstructive vascular techniques. Revascularization of a variety of lesions was employed with autogenous arterial grafts, which gave excellent results over a long follow-up period in ten patients. Ex vivo microvascular repair was used in one patient rather than nephrectomy for management of branch artery lesions. These results indicate that careful and precise arterial repairs will yield a high cure rate in children with renovascular hypertension without the sacrifice of renal parenchyma.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension in children. In fourteen children with renovascular hypertension the most prevalent lesion was fibromuscular dysplasia (nine patients). Nephrectomy was performed in four patients prior to the adoption of reconstructive vascular techniques. Revascularization of a variety of lesions was employed with autogenous arterial grafts, which gave excellent results over a long follow-up period in ten patients. Ex vivo microvascular repair was used in one patient rather than nephrectomy for management of branch artery lesions. These results indicate that careful and precise arterial repairs will yield a high cure rate in children with renovascular hypertension without the sacrifice of renal parenchyma.", "PMID": 1185452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9805", "title": "Assessment of pulmonary wedge resection for the treatment of lung metastases.", "content": "Wedge resection for pulmonary metastases was performed on 18 children suffering from a variety of malignant tumors. The overall survival rate was 39%. However, tumor recurred at or near the site of resection in half the patients. A more extensive resection, such as lobectomy, should be considered for most patients. Wedge resection should be reserved for tumor involving many lobes or for neoplasms having a demonstrated sensitivity to chemotherapy and irradiation.", "contents": "Assessment of pulmonary wedge resection for the treatment of lung metastases. Wedge resection for pulmonary metastases was performed on 18 children suffering from a variety of malignant tumors. The overall survival rate was 39%. However, tumor recurred at or near the site of resection in half the patients. A more extensive resection, such as lobectomy, should be considered for most patients. Wedge resection should be reserved for tumor involving many lobes or for neoplasms having a demonstrated sensitivity to chemotherapy and irradiation.", "PMID": 1185453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9806", "title": "Complications of abdominal exploration and splenectomy in staging children with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Until alternate diagnostic methods are discovered, the staging procedure seems to be the most reliable method to establish the presence or absence of abdominal involvement in Hodgkin's disease. Our experience with staging laparotomy in 22 children raises serious questions as to both the risk of operation and the prognostic value of a negative abdominal exploration. Routine use of the staging laparotomy may not be justified in clinical Stage IA patients with lymphocyte-predominant cell type. Because of the hazards and limitations of the staging procedure, vigorous attempts would seem to be indicated to identify subcategories of patients in whom the likelihood of intraabdominal involvement is so small as to negate the value of surgical staging.", "contents": "Complications of abdominal exploration and splenectomy in staging children with Hodgkin's disease. Until alternate diagnostic methods are discovered, the staging procedure seems to be the most reliable method to establish the presence or absence of abdominal involvement in Hodgkin's disease. Our experience with staging laparotomy in 22 children raises serious questions as to both the risk of operation and the prognostic value of a negative abdominal exploration. Routine use of the staging laparotomy may not be justified in clinical Stage IA patients with lymphocyte-predominant cell type. Because of the hazards and limitations of the staging procedure, vigorous attempts would seem to be indicated to identify subcategories of patients in whom the likelihood of intraabdominal involvement is so small as to negate the value of surgical staging.", "PMID": 1185454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9807", "title": "Ongoing cirrhosis after successful porticoenterostomy in infants with biliary atresia.", "content": "Thirty-one patients were treated by portoenterostomy procedures for extrahepatic biliary atresia. In 20, there was unequivocal evidence of bile drainage. Eleven of these 20 were restudied from 3 to 23 mo postoperatively by liver biopsy. The clinical condition of most of these infants was satisfactory. Despite absence of clinical jaundice, normal rose bengal scan, and normal liver function studies, eight showed progressive degrees of hepatic fibrosis when compared to the results of the biopsy taken at the time of portoenterostomy. Two patients showed stable histology and one, after progressing on a second biopsy, had normal liver histology on a third study. The implications of progressive hepatic histopathology despite bile drainage are discussed.", "contents": "Ongoing cirrhosis after successful porticoenterostomy in infants with biliary atresia. Thirty-one patients were treated by portoenterostomy procedures for extrahepatic biliary atresia. In 20, there was unequivocal evidence of bile drainage. Eleven of these 20 were restudied from 3 to 23 mo postoperatively by liver biopsy. The clinical condition of most of these infants was satisfactory. Despite absence of clinical jaundice, normal rose bengal scan, and normal liver function studies, eight showed progressive degrees of hepatic fibrosis when compared to the results of the biopsy taken at the time of portoenterostomy. Two patients showed stable histology and one, after progressing on a second biopsy, had normal liver histology on a third study. The implications of progressive hepatic histopathology despite bile drainage are discussed.", "PMID": 1185455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9808", "title": "Hepatic artery ligation for exsanguinating liver injuries in children.", "content": "Selective hepatic dearterialization for exsanguinating liver injury has been performed in two young children without untoward sequelae. It appears to be a safe, simple, life-saving maneuver, as has been shown in adults. Simultaneous cholecystectomy and drainage of the extrahepatic biliary tree does not seem necessary. Postoperative studies in these two patients showed normal liver functions, normal liver scintiscans, and in one case, early rearterialization of the devascularized lobe by translobar collaterals. We would urge the use of this relatively simple procedure in place of major hepatic resection for selected severe hepatic injuries.", "contents": "Hepatic artery ligation for exsanguinating liver injuries in children. Selective hepatic dearterialization for exsanguinating liver injury has been performed in two young children without untoward sequelae. It appears to be a safe, simple, life-saving maneuver, as has been shown in adults. Simultaneous cholecystectomy and drainage of the extrahepatic biliary tree does not seem necessary. Postoperative studies in these two patients showed normal liver functions, normal liver scintiscans, and in one case, early rearterialization of the devascularized lobe by translobar collaterals. We would urge the use of this relatively simple procedure in place of major hepatic resection for selected severe hepatic injuries.", "PMID": 1185456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9809", "title": "Peptic ulcer in children with gastric tube interposition.", "content": "An infrequent, but potentially serious, complication of gastric tube interposition is ulceration within the conduit. It is important, therefore, to recognize ulcer formation in its early stages by serial radiographs throughout the childhood years. While redundancy and partial obstruction with impaired drainage of the tube appear to be etiologic factors, distension of the transposed antrum may lead to hyperacidity and may play a role in ulcerogenesis. A course of dietary and antacid therapy may heal the ulcer, but surgical revision of the tube may prove necessary.", "contents": "Peptic ulcer in children with gastric tube interposition. An infrequent, but potentially serious, complication of gastric tube interposition is ulceration within the conduit. It is important, therefore, to recognize ulcer formation in its early stages by serial radiographs throughout the childhood years. While redundancy and partial obstruction with impaired drainage of the tube appear to be etiologic factors, distension of the transposed antrum may lead to hyperacidity and may play a role in ulcerogenesis. A course of dietary and antacid therapy may heal the ulcer, but surgical revision of the tube may prove necessary.", "PMID": 1185457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9810", "title": "Management of acquired tracheal obstructions in infancy.", "content": "Endoscopic resection of tracheal subglottic stenosis can be performed safely and effectively. With careful selection, some stenotic rings can be excised without the requirement for prior tracheostomy. Endoscopic resection does not supplant other methods of dilatation, injection, or stenting of subglottic scars, but early resection in appropriate cases may reduce the number of dilatations and obviate the need for a stent and systemic steroids.", "contents": "Management of acquired tracheal obstructions in infancy. Endoscopic resection of tracheal subglottic stenosis can be performed safely and effectively. With careful selection, some stenotic rings can be excised without the requirement for prior tracheostomy. Endoscopic resection does not supplant other methods of dilatation, injection, or stenting of subglottic scars, but early resection in appropriate cases may reduce the number of dilatations and obviate the need for a stent and systemic steroids.", "PMID": 1185458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9811", "title": "Aeromedical transportation for infants and children.", "content": "Transfer of a critically ill child to a pediatric center is indicated when patient needs have exceeded local expertise or facilities. It is illogical to impose on the referring hospital the added burden of transporting such a patient. The receiving hospital is better equipped to extend its specialized services by assuming responsibility for interim management and transfer of the patient. An aeromedical transport system capable of quick response was built around National Guard helicopters. In 21 cases, doctors, nurses, and equipment were flown to children in community hospitals, and urgent treatment was begun in half the time formerly possible. Only after the patients were stabilized were they returned safely under continuing appropriate management. The helicopter is a versatile and speedy tool to deliver expertise and equipment when and where needed. Timely arrival of specialty services can be expected to improve patient care and salvage.", "contents": "Aeromedical transportation for infants and children. Transfer of a critically ill child to a pediatric center is indicated when patient needs have exceeded local expertise or facilities. It is illogical to impose on the referring hospital the added burden of transporting such a patient. The receiving hospital is better equipped to extend its specialized services by assuming responsibility for interim management and transfer of the patient. An aeromedical transport system capable of quick response was built around National Guard helicopters. In 21 cases, doctors, nurses, and equipment were flown to children in community hospitals, and urgent treatment was begun in half the time formerly possible. Only after the patients were stabilized were they returned safely under continuing appropriate management. The helicopter is a versatile and speedy tool to deliver expertise and equipment when and where needed. Timely arrival of specialty services can be expected to improve patient care and salvage.", "PMID": 1185459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9812", "title": "A state-wide survey of index pediatric surgical conditions.", "content": "A statewide survey of pediatric surgery was sponsored by the Connecticut Society of American Board Surgeons to determine the general surgeons attitudes about performing routine and complex pediatric surgery, the absolute volume of index pediatric surgical conditions in the state, and the proportion treated by pediatric and nonpediatric surgeons. The incidence of index conditions studied was very similar to those previously reported. Approximately one half of all index cases were treated by nonpediatric surgeons, indicating that the number of pediatric surgeons could be increased, and possibly doubled, if all index procedures were performed by pediatric surgeons. Two-thirds of responding surgeons recognized the need for a regional neonatal surgical center. Regional or statewise surveys of index surgical conditions are recommended to determine regional manpower needs.", "contents": "A state-wide survey of index pediatric surgical conditions. A statewide survey of pediatric surgery was sponsored by the Connecticut Society of American Board Surgeons to determine the general surgeons attitudes about performing routine and complex pediatric surgery, the absolute volume of index pediatric surgical conditions in the state, and the proportion treated by pediatric and nonpediatric surgeons. The incidence of index conditions studied was very similar to those previously reported. Approximately one half of all index cases were treated by nonpediatric surgeons, indicating that the number of pediatric surgeons could be increased, and possibly doubled, if all index procedures were performed by pediatric surgeons. Two-thirds of responding surgeons recognized the need for a regional neonatal surgical center. Regional or statewise surveys of index surgical conditions are recommended to determine regional manpower needs.", "PMID": 1185460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9813", "title": "Neonatal small left colon syndrome: intramural not intraluminal obstruction.", "content": "We have described a characteristic syndrome of intestinal dysfunction in infants of diabetic mothers. This finding appears to result from a transient intramural dysfunction. Many respond to rectal irrigations alone. However, a significant number will require close observation and possible diversion for persistent partial intestinal obstruction. Failure to recognize persistent obstruction may result in intestinal perforation.", "contents": "Neonatal small left colon syndrome: intramural not intraluminal obstruction. We have described a characteristic syndrome of intestinal dysfunction in infants of diabetic mothers. This finding appears to result from a transient intramural dysfunction. Many respond to rectal irrigations alone. However, a significant number will require close observation and possible diversion for persistent partial intestinal obstruction. Failure to recognize persistent obstruction may result in intestinal perforation.", "PMID": 1185461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9814", "title": "Reconstruction of previously diverted urinary tract in children.", "content": "We tried to reconstruct partly or completely the urinary tract in nine patients who underwent, some years before, attempts at urinary diversion, for severe urinary tract diseases, using the intestine as an ureteral or a bladder subtitute. Our aim was to do a two-stage procedure, trying to reconstruct one normal side without the use of bowel, then within 6 mo to reevaluate the reconstructed side and, if correct, to do a transureteroureterostomy from the diverted side into the reconstructed side. Two patients were operated on this way and cured. We then advanced to a more aggressive approach with a one-stage procedure. Two more patients were operated on and cured. We then attempted reconstruction in patients when the ureter was no longer available. Two patients were operated on using a tapered and reimplanted piece of small bowel in the bladder and cured. Next we came to the patients in whom neither ureter nor bladder was available. Two patients were undiverted from an ileal loop and transformed into an ureterosigmoidostomy with transureterostomy, with achievement of continence. Finally, when neither ureter, nor bladder, nor even rectum was available, one patient on hemodialysis for a nonfunctioning Duhamel rectal bladder was converted into a functioning ileal loop and freed from dialysis. Technical points are discussed, focused on a two-stage procedure with one reimplantation and a transureteroureterostomy. When a permanent diversion must be done, today, for rare indications, we prefer to perform a sigmoid conduit.", "contents": "Reconstruction of previously diverted urinary tract in children. We tried to reconstruct partly or completely the urinary tract in nine patients who underwent, some years before, attempts at urinary diversion, for severe urinary tract diseases, using the intestine as an ureteral or a bladder subtitute. Our aim was to do a two-stage procedure, trying to reconstruct one normal side without the use of bowel, then within 6 mo to reevaluate the reconstructed side and, if correct, to do a transureteroureterostomy from the diverted side into the reconstructed side. Two patients were operated on this way and cured. We then advanced to a more aggressive approach with a one-stage procedure. Two more patients were operated on and cured. We then attempted reconstruction in patients when the ureter was no longer available. Two patients were operated on using a tapered and reimplanted piece of small bowel in the bladder and cured. Next we came to the patients in whom neither ureter nor bladder was available. Two patients were undiverted from an ileal loop and transformed into an ureterosigmoidostomy with transureterostomy, with achievement of continence. Finally, when neither ureter, nor bladder, nor even rectum was available, one patient on hemodialysis for a nonfunctioning Duhamel rectal bladder was converted into a functioning ileal loop and freed from dialysis. Technical points are discussed, focused on a two-stage procedure with one reimplantation and a transureteroureterostomy. When a permanent diversion must be done, today, for rare indications, we prefer to perform a sigmoid conduit.", "PMID": 1185462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9815", "title": "Recurrent intussusception in children.", "content": "Twenty-eight children with 35 recurrent intussusceptions were collected and analyzed from a series of 600 intussusceptions over 17 yr. The overall recurrence rate in the entire series was 5% with 11% recurring after hydrostatic barium enema reduction, and 3% after operative reduction. Twenty-three children had one recurrence each, four children had two recurrences, and one child had four recurrent intussusceptions. More than two-thirds of the patients had a recurrence within 6 mo of their first intussusception, and half of these presented earlier and with fewer signs and symptoms than the previous attack had manifested. Twenty-one of 30 recurrences were reduced with barium enema. Sixteen were operated on, reducing nine manually and resecting four others. Only two leading points were found, and in both instances resection was required. All but two of the intussusceptions were ileocolic. The previous mode of reduction of each intussusception did not  set a trend for future treatment of recurrent intussusceptions in the same child. While operative reduction diminishes the chances of a recurrent intussusception and ileocolic resection eliminates it, there does not seem to be any indication for surgery as long as barium enema reduction is successful. We have never observed the hydrostatic reduction of an intussusception caused by a leading point.", "contents": "Recurrent intussusception in children. Twenty-eight children with 35 recurrent intussusceptions were collected and analyzed from a series of 600 intussusceptions over 17 yr. The overall recurrence rate in the entire series was 5% with 11% recurring after hydrostatic barium enema reduction, and 3% after operative reduction. Twenty-three children had one recurrence each, four children had two recurrences, and one child had four recurrent intussusceptions. More than two-thirds of the patients had a recurrence within 6 mo of their first intussusception, and half of these presented earlier and with fewer signs and symptoms than the previous attack had manifested. Twenty-one of 30 recurrences were reduced with barium enema. Sixteen were operated on, reducing nine manually and resecting four others. Only two leading points were found, and in both instances resection was required. All but two of the intussusceptions were ileocolic. The previous mode of reduction of each intussusception did not  set a trend for future treatment of recurrent intussusceptions in the same child. While operative reduction diminishes the chances of a recurrent intussusception and ileocolic resection eliminates it, there does not seem to be any indication for surgery as long as barium enema reduction is successful. We have never observed the hydrostatic reduction of an intussusception caused by a leading point.", "PMID": 1185463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9816", "title": "Surgical management of hiatal hernia in children.", "content": "Hiatal hernia should be included in the differential diagnosis of all children with emesis and failure to thrive, since early diagnosis is imperative to prevent the irreversible esophageal damage from long-standing peptic esophagitis. The Nissen fundoplication as described in this paper appears to be far superior to gastropexy in preventing recurrence of gastroesophageal reflux. Colon interposition should be reserved for those cases in which hiatal herniorrhaphy is technically impossible. Successful repair of the hiatal hernia results in rapid improvement in the nutritional status of these children.", "contents": "Surgical management of hiatal hernia in children. Hiatal hernia should be included in the differential diagnosis of all children with emesis and failure to thrive, since early diagnosis is imperative to prevent the irreversible esophageal damage from long-standing peptic esophagitis. The Nissen fundoplication as described in this paper appears to be far superior to gastropexy in preventing recurrence of gastroesophageal reflux. Colon interposition should be reserved for those cases in which hiatal herniorrhaphy is technically impossible. Successful repair of the hiatal hernia results in rapid improvement in the nutritional status of these children.", "PMID": 1185464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9817", "title": "Significance of absent vas deferens at hernia repair in infants and children.", "content": "An absent vas deferens may be associated with unilateral renal agenesis or undiagnosed cystic fibrosis. Such patients should be further evaluated with a sweat chloride and intravenous pyelogram. The finding of absent vas deferens during exploration for an undescended testis does not provide absolute evidence for absence of the testis, since these structures have independent embryologic origins.", "contents": "Significance of absent vas deferens at hernia repair in infants and children. An absent vas deferens may be associated with unilateral renal agenesis or undiagnosed cystic fibrosis. Such patients should be further evaluated with a sweat chloride and intravenous pyelogram. The finding of absent vas deferens during exploration for an undescended testis does not provide absolute evidence for absence of the testis, since these structures have independent embryologic origins.", "PMID": 1185465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9818", "title": "Direct influence of blood viscosity on pulmonary vascular resistance.", "content": "When cardiac output is maintained constant in the intact animal, changes in blood viscosity exert a direct and rapid effect on pulmonary vascular resistance. The presence of intact cardiopulmonary reflex mechanisms does not alter the direct influence of blood viscosity on pulmonary vascular resistance.", "contents": "Direct influence of blood viscosity on pulmonary vascular resistance. When cardiac output is maintained constant in the intact animal, changes in blood viscosity exert a direct and rapid effect on pulmonary vascular resistance. The presence of intact cardiopulmonary reflex mechanisms does not alter the direct influence of blood viscosity on pulmonary vascular resistance.", "PMID": 1185466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9819", "title": "Corrective treatment of isolated ventricular septal defect in infancy.", "content": "Intracardiac correction of VSD in infants should be indicated if the mortality and morbidity of the operation at this age group is lower than cumulative mortality of pulmonary artery banding plus second-staged procedure mortality. Experience with closure of VSD in 23 patients under 1 yr of age with 4% mortality and low morbidity is presented. Indications for operation are: (1) intractable heart failure; (2) persistence or progression of pulmonary hypertension; and (3) failure of banding procedure. Deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest facilitated the intracardiac repair in all patients. Mortality and morbidity related to the banding procedure are emphasized, and it is suggested that banding be restricted only to patients with associated coarctation of the aorta or to patients with multiple muscular ventricular septal defects in whom left ventriculotomy can be safely performed at an older age.", "contents": "Corrective treatment of isolated ventricular septal defect in infancy. Intracardiac correction of VSD in infants should be indicated if the mortality and morbidity of the operation at this age group is lower than cumulative mortality of pulmonary artery banding plus second-staged procedure mortality. Experience with closure of VSD in 23 patients under 1 yr of age with 4% mortality and low morbidity is presented. Indications for operation are: (1) intractable heart failure; (2) persistence or progression of pulmonary hypertension; and (3) failure of banding procedure. Deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest facilitated the intracardiac repair in all patients. Mortality and morbidity related to the banding procedure are emphasized, and it is suggested that banding be restricted only to patients with associated coarctation of the aorta or to patients with multiple muscular ventricular septal defects in whom left ventriculotomy can be safely performed at an older age.", "PMID": 1185467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9820", "title": "Iatrogenic ileal atresia secondary to clamping of an occult omphalocele.", "content": "Clamping of an occult omphalocele has led to complete division of an entrapped loop of ileum in two instances. The proximal end has been sealed in the process, producing an iatrogenic ileal atresia. The clinical picture in both instances differed from that usually found with ileal atresia. Escape of a small amount of meconium from the transected cord was noted in one, and the stump of the cord in the other appeared red and engorged. Clamping the umbilical cord routinely at least 5 cm from the abdominal wall is recommended.", "contents": "Iatrogenic ileal atresia secondary to clamping of an occult omphalocele. Clamping of an occult omphalocele has led to complete division of an entrapped loop of ileum in two instances. The proximal end has been sealed in the process, producing an iatrogenic ileal atresia. The clinical picture in both instances differed from that usually found with ileal atresia. Escape of a small amount of meconium from the transected cord was noted in one, and the stump of the cord in the other appeared red and engorged. Clamping the umbilical cord routinely at least 5 cm from the abdominal wall is recommended.", "PMID": 1185469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9821", "title": "Pancreaticoduodenectomy in the treatment of congenital fibrosarcoma of the duodenum.", "content": "A 2-mo-old female with congenital fibrosarcoma causing duodenal obstruction had a pancreaticoduodenectomy. She is doing well with the aid of oral pancreatic enzyme supplements 14 mo after her pancreaticoduodenectomy with no evidence of tumor recurrence or pancreatic endocrine dysfunction.", "contents": "Pancreaticoduodenectomy in the treatment of congenital fibrosarcoma of the duodenum. A 2-mo-old female with congenital fibrosarcoma causing duodenal obstruction had a pancreaticoduodenectomy. She is doing well with the aid of oral pancreatic enzyme supplements 14 mo after her pancreaticoduodenectomy with no evidence of tumor recurrence or pancreatic endocrine dysfunction.", "PMID": 1185470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9822", "title": "A genesis of the lung complicated by vascular compression and bronchomalacia.", "content": "A child with compression of a solitary left bronchus was treated by anterior fixation of the great vessels and dividing the ductus arteriosus, which proved ineffective. Bronchial resection was performed but was also ineffective because there was persistent compression by the aorta. Aortic graft was finally elected but the infant died later with sepsis. From this experience we believe it would be better in another similar case to graft the aorta initially if necessary to insure complete relief of bronchial compression, reserving resection of the collapsing bronchial segment as a secondary procedure should functional obstruction persist.", "contents": "A genesis of the lung complicated by vascular compression and bronchomalacia. A child with compression of a solitary left bronchus was treated by anterior fixation of the great vessels and dividing the ductus arteriosus, which proved ineffective. Bronchial resection was performed but was also ineffective because there was persistent compression by the aorta. Aortic graft was finally elected but the infant died later with sepsis. From this experience we believe it would be better in another similar case to graft the aorta initially if necessary to insure complete relief of bronchial compression, reserving resection of the collapsing bronchial segment as a secondary procedure should functional obstruction persist.", "PMID": 1185472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9823", "title": "Determination of fetal maturity and of development of the fetal lungs by means of combined methods.", "content": "The validity of the assessment of the fetal age and pulmonary maturity was evaluated on 369 patients at various stages of normal pregnancy and complicated by diabetes, toxemia and fetal anencephaly. Gestational maturity was assessed by ultrasonic measurement of the fetal biparietal diameter and by analysing constituents of amniotic fluid (creatinine, bilirubin, fat cells) while pulmonary maturity was assessed from the L/S ratio in the amniotic fluid. Each individual method has a wide margin of error, however, ultrasound cephalometry gave the best prediction for determination of fetal age. In 135 selected cases lung maturity was assessed by using two techniques, a thin layer chromatographic determination of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in the amniotic fluid and a rapid semiquantitative test to determine the titre of surfactant which generates stable foam in presence of ethanol. The results obtained by the two methods correlated well and were reliable in predicting the respiratory distress syndrome. It appears that these methods make it possible to obtain greater margins of reliability. The role of fetal and maternal factors in the maturation of fetal lungs was also studied in several pathological conditions and it was noted that in many cases of maternal diabetes mellitus lung maturity was reached at a later age than in normal pregnancies. It is condluded that if termination of pregnancy is indicated, the physician should rely more on the assessment of lung maturity than on indicators of gestational age.", "contents": "Determination of fetal maturity and of development of the fetal lungs by means of combined methods. The validity of the assessment of the fetal age and pulmonary maturity was evaluated on 369 patients at various stages of normal pregnancy and complicated by diabetes, toxemia and fetal anencephaly. Gestational maturity was assessed by ultrasonic measurement of the fetal biparietal diameter and by analysing constituents of amniotic fluid (creatinine, bilirubin, fat cells) while pulmonary maturity was assessed from the L/S ratio in the amniotic fluid. Each individual method has a wide margin of error, however, ultrasound cephalometry gave the best prediction for determination of fetal age. In 135 selected cases lung maturity was assessed by using two techniques, a thin layer chromatographic determination of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in the amniotic fluid and a rapid semiquantitative test to determine the titre of surfactant which generates stable foam in presence of ethanol. The results obtained by the two methods correlated well and were reliable in predicting the respiratory distress syndrome. It appears that these methods make it possible to obtain greater margins of reliability. The role of fetal and maternal factors in the maturation of fetal lungs was also studied in several pathological conditions and it was noted that in many cases of maternal diabetes mellitus lung maturity was reached at a later age than in normal pregnancies. It is condluded that if termination of pregnancy is indicated, the physician should rely more on the assessment of lung maturity than on indicators of gestational age.", "PMID": 1185480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9824", "title": "External cephalic version under tocolysis.", "content": "We currently consider the external version of the fetus from a breech to a vertex presentation near term the best solution to the disadvantages of a breech delivery for mother and child. Version at such a late time in gestation is only possible with the aid of the tocolytic relaxation of the uterus as recommended by us. This method offers two important advantages over the conventional method of external version, the performance of which after the 34th week of gestation has been discouraged because of the poor chance for success: 1. Because of the relatively decreased intrauterine space during the last month of pregnancy the fetus will revert less readily to a breech. 2. In the event of a complication during external version the immediate operative delivery of the mature infant near term is possible. After the presentation of the fetus has been diagnosed by ultrasound the mother is given 20-50 micrograms Fenoterol (Partusisten) intravenously simultaneously with an inhalation analgesia. The version itself is effected by positioning the hands of the operator against the fetal forehead and by turning the infant as in a backwards roll. If this fails, the dose of the tocolytic agent may be increased. In cases with extended legs the chances for success appear to be decreased. The completed version should be confirmed with an ultrasound examination and the undisturbed status of the fetus should be documented with a cardiotocogram immediately after the version. The following results were achieved: The external version was successful in 43 of 57 pregnant women (75%). If the material is selected more critically, over 80% of the attempted versions should be successful. We have now delivered 40 infants as vertex presentations after a previously diagnosed breech presentation. The frequency of breech deliveries in our hospital has decreased by 2.6% from 5.4% to 2.9% since the introduction of version. The decrease is statistically significant. Convincing evidence that version has decreased fetal risk from breech delivery is found in a comparison of the newborn status. The decrease in the percentages of clinically depressed and acidotic newborns is also statistically significant. The failure rate does not appear to increase with increasing gestational age. There is no correlation between parity and failure or between maternal age and failure. So far we have seen no serious complications. In 5 of 24 cardiotocograms recorded a transient fetal bradycardia occurred immediately after the version which disappeared after a few minutes of maternal lateral position.", "contents": "External cephalic version under tocolysis. We currently consider the external version of the fetus from a breech to a vertex presentation near term the best solution to the disadvantages of a breech delivery for mother and child. Version at such a late time in gestation is only possible with the aid of the tocolytic relaxation of the uterus as recommended by us. This method offers two important advantages over the conventional method of external version, the performance of which after the 34th week of gestation has been discouraged because of the poor chance for success: 1. Because of the relatively decreased intrauterine space during the last month of pregnancy the fetus will revert less readily to a breech. 2. In the event of a complication during external version the immediate operative delivery of the mature infant near term is possible. After the presentation of the fetus has been diagnosed by ultrasound the mother is given 20-50 micrograms Fenoterol (Partusisten) intravenously simultaneously with an inhalation analgesia. The version itself is effected by positioning the hands of the operator against the fetal forehead and by turning the infant as in a backwards roll. If this fails, the dose of the tocolytic agent may be increased. In cases with extended legs the chances for success appear to be decreased. The completed version should be confirmed with an ultrasound examination and the undisturbed status of the fetus should be documented with a cardiotocogram immediately after the version. The following results were achieved: The external version was successful in 43 of 57 pregnant women (75%). If the material is selected more critically, over 80% of the attempted versions should be successful. We have now delivered 40 infants as vertex presentations after a previously diagnosed breech presentation. The frequency of breech deliveries in our hospital has decreased by 2.6% from 5.4% to 2.9% since the introduction of version. The decrease is statistically significant. Convincing evidence that version has decreased fetal risk from breech delivery is found in a comparison of the newborn status. The decrease in the percentages of clinically depressed and acidotic newborns is also statistically significant. The failure rate does not appear to increase with increasing gestational age. There is no correlation between parity and failure or between maternal age and failure. So far we have seen no serious complications. In 5 of 24 cardiotocograms recorded a transient fetal bradycardia occurred immediately after the version which disappeared after a few minutes of maternal lateral position.", "PMID": 1185481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9825", "title": "The effect of palliative surgery on the survival of central nervous system malformations.", "content": "Patients suffering from hydrocephalus alone or in combination with spinal defect were investigated in this retrospective study. The cases were grouped to those who did not have any treatment to relieve the symptoms of hydrocephalus and to those who receive certain palliative therapy. Comparisons were made between the groups regarding the life-span and the incidence of secondary complications. The life-span showed a close agreement within the groups, but the occurrence and the severity of secondary complications were found to be less in the treated group. While the reasons are acceptable which are given to select the patients for the initial closure of the spinal defect there seems to be no justification in with-holding palliative surgery for the treatment of hydrocephalus.", "contents": "The effect of palliative surgery on the survival of central nervous system malformations. Patients suffering from hydrocephalus alone or in combination with spinal defect were investigated in this retrospective study. The cases were grouped to those who did not have any treatment to relieve the symptoms of hydrocephalus and to those who receive certain palliative therapy. Comparisons were made between the groups regarding the life-span and the incidence of secondary complications. The life-span showed a close agreement within the groups, but the occurrence and the severity of secondary complications were found to be less in the treated group. While the reasons are acceptable which are given to select the patients for the initial closure of the spinal defect there seems to be no justification in with-holding palliative surgery for the treatment of hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 1185482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9826", "title": "The maintenance of a stable baseline in intra-uterine pressure with varying maternal position--a practical approach.", "content": "When measuring intra-uterine pressure, the tracing baseline varies according to maternal position because of changes in hydrostatic pressure. To compensate for this effect, the membrane of the transducer should always be kept close to the uterine fundus. An additional advantage of this method is that it enables the use of a short catheter, thus causing less tracing artifacts.", "contents": "The maintenance of a stable baseline in intra-uterine pressure with varying maternal position--a practical approach. When measuring intra-uterine pressure, the tracing baseline varies according to maternal position because of changes in hydrostatic pressure. To compensate for this effect, the membrane of the transducer should always be kept close to the uterine fundus. An additional advantage of this method is that it enables the use of a short catheter, thus causing less tracing artifacts.", "PMID": 1185483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9827", "title": "Effects of standing position on spontaneous uterine contractility and other aspects of labor.", "content": "The aim of this paper has been to compare the uterine contractility, pain produced by contractions and comfort of the patients between standing and supine position. The study has been performed in twenty normal nulliparae who were changed from supine to standing position and viceversa at intervals of approximately thirty minutes. Intrauterine pressure and fetal heart rate were continuously monitored. Cervial dilatation was evaluated every thirty minutes. No medication was given to the patients. They were asked to assess the pain produced by uterine contractions in each one of both positions and which was the more comfortable. It has been found: 1. That the intensity of contractions was significantly higher in fifteen out of the twenty patients in standing position. 2. Frequency of contractions diminished significantly in one third of the patients. 3. Uterine activity increased significantly in half of them. 4. Consistently, less pain accompanied uterine contractions in standing position. 5. Patients reported more comfort in this position. The average duration of labor was 3 hrs 55 min. This duration is short, compared with standard clinical experience and with published data. No complications occurred, by the use of standing position during labor, on the mother or fetus. The physiological mechanisms responsible for the above mentioned effects of standing position are unknown. It is condluced that there are no clear arguments against the use of standing position during labor and that this position should be used more frequently in clinical obstetrics, provided obstetrical conditions are similar to those reported in this paper.", "contents": "Effects of standing position on spontaneous uterine contractility and other aspects of labor. The aim of this paper has been to compare the uterine contractility, pain produced by contractions and comfort of the patients between standing and supine position. The study has been performed in twenty normal nulliparae who were changed from supine to standing position and viceversa at intervals of approximately thirty minutes. Intrauterine pressure and fetal heart rate were continuously monitored. Cervial dilatation was evaluated every thirty minutes. No medication was given to the patients. They were asked to assess the pain produced by uterine contractions in each one of both positions and which was the more comfortable. It has been found: 1. That the intensity of contractions was significantly higher in fifteen out of the twenty patients in standing position. 2. Frequency of contractions diminished significantly in one third of the patients. 3. Uterine activity increased significantly in half of them. 4. Consistently, less pain accompanied uterine contractions in standing position. 5. Patients reported more comfort in this position. The average duration of labor was 3 hrs 55 min. This duration is short, compared with standard clinical experience and with published data. No complications occurred, by the use of standing position during labor, on the mother or fetus. The physiological mechanisms responsible for the above mentioned effects of standing position are unknown. It is condluced that there are no clear arguments against the use of standing position during labor and that this position should be used more frequently in clinical obstetrics, provided obstetrical conditions are similar to those reported in this paper.", "PMID": 1185484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9828", "title": "Complexity, extremity, and affect in male and female judgments.", "content": "Two studies were conducted to elucidate aspects of the interpersonal judement process as it is applied to and by males and females. Measurement of judgments by means of the Role Construct Repertory Test allowed consideration of cognitive complexity scores, as well as the use of extreme ratings and a total affective rating. Consistent findings from both studies suggest that males and females differ in their use of extreme scores and total affective ratings, but not in complexity. Characteristics of the stimulus person affect each of the three dependent measures. Interrelationships among the three judgmental measures provide information about the methodological and conceptual interplay of various factors in interpersonal judgment.", "contents": "Complexity, extremity, and affect in male and female judgments. Two studies were conducted to elucidate aspects of the interpersonal judement process as it is applied to and by males and females. Measurement of judgments by means of the Role Construct Repertory Test allowed consideration of cognitive complexity scores, as well as the use of extreme ratings and a total affective rating. Consistent findings from both studies suggest that males and females differ in their use of extreme scores and total affective ratings, but not in complexity. Characteristics of the stimulus person affect each of the three dependent measures. Interrelationships among the three judgmental measures provide information about the methodological and conceptual interplay of various factors in interpersonal judgment.", "PMID": 1185485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9829", "title": "Extraversion, arousal, and speed of retrieval from secondary storage.", "content": "Fifty-two subjects were assigned to one of four groups on the basis of scores on the Extraversion scale of the Eysenck Personality  Inventory and on the General Activation scale of the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List. The subjects learned two lists composed of categorically related groups of words, with the number of categories and the number of words per category varied. Memory was probed by simultaneously presenting the subject with a category name and an item-position cue, and recording the recall latency. The major finding was that activation and extraversion interactively determined the recall latency for both category and item recall. The results were considered in light of arousal theory.", "contents": "Extraversion, arousal, and speed of retrieval from secondary storage. Fifty-two subjects were assigned to one of four groups on the basis of scores on the Extraversion scale of the Eysenck Personality  Inventory and on the General Activation scale of the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List. The subjects learned two lists composed of categorically related groups of words, with the number of categories and the number of words per category varied. Memory was probed by simultaneously presenting the subject with a category name and an item-position cue, and recording the recall latency. The major finding was that activation and extraversion interactively determined the recall latency for both category and item recall. The results were considered in light of arousal theory.", "PMID": 1185486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9830", "title": "Field dependent eating and perception as a function of weight and sex.", "content": "It was hypothesized that the greater influence of external cues on obese than on normal individuals' eating behavior is a manifestation of a generalized sensitivity to external cues. Responsivity of nut consumption to the external cue of shells on the nuts and responsivity of judgment of verticality to the external cue of a tilted visual field were assessed for male and female, obese and normal-weight subjects. As predicted, both obese subjects' nut consumption and their judgments of verticality were more influenced by external cues than were those of normals. Females' judgments of verticality were more influenced by external cues than males' were, but the sex differences in eating behavior were not statistically significant. A significant correlation between the field dependence of subjects' eating behavior and their judgments of verticality suggests that a single cause may generate sensitivity to external cues in these two diverse situations.", "contents": "Field dependent eating and perception as a function of weight and sex. It was hypothesized that the greater influence of external cues on obese than on normal individuals' eating behavior is a manifestation of a generalized sensitivity to external cues. Responsivity of nut consumption to the external cue of shells on the nuts and responsivity of judgment of verticality to the external cue of a tilted visual field were assessed for male and female, obese and normal-weight subjects. As predicted, both obese subjects' nut consumption and their judgments of verticality were more influenced by external cues than were those of normals. Females' judgments of verticality were more influenced by external cues than males' were, but the sex differences in eating behavior were not statistically significant. A significant correlation between the field dependence of subjects' eating behavior and their judgments of verticality suggests that a single cause may generate sensitivity to external cues in these two diverse situations.", "PMID": 1185487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9831", "title": "Hostility as a function of the opportunity to counteraggress.", "content": "Half of the subjects, college students, were insulted by the experimenter while half were not. Within each of these conditions, half of the subjects were led to believe they would have an opportunity to administer electric shock to the experimenter, while the other half were not. A measure of hostility toward the experimenter was taken before there was any actual opportunity to shock him. As predicted from reactance theory, it was found that the mere opportunity to shock the experimenter reduced hostility that was produced by his insulting behavior. Alternative interpretations and implications were discussed.", "contents": "Hostility as a function of the opportunity to counteraggress. Half of the subjects, college students, were insulted by the experimenter while half were not. Within each of these conditions, half of the subjects were led to believe they would have an opportunity to administer electric shock to the experimenter, while the other half were not. A measure of hostility toward the experimenter was taken before there was any actual opportunity to shock him. As predicted from reactance theory, it was found that the mere opportunity to shock the experimenter reduced hostility that was produced by his insulting behavior. Alternative interpretations and implications were discussed.", "PMID": 1185488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9832", "title": "Effects of explicit instructions to \"be creative\" on the psychological meaning of divergent thinking test scores.", "content": "The Alternate Uses Test was administered to 50 undergraduate males instructed to produce creative (i.e., novel and worthwhile) uses and to 55 comparable subjects simply instructed to produce as many uses as possible. All uses were rated for creativity. An index of self-assessed creative thinking ability correlated significantly more strongly (p less than .05) with the number of creative uses produced in the qualitatively-oriented condition than with the number of creative or total uses produced in the standard, quantitatively-oriented condition. The correlation between self-rated creative ability and creative uses production in the qualitatively-oriented condition remained significant (p less than .001) after indices of achievement motivation and general verbal aptitude were partialled out. The results were interpreted as demonstrating the value of coordinating informative divergent thinking test instructions with qualitative scoring criteria.", "contents": "Effects of explicit instructions to \"be creative\" on the psychological meaning of divergent thinking test scores. The Alternate Uses Test was administered to 50 undergraduate males instructed to produce creative (i.e., novel and worthwhile) uses and to 55 comparable subjects simply instructed to produce as many uses as possible. All uses were rated for creativity. An index of self-assessed creative thinking ability correlated significantly more strongly (p less than .05) with the number of creative uses produced in the qualitatively-oriented condition than with the number of creative or total uses produced in the standard, quantitatively-oriented condition. The correlation between self-rated creative ability and creative uses production in the qualitatively-oriented condition remained significant (p less than .001) after indices of achievement motivation and general verbal aptitude were partialled out. The results were interpreted as demonstrating the value of coordinating informative divergent thinking test instructions with qualitative scoring criteria.", "PMID": 1185489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9833", "title": "How relevant is an individual difference theory of personality?", "content": "Doubts are raised as to the extent of \"applicability of the conceptualization that \"personality\" consists \"of more or less  stable internal factors that make one person's behavior consistent from one time to another, and different from the behavior other people would manifest in comparable situations\". This is done by demonstrating the questionable validity of much of the extant empirical support  for the \"personality\" concept. Respondents on interpersonal checklists, personality inventories and questionnaire interviews are shown to unwittingly  sub stitute a theory of conceptual likenesses for a description of behavioral co-occurrences. Considerations about similarity are confounded with judgments about probability to such an extent that items alike in concept are inferred to be behaviorally characteristic of the same person even when, as is typically the case, conceptual relationships among items do not correspond to the actual behavioral relationships among items. Examined are extant \"personality theories\" having to do with children's social behavior, adult behavior in small groups, maternal socialization practices, and psychopathology. These \"theories\" are shown to be no more than statements about how respondents (and psychologists) classify things as alike in meaning.", "contents": "How relevant is an individual difference theory of personality? Doubts are raised as to the extent of \"applicability of the conceptualization that \"personality\" consists \"of more or less  stable internal factors that make one person's behavior consistent from one time to another, and different from the behavior other people would manifest in comparable situations\". This is done by demonstrating the questionable validity of much of the extant empirical support  for the \"personality\" concept. Respondents on interpersonal checklists, personality inventories and questionnaire interviews are shown to unwittingly  sub stitute a theory of conceptual likenesses for a description of behavioral co-occurrences. Considerations about similarity are confounded with judgments about probability to such an extent that items alike in concept are inferred to be behaviorally characteristic of the same person even when, as is typically the case, conceptual relationships among items do not correspond to the actual behavioral relationships among items. Examined are extant \"personality theories\" having to do with children's social behavior, adult behavior in small groups, maternal socialization practices, and psychopathology. These \"theories\" are shown to be no more than statements about how respondents (and psychologists) classify things as alike in meaning.", "PMID": 1185490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9834", "title": "The need for approval and the private versus public disclosure of self.", "content": "The relationship between need for approval and public and private self-disclosure was evaluated. Sixty female college students discussed their preferences for a steady date with a confederate in confidence or after having given permission for their comments to be cited in lectures or a book. The results showed that high-need-for-approval subjects revealed themselves more intimately in public than in private conditions wheras low- and moderate-need subjects disclosed more intimately in private than in public. The results not only demonstrated the strength of the effect of social evaluation on the behavior of high-need subjects, but also suggested that personality must be accounted for in self-disclosure research before factors influencing self-disclosure may be understood completely.", "contents": "The need for approval and the private versus public disclosure of self. The relationship between need for approval and public and private self-disclosure was evaluated. Sixty female college students discussed their preferences for a steady date with a confederate in confidence or after having given permission for their comments to be cited in lectures or a book. The results showed that high-need-for-approval subjects revealed themselves more intimately in public than in private conditions wheras low- and moderate-need subjects disclosed more intimately in private than in public. The results not only demonstrated the strength of the effect of social evaluation on the behavior of high-need subjects, but also suggested that personality must be accounted for in self-disclosure research before factors influencing self-disclosure may be understood completely.", "PMID": 1185491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9835", "title": "The measurement of self-actualization: a critical review of the Personal Orientation Inventory.", "content": "Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) was reviewed in terms of its reliability and validity. The use of the POI in counseling and psychotherapeutic settings was emphasized. Faking and social desirability were also discussed in light of existing evidence. It was concluded that the POI offers great potential for use in counseling contexts but in its present state should be considered a research instrument.", "contents": "The measurement of self-actualization: a critical review of the Personal Orientation Inventory. Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) was reviewed in terms of its reliability and validity. The use of the POI in counseling and psychotherapeutic settings was emphasized. Faking and social desirability were also discussed in light of existing evidence. It was concluded that the POI offers great potential for use in counseling contexts but in its present state should be considered a research instrument.", "PMID": 1185492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9836", "title": "Reliability of a sentence completion measure of ego development.", "content": "Studied the reliability of the Washington University Sentence Completion Test by giving 51 9th graders and 26 college students the test twice, a week apart. For 9th graders the design included a test-retest group and two groups given half of the test at each session. Although test-retest correlations were high for the 9th graders, retest scores dropped significantly. With college students (a) test-retest correlations through positive and significant were lower, (b) retest scores did not change systematically, and (c) percentage agreement between test and retest scores was high. Discrepant results were related to motivational set and variance in test scores. Split-half correlations and internal consistency coefficients were high. Likelihood of lower retest scores makes problematic the use of this test for short term pretest-posttest studies seeking to stimulate ego development.", "contents": "Reliability of a sentence completion measure of ego development. Studied the reliability of the Washington University Sentence Completion Test by giving 51 9th graders and 26 college students the test twice, a week apart. For 9th graders the design included a test-retest group and two groups given half of the test at each session. Although test-retest correlations were high for the 9th graders, retest scores dropped significantly. With college students (a) test-retest correlations through positive and significant were lower, (b) retest scores did not change systematically, and (c) percentage agreement between test and retest scores was high. Discrepant results were related to motivational set and variance in test scores. Split-half correlations and internal consistency coefficients were high. Likelihood of lower retest scores makes problematic the use of this test for short term pretest-posttest studies seeking to stimulate ego development.", "PMID": 1185493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9837", "title": "Simulation of brain damage on the Bender-Gestalt test by college subjects.", "content": "The study found that nonbraindamaged college subjects could not simulate organicity on the Bender-Gestalt test when instructed to do so. Although Pascal-Suttell and Canter scoring methods failed to differentiate malingerers from an organic criterion group, an ABPP clinician sorted 89% of the records correctly in a pilot study. Differentiating criteria were then spelled out from the pilot study protocols. In the main study the expert clinician correctly identified all 20 malingerers. Subsequent studies of intra- and inter-rater reliability produced satisfactory results.", "contents": "Simulation of brain damage on the Bender-Gestalt test by college subjects. The study found that nonbraindamaged college subjects could not simulate organicity on the Bender-Gestalt test when instructed to do so. Although Pascal-Suttell and Canter scoring methods failed to differentiate malingerers from an organic criterion group, an ABPP clinician sorted 89% of the records correctly in a pilot study. Differentiating criteria were then spelled out from the pilot study protocols. In the main study the expert clinician correctly identified all 20 malingerers. Subsequent studies of intra- and inter-rater reliability produced satisfactory results.", "PMID": 1185494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9838", "title": "Comparison of three abbreviated MMPIs for psychiatric patients and normals.", "content": "Two studies, one using 242 psychiatric patients and the other 120 normal college students, were conducted to evaluate the predictive potential of three abbreviated MMPIs namely the Midi-Mult, Hugo abbreviated MMPI and Faschingbauer abbreviated MMPI. With regard to psychiatric inpatients, the Faschingbauer abbreviated MMPI-scale group means were markedly similar, highly correlated, and seemed to be a fairly accurate substitute for the MMPI in predicting clinical types. Numerous deficiencies were evident when using the Midi-Mult or Hugo abbreviated MMPI, especially with regard to classification analysis concerning validity, mean raw score scale differences and high point codes. In contrast, results from a normal college sample showed close statistical correspondence, high comparability in identifying valid and invalid profiles as well as high correspondence with respect to high point codes and general profile elevations regardless of which abbreviated form was used.", "contents": "Comparison of three abbreviated MMPIs for psychiatric patients and normals. Two studies, one using 242 psychiatric patients and the other 120 normal college students, were conducted to evaluate the predictive potential of three abbreviated MMPIs namely the Midi-Mult, Hugo abbreviated MMPI and Faschingbauer abbreviated MMPI. With regard to psychiatric inpatients, the Faschingbauer abbreviated MMPI-scale group means were markedly similar, highly correlated, and seemed to be a fairly accurate substitute for the MMPI in predicting clinical types. Numerous deficiencies were evident when using the Midi-Mult or Hugo abbreviated MMPI, especially with regard to classification analysis concerning validity, mean raw score scale differences and high point codes. In contrast, results from a normal college sample showed close statistical correspondence, high comparability in identifying valid and invalid profiles as well as high correspondence with respect to high point codes and general profile elevations regardless of which abbreviated form was used.", "PMID": 1185495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9839", "title": "Self-derogation and defense style in college students.", "content": "The self-concept literature generally shows that different measures of self-acceptance and self-satisfaction are positively related to psychological adjustment and several measures of defensiveness. In order to understand clearly the relationship between self-concept and adjustment it is also important to consider characteristic defense styles. With this purpose in mind, Kaplan, and Pokorny's Self-derogation scale, three of the most commonly used measures of defensive styles, and a measures of trait-anxiety, were administered to 158 college students. Self-derogation correlated positively with repression-sensitization and trait-anxiety, and negatively with general defensiveness. A positive relationship between self-derogation and ego-control was also found. The results were interpreted as consistent with self theory.", "contents": "Self-derogation and defense style in college students. The self-concept literature generally shows that different measures of self-acceptance and self-satisfaction are positively related to psychological adjustment and several measures of defensiveness. In order to understand clearly the relationship between self-concept and adjustment it is also important to consider characteristic defense styles. With this purpose in mind, Kaplan, and Pokorny's Self-derogation scale, three of the most commonly used measures of defensive styles, and a measures of trait-anxiety, were administered to 158 college students. Self-derogation correlated positively with repression-sensitization and trait-anxiety, and negatively with general defensiveness. A positive relationship between self-derogation and ego-control was also found. The results were interpreted as consistent with self theory.", "PMID": 1185496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9840", "title": "Individual differences in helping dispositions.", "content": "The intent of this report is to present research relevant to developing an instrument to assess helping dispositions (HDS). In its final form, 55 items can be dimensionalized into 20 component scales and 14 composite indicators of predispositions to help. Discriminations included in HDS include: psychological versus task help; helping in group settings versus helping in individual settings; and wanting to help, having the ability to help, being able to recognize when help is needed, having reasons for not helping, and actually helping. Evidence of both high internal consistency and different types of validity have been generated through four administrations of HDS involving a total of 611 college and noncollege subjects. The most robust scales appeared to be the motivation to help scales and the helping in group situations scale. Implications for further research are noted.", "contents": "Individual differences in helping dispositions. The intent of this report is to present research relevant to developing an instrument to assess helping dispositions (HDS). In its final form, 55 items can be dimensionalized into 20 component scales and 14 composite indicators of predispositions to help. Discriminations included in HDS include: psychological versus task help; helping in group settings versus helping in individual settings; and wanting to help, having the ability to help, being able to recognize when help is needed, having reasons for not helping, and actually helping. Evidence of both high internal consistency and different types of validity have been generated through four administrations of HDS involving a total of 611 college and noncollege subjects. The most robust scales appeared to be the motivation to help scales and the helping in group situations scale. Implications for further research are noted.", "PMID": 1185497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9841", "title": "Self-other orientations and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule.", "content": "Because the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) confounds the respondent's self and other-orientations, it was modified to measure both orientations on each of the 15 personality variables. Thirty-seven university students and their spouses were administered the modified EPPS. Their reliability was significantly higher than Edwards reports for his college student sample which was given his standard instrument. Also, the respondents were shown to have different preferences for themselves than for others, both over-all and for specific scales on the modified instrument.", "contents": "Self-other orientations and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. Because the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) confounds the respondent's self and other-orientations, it was modified to measure both orientations on each of the 15 personality variables. Thirty-seven university students and their spouses were administered the modified EPPS. Their reliability was significantly higher than Edwards reports for his college student sample which was given his standard instrument. Also, the respondents were shown to have different preferences for themselves than for others, both over-all and for specific scales on the modified instrument.", "PMID": 1185498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9842", "title": "Are Rorschach responses influenced by society's change?", "content": "It is generally believed that people \"normally\" see male figures on Card III and females on Card VII, and that seeing females on III by males may be an indication of confused sexuality. Brown (1971) suggests that recently there has been a marked increase in the number of males who see females on III and that this indicates a cultural change toward a blurring sex roles. Present findings are that male subjects through 60 years of age see substantial numbers of females on Card III. More males do see females on III in 1970 than earlier, but it seems to be the age of the subject more than the decade in which he lives that primarily determines response.", "contents": "Are Rorschach responses influenced by society's change? It is generally believed that people \"normally\" see male figures on Card III and females on Card VII, and that seeing females on III by males may be an indication of confused sexuality. Brown (1971) suggests that recently there has been a marked increase in the number of males who see females on III and that this indicates a cultural change toward a blurring sex roles. Present findings are that male subjects through 60 years of age see substantial numbers of females on Card III. More males do see females on III in 1970 than earlier, but it seems to be the age of the subject more than the decade in which he lives that primarily determines response.", "PMID": 1185499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9843", "title": "A role-play Rorschach procedure.", "content": "Rorschach responses of three subjects were used to stimulate the type of role-playing popularized by Fritz Perls' Gestalt therapy. The standard Rorschachs were given first. Afterwards, each subject was presented with certain of his or her own images as a stimulus for the role-playing. The subjects consisted of a 19-year-old female with severe anxiety attacks, an 11-year-old lad diagnosed as having minimal cerebral dysfunction, and a 46-year-old man who had undergone two years of successful psychotherapy. It is proposed that the resulting data are valuable in expanding and clarifying the psychological meaning of the Rorschach images. Further, the procedure can be utilized, if desired, as a spur to therapeutic involvement.", "contents": "A role-play Rorschach procedure. Rorschach responses of three subjects were used to stimulate the type of role-playing popularized by Fritz Perls' Gestalt therapy. The standard Rorschachs were given first. Afterwards, each subject was presented with certain of his or her own images as a stimulus for the role-playing. The subjects consisted of a 19-year-old female with severe anxiety attacks, an 11-year-old lad diagnosed as having minimal cerebral dysfunction, and a 46-year-old man who had undergone two years of successful psychotherapy. It is proposed that the resulting data are valuable in expanding and clarifying the psychological meaning of the Rorschach images. Further, the procedure can be utilized, if desired, as a spur to therapeutic involvement.", "PMID": 1185500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9844", "title": "Cognitive tempo as a Rorschach color variable.", "content": "The study investigated the relation of cognitive impulsivity (Kagan, 1966) to color responding on the Rorschach. Chromatic Rorschach Plates II, III, VII, IX and X were administered to 30 male and 43 female subjects. Subjects were then categorized as Impulsive or Reflective according to performance on the Matching Familiar Figures Test. Impulsive subjects made more C and CF responses than Reflective subjects. They also responded more quickly than Reflectives though that difference did not reach significance. The data supported the hypothesis relating impulsivity to color responding. Implications for theories of emotionality and color shock were discussed.", "contents": "Cognitive tempo as a Rorschach color variable. The study investigated the relation of cognitive impulsivity (Kagan, 1966) to color responding on the Rorschach. Chromatic Rorschach Plates II, III, VII, IX and X were administered to 30 male and 43 female subjects. Subjects were then categorized as Impulsive or Reflective according to performance on the Matching Familiar Figures Test. Impulsive subjects made more C and CF responses than Reflective subjects. They also responded more quickly than Reflectives though that difference did not reach significance. The data supported the hypothesis relating impulsivity to color responding. Implications for theories of emotionality and color shock were discussed.", "PMID": 1185501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9845", "title": "Prediction of suicide: a replication study.", "content": "As part of an ongoing study on the prediction of suicide, a replication study was carried out on the Neuropsychiatric Hospital Suicide Potential Scale (NPHSPS), a recently constructed schedule for prediction of potentiality for committed suicide among hospitalized neuropsychiatric patients at the time of release from the hospital. The population consisted of 54 patients who had committed suicide and 50 patients who had not. Overall accuracy of the scale was 81.7 percent, with 95.2 percent accuracy for prediction of the high risk group and 80.0 percent accuracy for prediction of nonsuicidal controls. By computation of posterior probability, the scale is shown to increase accuracy of prediction more than five-fold over use of the base rate (or prior probability) alone, but it is also evident the level of prediction of suicide is still too minimal to permit individual clinical application.", "contents": "Prediction of suicide: a replication study. As part of an ongoing study on the prediction of suicide, a replication study was carried out on the Neuropsychiatric Hospital Suicide Potential Scale (NPHSPS), a recently constructed schedule for prediction of potentiality for committed suicide among hospitalized neuropsychiatric patients at the time of release from the hospital. The population consisted of 54 patients who had committed suicide and 50 patients who had not. Overall accuracy of the scale was 81.7 percent, with 95.2 percent accuracy for prediction of the high risk group and 80.0 percent accuracy for prediction of nonsuicidal controls. By computation of posterior probability, the scale is shown to increase accuracy of prediction more than five-fold over use of the base rate (or prior probability) alone, but it is also evident the level of prediction of suicide is still too minimal to permit individual clinical application.", "PMID": 1185502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9846", "title": "The measurement of creativity by the Stroop Color and Word Test.", "content": "The development of a valid and reliable measure of creativity has been a challenging problem to psychologists. Gamble and Kellner (1968) have suggested that the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) might be such a measure. The advantages of the Stroop include that it tests basic processes, is stable over long periods of time, and is easy to administer and score. The present study investigated the relationship of the Stroop to three independent measures of creativity: a verbal task, a nonverbal task, and ratings by teachers. In all cases a significant relationship was found between these measures and the Stroop interference score. A concept of creativity as a basic underlying process is discussed by the author as well as implications for further research.", "contents": "The measurement of creativity by the Stroop Color and Word Test. The development of a valid and reliable measure of creativity has been a challenging problem to psychologists. Gamble and Kellner (1968) have suggested that the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) might be such a measure. The advantages of the Stroop include that it tests basic processes, is stable over long periods of time, and is easy to administer and score. The present study investigated the relationship of the Stroop to three independent measures of creativity: a verbal task, a nonverbal task, and ratings by teachers. In all cases a significant relationship was found between these measures and the Stroop interference score. A concept of creativity as a basic underlying process is discussed by the author as well as implications for further research.", "PMID": 1185503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9847", "title": "Interpersonal styles of Vietnam Era veterans.", "content": "The study aims were to identify the interpersonal style characteristics of Vietnam Era veterans by comparison with World War II veterans. The sample included 3,075 veterans in treatment in 47 VA health care facilities. Patients were categorized as medical-surgical, psychiatric, and drug addicted, and divided by age into the 24 or less, and the 45 to 55 age groups. The measuring device was the Interpersonal Style Inventory. Group differences on the 17 scores were tested by discriminant function analyses. The Vietnam Era veterans were found to be more rebellious, mistrustful, adventure-seeking and expedient than the older veterans.", "contents": "Interpersonal styles of Vietnam Era veterans. The study aims were to identify the interpersonal style characteristics of Vietnam Era veterans by comparison with World War II veterans. The sample included 3,075 veterans in treatment in 47 VA health care facilities. Patients were categorized as medical-surgical, psychiatric, and drug addicted, and divided by age into the 24 or less, and the 45 to 55 age groups. The measuring device was the Interpersonal Style Inventory. Group differences on the 17 scores were tested by discriminant function analyses. The Vietnam Era veterans were found to be more rebellious, mistrustful, adventure-seeking and expedient than the older veterans.", "PMID": 1185504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9848", "title": "Recalled parental behavior and objective personality measures: a canonical analysis.", "content": "Information about an individual's past relationships with his parents is an important component in psychological assessment procedures. To systematically connect these relationships and personality, two groups of college students completed an objective inventory designed to assess parental child rearing behaviors. Canonical correlational analysis was employed to relate these measures to the CPI and MMPI. A recalled parental behavior component described as Acceptance vs. Hostile Detachment/Involvement emerged as being highly related to aspects of both personality inventories, with greater recalled acceptance (and lesser recalled hostility) being associated with the more positive aspects of personality. Additional findings are enumerated.", "contents": "Recalled parental behavior and objective personality measures: a canonical analysis. Information about an individual's past relationships with his parents is an important component in psychological assessment procedures. To systematically connect these relationships and personality, two groups of college students completed an objective inventory designed to assess parental child rearing behaviors. Canonical correlational analysis was employed to relate these measures to the CPI and MMPI. A recalled parental behavior component described as Acceptance vs. Hostile Detachment/Involvement emerged as being highly related to aspects of both personality inventories, with greater recalled acceptance (and lesser recalled hostility) being associated with the more positive aspects of personality. Additional findings are enumerated.", "PMID": 1185505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9849", "title": "Effects of personality-situation locus of control congruence.", "content": "The effects of combining personality and situation differences in locus of control on cheating behavior were tested. Eighty college students (36 male and 44 female) were classified as having relatively high internal or external locus of control beliefs using Rotter's Internal-External Scale. In subsequent individually conducted sessions, subjects were given the opportunity to falsely report success (i.e., to cheat) when success was objectively impossible and when the outcome was described as due to either skill or chance. A significant (p less than .001) Personality X Situation locus of control interaction found cheating more prevalent in congruent personality-situation combinations (internal-skill and external-chance) than in incongruent combinations (internal-chance and external-skill). Additional significant effects involving task persistence and postoperformance effort ratings suggested accounting for the results in an achievement motivational framework. As the Personality X Situation Locus of control interaction accounted for a large proportion of the variance, the results were considered to be supportive of an interactionist position regarding behavior prediction.", "contents": "Effects of personality-situation locus of control congruence. The effects of combining personality and situation differences in locus of control on cheating behavior were tested. Eighty college students (36 male and 44 female) were classified as having relatively high internal or external locus of control beliefs using Rotter's Internal-External Scale. In subsequent individually conducted sessions, subjects were given the opportunity to falsely report success (i.e., to cheat) when success was objectively impossible and when the outcome was described as due to either skill or chance. A significant (p less than .001) Personality X Situation locus of control interaction found cheating more prevalent in congruent personality-situation combinations (internal-skill and external-chance) than in incongruent combinations (internal-chance and external-skill). Additional significant effects involving task persistence and postoperformance effort ratings suggested accounting for the results in an achievement motivational framework. As the Personality X Situation Locus of control interaction accounted for a large proportion of the variance, the results were considered to be supportive of an interactionist position regarding behavior prediction.", "PMID": 1185506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9850", "title": "An experimental study of crowding: effects of room size, intrusion, and goal blocking on nonverbal behavior, self-disclosure, and self-reported stress.", "content": "This study hypothesized that stress in high room density, or crowding, depends on interpersonal disturbances such as intrusion and goal blocking. High room density was expected to intensify individual reactions to these disturbances. In a 2 X 2 X 2 design, groups of six male college students containing three subjects and three confederates were placed in a large or small room. Subjects and confederates interacted in pairs; confederates introduced intrusion by leaning forward, touching subjects, and attempting 80% eye contact as confederates talked. Goal blocking involved inattention and interruptions as subjects talked. Interactions were videotaped through two-way mirrors to record nonverbal behaviors associated with affiliation and stress. Subjects also completed self-report measures of stress and self-disclosure. Intrusion led to initial discomfort that decreased with time, and lower levels of facial regard. Goal blocking produced self-reported irritation that increased with time, and lower levels of facial regard, gesturing, and positive head nodding. Contrary to predictions, stress responses to intrusion and goal blocking were not intensified by high room density. Lower levels of affiliative behavior were viewed as coping responses to interpersonal disturbances--subjects apparently coped successfully with intrusion, but not with goal blocking. Results are interpreted in terms of a sequential, interpersonal model of crowding.", "contents": "An experimental study of crowding: effects of room size, intrusion, and goal blocking on nonverbal behavior, self-disclosure, and self-reported stress. This study hypothesized that stress in high room density, or crowding, depends on interpersonal disturbances such as intrusion and goal blocking. High room density was expected to intensify individual reactions to these disturbances. In a 2 X 2 X 2 design, groups of six male college students containing three subjects and three confederates were placed in a large or small room. Subjects and confederates interacted in pairs; confederates introduced intrusion by leaning forward, touching subjects, and attempting 80% eye contact as confederates talked. Goal blocking involved inattention and interruptions as subjects talked. Interactions were videotaped through two-way mirrors to record nonverbal behaviors associated with affiliation and stress. Subjects also completed self-report measures of stress and self-disclosure. Intrusion led to initial discomfort that decreased with time, and lower levels of facial regard. Goal blocking produced self-reported irritation that increased with time, and lower levels of facial regard, gesturing, and positive head nodding. Contrary to predictions, stress responses to intrusion and goal blocking were not intensified by high room density. Lower levels of affiliative behavior were viewed as coping responses to interpersonal disturbances--subjects apparently coped successfully with intrusion, but not with goal blocking. Results are interpreted in terms of a sequential, interpersonal model of crowding.", "PMID": 1185507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9851", "title": "Waiting for a crowd: the behavioral and perceptual effects of anticipated crowding.", "content": "An experiment was conducted in which subjects were convinced that crowding was imminent. It was hypothesized that the arousal of expectations of crowding would cause subjects to behave in ways suggesting that they were preparing for the experience of crowding by taking steps to reduce the impact of crowding before its onset. Similarly, it was predicted that anticipation of crowding would influence subject perceptions of the experimental room, interpersonal affect, and general levels of discomfort. Data collected indicated that these predictions were accurate; subjects anticipating crowding chose more socially isolated seat positions, avoided contact with others, experienced crowding and discomfort, and rated others in the setting as well as the room in ways generally consistent with definitions of crowding.", "contents": "Waiting for a crowd: the behavioral and perceptual effects of anticipated crowding. An experiment was conducted in which subjects were convinced that crowding was imminent. It was hypothesized that the arousal of expectations of crowding would cause subjects to behave in ways suggesting that they were preparing for the experience of crowding by taking steps to reduce the impact of crowding before its onset. Similarly, it was predicted that anticipation of crowding would influence subject perceptions of the experimental room, interpersonal affect, and general levels of discomfort. Data collected indicated that these predictions were accurate; subjects anticipating crowding chose more socially isolated seat positions, avoided contact with others, experienced crowding and discomfort, and rated others in the setting as well as the room in ways generally consistent with definitions of crowding.", "PMID": 1185508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9852", "title": "The mediation of aggressive behavior: arousal level versus anger and cognitive labeling.", "content": "The principal goal of the present research was to contrast the arousal-level and cognitive-labeling (anger) interpretations of aggressive behavior. In a 2 X 5 factorial between-subjects design, subjects were first either insulated or treated neutrally by a confederate. Four fifths of the subjects then received on each of 50 trials a 10-sec tone sequence while deciding whether or not to give an \"electric shock\" to the confederate. The stimulation was either simple (4.00 bits/tone) or complex (9.17 bits/tone) and was presented at either a comfortable (73-d.) or an aversively loud (97-db.) level. A group was assigned to each of the four stimulation treatments. The remaining subjects received no stimulation. In terms of the total number of shocks administered by subjects in different groups, the cognitive-labeling hypothesis was strongly supported. Both complexity and loudness had an effect, but only on insulted subjects. Other implications of the results were discussed.", "contents": "The mediation of aggressive behavior: arousal level versus anger and cognitive labeling. The principal goal of the present research was to contrast the arousal-level and cognitive-labeling (anger) interpretations of aggressive behavior. In a 2 X 5 factorial between-subjects design, subjects were first either insulated or treated neutrally by a confederate. Four fifths of the subjects then received on each of 50 trials a 10-sec tone sequence while deciding whether or not to give an \"electric shock\" to the confederate. The stimulation was either simple (4.00 bits/tone) or complex (9.17 bits/tone) and was presented at either a comfortable (73-d.) or an aversively loud (97-db.) level. A group was assigned to each of the four stimulation treatments. The remaining subjects received no stimulation. In terms of the total number of shocks administered by subjects in different groups, the cognitive-labeling hypothesis was strongly supported. Both complexity and loudness had an effect, but only on insulted subjects. Other implications of the results were discussed.", "PMID": 1185509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9853", "title": "Sex differences in moral internalization and values.", "content": "The subjects were fifth- and seventh-grade white middle-class children and their parents. The major moral internalization indices pertain to internal moral judgment, guilt intensity, and fear of punishment. The findings support the prevalent view that consideration for others is more salient in females. They also suggest, with considerable consistency (especially in adults) that moral transgressions are more likely to be associated with guilt in females and fear in males. No sex differences in internal moral judgment were obtained. Evidence was presented suggesting that the differences in children may be due partly to different discipline and affection patterns. It was also suggested that the results for adults as well as children might be explained by differential sex-role socialization as well as by increasing pressures on males over the life cycle to achieve and succeed, which may often conflict with concerns about the welfare of others.", "contents": "Sex differences in moral internalization and values. The subjects were fifth- and seventh-grade white middle-class children and their parents. The major moral internalization indices pertain to internal moral judgment, guilt intensity, and fear of punishment. The findings support the prevalent view that consideration for others is more salient in females. They also suggest, with considerable consistency (especially in adults) that moral transgressions are more likely to be associated with guilt in females and fear in males. No sex differences in internal moral judgment were obtained. Evidence was presented suggesting that the differences in children may be due partly to different discipline and affection patterns. It was also suggested that the results for adults as well as children might be explained by differential sex-role socialization as well as by increasing pressures on males over the life cycle to achieve and succeed, which may often conflict with concerns about the welfare of others.", "PMID": 1185510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9854", "title": "Psychological differentiation as a factor in conflict resolution.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that persons matched in level of differentiation are likely to develop greater interpersonal attraction in the course of an interaction than are mismatched persons. These studies were all conducted in situations where the interacting persons were working toward a common goal. To test the hypothesis that situational variables may moderate match-mismatch effects, the present study investigated these affects when the interacting persons were in conflict. Based on their performance in tests of field dependence-independence, subjects were selected as relatively high or relatively low in level of differentiation. Three kinds of dyads were composed-high-differentiation/high-differentiation, low-differentiation/low-differentiation, and high-differentiation/low-differentiation--and their task was to reconcile conflict on an issue about which they were known to disagree. It was predicted that because of the more accommodating quality of low-differentiation persons, dyads including one or two such subjects would more often reconcile their disagreements and show greater interpersonal attraction than would dyads consisting of two high-differentiation subjects. Both predictions were confirmed, supporting the hypothesis that the outcome of match or mismatch is mediated by situational variables.", "contents": "Psychological differentiation as a factor in conflict resolution. Previous studies have shown that persons matched in level of differentiation are likely to develop greater interpersonal attraction in the course of an interaction than are mismatched persons. These studies were all conducted in situations where the interacting persons were working toward a common goal. To test the hypothesis that situational variables may moderate match-mismatch effects, the present study investigated these affects when the interacting persons were in conflict. Based on their performance in tests of field dependence-independence, subjects were selected as relatively high or relatively low in level of differentiation. Three kinds of dyads were composed-high-differentiation/high-differentiation, low-differentiation/low-differentiation, and high-differentiation/low-differentiation--and their task was to reconcile conflict on an issue about which they were known to disagree. It was predicted that because of the more accommodating quality of low-differentiation persons, dyads including one or two such subjects would more often reconcile their disagreements and show greater interpersonal attraction than would dyads consisting of two high-differentiation subjects. Both predictions were confirmed, supporting the hypothesis that the outcome of match or mismatch is mediated by situational variables.", "PMID": 1185511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9855", "title": "Fat, full, and happy: effects of food deprivation, external cues, and obesity on preference ratings, comsumption, and buying intentions.", "content": "This study reassesses the relative influence of internal and external cues on the behavior of obese and normal individuals. Specifically, the effects of external cues and food deprivation on preference ratings, consumption, and buying intentions were tested for overweight and normal subjects. Obese subjects were more reactive than normals to external cues as indicated by their eating more and intending to buy more food after viewing food slides as opposed to scenery slides. However, their behavior also changed in response to food deprivation, becoming more negative. The obese showed lower food consumption, lower buying intentions, and lower ratings of both food and nonfood slides in the empty condition compared to the full condition.", "contents": "Fat, full, and happy: effects of food deprivation, external cues, and obesity on preference ratings, comsumption, and buying intentions. This study reassesses the relative influence of internal and external cues on the behavior of obese and normal individuals. Specifically, the effects of external cues and food deprivation on preference ratings, consumption, and buying intentions were tested for overweight and normal subjects. Obese subjects were more reactive than normals to external cues as indicated by their eating more and intending to buy more food after viewing food slides as opposed to scenery slides. However, their behavior also changed in response to food deprivation, becoming more negative. The obese showed lower food consumption, lower buying intentions, and lower ratings of both food and nonfood slides in the empty condition compared to the full condition.", "PMID": 1185512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9856", "title": "Effects of initial request size and timing of a second request on compliance: the foot in the door and the door in the face.", "content": "A field experiment tested four separate procedures for influencing compliance to the second of two requests. Two factors--size of initial request and timing of the second request--were included in a 2 X 2 factorial design. Subjects were induced either to comply with a small initial request or to refuse a large initial request. They then received a moderate request either immediately (no delay) or 7--10 days later (delay). Compliance to the second request was the dependent measure. The results in the two delay conditions and the small-request--no delay condition supported a self-perception position in that the induction of one kind of behavior (compliance or noncompliance) carried over to affect subsequent behavior similarly. The large-request--no dealy condition supported a bargaining explanation, as initial refusal to comply led to an increase in subsequent compliance. Possible processes that could account for these results are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of initial request size and timing of a second request on compliance: the foot in the door and the door in the face. A field experiment tested four separate procedures for influencing compliance to the second of two requests. Two factors--size of initial request and timing of the second request--were included in a 2 X 2 factorial design. Subjects were induced either to comply with a small initial request or to refuse a large initial request. They then received a moderate request either immediately (no delay) or 7--10 days later (delay). Compliance to the second request was the dependent measure. The results in the two delay conditions and the small-request--no delay condition supported a self-perception position in that the induction of one kind of behavior (compliance or noncompliance) carried over to affect subsequent behavior similarly. The large-request--no dealy condition supported a bargaining explanation, as initial refusal to comply led to an increase in subsequent compliance. Possible processes that could account for these results are discussed.", "PMID": 1185513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9857", "title": "Dissimilarity and attraction: when difference makes a difference.", "content": "Students in 93 university classes described themselves and their instructors on personality tests measuring traits relevant (ascendancy and personal relations) and irrelevant (sociability and cautiousness) to teaching skill. Dissimilarity (instructor being higher than student) on relevant trait dimensions was hypothesized to be instrumental for student satisfaction with an instructor's role performance. When students were classified as similar or dissimilar to their instructors on the personality dimensions, those most attracted to their instructors were those dissimilar on relevant (but not irrelevant) traits. The dissimilarity finding was not an artifact of differences in skill of instructor nor of differences in students' perceptions of their instructors' traits. A three-dimensional system was devised to specify when similarity and dissimilarity should promote attraction.", "contents": "Dissimilarity and attraction: when difference makes a difference. Students in 93 university classes described themselves and their instructors on personality tests measuring traits relevant (ascendancy and personal relations) and irrelevant (sociability and cautiousness) to teaching skill. Dissimilarity (instructor being higher than student) on relevant trait dimensions was hypothesized to be instrumental for student satisfaction with an instructor's role performance. When students were classified as similar or dissimilar to their instructors on the personality dimensions, those most attracted to their instructors were those dissimilar on relevant (but not irrelevant) traits. The dissimilarity finding was not an artifact of differences in skill of instructor nor of differences in students' perceptions of their instructors' traits. A three-dimensional system was devised to specify when similarity and dissimilarity should promote attraction.", "PMID": 1185514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9858", "title": "Adults' evaluations of a child as a function of sex of adult and sex of child.", "content": "Male and female college students watched a videotape of a 3-year-old child who was identified as either a girl or a boy; they then rated the child on a number of personaltiy and ability measures. Males' ratings on many of the measures were more favorable for the \"girl\" than for the \"boy,\" whereas females' ratings were more favorable for the \"boy\" than for the \"girl.\" In addition to these interactions, there was also a main effect for sex of subject, with females rating the child more favorably than males.", "contents": "Adults' evaluations of a child as a function of sex of adult and sex of child. Male and female college students watched a videotape of a 3-year-old child who was identified as either a girl or a boy; they then rated the child on a number of personaltiy and ability measures. Males' ratings on many of the measures were more favorable for the \"girl\" than for the \"boy,\" whereas females' ratings were more favorable for the \"boy\" than for the \"girl.\" In addition to these interactions, there was also a main effect for sex of subject, with females rating the child more favorably than males.", "PMID": 1185515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9859", "title": "Empathy and attribution: turning observers into actors.", "content": "A laboratory experiment was conducted to test Jones and Nisbett's information-processing explanation of the often-observed tendency for individuals (actors) to provide relatively more situational and less dispositional causal attributions for their behavior than those provided by observers of the same behavior. According to this explanation, aspects of the situation are phenomenologically more salient for actors, whereas characteristics of the actor and his behavior are more salient for observers. To test this explanation, the phenomenological perspective of observers are altered without making available any additional information. Subjects watched a videotape of a get-acquainted conversation after instructions either to observe a target conversant or to empathize with her. As predicted, taking the perspective of the target through empathy resulted in attributions that were relatively more situational and less dispositional than attributions provided by standard observers. The results support Jones and Nisbett's information-processing explanation of actor-observer attributional differences, and shed additional light on the process of empathy.", "contents": "Empathy and attribution: turning observers into actors. A laboratory experiment was conducted to test Jones and Nisbett's information-processing explanation of the often-observed tendency for individuals (actors) to provide relatively more situational and less dispositional causal attributions for their behavior than those provided by observers of the same behavior. According to this explanation, aspects of the situation are phenomenologically more salient for actors, whereas characteristics of the actor and his behavior are more salient for observers. To test this explanation, the phenomenological perspective of observers are altered without making available any additional information. Subjects watched a videotape of a get-acquainted conversation after instructions either to observe a target conversant or to empathize with her. As predicted, taking the perspective of the target through empathy resulted in attributions that were relatively more situational and less dispositional than attributions provided by standard observers. The results support Jones and Nisbett's information-processing explanation of actor-observer attributional differences, and shed additional light on the process of empathy.", "PMID": 1185516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9860", "title": "Perseverance in self-perception and social perception: biased attributional processes in the debriefing paradigm.", "content": "Two experiments demonstrated that self-perceptions and social perceptions may persevere after the initial basis for such perceptions has been completely discredited. In both studies subjects first received false  feedback, indicating that they had either succeeded or failed on a novel discrimination task and then were thoroughly debriefed concerning the predetermined and random nature of this outcome manipulation. In experiment 2, both the initial outcome manipulation and subsequent debriefing were watched and overheard by observers. Both actors and observers showed substantial perseverance of initial impressions concerning the actors' performance and abilities following a standard \"outcome\" debriefing. \"Process\" debriefing, in which explicit discussion of the perseverance process was provided, generally proved sufficient to eliminate erroneous self-perceptions. Biased attribution processes that might underlie perserverance phenomena and the implications of the present data for the ethical conduct of deception research are discussed.", "contents": "Perseverance in self-perception and social perception: biased attributional processes in the debriefing paradigm. Two experiments demonstrated that self-perceptions and social perceptions may persevere after the initial basis for such perceptions has been completely discredited. In both studies subjects first received false  feedback, indicating that they had either succeeded or failed on a novel discrimination task and then were thoroughly debriefed concerning the predetermined and random nature of this outcome manipulation. In experiment 2, both the initial outcome manipulation and subsequent debriefing were watched and overheard by observers. Both actors and observers showed substantial perseverance of initial impressions concerning the actors' performance and abilities following a standard \"outcome\" debriefing. \"Process\" debriefing, in which explicit discussion of the perseverance process was provided, generally proved sufficient to eliminate erroneous self-perceptions. Biased attribution processes that might underlie perserverance phenomena and the implications of the present data for the ethical conduct of deception research are discussed.", "PMID": 1185517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9861", "title": "Influence of denial (situation redefinition) and projection on anxiety associated with threat to self-esteem.", "content": "Subjects in a threat condition were informed that they had failed an important test  while subjects in a nonthreat condition were not told that they had failed. To manipulate the use and timing of coping strategies for dealing with threat, subjects were told to (a) redefine the nature and importance of the test before receiving feedback, (b) redefine the nature and importance of the test after feedback, or (c) estimate the performance of their friends on the test (i.e., project) after receiving feedback. Repeated measures of subjective anxiety and pulse rate indicated that (a) the threat manipulation was effective in increasing stress, (b) redefinition occurring before the onset of threat was effective in eliminating stress, and (c) redefinition occuring after the onset of threat was ineffective in reducing stress. Projection reduced the report of subjective anxiety. The results revealed factors that influence coping strategy effectiveness and resolved conflicts in previous findings.", "contents": "Influence of denial (situation redefinition) and projection on anxiety associated with threat to self-esteem. Subjects in a threat condition were informed that they had failed an important test  while subjects in a nonthreat condition were not told that they had failed. To manipulate the use and timing of coping strategies for dealing with threat, subjects were told to (a) redefine the nature and importance of the test before receiving feedback, (b) redefine the nature and importance of the test after feedback, or (c) estimate the performance of their friends on the test (i.e., project) after receiving feedback. Repeated measures of subjective anxiety and pulse rate indicated that (a) the threat manipulation was effective in increasing stress, (b) redefinition occurring before the onset of threat was effective in eliminating stress, and (c) redefinition occuring after the onset of threat was ineffective in reducing stress. Projection reduced the report of subjective anxiety. The results revealed factors that influence coping strategy effectiveness and resolved conflicts in previous findings.", "PMID": 1185518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9862", "title": "Individual differences in game motivation as moderators of preprogrammed strategy effects in prisoner's dilemma.", "content": "The impact of three programmed strategies (tit-for-tat, 100% cooperation, and 100% defection) on cooperation level in the Prisoner's Dilemma game is examined as a function of the subject's motivational orientation (cooperative, competitive, or individualistic). Motivational orientation was assessed on the basis of each subject's choices across four classes of decomposed games. Following this assessment, subject's played 30 trials of Prisoner's dilemma in matrix form against one of the above-mentioned strategies. Results were wholly consistent with predictions, showing that (a) cooperatively oriented subjects cooperate with a tit-for-tat and a 100% cooperative strategy, but defect against a 100% defecting strategy, (b)  competitive subjects defect against all three strategies; and (c) individualistic subjects defect against both 100% cooperative and 100% defective strategies, but they cooperate with a tit-for-tat strategy. It appears reasonable to conclude that the outcomes of a Prisoner's Dilemma have affectively different meaning (i.e., values) for subjects of differing orientations, and that subjects of all three orientations adopt strategies that effectively maximize their particular type of reward in the game.", "contents": "Individual differences in game motivation as moderators of preprogrammed strategy effects in prisoner's dilemma. The impact of three programmed strategies (tit-for-tat, 100% cooperation, and 100% defection) on cooperation level in the Prisoner's Dilemma game is examined as a function of the subject's motivational orientation (cooperative, competitive, or individualistic). Motivational orientation was assessed on the basis of each subject's choices across four classes of decomposed games. Following this assessment, subject's played 30 trials of Prisoner's dilemma in matrix form against one of the above-mentioned strategies. Results were wholly consistent with predictions, showing that (a) cooperatively oriented subjects cooperate with a tit-for-tat and a 100% cooperative strategy, but defect against a 100% defecting strategy, (b)  competitive subjects defect against all three strategies; and (c) individualistic subjects defect against both 100% cooperative and 100% defective strategies, but they cooperate with a tit-for-tat strategy. It appears reasonable to conclude that the outcomes of a Prisoner's Dilemma have affectively different meaning (i.e., values) for subjects of differing orientations, and that subjects of all three orientations adopt strategies that effectively maximize their particular type of reward in the game.", "PMID": 1185519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9863", "title": "The phenomenology of being a target of prejudice.", "content": "The effects of preceived prejudice upon affect and self-evaluation were explored by experimentally investigating the reactions of Jews to failure in an interpersonal situation. Subjects attributing their failure to religious discrimination by gentiles reported feeling more aggression, sadness, anxiety, and egotism on the Mood Adjective Check List than those who could not invoke anti-Semitism as an explanation for their failure. Moreover, they indicated less \"social affection,\" particularly when one of the prejudiced opponents constituted the audience for their self-presentation. Finally, in response in perceived prejudice, subjects also evaluated themselves more favorably on positive traits underlying the Jewish stereotype. These findings were explained in terms of a stress interpretation.", "contents": "The phenomenology of being a target of prejudice. The effects of preceived prejudice upon affect and self-evaluation were explored by experimentally investigating the reactions of Jews to failure in an interpersonal situation. Subjects attributing their failure to religious discrimination by gentiles reported feeling more aggression, sadness, anxiety, and egotism on the Mood Adjective Check List than those who could not invoke anti-Semitism as an explanation for their failure. Moreover, they indicated less \"social affection,\" particularly when one of the prejudiced opponents constituted the audience for their self-presentation. Finally, in response in perceived prejudice, subjects also evaluated themselves more favorably on positive traits underlying the Jewish stereotype. These findings were explained in terms of a stress interpretation.", "PMID": 1185520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9864", "title": "Synthesis of clyclopropyl analogs of stilbene and stilbenediol as possible antiestrogens.", "content": "Conformationally rigid analogs of stilbene and stilbenediol were prepared via gem-dichlorocyclopropyl precursors utilizing two different synthetic methods: a two-phase catalytic method and an organomercurial method. These precursors were reduced to the corresponding cyclopropyl analogs using sodium and methanol. All compounds are being tested to discriminate between estrogenic and antiestrogenic ability, to determine estrogen binding ability, and to evaluate tissue culture anticancer activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of clyclopropyl analogs of stilbene and stilbenediol as possible antiestrogens. Conformationally rigid analogs of stilbene and stilbenediol were prepared via gem-dichlorocyclopropyl precursors utilizing two different synthetic methods: a two-phase catalytic method and an organomercurial method. These precursors were reduced to the corresponding cyclopropyl analogs using sodium and methanol. All compounds are being tested to discriminate between estrogenic and antiestrogenic ability, to determine estrogen binding ability, and to evaluate tissue culture anticancer activity.", "PMID": 1185527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9865", "title": "Preparation, isolation, and identification of 4-dedimethylamino-11-methoxyanhydrotetracycline.", "content": "The reaction of diazomethane with 4-dedimethylaminoanhydrotetracycline produced a number of mono-, di-, and tri- methylated products. The isolation of one monomethylated product (4-dedimethylamino-11-methoxyanhydrotetracycline) and its subsequent identification utilizing mass spectral and NMR data are described.", "contents": "Preparation, isolation, and identification of 4-dedimethylamino-11-methoxyanhydrotetracycline. The reaction of diazomethane with 4-dedimethylaminoanhydrotetracycline produced a number of mono-, di-, and tri- methylated products. The isolation of one monomethylated product (4-dedimethylamino-11-methoxyanhydrotetracycline) and its subsequent identification utilizing mass spectral and NMR data are described.", "PMID": 1185528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9866", "title": "Bioavailability assessment under quasi- and nonsteady-state conditions. I: theoretical considerations.", "content": "A strategy was devised to permit bioavailability estimations at quasi- and nonsteady states. The proposed method retains most attributes of a steady-state comparison without being burdened by its protractiveness. The only necessary requirements are that drug disposition obeys linear kinetics and that succeeding doses are administered during the log-linear phase free from the influence of continuing absorption.", "contents": "Bioavailability assessment under quasi- and nonsteady-state conditions. I: theoretical considerations. A strategy was devised to permit bioavailability estimations at quasi- and nonsteady states. The proposed method retains most attributes of a steady-state comparison without being burdened by its protractiveness. The only necessary requirements are that drug disposition obeys linear kinetics and that succeeding doses are administered during the log-linear phase free from the influence of continuing absorption.", "PMID": 1185529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9867", "title": "Solution-solubility dependency of controlled release of drug from polymer matrix: mathematical analysis.", "content": "Two types of drug release mechanisms-matrix controlled (Q - t1/2 relationship) and partition controlled (Q - t relationship)-were reported previously. The dependency of the transition between these two processes on the solution solubility of drug is now analyzed. Mathematical expressions are derived to treat the systemic effects of the addition of varying volume fractions of the cosolvent system on the concentration gradients across both the drug depletion zone and hydrodynamic diffusion layer as well as on the partitioning behavior at the polymer-solution interface. The results are in excellent agreement with reported experimental observations.", "contents": "Solution-solubility dependency of controlled release of drug from polymer matrix: mathematical analysis. Two types of drug release mechanisms-matrix controlled (Q - t1/2 relationship) and partition controlled (Q - t relationship)-were reported previously. The dependency of the transition between these two processes on the solution solubility of drug is now analyzed. Mathematical expressions are derived to treat the systemic effects of the addition of varying volume fractions of the cosolvent system on the concentration gradients across both the drug depletion zone and hydrodynamic diffusion layer as well as on the partitioning behavior at the polymer-solution interface. The results are in excellent agreement with reported experimental observations.", "PMID": 1185530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9868", "title": "Nonsink dissolution rate equations.", "content": "In spite of the fact that film theory is based on severe assumptionss, it is shown to be a good working model. The Niebergall-Goyan equation, the Short-Sharkey-Rhodes equation, and the Pothisiri-Carstensen equation-all based on simple film theory-are shown to hold through 80-90% of the dissolutin process for p-hydroxybenzoic acid and sodium chloride, both at values below and above the amount necessary to saturate the dissolution medium. Deviations are attributed to experimental difficulties and to improper definition of monodisperseness rather than to the assumptions made in the theory.", "contents": "Nonsink dissolution rate equations. In spite of the fact that film theory is based on severe assumptionss, it is shown to be a good working model. The Niebergall-Goyan equation, the Short-Sharkey-Rhodes equation, and the Pothisiri-Carstensen equation-all based on simple film theory-are shown to hold through 80-90% of the dissolutin process for p-hydroxybenzoic acid and sodium chloride, both at values below and above the amount necessary to saturate the dissolution medium. Deviations are attributed to experimental difficulties and to improper definition of monodisperseness rather than to the assumptions made in the theory.", "PMID": 1185531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9869", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sulfamethazine residue in bovine tissue.", "content": "A sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay procedure is described for residues of sulfamethazine in bovine kidney, liver, muscle, and fat tissue at a sensitivity of 0.04 ppm. Studies were conducted using sulfamethazine-negative bovine tissue to ensure that the peak eluting at the indicated retention volume was sulfamethazine and that the recoveries from spiked tissues were consistent. Data are presented showing the levels of sulfamethazine in the tissue of 12 treated animals found by this technique. The method is more specific than the frequently used colorimetric methods and does not require the tedious separations involved in TLC assays.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sulfamethazine residue in bovine tissue. A sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay procedure is described for residues of sulfamethazine in bovine kidney, liver, muscle, and fat tissue at a sensitivity of 0.04 ppm. Studies were conducted using sulfamethazine-negative bovine tissue to ensure that the peak eluting at the indicated retention volume was sulfamethazine and that the recoveries from spiked tissues were consistent. Data are presented showing the levels of sulfamethazine in the tissue of 12 treated animals found by this technique. The method is more specific than the frequently used colorimetric methods and does not require the tedious separations involved in TLC assays.", "PMID": 1185532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9870", "title": "Hansch analysis of interaction of haptens with benzylpenicilloyl antibodies.", "content": "Hansch analysis is applied to inhibition data obtained from the interaction of penicilloic and penilloic acid haptens with benzylpenicilloyl specific antibodies. Significant regressions with partition coefficient and molar volume parameters indicate the importance of hydrophobic and steric effects in these interactions.", "contents": "Hansch analysis of interaction of haptens with benzylpenicilloyl antibodies. Hansch analysis is applied to inhibition data obtained from the interaction of penicilloic and penilloic acid haptens with benzylpenicilloyl specific antibodies. Significant regressions with partition coefficient and molar volume parameters indicate the importance of hydrophobic and steric effects in these interactions.", "PMID": 1185533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9871", "title": "Cytotoxic principles of Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock (Asclepiadaceae).", "content": "Systematic fractionation of the cytotoxic extracts of the roots of Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock (Asclepiadaceae) on silica gel column chromatography led to the isolation of three cardenolides: cymarin, strophanthidin, and a strophanthidin glycoside (XS-89). Also isolated during the investigation were beta-sitosterol-beta-D-glucoside, a mixture of alpha- and beta-amyrins, a mixture of alkanols, and a mixture of plant sterols.", "contents": "Cytotoxic principles of Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock (Asclepiadaceae). Systematic fractionation of the cytotoxic extracts of the roots of Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock (Asclepiadaceae) on silica gel column chromatography led to the isolation of three cardenolides: cymarin, strophanthidin, and a strophanthidin glycoside (XS-89). Also isolated during the investigation were beta-sitosterol-beta-D-glucoside, a mixture of alpha- and beta-amyrins, a mixture of alkanols, and a mixture of plant sterols.", "PMID": 1185534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9872", "title": "Fluorometric determination of drug-protein association constants: binding of pamaquine by bovine serum albumin.", "content": "The binding of pamaquine to bovine serum albumin is accompanied by the enhancement of the fluorescence efficiency of the former but without shifting its fluorescence energy. This phenomenon was used to evaluate the stoichiometry and strength of the binding. The results indicate that three singly protonated pamaquine molecules are bound by each bovine serum albumine molecule. The individual binding constants were calculated by using the Bjerrum technique. The average values of the three constants were K1 = 6.4 X 10(7), K2 = 3.1 X 10(6), and K3 = 1.9 X 10(5), indicating that, compared to anionic drugs and fluorescent probes, pamaquine is very strongly bound by the protein.", "contents": "Fluorometric determination of drug-protein association constants: binding of pamaquine by bovine serum albumin. The binding of pamaquine to bovine serum albumin is accompanied by the enhancement of the fluorescence efficiency of the former but without shifting its fluorescence energy. This phenomenon was used to evaluate the stoichiometry and strength of the binding. The results indicate that three singly protonated pamaquine molecules are bound by each bovine serum albumine molecule. The individual binding constants were calculated by using the Bjerrum technique. The average values of the three constants were K1 = 6.4 X 10(7), K2 = 3.1 X 10(6), and K3 = 1.9 X 10(5), indicating that, compared to anionic drugs and fluorescent probes, pamaquine is very strongly bound by the protein.", "PMID": 1185535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9873", "title": "Separation and quantitative determination of impurities in tetracycline.", "content": "Anhydrotetracycline, epianhydrotetracycline, epitetracycline, and chlortetracycline are generally found as impurities in tetracycline. A new thin-layer partition chromatographic method is described in which the impurities are separated on a kieselguhr layer impregnated with ethylene glycol-water-acetone-ethyl acetate (2:2:15:15). Compared to previous methods, this determiniation is easier to perform and more versatile and it prevents rapid epimerization. The quantitative determination of the tetracyclines utilizes spectrophotometry or direct TLC fluorometry.", "contents": "Separation and quantitative determination of impurities in tetracycline. Anhydrotetracycline, epianhydrotetracycline, epitetracycline, and chlortetracycline are generally found as impurities in tetracycline. A new thin-layer partition chromatographic method is described in which the impurities are separated on a kieselguhr layer impregnated with ethylene glycol-water-acetone-ethyl acetate (2:2:15:15). Compared to previous methods, this determiniation is easier to perform and more versatile and it prevents rapid epimerization. The quantitative determination of the tetracyclines utilizes spectrophotometry or direct TLC fluorometry.", "PMID": 1185536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9874", "title": "GLC analysis of caffeine and codeine phosphate in pharmaceutical preparations.", "content": "A procedure for the determination of caffeine and codeine phosphate in pharmaceutical preparations was developed. It depends upon a one-step extraction followed by GLC analysis by the concentrated extract.", "contents": "GLC analysis of caffeine and codeine phosphate in pharmaceutical preparations. A procedure for the determination of caffeine and codeine phosphate in pharmaceutical preparations was developed. It depends upon a one-step extraction followed by GLC analysis by the concentrated extract.", "PMID": 1185537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9875", "title": "Use of factorial design to evaluate granulations prepared by spheronization.", "content": "This study was designed to demonstrate that properties of a granulation with a given composition, prepared by the spheronizing technique, could be altered by slight changes in process variables alone to satisfy the requirements of the formulator. A complete factorial experimental design was found satisfactory for demonstrating the range of properties to be expected and for showing statistically significant main effects and any linear interactions between selected variables. Results using two levels of five variables showed that initial water content and spheronizer speed had significant main effects on all primary granulation properties studied. While only one formulation was studied, the data suggest that the factorial design can have utility in predicting the properties of granulations prepared at conditions within the limits imposed by the equipment or formulation.", "contents": "Use of factorial design to evaluate granulations prepared by spheronization. This study was designed to demonstrate that properties of a granulation with a given composition, prepared by the spheronizing technique, could be altered by slight changes in process variables alone to satisfy the requirements of the formulator. A complete factorial experimental design was found satisfactory for demonstrating the range of properties to be expected and for showing statistically significant main effects and any linear interactions between selected variables. Results using two levels of five variables showed that initial water content and spheronizer speed had significant main effects on all primary granulation properties studied. While only one formulation was studied, the data suggest that the factorial design can have utility in predicting the properties of granulations prepared at conditions within the limits imposed by the equipment or formulation.", "PMID": 1185538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9876", "title": "Enhancing fluidity of concentrated antacid suspensions.", "content": "Highly concentrated antacid suspension can by fluidized by adding a colloidal polyelectrolyte to alter the charge on antacid particles from positive to negative. A deflocculated state is assumed to exist in such preparations, as supported by electrophoretic and viscometric analyses. When viscosity is directly correlated with the zota-potential, viscometry becomes particularly useful in confirming that the suspension has been maximally fluidized.", "contents": "Enhancing fluidity of concentrated antacid suspensions. Highly concentrated antacid suspension can by fluidized by adding a colloidal polyelectrolyte to alter the charge on antacid particles from positive to negative. A deflocculated state is assumed to exist in such preparations, as supported by electrophoretic and viscometric analyses. When viscosity is directly correlated with the zota-potential, viscometry becomes particularly useful in confirming that the suspension has been maximally fluidized.", "PMID": 1185539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9877", "title": "Synthesis of d-pilocarpine-N-14CH3.", "content": "The total synthesis of d-pilocarpine specifically labeled as N-14CH3 is reported. dl-Homopilopic acid was prepared as a key intermediate and resolved into the d-enantiomer via the alpha-methylbenzylamine salt. The penultimate intermediate, 2-mercaptopilocarpine, was desulfurized by oxidation with dilute hydrogen peroxide, minimizing isomerization to isopilocarpine. Procedures for the analysis of pilocarpine-isopilocarpine mixtures by high-pressure liquid chromatography are also described.", "contents": "Synthesis of d-pilocarpine-N-14CH3. The total synthesis of d-pilocarpine specifically labeled as N-14CH3 is reported. dl-Homopilopic acid was prepared as a key intermediate and resolved into the d-enantiomer via the alpha-methylbenzylamine salt. The penultimate intermediate, 2-mercaptopilocarpine, was desulfurized by oxidation with dilute hydrogen peroxide, minimizing isomerization to isopilocarpine. Procedures for the analysis of pilocarpine-isopilocarpine mixtures by high-pressure liquid chromatography are also described.", "PMID": 1185540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9878", "title": "Paramethadione and metabolite serum levels in humans after a single oral paramethadione dose.", "content": "A GLC method was developed to determine quantitatively paramethadione and its major metabolite, 5-ethyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione, in serum. The method was reproducible and sensitive to 0.2 mug/ml. After administering a single 300-mg oral dose to human subjects, the average paramethadione serum levels of 6.0 mug/ml occurred at 1 hr and decreased to 0.3 mug/ml after 48 hr. Metabolite serum levels gradually increased to 8.4 mug/ml at 32 hr and were still at this level at 48 hr, which was the last sampling point.", "contents": "Paramethadione and metabolite serum levels in humans after a single oral paramethadione dose. A GLC method was developed to determine quantitatively paramethadione and its major metabolite, 5-ethyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione, in serum. The method was reproducible and sensitive to 0.2 mug/ml. After administering a single 300-mg oral dose to human subjects, the average paramethadione serum levels of 6.0 mug/ml occurred at 1 hr and decreased to 0.3 mug/ml after 48 hr. Metabolite serum levels gradually increased to 8.4 mug/ml at 32 hr and were still at this level at 48 hr, which was the last sampling point.", "PMID": 1185541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9879", "title": "IR studies on carrageenan of Ahnfeltia concinna, a marine red alga.", "content": "The principal polysaccharide of Ahnfeltia concinna gave IR absorptions at 1240, 930, 845-850, and 805 cm-1, all typical of a carrageenan. The polysaccharide was separated into soluble and insoluble fractions with potassium chloride.", "contents": "IR studies on carrageenan of Ahnfeltia concinna, a marine red alga. The principal polysaccharide of Ahnfeltia concinna gave IR absorptions at 1240, 930, 845-850, and 805 cm-1, all typical of a carrageenan. The polysaccharide was separated into soluble and insoluble fractions with potassium chloride.", "PMID": 1185542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9880", "title": "Analysis of N-glycosyl bond length in crystal structures of nucleosides and nucleotides.", "content": "A relationship was found between the N-glycosyl bond length in beta-nucleosides and nucleotides and the spatial relationship of this bond with respect to the lone-pair orbitals on the furanose ring oxygen. This relationship may be relevant to the geometry involved in the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond.", "contents": "Analysis of N-glycosyl bond length in crystal structures of nucleosides and nucleotides. A relationship was found between the N-glycosyl bond length in beta-nucleosides and nucleotides and the spatial relationship of this bond with respect to the lone-pair orbitals on the furanose ring oxygen. This relationship may be relevant to the geometry involved in the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond.", "PMID": 1185543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9881", "title": "Plasma protein binding of drugs as a function of age in adult human subjects.", "content": "The intent of this study was to determine what influence, if any, increasing age has on the binding of drugs by plasma proteins. Plasma from healthy subjects ranging in age from 21 to 94 years was used. The binding of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) (acid), penicillin G potassium (benzylpenicillin potassium), and phenobarbituric acid was determined by equilibrium dialysis of 14C-labeled compounds. No differences were found in total protein concentration; however, albumin was reduced in subjects over 50 years of age. Plasma binding of each drug studied was not related to age; this finding suggests that age per se is not a factor in the binding of drugs by plasma proteins.", "contents": "Plasma protein binding of drugs as a function of age in adult human subjects. The intent of this study was to determine what influence, if any, increasing age has on the binding of drugs by plasma proteins. Plasma from healthy subjects ranging in age from 21 to 94 years was used. The binding of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) (acid), penicillin G potassium (benzylpenicillin potassium), and phenobarbituric acid was determined by equilibrium dialysis of 14C-labeled compounds. No differences were found in total protein concentration; however, albumin was reduced in subjects over 50 years of age. Plasma binding of each drug studied was not related to age; this finding suggests that age per se is not a factor in the binding of drugs by plasma proteins.", "PMID": 1185544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9882", "title": "Characterization of poison oak urushiol.", "content": "Procedures are described that were used in the isolation and characterization of urushiol components reported to be the allergenic constituents of poison oak, Toxicodendron diversilobum. Characterization of these components by spectral techniques indicated they are unsaturated congeners of 3-heptadecylcatechol, possessing one, two, or three double bonds in an unbranched C17 side chain. These components are shown to differ from those isolated from poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans, by a - CH2CH2-unit in the unbranched alkyl side chain.", "contents": "Characterization of poison oak urushiol. Procedures are described that were used in the isolation and characterization of urushiol components reported to be the allergenic constituents of poison oak, Toxicodendron diversilobum. Characterization of these components by spectral techniques indicated they are unsaturated congeners of 3-heptadecylcatechol, possessing one, two, or three double bonds in an unbranched C17 side chain. These components are shown to differ from those isolated from poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans, by a - CH2CH2-unit in the unbranched alkyl side chain.", "PMID": 1185545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9883", "title": "Distinction of synthetic cannabidiol, cannabichromene, and cannabivarin by GLC using on-column methylation.", "content": "The on-column flash methylation of synthetic cannabidiol, cannabichromene, and cannabivarin by trimethylanillinium hydroxide offers a rapid, simple GLC method for their distinction. The phenolic groups of other cannabinoids are methylated by the procedure described.", "contents": "Distinction of synthetic cannabidiol, cannabichromene, and cannabivarin by GLC using on-column methylation. The on-column flash methylation of synthetic cannabidiol, cannabichromene, and cannabivarin by trimethylanillinium hydroxide offers a rapid, simple GLC method for their distinction. The phenolic groups of other cannabinoids are methylated by the procedure described.", "PMID": 1185546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9884", "title": "Rapid methods for bioavailability determination utilizing urinary excretion data.", "content": "Two equations were developed which enable urinary excretion data to be utilized for estimating drug bioavailability within 12 hr-starting between one and two half-lives of the drug, depending upon the relative rates of absorption, distribution, and elimination. Both equations were examined using simulated data for both the one- and two-compartment open models. One equation was tested using literature data with excellent results.", "contents": "Rapid methods for bioavailability determination utilizing urinary excretion data. Two equations were developed which enable urinary excretion data to be utilized for estimating drug bioavailability within 12 hr-starting between one and two half-lives of the drug, depending upon the relative rates of absorption, distribution, and elimination. Both equations were examined using simulated data for both the one- and two-compartment open models. One equation was tested using literature data with excellent results.", "PMID": 1185547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9885", "title": "Chromatographic, mass spectral, and visible light absorption characteristics of toluidine blue O and related dyes..", "content": "Contrary to earlier literature reports, the impurities in toluidine blue O were shown by column chromatography, TLC, and mass spectrometry to be N-methyl homologs of 2-methylthionine rather than N-methyl homologs of thionine. Small amounts of 2-methyl-3-amino-7-methylaminophenothiazine and 2-methyl-3,7-diaminophenothiazine were identified in commercial samples of toluidine blue O. However, sample handling and a warm alkaline environment can cause rapid demethylation of the dye.", "contents": "Chromatographic, mass spectral, and visible light absorption characteristics of toluidine blue O and related dyes.. Contrary to earlier literature reports, the impurities in toluidine blue O were shown by column chromatography, TLC, and mass spectrometry to be N-methyl homologs of 2-methylthionine rather than N-methyl homologs of thionine. Small amounts of 2-methyl-3-amino-7-methylaminophenothiazine and 2-methyl-3,7-diaminophenothiazine were identified in commercial samples of toluidine blue O. However, sample handling and a warm alkaline environment can cause rapid demethylation of the dye.", "PMID": 1185558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9886", "title": "Inhibition of synaptosomal accumulation of l-norepinephrine. I: N-arylalkyl and N-aryloxyalkyl dl-amphetamines and related compounds.", "content": "The ability of a group of systematically modified amphetamines to inhibit the accumulation of l-norepinephrine by nonstriatal synaptosomes was investigated. N-Substitution by the proper bulky hydrophobic groups can be well tolerated. Structure-activity relationships generate a qualitative picture of the inhibitor-carrier interaction site.", "contents": "Inhibition of synaptosomal accumulation of l-norepinephrine. I: N-arylalkyl and N-aryloxyalkyl dl-amphetamines and related compounds. The ability of a group of systematically modified amphetamines to inhibit the accumulation of l-norepinephrine by nonstriatal synaptosomes was investigated. N-Substitution by the proper bulky hydrophobic groups can be well tolerated. Structure-activity relationships generate a qualitative picture of the inhibitor-carrier interaction site.", "PMID": 1185559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9887", "title": "Apparent absorption kinetics of micronized griseofulvin after its oral administration on single- and multiple-dose regimens to rats as a corn oil-in-water emulsion and aqueous suspension.", "content": "This investigation was designed to quantitate and compare in the rat the oral absorption characteristics of micronized griseofulvin from a corn oil-in-water emulsion dosage form containing suspended drug and a control aqueous suspension after single-dose (50 mg/kg) and multiple-dose (50 mg/kg every 12 hr for five doses) administrations. The time course of intact drug in the plasma of all animals was best described by a one-compartment open model with apparent zero-order absorption. In contrast to that observed with the aqueous suspension, the onset of drug absorption after single-dose administration of the corn oil emulsion was significantly delayed. This difference disappeared upon multiple dosing of the two dosage forms, with the mean onset being quite rapid in both cases. Administration of a single dose of the antibiotic as the corn oil emulsion resulted in considerable increases in the maximum plasma levels of griseofulvin and in the duration, relative extent, and uniformity of drug absorption compared to those observed after administration of the control aqueous suspension. The potentiating effects of the lipid on drug absorption persisted on multiple dosing but at a somewhat reduced level.", "contents": "Apparent absorption kinetics of micronized griseofulvin after its oral administration on single- and multiple-dose regimens to rats as a corn oil-in-water emulsion and aqueous suspension. This investigation was designed to quantitate and compare in the rat the oral absorption characteristics of micronized griseofulvin from a corn oil-in-water emulsion dosage form containing suspended drug and a control aqueous suspension after single-dose (50 mg/kg) and multiple-dose (50 mg/kg every 12 hr for five doses) administrations. The time course of intact drug in the plasma of all animals was best described by a one-compartment open model with apparent zero-order absorption. In contrast to that observed with the aqueous suspension, the onset of drug absorption after single-dose administration of the corn oil emulsion was significantly delayed. This difference disappeared upon multiple dosing of the two dosage forms, with the mean onset being quite rapid in both cases. Administration of a single dose of the antibiotic as the corn oil emulsion resulted in considerable increases in the maximum plasma levels of griseofulvin and in the duration, relative extent, and uniformity of drug absorption compared to those observed after administration of the control aqueous suspension. The potentiating effects of the lipid on drug absorption persisted on multiple dosing but at a somewhat reduced level.", "PMID": 1185560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9888", "title": "Succinylsulfathiazole crystal forms. II: Effect of additives on kinetics of interconversion.", "content": "The effect of various additives on the rate of transformation of the metastable anhydrous succinylsulfathiazole Form I to the water-stable dihydrate Form II in aqueous suspensions was studied. Some structurally related compounds, viscosity-imparting agents, surfactants, and coloring agents were used as possible transformation retardants. The effect of including seeds of Form II in the presence and absence of additives is also discussed. Some additives, e.g., methylcellulose and phthalysulfathiazole, showed significant transformation-retarding effects. Other additives, e.g., sulfanilamide and glycerin, increased the rate of transformation. Coloring agents had only slight effects. Utilization of the results in the formulation of physically stable aqueous suspensions of succinylsulfathiazole is discussed.", "contents": "Succinylsulfathiazole crystal forms. II: Effect of additives on kinetics of interconversion. The effect of various additives on the rate of transformation of the metastable anhydrous succinylsulfathiazole Form I to the water-stable dihydrate Form II in aqueous suspensions was studied. Some structurally related compounds, viscosity-imparting agents, surfactants, and coloring agents were used as possible transformation retardants. The effect of including seeds of Form II in the presence and absence of additives is also discussed. Some additives, e.g., methylcellulose and phthalysulfathiazole, showed significant transformation-retarding effects. Other additives, e.g., sulfanilamide and glycerin, increased the rate of transformation. Coloring agents had only slight effects. Utilization of the results in the formulation of physically stable aqueous suspensions of succinylsulfathiazole is discussed.", "PMID": 1185561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9889", "title": "Succinylsulfathiazole crystal forms. III: Crystal growth studies.", "content": "Crystal growth accompanying the transformation of succinylsulfathiazole crystal forms in aqueous suspensions was studied using a projecting microscope. The effects of increase of temperature, agitation, inclusion of seeds of Form II (the water-stable dihydrate), sulfathiazole, methylcellulose, and polysorbate 80 on the particle-size distribution of anhydrous succinylsulfathiazole Form I were examined. Rates of crystal growth, calculated as increase of diameter per unit time, were given under different experimental conditions. Increase of temperature, agitation, and seeding with nuclei of Form II had significant growth-accelerating effects. Sulfathiazole and polysorbate 80 had growth-retarding effects. Methylcellulose inhibited the crystal growth of Form I for over a year. Aqueous suspensions of Form II did not show any change in particle-size distribution. The crystal growth was shown to be a direct consequence of the transformation of the crystal form. Physical conditions and additives which had accelerating or retarding effects on the rate of succinylsulfathiazole in aqueous suspensions.", "contents": "Succinylsulfathiazole crystal forms. III: Crystal growth studies. Crystal growth accompanying the transformation of succinylsulfathiazole crystal forms in aqueous suspensions was studied using a projecting microscope. The effects of increase of temperature, agitation, inclusion of seeds of Form II (the water-stable dihydrate), sulfathiazole, methylcellulose, and polysorbate 80 on the particle-size distribution of anhydrous succinylsulfathiazole Form I were examined. Rates of crystal growth, calculated as increase of diameter per unit time, were given under different experimental conditions. Increase of temperature, agitation, and seeding with nuclei of Form II had significant growth-accelerating effects. Sulfathiazole and polysorbate 80 had growth-retarding effects. Methylcellulose inhibited the crystal growth of Form I for over a year. Aqueous suspensions of Form II did not show any change in particle-size distribution. The crystal growth was shown to be a direct consequence of the transformation of the crystal form. Physical conditions and additives which had accelerating or retarding effects on the rate of succinylsulfathiazole in aqueous suspensions.", "PMID": 1185562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9890", "title": "Blood concentration profiles of acetaminophen following oral administration of fatty acid esters of acetaminophen with pancreatic lipase to dogs.", "content": "Fatty acid esters of acetaminophen were administered orally to dogs, and blood concentrations of acetaminophen were determined at various time intervals. Blood concentrations of acetaminophen following oral administration of a short chain ester, p-acetamidophenyl acetate, were not significantly different from those found using acetaminophen. Blood concentrations of acetaminophen following oral administration of intermediate hydrocarbon chain-length compounds were less than those of the control at 1 and 3 hr postdosing. There appears to be a direct relationship between the in vitro hydrolysis rates and the blood concentration in vivo. Concomitant oral administration of acetaminophen derivatives, pancreatic lipase, and calcium salts resulted in an increase in the blood levels of acetaminophen as compared to administration of the esters alone. Calcium carbonate was included as a source of calcium ion to activate the lipase involved in the hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters. A combination of p-acetamidophenyl acetate, p-acetamidophenyl dodecanoate, pancreatic lipase, and calcium carbonate was shown to achieve a prolonged release of acetaminophen. p-Acetamidopheny acetate was thought to provide the initial release of acetaminophen; p-acetamidophenyl dodecanoate, being hydrolyzed more slowly, provided the prolonged release, which maintained therapeutic blood concentrations for 13 hr following a single dose of the combination in dogs.", "contents": "Blood concentration profiles of acetaminophen following oral administration of fatty acid esters of acetaminophen with pancreatic lipase to dogs. Fatty acid esters of acetaminophen were administered orally to dogs, and blood concentrations of acetaminophen were determined at various time intervals. Blood concentrations of acetaminophen following oral administration of a short chain ester, p-acetamidophenyl acetate, were not significantly different from those found using acetaminophen. Blood concentrations of acetaminophen following oral administration of intermediate hydrocarbon chain-length compounds were less than those of the control at 1 and 3 hr postdosing. There appears to be a direct relationship between the in vitro hydrolysis rates and the blood concentration in vivo. Concomitant oral administration of acetaminophen derivatives, pancreatic lipase, and calcium salts resulted in an increase in the blood levels of acetaminophen as compared to administration of the esters alone. Calcium carbonate was included as a source of calcium ion to activate the lipase involved in the hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters. A combination of p-acetamidophenyl acetate, p-acetamidophenyl dodecanoate, pancreatic lipase, and calcium carbonate was shown to achieve a prolonged release of acetaminophen. p-Acetamidopheny acetate was thought to provide the initial release of acetaminophen; p-acetamidophenyl dodecanoate, being hydrolyzed more slowly, provided the prolonged release, which maintained therapeutic blood concentrations for 13 hr following a single dose of the combination in dogs.", "PMID": 1185563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9891", "title": "Correlation of kinetic parameters and thermal behavior of segmented polyurethane elastomers with biological responses.", "content": "Kinetic studies of thermal degradation of 16 segmented polyether polyurethane samples, containing various amounts of 3,4-diaminotoluene and dibutyltin diacetate as additives, were carried out by thermogravimetry. From a single dynamic thermogravimetric experiment, the temperatures of initiation of degradation, 10, 25, and 50% (w/w) of degradation, as well as the activation energies for degradation, were determined. The activation energies were computed from the thermogravimetric curves using Broido's graphical approximation method, which applies to first-order decomposition kinetics. The results of stepwise multiple linear regression analysis indicate that the biological responses to elastomar samples, such as tissue culture, hemolysis, intramuscular implant, intradermal irritation, systemic toxicity, and histopathological rating, and the cumulative biological response index are highly correlated with thermal stability and kinetic measurements of the materials.", "contents": "Correlation of kinetic parameters and thermal behavior of segmented polyurethane elastomers with biological responses. Kinetic studies of thermal degradation of 16 segmented polyether polyurethane samples, containing various amounts of 3,4-diaminotoluene and dibutyltin diacetate as additives, were carried out by thermogravimetry. From a single dynamic thermogravimetric experiment, the temperatures of initiation of degradation, 10, 25, and 50% (w/w) of degradation, as well as the activation energies for degradation, were determined. The activation energies were computed from the thermogravimetric curves using Broido's graphical approximation method, which applies to first-order decomposition kinetics. The results of stepwise multiple linear regression analysis indicate that the biological responses to elastomar samples, such as tissue culture, hemolysis, intramuscular implant, intradermal irritation, systemic toxicity, and histopathological rating, and the cumulative biological response index are highly correlated with thermal stability and kinetic measurements of the materials.", "PMID": 1185564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9892", "title": "Decomposition of amitriptyline hydrochloride in aqueous solution: identification of decomposition products.", "content": "The decomposition of amitriptyline hydrochloride upon autoclaving in a buffered solution (pH 6.8) was investigated. Three major decomposition products [3-(propa-1,3-dienyl)-1,2:4,5-dibenzocyclohepta-1,4-diene, dibenzosuberone, and 3-(2-oxoethylidene)-1,2:4,5-dibenzocyclohepta-1,4-diene] were detected and identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Evidence is presented that the latter two compounds are formed by further oxidation of 3-(propa-1,3-dienyl)-1,2:4,5-dibenzocyclohepta-1,4-diene, and a possible decomposition pathway is outlined.", "contents": "Decomposition of amitriptyline hydrochloride in aqueous solution: identification of decomposition products. The decomposition of amitriptyline hydrochloride upon autoclaving in a buffered solution (pH 6.8) was investigated. Three major decomposition products [3-(propa-1,3-dienyl)-1,2:4,5-dibenzocyclohepta-1,4-diene, dibenzosuberone, and 3-(2-oxoethylidene)-1,2:4,5-dibenzocyclohepta-1,4-diene] were detected and identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Evidence is presented that the latter two compounds are formed by further oxidation of 3-(propa-1,3-dienyl)-1,2:4,5-dibenzocyclohepta-1,4-diene, and a possible decomposition pathway is outlined.", "PMID": 1185565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9893", "title": "Effect of polysorbate 60 on interphase transport of cholesterol.", "content": "Interphase cholesterol transport was investigated at 24 +/- 1 degrees in a stirred diffusion cell and in various oil-in-water emulsions. Cholesterol uptake by vegetable oil from a cholesterol-surfactant-rich aqueous phase was extremely slow in the stirred cell; no measurable transport had occurred after 500 hr. Cholesterol transport in oil-in-water emulsions following dilution with a cholesterol-surfactant-rich aqueous phase was much faster due to the greatly increased interfacial area available for mass transfer. Equilibration half-lives, t(50), varied from 2.02 to 28.1 hr. Variations in the t(50) were due to: (a) differences in the mean oil droplet diameter among various emulsions, and (b) differences in cholesterol-polysorbate 60 micelle sizes among various dilution media. When polysorbate 60 was omitted from the dilution medium, transport occurred in a two-stage process. In the first stage, transport was extremely rapid, with the t(50) less than 30 sec; in the second stage, transport was comparable to previous emulsion rates, with the t(50) varying from 7.9 to 8.1 hr. The significance of this two-stage transport to mechanisms of interphase cholesterol transport is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Effect of polysorbate 60 on interphase transport of cholesterol. Interphase cholesterol transport was investigated at 24 +/- 1 degrees in a stirred diffusion cell and in various oil-in-water emulsions. Cholesterol uptake by vegetable oil from a cholesterol-surfactant-rich aqueous phase was extremely slow in the stirred cell; no measurable transport had occurred after 500 hr. Cholesterol transport in oil-in-water emulsions following dilution with a cholesterol-surfactant-rich aqueous phase was much faster due to the greatly increased interfacial area available for mass transfer. Equilibration half-lives, t(50), varied from 2.02 to 28.1 hr. Variations in the t(50) were due to: (a) differences in the mean oil droplet diameter among various emulsions, and (b) differences in cholesterol-polysorbate 60 micelle sizes among various dilution media. When polysorbate 60 was omitted from the dilution medium, transport occurred in a two-stage process. In the first stage, transport was extremely rapid, with the t(50) less than 30 sec; in the second stage, transport was comparable to previous emulsion rates, with the t(50) varying from 7.9 to 8.1 hr. The significance of this two-stage transport to mechanisms of interphase cholesterol transport is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1185566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9894", "title": "Effect of carbonated beverages and of an antiemetic containing carbohydrate and phosphoric acid on riboflavin bioavailability and salicylamide biotransformation in humans.", "content": "Two carbohydrate-phosphoric acid solutions, one a widely used beverage (Solution C) and the other a pharmaceutical product used as an antiemetic (Solution E), administered together with riboflavin-5'-phosphate or salicylamide to healthy human adults, significantly increased the bioavailability of riboflavin and appreciably altered the metabolic fate of salicylamide (increased conversion to the sulfate and decreased formation of the glucuronide). A beverage containing phosphoric acid but no carbohydrates (Solution T) also increased the bioavailability of riboflavin but not as much as Solution C. These effects are attributed to a decrease of the gastric emptying rate caused by carbohydrates and phosphoric acid, consistent with the empirical use of Solution C syrup and Solution E as antinauseants and antiemetics. The results demonstrate also that the choice of beverage to be taken with medication can affect the bioavailability and/or metabolic fate of medicinals with saturable absorption and/or biotransformation characteristics.", "contents": "Effect of carbonated beverages and of an antiemetic containing carbohydrate and phosphoric acid on riboflavin bioavailability and salicylamide biotransformation in humans. Two carbohydrate-phosphoric acid solutions, one a widely used beverage (Solution C) and the other a pharmaceutical product used as an antiemetic (Solution E), administered together with riboflavin-5'-phosphate or salicylamide to healthy human adults, significantly increased the bioavailability of riboflavin and appreciably altered the metabolic fate of salicylamide (increased conversion to the sulfate and decreased formation of the glucuronide). A beverage containing phosphoric acid but no carbohydrates (Solution T) also increased the bioavailability of riboflavin but not as much as Solution C. These effects are attributed to a decrease of the gastric emptying rate caused by carbohydrates and phosphoric acid, consistent with the empirical use of Solution C syrup and Solution E as antinauseants and antiemetics. The results demonstrate also that the choice of beverage to be taken with medication can affect the bioavailability and/or metabolic fate of medicinals with saturable absorption and/or biotransformation characteristics.", "PMID": 1185567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9895", "title": "Synthesis of dl-4 xi-(4-carboxybutyl)-5-carbethoxy-cis-hexahydropyrrolo (3,4-d)imidazol-2-one (N-carbethoxyazabiotin).", "content": "The total synthesis of dl-4 xi-(4-carboxybutyl)-5-carbethoxy-cis-hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-d]imidazol-2-one (N-carbethoxyazabiotin) by a 16-step sequence, starting from 2-bromo-6-methoxyhexanoic acid, has been accomplished.", "contents": "Synthesis of dl-4 xi-(4-carboxybutyl)-5-carbethoxy-cis-hexahydropyrrolo (3,4-d)imidazol-2-one (N-carbethoxyazabiotin). The total synthesis of dl-4 xi-(4-carboxybutyl)-5-carbethoxy-cis-hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-d]imidazol-2-one (N-carbethoxyazabiotin) by a 16-step sequence, starting from 2-bromo-6-methoxyhexanoic acid, has been accomplished.", "PMID": 1185568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9896", "title": "Evaluation of a convective diffusion drug dissolution rate model.", "content": "A recently introduced drug dissolution rate model based on convective diffusion was evaluated by experimentally determining dissolution rates. Alkyl p-aminobenzoates were used as the test compounds in a dissolution cell which promoted laminar flow of the liquid past the dissolving surface. The parameters evaluated were diffusivity, solubility, rate of shear, dissolving surface shape, and orientation of the surface relative to flow. The agreement between theory and experiment was quite satisfactory with respect to the functional dependence of the rate on these parameters as well as the actual magnitude of the rates.", "contents": "Evaluation of a convective diffusion drug dissolution rate model. A recently introduced drug dissolution rate model based on convective diffusion was evaluated by experimentally determining dissolution rates. Alkyl p-aminobenzoates were used as the test compounds in a dissolution cell which promoted laminar flow of the liquid past the dissolving surface. The parameters evaluated were diffusivity, solubility, rate of shear, dissolving surface shape, and orientation of the surface relative to flow. The agreement between theory and experiment was quite satisfactory with respect to the functional dependence of the rate on these parameters as well as the actual magnitude of the rates.", "PMID": 1185569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9897", "title": "Comparative bioavailabilities from truncated blood level curves.", "content": "The period of time after administration over which blood level measurements are required to obtain a reliable bioavailability comparison of two or more formulations of the same drug was considered by the analysis of bioavailability data taken from the literature. The drugs examined, selected to represent a range of absorption and elimination half-lives, were acetaminophen, aminosalicylic acid, chloramphenicol, chlordiazepoxide, digoxin, isoniazid, phenylbutazone, sulfamethizole, tetracycline, and warfarin. For most drugs, ratios of areas under the curve changed little between the end of the absorption period and the time when blood sampling was terminated. Reliable bioavailability comparisons among different brands of the drugs apparently could have been made by blood sampling over 24 hr or less.", "contents": "Comparative bioavailabilities from truncated blood level curves. The period of time after administration over which blood level measurements are required to obtain a reliable bioavailability comparison of two or more formulations of the same drug was considered by the analysis of bioavailability data taken from the literature. The drugs examined, selected to represent a range of absorption and elimination half-lives, were acetaminophen, aminosalicylic acid, chloramphenicol, chlordiazepoxide, digoxin, isoniazid, phenylbutazone, sulfamethizole, tetracycline, and warfarin. For most drugs, ratios of areas under the curve changed little between the end of the absorption period and the time when blood sampling was terminated. Reliable bioavailability comparisons among different brands of the drugs apparently could have been made by blood sampling over 24 hr or less.", "PMID": 1185570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9898", "title": "Configuration of dienestrol.", "content": "Uncertainty concerning the configuration of dienestrol was resolved by a detailed spectrochemical investigation, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction, of the active drug and its stereoisomers. A symmetric structure in which the phenyl and methyl groups are cis about each double bond is unambiguously assigned.", "contents": "Configuration of dienestrol. Uncertainty concerning the configuration of dienestrol was resolved by a detailed spectrochemical investigation, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction, of the active drug and its stereoisomers. A symmetric structure in which the phenyl and methyl groups are cis about each double bond is unambiguously assigned.", "PMID": 1185571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9899", "title": "Stabilizing effect of inorganic phosphate salts on antibiotic-steroid ophthalmic preparations.", "content": "Drocinonide phosphate potassium forms an insoluble complex with neomycin sulfate in aqueous solution. Dibasic sodium phosphate can be employed in an ophthalmic formulation to prevent the formation of this precipitate without affecting the stability of the steroid or the bioactivity of the antibiotic. Other phosphate steroid salts behaved in a like manner.", "contents": "Stabilizing effect of inorganic phosphate salts on antibiotic-steroid ophthalmic preparations. Drocinonide phosphate potassium forms an insoluble complex with neomycin sulfate in aqueous solution. Dibasic sodium phosphate can be employed in an ophthalmic formulation to prevent the formation of this precipitate without affecting the stability of the steroid or the bioactivity of the antibiotic. Other phosphate steroid salts behaved in a like manner.", "PMID": 1185572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9900", "title": "GLC determination of 7-chloro-5,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e][1,4]-oxazepine-5-carboxamide in serum or plasma.", "content": "This report describes the isolation, derivative formation, GLC, and quantitation of unmetabolized 7-chloro-5,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e][1,4]oxazepine-5-carboxamide (I) in blood serum or plasma. Carbamazepine is used as the internal standard to compensate for losses of I during extraction and handling. Essentially complete recovery (100 +/- 6%) was demonstrated over a concentration range of 1-30 mug of I/ml of serum.", "contents": "GLC determination of 7-chloro-5,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e][1,4]-oxazepine-5-carboxamide in serum or plasma. This report describes the isolation, derivative formation, GLC, and quantitation of unmetabolized 7-chloro-5,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e][1,4]oxazepine-5-carboxamide (I) in blood serum or plasma. Carbamazepine is used as the internal standard to compensate for losses of I during extraction and handling. Essentially complete recovery (100 +/- 6%) was demonstrated over a concentration range of 1-30 mug of I/ml of serum.", "PMID": 1185573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9901", "title": "Molecular arrangement in monolayers containing cholesterol and dipalmitoyl lecithin.", "content": "The molecular arrangement of dipalmitoyl lecithin and cholesterol in mixed monolayers was investigated with the aid of a physical model. The two lipids are miscible at the surface, but there is no indication of a specific interaction. In equimolar mixed monolayers at 25 and 37 degrees, the lipids are in tail contact. Lecithin molecules are able to remain hydrated in the mixed monolayers at high values of surface pressure.", "contents": "Molecular arrangement in monolayers containing cholesterol and dipalmitoyl lecithin. The molecular arrangement of dipalmitoyl lecithin and cholesterol in mixed monolayers was investigated with the aid of a physical model. The two lipids are miscible at the surface, but there is no indication of a specific interaction. In equimolar mixed monolayers at 25 and 37 degrees, the lipids are in tail contact. Lecithin molecules are able to remain hydrated in the mixed monolayers at high values of surface pressure.", "PMID": 1185574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9902", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of ampicillin.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of ampicillin is described. The method uses a 1-m long stainless steel column packed with anionic exchange resin, with a mobile phase of 0.02 M NaNO3 in 0.01 M pH 9.15 borate buffer at a flow rate of 0.45 ml/min. The degradation products of ampicillin, penicillenic and penicilloic acids of ampicillin, can be separated and quantitated in less than 12 min of chromatographic time. The relative standard deviation for the analysis of ampicillin is less than 1%, and the method is sensitive to approximately 20 ng of ampicillin/sample injected. The method was applied to the analysis of various pharmaceutical preparations of ampicillin. It is also applicable, with a slight modification, for the analysis of penicillins G and V.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of ampicillin. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of ampicillin is described. The method uses a 1-m long stainless steel column packed with anionic exchange resin, with a mobile phase of 0.02 M NaNO3 in 0.01 M pH 9.15 borate buffer at a flow rate of 0.45 ml/min. The degradation products of ampicillin, penicillenic and penicilloic acids of ampicillin, can be separated and quantitated in less than 12 min of chromatographic time. The relative standard deviation for the analysis of ampicillin is less than 1%, and the method is sensitive to approximately 20 ng of ampicillin/sample injected. The method was applied to the analysis of various pharmaceutical preparations of ampicillin. It is also applicable, with a slight modification, for the analysis of penicillins G and V.", "PMID": 1185575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9903", "title": "Determination of major impurity in chlordiazepoxide formulations and drug substance.", "content": "Procedures for quantitating the lactam impurity, 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one 4-oxide, which can be present in chlordiazepoxide formulations, is presented. The method consists of trapping chlordiazepoxide in sulfuric acid in kieselguhr, eluting the impurity with ether, and quantitating by UV spectrophotometry in absolute alcohol at 312 nm.", "contents": "Determination of major impurity in chlordiazepoxide formulations and drug substance. Procedures for quantitating the lactam impurity, 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one 4-oxide, which can be present in chlordiazepoxide formulations, is presented. The method consists of trapping chlordiazepoxide in sulfuric acid in kieselguhr, eluting the impurity with ether, and quantitating by UV spectrophotometry in absolute alcohol at 312 nm.", "PMID": 1185576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9904", "title": "Spectrophotometric determination of acetaminophen and dichloralantipyrine in capsules.", "content": "A rapid method for the routine determination of acetaminophen and dichloralantipyrine in capsules is reported. The determination of acetaminophen is based on the ability of its hydrolytic product, p-aminophenol, to produce an intensive yellow color with vanillin. The determination of dichloralantipyrine is based on the fact that it, as well as its major metabolite chloral hydrate, produces a blue color with quinaldine ethiodide. No interferences were encountered, and good recovery and precision data were obtained.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric determination of acetaminophen and dichloralantipyrine in capsules. A rapid method for the routine determination of acetaminophen and dichloralantipyrine in capsules is reported. The determination of acetaminophen is based on the ability of its hydrolytic product, p-aminophenol, to produce an intensive yellow color with vanillin. The determination of dichloralantipyrine is based on the fact that it, as well as its major metabolite chloral hydrate, produces a blue color with quinaldine ethiodide. No interferences were encountered, and good recovery and precision data were obtained.", "PMID": 1185577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9905", "title": "Effect of surface roughness and coating solvent on film adhesion to tablets.", "content": "The adhesion of a polymer film to selected tablet substrates was studied. The effect of tablet surface roughness and film-coating solvent on the adhesion of the film to the tablet was determined. A film-coating solvent having a solubility parameter close to that of the polymer was found to produce a stronger adhesional bond than a solvent having a lower surface tension. An increase in tablet surface roughness also increased film adhesion to the tablet. The adhesion was measured as the force required to peel a section of film from the tablet with a stress-strain analyzer.", "contents": "Effect of surface roughness and coating solvent on film adhesion to tablets. The adhesion of a polymer film to selected tablet substrates was studied. The effect of tablet surface roughness and film-coating solvent on the adhesion of the film to the tablet was determined. A film-coating solvent having a solubility parameter close to that of the polymer was found to produce a stronger adhesional bond than a solvent having a lower surface tension. An increase in tablet surface roughness also increased film adhesion to the tablet. The adhesion was measured as the force required to peel a section of film from the tablet with a stress-strain analyzer.", "PMID": 1185578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9906", "title": "Laboratory automation of high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "An automated system for high-pressure liquid chromatography was developed. The system is built around commercial modules wherever possible, modified to varying degrees. An automatic sampler, a sample pump, a high-pressure sampling valve, a recorder with an integrator, and a high-pressure liquid chromatograph comprise the commercial instruments. Relays, solenoid valves, and timers control chromatographic events, i.e., duration of sampling and rinse, mobile phase pump refill, sample injection, and chromatographic time. The automated system is dependable over long periods of unattended operation. With the 40-sample capacity of the sample tray and the last sample stop capability, the automated system produces, for example, 40 20-min chromatograms in approximately 13 hr of unattended operation. Data demonstrate the reliability and utility of the system.", "contents": "Laboratory automation of high-pressure liquid chromatography. An automated system for high-pressure liquid chromatography was developed. The system is built around commercial modules wherever possible, modified to varying degrees. An automatic sampler, a sample pump, a high-pressure sampling valve, a recorder with an integrator, and a high-pressure liquid chromatograph comprise the commercial instruments. Relays, solenoid valves, and timers control chromatographic events, i.e., duration of sampling and rinse, mobile phase pump refill, sample injection, and chromatographic time. The automated system is dependable over long periods of unattended operation. With the 40-sample capacity of the sample tray and the last sample stop capability, the automated system produces, for example, 40 20-min chromatograms in approximately 13 hr of unattended operation. Data demonstrate the reliability and utility of the system.", "PMID": 1185579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9907", "title": "Relationship of in vitro hydrolysis of 17-chloroacetylajmaline and 17-acetylajmaline in different animal species.", "content": "17-Chloroacetylajmaline and 17-acetylajmaline are reported to have in vivo antiarrhythmic activity and are metabolized by hydrolysis. Since the hydrolysis product, ajmaline, may be the actual antiarrhythmic agent, the hydrolysis of these derivatives by various tissues of the guinea pig, rat, and mouse was determined in vitro by a titrimetric method and compared to hydrolysis by alpha-naphthylacetate. The heart is the most active tissue in the guinea pig for hydrolyzing 17-chloroacetylajmaline. The hydrolyzing activity is greater in the guinea pig than in rat or mouse heart, corresponding with the more significant pharmacological activity in the guinea pig. 17-Chloroacetylajmaline has a significantly lower Km value than 17-acetylajmaline, which is in agreement with the in vivo activity.", "contents": "Relationship of in vitro hydrolysis of 17-chloroacetylajmaline and 17-acetylajmaline in different animal species. 17-Chloroacetylajmaline and 17-acetylajmaline are reported to have in vivo antiarrhythmic activity and are metabolized by hydrolysis. Since the hydrolysis product, ajmaline, may be the actual antiarrhythmic agent, the hydrolysis of these derivatives by various tissues of the guinea pig, rat, and mouse was determined in vitro by a titrimetric method and compared to hydrolysis by alpha-naphthylacetate. The heart is the most active tissue in the guinea pig for hydrolyzing 17-chloroacetylajmaline. The hydrolyzing activity is greater in the guinea pig than in rat or mouse heart, corresponding with the more significant pharmacological activity in the guinea pig. 17-Chloroacetylajmaline has a significantly lower Km value than 17-acetylajmaline, which is in agreement with the in vivo activity.", "PMID": 1185580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9908", "title": "Influence of monovalent and divalent electrolytes on sorption of neomycin sulfate to attapulgite and montmorillonite clays.", "content": "Langmuir isotherms for the adsorption of neomycin sulfate to clays such as attapulgite, bentonite, and magnesium aluminum silicate were constructed. Monovalent and divalent cations were investigated for their influence on the formation of neomycin-clay adsorbates and the resulting equilibrium concentration in a neomycin solution. Divalent magnesium ions were more effective in displacing the antibiotic from each clay than were monovalent sodium ions. Ions present in the GI fluid might increase the bioavailability of neomycin from such neomycin-clay adsorbates.", "contents": "Influence of monovalent and divalent electrolytes on sorption of neomycin sulfate to attapulgite and montmorillonite clays. Langmuir isotherms for the adsorption of neomycin sulfate to clays such as attapulgite, bentonite, and magnesium aluminum silicate were constructed. Monovalent and divalent cations were investigated for their influence on the formation of neomycin-clay adsorbates and the resulting equilibrium concentration in a neomycin solution. Divalent magnesium ions were more effective in displacing the antibiotic from each clay than were monovalent sodium ions. Ions present in the GI fluid might increase the bioavailability of neomycin from such neomycin-clay adsorbates.", "PMID": 1185581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9909", "title": "Deviation of dielectric constant from ideality for certain binary solvent systems.", "content": "An equation was derived which relates the dielectric constant of mixtures of a binary solvent system to the mole fraction of the polar and nonpolar components of the system. The coefficients of the formula are readily calculated from the dielectric constant and the molar volume of the pure components of the binary solvent system. These calculated values are employed in graphical representations of the theoretical relationship of the dielectric constant of the binary solvent system and the mole fraction of the polar component of the solvent system. Experimental measurements are employed to demonstrate deviations from ideality.", "contents": "Deviation of dielectric constant from ideality for certain binary solvent systems. An equation was derived which relates the dielectric constant of mixtures of a binary solvent system to the mole fraction of the polar and nonpolar components of the system. The coefficients of the formula are readily calculated from the dielectric constant and the molar volume of the pure components of the binary solvent system. These calculated values are employed in graphical representations of the theoretical relationship of the dielectric constant of the binary solvent system and the mole fraction of the polar component of the solvent system. Experimental measurements are employed to demonstrate deviations from ideality.", "PMID": 1185582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9910", "title": "Alkaloids of Papaver orientale and papaver pseudo-orientale.", "content": "Dry latex of Paaver orientale was shown to contain 20% oripavine and 9% thebaine. Dry latex of Papaver pseudo-orientale contained two major alkaloids, isothebaine (11.7%) and orientalidine (0.5%), and the minor alkaloids bracteolin, salutaridine, Or1, Or2, PO-4, alborine (PO-5), and a novel alkaloid aryapavine.", "contents": "Alkaloids of Papaver orientale and papaver pseudo-orientale. Dry latex of Paaver orientale was shown to contain 20% oripavine and 9% thebaine. Dry latex of Papaver pseudo-orientale contained two major alkaloids, isothebaine (11.7%) and orientalidine (0.5%), and the minor alkaloids bracteolin, salutaridine, Or1, Or2, PO-4, alborine (PO-5), and a novel alkaloid aryapavine.", "PMID": 1185583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9911", "title": "Antitumor agents. XV: Deoxyelephantopin, an antitumor principle from Elephantopus carolinianus Willd.", "content": "The active principle responsible for the significant inhibitory activity against the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma (ascites) in rats, isolated from the chloroform extract of the whole plant of Elephantopus carolinianus Willd., was characterized as deoxyelephantopin, a sesquiterpene lactone.", "contents": "Antitumor agents. XV: Deoxyelephantopin, an antitumor principle from Elephantopus carolinianus Willd. The active principle responsible for the significant inhibitory activity against the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma (ascites) in rats, isolated from the chloroform extract of the whole plant of Elephantopus carolinianus Willd., was characterized as deoxyelephantopin, a sesquiterpene lactone.", "PMID": 1185584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9912", "title": "Reduction of doxorubicin (adriamycin) bone marrow toxicity.", "content": "Doxorubicin (adriamycin), an antineoplastic antibiotic, is a potent suppressant of bone marrow. Previous studies on doxorubicin disposition indicated that its diversion from bone marrow in the first few minutes after administration should result in a marked decrease in total exposure to the drug (concentration X time) with a concomitant reduction in concentration-time-dependent toxicity. To test this hypothesis, the descending aorta of rabbits was occluded just proximal to the iliac bifurcation for 30 min to deprive bone marrow of blood flow. Both these rabbits and the control rabbits were given 5 mg/kg of doxorubicin intravenously, and the total white cell could in peripheral blood was monitored periodically for 15 days. The decrease in toxicity produced by the occlusion was quite evident by comparison of white cell counts and deaths in all groups. A possible mechanism of this effect was shown to be a decreased doxorubicin exposure of bone marrow tissue in the occluded animals as judged by relative doxorubicin concentration-time curves in rabbits with and without the aortic occlusion.", "contents": "Reduction of doxorubicin (adriamycin) bone marrow toxicity. Doxorubicin (adriamycin), an antineoplastic antibiotic, is a potent suppressant of bone marrow. Previous studies on doxorubicin disposition indicated that its diversion from bone marrow in the first few minutes after administration should result in a marked decrease in total exposure to the drug (concentration X time) with a concomitant reduction in concentration-time-dependent toxicity. To test this hypothesis, the descending aorta of rabbits was occluded just proximal to the iliac bifurcation for 30 min to deprive bone marrow of blood flow. Both these rabbits and the control rabbits were given 5 mg/kg of doxorubicin intravenously, and the total white cell could in peripheral blood was monitored periodically for 15 days. The decrease in toxicity produced by the occlusion was quite evident by comparison of white cell counts and deaths in all groups. A possible mechanism of this effect was shown to be a decreased doxorubicin exposure of bone marrow tissue in the occluded animals as judged by relative doxorubicin concentration-time curves in rabbits with and without the aortic occlusion.", "PMID": 1185585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9913", "title": "Renal blockade to angiotensin II in acute and chronic sodium-retaining states.", "content": "Acute thoracic inferior vena cava constriction results in alterations in renal hemodynamics which may explain the characteristic antinatriuretic response. Since adrenalvein-aldosterone secretion is increased within 30 minutes of acute caval constriction and elevated plasma-renin activity is found in the chronic caval dog, we sought to determine whether the renal hemodynamic alterations observed in acute caval constriction are due to the intrarenal action of angiotensin II. The renal response to acute caval constriction in dogs receiving unilateral renal arterial infusion of a specific competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, 1-sarcosine-8-alanine-agiotensin II, was studied. Effective blockade did not alter the renal hemodynamic or antinatriuretic response to acute caval constriction. As a model of chronic sodium retention, dogs with chronic congestive heart failure produced by tricuspid insufficiency and pulmonary stenosis were similarly studied. Effective renal blockade to antiotensin II did not affect renal hemodynamics or urinary sodium excretion. The renal hemodynamic and antinatriuretic responses to acute caval constriction and chronic congestive heart failure are not dependent on the intrarenal action of angiotensin II.", "contents": "Renal blockade to angiotensin II in acute and chronic sodium-retaining states. Acute thoracic inferior vena cava constriction results in alterations in renal hemodynamics which may explain the characteristic antinatriuretic response. Since adrenalvein-aldosterone secretion is increased within 30 minutes of acute caval constriction and elevated plasma-renin activity is found in the chronic caval dog, we sought to determine whether the renal hemodynamic alterations observed in acute caval constriction are due to the intrarenal action of angiotensin II. The renal response to acute caval constriction in dogs receiving unilateral renal arterial infusion of a specific competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, 1-sarcosine-8-alanine-agiotensin II, was studied. Effective blockade did not alter the renal hemodynamic or antinatriuretic response to acute caval constriction. As a model of chronic sodium retention, dogs with chronic congestive heart failure produced by tricuspid insufficiency and pulmonary stenosis were similarly studied. Effective renal blockade to antiotensin II did not affect renal hemodynamics or urinary sodium excretion. The renal hemodynamic and antinatriuretic responses to acute caval constriction and chronic congestive heart failure are not dependent on the intrarenal action of angiotensin II.", "PMID": 1185590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9914", "title": "Effects of aprindine HCL on cardiac tissues.", "content": "The effects of aprindine HCL on cardiac tissues were studied in anesthetized, open-chest dogs pretreated with atropine (0.8 mg/kg) and propranolol (1.0 mg/kg). Aprindine (10(-5)-10(-3) g/ml), injected into the sinus node artery, decreased the spontaneous sinus rate; when injected into the atrioventricular nodal artery, aprindine (10(-4) g/ml) prolonged the conduction time and functional refractory period of the atrioventricular node. Intravenous administration of aprindine (1.4, 2.8 and 4.2 mg/kg cumulative dose) prolonged atrial and ventricular conduction time and prolonged the effective refractory period of both tissues. The results from this study indicate that aprindine has a negative dromotropic effect on all cardiac tissue.", "contents": "Effects of aprindine HCL on cardiac tissues. The effects of aprindine HCL on cardiac tissues were studied in anesthetized, open-chest dogs pretreated with atropine (0.8 mg/kg) and propranolol (1.0 mg/kg). Aprindine (10(-5)-10(-3) g/ml), injected into the sinus node artery, decreased the spontaneous sinus rate; when injected into the atrioventricular nodal artery, aprindine (10(-4) g/ml) prolonged the conduction time and functional refractory period of the atrioventricular node. Intravenous administration of aprindine (1.4, 2.8 and 4.2 mg/kg cumulative dose) prolonged atrial and ventricular conduction time and prolonged the effective refractory period of both tissues. The results from this study indicate that aprindine has a negative dromotropic effect on all cardiac tissue.", "PMID": 1185591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9915", "title": "The effect of lidocaine on components of excitability in long mammalian cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "In contrast to the usual microelectrode techniques employing extracellular tissue stimulation, the double microelectrode technique of intracellular constant current application and intracellular transmembrane voltage recording permits quantitative definition of the components of cardiac excitability. This technique was employed to assess the effect of lidocaine, in a concentration equivalent to clinically effective antiarrhythmic plasma levels (5 mug/ml), on membrane characteristics, cable properties, strength-duration curves and change-duration curves in long sheep Purkinje fibers in normal Tyrode's solution at [K]0 = 4.0 mM. As determined by small hyperpolarizing pulses, lidocaine increased membrane conductance (GM) where GM approximates membrane potassium conductance (GM congruent to GK congruent to gK1) and decreased both the membrane length (lambdam) and time (taum) constants. Lidocaine shifted non-normalized strength-duration curves (threshold current, Ith, vs. current duration, t) and charge-duration curves (charge threshold th, vs. t) upward without altering either the resting transmembrane voltage (Vr) or threshold voltage (Vth). Normalized strength-duration curves and charge-duration curves, however, were superimposable during the control and lidocaine periods. This is best explained by lidocaine altering passive resistance-capacitance properties by increasing membrane potassium conductance without influencing active generator properties dependent on sodium conductance. Lidocaine did not alter the passive or active membrane properties relevant to conduction velocity. By increasing membrane potassium conductance, lidocaine decreases excitability in long Purkinje fibers by increasing Ith without altering Vr or Vth, by increasing Qth; by decreasing lambdam and by rendering local circuit currents less effectual in eliciting an action potential.", "contents": "The effect of lidocaine on components of excitability in long mammalian cardiac Purkinje fibers. In contrast to the usual microelectrode techniques employing extracellular tissue stimulation, the double microelectrode technique of intracellular constant current application and intracellular transmembrane voltage recording permits quantitative definition of the components of cardiac excitability. This technique was employed to assess the effect of lidocaine, in a concentration equivalent to clinically effective antiarrhythmic plasma levels (5 mug/ml), on membrane characteristics, cable properties, strength-duration curves and change-duration curves in long sheep Purkinje fibers in normal Tyrode's solution at [K]0 = 4.0 mM. As determined by small hyperpolarizing pulses, lidocaine increased membrane conductance (GM) where GM approximates membrane potassium conductance (GM congruent to GK congruent to gK1) and decreased both the membrane length (lambdam) and time (taum) constants. Lidocaine shifted non-normalized strength-duration curves (threshold current, Ith, vs. current duration, t) and charge-duration curves (charge threshold th, vs. t) upward without altering either the resting transmembrane voltage (Vr) or threshold voltage (Vth). Normalized strength-duration curves and charge-duration curves, however, were superimposable during the control and lidocaine periods. This is best explained by lidocaine altering passive resistance-capacitance properties by increasing membrane potassium conductance without influencing active generator properties dependent on sodium conductance. Lidocaine did not alter the passive or active membrane properties relevant to conduction velocity. By increasing membrane potassium conductance, lidocaine decreases excitability in long Purkinje fibers by increasing Ith without altering Vr or Vth, by increasing Qth; by decreasing lambdam and by rendering local circuit currents less effectual in eliciting an action potential.", "PMID": 1185592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9916", "title": "The effect of temperature on a d-tubocurarine neuromuscular blockade and its antagonism by neostigmine.", "content": "In 19 cats anesthetized with chloralose and urethrane, d-tubocurarine (d-TC) was continuously infused to produce constant 90% depression of twitch tension prior to injection of 5, 10 or 20 mug/kg of neostigmine. The required mean infusion rates of d-TC were 3.6 +/- 0.6, 5.1 +/- 0.3, 8.5 +/- 0.3 and 8.9 +/- 0.5 mug/kg/min at body and muscle temperatures of 28, 31, 37 and 41 degrees C, respectively. The doses of neostigmine needed for 50% antagonism of the d-TC-induced depression of twitch height were 8.7, 9.2, 10.5 and 12.0 mug/kg at 28, 31, 37 and 41 degrees, respectively. The time to peak effect and duration of action of 5 and 10 mug/kg of neostigmine were longer at 28 and 31 degrees C than at 37 and 41 degrees C. Although these times also were longer at 27 and 31 degrees C with the 20 mug/kg dose of neostigmine, they were not statistically different. We conclude that hypothermia augments a d-TC neuromuscular blockade. Hypothermia prolongs time-to-peak effect and duration of neostigmine but does not affect peak magnitude of antagonism of d-TC by neostigmine.", "contents": "The effect of temperature on a d-tubocurarine neuromuscular blockade and its antagonism by neostigmine. In 19 cats anesthetized with chloralose and urethrane, d-tubocurarine (d-TC) was continuously infused to produce constant 90% depression of twitch tension prior to injection of 5, 10 or 20 mug/kg of neostigmine. The required mean infusion rates of d-TC were 3.6 +/- 0.6, 5.1 +/- 0.3, 8.5 +/- 0.3 and 8.9 +/- 0.5 mug/kg/min at body and muscle temperatures of 28, 31, 37 and 41 degrees C, respectively. The doses of neostigmine needed for 50% antagonism of the d-TC-induced depression of twitch height were 8.7, 9.2, 10.5 and 12.0 mug/kg at 28, 31, 37 and 41 degrees, respectively. The time to peak effect and duration of action of 5 and 10 mug/kg of neostigmine were longer at 28 and 31 degrees C than at 37 and 41 degrees C. Although these times also were longer at 27 and 31 degrees C with the 20 mug/kg dose of neostigmine, they were not statistically different. We conclude that hypothermia augments a d-TC neuromuscular blockade. Hypothermia prolongs time-to-peak effect and duration of neostigmine but does not affect peak magnitude of antagonism of d-TC by neostigmine.", "PMID": 1185593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9917", "title": "Binding of d-tubocurarine di (methyl-14C) ether iodide and other amines to cartilage, chondroitin sulfate and human plasma proteins.", "content": "The binding of d-tubocurarine di [methyl-14C] ether iodide (d-TCE) and other amines to bovine nasal septum, chondroitin sulfate (CS) and human plasma proteins was examined by equilibrium dialysis. Bovine nasal septum and CS bound d-TCE to a greater extent than they did morphine, d-methadone (d-ME) and l-methadone (l-ME). Cartilage, relative to an equal weight of pure CS, bound slightly more d-TCE, 50% more d-ME and l-ME, and the same amount of morphine. The amount of d-TCE bound to pure CS was similar to that of decamethonium [methyl-14C] dibromide but less than that of two new iodinated bisquaternary compounds: 1,6-bis(N,N-dimethyl-3-iodobenzylamino)hexane dichloride and 1,6-bis[dimethyl-(3-amino-4,6-diiodo-benzyl)amino]hexane dichloride. The binding of d-TCE is greater for pure CS than for impure CS which contains 26% protein, and binding to either preparation was inversely related to sodium ion concentration. In the drug concentration range explored, 30 to 40% of d-TCE is bound to plasma proteins, which is twice that of decamethonium binding but equivalent to the binding of morphine and about one-half the binding of d-ME and l-ME. In this same drug concentration range, each gram of cartilage (dry weight) can bind about 10(-7) mol of d-TCE. This study suggests that the binding of d-TCE to cartilage is an ionic type bonding to the anionic sites of the ester sulfates and glucuronate moieties of CS and that the binding of d-TCE to the protein fraction of cartilage is probably equal to, or less than, its binding to the CS fraction. It is concluded that cartilage may represent a measurable distribution pool for d-tubocurarine.", "contents": "Binding of d-tubocurarine di (methyl-14C) ether iodide and other amines to cartilage, chondroitin sulfate and human plasma proteins. The binding of d-tubocurarine di [methyl-14C] ether iodide (d-TCE) and other amines to bovine nasal septum, chondroitin sulfate (CS) and human plasma proteins was examined by equilibrium dialysis. Bovine nasal septum and CS bound d-TCE to a greater extent than they did morphine, d-methadone (d-ME) and l-methadone (l-ME). Cartilage, relative to an equal weight of pure CS, bound slightly more d-TCE, 50% more d-ME and l-ME, and the same amount of morphine. The amount of d-TCE bound to pure CS was similar to that of decamethonium [methyl-14C] dibromide but less than that of two new iodinated bisquaternary compounds: 1,6-bis(N,N-dimethyl-3-iodobenzylamino)hexane dichloride and 1,6-bis[dimethyl-(3-amino-4,6-diiodo-benzyl)amino]hexane dichloride. The binding of d-TCE is greater for pure CS than for impure CS which contains 26% protein, and binding to either preparation was inversely related to sodium ion concentration. In the drug concentration range explored, 30 to 40% of d-TCE is bound to plasma proteins, which is twice that of decamethonium binding but equivalent to the binding of morphine and about one-half the binding of d-ME and l-ME. In this same drug concentration range, each gram of cartilage (dry weight) can bind about 10(-7) mol of d-TCE. This study suggests that the binding of d-TCE to cartilage is an ionic type bonding to the anionic sites of the ester sulfates and glucuronate moieties of CS and that the binding of d-TCE to the protein fraction of cartilage is probably equal to, or less than, its binding to the CS fraction. It is concluded that cartilage may represent a measurable distribution pool for d-tubocurarine.", "PMID": 1185594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9918", "title": "A comparison of the potencies of a series of barbiturates at the neuromuscular junction and on the central nervous system.", "content": "The ability of a series of barbiturates to depress the depolarizing action of carbachol at the end-plate of guinea-pig lumbrical muscle was studied. The compounds studied were: amorbarbital, aprobarbital, barbital, barbituric acid, butabarbital, butalbital, dimethylbutylethyl barbituric acid, hexobarbital, mephobarbitak, secobarbital, thiamylal, and thiopental. The depressant activity was sensitive to small changes in structure of the compounds strongly suggesting that a specific receptor site was involved in the interaction of the drug with the tissue. The observed relative potencies on the motor end-plate were compared with their anesthetic potencies assayed on tadpoles. The two potencies went hand-in-hand for all the compounds studied, including the convulsant member of the series.", "contents": "A comparison of the potencies of a series of barbiturates at the neuromuscular junction and on the central nervous system. The ability of a series of barbiturates to depress the depolarizing action of carbachol at the end-plate of guinea-pig lumbrical muscle was studied. The compounds studied were: amorbarbital, aprobarbital, barbital, barbituric acid, butabarbital, butalbital, dimethylbutylethyl barbituric acid, hexobarbital, mephobarbitak, secobarbital, thiamylal, and thiopental. The depressant activity was sensitive to small changes in structure of the compounds strongly suggesting that a specific receptor site was involved in the interaction of the drug with the tissue. The observed relative potencies on the motor end-plate were compared with their anesthetic potencies assayed on tadpoles. The two potencies went hand-in-hand for all the compounds studied, including the convulsant member of the series.", "PMID": 1185595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9919", "title": "Differential sensitivity of two dopaminergic structures in rat brain to haloperidol and to clozapine.", "content": "The mechanisms underlying the dissociation of the extrapyramidal and antipsychotic properties of haloperidol as compared to clozapine were explored by studying the effects of these drugs on dopamine metabolism in the straitum and tuberculum olfactorium (TO) of the rat. Homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were simutaneously measured in these regions by a gas chromatographic techinque after treating the rats with different doses of the drugs. Dose-response curves and time-action curves were generated. For both drugs, a higher dose was required to achieve half-maximal metabolite elevation in the TO as compared to the striatum. The apparent differential sensitivity to haloperidol was attributed to differences in time to peak response. The time to peak response to clozapine was similar in both structures. Thus, the striatum appears to be more sensitive to clozapine than the TO with respect to elevation of dopamine metabolites. The effect of haloperidol on dopamine metabolism in the striatum was more persistent than that in the TO. After 4 hours, metabolite levels were still elevated in the striatum, whereas after 2 hours they returned to base line in the TO. The extrapyramidal effects of haloperidol may be due to the persistent action of this drug on dopamine metabolism in the striatum, and the lack of extrapyramidal effects of clozapine may be due to its brief action on dopamine metabolism in the striatum.", "contents": "Differential sensitivity of two dopaminergic structures in rat brain to haloperidol and to clozapine. The mechanisms underlying the dissociation of the extrapyramidal and antipsychotic properties of haloperidol as compared to clozapine were explored by studying the effects of these drugs on dopamine metabolism in the straitum and tuberculum olfactorium (TO) of the rat. Homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were simutaneously measured in these regions by a gas chromatographic techinque after treating the rats with different doses of the drugs. Dose-response curves and time-action curves were generated. For both drugs, a higher dose was required to achieve half-maximal metabolite elevation in the TO as compared to the striatum. The apparent differential sensitivity to haloperidol was attributed to differences in time to peak response. The time to peak response to clozapine was similar in both structures. Thus, the striatum appears to be more sensitive to clozapine than the TO with respect to elevation of dopamine metabolites. The effect of haloperidol on dopamine metabolism in the striatum was more persistent than that in the TO. After 4 hours, metabolite levels were still elevated in the striatum, whereas after 2 hours they returned to base line in the TO. The extrapyramidal effects of haloperidol may be due to the persistent action of this drug on dopamine metabolism in the striatum, and the lack of extrapyramidal effects of clozapine may be due to its brief action on dopamine metabolism in the striatum.", "PMID": 1185596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9920", "title": "Schedule-induced oral narcotic self-administration: acute and chronic effects.", "content": "A pattern of lever pressing was maintained in rats by presenting a food pellet following the first lever press to occur after at least 90-seconds had elapsed (fixed-interval 90-second schedule of food presentation, FI 90-second). With a drinking solution available, a pattern of excessive postpellet drinking (schedule-induced polydipsia) developed and was used to induce rats to drink solutions containing varying concentrations of narcotics. During acute exposure to morphine HCl, morphine SO4 or methadone HCl in the drinking solution, drinking decreased as a function of increasing drug concentration (from 0.3-1 mg/ml), but the total dose of narcotic ingested increased as a function of increasing drug concentration. The highest average dose of morphine HCl consumed in tap water was 30 mg/kg within an hour session. When morphine HCl was presented in an isotonic saline solution, drinking was increased and the highest average dose of morphine HCl ingested was 60 mg/kg within an hour session. The use of an isotonic saline solution did not appreceiably enhance the ingestion methadone HCl (about 30 mg/kg/hr). After chronic exposure to drug solutions for daily 4-hour sessions, the doses ingested averaged between 150 and 250 mg/kg/4 hr for 1 mg/ml solutions of morphine HCl and morphine SO4. The stable pattern of drinking exhibited by rats on the 0.5 mg/ml morphine HCl solution was characterized by a dissociation of drinking from pellet presentation. Chronic exposure to methadone HCl solutions (1 mg/ml) produced less drinking and lower doses ingested (approximately 100 mg/kg) than was obtained with either morphine HCl or morphine SO4 at an equal concentration.", "contents": "Schedule-induced oral narcotic self-administration: acute and chronic effects. A pattern of lever pressing was maintained in rats by presenting a food pellet following the first lever press to occur after at least 90-seconds had elapsed (fixed-interval 90-second schedule of food presentation, FI 90-second). With a drinking solution available, a pattern of excessive postpellet drinking (schedule-induced polydipsia) developed and was used to induce rats to drink solutions containing varying concentrations of narcotics. During acute exposure to morphine HCl, morphine SO4 or methadone HCl in the drinking solution, drinking decreased as a function of increasing drug concentration (from 0.3-1 mg/ml), but the total dose of narcotic ingested increased as a function of increasing drug concentration. The highest average dose of morphine HCl consumed in tap water was 30 mg/kg within an hour session. When morphine HCl was presented in an isotonic saline solution, drinking was increased and the highest average dose of morphine HCl ingested was 60 mg/kg within an hour session. The use of an isotonic saline solution did not appreceiably enhance the ingestion methadone HCl (about 30 mg/kg/hr). After chronic exposure to drug solutions for daily 4-hour sessions, the doses ingested averaged between 150 and 250 mg/kg/4 hr for 1 mg/ml solutions of morphine HCl and morphine SO4. The stable pattern of drinking exhibited by rats on the 0.5 mg/ml morphine HCl solution was characterized by a dissociation of drinking from pellet presentation. Chronic exposure to methadone HCl solutions (1 mg/ml) produced less drinking and lower doses ingested (approximately 100 mg/kg) than was obtained with either morphine HCl or morphine SO4 at an equal concentration.", "PMID": 1185597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9921", "title": "Effects of heroin and methadone on plasma cortisol and testosterone.", "content": "Narcotic addicts self-administered heroin intravenously for 10 days under controlled research ward conditions and were subsequently detoxified with methadone for 7 days. Plasma testosterone levels decreased signifcantly when heroin dosage was between 45 and 65 mg/day contrasted to predrug base-line levels. Testosterone levels remained depressed during methadone withdrawal. No statistically significant changes in a.m. plasma cortisol levels were observed during both heroin acquisition and methadone withdrawal.", "contents": "Effects of heroin and methadone on plasma cortisol and testosterone. Narcotic addicts self-administered heroin intravenously for 10 days under controlled research ward conditions and were subsequently detoxified with methadone for 7 days. Plasma testosterone levels decreased signifcantly when heroin dosage was between 45 and 65 mg/day contrasted to predrug base-line levels. Testosterone levels remained depressed during methadone withdrawal. No statistically significant changes in a.m. plasma cortisol levels were observed during both heroin acquisition and methadone withdrawal.", "PMID": 1185598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9922", "title": "Studies of the enterohepatic circulation of morphine in the rat.", "content": "The disposition of 14C-morphine was studied after gastrointestinal and subcutaneous administration to female Sprague-Dawley rats. Morphine was found to be rapidly and nearly completely absorbed from the small intestine. After s.c. administration, approximately half the 5 mg/kg dose of morphine was excreted via the bile into the intestinal tract, largely as morphine glucuronide. Unlike morphine, the glucuronide conjugate in bile was poorly absorbed from the small intestine where its hydrolysis occurred slowly. After administration into the cecum, however, hydrolysis of the conjugate was rapid, and the rate of absorption of radioactive material was similar to that of free morphine. Treatment of rats with lincomycin (500 mg/1 in drinking water and 25 mg twice a day by gastric intubation for 4 days) significantly decreased cecal hydrolysis of the conjugate and the cecal absorption of radioactive material. Lincomycin treatment also increased fecal excretion of the conjugate in rats given morphine s.c. (5 mg/kg). These findings indicated that hydrolysis of morphine glucuronide is dependent upon the status of enteric bacteria and is a prerequisite to the enterohepatic circulation of morphine. In addition, after lincomycin treatment, a greater percentage of radioactivity excreted in the urine was associated with free morphine. This finding could be expained by the demonstration of pH dependence of renal excretion of morphine and a first-pass effect for this drug.", "contents": "Studies of the enterohepatic circulation of morphine in the rat. The disposition of 14C-morphine was studied after gastrointestinal and subcutaneous administration to female Sprague-Dawley rats. Morphine was found to be rapidly and nearly completely absorbed from the small intestine. After s.c. administration, approximately half the 5 mg/kg dose of morphine was excreted via the bile into the intestinal tract, largely as morphine glucuronide. Unlike morphine, the glucuronide conjugate in bile was poorly absorbed from the small intestine where its hydrolysis occurred slowly. After administration into the cecum, however, hydrolysis of the conjugate was rapid, and the rate of absorption of radioactive material was similar to that of free morphine. Treatment of rats with lincomycin (500 mg/1 in drinking water and 25 mg twice a day by gastric intubation for 4 days) significantly decreased cecal hydrolysis of the conjugate and the cecal absorption of radioactive material. Lincomycin treatment also increased fecal excretion of the conjugate in rats given morphine s.c. (5 mg/kg). These findings indicated that hydrolysis of morphine glucuronide is dependent upon the status of enteric bacteria and is a prerequisite to the enterohepatic circulation of morphine. In addition, after lincomycin treatment, a greater percentage of radioactivity excreted in the urine was associated with free morphine. This finding could be expained by the demonstration of pH dependence of renal excretion of morphine and a first-pass effect for this drug.", "PMID": 1185599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9923", "title": "Biliary excretion of drugs: role of ligandin in newborn immaturity and in the action of microsomal enzyme inducers.", "content": "Microsomal enzyme inducers such as phenobarbital, spironolactone and pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile increase the rate of disappearance of drugs such as sulfobromophthalein and ouabain, from the plasma, to a similar extent by increasing their rate of excretion into bile. However, this effect is not observed after 3-methylcholanthrene. The enhanced biliary excretion is not dependent on increased biotransformation only, since ouabain is not biotransformed before excretion. Newborn rats are immature in their ability to excrete drugs such as BSP and ouabain. Since a hepatic cytosol protein, ligandin, has been shown to bind many drugs and is suggested to be important in the hepatic removal of drugs from the plasma, the correlation between the hepatic content of ligandin and hepatic excretory function was measured. Treatment of adult rats for 4 days with phenobarbital increased the amount of ligandin by 85%, whereas spironolactone increased it by 35% and 3-methylcholanthrene by 17%. The amount of ligandin in the livers of 5-day-old rats was about 10% that of adults and increased until the rats were about 35 days of age. Althoughh ligandin bound sulfobromophthalein, it did not bind ouabain. Since little correlation between the ability of microsomal enzyme inducers to increase ligandin and to increase biliary excretion exists, and since ouabain is excreted at a faster rate after administration of microsomal enzyme inducers and at a slower rate in newborn rats, even thoug ligandin does not bind ouabain, it is suggested that the amount of ligandin in the liver is not related to the increased biliary excretion after micromomal inducers, nor to the decreased hepatic excretory function in newborn rats.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of drugs: role of ligandin in newborn immaturity and in the action of microsomal enzyme inducers. Microsomal enzyme inducers such as phenobarbital, spironolactone and pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile increase the rate of disappearance of drugs such as sulfobromophthalein and ouabain, from the plasma, to a similar extent by increasing their rate of excretion into bile. However, this effect is not observed after 3-methylcholanthrene. The enhanced biliary excretion is not dependent on increased biotransformation only, since ouabain is not biotransformed before excretion. Newborn rats are immature in their ability to excrete drugs such as BSP and ouabain. Since a hepatic cytosol protein, ligandin, has been shown to bind many drugs and is suggested to be important in the hepatic removal of drugs from the plasma, the correlation between the hepatic content of ligandin and hepatic excretory function was measured. Treatment of adult rats for 4 days with phenobarbital increased the amount of ligandin by 85%, whereas spironolactone increased it by 35% and 3-methylcholanthrene by 17%. The amount of ligandin in the livers of 5-day-old rats was about 10% that of adults and increased until the rats were about 35 days of age. Althoughh ligandin bound sulfobromophthalein, it did not bind ouabain. Since little correlation between the ability of microsomal enzyme inducers to increase ligandin and to increase biliary excretion exists, and since ouabain is excreted at a faster rate after administration of microsomal enzyme inducers and at a slower rate in newborn rats, even thoug ligandin does not bind ouabain, it is suggested that the amount of ligandin in the liver is not related to the increased biliary excretion after micromomal inducers, nor to the decreased hepatic excretory function in newborn rats.", "PMID": 1185600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9924", "title": "Circadian rhythms in drug action and drug metabolism in the mouse.", "content": "The relationship between circadian rhythms in the pharmacological actions of meperidine and hexobarbital and similar rhythms in the hepatic metabolism of these drugs was examined in mice under a variety of environmental alterations to determine whether such rhythms may be causally related. The rate of metabolism of p-nitroanisole and hexobarbital by hepatic 9000 X g supernatant fractions was found to be higher at 2400 hours (middark phase) compared to 1200 hours (midlight phase). The rhythms in in vitro hexobarbital and in vivo merperidine metabolism were inversely related in time with similar rhythms in duration of hexobarbital sleep time and meperidine analgesia. Exposure of mice to continuous lighting abolished the rhythms in metabolism and response to meperidine and hexobarbital. Reversal of the usual lighting cycle inverted the rhythm in hexobarbital metablism while abolishing the rhythm in pharmacological response to hexobarbital; meperidine was similarly affected. Adrenalectomy abolished the rhythm in hexobarbital metabolism, diminished the amplitude of the circadian variation in meperidine metabolism and abolished the rhythm in hexobarbital hypnosis and meperidine analgesia. These results indicate that circadian rhythms in the action of hexobarbital and meperidine are well correlated with similar rhythms in the disposition of these drugs.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms in drug action and drug metabolism in the mouse. The relationship between circadian rhythms in the pharmacological actions of meperidine and hexobarbital and similar rhythms in the hepatic metabolism of these drugs was examined in mice under a variety of environmental alterations to determine whether such rhythms may be causally related. The rate of metabolism of p-nitroanisole and hexobarbital by hepatic 9000 X g supernatant fractions was found to be higher at 2400 hours (middark phase) compared to 1200 hours (midlight phase). The rhythms in in vitro hexobarbital and in vivo merperidine metabolism were inversely related in time with similar rhythms in duration of hexobarbital sleep time and meperidine analgesia. Exposure of mice to continuous lighting abolished the rhythms in metabolism and response to meperidine and hexobarbital. Reversal of the usual lighting cycle inverted the rhythm in hexobarbital metablism while abolishing the rhythm in pharmacological response to hexobarbital; meperidine was similarly affected. Adrenalectomy abolished the rhythm in hexobarbital metabolism, diminished the amplitude of the circadian variation in meperidine metabolism and abolished the rhythm in hexobarbital hypnosis and meperidine analgesia. These results indicate that circadian rhythms in the action of hexobarbital and meperidine are well correlated with similar rhythms in the disposition of these drugs.", "PMID": 1185601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9925", "title": "Bioavailability of sodium cyanate in patients with sickle cell disease and the lack of inhibition in vitro of globin synthesis at in vivo concentrations of cyanate.", "content": "Studies have been made on the bioavailability in blood of sodium cyantate administered orally in gelatin capsules, in gelatin capsules plus antacid, in enteric-coated capsules and in cocoa butter suppositories administered rectally to patients with sickle cell disease. Maximal blood concentrations of cyanate did not exceed 0.4 mM. Sodium cyanate taken orally in gelatin capsules yielded the highest blood concentrations of the drug, but the peak concentrations and curve areas were not necessarily dose-related. The duration of the drug in the circulation was about 210 minutes. Administration of sodium cyanate in the gelatin capsules, taken with an antacid, improved the dose-response relationship within a given patient. Enteric-coated capsules and suppositories were found to show variable and low bioavailability profiles, respectively. Variability in bioavailability between patients with a given dosage form requires further study. Since the concentration of cyanate attainable in vivo does not inhibit synthesis of either the alpha- or beta-chain of hemoglobin in vitro, previous reports on the inhibitory effects of 10 to 100 mM cyanate on globin synthesis in vitro do not appear to be relevant.", "contents": "Bioavailability of sodium cyanate in patients with sickle cell disease and the lack of inhibition in vitro of globin synthesis at in vivo concentrations of cyanate. Studies have been made on the bioavailability in blood of sodium cyantate administered orally in gelatin capsules, in gelatin capsules plus antacid, in enteric-coated capsules and in cocoa butter suppositories administered rectally to patients with sickle cell disease. Maximal blood concentrations of cyanate did not exceed 0.4 mM. Sodium cyanate taken orally in gelatin capsules yielded the highest blood concentrations of the drug, but the peak concentrations and curve areas were not necessarily dose-related. The duration of the drug in the circulation was about 210 minutes. Administration of sodium cyanate in the gelatin capsules, taken with an antacid, improved the dose-response relationship within a given patient. Enteric-coated capsules and suppositories were found to show variable and low bioavailability profiles, respectively. Variability in bioavailability between patients with a given dosage form requires further study. Since the concentration of cyanate attainable in vivo does not inhibit synthesis of either the alpha- or beta-chain of hemoglobin in vitro, previous reports on the inhibitory effects of 10 to 100 mM cyanate on globin synthesis in vitro do not appear to be relevant.", "PMID": 1185602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9926", "title": "Comparison of the effects of carbamyl phosphate and sodium cyanate on protein synthesis and glutathione concentration in human sickle cell and rabbit reticulocytes.", "content": "Two carbamylating agents, carbamyl phosphate and sodium cyanate, are currently being evaluated as therapeutic drugs for the treatment of sickle cell anemia. Since the clinical usefulness of these drugs might be limited by toxicity, a comparative in vitro study of the relative inhibition of human sickle cell and rabbit reticulocyte protein synthesis was performed. Sodium cyanate was found to inhibit human sickle cell protein synthesis at concentrations one-eighth that of carbamyl phosphate. Carbamyl phosphate lowered reduced glutathione levels to a similar degree as sodium cyanate and was slightly more effective as an in vitro antisickling agent, which is evidence that carbamyl phosphate enters these cells. When rabbit reticulocyte protein synthesis was investigated, carbamyl phosphate was found to be noninhibitory at concentrations as high as 128 mol/mol of hemoglobin in the incubation medium, while cyanate was inhibitory at much lower concentrations. The effect of carbamyl phosphate on glutathione concentrations, however, was virtually identical to that of cyanate. These results show that the effect on protein synthesis does not result from the lowered glutathione levels. It is concluded that both the therapeutic and toxic effects of sodium cre, there might be differences in toxicity between animals and humans.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of carbamyl phosphate and sodium cyanate on protein synthesis and glutathione concentration in human sickle cell and rabbit reticulocytes. Two carbamylating agents, carbamyl phosphate and sodium cyanate, are currently being evaluated as therapeutic drugs for the treatment of sickle cell anemia. Since the clinical usefulness of these drugs might be limited by toxicity, a comparative in vitro study of the relative inhibition of human sickle cell and rabbit reticulocyte protein synthesis was performed. Sodium cyanate was found to inhibit human sickle cell protein synthesis at concentrations one-eighth that of carbamyl phosphate. Carbamyl phosphate lowered reduced glutathione levels to a similar degree as sodium cyanate and was slightly more effective as an in vitro antisickling agent, which is evidence that carbamyl phosphate enters these cells. When rabbit reticulocyte protein synthesis was investigated, carbamyl phosphate was found to be noninhibitory at concentrations as high as 128 mol/mol of hemoglobin in the incubation medium, while cyanate was inhibitory at much lower concentrations. The effect of carbamyl phosphate on glutathione concentrations, however, was virtually identical to that of cyanate. These results show that the effect on protein synthesis does not result from the lowered glutathione levels. It is concluded that both the therapeutic and toxic effects of sodium cre, there might be differences in toxicity between animals and humans.", "PMID": 1185603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9927", "title": "Actions of ricinoleic acid and structurally related fatty acids of the gastrointestinal tract. I. Effects on smooth muscle contractility in vitro.", "content": "Ricinoleic acid and several structurally related compounds were tested for their effects on the smooth muscle contractions of the coaxially stimulated guinea-pig ileum, the spontaneously contracting rabbit jejunum, 90 mM potassium depolarized guinea-pig taenia coli and rat colon. In concentrations of 1.25 X 10(-5) to 4 X 10(-4) M, ricinoleate produced a dose-dependent depression of the stimulated guinea-pig ileum. This action was not produced by matching concentrations of oleate, elaidate, linoleate, 12-hydroxystearic acid, 10(9)-hydroxystearate, the methyl ester of ricinoleic acid or the trans isomer, recinelaidate. The alcohol derivative, ricinoleyl alcohol, was active and, although the depression produced by it took longer to maximize, the dose-response curves for ricinoleate and ricinoleyl alcohol on this tissue were almost superimposable. Ricinoleate showed the same qualitative and quantitative effects on the spontaneously contracting rabbit jejunum, but several differences were noted on the depolarized preparations. Ricinoleate-induced depression of depolarized smooth muscle was much slower in onset and required about 10 times higher concentrations to achieve equivalent responses. The results show that ricinoleic acid, the active ingredient in castor oil, is not a stimulant or irritant to isolated intestinal smooth muscle.", "contents": "Actions of ricinoleic acid and structurally related fatty acids of the gastrointestinal tract. I. Effects on smooth muscle contractility in vitro. Ricinoleic acid and several structurally related compounds were tested for their effects on the smooth muscle contractions of the coaxially stimulated guinea-pig ileum, the spontaneously contracting rabbit jejunum, 90 mM potassium depolarized guinea-pig taenia coli and rat colon. In concentrations of 1.25 X 10(-5) to 4 X 10(-4) M, ricinoleate produced a dose-dependent depression of the stimulated guinea-pig ileum. This action was not produced by matching concentrations of oleate, elaidate, linoleate, 12-hydroxystearic acid, 10(9)-hydroxystearate, the methyl ester of ricinoleic acid or the trans isomer, recinelaidate. The alcohol derivative, ricinoleyl alcohol, was active and, although the depression produced by it took longer to maximize, the dose-response curves for ricinoleate and ricinoleyl alcohol on this tissue were almost superimposable. Ricinoleate showed the same qualitative and quantitative effects on the spontaneously contracting rabbit jejunum, but several differences were noted on the depolarized preparations. Ricinoleate-induced depression of depolarized smooth muscle was much slower in onset and required about 10 times higher concentrations to achieve equivalent responses. The results show that ricinoleic acid, the active ingredient in castor oil, is not a stimulant or irritant to isolated intestinal smooth muscle.", "PMID": 1185604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9928", "title": "Actions of ricinoleic acid and structurally related fatty acids on the gastrointestinal tract. II. Effects on water and electrolyte absorption in vitro.", "content": "Ricinoleic acid, the active component of castor oil, and related fatty acids were studied to determine their relative inhibitory effects on water and electrolyte absorption using everted hamster jejunal and ileal segments. Differences were found between hydroxylated and nonhydroxylated congeners as well as between cis and trans geometric isomers. At a mucosal concentration of 2.0 mM, the unsaturated fatty acids had the following rank order of potency on inhibition of water absorption: ricionoleate greater  than or equal to ricinelaidate- greater than equal to linoleate greater than oleate greater than linelaidate greater than elaidate. Ricinoleyl alcohol was  effective at 2.0 mM but the methyl ester of ricinoleic acid was ineffective at this concentration. Among a series of saturated fatty acids including palmitate, stearate, a mixture of 9- and 10-hydroxystearate, and 12-hydroxystearate, only the last compound had any inhibitory effect on water absorption. The results define those portions of the ricinoleic acid molecule required for its effect on water and electrolyte absorption and suggest that classification of this cathartic as an \"irritant\" or \"stimulant\" should be re-evlauated.", "contents": "Actions of ricinoleic acid and structurally related fatty acids on the gastrointestinal tract. II. Effects on water and electrolyte absorption in vitro. Ricinoleic acid, the active component of castor oil, and related fatty acids were studied to determine their relative inhibitory effects on water and electrolyte absorption using everted hamster jejunal and ileal segments. Differences were found between hydroxylated and nonhydroxylated congeners as well as between cis and trans geometric isomers. At a mucosal concentration of 2.0 mM, the unsaturated fatty acids had the following rank order of potency on inhibition of water absorption: ricionoleate greater  than or equal to ricinelaidate- greater than equal to linoleate greater than oleate greater than linelaidate greater than elaidate. Ricinoleyl alcohol was  effective at 2.0 mM but the methyl ester of ricinoleic acid was ineffective at this concentration. Among a series of saturated fatty acids including palmitate, stearate, a mixture of 9- and 10-hydroxystearate, and 12-hydroxystearate, only the last compound had any inhibitory effect on water absorption. The results define those portions of the ricinoleic acid molecule required for its effect on water and electrolyte absorption and suggest that classification of this cathartic as an \"irritant\" or \"stimulant\" should be re-evlauated.", "PMID": 1185605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9929", "title": "The effects of electrical stimulation of the autonomic nerves and of drugs on the size of salivary glands and their rate of cell division.", "content": "The effects of electrical stimulation of the sympathetic and of the parasympathetic nerves on the size of rat salivary glands have been investigated and compared with those caused by isoproterenol. Sympathetic nerve stimulation increased the size and the mitotic index in the parotid acini; in the submaxillary acini, only the size was increased. These responses varied with the gland studied and the duration of stimulation; the parotid showed the larger increase in the mitotic index and thymidine uptake, the submaxillary the greater degree of cell enlargement. Prolonged electrical stimulation beyond that required to produce the maximum increase in size reduced the enlargement. Sympathetic nerve stimulation caused no enlargement in the extraorbital lacrimal or major sublingual glands. The responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation were inhibited by propranolol (17 nmol/pg), normetanephrine (2 X 45 nmol/g) and mecamylamine (50 nmol/g) but not by phentolamine (13.0 nmol/g) or atropine (7.5 nmol/g). Electric stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves produced no increase in the size or in the mitotic index.", "contents": "The effects of electrical stimulation of the autonomic nerves and of drugs on the size of salivary glands and their rate of cell division. The effects of electrical stimulation of the sympathetic and of the parasympathetic nerves on the size of rat salivary glands have been investigated and compared with those caused by isoproterenol. Sympathetic nerve stimulation increased the size and the mitotic index in the parotid acini; in the submaxillary acini, only the size was increased. These responses varied with the gland studied and the duration of stimulation; the parotid showed the larger increase in the mitotic index and thymidine uptake, the submaxillary the greater degree of cell enlargement. Prolonged electrical stimulation beyond that required to produce the maximum increase in size reduced the enlargement. Sympathetic nerve stimulation caused no enlargement in the extraorbital lacrimal or major sublingual glands. The responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation were inhibited by propranolol (17 nmol/pg), normetanephrine (2 X 45 nmol/g) and mecamylamine (50 nmol/g) but not by phentolamine (13.0 nmol/g) or atropine (7.5 nmol/g). Electric stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves produced no increase in the size or in the mitotic index.", "PMID": 1185606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9930", "title": "Reconstruction of the electrical activity of cardiac Purkinje fibres.", "content": "1. The electrical activity of Cardiac Purkinje fibres was reconstructed using a mathematical model of the membrane current. The individual components of ionic curent were described by equations which wee based as closely as possible on previous experiments using the voltage clamp technique. 2. Membrane action potentials and pace-maker activity were calculated and compared with time course of underlying changes in two functionally distinct outeard currents, iX1 and iK2. 3. The repolarization of the theoretical action potential is triggered by the onset of iX1, which becomes activated over the plateau range of potentials. iK2 also activates during the plateau but does not play a controlling role in the repolarization. Hwever, iK2 does govern the slow pace-maker depolarization through its subsequent deactivation at negative potentials. 4. The individual phases of the calculated action potential and their 'experimental' modifications were compared with published records. The upstroke is generated by a Hodgkin-Huxley type sodium conductance (gNa), and rises with a maximum rate of 478 V/sec, somewhat less than experimentally observed values ( up to 800 V/sec). The discrepancy is discussed in relation to experimental attempts at measuring gNa. 5. The ole of the transient outward chloride current (called igr) was studied in calculations of the rapid phase of repolarization and 'notch' configuration...", "contents": "Reconstruction of the electrical activity of cardiac Purkinje fibres. 1. The electrical activity of Cardiac Purkinje fibres was reconstructed using a mathematical model of the membrane current. The individual components of ionic curent were described by equations which wee based as closely as possible on previous experiments using the voltage clamp technique. 2. Membrane action potentials and pace-maker activity were calculated and compared with time course of underlying changes in two functionally distinct outeard currents, iX1 and iK2. 3. The repolarization of the theoretical action potential is triggered by the onset of iX1, which becomes activated over the plateau range of potentials. iK2 also activates during the plateau but does not play a controlling role in the repolarization. Hwever, iK2 does govern the slow pace-maker depolarization through its subsequent deactivation at negative potentials. 4. The individual phases of the calculated action potential and their 'experimental' modifications were compared with published records. The upstroke is generated by a Hodgkin-Huxley type sodium conductance (gNa), and rises with a maximum rate of 478 V/sec, somewhat less than experimentally observed values ( up to 800 V/sec). The discrepancy is discussed in relation to experimental attempts at measuring gNa. 5. The ole of the transient outward chloride current (called igr) was studied in calculations of the rapid phase of repolarization and 'notch' configuration...", "PMID": 1185607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9931", "title": "Responses of hair cells in the statocyst of Hermissenda.", "content": "Responses to mechanical stimulation were recorded from hair cells in the statocyst of Hermissenda crassicornis. The response to a brief stimulus is a depolarizing wave which reaches peak in about 25 msec and decays slowly. 2. Hyperpolarization by extrinsic currents increases the amplitude of the response; depolarization decreases it and eventually reverses its polarity. It is inferred from these results that the primary outcome of the transduction process is an increase of membrane conductance and that the voltage change (generator potential) follows as a secondary event. 3. The features of the conductance change were reconstructed from the time course of the generator potential and the passive properties of the membrane. It was found that the increase of membrane conductance develops slowly and is roughly proportional to the energy delivered by the stimulus. 4. The time course of the conductance change required to reproduce the generator potential is similar to the output of a model involving a sequence of transformations. 5. The generator potential is sensitive to temperature, becoming faster as temperature is raised. This effect is reproduced by the model if the transition rates are assumed to be temperature-dependent, with a Q10 of about 2. 6. It is concluded that a chain of temperature-sensitive processes is interposed between the stimulus and the increase of membrane conductance.", "contents": "Responses of hair cells in the statocyst of Hermissenda. Responses to mechanical stimulation were recorded from hair cells in the statocyst of Hermissenda crassicornis. The response to a brief stimulus is a depolarizing wave which reaches peak in about 25 msec and decays slowly. 2. Hyperpolarization by extrinsic currents increases the amplitude of the response; depolarization decreases it and eventually reverses its polarity. It is inferred from these results that the primary outcome of the transduction process is an increase of membrane conductance and that the voltage change (generator potential) follows as a secondary event. 3. The features of the conductance change were reconstructed from the time course of the generator potential and the passive properties of the membrane. It was found that the increase of membrane conductance develops slowly and is roughly proportional to the energy delivered by the stimulus. 4. The time course of the conductance change required to reproduce the generator potential is similar to the output of a model involving a sequence of transformations. 5. The generator potential is sensitive to temperature, becoming faster as temperature is raised. This effect is reproduced by the model if the transition rates are assumed to be temperature-dependent, with a Q10 of about 2. 6. It is concluded that a chain of temperature-sensitive processes is interposed between the stimulus and the increase of membrane conductance.", "PMID": 1185609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9932", "title": "The effect of curare on the release of acetylcholine from mammalian motor nerve terminals and an estimate of quantum content.", "content": "Curarized and non-curarized rat hemidiaphragm muscles were indirectly stimulated in vitro. 2. The fluid bathing the active curarized muscles was eluted through a dextran gel (Sephadex G-10), effecting a complete separation of ACh from curare. The acetylcholine fraction was then assayed on an isometric leech muscle preparation. 3. Prostaglandin (PGE1) in a concentration fifteen times that estimated to be released from the skeletal muscle preparation did not affect the response of leech muscle to ACh. 4. The amount of ACh released by curarized muscles (4-9 X 10(-18) mole/impulse-junction) was not significantly different from that released by non-curarized muscles (4-6 X 10(-18) mole/impulse-junction). These quantities are similar to those obtained by previous workers. It is concluded that curare in a paralytic dose does not affect the output of ACh from motor nerve terminals stimulated at low frequencies. 5. Spontaneous release of ACh from non-curarized muscles was estimated at 0-45-0-65 p-mole/min. hemidiaphragm. It is calculated that only 2% of this amount could give rise to post-synaptic electrical events, the remainder having a non-synaptic source. 6. The number of molecules of 'quantal' ACh released by stimulated muscle is calculated as 2-5 X 10(6)/impulse-junction, taking account of the non-synaptic release. The number of ACh molecules in one quantum was estimated to be 6250, an amount that could be easily accommodated in one synaptic vesicle.", "contents": "The effect of curare on the release of acetylcholine from mammalian motor nerve terminals and an estimate of quantum content. Curarized and non-curarized rat hemidiaphragm muscles were indirectly stimulated in vitro. 2. The fluid bathing the active curarized muscles was eluted through a dextran gel (Sephadex G-10), effecting a complete separation of ACh from curare. The acetylcholine fraction was then assayed on an isometric leech muscle preparation. 3. Prostaglandin (PGE1) in a concentration fifteen times that estimated to be released from the skeletal muscle preparation did not affect the response of leech muscle to ACh. 4. The amount of ACh released by curarized muscles (4-9 X 10(-18) mole/impulse-junction) was not significantly different from that released by non-curarized muscles (4-6 X 10(-18) mole/impulse-junction). These quantities are similar to those obtained by previous workers. It is concluded that curare in a paralytic dose does not affect the output of ACh from motor nerve terminals stimulated at low frequencies. 5. Spontaneous release of ACh from non-curarized muscles was estimated at 0-45-0-65 p-mole/min. hemidiaphragm. It is calculated that only 2% of this amount could give rise to post-synaptic electrical events, the remainder having a non-synaptic source. 6. The number of molecules of 'quantal' ACh released by stimulated muscle is calculated as 2-5 X 10(6)/impulse-junction, taking account of the non-synaptic release. The number of ACh molecules in one quantum was estimated to be 6250, an amount that could be easily accommodated in one synaptic vesicle.", "PMID": 1185611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9933", "title": "Horizontal cell responses in the retina of the larval tiger salamander.", "content": "The responses to light of horizontal cells were recorded intracellularly in the retina of the larval tiger salamander. 2. All the units studied had a large summation area and were hyperpolarized by circles of light of any wave-length centred on the recording electrode, but two types could be distinguished according to the properties of their receptive fields. Type A units were hyperpolarized following illumination of any portion of their receptive field, while type B units were not hyperpolarized by illumination of their surround unless the centre was simultaneously illuminated, stimulation of the surround alone resulting in either a small depolarization or virtually no response. 3. Procion yellow injections showed that type A responses are recorded from thick and long processes not directly continuous with an identifiable cell body, while type B responses originate from the cell body of cells that send very fine and tortuous processes towards the receptors. The histological observations also suggested that the type A units represent expansions or swellings of one or more of the fine processes originating from the type B units. Therefore, it seems possible that both types of units are just different parts of a single kind of horizontal cell, and that a majority of the dye injections failed to stain them simultaneously because of the small diameter of the connecting process. 4. The large summation area of type A units can be explained, just as for horizontal cells in other retinae, by supposing that they are electrically coupled to other units of the same type. The receptive field properties of type B units, however, can only be partly explained by electrical coupling, and then only if the existence of voltage-dependent junctions is postulated. Instead, the reversal of the polarity of responses to an annulus of light during steady illumination of the centre, plus the available electron microscopic evidence, suggest that the effect of the surround on the type B units is due to a chemical synaptic impingement from the type A units.", "contents": "Horizontal cell responses in the retina of the larval tiger salamander. The responses to light of horizontal cells were recorded intracellularly in the retina of the larval tiger salamander. 2. All the units studied had a large summation area and were hyperpolarized by circles of light of any wave-length centred on the recording electrode, but two types could be distinguished according to the properties of their receptive fields. Type A units were hyperpolarized following illumination of any portion of their receptive field, while type B units were not hyperpolarized by illumination of their surround unless the centre was simultaneously illuminated, stimulation of the surround alone resulting in either a small depolarization or virtually no response. 3. Procion yellow injections showed that type A responses are recorded from thick and long processes not directly continuous with an identifiable cell body, while type B responses originate from the cell body of cells that send very fine and tortuous processes towards the receptors. The histological observations also suggested that the type A units represent expansions or swellings of one or more of the fine processes originating from the type B units. Therefore, it seems possible that both types of units are just different parts of a single kind of horizontal cell, and that a majority of the dye injections failed to stain them simultaneously because of the small diameter of the connecting process. 4. The large summation area of type A units can be explained, just as for horizontal cells in other retinae, by supposing that they are electrically coupled to other units of the same type. The receptive field properties of type B units, however, can only be partly explained by electrical coupling, and then only if the existence of voltage-dependent junctions is postulated. Instead, the reversal of the polarity of responses to an annulus of light during steady illumination of the centre, plus the available electron microscopic evidence, suggest that the effect of the surround on the type B units is due to a chemical synaptic impingement from the type A units.", "PMID": 1185613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9934", "title": "The sinus nerve and baroreceptor input to the medulla of the cat.", "content": "Electrical stimulation within the medulla of cats revealed that myelinated primary afferent fibres of the sinus nerve terminated within the immediate vicinity of the tractus solitarius and its nucleus. 2. The activity of neurones within this area was also evoked on sinus nerve stimulation, although few (17%) were activated within a latency compatible with monosynaptic excitation. Additional projections over polysynaptic pathways have been shown to the parahypoglossal area and to the area of the nucleus ambiguus. 3. These three areas were shown to contain neurones whose activity was enhanced by stimulation of the baroreceptor endings of the ipsilateral carotid sinus. 4. No evidence for a projection of sinus nerve afferents to the medial reticular formation (an area extending medially from the hypoglossal nucleus and nerve tract and including the paramedian reticular nucleus) was obtained in either antidromic or orthodromic studies. 5. The organization of the central pathway of the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex is discussed in the light of these results.", "contents": "The sinus nerve and baroreceptor input to the medulla of the cat. Electrical stimulation within the medulla of cats revealed that myelinated primary afferent fibres of the sinus nerve terminated within the immediate vicinity of the tractus solitarius and its nucleus. 2. The activity of neurones within this area was also evoked on sinus nerve stimulation, although few (17%) were activated within a latency compatible with monosynaptic excitation. Additional projections over polysynaptic pathways have been shown to the parahypoglossal area and to the area of the nucleus ambiguus. 3. These three areas were shown to contain neurones whose activity was enhanced by stimulation of the baroreceptor endings of the ipsilateral carotid sinus. 4. No evidence for a projection of sinus nerve afferents to the medial reticular formation (an area extending medially from the hypoglossal nucleus and nerve tract and including the paramedian reticular nucleus) was obtained in either antidromic or orthodromic studies. 5. The organization of the central pathway of the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex is discussed in the light of these results.", "PMID": 1185653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9935", "title": "Sodium/sodium exchange in the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig taenia coli.", "content": "External Na has been shown to initiate a loss of 24 Na from high-Na smooth muscle of the guinea-pig taenia coli. This is an ouabain-insensitive effect, and there appears to be a 1:1 exchange of Na ions, suggesting a classical Na/Na exchange mechanism. 2. The Na/Na exchange has many properties in common with a similar exchange studied in high-Na beef erythrocytes by Motais (1973), and Motais & Sola (1973). It is very temperature-sensitive, it is partially inhibited by the sulphydryl reagents studied and it has a fairly low external affinity for Na. 3. The affinity of the external site for alkali metal cations is Na greater than Li greater than K greater than Rb greater than Cs. 4. It has proved impossible to estimate the affinity of the intracellular sites for Na. The curve relating intracellular Na content with the stimulated efflux reaches a maximum and then declines slightly. 5. Another unexpected finding was that after the rate of loss of Na has been reduced in a Na-free medium, reintroducing Na causes an overshoot in the rate, it increases to a value beyond the original one, and then slowly declines to it. 6. Unlike the classical Na/Na mechanism, the process is reduced, but not abolished by metabolic inhibition that depletes the tissue of ATP. 7. The results are interpreted to suggest that the Na/Na exchange is occurring from a cellular compartment of limited volume, which is itself exchanging with the main cell compartment. It is suggested that this small compartment is the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the effect of metabolic inhibition is to interfere in some way with the relationship between this compartment and the cell membrane.", "contents": "Sodium/sodium exchange in the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig taenia coli. External Na has been shown to initiate a loss of 24 Na from high-Na smooth muscle of the guinea-pig taenia coli. This is an ouabain-insensitive effect, and there appears to be a 1:1 exchange of Na ions, suggesting a classical Na/Na exchange mechanism. 2. The Na/Na exchange has many properties in common with a similar exchange studied in high-Na beef erythrocytes by Motais (1973), and Motais & Sola (1973). It is very temperature-sensitive, it is partially inhibited by the sulphydryl reagents studied and it has a fairly low external affinity for Na. 3. The affinity of the external site for alkali metal cations is Na greater than Li greater than K greater than Rb greater than Cs. 4. It has proved impossible to estimate the affinity of the intracellular sites for Na. The curve relating intracellular Na content with the stimulated efflux reaches a maximum and then declines slightly. 5. Another unexpected finding was that after the rate of loss of Na has been reduced in a Na-free medium, reintroducing Na causes an overshoot in the rate, it increases to a value beyond the original one, and then slowly declines to it. 6. Unlike the classical Na/Na mechanism, the process is reduced, but not abolished by metabolic inhibition that depletes the tissue of ATP. 7. The results are interpreted to suggest that the Na/Na exchange is occurring from a cellular compartment of limited volume, which is itself exchanging with the main cell compartment. It is suggested that this small compartment is the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the effect of metabolic inhibition is to interfere in some way with the relationship between this compartment and the cell membrane.", "PMID": 1185662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9936", "title": "Metabolic changes associated with the slowing of relaxation in fatigued mouse muscle.", "content": "1. The biochemical basis of the slowing of relaxation seen in fatigue has been examined using an isolated mouse soleus preparation. 2. Slowing of relaxation occurred during prolonged tetani under anaerobic conditions when ATP and PC fell and lactate accumulated. 3. Slowing of relaxation was also demonstrated with muscles poisoned with cyanide and iodoacetic acid when there was a fall in ATP and PC but no accumulation of lactate. During a period of anaerobic recovery following a fatiguing tetanus, relaxation became faster at a time when lactate was accumulating in the muscle. 4. It is concluded that the slowing of relaxation in fatigue is not a consequence of lactate accumulation, and a relationship is demonstrated between the ATP content of the muscle and the rate of relaxation in muscles fatigued by prolonged stimulation, 5. Rates of ATP turn-over in fresh muscle, and at intervals throughout a tetanus are consistent with the suggestion that the rate limiting step for myofibrillar ATPase may be directly related to the rate limiting step for the decay of tension during relaxation.", "contents": "Metabolic changes associated with the slowing of relaxation in fatigued mouse muscle. 1. The biochemical basis of the slowing of relaxation seen in fatigue has been examined using an isolated mouse soleus preparation. 2. Slowing of relaxation occurred during prolonged tetani under anaerobic conditions when ATP and PC fell and lactate accumulated. 3. Slowing of relaxation was also demonstrated with muscles poisoned with cyanide and iodoacetic acid when there was a fall in ATP and PC but no accumulation of lactate. During a period of anaerobic recovery following a fatiguing tetanus, relaxation became faster at a time when lactate was accumulating in the muscle. 4. It is concluded that the slowing of relaxation in fatigue is not a consequence of lactate accumulation, and a relationship is demonstrated between the ATP content of the muscle and the rate of relaxation in muscles fatigued by prolonged stimulation, 5. Rates of ATP turn-over in fresh muscle, and at intervals throughout a tetanus are consistent with the suggestion that the rate limiting step for myofibrillar ATPase may be directly related to the rate limiting step for the decay of tension during relaxation.", "PMID": 1185665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9937", "title": "Heat production and chemical changes during isometric contractions of the human quadriceps muscle.", "content": "1. Development of a new thermal probe and use in conjunction with chemical analysis of needle biopsy samples, has made possible a thermodynamic study of the energetics of muscular contraction in the human quadriceps. 2. The observed rate of muscle temperature rise was proportional to the force of the contraction. During maximal contractions the rate of heat production was 54 +/-8-5 W/kg wet muscle (mean +/- s.d.). 3. The observed rates of muscle temperature rise agreed well with the rates calculated from the measured metabolite changes when standard values for the enthalpy changes of the reactions involved were used. 4. During prolonged stimulation of the quadriceps at 15/sec via the femoral nerve, the rate of heat production per unit force fell to nearly half the initial value. It is estimated that this represented a two- to fourfold increased in economy of ATP turn-over required to maintain a given force. 5. Relaxation becomes progressively slower during prolonged contractions and it is suggested that the slowing of relaxation and the increased economy of force maintenance may both be due to an increased cross-bridge cycle time in the fatigued muscle.", "contents": "Heat production and chemical changes during isometric contractions of the human quadriceps muscle. 1. Development of a new thermal probe and use in conjunction with chemical analysis of needle biopsy samples, has made possible a thermodynamic study of the energetics of muscular contraction in the human quadriceps. 2. The observed rate of muscle temperature rise was proportional to the force of the contraction. During maximal contractions the rate of heat production was 54 +/-8-5 W/kg wet muscle (mean +/- s.d.). 3. The observed rates of muscle temperature rise agreed well with the rates calculated from the measured metabolite changes when standard values for the enthalpy changes of the reactions involved were used. 4. During prolonged stimulation of the quadriceps at 15/sec via the femoral nerve, the rate of heat production per unit force fell to nearly half the initial value. It is estimated that this represented a two- to fourfold increased in economy of ATP turn-over required to maintain a given force. 5. Relaxation becomes progressively slower during prolonged contractions and it is suggested that the slowing of relaxation and the increased economy of force maintenance may both be due to an increased cross-bridge cycle time in the fatigued muscle.", "PMID": 1185666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9938", "title": "Some differences in contractile responses of isolated longitudinal and circular muscle from the guinea-pig stomach.", "content": "The mechanical and electrical properties of the longitudinal (fundus and corpus) and circular (antrum) muscle fibres of the guinea-pig stomach were investigated. 1. In the longitudinal but not in the circular muscle isotonic K Krebs and Na-free (sucrose) Krebs solutions produced a contracture with a tonic component. The different mechanical responses were not accompanied by different membrane responses. Verapamil abolished both phasic and tonic components of K-induced contracture. 2. During the tonic response of the K-induced contracture, repolarization of the membrane by current pulses relaxed the tissue; after cessation of the current pulse, rebound contracture occurred. In the circular muscle, the Q10 value for the rate of relaxation induced by inward current pulse was 3-1 and for the development of rebound contracture was 2-4. 3. After the tissue had been immersed in Ca-free isotonic K Krebs solution, application of Ca produced a large contracture in the longitudinal muscle, but contracture in the circular muscle was small or absent. However, the amplitude of subsequent carbachol-induced contracture in the above solution was enlarged in proportion to the durations of Ca treatment in both tissues. 4. Direct tetanic electrical stimulation could produce tension in both tissues. With low frequency of stimulation (0-1 Hz) a positive staircase was observed in the circular but not in the longitudinal muscle. 5. It is concluded from these results that topical differences of the motility in the stomach may be due not only to the activity of nervous elements, but also to differences in the properties of the muscle fibres themselves.", "contents": "Some differences in contractile responses of isolated longitudinal and circular muscle from the guinea-pig stomach. The mechanical and electrical properties of the longitudinal (fundus and corpus) and circular (antrum) muscle fibres of the guinea-pig stomach were investigated. 1. In the longitudinal but not in the circular muscle isotonic K Krebs and Na-free (sucrose) Krebs solutions produced a contracture with a tonic component. The different mechanical responses were not accompanied by different membrane responses. Verapamil abolished both phasic and tonic components of K-induced contracture. 2. During the tonic response of the K-induced contracture, repolarization of the membrane by current pulses relaxed the tissue; after cessation of the current pulse, rebound contracture occurred. In the circular muscle, the Q10 value for the rate of relaxation induced by inward current pulse was 3-1 and for the development of rebound contracture was 2-4. 3. After the tissue had been immersed in Ca-free isotonic K Krebs solution, application of Ca produced a large contracture in the longitudinal muscle, but contracture in the circular muscle was small or absent. However, the amplitude of subsequent carbachol-induced contracture in the above solution was enlarged in proportion to the durations of Ca treatment in both tissues. 4. Direct tetanic electrical stimulation could produce tension in both tissues. With low frequency of stimulation (0-1 Hz) a positive staircase was observed in the circular but not in the longitudinal muscle. 5. It is concluded from these results that topical differences of the motility in the stomach may be due not only to the activity of nervous elements, but also to differences in the properties of the muscle fibres themselves.", "PMID": 1185667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9939", "title": "The relative unimportance of the temporal pattern of the primary afferent input in determining the mean level of motor firing in the tonic vibration reflex.", "content": "1. A study has been made of the effect of varying the temporal arrangement of the mechanical stimuli used to elicit the tonic vibration reflex in the soleus muscle of the decerebrate cat. The reflex was elicited by brief mechanical pulses, applied repetitively, either as a regular series or, at the same mean frequency, in groups of 2, 3 or 4 pulses with a separation between the pulses of 3-5 msec. Mean frequencies of 140/sec and 100/sec were used. The amplitude of the pulses was such that it could be presumed that each pulse excited every Ia fibre from soleus to discharge a spike, irrespective of the patterning employed. 2. Alterations in the stimulus pattern produced only minimal alterations in the size of the resultant reflex recorded myographically. The grouped stimulation regularly tended to produce the larger effect, but even with groups of 4 at 100/sec the modal effect was only 10% of the pre-existing response; expressed another way this was equivalent to an increase of 11 Hz in the mean frequency of stimulation. Thus under these conditions grouping the stimuli cannot have had an appreciable effect either in increasing the firing frequency of those motoneurones which were already active, or in recruiting those which were initially quiescent. 3. Recording from individual motor units with fine electrodes placed on the surface of the muscle showed that they were not significantly changing their frequency of firing on altering the pattern of stimulation. 4. Gross electromyographic recording showed that the motor discharge was locked in time to the mechanical stimuli and of appropriate latency for it to be presumed that the actual discharge of impulses was triggered by Ia monosynaptic action. 5. Similar insensitivity to the temporal pattern of the afferent input was found when the motoneurones were excited via two separate channels, one being the pulsed mechanical stimulation of soleus, the other being the weak electrical stimulation of the nerve to the medial head of gastrocnemius; altering the relative timing of the two sets of stimuli had little effect on the myographic result. 6. Thus, during tonic firing the timing of the motor output reflects the timing of the afferent input while the mean motor output reflects the mean value of the afferent input, as seems physiologically appropriate. The latter finding is, however, paradoxical; as detailed in an appendix the amount of motor firing produced by synchronous Ia monosynaptic action might be expected to increase on grouping the stimuli and so apparently favouring e.p.s.p. summation.", "contents": "The relative unimportance of the temporal pattern of the primary afferent input in determining the mean level of motor firing in the tonic vibration reflex. 1. A study has been made of the effect of varying the temporal arrangement of the mechanical stimuli used to elicit the tonic vibration reflex in the soleus muscle of the decerebrate cat. The reflex was elicited by brief mechanical pulses, applied repetitively, either as a regular series or, at the same mean frequency, in groups of 2, 3 or 4 pulses with a separation between the pulses of 3-5 msec. Mean frequencies of 140/sec and 100/sec were used. The amplitude of the pulses was such that it could be presumed that each pulse excited every Ia fibre from soleus to discharge a spike, irrespective of the patterning employed. 2. Alterations in the stimulus pattern produced only minimal alterations in the size of the resultant reflex recorded myographically. The grouped stimulation regularly tended to produce the larger effect, but even with groups of 4 at 100/sec the modal effect was only 10% of the pre-existing response; expressed another way this was equivalent to an increase of 11 Hz in the mean frequency of stimulation. Thus under these conditions grouping the stimuli cannot have had an appreciable effect either in increasing the firing frequency of those motoneurones which were already active, or in recruiting those which were initially quiescent. 3. Recording from individual motor units with fine electrodes placed on the surface of the muscle showed that they were not significantly changing their frequency of firing on altering the pattern of stimulation. 4. Gross electromyographic recording showed that the motor discharge was locked in time to the mechanical stimuli and of appropriate latency for it to be presumed that the actual discharge of impulses was triggered by Ia monosynaptic action. 5. Similar insensitivity to the temporal pattern of the afferent input was found when the motoneurones were excited via two separate channels, one being the pulsed mechanical stimulation of soleus, the other being the weak electrical stimulation of the nerve to the medial head of gastrocnemius; altering the relative timing of the two sets of stimuli had little effect on the myographic result. 6. Thus, during tonic firing the timing of the motor output reflects the timing of the afferent input while the mean motor output reflects the mean value of the afferent input, as seems physiologically appropriate. The latter finding is, however, paradoxical; as detailed in an appendix the amount of motor firing produced by synchronous Ia monosynaptic action might be expected to increase on grouping the stimuli and so apparently favouring e.p.s.p. summation.", "PMID": 1185668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9940", "title": "Autonomic nerve stimulation, kallikrein content anc acinar cell granules of the cat's submandibular gland.", "content": "The parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves to the submandibular gland of the anaesthetized cat were stimulated under specific conditions. 1. It was possible to decrease the kallikrein (kininogenase) content of the gland by as much as 90-95% by sympathetic nerve stimulation. In such a gland the appearance and concentration of secretory granules in the acinar cells were indistinguishable from an unstimulated gland. 2. Parasympathetic nerve stimulation, in contrast to sympathetic nerve stimulation, whilst having no significant effect on the kininogenase content of the gland, resulted in the disappearance of a great majority of the acinar granules. 3. These results demonstrate that the acinar granules in the submandibular gland of the cat are not a significant source of kallikrein. 4. Our experiments also failed to indicate any obvious correlation between the granules of the demilune cells and the kallikrein content of the gland. 5. The possibility is raised that kallikrein is located in the cells of the striated ducts.", "contents": "Autonomic nerve stimulation, kallikrein content anc acinar cell granules of the cat's submandibular gland. The parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves to the submandibular gland of the anaesthetized cat were stimulated under specific conditions. 1. It was possible to decrease the kallikrein (kininogenase) content of the gland by as much as 90-95% by sympathetic nerve stimulation. In such a gland the appearance and concentration of secretory granules in the acinar cells were indistinguishable from an unstimulated gland. 2. Parasympathetic nerve stimulation, in contrast to sympathetic nerve stimulation, whilst having no significant effect on the kininogenase content of the gland, resulted in the disappearance of a great majority of the acinar granules. 3. These results demonstrate that the acinar granules in the submandibular gland of the cat are not a significant source of kallikrein. 4. Our experiments also failed to indicate any obvious correlation between the granules of the demilune cells and the kallikrein content of the gland. 5. The possibility is raised that kallikrein is located in the cells of the striated ducts.", "PMID": 1185669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9941", "title": "Gas transit times in the pig lung.", "content": "1. A method of measuring the time taken by a front of gas to pass from the carina to individual small airways in the lung is described. 2. This method has been used to investigate the movement of a gas front through hollow lung casts, excised lungs, and excised lungs subjected to a gradient of pleural pressure. 3. The results obtained support the suggestion of morphometric studies that the asymmetrical anatomy of the bronchial tree plays a part in the uneven distribution of ventilation in the lung. 4. The effect of a gradient of pleural pressure over the surface of the upright lung was to increase the time taken by a gas front to reach dependent regions.", "contents": "Gas transit times in the pig lung. 1. A method of measuring the time taken by a front of gas to pass from the carina to individual small airways in the lung is described. 2. This method has been used to investigate the movement of a gas front through hollow lung casts, excised lungs, and excised lungs subjected to a gradient of pleural pressure. 3. The results obtained support the suggestion of morphometric studies that the asymmetrical anatomy of the bronchial tree plays a part in the uneven distribution of ventilation in the lung. 4. The effect of a gradient of pleural pressure over the surface of the upright lung was to increase the time taken by a gas front to reach dependent regions.", "PMID": 1185670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9942", "title": "Localization and electrical characteristics of a giant synapse in the spinal cord of the lamprey.", "content": "1. Physiological and morphological experiments were carried out to determine the characteristics of a giant synapse in the lamprey spinal cord. The presynaptic element is a M\u00fcller fibre, running the length of the spinal cord, and the post-synaptic element is a lateral interneurone. 2. Injection of the interneurone with fluorescent dye revealed several dendritic processes extending into the region of the M\u00fcller fibres and spreading over a longitudinal distance of about 150 mum. Electron microscopic examination of the M\u00fcller fibres confirmed that they do not send out processes to form synapses. Thus, the synapse is between the cylindrical fibre and one or more dendritic branches of the interneurone. 3. Measurements with intracellular electrodes showed the M\u00fcller fibres to have input resistances of about 1 Momega and space constants of 1-0-1-7 mm. The space constant was larger for hyperpolarizing pulses than for depolarizing pulses because of delayed recitification. The interneurones had input resistances of about 6 Momega. 4. The neurones were electrically as well as chemically coupled. When a current-passing electrode was placed in the fibre and hyperpolarizing pulses applied, the amplitude of the electrical coupling potential recorded from the interneurone was maximal at one position of the current-passing electrode and decreased as the electrode was moved away from the optimal position. The decrease in amplitude with electrode displacement indicated that the region of synaptic contact was very restricted. 5. The electrical synapse was highly rectifying, the forward resistance being about nine-times smaller than the backward resistance.", "contents": "Localization and electrical characteristics of a giant synapse in the spinal cord of the lamprey. 1. Physiological and morphological experiments were carried out to determine the characteristics of a giant synapse in the lamprey spinal cord. The presynaptic element is a M\u00fcller fibre, running the length of the spinal cord, and the post-synaptic element is a lateral interneurone. 2. Injection of the interneurone with fluorescent dye revealed several dendritic processes extending into the region of the M\u00fcller fibres and spreading over a longitudinal distance of about 150 mum. Electron microscopic examination of the M\u00fcller fibres confirmed that they do not send out processes to form synapses. Thus, the synapse is between the cylindrical fibre and one or more dendritic branches of the interneurone. 3. Measurements with intracellular electrodes showed the M\u00fcller fibres to have input resistances of about 1 Momega and space constants of 1-0-1-7 mm. The space constant was larger for hyperpolarizing pulses than for depolarizing pulses because of delayed recitification. The interneurones had input resistances of about 6 Momega. 4. The neurones were electrically as well as chemically coupled. When a current-passing electrode was placed in the fibre and hyperpolarizing pulses applied, the amplitude of the electrical coupling potential recorded from the interneurone was maximal at one position of the current-passing electrode and decreased as the electrode was moved away from the optimal position. The decrease in amplitude with electrode displacement indicated that the region of synaptic contact was very restricted. 5. The electrical synapse was highly rectifying, the forward resistance being about nine-times smaller than the backward resistance.", "PMID": 1185671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9943", "title": "Synaptic actions on mitral and tufted cells elicited by olfactory nerve volleys in the rabbit.", "content": "1. A unitary study has been carried out of mitral and tufted cell responses to olfactory nerve volleys in the olfactory bulb of rabbits lightly anaesthetized with urethane-chloralose. 2. With volleys of different strengths, some mitral cells responded with a spike whose latency decreased considerably as the strength increased (elastic response); other cells responded at an invariant latency (inelastic response). The former may reflect diffuse olfactory nerve inputs to the dendritic tufts in the olfactory glomeruli, while tha latter may reflect input from discrete bundles of fibres. 3. The shortest spike latencies are consistent with monosynaptic excitation by the olfactory nerves; longer latencies may be due to longer pathways through the nerves, or polysynaptic pathways within the glomerular layer. 4. Facilitation, in terms of lower threshold and shorter spike latency, was found when testing with paired volleys of weak intensity at relatively short intervals (less than 40 msec). Suppression, in terms of raised threshold, longer latency and briefer repetitive discharges, was found at intervals up to several hundred msec. The facilitation and suppression are consistent with the hypothesis of synaptic excitation and inhibition, respectively, mediated through interneurones in the olfactory bulb. 5. Presumed tufted cells were similar in response properties to identified mitral cells. 6. Intracellular recordings revealed long-lasting hyperpolarization and in some cases, an initial depolarization leading to spike initiation, in response to an olfactory nerve volley.", "contents": "Synaptic actions on mitral and tufted cells elicited by olfactory nerve volleys in the rabbit. 1. A unitary study has been carried out of mitral and tufted cell responses to olfactory nerve volleys in the olfactory bulb of rabbits lightly anaesthetized with urethane-chloralose. 2. With volleys of different strengths, some mitral cells responded with a spike whose latency decreased considerably as the strength increased (elastic response); other cells responded at an invariant latency (inelastic response). The former may reflect diffuse olfactory nerve inputs to the dendritic tufts in the olfactory glomeruli, while tha latter may reflect input from discrete bundles of fibres. 3. The shortest spike latencies are consistent with monosynaptic excitation by the olfactory nerves; longer latencies may be due to longer pathways through the nerves, or polysynaptic pathways within the glomerular layer. 4. Facilitation, in terms of lower threshold and shorter spike latency, was found when testing with paired volleys of weak intensity at relatively short intervals (less than 40 msec). Suppression, in terms of raised threshold, longer latency and briefer repetitive discharges, was found at intervals up to several hundred msec. The facilitation and suppression are consistent with the hypothesis of synaptic excitation and inhibition, respectively, mediated through interneurones in the olfactory bulb. 5. Presumed tufted cells were similar in response properties to identified mitral cells. 6. Intracellular recordings revealed long-lasting hyperpolarization and in some cases, an initial depolarization leading to spike initiation, in response to an olfactory nerve volley.", "PMID": 1185672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9944", "title": "Short-axon cells in the olfactory bulb: dendrodendritic synaptic interactions.", "content": "1. In the rabbit olfactory bulb, analysis has been carried out of extracellular unitary responses in the glomerular layer to olfactory nerve volleys. 2. Units in the glomerular layer responded to single volleys with single, double, triple or longer repetitive spike discharges. The shortest initial latencies are consistent with monosynaptic excitation from the olfactory nerves; longer latencies may reflect longer nerve pathways or polysynaptic connexions in the glomerular layer. 3. Like mitral and tufted cells, some glomerular layer units gave evidence of activation by discrete nerve bundles. This correlates with recent anatomical evidence for projections of discrete olfactory nerve bundles to the glomeruli. 4. Facilitation of glomerular layer units took the form of lower spike thresholds and shorter latencies, when testing with paired olfactory nerve volleys of weak strength at relatively short intervals (less than 40 msec). Supression took the form of raised thresholds, longer latencies and briefer repetitive discharges; this was particularly evident with strong volleys at long testing intervals. 5. The early period of facilitation and later period of suppression did not correlate with the recovery cycle of the olfactory nerves; the nerves had an absolute refractory period of approximately 3 msec, relative refractory period of 15-30 msec, and a small supernormal period of several hundred msec or more. 6. The evidence that the facilitation and suppression are mediated by dendrodendritic pathways through the periglomerular short-axon cells is discussed in relation to recent electronmicroscopical studies. The results have implications for similar pathways through short-axon cell dendrites in other parts of the nervous system.", "contents": "Short-axon cells in the olfactory bulb: dendrodendritic synaptic interactions. 1. In the rabbit olfactory bulb, analysis has been carried out of extracellular unitary responses in the glomerular layer to olfactory nerve volleys. 2. Units in the glomerular layer responded to single volleys with single, double, triple or longer repetitive spike discharges. The shortest initial latencies are consistent with monosynaptic excitation from the olfactory nerves; longer latencies may reflect longer nerve pathways or polysynaptic connexions in the glomerular layer. 3. Like mitral and tufted cells, some glomerular layer units gave evidence of activation by discrete nerve bundles. This correlates with recent anatomical evidence for projections of discrete olfactory nerve bundles to the glomeruli. 4. Facilitation of glomerular layer units took the form of lower spike thresholds and shorter latencies, when testing with paired olfactory nerve volleys of weak strength at relatively short intervals (less than 40 msec). Supression took the form of raised thresholds, longer latencies and briefer repetitive discharges; this was particularly evident with strong volleys at long testing intervals. 5. The early period of facilitation and later period of suppression did not correlate with the recovery cycle of the olfactory nerves; the nerves had an absolute refractory period of approximately 3 msec, relative refractory period of 15-30 msec, and a small supernormal period of several hundred msec or more. 6. The evidence that the facilitation and suppression are mediated by dendrodendritic pathways through the periglomerular short-axon cells is discussed in relation to recent electronmicroscopical studies. The results have implications for similar pathways through short-axon cell dendrites in other parts of the nervous system.", "PMID": 1185673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9945", "title": "Gradation of the reflex response from atrial receptors.", "content": "1. In anaesthetized dogs, distension of balloons so as to stimulate atrial receptors resulted in a reflex increase in heart rate. 2. Successive distensions of one, two and three balloons positioned in the left upper and middle pulmonary vein-atrial junctions and in the left atrial appendage resulted in a progressive increase in the magnitude of this response. 3. It is concluded that the magnitude of the increase in heart rate is related to the extent of receptor area stimulated.", "contents": "Gradation of the reflex response from atrial receptors. 1. In anaesthetized dogs, distension of balloons so as to stimulate atrial receptors resulted in a reflex increase in heart rate. 2. Successive distensions of one, two and three balloons positioned in the left upper and middle pulmonary vein-atrial junctions and in the left atrial appendage resulted in a progressive increase in the magnitude of this response. 3. It is concluded that the magnitude of the increase in heart rate is related to the extent of receptor area stimulated.", "PMID": 1185674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9946", "title": "Cortical and long spinal actions on lumbosacral motoneurones in the cat.", "content": "1. The effects of stimulating forelimb afferents on various ipsilateral motoneurones of the hind limb have been compared with those of volleys set up in the contralateral pericruciate cortex in cats anaesthetized with chloralose. 2. With intact neuraxis, brachial plexus volleys evoke discharge of flexor and extensor motoneurones; short cortical tetani also elicit discharge mainly of flexor motoneurons. After a pyramid-sparing brainstem lesion, little or no firing is evoked by either input. 3. Monosynaptic reflex testing and intracellular recording reveal subthreshold actions on hind-limb motoneurones, inhibition of FDHL and later facilitation of extensors and flexors by forelimb volleys, facilitation of flexors and extensors together with inconstant inhibition of the latter, by cortical stimulation. 4. Interruption of medullary extrapyramidal paths greatly reduces intensity and duration of facilitation from the forelimb, and largely removes cortically evoked extensor facilitation. Inhibition of FDHL from forelimb and cortex is unchanged; cortical volleys continue to facilitate flexors, and have mainly inhibitory action on extensors in these 'pyramidal' preparations. 5. Hyperpolarization of FDHL motoneurones occurs in response to forelimb and cortical volleys, of time course corresponding to depression of test reflexes. Spinal pathways responsible for the two inhibitory actions are independent, and unless each is very strong, their separate actions summate when elicited together. 6. Receptive field for FDHL inhibition from the forelimb is located distally in the forepaw, and its receptors are largely served by cutaneous fibres of low threshold; some Group II fibres in distal muscle nerves also contribute. Receptive field for facilitation embraces the whole limb, and the executant afferent fibres are of higher threshold. 7. Natural stimulation of the forelimb can evoke the long spinal actions, vibration or light pressure on the forepaw eliciting FDHL inhibition, and strong pinching evoking the more general facilitation. Possible functional roles of these actions in the intact animal are discussed.", "contents": "Cortical and long spinal actions on lumbosacral motoneurones in the cat. 1. The effects of stimulating forelimb afferents on various ipsilateral motoneurones of the hind limb have been compared with those of volleys set up in the contralateral pericruciate cortex in cats anaesthetized with chloralose. 2. With intact neuraxis, brachial plexus volleys evoke discharge of flexor and extensor motoneurones; short cortical tetani also elicit discharge mainly of flexor motoneurons. After a pyramid-sparing brainstem lesion, little or no firing is evoked by either input. 3. Monosynaptic reflex testing and intracellular recording reveal subthreshold actions on hind-limb motoneurones, inhibition of FDHL and later facilitation of extensors and flexors by forelimb volleys, facilitation of flexors and extensors together with inconstant inhibition of the latter, by cortical stimulation. 4. Interruption of medullary extrapyramidal paths greatly reduces intensity and duration of facilitation from the forelimb, and largely removes cortically evoked extensor facilitation. Inhibition of FDHL from forelimb and cortex is unchanged; cortical volleys continue to facilitate flexors, and have mainly inhibitory action on extensors in these 'pyramidal' preparations. 5. Hyperpolarization of FDHL motoneurones occurs in response to forelimb and cortical volleys, of time course corresponding to depression of test reflexes. Spinal pathways responsible for the two inhibitory actions are independent, and unless each is very strong, their separate actions summate when elicited together. 6. Receptive field for FDHL inhibition from the forelimb is located distally in the forepaw, and its receptors are largely served by cutaneous fibres of low threshold; some Group II fibres in distal muscle nerves also contribute. Receptive field for facilitation embraces the whole limb, and the executant afferent fibres are of higher threshold. 7. Natural stimulation of the forelimb can evoke the long spinal actions, vibration or light pressure on the forepaw eliciting FDHL inhibition, and strong pinching evoking the more general facilitation. Possible functional roles of these actions in the intact animal are discussed.", "PMID": 1185675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9947", "title": "Initial and delayed membrane currents in crab muscle fibre under voltage-clamp conditions.", "content": "Membrane currents are investigated under voltage-clamp conditions in crab muscle fibre. 2. Step depolarizations elicit an initial composite current followed by a late outward current. 3. One of the components of the initial current is inward. It is sensitive to the external calcium concentration and inhibited by manganese ions, it can be carried also by strontium ions; thus it is expected to be a calcium current. 4. In TEA solution this calcium current appears alone, it reverses when the membrane polarization is carried beyond an internal potential of +30 or +35 mV. Such a low equilibrium potential for calcium ions can be explained either by a low selectivity of the calcium channel or by a local accumulation of calcium ions. 5. Calcium conductance shows voltage- and time dependence. 6. The late outward current corresponds to a potassium current and is inhibited by TEA ions. Its activation exhibits voltage- and time dependence. 7. The activation curve of the late potassium current is shifted in a depolarizing direction by addition of manganese ions. A similar shift produced by increasing [Ca]o or decreasing [Ca]i has been described on other preparations. It is then supposed that the electrical field of the membrane is modified by the gradient of double cations.", "contents": "Initial and delayed membrane currents in crab muscle fibre under voltage-clamp conditions. Membrane currents are investigated under voltage-clamp conditions in crab muscle fibre. 2. Step depolarizations elicit an initial composite current followed by a late outward current. 3. One of the components of the initial current is inward. It is sensitive to the external calcium concentration and inhibited by manganese ions, it can be carried also by strontium ions; thus it is expected to be a calcium current. 4. In TEA solution this calcium current appears alone, it reverses when the membrane polarization is carried beyond an internal potential of +30 or +35 mV. Such a low equilibrium potential for calcium ions can be explained either by a low selectivity of the calcium channel or by a local accumulation of calcium ions. 5. Calcium conductance shows voltage- and time dependence. 6. The late outward current corresponds to a potassium current and is inhibited by TEA ions. Its activation exhibits voltage- and time dependence. 7. The activation curve of the late potassium current is shifted in a depolarizing direction by addition of manganese ions. A similar shift produced by increasing [Ca]o or decreasing [Ca]i has been described on other preparations. It is then supposed that the electrical field of the membrane is modified by the gradient of double cations.", "PMID": 1185676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9948", "title": "Myocardial sarcomere dynamics during isometric contraction.", "content": "1. Sarcomere lengths were measured during rest and throughout the time course of isometric contractions in thin, isolated rat papillary muscles using light diffraction techniques. 2. Shortening of the sarcomere length occurred upon contraction at all muscle lengths, averaging 7% at optimal length and more at shorter lengths. Relative to the narrow range of sarcomere lengths spanning the length--tension curve, this degree of shortening was considerable. 3. Local changes of sarcomere length were quantitatively paralleled by local changes of tissue segment length, the latter demarcated by microspheres lodged within the muscle tissue. At all but the shortest muscle lengths, sarcomere shortening was fully accounted for by equivalent lengthening of the non-striated regions near the clamped ends of the preparation. 4. It seems likely that these regions near the clamped ends of the preparation. 4. It seems constitute the source of the large series elasticity characteristic of isolated papillary muscle preparations such as this.", "contents": "Myocardial sarcomere dynamics during isometric contraction. 1. Sarcomere lengths were measured during rest and throughout the time course of isometric contractions in thin, isolated rat papillary muscles using light diffraction techniques. 2. Shortening of the sarcomere length occurred upon contraction at all muscle lengths, averaging 7% at optimal length and more at shorter lengths. Relative to the narrow range of sarcomere lengths spanning the length--tension curve, this degree of shortening was considerable. 3. Local changes of sarcomere length were quantitatively paralleled by local changes of tissue segment length, the latter demarcated by microspheres lodged within the muscle tissue. At all but the shortest muscle lengths, sarcomere shortening was fully accounted for by equivalent lengthening of the non-striated regions near the clamped ends of the preparation. 4. It seems likely that these regions near the clamped ends of the preparation. 4. It seems constitute the source of the large series elasticity characteristic of isolated papillary muscle preparations such as this.", "PMID": 1185677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9949", "title": "Breathing in man during steady-state exercise on the bicycle at two pedalling frequencies, and during treadmill walking.", "content": "1. The breathing pattern, that is the changes in tidal volume (VT), and in inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TE) durations, has been studied as ventilation increases in exercise. 2. Five healthy subjects were studied in steady-state exercise on a bicycle ergometer, breathing air, at two speeds of pedalling and at six different loads. The pattern was recorded for single breaths. Two of the subjects were also studied while walking on a treadmill with four combinations of speed and gradient. 3. In bicycle exercise, as the CO2 output increased mean VT increased, and mean TI and TE decreased, the absolute decrease in TI being small. The pedalling speed did not affect these relationships. 4. Individual breath durations showed no tendency to group around multiples of the period of rotation of the pedals. 5. In treadmill exercise, no clear influence of stride rate on respiratory rate could be found. The pattern was similar to that found in bicycle exercise. Again no grouping could be found. 6. No evidence of an effect of frequency of limb movement on breathing pattern in submaximal exercise has been found. The selection of breathing pattern seems to be unrelated to the nature of the stimulus but closely geared to the metabolic needs of the body.", "contents": "Breathing in man during steady-state exercise on the bicycle at two pedalling frequencies, and during treadmill walking. 1. The breathing pattern, that is the changes in tidal volume (VT), and in inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TE) durations, has been studied as ventilation increases in exercise. 2. Five healthy subjects were studied in steady-state exercise on a bicycle ergometer, breathing air, at two speeds of pedalling and at six different loads. The pattern was recorded for single breaths. Two of the subjects were also studied while walking on a treadmill with four combinations of speed and gradient. 3. In bicycle exercise, as the CO2 output increased mean VT increased, and mean TI and TE decreased, the absolute decrease in TI being small. The pedalling speed did not affect these relationships. 4. Individual breath durations showed no tendency to group around multiples of the period of rotation of the pedals. 5. In treadmill exercise, no clear influence of stride rate on respiratory rate could be found. The pattern was similar to that found in bicycle exercise. Again no grouping could be found. 6. No evidence of an effect of frequency of limb movement on breathing pattern in submaximal exercise has been found. The selection of breathing pattern seems to be unrelated to the nature of the stimulus but closely geared to the metabolic needs of the body.", "PMID": 1185678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9950", "title": "Mean and breath-by-breath pattern of breathing in man during steady-state exercise.", "content": "1. The breathing pattern, that is the relation between tidal volume (VT) and the inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TE) durations, has been studied for individual breaths (forty in each steady state). 2. Five healthy subjects were studied in steady-state exercise on a bicycle ergometer breathing air; three of them were also studied in hypercapnia, at rest and during exercise, and two of them also during exercise on a treadmill. 3. Tidal volume and respiratory frequency both increased with work load. The increase in frequency was largely due to a progressive decrease in TE; TI also decreased. 4. At any constant level of respiratory drive (constant work load or chemical load) VT was positively correlated with both TI and TE in more than 95% of cases. 5. A simple model of the respiratory cycle which fits both the observed mean and breath-by-breath patterns and which involves no new assumptions is presented.", "contents": "Mean and breath-by-breath pattern of breathing in man during steady-state exercise. 1. The breathing pattern, that is the relation between tidal volume (VT) and the inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TE) durations, has been studied for individual breaths (forty in each steady state). 2. Five healthy subjects were studied in steady-state exercise on a bicycle ergometer breathing air; three of them were also studied in hypercapnia, at rest and during exercise, and two of them also during exercise on a treadmill. 3. Tidal volume and respiratory frequency both increased with work load. The increase in frequency was largely due to a progressive decrease in TE; TI also decreased. 4. At any constant level of respiratory drive (constant work load or chemical load) VT was positively correlated with both TI and TE in more than 95% of cases. 5. A simple model of the respiratory cycle which fits both the observed mean and breath-by-breath patterns and which involves no new assumptions is presented.", "PMID": 1185679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9951", "title": "Influence of activity on the passive electrical properties of denervated soleus muscle fibres in the rat.", "content": "The technique of direct electrical stimulation of denervated muscle was used to study the role of muscle activity per se in controlling the passive electrical properties of muscle fibres. 2. Specific membrane resistance and capacitance of the denervated and the denervated-stimulated muscle fibres were measured by a sinewave technique at frequencies between 5 and 240 Hz. The parameter values were constant at low frequencies up to a variable transition frequency and declined rapidly at higher frequencies. 3. Following denervation the low-frequency value of specific membrane resistance increased (2291 omega cm2 for 19-day denervated fibres vs. 766 omega cm2 for innervated fibres), the specific membrane capacitance declined (2-7 muF/cm2 vs. 3-6 muF/cm2) and the transition frequency shifted towards lower frequencies. The specific internal resistance was higher in denervated fibres (301 omega cm for 19-day denervated fibres vs. 240 omega cm in innervated fibres) apart from a transient decline after 5 days of denervation (164 omega cm). 4. Direct electrical stimulation for 2 weeks beginning on the 5th day after denervation restored all parameters listed above to their original values before denervation. 5. Stimulation arrested in most cases further atrophy from the time of stimulation but did not restore normal fibre size.", "contents": "Influence of activity on the passive electrical properties of denervated soleus muscle fibres in the rat. The technique of direct electrical stimulation of denervated muscle was used to study the role of muscle activity per se in controlling the passive electrical properties of muscle fibres. 2. Specific membrane resistance and capacitance of the denervated and the denervated-stimulated muscle fibres were measured by a sinewave technique at frequencies between 5 and 240 Hz. The parameter values were constant at low frequencies up to a variable transition frequency and declined rapidly at higher frequencies. 3. Following denervation the low-frequency value of specific membrane resistance increased (2291 omega cm2 for 19-day denervated fibres vs. 766 omega cm2 for innervated fibres), the specific membrane capacitance declined (2-7 muF/cm2 vs. 3-6 muF/cm2) and the transition frequency shifted towards lower frequencies. The specific internal resistance was higher in denervated fibres (301 omega cm for 19-day denervated fibres vs. 240 omega cm in innervated fibres) apart from a transient decline after 5 days of denervation (164 omega cm). 4. Direct electrical stimulation for 2 weeks beginning on the 5th day after denervation restored all parameters listed above to their original values before denervation. 5. Stimulation arrested in most cases further atrophy from the time of stimulation but did not restore normal fibre size.", "PMID": 1185680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9952", "title": "Secretory activity of goat mammary glands during pregnancy and the onset of lactation.", "content": "1. The volume of the udder and the composition of the secretion have been followed in five goats through pregnancy to the onset of lactation. 2. During the middle of pregnancy udder volume was minimal and there was little or no fluid in the teats. 3. Two stages of commencing secretory activity (lactogenesis) were defined. In the first, starting up to ten weeks pre-partum, udder volume increased and the fluid in the teats changed from an extracellular-fluid-like to a milk-like composition and acquired a high concentration of immunoglobulins. Four goats accumulated several litres of a pre-colostral fluid with a high [lactose] 6-7 weeks pre-partum. 4. Comparison of the rate of increase in udder volume with previous data for the rate of increase in empty udder volume in pregnant goats showed that the rate of secretion, even in the last few days of pregnancy, was only a few per cent of the rate immediately after parturition. 5. In the last 2-3 days of pregnancy there was a three to elevenfold increase in [citrate] in the secretion; this heralded the onset of copious secretion at about the time of parturition. 6. The changes in mammary gland activities are discussed in relation to changes in plasma hormone concentrations during pregnancy.", "contents": "Secretory activity of goat mammary glands during pregnancy and the onset of lactation. 1. The volume of the udder and the composition of the secretion have been followed in five goats through pregnancy to the onset of lactation. 2. During the middle of pregnancy udder volume was minimal and there was little or no fluid in the teats. 3. Two stages of commencing secretory activity (lactogenesis) were defined. In the first, starting up to ten weeks pre-partum, udder volume increased and the fluid in the teats changed from an extracellular-fluid-like to a milk-like composition and acquired a high concentration of immunoglobulins. Four goats accumulated several litres of a pre-colostral fluid with a high [lactose] 6-7 weeks pre-partum. 4. Comparison of the rate of increase in udder volume with previous data for the rate of increase in empty udder volume in pregnant goats showed that the rate of secretion, even in the last few days of pregnancy, was only a few per cent of the rate immediately after parturition. 5. In the last 2-3 days of pregnancy there was a three to elevenfold increase in [citrate] in the secretion; this heralded the onset of copious secretion at about the time of parturition. 6. The changes in mammary gland activities are discussed in relation to changes in plasma hormone concentrations during pregnancy.", "PMID": 1185681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9953", "title": "Selective and non-selective reinnervation of fast-twitch and slow-twitch rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. The problem of selectivity during reinnervation of skeletal muscle fibres was investigated in the rat using the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and the slow-twitch soleus muscles and their nerves. 2. After an operation on these nerves permitting them to compete for reinnervation of one or the other muscle (hereafter called Y-union), virtually the total isometric tetanic tension of EDL muscle could be elicited by stimulating the EDL nerve, while stimulating the soleus nerve yielded little or no tension. In the case of the soleus muscle, stimulation of either nerve elicited about half of the total isometric tetanic tension. 3. During the course of reinnervation of these muscles in non-competitive situations, the time course of increase in the ratio of tension elicited by nerve stimulation to that by direct stimulation was slower in the case of soleus nerve reinnervating EDL muscle, compared with cross-reinnervation in the reverse direction or reinnervation of each muscle by its own nerve. 4. Crushing the common peroneal nerve 12 days after a Y-union in an attempt to retard the EDL nerve did not favour reinnervation of the EDL by soleus nerve, but crushing the nerve again or just once at 1 month after the original operation produced substantial partial reinnervation of the EDL by the soleus nerve. 5. It is concluded that soleus nerve fibres form functioning neuromuscular synapses on EDL muscle fibres only with difficulty. The pattern of reinnervation reveals characteristic differences between fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles on the one hand and between their respective nerves on the other.", "contents": "Selective and non-selective reinnervation of fast-twitch and slow-twitch rat skeletal muscle. 1. The problem of selectivity during reinnervation of skeletal muscle fibres was investigated in the rat using the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and the slow-twitch soleus muscles and their nerves. 2. After an operation on these nerves permitting them to compete for reinnervation of one or the other muscle (hereafter called Y-union), virtually the total isometric tetanic tension of EDL muscle could be elicited by stimulating the EDL nerve, while stimulating the soleus nerve yielded little or no tension. In the case of the soleus muscle, stimulation of either nerve elicited about half of the total isometric tetanic tension. 3. During the course of reinnervation of these muscles in non-competitive situations, the time course of increase in the ratio of tension elicited by nerve stimulation to that by direct stimulation was slower in the case of soleus nerve reinnervating EDL muscle, compared with cross-reinnervation in the reverse direction or reinnervation of each muscle by its own nerve. 4. Crushing the common peroneal nerve 12 days after a Y-union in an attempt to retard the EDL nerve did not favour reinnervation of the EDL by soleus nerve, but crushing the nerve again or just once at 1 month after the original operation produced substantial partial reinnervation of the EDL by the soleus nerve. 5. It is concluded that soleus nerve fibres form functioning neuromuscular synapses on EDL muscle fibres only with difficulty. The pattern of reinnervation reveals characteristic differences between fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles on the one hand and between their respective nerves on the other.", "PMID": 1185682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9954", "title": "Binding of adenosine diphosphate to intact human platelets.", "content": "1. Human platelet-rich plasma was incubated at 37 degrees C with [8-14C]ADP and with human serum albumin labelled with 125I. The platelets were rapidly separated by centrifugation through silicone oil. From radioactivity determinations of plasma and platelet pellets the uptake of ADP, without or with break-down products, by the platelets was calculated on the assumption that the 125I radioactivity in the pellet represented trapped plasma. 2. ADP radioactivity was taken up by platelets within 10 sec and increased with time of incubation. The uptake of other nucleotide diphosphates was less initially and increased much more slowly. 3. Radioactivity added as ADP was recovered as ATP to the extent of 60%; as ADP of 30%; and as AMP of 10%. 4. Prostaglandin E1 which inhibited platelet aggregation had no effect on the initial or subsequent uptake or on this distribution of radioactivity. 5. The rate of rise in uptake was much slower when platelets were resuspended in plasma heated to 56 degrees C for 30 min. 6. Unlabelled adenosine inhibited the later, but not the initial, uptake while unlabelled ADP inhibited both. Dipyridamole, which blocks adenosine uptake, prevented the later but not the initial uptake. 7. [alpha-32P]ADP radioactivity was taken up at the earliest sampling time and the extent of uptake did not further increase. 8. Guinea-pig platelets, which do not take up adenosine, took up [8-14C]ADP radioactivity from purine-labelled ADP initially. 9. It was concluded that the initial uptake represented binding of ADP and that the later uptake represented labelled adenosine originating as a break-down product of ADP. 10. A Scatchard plot of ADP uptake indicated more than one type of binding site. There were approximately 88,000 high affinity sites per platelet which had an affinity constant of 5-41 X 10(5) M-1.", "contents": "Binding of adenosine diphosphate to intact human platelets. 1. Human platelet-rich plasma was incubated at 37 degrees C with [8-14C]ADP and with human serum albumin labelled with 125I. The platelets were rapidly separated by centrifugation through silicone oil. From radioactivity determinations of plasma and platelet pellets the uptake of ADP, without or with break-down products, by the platelets was calculated on the assumption that the 125I radioactivity in the pellet represented trapped plasma. 2. ADP radioactivity was taken up by platelets within 10 sec and increased with time of incubation. The uptake of other nucleotide diphosphates was less initially and increased much more slowly. 3. Radioactivity added as ADP was recovered as ATP to the extent of 60%; as ADP of 30%; and as AMP of 10%. 4. Prostaglandin E1 which inhibited platelet aggregation had no effect on the initial or subsequent uptake or on this distribution of radioactivity. 5. The rate of rise in uptake was much slower when platelets were resuspended in plasma heated to 56 degrees C for 30 min. 6. Unlabelled adenosine inhibited the later, but not the initial, uptake while unlabelled ADP inhibited both. Dipyridamole, which blocks adenosine uptake, prevented the later but not the initial uptake. 7. [alpha-32P]ADP radioactivity was taken up at the earliest sampling time and the extent of uptake did not further increase. 8. Guinea-pig platelets, which do not take up adenosine, took up [8-14C]ADP radioactivity from purine-labelled ADP initially. 9. It was concluded that the initial uptake represented binding of ADP and that the later uptake represented labelled adenosine originating as a break-down product of ADP. 10. A Scatchard plot of ADP uptake indicated more than one type of binding site. There were approximately 88,000 high affinity sites per platelet which had an affinity constant of 5-41 X 10(5) M-1.", "PMID": 1185683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9955", "title": "Some effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and noradrenaline on neurones in the submucous plexus of guinea-pig small intestine.", "content": "1. Responses to the iontophoretic application of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine and noradrenaline were examined in neurones of the submucous plexus of guinea-pig small intestine. 2. Every neurone was excited by 5-HT. 3. In a proportion of cells, dopamine or noradrenaline caused an increase in membrane potential. This response was only observed in cells which received in inhibitory innervation. The responses closely resembled inhibitory synaptic potentials evoked by transmural stimulation. 4. Both inhibitory synaptic potentials and inhibitory responses to dopamine and noradrenaline were blocked by methysergide. 5. It seems possible that these two catecholamines may interact with similar receptors to those activated by inhibitory transmitter.", "contents": "Some effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and noradrenaline on neurones in the submucous plexus of guinea-pig small intestine. 1. Responses to the iontophoretic application of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine and noradrenaline were examined in neurones of the submucous plexus of guinea-pig small intestine. 2. Every neurone was excited by 5-HT. 3. In a proportion of cells, dopamine or noradrenaline caused an increase in membrane potential. This response was only observed in cells which received in inhibitory innervation. The responses closely resembled inhibitory synaptic potentials evoked by transmural stimulation. 4. Both inhibitory synaptic potentials and inhibitory responses to dopamine and noradrenaline were blocked by methysergide. 5. It seems possible that these two catecholamines may interact with similar receptors to those activated by inhibitory transmitter.", "PMID": 1185684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9956", "title": "Screening for hypothermia in Orkney.", "content": "In a screening survey for hypothermia carried out amongst the elderly population of an island in the Orkneys, in which a 96 per cent response rate was obtained, oral temperatures were recorded using standard and low-reading thermometers. Out of 77 patients who entered the survey, only three had an oral temperature of 37 degrees C or higher. Six patients (eight per cent) had a temperature of 35 degrees C or lower, and these, depending on diagnostic criteria, could be considered to be suffering from hypothermia. A low body temperature was unsuspected in all six.", "contents": "Screening for hypothermia in Orkney. In a screening survey for hypothermia carried out amongst the elderly population of an island in the Orkneys, in which a 96 per cent response rate was obtained, oral temperatures were recorded using standard and low-reading thermometers. Out of 77 patients who entered the survey, only three had an oral temperature of 37 degrees C or higher. Six patients (eight per cent) had a temperature of 35 degrees C or lower, and these, depending on diagnostic criteria, could be considered to be suffering from hypothermia. A low body temperature was unsuspected in all six.", "PMID": 1185720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9957", "title": "Conning the general practitioner--how drug-abusing patients obtain prescriptions.", "content": "A sample of 100 patients attending drug dependence clinics was questioned about the methods they used to obtain psychotropic drugs from general practitioners. Sixty-one per cent said they were obtaining psychotropic drugs and 39 per cent said they had obtained psychotropic drugs from this source during the preceding 12 months. Drugs obtained included minor tranquillisers, barbiturates, amphetamines, and methylphenidate (;Ritalin'). Some degree of deception of the general practitioner by the patient was almost always clear. Three recommendations to help prevent this are suggested.", "contents": "Conning the general practitioner--how drug-abusing patients obtain prescriptions. A sample of 100 patients attending drug dependence clinics was questioned about the methods they used to obtain psychotropic drugs from general practitioners. Sixty-one per cent said they were obtaining psychotropic drugs and 39 per cent said they had obtained psychotropic drugs from this source during the preceding 12 months. Drugs obtained included minor tranquillisers, barbiturates, amphetamines, and methylphenidate (;Ritalin'). Some degree of deception of the general practitioner by the patient was almost always clear. Three recommendations to help prevent this are suggested.", "PMID": 1185721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9958", "title": "The distribution of episodes of illness--a research tool in general practice?", "content": "The frequency of episodes of illness which 315,000 people brought to their doctors' attention in one year is shown to follow a geometric distribution. Some of the potential applications of this distribution in general-practice research are given.", "contents": "The distribution of episodes of illness--a research tool in general practice? The frequency of episodes of illness which 315,000 people brought to their doctors' attention in one year is shown to follow a geometric distribution. Some of the potential applications of this distribution in general-practice research are given.", "PMID": 1185724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9959", "title": "Tests for occult blood.", "content": "Cancer of the large bowel is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The barium enema is still the most reliable diagnostic tool, but the selection of the proper candidates for this moderately expensive and time-consuming examination presents a real problem. To wait for significant symptoms of change in bowel habits, such as unexplained anaemia, is hazardous. Testing for occult blood has fallen into disuse in most general practices. This paper discusses some of the available techniques for this procedure which I suggest offer a worthwhile aid to examination of patients with possible alimentary neoplasm.", "contents": "Tests for occult blood. Cancer of the large bowel is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The barium enema is still the most reliable diagnostic tool, but the selection of the proper candidates for this moderately expensive and time-consuming examination presents a real problem. To wait for significant symptoms of change in bowel habits, such as unexplained anaemia, is hazardous. Testing for occult blood has fallen into disuse in most general practices. This paper discusses some of the available techniques for this procedure which I suggest offer a worthwhile aid to examination of patients with possible alimentary neoplasm.", "PMID": 1185725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9960", "title": "Variations in collagen, non-collagenous proteins, and hexosamine in menisci derived from osteoarthritic and rheumatoid arthritic knee joints.", "content": "Knee joint menisci from osteoarthritic and rheumatoid knees were analyzed for nitrogen, collagen, non-collagenous proteins (NCP) and hexamine content. Degenerate areas were analyzed separately. The degenerative areas were significantly lower (P less than 0.005) in collagen but NCP and hexosamines were elevated relative to control tissue. The rheumatoid menisci revealed a reduced level of collagen and hexosamine in areas of localized degeneration. However, the collagen and hexosamine content of the remaining tissue was also diminished (P less than 0.025) relative to normal tissue of the same. age.", "contents": "Variations in collagen, non-collagenous proteins, and hexosamine in menisci derived from osteoarthritic and rheumatoid arthritic knee joints. Knee joint menisci from osteoarthritic and rheumatoid knees were analyzed for nitrogen, collagen, non-collagenous proteins (NCP) and hexamine content. Degenerate areas were analyzed separately. The degenerative areas were significantly lower (P less than 0.005) in collagen but NCP and hexosamines were elevated relative to control tissue. The rheumatoid menisci revealed a reduced level of collagen and hexosamine in areas of localized degeneration. However, the collagen and hexosamine content of the remaining tissue was also diminished (P less than 0.025) relative to normal tissue of the same. age.", "PMID": 1185729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9961", "title": "Carpal tunnel syndrome in temporal arteritis.", "content": "An 88 year old man presented with pain in the hands and wrists, associated with electrodiagnostic studies compatible with a carpal tunnel syndrome in the right wrist. Approximately seven months later he developed manifestations of bilateral temporal arteritis resulting in monocular blindness. Electrodiagnostic studies at this time confirmed the presence of a more severe carpal tunnel syndrome, now present bilaterally. We have been unable to find other case reports of carpal tunnel syndrome related to temporal arteritis. This association may be recognized more frequently if electrodiagnostic studies are performed in patients with temporal arteritis associated with pain in the hands and wrists.", "contents": "Carpal tunnel syndrome in temporal arteritis. An 88 year old man presented with pain in the hands and wrists, associated with electrodiagnostic studies compatible with a carpal tunnel syndrome in the right wrist. Approximately seven months later he developed manifestations of bilateral temporal arteritis resulting in monocular blindness. Electrodiagnostic studies at this time confirmed the presence of a more severe carpal tunnel syndrome, now present bilaterally. We have been unable to find other case reports of carpal tunnel syndrome related to temporal arteritis. This association may be recognized more frequently if electrodiagnostic studies are performed in patients with temporal arteritis associated with pain in the hands and wrists.", "PMID": 1185730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9962", "title": "Association of polyarthritis, subcutaneous nodules, and pancreatic disease.", "content": "A patient with nodular liquefying panniculitis, polyarthritis and an occult pancreatic neoplasm is described. The skin lesion was initially mistaken for erythema nodosum. Subcutaneous and synovial fluids demonstrated similar negatively birefringent, rectangular particles, lying in between fat globules. Serum lipase,although continuously elevated, did not fluctuate with disease activity. Biochemical evidence of lipolysis in either the synovial fluid or serum was not demonstrable. Immunologic mechanisms appeared not to be involved in the pathogensis of the panniculitis or the arthritis.", "contents": "Association of polyarthritis, subcutaneous nodules, and pancreatic disease. A patient with nodular liquefying panniculitis, polyarthritis and an occult pancreatic neoplasm is described. The skin lesion was initially mistaken for erythema nodosum. Subcutaneous and synovial fluids demonstrated similar negatively birefringent, rectangular particles, lying in between fat globules. Serum lipase,although continuously elevated, did not fluctuate with disease activity. Biochemical evidence of lipolysis in either the synovial fluid or serum was not demonstrable. Immunologic mechanisms appeared not to be involved in the pathogensis of the panniculitis or the arthritis.", "PMID": 1185731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9963", "title": "Quantitation of gold in skin in chrysiasis.", "content": "Skin, plasma, hair, and nail gold levels were determined in three groups of patients with rheumatoid arthritis comprising: I. Three patients on long term gold therapy exhibiting altered skin pigmentation (chrysiasis); II. Five patients on long term gold therapy exhibiting normal skin pigmentation; III. Two patients starting gold therapy. Group I had higher skin gold levels (50-140 mug/g) than Group II (7.5-13 mug/g) while Group II had minimal levels. Hair and nail gold levels were not much higher than gold levels in non-gold treated individuals. The possible role of skin in the storage or excretion of gold is discussed.", "contents": "Quantitation of gold in skin in chrysiasis. Skin, plasma, hair, and nail gold levels were determined in three groups of patients with rheumatoid arthritis comprising: I. Three patients on long term gold therapy exhibiting altered skin pigmentation (chrysiasis); II. Five patients on long term gold therapy exhibiting normal skin pigmentation; III. Two patients starting gold therapy. Group I had higher skin gold levels (50-140 mug/g) than Group II (7.5-13 mug/g) while Group II had minimal levels. Hair and nail gold levels were not much higher than gold levels in non-gold treated individuals. The possible role of skin in the storage or excretion of gold is discussed.", "PMID": 1185732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9964", "title": "Comparative study of NZB mice under germfree and conventional conditions.", "content": "Groups of New Zealand Black (NZB) mice born and reared in germfree conditions were studied at three, six, nine, and 12 months of age. Compared with NZB mice of the same ages raised under conventional conditions, the germfree mice showed: (1) significantly lower gamma-globulin levels, (2) significantly higher frequency of serum antinuclear factor (ANF), and (3) significant decreases in the incidence and severity of renal disease. The lower gamma-globulin levels probably reflect lack of antigenic stimulation by common bacteria. The higher frequency of ANF may be a chance finding or may reflect lack of deposition of complexes in the kidneys. The latter also may explain the decreased severity of renal disease. It is possible that complexes of antibody with common antigens (such as bacteria) may deposit in diseased kidneys and aggravate the condition.", "contents": "Comparative study of NZB mice under germfree and conventional conditions. Groups of New Zealand Black (NZB) mice born and reared in germfree conditions were studied at three, six, nine, and 12 months of age. Compared with NZB mice of the same ages raised under conventional conditions, the germfree mice showed: (1) significantly lower gamma-globulin levels, (2) significantly higher frequency of serum antinuclear factor (ANF), and (3) significant decreases in the incidence and severity of renal disease. The lower gamma-globulin levels probably reflect lack of antigenic stimulation by common bacteria. The higher frequency of ANF may be a chance finding or may reflect lack of deposition of complexes in the kidneys. The latter also may explain the decreased severity of renal disease. It is possible that complexes of antibody with common antigens (such as bacteria) may deposit in diseased kidneys and aggravate the condition.", "PMID": 1185733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9965", "title": "Hospital-acquired salicylate intoxication. report of a case with psychosis, acidosis, and coma.", "content": "A case of salicylate intoxication from repeated therapeutic doses of aspirin is reported in an adult with impairment of salicylate elimination. Evolution of acid-base disturbance from respiratory alkalosis to metablic acidosis is documented. Serum salicylate levels during several years of therapy demonstrate the acquisition of impaired elimination of the drug. This case illustrates the practical importance of special features of salicylate accumulation kinetics emphasized in a recent review.", "contents": "Hospital-acquired salicylate intoxication. report of a case with psychosis, acidosis, and coma. A case of salicylate intoxication from repeated therapeutic doses of aspirin is reported in an adult with impairment of salicylate elimination. Evolution of acid-base disturbance from respiratory alkalosis to metablic acidosis is documented. Serum salicylate levels during several years of therapy demonstrate the acquisition of impaired elimination of the drug. This case illustrates the practical importance of special features of salicylate accumulation kinetics emphasized in a recent review.", "PMID": 1185735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9966", "title": "Deep fungal infection in systemic lupus erythematosus - three cases reported, literature reviewed.", "content": "Three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and deep fungal infection are described. Two patients had disseminated cryptococcal infection and the third disseminated histoplasmosis. Allwere receiving corticosteroids at the time fungal infection developed. One patient with disseminated cryptococcosis improved after treatment with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. The other patient with disseminated cryptococcosis died before adequate therapy could be given. The patient with histoplasmosis responded satisfactorily to amphotericin B. A survey of the literature revealed 30 additional cases of deep fungal infection in patients with SLE, most of whom were on corticosteroid therapy. The majority of the patients had candidiasis (14 patients); 11 patients had severe cryptococcal infection. Other fungal infections reported were histoplasmosis, aspergillois, coccidioidomycosis, and maduromycosis caused by Allerscheria boydii. Twenty-seven patients died; in 22 death was related to the fungal infection. The fungal infection was not diagnosed until necropsy in at least 11 persons. Deep fungal infections should be considered whenever patients with SLE have fever of unknown origin, diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, or unexplained CNS symptoms.", "contents": "Deep fungal infection in systemic lupus erythematosus - three cases reported, literature reviewed. Three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and deep fungal infection are described. Two patients had disseminated cryptococcal infection and the third disseminated histoplasmosis. Allwere receiving corticosteroids at the time fungal infection developed. One patient with disseminated cryptococcosis improved after treatment with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. The other patient with disseminated cryptococcosis died before adequate therapy could be given. The patient with histoplasmosis responded satisfactorily to amphotericin B. A survey of the literature revealed 30 additional cases of deep fungal infection in patients with SLE, most of whom were on corticosteroid therapy. The majority of the patients had candidiasis (14 patients); 11 patients had severe cryptococcal infection. Other fungal infections reported were histoplasmosis, aspergillois, coccidioidomycosis, and maduromycosis caused by Allerscheria boydii. Twenty-seven patients died; in 22 death was related to the fungal infection. The fungal infection was not diagnosed until necropsy in at least 11 persons. Deep fungal infections should be considered whenever patients with SLE have fever of unknown origin, diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, or unexplained CNS symptoms.", "PMID": 1185736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9967", "title": "Arthropathy, skin and bone lesions in pancreatic disease.", "content": "A patient with a history of alcoholism and pancreatic calcification, developed subcutaneous fat necrosis and an arthropathy, associated with a pancreatic pseudocyst and accompanied by an elevation of serum lipase and amylase. The illness was complicated by bacteremia and destructive bone lesions. A clinical distinction between osteomyelitis and medullary fat necrosis proved difficult. Infection of bone was demonstrated at one site but did not exclude medullary fat necrosis elsewhere.", "contents": "Arthropathy, skin and bone lesions in pancreatic disease. A patient with a history of alcoholism and pancreatic calcification, developed subcutaneous fat necrosis and an arthropathy, associated with a pancreatic pseudocyst and accompanied by an elevation of serum lipase and amylase. The illness was complicated by bacteremia and destructive bone lesions. A clinical distinction between osteomyelitis and medullary fat necrosis proved difficult. Infection of bone was demonstrated at one site but did not exclude medullary fat necrosis elsewhere.", "PMID": 1185737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9968", "title": "Septic arthritis in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Five patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed septic arthritis. Neisseria gonorrheae, Staphyloccocus aureus, Proteus and Escherichia coli were the offending bacterial organisms. Predisposing factors included systemic and local corticosteroids, aseptic necrosis of bone and synovitis due to SLE. The diagnosis was made by culture of the organisms from the synovial fluid. Three patients recovered without residual joint damage, one required corrective arthroplasty and one died from overwhelming infection.", "contents": "Septic arthritis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Five patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed septic arthritis. Neisseria gonorrheae, Staphyloccocus aureus, Proteus and Escherichia coli were the offending bacterial organisms. Predisposing factors included systemic and local corticosteroids, aseptic necrosis of bone and synovitis due to SLE. The diagnosis was made by culture of the organisms from the synovial fluid. Three patients recovered without residual joint damage, one required corrective arthroplasty and one died from overwhelming infection.", "PMID": 1185738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9969", "title": "Spectrum of gonococcal arthritis: evidence for sequential stages and clinical subgroups.", "content": "In a series of 84 patients with gonococcal (GC) arthritis, 41 were documented as follows: 17 had positive blood culture or typical skin rash (Hematogenous Group); four had positive joint culture plus hematogenous manifestations (Transition Group); and 20 had positive joint culture without positive blood culture or skin rash (Joint Localization Group). The hematogenous group, especially patients with proved gonococcemia, presented significantly earlier after onset of symptoms than patients with joint localization alone, suggesting sequential stages of disease. Patients with verified bacteremia were significantly more toxic than those with rash or culture-proved joint infection alone. Nine of the joint localization patients had a monoarthritis with minimal systemic manifestations. The remaining 11 had a polyarthritis and were significantly more toxic. A concept of sequential stages and clinical subgroups of GC arthritis is proposed which may improve patient classification and differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Spectrum of gonococcal arthritis: evidence for sequential stages and clinical subgroups. In a series of 84 patients with gonococcal (GC) arthritis, 41 were documented as follows: 17 had positive blood culture or typical skin rash (Hematogenous Group); four had positive joint culture plus hematogenous manifestations (Transition Group); and 20 had positive joint culture without positive blood culture or skin rash (Joint Localization Group). The hematogenous group, especially patients with proved gonococcemia, presented significantly earlier after onset of symptoms than patients with joint localization alone, suggesting sequential stages of disease. Patients with verified bacteremia were significantly more toxic than those with rash or culture-proved joint infection alone. Nine of the joint localization patients had a monoarthritis with minimal systemic manifestations. The remaining 11 had a polyarthritis and were significantly more toxic. A concept of sequential stages and clinical subgroups of GC arthritis is proposed which may improve patient classification and differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 1185739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9970", "title": "Destructive arthropathy in generalized osteoarthritis with articular chondrocalcinosis.", "content": "A destructive arthropathy is much more common when generalized osteoarthritis (GOA) and articular chondrocalcinosis (ACC) coexist than in GOA alone. Fifty-two patients with GOA and ACC were compared to a matched control group with GOA alone. A marked increase in the frequency of a destructive arthropathy was found in the group with both GOA and ACC. Nonweight-bearing joints were often involved in the group with GOA and ACC, whereas they were seldom involved in the group with GOA alone.", "contents": "Destructive arthropathy in generalized osteoarthritis with articular chondrocalcinosis. A destructive arthropathy is much more common when generalized osteoarthritis (GOA) and articular chondrocalcinosis (ACC) coexist than in GOA alone. Fifty-two patients with GOA and ACC were compared to a matched control group with GOA alone. A marked increase in the frequency of a destructive arthropathy was found in the group with both GOA and ACC. Nonweight-bearing joints were often involved in the group with GOA and ACC, whereas they were seldom involved in the group with GOA alone.", "PMID": 1185740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9971", "title": "Sacro-iliac joint in renal osteodystrophy: roentgenographic-Pathologic correlation.", "content": "A detailed roentgenographic and pathologic study of the sacro-iliac joint in a cadaver with renal osteodystrophy revealed subchondral abnormalities, particularly in the ilium, which consisted of resorption of bone, substitutive fibrosis, and thickening of remaining trabeculae. Overlying articular cartilage degeneration was also apparent. The \"pseudo-widening\" of the joint space noted in ante and post-mortem radiographs in this patient simulated the findings in early ankylosing spondylitis.", "contents": "Sacro-iliac joint in renal osteodystrophy: roentgenographic-Pathologic correlation. A detailed roentgenographic and pathologic study of the sacro-iliac joint in a cadaver with renal osteodystrophy revealed subchondral abnormalities, particularly in the ilium, which consisted of resorption of bone, substitutive fibrosis, and thickening of remaining trabeculae. Overlying articular cartilage degeneration was also apparent. The \"pseudo-widening\" of the joint space noted in ante and post-mortem radiographs in this patient simulated the findings in early ankylosing spondylitis.", "PMID": 1185741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9972", "title": "Inflammatory involvement of vertebrae in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Unusual destructive lesions of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae are described in two patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Biopsy of a lesion from one of the patients showed it to be inflammatory in nature. Possible mechanisms for vertebral centrum involvement in ankylosing spondylitis, centering on the role of enthesopathies are discussed.", "contents": "Inflammatory involvement of vertebrae in ankylosing spondylitis. Unusual destructive lesions of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae are described in two patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Biopsy of a lesion from one of the patients showed it to be inflammatory in nature. Possible mechanisms for vertebral centrum involvement in ankylosing spondylitis, centering on the role of enthesopathies are discussed.", "PMID": 1185742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9973", "title": "Serum complement and immunoglobulin levels in sporadic and familial ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Serum levels of C4, C3, IgG, IgM and IgA were measured by immunodiffusion in age matched groups of 48 sporadically encountered patients with ankylosing spondylitis, 56 with rheumatoid arthritis and 52 normal controls. Mean levels of C4 and IgA were significantly elevated in the sera of patients with sporadic ankylosing spondylitis, in comparison to normal controls. Mean IgA levels were also significantly elevated in 11 HL-A 27 positive patients with familial spondylitis but no such elevation was found in the sera of their healthy first-degree relatives with and without HL-A 27. The results of these studies suggest that humoral immune mechanisms may be involved in the pathophysiology of ankylosing spondylitis.", "contents": "Serum complement and immunoglobulin levels in sporadic and familial ankylosing spondylitis. Serum levels of C4, C3, IgG, IgM and IgA were measured by immunodiffusion in age matched groups of 48 sporadically encountered patients with ankylosing spondylitis, 56 with rheumatoid arthritis and 52 normal controls. Mean levels of C4 and IgA were significantly elevated in the sera of patients with sporadic ankylosing spondylitis, in comparison to normal controls. Mean IgA levels were also significantly elevated in 11 HL-A 27 positive patients with familial spondylitis but no such elevation was found in the sera of their healthy first-degree relatives with and without HL-A 27. The results of these studies suggest that humoral immune mechanisms may be involved in the pathophysiology of ankylosing spondylitis.", "PMID": 1185743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9974", "title": "HL-A27 and ankylosing spondylitis in B.C. Indians.", "content": "HL-A antigens were determined in Haida and Bella Coola native Indians, two communities known to have a high prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis. Tests were conducted on those with x-ray evidence of sacro-iliitis and on a sample of the community at large. Sacro-iliitis was found to prevail in approximately 10 per cent of adult Haida males and in over two per cent of Bella Coola adult males. Of 20 Haidas with sacro-iliitis, 17 were HL-A 27 positive. Fifty per cent of the Haida community at large were HL-A 27 positive. Three Bella Coolas known to have sacro-iliitis were all HL-A 27 positive, while 25 per cent of the community sampled at large were HL-A 27 positive. About one in five adult Haida males who were HL-A 27 positive showed evidence of sacro-iliitis, a proportion close to that ascertained in Caucasian communities. It would appear, therefore that the risk of disease in HL-A 27 positive Bella Coola males is considerably lower.", "contents": "HL-A27 and ankylosing spondylitis in B.C. Indians. HL-A antigens were determined in Haida and Bella Coola native Indians, two communities known to have a high prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis. Tests were conducted on those with x-ray evidence of sacro-iliitis and on a sample of the community at large. Sacro-iliitis was found to prevail in approximately 10 per cent of adult Haida males and in over two per cent of Bella Coola adult males. Of 20 Haidas with sacro-iliitis, 17 were HL-A 27 positive. Fifty per cent of the Haida community at large were HL-A 27 positive. Three Bella Coolas known to have sacro-iliitis were all HL-A 27 positive, while 25 per cent of the community sampled at large were HL-A 27 positive. About one in five adult Haida males who were HL-A 27 positive showed evidence of sacro-iliitis, a proportion close to that ascertained in Caucasian communities. It would appear, therefore that the risk of disease in HL-A 27 positive Bella Coola males is considerably lower.", "PMID": 1185744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9975", "title": "HL-A antigens in Europeans and Maoris with rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.", "content": "Using a standard microtoxicity technique of tissue typing, the distribution of tissue antigens in 75 Maoris and 514 European disease-free blood donors was determined. Fifty Maori and 50 Europeans with rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease were compared with each control group. Normal Maoris had HL-A3 less frequently than Europeans (P less than .0005). HL-A28 was reduced (P less than .005) and HL-A17 increased in European patients (P less than .0005). In Maori patients there were minor differences in the frequency of HL-A3 and 8, which were increased, and HL-A10, which was diminished.", "contents": "HL-A antigens in Europeans and Maoris with rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Using a standard microtoxicity technique of tissue typing, the distribution of tissue antigens in 75 Maoris and 514 European disease-free blood donors was determined. Fifty Maori and 50 Europeans with rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease were compared with each control group. Normal Maoris had HL-A3 less frequently than Europeans (P less than .0005). HL-A28 was reduced (P less than .005) and HL-A17 increased in European patients (P less than .0005). In Maori patients there were minor differences in the frequency of HL-A3 and 8, which were increased, and HL-A10, which was diminished.", "PMID": 1185745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9976", "title": "Azathioprine hypersensitivity mimicking an acute exacerbation of dermatomyositis.", "content": "We describe an unusual hypersensitivity reaction to azathioprine occurring in a patient with dermatomyositis, in which the acute manifestations suggested an exacerbation of the patient's underlying disorder. However, laboratory studies were not consistent with an acute exacerbation of dermatomyositis, and the subsequent clinical course confirmed the impression that the patient's symptoms were due to hypersensitivity to azathioprine. Physicians should be aware that a hypersensitivity reaction to azathioprine may mimic a flare of dermatomyositis.", "contents": "Azathioprine hypersensitivity mimicking an acute exacerbation of dermatomyositis. We describe an unusual hypersensitivity reaction to azathioprine occurring in a patient with dermatomyositis, in which the acute manifestations suggested an exacerbation of the patient's underlying disorder. However, laboratory studies were not consistent with an acute exacerbation of dermatomyositis, and the subsequent clinical course confirmed the impression that the patient's symptoms were due to hypersensitivity to azathioprine. Physicians should be aware that a hypersensitivity reaction to azathioprine may mimic a flare of dermatomyositis.", "PMID": 1185746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9977", "title": "Biochemical studies on the aqueous humour of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Aqueous humour of rhesus monkey eye contains lower concentration of glucose and excess of sodium and chloride irons in comparison to constituents of serum of the same animals.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on the aqueous humour of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Aqueous humour of rhesus monkey eye contains lower concentration of glucose and excess of sodium and chloride irons in comparison to constituents of serum of the same animals.", "PMID": 1185766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9978", "title": "The formation and cytochemical characterization of cortical granules in ovarian oocytes of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).", "content": "The formation and cytochemical characterization of cortical granules in the ovarian oocytes of the golden hamster have been investigated by use of light and electron microscopical techniques. Particular emphasis is given to the changing population of organelles associated with cortical granule formation. Our observations indicate that cortical granules are produced by the participation of both the Golgi complex and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ultrastructural cytochemistry reveals that the cortical granules are composed of glycoprotein. The cortical granules are released at fertilization by a merocrine-type of secretory process.", "contents": "The formation and cytochemical characterization of cortical granules in ovarian oocytes of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). The formation and cytochemical characterization of cortical granules in the ovarian oocytes of the golden hamster have been investigated by use of light and electron microscopical techniques. Particular emphasis is given to the changing population of organelles associated with cortical granule formation. Our observations indicate that cortical granules are produced by the participation of both the Golgi complex and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ultrastructural cytochemistry reveals that the cortical granules are composed of glycoprotein. The cortical granules are released at fertilization by a merocrine-type of secretory process.", "PMID": 1185788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9979", "title": "Techniques for estimating allometric equations.", "content": "Morphologists have long been aware that differential size relationships of variables can be fo great value when studying shape. Allometric patterns have been the basis of many interpretations of adaptations, biomechanisms, and taxonomies. It is of importance that the parameters of the allometric equation be as accurate estimates as possible since they are so commonly used in such interpretations. Since the error term may come into the allometric relation either exponentially or additively, there are at least two methods of estimating the parameters of the allometric equation. That most commonly used assumes exponentiality of the error term, and operates by forming a linear function by a logarithmic transformation and then solving by the method of ordinary least squares. On the other hand, if the rrror term comes into the equation in an additive way, a nonlinear method may be used, searching the parameter space for those parameters which minimize the sum of squared residuals. Study of data on body weight and metabolism in birds explores the issues involved in discriminating between the two models by working through a specific example and shows that these two methods of estimation can yield highly different results. Not only minimizing the sum of squared residuals, but also the distribution and randomness of the residuals must be considered in determing which model more precisely estimates the parameters. In general there is no a priori way to tell which model will be best. Given the importance often attached to the parameter estimates, it may be well worth considerable effort to find which method of solution is appropriate for a given set of data.", "contents": "Techniques for estimating allometric equations. Morphologists have long been aware that differential size relationships of variables can be fo great value when studying shape. Allometric patterns have been the basis of many interpretations of adaptations, biomechanisms, and taxonomies. It is of importance that the parameters of the allometric equation be as accurate estimates as possible since they are so commonly used in such interpretations. Since the error term may come into the allometric relation either exponentially or additively, there are at least two methods of estimating the parameters of the allometric equation. That most commonly used assumes exponentiality of the error term, and operates by forming a linear function by a logarithmic transformation and then solving by the method of ordinary least squares. On the other hand, if the rrror term comes into the equation in an additive way, a nonlinear method may be used, searching the parameter space for those parameters which minimize the sum of squared residuals. Study of data on body weight and metabolism in birds explores the issues involved in discriminating between the two models by working through a specific example and shows that these two methods of estimation can yield highly different results. Not only minimizing the sum of squared residuals, but also the distribution and randomness of the residuals must be considered in determing which model more precisely estimates the parameters. In general there is no a priori way to tell which model will be best. Given the importance often attached to the parameter estimates, it may be well worth considerable effort to find which method of solution is appropriate for a given set of data.", "PMID": 1185789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9980", "title": "A gross and microscopic study of the respiratory anatomy of the Antarctic Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddelli.", "content": "Four species of Phocidae, or true seals, inhabit the waters surrounding the Antarctic continent. These animals are thought to have different diving capabilities. The Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddelli, is known to be capable of attaining depths up to 600 meters. The respiratiory system of the Weddell seal shows the usual adaptations to an aquatic environment characteristic of other marine. These include lungs that undergo compression acollapse at depths greater than 70 meters; hyaline cartilage in the tracheo-bronchial tree as far as the terminal bronchioles; and large amounts of smooth muscle surrounding the distal-most bronchioles. The collapsible lungs provide a mechanism by which air is forced from the alveoli adjacent to the pulmonary capillary beds thereby preventing the absorption of nitrogen gas into the bloodsteam. The presence of hyaline cartilage throughout most of the tracheo-bronchial tree increases the effective dead air space that accommodates most of the air forced from the collapsed lungs. The smooth muscle surrounding the respiratory bronchioles prevents their collapse while under the pressures of a deep dive. Collapse of the respiratory bronchioles not supported by cartilage would trap air in the lung alveoli during a dive. In addition, large- sac-like \"diverticulae\" are found in the submucosa throughout the tracheo-bronchial tree. These diverticulae, which open directly into the lumen of the tree, appear to be modified glands whose cells, in most cases, do not appear to be specialized for secretory function. They are most numerous in the more distal bronchi and terminal bronchioles where they are situated on both the luminal and adventitial sides of the hyaline cartilage supporting the walls of the air passages. Diverticulae are not found in the respiratory bronchioles or in the respiratory portion of the lungs.", "contents": "A gross and microscopic study of the respiratory anatomy of the Antarctic Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddelli. Four species of Phocidae, or true seals, inhabit the waters surrounding the Antarctic continent. These animals are thought to have different diving capabilities. The Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddelli, is known to be capable of attaining depths up to 600 meters. The respiratiory system of the Weddell seal shows the usual adaptations to an aquatic environment characteristic of other marine. These include lungs that undergo compression acollapse at depths greater than 70 meters; hyaline cartilage in the tracheo-bronchial tree as far as the terminal bronchioles; and large amounts of smooth muscle surrounding the distal-most bronchioles. The collapsible lungs provide a mechanism by which air is forced from the alveoli adjacent to the pulmonary capillary beds thereby preventing the absorption of nitrogen gas into the bloodsteam. The presence of hyaline cartilage throughout most of the tracheo-bronchial tree increases the effective dead air space that accommodates most of the air forced from the collapsed lungs. The smooth muscle surrounding the respiratory bronchioles prevents their collapse while under the pressures of a deep dive. Collapse of the respiratory bronchioles not supported by cartilage would trap air in the lung alveoli during a dive. In addition, large- sac-like \"diverticulae\" are found in the submucosa throughout the tracheo-bronchial tree. These diverticulae, which open directly into the lumen of the tree, appear to be modified glands whose cells, in most cases, do not appear to be specialized for secretory function. They are most numerous in the more distal bronchi and terminal bronchioles where they are situated on both the luminal and adventitial sides of the hyaline cartilage supporting the walls of the air passages. Diverticulae are not found in the respiratory bronchioles or in the respiratory portion of the lungs.", "PMID": 1185790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9981", "title": "Compositional nonrandomness: a quantitatively conserved evolutionary invariant.", "content": "The a priori probability that the amino acid composition of a protein will exhibit a given overall deviation from the genetic code table frequencies is the same for all protein families independent of protein length, biological function, or origin.", "contents": "Compositional nonrandomness: a quantitatively conserved evolutionary invariant. The a priori probability that the amino acid composition of a protein will exhibit a given overall deviation from the genetic code table frequencies is the same for all protein families independent of protein length, biological function, or origin.", "PMID": 1185793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9982", "title": "A genetic model for the evolution of the glycosphingolipids.", "content": "The glycosphingolipids have been found in many animal tissues, but the complexity of their molecular structure varies considerably among the different phyla. Relatively simple structures have been found in invertebrate species, while the most complex have been demonstrated in brain tissue of modern fishes and amphibians. The data on the phylogenetic distribution of the glycosphingolipids has been interpreted to indicate that a significant number of gene duplications, involving many different structural genes, may have occurred during a few specific periods of vertebrate evolution. The transition from invertebrate to jawless vertebrate, the divergence of rays and skates from true sharks, the advent of modern bony fishes and the transition from aquatic to terrestrial vertebrates, each could have veen accompained by duplications of genes involved in the synthesis and degradation of glycosphingolipids. The evolutionary study of such a multi-enzyme system may be one means to detect alterations in the genome as a whole. The apparent correspondence in time of these gene duplications involved in glycosphingolipid metabolism and periods of rapid vertebrate evolution which may have been accompanied by significant increases in the amount of cellular DNA suggests that such changes may have occurred via the mechanism of tetraploidization.", "contents": "A genetic model for the evolution of the glycosphingolipids. The glycosphingolipids have been found in many animal tissues, but the complexity of their molecular structure varies considerably among the different phyla. Relatively simple structures have been found in invertebrate species, while the most complex have been demonstrated in brain tissue of modern fishes and amphibians. The data on the phylogenetic distribution of the glycosphingolipids has been interpreted to indicate that a significant number of gene duplications, involving many different structural genes, may have occurred during a few specific periods of vertebrate evolution. The transition from invertebrate to jawless vertebrate, the divergence of rays and skates from true sharks, the advent of modern bony fishes and the transition from aquatic to terrestrial vertebrates, each could have veen accompained by duplications of genes involved in the synthesis and degradation of glycosphingolipids. The evolutionary study of such a multi-enzyme system may be one means to detect alterations in the genome as a whole. The apparent correspondence in time of these gene duplications involved in glycosphingolipid metabolism and periods of rapid vertebrate evolution which may have been accompanied by significant increases in the amount of cellular DNA suggests that such changes may have occurred via the mechanism of tetraploidization.", "PMID": 1185794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9983", "title": "Nature genetic basis and evolution of the haemoblobin polymorphism in Chironomus.", "content": "Chironomus larvae exhibit considerable haemoblobin polymorphism. Chironomus tnetans has 10 and C. pallidivittatus has 8 electrophoretically different Hb-chains. With the exception of one Hb-chain, all are species-specific. The hybrid which is fertile, shows the Hb-pattern of both parents. In the F2 and subsequent generations, considerable chromosome rearrangements occurs. Since the chromosomes of the parent species can be distinguished in the polytene state, Hb-patterns can be correlated with specific chromosomal constitutions. All the species-specific Hb-genes are located on one chromosome. This finding suggests that the Hb-genes have evolved through multiple gene duplications. Different mechanisms for gene duplication are discussed.", "contents": "Nature genetic basis and evolution of the haemoblobin polymorphism in Chironomus. Chironomus larvae exhibit considerable haemoblobin polymorphism. Chironomus tnetans has 10 and C. pallidivittatus has 8 electrophoretically different Hb-chains. With the exception of one Hb-chain, all are species-specific. The hybrid which is fertile, shows the Hb-pattern of both parents. In the F2 and subsequent generations, considerable chromosome rearrangements occurs. Since the chromosomes of the parent species can be distinguished in the polytene state, Hb-patterns can be correlated with specific chromosomal constitutions. All the species-specific Hb-genes are located on one chromosome. This finding suggests that the Hb-genes have evolved through multiple gene duplications. Different mechanisms for gene duplication are discussed.", "PMID": 1185795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9984", "title": "Argyrophil cell microneoplasia in the Mastomys' stomach--an observation on early carcinoid formation.", "content": "To analyze the early stages of argyrophil cell carcinoid growth, complete serial sections were cut from the glandular portion of the stomachs of 22 Mastomys and submitted to Sevier-Munger's reaction. The 154 grossly invisible foci of argyrophil cell microproliferation thus detected were classified into three stages of microproliferations (I, II, and III), and the last stage was definitely a microcarcinoid. There was a gradual transition in cell proliferation among these three stages; the first stage (microproliferation I), in which the cells were morphologically indistinguishable from those of hyperplastic proliferation by general morphologic criteria, was where the initial change of argyrophil cell carcinoid formation was detectable by a light microscope. Whereas multiple occurrences of microcarcinoids accounted for the multiplicity of well-developed tumors in the stomachs of Mastomys, a well-developed carcinoid in this species was formed by the confluence of several microcarcinoids.", "contents": "Argyrophil cell microneoplasia in the Mastomys' stomach--an observation on early carcinoid formation. To analyze the early stages of argyrophil cell carcinoid growth, complete serial sections were cut from the glandular portion of the stomachs of 22 Mastomys and submitted to Sevier-Munger's reaction. The 154 grossly invisible foci of argyrophil cell microproliferation thus detected were classified into three stages of microproliferations (I, II, and III), and the last stage was definitely a microcarcinoid. There was a gradual transition in cell proliferation among these three stages; the first stage (microproliferation I), in which the cells were morphologically indistinguishable from those of hyperplastic proliferation by general morphologic criteria, was where the initial change of argyrophil cell carcinoid formation was detectable by a light microscope. Whereas multiple occurrences of microcarcinoids accounted for the multiplicity of well-developed tumors in the stomachs of Mastomys, a well-developed carcinoid in this species was formed by the confluence of several microcarcinoids.", "PMID": 1185797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9985", "title": "The architecture of 5S rRNA and its relation to function.", "content": "An extensive comparative analysis of the available primary sequence data  on 5S rRNA has been made. A universal secondary structure is presented for procaryotic 5S rRNA which contains four helical regions. Eucaryotic 5S rRNAs are found to have only three of these helices and thus have a somewhat different architecture. In addition, a highly conserved segment of more than thirty nucleotides is identified in the 5' half of the procaryotic molecule. This segment includes the oligonucleotide -CGAAC- which presumably binds to the t-RNA \"common\" sequence -GTpsiCG-. Among the eucaryotes, the plants display a procaryotic nature in this region, but no eucaryote has the sequence -CGAAC- in this segment. A functional role for the procaryotic 5S rRNA molecule is discussed in which it is envisioned to undergo conformational change, i.e., coiling and uncoiling of one of the helices, which can result in a cyclic interaction of the 5S rRNA molecule with two t-RNA molecules. A general principle also emerges: the natural rotational motion inherent in coiling and uncoiling of nucleic acid helices can be converted quite simply to linear mechanical motion.", "contents": "The architecture of 5S rRNA and its relation to function. An extensive comparative analysis of the available primary sequence data  on 5S rRNA has been made. A universal secondary structure is presented for procaryotic 5S rRNA which contains four helical regions. Eucaryotic 5S rRNAs are found to have only three of these helices and thus have a somewhat different architecture. In addition, a highly conserved segment of more than thirty nucleotides is identified in the 5' half of the procaryotic molecule. This segment includes the oligonucleotide -CGAAC- which presumably binds to the t-RNA \"common\" sequence -GTpsiCG-. Among the eucaryotes, the plants display a procaryotic nature in this region, but no eucaryote has the sequence -CGAAC- in this segment. A functional role for the procaryotic 5S rRNA molecule is discussed in which it is envisioned to undergo conformational change, i.e., coiling and uncoiling of one of the helices, which can result in a cyclic interaction of the 5S rRNA molecule with two t-RNA molecules. A general principle also emerges: the natural rotational motion inherent in coiling and uncoiling of nucleic acid helices can be converted quite simply to linear mechanical motion.", "PMID": 1185796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9986", "title": "G- and C-banding patterns in the T2 murine leukemia.", "content": "The bone marrow cells of BALB/c mice with T2 murine leukemia were analyzed cytogenetically. Of 98 leukemia metaphases, 16.3% were hypodiploid, 4.1% hyperdiploid, and 79.5% diploid. The distribution of G bands in diploid metaphases indicated that almost half of them were pseudodiploid, with chromosome abnormalities such as trisomies, monosomies, nullisomies, unidentified chromosomes, translocations, deletions, or duplications. Since all mouse chromosomes are acrocentric and can be identified only tentatively most of the anomalies detected with G-banding procedures would have passed unnoticed with conventional cytogenetic techniques. The C-banding pattern of leukemia cells did not differ from that of normal controls. However, a considerable number of leukemia cell metaphases had bridges connecting the centromeric C bands of two or more chromosomes. This phenomenon probably indicates an increased stickiness of the heterochromatin, which may produce mitotic nondisjunction and the appearance of monosomies and trisomies.", "contents": "G- and C-banding patterns in the T2 murine leukemia. The bone marrow cells of BALB/c mice with T2 murine leukemia were analyzed cytogenetically. Of 98 leukemia metaphases, 16.3% were hypodiploid, 4.1% hyperdiploid, and 79.5% diploid. The distribution of G bands in diploid metaphases indicated that almost half of them were pseudodiploid, with chromosome abnormalities such as trisomies, monosomies, nullisomies, unidentified chromosomes, translocations, deletions, or duplications. Since all mouse chromosomes are acrocentric and can be identified only tentatively most of the anomalies detected with G-banding procedures would have passed unnoticed with conventional cytogenetic techniques. The C-banding pattern of leukemia cells did not differ from that of normal controls. However, a considerable number of leukemia cell metaphases had bridges connecting the centromeric C bands of two or more chromosomes. This phenomenon probably indicates an increased stickiness of the heterochromatin, which may produce mitotic nondisjunction and the appearance of monosomies and trisomies.", "PMID": 1185798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9987", "title": "Oral contraceptives as related to cancer and benign lesions of the breast.", "content": "We conducted a case-control study to search for any relationship between use of oral contraceptives and development of breast cancer or benign breast disease. Women less than 50 years old with these diseases were matched with 2 controls by age, race, religion, and hospital. Home interviews elicited information on oral contraceptive use and other host and environmental factors. The study population comprised 1,770 women, including 452 with breast cancer and 446 with benign breast disease. The relative risk of developing cancer or benign disease was measured by matched set and summary chi-square analyses. Although the relative risk of developing breast cancer among \"ever-users\" of oral contraceptives was 1.1, the risk among women using oral contraceptives for 2-4 years was 1.9 (significantly increased). This risk estimate reached 2.5 for the 2- to 4-year users if they were still taking oral contraceptives when entered into study. Moreover, prior biopsy for benign breast disease increased the cancer risk among long-term users by as much as 11-fold. The relative risk of breast cancer did not vary by age, interval since first use, earliest year of use, or interval since last use. These results could be interpreted to indicate that oral contraceptives did not induce breast cancer but may have accelerated the growth rate of preexisting breast cancer. The relative risk of developing benign breast disease among ever-users of oral contraceptives was 0.8 (significantly reduced); it decreased with longer duration of use until it reached 0.2 for women who took these hormones 8 years or more. The relative risk of benign breast was not affected by earliest year of use or interval since last use. We concluded that oral contraceptives reduced the incidence of benign breast disease, but that use of steroid hormones is ill-advised for women with already established benign breast disease.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives as related to cancer and benign lesions of the breast. We conducted a case-control study to search for any relationship between use of oral contraceptives and development of breast cancer or benign breast disease. Women less than 50 years old with these diseases were matched with 2 controls by age, race, religion, and hospital. Home interviews elicited information on oral contraceptive use and other host and environmental factors. The study population comprised 1,770 women, including 452 with breast cancer and 446 with benign breast disease. The relative risk of developing cancer or benign disease was measured by matched set and summary chi-square analyses. Although the relative risk of developing breast cancer among \"ever-users\" of oral contraceptives was 1.1, the risk among women using oral contraceptives for 2-4 years was 1.9 (significantly increased). This risk estimate reached 2.5 for the 2- to 4-year users if they were still taking oral contraceptives when entered into study. Moreover, prior biopsy for benign breast disease increased the cancer risk among long-term users by as much as 11-fold. The relative risk of breast cancer did not vary by age, interval since first use, earliest year of use, or interval since last use. These results could be interpreted to indicate that oral contraceptives did not induce breast cancer but may have accelerated the growth rate of preexisting breast cancer. The relative risk of developing benign breast disease among ever-users of oral contraceptives was 0.8 (significantly reduced); it decreased with longer duration of use until it reached 0.2 for women who took these hormones 8 years or more. The relative risk of benign breast was not affected by earliest year of use or interval since last use. We concluded that oral contraceptives reduced the incidence of benign breast disease, but that use of steroid hormones is ill-advised for women with already established benign breast disease.", "PMID": 1185801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9988", "title": "Reactivity of smooth-muscle antibodies, surface ultrastructure, and mobility in cells of human hematopoietic cell lines.", "content": "Seventeen human hematopoietic cell lines were tested by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) for reactivity with human serum containing smooth-muscle antibodies (SMA). The correlation of the IF pattern to the cell surface ultrastructure was revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Lymphoma cells, viewed by SEM, had short villi over the entire cell surface, but, by IF, showed a type of membrane fluorescence. Cells of lymphoblastoid lines had thin, long surface villi, sometimes asymmetric but most often distributed over the whole cell surface. Myeloma and leukemia cells, which had few membrane villi but a surface covered by \"blebs\" as revealed by SEM, demonstrated, by IF, only a few stub-like projections extending from the surface. Time-lapse cinematography revealed that the intensity and pattern of SMA staining were also correlated to the degree of motility. Indirect IF with human SMA-positive serum might be used in the classification of cell lines derived from human hematopoietic tissue.", "contents": "Reactivity of smooth-muscle antibodies, surface ultrastructure, and mobility in cells of human hematopoietic cell lines. Seventeen human hematopoietic cell lines were tested by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) for reactivity with human serum containing smooth-muscle antibodies (SMA). The correlation of the IF pattern to the cell surface ultrastructure was revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Lymphoma cells, viewed by SEM, had short villi over the entire cell surface, but, by IF, showed a type of membrane fluorescence. Cells of lymphoblastoid lines had thin, long surface villi, sometimes asymmetric but most often distributed over the whole cell surface. Myeloma and leukemia cells, which had few membrane villi but a surface covered by \"blebs\" as revealed by SEM, demonstrated, by IF, only a few stub-like projections extending from the surface. Time-lapse cinematography revealed that the intensity and pattern of SMA staining were also correlated to the degree of motility. Indirect IF with human SMA-positive serum might be used in the classification of cell lines derived from human hematopoietic tissue.", "PMID": 1185802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9989", "title": "Measurement of serum ferritin by radioimmunoassay: results in normal individuals and patients with breast cancer.", "content": "Ferritins are iron-containing proteins found in normal tissues; they increase in concentration in many tumors and the blood of tumor-bearing individuals. We utilized a double-antibody radioimmunoassay for measurement of serum ferritin and defined the upper limit of normal as 146 ng/ml for women (mean 34 ng/ml) and 193 ng/ml for men (mean 93 ng/ml). Serum ferritin levels exceeded these limits in preoperative sera of 41% of women with mammary carcinoma (mean 199 ng/ml) and in 67% of women with locally recurrent or metastatic mammary carcinoma (mean 671 ng/ml). Individuals with hepatic inflammatory states are known to have high serum ferritin, and ferritin was increased in 43% of patients with hepatitis or cirrhosis (mean 364 ng/ml) and in 13% of patients with ulcerative colitis or gastroduodenal ulcers (mean 106 ng/ml). Measurement of serum ferritin may be useful in evaluation of patients with breast cancer and in monitoring their response to therapy.", "contents": "Measurement of serum ferritin by radioimmunoassay: results in normal individuals and patients with breast cancer. Ferritins are iron-containing proteins found in normal tissues; they increase in concentration in many tumors and the blood of tumor-bearing individuals. We utilized a double-antibody radioimmunoassay for measurement of serum ferritin and defined the upper limit of normal as 146 ng/ml for women (mean 34 ng/ml) and 193 ng/ml for men (mean 93 ng/ml). Serum ferritin levels exceeded these limits in preoperative sera of 41% of women with mammary carcinoma (mean 199 ng/ml) and in 67% of women with locally recurrent or metastatic mammary carcinoma (mean 671 ng/ml). Individuals with hepatic inflammatory states are known to have high serum ferritin, and ferritin was increased in 43% of patients with hepatitis or cirrhosis (mean 364 ng/ml) and in 13% of patients with ulcerative colitis or gastroduodenal ulcers (mean 106 ng/ml). Measurement of serum ferritin may be useful in evaluation of patients with breast cancer and in monitoring their response to therapy.", "PMID": 1185803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9990", "title": "Location by immunoelectron microscopy of carcinoembryonic antigen on cultured adenocarcinoma cells.", "content": "The tissue-culture cell line HT-29, derived from a primary colon adenocarcinoma and previously shown to secrete carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), was examined by immunoelectron microscopy for the location of CEA in relation to the cells. CEA was closely adjacent to the plasma membrane, a location indistinguishable from that of alloantigens and other tumor-associated antigens.", "contents": "Location by immunoelectron microscopy of carcinoembryonic antigen on cultured adenocarcinoma cells. The tissue-culture cell line HT-29, derived from a primary colon adenocarcinoma and previously shown to secrete carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), was examined by immunoelectron microscopy for the location of CEA in relation to the cells. CEA was closely adjacent to the plasma membrane, a location indistinguishable from that of alloantigens and other tumor-associated antigens.", "PMID": 1185804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9991", "title": "Nonspecific inhibition of DNA repair by promoting and nonpromoting phorbol esters.", "content": "The effects of the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and its nonpromoting structural analogue, 4-O-methyl-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (Me-TPA), on N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene-elicited DNA repair and replicative DNA synthesis was measured in normal human fibroblasts. Both esters inhibited DNA repair synthesis, and Me-TPA was nearly as effective as TPA. In addition, TPA inhibited replicative DNA synthesis. These findings showed that inhibition of DNA repair synthesis may not be a major factor in the mechanisms of action of tumor promoters.", "contents": "Nonspecific inhibition of DNA repair by promoting and nonpromoting phorbol esters. The effects of the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and its nonpromoting structural analogue, 4-O-methyl-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (Me-TPA), on N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene-elicited DNA repair and replicative DNA synthesis was measured in normal human fibroblasts. Both esters inhibited DNA repair synthesis, and Me-TPA was nearly as effective as TPA. In addition, TPA inhibited replicative DNA synthesis. These findings showed that inhibition of DNA repair synthesis may not be a major factor in the mechanisms of action of tumor promoters.", "PMID": 1185805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9992", "title": "Dynamic alterations in some surface properties of freshly explanted Moloney lymphoma cells.", "content": "When Moloney lymphoma (YAC) cells were freshly explanted from the tumor-bearing host into culture, two events occurred in the first 120 minutes: The cells lost their natural IgG coat, and their sensitivity to complement-dependent lysis (CdL) mediated by antibodies to Moloney lymphoma cells decreased or increased. An increasing sensitivity to CdL as a function of incubation time at 37 degrees C was likely to occur when the sensitivity to CdL was low at explantation. A decreasing sensitivity to CdL was probable in instances of a high sensitivity to CdL at explantation. Artifical coating of YAC cells with antibodies to Moloney lymphoma immediately after explantation moderated the alterations in their sensitivity to CdL. This occurred even though a functional antibody did not remain on the cells as evidenced from the gradual decreased sensitivity of these artifically coated cells to the addition of complement. Spent culture media in which freshly explanted cells grew for 60 or 120 minutes sometimes blocked CdL of YAC cells mediated by antibodies to Moloney lymphoma.", "contents": "Dynamic alterations in some surface properties of freshly explanted Moloney lymphoma cells. When Moloney lymphoma (YAC) cells were freshly explanted from the tumor-bearing host into culture, two events occurred in the first 120 minutes: The cells lost their natural IgG coat, and their sensitivity to complement-dependent lysis (CdL) mediated by antibodies to Moloney lymphoma cells decreased or increased. An increasing sensitivity to CdL as a function of incubation time at 37 degrees C was likely to occur when the sensitivity to CdL was low at explantation. A decreasing sensitivity to CdL was probable in instances of a high sensitivity to CdL at explantation. Artifical coating of YAC cells with antibodies to Moloney lymphoma immediately after explantation moderated the alterations in their sensitivity to CdL. This occurred even though a functional antibody did not remain on the cells as evidenced from the gradual decreased sensitivity of these artifically coated cells to the addition of complement. Spent culture media in which freshly explanted cells grew for 60 or 120 minutes sometimes blocked CdL of YAC cells mediated by antibodies to Moloney lymphoma.", "PMID": 1185807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9993", "title": "Establishment and characteristics of a hamster lung adenocarcinoma in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Several cell lines designated HLAC were derived from primary lung carcinomas induced in Syrian hamsters by polonium-210 or benzo[a]pyrene. Primary tumor nodules were initially transplanted into cheek pouches, and the tumors that grew were passed into tissue culture and into the cheek pouches of other hamsters for continued in vivo passage. By serial passage and cloning, cell lines were isolated with plating efficiencies of 20-50% in vitro and 10-25% when cultured directly from solid tumors. These cells formed adenocarcinomas in vivo. The radiosensitivities in vitro of HLAC-4 and HLAC-14 varied; observed D0 (the inverse of the slope of the exponential portion of the survival curve) values were 80 and 155 rads, respectively; n (the dose at which the exponential portion of the survival curve extrapolates to 100% survival) values were approximately 1.8. Survival curves obtained following in situ irradiation of 4- to 5-mm3 HLAC-4 tumors showed a D0 of 80 rads and an n of 7. Morphology and growth characteristics of two HLAC cell lines in vivo and in vitro were described.", "contents": "Establishment and characteristics of a hamster lung adenocarcinoma in vivo and in vitro. Several cell lines designated HLAC were derived from primary lung carcinomas induced in Syrian hamsters by polonium-210 or benzo[a]pyrene. Primary tumor nodules were initially transplanted into cheek pouches, and the tumors that grew were passed into tissue culture and into the cheek pouches of other hamsters for continued in vivo passage. By serial passage and cloning, cell lines were isolated with plating efficiencies of 20-50% in vitro and 10-25% when cultured directly from solid tumors. These cells formed adenocarcinomas in vivo. The radiosensitivities in vitro of HLAC-4 and HLAC-14 varied; observed D0 (the inverse of the slope of the exponential portion of the survival curve) values were 80 and 155 rads, respectively; n (the dose at which the exponential portion of the survival curve extrapolates to 100% survival) values were approximately 1.8. Survival curves obtained following in situ irradiation of 4- to 5-mm3 HLAC-4 tumors showed a D0 of 80 rads and an n of 7. Morphology and growth characteristics of two HLAC cell lines in vivo and in vitro were described.", "PMID": 1185808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9994", "title": "Regenerative response of the rat tracheal epithelium after acute exposure to tobacco smoke: a quantitative study.", "content": "The regenerative response of the rat tracheobronchial epithelium after acute exposure to tobacco smoke was studied. Cigarettes were smoked automatically, and the smoke was diluted with air before being inhaled by the animals. Twenty-four hours after the animals were subjected to tobacco smoke, and with vinblastine as a metaphase-arrest agent, a wave of cell proliferation occurred. The intensity of the response was related to the type of smoke (it was more severe for cigarette than cigar tobacco) and depended on the concentration of smoke, but the timing of the response after moderate exposure was constant. The wave of proliferation would appear to be a local response to cell loss or damage, though morphologically the observed changes were slight. With repeated daily exposure, some adaptation of the tissue was apparent, in that the wave of rapid cell reproduction did not recur, but this did not imply that there was no progression of effect with respect to other pathologic processes. The responses to tobacco smoke and sulfur dioxide were compared. Cell proliferation provided a useful and rapid test of certain irritant effects of different types of tobacco smoke, but it was essential that animals free of chronic respiratory disease be used.", "contents": "Regenerative response of the rat tracheal epithelium after acute exposure to tobacco smoke: a quantitative study. The regenerative response of the rat tracheobronchial epithelium after acute exposure to tobacco smoke was studied. Cigarettes were smoked automatically, and the smoke was diluted with air before being inhaled by the animals. Twenty-four hours after the animals were subjected to tobacco smoke, and with vinblastine as a metaphase-arrest agent, a wave of cell proliferation occurred. The intensity of the response was related to the type of smoke (it was more severe for cigarette than cigar tobacco) and depended on the concentration of smoke, but the timing of the response after moderate exposure was constant. The wave of proliferation would appear to be a local response to cell loss or damage, though morphologically the observed changes were slight. With repeated daily exposure, some adaptation of the tissue was apparent, in that the wave of rapid cell reproduction did not recur, but this did not imply that there was no progression of effect with respect to other pathologic processes. The responses to tobacco smoke and sulfur dioxide were compared. Cell proliferation provided a useful and rapid test of certain irritant effects of different types of tobacco smoke, but it was essential that animals free of chronic respiratory disease be used.", "PMID": 1185809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9995", "title": "Changes in pepsinogen isozymes in stomach carcinogenesis induced in rats by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "Changes in the isozymes of pepsinogen (Pg) separated from the glandular stomachs of rats were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis during carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), from the beginning of MNNG administration to 3 months after the end of its 7-month regimen. In 13 of 25 rats killed successively, one (Pg 1) of the three pepsinogen isozymes (Pg 1, 3, 4) normally present in the pyloric mucosa had decreased or disappeared. It decreas was observed from 1 week after the beginning of MNNG treatment to at least 3 months after the end of the 7-month MNNG administration. Remarkable histopathologic changes were found from 8 months after MNNG was given, and rats showing such unusual histopathologic alterations also had changes in their pepsinogen isozyme pattern. In 4 of 27 rats, two (Pg 1, 2) of the four isozymes of pepsinogen (Pg 1-4) in the fundic mucosa decreased or disappeared from 3 months after the beginning of MNNG treatment to at least 2 months after the end of its 7-month administration. Histopathologic changes induced by MNNG were not as remarkable in the fundic mucosa as in the pyloric mucosa.", "contents": "Changes in pepsinogen isozymes in stomach carcinogenesis induced in rats by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Changes in the isozymes of pepsinogen (Pg) separated from the glandular stomachs of rats were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis during carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), from the beginning of MNNG administration to 3 months after the end of its 7-month regimen. In 13 of 25 rats killed successively, one (Pg 1) of the three pepsinogen isozymes (Pg 1, 3, 4) normally present in the pyloric mucosa had decreased or disappeared. It decreas was observed from 1 week after the beginning of MNNG treatment to at least 3 months after the end of the 7-month MNNG administration. Remarkable histopathologic changes were found from 8 months after MNNG was given, and rats showing such unusual histopathologic alterations also had changes in their pepsinogen isozyme pattern. In 4 of 27 rats, two (Pg 1, 2) of the four isozymes of pepsinogen (Pg 1-4) in the fundic mucosa decreased or disappeared from 3 months after the beginning of MNNG treatment to at least 2 months after the end of its 7-month administration. Histopathologic changes induced by MNNG were not as remarkable in the fundic mucosa as in the pyloric mucosa.", "PMID": 1185810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9996", "title": "Canine thyroid neoplasms: epidemiologic features.", "content": "A retrospective study of medical records from twelve veterinary university hospitals-clinics yielded 144 dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of a thyroid neoplasm (25 adenomas and 119 carcinomas). Forty-five of these dogs had additional primary neoplasms. As in man, associated tumors suggested the inherited multiple endocrine adenomatosis, type 1, and a possible syndrome of thyroid and chemoreceptor lesions. Although the female preponderance of human thyroid cancer was not seen in dogs, females showed a much sharper increase in risk with advancing age than did males. Three breeds (beagle, boxer, and golden retriever) had a significantly greater risk for thyroid carcinoma than did all dogs combined, whereas miniature and toy poodles had a low risk. The function of thyroiditis in the origin of thyroid cancer, as suggested by reports of thyroid carcinoma in people with Hashimoto's disease, may be clarified by follow-up studies of beagles which are prone to Hashimoto-type thyroiditis.", "contents": "Canine thyroid neoplasms: epidemiologic features. A retrospective study of medical records from twelve veterinary university hospitals-clinics yielded 144 dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of a thyroid neoplasm (25 adenomas and 119 carcinomas). Forty-five of these dogs had additional primary neoplasms. As in man, associated tumors suggested the inherited multiple endocrine adenomatosis, type 1, and a possible syndrome of thyroid and chemoreceptor lesions. Although the female preponderance of human thyroid cancer was not seen in dogs, females showed a much sharper increase in risk with advancing age than did males. Three breeds (beagle, boxer, and golden retriever) had a significantly greater risk for thyroid carcinoma than did all dogs combined, whereas miniature and toy poodles had a low risk. The function of thyroiditis in the origin of thyroid cancer, as suggested by reports of thyroid carcinoma in people with Hashimoto's disease, may be clarified by follow-up studies of beagles which are prone to Hashimoto-type thyroiditis.", "PMID": 1185811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9997", "title": "Immune mechanisms in leukemia: suppression of cellular immunity by starvation.", "content": "The effects of starvation on the cellular immune response of C58/Wm mice to syngeneic malignant lymphoid cells (1b cells) were studied. Mice were starved 1-3 days before or after immunization. The capacity of starved animals to survive immunization was used to quantify immunosuppression. When starvation bracketed immunization by -1 to +1 days, only 2 of 23 mice survived primary immunization, compared with 100% survival for nonstarved controls. A 2-day period of starvation +1 to +7 days after primary immunization reduced survival about 30%. For a test of the effect of starvation on the secondary immune response, mice were immunized, starved 2 days, and then challenged with viable lb cells. When mice were starved from -3 to +1 days before or after challenge, there was a 25-45% decrease in survival. Starvation caused a disproportionate depletion of lymphoid tissue elements. The proportional loss in the weight of the spleen and thymus was essentially twice as great as the loss in total body weight. The peripheral blood leukocyte count was reduced by about 20% when mice were starved 1 day and by approximately 50% when they were starved 2 days. When mice were starved 1-2 days, the differential leukocyte count did not shift and there was no significant change in the number of blood erythrocytes or in the hematocrit. Starvation for 2 days caused a 65-70% reduction in the number of viable mononuclear spleen cells. Starvation for 3 days caused about 90% reduction. Adoptive cell transfer experiments showed that the immunocompetence of individual spleen immunocytes was not reduced by starvation.", "contents": "Immune mechanisms in leukemia: suppression of cellular immunity by starvation. The effects of starvation on the cellular immune response of C58/Wm mice to syngeneic malignant lymphoid cells (1b cells) were studied. Mice were starved 1-3 days before or after immunization. The capacity of starved animals to survive immunization was used to quantify immunosuppression. When starvation bracketed immunization by -1 to +1 days, only 2 of 23 mice survived primary immunization, compared with 100% survival for nonstarved controls. A 2-day period of starvation +1 to +7 days after primary immunization reduced survival about 30%. For a test of the effect of starvation on the secondary immune response, mice were immunized, starved 2 days, and then challenged with viable lb cells. When mice were starved from -3 to +1 days before or after challenge, there was a 25-45% decrease in survival. Starvation caused a disproportionate depletion of lymphoid tissue elements. The proportional loss in the weight of the spleen and thymus was essentially twice as great as the loss in total body weight. The peripheral blood leukocyte count was reduced by about 20% when mice were starved 1 day and by approximately 50% when they were starved 2 days. When mice were starved 1-2 days, the differential leukocyte count did not shift and there was no significant change in the number of blood erythrocytes or in the hematocrit. Starvation for 2 days caused a 65-70% reduction in the number of viable mononuclear spleen cells. Starvation for 3 days caused about 90% reduction. Adoptive cell transfer experiments showed that the immunocompetence of individual spleen immunocytes was not reduced by starvation.", "PMID": 1185812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9998", "title": "Acetic acid, a potent stimulator of mouse epidermal macromolecular synthesis and hyperplasia but with weak tumor-promoting ability.", "content": "The effects of a single application of various dose levels of acetic acid or the weak tumor promoter, phorbol-12,13-ditetradecanoate, on the incorporation of tritiated thymidine (3H-TDR), 3H-cytidine, and 3H-leucine into DNA, RNA, and protein of mouse epidermis, respectively, were determined and compared with histologic changes in the skin. Treatment with either 500 or 833 mumoles acetic acid induced a sequential and sustained stimulation of RNA, protein, and DNA synthesis, which was followed by extensive epidermal hyperplasia similar to that reported for the strong promoter and irritant, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. A dose-response relationship between the amount of acetic acid and the rate of DNA synthesis was found between the dose levels of 33 to 833 mumoles of acetic acid per application. The latter dose induced the maximum activation of 3H-TDR into DNA at 723% of control at 2 days, whereas 33 mumoles stimulated DNA synthesis earlier and peaked at 210% of control at 3 hours. Phorbol-12,13-ditetradecanoate also stimulated macromolecular synthesis in a similar sequence, though to a lesser degree. No observable inflammation and only a slight hyperplastic response were noted with phorbol-12,13-ditetradecanoate. Weekly applications of 667 mumoles of acetic acid produced a maximal tumor response of 0.73 papilloma/mouse after 32 weeks of promotion. However, a weekly dose of 677 mumoles of acetic acid was essentially inactive when given in two divided doses. When croton oil was administered twice weekly at a 0.25%-dose level, 10.2 papillomas/mouse were induced after 32 weeks of promotion. The results showed that the previously considered nonpromoting inflammatory agent, acetic acid, must be a weak promoter. However, there was no correlation between stimulated macromolecular synthesis or hyperplasia and tumor promotion when phorbol esters were compared with acetic acid.", "contents": "Acetic acid, a potent stimulator of mouse epidermal macromolecular synthesis and hyperplasia but with weak tumor-promoting ability. The effects of a single application of various dose levels of acetic acid or the weak tumor promoter, phorbol-12,13-ditetradecanoate, on the incorporation of tritiated thymidine (3H-TDR), 3H-cytidine, and 3H-leucine into DNA, RNA, and protein of mouse epidermis, respectively, were determined and compared with histologic changes in the skin. Treatment with either 500 or 833 mumoles acetic acid induced a sequential and sustained stimulation of RNA, protein, and DNA synthesis, which was followed by extensive epidermal hyperplasia similar to that reported for the strong promoter and irritant, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. A dose-response relationship between the amount of acetic acid and the rate of DNA synthesis was found between the dose levels of 33 to 833 mumoles of acetic acid per application. The latter dose induced the maximum activation of 3H-TDR into DNA at 723% of control at 2 days, whereas 33 mumoles stimulated DNA synthesis earlier and peaked at 210% of control at 3 hours. Phorbol-12,13-ditetradecanoate also stimulated macromolecular synthesis in a similar sequence, though to a lesser degree. No observable inflammation and only a slight hyperplastic response were noted with phorbol-12,13-ditetradecanoate. Weekly applications of 667 mumoles of acetic acid produced a maximal tumor response of 0.73 papilloma/mouse after 32 weeks of promotion. However, a weekly dose of 677 mumoles of acetic acid was essentially inactive when given in two divided doses. When croton oil was administered twice weekly at a 0.25%-dose level, 10.2 papillomas/mouse were induced after 32 weeks of promotion. The results showed that the previously considered nonpromoting inflammatory agent, acetic acid, must be a weak promoter. However, there was no correlation between stimulated macromolecular synthesis or hyperplasia and tumor promotion when phorbol esters were compared with acetic acid.", "PMID": 1185813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_9999", "title": "Trichoplusia ni granulosis virus granulin: a phenol-soluble, phosphorylated protein.", "content": "Trichoplusia ni granulosis virus granulin consists of one major polypeptide component with an estimated molecular weight of 28,000. The protein is phenol soluble, phosphorylated, and acidic. A protease activated by alkaline conditions is also associated with solubilized granulin preparations. If not properly inactivated, the protease will introduce extensive artifact into the protein giving rise to ambiguous and incorrect results as analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and peptide mapping. Procedures are documented for enzyme inactivation and the preparation of granulin in highly purified form for characterization.", "contents": "Trichoplusia ni granulosis virus granulin: a phenol-soluble, phosphorylated protein. Trichoplusia ni granulosis virus granulin consists of one major polypeptide component with an estimated molecular weight of 28,000. The protein is phenol soluble, phosphorylated, and acidic. A protease activated by alkaline conditions is also associated with solubilized granulin preparations. If not properly inactivated, the protease will introduce extensive artifact into the protein giving rise to ambiguous and incorrect results as analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and peptide mapping. Procedures are documented for enzyme inactivation and the preparation of granulin in highly purified form for characterization.", "PMID": 1185849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10000", "title": "Molecular structure of human fibroblast and leukocyte interferons: probe by lectin and hydrophobic chromatography.", "content": "Structural differences between human leukocyte virus-induced interferon and human fibroblast polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (rIn-rCn)-induced interferon have been noted in previous studies. This study reports the behavior of human leukocyte and fibroblast interferon, induced by virus and by rIn-rCn, in several lectin and hydrophobic chromatographic systems. Differences in both glycosylation and in hydrophobicity of human leukocyte and fibroblast interferons are documented. Human fibroblast interferon is a glycoprotein, whereas our evidence suggests that human leukocyte interferon probably is not. Also, fibroblast interferon is more hydrophobic than leukocyte interferon, as probed on several hydrophobic adsorbents. The possible relationships of these differences to each other and to antigenic variations are discussed. Generally, the differences appear to be attributable to the cell type in which the interferon was induced. However, our results suggest that at least subtle differences in the processing of the induction signal (virus or rIn-rCn) within the same cell type may occur, slightly altering some structural features.", "contents": "Molecular structure of human fibroblast and leukocyte interferons: probe by lectin and hydrophobic chromatography. Structural differences between human leukocyte virus-induced interferon and human fibroblast polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (rIn-rCn)-induced interferon have been noted in previous studies. This study reports the behavior of human leukocyte and fibroblast interferon, induced by virus and by rIn-rCn, in several lectin and hydrophobic chromatographic systems. Differences in both glycosylation and in hydrophobicity of human leukocyte and fibroblast interferons are documented. Human fibroblast interferon is a glycoprotein, whereas our evidence suggests that human leukocyte interferon probably is not. Also, fibroblast interferon is more hydrophobic than leukocyte interferon, as probed on several hydrophobic adsorbents. The possible relationships of these differences to each other and to antigenic variations are discussed. Generally, the differences appear to be attributable to the cell type in which the interferon was induced. However, our results suggest that at least subtle differences in the processing of the induction signal (virus or rIn-rCn) within the same cell type may occur, slightly altering some structural features.", "PMID": 1185850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10001", "title": "Infective and noninfective hemagglutinating particles of Newcastle disease virus: biological and chemical characterization.", "content": "Newcastle disease virus (Herts strain), grown in embryonated eggs or in a line of bovine kidney cells, was purified and then separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation into infectious (IH) and noninfectious hemagglutinating (NIH) particles. These particles were morphologically similar, although the average size of IH was twice that of NIH particles. The activity of hemagglutinin per milligram of virus protein was two- to threefold higher in NIH particles than in IH particles, whereas the specific activity of neuraminidase did not differ in the two particle types. This was consistent with the observed particle size difference. The distribution of the major proteins in IH and NIH particles from egg-grown virus, determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), was significantly different. In IH particles the molar ratio of protein 1 (74,000 daltons) to proteins 2 and 3 (56,000 daltons): protein 6 (41,000 daltons) was 1.0:2.5:2.5; in NIH particles the ratio was 1.0:0.6:1.0. When Newcastle disease virus was grown in bovine kidney cells, the molar ratio of proteins in IH particles resembled that of of egg-grown virus. However, in NIH particles from bovine kidney cells, only protein bands corresponding to protein 1 and proteins 2-3 were present and their molar ratio was 1.0:0.6. Protein 6 was marginally detectable in these particles. Analysis of the proteins in [3H]isoleucine- and [14C]glucosamine-labeled virus showed proteins 1 and 2 (glycoproteins) present in the ratio of 1.0:0.5; protein 3, the nucleoprotein, was not detected. These results are compatible with previous findings by others that NIH particles are deficient in RNA and nucleoprotein antigen, and suggest that formation of discrete particles of Newcastle disease virus by budding requires at most minimal amounts of proteins 3 or 6. The fatty acid composition of egg-grown IH and NIH particles was not significantly different and resembled that of normal allantoic fluid.", "contents": "Infective and noninfective hemagglutinating particles of Newcastle disease virus: biological and chemical characterization. Newcastle disease virus (Herts strain), grown in embryonated eggs or in a line of bovine kidney cells, was purified and then separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation into infectious (IH) and noninfectious hemagglutinating (NIH) particles. These particles were morphologically similar, although the average size of IH was twice that of NIH particles. The activity of hemagglutinin per milligram of virus protein was two- to threefold higher in NIH particles than in IH particles, whereas the specific activity of neuraminidase did not differ in the two particle types. This was consistent with the observed particle size difference. The distribution of the major proteins in IH and NIH particles from egg-grown virus, determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), was significantly different. In IH particles the molar ratio of protein 1 (74,000 daltons) to proteins 2 and 3 (56,000 daltons): protein 6 (41,000 daltons) was 1.0:2.5:2.5; in NIH particles the ratio was 1.0:0.6:1.0. When Newcastle disease virus was grown in bovine kidney cells, the molar ratio of proteins in IH particles resembled that of of egg-grown virus. However, in NIH particles from bovine kidney cells, only protein bands corresponding to protein 1 and proteins 2-3 were present and their molar ratio was 1.0:0.6. Protein 6 was marginally detectable in these particles. Analysis of the proteins in [3H]isoleucine- and [14C]glucosamine-labeled virus showed proteins 1 and 2 (glycoproteins) present in the ratio of 1.0:0.5; protein 3, the nucleoprotein, was not detected. These results are compatible with previous findings by others that NIH particles are deficient in RNA and nucleoprotein antigen, and suggest that formation of discrete particles of Newcastle disease virus by budding requires at most minimal amounts of proteins 3 or 6. The fatty acid composition of egg-grown IH and NIH particles was not significantly different and resembled that of normal allantoic fluid.", "PMID": 1185851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10002", "title": "Structural aberrations in T-even bacteriophage. VII. In vitro analysis of the canavanine-mediated inhibition of proteolytic cleavage.", "content": "Canavanine arrests a critical function in head morphogenesis and the potential for forming giant T-even phage particles termed lollipops is induced. Formation of the particles requires the addition of arginine and the restoration of normal functions. We now report on an investigation into the effects of canavanine on both the T4-induced proteolytic activity and on the substrate proteins. Using an in vitro cleavage assay we have shown that the gene 21-dependent proteolytic activity from canavanine-treated extracts is markedly inhibited, whereas the substrate proteins retain a high susceptibility for cleavage. The proteolytic activity in extracts treated with canavanine followed by arginine is readily detectable, and proteins previously synthesized in the presence of canavanine can be cleaved. Protein synthesis is apparently required for the appearance of the proteolytic activity after the canavanine-arginine treatment. Mixing experiments suggest the requirement for a component of the gene 21-dependent proteolytic activity that is not coded for by gene 21.", "contents": "Structural aberrations in T-even bacteriophage. VII. In vitro analysis of the canavanine-mediated inhibition of proteolytic cleavage. Canavanine arrests a critical function in head morphogenesis and the potential for forming giant T-even phage particles termed lollipops is induced. Formation of the particles requires the addition of arginine and the restoration of normal functions. We now report on an investigation into the effects of canavanine on both the T4-induced proteolytic activity and on the substrate proteins. Using an in vitro cleavage assay we have shown that the gene 21-dependent proteolytic activity from canavanine-treated extracts is markedly inhibited, whereas the substrate proteins retain a high susceptibility for cleavage. The proteolytic activity in extracts treated with canavanine followed by arginine is readily detectable, and proteins previously synthesized in the presence of canavanine can be cleaved. Protein synthesis is apparently required for the appearance of the proteolytic activity after the canavanine-arginine treatment. Mixing experiments suggest the requirement for a component of the gene 21-dependent proteolytic activity that is not coded for by gene 21.", "PMID": 1185853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10003", "title": "Polyamines in vaccinia virions and polypeptides released from viral cores by acid extraction.", "content": "Vaccinia virions propagated in the presence of [3H]ornithine were found to contain two labeled polyamines, spermine and spermidine. In complete virions the ratio of radioactively labeled spermine to spermidine was about 1:10, whereas in viral cores the ratio was 2:5. This suggests that some spermidine was preferentially lost during the conversion of virions to cores or that spermidine was present in the virions both inside and outside the core structure. Addition of [3H]ornithine to vaccinia virus-infected cells as late as 6 h postinfection demonstrated that, although the conversion of this precursor to polyamines was reduced by 50% or more as compared to mock-infected cells, complete inhibition of polyamine synthesis did not occur. Two percent or less of the total radioactivity associated with virions grown in the presence of [3H]ornithine was found to be acid soluble. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis showed that all the structural polypeptides were labeled when virions were propagated in the presence of [3H]ornithine. When cores labeled with a mixture of 14C-labeled amino acids were extracted with 0.25 N H2SO4, 12 to 15% of the labeled core polypeptides were released and could be precipitated with acetone. About 40% of [3H]arginine-labeled polypeptides associated with cores were extracted with acid. Four polypeptides or groups of polypeptides were resolved after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the acid-soluble fraction of cores with molecular weights of about 58,000, 34,000, 24,000 and 10,000 to 12,000. About 40% of the [3H]arginine radioactivity extracted from cores coelectrophoresed with the 10,000 to 12,000-molecular weight polypeptide, indicating that this may represent an arginine-rich, histone-like structural polypeptide of the virion.", "contents": "Polyamines in vaccinia virions and polypeptides released from viral cores by acid extraction. Vaccinia virions propagated in the presence of [3H]ornithine were found to contain two labeled polyamines, spermine and spermidine. In complete virions the ratio of radioactively labeled spermine to spermidine was about 1:10, whereas in viral cores the ratio was 2:5. This suggests that some spermidine was preferentially lost during the conversion of virions to cores or that spermidine was present in the virions both inside and outside the core structure. Addition of [3H]ornithine to vaccinia virus-infected cells as late as 6 h postinfection demonstrated that, although the conversion of this precursor to polyamines was reduced by 50% or more as compared to mock-infected cells, complete inhibition of polyamine synthesis did not occur. Two percent or less of the total radioactivity associated with virions grown in the presence of [3H]ornithine was found to be acid soluble. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis showed that all the structural polypeptides were labeled when virions were propagated in the presence of [3H]ornithine. When cores labeled with a mixture of 14C-labeled amino acids were extracted with 0.25 N H2SO4, 12 to 15% of the labeled core polypeptides were released and could be precipitated with acetone. About 40% of [3H]arginine-labeled polypeptides associated with cores were extracted with acid. Four polypeptides or groups of polypeptides were resolved after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the acid-soluble fraction of cores with molecular weights of about 58,000, 34,000, 24,000 and 10,000 to 12,000. About 40% of the [3H]arginine radioactivity extracted from cores coelectrophoresed with the 10,000 to 12,000-molecular weight polypeptide, indicating that this may represent an arginine-rich, histone-like structural polypeptide of the virion.", "PMID": 1185852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10004", "title": "Multiplication of Coxsackie B1 virus in synchronized HeLa cells.", "content": "A higher yield of Coxsackie B(1) virus was obtained when HeLa cells were infected late during S phase as compared to the amount produced by random cultures.", "contents": "Multiplication of Coxsackie B1 virus in synchronized HeLa cells. A higher yield of Coxsackie B(1) virus was obtained when HeLa cells were infected late during S phase as compared to the amount produced by random cultures.", "PMID": 1185854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10005", "title": "das Mutation in bacteriophage T4D does not suppress an amber mutation in T4 gene 59.", "content": "Mutations termed das were isolated originally (Hercules and Wiberg, 1971) as partial suppressors of mutants in phage T4 genes 46 and 47. Since mutants in genes 46, 47, and 59 exhibit both an early arrest of phage DNA synthesis and the loss of this arrest in the presence of chloramphenicol or of mutations of T4 genes 33 and 55, we asked whether a das mutation can also suppress a gene 59 mutant. We find that it cannot--either at the level of phage production or DNA synthesis.", "contents": "das Mutation in bacteriophage T4D does not suppress an amber mutation in T4 gene 59. Mutations termed das were isolated originally (Hercules and Wiberg, 1971) as partial suppressors of mutants in phage T4 genes 46 and 47. Since mutants in genes 46, 47, and 59 exhibit both an early arrest of phage DNA synthesis and the loss of this arrest in the presence of chloramphenicol or of mutations of T4 genes 33 and 55, we asked whether a das mutation can also suppress a gene 59 mutant. We find that it cannot--either at the level of phage production or DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1185855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10006", "title": "The supracostal approach to the kidney and adrenal.", "content": "Our experience with 67 supracostal approaches to the kidney or adrenal gland demonstrates that 1) the exposure was uniformly superb,2) diaphragm reapproximation was unnecessary, 3) a single pericostal suture soundly closed the intercostal space, 4) no complications could be attributed to inadequate exposure and 5) pleural entry was the most common complication. We have found the supracostal approach to the kidney and adrenal to be staisfactory and recommend it to others.", "contents": "The supracostal approach to the kidney and adrenal. Our experience with 67 supracostal approaches to the kidney or adrenal gland demonstrates that 1) the exposure was uniformly superb,2) diaphragm reapproximation was unnecessary, 3) a single pericostal suture soundly closed the intercostal space, 4) no complications could be attributed to inadequate exposure and 5) pleural entry was the most common complication. We have found the supracostal approach to the kidney and adrenal to be staisfactory and recommend it to others.", "PMID": 1185857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10007", "title": "Selective suppression of cellular protein synthesis in BHK-21 cells infected with rabies virus.", "content": "Under hypertonic conditions, cellular protein synthesis is selectively suppressed in rabies virus-infected cells. The resistance of viral polypeptide synthesis to hypertonic conditions provides a means to study intracellular viral protein synthesis and may represent a property common to translation of many viruses.", "contents": "Selective suppression of cellular protein synthesis in BHK-21 cells infected with rabies virus. Under hypertonic conditions, cellular protein synthesis is selectively suppressed in rabies virus-infected cells. The resistance of viral polypeptide synthesis to hypertonic conditions provides a means to study intracellular viral protein synthesis and may represent a property common to translation of many viruses.", "PMID": 1185856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10008", "title": "Nalidixic acid: intrarenal distribution and its effect upon para-aminohippurate excretion.", "content": "Studies performed on the intrarenal distribution of nalidixic acid in dogs show that this weak organic acid is indeed accumulated in the kidney, the highest concentration being attained in the cortex and followed in order by the outer medulla, papillae, and inner cortex. Our results also show that nalidixic acid produces significant changes in the para-aminohippuric concentration and on the filtered load, secretion and clearance of para-aminohippuric acid. Stop-flow experiments confirmed the inhibitory effect of nalidixic acid upon para-aminohippuric acid secretion. It is plausible that nalidixic acid may inhibit the secreted moiety of creatinine. This inhibitory effect is localized in the proximal tubule, where para-aminohippuric acid is known to be secreted. Based on our data it is suggested that nalidixic acid competes with para-aminohippuric acid for the same transport system or that the decreased secretory para-aminohippuric acid activity after nalidixic acid may be caused by a direct inhibition produced by the latter.", "contents": "Nalidixic acid: intrarenal distribution and its effect upon para-aminohippurate excretion. Studies performed on the intrarenal distribution of nalidixic acid in dogs show that this weak organic acid is indeed accumulated in the kidney, the highest concentration being attained in the cortex and followed in order by the outer medulla, papillae, and inner cortex. Our results also show that nalidixic acid produces significant changes in the para-aminohippuric concentration and on the filtered load, secretion and clearance of para-aminohippuric acid. Stop-flow experiments confirmed the inhibitory effect of nalidixic acid upon para-aminohippuric acid secretion. It is plausible that nalidixic acid may inhibit the secreted moiety of creatinine. This inhibitory effect is localized in the proximal tubule, where para-aminohippuric acid is known to be secreted. Based on our data it is suggested that nalidixic acid competes with para-aminohippuric acid for the same transport system or that the decreased secretory para-aminohippuric acid activity after nalidixic acid may be caused by a direct inhibition produced by the latter.", "PMID": 1185858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10009", "title": "Effect of intracystic pantopaque on renal cysts.", "content": "Intracystic pantopaque can alter the natural history of renal cysts. More than two-thirds of all renal cysts treated with percutaneous intracystic instillation of pantopaque decreased to at least half the original volume when followed for up to 4 years. A similar control group without intracystic pantopaque instillation  did not show this dramatic change.", "contents": "Effect of intracystic pantopaque on renal cysts. Intracystic pantopaque can alter the natural history of renal cysts. More than two-thirds of all renal cysts treated with percutaneous intracystic instillation of pantopaque decreased to at least half the original volume when followed for up to 4 years. A similar control group without intracystic pantopaque instillation  did not show this dramatic change.", "PMID": 1185859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10010", "title": "The value of radioisotope renography in the followup of patients operated upon for hydronephrosis.", "content": "Isotope renography and excretory urography were perfored routinely before and 3 months after an operation on 21 patients with hydronephrosis. A year postoperatively all patients again underwent renography. Renography is a valuable and reliable method to estimate the results of an operation. By 3 months postoperatively the renograms revealed improved renal function and drainage in 75 per cent of the cases.", "contents": "The value of radioisotope renography in the followup of patients operated upon for hydronephrosis. Isotope renography and excretory urography were perfored routinely before and 3 months after an operation on 21 patients with hydronephrosis. A year postoperatively all patients again underwent renography. Renography is a valuable and reliable method to estimate the results of an operation. By 3 months postoperatively the renograms revealed improved renal function and drainage in 75 per cent of the cases.", "PMID": 1185860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10011", "title": "Hormones in the treatment of metastatic renal cancer.", "content": "Metastatic renal adenocarcinoma has been highly resistant to most therapeutic approaches. However, hormonal treatment has been reported to induce significant subjective or objective improvement. Two groups of patients receiving either androgens or progestogens were evaluated. The number of responses was disappointing. Furthermore, neither of the 2 regimens appeared to increase the mean surival between detection of metastases and fatal outcome.", "contents": "Hormones in the treatment of metastatic renal cancer. Metastatic renal adenocarcinoma has been highly resistant to most therapeutic approaches. However, hormonal treatment has been reported to induce significant subjective or objective improvement. Two groups of patients receiving either androgens or progestogens were evaluated. The number of responses was disappointing. Furthermore, neither of the 2 regimens appeared to increase the mean surival between detection of metastases and fatal outcome.", "PMID": 1185861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10012", "title": "An analysis of factors affecting survival in 150 patients with renal carcinoma.", "content": "A review of 150 patients with renal carcinoma revealed that 45 per cent were hospitalized with distant metastases or tumors that were unresectable. Although the behavior of the neoplasm in the 55 per cent who were theoretically curable was generally unpredictable, longevity and survival were markedly increased in patients with tumors less than 8 cm. in size and concomitantly with other acknowledged features of low stages of the disease. Since patients can survive with tumor for long periods and metastases may occur many years after the operation prognosis must be guarded and long followup is needed to assess the results of therapy at any stage of the disease.", "contents": "An analysis of factors affecting survival in 150 patients with renal carcinoma. A review of 150 patients with renal carcinoma revealed that 45 per cent were hospitalized with distant metastases or tumors that were unresectable. Although the behavior of the neoplasm in the 55 per cent who were theoretically curable was generally unpredictable, longevity and survival were markedly increased in patients with tumors less than 8 cm. in size and concomitantly with other acknowledged features of low stages of the disease. Since patients can survive with tumor for long periods and metastases may occur many years after the operation prognosis must be guarded and long followup is needed to assess the results of therapy at any stage of the disease.", "PMID": 1185862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10013", "title": "Diagnosis of the occult ectopic ureter in a duplex kidney.", "content": "Three cases of ureteral ectopia producing non-specific symptoms  are described and the importance of the standard excretory urogram in the detection of such cases is emphasized.", "contents": "Diagnosis of the occult ectopic ureter in a duplex kidney. Three cases of ureteral ectopia producing non-specific symptoms  are described and the importance of the standard excretory urogram in the detection of such cases is emphasized.", "PMID": 1185863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10014", "title": "Medical therapy in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis.", "content": "Except for its linkage with the ergot derivatives retroperitoneal fibrosis is a disease of unknown etiology. Two cases in which the traditional surgical approach was used but with the subsequent use of steroids are presented. The third patient was treated with steroids alone. The use of steroids alone is suggested for a limited number of poor risk patients when certain criteria are met.", "contents": "Medical therapy in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Except for its linkage with the ergot derivatives retroperitoneal fibrosis is a disease of unknown etiology. Two cases in which the traditional surgical approach was used but with the subsequent use of steroids are presented. The third patient was treated with steroids alone. The use of steroids alone is suggested for a limited number of poor risk patients when certain criteria are met.", "PMID": 1185864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10015", "title": "Ureteroneocystostomy by means of a modified triangular flap method.", "content": "A modified triangular flap method of ureteroneocystostomy is described. This method was used in 19 cases (21 ureters) requiring ureteroneocystostomy owing to various diseases. The patients have been followed postoperatively for 1 to 9 years. Our method is more simple than the original method described by Girgis and provides good results. Postoperative complications could be reduced or prevented by gentle manipulation of the ureter and bladder wall and by careful placement of the intravesical ureter into the incised ditch of the bladder floor, loosely anastomosed with interrupted surfaces 5 mm. apart. Dilated hydroureters without peristalsis and/or severe degenerative changes of the bladder wall involving the muscle layer are poor indications for the application of this method.", "contents": "Ureteroneocystostomy by means of a modified triangular flap method. A modified triangular flap method of ureteroneocystostomy is described. This method was used in 19 cases (21 ureters) requiring ureteroneocystostomy owing to various diseases. The patients have been followed postoperatively for 1 to 9 years. Our method is more simple than the original method described by Girgis and provides good results. Postoperative complications could be reduced or prevented by gentle manipulation of the ureter and bladder wall and by careful placement of the intravesical ureter into the incised ditch of the bladder floor, loosely anastomosed with interrupted surfaces 5 mm. apart. Dilated hydroureters without peristalsis and/or severe degenerative changes of the bladder wall involving the muscle layer are poor indications for the application of this method.", "PMID": 1185865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10016", "title": "Cutaneous ureteroileostomy in the spinal cord injured patient: a 15-year experience.", "content": "A review is presented of 39 patients with spinal cord injury who were diverted by ureteroileostomy. Because of a significant complication rate and the fact that some normal renal units may deteriorate, the procedure is reserved for the patient with irreversible upper tract changes that fail to respond to more conservative management.", "contents": "Cutaneous ureteroileostomy in the spinal cord injured patient: a 15-year experience. A review is presented of 39 patients with spinal cord injury who were diverted by ureteroileostomy. Because of a significant complication rate and the fact that some normal renal units may deteriorate, the procedure is reserved for the patient with irreversible upper tract changes that fail to respond to more conservative management.", "PMID": 1185866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10017", "title": "Evaluation of lymphangiography for clinical staging of bladder tumors.", "content": "Preoperative lymphangiography was done on 18 patients with bladder cancer and the results were correlated with the surgicopathological findings at the time of radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. Correlation between radiological and pathological findings showed no falsely negative results. One patient had a falsely positive interpretation of lymphangiography. The accuracy of the study was 94 per cent. Accurate interpretation of lymphography is related to the experience of the reader. Routine use of lymphangiography in clinical staging of bladder cancer is recommended.", "contents": "Evaluation of lymphangiography for clinical staging of bladder tumors. Preoperative lymphangiography was done on 18 patients with bladder cancer and the results were correlated with the surgicopathological findings at the time of radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. Correlation between radiological and pathological findings showed no falsely negative results. One patient had a falsely positive interpretation of lymphangiography. The accuracy of the study was 94 per cent. Accurate interpretation of lymphography is related to the experience of the reader. Routine use of lymphangiography in clinical staging of bladder cancer is recommended.", "PMID": 1185867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10018", "title": "Bladder carcinoma involving the lower abdominal wall.", "content": "Our experience in treating 13 patients with bladder tumors involving the abdominal wall is presented. A technique is described wherein part of the suprapubic abdominal wall is excised and the resultant defect is closed with ox fascia. Of the 9 patients treated surgically 8 have had no local recurrence but distant metastases have developed. Presently 2 patients are clinically free of disease, 18 and 22 months after abdominal wall excision. One of these 2 patients required a subsequent groin dissection and was then lost to followup.", "contents": "Bladder carcinoma involving the lower abdominal wall. Our experience in treating 13 patients with bladder tumors involving the abdominal wall is presented. A technique is described wherein part of the suprapubic abdominal wall is excised and the resultant defect is closed with ox fascia. Of the 9 patients treated surgically 8 have had no local recurrence but distant metastases have developed. Presently 2 patients are clinically free of disease, 18 and 22 months after abdominal wall excision. One of these 2 patients required a subsequent groin dissection and was then lost to followup.", "PMID": 1185868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10019", "title": "Metastases to the eye from transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "Two patients with eye metastases from widely disseminated transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder are described. Factors relating to patient survival and the rate of metastases of transitional cell malignancies are discussed.", "contents": "Metastases to the eye from transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Two patients with eye metastases from widely disseminated transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder are described. Factors relating to patient survival and the rate of metastases of transitional cell malignancies are discussed.", "PMID": 1185869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10020", "title": "The external shunt in the treatment of idiopathic priapism.", "content": "A new surgical procedure for idiopathic priapism has been used successfully in patients. In 2 of these patients the procedure was done after 5 days of persistent or recurrent erections. The method consists of a combination of external polyethylene shunts between the corpora cavernosa and the venous systems of the underarms drip infusion of a heparin-saline solution into the corpora and prompt systematic anticoagulant therapy. All 3 patients were cured of the priapism and recovered normal sexual powers.", "contents": "The external shunt in the treatment of idiopathic priapism. A new surgical procedure for idiopathic priapism has been used successfully in patients. In 2 of these patients the procedure was done after 5 days of persistent or recurrent erections. The method consists of a combination of external polyethylene shunts between the corpora cavernosa and the venous systems of the underarms drip infusion of a heparin-saline solution into the corpora and prompt systematic anticoagulant therapy. All 3 patients were cured of the priapism and recovered normal sexual powers.", "PMID": 1185871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10021", "title": "Cysts of the tunica albuginea. Report of 4 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Four cases of benign testicular cysts arising from the tunica albuginea are reported. A review of the literature yielded only 4 more instances of such lesions. Clinically, these cysts may be manifested as a tumor or painful swelling, or are discovered incidentally. In 3 cases a diagnosis of testicular carcinoma was entertained and high inguinal orchiectomies were done. The possibility of a conservative surgical approach, as followed in 1 case, is discussed. These cysts appear in the anterior and lateral aspects of the testis, show ample connection to the albuginea and are lined by a cuboidal epithelium. Gland-like inclusion were found in the fibrous cystic walls and in the albuginea. The histogenesis of these lesions is discussed and evidence for a possible origin in mesothelial rests trapped during development is presented. The differential diagnosis of cystic lesion of the tests is reviewd briefly.", "contents": "Cysts of the tunica albuginea. Report of 4 cases and review of the literature. Four cases of benign testicular cysts arising from the tunica albuginea are reported. A review of the literature yielded only 4 more instances of such lesions. Clinically, these cysts may be manifested as a tumor or painful swelling, or are discovered incidentally. In 3 cases a diagnosis of testicular carcinoma was entertained and high inguinal orchiectomies were done. The possibility of a conservative surgical approach, as followed in 1 case, is discussed. These cysts appear in the anterior and lateral aspects of the testis, show ample connection to the albuginea and are lined by a cuboidal epithelium. Gland-like inclusion were found in the fibrous cystic walls and in the albuginea. The histogenesis of these lesions is discussed and evidence for a possible origin in mesothelial rests trapped during development is presented. The differential diagnosis of cystic lesion of the tests is reviewd briefly.", "PMID": 1185872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10022", "title": "Perineal neoplasms.", "content": "Experience with 2 cases of neurally-derived perineal masses is described. A relevant review of the literature spanning 50 years revealed 36 cases of perineal neoplasm of diverse nature, disclosing that such lesions typically present as otherwise asymptomatic enlarging masses and may comprise a broad spectrum of neoplasia with diagnosis and prognosis often relating to the age of the patient. Management naturally relates to tissue type and degree of local involvement.", "contents": "Perineal neoplasms. Experience with 2 cases of neurally-derived perineal masses is described. A relevant review of the literature spanning 50 years revealed 36 cases of perineal neoplasm of diverse nature, disclosing that such lesions typically present as otherwise asymptomatic enlarging masses and may comprise a broad spectrum of neoplasia with diagnosis and prognosis often relating to the age of the patient. Management naturally relates to tissue type and degree of local involvement.", "PMID": 1185873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10023", "title": "The persistent nephrogram: A sentinel sign of contrast reaction.", "content": "Two cases are presented in which a serious contrast reaction was accompanied by a dense persistent nephrogram. This radiologic sign results from the patient's systemic hypotension and provides the physician with an opportunity for earlier, more effective therapy.", "contents": "The persistent nephrogram: A sentinel sign of contrast reaction. Two cases are presented in which a serious contrast reaction was accompanied by a dense persistent nephrogram. This radiologic sign results from the patient's systemic hypotension and provides the physician with an opportunity for earlier, more effective therapy.", "PMID": 1185874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10024", "title": "Vascular distal ureteral obstruction.", "content": "The diagnosis, treatment and results of 6 patients with 7 obstructed distal ureters secondary to vascular compression are presented. Three ureters were treated by transection of the offending vessels and the  remaining 4 required additional ureteroneocystostomy.", "contents": "Vascular distal ureteral obstruction. The diagnosis, treatment and results of 6 patients with 7 obstructed distal ureters secondary to vascular compression are presented. Three ureters were treated by transection of the offending vessels and the  remaining 4 required additional ureteroneocystostomy.", "PMID": 1185876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10025", "title": "Distal hypospadias, chordee and torsion: The Allen-Spence procedure and new modifications.", "content": "Hypospadias with chordee and associated torsion can be corrected by a simple 1-step procedure. The repair is based on the procedure described by Allen and Spence but is modified to correct more severe degrees of hypospadias and chordee below skin level. The procedure is simple, involves minimal complications and justifies the repair of marginal defects.", "contents": "Distal hypospadias, chordee and torsion: The Allen-Spence procedure and new modifications. Hypospadias with chordee and associated torsion can be corrected by a simple 1-step procedure. The repair is based on the procedure described by Allen and Spence but is modified to correct more severe degrees of hypospadias and chordee below skin level. The procedure is simple, involves minimal complications and justifies the repair of marginal defects.", "PMID": 1185877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10026", "title": "Embryogenesis of chordee.", "content": "Gross and microscopic examination of 46 consecutive male therapeutic abortion specimens, ranging in size from 60 to 180 mm. crown-rump, demonstrated that 89 per cent of the fetuses had some ventral curvature of the penis. Athough presumably all penises are ventrally curved through the tenth week of gestation, in our study this curvature was most prominent in the sixteenth through twentieth weeks of gestation and in 44 per cent of the fetuses it persisted through the sixth lunar month. Examination of premature infants revealed a 31 per cent incidence of chordee and serial examinations of a 27-week gestational age infant demonstrated gradual complete correction of the chordee during the ensuing 6 weeks. We propose that ventral curvature of the penis is a normal stage of embryogenesis and chordee without hypospadias may represent an arrest of development at this earlier stage.", "contents": "Embryogenesis of chordee. Gross and microscopic examination of 46 consecutive male therapeutic abortion specimens, ranging in size from 60 to 180 mm. crown-rump, demonstrated that 89 per cent of the fetuses had some ventral curvature of the penis. Athough presumably all penises are ventrally curved through the tenth week of gestation, in our study this curvature was most prominent in the sixteenth through twentieth weeks of gestation and in 44 per cent of the fetuses it persisted through the sixth lunar month. Examination of premature infants revealed a 31 per cent incidence of chordee and serial examinations of a 27-week gestational age infant demonstrated gradual complete correction of the chordee during the ensuing 6 weeks. We propose that ventral curvature of the penis is a normal stage of embryogenesis and chordee without hypospadias may represent an arrest of development at this earlier stage.", "PMID": 1185878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10027", "title": "Arteriovenous fistula of the renal vessels: Surgical management.", "content": "The fifth case of arteriovenous fistula following nephrectomy for tuberculosis is presented. It is important to consider an arteriovenous communication in cases of unexplained congestive heart failure, particularly when blood pressure findings suggest arteriovenous shunting. The importance of the history of nephrectomy and findings of a loud bruit upon auscultation of the abdomen is evident. Diagnosis is established by selective renal angiography. The preferred treatment is complete excision of the fistulous communication.", "contents": "Arteriovenous fistula of the renal vessels: Surgical management. The fifth case of arteriovenous fistula following nephrectomy for tuberculosis is presented. It is important to consider an arteriovenous communication in cases of unexplained congestive heart failure, particularly when blood pressure findings suggest arteriovenous shunting. The importance of the history of nephrectomy and findings of a loud bruit upon auscultation of the abdomen is evident. Diagnosis is established by selective renal angiography. The preferred treatment is complete excision of the fistulous communication.", "PMID": 1185879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10028", "title": "Regression of renal carcinoma following radiation therapy.", "content": "A case of regression of a renal carcinoma involving the inferior vena carva is presented. After 6 weeks of radiation therapy there was considerable diminution in the size of the tumor, rendering its surgical excision amenable. The tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava also was markedly diminished after 5,000 rads. Radiation therapy is a valuable tool in the primary or adjunctive treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Preoperative treatment should be considered with large tumors and vena cava involvement.", "contents": "Regression of renal carcinoma following radiation therapy. A case of regression of a renal carcinoma involving the inferior vena carva is presented. After 6 weeks of radiation therapy there was considerable diminution in the size of the tumor, rendering its surgical excision amenable. The tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava also was markedly diminished after 5,000 rads. Radiation therapy is a valuable tool in the primary or adjunctive treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Preoperative treatment should be considered with large tumors and vena cava involvement.", "PMID": 1185880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10029", "title": "A case of primary duodenal cancer metastasized to the right kidney.", "content": "A 40-year-old man with pain and a mass in the right hypochondrium had histological evidence of metastatic tubular adenocarcinoma of the right kidney, originating in the mucosa of pars descendens duodeni. This patient was suspected of having 2 primary cancers: one in the duodenum and the other in the cecum.", "contents": "A case of primary duodenal cancer metastasized to the right kidney. A 40-year-old man with pain and a mass in the right hypochondrium had histological evidence of metastatic tubular adenocarcinoma of the right kidney, originating in the mucosa of pars descendens duodeni. This patient was suspected of having 2 primary cancers: one in the duodenum and the other in the cecum.", "PMID": 1185881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10030", "title": "Primary amyloidosis of the bladder.", "content": "A lesion of the bladder that looks like carcinoma is most likely carcinoma but benign conditions, such as amyloidosis, should be borne in mind in the differential diagnosis. Transurethral resection was adequate treatment for our patient as well as those reported previously. We agree with others that followup is mandatory.", "contents": "Primary amyloidosis of the bladder. A lesion of the bladder that looks like carcinoma is most likely carcinoma but benign conditions, such as amyloidosis, should be borne in mind in the differential diagnosis. Transurethral resection was adequate treatment for our patient as well as those reported previously. We agree with others that followup is mandatory.", "PMID": 1185882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10031", "title": "Lipoplastic lymphadenopathy simulating malignant lymphoma and pelvic lipomatosis: Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "The second known cases of pelvic lipoplastic lymphadenopathy is presented. Roentgenographic studies including lymphangiography were instrumental in the diagnostic evaluation but a histopathologic diagnosis was essential to exclude a neoplastic process. The etiology and natural history of this disease are indeterminant but seemed to pursue a benign 17-year course in our patient. A retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is not indicated unless encroachment on adjacent pelvic viscera causes mechanical obstruction.", "contents": "Lipoplastic lymphadenopathy simulating malignant lymphoma and pelvic lipomatosis: Report of a case and review of the literature. The second known cases of pelvic lipoplastic lymphadenopathy is presented. Roentgenographic studies including lymphangiography were instrumental in the diagnostic evaluation but a histopathologic diagnosis was essential to exclude a neoplastic process. The etiology and natural history of this disease are indeterminant but seemed to pursue a benign 17-year course in our patient. A retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is not indicated unless encroachment on adjacent pelvic viscera causes mechanical obstruction.", "PMID": 1185883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10032", "title": "Ureteral catheter shavings: A potential threat.", "content": "A combination of a worn panendoscope sheath and a soft, disposable ureteral catheter can evoke a potentially troublesome situation. Shavings or fragements from such a catheter can produce a nidus for stone formation. An illustrative case is presented with a plea for caution in this regard.", "contents": "Ureteral catheter shavings: A potential threat. A combination of a worn panendoscope sheath and a soft, disposable ureteral catheter can evoke a potentially troublesome situation. Shavings or fragements from such a catheter can produce a nidus for stone formation. An illustrative case is presented with a plea for caution in this regard.", "PMID": 1185884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10033", "title": "Correlation between pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure in congenital heart diseases with left to right shunt.", "content": "Our studies recently conducted on the correlation between pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure in 467 cases, identified an extremely high correlation between the two. The correlation coefficient between pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure (PAdp) and pulmonary to systemic resistance ratio (Rp/Rs) was 0.799 and that between pulmonary vascular resistance index (RP-index) and PAdp was found to be 0.791. And a still higher correlation was observed between pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure gradient between PAdp and left atrial mean pressure (LAmp), where the correlation coefficient between Rp/Rs and (PAdp-LAmp) was 0.851 and that between Rp-index and (PAdp-LAmp) was 0.813. Those correlations are found to be higher in degree than the correlations between pulmonary arterial mean pressure or pulmonary arterial systolic pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, leading to the conclusion that the pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure is of extremely high clinical importance as an index for increase in pulmonary vascular resistance.", "contents": "Correlation between pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure in congenital heart diseases with left to right shunt. Our studies recently conducted on the correlation between pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure in 467 cases, identified an extremely high correlation between the two. The correlation coefficient between pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure (PAdp) and pulmonary to systemic resistance ratio (Rp/Rs) was 0.799 and that between pulmonary vascular resistance index (RP-index) and PAdp was found to be 0.791. And a still higher correlation was observed between pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure gradient between PAdp and left atrial mean pressure (LAmp), where the correlation coefficient between Rp/Rs and (PAdp-LAmp) was 0.851 and that between Rp-index and (PAdp-LAmp) was 0.813. Those correlations are found to be higher in degree than the correlations between pulmonary arterial mean pressure or pulmonary arterial systolic pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, leading to the conclusion that the pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure is of extremely high clinical importance as an index for increase in pulmonary vascular resistance.", "PMID": 1185886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10034", "title": "Persistent atrial standstill due to atrial inexcitability. An electrophysiological and histological study.", "content": "Electrophysiological and histopathological examinations were carried out in 2 patients with persistent atrial standstill. Intracardiac studies revealed that atrial standstill was due to atrial inexcitability. It was demonstrated in both patients that prolongation of the H-V interval and the duration of H deflection was associated with complete right bundle branch block and that the escape rhythm was an A-V junctional origin. Histologically, marked fibrosis of the right atrium and fibrous strands in the right ventricle were demonstrated in a 69-year-old man with idiopathic cardiomyopathy. In another female patient with peripartum heart disease aged 40 years, there was moderate degeneration of the myocardium in the right ventricle. The results of electron microscopic observations are also presented. The importance of the examination of His bundle electrography in persistent atrial standstill and the diagnostic criteria and treatment of this lesion are discussed.", "contents": "Persistent atrial standstill due to atrial inexcitability. An electrophysiological and histological study. Electrophysiological and histopathological examinations were carried out in 2 patients with persistent atrial standstill. Intracardiac studies revealed that atrial standstill was due to atrial inexcitability. It was demonstrated in both patients that prolongation of the H-V interval and the duration of H deflection was associated with complete right bundle branch block and that the escape rhythm was an A-V junctional origin. Histologically, marked fibrosis of the right atrium and fibrous strands in the right ventricle were demonstrated in a 69-year-old man with idiopathic cardiomyopathy. In another female patient with peripartum heart disease aged 40 years, there was moderate degeneration of the myocardium in the right ventricle. The results of electron microscopic observations are also presented. The importance of the examination of His bundle electrography in persistent atrial standstill and the diagnostic criteria and treatment of this lesion are discussed.", "PMID": 1185887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10035", "title": "Brain circulation in cerebral transient ischemic attacks.", "content": "Cranial blood flow, mean cranial transit time and cranial blood volume were measured by the intravenous RISA technique in 10 patients with cerebral transient ischemic attacks (TIA) at the various time intervals from the onset of last attack. Cranial blood flow was subnormal in 5 out of 11 determinations and mean transit time trended to be prolonged in the diseased hemisphere in cases suggestive of the unilateral hemispheric lesion. A decrease in cranial blood flow was observed in TIA with lowering of heart rate below 60/min, or with atrial fibrillation, whereas no obvious correlation was present between heart rate and cranial blood flow either in 94 patients with, or with 62 patients without cerebrovascular diseases. Cardiac dysrhythmias including bradycardia, leading to reduce perfusion to the brain was discussed as a possible factor for producing TIA.", "contents": "Brain circulation in cerebral transient ischemic attacks. Cranial blood flow, mean cranial transit time and cranial blood volume were measured by the intravenous RISA technique in 10 patients with cerebral transient ischemic attacks (TIA) at the various time intervals from the onset of last attack. Cranial blood flow was subnormal in 5 out of 11 determinations and mean transit time trended to be prolonged in the diseased hemisphere in cases suggestive of the unilateral hemispheric lesion. A decrease in cranial blood flow was observed in TIA with lowering of heart rate below 60/min, or with atrial fibrillation, whereas no obvious correlation was present between heart rate and cranial blood flow either in 94 patients with, or with 62 patients without cerebrovascular diseases. Cardiac dysrhythmias including bradycardia, leading to reduce perfusion to the brain was discussed as a possible factor for producing TIA.", "PMID": 1185888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10036", "title": "Glucose tolerance, serum insulin and lipid abnormalities in patients with coronary heart disease.", "content": "Blood glucose, free fatty acid and insulin responses to oral glucose and the fasting serum lipids were measured in 3 groups: 32 non-obese (mean age: 47.5 years) and 9 obese (mean age: 84.5 years), male patients with coronary heart disease and 12 non-obese male controls (mean age: 46.5 years). The oral glucose tolerance tests were repeated after 3 years in 16 of the non-obese patients with coronary heart disease. The results were as follows: 1) Glucose tolerance was impaired in 19 of 32 non-obese patients (59.4%). There was a significant correlation between impaired glucose tolerance and hyperlipidemia (hypercholesterolemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia). 2) In obese patients FFA levels at 30, 60, and 120 min after oral glucose administration were significantly elevated and FFA decrease was delayed with a drop to minimum levels at 180 min. 3) The insulin response after oral glucose administration in the group of non-obese patients with normal glucose tolerance was similar to that of non-obese controls. In the group of non-obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance, serum insulin levels went up to normal levels, but the peak was delayed. The serum insulin levels in obese patients were significantly higher than those of controls of 0, 60, 120, and 180 min. After 3 years the change in insulin response to oral glucose was not related to anginal symptoms or ECG findings, but was related to body weight change in patients with minor changes in glucose tolerance. 4) The metabolic pattern in the non-obese group with impaired glucose tolerance resembled that of \"mild diabetes\" in delayed response of insulin and FFA, and mild hyperlipidemia. These findings suggest that obesity may contribute to hyperinsulinemia in patients with coronary heart disease and that impaired glucose tolerance observed in patients with coronary heart disease is in part due to \"latent diabetes\".", "contents": "Glucose tolerance, serum insulin and lipid abnormalities in patients with coronary heart disease. Blood glucose, free fatty acid and insulin responses to oral glucose and the fasting serum lipids were measured in 3 groups: 32 non-obese (mean age: 47.5 years) and 9 obese (mean age: 84.5 years), male patients with coronary heart disease and 12 non-obese male controls (mean age: 46.5 years). The oral glucose tolerance tests were repeated after 3 years in 16 of the non-obese patients with coronary heart disease. The results were as follows: 1) Glucose tolerance was impaired in 19 of 32 non-obese patients (59.4%). There was a significant correlation between impaired glucose tolerance and hyperlipidemia (hypercholesterolemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia). 2) In obese patients FFA levels at 30, 60, and 120 min after oral glucose administration were significantly elevated and FFA decrease was delayed with a drop to minimum levels at 180 min. 3) The insulin response after oral glucose administration in the group of non-obese patients with normal glucose tolerance was similar to that of non-obese controls. In the group of non-obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance, serum insulin levels went up to normal levels, but the peak was delayed. The serum insulin levels in obese patients were significantly higher than those of controls of 0, 60, 120, and 180 min. After 3 years the change in insulin response to oral glucose was not related to anginal symptoms or ECG findings, but was related to body weight change in patients with minor changes in glucose tolerance. 4) The metabolic pattern in the non-obese group with impaired glucose tolerance resembled that of \"mild diabetes\" in delayed response of insulin and FFA, and mild hyperlipidemia. These findings suggest that obesity may contribute to hyperinsulinemia in patients with coronary heart disease and that impaired glucose tolerance observed in patients with coronary heart disease is in part due to \"latent diabetes\".", "PMID": 1185889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10037", "title": "Study of posterior left atrial wall motion by echocardiography and its clinical application.", "content": "Echocardiographic tracings of posterior left atrial wall motion were examined in 30 normal subjects, 17 patients of mitral stenosis with sinus rhythm and 31 coronary patients with elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Because of the plane of the posterior left atrial wall motion and the angle of the sound beam, usually the postero-inferior portion of the left atrial wall was recorded. In normal subjects, there were 3 positive waves (A,C,V waves) and 2 negative waves (X and Y waves). The A wave during atrial contraction period occurred in the closing motion of the mitral valve and was initiated by a slight negative wave. The fourth heart sound was consistent with the ascending limb of the A wave. The C wave coincided with the first heart sound followed by the pronounced negative depression (X wave). The X trough coincided with the beginning of the mitral valve opening in early diastole and was the deepest point in the motion curve. The V wave was a peaked anterior motion during rapid filling period and followed by the third heart sound. The Y wave was a slight negative depression following the V wave, and its trough occurred when the both leaflets of the mitral valve assumed a semiclosed position. In both mitral stenosis and coronary artery disease, significant increase (p less than 0.01) of the A wave excursion and significant decrease (p less than 0.01) of the V wave excursion were observed, resulting in marked increase (p less than 0.01) of the A/V ratio. The slope of the ascending limb of the V wave was also decreased apparently in both conditions. These findings might reflect increased resistance to left atrial emptying in mitral stenosis and decreased left ventricular filling rate in coronary artery disease. This study shows that echocardiographic examination of the posterior left atrial wall motion is feasible and useful in estimating the presence of either mitral stenosis or decreased left ventricular filling rate.", "contents": "Study of posterior left atrial wall motion by echocardiography and its clinical application. Echocardiographic tracings of posterior left atrial wall motion were examined in 30 normal subjects, 17 patients of mitral stenosis with sinus rhythm and 31 coronary patients with elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Because of the plane of the posterior left atrial wall motion and the angle of the sound beam, usually the postero-inferior portion of the left atrial wall was recorded. In normal subjects, there were 3 positive waves (A,C,V waves) and 2 negative waves (X and Y waves). The A wave during atrial contraction period occurred in the closing motion of the mitral valve and was initiated by a slight negative wave. The fourth heart sound was consistent with the ascending limb of the A wave. The C wave coincided with the first heart sound followed by the pronounced negative depression (X wave). The X trough coincided with the beginning of the mitral valve opening in early diastole and was the deepest point in the motion curve. The V wave was a peaked anterior motion during rapid filling period and followed by the third heart sound. The Y wave was a slight negative depression following the V wave, and its trough occurred when the both leaflets of the mitral valve assumed a semiclosed position. In both mitral stenosis and coronary artery disease, significant increase (p less than 0.01) of the A wave excursion and significant decrease (p less than 0.01) of the V wave excursion were observed, resulting in marked increase (p less than 0.01) of the A/V ratio. The slope of the ascending limb of the V wave was also decreased apparently in both conditions. These findings might reflect increased resistance to left atrial emptying in mitral stenosis and decreased left ventricular filling rate in coronary artery disease. This study shows that echocardiographic examination of the posterior left atrial wall motion is feasible and useful in estimating the presence of either mitral stenosis or decreased left ventricular filling rate.", "PMID": 1185890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10038", "title": "Effects of verapamil on the blood-perfused, isolated atrium preparation of the dog heart.", "content": "Thirteen isolated canine right atria were perfused with blood conducted from a support dog. The selective injection of verapamil into the cannulated sinus node artery at a dose level above 1 mug usually induced dose-dependent negative chronotropic and negative inotropic effects. At a dose of 30 mug, verapamil caused sinus arrest in 4 cases out of 7 with marked suppression of the isometric tension development. At 100 mug, in all cases it caused sinus arrest which continued about 1 hour. When calcium chloride was injected into the sinus node artery, a positive inotropic effect was dose-relatedly produced above a dose level of 100 mug, but the threshold dose for inducing a positive chronotropic effect of calcium chloride was approximately 1 mg. On the other hand, norepinephrine when injected into the sinus node artery simultaneously induced a positive chronotropic and inotropic effect at the same threshold dose. A dose level of 10-30 mug of verapamil did not significantly inhibit positive chronotropic and inotropic responses to norepinephrine and a positive inotropic response to calcium chloride in per cent. The negative inotropic response as well as the positive chronotropic and inotropic responses to electric stimulation of the epicardium were not blocked by verapamil which caused marked suppression of the tension development.", "contents": "Effects of verapamil on the blood-perfused, isolated atrium preparation of the dog heart. Thirteen isolated canine right atria were perfused with blood conducted from a support dog. The selective injection of verapamil into the cannulated sinus node artery at a dose level above 1 mug usually induced dose-dependent negative chronotropic and negative inotropic effects. At a dose of 30 mug, verapamil caused sinus arrest in 4 cases out of 7 with marked suppression of the isometric tension development. At 100 mug, in all cases it caused sinus arrest which continued about 1 hour. When calcium chloride was injected into the sinus node artery, a positive inotropic effect was dose-relatedly produced above a dose level of 100 mug, but the threshold dose for inducing a positive chronotropic effect of calcium chloride was approximately 1 mg. On the other hand, norepinephrine when injected into the sinus node artery simultaneously induced a positive chronotropic and inotropic effect at the same threshold dose. A dose level of 10-30 mug of verapamil did not significantly inhibit positive chronotropic and inotropic responses to norepinephrine and a positive inotropic response to calcium chloride in per cent. The negative inotropic response as well as the positive chronotropic and inotropic responses to electric stimulation of the epicardium were not blocked by verapamil which caused marked suppression of the tension development.", "PMID": 1185891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10039", "title": "Correlation of the electrophysiological and mechanical changes in the dog heart during digitalis administration, and the effect of potassium on it.", "content": "The present investigation was designed to study the relationship between mechanical and electrophysiological actions on the heart of digitalis and the effects on it of K administration. Nineteen anesthetized dogs were given acetylstrophanthidin (AS) (30 gamma/Kg, followed by 1 gamma/Kg/min. When ectopic tachycardia occurred, sinus rhythm was restored with an infusion of K (5 mEq/Kg/hour, for 5 min). As the dose of AS was increased beyond 30 approximately 40 gamma/Kg, ventricular rate during electrically induced atrial fibrillation was reduced and PQ interval prolonged, while PP interval, QT interval and QRS duration showed little changes. Ectopic tachycardia occurred at an average dose of 56.9 gamma/Kg of AS. The indices of mechanical properties, dp/dt/IIT, max dp/dt and dp/dt (50), began to increase as soon as AS infusion was started and continued to increase during the administration of AS. The dp/dt (50) and PP interval or ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation did not change in parallel. Inotropic activity was not depressed even during ectopic tachycardia. The administration of K eliminated ectopic tachycardia, but caused no changes in the other electrophysiological and mechanical properties of the digitalized heart. The following conclusions were derived from the experiment. 1) The 2 actions of digitalis, mechanical and electrophysiological ones, are not necessarily related to each other. 2) Digitalis intoxication, represented by ectopic tachycardia, does not mean the depression of the inotropic activity. 3) The administration of K does not affect the inotropic activity of digitalis.", "contents": "Correlation of the electrophysiological and mechanical changes in the dog heart during digitalis administration, and the effect of potassium on it. The present investigation was designed to study the relationship between mechanical and electrophysiological actions on the heart of digitalis and the effects on it of K administration. Nineteen anesthetized dogs were given acetylstrophanthidin (AS) (30 gamma/Kg, followed by 1 gamma/Kg/min. When ectopic tachycardia occurred, sinus rhythm was restored with an infusion of K (5 mEq/Kg/hour, for 5 min). As the dose of AS was increased beyond 30 approximately 40 gamma/Kg, ventricular rate during electrically induced atrial fibrillation was reduced and PQ interval prolonged, while PP interval, QT interval and QRS duration showed little changes. Ectopic tachycardia occurred at an average dose of 56.9 gamma/Kg of AS. The indices of mechanical properties, dp/dt/IIT, max dp/dt and dp/dt (50), began to increase as soon as AS infusion was started and continued to increase during the administration of AS. The dp/dt (50) and PP interval or ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation did not change in parallel. Inotropic activity was not depressed even during ectopic tachycardia. The administration of K eliminated ectopic tachycardia, but caused no changes in the other electrophysiological and mechanical properties of the digitalized heart. The following conclusions were derived from the experiment. 1) The 2 actions of digitalis, mechanical and electrophysiological ones, are not necessarily related to each other. 2) Digitalis intoxication, represented by ectopic tachycardia, does not mean the depression of the inotropic activity. 3) The administration of K does not affect the inotropic activity of digitalis.", "PMID": 1185892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10040", "title": "Pheochromocytoma with renal artery stenosis and high plasma renin activity.", "content": "An unusual case of pheochromocytoma is described in this communication. Besides a chain of typical clinical pictures and laboratory findings which suggested a catecholamine-producing tumor, the left renal artery stenosis was demonstrated by an aortography and the plasma renin activity was consistently elevated. Surgery revealed the left renal artery was embedded in the tumor mass, originated from the left adrenal gland, resulting in a high degree of constricture of the vessel. Following the removal of the tumor, blood pressure immediately returned to normal, however, plasma renin activity remained elevated as long as 9 months of the follow-up study. The second aortography performed 14 months after the operation failed to demonstrate the left renal artery stenosis and subsequent studies revealed that plasma renin activity was gradually declining to upper normal levels. It is suggested that an excess of catecholamines secreted by the tumor was responsible for hypertension in this case, and that another factor, probably renal artery stenosis, was involved in the elevation of plasma renin activity, although this high renin activity was maintained for more than 9 months following the tumor extirpation.", "contents": "Pheochromocytoma with renal artery stenosis and high plasma renin activity. An unusual case of pheochromocytoma is described in this communication. Besides a chain of typical clinical pictures and laboratory findings which suggested a catecholamine-producing tumor, the left renal artery stenosis was demonstrated by an aortography and the plasma renin activity was consistently elevated. Surgery revealed the left renal artery was embedded in the tumor mass, originated from the left adrenal gland, resulting in a high degree of constricture of the vessel. Following the removal of the tumor, blood pressure immediately returned to normal, however, plasma renin activity remained elevated as long as 9 months of the follow-up study. The second aortography performed 14 months after the operation failed to demonstrate the left renal artery stenosis and subsequent studies revealed that plasma renin activity was gradually declining to upper normal levels. It is suggested that an excess of catecholamines secreted by the tumor was responsible for hypertension in this case, and that another factor, probably renal artery stenosis, was involved in the elevation of plasma renin activity, although this high renin activity was maintained for more than 9 months following the tumor extirpation.", "PMID": 1185893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10041", "title": "Rheumatic valvulitis and constrictive pericarditis. Report of case.", "content": "A 13-year-old girl was admitted with congestive heart failure, edema, ascites, and jaundice. There was an apical pansystolic murmur of mitral insufficiency and marked cardiomegaly. Her venous pressure was elevated. Despite medical treatment her condition deteriorated, hepatic and renal failure as well as disseminated intravascular coagulation ensued, leading to her death. At post mortem she was found to have rheumatic mitral valvulitis and constrictive pericarditis. The pathologic picture of pericarditis was nonspecific, but in presence of a positive skin test for tuberculosis the latter is considered to be the most likely cause of the pericarditis, nevertheless, rheumatic etiology of pericarditis in this case cannot be excluded. The presence of rheumatic heart disease and cardiomegaly may have led to the exacerbation of symptoms and signs of constrictive pericarditis and severe right heart failure.", "contents": "Rheumatic valvulitis and constrictive pericarditis. Report of case. A 13-year-old girl was admitted with congestive heart failure, edema, ascites, and jaundice. There was an apical pansystolic murmur of mitral insufficiency and marked cardiomegaly. Her venous pressure was elevated. Despite medical treatment her condition deteriorated, hepatic and renal failure as well as disseminated intravascular coagulation ensued, leading to her death. At post mortem she was found to have rheumatic mitral valvulitis and constrictive pericarditis. The pathologic picture of pericarditis was nonspecific, but in presence of a positive skin test for tuberculosis the latter is considered to be the most likely cause of the pericarditis, nevertheless, rheumatic etiology of pericarditis in this case cannot be excluded. The presence of rheumatic heart disease and cardiomegaly may have led to the exacerbation of symptoms and signs of constrictive pericarditis and severe right heart failure.", "PMID": 1185894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10042", "title": "A quantitative sampling method for Oncomelania quadrasi by filter paper.", "content": "Filter paper was found to attract Oncomelania quadrasi in waters the same way as fallen dried banana leaves, although less number of other species of snails was collected on the former than on the latter. Snails were collected in limited areas using a tube (85 cm2 area at cross-section) and a filter paper (20 X 20 CM) samplers. The sheet of filter paper was placed close to the spot where a tube sample was taken, and recovered after 24 hours. At each sampling, 30 samples were taken by each method in an area and sampling was made four times. The correlation of the number of snails collected by the tube and that by filter paper was studied. The ratio of the snail counts by the tube sampler to those by the filter paper was 1.18. A loose correlation was observed between snail counts of both methods as shown by the correlation coefficient r = 0.6502. The formulas for the regression line were Y = 0.77 X + 1.6 and X = 0.55 Y + 1.35 for 3 experiments where Y is the number of snails collected by tube sampling and X is the number of snails collected in the sheet of filter paper. The type of snail distribution was studied in the 30 samples taken by each method and this was observed to be nearly the same in both sampling methods. All sampling data were found to fit the negative binomial distribution with the values of the constant k varying very much from 0.5775 to 5.9186 in (q -- p)-k. In each experiment, the constant k was always larger in tube sampling than in filter paper sampling. This indicates that the uneven distribution of snails on the soil surface becomes more conspicuous by the filter paper sampling.", "contents": "A quantitative sampling method for Oncomelania quadrasi by filter paper. Filter paper was found to attract Oncomelania quadrasi in waters the same way as fallen dried banana leaves, although less number of other species of snails was collected on the former than on the latter. Snails were collected in limited areas using a tube (85 cm2 area at cross-section) and a filter paper (20 X 20 CM) samplers. The sheet of filter paper was placed close to the spot where a tube sample was taken, and recovered after 24 hours. At each sampling, 30 samples were taken by each method in an area and sampling was made four times. The correlation of the number of snails collected by the tube and that by filter paper was studied. The ratio of the snail counts by the tube sampler to those by the filter paper was 1.18. A loose correlation was observed between snail counts of both methods as shown by the correlation coefficient r = 0.6502. The formulas for the regression line were Y = 0.77 X + 1.6 and X = 0.55 Y + 1.35 for 3 experiments where Y is the number of snails collected by tube sampling and X is the number of snails collected in the sheet of filter paper. The type of snail distribution was studied in the 30 samples taken by each method and this was observed to be nearly the same in both sampling methods. All sampling data were found to fit the negative binomial distribution with the values of the constant k varying very much from 0.5775 to 5.9186 in (q -- p)-k. In each experiment, the constant k was always larger in tube sampling than in filter paper sampling. This indicates that the uneven distribution of snails on the soil surface becomes more conspicuous by the filter paper sampling.", "PMID": 1185895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10043", "title": "Enzymatic hydrolysis of allergens extracted from the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae.", "content": "The crude extract of the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae, was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by the use of trypsin and pronase. The hydrolysate was fractionated by gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatographies. Allergenic activities of the fractions were measured by Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner type skin test on guinea pig skin with homocytotropic antibodies. Major allergenic component passed through anion and cation Dowex resins but its yield was not large. On gel-filtration, the mite digest showed two major peaks of absorbance and the allergenic activity was found in the first one. This active peak was resolved into two active fractions when it was chromatographed on DEAE-Sephadex.", "contents": "Enzymatic hydrolysis of allergens extracted from the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae. The crude extract of the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae, was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by the use of trypsin and pronase. The hydrolysate was fractionated by gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatographies. Allergenic activities of the fractions were measured by Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner type skin test on guinea pig skin with homocytotropic antibodies. Major allergenic component passed through anion and cation Dowex resins but its yield was not large. On gel-filtration, the mite digest showed two major peaks of absorbance and the allergenic activity was found in the first one. This active peak was resolved into two active fractions when it was chromatographed on DEAE-Sephadex.", "PMID": 1185896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10044", "title": "Changes of tissue acetylcholine in the distended intestine.", "content": "The effects of distension of the intestinal wall on the liberation and the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) were studied in the isolated guinea-pig ileum measuring the changes in the amount of free and bound ACh. In the presence of eserine longitudinal distension increased the amount of bound ACh in the intestinal wall without increasing the free ACh, while circumferential distension or mucosal rubbing increased free but not bound ACh. These effects were evident within 30 sec. In the eserine-free medium the amount of bound ACh was increased in either direction of distension. Addition of more than 5 X 10(-8) g/ml ACh to the bathing medium completely blocked the distension-induced increase. It is concluded that the release and the synthesis of ACh may be both augmented by the circumferential and the longitudinal distension in the physiological conditions. In the presence of eserine, however, the presence of unphysiologically high extracellular ACh levels presumably inhibits the distension-induced augmentation of ACh synthesis in the tissue.", "contents": "Changes of tissue acetylcholine in the distended intestine. The effects of distension of the intestinal wall on the liberation and the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) were studied in the isolated guinea-pig ileum measuring the changes in the amount of free and bound ACh. In the presence of eserine longitudinal distension increased the amount of bound ACh in the intestinal wall without increasing the free ACh, while circumferential distension or mucosal rubbing increased free but not bound ACh. These effects were evident within 30 sec. In the eserine-free medium the amount of bound ACh was increased in either direction of distension. Addition of more than 5 X 10(-8) g/ml ACh to the bathing medium completely blocked the distension-induced increase. It is concluded that the release and the synthesis of ACh may be both augmented by the circumferential and the longitudinal distension in the physiological conditions. In the presence of eserine, however, the presence of unphysiologically high extracellular ACh levels presumably inhibits the distension-induced augmentation of ACh synthesis in the tissue.", "PMID": 1185898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10045", "title": "Pharmacological studies of caerulein. II. The possibility of mediation through the central nervous system.", "content": "With low doses of caerulein given intravenously or subcutaneously, vomiting could be induced. Although vomiting was not inhibited by chlorpromazine or atropine, a strong inhibition was evident when metoclopramide was administered subcutaneously at such doses as inhibit vomiting induced by oral administration of CuSO4. Even high doses of caerulein failed to induced vomiting in vagotomized and splanchnicotomized dogs. With intraventricular injection, no effects were observed on blood pressure, respiration or gastrointestinal motility, and vomiting was not induced. Therefore, a reflex mechanism appears to be involved in vomiting induced by caerulein. It is suggested that the actions of caerulein may not be mediated through the central nervous system.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies of caerulein. II. The possibility of mediation through the central nervous system. With low doses of caerulein given intravenously or subcutaneously, vomiting could be induced. Although vomiting was not inhibited by chlorpromazine or atropine, a strong inhibition was evident when metoclopramide was administered subcutaneously at such doses as inhibit vomiting induced by oral administration of CuSO4. Even high doses of caerulein failed to induced vomiting in vagotomized and splanchnicotomized dogs. With intraventricular injection, no effects were observed on blood pressure, respiration or gastrointestinal motility, and vomiting was not induced. Therefore, a reflex mechanism appears to be involved in vomiting induced by caerulein. It is suggested that the actions of caerulein may not be mediated through the central nervous system.", "PMID": 1185899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10046", "title": "Toxicological approaches to the toxic metabolites of Fusaria. VIII. Acute and subacute toxicities of T-2 toxin in cats.", "content": "Acute and subacute toxicities to cats of T-2 toxin, 12-13 epoxytrichothec mycotoxin from fungi Fusarium species and others, were investigated. Major symptoms of toxicity in cats as the result of T-2 toxin were emesis, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, ataxia of the hind legs, discharge from the eyes and ejection of hemorrhagic fluid. Consecutive administration of the crude and pure sample of T-2 toxin in a sublethal dose caused a marked decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells. In the early stage of intoxication, a temporal leukocytosis was observed after each administration. Autopsy revealed extensive cellular damages in the bone marrow, intestine, spleen and lymph nodes. Greatly evident were meningeal hemorrhage of the brain, bleeding in the lungs and vacuolic degeneration of the renal tubles. Mycotoxicological significance of T-2 toxin and related trichothecenes is discussed in relation to the food-borne diseases in humans and farm animals.", "contents": "Toxicological approaches to the toxic metabolites of Fusaria. VIII. Acute and subacute toxicities of T-2 toxin in cats. Acute and subacute toxicities to cats of T-2 toxin, 12-13 epoxytrichothec mycotoxin from fungi Fusarium species and others, were investigated. Major symptoms of toxicity in cats as the result of T-2 toxin were emesis, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, ataxia of the hind legs, discharge from the eyes and ejection of hemorrhagic fluid. Consecutive administration of the crude and pure sample of T-2 toxin in a sublethal dose caused a marked decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells. In the early stage of intoxication, a temporal leukocytosis was observed after each administration. Autopsy revealed extensive cellular damages in the bone marrow, intestine, spleen and lymph nodes. Greatly evident were meningeal hemorrhage of the brain, bleeding in the lungs and vacuolic degeneration of the renal tubles. Mycotoxicological significance of T-2 toxin and related trichothecenes is discussed in relation to the food-borne diseases in humans and farm animals.", "PMID": 1185900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10047", "title": "Cortisol-binding protein in the cytosol of rat carrageenin granuloma.", "content": "Cortisol-binding protein was prepared and partially purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography from 105,000 g supernatant fraction of cytoplasm in rat carrageenin granuloma, which is assumed to be one of the most appropriate experimental models of inflammation. The cortisol-binding protein in the inflammatous tissue, although similar to transcortine, was not transcortine itself. The binding protein was eluted at 0.12 M NaCl by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography with a shallow salt gradient. Sedimentation constant and dissociation constant of the binding protein were 4-5 S and 1.0 X 10(-9) M, respectively. Optimum pH for binding to cortisol was 8.0. Binding ability of the binding protein to cortisol was very sensitive to pronase E and trypsin but resistant to RNase. Specificity of the protein for binding other steroids revealed that 17beta-estradiol did not bind to the protein, while androstenedione and testosterone had one sixth as much affinity to the binding protein as that of cortisol. There was good a correlation between the amount of the binding protein in the inflammatory tissue and anti-inflammatory effect of cortisol. Namely, the maximum cortisol-binding ability was seen on a 5 day old granuloma which is the so called 'steroid sensitive stage'. Thereafter, the binding ability decreased with the increasing stage of granuloma.", "contents": "Cortisol-binding protein in the cytosol of rat carrageenin granuloma. Cortisol-binding protein was prepared and partially purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography from 105,000 g supernatant fraction of cytoplasm in rat carrageenin granuloma, which is assumed to be one of the most appropriate experimental models of inflammation. The cortisol-binding protein in the inflammatous tissue, although similar to transcortine, was not transcortine itself. The binding protein was eluted at 0.12 M NaCl by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography with a shallow salt gradient. Sedimentation constant and dissociation constant of the binding protein were 4-5 S and 1.0 X 10(-9) M, respectively. Optimum pH for binding to cortisol was 8.0. Binding ability of the binding protein to cortisol was very sensitive to pronase E and trypsin but resistant to RNase. Specificity of the protein for binding other steroids revealed that 17beta-estradiol did not bind to the protein, while androstenedione and testosterone had one sixth as much affinity to the binding protein as that of cortisol. There was good a correlation between the amount of the binding protein in the inflammatory tissue and anti-inflammatory effect of cortisol. Namely, the maximum cortisol-binding ability was seen on a 5 day old granuloma which is the so called 'steroid sensitive stage'. Thereafter, the binding ability decreased with the increasing stage of granuloma.", "PMID": 1185901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10048", "title": "Distribution of renin in subcellular fractions from the rabbit kidney.", "content": "Subcellular localization of renin in the rabbit kidney cortex was investigated using two centrifugation techniques. Renin was indirectly assayed on the basis of pressor activity and the reference enzymes such as succinic dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and D-glucose-6-phosphatase for the other subcellular particulates were biochemically determined. Renin activity was found mainly in the mitochondrial fraction with very little in the microsomal fraction by a differential centrifugation. By a discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation, renin granules were mainly recovered in the fraction corresponding to 1.5 M sucrose, while most of mitochondria, lysosomes and microsome equilibrated in the upper fractions. This renin granular fraction contained approximately 50% of total granular renin activity having a specific activity about six times that seen in the homogenate. After recentrifugation of the renin granular fraction, most of renin activity was recovered in the sediment. Repeated freezing and thawing of this fraction resulted in an increase of renin activity. On the basis of these experimental data it is assumed that renin located in the different subcellular particulates from mitochondria, lysosomes and microsomes in the rabbit kidney cortex.", "contents": "Distribution of renin in subcellular fractions from the rabbit kidney. Subcellular localization of renin in the rabbit kidney cortex was investigated using two centrifugation techniques. Renin was indirectly assayed on the basis of pressor activity and the reference enzymes such as succinic dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and D-glucose-6-phosphatase for the other subcellular particulates were biochemically determined. Renin activity was found mainly in the mitochondrial fraction with very little in the microsomal fraction by a differential centrifugation. By a discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation, renin granules were mainly recovered in the fraction corresponding to 1.5 M sucrose, while most of mitochondria, lysosomes and microsome equilibrated in the upper fractions. This renin granular fraction contained approximately 50% of total granular renin activity having a specific activity about six times that seen in the homogenate. After recentrifugation of the renin granular fraction, most of renin activity was recovered in the sediment. Repeated freezing and thawing of this fraction resulted in an increase of renin activity. On the basis of these experimental data it is assumed that renin located in the different subcellular particulates from mitochondria, lysosomes and microsomes in the rabbit kidney cortex.", "PMID": 1185902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10049", "title": "Drug metabolizing function of isolated perfused liver.", "content": "How closely the isolated liver of the rat would simulate the in vivo function of the organ in terms of the metabolic pattern of the compounds such as bromosulphophthalein, p-nitrophenol, hexobarbital, and indocyanine green was investigated. In order to produce tissue with the stimulated function, the animal was pretreated with phenobarbital and, for the reverse purpose, with ethionine. Some of the indices of the function employed herein, such as the appearance pattern of the compound, the rate of biochemical transformation or the biliary excretion, showed that the perfused liver would generally well reflect the in vivo situation. The method with isolated and perfused liver could exclude the participation of other organs and also the influence of the factors unavoidable in an in vivo experiment. Thus, it is suggested that the isolated perfused liver is useful for studying directly the functional level of the organ as drug metabolizing tissue.", "contents": "Drug metabolizing function of isolated perfused liver. How closely the isolated liver of the rat would simulate the in vivo function of the organ in terms of the metabolic pattern of the compounds such as bromosulphophthalein, p-nitrophenol, hexobarbital, and indocyanine green was investigated. In order to produce tissue with the stimulated function, the animal was pretreated with phenobarbital and, for the reverse purpose, with ethionine. Some of the indices of the function employed herein, such as the appearance pattern of the compound, the rate of biochemical transformation or the biliary excretion, showed that the perfused liver would generally well reflect the in vivo situation. The method with isolated and perfused liver could exclude the participation of other organs and also the influence of the factors unavoidable in an in vivo experiment. Thus, it is suggested that the isolated perfused liver is useful for studying directly the functional level of the organ as drug metabolizing tissue.", "PMID": 1185903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10050", "title": "Effect of fentanyl, a narcotic analgesic, on two components of the jaw opening reflex.", "content": "An action of fentanyl, a short-acting narcotic, on the reflex discharge in the digastric nerve induced by the inferior alveolar nerve stimulation was investigated in alpha-chloralose anesthetized cats. In the ipsilateral digastric reflex discharge, there were an early phase induced by stimulus exciting Aalpha fibers and a late phase appearing when Adelta fibers were also stimulated. Following dorso-lateral cordotomy at the obex level, an isolation of the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis, a total area in the digastric reflex discharge decreased, while its first peak amplitude was little affected, indicating a disappearance of the late phase and a preservation of the early phase. Fentanyl depressed both the total discharge area and the first peak amplitude. After dorso-lateral cordotomy, the depression of the area decreased considerably, whereas that of the amplitude decreased slightly. Results indicate that fentanyl depressed both the early phase which is activated by the Aalpha fiber stimulation, not via the subnucleus caudalis and the late phase which is activated by the Adelta fiber stimulation via the sub-nucleus caudalis or its surroundings. The latter action would be related to the analgesic action of fentanyl.", "contents": "Effect of fentanyl, a narcotic analgesic, on two components of the jaw opening reflex. An action of fentanyl, a short-acting narcotic, on the reflex discharge in the digastric nerve induced by the inferior alveolar nerve stimulation was investigated in alpha-chloralose anesthetized cats. In the ipsilateral digastric reflex discharge, there were an early phase induced by stimulus exciting Aalpha fibers and a late phase appearing when Adelta fibers were also stimulated. Following dorso-lateral cordotomy at the obex level, an isolation of the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis, a total area in the digastric reflex discharge decreased, while its first peak amplitude was little affected, indicating a disappearance of the late phase and a preservation of the early phase. Fentanyl depressed both the total discharge area and the first peak amplitude. After dorso-lateral cordotomy, the depression of the area decreased considerably, whereas that of the amplitude decreased slightly. Results indicate that fentanyl depressed both the early phase which is activated by the Aalpha fiber stimulation, not via the subnucleus caudalis and the late phase which is activated by the Adelta fiber stimulation via the sub-nucleus caudalis or its surroundings. The latter action would be related to the analgesic action of fentanyl.", "PMID": 1185904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10051", "title": "Traumatic pericardial hematoma simulating tricuspid valve obstruction.", "content": "A large pericardial hematoma caused profound hypoxia, cyanosis, and hypotension in a patient who had sustained trauma in an automobile accident. Angiographic and cardiac catheterization findings suggested intracardiac obstruction at the level of the tricuspid valve. This case emphasizes that localized accumulations of blood or fluid within the pericardial space can simulate intracardiac masses or valve obstruction. Partial pericardiectomy was curative in this patient.", "contents": "Traumatic pericardial hematoma simulating tricuspid valve obstruction. A large pericardial hematoma caused profound hypoxia, cyanosis, and hypotension in a patient who had sustained trauma in an automobile accident. Angiographic and cardiac catheterization findings suggested intracardiac obstruction at the level of the tricuspid valve. This case emphasizes that localized accumulations of blood or fluid within the pericardial space can simulate intracardiac masses or valve obstruction. Partial pericardiectomy was curative in this patient.", "PMID": 1185909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10052", "title": "Destructive monarthritis and granulomatous synovitis as the presenting manifestations of Crohn's disease.", "content": "A twenty-two-year-old woman and a fourteen-year-old boy with Crohn's disease presented with progressive monarticular arthritis with radiologic evidence of altered articular cartilage and subchondral bone. In one individual, granulomatous inflammation of the synovium was demonstrated. Intestinal symptoms were not prominent. In both individuals, the development of the monarthritis led to the discovery of the underlying inflammatory bowel disease.", "contents": "Destructive monarthritis and granulomatous synovitis as the presenting manifestations of Crohn's disease. A twenty-two-year-old woman and a fourteen-year-old boy with Crohn's disease presented with progressive monarticular arthritis with radiologic evidence of altered articular cartilage and subchondral bone. In one individual, granulomatous inflammation of the synovium was demonstrated. Intestinal symptoms were not prominent. In both individuals, the development of the monarthritis led to the discovery of the underlying inflammatory bowel disease.", "PMID": 1185910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10053", "title": "Mechanisms of enhancement of cardiac output during paced tachycardia in conscious dogs.", "content": "The mechanisms of enhancement of cardiac output of unanesthetized dogs from 2.7 to 3.6 l min-1 during paced heart rate increase from 92 to 178 beats min-1 were studied in 92 trials with 5 dogs. This enhancement of cardiac output was accompanied by a 0.6 mm Hg fall in right atrial pressure and a 3.3 mm Hg fall in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that an isolated rise in cardiac function shifts blood from the heart and lungs into the systemic circulation which increases the degree of filling of the peripheral vessels and hence increases mean systemic pressure. We postulate that decompression of both atria reflexly raises the tone of the peripheral vessels while the increase in arterial blood pressure reflexly lowers the tone. Apparently a balance is achieved that results in an elevated mean systemic pressure, displacement of the venous return curve to the right, and an increase in the amount of venous return that matches the enhanced cardiac output.", "contents": "Mechanisms of enhancement of cardiac output during paced tachycardia in conscious dogs. The mechanisms of enhancement of cardiac output of unanesthetized dogs from 2.7 to 3.6 l min-1 during paced heart rate increase from 92 to 178 beats min-1 were studied in 92 trials with 5 dogs. This enhancement of cardiac output was accompanied by a 0.6 mm Hg fall in right atrial pressure and a 3.3 mm Hg fall in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that an isolated rise in cardiac function shifts blood from the heart and lungs into the systemic circulation which increases the degree of filling of the peripheral vessels and hence increases mean systemic pressure. We postulate that decompression of both atria reflexly raises the tone of the peripheral vessels while the increase in arterial blood pressure reflexly lowers the tone. Apparently a balance is achieved that results in an elevated mean systemic pressure, displacement of the venous return curve to the right, and an increase in the amount of venous return that matches the enhanced cardiac output.", "PMID": 1185913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10054", "title": "The clinical management of bronchogenic carcinoma-- A progress report.", "content": "A number of new concepts in the clinical management of bronchogenic carcinoma have been introduced since an original review of this problem in The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal in 1967. Four specific problems in the updated management of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma are discussed: 1) the patient with cytologic evidence of malignant cells in the sputum and a normal chest radiograph; 2) the patient with an asymptomatic peripheral pulmonary nodule; 3) the patient with symptomatic bronchogenic carcinoma or bronchogenic carcinoma in a lobar or main stem bronchus; 4) the assessment of operability. Tantalum bronchography and fiberoptic bronchoscopy have proven effective in localizing the source of malignant cells shed from a radiologically occult bronchogenic carcinoma. Percutaneous needle biopsy and transbronchial biopsy under fluoroscopic control permit pathological examination of peripheral nodules. Transcervical mediastinoscopy and left parasternal exploration, as well as increased use of angiography and more sophisticated pulmonary function tests, allow better determination of the resectability of central lesions. As a result, fewer patients are subjected to unnecessary thoracotomies, and if thoracotomy is undertaken it usually offers the patient a reasonable chance of cure.", "contents": "The clinical management of bronchogenic carcinoma-- A progress report. A number of new concepts in the clinical management of bronchogenic carcinoma have been introduced since an original review of this problem in The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal in 1967. Four specific problems in the updated management of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma are discussed: 1) the patient with cytologic evidence of malignant cells in the sputum and a normal chest radiograph; 2) the patient with an asymptomatic peripheral pulmonary nodule; 3) the patient with symptomatic bronchogenic carcinoma or bronchogenic carcinoma in a lobar or main stem bronchus; 4) the assessment of operability. Tantalum bronchography and fiberoptic bronchoscopy have proven effective in localizing the source of malignant cells shed from a radiologically occult bronchogenic carcinoma. Percutaneous needle biopsy and transbronchial biopsy under fluoroscopic control permit pathological examination of peripheral nodules. Transcervical mediastinoscopy and left parasternal exploration, as well as increased use of angiography and more sophisticated pulmonary function tests, allow better determination of the resectability of central lesions. As a result, fewer patients are subjected to unnecessary thoracotomies, and if thoracotomy is undertaken it usually offers the patient a reasonable chance of cure.", "PMID": 1185914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10055", "title": "[New method of stroke volume measurements by means of radioactive isotopes].", "content": "A new radioactive method of measuring the stroke volume called \"radiocardiometry\" is described, and the results of a clinical trial of the method are presented. The results were compared with those obtained by means of radiocardiography that was conducted simultaneously with the stroke volume measurements performed according to the suggested method. The results coincided with an approximation of +/- 10% in all cases, with the exception of those with mitral insufficiency in which the results obtained by means of radiocardiometry were 12--31% higher than those calculated from radiocardiography. The circulating blood volume was measured by the administered activity and by the activity of the sample without any preparation of standard solutions. The error in the measurements of this parameter did not exceed +/-5%.", "contents": "[New method of stroke volume measurements by means of radioactive isotopes]. A new radioactive method of measuring the stroke volume called \"radiocardiometry\" is described, and the results of a clinical trial of the method are presented. The results were compared with those obtained by means of radiocardiography that was conducted simultaneously with the stroke volume measurements performed according to the suggested method. The results coincided with an approximation of +/- 10% in all cases, with the exception of those with mitral insufficiency in which the results obtained by means of radiocardiometry were 12--31% higher than those calculated from radiocardiography. The circulating blood volume was measured by the administered activity and by the activity of the sample without any preparation of standard solutions. The error in the measurements of this parameter did not exceed +/-5%.", "PMID": 1185929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10056", "title": "[Method of continuous monitoring of stroke and minute cardiac volume by the aortic pressure curve].", "content": "A new method of determining the cardiac output and stroke volume on the basis of the aortic pressure curve by way of a direct pressure-volume calibration is suggested. For this purpose two catheters are introduced into the ascending aorta, and via one of them saline is supplied with a constant volume rate (delta V). At the same time the augmentation of the diastolic pressure in the aorta (delta P) caused by the administration of the saline is recorded by means of the second catheter which tip is located some 3--4 cm below the first one along the blood flow. The mean pulse pressure in the aorta (Pp) also corresponds to a definite flow in the aorta (V). The relationship between the volume and pressure in the aorta within the physiological range is a lineal function. Hence, V = Pp-delta V divided by delta P cm3/sec. By multiplying this value times the duration of the cardiac cycle in seconds, the stroke volume is obtained. By dividing the volume of the administered saline (delta V.t) into the pressure augmentation area (delta S), the volume corresponding to each unit of the pressure area is found. Then by multiplying this calibration value times the area under the pressure curve in any cardiac cycle (S) again the stroke volume is obtained: Vstr = S-deltaV-t divided by delta S cm3. By a continuous recording of the mean pulse pressure in the aorta and of the full pressure curve it is possible to conduct a continuous control of the stroke volume and cardiac output using the preliminarily obtained calibration value. The suggested method permits to determine the filling of the aorta below the coarctation, the blood return from the aorta into the left ventricle in cases of aortic insufficiency, as well as the elastic properties of the aorta. An attempt was made to substitute the recording of the volume pulse and left arm rheopletysmography for the recording catheter.", "contents": "[Method of continuous monitoring of stroke and minute cardiac volume by the aortic pressure curve]. A new method of determining the cardiac output and stroke volume on the basis of the aortic pressure curve by way of a direct pressure-volume calibration is suggested. For this purpose two catheters are introduced into the ascending aorta, and via one of them saline is supplied with a constant volume rate (delta V). At the same time the augmentation of the diastolic pressure in the aorta (delta P) caused by the administration of the saline is recorded by means of the second catheter which tip is located some 3--4 cm below the first one along the blood flow. The mean pulse pressure in the aorta (Pp) also corresponds to a definite flow in the aorta (V). The relationship between the volume and pressure in the aorta within the physiological range is a lineal function. Hence, V = Pp-delta V divided by delta P cm3/sec. By multiplying this value times the duration of the cardiac cycle in seconds, the stroke volume is obtained. By dividing the volume of the administered saline (delta V.t) into the pressure augmentation area (delta S), the volume corresponding to each unit of the pressure area is found. Then by multiplying this calibration value times the area under the pressure curve in any cardiac cycle (S) again the stroke volume is obtained: Vstr = S-deltaV-t divided by delta S cm3. By a continuous recording of the mean pulse pressure in the aorta and of the full pressure curve it is possible to conduct a continuous control of the stroke volume and cardiac output using the preliminarily obtained calibration value. The suggested method permits to determine the filling of the aorta below the coarctation, the blood return from the aorta into the left ventricle in cases of aortic insufficiency, as well as the elastic properties of the aorta. An attempt was made to substitute the recording of the volume pulse and left arm rheopletysmography for the recording catheter.", "PMID": 1185931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10057", "title": "[Results and perspectives of the use of echocardiography and ultrasonic scanning of the heart].", "content": "The results of echocardiography and ultrasonic scanning of the heart in over 600 patients with ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, heart diseases and other pathology are presented. The high diagnostic value of these techniques in terms of detection of acquired and congenital heart failures, exsudative pericardites, left atrial tumors is demonstrated. The methods permit to evaluate myocardial hypertrophy, left ventricular dilatation, and to reveal myocardial contractility disorders at their early stages. The prospects of the employment of ultrasonic techniques in cardiological practice are analysed.", "contents": "[Results and perspectives of the use of echocardiography and ultrasonic scanning of the heart]. The results of echocardiography and ultrasonic scanning of the heart in over 600 patients with ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, heart diseases and other pathology are presented. The high diagnostic value of these techniques in terms of detection of acquired and congenital heart failures, exsudative pericardites, left atrial tumors is demonstrated. The methods permit to evaluate myocardial hypertrophy, left ventricular dilatation, and to reveal myocardial contractility disorders at their early stages. The prospects of the employment of ultrasonic techniques in cardiological practice are analysed.", "PMID": 1185946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10058", "title": "[Comparison of the data of intravital selective coronarography with anatomical studies of the coronary vessles].", "content": "A comparison of the data of intravital selective coronary angiography and of the anatomic study of the coronaries conducted in 30 patients with ischaemic heart disease was made. Intravital selective coronary angiography gives precise information about the localization and extent of the coronary pathology in 89.4% of the cases. In 10.6% of the cases discrepancies were found between the data of intravital coronary angiography and of the anatomic studies. The causes of such discrepancies may be: diffuse lesion, beginning with the ostium of the vessel, excentric location of the vascular lumen in case of its atherosclerotic changes, as well as the fact that the commonly used projections for coronary angiography are not always optimum for detecting the changes in the coronary arteries.", "contents": "[Comparison of the data of intravital selective coronarography with anatomical studies of the coronary vessles]. A comparison of the data of intravital selective coronary angiography and of the anatomic study of the coronaries conducted in 30 patients with ischaemic heart disease was made. Intravital selective coronary angiography gives precise information about the localization and extent of the coronary pathology in 89.4% of the cases. In 10.6% of the cases discrepancies were found between the data of intravital coronary angiography and of the anatomic studies. The causes of such discrepancies may be: diffuse lesion, beginning with the ostium of the vessel, excentric location of the vascular lumen in case of its atherosclerotic changes, as well as the fact that the commonly used projections for coronary angiography are not always optimum for detecting the changes in the coronary arteries.", "PMID": 1185948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10059", "title": "[Evaluation of functional state of myocardium after open-heart surgery].", "content": "The intracardiac and central hemodynamics was studied in patients with secondary atrial septal defects pre- and post-operatively. After surgery continuous catheterization of the heart chambers was employed which permitted to receive the information directly from the right ventricle. Following a statistical processing of the obtained data, regression lines were formed that reflected the relationship between the work-load of the right ventricle and the end-distolic pressure. It was demonstrated that the development of latent myocardial insufficiency requires certain limitations in the amount of the infused fluids and enhancement of cardiac therapy.", "contents": "[Evaluation of functional state of myocardium after open-heart surgery]. The intracardiac and central hemodynamics was studied in patients with secondary atrial septal defects pre- and post-operatively. After surgery continuous catheterization of the heart chambers was employed which permitted to receive the information directly from the right ventricle. Following a statistical processing of the obtained data, regression lines were formed that reflected the relationship between the work-load of the right ventricle and the end-distolic pressure. It was demonstrated that the development of latent myocardial insufficiency requires certain limitations in the amount of the infused fluids and enhancement of cardiac therapy.", "PMID": 1185950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10060", "title": "[Evaluation of the results of ergometric studies].", "content": "An evaluation of some standardized and relative indices of ergometry is presented: heart rate and oxygen consumption as percentage of individual values, indices of chrono-, isotropic, aerobic and coronary reserves. The investigation is based on the study of 113 normal individuals, 363 hypertonic patients, and 100 patients with ischaemic heart disease. In all cases the maximum tolerable workload was tested by way of its step-wise increase, conducted under pulse, arterial pressure, ECG and oxygen consumption control. Some patients were examined after Obsidan and Dopegit therapy. The use of the relative values of the heart rate and oxygen consumption was shown to neglect the role of individual factors (sex, age, body weight). The determination of the relative augmentation of these indices, as well as of the arterial pressure permits to precise the state of functional reserves of the cardiopulmonary system, and can be used for the diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic results.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the results of ergometric studies]. An evaluation of some standardized and relative indices of ergometry is presented: heart rate and oxygen consumption as percentage of individual values, indices of chrono-, isotropic, aerobic and coronary reserves. The investigation is based on the study of 113 normal individuals, 363 hypertonic patients, and 100 patients with ischaemic heart disease. In all cases the maximum tolerable workload was tested by way of its step-wise increase, conducted under pulse, arterial pressure, ECG and oxygen consumption control. Some patients were examined after Obsidan and Dopegit therapy. The use of the relative values of the heart rate and oxygen consumption was shown to neglect the role of individual factors (sex, age, body weight). The determination of the relative augmentation of these indices, as well as of the arterial pressure permits to precise the state of functional reserves of the cardiopulmonary system, and can be used for the diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic results.", "PMID": 1185951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10061", "title": "[Certain hemodynamic indicators during rest and after intensive physical exercise at high altitude].", "content": "For 5 years 364 normal males, aged 19--25, were studied at the altitude of 3800--4200 m, along with local inhabitants of the mountain region; the hemodynamic shifts and arterial blood oxygenation were studied with the base metabolism conditions preserved both at rest, and after intensive physical exercises performed according to the step-test method with the maximum tempo of the work (cardiological motion test, WHO, 1967). The initial reaction of the cardiovascular system to the high altitude conditions manifested itself in an increased stroke volume and cardiac output, of the volume speed of blood ejection, of the cardiac index in a decrease of the total peripheral resistance and oxygen saturation of the arterial blood. This reaction was interpreted as a compensatory one. In the course of acclimatizing, the cardiac output and the pulse amplitude of the arterial pressure gradually decreased, and the total peripheral resistance increased. These hemodynamic changes must be of an adaptative nature. The maximum physical workload caused a distinct intensification of the circulatory reactions, especially in those living for considerable periods of time at high altitude and in local inhabitants. The general state of the examined remained good. Hence, these persons have a considerable reserve of functional capacities of their cardiovascular system, and can perform hard muscle work at high altitude. Individuals staying at high altitude for only short periods of time react to intensive physical workloads by a less distinct intensification of the contractile capacity of the heart and by a sharp decrease of blood oxygenation, considerable acceleration of the heart rate and respiration rate, as well as by a deterioriation of their general state. Such muscular efforts cause overloading of the heart only in persons with a short-term acclimatizing.", "contents": "[Certain hemodynamic indicators during rest and after intensive physical exercise at high altitude]. For 5 years 364 normal males, aged 19--25, were studied at the altitude of 3800--4200 m, along with local inhabitants of the mountain region; the hemodynamic shifts and arterial blood oxygenation were studied with the base metabolism conditions preserved both at rest, and after intensive physical exercises performed according to the step-test method with the maximum tempo of the work (cardiological motion test, WHO, 1967). The initial reaction of the cardiovascular system to the high altitude conditions manifested itself in an increased stroke volume and cardiac output, of the volume speed of blood ejection, of the cardiac index in a decrease of the total peripheral resistance and oxygen saturation of the arterial blood. This reaction was interpreted as a compensatory one. In the course of acclimatizing, the cardiac output and the pulse amplitude of the arterial pressure gradually decreased, and the total peripheral resistance increased. These hemodynamic changes must be of an adaptative nature. The maximum physical workload caused a distinct intensification of the circulatory reactions, especially in those living for considerable periods of time at high altitude and in local inhabitants. The general state of the examined remained good. Hence, these persons have a considerable reserve of functional capacities of their cardiovascular system, and can perform hard muscle work at high altitude. Individuals staying at high altitude for only short periods of time react to intensive physical workloads by a less distinct intensification of the contractile capacity of the heart and by a sharp decrease of blood oxygenation, considerable acceleration of the heart rate and respiration rate, as well as by a deterioriation of their general state. Such muscular efforts cause overloading of the heart only in persons with a short-term acclimatizing.", "PMID": 1185952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10062", "title": "[Role of excessive phosphorus consumption in the development of aortic calcinosis].", "content": "The calcium and phosphorus content was studied in the blood serum and in the aorta of rats fed with varying Ca:P ratio in their diets (2:1; 1:1; 1:2; 1:3). In rats kept on a 1:3 Ca:P diet hypocalcemia, hyperphosphotemia and intensive calcination of the aorta was observed. Some accumulation of calcium in the aorta was noted also with a 1:2 Ca:P diet. The possible role of excessive phosphorus consumption is discussed as a factor contributing to the development of aortic calcinosis, emphasizing the need to precise and carefully maintain an optimum Ca:P ratio in the diet of normal individuals and in that of cardiovascular patients.", "contents": "[Role of excessive phosphorus consumption in the development of aortic calcinosis]. The calcium and phosphorus content was studied in the blood serum and in the aorta of rats fed with varying Ca:P ratio in their diets (2:1; 1:1; 1:2; 1:3). In rats kept on a 1:3 Ca:P diet hypocalcemia, hyperphosphotemia and intensive calcination of the aorta was observed. Some accumulation of calcium in the aorta was noted also with a 1:2 Ca:P diet. The possible role of excessive phosphorus consumption is discussed as a factor contributing to the development of aortic calcinosis, emphasizing the need to precise and carefully maintain an optimum Ca:P ratio in the diet of normal individuals and in that of cardiovascular patients.", "PMID": 1185953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10063", "title": "[Characteristics of lipid metabolism depending on the nature of occupational activity].", "content": "The examination was conducted on 630 normal males when at rest in a sanatorium, their permanent jobs being characterized by different nervous and emotional strain (pilots, ground aviation specialists). The lipid metabolism parameters of the pilots appeared to differ from the normal ones. The differences in the metabolic indices of the two profession groups are traced both in the younger, and in the older age-groups, which gives ground to believe that the typical peculiarities of the metabolism are formed in individuals with nervous-emotional jobs as early as in the young age under the effect of professional factors. This should be kept in mind when undertaking preventive measures against atherosclerosis in persons working under high nervous and emotional strain.", "contents": "[Characteristics of lipid metabolism depending on the nature of occupational activity]. The examination was conducted on 630 normal males when at rest in a sanatorium, their permanent jobs being characterized by different nervous and emotional strain (pilots, ground aviation specialists). The lipid metabolism parameters of the pilots appeared to differ from the normal ones. The differences in the metabolic indices of the two profession groups are traced both in the younger, and in the older age-groups, which gives ground to believe that the typical peculiarities of the metabolism are formed in individuals with nervous-emotional jobs as early as in the young age under the effect of professional factors. This should be kept in mind when undertaking preventive measures against atherosclerosis in persons working under high nervous and emotional strain.", "PMID": 1185954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10064", "title": "[Blood circulation in the cerebral cortex, reticular structure and hypothalamus in myocardial infarction in non-anesthetized animals].", "content": "The local cerebral blood flow and oxygen tension in the brain cortex, the reticular formation of the mesencephalon and the posterior hypothalamus were studied in chronic experiments in non-anesthetized rabbits with experimentally induced myocardial infarction. During the initial hours after the occlusion of the coronary artery a distinct reduction of the blood flow and oxygen tension was noted in the mentioned structures of the brain, against the background of an arterial pressure fall; in the subsequent days a varying dynamics of the re-establishment of the cerebral blood flow and arterial pressure was observed. It is suggested that in myocardial infarction not only the general hemodynamics undergoes certain changes, but the reserves of the autoregulation mechanisms of the cerebral blood flow get sharply reduced, resulting in brain tissue hypoxia and disorders in the regulation of cardiac activity and the peripheral vascular tone.", "contents": "[Blood circulation in the cerebral cortex, reticular structure and hypothalamus in myocardial infarction in non-anesthetized animals]. The local cerebral blood flow and oxygen tension in the brain cortex, the reticular formation of the mesencephalon and the posterior hypothalamus were studied in chronic experiments in non-anesthetized rabbits with experimentally induced myocardial infarction. During the initial hours after the occlusion of the coronary artery a distinct reduction of the blood flow and oxygen tension was noted in the mentioned structures of the brain, against the background of an arterial pressure fall; in the subsequent days a varying dynamics of the re-establishment of the cerebral blood flow and arterial pressure was observed. It is suggested that in myocardial infarction not only the general hemodynamics undergoes certain changes, but the reserves of the autoregulation mechanisms of the cerebral blood flow get sharply reduced, resulting in brain tissue hypoxia and disorders in the regulation of cardiac activity and the peripheral vascular tone.", "PMID": 1185955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10065", "title": "[Possibilities of measuring the dynamics of the stroke volume according to the data of ultrasonic Doppler-cardiography].", "content": "The possibility of determining the relative changes in the stroke volume of the left ventricle on the basis of ultrasonic Doppler-cardiography was studied in animal experiments and in tests with volunteers. The dynamic measurements of the cardiac output by means of ultrasonic Doppler-cardiography were performed on the basis of recording the amplitude of excursions of the posterior wall of the ventricle during the ejection phase by way of integrating the Doppler frequencies in the 150--800 cycles range. Simultaneously the dynamics of the cardiac output was studied electromagnetically (in animal experiments) and rheographically (in volunteers). The results of both the methods correlated closely: the reciprocal correlation coefficient in animal experiments comprised r=0.89 (p less than 0.001), in volunteers r=0.78 (p less than 0.001). The authors concluded that ultrasonic Doppler-cardiography can be used for measuring the relative changes in the stroke volume.", "contents": "[Possibilities of measuring the dynamics of the stroke volume according to the data of ultrasonic Doppler-cardiography]. The possibility of determining the relative changes in the stroke volume of the left ventricle on the basis of ultrasonic Doppler-cardiography was studied in animal experiments and in tests with volunteers. The dynamic measurements of the cardiac output by means of ultrasonic Doppler-cardiography were performed on the basis of recording the amplitude of excursions of the posterior wall of the ventricle during the ejection phase by way of integrating the Doppler frequencies in the 150--800 cycles range. Simultaneously the dynamics of the cardiac output was studied electromagnetically (in animal experiments) and rheographically (in volunteers). The results of both the methods correlated closely: the reciprocal correlation coefficient in animal experiments comprised r=0.89 (p less than 0.001), in volunteers r=0.78 (p less than 0.001). The authors concluded that ultrasonic Doppler-cardiography can be used for measuring the relative changes in the stroke volume.", "PMID": 1185956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10066", "title": "Comparative investigation on the influence of human and bovine collagen types I, II and III on the aggregation of human platelets.", "content": "Collagen types I, II and III from man and calf are distinctly different with respect to their effect on the induction of the aggregation of human platelets. Collagen type III was found to be a particularly potent inducer of platelet aggregation. The pathogenetic implications of these observations are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Comparative investigation on the influence of human and bovine collagen types I, II and III on the aggregation of human platelets. Collagen types I, II and III from man and calf are distinctly different with respect to their effect on the induction of the aggregation of human platelets. Collagen type III was found to be a particularly potent inducer of platelet aggregation. The pathogenetic implications of these observations are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1186042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10067", "title": "[Experimental investigations on cell resorption from the peritoneal cavity by use of the scanning electron microscope (author's transl)].", "content": "1. It is well known that microscopically small particles may be absorbed from the peritoneal cavity via the large lymphatic vessels. The present experiments were carried out in order to elucidate the site of the absorption. In addition, the role of transperitoneal transport of neoplastic cells as a possible cause of cancer metastases was studied. 2. The peritoneal surface of 40 rats and mice was studied with the scanning electron microscope (diaphragm, lateral abdominal wall). The investigations were carried out in 8 rats and 3 mice 24 hrs following the intraperitoneal injection of washed homologous erythrocytes and in 20 rats and 5 mice 24 hrs after the intraperitoneal injection of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. 2 rats and 2 mice served as controls. 3. In the control animals no stomata could be shown in the peritoneum of the diaphragm or in the lateral abdominal wall. 4. The i.p. injection of erythrocytes was followed by the appearance of stomata in the peritoneal surface of the diaphragm, and absorption of erythrocytes could be demonstrated. No stomata were found in the peritoneum of the lateral abdominal wall. 5. Tumor cells were found in the stomata following the i.p. injection of ascites tumor cells. It is concluded that a lympho-hematogenous spread of tumor cells seems probable at least in the early stage of tumor infiltration of the peritoneum. This stage is followed by implantation of the tumor cells on the peritoneum.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations on cell resorption from the peritoneal cavity by use of the scanning electron microscope (author's transl)]. 1. It is well known that microscopically small particles may be absorbed from the peritoneal cavity via the large lymphatic vessels. The present experiments were carried out in order to elucidate the site of the absorption. In addition, the role of transperitoneal transport of neoplastic cells as a possible cause of cancer metastases was studied. 2. The peritoneal surface of 40 rats and mice was studied with the scanning electron microscope (diaphragm, lateral abdominal wall). The investigations were carried out in 8 rats and 3 mice 24 hrs following the intraperitoneal injection of washed homologous erythrocytes and in 20 rats and 5 mice 24 hrs after the intraperitoneal injection of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. 2 rats and 2 mice served as controls. 3. In the control animals no stomata could be shown in the peritoneum of the diaphragm or in the lateral abdominal wall. 4. The i.p. injection of erythrocytes was followed by the appearance of stomata in the peritoneal surface of the diaphragm, and absorption of erythrocytes could be demonstrated. No stomata were found in the peritoneum of the lateral abdominal wall. 5. Tumor cells were found in the stomata following the i.p. injection of ascites tumor cells. It is concluded that a lympho-hematogenous spread of tumor cells seems probable at least in the early stage of tumor infiltration of the peritoneum. This stage is followed by implantation of the tumor cells on the peritoneum.", "PMID": 1186043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10068", "title": "HB-antigen in serum and synovialis in acute hepatitis with and without polyarthritis.", "content": "In 27 patients suffering from acute hepatitis serum and synovial-fluid were tested for HB-Ag. It was detected in the serum in 19 cases, in the synovial fluid in 2 cases, but never in both serum and synovial-fluid. HB-Ag was not found in 6 patients. Polyarthritis was seen in 10 cases; 5 of them carried HB-Ag in the serum, 2 in the synovial-fluid. A hepatitis B however, was also suspected in the 3 cases with polyarthritis lacking HB-Ag. The results suggest that virus B may persist in joints too and that polyarthritis associated with acute hepatitis is coupled to an infection with virus B.", "contents": "HB-antigen in serum and synovialis in acute hepatitis with and without polyarthritis. In 27 patients suffering from acute hepatitis serum and synovial-fluid were tested for HB-Ag. It was detected in the serum in 19 cases, in the synovial fluid in 2 cases, but never in both serum and synovial-fluid. HB-Ag was not found in 6 patients. Polyarthritis was seen in 10 cases; 5 of them carried HB-Ag in the serum, 2 in the synovial-fluid. A hepatitis B however, was also suspected in the 3 cases with polyarthritis lacking HB-Ag. The results suggest that virus B may persist in joints too and that polyarthritis associated with acute hepatitis is coupled to an infection with virus B.", "PMID": 1186044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10069", "title": "Anesthesia of marmots with sodium pentobarbital, ketamine hydrochloride, and a combination of droperidol and fentanyl.", "content": "Three different anesthetics were tried on wild marmots to immobilize them sufficiently for intra-oral physiologic measurements and dental examination. Essentially the same procedure was performed or attempted on 15 animals. The droperidol (20 mg/ml) and fentanyl (0.4 mg/ml) combination gave better results than sodium pentobarbital or ketamine hydrochloride and was therefore used in most instances. We concluded that the dose rate should be adjusted to the nutritional state of the animal as well as to the absolute weight.", "contents": "Anesthesia of marmots with sodium pentobarbital, ketamine hydrochloride, and a combination of droperidol and fentanyl. Three different anesthetics were tried on wild marmots to immobilize them sufficiently for intra-oral physiologic measurements and dental examination. Essentially the same procedure was performed or attempted on 15 animals. The droperidol (20 mg/ml) and fentanyl (0.4 mg/ml) combination gave better results than sodium pentobarbital or ketamine hydrochloride and was therefore used in most instances. We concluded that the dose rate should be adjusted to the nutritional state of the animal as well as to the absolute weight.", "PMID": 1186101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10070", "title": "Renal microvasculature in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The renal microvasculature was studied in normotensive rats and in rats with spontaneous hypertension. The microvascular pattern was normal in both groups of animals, suggesting normal renin secretion. This may or may not indicate a role for renin in the cause of spontaneous hypertension.", "contents": "Renal microvasculature in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The renal microvasculature was studied in normotensive rats and in rats with spontaneous hypertension. The microvascular pattern was normal in both groups of animals, suggesting normal renin secretion. This may or may not indicate a role for renin in the cause of spontaneous hypertension.", "PMID": 1186102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10071", "title": "Deep anesthesia in the rat with the combined action of droperidol-fentanyl and pentobarbital.", "content": "A combination of droperidol-fentanyl and pentobarbital, administered ip, was used to obtain a state of deep anesthesia in rats for purposes of radionuclide imaging, as well as for various surgical procedures. Two or more hr of anesthesia were easily obtained. A 7.2% mortality rate (3/42) was experienced in a 3-mo study in which 5.2 procedures per rat were performed. The duration of anesthesia was found to vary both with sex and with the time of day at which the drugs were administered.", "contents": "Deep anesthesia in the rat with the combined action of droperidol-fentanyl and pentobarbital. A combination of droperidol-fentanyl and pentobarbital, administered ip, was used to obtain a state of deep anesthesia in rats for purposes of radionuclide imaging, as well as for various surgical procedures. Two or more hr of anesthesia were easily obtained. A 7.2% mortality rate (3/42) was experienced in a 3-mo study in which 5.2 procedures per rat were performed. The duration of anesthesia was found to vary both with sex and with the time of day at which the drugs were administered.", "PMID": 1186103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10072", "title": "The effects of parity, litter size, season, and breeding protocol on the number of DBA/2J Ten mice available for weaning.", "content": "Data on the reproductive behavior of DBA/2J Ten mice, collected from October 1970 through March 1973 and utilizing a 2-female, 1-male breeding system, with the mice remaining together throughout their reproductive life indicates: a) Litter size tends to increase through the fourth litter, the first litter being much smaller than successive litters; b) Survival rates of litters with 2--4 pups increase with successive deliveries; c) Survival rates of litters with 5--9 pups are approximately the same regardless of parity; d) There is a circannual rhythm in the number of pups available for weaning da 21, which is attributable to changes in postnatal viability. Data collected using a breeding pen system, with isolation of females pre- and post-delivery (March 1973 to March 1974) indicates: a) There is a reduction in live litter sizes in later litters with this system; b) There is a large reduction in the proportion of pups surviving to weaning with this system when compared with the other breeding system.", "contents": "The effects of parity, litter size, season, and breeding protocol on the number of DBA/2J Ten mice available for weaning. Data on the reproductive behavior of DBA/2J Ten mice, collected from October 1970 through March 1973 and utilizing a 2-female, 1-male breeding system, with the mice remaining together throughout their reproductive life indicates: a) Litter size tends to increase through the fourth litter, the first litter being much smaller than successive litters; b) Survival rates of litters with 2--4 pups increase with successive deliveries; c) Survival rates of litters with 5--9 pups are approximately the same regardless of parity; d) There is a circannual rhythm in the number of pups available for weaning da 21, which is attributable to changes in postnatal viability. Data collected using a breeding pen system, with isolation of females pre- and post-delivery (March 1973 to March 1974) indicates: a) There is a reduction in live litter sizes in later litters with this system; b) There is a large reduction in the proportion of pups surviving to weaning with this system when compared with the other breeding system.", "PMID": 1186104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10073", "title": "Pneumoperitoneography: a special radiological technic used in nonhuman primate medicine.", "content": "Visualization of abdominal structures was difficult in survey radiographs of nonhuman primates due to the paucity of intra-abdominal fat and the presence of gastrointestinal contents. Simple pneuoperitoneography combined with contrast gastrointestinal studies provided valuable information, ie, size, shape, and position, of abdominal structures. After ip injection of carbon dioxide, a series of positional radiographs were exposed to delineate the various abdominal organs. The positioning device used in the examination was illustrated and described and the clinical indications and diagnostic value of pneumoperitoneography discussed.", "contents": "Pneumoperitoneography: a special radiological technic used in nonhuman primate medicine. Visualization of abdominal structures was difficult in survey radiographs of nonhuman primates due to the paucity of intra-abdominal fat and the presence of gastrointestinal contents. Simple pneuoperitoneography combined with contrast gastrointestinal studies provided valuable information, ie, size, shape, and position, of abdominal structures. After ip injection of carbon dioxide, a series of positional radiographs were exposed to delineate the various abdominal organs. The positioning device used in the examination was illustrated and described and the clinical indications and diagnostic value of pneumoperitoneography discussed.", "PMID": 1186105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10074", "title": "A simple method for obtaining blood pressure in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "A relatively simple procedure was devised to obtain blood pressures in rhesus monkeys. This procedure utilized a polygraph, pulse transducer, pressure transducer, blood pressure mixer unit, and pediatric sphygmomanometer cuff. Previous attempts to auscultate the Korotkoff sounds by use of a sphygmomanometer cuff and stethoscope were unsuccessful. Blood pressure can be obtained by cannulation of the femoral artery, but repeated puncture may cause serious trauma to the arterial wall. This procedure was developed and used in our laboratory to obtain repeated blood pressures over a 90-da period. Results from using the cuff and polygraph have been shown to correlate favorably with cannulation of the femoral artery.", "contents": "A simple method for obtaining blood pressure in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). A relatively simple procedure was devised to obtain blood pressures in rhesus monkeys. This procedure utilized a polygraph, pulse transducer, pressure transducer, blood pressure mixer unit, and pediatric sphygmomanometer cuff. Previous attempts to auscultate the Korotkoff sounds by use of a sphygmomanometer cuff and stethoscope were unsuccessful. Blood pressure can be obtained by cannulation of the femoral artery, but repeated puncture may cause serious trauma to the arterial wall. This procedure was developed and used in our laboratory to obtain repeated blood pressures over a 90-da period. Results from using the cuff and polygraph have been shown to correlate favorably with cannulation of the femoral artery.", "PMID": 1186106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10075", "title": "An aseptic peritoneal cell collection technic for small laboratory animals.", "content": "Peritoneal exudate was collected by introducing a lavage medium (sterile saline or an equivalent) via syringe and needle into the peritoneal cavity of the anesthetized animal. The lavage medium was recovered by allowing it to flow through the needle into a sterile container. This method guards against contamination. Eighty to 90% of the initial lavage volume is retrieved.", "contents": "An aseptic peritoneal cell collection technic for small laboratory animals. Peritoneal exudate was collected by introducing a lavage medium (sterile saline or an equivalent) via syringe and needle into the peritoneal cavity of the anesthetized animal. The lavage medium was recovered by allowing it to flow through the needle into a sterile container. This method guards against contamination. Eighty to 90% of the initial lavage volume is retrieved.", "PMID": 1186107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10076", "title": "Sheep: a model for testing spinal and epidural anesthetic agents.", "content": "The sheep was utilized as a model to study local anesthetic agents used for subarachnoid and epidural anesthesia in human beings. Employing injection and evaluation technics similar to those used in human anesthesiology, the onset of anesthesia, development of maximum sensory anesthesia, regression of sensory anesthesia, and complete return of sensation and motor function were measured. Subarachnoid injection with 0.25% tetracaine and epidural injection with 0.25% bupivacaine produced regional anesthesia similar to that observed in humans.", "contents": "Sheep: a model for testing spinal and epidural anesthetic agents. The sheep was utilized as a model to study local anesthetic agents used for subarachnoid and epidural anesthesia in human beings. Employing injection and evaluation technics similar to those used in human anesthesiology, the onset of anesthesia, development of maximum sensory anesthesia, regression of sensory anesthesia, and complete return of sensation and motor function were measured. Subarachnoid injection with 0.25% tetracaine and epidural injection with 0.25% bupivacaine produced regional anesthesia similar to that observed in humans.", "PMID": 1186108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10077", "title": "A digital auto-recorder for measuring the drinking frequency of mice.", "content": "An inexpensive, automatic digital recorder to measure the drinking frequency of mice was designed. When an animal licked the spout of the water bottle, it closed the path of the current of the amplifier input circuit and a module converted the closure signal into an electric pulse. A camera preset by a timer automatically photographed the counter which had accepted the pulse. The apparatus was inexpensive and estimated the drinking frequency of many mice individually and simultaneously. This system is applicable as a pulse-recorder to physical phenomena other than water intake.", "contents": "A digital auto-recorder for measuring the drinking frequency of mice. An inexpensive, automatic digital recorder to measure the drinking frequency of mice was designed. When an animal licked the spout of the water bottle, it closed the path of the current of the amplifier input circuit and a module converted the closure signal into an electric pulse. A camera preset by a timer automatically photographed the counter which had accepted the pulse. The apparatus was inexpensive and estimated the drinking frequency of many mice individually and simultaneously. This system is applicable as a pulse-recorder to physical phenomena other than water intake.", "PMID": 1186109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10078", "title": "Variations in serum calcium between strains of inbred mice.", "content": "Serum calcium concentrations of C3H/Fg, C3H/HeJFg, AKR/Fg, A/Fg, and LCS/Fg mice were compared at 4 and 7 mo of age. In the C3H/Fg and A-strain mice, calcium levels did not differ significantly between the 2 strains nor between the 2 age groups. The C3H/HeJFg, LCS/Fg, and C57BL/Fg strains formed a distinct group with similar calcium levels, but at a significantly higher level than C3H/Fg and A/Fg group. Again there was no significant difference between the 4- and 7-mo groups. The AKR/Fg strain was distinct from both groups in that higher calcium levels characteristic of the second group (C3H/HeJFg, LCS/Fg, and C57BL/Fg, were seen at 4 mo of age, but lower calcium levels similar to those of the C3H/Fg and A/Fg strains were found at 7 mo of age.", "contents": "Variations in serum calcium between strains of inbred mice. Serum calcium concentrations of C3H/Fg, C3H/HeJFg, AKR/Fg, A/Fg, and LCS/Fg mice were compared at 4 and 7 mo of age. In the C3H/Fg and A-strain mice, calcium levels did not differ significantly between the 2 strains nor between the 2 age groups. The C3H/HeJFg, LCS/Fg, and C57BL/Fg strains formed a distinct group with similar calcium levels, but at a significantly higher level than C3H/Fg and A/Fg group. Again there was no significant difference between the 4- and 7-mo groups. The AKR/Fg strain was distinct from both groups in that higher calcium levels characteristic of the second group (C3H/HeJFg, LCS/Fg, and C57BL/Fg, were seen at 4 mo of age, but lower calcium levels similar to those of the C3H/Fg and A/Fg strains were found at 7 mo of age.", "PMID": 1186110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10079", "title": "Adenovirus and ileocecal intussusception.", "content": "Intranuclear inclusion bodies were found by light microscopy in epithelial cells in more than one-third of the specimens from children operated on for ileocecal intussusception. Electron microscopic examination done on hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides showed the intranuclear inclusion bodies to be composed of viral particles in large and small crystalline arrays. Adenovirus of serotypes 2, 3, and 5 were isolated from the five cases with inclusions in which isolation was attempted. These findings strongly suggest a pathogenetic role for adenovirus in those cases of intussusception in which intranuclear inclusion bodies are found in the epithelial cells of the appendix or the terminal ileum.", "contents": "Adenovirus and ileocecal intussusception. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were found by light microscopy in epithelial cells in more than one-third of the specimens from children operated on for ileocecal intussusception. Electron microscopic examination done on hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides showed the intranuclear inclusion bodies to be composed of viral particles in large and small crystalline arrays. Adenovirus of serotypes 2, 3, and 5 were isolated from the five cases with inclusions in which isolation was attempted. These findings strongly suggest a pathogenetic role for adenovirus in those cases of intussusception in which intranuclear inclusion bodies are found in the epithelial cells of the appendix or the terminal ileum.", "PMID": 1186117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10080", "title": "Xenogeneic red blood cell degradation in a regional lymph node and dissemination of antigens by circulating lymphocytes.", "content": "The degradation of intramuscularly injected autogenic and xenogenic red blood cells are studied with electron microscopy and immunoferritin technique. Autogenic red blood cells are phagocytosed and completely degradated by macrophages within the draining lymph node in a relatively short time. Phagocytosis and initial degradation of xenogeneic red blood cells by macrophages in the draining lymph node are similar; however, portions of the degradation products persist in macrophages as characteristic myelinic-like figures. After 4 days, identical figures appear in large numbers in the adjacent lymphocytes within membrane-bound vacuoles. With the conjugated ferritin antibody technique, these myelinic-like figures are shown to contain antigens of the xenogeneic red blood cells. Subsequently, lymphocytes containing the inclusions are found in the peripheral blood, the marginal zone of the spleen, other lymph nodes, and the bone marrow. As in the draining lymph node the number of plasma cells increases in these organs in areas adjacent to lymphocytes with the inclusions. In a parallel study, uncoated polystyrene spheres injected intramuscularly accumulate and remain localized in macrophages of the draining lymph node. When coated with xenogeneic hemoglobin and membranes, these spheres appear in lymphocytes of the draining lymph node and subsequently in lymphocytes of the blood and spleen.", "contents": "Xenogeneic red blood cell degradation in a regional lymph node and dissemination of antigens by circulating lymphocytes. The degradation of intramuscularly injected autogenic and xenogenic red blood cells are studied with electron microscopy and immunoferritin technique. Autogenic red blood cells are phagocytosed and completely degradated by macrophages within the draining lymph node in a relatively short time. Phagocytosis and initial degradation of xenogeneic red blood cells by macrophages in the draining lymph node are similar; however, portions of the degradation products persist in macrophages as characteristic myelinic-like figures. After 4 days, identical figures appear in large numbers in the adjacent lymphocytes within membrane-bound vacuoles. With the conjugated ferritin antibody technique, these myelinic-like figures are shown to contain antigens of the xenogeneic red blood cells. Subsequently, lymphocytes containing the inclusions are found in the peripheral blood, the marginal zone of the spleen, other lymph nodes, and the bone marrow. As in the draining lymph node the number of plasma cells increases in these organs in areas adjacent to lymphocytes with the inclusions. In a parallel study, uncoated polystyrene spheres injected intramuscularly accumulate and remain localized in macrophages of the draining lymph node. When coated with xenogeneic hemoglobin and membranes, these spheres appear in lymphocytes of the draining lymph node and subsequently in lymphocytes of the blood and spleen.", "PMID": 1186118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10081", "title": "Unilateral renovascular hypertension in rats. Measurements of medullary granules, juxtaglomerular granularity and cellularity, and areas of adrenal zones.", "content": "To produce hypertension, the left renal artery was clipped in 20 rats. Six rats had a sham operation. After 4 months, some of the rats showed only a moderate increase in blood pressure, and a second clipping of the same artery was performed. When hypertension became severe in some of the rats, 2 to 4 weeks later, all rats were sacrificed. The \"clipped\" rats were divided into four groups depending on whether they had little change in blood pressure, acute hypertension, chronic hypertension, or chronic and superimposed acute hypertension. The average adrenal weights were increased in the two groups with acute hypertension. The area of the adrenal glomerular zone was increased in all three groups with hypertension. The groups with acute hypertension also showed increases in the combined areas of (1) the medullary and androgenic zones and possibly (2) the fascicular and reticular zones. The granules of the left juxtaglomerular apparatus were greatly increased in the group with acute hypertension, but were only slightly elevated in the group with chronic hypertension and the group with chronic and superimposed acute hypertension. An increased juxtaglomerular cellularity in the clipped kidney correlated best with hypertension. Renal medullary granular counts were decreased in the right and left kidneys of all clipped groups whether or not they had hypertension, but no changes were found in the amount of medullary interstitial space. The above results are consistent with the evidence in acute unilateral renovascular hypertension with the opposite kidney intact that the clipped kidney is responsible initially via a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, with participation by the major adrenal zones. In chronic hypertension some other mechanisms, with participation by the major adrenal zones. In chronic hypertension some other mechanisms, which seem to be related to juxtaglomerular cellularity in the clipped kidney, are operating. Other evidence suggests that such mechanisms may depend on sodium retention, volume expansion, and increased sensitivity to vasoconstrictors.", "contents": "Unilateral renovascular hypertension in rats. Measurements of medullary granules, juxtaglomerular granularity and cellularity, and areas of adrenal zones. To produce hypertension, the left renal artery was clipped in 20 rats. Six rats had a sham operation. After 4 months, some of the rats showed only a moderate increase in blood pressure, and a second clipping of the same artery was performed. When hypertension became severe in some of the rats, 2 to 4 weeks later, all rats were sacrificed. The \"clipped\" rats were divided into four groups depending on whether they had little change in blood pressure, acute hypertension, chronic hypertension, or chronic and superimposed acute hypertension. The average adrenal weights were increased in the two groups with acute hypertension. The area of the adrenal glomerular zone was increased in all three groups with hypertension. The groups with acute hypertension also showed increases in the combined areas of (1) the medullary and androgenic zones and possibly (2) the fascicular and reticular zones. The granules of the left juxtaglomerular apparatus were greatly increased in the group with acute hypertension, but were only slightly elevated in the group with chronic hypertension and the group with chronic and superimposed acute hypertension. An increased juxtaglomerular cellularity in the clipped kidney correlated best with hypertension. Renal medullary granular counts were decreased in the right and left kidneys of all clipped groups whether or not they had hypertension, but no changes were found in the amount of medullary interstitial space. The above results are consistent with the evidence in acute unilateral renovascular hypertension with the opposite kidney intact that the clipped kidney is responsible initially via a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, with participation by the major adrenal zones. In chronic hypertension some other mechanisms, with participation by the major adrenal zones. In chronic hypertension some other mechanisms, which seem to be related to juxtaglomerular cellularity in the clipped kidney, are operating. Other evidence suggests that such mechanisms may depend on sodium retention, volume expansion, and increased sensitivity to vasoconstrictors.", "PMID": 1186119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10082", "title": "Cell to cell transmission of virus in the central nervous system. II. Experimental rabies in mouse.", "content": "Rabies virus replication in suckling and adult mouse brains inoculated with either fixed or street virus was studied by light and electron microscopy. Chronologic study of fixed virus-infected suckling mice showed that virus budded from the plasma membrane of neuronal cell processes and perikarya prior to the development of intracytoplasmic virus particles. Nucleocapsids and virions were observed exclusively in perikarya and cellular processes of neuronal cells and, on rare exception in an astrocyte indicating high neurotropism of rabies virus regardless of the strain of virus and the age of host animal. Virus transit between contiguous neuronal cell processes and perikarya was observed in suckling and adult mouse brain after both street virus and fixed virus infection. Nucleocapsids and virions were also found in myelinated axons in addition to the unmyelinated neuronal cell processes. The implication of cell to cell spread of virus within the central nervous system in rabies virus infection is discussed.", "contents": "Cell to cell transmission of virus in the central nervous system. II. Experimental rabies in mouse. Rabies virus replication in suckling and adult mouse brains inoculated with either fixed or street virus was studied by light and electron microscopy. Chronologic study of fixed virus-infected suckling mice showed that virus budded from the plasma membrane of neuronal cell processes and perikarya prior to the development of intracytoplasmic virus particles. Nucleocapsids and virions were observed exclusively in perikarya and cellular processes of neuronal cells and, on rare exception in an astrocyte indicating high neurotropism of rabies virus regardless of the strain of virus and the age of host animal. Virus transit between contiguous neuronal cell processes and perikarya was observed in suckling and adult mouse brain after both street virus and fixed virus infection. Nucleocapsids and virions were also found in myelinated axons in addition to the unmyelinated neuronal cell processes. The implication of cell to cell spread of virus within the central nervous system in rabies virus infection is discussed.", "PMID": 1186120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10083", "title": "Freeze-fracture differences between plasma membranes of descending and ascending branches of the rat Henle's thin loop.", "content": "Freeze-fracture of Henle's thin loop of the rat shows that the plasma membrane of epithelial cells in the descending branch has far more particles (approximately 4000 per sq. mum.) than the plasma membrane in the ascending branch (approximately 1000 per sq. mum). On the contrary, the tight junctions between epithelial cells in the two branches are equally developed. The large number of particles in the descending branch may be an important factor in the water permeability of this tubular segment.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture differences between plasma membranes of descending and ascending branches of the rat Henle's thin loop. Freeze-fracture of Henle's thin loop of the rat shows that the plasma membrane of epithelial cells in the descending branch has far more particles (approximately 4000 per sq. mum.) than the plasma membrane in the ascending branch (approximately 1000 per sq. mum). On the contrary, the tight junctions between epithelial cells in the two branches are equally developed. The large number of particles in the descending branch may be an important factor in the water permeability of this tubular segment.", "PMID": 1186121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10084", "title": "Gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. I. Acute biochemical and ultrastructural effects.", "content": "This investigation characterizes the acute biochemical and ultrastructural alterations within the rat kidney following the single injection of 10, 40, 80, or 160 mg. of gentamicin per kilogram of rat weight. Gentamicin was given intraperitoneally and rats were killed 80 minutes later. To assess a possible inhibitory effect upon protein synthesis 3H-leucine was injected 20 minutes postantibiotic and renal cortex was assayed for whole tissue and the protein fraction amino acid uptake. To exclude the possibility of gentamicin-induced lysosomal membrane instability with subsequent release of acid hydrolases, the activity of acid phosphatase was assayed in the supernatant and the residue of cortical homogenates containing the lysosomal fraction. Ultrastructural changes were concomitantly studied. To determine the intracellular localization of gentamicin, levels of the antibiotic were measured in subcellular fractions of cortical homogenates obtained from rats 2 hours following a single subcutaneous injection of 20 mg. of gentamicin per kilogram of rat weight. No gentamicin-induced alterations either of protein synthesis or of acid phosphatase distribution were demonstrated. Ultrastructural changes were most marked at 160 mg. per kg. consisting mainly of dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum, altered mitochondria, and increased cytosegresomes. Significant quantities of gentamicin were distributed within the nuclear, mitochondrial, and microsomal fractions. These studies indicate that although cytoplasmic alterations are prominent within the proximal tubular epithelial cells, they are not likely the result of either inhibition of protein synthesis or release of acid phosphatase from lysosomes.", "contents": "Gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. I. Acute biochemical and ultrastructural effects. This investigation characterizes the acute biochemical and ultrastructural alterations within the rat kidney following the single injection of 10, 40, 80, or 160 mg. of gentamicin per kilogram of rat weight. Gentamicin was given intraperitoneally and rats were killed 80 minutes later. To assess a possible inhibitory effect upon protein synthesis 3H-leucine was injected 20 minutes postantibiotic and renal cortex was assayed for whole tissue and the protein fraction amino acid uptake. To exclude the possibility of gentamicin-induced lysosomal membrane instability with subsequent release of acid hydrolases, the activity of acid phosphatase was assayed in the supernatant and the residue of cortical homogenates containing the lysosomal fraction. Ultrastructural changes were concomitantly studied. To determine the intracellular localization of gentamicin, levels of the antibiotic were measured in subcellular fractions of cortical homogenates obtained from rats 2 hours following a single subcutaneous injection of 20 mg. of gentamicin per kilogram of rat weight. No gentamicin-induced alterations either of protein synthesis or of acid phosphatase distribution were demonstrated. Ultrastructural changes were most marked at 160 mg. per kg. consisting mainly of dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum, altered mitochondria, and increased cytosegresomes. Significant quantities of gentamicin were distributed within the nuclear, mitochondrial, and microsomal fractions. These studies indicate that although cytoplasmic alterations are prominent within the proximal tubular epithelial cells, they are not likely the result of either inhibition of protein synthesis or release of acid phosphatase from lysosomes.", "PMID": 1186122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10085", "title": "Phagocytosis by muscle cells.", "content": "Electron microscopy of intact tissue and cultured smooth muscle suggested the occurrence of phagocytosis of necrotic cells by normal vascular smooth muscle cells. Phagocytosis was further studied in vitro in muscle cells from guinea pig aorta, guinea pig vas deferens, and striated muscle from chick embryo by light and electron microscopy. The uptake of yeast cells (approximately 2-mum. diameter) into living cultured smooth muscle cells from guinea pig aorta was observed with phase contrast microscopy and differential interference (Nomarski) optics. Periodic acid-Schiff staining showed the yeast cells lined up in the cytoplasm of the muscle cells. Electron microscopy confirmed the uptake of yeast cells by differentiated muscle cells. Some of the yeast in the smooth muscle cells showed signs of disintegration suggesting digestion within the phagosome. Spontaneously contracting cultured smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle cells incubated with latex spheres (0.3-mum. diameter) showed uptake and sequestration of the spheres. The ability of muscle cells to phagocytose necrotic cells and other particulate matter may be important in atherogenesis and in the repair of tissue after injury.", "contents": "Phagocytosis by muscle cells. Electron microscopy of intact tissue and cultured smooth muscle suggested the occurrence of phagocytosis of necrotic cells by normal vascular smooth muscle cells. Phagocytosis was further studied in vitro in muscle cells from guinea pig aorta, guinea pig vas deferens, and striated muscle from chick embryo by light and electron microscopy. The uptake of yeast cells (approximately 2-mum. diameter) into living cultured smooth muscle cells from guinea pig aorta was observed with phase contrast microscopy and differential interference (Nomarski) optics. Periodic acid-Schiff staining showed the yeast cells lined up in the cytoplasm of the muscle cells. Electron microscopy confirmed the uptake of yeast cells by differentiated muscle cells. Some of the yeast in the smooth muscle cells showed signs of disintegration suggesting digestion within the phagosome. Spontaneously contracting cultured smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle cells incubated with latex spheres (0.3-mum. diameter) showed uptake and sequestration of the spheres. The ability of muscle cells to phagocytose necrotic cells and other particulate matter may be important in atherogenesis and in the repair of tissue after injury.", "PMID": 1186123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10086", "title": "Identification of premalignant hyperplasia in methylcholanthrene-induced mammary tumorogenesis.", "content": "Mammary lobuloalveolar hyperplasia induced in rats by the administration of estradiol or progesterone did not evolve into advanced hyperplasia or cancer as was noted in animals that received these hormones and peroral instillations of methylcholanthrene. Although the early hyperplastic changes encountered in both groups were histologically indistinguishable, only cells from the lesions of the rats treated with methylcholanthrene and hormones exhibited significant numbers of aneuploid cells. This information indicates that, at least in the rat, not all instances of mammary hyperplasia possess the potential to develop into cancer. Chromosome analysis appears to represent a useful technique for the discrimination of these forms of hyperplasia. The significance of an appropriate inducer, i.e., methylcholanthrene, for the development of mammary carcinoma in this model system, as well as the well recognized proper hormonal milieu, is apparent.", "contents": "Identification of premalignant hyperplasia in methylcholanthrene-induced mammary tumorogenesis. Mammary lobuloalveolar hyperplasia induced in rats by the administration of estradiol or progesterone did not evolve into advanced hyperplasia or cancer as was noted in animals that received these hormones and peroral instillations of methylcholanthrene. Although the early hyperplastic changes encountered in both groups were histologically indistinguishable, only cells from the lesions of the rats treated with methylcholanthrene and hormones exhibited significant numbers of aneuploid cells. This information indicates that, at least in the rat, not all instances of mammary hyperplasia possess the potential to develop into cancer. Chromosome analysis appears to represent a useful technique for the discrimination of these forms of hyperplasia. The significance of an appropriate inducer, i.e., methylcholanthrene, for the development of mammary carcinoma in this model system, as well as the well recognized proper hormonal milieu, is apparent.", "PMID": 1186124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10087", "title": "Induction of squamous metaplasia (vitamin A deficiency) and hypersecretory activity in tracheal organ cultures.", "content": "Maintenance of rat tracheal organ cultures in various nutritional environments was studied. In Waymouth's 752/1 defined, vitamin A-free medium the mucociliary epithelium, at the site of the original mucosa, changed to a highly active keratinizing squamous epithelium. Epithelial cells that migrated from the original mucosa and covered the underside of the tracheal explants developed into keratinizing squamous epithelium with in a few days. These transitions were accompanied by high rates of DNA synthesis as revealed by 3H-thymidine incorporation into the explants. Addition of 10 per cent horse serum to the Waymouth's medium completely inhibited squanous metaplasia. In this medium, the actively secreting mucociliary epithelium of the original mucosa slowly became quiescent, and the undergrowth epithelium usually remained undifferentiated. These explants maintained a lower level of DNA synthesis. When vitamin A (all trans retinol) was added to the serum-supplemented medium, 0.2 and 2.0 mug. per ml. induced hypersecretory activity in the original mucosa. Addition of 2.0 mug. per ml. also stimulated cellular hyperplasia and mitoses. A concentration of 20 mug. of vitamin A per milliliter of medium was toxic. It is concluded that a spectrum of epithelial cell types normally found in the tracheal mucosa in vivo can be induced and maintained in tracheal organ cultures in vitro by selection of the appropriate nutritional environment.", "contents": "Induction of squamous metaplasia (vitamin A deficiency) and hypersecretory activity in tracheal organ cultures. Maintenance of rat tracheal organ cultures in various nutritional environments was studied. In Waymouth's 752/1 defined, vitamin A-free medium the mucociliary epithelium, at the site of the original mucosa, changed to a highly active keratinizing squamous epithelium. Epithelial cells that migrated from the original mucosa and covered the underside of the tracheal explants developed into keratinizing squamous epithelium with in a few days. These transitions were accompanied by high rates of DNA synthesis as revealed by 3H-thymidine incorporation into the explants. Addition of 10 per cent horse serum to the Waymouth's medium completely inhibited squanous metaplasia. In this medium, the actively secreting mucociliary epithelium of the original mucosa slowly became quiescent, and the undergrowth epithelium usually remained undifferentiated. These explants maintained a lower level of DNA synthesis. When vitamin A (all trans retinol) was added to the serum-supplemented medium, 0.2 and 2.0 mug. per ml. induced hypersecretory activity in the original mucosa. Addition of 2.0 mug. per ml. also stimulated cellular hyperplasia and mitoses. A concentration of 20 mug. of vitamin A per milliliter of medium was toxic. It is concluded that a spectrum of epithelial cell types normally found in the tracheal mucosa in vivo can be induced and maintained in tracheal organ cultures in vitro by selection of the appropriate nutritional environment.", "PMID": 1186125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10088", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of murine macrophages. Surface characteristics during maturation, activation, and phagocytosis.", "content": "The present report describes the surface architecture of critical point dried mouse peritoneal macrophages, after attachment and spreading on glass, and during maturation and active phagocytosis of rabbit erythrocytes and latex spheres. This study also compares the appearance of unstimulated cells with that of thioglycollate and endotoxin-stimulated cells. Activated cells, particularly thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages, showed more rapid and extensive spreading, a larger surface area, and more prominent ruffled membranes and filopodia. Many fine cytoplasmic pits were also evident and these may represent the sites of formation of numerous pinocytotic vesicles. The sequence of events during the various stages of phagocytosis was well visualized with the scanning electron microscope. Multiple large, round, and hemispherical craters were observed in these cells, and particles were engulfed through these structures and subsequently ingested. The findings are discussed in the light of current knowledge of the macrophage plasma membrane.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of murine macrophages. Surface characteristics during maturation, activation, and phagocytosis. The present report describes the surface architecture of critical point dried mouse peritoneal macrophages, after attachment and spreading on glass, and during maturation and active phagocytosis of rabbit erythrocytes and latex spheres. This study also compares the appearance of unstimulated cells with that of thioglycollate and endotoxin-stimulated cells. Activated cells, particularly thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages, showed more rapid and extensive spreading, a larger surface area, and more prominent ruffled membranes and filopodia. Many fine cytoplasmic pits were also evident and these may represent the sites of formation of numerous pinocytotic vesicles. The sequence of events during the various stages of phagocytosis was well visualized with the scanning electron microscope. Multiple large, round, and hemispherical craters were observed in these cells, and particles were engulfed through these structures and subsequently ingested. The findings are discussed in the light of current knowledge of the macrophage plasma membrane.", "PMID": 1186128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10089", "title": "The pathogenesis of Vaccinia virus toxicity. II. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "The intravenous injection of mice with toxic doses of vaccinia virus, prepared in the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, usually produces fatal intravascular coagulation, within 24 hours. Light and electron microscope studies demonstrate occlusion of the microcirculation of lungs and livers by fibrin. Fibrin deposition appears to be prevented in mice injected with heparinized virus preparations. However, in lieu of fibrin deposition, within the microcirculation widespread intravascular platelet aggregation occurs. Platelets within these aggregates are in various stages of degranulation, and some platelets have phagocytosed vaccinia virus. Platelet aggregation was not observed in mice receiving injections of heparinized material prepared from uninfected tumors. In mice surviving longer than 12 hours, hepatocytes and endothelial cells of pulmonary capillaries are the sites of viral replication. Although many hepatocytes are infected in mice surviving longer than 12 hours, it is postulated that hepatocyte necrosis is in part due to the congestive effects resulting from obstruction of liver and pulmonary capillaries. These studies suggest that vaccinia virus may trigger in vivo platelet aggregation, and that obstruction of the lung and liver microcirculation by these aggregates is the initial lesion of vaccinia virus toxicity.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of Vaccinia virus toxicity. II. An electron microscopic study. The intravenous injection of mice with toxic doses of vaccinia virus, prepared in the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, usually produces fatal intravascular coagulation, within 24 hours. Light and electron microscope studies demonstrate occlusion of the microcirculation of lungs and livers by fibrin. Fibrin deposition appears to be prevented in mice injected with heparinized virus preparations. However, in lieu of fibrin deposition, within the microcirculation widespread intravascular platelet aggregation occurs. Platelets within these aggregates are in various stages of degranulation, and some platelets have phagocytosed vaccinia virus. Platelet aggregation was not observed in mice receiving injections of heparinized material prepared from uninfected tumors. In mice surviving longer than 12 hours, hepatocytes and endothelial cells of pulmonary capillaries are the sites of viral replication. Although many hepatocytes are infected in mice surviving longer than 12 hours, it is postulated that hepatocyte necrosis is in part due to the congestive effects resulting from obstruction of liver and pulmonary capillaries. These studies suggest that vaccinia virus may trigger in vivo platelet aggregation, and that obstruction of the lung and liver microcirculation by these aggregates is the initial lesion of vaccinia virus toxicity.", "PMID": 1186130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10090", "title": "Vowel and nasal duration as cues to voicing in word-final stop consonants: spectrographic and perceptual studies.", "content": "To determine durational differences between vowel and nasal segments preceding word-final /t/ and /d/, spectrograms were made of adult speakers' productions of minimal pairs of the type /pent/-/pend/. Vowel, nasal, and vowel plus nasal (vocalic nucleus) durations were greater before /d/ than before /t/. Assuming the voiceless context as a base, the increase in nasal duration in the voiced case was proportionately greater than the increase in vowel duration. This outcome suggests that nasal duration is a more powerful cue to the voicing characteristic of the following consonant than is vowel duration. To test this, adult listeners were presented synthetic CVNC utterances in which the nasal and vowel segments were independently varied in duration over a range of 40 msec to 200 msec and were instructed to label the final stop consonant as either voiced /d/ or voiceless /t/. Although changes in both vowel and nasal duration were sufficient to cue both voiced and voiceless judgements, listeners' categorization of final consonants shifted more rapidly as a result of varying nasal rather than vowel duration. Nasal duration, therefore, appears to be a stronger cue than vowel duration for the word-final voiced-voiceless consonant distinction in CVNC utterances.", "contents": "Vowel and nasal duration as cues to voicing in word-final stop consonants: spectrographic and perceptual studies. To determine durational differences between vowel and nasal segments preceding word-final /t/ and /d/, spectrograms were made of adult speakers' productions of minimal pairs of the type /pent/-/pend/. Vowel, nasal, and vowel plus nasal (vocalic nucleus) durations were greater before /d/ than before /t/. Assuming the voiceless context as a base, the increase in nasal duration in the voiced case was proportionately greater than the increase in vowel duration. This outcome suggests that nasal duration is a more powerful cue to the voicing characteristic of the following consonant than is vowel duration. To test this, adult listeners were presented synthetic CVNC utterances in which the nasal and vowel segments were independently varied in duration over a range of 40 msec to 200 msec and were instructed to label the final stop consonant as either voiced /d/ or voiceless /t/. Although changes in both vowel and nasal duration were sufficient to cue both voiced and voiceless judgements, listeners' categorization of final consonants shifted more rapidly as a result of varying nasal rather than vowel duration. Nasal duration, therefore, appears to be a stronger cue than vowel duration for the word-final voiced-voiceless consonant distinction in CVNC utterances.", "PMID": 1186149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10091", "title": "Intelligibility characteristics of superior esophageal speech presented under various levels of masking noise.", "content": "Broad-band masking of speech was used to assess the effects that broad-band masking noise had upon the recognition of consonants and vowels produced by esophageal speakers. Procedures were developed to compare the articulation functions of superior esophageal speech with those of normal speech under comparable levels of masking noise. Within the range of speech-to-noise ratios studied, articulation functions for vowels were essentially the same for esophageal and normal talkers (4% per dB). With respect to consonants, the intelligibility scores for esophageal speech were 12 to 14% lower than for normal speech under adverse noise conditions. Gains in the consonant articulation functions were 2.5%/dB and 4%/dB for normal and esophageal talkers, respectively. For adverse noise conditions, the lowered consonant scores for esophageal speakers were the result of poorer than normal intelligibility for liquid-glides and nasal and, secondarily, for stop consonants. Additional differences between the intelligibility characteristics of esophageal and normal speech were found in work-position and voicing features.", "contents": "Intelligibility characteristics of superior esophageal speech presented under various levels of masking noise. Broad-band masking of speech was used to assess the effects that broad-band masking noise had upon the recognition of consonants and vowels produced by esophageal speakers. Procedures were developed to compare the articulation functions of superior esophageal speech with those of normal speech under comparable levels of masking noise. Within the range of speech-to-noise ratios studied, articulation functions for vowels were essentially the same for esophageal and normal talkers (4% per dB). With respect to consonants, the intelligibility scores for esophageal speech were 12 to 14% lower than for normal speech under adverse noise conditions. Gains in the consonant articulation functions were 2.5%/dB and 4%/dB for normal and esophageal talkers, respectively. For adverse noise conditions, the lowered consonant scores for esophageal speakers were the result of poorer than normal intelligibility for liquid-glides and nasal and, secondarily, for stop consonants. Additional differences between the intelligibility characteristics of esophageal and normal speech were found in work-position and voicing features.", "PMID": 1186150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10092", "title": "Averaged evoked potentials in cats with lesions of auditory pathway.", "content": "Averaged evoked activity was recorded from needle electrodes placed at the vertex of the calvaria and adjacent to each bulla in anesthetized cats in response to click stimuli. The portion of the response from 0 to 10 msec was analyzed. Activity during the first 3 msec was greatly reduced on the side ipsilateral to a lesion involving destruction of the cochlea or section of the eighth nerve and its blood vessels. Activity after 4 msec was greatly reduced on the side ipsilateral to destruction of the cochlear nuclei. No effect was found with destruction of both inferior colliculi. The bulla-vertex evoked responses were also compared to those recorded from the round window. The results support the premise that change in the wave-form of the early evoked potential can be used to determine site of loss of acoustic information along the auditory pathway.", "contents": "Averaged evoked potentials in cats with lesions of auditory pathway. Averaged evoked activity was recorded from needle electrodes placed at the vertex of the calvaria and adjacent to each bulla in anesthetized cats in response to click stimuli. The portion of the response from 0 to 10 msec was analyzed. Activity during the first 3 msec was greatly reduced on the side ipsilateral to a lesion involving destruction of the cochlea or section of the eighth nerve and its blood vessels. Activity after 4 msec was greatly reduced on the side ipsilateral to destruction of the cochlear nuclei. No effect was found with destruction of both inferior colliculi. The bulla-vertex evoked responses were also compared to those recorded from the round window. The results support the premise that change in the wave-form of the early evoked potential can be used to determine site of loss of acoustic information along the auditory pathway.", "PMID": 1186151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10093", "title": "Effect of selected work attributes on preschoolers' speech disfluency: initial phoneme and length.", "content": "This study was designed to determine whether preschool nonstutterers tend to be disfluent on words that begin with consonants or on words that begin with vowels and whether they tend to be disfluent on long or on short words. Analyses of the spontaneous speech of 10 four-year-old boys sampled both in their nursery school classroom and in an interview situation indicated that initial phoneme exerted no influence on the distribution of their speech disfluencies. Word length, however, exerted an influence in the interview situation where the children tended to be disfluent on monosyllabic words. These data raise questions with respect to the applicability of Bloodstein's (1974) model of the development of stuttering to the disfluency behavior of nonstutterers.", "contents": "Effect of selected work attributes on preschoolers' speech disfluency: initial phoneme and length. This study was designed to determine whether preschool nonstutterers tend to be disfluent on words that begin with consonants or on words that begin with vowels and whether they tend to be disfluent on long or on short words. Analyses of the spontaneous speech of 10 four-year-old boys sampled both in their nursery school classroom and in an interview situation indicated that initial phoneme exerted no influence on the distribution of their speech disfluencies. Word length, however, exerted an influence in the interview situation where the children tended to be disfluent on monosyllabic words. These data raise questions with respect to the applicability of Bloodstein's (1974) model of the development of stuttering to the disfluency behavior of nonstutterers.", "PMID": 1186152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10094", "title": "Static and dynamic acoustic impedance measurements in infant ears.", "content": "Tympanometry and acoustic reflex threshold data are reported for a series of presumable normal infants ranging in age from 55 to 132 days. In general, tympanograms displayed single peaks between +/- 50 mm H2O. Susceptance tympanograms with a 660-Hz probe frequency were sometimes characterized by monotonically increasing susceptance as ear canal pressure was changed from -200 to +200 mm H2O. Static values of acoustic conductance, susceptance, admittance, resistance, reactance, impedance, and phase angle were computed from tympanograms using the values of ambient and +200 mm H2O (0/+200 procedure) and maximum and minimum tympanometric values (MAX/MIN procedure). Comparison of the data from the two computational procedures suggested that the MAX/MIN procedure produces means and standard deviations of static values which are more manageable for establishing confidence limits with which to evaluate potentially pathological subjects. The MAX/MIN procedure resulted in lower mean values of conductance and susceptance for infant subjects relative to previously reported adult data using a similar computational procedure. Acoustic reflex thresholds were clearly present in all testable infants at coupler sound pressure levels similar to adult data, suggesting that the relations between reflex thresholds and hearing sensitivity demonstrated in adult subjects are similarly applicable to infant subjects. Mild sedation to induce sleep without altering the reflex would make acoustic reflex threshold measurement a useful procedure for screening large numbers of infants.", "contents": "Static and dynamic acoustic impedance measurements in infant ears. Tympanometry and acoustic reflex threshold data are reported for a series of presumable normal infants ranging in age from 55 to 132 days. In general, tympanograms displayed single peaks between +/- 50 mm H2O. Susceptance tympanograms with a 660-Hz probe frequency were sometimes characterized by monotonically increasing susceptance as ear canal pressure was changed from -200 to +200 mm H2O. Static values of acoustic conductance, susceptance, admittance, resistance, reactance, impedance, and phase angle were computed from tympanograms using the values of ambient and +200 mm H2O (0/+200 procedure) and maximum and minimum tympanometric values (MAX/MIN procedure). Comparison of the data from the two computational procedures suggested that the MAX/MIN procedure produces means and standard deviations of static values which are more manageable for establishing confidence limits with which to evaluate potentially pathological subjects. The MAX/MIN procedure resulted in lower mean values of conductance and susceptance for infant subjects relative to previously reported adult data using a similar computational procedure. Acoustic reflex thresholds were clearly present in all testable infants at coupler sound pressure levels similar to adult data, suggesting that the relations between reflex thresholds and hearing sensitivity demonstrated in adult subjects are similarly applicable to infant subjects. Mild sedation to induce sleep without altering the reflex would make acoustic reflex threshold measurement a useful procedure for screening large numbers of infants.", "PMID": 1186153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10095", "title": "Dimensions of consonant perception in normal and hearing-impaired listeners.", "content": "Judgments of consonant similarity were obtained from subjects who had normal hearing, high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss, or relatively flat sensorineural hearing loss. The individual differences model through program INDSCAL was used to derive a set of perceptual features empirically from the similarity judgments, and to group the subjects on the basis of strength of feature usage. The analysis revealed that sonorance was the dominant dimension in the similarity judgments of the subjects with high-frequency hearing losses, while sibilance tended to dominate the judgments of the subjects with flat audiometric configurations. The normal-hearing subjects tended to weight these two dimensions approximately equally. These differences in similarity judgments were observed based upon audiometric configuration, despite the fact that the two hearing-impaired groups were not unique in word-recognition ability.", "contents": "Dimensions of consonant perception in normal and hearing-impaired listeners. Judgments of consonant similarity were obtained from subjects who had normal hearing, high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss, or relatively flat sensorineural hearing loss. The individual differences model through program INDSCAL was used to derive a set of perceptual features empirically from the similarity judgments, and to group the subjects on the basis of strength of feature usage. The analysis revealed that sonorance was the dominant dimension in the similarity judgments of the subjects with high-frequency hearing losses, while sibilance tended to dominate the judgments of the subjects with flat audiometric configurations. The normal-hearing subjects tended to weight these two dimensions approximately equally. These differences in similarity judgments were observed based upon audiometric configuration, despite the fact that the two hearing-impaired groups were not unique in word-recognition ability.", "PMID": 1186154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10096", "title": "Brain stem auditory-evoked responses in premature infants.", "content": "Brain stem auditory-evoked responses were recorded in 24 infants ranging in age from six-weeks premature to term. At a given age, the latency of the response increased with decreasing stimulus intensity. Further, as age increased, there was a systematic decrease in latency of the response at each sound intensity level. The response was shown not to be fatigue or sleep stage. It may, therefore, be of use for evaluating auditory function in high-risk newborn infants.", "contents": "Brain stem auditory-evoked responses in premature infants. Brain stem auditory-evoked responses were recorded in 24 infants ranging in age from six-weeks premature to term. At a given age, the latency of the response increased with decreasing stimulus intensity. Further, as age increased, there was a systematic decrease in latency of the response at each sound intensity level. The response was shown not to be fatigue or sleep stage. It may, therefore, be of use for evaluating auditory function in high-risk newborn infants.", "PMID": 1186155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10097", "title": "Self-retrieval and articulatory retention.", "content": "The effect of training in self-retrieval on articulatory recall was examined. Elementary school children practiced the syllables /ciks/ and /colt/ under two conditions: imitation and self-retrieval. In the latter condition subjects were asked to say the test object rather than to imitate its name. Over intervals of one day and five days there was no difference in retention as a function of the type of pretraining. Imitative responses decayed little over time and were, in general, always higher than self-retrieval responses regardless of the type of training during acquisition (self-retrieval or imitation).", "contents": "Self-retrieval and articulatory retention. The effect of training in self-retrieval on articulatory recall was examined. Elementary school children practiced the syllables /ciks/ and /colt/ under two conditions: imitation and self-retrieval. In the latter condition subjects were asked to say the test object rather than to imitate its name. Over intervals of one day and five days there was no difference in retention as a function of the type of pretraining. Imitative responses decayed little over time and were, in general, always higher than self-retrieval responses regardless of the type of training during acquisition (self-retrieval or imitation).", "PMID": 1186156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10098", "title": "Punishment and negative reinforcement of stuttering using electric shock.", "content": "Five adult male stutterers were subjected to electric shock under three conditions. After stuttering frequency was stable in base rate, three subjects were (1) presented electric shock continuously, but the shock was terminated for five seconds contingent on each stuttering (escape); (2) not presented electric shock continuously, but were given a burst of shock contingent on each stuttering (punish); and (3) allowed to choose the shock condition they preferred. Two other subjects followed the same procedure, except that the order of the escape and punish conditions was reversed. The five subjects behaved differently in the various experimental conditions. For three subjects, the percentage of words stuttered changed very little in the escape condition, whereas two subjects' stuttering increased in escape. In the punish condition, the percentage of words stuttered changed very little for one subject, increased for two subjects and decreased for two subjects. Little change in stuttering behavior occurred in the preferred choice condition.", "contents": "Punishment and negative reinforcement of stuttering using electric shock. Five adult male stutterers were subjected to electric shock under three conditions. After stuttering frequency was stable in base rate, three subjects were (1) presented electric shock continuously, but the shock was terminated for five seconds contingent on each stuttering (escape); (2) not presented electric shock continuously, but were given a burst of shock contingent on each stuttering (punish); and (3) allowed to choose the shock condition they preferred. Two other subjects followed the same procedure, except that the order of the escape and punish conditions was reversed. The five subjects behaved differently in the various experimental conditions. For three subjects, the percentage of words stuttered changed very little in the escape condition, whereas two subjects' stuttering increased in escape. In the punish condition, the percentage of words stuttered changed very little for one subject, increased for two subjects and decreased for two subjects. Little change in stuttering behavior occurred in the preferred choice condition.", "PMID": 1186157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10099", "title": "Practicality of shortening the Porch Index of Communicative Ability.", "content": "This study investigated the practicality of developing short forms of the Porch Index of Communicative Ability (PICA). Stepwise regression procedures were performed using data from 222 complete administrations of the PICA to determine the accuracy of prediction of overall scores on the basis of data from either fewer subtests or fewer items. Results indicated that the PICA is highly redundant and that it may be possible to develop useful shorter forms of it.", "contents": "Practicality of shortening the Porch Index of Communicative Ability. This study investigated the practicality of developing short forms of the Porch Index of Communicative Ability (PICA). Stepwise regression procedures were performed using data from 222 complete administrations of the PICA to determine the accuracy of prediction of overall scores on the basis of data from either fewer subtests or fewer items. Results indicated that the PICA is highly redundant and that it may be possible to develop useful shorter forms of it.", "PMID": 1186158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10100", "title": "Most comfortable loudness for pure tones and speech in the presence of masking noise.", "content": "Pure-tone and speech most-comfortable-loudness (MCL) levels were determined in noise and quiet. A Bekesy-type tracking task was used to determine the MCLs under all conditions. The subjects (N = 12) tracked their MCLs for five frequencies (250, 500, 1000, 20008, and 4000 Hz) in the presence of four white-noise levels (55, 65, 75, and 85 dB SPL) and in quiet. Speech MCLs were tracked under the identical noise conditions. The results indicated that the mean MCLs for tones between 500 and 4000 Hz, and for the speech stimuli, systematically increased as a function of the masking level. The rate of this increase was 7 dB per 10-dB noise increment for both stimulus modes when the level of the noise exceeded 65 dB SPL. At levels below 65 dB SPL, however, pure-tone MCL increases were only about 3 dB per 10-dB noise increment, while the slope of the speech MCL function remained relatively unchanged. The variability of MCL judgments for both stimulus modes decreased as a function of increased masking.", "contents": "Most comfortable loudness for pure tones and speech in the presence of masking noise. Pure-tone and speech most-comfortable-loudness (MCL) levels were determined in noise and quiet. A Bekesy-type tracking task was used to determine the MCLs under all conditions. The subjects (N = 12) tracked their MCLs for five frequencies (250, 500, 1000, 20008, and 4000 Hz) in the presence of four white-noise levels (55, 65, 75, and 85 dB SPL) and in quiet. Speech MCLs were tracked under the identical noise conditions. The results indicated that the mean MCLs for tones between 500 and 4000 Hz, and for the speech stimuli, systematically increased as a function of the masking level. The rate of this increase was 7 dB per 10-dB noise increment for both stimulus modes when the level of the noise exceeded 65 dB SPL. At levels below 65 dB SPL, however, pure-tone MCL increases were only about 3 dB per 10-dB noise increment, while the slope of the speech MCL function remained relatively unchanged. The variability of MCL judgments for both stimulus modes decreased as a function of increased masking.", "PMID": 1186159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10101", "title": "A reconceptualization and revised scoring procedure for the ITPA based on multivariate analysis of the original normative data.", "content": "This research was conducted to (1) determine whether a factor analysis of the original normative ITPA data would support the dimensions of Osgood's psycholinguistic model which provides its theoretical base, (2) investigate the need for constructing psycholinguistic profiles based upon this empirical factor structure rather than upon a priori theoretical \"facet structure\", and (3) devise a weighted multiple regression formula for estimating psycholinguistic age based on subtest correlations with chronological age for the original normative group. Whereas five factors were anticipated, one of these split into two components. The factors represented the (1) perceptual process at the representation level, accounting for 8% of the variance; (2) perceptual process at the integration level, 6.5%; (3) organizing process at the representation level, 25%; and (4) expressive process at the integration level, 11%. The expected integration-organizing factor split into (5) auditory memory, 9%, and (6) visual memory, 9%. As anticipated, no emergent factor represented the expressive at the representation level. The emergent factor structure strongly suggests that the use of factor profiles would be more meaningful than the use of subtest profiles. A multiple regression formula is presented for computing psycholinguistic age equivalents.", "contents": "A reconceptualization and revised scoring procedure for the ITPA based on multivariate analysis of the original normative data. This research was conducted to (1) determine whether a factor analysis of the original normative ITPA data would support the dimensions of Osgood's psycholinguistic model which provides its theoretical base, (2) investigate the need for constructing psycholinguistic profiles based upon this empirical factor structure rather than upon a priori theoretical \"facet structure\", and (3) devise a weighted multiple regression formula for estimating psycholinguistic age based on subtest correlations with chronological age for the original normative group. Whereas five factors were anticipated, one of these split into two components. The factors represented the (1) perceptual process at the representation level, accounting for 8% of the variance; (2) perceptual process at the integration level, 6.5%; (3) organizing process at the representation level, 25%; and (4) expressive process at the integration level, 11%. The expected integration-organizing factor split into (5) auditory memory, 9%, and (6) visual memory, 9%. As anticipated, no emergent factor represented the expressive at the representation level. The emergent factor structure strongly suggests that the use of factor profiles would be more meaningful than the use of subtest profiles. A multiple regression formula is presented for computing psycholinguistic age equivalents.", "PMID": 1186160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10102", "title": "Children's acquisition of idioms in the English language.", "content": "Idiomatic comprehension was studied in four groups of 20 subjects each, ages six, nine, and 12 years, and adult. Each subject was read 10 sentences which could be interpreted literally or idiomatically. Following each sentence, the subject chose the two pictures that were closest in meaning to the sentence heard. This procedure generated 800 pairs of selections for analysis. The results indicated a (1) significant difference between literal and idiomatic choices regardless of the subject's age or the voice of the sentence, (2) significant difference between literal and idiomatic choices as a function of age regardless of the voice of the sentence, and (3) significant voice-by-choice interaction indicating that voice affected the choice of literal or idiomatic picture representations.", "contents": "Children's acquisition of idioms in the English language. Idiomatic comprehension was studied in four groups of 20 subjects each, ages six, nine, and 12 years, and adult. Each subject was read 10 sentences which could be interpreted literally or idiomatically. Following each sentence, the subject chose the two pictures that were closest in meaning to the sentence heard. This procedure generated 800 pairs of selections for analysis. The results indicated a (1) significant difference between literal and idiomatic choices regardless of the subject's age or the voice of the sentence, (2) significant difference between literal and idiomatic choices as a function of age regardless of the voice of the sentence, and (3) significant voice-by-choice interaction indicating that voice affected the choice of literal or idiomatic picture representations.", "PMID": 1186161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10103", "title": "Observer agreement for marking moments of stuttering.", "content": "Observers were asked to mark moments of stuttering on transcripts of tape-recorded speaking performances. Instructions to observers were varied in an attempt to maximize agreement. An index of agreement was developed to reflect word-by-word agreement for more than two observers. Results showed less word-by-word agreement than might have been expected, although intercorrelations among observers for total number of words marked as stuttering was high, as is usually found.", "contents": "Observer agreement for marking moments of stuttering. Observers were asked to mark moments of stuttering on transcripts of tape-recorded speaking performances. Instructions to observers were varied in an attempt to maximize agreement. An index of agreement was developed to reflect word-by-word agreement for more than two observers. Results showed less word-by-word agreement than might have been expected, although intercorrelations among observers for total number of words marked as stuttering was high, as is usually found.", "PMID": 1186162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10104", "title": "Development of the voicing contrast: perception of stop consonants.", "content": "Perceptual development of the voicing contrast was investigated in two-year-old children, six-year-old children, and adults. Subjects were required to identify prevocalic stop consonants from synthetic speech stimuli--bees/peas, bear/pear, dime/time, and goat/coat. The stimuli differed with respect to the acoustic cue, voice onset time (VOT). Identification functions for labial, apical, and velar stops were plotted for each subject. Measurements of 50% crossover, lower and upper limits of the phoneme boundary, and phoneme boundary width were obtained from the identification functions. Significant age-dependent differences in perception of the voicing contrast were observed. The results were interpreted as indicating that the magnitude of VOT difference required for distinguishing between prevocalic stop cognates decreases as a function of the age of the listeners.", "contents": "Development of the voicing contrast: perception of stop consonants. Perceptual development of the voicing contrast was investigated in two-year-old children, six-year-old children, and adults. Subjects were required to identify prevocalic stop consonants from synthetic speech stimuli--bees/peas, bear/pear, dime/time, and goat/coat. The stimuli differed with respect to the acoustic cue, voice onset time (VOT). Identification functions for labial, apical, and velar stops were plotted for each subject. Measurements of 50% crossover, lower and upper limits of the phoneme boundary, and phoneme boundary width were obtained from the identification functions. Significant age-dependent differences in perception of the voicing contrast were observed. The results were interpreted as indicating that the magnitude of VOT difference required for distinguishing between prevocalic stop cognates decreases as a function of the age of the listeners.", "PMID": 1186163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10105", "title": "Tympanometric curves and otosclerosis.", "content": "Patients with clinical otosclerosis (28 ears) were examined audiometrically and with an electroacoustic impedance bridge. The results were compared to corresponding findings for normal ears. The tympanometric curves of surgically proven otosclerosis were found to differ characteristically from those of normal ears. A curve typical of footplate fixation shows a rapid increase in acoustic impedance as external auditory canal pressure is reduced from ambient air pressure.", "contents": "Tympanometric curves and otosclerosis. Patients with clinical otosclerosis (28 ears) were examined audiometrically and with an electroacoustic impedance bridge. The results were compared to corresponding findings for normal ears. The tympanometric curves of surgically proven otosclerosis were found to differ characteristically from those of normal ears. A curve typical of footplate fixation shows a rapid increase in acoustic impedance as external auditory canal pressure is reduced from ambient air pressure.", "PMID": 1186164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10106", "title": "Verbal coding strategies used by hearing-impaired individuals.", "content": "A paired-associate verbal learning task was used to determine the type of perceptual coding strategies hearing-impaired persons use in auditory perceptual processing of language. Four lists of word pairs were devised, whereby the word pairs in each list were characterized as sharing either similar sign-similar meaning, dissimilar sign-similar meaning, similar sign-dissimilar meaning, or dissimilar sign-dissimilar meaning. Severely hearing-impaired subjects were required to replace the missing word associated with the word pairs. The results showed that, while the subjects were able to code the verbal material on both a sign basis and a semantic basis, the semantic coding strategy appeared to be more efficient than the sign coding strategy. The findings are related to earlier investigations and are explained according to a theoretical model of perception.", "contents": "Verbal coding strategies used by hearing-impaired individuals. A paired-associate verbal learning task was used to determine the type of perceptual coding strategies hearing-impaired persons use in auditory perceptual processing of language. Four lists of word pairs were devised, whereby the word pairs in each list were characterized as sharing either similar sign-similar meaning, dissimilar sign-similar meaning, similar sign-dissimilar meaning, or dissimilar sign-dissimilar meaning. Severely hearing-impaired subjects were required to replace the missing word associated with the word pairs. The results showed that, while the subjects were able to code the verbal material on both a sign basis and a semantic basis, the semantic coding strategy appeared to be more efficient than the sign coding strategy. The findings are related to earlier investigations and are explained according to a theoretical model of perception.", "PMID": 1186165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10107", "title": "The measurement of critical masking bands.", "content": "The characteristics of the critical masking band, that spectral region of a wideband noise that is effective in masking a pure-tone signal, were inferred by measuring detectability (d) for tonal signals as a function of the cutoff frequency of a low-pass or high-pass noise masker. As the cutoff frequency of a low-pass noise was decreased from the wide-band (100-7000 Hz) condition toward the signal frequency, (500, 1000, or 4000 Hz) dectability maintained a constant minimum until a further reduction in cutoff frequency increased detectability, presumably due to a reduction in masker power within the critical band. As cutoff frequency was reduced further, detectability increased monotonically until detection reached 100%. This usually occurred when the cutoff frequency is 0.04 to 0.06 octaves below the signal frequency. The range of cutoff frequencies over which detectability changes occurred defines the critical masking band. These ranges correspond closely to well-known critical ratio data. The dependence of d on noise cutoff frequency did not differ at the two signal levels (15 and 25 dB SL) used in this experiment. The critical band appeared symmetrical about the signal frequency for most subjects and most experimental conditions, although some subjects displayed a marked asymmetry in the high frequency direction for some conditions.", "contents": "The measurement of critical masking bands. The characteristics of the critical masking band, that spectral region of a wideband noise that is effective in masking a pure-tone signal, were inferred by measuring detectability (d) for tonal signals as a function of the cutoff frequency of a low-pass or high-pass noise masker. As the cutoff frequency of a low-pass noise was decreased from the wide-band (100-7000 Hz) condition toward the signal frequency, (500, 1000, or 4000 Hz) dectability maintained a constant minimum until a further reduction in cutoff frequency increased detectability, presumably due to a reduction in masker power within the critical band. As cutoff frequency was reduced further, detectability increased monotonically until detection reached 100%. This usually occurred when the cutoff frequency is 0.04 to 0.06 octaves below the signal frequency. The range of cutoff frequencies over which detectability changes occurred defines the critical masking band. These ranges correspond closely to well-known critical ratio data. The dependence of d on noise cutoff frequency did not differ at the two signal levels (15 and 25 dB SL) used in this experiment. The critical band appeared symmetrical about the signal frequency for most subjects and most experimental conditions, although some subjects displayed a marked asymmetry in the high frequency direction for some conditions.", "PMID": 1186166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10108", "title": "Lingual-palatal pressure measurement and analysis techniques.", "content": "Peak lingual pressure magnitude measurements obtained during speech are related to the design of the pressure-sensing transducers. The results of one investigation (Appl and Leeper, 1973) suggest that the response of cantilever beam transducers used to collect lingual pressure data is dependent upon the location of the strain gages upon the beam. Some differences between prior investigations designed to study the role of lingual pressure in a feedback model of speech processing can be explained by the placement of the strain gages on the beam.", "contents": "Lingual-palatal pressure measurement and analysis techniques. Peak lingual pressure magnitude measurements obtained during speech are related to the design of the pressure-sensing transducers. The results of one investigation (Appl and Leeper, 1973) suggest that the response of cantilever beam transducers used to collect lingual pressure data is dependent upon the location of the strain gages upon the beam. Some differences between prior investigations designed to study the role of lingual pressure in a feedback model of speech processing can be explained by the placement of the strain gages on the beam.", "PMID": 1186167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10109", "title": "A miniature accelerometer for detecting glottal waveforms and nasalization.", "content": "A lightweight accelerometer has been used to obtain a waveform related to the glottal acoustic output when attached to the neck of a speaker, and to provide an indication of acoustic coupling to the nasal cavities when attached to the external surface of the nose. Examples of signals produced by the accelerometer are shown, and possible clinical applications are discussed.", "contents": "A miniature accelerometer for detecting glottal waveforms and nasalization. A lightweight accelerometer has been used to obtain a waveform related to the glottal acoustic output when attached to the neck of a speaker, and to provide an indication of acoustic coupling to the nasal cavities when attached to the external surface of the nose. Examples of signals produced by the accelerometer are shown, and possible clinical applications are discussed.", "PMID": 1186168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10110", "title": "Studies on liver chromatin from rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Shortly after injecting a single low dose of N,N-dimethylnitrosamine into rats, the DNA, RNA and histones are methylated, the level in the DNA greatly exceeding that in the histones. The composition of the chromatin and the electrophoretic profiles of the histone and non-histone proteins are not detectably different from those obtained from control animals. Electric birefringence studies suggest that methylation may result in both interparticle cross-linking and some localised loosening of the DNA-protein complex complex.", "contents": "Studies on liver chromatin from rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine. Shortly after injecting a single low dose of N,N-dimethylnitrosamine into rats, the DNA, RNA and histones are methylated, the level in the DNA greatly exceeding that in the histones. The composition of the chromatin and the electrophoretic profiles of the histone and non-histone proteins are not detectably different from those obtained from control animals. Electric birefringence studies suggest that methylation may result in both interparticle cross-linking and some localised loosening of the DNA-protein complex complex.", "PMID": 1186170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10111", "title": "On the mechanism for formation of RNA . DNA complexes from lymphocytes.", "content": "Early intermediates in DNA synthesis by human lymphocytes were studied for the possible association of RNA with nascent DNA. Nucleic acid extracts from cells pulse-labeled with [3H] uridine contain RNA that is associated with DNA in Cs2SO4 equilibrium density gradients. The amount of RNA bound to DNA was greatly reduced by repeated denaturation and equilibrium centrifugation. An apparently similar complex between RNA and DNA was formed in reconstruction experiments in which purified [3H] uridine-labeled RNA was mixed with purified DNA. The association between RNA and DNA could be eliminated in the reconstruction experiments and greatly reduced in extracts from pulse-labeled cells by denaturation and equilibrium centrifugation in the presence of formaldehyde. These studies demonstrate that noncovalent bonding between RNA and DNA can account for most, and possibly all, of the RNA with density close to DNA in Cs2SO4 gradients of nascent DNA preparations. In addition, the results indicate that ribonucleotide, demonstrated by other methods to be covalently bound to nascent DNA, must constitute less than 1/5 of the total nucleotide in the molecule.", "contents": "On the mechanism for formation of RNA . DNA complexes from lymphocytes. Early intermediates in DNA synthesis by human lymphocytes were studied for the possible association of RNA with nascent DNA. Nucleic acid extracts from cells pulse-labeled with [3H] uridine contain RNA that is associated with DNA in Cs2SO4 equilibrium density gradients. The amount of RNA bound to DNA was greatly reduced by repeated denaturation and equilibrium centrifugation. An apparently similar complex between RNA and DNA was formed in reconstruction experiments in which purified [3H] uridine-labeled RNA was mixed with purified DNA. The association between RNA and DNA could be eliminated in the reconstruction experiments and greatly reduced in extracts from pulse-labeled cells by denaturation and equilibrium centrifugation in the presence of formaldehyde. These studies demonstrate that noncovalent bonding between RNA and DNA can account for most, and possibly all, of the RNA with density close to DNA in Cs2SO4 gradients of nascent DNA preparations. In addition, the results indicate that ribonucleotide, demonstrated by other methods to be covalently bound to nascent DNA, must constitute less than 1/5 of the total nucleotide in the molecule.", "PMID": 1186171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10112", "title": "The influence of testosterone on the synthesis and degradation rate of various RNA species in the mouse kidney.", "content": "1. The effect of a daily injection of testosterone on the in vivo rate of RNA synthesis and degradation in the kidney of castrated mice was determined. 2. Following the administration of testosterone there was a progressive increase in kidney weight, RNA and protein content in the castrated mouse kidney. 3. The rates of synthesis were calculated from the measured incorporation of radioactivity into various RNA species and acid-soluble nucleotides. The kidney RNA was labelled by the injection of a single dose of [5-3H] orotic acid. When the incorporation into ribosomal RNA was at the maximum (48 h), one group of mice was injected with testosterone (100 mug/day/20 g body weight) and the other served as the control. 4. The rates of synthesis and the turnover time were calculated on the basis of the half-life and the rate of decrease of specific radioactivity of RNA. The rates obtained were high in the first 5 days following hormone administration and then slowed down. 5. The results suggest that testosterone changes the rate of synthesis, not the rate of degradation of the mouse kidney RNA. This is consistent with the higher activity of RNA polymerase in testosterone-treated mice as previously observed and described (Avdalovi\u0107, N. and Kochakian, C.D. (1969) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 183, 382-393; Avdalovi\u0107, N. (1970) Biochem. J. 119, 331-338).", "contents": "The influence of testosterone on the synthesis and degradation rate of various RNA species in the mouse kidney. 1. The effect of a daily injection of testosterone on the in vivo rate of RNA synthesis and degradation in the kidney of castrated mice was determined. 2. Following the administration of testosterone there was a progressive increase in kidney weight, RNA and protein content in the castrated mouse kidney. 3. The rates of synthesis were calculated from the measured incorporation of radioactivity into various RNA species and acid-soluble nucleotides. The kidney RNA was labelled by the injection of a single dose of [5-3H] orotic acid. When the incorporation into ribosomal RNA was at the maximum (48 h), one group of mice was injected with testosterone (100 mug/day/20 g body weight) and the other served as the control. 4. The rates of synthesis and the turnover time were calculated on the basis of the half-life and the rate of decrease of specific radioactivity of RNA. The rates obtained were high in the first 5 days following hormone administration and then slowed down. 5. The results suggest that testosterone changes the rate of synthesis, not the rate of degradation of the mouse kidney RNA. This is consistent with the higher activity of RNA polymerase in testosterone-treated mice as previously observed and described (Avdalovi\u0107, N. and Kochakian, C.D. (1969) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 183, 382-393; Avdalovi\u0107, N. (1970) Biochem. J. 119, 331-338).", "PMID": 1186172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10113", "title": "Photoreactivation of nitrate reductase production in Nicotiana tabacum var. Xanthi.", "content": "Ultraviolet (254 nm) irradiation of liquid-cultured tobacco cells inhibited the production of nitrate reductase; subsequent illumination with white light allowed a partial restoration of the synthesis of the enzyme (photoreactivation). Ultraviolet irradiation of these same cells also inhibited their ability to incorporate labeled uridine and labeled amino acids. Subsequent illumination with white light gave a partial restoration of the ability of the cells to incorporate uridine while a similar post-ultraviolet-irradiation treatment failed to restore the amino acid incorporation. The system in tobacco known to repair ultraviolet-damaged viral RNA thus does not seem to repair ultraviolet damage to the protein-synthesizing system of the cell. The photoreactivation of nitrate reductase production is best explained by the action of a DNA photorepairing system.", "contents": "Photoreactivation of nitrate reductase production in Nicotiana tabacum var. Xanthi. Ultraviolet (254 nm) irradiation of liquid-cultured tobacco cells inhibited the production of nitrate reductase; subsequent illumination with white light allowed a partial restoration of the synthesis of the enzyme (photoreactivation). Ultraviolet irradiation of these same cells also inhibited their ability to incorporate labeled uridine and labeled amino acids. Subsequent illumination with white light gave a partial restoration of the ability of the cells to incorporate uridine while a similar post-ultraviolet-irradiation treatment failed to restore the amino acid incorporation. The system in tobacco known to repair ultraviolet-damaged viral RNA thus does not seem to repair ultraviolet damage to the protein-synthesizing system of the cell. The photoreactivation of nitrate reductase production is best explained by the action of a DNA photorepairing system.", "PMID": 1186173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10114", "title": "Intermittent claudication in athletes.", "content": "All reported cases have occurred in the anterior tibial or rarely peroneal compartments. Case I and V in this series follow this same pattern. Case II and III are unusual in that they are the first recorded cases of this syndrome occuring in the calf of a leg. In Case IV the syndrome was present both in the anterior compartment as well as in the calf. Case III in addition, demonstrated arteriographic evidence of impairment of blood flow preoperatively which was relieved by fasciotomy. It is this author's opinion that this syndrome develops due to obstruction of venous drainage by a rise in pressure in the myofascial compartment with exercise. Perhaps it occurs in athletes because the muscle hypertrophy in these patients in greater than that in the general public and the margin of safety is reduced. It is not necessary to perform complicated or painful investigative studies to make the diagnosis. Kennelly and Blumberg state that \"a convincing history is all that is necessary,\" and the author is in complete agreement with this statement. Fasciotomy gives complete relief and is earnestly recommended both to relieve symptoms and to prevent the catastrophic consequences of muscle necrosis. In fact, in severe cases it is best to advise cessation of physical exercise until the operation can be done in order that this severe complication does not develop.", "contents": "Intermittent claudication in athletes. All reported cases have occurred in the anterior tibial or rarely peroneal compartments. Case I and V in this series follow this same pattern. Case II and III are unusual in that they are the first recorded cases of this syndrome occuring in the calf of a leg. In Case IV the syndrome was present both in the anterior compartment as well as in the calf. Case III in addition, demonstrated arteriographic evidence of impairment of blood flow preoperatively which was relieved by fasciotomy. It is this author's opinion that this syndrome develops due to obstruction of venous drainage by a rise in pressure in the myofascial compartment with exercise. Perhaps it occurs in athletes because the muscle hypertrophy in these patients in greater than that in the general public and the margin of safety is reduced. It is not necessary to perform complicated or painful investigative studies to make the diagnosis. Kennelly and Blumberg state that \"a convincing history is all that is necessary,\" and the author is in complete agreement with this statement. Fasciotomy gives complete relief and is earnestly recommended both to relieve symptoms and to prevent the catastrophic consequences of muscle necrosis. In fact, in severe cases it is best to advise cessation of physical exercise until the operation can be done in order that this severe complication does not develop.", "PMID": 1186186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10115", "title": "Weight control for high school wrestlers.", "content": "Anthropometric measurements were obtained from 141 Nebraska State Tournament wrestlers in order to predict their ideal minimum wrestling weight via the Tipton-Tcheng predictim equation. An r of .93 was found between predicted weight and actual weight for 131 of the state tournament qualifiers (excluding heavy-weights). Data indicated that the winners more nearly approximated their predicted weight than did the losers. The mean percent difference between actual weight showed that the upper weight classes (138- 185) more closely approximated their predicted weight than the lower weight than the lower weight classes (98-132). The results indicate that a prediction equation can reliably predict a wrestlers ideal weight and could be used to eliminate unwise weight reduction practices.", "contents": "Weight control for high school wrestlers. Anthropometric measurements were obtained from 141 Nebraska State Tournament wrestlers in order to predict their ideal minimum wrestling weight via the Tipton-Tcheng predictim equation. An r of .93 was found between predicted weight and actual weight for 131 of the state tournament qualifiers (excluding heavy-weights). Data indicated that the winners more nearly approximated their predicted weight than did the losers. The mean percent difference between actual weight showed that the upper weight classes (138- 185) more closely approximated their predicted weight than the lower weight than the lower weight classes (98-132). The results indicate that a prediction equation can reliably predict a wrestlers ideal weight and could be used to eliminate unwise weight reduction practices.", "PMID": 1186189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10116", "title": "Drug interactions: the effects of alcohol and meprobamate applied singly and jointly in human subjects. I. Theoretical considerations and literature review.", "content": "The considerations necessary to describe the effects of combinations of drugs in a biological system are reviewed. The terms which express these effects-additive, potentiative, antagonistic, synergistic-have not had specific operations applied to them and mathematical models have been sought to define these operations. The models should (1) describe the nature of the action of single drugs, (2) classify the results of drug combinations, (3) provide a set of operations for deciding the outcome of combinations, and (4) predict all possible results of a combination from a knowledge of each drug acting alone. Research on the effects of alcohol and meprobamate and their interactions is reviewed, including behavioral and pharmacological studies and also some studies of the interaction of alcohol with other drugs. The task of characterizing the relation between the drug and response is formidable because complex physiological and biochemical processes determine the relationship between administered and effective dose and are further complicated by route of drug administration and various time relations. The descriptions of biochemical and physiological events seem well advanced; those of behavior are not. Much of the behavioral research assumes that a single dose is representative of all doses of the drug, and that combinations of the drugs and additivity of effects can be determined without a rigorous definition or means of application. [Bibliography of 249 items.]", "contents": "Drug interactions: the effects of alcohol and meprobamate applied singly and jointly in human subjects. I. Theoretical considerations and literature review. The considerations necessary to describe the effects of combinations of drugs in a biological system are reviewed. The terms which express these effects-additive, potentiative, antagonistic, synergistic-have not had specific operations applied to them and mathematical models have been sought to define these operations. The models should (1) describe the nature of the action of single drugs, (2) classify the results of drug combinations, (3) provide a set of operations for deciding the outcome of combinations, and (4) predict all possible results of a combination from a knowledge of each drug acting alone. Research on the effects of alcohol and meprobamate and their interactions is reviewed, including behavioral and pharmacological studies and also some studies of the interaction of alcohol with other drugs. The task of characterizing the relation between the drug and response is formidable because complex physiological and biochemical processes determine the relationship between administered and effective dose and are further complicated by route of drug administration and various time relations. The descriptions of biochemical and physiological events seem well advanced; those of behavior are not. Much of the behavioral research assumes that a single dose is representative of all doses of the drug, and that combinations of the drugs and additivity of effects can be determined without a rigorous definition or means of application. [Bibliography of 249 items.]", "PMID": 1186257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10117", "title": "Drug interactions: the effects of alcohol and meprobamate applied singly and jointly in human subjects. III. The concentrations of alcohol and meprobamate in the blood and their effects on performance; application of mathematical models.", "content": "The relations between the levels of alcohol and meprobamate in the blood and performance on a visual-motor coordination tracking task were analyzed by a general system of mathematical models, using data from Experiment V by Carpenter et al. [J. Stud. Alc., Suppl. No. 7, pp. 54-139, 1975]. The derivation of the models is described. In general, the relationship between blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and performance was nonmonotonic: best performance occurred at BACS of 10 to 20 mg per 100 ml. The relationship between meprobamate concentration (BMC) and performance was monotonic: performance deteriorated with increasing BMC. The results of the reaction latency measure, howevr, showed no consistent relationship with BAC or BMC. The action of alcohol can be represented by a model which involves 2 distinct sites of action; that of meprobamate, 1 site. It could not be determined whether the site of action of meprobamate is distinct from those of alcohol because the blood levels of the drugs were not high enough. The implications of the results are discussed, with particular reference to the quantitative description of the joint action of drugs and the design of future experiments.", "contents": "Drug interactions: the effects of alcohol and meprobamate applied singly and jointly in human subjects. III. The concentrations of alcohol and meprobamate in the blood and their effects on performance; application of mathematical models. The relations between the levels of alcohol and meprobamate in the blood and performance on a visual-motor coordination tracking task were analyzed by a general system of mathematical models, using data from Experiment V by Carpenter et al. [J. Stud. Alc., Suppl. No. 7, pp. 54-139, 1975]. The derivation of the models is described. In general, the relationship between blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and performance was nonmonotonic: best performance occurred at BACS of 10 to 20 mg per 100 ml. The relationship between meprobamate concentration (BMC) and performance was monotonic: performance deteriorated with increasing BMC. The results of the reaction latency measure, howevr, showed no consistent relationship with BAC or BMC. The action of alcohol can be represented by a model which involves 2 distinct sites of action; that of meprobamate, 1 site. It could not be determined whether the site of action of meprobamate is distinct from those of alcohol because the blood levels of the drugs were not high enough. The implications of the results are discussed, with particular reference to the quantitative description of the joint action of drugs and the design of future experiments.", "PMID": 1186258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10118", "title": "Drug interactions: the effects of alcohol and meprobamate applied singly and jointly in human subjects. IV. The concentrations of alcohol and meprobamate in the blood.", "content": "The absorption and elimination of alcohol and meprobamate from the blood during Experiments IV (E-IV) and V (E-V) of Carpenter et al. [J. Stud. Alc., Suppl. No. 7, pp. 54-139, 1975] were studied by means of mathematical models representing the relation between doses, concentration in the blood and time elapsing since drug ingestion. The blood concentrations of samples taken 2 and 5.5 hr after beginning to drink in E-IV and 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 hr in E-V were analyzed. The presence of meprobamate did not affect blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in either experiment. At 2 hr the mean BACS after 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 g of alcohol per kg were 6.8, 20.9, 37.7 and 53.7 mg per 100 ml in E-IV; 5.0, 34.1, 42.0 and 72.0 mg per 100 ml in E-V; and 8.1, 32.6, 41.3 and 71.3 mg per 100 ml when calculated by regression from E-V data. The calculated elimination rate of the 2 highest doses of alcohol in E-IV was 6.0 and 7.1 mg per 100 ml per hr; in E-V the mean calculated rates after 0.25-0.75 and after 1.00 g of alcohol per kg were 6.6 and 11.0 mg per 100 ml per hr. The blood meprobamate concentrations (BMC) in E-IV were not affected by alcohol. In E-V, 2.5 and 5.5 hr after meprobamate administration, the combination of 28 mg of meprobamate per kg and 0.75 g of alcohol per kg resulted in significantly lower BMC (7.83 and 12.63 mug per 100 ml) than after same dose of meprobamate with the other doses of alcohol (14.23 and 20.02 mug per 100 ml). The differences between these results and the findings of Carpenter et al. are discussed.", "contents": "Drug interactions: the effects of alcohol and meprobamate applied singly and jointly in human subjects. IV. The concentrations of alcohol and meprobamate in the blood. The absorption and elimination of alcohol and meprobamate from the blood during Experiments IV (E-IV) and V (E-V) of Carpenter et al. [J. Stud. Alc., Suppl. No. 7, pp. 54-139, 1975] were studied by means of mathematical models representing the relation between doses, concentration in the blood and time elapsing since drug ingestion. The blood concentrations of samples taken 2 and 5.5 hr after beginning to drink in E-IV and 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 hr in E-V were analyzed. The presence of meprobamate did not affect blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in either experiment. At 2 hr the mean BACS after 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 g of alcohol per kg were 6.8, 20.9, 37.7 and 53.7 mg per 100 ml in E-IV; 5.0, 34.1, 42.0 and 72.0 mg per 100 ml in E-V; and 8.1, 32.6, 41.3 and 71.3 mg per 100 ml when calculated by regression from E-V data. The calculated elimination rate of the 2 highest doses of alcohol in E-IV was 6.0 and 7.1 mg per 100 ml per hr; in E-V the mean calculated rates after 0.25-0.75 and after 1.00 g of alcohol per kg were 6.6 and 11.0 mg per 100 ml per hr. The blood meprobamate concentrations (BMC) in E-IV were not affected by alcohol. In E-V, 2.5 and 5.5 hr after meprobamate administration, the combination of 28 mg of meprobamate per kg and 0.75 g of alcohol per kg resulted in significantly lower BMC (7.83 and 12.63 mug per 100 ml) than after same dose of meprobamate with the other doses of alcohol (14.23 and 20.02 mug per 100 ml). The differences between these results and the findings of Carpenter et al. are discussed.", "PMID": 1186259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10119", "title": "Drug interactions: the effect of alcohol and meprobamate applied singly and jointly in human subjects. V. Summary and conclusions.", "content": "The design, analysis and conclusions of the series of experiments by Carpenter et al., Ashford and Cobby, and Cobby and Ashford [J. Stud. Alc., Suppl. No. 7, pp. 54-176, 1975] are reviewed. Mathematical models of the joint action of drugs were developed and data obtained to test the models by studying the action of alcohol and meprobamate singly and in combination in human subjects. The data proved to be too limited in the range of drug concentrations in the blood necessary to identify the single most appropriate model. Carpenter et al. analyzed the data by analysis of variance, which involves assumptions about the structure of the observation and the form of the distribution of the error terms. The analyses of Ashford and Cobby and Cobby and Ashford used the mathematical models, which represented pharmacological and physiological actions of the drugs. The majority of the results of the two analyses agreed; however in Experiment V Carpenter et al. combined drugs, doses and blood samples in one analysis anf found a significant influence of meprobamate dose on blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and homogeneous error terms. Cobby and Ashford analyzed absorption and elimination phases of each alcohol dose separately and found no influence of meprobamate on BAC and significant heterogeneity in the residual error terms. Both sets of analyses found a complex interaction between the pattern of abosorption and elimination of meprobamate and dose of alcohol. Carpenter et al. related the results of behavioral measures to drug doses, Ashford and Cobby to the concentrations of the drugs in the blood. Theoretically the models can analyze the pattern of behavioral results at each combination of doses but the data available were insufficient for the purpose. The modifications in experimental design and analytical techniques necessary to continue research in developing mathematical models are discussed.", "contents": "Drug interactions: the effect of alcohol and meprobamate applied singly and jointly in human subjects. V. Summary and conclusions. The design, analysis and conclusions of the series of experiments by Carpenter et al., Ashford and Cobby, and Cobby and Ashford [J. Stud. Alc., Suppl. No. 7, pp. 54-176, 1975] are reviewed. Mathematical models of the joint action of drugs were developed and data obtained to test the models by studying the action of alcohol and meprobamate singly and in combination in human subjects. The data proved to be too limited in the range of drug concentrations in the blood necessary to identify the single most appropriate model. Carpenter et al. analyzed the data by analysis of variance, which involves assumptions about the structure of the observation and the form of the distribution of the error terms. The analyses of Ashford and Cobby and Cobby and Ashford used the mathematical models, which represented pharmacological and physiological actions of the drugs. The majority of the results of the two analyses agreed; however in Experiment V Carpenter et al. combined drugs, doses and blood samples in one analysis anf found a significant influence of meprobamate dose on blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and homogeneous error terms. Cobby and Ashford analyzed absorption and elimination phases of each alcohol dose separately and found no influence of meprobamate on BAC and significant heterogeneity in the residual error terms. Both sets of analyses found a complex interaction between the pattern of abosorption and elimination of meprobamate and dose of alcohol. Carpenter et al. related the results of behavioral measures to drug doses, Ashford and Cobby to the concentrations of the drugs in the blood. Theoretically the models can analyze the pattern of behavioral results at each combination of doses but the data available were insufficient for the purpose. The modifications in experimental design and analytical techniques necessary to continue research in developing mathematical models are discussed.", "PMID": 1186260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10120", "title": "Drug interactions: the effects of alcohol and meprobamate applied singly and jointly in human subjects. II. Five experiments.", "content": "Five experiments were conducted to study the effects of alcohol and meprobamate, administered singly and in combination, at doses up to 1.20 g of alcohol per kg of body weight and up to 30 mg of meprobamate per kg. Most of the 158 men were of college age (range, 21-49). In all experiments it appeared to the subjects that both drugs were administered, alcohol as a 25% solution in orange juice and meprobamate as 10 tablets. One hour after the men took the meprobamate they had 1 hr to drink the beverage. Before and at 1/2 hr intervals after administration of the drugs blood samples were taken and behavioral response measured by means of a visual-motor coordination tracking task (Stressalyzer). An experimental session lasted 6 hr. In Experiment I (E-I) each of 12 men was tested on 2 days, after 0, 1.00 or 1.20 g of alcohol per kg and 0 or 25 mg of meprobamate per kg. In Experiment II (E-II) 56 men were tested (8 per group) after 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 mg of meprobamate per kg and alcohol placebo. In Experiment III (E-III) 40 men were tested (8 per group) after 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, or 1.00 g of alcohol per kg and meprobamate placebo. In Experiment IV (E-IV) 25 men (5 per group) received meprobamate 3 times a day (total daily dosage, 0, 7, 14, 21 or 28 mg per kg) for 12 days. On days 8 to 12 all subjects drank alcohol, as in E-III. In Experiment V (E-V) 25 subjects (5 per group) were tested on 5 days, drinking each day the same doses of alcohol as in E-III and all received the same doses of meprobamate as in E-IV.", "contents": "Drug interactions: the effects of alcohol and meprobamate applied singly and jointly in human subjects. II. Five experiments. Five experiments were conducted to study the effects of alcohol and meprobamate, administered singly and in combination, at doses up to 1.20 g of alcohol per kg of body weight and up to 30 mg of meprobamate per kg. Most of the 158 men were of college age (range, 21-49). In all experiments it appeared to the subjects that both drugs were administered, alcohol as a 25% solution in orange juice and meprobamate as 10 tablets. One hour after the men took the meprobamate they had 1 hr to drink the beverage. Before and at 1/2 hr intervals after administration of the drugs blood samples were taken and behavioral response measured by means of a visual-motor coordination tracking task (Stressalyzer). An experimental session lasted 6 hr. In Experiment I (E-I) each of 12 men was tested on 2 days, after 0, 1.00 or 1.20 g of alcohol per kg and 0 or 25 mg of meprobamate per kg. In Experiment II (E-II) 56 men were tested (8 per group) after 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 mg of meprobamate per kg and alcohol placebo. In Experiment III (E-III) 40 men were tested (8 per group) after 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, or 1.00 g of alcohol per kg and meprobamate placebo. In Experiment IV (E-IV) 25 men (5 per group) received meprobamate 3 times a day (total daily dosage, 0, 7, 14, 21 or 28 mg per kg) for 12 days. On days 8 to 12 all subjects drank alcohol, as in E-III. In Experiment V (E-V) 25 subjects (5 per group) were tested on 5 days, drinking each day the same doses of alcohol as in E-III and all received the same doses of meprobamate as in E-IV.", "PMID": 1186261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10121", "title": "A single moment roentgen contrast study of superior cava and its tributaries.", "content": "The method of single moment roentgen study of the superior vena cava and its tributaries is presented. The roentgen anatomic data concerning occurring variants of normal mediastinal venous vessel branches and their layout are given. Some examples show the diagnostic value of the mediastinal phlebography using the method described above.", "contents": "A single moment roentgen contrast study of superior cava and its tributaries. The method of single moment roentgen study of the superior vena cava and its tributaries is presented. The roentgen anatomic data concerning occurring variants of normal mediastinal venous vessel branches and their layout are given. Some examples show the diagnostic value of the mediastinal phlebography using the method described above.", "PMID": 1186262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10122", "title": "Fibrous dysplasia of the sphenoid sinus in an adolescent male.", "content": "Fibrous dysplasia involving the sphenoid sinus and the entire left sphenoid bone, manifested clinically by left proptosis and frontal headaches, was diagnosed in a 13-year-old black male. The case is unusual since it is only the third reported instance of fibrous dysplasia of the sphenoid sinus, and because the disease became clinically apparent at the onset of puberty in the patient. Since previous reporters have suggested that fibrous dysplasia remains stable or progresses slightly after the onset of puberty, the patient was not treated with radical surgery, but instead was observed closely. At this point, one year following admission, the patient's proptosis has disappeared and his symptoms are markedly improved.", "contents": "Fibrous dysplasia of the sphenoid sinus in an adolescent male. Fibrous dysplasia involving the sphenoid sinus and the entire left sphenoid bone, manifested clinically by left proptosis and frontal headaches, was diagnosed in a 13-year-old black male. The case is unusual since it is only the third reported instance of fibrous dysplasia of the sphenoid sinus, and because the disease became clinically apparent at the onset of puberty in the patient. Since previous reporters have suggested that fibrous dysplasia remains stable or progresses slightly after the onset of puberty, the patient was not treated with radical surgery, but instead was observed closely. At this point, one year following admission, the patient's proptosis has disappeared and his symptoms are markedly improved.", "PMID": 1186263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10123", "title": "Migration inhibition test in lung cancer patients.", "content": "Twenty patients with primary carcinoma of the lung were tested with migration inhibition test, using extract of cultured lung carcinoma of large cell type. Eight of 10 patients with localized disease had positive inhibition, while all 10 of the patients with disseminated disease had negative inhibition (x2, p less than 0.005). Two cases of large cell carcinoma (localized) showed extremely positive inhibition which may suggest the presence of cell type specific lung carcinoma antigen.", "contents": "Migration inhibition test in lung cancer patients. Twenty patients with primary carcinoma of the lung were tested with migration inhibition test, using extract of cultured lung carcinoma of large cell type. Eight of 10 patients with localized disease had positive inhibition, while all 10 of the patients with disseminated disease had negative inhibition (x2, p less than 0.005). Two cases of large cell carcinoma (localized) showed extremely positive inhibition which may suggest the presence of cell type specific lung carcinoma antigen.", "PMID": 1186264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10124", "title": "Fluorescence microscopy in tumors of central nervous system: a method of recognizing malignancy with acridine orange.", "content": "Tumors of the central nervous system were stained with acridine orange. Photographs were taken during observation through ultraviolet light. Cellular detail was not recognizable but malignant tumors fluoresced more than benign tumors.", "contents": "Fluorescence microscopy in tumors of central nervous system: a method of recognizing malignancy with acridine orange. Tumors of the central nervous system were stained with acridine orange. Photographs were taken during observation through ultraviolet light. Cellular detail was not recognizable but malignant tumors fluoresced more than benign tumors.", "PMID": 1186265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10125", "title": "Ovarian cancer presenting as umbilical hernia.", "content": "Six patients are reported whose presenting symptom was umbilical herniation. Upon exploration of the umbilicus with the intent to repair the hernia, ovarian cancer and malignant ascites were encountered in each individual. Cancer at the umbilicus, both metastatic and primary, is briefly discussed. The apperance of an acquired umbilical hernia in an otherwise asymptomatic patient should raise the suspicion of intraabdominal malignancy.", "contents": "Ovarian cancer presenting as umbilical hernia. Six patients are reported whose presenting symptom was umbilical herniation. Upon exploration of the umbilicus with the intent to repair the hernia, ovarian cancer and malignant ascites were encountered in each individual. Cancer at the umbilicus, both metastatic and primary, is briefly discussed. The apperance of an acquired umbilical hernia in an otherwise asymptomatic patient should raise the suspicion of intraabdominal malignancy.", "PMID": 1186266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10126", "title": "The effect of surgery and pretreatment or posttreatment adjuvant chemotherapy on primary tumor growth in an animal model.", "content": "The Ca755 solid tumor in the C57B1 mouse has been used as a model to study the interrelationship of surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy on primary tumor growth. Surgery was performed on various days after tumor implantation. Surgical mortality increased with delay in surgery. The mean survival time (MST) was significantly increased by surgery. An increased cure rate in mice with late surgery may be due to immunological factors. Pretreatment cytoxan chemotherapy prior to a number of surgical days on the most effect schedule increased MST in the later surgical days primarily due to shrinkage of tumor and a diminished surgical mortality. Posttreatment chemotherapy significantly increased MST primarily on the basis of reducing tumor cell population after surgery and increasing both the cure rate and the time until death of those mice dying of regrowth of tumor. Optimal chemotherapy alone significantly increased MST compared to untreated controls. Optimal postsurgery chemotherapy increased survival longer than the additive increase of chemotherapy alone and surgery alone. This paper illustrates relationships between day of surgery dose and schedule of chemotherapy and effect on various measurable parameters. The results can best be understood in relationship to each other. It is suggested that adjuvant chemotherapy has specific definable benefits. It is apparent from human studies that carefully devised designs which consider these interrelationships are necessary if optimal therapeutic results are to be achieved.", "contents": "The effect of surgery and pretreatment or posttreatment adjuvant chemotherapy on primary tumor growth in an animal model. The Ca755 solid tumor in the C57B1 mouse has been used as a model to study the interrelationship of surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy on primary tumor growth. Surgery was performed on various days after tumor implantation. Surgical mortality increased with delay in surgery. The mean survival time (MST) was significantly increased by surgery. An increased cure rate in mice with late surgery may be due to immunological factors. Pretreatment cytoxan chemotherapy prior to a number of surgical days on the most effect schedule increased MST in the later surgical days primarily due to shrinkage of tumor and a diminished surgical mortality. Posttreatment chemotherapy significantly increased MST primarily on the basis of reducing tumor cell population after surgery and increasing both the cure rate and the time until death of those mice dying of regrowth of tumor. Optimal chemotherapy alone significantly increased MST compared to untreated controls. Optimal postsurgery chemotherapy increased survival longer than the additive increase of chemotherapy alone and surgery alone. This paper illustrates relationships between day of surgery dose and schedule of chemotherapy and effect on various measurable parameters. The results can best be understood in relationship to each other. It is suggested that adjuvant chemotherapy has specific definable benefits. It is apparent from human studies that carefully devised designs which consider these interrelationships are necessary if optimal therapeutic results are to be achieved.", "PMID": 1186267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10127", "title": "Oxygen consumption by acrylamide polymerization: a method for rapid screening of anticancer agents.", "content": "We have developed a rapid and sensitive method to measure oxygen consumption of tumor cells by acrylamide polymerization. This method could be used as an in vitro screen for potential chemotherapeutic agents. Previous techniques have lacked either the sensitivity or the speed required for use as an effective clinical tool. This method was modified from a technique previously developed in our laboratory for measuring oxygen in blood. Standard anticancer agents were tested against Walker 256 ascites tumor. Ascites was harvested from 20 rats on each of 50 days, incubated briefly with drugs, and acrylamide polymerization time was measured hourly. Individual controls were established for each drug-treated group, and oxygen uptake measured after one hour of incubation. Actinomycin, cyclohexamide, and cytosine arabinoside inhibited tumor cell oxygen consumption by 80%, 40%, and 30%, respectively. These results correlated with the known in vivo effects of these drugs on Walker carcinosarcoma. Therefore, this sensitive method could potentially be used directly on tumor cells removed from biopsy material so that the testing of anticancer drugs could be completed on the day of biopsy.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption by acrylamide polymerization: a method for rapid screening of anticancer agents. We have developed a rapid and sensitive method to measure oxygen consumption of tumor cells by acrylamide polymerization. This method could be used as an in vitro screen for potential chemotherapeutic agents. Previous techniques have lacked either the sensitivity or the speed required for use as an effective clinical tool. This method was modified from a technique previously developed in our laboratory for measuring oxygen in blood. Standard anticancer agents were tested against Walker 256 ascites tumor. Ascites was harvested from 20 rats on each of 50 days, incubated briefly with drugs, and acrylamide polymerization time was measured hourly. Individual controls were established for each drug-treated group, and oxygen uptake measured after one hour of incubation. Actinomycin, cyclohexamide, and cytosine arabinoside inhibited tumor cell oxygen consumption by 80%, 40%, and 30%, respectively. These results correlated with the known in vivo effects of these drugs on Walker carcinosarcoma. Therefore, this sensitive method could potentially be used directly on tumor cells removed from biopsy material so that the testing of anticancer drugs could be completed on the day of biopsy.", "PMID": 1186268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10128", "title": "Chemotherapy of a murine neuroblastoma model.", "content": "The C1300 murine neuroblastoma model can be readily maintained by serial passage in A/J mice. Characteristics of the tumor, such as weight of the primary lesion, days of survival after tumor inoculation, or the number of metastatic foci at death, are relatively reproducible and permit experimental evaluation of various modes of treatment, including chemotherapy, that are not possible in man. In the present study, single-dose adriamycin chemotherapy was of significant benefit. Multiple dose treatment was too toxic and lethal. Cytosine arabinoside in various doses was without detectable merit. These results, from an animal model, are of benefit in evaluating further possible drug combinations in ongoing clinical trials seeking to improve the results from chemotherapy in children with advanced neuroblastoma.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of a murine neuroblastoma model. The C1300 murine neuroblastoma model can be readily maintained by serial passage in A/J mice. Characteristics of the tumor, such as weight of the primary lesion, days of survival after tumor inoculation, or the number of metastatic foci at death, are relatively reproducible and permit experimental evaluation of various modes of treatment, including chemotherapy, that are not possible in man. In the present study, single-dose adriamycin chemotherapy was of significant benefit. Multiple dose treatment was too toxic and lethal. Cytosine arabinoside in various doses was without detectable merit. These results, from an animal model, are of benefit in evaluating further possible drug combinations in ongoing clinical trials seeking to improve the results from chemotherapy in children with advanced neuroblastoma.", "PMID": 1186269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10129", "title": "An inverse dose response of 5-methyl cytidine on multiple primary spontaneous tumors and their regressions in mice.", "content": "Ten series mice of C3H/ST inbreds with spontaneous tumors have received 5-methyl cytidine (total 500 mice). Graded single doses of (1) 3.86, (2) 2.57, (3) 2.06, (4) 1.54, (5) 1.03, (6) 1.54, (7) 1.03, (8) 0.51, (9) 0.26, and (10) 0.13 mg/injection (three times weekly) were used. In series 1-5 the 5-methyl cytidine was dissolved in distilled water, and in series 6-10, the nucleoside was dissolved in physiological salt solution. In doses administered, series 4-5 overlapped with series 6-7. The number of mice that showed a regression of tumor increased in the successive series (48%-63% in series 1-5 and 25%-73% in series 6-10). As the number of mice with regressing tumors increased, the percentage of mice showing multiple primary tumors also increased. The administration of the nucleoside in physiological salt solution altered the inhibitory effect of 5-methyl cytidine on spontaneous tumors. For example, in physiological salt solution the 0.51 mg/injection gave as much inhibitory action as 1.03 mg/injection in distilled water. An inverse dose response is thus indicated between the amount of 5-methyl cytidine injected and the inhibition of spontaneous tumors in mice (percentage of regression and number of multiple primary spontaneous tumors are the criteria of inhibition considered).", "contents": "An inverse dose response of 5-methyl cytidine on multiple primary spontaneous tumors and their regressions in mice. Ten series mice of C3H/ST inbreds with spontaneous tumors have received 5-methyl cytidine (total 500 mice). Graded single doses of (1) 3.86, (2) 2.57, (3) 2.06, (4) 1.54, (5) 1.03, (6) 1.54, (7) 1.03, (8) 0.51, (9) 0.26, and (10) 0.13 mg/injection (three times weekly) were used. In series 1-5 the 5-methyl cytidine was dissolved in distilled water, and in series 6-10, the nucleoside was dissolved in physiological salt solution. In doses administered, series 4-5 overlapped with series 6-7. The number of mice that showed a regression of tumor increased in the successive series (48%-63% in series 1-5 and 25%-73% in series 6-10). As the number of mice with regressing tumors increased, the percentage of mice showing multiple primary tumors also increased. The administration of the nucleoside in physiological salt solution altered the inhibitory effect of 5-methyl cytidine on spontaneous tumors. For example, in physiological salt solution the 0.51 mg/injection gave as much inhibitory action as 1.03 mg/injection in distilled water. An inverse dose response is thus indicated between the amount of 5-methyl cytidine injected and the inhibition of spontaneous tumors in mice (percentage of regression and number of multiple primary spontaneous tumors are the criteria of inhibition considered).", "PMID": 1186270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10130", "title": "The surgical implication of broncholithiasis.", "content": "A calcified hilar or mediastinal lymph node can compress or erode the tracheobronchial tree and cause a variety of problems, including the \"spitting of stones,\" hemoptysis, pneumonia, atelectasis, and bronchoesophageal fistula. From 1955 to 1975, 43 patients were evaluated for broncholithiasis. Nonsurgical management was carried out in 10 patients, whereas the remaining 33 underwent thoracotomy for the pathological process. Five patients had bronchoesophageal fistula as a result of the broncholith. Segmentectomy was the surgical resective procedure most commonly used. Conservation of pulmonary tissue is recommended when dealing with this problem. Surgical complications were minimal and no deaths occurred. The surgeon must be versatile in his technical approach and be prepared to carry out bronchoplastic procedures when indicated. A clinical awareness of the symptomatology of broncholithiasis leads the examiner to carry out the appropriate diagnostic studies of laminagraphy, bronchoscopy, bronchography, and esophagography. Early diagnosis and treatment will prevent the severe complications that can occur from continued observation.", "contents": "The surgical implication of broncholithiasis. A calcified hilar or mediastinal lymph node can compress or erode the tracheobronchial tree and cause a variety of problems, including the \"spitting of stones,\" hemoptysis, pneumonia, atelectasis, and bronchoesophageal fistula. From 1955 to 1975, 43 patients were evaluated for broncholithiasis. Nonsurgical management was carried out in 10 patients, whereas the remaining 33 underwent thoracotomy for the pathological process. Five patients had bronchoesophageal fistula as a result of the broncholith. Segmentectomy was the surgical resective procedure most commonly used. Conservation of pulmonary tissue is recommended when dealing with this problem. Surgical complications were minimal and no deaths occurred. The surgeon must be versatile in his technical approach and be prepared to carry out bronchoplastic procedures when indicated. A clinical awareness of the symptomatology of broncholithiasis leads the examiner to carry out the appropriate diagnostic studies of laminagraphy, bronchoscopy, bronchography, and esophagography. Early diagnosis and treatment will prevent the severe complications that can occur from continued observation.", "PMID": 1186271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10131", "title": "Primary tracheal anastomosis after resection of the cricoid cartilage with preservation of recurrent laryngeal nerves.", "content": "Resections at the cricoid level pose the problems of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and loss of circumferential cartilaginous support. Strictures within the cricoid ring have usually been managed with keels or stents, whereas neoplasms have been managed by laryngectomy. This paper reports on 6 patients with lesions involving the cricoid who were successfully treated by segmental tracheal resection and removal of all but a thin shell of posterior cricoid plate. The distal trachea was anastomosed at the subglottic level within 1 cm. or less of the vocal cords. Two patients had traumatic transection at the cricotracheal level with disruption of cricoid cartilage and avulsion of both recurrent nerves. Of the other 4 patients with tracheal lesions involving the cricoid, 2 had postintubation strictures, another had chemical burns, and the fourth had adenoid cystic carcinoma. Primary healing and good clinical results were obtained in all 6 patients. In the 4 patients with intact recurrent nerves, nerve function was preserved. This technique provides a method for resection and reconstruction in one stage for selected lesions at the cricoid level.", "contents": "Primary tracheal anastomosis after resection of the cricoid cartilage with preservation of recurrent laryngeal nerves. Resections at the cricoid level pose the problems of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and loss of circumferential cartilaginous support. Strictures within the cricoid ring have usually been managed with keels or stents, whereas neoplasms have been managed by laryngectomy. This paper reports on 6 patients with lesions involving the cricoid who were successfully treated by segmental tracheal resection and removal of all but a thin shell of posterior cricoid plate. The distal trachea was anastomosed at the subglottic level within 1 cm. or less of the vocal cords. Two patients had traumatic transection at the cricotracheal level with disruption of cricoid cartilage and avulsion of both recurrent nerves. Of the other 4 patients with tracheal lesions involving the cricoid, 2 had postintubation strictures, another had chemical burns, and the fourth had adenoid cystic carcinoma. Primary healing and good clinical results were obtained in all 6 patients. In the 4 patients with intact recurrent nerves, nerve function was preserved. This technique provides a method for resection and reconstruction in one stage for selected lesions at the cricoid level.", "PMID": 1186272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10132", "title": "Esophagogastrostomy. Analysis of 55 cases.", "content": "At the New York University Medical Center from January, 1969, through December, 1973, esophagogastrostomies were performed in 56 patients. In 30 (Group A), fundoplications were combined with the esophagogastrostomies; in the other 26 (Group B), esophagogastrostomies only were performed. These two groups have been compared in an effort to determine the effectiveness of fundoplication in preventing gastric reflux following esophagogastrostomy. The operative mortality rate (10 per cent) and the 3 year survival rate (20 per cent) were approximately equal in the two groups. Clinical evidence of reflux was noted in 10 per cent of Group A and 47 per cent of Group B patients, while complications of reflux were noted in 5 per cent of Group A and in 33 per cent of Group B patients. The results of the present study suggest that fundoplication, while not prolonging survival, does prevent the symptoms and complications of gastric reflux and improves the quality of survival in these unfortunate patients. This leads us to recommend the routine use of fundoplication with esophagogastrostomy in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia.", "contents": "Esophagogastrostomy. Analysis of 55 cases. At the New York University Medical Center from January, 1969, through December, 1973, esophagogastrostomies were performed in 56 patients. In 30 (Group A), fundoplications were combined with the esophagogastrostomies; in the other 26 (Group B), esophagogastrostomies only were performed. These two groups have been compared in an effort to determine the effectiveness of fundoplication in preventing gastric reflux following esophagogastrostomy. The operative mortality rate (10 per cent) and the 3 year survival rate (20 per cent) were approximately equal in the two groups. Clinical evidence of reflux was noted in 10 per cent of Group A and 47 per cent of Group B patients, while complications of reflux were noted in 5 per cent of Group A and in 33 per cent of Group B patients. The results of the present study suggest that fundoplication, while not prolonging survival, does prevent the symptoms and complications of gastric reflux and improves the quality of survival in these unfortunate patients. This leads us to recommend the routine use of fundoplication with esophagogastrostomy in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia.", "PMID": 1186273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10133", "title": "Columnar-lined lower esophagus: an acquired lesion with malignant predisposition. Report on 140 cases of Barrett's esophagus with 12 adenocarcinomas.", "content": "The analysis of a series of 1,225 cases of reflux esophagitis shows the serious nature of this condition. A liberal use of antireflux operations therefore seems justified. Extensive columnar metaplasia of the distal esophagus, or columnar-lined lower esophagus (CLLE), represents a late irreversible stage of reflux esophagitis. Repeated esophagoscopies demonstrate the acquired nature of the lesion. It is caused by the progressive healing, from below upward, of peptic ulcerations on the squamous epithelium by metaplasia of columnar mucosa. Antireflux operations stop the progressive ascent of heterotopic epithelium and thus stabilize reflux esophagitis and cure complications such as ulcerations and strictures. The premalignant character of this condition is established by a 10 per cent incidence of adenocarcinomas in a series of 140 cases of extensive columnar metaplasia. The transition toward malignancy seems to be irreversible and cannot be arrested by an antireflux operation. Therefore, repeated esophagoscopic controls and biopsies are an absolute necessity in all cases of extensive columnar metaplasia, even after cure of active reflux esophagitis by Nissen fundoplication.", "contents": "Columnar-lined lower esophagus: an acquired lesion with malignant predisposition. Report on 140 cases of Barrett's esophagus with 12 adenocarcinomas. The analysis of a series of 1,225 cases of reflux esophagitis shows the serious nature of this condition. A liberal use of antireflux operations therefore seems justified. Extensive columnar metaplasia of the distal esophagus, or columnar-lined lower esophagus (CLLE), represents a late irreversible stage of reflux esophagitis. Repeated esophagoscopies demonstrate the acquired nature of the lesion. It is caused by the progressive healing, from below upward, of peptic ulcerations on the squamous epithelium by metaplasia of columnar mucosa. Antireflux operations stop the progressive ascent of heterotopic epithelium and thus stabilize reflux esophagitis and cure complications such as ulcerations and strictures. The premalignant character of this condition is established by a 10 per cent incidence of adenocarcinomas in a series of 140 cases of extensive columnar metaplasia. The transition toward malignancy seems to be irreversible and cannot be arrested by an antireflux operation. Therefore, repeated esophagoscopic controls and biopsies are an absolute necessity in all cases of extensive columnar metaplasia, even after cure of active reflux esophagitis by Nissen fundoplication.", "PMID": 1186274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10134", "title": "Isolated mitral valve replacement with the Kay-Shiley disc. valve. Acturial analysis of the long term results.", "content": "During a five-year period the Kay-Shiley (K and T series) prosthesis was used for 83 isolated mitral valve replacements. There were 14 early deaths, for a 17.28 per cent mortality rate. Survival determined by the actuarial method revealed a 6 year cumulative survival rate of 39.8 per cent. Thromboembolism was a significant problem in this series, with 33 patients experiencing a total of 55 embolic events. This represented a rate of 24.7 emboli per 1,000 patient months at risk. From our experience, it is concluded that the Kay-Shiley prosthesis is associated with a high incidence of thromboembolism and late death.", "contents": "Isolated mitral valve replacement with the Kay-Shiley disc. valve. Acturial analysis of the long term results. During a five-year period the Kay-Shiley (K and T series) prosthesis was used for 83 isolated mitral valve replacements. There were 14 early deaths, for a 17.28 per cent mortality rate. Survival determined by the actuarial method revealed a 6 year cumulative survival rate of 39.8 per cent. Thromboembolism was a significant problem in this series, with 33 patients experiencing a total of 55 embolic events. This represented a rate of 24.7 emboli per 1,000 patient months at risk. From our experience, it is concluded that the Kay-Shiley prosthesis is associated with a high incidence of thromboembolism and late death.", "PMID": 1186275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10135", "title": "Traumatic pulmonary arteriovenous fistula.", "content": "The first case of traumatic pulmonary arteriovenous fistula in the English literature is reported. The case is reported to alert thoracic surgeons to the possibility of this lesion following penetrating chest injuries.", "contents": "Traumatic pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. The first case of traumatic pulmonary arteriovenous fistula in the English literature is reported. The case is reported to alert thoracic surgeons to the possibility of this lesion following penetrating chest injuries.", "PMID": 1186276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10136", "title": "Systemic-pulmonary artery anastomoses in infancy.", "content": "Over the last 10 years, 142 systemic-pulmonary artery anastomoses were performed in 134 infants under 1 year of age. These included shunts from the subclavian artery (46 per cent), ascending aorta (41 per cent), descending aorta (9 per cent), and superior vena cava (1 per cent) to the pulmonary artery. Ninety-six (72 per cent) of the infants were less than 4 months of age at the time of the initial procedure, and one half were less than 1 month old. When groups of patients were compared according to diagnosis and age at the time of operation, the immediate and long-term results of the subclavian-pulmonary artery (Blalock-Taussig) anastomosis were better than the results with the other procedures. In view of the ease of closure of this anastomosis at the time of corrective surgery, as well as the recent further improvement of vascular surgical techniques, the Blalock-Taussig shunt is the procedure of choice in most infants requiring a systemic-pulmonary artery anastomosis, even during the early months of life.", "contents": "Systemic-pulmonary artery anastomoses in infancy. Over the last 10 years, 142 systemic-pulmonary artery anastomoses were performed in 134 infants under 1 year of age. These included shunts from the subclavian artery (46 per cent), ascending aorta (41 per cent), descending aorta (9 per cent), and superior vena cava (1 per cent) to the pulmonary artery. Ninety-six (72 per cent) of the infants were less than 4 months of age at the time of the initial procedure, and one half were less than 1 month old. When groups of patients were compared according to diagnosis and age at the time of operation, the immediate and long-term results of the subclavian-pulmonary artery (Blalock-Taussig) anastomosis were better than the results with the other procedures. In view of the ease of closure of this anastomosis at the time of corrective surgery, as well as the recent further improvement of vascular surgical techniques, the Blalock-Taussig shunt is the procedure of choice in most infants requiring a systemic-pulmonary artery anastomosis, even during the early months of life.", "PMID": 1186277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10137", "title": "Pulmonary sequestration.", "content": "Pulmonary sequestration is a congenital anomaly in which an aberrant systemic artery arising from the thoracic or upper abdominal aorta supplies part of the lungs, usually the lower lobe. The sequestered lung may be anatomically distinct from the remainder of the lobe (extralobar), or may be included in the substance of the lobe, in which case it may or may not have bronchial communication with the rest of the bronchial tree. The patients present, often in the first two decades of life, with recurrent and severe bronchopulmonary infections. Associated anomalies are present, especially in the extralobar variety. Nine cases of sequestration are reviewed, stressing significant clinical, radiological, and arteriographic findings. Preoperative demonstration of the anomalous vessel by aortography has contributed significantly to the planning and safety of the surgical procedure, which was generally a lower lobectomy. Eight out of nine patients survived the procedure.", "contents": "Pulmonary sequestration. Pulmonary sequestration is a congenital anomaly in which an aberrant systemic artery arising from the thoracic or upper abdominal aorta supplies part of the lungs, usually the lower lobe. The sequestered lung may be anatomically distinct from the remainder of the lobe (extralobar), or may be included in the substance of the lobe, in which case it may or may not have bronchial communication with the rest of the bronchial tree. The patients present, often in the first two decades of life, with recurrent and severe bronchopulmonary infections. Associated anomalies are present, especially in the extralobar variety. Nine cases of sequestration are reviewed, stressing significant clinical, radiological, and arteriographic findings. Preoperative demonstration of the anomalous vessel by aortography has contributed significantly to the planning and safety of the surgical procedure, which was generally a lower lobectomy. Eight out of nine patients survived the procedure.", "PMID": 1186278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10138", "title": "Primary solitary lymphoma of the trachea.", "content": "A case history is reported of an 81-year-old woman with progressively increasing airway obstruction and progressive stenosis of the intrathoracic trachea. Repeated endoscopic biopsies failed to establish a diagnosis. At thoracotomy, an isolated tumor mass was found originating in the trachea without grossly apparent mediastinal nodes. Biopsy of the tumor mass revealed lymphoma. Radiotherapy resulted in complete remission, which continues at 22 months.", "contents": "Primary solitary lymphoma of the trachea. A case history is reported of an 81-year-old woman with progressively increasing airway obstruction and progressive stenosis of the intrathoracic trachea. Repeated endoscopic biopsies failed to establish a diagnosis. At thoracotomy, an isolated tumor mass was found originating in the trachea without grossly apparent mediastinal nodes. Biopsy of the tumor mass revealed lymphoma. Radiotherapy resulted in complete remission, which continues at 22 months.", "PMID": 1186279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10139", "title": "Intraoperative unidirectional intra-aortic balloon pumping in the management of left ventricular power failure.", "content": "Unidirectional intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) was applied to 28 adult patients undergoing open-heart surgery over a 35 month period. The patients were divided into three groups according to the temporal sequence of initiating IABP. Group A consisted of 4 patients who were in a low output state or in cardiogenic shock prior to study. All patients survived cardiac catheterization and surgery, and 3 (75 per cent) were long-term survivors. Group B included 15 patients who could not be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass with the usual supportive measures. Twelve patients (80 per cent) were weaned from bypass with IABP, and 11 (73 per cent) were discharged from the hospital. Group C was composed of 9 patients who manifested a low cardiac output syndrome within the first 24 hours following surgery. IABP was initiated in the recovery room. Six patients (67 per cent) were discharged. The total experience with these 28 patients therefore includes 24 patients (86 per cent) who were weaned from IABP, 20 (71 per cent) who were discharged, and 18 (64 per cent) who were long-term survivors. The present criteria for the use of IABP in the cardiac surgical patient are defined.", "contents": "Intraoperative unidirectional intra-aortic balloon pumping in the management of left ventricular power failure. Unidirectional intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) was applied to 28 adult patients undergoing open-heart surgery over a 35 month period. The patients were divided into three groups according to the temporal sequence of initiating IABP. Group A consisted of 4 patients who were in a low output state or in cardiogenic shock prior to study. All patients survived cardiac catheterization and surgery, and 3 (75 per cent) were long-term survivors. Group B included 15 patients who could not be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass with the usual supportive measures. Twelve patients (80 per cent) were weaned from bypass with IABP, and 11 (73 per cent) were discharged from the hospital. Group C was composed of 9 patients who manifested a low cardiac output syndrome within the first 24 hours following surgery. IABP was initiated in the recovery room. Six patients (67 per cent) were discharged. The total experience with these 28 patients therefore includes 24 patients (86 per cent) who were weaned from IABP, 20 (71 per cent) who were discharged, and 18 (64 per cent) who were long-term survivors. The present criteria for the use of IABP in the cardiac surgical patient are defined.", "PMID": 1186280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10140", "title": "Prosthetic replacement of the aortic arch.", "content": "Four patients are reported in whom the aortic arch and variable portions of the ascending and descending aorta were replaced with a prosthesis. In three patients the preoperative diagnosis was dissecting aneurysm of the aortic arch and in one an arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the aortic arch was present. A combination of surface cooling and cardiopulmonary bypass was utilized to produce total body hypothermia. Arch replacement was carried out during a period of total circulatory arrest. Cardiopulmonary bypass was then utilized to warm the patient and resuscitate the heart. The average duration of cerebral ischemia was 43 minutes and the average duration of myocardial ischemia was 74 minutes. The average lowest esophageal temperature was 14 degrees C., and the average lowest rectal temperature was 18 degrees C. Three patients are alive and well 4 to 13 months following surgery. One patient died 4 days postoperatively of pulmonary insufficiency. This experience indicates that by utilizing total body hypothermia and circulatory arrest aortic arch replacement can be carried out with an acceptable mortality rate. Corrective surgery could be offered to patients with life-threatening enlarging aneurysms of the aortic arch.", "contents": "Prosthetic replacement of the aortic arch. Four patients are reported in whom the aortic arch and variable portions of the ascending and descending aorta were replaced with a prosthesis. In three patients the preoperative diagnosis was dissecting aneurysm of the aortic arch and in one an arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the aortic arch was present. A combination of surface cooling and cardiopulmonary bypass was utilized to produce total body hypothermia. Arch replacement was carried out during a period of total circulatory arrest. Cardiopulmonary bypass was then utilized to warm the patient and resuscitate the heart. The average duration of cerebral ischemia was 43 minutes and the average duration of myocardial ischemia was 74 minutes. The average lowest esophageal temperature was 14 degrees C., and the average lowest rectal temperature was 18 degrees C. Three patients are alive and well 4 to 13 months following surgery. One patient died 4 days postoperatively of pulmonary insufficiency. This experience indicates that by utilizing total body hypothermia and circulatory arrest aortic arch replacement can be carried out with an acceptable mortality rate. Corrective surgery could be offered to patients with life-threatening enlarging aneurysms of the aortic arch.", "PMID": 1186283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10141", "title": "Long-term morphologic and hemodynamic evaluation of the left ventricle after cardiopulmonary bypass. A comparison of normothermic anoxic arrest, coronary artery perfusion, and profound topical cardiac hypothermia.", "content": "In order to assess the long-term effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in combination with pupular methods of myocardial protection, 37 dogs were placed on CPB for 100 minutes with the use of a bubble oxygenator without hemodilution. A separate group (I) of eight normal dogs served as a control for assessment of hemodynamic changes. The operative groups were as follows: II, continuous coronary perfusion with an empty, beating heart for 60 minutes at 35 degrees C.; III, hypothermic anoxic arrest (aortic occlusion) for 60 minutes with topical cold saline lavage (4 degrees C.); IV, anoxic arrest for 60 minutes at 35 degrees C. Subgroups of Groups III and IV received intracoronary perfusion with Ringer's lactate or Sacks' solution during aortic occlusion and were compared with those animals receiving no perfusion. Survival in Groups II and III was significantly better than in Group IV (82 and 92 per cent vs. 45 per cent). Coronary perfusion with Ringer's lactate or Sack's solution did not influence survival. The 23 survivors from all groups underwent left heart catheterization and LV cineangiography 5 months after operation. All three operative groups had significant elevation of LVEDP and depression of maximum developed dp/dt when compared with normal dogs. Ejection fraction was significantly depressed in Groups III and IV, and there was evidence of left ventricular hypokinesia and/or akinesia in all three operative groups. Differences in function between Groups II, III, and IV were not significant. The use of intracoronary solutions during anoxic arrest did not significantly influence these functional alterations. Evidence of subendocardial fibrosis was found in each of the operative groups, with the most marked changes found in the normothermic arrest group. Moderate fibrosis was present, however, in some survivors in both the continuous coronary perfusion and topical hypothermic arrest groups. These data indicate that although survival is greatly enhanced when coronary artery perfusion or topical hypothermia is used, neither method prevents chronic deterioration in ventricular function nor the development of subendocardial fibrosis.", "contents": "Long-term morphologic and hemodynamic evaluation of the left ventricle after cardiopulmonary bypass. A comparison of normothermic anoxic arrest, coronary artery perfusion, and profound topical cardiac hypothermia. In order to assess the long-term effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in combination with pupular methods of myocardial protection, 37 dogs were placed on CPB for 100 minutes with the use of a bubble oxygenator without hemodilution. A separate group (I) of eight normal dogs served as a control for assessment of hemodynamic changes. The operative groups were as follows: II, continuous coronary perfusion with an empty, beating heart for 60 minutes at 35 degrees C.; III, hypothermic anoxic arrest (aortic occlusion) for 60 minutes with topical cold saline lavage (4 degrees C.); IV, anoxic arrest for 60 minutes at 35 degrees C. Subgroups of Groups III and IV received intracoronary perfusion with Ringer's lactate or Sacks' solution during aortic occlusion and were compared with those animals receiving no perfusion. Survival in Groups II and III was significantly better than in Group IV (82 and 92 per cent vs. 45 per cent). Coronary perfusion with Ringer's lactate or Sack's solution did not influence survival. The 23 survivors from all groups underwent left heart catheterization and LV cineangiography 5 months after operation. All three operative groups had significant elevation of LVEDP and depression of maximum developed dp/dt when compared with normal dogs. Ejection fraction was significantly depressed in Groups III and IV, and there was evidence of left ventricular hypokinesia and/or akinesia in all three operative groups. Differences in function between Groups II, III, and IV were not significant. The use of intracoronary solutions during anoxic arrest did not significantly influence these functional alterations. Evidence of subendocardial fibrosis was found in each of the operative groups, with the most marked changes found in the normothermic arrest group. Moderate fibrosis was present, however, in some survivors in both the continuous coronary perfusion and topical hypothermic arrest groups. These data indicate that although survival is greatly enhanced when coronary artery perfusion or topical hypothermia is used, neither method prevents chronic deterioration in ventricular function nor the development of subendocardial fibrosis.", "PMID": 1186284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10142", "title": "Surgery in pulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "Pulmonary aspergillosis is a rare disease, most commonly presenting as secondary invasion of pre-existing cavitary disease. In Toronto General Hospital 24 patients have been recognized as having this disorder in the 10 years from 1965 to 1975. The most common presenting symptoms were cough, sputum production, and hemoptysis, with the hemoptysis occasionally being massive. Tuberculosis and bronchiectasis were the commonest pre-existing diseases. Thirteen of these patients were treated by surgical resection because of major complications or progression of the aspergillosis. Five of these patients died following surgery, all of these having had major complications prior to surgical intervention. Of the eight surviving patients seven are progressing well, but one had developed further extension of his disease.", "contents": "Surgery in pulmonary aspergillosis. Pulmonary aspergillosis is a rare disease, most commonly presenting as secondary invasion of pre-existing cavitary disease. In Toronto General Hospital 24 patients have been recognized as having this disorder in the 10 years from 1965 to 1975. The most common presenting symptoms were cough, sputum production, and hemoptysis, with the hemoptysis occasionally being massive. Tuberculosis and bronchiectasis were the commonest pre-existing diseases. Thirteen of these patients were treated by surgical resection because of major complications or progression of the aspergillosis. Five of these patients died following surgery, all of these having had major complications prior to surgical intervention. Of the eight surviving patients seven are progressing well, but one had developed further extension of his disease.", "PMID": 1186285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10143", "title": "Carcinomas in the superior pulmonary sulcus.", "content": "Carcinomas in the superior pulmonary sulcus produce a clinical pattern peculiar to their location. Pancoast (1932) defined tumors in this precise location and described a characteristic group of clinical findings now known as the Pancoast syndrome. Experience with a total of 92 patients with primary carcinomas in the superior pulmonary sulcus treated by combined preoperative irradiation and extended resection in 61 patients (66 per cent) reveals 16 of 46 patients eligible surviving over 5 years (34 per cent) and eight of 30 patients alive over 10 years (29 per cent). Stage of nodal involvement, extent of the tumor, cell type, and pathological effects of preoperative irradiation in the resected specimens are the important factors in prognosis.", "contents": "Carcinomas in the superior pulmonary sulcus. Carcinomas in the superior pulmonary sulcus produce a clinical pattern peculiar to their location. Pancoast (1932) defined tumors in this precise location and described a characteristic group of clinical findings now known as the Pancoast syndrome. Experience with a total of 92 patients with primary carcinomas in the superior pulmonary sulcus treated by combined preoperative irradiation and extended resection in 61 patients (66 per cent) reveals 16 of 46 patients eligible surviving over 5 years (34 per cent) and eight of 30 patients alive over 10 years (29 per cent). Stage of nodal involvement, extent of the tumor, cell type, and pathological effects of preoperative irradiation in the resected specimens are the important factors in prognosis.", "PMID": 1186286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10144", "title": "Ischemic contracture of the left ventricle. Production and prevention.", "content": "Ischemic contracture of the left ventricle (\"stone heart\") is a recognized complication of prolonged periods of interruption of the coronary circulation during open-heart surgery. We have examined the effects of moderate hypothermia (28 degrees C.) and preoperative beta-adrenergic blockade (propranolol, 0.5 mg. per kilogram; 1.0 mg. per kilogram) on contracture development during ischemic arrest of the heart. Four groups of 8 dogs each were placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass, and ischemic arrest of the heart was produced by cross-clamping the ascending aorta and venting the left ventricle. Intramyocardial carbon dioxide tension was continuously monitored by mass spectrometry. When anaerobic energy production ceased, as indicated by a final plateau in the intramyocardial carbon dioxide accumulation curve, the ischemic arrest was terminated and the contractile state of the heart observed. These results are given in the text. We conclude that beta-adrenergic blockade delays, but does not prevent, the onset of ischemic contracture of the left ventricle under normothermic conditions. Moderate hypothermia appears to prevent this complication completely.", "contents": "Ischemic contracture of the left ventricle. Production and prevention. Ischemic contracture of the left ventricle (\"stone heart\") is a recognized complication of prolonged periods of interruption of the coronary circulation during open-heart surgery. We have examined the effects of moderate hypothermia (28 degrees C.) and preoperative beta-adrenergic blockade (propranolol, 0.5 mg. per kilogram; 1.0 mg. per kilogram) on contracture development during ischemic arrest of the heart. Four groups of 8 dogs each were placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass, and ischemic arrest of the heart was produced by cross-clamping the ascending aorta and venting the left ventricle. Intramyocardial carbon dioxide tension was continuously monitored by mass spectrometry. When anaerobic energy production ceased, as indicated by a final plateau in the intramyocardial carbon dioxide accumulation curve, the ischemic arrest was terminated and the contractile state of the heart observed. These results are given in the text. We conclude that beta-adrenergic blockade delays, but does not prevent, the onset of ischemic contracture of the left ventricle under normothermic conditions. Moderate hypothermia appears to prevent this complication completely.", "PMID": 1186287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10145", "title": "Drip retrograde coronary sinus perfusion for myocardial protection during aortic cross-clamping.", "content": "Moderate hypothermia is one of the methods utilized for myocardial protection when the aortic root is cross-clamped but not opened. A combination of low-pressure, low-flow retrograde coronary sinus perfusion (RCSP) with oxygenated blood at moderate hypothermia (29 degrees C.) was demonstrated to yield significantly better protection to left ventricular function in dogs than does moderate hypothermia alone. Ventricular function was recorded before and after 1 hour of aortic cross-clamping at identical preloads and heart rates. Aortic pressure was returned to a level as close to base line as possible by constriction of the descending aorta. The average mean aortic pressure of the animals perfused retrograde at 29 degrees C. was returned to within 4 per cent of base line. By contrast, in the animals protected with moderate hypothermia alone, the pressure could be returned only to a level which was 37 per cent lower than base line. In animals protected with moderate hypothermia alone, cardiac output dropped 62 per cent, left ventricular stroke work (LVSW) 75 per cent, and peak dp/dt 44 per cent. In the animals protected with RCSP and moderate hypothermia, the cardiac output dropped 6 per cent, LVSW 9 per cent, and peak dp/dt 5 per cent. The differences in the changes noted between these two groups were significant for LVSW and dp/dt at a level of p less than 0.01 and for cardiac output and aortic pressure at a level of p less than 0.05. These results suggest that RCSP may be indicated when moderate hypothermia is otherwise chosen to be the sole source of myocardial protection.", "contents": "Drip retrograde coronary sinus perfusion for myocardial protection during aortic cross-clamping. Moderate hypothermia is one of the methods utilized for myocardial protection when the aortic root is cross-clamped but not opened. A combination of low-pressure, low-flow retrograde coronary sinus perfusion (RCSP) with oxygenated blood at moderate hypothermia (29 degrees C.) was demonstrated to yield significantly better protection to left ventricular function in dogs than does moderate hypothermia alone. Ventricular function was recorded before and after 1 hour of aortic cross-clamping at identical preloads and heart rates. Aortic pressure was returned to a level as close to base line as possible by constriction of the descending aorta. The average mean aortic pressure of the animals perfused retrograde at 29 degrees C. was returned to within 4 per cent of base line. By contrast, in the animals protected with moderate hypothermia alone, the pressure could be returned only to a level which was 37 per cent lower than base line. In animals protected with moderate hypothermia alone, cardiac output dropped 62 per cent, left ventricular stroke work (LVSW) 75 per cent, and peak dp/dt 44 per cent. In the animals protected with RCSP and moderate hypothermia, the cardiac output dropped 6 per cent, LVSW 9 per cent, and peak dp/dt 5 per cent. The differences in the changes noted between these two groups were significant for LVSW and dp/dt at a level of p less than 0.01 and for cardiac output and aortic pressure at a level of p less than 0.05. These results suggest that RCSP may be indicated when moderate hypothermia is otherwise chosen to be the sole source of myocardial protection.", "PMID": 1186288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10146", "title": "Depressed postoperative cardiac performance. Prevention by adequate myocardial protection during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Depressed postoperative myocardial performance (low output syndrome) requiring inotropic drugs or balloon counterpulsation is due to subendocardial ischemic damage. Before July, 1972, we needed inotropic drugs in 30 to 52 per cent of 189 patients undergoing coronary revascularization or aortic or mitral valve replacement in whom we used ischemic arrest, profound topical hypothermia, and ventricular fibrillation. The mortality rate ranged from 10 to 17 per cent. Our experimental studies show that morbidity and death in such cases are caused by ischemic injury to the heart resulting from inadequate myocardial protection during bypass. Based on these experimental studies, we have, since July, 1972, employed the following principles clinically: (1) Maintain beating empty heart whenever possible; (2) maintain adequate coronary perfusion pressure (less than 80 mm. Hg); (3) avoid extreme hemodilution; (4) avoid ventricular fibrillation; (5) avoid prolonged hypothermic arrest, limiting ischemic periods to less than 15 minutes; (6) repay myocardial ischemic oxygen debt with total (vented) bypass; and (7) optimize DPTI/TTI (supply/demand ratio) pre- and postoperatively. These principles were followed in 189 consecutive operations, and postoperative inotropic drugs were needed in only 12. The principles were violated in 4 of the 12 patients (6 per cent), and 5 others had identifiable causes of myocardial depression; low output syndrome was unexplained in only 3 patients (1.7 per cent).", "contents": "Depressed postoperative cardiac performance. Prevention by adequate myocardial protection during cardiopulmonary bypass. Depressed postoperative myocardial performance (low output syndrome) requiring inotropic drugs or balloon counterpulsation is due to subendocardial ischemic damage. Before July, 1972, we needed inotropic drugs in 30 to 52 per cent of 189 patients undergoing coronary revascularization or aortic or mitral valve replacement in whom we used ischemic arrest, profound topical hypothermia, and ventricular fibrillation. The mortality rate ranged from 10 to 17 per cent. Our experimental studies show that morbidity and death in such cases are caused by ischemic injury to the heart resulting from inadequate myocardial protection during bypass. Based on these experimental studies, we have, since July, 1972, employed the following principles clinically: (1) Maintain beating empty heart whenever possible; (2) maintain adequate coronary perfusion pressure (less than 80 mm. Hg); (3) avoid extreme hemodilution; (4) avoid ventricular fibrillation; (5) avoid prolonged hypothermic arrest, limiting ischemic periods to less than 15 minutes; (6) repay myocardial ischemic oxygen debt with total (vented) bypass; and (7) optimize DPTI/TTI (supply/demand ratio) pre- and postoperatively. These principles were followed in 189 consecutive operations, and postoperative inotropic drugs were needed in only 12. The principles were violated in 4 of the 12 patients (6 per cent), and 5 others had identifiable causes of myocardial depression; low output syndrome was unexplained in only 3 patients (1.7 per cent).", "PMID": 1186289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10147", "title": "Investigation of the conformations of four tetrapeptides by nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy, and conformational energy calculations.", "content": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism studies were carried out on aqueous solutions of the tetrapeptide Asp-Lys-Thr-Gly (which appears as a bend at residues 35-38 of alpha-chymotrypsin) and its sequence variants Gly-Thr-Asp-Lys, Asp-Lys-Gly-Thr, and Lys-Thr-Gly-Asp; the N and C termini of all four tetrapeptides were blocked with CH3CO and NHCH3 groups, respectively. The spectroscopic data suggest that bend conformations may exist, to some extent, among the distributions of conformations in the first, third, and fourth, but not in the second, tetrapeptide. This result is consistent with empirical probabilities for the prediction of bend conformations in proteins. Conformational energy calculations on these four tetrapeptides support the indications from the experimental data. It thus appears that, because of short-range interactions, the tendency toward bend formation exists in short peptides, provided that both the composition and amino acid sequence are energetically favorable for bend formation.", "contents": "Investigation of the conformations of four tetrapeptides by nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy, and conformational energy calculations. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism studies were carried out on aqueous solutions of the tetrapeptide Asp-Lys-Thr-Gly (which appears as a bend at residues 35-38 of alpha-chymotrypsin) and its sequence variants Gly-Thr-Asp-Lys, Asp-Lys-Gly-Thr, and Lys-Thr-Gly-Asp; the N and C termini of all four tetrapeptides were blocked with CH3CO and NHCH3 groups, respectively. The spectroscopic data suggest that bend conformations may exist, to some extent, among the distributions of conformations in the first, third, and fourth, but not in the second, tetrapeptide. This result is consistent with empirical probabilities for the prediction of bend conformations in proteins. Conformational energy calculations on these four tetrapeptides support the indications from the experimental data. It thus appears that, because of short-range interactions, the tendency toward bend formation exists in short peptides, provided that both the composition and amino acid sequence are energetically favorable for bend formation.", "PMID": 1186290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10148", "title": "Calculation of the characteristic ratio of randomly coiled poly(L-proline).", "content": "Allowing for rotation about the Calpha-C' bond (i.e., variation of psi) and for some degree of freedom about the peptide bond (i.e., small variations of omega), the characteristic ratios, (R2)o/nl2, of the form I (cis) and form II (trans) poly(L-proline) chain have been calculated by a Monte Carlo method in which the conformational energies were used as weighting factors. The Monte Carlo method enabled short-range interactions (beyond those involved in a single residue) to be taken into account. The effect of the presence of a small amount of one form (say cis in a trans-rich chain) on (R2)o/nl2 was also investigated. The results for the trans-rich form are in good agreement with values observed experimentally in solvents in which the poly(L-proline) chain is predominantly in form II; the presence of a small amount of cis residues reduces the characteristic ratio of the trans-rich form of poly(L-proline) significantly.", "contents": "Calculation of the characteristic ratio of randomly coiled poly(L-proline). Allowing for rotation about the Calpha-C' bond (i.e., variation of psi) and for some degree of freedom about the peptide bond (i.e., small variations of omega), the characteristic ratios, (R2)o/nl2, of the form I (cis) and form II (trans) poly(L-proline) chain have been calculated by a Monte Carlo method in which the conformational energies were used as weighting factors. The Monte Carlo method enabled short-range interactions (beyond those involved in a single residue) to be taken into account. The effect of the presence of a small amount of one form (say cis in a trans-rich chain) on (R2)o/nl2 was also investigated. The results for the trans-rich form are in good agreement with values observed experimentally in solvents in which the poly(L-proline) chain is predominantly in form II; the presence of a small amount of cis residues reduces the characteristic ratio of the trans-rich form of poly(L-proline) significantly.", "PMID": 1186291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10149", "title": "Chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy.", "content": "The diagnostic criteria, natural history, nerve conduction characteristics, pathology, laboratory features, and efficacy of corticosteroid treatment have been evaluated personally in 53 patients with chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy (CIP) who were followed up for an average of about 7.5 years. These were patients whose monophasic neurologic deficit had not crested by 6 months, patients with recurrences, and patients with a steady or stepwise progression. The typical features of CIP include absence of an associated disease, frequent history of preceding infection or receipt of foreign protein, and tendency to involve cranial, truncal, and proximal as well as distal limb structures and to have diffusely slow conduction velocity of peripheral nerves. The most marked slowing is often very proximal. The pathologic features include serous edema, mononuclear cell infiltrates (especially in perivascular areas, but without evidence of vasculitis), macrophage-induced segmental demyelination, and hypertrophic neuritis. If our patients are representative, complete recovery occurs only infrequently; about 60% of patients are able to be ambulatory and work, 25% become confined to a wheelchair or become bedridden, and approximately 10% die from their disease. Although the bulk of the pathologic changes affect spinal roots and proximal nerves, the brain and spinal cord may be involved also. Degeneration into linear rows of myelin ovoids is the predominant type of myelinated fiber degeneration of the sural nerve at the ankle.", "contents": "Chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy. The diagnostic criteria, natural history, nerve conduction characteristics, pathology, laboratory features, and efficacy of corticosteroid treatment have been evaluated personally in 53 patients with chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy (CIP) who were followed up for an average of about 7.5 years. These were patients whose monophasic neurologic deficit had not crested by 6 months, patients with recurrences, and patients with a steady or stepwise progression. The typical features of CIP include absence of an associated disease, frequent history of preceding infection or receipt of foreign protein, and tendency to involve cranial, truncal, and proximal as well as distal limb structures and to have diffusely slow conduction velocity of peripheral nerves. The most marked slowing is often very proximal. The pathologic features include serous edema, mononuclear cell infiltrates (especially in perivascular areas, but without evidence of vasculitis), macrophage-induced segmental demyelination, and hypertrophic neuritis. If our patients are representative, complete recovery occurs only infrequently; about 60% of patients are able to be ambulatory and work, 25% become confined to a wheelchair or become bedridden, and approximately 10% die from their disease. Although the bulk of the pathologic changes affect spinal roots and proximal nerves, the brain and spinal cord may be involved also. Degeneration into linear rows of myelin ovoids is the predominant type of myelinated fiber degeneration of the sural nerve at the ankle.", "PMID": 1186294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10150", "title": "The observation of cis residues in poly(L-proline) in aqueous solution.", "content": "Proton Fourier transform NMR spectra at 270 MHz were obtained for three different molecular weight samples of poly(L-proline) in D2O. A weak, but clearly discernable, resonance at 4.3 ppm was observed in each case with an integrated intensity about 2-3% of the Calpha trans proton resonance. Based on the Torchia-Bovey assignment this resonance is attributed to the Calpha cis proton. The presence of cis residues, even in this small concentration, necessitates a reexamination of the conformational properties of this polymer. Definite conclusions cannot be reached from spectra obtained in organic solvents because of the much smaller separation between the cis and trans resonances.", "contents": "The observation of cis residues in poly(L-proline) in aqueous solution. Proton Fourier transform NMR spectra at 270 MHz were obtained for three different molecular weight samples of poly(L-proline) in D2O. A weak, but clearly discernable, resonance at 4.3 ppm was observed in each case with an integrated intensity about 2-3% of the Calpha trans proton resonance. Based on the Torchia-Bovey assignment this resonance is attributed to the Calpha cis proton. The presence of cis residues, even in this small concentration, necessitates a reexamination of the conformational properties of this polymer. Definite conclusions cannot be reached from spectra obtained in organic solvents because of the much smaller separation between the cis and trans resonances.", "PMID": 1186292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10151", "title": "Benign breast lesions and subsequent breast carcinoma in Rochester, Minnesota.", "content": "Case histories of 444 female patients (Rochester residents) with benign breast disease pathologically diagnosed between 1935 and 1949 were studied prospectively for the development of breast cancer. After exclusion of unsuitable cases, 370 remained for review of pathologic diagnoses and statistical analysis. Breast cancer developed in 14 (3.8%) within a median period of 13.5 years after the diagnosis of benign breast disease. Most of these malignancies occurred within 10 years after the original diagnosis. Patients in whom the original diagnosis was chronic cystic mastitis developed breast cancer 2.9 times more frequently than expected. Breast cancer developed 10 times as often as expected in those patients of ages 40 to 49 at the time of diagnosis of breast malignancy. This evidence shows that a more intensive follow-up of patients with confirmed chronic cystic breast disease is justified, especially among those of ages 30 to 49 years.", "contents": "Benign breast lesions and subsequent breast carcinoma in Rochester, Minnesota. Case histories of 444 female patients (Rochester residents) with benign breast disease pathologically diagnosed between 1935 and 1949 were studied prospectively for the development of breast cancer. After exclusion of unsuitable cases, 370 remained for review of pathologic diagnoses and statistical analysis. Breast cancer developed in 14 (3.8%) within a median period of 13.5 years after the diagnosis of benign breast disease. Most of these malignancies occurred within 10 years after the original diagnosis. Patients in whom the original diagnosis was chronic cystic mastitis developed breast cancer 2.9 times more frequently than expected. Breast cancer developed 10 times as often as expected in those patients of ages 40 to 49 at the time of diagnosis of breast malignancy. This evidence shows that a more intensive follow-up of patients with confirmed chronic cystic breast disease is justified, especially among those of ages 30 to 49 years.", "PMID": 1186296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10152", "title": "Theoretical determination of helix-coil parameter sigma from a model of partly helical polypeptide chain.", "content": "The Zimm and Bragg parameter sigma is calculated numerically for poly(L-alanine), polyglycine, and the copolymers of L-alanine and glycine using the molecular theory of s and sigma as developed by Go, Go, and Scheraga in a modified formulation. In this formulation, sigma is obtained from the partition function of the whole chain in the helix-coil transition region and represents therefore the contributions from the ends of helical and coil sequences and from the interactions between atoms in a coil sequence with those in the neighboring helical sequence. When the parameter sigma is calculated numerically from a hard-sphere potential, it appears that steric intractions between atoms in the coil sequence with atoms in the neighboring helical sequence, which have been neglected in previous calculations, contribute significantly to the value of sigma. Owing to these interactions the entropy of the coil sequence as well as sigma decrease, but the decrease of sigma is larger in poly(L-alanine) than in polyglycine, because of the higher flexibility of the monomer in polyglycine. The numerical value of sigma for polyglycine compared with that of poly(L-alanine) might be overestimated however by the model presented here due to approximations inherent in the hard-sphere treatment and because only regular helical sequences are considered.", "contents": "Theoretical determination of helix-coil parameter sigma from a model of partly helical polypeptide chain. The Zimm and Bragg parameter sigma is calculated numerically for poly(L-alanine), polyglycine, and the copolymers of L-alanine and glycine using the molecular theory of s and sigma as developed by Go, Go, and Scheraga in a modified formulation. In this formulation, sigma is obtained from the partition function of the whole chain in the helix-coil transition region and represents therefore the contributions from the ends of helical and coil sequences and from the interactions between atoms in a coil sequence with those in the neighboring helical sequence. When the parameter sigma is calculated numerically from a hard-sphere potential, it appears that steric intractions between atoms in the coil sequence with atoms in the neighboring helical sequence, which have been neglected in previous calculations, contribute significantly to the value of sigma. Owing to these interactions the entropy of the coil sequence as well as sigma decrease, but the decrease of sigma is larger in poly(L-alanine) than in polyglycine, because of the higher flexibility of the monomer in polyglycine. The numerical value of sigma for polyglycine compared with that of poly(L-alanine) might be overestimated however by the model presented here due to approximations inherent in the hard-sphere treatment and because only regular helical sequences are considered.", "PMID": 1186293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10153", "title": "Multiple sclerosis and its etiopathogenesis.", "content": "Information available about the etiopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis is reviewed. It is concluded that multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which usually has fluctuating manifestations. Oligoclonal and individual-specific humoral antibody responses suggest the existence of a continuous antigenic stimulus in the CNS tissue, which may vary in intensity from time to time. The best explanation for this antigen suggests, that is has a viral origin,  but the available evidence for this hypothesis is, however, only indirect. More sophisticated methods are proclaimed to characterize specifically the humoral and cellular immunity to virus antigens and the interactions between viruses and cells in patients with demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis and its etiopathogenesis. Information available about the etiopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis is reviewed. It is concluded that multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which usually has fluctuating manifestations. Oligoclonal and individual-specific humoral antibody responses suggest the existence of a continuous antigenic stimulus in the CNS tissue, which may vary in intensity from time to time. The best explanation for this antigen suggests, that is has a viral origin,  but the available evidence for this hypothesis is, however, only indirect. More sophisticated methods are proclaimed to characterize specifically the humoral and cellular immunity to virus antigens and the interactions between viruses and cells in patients with demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 1186317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10154", "title": "Deamination of biogenic amines and other nitrogenous compounds in granulation tissue from experimental wounds.", "content": "In the granulation tissue of skin wounds an increase in the content of hydroxyproline was accompanied by changes in lipid peroxidation products. At the same time deamination of 5-hydroxytryptamine, tyramine or adenosine-5'-monophosphate decreased, but the ability to deaminate histamine, putrescine and lysine appeared. Pargyline prevented the appearance of these new deaminating properties. Adenosine-3'-monophosphate slowed down to the weight increase and lowered the content of hydroxyproline in the growing granulation tissue; it also changed the dynamics of deamination of tyramine or 5-hydroxytryptamine and significantly inhibited the deamination of histamine, lysine and adenosine-5'-monophosphate. The patterns of changes in deamination of nitrogenous compounds and the effects caused by pargyline and adenosine-3'-monophosphate suggest that qualitative alteration (transformation) in catalytic properties of monoamine oxidases may occur in the growing granulation tissue from wounds.", "contents": "Deamination of biogenic amines and other nitrogenous compounds in granulation tissue from experimental wounds. In the granulation tissue of skin wounds an increase in the content of hydroxyproline was accompanied by changes in lipid peroxidation products. At the same time deamination of 5-hydroxytryptamine, tyramine or adenosine-5'-monophosphate decreased, but the ability to deaminate histamine, putrescine and lysine appeared. Pargyline prevented the appearance of these new deaminating properties. Adenosine-3'-monophosphate slowed down to the weight increase and lowered the content of hydroxyproline in the growing granulation tissue; it also changed the dynamics of deamination of tyramine or 5-hydroxytryptamine and significantly inhibited the deamination of histamine, lysine and adenosine-5'-monophosphate. The patterns of changes in deamination of nitrogenous compounds and the effects caused by pargyline and adenosine-3'-monophosphate suggest that qualitative alteration (transformation) in catalytic properties of monoamine oxidases may occur in the growing granulation tissue from wounds.", "PMID": 1186318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10155", "title": "Platelet monoamine oxidase in children with infantile autism.", "content": "Platelet monoamine oxidase activity was measured in 9 autistic subjects and 9 controls. There were no significant differences in the rates of metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine or tyramine between the two groups, although the rate of metabolism of tyramine was more rapid than 5-hydroxytryptamine or dopamine within each group. It is concluded that the data presented do not support the view that measurement of platelet monoamine oxidase can be used as a biochemical index to aid in the clinical diagnosis of infantile autism.", "contents": "Platelet monoamine oxidase in children with infantile autism. Platelet monoamine oxidase activity was measured in 9 autistic subjects and 9 controls. There were no significant differences in the rates of metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine or tyramine between the two groups, although the rate of metabolism of tyramine was more rapid than 5-hydroxytryptamine or dopamine within each group. It is concluded that the data presented do not support the view that measurement of platelet monoamine oxidase can be used as a biochemical index to aid in the clinical diagnosis of infantile autism.", "PMID": 1186319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10156", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of amitriptyline, nortriptyline, protriptyline, and doxepin in conscious rabbits after subacute pretreatment with protriptyline.", "content": "Conscious rabbits which had been permanently catheterized into their aortas and posterior caval veins, were injected daily with 10 mg/kg of protriptyline subcutaneously, divided in 3 doses. The blockade of the membrane pump in sympathetic nerve terminals by protriptyline was checked by pressor tests with noradrenaline (NA) and tyramine. In the presence of the membrane pump blockade 2.5 mg/kg of amitriptyline, nortriptyline, or protriptyline, or 3.0 mg/kg of doxepin was injected i.v. The antidepressants lowered blood pressure transiently and increased the heart rate, doxepin and amitriptyline being more effective than nortriptyline and protriptyline. Amitriptyline and doxepin provoked more severe cardiac arrhythmias on ECG than nortriptyline, and protriptyline caused no arrhythmias. Intravenous infusion of NA (11 mug/min) raised the blood pressure and lowered the heart rate. Injection of antidepressants during NA infusion resulted in more pronounced depressor and tachycardic effects than occurred without NA infusion.  Major ECG changes were only slightly more apparent than without NA infusion. The rank order of toxicity of the antidepressants was the same. It is concluded that the NA potentiation by tricyclic antidepressants is not the main reason for their cardiotoxic effects.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of amitriptyline, nortriptyline, protriptyline, and doxepin in conscious rabbits after subacute pretreatment with protriptyline. Conscious rabbits which had been permanently catheterized into their aortas and posterior caval veins, were injected daily with 10 mg/kg of protriptyline subcutaneously, divided in 3 doses. The blockade of the membrane pump in sympathetic nerve terminals by protriptyline was checked by pressor tests with noradrenaline (NA) and tyramine. In the presence of the membrane pump blockade 2.5 mg/kg of amitriptyline, nortriptyline, or protriptyline, or 3.0 mg/kg of doxepin was injected i.v. The antidepressants lowered blood pressure transiently and increased the heart rate, doxepin and amitriptyline being more effective than nortriptyline and protriptyline. Amitriptyline and doxepin provoked more severe cardiac arrhythmias on ECG than nortriptyline, and protriptyline caused no arrhythmias. Intravenous infusion of NA (11 mug/min) raised the blood pressure and lowered the heart rate. Injection of antidepressants during NA infusion resulted in more pronounced depressor and tachycardic effects than occurred without NA infusion.  Major ECG changes were only slightly more apparent than without NA infusion. The rank order of toxicity of the antidepressants was the same. It is concluded that the NA potentiation by tricyclic antidepressants is not the main reason for their cardiotoxic effects.", "PMID": 1186320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10157", "title": "An approach to the adolescent patient.", "content": "We desire to approach adolescent patients by liking them, being ourselves, trying to establish trust, and maintaining confidentiality. We want to help them grow well physically and develop normally emotionally. If we are concerned about them, take the time to listen to them, and let them know they are important to us, we will find that they are rewarding patients, and that they will educate us and increase our medical effectiveness.", "contents": "An approach to the adolescent patient. We desire to approach adolescent patients by liking them, being ourselves, trying to establish trust, and maintaining confidentiality. We want to help them grow well physically and develop normally emotionally. If we are concerned about them, take the time to listen to them, and let them know they are important to us, we will find that they are rewarding patients, and that they will educate us and increase our medical effectiveness.", "PMID": 1186343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10158", "title": "Hormonal changes of adolescence.", "content": "Pubescence is characterized by many physical, emotional, and hormonal changes. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system is maintained in a dormant state (with a low level of activity) during prepubertal years by higher central nervous system inhibition. With the onset of adolescence, the reproductive endocrine system becomes increasingly active. The attainment of sexual maturity in terms of secondary sexual characteristics, the production of spermatozoa in the male, and the cyclical female pattern with release of ova are end-points of the developmental process.", "contents": "Hormonal changes of adolescence. Pubescence is characterized by many physical, emotional, and hormonal changes. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system is maintained in a dormant state (with a low level of activity) during prepubertal years by higher central nervous system inhibition. With the onset of adolescence, the reproductive endocrine system becomes increasingly active. The attainment of sexual maturity in terms of secondary sexual characteristics, the production of spermatozoa in the male, and the cyclical female pattern with release of ova are end-points of the developmental process.", "PMID": 1186344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10159", "title": "Adolescent nutrition.", "content": "We have briefly reviewed the nutritional requirements of adolescents and the significant difficulties in establishing nutrient requirements for this period of rapid growth. In general, although there are data for specific nutrients in adolescents on which to base recommendations for nutritional requirements, by and large, most requirements are extrapolated from data on infants or adults. There is still a large void to be filled in determining the physiological requirements for nutrients during the adolescent growth spurt. Until this is accomplished, many of our data, as presented in the report, are extrapolated. For specific recommendations for individual adolescents, the reader is again referred to the FAO/WHO publication and the National Research Council Publication.", "contents": "Adolescent nutrition. We have briefly reviewed the nutritional requirements of adolescents and the significant difficulties in establishing nutrient requirements for this period of rapid growth. In general, although there are data for specific nutrients in adolescents on which to base recommendations for nutritional requirements, by and large, most requirements are extrapolated from data on infants or adults. There is still a large void to be filled in determining the physiological requirements for nutrients during the adolescent growth spurt. Until this is accomplished, many of our data, as presented in the report, are extrapolated. For specific recommendations for individual adolescents, the reader is again referred to the FAO/WHO publication and the National Research Council Publication.", "PMID": 1186347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10160", "title": "Caring for the adolescent drug user.", "content": "Adolescence as a social and individual process provides a challenge to the teenager with subsequent situational and maturational crises. The discomfort of change promotes alleviation, and in the limited resource of the adolescent, this may involve drug use. The physician must understand the adolescent and his adolescence in order to effectively intervene. This may be accomplished through a systematic evaluation of the problem, the teenager, and subsequently himself.", "contents": "Caring for the adolescent drug user. Adolescence as a social and individual process provides a challenge to the teenager with subsequent situational and maturational crises. The discomfort of change promotes alleviation, and in the limited resource of the adolescent, this may involve drug use. The physician must understand the adolescent and his adolescence in order to effectively intervene. This may be accomplished through a systematic evaluation of the problem, the teenager, and subsequently himself.", "PMID": 1186354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10161", "title": "Spinal deformity in adolescence. Early detection and nonoperative management.", "content": "Scoliosis and kyphosis, as diseases, can be prevented by early detection of scoliosis and kyphosis as conditions. Nonoperative management is usually successful when its main aim is the prevention of progression. By the time the condition has reached the point where correction is necessary to produce an acceptable end result, nonoperative methods often fail. Scoliosis and kyphosis are frequently missed on routine school physical examinations because they are not specifically looked for or because the examiners are not aware of the early physical findings. The most efficient and effective way for early detection is through school screening clinics in the 10 to 13 year age group.", "contents": "Spinal deformity in adolescence. Early detection and nonoperative management. Scoliosis and kyphosis, as diseases, can be prevented by early detection of scoliosis and kyphosis as conditions. Nonoperative management is usually successful when its main aim is the prevention of progression. By the time the condition has reached the point where correction is necessary to produce an acceptable end result, nonoperative methods often fail. Scoliosis and kyphosis are frequently missed on routine school physical examinations because they are not specifically looked for or because the examiners are not aware of the early physical findings. The most efficient and effective way for early detection is through school screening clinics in the 10 to 13 year age group.", "PMID": 1186359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10162", "title": "[Esophagojejunostomy anastomosis technique (author's transl)].", "content": "To overcome the specific problems of esophagojejunostomy, leakage and reflux, a method of end-to-side anastomosis completely surrounded by the proximal jejunal stump was developed. A proximal jejunal loop is isolated and used for isoperistaltic interposition between esophagus and duodenum. About 15 cm of the jejunal segment are left orally to the proximal anastomosis which is performed end-to-side using a single layer of interrupted sutures. The blind loop is then wrapped completely and symmetrically around the anastomosis and sutured to itself and the esophagus to keep it in place. Complete envelopment of the leakage-prone anastomosis is thus achieved. The distal end of the jejunal segment is anastomosed to the duodenum end-to-end. The technique in addition provides protection against reflux into the esophagus by gaseous distension of the proximal jejunal segment surrounding the anastomosis without impeding the passage due to a valve-like action which allows unidirectional flow. Clinical results so far are promising and show absence of leakage and/or stenosis in all cases of esophagojejunostomy operated according to the method described.", "contents": "[Esophagojejunostomy anastomosis technique (author's transl)]. To overcome the specific problems of esophagojejunostomy, leakage and reflux, a method of end-to-side anastomosis completely surrounded by the proximal jejunal stump was developed. A proximal jejunal loop is isolated and used for isoperistaltic interposition between esophagus and duodenum. About 15 cm of the jejunal segment are left orally to the proximal anastomosis which is performed end-to-side using a single layer of interrupted sutures. The blind loop is then wrapped completely and symmetrically around the anastomosis and sutured to itself and the esophagus to keep it in place. Complete envelopment of the leakage-prone anastomosis is thus achieved. The distal end of the jejunal segment is anastomosed to the duodenum end-to-end. The technique in addition provides protection against reflux into the esophagus by gaseous distension of the proximal jejunal segment surrounding the anastomosis without impeding the passage due to a valve-like action which allows unidirectional flow. Clinical results so far are promising and show absence of leakage and/or stenosis in all cases of esophagojejunostomy operated according to the method described.", "PMID": 1186386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10163", "title": "[Plication of small bowel by the baker-tube for operative treatment of ileus secondary to adhesions (author's transl)].", "content": "As an alternative to the extraluminal methods of Noble and Childs-Phillips, the intraluminal splinting of small bowel with the Baker-Tube offers a new possibility in the operative treatment of ileus secondary to adhesions. We report our experiences in 28 patients, using this procedure. An unselected group with severe adhesions was treated with the Baker-Tube, in the majority of the cases at the time of the emergency operation. The immediate postoperative course as well as the results of follow-up examinations 1/2 to 3 1/2 years after the operation are reported. Our experiences can be summarized as follows: 1. Generalized, extensive adhesions are the best indication for the intraluminal splinting. The Baker-Tube should be used with reserve in cases of early and often complicated relaparotomies, especially in the presence of diffuse peritonitis, because of the danger of bowel perforation at the tip of the Tube. 2. The procedure is less time consuming than Noble's operation and in addition allows immediate decompression of the small bowel while advancing the tube. A careful technique is important to prevent complications:--tight closure of the jejunostomy at the insertion point.--fixation of the jejunal loop to the abdominal wall with non absorbable sutures.--in cases of compromised lumen at the insertion point, an entero-entero-anastomosis between afferent and efferent loop should be done. With these precautions, fistulas, detachment of the jejunostoma and stenosis of the jejunal loop can be prevented. 3. Postoperative bowel function is usually rapidly restored, a distinct advantage when compared to the Noble procedure. 4. The rate of complications in our patients is lower than in a reported comparable group with Noble technique. 5. The recurrence rate is much lower than in a reported comparable group with Noble technique. Intraluminal splinting with the Baker-Tube can be recommended as an effective procedure in the treatment of ileus secondary to adhesions.", "contents": "[Plication of small bowel by the baker-tube for operative treatment of ileus secondary to adhesions (author's transl)]. As an alternative to the extraluminal methods of Noble and Childs-Phillips, the intraluminal splinting of small bowel with the Baker-Tube offers a new possibility in the operative treatment of ileus secondary to adhesions. We report our experiences in 28 patients, using this procedure. An unselected group with severe adhesions was treated with the Baker-Tube, in the majority of the cases at the time of the emergency operation. The immediate postoperative course as well as the results of follow-up examinations 1/2 to 3 1/2 years after the operation are reported. Our experiences can be summarized as follows: 1. Generalized, extensive adhesions are the best indication for the intraluminal splinting. The Baker-Tube should be used with reserve in cases of early and often complicated relaparotomies, especially in the presence of diffuse peritonitis, because of the danger of bowel perforation at the tip of the Tube. 2. The procedure is less time consuming than Noble's operation and in addition allows immediate decompression of the small bowel while advancing the tube. A careful technique is important to prevent complications:--tight closure of the jejunostomy at the insertion point.--fixation of the jejunal loop to the abdominal wall with non absorbable sutures.--in cases of compromised lumen at the insertion point, an entero-entero-anastomosis between afferent and efferent loop should be done. With these precautions, fistulas, detachment of the jejunostoma and stenosis of the jejunal loop can be prevented. 3. Postoperative bowel function is usually rapidly restored, a distinct advantage when compared to the Noble procedure. 4. The rate of complications in our patients is lower than in a reported comparable group with Noble technique. 5. The recurrence rate is much lower than in a reported comparable group with Noble technique. Intraluminal splinting with the Baker-Tube can be recommended as an effective procedure in the treatment of ileus secondary to adhesions.", "PMID": 1186387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10164", "title": "[The diagnostic value of the 67gallium-scintigraphy in malignant melanoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In 24 melanoma patients body regions with suspicion of metastatic spread were scanned with 67Ga-Citrate. Twenty-two out of 28 melanoma metastases (79%) could be scintigraphically visualized. Falsely negative scans were particularly frequent with small, indurated skin metastases, whereas falsely positive scans were not observed in this study. By means of in vitro experiments it was shown that the uptake of 67Ga into a human melanoma cell line was temperature dependent and reached a maximal value at 37 degrees C after 2 hrs of incubation. Furthermore, it was found that under the same in vitro conditions our melanoma cells bound and released 67Ga differently from 51Cr. From the release studies it was concluded that 67Ga unlike 51Cr does not form a stabile intracellular complex with cell proteins.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of the 67gallium-scintigraphy in malignant melanoma (author's transl)]. In 24 melanoma patients body regions with suspicion of metastatic spread were scanned with 67Ga-Citrate. Twenty-two out of 28 melanoma metastases (79%) could be scintigraphically visualized. Falsely negative scans were particularly frequent with small, indurated skin metastases, whereas falsely positive scans were not observed in this study. By means of in vitro experiments it was shown that the uptake of 67Ga into a human melanoma cell line was temperature dependent and reached a maximal value at 37 degrees C after 2 hrs of incubation. Furthermore, it was found that under the same in vitro conditions our melanoma cells bound and released 67Ga differently from 51Cr. From the release studies it was concluded that 67Ga unlike 51Cr does not form a stabile intracellular complex with cell proteins.", "PMID": 1186388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10165", "title": "[Gastric neurinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathologic, symptomatic, diagnostic and therapeutic characteristics of gastric neurinoma are demonstrated on the basis of 5 cases of the author's own case material. This rare gastric tumour accounts for 0.2% of all gastric tumours and has it's special importance for the diagnostic differentiation of gastric carcinoma and sarcoma. The maximum incidence is between age 50 to 60. Typical symptoms are acute gastro-intestinal bleeding, chronic gastric pain and palpable tumour in the epigastrium with relatively good general condition. Laboratory findings are not specific, X-ray examination and gastroscopy can be at best tentative. Resection is the therapy of choice, because potential malignancy accounts for 10 to 15% and the complications as bleeding and perforation can be dangerous. The prognosis is good even in cases of sole local excision, no recidives were found.", "contents": "[Gastric neurinoma (author's transl)]. The pathologic, symptomatic, diagnostic and therapeutic characteristics of gastric neurinoma are demonstrated on the basis of 5 cases of the author's own case material. This rare gastric tumour accounts for 0.2% of all gastric tumours and has it's special importance for the diagnostic differentiation of gastric carcinoma and sarcoma. The maximum incidence is between age 50 to 60. Typical symptoms are acute gastro-intestinal bleeding, chronic gastric pain and palpable tumour in the epigastrium with relatively good general condition. Laboratory findings are not specific, X-ray examination and gastroscopy can be at best tentative. Resection is the therapy of choice, because potential malignancy accounts for 10 to 15% and the complications as bleeding and perforation can be dangerous. The prognosis is good even in cases of sole local excision, no recidives were found.", "PMID": 1186389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10166", "title": "[Urologic complications in rectal surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Urinary disorders after amputation or resection of the rectum are much more frequent than commonly supposed. Out of 239 patients they were noticed by 56.6%, undergoing amputation, and 36.6% after resection. Longterm disturbances were observed by 26.4% respect. 15.1%. The most important reason is injury of autonomic pelvic nerves and ganglia. Urinary bladder infection was verified in 22% respect. 8%. Furthermore urinary disorders may be caused by changing of bladder localization (bladder hernia), wound infection (especially of the sacral cavity), edema of the urethra, and exacerbation or manifestation of pre-existing urologic diseases. Compared to these, lesions of the urinary tract are of little importance. To prevent such complications, we postulate: 1. careful pre-operative urologic examination, 2. if possible mobilisation of the rectum along its borderlines (so-called Grenzlamellen of Pernkopf), 3. critical analysis of urologic disorders, removal of the urinary catheter as soon as possible, regular systemic prophylaxis of urinary infection, and therapy controlled by antibiogram, 4. adequate follow-up, and 5. urologic examination of all disturbances lasting longer than three months.", "contents": "[Urologic complications in rectal surgery (author's transl)]. Urinary disorders after amputation or resection of the rectum are much more frequent than commonly supposed. Out of 239 patients they were noticed by 56.6%, undergoing amputation, and 36.6% after resection. Longterm disturbances were observed by 26.4% respect. 15.1%. The most important reason is injury of autonomic pelvic nerves and ganglia. Urinary bladder infection was verified in 22% respect. 8%. Furthermore urinary disorders may be caused by changing of bladder localization (bladder hernia), wound infection (especially of the sacral cavity), edema of the urethra, and exacerbation or manifestation of pre-existing urologic diseases. Compared to these, lesions of the urinary tract are of little importance. To prevent such complications, we postulate: 1. careful pre-operative urologic examination, 2. if possible mobilisation of the rectum along its borderlines (so-called Grenzlamellen of Pernkopf), 3. critical analysis of urologic disorders, removal of the urinary catheter as soon as possible, regular systemic prophylaxis of urinary infection, and therapy controlled by antibiogram, 4. adequate follow-up, and 5. urologic examination of all disturbances lasting longer than three months.", "PMID": 1186390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10167", "title": "The anterior commissure in glottic carcinoma.", "content": "The laryngeal anterior commissure is a specific anatomic area of the glottis which is often involved by cancer. Of 586 patients with glottic cancer, five (1 percent) had pure anterior commissure lesions and 175 (25 percent) had vocal cord tumors secondarily involving the anterior commissure. One of three of these anterior commissure tumors also had subglottic extension. Despite the presence of blood vessels and lymphatics in the anterior commissure, metastasis to regional lymph nodes in rare (8 percent). Patients with Stage 1 and 2 lesions were treated by hemilaryngectomy with satisfactory results (45/61 -- 74 percent). Only three patients had local recurrence after hemilaryngectomy. Patients with bilateral cord-anterior commissure lesions had the poorest survival and highest recurrence rate, even after total laryngectomy. Subglottic extension of these anterior commissure tumors did not correlate with survival. Survival and recurrence rates were conversely proportional to the stage of the tumor at presentation. Although the anterior commissure is a theoretical site for cancer breakthrough and lymphatic spread, its apparent significance lies in the fact that its involvement by glottic primaries represents only increasing tumor size and thus an advanced stage of disease.", "contents": "The anterior commissure in glottic carcinoma. The laryngeal anterior commissure is a specific anatomic area of the glottis which is often involved by cancer. Of 586 patients with glottic cancer, five (1 percent) had pure anterior commissure lesions and 175 (25 percent) had vocal cord tumors secondarily involving the anterior commissure. One of three of these anterior commissure tumors also had subglottic extension. Despite the presence of blood vessels and lymphatics in the anterior commissure, metastasis to regional lymph nodes in rare (8 percent). Patients with Stage 1 and 2 lesions were treated by hemilaryngectomy with satisfactory results (45/61 -- 74 percent). Only three patients had local recurrence after hemilaryngectomy. Patients with bilateral cord-anterior commissure lesions had the poorest survival and highest recurrence rate, even after total laryngectomy. Subglottic extension of these anterior commissure tumors did not correlate with survival. Survival and recurrence rates were conversely proportional to the stage of the tumor at presentation. Although the anterior commissure is a theoretical site for cancer breakthrough and lymphatic spread, its apparent significance lies in the fact that its involvement by glottic primaries represents only increasing tumor size and thus an advanced stage of disease.", "PMID": 1186392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10168", "title": "The problem of advanced supraglottic carcinoma.", "content": "Sixty-four cases of advanced supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma, and the possible therapeutic errors in these cases, have been analyzed. The available time for the investigation and treatment in these cases is short because of the ease and rapidity of spread of these tumors; thus, it is of great importance: that the nature, site and extent of the tumor is determined quickly; that the patient's general condition is determined and improved as far as possible and the patient receives treatment also for other diseases he may have; and that the tumor is radically eliminated whenever possible without delay. The main causes of poor results have been: late admission for treatment; inadequate (too conservative) surgery; and development of metastases during preoperative treatment which includes radiation.", "contents": "The problem of advanced supraglottic carcinoma. Sixty-four cases of advanced supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma, and the possible therapeutic errors in these cases, have been analyzed. The available time for the investigation and treatment in these cases is short because of the ease and rapidity of spread of these tumors; thus, it is of great importance: that the nature, site and extent of the tumor is determined quickly; that the patient's general condition is determined and improved as far as possible and the patient receives treatment also for other diseases he may have; and that the tumor is radically eliminated whenever possible without delay. The main causes of poor results have been: late admission for treatment; inadequate (too conservative) surgery; and development of metastases during preoperative treatment which includes radiation.", "PMID": 1186393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10169", "title": "Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx.", "content": "While many clinicians would intuitively believe that surgical treatment of laryngeal carcinoma is superior to irradiation, we have found that in many instances this is not the case. When the results of initial radiation therapy combined with the surgical salvage rates for irradiation failures are analyzed and compared with the results of initial surgery and subsequent salvage of surgical failures, the overall cure rates are quite comparable. This point has not been sufficiently emphasized in the treatment of laryngeal cancer. Its importance lies in the ability to offer a significant percentage of patients a form of treatment which carries with it much less functional morbidity without asking the patient to assume a greater risk with regard to the overall cure rate. This non-randomized retrospective study will analyze our experience in the treatment of laryngeal cancer with specific emphasis on the overall cure rate when megavoltage teletherapy is combined with surgical salvage of radiation failures.", "contents": "Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. While many clinicians would intuitively believe that surgical treatment of laryngeal carcinoma is superior to irradiation, we have found that in many instances this is not the case. When the results of initial radiation therapy combined with the surgical salvage rates for irradiation failures are analyzed and compared with the results of initial surgery and subsequent salvage of surgical failures, the overall cure rates are quite comparable. This point has not been sufficiently emphasized in the treatment of laryngeal cancer. Its importance lies in the ability to offer a significant percentage of patients a form of treatment which carries with it much less functional morbidity without asking the patient to assume a greater risk with regard to the overall cure rate. This non-randomized retrospective study will analyze our experience in the treatment of laryngeal cancer with specific emphasis on the overall cure rate when megavoltage teletherapy is combined with surgical salvage of radiation failures.", "PMID": 1186395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10170", "title": "Laboratory diagnosis of laryngeal disease.", "content": "The most important method used in the laboratory diagnosis of laryngeal disease is histological examination of material removed at biopsy. Surgical and technical aspects of this procedure are discussed. A review of diagnoses made of laryngeal biopsies in a single year by the writer's laboratory is given together with a brief description of the pathology of the commonest non-malignant conditions. The handling of laryngectomy and block dissection specimens in the laboratory is described. The parts played by the cytology, bacteriology and virology laboratories in laryngeal diagnosis are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Laboratory diagnosis of laryngeal disease. The most important method used in the laboratory diagnosis of laryngeal disease is histological examination of material removed at biopsy. Surgical and technical aspects of this procedure are discussed. A review of diagnoses made of laryngeal biopsies in a single year by the writer's laboratory is given together with a brief description of the pathology of the commonest non-malignant conditions. The handling of laryngectomy and block dissection specimens in the laboratory is described. The parts played by the cytology, bacteriology and virology laboratories in laryngeal diagnosis are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 1186398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10171", "title": "DNA contents of individual cells from squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and tongue.", "content": "In previous work a new method of histologic grading of malignancy in squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx was described. It was based on morphologic criteria representing the tumor cell population itself and the tumor host relationship. Nuclear polymorphism was revealed to be a very important factor for determining prognosis. This method of histologic grading of malignancy was in this work further analyzed by cytophotometric DNA determinations on individual cells obtained by scraping the surface of squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and the tongue. Increased heterogenous cellular DNA distributions were found in cases with high histological malignancy grading. Cells in the carcinoma cases with a normal epithelial morphology had the same DNA content as that of control cells of normal buccal mucosa. Cells with higher DNA values all had malignant or suspicious morphology.", "contents": "DNA contents of individual cells from squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and tongue. In previous work a new method of histologic grading of malignancy in squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx was described. It was based on morphologic criteria representing the tumor cell population itself and the tumor host relationship. Nuclear polymorphism was revealed to be a very important factor for determining prognosis. This method of histologic grading of malignancy was in this work further analyzed by cytophotometric DNA determinations on individual cells obtained by scraping the surface of squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and the tongue. Increased heterogenous cellular DNA distributions were found in cases with high histological malignancy grading. Cells in the carcinoma cases with a normal epithelial morphology had the same DNA content as that of control cells of normal buccal mucosa. Cells with higher DNA values all had malignant or suspicious morphology.", "PMID": 1186400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10172", "title": "Stevens-Johnson syndrome: Twenty-three cases and their otolaryngologic significance.", "content": "Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a symptom complex characterized by mucosal, ocular, and cutaneous lesions. Prodromal symptoms of upper respiratory infection or pharyngitis are most common. These are followed by target lesions of skin, sloughing of musous membranes, and ocular inflammation. Twenty-three cases are presented. Most patients (61 percent) were between 10 and 39 years of age. Relapses occurred in three patients. Five patients developed pneumonia, and there were two fatalities. Over one-half of the patients had serious ocular complications. The etiology of this syndrome is uncertain. Multiple allergic factors, drugs (especially long-acting sulfonamides), and infectious agents (most recently mycoplasma pneumoniae) have been implicated. This study does not support any single cause. The use of systemic steroids is generally accepted by most authors. The death rate in this study (10 percent) is essentially unchanged from early reports on patients without steroid therapy. The complications rate directly attributable to steroids is significant in this study group. The major complications of this syndrome are ocular. Aggressive topical management of ocular inflammation is required; however, the morbidity rate remains high despite these measures. The otolaryngologist should be aware of this syndrome as the early symptoms, and the acute complications may require his awareness of the natural and treated courses of this disease.", "contents": "Stevens-Johnson syndrome: Twenty-three cases and their otolaryngologic significance. Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a symptom complex characterized by mucosal, ocular, and cutaneous lesions. Prodromal symptoms of upper respiratory infection or pharyngitis are most common. These are followed by target lesions of skin, sloughing of musous membranes, and ocular inflammation. Twenty-three cases are presented. Most patients (61 percent) were between 10 and 39 years of age. Relapses occurred in three patients. Five patients developed pneumonia, and there were two fatalities. Over one-half of the patients had serious ocular complications. The etiology of this syndrome is uncertain. Multiple allergic factors, drugs (especially long-acting sulfonamides), and infectious agents (most recently mycoplasma pneumoniae) have been implicated. This study does not support any single cause. The use of systemic steroids is generally accepted by most authors. The death rate in this study (10 percent) is essentially unchanged from early reports on patients without steroid therapy. The complications rate directly attributable to steroids is significant in this study group. The major complications of this syndrome are ocular. Aggressive topical management of ocular inflammation is required; however, the morbidity rate remains high despite these measures. The otolaryngologist should be aware of this syndrome as the early symptoms, and the acute complications may require his awareness of the natural and treated courses of this disease.", "PMID": 1186403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10173", "title": "Human middle ear corpuscles -- A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The human middle ear corpuscles originally described by von Troeltsch are examined by means of light microscopy in 124 subjects, and electron microscopy in 27 subjects. While the corpuscles are not observed in all 19 individuals under age six, and in all 20 adults who had a history of suppurative otitis media, an average of six corpuscles per temporal bone is found in 98 percent of 83 adult subjects who had no history of middle ear disease. Two-thirds of the corpuscles are located in the mastoid, and the remainder in the middle ear. Often, they become bifurcated or trifurcated. Although light microscopy shows that the corpuscle is formed by lamellar capsules and a central core resembling pacinian corpuscles, electron microscopic study failed to confirm that this structure is a typical pacinian corpuscle. Subsequently, possible physiological significance of this corpuscle is discussed.", "contents": "Human middle ear corpuscles -- A light and electron microscopic study. The human middle ear corpuscles originally described by von Troeltsch are examined by means of light microscopy in 124 subjects, and electron microscopy in 27 subjects. While the corpuscles are not observed in all 19 individuals under age six, and in all 20 adults who had a history of suppurative otitis media, an average of six corpuscles per temporal bone is found in 98 percent of 83 adult subjects who had no history of middle ear disease. Two-thirds of the corpuscles are located in the mastoid, and the remainder in the middle ear. Often, they become bifurcated or trifurcated. Although light microscopy shows that the corpuscle is formed by lamellar capsules and a central core resembling pacinian corpuscles, electron microscopic study failed to confirm that this structure is a typical pacinian corpuscle. Subsequently, possible physiological significance of this corpuscle is discussed.", "PMID": 1186404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10174", "title": "Unilateral deafness with subsequent vertigo.", "content": "The association between the characteristic clinical picture of endolymphatic hydrops and pre-existent profound sensori-neural hearing loss of long duration, has not been previously reported. Several cases are reported to illustrate this clinical syndrome. Labyrinthectomy was found to be curative. A plea is made for better recognition of this clinical entity.", "contents": "Unilateral deafness with subsequent vertigo. The association between the characteristic clinical picture of endolymphatic hydrops and pre-existent profound sensori-neural hearing loss of long duration, has not been previously reported. Several cases are reported to illustrate this clinical syndrome. Labyrinthectomy was found to be curative. A plea is made for better recognition of this clinical entity.", "PMID": 1186406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10175", "title": "Anticonvulsant-induced lymphoma.", "content": "Patients with cervical adenopathy of obscure etiology may present a diagnostic problem to the otolaryngologist. The hydantoin family of anticonvulsants is a rare cause of adenopathy that may range from histologically simple lymphoid hyperplasia to true lymphoma. Between these two extremes is a benign clinical entity with the histologic characteristics of lymphoma. A patient on diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) therapy developed bilateral true vocal cord paralysis and cervical adenopathy. On pathological examination the lesion was interpreted first as malignant lymphoma and later as hydantoin-induced pseudolymphoma. He has now been followed for over two years. Hydantoin-induced adenopathy may vary clinically from a benign condition to a true lymphoma. The malignant form may present long after the anticonvulsant treatment is discontinued. A 10-fold increase in the expected incidence of malignant lymphoma in epileptic patients on hydantoin therapy has been reported; therefore, these patients required long-term follow-up. The otolaryngologist should be aware of this rare clinical entity as an unusual cause of cervical adenopathy associated with vocal cord paralysis.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant-induced lymphoma. Patients with cervical adenopathy of obscure etiology may present a diagnostic problem to the otolaryngologist. The hydantoin family of anticonvulsants is a rare cause of adenopathy that may range from histologically simple lymphoid hyperplasia to true lymphoma. Between these two extremes is a benign clinical entity with the histologic characteristics of lymphoma. A patient on diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) therapy developed bilateral true vocal cord paralysis and cervical adenopathy. On pathological examination the lesion was interpreted first as malignant lymphoma and later as hydantoin-induced pseudolymphoma. He has now been followed for over two years. Hydantoin-induced adenopathy may vary clinically from a benign condition to a true lymphoma. The malignant form may present long after the anticonvulsant treatment is discontinued. A 10-fold increase in the expected incidence of malignant lymphoma in epileptic patients on hydantoin therapy has been reported; therefore, these patients required long-term follow-up. The otolaryngologist should be aware of this rare clinical entity as an unusual cause of cervical adenopathy associated with vocal cord paralysis.", "PMID": 1186408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10176", "title": "Constituents of West African Medicinal Plants. IX. Dihydrocubebin, a new lignan from Piper guineense.", "content": "An extract of the leaves of Piper guineense Schum. and Thonn. afforded a new lignan, dihydrocubebin, which was characterized by its spectral properties and identified by direct comparison with a reference sample obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of sesamin.", "contents": "Constituents of West African Medicinal Plants. IX. Dihydrocubebin, a new lignan from Piper guineense. An extract of the leaves of Piper guineense Schum. and Thonn. afforded a new lignan, dihydrocubebin, which was characterized by its spectral properties and identified by direct comparison with a reference sample obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of sesamin.", "PMID": 1186433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10177", "title": "A survey of the plants of Orissa (India) for tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-eight plant samples collected from various parts of Orissa were studied for the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids. Forty-six samples were found to be positive for tannis, twelve for saponins, fifty-eight for flavonoids and fourteen of alkaloids.  The presence of alkaloids in five species is reported for the first time. The tannin content of nine samples was found to be between 3 to 10.5 percent.", "contents": "A survey of the plants of Orissa (India) for tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids. One hundred and thirty-eight plant samples collected from various parts of Orissa were studied for the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids. Forty-six samples were found to be positive for tannis, twelve for saponins, fifty-eight for flavonoids and fourteen of alkaloids.  The presence of alkaloids in five species is reported for the first time. The tannin content of nine samples was found to be between 3 to 10.5 percent.", "PMID": 1186434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10178", "title": "Specificity of digestive lipases in hydrolysis of wax esters and triglycerides studied in anchovy and other selected fish.", "content": "The physiological specificity of fat digestion in several species of marine fish was studied by incubating a variety of synthetic and natural lipid substrates in fish intestinal fluid. Wax ester and triglyceride hydrolyses were studied in vivo and in vitro. In vivo feeding studies showed triglyceride hydrolysis and reesterification in the gut occurred 4 times faster than wax ester metabolism. In vitro comparisons of wax and triglyceride lipolysis always showed triglycerides to be hydrolyzed faster than wax esters; however, wide variation in the ratio occurred among different batches of intestinal juice. Ca. 50% of the 2 monoglycerides formed in the lipolytic sequence were hydrolyzed. Esters of lipase resistent fatty acids (20:4 and 20:5) were cleaved faster than normal fatty acid esters (18:2 and 18:3). Two of the species studied, the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax and the jack mackerel, Trachurus symmetricus, empty lipase(s) into their gall bladders and produce-phospholipid free bile.", "contents": "Specificity of digestive lipases in hydrolysis of wax esters and triglycerides studied in anchovy and other selected fish. The physiological specificity of fat digestion in several species of marine fish was studied by incubating a variety of synthetic and natural lipid substrates in fish intestinal fluid. Wax ester and triglyceride hydrolyses were studied in vivo and in vitro. In vivo feeding studies showed triglyceride hydrolysis and reesterification in the gut occurred 4 times faster than wax ester metabolism. In vitro comparisons of wax and triglyceride lipolysis always showed triglycerides to be hydrolyzed faster than wax esters; however, wide variation in the ratio occurred among different batches of intestinal juice. Ca. 50% of the 2 monoglycerides formed in the lipolytic sequence were hydrolyzed. Esters of lipase resistent fatty acids (20:4 and 20:5) were cleaved faster than normal fatty acid esters (18:2 and 18:3). Two of the species studied, the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax and the jack mackerel, Trachurus symmetricus, empty lipase(s) into their gall bladders and produce-phospholipid free bile.", "PMID": 1186442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10179", "title": "Effect of the nature and amount of dietary energy on lipid composition of rat bone marrow.", "content": "The effect of the nature and amount of dietary calories on the lipid composition of bone marrow of rats was studied. Male weanling rats were fed 3 isocaloric diets, containing high carbohydrate, normal protein, and high protein, and a fourth high fat diet for 49 days. Feeding of the high carbohydrate, high protein, and high fat diets caused a significant increase in the level of total lipids compared to the normal protein diet. This increase of total lipids was due primarily to the increase in the level of triglycerides. There was no significant difference in fatty acid composition of either nonpolar or polar lipids of bone marrow among rats fed high carbohydrate diet and those fed normal protein diet. A comparison of fatty acid compositions between bone marrow lipids of rats fed high protein diet and the other 2 isocaloric diets revealed that the proportion of palmitic acid was higher and the proportion of oleic acid was lower in animals fed high protein diet than in animals fed the other 2 diets. Compared to the 3 isocaloric low fat diets, dietary feeding of high fat diet caused a decrease in the proportion of palmitic and palmitoleic acids and an increase in the proportion of oleic and linoleic acids in total fatty acids of both nonpolar and polar lipids.", "contents": "Effect of the nature and amount of dietary energy on lipid composition of rat bone marrow. The effect of the nature and amount of dietary calories on the lipid composition of bone marrow of rats was studied. Male weanling rats were fed 3 isocaloric diets, containing high carbohydrate, normal protein, and high protein, and a fourth high fat diet for 49 days. Feeding of the high carbohydrate, high protein, and high fat diets caused a significant increase in the level of total lipids compared to the normal protein diet. This increase of total lipids was due primarily to the increase in the level of triglycerides. There was no significant difference in fatty acid composition of either nonpolar or polar lipids of bone marrow among rats fed high carbohydrate diet and those fed normal protein diet. A comparison of fatty acid compositions between bone marrow lipids of rats fed high protein diet and the other 2 isocaloric diets revealed that the proportion of palmitic acid was higher and the proportion of oleic acid was lower in animals fed high protein diet than in animals fed the other 2 diets. Compared to the 3 isocaloric low fat diets, dietary feeding of high fat diet caused a decrease in the proportion of palmitic and palmitoleic acids and an increase in the proportion of oleic and linoleic acids in total fatty acids of both nonpolar and polar lipids.", "PMID": 1186443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10180", "title": "Fluorescent products and polyunsaturated fatty acids of human testes.", "content": "Lipid soluble fluorescent pigments from human testis were fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography and silica gel thin layer chromatography. Fluorescence analyses revealed a family of at least 3 compounds with similar fluorescence properties, including excitation and emission maxima, reversible fluorescence quenching by alkaline pH, and fluorescence quenching by heavy metal chelation. These fluorescence characteristics strongly indicated the presence of the conjugated Schiff base fluorophore-N=C-C=C-N-. The chromatographic separations employed enabled a more definitive fluorescence characterization of the lipid soluble pigments known to accumulate late in tissues with age and as a result of lipid peroxidation. Total lipids and fatty acid composition of the total lipids were determined. Polyenoic acids constituted about 40% of the total fatty acids. Histological examination of the tissues revealed some degeneration and edema, but significant spermatogenesis and normal complement of Leydig cells.", "contents": "Fluorescent products and polyunsaturated fatty acids of human testes. Lipid soluble fluorescent pigments from human testis were fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography and silica gel thin layer chromatography. Fluorescence analyses revealed a family of at least 3 compounds with similar fluorescence properties, including excitation and emission maxima, reversible fluorescence quenching by alkaline pH, and fluorescence quenching by heavy metal chelation. These fluorescence characteristics strongly indicated the presence of the conjugated Schiff base fluorophore-N=C-C=C-N-. The chromatographic separations employed enabled a more definitive fluorescence characterization of the lipid soluble pigments known to accumulate late in tissues with age and as a result of lipid peroxidation. Total lipids and fatty acid composition of the total lipids were determined. Polyenoic acids constituted about 40% of the total fatty acids. Histological examination of the tissues revealed some degeneration and edema, but significant spermatogenesis and normal complement of Leydig cells.", "PMID": 1186444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10181", "title": "Positional specificity of gamma-ketol formation from linoleic acid hydroperoxides by a corn germ enzyme.", "content": "We have shown unequivocally that the positional specificity of gamma-ketol formation by a corn germ enzyme was different from that observed previously by others with an alfalfa seedling enzyme. When the pure positional isomers of linoleic acid hydroperoxide served as substrates, the corn germ enzyme formed one of two gamma-ketols: 12-oxo-9-hydroxy-trans-10-octadeconoic acid from 13-hydroperoxys-10-octadecenoic acid from 13-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid (99+% pure) and 10-oxo-13-hydroxy-trans-11-octadecenoic acid from 9-hydroperoxy-trans-10,cis-12-octadecadienoic acid (96% pure). Also isolated from these reactions was one of two alpha-ketols commonly found as a result of catalysis by linoleic acid hydroperoxide isomerase: 12-oxo-13-hydroxy-cis-9-octadecenoic acid from the 13-hydroperoxide and 10-oxo-9-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid from the 9-hydroperoxide. Evidence is offered that gamma-ketol formation is catalyzed by linoleic acid hydroperoxide isomerase, the same enzyme responsible for alpha-ketol production.", "contents": "Positional specificity of gamma-ketol formation from linoleic acid hydroperoxides by a corn germ enzyme. We have shown unequivocally that the positional specificity of gamma-ketol formation by a corn germ enzyme was different from that observed previously by others with an alfalfa seedling enzyme. When the pure positional isomers of linoleic acid hydroperoxide served as substrates, the corn germ enzyme formed one of two gamma-ketols: 12-oxo-9-hydroxy-trans-10-octadeconoic acid from 13-hydroperoxys-10-octadecenoic acid from 13-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid (99+% pure) and 10-oxo-13-hydroxy-trans-11-octadecenoic acid from 9-hydroperoxy-trans-10,cis-12-octadecadienoic acid (96% pure). Also isolated from these reactions was one of two alpha-ketols commonly found as a result of catalysis by linoleic acid hydroperoxide isomerase: 12-oxo-13-hydroxy-cis-9-octadecenoic acid from the 13-hydroperoxide and 10-oxo-9-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid from the 9-hydroperoxide. Evidence is offered that gamma-ketol formation is catalyzed by linoleic acid hydroperoxide isomerase, the same enzyme responsible for alpha-ketol production.", "PMID": 1186445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10182", "title": "Phosphatidyl choline: Donor of 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids for glycerolipid biosynthesis.", "content": "Kinetics of radiocarbon inforporation into the phyosphatidyl choline of pumpkin leaf fed 1(-14)C-acetate at low light intensity were strongly suggestive of lipid bound fatty acids acting as substrates for desaturase enzymes. After pulse labeling in direct sunlight with the same precursor, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol contained up to 90% of total glycerolipid radiocarbon at the shortest sampling times. Subsequent loss of radiocarbon from phyosphatidyl choline and a corresponding gain in other glycerolipids is taken to indicate a net flow of long chain fatty acids through phosphatidyl choline and into other lipids. It is proposed that there may be 2 separate synthetases in leaf tissue, one producing oleic and the other palmitic acids as their end products. Oleic acid is transferred almost exclusively to phosphatidyl choline where it is further desaturated to linoleic and linolenic acids before being made available for the biosynthesis of other lipids. Palmitic acid is transferred mainly to phosphatidyl glycerol, where it is desaturated to trans-delta3-hexadecenoic acid.", "contents": "Phosphatidyl choline: Donor of 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids for glycerolipid biosynthesis. Kinetics of radiocarbon inforporation into the phyosphatidyl choline of pumpkin leaf fed 1(-14)C-acetate at low light intensity were strongly suggestive of lipid bound fatty acids acting as substrates for desaturase enzymes. After pulse labeling in direct sunlight with the same precursor, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol contained up to 90% of total glycerolipid radiocarbon at the shortest sampling times. Subsequent loss of radiocarbon from phyosphatidyl choline and a corresponding gain in other glycerolipids is taken to indicate a net flow of long chain fatty acids through phosphatidyl choline and into other lipids. It is proposed that there may be 2 separate synthetases in leaf tissue, one producing oleic and the other palmitic acids as their end products. Oleic acid is transferred almost exclusively to phosphatidyl choline where it is further desaturated to linoleic and linolenic acids before being made available for the biosynthesis of other lipids. Palmitic acid is transferred mainly to phosphatidyl glycerol, where it is desaturated to trans-delta3-hexadecenoic acid.", "PMID": 1186446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10183", "title": "Inhibitive effects of structurally modified azasteroids and related nitrogen containing steroids on insect growth and development.", "content": "A number of azasteroids and other nitrogen containing steroids with a modified nucleus or side chain were prepared and tested for their inhibitory effects on the growth and development of several species of insects. Structure-activity studies showed that compounds with a structurally related steroid nucleus and side chain were approximately equal in inhibitory activity for a particular species. The replacement of the tertiary amino group in the side chain of the 5beta-steroid with other nitrogen substituents, such as nitro, cyano, acetylamino, or a quaternary ammonium salt, resulted in a considerable loss of inhibitive activity in the tobacco hornworm or the yellowfever mosquito. However, certain modifications of the azasteroid nucleus resulted in compounds that still retained high biological activity. As a result, a compound was synthesized that lacked the A and B rings of the steroid nucleus and that inhibited insect growth, molting, and metamorphosis and the delta24-sterol reductase enzyme system of the tobacco hornworm.", "contents": "Inhibitive effects of structurally modified azasteroids and related nitrogen containing steroids on insect growth and development. A number of azasteroids and other nitrogen containing steroids with a modified nucleus or side chain were prepared and tested for their inhibitory effects on the growth and development of several species of insects. Structure-activity studies showed that compounds with a structurally related steroid nucleus and side chain were approximately equal in inhibitory activity for a particular species. The replacement of the tertiary amino group in the side chain of the 5beta-steroid with other nitrogen substituents, such as nitro, cyano, acetylamino, or a quaternary ammonium salt, resulted in a considerable loss of inhibitive activity in the tobacco hornworm or the yellowfever mosquito. However, certain modifications of the azasteroid nucleus resulted in compounds that still retained high biological activity. As a result, a compound was synthesized that lacked the A and B rings of the steroid nucleus and that inhibited insect growth, molting, and metamorphosis and the delta24-sterol reductase enzyme system of the tobacco hornworm.", "PMID": 1186447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10184", "title": "Enzymatic conversion of 5alpha-cholesta-7, 14-dien-3beta-ol to 5alpha-cholesta-8, 14-dien-3beta-ol.", "content": "5alpha-Cholesta-7, 14-dien-3beta-ol, previously shown to be efficiently converted to cholesterol upon incubation with rat liver homogenate preparations under aerobic conditions, has been studied as to its possible conversion to 5alpha-cholesta-8, 14-dien-3beta-ol. Efficient conversion was observed upon incubation in the presence of washed mictosomes of rat liver under anaerobic conditions. This observation is of importance in consideration of possible metabolic pathways in the biosythesis of cholesterol.", "contents": "Enzymatic conversion of 5alpha-cholesta-7, 14-dien-3beta-ol to 5alpha-cholesta-8, 14-dien-3beta-ol. 5alpha-Cholesta-7, 14-dien-3beta-ol, previously shown to be efficiently converted to cholesterol upon incubation with rat liver homogenate preparations under aerobic conditions, has been studied as to its possible conversion to 5alpha-cholesta-8, 14-dien-3beta-ol. Efficient conversion was observed upon incubation in the presence of washed mictosomes of rat liver under anaerobic conditions. This observation is of importance in consideration of possible metabolic pathways in the biosythesis of cholesterol.", "PMID": 1186448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10185", "title": "Studies on tocopherol derivatives: V. Intestinal absorption of several d,1-3,4-3H2-alpha-tocopheryl esters in the rat.", "content": "Twelve d,1-3,4-3H2-alpha-tocopheryl esters were synthesized from d,1-3,4-3H2-alpha-tocopherol. They were acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, caprylate, palmitate, acid succinate, benzoate, nicotinate, o-hydroxybenzoate, o-acetoxybenzoate, and pivalate. The hydrolysis of these esters with bile-pancreatic juice and with 9,000 x g supernatant of small intestine and liver homogenates of rats was examined. When these esters were incubated in small intestine or liver supernatants, hydrolysis occurred at a similar rate. In the incubation experiments, alpha-tocopheryl acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, caprylate, palmitate, and acid succinate were classified as an easily hydrolyzable group. Alpha-tocopheryl benzoate and nicotinate were in a moderately hydrolyzable group. O-hydroxybenzoate and pivalate, which resisted hydrolysis, were in a scarcely hydrolyzable group. O-acetoxybenzoate was easily hydrolyzed to the o-hydroxybenzoate. Hydrolysis on straight chain fatty acid esters of alpha-tocopherol easily occurred in bile-pancreatic juice. In in vivo experiments, the lymphatic absorption rate of 6 esters, acetate, palmitate, acid succinate, nicotinate, o-hydroxybenzoate, and pivalate, was measured on thoracic duct fistula rats. Easily hydrolyzable esters were recovered mostly in lymph as alpha-tocopherol, whereas, an ester which strongly resisted hydrolysis, such as pivalate, appeared mainly unchanged. This fact suggested that hydrolysis of alpha-tocopheryl esters was not necessarily a prerequisite for intestinal absorption. The percentage of absorption of slowly hydrolyzed esters in lymph was relatively lower than that of moderately or easily hydrolyzable esters.", "contents": "Studies on tocopherol derivatives: V. Intestinal absorption of several d,1-3,4-3H2-alpha-tocopheryl esters in the rat. Twelve d,1-3,4-3H2-alpha-tocopheryl esters were synthesized from d,1-3,4-3H2-alpha-tocopherol. They were acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, caprylate, palmitate, acid succinate, benzoate, nicotinate, o-hydroxybenzoate, o-acetoxybenzoate, and pivalate. The hydrolysis of these esters with bile-pancreatic juice and with 9,000 x g supernatant of small intestine and liver homogenates of rats was examined. When these esters were incubated in small intestine or liver supernatants, hydrolysis occurred at a similar rate. In the incubation experiments, alpha-tocopheryl acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, caprylate, palmitate, and acid succinate were classified as an easily hydrolyzable group. Alpha-tocopheryl benzoate and nicotinate were in a moderately hydrolyzable group. O-hydroxybenzoate and pivalate, which resisted hydrolysis, were in a scarcely hydrolyzable group. O-acetoxybenzoate was easily hydrolyzed to the o-hydroxybenzoate. Hydrolysis on straight chain fatty acid esters of alpha-tocopherol easily occurred in bile-pancreatic juice. In in vivo experiments, the lymphatic absorption rate of 6 esters, acetate, palmitate, acid succinate, nicotinate, o-hydroxybenzoate, and pivalate, was measured on thoracic duct fistula rats. Easily hydrolyzable esters were recovered mostly in lymph as alpha-tocopherol, whereas, an ester which strongly resisted hydrolysis, such as pivalate, appeared mainly unchanged. This fact suggested that hydrolysis of alpha-tocopheryl esters was not necessarily a prerequisite for intestinal absorption. The percentage of absorption of slowly hydrolyzed esters in lymph was relatively lower than that of moderately or easily hydrolyzable esters.", "PMID": 1186449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10186", "title": "Analysis of methylsterol fractions from twenty vegetable oils.", "content": "The 4-monomethylsterol and 4,4-dimethylsterol fractions were separated from the unsaponifiables of 20 vegetable oils by preparative thin layer chromatography, and their compositions were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Tentative identification of the individual components of these fractions was carried out by gas liquid chromatography and combined gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among 4-monomethylsterols, obtusifoliol, gramisterol, and citrostadienol occur abundantly in most of the oils. Cycloeucalenol also occurs in some of the oils as a major component of 4-monomethylsterols. Other 4-monomethylsterols tentatively identified are: lophenol, 31-norlanosterol, 31-norcycloartenol, and 31-norlanostenol and/or 4alpha-methylzymostenol. Among 4,4-dimethylsterols, cycloartenol and 24-methylenecycloartanol followed by beta-amyrin and cycloartanol are common to most of the oils. Butyrospermol, alpha-amyrin, lupeol, and cyclobranol together with a 4,4-dimethylsterol, presumably lanostenol, occur in some of the oils. Cyclolaudenol is present in poppy seed oil. Besides these compounds, each of the oils contains some unidentified members of 4-monomethylsterols and 4,4-dimethylsterols. The methylsterol fraction of capsicum seed oil as compared with that of the other oils is characterized by its very high content of lophenol and cycloartanol together with three other members, presumably 31-norlanostenol, 4alpha-methylzymostenol, and lanostenol.", "contents": "Analysis of methylsterol fractions from twenty vegetable oils. The 4-monomethylsterol and 4,4-dimethylsterol fractions were separated from the unsaponifiables of 20 vegetable oils by preparative thin layer chromatography, and their compositions were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Tentative identification of the individual components of these fractions was carried out by gas liquid chromatography and combined gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among 4-monomethylsterols, obtusifoliol, gramisterol, and citrostadienol occur abundantly in most of the oils. Cycloeucalenol also occurs in some of the oils as a major component of 4-monomethylsterols. Other 4-monomethylsterols tentatively identified are: lophenol, 31-norlanosterol, 31-norcycloartenol, and 31-norlanostenol and/or 4alpha-methylzymostenol. Among 4,4-dimethylsterols, cycloartenol and 24-methylenecycloartanol followed by beta-amyrin and cycloartanol are common to most of the oils. Butyrospermol, alpha-amyrin, lupeol, and cyclobranol together with a 4,4-dimethylsterol, presumably lanostenol, occur in some of the oils. Cyclolaudenol is present in poppy seed oil. Besides these compounds, each of the oils contains some unidentified members of 4-monomethylsterols and 4,4-dimethylsterols. The methylsterol fraction of capsicum seed oil as compared with that of the other oils is characterized by its very high content of lophenol and cycloartanol together with three other members, presumably 31-norlanostenol, 4alpha-methylzymostenol, and lanostenol.", "PMID": 1186450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10187", "title": "Dietary alteration of fatty acid composition of lipid classes in mouse mammary adenocarcinoma.", "content": "The composition of total fatty acids in serially transplanted mammary adenocarcinomas of C3H mice which were fed a fat free diet or a stock diet containing 4% fat for 8 weeks were significantly different, although fatty acid amounts were similar. The difference in composition was manifested in the triglyceride, phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl enthanolamine fractions. Tumors of mice fed fat free diet has appreciable amounts of eicosatrienoic acid, whereas neoplasms of stock diet fed animals had none. In addition, higher levels of oleic acid and lower contents of linoleic acid were found in tumors from mice fed fat free diet than in those from mice fed the stock diet. Thus, mechanisms which maintained the triglyceride fatty acid composition in some tumors, such as 7288CTC hepatoma, were not observed in mouse mammary adenocarcinomas, and, therefore, were not a general phenomena associated with carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Dietary alteration of fatty acid composition of lipid classes in mouse mammary adenocarcinoma. The composition of total fatty acids in serially transplanted mammary adenocarcinomas of C3H mice which were fed a fat free diet or a stock diet containing 4% fat for 8 weeks were significantly different, although fatty acid amounts were similar. The difference in composition was manifested in the triglyceride, phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl enthanolamine fractions. Tumors of mice fed fat free diet has appreciable amounts of eicosatrienoic acid, whereas neoplasms of stock diet fed animals had none. In addition, higher levels of oleic acid and lower contents of linoleic acid were found in tumors from mice fed fat free diet than in those from mice fed the stock diet. Thus, mechanisms which maintained the triglyceride fatty acid composition in some tumors, such as 7288CTC hepatoma, were not observed in mouse mammary adenocarcinomas, and, therefore, were not a general phenomena associated with carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 1186451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10188", "title": "Composition of liver lipids of the rat during pregnancy and lactation.", "content": "Triglyceride concentrations in rat liver rose during late pregnancy, declined at peak lactation, and then rose again during involution. The percentage of oleate in the triglycerides rose at peak lactation, but that of linoleate fell. Although phospholipid concentrations were unchanged, the percentage of palmitate in this fraction rose, and those of stearate and arachidonate fell during pregnancy and lactation. These changes may be related to the changes in lipogenesis and fat mobilization that occur during pregnancy and lactation.", "contents": "Composition of liver lipids of the rat during pregnancy and lactation. Triglyceride concentrations in rat liver rose during late pregnancy, declined at peak lactation, and then rose again during involution. The percentage of oleate in the triglycerides rose at peak lactation, but that of linoleate fell. Although phospholipid concentrations were unchanged, the percentage of palmitate in this fraction rose, and those of stearate and arachidonate fell during pregnancy and lactation. These changes may be related to the changes in lipogenesis and fat mobilization that occur during pregnancy and lactation.", "PMID": 1186452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10189", "title": "Pertussis.", "content": "Pertussis as an infectious disease exhibits a number of unusual features, both with respect to its epidemiology and to the interaction of the bacteia with the infected host. Evidence that a virus may in some cases be the etiology of the syndrome has been reviewed and seems to be have been established in certain instances. Pertussis caused by a virus would not be difficult to accept insofar as the respiratory manifestations of the disease are concerned. It is difficult, however, to reconcile the hematologic changes of pertussis with what is presently known about the usual virus infection of humans. The clinical syndrome itself is suficiently unique as to be recognized in most cases. The use of antibiotics has considerably reduced the mortality of the disease by allowing treatment of complications. The other serious complication of disease, pertussis encephalopathy, remains a problem. The possible occurrence of hypoglycemia during pertussis has been noted and deserves further documentation especially in that it may contribute to the encephalopathy...", "contents": "Pertussis. Pertussis as an infectious disease exhibits a number of unusual features, both with respect to its epidemiology and to the interaction of the bacteia with the infected host. Evidence that a virus may in some cases be the etiology of the syndrome has been reviewed and seems to be have been established in certain instances. Pertussis caused by a virus would not be difficult to accept insofar as the respiratory manifestations of the disease are concerned. It is difficult, however, to reconcile the hematologic changes of pertussis with what is presently known about the usual virus infection of humans. The clinical syndrome itself is suficiently unique as to be recognized in most cases. The use of antibiotics has considerably reduced the mortality of the disease by allowing treatment of complications. The other serious complication of disease, pertussis encephalopathy, remains a problem. The possible occurrence of hypoglycemia during pertussis has been noted and deserves further documentation especially in that it may contribute to the encephalopathy...", "PMID": 1186491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10190", "title": "Subdural empyema: analysis of 17 recent cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Subdural empyema is an intracranial infection that has remained difficult to diagnose and to treat. Seventeen patients with this infection, treated between 1967 and 1974, are analyzed and compared to published series with particular regard to diagnosis using newer procedures and treatment, considering the primary focus of infection. The infection is usually located in the supratentorial spaces, is often bilateral, and results most often from para-nasal sinusitis (single most common cause), otitis, neurosurgical operative infections, and meningitis in infants. Patients suffering from subdural empyema generally present with rapid onset of depressed sensorium, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and signs of increased intracranial pressure, following a period of days to weeks characterized by headache and fever. All 17 of our patients demonstrated localizing neurological signs and 16 manifested either fever or leukocytosis. Diagnostic studies, except for cerebral arteriography, do not reliably corroborate or exclude the diagnosis. Cerebral arteriography established the diagnosis and defined the location and extent of the empyema in all of our cases. The EEG and brain scan produced frequent false-negative and/or non-localizing results in 10 and 8 patients, respectively. The cerebrospinal fluid was abnormal from all 15 patients examined by lumbar puncture, but the findings were similar to those in other infectious and non-infectious central nervous system diseases. Signs of transtentorial herniation developed within eight hours following lumbar puncture in three of seven patients who had exhibited signs of increased intracranial pressure before the procedure was performed. Bacterial cultures were positive in 13 of our cases. A review of our data and that of other studies indicates that the organisms associated with subdural empyema are consistent with those expected from infections of the primary site; e.g. sinusitis, otitis, meningitis, site of prior neurosurgery. A therapeutic approach is suggested which emphasizes specific antibiotic regimens appropriate to the primary site of infection and prompt neurosurgical intervention with evacuation of the subdural spaces bilaterally. In general, combination antimicrobial therapy employing high parenteral doses of penicillin G, a semi-synthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillin and chloramphenicol is recommended.", "contents": "Subdural empyema: analysis of 17 recent cases and review of the literature. Subdural empyema is an intracranial infection that has remained difficult to diagnose and to treat. Seventeen patients with this infection, treated between 1967 and 1974, are analyzed and compared to published series with particular regard to diagnosis using newer procedures and treatment, considering the primary focus of infection. The infection is usually located in the supratentorial spaces, is often bilateral, and results most often from para-nasal sinusitis (single most common cause), otitis, neurosurgical operative infections, and meningitis in infants. Patients suffering from subdural empyema generally present with rapid onset of depressed sensorium, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and signs of increased intracranial pressure, following a period of days to weeks characterized by headache and fever. All 17 of our patients demonstrated localizing neurological signs and 16 manifested either fever or leukocytosis. Diagnostic studies, except for cerebral arteriography, do not reliably corroborate or exclude the diagnosis. Cerebral arteriography established the diagnosis and defined the location and extent of the empyema in all of our cases. The EEG and brain scan produced frequent false-negative and/or non-localizing results in 10 and 8 patients, respectively. The cerebrospinal fluid was abnormal from all 15 patients examined by lumbar puncture, but the findings were similar to those in other infectious and non-infectious central nervous system diseases. Signs of transtentorial herniation developed within eight hours following lumbar puncture in three of seven patients who had exhibited signs of increased intracranial pressure before the procedure was performed. Bacterial cultures were positive in 13 of our cases. A review of our data and that of other studies indicates that the organisms associated with subdural empyema are consistent with those expected from infections of the primary site; e.g. sinusitis, otitis, meningitis, site of prior neurosurgery. A therapeutic approach is suggested which emphasizes specific antibiotic regimens appropriate to the primary site of infection and prompt neurosurgical intervention with evacuation of the subdural spaces bilaterally. In general, combination antimicrobial therapy employing high parenteral doses of penicillin G, a semi-synthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillin and chloramphenicol is recommended.", "PMID": 1186492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10191", "title": "Deep mycotic infection in the hospitalized adult: a study of 123 patients.", "content": "A prospective study of patients hospitalized in a large Veterans Administration Hospital between November 1963 and November 1973 revealed 123 patients with deep mycotic infections. The incidence of these infections almost doubled during the last 5 years. Candida (55 patients) and Aspergillus (26 patients) were the major causative agents. Nine other fungal caused infection in the remaining patients. Candidemia was rare prior to the introduction of commerical percutaneously-inserted venous catheters in 1965. The incidence increased further following the introduction of parenteral hyperalimentation in 1969, and Torulopsis fungemia (5 patients) appeared for the first time. Invasive pneumonia caused by spore-forming Aspergillus decreased when patients were moved from an old, naturally-ventilated hospital to a new, mechanically-ventilated one. The air in both hospitals was sampled on one occasion for the presence of fungal spores, and spores of Aspergillus fumigatus were detected only in the old hospital. Our experience suggests that hospital-acquired Aspergillus infection of the lung might be eliminated if all incoming hospital air is filtered, properly vented, and not recirculated. Efforts to decrease hospital-acquired fungal infections include vigorous infection control procedures for intravenous therapy, judicious use of any therapy that predisposes to infection, and further evaluation of improved mechanical control of hospital ventilation.", "contents": "Deep mycotic infection in the hospitalized adult: a study of 123 patients. A prospective study of patients hospitalized in a large Veterans Administration Hospital between November 1963 and November 1973 revealed 123 patients with deep mycotic infections. The incidence of these infections almost doubled during the last 5 years. Candida (55 patients) and Aspergillus (26 patients) were the major causative agents. Nine other fungal caused infection in the remaining patients. Candidemia was rare prior to the introduction of commerical percutaneously-inserted venous catheters in 1965. The incidence increased further following the introduction of parenteral hyperalimentation in 1969, and Torulopsis fungemia (5 patients) appeared for the first time. Invasive pneumonia caused by spore-forming Aspergillus decreased when patients were moved from an old, naturally-ventilated hospital to a new, mechanically-ventilated one. The air in both hospitals was sampled on one occasion for the presence of fungal spores, and spores of Aspergillus fumigatus were detected only in the old hospital. Our experience suggests that hospital-acquired Aspergillus infection of the lung might be eliminated if all incoming hospital air is filtered, properly vented, and not recirculated. Efforts to decrease hospital-acquired fungal infections include vigorous infection control procedures for intravenous therapy, judicious use of any therapy that predisposes to infection, and further evaluation of improved mechanical control of hospital ventilation.", "PMID": 1186493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10192", "title": "Effect of dexamethasone on thyroid hormone response to TSH.", "content": "The effect of short-term dexamethasone administration (8 mg daily for 3 days) on thyroid hormone response to exogenous TSH (bovine TSH, 5 IU i.m.) was studied in 16 euthyroid volunteers. Serum T3 and T4 concentrations were measured by radio-immunoassay prior to and 2, 6, 12, 24, and 49 hr after bTSH injection, both under basal conditions and during dexamethasone treatment. In all subjects bTSH administration raised both T3 and T4 concentrations significantly. Dexamethasone treatment induced a slight depression of endogenous TSH (m +/- SEM = 2.0 +/- 0.4 versus 1.6 +/- 0.3 muU/ml) and T4 (6.8 +/- 0.4 versus 6.1 +/- 0.2 mug/100 ml) basal values and a significant decrease in T3 value (1.16 +/- 0.09 versus 0.64 +/- 0.06 ng/ml, p = 0.005). The mean increment of both T3 and T4 after bTSH injection was percentually unchanged during dexamethasone treatment but, due to lowered basal value, T3 levels at each time interval after TSH + dexamethasone were significantly lower than the corresponding values observed after TSH alone. The present data show that high dexamethasone doses decrease T3 serum levels significantly without inhibiting T3 response to TSH stimulation. Only a slight lowering was observed in T4 levels.", "contents": "Effect of dexamethasone on thyroid hormone response to TSH. The effect of short-term dexamethasone administration (8 mg daily for 3 days) on thyroid hormone response to exogenous TSH (bovine TSH, 5 IU i.m.) was studied in 16 euthyroid volunteers. Serum T3 and T4 concentrations were measured by radio-immunoassay prior to and 2, 6, 12, 24, and 49 hr after bTSH injection, both under basal conditions and during dexamethasone treatment. In all subjects bTSH administration raised both T3 and T4 concentrations significantly. Dexamethasone treatment induced a slight depression of endogenous TSH (m +/- SEM = 2.0 +/- 0.4 versus 1.6 +/- 0.3 muU/ml) and T4 (6.8 +/- 0.4 versus 6.1 +/- 0.2 mug/100 ml) basal values and a significant decrease in T3 value (1.16 +/- 0.09 versus 0.64 +/- 0.06 ng/ml, p = 0.005). The mean increment of both T3 and T4 after bTSH injection was percentually unchanged during dexamethasone treatment but, due to lowered basal value, T3 levels at each time interval after TSH + dexamethasone were significantly lower than the corresponding values observed after TSH alone. The present data show that high dexamethasone doses decrease T3 serum levels significantly without inhibiting T3 response to TSH stimulation. Only a slight lowering was observed in T4 levels.", "PMID": 1186494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10193", "title": "Stimulation of thyrocalcitonin secretion by ethanol in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma--an effect apparently not mediated by gastrin.", "content": "We have compared the effects of oral and intravenous ethanol on the secretion of both thyrocalcitonin and gastrin in five patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Ethanol caused a moderate rise in plasma thyrocalcitonin to 316% +/- 343% of baseline when given intravenously and to 197% +/- 106% of baseline when given orally. Only oral ethanol caused a measurable rise in serum gastrin levels. Serum calcium did not change significantly from baseline during either oral or intravenous administration. The results suggest that stimulation of thyrocalcitonin secretion by ethanol is not secondary to increased secretion of gastrin nor to the induction of hypercalcemia. Neither oral nor intravenous ethanol appears to be as effective as intravenous pentagastrin in testing for the presence of medullary carcinoma.", "contents": "Stimulation of thyrocalcitonin secretion by ethanol in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma--an effect apparently not mediated by gastrin. We have compared the effects of oral and intravenous ethanol on the secretion of both thyrocalcitonin and gastrin in five patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Ethanol caused a moderate rise in plasma thyrocalcitonin to 316% +/- 343% of baseline when given intravenously and to 197% +/- 106% of baseline when given orally. Only oral ethanol caused a measurable rise in serum gastrin levels. Serum calcium did not change significantly from baseline during either oral or intravenous administration. The results suggest that stimulation of thyrocalcitonin secretion by ethanol is not secondary to increased secretion of gastrin nor to the induction of hypercalcemia. Neither oral nor intravenous ethanol appears to be as effective as intravenous pentagastrin in testing for the presence of medullary carcinoma.", "PMID": 1186495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10194", "title": "The development of a glucose clamp.", "content": "A reliable control system was developed for clamping (i.e., holding at a steady level) the concentration of blood glucose in the hyperglycemic region of a normal nonanesthetized dog. The system is based upon, and hence largely validates, a mathematical model of the canine glucoregulatory mechanism which was assembled from the results of experiments in which radioisotopes were used. The operation of the clamp, however, does not require the use of radioisotopes. The glucose clamp is a tool which may be applicable clinically in the measurement of glucose turnover and in the laboratory in the study of the effects of glucose turnover of variable insulin with constant glucose levels.", "contents": "The development of a glucose clamp. A reliable control system was developed for clamping (i.e., holding at a steady level) the concentration of blood glucose in the hyperglycemic region of a normal nonanesthetized dog. The system is based upon, and hence largely validates, a mathematical model of the canine glucoregulatory mechanism which was assembled from the results of experiments in which radioisotopes were used. The operation of the clamp, however, does not require the use of radioisotopes. The glucose clamp is a tool which may be applicable clinically in the measurement of glucose turnover and in the laboratory in the study of the effects of glucose turnover of variable insulin with constant glucose levels.", "PMID": 1186496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10195", "title": "The effect of somatostatin on plasma noradrenaline and plasma adrenaline concentrations during exercise and hypoglycemia.", "content": "The effect of somatostatin, on the secretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline was studied in eight normal subjects during exercise and in insulin induced hypoglycemia. Plasma growth hormone response to exercise and hypoglycemia was almost totally suppressed by somatostatin. Plasma noradrenaline during exercise tended to be lower during the infusion of somatostatin but the difference was not significant. During the infusion of somatostatin the secretion of adrenaline was increased. This was seen during exercise but was much more pronounced during hypoglycemia. The blood glucose concentration attained after insulin injection was lower during the infusion of somatostatin and evidence is presented which indicates that the higher adrenaline values during hypoglycemia were due to the lower blood glucose values attained. In conclusion the secretion of catecholamines are not inhibited by a dose of somatostatin which nearly totally suppresses the secretion of growth hormone.", "contents": "The effect of somatostatin on plasma noradrenaline and plasma adrenaline concentrations during exercise and hypoglycemia. The effect of somatostatin, on the secretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline was studied in eight normal subjects during exercise and in insulin induced hypoglycemia. Plasma growth hormone response to exercise and hypoglycemia was almost totally suppressed by somatostatin. Plasma noradrenaline during exercise tended to be lower during the infusion of somatostatin but the difference was not significant. During the infusion of somatostatin the secretion of adrenaline was increased. This was seen during exercise but was much more pronounced during hypoglycemia. The blood glucose concentration attained after insulin injection was lower during the infusion of somatostatin and evidence is presented which indicates that the higher adrenaline values during hypoglycemia were due to the lower blood glucose values attained. In conclusion the secretion of catecholamines are not inhibited by a dose of somatostatin which nearly totally suppresses the secretion of growth hormone.", "PMID": 1186497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10196", "title": "Inhibition of lipoprotein lipase by uremic plasma, a possible cause of hypertriglyceridemia.", "content": "In an attempt to define pathogenesis of the previously described impaired triglyceride (TG) removal in uremia, the effects of the addition of normal and uremic plasma on the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) from rat epididymal adipose tissue were examined. Six uremic patients on chronic dialysis and 13 normals were studied. Adding increments of normal and uremic plasma increased the LPL activity to maximal levels when 0.1 ml of plasma was added. Larger aliquots of uremic plasma produced marked inhibition of LPL activity. This inhibition was not observed with the normal plasma. When increasing amounts of uremic plasma were added to an incubation mixture already maximally activated by 0.1 ml of normal plasma, inhibition of LPL was again observed. This inhibition was still present in uremic plasma which had been dialysed against cold saline. The inhibitor was in the lipoprotein-free (d greater than 1.225) fraction of the plasma. The results indicate that uremic plasma has an LPL inhibitor which is probably a protein and may play a role in the pathogenesis of uremic hypertriglyceridemia.", "contents": "Inhibition of lipoprotein lipase by uremic plasma, a possible cause of hypertriglyceridemia. In an attempt to define pathogenesis of the previously described impaired triglyceride (TG) removal in uremia, the effects of the addition of normal and uremic plasma on the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) from rat epididymal adipose tissue were examined. Six uremic patients on chronic dialysis and 13 normals were studied. Adding increments of normal and uremic plasma increased the LPL activity to maximal levels when 0.1 ml of plasma was added. Larger aliquots of uremic plasma produced marked inhibition of LPL activity. This inhibition was not observed with the normal plasma. When increasing amounts of uremic plasma were added to an incubation mixture already maximally activated by 0.1 ml of normal plasma, inhibition of LPL was again observed. This inhibition was still present in uremic plasma which had been dialysed against cold saline. The inhibitor was in the lipoprotein-free (d greater than 1.225) fraction of the plasma. The results indicate that uremic plasma has an LPL inhibitor which is probably a protein and may play a role in the pathogenesis of uremic hypertriglyceridemia.", "PMID": 1186498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10197", "title": "The role of glucagon in the pathogenesis of the endogenous hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The effect of glucagon suppression by somatostatin upon endogenous hyperglycemia was studied in three forms of experimental insulin deficiency in dogs: alloxan diabetes, total pancreatectomy, and diazoxide administration. In six insulin-requiring alloxan-diabetic dogs deprived of insulin for 24 hr, mean plasma glucose declined to 77% +/- 6% of the baseline level of 350 +/- 41 mg/dl during 3 hr of glucagon suppression, significantly below the unsuppressed saline controls (p less than 0.01-0.05). When somatostatin was discontinued, glucagon rose and glucose increased 21% (p less than 0.05) in 30 min. Significant correlation between maximal changes in glucagon and glucose was observed (r = 0.81; p less than 0.001). Even during a 1-hr alanine infusion in such dogs, glucose declined an average of 36 +/- 9 mg/dl, instead of rising 51 +/- 7 mg/dl as in unsuppressed controls. Maximal changes in glucagon and glucose were correlated (r = 0.85; p less than 0.01). In eight depancreatized dogs pretreated intravenously with continuous insulin and glucose infusions, withdrawal of insulin was followed by a rise in extrapancreatic glucagon; mean plasma glucose rose from 212 +/- 43 to 415 +/- 80 mg/dl 270 min after the end of the insulin infusion. However, when glucagon was suppressed after insulin withdrawal, glucose remained below 240 mg/dl, significantly less than the controls (p less than 0.005); when somatostatin was stopped, glucagon rose and glucose increased 88 +/- 19 mg/dl within an hour. The rises in glucagon and glucose were significantly correlated (r = 0.68; p less than 0.05). Glucagon suppression by somatostatin during diazoxide-induced blockade of insulin secretion in four normal dogs reduced hyperglycemia significantly but did not prevent it. The results support the hypothesis that a relative or absolute excess of glucagon, as well as a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin, is etiologically important in the development of endogenous hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus, the hyperglucagonemia probably mediating the glucose overproduction.", "contents": "The role of glucagon in the pathogenesis of the endogenous hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus. The effect of glucagon suppression by somatostatin upon endogenous hyperglycemia was studied in three forms of experimental insulin deficiency in dogs: alloxan diabetes, total pancreatectomy, and diazoxide administration. In six insulin-requiring alloxan-diabetic dogs deprived of insulin for 24 hr, mean plasma glucose declined to 77% +/- 6% of the baseline level of 350 +/- 41 mg/dl during 3 hr of glucagon suppression, significantly below the unsuppressed saline controls (p less than 0.01-0.05). When somatostatin was discontinued, glucagon rose and glucose increased 21% (p less than 0.05) in 30 min. Significant correlation between maximal changes in glucagon and glucose was observed (r = 0.81; p less than 0.001). Even during a 1-hr alanine infusion in such dogs, glucose declined an average of 36 +/- 9 mg/dl, instead of rising 51 +/- 7 mg/dl as in unsuppressed controls. Maximal changes in glucagon and glucose were correlated (r = 0.85; p less than 0.01). In eight depancreatized dogs pretreated intravenously with continuous insulin and glucose infusions, withdrawal of insulin was followed by a rise in extrapancreatic glucagon; mean plasma glucose rose from 212 +/- 43 to 415 +/- 80 mg/dl 270 min after the end of the insulin infusion. However, when glucagon was suppressed after insulin withdrawal, glucose remained below 240 mg/dl, significantly less than the controls (p less than 0.005); when somatostatin was stopped, glucagon rose and glucose increased 88 +/- 19 mg/dl within an hour. The rises in glucagon and glucose were significantly correlated (r = 0.68; p less than 0.05). Glucagon suppression by somatostatin during diazoxide-induced blockade of insulin secretion in four normal dogs reduced hyperglycemia significantly but did not prevent it. The results support the hypothesis that a relative or absolute excess of glucagon, as well as a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin, is etiologically important in the development of endogenous hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus, the hyperglucagonemia probably mediating the glucose overproduction.", "PMID": 1186499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10198", "title": "Turnover of plasma free stearic and oleic acids in resting and exercising human subjects.", "content": "Turnover rates and metabolism in the legs and the splanchnic region of free stearic and oleic acid have been studied in five healthy male volunteers at rest and during bicycle exercise. A continuous infusion of 14C-labeled stearic acid and tritiated oleic acid was given intravenously. At rest, the fractional turnover was the same for the two acids; the fractional leg uptakes were also similar, while fractional uptake in the splanchnic region was 80% higher for oleic than for stearic acid. The response to exercise differed between the two acids: the arterial concentration of stearic acid fell, its fractional turnover and fractional leg uptake became higher than for oleic acid, and its fractional uptake in the splanchnic region increased, while that of oleic acid remained unchanged. It is concluded (1) that stearic acid turnover in the postabsorptive state is similar to that of the main part of the FFA fraction and (2) that the decrease in stearic acid concentration during exercise can be explained by an increased removal in excess of that for other FFA.", "contents": "Turnover of plasma free stearic and oleic acids in resting and exercising human subjects. Turnover rates and metabolism in the legs and the splanchnic region of free stearic and oleic acid have been studied in five healthy male volunteers at rest and during bicycle exercise. A continuous infusion of 14C-labeled stearic acid and tritiated oleic acid was given intravenously. At rest, the fractional turnover was the same for the two acids; the fractional leg uptakes were also similar, while fractional uptake in the splanchnic region was 80% higher for oleic than for stearic acid. The response to exercise differed between the two acids: the arterial concentration of stearic acid fell, its fractional turnover and fractional leg uptake became higher than for oleic acid, and its fractional uptake in the splanchnic region increased, while that of oleic acid remained unchanged. It is concluded (1) that stearic acid turnover in the postabsorptive state is similar to that of the main part of the FFA fraction and (2) that the decrease in stearic acid concentration during exercise can be explained by an increased removal in excess of that for other FFA.", "PMID": 1186500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10199", "title": "Activity of various endogenous compounds and pharmacologic agents at a  glucose-oxidizing platinum electrode.", "content": "The specificity of a glucose-oxidizing platinum electrode system was investigated in vitro using selected metabolic compounds and a wide range of pharmacologic agents. Many compounds were found that either augmented or inhibited the glucose effect on the electrode system, but relatively few had substantial effects at reasonable plasma levels. Should the platinum electrode system be incorporated into an artificial beta cell for diabetic patients, graduated clinical trials might be necessary for every new medication taken by the patients.", "contents": "Activity of various endogenous compounds and pharmacologic agents at a  glucose-oxidizing platinum electrode. The specificity of a glucose-oxidizing platinum electrode system was investigated in vitro using selected metabolic compounds and a wide range of pharmacologic agents. Many compounds were found that either augmented or inhibited the glucose effect on the electrode system, but relatively few had substantial effects at reasonable plasma levels. Should the platinum electrode system be incorporated into an artificial beta cell for diabetic patients, graduated clinical trials might be necessary for every new medication taken by the patients.", "PMID": 1186534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10200", "title": "Low oestriol excretion: incidence, significance and treatment in an obstetric population.", "content": "In a series of 6,361 consecutive patients, low oestroil excretion late in pregnancy was detected in 871 cases (13-6%) and was associated with significantly increased incidences of still birth (P less than 0-001), neonatal death (P less than 0-001) and intrauterine growth retardation (P less than 0-001). Persistently low oestriol excretion occurred in approximately 3% of patients and two-thirds of these were suitable for conservative treatment with intravenous infusion of dextrose (25%) and fructose (20%) (2 1. of each in 48 hours). In 97 of 147 patients (65%), low oestriol excretion was favourably affected by this regimen, with significantly improved perinatal results (P less than 0-001).", "contents": "Low oestriol excretion: incidence, significance and treatment in an obstetric population. In a series of 6,361 consecutive patients, low oestroil excretion late in pregnancy was detected in 871 cases (13-6%) and was associated with significantly increased incidences of still birth (P less than 0-001), neonatal death (P less than 0-001) and intrauterine growth retardation (P less than 0-001). Persistently low oestriol excretion occurred in approximately 3% of patients and two-thirds of these were suitable for conservative treatment with intravenous infusion of dextrose (25%) and fructose (20%) (2 1. of each in 48 hours). In 97 of 147 patients (65%), low oestriol excretion was favourably affected by this regimen, with significantly improved perinatal results (P less than 0-001).", "PMID": 1186540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10201", "title": "The AAMI contract approach to standards development.", "content": "In summary, the AAMI approach enables the FDA to utilize all available resources needed to identify critical characteristics that should be subjected to standards; to develop rationale for those parameters that should not be subjected to standards; and to develop standards in those areas where standards should be developed. During the process, appropriate checks and balances are available because of AAMI's multidisciplinary approach, which is not available using other approaches. The AAMI approach is extremely participatory and, consequently, will result in the production of a standard that will be acceptable to the largest number of people without compromising critical safety and efficacy considerations.", "contents": "The AAMI contract approach to standards development. In summary, the AAMI approach enables the FDA to utilize all available resources needed to identify critical characteristics that should be subjected to standards; to develop rationale for those parameters that should not be subjected to standards; and to develop standards in those areas where standards should be developed. During the process, appropriate checks and balances are available because of AAMI's multidisciplinary approach, which is not available using other approaches. The AAMI approach is extremely participatory and, consequently, will result in the production of a standard that will be acceptable to the largest number of people without compromising critical safety and efficacy considerations.", "PMID": 1186536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10202", "title": "Children born from pregnancies complicated by subnormal oestriol excretion--first year.", "content": "This paper is the first of a series concerning the follow-up of children whose mothers had subnormal oestriol excretion during pregnancy. The incidences of still births, neonatal deaths, dysmaturity and major and minor congenital malformations were significantly increased in pregnancies complicated by one or more subnormal oestriol value. Growth parameters and developmental progress were measured of 136 infants who attained the age of one year, and it was encouraging to find that no gross departures from normal were observed.", "contents": "Children born from pregnancies complicated by subnormal oestriol excretion--first year. This paper is the first of a series concerning the follow-up of children whose mothers had subnormal oestriol excretion during pregnancy. The incidences of still births, neonatal deaths, dysmaturity and major and minor congenital malformations were significantly increased in pregnancies complicated by one or more subnormal oestriol value. Growth parameters and developmental progress were measured of 136 infants who attained the age of one year, and it was encouraging to find that no gross departures from normal were observed.", "PMID": 1186541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10203", "title": "Surgical treatment of aortic valvular disease in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Two patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis and aortic regurgitation, developed progressive symptoms of left ventricular failure. Symptoms were inadequately controlled by medical therapy. Surgical treatment was at first considered with great reluctance because of the theoretical risk of operative and postoperative complications in patients with a diffuse disease of connective tissue. The suspected complications did not materialize. Valvular replacement should be considered in patients with severe valvular disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of aortic valvular disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Two patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis and aortic regurgitation, developed progressive symptoms of left ventricular failure. Symptoms were inadequately controlled by medical therapy. Surgical treatment was at first considered with great reluctance because of the theoretical risk of operative and postoperative complications in patients with a diffuse disease of connective tissue. The suspected complications did not materialize. Valvular replacement should be considered in patients with severe valvular disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 1186542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10204", "title": "Severe depression in young adolescents. A report of five cases.", "content": "The clinical features of depressive illnesses in five boys aged 14 and 15 years are described. The early stages of the illnesses were not noticed by others. Each made serious suicide attempts which resulted in their hospitalization. After this, a depressive state was revealed in each case, which in its depth and persistence was very similar to the major depressive illnesses of adults. Aetiological factors are discussed.", "contents": "Severe depression in young adolescents. A report of five cases. The clinical features of depressive illnesses in five boys aged 14 and 15 years are described. The early stages of the illnesses were not noticed by others. Each made serious suicide attempts which resulted in their hospitalization. After this, a depressive state was revealed in each case, which in its depth and persistence was very similar to the major depressive illnesses of adults. Aetiological factors are discussed.", "PMID": 1186543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10205", "title": "Clinical experience with verapamil.", "content": "Verapamil administered by the intravenous route restored sinus rhythm in 33 out of 40 episodes of supraventricular tachycardia. The drug was also effective in reducing ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation. Intracardiac conduction studies using His bundle electrograms showed prolongation of atrioventricular nodal conduction in eight out of nine cases after 5 mg of verapamil were given. The distal conduction was unaffected. Bradycardia and hypotension occurred in two cases and responded promptly to intravenous administration of atropine. Verapamil is an effective antiarrhythmic agent which is, in general, free from significant side effects.", "contents": "Clinical experience with verapamil. Verapamil administered by the intravenous route restored sinus rhythm in 33 out of 40 episodes of supraventricular tachycardia. The drug was also effective in reducing ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation. Intracardiac conduction studies using His bundle electrograms showed prolongation of atrioventricular nodal conduction in eight out of nine cases after 5 mg of verapamil were given. The distal conduction was unaffected. Bradycardia and hypotension occurred in two cases and responded promptly to intravenous administration of atropine. Verapamil is an effective antiarrhythmic agent which is, in general, free from significant side effects.", "PMID": 1186549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10206", "title": "Arsenic poisoning from anti-asthmatic herbal preparations.", "content": "Arsenic poisoning, a disease of the past, was recently found in 74 patients in Singapore over a 15-month period. Most victims (70%) had a chronic form of poisoning and 64% of the cases were caused by a local anti-asthmatic herbal preparation containing 12,000 ppm of inorganic arsenic sulphide. The other patients were poisoned by six other brands of herbal preparations used for the treatment of asthma and a variety of other illnesses. Subsequent investigations revealed another 22 other brands of Chinese herbal preparations containing high concentrations of inorganic arsenic ranging from 25 to 107,000 ppm, of which most were imported. Nearly 40% of the patients had taken the medicine for less than six months, but the others had a longer history of exposure ranging from one to 15 years. Systemic involvement was confined mainly to the skin (91%), nervous system (51%), gastrointestinal system (23%) and blood (23%). Malignancy of the skin was present in six patients, and of the visceral samples, toxicological confirmation was found in half of the cases investigated. There was no correlation between the clinical status of the patients and their tissue arsenic content. The importance of arsenic poisoning by herbal preparations is discussed, as there are no known reports of their association.", "contents": "Arsenic poisoning from anti-asthmatic herbal preparations. Arsenic poisoning, a disease of the past, was recently found in 74 patients in Singapore over a 15-month period. Most victims (70%) had a chronic form of poisoning and 64% of the cases were caused by a local anti-asthmatic herbal preparation containing 12,000 ppm of inorganic arsenic sulphide. The other patients were poisoned by six other brands of herbal preparations used for the treatment of asthma and a variety of other illnesses. Subsequent investigations revealed another 22 other brands of Chinese herbal preparations containing high concentrations of inorganic arsenic ranging from 25 to 107,000 ppm, of which most were imported. Nearly 40% of the patients had taken the medicine for less than six months, but the others had a longer history of exposure ranging from one to 15 years. Systemic involvement was confined mainly to the skin (91%), nervous system (51%), gastrointestinal system (23%) and blood (23%). Malignancy of the skin was present in six patients, and of the visceral samples, toxicological confirmation was found in half of the cases investigated. There was no correlation between the clinical status of the patients and their tissue arsenic content. The importance of arsenic poisoning by herbal preparations is discussed, as there are no known reports of their association.", "PMID": 1186550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10207", "title": "Liver dysfunction and tea eating.", "content": "A case report is presented of a patient who had liver fibrosis, splenomegaly and ascites, associated with the habit of nibbling tea leaves. The splenomegaly and the ascites remitted when she ceased eating tea, but liver fibrosis is still present 15 years later. No other cause for the liver disorder was found.", "contents": "Liver dysfunction and tea eating. A case report is presented of a patient who had liver fibrosis, splenomegaly and ascites, associated with the habit of nibbling tea leaves. The splenomegaly and the ascites remitted when she ceased eating tea, but liver fibrosis is still present 15 years later. No other cause for the liver disorder was found.", "PMID": 1186551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10208", "title": "Ventricular septal deffect and aortic imcompetence: clinical and haemodynamic study of 12 cases.", "content": "The incidence of aortic incompetence complicating ventricular septal defect has been estimated as varying from 2-5% (Glasser et alii, 1972) to 5% (Nadas et alii, 1964). Although numerous publications have appeared describing the clinical, pathological and surgical aspects of this syndrome in different parts of the world, documentation of its occurrence in Asian patients has been rare except for reports from Japan (Tatsuno et alii, 1973; Mizuno and Saegusa, 1967). This paper describes our experience of 12 cases collected over 10 years.", "contents": "Ventricular septal deffect and aortic imcompetence: clinical and haemodynamic study of 12 cases. The incidence of aortic incompetence complicating ventricular septal defect has been estimated as varying from 2-5% (Glasser et alii, 1972) to 5% (Nadas et alii, 1964). Although numerous publications have appeared describing the clinical, pathological and surgical aspects of this syndrome in different parts of the world, documentation of its occurrence in Asian patients has been rare except for reports from Japan (Tatsuno et alii, 1973; Mizuno and Saegusa, 1967). This paper describes our experience of 12 cases collected over 10 years.", "PMID": 1186555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10209", "title": "Social aspects of pregnancy--Canberra survey.", "content": "A group of women, resident in Canberra and whose babies were born at the Canberra Hospital, responded to a questionnaire covering selected social aspects of pregnancy. They were divided into \"middle class\" and \"working class\" categories on the basis of their husbands' occupations. Those from the \"middle class\" sample were more willing to breast feed their babies, more diligent in attendance at antenatal classes and were more likely to have their husbands present with them during labour. There did not appear to be a significant class difference in whether the husbands remained in the labour ward for the birth of the baby. More wives would like their husbands to remain for the birth event than in fact actually do so.", "contents": "Social aspects of pregnancy--Canberra survey. A group of women, resident in Canberra and whose babies were born at the Canberra Hospital, responded to a questionnaire covering selected social aspects of pregnancy. They were divided into \"middle class\" and \"working class\" categories on the basis of their husbands' occupations. Those from the \"middle class\" sample were more willing to breast feed their babies, more diligent in attendance at antenatal classes and were more likely to have their husbands present with them during labour. There did not appear to be a significant class difference in whether the husbands remained in the labour ward for the birth of the baby. More wives would like their husbands to remain for the birth event than in fact actually do so.", "PMID": 1186556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10210", "title": "Heat gain in the treatment of accidental hypothermia.", "content": "In two cases of accidental hypothermia, heated humidification of the inspired gases and warming of fluids administered intravenously was associated with an increase in the deep body (core) temperatures at rates of 0-5 degrees to 1-0 degrees C per hour. The first case demonstrated that heat was transferred selectively to the body core, as temperatures here rose during the first three hours of treatment, while skin temperatures remained low. The second patient gained less than 0-1 degrees C per hour when treated \"passively\" by means of surface insulation with unheated blankets. The introduction of \"active\" measures was followed by a more rapid gain. It is suggested that heat supplied to the body core by these measures provides effective additions to metabolic production, particularly when the deep body and cardiac temperatures are at their lowest.", "contents": "Heat gain in the treatment of accidental hypothermia. In two cases of accidental hypothermia, heated humidification of the inspired gases and warming of fluids administered intravenously was associated with an increase in the deep body (core) temperatures at rates of 0-5 degrees to 1-0 degrees C per hour. The first case demonstrated that heat was transferred selectively to the body core, as temperatures here rose during the first three hours of treatment, while skin temperatures remained low. The second patient gained less than 0-1 degrees C per hour when treated \"passively\" by means of surface insulation with unheated blankets. The introduction of \"active\" measures was followed by a more rapid gain. It is suggested that heat supplied to the body core by these measures provides effective additions to metabolic production, particularly when the deep body and cardiac temperatures are at their lowest.", "PMID": 1186557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10211", "title": "[Clinic and therapy of the so-called hyperosmolar syndrome in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The so-called hyperosmolar syndrome is the most severe form of imbalance of osmolarity. From 1971 to May 1973 we observed 27 children with this disturbance, which until recently had mortality rate up to 30%. In the presented material the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities of the excessive hyperosmolar syndrome in childhood is discussed. The rapid establishment of clinical diagnosis supported by laboratory findings is necessary to start immediate and effective therapy. Prophylaxis and treatment of cerebral edema with dexamethasone is of equal importance to primary emergency therapy and reanimation. This new therapeutic concept has proved to be excellent in the treatment of the disturbance. 2 of 27 children died: One of these presented on admission with sign of irreversible brain damage, while the other developed the clinical picture of severe subdural hematome during the phase of rehydration.", "contents": "[Clinic and therapy of the so-called hyperosmolar syndrome in childhood (author's transl)]. The so-called hyperosmolar syndrome is the most severe form of imbalance of osmolarity. From 1971 to May 1973 we observed 27 children with this disturbance, which until recently had mortality rate up to 30%. In the presented material the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities of the excessive hyperosmolar syndrome in childhood is discussed. The rapid establishment of clinical diagnosis supported by laboratory findings is necessary to start immediate and effective therapy. Prophylaxis and treatment of cerebral edema with dexamethasone is of equal importance to primary emergency therapy and reanimation. This new therapeutic concept has proved to be excellent in the treatment of the disturbance. 2 of 27 children died: One of these presented on admission with sign of irreversible brain damage, while the other developed the clinical picture of severe subdural hematome during the phase of rehydration.", "PMID": 1186565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10212", "title": "[Syncopal convulsions with myocarditis in childhood. A case contribution to the transitory pacemaker treatment of myocarditis-induced heart block].", "content": "A ten-year-old girl was admitted to hospital with convulsions due to Adams-Stokes syndrome as a complication of complete heart block. A rheumatic myocarditis was causing the conduction defect. As a temporary measure a pacemaker was used to treat the extremely serious condition. In addition, cortisone, antibiotics and antiphlogistics were given for treatment of the underlying disease. The child was discharged from hospital in good condition with a long-term therapy of penicillin.", "contents": "[Syncopal convulsions with myocarditis in childhood. A case contribution to the transitory pacemaker treatment of myocarditis-induced heart block]. A ten-year-old girl was admitted to hospital with convulsions due to Adams-Stokes syndrome as a complication of complete heart block. A rheumatic myocarditis was causing the conduction defect. As a temporary measure a pacemaker was used to treat the extremely serious condition. In addition, cortisone, antibiotics and antiphlogistics were given for treatment of the underlying disease. The child was discharged from hospital in good condition with a long-term therapy of penicillin.", "PMID": 1186566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10213", "title": "[Mediastinal tumors of childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 147 operatively treated tumors of the mediastinum there were 14 infantile tumors. 6 of these were malignant. The poor prognosis can only be improved by early diagnosis and early radical surgery. The problems of diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Mediastinal tumors of childhood (author's transl)]. Among 147 operatively treated tumors of the mediastinum there were 14 infantile tumors. 6 of these were malignant. The poor prognosis can only be improved by early diagnosis and early radical surgery. The problems of diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 1186567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10214", "title": "[Allergic reactions to the house-dust mite in children with obstructive disease of the respiratory tract (author's transl)].", "content": "160 children with obstructive allergic disease of the respiratory tract were tested with the modified pricktest. 58 showed positive reactions to the house-dust mite. Typically, in the case history of these children, is the presence of the complaints throughout the year, especially at night and not in particular seasons. Although, the modified pricktest could be negative in children under 4 years of age, in later years an allergen could be found. Children who have typical-complaints in their case-history, but show weak cutaneous reactions, are admitted in hospital, and a bronchial provocationtest is carried out to study the action of the allergen on the affected organ. 28 of the 58 children with house-dust mite allergy showed only weak positive cutaneous reactions and had mild complaints. Avoidance measurements brought in almost 80 p.c. of these cases good results. We recommended specific hyposensibilisation for the remaining 30 patients; in 22 of these cases the recommendation was carried out. The positive effect of the specific hyposensibilisation was proved when compared to a controll series.", "contents": "[Allergic reactions to the house-dust mite in children with obstructive disease of the respiratory tract (author's transl)]. 160 children with obstructive allergic disease of the respiratory tract were tested with the modified pricktest. 58 showed positive reactions to the house-dust mite. Typically, in the case history of these children, is the presence of the complaints throughout the year, especially at night and not in particular seasons. Although, the modified pricktest could be negative in children under 4 years of age, in later years an allergen could be found. Children who have typical-complaints in their case-history, but show weak cutaneous reactions, are admitted in hospital, and a bronchial provocationtest is carried out to study the action of the allergen on the affected organ. 28 of the 58 children with house-dust mite allergy showed only weak positive cutaneous reactions and had mild complaints. Avoidance measurements brought in almost 80 p.c. of these cases good results. We recommended specific hyposensibilisation for the remaining 30 patients; in 22 of these cases the recommendation was carried out. The positive effect of the specific hyposensibilisation was proved when compared to a controll series.", "PMID": 1186568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10215", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of Australia-antigen detection (author's transl)].", "content": "The detection of Australia antigen is considered as indication for the presence of a hepatitis with a long incubation period (hepatitis B). Thereby, these findings are getting a considerable diagnostic and prognostic importance. Attempts are made by means of serological and clinical data from permanent blood donors and liver patients to demonstrate the importance of Australia antigen findings with regard to the prevention of transfusion hepatitis and to the clinical evaluation of acute and chronical hepatitis. Furthermore, the role of Australia antigen detection for diagnosis of liver-complaint is discussed.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of Australia-antigen detection (author's transl)]. The detection of Australia antigen is considered as indication for the presence of a hepatitis with a long incubation period (hepatitis B). Thereby, these findings are getting a considerable diagnostic and prognostic importance. Attempts are made by means of serological and clinical data from permanent blood donors and liver patients to demonstrate the importance of Australia antigen findings with regard to the prevention of transfusion hepatitis and to the clinical evaluation of acute and chronical hepatitis. Furthermore, the role of Australia antigen detection for diagnosis of liver-complaint is discussed.", "PMID": 1186571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10216", "title": "[Electrocardiographic changes in electrolyte imbalance. Part 1: Alterations in serum potassium (author's transl)].", "content": "163 patients (95 hypokalemic, 48 hyperkalemic, 20 healthy) were examined. Electrocardiographic patterns of hypokalemia were evident in 46 p.c. of all patients with serum potassium less than 3,5 mval/l. Patients without cardiac disease showed signs of hypokalemia in the ECG in 68 p.c., those cases with extremly low serum potassium (less than 2,5 mval/l) in 81 p.c. In patients without cardiac disease a good correlation could be observed between ST depression and T wave inversion on one side and serum potassium level below 3,5 mval/l on the other side. The T/U ratio was found to be below unity in only 9 p.c. in mild hypokalemia, but in 82 p.c. in severe hypokalemia. ECG pattern of hyperkalemia could be found in 29 p.c. of all patients with serum potassium levels greater than 5,1 mval/l. These signs were evident in patients without cardiac disease in 29 p.c. in mild hyperkalemia, but in 75 p.c. in severe hyperkalemia. Patients suffering from cardiac disease, however showed the correspondive ECG changes of hyperkalemia only in 5 p.c. There is a good correlation between the P, and T-wave-amplitude and the serum potassium level greater than 5,1 mval/l. According to our findings it can be stated, that the ECG changes in patients with cardiac disease tend to hide the correspondive changes of potassium disorder.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic changes in electrolyte imbalance. Part 1: Alterations in serum potassium (author's transl)]. 163 patients (95 hypokalemic, 48 hyperkalemic, 20 healthy) were examined. Electrocardiographic patterns of hypokalemia were evident in 46 p.c. of all patients with serum potassium less than 3,5 mval/l. Patients without cardiac disease showed signs of hypokalemia in the ECG in 68 p.c., those cases with extremly low serum potassium (less than 2,5 mval/l) in 81 p.c. In patients without cardiac disease a good correlation could be observed between ST depression and T wave inversion on one side and serum potassium level below 3,5 mval/l on the other side. The T/U ratio was found to be below unity in only 9 p.c. in mild hypokalemia, but in 82 p.c. in severe hypokalemia. ECG pattern of hyperkalemia could be found in 29 p.c. of all patients with serum potassium levels greater than 5,1 mval/l. These signs were evident in patients without cardiac disease in 29 p.c. in mild hyperkalemia, but in 75 p.c. in severe hyperkalemia. Patients suffering from cardiac disease, however showed the correspondive ECG changes of hyperkalemia only in 5 p.c. There is a good correlation between the P, and T-wave-amplitude and the serum potassium level greater than 5,1 mval/l. According to our findings it can be stated, that the ECG changes in patients with cardiac disease tend to hide the correspondive changes of potassium disorder.", "PMID": 1186576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10217", "title": "[Vitamin A absorption test. I. Pancreatic insufficiency and sprue (author's transl)].", "content": "The vitamin A absorption test and its interaction with the secretin-pancreozymin test, the d-xylose absorption test, fecal fat content and the small intestine biopsy are estimated on their significance in the diagnosis and course of sprue and pancreatic insufficiency. The investigation includes 39 patients with different stages of pancreatic insufficiency and 10 patients with sprue. First it results relatively wide spread normal values in a control collective with sometimes unexplained low values, the significance of the vitamin A absorption test as screening test therefore is limited. Secondly the absent rise after vitamin A ingestion in serum after 3 and 6 hours favours the diagnosis of sprue, correlates with the histological findings of the mucosa and appears more reliable than the d-xylose test. Thirdly this test seems to allow the differentiation between malabsorption and maldigestion when steathorroe is proved: In contrast to sprue-syndromes pancreatic insufficiency shows significant reduced 3 hour values at subnormal 6 hour values after vitamin A ingestion.", "contents": "[Vitamin A absorption test. I. Pancreatic insufficiency and sprue (author's transl)]. The vitamin A absorption test and its interaction with the secretin-pancreozymin test, the d-xylose absorption test, fecal fat content and the small intestine biopsy are estimated on their significance in the diagnosis and course of sprue and pancreatic insufficiency. The investigation includes 39 patients with different stages of pancreatic insufficiency and 10 patients with sprue. First it results relatively wide spread normal values in a control collective with sometimes unexplained low values, the significance of the vitamin A absorption test as screening test therefore is limited. Secondly the absent rise after vitamin A ingestion in serum after 3 and 6 hours favours the diagnosis of sprue, correlates with the histological findings of the mucosa and appears more reliable than the d-xylose test. Thirdly this test seems to allow the differentiation between malabsorption and maldigestion when steathorroe is proved: In contrast to sprue-syndromes pancreatic insufficiency shows significant reduced 3 hour values at subnormal 6 hour values after vitamin A ingestion.", "PMID": 1186578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10218", "title": "[Vitamin A absorption test. II. Diseases of the liver, the extrahepatic biliary system and the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported on the estimation of the vitamin A absorption test in 17 patients with chronic liver diseases, 26 patients with diseases of the extrahepatic biliary system, and in 12 patients with diseases of the stomach. In the latter there are no changes in the vitamin A test. On the contrary patients with diseases of the liver and biliary system show differences in the serum vitamin A levels. A separate consideration of active liver cirrhosis and active cholangitis indicates individualities in the constellation of the 3 and 6 hour values after vitamin A ingestion: in liver cirrhosis the first value is normal while the 6 hour value seems significant lowered so that the maximum vitamin A concentration is found near 3 hours. In active cholangitis both values are reduced, the first one more than the second one. The reason is to be seen in a decrease of the conjugated bile acids, whereas in the group of liver diseases an interpretation is somewhat problematic. It is to discuss whether these results depend on the development of portal hypertension, while the intestinal absorption seems normal and liver damage only of secondary importance. The fact that this test is influenced by diseases of the liver and biliary system shortens its significance as a screening test for malabsorption or maldigestion though a further differentiation between sprue and pancreatic insufficiency seems possible.", "contents": "[Vitamin A absorption test. II. Diseases of the liver, the extrahepatic biliary system and the stomach (author's transl)]. It is reported on the estimation of the vitamin A absorption test in 17 patients with chronic liver diseases, 26 patients with diseases of the extrahepatic biliary system, and in 12 patients with diseases of the stomach. In the latter there are no changes in the vitamin A test. On the contrary patients with diseases of the liver and biliary system show differences in the serum vitamin A levels. A separate consideration of active liver cirrhosis and active cholangitis indicates individualities in the constellation of the 3 and 6 hour values after vitamin A ingestion: in liver cirrhosis the first value is normal while the 6 hour value seems significant lowered so that the maximum vitamin A concentration is found near 3 hours. In active cholangitis both values are reduced, the first one more than the second one. The reason is to be seen in a decrease of the conjugated bile acids, whereas in the group of liver diseases an interpretation is somewhat problematic. It is to discuss whether these results depend on the development of portal hypertension, while the intestinal absorption seems normal and liver damage only of secondary importance. The fact that this test is influenced by diseases of the liver and biliary system shortens its significance as a screening test for malabsorption or maldigestion though a further differentiation between sprue and pancreatic insufficiency seems possible.", "PMID": 1186579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10219", "title": "[Determination of chymotrypsin in the stool by succinyl-L-phenylalanin-P-nitraniliden (Suphepa) in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "A specific substrate (Suphepa), which is well known in duodenal chymotrypsin determination (pancreozymin-secretin-test), is also suitable for the enzyme determination in stools from patients suspected of having a pancreas insufficiency of exocrine nature. The median value of 353 fecal chymotrypsin determination of 180 normal persons was 137 mug/g of native stool. There is a good correlation in comparing the fecal with the duodenal chymotrypsin: Out of 30 comparable patients, 10 patients had pathological values for the duodenal and fecal chymotrypsin determinations, whereas 18 patients had normal values. According to the results of the pancreozymin-secretin-test, false normal stool results were recorded for two patients. No false positive stool values were recorded for the comparative collective. The great accuracy, the modest instrumental expense and the negligible inconvenience for the patient are good in line with the requirements for a screening test.", "contents": "[Determination of chymotrypsin in the stool by succinyl-L-phenylalanin-P-nitraniliden (Suphepa) in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases (author's transl)]. A specific substrate (Suphepa), which is well known in duodenal chymotrypsin determination (pancreozymin-secretin-test), is also suitable for the enzyme determination in stools from patients suspected of having a pancreas insufficiency of exocrine nature. The median value of 353 fecal chymotrypsin determination of 180 normal persons was 137 mug/g of native stool. There is a good correlation in comparing the fecal with the duodenal chymotrypsin: Out of 30 comparable patients, 10 patients had pathological values for the duodenal and fecal chymotrypsin determinations, whereas 18 patients had normal values. According to the results of the pancreozymin-secretin-test, false normal stool results were recorded for two patients. No false positive stool values were recorded for the comparative collective. The great accuracy, the modest instrumental expense and the negligible inconvenience for the patient are good in line with the requirements for a screening test.", "PMID": 1186580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10220", "title": "[Significance of the chronic abuse of bromoureide containing hypnotics. Simple chemical methods for its detection (author's transl)].", "content": "The abuse of bromoureide (= bromocarbamide) containing sedatives gains increasing clinical relevance. Up to 50% of acute intoxications nowadays are caused by suicidal ingestion of bromocarbamides. The symptoms of the chronic intoxications are due to ionised bromide split off from the organic molecule and slowly accumulating in the organism. Due to the extremely long biological half-life of the bromide ion the chronic ingestion of bromocarbamides can be demonstrated easily and for long periods by determining the concentration of free, i.e. ionised bromide in serum or saliva. Simple and rapid methods suitable for screening purposes are discussed and the results of routine determinations of serum bromide in a psychiatric-neurological department are presented.", "contents": "[Significance of the chronic abuse of bromoureide containing hypnotics. Simple chemical methods for its detection (author's transl)]. The abuse of bromoureide (= bromocarbamide) containing sedatives gains increasing clinical relevance. Up to 50% of acute intoxications nowadays are caused by suicidal ingestion of bromocarbamides. The symptoms of the chronic intoxications are due to ionised bromide split off from the organic molecule and slowly accumulating in the organism. Due to the extremely long biological half-life of the bromide ion the chronic ingestion of bromocarbamides can be demonstrated easily and for long periods by determining the concentration of free, i.e. ionised bromide in serum or saliva. Simple and rapid methods suitable for screening purposes are discussed and the results of routine determinations of serum bromide in a psychiatric-neurological department are presented.", "PMID": 1186581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10221", "title": "[Metabolic myelosis (author's transl)].", "content": "102 patients suffering from metabolic myelosis were studied clinically. Among the early signs and symptoms, pins and needles, freezing or burning feet, and impaired kinaesthesia were the most frequent ones. With the syndrome progressing, motor disturbances of supramotoneuronal character developed. Every third patient had neurogenic ischuria. Examinations of the cerebrospinal fluid did not reveal any deviation characteristic or \"typical\" of myelosis. Different pathogenic factors were detected by analysis according to the rules of internal medicine. However, no single factor defining myelosis aetiologically could be discovered. The majority of cases suggested that the metabolic steady state decompensated by the coincidence of more than one factor, thus initiating myelosis. The following pathogenic factors were observed frequently: Malabsorption, abuse or intoxication, liver cell damage, neoplasm. The great variety of pathogenic factors emphasizes that metabolic myelosis must be counted among the polygenetic identical reactions of the central nervous system. These are the organism alarming signals and they require comprehensive general examinations.", "contents": "[Metabolic myelosis (author's transl)]. 102 patients suffering from metabolic myelosis were studied clinically. Among the early signs and symptoms, pins and needles, freezing or burning feet, and impaired kinaesthesia were the most frequent ones. With the syndrome progressing, motor disturbances of supramotoneuronal character developed. Every third patient had neurogenic ischuria. Examinations of the cerebrospinal fluid did not reveal any deviation characteristic or \"typical\" of myelosis. Different pathogenic factors were detected by analysis according to the rules of internal medicine. However, no single factor defining myelosis aetiologically could be discovered. The majority of cases suggested that the metabolic steady state decompensated by the coincidence of more than one factor, thus initiating myelosis. The following pathogenic factors were observed frequently: Malabsorption, abuse or intoxication, liver cell damage, neoplasm. The great variety of pathogenic factors emphasizes that metabolic myelosis must be counted among the polygenetic identical reactions of the central nervous system. These are the organism alarming signals and they require comprehensive general examinations.", "PMID": 1186583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10222", "title": "[Treatment of obesity by behavior therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Many possibilities are discussed to influence abnormal eating behavior by methods of behavior modification by learning principles. Amongst the usually employed procedures of operant conditioning, of self-control, of aversive stimuli and behavior modification by contract as new methods are used: learning by models and self-determination (giving marks as in school) of eating behavior. The proceedings are illustrated by 5 own cases (children between 9 and 13 years old). Success for longer periods was only obtained in 3 cases where a self-control program was practised.", "contents": "[Treatment of obesity by behavior therapy (author's transl)]. Many possibilities are discussed to influence abnormal eating behavior by methods of behavior modification by learning principles. Amongst the usually employed procedures of operant conditioning, of self-control, of aversive stimuli and behavior modification by contract as new methods are used: learning by models and self-determination (giving marks as in school) of eating behavior. The proceedings are illustrated by 5 own cases (children between 9 and 13 years old). Success for longer periods was only obtained in 3 cases where a self-control program was practised.", "PMID": 1186585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10223", "title": "[Pathobiochemistry of galactosemia and usefulness of the Gt system in expert opinions (author's transl)].", "content": "We investigated the genetic polymorphism of galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase (Gt) of 525 blood samples from Southern Germany. The gene frequencies of Gt1 are 0.9581 and of Gt2 0.0623. Comparing the gene frequencies of galactosemia (0.006), GtD (0.06), Gt1 (0.9581) and Gt2 (0.0623), we see that the gene frequencies of GtD and Gt2 are nearly identical. In expert opinions that Gt is a system of insufficient information.", "contents": "[Pathobiochemistry of galactosemia and usefulness of the Gt system in expert opinions (author's transl)]. We investigated the genetic polymorphism of galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase (Gt) of 525 blood samples from Southern Germany. The gene frequencies of Gt1 are 0.9581 and of Gt2 0.0623. Comparing the gene frequencies of galactosemia (0.006), GtD (0.06), Gt1 (0.9581) and Gt2 (0.0623), we see that the gene frequencies of GtD and Gt2 are nearly identical. In expert opinions that Gt is a system of insufficient information.", "PMID": 1186586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10224", "title": "Boron neutron capture therapy for the treatment of cerebral gliomas. I. Theoretical evaluation of the efficacy of various neutron beams.", "content": "The technique of boron neutron capture therapy in the treatment of cerebral gliomas depends upon the selective loading of the tumor with a 10B-enriched compound and subsequent irradiation of the brain with low-energy neutrons. The charged particles produced in the 10B (n,alpha) 7Li reaction have ranges in tissue of less than 10 mum so that the dose distribution closely follows the 10B distribution even to the cellular level. The effectiveness of this therapy procedure is dependent not only on the 10B compound but on the spectral characteristics of the neutron source as well. Hence, an optimization of these characteristics will increase the chances of therapeutic success. Transport calculations using a neutral particle transport code have been made to determine the dose-depth distributions within a simple head phantom for five different incident neutron beams. Comparison of these beams to determine their relative therapeutic efficacy was made by the use of a maximum useable depth criterion. In particular, with presently available compounds, the MIT reactor (MITR) therapy beam (a) is not inferior to a pure thermal neutron beam, (b) would be marginally improved if its gamma-ray contamination were eliminated, (c) is superior to a partially 10B-filtered MITR beam, and (d) produces a maximum useable depth which is strongly dependent upon the tumor-to-blood ratio of 10B concentrations and weakly dependent upon the absolute 10B concentration in tumor. A pure epithermal neutron beam with a mean energy of 37 eV is shown to have close to the optimal characteristics for boron neutron capture therapy. Futhermore, these optimal characteristics can be approximated by a judiciously D2O moderated and 10B-filtered 252Cf neutron source. This tailored 252Cf source would have at least a 1.5 cm greater maximum useable depth than the MITR therapy beam for realistic 10B concentrations. However, at least one gram of 252Cf would be needed to make this a practical therapy source. If the moderated 252Cf source is not 10B filtered, the resultant neutron beam has characteristics similar to those of the MITR beam with no gamma-ray contamination. For usch a beam, 100 mg of 252Cf would produce a flux of 2.4 X 10(8) neutrons/(cm2 sec), which is an intensity suitable for therapy applications.", "contents": "Boron neutron capture therapy for the treatment of cerebral gliomas. I. Theoretical evaluation of the efficacy of various neutron beams. The technique of boron neutron capture therapy in the treatment of cerebral gliomas depends upon the selective loading of the tumor with a 10B-enriched compound and subsequent irradiation of the brain with low-energy neutrons. The charged particles produced in the 10B (n,alpha) 7Li reaction have ranges in tissue of less than 10 mum so that the dose distribution closely follows the 10B distribution even to the cellular level. The effectiveness of this therapy procedure is dependent not only on the 10B compound but on the spectral characteristics of the neutron source as well. Hence, an optimization of these characteristics will increase the chances of therapeutic success. Transport calculations using a neutral particle transport code have been made to determine the dose-depth distributions within a simple head phantom for five different incident neutron beams. Comparison of these beams to determine their relative therapeutic efficacy was made by the use of a maximum useable depth criterion. In particular, with presently available compounds, the MIT reactor (MITR) therapy beam (a) is not inferior to a pure thermal neutron beam, (b) would be marginally improved if its gamma-ray contamination were eliminated, (c) is superior to a partially 10B-filtered MITR beam, and (d) produces a maximum useable depth which is strongly dependent upon the tumor-to-blood ratio of 10B concentrations and weakly dependent upon the absolute 10B concentration in tumor. A pure epithermal neutron beam with a mean energy of 37 eV is shown to have close to the optimal characteristics for boron neutron capture therapy. Futhermore, these optimal characteristics can be approximated by a judiciously D2O moderated and 10B-filtered 252Cf neutron source. This tailored 252Cf source would have at least a 1.5 cm greater maximum useable depth than the MITR therapy beam for realistic 10B concentrations. However, at least one gram of 252Cf would be needed to make this a practical therapy source. If the moderated 252Cf source is not 10B filtered, the resultant neutron beam has characteristics similar to those of the MITR beam with no gamma-ray contamination. For usch a beam, 100 mg of 252Cf would produce a flux of 2.4 X 10(8) neutrons/(cm2 sec), which is an intensity suitable for therapy applications.", "PMID": 1186617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10225", "title": "Electrostatic fields in ionography.", "content": "There is renewed interest in diagnostic radiology in electrostatic methods of imaging, such as xeroradiography and ionography. This is due to the fact that edge contrast can be achieved, aiding in the visualization of soft tissue tumors. In analyzing the image forming properties of these system, we chose to solve the electrostatic problems by the method of images. We present methods and recursion formulas for calculating electrostatic fields due to (a) any charge distribution on a slab of dielectric (the solution involves a single infinite series) or (b) the same as the above with the introduction of an additional ground plane parallel to the dielectric surface (the solution now involves double infinite series). Analysis of these fields suggests new methods of controlling edge contrast and development configurations where the field which penetrates through the foil is used to produce the final image rather than the field above the charged surface.", "contents": "Electrostatic fields in ionography. There is renewed interest in diagnostic radiology in electrostatic methods of imaging, such as xeroradiography and ionography. This is due to the fact that edge contrast can be achieved, aiding in the visualization of soft tissue tumors. In analyzing the image forming properties of these system, we chose to solve the electrostatic problems by the method of images. We present methods and recursion formulas for calculating electrostatic fields due to (a) any charge distribution on a slab of dielectric (the solution involves a single infinite series) or (b) the same as the above with the introduction of an additional ground plane parallel to the dielectric surface (the solution now involves double infinite series). Analysis of these fields suggests new methods of controlling edge contrast and development configurations where the field which penetrates through the foil is used to produce the final image rather than the field above the charged surface.", "PMID": 1186618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10226", "title": "Simple method for the generation of organ and vessel contours from roentgenographic or fluoroscopic images.", "content": "A simple method is described for outlining or contouring any area defined by a change in film density or fluoroscopic screen intensity. The entire process, except for the positioning of an electronic window, is accomplished using a small computer having appropriate software. The electronic window is operator positioned over the area to be processed. The only requirement is that the window be alrge enough to encompass the total area to be considered.", "contents": "Simple method for the generation of organ and vessel contours from roentgenographic or fluoroscopic images. A simple method is described for outlining or contouring any area defined by a change in film density or fluoroscopic screen intensity. The entire process, except for the positioning of an electronic window, is accomplished using a small computer having appropriate software. The electronic window is operator positioned over the area to be processed. The only requirement is that the window be alrge enough to encompass the total area to be considered.", "PMID": 1186619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10227", "title": "Loss of field flatness in AECL teletherapy units form misadjustment of the collimator.", "content": "Atomic Energy of Canada Limited 60Co teletherapy units have adjustable collimator hinges to adapt to source diameters from 0.75 to 2.50 cm. Adjustment of the collimator hinge to the manfacturer's settings can cause a loss of radiation field flatness as high as 20% for large fields. The recommended settings appear to clip the top corners of tall source capsules. Opening the hinge adjustment restores field flatness, without changing penumbra or the inverse square law behavior of the teletherapy unit.", "contents": "Loss of field flatness in AECL teletherapy units form misadjustment of the collimator. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited 60Co teletherapy units have adjustable collimator hinges to adapt to source diameters from 0.75 to 2.50 cm. Adjustment of the collimator hinge to the manfacturer's settings can cause a loss of radiation field flatness as high as 20% for large fields. The recommended settings appear to clip the top corners of tall source capsules. Opening the hinge adjustment restores field flatness, without changing penumbra or the inverse square law behavior of the teletherapy unit.", "PMID": 1186620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10228", "title": "Laser modification to an x-ray collimator: an aid in positioning patients for neurosurgical and radiographic procedures.", "content": "In high-ambient-light levels such as are found in operating rooms, and at long target-to-patient distances, the cross lines and light field projected from conventional x-ray collimators are not easily visible and proper patient positioning is difficult. The collimators on two mutually perpendicular x-ray units have been modified by replacing the incandescent bulbs with lasers and adjusting the lasers to be coaxial with the x-ray beams. These modifications have been coupled with a third wall-mounted laser to facilitate patient positioning for stereotaxic thermal hypophysectomy. The use of the laser-modified collimators has resulted in considerable saving of time for the operating team and has markedly reduced patient anesthesia time. The laser-modified collimator has also been found useful in positioning patients for other radiographic procedures in the operating room and has virtually eliminated retakes due to malpositioning.", "contents": "Laser modification to an x-ray collimator: an aid in positioning patients for neurosurgical and radiographic procedures. In high-ambient-light levels such as are found in operating rooms, and at long target-to-patient distances, the cross lines and light field projected from conventional x-ray collimators are not easily visible and proper patient positioning is difficult. The collimators on two mutually perpendicular x-ray units have been modified by replacing the incandescent bulbs with lasers and adjusting the lasers to be coaxial with the x-ray beams. These modifications have been coupled with a third wall-mounted laser to facilitate patient positioning for stereotaxic thermal hypophysectomy. The use of the laser-modified collimators has resulted in considerable saving of time for the operating team and has markedly reduced patient anesthesia time. The laser-modified collimator has also been found useful in positioning patients for other radiographic procedures in the operating room and has virtually eliminated retakes due to malpositioning.", "PMID": 1186621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10229", "title": "Modulation transfer function of a finite scanning microdensitometer slit.", "content": "Inherent in the line-spread function approach in modulation transfer function (MTF) determinations is the use of a microdensitometer to scan the density pattern resulting from the line exposure. In such a procedure, loss of fidelity in the distribution being scanned is expected. This loss is due in part to the use of a finite-width scanning slit. In spite of the central role of the scanning slits in the MTF determination, little if anything has appeared in the literature from which one can quantitate the effect of a scanning slit on the MTF determination. This paper analyzes the loss of response attendant with use of scanning slits of differing widths. Specifically, the MTF of a finite scanning slit is derived. A method for correcting for loss of response, given a specific slit width, is indicated on the basis of the chain-multiplication property of MTFs. The current practice of using a 10-mum width for film-screen combinations is shown to be justified. Results can be generalized to any configuration scan slit. In addition, it may also be applied to any generalized sampling or display-type slit.", "contents": "Modulation transfer function of a finite scanning microdensitometer slit. Inherent in the line-spread function approach in modulation transfer function (MTF) determinations is the use of a microdensitometer to scan the density pattern resulting from the line exposure. In such a procedure, loss of fidelity in the distribution being scanned is expected. This loss is due in part to the use of a finite-width scanning slit. In spite of the central role of the scanning slits in the MTF determination, little if anything has appeared in the literature from which one can quantitate the effect of a scanning slit on the MTF determination. This paper analyzes the loss of response attendant with use of scanning slits of differing widths. Specifically, the MTF of a finite scanning slit is derived. A method for correcting for loss of response, given a specific slit width, is indicated on the basis of the chain-multiplication property of MTFs. The current practice of using a 10-mum width for film-screen combinations is shown to be justified. Results can be generalized to any configuration scan slit. In addition, it may also be applied to any generalized sampling or display-type slit.", "PMID": 1186630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10230", "title": "Saturation curve in gases of high atomic number at pressures up to 8 atm. I. Krypton and xenon.", "content": "The saturation curve has been studied in xenon and in krypton up to a pressure of 8 atm. An empirical formula has been found that describes the fraction of current collected over a wide range of voltages, pressures, ionization intensities, and electrode spacings. This is of practical value in the design of ionography chambers. For krypton the collection fraction fKr = (1 + 0.25eta-1.74)-1, and for xenon fXe = (1 + 0.16eta-1.88)-1, where eta = Fp-0.7Vd-2q-1/2 with F = 3.61 X 10(-7) and 2.50 X 10(-7) for krypton and xenon, respectively. The ranges of the variables covered in the experiments were p = 1-8 atm, V = 5-25000 V, d = 0.3-1.3 cm, and q = 4 X 10(-9)-6 X 10(-8) A/cm3.", "contents": "Saturation curve in gases of high atomic number at pressures up to 8 atm. I. Krypton and xenon. The saturation curve has been studied in xenon and in krypton up to a pressure of 8 atm. An empirical formula has been found that describes the fraction of current collected over a wide range of voltages, pressures, ionization intensities, and electrode spacings. This is of practical value in the design of ionography chambers. For krypton the collection fraction fKr = (1 + 0.25eta-1.74)-1, and for xenon fXe = (1 + 0.16eta-1.88)-1, where eta = Fp-0.7Vd-2q-1/2 with F = 3.61 X 10(-7) and 2.50 X 10(-7) for krypton and xenon, respectively. The ranges of the variables covered in the experiments were p = 1-8 atm, V = 5-25000 V, d = 0.3-1.3 cm, and q = 4 X 10(-9)-6 X 10(-8) A/cm3.", "PMID": 1186629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10231", "title": "X-ray scatter background signals in transmission radiography.", "content": "With monoenergetic x-ray beams incident on polystyrene phantoms, the spectra of the tramsmitted x rays were measured with a scintillation spectrometer. The scattered and unscattered components of the transmitted x-ray fluence at a point on the beam axis were determined as a function of (i) the incident x-ray energy (18, 22, 32, 49, 58, 69, and 660 keV), (ii) the phantom thickness (5.3, 10, and 21 cm), (iii) the scatter solid angle determined by the exposed area of the phantom and the separation distance of the image plane (0.090, 0.31, 0.66, 1.8, 3.5 4.3, 4.8, and 5.1 sr), and (iv) the beam diameter at the image plane (25, 17, and 10 cm). The results indicate that, as the incident x-ray energy decreases from 660 to 30 keV, the contribution of the scattered component to the transmitted fluence increases from approximately 50% to 90% for the 21-cm phantom and from 21% to 50% for the 5.3-cm phantom. For typical cases, the data show the effect of the scatter component on the ratio of the image to the background signals. In addition, the examples show that optimum conditions for maximizing this signal ratio may be obtained by a careful selection of the incident x-ray energy for low-, medium, and high-contrast objects.", "contents": "X-ray scatter background signals in transmission radiography. With monoenergetic x-ray beams incident on polystyrene phantoms, the spectra of the tramsmitted x rays were measured with a scintillation spectrometer. The scattered and unscattered components of the transmitted x-ray fluence at a point on the beam axis were determined as a function of (i) the incident x-ray energy (18, 22, 32, 49, 58, 69, and 660 keV), (ii) the phantom thickness (5.3, 10, and 21 cm), (iii) the scatter solid angle determined by the exposed area of the phantom and the separation distance of the image plane (0.090, 0.31, 0.66, 1.8, 3.5 4.3, 4.8, and 5.1 sr), and (iv) the beam diameter at the image plane (25, 17, and 10 cm). The results indicate that, as the incident x-ray energy decreases from 660 to 30 keV, the contribution of the scattered component to the transmitted fluence increases from approximately 50% to 90% for the 21-cm phantom and from 21% to 50% for the 5.3-cm phantom. For typical cases, the data show the effect of the scatter component on the ratio of the image to the background signals. In addition, the examples show that optimum conditions for maximizing this signal ratio may be obtained by a careful selection of the incident x-ray energy for low-, medium, and high-contrast objects.", "PMID": 1186632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10232", "title": "Effect of microdensitometer scan slit misalignment in MTF determinations.", "content": "To determine the modulation transfer function (MTF) of a radiographic film or film-screen system, it is common to expose the system to a line source and scan the result with a microdensitometer. The question arises as to how the MTF determination is affected by such factors as microdensitometer slit width and possible misalignment of the slit with the line pattern being scanned. In any experiment, some degree of misalignment can be expected. This paper analyzes the resulting problem and derives an expression for the MTF of slit misalignment and slit width: MTF = [sin[2pif(L/2)]/2pif(L/2)] X (sin[2pif[H sin(theta/2)[[/2pif[Hsin(theta/2)[[), where L is the slit width, H the slit height, theta the angle of misalignment, and f the spatial frequency variable. The left-hand factor of this product is the MTF of a finite slit width, while the right-hand factor is the MTF of misalignment. It is shown that, for radiographic film-screen combinations, small-angle misalignment up to 0.25 degrees is not serious with 1.5-cm-long slits, while such a misalignment may become serious in highbandwidth systems such as nonscreen films.", "contents": "Effect of microdensitometer scan slit misalignment in MTF determinations. To determine the modulation transfer function (MTF) of a radiographic film or film-screen system, it is common to expose the system to a line source and scan the result with a microdensitometer. The question arises as to how the MTF determination is affected by such factors as microdensitometer slit width and possible misalignment of the slit with the line pattern being scanned. In any experiment, some degree of misalignment can be expected. This paper analyzes the resulting problem and derives an expression for the MTF of slit misalignment and slit width: MTF = [sin[2pif(L/2)]/2pif(L/2)] X (sin[2pif[H sin(theta/2)[[/2pif[Hsin(theta/2)[[), where L is the slit width, H the slit height, theta the angle of misalignment, and f the spatial frequency variable. The left-hand factor of this product is the MTF of a finite slit width, while the right-hand factor is the MTF of misalignment. It is shown that, for radiographic film-screen combinations, small-angle misalignment up to 0.25 degrees is not serious with 1.5-cm-long slits, while such a misalignment may become serious in highbandwidth systems such as nonscreen films.", "PMID": 1186631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10233", "title": "Intensifying screen for xeroradiography.", "content": "A high-atomic-number rare gas has been incorporated into xeroradiographic cassettes in order to increase the sensitivity of the process to x radiation. Preliminary results indicate that krypton gas at 1-atm pressure increases the sensitivity by approximately a factor of 2 in the mammography energy region.", "contents": "Intensifying screen for xeroradiography. A high-atomic-number rare gas has been incorporated into xeroradiographic cassettes in order to increase the sensitivity of the process to x radiation. Preliminary results indicate that krypton gas at 1-atm pressure increases the sensitivity by approximately a factor of 2 in the mammography energy region.", "PMID": 1186636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10234", "title": "Maintenance of condenser-ion chamber calibration.", "content": "Readings made with condenser-ionization chamber systems are frequently suspect because significant changes in calibration can occur without being evident in the normal use of the instruments. These changes can be traced to physical causes that alter the voltage sensitivity of electrical capacitance. Thus, measurement of these electrical parameters will indicate whether or not a change in calibration has occurred. Formulas are presented of calculating such changes and determining which parameter is responsible. Good agreement was obtained between the results of calculations with these formulas and the results of radiation measurements made with a Victoreen Condenser R-Meter after several components had been deliberately maladjusted.", "contents": "Maintenance of condenser-ion chamber calibration. Readings made with condenser-ionization chamber systems are frequently suspect because significant changes in calibration can occur without being evident in the normal use of the instruments. These changes can be traced to physical causes that alter the voltage sensitivity of electrical capacitance. Thus, measurement of these electrical parameters will indicate whether or not a change in calibration has occurred. Formulas are presented of calculating such changes and determining which parameter is responsible. Good agreement was obtained between the results of calculations with these formulas and the results of radiation measurements made with a Victoreen Condenser R-Meter after several components had been deliberately maladjusted.", "PMID": 1186634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10235", "title": "Exposure values around an x-ray scanning transaxial tomograph (EMI scanner).", "content": "Measurements of exposure accumulated in a one-month period in and around a scanning x-ray transaxial tomograph are reported. For the unit studied (the EMI neurological scanner) values measured indicate that the shielding required is \"minimal.\"", "contents": "Exposure values around an x-ray scanning transaxial tomograph (EMI scanner). Measurements of exposure accumulated in a one-month period in and around a scanning x-ray transaxial tomograph are reported. For the unit studied (the EMI neurological scanner) values measured indicate that the shielding required is \"minimal.\"", "PMID": 1186637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10236", "title": "New device for accurate measurement of the x-ray intensity distribution of x-ray tube focal spots.", "content": "A new device has been developed with which the focal spot distribution can be measured accurately. The alignment and localization of the focal spot relative to the device are accomplished by adjustment of three micrometer screws in three orthogonal directions and by comparison of red reference light spots with green fluorescent pinhole images at five locations. The standard deviations for evaluating the reproducibility of the adjustments in the horizontal and vertical directions were 0.2 and 0.5 mm, respectively. Measurements were made of the pinhole images as well as of the line-spread functions (LSFs) and modulation transfer functions (MTFs) for an x-ray tube with focal spots of 1-mm and 50-mum nominal size. The standard deviations for the LSF and MTF of the 1-mm focal spot were 0.017 and 0.010, respectively.", "contents": "New device for accurate measurement of the x-ray intensity distribution of x-ray tube focal spots. A new device has been developed with which the focal spot distribution can be measured accurately. The alignment and localization of the focal spot relative to the device are accomplished by adjustment of three micrometer screws in three orthogonal directions and by comparison of red reference light spots with green fluorescent pinhole images at five locations. The standard deviations for evaluating the reproducibility of the adjustments in the horizontal and vertical directions were 0.2 and 0.5 mm, respectively. Measurements were made of the pinhole images as well as of the line-spread functions (LSFs) and modulation transfer functions (MTFs) for an x-ray tube with focal spots of 1-mm and 50-mum nominal size. The standard deviations for the LSF and MTF of the 1-mm focal spot were 0.017 and 0.010, respectively.", "PMID": 1186633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10237", "title": "Method for gantry angle repositioning on rotational teletherapy equipment.", "content": "Repositioning errors for given angles have been found to be as large as +/-0.5 degrees. Errors of this magnitude are undesirable and unnecessary. To overcome this difficulty, a small laser was mounted to the counterweight of our accelerator with its light beam projected at 90 degrees to the axis of the x-ray beam. The light beam is used as a lever arm to indicate large distances (0.125 in.) for small changes in gantry angle (0.1 degrees). Gantry angles can easily be respositioned within 0.1 degrees. Routine use of the laser beam indicator has reduced the time taken to reposition the gantry.", "contents": "Method for gantry angle repositioning on rotational teletherapy equipment. Repositioning errors for given angles have been found to be as large as +/-0.5 degrees. Errors of this magnitude are undesirable and unnecessary. To overcome this difficulty, a small laser was mounted to the counterweight of our accelerator with its light beam projected at 90 degrees to the axis of the x-ray beam. The light beam is used as a lever arm to indicate large distances (0.125 in.) for small changes in gantry angle (0.1 degrees). Gantry angles can easily be respositioned within 0.1 degrees. Routine use of the laser beam indicator has reduced the time taken to reposition the gantry.", "PMID": 1186635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10238", "title": "Treatment of ruptured ileum and peritonitis in a cat.", "content": "Ischemic necrosis and rupture of the ileum caused by avulsion of the mesentery occurred in a 6-month-old cat following blunt trauma of the abdomen. The damaged section of intestine was resected and an anastomosis was performed using a single layer edge-to-edge suturing technic. Diffuse peritonitis was treated by peritoneal lavage and instillation of antibiotics into the peritoneal cavity at the time of surgery. The cat's recovery was uncomplicated. A rationale is provided for the suturing technic and peritoneal lavage at the time of surgery.", "contents": "Treatment of ruptured ileum and peritonitis in a cat. Ischemic necrosis and rupture of the ileum caused by avulsion of the mesentery occurred in a 6-month-old cat following blunt trauma of the abdomen. The damaged section of intestine was resected and an anastomosis was performed using a single layer edge-to-edge suturing technic. Diffuse peritonitis was treated by peritoneal lavage and instillation of antibiotics into the peritoneal cavity at the time of surgery. The cat's recovery was uncomplicated. A rationale is provided for the suturing technic and peritoneal lavage at the time of surgery.", "PMID": 1186654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10239", "title": "A simple method for making new transducing lines of coliphage lambda.", "content": "A variety of novel transducing lines of phage lambda can be obtained by induction of a mixed culture of abnormal lysogens. Such a culture is simply made by mass lysogenization of a host lacking the normal prophage attachment site.", "contents": "A simple method for making new transducing lines of coliphage lambda. A variety of novel transducing lines of phage lambda can be obtained by induction of a mixed culture of abnormal lysogens. Such a culture is simply made by mass lysogenization of a host lacking the normal prophage attachment site.", "PMID": 1186657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10240", "title": "Cryptic mutations: their predicted biochemical basis, frequencies and effects on gene conversion.", "content": "Cryptic mutations are undetected base changes in genetic DNA (or hereditary RNA). Some kinds of base change are normally undetected; others may or may not be detected, depending on experimental conditions, procedures and genotypes. Cryptic mutations could affect gene conversion results because when heterozygous they cause mismatched base pairs in hybrid DNA in the same way as known mutations, but the experimenter is unaware of them. Cryptic heterozygosity will usually be much more frequent in heterothallic than homothallic organisms. The effects of cryptic mutation heterozygosity on recombination and conversion of known mutations are predicted with reference to co-conversion, map expansion and polarity. Relevant evidence is considered.", "contents": "Cryptic mutations: their predicted biochemical basis, frequencies and effects on gene conversion. Cryptic mutations are undetected base changes in genetic DNA (or hereditary RNA). Some kinds of base change are normally undetected; others may or may not be detected, depending on experimental conditions, procedures and genotypes. Cryptic mutations could affect gene conversion results because when heterozygous they cause mismatched base pairs in hybrid DNA in the same way as known mutations, but the experimenter is unaware of them. Cryptic heterozygosity will usually be much more frequent in heterothallic than homothallic organisms. The effects of cryptic mutation heterozygosity on recombination and conversion of known mutations are predicted with reference to co-conversion, map expansion and polarity. Relevant evidence is considered.", "PMID": 1186658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10241", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of electron trasport in the bc1-segment of the respiratory chain in yeast. III. Isolation and characterization of an antimycin resistant mutant ANT 8 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "1. A mutant (ANT 8) of Schizosaccharomyces pombe which shows resistance to antimycin both in vivo and in vitro is characterized biochemically and genetically. 2. In crosses of ANT 8 with auxotrophic strains, resistance to antimycin segregates 2:2 indicating that resistance is conferred by a single nuclear gene. Diploids heterozygous for the resistance gene, however, show segregation of the resistance and sensitivity during mitosis. Possible reasons for this segregation are discussed. 3. Compared with the wild type, the NADH oxidase of ANT 8 requires 13 times as much antimycin for 95% inhibition. After addition of ubiquinone-3, electron transport which is less sensitive to antimycin is found only in the mutant. 4. The resistance of the mutant ANT 8 si due to the much weaker binding of antimycin to mitochondria. As in the wild type, two antimycin binding sites can be separated by binding studies. From the inhibition curves it is evident that binding of antimycin to oxidized mitochondrial particles does not correspond with its inhibitory effect on the partly reduced enzyme in kinetic studies. 5. The peak of the b-cytochrome absorbing at 560.2 nm at 77 degrees K in the wild type is shifted to 561 nm in the mutant. 6. A special preparation method for mutant mitochondrial particles is described, yielding highly active enzymes and CO-insensitive cytochromes. 7. The results are discussed with reference to the components in our model of the respiratory chain, which may be responsible for this type of resistance.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of electron trasport in the bc1-segment of the respiratory chain in yeast. III. Isolation and characterization of an antimycin resistant mutant ANT 8 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 1. A mutant (ANT 8) of Schizosaccharomyces pombe which shows resistance to antimycin both in vivo and in vitro is characterized biochemically and genetically. 2. In crosses of ANT 8 with auxotrophic strains, resistance to antimycin segregates 2:2 indicating that resistance is conferred by a single nuclear gene. Diploids heterozygous for the resistance gene, however, show segregation of the resistance and sensitivity during mitosis. Possible reasons for this segregation are discussed. 3. Compared with the wild type, the NADH oxidase of ANT 8 requires 13 times as much antimycin for 95% inhibition. After addition of ubiquinone-3, electron transport which is less sensitive to antimycin is found only in the mutant. 4. The resistance of the mutant ANT 8 si due to the much weaker binding of antimycin to mitochondria. As in the wild type, two antimycin binding sites can be separated by binding studies. From the inhibition curves it is evident that binding of antimycin to oxidized mitochondrial particles does not correspond with its inhibitory effect on the partly reduced enzyme in kinetic studies. 5. The peak of the b-cytochrome absorbing at 560.2 nm at 77 degrees K in the wild type is shifted to 561 nm in the mutant. 6. A special preparation method for mutant mitochondrial particles is described, yielding highly active enzymes and CO-insensitive cytochromes. 7. The results are discussed with reference to the components in our model of the respiratory chain, which may be responsible for this type of resistance.", "PMID": 1186659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10242", "title": "Two separated nucleolus organizers on the Drosophila hydei Y chromosome.", "content": "By genetical, cytological, and filter saturation hybridization methods it is shown that the Y chromosome of Drosophila hydei contains two separate nucleolus organizers, one on the short arm, the second near the tip of the long arm.", "contents": "Two separated nucleolus organizers on the Drosophila hydei Y chromosome. By genetical, cytological, and filter saturation hybridization methods it is shown that the Y chromosome of Drosophila hydei contains two separate nucleolus organizers, one on the short arm, the second near the tip of the long arm.", "PMID": 1186660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10243", "title": "Rec-mediated recombinational hot spot activity in bacteriophage lambda. IV. Effect of heterology on Chi-stimulated crossing over.", "content": "A Chi mutation in phage lambda stimulates Rec-mediated crossing over more to one side of itself than to the other; stimulation, which is maximal near Chi, can occur at some distance from the Chi site as well. A gross heterology differentiating the two recombining parents does not interfere with the distant Chi-stimulated crossover whether the heterology is at the Chi site or between the Chi site and the distant interval in which recombination is monitored. These conclusions hold whether recombination is measured \"genetically\" in standard crosses or \"physically\" in density-labeled crosses conducted in the absence of DNA replication.", "contents": "Rec-mediated recombinational hot spot activity in bacteriophage lambda. IV. Effect of heterology on Chi-stimulated crossing over. A Chi mutation in phage lambda stimulates Rec-mediated crossing over more to one side of itself than to the other; stimulation, which is maximal near Chi, can occur at some distance from the Chi site as well. A gross heterology differentiating the two recombining parents does not interfere with the distant Chi-stimulated crossover whether the heterology is at the Chi site or between the Chi site and the distant interval in which recombination is monitored. These conclusions hold whether recombination is measured \"genetically\" in standard crosses or \"physically\" in density-labeled crosses conducted in the absence of DNA replication.", "PMID": 1186661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10244", "title": "Spectral characteristics of the bioluminescence induced in the marine fish, Porichthys notatus by Cypridina (ostracod) luciferin.", "content": "Specimens of Porichthys notatus, which are naturally luminous along the coast of California, are non-luminous in Puget Sound. However, luminescence capability may be induced in the adult Puget Sound Porichthys by the administration of purified Cypridina (ostracod) luciferin, synthetic Cypridina luciferin, or Cypridina organisms. The bioluminescence emission spectra produced by the Puget Sound fish following induction is similar, if not identical, to that of the naturally luminous Porichthys notatus from California waters (maxima: 485 and 507 nm).", "contents": "Spectral characteristics of the bioluminescence induced in the marine fish, Porichthys notatus by Cypridina (ostracod) luciferin. Specimens of Porichthys notatus, which are naturally luminous along the coast of California, are non-luminous in Puget Sound. However, luminescence capability may be induced in the adult Puget Sound Porichthys by the administration of purified Cypridina (ostracod) luciferin, synthetic Cypridina luciferin, or Cypridina organisms. The bioluminescence emission spectra produced by the Puget Sound fish following induction is similar, if not identical, to that of the naturally luminous Porichthys notatus from California waters (maxima: 485 and 507 nm).", "PMID": 1186662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10245", "title": "Chromatin-associated RNA content of heterochromatin and euchromatin.", "content": "Chromatin from TLT hepatoma cells, mouse liver cells, and mouse brain cells was fractionated by differential centrifugation into a pellet, enriched with heterochromatin, and a supernatant, enriched with euchromatin. The pellet was found to contain more than twice as much of a particular species of chromatin-associated RNA per milligram chromatin DNA as did the supernatant. This chromatin-associated RNA was also found to be associated with the transcriptionally inactive chromatin of mature avian erythrocytes. Bull sperm, whose genome is known to be completely inactive, was used as the source in the preparation of sperm heads. Bull sperm head RNA appeared to consist of a single, low molecular weight species which migrated on polyacrylamide gels at a rate just slightly slower than the aforementioned chromatin-associated RNA. The results are interpreted as indicating that this chromatin-associated RNA is more prevalently associated with the heterochromatic fraction of chromatin. It is postulated that this chromatin-associated RNA might constitute a structural component of heterochromatin.", "contents": "Chromatin-associated RNA content of heterochromatin and euchromatin. Chromatin from TLT hepatoma cells, mouse liver cells, and mouse brain cells was fractionated by differential centrifugation into a pellet, enriched with heterochromatin, and a supernatant, enriched with euchromatin. The pellet was found to contain more than twice as much of a particular species of chromatin-associated RNA per milligram chromatin DNA as did the supernatant. This chromatin-associated RNA was also found to be associated with the transcriptionally inactive chromatin of mature avian erythrocytes. Bull sperm, whose genome is known to be completely inactive, was used as the source in the preparation of sperm heads. Bull sperm head RNA appeared to consist of a single, low molecular weight species which migrated on polyacrylamide gels at a rate just slightly slower than the aforementioned chromatin-associated RNA. The results are interpreted as indicating that this chromatin-associated RNA is more prevalently associated with the heterochromatic fraction of chromatin. It is postulated that this chromatin-associated RNA might constitute a structural component of heterochromatin.", "PMID": 1186664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10246", "title": "Experiences with the dominant lethal test in female mice: effects of alkylating agents and artificial sweeteners on pre-ovulatory oocyte stages.", "content": "Pre-ovulatory oocytes are especially sensitive to mutagenic influences. Since post-dictyotene oocytes are not subject to selection and elimination before fertilization, they may reveal mutagenic effects directly and unrestrictedly. Presuming that a chemical is administered at pro-estrus to female mice one can conclude that the substance or its active metabolite has the chance to reach the gamete during the sensitive pre-fertilization stages. We proved the usefulness of the test system by investigating the effects of alkylating agents. A second step was to investigate other substances. The following treatments induced dominant lethal effects: methyl methanesulfonate 100 mg/kg i.m., cyclophosphamide 200 mg/kg per os, triaziquone 0.25 mg/kg i.p. In contrast, the following agents were ineffective and can be classified as not mutagenic in this method: sodium cyclamate 10 000 mg/kg per os, saccharine sodium, 10 000 mg/kg per os, cyclohexamine sulfate 150 mg/kg per os, ethanol 5 ml/kg per os.", "contents": "Experiences with the dominant lethal test in female mice: effects of alkylating agents and artificial sweeteners on pre-ovulatory oocyte stages. Pre-ovulatory oocytes are especially sensitive to mutagenic influences. Since post-dictyotene oocytes are not subject to selection and elimination before fertilization, they may reveal mutagenic effects directly and unrestrictedly. Presuming that a chemical is administered at pro-estrus to female mice one can conclude that the substance or its active metabolite has the chance to reach the gamete during the sensitive pre-fertilization stages. We proved the usefulness of the test system by investigating the effects of alkylating agents. A second step was to investigate other substances. The following treatments induced dominant lethal effects: methyl methanesulfonate 100 mg/kg i.m., cyclophosphamide 200 mg/kg per os, triaziquone 0.25 mg/kg i.p. In contrast, the following agents were ineffective and can be classified as not mutagenic in this method: sodium cyclamate 10 000 mg/kg per os, saccharine sodium, 10 000 mg/kg per os, cyclohexamine sulfate 150 mg/kg per os, ethanol 5 ml/kg per os.", "PMID": 1186731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10247", "title": "Some aspects of the detection of potential mutagenic agents in Drosophila.", "content": "The Drosophila system is a valuable test for detecting and characterizing mutagenic agents. Tester strains are available or can be synthesized for determining almost all types of genetical change ranging from gene mutations to chromosome rearrangements in a great variety of cell types of both sexes. Metabolic activation of all groups of indirect mutagens tested so far (aryldialkyltriazenes, cyclophosphamides, nitrosamines, azo-, hydrazo- and azoxyalkanes, aflatoxins, and polycyclic hydrocarbons; about 35 representatives in all), gives strong although indirect support for the considerable metabolizing ability of Drosophila. This capability would be expected from comprehensive biochemical data on bioactivation of foreign compounds in other insects. From a comparison of which types of genetical change are induced at high, low and threshold concentrations, it appears that lethal tests remain the most reliable method for any screening program. Mutagenic agents such as diethylnitrosamine, hycanthone and certain triazenes, which are highly efficient in the induction of recessive lethals (gene mutations and/or deficiencies), would not have been detected in Drosophila if chromosome breakage were the only indicator for mutagenic activity. Moreover, for several mono- and polyfunctional agents, the lowest dose which is still genetically active was definitely lowest for recessive lethals when compared with dominant lethals, chromosome rearrangements or loss. If a new mutagen is discovered by a screening procedure using Drosophila, an accurate picture of its ability to cause either or both gene mutations and chromosome aberrations can be drawn. Such work will be valuable in helping to clarify similar problems in mammalian systems. For instance, it was important to learn that mutagens of the nitrosamine type apparently fail to produce breakage events in Drosophila. Similarly, three cyclophosphamides appeared not to have chromosome breaking ability. However, from a more detailed study, in which a series of concentrations was used, it became obvious that a penetration effect or, more likely, a rate-limiting factor in bioactivation, was the cause of the negative results obtained with these agents.", "contents": "Some aspects of the detection of potential mutagenic agents in Drosophila. The Drosophila system is a valuable test for detecting and characterizing mutagenic agents. Tester strains are available or can be synthesized for determining almost all types of genetical change ranging from gene mutations to chromosome rearrangements in a great variety of cell types of both sexes. Metabolic activation of all groups of indirect mutagens tested so far (aryldialkyltriazenes, cyclophosphamides, nitrosamines, azo-, hydrazo- and azoxyalkanes, aflatoxins, and polycyclic hydrocarbons; about 35 representatives in all), gives strong although indirect support for the considerable metabolizing ability of Drosophila. This capability would be expected from comprehensive biochemical data on bioactivation of foreign compounds in other insects. From a comparison of which types of genetical change are induced at high, low and threshold concentrations, it appears that lethal tests remain the most reliable method for any screening program. Mutagenic agents such as diethylnitrosamine, hycanthone and certain triazenes, which are highly efficient in the induction of recessive lethals (gene mutations and/or deficiencies), would not have been detected in Drosophila if chromosome breakage were the only indicator for mutagenic activity. Moreover, for several mono- and polyfunctional agents, the lowest dose which is still genetically active was definitely lowest for recessive lethals when compared with dominant lethals, chromosome rearrangements or loss. If a new mutagen is discovered by a screening procedure using Drosophila, an accurate picture of its ability to cause either or both gene mutations and chromosome aberrations can be drawn. Such work will be valuable in helping to clarify similar problems in mammalian systems. For instance, it was important to learn that mutagens of the nitrosamine type apparently fail to produce breakage events in Drosophila. Similarly, three cyclophosphamides appeared not to have chromosome breaking ability. However, from a more detailed study, in which a series of concentrations was used, it became obvious that a penetration effect or, more likely, a rate-limiting factor in bioactivation, was the cause of the negative results obtained with these agents.", "PMID": 1186746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10248", "title": "Mammalian cell transformation and cell-mediated mutagenesis by carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons.", "content": "The introduction of a polycyclic hydrocarbon such as benzo(alpha)pyrene (BP) into normal golden hamster embryo cell cultures results, in addition to cytotoxicity, in malignant cell transformation. Studies on the effect of different doses of BP on the normal cells showed that the frequency of transformed colonies was directly related to the dose of the carcinogen. Analysis of this dose-response curve suggests a one-event (\"one-hit\") response for transformation by this carcinogen. The one-event response for transformation by carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons and the fact that these carcinogens bind to DNA in susceptible cells suggests that transformation can involve a single alteration in the genetic constitution of the treated cells. Carcinogens may, therefore, produce somatic mutations, some of which may involve the genes that control malignancy. Recently, considerable progress has been made in developing models for the study of chemical mutagenesis in mammalian cells. Using resistance to 8-azaguanine as a marker, positive correlations between mutagenicity and transformation were obtained with chemically reactive carcinogens such as N-acetoxy-N-2-fluorenyl-acetamide, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and K-region epoxides of polycyclic hydrocarbons. However, no such correlations were obtained with the carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons themselves, since the cell lines used in chemical mutagenesis do not metabolize these carcinogens. In order to obtain better correlations, we have developed a cell-mediated mutagenic assay with carcinogenic hydrocarbons in which Chinese hamster cells, which are susceptible for mutagenesis, were co-cultivated with lethally irradiated rodent cells that can metabolize these compounds. Using this cell mediated assay, we obtained mutagenesis with the carcinogenic hydrocarbons 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA), BP, 3-methylcholanthrene and 7-methylbenz(alpha)anthracene; the most potent carcinogen, DMBA, gave the highest frequency of mutations. The polycyclic hydrocarbons, pyrene and benz(alpha)anthracene, which are not carcinogenic were also not mutagenic. We have therefore demonstrated a relationship between the carcinogenecity of polycyclic hydrocarbons and their mutagenicity in mammalian cells, without having to isolate their reative metabolic intermediates. It should be possible to use in this system human cells from different organs and individuals to screen for environmental chemicals hazardous to humans which have to be metabolically activated.", "contents": "Mammalian cell transformation and cell-mediated mutagenesis by carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons. The introduction of a polycyclic hydrocarbon such as benzo(alpha)pyrene (BP) into normal golden hamster embryo cell cultures results, in addition to cytotoxicity, in malignant cell transformation. Studies on the effect of different doses of BP on the normal cells showed that the frequency of transformed colonies was directly related to the dose of the carcinogen. Analysis of this dose-response curve suggests a one-event (\"one-hit\") response for transformation by this carcinogen. The one-event response for transformation by carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons and the fact that these carcinogens bind to DNA in susceptible cells suggests that transformation can involve a single alteration in the genetic constitution of the treated cells. Carcinogens may, therefore, produce somatic mutations, some of which may involve the genes that control malignancy. Recently, considerable progress has been made in developing models for the study of chemical mutagenesis in mammalian cells. Using resistance to 8-azaguanine as a marker, positive correlations between mutagenicity and transformation were obtained with chemically reactive carcinogens such as N-acetoxy-N-2-fluorenyl-acetamide, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and K-region epoxides of polycyclic hydrocarbons. However, no such correlations were obtained with the carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons themselves, since the cell lines used in chemical mutagenesis do not metabolize these carcinogens. In order to obtain better correlations, we have developed a cell-mediated mutagenic assay with carcinogenic hydrocarbons in which Chinese hamster cells, which are susceptible for mutagenesis, were co-cultivated with lethally irradiated rodent cells that can metabolize these compounds. Using this cell mediated assay, we obtained mutagenesis with the carcinogenic hydrocarbons 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA), BP, 3-methylcholanthrene and 7-methylbenz(alpha)anthracene; the most potent carcinogen, DMBA, gave the highest frequency of mutations. The polycyclic hydrocarbons, pyrene and benz(alpha)anthracene, which are not carcinogenic were also not mutagenic. We have therefore demonstrated a relationship between the carcinogenecity of polycyclic hydrocarbons and their mutagenicity in mammalian cells, without having to isolate their reative metabolic intermediates. It should be possible to use in this system human cells from different organs and individuals to screen for environmental chemicals hazardous to humans which have to be metabolically activated.", "PMID": 1186764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10249", "title": "Legislative and technical aspects of mutagenicity testing.", "content": "A brief account is given of the history of the legislative acts that give responsibility to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ensuring the safety of foods, drugs, and cosmetics. Within the present legislative framework the FDA has the authority to impose regulations which are designed to ensure the safety of all foods, drugs, and cosmetics. The existing legislative authority is adequate for this purpose; however, the difficulty lies instead with technology and the inadequacy of scientific perspective in the emerging area of mutagenicity testing. Earlier efforts in development of mutagenicity screening systems culminated only a few years ago in the proposal to use the host-mediated assay, somatic cell cytogenetics, and dominant lethal tests collectively. Subsequent research efforts indicated that there were serious practical and scientific deficiencies in using this approach. More recently a new proposal, the tier system, has been suggested as an alternative measure. The proposed tier system at FDA consists of three testing levels of increasing complexity. The first tier is an initial screening effort using techniques having maximum sensitivity that are also useful for large-scale, rapid testing. The second tier is designed to identify and confirm that the presumptive mutagens detected in the first tier are truly mutagenic for higher organisms, most especially, for mammals. The third tier would be devoted to explicit genetic tests in mammals designed to ascertain the imposed risk to man by the introduction of a mutagen in our environment. The FDA is currently involved in a number of research activities in the area of mutagenicity safety screening which will explore the adequacies and possible deficiencies of the tier system approach. These efforts are described for our in-house activities, our contract activities, and our cooperative and collaborative activities with other government agencies and institutions.", "contents": "Legislative and technical aspects of mutagenicity testing. A brief account is given of the history of the legislative acts that give responsibility to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ensuring the safety of foods, drugs, and cosmetics. Within the present legislative framework the FDA has the authority to impose regulations which are designed to ensure the safety of all foods, drugs, and cosmetics. The existing legislative authority is adequate for this purpose; however, the difficulty lies instead with technology and the inadequacy of scientific perspective in the emerging area of mutagenicity testing. Earlier efforts in development of mutagenicity screening systems culminated only a few years ago in the proposal to use the host-mediated assay, somatic cell cytogenetics, and dominant lethal tests collectively. Subsequent research efforts indicated that there were serious practical and scientific deficiencies in using this approach. More recently a new proposal, the tier system, has been suggested as an alternative measure. The proposed tier system at FDA consists of three testing levels of increasing complexity. The first tier is an initial screening effort using techniques having maximum sensitivity that are also useful for large-scale, rapid testing. The second tier is designed to identify and confirm that the presumptive mutagens detected in the first tier are truly mutagenic for higher organisms, most especially, for mammals. The third tier would be devoted to explicit genetic tests in mammals designed to ascertain the imposed risk to man by the introduction of a mutagen in our environment. The FDA is currently involved in a number of research activities in the area of mutagenicity safety screening which will explore the adequacies and possible deficiencies of the tier system approach. These efforts are described for our in-house activities, our contract activities, and our cooperative and collaborative activities with other government agencies and institutions.", "PMID": 1186768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10250", "title": "Lymphocytotoxic antibody in inflammatory bowel disease. A family study.", "content": "The prevalence of lymphocytotoxic antibody in inflammatory bowel disease is 40 per cent. Twenty-seven of 90 relatives of 23 probands with the disease (30 per cent) demonstrated lymphocytotoxic antibody, as contrasted with only three of 69 control family members (4 per cent) (P less than 0.0001). Decreased lymphocytotoxicity against lymphocytes from patients with inflammatory bowel disease as compared to normal donor lymphocytes previously demonstrated in the serum of probands was also observed in the serums from family members of the probands. Nineteen of the 48 household contacts of probands (40 per cent) were positive for antibody, whereas eight of 42 nonhousehold contacts (19 per cent) demonstrated it (P less than 0.05). Eight of 16 spouses (50 per cent) of probands showed antibody. The increased prevalence of lymphocytotoxic antibody in family members of probands and its occurrence mainly in household contacts (consanguineous and non-consanguineous) may indicate the exposure of probands and their family members to a common environmental agent.", "contents": "Lymphocytotoxic antibody in inflammatory bowel disease. A family study. The prevalence of lymphocytotoxic antibody in inflammatory bowel disease is 40 per cent. Twenty-seven of 90 relatives of 23 probands with the disease (30 per cent) demonstrated lymphocytotoxic antibody, as contrasted with only three of 69 control family members (4 per cent) (P less than 0.0001). Decreased lymphocytotoxicity against lymphocytes from patients with inflammatory bowel disease as compared to normal donor lymphocytes previously demonstrated in the serum of probands was also observed in the serums from family members of the probands. Nineteen of the 48 household contacts of probands (40 per cent) were positive for antibody, whereas eight of 42 nonhousehold contacts (19 per cent) demonstrated it (P less than 0.05). Eight of 16 spouses (50 per cent) of probands showed antibody. The increased prevalence of lymphocytotoxic antibody in family members of probands and its occurrence mainly in household contacts (consanguineous and non-consanguineous) may indicate the exposure of probands and their family members to a common environmental agent.", "PMID": 1186774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10251", "title": "Association of exogenous estrogen and endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "To determine the association between the incidence of endometrial cancer and the use of estrogen in menopausal and post-menopausal women, we retrospectively compared 317 patients with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with an equal number of matched controls having other gynecologic neoplasms; 152 patients used estrogen, as compared to 54 of 317 controls. Thus, the risk of endometrial cancer was 4.5 times greater among women exposed to estrogen therapy. When estrogen use was adjusted for concomitant variables such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, parity, referral pattern, age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis and other gynecologic neoplasms, the magnitude of the increased relative risk was associated with several of these variables, and was highest in patients without obesity and hypertension. Exogenous estrogen therapy is associated with an increased risk of endometrial carcinoma, but this increased relative risk is less apparent in patients with physiologic characteristics previously associated with an increased risk.", "contents": "Association of exogenous estrogen and endometrial carcinoma. To determine the association between the incidence of endometrial cancer and the use of estrogen in menopausal and post-menopausal women, we retrospectively compared 317 patients with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with an equal number of matched controls having other gynecologic neoplasms; 152 patients used estrogen, as compared to 54 of 317 controls. Thus, the risk of endometrial cancer was 4.5 times greater among women exposed to estrogen therapy. When estrogen use was adjusted for concomitant variables such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, parity, referral pattern, age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis and other gynecologic neoplasms, the magnitude of the increased relative risk was associated with several of these variables, and was highest in patients without obesity and hypertension. Exogenous estrogen therapy is associated with an increased risk of endometrial carcinoma, but this increased relative risk is less apparent in patients with physiologic characteristics previously associated with an increased risk.", "PMID": 1186789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10252", "title": "Prospective comparison of indirect methods for detecting lactase deficiency.", "content": "To compare sensitivity, specificity and convenience, four indirect methods of detecting lactase deficiency were tested prospectively in 25 subjects with biopsy-proved lactase deficiency and in 25 with normal lactase activity. After ingestion of 50 g of lactose, containing 1-14Clactose, breath hydrogen was abnormally elevated in all 25 lactase-deficient subjects (greater than 0.30 ml per minute at two hours); breath 14CO2 was below the normal range in 23, and in 19 the plasma glucose increased by less than 20 mg per deciliter. When lactose and ethanol were given together, the rise in plasma galactose remained less than 5 mg per deciliter in 24 of the lactase-deficient subjects. The specificity of the four tests was excellent, with only one false-positive plasma glucose test. Measurement of breath hydrogen is sensitive and specific, and does not require ethanol or isotopes. It is noninvasive, and is not influenced by gastric emptying or metabolic factors. We believe it to be the most suitable test for population screening for lactase deficiency.", "contents": "Prospective comparison of indirect methods for detecting lactase deficiency. To compare sensitivity, specificity and convenience, four indirect methods of detecting lactase deficiency were tested prospectively in 25 subjects with biopsy-proved lactase deficiency and in 25 with normal lactase activity. After ingestion of 50 g of lactose, containing 1-14Clactose, breath hydrogen was abnormally elevated in all 25 lactase-deficient subjects (greater than 0.30 ml per minute at two hours); breath 14CO2 was below the normal range in 23, and in 19 the plasma glucose increased by less than 20 mg per deciliter. When lactose and ethanol were given together, the rise in plasma galactose remained less than 5 mg per deciliter in 24 of the lactase-deficient subjects. The specificity of the four tests was excellent, with only one false-positive plasma glucose test. Measurement of breath hydrogen is sensitive and specific, and does not require ethanol or isotopes. It is noninvasive, and is not influenced by gastric emptying or metabolic factors. We believe it to be the most suitable test for population screening for lactase deficiency.", "PMID": 1186802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10253", "title": "Prostaglandins as mediators of hypercalcemia associated with certain types of cancer.", "content": "We investigated the role of prostaglandins in the hypercalcemia associated with neoplasia. In patients with hypercalcemia and solid tumors the excretion of the major urinary metabolite of the E prostaglandins, 7 alpha-hydroxy-5, 11-diketotetranorprostane-1, 16-dioic acid (PGE-M), was significantly greater than normal, P LESS THAN 0.01 (median of 58.4 and 7.1 ng per milligram of creatinine respectively). Slightly elevated values were seen in normocalcemic patients with solid tumors (14.3 ng per milligram). The levels of the metabolite were normal in hypercalcemic patients with either hematologic neoplasia or primary hyperparathyroidism. Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was undetectable in the plasma of all hypercalcemic patients with solid tumors. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by aspirin or indomethacin reduced excretion of both the urinary metabolite and serum calcium in six hypercalcemic patients with solid tumors and elevated excretion of the metabolite. These findings support the concept that prostaglandins are mediators of the hypercalcemia caused by certain solid tumors.", "contents": "Prostaglandins as mediators of hypercalcemia associated with certain types of cancer. We investigated the role of prostaglandins in the hypercalcemia associated with neoplasia. In patients with hypercalcemia and solid tumors the excretion of the major urinary metabolite of the E prostaglandins, 7 alpha-hydroxy-5, 11-diketotetranorprostane-1, 16-dioic acid (PGE-M), was significantly greater than normal, P LESS THAN 0.01 (median of 58.4 and 7.1 ng per milligram of creatinine respectively). Slightly elevated values were seen in normocalcemic patients with solid tumors (14.3 ng per milligram). The levels of the metabolite were normal in hypercalcemic patients with either hematologic neoplasia or primary hyperparathyroidism. Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was undetectable in the plasma of all hypercalcemic patients with solid tumors. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by aspirin or indomethacin reduced excretion of both the urinary metabolite and serum calcium in six hypercalcemic patients with solid tumors and elevated excretion of the metabolite. These findings support the concept that prostaglandins are mediators of the hypercalcemia caused by certain solid tumors.", "PMID": 1186822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10254", "title": "Testing the physician's knowledge of antibiotic use: Self-assessment and learning via videotape.", "content": "Because recent reports suggest that physicians in the United States do not use antimicrobial agents properly, we analyzed scores for the first 4513 physicians viewing the National Antibiotic Therapy Test, a nationally televised self-assessment test on the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. The 75-minute videotape test, produced by the Network for Continuing Medical Education, contained three section: a 10-question pre-test, a 25-question teaching test, and a 15-question post-test. Scores were tabulated according to the specialty, years in practice, and volume of patients seen. The mean correct score was 68 per cent for all 50 questions, 55 per cent for the 10 pre-test questions, and 71 per cent for the 15 post-test questions. Physicians in practice for one to five years, residents and internists scored better than other subgroups. Answers to questions indicated deficiencies of knowledge and the need for further postgraduate education in the use of antibiotics.", "contents": "Testing the physician's knowledge of antibiotic use: Self-assessment and learning via videotape. Because recent reports suggest that physicians in the United States do not use antimicrobial agents properly, we analyzed scores for the first 4513 physicians viewing the National Antibiotic Therapy Test, a nationally televised self-assessment test on the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. The 75-minute videotape test, produced by the Network for Continuing Medical Education, contained three section: a 10-question pre-test, a 25-question teaching test, and a 15-question post-test. Scores were tabulated according to the specialty, years in practice, and volume of patients seen. The mean correct score was 68 per cent for all 50 questions, 55 per cent for the 10 pre-test questions, and 71 per cent for the 15 post-test questions. Physicians in practice for one to five years, residents and internists scored better than other subgroups. Answers to questions indicated deficiencies of knowledge and the need for further postgraduate education in the use of antibiotics.", "PMID": 1186823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10255", "title": "Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections.", "content": "We studied the frequency and severity of respiratory syncytial virus infections acquired nosocomially on an infants' ward during a community outbreak. Every three or four days all infants and staff were examined, and specimens were obtained for viral isolation. During two months, 14 of 44 contact infants acquired the virus. All were ill, and four had pneumonia. Infected infants had a significantly longer mean hospital stay (21.5 days) than uninfected ones (9.2 days, P less than 0.001). Risk of nosocomial infection could not be related to age or to underlying disease, but was linked to length of hospitalization: 45 per cent of infants hospitalized for one week or more became infected, and the percentage increased with length of stay. Ten of 24 staff members also acquired the virus and appeared to play a major role as virus carriers. Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infection poses a major risk for hospitalized infants and adds to hospital costs.", "contents": "Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections. We studied the frequency and severity of respiratory syncytial virus infections acquired nosocomially on an infants' ward during a community outbreak. Every three or four days all infants and staff were examined, and specimens were obtained for viral isolation. During two months, 14 of 44 contact infants acquired the virus. All were ill, and four had pneumonia. Infected infants had a significantly longer mean hospital stay (21.5 days) than uninfected ones (9.2 days, P less than 0.001). Risk of nosocomial infection could not be related to age or to underlying disease, but was linked to length of hospitalization: 45 per cent of infants hospitalized for one week or more became infected, and the percentage increased with length of stay. Ten of 24 staff members also acquired the virus and appeared to play a major role as virus carriers. Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infection poses a major risk for hospitalized infants and adds to hospital costs.", "PMID": 1186836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10256", "title": "Nephrosis and papillary necrosis after pyelonephritis.", "content": "We present a case of nephrotic syndrome complicating acute pyelonephritis in a 45-year-old man. His first attack of acute bacterial pyelonephritis had two unusual features: transient nephrotic syndrome and chronic recurrent episodes of papillary necrosis. The former, which lasted for two weeks, was characterized by edema, excretion of 7.7 g of urinary protein per 24 hours and hypoproteinemia (1.8 g per 100 ml). A percutaneous renal biopsy two weeks after the height of the nephrotic state showed normal glomeruli by light and electron microscopy and immunohistologic studies. Interstitial changes were noted. Over two years the patient has passed approximately 50 fragments, characterized as necrotic tissue containing tubular structures. He has no evidence of diabetes mellitus, urinary-tract obstruction or ureteral reflux, analgesic abuse or atypical vasculitis. He is afebrile but has recurrent bacteriuria despite antibiotics. This case demonstrates that acute pyelonephritis must be added to the list of diseases causing the nephrotic state.", "contents": "Nephrosis and papillary necrosis after pyelonephritis. We present a case of nephrotic syndrome complicating acute pyelonephritis in a 45-year-old man. His first attack of acute bacterial pyelonephritis had two unusual features: transient nephrotic syndrome and chronic recurrent episodes of papillary necrosis. The former, which lasted for two weeks, was characterized by edema, excretion of 7.7 g of urinary protein per 24 hours and hypoproteinemia (1.8 g per 100 ml). A percutaneous renal biopsy two weeks after the height of the nephrotic state showed normal glomeruli by light and electron microscopy and immunohistologic studies. Interstitial changes were noted. Over two years the patient has passed approximately 50 fragments, characterized as necrotic tissue containing tubular structures. He has no evidence of diabetes mellitus, urinary-tract obstruction or ureteral reflux, analgesic abuse or atypical vasculitis. He is afebrile but has recurrent bacteriuria despite antibiotics. This case demonstrates that acute pyelonephritis must be added to the list of diseases causing the nephrotic state.", "PMID": 1186837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10257", "title": "Tertiary structural differences between microbial serine proteases and pancreatic serine enzymes.", "content": "Although primary structural homology between bacterial serine proteases and those from the mammalian pancreas is slight, two-thirds of the residues in the bacterial enzyme SGPB as seen at 2.8-A resolution, adopt a similar polypeptide chain conformation to that of the chymotrypsin family. The three major regions of difference show how this family of proteolytic enzymes has developed from the more primitive bacterial to the relatively sophisticated pancreatic enzymes.", "contents": "Tertiary structural differences between microbial serine proteases and pancreatic serine enzymes. Although primary structural homology between bacterial serine proteases and those from the mammalian pancreas is slight, two-thirds of the residues in the bacterial enzyme SGPB as seen at 2.8-A resolution, adopt a similar polypeptide chain conformation to that of the chymotrypsin family. The three major regions of difference show how this family of proteolytic enzymes has developed from the more primitive bacterial to the relatively sophisticated pancreatic enzymes.", "PMID": 1186854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10258", "title": "Regulation of cell cycle stage-specific transcription of histone genes from chromatin by non-histone chromosomal proteins.", "content": "RNA transcripts from chromatin of S phase but not G1 cells contain histone-specific sequences. Chromatin reconstituted with S phase non-histone chromosomal proteins transcribes histone messenger RNA sequences whereas chromatin reconstituted with G1 non-histone proteins does not. These results suggest that transcription of histone genes is regulated during the cell cycle and that non-histone proteins have a key role in this regulation.", "contents": "Regulation of cell cycle stage-specific transcription of histone genes from chromatin by non-histone chromosomal proteins. RNA transcripts from chromatin of S phase but not G1 cells contain histone-specific sequences. Chromatin reconstituted with S phase non-histone chromosomal proteins transcribes histone messenger RNA sequences whereas chromatin reconstituted with G1 non-histone proteins does not. These results suggest that transcription of histone genes is regulated during the cell cycle and that non-histone proteins have a key role in this regulation.", "PMID": 1186855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10259", "title": "Polarity of structure and of ordered nerve connections in the developing amphibian brain.", "content": "Tectal polarity for retinal connections remains reversible long after the anatomical pattern of neural structures has been determined. Cells in the diencephalon seem to control this polarity. Following certain embryonic operations, the diencephalon developed behind the tectum. In such cases, the polarity of the retino-tectal projection was reversed.", "contents": "Polarity of structure and of ordered nerve connections in the developing amphibian brain. Tectal polarity for retinal connections remains reversible long after the anatomical pattern of neural structures has been determined. Cells in the diencephalon seem to control this polarity. Following certain embryonic operations, the diencephalon developed behind the tectum. In such cases, the polarity of the retino-tectal projection was reversed.", "PMID": 1186890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10260", "title": "[Biophysics of vision].", "content": "Light snesory cells are sensitive photon-counting devices. The mechanism by which the light stimulus is transduced to nervous excitation is described. The absorption of a photon by the visual pigment-rhodopsin, a chromoprotein-causes a photo-chemical reaction, which is followed by a cascade of dark reactions of rhodopsin. One of these reactions triggers conductivity changes in the membrane of the visual cell, which results in a transient voltage impulse across the cell membrane. The magnitude and time course of this electrical signal contain the information of the light stimulus. The molecular mechanism of visual excitation can now be investigated experimentally.", "contents": "[Biophysics of vision]. Light snesory cells are sensitive photon-counting devices. The mechanism by which the light stimulus is transduced to nervous excitation is described. The absorption of a photon by the visual pigment-rhodopsin, a chromoprotein-causes a photo-chemical reaction, which is followed by a cascade of dark reactions of rhodopsin. One of these reactions triggers conductivity changes in the membrane of the visual cell, which results in a transient voltage impulse across the cell membrane. The magnitude and time course of this electrical signal contain the information of the light stimulus. The molecular mechanism of visual excitation can now be investigated experimentally.", "PMID": 1186902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10261", "title": "[Specific crystal structures of carcinogenic hydrocarbons].", "content": "Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons differ from the noncarcinogenic hydrocarbons by a two-dimensional structural pattern of specific crystal faces. The significance of this structural pattern is envisaged as being a matrix for the specific two-dimensional adsorption of biogenic macromolecules. It is assumed that the specific adsorption may manifest the primary reaction of these carcinogenic compounds.", "contents": "[Specific crystal structures of carcinogenic hydrocarbons]. Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons differ from the noncarcinogenic hydrocarbons by a two-dimensional structural pattern of specific crystal faces. The significance of this structural pattern is envisaged as being a matrix for the specific two-dimensional adsorption of biogenic macromolecules. It is assumed that the specific adsorption may manifest the primary reaction of these carcinogenic compounds.", "PMID": 1186903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10262", "title": "Rolling round bottle culture of HmLu-1 cells and the production of bovine ephemeral fever virus.", "content": "An attempt was made to cultivate HmLu-1 cells in a rolling round bottle. As a result, the optimum conditions of cultivation were found to consist in the number of cells transplanted per bottle being 1 X 10(8), the volume of growth medium per bottle being 250 ml, and the velocity of rolling being 6 revolutions per hour. It was possible to make a monolayer of cells develop all over the glass surface under these conditions. A preliminary experiment was carried out to clarify the production of virus in the tube culture. In it, the highest virus titer was obtained two days after inoculation of a 4-day-old culture with a 1:100 dilution of stock virus. On the other hand, when the 4-day-old culture cells in the rolling round bottle were inoculated with virus suspension and when 100, 500, or 800 ml of maintenance medium was added to each bottle, there was little difference in virus titer obtained among the culture bottles. Then the virus yield per cell was compared between the rolling round bottle culture method and the stationary square bottle culture method. The highest virus titer was reached two days after virus inoculation, regardless of the culture method. The virus yield was 1.9 times as high in the rolling method as in the stationary method. From the results mentioned above, it was clarified that the rolling round bottle culture method made it possible to obtain a large amount of bovine ephemeral fever virus at a high titer in a labor-saving manner.", "contents": "Rolling round bottle culture of HmLu-1 cells and the production of bovine ephemeral fever virus. An attempt was made to cultivate HmLu-1 cells in a rolling round bottle. As a result, the optimum conditions of cultivation were found to consist in the number of cells transplanted per bottle being 1 X 10(8), the volume of growth medium per bottle being 250 ml, and the velocity of rolling being 6 revolutions per hour. It was possible to make a monolayer of cells develop all over the glass surface under these conditions. A preliminary experiment was carried out to clarify the production of virus in the tube culture. In it, the highest virus titer was obtained two days after inoculation of a 4-day-old culture with a 1:100 dilution of stock virus. On the other hand, when the 4-day-old culture cells in the rolling round bottle were inoculated with virus suspension and when 100, 500, or 800 ml of maintenance medium was added to each bottle, there was little difference in virus titer obtained among the culture bottles. Then the virus yield per cell was compared between the rolling round bottle culture method and the stationary square bottle culture method. The highest virus titer was reached two days after virus inoculation, regardless of the culture method. The virus yield was 1.9 times as high in the rolling method as in the stationary method. From the results mentioned above, it was clarified that the rolling round bottle culture method made it possible to obtain a large amount of bovine ephemeral fever virus at a high titer in a labor-saving manner.", "PMID": 1186910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10263", "title": "Distribution of Corynebacterium renale among healthy bulls with special reference to inhabitation of type III in the prepuce.", "content": "Distribution of Corynebacterium renale among apparently healthy bulls reared in Hokkaido was investigated. The organism was detected from 46 (39.3%) of 117 specimens of preputial cavity washing and from 60 (51.7%) of 116 specimens of semen. The isolates studied in this survey belonged to type III, except a few which belonged to type II. No type I strain was isolated from any bull. C. renale type III was isolated from the prepuce in six of seven bulls slaughtered and from urethra in three, but not at all from any other organ. In the seven bulls, no macroscopic changes were seen, but a slight infiltration of lymphocytes and formation of lymph nodules were noticed in the prepuce. No other microscopical changes could be demonstrated in any other organ. No serum antibody response was detected. To ascertain the virulence of C. renale isolated from the bulls, a strain of type II was inoculated into the urinary bladder of a healthy cow. The cow exhibited fever and hematuria on and after the 10th day. Typical cystitis was proved when the cow was necropsied on the 14th day after inoculation. From these result it is conceived that C. renale type II organisms inhabit the prepuce of apparently healthy bulls at a high rate, without inducing any disturbance.", "contents": "Distribution of Corynebacterium renale among healthy bulls with special reference to inhabitation of type III in the prepuce. Distribution of Corynebacterium renale among apparently healthy bulls reared in Hokkaido was investigated. The organism was detected from 46 (39.3%) of 117 specimens of preputial cavity washing and from 60 (51.7%) of 116 specimens of semen. The isolates studied in this survey belonged to type III, except a few which belonged to type II. No type I strain was isolated from any bull. C. renale type III was isolated from the prepuce in six of seven bulls slaughtered and from urethra in three, but not at all from any other organ. In the seven bulls, no macroscopic changes were seen, but a slight infiltration of lymphocytes and formation of lymph nodules were noticed in the prepuce. No other microscopical changes could be demonstrated in any other organ. No serum antibody response was detected. To ascertain the virulence of C. renale isolated from the bulls, a strain of type II was inoculated into the urinary bladder of a healthy cow. The cow exhibited fever and hematuria on and after the 10th day. Typical cystitis was proved when the cow was necropsied on the 14th day after inoculation. From these result it is conceived that C. renale type II organisms inhabit the prepuce of apparently healthy bulls at a high rate, without inducing any disturbance.", "PMID": 1186911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10264", "title": "Pathogenicity for several laboratory animals of toxoplasma oocysts originated from naturally infected cats.", "content": "The pathogenicity of four strains, O-1, O-2, O-3, and O-4, of Toxoplasma isolated in the form of oocyst from the feces of naturally infected cats was examined for such laboratory animals as mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs, in comparison with that of the Beverley strain. Suspensions of seven graded doses of oocysts of each strain ranging from 1.0 X 10(-1) to 1.0 X 10(5) were inoculated orally into seven groups of five mice each. The O-1, O-2, and O-3 strains were as pathogenic for mice as the Beverley strain, but the O-4 strain was not so pathogenic as any other strain. Rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs were inoculated orally with around 1.0 X 10(5) oocysts. The four O strains were not so severly pathogenic for rats and rabbits as to cause death. The O-2 and O-3 strains showed strong pathogenicity for guinea pigs, almost all of which, when inoculated with them, died after manifesting severe clinical symptoms. The pathogenicity of the O-1 and O-2 strains showed essentially the same tendency for dogs as for any other animal. In inoculation with oocysts, as well as with proliferative forms or cysts, the same pathogenicity was not observed in different strains, even if the same species of host animals was used. On the contrary, the same pathogenicity was not always found even in one strain when a different species of animals was used.", "contents": "Pathogenicity for several laboratory animals of toxoplasma oocysts originated from naturally infected cats. The pathogenicity of four strains, O-1, O-2, O-3, and O-4, of Toxoplasma isolated in the form of oocyst from the feces of naturally infected cats was examined for such laboratory animals as mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs, in comparison with that of the Beverley strain. Suspensions of seven graded doses of oocysts of each strain ranging from 1.0 X 10(-1) to 1.0 X 10(5) were inoculated orally into seven groups of five mice each. The O-1, O-2, and O-3 strains were as pathogenic for mice as the Beverley strain, but the O-4 strain was not so pathogenic as any other strain. Rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs were inoculated orally with around 1.0 X 10(5) oocysts. The four O strains were not so severly pathogenic for rats and rabbits as to cause death. The O-2 and O-3 strains showed strong pathogenicity for guinea pigs, almost all of which, when inoculated with them, died after manifesting severe clinical symptoms. The pathogenicity of the O-1 and O-2 strains showed essentially the same tendency for dogs as for any other animal. In inoculation with oocysts, as well as with proliferative forms or cysts, the same pathogenicity was not observed in different strains, even if the same species of host animals was used. On the contrary, the same pathogenicity was not always found even in one strain when a different species of animals was used.", "PMID": 1186912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10265", "title": "Destructive effect of heating against toxoplasma oocysts.", "content": "Heating was examined for destructive effect against Toxoplasma oocysts, both unsporulated and sporulated, of the O-1 and O-3 strains. Sporulation-inhibition rates were measured by counting sporulated and unsporulated oocysts in each examination. As a result, the sporulation of Toxoplasma oocysts was completely inhibited by exposure to 60 or 70 degrees C for 10 seconds, 55 degrees C for 30 seconds, 50 degrees C for 2.5 minutes. 45 degrees C for 1 hour, or 37 degrees C for 48 hours. When examined by the mouse inoculation method, the infectivity of sporulated oocysts became extinct after heating at 90 degrees C for 30 seconds, 80 degrees C for 1 minute, 70 degrees C for 2 minutes, 55 or 60 degrees C for 15 minutes, or 50 degrees C for 30 minutes. It was confirmed that heating was effective for the sterilization of Toxoplasma oocysts.", "contents": "Destructive effect of heating against toxoplasma oocysts. Heating was examined for destructive effect against Toxoplasma oocysts, both unsporulated and sporulated, of the O-1 and O-3 strains. Sporulation-inhibition rates were measured by counting sporulated and unsporulated oocysts in each examination. As a result, the sporulation of Toxoplasma oocysts was completely inhibited by exposure to 60 or 70 degrees C for 10 seconds, 55 degrees C for 30 seconds, 50 degrees C for 2.5 minutes. 45 degrees C for 1 hour, or 37 degrees C for 48 hours. When examined by the mouse inoculation method, the infectivity of sporulated oocysts became extinct after heating at 90 degrees C for 30 seconds, 80 degrees C for 1 minute, 70 degrees C for 2 minutes, 55 or 60 degrees C for 15 minutes, or 50 degrees C for 30 minutes. It was confirmed that heating was effective for the sterilization of Toxoplasma oocysts.", "PMID": 1186913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10266", "title": "Appearance of Fasciola cercariae in rice fields determined by a metacercaria-detecting buoy.", "content": "The appearance of Fasciola cercariae in aquatic rice fields of fluky areas was investigated by using a metacercaria-detecting buoy. The buoy consisted mainly of a foam styrol disk 10 cm in diameter and 3 cm in thickness, and a polyethylene sheet 16 cm in diameter covering the bottom and side of the disk. Each buoy was floated at each corner of a section of rice fields. To determine the serial appearance of Fasciola cercariae, the polyethylene sheet was renewed at intervals of a week over a period of rice cultivation and the number of metacercariae was counted on each sheet. In most rice fields an evident peak of metacercarial detection was observed between the middle of July and the end of August. The time of the first detection of cysts in a small number varied from one section to another of the same field or from one area to another. Metacercariae decreased in number in accordance with drying up the fields. The metacercaria-detecting buoy method was applied to rice fields fertilized with cattle manure for 7 days in mid-summer, as well as to fields located closely to cattle pens, but not fertilized. Many cysts were detected from both groups of fields. The results obtained from weekly observation on the population of snails, particularly infected snails in their habitats, and those from the cercarial appearance detected by means of the buoy method were essentially the same.", "contents": "Appearance of Fasciola cercariae in rice fields determined by a metacercaria-detecting buoy. The appearance of Fasciola cercariae in aquatic rice fields of fluky areas was investigated by using a metacercaria-detecting buoy. The buoy consisted mainly of a foam styrol disk 10 cm in diameter and 3 cm in thickness, and a polyethylene sheet 16 cm in diameter covering the bottom and side of the disk. Each buoy was floated at each corner of a section of rice fields. To determine the serial appearance of Fasciola cercariae, the polyethylene sheet was renewed at intervals of a week over a period of rice cultivation and the number of metacercariae was counted on each sheet. In most rice fields an evident peak of metacercarial detection was observed between the middle of July and the end of August. The time of the first detection of cysts in a small number varied from one section to another of the same field or from one area to another. Metacercariae decreased in number in accordance with drying up the fields. The metacercaria-detecting buoy method was applied to rice fields fertilized with cattle manure for 7 days in mid-summer, as well as to fields located closely to cattle pens, but not fertilized. Many cysts were detected from both groups of fields. The results obtained from weekly observation on the population of snails, particularly infected snails in their habitats, and those from the cercarial appearance detected by means of the buoy method were essentially the same.", "PMID": 1186914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10267", "title": "The relation between the effects of veratridine on action potential and contraction in mammalian ventricular myocardium.", "content": "In the isolated papillary muscle of the guinea pig veratridine produces an increase of the force of contraction by increasing the rate of force development. Time to peak force is slightly reduced, whereas relaxation time is markedly prolonged. Threshold, half-maximally and maximally effective concentrations for the positive inotropic effect are 0.1, 0.4 and 1.6 muM, respectively. 2. The positive inotropic effect of the maximally effective concentration of veratridine amounts to 68% of the maximum positive inotropic effect of dihydro-ouabain tested on the same muscle (N = 12). 3. Veratridine prolongs the action potential (AP) by delaying repolarization. The effect is concentration-dependent (range: 0.4--3.2 muM); it requires 1--2 hrs of maintained exposure to reach a steady state and is only slowly reversible upon removal of the drug. A concentration causing a nearly maximal positive inotropic effect (0.8 muM) does not affect resting potential or rate of rise of the AP; the overshoot is slightly depressed. 4. Tetrodotoxin (5--16 muM) reversibly inhibits both AP prolongation and positive inotropic effect of veratridine by shifting the concentration-effect curves for these effects to higher concentrations of veratridine. It also prevents veratridine-induced spontaneous activity. 5. Dihydro-ouabain or reduction of [K]o below 5.9 mM augument the positive inotropic effect of veratridine, while the interaction between veratridine and noradrenaline is additive. 6. The positive inotropic effect of 1.6 muM veratridine declines progressively when the contraction frequency is reduced below 0.5 Hz; rested-state contractions (at 0.004 Hz) are not increased by 1.6 muM veratridine. 7. It is concluded that (a) veratridine delays repolarization by prolonging the Na permeability component which is mediated by the fast Na channels; (b) this specific sarcolemmal effect of veratridine is the sole cause for its positive inotropic action by effecting an increase of [Na]i which probably leads to a subsequent increase of Ca uptake.", "contents": "The relation between the effects of veratridine on action potential and contraction in mammalian ventricular myocardium. In the isolated papillary muscle of the guinea pig veratridine produces an increase of the force of contraction by increasing the rate of force development. Time to peak force is slightly reduced, whereas relaxation time is markedly prolonged. Threshold, half-maximally and maximally effective concentrations for the positive inotropic effect are 0.1, 0.4 and 1.6 muM, respectively. 2. The positive inotropic effect of the maximally effective concentration of veratridine amounts to 68% of the maximum positive inotropic effect of dihydro-ouabain tested on the same muscle (N = 12). 3. Veratridine prolongs the action potential (AP) by delaying repolarization. The effect is concentration-dependent (range: 0.4--3.2 muM); it requires 1--2 hrs of maintained exposure to reach a steady state and is only slowly reversible upon removal of the drug. A concentration causing a nearly maximal positive inotropic effect (0.8 muM) does not affect resting potential or rate of rise of the AP; the overshoot is slightly depressed. 4. Tetrodotoxin (5--16 muM) reversibly inhibits both AP prolongation and positive inotropic effect of veratridine by shifting the concentration-effect curves for these effects to higher concentrations of veratridine. It also prevents veratridine-induced spontaneous activity. 5. Dihydro-ouabain or reduction of [K]o below 5.9 mM augument the positive inotropic effect of veratridine, while the interaction between veratridine and noradrenaline is additive. 6. The positive inotropic effect of 1.6 muM veratridine declines progressively when the contraction frequency is reduced below 0.5 Hz; rested-state contractions (at 0.004 Hz) are not increased by 1.6 muM veratridine. 7. It is concluded that (a) veratridine delays repolarization by prolonging the Na permeability component which is mediated by the fast Na channels; (b) this specific sarcolemmal effect of veratridine is the sole cause for its positive inotropic action by effecting an increase of [Na]i which probably leads to a subsequent increase of Ca uptake.", "PMID": 1186915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10268", "title": "Uperolein and other active peptides in the skin of the Australian leptodactylid frogs Uperoleia and Taudactylus.", "content": "Methanol extracts of the skin of the Australian leptodactylid frogs Uperoleia rugosa, Uperoleia marmorata and Taudactylus acutirostris contain several highly active polypeptides belonging to different peptide families. The most abundant peptide was uperolein, a tachykinin closely related to physalaemin and possessing the same spectrum of biological activity. Uperolein was present in the three species examined. Other tachykinins were represented by Rugosa-uperolein II and Marmorata-uperolein II, the structures of which still await full elucidation.  Another peptide family represented in both Uperleia and Taudactylus was that of bombesin-like peptides. They were abundant in Uperoleia rugosa and scarce in Uperoleia marmorata and in Taudactylus. These bombesins are possibly similar to the bombesins, among which is litorin, present in the skin of other Australian leptodactylid frogs. Finally, Taudactylus contained a bradykinin-like peptide and both the Uperoleia species an hitherto unclassified peptide. These new findings have further enriched the already considerable list of active peptides and biogenic amines occurring in the amphibian skin.", "contents": "Uperolein and other active peptides in the skin of the Australian leptodactylid frogs Uperoleia and Taudactylus. Methanol extracts of the skin of the Australian leptodactylid frogs Uperoleia rugosa, Uperoleia marmorata and Taudactylus acutirostris contain several highly active polypeptides belonging to different peptide families. The most abundant peptide was uperolein, a tachykinin closely related to physalaemin and possessing the same spectrum of biological activity. Uperolein was present in the three species examined. Other tachykinins were represented by Rugosa-uperolein II and Marmorata-uperolein II, the structures of which still await full elucidation.  Another peptide family represented in both Uperleia and Taudactylus was that of bombesin-like peptides. They were abundant in Uperoleia rugosa and scarce in Uperoleia marmorata and in Taudactylus. These bombesins are possibly similar to the bombesins, among which is litorin, present in the skin of other Australian leptodactylid frogs. Finally, Taudactylus contained a bradykinin-like peptide and both the Uperoleia species an hitherto unclassified peptide. These new findings have further enriched the already considerable list of active peptides and biogenic amines occurring in the amphibian skin.", "PMID": 1186916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10269", "title": "Adrenal cortex adenylate cyclase. Specific binding sites for 5'-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate in partially purified plasma membranes from bovine adrenal cortex.", "content": "Specific binding sites for 5'-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NG)p] have been identified in a partially purified plasma membrane fraction from bovine adrenal cortex. The apparent affinity of Gpp(nh)p at 30 degrees C was 12muM-1 and the concentration of binding sites was 100 pmoles per mg of protein. Binding of Gpp(NH)p is inhibited by Mn2+ greater than Mg2+ greater than Ca2+ and enhanced by low concentrations of the chelators ethylenediamino-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ethylene glycolbis-(beta-aminoethylether))-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). High concentrations of EDTA are inhibitory and at 2.5 mM EDTA binding of Gpp(NH)p is only 10% of that observed in the absence of the chelator. The bound labeled GTP analogue exchanged only slowly with the unlabeled nucleotide after a steady state has been reached. EDTA also releases the bound labeled Gpp(NH)p from its binding sites. The slow dissociation of Gpp(NH)p can explain the persistent activation of adenylate cyclase observed after pretreatment of bovine adrenal cortex plasma membranes with Gpp(NH)p and subsequent washing. It is suggested that at least parts of these binding sites are identical to the sites identified earlier as regulatory sites for angiotensin high-affinity receptors (Glossmann et. al., 1974a) and for ACTH-stimulated cyclase Glossmann and Gips, 1974).", "contents": "Adrenal cortex adenylate cyclase. Specific binding sites for 5'-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate in partially purified plasma membranes from bovine adrenal cortex. Specific binding sites for 5'-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NG)p] have been identified in a partially purified plasma membrane fraction from bovine adrenal cortex. The apparent affinity of Gpp(nh)p at 30 degrees C was 12muM-1 and the concentration of binding sites was 100 pmoles per mg of protein. Binding of Gpp(NH)p is inhibited by Mn2+ greater than Mg2+ greater than Ca2+ and enhanced by low concentrations of the chelators ethylenediamino-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ethylene glycolbis-(beta-aminoethylether))-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). High concentrations of EDTA are inhibitory and at 2.5 mM EDTA binding of Gpp(NH)p is only 10% of that observed in the absence of the chelator. The bound labeled GTP analogue exchanged only slowly with the unlabeled nucleotide after a steady state has been reached. EDTA also releases the bound labeled Gpp(NH)p from its binding sites. The slow dissociation of Gpp(NH)p can explain the persistent activation of adenylate cyclase observed after pretreatment of bovine adrenal cortex plasma membranes with Gpp(NH)p and subsequent washing. It is suggested that at least parts of these binding sites are identical to the sites identified earlier as regulatory sites for angiotensin high-affinity receptors (Glossmann et. al., 1974a) and for ACTH-stimulated cyclase Glossmann and Gips, 1974).", "PMID": 1186917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10270", "title": "Toxic effects of phallolysin from amanita phalloides.", "content": "Phallolysin, a protein from Amanita phalloides with cytolytic effects in vitro, was highly toxic when given intravenously to rats, mice, rabbits and guinea pigs: i.v. LD50 in rats was 85 Haemolytic Units (HU)/kg, corresponding to 0.05 mg protein/kg b.w. Death ensued from intravascular haemolysis. In rats large doses (600 HU/kg b.w.) caused cardiac death within a few minutes due to liberation of potassium from lysed cells. The serum contained lethal concentrations of potassium. There was also histological evidence of severe renal damage as a result of the haemolysis. In addition, phallolysin directly damaged the isolated guinea pig heart  and the isolated rat liver, probably by its action on membranes. Given by mouth, phallolysin was not poisonous to rats.", "contents": "Toxic effects of phallolysin from amanita phalloides. Phallolysin, a protein from Amanita phalloides with cytolytic effects in vitro, was highly toxic when given intravenously to rats, mice, rabbits and guinea pigs: i.v. LD50 in rats was 85 Haemolytic Units (HU)/kg, corresponding to 0.05 mg protein/kg b.w. Death ensued from intravascular haemolysis. In rats large doses (600 HU/kg b.w.) caused cardiac death within a few minutes due to liberation of potassium from lysed cells. The serum contained lethal concentrations of potassium. There was also histological evidence of severe renal damage as a result of the haemolysis. In addition, phallolysin directly damaged the isolated guinea pig heart  and the isolated rat liver, probably by its action on membranes. Given by mouth, phallolysin was not poisonous to rats.", "PMID": 1186918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10271", "title": "Recovery and conversion of kinins in exsanguinated rat preparations.", "content": "A rat preparation in which the perfusion route bypassed the lungs, which were substituted by an artificial oxygenator, was exsanguinated and perfused with oxygenated 4% dextran (M.W. 70,000) in Tyrode's fluid; a peristaltic pump propelled the perfusing fluid at 20-25 ml/min through the aortic arch and the perfusion medium returned to the right ventricle. Known amounts of bradykinin (BK), kallidin (lysul-bradykinin, LBK) and methionyllysylbradykinin (MLBK) were administered as single injections and samples of the perfusion fluid removed between 1.5 to 6 min following injection. Average total kinin activity remaining in the circulating fluid was calculated from assays on the isolated guinea pig ileum against respective kinin injected and found to be after 3 and 6 min respectively: 20 and 5% for BK, 54 and 21% for LBK, 60 and 30% for MLBK. When the lungs were introduced in the perfusion circuit BK recoveries decreased to 0.4% at 4 min and 0% at 6 min. In 2 experiments 1 mg MLBK and, in another two, 1 mg of LBK were recirculated for 3 to 3.5 min in the rat preparation with lung bypass; enzymic reactions were interrupted in the perfusates after removal by lowering the pH to 4.7 and placing them in a boiling water bath for 5 min. Following proper dilution, kinin activity left in the perfusates was separated on carboxymethylcellulose columns; in 3 experiments about 50% of the activity was identified as BK from its elution position and resistance to trypsin digestion. The average BK-inactivating potency of the perfusate obtained from the rat with lung bypass was 0.3 mug BK/min x ml compared to 16 mug BK/min x ml of rat plasma. The arylamidase activity on arginylnaphthylamide of the perfusate was 2 n moles NA/min x ml and it was about 25-fold lower than that of rat plasma. Rat liver was exsanguinated and perfused in situ through the portal vein and inferior cava vein using the same conditions as for the whole animal. The perfusion rate was 12 ml/min. The recovery of injected BK in this preparation was 40% after 2 min of recirculation, declining progressively in the following minutes. When MLBK was perfused in this preparation for 3 min or glycylarginyllysylbradykinin (GALBK) for 3 and 5 min, significant amounts of BK were found in the perfusates. We conclude that LBK, MLBK and GALBK may be converted at a high rate into BK by tissue aminopeptidases found in the rat preparations used. BK inactivation in the whole rat is a fast reaction, even when the pulmonary tissue is not involved in the inactivation.", "contents": "Recovery and conversion of kinins in exsanguinated rat preparations. A rat preparation in which the perfusion route bypassed the lungs, which were substituted by an artificial oxygenator, was exsanguinated and perfused with oxygenated 4% dextran (M.W. 70,000) in Tyrode's fluid; a peristaltic pump propelled the perfusing fluid at 20-25 ml/min through the aortic arch and the perfusion medium returned to the right ventricle. Known amounts of bradykinin (BK), kallidin (lysul-bradykinin, LBK) and methionyllysylbradykinin (MLBK) were administered as single injections and samples of the perfusion fluid removed between 1.5 to 6 min following injection. Average total kinin activity remaining in the circulating fluid was calculated from assays on the isolated guinea pig ileum against respective kinin injected and found to be after 3 and 6 min respectively: 20 and 5% for BK, 54 and 21% for LBK, 60 and 30% for MLBK. When the lungs were introduced in the perfusion circuit BK recoveries decreased to 0.4% at 4 min and 0% at 6 min. In 2 experiments 1 mg MLBK and, in another two, 1 mg of LBK were recirculated for 3 to 3.5 min in the rat preparation with lung bypass; enzymic reactions were interrupted in the perfusates after removal by lowering the pH to 4.7 and placing them in a boiling water bath for 5 min. Following proper dilution, kinin activity left in the perfusates was separated on carboxymethylcellulose columns; in 3 experiments about 50% of the activity was identified as BK from its elution position and resistance to trypsin digestion. The average BK-inactivating potency of the perfusate obtained from the rat with lung bypass was 0.3 mug BK/min x ml compared to 16 mug BK/min x ml of rat plasma. The arylamidase activity on arginylnaphthylamide of the perfusate was 2 n moles NA/min x ml and it was about 25-fold lower than that of rat plasma. Rat liver was exsanguinated and perfused in situ through the portal vein and inferior cava vein using the same conditions as for the whole animal. The perfusion rate was 12 ml/min. The recovery of injected BK in this preparation was 40% after 2 min of recirculation, declining progressively in the following minutes. When MLBK was perfused in this preparation for 3 min or glycylarginyllysylbradykinin (GALBK) for 3 and 5 min, significant amounts of BK were found in the perfusates. We conclude that LBK, MLBK and GALBK may be converted at a high rate into BK by tissue aminopeptidases found in the rat preparations used. BK inactivation in the whole rat is a fast reaction, even when the pulmonary tissue is not involved in the inactivation.", "PMID": 1186919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10272", "title": "Effects of lanthanum, calcium and barium on the resting membrane resistance of guinea-pig papillary muscles.", "content": "1. The influence of some cations upon the effective resting membranes resistance of guinea-pig isolated papillary muscles was investigated by means of the double sucrose-gap method. 2. Elevated Ca Concentrations and, to a higher degree La, increased the membrane resistance. The current-voltage relationship, however, revealed a marked difference. The action of Ca was restricted to cathodal pulses, whereas La decreased the permeability of both the hyper-and depolarized membrane. 3. With respect to the resting membrane properties La mimicked the action of Ba and of altered K concentrations, both of which are known to exert their effects mainly by changing the K permeability. 4. Taking into account the different actions of La and Ca on the current-voltage relationship and on the transmembrane potentials, it is suggested that in the resting state La, in contrast to Ca, mainly influences the K permeability. This difference should be considered when La is used as an agent for studying the cellular Ca exchange in heart muscle.", "contents": "Effects of lanthanum, calcium and barium on the resting membrane resistance of guinea-pig papillary muscles. 1. The influence of some cations upon the effective resting membranes resistance of guinea-pig isolated papillary muscles was investigated by means of the double sucrose-gap method. 2. Elevated Ca Concentrations and, to a higher degree La, increased the membrane resistance. The current-voltage relationship, however, revealed a marked difference. The action of Ca was restricted to cathodal pulses, whereas La decreased the permeability of both the hyper-and depolarized membrane. 3. With respect to the resting membrane properties La mimicked the action of Ba and of altered K concentrations, both of which are known to exert their effects mainly by changing the K permeability. 4. Taking into account the different actions of La and Ca on the current-voltage relationship and on the transmembrane potentials, it is suggested that in the resting state La, in contrast to Ca, mainly influences the K permeability. This difference should be considered when La is used as an agent for studying the cellular Ca exchange in heart muscle.", "PMID": 1186920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10273", "title": "Effect of nafenopin (SU-13,437) on liver function: mechanism of choleretic effect.", "content": "Administration of nafenopin (SU-13-437) to male rats for two days leads to a doubling of bile production and a 50% increase in liver weight. These two effects have been shown not to be directly interrelated. A marked decrease in biliary salt concentration suggests that the bile salt independent flow is stimulated. The extra bile produced is probably of canalicular origin since bile to plasma concentration ratios of erythritol are unchanged. At least three polar metabolites of nafenopin have been observed in rat bile. Observations in rats with partial biliary fistulas indicate that the drug and its metabolites undergo extensive entero-hepatic circulation. Our studies support the view that much of the enhanced bile flow is associated with the presence of nafenopin and/or its metabolites within the hepatobiliary system. However, the response is too extensive to be explained merely by osmotic choleresis. Induced structural changes in the liver may also account forsome of this effect.", "contents": "Effect of nafenopin (SU-13,437) on liver function: mechanism of choleretic effect. Administration of nafenopin (SU-13-437) to male rats for two days leads to a doubling of bile production and a 50% increase in liver weight. These two effects have been shown not to be directly interrelated. A marked decrease in biliary salt concentration suggests that the bile salt independent flow is stimulated. The extra bile produced is probably of canalicular origin since bile to plasma concentration ratios of erythritol are unchanged. At least three polar metabolites of nafenopin have been observed in rat bile. Observations in rats with partial biliary fistulas indicate that the drug and its metabolites undergo extensive entero-hepatic circulation. Our studies support the view that much of the enhanced bile flow is associated with the presence of nafenopin and/or its metabolites within the hepatobiliary system. However, the response is too extensive to be explained merely by osmotic choleresis. Induced structural changes in the liver may also account forsome of this effect.", "PMID": 1186921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10274", "title": "The influence of metabolic inhibitors upon the transmembrane slow inward current in the mammalian ventricular myocardium.", "content": "The effect of metabolic alterations of isolated trabeculae and papillary muscles of cats upon the transmembrane slow inward current was studied in voltage clamp experiments using the double sucrose gap technique. The slow inward current which is mainly carried by Ca ions was separated from the fast Na current by applying the conditioning clamp technique. 1. After inhibition of the oxidative phosphorylation of the myocardial cell caused by cyanide (100 mg/l), the transmembrane slow inward current decreased by 25% on average within 25 min. The same diminution appeared after poisoning with 2.4 dinitrophenol (40 mg/l) which amounted to 46% on an average. In both cases the extrapolated reversal potential of the slow inward current was shifted to less positive values. The reduction of the slow inward current seems to reflect a diminished Ca driving force due to a metabolically evoked increase in intracellular free Ca. But these metabolic inhibitors might exert some direct effects upon the membrane since after the treatment with cyanide and 2.4 dinitrophenol, respectively, a slight delay of current inactivation could be observed. Nevertheless, the kinetics of the recovery from inactivation remained unaffected. 2. Metabolic poisoning abolished the normal response of the slow inward current to an increase of the extracellular Ca concentration or to the addition of Sr ions. Excess Ca failed to augment the current, and in some cases even a slight diminution occurred. If at all 5.5 mM Sr caused an increase by not more than 20%. These unusual reactions may also result from a reduced driving force for Ca or Sr, respectively. 3. Catecholamines still exerted their promoting effects upon the slow inward current after poisoning with cyanide or 2,4 dinitrophenol. The addition of 5 mg/l isoproterenol not only neutralized the effect of these metabolic inhibitors but caused an increase of the slow inward current even surpassing the initial control values.", "contents": "The influence of metabolic inhibitors upon the transmembrane slow inward current in the mammalian ventricular myocardium. The effect of metabolic alterations of isolated trabeculae and papillary muscles of cats upon the transmembrane slow inward current was studied in voltage clamp experiments using the double sucrose gap technique. The slow inward current which is mainly carried by Ca ions was separated from the fast Na current by applying the conditioning clamp technique. 1. After inhibition of the oxidative phosphorylation of the myocardial cell caused by cyanide (100 mg/l), the transmembrane slow inward current decreased by 25% on average within 25 min. The same diminution appeared after poisoning with 2.4 dinitrophenol (40 mg/l) which amounted to 46% on an average. In both cases the extrapolated reversal potential of the slow inward current was shifted to less positive values. The reduction of the slow inward current seems to reflect a diminished Ca driving force due to a metabolically evoked increase in intracellular free Ca. But these metabolic inhibitors might exert some direct effects upon the membrane since after the treatment with cyanide and 2.4 dinitrophenol, respectively, a slight delay of current inactivation could be observed. Nevertheless, the kinetics of the recovery from inactivation remained unaffected. 2. Metabolic poisoning abolished the normal response of the slow inward current to an increase of the extracellular Ca concentration or to the addition of Sr ions. Excess Ca failed to augment the current, and in some cases even a slight diminution occurred. If at all 5.5 mM Sr caused an increase by not more than 20%. These unusual reactions may also result from a reduced driving force for Ca or Sr, respectively. 3. Catecholamines still exerted their promoting effects upon the slow inward current after poisoning with cyanide or 2,4 dinitrophenol. The addition of 5 mg/l isoproterenol not only neutralized the effect of these metabolic inhibitors but caused an increase of the slow inward current even surpassing the initial control values.", "PMID": 1186922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10275", "title": "Caffeine and chlordiazepoxide: effects on motor activity in the chronic thalamic rat.", "content": "The effects of three doses of caffeine and of chlordiazepoxide (CDX) on motor activity were tested in the chronic thalamic rat. In this preparation virtually all cortical, striatal and limbic structures were ablated. A small dose of caffeine had only a weak motor stimulant effect which was succeeded by sedation. Larger doses that are stimulatory in intact animals, depressed motor activity in the thalamic rat. Amphetamine, in contrast to caffeine, produced a substantial motor stimulation. CDX caused a dose-dependent reduction of motor activity, similar to its effect in the intact rat. It is concluded that (a) telencephalic structures are involved in mediating the stimulatory action of caffeine; (b) a sedative component of caffeine may be present, but masked, in the intact animal, and may be due to serotoninergic mechanisms; (c) the presence of limbic structures is not necessary for the sedative effect of CDX.", "contents": "Caffeine and chlordiazepoxide: effects on motor activity in the chronic thalamic rat. The effects of three doses of caffeine and of chlordiazepoxide (CDX) on motor activity were tested in the chronic thalamic rat. In this preparation virtually all cortical, striatal and limbic structures were ablated. A small dose of caffeine had only a weak motor stimulant effect which was succeeded by sedation. Larger doses that are stimulatory in intact animals, depressed motor activity in the thalamic rat. Amphetamine, in contrast to caffeine, produced a substantial motor stimulation. CDX caused a dose-dependent reduction of motor activity, similar to its effect in the intact rat. It is concluded that (a) telencephalic structures are involved in mediating the stimulatory action of caffeine; (b) a sedative component of caffeine may be present, but masked, in the intact animal, and may be due to serotoninergic mechanisms; (c) the presence of limbic structures is not necessary for the sedative effect of CDX.", "PMID": 1186923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10276", "title": "Inhibition of furosemide-induced renin release by vasoconstrictors.", "content": "The effect of i.v. infused (asp1-beta-amid, val5)-angiotensin II (1.0 mug/kg min), octapressin (phe2, lys8-vasopressin) (10.0 mU/kg min) and of the alpha-sympathomimetic amine phenylephrine (40.0 mug/kg min) on the stimulation of renin secretion by furosemide (10.0 mg/kg i.v.) was investigated. The vasoconstrictors abolished the renin release induced by forosemide. Studies on the clearance of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) (i.e. renal plasma flow) showed that the action of the vasoconstrictors cannot be explained by a decrease in access of furosemide to its intrarenal sites of action. The mechanism of the suppressive action of the vasoconstrictors on renin release is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of furosemide-induced renin release by vasoconstrictors. The effect of i.v. infused (asp1-beta-amid, val5)-angiotensin II (1.0 mug/kg min), octapressin (phe2, lys8-vasopressin) (10.0 mU/kg min) and of the alpha-sympathomimetic amine phenylephrine (40.0 mug/kg min) on the stimulation of renin secretion by furosemide (10.0 mg/kg i.v.) was investigated. The vasoconstrictors abolished the renin release induced by forosemide. Studies on the clearance of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) (i.e. renal plasma flow) showed that the action of the vasoconstrictors cannot be explained by a decrease in access of furosemide to its intrarenal sites of action. The mechanism of the suppressive action of the vasoconstrictors on renin release is discussed.", "PMID": 1186924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10277", "title": "Suppression of isoprenaline-induced increase in plasma renin concentration by vasoconstrictors in rats with nonfunctioning Macula densa.", "content": "The mechanism of the increase in plasma renin concentration caused by the beta-sympathomimetic agent isoprenaline has been further investigated. Rats were pretreated by occluding the left renal artery for 2 hrs, thus rendering the macula densa cells of this kidney nonfunctioning. After contralateral nephrectomy infusion of isoprenaline (1.5 mug/kg min) still caused a strong increase in plasma renin concentration. This increase was significantly suppressed by simultaneous infusion of angiotensin II (1.0 mug/kg min). The alpha-sympathomimetic amine phenylephrine (60 mug/kg min) or octapressin (10 mU/kg min). The results exclude any mediator-role of the macula densa receptors in the isoprenaline-induced release of renin. The possibility of a stimulation of renin release via the baroreceptors or a direct \"secretomotoric\" action of isoprenaline is discussed.", "contents": "Suppression of isoprenaline-induced increase in plasma renin concentration by vasoconstrictors in rats with nonfunctioning Macula densa. The mechanism of the increase in plasma renin concentration caused by the beta-sympathomimetic agent isoprenaline has been further investigated. Rats were pretreated by occluding the left renal artery for 2 hrs, thus rendering the macula densa cells of this kidney nonfunctioning. After contralateral nephrectomy infusion of isoprenaline (1.5 mug/kg min) still caused a strong increase in plasma renin concentration. This increase was significantly suppressed by simultaneous infusion of angiotensin II (1.0 mug/kg min). The alpha-sympathomimetic amine phenylephrine (60 mug/kg min) or octapressin (10 mU/kg min). The results exclude any mediator-role of the macula densa receptors in the isoprenaline-induced release of renin. The possibility of a stimulation of renin release via the baroreceptors or a direct \"secretomotoric\" action of isoprenaline is discussed.", "PMID": 1186925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10278", "title": "125I-Labelled tetanus toxin as a neuronal marker in tissue cultures derived from embryonic CNS.", "content": "Primary cultures derived from embryonic mouse brain and spinal cord were exposed to 125I-labelled tetanus toxin and subjected to autoradiography. Cells with neuronal, but not glial, morphology selectively accumulated the toxin. The distribution of the grains over these cells and their processes was not uniform, discrete processes showing heavier labelling.", "contents": "125I-Labelled tetanus toxin as a neuronal marker in tissue cultures derived from embryonic CNS. Primary cultures derived from embryonic mouse brain and spinal cord were exposed to 125I-labelled tetanus toxin and subjected to autoradiography. Cells with neuronal, but not glial, morphology selectively accumulated the toxin. The distribution of the grains over these cells and their processes was not uniform, discrete processes showing heavier labelling.", "PMID": 1186926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10279", "title": "[Topographic forms of herniated lumbar discs. Contribution of saccoradiculographie and zonographie].", "content": "The clinical signs of herniated lumbar disc do not always allow to settle their level. Therefore authors add, to sacco-radiculography with standard plates, frontal zonographic sections. Then, they study radiographic findings and segregate some particular topographic forms of herniated discs: 1) with fragment behind verebral body, 2) with deviated root outside the disc herniation, 3) in front of the lamina and behind the root. Some of them have their own clinical signs, especially paralysed forms of L5 sciatic with abolition of achilean reflexe. Further more they propose hemilaminectomy for total removal of herniated lumbar discs with fragment behind the vertebral body. They conclude to advantage of usually making a saccoradiculography with the dimer iothalamate of methyl glucamine (Dimer X) before each operation.", "contents": "[Topographic forms of herniated lumbar discs. Contribution of saccoradiculographie and zonographie]. The clinical signs of herniated lumbar disc do not always allow to settle their level. Therefore authors add, to sacco-radiculography with standard plates, frontal zonographic sections. Then, they study radiographic findings and segregate some particular topographic forms of herniated discs: 1) with fragment behind verebral body, 2) with deviated root outside the disc herniation, 3) in front of the lamina and behind the root. Some of them have their own clinical signs, especially paralysed forms of L5 sciatic with abolition of achilean reflexe. Further more they propose hemilaminectomy for total removal of herniated lumbar discs with fragment behind the vertebral body. They conclude to advantage of usually making a saccoradiculography with the dimer iothalamate of methyl glucamine (Dimer X) before each operation.", "PMID": 1186942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10280", "title": "[Pan-spinal ependymoma. Apropos of 2 cases with complete exeresis].", "content": "Authors performed in two patients a macroscopically complete exeresis of a panspinal ependymoma. The first case concerns a 27 years old woman, submitted to surgery in 1971, soon after a delivery, who exhibited a tumor in all points identical to the one described by G. Horrax an D. Henderson (1939). The second case concerns a male subject submitted to surgery in May 1973 because of a lesion extending from C2 to L2 and corresponding to a dorsal fleshy ependymoma, surrounded by two voluminous pseudosyringomyelic cysts, with respectively cervical and dorsal-lumbar localization. Such cases rare, with sometimes difficult clinical and roentgenologic diagnosis, raise before all problems of surgical tactics. We are dealing here with benign ependymomas, few favourable to roentgentherapy. Their management is surgical, i.e. complete exeresis. The few common extent of some of these tumors to the totality of the spinal cord does not modify in any manner such a principle. The same may be said of some etiologic circumstances, such as pregnancy, that often enough constitute a postponing of diagnosis and mangement detrimental for the patient. Only, the march of the surgical procedure may be object of discussion. The here reported experience lets appear that, when necessary, complete exeresis may be performed in one session under the same conditions and with the same spinal risks than for a less extensive analogous tumor. At long term the problem of spasticity of lower extremities has to be considered. However, in spite of extensive laminectomy, no major deformity of the vertebral column is to be noted.", "contents": "[Pan-spinal ependymoma. Apropos of 2 cases with complete exeresis]. Authors performed in two patients a macroscopically complete exeresis of a panspinal ependymoma. The first case concerns a 27 years old woman, submitted to surgery in 1971, soon after a delivery, who exhibited a tumor in all points identical to the one described by G. Horrax an D. Henderson (1939). The second case concerns a male subject submitted to surgery in May 1973 because of a lesion extending from C2 to L2 and corresponding to a dorsal fleshy ependymoma, surrounded by two voluminous pseudosyringomyelic cysts, with respectively cervical and dorsal-lumbar localization. Such cases rare, with sometimes difficult clinical and roentgenologic diagnosis, raise before all problems of surgical tactics. We are dealing here with benign ependymomas, few favourable to roentgentherapy. Their management is surgical, i.e. complete exeresis. The few common extent of some of these tumors to the totality of the spinal cord does not modify in any manner such a principle. The same may be said of some etiologic circumstances, such as pregnancy, that often enough constitute a postponing of diagnosis and mangement detrimental for the patient. Only, the march of the surgical procedure may be object of discussion. The here reported experience lets appear that, when necessary, complete exeresis may be performed in one session under the same conditions and with the same spinal risks than for a less extensive analogous tumor. At long term the problem of spasticity of lower extremities has to be considered. However, in spite of extensive laminectomy, no major deformity of the vertebral column is to be noted.", "PMID": 1186943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10281", "title": "[Space-occupying lesions of the occupital lobe of the cerebral cortex].", "content": "The authors report 90 cases of space occupying lesions originating in the occipital lobe, including 58 primary (26 malignant gliomas, II \"benign\" gliomas, 19 meningiomas, I sarcoma nad I h\u00e9mangioblastoma (and 32 secondary masses (i. e. 16 metastatic tumors, 15 abcesses and I hydatid cyst). The onset of clinical features was progressive (gradual increase of intracranial pressure : 59 p. 100) rather than acute (41 p. 100 mostly as a visual (II) or a non visual (10) epileptic seizure). The time elapsed between the first symptom and the surgical procedure in any case appeared to be much shorter than in masses with other hemispheric localisation. This is thought to be due to the precocity and the intensity of the increased intracranial pressure, in relation to the blocage of posterior venous drainage. Increased intracranial pressure : only 7,7 p. 100 of the patient were free of IIP. Fundal changes are of little value in excluding this finding since no less than 3 months of evolution are necessary for their appearence. Visual disturbances consisted of acute obscurations (7.7 p. 100), controlateral deviations of head and eyes (3.3 p. 100) and visual field defects = 10 p. 100 of the patients were comatose and unable to be examined, 16.6 p. 100 had normal visual field. All the others had visual field defects wich could be evaluated by campimetric examination in only 26.6 p. 100. These included 14 hemiopias (7 without macular sparing) and 10 quadranopsia, always with incongruence (4 superior and 6 inferior). When the mass was strictly occipital, the same disparity was observed. Finally these visual field defects appeared to be variable and could well recover after surgery. Visual hallucinations were mostly of elementary type (21 p. 100) and always controlateral in cases of strictly occipital lesions. Elaborate hallucinations were rare (2 patients with extensive lesions). 8.8 p. 100 suffered from visual illusions wich always were related to large and right-sided masses. Disturbances of higher functions : Alexia was seen in 33 p. 100 of the left-sided masses (24 p. 100 \"agraphic\", 9 p. 100 \"pure word blindness\") Space agnosias of different type was found in 10 p. 100 of the patients, sometimes with purely occipital tumors.", "contents": "[Space-occupying lesions of the occupital lobe of the cerebral cortex]. The authors report 90 cases of space occupying lesions originating in the occipital lobe, including 58 primary (26 malignant gliomas, II \"benign\" gliomas, 19 meningiomas, I sarcoma nad I h\u00e9mangioblastoma (and 32 secondary masses (i. e. 16 metastatic tumors, 15 abcesses and I hydatid cyst). The onset of clinical features was progressive (gradual increase of intracranial pressure : 59 p. 100) rather than acute (41 p. 100 mostly as a visual (II) or a non visual (10) epileptic seizure). The time elapsed between the first symptom and the surgical procedure in any case appeared to be much shorter than in masses with other hemispheric localisation. This is thought to be due to the precocity and the intensity of the increased intracranial pressure, in relation to the blocage of posterior venous drainage. Increased intracranial pressure : only 7,7 p. 100 of the patient were free of IIP. Fundal changes are of little value in excluding this finding since no less than 3 months of evolution are necessary for their appearence. Visual disturbances consisted of acute obscurations (7.7 p. 100), controlateral deviations of head and eyes (3.3 p. 100) and visual field defects = 10 p. 100 of the patients were comatose and unable to be examined, 16.6 p. 100 had normal visual field. All the others had visual field defects wich could be evaluated by campimetric examination in only 26.6 p. 100. These included 14 hemiopias (7 without macular sparing) and 10 quadranopsia, always with incongruence (4 superior and 6 inferior). When the mass was strictly occipital, the same disparity was observed. Finally these visual field defects appeared to be variable and could well recover after surgery. Visual hallucinations were mostly of elementary type (21 p. 100) and always controlateral in cases of strictly occipital lesions. Elaborate hallucinations were rare (2 patients with extensive lesions). 8.8 p. 100 suffered from visual illusions wich always were related to large and right-sided masses. Disturbances of higher functions : Alexia was seen in 33 p. 100 of the left-sided masses (24 p. 100 \"agraphic\", 9 p. 100 \"pure word blindness\") Space agnosias of different type was found in 10 p. 100 of the patients, sometimes with purely occipital tumors.", "PMID": 1186944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10282", "title": "[Intraosseous meningioma in a child].", "content": "The authors present a case of intra-osseous meningioma in a 10 years old boy, located on the level of the vertex in the fronto-interparietal region, with the shape of a hand mass, painless, free from all neurological, ophtalmological and angiographic signs. The x-rays examination permit a diagnosis of an osteoma of the cranial vault. The surgery enables the exeresis of a large tumor of the vault 3 cm thick, without any attachment to the dura-matter. The histological examination reveals that it is, in fact, an intra-osseous meningioma. From this observation the authors carried out a review of all litterature in this field, only 12 observations are found again, and none of them deal with children. These intra-osseous meningioma develop from Pacchioni granulations included in the diploic region. They bring about handly any clinical signs and the x-rays findings do not enable us to put forward or suggest the diagnostic of intra-osseous meningioma.", "contents": "[Intraosseous meningioma in a child]. The authors present a case of intra-osseous meningioma in a 10 years old boy, located on the level of the vertex in the fronto-interparietal region, with the shape of a hand mass, painless, free from all neurological, ophtalmological and angiographic signs. The x-rays examination permit a diagnosis of an osteoma of the cranial vault. The surgery enables the exeresis of a large tumor of the vault 3 cm thick, without any attachment to the dura-matter. The histological examination reveals that it is, in fact, an intra-osseous meningioma. From this observation the authors carried out a review of all litterature in this field, only 12 observations are found again, and none of them deal with children. These intra-osseous meningioma develop from Pacchioni granulations included in the diploic region. They bring about handly any clinical signs and the x-rays findings do not enable us to put forward or suggest the diagnostic of intra-osseous meningioma.", "PMID": 1186946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10283", "title": "[Experimental studies on a hereditary central nervous system disease in PT rabbits. V. Clinical syndrome in generations 1-10].", "content": "Sex-linked mutation designated by the genetic symbol pt causes in rabbits a syndrome of parkinsonian tremor and spastic paralysis of extremities. Clinical phenotypes were observed in 10 geenratoins. Fig. 1 shows the types of matings. The appearance in pt rabbits of clinical improvement permitting to use them for reproduction and abortive or asymptomatic cases appearing in later generations are connected by the authors with the fact the a healthy rabbit had been introduced into the flock (rabbit No 84432). This rabbit had the genetic trait M modifying the clinical course of the pt syndrome. In Mm heterozygotes clinical improvement was observed, in MM homozygotes abortive and asymptomatic courses occurred. The M trait must be transferred by autosomes. The hypothetical M trait explains the clinical phenomena observed in the pt group but it requires still confirmation by specially planned experimental matings.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on a hereditary central nervous system disease in PT rabbits. V. Clinical syndrome in generations 1-10]. Sex-linked mutation designated by the genetic symbol pt causes in rabbits a syndrome of parkinsonian tremor and spastic paralysis of extremities. Clinical phenotypes were observed in 10 geenratoins. Fig. 1 shows the types of matings. The appearance in pt rabbits of clinical improvement permitting to use them for reproduction and abortive or asymptomatic cases appearing in later generations are connected by the authors with the fact the a healthy rabbit had been introduced into the flock (rabbit No 84432). This rabbit had the genetic trait M modifying the clinical course of the pt syndrome. In Mm heterozygotes clinical improvement was observed, in MM homozygotes abortive and asymptomatic courses occurred. The M trait must be transferred by autosomes. The hypothetical M trait explains the clinical phenomena observed in the pt group but it requires still confirmation by specially planned experimental matings.", "PMID": 1186947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10284", "title": "[Choroid plexus in angiographic studies].", "content": "On the basis of analysis of 911 carotid angiographic investigations the authors describe the frequency of visualization of the choroid plexus in healthy subjects and in patients with vascular diseases. The topography of the choroid plexus is presented in accordance with the method of di Chiro on angiograms.", "contents": "[Choroid plexus in angiographic studies]. On the basis of analysis of 911 carotid angiographic investigations the authors describe the frequency of visualization of the choroid plexus in healthy subjects and in patients with vascular diseases. The topography of the choroid plexus is presented in accordance with the method of di Chiro on angiograms.", "PMID": 1186948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10285", "title": "[Spontaneous rhinorrhea due to (congenital?) evagination of arachnoidea in the paranasal sinuses].", "content": "Report on two cases of spontaneous, intermittent and long lasting spinal fluid rhinorrhea. The lesion responsible of the spinal fluid fistula is a glio-arachnoid expansion of the convexity of the frontal pole, contained into a fibrous pedicle ; it crosses the dura mater and penetrates, through a well individualized bone orifice, into the posterior wall of the frontal sinus or into an ethmoid-frontal cell. This arachnoid diverticle is not associated with an hydrocephalon. In the absence of any traumatic past history, its congenital nature may be admitted. No para-clinical investigation makes possible to detect such a minor abnormity ; the isotopic transit of the spinal fluid may remain silent, when performed at a moment of drying up of the nasal flow. Surgical exploratory study of the anterior level has to be complete, while numerous independent diverticles may coexist.", "contents": "[Spontaneous rhinorrhea due to (congenital?) evagination of arachnoidea in the paranasal sinuses]. Report on two cases of spontaneous, intermittent and long lasting spinal fluid rhinorrhea. The lesion responsible of the spinal fluid fistula is a glio-arachnoid expansion of the convexity of the frontal pole, contained into a fibrous pedicle ; it crosses the dura mater and penetrates, through a well individualized bone orifice, into the posterior wall of the frontal sinus or into an ethmoid-frontal cell. This arachnoid diverticle is not associated with an hydrocephalon. In the absence of any traumatic past history, its congenital nature may be admitted. No para-clinical investigation makes possible to detect such a minor abnormity ; the isotopic transit of the spinal fluid may remain silent, when performed at a moment of drying up of the nasal flow. Surgical exploratory study of the anterior level has to be complete, while numerous independent diverticles may coexist.", "PMID": 1186945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10286", "title": "[Some postural reflexes and the development of static functions in children with infantile cerebral palsy].", "content": "The development of postural reflexes and static functions were analysed in children with different forms of central nervous system damage developing in the first three years of life. A correlation was found between the persistence of tonic reflexes and disturbances of development of static functions and this finding may be used in differential diagnosis of early central nervous system lesions and in selection of appropriate treatment.", "contents": "[Some postural reflexes and the development of static functions in children with infantile cerebral palsy]. The development of postural reflexes and static functions were analysed in children with different forms of central nervous system damage developing in the first three years of life. A correlation was found between the persistence of tonic reflexes and disturbances of development of static functions and this finding may be used in differential diagnosis of early central nervous system lesions and in selection of appropriate treatment.", "PMID": 1186949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10287", "title": "[Comparison between results achieved by administering L-dopa and Sinemet in parkinsonism in the light of our records].", "content": "On the basis of observations of 18 patients the authors evaluated clinically the action of Sinement preparation (Merch, Sharp and Dohme) containing L-dopa 250 mg and carbidopa 25 mg in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In the evaluation particular attention was given to side effects. Therapeutic results of Sinemet and L-dopa alone were compared in patients receiving these drugs alternatively. The observations of authors indicate that Sinemet gives the same therapeutic results as L-dopa, but in much lower doses and with less frequent side effects. Sinemet, similarly as L-dopa exerts the best effect on bradykinesia and muscular rigidity and less on tremor.", "contents": "[Comparison between results achieved by administering L-dopa and Sinemet in parkinsonism in the light of our records]. On the basis of observations of 18 patients the authors evaluated clinically the action of Sinement preparation (Merch, Sharp and Dohme) containing L-dopa 250 mg and carbidopa 25 mg in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In the evaluation particular attention was given to side effects. Therapeutic results of Sinemet and L-dopa alone were compared in patients receiving these drugs alternatively. The observations of authors indicate that Sinemet gives the same therapeutic results as L-dopa, but in much lower doses and with less frequent side effects. Sinemet, similarly as L-dopa exerts the best effect on bradykinesia and muscular rigidity and less on tremor.", "PMID": 1186952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10288", "title": "[The course of epilepsy in girls at the age of puberty].", "content": "In 62 women the course of epilepsy was analysed at the age of puberty from 11 to 15 years of life. In 19 cases the course of the disease remained unchanged at that time, in 20 cases the seizures disappeared or became less frequent, in 20 cases the frequency of seizures increased, other types of seizures developed, or seizures present previously in childhood reappeared. The unfavourable change in the course of disease was observed more often in girls with onset of the disease at an early age, frequent seizures at the beginning of the disease, partial combined seizures, neurological and psychic abnormalities and with delayed menarche in relation to the general population.", "contents": "[The course of epilepsy in girls at the age of puberty]. In 62 women the course of epilepsy was analysed at the age of puberty from 11 to 15 years of life. In 19 cases the course of the disease remained unchanged at that time, in 20 cases the seizures disappeared or became less frequent, in 20 cases the frequency of seizures increased, other types of seizures developed, or seizures present previously in childhood reappeared. The unfavourable change in the course of disease was observed more often in girls with onset of the disease at an early age, frequent seizures at the beginning of the disease, partial combined seizures, neurological and psychic abnormalities and with delayed menarche in relation to the general population.", "PMID": 1186950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10289", "title": "[Aneurysm of pericallosal artery].", "content": "The authors describe 3 cases of saccular aneurysms of the pericallosal artery. They accounted for 3.36% of all intracranial aneurysms in the material of the authors. Difficulties in management of pericallosal artery aneurysms are discussed. All patients with aneurysms in this area were operated upon from an approach through the interhemispheric fissure and the results were good.", "contents": "[Aneurysm of pericallosal artery]. The authors describe 3 cases of saccular aneurysms of the pericallosal artery. They accounted for 3.36% of all intracranial aneurysms in the material of the authors. Difficulties in management of pericallosal artery aneurysms are discussed. All patients with aneurysms in this area were operated upon from an approach through the interhemispheric fissure and the results were good.", "PMID": 1186956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10290", "title": "[Analysis of cases of funicular myelosis].", "content": "In a material of 14 cases of funicular myelosis the authors demonstrated frequent presence of peripheral signs, psychic changes and rare occurrence of such infrequent syndromes as transverse myelitis, cerebellar syndrome, optic nerve atrophy. Diagnostic difficulties are discussed in cases of pernicious anaemia without blood changes, without gastric achylia, or in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency, malabsorption syndromes and other more infrequent pathological conditions. The importance of such investigations as Schilling's test in atypical cases and the necessity of regular, long-term substitutive treatment with B12 are stressed.", "contents": "[Analysis of cases of funicular myelosis]. In a material of 14 cases of funicular myelosis the authors demonstrated frequent presence of peripheral signs, psychic changes and rare occurrence of such infrequent syndromes as transverse myelitis, cerebellar syndrome, optic nerve atrophy. Diagnostic difficulties are discussed in cases of pernicious anaemia without blood changes, without gastric achylia, or in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency, malabsorption syndromes and other more infrequent pathological conditions. The importance of such investigations as Schilling's test in atypical cases and the necessity of regular, long-term substitutive treatment with B12 are stressed.", "PMID": 1186951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10291", "title": "[Device for hand rehabilitation].", "content": "The author described an apparatus for hand rehabilitation made by students from the Mechanical-Electrical Technical School for Workers in Bielsko-Bia\u0142a. The apparatus is driven by an electric motor and it provides passive movements of paralytic hand with alternate flexion and extension of the wrist and fingers, and abduction and adduction of fingers in a special glove. The apparatus can be used in management of central and peripheral paralysis of the hand.", "contents": "[Device for hand rehabilitation]. The author described an apparatus for hand rehabilitation made by students from the Mechanical-Electrical Technical School for Workers in Bielsko-Bia\u0142a. The apparatus is driven by an electric motor and it provides passive movements of paralytic hand with alternate flexion and extension of the wrist and fingers, and abduction and adduction of fingers in a special glove. The apparatus can be used in management of central and peripheral paralysis of the hand.", "PMID": 1186953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10292", "title": "[Spread of pituitary adenomas beyond the sella].", "content": "Two cases of giant pituitary adenomas spreading extensively beyound the sella are described. In the 1st case death occurred 18 hours after the operation, in the 2nd case a good result was obtained by operation from subtemporal approach followed by 60Co radiotherapy. Control scintigraphic and angiographic examinations 11 months after treatment failed to demonstrate the signs which indicated extrasellar spread of adenoma before treatment.", "contents": "[Spread of pituitary adenomas beyond the sella]. Two cases of giant pituitary adenomas spreading extensively beyound the sella are described. In the 1st case death occurred 18 hours after the operation, in the 2nd case a good result was obtained by operation from subtemporal approach followed by 60Co radiotherapy. Control scintigraphic and angiographic examinations 11 months after treatment failed to demonstrate the signs which indicated extrasellar spread of adenoma before treatment.", "PMID": 1186954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10293", "title": "Further studies on the maturation of the estrogen negative feedback on gonadotropin release in the female rat.", "content": "To evaluate estrogen negative feedback in infantile female rats, 9-day-old rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and treated with different doses of estradiol benzoate (Eb, s.c. once daily for 2 days); plasma LH, FSH and estradiol (E2) levels were then determined by RIA. The responses of these rats were compared with those of 25-day-old rats subjected to the same experimental procedures. In intact sham-operated controls, plasma FSH was elevated on days 9--13 and low on days 25--29, whereas LH did not change significantly throughout the period studied. OVX at day 9 or 25 increased the levels of both hormones, with the response faster and larger in the older rats. Treatment with Eb was more effective in suppressing the post-castration rise in gonadotropin levels in 27-day-old than in 11-day-old rats. At day 27 plasma E2 was elevated to pre-castration values by as little as 10 ng of Eb, whereas at day 11 this dose produced plasma E2 titers even higher than pre-castration values. Plasma E2 titers were high at 9--13 days of age and low at days 25--29. OVX on day 9 decreased E2 2--4 days later to about 1/2 the initial concentration, whereas adrenalectomy (ADRX) or ADRX-OVX was followed by an almost complete disappearance of the steroid. When E2 was injected at day 10 in intact rats to elevate plasma E2, E2 remained elevated when measured 3 to 120 min after its injection, but on day 25, 50% of the injected E2 had disappeared from plasma in 90 min. These results provide additional support for the view that estrogen negative feedback, even though present in infantile rats, is less effective than later in life and hence indicate that high gonadotropin titers observed at days 9--13 in the presence of high E2 may be caused by the relative ineffectiveness of the feedback at these early ages. The high E2 titers appear to be caused by an enhanced rate of production of E2 by the adrenals and ovaries and by a reduced metabolic clearance of the steroid.", "contents": "Further studies on the maturation of the estrogen negative feedback on gonadotropin release in the female rat. To evaluate estrogen negative feedback in infantile female rats, 9-day-old rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and treated with different doses of estradiol benzoate (Eb, s.c. once daily for 2 days); plasma LH, FSH and estradiol (E2) levels were then determined by RIA. The responses of these rats were compared with those of 25-day-old rats subjected to the same experimental procedures. In intact sham-operated controls, plasma FSH was elevated on days 9--13 and low on days 25--29, whereas LH did not change significantly throughout the period studied. OVX at day 9 or 25 increased the levels of both hormones, with the response faster and larger in the older rats. Treatment with Eb was more effective in suppressing the post-castration rise in gonadotropin levels in 27-day-old than in 11-day-old rats. At day 27 plasma E2 was elevated to pre-castration values by as little as 10 ng of Eb, whereas at day 11 this dose produced plasma E2 titers even higher than pre-castration values. Plasma E2 titers were high at 9--13 days of age and low at days 25--29. OVX on day 9 decreased E2 2--4 days later to about 1/2 the initial concentration, whereas adrenalectomy (ADRX) or ADRX-OVX was followed by an almost complete disappearance of the steroid. When E2 was injected at day 10 in intact rats to elevate plasma E2, E2 remained elevated when measured 3 to 120 min after its injection, but on day 25, 50% of the injected E2 had disappeared from plasma in 90 min. These results provide additional support for the view that estrogen negative feedback, even though present in infantile rats, is less effective than later in life and hence indicate that high gonadotropin titers observed at days 9--13 in the presence of high E2 may be caused by the relative ineffectiveness of the feedback at these early ages. The high E2 titers appear to be caused by an enhanced rate of production of E2 by the adrenals and ovaries and by a reduced metabolic clearance of the steroid.", "PMID": 1186963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10294", "title": "[Simplified measurement of blood flow in cerebral angioma].", "content": "On the basis of physical laws formulated by Reynolds and Poisseuille the blood flow in the arteries supplying angiomas of cerebral hemispheres was calculated in 22 cases at the time of presence of active vascular anomaly and after its surgical removal. An increase in blood flow in these arteries by 10 to 50% was observed in three-fourths of patients, while in one-fourth this flow decreased by 10--25%. Increased blood flow was observed mainly in angiomas situated in the area of vascularization of the middle cerebral artery, mainly in the sensori-motor area. Decreased blood flow was present usually in patients with raised intracranial pressure and in cases of angioma situated in farther vascularization areas. After the operation the blood flow in corresponding arteries was nearly normal in most cases.", "contents": "[Simplified measurement of blood flow in cerebral angioma]. On the basis of physical laws formulated by Reynolds and Poisseuille the blood flow in the arteries supplying angiomas of cerebral hemispheres was calculated in 22 cases at the time of presence of active vascular anomaly and after its surgical removal. An increase in blood flow in these arteries by 10 to 50% was observed in three-fourths of patients, while in one-fourth this flow decreased by 10--25%. Increased blood flow was observed mainly in angiomas situated in the area of vascularization of the middle cerebral artery, mainly in the sensori-motor area. Decreased blood flow was present usually in patients with raised intracranial pressure and in cases of angioma situated in farther vascularization areas. After the operation the blood flow in corresponding arteries was nearly normal in most cases.", "PMID": 1186955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10295", "title": "Demonstration of cystic brain tumors by angiotomography.", "content": "Cysts in cerebral tumours, as small as 1 cm in diameter, have been demonstrated by angiotomography with the sections made in the frontal plane. Two signs suggest a cystic lesion; a geometrically round, vessel-like outline in either the arterial or venous phase, resulting from a cystic cavity under pressure, and, during the parenchymatous phase, a radiolucent area having a radiological contrast identical to the non-injected hemisphere.", "contents": "Demonstration of cystic brain tumors by angiotomography. Cysts in cerebral tumours, as small as 1 cm in diameter, have been demonstrated by angiotomography with the sections made in the frontal plane. Two signs suggest a cystic lesion; a geometrically round, vessel-like outline in either the arterial or venous phase, resulting from a cystic cavity under pressure, and, during the parenchymatous phase, a radiolucent area having a radiological contrast identical to the non-injected hemisphere.", "PMID": 1186964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10296", "title": "Amipaque myelography. The side effects compared with Dimer X.", "content": "In a comparative study between Dimer X and Amipaque (metrizamide) for lumbar myelography it was found that there is a little higher frequency of monor, but unimportant side effects after Amipaque. Amipaque has also been used for thoracocervical myelography with excellent results and without greater discomfort than after myelography in the lumbar region. A new puncture technique was used for the eximation of the cervical region alone: lateral puncture on the neck between the laminae of C1 and C2 under TV control. In more than 75 reinvestigations no arachnoid changes were observed.", "contents": "Amipaque myelography. The side effects compared with Dimer X. In a comparative study between Dimer X and Amipaque (metrizamide) for lumbar myelography it was found that there is a little higher frequency of monor, but unimportant side effects after Amipaque. Amipaque has also been used for thoracocervical myelography with excellent results and without greater discomfort than after myelography in the lumbar region. A new puncture technique was used for the eximation of the cervical region alone: lateral puncture on the neck between the laminae of C1 and C2 under TV control. In more than 75 reinvestigations no arachnoid changes were observed.", "PMID": 1186965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10297", "title": "[Hereditary episodic adynamia. Gamstorp's disease].", "content": "The authors report a family in which the mother and her one son had typical eipsodes of flaccid muscular paralysis with raised serum potassium level during the episode. In the period between these episodes only myotonia was observed. Histological examinations and EMG confirmed the diagnosis. Myotonia was present in two other siblings.", "contents": "[Hereditary episodic adynamia. Gamstorp's disease]. The authors report a family in which the mother and her one son had typical eipsodes of flaccid muscular paralysis with raised serum potassium level during the episode. In the period between these episodes only myotonia was observed. Histological examinations and EMG confirmed the diagnosis. Myotonia was present in two other siblings.", "PMID": 1186961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10298", "title": "[Evaluation of blood loss in the course of neurosurgery].", "content": "In 95 patients with known Hb level of the blood before operation the volume of blood lost during neurosurgical operations was determined by the spectrophotometric method based on determination of Hb concentration in the water obtained from washing machine after washing of linen and surgical material, taking into account the contents in the aspirating part of the machine. The mean blood loss in ml was in this material: in supratentorial gliomas 918 in supratentorial meningiomas 1142 in posterior cranial fossa tumours 356 in spinal tumours 487 in operations for prolapsed lumbar disc 259.", "contents": "[Evaluation of blood loss in the course of neurosurgery]. In 95 patients with known Hb level of the blood before operation the volume of blood lost during neurosurgical operations was determined by the spectrophotometric method based on determination of Hb concentration in the water obtained from washing machine after washing of linen and surgical material, taking into account the contents in the aspirating part of the machine. The mean blood loss in ml was in this material: in supratentorial gliomas 918 in supratentorial meningiomas 1142 in posterior cranial fossa tumours 356 in spinal tumours 487 in operations for prolapsed lumbar disc 259.", "PMID": 1186957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10299", "title": "Some aspects of the spinal cord circulation in cervical myelopathy.", "content": "Under usual technical conditions, it is possible, in a great percentage of cases, to visualize angiographically the afferent radiculospinal artery feeding the anterior cervical spinal axis, coming from the vertebral arteries. The level of its emergence is varied, predominating at C5--C6. This radiculospinal artery can be directly affected by a spondylotic lesion at the foraminal level and is one of the causes of the ischemic syndrome observed in the cerival myelopathies resulting from this process.", "contents": "Some aspects of the spinal cord circulation in cervical myelopathy. Under usual technical conditions, it is possible, in a great percentage of cases, to visualize angiographically the afferent radiculospinal artery feeding the anterior cervical spinal axis, coming from the vertebral arteries. The level of its emergence is varied, predominating at C5--C6. This radiculospinal artery can be directly affected by a spondylotic lesion at the foraminal level and is one of the causes of the ischemic syndrome observed in the cerival myelopathies resulting from this process.", "PMID": 1186966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10300", "title": "[Case of giant meningioma of the small wing of the sphenoid bone in a 9-year-old boy].", "content": "The authors report a boy aged 9 years in whom a giant meningioma of the small wing of the sphenoidal bone was removed surgically. Attention is called to the rarity of these tumours in the first decade of life. Developmental retardation, speech beginning at the age of 4 years, large head and epileptic seizures developing at the age of 7 years without signs of intracranial hypertension suggested the possibility of organic brain disease and development of massive hemiparesis, speech disturbances and choked disc in the last period of the disease were the cause of referral of the child to a neurosurgical unit. Plain skull films and angiography demonstrated changes typical of raised intracranial pressure and presence of an expanding lesion in the left cerebral hemisphere. Meningioma was found on operation hidden within the left frontal and temporal lobes but connected by means of a narrow band to the dura of the small wing of the sphenoidal bone. A good result was obtained. Follow-up examination after 2 years demonstrated slight neurological abnormalities and a very good general state of the child.", "contents": "[Case of giant meningioma of the small wing of the sphenoid bone in a 9-year-old boy]. The authors report a boy aged 9 years in whom a giant meningioma of the small wing of the sphenoidal bone was removed surgically. Attention is called to the rarity of these tumours in the first decade of life. Developmental retardation, speech beginning at the age of 4 years, large head and epileptic seizures developing at the age of 7 years without signs of intracranial hypertension suggested the possibility of organic brain disease and development of massive hemiparesis, speech disturbances and choked disc in the last period of the disease were the cause of referral of the child to a neurosurgical unit. Plain skull films and angiography demonstrated changes typical of raised intracranial pressure and presence of an expanding lesion in the left cerebral hemisphere. Meningioma was found on operation hidden within the left frontal and temporal lobes but connected by means of a narrow band to the dura of the small wing of the sphenoidal bone. A good result was obtained. Follow-up examination after 2 years demonstrated slight neurological abnormalities and a very good general state of the child.", "PMID": 1186962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10301", "title": "Intracranial foreign body subsequent to head injury in childhood.", "content": "A woman of eighteen was operated because of an intracranial foreign body. It had penetrated the skull at the age of four. Now, it was discovered while the girl was consulting because of rhinitis.", "contents": "Intracranial foreign body subsequent to head injury in childhood. A woman of eighteen was operated because of an intracranial foreign body. It had penetrated the skull at the age of four. Now, it was discovered while the girl was consulting because of rhinitis.", "PMID": 1186967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10302", "title": "Transient enlargement of deep medullary veins in encephalitis.", "content": "This case report concerns a woman who presented an atypical clinical pattern with some features of encephalitis and other features of brain tumor. Cerebral angiography showed a unilateral cerebral mass with prominence of deep medullary veins, usually interpreted as evidence of a neoplasm. Brain biopsy was interpreted as astrocytoma. Subsequent spontaneous clinical remission and regression of angiographic findings led to a reappraisal of the microscopic interpretation with a final diagnosis of encephalitis. The pathogenesis of cerebral angiographic abnormalities observed with encephalitis is reviewed. The transient prominence of deep medullary veins is probably due to hyperemia. Followup angiography is recommended when encaphalitis is suspected.", "contents": "Transient enlargement of deep medullary veins in encephalitis. This case report concerns a woman who presented an atypical clinical pattern with some features of encephalitis and other features of brain tumor. Cerebral angiography showed a unilateral cerebral mass with prominence of deep medullary veins, usually interpreted as evidence of a neoplasm. Brain biopsy was interpreted as astrocytoma. Subsequent spontaneous clinical remission and regression of angiographic findings led to a reappraisal of the microscopic interpretation with a final diagnosis of encephalitis. The pathogenesis of cerebral angiographic abnormalities observed with encephalitis is reviewed. The transient prominence of deep medullary veins is probably due to hyperemia. Followup angiography is recommended when encaphalitis is suspected.", "PMID": 1186968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10303", "title": "Protrusion of calcified cervical discs into the spinal canal in children. A report of two cases.", "content": "The occurrence of calcified discs with large calcified masses protruding into the spinal canal in two children is reported. The discs affected had increased height in the acute stage. Air myelogram, performed in one case with muscular weakness in the hand demonstrated compression of the spinal cord. The condition improved on conservative treatment without sequelae in both cases.", "contents": "Protrusion of calcified cervical discs into the spinal canal in children. A report of two cases. The occurrence of calcified discs with large calcified masses protruding into the spinal canal in two children is reported. The discs affected had increased height in the acute stage. Air myelogram, performed in one case with muscular weakness in the hand demonstrated compression of the spinal cord. The condition improved on conservative treatment without sequelae in both cases.", "PMID": 1186969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10304", "title": "[Clinical contribution to the surgery of adrenal glands].", "content": "The anatomopathological and clinical features of 131 cases subjected to adrenalectomy for metastasis of breast cancer, hypercortico-adrenalism and pheochromocytoma are described. The results of surgical management are analysed.", "contents": "[Clinical contribution to the surgery of adrenal glands]. The anatomopathological and clinical features of 131 cases subjected to adrenalectomy for metastasis of breast cancer, hypercortico-adrenalism and pheochromocytoma are described. The results of surgical management are analysed.", "PMID": 1186989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10305", "title": "[Surgical problem of extensive iliaco-femoral artery obstructions].", "content": "Extensive iliacofemoral obstruction has always posed a difficult therapeutical problem for the surgeon. Personal experience is cited in support of employment of the deep femoral artery as a natural by-pass, together with its anastomoses. The indications for this form of management are discussed, along with the techniques required. Some personal cases are described.", "contents": "[Surgical problem of extensive iliaco-femoral artery obstructions]. Extensive iliacofemoral obstruction has always posed a difficult therapeutical problem for the surgeon. Personal experience is cited in support of employment of the deep femoral artery as a natural by-pass, together with its anastomoses. The indications for this form of management are discussed, along with the techniques required. Some personal cases are described.", "PMID": 1186990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10306", "title": "[Therapeutic indications for immature angioma in the early infancy].", "content": "Angiomas are classified briefly and their main features are described. Attention is then directed to the most frequent type: immature angioma. Its main feature is a parenchymatous or soft-elastic consistency; this is important for diagnosis. Little swelling is noted during crying, laughing and with the patient in an inclined position. These angiomas are typical of early infancy and usually regress spontaneously with visible sequelae, as in 70% of the reported series. Treatment should thus be avoided, since it is often useless and may even be damaging. Exceptions include cases where further growth is noted during monthly or bimonthly controls, or where clinically ascertainable cavernomas are formed. Reference is made to the possibility of treatment with triamcinolone, though this is viewed more as a test of the possibility of regression.", "contents": "[Therapeutic indications for immature angioma in the early infancy]. Angiomas are classified briefly and their main features are described. Attention is then directed to the most frequent type: immature angioma. Its main feature is a parenchymatous or soft-elastic consistency; this is important for diagnosis. Little swelling is noted during crying, laughing and with the patient in an inclined position. These angiomas are typical of early infancy and usually regress spontaneously with visible sequelae, as in 70% of the reported series. Treatment should thus be avoided, since it is often useless and may even be damaging. Exceptions include cases where further growth is noted during monthly or bimonthly controls, or where clinically ascertainable cavernomas are formed. Reference is made to the possibility of treatment with triamcinolone, though this is viewed more as a test of the possibility of regression.", "PMID": 1186991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10307", "title": "[Indications and technics of the surgical treatment in iliaco-femoral thrombophlebitis in the acute phase].", "content": "A personal technique employed in the successful resolution of a case of iliacofemoral phlebothrombosis is described. Attention is drawn to the indications for this type of operation. The technique is not traumatic and can be easily performed, particularly with the aid of a Fogarty catheter. The results obtainable as far as the prevention of lung embolism and postphlebitic syndromes are concerned are also described.", "contents": "[Indications and technics of the surgical treatment in iliaco-femoral thrombophlebitis in the acute phase]. A personal technique employed in the successful resolution of a case of iliacofemoral phlebothrombosis is described. Attention is drawn to the indications for this type of operation. The technique is not traumatic and can be easily performed, particularly with the aid of a Fogarty catheter. The results obtainable as far as the prevention of lung embolism and postphlebitic syndromes are concerned are also described.", "PMID": 1186992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10308", "title": "[Study of 4 cases of chronic subdural hematoma with unusual symptomatology].", "content": "Some cases of chronic subdural haematomas (in patients aged from 17 to 27 years) with unusual symptomatology and difficult diagnosis are presented. The usefulness of cerebral scintigraphy which can clarify any diagnostic doubt and lead to a right neuroradiological behaviour is underlined.", "contents": "[Study of 4 cases of chronic subdural hematoma with unusual symptomatology]. Some cases of chronic subdural haematomas (in patients aged from 17 to 27 years) with unusual symptomatology and difficult diagnosis are presented. The usefulness of cerebral scintigraphy which can clarify any diagnostic doubt and lead to a right neuroradiological behaviour is underlined.", "PMID": 1187000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10309", "title": "[Antibiotic therapy and renal insufficiency. Pharmacokinetics of pivampicillin, cephaloridin and streptomycin in chronic uremic patients undergoing conservative or hemodialytic treatment].", "content": "The plasma kinetics of some antibiotics (pivampicillin, cephaloridine, streptomycin) has been studied in patients with chronic renal failure. The oral administration of pivampicllin promptly increases the plasma levels of the antibiotic, without any toxic side effect: this antibiotic is to be chosen in chronic uremic patients, also during regular dialytic treatment (R.D.T.). Cephaloridine has some renal toxic effects in high concentration; in the renal failure it is advisable to calculate the exact dose of the antibiotic by the use of nomograms when the creatinine clearance is known. These nomograms must absolutely be employed when administrating some toxic antibiotics, as gentamycin and streptomycin in chronic uremic patients. Some formulas have been experimentally determined, which allow a calculation of the exact dose of the antibiotic, also during R.D.T. If a kidney or urinary tract infection is present in patients with low G.F.R. (creatinine-clearance less than 30 ml/min.), it is necessary to administer only those antibiotics which can reach an active urinary concentration (i.e. penicillin and derivatives, cephaloridine).", "contents": "[Antibiotic therapy and renal insufficiency. Pharmacokinetics of pivampicillin, cephaloridin and streptomycin in chronic uremic patients undergoing conservative or hemodialytic treatment]. The plasma kinetics of some antibiotics (pivampicillin, cephaloridine, streptomycin) has been studied in patients with chronic renal failure. The oral administration of pivampicllin promptly increases the plasma levels of the antibiotic, without any toxic side effect: this antibiotic is to be chosen in chronic uremic patients, also during regular dialytic treatment (R.D.T.). Cephaloridine has some renal toxic effects in high concentration; in the renal failure it is advisable to calculate the exact dose of the antibiotic by the use of nomograms when the creatinine clearance is known. These nomograms must absolutely be employed when administrating some toxic antibiotics, as gentamycin and streptomycin in chronic uremic patients. Some formulas have been experimentally determined, which allow a calculation of the exact dose of the antibiotic, also during R.D.T. If a kidney or urinary tract infection is present in patients with low G.F.R. (creatinine-clearance less than 30 ml/min.), it is necessary to administer only those antibiotics which can reach an active urinary concentration (i.e. penicillin and derivatives, cephaloridine).", "PMID": 1187001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10310", "title": "[Intestinal perforations caused by food foreign bodies].", "content": "Accidental ingestion of foreign bodies is common enough, especially in children, but is of relatively small importance as such objects readily pas through the body and no particular treatment is required. A more interesting and less frequent occurrence is the ingestion of objects such as bone fragments, fish bones, etc. that form part of ordinary food. Cases of intestinal perforation caused in this way are described, together with their clinical and surgical management.", "contents": "[Intestinal perforations caused by food foreign bodies]. Accidental ingestion of foreign bodies is common enough, especially in children, but is of relatively small importance as such objects readily pas through the body and no particular treatment is required. A more interesting and less frequent occurrence is the ingestion of objects such as bone fragments, fish bones, etc. that form part of ordinary food. Cases of intestinal perforation caused in this way are described, together with their clinical and surgical management.", "PMID": 1187002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10311", "title": "[Frequency of goiter and urinary iodine in the Peidmont school children. Data on iodine contents in some local food].", "content": "The frequency of thyroid alterations was examined and dietary iodine intake was assessed via urinary iodine in 6-15 yr-old schoolchildren from 145 towns in Piedmont and the Aosta Valley. Local food iodine values were also determined in 56 towns. Alteration frequency and daily urinary elimination of iodine were inversely proportional, even within individual school populations. The endemic goitre urinary iodine threshold (around 40-50 mug I/g creatine) varied from area to area, with as much as double this value in some instances. Drinking water iodine was usually from 0 to 3 mug/l, with relatively low values in high localities. Much higher levels were noted in the presence of salsobromoiodic hot springs. Local Piedmontese foods contained less iodine than those bought in city markets.", "contents": "[Frequency of goiter and urinary iodine in the Peidmont school children. Data on iodine contents in some local food]. The frequency of thyroid alterations was examined and dietary iodine intake was assessed via urinary iodine in 6-15 yr-old schoolchildren from 145 towns in Piedmont and the Aosta Valley. Local food iodine values were also determined in 56 towns. Alteration frequency and daily urinary elimination of iodine were inversely proportional, even within individual school populations. The endemic goitre urinary iodine threshold (around 40-50 mug I/g creatine) varied from area to area, with as much as double this value in some instances. Drinking water iodine was usually from 0 to 3 mug/l, with relatively low values in high localities. Much higher levels were noted in the presence of salsobromoiodic hot springs. Local Piedmontese foods contained less iodine than those bought in city markets.", "PMID": 1187020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10312", "title": "[Behavior of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in the serum of a group of cholecystopathic patients].", "content": "The activity of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase was studied in the serum of patients suffering from cholelithiasis. Patients were divided into chronic sufferers with jaundice complication and those without jaundice; a similar subdivision was made for patients with acute cholecystitis. The data showed an increase in the frequency of the alteration in enzyme activity in patients suffering from acute forms, probably as a result of the greater incidence of jaundice than is the case with chronic cholelithiasis.", "contents": "[Behavior of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in the serum of a group of cholecystopathic patients]. The activity of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase was studied in the serum of patients suffering from cholelithiasis. Patients were divided into chronic sufferers with jaundice complication and those without jaundice; a similar subdivision was made for patients with acute cholecystitis. The data showed an increase in the frequency of the alteration in enzyme activity in patients suffering from acute forms, probably as a result of the greater incidence of jaundice than is the case with chronic cholelithiasis.", "PMID": 1187021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10313", "title": "[Study of arterial stationary waves in angiography].", "content": "Three instances of \"arterial stationary waves\" in the course of aortography in hypertensive patients are presented. A new view concerning the nature of this phenomenon is proffered, emphasis being placed on the part played by hypertension as a concomitant cause.", "contents": "[Study of arterial stationary waves in angiography]. Three instances of \"arterial stationary waves\" in the course of aortography in hypertensive patients are presented. A new view concerning the nature of this phenomenon is proffered, emphasis being placed on the part played by hypertension as a concomitant cause.", "PMID": 1187022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10314", "title": "[Chylous ascites. Diagnostic problems apropos of a case].", "content": "A case of chylous ascites in a patient affected with ovarian adenocarcinoma is reported. After a survey of the diagnostic and aetiopathogenetic problems of chylous ascites and as in particular of those concerning the case reported the surgical operation and the macro and microscopic data encountered are described. The therapy of chylous ascites, consisting of a short-chain triglyceride diet is also mentioned.", "contents": "[Chylous ascites. Diagnostic problems apropos of a case]. A case of chylous ascites in a patient affected with ovarian adenocarcinoma is reported. After a survey of the diagnostic and aetiopathogenetic problems of chylous ascites and as in particular of those concerning the case reported the surgical operation and the macro and microscopic data encountered are described. The therapy of chylous ascites, consisting of a short-chain triglyceride diet is also mentioned.", "PMID": 1187023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10315", "title": "[Prognostic evaluation of cardiorespiratory insufficiency in chronic bronchitis].", "content": "The course of chronic bronchitis is examined with particular stress on the most important clinical and functional factors for the purposes of the prognostic judgment on the disease. Phenomena of reoccurrence of cardiorespiratory insufficiency are also examined.", "contents": "[Prognostic evaluation of cardiorespiratory insufficiency in chronic bronchitis]. The course of chronic bronchitis is examined with particular stress on the most important clinical and functional factors for the purposes of the prognostic judgment on the disease. Phenomena of reoccurrence of cardiorespiratory insufficiency are also examined.", "PMID": 1187024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10316", "title": "[Immediate treatment of pleuropulmonary complications of inflammations of the pancreas].", "content": "Seven cases of pancreatic pleuropneumopathy are presented and the relevant literature is examined. Treatment of this unusual complications is an offshoot of the modern management of the underlying disease. Attention is drawn to the possibility of serious and sudden acute chest pictures with a clinical picture reminiscent of pancreatic storm. Resuscitation, pneumological and surgical management is required. The histological data for the series shows that a pleural response to the action of matter excreted by the pancreas was responsible. Early local treatment and physiotherapy may be followed by a surprising degree of functional recovery.", "contents": "[Immediate treatment of pleuropulmonary complications of inflammations of the pancreas]. Seven cases of pancreatic pleuropneumopathy are presented and the relevant literature is examined. Treatment of this unusual complications is an offshoot of the modern management of the underlying disease. Attention is drawn to the possibility of serious and sudden acute chest pictures with a clinical picture reminiscent of pancreatic storm. Resuscitation, pneumological and surgical management is required. The histological data for the series shows that a pleural response to the action of matter excreted by the pancreas was responsible. Early local treatment and physiotherapy may be followed by a surprising degree of functional recovery.", "PMID": 1187026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10317", "title": "[Patient population and length of stay in a pneumologic hospital].", "content": "The patient population of a phthisiopneumological hospital over the years 1972 and 1973 is reviewed. The mean stay of patients with lung T. B. is determined and the most frequent pictures are described. It is suggested, contrary to what is sometimes maintained, that hospitalisation is still a valid form of management for such subjects. Reference is made to the diseases most commonly encountered in the pneumological sections. Notes of a policy and health type are offered with respect to the mean stay and the establishment of departmental status in hopefully envisaged.", "contents": "[Patient population and length of stay in a pneumologic hospital]. The patient population of a phthisiopneumological hospital over the years 1972 and 1973 is reviewed. The mean stay of patients with lung T. B. is determined and the most frequent pictures are described. It is suggested, contrary to what is sometimes maintained, that hospitalisation is still a valid form of management for such subjects. Reference is made to the diseases most commonly encountered in the pneumological sections. Notes of a policy and health type are offered with respect to the mean stay and the establishment of departmental status in hopefully envisaged.", "PMID": 1187027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10318", "title": "[Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma with prolonged insulin-resistnace and extremely high values of insulin-IgG-binding].", "content": "The paper reports the occurrence - over a period of some days - of a hyperosmolar non ketotic coma, with prolonged relative insulin-resistnace in a micro- and macroangiopathic long term diabetic subject, after infection and minor surgery. The patient was on oral hypoglycemic treatment during the past 11 years; previously he had been treated with Protamin Zinc Insulin. The case is characterized by extremely high values of Insulin-IgG-binding (12 MU/ml), which still further increased to 20 mU/ml when an emergency insulin management was recommenced, perhaps as the result of an immunogenic booster effect. A diagram of underlying and precipitating conditions likely to lead to diabetic non-ketotic coma is presented. Exogenous anti-insulin immunitary factors are postulated as exceptional condidates for inclusion.", "contents": "[Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma with prolonged insulin-resistnace and extremely high values of insulin-IgG-binding]. The paper reports the occurrence - over a period of some days - of a hyperosmolar non ketotic coma, with prolonged relative insulin-resistnace in a micro- and macroangiopathic long term diabetic subject, after infection and minor surgery. The patient was on oral hypoglycemic treatment during the past 11 years; previously he had been treated with Protamin Zinc Insulin. The case is characterized by extremely high values of Insulin-IgG-binding (12 MU/ml), which still further increased to 20 mU/ml when an emergency insulin management was recommenced, perhaps as the result of an immunogenic booster effect. A diagram of underlying and precipitating conditions likely to lead to diabetic non-ketotic coma is presented. Exogenous anti-insulin immunitary factors are postulated as exceptional condidates for inclusion.", "PMID": 1187029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10319", "title": "[Role of hypnosis in psychosomatic medicine].", "content": "In Italy, the attitude displayed by psychosomatists towards hypnosis and A.T. is decidedly favourable, since they are considered as forms of short-term psychotherapy, this being primarily indicated in the management of psychosomatosis. While some reservations may be expressed with regard to the employment of hypnosis solely for the suppression of psychosomatic symptoms before their full significance is assessed, support may be given for the insertion of hypnosis in a wider psychotherapeutical context that is psychodynamically oriented. Psychogenesis may have different degrees of depth and not all forms of psychosomatosis are open to hypnotic attack, or even to short-term psychotherapy. Psychological therapy is only effective in cases where it releases the patient for his neurotic, infantile way of life and allows him to mature in a suitable manner. A result of this kind can hardly be reached in a short period of time. Hypnosis is, on the other hand, strongly indicated in a number of situations; these are listed.", "contents": "[Role of hypnosis in psychosomatic medicine]. In Italy, the attitude displayed by psychosomatists towards hypnosis and A.T. is decidedly favourable, since they are considered as forms of short-term psychotherapy, this being primarily indicated in the management of psychosomatosis. While some reservations may be expressed with regard to the employment of hypnosis solely for the suppression of psychosomatic symptoms before their full significance is assessed, support may be given for the insertion of hypnosis in a wider psychotherapeutical context that is psychodynamically oriented. Psychogenesis may have different degrees of depth and not all forms of psychosomatosis are open to hypnotic attack, or even to short-term psychotherapy. Psychological therapy is only effective in cases where it releases the patient for his neurotic, infantile way of life and allows him to mature in a suitable manner. A result of this kind can hardly be reached in a short period of time. Hypnosis is, on the other hand, strongly indicated in a number of situations; these are listed.", "PMID": 1187030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10320", "title": "[Hypnosis and experimental psychology].", "content": "Experimental psychology contributes to hypnology and vice versa and it is pointed out that this mutual relationship should be looked at as a function of the significance of methodology in psychology and of the way in which such methodology has been developing. After reviewing the distinguishing features of the experimental, clinico-social and statistico-probabilistic approaches, the possibilities of using hypnosis as a technical tool for investigating general psychological problems or for throwing light on the diagnostic situation of a particular patient are investigated. The possibilities of using experimental psychological methodology for examining the hypnotic state in rigorous terms are then analysed and the need to systematize basic scientific research is stressed.", "contents": "[Hypnosis and experimental psychology]. Experimental psychology contributes to hypnology and vice versa and it is pointed out that this mutual relationship should be looked at as a function of the significance of methodology in psychology and of the way in which such methodology has been developing. After reviewing the distinguishing features of the experimental, clinico-social and statistico-probabilistic approaches, the possibilities of using hypnosis as a technical tool for investigating general psychological problems or for throwing light on the diagnostic situation of a particular patient are investigated. The possibilities of using experimental psychological methodology for examining the hypnotic state in rigorous terms are then analysed and the need to systematize basic scientific research is stressed.", "PMID": 1187031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10321", "title": "[Neurophysiology of hypnosis. The suggestive process and contributions of the learned control of brain waves].", "content": "The contribution that neurophysiological examination, subordinate to psychodynamic analysis, can bring to the investigation of facts and results in the therapeutic application of hypnosis is discussed. Phenomena with a suggestive background are analysed, particularly those of ideomotor transformation with reference to prereflective though (Polanyi & Dyer). A special case is represented by phobic-obsessive disturbances. Here analysis of the process of ideative reinforcement must take account of the untranslatability of certain linguistico-syntactic connotations at this level. The part played by sensorimotor EEG biofeedback training in practical therapeutics is also examined.", "contents": "[Neurophysiology of hypnosis. The suggestive process and contributions of the learned control of brain waves]. The contribution that neurophysiological examination, subordinate to psychodynamic analysis, can bring to the investigation of facts and results in the therapeutic application of hypnosis is discussed. Phenomena with a suggestive background are analysed, particularly those of ideomotor transformation with reference to prereflective though (Polanyi & Dyer). A special case is represented by phobic-obsessive disturbances. Here analysis of the process of ideative reinforcement must take account of the untranslatability of certain linguistico-syntactic connotations at this level. The part played by sensorimotor EEG biofeedback training in practical therapeutics is also examined.", "PMID": 1187032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10322", "title": "[Individual multistage psychofilm treatment in a group of chronic alcoholic patients].", "content": "A short account of chronic alcoholism as a social and individual disease, and of the difficulties associated with its treatment, particularly as far as disaddiction is concerned, is followed by the description of a new method of psychotherapy, using psychofilms for the application of group hypnosis therapy covering a wide spectrum, based on reflexological premisses associated with behaviour therapy, backed up by techniques leading to reinforcement of the Ego. The method thus enables a polycentric approach to be made to the disturbances of the diseases and certain aspects of the patients' personality. Four stages in psychofilm management are described: conscious awareness, hypnotic induction, reinforcement of the Ego, and behaviour therapy. It is shown that films enable constant intervention on the part of the hypnotist to be dispensed with. A wide range of patients can be dealt with by applying standard techniques that are effective against various aspects of the psychopathological state in chronic alcoholism.", "contents": "[Individual multistage psychofilm treatment in a group of chronic alcoholic patients]. A short account of chronic alcoholism as a social and individual disease, and of the difficulties associated with its treatment, particularly as far as disaddiction is concerned, is followed by the description of a new method of psychotherapy, using psychofilms for the application of group hypnosis therapy covering a wide spectrum, based on reflexological premisses associated with behaviour therapy, backed up by techniques leading to reinforcement of the Ego. The method thus enables a polycentric approach to be made to the disturbances of the diseases and certain aspects of the patients' personality. Four stages in psychofilm management are described: conscious awareness, hypnotic induction, reinforcement of the Ego, and behaviour therapy. It is shown that films enable constant intervention on the part of the hypnotist to be dispensed with. A wide range of patients can be dealt with by applying standard techniques that are effective against various aspects of the psychopathological state in chronic alcoholism.", "PMID": 1187035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10323", "title": "[Hypnosis in anesthesia].", "content": "After a review of the history of the subject, it is pointed out that Mason's deep trance hypnosis, were it employable in all cases and not just in 10-15% of them, would be the ideal anaesthetic. \"Narco-hypnosis\" is described as a method employable by the anaesthetist and advantageous in a certain number of operations. Present-day techniques of pharmacological anaesthesia have reached such a level of perfection, however, that hypnotic anaesthesia is really only indicated in certain well-defined situations: in obstetrics, in plastic surgery, in burn cases, in dentistry and in ophthalmology. Hypnosis is also useful in the postoperative course (as it re-establishes intestinal and vesical function and eases respiratory exercises), and in a number of painful conditions, especially long-standing ones.", "contents": "[Hypnosis in anesthesia]. After a review of the history of the subject, it is pointed out that Mason's deep trance hypnosis, were it employable in all cases and not just in 10-15% of them, would be the ideal anaesthetic. \"Narco-hypnosis\" is described as a method employable by the anaesthetist and advantageous in a certain number of operations. Present-day techniques of pharmacological anaesthesia have reached such a level of perfection, however, that hypnotic anaesthesia is really only indicated in certain well-defined situations: in obstetrics, in plastic surgery, in burn cases, in dentistry and in ophthalmology. Hypnosis is also useful in the postoperative course (as it re-establishes intestinal and vesical function and eases respiratory exercises), and in a number of painful conditions, especially long-standing ones.", "PMID": 1187036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10324", "title": "[Hypnosis in ophthalmology].", "content": "Hypnosis is able to induce a state of total psychological calm in very many subjects, including maintenance or even enhancement of their ability to cooperate. A smaller number of more receptive subjects may even achieve ocular anaesthesia, though this is not suitable for the performance of operations because the Dagnini-Aschner reflex persists and hypotonia is not attained. It is considered, therefore, that the association of hypnosis, retrobulbar pharmacological anaesthesia, and akinesia offers the best conditions for the performance of operations involving major opening of the eyeball, such as those associated with cataract, i.e. psychological tranquility with the ability to cooperate, anaesthesia with neurovegetative areflexia, hypotonia, and a postoperative course undisturbed by coughing and vomiting. The results of several years' experience have shown the complete suitability of the method and its wide possibilities of application.", "contents": "[Hypnosis in ophthalmology]. Hypnosis is able to induce a state of total psychological calm in very many subjects, including maintenance or even enhancement of their ability to cooperate. A smaller number of more receptive subjects may even achieve ocular anaesthesia, though this is not suitable for the performance of operations because the Dagnini-Aschner reflex persists and hypotonia is not attained. It is considered, therefore, that the association of hypnosis, retrobulbar pharmacological anaesthesia, and akinesia offers the best conditions for the performance of operations involving major opening of the eyeball, such as those associated with cataract, i.e. psychological tranquility with the ability to cooperate, anaesthesia with neurovegetative areflexia, hypotonia, and a postoperative course undisturbed by coughing and vomiting. The results of several years' experience have shown the complete suitability of the method and its wide possibilities of application.", "PMID": 1187037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10325", "title": "[Hypnosis in dentistry].", "content": "Hypnosis is defined as that branch of science which studies the application of controlled suggestion and hypnosis in stomatology. Its indications and usefulness at various stages of dental practice are examined. Emphasis is laid on the basic psychological and physiological advantages, and contraindications, including the impossibility of using hypnosis as a routine application, are discussed. A number of deontological problems connected with hypnosis are dealt with and the practical aspects discussed.", "contents": "[Hypnosis in dentistry]. Hypnosis is defined as that branch of science which studies the application of controlled suggestion and hypnosis in stomatology. Its indications and usefulness at various stages of dental practice are examined. Emphasis is laid on the basic psychological and physiological advantages, and contraindications, including the impossibility of using hypnosis as a routine application, are discussed. A number of deontological problems connected with hypnosis are dealt with and the practical aspects discussed.", "PMID": 1187038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10326", "title": "[New concepts in the prognosis of renal obstructions based on radiological examination data].", "content": "The study deals with obstructed kidneys not visualizable by normal radiography. The various radiological techniques after endovenous urography are analysed as to what extent the data obtained enable the surgeon to choose between radical and conservative measures. The usefulness and limitations of i.v. urography with high doses of contrast medium, of retrograde pyelography (with or without concomitant study of renal function), of selective intra-arterial arteriography and perfusion, of minimum nephrostomy with repeated nephrostograms and of translumbar pyelography are discussed. The last technique, involving urine aspiration and anterograde pyelogram is simpler than other methods and is of greater interest in the prognosis of hydronephrotic kidney.", "contents": "[New concepts in the prognosis of renal obstructions based on radiological examination data]. The study deals with obstructed kidneys not visualizable by normal radiography. The various radiological techniques after endovenous urography are analysed as to what extent the data obtained enable the surgeon to choose between radical and conservative measures. The usefulness and limitations of i.v. urography with high doses of contrast medium, of retrograde pyelography (with or without concomitant study of renal function), of selective intra-arterial arteriography and perfusion, of minimum nephrostomy with repeated nephrostograms and of translumbar pyelography are discussed. The last technique, involving urine aspiration and anterograde pyelogram is simpler than other methods and is of greater interest in the prognosis of hydronephrotic kidney.", "PMID": 1187040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10327", "title": "[Recurrent ulcer after gastric resection].", "content": "A retrospective study was made of 34 cases of recurrent ulcer following gastric resection. Males, especially above the age of 40, were shown to be particularly susceptible. The intact vagus apparently plays the most important role in the pathogenesis. Radiological examination and endoscopy are of the greatest diagnostic importance. Truncal vagotomy must be regarded as the treatment of choice in uncomplicated recurrent ulcer. Resection procedures are indicated in perforating ulcer, gastrojejunocolic fistula, antral residues and ZES.", "contents": "[Recurrent ulcer after gastric resection]. A retrospective study was made of 34 cases of recurrent ulcer following gastric resection. Males, especially above the age of 40, were shown to be particularly susceptible. The intact vagus apparently plays the most important role in the pathogenesis. Radiological examination and endoscopy are of the greatest diagnostic importance. Truncal vagotomy must be regarded as the treatment of choice in uncomplicated recurrent ulcer. Resection procedures are indicated in perforating ulcer, gastrojejunocolic fistula, antral residues and ZES.", "PMID": 1187041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10328", "title": "[Long-term survival in persons with cardiac pacemakers. Study based on 1,159 patients, 499 with regression at 4-10 years].", "content": "Analysis of the long-term survival of pacemaker carriers showed a parallelism between two curves: that of the survival in patients treated with a pacemaker as from the second month, and that of a control group with the same age and physical structure. Treatment in the first few years was made problematical by defects in surgical technique: while in 17% of reoperations, the reason was straightforward substitution of the pacemaker owing to wear on the battery, 83% were the consequences of complications. Of these, 23% consisted of shifts in the intracavitary probe, electrode failures, or increase in the threshold. The frequency of infections due to implantation or reoperation was 7,4%, in certain cases with fatal outcome. Bearing in mind that mortality from Adam-Stokes disease was 50% prior to the introduction of pacemakers, it can be maintained that this therapy represents a considerable step forward in cardiology. Mortality was 27% in all patients submitted to implantation.", "contents": "[Long-term survival in persons with cardiac pacemakers. Study based on 1,159 patients, 499 with regression at 4-10 years]. Analysis of the long-term survival of pacemaker carriers showed a parallelism between two curves: that of the survival in patients treated with a pacemaker as from the second month, and that of a control group with the same age and physical structure. Treatment in the first few years was made problematical by defects in surgical technique: while in 17% of reoperations, the reason was straightforward substitution of the pacemaker owing to wear on the battery, 83% were the consequences of complications. Of these, 23% consisted of shifts in the intracavitary probe, electrode failures, or increase in the threshold. The frequency of infections due to implantation or reoperation was 7,4%, in certain cases with fatal outcome. Bearing in mind that mortality from Adam-Stokes disease was 50% prior to the introduction of pacemakers, it can be maintained that this therapy represents a considerable step forward in cardiology. Mortality was 27% in all patients submitted to implantation.", "PMID": 1187042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10329", "title": "[Radiological and endoscopic study of the esophagus in 33 cases of generalized scleroderma].", "content": "The radiological and endoscopic picture of the oesophagus was investigated in 33 patients with generalised sclerodermia. Signs of involvement were noted in 26 subjects, whereas symptoms of such involvement had been observed in 13 only. Screening for oesophageal sclerodermia sites requires accurate assessment of oesophageal kinetics. Fibroscopic examination gives equally reliable evidence of involvement in the form of two distinctive signs: absence of peristaltic contractions in the lower half of the oesophagus and persistence of a \"pool of water\" in the organ for over 30 secs following injection of a few cc of water in the lying patient. Endoscopy frequently reveals concomitant peptic oesophagitis (10 cases). This is invisible radiologically. Endoscopy also permits accurate appraisal of the lesions associated with peptic stenosis. Fibroscopic examination of the oesophagus, in fact, could well be made a feature of the evaluation of all patients with actual or suspected generalised sclerodermia, on account of its aid to diagnosis and the early notice it gives of oesophageal complications.", "contents": "[Radiological and endoscopic study of the esophagus in 33 cases of generalized scleroderma]. The radiological and endoscopic picture of the oesophagus was investigated in 33 patients with generalised sclerodermia. Signs of involvement were noted in 26 subjects, whereas symptoms of such involvement had been observed in 13 only. Screening for oesophageal sclerodermia sites requires accurate assessment of oesophageal kinetics. Fibroscopic examination gives equally reliable evidence of involvement in the form of two distinctive signs: absence of peristaltic contractions in the lower half of the oesophagus and persistence of a \"pool of water\" in the organ for over 30 secs following injection of a few cc of water in the lying patient. Endoscopy frequently reveals concomitant peptic oesophagitis (10 cases). This is invisible radiologically. Endoscopy also permits accurate appraisal of the lesions associated with peptic stenosis. Fibroscopic examination of the oesophagus, in fact, could well be made a feature of the evaluation of all patients with actual or suspected generalised sclerodermia, on account of its aid to diagnosis and the early notice it gives of oesophageal complications.", "PMID": 1187043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10330", "title": "[Osteogenesis imperfecta of Vrolik's type. Case contribution].", "content": "A case of osteogenesis imperfecta congenita is described. The relations between this and other forms of bone fragility are discussed and the disease itself is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "[Osteogenesis imperfecta of Vrolik's type. Case contribution]. A case of osteogenesis imperfecta congenita is described. The relations between this and other forms of bone fragility are discussed and the disease itself is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 1187044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10331", "title": "[Clinical and statistical considerations on the relation between hematocrit value and blood viscosity].", "content": "Blood viscosity at various speed gradients was determined in 186 patients, a range of 245 haematocrit readings varying between 12 and 72 being examined. Statistical analysis of the results revealed a direct proportionality relationship between the two parameters, with viscosity expressed in logarithms. The regression lines accentuate their slope as the speed gradient falls. When determined at high speed gradients, blood viscosity can quintuplicate its value by varying the haematocrit from 10 to 70, while it can increase fully ten times at low speed gradients with the same haematocrit reading variations. Using blood from the same subject, resuspended at different haematocrits, viscosity values were obtained along the lines of regression up to haematocrits of about 70; for higher readings, viscosity data lie above these lines to a greater extent the higher is the speed gradient. Emphasis is laid on the great importance of the haematocrit reading from the rheological viewpoint and the significant clinical deductions that can be made.", "contents": "[Clinical and statistical considerations on the relation between hematocrit value and blood viscosity]. Blood viscosity at various speed gradients was determined in 186 patients, a range of 245 haematocrit readings varying between 12 and 72 being examined. Statistical analysis of the results revealed a direct proportionality relationship between the two parameters, with viscosity expressed in logarithms. The regression lines accentuate their slope as the speed gradient falls. When determined at high speed gradients, blood viscosity can quintuplicate its value by varying the haematocrit from 10 to 70, while it can increase fully ten times at low speed gradients with the same haematocrit reading variations. Using blood from the same subject, resuspended at different haematocrits, viscosity values were obtained along the lines of regression up to haematocrits of about 70; for higher readings, viscosity data lie above these lines to a greater extent the higher is the speed gradient. Emphasis is laid on the great importance of the haematocrit reading from the rheological viewpoint and the significant clinical deductions that can be made.", "PMID": 1187045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10332", "title": "Vitamin E and sex behavior in mice.", "content": "C57BL/6J male mice responded to dietary deficiency of vitamin E with reduction in spermatogenesis. Sex behavior and seminal vesicle weight were unaffected. Supplements of alphabeta-tocopherol (vitamin E) at 0.33 or 72 IU per day maintained spermatogenesis but did not affect seminal vesicles or sex behavior.", "contents": "Vitamin E and sex behavior in mice. C57BL/6J male mice responded to dietary deficiency of vitamin E with reduction in spermatogenesis. Sex behavior and seminal vesicle weight were unaffected. Supplements of alphabeta-tocopherol (vitamin E) at 0.33 or 72 IU per day maintained spermatogenesis but did not affect seminal vesicles or sex behavior.", "PMID": 1187070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10333", "title": "Levels of histidine and histidine derivatives in breast muscle of protein-depleted and repleted adult cockerels.", "content": "Four groups of adult cockerels, consisting of a control group given adequate protein, a protein-depleted group, and two groups that had been given, respectively, a low and a higher nitrogen-containing diet following protein depletion, were killed after appropriate time intervals and histidine and histidine derivatives analyzed in breast muscle extract. The concentration of l-methylhistidine increased more than 12-fold during protein depletion and returned to near control levels during repletion. Carnosine decreased during depletion to less than 1/20 of the concentration in controls, yet increased more rapidly during repletion in the group fed a low-nitrogen diet free of histidine compared to the group fed a high-nitrogen diet containing histidine. Depleted cocks showed an elevation in the concentration of free histidine which decreased toward control levels after repletion. Levels of 3-methylhistidine were highest in the cocks fed diets containing histidine. Evidence for an accumulation in the breast muscle of adult cocks of 3-methylhistidine consisted of unusually high ratios of this derivative to muscle protein in all experimental groups. It was suggested that both 3-methylhistidine and 1-methylhistidine might serve as useful indices for assessing protein depletion in the adult cockerel, but that consideration should be given to the possibility of species differences in the metabolism of histidine derivatives during protein depletion.", "contents": "Levels of histidine and histidine derivatives in breast muscle of protein-depleted and repleted adult cockerels. Four groups of adult cockerels, consisting of a control group given adequate protein, a protein-depleted group, and two groups that had been given, respectively, a low and a higher nitrogen-containing diet following protein depletion, were killed after appropriate time intervals and histidine and histidine derivatives analyzed in breast muscle extract. The concentration of l-methylhistidine increased more than 12-fold during protein depletion and returned to near control levels during repletion. Carnosine decreased during depletion to less than 1/20 of the concentration in controls, yet increased more rapidly during repletion in the group fed a low-nitrogen diet free of histidine compared to the group fed a high-nitrogen diet containing histidine. Depleted cocks showed an elevation in the concentration of free histidine which decreased toward control levels after repletion. Levels of 3-methylhistidine were highest in the cocks fed diets containing histidine. Evidence for an accumulation in the breast muscle of adult cocks of 3-methylhistidine consisted of unusually high ratios of this derivative to muscle protein in all experimental groups. It was suggested that both 3-methylhistidine and 1-methylhistidine might serve as useful indices for assessing protein depletion in the adult cockerel, but that consideration should be given to the possibility of species differences in the metabolism of histidine derivatives during protein depletion.", "PMID": 1187071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10334", "title": "Cholesterol esterification and lipids in plasma and liver from newborn and young guinea pigs raised on milk and non-milk diet.", "content": "Plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransfer (LCAT), liver acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransfer (ACAT) and plasma and liver lipids were examined in newborn and young guinea pigs fed ordinary or a non-milk diet. LCAT in newborns was about 70% of the adult value, increased the first 3 days to values about three times the adult value, and decreased during the next 3 weeks to about adult value. Plasma lipids varied in a similar way. Liver ACAT in newborns was considerably higher than in adults. In young animals on non-milk diet the LCAT and ACAT were lower than in normally fed animals. LCAT was positively correlated to free cholesterol in plasma.", "contents": "Cholesterol esterification and lipids in plasma and liver from newborn and young guinea pigs raised on milk and non-milk diet. Plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransfer (LCAT), liver acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransfer (ACAT) and plasma and liver lipids were examined in newborn and young guinea pigs fed ordinary or a non-milk diet. LCAT in newborns was about 70% of the adult value, increased the first 3 days to values about three times the adult value, and decreased during the next 3 weeks to about adult value. Plasma lipids varied in a similar way. Liver ACAT in newborns was considerably higher than in adults. In young animals on non-milk diet the LCAT and ACAT were lower than in normally fed animals. LCAT was positively correlated to free cholesterol in plasma.", "PMID": 1187072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10335", "title": "Influence of carbohydrate-free protein-rich diet on free alpha-amino nitrogen changes in plasma, erythrocytes and leucocytes.", "content": "On feeding carbohydrate-free, protein-rich diet, plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes and hepatic free alpha-amino nitrogen levels were increased within 2 days in rats but were later nearly normalized within 8 days. It may be suggested that the given diet results in a temporary rise of the amino acid pool in the body but high dietary protein, in the absence of carbohydrate may further be utilized by the body for the purposes of energy.", "contents": "Influence of carbohydrate-free protein-rich diet on free alpha-amino nitrogen changes in plasma, erythrocytes and leucocytes. On feeding carbohydrate-free, protein-rich diet, plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes and hepatic free alpha-amino nitrogen levels were increased within 2 days in rats but were later nearly normalized within 8 days. It may be suggested that the given diet results in a temporary rise of the amino acid pool in the body but high dietary protein, in the absence of carbohydrate may further be utilized by the body for the purposes of energy.", "PMID": 1187073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10336", "title": "[Experimental animal studies on the absorption of zinc from various parts of the small intestine and various zinc compounds].", "content": "The absorption of zinc in different parts of the small intestine and from various Zn compounds was studied in situ, using rats. Segments of equal length from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were ligated. Into these loops, 65Zn-ZnC12 or 65Zn-ZnC12 with an excess of histidine at a molar ratio of 1:250 and 1:2,000 was injected. The uptake of 65Zn was measured in blood, plasma and different organs after 1 h of absorption. The absorption of zinc was significantly greatest from the duodenum, followed by the jejunum and ileum. The jejunum differed only slightly from the ileum in the absorption capacity for zinc. A 250-fold excess of histidine did not alter the Zn absorption in comparison to ZnC12. There were, however, distinct interactions between the site of Zn absorption and the Zn compound at the molar ratio of zinc:histidine of 1:2,000. With this addition of excess histidine, zinc was absorbed just as well from the jejunum as from the duodenum. The 2,000-fold addition of histidine raised the Zn absorption from the jejunum by about 40% in comparison to ZnC12.", "contents": "[Experimental animal studies on the absorption of zinc from various parts of the small intestine and various zinc compounds]. The absorption of zinc in different parts of the small intestine and from various Zn compounds was studied in situ, using rats. Segments of equal length from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were ligated. Into these loops, 65Zn-ZnC12 or 65Zn-ZnC12 with an excess of histidine at a molar ratio of 1:250 and 1:2,000 was injected. The uptake of 65Zn was measured in blood, plasma and different organs after 1 h of absorption. The absorption of zinc was significantly greatest from the duodenum, followed by the jejunum and ileum. The jejunum differed only slightly from the ileum in the absorption capacity for zinc. A 250-fold excess of histidine did not alter the Zn absorption in comparison to ZnC12. There were, however, distinct interactions between the site of Zn absorption and the Zn compound at the molar ratio of zinc:histidine of 1:2,000. With this addition of excess histidine, zinc was absorbed just as well from the jejunum as from the duodenum. The 2,000-fold addition of histidine raised the Zn absorption from the jejunum by about 40% in comparison to ZnC12.", "PMID": 1187074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10337", "title": "Rheumatic cardiac disease in pregnancy. Long-term followup.", "content": "All but 3 of 263 women with confirmed rheumatic cardiac disease seen during pregnancy in the 5-year period, July 1937 to August 1942, have been traced up to 1974. The series was enlarged by including all the cases (57) in functional Classes III and IV at conception which were seen from 1931 through 1943; all have been traced. The remote mortalities have been: in patients Class I at conception, 58.3% dead (with an average annual death rate of 23.5/1000); Class II at conception, 73.8% dead (average annual death rate 36.5/1000); Classes III and IV at conception, 91.3% dead (average annual death rate, 66.5/1000). A comparison of women with and without pregnancies subsequent to the one admitting them to the study fails to show any remote adverse effect of later pregnancies of the course of the disease.", "contents": "Rheumatic cardiac disease in pregnancy. Long-term followup. All but 3 of 263 women with confirmed rheumatic cardiac disease seen during pregnancy in the 5-year period, July 1937 to August 1942, have been traced up to 1974. The series was enlarged by including all the cases (57) in functional Classes III and IV at conception which were seen from 1931 through 1943; all have been traced. The remote mortalities have been: in patients Class I at conception, 58.3% dead (with an average annual death rate of 23.5/1000); Class II at conception, 73.8% dead (average annual death rate 36.5/1000); Classes III and IV at conception, 91.3% dead (average annual death rate, 66.5/1000). A comparison of women with and without pregnancies subsequent to the one admitting them to the study fails to show any remote adverse effect of later pregnancies of the course of the disease.", "PMID": 1187076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10338", "title": "Pregnancy and pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "There are 1565 premature and full-term deliveries in patients with tuberculosis at The New York Hospital included in this report. About 10% of the patients had active pulmonary tuberculosis immediately before or during gestation. The obstetric management of the patient with inactive tuberculosis is similar to that of the nontuberculous woman. In patients with active or recently active tuberculosis, delivery under regional anesthesia, with forceps when necessary to avoid excessive straining during the second stage of labor, is advised. Tuberculosis is not an indication for cesarean section. Chemotherapy is now the cornerstone of all therapy for tuberculosis; the various regimens and modifications depend on the type and extent of the disease. The best combination of drugs is isoniazid and ethambutol. Therapy in all cases must be multiple drug, continuous, and long-term. Prophylactic isoniazid is used infrequently during pregnancy and only in special circumstances. Results of treatment with the newer antituberculosis drugs show that the disease progressed in less than 1% of patients between 1957 and 1972 compared to 3 to 4% of patients from 1933 to 1956. Infants born to the 1565 tuberculous mothers reported here were of average weight, and none of the 1588 infants (23 sets of twins) had congenital tuberculosis. Patients should be carefully followed postpartum with sputum tests and x-rays. They should also be given medical and socioeconomic counseling.", "contents": "Pregnancy and pulmonary tuberculosis. There are 1565 premature and full-term deliveries in patients with tuberculosis at The New York Hospital included in this report. About 10% of the patients had active pulmonary tuberculosis immediately before or during gestation. The obstetric management of the patient with inactive tuberculosis is similar to that of the nontuberculous woman. In patients with active or recently active tuberculosis, delivery under regional anesthesia, with forceps when necessary to avoid excessive straining during the second stage of labor, is advised. Tuberculosis is not an indication for cesarean section. Chemotherapy is now the cornerstone of all therapy for tuberculosis; the various regimens and modifications depend on the type and extent of the disease. The best combination of drugs is isoniazid and ethambutol. Therapy in all cases must be multiple drug, continuous, and long-term. Prophylactic isoniazid is used infrequently during pregnancy and only in special circumstances. Results of treatment with the newer antituberculosis drugs show that the disease progressed in less than 1% of patients between 1957 and 1972 compared to 3 to 4% of patients from 1933 to 1956. Infants born to the 1565 tuberculous mothers reported here were of average weight, and none of the 1588 infants (23 sets of twins) had congenital tuberculosis. Patients should be carefully followed postpartum with sputum tests and x-rays. They should also be given medical and socioeconomic counseling.", "PMID": 1187077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10339", "title": "Ultrasound prior to amniocentesis for genetic counseling.", "content": "Ultrasonic placental and fetal head localization, although not mandatory, may minimize the risks of amniocentesis for use in genetic counseling. It permits choosing a site other than low midline with a low-lying anterior placenta; with a posterior placenta, the insertion within the amniotic cavity should stop short of the placenta. Although complications of amniocentesis in the second trimester without ultrasound have been very few, it seems worthwhile to try to decrease even this small risk by the use of ultrasound.", "contents": "Ultrasound prior to amniocentesis for genetic counseling. Ultrasonic placental and fetal head localization, although not mandatory, may minimize the risks of amniocentesis for use in genetic counseling. It permits choosing a site other than low midline with a low-lying anterior placenta; with a posterior placenta, the insertion within the amniotic cavity should stop short of the placenta. Although complications of amniocentesis in the second trimester without ultrasound have been very few, it seems worthwhile to try to decrease even this small risk by the use of ultrasound.", "PMID": 1187078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10340", "title": "The optical design of intraocular lens implants.", "content": "Intraocular lens implants have been around for more than 25 years. On the verge of a major breakthrough to ever widening popularity, there is, however, a general lack of understanding of the pertinent optical principles. A critical comparison is made between this new method and conventional methods of correcting aphakia. From this it appears that the visual needs of the patient are a decisive factor in the selection of the method of correction. Moreover, the full potential of intraocular lens implants can only be realized by appropriate selection of the power of the implant in each situation. To this end, ultrasonic measurement of the ocular axial length is indispensable. The use of standard power lens implants is inadequate. Formulas are presented to make an eye emmetropic or to give it any refractive error. Guidelines are given for the use of these formulas. Two methods for obtaining equal image size in unilateral antiphakia are described.", "contents": "The optical design of intraocular lens implants. Intraocular lens implants have been around for more than 25 years. On the verge of a major breakthrough to ever widening popularity, there is, however, a general lack of understanding of the pertinent optical principles. A critical comparison is made between this new method and conventional methods of correcting aphakia. From this it appears that the visual needs of the patient are a decisive factor in the selection of the method of correction. Moreover, the full potential of intraocular lens implants can only be realized by appropriate selection of the power of the implant in each situation. To this end, ultrasonic measurement of the ocular axial length is indispensable. The use of standard power lens implants is inadequate. Formulas are presented to make an eye emmetropic or to give it any refractive error. Guidelines are given for the use of these formulas. Two methods for obtaining equal image size in unilateral antiphakia are described.", "PMID": 1187085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10341", "title": "The treatment of dog bite injuries of the eyelids and adnexa.", "content": "A series of dog bites in the area of the eyes is described. Primary treatment with direct approximation of all tissues is emphasized. Based on our experience these wounds heal nicely leaving minor scarring and no infection. However, in some cases eyelid deformities are often left which might require further reconstructive surgery.", "contents": "The treatment of dog bite injuries of the eyelids and adnexa. A series of dog bites in the area of the eyes is described. Primary treatment with direct approximation of all tissues is emphasized. Based on our experience these wounds heal nicely leaving minor scarring and no infection. However, in some cases eyelid deformities are often left which might require further reconstructive surgery.", "PMID": 1187086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10342", "title": "Treatment of enophthalmic narrow palpebral fissure after blow-out fracture.", "content": "Surgery for a narrow palpebral fissure caused by enophthalmos after a blow-out orbital fracture was performed in three patients from seven months to three years after injury. The surgery was directed not to the cause of the enophthalmos, but to the narrowed palpebral fissure which was the noticeable cosmetic defect. The surgical procedure used to widen the palpebral fissure was the M\u00fcller's muscle-conjunctival resection blepharoptosis operation, and a phenylephrine test was used preoperatively to select candidates for this operation. After widening of the palpebral fissure, which created the illusion of exophthalmos, the cosmetic result was acceptable.", "contents": "Treatment of enophthalmic narrow palpebral fissure after blow-out fracture. Surgery for a narrow palpebral fissure caused by enophthalmos after a blow-out orbital fracture was performed in three patients from seven months to three years after injury. The surgery was directed not to the cause of the enophthalmos, but to the narrowed palpebral fissure which was the noticeable cosmetic defect. The surgical procedure used to widen the palpebral fissure was the M\u00fcller's muscle-conjunctival resection blepharoptosis operation, and a phenylephrine test was used preoperatively to select candidates for this operation. After widening of the palpebral fissure, which created the illusion of exophthalmos, the cosmetic result was acceptable.", "PMID": 1187087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10343", "title": "Radiographic aids in the management of intraocular foreign body in the chamber angle.", "content": "A technique of bone free radiography for the purpose of diagnosis of a minute intraocular foreign body and for the purpose of confirming the removal of the foreign body under sterile operating room conditions has been described. In addition to the obvious medical advantage of absolutely confirming the removal of an intraocular foreign body there is also the medico-legal benefit of documentation before leaving the operating room.", "contents": "Radiographic aids in the management of intraocular foreign body in the chamber angle. A technique of bone free radiography for the purpose of diagnosis of a minute intraocular foreign body and for the purpose of confirming the removal of the foreign body under sterile operating room conditions has been described. In addition to the obvious medical advantage of absolutely confirming the removal of an intraocular foreign body there is also the medico-legal benefit of documentation before leaving the operating room.", "PMID": 1187088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10344", "title": "Reconstruction of conjunctival fornices using silicone rubber sheets.", "content": "A simple procedure is described for reconstructing conjunctival fornices obliterated by severe symblepharon and ankyloblepharon, re-establishing lid movement. After dividing attachments of the lids to the globe and to themselves, a thin sheet of silicone rubber is sutured into the fornices and over the lids. A soft contact lens or scleral shell is worn postoperatively. Epithelialization occurs over denuded surfaces of the reconstituted fornix. The sheets remain in place as long as they are tolerated. Regrowth of symblepharon may not be preventable by this method, but their reappearance can often be postponed for weeks or months.", "contents": "Reconstruction of conjunctival fornices using silicone rubber sheets. A simple procedure is described for reconstructing conjunctival fornices obliterated by severe symblepharon and ankyloblepharon, re-establishing lid movement. After dividing attachments of the lids to the globe and to themselves, a thin sheet of silicone rubber is sutured into the fornices and over the lids. A soft contact lens or scleral shell is worn postoperatively. Epithelialization occurs over denuded surfaces of the reconstituted fornix. The sheets remain in place as long as they are tolerated. Regrowth of symblepharon may not be preventable by this method, but their reappearance can often be postponed for weeks or months.", "PMID": 1187089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10345", "title": "Trabeculectomy.", "content": "The more important surgical steps in a trabeculectomy are the creation of a lamellar-scleral flap, the excision of a block of limbal tissue without damaging underlying structures, the creation of a basal peripheral iridectomy, and, finally, the closing of the scleral flap to maintain fluid within the anterior chamber. Careful attention to certain modifications of these steps can prevent the most common operative complications that occur with this procedure. One method is described in this paper.", "contents": "Trabeculectomy. The more important surgical steps in a trabeculectomy are the creation of a lamellar-scleral flap, the excision of a block of limbal tissue without damaging underlying structures, the creation of a basal peripheral iridectomy, and, finally, the closing of the scleral flap to maintain fluid within the anterior chamber. Careful attention to certain modifications of these steps can prevent the most common operative complications that occur with this procedure. One method is described in this paper.", "PMID": 1187091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10346", "title": "Scleral patch for exposed silicone buckles.", "content": "A technique using preserved sclera to patch exposed retinal silicone is described. Permanent silicone buckles may be preferred in certain cases. If cultures are negative, a rectangular piece of preserved sclera, full or half thickness, is sutured to an anteriorly dissected scleral flap and directed posteriorly over the previously exposed silicone. Tenon's and conjunctiva are sutured over the scleral homograft.", "contents": "Scleral patch for exposed silicone buckles. A technique using preserved sclera to patch exposed retinal silicone is described. Permanent silicone buckles may be preferred in certain cases. If cultures are negative, a rectangular piece of preserved sclera, full or half thickness, is sutured to an anteriorly dissected scleral flap and directed posteriorly over the previously exposed silicone. Tenon's and conjunctiva are sutured over the scleral homograft.", "PMID": 1187092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10347", "title": "Ultrasonic localization of choroidal detachment associated with flat anterior chamber.", "content": "In postoperative patients with flat anterior chambers and small pupils or dense media, A-scan and B-scan ultrasonography can be useful tools in establishing the proper etiologic diagnosis. By searching for the presence of a choroidal detachment and determining its full location, complete drainage of the suprachoroidal fluid can be accomplished satisfactorily should this form of surgical intervention become necessary. If sufficient evidence of a choroidal detachment is not found, then therapy can be more assuredly directed at relief of pupillary block or reduction of excessive fistulization, other causes of a flat chamber.", "contents": "Ultrasonic localization of choroidal detachment associated with flat anterior chamber. In postoperative patients with flat anterior chambers and small pupils or dense media, A-scan and B-scan ultrasonography can be useful tools in establishing the proper etiologic diagnosis. By searching for the presence of a choroidal detachment and determining its full location, complete drainage of the suprachoroidal fluid can be accomplished satisfactorily should this form of surgical intervention become necessary. If sufficient evidence of a choroidal detachment is not found, then therapy can be more assuredly directed at relief of pupillary block or reduction of excessive fistulization, other causes of a flat chamber.", "PMID": 1187093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10348", "title": "Helminths recovered from the bontbok, Damaliscus dorcas dorcas (Pallas, 1776).", "content": "A report is given on the helminths collected from 4 bontbok, Damaliscus dorcas dorcas, which died following capture at the Bontebok National Park, Swellendam, and transfer to the National Zoological Gardens, Pretoria. Seven of these helminths are new host records. Lungworms submitted to the institute for identification over the last 2 years are also reported; these were all Dictyocaulus magna. The various scientific and common names that have been applied to the bontbok in the past are reviewed.", "contents": "Helminths recovered from the bontbok, Damaliscus dorcas dorcas (Pallas, 1776). A report is given on the helminths collected from 4 bontbok, Damaliscus dorcas dorcas, which died following capture at the Bontebok National Park, Swellendam, and transfer to the National Zoological Gardens, Pretoria. Seven of these helminths are new host records. Lungworms submitted to the institute for identification over the last 2 years are also reported; these were all Dictyocaulus magna. The various scientific and common names that have been applied to the bontbok in the past are reviewed.", "PMID": 1187094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10349", "title": "An outbreak of ringworm in karakul sheep caused by a physiological variant of Trichophyton verrucosum Bodin.", "content": "An outbreak of ringworm in Karakul sheep occurred during 1973 among the flocks of at least 14 farmers in South West Africa and the northern Cape Province. Infections spread from one farm to another as a result of introducing infected stud rams. On one farm a few cattle, a goat and a horse developed lesions after being in contact with infected sheep. Some of the attendants handling infected sheep also contracted the disease. Strains recovered from infected animals resembled Trichophyton verrucosum morphologically, but when grown on laboratory media they did not require an exogenous source of vitamins, which was found to be indispensable for strains of this species studied previously.", "contents": "An outbreak of ringworm in karakul sheep caused by a physiological variant of Trichophyton verrucosum Bodin. An outbreak of ringworm in Karakul sheep occurred during 1973 among the flocks of at least 14 farmers in South West Africa and the northern Cape Province. Infections spread from one farm to another as a result of introducing infected stud rams. On one farm a few cattle, a goat and a horse developed lesions after being in contact with infected sheep. Some of the attendants handling infected sheep also contracted the disease. Strains recovered from infected animals resembled Trichophyton verrucosum morphologically, but when grown on laboratory media they did not require an exogenous source of vitamins, which was found to be indispensable for strains of this species studied previously.", "PMID": 1187096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10350", "title": "A histological study of the effect of cortisol and some six steroids on the immune response to sheep erythrocytes by the mouse.", "content": "Sections of the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and liver, collected from mice at various time intervals after injection with either steroid hormones only, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) only, or SRBC plus steroid hormones, were compared by histological examination. A regimen of 3 injections of 4 mg of cortisol given at 24 hourly intervals was shown to have a more severe effect than 3 injections of 1 mg given at the same times irrespective of whether SRBC were injected or not. The thymic cortex showed rapid and extensive depletion of lymphocytes very soon after corticosteroid treatment and did not recover until about the 8th day. The medulla was affected to a lesser extent. Spleens and lymph nodes showed early lymphocyte destruction, active ingestion of debris by macrophages, and germinal centres were considerably decreased in number and less clearly demarcated in corticosteroid-treated animals than in SRBC immunized controls. Spleens and lymph nodes of mice that received SRBC only exhibited the characteristic morphology of active germinal centre development associated with the immune response. Corticosteroid treatment of mice sensitized with SRBC caused an increase in neutrophilic promyelocytes in bone marrow smears to the 4th day, whereafter their numbers returned to normal. The normoblasts were decreased on the 2nd and 3rd days whereafter they increased to normal. Plasma cells were increased in SRBC injected animals in bone marrow smears. Of the effects of the sex steroids studied the most notable was a drastic effect of estradiol on the thymus; both the cortex and medulla were completely depleted of lymphocytes and could hardly be distinguished.", "contents": "A histological study of the effect of cortisol and some six steroids on the immune response to sheep erythrocytes by the mouse. Sections of the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and liver, collected from mice at various time intervals after injection with either steroid hormones only, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) only, or SRBC plus steroid hormones, were compared by histological examination. A regimen of 3 injections of 4 mg of cortisol given at 24 hourly intervals was shown to have a more severe effect than 3 injections of 1 mg given at the same times irrespective of whether SRBC were injected or not. The thymic cortex showed rapid and extensive depletion of lymphocytes very soon after corticosteroid treatment and did not recover until about the 8th day. The medulla was affected to a lesser extent. Spleens and lymph nodes showed early lymphocyte destruction, active ingestion of debris by macrophages, and germinal centres were considerably decreased in number and less clearly demarcated in corticosteroid-treated animals than in SRBC immunized controls. Spleens and lymph nodes of mice that received SRBC only exhibited the characteristic morphology of active germinal centre development associated with the immune response. Corticosteroid treatment of mice sensitized with SRBC caused an increase in neutrophilic promyelocytes in bone marrow smears to the 4th day, whereafter their numbers returned to normal. The normoblasts were decreased on the 2nd and 3rd days whereafter they increased to normal. Plasma cells were increased in SRBC injected animals in bone marrow smears. Of the effects of the sex steroids studied the most notable was a drastic effect of estradiol on the thymus; both the cortex and medulla were completely depleted of lymphocytes and could hardly be distinguished.", "PMID": 1187097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10351", "title": "Some observations on the use of D-glucose-2-3H as a tracer in turnover studies in merino sheep.", "content": "Bolus injection of a mixture of D-glucose-2-3H and -(U)-14C into each sheep enabled a turnover rate to be calculated for each isotope and to be compared in the same animal. No statistically significant differences were found in pool size, or glucose space. The total entry rates calculated from the D-glucose-2-3H results were found to be significantly higher (P is greater than 0,95 paired t test) than those calculated from the D-glucose -(U)-14C results, the average difference being 18%. This difference indicated that the extent of glucose recycling was somewhat less than that reported for monogastric mammals (30%--Katz & Dunn, 1967) and similar to that found by Judson & Leng (1972) in sheep. Glycogen was isolated from skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle as well as from the liver and the 3H:14C ratios determined. These ratios were found to be significantly higher than those reported for monogastric mammals such as the rat or dog.", "contents": "Some observations on the use of D-glucose-2-3H as a tracer in turnover studies in merino sheep. Bolus injection of a mixture of D-glucose-2-3H and -(U)-14C into each sheep enabled a turnover rate to be calculated for each isotope and to be compared in the same animal. No statistically significant differences were found in pool size, or glucose space. The total entry rates calculated from the D-glucose-2-3H results were found to be significantly higher (P is greater than 0,95 paired t test) than those calculated from the D-glucose -(U)-14C results, the average difference being 18%. This difference indicated that the extent of glucose recycling was somewhat less than that reported for monogastric mammals (30%--Katz & Dunn, 1967) and similar to that found by Judson & Leng (1972) in sheep. Glycogen was isolated from skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle as well as from the liver and the 3H:14C ratios determined. These ratios were found to be significantly higher than those reported for monogastric mammals such as the rat or dog.", "PMID": 1187098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10352", "title": "The origin of optical asymmetry on earth.", "content": "The nature of optical isomerism, and the problem of the origin of optical asymmetry in relation to the origin of life are defined. Developments in particle physics, such as the discovery of parity non-conservation in weak interactions and more recently, of neutral currents, are described. Their significance is that there are a number of possible mechanisms whereby the fundamental asymmetry of matter could be reflected in a preference for one enantiomer over the other, and that, contrary to long-established views, optical isomers do not have identical energy contents: the difference, however, is estimated to be very small. Theories regarding the origin of optical asymmetry are classified in a two-dimensional matrix (origin by chance or due to already existing order; susceptible or not susceptible to experimental test). Recent experimental results and theoretical speculations are reviewed, and proposals are made for further experimental work.", "contents": "The origin of optical asymmetry on earth. The nature of optical isomerism, and the problem of the origin of optical asymmetry in relation to the origin of life are defined. Developments in particle physics, such as the discovery of parity non-conservation in weak interactions and more recently, of neutral currents, are described. Their significance is that there are a number of possible mechanisms whereby the fundamental asymmetry of matter could be reflected in a preference for one enantiomer over the other, and that, contrary to long-established views, optical isomers do not have identical energy contents: the difference, however, is estimated to be very small. Theories regarding the origin of optical asymmetry are classified in a two-dimensional matrix (origin by chance or due to already existing order; susceptible or not susceptible to experimental test). Recent experimental results and theoretical speculations are reviewed, and proposals are made for further experimental work.", "PMID": 1187099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10353", "title": "Nonlinear mathematical models for the origin of asymmetry in biological molecules.", "content": "The origin of chemical chirality is probably associated with a difference in the initial concentrations of two separate populations of primeval organic molecules and possible even two types of primeval organisms and amplified by nonlinear kinetic processes leading to the death of one population. This theory, as originally developed by F. C. Frank of the University of Bristol, is reviewed in this paper with additional derivations, discussions and generalizations. The possible effect of asymmetry in the rate constant is compared to the role of statistical fluctuations, and it is shown, that within the simple model investigated here that the role of statistical fluctuations is much more important for the death of one isomer. In the unlikely absence of any fluctuations, the non-linear kinetic processes amplify the asymmetry in the rate constant and lead to the death of one enanthiomorph. The role of spatial diffusion is discussed, and it is shown that in the presence of a local excess of one enanthiomorph this excess would have spread in space and grown, destroying the opposite enanthiomorph. If the total population of both enanthiomorphs was exactly composed of equal parts of both types, but local fluctuation increased one type at one place and decreased the same type at a different location, the diffusion and growth rate would have caused spatial separation in the population of both enanthiomorphs. For general nth order nonlinear symmetric rate processes (incorporating multitudes of reactions and general diffusion), it is shown that if initially two populations of enanthiomorphs were exactly the same at all locations, then for all times both populations would have increased and remained equal to each other. Mathematical model was constructed for stereoscopic autocatalysis suggested by Calvin. It was found that under certain special local conditions in the presence of large fluctuation it is possible indeed to have growth of only one type of isomer. Various approximate methods and numerical solutions are presented in order to facilitate the handling of nonlinear rate equations.", "contents": "Nonlinear mathematical models for the origin of asymmetry in biological molecules. The origin of chemical chirality is probably associated with a difference in the initial concentrations of two separate populations of primeval organic molecules and possible even two types of primeval organisms and amplified by nonlinear kinetic processes leading to the death of one population. This theory, as originally developed by F. C. Frank of the University of Bristol, is reviewed in this paper with additional derivations, discussions and generalizations. The possible effect of asymmetry in the rate constant is compared to the role of statistical fluctuations, and it is shown, that within the simple model investigated here that the role of statistical fluctuations is much more important for the death of one isomer. In the unlikely absence of any fluctuations, the non-linear kinetic processes amplify the asymmetry in the rate constant and lead to the death of one enanthiomorph. The role of spatial diffusion is discussed, and it is shown that in the presence of a local excess of one enanthiomorph this excess would have spread in space and grown, destroying the opposite enanthiomorph. If the total population of both enanthiomorphs was exactly composed of equal parts of both types, but local fluctuation increased one type at one place and decreased the same type at a different location, the diffusion and growth rate would have caused spatial separation in the population of both enanthiomorphs. For general nth order nonlinear symmetric rate processes (incorporating multitudes of reactions and general diffusion), it is shown that if initially two populations of enanthiomorphs were exactly the same at all locations, then for all times both populations would have increased and remained equal to each other. Mathematical model was constructed for stereoscopic autocatalysis suggested by Calvin. It was found that under certain special local conditions in the presence of large fluctuation it is possible indeed to have growth of only one type of isomer. Various approximate methods and numerical solutions are presented in order to facilitate the handling of nonlinear rate equations.", "PMID": 1187100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10354", "title": "The temperature dependences of some types of gaseous ionic reactions of astrochemical interest.", "content": "The rate constants of ion-molecule reactions which are of potential significance in astrochemical systems are found to exhibit significant, and in many cases, negative temperature dependences. The rate constants of fast ion-polar molecule reactions (e.g., XH+ + B leads to BH+ + X) may increase by a factor of 5-10 between 1000 and 10D. Slow reactions that proceed via reaction complexes (e.g., H- transfer and association reactions) often exhibit temperature dependences of the form k = AT-n, n = 1-5. Both transition state theory considerations and the coupled-oscillator RRK-type model are seen to be able to account qualitatively for the behavior of slow ion-molecule reactions.", "contents": "The temperature dependences of some types of gaseous ionic reactions of astrochemical interest. The rate constants of ion-molecule reactions which are of potential significance in astrochemical systems are found to exhibit significant, and in many cases, negative temperature dependences. The rate constants of fast ion-polar molecule reactions (e.g., XH+ + B leads to BH+ + X) may increase by a factor of 5-10 between 1000 and 10D. Slow reactions that proceed via reaction complexes (e.g., H- transfer and association reactions) often exhibit temperature dependences of the form k = AT-n, n = 1-5. Both transition state theory considerations and the coupled-oscillator RRK-type model are seen to be able to account qualitatively for the behavior of slow ion-molecule reactions.", "PMID": 1187101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10355", "title": "Fluorescence detection of organic molecules in the Jovian atmosphere.", "content": "A search for fluorescent emission due to the presence of possible organic molecules in the Jovian atmosphere is described. We first consider natural Jovian fluorescent emission excited by precipitating auroral particles. Due to our lack of knowledge of the Jovian precipitation particle energies and fluxes we next consider fluorescent emission excited by a laser system aboard a Jupiter spacecraft. Laser-induced fluorescence is routinely used to monitor trace constituents and pollutants in the terrestrial atmosphere. Several spacecraft laser systems are currently under development. Our calculations indicate that laser-induced fluorescent detection is approximately two orders of magnitude more sensitive than rocket ultraviolet measurements of possible Jovian absorption features at 2600 A that have been attributed to the presence of adenine or benzene.", "contents": "Fluorescence detection of organic molecules in the Jovian atmosphere. A search for fluorescent emission due to the presence of possible organic molecules in the Jovian atmosphere is described. We first consider natural Jovian fluorescent emission excited by precipitating auroral particles. Due to our lack of knowledge of the Jovian precipitation particle energies and fluxes we next consider fluorescent emission excited by a laser system aboard a Jupiter spacecraft. Laser-induced fluorescence is routinely used to monitor trace constituents and pollutants in the terrestrial atmosphere. Several spacecraft laser systems are currently under development. Our calculations indicate that laser-induced fluorescent detection is approximately two orders of magnitude more sensitive than rocket ultraviolet measurements of possible Jovian absorption features at 2600 A that have been attributed to the presence of adenine or benzene.", "PMID": 1187102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10356", "title": "Polymerization of amino acid methyl esters via their copper complexes.", "content": "Polymerization of glycine methyl ester catalyzed by cupric ions in organic solvents yields oligoglycines with a degree of polymerization up to none. With a trifunctional amino acid, the yield and degree of polymerization were much lower. Extension of this reaction to an aqueous medium was not successful even when copper ions were complexed with substances like montmorillonite or fatty acids. The prebiotic significance of this reaction is discussed.", "contents": "Polymerization of amino acid methyl esters via their copper complexes. Polymerization of glycine methyl ester catalyzed by cupric ions in organic solvents yields oligoglycines with a degree of polymerization up to none. With a trifunctional amino acid, the yield and degree of polymerization were much lower. Extension of this reaction to an aqueous medium was not successful even when copper ions were complexed with substances like montmorillonite or fatty acids. The prebiotic significance of this reaction is discussed.", "PMID": 1187103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10357", "title": "Speculations on the evolution of the genetic code.", "content": "An evolutionary scheme is postulated in which the bases enter the genetic code in a definite temporal sequence and the correlated amino acids are assigned definite functions in the evolving system. The scheme requires a singlet code (guanine coding for glycine) evolving into a doublet code (guanine-cytosine doublet coding for gly (GG), ala (GC), arg (CG), pro (CC). The doublet code evolves into a triplet code. Polymerization of nucleotides is thought to have been by block polymerization rather than by a template mechanism. The proteins formed at first were simple structural peptides. No direct nucleotide-amino acid stereo-chemical interaction was required. Rather an adaptor-type indirect mechanism is thought to have been functioning since the origin.", "contents": "Speculations on the evolution of the genetic code. An evolutionary scheme is postulated in which the bases enter the genetic code in a definite temporal sequence and the correlated amino acids are assigned definite functions in the evolving system. The scheme requires a singlet code (guanine coding for glycine) evolving into a doublet code (guanine-cytosine doublet coding for gly (GG), ala (GC), arg (CG), pro (CC). The doublet code evolves into a triplet code. Polymerization of nucleotides is thought to have been by block polymerization rather than by a template mechanism. The proteins formed at first were simple structural peptides. No direct nucleotide-amino acid stereo-chemical interaction was required. Rather an adaptor-type indirect mechanism is thought to have been functioning since the origin.", "PMID": 1187105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10358", "title": "Primary catalytic systems of biogenesis and structure-functional evolution of biocatalysers.", "content": "An important aspect of biological evolution is the development of biocatalyzers. The connection between abiotic and biological catalyzers is discussed, and the role of metal ions as primary catalysts is considered. The evolutionary demand for greater specificity and efficiency may have been fulfilled through the formation of metal-organic complexes and later through enzyme systems. Metal ions are probably responsible for the formation of some of the isoenzymes found in contemporary organisms.", "contents": "Primary catalytic systems of biogenesis and structure-functional evolution of biocatalysers. An important aspect of biological evolution is the development of biocatalyzers. The connection between abiotic and biological catalyzers is discussed, and the role of metal ions as primary catalysts is considered. The evolutionary demand for greater specificity and efficiency may have been fulfilled through the formation of metal-organic complexes and later through enzyme systems. Metal ions are probably responsible for the formation of some of the isoenzymes found in contemporary organisms.", "PMID": 1187104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10359", "title": "Exponential kinetics of formation or organic microstructures.", "content": "Organic microstructure production in Miller-Urey spark discharge flasks in an energy-dependent, autocatalytic process which follows first order kinetics similar to microbial growth curves. These relationships hold for all three major morphological types of microstructures observed. The three types are assembled from smaller precursor subunits which associate according to a binomial distribution. These structures could have formed bounded systems in which pre-biological processes might have occurred.", "contents": "Exponential kinetics of formation or organic microstructures. Organic microstructure production in Miller-Urey spark discharge flasks in an energy-dependent, autocatalytic process which follows first order kinetics similar to microbial growth curves. These relationships hold for all three major morphological types of microstructures observed. The three types are assembled from smaller precursor subunits which associate according to a binomial distribution. These structures could have formed bounded systems in which pre-biological processes might have occurred.", "PMID": 1187106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10360", "title": "On the evolution of the photosynthetic pigments.", "content": "During the course of terrestrial evolution, some organisms developed the capability of capturing and utilizing solar radiation. Colored compounds were undoubtedly incorporated within living forms from the earliest times, but during the transition from heterotrophic to a photoautotrophic metabolism only those pigments were selected that were components of the evolving photosynthetic apparatus and were able to catalyze reactions involving storage of light energy in chemical bonds. In this communication, some properties of tetrapyrroles with a closed porphyrin ring containing a metal ion in the center are discussed. These compounds are present in all principal contemporary photosynthetic pigments, and their synthesis has been demonstrated from simpler compounds under prebiotic conditions. It is probable that during intermediate stages in the evolution of photosynthesis, pigments with oxidizing potentials lower than that of chlorophyll were utilized to store light energy although they were not capable of removing electrons from water. The evolution and function of multiple forms of a given photosynthetic pigment in vivo are discussed. 'Accessory' pigments may be regarded as rudiments of the evolutionary development of the photosynthetic apparatus.", "contents": "On the evolution of the photosynthetic pigments. During the course of terrestrial evolution, some organisms developed the capability of capturing and utilizing solar radiation. Colored compounds were undoubtedly incorporated within living forms from the earliest times, but during the transition from heterotrophic to a photoautotrophic metabolism only those pigments were selected that were components of the evolving photosynthetic apparatus and were able to catalyze reactions involving storage of light energy in chemical bonds. In this communication, some properties of tetrapyrroles with a closed porphyrin ring containing a metal ion in the center are discussed. These compounds are present in all principal contemporary photosynthetic pigments, and their synthesis has been demonstrated from simpler compounds under prebiotic conditions. It is probable that during intermediate stages in the evolution of photosynthesis, pigments with oxidizing potentials lower than that of chlorophyll were utilized to store light energy although they were not capable of removing electrons from water. The evolution and function of multiple forms of a given photosynthetic pigment in vivo are discussed. 'Accessory' pigments may be regarded as rudiments of the evolutionary development of the photosynthetic apparatus.", "PMID": 1187107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10361", "title": "[Classification of the midge family (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)].", "content": "On the basis of morfological analysis of ecological, paleontological and zoogeographical data the main evolutionary trends to biting midges are established, the description of the hypothetical ancestor of the family is given and the apomorphy and plesiomorphy of the genera are analysed. As a result, the subfamily Palpomyiinae is separated from Ceratopogoninae, the tribes Culicoidini and Ceratopogonini are united and the genus Dasyhelea is transferred to Forcipomyiinae.", "contents": "[Classification of the midge family (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)]. On the basis of morfological analysis of ecological, paleontological and zoogeographical data the main evolutionary trends to biting midges are established, the description of the hypothetical ancestor of the family is given and the apomorphy and plesiomorphy of the genera are analysed. As a result, the subfamily Palpomyiinae is separated from Ceratopogoninae, the tribes Culicoidini and Ceratopogonini are united and the genus Dasyhelea is transferred to Forcipomyiinae.", "PMID": 1187170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10362", "title": "[Ability of female ixodid ticks to recover from poisoning with DDT in the process of feeding].", "content": "Ability of hungary females of Ixodes persulcatus, Haemaphysalis concinna and Dermacentor silvarum to feed and lay eggs after having been exposed to different DDT doses (LD100) has been studied. The ticks heavily injuried but still mobile can feed on the host and lay eggs, i.e. to overcome the poisoning. Clutches laid by these females do not differ from control ones. Loss of mobility deprives the ticks of the ability to fed. An increase in DDT dose (LD100 X 100, experiment with I. persulcatus) does not allow the ticks to feed even if the ability to movement is preserved.", "contents": "[Ability of female ixodid ticks to recover from poisoning with DDT in the process of feeding]. Ability of hungary females of Ixodes persulcatus, Haemaphysalis concinna and Dermacentor silvarum to feed and lay eggs after having been exposed to different DDT doses (LD100) has been studied. The ticks heavily injuried but still mobile can feed on the host and lay eggs, i.e. to overcome the poisoning. Clutches laid by these females do not differ from control ones. Loss of mobility deprives the ticks of the ability to fed. An increase in DDT dose (LD100 X 100, experiment with I. persulcatus) does not allow the ticks to feed even if the ability to movement is preserved.", "PMID": 1187171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10363", "title": "[Experience in the absolute calculation of pasture ixodid ticks (Parasitiformes, Ixodidae) on the eastern macroslopes of Sikhot\u00e9-Alin].", "content": "A new technique is suggested for absolute registration of adult ixodid ticks with an improved furrow plough. Due to this the number of ticks can be estimated per square unit to various biotopes. As a result of registrations conducted in 1973 the density of ticks populations from the main landscape zones of eastern Sikhote-Alin (from watershed spruce-abietic forests to coastal oak woods) was estimated for the first time.", "contents": "[Experience in the absolute calculation of pasture ixodid ticks (Parasitiformes, Ixodidae) on the eastern macroslopes of Sikhot\u00e9-Alin]. A new technique is suggested for absolute registration of adult ixodid ticks with an improved furrow plough. Due to this the number of ticks can be estimated per square unit to various biotopes. As a result of registrations conducted in 1973 the density of ticks populations from the main landscape zones of eastern Sikhote-Alin (from watershed spruce-abietic forests to coastal oak woods) was estimated for the first time.", "PMID": 1187173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10364", "title": "Malaria, quinine and red cell lysis.", "content": "An hypothesis is presented to explain the red cell lysis which accompanies an acute malarial infection, as well as the mode of action of certain schizonticidal drugs in the quinoline and acridine series. Quinine and a number of other antimalarial drugs have been found to counteract the inhibition by protein of fatty acid-induced lysis, when tested in an in vitro system. It is suggested that these schizonticides exert their chemotherapeutic effect by inducing the premature lysis of the parasitized red cell, as a result of relieving the inhibition by protein of haemolysis.", "contents": "Malaria, quinine and red cell lysis. An hypothesis is presented to explain the red cell lysis which accompanies an acute malarial infection, as well as the mode of action of certain schizonticidal drugs in the quinoline and acridine series. Quinine and a number of other antimalarial drugs have been found to counteract the inhibition by protein of fatty acid-induced lysis, when tested in an in vitro system. It is suggested that these schizonticides exert their chemotherapeutic effect by inducing the premature lysis of the parasitized red cell, as a result of relieving the inhibition by protein of haemolysis.", "PMID": 1187180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10365", "title": "[Ultrafine structure of the integument of the tick Hyalomma asiaticum P. Sch. et E. Schl. in starvation and feeding].", "content": "Integument fine structure of H. asiaticum nymphs during their feeding and starvation has been studied. In hungry nymphs hypoderma has an ultrastructure typical for hypodermal cells of arthropods in the intermoulting period and is characterized by a poor development of granular endoplasmic reticulum, small number of mitochondrial and absence of Golgi complexes. The apical surface of the cells is covered with short irregularly scattered microvilli. The cuticle consists of the procuticle, which has a homogenous fine-granular structure, and four-layered epicuticle. During the feeding period hypodermal cells greatly increase in volume and the elements of granular endoplasmic reticulum and metachondria increase in number. Golgi complexes and a variety of apical vesicles have been observed. The number of microvilli on the apical surface increases that is accompanied by a cuticle growth. Procuticle, which is being formed within this period, has a lamellar structure.", "contents": "[Ultrafine structure of the integument of the tick Hyalomma asiaticum P. Sch. et E. Schl. in starvation and feeding]. Integument fine structure of H. asiaticum nymphs during their feeding and starvation has been studied. In hungry nymphs hypoderma has an ultrastructure typical for hypodermal cells of arthropods in the intermoulting period and is characterized by a poor development of granular endoplasmic reticulum, small number of mitochondrial and absence of Golgi complexes. The apical surface of the cells is covered with short irregularly scattered microvilli. The cuticle consists of the procuticle, which has a homogenous fine-granular structure, and four-layered epicuticle. During the feeding period hypodermal cells greatly increase in volume and the elements of granular endoplasmic reticulum and metachondria increase in number. Golgi complexes and a variety of apical vesicles have been observed. The number of microvilli on the apical surface increases that is accompanied by a cuticle growth. Procuticle, which is being formed within this period, has a lamellar structure.", "PMID": 1187172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10366", "title": "Development of Ancylostoma ceylanicum Looss, 1911 (hamster strain) in the albino mouse, Mus musculus, with and without cortisone.", "content": "Complete development of Ancylostoma ceylanicum (Hamster strain) is reported for the first time in mice. A patent infection (viz. ova in faeces) could be established only under the influence of hydrocortisone acetate. Cultures made from the faeces containing eggs produced viable larvae which were infective to mice.", "contents": "Development of Ancylostoma ceylanicum Looss, 1911 (hamster strain) in the albino mouse, Mus musculus, with and without cortisone. Complete development of Ancylostoma ceylanicum (Hamster strain) is reported for the first time in mice. A patent infection (viz. ova in faeces) could be established only under the influence of hydrocortisone acetate. Cultures made from the faeces containing eggs produced viable larvae which were infective to mice.", "PMID": 1187181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10367", "title": "[Some peculiarities of the ultrafine structure of the neurons of the cestode Pelichnibothrium speciosum (Monticelli, 1889) (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea)].", "content": "In the scolex ganglia of the cestode Pelichnibothrium speciosum uni - and multipolar neurons can be found. Their neuroplasm is rich in free ribosomes. The ergastoplasmas membranes are frequently arranged in compact finger print-like structures. The nerve cells processes form tight junctions which cannot be interpreted as synaptic contacts.", "contents": "[Some peculiarities of the ultrafine structure of the neurons of the cestode Pelichnibothrium speciosum (Monticelli, 1889) (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea)]. In the scolex ganglia of the cestode Pelichnibothrium speciosum uni - and multipolar neurons can be found. Their neuroplasm is rich in free ribosomes. The ergastoplasmas membranes are frequently arranged in compact finger print-like structures. The nerve cells processes form tight junctions which cannot be interpreted as synaptic contacts.", "PMID": 1187175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10368", "title": "Hatching rhythms in three species of Diclidophora (Monogenea) with observations on host behaviour.", "content": "Eggs of three species of Diclidophora were incubated in alternating 12 h periods of light and darkness at 13 degrees C. Eggs of D. merlangi collected at Arbroath hatched during the illumination period with most larvae being recovered in the first 4-6 h; some evidence of a seasonal difference in hatching of these eggs was found. Eggs of D. merlangi collected at Plymouth hatched with a peak of larval recovery in the 2 h period before the light came on. Eggs of D. luscae hatched over 'dusk' while those of D. denticulata hatched after the light was switched off. Neither mechanical disturbance nor the proximity of host tissue caused hatching in D. merlangi or D. luscae. Observations on the behaviour of the host fishes suggest that the hatching rhythms are adapted to specific host behaviour patterns.", "contents": "Hatching rhythms in three species of Diclidophora (Monogenea) with observations on host behaviour. Eggs of three species of Diclidophora were incubated in alternating 12 h periods of light and darkness at 13 degrees C. Eggs of D. merlangi collected at Arbroath hatched during the illumination period with most larvae being recovered in the first 4-6 h; some evidence of a seasonal difference in hatching of these eggs was found. Eggs of D. merlangi collected at Plymouth hatched with a peak of larval recovery in the 2 h period before the light came on. Eggs of D. luscae hatched over 'dusk' while those of D. denticulata hatched after the light was switched off. Neither mechanical disturbance nor the proximity of host tissue caused hatching in D. merlangi or D. luscae. Observations on the behaviour of the host fishes suggest that the hatching rhythms are adapted to specific host behaviour patterns.", "PMID": 1187182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10369", "title": "[2 new species of parasites of fish, Myxobilatus schulmani sp. n. and Apiosoma longiciliaris sp. n. of the water reservoirs of the Kol'sk peninsula].", "content": "Two new species of parasitic Protozoa are described, one of Myxosporidia and the other of Peritricha Sessilia. Myxobilatus schulmani sp. n. from Pungitius pungitius is near to M. paragasterostei but differs from it by the rhombus form of the spore, by less dimension of polar capsules. The spore of M. shulmani is longer and less broader than that of M. paragasterostei. Apiosoma longiciliaris sp. n. was found on the gills on Esox lucius and Phoxinus phoxinus. It is near to A. dallii but its micronucleus is situated over the macronucleus and has a stick like form.", "contents": "[2 new species of parasites of fish, Myxobilatus schulmani sp. n. and Apiosoma longiciliaris sp. n. of the water reservoirs of the Kol'sk peninsula]. Two new species of parasitic Protozoa are described, one of Myxosporidia and the other of Peritricha Sessilia. Myxobilatus schulmani sp. n. from Pungitius pungitius is near to M. paragasterostei but differs from it by the rhombus form of the spore, by less dimension of polar capsules. The spore of M. shulmani is longer and less broader than that of M. paragasterostei. Apiosoma longiciliaris sp. n. was found on the gills on Esox lucius and Phoxinus phoxinus. It is near to A. dallii but its micronucleus is situated over the macronucleus and has a stick like form.", "PMID": 1187178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10370", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the duodenal mucosa of chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina.", "content": "The morphology of the duodenal mucosal surface of chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina has been studied on days 5, 6, 8 and 11 post-infection and compared with that of the normal duodenal mucosa using the scanning electron microscope. The normal duodenum possessed tall, spatulate villi with horizontally-arranged surface clefts upon which a regular pattern of hexagonal absorptive cells and goblet cell mouths was superimposed.  A maximum degree of villous atrophy was shown on day 5 post-infection, the villi being thickened and flattened with frequent adhesions and fusions between them. The general effects of the disease together with the physical presence of intracellular parasites caused considerable changes in size and shape of the cell apices. By day 8 the mucosa was clearly recovering, with a normal pattern of somewhat thickened and truncated villi beginning to re-appear and by day 11 post-infection the mucosa had regained an outwardly normal morphological pattern. The mucosal changes are discussed in relation to similar changes which occur in diseases of the alimentary tract of other animals, including man.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the duodenal mucosa of chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina. The morphology of the duodenal mucosal surface of chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina has been studied on days 5, 6, 8 and 11 post-infection and compared with that of the normal duodenal mucosa using the scanning electron microscope. The normal duodenum possessed tall, spatulate villi with horizontally-arranged surface clefts upon which a regular pattern of hexagonal absorptive cells and goblet cell mouths was superimposed.  A maximum degree of villous atrophy was shown on day 5 post-infection, the villi being thickened and flattened with frequent adhesions and fusions between them. The general effects of the disease together with the physical presence of intracellular parasites caused considerable changes in size and shape of the cell apices. By day 8 the mucosa was clearly recovering, with a normal pattern of somewhat thickened and truncated villi beginning to re-appear and by day 11 post-infection the mucosa had regained an outwardly normal morphological pattern. The mucosal changes are discussed in relation to similar changes which occur in diseases of the alimentary tract of other animals, including man.", "PMID": 1187183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10371", "title": "[Sensitivity of inbred mice to toxoplasma of virulent and nonvirulent strains according to parasitological study data].", "content": "Genetic peculiarities of mice were studied in regards to their susceptibility to toxoplasms. Differences in susceptibility to little virulent toxoplasms in mice of 9 different lines are shown, which manifest at all stages of the infection process or only at acute or chronic stages. The susceptibility of 6 lines of mice to virulent toxoplasms was found to be equally high.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of inbred mice to toxoplasma of virulent and nonvirulent strains according to parasitological study data]. Genetic peculiarities of mice were studied in regards to their susceptibility to toxoplasms. Differences in susceptibility to little virulent toxoplasms in mice of 9 different lines are shown, which manifest at all stages of the infection process or only at acute or chronic stages. The susceptibility of 6 lines of mice to virulent toxoplasms was found to be equally high.", "PMID": 1187176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10372", "title": "Inhibited development in Haemonchus contortus.", "content": "Inhibited development of Haemonchus contortus was studied in single experimental infections of worm-free lambs. Chilling of the infective larvae at +4 degrees C was without effect on the percentage of larvae subsequently becoming inhibited and a period of exposure to autumnal conditions was unnecessary to induce a high rate of inhibition. It was concluded that seasonal inhibition of H. contortus in East Anglia is brought about primarily by an environmental stimulus acting upon the preparasitic stages but that, unlike Obeliscoides cuniculi and Ostertagia ostertagi, this was not cold. It could be provided in a culture kept in the dark at 25 degrees C for 12 days. While the age of the host did influence the phenomenon, in that larvae were less inclined to inhibition in very young animals, it was concluded that this was not a primary factor in the aetiology.", "contents": "Inhibited development in Haemonchus contortus. Inhibited development of Haemonchus contortus was studied in single experimental infections of worm-free lambs. Chilling of the infective larvae at +4 degrees C was without effect on the percentage of larvae subsequently becoming inhibited and a period of exposure to autumnal conditions was unnecessary to induce a high rate of inhibition. It was concluded that seasonal inhibition of H. contortus in East Anglia is brought about primarily by an environmental stimulus acting upon the preparasitic stages but that, unlike Obeliscoides cuniculi and Ostertagia ostertagi, this was not cold. It could be provided in a culture kept in the dark at 25 degrees C for 12 days. While the age of the host did influence the phenomenon, in that larvae were less inclined to inhibition in very young animals, it was concluded that this was not a primary factor in the aetiology.", "PMID": 1187184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10373", "title": "The measurement of the relative turnover rates of proteins of the surface membranes and other fractions of Schistosoma mansoni in culture.", "content": "The double isotope labelling method of Arias, Doyle & Schimke (1969) and Dehlinger & Schimke (1971) was used to determine the relative rates of turnover of proteins in various tissue fractions and in the culture medium of adult Schistosoma mansoni. The majority of proteins in the surface membrane turned over at about the same rate. This is consistent with a model for membrane assembly and degradation involving multi-protein units. The proteins in the other fractions examined, except frozen-thawed supernatant fluid, also turned over at about the same rate. In the frozen and thawed supernatant fluid, the higher molecular weight (greater than 40 000 daltons) proteins turned over at a much greater rate than the lower molecular weight proteins (less than 40 000 daltons). The antigens in the culture medium, both particulate and soluble, had a higher turnover rate than the worm tissue proteins. It is concluded that the culture medium antigens are released as the result of two distinct processes: (a) surface membrane turnover and (b) a rapid secretory process. It is possible that the high molecular weight proteins found in the forzen-thawed supernatant fluid are involved in the rapid secretory process. The culture media of 6-day and 16-day schistosomula were also examined by the double isotope method. The culture medium of the adult worm and 16-day schistosomula contains more material presumed to be secreted than does that from the 6-day schistosomula. This may explain the poor immunogenicity of young schistosomula.", "contents": "The measurement of the relative turnover rates of proteins of the surface membranes and other fractions of Schistosoma mansoni in culture. The double isotope labelling method of Arias, Doyle & Schimke (1969) and Dehlinger & Schimke (1971) was used to determine the relative rates of turnover of proteins in various tissue fractions and in the culture medium of adult Schistosoma mansoni. The majority of proteins in the surface membrane turned over at about the same rate. This is consistent with a model for membrane assembly and degradation involving multi-protein units. The proteins in the other fractions examined, except frozen-thawed supernatant fluid, also turned over at about the same rate. In the frozen and thawed supernatant fluid, the higher molecular weight (greater than 40 000 daltons) proteins turned over at a much greater rate than the lower molecular weight proteins (less than 40 000 daltons). The antigens in the culture medium, both particulate and soluble, had a higher turnover rate than the worm tissue proteins. It is concluded that the culture medium antigens are released as the result of two distinct processes: (a) surface membrane turnover and (b) a rapid secretory process. It is possible that the high molecular weight proteins found in the forzen-thawed supernatant fluid are involved in the rapid secretory process. The culture media of 6-day and 16-day schistosomula were also examined by the double isotope method. The culture medium of the adult worm and 16-day schistosomula contains more material presumed to be secreted than does that from the 6-day schistosomula. This may explain the poor immunogenicity of young schistosomula.", "PMID": 1187185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10374", "title": "Field studies on inhibition of Haemonchus contortus.", "content": "The epidemiology of Haemonchus contortus was studied in north east England in lambs reared under field conditions with infected ewes. The parasite population was monitored by pasture larval counts, faecal egg counts and lamb postmortems. From 25 June to 11 November, eight lambs were slaughtered each month, together with eight worm-free tracer lambs. Postmortem worm counts showed that on 25 June, small numbers of adult H. contortus were present but no inhibited larvae. However, subsequently the number of worms recovered rose rapidly to 1000-5000 and the percentage inhibition increased to 57% in July, 75% in August and virtually 100% in September, October and November. On each sampling occasion no significant differences in worm count or percentage inhibition were recorded between experimental and tracer lambs. These results suggest that neither autumn climatic effects nor host immunity were responsible for inhibition in this strain of H. contortus.", "contents": "Field studies on inhibition of Haemonchus contortus. The epidemiology of Haemonchus contortus was studied in north east England in lambs reared under field conditions with infected ewes. The parasite population was monitored by pasture larval counts, faecal egg counts and lamb postmortems. From 25 June to 11 November, eight lambs were slaughtered each month, together with eight worm-free tracer lambs. Postmortem worm counts showed that on 25 June, small numbers of adult H. contortus were present but no inhibited larvae. However, subsequently the number of worms recovered rose rapidly to 1000-5000 and the percentage inhibition increased to 57% in July, 75% in August and virtually 100% in September, October and November. On each sampling occasion no significant differences in worm count or percentage inhibition were recorded between experimental and tracer lambs. These results suggest that neither autumn climatic effects nor host immunity were responsible for inhibition in this strain of H. contortus.", "PMID": 1187186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10375", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase in sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda).", "content": "The distribution of acetylcholinesterase in mother and daughter sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni was studied histochemically. In young mother sporocysts derived from miracidia cultured in vitro the miracidial neural mass and flame cells were shown to persist. The nerve trunks and commissures, as well as papillae, are apparently lost in the transformation process. In young daughter sporocysts freshly dissected from mother sporocysts there was little enzyme activity except for a sparse distribution in the tegument. After cultivation, intense enzyme activity was associated with developing cercarial embryos. A similar distribution of activity was observed in older daughter sporocysts obtained from the digestive gland of snails. No evidence of flame cells, neural mass, or commissures was detected in daughter sporocysts by the methods employed.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase in sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda). The distribution of acetylcholinesterase in mother and daughter sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni was studied histochemically. In young mother sporocysts derived from miracidia cultured in vitro the miracidial neural mass and flame cells were shown to persist. The nerve trunks and commissures, as well as papillae, are apparently lost in the transformation process. In young daughter sporocysts freshly dissected from mother sporocysts there was little enzyme activity except for a sparse distribution in the tegument. After cultivation, intense enzyme activity was associated with developing cercarial embryos. A similar distribution of activity was observed in older daughter sporocysts obtained from the digestive gland of snails. No evidence of flame cells, neural mass, or commissures was detected in daughter sporocysts by the methods employed.", "PMID": 1187187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10376", "title": "Utilization of amino acids by Trypanosoma brucei in culture: L-threonine as a precursor for acetate.", "content": "The amino acid compositions of several culture media have been analysed and compared. The utilization and excretion of amino acids and other metabolites have been followed during growth of Trypanosoma brucei S42 in a defined medium. All of the added L-threonine was metabolized by the cells, even when it was present at elevated concentrations. Glucose was consumed throughout the growth cycle: glutamine was consumed more rapidly than glutamic acid, which was itself used at about the same rate as proline. Threonine was cleaved to form glycine and acetate, both of which accumulated in the medium. Alanine and succinate were excreted together with a small amount of pyruvate, but these three products accounted for less than half of the glucose used. CO2 production from glucose was not measured, but insignificant amounts of CO2 were produced from threonine. Tetraethylthiuram disulphide blocked the cleavage of threonine and was a potent inhibitor of trypanosome growth.", "contents": "Utilization of amino acids by Trypanosoma brucei in culture: L-threonine as a precursor for acetate. The amino acid compositions of several culture media have been analysed and compared. The utilization and excretion of amino acids and other metabolites have been followed during growth of Trypanosoma brucei S42 in a defined medium. All of the added L-threonine was metabolized by the cells, even when it was present at elevated concentrations. Glucose was consumed throughout the growth cycle: glutamine was consumed more rapidly than glutamic acid, which was itself used at about the same rate as proline. Threonine was cleaved to form glycine and acetate, both of which accumulated in the medium. Alanine and succinate were excreted together with a small amount of pyruvate, but these three products accounted for less than half of the glucose used. CO2 production from glucose was not measured, but insignificant amounts of CO2 were produced from threonine. Tetraethylthiuram disulphide blocked the cleavage of threonine and was a potent inhibitor of trypanosome growth.", "PMID": 1187188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10377", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni: in vitro conversion of cercariae to schistosomula.", "content": "Schistosoma mansoni cercariae were incubated for 3-5h at 37 degrees C in various test solutions, and the rate and extent of conversion of the cercariae to schistosomula were determined. Criteria used to identify schistosomula included: (1) loss of cercarial tail, (2) viability of organisms in saline but not in water, (3) pre-acetabular gland evacuation and (4) ability to survive in culture. Incubation of cercariae in rat chamber fluid resulted in organisms which were water sensitive, but retained their tails and pre-acetabular gland contents. Conversion to water sensitivity was not blocked by 0-01 M EDTA.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni: in vitro conversion of cercariae to schistosomula. Schistosoma mansoni cercariae were incubated for 3-5h at 37 degrees C in various test solutions, and the rate and extent of conversion of the cercariae to schistosomula were determined. Criteria used to identify schistosomula included: (1) loss of cercarial tail, (2) viability of organisms in saline but not in water, (3) pre-acetabular gland evacuation and (4) ability to survive in culture. Incubation of cercariae in rat chamber fluid resulted in organisms which were water sensitive, but retained their tails and pre-acetabular gland contents. Conversion to water sensitivity was not blocked by 0-01 M EDTA.", "PMID": 1187189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10378", "title": "Effect of temporary hypoxia on the permeability of the rat aorta.", "content": "Hypoxia was produced experimentally in the infrarenal portion of rat abdominal aorta by ligating it at both ends for one hour. Permeability changes of the injured segment were followed up by means of a colloidal iron tracer after different periods of recirculation. The tracer could be demonstrated in intercellular junctions and subendothelial space already after one hour of recirculation. The permeability disorder was at its peak two days after the injury and it ceased by the tenth day. Insudation of the media by plasma increased proportionally with the endothelial permeability change and it was accompanied by marked ultrastructural alterations.", "contents": "Effect of temporary hypoxia on the permeability of the rat aorta. Hypoxia was produced experimentally in the infrarenal portion of rat abdominal aorta by ligating it at both ends for one hour. Permeability changes of the injured segment were followed up by means of a colloidal iron tracer after different periods of recirculation. The tracer could be demonstrated in intercellular junctions and subendothelial space already after one hour of recirculation. The permeability disorder was at its peak two days after the injury and it ceased by the tenth day. Insudation of the media by plasma increased proportionally with the endothelial permeability change and it was accompanied by marked ultrastructural alterations.", "PMID": 1187190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10379", "title": "Acid esterase in the aorta of the hyperlipidemic rat: a histochemical study.", "content": "In rats maintained for about three weeks on a diet inducing hyperlipidemia E-600 resistant acid esterase activities were markedly reduced in the aorta in comparison with untreated animals. In rats which were maintained on an ordinary diet containing the same amount of thiouracil as given to the hyperlipidemic animals, only a slight reduction of acid esterase activities was noted. Another group of animals was fed an ordinary diet for three weeks after three weeks on a hyperlipidemic diet. In the aorta of these animals the acid esterase activities were almost normal. There was little fat deposition in the aortas of animals given the various diets. No such effects on esterase activities were observed in the liver and lung of animals of the various groups. Inhibition of acid esterase activity was also observed in rats kept on a hyperlipidemic diet for 65 days. In these animals patchy deposition of partly anisotropic lipid was observed in the intima and media.", "contents": "Acid esterase in the aorta of the hyperlipidemic rat: a histochemical study. In rats maintained for about three weeks on a diet inducing hyperlipidemia E-600 resistant acid esterase activities were markedly reduced in the aorta in comparison with untreated animals. In rats which were maintained on an ordinary diet containing the same amount of thiouracil as given to the hyperlipidemic animals, only a slight reduction of acid esterase activities was noted. Another group of animals was fed an ordinary diet for three weeks after three weeks on a hyperlipidemic diet. In the aorta of these animals the acid esterase activities were almost normal. There was little fat deposition in the aortas of animals given the various diets. No such effects on esterase activities were observed in the liver and lung of animals of the various groups. Inhibition of acid esterase activity was also observed in rats kept on a hyperlipidemic diet for 65 days. In these animals patchy deposition of partly anisotropic lipid was observed in the intima and media.", "PMID": 1187191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10380", "title": "The parathyroid glands of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).", "content": "The parathyroid glands of adult Mongolian gerbils were studied under an operation microscope, as well as with the aid of conventional light microscopy, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The mean serum level of calcium was 5.1 mEq/1 and that of phosphorus was 4.8 mg/100 ml. The animals possessed two small parathyroid glands, usually situated anteriorly and slightly laterally to the superior thyroid poles. The glands had a rich vascular supply and were composed of sheets of chief cells, which varied in electron density and content of organelles. No water-clear, oxyphil, or intraglandular fat cells were found. Some mitochondria exhibited electron lucent areas, and separation and bulbous projections of the membranes. The cell membranes were straight or tortuous and possessed microvilli, occasionally with central filamentous structures. The intercellular spaces were usually narrow. It is supposed that the variants of chief cells are interchangeable and that the differences in their morphological appearance are related to differences in functional state.", "contents": "The parathyroid glands of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). The parathyroid glands of adult Mongolian gerbils were studied under an operation microscope, as well as with the aid of conventional light microscopy, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The mean serum level of calcium was 5.1 mEq/1 and that of phosphorus was 4.8 mg/100 ml. The animals possessed two small parathyroid glands, usually situated anteriorly and slightly laterally to the superior thyroid poles. The glands had a rich vascular supply and were composed of sheets of chief cells, which varied in electron density and content of organelles. No water-clear, oxyphil, or intraglandular fat cells were found. Some mitochondria exhibited electron lucent areas, and separation and bulbous projections of the membranes. The cell membranes were straight or tortuous and possessed microvilli, occasionally with central filamentous structures. The intercellular spaces were usually narrow. It is supposed that the variants of chief cells are interchangeable and that the differences in their morphological appearance are related to differences in functional state.", "PMID": 1187192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10381", "title": "Subcellular morphological changes in the rat kidney after phosphorus burn.", "content": "Experimental phosphorus burns were performed on male rats, in order to evaluate the subcellular changes which had occurred as a result of their lesions. In addition to the external wound caused by the burn itself, pathological changes were observed macroscopically and microscopically in various body organs, mainly the kidneys. These were investigated under the electron microscope for subcellular alterations at their damaged sites, and for biochemical aberrations that were observed in those rats. In the phosphorus-burnt rats the glomeruli were ischemic, showed capillary collapse and exhibited proliferation of mesangial areas and basement membrane thickening. Many necrotic cells were observed in the proximal tubule, where large vacuoles containing myelin-like structures were identified. The lumen of the proximal tubules were completely occluded by cell debris and the cytoplasm was necrotic. Due to the damage caused to the glomeruli, high concentrations of serum urea, serum SGPT and PO-4 were assayed in the phosphorus-burnt rats. These changes may account for the high mortality rate after phosphorus burns and may further understanding of the damage as well as ways of approaching it.", "contents": "Subcellular morphological changes in the rat kidney after phosphorus burn. Experimental phosphorus burns were performed on male rats, in order to evaluate the subcellular changes which had occurred as a result of their lesions. In addition to the external wound caused by the burn itself, pathological changes were observed macroscopically and microscopically in various body organs, mainly the kidneys. These were investigated under the electron microscope for subcellular alterations at their damaged sites, and for biochemical aberrations that were observed in those rats. In the phosphorus-burnt rats the glomeruli were ischemic, showed capillary collapse and exhibited proliferation of mesangial areas and basement membrane thickening. Many necrotic cells were observed in the proximal tubule, where large vacuoles containing myelin-like structures were identified. The lumen of the proximal tubules were completely occluded by cell debris and the cytoplasm was necrotic. Due to the damage caused to the glomeruli, high concentrations of serum urea, serum SGPT and PO-4 were assayed in the phosphorus-burnt rats. These changes may account for the high mortality rate after phosphorus burns and may further understanding of the damage as well as ways of approaching it.", "PMID": 1187193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10382", "title": "The effect of hypotensive drugs (Serpasil) on the histochemical reactions in the small intestine of white rats.", "content": "The influence of Serpasil (Ciba) on histological activities of dehydrogenases and reductases as well as on PAS-positive substances in the small intestine of white rats has been studied. It has been demonstrated that a decrease in the succinic, lactic and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities as well as in the NADH and NADPH tetrazole reductase activities occurs in the rat's small intestine epithelial cells after the administration of Serpasil. However, a considerable intensification in the reactions to PAS-positive substances in the mucous cells and an increase in the amount of these cells has been observed.", "contents": "The effect of hypotensive drugs (Serpasil) on the histochemical reactions in the small intestine of white rats. The influence of Serpasil (Ciba) on histological activities of dehydrogenases and reductases as well as on PAS-positive substances in the small intestine of white rats has been studied. It has been demonstrated that a decrease in the succinic, lactic and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities as well as in the NADH and NADPH tetrazole reductase activities occurs in the rat's small intestine epithelial cells after the administration of Serpasil. However, a considerable intensification in the reactions to PAS-positive substances in the mucous cells and an increase in the amount of these cells has been observed.", "PMID": 1187194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10383", "title": "Phaeochromocytoma, Electron microscopic study on catecholamine storage.", "content": "The biochemical and electron-microscopical findings of eight cases of phaeochromocytoma and the ultrastructure of two cases of human adrenal medulla are presented here as regards catecholamine storage. Due to the rarity of phaeochromocytoma, other ultrastructural features are also described. The morphological characteristics of catecholamine-containing granules are considered on the basis of our investigations and results of other authors. These characteristics are discussed from the point of view of their value in the morphological differentiating of granules storing norepinephrine and those storing epinephrine.", "contents": "Phaeochromocytoma, Electron microscopic study on catecholamine storage. The biochemical and electron-microscopical findings of eight cases of phaeochromocytoma and the ultrastructure of two cases of human adrenal medulla are presented here as regards catecholamine storage. Due to the rarity of phaeochromocytoma, other ultrastructural features are also described. The morphological characteristics of catecholamine-containing granules are considered on the basis of our investigations and results of other authors. These characteristics are discussed from the point of view of their value in the morphological differentiating of granules storing norepinephrine and those storing epinephrine.", "PMID": 1187195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10384", "title": "The influence of cycloheximide and chloramphenicol on rat serum proteins.", "content": "The effects of cycloheximide (CHM) and chloramphenicol (CAP) on rat serum proteins and on their electrophoretic patterns have been investigated. It has been shown that total serum protein is decreased by both treatments. CHM causes a fall in transferrin and alpha2(3-8) globulin content, while CAP reduces only alpha2(3-8) globulins. Different microscopic features of hepatic steatosis are described with both drugs. The results are briefly discussed.", "contents": "The influence of cycloheximide and chloramphenicol on rat serum proteins. The effects of cycloheximide (CHM) and chloramphenicol (CAP) on rat serum proteins and on their electrophoretic patterns have been investigated. It has been shown that total serum protein is decreased by both treatments. CHM causes a fall in transferrin and alpha2(3-8) globulin content, while CAP reduces only alpha2(3-8) globulins. Different microscopic features of hepatic steatosis are described with both drugs. The results are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1187196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10385", "title": "Alteration of metastases distribution by vaso-dilating drugs.", "content": "The effects of the two vasodilating substances, dihydralazine and the adrenergic alpha-receptor blocker phenoxybenzamine, were studied on the distribution and growth of MCG-L-SS metastases from intravenously injected tumour cells. Dihydralazine increased the total number of metastases in the body and both drugs increased the number in the lungs and the liver. Both drugs also increased the total metastasis volume in the liver. The effects might be secondary to the haemodynamic effects of the drugs, e.g. a changed distribution of the blood flow, more open capillaries and/or a changed hydrostatic capillary pressure.", "contents": "Alteration of metastases distribution by vaso-dilating drugs. The effects of the two vasodilating substances, dihydralazine and the adrenergic alpha-receptor blocker phenoxybenzamine, were studied on the distribution and growth of MCG-L-SS metastases from intravenously injected tumour cells. Dihydralazine increased the total number of metastases in the body and both drugs increased the number in the lungs and the liver. Both drugs also increased the total metastasis volume in the liver. The effects might be secondary to the haemodynamic effects of the drugs, e.g. a changed distribution of the blood flow, more open capillaries and/or a changed hydrostatic capillary pressure.", "PMID": 1187197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10386", "title": "Effects of the number of cell divisions and of added isologous nucleic acids on ageing of normal human fibroblasts in vitro.", "content": "It is a matter of debate if the life span of a normal cell strain in vitro depends on the number of cell divisions passed or simply on metabolic time in culture. We have cultured sub-strains of the same normal human foetal fibroblast strain, separated but in a common dish with a common medium. One sub-strain was forced by infrequent transfers to grow slowly, the other was transferred frequently and grew freely. At intervals, cell kinetics of the strains was registered by time-lapse photography. The results indicate that ageing in vitro, manifested by changes of cell kinetics, and the total life span in vitro for normal human fibroblasts are dependent on the number of passed cell divisions, supporting the idea of a progressive decay of the transcription mechanism. A trial to postpone ageing of normal human foetal fibroblasts in vitro was made by adding nucleic acids, extracted from other organs of the same ovum, to the medium for 7 to 14 transfers. Four to 18 transfers after the end of the treatment, the cells still revealed a kinetic pattern typical of much younger normal strains, pointing to an influence on the genes. The effect is probably due to the DNA of the nucleic acid extract.", "contents": "Effects of the number of cell divisions and of added isologous nucleic acids on ageing of normal human fibroblasts in vitro. It is a matter of debate if the life span of a normal cell strain in vitro depends on the number of cell divisions passed or simply on metabolic time in culture. We have cultured sub-strains of the same normal human foetal fibroblast strain, separated but in a common dish with a common medium. One sub-strain was forced by infrequent transfers to grow slowly, the other was transferred frequently and grew freely. At intervals, cell kinetics of the strains was registered by time-lapse photography. The results indicate that ageing in vitro, manifested by changes of cell kinetics, and the total life span in vitro for normal human fibroblasts are dependent on the number of passed cell divisions, supporting the idea of a progressive decay of the transcription mechanism. A trial to postpone ageing of normal human foetal fibroblasts in vitro was made by adding nucleic acids, extracted from other organs of the same ovum, to the medium for 7 to 14 transfers. Four to 18 transfers after the end of the treatment, the cells still revealed a kinetic pattern typical of much younger normal strains, pointing to an influence on the genes. The effect is probably due to the DNA of the nucleic acid extract.", "PMID": 1187198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10387", "title": "Demecolcin and vinblastine sulphate as stathmokinetic agents for different tissues of the hairless mouse.", "content": "The dose/response relationship of the kinetostatic effect of demecolcin (ColcemidR) and vinblastine sulphate (VelbeR) was estimated in the epidermis, the forestomach, the jejunum and the colon of the hairless mouse (hr/hr) at 3 hours after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. A dose of 0.15 mg Colcemid per animal was found to be the lowest effective dose in all the organs tested. The value did not differ much from the corresponding effective dose of Velbe. This dose of Colcemid was then used to study the accumulation of arrested mitoses during the first 4 hours after i.p. injection. An almost linear increase in the mitotic count was found up to 4 hours in the epidermis, 3.5 hours in the forestomach and 3 hours in the jejunum and the colon. A dose of 0.15 mg Colcemid per animal i.p. with an observation time of 3 hours is thus a reliable method for estimation of the mitotic rate in many organs. It is also concluded that both Colcemid and Velbe can be used as reliable stathmokinetic drugs for both epidermis, forestomach and jejunum and colon mucosa provided that correct doses and short enough accumulation time (3 hours) is used.", "contents": "Demecolcin and vinblastine sulphate as stathmokinetic agents for different tissues of the hairless mouse. The dose/response relationship of the kinetostatic effect of demecolcin (ColcemidR) and vinblastine sulphate (VelbeR) was estimated in the epidermis, the forestomach, the jejunum and the colon of the hairless mouse (hr/hr) at 3 hours after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. A dose of 0.15 mg Colcemid per animal was found to be the lowest effective dose in all the organs tested. The value did not differ much from the corresponding effective dose of Velbe. This dose of Colcemid was then used to study the accumulation of arrested mitoses during the first 4 hours after i.p. injection. An almost linear increase in the mitotic count was found up to 4 hours in the epidermis, 3.5 hours in the forestomach and 3 hours in the jejunum and the colon. A dose of 0.15 mg Colcemid per animal i.p. with an observation time of 3 hours is thus a reliable method for estimation of the mitotic rate in many organs. It is also concluded that both Colcemid and Velbe can be used as reliable stathmokinetic drugs for both epidermis, forestomach and jejunum and colon mucosa provided that correct doses and short enough accumulation time (3 hours) is used.", "PMID": 1187199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10388", "title": "Diagnosis of type A Niemann-Pick's disease by conjunctival biopsy.", "content": "Electron microscopic examination of the conjunctive of four children affected with Niemann-Pick's disease revealed a widespread storage process. The epithelium, the connective tissue cells, the endothelial cells and the pericytes of the capillaries are filled with lysosomal inclusions with pleomorphic structure. The nerve fibres show destructive process of the myelin sheaths and accumulation of lipid material in the Schwann cells. The extension of the lesions is similar, as shown by morphologic and morphometric analysis in early and terminal stages of the diseases. Conjunctival biopsy allows an early and secure diagnosis of Niemann-Pick's disease, and should be performed when the clinical symptoms suggest a lysosomal disorder.", "contents": "Diagnosis of type A Niemann-Pick's disease by conjunctival biopsy. Electron microscopic examination of the conjunctive of four children affected with Niemann-Pick's disease revealed a widespread storage process. The epithelium, the connective tissue cells, the endothelial cells and the pericytes of the capillaries are filled with lysosomal inclusions with pleomorphic structure. The nerve fibres show destructive process of the myelin sheaths and accumulation of lipid material in the Schwann cells. The extension of the lesions is similar, as shown by morphologic and morphometric analysis in early and terminal stages of the diseases. Conjunctival biopsy allows an early and secure diagnosis of Niemann-Pick's disease, and should be performed when the clinical symptoms suggest a lysosomal disorder.", "PMID": 1187200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10389", "title": "Hepatic vein thrombosis in Buffalo strain female rats ingesting dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Buffalo strain male and female rats 12 weeks of age ingested 0.0114% dimethylnitrosamine in a semisynthetic diet for 12 weeks. Hepatic vein thrombosis developed along with focal fibrosis of the liver in female rats. Male rats had focal hepatic fibrosis, but not thrombosis of hepatic veins. A high incidence of hepatic vein thrombosis has been observed previously in Buffalo strain rats given carbon tetrachloride and methylcholanthrene simultaneously.", "contents": "Hepatic vein thrombosis in Buffalo strain female rats ingesting dimethylnitrosamine. Buffalo strain male and female rats 12 weeks of age ingested 0.0114% dimethylnitrosamine in a semisynthetic diet for 12 weeks. Hepatic vein thrombosis developed along with focal fibrosis of the liver in female rats. Male rats had focal hepatic fibrosis, but not thrombosis of hepatic veins. A high incidence of hepatic vein thrombosis has been observed previously in Buffalo strain rats given carbon tetrachloride and methylcholanthrene simultaneously.", "PMID": 1187201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10390", "title": "Histochemical studies of human breast tumors: Activity of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Histochemical studies of human breast tumors were performed with particular emphasis on the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AIP), acid phosphatase (AcP) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). Enzyme activities in benign and malignant lesions were compared. AIP was prominent in normal mammary epithelium, limited to the myoepithelial layer in benign tumors and was absent in cords of malignant cells. AcP activity was faintly detected in normal mammary epithelium, increased in canalicular epithelium of fibroadenomas and was marked in malignant cells. G6PDH exhibited marked activity in neoplastic epithelium and the stroma of nearly all carcinomas studied, whereas in benign tumors, G6PDH activity was strictly limited to the connective tissue. The study suggests a strong correlation between G6PDH activity and malignancy. The different results obtained by various workers in this field are critically reviewed, and discussed in the light of the results of the present study.", "contents": "Histochemical studies of human breast tumors: Activity of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Histochemical studies of human breast tumors were performed with particular emphasis on the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AIP), acid phosphatase (AcP) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). Enzyme activities in benign and malignant lesions were compared. AIP was prominent in normal mammary epithelium, limited to the myoepithelial layer in benign tumors and was absent in cords of malignant cells. AcP activity was faintly detected in normal mammary epithelium, increased in canalicular epithelium of fibroadenomas and was marked in malignant cells. G6PDH exhibited marked activity in neoplastic epithelium and the stroma of nearly all carcinomas studied, whereas in benign tumors, G6PDH activity was strictly limited to the connective tissue. The study suggests a strong correlation between G6PDH activity and malignancy. The different results obtained by various workers in this field are critically reviewed, and discussed in the light of the results of the present study.", "PMID": 1187202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10391", "title": "Fine structural changes in embryonic chick heart ventricle induced by lead poisoning.", "content": "The embryonic chick heart ventricle of day 11 was studied electron microscopically to learn the structural changes that develop in lead poisoning. The chick embryos were administered with 0.015 mg/egg of lead acetate at day 2. The most pronounced changes observed in the ventricle were: malformed mitochondria, disorganized, short and scanty myofibrils and abundance of swollen vacuoles. The ultrastructure of the ventricle from the control chick embryos was normal. The most frequent change noted in the ventricular tissue was an alteration in the myofibrils. This study indicates that electron microscopic changes can be induced in the embryonic chick heart ventricle by lead poisoning.", "contents": "Fine structural changes in embryonic chick heart ventricle induced by lead poisoning. The embryonic chick heart ventricle of day 11 was studied electron microscopically to learn the structural changes that develop in lead poisoning. The chick embryos were administered with 0.015 mg/egg of lead acetate at day 2. The most pronounced changes observed in the ventricle were: malformed mitochondria, disorganized, short and scanty myofibrils and abundance of swollen vacuoles. The ultrastructure of the ventricle from the control chick embryos was normal. The most frequent change noted in the ventricular tissue was an alteration in the myofibrils. This study indicates that electron microscopic changes can be induced in the embryonic chick heart ventricle by lead poisoning.", "PMID": 1187203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10392", "title": "Fructose-induced hyperuricemia: observations in normal children and in patients with hereditary fructose intolerance and galactosemia.", "content": "After the infusion of fructose, 0.25 g/kg body wt, the mean peak plasma uric acid level was 5.4 +/- 0.7 (SEM) mg/100 ml in six normal children and was not significantly increased compared with that of the mean basal value of 4.1 +/- 0.5 mg/100 ml. The mean blood inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels were significantly less than the mean fasting value after fructose. Blood glucose, lactic acid, and fructose levels were significantly increased after fructose, but serum magnesium levels did not change. In two patients with hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) the peak blood uric acid levels were 12.1 and 7.6 mg/100 ml, respectively, after fructose. In both patients the blood glucose concentrations decreased 69 and 26 mg/100 ml below the fasting levels after fructose. The serum Pi level decreased 2.3 and 1.2 mg/100 ml below fasting values, decrements greater than the mean decrement in serum Pi of 0.8 +/- 0.2 mg/100 ml which occurred in six normal children. The mean uric acid excretion, expressed as milligrams per mg urinary creatinine, was 0.6 +/- 0.1 (SEM) before fructose in the normal children and increased significantly to 1.0 +/- mg/mg creatinine after fructose. In two patients with HFI the uric acid excretion increased four- to fivefold after fructose administration; the increased uric acid excretion in HFI exceeded that of normal children. In three patients with galactosemia, increases in blood uric acid levels after galactose ingestion were similar to those in normal children after fructose, but less than those in patients with HFI after fructose. The serum Pi levels decreased less in galactosemic patients after galactose administration than in patients with HFI after fructose infusion. These studies support the hypothesis that fructose-induced hyperuricemia results from degradation of adenosine monophosphate. This effect appears to be specific for fructose. The lack of hyperruricemia in galactosemia patients after galactose ingestion may be explained by the observation that galactose is phosphorylated more slowly than fructose.", "contents": "Fructose-induced hyperuricemia: observations in normal children and in patients with hereditary fructose intolerance and galactosemia. After the infusion of fructose, 0.25 g/kg body wt, the mean peak plasma uric acid level was 5.4 +/- 0.7 (SEM) mg/100 ml in six normal children and was not significantly increased compared with that of the mean basal value of 4.1 +/- 0.5 mg/100 ml. The mean blood inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels were significantly less than the mean fasting value after fructose. Blood glucose, lactic acid, and fructose levels were significantly increased after fructose, but serum magnesium levels did not change. In two patients with hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) the peak blood uric acid levels were 12.1 and 7.6 mg/100 ml, respectively, after fructose. In both patients the blood glucose concentrations decreased 69 and 26 mg/100 ml below the fasting levels after fructose. The serum Pi level decreased 2.3 and 1.2 mg/100 ml below fasting values, decrements greater than the mean decrement in serum Pi of 0.8 +/- 0.2 mg/100 ml which occurred in six normal children. The mean uric acid excretion, expressed as milligrams per mg urinary creatinine, was 0.6 +/- 0.1 (SEM) before fructose in the normal children and increased significantly to 1.0 +/- mg/mg creatinine after fructose. In two patients with HFI the uric acid excretion increased four- to fivefold after fructose administration; the increased uric acid excretion in HFI exceeded that of normal children. In three patients with galactosemia, increases in blood uric acid levels after galactose ingestion were similar to those in normal children after fructose, but less than those in patients with HFI after fructose. The serum Pi levels decreased less in galactosemic patients after galactose administration than in patients with HFI after fructose infusion. These studies support the hypothesis that fructose-induced hyperuricemia results from degradation of adenosine monophosphate. This effect appears to be specific for fructose. The lack of hyperruricemia in galactosemia patients after galactose ingestion may be explained by the observation that galactose is phosphorylated more slowly than fructose.", "PMID": 1187240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10393", "title": "The vitamin B12-deficient rat as a possible model of ketotic hyperglycinemia.", "content": "The rate of oxidation to respiratory CO2 of both carbon 1 of propionate and carbon 1 of glycine was decreased significantly in vitamin B12-deficient rats, to 50% and 82% of the control rate, respectively. The activity of the glycine synthase system was reduced during vitamin B12 deficiency to 25% of control activity. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity was similar for vitamin B12-deficient and control rats. Plasma glycine concentration in vitamin B12-deficient rats (253 +/- 16 nmol/ml) did not differ significantly from that of control rats (226 +/- 12 nmol/ml). Propionate oxidation was significantly impaired in biotin-deficient rats. However, this impairment, to 66% of the control rate, was not as large as that generated by vitamin B12 deficiency. In contrast to the result obtained in vitamin B12-deficient animals, no significant decrease in glycine oxidation could be demonstrated in biotin-deficient animals. Plasma glycine concentration of fasted biotin-deficient rats (339 +/- 26 nmol/ml) did not differ significantly from that of their controls (371 +/- 32 nmol/ml).", "contents": "The vitamin B12-deficient rat as a possible model of ketotic hyperglycinemia. The rate of oxidation to respiratory CO2 of both carbon 1 of propionate and carbon 1 of glycine was decreased significantly in vitamin B12-deficient rats, to 50% and 82% of the control rate, respectively. The activity of the glycine synthase system was reduced during vitamin B12 deficiency to 25% of control activity. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity was similar for vitamin B12-deficient and control rats. Plasma glycine concentration in vitamin B12-deficient rats (253 +/- 16 nmol/ml) did not differ significantly from that of control rats (226 +/- 12 nmol/ml). Propionate oxidation was significantly impaired in biotin-deficient rats. However, this impairment, to 66% of the control rate, was not as large as that generated by vitamin B12 deficiency. In contrast to the result obtained in vitamin B12-deficient animals, no significant decrease in glycine oxidation could be demonstrated in biotin-deficient animals. Plasma glycine concentration of fasted biotin-deficient rats (339 +/- 26 nmol/ml) did not differ significantly from that of their controls (371 +/- 32 nmol/ml).", "PMID": 1187241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10394", "title": "Uptake, activation, and esterification of fatty acids in the small intestine of suckling rat.", "content": "The small intestinal mucosal phase of fatty acid absorption was studied in suckling and adult rats. Fatty acid binding protein (FABP) is present in the cytosol of jejunal mucosa of 6-day-old rats in amounts equivalent to that found in mucosal cytosol of adult rats (16.4% and 15.0%, respectively). The percentage of oleic acid binding to FABP is the same in 6-day-old and adult rats (13.9% and 10.2%, respectively). The specific activity of jejunal microsomal oleoyl-CoA synthetase is high in the fetus, falls abruptly after birth, but increased by the third day of life to remain constant thereafter into adult life. In contrast the specific activity of acyl-CoA:monoglyceride acyltransferase is low in the fetal jejunum, gradually increases, and is significantly higher in the 6- and 12-day-old rat than in the adult. Uptake of oleic acid by jejunal slices of 6- and 11-day-old animals is three- to fivefold higher than uptake by jejunal slices prepared from adult rats. The rate of esterification of oleic acid is higher in jejunal slices from 6- and 11-day-old rats, reflecting the enhanced uptake of oleic acid.", "contents": "Uptake, activation, and esterification of fatty acids in the small intestine of suckling rat. The small intestinal mucosal phase of fatty acid absorption was studied in suckling and adult rats. Fatty acid binding protein (FABP) is present in the cytosol of jejunal mucosa of 6-day-old rats in amounts equivalent to that found in mucosal cytosol of adult rats (16.4% and 15.0%, respectively). The percentage of oleic acid binding to FABP is the same in 6-day-old and adult rats (13.9% and 10.2%, respectively). The specific activity of jejunal microsomal oleoyl-CoA synthetase is high in the fetus, falls abruptly after birth, but increased by the third day of life to remain constant thereafter into adult life. In contrast the specific activity of acyl-CoA:monoglyceride acyltransferase is low in the fetal jejunum, gradually increases, and is significantly higher in the 6- and 12-day-old rat than in the adult. Uptake of oleic acid by jejunal slices of 6- and 11-day-old animals is three- to fivefold higher than uptake by jejunal slices prepared from adult rats. The rate of esterification of oleic acid is higher in jejunal slices from 6- and 11-day-old rats, reflecting the enhanced uptake of oleic acid.", "PMID": 1187242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10395", "title": "A comparison of the effects of vicariously instigated classical conditioning and direct classical conditioning procedures.", "content": "Two groups of Ss received either two or 16 paired classical conditioning trails beyond the peak CR. A third group received the same stimuli as the 16 postpeak condition but in an unpaired and random order. The stimuli in all three groups were delivered directly to S. Subsequently, all three groups, including a fourth which was not given any prior direct classical conditioning, were exposed to vicariously instigated classical conditioning. This consisted of having S observe someone (model) employed by E who received the same CS as was delivered during direct conditioning. The CS was paired with the feigned arm movement of the model, simulating a reaction to shock. This vicarious classical conditioning procedure when compared to direct classical conditioning resulted in smaller GSR magnitudes for both the CRs and UCRs. Previous experience with direct classical conditional seems to have had an attenuating effect on GSR magnitude during the vicarious situation. A postexperimental questionnaire tended to support the results, and the relationship between the present study and current classical conditioning theory is discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of vicariously instigated classical conditioning and direct classical conditioning procedures. Two groups of Ss received either two or 16 paired classical conditioning trails beyond the peak CR. A third group received the same stimuli as the 16 postpeak condition but in an unpaired and random order. The stimuli in all three groups were delivered directly to S. Subsequently, all three groups, including a fourth which was not given any prior direct classical conditioning, were exposed to vicariously instigated classical conditioning. This consisted of having S observe someone (model) employed by E who received the same CS as was delivered during direct conditioning. The CS was paired with the feigned arm movement of the model, simulating a reaction to shock. This vicarious classical conditioning procedure when compared to direct classical conditioning resulted in smaller GSR magnitudes for both the CRs and UCRs. Previous experience with direct classical conditional seems to have had an attenuating effect on GSR magnitude during the vicarious situation. A postexperimental questionnaire tended to support the results, and the relationship between the present study and current classical conditioning theory is discussed.", "PMID": 1187237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10396", "title": "An analysis of a rebreathing method for measuring lung volume in the premature infant.", "content": "Functional residual capacity (FRC) and thoracic gas volume (TGV) were measured in 20 infants, of whom 11 were healthy preterm infants, 5 were recovering from the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and 4 had other pulmonary problems. In addition, some of the theoretical aspects of rebreathing techniques, including the lung to bag N2 difference at equilibrium, were studied by constructing a simple digital computer model of the system. In both the normal preterm infants and the post-RDS group, the TGV was significantly greater than the FRC (0.02 greater than P greater than 0.01), indicating the presence of trapped gas (Fig. 2). The mean time taken to reach equilibrium during rebreathng was 44 sec in the normal infants and 52 sec in the post-RDS group (Table 2). In one infant with generalized cystic lung disease, equilibrium was not achieved even after 3 min of rebreathing (Fig. 1). The computer-generated analysis of rebreathing for a normal 3-kg infant is shown in Figure 3, with an in vivo curve for comparison. The rapid equilibration of N2 was completed within 55 sec but, as in the in vivo experiments, there was a change in slope of the line afer 1.7 min. It can be seen from Table 3 that, if a small initial bag volume (11 ml) is used, 30 sec of rebreathing is adequate for equilibration only when FRC and dead space are normal, and errors would occur if either were enlarged. The computer study showed that the gradient for N2 between bag and lung at equilibrium is of the order of 0.2-0.37% which would cause a negligible error when calculating FRC and assuming that lung N2 is equal to the measured bag N2. The combined in vivo and computer studies served to validate the rebreathing technique as a method for measuring FRC, and have enabled it to be modified for use even in small or very sick infants with poor ventilation. The most useful procedure to employ would seem to be to use an initial bag volume of 150-200 ml and to continue the rebreathing for 1.5-2 min, with samples being taken for analysis at approximately 20-sec intervals.", "contents": "An analysis of a rebreathing method for measuring lung volume in the premature infant. Functional residual capacity (FRC) and thoracic gas volume (TGV) were measured in 20 infants, of whom 11 were healthy preterm infants, 5 were recovering from the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and 4 had other pulmonary problems. In addition, some of the theoretical aspects of rebreathing techniques, including the lung to bag N2 difference at equilibrium, were studied by constructing a simple digital computer model of the system. In both the normal preterm infants and the post-RDS group, the TGV was significantly greater than the FRC (0.02 greater than P greater than 0.01), indicating the presence of trapped gas (Fig. 2). The mean time taken to reach equilibrium during rebreathng was 44 sec in the normal infants and 52 sec in the post-RDS group (Table 2). In one infant with generalized cystic lung disease, equilibrium was not achieved even after 3 min of rebreathing (Fig. 1). The computer-generated analysis of rebreathing for a normal 3-kg infant is shown in Figure 3, with an in vivo curve for comparison. The rapid equilibration of N2 was completed within 55 sec but, as in the in vivo experiments, there was a change in slope of the line afer 1.7 min. It can be seen from Table 3 that, if a small initial bag volume (11 ml) is used, 30 sec of rebreathing is adequate for equilibration only when FRC and dead space are normal, and errors would occur if either were enlarged. The computer study showed that the gradient for N2 between bag and lung at equilibrium is of the order of 0.2-0.37% which would cause a negligible error when calculating FRC and assuming that lung N2 is equal to the measured bag N2. The combined in vivo and computer studies served to validate the rebreathing technique as a method for measuring FRC, and have enabled it to be modified for use even in small or very sick infants with poor ventilation. The most useful procedure to employ would seem to be to use an initial bag volume of 150-200 ml and to continue the rebreathing for 1.5-2 min, with samples being taken for analysis at approximately 20-sec intervals.", "PMID": 1187243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10397", "title": "Operant GSR conditioning with cool air reinforcement.", "content": "Two groups of 20 Ss each run individually in a soundproff chamber heated to 115 F and humidified to 100%. Ss in the experimental group received brief presentation of cool air contingent upon wmitted GSRs during 20 min of acquisition. Control Ss were matched on at a time in operant rate and were yoked one at a time to receive the cool air on a response-independent schedule. Both groups increased significantly in rate of unelicited GSRs during acquisition, with the experimental Ss' curve rising more rapidly and both groups attaining equivalent terminal levels. During extinction, the groups maintained high levels of responding and did not differ. Examination of basal skin conductance data ruled our an activation hypothesis. In the control Ss, terminal response frequency was significantly correlated with percentage of fortuitous response-contigent reinforcement. It was concluded that both croups were conditioned, with the controls receiving intermittent reinforcement  sufficiently often to elevate their responding. The cool air was judged to be an effective reinforcer of unelicited GSRs, perhaps more effective than those used in previous studies.", "contents": "Operant GSR conditioning with cool air reinforcement. Two groups of 20 Ss each run individually in a soundproff chamber heated to 115 F and humidified to 100%. Ss in the experimental group received brief presentation of cool air contingent upon wmitted GSRs during 20 min of acquisition. Control Ss were matched on at a time in operant rate and were yoked one at a time to receive the cool air on a response-independent schedule. Both groups increased significantly in rate of unelicited GSRs during acquisition, with the experimental Ss' curve rising more rapidly and both groups attaining equivalent terminal levels. During extinction, the groups maintained high levels of responding and did not differ. Examination of basal skin conductance data ruled our an activation hypothesis. In the control Ss, terminal response frequency was significantly correlated with percentage of fortuitous response-contigent reinforcement. It was concluded that both croups were conditioned, with the controls receiving intermittent reinforcement  sufficiently often to elevate their responding. The cool air was judged to be an effective reinforcer of unelicited GSRs, perhaps more effective than those used in previous studies.", "PMID": 1187239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10398", "title": "Incorporation of (3H)thymidine into brain DNA after cerebellar damage.", "content": "Changes of incorporation of [3H] thymidine into brain DNA were studied in C57BL/6J mice after perinatal neocerebellar lesion. The destruction of part of the left neocerebellar cortex caused temporary increase of the specific radioactivity of DNA extracted from neocerebellum (15.22 +/- 0.57 cpm/mg DNA vs. 4.83 +/- 0.40 cpm/mg DNA in controls), from left hemisphere (9.86 +/- 0.45 cpm/mg DNA in operated vs. 4.22 +/- 0.40 cpm/mg DNA in controls), and from right hemisphere (11.75 +/- 0.52 cpm/mg DNA in operated vs. 4.78 +/- 0.39 cpm/mg DNA in controls). The labeled DNA was localized both in glia and in neurons in different brain areas. In animals operated upon in adult age, no changes in labeling of brain DNA were observed.", "contents": "Incorporation of (3H)thymidine into brain DNA after cerebellar damage. Changes of incorporation of [3H] thymidine into brain DNA were studied in C57BL/6J mice after perinatal neocerebellar lesion. The destruction of part of the left neocerebellar cortex caused temporary increase of the specific radioactivity of DNA extracted from neocerebellum (15.22 +/- 0.57 cpm/mg DNA vs. 4.83 +/- 0.40 cpm/mg DNA in controls), from left hemisphere (9.86 +/- 0.45 cpm/mg DNA in operated vs. 4.22 +/- 0.40 cpm/mg DNA in controls), and from right hemisphere (11.75 +/- 0.52 cpm/mg DNA in operated vs. 4.78 +/- 0.39 cpm/mg DNA in controls). The labeled DNA was localized both in glia and in neurons in different brain areas. In animals operated upon in adult age, no changes in labeling of brain DNA were observed.", "PMID": 1187244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10399", "title": "Aspects of biochemical differentiation in the central nervous system.", "content": "A demonstration of cell-specific patterns of development in the immature CNS is provided by examples of characteristic, cell-specific time-courses of enzyme development in different classes of brain cells isolated in highly purified form by bulk-separation from the cerebral and cerebellar cortex of the growing rat. The enzymatic analysis was carried out at the level of the nerve and glial cell lysosomes and mitochondria, two subcellular organelles crucial to the economy of all cells. The findings reveal rather similar developmental patterns for the lysosomal hydrolase N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in neurons and glial cells of the cerebral cortex as well as in two different cerebellar nerve cell types, the Purkinje and the granule cell. However, significant differences in the post-natal chronology of development of the mitochondrial enzyme alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were noted between cortical nerve and glial cells, the glial enzyme exhibiting 6-fold higher levels of activity than the neuronal one throughout the first month of postnatal life. The findings emphasize the feasibility as well as the necessity of studies aimed at the elucidation of the cell-specific aspects of the biochemistry of developing nerve and glial cells.", "contents": "Aspects of biochemical differentiation in the central nervous system. A demonstration of cell-specific patterns of development in the immature CNS is provided by examples of characteristic, cell-specific time-courses of enzyme development in different classes of brain cells isolated in highly purified form by bulk-separation from the cerebral and cerebellar cortex of the growing rat. The enzymatic analysis was carried out at the level of the nerve and glial cell lysosomes and mitochondria, two subcellular organelles crucial to the economy of all cells. The findings reveal rather similar developmental patterns for the lysosomal hydrolase N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in neurons and glial cells of the cerebral cortex as well as in two different cerebellar nerve cell types, the Purkinje and the granule cell. However, significant differences in the post-natal chronology of development of the mitochondrial enzyme alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were noted between cortical nerve and glial cells, the glial enzyme exhibiting 6-fold higher levels of activity than the neuronal one throughout the first month of postnatal life. The findings emphasize the feasibility as well as the necessity of studies aimed at the elucidation of the cell-specific aspects of the biochemistry of developing nerve and glial cells.", "PMID": 1187238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10400", "title": "Do brine shrimp diagnose cystic fibrosis?", "content": "The nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia salina are dependent upon the function of their salt gland to maintain osmotic pressure within narrow limits. A number of drugs interfere with this function and are lethal to the nauplii. Saliva and serum from normal persons, patients with cystic fibrosis, and obligate heterozygotes were tested for lethal effect against brine shrimp nauplii. At salt concentrations between 100 mM and 2.5 no difference was found among the phenotypes. At lower concentrations a difference was noted occasionally between some normal subjects and some individuals carrying one or two genes for cystic fibrosis. Data from an independent series of experiments indicate that the naupliar deaths result from distorted ratios of Na+/K+ and not from a specific gene product. No difference was noted in the O2 uptake of nauplii treated with saliva or serum obtained from normal subjects, patients with cystic fibrosis, or obligate heterozygotes.", "contents": "Do brine shrimp diagnose cystic fibrosis? The nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia salina are dependent upon the function of their salt gland to maintain osmotic pressure within narrow limits. A number of drugs interfere with this function and are lethal to the nauplii. Saliva and serum from normal persons, patients with cystic fibrosis, and obligate heterozygotes were tested for lethal effect against brine shrimp nauplii. At salt concentrations between 100 mM and 2.5 no difference was found among the phenotypes. At lower concentrations a difference was noted occasionally between some normal subjects and some individuals carrying one or two genes for cystic fibrosis. Data from an independent series of experiments indicate that the naupliar deaths result from distorted ratios of Na+/K+ and not from a specific gene product. No difference was noted in the O2 uptake of nauplii treated with saliva or serum obtained from normal subjects, patients with cystic fibrosis, or obligate heterozygotes.", "PMID": 1187245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10401", "title": "Glucose production in the newborn dog. I. Effects of glucagon in vivo.", "content": "Systemic glucose production rates were evaluated 4 hr after feeding in 14 newborn beagle dogs at ages between 1 and 5 days. After a prime injection of radioisotopic tracers, glucose production was determined during infusion of intermixed tracer [2-3H] glucose and [1-14C] glucose at a constant rate. Seven of the new born dogs served as controls throughout the 3-hr period of infusion, while seven of their littermates, infused simultaneously, received glucagon at a constant rate of 3.3 mug/min between 90 and 180 min of study. In control dogs, mean glucose production, determined by dilution of [2-3H] glucose, was 55 +/- 3 mumol/min-kg body weight. During the control period, their littermates produced glucose at a similar rate; however, glucagon infusion raised glucose production to 81 +/- 4 mumol/min-kg. The average glucose production rate estimated with [1-14C]glucose was 88% of that with 3H tracer during the initial control period and 77% during the glucagon injusion. In order to confirm that this discrepancy reflected the recycling of 14C and the early development of gluconeogenesis, and additional 14 new born dogs were infused with potential substrates for [14C] glucose. In separate studies, [U-14C] lactate, [3-14C] lactate, [U-14C] alanine, and [6-14C]- glucose were incorporated into glucose and [1-14C] glucose. Quantification of gluconeogenesis by simultaneous infusion of [6-3H] glucose and [3-14C] lactate in a 5-day-old dog demonstrated that 25% of the glucose produced originated from lactate, whereas 10% was incorporated into carbon 1. Thus, systemic glucose production was established rapidly in newborn dogs and responded to stimulation with glucagon. A significant proportion of the glucose originated from recycling via the gluconeogenic pathway.", "contents": "Glucose production in the newborn dog. I. Effects of glucagon in vivo. Systemic glucose production rates were evaluated 4 hr after feeding in 14 newborn beagle dogs at ages between 1 and 5 days. After a prime injection of radioisotopic tracers, glucose production was determined during infusion of intermixed tracer [2-3H] glucose and [1-14C] glucose at a constant rate. Seven of the new born dogs served as controls throughout the 3-hr period of infusion, while seven of their littermates, infused simultaneously, received glucagon at a constant rate of 3.3 mug/min between 90 and 180 min of study. In control dogs, mean glucose production, determined by dilution of [2-3H] glucose, was 55 +/- 3 mumol/min-kg body weight. During the control period, their littermates produced glucose at a similar rate; however, glucagon infusion raised glucose production to 81 +/- 4 mumol/min-kg. The average glucose production rate estimated with [1-14C]glucose was 88% of that with 3H tracer during the initial control period and 77% during the glucagon injusion. In order to confirm that this discrepancy reflected the recycling of 14C and the early development of gluconeogenesis, and additional 14 new born dogs were infused with potential substrates for [14C] glucose. In separate studies, [U-14C] lactate, [3-14C] lactate, [U-14C] alanine, and [6-14C]- glucose were incorporated into glucose and [1-14C] glucose. Quantification of gluconeogenesis by simultaneous infusion of [6-3H] glucose and [3-14C] lactate in a 5-day-old dog demonstrated that 25% of the glucose produced originated from lactate, whereas 10% was incorporated into carbon 1. Thus, systemic glucose production was established rapidly in newborn dogs and responded to stimulation with glucagon. A significant proportion of the glucose originated from recycling via the gluconeogenic pathway.", "PMID": 1187246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10402", "title": "A longitudinal study of total body potassium in normal children.", "content": "Most investigators studying changes in body composition during growth agree to the desirability of having longitudinal data. A group of 110 boys and 126 girls, studied annually for 4-5 years with 880 measurements of total body K in a 2pi liquid scintillation whole body counter, had total body K vs. height and total body K vs. weight data that fit previously described regression lines.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of total body potassium in normal children. Most investigators studying changes in body composition during growth agree to the desirability of having longitudinal data. A group of 110 boys and 126 girls, studied annually for 4-5 years with 880 measurements of total body K in a 2pi liquid scintillation whole body counter, had total body K vs. height and total body K vs. weight data that fit previously described regression lines.", "PMID": 1187247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10403", "title": "Thyroid hormone metabolism in amniotic and allantoic fluids of the sheep.", "content": "Amniotic and allantoic fluid samples were obtained at the time of uterotomy from healthy pregnant ewes at various time during gestation. In most instances maternal and fetal blood was collected simultaneously. Serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodithyronine (T3) and free T4 were measured in most samples. To determine whether conjugastes of T4 were presented in amniotic and allantoic fluids. T4 was measured before and after 24-hr acid hydrolysis. T4 and T3 turnover from amniotic fluid were measured using kinetic methods after intravenous or intraamniotic fluid injection of radiolabeled hormones. T3 was unmeasurable less than 15 ng/100 ml) in amniotic and allantoic fluids as well as in most fetal serum samples. T4 levels in amniotic fluids were low before 120 days of gestation (0.17 +/- 0.03 mug/100 ml; mean and SEM) concentration between 124 and 152 days was 0.33 +/- 0.03 mug/100 ml. T4 concentrations in allantoic fluid were relatively high before 120 days (0.57 +/- 0.1 mug/100 ml) and did not increase with progression of the pregnancy...", "contents": "Thyroid hormone metabolism in amniotic and allantoic fluids of the sheep. Amniotic and allantoic fluid samples were obtained at the time of uterotomy from healthy pregnant ewes at various time during gestation. In most instances maternal and fetal blood was collected simultaneously. Serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodithyronine (T3) and free T4 were measured in most samples. To determine whether conjugastes of T4 were presented in amniotic and allantoic fluids. T4 was measured before and after 24-hr acid hydrolysis. T4 and T3 turnover from amniotic fluid were measured using kinetic methods after intravenous or intraamniotic fluid injection of radiolabeled hormones. T3 was unmeasurable less than 15 ng/100 ml) in amniotic and allantoic fluids as well as in most fetal serum samples. T4 levels in amniotic fluids were low before 120 days of gestation (0.17 +/- 0.03 mug/100 ml; mean and SEM) concentration between 124 and 152 days was 0.33 +/- 0.03 mug/100 ml. T4 concentrations in allantoic fluid were relatively high before 120 days (0.57 +/- 0.1 mug/100 ml) and did not increase with progression of the pregnancy...", "PMID": 1187248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10404", "title": "Effects of sulfadimethoxine on tissue distribution of (14C)bilirubin in the newborn and adult hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rate.", "content": "Sulfadimethoxine significantly reduced plasma bilirubin levels and altered the tissue bilirubin distribution in both the newborn and the adult Gunn rat. The majority of the unbound bilirubin appeared to distribute perferentially to the intestine and liver in the newborn, whereas in the adult the unbound bilirubin was taken up primarily by the liver. The bilirubin content of brain tissue from both age groups was significantly higher after sulfadimethoxine treatment.", "contents": "Effects of sulfadimethoxine on tissue distribution of (14C)bilirubin in the newborn and adult hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rate. Sulfadimethoxine significantly reduced plasma bilirubin levels and altered the tissue bilirubin distribution in both the newborn and the adult Gunn rat. The majority of the unbound bilirubin appeared to distribute perferentially to the intestine and liver in the newborn, whereas in the adult the unbound bilirubin was taken up primarily by the liver. The bilirubin content of brain tissue from both age groups was significantly higher after sulfadimethoxine treatment.", "PMID": 1187249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10405", "title": "Exercise and asthma: overview and clinical impact.", "content": "The question of the relationship between exercise and asthma dates back to the second century A.D. and was not resolved until R.S. Jones and co-authors in 1962 reported that there were in reality two effects on the asthmatic patient from exercise depending on the duration of the exercise. Short-term exercise of less than four minutes resulted in bronchodilatation, whereas longer-term exercise resulted in bronchoconstriction. Exercise-induced bronchospasm occurs in all ages but is more common in children, developing in 85% of boys and 65% of girls with severe asthma. Pulmonary function tests are valuable in identifying these patients as well as their response to various drugs. With this information specific recommendations may be made for the prevention and control of exercise-induced bronchospasm, thus allowing asthmatic children to cope with their peers in exercise programs and competitive sports.", "contents": "Exercise and asthma: overview and clinical impact. The question of the relationship between exercise and asthma dates back to the second century A.D. and was not resolved until R.S. Jones and co-authors in 1962 reported that there were in reality two effects on the asthmatic patient from exercise depending on the duration of the exercise. Short-term exercise of less than four minutes resulted in bronchodilatation, whereas longer-term exercise resulted in bronchoconstriction. Exercise-induced bronchospasm occurs in all ages but is more common in children, developing in 85% of boys and 65% of girls with severe asthma. Pulmonary function tests are valuable in identifying these patients as well as their response to various drugs. With this information specific recommendations may be made for the prevention and control of exercise-induced bronchospasm, thus allowing asthmatic children to cope with their peers in exercise programs and competitive sports.", "PMID": 1187272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10406", "title": "Incidence of exercise-induced asthma in children.", "content": "The incidence of exercise-induced asthma (EIA) was studied in 134 asthmatic, 102 nonasthmatic atopic, and 56 nonatopic children. Pulmonary function tests measuring forced vital capacity (FVC) and one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) were performed on each child prior to and serially for 20 minutes following free running exercise. The incidence of the EIA among the asthmatic and atopic nonasthmatic children was 63% and 41% respectively, and 7% among control subjects. Airway function was studied prior to and after a standardized free running exercise test. Forty-one percent of the nonasthmatic and 63% ofthe asthmatic atopic children had a significant decrease in airway function as compared to 5% of the nonallergic subjects.", "contents": "Incidence of exercise-induced asthma in children. The incidence of exercise-induced asthma (EIA) was studied in 134 asthmatic, 102 nonasthmatic atopic, and 56 nonatopic children. Pulmonary function tests measuring forced vital capacity (FVC) and one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) were performed on each child prior to and serially for 20 minutes following free running exercise. The incidence of the EIA among the asthmatic and atopic nonasthmatic children was 63% and 41% respectively, and 7% among control subjects. Airway function was studied prior to and after a standardized free running exercise test. Forty-one percent of the nonasthmatic and 63% ofthe asthmatic atopic children had a significant decrease in airway function as compared to 5% of the nonallergic subjects.", "PMID": 1187273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10407", "title": "Exercise-induced bronchial lability in wheezy children and their families.", "content": "Studies have been caried out to investigate bronchial lability as assessed by means of standardized running exercise tests. It was found that children who had been wheezy as infants had an abnormal degree of bronchial lability, even if they were asymptomatic, and closely resembled children who had continued to wheeze. The relatives of asthmatic children displayed a high incidence of bronchial lability, atopic diseases, and positive skin tests, and a similar incidence was found in the relatives of babies with wheezy bronchitis. The difference from a control population was particularly noticeable in the healthy relatives of wheezy children. Studies in monozygotic twins have shown a very high incidence of concordance for asthma, particularly when bronchial lability is taken into account. These studies suggest a common genetic basis for wheezing in childhood, based on the inheritance of bronchial lability. The difference in responses of the actively asthmatic subject from that of other labile subjects suggests that additional environmental factors are necessary to interact with the inherited bronchial lability.", "contents": "Exercise-induced bronchial lability in wheezy children and their families. Studies have been caried out to investigate bronchial lability as assessed by means of standardized running exercise tests. It was found that children who had been wheezy as infants had an abnormal degree of bronchial lability, even if they were asymptomatic, and closely resembled children who had continued to wheeze. The relatives of asthmatic children displayed a high incidence of bronchial lability, atopic diseases, and positive skin tests, and a similar incidence was found in the relatives of babies with wheezy bronchitis. The difference from a control population was particularly noticeable in the healthy relatives of wheezy children. Studies in monozygotic twins have shown a very high incidence of concordance for asthma, particularly when bronchial lability is taken into account. These studies suggest a common genetic basis for wheezing in childhood, based on the inheritance of bronchial lability. The difference in responses of the actively asthmatic subject from that of other labile subjects suggests that additional environmental factors are necessary to interact with the inherited bronchial lability.", "PMID": 1187274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10408", "title": "Exercise-induced asthma in children with intrinsic and extrinsic asthma.", "content": "The significance of intrinsic asthma as a diagnosis has been questioned since, except for the lack of evidence of allergy, there is no pathophysiologic distinction from extrinsic asthma. Following a standardized exercise stress, allergic (extrinsic) asthmatics respond with more severe asthma than do nonallergic (intrinsic) asthmatics. The incidence of significant exercise-induced asthma is greater in a group of extrinsic asthmatics than in intrinsic asthmatics. Extrinsic asthmatics show increased airway sensitivity during a significant pollen season.", "contents": "Exercise-induced asthma in children with intrinsic and extrinsic asthma. The significance of intrinsic asthma as a diagnosis has been questioned since, except for the lack of evidence of allergy, there is no pathophysiologic distinction from extrinsic asthma. Following a standardized exercise stress, allergic (extrinsic) asthmatics respond with more severe asthma than do nonallergic (intrinsic) asthmatics. The incidence of significant exercise-induced asthma is greater in a group of extrinsic asthmatics than in intrinsic asthmatics. Extrinsic asthmatics show increased airway sensitivity during a significant pollen season.", "PMID": 1187275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10409", "title": "Relative sensitivity of different pulmonary function tests in the evaluation of exercise-induced asthma.", "content": "Sixty asthmatic children were exercised on a bicycle ergomete rand had pulmonary function tests perormed before and repeatedly after exercise. Pulmonary function measurements included airway resistance (Raw), specific airway conductance (SGaw), functional residual capacity (FRC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), maximum mid-expiratory flow (MMEF), forced expiratory volume during first second of expiration (FEV1), and forced vital capacity (FVC). At any one time during the post-exercise observation period decreases in SGaw were greater than changes in any other pulmonary function test, making SGaw the most sensitive test for the detection of exercise-induced airway obstruction in asthmatics. Beyond five minutes after exercise PEFR and MMEF were reduced by exercise approximately equally, but somewhat less often and less markedly than SGaw. Exercise-induced reductions in FEV1 were less marked and less frequent than decreases in PEFR and MMEF, and reductions in FVC were the least severe and least often observed abnormality. Decreases in SGaw were significantly, but not linearly correlated with decreases in PEFR, MMEF, FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC. There were statistically significant linear correlations between exercise-induced increases in FRC and decreases in FVC and between increases in Raw and FRC. If we accept that increases in Raw and FRC indicate increases in large and small airway obstruction respectively, exercise-induced decreases in FVC may indirectly suggest acute hyperinflation and thus small airway obstruction. Although the positive correlation between Raw and FRC indicated that both large and small airway obstruction developed after exercise in many of our asthmatics, increases in Rae were usually greater than increases in FRC, suggesting that large airway obstruction tends to be greater than small airway obstruction in exercise-induced asthma.", "contents": "Relative sensitivity of different pulmonary function tests in the evaluation of exercise-induced asthma. Sixty asthmatic children were exercised on a bicycle ergomete rand had pulmonary function tests perormed before and repeatedly after exercise. Pulmonary function measurements included airway resistance (Raw), specific airway conductance (SGaw), functional residual capacity (FRC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), maximum mid-expiratory flow (MMEF), forced expiratory volume during first second of expiration (FEV1), and forced vital capacity (FVC). At any one time during the post-exercise observation period decreases in SGaw were greater than changes in any other pulmonary function test, making SGaw the most sensitive test for the detection of exercise-induced airway obstruction in asthmatics. Beyond five minutes after exercise PEFR and MMEF were reduced by exercise approximately equally, but somewhat less often and less markedly than SGaw. Exercise-induced reductions in FEV1 were less marked and less frequent than decreases in PEFR and MMEF, and reductions in FVC were the least severe and least often observed abnormality. Decreases in SGaw were significantly, but not linearly correlated with decreases in PEFR, MMEF, FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC. There were statistically significant linear correlations between exercise-induced increases in FRC and decreases in FVC and between increases in Raw and FRC. If we accept that increases in Raw and FRC indicate increases in large and small airway obstruction respectively, exercise-induced decreases in FVC may indirectly suggest acute hyperinflation and thus small airway obstruction. Although the positive correlation between Raw and FRC indicated that both large and small airway obstruction developed after exercise in many of our asthmatics, increases in Rae were usually greater than increases in FRC, suggesting that large airway obstruction tends to be greater than small airway obstruction in exercise-induced asthma.", "PMID": 1187276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10410", "title": "Grading, time course, and incidence of exercise-induced airway obstruction and hyperinflation in asthmatic children.", "content": "We evaluated clinical status and pulmonary function in 60 perenially asthmatic and 11 normal children before and repeatedly after incrementally increasing bicycle ergometer exercise. The changes in clinical status and pulmonary function which were elicited by strenuous exercise were graded by an air exchange and a physiological grading system respectively. Normal children showed no significant clinical or physiological changes after exercise. Strenuous exercise elicited significant deteriorations in clinical and physiological measurements in 36% to 77% of asthmatic girls and 46% to 90% of asthmatic boys, the frequency depending on the test used to determine exercise-induced abnormalities. The incidence of exercise-induced asthma (EIA) was statistically significantly higher in asthmatic boys than girls. The higher incidence of EIA in boys was primarily due to a larger number of very severe attacks in boys than girls; mild and moderate EIA was about equally common in the two sexes. Most patients with EIA developed large and small airway obstruction, although large airway obstruction tended to be the predominant and the more severe abnormality. Clinical and physiological abnormalities, regardless of severity, were usually most marked during the first ten minutes after exercise and lessened thereafter. Mild EIA usually lasted for only 15 minutes or less; severe EIA improved, but usually did not resolve within 35 minutes of exercise. There were three patinets in whom the severity of EIA got worse after exercise and an additional seven in whom the improvement was minimal. In these ten patients isoproterenol aerosol terminated EIA, indicating that exercise-induced large and small airway obstruction in asthmatic children is primarily, if not solely, due to bronchospasm.", "contents": "Grading, time course, and incidence of exercise-induced airway obstruction and hyperinflation in asthmatic children. We evaluated clinical status and pulmonary function in 60 perenially asthmatic and 11 normal children before and repeatedly after incrementally increasing bicycle ergometer exercise. The changes in clinical status and pulmonary function which were elicited by strenuous exercise were graded by an air exchange and a physiological grading system respectively. Normal children showed no significant clinical or physiological changes after exercise. Strenuous exercise elicited significant deteriorations in clinical and physiological measurements in 36% to 77% of asthmatic girls and 46% to 90% of asthmatic boys, the frequency depending on the test used to determine exercise-induced abnormalities. The incidence of exercise-induced asthma (EIA) was statistically significantly higher in asthmatic boys than girls. The higher incidence of EIA in boys was primarily due to a larger number of very severe attacks in boys than girls; mild and moderate EIA was about equally common in the two sexes. Most patients with EIA developed large and small airway obstruction, although large airway obstruction tended to be the predominant and the more severe abnormality. Clinical and physiological abnormalities, regardless of severity, were usually most marked during the first ten minutes after exercise and lessened thereafter. Mild EIA usually lasted for only 15 minutes or less; severe EIA improved, but usually did not resolve within 35 minutes of exercise. There were three patinets in whom the severity of EIA got worse after exercise and an additional seven in whom the improvement was minimal. In these ten patients isoproterenol aerosol terminated EIA, indicating that exercise-induced large and small airway obstruction in asthmatic children is primarily, if not solely, due to bronchospasm.", "PMID": 1187277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10411", "title": "Blood gas in exercise-induced bronchospasm: a review.", "content": "Exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in some cases of asthma is related to hypocapnia, hypoxemia, and acidosis, but studies have shown that children do not develop as abnormal PCO2, PO2, or pH levels with the induction of EIB. Gradient changes of alveolar-arterial oxygen differences reveal ventilation perfusion abnormalities existing at the onset of exercise in those patients who do develop EIB.", "contents": "Blood gas in exercise-induced bronchospasm: a review. Exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in some cases of asthma is related to hypocapnia, hypoxemia, and acidosis, but studies have shown that children do not develop as abnormal PCO2, PO2, or pH levels with the induction of EIB. Gradient changes of alveolar-arterial oxygen differences reveal ventilation perfusion abnormalities existing at the onset of exercise in those patients who do develop EIB.", "PMID": 1187278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10412", "title": "A comparison of pulmonary function tests in detecting exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.", "content": "In an attempt to compare most of the available pulmonary function tests in detecting airway obstruction after exercise, two studies were conducted. In the first study 24 bronchodilator-dependent asthmatic boys were evaluated before treadmill exercise (baseline) and at 7 and 30 minutes afterwards. The following pulmonary function parameters were measured: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), maximum mid expiratory flow (MMEF), peak expiratory flow rate, thoracic gas volume, airway resistance, specific airway conductance (SGaw), and closing volume (CV). Results showed that SGaw, MMEF, and CV were the most sensitive parameters reflecting changes in airway caliber. Less significant changes also appeared in FEV1 and in FVC. The significance of these changes and their relationships to other parameters are discussed. In an attempt to better understand the effects of airway obstruction on the maximum-expiratory flow-volume curve (MMEF curve) after exersise, a second study was conducted. Comparisons were made between \"classical\" parameters such as MMEF (measured by spirometry), SGaw (measured by body plethysmography), and flow-volume parameters (measured by wedge spirometer). Sixteen asthmatic subjects (9 to 12 years of age) whose airway obstruction was further exacerbated by exercise of a moderate work load on the treadmill (2 w/kg of body weight) were studied. The asthmatic subjects were tested prior to exercise and at 7 and 30 minutes after exercise. All the measurements mentioned above were done in a randomized manner. When both MMEF and SGaw were decreased in the post-exercise period, significant correlations were obtained between these \"classical\" parameters and all of the flow-volume parameters. However, when only one of the two was decreased, no correlation could be obtained with any of the flow-volume parameters. It was concluded that under certain conditions flow-volume curves reflect airway obstruction satisfactorily, but under other conditions they appear to be less sensitive than the \"classic\" parameters. These results are also discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of pulmonary function tests in detecting exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. In an attempt to compare most of the available pulmonary function tests in detecting airway obstruction after exercise, two studies were conducted. In the first study 24 bronchodilator-dependent asthmatic boys were evaluated before treadmill exercise (baseline) and at 7 and 30 minutes afterwards. The following pulmonary function parameters were measured: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), maximum mid expiratory flow (MMEF), peak expiratory flow rate, thoracic gas volume, airway resistance, specific airway conductance (SGaw), and closing volume (CV). Results showed that SGaw, MMEF, and CV were the most sensitive parameters reflecting changes in airway caliber. Less significant changes also appeared in FEV1 and in FVC. The significance of these changes and their relationships to other parameters are discussed. In an attempt to better understand the effects of airway obstruction on the maximum-expiratory flow-volume curve (MMEF curve) after exersise, a second study was conducted. Comparisons were made between \"classical\" parameters such as MMEF (measured by spirometry), SGaw (measured by body plethysmography), and flow-volume parameters (measured by wedge spirometer). Sixteen asthmatic subjects (9 to 12 years of age) whose airway obstruction was further exacerbated by exercise of a moderate work load on the treadmill (2 w/kg of body weight) were studied. The asthmatic subjects were tested prior to exercise and at 7 and 30 minutes after exercise. All the measurements mentioned above were done in a randomized manner. When both MMEF and SGaw were decreased in the post-exercise period, significant correlations were obtained between these \"classical\" parameters and all of the flow-volume parameters. However, when only one of the two was decreased, no correlation could be obtained with any of the flow-volume parameters. It was concluded that under certain conditions flow-volume curves reflect airway obstruction satisfactorily, but under other conditions they appear to be less sensitive than the \"classic\" parameters. These results are also discussed.", "PMID": 1187279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10413", "title": "Free running test for exercise-induced bronchospasm.", "content": "The free running test has been successfully carried out in patients from 5 to 21 years old. It has the following advantages: (1) it simulates normal exercise pattern; (2) it is readily performed in any health care setting; (3) it is simple to perform and noninvasive in nature; and (4) it reveals a maximum decrease in forced expiratory volume at one second at five minutes after the exercise period. There seems to be a seasonal variation that may alter outcome of tests.", "contents": "Free running test for exercise-induced bronchospasm. The free running test has been successfully carried out in patients from 5 to 21 years old. It has the following advantages: (1) it simulates normal exercise pattern; (2) it is readily performed in any health care setting; (3) it is simple to perform and noninvasive in nature; and (4) it reveals a maximum decrease in forced expiratory volume at one second at five minutes after the exercise period. There seems to be a seasonal variation that may alter outcome of tests.", "PMID": 1187280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10414", "title": "The use of the treadmill for assessing exercise-induced asthma and the effect of varying the severity and duration of exercise.", "content": "Running produces a greater amount of post-exercise bronchoconstriction than other forms of exercise carried out a similar metabolic rates. The treadmill can be used to provide a standardized form of exercise when studying the asthmatic child. The severity of post-exercise bronchoconstriction depends upon the rate of working on the treadmill and the duration of exercise. A maximum response is obtained by six minutes of running at an uphill slope of 10% at a speed of 5 kmph (3 mph). Even with this type of test, there is still considerable variation in the response from time to time and greatest reporducibility is obtained by repeating the test within one week. Treadmill exercise tests may be used in the diagnosis of asthma and in the assessment of its likely severity.", "contents": "The use of the treadmill for assessing exercise-induced asthma and the effect of varying the severity and duration of exercise. Running produces a greater amount of post-exercise bronchoconstriction than other forms of exercise carried out a similar metabolic rates. The treadmill can be used to provide a standardized form of exercise when studying the asthmatic child. The severity of post-exercise bronchoconstriction depends upon the rate of working on the treadmill and the duration of exercise. A maximum response is obtained by six minutes of running at an uphill slope of 10% at a speed of 5 kmph (3 mph). Even with this type of test, there is still considerable variation in the response from time to time and greatest reporducibility is obtained by repeating the test within one week. Treadmill exercise tests may be used in the diagnosis of asthma and in the assessment of its likely severity.", "PMID": 1187281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10415", "title": "The cycloergometer as a system for studying exercise-induced asthma.", "content": "Although bicycle exercise induces less asthma than does treadmill running, the cycloergometer offers definite advantages for quantitative testing of bronchospastic response, extensive knowldge of normal responses, lack of training artifact, and ease of physiologic monitoring. Using maximal heart rate to tailor the exercise load to a given subject, reliable responses can be obtained from subjects as young as 7 years old. To obtain such results, diurnal variations in response to exercise, resting bronchial tone, and previous medication must be controlled, and pulmonary function measurements must be taken frequently after exercise.", "contents": "The cycloergometer as a system for studying exercise-induced asthma. Although bicycle exercise induces less asthma than does treadmill running, the cycloergometer offers definite advantages for quantitative testing of bronchospastic response, extensive knowldge of normal responses, lack of training artifact, and ease of physiologic monitoring. Using maximal heart rate to tailor the exercise load to a given subject, reliable responses can be obtained from subjects as young as 7 years old. To obtain such results, diurnal variations in response to exercise, resting bronchial tone, and previous medication must be controlled, and pulmonary function measurements must be taken frequently after exercise.", "PMID": 1187282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10416", "title": "Comparative aspects of available exercise systems.", "content": "Comparative studies have demonstrated that running is the greatest stimulus to exercise-induced asthma (EIA) and is the preferred laboratory test model to examine EIA and its modifications. Swimming provokes least EIA and is the exercise of choice for asthmatics. The frequency and magnitude of EIA produced by running is not altered by regular swimming training.", "contents": "Comparative aspects of available exercise systems. Comparative studies have demonstrated that running is the greatest stimulus to exercise-induced asthma (EIA) and is the preferred laboratory test model to examine EIA and its modifications. Swimming provokes least EIA and is the exercise of choice for asthmatics. The frequency and magnitude of EIA produced by running is not altered by regular swimming training.", "PMID": 1187283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10417", "title": "The correlation between exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and bronchial methacholine sensitivity in asthma.", "content": "A possible relationship between exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and bronchial sensitivity to the cholinergic drug, metacholine, was studied. On the same day, 57 asthmatic subjects inhaled increasing concentrations of the drug and were then tested for EIB by exercising to exhaustion. A fall in peak expiratory flow rate of 15% or more was considered a positive reaction to either test. Of the 45 patients exhibiting a positive methacholine reaction, 33 showed bronchoconstriction after exercise (including three of the ten who had no previous history of exertional asthma) while none of the 12 methacholine nonreactors developed EIB. This significant correlation (P is less than .001) between the tendency to develop EIB and sensitivity to methacholine suggests that bronchoconstriction, induced either by exercise or methacholine, is a specific reaction.", "contents": "The correlation between exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and bronchial methacholine sensitivity in asthma. A possible relationship between exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and bronchial sensitivity to the cholinergic drug, metacholine, was studied. On the same day, 57 asthmatic subjects inhaled increasing concentrations of the drug and were then tested for EIB by exercising to exhaustion. A fall in peak expiratory flow rate of 15% or more was considered a positive reaction to either test. Of the 45 patients exhibiting a positive methacholine reaction, 33 showed bronchoconstriction after exercise (including three of the ten who had no previous history of exertional asthma) while none of the 12 methacholine nonreactors developed EIB. This significant correlation (P is less than .001) between the tendency to develop EIB and sensitivity to methacholine suggests that bronchoconstriction, induced either by exercise or methacholine, is a specific reaction.", "PMID": 1187284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10418", "title": "New drug evaluation using exercise-induced bronchospasm.", "content": "Exercise-induced asthma was used to demonstrate that a xanthone, a new orally active cromolyn-like drug, has significant activity in man. The effect of a single oral dose of 8 mg/kg was studied in a double-blind corss-over fashion at two and five hours after administration, with significant inhibition of post-exercise bronchospasm being seen at five hours. Further study seems indicated to determine optimal dosage and clinical effectiveness.", "contents": "New drug evaluation using exercise-induced bronchospasm. Exercise-induced asthma was used to demonstrate that a xanthone, a new orally active cromolyn-like drug, has significant activity in man. The effect of a single oral dose of 8 mg/kg was studied in a double-blind corss-over fashion at two and five hours after administration, with significant inhibition of post-exercise bronchospasm being seen at five hours. Further study seems indicated to determine optimal dosage and clinical effectiveness.", "PMID": 1187285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10419", "title": "The effect of pretreatment with atropine in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.", "content": "Because asthmatics who exhibit exercise-induced bronchonconstriction are also known to be sensitive to the cholinergic drug methacholine, an attempt was made in this study to block exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in nine asthmatics with a known history of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by pretreatment with atropine. Inhalation of atropine before exercise produced milder exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in three of the nine asthmatics and a total inhibition of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in two patients. The remaining four asthmatics still exhibited bronchoconstriction during exercise, despite pretreatment with atropine. There was no correlation between a past history of reagenic bronchial allergy or aspirin hypersensitivity and the extent of atropine inhibition of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. This varied effect of atropine was considered to be due in part to varying amounts of the drug reaching those parts of the bronchial tres most involved in triggering exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.", "contents": "The effect of pretreatment with atropine in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Because asthmatics who exhibit exercise-induced bronchonconstriction are also known to be sensitive to the cholinergic drug methacholine, an attempt was made in this study to block exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in nine asthmatics with a known history of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by pretreatment with atropine. Inhalation of atropine before exercise produced milder exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in three of the nine asthmatics and a total inhibition of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in two patients. The remaining four asthmatics still exhibited bronchoconstriction during exercise, despite pretreatment with atropine. There was no correlation between a past history of reagenic bronchial allergy or aspirin hypersensitivity and the extent of atropine inhibition of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. This varied effect of atropine was considered to be due in part to varying amounts of the drug reaching those parts of the bronchial tres most involved in triggering exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.", "PMID": 1187286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10420", "title": "Airway smooth muscle in exercise-induced bronchospasm: some speculations.", "content": "Some possible neurophysiological, biochemical, and pharmacological pathways affecting the state of contractility if airway smooth muscle in exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) are described. No unifying hypothesis can be set forth at this time. Indeed, it is likely that the heterogeneous nature of EIB is a reflection of the numerous biochemical loci in smooth muscle cells that could be affected by the various metabolic changes accompanying heavy exertion.", "contents": "Airway smooth muscle in exercise-induced bronchospasm: some speculations. Some possible neurophysiological, biochemical, and pharmacological pathways affecting the state of contractility if airway smooth muscle in exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) are described. No unifying hypothesis can be set forth at this time. Indeed, it is likely that the heterogeneous nature of EIB is a reflection of the numerous biochemical loci in smooth muscle cells that could be affected by the various metabolic changes accompanying heavy exertion.", "PMID": 1187287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10421", "title": "Visual decentration: from stereometric points to planeometric forms.", "content": "19 3-yr.-olds chose to put blocks together to produce good continuation across stereometric edges. 4 mo. later they began to produce good continuation across planeometric edges. A group of 15 4-yr.-olds chose to produce symmetrical forms rather than simply to align edges. Symmetrical form was produced across planeometric surfaces but not across stereometric contours. These data suggest that visual decentration is first a shift from looking at single points touched to single points displaced from touch and, at a still later age, a shift to the organization of many points. The failure of the older group to produce a symmetrical form across stereometric contours could have resulted from the cultural press to attend to planeometric information.", "contents": "Visual decentration: from stereometric points to planeometric forms. 19 3-yr.-olds chose to put blocks together to produce good continuation across stereometric edges. 4 mo. later they began to produce good continuation across planeometric edges. A group of 15 4-yr.-olds chose to produce symmetrical forms rather than simply to align edges. Symmetrical form was produced across planeometric surfaces but not across stereometric contours. These data suggest that visual decentration is first a shift from looking at single points touched to single points displaced from touch and, at a still later age, a shift to the organization of many points. The failure of the older group to produce a symmetrical form across stereometric contours could have resulted from the cultural press to attend to planeometric information.", "PMID": 1187289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10422", "title": "Effect of threat of shock for being disfluent of fluency of normal speakers.", "content": "Each of 20 adult nonstutterers read a 330-word passage six times with a one minute pause between readings. Between the third and fourth reading or the fifth and sixth reading (determined by a table of random numbers) Ss were informed that at the conclusion of the next reading an electric shock would be administered for each instance of disfluency detected by E during that reading. Ss did not become less fluent as a consequence of the experimental condition. Their mean disfluency frequency during the threat-of-shock reading was lower than during the preceding one. Thus, threat of shock for being disfluent may be a condition which differentiates stutterers from nonstutterers since stutterers have been reported to become less fluent under this condition.", "contents": "Effect of threat of shock for being disfluent of fluency of normal speakers. Each of 20 adult nonstutterers read a 330-word passage six times with a one minute pause between readings. Between the third and fourth reading or the fifth and sixth reading (determined by a table of random numbers) Ss were informed that at the conclusion of the next reading an electric shock would be administered for each instance of disfluency detected by E during that reading. Ss did not become less fluent as a consequence of the experimental condition. Their mean disfluency frequency during the threat-of-shock reading was lower than during the preceding one. Thus, threat of shock for being disfluent may be a condition which differentiates stutterers from nonstutterers since stutterers have been reported to become less fluent under this condition.", "PMID": 1187290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10423", "title": "Note on conservation differences for Indian and white children.", "content": "Piagetian tasks for the conservation of length and volume were administered to two groups of 7-and 8-yr.-old Canadian Indian and white children (ns = 35, 33). There was no significant difference across groups for the conservation of length; however, conservation of volume and the ability to conserve both length and volume resulted in a higher proportion of successful performances for the white group.", "contents": "Note on conservation differences for Indian and white children. Piagetian tasks for the conservation of length and volume were administered to two groups of 7-and 8-yr.-old Canadian Indian and white children (ns = 35, 33). There was no significant difference across groups for the conservation of length; however, conservation of volume and the ability to conserve both length and volume resulted in a higher proportion of successful performances for the white group.", "PMID": 1187291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10424", "title": "Aesthetic complexity and exploratory behavior.", "content": "To test the hypothesized relationship between exploratory behavior and stimulus complexity, 15 paintings comprising three levels of complexity were derived from ratings by 30 Ss. A further 30 Ss were requested to view the compositions for as long as they wished, and a third group of 30 Ss were asked to write any questions they might have in response to each painting. Data showed a monotonic relationship between complexity and looking time. Total questions and specific interrogations were most frequent for complex stimuli. Yes-no questions did not vary with rated complexity.", "contents": "Aesthetic complexity and exploratory behavior. To test the hypothesized relationship between exploratory behavior and stimulus complexity, 15 paintings comprising three levels of complexity were derived from ratings by 30 Ss. A further 30 Ss were requested to view the compositions for as long as they wished, and a third group of 30 Ss were asked to write any questions they might have in response to each painting. Data showed a monotonic relationship between complexity and looking time. Total questions and specific interrogations were most frequent for complex stimuli. Yes-no questions did not vary with rated complexity.", "PMID": 1187292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10425", "title": "Perceptions and behaviors of dogmatic subjects in a T-group setting.", "content": "Ss scoring 1 SD above or below the mean of the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale, Form E participated. During 12 hr. of training, Ss' behaviors were recorded by observers and each S was periodically rated by his peers on his perceived level of contributions to the group process. Significant differences were found between high and low dogmatics in the behaviors exhibited during the T-groups. Low dogmatics were more self-revealing, more attentive to the here-and-now aspects of the T-group, less apt to give negative feedback, and less likely to reject the group. A significant curvilinear relation was found between peer ratings and behavior in the T-group, with Ss who were rated extremely by their peers being more self-revealing, more attentive to the here-and-now of the group, more apt to give negative feedback, and less likely to reject the group verbally.", "contents": "Perceptions and behaviors of dogmatic subjects in a T-group setting. Ss scoring 1 SD above or below the mean of the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale, Form E participated. During 12 hr. of training, Ss' behaviors were recorded by observers and each S was periodically rated by his peers on his perceived level of contributions to the group process. Significant differences were found between high and low dogmatics in the behaviors exhibited during the T-groups. Low dogmatics were more self-revealing, more attentive to the here-and-now aspects of the T-group, less apt to give negative feedback, and less likely to reject the group. A significant curvilinear relation was found between peer ratings and behavior in the T-group, with Ss who were rated extremely by their peers being more self-revealing, more attentive to the here-and-now of the group, more apt to give negative feedback, and less likely to reject the group verbally.", "PMID": 1187293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10426", "title": "Effects of task difficulty on subsequent preference for visual complexity.", "content": "Ss rated on a 1 to 13 Likert scale their preference for four environmental scenes which differed in complexity. Ss were then given 30 sec. to solve each of 10 3-, 5-, or 7-letter single-solution anagrams. Finally the Ss rated four new slides which were of the same complexity level as the slides seen during the first session. Change scores were calculated by subtracting the preference ratings at each complexity level during the first session from the rating at the corresponding complexity level during the second session. The Anagram Complexity X Slide Complexity interaction was significant: the complexity of the slides showing the most positive change scores was inversely related to the complexity of the anagrams attempted. The results were discussed in terms of optimal level of stimulation theories.", "contents": "Effects of task difficulty on subsequent preference for visual complexity. Ss rated on a 1 to 13 Likert scale their preference for four environmental scenes which differed in complexity. Ss were then given 30 sec. to solve each of 10 3-, 5-, or 7-letter single-solution anagrams. Finally the Ss rated four new slides which were of the same complexity level as the slides seen during the first session. Change scores were calculated by subtracting the preference ratings at each complexity level during the first session from the rating at the corresponding complexity level during the second session. The Anagram Complexity X Slide Complexity interaction was significant: the complexity of the slides showing the most positive change scores was inversely related to the complexity of the anagrams attempted. The results were discussed in terms of optimal level of stimulation theories.", "PMID": 1187295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10427", "title": "Further evaluation of a sensitive method for detecting experimental brain lesions.", "content": "Small, unilateral cortical lesions were placed in either medial-anterior, lateral-anterior, or posterior cortex of 20 male, Sprague-Dawley, albino rats. In addition, unilateral sham operations were performed on 8 rats from the same stock. All subjects had been trained prior to surgery with diametrically opposed visual habits mediated by opposite cerebral hemispheres. The opposing habits were, insofar as possible, evenly matched prior to surgery. After surgery, lesioned hemispheres, regardless of locus of lesion, were slower in acquiring the habit they mediated, than were unlesioned hemispheres. Further, unlesioned hemispheres dominated in test trials in which subjects chose one of the two cue doors with both eyes open. These findings confirm that the \"interocularly conflicting discrimination\" baseline detects a role of extrastriate cortex in mediation of pattern discrimination habits. They further indicated that losses occur without regard to the various locations of lesion employed.", "contents": "Further evaluation of a sensitive method for detecting experimental brain lesions. Small, unilateral cortical lesions were placed in either medial-anterior, lateral-anterior, or posterior cortex of 20 male, Sprague-Dawley, albino rats. In addition, unilateral sham operations were performed on 8 rats from the same stock. All subjects had been trained prior to surgery with diametrically opposed visual habits mediated by opposite cerebral hemispheres. The opposing habits were, insofar as possible, evenly matched prior to surgery. After surgery, lesioned hemispheres, regardless of locus of lesion, were slower in acquiring the habit they mediated, than were unlesioned hemispheres. Further, unlesioned hemispheres dominated in test trials in which subjects chose one of the two cue doors with both eyes open. These findings confirm that the \"interocularly conflicting discrimination\" baseline detects a role of extrastriate cortex in mediation of pattern discrimination habits. They further indicated that losses occur without regard to the various locations of lesion employed.", "PMID": 1187296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10428", "title": "Determinants of visual attention in real-wound scenes.", "content": "The present study examined the saliency of size, movement, and human content variables in visual selective attention. Ss named stimuli present in motion pictures of real world scenes or in animated cartoon controls during a 15-sec. exposure period. Regardless of the type of presentation that they saw, Ss tended to name large and/or moving stimuli more often than small and/or nonmoving stimuli. Also, small human stimuli were named more frequently than small nonhuman stimuli, while there were no differences between the frequencies with which large human and nonhuman stimuli were named. The order in which Ss named stimuli was not related to either the size, movement, or human content variables. Results are discussed in terms of the generalizability of the results of previous studies to conditions simulating the real world.", "contents": "Determinants of visual attention in real-wound scenes. The present study examined the saliency of size, movement, and human content variables in visual selective attention. Ss named stimuli present in motion pictures of real world scenes or in animated cartoon controls during a 15-sec. exposure period. Regardless of the type of presentation that they saw, Ss tended to name large and/or moving stimuli more often than small and/or nonmoving stimuli. Also, small human stimuli were named more frequently than small nonhuman stimuli, while there were no differences between the frequencies with which large human and nonhuman stimuli were named. The order in which Ss named stimuli was not related to either the size, movement, or human content variables. Results are discussed in terms of the generalizability of the results of previous studies to conditions simulating the real world.", "PMID": 1187297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10429", "title": "Cannabis intoxication: effects of monetary incentive on performance, a controlled investigation of behavioural tolerance in moderate users of cannabis.", "content": "The study examined the effect of monetary incentive on the performance of five tasks after two heterogeneous groups of experienced users of cannabis and previously naive subjects had smoked placebo material and two dose levels of cannabis. The performance of the motivated subjects was compared with that of two non-motivated matched groups. Dose-related impairment was found on four of the five tasks, supporting previous findings of cannabis-induced impairment of short-term memory, goal-directed behavior and choice reaction times. Results for three of the tasks suggested that the performance of the motivated subjects was less affected by the drug than was the performance of the non-motivated subjects. There was no difference between the performance of subjects naive and experienced with respect to drug use.", "contents": "Cannabis intoxication: effects of monetary incentive on performance, a controlled investigation of behavioural tolerance in moderate users of cannabis. The study examined the effect of monetary incentive on the performance of five tasks after two heterogeneous groups of experienced users of cannabis and previously naive subjects had smoked placebo material and two dose levels of cannabis. The performance of the motivated subjects was compared with that of two non-motivated matched groups. Dose-related impairment was found on four of the five tasks, supporting previous findings of cannabis-induced impairment of short-term memory, goal-directed behavior and choice reaction times. Results for three of the tasks suggested that the performance of the motivated subjects was less affected by the drug than was the performance of the non-motivated subjects. There was no difference between the performance of subjects naive and experienced with respect to drug use.", "PMID": 1187298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10430", "title": "Sex, sex-role identity, and cognitive style.", "content": "Two studies were conducted to test competing theoretical predictions concerning the relationships among sex, sex-role identity, and field independence: (1) Witkin and Vaught's positions that maleness and masculinity (regardless of biological sex) are associated with field independence and (2) the present author's contention sex reversed sex-role identity, irrespective of sex, would be predictive of field independence. Data collected from 110 high school males and 78 college females and males supported the latter prediction but only for males. No main effects due to sex were found.", "contents": "Sex, sex-role identity, and cognitive style. Two studies were conducted to test competing theoretical predictions concerning the relationships among sex, sex-role identity, and field independence: (1) Witkin and Vaught's positions that maleness and masculinity (regardless of biological sex) are associated with field independence and (2) the present author's contention sex reversed sex-role identity, irrespective of sex, would be predictive of field independence. Data collected from 110 high school males and 78 college females and males supported the latter prediction but only for males. No main effects due to sex were found.", "PMID": 1187299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10431", "title": "Relationship between age, socioeconomic status, and field independence.", "content": "The hypothesis was supported that socioeconomic variables confound the relationship between age (20 and 60 yr.) and field independence measured on the rod-and frame task for 54 adult women (nurses).", "contents": "Relationship between age, socioeconomic status, and field independence. The hypothesis was supported that socioeconomic variables confound the relationship between age (20 and 60 yr.) and field independence measured on the rod-and frame task for 54 adult women (nurses).", "PMID": 1187300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10432", "title": "Personality, reinforcement and learning.", "content": "Conflict in predictions resulting from Eysenck's (1957) and Gray's (1970) theoretical formulations on personality and conditioning were tested at the behavioral level. Given conditions which do not produce over-arousal, it would be predicted from Eysenck's position that Introverts would condition better than Extraverts. From Gray's formulation it would follow that Introverts condition better if negative reinforcement is used and Extraverts condition better if positive reinforcement is used. The two opposing predictions were tested in pursuit rotor learning by either positively or negatively reinforcing the hit/miss dimension of performance by 166 males aged 14 to 15 yr. The results gave support to Gray's position but if over-arousal is assumed Eysenck's position is tenable.", "contents": "Personality, reinforcement and learning. Conflict in predictions resulting from Eysenck's (1957) and Gray's (1970) theoretical formulations on personality and conditioning were tested at the behavioral level. Given conditions which do not produce over-arousal, it would be predicted from Eysenck's position that Introverts would condition better than Extraverts. From Gray's formulation it would follow that Introverts condition better if negative reinforcement is used and Extraverts condition better if positive reinforcement is used. The two opposing predictions were tested in pursuit rotor learning by either positively or negatively reinforcing the hit/miss dimension of performance by 166 males aged 14 to 15 yr. The results gave support to Gray's position but if over-arousal is assumed Eysenck's position is tenable.", "PMID": 1187301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10433", "title": "Effects of hypoxia on peripheral visual response to dim stimuli.", "content": "Response times (RTs) of 9 Ss were obtained for detection of 48 flash stimuli distributed throughout the visual field during 3 1/4-hr. exposures to each of 4 hypoxia conditions (0, 13,000, 15,000, 17,000 feet equivalent elevation). The luminances of all stimuli were set in common at the detection threshold value for the visual periphery. RTs were impaired in direct relation to hypoxic exposure severity, the peak impairments occurring within 90 min. followed by gradual recovery. Since the present results showed less impairment than previous data for brighter stimuli using the same task, it is concluded that stimulus contrast is more critical to peripheral signal detection than absolute stimulus luminance, particularly under hypoxic exposure.", "contents": "Effects of hypoxia on peripheral visual response to dim stimuli. Response times (RTs) of 9 Ss were obtained for detection of 48 flash stimuli distributed throughout the visual field during 3 1/4-hr. exposures to each of 4 hypoxia conditions (0, 13,000, 15,000, 17,000 feet equivalent elevation). The luminances of all stimuli were set in common at the detection threshold value for the visual periphery. RTs were impaired in direct relation to hypoxic exposure severity, the peak impairments occurring within 90 min. followed by gradual recovery. Since the present results showed less impairment than previous data for brighter stimuli using the same task, it is concluded that stimulus contrast is more critical to peripheral signal detection than absolute stimulus luminance, particularly under hypoxic exposure.", "PMID": 1187302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10434", "title": "Differences in creativity among homogeneous groups of students using the Torrance Test of creative Thinking and the Welsh Figure Preference Test.", "content": "Three intact groups of students in Grade 5 (n = 79) were grouped by ability on the Metropolitan Achievement Test and given the Torrance and Welsh tests used to assess creativity. Middle ability children scored higher on fluency, flexibility, and origence than the other two groups.", "contents": "Differences in creativity among homogeneous groups of students using the Torrance Test of creative Thinking and the Welsh Figure Preference Test. Three intact groups of students in Grade 5 (n = 79) were grouped by ability on the Metropolitan Achievement Test and given the Torrance and Welsh tests used to assess creativity. Middle ability children scored higher on fluency, flexibility, and origence than the other two groups.", "PMID": 1187303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10435", "title": "Perception of curves.", "content": "In 4 experiments, in which 66 subjects participated, the perception of 6 types of curved contours in two-dimensional shapes was studied. Random polygons and their curvilinear transformations were presented for detection under low-luminance contrast conditions, oddity-type discrimination problem solving, tachistoscopic identification, and identification involving visual acuity in distance vision. In all experiments curvature affected perception at statistically significant levels, but the extent of this effect was a function of (1) the locus and direction of curvature, (2) the level of compactness-jaggedness of the figure, and (3) the nature of perceptual task. Shapes with acute corners were more easily perceived than shapes with curved corners. Within these two classes of shapes, those with convex sides were perceived as having greater curvedness than those with concave contours. However, the degree to which curvature affected response was determined primarily by the nature of the perceptual task.", "contents": "Perception of curves. In 4 experiments, in which 66 subjects participated, the perception of 6 types of curved contours in two-dimensional shapes was studied. Random polygons and their curvilinear transformations were presented for detection under low-luminance contrast conditions, oddity-type discrimination problem solving, tachistoscopic identification, and identification involving visual acuity in distance vision. In all experiments curvature affected perception at statistically significant levels, but the extent of this effect was a function of (1) the locus and direction of curvature, (2) the level of compactness-jaggedness of the figure, and (3) the nature of perceptual task. Shapes with acute corners were more easily perceived than shapes with curved corners. Within these two classes of shapes, those with convex sides were perceived as having greater curvedness than those with concave contours. However, the degree to which curvature affected response was determined primarily by the nature of the perceptual task.", "PMID": 1187304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10436", "title": "Blinking and thinking.", "content": "Blinking is related to certain cognitive processes. For example, individuals \"punctuate\" their speech by blinking between phrases and at the end of sentences. Daydreaming is associated with low rates of blinking. Blinking occurs between fixations and may be timed so as not to interfere with significant visual input. Apparently, blinking occurs at transitions between internal events and is inhibited at other times. In the experiment reported here, blinking was measured while the activity of operational memory was manipulated with mental load kept constant. The rate of blinking was significantly reduced when the cognitive operation of internal counting was being performed. It is inferred that the blink rate is low when information in memory is being operated on. To suspend blinking during certain cognitive activities would be adaptive if blinking disrupts them. Since the blackout period of the blink produces a rapid change in visual level, blinking disrupts those cognitive processes utilizing display areas accessible to visual input. Operational memory and the visual imagination may share components with the visual perceptual system. To protect these vulnerable processes from interference, blinking may be inhibited when they are active.", "contents": "Blinking and thinking. Blinking is related to certain cognitive processes. For example, individuals \"punctuate\" their speech by blinking between phrases and at the end of sentences. Daydreaming is associated with low rates of blinking. Blinking occurs between fixations and may be timed so as not to interfere with significant visual input. Apparently, blinking occurs at transitions between internal events and is inhibited at other times. In the experiment reported here, blinking was measured while the activity of operational memory was manipulated with mental load kept constant. The rate of blinking was significantly reduced when the cognitive operation of internal counting was being performed. It is inferred that the blink rate is low when information in memory is being operated on. To suspend blinking during certain cognitive activities would be adaptive if blinking disrupts them. Since the blackout period of the blink produces a rapid change in visual level, blinking disrupts those cognitive processes utilizing display areas accessible to visual input. Operational memory and the visual imagination may share components with the visual perceptual system. To protect these vulnerable processes from interference, blinking may be inhibited when they are active.", "PMID": 1187305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10437", "title": "Use of a single gibbon in laboratory research.", "content": "The high cost of behavioral research with primates may be partially reduced by borrowing animals from a zoo. This report describes such an arrangement involving an adult female gibbon. Operant conditioning data are presented to show that an isolated animal may be used for research.", "contents": "Use of a single gibbon in laboratory research. The high cost of behavioral research with primates may be partially reduced by borrowing animals from a zoo. This report describes such an arrangement involving an adult female gibbon. Operant conditioning data are presented to show that an isolated animal may be used for research.", "PMID": 1187306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10438", "title": "Duration of experienced expansion and contraction of a circle.", "content": "The stimulus was a white outline circle which for 60 msec. was projected onto a screen 2 m. from S. The diameter of the circle was 10 cm. and the circle line was approximately 1.5 mm. wide. Fixating the center of the circle Ss reported experiencing the circle as expanding from the point of fixation to full size and then contracting to the point of fixation. Ss' experiences fell in two classes. The durations of Ss' experience of expansion-contraction were measured in msec. Ss also participated in experiments in which they fixated the nethermost point of a 17-cm. vertical straight line which was 2 mm. wide. Ss experienced the line as lengthening from the point of fixation to full length and then shortening to the point of fixation. For a given S the duration of the experienced expansion-contraction of the circle and the experienced lengthening shortening of the straight line were the same.", "contents": "Duration of experienced expansion and contraction of a circle. The stimulus was a white outline circle which for 60 msec. was projected onto a screen 2 m. from S. The diameter of the circle was 10 cm. and the circle line was approximately 1.5 mm. wide. Fixating the center of the circle Ss reported experiencing the circle as expanding from the point of fixation to full size and then contracting to the point of fixation. Ss' experiences fell in two classes. The durations of Ss' experience of expansion-contraction were measured in msec. Ss also participated in experiments in which they fixated the nethermost point of a 17-cm. vertical straight line which was 2 mm. wide. Ss experienced the line as lengthening from the point of fixation to full length and then shortening to the point of fixation. For a given S the duration of the experienced expansion-contraction of the circle and the experienced lengthening shortening of the straight line were the same.", "PMID": 1187307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10439", "title": "Underestimation of length by subjects in motion.", "content": "To check a prior observation, in the present experiment, subjects made estimates of the lengths of both the guidelines and the spaces between guidelines on automotive highways so the magnitude of the illusion could be more accurately determined. Ten males and ten females were individually tested at 0 and 60 mph. At 60 mph, spaces were estimated with an error of 85%; lines were estimated with an error of 72%. Combining data for both stimuli, an error of 78% results, which corresponds to underestimation by a factor of 4.67. This illusory effect is considerably greater than that of the moon illusion, considered by many the most powerful of the classical illusions.", "contents": "Underestimation of length by subjects in motion. To check a prior observation, in the present experiment, subjects made estimates of the lengths of both the guidelines and the spaces between guidelines on automotive highways so the magnitude of the illusion could be more accurately determined. Ten males and ten females were individually tested at 0 and 60 mph. At 60 mph, spaces were estimated with an error of 85%; lines were estimated with an error of 72%. Combining data for both stimuli, an error of 78% results, which corresponds to underestimation by a factor of 4.67. This illusory effect is considerably greater than that of the moon illusion, considered by many the most powerful of the classical illusions.", "PMID": 1187308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10440", "title": "Observing behavior in the albino rat: a within-subjects' comparison of increasing levels of visual complexity.", "content": "54 male CD strain Charles River albino rats were tested for complexity preference using a non-locomotor response. Each subject was presented an array of photographic slides containing an incremental series of complexity elements, i.e., 1, 2, 5 and 25 elements. All photographic slides were randomized both within and across subjects. Each photographic slide of each level of complexity was repeated three times. Results of an analysis of covariance, with luminance as the covariate, showed that cummulative viewing time increased with an increase in stimulus complexity. The relationship between looking and level of complexity was shown to be different when covariance procedures were used than without them.", "contents": "Observing behavior in the albino rat: a within-subjects' comparison of increasing levels of visual complexity. 54 male CD strain Charles River albino rats were tested for complexity preference using a non-locomotor response. Each subject was presented an array of photographic slides containing an incremental series of complexity elements, i.e., 1, 2, 5 and 25 elements. All photographic slides were randomized both within and across subjects. Each photographic slide of each level of complexity was repeated three times. Results of an analysis of covariance, with luminance as the covariate, showed that cummulative viewing time increased with an increase in stimulus complexity. The relationship between looking and level of complexity was shown to be different when covariance procedures were used than without them.", "PMID": 1187309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10441", "title": "Relationships among perceptual-motor, self-concept, and academic measures for children in kindergarten, grades one and two.", "content": "Most studies reporting correlations of psychomotor and cognitive measures deal with perceptual-training programs for the remediation of academic deficiencies. This study provided additional information about the relationships of perceptual-motor ability and academic achievement for children in kindergarten through the second grade, and included self-concept. A small positive relationship between perceptual-motor ability and academic ability was observed for all three grade levels. There was little indication of any significant relationship between self-concept and academic ability, which provides no basis for the hypothesis proposing self-concept as an intervening variable in the relationship between the perceptual-motor and academic areas, at least for such young subjects.", "contents": "Relationships among perceptual-motor, self-concept, and academic measures for children in kindergarten, grades one and two. Most studies reporting correlations of psychomotor and cognitive measures deal with perceptual-training programs for the remediation of academic deficiencies. This study provided additional information about the relationships of perceptual-motor ability and academic achievement for children in kindergarten through the second grade, and included self-concept. A small positive relationship between perceptual-motor ability and academic ability was observed for all three grade levels. There was little indication of any significant relationship between self-concept and academic ability, which provides no basis for the hypothesis proposing self-concept as an intervening variable in the relationship between the perceptual-motor and academic areas, at least for such young subjects.", "PMID": 1187311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10442", "title": "Developmental study of human visual and auditory evoked responses.", "content": "The present study investigated the development of visual evoked response by varying the physical factor of photic stimulus size and the psychological factor of age and the development of auditory evoked response was investigated on habituation trials, using the subjects of wide range in ages. The results showed that visual evoked response decreased in amplitude as a function of age and increased as a function of stimulus size and the auditory evoked response also decreased in amplitude as a function of age, while no prominent habituation of evoked response over the trial blocks was observed.", "contents": "Developmental study of human visual and auditory evoked responses. The present study investigated the development of visual evoked response by varying the physical factor of photic stimulus size and the psychological factor of age and the development of auditory evoked response was investigated on habituation trials, using the subjects of wide range in ages. The results showed that visual evoked response decreased in amplitude as a function of age and increased as a function of stimulus size and the auditory evoked response also decreased in amplitude as a function of age, while no prominent habituation of evoked response over the trial blocks was observed.", "PMID": 1187312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10443", "title": "Personality correlates of the Stroop Color and Word Test: more negative results.", "content": "Numerous studies have investigated personality correlates of performance on the Stroop Color and Word Test. With one exception, these studies have failed to identify any significant correlates between the two variables. The present study examined this relationship by administering the Stroop Color and Word Test, Cattell's 16 PF, and the Maudsley Personality Inventory to a sample of 210 college students. Results indicated no significant correlates existed between five different measures of Stroop Color and Word Test performance and the personality scales. It was concluded that the Stroop Color and Word Test has little relationship to measures of personality and may best be understood in terms of specific cognitive processes.", "contents": "Personality correlates of the Stroop Color and Word Test: more negative results. Numerous studies have investigated personality correlates of performance on the Stroop Color and Word Test. With one exception, these studies have failed to identify any significant correlates between the two variables. The present study examined this relationship by administering the Stroop Color and Word Test, Cattell's 16 PF, and the Maudsley Personality Inventory to a sample of 210 college students. Results indicated no significant correlates existed between five different measures of Stroop Color and Word Test performance and the personality scales. It was concluded that the Stroop Color and Word Test has little relationship to measures of personality and may best be understood in terms of specific cognitive processes.", "PMID": 1187313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10444", "title": "Measures of visual-auditory integration and their relations to reading achievement in early grades.", "content": "Several tests of visual-auditory integration were designed to represent the various tasks that have been found to correlate with reading achievement in the early grades. The battery of tests was administered to about 100 first, 84 second, and 110 third graders. Several questions were posed: (1) Do the various tests of integration measure the same underlying ability or are there separate abilities that are tapped by the various tests? (2) Are the various tests correlated with reading because they tap a common integrative ability that is related to reading or are there several abilities, each related to reading independently to the others? (3) To what extent are the relationships between the integrative abilities and reading separate from the relationship between reading and IQ? Results indicated that there are separate integrative abilities, and multiple regression analyses showed that several of the integrative measures were correlated with reading independently of the other measures. Further, several of the integrative measures accounted for significant reading variance beyond that accounted for by IQ tests. The results were discussed in the context of the need to differentiate adequately between various patterns of perceptual weakness in the diagnosis and remediation of perceptually based reading difficulties.", "contents": "Measures of visual-auditory integration and their relations to reading achievement in early grades. Several tests of visual-auditory integration were designed to represent the various tasks that have been found to correlate with reading achievement in the early grades. The battery of tests was administered to about 100 first, 84 second, and 110 third graders. Several questions were posed: (1) Do the various tests of integration measure the same underlying ability or are there separate abilities that are tapped by the various tests? (2) Are the various tests correlated with reading because they tap a common integrative ability that is related to reading or are there several abilities, each related to reading independently to the others? (3) To what extent are the relationships between the integrative abilities and reading separate from the relationship between reading and IQ? Results indicated that there are separate integrative abilities, and multiple regression analyses showed that several of the integrative measures were correlated with reading independently of the other measures. Further, several of the integrative measures accounted for significant reading variance beyond that accounted for by IQ tests. The results were discussed in the context of the need to differentiate adequately between various patterns of perceptual weakness in the diagnosis and remediation of perceptually based reading difficulties.", "PMID": 1187315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10445", "title": "Differential reinforcement of reaction times in developmental retardates.", "content": "The effects of differential reinforcement on reaction times to two intensities of reaction signal were investigated in 36 developmental retardates. One group was reinforced for reaction times to the higher intensity signal; a second group was reinforced for reaction times to the lower intensity signal; a third group received no reinforcement. Reaction time decreased as signal intensity increased and decreased over sessions as a function of reinforcement. Likewise, reinforcement either exaggerated or reversed differences in reaction times to each signal depending on the particular reinforcement contingency. Results were discussed in terms of attentional and motivational explanations of effects of signal intensity on reaction times of retardates.", "contents": "Differential reinforcement of reaction times in developmental retardates. The effects of differential reinforcement on reaction times to two intensities of reaction signal were investigated in 36 developmental retardates. One group was reinforced for reaction times to the higher intensity signal; a second group was reinforced for reaction times to the lower intensity signal; a third group received no reinforcement. Reaction time decreased as signal intensity increased and decreased over sessions as a function of reinforcement. Likewise, reinforcement either exaggerated or reversed differences in reaction times to each signal depending on the particular reinforcement contingency. Results were discussed in terms of attentional and motivational explanations of effects of signal intensity on reaction times of retardates.", "PMID": 1187316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10446", "title": "Inhibitory effect of a second stimulus on reaction time to a primary stimulus: a partial successful replication.", "content": "A second visual stimulus, to which no response was required, following a primary one lengthened the reaction time to the first stimulus for 25 college students. Reaction time rose as a function of the increase in the interstimulus interval. Duration time of the second stimulus did not affect this response. These results were found under a condition of stimulus-response certainty.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of a second stimulus on reaction time to a primary stimulus: a partial successful replication. A second visual stimulus, to which no response was required, following a primary one lengthened the reaction time to the first stimulus for 25 college students. Reaction time rose as a function of the increase in the interstimulus interval. Duration time of the second stimulus did not affect this response. These results were found under a condition of stimulus-response certainty.", "PMID": 1187317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10447", "title": "Perception of less irregular and more irregular stimuli.", "content": "Berlyne's stimuli were presented in a stereoscope to test his hypothesis that Ss prefer the more irregular member of a pair of stimuli. 32 Ss, screened for normal acuity and phorias, were tested. Contrary to Berlyne's hypothesis and consistent with earlier stereoscopic studies, Ss tend to report more frequently the less irregular member of a pair of stimuli. These data can be explained by an information-conflict model; however, the clearest implication of this study was that experiments concerned with familiarity of stimuli should be qualified by the method.", "contents": "Perception of less irregular and more irregular stimuli. Berlyne's stimuli were presented in a stereoscope to test his hypothesis that Ss prefer the more irregular member of a pair of stimuli. 32 Ss, screened for normal acuity and phorias, were tested. Contrary to Berlyne's hypothesis and consistent with earlier stereoscopic studies, Ss tend to report more frequently the less irregular member of a pair of stimuli. These data can be explained by an information-conflict model; however, the clearest implication of this study was that experiments concerned with familiarity of stimuli should be qualified by the method.", "PMID": 1187318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10448", "title": "Use of classical conditioning procedures to control aggressive behaviors in children: a preliminary report.", "content": "This experiment tested the effectiveness of classical conditioning procedures in reducing children's aggressive behaviors in a classroom setting. As hypothesized, 11 boys and 14 girls who were shown pictures of aggressive scenes paired with the presentation of negatively evaluated words subsequently displayed significantly fewer aggressive responses than controls who had not experienced these conditioning procedures. A significant teacher/classroom effect was also found, which appeared to be a function of the level of the 3 teachers' permissiveness. Specifically, children's aggressive behaviors occurred more frequently in the classroom where a permissive atmosphere prevailed than in the classroom where a more restrictive atmosphere was maintained. In those classrooms where a permissive atmosphere prevailed, the children who were the same sex as their teacher tended to display more aggressive responses than those children who were the opposite sex from their teacher.", "contents": "Use of classical conditioning procedures to control aggressive behaviors in children: a preliminary report. This experiment tested the effectiveness of classical conditioning procedures in reducing children's aggressive behaviors in a classroom setting. As hypothesized, 11 boys and 14 girls who were shown pictures of aggressive scenes paired with the presentation of negatively evaluated words subsequently displayed significantly fewer aggressive responses than controls who had not experienced these conditioning procedures. A significant teacher/classroom effect was also found, which appeared to be a function of the level of the 3 teachers' permissiveness. Specifically, children's aggressive behaviors occurred more frequently in the classroom where a permissive atmosphere prevailed than in the classroom where a more restrictive atmosphere was maintained. In those classrooms where a permissive atmosphere prevailed, the children who were the same sex as their teacher tended to display more aggressive responses than those children who were the opposite sex from their teacher.", "PMID": 1187319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10449", "title": "Perceptual stability, image size, binocularity and creativity.", "content": "24 male and female Ss, divided into three groups of 8 Ss each on the basis of their creativity test scores, were tested under fully counterbalanced conditions involving three sizes of Necker cubes, viewed under both monocular and binocular conditions. The response measure was number of figure of reversals experienced during 2-min. viewing periods for each set of conditions. Image size was statistically significant, while creativity levels and viewing conditions were not.", "contents": "Perceptual stability, image size, binocularity and creativity. 24 male and female Ss, divided into three groups of 8 Ss each on the basis of their creativity test scores, were tested under fully counterbalanced conditions involving three sizes of Necker cubes, viewed under both monocular and binocular conditions. The response measure was number of figure of reversals experienced during 2-min. viewing periods for each set of conditions. Image size was statistically significant, while creativity levels and viewing conditions were not.", "PMID": 1187320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10450", "title": "Humor response as related to violation of expectancies and to stimulus intensity in a weight-judgment task.", "content": "In a study of humor disguised as a psychophysical task, 60 subjects judged an initial series of 10 weights which was either light or heavy and then a shift weight which was either light, medium, or heavy. Degree of humorous response varied with the discrepancy of the shift weight and its absolute magnitude.", "contents": "Humor response as related to violation of expectancies and to stimulus intensity in a weight-judgment task. In a study of humor disguised as a psychophysical task, 60 subjects judged an initial series of 10 weights which was either light or heavy and then a shift weight which was either light, medium, or heavy. Degree of humorous response varied with the discrepancy of the shift weight and its absolute magnitude.", "PMID": 1187322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10451", "title": "Porteus Maze Q score as a measure of impulsivity.", "content": "The validity of the Q score (derived from the qualitative scoring of the Porteus Maze Test) as a measure of impulsivity was investigated by comparing the performance of high- and low-impulse groups. 80 Ss were employed and the Q score failed to differentiate high- from low-impulse institutionalized Ss, delinquent from nondelinquent Ss and extreme groups based on ratings. These findings are at variance with the claim that the Q score measures impulsivity.", "contents": "Porteus Maze Q score as a measure of impulsivity. The validity of the Q score (derived from the qualitative scoring of the Porteus Maze Test) as a measure of impulsivity was investigated by comparing the performance of high- and low-impulse groups. 80 Ss were employed and the Q score failed to differentiate high- from low-impulse institutionalized Ss, delinquent from nondelinquent Ss and extreme groups based on ratings. These findings are at variance with the claim that the Q score measures impulsivity.", "PMID": 1187323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10452", "title": "The methylation state of poly A-containing messenger RNA from cultured hamster cells.", "content": "The poly A-containing mRNA of cultured hamster (BHK-21) cells has been examined with regard to methylation status. Steady state-labeled mRNA was obtained by incubating cells for 20-22h in the presence of [methyl-3H]-methionine and 32Pi. The degree of methylation of this RNA was 1.8 methyl groups per 1000 nucleotides, or 4-5 methyl groups on the average per molecule. The nature of the methylated residues was determined by paper chromatography and electrophoresis of acid and alkaline hydrolysates, by DEAE cellulose chromatography of alkaline hydrolysates and of T2 RNase digests, and by examining the effect of subjecting samples to \"beta-elimination.\" Approx. half of the methyl groups occurred in standard (\"internal\") linkage, 10% as m5Cp and 40% as m6Ap residues. The remainder occurred at least for the most part in \"blocked\" 5'-termini with the presumptive structure m7G(5')ppp(Nm)p.., where Nm was Gm, m6Am, Um, or Cm.", "contents": "The methylation state of poly A-containing messenger RNA from cultured hamster cells. The poly A-containing mRNA of cultured hamster (BHK-21) cells has been examined with regard to methylation status. Steady state-labeled mRNA was obtained by incubating cells for 20-22h in the presence of [methyl-3H]-methionine and 32Pi. The degree of methylation of this RNA was 1.8 methyl groups per 1000 nucleotides, or 4-5 methyl groups on the average per molecule. The nature of the methylated residues was determined by paper chromatography and electrophoresis of acid and alkaline hydrolysates, by DEAE cellulose chromatography of alkaline hydrolysates and of T2 RNase digests, and by examining the effect of subjecting samples to \"beta-elimination.\" Approx. half of the methyl groups occurred in standard (\"internal\") linkage, 10% as m5Cp and 40% as m6Ap residues. The remainder occurred at least for the most part in \"blocked\" 5'-termini with the presumptive structure m7G(5')ppp(Nm)p.., where Nm was Gm, m6Am, Um, or Cm.", "PMID": 1187339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10453", "title": "DNA methylase from HeLa cell nuclei.", "content": "A DNA methylase has been purified 270-fold from HeLa cell nuclei by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, and hydroxyapatite. The enzyme transfers methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to cytosine residues in DNA. The sole product of the reaction has been identified as 5-methylcytosine. The enzyme is able to methylate homologous (HeLa) DNA, although to a lesser extent than heterologous DNA. This may be due to incomplete methylation of HeLa DNA synthesized in vivo. The HeLa enzyme can methylate single-stranded DNA, and does so to an extent three times greater than that of the corresponding double-stranded DNA. In single-stranded M. luteus DNA, at least 2.4% of the cytosine residues can be methylated in vitro by the enzyme. The enzyme also can methylate poly (dG-dC-dG-dC) and poly (dG, dC). Bilateral nearest neighbors to the 5-methylcytosine have been determined with M. luteus DNA in vitro and HeLa DNA in vivo. The 5' neighbor can be either G or C while the 3' neighbor is always G and this sequence is, thus, p(G/C)pmCpG.", "contents": "DNA methylase from HeLa cell nuclei. A DNA methylase has been purified 270-fold from HeLa cell nuclei by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, and hydroxyapatite. The enzyme transfers methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to cytosine residues in DNA. The sole product of the reaction has been identified as 5-methylcytosine. The enzyme is able to methylate homologous (HeLa) DNA, although to a lesser extent than heterologous DNA. This may be due to incomplete methylation of HeLa DNA synthesized in vivo. The HeLa enzyme can methylate single-stranded DNA, and does so to an extent three times greater than that of the corresponding double-stranded DNA. In single-stranded M. luteus DNA, at least 2.4% of the cytosine residues can be methylated in vitro by the enzyme. The enzyme also can methylate poly (dG-dC-dG-dC) and poly (dG, dC). Bilateral nearest neighbors to the 5-methylcytosine have been determined with M. luteus DNA in vitro and HeLa DNA in vivo. The 5' neighbor can be either G or C while the 3' neighbor is always G and this sequence is, thus, p(G/C)pmCpG.", "PMID": 1187340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10454", "title": "Visualization of planar drug intercalations in B-DNA.", "content": "A computerized linked-atom modeling system was developed to examine the stereochemical requirements for intercalation of planar drugs into DNA. All classes of conformational possibilities for extending the polynucleotide backbone were examined for their ability to accommodate insertion of a drug into a base-paired region of DNA compatible with adjacent regions of B-DNA while stacking interactions, steric strain and non-bonded interatomic contacts were optimised. One conformation was found which proved superior to all others in ability to satisfy these criteria: an extension of the backbone by characteristic changes in two torsion angles to trans values, plus a change in one sugar puckering to C3'-endo to relieve strain in an adjacent residue. The turn angle distributed over three polynucleotides for this most general mode of intercalation is 90 degrees, equivalent to a helical unwinding of -18 degrees for B-DNA.", "contents": "Visualization of planar drug intercalations in B-DNA. A computerized linked-atom modeling system was developed to examine the stereochemical requirements for intercalation of planar drugs into DNA. All classes of conformational possibilities for extending the polynucleotide backbone were examined for their ability to accommodate insertion of a drug into a base-paired region of DNA compatible with adjacent regions of B-DNA while stacking interactions, steric strain and non-bonded interatomic contacts were optimised. One conformation was found which proved superior to all others in ability to satisfy these criteria: an extension of the backbone by characteristic changes in two torsion angles to trans values, plus a change in one sugar puckering to C3'-endo to relieve strain in an adjacent residue. The turn angle distributed over three polynucleotides for this most general mode of intercalation is 90 degrees, equivalent to a helical unwinding of -18 degrees for B-DNA.", "PMID": 1187341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10455", "title": "Synthesis of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein following migration of viral RNA into isolated mouse liver mitochondria.", "content": "RNA of Tobacco Mosaic Virus is shown to be able to migrate into isolated mouse liver mitochondria, whence it can be reisolated intact. The migration of RNA is accompanied by enhanced rate of protein synthesis, which is sensitive to chloramphenicol, but not to cycloheximide. Evidence is presented showing that, among the products formed is the coat protein of Tobacco Mosaic Virus.", "contents": "Synthesis of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein following migration of viral RNA into isolated mouse liver mitochondria. RNA of Tobacco Mosaic Virus is shown to be able to migrate into isolated mouse liver mitochondria, whence it can be reisolated intact. The migration of RNA is accompanied by enhanced rate of protein synthesis, which is sensitive to chloramphenicol, but not to cycloheximide. Evidence is presented showing that, among the products formed is the coat protein of Tobacco Mosaic Virus.", "PMID": 1187342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10456", "title": "Application of base-catalysed reaction to the synthesis of dinucleotides containing the four common deoxyribonucleosides and of oligodeoxythymidylates.", "content": "The phosphorylation of nucleosides by a nucleoside phosphorofluoridate in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide is a very effective reaction for internucleotide bond synthesis in the case of pyrimidine deoxynucleosides. However, for the purine deoxynucleosides, yields are reduced due to competing reactions. The method was applied to the stepwise synthesis of oligothymidylates. The yield of the trinucleotide was good whereas that of the tetranucleotide was reduced due to the insolubility of the intermediate trinucleotide in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide.", "contents": "Application of base-catalysed reaction to the synthesis of dinucleotides containing the four common deoxyribonucleosides and of oligodeoxythymidylates. The phosphorylation of nucleosides by a nucleoside phosphorofluoridate in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide is a very effective reaction for internucleotide bond synthesis in the case of pyrimidine deoxynucleosides. However, for the purine deoxynucleosides, yields are reduced due to competing reactions. The method was applied to the stepwise synthesis of oligothymidylates. The yield of the trinucleotide was good whereas that of the tetranucleotide was reduced due to the insolubility of the intermediate trinucleotide in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide.", "PMID": 1187343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10457", "title": "Reaction of a nucleoside 2, 4-dinitrophenyl phosphate with fluoride; a convenient method for the preparation of the nucleoside phosphorfluoridate.", "content": "Examination of the reaction of 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene with thymidine-5' phosphate in detail reveals that the initial product is the 2, 4-dinitrophenyl ester. This reacts with fluoride to produce thymidine-5' phosphorfluoridate. This second reaction provides the basis for the conversion of preformed thymidine-5' 2, 4-dinitrophenyl phosphate to thymidine-5' phosphorofluoridate.", "contents": "Reaction of a nucleoside 2, 4-dinitrophenyl phosphate with fluoride; a convenient method for the preparation of the nucleoside phosphorfluoridate. Examination of the reaction of 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene with thymidine-5' phosphate in detail reveals that the initial product is the 2, 4-dinitrophenyl ester. This reacts with fluoride to produce thymidine-5' phosphorfluoridate. This second reaction provides the basis for the conversion of preformed thymidine-5' 2, 4-dinitrophenyl phosphate to thymidine-5' phosphorofluoridate.", "PMID": 1187344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10458", "title": "An approach to histone nearest neighbours in extended chromatin.", "content": "The primary sequence organization of histones upon the DNA molecule in chromatin has been analyzed by extension of the nucleoprotein at very low ionic strength and crosslinking with a reversible crosslinking reagent, methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate. Histones extracted after limited reaction were fractionated into different classes and the composition of the oligomers analyzed after reduction of the crosslinked material. We have found that the following dimers occur at a high frequency: (F3-F2b), (F3-F2a2), and (F2b-F2a2), whereas (F2b-F2al), (F3-F2al) and (F3-F3) occur with a lower frequency. F1 appears to polymerize rapidly to largely homogeneous polymers of high molecular weight. These results are analyzed in terms of several models proposed for chromatin structure.", "contents": "An approach to histone nearest neighbours in extended chromatin. The primary sequence organization of histones upon the DNA molecule in chromatin has been analyzed by extension of the nucleoprotein at very low ionic strength and crosslinking with a reversible crosslinking reagent, methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate. Histones extracted after limited reaction were fractionated into different classes and the composition of the oligomers analyzed after reduction of the crosslinked material. We have found that the following dimers occur at a high frequency: (F3-F2b), (F3-F2a2), and (F2b-F2a2), whereas (F2b-F2al), (F3-F2al) and (F3-F3) occur with a lower frequency. F1 appears to polymerize rapidly to largely homogeneous polymers of high molecular weight. These results are analyzed in terms of several models proposed for chromatin structure.", "PMID": 1187345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10459", "title": "A facile method for the preparation of N6-substituted ATP-Sepharose.", "content": "The attachment of 6-methylsulfonylpurineribose 5'-triphosphate to AH-Sepharose 4B as a facile method for the preparation of ATP-Sepharose is described. This reaction is compared to the coupling of 6-chloropurineriboside 5'-triphosphate as well as N(6)-aminocaproyl-ATP. An improved synthesis of purineriboside 5'-phosphates which does not require purification by column chromatography is also described.", "contents": "A facile method for the preparation of N6-substituted ATP-Sepharose. The attachment of 6-methylsulfonylpurineribose 5'-triphosphate to AH-Sepharose 4B as a facile method for the preparation of ATP-Sepharose is described. This reaction is compared to the coupling of 6-chloropurineriboside 5'-triphosphate as well as N(6)-aminocaproyl-ATP. An improved synthesis of purineriboside 5'-phosphates which does not require purification by column chromatography is also described.", "PMID": 1187346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10460", "title": "The estimation of affinity constants for the binding of model peptides to DNA by equilibrium dialysis.", "content": "The binding of lysine model peptides of the type Lys-X-Lys, Lys-X-X-Lys and Lys-X-X-X-Lys (X = different aliphatic and aromatic amino acids) has been studied by equilibrium dialysis. It was shown that the strong electrostatic binding forces generated by protonated amino groups of lysine can be distinguished from the weak forces stemming from neutral and aromatic spacer amino acids. The overall binding strength of the lysine model peptides is modified by these weak binding forces and the apparent binding constants are influenced more by the hydrophobic character of the spacer amino acid side chains than by the chainlength of the spacers.", "contents": "The estimation of affinity constants for the binding of model peptides to DNA by equilibrium dialysis. The binding of lysine model peptides of the type Lys-X-Lys, Lys-X-X-Lys and Lys-X-X-X-Lys (X = different aliphatic and aromatic amino acids) has been studied by equilibrium dialysis. It was shown that the strong electrostatic binding forces generated by protonated amino groups of lysine can be distinguished from the weak forces stemming from neutral and aromatic spacer amino acids. The overall binding strength of the lysine model peptides is modified by these weak binding forces and the apparent binding constants are influenced more by the hydrophobic character of the spacer amino acid side chains than by the chainlength of the spacers.", "PMID": 1187347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10461", "title": "Replication of double-stranded RNA in particles of Penicillium stoloniferum virus S.", "content": "RNA polymerase activity was assayed in different particle classes of Penicillium stoloniferum virus S. RNA polymerase activity was found to be associated with H particles, which contain double-stranded RNA and single-stranded RNA, but not with L particles, which contain only double-stranded RNA and not with M particles, which contain only single-stranded RNA. In H particles the reaction occurred with the formation of one new molecule of double-stranded RNA (or two complementary single strands of RNA) per virus particle and the production of product particles (P particles), which contained two molecules of double-stranded RNA (or its equivalent). This RNA polymerase is therefore a replicase, which catalyses the synthesis of the two complementary strands of double-stranded RNA in a single virus particle. This is the first report of this type of RNA polymerase system.", "contents": "Replication of double-stranded RNA in particles of Penicillium stoloniferum virus S. RNA polymerase activity was assayed in different particle classes of Penicillium stoloniferum virus S. RNA polymerase activity was found to be associated with H particles, which contain double-stranded RNA and single-stranded RNA, but not with L particles, which contain only double-stranded RNA and not with M particles, which contain only single-stranded RNA. In H particles the reaction occurred with the formation of one new molecule of double-stranded RNA (or two complementary single strands of RNA) per virus particle and the production of product particles (P particles), which contained two molecules of double-stranded RNA (or its equivalent). This RNA polymerase is therefore a replicase, which catalyses the synthesis of the two complementary strands of double-stranded RNA in a single virus particle. This is the first report of this type of RNA polymerase system.", "PMID": 1187348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10462", "title": "Isolation and in vitro translation of human placental lactogen messenger RNA from human term placenta.", "content": "A messenger activity for HPL was identified in normal human term placentas. The mRNA was translated in rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system. The HPL synthesized was quantified by a specific immunoprecipitation and further identified by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel. The HPL synthesized in the reticulocyte lysate exhibited a molecular weight between 20,000 and 22,000 daltons similar to the active hormone. The messenger RNA activity for HPL corresponded to a sedimentation coefficient of 11-12 S. Furthermore the messenger activity for HPL was preferentially associated with membrane bound polyribosomes than with free polyribosomes.", "contents": "Isolation and in vitro translation of human placental lactogen messenger RNA from human term placenta. A messenger activity for HPL was identified in normal human term placentas. The mRNA was translated in rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system. The HPL synthesized was quantified by a specific immunoprecipitation and further identified by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel. The HPL synthesized in the reticulocyte lysate exhibited a molecular weight between 20,000 and 22,000 daltons similar to the active hormone. The messenger RNA activity for HPL corresponded to a sedimentation coefficient of 11-12 S. Furthermore the messenger activity for HPL was preferentially associated with membrane bound polyribosomes than with free polyribosomes.", "PMID": 1187349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10463", "title": "Distribution of the modified nucleoside Q and its derivatives in animal and plant transfer RNA's.", "content": "The modified nucleoside, 7-(4,5-cis-dihydroxy-1-cyclopenten-3-yl-aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine, designated as Q, and its derivative, Q*, were found in tRNA's from various organisms, including several mammalian tissues, other animals such as starfish, lingula and hagfish, and wheat germ. Q isolated from rat liver tRNA was found to be identical with E. coli Q by mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. Thus the rare modified nucleoside Q originally isolated from E. coli tRNA, is widely distributed in various organisms. Analysis of the mass spectrum of Q* suggested that it has a different side chain from Q.", "contents": "Distribution of the modified nucleoside Q and its derivatives in animal and plant transfer RNA's. The modified nucleoside, 7-(4,5-cis-dihydroxy-1-cyclopenten-3-yl-aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine, designated as Q, and its derivative, Q*, were found in tRNA's from various organisms, including several mammalian tissues, other animals such as starfish, lingula and hagfish, and wheat germ. Q isolated from rat liver tRNA was found to be identical with E. coli Q by mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. Thus the rare modified nucleoside Q originally isolated from E. coli tRNA, is widely distributed in various organisms. Analysis of the mass spectrum of Q* suggested that it has a different side chain from Q.", "PMID": 1187350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10464", "title": "Evidence of altered histone interactions, as investigated by removal of histones, in chromatin isolated from rat liver nuclei by a conventional method.", "content": "It is shown that the release of the slightly lysine-rich histones f2a2 and f2b by 0.4 M ammonium sulfate from conventionally isolated chromatin is diminished in comparison to the lysed nuclei. The change in extractability is further demonstrated by the application of ethidium bromide. At a molar input ratio of 0.09 (moles ethidium bromide/moles nucleotide) and 0.4 M ammonium sulfate the slightly lysine-rich histones are released from the chromatin to 70 - 80% if the lysed nuclei are used. At 0.1 M ammonium sulfate ethidium bromide effected also a release of 50 % of histone f1. Comparable effects could not be observed with chromatin prepared in a conventional way but instead a tendency towards loss of histone f3 in the presence of ethidium bromide was observed.", "contents": "Evidence of altered histone interactions, as investigated by removal of histones, in chromatin isolated from rat liver nuclei by a conventional method. It is shown that the release of the slightly lysine-rich histones f2a2 and f2b by 0.4 M ammonium sulfate from conventionally isolated chromatin is diminished in comparison to the lysed nuclei. The change in extractability is further demonstrated by the application of ethidium bromide. At a molar input ratio of 0.09 (moles ethidium bromide/moles nucleotide) and 0.4 M ammonium sulfate the slightly lysine-rich histones are released from the chromatin to 70 - 80% if the lysed nuclei are used. At 0.1 M ammonium sulfate ethidium bromide effected also a release of 50 % of histone f1. Comparable effects could not be observed with chromatin prepared in a conventional way but instead a tendency towards loss of histone f3 in the presence of ethidium bromide was observed.", "PMID": 1187351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10465", "title": "The influence of a new benzonaphtyridone derivative (IFC-45) with antidepressant activity on the central nervous system. Part I. The influence on behaviour and bioelectrical activity of brain.", "content": "IFC-45 (10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-7-chlorobenzo-[b]-[1,8] naphtyridone-5 monohydrochloride) in small doses, similarly as imipramine and amitryptyline, did not influence animal behaviour. In higher doses it stimulated excitability of animals while imipramine and amitryptyline appeared to have inhibiting action. After IFC-45, desynchronization in EEG was obtained whereas both imipramine and amitryptiline induced synchronization of EEG.", "contents": "The influence of a new benzonaphtyridone derivative (IFC-45) with antidepressant activity on the central nervous system. Part I. The influence on behaviour and bioelectrical activity of brain. IFC-45 (10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-7-chlorobenzo-[b]-[1,8] naphtyridone-5 monohydrochloride) in small doses, similarly as imipramine and amitryptyline, did not influence animal behaviour. In higher doses it stimulated excitability of animals while imipramine and amitryptyline appeared to have inhibiting action. After IFC-45, desynchronization in EEG was obtained whereas both imipramine and amitryptiline induced synchronization of EEG.", "PMID": 1187452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10466", "title": "The influence of a new benzonaphtyridone derivative (IFC-45) with antidepressant activity on the central nervous system. Part II. The influence on the amphetamine and reserpine effects and other pharmacological studies.", "content": "The Influence of a New Benzonaphtyridone Derivative (IFC-45) with Antidepressant Activity on the Central Nervous System. Part II: The Influence on the Amphetamine and Reserpine Effects and Other Pharmacological Studies. Pol. J. Pharmacol, Pharm. 1975, 27, 479--491. IFC-45 (chem. formula see p. I, page 471) potentiated amphetamine action in a similar manner as standard drugs, had significant but slightly less than the compared standards anti-reserpine activity. IFC-45 did not act anticonvulsivantly, did not affect physostigmine toxicity or evipan anaesthesia.", "contents": "The influence of a new benzonaphtyridone derivative (IFC-45) with antidepressant activity on the central nervous system. Part II. The influence on the amphetamine and reserpine effects and other pharmacological studies. The Influence of a New Benzonaphtyridone Derivative (IFC-45) with Antidepressant Activity on the Central Nervous System. Part II: The Influence on the Amphetamine and Reserpine Effects and Other Pharmacological Studies. Pol. J. Pharmacol, Pharm. 1975, 27, 479--491. IFC-45 (chem. formula see p. I, page 471) potentiated amphetamine action in a similar manner as standard drugs, had significant but slightly less than the compared standards anti-reserpine activity. IFC-45 did not act anticonvulsivantly, did not affect physostigmine toxicity or evipan anaesthesia.", "PMID": 1187453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10467", "title": "Toxicological evaluation of a new benzonaphtyridone derivative (IF C-45).", "content": "DL50 for 10-gamma-dimethylaminopropyl-7-chlorobenzo(b)-(1-8)-naphtyridone-5 hydrochloride (IF C-45) determined on several species of animals at different ways of administration, had values similar to those of imipramine and amitryptyline. IF C-45 a-cumulates in 34-4% of A-DL50. The evaluation of chronic toxicity was performed on rats, giving IF C-45 daily for 3 months the doses of 30, 25 and 12-5 mg/kg. The results of hematological, biochemical and histological estimations did not show in these animals any marked toxic effects.", "contents": "Toxicological evaluation of a new benzonaphtyridone derivative (IF C-45). DL50 for 10-gamma-dimethylaminopropyl-7-chlorobenzo(b)-(1-8)-naphtyridone-5 hydrochloride (IF C-45) determined on several species of animals at different ways of administration, had values similar to those of imipramine and amitryptyline. IF C-45 a-cumulates in 34-4% of A-DL50. The evaluation of chronic toxicity was performed on rats, giving IF C-45 daily for 3 months the doses of 30, 25 and 12-5 mg/kg. The results of hematological, biochemical and histological estimations did not show in these animals any marked toxic effects.", "PMID": 1187455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10468", "title": "The influence of methionine on rats and mice behaviour.", "content": "Methionine given ivc or ip to rats and ic to mice acts only slightly on the central nervous system of these animals; it has either stimulating or inhibiting action, depending on the test applied.", "contents": "The influence of methionine on rats and mice behaviour. Methionine given ivc or ip to rats and ic to mice acts only slightly on the central nervous system of these animals; it has either stimulating or inhibiting action, depending on the test applied.", "PMID": 1187456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10469", "title": "Inhibitory effects of beta-hydroxyethyl 2,4-dinitrophenyl disulphide on rat brain cholinesterase activity.", "content": "Hydrolysis of 1-6 mM AChJ by rat brain homogenates in TRIS-HCl buffer, pH 7-8, supplemented with NaCl and MgCl2, was found to be suppressed by a half by pretreatment with 0-3 mM beta-hydroxyethyl 2,4-dinitrophenyl disulphide (HEDD), a reagent for SH groups. This effect has been shown to be due to partial inhibition of a Phg-sensitive esterase which has been characterized as AChE on the ground of experiments with MeCh and BuCh. Similar inhibition of AChJ hydrolysis was also noted on pretreatment of brain homogenates with 0-05 M N-ethylmaleinimide (NEM). The inhibition degree has turned out to depend upon either AChJ concentration (0-1--4-8 mM) and duration of contact of the tissue with HEDD before addition of the substrate. The AChE activity revealed in 0-2 mM AChJ was found to be particularly sensitive to HEDD. Sensitivity of rat brain AChE to either HEDD and NEM may indicate for occurring of SH in some one its isozyme. No less, other mechanisms of the inhibition, particularly possibility of interaction of HEDD with a disulphide group must be also considered.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of beta-hydroxyethyl 2,4-dinitrophenyl disulphide on rat brain cholinesterase activity. Hydrolysis of 1-6 mM AChJ by rat brain homogenates in TRIS-HCl buffer, pH 7-8, supplemented with NaCl and MgCl2, was found to be suppressed by a half by pretreatment with 0-3 mM beta-hydroxyethyl 2,4-dinitrophenyl disulphide (HEDD), a reagent for SH groups. This effect has been shown to be due to partial inhibition of a Phg-sensitive esterase which has been characterized as AChE on the ground of experiments with MeCh and BuCh. Similar inhibition of AChJ hydrolysis was also noted on pretreatment of brain homogenates with 0-05 M N-ethylmaleinimide (NEM). The inhibition degree has turned out to depend upon either AChJ concentration (0-1--4-8 mM) and duration of contact of the tissue with HEDD before addition of the substrate. The AChE activity revealed in 0-2 mM AChJ was found to be particularly sensitive to HEDD. Sensitivity of rat brain AChE to either HEDD and NEM may indicate for occurring of SH in some one its isozyme. No less, other mechanisms of the inhibition, particularly possibility of interaction of HEDD with a disulphide group must be also considered.", "PMID": 1187454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10470", "title": "The effect of some dithiocarbamic acids on dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and catecholamines level in rat's brain.", "content": "In search for selective dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitors, we studied the effect of dimethyl-, monocyclohexyl-, and dicyclohexyldithiocarbamic acids on the activity of this enzyme and on dopamine and noradrenaline levels in rat's brain. All the three derivatives inhibit the activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in brain; in the tested doses, their effectiveness is similar. Moreover, all three compounds decrease noradrenaline level in brain. The tested derivatives differ from one another in their effect on dopamine level in brain. Dimethyl- and monocyclohexyl derivatives increase while dicyclohexyl derivative decreases the level of this amine.", "contents": "The effect of some dithiocarbamic acids on dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and catecholamines level in rat's brain. In search for selective dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitors, we studied the effect of dimethyl-, monocyclohexyl-, and dicyclohexyldithiocarbamic acids on the activity of this enzyme and on dopamine and noradrenaline levels in rat's brain. All the three derivatives inhibit the activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in brain; in the tested doses, their effectiveness is similar. Moreover, all three compounds decrease noradrenaline level in brain. The tested derivatives differ from one another in their effect on dopamine level in brain. Dimethyl- and monocyclohexyl derivatives increase while dicyclohexyl derivative decreases the level of this amine.", "PMID": 1187458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10471", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of new pyridine derivatives.2,6-bis-[diphenyl-(and dibenzyl)-hydroxymethyl]-piperidines.", "content": "Syntheses of 2,6-bis-(diphenylhydroxymethyl)-, 2,6-bis-(dibenzylhydroxymethyl)- and 2,6-bis-(phenylbenzylhydroxymethyl)-pyridines were carried out. These compound were hydrogenated to the corresponding piperidine carbinols. The compounds are of low toxicity and were tested on mice for their CNS activity, using climbing test. 2,6-bis-(dibenzylhydroxymethyl)-piperidine (VI) exhibited central depressive activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of new pyridine derivatives.2,6-bis-[diphenyl-(and dibenzyl)-hydroxymethyl]-piperidines. Syntheses of 2,6-bis-(diphenylhydroxymethyl)-, 2,6-bis-(dibenzylhydroxymethyl)- and 2,6-bis-(phenylbenzylhydroxymethyl)-pyridines were carried out. These compound were hydrogenated to the corresponding piperidine carbinols. The compounds are of low toxicity and were tested on mice for their CNS activity, using climbing test. 2,6-bis-(dibenzylhydroxymethyl)-piperidine (VI) exhibited central depressive activity.", "PMID": 1187457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10472", "title": "Studies on absorption and elimination of drugs. Part IV. Computer evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters of the two compartment open model.", "content": "A simple programme was written in ALGOL 1204 for the Polish digital computer ODRA 1204. It permits the fitting of the biexponential equation C = Ae-alphat+Be-betat to the observed plasma or serum concentration data of a drug after a single iv injection.", "contents": "Studies on absorption and elimination of drugs. Part IV. Computer evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters of the two compartment open model. A simple programme was written in ALGOL 1204 for the Polish digital computer ODRA 1204. It permits the fitting of the biexponential equation C = Ae-alphat+Be-betat to the observed plasma or serum concentration data of a drug after a single iv injection.", "PMID": 1187459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10473", "title": "Disc electrophoresis of turkey serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes using polyacrylamide gel. 1. Procedure.", "content": "The isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in turkey serum were separated by disc electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gel as the supporting medium In this laboratory we have been unable to adapt polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis procedures for turkey serum that had been described by previous workers as successful in separating the isoenzymes of avian alkaline phosphatase. A rapid and repeatable procedure that yielded excellent resolution of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes was devised. This procedure involved a step-by-step determination of the following: a suitable gel system, buffer system, staining procedure and sample preparation.", "contents": "Disc electrophoresis of turkey serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes using polyacrylamide gel. 1. Procedure. The isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in turkey serum were separated by disc electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gel as the supporting medium In this laboratory we have been unable to adapt polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis procedures for turkey serum that had been described by previous workers as successful in separating the isoenzymes of avian alkaline phosphatase. A rapid and repeatable procedure that yielded excellent resolution of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes was devised. This procedure involved a step-by-step determination of the following: a suitable gel system, buffer system, staining procedure and sample preparation.", "PMID": 1187503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10474", "title": "Disc electrophoresis of turkey serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes using polyacrylamide gel. 2. Turkey serum alkaline phosphatase zymograms.", "content": "The isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (akp) in turkey serum were separated by disc electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gel as the supporting medium Test subjects consisted of 103 turkeys maintained for the \"Vibrator\" condition at Michigan State University; and 46 female turkey of the Nicholas Broad Breasted White egg laying strain. Thirteen distinct akp bands were isolated. The 13 bands were observed to occur in 13 different patterns, each pattern being classified as a separate zymogram. Specific types of zymograms were detected for \"Vibrator\" birds vs. Nicholas strain; females vs, males; high intensity egg production vs. low intensity egg production and molting vs. laying.", "contents": "Disc electrophoresis of turkey serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes using polyacrylamide gel. 2. Turkey serum alkaline phosphatase zymograms. The isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (akp) in turkey serum were separated by disc electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gel as the supporting medium Test subjects consisted of 103 turkeys maintained for the \"Vibrator\" condition at Michigan State University; and 46 female turkey of the Nicholas Broad Breasted White egg laying strain. Thirteen distinct akp bands were isolated. The 13 bands were observed to occur in 13 different patterns, each pattern being classified as a separate zymogram. Specific types of zymograms were detected for \"Vibrator\" birds vs. Nicholas strain; females vs, males; high intensity egg production vs. low intensity egg production and molting vs. laying.", "PMID": 1187504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10475", "title": "Light effects during incubation on lines of White Leghorns selected for fast and slow hatching.", "content": "Eggs from White Leghorn lines selected for fat and slow hatching time were incubated in continuous light and in unlighted incubators. The fast hatching line averaged 48 hours shorter in incubation time than the slow hatching line. The light treated eggs averaged five hours earlier in hatching time than the unlighted treatment. These two effects on hatching time, one genetic and one environmental, were completely additive. No effect of either treatment on hatchability was observed after all hatchable eggs had hatched.", "contents": "Light effects during incubation on lines of White Leghorns selected for fast and slow hatching. Eggs from White Leghorn lines selected for fat and slow hatching time were incubated in continuous light and in unlighted incubators. The fast hatching line averaged 48 hours shorter in incubation time than the slow hatching line. The light treated eggs averaged five hours earlier in hatching time than the unlighted treatment. These two effects on hatching time, one genetic and one environmental, were completely additive. No effect of either treatment on hatchability was observed after all hatchable eggs had hatched.", "PMID": 1187505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10476", "title": "The effect of light and specific gravity on embryo weight and embryonic mortality.", "content": "Eggs from Single Comb White Leghorn chickens were divided into two approximately equal groups with the range of specific gravities being present in each group. One group was incubated in a darkened Humidaire Hatchett while the other was incubated in an identical machine equipped with two 20 Watt fluorescent tubes which produced 8.3 X 10(3) ergs/cm.2-sec. at the surface of the eggs. The recommended temperature and humidity settings were used in both machines. After 7 days of incubation embryos from the lighted incubator were significantly (P less than .01) larger than those incubated in the dark. There were significantly more live embryos from low and high specific gravity eggs in the light than in the dark. There was no difference in embryonic mortality between groups for the eggs with intermediate specific gravities. Embryos from White Leghorn eggs incubated in the presence of light were significantly (P less than .01) larger on each day of incubation from day 2 through hatch. Eggs incubated in the lighted incubator hatched at 18 and 19 days and produced larger chicks than those hatched at 20 and 21 days in the dark.", "contents": "The effect of light and specific gravity on embryo weight and embryonic mortality. Eggs from Single Comb White Leghorn chickens were divided into two approximately equal groups with the range of specific gravities being present in each group. One group was incubated in a darkened Humidaire Hatchett while the other was incubated in an identical machine equipped with two 20 Watt fluorescent tubes which produced 8.3 X 10(3) ergs/cm.2-sec. at the surface of the eggs. The recommended temperature and humidity settings were used in both machines. After 7 days of incubation embryos from the lighted incubator were significantly (P less than .01) larger than those incubated in the dark. There were significantly more live embryos from low and high specific gravity eggs in the light than in the dark. There was no difference in embryonic mortality between groups for the eggs with intermediate specific gravities. Embryos from White Leghorn eggs incubated in the presence of light were significantly (P less than .01) larger on each day of incubation from day 2 through hatch. Eggs incubated in the lighted incubator hatched at 18 and 19 days and produced larger chicks than those hatched at 20 and 21 days in the dark.", "PMID": 1187506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10477", "title": "Dietary and management procedures for development of consistent hemorrhagic symptoms in chicks.", "content": "Chicks hatched from S.C.W.L. pullets housed in laying cages and fed a diet without vitamin K were compared with chicks hatched from pullets fed a similar ration supplemented with vitamin K3 at 750 mcg./kg. of feed. Eggs were incubated after 4, 5 and 7 months vitamin K depletion. Chicks were fed a basal chick starter with no source of vitamin K or the basal supplemented with various levels of sulfaquinoxaline (SQ) (0.0125-0.050%) or with 750 mcg./kg. of vitamin K3. Blood clotting time was determined on chicks at the beginning and at weekly intervals during each experiment. Blood clotting time was significantly increased by a SQ feeding, but no hemorrhages developed in chicks hatched from hens fed the diet containing vitamin K. Day-old chicks hatched after 4 months vitamin K depletion showed elevated blood clotting times. There was no significant change in blood clotting time during the experiment for chicks fed the basal. Blood clotting time was significantly reduced in one week for chicks supplemented with vitamin K and increased for chicks fed 0.0375 or 0.050% SQ. These levels of SQ also resulted in 25 and 47.5% skin hemorrhages. Five months vitamin K depletion of breeder hens resulted in increased incidence of skin hemorrhages, but blood clotting times were similar to those at four months. Seven months vitamin K depletion of breeder hens resulted in increased blood clotting times as compared with 4 months and 100% incidence of hemorrhages in chicks fed rations containing 0.0375 or 0.050% SQ.", "contents": "Dietary and management procedures for development of consistent hemorrhagic symptoms in chicks. Chicks hatched from S.C.W.L. pullets housed in laying cages and fed a diet without vitamin K were compared with chicks hatched from pullets fed a similar ration supplemented with vitamin K3 at 750 mcg./kg. of feed. Eggs were incubated after 4, 5 and 7 months vitamin K depletion. Chicks were fed a basal chick starter with no source of vitamin K or the basal supplemented with various levels of sulfaquinoxaline (SQ) (0.0125-0.050%) or with 750 mcg./kg. of vitamin K3. Blood clotting time was determined on chicks at the beginning and at weekly intervals during each experiment. Blood clotting time was significantly increased by a SQ feeding, but no hemorrhages developed in chicks hatched from hens fed the diet containing vitamin K. Day-old chicks hatched after 4 months vitamin K depletion showed elevated blood clotting times. There was no significant change in blood clotting time during the experiment for chicks fed the basal. Blood clotting time was significantly reduced in one week for chicks supplemented with vitamin K and increased for chicks fed 0.0375 or 0.050% SQ. These levels of SQ also resulted in 25 and 47.5% skin hemorrhages. Five months vitamin K depletion of breeder hens resulted in increased incidence of skin hemorrhages, but blood clotting times were similar to those at four months. Seven months vitamin K depletion of breeder hens resulted in increased blood clotting times as compared with 4 months and 100% incidence of hemorrhages in chicks fed rations containing 0.0375 or 0.050% SQ.", "PMID": 1187507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10478", "title": "The effect of dietary tryptophan and niacin levels on broiler breeder pullets.", "content": "A total of 1500 pullets and 300 cockerels were obtained at one-day of age and reared to six weeks on a commercial-type diet. At six weeks of age, birds were fed one of the following: Diets 1, 2 and 3 contained 0.150 percent tryptophan and no added niacin, 28 mg. added niacin and 250 mg. added niacin per kg. of diet, respectively. Diets 4, 5 and 6 contained 0.112 percent tryptophan and no added niacin, 28 mg. added niacin and 280 mg. added niacin per kg. of diet, respectively. All diets contained 2800 kcal. of metabolizable energy per kg. of diet and were fed for 21 weeks. The 0.112 percent tryptophan diets reduced body weight and percent body protein but increased percent body fat. Niacin levels had no effect on any of the pullet production parameters measured. However, at 21 weeks of age 280 mg. of added niacin in the 0.150 percent tryptophan diets restricted body weights of the males.", "contents": "The effect of dietary tryptophan and niacin levels on broiler breeder pullets. A total of 1500 pullets and 300 cockerels were obtained at one-day of age and reared to six weeks on a commercial-type diet. At six weeks of age, birds were fed one of the following: Diets 1, 2 and 3 contained 0.150 percent tryptophan and no added niacin, 28 mg. added niacin and 250 mg. added niacin per kg. of diet, respectively. Diets 4, 5 and 6 contained 0.112 percent tryptophan and no added niacin, 28 mg. added niacin and 280 mg. added niacin per kg. of diet, respectively. All diets contained 2800 kcal. of metabolizable energy per kg. of diet and were fed for 21 weeks. The 0.112 percent tryptophan diets reduced body weight and percent body protein but increased percent body fat. Niacin levels had no effect on any of the pullet production parameters measured. However, at 21 weeks of age 280 mg. of added niacin in the 0.150 percent tryptophan diets restricted body weights of the males.", "PMID": 1187508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10479", "title": "Ectopic feather follicles in a chicken teratoma or malformation.", "content": "At necropsy of an 8-week-old pullet a 0.75 X 5.0 cm. yellowish, moderately firm cigar-shaped object was seen in the greater abdominal air sac lying parallel to the border of the right hepatic lobe. A capsule of 5 tissue layers (from inside outward-stratified squamous epithelium fibrous tissue, longitudinal muslce, fibrous tissue and circular muscle) enclosed featherlike structures which had developed from the stratified squamous epithelial layer. This combination of tissue components constituted ectopic follicles and feathers in a malformation or teratoma.", "contents": "Ectopic feather follicles in a chicken teratoma or malformation. At necropsy of an 8-week-old pullet a 0.75 X 5.0 cm. yellowish, moderately firm cigar-shaped object was seen in the greater abdominal air sac lying parallel to the border of the right hepatic lobe. A capsule of 5 tissue layers (from inside outward-stratified squamous epithelium fibrous tissue, longitudinal muslce, fibrous tissue and circular muscle) enclosed featherlike structures which had developed from the stratified squamous epithelial layer. This combination of tissue components constituted ectopic follicles and feathers in a malformation or teratoma.", "PMID": 1187509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10480", "title": "Multiple-yolked eggs from a parthenogenetic stock of chickens.", "content": "The frequency of double-yolked eggs in a parthenogenetic Dark Cornish line of chickens was increased in certain birds. A line was selected that had a higher frequency of parthenogenesis and double yolks than the High parthenogenetic group. Selection within the double-yolked line appeared to have reached its maximum. The amount of parthenogenesis was higher in the offspring groups with embryos in both single and double-yolked eggs. The number of eggs and yolks from birds that laid a large number of double-yolked eggs did not differ significantly from the number from birds that laid only a few double-yolked eggs. Many triple-yolked eggs were seen in this stock as well as one quadruple-yolked egg. High frequency, double-yolked egg layers laid the same number of eggs, therefore, multiple ovulations may be due to a hormone or enzyme effect.", "contents": "Multiple-yolked eggs from a parthenogenetic stock of chickens. The frequency of double-yolked eggs in a parthenogenetic Dark Cornish line of chickens was increased in certain birds. A line was selected that had a higher frequency of parthenogenesis and double yolks than the High parthenogenetic group. Selection within the double-yolked line appeared to have reached its maximum. The amount of parthenogenesis was higher in the offspring groups with embryos in both single and double-yolked eggs. The number of eggs and yolks from birds that laid a large number of double-yolked eggs did not differ significantly from the number from birds that laid only a few double-yolked eggs. Many triple-yolked eggs were seen in this stock as well as one quadruple-yolked egg. High frequency, double-yolked egg layers laid the same number of eggs, therefore, multiple ovulations may be due to a hormone or enzyme effect.", "PMID": 1187510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10481", "title": "The use of strain gage transducers to study gastroduodenal motility in turkeys.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine if extraluminal strain-gauge transducers (SGT), which have not been tested in birds, could be used to accurately monitor gastroduodenal motility in turkeys. Recordings of gastroduodenal motility obtained from implanted SGT's were compared to recordings obtained simultaneously using measurements of intraluminal pressure (ILP), a method previously used in birds. Frequencies, durations and amplitudes of GI motility as determined by the ILP method were highly significantly correlated with those determined by the SGT method with one exception. The mean amplitude of the force of the contractions of the thin muscle of the muscular stomach was not significantly correlated with the ILP amplitude occurring during this contraction. This exception can be accounted for. In general, although recordings of the same GI events simulatneously obtained by the two methods were not identical, they were similar. Most importantly, similar information about the gastroduodenal contraction cycle was obtained by either monitoring method.", "contents": "The use of strain gage transducers to study gastroduodenal motility in turkeys. The purpose of this study was to determine if extraluminal strain-gauge transducers (SGT), which have not been tested in birds, could be used to accurately monitor gastroduodenal motility in turkeys. Recordings of gastroduodenal motility obtained from implanted SGT's were compared to recordings obtained simultaneously using measurements of intraluminal pressure (ILP), a method previously used in birds. Frequencies, durations and amplitudes of GI motility as determined by the ILP method were highly significantly correlated with those determined by the SGT method with one exception. The mean amplitude of the force of the contractions of the thin muscle of the muscular stomach was not significantly correlated with the ILP amplitude occurring during this contraction. This exception can be accounted for. In general, although recordings of the same GI events simulatneously obtained by the two methods were not identical, they were similar. Most importantly, similar information about the gastroduodenal contraction cycle was obtained by either monitoring method.", "PMID": 1187511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10482", "title": "The activity of some peptide hydrolase enzymes in fresh and stored poultry semen from full sib groups of males and their relationship to fertility.", "content": "The seminal plasma and sperm of fresh and stored poultry semen were analyzed for the presence of eight peptide hydrolase enzymes. Five enzymes: carboxypeptidase A, carboxypeptidase B, chymotrypsin, glycylglycylglycine hydrolase and pepsin were not present in either plasma or sperm. An aminopeptidase-like and a cathepsin-like activity were found in seminal plasma and sperm while a trypsin-like activity was found in sperm only. There was a significant difference between full sib groups with respect to aminopeptidase-like activity in fresh and stored plasma, while storage for 24 hours resulted in a significant increase in trypsin-like activity of sperm. The aminopeptidase-like activity of fresh sperm was positively correlated with duration and percent fertility of fresh semen, while neither cathepsin-like activity nor trypsin-like activity were correlated with fertility of fresh or stored semen except for a positive correlation between the cathepsin-like activity of fresh plasma and percent fertility of fresh semen.", "contents": "The activity of some peptide hydrolase enzymes in fresh and stored poultry semen from full sib groups of males and their relationship to fertility. The seminal plasma and sperm of fresh and stored poultry semen were analyzed for the presence of eight peptide hydrolase enzymes. Five enzymes: carboxypeptidase A, carboxypeptidase B, chymotrypsin, glycylglycylglycine hydrolase and pepsin were not present in either plasma or sperm. An aminopeptidase-like and a cathepsin-like activity were found in seminal plasma and sperm while a trypsin-like activity was found in sperm only. There was a significant difference between full sib groups with respect to aminopeptidase-like activity in fresh and stored plasma, while storage for 24 hours resulted in a significant increase in trypsin-like activity of sperm. The aminopeptidase-like activity of fresh sperm was positively correlated with duration and percent fertility of fresh semen, while neither cathepsin-like activity nor trypsin-like activity were correlated with fertility of fresh or stored semen except for a positive correlation between the cathepsin-like activity of fresh plasma and percent fertility of fresh semen.", "PMID": 1187512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10483", "title": "Proportions of ammonia, urea, urate and total nitrogen in avian urine and quantitative methods for their analysis on a single urine sample.", "content": "We have developed a dilution method for avian urine and modified existing analytical methods for ammonia, urea, uric acid and total nitrogen to permit determination of all these compounds on aliquots of the same urine sample. The proportions of urinary nitrogen in these compounds were: uric acid 55-72%, ammonia 11-21% and urea 2-11%. This ranking of proportions was consistent for four different dietary protein-water availability regimes. There were no significant differences in the proportions of these nitrogenous compounds due to either dietary protein intake or changes in water availability.", "contents": "Proportions of ammonia, urea, urate and total nitrogen in avian urine and quantitative methods for their analysis on a single urine sample. We have developed a dilution method for avian urine and modified existing analytical methods for ammonia, urea, uric acid and total nitrogen to permit determination of all these compounds on aliquots of the same urine sample. The proportions of urinary nitrogen in these compounds were: uric acid 55-72%, ammonia 11-21% and urea 2-11%. This ranking of proportions was consistent for four different dietary protein-water availability regimes. There were no significant differences in the proportions of these nitrogenous compounds due to either dietary protein intake or changes in water availability.", "PMID": 1187513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10484", "title": "Diverse effects of bursectomy on humoral immune responses in the chicken.", "content": "Chickens bursectomized hormonally or surgically at various ages in embryonic to postembryonic lives were immunized with a mixture of antigens, and the antibodies produced titrated. immune responses to Salmonella pullorum (SP), Brucella abortus (BA). Staphylococcus aureus (Staph) and ovalbumin (OA) were more markedly suppressed by the bursal deprivation than those to heterogenous erythrocytes, viruses and such bacteria as Pasteurella multocida (PM) and Escherichia coli B. The immune response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was on a level between the two groups. Hormonal bursectomy in embryonic life permitted chickens immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) to produce antibody of the IgM type but not of the IgG type. In surgically bursectomized chickens IgG but not IgM production was inhibited. Chickens hormonally bursectomized on the third day of egg incubation produced IgM to a level higher than the normal chickens in contrast with the suppressed IgG production. Such diversity in the bursal influences on antibody responses was discussed in relation to ontogeny of the humoral immune system.", "contents": "Diverse effects of bursectomy on humoral immune responses in the chicken. Chickens bursectomized hormonally or surgically at various ages in embryonic to postembryonic lives were immunized with a mixture of antigens, and the antibodies produced titrated. immune responses to Salmonella pullorum (SP), Brucella abortus (BA). Staphylococcus aureus (Staph) and ovalbumin (OA) were more markedly suppressed by the bursal deprivation than those to heterogenous erythrocytes, viruses and such bacteria as Pasteurella multocida (PM) and Escherichia coli B. The immune response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was on a level between the two groups. Hormonal bursectomy in embryonic life permitted chickens immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) to produce antibody of the IgM type but not of the IgG type. In surgically bursectomized chickens IgG but not IgM production was inhibited. Chickens hormonally bursectomized on the third day of egg incubation produced IgM to a level higher than the normal chickens in contrast with the suppressed IgG production. Such diversity in the bursal influences on antibody responses was discussed in relation to ontogeny of the humoral immune system.", "PMID": 1187514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10485", "title": "Effects of roxarsone on pigmentation and coccidiosis in broilers.", "content": "Roxarsone (0.005%) medicated chickens inoculated at seven weeks of age with Eimeria maxima oocysts had significantly higher pigment levels in blood plasma than did unmedicated controls. Unmedicated E. maxima infected birds had significantly lower pigment levels compared to uninoculated controls. Uninoculated roxarsone medicated controls showed no increase in pigment levels over uninoculated unmedicated birds. This experimental design demonstrates that the beneficial effect of roxarsone medication is due to anticoccidial action rather than an increase in pigmentation after feeding the yellow-colored roxarsone. Since uninoculated birds gained more rapidly if roxarsone (0.025%) was added to the diet, the drug also appears to stimulate growth as well as to protect against coccidial infection. In two floor-pen experiments roxarsone demonstrated anticoccidial activity as measured by higher pigment scores than unmedicated infected controls. The coccidial infection was induced after seeding the litter with oocysts from birds infected with E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. hagani, E. maxima, E. mivati, E. necatrix, E. praecox, and E. tenella. Pigmentation levels were significantly higher in plasma and skin of roxarsone medicated chickens in two experiments and in shanks in one experiment. Similar protection against depigmentation was demonstrated by adding roxarsone to feed medicated with nequinate. These results involving addition of roxarsone may explain some equivocal reports on pigmentation, weight gains or feed conversion. Some previous investigators appear to have used an inadequate experimental design by omitting use of unmedicated uninoculated controls or to have made no attempt to monitor for presence or absence of coccidiosis.", "contents": "Effects of roxarsone on pigmentation and coccidiosis in broilers. Roxarsone (0.005%) medicated chickens inoculated at seven weeks of age with Eimeria maxima oocysts had significantly higher pigment levels in blood plasma than did unmedicated controls. Unmedicated E. maxima infected birds had significantly lower pigment levels compared to uninoculated controls. Uninoculated roxarsone medicated controls showed no increase in pigment levels over uninoculated unmedicated birds. This experimental design demonstrates that the beneficial effect of roxarsone medication is due to anticoccidial action rather than an increase in pigmentation after feeding the yellow-colored roxarsone. Since uninoculated birds gained more rapidly if roxarsone (0.025%) was added to the diet, the drug also appears to stimulate growth as well as to protect against coccidial infection. In two floor-pen experiments roxarsone demonstrated anticoccidial activity as measured by higher pigment scores than unmedicated infected controls. The coccidial infection was induced after seeding the litter with oocysts from birds infected with E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. hagani, E. maxima, E. mivati, E. necatrix, E. praecox, and E. tenella. Pigmentation levels were significantly higher in plasma and skin of roxarsone medicated chickens in two experiments and in shanks in one experiment. Similar protection against depigmentation was demonstrated by adding roxarsone to feed medicated with nequinate. These results involving addition of roxarsone may explain some equivocal reports on pigmentation, weight gains or feed conversion. Some previous investigators appear to have used an inadequate experimental design by omitting use of unmedicated uninoculated controls or to have made no attempt to monitor for presence or absence of coccidiosis.", "PMID": 1187515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10486", "title": "Enzymes and electrolytes in the semen of Japanese quail.", "content": "Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) semen was collected at 10 a.m., 2 p.m., or 6 p.m. for four consecutive days during four consecutive weeks. All but the first day's collections were analyzed for sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, H+ concentration, cell count, volume and total sperm number. A random sample was then collected for the analysis of amylase and another random sample was collected for the analysis of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). The activities of GOT and LDH in quail semen were approximately ten times higher than those obtained for larger fowl (chickens and turkeys) and mammals. While CPK levels have not been measured in other animals, its activity in quail semen is probably also high. There was a significant difference between the enzyme activity of the sperm and seminal plasma for GOT and CPK. The parameters of sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, H+ concentration, cell count, volume, and total sperm number did not show a significant variation at the hours of 10 a.m., 2 p.m., and 6 p.m. Three of these parameters (cell count, potassium, and chloride), however did show significant variation during collection over three consecutive days, the chloride decreasing and potassium and cell count first decreasing and then by the third day returning to levels of the first day. None of the parameters followed the sperm concentration closely enough to be of value as an index of quail fertility.", "contents": "Enzymes and electrolytes in the semen of Japanese quail. Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) semen was collected at 10 a.m., 2 p.m., or 6 p.m. for four consecutive days during four consecutive weeks. All but the first day's collections were analyzed for sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, H+ concentration, cell count, volume and total sperm number. A random sample was then collected for the analysis of amylase and another random sample was collected for the analysis of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). The activities of GOT and LDH in quail semen were approximately ten times higher than those obtained for larger fowl (chickens and turkeys) and mammals. While CPK levels have not been measured in other animals, its activity in quail semen is probably also high. There was a significant difference between the enzyme activity of the sperm and seminal plasma for GOT and CPK. The parameters of sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, H+ concentration, cell count, volume, and total sperm number did not show a significant variation at the hours of 10 a.m., 2 p.m., and 6 p.m. Three of these parameters (cell count, potassium, and chloride), however did show significant variation during collection over three consecutive days, the chloride decreasing and potassium and cell count first decreasing and then by the third day returning to levels of the first day. None of the parameters followed the sperm concentration closely enough to be of value as an index of quail fertility.", "PMID": 1187516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10487", "title": "Activity of certain liver enzymes in fast- and slow-growing lines of chickens.", "content": "The realtionship between growth rate and the metabolic activity of certain liver enzymes was studied using two strains of White Plymouth Rock chickens which had been selected in divergent directions for eight-week body weight. The activities of hexokinase, glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, glycogen synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase were measured at 4, 8 and 20 weeks of age. The mean percentage rate of growth of the birds selected for high eight-week body weight exceeded that of the birds selected for low eight-week body weight only during the early growth period. Thereafter, and until sexual maturity, the low-line birds grew at a faster rate, relative to body size. The mature body weight of the high-line birds exceeded that of the low-line birds by a factor of approximately 1.5. A close similarity was noted between the metabolic activity of certain liver enzymes and the growth rate (relative to body size) of the birds studied. At four and eight weeks of age, the faster-growing birds (whether high- or low-line) generally exhibited a greater capacity for glucose phosphorylation and glycolysis, but a poorer capacity for glycogen synthesis, than the slower-growing birds. At twenty weeks, growth rate and metabolic activity were similar in both strains.", "contents": "Activity of certain liver enzymes in fast- and slow-growing lines of chickens. The realtionship between growth rate and the metabolic activity of certain liver enzymes was studied using two strains of White Plymouth Rock chickens which had been selected in divergent directions for eight-week body weight. The activities of hexokinase, glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, glycogen synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase were measured at 4, 8 and 20 weeks of age. The mean percentage rate of growth of the birds selected for high eight-week body weight exceeded that of the birds selected for low eight-week body weight only during the early growth period. Thereafter, and until sexual maturity, the low-line birds grew at a faster rate, relative to body size. The mature body weight of the high-line birds exceeded that of the low-line birds by a factor of approximately 1.5. A close similarity was noted between the metabolic activity of certain liver enzymes and the growth rate (relative to body size) of the birds studied. At four and eight weeks of age, the faster-growing birds (whether high- or low-line) generally exhibited a greater capacity for glucose phosphorylation and glycolysis, but a poorer capacity for glycogen synthesis, than the slower-growing birds. At twenty weeks, growth rate and metabolic activity were similar in both strains.", "PMID": 1187517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10488", "title": "Debeaking method for Bobwhite quail.", "content": "Four experiments were conducted to determine the suitability of various debeaking procedures for Bobwhite quail at hatching or at one week of age. Two experiments were conducted using a \"precision\" type debeaking method with the following treatments: control; debeaked at hatching with debeaker guide plate holes of 2.38 or 2.78 mm; debeaked at seven days of age using guide plate holes of 2.38, 2.78 or 3.18 mm. Two experiments tested a \"touch-burn\" method at hatching with the following treatments: control; burned 1/4 distance to nares; and burned 1/2 distance to nares. The \"precision\" type methods at hatching or seven days of aged reduced mortality from cannibalism; however, these methods were found to be relatively slow and difficult, and the birds lacked uniformity in beak and body size at five weeks of age. Burning 1/2 distance to nares was too severe, causing a reduction in body weight and poor feed efficiency. Burning 1/4 distanct to nares gave the most favorable results: growth and feed efficiency as good or better than controls, uniform birds and decreased cannibalism.", "contents": "Debeaking method for Bobwhite quail. Four experiments were conducted to determine the suitability of various debeaking procedures for Bobwhite quail at hatching or at one week of age. Two experiments were conducted using a \"precision\" type debeaking method with the following treatments: control; debeaked at hatching with debeaker guide plate holes of 2.38 or 2.78 mm; debeaked at seven days of age using guide plate holes of 2.38, 2.78 or 3.18 mm. Two experiments tested a \"touch-burn\" method at hatching with the following treatments: control; burned 1/4 distance to nares; and burned 1/2 distance to nares. The \"precision\" type methods at hatching or seven days of aged reduced mortality from cannibalism; however, these methods were found to be relatively slow and difficult, and the birds lacked uniformity in beak and body size at five weeks of age. Burning 1/2 distance to nares was too severe, causing a reduction in body weight and poor feed efficiency. Burning 1/4 distanct to nares gave the most favorable results: growth and feed efficiency as good or better than controls, uniform birds and decreased cannibalism.", "PMID": 1187518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10489", "title": "The effect of hypothalamic lesions on thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration in the chicken pituitary.", "content": "Studies of thyroid activity following hypothalamic lesions have provided indirect evidence of TSH influence on the pars distalis of birds. The present study examined the influence of hypothalamic lesions on TSH assays of the rostral and caudal lobes of the pars distalis. Lesions of the septomesencephalic tract increased TSH levels in the rostral lobe but had no influence on the caudal lobe. Lesions of the supraoptic or ventrolateral nuclei neither stimulated nor depressed TSH in either lobe of the pars distalis.", "contents": "The effect of hypothalamic lesions on thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration in the chicken pituitary. Studies of thyroid activity following hypothalamic lesions have provided indirect evidence of TSH influence on the pars distalis of birds. The present study examined the influence of hypothalamic lesions on TSH assays of the rostral and caudal lobes of the pars distalis. Lesions of the septomesencephalic tract increased TSH levels in the rostral lobe but had no influence on the caudal lobe. Lesions of the supraoptic or ventrolateral nuclei neither stimulated nor depressed TSH in either lobe of the pars distalis.", "PMID": 1187519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10490", "title": "Toxicity of dietary lead in Japanese quail.", "content": "The toxicity of dietary lead in Japanese quail was investigated. The data indicated that dietary lead, in the form of lead acetate, was toxic to young quail at the level of 500 p.p.m. and this toxicity was evidenced by an inhibition of normal growth and by anemia. The anemic state in the lead toxic quail was more readily detected by reduced blood hemoglobin concentrations than by packed cell volumes. In addition, the data suggested that lead interfered with normal sexual development in the males. Lead at levels as high as 1000 p.p.m. did not prevent normal primary antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes.", "contents": "Toxicity of dietary lead in Japanese quail. The toxicity of dietary lead in Japanese quail was investigated. The data indicated that dietary lead, in the form of lead acetate, was toxic to young quail at the level of 500 p.p.m. and this toxicity was evidenced by an inhibition of normal growth and by anemia. The anemic state in the lead toxic quail was more readily detected by reduced blood hemoglobin concentrations than by packed cell volumes. In addition, the data suggested that lead interfered with normal sexual development in the males. Lead at levels as high as 1000 p.p.m. did not prevent normal primary antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1187520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10491", "title": "The interaction of ochratoxin A with some environmental extremes.", "content": "Presently, ochratoxin is the most potent mycotoxin studied in chickens. The possibility that ochratoxin can interact with environmental extremes was investigated by incorporating pure ochratoxin A (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mug./g. feed) into the diet of 4 replicates of 10 birds from hatching until 3 weeks of age. There was a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in the mean survival times of birds exposed to 4 degrees C. and 90% relative humidity at dose levels of 4.0 and 8.0 mug./g. However, birds exposed to 43 degrees C. and 45% relative humidity had a significantly (P less than 0.05) prolonged mean survival time at 8.0 mug./g. Birds given drinking water containing 2% NaCl had a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in mean survival time at 8.0 mug./g. These data suggest that ochratoxin like aflatoxin can interact with other agents to produce syndromes not attributable to each alone.", "contents": "The interaction of ochratoxin A with some environmental extremes. Presently, ochratoxin is the most potent mycotoxin studied in chickens. The possibility that ochratoxin can interact with environmental extremes was investigated by incorporating pure ochratoxin A (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mug./g. feed) into the diet of 4 replicates of 10 birds from hatching until 3 weeks of age. There was a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in the mean survival times of birds exposed to 4 degrees C. and 90% relative humidity at dose levels of 4.0 and 8.0 mug./g. However, birds exposed to 43 degrees C. and 45% relative humidity had a significantly (P less than 0.05) prolonged mean survival time at 8.0 mug./g. Birds given drinking water containing 2% NaCl had a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in mean survival time at 8.0 mug./g. These data suggest that ochratoxin like aflatoxin can interact with other agents to produce syndromes not attributable to each alone.", "PMID": 1187521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10492", "title": "Efficacy of D-, L- and DL-methionine for growth of chicks fed crystalline amino acid diets.", "content": "Four assays employing young male chicks were conducted to evaluate the relative efficacy of D-, L- and DL-methionine and to estimate the requirement for D- and L-methionine when serving as the sole source of sulfur amino acids or when added to a diet containing 0.27% L-cystine. Crystalline amino acid diets containing 14.9% protein equivalent and 4200 kcal. M.E./kg. were used in all assays. L-methionine supported faster and more efficient gains than D- or L-methionine when fed at levels below thhe requirement. At levels of supplementation near the requirement, however, equal efficacy was attained. When serving as the sole source of sulfur amino acids, the requirement as estimated by least squares for optimal gain was 0.58% of the diet or 104 mg./day for L-methionine and 0.59% or 104 mg./day for D-methionine. In the presence of cystine, the requirements were estimated at 0.27% or 49 mg./day and 0.30% or 52 mg./day for L- and D-methionine respectively. The results indicate that at lower levels of supplementation, L-methionine is a better source of sulfur amino acids than D-methionine. On the other hand, L- and D-methionine appear to have equal efficacy when incorporated into diets that are only marginally deficient in sulfur-bearing amino acids.", "contents": "Efficacy of D-, L- and DL-methionine for growth of chicks fed crystalline amino acid diets. Four assays employing young male chicks were conducted to evaluate the relative efficacy of D-, L- and DL-methionine and to estimate the requirement for D- and L-methionine when serving as the sole source of sulfur amino acids or when added to a diet containing 0.27% L-cystine. Crystalline amino acid diets containing 14.9% protein equivalent and 4200 kcal. M.E./kg. were used in all assays. L-methionine supported faster and more efficient gains than D- or L-methionine when fed at levels below thhe requirement. At levels of supplementation near the requirement, however, equal efficacy was attained. When serving as the sole source of sulfur amino acids, the requirement as estimated by least squares for optimal gain was 0.58% of the diet or 104 mg./day for L-methionine and 0.59% or 104 mg./day for D-methionine. In the presence of cystine, the requirements were estimated at 0.27% or 49 mg./day and 0.30% or 52 mg./day for L- and D-methionine respectively. The results indicate that at lower levels of supplementation, L-methionine is a better source of sulfur amino acids than D-methionine. On the other hand, L- and D-methionine appear to have equal efficacy when incorporated into diets that are only marginally deficient in sulfur-bearing amino acids.", "PMID": 1187522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10493", "title": "Cadmium and the laying hen: apparent absorption, tissue distribution and virtual absence of transfer into eggs.", "content": "After being given a single oral dose of 40 muCi. of 109CdCl2, laying hens were fed a practical type ration to which 0 or 60 p.p.m. cadmium (Cd, as CdCl2) was added. On the basis of 109Cd in excrement, apparent absorption of the isotope averaged less than 10% of the dose for both diets. Less than 4% of the dose was retained in total body tissue 23 days after dosing. Dietary Cd level did not significantly influence excretion of 109Cd by hens, but hens fed 60 p.p.m. Cd retained a significantly higher proportion of 109Cd dose in liver, kidneys and whole body than did control hens. 109Cd was only detected in blood 48 hours after dosing and more than 75% of radioactivity in the blood occurred in plasma. Hens fed 60 p.p.m. Cd consumed less feed and produced less eggs than control hens. 109Cd was found infrequently at very low levels in yolks of eggs produced by hens fed 60 p.p.m. Cd. No radioactivity was detected in any egg whites, or in yolks of eggs produced by control hens.", "contents": "Cadmium and the laying hen: apparent absorption, tissue distribution and virtual absence of transfer into eggs. After being given a single oral dose of 40 muCi. of 109CdCl2, laying hens were fed a practical type ration to which 0 or 60 p.p.m. cadmium (Cd, as CdCl2) was added. On the basis of 109Cd in excrement, apparent absorption of the isotope averaged less than 10% of the dose for both diets. Less than 4% of the dose was retained in total body tissue 23 days after dosing. Dietary Cd level did not significantly influence excretion of 109Cd by hens, but hens fed 60 p.p.m. Cd retained a significantly higher proportion of 109Cd dose in liver, kidneys and whole body than did control hens. 109Cd was only detected in blood 48 hours after dosing and more than 75% of radioactivity in the blood occurred in plasma. Hens fed 60 p.p.m. Cd consumed less feed and produced less eggs than control hens. 109Cd was found infrequently at very low levels in yolks of eggs produced by hens fed 60 p.p.m. Cd. No radioactivity was detected in any egg whites, or in yolks of eggs produced by control hens.", "PMID": 1187523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10494", "title": "Reproductive performance of caged Beltsville Small White turkeys as affected by choline, bird density and forced molting.", "content": "Reproductive performance was determined on Beltsville Small White hens housed 2 or 3 per cage for 10 weeks and then changed to 1 or 2 per cage for 10 additional weeks. Hens were then molted and data collected for a second production cycle of 18 weeks. Hens were fed a basal diet calculated to contain 1230 mg./kg. of choline, or supplemented with choline chloride to provide 1900, 2570 or 3240 mg. of choline per kg. of diet. Variations in production, fertility and hatch were observed between the first and second 10 week periods of the first laying cycle, but differences were affected more by two high choline levels than by number of hens per cage. When data was combined to show the effects of choline supplements for the entire 20 weeks, there were no significant differences in egg production or hatch of fertile eggs due to choline levels. However, significantly lower fertility resulted in groups fed choline at the level of 2570 or 3240 mg./kg. during this 20 wk. laying cycle. During the second production cycle (one hen per cage), choline supplements improved egg production, increased egg weight, depressed fertility and had no effect on hatch of fertile eggs. When data from the first and second production cycles were combined, there was no significant effect of choline on production or hatchability, but all groups supplemented with choline had significantly lower fertility than the basal group, indicating that 1230 mg./kg. of choline was adequate.", "contents": "Reproductive performance of caged Beltsville Small White turkeys as affected by choline, bird density and forced molting. Reproductive performance was determined on Beltsville Small White hens housed 2 or 3 per cage for 10 weeks and then changed to 1 or 2 per cage for 10 additional weeks. Hens were then molted and data collected for a second production cycle of 18 weeks. Hens were fed a basal diet calculated to contain 1230 mg./kg. of choline, or supplemented with choline chloride to provide 1900, 2570 or 3240 mg. of choline per kg. of diet. Variations in production, fertility and hatch were observed between the first and second 10 week periods of the first laying cycle, but differences were affected more by two high choline levels than by number of hens per cage. When data was combined to show the effects of choline supplements for the entire 20 weeks, there were no significant differences in egg production or hatch of fertile eggs due to choline levels. However, significantly lower fertility resulted in groups fed choline at the level of 2570 or 3240 mg./kg. during this 20 wk. laying cycle. During the second production cycle (one hen per cage), choline supplements improved egg production, increased egg weight, depressed fertility and had no effect on hatch of fertile eggs. When data from the first and second production cycles were combined, there was no significant effect of choline on production or hatchability, but all groups supplemented with choline had significantly lower fertility than the basal group, indicating that 1230 mg./kg. of choline was adequate.", "PMID": 1187524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10495", "title": "Deamination of amino acids in the small intestine of chickens fed meat meal.", "content": "The loss of amino acids by bacterial deamination in the small intestine of chicks fed heated and unheated meat meal was studied by incubating the intestinal contents in vitro. The loss of amino acids by bacterial deamination was found to take place mainly in the lower small intestine. Deamination of amino acids was significantly higher in the contents of the small intestine of chicks fed a meat meal compared to the freeze-dried raw materials, and this deamination was reduced by the addition of 50 p.p.m. penicillin to the meat meal.", "contents": "Deamination of amino acids in the small intestine of chickens fed meat meal. The loss of amino acids by bacterial deamination in the small intestine of chicks fed heated and unheated meat meal was studied by incubating the intestinal contents in vitro. The loss of amino acids by bacterial deamination was found to take place mainly in the lower small intestine. Deamination of amino acids was significantly higher in the contents of the small intestine of chicks fed a meat meal compared to the freeze-dried raw materials, and this deamination was reduced by the addition of 50 p.p.m. penicillin to the meat meal.", "PMID": 1187525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10496", "title": "Attempted induction of gynogenesis in chickens.", "content": "Dark Cornish and White Leghorn hens were divided into a virgin group and a group inseminated with semen that had been irradiated with 5,000r. of X rays. Two replicate trials were performed, one during winter and the second during summer. Two parthenogenetic embryos were found among 1,417 virgin eggs incubated for 24 hours. No other development was seen in eggs from this group. The three chicks produced by the inseminated group were not gynogenetic. Their heterozygous coloration showed them to be normal fertilization products. Fertility of 1,500 eggs was only about 5% and survival was almost nif for eggs from hens artificially inseminated with semen irradiated at 5,000 r. Most embryonic development consisted of membranous growth with occasional blood cells. The frequency of detectable embryonic development in abortive eggs was half as great after seven days incubation compared to the frequency after only 24 hours incubation.", "contents": "Attempted induction of gynogenesis in chickens. Dark Cornish and White Leghorn hens were divided into a virgin group and a group inseminated with semen that had been irradiated with 5,000r. of X rays. Two replicate trials were performed, one during winter and the second during summer. Two parthenogenetic embryos were found among 1,417 virgin eggs incubated for 24 hours. No other development was seen in eggs from this group. The three chicks produced by the inseminated group were not gynogenetic. Their heterozygous coloration showed them to be normal fertilization products. Fertility of 1,500 eggs was only about 5% and survival was almost nif for eggs from hens artificially inseminated with semen irradiated at 5,000 r. Most embryonic development consisted of membranous growth with occasional blood cells. The frequency of detectable embryonic development in abortive eggs was half as great after seven days incubation compared to the frequency after only 24 hours incubation.", "PMID": 1187526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10497", "title": "Effect of turning and age of egg on hatchability in the pheasant, chukar, and Japanese quail.", "content": "Eggs from pheasants, Chukar partridge and Japanese quail were stored 1 to 28 days in a cold box where temperature and relative humidity were maintained at approximately 16 degrees C. and 70 percent, respectively. Half the eggs from each species was turned once daily from a 45 degree angle from the verticle to the opposite angle. Turning eggs prior to incubation had no appreciable effect on hatchability of eggs stored up to 28 days. Length of storage for eggs from the pheasant and quail was critical, with significant declines in fertility in eggs stored beyond 14 days. Storage of Chukar eggs up to 28 days had little effect on subsequent hatchability, and their holding quality was comparable to that for commercial strains of chickens and turkeys.", "contents": "Effect of turning and age of egg on hatchability in the pheasant, chukar, and Japanese quail. Eggs from pheasants, Chukar partridge and Japanese quail were stored 1 to 28 days in a cold box where temperature and relative humidity were maintained at approximately 16 degrees C. and 70 percent, respectively. Half the eggs from each species was turned once daily from a 45 degree angle from the verticle to the opposite angle. Turning eggs prior to incubation had no appreciable effect on hatchability of eggs stored up to 28 days. Length of storage for eggs from the pheasant and quail was critical, with significant declines in fertility in eggs stored beyond 14 days. Storage of Chukar eggs up to 28 days had little effect on subsequent hatchability, and their holding quality was comparable to that for commercial strains of chickens and turkeys.", "PMID": 1187527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10498", "title": "Biotin deficiency as a possible cause of swelling and ulceration of foot pads.", "content": "A high incidence of foot pad lesions and breast blisters were observed in broilers. Histological examination of foot pads indicated changes similar to those previously found when broilers were fed a biotin deficient diet. It is suggested that a marginal biotin deficiency in practical diets may be responsible for enlarged foot pads causing birds to rest on their breast resulting in increased breast blisters.", "contents": "Biotin deficiency as a possible cause of swelling and ulceration of foot pads. A high incidence of foot pad lesions and breast blisters were observed in broilers. Histological examination of foot pads indicated changes similar to those previously found when broilers were fed a biotin deficient diet. It is suggested that a marginal biotin deficiency in practical diets may be responsible for enlarged foot pads causing birds to rest on their breast resulting in increased breast blisters.", "PMID": 1187528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10499", "title": "Dieldrin dilution in visceral fat of field-contaminated broilers.", "content": "Broilers aged 4, 5 and 6 weeks were selected from 8 commercial flocks which had been accidentally exposed to dieldrin in feeds. The birds were given a dieldrin-free ration and were reared to 10 weeks of age. Dieldrin residues in visceral fat were determined weekly. Results indicated that dieldrin residues are rapidly diluted in the growing chick with a half-time for dilution of approximately 12 days.", "contents": "Dieldrin dilution in visceral fat of field-contaminated broilers. Broilers aged 4, 5 and 6 weeks were selected from 8 commercial flocks which had been accidentally exposed to dieldrin in feeds. The birds were given a dieldrin-free ration and were reared to 10 weeks of age. Dieldrin residues in visceral fat were determined weekly. Results indicated that dieldrin residues are rapidly diluted in the growing chick with a half-time for dilution of approximately 12 days.", "PMID": 1187529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10500", "title": "The dietary-fecal relationship of calcium and phosphorus levels in White Leghorn hens.", "content": "Fecal samples were collected from individually caged White Leghorn hens in two experiments to determine the relationship of dietary and fecal levels of calcium and phosphorus. Data indicated that fecal levels of both calcium and phosphorus increased with increased dietary levels and could be directly altered as their dietary counterparts were varied.", "contents": "The dietary-fecal relationship of calcium and phosphorus levels in White Leghorn hens. Fecal samples were collected from individually caged White Leghorn hens in two experiments to determine the relationship of dietary and fecal levels of calcium and phosphorus. Data indicated that fecal levels of both calcium and phosphorus increased with increased dietary levels and could be directly altered as their dietary counterparts were varied.", "PMID": 1187530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10501", "title": "Inefficacy of carnitine as a substitute for choline for normal reproduction in Japanese quail.", "content": "An experiment was conducted to determine if DL-carnitine could partially or completely substitute for choline for maintaining normal reproduction in Japanese quail. Adding 2800 mg. choline chloride per kg. to a purified diet significantly increased egg production and egg weight and improved hatchability, but adding a similar level of carnitine failed to improve any of the parameters measured. Likewise, performance of quail fed 1400 mg. carnitine per kg. in combination with 1400 mg. choline chloride was no better than that obtained with quail fed choline chloride (1400 mg./kg.) alone.", "contents": "Inefficacy of carnitine as a substitute for choline for normal reproduction in Japanese quail. An experiment was conducted to determine if DL-carnitine could partially or completely substitute for choline for maintaining normal reproduction in Japanese quail. Adding 2800 mg. choline chloride per kg. to a purified diet significantly increased egg production and egg weight and improved hatchability, but adding a similar level of carnitine failed to improve any of the parameters measured. Likewise, performance of quail fed 1400 mg. carnitine per kg. in combination with 1400 mg. choline chloride was no better than that obtained with quail fed choline chloride (1400 mg./kg.) alone.", "PMID": 1187531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10502", "title": "Adolescent pregnancy.", "content": "The results of a retrospective study of adolescent pregnancy indicated that obstetric and perinatal complications were fewer than expected. The case histories of 178 pregnancies, all occurring in patients aged 15 years or less at the time of delivery, were reviewed. During the ten-year period 1963 to 1972 there were no maternal deaths, no stillbirths and no neonatal deaths. As expected, the majority of patients were primigravidae, but 35 patients (approximately 20 per cent) subsequently became pregnant for a second time before their sixteenth birthday. This emphasizes the need for improvement in contraceptive advice and follow-up for this age-group so that further illegitimate pregnancy or abortion can be avoided.", "contents": "Adolescent pregnancy. The results of a retrospective study of adolescent pregnancy indicated that obstetric and perinatal complications were fewer than expected. The case histories of 178 pregnancies, all occurring in patients aged 15 years or less at the time of delivery, were reviewed. During the ten-year period 1963 to 1972 there were no maternal deaths, no stillbirths and no neonatal deaths. As expected, the majority of patients were primigravidae, but 35 patients (approximately 20 per cent) subsequently became pregnant for a second time before their sixteenth birthday. This emphasizes the need for improvement in contraceptive advice and follow-up for this age-group so that further illegitimate pregnancy or abortion can be avoided.", "PMID": 1187536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10503", "title": "A combined procedure for preparation of plastocyanin, ferredoxin and CF1.", "content": "Homogeneous preparations of ferredoxin, plastocyanin, and chloroplast coupling factor (CF1) have been isolated from spinach by a combined procedure in which supernatants from preparation of chloroplasts are used for isolation of ferredoxin and the chloroplasts serve as the source of plastocyanin. The proteins were purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration, after precipitation with acetone in the case of ferredoxin or release from membranes in the case of plastocyanin. The proteins obtained by this procedure are pure, as evidenced by absorption ratios (ferredoxin, A420/A276 = 0.47-0.48; plastocyanin, A278/A597 = 1.2) and by the fact that both proteins migrate as single bands on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "contents": "A combined procedure for preparation of plastocyanin, ferredoxin and CF1. Homogeneous preparations of ferredoxin, plastocyanin, and chloroplast coupling factor (CF1) have been isolated from spinach by a combined procedure in which supernatants from preparation of chloroplasts are used for isolation of ferredoxin and the chloroplasts serve as the source of plastocyanin. The proteins were purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration, after precipitation with acetone in the case of ferredoxin or release from membranes in the case of plastocyanin. The proteins obtained by this procedure are pure, as evidenced by absorption ratios (ferredoxin, A420/A276 = 0.47-0.48; plastocyanin, A278/A597 = 1.2) and by the fact that both proteins migrate as single bands on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "PMID": 1187556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10504", "title": "Affinity chromatography of succinate dehydrogenase from the membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus.", "content": "Isolated plasma membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus were subjected to extraction with n-butanol in a two-phase system. Succinate dehydrogenase obtained in the soluble aqueous phase after high-speed centrifugation was resolved by separation on calcium phosphate gel and affinity chromatography. The affinity ligand used was oxaloacetate and elution from the column was achieved with 0.5 M succinate. In the final product there was an eleven-fold reduction in the 32P-lipid to protein ratio and a fourteen-fold increase in specific activity relative to the high speed supernatant fraction following n-butanol extraction.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of succinate dehydrogenase from the membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Isolated plasma membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus were subjected to extraction with n-butanol in a two-phase system. Succinate dehydrogenase obtained in the soluble aqueous phase after high-speed centrifugation was resolved by separation on calcium phosphate gel and affinity chromatography. The affinity ligand used was oxaloacetate and elution from the column was achieved with 0.5 M succinate. In the final product there was an eleven-fold reduction in the 32P-lipid to protein ratio and a fourteen-fold increase in specific activity relative to the high speed supernatant fraction following n-butanol extraction.", "PMID": 1187557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10505", "title": "[Effect of the stereoisomers of glutamic acid on the vital activity of auxotrophic mutant producers of lysine].", "content": "Studies of L, D and DL-forms of glutamic acid as the sole nitrogen source or as a supplement to the major nitrogen source--ammonium sulphate have demonstrated that in the first case all forms of glutamic acid are assimilated by auxotrophic mutants--lysine producers. However, the lysine synthesis was very low, when L-glutamic acid was used as the only nitrogen source. Glutamic acid at a concentration of 0.01 M applied as a supplement to the major source of nitrogen acted as a stimulator of lysine synthesis, slightly inhibiting biomass increment. That was true of every form of glutamic acid, especially of DL-glutamic acid.", "contents": "[Effect of the stereoisomers of glutamic acid on the vital activity of auxotrophic mutant producers of lysine]. Studies of L, D and DL-forms of glutamic acid as the sole nitrogen source or as a supplement to the major nitrogen source--ammonium sulphate have demonstrated that in the first case all forms of glutamic acid are assimilated by auxotrophic mutants--lysine producers. However, the lysine synthesis was very low, when L-glutamic acid was used as the only nitrogen source. Glutamic acid at a concentration of 0.01 M applied as a supplement to the major source of nitrogen acted as a stimulator of lysine synthesis, slightly inhibiting biomass increment. That was true of every form of glutamic acid, especially of DL-glutamic acid.", "PMID": 1187569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10506", "title": "[Effect of furfural on the energy metabolism of fodder yeasts].", "content": "The effect of furfurol on the rate of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production by Candida tropicalis cells was studied. Furfurol was shown to inhibit significantly the yeast respiration, inducing aerobic glycolysis. Enhanced carbon dioxide production in the presence of furfurol was followed by an intensive degradation of trehalose and ethanol accumulation in the medium.", "contents": "[Effect of furfural on the energy metabolism of fodder yeasts]. The effect of furfurol on the rate of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production by Candida tropicalis cells was studied. Furfurol was shown to inhibit significantly the yeast respiration, inducing aerobic glycolysis. Enhanced carbon dioxide production in the presence of furfurol was followed by an intensive degradation of trehalose and ethanol accumulation in the medium.", "PMID": 1187567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10507", "title": "[Effect of certain substances on the biosynthesis of cellulase by the thermotolerant fungus, Aspergillus terreus I7P].", "content": "Different substrates which activate the enzyme synthesis were added to the natural medium for Asp. terreus 17P cultivation where wheat straw was used as the carbon source. Tween-80, oleic acid, sodium salts of ascorbic and acetic acid, potassium salt of indolyl acetic acid, sunflower seed oil, coreander seed oil, soapstock and sugars--glucose, sucrose, fructose and lactose were tested. An addition of Tween-80 at a concentration of 0.1% to the cultivation medium showed the most favourable effect on the synthesis of cellulolytic enzymes. Milk serum and cheese serum, malt shoots and protein-vitamin complex were examined as a substitute for corn extract. Dry malt shoots added at a concentration of 1.5% was a good substitute for corn extract.", "contents": "[Effect of certain substances on the biosynthesis of cellulase by the thermotolerant fungus, Aspergillus terreus I7P]. Different substrates which activate the enzyme synthesis were added to the natural medium for Asp. terreus 17P cultivation where wheat straw was used as the carbon source. Tween-80, oleic acid, sodium salts of ascorbic and acetic acid, potassium salt of indolyl acetic acid, sunflower seed oil, coreander seed oil, soapstock and sugars--glucose, sucrose, fructose and lactose were tested. An addition of Tween-80 at a concentration of 0.1% to the cultivation medium showed the most favourable effect on the synthesis of cellulolytic enzymes. Milk serum and cheese serum, malt shoots and protein-vitamin complex were examined as a substitute for corn extract. Dry malt shoots added at a concentration of 1.5% was a good substitute for corn extract.", "PMID": 1187570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10508", "title": "[Formation of primary alcohols and palmitic acid in the microbiological oxidation of hexadecane].", "content": "Forty seven microbial strains oxidized hexadecane to form primary cetol and palmitic acid. The maximum quantitiy of the compounds was accumulated in the exponential phase of growing cultures (for 72 hours) and for 6 to 16 hours of incubation of resting cell suspensions. Candida yeast were shown by the gas-liquid chromatography method to be the most active producers of cetol.", "contents": "[Formation of primary alcohols and palmitic acid in the microbiological oxidation of hexadecane]. Forty seven microbial strains oxidized hexadecane to form primary cetol and palmitic acid. The maximum quantitiy of the compounds was accumulated in the exponential phase of growing cultures (for 72 hours) and for 6 to 16 hours of incubation of resting cell suspensions. Candida yeast were shown by the gas-liquid chromatography method to be the most active producers of cetol.", "PMID": 1187568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10509", "title": "[Isolation and some properties of a nonspecific extracellular ribonuclease of Aspergillus clavatus].", "content": "RNase has been isolated from the homogenate of the Aspergillus clavatus mycelium by gel filtration through Sephadex G-75, chromatography on CM-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose. By gel filtration and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel the preparation has been shown to be homogeneous. The enzyme is acid protein with the isoelectric point at pH 4.4 and molecular weight of 27,000. RNase has pH optimum at 6.0--6.2 and temperature optimum 60 degrees for RNA action. The enzyme splits RNA completely in the absence of metal ions. Ions Zn2+, Cu+2, Ag+1 and Ni+2 at a concentration of 10(-4) M are strong inhibitors of RNase activity.", "contents": "[Isolation and some properties of a nonspecific extracellular ribonuclease of Aspergillus clavatus]. RNase has been isolated from the homogenate of the Aspergillus clavatus mycelium by gel filtration through Sephadex G-75, chromatography on CM-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose. By gel filtration and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel the preparation has been shown to be homogeneous. The enzyme is acid protein with the isoelectric point at pH 4.4 and molecular weight of 27,000. RNase has pH optimum at 6.0--6.2 and temperature optimum 60 degrees for RNA action. The enzyme splits RNA completely in the absence of metal ions. Ions Zn2+, Cu+2, Ag+1 and Ni+2 at a concentration of 10(-4) M are strong inhibitors of RNase activity.", "PMID": 1187571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10510", "title": "[Change in the alpha-glucosidase activity of cattle muscle tissue during slow autolysis].", "content": "Changes in the alpha-glucosidase activity of the cattle muscular tissue (oxen eye muscle of loin) were evaluated during storage at 2 degrees. Under these conditions both lysosomal and extralysosomal alpha-glucosidase activities underwent no significant changes during a long period of time (12 days). Activity of lysosome-bound alpha-glucosidase was about 10% of total enzyme activity in the homogenate; the remaining part of alpha-glucosidase was contained outside lysosomes.", "contents": "[Change in the alpha-glucosidase activity of cattle muscle tissue during slow autolysis]. Changes in the alpha-glucosidase activity of the cattle muscular tissue (oxen eye muscle of loin) were evaluated during storage at 2 degrees. Under these conditions both lysosomal and extralysosomal alpha-glucosidase activities underwent no significant changes during a long period of time (12 days). Activity of lysosome-bound alpha-glucosidase was about 10% of total enzyme activity in the homogenate; the remaining part of alpha-glucosidase was contained outside lysosomes.", "PMID": 1187575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10511", "title": "[2 methods of preparing solvent systems for the chromatographic separation of organic acids].", "content": "The solvent system of alcohol-acid-water gradually forms an equilibrated amount of ester which facilitates the separation of di- and tri-carboxylic acids on paper chromatograms. Using the system of n-butanol-formic acid-water (3:1:1) as an illustration, two methods of accelerating the system ageing are demonstrated: 1) butanol-acid mixture at a required ratio is kept for several hours before water is added and 2) butanol-acid mixture is passed through the KU-2 layer in the H-form. The effect identical to that achieved as a result of 5-day storage of the solvent system under usual conditions can be reached with the first scheme during 6 hours and with the second scheme during 20-30 min.", "contents": "[2 methods of preparing solvent systems for the chromatographic separation of organic acids]. The solvent system of alcohol-acid-water gradually forms an equilibrated amount of ester which facilitates the separation of di- and tri-carboxylic acids on paper chromatograms. Using the system of n-butanol-formic acid-water (3:1:1) as an illustration, two methods of accelerating the system ageing are demonstrated: 1) butanol-acid mixture at a required ratio is kept for several hours before water is added and 2) butanol-acid mixture is passed through the KU-2 layer in the H-form. The effect identical to that achieved as a result of 5-day storage of the solvent system under usual conditions can be reached with the first scheme during 6 hours and with the second scheme during 20-30 min.", "PMID": 1187573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10512", "title": "[Enzymatic decomposition of pectin in the presence of amino acids and proteins].", "content": "The influence of amino acids--glycine, alpha-alanine, lysine, phenylalanine, serine, methionine, cysteine, tryptophan, aspartic acid and asparagine--and proteins--chick egg albumin and autolysate of Aspergillus niger biomass--on the disintegration of beet pectine by the Asp. niger enzymic preparation was investigated. This process was shown to depend on the chemical composition and concentration of amino acids and the protein nature. All the tested amino acids, except tryptophan, at doses of 0.0001 to 0.5% stimulated the activity of pectolytic enzymes. The effect of proteins was different: Asp. niger autolysate showed no essential influence and egg albumin inhibited pectine disintegration.", "contents": "[Enzymatic decomposition of pectin in the presence of amino acids and proteins]. The influence of amino acids--glycine, alpha-alanine, lysine, phenylalanine, serine, methionine, cysteine, tryptophan, aspartic acid and asparagine--and proteins--chick egg albumin and autolysate of Aspergillus niger biomass--on the disintegration of beet pectine by the Asp. niger enzymic preparation was investigated. This process was shown to depend on the chemical composition and concentration of amino acids and the protein nature. All the tested amino acids, except tryptophan, at doses of 0.0001 to 0.5% stimulated the activity of pectolytic enzymes. The effect of proteins was different: Asp. niger autolysate showed no essential influence and egg albumin inhibited pectine disintegration.", "PMID": 1187572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10513", "title": "Furosemide induced release of prostaglandin E to increase renal blood flow.", "content": "Levels of PGE in renal venous blood were found to be significantly elevated at the time RBF was increased by furosemide. Following indomethacin, a second dose of furosemide failed to increase RBF and levels of PGE in renal venous blood were not elevated. Levels of PGF and PGA were not affected by furosemide. The increase of PGE in renal venous blood at the time of renal dilation supports the hypothesis that furosemide increases RBF by releasing PGE. An intrarenal action of the released PGE is implied by this mechanism.", "contents": "Furosemide induced release of prostaglandin E to increase renal blood flow. Levels of PGE in renal venous blood were found to be significantly elevated at the time RBF was increased by furosemide. Following indomethacin, a second dose of furosemide failed to increase RBF and levels of PGE in renal venous blood were not elevated. Levels of PGF and PGA were not affected by furosemide. The increase of PGE in renal venous blood at the time of renal dilation supports the hypothesis that furosemide increases RBF by releasing PGE. An intrarenal action of the released PGE is implied by this mechanism.", "PMID": 1187679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10514", "title": "An improved diffusion chamber (DC) for culture of hematopoietic cells.", "content": "A DC with Nuclepore filter wall has been described. Recovery of in vitro incubated human nucleated peripheral blood cells and in vivo growth of mouse bone marrow cells in intraperitoneally implanted DCs were improved when compared to the growth obtained in the more commonly used Millipore filter chambers.", "contents": "An improved diffusion chamber (DC) for culture of hematopoietic cells. A DC with Nuclepore filter wall has been described. Recovery of in vitro incubated human nucleated peripheral blood cells and in vivo growth of mouse bone marrow cells in intraperitoneally implanted DCs were improved when compared to the growth obtained in the more commonly used Millipore filter chambers.", "PMID": 1187680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10515", "title": "Effects of sugars on leucine and lysine uptake by intestinal cells from rats fed sucrose and stock diets.", "content": "The effect of various dietary sugars on the uptake of 1 mM leucine and 1 mM lysine by intestinal cells isolated from stock-fed and sucrose-fed rats was determined. Leucine uptake was activated by 10 mM fructose and inhibited by 10 mM glucose or 20 mM sucrose on both diets. The major dietary effect noted was a significant increase in the inhibition of leucine by glucose in the sucrose-fed rats. The uptake of lysine was minimally affected by the sugars irrespective of the diet fed. These results demonstrate an important dichotomy in the properties of glucose and fructose transport in the intestine and suggest that dietary fructose may increase the transport of certain amino acids.", "contents": "Effects of sugars on leucine and lysine uptake by intestinal cells from rats fed sucrose and stock diets. The effect of various dietary sugars on the uptake of 1 mM leucine and 1 mM lysine by intestinal cells isolated from stock-fed and sucrose-fed rats was determined. Leucine uptake was activated by 10 mM fructose and inhibited by 10 mM glucose or 20 mM sucrose on both diets. The major dietary effect noted was a significant increase in the inhibition of leucine by glucose in the sucrose-fed rats. The uptake of lysine was minimally affected by the sugars irrespective of the diet fed. These results demonstrate an important dichotomy in the properties of glucose and fructose transport in the intestine and suggest that dietary fructose may increase the transport of certain amino acids.", "PMID": 1187681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10516", "title": "The incorporation of radioactive uridine into the hepatitis B antigen of a chimpanzee.", "content": "Radioactive (3H) uridine was incorporated into RNA isolated from the HBsAg of a chimpanzee carrier. HBsAg was purified by precipitation as an immune complex with the IgG fraction of chimpanzee anti-HBs. RNA was extracted from the washed complex with buffered phenol precipitated with alcohol and four nucleotides were identified by thin layer chromatography after alkali degradation.", "contents": "The incorporation of radioactive uridine into the hepatitis B antigen of a chimpanzee. Radioactive (3H) uridine was incorporated into RNA isolated from the HBsAg of a chimpanzee carrier. HBsAg was purified by precipitation as an immune complex with the IgG fraction of chimpanzee anti-HBs. RNA was extracted from the washed complex with buffered phenol precipitated with alcohol and four nucleotides were identified by thin layer chromatography after alkali degradation.", "PMID": 1187682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10517", "title": "Vitamin K requirement and warfarin tolerance in the hamster.", "content": "A dietary deficiency of vitamin K has been demonstrated in the Syrian hamster. This species has also been shown to be relatively resistant to the action of the indirect anticoagulant Warfarin, and very sensitive to the anticoagulant action of the vitamin K antagonist chloro-K. These observations, and the hamster's apparently high requirement for the vitamin, indicate that it responds to vitamin K and vitamin K antagonists in the same fashion as Warfarin-resistant strains of rats.", "contents": "Vitamin K requirement and warfarin tolerance in the hamster. A dietary deficiency of vitamin K has been demonstrated in the Syrian hamster. This species has also been shown to be relatively resistant to the action of the indirect anticoagulant Warfarin, and very sensitive to the anticoagulant action of the vitamin K antagonist chloro-K. These observations, and the hamster's apparently high requirement for the vitamin, indicate that it responds to vitamin K and vitamin K antagonists in the same fashion as Warfarin-resistant strains of rats.", "PMID": 1187683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10518", "title": "Unilateral luteotropic effect of uterine venous effluent of a gravid uterine horn in sheep.", "content": "The involvement of the main uterine vein in the unilateral maintenance of CL was studied in bilaterally ovulating unilaterally pregnant ewes. Ewes were mated at estrus (Day 0) and bilaterally ovulating ewes were randomized into three groups at surgery on Day 5. In all ewes, the uterine horns were separated through the intercornual area and one was ligated and transected near the internal bifurcation to produce a nongravid horn. One group served as controls (five ewes). In the other two groups the main uterine vein on one side was surgically anastomosed (end to side) to the corresponding vein of the opposite side (gravid side to nongravid side in one group--three ewes, and nongravid side to gravid side in the other--three ewes). Necropsies were done on Day 20. Mean CL weight was less, (P less than .01) on the nongravid side in control ewes than on the gravid side in control ewes or for either side in the other two groups. There were no significant differences among mean weights of CL on the gravid side in control ewes and either side in the other two groups. The CL regressed when the ipsilateral uterine vein contained blood from only the nongravid horn whereas the CL was maintained when the ipsilateral uterine vein contained venous blood from a gravid horn, whether or not it also contained blood from a nongravid horn. Results indicate that the uterine venous effluent from a gravid uterine horn in sheep has a luteotropic effect on the ipsilateral CL.", "contents": "Unilateral luteotropic effect of uterine venous effluent of a gravid uterine horn in sheep. The involvement of the main uterine vein in the unilateral maintenance of CL was studied in bilaterally ovulating unilaterally pregnant ewes. Ewes were mated at estrus (Day 0) and bilaterally ovulating ewes were randomized into three groups at surgery on Day 5. In all ewes, the uterine horns were separated through the intercornual area and one was ligated and transected near the internal bifurcation to produce a nongravid horn. One group served as controls (five ewes). In the other two groups the main uterine vein on one side was surgically anastomosed (end to side) to the corresponding vein of the opposite side (gravid side to nongravid side in one group--three ewes, and nongravid side to gravid side in the other--three ewes). Necropsies were done on Day 20. Mean CL weight was less, (P less than .01) on the nongravid side in control ewes than on the gravid side in control ewes or for either side in the other two groups. There were no significant differences among mean weights of CL on the gravid side in control ewes and either side in the other two groups. The CL regressed when the ipsilateral uterine vein contained blood from only the nongravid horn whereas the CL was maintained when the ipsilateral uterine vein contained venous blood from a gravid horn, whether or not it also contained blood from a nongravid horn. Results indicate that the uterine venous effluent from a gravid uterine horn in sheep has a luteotropic effect on the ipsilateral CL.", "PMID": 1187684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10519", "title": "Experimental pneumococcal meningitis: III. Chemotactic activity in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Chemotactic activity was assayed in CSF of rabbits with pneumococcal meningitis to further characterize the inflammatory response in this infection. CSF chemotactic activity was detected in increasing levels for 72 hr after infection. Activity was stable at 56 degrees and was inactivated by agents which denature proteins. Gel filtration demonstrated two chemotactically active fractions in infected CSF with mol wts of approximately 3000 and 11,000. Bacterial products appear to account for a portion of the observed CSF chemotactic activity, but the role of host factors remains to be clarified.", "contents": "Experimental pneumococcal meningitis: III. Chemotactic activity in cerebrospinal fluid. Chemotactic activity was assayed in CSF of rabbits with pneumococcal meningitis to further characterize the inflammatory response in this infection. CSF chemotactic activity was detected in increasing levels for 72 hr after infection. Activity was stable at 56 degrees and was inactivated by agents which denature proteins. Gel filtration demonstrated two chemotactically active fractions in infected CSF with mol wts of approximately 3000 and 11,000. Bacterial products appear to account for a portion of the observed CSF chemotactic activity, but the role of host factors remains to be clarified.", "PMID": 1187685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10520", "title": "Alteration in tissue and serum concentrations of TSH, iodide, T4 and T3 induced by various dietary iodide levels.", "content": "Isotopic equilibrium and radioimmunoassay methods were used to evaluate the effects of increases in iodide intake on tissue and serum concentrations of thyroid hormones. Within the range of iodide levels used total iodine in peripheral tissues and serum increase directly with iodide intake but this change is mainly due to an increase in inorganic iodide. It is concluded that increases in tissue thyroid hormone concentrations occur within a relatively narrow range of iodide intake and maximal concentration occurs at an iodide intake of 3-10 mug/day.", "contents": "Alteration in tissue and serum concentrations of TSH, iodide, T4 and T3 induced by various dietary iodide levels. Isotopic equilibrium and radioimmunoassay methods were used to evaluate the effects of increases in iodide intake on tissue and serum concentrations of thyroid hormones. Within the range of iodide levels used total iodine in peripheral tissues and serum increase directly with iodide intake but this change is mainly due to an increase in inorganic iodide. It is concluded that increases in tissue thyroid hormone concentrations occur within a relatively narrow range of iodide intake and maximal concentration occurs at an iodide intake of 3-10 mug/day.", "PMID": 1187686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10521", "title": "Salmon calcitonin and water and electrolyte transport in rabbit ileum.", "content": "The administration of SCT, natural and synthetic, has no apparent effect on the ileal water and electrolyte transport in the rabbit. The failure of SCT to influence ileal transport of water and electrolytes in the rabbit, as it does in man, may be due to differences in the rabbit intestinal response to a foreign peptide hormone.", "contents": "Salmon calcitonin and water and electrolyte transport in rabbit ileum. The administration of SCT, natural and synthetic, has no apparent effect on the ileal water and electrolyte transport in the rabbit. The failure of SCT to influence ileal transport of water and electrolytes in the rabbit, as it does in man, may be due to differences in the rabbit intestinal response to a foreign peptide hormone.", "PMID": 1187688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10522", "title": "Depressed thymidine kinase activity in zinc-deficient rat embryos.", "content": "The activity of thymidine kinase in 12-day fetuses taken from females exposed to a dietary zinc deficiency during pregnancy was significantly lower than in ad libitum (P less than .05) and restricted-intake (P less than .01) controls. Activity of the enzyme was not restored by in vitro addition of zinc at levels up to 0.075 mM but severe inhibition (approximately 50%) occurred at 0.75 mM. Enzyme activity was also severely reduced (approximately 44%) by 0.017 mM (0.96 mug/ml) of copper which raises the possibility that the reduction in thymidine kinase accompanying zinc deficiency may arise, at least in part, from an absolute or relative change in the intracellular level of copper.", "contents": "Depressed thymidine kinase activity in zinc-deficient rat embryos. The activity of thymidine kinase in 12-day fetuses taken from females exposed to a dietary zinc deficiency during pregnancy was significantly lower than in ad libitum (P less than .05) and restricted-intake (P less than .01) controls. Activity of the enzyme was not restored by in vitro addition of zinc at levels up to 0.075 mM but severe inhibition (approximately 50%) occurred at 0.75 mM. Enzyme activity was also severely reduced (approximately 44%) by 0.017 mM (0.96 mug/ml) of copper which raises the possibility that the reduction in thymidine kinase accompanying zinc deficiency may arise, at least in part, from an absolute or relative change in the intracellular level of copper.", "PMID": 1187689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10523", "title": "Cell Na and K in the rat tail artery during the development of hypertension induced by desoxycorticosterone acetate.", "content": "An increase in total Na, due in large part to an increase in cell Na, was measured in the freshly excised rat tail artery during the course of DOCA-saline treatment. Since this change was associated with a fall in cell K, was first observed at 2 weeks, coincident with the rise in blood pressure, and was not sustained during subsequent immersion of the artery at zero pressure, it probably reflects the high in vivo intravascular pressure. In the incubated artery, cell Na is significantly reduced early in the course of treatment, while cell K falls late. Thus, Na transport in the artery is under direct attack from the start, but it is suggested that this leads to hypertrophy rather than to vasoconstriction.", "contents": "Cell Na and K in the rat tail artery during the development of hypertension induced by desoxycorticosterone acetate. An increase in total Na, due in large part to an increase in cell Na, was measured in the freshly excised rat tail artery during the course of DOCA-saline treatment. Since this change was associated with a fall in cell K, was first observed at 2 weeks, coincident with the rise in blood pressure, and was not sustained during subsequent immersion of the artery at zero pressure, it probably reflects the high in vivo intravascular pressure. In the incubated artery, cell Na is significantly reduced early in the course of treatment, while cell K falls late. Thus, Na transport in the artery is under direct attack from the start, but it is suggested that this leads to hypertrophy rather than to vasoconstriction.", "PMID": 1187690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10524", "title": "Characterization of rat liver cell plasma membranes.", "content": "A method is described by which bile canalicular membranes (BCM) can be prepared, together with canaliculus-free plasma membrane (PM), both essentially free of contamination. The recovery of both fractions together was estimated to be 46%. The concentrations of total lipid, total phospholipid and cholesterol were substantially greater in the BCM, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed differences in protein composition. The differences in lipid and protein composition of these two plasma membrane fractions are presumably related to their very different physiological functions.", "contents": "Characterization of rat liver cell plasma membranes. A method is described by which bile canalicular membranes (BCM) can be prepared, together with canaliculus-free plasma membrane (PM), both essentially free of contamination. The recovery of both fractions together was estimated to be 46%. The concentrations of total lipid, total phospholipid and cholesterol were substantially greater in the BCM, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed differences in protein composition. The differences in lipid and protein composition of these two plasma membrane fractions are presumably related to their very different physiological functions.", "PMID": 1187691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10525", "title": "The transmural distribution of coronary blood flow during maximal vasodilation.", "content": "Experiments were performed to examine the transmural distribution of the coronary blood flow during maximal vasodilation and when intramyocardial pressures were either minimized (cardiac arrest) or maximized (tachycardia). The results reveal a gradient of vascular resistance across the ventricular wall that favors flow to the subendocardium in the presence of maximal vasodilation. Thus a flow gradient favoring the subendocardium was seen when intramyocardial pressures were minimized by cardiac arrest, but when tissue pressures were maximized through tachycardia this gradient of flow was reversed.", "contents": "The transmural distribution of coronary blood flow during maximal vasodilation. Experiments were performed to examine the transmural distribution of the coronary blood flow during maximal vasodilation and when intramyocardial pressures were either minimized (cardiac arrest) or maximized (tachycardia). The results reveal a gradient of vascular resistance across the ventricular wall that favors flow to the subendocardium in the presence of maximal vasodilation. Thus a flow gradient favoring the subendocardium was seen when intramyocardial pressures were minimized by cardiac arrest, but when tissue pressures were maximized through tachycardia this gradient of flow was reversed.", "PMID": 1187692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10526", "title": "The preparation of membranes of some human T-mycoplasmas and the analysis of their carbohydrate content.", "content": "Purified membranes were prepared from seven human T-mycoplasmas of which four are laboratory strains and three isolates from patients with nonspecific urethritis. The T-mycoplasmas were resistant to osmotic shock and sonication. Membranes were obtained only after lysing most of the T-mycoplasmas by four passes through a cell fractionator at 40,000 psi and separating the membranes from the unlysed cells by differential centrifugation. The membranes contained between 1 and 7% carbohydrates by dry weight. Mannose, galactose, and glucose were identified with glucose in the largest concentration.", "contents": "The preparation of membranes of some human T-mycoplasmas and the analysis of their carbohydrate content. Purified membranes were prepared from seven human T-mycoplasmas of which four are laboratory strains and three isolates from patients with nonspecific urethritis. The T-mycoplasmas were resistant to osmotic shock and sonication. Membranes were obtained only after lysing most of the T-mycoplasmas by four passes through a cell fractionator at 40,000 psi and separating the membranes from the unlysed cells by differential centrifugation. The membranes contained between 1 and 7% carbohydrates by dry weight. Mannose, galactose, and glucose were identified with glucose in the largest concentration.", "PMID": 1187693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10527", "title": "Glucocorticoid-induced protection in circulatory shock: role of reticuloendotheilial system function.", "content": "Experiments with rats indicate that: (i) hydrocortisone sodium succinate (HC) and methylprednisolone sodium succine (MP) enhance survival after hemorrhage; (ii) MP is approximately 10-times more potent than HC; (iii) both HC and MP are more efficacious if administered prior to hemorrhage; (iv) efficacy of postshock therapy with both steroids is not only time- but dose-dependent; and (v) HC and MP can ameliorate or completely prevent the early RES phagocytic depression observed in circulatory shock. Overall, these data could be used to suggest that: (i) the RES may play a pivotal role in the beneficial actions of synthetic adrenocorticosteroids in circulatory shock, and (ii) numerical RES phagocytic indices may be diagnostic and prognostic parameters in circulatory shock therapy.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid-induced protection in circulatory shock: role of reticuloendotheilial system function. Experiments with rats indicate that: (i) hydrocortisone sodium succinate (HC) and methylprednisolone sodium succine (MP) enhance survival after hemorrhage; (ii) MP is approximately 10-times more potent than HC; (iii) both HC and MP are more efficacious if administered prior to hemorrhage; (iv) efficacy of postshock therapy with both steroids is not only time- but dose-dependent; and (v) HC and MP can ameliorate or completely prevent the early RES phagocytic depression observed in circulatory shock. Overall, these data could be used to suggest that: (i) the RES may play a pivotal role in the beneficial actions of synthetic adrenocorticosteroids in circulatory shock, and (ii) numerical RES phagocytic indices may be diagnostic and prognostic parameters in circulatory shock therapy.", "PMID": 1187694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10528", "title": "Pituitary and serum concentrations of prolactin and GH in Snell dwarf mice.", "content": "Secretions of prolactin and GH in dwarf mice were studied using homologous radioimmunoassays. Blood samples from adult male and femal dw/dw mice were collected by orbital puncture and by decapitation. Compared to related normals (+/?), pituitary concentrations of GH and prolactin were very low in dw/dw mice, the concentrations of prolactin being more scarce than those of GH. Prolactin and GH concentrations were also lower in sera of dw/dw mice, but the relative differences appeared sex-dependent: serum GH was more reduced in males than in females while serum prolactin was more depressed in females. The data confirm earlier indications of deficiencies in the circulating levels of prolactin and GH in dwarf mice and suggest that the hypoactivity of these hormones may be crucial to some of the anomalies found in this mutant.", "contents": "Pituitary and serum concentrations of prolactin and GH in Snell dwarf mice. Secretions of prolactin and GH in dwarf mice were studied using homologous radioimmunoassays. Blood samples from adult male and femal dw/dw mice were collected by orbital puncture and by decapitation. Compared to related normals (+/?), pituitary concentrations of GH and prolactin were very low in dw/dw mice, the concentrations of prolactin being more scarce than those of GH. Prolactin and GH concentrations were also lower in sera of dw/dw mice, but the relative differences appeared sex-dependent: serum GH was more reduced in males than in females while serum prolactin was more depressed in females. The data confirm earlier indications of deficiencies in the circulating levels of prolactin and GH in dwarf mice and suggest that the hypoactivity of these hormones may be crucial to some of the anomalies found in this mutant.", "PMID": 1187695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10529", "title": "Effects of spreading depression on stress-induced changes in plasma prolactin and LH.", "content": "Female rats rendered \"pseudopregnant\" by treatment with PMS and hCG and ovariectomized rats injected with estradiol and progesterone (OVX-E2-P) were subjected to cortical spreading depression (SD). Within 7-10 min under ether anesthesia in a stereotaxic instrument a frontal craniotomy was performed and a cotton ball saturated with physiological saline (control) or 25% KCl was applied to the exposed dura, covered with dental cement and skin sutured. The animals were then placed in separate containers in an isolated room and decapitated for collection of trunk blood at 0, 15, 30, or 60 min after surgery. In PMS-hCH saline-treated control animals, prolactin levels had dropped by 15 and 30 min when compared with the zero-time values but by 60 min had increased significantly above the 30-min level. At that time (60 min), prolactin values in the KCl group were significantly lower than in the controls. Corticosterone levels were high at both 15 and 60 min in control and KCl groups. In OVX-E2-P control animals, plasma prolactin levels also rose at 60 min compared with 15- and 30-min samples and at 60 min were significantly higher than in the KCl group. In control animals, LH levels were lower at 15 and 60 min than at zero time, but they remained unchanged in the KCl group. The dato are interpreted as indicating that cortical SD suppresses the stress responses observed in saline-treated control animals.", "contents": "Effects of spreading depression on stress-induced changes in plasma prolactin and LH. Female rats rendered \"pseudopregnant\" by treatment with PMS and hCG and ovariectomized rats injected with estradiol and progesterone (OVX-E2-P) were subjected to cortical spreading depression (SD). Within 7-10 min under ether anesthesia in a stereotaxic instrument a frontal craniotomy was performed and a cotton ball saturated with physiological saline (control) or 25% KCl was applied to the exposed dura, covered with dental cement and skin sutured. The animals were then placed in separate containers in an isolated room and decapitated for collection of trunk blood at 0, 15, 30, or 60 min after surgery. In PMS-hCH saline-treated control animals, prolactin levels had dropped by 15 and 30 min when compared with the zero-time values but by 60 min had increased significantly above the 30-min level. At that time (60 min), prolactin values in the KCl group were significantly lower than in the controls. Corticosterone levels were high at both 15 and 60 min in control and KCl groups. In OVX-E2-P control animals, plasma prolactin levels also rose at 60 min compared with 15- and 30-min samples and at 60 min were significantly higher than in the KCl group. In control animals, LH levels were lower at 15 and 60 min than at zero time, but they remained unchanged in the KCl group. The dato are interpreted as indicating that cortical SD suppresses the stress responses observed in saline-treated control animals.", "PMID": 1187696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10530", "title": "Effects of dietary carbohydrate source on growth, plasma metabolites and lipogenesis in rats, pigs, and chicks.", "content": "Rats, chicks, and pigs were fed diets containing fructose or glucose. Plasma triglyceride levels were elevated in rats but not in chicks or pigs fed diets containing fructose. The rate of fatty acid synthesis in rat liver but not in chick liver was elevated when fructose-containing diets were fed. Conversely, the rate of fatty acid synthesis in rat adipose tissue but not in pig adipose tissue tended to be depressed when fructose-containing diets were fed. These results indicate that there are species-specific as well as organ-specific metabolic responses to various dietary carbohydrates.", "contents": "Effects of dietary carbohydrate source on growth, plasma metabolites and lipogenesis in rats, pigs, and chicks. Rats, chicks, and pigs were fed diets containing fructose or glucose. Plasma triglyceride levels were elevated in rats but not in chicks or pigs fed diets containing fructose. The rate of fatty acid synthesis in rat liver but not in chick liver was elevated when fructose-containing diets were fed. Conversely, the rate of fatty acid synthesis in rat adipose tissue but not in pig adipose tissue tended to be depressed when fructose-containing diets were fed. These results indicate that there are species-specific as well as organ-specific metabolic responses to various dietary carbohydrates.", "PMID": 1187697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10531", "title": "Spermatogenic arrest produced in the adult male rat by 19-norspiroxenone, a potent anti-estrogen.", "content": "19-Norspiroxenone, a potent anti-estrogen with no known estrogenic action, produces a striking arrest of spermatogenesis in the early stages of meiosis in the adult male rat with a complete block of fertility.", "contents": "Spermatogenic arrest produced in the adult male rat by 19-norspiroxenone, a potent anti-estrogen. 19-Norspiroxenone, a potent anti-estrogen with no known estrogenic action, produces a striking arrest of spermatogenesis in the early stages of meiosis in the adult male rat with a complete block of fertility.", "PMID": 1187698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10532", "title": "Effect of phenformin on the response of plasma intestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) to oral glucose in gastrectomized subjects.", "content": "The effect of phenformin (DBI) on the plasma intestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) and pancreatic glucagon (IRG) responses to oral and intravenous glucose loads were studied in 26 gastrectomized subjects, using a cross-reacting and an IRG-specific anti-serum. The drug produced no significant changes in fasting GLI and IRG levels. Thirty minutes after oral glucose alone, the total GLI level rose to a peak of 1.55 +/- 0.17 ng/ml in the untreated subjects and to a maximum level of 1.67 +/- 0.18 ng/ml in the DBI-pretreated subjects. However, the mean GLI levels obtained 120 and 180 min after oral glucose were significantly higher after treatment with DBI. The blood sugar and IRI responses to oral glucose were lowered significantly by DBI pretreatment. DBI did not alter the glucose, IRI, IRG and GLI response to intravenous glucose. These results suggest that the release of intestinal GLI is not related to the intestinal absorption of glucose.", "contents": "Effect of phenformin on the response of plasma intestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) to oral glucose in gastrectomized subjects. The effect of phenformin (DBI) on the plasma intestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) and pancreatic glucagon (IRG) responses to oral and intravenous glucose loads were studied in 26 gastrectomized subjects, using a cross-reacting and an IRG-specific anti-serum. The drug produced no significant changes in fasting GLI and IRG levels. Thirty minutes after oral glucose alone, the total GLI level rose to a peak of 1.55 +/- 0.17 ng/ml in the untreated subjects and to a maximum level of 1.67 +/- 0.18 ng/ml in the DBI-pretreated subjects. However, the mean GLI levels obtained 120 and 180 min after oral glucose were significantly higher after treatment with DBI. The blood sugar and IRI responses to oral glucose were lowered significantly by DBI pretreatment. DBI did not alter the glucose, IRI, IRG and GLI response to intravenous glucose. These results suggest that the release of intestinal GLI is not related to the intestinal absorption of glucose.", "PMID": 1187699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10533", "title": "Ontogeny of Fc and complement receptors in mouse embryonic tissues.", "content": "Mouse embryonic tissues were tested for their ability to form rosettes with EA and EAC. It was found that as early as the day after implantation (day 6) a small percentage of cells was able to bind both. After the 8th day of gestation the development of rosette-forming cells paralleled that of the immune system. However, the detection of Fc and C'3 receptors on cells at least 2 days prior to the earliest known demonstration of lymphoid stem cells suggests that they may be expressed on cells other than those of the immune and phagocytic series.", "contents": "Ontogeny of Fc and complement receptors in mouse embryonic tissues. Mouse embryonic tissues were tested for their ability to form rosettes with EA and EAC. It was found that as early as the day after implantation (day 6) a small percentage of cells was able to bind both. After the 8th day of gestation the development of rosette-forming cells paralleled that of the immune system. However, the detection of Fc and C'3 receptors on cells at least 2 days prior to the earliest known demonstration of lymphoid stem cells suggests that they may be expressed on cells other than those of the immune and phagocytic series.", "PMID": 1187700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10534", "title": "Effects of diazepam on the isolated chick embryo heart.", "content": "Diazepam decreased the rate and amplitude of contraction in isolated embryonic chick hearts in a dose-dependent manner in both the noninnervated hearts obtained from 4-day-old embryos and the innervated hearts from 7-day-old embryos. The concentration of diazepam necessary to reduce the heart rate and contractile amplitude to 50% of the control values was about 1 X 10(-4) M. Concentrations less than 1.0 X 10(-5) M had no detectable depressant effects. Prior administration of atropine did not alter the depression induced by diazepam. Norepinephrine was able to stimulate the amplitude of contraction in the diazepam-depressed heart while atropine was without effect. The vehicle used in the clinical injectable preparation of diazepam had no depressant effects. The mechanism of action of the diazepam-induced depression on the isolated embryonic chick heart may be a direct depression of the myocardium.", "contents": "Effects of diazepam on the isolated chick embryo heart. Diazepam decreased the rate and amplitude of contraction in isolated embryonic chick hearts in a dose-dependent manner in both the noninnervated hearts obtained from 4-day-old embryos and the innervated hearts from 7-day-old embryos. The concentration of diazepam necessary to reduce the heart rate and contractile amplitude to 50% of the control values was about 1 X 10(-4) M. Concentrations less than 1.0 X 10(-5) M had no detectable depressant effects. Prior administration of atropine did not alter the depression induced by diazepam. Norepinephrine was able to stimulate the amplitude of contraction in the diazepam-depressed heart while atropine was without effect. The vehicle used in the clinical injectable preparation of diazepam had no depressant effects. The mechanism of action of the diazepam-induced depression on the isolated embryonic chick heart may be a direct depression of the myocardium.", "PMID": 1187701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10535", "title": "Effects of triamcinolone and of desoxycorticosterone on renal function in sheep.", "content": "Sheep were treated for 10 or 17 days with triamcinolone acetonide, 0.1 mg/kg body weight/day, or desoxycorticosterone acetate, 0.1 mg/kg body weight/day, and the results of renal function studies during hydropenia and mannitol diuresis were compared with respective control periods. GFR was increased and urine concentration was unimpaired by treatment with triamcinolone. A consistent decrease in mannitol-induced Na excretion was observed, but with large variations in the mean change, in triamcinolone treatment periods. Treatment with desoxycorticosterone resulted in an increased GFR but with impaired urine concentrating capacity. The hypokalemia produced by desoxycorticosterone was not accompanied by an increase in urinary K excretion. During mannitol diuresis in sheep treated with desoxycorticosterone, there was a significant decrease in Na excretion when compared with control periods.", "contents": "Effects of triamcinolone and of desoxycorticosterone on renal function in sheep. Sheep were treated for 10 or 17 days with triamcinolone acetonide, 0.1 mg/kg body weight/day, or desoxycorticosterone acetate, 0.1 mg/kg body weight/day, and the results of renal function studies during hydropenia and mannitol diuresis were compared with respective control periods. GFR was increased and urine concentration was unimpaired by treatment with triamcinolone. A consistent decrease in mannitol-induced Na excretion was observed, but with large variations in the mean change, in triamcinolone treatment periods. Treatment with desoxycorticosterone resulted in an increased GFR but with impaired urine concentrating capacity. The hypokalemia produced by desoxycorticosterone was not accompanied by an increase in urinary K excretion. During mannitol diuresis in sheep treated with desoxycorticosterone, there was a significant decrease in Na excretion when compared with control periods.", "PMID": 1187702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10536", "title": "Steroidogenesis of the fetal adrenal gland in vitro: influence of metopirone applied in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "In vitro conversion of 4-14C-progesterone into corticosteroids in the adrenal glands of rat fetuses treated with Metopirone (Su 4885) on the last day of intrauterine development was studied. After a 1-hr incubation of the adrenal glands of fetuses injected with Metopirone, hydroxylation of progesterone into corticosterone (B), 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18-OH-B) and 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) decreased and the synthesis of 11-deoxycorticosterone increased. Following preincubation of the fetal adrenal glands and 1-hr incubation with Metopirone, hydroxylation of progesterone into DOC increased and the synthesis of B decreased. Preincubation and a 2-hr incubation with Metopirone caused a decrease in the synthesis of B, 18-OH-B and 18-OH-DOC and an increase in DOC. The results constitute direct evidence of the ability of the fetal adrenal glands to synthesize all corticoids and indicate that most probably corticoids are synthesized by the fetal adrenal glands in the same way as in the adrenals of adult animals.", "contents": "Steroidogenesis of the fetal adrenal gland in vitro: influence of metopirone applied in vivo and in vitro. In vitro conversion of 4-14C-progesterone into corticosteroids in the adrenal glands of rat fetuses treated with Metopirone (Su 4885) on the last day of intrauterine development was studied. After a 1-hr incubation of the adrenal glands of fetuses injected with Metopirone, hydroxylation of progesterone into corticosterone (B), 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18-OH-B) and 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) decreased and the synthesis of 11-deoxycorticosterone increased. Following preincubation of the fetal adrenal glands and 1-hr incubation with Metopirone, hydroxylation of progesterone into DOC increased and the synthesis of B decreased. Preincubation and a 2-hr incubation with Metopirone caused a decrease in the synthesis of B, 18-OH-B and 18-OH-DOC and an increase in DOC. The results constitute direct evidence of the ability of the fetal adrenal glands to synthesize all corticoids and indicate that most probably corticoids are synthesized by the fetal adrenal glands in the same way as in the adrenals of adult animals.", "PMID": 1187703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10537", "title": "Reversal of chronic renal hypertension: role of salt and water excretion.", "content": "Rats with chronic one-kidney Goldlatt hypertension underwent an unclipping procedure with and without maintenance of body fluid volume through administration of iv salt solution. The blood pressure declined equally in the two groups. It is concluded that external loss of salt and water is not the mechanism for the reversal of this form of hypertension.", "contents": "Reversal of chronic renal hypertension: role of salt and water excretion. Rats with chronic one-kidney Goldlatt hypertension underwent an unclipping procedure with and without maintenance of body fluid volume through administration of iv salt solution. The blood pressure declined equally in the two groups. It is concluded that external loss of salt and water is not the mechanism for the reversal of this form of hypertension.", "PMID": 1187704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10538", "title": "Effect of ouabain on adrenal potassium balance in sheep.", "content": "A previous study revealed that ouabain caused a marked decrease in aldosterone secretion, but the adrenal K status was not clear from those data. The present study investigated the magnitude and time course of change in adrenal K balance when ouabain was administered into the adrenal arterial supply of the in situ adrenal of conscious sheep. Ouabain at an adrenal arterial plasma concentration of approximately 2.4 X 10(-4) M produced a striking negative adrenal K balance within 10 min of beginning the infusion. The adrenal continued to lose K during the 30-min infusion and for 30 min thereafter. The mean total K loss was 42.3 +/- 7.9 muequiv/adrenal (n = 11). Thirty minutes after ending the ouabain infusion, the adrenal began taking up K but had not recovered its normal K complement by 60 min.", "contents": "Effect of ouabain on adrenal potassium balance in sheep. A previous study revealed that ouabain caused a marked decrease in aldosterone secretion, but the adrenal K status was not clear from those data. The present study investigated the magnitude and time course of change in adrenal K balance when ouabain was administered into the adrenal arterial supply of the in situ adrenal of conscious sheep. Ouabain at an adrenal arterial plasma concentration of approximately 2.4 X 10(-4) M produced a striking negative adrenal K balance within 10 min of beginning the infusion. The adrenal continued to lose K during the 30-min infusion and for 30 min thereafter. The mean total K loss was 42.3 +/- 7.9 muequiv/adrenal (n = 11). Thirty minutes after ending the ouabain infusion, the adrenal began taking up K but had not recovered its normal K complement by 60 min.", "PMID": 1187705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10539", "title": "Effects of proteolytic encymes on uremic serum inhibition of hepatic and renal transport functions.", "content": "Dialysates of rat uremic serum were incubated with Pronase, Carboxypeptidase A, Leucine Aminopeptidase, or Trypsin to investigate whether these enzymes might destroy the inhibitory effects of the dialysates on the uptake of paraaminohippurate by rat renal cortical slices or the uptake of purines by rat liver slices. Of these enzymes, Pronase produced the greatest destruction (63.2 +/- 4.5%) of the inhibitory action on renal transport, with a much smaller destruction (17.8 +/- 2.1%) of the inhibitory effect on hepatic transport.", "contents": "Effects of proteolytic encymes on uremic serum inhibition of hepatic and renal transport functions. Dialysates of rat uremic serum were incubated with Pronase, Carboxypeptidase A, Leucine Aminopeptidase, or Trypsin to investigate whether these enzymes might destroy the inhibitory effects of the dialysates on the uptake of paraaminohippurate by rat renal cortical slices or the uptake of purines by rat liver slices. Of these enzymes, Pronase produced the greatest destruction (63.2 +/- 4.5%) of the inhibitory action on renal transport, with a much smaller destruction (17.8 +/- 2.1%) of the inhibitory effect on hepatic transport.", "PMID": 1187706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10540", "title": "Spin label studies on rat liver plasma membrane: calcium effects on membrane fluidity.", "content": "Spin-labeled stearic acid probes were incorporated into rat liver plasma membrane purified by a zonal centrifugation procedure. Temperature effects on the order parameter calculated from the spectra indicated the possible presence of a membrane phase transition at 20 degrees, in agreement with earlier studies in other systems. Addition of Ca2+ (1.96 mM) at 37 degrees increased the order parameter by 6.0 +/- 0.7%, suggesting a Ca2+-mediated decrease in membrane fluidity.", "contents": "Spin label studies on rat liver plasma membrane: calcium effects on membrane fluidity. Spin-labeled stearic acid probes were incorporated into rat liver plasma membrane purified by a zonal centrifugation procedure. Temperature effects on the order parameter calculated from the spectra indicated the possible presence of a membrane phase transition at 20 degrees, in agreement with earlier studies in other systems. Addition of Ca2+ (1.96 mM) at 37 degrees increased the order parameter by 6.0 +/- 0.7%, suggesting a Ca2+-mediated decrease in membrane fluidity.", "PMID": 1187707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10541", "title": "Effect of rifamycin and tilorone derivatives on Friend virus leukemia in mice.", "content": "Several derivatives of rifamycin, and analogs of the tilorone-fluoranthene group were tested for inhibition of splenic enlargement in Friend virus leukemia. At least three members of the rifamycin group caused significant inhibition (31-49%) as did at least three members of the tilorone group (32-48%). These six compounds are among those found by others (6, 7) to be most inhibitory in vitro to the RNA-directed DNA polymerase of oncornaviruses. However our studies do not furnish direct evidence for or against a role of inhibition of the viral enzyme in the suppression of splenomegaly. None of the agents was as effective as methotrexate, which caused 90-92% inhibition. The activity of five of the agents was reduced, rather than enhanced by the injection of adjuvants (M. butyricum and pertussis vaccine). Three of the agents had a subtractive, rather than an additive effect on the inhibition caused by methotrexate alone.", "contents": "Effect of rifamycin and tilorone derivatives on Friend virus leukemia in mice. Several derivatives of rifamycin, and analogs of the tilorone-fluoranthene group were tested for inhibition of splenic enlargement in Friend virus leukemia. At least three members of the rifamycin group caused significant inhibition (31-49%) as did at least three members of the tilorone group (32-48%). These six compounds are among those found by others (6, 7) to be most inhibitory in vitro to the RNA-directed DNA polymerase of oncornaviruses. However our studies do not furnish direct evidence for or against a role of inhibition of the viral enzyme in the suppression of splenomegaly. None of the agents was as effective as methotrexate, which caused 90-92% inhibition. The activity of five of the agents was reduced, rather than enhanced by the injection of adjuvants (M. butyricum and pertussis vaccine). Three of the agents had a subtractive, rather than an additive effect on the inhibition caused by methotrexate alone.", "PMID": 1187708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10542", "title": "Enhanced plutonium absorption in iron-deficient mice.", "content": "The total body burden of plutonium 24 or 96 hr following a single gastric intubation was approximately fourfold greater in iron-deficient than in iron-replete mice. There was also a more rapid translocation of plutonium from soft tissues to bone in the iron-deficient mice by 96 hr after gavage. In the iron-replete group only liver concentrations of plutonium increased during the corresponding time period.", "contents": "Enhanced plutonium absorption in iron-deficient mice. The total body burden of plutonium 24 or 96 hr following a single gastric intubation was approximately fourfold greater in iron-deficient than in iron-replete mice. There was also a more rapid translocation of plutonium from soft tissues to bone in the iron-deficient mice by 96 hr after gavage. In the iron-replete group only liver concentrations of plutonium increased during the corresponding time period.", "PMID": 1187709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10543", "title": "Actions of a leukocytic inflammatory substance on isolated tissue responses.", "content": "LIS had no action on the mechanical activity of isolated cat vascular, intestinal smooth, or cardiac muscle. No effect on platelet aggregation was observed, and PGF2alpha activity was absent in LIS preparations. Isolated lysosomal enzyme release was increased significantly when LIS was added to the incubation medium. This action may help to explain the inflammatory action of this naturally occurring material found in the inflamed synovial fluid of the canine knee joint.", "contents": "Actions of a leukocytic inflammatory substance on isolated tissue responses. LIS had no action on the mechanical activity of isolated cat vascular, intestinal smooth, or cardiac muscle. No effect on platelet aggregation was observed, and PGF2alpha activity was absent in LIS preparations. Isolated lysosomal enzyme release was increased significantly when LIS was added to the incubation medium. This action may help to explain the inflammatory action of this naturally occurring material found in the inflamed synovial fluid of the canine knee joint.", "PMID": 1187711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10544", "title": "The response of blood flow to altered perfusion pressure in canine adipose tissue.", "content": "It is concluded that subcutaneous adipose tissue autoregulates its blood flow only weakly or not at all in the range of perfusion pressures employed in our studies. Instead, these experiments demonstrate that when perfusion pressure is altered in the fat pad, vascular resistance must change in an opposite direction since there is little tendency for the flow to return to control values. Therefore, the vascular bed is responding passively. Furthermore, there was little evidence of autoregulation in denervated tissues indicating that the extrinsic neural control does not mask an underlying ability to modulate flow.", "contents": "The response of blood flow to altered perfusion pressure in canine adipose tissue. It is concluded that subcutaneous adipose tissue autoregulates its blood flow only weakly or not at all in the range of perfusion pressures employed in our studies. Instead, these experiments demonstrate that when perfusion pressure is altered in the fat pad, vascular resistance must change in an opposite direction since there is little tendency for the flow to return to control values. Therefore, the vascular bed is responding passively. Furthermore, there was little evidence of autoregulation in denervated tissues indicating that the extrinsic neural control does not mask an underlying ability to modulate flow.", "PMID": 1187712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10545", "title": "Renal function and metabolism after relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction.", "content": "In summary, the present studies indicate the presence of both functional and structural abnormalities in the postobstructed kidney involving mitochondrial integrity and deranged intermediary metabolism. It is suggested that some of these metabolic changes may account in part for the functional abnormalities observed in vivo.", "contents": "Renal function and metabolism after relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction. In summary, the present studies indicate the presence of both functional and structural abnormalities in the postobstructed kidney involving mitochondrial integrity and deranged intermediary metabolism. It is suggested that some of these metabolic changes may account in part for the functional abnormalities observed in vivo.", "PMID": 1187713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10546", "title": "Utilization of yeast polyglutamate folates in man.", "content": "Ingestion by healthy humans of small amounts of polyglutamate folates from yeast, equivalent to 300 mug of monoglutamate folate and containing 30 mug of \"free folate,\" resulted in an appreciable elevation of the serum folate corresponding to 300 mug of synthetic pteroylmonoglutamate (PGA). Ingestion of higher amounts of polyglutamate folate did not result in higher serum folate elevations than did 300 mug. It is concluded that small amounts of polyglutamate folate from yeast are fully utilized, presumably by deconjugation in the gut prior to absorption. The relative ineffectiveness of larger doses of polyglutamate folates from yeast may be due to limiting conjugase activity in the gut, unfavorable conditions for its activity (such as unsuitable pH) or to an inhibitor of the enzyme present in impure preparations.", "contents": "Utilization of yeast polyglutamate folates in man. Ingestion by healthy humans of small amounts of polyglutamate folates from yeast, equivalent to 300 mug of monoglutamate folate and containing 30 mug of \"free folate,\" resulted in an appreciable elevation of the serum folate corresponding to 300 mug of synthetic pteroylmonoglutamate (PGA). Ingestion of higher amounts of polyglutamate folate did not result in higher serum folate elevations than did 300 mug. It is concluded that small amounts of polyglutamate folate from yeast are fully utilized, presumably by deconjugation in the gut prior to absorption. The relative ineffectiveness of larger doses of polyglutamate folates from yeast may be due to limiting conjugase activity in the gut, unfavorable conditions for its activity (such as unsuitable pH) or to an inhibitor of the enzyme present in impure preparations.", "PMID": 1187714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10547", "title": "Resistance of W/Fu rats to adrenal regeneration hypertension.", "content": "The procedure for producing adrenal regeneration hypertension did not cause an increase in the systolic blood pressure of W/Fu animals. The regenerating adrenal gland in W/Fu animals was not restored to normal; reduced numbers of mitochondrial cristae were seen and the mitochondria were smaller in size; regeneration was complete in Sprague-Dawley rats of the Holtzman strain and there was a severe form of hypertensive, cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "Resistance of W/Fu rats to adrenal regeneration hypertension. The procedure for producing adrenal regeneration hypertension did not cause an increase in the systolic blood pressure of W/Fu animals. The regenerating adrenal gland in W/Fu animals was not restored to normal; reduced numbers of mitochondrial cristae were seen and the mitochondria were smaller in size; regeneration was complete in Sprague-Dawley rats of the Holtzman strain and there was a severe form of hypertensive, cardiovascular disease.", "PMID": 1187715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10548", "title": "Water diuresis from clonidine (catapres).", "content": "The renal hemodynamic and excretory effects of clonidine were tested in two groups of dogs. In one group, the drug was given directly into the renal artery at a rate of 1.2 mug/min and resulted in a significant decrease of the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) in both kidneys, an increase in filtration fraction (FF), urine volume (UV), and free water clearance (CH2O) and had no effect upon the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), osmolar clearance (Cosm) and the excretion of sodium (UNaV), chloride (UC1V), potassium (UKV), calcium (UCaV) and phosphorous (UPO4V). No unilateral effect was appreciated. In the second group of animals it was given intravenously at a rate of 12.0 mug/min and resulted in a significant decrease of ERPF, UNaV, UC1V, and increase in FF, UV, and CH2O) but had no effect upon GFR, Cosm, UKV, UCaV and UPO4V. Systemically it decreased heart rate (H.R.) and respiratory rate (R.R.) in both groups of animals; it increased blood pressure (BP) in Group 1 and had no effect on BP in Group 2.", "contents": "Water diuresis from clonidine (catapres). The renal hemodynamic and excretory effects of clonidine were tested in two groups of dogs. In one group, the drug was given directly into the renal artery at a rate of 1.2 mug/min and resulted in a significant decrease of the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) in both kidneys, an increase in filtration fraction (FF), urine volume (UV), and free water clearance (CH2O) and had no effect upon the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), osmolar clearance (Cosm) and the excretion of sodium (UNaV), chloride (UC1V), potassium (UKV), calcium (UCaV) and phosphorous (UPO4V). No unilateral effect was appreciated. In the second group of animals it was given intravenously at a rate of 12.0 mug/min and resulted in a significant decrease of ERPF, UNaV, UC1V, and increase in FF, UV, and CH2O) but had no effect upon GFR, Cosm, UKV, UCaV and UPO4V. Systemically it decreased heart rate (H.R.) and respiratory rate (R.R.) in both groups of animals; it increased blood pressure (BP) in Group 1 and had no effect on BP in Group 2.", "PMID": 1187716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10549", "title": "N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide, an active intermediate of the mammary carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylbenzenesulfonamide.", "content": "The mechanism of mammary carcinogenesis by N-hydroxy-2-FBS, a highly potent mammary carcinogen for the female rat by ip administration, has been investigated. Previous work in vivo indicating hydrolytic cleavage of the nitrogen-sulfur bond has been confirmed with the use of sonicates of mammary gland. One of the products of the hydrolysis was N-hydroxy-2-FA identified by its conversion to 2-FA. Since carcinogenicity tests by local application showed that N-hydroxy-2-FA was not carcinogenic for the mammary gland, desulfonylation of N-hydroxy-2-FBS by mammary gland does not account for mammary carcinogenesis. N-Hydroxy-2-FBS applied directly to the mammary gland was not carcinogenic and 2-nitrosofluorene, the product of the spontaneous decomposition of N-hydroxy-2-FBS, exhibited only weak carcinogenicity upon local application. In contrast, N-hydroxy-2-FAA, a urinary metabolite of N-hydroxy-2-FBS, was highly carcinogenic by local application and very likely mediates the action of N-hydroxy-2-FBS. A metabolic pathway for the conversion of N-hydroxy-2-FBS to N-hydroxy-2-FAA is presented. This pathway involves the intermediate formation, by mammary gland or liver, of N-hydroxy-2-FA. The site of the subsequent acetylation of the hydroxylamine is unknown at present although the mammary gland appears to be excluded.", "contents": "N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide, an active intermediate of the mammary carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylbenzenesulfonamide. The mechanism of mammary carcinogenesis by N-hydroxy-2-FBS, a highly potent mammary carcinogen for the female rat by ip administration, has been investigated. Previous work in vivo indicating hydrolytic cleavage of the nitrogen-sulfur bond has been confirmed with the use of sonicates of mammary gland. One of the products of the hydrolysis was N-hydroxy-2-FA identified by its conversion to 2-FA. Since carcinogenicity tests by local application showed that N-hydroxy-2-FA was not carcinogenic for the mammary gland, desulfonylation of N-hydroxy-2-FBS by mammary gland does not account for mammary carcinogenesis. N-Hydroxy-2-FBS applied directly to the mammary gland was not carcinogenic and 2-nitrosofluorene, the product of the spontaneous decomposition of N-hydroxy-2-FBS, exhibited only weak carcinogenicity upon local application. In contrast, N-hydroxy-2-FAA, a urinary metabolite of N-hydroxy-2-FBS, was highly carcinogenic by local application and very likely mediates the action of N-hydroxy-2-FBS. A metabolic pathway for the conversion of N-hydroxy-2-FBS to N-hydroxy-2-FAA is presented. This pathway involves the intermediate formation, by mammary gland or liver, of N-hydroxy-2-FA. The site of the subsequent acetylation of the hydroxylamine is unknown at present although the mammary gland appears to be excluded.", "PMID": 1187717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10550", "title": "Maintenance of sexual behavior in castrate male SW mice using the anti-androgen, cyproterone acetate.", "content": "The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that cyproterone acetate (C) might selectively block the actions of dihydrotestosterone (D) and via this action, function as an anti-androgen in male sexual behavior. Sexually experienced male SW mice, a strain previously shown to respond to D following castration, were divided randomly into six groups. Beginning on the day after castration, animals received SC injections for 21 days of either testosterone (T), (D), (C), (T+C), (D+C) or vehicle (V). C was found to significantly reduce seminal vesicle and body weights in all androgen treated groups. There was no evidence to support the contention that C selectively blocks the action of D. To the contrary, in sex tests C maintained palpations, thrust mounts, with intromissions and mounts with ejaculations. Indeed, only animals receiving C alone or in combination with T and D exhibited ejaculations throughout the testing. These results suggest that in the SW mouse, C can work like an androgen in the maintenance of male sexual behavior.", "contents": "Maintenance of sexual behavior in castrate male SW mice using the anti-androgen, cyproterone acetate. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that cyproterone acetate (C) might selectively block the actions of dihydrotestosterone (D) and via this action, function as an anti-androgen in male sexual behavior. Sexually experienced male SW mice, a strain previously shown to respond to D following castration, were divided randomly into six groups. Beginning on the day after castration, animals received SC injections for 21 days of either testosterone (T), (D), (C), (T+C), (D+C) or vehicle (V). C was found to significantly reduce seminal vesicle and body weights in all androgen treated groups. There was no evidence to support the contention that C selectively blocks the action of D. To the contrary, in sex tests C maintained palpations, thrust mounts, with intromissions and mounts with ejaculations. Indeed, only animals receiving C alone or in combination with T and D exhibited ejaculations throughout the testing. These results suggest that in the SW mouse, C can work like an androgen in the maintenance of male sexual behavior.", "PMID": 1187718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10551", "title": "Effects of alpha methyl-para-tyrosine on the recall of a passive avoidance response.", "content": "Treatment with alpha methyl-para-tyrosine 4 hr before training on a passive avoidance task altered recall in mice tested 24 hr after training. The observed alterations were dependent on the intensity of the footshock used during training. Retention of the avoidance habit was reduced by drug treatment when a footshock of 1.6 milliamperes (mA) was employed, while retention by drug-treated mice was enhanced when a footshock of 0.16 mA was used. No significant differences in retention were noted when a footshock of 0.8 mA or no footshock was employed. These results could not be explained on the basis of drug-induced changes in activity or sensitivity to footshock, of to state-dependent learning.", "contents": "Effects of alpha methyl-para-tyrosine on the recall of a passive avoidance response. Treatment with alpha methyl-para-tyrosine 4 hr before training on a passive avoidance task altered recall in mice tested 24 hr after training. The observed alterations were dependent on the intensity of the footshock used during training. Retention of the avoidance habit was reduced by drug treatment when a footshock of 1.6 milliamperes (mA) was employed, while retention by drug-treated mice was enhanced when a footshock of 0.16 mA was used. No significant differences in retention were noted when a footshock of 0.8 mA or no footshock was employed. These results could not be explained on the basis of drug-induced changes in activity or sensitivity to footshock, of to state-dependent learning.", "PMID": 1187720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10552", "title": "Alpha-methyltyptamine blocks facilitation of lordosis by progesterone in spayed, extrogen-primed rats.", "content": "Alpha-methyltryptamine, a drug which stimulates serotonergic receptors in the central nervous system, inhibited the induction of sexual receptivity in spayed female rats by estradiol benzoate and progesterone. The drug had no effect on the sexual receptivity induced by estradiol benzoate alone. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that progesterone facilitates lordosis in estrogen-primed rats by inhibiting a serotonergic system in the brain. The data also suggest that estradiol and progesterone act on separate neurochemical systems to induce estrous behavior in rats.", "contents": "Alpha-methyltyptamine blocks facilitation of lordosis by progesterone in spayed, extrogen-primed rats. Alpha-methyltryptamine, a drug which stimulates serotonergic receptors in the central nervous system, inhibited the induction of sexual receptivity in spayed female rats by estradiol benzoate and progesterone. The drug had no effect on the sexual receptivity induced by estradiol benzoate alone. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that progesterone facilitates lordosis in estrogen-primed rats by inhibiting a serotonergic system in the brain. The data also suggest that estradiol and progesterone act on separate neurochemical systems to induce estrous behavior in rats.", "PMID": 1187719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10553", "title": "Glucoprivic (2DG) eating in rats despite knife cut induced hyperphagia.", "content": "Two weeks after parasagittal hypothalamic knife cuts, baseline eating was elevated and 300 mg/kg 2 deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) did not further stimulate food intake. Five weeks postoperatively the food intake baseline had fallen and an eating response to 300 mg/kg 2DG was now seen (p less than 0.005). In this delayed (static) phase intake was also stimulated by 150 mg/kg 2DG (p less than 0.005). 600 mg/kg did not stimulate intake in the lesioned rats at any time, although sham-operated rats always responded positively to this high dose. In conclusion, the neural substrate damaged in hypothalamic hyperphagic rats does not appear to mediate eating in response to glucopribation. The eating response is masked by high baseline intake in the dynamic phase, but reappears in the static phase.", "contents": "Glucoprivic (2DG) eating in rats despite knife cut induced hyperphagia. Two weeks after parasagittal hypothalamic knife cuts, baseline eating was elevated and 300 mg/kg 2 deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) did not further stimulate food intake. Five weeks postoperatively the food intake baseline had fallen and an eating response to 300 mg/kg 2DG was now seen (p less than 0.005). In this delayed (static) phase intake was also stimulated by 150 mg/kg 2DG (p less than 0.005). 600 mg/kg did not stimulate intake in the lesioned rats at any time, although sham-operated rats always responded positively to this high dose. In conclusion, the neural substrate damaged in hypothalamic hyperphagic rats does not appear to mediate eating in response to glucopribation. The eating response is masked by high baseline intake in the dynamic phase, but reappears in the static phase.", "PMID": 1187721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10554", "title": "Influence of apomorphine on brain serotonin turnover rate.", "content": "Apomorphine (5.0 mg/kg) accelerated the disappearance of 5-HIAA from the brain of pargylinepretreated rats as well as depletion of brain 5-HT caused by inhibition of its synthesis. The latter effect has been abolished by spiroperidol. The results obtained suggest that apomorphine increases the 5-HT turnover rate, secondary to the stimulation of central dopamine receptors.", "contents": "Influence of apomorphine on brain serotonin turnover rate. Apomorphine (5.0 mg/kg) accelerated the disappearance of 5-HIAA from the brain of pargylinepretreated rats as well as depletion of brain 5-HT caused by inhibition of its synthesis. The latter effect has been abolished by spiroperidol. The results obtained suggest that apomorphine increases the 5-HT turnover rate, secondary to the stimulation of central dopamine receptors.", "PMID": 1187722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10555", "title": "Suppression of conditioned drinking by taurine and related compounds.", "content": "Mice were conditioned to respond for water reinforcements on a FR-5 schedule. Taurine, injected intraperitoneally at doses of 9.0, 13.8, and 21.3 mmole/kg 30 min prior to the experimental session, produced a dose-related decrease in both the initial response rate and total number of reinforcements received by mice deprived of water for 24 hr. The structural analogues of taurine (aminomethanesulfonic acid, 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid, beta-alanine, cysteamine, and glycine) also produced a hypodipsia. Doses of taurine which produced depression of responding for water reinforcements were used which produced no suppression of spontaneous motor activity, rotarod performance, Sidman avoidance, or shuttle-box avoidance. After intraperitoneal injection, the concentration of taurine increased in the hypothalamus and medulla, but not in other brain areas. We suggest that taurine might be acting by specifically depressing areas of the hypothalamus which stimulate drinking.", "contents": "Suppression of conditioned drinking by taurine and related compounds. Mice were conditioned to respond for water reinforcements on a FR-5 schedule. Taurine, injected intraperitoneally at doses of 9.0, 13.8, and 21.3 mmole/kg 30 min prior to the experimental session, produced a dose-related decrease in both the initial response rate and total number of reinforcements received by mice deprived of water for 24 hr. The structural analogues of taurine (aminomethanesulfonic acid, 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid, beta-alanine, cysteamine, and glycine) also produced a hypodipsia. Doses of taurine which produced depression of responding for water reinforcements were used which produced no suppression of spontaneous motor activity, rotarod performance, Sidman avoidance, or shuttle-box avoidance. After intraperitoneal injection, the concentration of taurine increased in the hypothalamus and medulla, but not in other brain areas. We suggest that taurine might be acting by specifically depressing areas of the hypothalamus which stimulate drinking.", "PMID": 1187723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10556", "title": "Disinhibitory effects of intrahippocampal of intrahypothalamic injections of anticholinergic compounds in the rat.", "content": "The effects of intrahippocampal or intrahypothalamic injections of anticholinergic compounds on operant responding were observed in a multiple schedule paradigm consisting of reinforced, punished, and nonreinforced components and on a punished ingestive passive avoidance task. The pattern of results suggests that cholinergic components of the hippocampus and  hypothalamus mediate responding suppressed by nonreinforcement but not by punishment. The data are discussed with reference to Carlton's proposed central cholinergic inhibitory mechanisms.", "contents": "Disinhibitory effects of intrahippocampal of intrahypothalamic injections of anticholinergic compounds in the rat. The effects of intrahippocampal or intrahypothalamic injections of anticholinergic compounds on operant responding were observed in a multiple schedule paradigm consisting of reinforced, punished, and nonreinforced components and on a punished ingestive passive avoidance task. The pattern of results suggests that cholinergic components of the hippocampus and  hypothalamus mediate responding suppressed by nonreinforcement but not by punishment. The data are discussed with reference to Carlton's proposed central cholinergic inhibitory mechanisms.", "PMID": 1187726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10557", "title": "Dissociation of disinhibitory effects of scopolamine: strain and task factors.", "content": "In 3 experiments it was observed that 3 strains of mice (A/J, DBA/2J and C57BL/6J) differing in activity exhibited comparable levels of spontaneous alternation, and that scopolamine differentially affected activity in the strains, but uniformly eliminated shock-induced suppression and spontaneous alternation behavior. Data are discussed in terms of the relationship between activity and spontaneous alternation. It was suggested that scopolamine exerts its effects on spontaneous alternation via the effects on acetylcholine activity, independent of any effects on general activity levels.", "contents": "Dissociation of disinhibitory effects of scopolamine: strain and task factors. In 3 experiments it was observed that 3 strains of mice (A/J, DBA/2J and C57BL/6J) differing in activity exhibited comparable levels of spontaneous alternation, and that scopolamine differentially affected activity in the strains, but uniformly eliminated shock-induced suppression and spontaneous alternation behavior. Data are discussed in terms of the relationship between activity and spontaneous alternation. It was suggested that scopolamine exerts its effects on spontaneous alternation via the effects on acetylcholine activity, independent of any effects on general activity levels.", "PMID": 1187725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10558", "title": "Brain gangliosides: increased incorporation of (1- 3H) glucosamine during training.", "content": "The incorporation of (1-3H)glucosamine into biochemical fractions of brain was studied in mice trained in a conditioned avoidance jump-up task, in mice yoked to the trained animals, and in undisturbed mice in their home cages. The (3H)glucosamine was injected subcutaneously 15 min before 15 min of training, and the mice killed after a total pulse time of one hour. There was a consistent and significant increase of about 21 percent of the incorporation of the 3H into the brain ganglioside fraction when trained mice were compared with quiet mice. This increase was not observed in any of the other chemical fractions studied, including the total chloroform-methanol-soluble compounds, the non-ganglioside lipids, and the chloroform-methanol-insoluble compounds (radioactivity principally in glycoprotein). Yoked mice showed an intermediate level of incorporation, exhibiting only a 12 percent increase in the ganglioside fraction. When the individual ganglioside species were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography the changed incorporation was not specific for any ganglioside species.", "contents": "Brain gangliosides: increased incorporation of (1- 3H) glucosamine during training. The incorporation of (1-3H)glucosamine into biochemical fractions of brain was studied in mice trained in a conditioned avoidance jump-up task, in mice yoked to the trained animals, and in undisturbed mice in their home cages. The (3H)glucosamine was injected subcutaneously 15 min before 15 min of training, and the mice killed after a total pulse time of one hour. There was a consistent and significant increase of about 21 percent of the incorporation of the 3H into the brain ganglioside fraction when trained mice were compared with quiet mice. This increase was not observed in any of the other chemical fractions studied, including the total chloroform-methanol-soluble compounds, the non-ganglioside lipids, and the chloroform-methanol-insoluble compounds (radioactivity principally in glycoprotein). Yoked mice showed an intermediate level of incorporation, exhibiting only a 12 percent increase in the ganglioside fraction. When the individual ganglioside species were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography the changed incorporation was not specific for any ganglioside species.", "PMID": 1187724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10559", "title": "Intracranial alpha-methyl-P-tyrosine and response for electrical brain stimulation.", "content": "Chemitrodes, allowing electrical stimulation of the brain at the same site, were implanted in 18 rats aimed at the medial forebrain bundle of the lateral hypothalamus. After these animals were trained to bar-press for electrical brain stimulation, the crystalline form of alpha-methyl-paratyrosine (AMPT), an inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis, was administered intracranially, and change in response rate was noted. Intracranial tyrosine administration was also tested as a control study. It was found that AMPT depressed rate of response of intracranial self-stimulation, whereas tyrosine administered intracranially exhibited no such effects. This result lends support to data reported in the literature on the use of AMPT administered intraperitoneally or orally, and suggests a noradrenergic or dopaminergic system of reward in the lateral hypothalamus.", "contents": "Intracranial alpha-methyl-P-tyrosine and response for electrical brain stimulation. Chemitrodes, allowing electrical stimulation of the brain at the same site, were implanted in 18 rats aimed at the medial forebrain bundle of the lateral hypothalamus. After these animals were trained to bar-press for electrical brain stimulation, the crystalline form of alpha-methyl-paratyrosine (AMPT), an inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis, was administered intracranially, and change in response rate was noted. Intracranial tyrosine administration was also tested as a control study. It was found that AMPT depressed rate of response of intracranial self-stimulation, whereas tyrosine administered intracranially exhibited no such effects. This result lends support to data reported in the literature on the use of AMPT administered intraperitoneally or orally, and suggests a noradrenergic or dopaminergic system of reward in the lateral hypothalamus.", "PMID": 1187727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10560", "title": "d-Amphetamine: disruptive effects on the long-term store of memory and proactive facilitatory effects on learning in inbred mice.", "content": "Male, C57BL/6J mice were given two daily trials on an appetitively-motivated successive brightness discrimination maze problem; they then received daily intraperitoneal injections of saline or d-amphetamine for 5 days. When trained again in the maze, mice in all d-amphetamine groups tended to display impaired retention: retention was significantly impaired in the 2.0 mg/kg group. Naive mice were treated exactly as were the pretrained mice except that they received no initial maze training prior to drug treatments. Mice in all naive d-amphetamine groups tended to display enhanced acquisition of the maze problem: acquisition was significantly enhanced in the 1.0 mg/kg groups. These results could not be explained as effects of d-amphetamine on attentional, motivational or other performance factors.", "contents": "d-Amphetamine: disruptive effects on the long-term store of memory and proactive facilitatory effects on learning in inbred mice. Male, C57BL/6J mice were given two daily trials on an appetitively-motivated successive brightness discrimination maze problem; they then received daily intraperitoneal injections of saline or d-amphetamine for 5 days. When trained again in the maze, mice in all d-amphetamine groups tended to display impaired retention: retention was significantly impaired in the 2.0 mg/kg group. Naive mice were treated exactly as were the pretrained mice except that they received no initial maze training prior to drug treatments. Mice in all naive d-amphetamine groups tended to display enhanced acquisition of the maze problem: acquisition was significantly enhanced in the 1.0 mg/kg groups. These results could not be explained as effects of d-amphetamine on attentional, motivational or other performance factors.", "PMID": 1187728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10561", "title": "Propranolol, 14C-morphine accumulation and avoidance: peripheral and central variables.", "content": "Pretreatment with propranolol HCI resulted in a substantial reduction in the amount of 14C-morphine found in blood plasma, neostriatum plus adjacent tissue, pons-medulla, midbrain, cerebral cortex and cerebellum 25 min after IP injection of the labelled morphine. Previous observations, demonstrating attenuation of behavioral effects of morphine following pretreatment with propranolol, might have been due to a decrease in peripheral and/or central levels of morphine. However, when morphine HCI (10-20 MUM) was administered via intraventricular cannulae following pretreatment with propranolol given intraperitoneally in rats performing free operant (sidman) avoidance, the anti-avoidance effects of the opiate were also attenuated. Hence, previous results cannot be attributed solely to reduced concentration of morphine at CNS site(s) of action.", "contents": "Propranolol, 14C-morphine accumulation and avoidance: peripheral and central variables. Pretreatment with propranolol HCI resulted in a substantial reduction in the amount of 14C-morphine found in blood plasma, neostriatum plus adjacent tissue, pons-medulla, midbrain, cerebral cortex and cerebellum 25 min after IP injection of the labelled morphine. Previous observations, demonstrating attenuation of behavioral effects of morphine following pretreatment with propranolol, might have been due to a decrease in peripheral and/or central levels of morphine. However, when morphine HCI (10-20 MUM) was administered via intraventricular cannulae following pretreatment with propranolol given intraperitoneally in rats performing free operant (sidman) avoidance, the anti-avoidance effects of the opiate were also attenuated. Hence, previous results cannot be attributed solely to reduced concentration of morphine at CNS site(s) of action.", "PMID": 1187732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10562", "title": "Lesions in Guddesn's tegmental nuclei produce behavioral and 5-HT effects similar to those after raphe lesions.", "content": "Lesions largely restricted to the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei of Gudden (GTN) produced several effects similar to those seen after midbrain raphe lesions. GTN lesions significantly reduced the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentration of the diencephalon (31 percent), hippocampus (59 percent), and remaining portion of the telencephalon (29 percent). Striatal 5-HT, however, was not affected. GTN lesions enhanced activity in an enclosed field and facilitated two-way avoidance acquisition. Pain sensitivity as measured by the flinch-jump method was not affected. These results suggest that the GTN may be the origin of ascending 5-HT fides and may be involved in the regulation of activity level and the adaptation of an animal to aversive situations. Thus, some of the behavioral and 5-HT effects of lesions in the midbrain raphe nuclei may be due to their involvement of the GTN and associated pathways.", "contents": "Lesions in Guddesn's tegmental nuclei produce behavioral and 5-HT effects similar to those after raphe lesions. Lesions largely restricted to the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei of Gudden (GTN) produced several effects similar to those seen after midbrain raphe lesions. GTN lesions significantly reduced the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentration of the diencephalon (31 percent), hippocampus (59 percent), and remaining portion of the telencephalon (29 percent). Striatal 5-HT, however, was not affected. GTN lesions enhanced activity in an enclosed field and facilitated two-way avoidance acquisition. Pain sensitivity as measured by the flinch-jump method was not affected. These results suggest that the GTN may be the origin of ascending 5-HT fides and may be involved in the regulation of activity level and the adaptation of an animal to aversive situations. Thus, some of the behavioral and 5-HT effects of lesions in the midbrain raphe nuclei may be due to their involvement of the GTN and associated pathways.", "PMID": 1187729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10563", "title": "Opposite effects of intraventricular serotonin and bufotenin on rat startle responses.", "content": "Rat startle responses to air puffs were monitored in a stabilimeter during the intraventricular infusion of various doses of 5-hydroxytrptamine (5-HT) or the putative hallucinogenic congener of 5-HT, 5-hydroxy-N, N-dimethyltrytamine (5-HDMT) or saline. Qualitativity opposite effects were observed, with 5-HT producing a dose-dependent decrease in responsivity and 5-HDMT increasing the magnitude of startle responses. No specific effects of either compound could be demonstrated on the presumably separable processes of sensitization and habituation. The results are discussed in the context of a central serotonergic system which facilitates behavioral inhibition and which is antagonized by indoleamine hallucinogens.", "contents": "Opposite effects of intraventricular serotonin and bufotenin on rat startle responses. Rat startle responses to air puffs were monitored in a stabilimeter during the intraventricular infusion of various doses of 5-hydroxytrptamine (5-HT) or the putative hallucinogenic congener of 5-HT, 5-hydroxy-N, N-dimethyltrytamine (5-HDMT) or saline. Qualitativity opposite effects were observed, with 5-HT producing a dose-dependent decrease in responsivity and 5-HDMT increasing the magnitude of startle responses. No specific effects of either compound could be demonstrated on the presumably separable processes of sensitization and habituation. The results are discussed in the context of a central serotonergic system which facilitates behavioral inhibition and which is antagonized by indoleamine hallucinogens.", "PMID": 1187731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10564", "title": "Tolerance and cross-tolerance to the effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine and fenfluramine on milk consumption in the rat.", "content": "It has been reported that rats develop tolerance to the milk intake suppressant effects of d-amphetamine, d-methamphetamine, and d, l-fenfluramine. However, it has been hypothesized that the mechanism of action of fenfluramine is different from that of the other two drugs. In the present experiment, rats were given one of these 3 phenylethylamine derivatives each day until tolerance developed to the suppression of milk intake. A second of these drug s was then substituted and milk intake measured. There was cross-tolerance to the drug-induced suppression between d-amphetamine and d-methamphetamine, but not between d-amphetamine and d,l-fenfluramine. The lack of cross tolerance suggests a different mechanism of action for these drugs.", "contents": "Tolerance and cross-tolerance to the effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine and fenfluramine on milk consumption in the rat. It has been reported that rats develop tolerance to the milk intake suppressant effects of d-amphetamine, d-methamphetamine, and d, l-fenfluramine. However, it has been hypothesized that the mechanism of action of fenfluramine is different from that of the other two drugs. In the present experiment, rats were given one of these 3 phenylethylamine derivatives each day until tolerance developed to the suppression of milk intake. A second of these drug s was then substituted and milk intake measured. There was cross-tolerance to the drug-induced suppression between d-amphetamine and d-methamphetamine, but not between d-amphetamine and d,l-fenfluramine. The lack of cross tolerance suggests a different mechanism of action for these drugs.", "PMID": 1187733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10565", "title": "Radioautographic localization of radioactivity in rat brain after intracarotid injection of 125I-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone.", "content": "125I-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) was injected into the carotid artery of the rat and the radioactivity localized by radioautography. Radioactivity in the areas surrounding the ventricles and blood vessels after administration of 125I-alpha-MSH but not 125I-luteinizing hormone indicated passage of labeled material through the blood brain barrier. A specific concentration of radioactivity was found in the striatum and reticular nucleus of the thalamus. This localization, particularly in the thalamus, could be correlated with the previously reported effects of MSH on the brain of animals and man.", "contents": "Radioautographic localization of radioactivity in rat brain after intracarotid injection of 125I-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. 125I-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) was injected into the carotid artery of the rat and the radioactivity localized by radioautography. Radioactivity in the areas surrounding the ventricles and blood vessels after administration of 125I-alpha-MSH but not 125I-luteinizing hormone indicated passage of labeled material through the blood brain barrier. A specific concentration of radioactivity was found in the striatum and reticular nucleus of the thalamus. This localization, particularly in the thalamus, could be correlated with the previously reported effects of MSH on the brain of animals and man.", "PMID": 1187730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10566", "title": "Cafeteria behavior in the rat after hypothalamic cholinergic and adrenergic stimulation.", "content": "Norepinephrine, carbachol, or placebo was micro-injected into the perifornical region of the rat hypothalamus, via stereotaxically implanted cannulas. Ingestive behavior was observed in the hour after injection in a cafeteria situation in which water, milk, mash, powdered food, and lab chow were all freely available. After adrenergic stimulation, animals ingested significant amounts of mash only; after cholinergic stimulation, animals ingested significant amounts of water and milk, but water was significantly preferred to milk. These findings are seen as providing further support for the behavioral specificity of direct chemical stimulation of the brain, and as casting serious doubts on the interpretation of milk-ingestion as eating behavior.", "contents": "Cafeteria behavior in the rat after hypothalamic cholinergic and adrenergic stimulation. Norepinephrine, carbachol, or placebo was micro-injected into the perifornical region of the rat hypothalamus, via stereotaxically implanted cannulas. Ingestive behavior was observed in the hour after injection in a cafeteria situation in which water, milk, mash, powdered food, and lab chow were all freely available. After adrenergic stimulation, animals ingested significant amounts of mash only; after cholinergic stimulation, animals ingested significant amounts of water and milk, but water was significantly preferred to milk. These findings are seen as providing further support for the behavioral specificity of direct chemical stimulation of the brain, and as casting serious doubts on the interpretation of milk-ingestion as eating behavior.", "PMID": 1187734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10567", "title": "Effect of daily saline, drug or blank injections on the susceptibility to the convulsant effect of drugs.", "content": "The daily intraperitoneal injection to rats of doses of metrazol (30 mg/Kg), strychnin sulfate (1 mg/Kg) or picrotoxin (1.2 mg/Kg) that were initially subconvulsant, caused after a number of days which varied with the drug, clonic convulsions in a high percentage of the animals. However, after 18 daily injections of saline there was a similar increase of seizure susceptibility to the 3 drugs. The daily handling of rats as for injection, either followed or not by actual abdominal pricking (blank injection), had a similar though less pronounced effect. In animals that were housed in the same room where the others were tested, but which were not handled, the above mentioned doses of metrazol, strychnine and picrotoxin had no convulsant effect. These results indicate that the procedure of submitting rats to daily intraperitoneal injections is not as unconsequential as is usually thought to be, and that it may induce neurological changes.", "contents": "Effect of daily saline, drug or blank injections on the susceptibility to the convulsant effect of drugs. The daily intraperitoneal injection to rats of doses of metrazol (30 mg/Kg), strychnin sulfate (1 mg/Kg) or picrotoxin (1.2 mg/Kg) that were initially subconvulsant, caused after a number of days which varied with the drug, clonic convulsions in a high percentage of the animals. However, after 18 daily injections of saline there was a similar increase of seizure susceptibility to the 3 drugs. The daily handling of rats as for injection, either followed or not by actual abdominal pricking (blank injection), had a similar though less pronounced effect. In animals that were housed in the same room where the others were tested, but which were not handled, the above mentioned doses of metrazol, strychnine and picrotoxin had no convulsant effect. These results indicate that the procedure of submitting rats to daily intraperitoneal injections is not as unconsequential as is usually thought to be, and that it may induce neurological changes.", "PMID": 1187736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10568", "title": "A mild restraint and chronic venous catherization system for cats.", "content": "An inexpensive and minimally restrictive restraint system for cats is described which protects any temporary connections to chronic physiological implants during recording sessions and permits free movement of the head and extremities for behavioral studies. Procedures for constructing and implanting a chronic indwelling venous catheter device are also described which allows, directly with a syringe of via a connector system, for intravenous drug infusions in cats. These catheters have remained intact and relatively free of infection for a period of months before tissue rejection begins at the site of the subcutaneous implant.", "contents": "A mild restraint and chronic venous catherization system for cats. An inexpensive and minimally restrictive restraint system for cats is described which protects any temporary connections to chronic physiological implants during recording sessions and permits free movement of the head and extremities for behavioral studies. Procedures for constructing and implanting a chronic indwelling venous catheter device are also described which allows, directly with a syringe of via a connector system, for intravenous drug infusions in cats. These catheters have remained intact and relatively free of infection for a period of months before tissue rejection begins at the site of the subcutaneous implant.", "PMID": 1187735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10569", "title": "Effect of calcium chloride on some metabolic actions of certain antidiabetic drugs in normal and alloxanised rabbits.", "content": "Calcium chloride increased the liver insulinase activity (LIA) in normal rabbits. No significant changes were noted in the plasma insulinlike activity (PILA), serum zinc level (SZ), and pancreatic zinc content (PZ). Insulin elevated PILA, SZ and PZ but did not affect LIA. Calcium chloride enhanced the effect of insulin on PILA, SZ and PZ. However, insulin did not affect the action of calcium chloride on LIA. Tolbutamide raised PILA, inhibited both LIA and SZ but did not affect PZ. Calcium chloride produced no change in the action of tolbutamide on PILA. On the other hand, tolbutamide prevented the rise of PILA obtained by calcium chloride. PZ was unaltered with calcium chloride and tolbutamide combination. Phenformin increased PILA, LIA, SZ and PZ. When it was given with calcium chloride no further changes in PILA and PZ were observed. The elevation of SZ was abolished but the rise of LIA was synergized. In alloxanized rabbits, LIA was decreased by calcium chloride. No changes were found in PILA, SZ and PZ. Insulin elevated PILA, LIA and SZ although it reduced PZ. Calcium chloride stimulated insulin effect on PILA, did not affect its action on SZ or PZ, and antagonized its effect on LIA. Tolbutamide increased LIA and SZ but did not affect PILA or PZ. Calcium chloride could not change the effect of tolbutamide on SZ or PILA although it could abolish the action of this drug on LIA and PZ. Phenformin significantly lowered PILA, LIA and PZ but raised SZ. Calcium chloride combination with phenformin produced a further decrease in LIA but no other changes in PIAL, SZ or PZ were recorded.", "contents": "Effect of calcium chloride on some metabolic actions of certain antidiabetic drugs in normal and alloxanised rabbits. Calcium chloride increased the liver insulinase activity (LIA) in normal rabbits. No significant changes were noted in the plasma insulinlike activity (PILA), serum zinc level (SZ), and pancreatic zinc content (PZ). Insulin elevated PILA, SZ and PZ but did not affect LIA. Calcium chloride enhanced the effect of insulin on PILA, SZ and PZ. However, insulin did not affect the action of calcium chloride on LIA. Tolbutamide raised PILA, inhibited both LIA and SZ but did not affect PZ. Calcium chloride produced no change in the action of tolbutamide on PILA. On the other hand, tolbutamide prevented the rise of PILA obtained by calcium chloride. PZ was unaltered with calcium chloride and tolbutamide combination. Phenformin increased PILA, LIA, SZ and PZ. When it was given with calcium chloride no further changes in PILA and PZ were observed. The elevation of SZ was abolished but the rise of LIA was synergized. In alloxanized rabbits, LIA was decreased by calcium chloride. No changes were found in PILA, SZ and PZ. Insulin elevated PILA, LIA and SZ although it reduced PZ. Calcium chloride stimulated insulin effect on PILA, did not affect its action on SZ or PZ, and antagonized its effect on LIA. Tolbutamide increased LIA and SZ but did not affect PILA or PZ. Calcium chloride could not change the effect of tolbutamide on SZ or PILA although it could abolish the action of this drug on LIA and PZ. Phenformin significantly lowered PILA, LIA and PZ but raised SZ. Calcium chloride combination with phenformin produced a further decrease in LIA but no other changes in PIAL, SZ or PZ were recorded.", "PMID": 1187741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10570", "title": "Reversal of the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced suppression of a CAR by drugs facilitating central catecholaminergic mechanisms.", "content": "The intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (200 mug) blocked a previously learned conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in rats. The administration of NE, DOPA, amphetamine, phenelzine, desipramine and clonidine induced the reappearance of the CAR. These results are in agreement with current hypotheses on the mechanism of action of 6-hydroxydopamine on the central nervous system.", "contents": "Reversal of the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced suppression of a CAR by drugs facilitating central catecholaminergic mechanisms. The intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (200 mug) blocked a previously learned conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in rats. The administration of NE, DOPA, amphetamine, phenelzine, desipramine and clonidine induced the reappearance of the CAR. These results are in agreement with current hypotheses on the mechanism of action of 6-hydroxydopamine on the central nervous system.", "PMID": 1187753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10571", "title": "Effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on active avoidance acquisition and passive avoidance retention in rats with amygdaloid lesions.", "content": "Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol was administered to rats with basolateral amygdaloid lesions, control rats, and normal rats in doses of 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 mg/kg i.v. They were trained in a one-session two-way active avoidance task. Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol increased the percentage of avoidance and the intertrial crossing rates in all groups, regardless of lesion treatment. Rats with basolateral amygdaloid lesions were not different from controls on any measure. In a second experiment, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol was administered to rats with basolateral amygdaloid lesions and control rats in doses of 0.75 and 3.0 mg/kg 24 h after learning of a one-trial passive avoidance task, and retention was measured. No differences were found as a function of drug treatment or lesion condition. It was concluded that the basolateral amygdala is not a necessary condition for the action of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on active avoidance acquisition, that the drug has no effect on passive avoidance retention, and the basolateral amygdala is not necessary for two-way active avoidance acquisition or passive avoidance retention. Active avoidance results are discussed in terms of a possible relationship between delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, ACTH, and avoidance learning.", "contents": "Effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on active avoidance acquisition and passive avoidance retention in rats with amygdaloid lesions. Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol was administered to rats with basolateral amygdaloid lesions, control rats, and normal rats in doses of 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 mg/kg i.v. They were trained in a one-session two-way active avoidance task. Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol increased the percentage of avoidance and the intertrial crossing rates in all groups, regardless of lesion treatment. Rats with basolateral amygdaloid lesions were not different from controls on any measure. In a second experiment, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol was administered to rats with basolateral amygdaloid lesions and control rats in doses of 0.75 and 3.0 mg/kg 24 h after learning of a one-trial passive avoidance task, and retention was measured. No differences were found as a function of drug treatment or lesion condition. It was concluded that the basolateral amygdala is not a necessary condition for the action of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on active avoidance acquisition, that the drug has no effect on passive avoidance retention, and the basolateral amygdala is not necessary for two-way active avoidance acquisition or passive avoidance retention. Active avoidance results are discussed in terms of a possible relationship between delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, ACTH, and avoidance learning.", "PMID": 1187754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10572", "title": "Involvement of central dopamine in the hyperthermia in rats produced by d-amphetamine.", "content": "The effect of amphetamine on the body temperature was studied in 6-hydroxydopamine and pimozide pretreated rats. Amphetamine alone (1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg) produced a fairly dose-dependent increase in body temperature. The effect was almost totally antagonized by pimozide, and also reduced after pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. These results are discussed with regard to the possible role of central dopamine in mediating amphetamine-induced hyperthermia in rats.", "contents": "Involvement of central dopamine in the hyperthermia in rats produced by d-amphetamine. The effect of amphetamine on the body temperature was studied in 6-hydroxydopamine and pimozide pretreated rats. Amphetamine alone (1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg) produced a fairly dose-dependent increase in body temperature. The effect was almost totally antagonized by pimozide, and also reduced after pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. These results are discussed with regard to the possible role of central dopamine in mediating amphetamine-induced hyperthermia in rats.", "PMID": 1187755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10573", "title": "Quantitative measurement of delayed hypersensitivity in the guinea pig paw.", "content": "To facilitate quantitative measurement of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, a tuberculin reaction was produced in the paws of sensitized guinea pigs and the resulting edema estimated by one of the usual techniques. The edema formation was shown to be an expression of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Optimal conditions for this reaction were assessed. This model may be used for testing the influence of drugs on delayed hypersensitivity reactions.", "contents": "Quantitative measurement of delayed hypersensitivity in the guinea pig paw. To facilitate quantitative measurement of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, a tuberculin reaction was produced in the paws of sensitized guinea pigs and the resulting edema estimated by one of the usual techniques. The edema formation was shown to be an expression of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Optimal conditions for this reaction were assessed. This model may be used for testing the influence of drugs on delayed hypersensitivity reactions.", "PMID": 1187756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10574", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin-E2 on myoelectrical and mechanical activity of totally isolated, ex-vivo-perfused, canine stomach.", "content": "This study was concerned with the effects of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) on myoelectrical and mechanical activity of the isolated, homologous perfused canine stomach. A flash injection of 25 mug of PGE2 into the gastric artery led to production of premature control potentials, uncoupling of electrical control activity (ECA) and to a weak mechanical response of short duration. After vagal stimulation of the nerve of Latarjet, or after flash injection of pentagastrin (2.5 mug) or of methacholine (5 mug), similar changes in ECA were observed, but mechanical response corresponding to antral contractions was very pronounced. Prolonged infusion of PGE2 (500 mug/h) induced a marked increase of ECA frequency. A similar effect on ECA frequency was observed during infusion of pentagastrin (32 mug/h). Infusion of PGE2 abolished, but infusion of pentagastrin stimulated, mechanical response. Effects of a flash injection of PGE2 on electrical activity were reduced by hexamethonium and abolished by tetrodotoxin and atropine. The action of the blocking agents on PGE2-induced changes in ECA was similar to the action of these blockers on gastric myoelectrical activity, stimulated vagally or by injection of pentagastrin and methacholine. Infusion of PGE2 induced a marked reduction in gastric peripheral vascular resistance, but no time-correlation between hemodynamic effects of PGE2 and its action of gastric musculature was noted.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin-E2 on myoelectrical and mechanical activity of totally isolated, ex-vivo-perfused, canine stomach. This study was concerned with the effects of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) on myoelectrical and mechanical activity of the isolated, homologous perfused canine stomach. A flash injection of 25 mug of PGE2 into the gastric artery led to production of premature control potentials, uncoupling of electrical control activity (ECA) and to a weak mechanical response of short duration. After vagal stimulation of the nerve of Latarjet, or after flash injection of pentagastrin (2.5 mug) or of methacholine (5 mug), similar changes in ECA were observed, but mechanical response corresponding to antral contractions was very pronounced. Prolonged infusion of PGE2 (500 mug/h) induced a marked increase of ECA frequency. A similar effect on ECA frequency was observed during infusion of pentagastrin (32 mug/h). Infusion of PGE2 abolished, but infusion of pentagastrin stimulated, mechanical response. Effects of a flash injection of PGE2 on electrical activity were reduced by hexamethonium and abolished by tetrodotoxin and atropine. The action of the blocking agents on PGE2-induced changes in ECA was similar to the action of these blockers on gastric myoelectrical activity, stimulated vagally or by injection of pentagastrin and methacholine. Infusion of PGE2 induced a marked reduction in gastric peripheral vascular resistance, but no time-correlation between hemodynamic effects of PGE2 and its action of gastric musculature was noted.", "PMID": 1187757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10575", "title": "Ethanol narcosis in mice: effects of L-dopa, its metabolites and other experimental variables.", "content": "Ethanol-induced narcosis was studied in mice as a function of pretreatment with L-dopa and its metabolites administered alone or in conjunction with Ro-4-4602, an inhibitor of aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase. These studies suggest that L-dopa prolongation of ETOH narcosis in mice may be due to formation of one or more toxic metabolites rather than to a direct involvement of dopamine. Ethanol narcosis also was studied in mice as a function of age of animals, concentration of ETOH, ambient temperature and saline pretreatment. Since manipulation of these variables produced alterations in ETOH narcosis, the need for their rigid control is indicated.", "contents": "Ethanol narcosis in mice: effects of L-dopa, its metabolites and other experimental variables. Ethanol-induced narcosis was studied in mice as a function of pretreatment with L-dopa and its metabolites administered alone or in conjunction with Ro-4-4602, an inhibitor of aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase. These studies suggest that L-dopa prolongation of ETOH narcosis in mice may be due to formation of one or more toxic metabolites rather than to a direct involvement of dopamine. Ethanol narcosis also was studied in mice as a function of age of animals, concentration of ETOH, ambient temperature and saline pretreatment. Since manipulation of these variables produced alterations in ETOH narcosis, the need for their rigid control is indicated.", "PMID": 1187758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10576", "title": "Centrally induced hypotension by 2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5,6-dihydroimidazo (2,1-b)-thiazole fumarate (compound 44-549).", "content": "The experimental compound 44-549 = 2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5,6-dihydroimidazo (2,1-b)-thiazole fumarate was tested in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. Low doses of compound 44-549 showed a much more pronounced hypotensive effect when injected into the left vertebral artery than upon intravenous administration. The compound possesses central hypotensive activity, which could be blocked by yohimbine, administered via the vertebral artery. Central alpha-adrenoreceptors are probably involved. Compound 44-549 resembles clonidine both pharmacologically and chemically. It is somewhat less potent.", "contents": "Centrally induced hypotension by 2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5,6-dihydroimidazo (2,1-b)-thiazole fumarate (compound 44-549). The experimental compound 44-549 = 2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5,6-dihydroimidazo (2,1-b)-thiazole fumarate was tested in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. Low doses of compound 44-549 showed a much more pronounced hypotensive effect when injected into the left vertebral artery than upon intravenous administration. The compound possesses central hypotensive activity, which could be blocked by yohimbine, administered via the vertebral artery. Central alpha-adrenoreceptors are probably involved. Compound 44-549 resembles clonidine both pharmacologically and chemically. It is somewhat less potent.", "PMID": 1187759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10577", "title": "Accumulation of norepinephrine (NE) by rat organs in vivo.", "content": "In anesthetized rats intravenously infused, norepinephrine (NE) was accumulated by the heart, the spleen and the lung in a dose-related manner. With the lower dose of NE (2.5 mg/kg) the organ/blood ratios were more than unity and were generally greater than with higher doses (5 and 10 mg/kg), indicating that accumulation occurred by active uptake. Nialamide and pyrogallol treatment increased accumulation in the three organs. In animals receiving nialamide and pyrogallol treatment, normetanephrine (uptake2 inhibitor) and desmethylimipramine (uptake1 inhibitor) inhibited accumulation in all the organs and the entire accumulation of NE could be ascribed to uptake1 and uptake2 processes. In these animals, phenoxybenzamine and bilateral adrenalectomy inhibited and enhanced, respectively, the accumulation in the heart and the spleen only. NE accumulated in hearts of animals in vivo could be partly washed out by perfusion with NE-free medium in vitro. Washout was prevented by normetanephrine, indicating that this effect was not a passive diffusional leakage.", "contents": "Accumulation of norepinephrine (NE) by rat organs in vivo. In anesthetized rats intravenously infused, norepinephrine (NE) was accumulated by the heart, the spleen and the lung in a dose-related manner. With the lower dose of NE (2.5 mg/kg) the organ/blood ratios were more than unity and were generally greater than with higher doses (5 and 10 mg/kg), indicating that accumulation occurred by active uptake. Nialamide and pyrogallol treatment increased accumulation in the three organs. In animals receiving nialamide and pyrogallol treatment, normetanephrine (uptake2 inhibitor) and desmethylimipramine (uptake1 inhibitor) inhibited accumulation in all the organs and the entire accumulation of NE could be ascribed to uptake1 and uptake2 processes. In these animals, phenoxybenzamine and bilateral adrenalectomy inhibited and enhanced, respectively, the accumulation in the heart and the spleen only. NE accumulated in hearts of animals in vivo could be partly washed out by perfusion with NE-free medium in vitro. Washout was prevented by normetanephrine, indicating that this effect was not a passive diffusional leakage.", "PMID": 1187760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10578", "title": "An intra-oral telemetry system for the continuous recording of vertical jaw movement.", "content": "Continuous measurement of the separation between upper and lower dental arches, the so-called interocclusal distance (10D), is of interest in dentistry. Criteria for making such measurements by radio telemetry are discussed. It is concluded that a transmitter small enough to fit in a molar tooth gap is necessary in order to minimize interference with normal function; other design factors are related to obtaining adequate frequency stability, on which measurement accuracy depends. A transmitter fulfilling these requirements is described which sensed the instantaneous value of 10D by the frequency change produced when a metallic object (dental filling, gold crown, shorted turn of wire or piece of ferrite) in one dental arch moved relative to the transmitter in the other. Errors due to lateral and protrusive jaw movements were measured. Careful design and the use of high grade ceramic chip capacitors resulted in a transmitter of good frequency stability (+/- 0.03% in 10 h, +/- 0.02%/degrees c) and small size (10 X 7 X 5 mm). An example is given illustrating 10D movements due to swallowing, speech and respiration.", "contents": "An intra-oral telemetry system for the continuous recording of vertical jaw movement. Continuous measurement of the separation between upper and lower dental arches, the so-called interocclusal distance (10D), is of interest in dentistry. Criteria for making such measurements by radio telemetry are discussed. It is concluded that a transmitter small enough to fit in a molar tooth gap is necessary in order to minimize interference with normal function; other design factors are related to obtaining adequate frequency stability, on which measurement accuracy depends. A transmitter fulfilling these requirements is described which sensed the instantaneous value of 10D by the frequency change produced when a metallic object (dental filling, gold crown, shorted turn of wire or piece of ferrite) in one dental arch moved relative to the transmitter in the other. Errors due to lateral and protrusive jaw movements were measured. Careful design and the use of high grade ceramic chip capacitors resulted in a transmitter of good frequency stability (+/- 0.03% in 10 h, +/- 0.02%/degrees c) and small size (10 X 7 X 5 mm). An example is given illustrating 10D movements due to swallowing, speech and respiration.", "PMID": 1187761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10579", "title": "Skin temperature over an artificial heat source implanted in man.", "content": "The medical application of infrared thermography makes use of the skin temperature as an indication of an underlying pathological process. In order to study the relation between the heat production from a source in living tissue and the overlying skin temperature, artificial heat sources were implanted subcutaneously in human volunteers. The experimental results show that a detectable surface temperature increase over the heat sources presupposes high power output or superficial implantation. The effect of forced convective heat loss from the skin surface and lowered ambient temperature was studied. Forced convection markedly decreased the temperature contrast. An implicit conclusion from experimental and theoretical work is that a localized 'hot spot' can only exceptionally be attributed to metabolic heat production conducted to the skin surface from a buried pathological process. The thermal pattern over a breast tumour, a septic or aseptic inflammation or a tissue injury mainly reflects the vascular reaction.", "contents": "Skin temperature over an artificial heat source implanted in man. The medical application of infrared thermography makes use of the skin temperature as an indication of an underlying pathological process. In order to study the relation between the heat production from a source in living tissue and the overlying skin temperature, artificial heat sources were implanted subcutaneously in human volunteers. The experimental results show that a detectable surface temperature increase over the heat sources presupposes high power output or superficial implantation. The effect of forced convective heat loss from the skin surface and lowered ambient temperature was studied. Forced convection markedly decreased the temperature contrast. An implicit conclusion from experimental and theoretical work is that a localized 'hot spot' can only exceptionally be attributed to metabolic heat production conducted to the skin surface from a buried pathological process. The thermal pattern over a breast tumour, a septic or aseptic inflammation or a tissue injury mainly reflects the vascular reaction.", "PMID": 1187762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10580", "title": "The simulation of skin temperature distributions by means of a relaxation method.", "content": "To solve the differential equation for the heat in a two-layer, rectangular piece of skin tissue, a relaxation method, based on a finite difference technique, is used. The temperature distributions on the skin surface are calculated. The results are used to derive a criterion for the resolution for an infrared thermograph in a specific situation. A major limitation on the resolution in medical thermography is given. As an example of the power of the model, the sensitivity of the temperature profiles for variations of the layer thickness is determined.", "contents": "The simulation of skin temperature distributions by means of a relaxation method. To solve the differential equation for the heat in a two-layer, rectangular piece of skin tissue, a relaxation method, based on a finite difference technique, is used. The temperature distributions on the skin surface are calculated. The results are used to derive a criterion for the resolution for an infrared thermograph in a specific situation. A major limitation on the resolution in medical thermography is given. As an example of the power of the model, the sensitivity of the temperature profiles for variations of the layer thickness is determined.", "PMID": 1187763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10581", "title": "The calculation of charged particle fluence and LET spectra for the irradiation of biologically significant materials by neutrons.", "content": "As a preliminary step to evaluating recent theories concerning the biological effect of ionizing radiation, the charged particle fluence distributions and the dose distribution in linear energy transfer have been computed analytically for targets of biological and dosimetric interest irradiated by neutrons. Specifically, 14.7 MeV neutrons, the 252Cf neutron spectrum and a cyclotron generated neutron spectrum are considered to irradiate water, tissue-equivalent plastic and standard man tissue and results are given for all these cases. From a knowledge of the target composition, and the cross-sections and kinetics of all the possible neutron induced reactions in the elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, the secondary particle spectrum is calculated. By combining with stopping power data for the ions in the target, the charged particle fluence spectra and dose distribution in linear energy transfer are derived. Secondary quantities computed are kerma, energy expended as nuclear elastic scattering, specific ionization and mean quality factor. Stopping powers have been derived from published atomic stopping powers by summing according to the Bragg rule. A comparison between tissue-equivalent plastic and standard man tissue had been made for each of the neutron spectra.", "contents": "The calculation of charged particle fluence and LET spectra for the irradiation of biologically significant materials by neutrons. As a preliminary step to evaluating recent theories concerning the biological effect of ionizing radiation, the charged particle fluence distributions and the dose distribution in linear energy transfer have been computed analytically for targets of biological and dosimetric interest irradiated by neutrons. Specifically, 14.7 MeV neutrons, the 252Cf neutron spectrum and a cyclotron generated neutron spectrum are considered to irradiate water, tissue-equivalent plastic and standard man tissue and results are given for all these cases. From a knowledge of the target composition, and the cross-sections and kinetics of all the possible neutron induced reactions in the elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, the secondary particle spectrum is calculated. By combining with stopping power data for the ions in the target, the charged particle fluence spectra and dose distribution in linear energy transfer are derived. Secondary quantities computed are kerma, energy expended as nuclear elastic scattering, specific ionization and mean quality factor. Stopping powers have been derived from published atomic stopping powers by summing according to the Bragg rule. A comparison between tissue-equivalent plastic and standard man tissue had been made for each of the neutron spectra.", "PMID": 1187764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10582", "title": "RBE-dose relations for neutrons and pions.", "content": "From cellular radiosensitivity parameters and theoretical particle-energy spectra in tissue, of the secondary particles from neutron and negative pion irradiations, RBE-Dose relations have been calculated. The theoretical results are compared with clinical and radiobiological data for normal tissue, tumours and cells in culture. Formulae for calculation, cellular parameters and the needed properties of equivalent 'track-segment bombardments' are given, for several mammalian cells irradiated with pions and with neutrons of several energies.", "contents": "RBE-dose relations for neutrons and pions. From cellular radiosensitivity parameters and theoretical particle-energy spectra in tissue, of the secondary particles from neutron and negative pion irradiations, RBE-Dose relations have been calculated. The theoretical results are compared with clinical and radiobiological data for normal tissue, tumours and cells in culture. Formulae for calculation, cellular parameters and the needed properties of equivalent 'track-segment bombardments' are given, for several mammalian cells irradiated with pions and with neutrons of several energies.", "PMID": 1187765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10583", "title": "The response of the ferrous sulphate dosemeter to neutrons.", "content": "A semi-empirical method of calculating G-values for the ferrous sulphate dosemeter irradiated by neutrons up to 18 MeV has been developed. It utilizes published charged particle G-values along with particle spectra calculated for mono-energetic neutron interactions with the dosemeter medium. All available G-value measurements with neutrons have been evaluated and compared with values predicted by this method. The agreement was excellent for DT generator and cyclotron neutron beams in which the neutron spectra had been accurately determined. However, the predictions could not be completely confirmed for lower energy neutrons becuase of the large experimental uncertainties in the measured G-values and the lack of detailed information on the neutron spectra.", "contents": "The response of the ferrous sulphate dosemeter to neutrons. A semi-empirical method of calculating G-values for the ferrous sulphate dosemeter irradiated by neutrons up to 18 MeV has been developed. It utilizes published charged particle G-values along with particle spectra calculated for mono-energetic neutron interactions with the dosemeter medium. All available G-value measurements with neutrons have been evaluated and compared with values predicted by this method. The agreement was excellent for DT generator and cyclotron neutron beams in which the neutron spectra had been accurately determined. However, the predictions could not be completely confirmed for lower energy neutrons becuase of the large experimental uncertainties in the measured G-values and the lack of detailed information on the neutron spectra.", "PMID": 1187766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10584", "title": "A novel fast neutron dosemeter based on fission chambers. Part I: Principles of operation and theoretical response in neutron therapy radiation fields.", "content": "A novel method is proposed of accurately measuring fast neutron doses of interest in radiotherapy. The technique, which utilizes calculated neutron fluence-to-kerma conversion factors, is based upon the combination of measurements with calibrated neptunium-237 and uranium-238 pulse fission chambers to obtain a response which matches the variation of kerma with neutron energy. The theoretical performance of a practical instrument has been assessed for a variety of neutron spectra to evaluate the spectrum dependence of the dosemeter. The overall systematic uncertainty using this absolute method of determining the neutron dose under charged particle equilibrium conditions is comparable to that encountered with ionization chamber techniques.", "contents": "A novel fast neutron dosemeter based on fission chambers. Part I: Principles of operation and theoretical response in neutron therapy radiation fields. A novel method is proposed of accurately measuring fast neutron doses of interest in radiotherapy. The technique, which utilizes calculated neutron fluence-to-kerma conversion factors, is based upon the combination of measurements with calibrated neptunium-237 and uranium-238 pulse fission chambers to obtain a response which matches the variation of kerma with neutron energy. The theoretical performance of a practical instrument has been assessed for a variety of neutron spectra to evaluate the spectrum dependence of the dosemeter. The overall systematic uncertainty using this absolute method of determining the neutron dose under charged particle equilibrium conditions is comparable to that encountered with ionization chamber techniques.", "PMID": 1187767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10585", "title": "An experimental and calculated dose distribution in water around CDC K-type caesium-137 sources.", "content": "The radiation distribution in water around caesium-137 K-type sources has been measured and the experimental results used to provide data for an expression for dose calculations which may be conveniently applied in computer programs. The calculated absorbed dose rate obtained in this manner is estimated to be within 3% of the actual dose rate for any point in water up to 8 cm from the source. It is also suggested that the strength of a brachytherapy source be expressed in terms of an experimental exposure rate at some well-defined distance since this quantity may be determined more precisely and with less ambiguity than source activity.", "contents": "An experimental and calculated dose distribution in water around CDC K-type caesium-137 sources. The radiation distribution in water around caesium-137 K-type sources has been measured and the experimental results used to provide data for an expression for dose calculations which may be conveniently applied in computer programs. The calculated absorbed dose rate obtained in this manner is estimated to be within 3% of the actual dose rate for any point in water up to 8 cm from the source. It is also suggested that the strength of a brachytherapy source be expressed in terms of an experimental exposure rate at some well-defined distance since this quantity may be determined more precisely and with less ambiguity than source activity.", "PMID": 1187768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10586", "title": "The validity of an equivalent point source (EPS) assumption used in quantitative scanning.", "content": "Most methods used to estimate the absolute organ content of a gamma-emitting radionuclide from external counting measurements assume that the depth distribution of activity is equivalent to a point source of the same activity located at an 'effective' depth. A theoretical analysis is presented which shows that this assumption is not correct for a dual opposed detector system, because of self-attenuation of the photons by the organ (or source). Experimental varification is also given, and it indicates that the error caused by this assumption is normally less than 10%, although it can be very large in special cases.", "contents": "The validity of an equivalent point source (EPS) assumption used in quantitative scanning. Most methods used to estimate the absolute organ content of a gamma-emitting radionuclide from external counting measurements assume that the depth distribution of activity is equivalent to a point source of the same activity located at an 'effective' depth. A theoretical analysis is presented which shows that this assumption is not correct for a dual opposed detector system, because of self-attenuation of the photons by the organ (or source). Experimental varification is also given, and it indicates that the error caused by this assumption is normally less than 10%, although it can be very large in special cases.", "PMID": 1187769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10587", "title": "Development and comparison of computer methods for organ motion correction in scintigraphy.", "content": "The process of organ motion correction in scintigraphy is analysed in the frequency domain. The sequence of the chi- and gamma- coordinates registered during scintigraphic recording is converted to a frequency spectrum by a discrete Fourier transform. In the frequency domain motion correction is performed by linear filtering. Every convolution filter in the time domain corresponds to a linear filter in the frequency domain, and the filter form in the frequency domain is a good measure of the quality of the correction. With the aid of frequency analysis simple convolution filters in the time domain are developed. The usual centre of gravity method is not a convolution filter and has an unfavourable frequency behaviour. By means of phantom measurements the following correction methods are tested: the usual (non-convolutional) centre of gravity method, the convolutional centre of gravity method, a weighted convolutional centre of gravity method and the Fourier filtering method.", "contents": "Development and comparison of computer methods for organ motion correction in scintigraphy. The process of organ motion correction in scintigraphy is analysed in the frequency domain. The sequence of the chi- and gamma- coordinates registered during scintigraphic recording is converted to a frequency spectrum by a discrete Fourier transform. In the frequency domain motion correction is performed by linear filtering. Every convolution filter in the time domain corresponds to a linear filter in the frequency domain, and the filter form in the frequency domain is a good measure of the quality of the correction. With the aid of frequency analysis simple convolution filters in the time domain are developed. The usual centre of gravity method is not a convolution filter and has an unfavourable frequency behaviour. By means of phantom measurements the following correction methods are tested: the usual (non-convolutional) centre of gravity method, the convolutional centre of gravity method, a weighted convolutional centre of gravity method and the Fourier filtering method.", "PMID": 1187770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10588", "title": "The use of precision thermoluminescence dosimetry for intercomparison of absorbed dose.", "content": "A technique is described for making thermoluminescence measurements on phosphor powder with a relatively high degree of precision. Factors such as the rate of fading of TL response and extent of supralinearity for TLD-700 in the therapy-dose range have been measured in relation to its use for precise absorbed dose intercomparison studies in cobalt-60 beams. The results of such a trial intercomparison of six British radiotherapy centres are given, the performance of the TLD technique being matched against that of Fricke dosemeters. Factors involved in the extension of the technique to medium-energy X-rays are discussed including the possibility of determination of beam quality by employing TLD-700 and CaSO4: Dy 'in tandem'.", "contents": "The use of precision thermoluminescence dosimetry for intercomparison of absorbed dose. A technique is described for making thermoluminescence measurements on phosphor powder with a relatively high degree of precision. Factors such as the rate of fading of TL response and extent of supralinearity for TLD-700 in the therapy-dose range have been measured in relation to its use for precise absorbed dose intercomparison studies in cobalt-60 beams. The results of such a trial intercomparison of six British radiotherapy centres are given, the performance of the TLD technique being matched against that of Fricke dosemeters. Factors involved in the extension of the technique to medium-energy X-rays are discussed including the possibility of determination of beam quality by employing TLD-700 and CaSO4: Dy 'in tandem'.", "PMID": 1187775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10589", "title": "Digital reconstruction of point sources imaged by a zone plate camera.", "content": "Zone plate cameras are used for high sensitivity imaging of X- and gamma-ray sources. The image thus obtained requires decoding and numerical techniques are devised for this purpose. The response function and the signal-to-noise ratio for a single point source have been evaluated for zone plates with varying numbers of zones. Autocorrelation is the best of the methods examined, and the results are in good aggreement with those obtained using Monte Carlo techniques. The autocorrelation method can give a gain of 50% in signal-to-noise for a single point source over the maximum obtainable with optical decoding. Criteria for the choice of number of zones are discussed.", "contents": "Digital reconstruction of point sources imaged by a zone plate camera. Zone plate cameras are used for high sensitivity imaging of X- and gamma-ray sources. The image thus obtained requires decoding and numerical techniques are devised for this purpose. The response function and the signal-to-noise ratio for a single point source have been evaluated for zone plates with varying numbers of zones. Autocorrelation is the best of the methods examined, and the results are in good aggreement with those obtained using Monte Carlo techniques. The autocorrelation method can give a gain of 50% in signal-to-noise for a single point source over the maximum obtainable with optical decoding. Criteria for the choice of number of zones are discussed.", "PMID": 1187776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10590", "title": "Digital processing of images from a zone plate camera.", "content": "A method for the digital decoding of data obtained with a gamma camera fitted with a zone plate aperture is described. Taking a line source as the object, computer simulations have been used to examine the effects of noise, solid angle variations, shape of detector and detector resolution and methods of dealing with these effects are considered. Using an Anger gamma camera and a zone plate aperture both a line source and a thyroid phantom containing 99Tcm have been well reconstructed. The behaviour of the system with regard to resolution, signal-to-noise ratio and tomographic capability is discussed.", "contents": "Digital processing of images from a zone plate camera. A method for the digital decoding of data obtained with a gamma camera fitted with a zone plate aperture is described. Taking a line source as the object, computer simulations have been used to examine the effects of noise, solid angle variations, shape of detector and detector resolution and methods of dealing with these effects are considered. Using an Anger gamma camera and a zone plate aperture both a line source and a thyroid phantom containing 99Tcm have been well reconstructed. The behaviour of the system with regard to resolution, signal-to-noise ratio and tomographic capability is discussed.", "PMID": 1187777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10591", "title": "A non-linear programming method for optimizing parallel-hole collimator design.", "content": "A new method for optimizing the design of multi-aperture parallel-hole collimators for the gamma scintillation camera is presented. The method takes into account the frequency spectrum of a plane source object distribution as well as the energy of the radiation. A frequency dependent statistical figure of merit is calculated and combined with a weighted object distribution frequency spectrum to obtain an objective function which, when maximized, yields the optimum collimator design according to the chosen criteria. The optimization is performed by means of a sequential pattern search technique. The results show a positive correlation between te objective function and an experimental performance index evaluated for existing collimators. The optimal designs obtained by maximizing the objective function, under the assumption of no scatter within the source, exhibit somewhat higher sensitivity and lower resolution than the commercial low energy collimators tested. It is concluded that much of the resolution capability of very high resolution collimators is unused because of the limitation imposed by the intrinsic resolution of the detector assembly.", "contents": "A non-linear programming method for optimizing parallel-hole collimator design. A new method for optimizing the design of multi-aperture parallel-hole collimators for the gamma scintillation camera is presented. The method takes into account the frequency spectrum of a plane source object distribution as well as the energy of the radiation. A frequency dependent statistical figure of merit is calculated and combined with a weighted object distribution frequency spectrum to obtain an objective function which, when maximized, yields the optimum collimator design according to the chosen criteria. The optimization is performed by means of a sequential pattern search technique. The results show a positive correlation between te objective function and an experimental performance index evaluated for existing collimators. The optimal designs obtained by maximizing the objective function, under the assumption of no scatter within the source, exhibit somewhat higher sensitivity and lower resolution than the commercial low energy collimators tested. It is concluded that much of the resolution capability of very high resolution collimators is unused because of the limitation imposed by the intrinsic resolution of the detector assembly.", "PMID": 1187778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10592", "title": "Correction functions for optimizing the reconstructed image in transverse section scan.", "content": "Two correction functions are derived for one- and two-dimensional convolution methods for reconstructing a section image from multiple projections. The functions are optimized to yield a maximum 'signal-to-noise power ratio' for a given RMS resolution width, where 'signal power' is the integrated squared line spread function (signal power regarding one-dimensional position information per count) and 'noise power' is the variance of the image density at the centre of a locally uniform source. The point spread function of the reconstructed image is Gaussian, and the standard deivation of noise associated with a locally uniform image is found to be proportional to D-3/2, where D is the RMS resolution width. The autocovariance function for uniform noise is also given.", "contents": "Correction functions for optimizing the reconstructed image in transverse section scan. Two correction functions are derived for one- and two-dimensional convolution methods for reconstructing a section image from multiple projections. The functions are optimized to yield a maximum 'signal-to-noise power ratio' for a given RMS resolution width, where 'signal power' is the integrated squared line spread function (signal power regarding one-dimensional position information per count) and 'noise power' is the variance of the image density at the centre of a locally uniform source. The point spread function of the reconstructed image is Gaussian, and the standard deivation of noise associated with a locally uniform image is found to be proportional to D-3/2, where D is the RMS resolution width. The autocovariance function for uniform noise is also given.", "PMID": 1187779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10593", "title": "A spectral approach to ultrasonic scattering from human tissue: methods, objectives and backscattering measurements.", "content": "The dearth of information on the physical processes involved in the propagation of ultrasound in tissue and the growing need for such information are discussed. The physical nature of the ultrasonic diagnostic process in considered in terms of a wave phenomenon and the limitations and advantages of frequency spectral analysis as a means of obtaining information are briefly analysed. A description is given of an experimental measuring system using a time-gate to select echoes scattered from a particular volume at a depth in soft tissues. The influence of attenuation by overlying tissue and the choice of the duration of the acceptance gate on the frequency spectra obtained are considered. The paper reports some backscattering measurements on formalin-fixed samples of human fat, liver and spleen in the frequency range 0-5-5-0 MHz. The results suggest that the approach may have diagnostic value in a clinical situation, in the characterization of structure in specific volumes of soft human tissue.", "contents": "A spectral approach to ultrasonic scattering from human tissue: methods, objectives and backscattering measurements. The dearth of information on the physical processes involved in the propagation of ultrasound in tissue and the growing need for such information are discussed. The physical nature of the ultrasonic diagnostic process in considered in terms of a wave phenomenon and the limitations and advantages of frequency spectral analysis as a means of obtaining information are briefly analysed. A description is given of an experimental measuring system using a time-gate to select echoes scattered from a particular volume at a depth in soft tissues. The influence of attenuation by overlying tissue and the choice of the duration of the acceptance gate on the frequency spectra obtained are considered. The paper reports some backscattering measurements on formalin-fixed samples of human fat, liver and spleen in the frequency range 0-5-5-0 MHz. The results suggest that the approach may have diagnostic value in a clinical situation, in the characterization of structure in specific volumes of soft human tissue.", "PMID": 1187780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10594", "title": "The interconversion of machine settings and size determinations between seven models of Coulter counter as illustrated by values for human spermatozoa.", "content": "Calibration of the Coulter counter Models ZB Industrial, B Industrial D and D Industrial using 21 standard particles is reported using the same method as previously described for the Models B Medical, F and A. All the machines showed significant differences in design and sensitivity. The additional data allowed the relationship between the machine constant and the aperture diameter to be calculated and volume factors were calculated for each combination of settings on each machine. The general method of interconverting size data and machine settings between the instruments was demonstrated using human spermatozoa as an example.", "contents": "The interconversion of machine settings and size determinations between seven models of Coulter counter as illustrated by values for human spermatozoa. Calibration of the Coulter counter Models ZB Industrial, B Industrial D and D Industrial using 21 standard particles is reported using the same method as previously described for the Models B Medical, F and A. All the machines showed significant differences in design and sensitivity. The additional data allowed the relationship between the machine constant and the aperture diameter to be calculated and volume factors were calculated for each combination of settings on each machine. The general method of interconverting size data and machine settings between the instruments was demonstrated using human spermatozoa as an example.", "PMID": 1187781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10595", "title": "Autoradiographic analysis of protein synthesis and measurements of nuclear volume in WISH cell cultures irradiated with 3 GHz electromagnetic radiation.", "content": "WISH cell cultures were irradiated 24 h after passage with 3 GHz microwaves for 30 min at intensites of 5 or 20 mW cm-2. After times from exposure of 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h the cells were incubated with 5 muCi ml-2 of 3H-glycine and autoradiographs were made using stripping film. The incorporation of the amino acid was measured for four groups, 0-10, 10-20, 20-40 and above 40 grains per cell. Karyometric analysis of irradiated cell cultures was performed 1, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h after exposure. In cultures irradiated at an intensity of 20 mW cm-2, inhibition of protein synthesis with lowering of nuclear volume and enlargement of nucleoli was found one hour after irradiation. This was followed by increase in glycine incorporation 12 and 24 h after irradiation, with enlargement of nuclei. In cultures irradiated at an intensity of 5mW cm-2 stimulation of protein synthesis and enlargement of nuclei were seen 24 h after irradiation. These results suggests that low intensity microwaves stimulate metabolism of cells grown in vitro, although at higher intensities the phase of stimulation is preceded by a short period of inhibition in the culture viability.", "contents": "Autoradiographic analysis of protein synthesis and measurements of nuclear volume in WISH cell cultures irradiated with 3 GHz electromagnetic radiation. WISH cell cultures were irradiated 24 h after passage with 3 GHz microwaves for 30 min at intensites of 5 or 20 mW cm-2. After times from exposure of 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h the cells were incubated with 5 muCi ml-2 of 3H-glycine and autoradiographs were made using stripping film. The incorporation of the amino acid was measured for four groups, 0-10, 10-20, 20-40 and above 40 grains per cell. Karyometric analysis of irradiated cell cultures was performed 1, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h after exposure. In cultures irradiated at an intensity of 20 mW cm-2, inhibition of protein synthesis with lowering of nuclear volume and enlargement of nucleoli was found one hour after irradiation. This was followed by increase in glycine incorporation 12 and 24 h after irradiation, with enlargement of nuclei. In cultures irradiated at an intensity of 5mW cm-2 stimulation of protein synthesis and enlargement of nuclei were seen 24 h after irradiation. These results suggests that low intensity microwaves stimulate metabolism of cells grown in vitro, although at higher intensities the phase of stimulation is preceded by a short period of inhibition in the culture viability.", "PMID": 1187782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10596", "title": "A mathematical model for the determination of cardiac regurgitant and ejection fractions from radioisotope angiocardiograms.", "content": "A mathematical model taking into account the pulsatile pumping action of the heart has been developed which describes, in terms of a set of four recursive equations, the activity in the atrium and in the ventricle of the left or right heart at successive end-systoles and end-diastoles after bolus injection. The resulting closed form solutions permit calculations of chamber forward ejection fractions and valvular regurgitant fractions from computerized radioisotope angiocardiogram data. The method has been applied to a series of over thirty clinical studies with encouraging results.", "contents": "A mathematical model for the determination of cardiac regurgitant and ejection fractions from radioisotope angiocardiograms. A mathematical model taking into account the pulsatile pumping action of the heart has been developed which describes, in terms of a set of four recursive equations, the activity in the atrium and in the ventricle of the left or right heart at successive end-systoles and end-diastoles after bolus injection. The resulting closed form solutions permit calculations of chamber forward ejection fractions and valvular regurgitant fractions from computerized radioisotope angiocardiogram data. The method has been applied to a series of over thirty clinical studies with encouraging results.", "PMID": 1187785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10597", "title": "Energy dependence of the response of lithium fluoride TLD rods in high energy electron fields.", "content": "The energy dependence of lithium fluoride dosemeters is a complicated function of energy as well as of cavity size. In the application of TLD to charged particle dosimetry, a cavity perturbation effect may exist even though the ratios of the mass stopping powers are constant over the energies encountered. This effect was investigated for lithium fluoride rods in electron fields ranging in energy from 2-5 to 20 MeV. A 13% change of TL response per unit of absorbed dose was measured over that energy range. A semi-empirical theory was developed to account for the cavity effect, using Burlin cavity theory as a starting point. The agreement between theory and measurement is satisfactory.", "contents": "Energy dependence of the response of lithium fluoride TLD rods in high energy electron fields. The energy dependence of lithium fluoride dosemeters is a complicated function of energy as well as of cavity size. In the application of TLD to charged particle dosimetry, a cavity perturbation effect may exist even though the ratios of the mass stopping powers are constant over the energies encountered. This effect was investigated for lithium fluoride rods in electron fields ranging in energy from 2-5 to 20 MeV. A 13% change of TL response per unit of absorbed dose was measured over that energy range. A semi-empirical theory was developed to account for the cavity effect, using Burlin cavity theory as a starting point. The agreement between theory and measurement is satisfactory.", "PMID": 1187787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10598", "title": "An iterative computer algorithm for optimization of radionuclide subtraction studies.", "content": "A new algorithm for off-line computer optimization of radionuclide subtraction studies is presented. Within the digitized image, any region of interest may be chosen for study. No prior knowledge is required concerning the position and extent of the principal and interfering objects, nor concerning their image intensities. Tests show that even when statistical fluctuations are relatively large, the intensity quotient calculated by this algorithm may be used to estimate a uniform background and correct for its contribution. The effect of smoothing the images prior to the use of the algorithm has been investigated. The method has also been used for pancreas imaging and one example of this application is presented.", "contents": "An iterative computer algorithm for optimization of radionuclide subtraction studies. A new algorithm for off-line computer optimization of radionuclide subtraction studies is presented. Within the digitized image, any region of interest may be chosen for study. No prior knowledge is required concerning the position and extent of the principal and interfering objects, nor concerning their image intensities. Tests show that even when statistical fluctuations are relatively large, the intensity quotient calculated by this algorithm may be used to estimate a uniform background and correct for its contribution. The effect of smoothing the images prior to the use of the algorithm has been investigated. The method has also been used for pancreas imaging and one example of this application is presented.", "PMID": 1187789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10599", "title": "The transformation method for the MIRD absorbed fraction as applied to various physiques.", "content": "A transformation method was investigated for applying the MIRD absorbed fraction to internal dose calculations for an individual. The transformation method consists of two parts, transformation of the target organ mass, and of the distance between source and target organs. The variation of the specific absorbed fraction with distance in the human body was approximated with the traditional exponential form. To examine the transformation method, experiments were carried out for cobalt-60 gamma rays, using LiF-TLD, with the thyroid and ovaries as source organs. The transformed values of the MIRD absorbed fractions agreed well with the experimental values. Some results obtained from the MIRD values by these transformation methods were also compared with those for younger age groups calculated by Snyder.", "contents": "The transformation method for the MIRD absorbed fraction as applied to various physiques. A transformation method was investigated for applying the MIRD absorbed fraction to internal dose calculations for an individual. The transformation method consists of two parts, transformation of the target organ mass, and of the distance between source and target organs. The variation of the specific absorbed fraction with distance in the human body was approximated with the traditional exponential form. To examine the transformation method, experiments were carried out for cobalt-60 gamma rays, using LiF-TLD, with the thyroid and ovaries as source organs. The transformed values of the MIRD absorbed fractions agreed well with the experimental values. Some results obtained from the MIRD values by these transformation methods were also compared with those for younger age groups calculated by Snyder.", "PMID": 1187790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10600", "title": "A circular dichroism study of charged polypeptides interaction with salts.", "content": "The effect of salts on the experimental circular dichroism spectra of polypeptides is presented using poly-L-lysine as the main model. Salt effects are analyzed into: (a) shielding at low (less than 0.5 M) concentrations of all salts; (b) binding to positively charged and some neutrally charged side-chains by certain anions (e.g., CCl3COO-, CF3C00-, ClO4-), with induction of helicity; (c) binding of these same anions, at high concentration, to the backbone leading toward random structure; (d) binding of high concentration of denaturing cations (La+3, Ca++, Li+) to the backbone, with La+3 and Ca++ leading to collapsed random structure (R) while Li+ tends to leave the polypeptide somewhat extended; (e) indirect interaction of salting-out salts (NaH2PO4, (NH4)2SO4, NH4F), at high concentration, leading toward complete alpha helicity, probably by competition with the polypeptide and the anion for available water. Effects of changing the temperature from 5 degrees to 50 degrees on the circular dishroism spectra of different polypeptide-salt solutions throughout the region from extended (LES) to alpha helical conformation are analyzed in terms of introduction of randomness (R) at high temperature. Applications to effects of salt on protein structures are considered.", "contents": "A circular dichroism study of charged polypeptides interaction with salts. The effect of salts on the experimental circular dichroism spectra of polypeptides is presented using poly-L-lysine as the main model. Salt effects are analyzed into: (a) shielding at low (less than 0.5 M) concentrations of all salts; (b) binding to positively charged and some neutrally charged side-chains by certain anions (e.g., CCl3COO-, CF3C00-, ClO4-), with induction of helicity; (c) binding of these same anions, at high concentration, to the backbone leading toward random structure; (d) binding of high concentration of denaturing cations (La+3, Ca++, Li+) to the backbone, with La+3 and Ca++ leading to collapsed random structure (R) while Li+ tends to leave the polypeptide somewhat extended; (e) indirect interaction of salting-out salts (NaH2PO4, (NH4)2SO4, NH4F), at high concentration, leading toward complete alpha helicity, probably by competition with the polypeptide and the anion for available water. Effects of changing the temperature from 5 degrees to 50 degrees on the circular dishroism spectra of different polypeptide-salt solutions throughout the region from extended (LES) to alpha helical conformation are analyzed in terms of introduction of randomness (R) at high temperature. Applications to effects of salt on protein structures are considered.", "PMID": 1187813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10601", "title": "Biological ion exchanger resins. VII. Counter-ion activity coefficients in solutions of biological polyelectrolytes.", "content": "The single ion activity coefficients of K+ and Cl- counter-ions were determined in concentrated polyelectrolyte solutions. The polyelectrolytes investigated included DNA and several proteins. Results indicate that ion gradients of up to 40:1 do not lower the counter-ion activity coefficient below 0.5. Thus, published values of the intracellular activity coefficient of K+ are not incompatible with cellular models utilizing cytoplasmic ion exchange.", "contents": "Biological ion exchanger resins. VII. Counter-ion activity coefficients in solutions of biological polyelectrolytes. The single ion activity coefficients of K+ and Cl- counter-ions were determined in concentrated polyelectrolyte solutions. The polyelectrolytes investigated included DNA and several proteins. Results indicate that ion gradients of up to 40:1 do not lower the counter-ion activity coefficient below 0.5. Thus, published values of the intracellular activity coefficient of K+ are not incompatible with cellular models utilizing cytoplasmic ion exchange.", "PMID": 1187814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10602", "title": "Role of tryptophan, histidine and methionine residues in the catalytic activity of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from beef kidney.", "content": "The role of tryptophan, methionine, and histidine residues in mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from beef kidney has been established by using N-bromosuccinimide, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylbromide, and tetraiodofluoresceine as specific chemical modifiers of the amino acid residues of the enzyme. Since N-bromosuccinimide promotes extensive inactivation of the enzyme and the chemical modification of 1.65 tryptophan and 3 methionine residues per enzymes protomer, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylbromide modifies once more 1.65 tryptophan residues per enzyme protomer but induces only 10% inactivation of the enzyme. Tetraiodofluoresceine exerts a 40% inactivation of the enzyme which is due to the chemical modification of 5.8 histidine res in", "contents": "Role of tryptophan, histidine and methionine residues in the catalytic activity of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from beef kidney. The role of tryptophan, methionine, and histidine residues in mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from beef kidney has been established by using N-bromosuccinimide, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylbromide, and tetraiodofluoresceine as specific chemical modifiers of the amino acid residues of the enzyme. Since N-bromosuccinimide promotes extensive inactivation of the enzyme and the chemical modification of 1.65 tryptophan and 3 methionine residues per enzymes protomer, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylbromide modifies once more 1.65 tryptophan residues per enzyme protomer but induces only 10% inactivation of the enzyme. Tetraiodofluoresceine exerts a 40% inactivation of the enzyme which is due to the chemical modification of 5.8 histidine res in", "PMID": 1187815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10603", "title": "Quantitative infrared spectroscopy of lipids in solution: I. Theoretical and practical aspects of the new method.", "content": "In Part I of this series, new data for quantitative infrared spectroscopy of pure lipids are reported for various frequency regions. A new analysis of previously reported infrared data demonstrates that the E1 percent/1 cm concept, long in use in ultraviolet studies of proteins, is applicable to the analysis of lipids of the infrared. It is shown that integrated absorbance measurements over optimal limits of the C-H-stretching region are substantially more sensitive than those of the C-H-bending region. It is shown that the new method is more sensitive and specific than gravimetric methods currently in use.", "contents": "Quantitative infrared spectroscopy of lipids in solution: I. Theoretical and practical aspects of the new method. In Part I of this series, new data for quantitative infrared spectroscopy of pure lipids are reported for various frequency regions. A new analysis of previously reported infrared data demonstrates that the E1 percent/1 cm concept, long in use in ultraviolet studies of proteins, is applicable to the analysis of lipids of the infrared. It is shown that integrated absorbance measurements over optimal limits of the C-H-stretching region are substantially more sensitive than those of the C-H-bending region. It is shown that the new method is more sensitive and specific than gravimetric methods currently in use.", "PMID": 1187819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10604", "title": "Quantitative infrared spectroscopy of lipids in solution: III. Automated data collection and computer aided calculations of lipid analysis.", "content": "In the third part of this series, a data acquisition system is described which digitizes the analog signal from a commercial infrared spectrometer and records the data on paper tape. The paper tape is then processed off-line with a microcomputer and an infrared spectrum is printed. The correction routine for absorbance due to the O-H stretching band is discussed as well as the integration limits for calculation of integrated intensities of the C-H stretching band. The computer program is briefly described and statistical data on correlation between integrated intensity and lipid concentration given.", "contents": "Quantitative infrared spectroscopy of lipids in solution: III. Automated data collection and computer aided calculations of lipid analysis. In the third part of this series, a data acquisition system is described which digitizes the analog signal from a commercial infrared spectrometer and records the data on paper tape. The paper tape is then processed off-line with a microcomputer and an infrared spectrum is printed. The correction routine for absorbance due to the O-H stretching band is discussed as well as the integration limits for calculation of integrated intensities of the C-H stretching band. The computer program is briefly described and statistical data on correlation between integrated intensity and lipid concentration given.", "PMID": 1187821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10605", "title": "Quantitative infrared spectroscopy of lipids in solution: II. Novel polar solvent systems.", "content": "In the second part of this series, previous solvent limitations in infrared studies are discussed and novel polar solvent systems for the analysis of nonpolar and polar lipids described. Limitation of potassium bromide windows for infrared cells are discussed. The use of calcium fluoride cells with crude lipids is discussed. Problems related to hydrogen bonding of lipid solutes in various solvent systems are discussed as well as hydrogen-deuterium exchange in biologically important lipids.", "contents": "Quantitative infrared spectroscopy of lipids in solution: II. Novel polar solvent systems. In the second part of this series, previous solvent limitations in infrared studies are discussed and novel polar solvent systems for the analysis of nonpolar and polar lipids described. Limitation of potassium bromide windows for infrared cells are discussed. The use of calcium fluoride cells with crude lipids is discussed. Problems related to hydrogen bonding of lipid solutes in various solvent systems are discussed as well as hydrogen-deuterium exchange in biologically important lipids.", "PMID": 1187820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10606", "title": "Potassium and sodium ions in the glycerinated skeletal muscle. Distribution changes induced by adenosine triphosphate and nondissociable anesthetic substances.", "content": "Investigation of the ionic behavior of glycerinated muscle fibers showed that the residual structures of this biologic cellular material, lacking functional membranes, are able to discriminate between alkaline ions. The characteristics of the ionic selectivity of the glycerinated fibers change with their functional state and with the presence in the medium of certain nonionic substances. Among the more important features of ionic distribution between the membrane-free fibers and the medium are the following: (1) There is evident adsorption of potassium on the fibers, in the absence of ATP. (2) This adsorption increases in contraction and decreases in relaxation. (3) At high ionic concentrations, in contrast to what occurs at low potassium concentrations, the glycerinated muscle prefers sodium to potassium, but even under these conditions both ions are accumulated in the fibers to far greater levels than in the medium. This strongly suggests a Donnan ionic equilibrium developing parallel to the adsorption process. (4) Nonionic substances of the general anesthetic group markedly alter the ionic selectivity of the glycerinated fibers, probably by their action on the water's physical state. A mechanism is proposed for the observed ionic adsorption specific of the muscle-a mechanism in which actin-myosin coupling plays the cardinal adsorption role. In the general interpretation of the data a synthetic concept is advanced according to which an entire set of processes and factors concurs with the distribution of ions between the muscle and the medium.", "contents": "Potassium and sodium ions in the glycerinated skeletal muscle. Distribution changes induced by adenosine triphosphate and nondissociable anesthetic substances. Investigation of the ionic behavior of glycerinated muscle fibers showed that the residual structures of this biologic cellular material, lacking functional membranes, are able to discriminate between alkaline ions. The characteristics of the ionic selectivity of the glycerinated fibers change with their functional state and with the presence in the medium of certain nonionic substances. Among the more important features of ionic distribution between the membrane-free fibers and the medium are the following: (1) There is evident adsorption of potassium on the fibers, in the absence of ATP. (2) This adsorption increases in contraction and decreases in relaxation. (3) At high ionic concentrations, in contrast to what occurs at low potassium concentrations, the glycerinated muscle prefers sodium to potassium, but even under these conditions both ions are accumulated in the fibers to far greater levels than in the medium. This strongly suggests a Donnan ionic equilibrium developing parallel to the adsorption process. (4) Nonionic substances of the general anesthetic group markedly alter the ionic selectivity of the glycerinated fibers, probably by their action on the water's physical state. A mechanism is proposed for the observed ionic adsorption specific of the muscle-a mechanism in which actin-myosin coupling plays the cardinal adsorption role. In the general interpretation of the data a synthetic concept is advanced according to which an entire set of processes and factors concurs with the distribution of ions between the muscle and the medium.", "PMID": 1187818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10607", "title": "Response selection properties of food and brain-stimulation reinforcers in rats.", "content": "Rats were exposed to a differential conditioning procedure in which one lever-stimulus predicted a food UCS (for one group) or a brain-stimulation UCS (for 2 other groups) while a second lever-stimulus was explicitly unpaired with the UCS. A fourth group received differential training where one lever-stimulus signalled food and the other brain-stimulation. The animals reliably approached and contracted the predictive stimuli with  there being no significant difference in this tendency between groups. There was, however, a significant difference in the form of the stimulus contact behavior as a function of the quality of the UCS. Rats gnawed the stimulus when the UCS was food but sniffed it when the UCS was brain-stimulation. This difference was independent of the level of food deprivation and occurred within animals in the group which received both kinds of UCS. The results indicate that properties specific to the reinforcer are important in response performance. Such effects should be considered in the analysis of performance on instrumental tasks, especially when concern is focussed on performance differences which are correlated with qualitatively different rewards.", "contents": "Response selection properties of food and brain-stimulation reinforcers in rats. Rats were exposed to a differential conditioning procedure in which one lever-stimulus predicted a food UCS (for one group) or a brain-stimulation UCS (for 2 other groups) while a second lever-stimulus was explicitly unpaired with the UCS. A fourth group received differential training where one lever-stimulus signalled food and the other brain-stimulation. The animals reliably approached and contracted the predictive stimuli with  there being no significant difference in this tendency between groups. There was, however, a significant difference in the form of the stimulus contact behavior as a function of the quality of the UCS. Rats gnawed the stimulus when the UCS was food but sniffed it when the UCS was brain-stimulation. This difference was independent of the level of food deprivation and occurred within animals in the group which received both kinds of UCS. The results indicate that properties specific to the reinforcer are important in response performance. Such effects should be considered in the analysis of performance on instrumental tasks, especially when concern is focussed on performance differences which are correlated with qualitatively different rewards.", "PMID": 1187823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10608", "title": "Variations in behavioral thermoregulation in the young pig over 24 hour periods.", "content": "Young pigs were trained to make a response to obtain a reinforcement of radiant heat. The animals were kept by themselves in a temperature-controlled light-proof room. Some pigs were kept in constant light, some were subjected to a light/dark cycle, and some were first fed ad lib and then deprived of food. The results were analysed by fitting a cosine curve using regression methods and evidence of a circadian rhythm was obtained under all conditions and at ambient temperature between  5 degrees and 20 degrees centrigrade. Most pigs had a peak demand for heat during the true daytime, but in two pigs the peak occurred at night.", "contents": "Variations in behavioral thermoregulation in the young pig over 24 hour periods. Young pigs were trained to make a response to obtain a reinforcement of radiant heat. The animals were kept by themselves in a temperature-controlled light-proof room. Some pigs were kept in constant light, some were subjected to a light/dark cycle, and some were first fed ad lib and then deprived of food. The results were analysed by fitting a cosine curve using regression methods and evidence of a circadian rhythm was obtained under all conditions and at ambient temperature between  5 degrees and 20 degrees centrigrade. Most pigs had a peak demand for heat during the true daytime, but in two pigs the peak occurred at night.", "PMID": 1187824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10609", "title": "Faster acquisition of an olfactory discrimination following septal lesions in male albino rats.", "content": "Normal rats and rats with septal lesions were maintained on a 23.5-hr water deprivation schedule and trained to bar press for water reinforcement, which was available during the presentation of one odor (SD) but not another (Sdelta). Vanilla and vinegar were the olfactants. Both groups showed evidence of discrimination within the first 2-hr of training and reached asymptotic discrimination ratios greater than 90 percent, but the rats with septal lesions reached successively higher levels of discrimination faster than the controls. The results suggest a septal inhibitory influence on the olfactory bulbs.", "contents": "Faster acquisition of an olfactory discrimination following septal lesions in male albino rats. Normal rats and rats with septal lesions were maintained on a 23.5-hr water deprivation schedule and trained to bar press for water reinforcement, which was available during the presentation of one odor (SD) but not another (Sdelta). Vanilla and vinegar were the olfactants. Both groups showed evidence of discrimination within the first 2-hr of training and reached asymptotic discrimination ratios greater than 90 percent, but the rats with septal lesions reached successively higher levels of discrimination faster than the controls. The results suggest a septal inhibitory influence on the olfactory bulbs.", "PMID": 1187825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10610", "title": "Improvement produced by lateral amygdala lesions on the instrumental alimentary performance imparied by dorsomedial amygdala lesions in dogs.", "content": "The dorsomedial and subsequent lateral amygdala lesions were performed on 6 dogs. Lesions of the dorsomedial part produced transient aphagia, decrease of body weight and either abolishment or impairment  of instrumental performance. Subsequent lesions of the lateral amygdala produced restoration or improvement and stabilization of the instrumental performance. It is supposed that the prevailing inhibitory influences from the lateral amygdala are the main cause of the impairment of instrumental performance after dorso-medial amygdalar lesions. The removal of this source of inhibition  enabled restoration of instrumental performance and other alimentary positive functions.", "contents": "Improvement produced by lateral amygdala lesions on the instrumental alimentary performance imparied by dorsomedial amygdala lesions in dogs. The dorsomedial and subsequent lateral amygdala lesions were performed on 6 dogs. Lesions of the dorsomedial part produced transient aphagia, decrease of body weight and either abolishment or impairment  of instrumental performance. Subsequent lesions of the lateral amygdala produced restoration or improvement and stabilization of the instrumental performance. It is supposed that the prevailing inhibitory influences from the lateral amygdala are the main cause of the impairment of instrumental performance after dorso-medial amygdalar lesions. The removal of this source of inhibition  enabled restoration of instrumental performance and other alimentary positive functions.", "PMID": 1187826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10611", "title": "Differences in developing the lever-pressing behavior in two strains of rats.", "content": "Learning to lever-press for food in rats may be experimentally analyzed according to (a) association of lever-pressing with food reinforcement; (b) development of the behavior of lever-pressing. The latter was studied in two strains of rats with a high or low level of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) in erythrocytes. Twelve males from each strain, previously trained to lever-press, were used. The rate of responding increased faster with repeated training-testing sessions in the High Strain than in the Low-Strain under the CRF and the FR 10 schedule. The genetic difference in the DPG level in erythrocytes and the resultant long term difference in oxygen transport capability may be a significant factor contributing to the behavioral differences in these two strains.", "contents": "Differences in developing the lever-pressing behavior in two strains of rats. Learning to lever-press for food in rats may be experimentally analyzed according to (a) association of lever-pressing with food reinforcement; (b) development of the behavior of lever-pressing. The latter was studied in two strains of rats with a high or low level of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) in erythrocytes. Twelve males from each strain, previously trained to lever-press, were used. The rate of responding increased faster with repeated training-testing sessions in the High Strain than in the Low-Strain under the CRF and the FR 10 schedule. The genetic difference in the DPG level in erythrocytes and the resultant long term difference in oxygen transport capability may be a significant factor contributing to the behavioral differences in these two strains.", "PMID": 1187827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10612", "title": "Effects of dorsomedial thalamic lesions on spatial discrimination reversal in the rat.", "content": "Eight rats with lesions of the dorsomedial thalamus and 10 rats with sham  operations were compared on acquisition and subsequent reversals of a spatial discrimination.  The rats with thalamic damage showed greater perseveration to the incorrect choices (p less than 0.002) and made fewer reversals (p less than 0.05) and more errors (p less than 0.02) during the 100 reversal trials following initial acquisition than did the sham-operated animals. The two groups did not differ on the original acquisition.", "contents": "Effects of dorsomedial thalamic lesions on spatial discrimination reversal in the rat. Eight rats with lesions of the dorsomedial thalamus and 10 rats with sham  operations were compared on acquisition and subsequent reversals of a spatial discrimination.  The rats with thalamic damage showed greater perseveration to the incorrect choices (p less than 0.002) and made fewer reversals (p less than 0.05) and more errors (p less than 0.02) during the 100 reversal trials following initial acquisition than did the sham-operated animals. The two groups did not differ on the original acquisition.", "PMID": 1187828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10613", "title": "Pattern of drinking and feeding produced by hypothalamic norepinephrine injection in the satiated rat.", "content": "Injection of norepinephrine into the perifornical region of the anterior hypothalamus elicited both drinking and feeding in satiated rats. Analysis of these behaviors revealed the following: (1) Both responses were dose-dependent, occurring at doses at least as low as 0.5 mug. (2) The drinking response (1-4 ml) had a latency of around 1.5 min and a duration of 2-3 min. It was followed within a minute or two by eating (2-4 g) that lasted approximately 20 min. It was also followed by a period of drinking suppression that lasted approximately 60 min. (3) Satiation from the ingestion process appeared to be a primary factor in terminating the elicited feeding response, whereas a time-related factor was important in terminating the elicited drinking. (4) These ingestive responses produced by noradrenergic stimulation of the anterior perifornical hypothalamus were found to bear striking similarities to the rat's natural feeding behavior and premeal component of his natural food-associated drinking behavior. (5) These noradrenergically elicited responses could not be observed with lateral hypothalamic stimulation, while only feeding was elicited by ventromedial hypothalamic stimulation. (6) The drinking induced by central noradrenergic stimulation, in contrast to that induced by peripheral beta-adrenergic stimulation, was unaffected by nephrectomy.", "contents": "Pattern of drinking and feeding produced by hypothalamic norepinephrine injection in the satiated rat. Injection of norepinephrine into the perifornical region of the anterior hypothalamus elicited both drinking and feeding in satiated rats. Analysis of these behaviors revealed the following: (1) Both responses were dose-dependent, occurring at doses at least as low as 0.5 mug. (2) The drinking response (1-4 ml) had a latency of around 1.5 min and a duration of 2-3 min. It was followed within a minute or two by eating (2-4 g) that lasted approximately 20 min. It was also followed by a period of drinking suppression that lasted approximately 60 min. (3) Satiation from the ingestion process appeared to be a primary factor in terminating the elicited feeding response, whereas a time-related factor was important in terminating the elicited drinking. (4) These ingestive responses produced by noradrenergic stimulation of the anterior perifornical hypothalamus were found to bear striking similarities to the rat's natural feeding behavior and premeal component of his natural food-associated drinking behavior. (5) These noradrenergically elicited responses could not be observed with lateral hypothalamic stimulation, while only feeding was elicited by ventromedial hypothalamic stimulation. (6) The drinking induced by central noradrenergic stimulation, in contrast to that induced by peripheral beta-adrenergic stimulation, was unaffected by nephrectomy.", "PMID": 1187829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10614", "title": "Ingestion in the satiated rat: role of alpha and beta receptors in mediating effects of hypothalamic adrenergic stimulation.", "content": "Anterior perifornical hypothalamic injection of l-norepinephrine in satiated rats elicits a brief, vigorous drinking response followed within a minute or two by a vigorous feeding response. These adrenergically elicited responses, which bear striking similarities to a rat's naturally motivated ingestive behaviors, were examined in the present series of experiments. It was found that: (1) Both responses could be elicited by perifornical hypothalamic injection of l-epinephrine, which was actually found to be more potent than l-norepinephrine. In contrast, only feeding could be elicited by the alpha-stimulant metaraminol, and neither feeding nor drinking could be elicited by hypothalamic injection of d-norepinephrine. l-isoproterenol, or dopamine. (2) The threshold doses of l-epinephrine for eliciting reliable ingestive responses were quite low, namely, 0.8 nmole (0.15 mug) for drinking and 0.2 nmole (0.04 mug) for feeding. (3) Pharmacological analysis of the ingestive behaviors induced by l-norepinephrine or l-epinephrine indicated that the eating response was mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptors, whereas the drinking response involved the synergistic action of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. No evidence for the involvement of dopaminergic or cholinergic (muscarinic) receptors was obtained. (4) A third adrenergically elicited phenomenon, namely, a suppression of drinking, was observed during and after the period of induced feeding. Analysis of this effect revealed its dependence solely upon alpha-adrenergic receptor activity.", "contents": "Ingestion in the satiated rat: role of alpha and beta receptors in mediating effects of hypothalamic adrenergic stimulation. Anterior perifornical hypothalamic injection of l-norepinephrine in satiated rats elicits a brief, vigorous drinking response followed within a minute or two by a vigorous feeding response. These adrenergically elicited responses, which bear striking similarities to a rat's naturally motivated ingestive behaviors, were examined in the present series of experiments. It was found that: (1) Both responses could be elicited by perifornical hypothalamic injection of l-epinephrine, which was actually found to be more potent than l-norepinephrine. In contrast, only feeding could be elicited by the alpha-stimulant metaraminol, and neither feeding nor drinking could be elicited by hypothalamic injection of d-norepinephrine. l-isoproterenol, or dopamine. (2) The threshold doses of l-epinephrine for eliciting reliable ingestive responses were quite low, namely, 0.8 nmole (0.15 mug) for drinking and 0.2 nmole (0.04 mug) for feeding. (3) Pharmacological analysis of the ingestive behaviors induced by l-norepinephrine or l-epinephrine indicated that the eating response was mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptors, whereas the drinking response involved the synergistic action of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. No evidence for the involvement of dopaminergic or cholinergic (muscarinic) receptors was obtained. (4) A third adrenergically elicited phenomenon, namely, a suppression of drinking, was observed during and after the period of induced feeding. Analysis of this effect revealed its dependence solely upon alpha-adrenergic receptor activity.", "PMID": 1187830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10615", "title": "Effect of gymnemic acid on single taste hairs of the housefly, Musca domestica.", "content": "The effect of a gymnemate salt extract (KGE) on the behavioral and neurophysiological taste responses of Musca domestica to sugar and salt were studied. After exposure of single taste hairs to KGE, the behavioral positive response to a just-suprathreshold sugar stimulus was abolished,  and the neuronal firing pattern was modified in a form that ranged from a waxing and waning of impulse frequently to an abolishment of impulses. The neurophysiological response to a salt stimulus was similarly modified, although the waxing and waning of spike frequency was more rapid and firing returned to a near-control pattern sooner. Neurophysiological studies were replicated with two other fly genera. The results uniformly suggest a narcotic effect on the dendrites of taste neurons.", "contents": "Effect of gymnemic acid on single taste hairs of the housefly, Musca domestica. The effect of a gymnemate salt extract (KGE) on the behavioral and neurophysiological taste responses of Musca domestica to sugar and salt were studied. After exposure of single taste hairs to KGE, the behavioral positive response to a just-suprathreshold sugar stimulus was abolished,  and the neuronal firing pattern was modified in a form that ranged from a waxing and waning of impulse frequently to an abolishment of impulses. The neurophysiological response to a salt stimulus was similarly modified, although the waxing and waning of spike frequency was more rapid and firing returned to a near-control pattern sooner. Neurophysiological studies were replicated with two other fly genera. The results uniformly suggest a narcotic effect on the dendrites of taste neurons.", "PMID": 1187831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10616", "title": "Control of the rat's circadian self-stimulation rhythm by light-dark cycles.", "content": "Rats with hypothalamic and septal electrodes were maintained in continuous test environments where bar-press responses produced brief reinforcing electrical stimulations. Long-term trends in response emission were measured under continuous exposure to light, dark and 12 hr light-dark alternations. In addition, transient behavioral adjustment to sudden 180 degrees phase shifts in the light-dark schedule was studied. The ambient light condition was found to control the period and phase of the circadian rhythm of brain self-stimulation behavior, as quantified by Fourier analysis. The circadian period was greatest under constant light (up to 24.90 hr under dim illumination), and approximated 24.00 hr under constant dark. Successful nocturnal entrainment to 12 hr light-dark alternations was obtained, with the peak of the 24 hr Fourier fundamental occurring in  the middle-to-late dark segments. Three to 11 days were required for re-entrainment to 180 degrees light-dark phase shifts, during which the behavioral oscillation period increased to values comparable to periods under constant light. The rate of re-entrainment appeared to be proportional to illumination intensity during light segments.", "contents": "Control of the rat's circadian self-stimulation rhythm by light-dark cycles. Rats with hypothalamic and septal electrodes were maintained in continuous test environments where bar-press responses produced brief reinforcing electrical stimulations. Long-term trends in response emission were measured under continuous exposure to light, dark and 12 hr light-dark alternations. In addition, transient behavioral adjustment to sudden 180 degrees phase shifts in the light-dark schedule was studied. The ambient light condition was found to control the period and phase of the circadian rhythm of brain self-stimulation behavior, as quantified by Fourier analysis. The circadian period was greatest under constant light (up to 24.90 hr under dim illumination), and approximated 24.00 hr under constant dark. Successful nocturnal entrainment to 12 hr light-dark alternations was obtained, with the peak of the 24 hr Fourier fundamental occurring in  the middle-to-late dark segments. Three to 11 days were required for re-entrainment to 180 degrees light-dark phase shifts, during which the behavioral oscillation period increased to values comparable to periods under constant light. The rate of re-entrainment appeared to be proportional to illumination intensity during light segments.", "PMID": 1187832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10617", "title": "Effect of nutritive and bulk intake on the suppression of food-deprivation polydipsia in the gerbil.", "content": "Gerbils which become polydipsic when food-deprived, were refed with mixtures of Laboratory Chow and a non-nutritive material (Sterolit) after 2 days of food deprivation. Suppression of polydipsia was not related to bulk of material ingested. Instead,  when the intake of Chow in the mixture reached 6 g, suppression appeared precipitously suggesting the existence of a threshold for suppression. It was concluded that nutritional, rather than stomach fill, factors were primary in suppressing polydipsia on the refeeding day.", "contents": "Effect of nutritive and bulk intake on the suppression of food-deprivation polydipsia in the gerbil. Gerbils which become polydipsic when food-deprived, were refed with mixtures of Laboratory Chow and a non-nutritive material (Sterolit) after 2 days of food deprivation. Suppression of polydipsia was not related to bulk of material ingested. Instead,  when the intake of Chow in the mixture reached 6 g, suppression appeared precipitously suggesting the existence of a threshold for suppression. It was concluded that nutritional, rather than stomach fill, factors were primary in suppressing polydipsia on the refeeding day.", "PMID": 1187833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10618", "title": "Multiple sensitivity to chemical stimuli in single human taste papillae.", "content": "The sensitivities of 15 human fungiform papillae were tested using a 5-alternative forced-choice procedure. Subjects were aked to recognize which of the following stimuli was presented to a papilla on each of 250 trials: 5.0 M NaCl, 0.5 N citric acid, 1.0  M quinine hydrochloride, and distilled H2O. Solution droplets were delivered to individual papillae from 0.5 mm diameter platinum wire loops. Based on each subject's responses to distilled H2O, corrections were made for individual response biases. Of the papillae tested, 33 percent responded to all four compounds, 33 percent to three, none to only two, 20 percent to only one, and 13 percent to none of the chemical stimuli.  These results are contradictory to earlier work, in which it was suggested that taste quality is encoded by chemically specific papillae, but are consistent with the electrophysiological data suggesting multiple sensitivity of mammalian gustatory receptor cells and first-order neurons. The data suggested that the narrow range of sensitivity reported by von B\u00e9k\u00e9sy [2] was determined by the reciprocal relationship between the size of the stimulated area and the concentration necessary to elicit a threshold sensation.", "contents": "Multiple sensitivity to chemical stimuli in single human taste papillae. The sensitivities of 15 human fungiform papillae were tested using a 5-alternative forced-choice procedure. Subjects were aked to recognize which of the following stimuli was presented to a papilla on each of 250 trials: 5.0 M NaCl, 0.5 N citric acid, 1.0  M quinine hydrochloride, and distilled H2O. Solution droplets were delivered to individual papillae from 0.5 mm diameter platinum wire loops. Based on each subject's responses to distilled H2O, corrections were made for individual response biases. Of the papillae tested, 33 percent responded to all four compounds, 33 percent to three, none to only two, 20 percent to only one, and 13 percent to none of the chemical stimuli.  These results are contradictory to earlier work, in which it was suggested that taste quality is encoded by chemically specific papillae, but are consistent with the electrophysiological data suggesting multiple sensitivity of mammalian gustatory receptor cells and first-order neurons. The data suggested that the narrow range of sensitivity reported by von B\u00e9k\u00e9sy [2] was determined by the reciprocal relationship between the size of the stimulated area and the concentration necessary to elicit a threshold sensation.", "PMID": 1187834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10619", "title": "Differential effects of cortical ablation and spreading depression on sensitivity to footshock: implications for the role of the cortex in learning.", "content": "Rats were tested for flinch and jump responses to shock under unilateral and bilateral spreading depression (USD and BSD) and unilateral cortical ablation (UCA). Some Ss were tested with insulating boots on the left or right limbs. Under USD and  UCA the limbs contralateral to the depressed or ablated hemisphere were as insensitive as when under BSD, and the ipsilateral limbs were almost as sensitive as in the normal condition. The data indicate that lack of transfer typically found in the USD transfer paradigm can be attributed to stimulus factors and not to learning or memory deficits, especially since most studies have used a shock level which does not exceed the jump threshold for a depressed hemisphere.", "contents": "Differential effects of cortical ablation and spreading depression on sensitivity to footshock: implications for the role of the cortex in learning. Rats were tested for flinch and jump responses to shock under unilateral and bilateral spreading depression (USD and BSD) and unilateral cortical ablation (UCA). Some Ss were tested with insulating boots on the left or right limbs. Under USD and  UCA the limbs contralateral to the depressed or ablated hemisphere were as insensitive as when under BSD, and the ipsilateral limbs were almost as sensitive as in the normal condition. The data indicate that lack of transfer typically found in the USD transfer paradigm can be attributed to stimulus factors and not to learning or memory deficits, especially since most studies have used a shock level which does not exceed the jump threshold for a depressed hemisphere.", "PMID": 1187835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10620", "title": "The nature of the thirst stimulus: a factor in conditioned taste-aversion behavior.", "content": "Independent groups of rats were compared drinking in response to either water deprivation or osmotic thirst induced by intraperitoneal injections of hypertonic saline. When water or a palatable saccharin solution served as the drinking fluid, deprivation and osmotic thirst produced comparable fluid intakes. In contrast, when a saccharin solution previously associated with the aversive effects of lithium served as the drinking fluid, animals injected with hypertonic saline drank substantially less than water deprived animals. Experiment 2 indicated that this hyperreactivity to a conditioned aversive flavor in animals suffering from osmotic thirst was due to the reduced palatability of the saccharin flavor rather than the previous experience with lithium. Experiment 3 showed that the effect also could not be attributed to differential taste-aversion learning, handling, food deprivation or weight loss before the test sessions. The phenomenon is discussed in terms of various differences between thirst induced by water deprivation and thirst induced by acute cellular dehydration.", "contents": "The nature of the thirst stimulus: a factor in conditioned taste-aversion behavior. Independent groups of rats were compared drinking in response to either water deprivation or osmotic thirst induced by intraperitoneal injections of hypertonic saline. When water or a palatable saccharin solution served as the drinking fluid, deprivation and osmotic thirst produced comparable fluid intakes. In contrast, when a saccharin solution previously associated with the aversive effects of lithium served as the drinking fluid, animals injected with hypertonic saline drank substantially less than water deprived animals. Experiment 2 indicated that this hyperreactivity to a conditioned aversive flavor in animals suffering from osmotic thirst was due to the reduced palatability of the saccharin flavor rather than the previous experience with lithium. Experiment 3 showed that the effect also could not be attributed to differential taste-aversion learning, handling, food deprivation or weight loss before the test sessions. The phenomenon is discussed in terms of various differences between thirst induced by water deprivation and thirst induced by acute cellular dehydration.", "PMID": 1187836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10621", "title": "Renal deficiency associated with diabetes insipidus in the SWR/J mouse.", "content": "The age-dependent polydipsia and polyuria observed in SWR/J mice was found to be caused by relative inability of the kidneys to respond to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in a concentrating defect, which persisted even following Pitressin injection or water  deprivation. Posterior pituitaries contained large amounts of ADH, which was also found in the urine and increased in output following water deprivation, indicating normal, or above normal synthesis and release of ADH. Kidneys of polydipsic SWR/J mice weighed more than those of normal strains and sometimes contained a lesion in the medullary area. No clear relationship was found between the size of the lesion and water intake.", "contents": "Renal deficiency associated with diabetes insipidus in the SWR/J mouse. The age-dependent polydipsia and polyuria observed in SWR/J mice was found to be caused by relative inability of the kidneys to respond to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in a concentrating defect, which persisted even following Pitressin injection or water  deprivation. Posterior pituitaries contained large amounts of ADH, which was also found in the urine and increased in output following water deprivation, indicating normal, or above normal synthesis and release of ADH. Kidneys of polydipsic SWR/J mice weighed more than those of normal strains and sometimes contained a lesion in the medullary area. No clear relationship was found between the size of the lesion and water intake.", "PMID": 1187837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10622", "title": "Regulatory drinking in rats with permanent access to a bitter fluid source.", "content": "Male rats were given a quinine adulterated fluid as their sole source of liquid for over 60 days. After a latency of a few days, fluid intake stabilised at about 20 ml/day, with the water to food ratio close to 1.0 ml/g. Bodyweights fell to 90 percent of control levels (rats drinking unadulterated water). A battery of dipsogenic challenges was administered. Compared to controls, the ingestive responses during elevated ambient temperature, hyperosmotic salty food, after fluid deprivation, and to extracellular fluid depletion, were all attentuated. Drinking to acute NaCl injections was totally abolished. The intake of the adulterated fluid was near zero during food deprivation, and when a vegetable and fruit diet was available. Body fluid changes were suggestive of a net dehydration in the quinine drinking rats. Parallels with self intravenous drinking rats and rats recovered from lateral hypothalamic lesions were  considered, and possible fundamental differences between natural and nonatural thirst stimuli.", "contents": "Regulatory drinking in rats with permanent access to a bitter fluid source. Male rats were given a quinine adulterated fluid as their sole source of liquid for over 60 days. After a latency of a few days, fluid intake stabilised at about 20 ml/day, with the water to food ratio close to 1.0 ml/g. Bodyweights fell to 90 percent of control levels (rats drinking unadulterated water). A battery of dipsogenic challenges was administered. Compared to controls, the ingestive responses during elevated ambient temperature, hyperosmotic salty food, after fluid deprivation, and to extracellular fluid depletion, were all attentuated. Drinking to acute NaCl injections was totally abolished. The intake of the adulterated fluid was near zero during food deprivation, and when a vegetable and fruit diet was available. Body fluid changes were suggestive of a net dehydration in the quinine drinking rats. Parallels with self intravenous drinking rats and rats recovered from lateral hypothalamic lesions were  considered, and possible fundamental differences between natural and nonatural thirst stimuli.", "PMID": 1187838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10623", "title": "Gonadectomy and the development of age-dependent polydipsia and the intake of NaCl solutions in the SWR/J mouse.", "content": "Gonadectomies were performed at 25 days of life in SWR/J mice, a strain known to develop age-dependent nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with females drinking far more than males. Effect of gonadectomy was different for each of the 3 nonreproductive behaviors studied. (1) Ovariectomy reduced the age-dependent polydipsia seen in females, but castration was without effect in males. (2) Castration of males resulted in a lower intake of an isotonic NaCl solution, making the castrated males similar to the sham-operated and ovariectomized females which did not differ. (3) For the short-term activity measurement sham-operated males did not differ from sham-operated females and castrated males did not differ from ovariectomized females. In each sex, gonadectomy reduced activity.", "contents": "Gonadectomy and the development of age-dependent polydipsia and the intake of NaCl solutions in the SWR/J mouse. Gonadectomies were performed at 25 days of life in SWR/J mice, a strain known to develop age-dependent nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with females drinking far more than males. Effect of gonadectomy was different for each of the 3 nonreproductive behaviors studied. (1) Ovariectomy reduced the age-dependent polydipsia seen in females, but castration was without effect in males. (2) Castration of males resulted in a lower intake of an isotonic NaCl solution, making the castrated males similar to the sham-operated and ovariectomized females which did not differ. (3) For the short-term activity measurement sham-operated males did not differ from sham-operated females and castrated males did not differ from ovariectomized females. In each sex, gonadectomy reduced activity.", "PMID": 1187839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10624", "title": "Genetic analysis of water maze discrimination learning for Mus musculus: polygenes and albinism.", "content": "Recombinant inbred strains, their progenitor strains and reciprocal F1 hybrids were given thirty spatial discrimination learning trials in the water maze. The pattern of RI strains in relation to the reciprocal F1 hybrids and the  progenitor strains, and differences among strains, suggested that different sets of genes affect the various components of water maze discrimination learning. There was no evidence that the albino gene influenced either inferior or superior performance. Pigmented strains performed as well as, or better than, some albino strains, and albino strain BALB/cBy differed significantly from albino strains CXBG and CXBI. The two reciprocal F1 hybrids differed from blocks 2 and 3 of discrimination trials when swimming time was used a  dependent variable. Thus, it appears that performance of the F1 hybrids was influenced by paternal effects, maternal effects, or paternal maternal interactions.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of water maze discrimination learning for Mus musculus: polygenes and albinism. Recombinant inbred strains, their progenitor strains and reciprocal F1 hybrids were given thirty spatial discrimination learning trials in the water maze. The pattern of RI strains in relation to the reciprocal F1 hybrids and the  progenitor strains, and differences among strains, suggested that different sets of genes affect the various components of water maze discrimination learning. There was no evidence that the albino gene influenced either inferior or superior performance. Pigmented strains performed as well as, or better than, some albino strains, and albino strain BALB/cBy differed significantly from albino strains CXBG and CXBI. The two reciprocal F1 hybrids differed from blocks 2 and 3 of discrimination trials when swimming time was used a  dependent variable. Thus, it appears that performance of the F1 hybrids was influenced by paternal effects, maternal effects, or paternal maternal interactions.", "PMID": 1187840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10625", "title": "Effects of anti-estrogens on testosterone stimulated male sexual behavior and peripheral target tissues in the castrate male rat.", "content": "In the first experiment castrated male rats were injected daily with either vehicle or 800 mug testosterone together with either 6 hr pretreatment or concurrent treatment with the anti-estrogens CI-628 (4 mg) or MER-25 (20 mg). The only treatment found to significantly reduce male copulatory behavior was concurrent treatment with CI-628. Anti-estrogen treatment was also found to slightly reduce body weights, increase seminal vesicle weights in response to testosterone and to have no significant effects on androgen stimulated increases in penis weight and length. In the second experiment castrated male rats were injected daily with either vehicle or 500 mug testosterone together with 2.5 mg injections of CI-628 given 6 hr before and concurrent with the androgen injections. The anti-estrogen treatment was found to markedly inhibit the desplay of male sexual behavior, to reduce body weights, and to stimulate seminal vesicle weights. Penile weights and lengths were again not effected by the anti-estrogen therapy. These results were interpreted as supporting the theory that testosterone stimulated male sexual behavior in the rat following its aromatization to estradiol in the brain.", "contents": "Effects of anti-estrogens on testosterone stimulated male sexual behavior and peripheral target tissues in the castrate male rat. In the first experiment castrated male rats were injected daily with either vehicle or 800 mug testosterone together with either 6 hr pretreatment or concurrent treatment with the anti-estrogens CI-628 (4 mg) or MER-25 (20 mg). The only treatment found to significantly reduce male copulatory behavior was concurrent treatment with CI-628. Anti-estrogen treatment was also found to slightly reduce body weights, increase seminal vesicle weights in response to testosterone and to have no significant effects on androgen stimulated increases in penis weight and length. In the second experiment castrated male rats were injected daily with either vehicle or 500 mug testosterone together with 2.5 mg injections of CI-628 given 6 hr before and concurrent with the androgen injections. The anti-estrogen treatment was found to markedly inhibit the desplay of male sexual behavior, to reduce body weights, and to stimulate seminal vesicle weights. Penile weights and lengths were again not effected by the anti-estrogen therapy. These results were interpreted as supporting the theory that testosterone stimulated male sexual behavior in the rat following its aromatization to estradiol in the brain.", "PMID": 1187841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10626", "title": "Locomotor, avoidance and maze behavior in rats with the dorsal fornix transected.", "content": "Transection of the dorsal fornix bundle in rats resulted in impaired maze learning, while the behavior in open field, passive avoidance and spontaneous alternation test was unchanged.  The results are discussed in  terms of an association deficit. It is concluded that the dorsal fornix is probably not to be regarded as part of the hippocampal output system.", "contents": "Locomotor, avoidance and maze behavior in rats with the dorsal fornix transected. Transection of the dorsal fornix bundle in rats resulted in impaired maze learning, while the behavior in open field, passive avoidance and spontaneous alternation test was unchanged.  The results are discussed in  terms of an association deficit. It is concluded that the dorsal fornix is probably not to be regarded as part of the hippocampal output system.", "PMID": 1187842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10627", "title": "Intranasal trigeminal detection of chemical vapors by humans.", "content": "The majorityof 14 human observers lacking olfactory nerve function detected, by nasal inhalation, over one quarter of 31 chemicals commonly used in olfactory research. No major differences were noted between anosmic observers with and without documented anatomic, genetic, or physiologic  etiology. Detected compounds differed significantly from nondetected ones on the basis of a number of chemical properties, including water solubility and molecular weight. Detection thresholds of  the anosmics, established by a single staircase procedure, were approximately two log volume concentration steps above those of normals for two compounds examined. Exponents of power functions fitted to magnitude estimates of the anosmics did not differ significantly from those fitted to the estimates of matched normal controls. These data indicate the trigeminal nerve may play an important role in human nasal chemoreception and that effective trigeminal stimulants may be predictable on physicochemical grounds.", "contents": "Intranasal trigeminal detection of chemical vapors by humans. The majorityof 14 human observers lacking olfactory nerve function detected, by nasal inhalation, over one quarter of 31 chemicals commonly used in olfactory research. No major differences were noted between anosmic observers with and without documented anatomic, genetic, or physiologic  etiology. Detected compounds differed significantly from nondetected ones on the basis of a number of chemical properties, including water solubility and molecular weight. Detection thresholds of  the anosmics, established by a single staircase procedure, were approximately two log volume concentration steps above those of normals for two compounds examined. Exponents of power functions fitted to magnitude estimates of the anosmics did not differ significantly from those fitted to the estimates of matched normal controls. These data indicate the trigeminal nerve may play an important role in human nasal chemoreception and that effective trigeminal stimulants may be predictable on physicochemical grounds.", "PMID": 1187843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10628", "title": "Hypothalamic hyperphagia despite imposed diurnal or nocturnal feeding and drinking rhythms.", "content": "Rats normally do most of their eating at night. When ad lib fed rats are made hyperphagic with lesions or parasagittal hypothalamic knife cuts the increases in eating occur primarily during the day. This suggests that a disruption of circadian rhythms may mediate the overeating. However, when knife cut rats were food and water deprived all day excessive eating occurred at night. Similarly, when they were deprived all night overeating occurred during the day. Under both conditions  od deprivation the food intakes and rapid weight gains of the ad lib fed knife cut group were defended. It was concluded that: (1) in hypothalamic hyperphagia either the excessive food intake or the excessive weight gain is defended when food and water are available only half of each day, and (2) disruption of nocturnal feeding and drinking rhythms is not the cause of hypothalamic hyperhagia.", "contents": "Hypothalamic hyperphagia despite imposed diurnal or nocturnal feeding and drinking rhythms. Rats normally do most of their eating at night. When ad lib fed rats are made hyperphagic with lesions or parasagittal hypothalamic knife cuts the increases in eating occur primarily during the day. This suggests that a disruption of circadian rhythms may mediate the overeating. However, when knife cut rats were food and water deprived all day excessive eating occurred at night. Similarly, when they were deprived all night overeating occurred during the day. Under both conditions  od deprivation the food intakes and rapid weight gains of the ad lib fed knife cut group were defended. It was concluded that: (1) in hypothalamic hyperphagia either the excessive food intake or the excessive weight gain is defended when food and water are available only half of each day, and (2) disruption of nocturnal feeding and drinking rhythms is not the cause of hypothalamic hyperhagia.", "PMID": 1187844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10629", "title": "Anatomical asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres of the cat brain.", "content": "The fissure patterns of 39 cat brains were examined and each hemisphere was classified according to the scheme of Otsuka and Hassier. Of the 33 brains for which there was no ambiguity of classification for either hemisphere, 45 percent were asymmetrical. Included among these asymmetrical brains was that of a newborn kitten.  As the asymmetry is focussed predominantly in the region of the visual cortex, it is suggested that this may form the substrate of the functional asymmetry in visual discrimination performance previously demonstrated in cats.", "contents": "Anatomical asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres of the cat brain. The fissure patterns of 39 cat brains were examined and each hemisphere was classified according to the scheme of Otsuka and Hassier. Of the 33 brains for which there was no ambiguity of classification for either hemisphere, 45 percent were asymmetrical. Included among these asymmetrical brains was that of a newborn kitten.  As the asymmetry is focussed predominantly in the region of the visual cortex, it is suggested that this may form the substrate of the functional asymmetry in visual discrimination performance previously demonstrated in cats.", "PMID": 1187845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10630", "title": "Dissociation  of operant and consummatory responses by trigeminal deafferentation in the pigeon.", "content": "Section of peripheral sensory branches of  the pigeon's trigeminal nerve abolishes or decreases feeding responses made in an operant conditioning situation without directly impairing performance of an operant key-pecking response reinforced with food. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies of trigeminal function in the pigeon and suggest the possibility of dissociating neural mechanisms underlying feeding behavior and operant conditioning in this species.", "contents": "Dissociation  of operant and consummatory responses by trigeminal deafferentation in the pigeon. Section of peripheral sensory branches of  the pigeon's trigeminal nerve abolishes or decreases feeding responses made in an operant conditioning situation without directly impairing performance of an operant key-pecking response reinforced with food. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies of trigeminal function in the pigeon and suggest the possibility of dissociating neural mechanisms underlying feeding behavior and operant conditioning in this species.", "PMID": 1187846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10631", "title": "Mediodorsal nucleus and behavior regulation in the rat.", "content": "Twelve electrodes aimed at the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus were implanted in 6 rats. In 5 of these animals intracranial stimulation was effective in punishing a bar press response on a baseline schedule of water reinforcement. The sixth animal was not tested. In all 6 animals lesions produced through these electrodes disrupted  response suppression to punishing electric shock superimposed on the same baseline. Those animals in which both parts of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus were damaged showed a more marked and graded punishment effect of intracranial stimulation and a more profound disruption of the quantitative shock intensity-response relationship than those in which only the rostromedial part of the nucleus was damaged.  Three other animals had electrodes implanted in the rostromedial hypothalamus or the midline thalamus. They showed neither the punishing effect of intracranial stimulation nor the dusruptive effect on response suppression of electrocoagulative lesions.", "contents": "Mediodorsal nucleus and behavior regulation in the rat. Twelve electrodes aimed at the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus were implanted in 6 rats. In 5 of these animals intracranial stimulation was effective in punishing a bar press response on a baseline schedule of water reinforcement. The sixth animal was not tested. In all 6 animals lesions produced through these electrodes disrupted  response suppression to punishing electric shock superimposed on the same baseline. Those animals in which both parts of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus were damaged showed a more marked and graded punishment effect of intracranial stimulation and a more profound disruption of the quantitative shock intensity-response relationship than those in which only the rostromedial part of the nucleus was damaged.  Three other animals had electrodes implanted in the rostromedial hypothalamus or the midline thalamus. They showed neither the punishing effect of intracranial stimulation nor the dusruptive effect on response suppression of electrocoagulative lesions.", "PMID": 1187847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10632", "title": "Elevated blood glucose levels and satiety in the rat.", "content": "Thirteen rats were placed on a feeding schedule of two 3 hr periods of food availability daily. blood glucose levels of the experimental animals were altered by intraperitoneal injection of 8 ml of 2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 25 percent glucose solutions and by intragastric loading of 8 ml of 25, 50 and 65 percent glucose solutions in 10 different feeding experiments. In 4 additional experiments, experimental animals received intraperitoneal injections of 8 ml of 12, 16, 20 and 25 percent solutions of mannitol, a non-metabolizable sugar-alcohol. Controls always received identical quantities of mammalian Ringer's solution administered via the same route as in the experimentals. Another set of 20 rats was used to determine glucose tolerance curves for each concentration of glucose and mannitol administered. No food intake depression occurred following intraperitoneal injections of 2, 5, 8 and 12 percent glucose, 12 percent mannitol and following intragastric loading of 25, 50 and 65 percent glucose. However, intraperitoneal injections of 16, 20 and 25 percent glucose and mannitol caused depression of food intake. No depression of food intake occurred following intragastric loading of 50 and 65 percent glucose solutions which raised blood glucose levels a minimum of 43 mg percent and 55 mg percent above basal, respectively, for the duration of the 3 hr feeding period. These minimum blood glucose levels greatly exceed normal values following a meal. It was concluded that blood glucose level per se is not an important feedback parameter in the long-term control of food intake, and the depression in food intake following intraperitoneal injections of 16, 20 and 25 percent glucose and mannitol solutions was due to an abnormal physiological condition.", "contents": "Elevated blood glucose levels and satiety in the rat. Thirteen rats were placed on a feeding schedule of two 3 hr periods of food availability daily. blood glucose levels of the experimental animals were altered by intraperitoneal injection of 8 ml of 2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 25 percent glucose solutions and by intragastric loading of 8 ml of 25, 50 and 65 percent glucose solutions in 10 different feeding experiments. In 4 additional experiments, experimental animals received intraperitoneal injections of 8 ml of 12, 16, 20 and 25 percent solutions of mannitol, a non-metabolizable sugar-alcohol. Controls always received identical quantities of mammalian Ringer's solution administered via the same route as in the experimentals. Another set of 20 rats was used to determine glucose tolerance curves for each concentration of glucose and mannitol administered. No food intake depression occurred following intraperitoneal injections of 2, 5, 8 and 12 percent glucose, 12 percent mannitol and following intragastric loading of 25, 50 and 65 percent glucose. However, intraperitoneal injections of 16, 20 and 25 percent glucose and mannitol caused depression of food intake. No depression of food intake occurred following intragastric loading of 50 and 65 percent glucose solutions which raised blood glucose levels a minimum of 43 mg percent and 55 mg percent above basal, respectively, for the duration of the 3 hr feeding period. These minimum blood glucose levels greatly exceed normal values following a meal. It was concluded that blood glucose level per se is not an important feedback parameter in the long-term control of food intake, and the depression in food intake following intraperitoneal injections of 16, 20 and 25 percent glucose and mannitol solutions was due to an abnormal physiological condition.", "PMID": 1187848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10633", "title": "Effect of gonadectomy on taste preference for glucose solutions in rats.", "content": "Mature male and female rats maintained on an ad lib diet were given a choice between tap water and glucose solutions of different concentrations (1, 5 and 12 percent). Both sexes exhibited a definite preference for the 12 percent glucose solution, but the females drank significantly more than males. Gonadectomy produced neither quantitative nor qualitative changes in the choice made by male rats. On the contrary, gonadectomized females showed a depression of the 12 percent glucose solution intake and an increase in the 5 percent glucose solution intake, resulting in a decrease of the total fluid intake. A comparison of ovariectomized and intact female rats in regard to the self-selection of tap water and a 5 percent glucose solution confirmed the stimulatory effect of ovariectomy on the 5 percent glucose solution intake. When a choice between tap water and 12 percent glucose solution was permitted the ovariectomized rats showed a weaker positive response to the sweet solution than the intact female rats.", "contents": "Effect of gonadectomy on taste preference for glucose solutions in rats. Mature male and female rats maintained on an ad lib diet were given a choice between tap water and glucose solutions of different concentrations (1, 5 and 12 percent). Both sexes exhibited a definite preference for the 12 percent glucose solution, but the females drank significantly more than males. Gonadectomy produced neither quantitative nor qualitative changes in the choice made by male rats. On the contrary, gonadectomized females showed a depression of the 12 percent glucose solution intake and an increase in the 5 percent glucose solution intake, resulting in a decrease of the total fluid intake. A comparison of ovariectomized and intact female rats in regard to the self-selection of tap water and a 5 percent glucose solution confirmed the stimulatory effect of ovariectomy on the 5 percent glucose solution intake. When a choice between tap water and 12 percent glucose solution was permitted the ovariectomized rats showed a weaker positive response to the sweet solution than the intact female rats.", "PMID": 1187849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10634", "title": "Omission training and extinction in rats with septal damage.", "content": "Rats with either control operations or septal damage were pretrained on a VI 30-sec schedule and tested for response suppression ability on either an omission training (OT) task or on extinction. Septal damage enhanced barpressing on the VI 30-sec task. Animals with septal damage took longer to suppress responding on the OT task than controls while lesioned and control animals tested on extinction did not differ. Increased emotionality was seen in subjects with septal damage on the first test day but not thereafter. Animals tested with OT suppressed responding more rapidly than animals tested on extinction.", "contents": "Omission training and extinction in rats with septal damage. Rats with either control operations or septal damage were pretrained on a VI 30-sec schedule and tested for response suppression ability on either an omission training (OT) task or on extinction. Septal damage enhanced barpressing on the VI 30-sec task. Animals with septal damage took longer to suppress responding on the OT task than controls while lesioned and control animals tested on extinction did not differ. Increased emotionality was seen in subjects with septal damage on the first test day but not thereafter. Animals tested with OT suppressed responding more rapidly than animals tested on extinction.", "PMID": 1187850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10635", "title": "Graded acquisition of an instrumental avoidance response by the spinal rat.", "content": "Eight pairs of spinal rats were exposed to an instrumental conditioning paradigm in which one animal served as the experimental and the other as a yoked control animal. An electrode, inserted into the experimental animal's foot, contacted an aqueous solution delivering shock to both animals. Leg flexion terminated the shock. Following two consecutive min without shock, the experimental animal's solution was raised an additional millimeter and training was re-instated. This procedure was repeated 4 times, or until the experimental animal failed to reach the 2 min criterion. In Run 1, one leg was trained; during Run 2, the contralateral leg was used. In addition, the animal which served as the experimental in Run 1 served as the yoked control in Run 2 and vice versa. The results indicate that the spinal rat is capable of acquiring successively higher criteria in an instrumental conditioning routine. In conjunction with previous results, these findings suggest that instrumental avoidance learning can occur in the spinal cord.", "contents": "Graded acquisition of an instrumental avoidance response by the spinal rat. Eight pairs of spinal rats were exposed to an instrumental conditioning paradigm in which one animal served as the experimental and the other as a yoked control animal. An electrode, inserted into the experimental animal's foot, contacted an aqueous solution delivering shock to both animals. Leg flexion terminated the shock. Following two consecutive min without shock, the experimental animal's solution was raised an additional millimeter and training was re-instated. This procedure was repeated 4 times, or until the experimental animal failed to reach the 2 min criterion. In Run 1, one leg was trained; during Run 2, the contralateral leg was used. In addition, the animal which served as the experimental in Run 1 served as the yoked control in Run 2 and vice versa. The results indicate that the spinal rat is capable of acquiring successively higher criteria in an instrumental conditioning routine. In conjunction with previous results, these findings suggest that instrumental avoidance learning can occur in the spinal cord.", "PMID": 1187851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10636", "title": "Post-ejaculatory vocalization in castrated rats treated with various steroids.", "content": "Five groups of rats were observed for sexual behavior as intact subjects and in the 3 weeks following castration. Particular emphasis was placed upon ultrasonic vocalization recorded during the refractory period (RP) following ejaculation. All rats received daily injections (100 mug test steroid + 100 mug dihydrotestosterone propionate, DHTP) from the day of castration. Treatment groups were: Testosterone propionate (TP) + DHTP, N = 5; 19-hydroxytestosterone propionate (19HTP) + DHTP, N = 6; Oestradiol dipropionate (OP) + DHTP, N = 5; DHTP (200 mug/day), N = 6; Vehicle only, N = 7. Ejaculation and normal RPs were maintained with TP, 19HTP and OP treatments. In rats treated with DHTP alone or vehicle only ejaculatory ability declined and RPs increased in length. Ultrasonic vocalization was normal in all rats except those treated with OP, where it was either reduced or absent. In Week 4 treatments in TP + DHTP and OP + DHTP groups were reversed. During Weeks 5-7 vocalization was gradually restored in rats that previously received OP and partially inhibited in animals previously treated with TP. These results indicate that; (1) vocalization may not be dependent on the presence of testicular androgens and, (2) OP has a gradual inhibitory effect on vocalization when given at high doses and this effect is reversible.", "contents": "Post-ejaculatory vocalization in castrated rats treated with various steroids. Five groups of rats were observed for sexual behavior as intact subjects and in the 3 weeks following castration. Particular emphasis was placed upon ultrasonic vocalization recorded during the refractory period (RP) following ejaculation. All rats received daily injections (100 mug test steroid + 100 mug dihydrotestosterone propionate, DHTP) from the day of castration. Treatment groups were: Testosterone propionate (TP) + DHTP, N = 5; 19-hydroxytestosterone propionate (19HTP) + DHTP, N = 6; Oestradiol dipropionate (OP) + DHTP, N = 5; DHTP (200 mug/day), N = 6; Vehicle only, N = 7. Ejaculation and normal RPs were maintained with TP, 19HTP and OP treatments. In rats treated with DHTP alone or vehicle only ejaculatory ability declined and RPs increased in length. Ultrasonic vocalization was normal in all rats except those treated with OP, where it was either reduced or absent. In Week 4 treatments in TP + DHTP and OP + DHTP groups were reversed. During Weeks 5-7 vocalization was gradually restored in rats that previously received OP and partially inhibited in animals previously treated with TP. These results indicate that; (1) vocalization may not be dependent on the presence of testicular androgens and, (2) OP has a gradual inhibitory effect on vocalization when given at high doses and this effect is reversible.", "PMID": 1187852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10637", "title": "Effect of amygdalectomy on habituation and CER in rats.", "content": "Amygdalectomized, Sham operates and unoperated rats received 20 habituation trials followed by CER training during which the habituation stimulus was made a CS for 10 CS-UCS pairings. Although no reliable differences in rate of magnitude of habituation as measured by suppression ratio magnitudes and ITI durations were apparent between any groups, these same measures indicated that substantial deficits in conditioned suppression were produced by bilateral amygdalectomy. In addition the lesion produced a reliable deficit in unconditioned suppression and a slight but reliable reduction in the number of ccs of water consumed in a 24 hour period. These results are more consistent with the hypothesis that amygdalectomy interferes with the arousal of fear than with the proposals that this lesion produces deficits in habituation or in response inhibition.", "contents": "Effect of amygdalectomy on habituation and CER in rats. Amygdalectomized, Sham operates and unoperated rats received 20 habituation trials followed by CER training during which the habituation stimulus was made a CS for 10 CS-UCS pairings. Although no reliable differences in rate of magnitude of habituation as measured by suppression ratio magnitudes and ITI durations were apparent between any groups, these same measures indicated that substantial deficits in conditioned suppression were produced by bilateral amygdalectomy. In addition the lesion produced a reliable deficit in unconditioned suppression and a slight but reliable reduction in the number of ccs of water consumed in a 24 hour period. These results are more consistent with the hypothesis that amygdalectomy interferes with the arousal of fear than with the proposals that this lesion produces deficits in habituation or in response inhibition.", "PMID": 1187853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10638", "title": "Copulatory behavior of golden hamsters: effects on pregnancy.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to study the role of male copulatory behavior in initiating physiological responses necessary for pregnancy in female hamsters. In Experiment 1, it was found that copulation beyond the first ejaculatory series is critical to attainment of maximal probabilities of pregnancy. Whereas all females became pregnant when mated to a criterion of sexual satiety, only 20 percent were pregnant after one ejaculatory series. The relationship between increased copulatory stimulation and increased probability of pregnancy was further refined in Experiment 2. Females required more than 4 ejaculatory series to maximize the probability of pregnancy. Mounts without intromission had no effect. Neither parturition number of ova shed, nor little size appeared affected by amount of copulatory stimulation. A coadaptation between the copulatory pattern of the males and the response systems of the females of several rodent species appears to have evolved and to aid successful reproduction.", "contents": "Copulatory behavior of golden hamsters: effects on pregnancy. Two experiments were conducted to study the role of male copulatory behavior in initiating physiological responses necessary for pregnancy in female hamsters. In Experiment 1, it was found that copulation beyond the first ejaculatory series is critical to attainment of maximal probabilities of pregnancy. Whereas all females became pregnant when mated to a criterion of sexual satiety, only 20 percent were pregnant after one ejaculatory series. The relationship between increased copulatory stimulation and increased probability of pregnancy was further refined in Experiment 2. Females required more than 4 ejaculatory series to maximize the probability of pregnancy. Mounts without intromission had no effect. Neither parturition number of ova shed, nor little size appeared affected by amount of copulatory stimulation. A coadaptation between the copulatory pattern of the males and the response systems of the females of several rodent species appears to have evolved and to aid successful reproduction.", "PMID": 1187854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10639", "title": "Locomotor and avoidance behavior in rats with partial or total hippocampal perforant paths sections.", "content": "Bilateral partial damage to the hippocampal perforant paths in rats produced impaired two-way active avoidance performance, while the behavior in open field, passive and one-way active avoidance remained unchanged. Total disruption of the perforant path projection resulted in increased open field activity and impaired one-way active avoidance, but normal passive avoidance behavior. The results are discussed in terms of reduced sensory information to the hippocampal formation.", "contents": "Locomotor and avoidance behavior in rats with partial or total hippocampal perforant paths sections. Bilateral partial damage to the hippocampal perforant paths in rats produced impaired two-way active avoidance performance, while the behavior in open field, passive and one-way active avoidance remained unchanged. Total disruption of the perforant path projection resulted in increased open field activity and impaired one-way active avoidance, but normal passive avoidance behavior. The results are discussed in terms of reduced sensory information to the hippocampal formation.", "PMID": 1187855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10640", "title": "Changes in alpha rhythm asymmetry during learning of verbal and visuospatial tasks.", "content": "Alpha activity in the two cortical hemispheres was examined during learning and overlearning of a verbal and a visuospatial task. Compared to a pretask baseline condition, the amount of alpha activity during the tasks was decreased. An increase in alpha activity was found from learning to overlearning in both tasks. A greater amount of alpha was found in the right hemisphere for both tasks. In addition, no difference in the degree of alpha asymmetry was found between the tasks. This was discussed in light of prior contrary findings. A significant positive correlation was found between change in learning rate and change in alpha asymmetry during the verbal task. An interpretation of this finding was offered in terms of the level of hemispheric activation reflecting the degree of task engagement.", "contents": "Changes in alpha rhythm asymmetry during learning of verbal and visuospatial tasks. Alpha activity in the two cortical hemispheres was examined during learning and overlearning of a verbal and a visuospatial task. Compared to a pretask baseline condition, the amount of alpha activity during the tasks was decreased. An increase in alpha activity was found from learning to overlearning in both tasks. A greater amount of alpha was found in the right hemisphere for both tasks. In addition, no difference in the degree of alpha asymmetry was found between the tasks. This was discussed in light of prior contrary findings. A significant positive correlation was found between change in learning rate and change in alpha asymmetry during the verbal task. An interpretation of this finding was offered in terms of the level of hemispheric activation reflecting the degree of task engagement.", "PMID": 1187856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10641", "title": "Somatosensory evoked responses and slow potential oscillations in human scalp recordings.", "content": "Average evoked responses obtained from the frontal, parietal and vertex regions, by electrical stimulation of the median nerve or common peroneal nerve, indicate the presence of time locked components which occur as late as 500 to 3500 msec after the stimulus. Spectral analysis shows that these components are distributed mostly in the 1.5 to 2 and 3.6 to 4 Hz frequently bands, and their presence in the evoked response may be due to the driving, by the stimuli of oscillations of similar frequencies which can be seen in the spontaneous activity recorded from the same region.", "contents": "Somatosensory evoked responses and slow potential oscillations in human scalp recordings. Average evoked responses obtained from the frontal, parietal and vertex regions, by electrical stimulation of the median nerve or common peroneal nerve, indicate the presence of time locked components which occur as late as 500 to 3500 msec after the stimulus. Spectral analysis shows that these components are distributed mostly in the 1.5 to 2 and 3.6 to 4 Hz frequently bands, and their presence in the evoked response may be due to the driving, by the stimuli of oscillations of similar frequencies which can be seen in the spontaneous activity recorded from the same region.", "PMID": 1187857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10642", "title": "Effect of the light-dark cycle on neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to scheduled feeding.", "content": "Rats, nocturnal animals, adapt both behaviorally and physiologically to a restricted feeding schedule. Such adaptations occur faster and more efficiently during the dark portion of a light-dark cycle as indicated by measurements of latency to eat, amount of food consumed, body weight, and insulin levels.", "contents": "Effect of the light-dark cycle on neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to scheduled feeding. Rats, nocturnal animals, adapt both behaviorally and physiologically to a restricted feeding schedule. Such adaptations occur faster and more efficiently during the dark portion of a light-dark cycle as indicated by measurements of latency to eat, amount of food consumed, body weight, and insulin levels.", "PMID": 1187858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10643", "title": "Resection  of the hook of the hamate. Its place in the treatment of median and ulnar nerve entrapment in the hand.", "content": "Poor results can be anticipated with conventional surgical decompression of nerves entrapped within the hand in (1) those with underlying systemic disease causing primary neuropathy, (2) those with combined median and ulnar nerve palsies, and (3) those who have been previously operated upon for nerve entrapment within the hand. Eighteen patients belonging in these categories were surgically treated by resection of the hook of the hamate and (in some) by intraneural neurolysis. Using this technique, we have decreased our failure rate from 20 percent to less than one percent. We believe that failures can be eliminated if the patients destined to have poor results from the usual treatment are identified preoperatively and a more aggressive surgical decompression is used on this \"at risk\" group.", "contents": "Resection  of the hook of the hamate. Its place in the treatment of median and ulnar nerve entrapment in the hand. Poor results can be anticipated with conventional surgical decompression of nerves entrapped within the hand in (1) those with underlying systemic disease causing primary neuropathy, (2) those with combined median and ulnar nerve palsies, and (3) those who have been previously operated upon for nerve entrapment within the hand. Eighteen patients belonging in these categories were surgically treated by resection of the hook of the hamate and (in some) by intraneural neurolysis. Using this technique, we have decreased our failure rate from 20 percent to less than one percent. We believe that failures can be eliminated if the patients destined to have poor results from the usual treatment are identified preoperatively and a more aggressive surgical decompression is used on this \"at risk\" group.", "PMID": 1187878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10644", "title": "Lymphedema. A clinical review and follow-up study.", "content": "In a retrospective study of primary lymphedema, we found that the age of onset ranged from 0 to 16 years; sex did not appear to be a factor; and treatment was preventive rather than surgical. Thirteen patients were available for follow-up studies, the time interval being at least 6 years. The degree of swelling at the time of the follow-up examination was defined as mild, moderate, or severe. In patients with mild and moderate swelling the edema was not progressive and surgical treatment was not indicated. Severe swelling appeared to be associated with congenital lymphedema and with repeated infection. Pressure-support treatment can be effective in the reduction of swelling or in the prevention of further swelling, if applied constantly over a long period of time. The authors discuss the histological similarity between lymphedema and lymphagioma, and present an anatomical classification for the two entities.", "contents": "Lymphedema. A clinical review and follow-up study. In a retrospective study of primary lymphedema, we found that the age of onset ranged from 0 to 16 years; sex did not appear to be a factor; and treatment was preventive rather than surgical. Thirteen patients were available for follow-up studies, the time interval being at least 6 years. The degree of swelling at the time of the follow-up examination was defined as mild, moderate, or severe. In patients with mild and moderate swelling the edema was not progressive and surgical treatment was not indicated. Severe swelling appeared to be associated with congenital lymphedema and with repeated infection. Pressure-support treatment can be effective in the reduction of swelling or in the prevention of further swelling, if applied constantly over a long period of time. The authors discuss the histological similarity between lymphedema and lymphagioma, and present an anatomical classification for the two entities.", "PMID": 1187879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10645", "title": "Results of various operations for sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease.", "content": "A comparative evaluation of 4 operations designed to treat sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease is presented, to show the duration of treatment time and the recurrence rate. Case records of 112 patients (131 operations) were studied. The results indicate that the healing times with the excision and Z-plasty operation are clearly less than those obtained by incision with drainage and packing, excision with primary closure, or excision and lay open. The overall recurrence rate in this series was 28 percent, all occurring within 3 years of the first operation. With the exception of the Z-plasty operation, other methods required considerable outpatient treatment time and were more susceptible to recurrence. We suggest that by reconstructing the intergluteal cleft, the likely effect of the Z-plasty operation is to eliminate factors that may promote pilonidal disease in this region.", "contents": "Results of various operations for sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease. A comparative evaluation of 4 operations designed to treat sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease is presented, to show the duration of treatment time and the recurrence rate. Case records of 112 patients (131 operations) were studied. The results indicate that the healing times with the excision and Z-plasty operation are clearly less than those obtained by incision with drainage and packing, excision with primary closure, or excision and lay open. The overall recurrence rate in this series was 28 percent, all occurring within 3 years of the first operation. With the exception of the Z-plasty operation, other methods required considerable outpatient treatment time and were more susceptible to recurrence. We suggest that by reconstructing the intergluteal cleft, the likely effect of the Z-plasty operation is to eliminate factors that may promote pilonidal disease in this region.", "PMID": 1187884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10646", "title": "Implications and applications of recent research on feminine development.", "content": "The traditional feminine role pattern is no longer adaptive and functional for many women, because of pressures for change associated with such components of the social climate as the lengthening life span and concern about the population explosion. It is no longer physically possible nor considered socially valuable to spend a lifetime bearing and rearing children, even for those women who desire to do so. Thus the prospect or actuality of defining one's life by the wife-and-mother role creates anxiety and anger, which is increased by the awareness that society pays only lip service to so-called \"feminine\" qualities and behaviors, reserving power and prestige for those who achieve high status in the world of work. Clearly women need alternate bases of gratification and identity. However, these involve interconnected changes that are often painful and that require understanding and support from others which has been slow in coming. The general purpose of this paper is to provide evidence that changes in the feminine role pattern are a matter of urgency and will be beneficial to both sexes.", "contents": "Implications and applications of recent research on feminine development. The traditional feminine role pattern is no longer adaptive and functional for many women, because of pressures for change associated with such components of the social climate as the lengthening life span and concern about the population explosion. It is no longer physically possible nor considered socially valuable to spend a lifetime bearing and rearing children, even for those women who desire to do so. Thus the prospect or actuality of defining one's life by the wife-and-mother role creates anxiety and anger, which is increased by the awareness that society pays only lip service to so-called \"feminine\" qualities and behaviors, reserving power and prestige for those who achieve high status in the world of work. Clearly women need alternate bases of gratification and identity. However, these involve interconnected changes that are often painful and that require understanding and support from others which has been slow in coming. The general purpose of this paper is to provide evidence that changes in the feminine role pattern are a matter of urgency and will be beneficial to both sexes.", "PMID": 1187894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10647", "title": "Postwar writing and the literature of the women's liberation movement.", "content": "This article explores the relationship between both popular and scholarly writing about women in the postwar years 1946 to 1962, and the literature of the women's liberation movement written from 1963 to the early 1970s. The current feminist movement was particularly eager to discredit Freudian theories of female psychosexual maturation. This women's liberationist focus was entirely appropriate, since Freudian theories about women represented the last respectable academic prop upholding a dichotomous estimation of the socio-politico-economic potential of the sexes--i.e., sexism, as it has come to be called. Postwar scholarship had manifested a split perspective--that is, it was anti-Freudian and pro-feminist or pro-Freudian and anti-feminist. What is more, considerable academic writing about the \"woman question\" proposed an expanded role for females, advocating a point of view quite similar to that of contemporary feminists. In contrast, the popular literature--e.g., Life, Look, Ladies Home Journal, and the like--proposed only a Freudian (dichotomous) answer to the question, \"What are the proper roles of the sexes?\" While the findings with regard to popular writing are not too surprising, the extent of early scholarly support (i.e., prior to the women's liberation movement--roughly before 1963) for an expanded role for women was entirely anticipated.", "contents": "Postwar writing and the literature of the women's liberation movement. This article explores the relationship between both popular and scholarly writing about women in the postwar years 1946 to 1962, and the literature of the women's liberation movement written from 1963 to the early 1970s. The current feminist movement was particularly eager to discredit Freudian theories of female psychosexual maturation. This women's liberationist focus was entirely appropriate, since Freudian theories about women represented the last respectable academic prop upholding a dichotomous estimation of the socio-politico-economic potential of the sexes--i.e., sexism, as it has come to be called. Postwar scholarship had manifested a split perspective--that is, it was anti-Freudian and pro-feminist or pro-Freudian and anti-feminist. What is more, considerable academic writing about the \"woman question\" proposed an expanded role for females, advocating a point of view quite similar to that of contemporary feminists. In contrast, the popular literature--e.g., Life, Look, Ladies Home Journal, and the like--proposed only a Freudian (dichotomous) answer to the question, \"What are the proper roles of the sexes?\" While the findings with regard to popular writing are not too surprising, the extent of early scholarly support (i.e., prior to the women's liberation movement--roughly before 1963) for an expanded role for women was entirely anticipated.", "PMID": 1187895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10648", "title": "Marriage and the development of schizophrenia.", "content": "The families of orientation of schizophrenic patients have already been the subject of much research. By shedding light on the nature of the disturbed interactions between parents and children, such research has added greatly to our understanding of the psychodynamics of schizophrenia. This research has also provided a basis for the development of the family therapy of schizophrenic patients. However, little attention has so far been given to the psychydynamic study of schizophrenic patients' own marital relationships. Yet the study of the mutual relationships of patients and their spouses--particularly in cases where the psychosis set in only after the patient was already married--might elucidate the problems associated with the onset of schizophrenia and, at the same time, be of significance for family therapy. The present paper, which reports a study of 30 married couples in which one spouse had fallen ill with schizophrenia during the marriage, had its origin in expectations of this kind.", "contents": "Marriage and the development of schizophrenia. The families of orientation of schizophrenic patients have already been the subject of much research. By shedding light on the nature of the disturbed interactions between parents and children, such research has added greatly to our understanding of the psychodynamics of schizophrenia. This research has also provided a basis for the development of the family therapy of schizophrenic patients. However, little attention has so far been given to the psychydynamic study of schizophrenic patients' own marital relationships. Yet the study of the mutual relationships of patients and their spouses--particularly in cases where the psychosis set in only after the patient was already married--might elucidate the problems associated with the onset of schizophrenia and, at the same time, be of significance for family therapy. The present paper, which reports a study of 30 married couples in which one spouse had fallen ill with schizophrenia during the marriage, had its origin in expectations of this kind.", "PMID": 1187896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10649", "title": "The struggle in psychotherapy: its influence on some theories.", "content": "If the theories of Jerome Frank, Jay Halley, and Hans Strupp are considered as a conversation with the spirit of psychoanalysis, the subject of the conversation appears to be the struggle involved in psychotherapy. Beyond implying that there is such a struggle, the theories do not satisfactorily establish its nature. The author suggests that the struggle may have to do with the therapist's insistence on what Frank calls a sheltered environment for patient experimentation.", "contents": "The struggle in psychotherapy: its influence on some theories. If the theories of Jerome Frank, Jay Halley, and Hans Strupp are considered as a conversation with the spirit of psychoanalysis, the subject of the conversation appears to be the struggle involved in psychotherapy. Beyond implying that there is such a struggle, the theories do not satisfactorily establish its nature. The author suggests that the struggle may have to do with the therapist's insistence on what Frank calls a sheltered environment for patient experimentation.", "PMID": 1187900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10650", "title": "Conditioned aversion by amphetamine: rates of acquisition and loss of the attenuating effects of prior exposure.", "content": "Chronic prior treatment with amphetamine greatly attenuates the conditined aversion to saccharin that may be produced by amphetamine. Two experiments were designed to determine some of the limiting conditions of this phenomenon. In Experiment 1, chronic treatment with 7.5 mg/kg of amphetamine was administered for 0, 1, 5, or 20 days prior to pairing saccharin with an injection of 1.0 mg/kg of d-amphetamine sulphate. The results indicate that between 5 and 20 days of treatment were necessary for the treatment to be effective in attenuating conditioned aversion. In Experiment 2, rats were withdrawn from treatment with 20 mg/kg of amphetamine for 1, 7, or 14 days prior to conditioning trials with 1.0 mg/kg of amphetamine. The prior treatment lost it effectiveness in attenuating conditioned aversion between 7 and 14 days after withdrawal. Although alternative explanations are possible, the time intervals required for acquisition and loss of the effectiveness of prior treatment are consistent with the hypothesis that tolerance is the mechanism underlying the observed effects.", "contents": "Conditioned aversion by amphetamine: rates of acquisition and loss of the attenuating effects of prior exposure. Chronic prior treatment with amphetamine greatly attenuates the conditined aversion to saccharin that may be produced by amphetamine. Two experiments were designed to determine some of the limiting conditions of this phenomenon. In Experiment 1, chronic treatment with 7.5 mg/kg of amphetamine was administered for 0, 1, 5, or 20 days prior to pairing saccharin with an injection of 1.0 mg/kg of d-amphetamine sulphate. The results indicate that between 5 and 20 days of treatment were necessary for the treatment to be effective in attenuating conditioned aversion. In Experiment 2, rats were withdrawn from treatment with 20 mg/kg of amphetamine for 1, 7, or 14 days prior to conditioning trials with 1.0 mg/kg of amphetamine. The prior treatment lost it effectiveness in attenuating conditioned aversion between 7 and 14 days after withdrawal. Although alternative explanations are possible, the time intervals required for acquisition and loss of the effectiveness of prior treatment are consistent with the hypothesis that tolerance is the mechanism underlying the observed effects.", "PMID": 1187950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10651", "title": "Cholinergic modulation of an opposed effect of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate on the rearing response.", "content": "Rats given d-amphetamine (1 mg/kg) engage in frequent, short-duration rearing responses, whereas rats given methylphenidate (1 mg/kg) make less frequent, long-duration responses. The effects on this behavior of mixing d-amphetamine or methylphenidate with scopolamine or physostigmine suggest that this opposed action on rearing response duration is related to cholinergic-catecholaminergic balance. The anticholinergic agent scopolamine produces changes in rearing response duration similar to those produced by d-amphetamine, while the cholinergic agent physostigmine lengthens response duration and further potentiates this effect of methylphenidate.", "contents": "Cholinergic modulation of an opposed effect of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate on the rearing response. Rats given d-amphetamine (1 mg/kg) engage in frequent, short-duration rearing responses, whereas rats given methylphenidate (1 mg/kg) make less frequent, long-duration responses. The effects on this behavior of mixing d-amphetamine or methylphenidate with scopolamine or physostigmine suggest that this opposed action on rearing response duration is related to cholinergic-catecholaminergic balance. The anticholinergic agent scopolamine produces changes in rearing response duration similar to those produced by d-amphetamine, while the cholinergic agent physostigmine lengthens response duration and further potentiates this effect of methylphenidate.", "PMID": 1187951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10652", "title": "Colour preferences in the pigeon: a behavioural and psychopharmacological study.", "content": "Ten London pigeons were tested in an operant apparatus, and found to have marked colour preferences, blue being preferred over green, followed by yellow and red. The effects of 2 tranquilizers, diazepam and chlorpromazine, were studied and it was found that diazepam released responding, and chlorpromazine suppressed it. Diazepam also tended to abolish colour preference, whilst chlorpromazine was effective only at the highest dose used (5.00 mg/kg). The implications of these findings, particularly in relation to the design of experiments and to the aversiveness of certain stimuli, are discussed.", "contents": "Colour preferences in the pigeon: a behavioural and psychopharmacological study. Ten London pigeons were tested in an operant apparatus, and found to have marked colour preferences, blue being preferred over green, followed by yellow and red. The effects of 2 tranquilizers, diazepam and chlorpromazine, were studied and it was found that diazepam released responding, and chlorpromazine suppressed it. Diazepam also tended to abolish colour preference, whilst chlorpromazine was effective only at the highest dose used (5.00 mg/kg). The implications of these findings, particularly in relation to the design of experiments and to the aversiveness of certain stimuli, are discussed.", "PMID": 1187952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10653", "title": "Effects and plasma levels of N-desmethyldiazepam after oral administration in normal volunteers.", "content": "In the course of a previous study on the pharmaco-kinetics and effects of diazepam in anxiety patients, it was hypothesized that the N-desmethyl derivative is a disturbing agent causing side effects. The present study served to test the validity of this assumption. Diazepam and N-desmethyl-diazepam, the latter as a separate drug, were orally administered to 6 subjects, each drug during 7 days, 15 mg daily in divided doses. Using a randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind design, subjective and observer ratings of a wide range of clinical effects were made. Plasma levels of the benzodiazepine compounds were determined by the G.L.C. method. Results showed that steady state plasma levels were reached on the 5th day; the N-desmethyldiazepam, considering its lower clearance rates, is a longer acting drug than diazepam; that both substances induce hypnosedative effects, mood changes, and somatic disturbances and facilitate sexual behaviour in normals; that desmethyldiazepam is a more effective hypnosedative and mood-lowering substance as compared to equal doses of diazepam. Further comparisons in anxiety patients are recommended in order to find out if the specific desmethyldiazepma effects are therapeutically favourable or disturbing.", "contents": "Effects and plasma levels of N-desmethyldiazepam after oral administration in normal volunteers. In the course of a previous study on the pharmaco-kinetics and effects of diazepam in anxiety patients, it was hypothesized that the N-desmethyl derivative is a disturbing agent causing side effects. The present study served to test the validity of this assumption. Diazepam and N-desmethyl-diazepam, the latter as a separate drug, were orally administered to 6 subjects, each drug during 7 days, 15 mg daily in divided doses. Using a randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind design, subjective and observer ratings of a wide range of clinical effects were made. Plasma levels of the benzodiazepine compounds were determined by the G.L.C. method. Results showed that steady state plasma levels were reached on the 5th day; the N-desmethyldiazepam, considering its lower clearance rates, is a longer acting drug than diazepam; that both substances induce hypnosedative effects, mood changes, and somatic disturbances and facilitate sexual behaviour in normals; that desmethyldiazepam is a more effective hypnosedative and mood-lowering substance as compared to equal doses of diazepam. Further comparisons in anxiety patients are recommended in order to find out if the specific desmethyldiazepma effects are therapeutically favourable or disturbing.", "PMID": 1187953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10654", "title": "Probenecid: dosage, levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and influence upon CSF levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the rabbit.", "content": "Probenecid retards the efflux of acid monoamine metabolites from the brain tissue and CSF to the blood. The probenecid-induced accumulation of these metabolites is held to be indicative of the turnover rate of the corresponding amines. Although the penetration of probenecid into the CSF does not proceed at a constant rate, Korf et al. (1972) and Sj\u00f6strom (1972) have shown a correlation between CSF levels of probenecid and that of HVA and 5-HIAA. In this study an attempt was made to establish the relationship between doses of probenecid and levels of this compound in plasma and CSF; between levels in plasma and CSF; and between CSF levels of probenecid and of HVA and 5-HIAA. This study was performed in a homogeneous group of laboratory rabbits. All correlations proved to be significant. The implications of these results for studies using the probenecid technique are discussed.", "contents": "Probenecid: dosage, levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and influence upon CSF levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the rabbit. Probenecid retards the efflux of acid monoamine metabolites from the brain tissue and CSF to the blood. The probenecid-induced accumulation of these metabolites is held to be indicative of the turnover rate of the corresponding amines. Although the penetration of probenecid into the CSF does not proceed at a constant rate, Korf et al. (1972) and Sj\u00f6strom (1972) have shown a correlation between CSF levels of probenecid and that of HVA and 5-HIAA. In this study an attempt was made to establish the relationship between doses of probenecid and levels of this compound in plasma and CSF; between levels in plasma and CSF; and between CSF levels of probenecid and of HVA and 5-HIAA. This study was performed in a homogeneous group of laboratory rabbits. All correlations proved to be significant. The implications of these results for studies using the probenecid technique are discussed.", "PMID": 1187954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10655", "title": "Behaviorally induced sensitivity to the discriminable properties of LSD.", "content": "Rats were initially trained to discriminate LSD from saline in two-lever operant chambers by reinforcing responses only on one lever following intraperitoneal injections of 80 mug/kg of LSD and only on the other lever following saline injections. Choice responding during extinction periods (no water reinforcement for either response) indicated a high level of discriminability (95% correct) following either LSD or saline. A dose-response curve for LSD, obtained by tests for lever choice after injections of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mug/kg, indicated that 10 mug/kg produced only 30% responding on the LSD lever. This percentage was increased (to 83%) by reinforcing responding on the LSD lever following injections of 10 mug/kg. Subsequent tests indicated that doses of 5.0 and 2.5 mug/kg produced a majority of responses on the LSD lever. Since at these low doses LSD has few measurable biochemical or behavioral effects, we hypothesized that the discriminable cue of LSD is related to direct stimulation of central serotonergic receptors.", "contents": "Behaviorally induced sensitivity to the discriminable properties of LSD. Rats were initially trained to discriminate LSD from saline in two-lever operant chambers by reinforcing responses only on one lever following intraperitoneal injections of 80 mug/kg of LSD and only on the other lever following saline injections. Choice responding during extinction periods (no water reinforcement for either response) indicated a high level of discriminability (95% correct) following either LSD or saline. A dose-response curve for LSD, obtained by tests for lever choice after injections of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mug/kg, indicated that 10 mug/kg produced only 30% responding on the LSD lever. This percentage was increased (to 83%) by reinforcing responding on the LSD lever following injections of 10 mug/kg. Subsequent tests indicated that doses of 5.0 and 2.5 mug/kg produced a majority of responses on the LSD lever. Since at these low doses LSD has few measurable biochemical or behavioral effects, we hypothesized that the discriminable cue of LSD is related to direct stimulation of central serotonergic receptors.", "PMID": 1187955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10656", "title": "Influence of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on partial reinforcement effects.", "content": "Two experiments were performed with rats trained with either continuous reinforcement (food) or random 50% partial reinforcement for running in a straight alley. Half the rat were trained with daily injections of 0.5 mg/kg delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and half with vehicle injections, all animals being extinguished with vehicle injections in Expt. 1 and with THC injections in Expt. 2. The partial reinforcement acquistion effect was abolished by THC during training; the partial reinforcement extinction effect was abolished by THC either during training of during extinction. In these respects THC resembles amylobarbitone and alcohol.", "contents": "Influence of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on partial reinforcement effects. Two experiments were performed with rats trained with either continuous reinforcement (food) or random 50% partial reinforcement for running in a straight alley. Half the rat were trained with daily injections of 0.5 mg/kg delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and half with vehicle injections, all animals being extinguished with vehicle injections in Expt. 1 and with THC injections in Expt. 2. The partial reinforcement acquistion effect was abolished by THC during training; the partial reinforcement extinction effect was abolished by THC either during training of during extinction. In these respects THC resembles amylobarbitone and alcohol.", "PMID": 1187956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10657", "title": "The effects of serotonin on feeding in the rabbit.", "content": "Serotonin infused through hepatic-portal cannulae of rabbits decreased food intake in a free-feeding condition. Following a 12 hr food deprivation period similar doses of serotonin increased food intake. Other investigators have shown release of serotonin to food and related stimuli. Our results demonstrate that serotonin is not a simple \"satiety hormone\" but suggest that it may be importantly involved in short-term regulatory mechanisms of feeding.", "contents": "The effects of serotonin on feeding in the rabbit. Serotonin infused through hepatic-portal cannulae of rabbits decreased food intake in a free-feeding condition. Following a 12 hr food deprivation period similar doses of serotonin increased food intake. Other investigators have shown release of serotonin to food and related stimuli. Our results demonstrate that serotonin is not a simple \"satiety hormone\" but suggest that it may be importantly involved in short-term regulatory mechanisms of feeding.", "PMID": 1187957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10658", "title": "A relationship between hexobarbitone sleeping time and susceptibility to mescaline in mice from different strains.", "content": "Males from the following strains were surveyed with respect to their hexobarbitone sleeping time: A2G, C57BR, C3H, F/st, CBA, ICFW and Schneider. Males from the same strains had previously been surveyed with respect to the inhibitory effect of mescaline on their emotional defaecation. There is a strong interstrain correlation between the 2 measures. This correlation was unexpected on theoretical grounds and may have important pharmacogenetic implications.", "contents": "A relationship between hexobarbitone sleeping time and susceptibility to mescaline in mice from different strains. Males from the following strains were surveyed with respect to their hexobarbitone sleeping time: A2G, C57BR, C3H, F/st, CBA, ICFW and Schneider. Males from the same strains had previously been surveyed with respect to the inhibitory effect of mescaline on their emotional defaecation. There is a strong interstrain correlation between the 2 measures. This correlation was unexpected on theoretical grounds and may have important pharmacogenetic implications.", "PMID": 1187958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10659", "title": "Effects of prior experience on differential learning under amphetamine.", "content": "Differential learning of operant behavior under non-drug and amphetamine states was explained with a \"drug-behavior-reinforcement interaction\" process. When a drug affects the relationship between ongoing behavior and existing reinforcement contingencies, the sets of behavioral patterns subjected to the process of reinforcement or non-reinforcement under a drug may differ from the patterns under non-drug conditions. If, following sufficient training, the drug conditions are then changed, persistence of these behavioral patterns may result in a difference from those patterns produced if acquisition occurs solely under non-drug conditions. To investigate this process, groups of rats were given varying amounts of non-drug acquisition training on a response-duration differentiation task before being given extended training under 0.75 mg/kg d-amphetamine. All groups were then tested under non-drug conditions. Amphetamine significantly enhanced performance, and this enhancement transferred to subsequent non-drug conditions. However, if non-drug training occurred before drug training, this enhancement was greatly attenuated. Furthermore, only those behavioral components under which amphetamine led to an increase in reinforcement rate showed enhancement in the non-drug state. The results, which supported the present position, were discussed in relation to a \"stimulus generalization decrement\" explanation of differential learning under amphetamine.", "contents": "Effects of prior experience on differential learning under amphetamine. Differential learning of operant behavior under non-drug and amphetamine states was explained with a \"drug-behavior-reinforcement interaction\" process. When a drug affects the relationship between ongoing behavior and existing reinforcement contingencies, the sets of behavioral patterns subjected to the process of reinforcement or non-reinforcement under a drug may differ from the patterns under non-drug conditions. If, following sufficient training, the drug conditions are then changed, persistence of these behavioral patterns may result in a difference from those patterns produced if acquisition occurs solely under non-drug conditions. To investigate this process, groups of rats were given varying amounts of non-drug acquisition training on a response-duration differentiation task before being given extended training under 0.75 mg/kg d-amphetamine. All groups were then tested under non-drug conditions. Amphetamine significantly enhanced performance, and this enhancement transferred to subsequent non-drug conditions. However, if non-drug training occurred before drug training, this enhancement was greatly attenuated. Furthermore, only those behavioral components under which amphetamine led to an increase in reinforcement rate showed enhancement in the non-drug state. The results, which supported the present position, were discussed in relation to a \"stimulus generalization decrement\" explanation of differential learning under amphetamine.", "PMID": 1187959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10660", "title": "[Rationalized lithium adjustment by load-test (author's transl)].", "content": "The lithium blood level 24 hrs after a priming dose of lithium is a prognosticator for the therapeutic dosage required. Exactly 24 hrs following the intake of 24 mval lithium (lithium carbonate, retard form) venous blood serum is analyzed for lithium content. The necessary therapeutic dose can be inferred from a regression line which shows the negative interrelation between the 24 hr value and the therapeutic quantity of lithium necessary to achieve a blood level of 0.9 mval/1 under steady state conditions. Low 24 hr levels require high maintenance doses and vice versa. This procedure shortens the time of dose adjustment and avoids undesirable side-effects in the beginning of treatment which otherwise are not seldom the cause for the cessation of lithium intake.", "contents": "[Rationalized lithium adjustment by load-test (author's transl)]. The lithium blood level 24 hrs after a priming dose of lithium is a prognosticator for the therapeutic dosage required. Exactly 24 hrs following the intake of 24 mval lithium (lithium carbonate, retard form) venous blood serum is analyzed for lithium content. The necessary therapeutic dose can be inferred from a regression line which shows the negative interrelation between the 24 hr value and the therapeutic quantity of lithium necessary to achieve a blood level of 0.9 mval/1 under steady state conditions. Low 24 hr levels require high maintenance doses and vice versa. This procedure shortens the time of dose adjustment and avoids undesirable side-effects in the beginning of treatment which otherwise are not seldom the cause for the cessation of lithium intake.", "PMID": 1187960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10661", "title": "Modification of the behavioral response to drugs in rats exposed prenatally to chlorpromazine.", "content": "Female rats exposed prenatally to low levels of chlorpromazine were less susceptible as adults to the rate-reducing effects of chlorpromazine and pentobarbital on fixed-interval performance of a food-reinforced operant. Males were not significantly affected by prenatal treatment.", "contents": "Modification of the behavioral response to drugs in rats exposed prenatally to chlorpromazine. Female rats exposed prenatally to low levels of chlorpromazine were less susceptible as adults to the rate-reducing effects of chlorpromazine and pentobarbital on fixed-interval performance of a food-reinforced operant. Males were not significantly affected by prenatal treatment.", "PMID": 1187961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10662", "title": "Chlorpromazine effects on brain activity (contingent negative variation) and reaction time in normal women.", "content": "Electrical brain activity (contingent negative variation of CNV) and psychomotor behavior (reaction time or RT) were measured after 50 mg of chlorpromazine (CPZ) or placebo were given orally to 28 normal women. CPZ reduced CNV 2 and 3 hrs post-drug and slowed RT 3 hrs post-drug. CNV amplitude appears to be an accurate indicator of drug-produced changes in alertness.", "contents": "Chlorpromazine effects on brain activity (contingent negative variation) and reaction time in normal women. Electrical brain activity (contingent negative variation of CNV) and psychomotor behavior (reaction time or RT) were measured after 50 mg of chlorpromazine (CPZ) or placebo were given orally to 28 normal women. CPZ reduced CNV 2 and 3 hrs post-drug and slowed RT 3 hrs post-drug. CNV amplitude appears to be an accurate indicator of drug-produced changes in alertness.", "PMID": 1187962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10663", "title": "[Volumetric follow-up measurements in normal and pathologic lymph nodes (author's transl)].", "content": "Alteration of Lymph node volume are measured in different groups of patients. Irradiated Lymph nodes diminish volume significantly more and faster than non-irradiated ones. Lymph nodes with reactive hyperplasia with/without irradiation show a significantly smaller volume decrease than normal Lymph nodes. Malignant systemic diseases have a significant higher volume decrease than normal or reactive hyperplastic Lymph nodes with identical irradiation-dose.", "contents": "[Volumetric follow-up measurements in normal and pathologic lymph nodes (author's transl)]. Alteration of Lymph node volume are measured in different groups of patients. Irradiated Lymph nodes diminish volume significantly more and faster than non-irradiated ones. Lymph nodes with reactive hyperplasia with/without irradiation show a significantly smaller volume decrease than normal Lymph nodes. Malignant systemic diseases have a significant higher volume decrease than normal or reactive hyperplastic Lymph nodes with identical irradiation-dose.", "PMID": 1188086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10664", "title": "Criteria-referenced approach to clinical practicum.", "content": "A great deal of interest has been generated recently in improving clinical instruction and evaluating performance. A criteria referenced approach was described in general terms in RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY 46: 275-278, 1975. This paper provides specific rather than general information. Specific objectives are written to identify learning expectations during clinical practice in a 24-month radiologic technology program. The conditions under which the student will demonstrate his mastery of the objectives and the criterial for an acceptable performance level for each objectives are not included in this paper.", "contents": "Criteria-referenced approach to clinical practicum. A great deal of interest has been generated recently in improving clinical instruction and evaluating performance. A criteria referenced approach was described in general terms in RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY 46: 275-278, 1975. This paper provides specific rather than general information. Specific objectives are written to identify learning expectations during clinical practice in a 24-month radiologic technology program. The conditions under which the student will demonstrate his mastery of the objectives and the criterial for an acceptable performance level for each objectives are not included in this paper.", "PMID": 1188081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10665", "title": "[Cinegeometric analysis of left ventricular function in normals and in patients with isolated stenosis of the ramus anterior descendens (author's transl)].", "content": "The left ventricular function was evaluated by a cineangiographic method. 28 normals and 36 patients with an isolated stenosis of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery underwent this procedure. From single plane RAO-LV-cineangiograms following parameters were calculated: LV-volumens (EDV, ESV) according to the area-length method, ejection fraction (EF), percentage shortening of the medial perpendicular short axis (delta M, delta MPL), mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF, VCFPL). Patients with comparable ramus anterior descendens branch findings can have normal- or abnormal pattern of LV-contraction. The critical cineangiographic parameters of left ventricular function are significantly decreased at rest in ramus anterior descendens lesions with normal systolic anterior wall motion in comparison to the normal collective. Hypokinesis, Akinesis and aneurysms deteriorate parameters of LV-function.", "contents": "[Cinegeometric analysis of left ventricular function in normals and in patients with isolated stenosis of the ramus anterior descendens (author's transl)]. The left ventricular function was evaluated by a cineangiographic method. 28 normals and 36 patients with an isolated stenosis of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery underwent this procedure. From single plane RAO-LV-cineangiograms following parameters were calculated: LV-volumens (EDV, ESV) according to the area-length method, ejection fraction (EF), percentage shortening of the medial perpendicular short axis (delta M, delta MPL), mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF, VCFPL). Patients with comparable ramus anterior descendens branch findings can have normal- or abnormal pattern of LV-contraction. The critical cineangiographic parameters of left ventricular function are significantly decreased at rest in ramus anterior descendens lesions with normal systolic anterior wall motion in comparison to the normal collective. Hypokinesis, Akinesis and aneurysms deteriorate parameters of LV-function.", "PMID": 1188088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10666", "title": "Howard University program for radiotherapeutic technology.", "content": "The Howard University program for radiotherapeutic technology provides for a career ladder with steps of two years. After the first two years everyone must take and pass examination in radiotherapeutic technology given by The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists. The candidate then can proceed with two years of university courses to a Bachelor of Science degree. Depending upon his interest, he can emphasize business, education, or science. The latter would qualify him for application medical school. The core of the curriculum for the first two years consists of clinical work in the radiotherapy department every morning and of two integrated multidisciplinary courses in the afternoon, namely, life sciences (anatomy, physiology, pathology and oncology) and natural sciences (mathematics, physics, radiation physics and treatment planning).", "contents": "Howard University program for radiotherapeutic technology. The Howard University program for radiotherapeutic technology provides for a career ladder with steps of two years. After the first two years everyone must take and pass examination in radiotherapeutic technology given by The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists. The candidate then can proceed with two years of university courses to a Bachelor of Science degree. Depending upon his interest, he can emphasize business, education, or science. The latter would qualify him for application medical school. The core of the curriculum for the first two years consists of clinical work in the radiotherapy department every morning and of two integrated multidisciplinary courses in the afternoon, namely, life sciences (anatomy, physiology, pathology and oncology) and natural sciences (mathematics, physics, radiation physics and treatment planning).", "PMID": 1188082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10667", "title": "[Angiography and jaundice (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of celiacography and mesentericography in 198 patients with jaundice are reported. The angiographic findings in 66% were consistent with malignant tumors. In this series angiography confirmed the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice in 83%. The value of angiography is emphasized to decide whether a tumor can be resected.", "contents": "[Angiography and jaundice (author's transl)]. Results of celiacography and mesentericography in 198 patients with jaundice are reported. The angiographic findings in 66% were consistent with malignant tumors. In this series angiography confirmed the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice in 83%. The value of angiography is emphasized to decide whether a tumor can be resected.", "PMID": 1188089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10668", "title": "Counseling in radiologic technology programs.", "content": "Rarely do radiologic technology programs have adequate faculty to provide full-time counselors for the student's personal, professional, and academic problems. The problems of using educational or administrative personnel as part-time couselors are discussed and the utilization of interested staff technologists in the role of student counselor is recommended.", "contents": "Counseling in radiologic technology programs. Rarely do radiologic technology programs have adequate faculty to provide full-time counselors for the student's personal, professional, and academic problems. The problems of using educational or administrative personnel as part-time couselors are discussed and the utilization of interested staff technologists in the role of student counselor is recommended.", "PMID": 1188083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10669", "title": "A look at radiologic technology education.", "content": "Radiologic technology education has been progressing for the last 80 years; however, we have seemingly reached a plateau. Educators in the profession believe there is need for a change in direction due to demands of the manpower market and outside agencies. The direction radiologic technology educators should follow has been questioned, but no definite answer has resulted. With these thoughts in mind, a decision was made at the Duke University Medical Center to survey the nation and collect data to aid its particular problem, as well as to lend educational direction.", "contents": "A look at radiologic technology education. Radiologic technology education has been progressing for the last 80 years; however, we have seemingly reached a plateau. Educators in the profession believe there is need for a change in direction due to demands of the manpower market and outside agencies. The direction radiologic technology educators should follow has been questioned, but no definite answer has resulted. With these thoughts in mind, a decision was made at the Duke University Medical Center to survey the nation and collect data to aid its particular problem, as well as to lend educational direction.", "PMID": 1188084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10670", "title": "Rebuttal to TV show: \"coffee, tea or radiation\".", "content": "On 22 October 1974, CBS News presented a segment \"Coffee, Tea or Radiation\" on its program \"Magazine\". The program focused on the hazards of transporting radioactive materials by common carrier, especially by air. The presentation provoked strong reaction among some knowlegeable individuals. The text o this article is a letter sent by the author to Perry Wolf, CBS News, New York. A copy was  made available to the American Society of Non destructive Testing through Walter P. Peeples, Jr., president, Nuclear Environmental Engineering, Inc., Houston, Texas.", "contents": "Rebuttal to TV show: \"coffee, tea or radiation\". On 22 October 1974, CBS News presented a segment \"Coffee, Tea or Radiation\" on its program \"Magazine\". The program focused on the hazards of transporting radioactive materials by common carrier, especially by air. The presentation provoked strong reaction among some knowlegeable individuals. The text o this article is a letter sent by the author to Perry Wolf, CBS News, New York. A copy was  made available to the American Society of Non destructive Testing through Walter P. Peeples, Jr., president, Nuclear Environmental Engineering, Inc., Houston, Texas.", "PMID": 1188085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10671", "title": "Polyps caused by gastric erosions.", "content": "Gastric erosions, a disease with a tendency to recur through decades, may in advanced age and anacidity give rise to polyps. These histologically benign polyps may be recognized by clinical methods of examination.", "contents": "Polyps caused by gastric erosions. Gastric erosions, a disease with a tendency to recur through decades, may in advanced age and anacidity give rise to polyps. These histologically benign polyps may be recognized by clinical methods of examination.", "PMID": 1188090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10672", "title": "[Multilocular tumors of small intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "Tumors of small intestine can be recognized in time and evaluated histologically by means of roentgenographic and endoscopical-bioptic methods, respectively. Among radiologic techniques, the double contrast examination of the small intestine has especially high diagnostic value. On the other hand, selective angiography reveals bleeding of accompanying small intestinal tumors. Out of 23 patients with these tumors -- diagnosed in the Medical Department of the Erlangen University from 1968 to July 1974 -- there was one case with multilocular occurrence; the diagnostic efficiency of double contrast technique proved to be particularly suitable in this patient.", "contents": "[Multilocular tumors of small intestine (author's transl)]. Tumors of small intestine can be recognized in time and evaluated histologically by means of roentgenographic and endoscopical-bioptic methods, respectively. Among radiologic techniques, the double contrast examination of the small intestine has especially high diagnostic value. On the other hand, selective angiography reveals bleeding of accompanying small intestinal tumors. Out of 23 patients with these tumors -- diagnosed in the Medical Department of the Erlangen University from 1968 to July 1974 -- there was one case with multilocular occurrence; the diagnostic efficiency of double contrast technique proved to be particularly suitable in this patient.", "PMID": 1188091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10673", "title": "[Intramural gas collection in the small bowel (author's transl)].", "content": "Intramural gas collection in a bowel segment is an important roentgenological sign, consistent with necrosis of the bowel wall. This is demonstrated by an example of jejunal volvulus and an inflammatory conglomeration of intestine. The diagnostic interpretation must be completed by the clinical picture and other signs of intestinal ischemia.", "contents": "[Intramural gas collection in the small bowel (author's transl)]. Intramural gas collection in a bowel segment is an important roentgenological sign, consistent with necrosis of the bowel wall. This is demonstrated by an example of jejunal volvulus and an inflammatory conglomeration of intestine. The diagnostic interpretation must be completed by the clinical picture and other signs of intestinal ischemia.", "PMID": 1188092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10674", "title": "[A new contrast medium (author's transl)].", "content": "Report about a new roentgen contrast medium which contains as salt-forming cations the physiologic alpha-amino acids L-lysine, L-ornithine instead of the body-foreign N-methyl-glucamine base and as anion diatrizoate acids. Favourable results concerning clinical and roentgenological aspects of the lysine salt of diatrizoate acid are derived: general and local tolerance in angiographic and urologic examinations are good, pulse rate remains stable, blood pressure fluctuations are minimal.", "contents": "[A new contrast medium (author's transl)]. Report about a new roentgen contrast medium which contains as salt-forming cations the physiologic alpha-amino acids L-lysine, L-ornithine instead of the body-foreign N-methyl-glucamine base and as anion diatrizoate acids. Favourable results concerning clinical and roentgenological aspects of the lysine salt of diatrizoate acid are derived: general and local tolerance in angiographic and urologic examinations are good, pulse rate remains stable, blood pressure fluctuations are minimal.", "PMID": 1188093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10675", "title": "A simple method for routine double-contrast study of the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "A technique for routine double-contrast study of the stomach and duodenum is presented. It requires neither nasogastric intubation nor hypnotic drugs. The authors emphasize the technical factors and maneuvers which result in optimal mucosal coating and unobscured double-contrast views of the stomach and duodenum. The radiological error rate was 7% in 190 patients; a marked improvement over results produced by the standard barium study. In a consecutive series of 1,000 patients superficial gastric erosions were demonstrated in 19 patients. It is recommended that such a technique be applied to the routine radiological study of the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "A simple method for routine double-contrast study of the upper gastrointestinal tract. A technique for routine double-contrast study of the stomach and duodenum is presented. It requires neither nasogastric intubation nor hypnotic drugs. The authors emphasize the technical factors and maneuvers which result in optimal mucosal coating and unobscured double-contrast views of the stomach and duodenum. The radiological error rate was 7% in 190 patients; a marked improvement over results produced by the standard barium study. In a consecutive series of 1,000 patients superficial gastric erosions were demonstrated in 19 patients. It is recommended that such a technique be applied to the routine radiological study of the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 1188094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10676", "title": "Demonstration of erosive gastritis by the double-contrast technique.", "content": "The value of the routine pharmacologically-aided double-contrast examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract in demonstrating superficial gastric erosions was assessed. Ten cases of erosive gastritis were diagnosed during a six-month period. It appears that erosive gastritis is more common than generally believed. Diagnosis requires relaxation of the stomach and demonstration of fine mucosal relief by the double-contrast technique.", "contents": "Demonstration of erosive gastritis by the double-contrast technique. The value of the routine pharmacologically-aided double-contrast examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract in demonstrating superficial gastric erosions was assessed. Ten cases of erosive gastritis were diagnosed during a six-month period. It appears that erosive gastritis is more common than generally believed. Diagnosis requires relaxation of the stomach and demonstration of fine mucosal relief by the double-contrast technique.", "PMID": 1188095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10677", "title": "The stalactite phenomenon in double contrast studies of the stomach.", "content": "Supine vertical beam films in double contrast studies of the stomach often show \"barium spots\" projecting on anterior wall polyps and folds. The supposition that these spots are caused by droplets of barium hanging from such protuberances is proved radiographically using horizontal beam techniques.", "contents": "The stalactite phenomenon in double contrast studies of the stomach. Supine vertical beam films in double contrast studies of the stomach often show \"barium spots\" projecting on anterior wall polyps and folds. The supposition that these spots are caused by droplets of barium hanging from such protuberances is proved radiographically using horizontal beam techniques.", "PMID": 1188096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10678", "title": "Plain film diagnosis of retrocecal appendicitis.", "content": "The plain radiographic findings encountered in 21 patients with acute retrocecal appendicitis were analyzed. In descending order of frequency, the following changes were noted: (a) edema infiltration of properitoneal fat; (b) mass between properitoneal fat and ascending colon; (c) a coprolith above the anterior superior iliac spine; (d) gas in the appendix; (e) haustral irregularity of the ascending colon; and (f) retrocecal extraperitoneal gas.", "contents": "Plain film diagnosis of retrocecal appendicitis. The plain radiographic findings encountered in 21 patients with acute retrocecal appendicitis were analyzed. In descending order of frequency, the following changes were noted: (a) edema infiltration of properitoneal fat; (b) mass between properitoneal fat and ascending colon; (c) a coprolith above the anterior superior iliac spine; (d) gas in the appendix; (e) haustral irregularity of the ascending colon; and (f) retrocecal extraperitoneal gas.", "PMID": 1188097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10679", "title": "Uterine artery calcification: its association with diabetes.", "content": "Uterine artery calcification was observed in 26 patients. Fourteen of the 22 with adequate cliniccal information had diabetes mellitus. This is considered a significant association by the authors and calcification should raise the question of diabetes.", "contents": "Uterine artery calcification: its association with diabetes. Uterine artery calcification was observed in 26 patients. Fourteen of the 22 with adequate cliniccal information had diabetes mellitus. This is considered a significant association by the authors and calcification should raise the question of diabetes.", "PMID": 1188098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10680", "title": "Uriniferous perirenal pseudocyst: new observations.", "content": "The chronic encapsulated extravasation of urine, most accurately designated as uriniferous perirenal pseudocyst, causes urine to collect within a characteristic complex of radiographic findings including an elliptical soft-tissue mass in the cone of renal fascia. This results in the flank oriented inferomedially with upward and lateral displacement of the lower renal pole, medial displacement of the ureter, obstructive hydronephrosis, and perhaps evidence of extravasation into the mass. Since the clinical recognition of the mass is typically delayed several weeks following the original traumatic episode, prompt radiological diagnosis is essential before irreparable damage to the kidney occurs.", "contents": "Uriniferous perirenal pseudocyst: new observations. The chronic encapsulated extravasation of urine, most accurately designated as uriniferous perirenal pseudocyst, causes urine to collect within a characteristic complex of radiographic findings including an elliptical soft-tissue mass in the cone of renal fascia. This results in the flank oriented inferomedially with upward and lateral displacement of the lower renal pole, medial displacement of the ureter, obstructive hydronephrosis, and perhaps evidence of extravasation into the mass. Since the clinical recognition of the mass is typically delayed several weeks following the original traumatic episode, prompt radiological diagnosis is essential before irreparable damage to the kidney occurs.", "PMID": 1188099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10681", "title": "Tibiotalar slant: a new observation in sickle cell anemia.", "content": "Several examples of a peculiar deforming process about the ankle joint resulting in a tibiotalar deformity are reported. When found in black patients, further examination for sickle cell disease should be done. No previous mention of this deformity in connection with sickle cell anemia has been found.", "contents": "Tibiotalar slant: a new observation in sickle cell anemia. Several examples of a peculiar deforming process about the ankle joint resulting in a tibiotalar deformity are reported. When found in black patients, further examination for sickle cell disease should be done. No previous mention of this deformity in connection with sickle cell anemia has been found.", "PMID": 1188100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10682", "title": "Pulmonary parenchymal Hodgkin's disease. RPC from the AFIP.", "content": "The radiographic findings of mediastinal lymphadenopathy associated with pulmonary parenchymal nodules (with possible cavitation) should alert the radiologist to the possibility of Hodgkin's disease. The pulmonary parenchymal lesions are almost always associated with lymphadenopathy and are rarely an isolated finding.", "contents": "Pulmonary parenchymal Hodgkin's disease. RPC from the AFIP. The radiographic findings of mediastinal lymphadenopathy associated with pulmonary parenchymal nodules (with possible cavitation) should alert the radiologist to the possibility of Hodgkin's disease. The pulmonary parenchymal lesions are almost always associated with lymphadenopathy and are rarely an isolated finding.", "PMID": 1188101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10683", "title": "Theory of image reconstruction in computed tomography.", "content": "Mathematical methods are of central importance in the new technologies of radiographic and radioisotopic image reconstruction. The most important procedures are classified as Back-projection, iterative, and analytical (Two-dimensional Fourier, Filtered Back-projection). Back-projection played an important historical role but is no longer used because of sizable artifacts. Analytical methods excel in speed and accuracy when a large number of projections are available and are extensively used in x-ray imaging. Iterative reconstruction is more attractive when the number of views is limited, if noise is significant, and if additional factors, e.g., gamma-ray attenuation, are present. For these reasons, iterative methods are widely used in radioisotope imaging.", "contents": "Theory of image reconstruction in computed tomography. Mathematical methods are of central importance in the new technologies of radiographic and radioisotopic image reconstruction. The most important procedures are classified as Back-projection, iterative, and analytical (Two-dimensional Fourier, Filtered Back-projection). Back-projection played an important historical role but is no longer used because of sizable artifacts. Analytical methods excel in speed and accuracy when a large number of projections are available and are extensively used in x-ray imaging. Iterative reconstruction is more attractive when the number of views is limited, if noise is significant, and if additional factors, e.g., gamma-ray attenuation, are present. For these reasons, iterative methods are widely used in radioisotope imaging.", "PMID": 1188102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10684", "title": "Correlation of effective atomic number and electron density with attenuation coefficients measured with polychromatic x rays.", "content": "Attenuation coefficients of nine different plastics and water were measured with EMI computed transaxial tomography (CT) and radioisotopic sources with photons of 14 to 136 keV. The EMI values were correlated with physical density, electron density, and atomic number cubed (Z3). The best correlation was obtained with electron density, the exception being the value for water. This descrepancy was explained on the basis of X-dependent photoelectric absorption with verification from monoenergetic measurements.", "contents": "Correlation of effective atomic number and electron density with attenuation coefficients measured with polychromatic x rays. Attenuation coefficients of nine different plastics and water were measured with EMI computed transaxial tomography (CT) and radioisotopic sources with photons of 14 to 136 keV. The EMI values were correlated with physical density, electron density, and atomic number cubed (Z3). The best correlation was obtained with electron density, the exception being the value for water. This descrepancy was explained on the basis of X-dependent photoelectric absorption with verification from monoenergetic measurements.", "PMID": 1188103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10685", "title": "An extravascular component of contrast enhancement in cranial computed tomography. Part I. The tissue-blood ratio of contrast enhancement.", "content": "One can calculate the tissue-blood ratio of enhancement by analyzing the quantitative aspects of the CT scans of the cranium and blood samples both before and after the injection of contrast medium. This ratio is equivalent to that between the iodine content of a given volume of tissue and an equal volume of blood. Analysis of 47 normal patients, including 27 with pathological brain lesions, indicated that there is significant extravasation of contrast medium in patients with such lesions.", "contents": "An extravascular component of contrast enhancement in cranial computed tomography. Part I. The tissue-blood ratio of contrast enhancement. One can calculate the tissue-blood ratio of enhancement by analyzing the quantitative aspects of the CT scans of the cranium and blood samples both before and after the injection of contrast medium. This ratio is equivalent to that between the iodine content of a given volume of tissue and an equal volume of blood. Analysis of 47 normal patients, including 27 with pathological brain lesions, indicated that there is significant extravasation of contrast medium in patients with such lesions.", "PMID": 1188104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10686", "title": "An extravascular component of contrast enhancement in cranial computed tomography. Part II. Contrast enhancement and the blood-tissue barrier.", "content": "The authors provide evidence of significant extravasation of contrast media responsible for the contrast enhancement of pathological tissue on computed tomography. The tissue-blood ratio of enhancement was calculated by the EMI scanner in 2 patients after injection of contrast material and prior to surgery; tumor-blood ratios for red blood cell and plasma tracers were calculated after surgery. The ratios of enhancement demonstrated the analogy between contrast enhancement and the leaking of radionuclide across the blood-brain barrier. This phenomenon may cause error if this technique is used for the measurement of cerebral blood volume. The area for complementary roles of CT and radionuclide brain imaging seems to be narrower than expected.", "contents": "An extravascular component of contrast enhancement in cranial computed tomography. Part II. Contrast enhancement and the blood-tissue barrier. The authors provide evidence of significant extravasation of contrast media responsible for the contrast enhancement of pathological tissue on computed tomography. The tissue-blood ratio of enhancement was calculated by the EMI scanner in 2 patients after injection of contrast material and prior to surgery; tumor-blood ratios for red blood cell and plasma tracers were calculated after surgery. The ratios of enhancement demonstrated the analogy between contrast enhancement and the leaking of radionuclide across the blood-brain barrier. This phenomenon may cause error if this technique is used for the measurement of cerebral blood volume. The area for complementary roles of CT and radionuclide brain imaging seems to be narrower than expected.", "PMID": 1188105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10687", "title": "Recent ischemic brain infarcts at computed tomography: appearances pre- and postcontrast infusion.", "content": "Thirty-seven cranial computed tomography (CCT) scans of proved or highly probable recent ischemic brain infarcts were analyzed visually and numerically, with results organized by infarct age. The lesions typically appeared as homogeneous low density abnormalities, with no significant difference in scan characteristics between infarct age groups, i.e., it was not possible to determine the age of an infarct by its noninfused, CCT appearance alone. Eight infarcts showed \"mass effect,\" and 4 of the 20 contrast-infused cases demonstrated marked density augmentation of \"blush,\" indicating that infarcts may resemble tumor in both of these properties.", "contents": "Recent ischemic brain infarcts at computed tomography: appearances pre- and postcontrast infusion. Thirty-seven cranial computed tomography (CCT) scans of proved or highly probable recent ischemic brain infarcts were analyzed visually and numerically, with results organized by infarct age. The lesions typically appeared as homogeneous low density abnormalities, with no significant difference in scan characteristics between infarct age groups, i.e., it was not possible to determine the age of an infarct by its noninfused, CCT appearance alone. Eight infarcts showed \"mass effect,\" and 4 of the 20 contrast-infused cases demonstrated marked density augmentation of \"blush,\" indicating that infarcts may resemble tumor in both of these properties.", "PMID": 1188106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10688", "title": "Computed tomography in diastematomyelia.", "content": "The diagnosis of diastematomyelia was confirmed in 2 patients by computed tomography (CT). Abnormalities of the vertebral bodies, pedicles, lamina, and spinous processes were defined and the diastematomyelic spurs were visualized.", "contents": "Computed tomography in diastematomyelia. The diagnosis of diastematomyelia was confirmed in 2 patients by computed tomography (CT). Abnormalities of the vertebral bodies, pedicles, lamina, and spinous processes were defined and the diastematomyelic spurs were visualized.", "PMID": 1188107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10689", "title": "The use of computed tomography for radiation therapy treatment planning.", "content": "In this treatment planning method, information from total body scans is fed into a radiation therapy treatment computer, the Artronix PC-12 system with 16K core. By providing an accurate profile of the patients's anatomy, total body computed tomography may contribute greatly to the solution of complex treatment problems involving the head and neck, thorax and abdomen.", "contents": "The use of computed tomography for radiation therapy treatment planning. In this treatment planning method, information from total body scans is fed into a radiation therapy treatment computer, the Artronix PC-12 system with 16K core. By providing an accurate profile of the patients's anatomy, total body computed tomography may contribute greatly to the solution of complex treatment problems involving the head and neck, thorax and abdomen.", "PMID": 1188108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10690", "title": "Potential artifacts associated with the scanning pattern of the EMI scanner.", "content": "Physical and geometrical considerations of the EMI scanner are used to predict that regions of the head can be missed by adopting a scanner procedure based on the nominal EMI slice thickness. Using a nominal slice thickness of 1.3 cm and effective focal spot length of 12 mm, one can predict that in the central portion of the head, up to 8% of the region scanned may not be imaged. Moreover, it is shown that simultaneous monitoring of a single focal spot by two adjacent detectors, as in the EMI system, would lead to significant overlap between the two adjacent EMI slices resulting in dual imaging. Experimental examples are shown to illustrate these two artifacts in the EMI scanner.", "contents": "Potential artifacts associated with the scanning pattern of the EMI scanner. Physical and geometrical considerations of the EMI scanner are used to predict that regions of the head can be missed by adopting a scanner procedure based on the nominal EMI slice thickness. Using a nominal slice thickness of 1.3 cm and effective focal spot length of 12 mm, one can predict that in the central portion of the head, up to 8% of the region scanned may not be imaged. Moreover, it is shown that simultaneous monitoring of a single focal spot by two adjacent detectors, as in the EMI system, would lead to significant overlap between the two adjacent EMI slices resulting in dual imaging. Experimental examples are shown to illustrate these two artifacts in the EMI scanner.", "PMID": 1188109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10691", "title": "Cerebral circulation after cardiac arrest. Angiographic and carbon black perfusion studies.", "content": "Cardiac arrest of 2-15 minutes was induced in 14 dogs. When circulatory arrest lasted longer than 5 minutes, abnormal cerebral angiographic findings were seen 3-4 hours after resuscitation, consisting of (a) marked prolongation of the arterial phase in both intracranial and extracranial arteries, and (b) faint (poor) visualization of the venous phase. No significant abnormalities were noted in dogs arrested less than 5 minutes, or in the control group. Carbon black perfusion studies showed multiple focal areas of small patchy and diffuse coarse reperfusion defects at the arteriolar-capillary levels in dogs arrested longer than 5 minutes. A combination of vascular and parenchymal changes during ischemia may be the cause of these findings.", "contents": "Cerebral circulation after cardiac arrest. Angiographic and carbon black perfusion studies. Cardiac arrest of 2-15 minutes was induced in 14 dogs. When circulatory arrest lasted longer than 5 minutes, abnormal cerebral angiographic findings were seen 3-4 hours after resuscitation, consisting of (a) marked prolongation of the arterial phase in both intracranial and extracranial arteries, and (b) faint (poor) visualization of the venous phase. No significant abnormalities were noted in dogs arrested less than 5 minutes, or in the control group. Carbon black perfusion studies showed multiple focal areas of small patchy and diffuse coarse reperfusion defects at the arteriolar-capillary levels in dogs arrested longer than 5 minutes. A combination of vascular and parenchymal changes during ischemia may be the cause of these findings.", "PMID": 1188110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10692", "title": "133Xe muscle clearance: a screening test for arterial occlusive disease.", "content": "133Xe muscle clearance following ischemic exercise provides a simple, well-tolerated screening procedure for evaluating patients suspected of having arterial occlusive disease in the lower extremeties and may be useful in the follow-up of patients who have undergone corrective arterial surgery. It can be performed in nuclear medicine units capable of doing renography, and the authors feel it should be used prior to undertaking more invasive procedures such as arteriography. Methods and results of tests involding 92 legs in men are described.", "contents": "133Xe muscle clearance: a screening test for arterial occlusive disease. 133Xe muscle clearance following ischemic exercise provides a simple, well-tolerated screening procedure for evaluating patients suspected of having arterial occlusive disease in the lower extremeties and may be useful in the follow-up of patients who have undergone corrective arterial surgery. It can be performed in nuclear medicine units capable of doing renography, and the authors feel it should be used prior to undertaking more invasive procedures such as arteriography. Methods and results of tests involding 92 legs in men are described.", "PMID": 1188111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10693", "title": "Liver scan \"hot spot\" in hepatic veno-occlusive disease.", "content": "A focal \"hot spot\" seen on liver scan in an unusual case of hepatic veno-occlusive disease bore striking similarities to scanning patterns in superior vena cava syndrome. The findings are also compared to those reported in Budd-Chiari syndrome.", "contents": "Liver scan \"hot spot\" in hepatic veno-occlusive disease. A focal \"hot spot\" seen on liver scan in an unusual case of hepatic veno-occlusive disease bore striking similarities to scanning patterns in superior vena cava syndrome. The findings are also compared to those reported in Budd-Chiari syndrome.", "PMID": 1188112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10694", "title": "67Ga radionuclide imaging in Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "Whole-body gallium imaging was evaluated as a diagnostic tool for 14 patients with Burkitt's lymphoma, and a dramatic gallium affinity for the tumor was demonstrated. The gallium image is recommended as a staging procedure and as an effective test for determining the therapeutic response.", "contents": "67Ga radionuclide imaging in Burkitt's lymphoma. Whole-body gallium imaging was evaluated as a diagnostic tool for 14 patients with Burkitt's lymphoma, and a dramatic gallium affinity for the tumor was demonstrated. The gallium image is recommended as a staging procedure and as an effective test for determining the therapeutic response.", "PMID": 1188113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10695", "title": "Are all gallium citrate preparations the same?", "content": "Recent studies on brain imaging using 67Ga citrate from three different manufacturers revealed some clinical differences. Using chromatographic techniques, it was found that 67Ga citrate supplied by vendor A clearly differed from those of vendors B and C in mobility. When citrate was added to material of vendor B to bring the final concentration to 25 mg/ml, the chromatographic mobility increased dramatically. Addition of benzyl alcohol had no effect. The mechanisms involved in causing these chromatographic changes are not clear; however, the in vitro variations noted indicate a difference in chemistry which may ultimately affect the distribution and localization of the radiopharmaceutical.", "contents": "Are all gallium citrate preparations the same? Recent studies on brain imaging using 67Ga citrate from three different manufacturers revealed some clinical differences. Using chromatographic techniques, it was found that 67Ga citrate supplied by vendor A clearly differed from those of vendors B and C in mobility. When citrate was added to material of vendor B to bring the final concentration to 25 mg/ml, the chromatographic mobility increased dramatically. Addition of benzyl alcohol had no effect. The mechanisms involved in causing these chromatographic changes are not clear; however, the in vitro variations noted indicate a difference in chemistry which may ultimately affect the distribution and localization of the radiopharmaceutical.", "PMID": 1188114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10696", "title": "Staphylococcal osteomyelitis, sepsis, and pulmonary disease. Observations of 10 patients with combined osseous and pulmonary infections.", "content": "The clinical and roentgenographic findings in 10 patients with combined staphylococcal infection fo the bones, joints, and lungs are reviewed. Chest roentgenograms early in the course of the illness suggested septic embolic disease, but in most cases the associated osseous infections were overlooked. Primary therapy, directed toward the sepsis and pulmonary complications, was often unsuccessful until the associated osteomyelitis was recognized and treated. The radiologist and clinician should recognize the roentgen pattern of septic pulmonary emboli and be alert to the possibility of associated skeletal infection. Surgical drainage is often necessary.", "contents": "Staphylococcal osteomyelitis, sepsis, and pulmonary disease. Observations of 10 patients with combined osseous and pulmonary infections. The clinical and roentgenographic findings in 10 patients with combined staphylococcal infection fo the bones, joints, and lungs are reviewed. Chest roentgenograms early in the course of the illness suggested septic embolic disease, but in most cases the associated osseous infections were overlooked. Primary therapy, directed toward the sepsis and pulmonary complications, was often unsuccessful until the associated osteomyelitis was recognized and treated. The radiologist and clinician should recognize the roentgen pattern of septic pulmonary emboli and be alert to the possibility of associated skeletal infection. Surgical drainage is often necessary.", "PMID": 1188115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10697", "title": "Radiographic findings in previously untreated children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "The initial radiographs of 51 consecutive, previously untreated children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were reviewed. The chest radiograph was abnormal in 37%, with pleural effusions seen in 14% of patients. Lymphography, readily performed in children, was positive in 30% of the successful studies. There was a high incidence of bone lesions (18% of patients), due in large part to involvement of the facial bones; all were symptomatic and/or seen on the routine chest and abdominal radiographs. Intrinsic disease of the small bowel (10%) and colon (8%) was also associated with symptoms, so that the value of routine barium studies in asymptomatic children is questioned.", "contents": "Radiographic findings in previously untreated children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The initial radiographs of 51 consecutive, previously untreated children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were reviewed. The chest radiograph was abnormal in 37%, with pleural effusions seen in 14% of patients. Lymphography, readily performed in children, was positive in 30% of the successful studies. There was a high incidence of bone lesions (18% of patients), due in large part to involvement of the facial bones; all were symptomatic and/or seen on the routine chest and abdominal radiographs. Intrinsic disease of the small bowel (10%) and colon (8%) was also associated with symptoms, so that the value of routine barium studies in asymptomatic children is questioned.", "PMID": 1188116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10698", "title": "Gray scale ultrasonic angiography of the upper abdomen.", "content": "Because of the limited resolution of conventional ultrasonic B-scanning units, visualization of normal vascular anatomy in the upper abdomen has been largely restricted to the aorta. By utilizing the newer \"gray scale\" equipment, it is now routinely possible to demonstrate the inferior vena cava and portal veins as well as several smaller epigastric arterial and venous branches with considerably improved clarity. This report presents the normal ultrasonic vascular anatomy of this complex area detected thus far and some preliminary observations regarding pathological alterations. Future potential applications of these findings are also discussed.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasonic angiography of the upper abdomen. Because of the limited resolution of conventional ultrasonic B-scanning units, visualization of normal vascular anatomy in the upper abdomen has been largely restricted to the aorta. By utilizing the newer \"gray scale\" equipment, it is now routinely possible to demonstrate the inferior vena cava and portal veins as well as several smaller epigastric arterial and venous branches with considerably improved clarity. This report presents the normal ultrasonic vascular anatomy of this complex area detected thus far and some preliminary observations regarding pathological alterations. Future potential applications of these findings are also discussed.", "PMID": 1188117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10699", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of omental cysts.", "content": "The ultrasonic findings in 2 patients with omental cysts are described. The correct diagnosis was made by combining ultrasound observations with gastrointestinal contrast study results, plain film findings, medical history and physical examination. Ultrasonically, an omental cyst appears as a well-outlined, sonolucent, transonic abdominal mass. Ultrasonography is recommended as an aid in the preoperative diagnosis of mesenteric cysts.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of omental cysts. The ultrasonic findings in 2 patients with omental cysts are described. The correct diagnosis was made by combining ultrasound observations with gastrointestinal contrast study results, plain film findings, medical history and physical examination. Ultrasonically, an omental cyst appears as a well-outlined, sonolucent, transonic abdominal mass. Ultrasonography is recommended as an aid in the preoperative diagnosis of mesenteric cysts.", "PMID": 1188118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10700", "title": "Postirradiation atrophic changes of bone and related complications.", "content": "The sequence of radiographically visible changes about the shoulder girdle following irradiation was analyzed in 49 patients who received 200 kV irradiation, in 50 who received 25 MeV betatron photon irradiation, and in 20 who received cobalt-60 irradiation. The changes were dose related and were most evident in the kilovoltage group, but also occurred following megavoltage therapy. Atrophic changes may be complicated by fracture, true necrosis, true osteitis or sarcoma. These atrophic changes have clinical significance similar to the atrophic changes that occur in skin and mucous membranes. The terms radionecrosis and radiation osteitis as applied to these changes should be abandoned since they imply a more serious process than is actually present. Biopsy should be avoided if possible since trauma and secondary infection could lead to true necrosis.", "contents": "Postirradiation atrophic changes of bone and related complications. The sequence of radiographically visible changes about the shoulder girdle following irradiation was analyzed in 49 patients who received 200 kV irradiation, in 50 who received 25 MeV betatron photon irradiation, and in 20 who received cobalt-60 irradiation. The changes were dose related and were most evident in the kilovoltage group, but also occurred following megavoltage therapy. Atrophic changes may be complicated by fracture, true necrosis, true osteitis or sarcoma. These atrophic changes have clinical significance similar to the atrophic changes that occur in skin and mucous membranes. The terms radionecrosis and radiation osteitis as applied to these changes should be abandoned since they imply a more serious process than is actually present. Biopsy should be avoided if possible since trauma and secondary infection could lead to true necrosis.", "PMID": 1188119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10701", "title": "The role of radiotherapy in renal involvement in acute childhood leukemia.", "content": "Twenty-one children with acute leukemia received irradiation to the renal area for the following reasons: hypertension (2 patients); oliguria (5 patients); mass-related symptoms (5 patients); and as an adjuvant to supportive medical management in preventing renal failure (9 patients). All but 2 patients exhibited bone marrow exacerbation. The results of treatment with radiotherapy are discussed. Total doses in the range of 600-1,200 rads are suggested.", "contents": "The role of radiotherapy in renal involvement in acute childhood leukemia. Twenty-one children with acute leukemia received irradiation to the renal area for the following reasons: hypertension (2 patients); oliguria (5 patients); mass-related symptoms (5 patients); and as an adjuvant to supportive medical management in preventing renal failure (9 patients). All but 2 patients exhibited bone marrow exacerbation. The results of treatment with radiotherapy are discussed. Total doses in the range of 600-1,200 rads are suggested.", "PMID": 1188120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10702", "title": "Patient exposures from film and xeroradiographic mammographic techniques.", "content": "Radiation exposures of several mammographic imaging systems, including (a) industrial film, xeroradiographic plates, the Du Pont Lo-Dose vacuum-cassette screen-film combination exposed with a molybdenum target tube and (b) xeroradiographic plates exposed with a tungsten target, were investigated with a thin-window ionization chamber and a range of exposures for different breast sizes was determined for each technique. The Lo-Dose system was found to provide high-quality diagnostic images with minimal patient exposure.", "contents": "Patient exposures from film and xeroradiographic mammographic techniques. Radiation exposures of several mammographic imaging systems, including (a) industrial film, xeroradiographic plates, the Du Pont Lo-Dose vacuum-cassette screen-film combination exposed with a molybdenum target tube and (b) xeroradiographic plates exposed with a tungsten target, were investigated with a thin-window ionization chamber and a range of exposures for different breast sizes was determined for each technique. The Lo-Dose system was found to provide high-quality diagnostic images with minimal patient exposure.", "PMID": 1188121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10703", "title": "X-ray imaging with a scanning beam.", "content": "An x-ray imaging system that makes use of a rapidly scanning pencil beam of x rays to acquire images of any part of the body has been developed. The system is capable of generating and displaying images in 15 seconds, using extremely low radiation exposures. The principle of its operation, its unique imaging properties, and its possible applications are discussed.", "contents": "X-ray imaging with a scanning beam. An x-ray imaging system that makes use of a rapidly scanning pencil beam of x rays to acquire images of any part of the body has been developed. The system is capable of generating and displaying images in 15 seconds, using extremely low radiation exposures. The principle of its operation, its unique imaging properties, and its possible applications are discussed.", "PMID": 1188122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10704", "title": "Preliminary evaluation of di-iodo-triglucosyl benzene. An approach to the design of nonionic water-soluble radiographic contrast media.", "content": "A new compound, di-iodo-triglucosyl benzene (DTB), was synthesized and tested for contrast medium potential. It is stable and soluble in water, with a molecular weight of 864 and a viscosity of 33.3 cps at 40degrees C for a 66.6% w/v solution. It is rapidly excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Its estimated LD50 in mice at an intravenous injection rate of 330 mg l/min is 34.0 g/kg. It is highly hydrophilic and not epileptogenic, but its low iodine content (29.4%) makes it unfavorable for clinical use.", "contents": "Preliminary evaluation of di-iodo-triglucosyl benzene. An approach to the design of nonionic water-soluble radiographic contrast media. A new compound, di-iodo-triglucosyl benzene (DTB), was synthesized and tested for contrast medium potential. It is stable and soluble in water, with a molecular weight of 864 and a viscosity of 33.3 cps at 40degrees C for a 66.6% w/v solution. It is rapidly excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Its estimated LD50 in mice at an intravenous injection rate of 330 mg l/min is 34.0 g/kg. It is highly hydrophilic and not epileptogenic, but its low iodine content (29.4%) makes it unfavorable for clinical use.", "PMID": 1188123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10705", "title": "Myocardial mapping techniques and the evaluation of new 113mIn-labeled polymethylenephosphonates for imaging myocardial infarct.", "content": "The localization of 113mIn-ethylenediamine tetraethylenephosphonate and 113mIn-diethylenetriamine pentamethylenephosphonate in myocardial infarct induced in rabbits by coronary artery ligation was investigated. Double labeling of the same tissue with 45Ca ion was used as an index of tissue degeneration. The radioactivity ratio (40-50:1) of infarcted to normal myocardium was obtained 1.5 hours after injection and 2.5 hours after infarct. For the 45Ca-labeled phosphonate derivatives, a ratio of 7-6:1 was obtained at the same time. These agents will thus be useful for the detection and localization of acute infarct.", "contents": "Myocardial mapping techniques and the evaluation of new 113mIn-labeled polymethylenephosphonates for imaging myocardial infarct. The localization of 113mIn-ethylenediamine tetraethylenephosphonate and 113mIn-diethylenetriamine pentamethylenephosphonate in myocardial infarct induced in rabbits by coronary artery ligation was investigated. Double labeling of the same tissue with 45Ca ion was used as an index of tissue degeneration. The radioactivity ratio (40-50:1) of infarcted to normal myocardium was obtained 1.5 hours after injection and 2.5 hours after infarct. For the 45Ca-labeled phosphonate derivatives, a ratio of 7-6:1 was obtained at the same time. These agents will thus be useful for the detection and localization of acute infarct.", "PMID": 1188124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10706", "title": "113mIn-labeled bone scanning agents.", "content": "Phosphonate analogs of EDTA and DTPA, in which the acetic acid has been replaced by methylene phosphonic acid (DTPMP and EDTMP) have been labeled with 113mIn and evaluated as skeletal imaging agents. Organ distribution in rats, blood clearances in dogs, and images obtained in rabbits are presented. 113mIn-DTPMP exhibits the desired characteristics to supplant 85Sr and other bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals used in areas of the world where 99mTc is not routinely or regularly available.", "contents": "113mIn-labeled bone scanning agents. Phosphonate analogs of EDTA and DTPA, in which the acetic acid has been replaced by methylene phosphonic acid (DTPMP and EDTMP) have been labeled with 113mIn and evaluated as skeletal imaging agents. Organ distribution in rats, blood clearances in dogs, and images obtained in rabbits are presented. 113mIn-DTPMP exhibits the desired characteristics to supplant 85Sr and other bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals used in areas of the world where 99mTc is not routinely or regularly available.", "PMID": 1188125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10707", "title": "Simplified interstitial therapy technique (\"Vicryl\" 125I) for unresectable lung cancer.", "content": "A simple technique of permanent radioactive implantation, originally developed for the increasing number of unresectable lung tumors, utilizes absorbable polyglactin sutures (\"Vicryl\") containing low intensity, long half-life 125I seeds.", "contents": "Simplified interstitial therapy technique (\"Vicryl\" 125I) for unresectable lung cancer. A simple technique of permanent radioactive implantation, originally developed for the increasing number of unresectable lung tumors, utilizes absorbable polyglactin sutures (\"Vicryl\") containing low intensity, long half-life 125I seeds.", "PMID": 1188126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10708", "title": "A device to aid in positioning for the Andr\u00e9n-von Rosen hip view.", "content": "The authors describe a device which simplifies positioning of the infant when using the Andr\u00e9n-von Rosen hip view. This device facilitates achievement of the precise angles of abduction and rotation and aids in the diagnosis of congenital hip dislocation.", "contents": "A device to aid in positioning for the Andr\u00e9n-von Rosen hip view. The authors describe a device which simplifies positioning of the infant when using the Andr\u00e9n-von Rosen hip view. This device facilitates achievement of the precise angles of abduction and rotation and aids in the diagnosis of congenital hip dislocation.", "PMID": 1188127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10709", "title": "Use of the erect position for aspiration needle biopsy of diaphragm-based pulmonary lesions.", "content": "Lesions in the lower lung field may be obscured by an ascending hemidiaphragm when the patient is supine or prone. Use of the erect position for fluoroscopy facilitates percutaneous aspiration needle biopsy in such cases.", "contents": "Use of the erect position for aspiration needle biopsy of diaphragm-based pulmonary lesions. Lesions in the lower lung field may be obscured by an ascending hemidiaphragm when the patient is supine or prone. Use of the erect position for fluoroscopy facilitates percutaneous aspiration needle biopsy in such cases.", "PMID": 1188128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10710", "title": "A copper partial-transmission block for use in whole-abdominal radiation therapy for ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "A copper partial-transmission block has been devised for use in abdomino-pelvic irradiation, permitting treatment of the pelvis at the conventional dose rate for therapy of the pelvis alone while treating the abdomen at a readily tolerated dose rate.", "contents": "A copper partial-transmission block for use in whole-abdominal radiation therapy for ovarian carcinoma. A copper partial-transmission block has been devised for use in abdomino-pelvic irradiation, permitting treatment of the pelvis at the conventional dose rate for therapy of the pelvis alone while treating the abdomen at a readily tolerated dose rate.", "PMID": 1188129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10711", "title": "The air-contrast stomach examination: an overview.", "content": "An overview of current air-contrast stomach examination techniques is offered: (a) Hampton's technique which does not use distension; (b) the Japanese method which utilizes the relaxant drug Buscopan, good distension, and much patient rotation; (c) a third method in which no drugs are used but more distension is obtained than in Hampton's technique; and (d) the Australian mode which features relaxant drugs, extra dense barium, and little patient rotation. Experimentation with various techniques using newwer materials recently available should result in earlier diagnosis and better patient care in carcinoma and other stomach diseases.", "contents": "The air-contrast stomach examination: an overview. An overview of current air-contrast stomach examination techniques is offered: (a) Hampton's technique which does not use distension; (b) the Japanese method which utilizes the relaxant drug Buscopan, good distension, and much patient rotation; (c) a third method in which no drugs are used but more distension is obtained than in Hampton's technique; and (d) the Australian mode which features relaxant drugs, extra dense barium, and little patient rotation. Experimentation with various techniques using newwer materials recently available should result in earlier diagnosis and better patient care in carcinoma and other stomach diseases.", "PMID": 1188130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10712", "title": "Phosphoprotein formation and ADP-ATP exchange of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Membranes of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) incorporate the terminal phosphate of gamma-[32P]ATP in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ (0.85-1.3 nmoles/mg of protein). In the absence of Ca2+, or in the absence of Ca2+ and Mg2+, a value of about 0.3 nmoles/mg of protein was obtained. The Ca2+-dependent membrane phosphorylation is inhibited by ADP, NEM, and salyrgan, but not affected by dinitrophenol (DNP), azide, or ouabain. [32P]Phosphoprotein formed in the presence of Ca2+ is rapidly dephosphorylated by EGTA and/or ADP. The cardiac SR catalyzes a Ca2+-dependent [32P]ADP-ATP exchange and [32P]ATP formed = about 0.3 mumol/mg of protein X min at 25 degrees C, which is inhibited by NEM and salyrgan, but unaffected by DNAP, azide or ouabain. The demonstrated ADP-ATP exchange and the phosphorylated intermediate of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase would agree with a Ca2+ translocation mediated by the ATPase molecule, as proposed for skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Phosphoprotein formation and ADP-ATP exchange of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Membranes of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) incorporate the terminal phosphate of gamma-[32P]ATP in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ (0.85-1.3 nmoles/mg of protein). In the absence of Ca2+, or in the absence of Ca2+ and Mg2+, a value of about 0.3 nmoles/mg of protein was obtained. The Ca2+-dependent membrane phosphorylation is inhibited by ADP, NEM, and salyrgan, but not affected by dinitrophenol (DNP), azide, or ouabain. [32P]Phosphoprotein formed in the presence of Ca2+ is rapidly dephosphorylated by EGTA and/or ADP. The cardiac SR catalyzes a Ca2+-dependent [32P]ADP-ATP exchange and [32P]ATP formed = about 0.3 mumol/mg of protein X min at 25 degrees C, which is inhibited by NEM and salyrgan, but unaffected by DNAP, azide or ouabain. The demonstrated ADP-ATP exchange and the phosphorylated intermediate of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase would agree with a Ca2+ translocation mediated by the ATPase molecule, as proposed for skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 1188148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10713", "title": "Cytochemical studies on sarcoplasmic reticulum of heart and skeletal muscle.", "content": "Ultrastructural aspects and cytochemical localization of Ca uptake and of -SH groups involved in the calcium transport of vesicular fragments of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) from rabbit skeletal muscle and from dog myocardium were studied by positive and various negatively-staining techniques. Size, shape, and membrane structure as well as proportion of calcium-containing vesicles vary a great deal depending on the method applied. On negatively stained material sarcoplasmic reticulum derivatives are identifiable in both skeletal muscle as well as in heart preparations by the presence on the surface of the vesicular membrane of 40-A particles and the capability of accumulating calcium. The amount of these vesicles is lower in cardiac SR than in the skeletal SR; however, no qualitative differences can be observed. Vesicles of cardiac SR labeled with the electron dense -SH group reagent, Hg-phenyl azoferritin, also bind asymmetrically the marker only at the outer surface of the membrane-like microsomes of skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Cytochemical studies on sarcoplasmic reticulum of heart and skeletal muscle. Ultrastructural aspects and cytochemical localization of Ca uptake and of -SH groups involved in the calcium transport of vesicular fragments of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) from rabbit skeletal muscle and from dog myocardium were studied by positive and various negatively-staining techniques. Size, shape, and membrane structure as well as proportion of calcium-containing vesicles vary a great deal depending on the method applied. On negatively stained material sarcoplasmic reticulum derivatives are identifiable in both skeletal muscle as well as in heart preparations by the presence on the surface of the vesicular membrane of 40-A particles and the capability of accumulating calcium. The amount of these vesicles is lower in cardiac SR than in the skeletal SR; however, no qualitative differences can be observed. Vesicles of cardiac SR labeled with the electron dense -SH group reagent, Hg-phenyl azoferritin, also bind asymmetrically the marker only at the outer surface of the membrane-like microsomes of skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 1188149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10714", "title": "Role of free calcium and ATP in calcium release from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments.", "content": "Using both isotopic and spectrophotometric techniques to monitor the overall Ca++ binding and release reactions, we have studied the effects of the relative free concentrations of Ca++, sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments (SRF) protein, and ATP on spontaneous Ca++ release by SRF isolated from normal canine hearts. Low free [Ca++] was achieved by using a Ca-EGTA buffer; higher (micromolar) values were obtained by direct Ca++ additions throughout the reactions. ATP concentrations were stabilized by an ATP-regenerating system or an ATP trap. Concentrations of nucleotides in the reaction mixtures were also determined. Release depended in part on the [Ca++]/[ATP] and on the [ATP]. Spontaneous Ca++ release was prevented or slowed when the [ATP] was rapidly lowered with the ATP trap. ATP regeneration delayed, but did not prevent Ca++ release. Ca++-induced Ca++ release was found in the presence of ADP and ATP. Verapamil and D 600 did not affect release. The results may provide a basis for the slowed Ca++ release in SRF from failing hearts.", "contents": "Role of free calcium and ATP in calcium release from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments. Using both isotopic and spectrophotometric techniques to monitor the overall Ca++ binding and release reactions, we have studied the effects of the relative free concentrations of Ca++, sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments (SRF) protein, and ATP on spontaneous Ca++ release by SRF isolated from normal canine hearts. Low free [Ca++] was achieved by using a Ca-EGTA buffer; higher (micromolar) values were obtained by direct Ca++ additions throughout the reactions. ATP concentrations were stabilized by an ATP-regenerating system or an ATP trap. Concentrations of nucleotides in the reaction mixtures were also determined. Release depended in part on the [Ca++]/[ATP] and on the [ATP]. Spontaneous Ca++ release was prevented or slowed when the [ATP] was rapidly lowered with the ATP trap. ATP regeneration delayed, but did not prevent Ca++ release. Ca++-induced Ca++ release was found in the presence of ADP and ATP. Verapamil and D 600 did not affect release. The results may provide a basis for the slowed Ca++ release in SRF from failing hearts.", "PMID": 1188150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10715", "title": "The role of mitochondria in the contraction-relaxation cycle and other Ca2+-dependent activities of heart cells.", "content": "The problem of whether mitochondria participate in the contraction and relaxation of heart by binding Ca2+ reversibly has been discussed actively in recent times. The role of mitochondria has not yet been conclusively established, but is suggested by several lines of evidence, particularly in amphibian hearts. Apart from contraction and relaxation, the Ca2+ transport system of mitochondria may influence many Ca2+-sensitive cell reactions. Some are mitochondrial (succinate oxidase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphate phosphatase) and may control the operations of the respiratory chain and of the trichloroacetic acid cycle. Among the extramitochondrial Ca2+-sensitive reactions are phosphorylase b kinase, phospholipases, and pyruvate kinase. The latter activity has been studied in detail, and it has indeed been found that it can be modulated by mitochondria. It appears possible that the mitochondrial system for binding and transporting Ca2+ is an efficient means to regulate various phases of cell metabolism.", "contents": "The role of mitochondria in the contraction-relaxation cycle and other Ca2+-dependent activities of heart cells. The problem of whether mitochondria participate in the contraction and relaxation of heart by binding Ca2+ reversibly has been discussed actively in recent times. The role of mitochondria has not yet been conclusively established, but is suggested by several lines of evidence, particularly in amphibian hearts. Apart from contraction and relaxation, the Ca2+ transport system of mitochondria may influence many Ca2+-sensitive cell reactions. Some are mitochondrial (succinate oxidase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphate phosphatase) and may control the operations of the respiratory chain and of the trichloroacetic acid cycle. Among the extramitochondrial Ca2+-sensitive reactions are phosphorylase b kinase, phospholipases, and pyruvate kinase. The latter activity has been studied in detail, and it has indeed been found that it can be modulated by mitochondria. It appears possible that the mitochondrial system for binding and transporting Ca2+ is an efficient means to regulate various phases of cell metabolism.", "PMID": 1188151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10716", "title": "Calcium uptake and storage in isolated heart mitochondria influenced by sodium and potassium ions.", "content": "With rising concentrations of KCl the rate of Ca2+ uptake was moderately increased by 37 percent. NaCl induced a strong decrease of the rate of Ca2+ uptake from 498 to 194 nmoles of Ca2+ per sec-gm of protein (0-100 mM NAaCl). Elevating the K+/Na+ quotient from 0.1 to 15.7, we found a concomitant alteration of the rate of Ca2+ uptake which is mediated exclusively by sodium ions. These data indicate that with lowering of the K+/Na+ gradient there is a marked diminution of the mitochondrial rate of Ca2+ uptake and Ca storage. Our findings may contribute to answering how Na+-K+ exchange at the cell membrane may influence intracellular Ca2+ binding and Ca2+ turnover.", "contents": "Calcium uptake and storage in isolated heart mitochondria influenced by sodium and potassium ions. With rising concentrations of KCl the rate of Ca2+ uptake was moderately increased by 37 percent. NaCl induced a strong decrease of the rate of Ca2+ uptake from 498 to 194 nmoles of Ca2+ per sec-gm of protein (0-100 mM NAaCl). Elevating the K+/Na+ quotient from 0.1 to 15.7, we found a concomitant alteration of the rate of Ca2+ uptake which is mediated exclusively by sodium ions. These data indicate that with lowering of the K+/Na+ gradient there is a marked diminution of the mitochondrial rate of Ca2+ uptake and Ca storage. Our findings may contribute to answering how Na+-K+ exchange at the cell membrane may influence intracellular Ca2+ binding and Ca2+ turnover.", "PMID": 1188152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10717", "title": "Functional differentiation of the transmembrane sodium and calcium channels in mammalian cardiac fibers by use of specific inhibitors.", "content": "During excitation of the mammalian ventricular myocardium two transmembrane inward currents occur: a fast Na current and a slow current carried mainly by Ca. The Ca current is strongly reduced by some organic compounds like verapamil and compound D 600 which are known to be very effective inhibitors of excitation contraction coupling. A similar decrease in the Ca conductivity of the membrane is produced by the bivalent cations, Ni, Co, and Mn. The blocking action of these organic and inorganic inhibitors is reversed by increasing the extracellular Ca concentration. The slow inward current can also be restored by Sr and Ba ions. The reduction of the slow Ca current produced by verapamil, D 600, Ni, Co, or Mn occurs selectively since the fast Na current remains practically unchanged. This demonstrates the existence of two separate membrane channels for Na and Ca which can be blocked independently. Thus it is possible to modify the contractility of the myocardial cell via the magnitude of the Ca current without disturbance of the transmembrane Na current which is intimately connected with excitability.", "contents": "Functional differentiation of the transmembrane sodium and calcium channels in mammalian cardiac fibers by use of specific inhibitors. During excitation of the mammalian ventricular myocardium two transmembrane inward currents occur: a fast Na current and a slow current carried mainly by Ca. The Ca current is strongly reduced by some organic compounds like verapamil and compound D 600 which are known to be very effective inhibitors of excitation contraction coupling. A similar decrease in the Ca conductivity of the membrane is produced by the bivalent cations, Ni, Co, and Mn. The blocking action of these organic and inorganic inhibitors is reversed by increasing the extracellular Ca concentration. The slow inward current can also be restored by Sr and Ba ions. The reduction of the slow Ca current produced by verapamil, D 600, Ni, Co, or Mn occurs selectively since the fast Na current remains practically unchanged. This demonstrates the existence of two separate membrane channels for Na and Ca which can be blocked independently. Thus it is possible to modify the contractility of the myocardial cell via the magnitude of the Ca current without disturbance of the transmembrane Na current which is intimately connected with excitability.", "PMID": 1188153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10718", "title": "Myocardial function and subcellular calcium metabolism in chronic potassium deficiency.", "content": "Myocardial contractility was examined in whole, perfused hearts and in right ventricle papillary muscles of chronic K-depleted cats. Mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium binding and concentration were estimated in the perfused hearts after exposure to 45Ca. In vitro SR Ca uptake was measured by the Millipore technique. Myocardial contractility was depressed in chronic potassium depletion and the degree of depression was related to the reduced SR Ca binding. These experiments suggest altered subcellular Ca metabolism as being a mechanism of depressed myocardial contractility in chronic K depletion.", "contents": "Myocardial function and subcellular calcium metabolism in chronic potassium deficiency. Myocardial contractility was examined in whole, perfused hearts and in right ventricle papillary muscles of chronic K-depleted cats. Mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium binding and concentration were estimated in the perfused hearts after exposure to 45Ca. In vitro SR Ca uptake was measured by the Millipore technique. Myocardial contractility was depressed in chronic potassium depletion and the degree of depression was related to the reduced SR Ca binding. These experiments suggest altered subcellular Ca metabolism as being a mechanism of depressed myocardial contractility in chronic K depletion.", "PMID": 1188154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10719", "title": "Calcium movements controlling mammalian myocardial contractility: analog computation of contractile behavior assuming a multicompartmented model.", "content": "We present a model to be displayed on a medium scale analog computer, which describes excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling of the mammalian myocardium in terms of calcium movements occurring, on a sarcomere level, in a multicompartment system, Despite the fact that its mathematical formulations are oversimplifications of the mechanism involved, because the number of differential equations had to be limited, the model predicts with fair accuracy a large variety of inotropic phenomena thought to be the result of factors influencing cardiac E-C coupling in one way or another. Therefore, in its basic assumption, the overall concept might be correct, and if so, it should be possible to use the model in order to make predictions which can be tested experimentally and can help in understanding results which are otherwise difficult to interpret.", "contents": "Calcium movements controlling mammalian myocardial contractility: analog computation of contractile behavior assuming a multicompartmented model. We present a model to be displayed on a medium scale analog computer, which describes excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling of the mammalian myocardium in terms of calcium movements occurring, on a sarcomere level, in a multicompartment system, Despite the fact that its mathematical formulations are oversimplifications of the mechanism involved, because the number of differential equations had to be limited, the model predicts with fair accuracy a large variety of inotropic phenomena thought to be the result of factors influencing cardiac E-C coupling in one way or another. Therefore, in its basic assumption, the overall concept might be correct, and if so, it should be possible to use the model in order to make predictions which can be tested experimentally and can help in understanding results which are otherwise difficult to interpret.", "PMID": 1188155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10720", "title": "The site of healing over after a local injury in the heart.", "content": "The fluorochrome, Procion yellow, does not detectably penetrate the intact carciac cells of a living rat auricle, but stains the injured ifbers. When healing over is prevented in a calcium-free solution, the dye that penetrates through a point injury diffuses away from the damaged spot across the intercalated discs over a distance of several cell lengths. However, after an injury of the same size performed in a calcium-containing solution, Procion yellow is taken upt by one cardiac cell only or by a small integral number of cellular units to the exclusion of adjacent cells. It is concluded that the permeability of the discs of an injured cardiac cell decreases during healing over.", "contents": "The site of healing over after a local injury in the heart. The fluorochrome, Procion yellow, does not detectably penetrate the intact carciac cells of a living rat auricle, but stains the injured ifbers. When healing over is prevented in a calcium-free solution, the dye that penetrates through a point injury diffuses away from the damaged spot across the intercalated discs over a distance of several cell lengths. However, after an injury of the same size performed in a calcium-containing solution, Procion yellow is taken upt by one cardiac cell only or by a small integral number of cellular units to the exclusion of adjacent cells. It is concluded that the permeability of the discs of an injured cardiac cell decreases during healing over.", "PMID": 1188156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10721", "title": "Low resistance pathways between myocardial cells.", "content": "To test the hypothesis of whether the intercalated discs represent a low resistance to diffusing ions, a method was developed to study the longitudinal diffusion of radioactive potassium (42K), tetraethylammonium ([14C]TEA), and the fluorescent dye Procion yellow (PY) in sheep and calf heart bundles. The method involved 1) loading the cells, 2) allowing the ions to diffuse for periods of 2-6 hr, 3) freezing the bundle in liquid air and cutting it into equal slices of 0.5 mm, 4) measuring the concentration of the ion in each slice. From the results, the diffusion of coefficients were considered to be due partially to the discs and partially to the myoplasm. The permeabilities of the nexal membranes were 7.68-10(-3), 1.27-10(-3), and 1.4-10(-6) cm/sec for 42K, 14C-TEA, and PY. These values are 9,600, 21,000, and 220 times more than the corresponding ones for the surface membrane. The disc resistance for potassium, the main intracellular charge carrier, was about 0.9 ohm cm2. From the van der Waals sizes of the ions, the diameter of the nexal pores has to be 10-15 A. It is concluded that the junctions between myocardial cells have low resistances and that propagation of action potentials is possible by local circuit currents.", "contents": "Low resistance pathways between myocardial cells. To test the hypothesis of whether the intercalated discs represent a low resistance to diffusing ions, a method was developed to study the longitudinal diffusion of radioactive potassium (42K), tetraethylammonium ([14C]TEA), and the fluorescent dye Procion yellow (PY) in sheep and calf heart bundles. The method involved 1) loading the cells, 2) allowing the ions to diffuse for periods of 2-6 hr, 3) freezing the bundle in liquid air and cutting it into equal slices of 0.5 mm, 4) measuring the concentration of the ion in each slice. From the results, the diffusion of coefficients were considered to be due partially to the discs and partially to the myoplasm. The permeabilities of the nexal membranes were 7.68-10(-3), 1.27-10(-3), and 1.4-10(-6) cm/sec for 42K, 14C-TEA, and PY. These values are 9,600, 21,000, and 220 times more than the corresponding ones for the surface membrane. The disc resistance for potassium, the main intracellular charge carrier, was about 0.9 ohm cm2. From the van der Waals sizes of the ions, the diameter of the nexal pores has to be 10-15 A. It is concluded that the junctions between myocardial cells have low resistances and that propagation of action potentials is possible by local circuit currents.", "PMID": 1188157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10722", "title": "Composition of cardiac muscle troponin.", "content": "Preparations of troponin from cardiac muscle consist of functionally the same subunits as skeletal troponin, that is TN-T, TN-I, and TN-C. Cardiac TN-T and TN-I have, however, higher molecular weights than those of skeletal muscle. Only TN-C from both sources does not differ in respect to the molecular weight, isoelectric point, and ability to bind calcium or strontium.", "contents": "Composition of cardiac muscle troponin. Preparations of troponin from cardiac muscle consist of functionally the same subunits as skeletal troponin, that is TN-T, TN-I, and TN-C. Cardiac TN-T and TN-I have, however, higher molecular weights than those of skeletal muscle. Only TN-C from both sources does not differ in respect to the molecular weight, isoelectric point, and ability to bind calcium or strontium.", "PMID": 1188158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10723", "title": "Inhibition of calcium-dependent action potentials in mammalian myocardium by specific inhibitors of the transmembrane calcium conductivity (verapamil, D 600).", "content": "Cat papillary muscles were depolarized from about -80 mV to -50 mV by addition of KCl to Tyrode's solution. This causes an inactivation of the Na-carrying system so that the remaining transmembrane inward current is due, in practice, to Ca. Such action potentials show a reduced rate of rise, a greater overshoot, and a shorter duration. These parameters vary somewhat with the strength of stimulation and, particularly, with frequency. Excitability as well as contractility of the K-depolarized fibers are completely abolished by Ca withdrawal or by addition of verapamil or D 600, which block the transmembrane Ca inward current specifically. Conversely, extra Ca or epinephrine overcomes the verapamil and C 600 effects by increasing the transmembrane Ca influx. As soon as the papillary muscles are returned to Tyrode's solution with normal K0 the Na-carrying system is reactivated. Then Ca withdrawal or Ca-antagonistic compounds lose their inhibitory influence on excitation, whereas excitation-contraction uncoupling persists.", "contents": "Inhibition of calcium-dependent action potentials in mammalian myocardium by specific inhibitors of the transmembrane calcium conductivity (verapamil, D 600). Cat papillary muscles were depolarized from about -80 mV to -50 mV by addition of KCl to Tyrode's solution. This causes an inactivation of the Na-carrying system so that the remaining transmembrane inward current is due, in practice, to Ca. Such action potentials show a reduced rate of rise, a greater overshoot, and a shorter duration. These parameters vary somewhat with the strength of stimulation and, particularly, with frequency. Excitability as well as contractility of the K-depolarized fibers are completely abolished by Ca withdrawal or by addition of verapamil or D 600, which block the transmembrane Ca inward current specifically. Conversely, extra Ca or epinephrine overcomes the verapamil and C 600 effects by increasing the transmembrane Ca influx. As soon as the papillary muscles are returned to Tyrode's solution with normal K0 the Na-carrying system is reactivated. Then Ca withdrawal or Ca-antagonistic compounds lose their inhibitory influence on excitation, whereas excitation-contraction uncoupling persists.", "PMID": 1188159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10724", "title": "The role of myocardial membrane leakage channels in the production of fibrillation: studies with an analog computer model.", "content": "The conditions under which automatic activity and fibrillation can occur were studied through the use of an analog model. Parameters (transmembrane active and passive properties) were established from biological data of mammalian myocardial fibers. The definition of instability of membrane potential can be given by the following functions of inward and outward steady state current (I) to voltage relationships of the membrane. 1) With decreasing angle between the tangent of the slope of the Iout and (-1) Iin, instability increases at constant potential. 2) Instability is also a function of the membrane potential as related to peak inward current (nonsteady state) at a given angle. 3) Maximum peak inward current and minimum angle produced such instability as to cause fibrillation. The most likely explanation is that automaticity and/or fibrillation is induced by leakage currents which change the normal current/voltage relatiosnhip in the described manner. The membrane leakage currents could be specific to sodium or unspecific.", "contents": "The role of myocardial membrane leakage channels in the production of fibrillation: studies with an analog computer model. The conditions under which automatic activity and fibrillation can occur were studied through the use of an analog model. Parameters (transmembrane active and passive properties) were established from biological data of mammalian myocardial fibers. The definition of instability of membrane potential can be given by the following functions of inward and outward steady state current (I) to voltage relationships of the membrane. 1) With decreasing angle between the tangent of the slope of the Iout and (-1) Iin, instability increases at constant potential. 2) Instability is also a function of the membrane potential as related to peak inward current (nonsteady state) at a given angle. 3) Maximum peak inward current and minimum angle produced such instability as to cause fibrillation. The most likely explanation is that automaticity and/or fibrillation is induced by leakage currents which change the normal current/voltage relatiosnhip in the described manner. The membrane leakage currents could be specific to sodium or unspecific.", "PMID": 1188160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10725", "title": "The ionic basis of membrane excitation in ordinary myocardial fibers: some aspects of the sodium and calcium conductance.", "content": "Ionic currents in heart muscle are usually described in terms of the Hodgkin-Huxley theory for nerve fibers. Attention is paid to some aspects of the sodium and calcium conductance which seem to be specific for heart muscle: 1) recent findings indicate that repriming of the sodium and calcium conductance in heart muscle cannot be described as the reverse process of inactivation; 2) the existence of an important calcium current is well established, but controversial findings have been obtained for the time constant of inactivation; 3) Na and Ca interact in determining the slow channel current. Depending on the external Na and Ca concentration, antagonistic as well as synergistic effects may be obtained. An explanation is offered for these contradictory results.", "contents": "The ionic basis of membrane excitation in ordinary myocardial fibers: some aspects of the sodium and calcium conductance. Ionic currents in heart muscle are usually described in terms of the Hodgkin-Huxley theory for nerve fibers. Attention is paid to some aspects of the sodium and calcium conductance which seem to be specific for heart muscle: 1) recent findings indicate that repriming of the sodium and calcium conductance in heart muscle cannot be described as the reverse process of inactivation; 2) the existence of an important calcium current is well established, but controversial findings have been obtained for the time constant of inactivation; 3) Na and Ca interact in determining the slow channel current. Depending on the external Na and Ca concentration, antagonistic as well as synergistic effects may be obtained. An explanation is offered for these contradictory results.", "PMID": 1188161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10726", "title": "The mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia induced by a single premature beat in the isolated left atrium of the rabbit. I. Circus movement as a consequence of unidirectional block of the premature impulse.", "content": "In the isolated left atrium of the rabbit tachycardia could be elicited by a single stimulus shortly after the refractory period. The activation pattern of the preparation was mapped by means of multiple extracellular recordings. It could be demonstrated that a circus movement of the activation in a relatively small part of the atrial myocardium was responsible for the tachycardia. This phenomenon was studied on a cellular level with multiple microelectrode recordings. The impulse of the premature beat, when followed by a tachycardia, was one way only, while in the other directions the conduction failed completely or occurred with such decrement that the impulse died out. These differences in conductivity were connected with spatial differences in the refractory period. Therefore the excitability of the fibers surrounding the stimulating electrod was not restored to the same level at the moment the premature beat was elicited. Spatial dispersion in the refractory period was important for the occurrence of unidirectional block and thus for the initiation of circus movement and tachycardia.", "contents": "The mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia induced by a single premature beat in the isolated left atrium of the rabbit. I. Circus movement as a consequence of unidirectional block of the premature impulse. In the isolated left atrium of the rabbit tachycardia could be elicited by a single stimulus shortly after the refractory period. The activation pattern of the preparation was mapped by means of multiple extracellular recordings. It could be demonstrated that a circus movement of the activation in a relatively small part of the atrial myocardium was responsible for the tachycardia. This phenomenon was studied on a cellular level with multiple microelectrode recordings. The impulse of the premature beat, when followed by a tachycardia, was one way only, while in the other directions the conduction failed completely or occurred with such decrement that the impulse died out. These differences in conductivity were connected with spatial differences in the refractory period. Therefore the excitability of the fibers surrounding the stimulating electrod was not restored to the same level at the moment the premature beat was elicited. Spatial dispersion in the refractory period was important for the occurrence of unidirectional block and thus for the initiation of circus movement and tachycardia.", "PMID": 1188162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10727", "title": "The mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia induced by a single premature beat in the isolated left atrium of the rabbit. II. The termination of the tachycardia.", "content": "Tachycardias induced by a single stimulus in the left atrium of the rabbit, are based on a circus movement of the impulse through the atrial myocardium. Circus movement often stopped spontaneously after only one beat (\"coupled extrasystole\") or after a small number of beats. This frequent early cessation of circus movement is explained by the relatively high conduction velocity and relatively long refractory period in the early stage of tachycardia. As an exception tachycardia lasted for a longer period. The circulating impulse then could always be interrupted by the application of a properly timed stimulus. In this case the circulating impulse will encounter the activation wave elicited by the stimulus. This resulted either in termination or resetting of the tachycardia.", "contents": "The mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia induced by a single premature beat in the isolated left atrium of the rabbit. II. The termination of the tachycardia. Tachycardias induced by a single stimulus in the left atrium of the rabbit, are based on a circus movement of the impulse through the atrial myocardium. Circus movement often stopped spontaneously after only one beat (\"coupled extrasystole\") or after a small number of beats. This frequent early cessation of circus movement is explained by the relatively high conduction velocity and relatively long refractory period in the early stage of tachycardia. As an exception tachycardia lasted for a longer period. The circulating impulse then could always be interrupted by the application of a properly timed stimulus. In this case the circulating impulse will encounter the activation wave elicited by the stimulus. This resulted either in termination or resetting of the tachycardia.", "PMID": 1188163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10728", "title": "Role of sympathetic excitation in generating arrhythmias in early and late phases of ectopic responses after coronary arterial occlusion in dog heart.", "content": "The three phases of arrhythmias that develop within specific durations of occlusion of a coronary artery of the dog have been reviewed and characterized. The intravenous administration of practolol as described has virtually prevented the occurrence of arrhythmic activity during the first 7-8 hr after occlusion and kept the frequency at a much reduced level as compared with controls through 10 or 11 hr, but not appreciably longer. This means that first and second phase arrhythmias were almost abolished, and development of third phase ventricular tachycardia was significantly retarded, but not prevented. It is concluded that sympathetic stimulation is an important component in the effective excitation of ectopic activity during the first and second phases, but contributed no more than a minor component to the fully developed third phase activity.", "contents": "Role of sympathetic excitation in generating arrhythmias in early and late phases of ectopic responses after coronary arterial occlusion in dog heart. The three phases of arrhythmias that develop within specific durations of occlusion of a coronary artery of the dog have been reviewed and characterized. The intravenous administration of practolol as described has virtually prevented the occurrence of arrhythmic activity during the first 7-8 hr after occlusion and kept the frequency at a much reduced level as compared with controls through 10 or 11 hr, but not appreciably longer. This means that first and second phase arrhythmias were almost abolished, and development of third phase ventricular tachycardia was significantly retarded, but not prevented. It is concluded that sympathetic stimulation is an important component in the effective excitation of ectopic activity during the first and second phases, but contributed no more than a minor component to the fully developed third phase activity.", "PMID": 1188164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10729", "title": "Early ventricular fibrillation in the baboon: possible role of epicardial ST segment changes.", "content": "The changes in epicardial ST segment and the severity of the infarct defined by the onset of primary ventricular fibrillation were monitored in baboons after ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery. Although an increase in the ratio of the total ST segment elevation over the maximal drop of isoelectric baseline appeared to precede the onset of ventricular fibrillation, further data is needed for establishing a clear relation between these parameters.", "contents": "Early ventricular fibrillation in the baboon: possible role of epicardial ST segment changes. The changes in epicardial ST segment and the severity of the infarct defined by the onset of primary ventricular fibrillation were monitored in baboons after ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery. Although an increase in the ratio of the total ST segment elevation over the maximal drop of isoelectric baseline appeared to precede the onset of ventricular fibrillation, further data is needed for establishing a clear relation between these parameters.", "PMID": 1188165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10730", "title": "Relationship between myocardial metabolism and epicardial ST segment alterations during myocardial ischemia.", "content": "Acute myocardical ischemia was produced by ligating the midlevel left anterior descending coronary artery for 17 min in anesthetized dogs. Epicardial electrocardiograms were recorded from 15 sites surrounding the area of left anterior descending coronary artery ligation with a smooth tip, rounded epicardial electrode. Sites of ST segment elevation and isoelectric sites within the grossly ischemic portion of the left ventricle were needle biopsied to obtain tissue samples of less than 6 mg wet weight to assess myocardial metabolism at these precise sites. Epicardial areas of ST segment elevation had marked lactate accumulation and high energy phosphate depletion. Isoelectric sites were areas of either no lactate accumulation or mild lactate accumulation and high energy phosphate concentrations that were greater than those found at site of ST segment elevation. Thus, the data obtained indicate that epicardial sites of ST segment elevation are locations of profound anaerobic metabolism and of both epicardial and endocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Relationship between myocardial metabolism and epicardial ST segment alterations during myocardial ischemia. Acute myocardical ischemia was produced by ligating the midlevel left anterior descending coronary artery for 17 min in anesthetized dogs. Epicardial electrocardiograms were recorded from 15 sites surrounding the area of left anterior descending coronary artery ligation with a smooth tip, rounded epicardial electrode. Sites of ST segment elevation and isoelectric sites within the grossly ischemic portion of the left ventricle were needle biopsied to obtain tissue samples of less than 6 mg wet weight to assess myocardial metabolism at these precise sites. Epicardial areas of ST segment elevation had marked lactate accumulation and high energy phosphate depletion. Isoelectric sites were areas of either no lactate accumulation or mild lactate accumulation and high energy phosphate concentrations that were greater than those found at site of ST segment elevation. Thus, the data obtained indicate that epicardial sites of ST segment elevation are locations of profound anaerobic metabolism and of both epicardial and endocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 1188166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10731", "title": "Calcium-dependent depolarizations and contractions in ventricular myocardial fibers: effects of adrenaline and cardiac glycosides.", "content": "Intracellular membrane potentials and contractions were recorded in ventricular trabeculae from sheep and calf hearts. Using a sucrose gap and constant current pulses of 500 msec duration, Ca-dependent depolarizations were elicited in Ca-containing Tyrode's solution + tetrodotoxin (TTX) (1-2 X 10(-5) gm/ml; [Na]e 149.2 mM) or in Na-free solution with sucrose as sodium substitute. Adrenaline (10(-8) -5 X 10(-7) gm/ml), which has been shown to enhance Ca inward current, increased (dV/dt)max and contractile force both in Na-free and in Na-containing solutions + TTX. Digitoxigenin (10(-7) -3 X 10(-7) gm/ml), however, did not change (dV/dt)max and contractions in the absence of Na. In the presence of Na (+TTX), digitoxigenin increased contractile force but decreased (dV/dt)max. Under the assumption that the Ca-dependent depolarizations are carried by Ca it is concluded 1) that in contrast to adrenaline, digitoxigenin does not increase the permeability of the myocardial cell membrane to Ca and 2) that the positive inotropic effect of digitoxigenin is not due to an enhancement in Ca inward current during depolarization.", "contents": "Calcium-dependent depolarizations and contractions in ventricular myocardial fibers: effects of adrenaline and cardiac glycosides. Intracellular membrane potentials and contractions were recorded in ventricular trabeculae from sheep and calf hearts. Using a sucrose gap and constant current pulses of 500 msec duration, Ca-dependent depolarizations were elicited in Ca-containing Tyrode's solution + tetrodotoxin (TTX) (1-2 X 10(-5) gm/ml; [Na]e 149.2 mM) or in Na-free solution with sucrose as sodium substitute. Adrenaline (10(-8) -5 X 10(-7) gm/ml), which has been shown to enhance Ca inward current, increased (dV/dt)max and contractile force both in Na-free and in Na-containing solutions + TTX. Digitoxigenin (10(-7) -3 X 10(-7) gm/ml), however, did not change (dV/dt)max and contractions in the absence of Na. In the presence of Na (+TTX), digitoxigenin increased contractile force but decreased (dV/dt)max. Under the assumption that the Ca-dependent depolarizations are carried by Ca it is concluded 1) that in contrast to adrenaline, digitoxigenin does not increase the permeability of the myocardial cell membrane to Ca and 2) that the positive inotropic effect of digitoxigenin is not due to an enhancement in Ca inward current during depolarization.", "PMID": 1188167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10732", "title": "Influence of glycosides on myocardial potassium and sodium concentration in acute and chronic potassium deficiency.", "content": "The analytical assay of intracellular potassium ([Ki]) and sodium ([Nai]) concentration of guinea pig papillary muscle measured in in vitro experiments shows that: 1) 5 X 10(-7) M g-strophanthin causes a decrease of [Ki] under control conditions, in acute as well as in chronic potassium deficiency, 2) a more marked glycoside effect is seen when the extracellular potassium concentration is reduced from 4.7 to 2mEq/1; this finding, therefore, is in good agreement with the observation that glucoside binding to its receptor at the cellular membrane is enhanced when potassium concentration is decreased, 3) whereas in chronic potassium deficiency normal [Ki] and [Nai] are maintained, acute potassium deficiency is accompanied by a loss of cellular K and gain of cellular Na. Under the influence of cardioactive glycosides, in chronic potassium depletion higher intracellular potassium and lower intracellular sodium concentrations are maintained than in acute potassium depletion. It is supposed tha t the net changes which are caused by a reduction of [Ke] in acute potassium deficiency in contrast to chronical potassium deficiency predispose to glycoside toxicity. These changes may therefore be the cause of the clinical observation that acute hypokalemia is associated with a greater glycoside sensitivity than chronic potassium deficiency.", "contents": "Influence of glycosides on myocardial potassium and sodium concentration in acute and chronic potassium deficiency. The analytical assay of intracellular potassium ([Ki]) and sodium ([Nai]) concentration of guinea pig papillary muscle measured in in vitro experiments shows that: 1) 5 X 10(-7) M g-strophanthin causes a decrease of [Ki] under control conditions, in acute as well as in chronic potassium deficiency, 2) a more marked glycoside effect is seen when the extracellular potassium concentration is reduced from 4.7 to 2mEq/1; this finding, therefore, is in good agreement with the observation that glucoside binding to its receptor at the cellular membrane is enhanced when potassium concentration is decreased, 3) whereas in chronic potassium deficiency normal [Ki] and [Nai] are maintained, acute potassium deficiency is accompanied by a loss of cellular K and gain of cellular Na. Under the influence of cardioactive glycosides, in chronic potassium depletion higher intracellular potassium and lower intracellular sodium concentrations are maintained than in acute potassium depletion. It is supposed tha t the net changes which are caused by a reduction of [Ke] in acute potassium deficiency in contrast to chronical potassium deficiency predispose to glycoside toxicity. These changes may therefore be the cause of the clinical observation that acute hypokalemia is associated with a greater glycoside sensitivity than chronic potassium deficiency.", "PMID": 1188168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10733", "title": "Altered tissue digoxin uptake after a toxic dose.", "content": "Tissue distribution and left ventricular (LV) effects of digoxin were studied after intravenous administration of low and high doses to dogs. LV dP/dt was increased by 0.03 mg/kg digoxin in nine, group A, and digoxin-induced arrhythmias or death occurred after 0.14 mg/kg in nine others, group B. Two hours after dosing during the slow excretion phase confirmed by serial serum sampling, the animals were killed. Serum and tissue extract digoxin determinations were performed by radioimmunoassay. Digoxin levels in group A were serum 3.9 ng/ml, kidney 428 ng/gm wet wt, liver 41, pancreas 39, diaphragn 21, apex, freewall, and septum LV 117-122, right ventricle (RV) 105, left atrium (LA) 51, right atrium (RA) 50, and the serum to apex LV ration was 1:32. The tissue contents and distribution were similar to previous [3H]digoxin data. The concentrations were higher in B; for all p less than 0.001. The toxic to therapeutic concentration ratios were serum 10, kidney 2.8, liver 5.5. pancreas 5,4, diaphragm 6.5, LV 4.3, RV 4.0, LA 3.5, RA 3.4. The serum to LV ratio was lower at 1:13, p less than 0.001. Myocardial toxicity was associated with marked but apparently limited increases in tissue digoxin content in this preparation. The disproportionately high serum level suggests paralysis or saturation of kidney and other tissue binding resulting in lower serum to tissue concentration ratios. Whenever serum to tissue ratios vary from expected values, serum digoxin levels may not be linearly related to tissue content or cardiac effects.", "contents": "Altered tissue digoxin uptake after a toxic dose. Tissue distribution and left ventricular (LV) effects of digoxin were studied after intravenous administration of low and high doses to dogs. LV dP/dt was increased by 0.03 mg/kg digoxin in nine, group A, and digoxin-induced arrhythmias or death occurred after 0.14 mg/kg in nine others, group B. Two hours after dosing during the slow excretion phase confirmed by serial serum sampling, the animals were killed. Serum and tissue extract digoxin determinations were performed by radioimmunoassay. Digoxin levels in group A were serum 3.9 ng/ml, kidney 428 ng/gm wet wt, liver 41, pancreas 39, diaphragn 21, apex, freewall, and septum LV 117-122, right ventricle (RV) 105, left atrium (LA) 51, right atrium (RA) 50, and the serum to apex LV ration was 1:32. The tissue contents and distribution were similar to previous [3H]digoxin data. The concentrations were higher in B; for all p less than 0.001. The toxic to therapeutic concentration ratios were serum 10, kidney 2.8, liver 5.5. pancreas 5,4, diaphragm 6.5, LV 4.3, RV 4.0, LA 3.5, RA 3.4. The serum to LV ratio was lower at 1:13, p less than 0.001. Myocardial toxicity was associated with marked but apparently limited increases in tissue digoxin content in this preparation. The disproportionately high serum level suggests paralysis or saturation of kidney and other tissue binding resulting in lower serum to tissue concentration ratios. Whenever serum to tissue ratios vary from expected values, serum digoxin levels may not be linearly related to tissue content or cardiac effects.", "PMID": 1188169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10734", "title": "Reversible and irreversible forms of contractile failure caused by disturbances by general anesthetics in myocardial ATP utilization.", "content": "Overdoses of several volatile anesthetics (ether, chloroform, ethyl chloride, halothane, methoxyflurane) as well as of various barbiturates lead to severe contractile failure of the heart. In all cases it was found that at the stage of maximal failure the myocardial stores of ATP and phosphocreatine were increased, indicative of reduced high energy phosphate utilization. Barbiturate-induced failure can be fully reversed by the intravenous injection of CaCl2, isoproterenol, or strophanthin. Simultaneously ATP and phosphocreatine concentrations become normal. In contrast, cardiac failure caused by volatile anesthetics proved to be resistant to this therapy. Electron micrographs showed a normal structure of the transverse tubules in the case of barbiturate failure. On the other hand, after the application of volatile anesthetics, a striking dilatation of the transverse tubular system was observed. The irreversibility of this latter type of contractile failure is probably caused by permanent damage of myocardial ultrastructures involved in excitation-contraction coupling.", "contents": "Reversible and irreversible forms of contractile failure caused by disturbances by general anesthetics in myocardial ATP utilization. Overdoses of several volatile anesthetics (ether, chloroform, ethyl chloride, halothane, methoxyflurane) as well as of various barbiturates lead to severe contractile failure of the heart. In all cases it was found that at the stage of maximal failure the myocardial stores of ATP and phosphocreatine were increased, indicative of reduced high energy phosphate utilization. Barbiturate-induced failure can be fully reversed by the intravenous injection of CaCl2, isoproterenol, or strophanthin. Simultaneously ATP and phosphocreatine concentrations become normal. In contrast, cardiac failure caused by volatile anesthetics proved to be resistant to this therapy. Electron micrographs showed a normal structure of the transverse tubules in the case of barbiturate failure. On the other hand, after the application of volatile anesthetics, a striking dilatation of the transverse tubular system was observed. The irreversibility of this latter type of contractile failure is probably caused by permanent damage of myocardial ultrastructures involved in excitation-contraction coupling.", "PMID": 1188170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10735", "title": "On the mechanism of the negative inotropic action of halothane and propanidide.", "content": "1) Halothane and propanidide reduce the contractile force of guinea pig isolated atria in a concentration-dependent manner. The approximate concentrations required to bring about a half-maximal pharmacological effect are within the same order of magnitude as the concentrations found in whole blood during general anesthesia of guinea pigs. 2) It seems most likely that the initial effect of halothane or propanidide occurs at the cell membrane. 3) Halothane and propanidide accelerate and enhance the uptake of calcium ions by the cell membrane, so that less ionized calcium will be available for excitation contraction coupling. This phenomenon readily explains the negative inotropic action of both drugs and confirms the presumption that the cell membrane is the initial site of pharmacological attack.", "contents": "On the mechanism of the negative inotropic action of halothane and propanidide. 1) Halothane and propanidide reduce the contractile force of guinea pig isolated atria in a concentration-dependent manner. The approximate concentrations required to bring about a half-maximal pharmacological effect are within the same order of magnitude as the concentrations found in whole blood during general anesthesia of guinea pigs. 2) It seems most likely that the initial effect of halothane or propanidide occurs at the cell membrane. 3) Halothane and propanidide accelerate and enhance the uptake of calcium ions by the cell membrane, so that less ionized calcium will be available for excitation contraction coupling. This phenomenon readily explains the negative inotropic action of both drugs and confirms the presumption that the cell membrane is the initial site of pharmacological attack.", "PMID": 1188171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10736", "title": "Outward current and electrogenic sodium pump in Purkinje fibers.", "content": "The effects of metabolic inhibitors (ouabain, dihydroouabain, and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) and of cooling on the membrane current of Purkinje fibers were studied by means of a voltage clamp. Within seconds after cooling or application of the drugs the outward current was found to be reduced. On longer cooling or poisoning, the potassium equilibrium potential was shifted in positive direction, the time-dependent membrane currents were depressed, and possibly the potassium conductance was altered. It is suggested that the early reduction in outward current is caused by inhibition of an electrogenic sodium pump.", "contents": "Outward current and electrogenic sodium pump in Purkinje fibers. The effects of metabolic inhibitors (ouabain, dihydroouabain, and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) and of cooling on the membrane current of Purkinje fibers were studied by means of a voltage clamp. Within seconds after cooling or application of the drugs the outward current was found to be reduced. On longer cooling or poisoning, the potassium equilibrium potential was shifted in positive direction, the time-dependent membrane currents were depressed, and possibly the potassium conductance was altered. It is suggested that the early reduction in outward current is caused by inhibition of an electrogenic sodium pump.", "PMID": 1188172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10737", "title": "Myocardial oxygen consumption in isometric contraction of various strengths due to paired stimulation and quick-release.", "content": "In all of the experiments described, the oxygen consumption during isometric contraction was dependent solely upon the magnitude of active tension developed, and not on the rate of tension development or on the duration of contraction. There is a constant linear relationship between tension development and oxygen uptake. Any sudden interruption of active tension in the rising phase of the contraction terminates the energy utilization by the contractile system. These findings provide evidence to suggest that in isometric contraction of heart muscle, a rigid and constant coupling exists in the transformation of chemical energy to the mechanical tension.", "contents": "Myocardial oxygen consumption in isometric contraction of various strengths due to paired stimulation and quick-release. In all of the experiments described, the oxygen consumption during isometric contraction was dependent solely upon the magnitude of active tension developed, and not on the rate of tension development or on the duration of contraction. There is a constant linear relationship between tension development and oxygen uptake. Any sudden interruption of active tension in the rising phase of the contraction terminates the energy utilization by the contractile system. These findings provide evidence to suggest that in isometric contraction of heart muscle, a rigid and constant coupling exists in the transformation of chemical energy to the mechanical tension.", "PMID": 1188173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10738", "title": "Multiple measurement of intranural myocardial oxygen tension.", "content": "A method was developed for measuring the intramural oxygen tension in the ventricular wall (MpO2). The 10 electrodes of intramural needles are employed simultaneously for measurement of MpO2, and, by means of the same amplifiers and registration system, of the electrogram. In this way information could be obtained about the local MpO2 and the local electrical activity obtained from over 100 points in the ventricular wall. In the normal in situ dog heart we found an MpO2 of 5-90 mm Hg (mean 32 mm Hg). When the arterial pO2 was raised, the mean value of MpO2 was decreased. Directly after the start of a period of severe hypoxia a marked fall in MpO2 could be observed, which was reversible after return to the normoxic situation, provided that the hypoxic period was short. Changes in heart rate had only transient effects on the MpO2. Heart massage of the fibrillating heart in the open-chested dog was effective in restoring the arterial pO2, but gave no significant rise in MpO2 which did not exceed 5 mm Hg.", "contents": "Multiple measurement of intranural myocardial oxygen tension. A method was developed for measuring the intramural oxygen tension in the ventricular wall (MpO2). The 10 electrodes of intramural needles are employed simultaneously for measurement of MpO2, and, by means of the same amplifiers and registration system, of the electrogram. In this way information could be obtained about the local MpO2 and the local electrical activity obtained from over 100 points in the ventricular wall. In the normal in situ dog heart we found an MpO2 of 5-90 mm Hg (mean 32 mm Hg). When the arterial pO2 was raised, the mean value of MpO2 was decreased. Directly after the start of a period of severe hypoxia a marked fall in MpO2 could be observed, which was reversible after return to the normoxic situation, provided that the hypoxic period was short. Changes in heart rate had only transient effects on the MpO2. Heart massage of the fibrillating heart in the open-chested dog was effective in restoring the arterial pO2, but gave no significant rise in MpO2 which did not exceed 5 mm Hg.", "PMID": 1188174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10739", "title": "Myocardial wall thickness as a measurement of left ventricular ischemia.", "content": "Using a newly developed myocardial wall thickness gauge, the change in the left ventricular wall thickness was measured during a period of partial myocardial ischemia and compared with changes and other parameters of left ventricular function. This study revealed that major changes of systolic wall thickness occur without any significant change in left ventricular function parameters.", "contents": "Myocardial wall thickness as a measurement of left ventricular ischemia. Using a newly developed myocardial wall thickness gauge, the change in the left ventricular wall thickness was measured during a period of partial myocardial ischemia and compared with changes and other parameters of left ventricular function. This study revealed that major changes of systolic wall thickness occur without any significant change in left ventricular function parameters.", "PMID": 1188175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10740", "title": "Transmembrane sodium movement and regulation of contraction in frog atrial muscle during the inotropic effect of veratrine.", "content": "In this study, voltage clamp experiments to determine membrane conductance changes revealed that veratrine slowed considerably inactivation of the Na system, thereby greatly increasing Na inward current. The contractile response (registered simultaneously with membrane currents) was closely related to this increase: applying tetrodotoxin (TXX) or Na-free (sucrose) Ringer's solution abolished the effect of veratrine on electrical and mechanical activity almost simultaneously. With Na-free (LiCl) Ringer's solution the effect of veratrine on membrane current was obtained, but the mechanical response was unchanged. Thus transmembrane movement of Na ions is involved in regulation of contraction during the inotropic effect of veratrine. As veratrine did not substantially change the slow Ca inward current, inotropic action seems dependent on some intracellular stores of Ca ions. The possibility that intracellular Na ions govern the amount of intracellular Ca ions available for the development of the inotropic effect of veratrine is discussed.", "contents": "Transmembrane sodium movement and regulation of contraction in frog atrial muscle during the inotropic effect of veratrine. In this study, voltage clamp experiments to determine membrane conductance changes revealed that veratrine slowed considerably inactivation of the Na system, thereby greatly increasing Na inward current. The contractile response (registered simultaneously with membrane currents) was closely related to this increase: applying tetrodotoxin (TXX) or Na-free (sucrose) Ringer's solution abolished the effect of veratrine on electrical and mechanical activity almost simultaneously. With Na-free (LiCl) Ringer's solution the effect of veratrine on membrane current was obtained, but the mechanical response was unchanged. Thus transmembrane movement of Na ions is involved in regulation of contraction during the inotropic effect of veratrine. As veratrine did not substantially change the slow Ca inward current, inotropic action seems dependent on some intracellular stores of Ca ions. The possibility that intracellular Na ions govern the amount of intracellular Ca ions available for the development of the inotropic effect of veratrine is discussed.", "PMID": 1188176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10741", "title": "Some factors which influence the amount of calcium stored at the superficially located sites in cardiac muscle cells.", "content": "The cell membranes of cardiac muscle cells are impermeable to the trivalent rare earth element, lanthanum (La3+). Because La3+ displaces Ca2+ from its binding sites and because it does not penetrate across the cell membrane, it can be used to determine how much Ca2+ is stored at these superficially located sites. Using this technique it has been possible to study the various factors which influence the Ca2+ storing capacity of these superficially located sites. Substitution of Cl- by NO3- and Br- in the bathing fluid, and prolonged periods of perfusion reduce, whereas hyperthyroidism, an increase in the extracellular concentration of Ca2+, and a reduction in the extracellular concentration of Na+ increase the amount of Ca2+ stored at these superficially located sites. Some drugs which are negatively inotropic (verapamil and pentobarbitone) reduce, whereas others, which are positively inotropic (ouabain), increase the amount of Ca2+ which is available for displacement by La3+. Ca2+ which is stored at these sites plays an important role in regulating cardiac contractility.", "contents": "Some factors which influence the amount of calcium stored at the superficially located sites in cardiac muscle cells. The cell membranes of cardiac muscle cells are impermeable to the trivalent rare earth element, lanthanum (La3+). Because La3+ displaces Ca2+ from its binding sites and because it does not penetrate across the cell membrane, it can be used to determine how much Ca2+ is stored at these superficially located sites. Using this technique it has been possible to study the various factors which influence the Ca2+ storing capacity of these superficially located sites. Substitution of Cl- by NO3- and Br- in the bathing fluid, and prolonged periods of perfusion reduce, whereas hyperthyroidism, an increase in the extracellular concentration of Ca2+, and a reduction in the extracellular concentration of Na+ increase the amount of Ca2+ stored at these superficially located sites. Some drugs which are negatively inotropic (verapamil and pentobarbitone) reduce, whereas others, which are positively inotropic (ouabain), increase the amount of Ca2+ which is available for displacement by La3+. Ca2+ which is stored at these sites plays an important role in regulating cardiac contractility.", "PMID": 1188177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10742", "title": "Anticonvulsant activity of four oxygenated cannabidiol derivatives.", "content": "A pharmacological comparison between cannabidiol (CBD) and four CBD derivatives, namely CBD-aldehyde-diacetate (I), 6-oxo-CBD-diacetate (II), 6-hydroxy-CBD-tri-acetate (III), and 9-hydroxy-CBD-triacetate (IV) was carried out in mice. Protection against maximal electroshock convulsions, potentiation of pentobarbital sleeping-time and reduction of spontaneous motor activity were the effects measured. All 5 compounds were equally potent in potentiating barbiturate sleeping time at doses ranging from 6.25 to 100 mg/kg. At 12.5 and 25 mg/kg only CBD and IV were able to decrease significantly the spontaneous motor activity. CBD, II, III and IV were also active in protecting mice against electroconvulsive shock at doses of 100-200 mg/kg, although at the larger dose CBD and compound II were the most efficient. Compound I was toxic, killing about half of the animals within 24 h after injection.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant activity of four oxygenated cannabidiol derivatives. A pharmacological comparison between cannabidiol (CBD) and four CBD derivatives, namely CBD-aldehyde-diacetate (I), 6-oxo-CBD-diacetate (II), 6-hydroxy-CBD-tri-acetate (III), and 9-hydroxy-CBD-triacetate (IV) was carried out in mice. Protection against maximal electroshock convulsions, potentiation of pentobarbital sleeping-time and reduction of spontaneous motor activity were the effects measured. All 5 compounds were equally potent in potentiating barbiturate sleeping time at doses ranging from 6.25 to 100 mg/kg. At 12.5 and 25 mg/kg only CBD and IV were able to decrease significantly the spontaneous motor activity. CBD, II, III and IV were also active in protecting mice against electroconvulsive shock at doses of 100-200 mg/kg, although at the larger dose CBD and compound II were the most efficient. Compound I was toxic, killing about half of the animals within 24 h after injection.", "PMID": 1188178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10743", "title": "Plasma disappearance of sulfobromophthalein or indocyanine green in unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.", "content": "Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia as occurs in Gunn rats did not affect the plasma disappearance of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) or indocyanine green (ICG). The simultaneous injection of bilirubin and ICG decreased the plasma disappearance of ICG apparently by decreasing hepatic uptake. The data suggest that although bilirubin, ICG and BSP bind to the intracellular hepatic transport protein ligandin one cannot achieve conditions in intact rats to demonstrate effects of competitive interaction with ligandin that affect plasma kinetics of these substances.", "contents": "Plasma disappearance of sulfobromophthalein or indocyanine green in unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia as occurs in Gunn rats did not affect the plasma disappearance of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) or indocyanine green (ICG). The simultaneous injection of bilirubin and ICG decreased the plasma disappearance of ICG apparently by decreasing hepatic uptake. The data suggest that although bilirubin, ICG and BSP bind to the intracellular hepatic transport protein ligandin one cannot achieve conditions in intact rats to demonstrate effects of competitive interaction with ligandin that affect plasma kinetics of these substances.", "PMID": 1188179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10744", "title": "A new approach to the treatment of sickle cell anemia.", "content": "Several lines of evidence suggest that certain small molecules with a high affinity for specific sites in heme proteins may prove useful as anti-sickling agents. One agent of this group, dichloromethane, at low concentrations can prevent completely and reverse partially the aggregation of hemoglobin S. It is proposed that in the search for useful therapeutic agents attention should be given to these non-heme ligands of hemoglobin.", "contents": "A new approach to the treatment of sickle cell anemia. Several lines of evidence suggest that certain small molecules with a high affinity for specific sites in heme proteins may prove useful as anti-sickling agents. One agent of this group, dichloromethane, at low concentrations can prevent completely and reverse partially the aggregation of hemoglobin S. It is proposed that in the search for useful therapeutic agents attention should be given to these non-heme ligands of hemoglobin.", "PMID": 1188180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10745", "title": "A theoretical analysis of the distribution of quinidine in the plasma: the relationship between protein binding and therapeutic drug levels.", "content": "Quinidine is bound at two sets of sites on serum albumin. The distribution between the free and albumin bound form of the drug in plasma was analyzed by the use of a computer program using known association constants and binding capacities. The analysis was limited to concentrations of drug which ranged from subtherapeutic to toxic levels, 1 to 10 mg/L. The computations showed that 74 to 88% of the drug would be bound by serum albumin and the remainder would be free. Of the bound drug, 71-74% would be bound by the high affinity set of sites and the remainder by the low affinity set. The analysis also showed that if the concentration of protein were decreased, as in hypoalbuminemia, there would be a decrease in the amount of bound drug and an increase in the amount of free drug. The quantitative relationships between therapeutic levels of the drug and its distribution in plasma are discussed.", "contents": "A theoretical analysis of the distribution of quinidine in the plasma: the relationship between protein binding and therapeutic drug levels. Quinidine is bound at two sets of sites on serum albumin. The distribution between the free and albumin bound form of the drug in plasma was analyzed by the use of a computer program using known association constants and binding capacities. The analysis was limited to concentrations of drug which ranged from subtherapeutic to toxic levels, 1 to 10 mg/L. The computations showed that 74 to 88% of the drug would be bound by serum albumin and the remainder would be free. Of the bound drug, 71-74% would be bound by the high affinity set of sites and the remainder by the low affinity set. The analysis also showed that if the concentration of protein were decreased, as in hypoalbuminemia, there would be a decrease in the amount of bound drug and an increase in the amount of free drug. The quantitative relationships between therapeutic levels of the drug and its distribution in plasma are discussed.", "PMID": 1188181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10746", "title": "Antihypertensive activity of 2-amino-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-imidazoline (MJ 10459-2) and catecholamine reduction.", "content": "Antihypertensive activity of 2-amino-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-imidazoline hydrobromide (MJ 10459-2) was assessed in conscious, spontaneously hypertensive and stress-induced hypertensive rats via indirect determination of systolic blood pressure. Subcutaneous administration of 1-4 mg/kg resulted in lowering of blood pressure that was dose related. No reductions in the content of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were noted in the cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain or medulla/pons area of brain after 1 and 4 mg/kg of MJ 10459-2. Cardiac tissue norepinephrine was reduced to 4-6% of control values after subcutaneous doses of 0.2-20 mg/kg of MJ 10459-2 in hypertensive and normotensive rats. These data suggest that at least part of the blood pressure lowering effects of MJ 10459-2 may involve reduction of peripheral noradrenergic stores.", "contents": "Antihypertensive activity of 2-amino-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-imidazoline (MJ 10459-2) and catecholamine reduction. Antihypertensive activity of 2-amino-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-imidazoline hydrobromide (MJ 10459-2) was assessed in conscious, spontaneously hypertensive and stress-induced hypertensive rats via indirect determination of systolic blood pressure. Subcutaneous administration of 1-4 mg/kg resulted in lowering of blood pressure that was dose related. No reductions in the content of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were noted in the cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain or medulla/pons area of brain after 1 and 4 mg/kg of MJ 10459-2. Cardiac tissue norepinephrine was reduced to 4-6% of control values after subcutaneous doses of 0.2-20 mg/kg of MJ 10459-2 in hypertensive and normotensive rats. These data suggest that at least part of the blood pressure lowering effects of MJ 10459-2 may involve reduction of peripheral noradrenergic stores.", "PMID": 1188182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10747", "title": "Dopaminergic and cholinergic influences on morphine self-administration in rats.", "content": "Various doses of apomorphine, haloperidol, pilocarpine and scopolamine were administered i.p. to rats self-administering i.v. morphine (0.4 mg/kg/infusion). Apomorphine, at low doses, increased rates of morphine self-administration and, at high doses, decreased rates. Haloperidol decreased self administration rates with increasing dose. Both pilocarpine and scopolamine produced only small decreases in rates at high doses. When administered in combination, the effects of apomorphine and haloperidol were antagonistic as were the effects of pilocarpine and scopolamine; the effects of apomorphine or haloperidol predominated, however, when either drug was administered in combination with pilocarpine or scopolamine. The results are consistent with previous work implicating an important role for dopaminergic mechanisms in morphine's reinforcing property.", "contents": "Dopaminergic and cholinergic influences on morphine self-administration in rats. Various doses of apomorphine, haloperidol, pilocarpine and scopolamine were administered i.p. to rats self-administering i.v. morphine (0.4 mg/kg/infusion). Apomorphine, at low doses, increased rates of morphine self-administration and, at high doses, decreased rates. Haloperidol decreased self administration rates with increasing dose. Both pilocarpine and scopolamine produced only small decreases in rates at high doses. When administered in combination, the effects of apomorphine and haloperidol were antagonistic as were the effects of pilocarpine and scopolamine; the effects of apomorphine or haloperidol predominated, however, when either drug was administered in combination with pilocarpine or scopolamine. The results are consistent with previous work implicating an important role for dopaminergic mechanisms in morphine's reinforcing property.", "PMID": 1188183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10748", "title": "The action of isoproterenol on phenylthiourea induced pulmonary edema.", "content": "Isoproterenol inhalation increases the pulmonary edema induced in rats by phenylthiourea. Propranolol decreases this response while phenoxybenzamine has no effect upon it. It is proposed that the observed increase in toxicity is related to the beta-adrenergic effects of the isoproterenol and that the specific mechanism responsible might be an increase in pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure which is secondary to an increase in pulmonary blood flow.", "contents": "The action of isoproterenol on phenylthiourea induced pulmonary edema. Isoproterenol inhalation increases the pulmonary edema induced in rats by phenylthiourea. Propranolol decreases this response while phenoxybenzamine has no effect upon it. It is proposed that the observed increase in toxicity is related to the beta-adrenergic effects of the isoproterenol and that the specific mechanism responsible might be an increase in pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure which is secondary to an increase in pulmonary blood flow.", "PMID": 1188184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10749", "title": "Microsomal O-demethylation, N-demethylation and aromatic hydroxylation in the presence of bisulfite and dithiothreitol.", "content": "Microsomal O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole, N-demethylation of aminopyrine and aromatic hydroxylation of aniline, were not altered by sodium bisulfite or dithiothreitol at concentrations effective for their use as antioxidants. Incorporation of these antioxidants in microsomal metabolism studies should have general utility in preventing decomposition of readily air oxidizable compounds.", "contents": "Microsomal O-demethylation, N-demethylation and aromatic hydroxylation in the presence of bisulfite and dithiothreitol. Microsomal O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole, N-demethylation of aminopyrine and aromatic hydroxylation of aniline, were not altered by sodium bisulfite or dithiothreitol at concentrations effective for their use as antioxidants. Incorporation of these antioxidants in microsomal metabolism studies should have general utility in preventing decomposition of readily air oxidizable compounds.", "PMID": 1188185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10750", "title": "Metabolism of glutethimide in the human.", "content": "Gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques were used to identify metabolites of glutethimide excreted in human urine. In this study three monohydroxy metabolites, a dihydrodiol and three dihydroxy metabolites were detected after ingestion of the drug. The results indicate that the phenyl ring of glutethimide is metabolized by the epoxide-dihydrodiol pathway in the human following chronic administration of the drug.", "contents": "Metabolism of glutethimide in the human. Gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques were used to identify metabolites of glutethimide excreted in human urine. In this study three monohydroxy metabolites, a dihydrodiol and three dihydroxy metabolites were detected after ingestion of the drug. The results indicate that the phenyl ring of glutethimide is metabolized by the epoxide-dihydrodiol pathway in the human following chronic administration of the drug.", "PMID": 1188186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10751", "title": "Isolation and identification of a new metabolite of naltrexone in human blood and urine.", "content": "A new metabolite of naltrexone was isolated from urine and erythrocytes of patients taking 100 mg naltrexone daily. Its tentative structure of 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy naltrexol was derived by analysis of the purified compound using gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, high resolution mass spectrometry and infrared spectrometry. Long bioavailability of the new metabolite is indicated by its slower excretion rate into the urine than naltrexone and beta-naltrexol. The rather high concentration of the new metabolite in the erythrocytes and its solubility in non-polar solvents like benzene demonstrate the ability of this compound to penetrate membranes. These features of the new metabolite suggest that it may contribute to naltrexone's long time course of action.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of a new metabolite of naltrexone in human blood and urine. A new metabolite of naltrexone was isolated from urine and erythrocytes of patients taking 100 mg naltrexone daily. Its tentative structure of 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy naltrexol was derived by analysis of the purified compound using gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, high resolution mass spectrometry and infrared spectrometry. Long bioavailability of the new metabolite is indicated by its slower excretion rate into the urine than naltrexone and beta-naltrexol. The rather high concentration of the new metabolite in the erythrocytes and its solubility in non-polar solvents like benzene demonstrate the ability of this compound to penetrate membranes. These features of the new metabolite suggest that it may contribute to naltrexone's long time course of action.", "PMID": 1188187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10752", "title": "Resuscitation of patients with ischaemic heart disease before admission to hospital.", "content": "This paper provides data about the efficacy of resuscitation before hospital admission of 139 patients with myocardial infarction. Successful resuscitation was effected in 43 (30.9 percent) patients, of whom 29 (20.9 percent) survived and were discharged from hospital. An organizational scheme is given for resuscitation measures before admission, in which the following teams participate: premedical, general first-aid ambulance team and specialized first-aid cardiological team (Mobile Coronary Care Unit, MCCU - definition of World Health Organization). The effectiveness of resuscitation depends upon the patient's age, and the presence and degree of circulatory insufficiency before clinical death. It proved possible to revive successfully patients of advanced age and with proceding mild or moderate acute circulatory insufficiency. Resuscitation was not successful in patients with preceding severe circulatory insufficiency. Blood electrolytes were studied in the post-resuscitation period. There was a statistically significant decline in plasma potassium ion concentration. Potassium salts should be introduced in the form of a polarizing mixture, especially to patients with an irregular cardiac rhythm in the post-resuscitation period. Problems of intracardiac injections of drugs, intubation, and pervenous electric pacing in patients with myocardial infarction during resuscitation are discussed. It has been concluded that the optimum form of resuscitation before admission of patients with myocardial infarction involves rendering maximal aid at the place of occurrence of the infarction.", "contents": "Resuscitation of patients with ischaemic heart disease before admission to hospital. This paper provides data about the efficacy of resuscitation before hospital admission of 139 patients with myocardial infarction. Successful resuscitation was effected in 43 (30.9 percent) patients, of whom 29 (20.9 percent) survived and were discharged from hospital. An organizational scheme is given for resuscitation measures before admission, in which the following teams participate: premedical, general first-aid ambulance team and specialized first-aid cardiological team (Mobile Coronary Care Unit, MCCU - definition of World Health Organization). The effectiveness of resuscitation depends upon the patient's age, and the presence and degree of circulatory insufficiency before clinical death. It proved possible to revive successfully patients of advanced age and with proceding mild or moderate acute circulatory insufficiency. Resuscitation was not successful in patients with preceding severe circulatory insufficiency. Blood electrolytes were studied in the post-resuscitation period. There was a statistically significant decline in plasma potassium ion concentration. Potassium salts should be introduced in the form of a polarizing mixture, especially to patients with an irregular cardiac rhythm in the post-resuscitation period. Problems of intracardiac injections of drugs, intubation, and pervenous electric pacing in patients with myocardial infarction during resuscitation are discussed. It has been concluded that the optimum form of resuscitation before admission of patients with myocardial infarction involves rendering maximal aid at the place of occurrence of the infarction.", "PMID": 1188188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10753", "title": "A review of total brain ischaemia models in dogs and original experiments on clamping the aorta.", "content": "Dog models of total brain ischaemia for the study of pathophysiological mechanisms and post-resuscitative therapy used since 1970 are reviewed. Attempts to produce isolated total cerebral ischaemia in dogs either failed to stop cerebral circulation completely because of the abundance of collateral vessels or involved complex operations with blood loss. Complete airway obstruction resulted in various periods of asphyxia preceding asystole. Total circulatory arrest by ventricular fibrillation for 12 min or longer, resulting in gross neurological deficit, required cardiopulmonary resuscitation of variable duration and often required thoracotomy to restart spontaneous circulation. An acceptable model for short-term studies was obtained by clamping the ascending aorta for 15 min. This resulted in control of perfusion pressure with precise timing of onset and termination of cerebral ischaemia, and an isoelectric electroencephalogram within a mean time of 37 (26-44) s; it retained its ability to restore spontaneous circulation promptly with special supportive therapy, and a severe neurological deficit was evident for 20 h after ischaemia. Reliable total brain ischaemia suitable for long-term survival studies could not be developed in the dog without major surgical procedures, as it has been in the rhesus monkey. Sixteen minutes of high-pressure neck occlusion with a tourniquet and special intensive care resulted in major neurological deficit with survival for at least 7 days, and proved suitable for simultaneous study of neurological, physiological and histological changes.", "contents": "A review of total brain ischaemia models in dogs and original experiments on clamping the aorta. Dog models of total brain ischaemia for the study of pathophysiological mechanisms and post-resuscitative therapy used since 1970 are reviewed. Attempts to produce isolated total cerebral ischaemia in dogs either failed to stop cerebral circulation completely because of the abundance of collateral vessels or involved complex operations with blood loss. Complete airway obstruction resulted in various periods of asphyxia preceding asystole. Total circulatory arrest by ventricular fibrillation for 12 min or longer, resulting in gross neurological deficit, required cardiopulmonary resuscitation of variable duration and often required thoracotomy to restart spontaneous circulation. An acceptable model for short-term studies was obtained by clamping the ascending aorta for 15 min. This resulted in control of perfusion pressure with precise timing of onset and termination of cerebral ischaemia, and an isoelectric electroencephalogram within a mean time of 37 (26-44) s; it retained its ability to restore spontaneous circulation promptly with special supportive therapy, and a severe neurological deficit was evident for 20 h after ischaemia. Reliable total brain ischaemia suitable for long-term survival studies could not be developed in the dog without major surgical procedures, as it has been in the rhesus monkey. Sixteen minutes of high-pressure neck occlusion with a tourniquet and special intensive care resulted in major neurological deficit with survival for at least 7 days, and proved suitable for simultaneous study of neurological, physiological and histological changes.", "PMID": 1188189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10754", "title": "Correlation between acid-base status, concentrations of lactate and of pyruvate in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in patients treated in an intensive care unit.", "content": "Results of examinations of 41 patients treated in an intensive care unit are reported. The patients were divided into three groups and examined on the first and twelfth days of treatment. In the first group were 15 patients who had received circulatory resuscitation, the second group was 13 patients with lesions of the central nervous system of traumatic or vascular origin and the third group was 13 patients with acute respiratory insufficiency of toxic or infective origin. The cerebrospinal fluid of patients in the second group showed the lowest pH (mean pH 7.28) and bicarbonate concentration (19.05 mequiv./1); this group also had the lowest PO2 values. Moderate respiratory alkalosis was observed in the arterial blood of patients with lesions of the central nervous system. Concentrations of lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid were increased in all three groups of patients although blood lactate concentrations were normal. The lactate/pyruvate concentration ratio was highest in the resuscitated patients.", "contents": "Correlation between acid-base status, concentrations of lactate and of pyruvate in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in patients treated in an intensive care unit. Results of examinations of 41 patients treated in an intensive care unit are reported. The patients were divided into three groups and examined on the first and twelfth days of treatment. In the first group were 15 patients who had received circulatory resuscitation, the second group was 13 patients with lesions of the central nervous system of traumatic or vascular origin and the third group was 13 patients with acute respiratory insufficiency of toxic or infective origin. The cerebrospinal fluid of patients in the second group showed the lowest pH (mean pH 7.28) and bicarbonate concentration (19.05 mequiv./1); this group also had the lowest PO2 values. Moderate respiratory alkalosis was observed in the arterial blood of patients with lesions of the central nervous system. Concentrations of lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid were increased in all three groups of patients although blood lactate concentrations were normal. The lactate/pyruvate concentration ratio was highest in the resuscitated patients.", "PMID": 1188190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10755", "title": "A paediatric respiratory intensive care unit in Lagos.", "content": "The respiratory Intensive Care Unit was created at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital in 1963. Experience shows that mortality has been highest in neonates who had congenital anomalies, as well as in children under 2 years of age. The predominant cause of death was preventable respiratory failure. The incidence of mortality was 43 percent. This was related to several factors: (i) the severity of illness, types of illness and antecedent period of neglect; (ii) lack of a critical care medicine programme; (iii) insufficient skilled full-time intensive care personnel, including physicians, nurses, physiotherapists and paramedical specialists; (iv) the high incidence of infection in the Intensive Care Unit.", "contents": "A paediatric respiratory intensive care unit in Lagos. The respiratory Intensive Care Unit was created at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital in 1963. Experience shows that mortality has been highest in neonates who had congenital anomalies, as well as in children under 2 years of age. The predominant cause of death was preventable respiratory failure. The incidence of mortality was 43 percent. This was related to several factors: (i) the severity of illness, types of illness and antecedent period of neglect; (ii) lack of a critical care medicine programme; (iii) insufficient skilled full-time intensive care personnel, including physicians, nurses, physiotherapists and paramedical specialists; (iv) the high incidence of infection in the Intensive Care Unit.", "PMID": 1188191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10756", "title": "Pulmonary oedema in chronic bronchitis - a haemodynamic study.", "content": "Right heart catheterization was performed in ten patients with pulmonary oedema. Mean wedge pressures in excess of 12 mmHg above the mid-axillary line were regarded as abnormal and indicating left heart failure. If the wedge pressure was less than 12 mmHg, and pulmonary congestion was present, frusemide was given. Brief descriptions of the ten cases are given.", "contents": "Pulmonary oedema in chronic bronchitis - a haemodynamic study. Right heart catheterization was performed in ten patients with pulmonary oedema. Mean wedge pressures in excess of 12 mmHg above the mid-axillary line were regarded as abnormal and indicating left heart failure. If the wedge pressure was less than 12 mmHg, and pulmonary congestion was present, frusemide was given. Brief descriptions of the ten cases are given.", "PMID": 1188192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10757", "title": "Effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on cerebral vasomotor tone in acute intracranial hypertension: an experimental study.", "content": "The effects of hyperbaric oxygenation with 2 atm. pressure and 100 percent oxygen on cerebrovascular tone were assessed by the reactivity of the cerebral vessels to CO2 and vasomotor capacitance index (the cranial pressure divided by the mean arterial pressure) in 50 anaesthetized artifically ventilated dogs, in which intracranial pressure was raised by slow inflation of an extradural balloon. Hyperbaric oxygenation reduced the intracranial pressure only at the stage when the cerebral vessels were still responsive to CO2, as indicated by a rise in intracranial pressure of 30-70 mmHg; under these circumstances, both the reactivity of CO2 and the vasoconstrictor tone of cerebral vessels were improved by hyperbaric oxygenation. At this stage, rapid decrease of the intracranial pressure produced by deflation of the extradual balloon showed no rebound, and hyperbaric oxygenation rapidly restored the vasomotor tone. When CO2 failed to influence the intracranial pressure of about 100 mmHg hyperbaric oxygenation did not aid the recovery of the reactivity of the cerebral vessels to CO2 or the vasoconstrictor tone. In extreme intracranial hypertension (above 100 mmHg) when there was reactivity to CO2 and the electroencephalogram was flat, rapid balloon deflation was followed by a further gradual increase of intracranial pressure and hyperbaric oxygenation did not restore the cerebrovascular tone. The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation in experimental intracranial hypertension appeared to be dependent upon the vasoconstrictor tone of the cerebral vessels, which would be indicated by a vasodilator response to CO2.", "contents": "Effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on cerebral vasomotor tone in acute intracranial hypertension: an experimental study. The effects of hyperbaric oxygenation with 2 atm. pressure and 100 percent oxygen on cerebrovascular tone were assessed by the reactivity of the cerebral vessels to CO2 and vasomotor capacitance index (the cranial pressure divided by the mean arterial pressure) in 50 anaesthetized artifically ventilated dogs, in which intracranial pressure was raised by slow inflation of an extradural balloon. Hyperbaric oxygenation reduced the intracranial pressure only at the stage when the cerebral vessels were still responsive to CO2, as indicated by a rise in intracranial pressure of 30-70 mmHg; under these circumstances, both the reactivity of CO2 and the vasoconstrictor tone of cerebral vessels were improved by hyperbaric oxygenation. At this stage, rapid decrease of the intracranial pressure produced by deflation of the extradual balloon showed no rebound, and hyperbaric oxygenation rapidly restored the vasomotor tone. When CO2 failed to influence the intracranial pressure of about 100 mmHg hyperbaric oxygenation did not aid the recovery of the reactivity of the cerebral vessels to CO2 or the vasoconstrictor tone. In extreme intracranial hypertension (above 100 mmHg) when there was reactivity to CO2 and the electroencephalogram was flat, rapid balloon deflation was followed by a further gradual increase of intracranial pressure and hyperbaric oxygenation did not restore the cerebrovascular tone. The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation in experimental intracranial hypertension appeared to be dependent upon the vasoconstrictor tone of the cerebral vessels, which would be indicated by a vasodilator response to CO2.", "PMID": 1188193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10758", "title": "Enzymes in the cerebrospinal fluid in diagnosis of brain death.", "content": "The increase of enzymes in the cerebrospinal fluid is shown to indicate an adverse prognosis, with the implication of irreversibility. The massive increase of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase and the appearance of alkaline phosphatases in a sample of cerebrospinal fluid in which the cytology is normal constitute an easy and reliable test for brain death. The increase in lactate dehydrogenase fraction V and lysozyme in cerebrospinal fluid supports the macrophagic origin of these enzymes.", "contents": "Enzymes in the cerebrospinal fluid in diagnosis of brain death. The increase of enzymes in the cerebrospinal fluid is shown to indicate an adverse prognosis, with the implication of irreversibility. The massive increase of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase and the appearance of alkaline phosphatases in a sample of cerebrospinal fluid in which the cytology is normal constitute an easy and reliable test for brain death. The increase in lactate dehydrogenase fraction V and lysozyme in cerebrospinal fluid supports the macrophagic origin of these enzymes.", "PMID": 1188194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10759", "title": "The progressive response of the newborn infant to added respiratory loads.", "content": "The responses of 10 normal full-term infants to 10-sec airway occlusions at functional residual capacity were studied. The responses were quantified by measuring the pressure generated on successive inspiratory efforts following occlusions in room air and 100% oxygen. The response after oxygen breathing was 30-40% less than after air breathing, indicating that hypoxia accounted for part of the response. There was an increase in the response in air from the first to the fourth day of life. Endtidal carbon dioxide tension was shown to increase during the occlusion, but the response remaining after hypoxia was eliminated may not have been due entirely to hypercapnea. We conclude that the compensatory response of the infant to added respiratory loads is in part due to hypoxia, and that the hypoxic response increases over the first week of life.", "contents": "The progressive response of the newborn infant to added respiratory loads. The responses of 10 normal full-term infants to 10-sec airway occlusions at functional residual capacity were studied. The responses were quantified by measuring the pressure generated on successive inspiratory efforts following occlusions in room air and 100% oxygen. The response after oxygen breathing was 30-40% less than after air breathing, indicating that hypoxia accounted for part of the response. There was an increase in the response in air from the first to the fourth day of life. Endtidal carbon dioxide tension was shown to increase during the occlusion, but the response remaining after hypoxia was eliminated may not have been due entirely to hypercapnea. We conclude that the compensatory response of the infant to added respiratory loads is in part due to hypoxia, and that the hypoxic response increases over the first week of life.", "PMID": 1188195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10760", "title": "Effect of inspiratory resistance of occlusion pressure in hypoxia and hypercapnia.", "content": "The authors measured ventilation and the mouth pressure developed during the first 0.1 sec of inspiratory effort against a closed airway (P 0.1) in response to normoxic hypercapnia and normocapnic hypoxia, with and without added inspiratory resistance. Hypercapneic responses were elicited by a steady-state technique, hypoxic responses by a non-steady-state technique. External resistance depressed the ventilatory response to CO2 but in general augmented the P 0.1 response. The degree of change of response was not predictable on the basis of the response in the absence of resistance. Hypoxic ventilatory response was also diminished by resistance and P 0.1 increased. The authors concluded that in normal subjects added inspiratory resistance increased inspiratory drive as assessed by P 0.1.", "contents": "Effect of inspiratory resistance of occlusion pressure in hypoxia and hypercapnia. The authors measured ventilation and the mouth pressure developed during the first 0.1 sec of inspiratory effort against a closed airway (P 0.1) in response to normoxic hypercapnia and normocapnic hypoxia, with and without added inspiratory resistance. Hypercapneic responses were elicited by a steady-state technique, hypoxic responses by a non-steady-state technique. External resistance depressed the ventilatory response to CO2 but in general augmented the P 0.1 response. The degree of change of response was not predictable on the basis of the response in the absence of resistance. Hypoxic ventilatory response was also diminished by resistance and P 0.1 increased. The authors concluded that in normal subjects added inspiratory resistance increased inspiratory drive as assessed by P 0.1.", "PMID": 1188196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10761", "title": "Tonic vagal influences on inspiratory duration.", "content": "The tidal volume (VT), inspiratory (Ti) and expiratory (Te) durations were determined in anesthetized rabbits, cats and dogs under normal conditions, during continuous positive or negative pressure breathing. Elastic loads up to complete occlusion of the airways were applied in order to determine the VT-Ti and Te-Ti relationships. The larger the end-expiratory lung volume the steeper the VT-Ti relationship, the smaller the increase of Ti and the greater the increase of Te produced by the load. Hence, the larger the end-expiratory lung volume the steeper the Te-Ti relationship. In vagotomized animals airways occlusion did not affect Ti and Te. Ti of occluded breaths in vagotomized animals was longer than that of occluded breaths in intact animals, whereas Te was similar at the resting volume of the respiratory system (FRC), shorter above FRC and longer below FRC. These results show that both phasic and tonic vagal discharges determine Ti and Te.", "contents": "Tonic vagal influences on inspiratory duration. The tidal volume (VT), inspiratory (Ti) and expiratory (Te) durations were determined in anesthetized rabbits, cats and dogs under normal conditions, during continuous positive or negative pressure breathing. Elastic loads up to complete occlusion of the airways were applied in order to determine the VT-Ti and Te-Ti relationships. The larger the end-expiratory lung volume the steeper the VT-Ti relationship, the smaller the increase of Ti and the greater the increase of Te produced by the load. Hence, the larger the end-expiratory lung volume the steeper the Te-Ti relationship. In vagotomized animals airways occlusion did not affect Ti and Te. Ti of occluded breaths in vagotomized animals was longer than that of occluded breaths in intact animals, whereas Te was similar at the resting volume of the respiratory system (FRC), shorter above FRC and longer below FRC. These results show that both phasic and tonic vagal discharges determine Ti and Te.", "PMID": 1188197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10762", "title": "Nitrogen exchange across the lungs in resting man.", "content": "The relationship between the partial pressure of N2 in the inspired air (PIN2), and the nitrogen transfer across the lungs (VN2), has been examined in 8 resting subjects, and a study made of the effect of diet upon this relationship. Alterations in PIN2, over the range 60 mm Hg below, to 20 mm Hg above ambient PIN2, caused changes in VN2 which could be described by a linear equation. These changes agreed both in magnitude and direction with those predicted by a four-compartment electrical analogue of the body N2 stores. They were not affected by the protein content of a meal taken 3/4 hr before the start of measurements of VN2. The study has shown that any imbalance in N2 transfer across the lungs is very small and that the open-circuit method of measuring O2 consumption is valid.", "contents": "Nitrogen exchange across the lungs in resting man. The relationship between the partial pressure of N2 in the inspired air (PIN2), and the nitrogen transfer across the lungs (VN2), has been examined in 8 resting subjects, and a study made of the effect of diet upon this relationship. Alterations in PIN2, over the range 60 mm Hg below, to 20 mm Hg above ambient PIN2, caused changes in VN2 which could be described by a linear equation. These changes agreed both in magnitude and direction with those predicted by a four-compartment electrical analogue of the body N2 stores. They were not affected by the protein content of a meal taken 3/4 hr before the start of measurements of VN2. The study has shown that any imbalance in N2 transfer across the lungs is very small and that the open-circuit method of measuring O2 consumption is valid.", "PMID": 1188198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10763", "title": "Hematological and biochemical effects of chronic CO exposure on the Japanese quail.", "content": "Japanese Quail were exposed to a concentration of 300 to 350 ppm CO to maintain an equilibrium carboxyhemoglobin concentration of 30% for a period of 4 weeks. Compared to a control group of birds maintained in an identical chamber, the CO-exposed quail demonstrated increases in hematocrit ratio and hemoglobin concentration. At the end of the exposure period, the CO-exposed quail had significantly larger plasma and blood volumes, slight but significant right ventricular hypertrophy and higher fasting plasma glucose concentrations than the control birds. Cardiac and skeletal muscle carbohydrate stores were not affected by chronic CO exposure.", "contents": "Hematological and biochemical effects of chronic CO exposure on the Japanese quail. Japanese Quail were exposed to a concentration of 300 to 350 ppm CO to maintain an equilibrium carboxyhemoglobin concentration of 30% for a period of 4 weeks. Compared to a control group of birds maintained in an identical chamber, the CO-exposed quail demonstrated increases in hematocrit ratio and hemoglobin concentration. At the end of the exposure period, the CO-exposed quail had significantly larger plasma and blood volumes, slight but significant right ventricular hypertrophy and higher fasting plasma glucose concentrations than the control birds. Cardiac and skeletal muscle carbohydrate stores were not affected by chronic CO exposure.", "PMID": 1188199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10764", "title": "Effect of surgical stress on the distribution of placental blood flows.", "content": "The distribution of the uterine and umbilical blood flows over the surface of the placenta was measured in 9 near-term sheep in an effort to assess the effects of surgical stress. The blood flows were observed to be relatively evenly distributed over the surface of the placenta. It was determined that the heterogeneity of distributions observed in the study could have caused the transplacental clearance of a very diffusible molecule to decrease by no more than 2 0/0. It is concluded that at the macroscopic level, in both the acute and chronic conditions, the uterine and umbilical blood flows of the near-term sheep are relatively evenly distributed over the surface of the placenta and that this distribution per se does not significantly contribute to transplacental concentration gradients.", "contents": "Effect of surgical stress on the distribution of placental blood flows. The distribution of the uterine and umbilical blood flows over the surface of the placenta was measured in 9 near-term sheep in an effort to assess the effects of surgical stress. The blood flows were observed to be relatively evenly distributed over the surface of the placenta. It was determined that the heterogeneity of distributions observed in the study could have caused the transplacental clearance of a very diffusible molecule to decrease by no more than 2 0/0. It is concluded that at the macroscopic level, in both the acute and chronic conditions, the uterine and umbilical blood flows of the near-term sheep are relatively evenly distributed over the surface of the placenta and that this distribution per se does not significantly contribute to transplacental concentration gradients.", "PMID": 1188200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10765", "title": "Effect of gas density and ventilatory pattern of steady-state co uptake by the lung.", "content": "The steady-state uptake of carbon monoxide was measured in five normal subjects to study stratified inhomogeneity of gases in the pulmonary airways. An attempt was made to assess the effect of stratified inhomogeneity by varying the physical properties of the inspired gases and the depth and rate of ventilation by the subjects. Twelve different controlled patterns of breathing were followed by each subject on each of three gas mixtures (20% O2 with N2, He and SF6 plus 0.04% CO in each case). The experimental results show that CO uptake was significantly different when breathing the different density gases but that it was always greatest from the most dense gas SF6 and least from He. If the uptake of CO from the inspired gas across the alveolar membrane were controlled by simple molecular diffusion then as gas density decreases uptake would increase. As inspiratory flow rate was increased there was an almost linear increase in CO uptake for each gas mixture with a difference in uptake between the different-density gases which became most marked at the higher flow rates. Flow rate was increased in two ways: by maintaining tidal volume and altering breathing frequency or by maintaining frequency and altering tidal volume. The results for the two extremes, helium and SF6, indicated a difference between these methods of increasing flow rate. In the case of SF6, doubling the flow rate by increasing breathing frequency gave an uptake only marginally lower than doubling the depth of penetration. With helium, however, it was necessary to treble the frequency to obtain the increment of CO uptake achieved by doubling the depth of penetration. The experimental observations are explained by the use of a model based on Taylor dispersion in the conducting airways. The conclusion is that the results confirm the presence of significant stratified inhomogeneity in the airways of the lung.", "contents": "Effect of gas density and ventilatory pattern of steady-state co uptake by the lung. The steady-state uptake of carbon monoxide was measured in five normal subjects to study stratified inhomogeneity of gases in the pulmonary airways. An attempt was made to assess the effect of stratified inhomogeneity by varying the physical properties of the inspired gases and the depth and rate of ventilation by the subjects. Twelve different controlled patterns of breathing were followed by each subject on each of three gas mixtures (20% O2 with N2, He and SF6 plus 0.04% CO in each case). The experimental results show that CO uptake was significantly different when breathing the different density gases but that it was always greatest from the most dense gas SF6 and least from He. If the uptake of CO from the inspired gas across the alveolar membrane were controlled by simple molecular diffusion then as gas density decreases uptake would increase. As inspiratory flow rate was increased there was an almost linear increase in CO uptake for each gas mixture with a difference in uptake between the different-density gases which became most marked at the higher flow rates. Flow rate was increased in two ways: by maintaining tidal volume and altering breathing frequency or by maintaining frequency and altering tidal volume. The results for the two extremes, helium and SF6, indicated a difference between these methods of increasing flow rate. In the case of SF6, doubling the flow rate by increasing breathing frequency gave an uptake only marginally lower than doubling the depth of penetration. With helium, however, it was necessary to treble the frequency to obtain the increment of CO uptake achieved by doubling the depth of penetration. The experimental observations are explained by the use of a model based on Taylor dispersion in the conducting airways. The conclusion is that the results confirm the presence of significant stratified inhomogeneity in the airways of the lung.", "PMID": 1188201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10766", "title": "[Intracerebral hematoma in gamma-angio-encephalography].", "content": "The radionuclide angiography, of gamma-angio-encephalography (gamma-A.E.G.), a non invasive method, is able to bring specific information for the diagnosis of intracerbral hematoma (I.C.H.). In 25 out of 32 verified cases of I.C.H. the rapid sequential imaging shows from the arterocapillary time a deeply seated avascular area, which is a quite different aspect from the defect observed in ischemic A.C.V., or malignant tumors. The transit curves confirm the regional of circulating blood pool.", "contents": "[Intracerebral hematoma in gamma-angio-encephalography]. The radionuclide angiography, of gamma-angio-encephalography (gamma-A.E.G.), a non invasive method, is able to bring specific information for the diagnosis of intracerbral hematoma (I.C.H.). In 25 out of 32 verified cases of I.C.H. the rapid sequential imaging shows from the arterocapillary time a deeply seated avascular area, which is a quite different aspect from the defect observed in ischemic A.C.V., or malignant tumors. The transit curves confirm the regional of circulating blood pool.", "PMID": 1188236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10767", "title": "[Transcortical aphasia and echolalia; problems of speech initiative].", "content": "Transcortical aphasia accompanied by echolalia occurs with malacias involving the postero-median part of the frontal lobe which includes the supplementary motor field of Penfield and is nourished by the anterior cerebral artery. The syndrome manifests itself in such cases even in fine detials in the same form as does in Pick's atrophy. The same also holds true for cases in which a tumour involves the region mentioned. Sentences or fragments of sentences are echolalised; tendency to perseveration is very marked. It is hardly, if at all, possible to evaluate the verbal understanding of these patients. Analysis of their behaviour supports the assumption that they have not lost the adaptation to some situations. Echolalia is often associated with forced grasping and other compulsory phenomena. Therefore, it may be interpreted as a sign of disinhibition of the acusticomotor reflex present during the development of the speech. Competition between the intentionality and the appearance of compulsory phenomena greatly depends on the general condition of the patient, particularly on the clarity of consciousness. The integrity of the postero-median part of the frontal lobe is indespensable for a normal reaction by speech to stimuli received from the sensory areas. The influence of the supplementary motor field on speech intention seems to be linked to the dominant hemisphere. In case lesions of the territory of the anterior cerebral artery and the cortico-bulbar neuron system are coexisting in the dominant hemisphere, the speech disturbance shifts to complete motor aphasia. In such cases the pathomechanism is analogous to that of the syndrome of Liepmann, i.e., right-sided hemiparesis with left-sided apraxia. So-called transcortical motor aphasia without echolalia can be caused by loss of stimuli from the sensory fields.", "contents": "[Transcortical aphasia and echolalia; problems of speech initiative]. Transcortical aphasia accompanied by echolalia occurs with malacias involving the postero-median part of the frontal lobe which includes the supplementary motor field of Penfield and is nourished by the anterior cerebral artery. The syndrome manifests itself in such cases even in fine detials in the same form as does in Pick's atrophy. The same also holds true for cases in which a tumour involves the region mentioned. Sentences or fragments of sentences are echolalised; tendency to perseveration is very marked. It is hardly, if at all, possible to evaluate the verbal understanding of these patients. Analysis of their behaviour supports the assumption that they have not lost the adaptation to some situations. Echolalia is often associated with forced grasping and other compulsory phenomena. Therefore, it may be interpreted as a sign of disinhibition of the acusticomotor reflex present during the development of the speech. Competition between the intentionality and the appearance of compulsory phenomena greatly depends on the general condition of the patient, particularly on the clarity of consciousness. The integrity of the postero-median part of the frontal lobe is indespensable for a normal reaction by speech to stimuli received from the sensory areas. The influence of the supplementary motor field on speech intention seems to be linked to the dominant hemisphere. In case lesions of the territory of the anterior cerebral artery and the cortico-bulbar neuron system are coexisting in the dominant hemisphere, the speech disturbance shifts to complete motor aphasia. In such cases the pathomechanism is analogous to that of the syndrome of Liepmann, i.e., right-sided hemiparesis with left-sided apraxia. So-called transcortical motor aphasia without echolalia can be caused by loss of stimuli from the sensory fields.", "PMID": 1188237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10768", "title": "[Rapid injection technique as a routine for the IVP (results of 144 examinations with various contrast media) (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on experience with routinely used rapid injection technique for IVP's with various contrast media at present on sale. Side effects and quality of contrast are compared. The methylglutaminsalt of Ioxitalamin acid has least side-effects, but for contrast, particularly its persistence in time-consuming examinations, it is inferior to the sodium-methyl-glucamin salt mixtures (here the Ioxitalamin and Amidotrizoe-acids). The importance of routine use of the rapid injection technique for problems of hypertension and the additional information made possible are emphasized.", "contents": "[Rapid injection technique as a routine for the IVP (results of 144 examinations with various contrast media) (author's transl)]. Report on experience with routinely used rapid injection technique for IVP's with various contrast media at present on sale. Side effects and quality of contrast are compared. The methylglutaminsalt of Ioxitalamin acid has least side-effects, but for contrast, particularly its persistence in time-consuming examinations, it is inferior to the sodium-methyl-glucamin salt mixtures (here the Ioxitalamin and Amidotrizoe-acids). The importance of routine use of the rapid injection technique for problems of hypertension and the additional information made possible are emphasized.", "PMID": 1188261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10769", "title": "[Radiologic diagnosis of mega-ureter in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "For the radiologic diagnosis of mega-ureter the degree of filling of the bladder (bladder-phenomenon) in the IVP has to be considered. A film, after emptying the bladder, prevents mistaken diagnosis. In order to prove reflux a micturition cystogram will always have to be done. The diuretic effect of the contrast medium has to be taken into account. For a differential diagnosis mega-ureter has to be distinguished from functional distension (hypotonia) in the presence of infection or increased diuresis.", "contents": "[Radiologic diagnosis of mega-ureter in childhood (author's transl)]. For the radiologic diagnosis of mega-ureter the degree of filling of the bladder (bladder-phenomenon) in the IVP has to be considered. A film, after emptying the bladder, prevents mistaken diagnosis. In order to prove reflux a micturition cystogram will always have to be done. The diuretic effect of the contrast medium has to be taken into account. For a differential diagnosis mega-ureter has to be distinguished from functional distension (hypotonia) in the presence of infection or increased diuresis.", "PMID": 1188262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10770", "title": "[Technique, complications, possible misinterpretations and indications of retrograde renal phlebography (author's transl)].", "content": "A chronological survey is given of the gradual development of retrograde renal phlebography whereby the different techniques are contraste with each other in detail. Today's method of choice is the retrograde selective visualization of renal veins using the Seldinger procedure via the femoral vein, with or without pharmacological influence and applying larger doses of contrast medium (up to 30 ml) and higher injection pressures (up to 6 kg/cm2). Indications for simple and for pharmacophlebography are specified and exemplified by means of a scheme. Possible complications and misinterpretations are discussed.", "contents": "[Technique, complications, possible misinterpretations and indications of retrograde renal phlebography (author's transl)]. A chronological survey is given of the gradual development of retrograde renal phlebography whereby the different techniques are contraste with each other in detail. Today's method of choice is the retrograde selective visualization of renal veins using the Seldinger procedure via the femoral vein, with or without pharmacological influence and applying larger doses of contrast medium (up to 30 ml) and higher injection pressures (up to 6 kg/cm2). Indications for simple and for pharmacophlebography are specified and exemplified by means of a scheme. Possible complications and misinterpretations are discussed.", "PMID": 1188263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10771", "title": "[Radiologic diagnosis of secondaries of tumors of the testicle (author's transl)].", "content": "For the radiologic diagnosis of secondaries of testicular tumors we use conventional plain films of chest and abdomen, IVP or infusion urography, tomography of the retroperitoneal space with or without contrast media and, according to the suspected site of metastases, further special radiologic techniques like lymphography, cavography, azygography, venography of the lumbar vein or, occasionally, aortography. The techniques are described, their value and limits discussed.", "contents": "[Radiologic diagnosis of secondaries of tumors of the testicle (author's transl)]. For the radiologic diagnosis of secondaries of testicular tumors we use conventional plain films of chest and abdomen, IVP or infusion urography, tomography of the retroperitoneal space with or without contrast media and, according to the suspected site of metastases, further special radiologic techniques like lymphography, cavography, azygography, venography of the lumbar vein or, occasionally, aortography. The techniques are described, their value and limits discussed.", "PMID": 1188264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10772", "title": "[Radiologic diagnosis of retroperitoneal fibrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of the various radiologic techniques for the diagnosis and follow-up of retroperitoneal fibrosis are discussed on the basis of two case reports and an analysis of 48 patients. The most important technique is the IVP with breathing and profile exposures. AP and lateral pre-operative retrograde pyelography is often essential for the diagnosis. Cavography and arteriogram should always be done in this condition, since they permit assessment of vascular compression and extension distally of the fibrosis. MDP and contrast enema should be employed, if the signs warrant it. These radiologic techniques permit, when positive, combined surgical planning by various surgical specialists.", "contents": "[Radiologic diagnosis of retroperitoneal fibrosis (author's transl)]. The value of the various radiologic techniques for the diagnosis and follow-up of retroperitoneal fibrosis are discussed on the basis of two case reports and an analysis of 48 patients. The most important technique is the IVP with breathing and profile exposures. AP and lateral pre-operative retrograde pyelography is often essential for the diagnosis. Cavography and arteriogram should always be done in this condition, since they permit assessment of vascular compression and extension distally of the fibrosis. MDP and contrast enema should be employed, if the signs warrant it. These radiologic techniques permit, when positive, combined surgical planning by various surgical specialists.", "PMID": 1188265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10773", "title": "[Aneurysmatic changes of renal arteries in the angiogram (author's transl)].", "content": "10 out of 1600 angiographies of the kidneys or abdominal aortograms showed a renal aneurysm and in one patient an arterio-venous fistula following renal biopsy. Renal artery aneurysms are found mainly at the branching of the main renal artery. Fibromuscular dysplasia plays a large part in its development. Because of the danger of rupture every renal aneurysm should, if possible, be treated by surgery.", "contents": "[Aneurysmatic changes of renal arteries in the angiogram (author's transl)]. 10 out of 1600 angiographies of the kidneys or abdominal aortograms showed a renal aneurysm and in one patient an arterio-venous fistula following renal biopsy. Renal artery aneurysms are found mainly at the branching of the main renal artery. Fibromuscular dysplasia plays a large part in its development. Because of the danger of rupture every renal aneurysm should, if possible, be treated by surgery.", "PMID": 1188266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10774", "title": "[Partial thoracic renal ectopy (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on a case of his own the author surveys the literature of this rare condition. He discusses its clinical importance, the differential diagnosis from a lung shadow placed on the diaphragm and the distinction between congenital and posttraumatic displacement. An IVP will settle the diagnosis. Unless there are symptoms, operative correction is not needed.", "contents": "[Partial thoracic renal ectopy (author's transl)]. Based on a case of his own the author surveys the literature of this rare condition. He discusses its clinical importance, the differential diagnosis from a lung shadow placed on the diaphragm and the distinction between congenital and posttraumatic displacement. An IVP will settle the diagnosis. Unless there are symptoms, operative correction is not needed.", "PMID": 1188267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10775", "title": "Urinary albumin excretion during exercise in juvenile diabetes. A provocation test for early abnormalities.", "content": "Urinary albumin excretion during exercise was measured with a radioimmunological method in a group of 13 young male diabetic patients and in a comparable control group. The duration of diabetes was 2-18 years; they had no proteinuria (Albustix\u00bf) and no other signs of renal disease. There was no difference in the basal albumin excretion. In the diabetics the average albumin excretion was doubled during exercise at 600 kpm/min for 20 min, from 9.1 mug/min to 18.7 mug/min (P less than 0.005). No significant change was seen in the controls. These results strongly suggest that abnormal glomerular filter properties are present in patients with relatively short duration of diabetes - that is, in patients who are known to have thickened glomerular basement membrane. The exercise provocation test may be useful in other fields of renal pathophysiology.", "contents": "Urinary albumin excretion during exercise in juvenile diabetes. A provocation test for early abnormalities. Urinary albumin excretion during exercise was measured with a radioimmunological method in a group of 13 young male diabetic patients and in a comparable control group. The duration of diabetes was 2-18 years; they had no proteinuria (Albustix\u00bf) and no other signs of renal disease. There was no difference in the basal albumin excretion. In the diabetics the average albumin excretion was doubled during exercise at 600 kpm/min for 20 min, from 9.1 mug/min to 18.7 mug/min (P less than 0.005). No significant change was seen in the controls. These results strongly suggest that abnormal glomerular filter properties are present in patients with relatively short duration of diabetes - that is, in patients who are known to have thickened glomerular basement membrane. The exercise provocation test may be useful in other fields of renal pathophysiology.", "PMID": 1188285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10776", "title": "[131I]Hippuran renography in normal subjects and in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "Seventeen normal subjects and 21 patients with essential hypertension were examined by [131I]hippuran renography. Both groups were studied twice on the same day, first in a state of moderate dehydration and then after rehydration. From these data, four sets of reference intervals were established for several renographic parameters. Differences between the two groups were defined. The most impressive observation was a greater functional disparity between the two kidneys of one individual in the group of hypertensive patients, particularly when in a state of moderate volume depletion. This was reflected in a greater variance of certain kidney-to-kidney ratios derived from the renographic tracings. This article presents basic data to be utilized in clinical renography, as described in an accompanying article.", "contents": "[131I]Hippuran renography in normal subjects and in patients with essential hypertension. Seventeen normal subjects and 21 patients with essential hypertension were examined by [131I]hippuran renography. Both groups were studied twice on the same day, first in a state of moderate dehydration and then after rehydration. From these data, four sets of reference intervals were established for several renographic parameters. Differences between the two groups were defined. The most impressive observation was a greater functional disparity between the two kidneys of one individual in the group of hypertensive patients, particularly when in a state of moderate volume depletion. This was reflected in a greater variance of certain kidney-to-kidney ratios derived from the renographic tracings. This article presents basic data to be utilized in clinical renography, as described in an accompanying article.", "PMID": 1188286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10777", "title": "Diagnostic value of renography for detection of unilateral renal or renovascular disease in hypertensive patients.", "content": "In an effort to find an optimal set of renographic reference parameters for the study of hypertensive patients, the renographic data from 50 hypertensive patients with unilateral renal or renovascular disease were assessed against 95% confidence intervals obtained in normal subjects and in patients with essential hypertension in two different states of hydration. The highest all-over nosographic sensitivity and specificity were obtained by using the data from hydrated normal subjects as reference parameters. The nosographic sensitivity and specificity found in the selected series of hypertensive patients were converted to the clinically relevant predictive values of a positive and a negative test by assuming the prevalence of unilateral renal or renovascular disease in hospital populations of hypertensive patients to be 5% or 10%. In these model populations the predictive value of a postive was 33% and 51%, respectively. The predictive value of a negative test was higher than 99% for both populations. We find that predictive values of that order of magnitude are satisfactory for a test to be used in the initial phase of a diagnostic process.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of renography for detection of unilateral renal or renovascular disease in hypertensive patients. In an effort to find an optimal set of renographic reference parameters for the study of hypertensive patients, the renographic data from 50 hypertensive patients with unilateral renal or renovascular disease were assessed against 95% confidence intervals obtained in normal subjects and in patients with essential hypertension in two different states of hydration. The highest all-over nosographic sensitivity and specificity were obtained by using the data from hydrated normal subjects as reference parameters. The nosographic sensitivity and specificity found in the selected series of hypertensive patients were converted to the clinically relevant predictive values of a positive and a negative test by assuming the prevalence of unilateral renal or renovascular disease in hospital populations of hypertensive patients to be 5% or 10%. In these model populations the predictive value of a postive was 33% and 51%, respectively. The predictive value of a negative test was higher than 99% for both populations. We find that predictive values of that order of magnitude are satisfactory for a test to be used in the initial phase of a diagnostic process.", "PMID": 1188287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10778", "title": "Cardiovascular and renal responses to acute cold exposure in water-loaded man.", "content": "Changes in oxygen uptake, cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume, central blood volume, arteriovenous oxygen difference, aortic, pulmonary arterial, and right atrial blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, hematocrit, circulating plasma volume, urine flow, fractional sodium excretion, and free water clearance were studied in eight healthy volunteers in stable water diuresis, exposed to cold by means of air at +15 degrees C and at a speed of 0.5 m/sec. A decrease in circulating plasma volume and systemic vascular resistance was found during cold stress. Mean aortic blood pressure, sodium excretion, cardiac output, oxygen uptake, arteriovenous oxygen difference, and hematocrit increased. No changes in urine flow or in clearance of free water could be demonstrated. Heart rate, stroke volume, and central blood volume showed significant increases in cold. The results are interpreted to suggest that exposure to cold raises the arterial blood pressure by an increase in cardiac output, thereby increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure in certain vascular areas, including the renal vascular bed. This negatively affects capillary reabsorption processes in the kidney, causing a reduction in tubular sodium reabsorption, thus giving rise to a natriuresis. In other areas it seems to cause a shift of fluid towards the intersitial space.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and renal responses to acute cold exposure in water-loaded man. Changes in oxygen uptake, cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume, central blood volume, arteriovenous oxygen difference, aortic, pulmonary arterial, and right atrial blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, hematocrit, circulating plasma volume, urine flow, fractional sodium excretion, and free water clearance were studied in eight healthy volunteers in stable water diuresis, exposed to cold by means of air at +15 degrees C and at a speed of 0.5 m/sec. A decrease in circulating plasma volume and systemic vascular resistance was found during cold stress. Mean aortic blood pressure, sodium excretion, cardiac output, oxygen uptake, arteriovenous oxygen difference, and hematocrit increased. No changes in urine flow or in clearance of free water could be demonstrated. Heart rate, stroke volume, and central blood volume showed significant increases in cold. The results are interpreted to suggest that exposure to cold raises the arterial blood pressure by an increase in cardiac output, thereby increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure in certain vascular areas, including the renal vascular bed. This negatively affects capillary reabsorption processes in the kidney, causing a reduction in tubular sodium reabsorption, thus giving rise to a natriuresis. In other areas it seems to cause a shift of fluid towards the intersitial space.", "PMID": 1188288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10779", "title": "Tubular sodium handling in cold-exposed man during inhibition of distal tubular reabsorption of sodium.", "content": "In 8 healthy volunteers in stable water diuresis, exposed to cold at +15 degrees C for 60 min, changes in excretion and tubular reabsorption of sodium and osmoles were studied by the clearance technique during inhibition of distal tubular sodium reabsorption following chlorothiazide infusion at 2 mg/kg/hr. Inhibition of distal tubular sodium reabsorption by chlorothiazide increased fractional sodium excretion to 6.5% and fractional excretion of osmoles to 7.5% of the filtered amount. The superimposed cold exposure did not further increase these figures, despite a significant cold-induced increase in arterial blood pressure.", "contents": "Tubular sodium handling in cold-exposed man during inhibition of distal tubular reabsorption of sodium. In 8 healthy volunteers in stable water diuresis, exposed to cold at +15 degrees C for 60 min, changes in excretion and tubular reabsorption of sodium and osmoles were studied by the clearance technique during inhibition of distal tubular sodium reabsorption following chlorothiazide infusion at 2 mg/kg/hr. Inhibition of distal tubular sodium reabsorption by chlorothiazide increased fractional sodium excretion to 6.5% and fractional excretion of osmoles to 7.5% of the filtered amount. The superimposed cold exposure did not further increase these figures, despite a significant cold-induced increase in arterial blood pressure.", "PMID": 1188289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10780", "title": "Bone mineral content in the forearm measured by photon absorptiometry. Principles and reliability.", "content": "A method for estimating total bone calcium is reported. The method is based on two-dimensional scanning photon absorptiometry on the distal part of the forearm. The following factors are investigated: precision of measurements on standards and human subjects; linearity; the effect of varying bone orientation; amount of fat and soft tissue; and the relation between weight and content of calcium and phosphate. The results show that the method is eminently suitable for rapid, easy, and atraumatic measurement of local bone calcium in vivo.", "contents": "Bone mineral content in the forearm measured by photon absorptiometry. Principles and reliability. A method for estimating total bone calcium is reported. The method is based on two-dimensional scanning photon absorptiometry on the distal part of the forearm. The following factors are investigated: precision of measurements on standards and human subjects; linearity; the effect of varying bone orientation; amount of fat and soft tissue; and the relation between weight and content of calcium and phosphate. The results show that the method is eminently suitable for rapid, easy, and atraumatic measurement of local bone calcium in vivo.", "PMID": 1188290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10781", "title": "Inactivation of glycogen phosphorylase of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Glycogen phosphorylase of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes is dephosphorylated during incubation of a gel-filtered cell extract. The dephosphorylated enzyme (b form) retains 25 per cent of the activity of the phosphoenzyme (a form) when measured without AMP but a high glucose-1-phosphate concentrations. The ratio of activity -AMP/+AMP for the a enzyme is 0.8-1.0 and for the b enzyme 0.2. Leukocyte phosphorylase is not activated by -SH groups, but the b enzyme is stimulated by 0.4 mol/1 Na2SO4. The phosphatase which catalyzes the conversion of phosphorylase a to b is inhibited by glucose-1-phosphate and AMP both a 14 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Glucose counteracts the AMP inhibition but not the glucose-1-phosphate inhibition at both temperatures. Glucose alone had no effect at 25 degrees C, but it accelerated the phosphatase reaction at 14 degrees C. Glucose-6-phosphate or glycogen alone or in the presence of AMP or glucose-1-phosphate did not affect the phosphatase reaction. From previous and present experiments it is concluded that the phosphorylase of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes is closely related to liver phosphorylase and that the inactivation of the enzyme is mainly controlled by AMP and glucose.", "contents": "Inactivation of glycogen phosphorylase of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Glycogen phosphorylase of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes is dephosphorylated during incubation of a gel-filtered cell extract. The dephosphorylated enzyme (b form) retains 25 per cent of the activity of the phosphoenzyme (a form) when measured without AMP but a high glucose-1-phosphate concentrations. The ratio of activity -AMP/+AMP for the a enzyme is 0.8-1.0 and for the b enzyme 0.2. Leukocyte phosphorylase is not activated by -SH groups, but the b enzyme is stimulated by 0.4 mol/1 Na2SO4. The phosphatase which catalyzes the conversion of phosphorylase a to b is inhibited by glucose-1-phosphate and AMP both a 14 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Glucose counteracts the AMP inhibition but not the glucose-1-phosphate inhibition at both temperatures. Glucose alone had no effect at 25 degrees C, but it accelerated the phosphatase reaction at 14 degrees C. Glucose-6-phosphate or glycogen alone or in the presence of AMP or glucose-1-phosphate did not affect the phosphatase reaction. From previous and present experiments it is concluded that the phosphorylase of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes is closely related to liver phosphorylase and that the inactivation of the enzyme is mainly controlled by AMP and glucose.", "PMID": 1188291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10782", "title": "Rapid effect on lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue of humans after carbohydrate and lipid intake.", "content": "Glucose or corn oil was given perorally to fasting, young healthy volunteers, and the time course of acute effects on lipoprotein lipase activity (LLA) in adipose tissue, plasma glycerol, triglyceride, insulin, and blood glucose levels was followed. After glucose intake, adipose tissue LLA increased rapidly, reaching a maximum of 80 per cent above initial level after 2 h. Plasma glycerol, reflecting the rate of lipolysis of depot lipids, decreased rapidly, temporally well correlated to the LLA changes. After corn oil intake no significant effect on any of the parameters studied was observed except for an increase in the plasma triglyceride level caused by the influx of dietary lipid.", "contents": "Rapid effect on lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue of humans after carbohydrate and lipid intake. Glucose or corn oil was given perorally to fasting, young healthy volunteers, and the time course of acute effects on lipoprotein lipase activity (LLA) in adipose tissue, plasma glycerol, triglyceride, insulin, and blood glucose levels was followed. After glucose intake, adipose tissue LLA increased rapidly, reaching a maximum of 80 per cent above initial level after 2 h. Plasma glycerol, reflecting the rate of lipolysis of depot lipids, decreased rapidly, temporally well correlated to the LLA changes. After corn oil intake no significant effect on any of the parameters studied was observed except for an increase in the plasma triglyceride level caused by the influx of dietary lipid.", "PMID": 1188292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10783", "title": "Oxidation of palmitate by human skeletal muscles in vitro. Method and normal values.", "content": "The conditions of determination of the in vitro incorporation rate of palmitate-carbon into CO2 in human skeletal muscles were studied. Muscle biopsies were taken from 25 patients with nonmuscular diseases and incubated in a metabolic shaker with KRP as medium and palmitate as substrate. Substrate saturation was achieved beyond a palmitate concentration of 2.5 mmol/1, and the incorporation rate was linear with time for 2 hr. The activity of 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (ACDH), an enzyme involved in the beta-oxidation, was also determined. Both the incorporation rate of palmitate-carbon into CO2 and the activity of ACDH were higher in the leg muscles than in the abdominal muscles. Significant positive correlations were found between the incorporation rate of palmitate-carbon into CO2 and the ACDH activity, and between the incorporation rate and the phospholipid concentration in muscles. These correlations indicate that this in vitro system is valid for evaluation of the metabolism of fatty acids in skeletal muscle tissue.", "contents": "Oxidation of palmitate by human skeletal muscles in vitro. Method and normal values. The conditions of determination of the in vitro incorporation rate of palmitate-carbon into CO2 in human skeletal muscles were studied. Muscle biopsies were taken from 25 patients with nonmuscular diseases and incubated in a metabolic shaker with KRP as medium and palmitate as substrate. Substrate saturation was achieved beyond a palmitate concentration of 2.5 mmol/1, and the incorporation rate was linear with time for 2 hr. The activity of 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (ACDH), an enzyme involved in the beta-oxidation, was also determined. Both the incorporation rate of palmitate-carbon into CO2 and the activity of ACDH were higher in the leg muscles than in the abdominal muscles. Significant positive correlations were found between the incorporation rate of palmitate-carbon into CO2 and the ACDH activity, and between the incorporation rate and the phospholipid concentration in muscles. These correlations indicate that this in vitro system is valid for evaluation of the metabolism of fatty acids in skeletal muscle tissue.", "PMID": 1188295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10784", "title": "Cortisol-induced accumulation of phospholipids in organ culture of human fetal lung.", "content": "Lungs obtained from human fetuses with a gestational age of 17, 19, and 24 weeks were cultured as organ culture for 6 days with or without cortisol. The total phospholipid content per milligram protein in the explants incubated with cortisol increased by 56-81 per cent compared with the controls. Lecithin accounted for 62-69 per cent of the phospholipid increment in the cortisol-treated explants, whereas only 44.2 per cent of the total phospholipids in the control incubations consisted of lecithin. Cortisol increased the incorporation of [Me-3H]choline into lecithin by 118-224 per cent. The investigation shows that the human fetal lung, quite early in gestation, is capable of responding to the action of glucocorticoids by accumulating phospholipids.", "contents": "Cortisol-induced accumulation of phospholipids in organ culture of human fetal lung. Lungs obtained from human fetuses with a gestational age of 17, 19, and 24 weeks were cultured as organ culture for 6 days with or without cortisol. The total phospholipid content per milligram protein in the explants incubated with cortisol increased by 56-81 per cent compared with the controls. Lecithin accounted for 62-69 per cent of the phospholipid increment in the cortisol-treated explants, whereas only 44.2 per cent of the total phospholipids in the control incubations consisted of lecithin. Cortisol increased the incorporation of [Me-3H]choline into lecithin by 118-224 per cent. The investigation shows that the human fetal lung, quite early in gestation, is capable of responding to the action of glucocorticoids by accumulating phospholipids.", "PMID": 1188296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10785", "title": "Estimation of total body calcium from the bone mineral content of the forearm.", "content": "The representativity of forearm in bone mineral content (BMC) measurements for estimation of total body calcium is investigated in this article. It is shown that there is a very high correlation between weight and calcium content of examined bone pieces, that there is a high correlation between weight of individual bones and BMC values, that the BMC values from various parts of the skeleton are reasonably well correlated, that the weight of individual bones is highly correlated to the weight of total skeleton, and that there is a reasonably high correlation (r=0.85) between BMC measurements in the distal part of the forearm and total weight of the skeleton. It is concluded that BMC measurements of the distal part of the forearm give an estimate of total body calcium.", "contents": "Estimation of total body calcium from the bone mineral content of the forearm. The representativity of forearm in bone mineral content (BMC) measurements for estimation of total body calcium is investigated in this article. It is shown that there is a very high correlation between weight and calcium content of examined bone pieces, that there is a high correlation between weight of individual bones and BMC values, that the BMC values from various parts of the skeleton are reasonably well correlated, that the weight of individual bones is highly correlated to the weight of total skeleton, and that there is a reasonably high correlation (r=0.85) between BMC measurements in the distal part of the forearm and total weight of the skeleton. It is concluded that BMC measurements of the distal part of the forearm give an estimate of total body calcium.", "PMID": 1188297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10786", "title": "Bone mineral content and estimated total body calcium in normal adults.", "content": "Bone mineral content (BMC) was measured in 127 normal subjects, 54 men and 73 women, aged 21-70 years. BMC was a function of age and sex; it was therefore found relevant to give normal values in 10-year age groups for each sex. BMC was furthermore related to height, weight, surface area, and muscular strength but the biological scatter was not reduced by correction for surface area. The normal range is expressed in arbitrary units, mmol calcium/m, and calculated total body calcium in grams. Since the latter expression, after determination of the necessary proportion constants, is independent of apparatus construction and location of measurement, and is dependent on the selection of the reference population, it is recommended that the result be expressed in these grams. It is furthermore concluded that the BMC measurement is excellently suited for determining the effect of treatment on osteopenia in a group of patients but rather unsuitable for diagnosis of osteopenia in the individual patients, whereas two other conditions (as regards clinical applicability) occupy an intermediate diagnosis of osteopenia in a group of patients.", "contents": "Bone mineral content and estimated total body calcium in normal adults. Bone mineral content (BMC) was measured in 127 normal subjects, 54 men and 73 women, aged 21-70 years. BMC was a function of age and sex; it was therefore found relevant to give normal values in 10-year age groups for each sex. BMC was furthermore related to height, weight, surface area, and muscular strength but the biological scatter was not reduced by correction for surface area. The normal range is expressed in arbitrary units, mmol calcium/m, and calculated total body calcium in grams. Since the latter expression, after determination of the necessary proportion constants, is independent of apparatus construction and location of measurement, and is dependent on the selection of the reference population, it is recommended that the result be expressed in these grams. It is furthermore concluded that the BMC measurement is excellently suited for determining the effect of treatment on osteopenia in a group of patients but rather unsuitable for diagnosis of osteopenia in the individual patients, whereas two other conditions (as regards clinical applicability) occupy an intermediate diagnosis of osteopenia in a group of patients.", "PMID": 1188298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10787", "title": "Protein concentration and hydrostatic pressure in subcutaneous tissue of rats in hypoproteinemia.", "content": "Protein concentration and hydrostatic pressure were measured in subcutaneous tissue of rats during development of aminonucleoside nephrosis. Samples of interstitial fluid for protein analysis were collected from subcutaneous tissue by a wick method, and hydrostatic pressure was measured by a modified Scholander technique. When the serum protein concentration was reduced from 6.1 to 4.8 g/100 ml, interstitial fluid protein concentration fell from 3.0 to 1.1 g/100 ml. This corresponds to a reduction of calculated oncotic pressures from 18.0 to 13.0 mm Hg and from 7.8 to 3.0 mm Hg in serum and interstitial fluid, respectively, thus leaving a nearly constant net transcapillary oncotic pressure. When serum protein concentration was further reduced to 3.8 g/100 ml, interstitial fluid protein concentration was reduced to 0.5 g/100 ml, reducing net transcapillary oncotic pressure by 2-3 mm Hg. The average hydrostatic pressure in subcutis was 1.0 mm Hg subatmospheric under control conditions and did not change during hypoproteinemia. The results indicate that a reduction of interstitial protein concentration is an important factor in preventing edema formation in hypoproteinemia.", "contents": "Protein concentration and hydrostatic pressure in subcutaneous tissue of rats in hypoproteinemia. Protein concentration and hydrostatic pressure were measured in subcutaneous tissue of rats during development of aminonucleoside nephrosis. Samples of interstitial fluid for protein analysis were collected from subcutaneous tissue by a wick method, and hydrostatic pressure was measured by a modified Scholander technique. When the serum protein concentration was reduced from 6.1 to 4.8 g/100 ml, interstitial fluid protein concentration fell from 3.0 to 1.1 g/100 ml. This corresponds to a reduction of calculated oncotic pressures from 18.0 to 13.0 mm Hg and from 7.8 to 3.0 mm Hg in serum and interstitial fluid, respectively, thus leaving a nearly constant net transcapillary oncotic pressure. When serum protein concentration was further reduced to 3.8 g/100 ml, interstitial fluid protein concentration was reduced to 0.5 g/100 ml, reducing net transcapillary oncotic pressure by 2-3 mm Hg. The average hydrostatic pressure in subcutis was 1.0 mm Hg subatmospheric under control conditions and did not change during hypoproteinemia. The results indicate that a reduction of interstitial protein concentration is an important factor in preventing edema formation in hypoproteinemia.", "PMID": 1188299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10788", "title": "Ultrasonic measurement of sound velocity in whole blood. A comparison between an ultrasonic method and the conventional packed-cell-volume test for hematocrit determination.", "content": "A new ultrasonic instrument for the determination of sound velocity in tissue is described. The instrument has been used in this investigation to measure the sound velocity in heparinized whole blood samples. The corresponding hematocrit values of the blood samples were determined by the packed cell volume test. The measurements in the hematocrit range of approx. 30-55 indicate a high degree of correlation between the hematocrit value and the respective blood sound velocity (S.E.E.=1.3 and r=0.96). Repeated measurements of the same blood samples up to 1 hr after collection of the blood show very small changes in reading of sound velocity, provided the samples were kept at a constant temperature and well stirred. The ultrasonic measurement is quick and simple to perform, and the blood specimen is not changed by the measuring process.", "contents": "Ultrasonic measurement of sound velocity in whole blood. A comparison between an ultrasonic method and the conventional packed-cell-volume test for hematocrit determination. A new ultrasonic instrument for the determination of sound velocity in tissue is described. The instrument has been used in this investigation to measure the sound velocity in heparinized whole blood samples. The corresponding hematocrit values of the blood samples were determined by the packed cell volume test. The measurements in the hematocrit range of approx. 30-55 indicate a high degree of correlation between the hematocrit value and the respective blood sound velocity (S.E.E.=1.3 and r=0.96). Repeated measurements of the same blood samples up to 1 hr after collection of the blood show very small changes in reading of sound velocity, provided the samples were kept at a constant temperature and well stirred. The ultrasonic measurement is quick and simple to perform, and the blood specimen is not changed by the measuring process.", "PMID": 1188300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10789", "title": "Serum gastrin response to food stimulation and gastric acid secretion in male patients with ileal resection.", "content": "Gastric acid secretion before and after stimulation with pentagastrin and serum gastrin response to a test meal were recorded in 9 male controls and in 7 male patients from whom more than 50 cm of the terminal ileum had been resected because of Crohn's disease. The mean gastric acid secretion before and after stimulation was not found to be significantly different in the two groups. The mean fasting serum gastrin concentration and the serum gastrin response in absolute values were not different in the two groups. The MAO-BAO/'integrated gastrin response' was higher (p less than 0.05), and the gastrin response in relation to fasting level was lower in the patients than in the controls (p less than 0.05). The results indicate that an increased parietal cell sensitivity to gastrin is present after ileal resection. The negative acid feed back mechanism, however, seems to be at work. Under physiological conditions, therefore, the increased sensitivity may not result in acid hypersecretion.", "contents": "Serum gastrin response to food stimulation and gastric acid secretion in male patients with ileal resection. Gastric acid secretion before and after stimulation with pentagastrin and serum gastrin response to a test meal were recorded in 9 male controls and in 7 male patients from whom more than 50 cm of the terminal ileum had been resected because of Crohn's disease. The mean gastric acid secretion before and after stimulation was not found to be significantly different in the two groups. The mean fasting serum gastrin concentration and the serum gastrin response in absolute values were not different in the two groups. The MAO-BAO/'integrated gastrin response' was higher (p less than 0.05), and the gastrin response in relation to fasting level was lower in the patients than in the controls (p less than 0.05). The results indicate that an increased parietal cell sensitivity to gastrin is present after ileal resection. The negative acid feed back mechanism, however, seems to be at work. Under physiological conditions, therefore, the increased sensitivity may not result in acid hypersecretion.", "PMID": 1188301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10790", "title": "Serum gastrin response to food stimulation in male azotemic patients.", "content": "In 37 patients with hypertension and/or renal disease, blood from a peripheral and a renal vein was drawn during renal vein catheterization. The serum gastrin concentrations were determined and found by paired comparison to be statistically significantly (p less than 0.05) higher in the peripheral than in the renal vein. A test meal was given to 9 male controls and 7 male azotemic patients, and the serum gastrin concentration response determined. The mean fasting serum gastrin values were 173 +/- 22 pg/ml in the group of patients versus 42 +/- 5.5 pg/ml in the controls. The serum gastrin response was significantly higher and of longer duration in the azotemic patients than in the controls. The pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion was, however, equal in the two groups.", "contents": "Serum gastrin response to food stimulation in male azotemic patients. In 37 patients with hypertension and/or renal disease, blood from a peripheral and a renal vein was drawn during renal vein catheterization. The serum gastrin concentrations were determined and found by paired comparison to be statistically significantly (p less than 0.05) higher in the peripheral than in the renal vein. A test meal was given to 9 male controls and 7 male azotemic patients, and the serum gastrin concentration response determined. The mean fasting serum gastrin values were 173 +/- 22 pg/ml in the group of patients versus 42 +/- 5.5 pg/ml in the controls. The serum gastrin response was significantly higher and of longer duration in the azotemic patients than in the controls. The pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion was, however, equal in the two groups.", "PMID": 1188302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10791", "title": "Liver disease with periportal sinusoidal dilatation. A possible complication to contraceptive steroids.", "content": "Four women of fertile age on long-term treatment with contraceptive steroids developed moderate liver damage and hepatomegaly. The liver histology showed a conspicuous periportal sinusoidal dilatation as the only abnormality. The clinical course of the liver damage was benign. The aetiology and pathogenic mechanisms of these changes, which were localized predominantly to Rappaport's Zone I, are unknown. Haemodynamic studies revealed no abnormalities. The connection to possible long-term action of oestrogens and gestagens on the liver, and the relation to peliosis and benign hepatic adenomas, are discussed.", "contents": "Liver disease with periportal sinusoidal dilatation. A possible complication to contraceptive steroids. Four women of fertile age on long-term treatment with contraceptive steroids developed moderate liver damage and hepatomegaly. The liver histology showed a conspicuous periportal sinusoidal dilatation as the only abnormality. The clinical course of the liver damage was benign. The aetiology and pathogenic mechanisms of these changes, which were localized predominantly to Rappaport's Zone I, are unknown. Haemodynamic studies revealed no abnormalities. The connection to possible long-term action of oestrogens and gestagens on the liver, and the relation to peliosis and benign hepatic adenomas, are discussed.", "PMID": 1188303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10792", "title": "Beta-adrenergic mechanisms and ulcer formation in pylorus-ligated rats.", "content": "The importance of beta-adrenergic receptor activity for ulcer formation was studied. In rats fasted for 48 hours, ulcers in the rumen were produced constantly after 17 hours of pyloric ligation. d,1,Propranolol in doses of 1 to 30 mg/kg given 4 times during 12 hours caused a dose-dependent inhibition of ulcer formation. The ulcero-protective potency of d,1,propranolol was about 20 times that of d,propranolol. No explanation of the ulcero-protective effect was observed when the gastric acid secretion was studied after 17 hours. Serum gastrin concentration after 17 hours of ligation was in all animals less than 5 pmol per liter, i.e. below one-third of the normal fasting value. For all pharmacological effects apart from beta-adrenergic blockage, d,1, and d,propranolol do not differ, while the results presented here suggest that intact beta-adrenergic receptor activity is important for the development of gastric ulcers in the pylorus-ligated rat. The mechanism behind the ulcero-protective effect of beta-adrenergic blockage remains to be solved.", "contents": "Beta-adrenergic mechanisms and ulcer formation in pylorus-ligated rats. The importance of beta-adrenergic receptor activity for ulcer formation was studied. In rats fasted for 48 hours, ulcers in the rumen were produced constantly after 17 hours of pyloric ligation. d,1,Propranolol in doses of 1 to 30 mg/kg given 4 times during 12 hours caused a dose-dependent inhibition of ulcer formation. The ulcero-protective potency of d,1,propranolol was about 20 times that of d,propranolol. No explanation of the ulcero-protective effect was observed when the gastric acid secretion was studied after 17 hours. Serum gastrin concentration after 17 hours of ligation was in all animals less than 5 pmol per liter, i.e. below one-third of the normal fasting value. For all pharmacological effects apart from beta-adrenergic blockage, d,1, and d,propranolol do not differ, while the results presented here suggest that intact beta-adrenergic receptor activity is important for the development of gastric ulcers in the pylorus-ligated rat. The mechanism behind the ulcero-protective effect of beta-adrenergic blockage remains to be solved.", "PMID": 1188304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10793", "title": "Fasting serum gastrin and basal gastric acid secretion.", "content": "The gastric secretion of acid was examined 30 minutes basally (BAO) and in response to stepwise increasing doses of pentagastrin in subjects with (n = 51) and without (n = 40) peptic ulcer disease. None of them showed basal anacidity. Before insertion of the gastric tube, blood was taken for radioimmunological determination of the serum gastrin concentration (SG). A significant positive correlation was found between SG and BAO in the subjects without ulcer. This was mainly due to a close correlation in 20  healthy young volunteers. When BAO and SG was expressed as proportions of calculated maximal acid response (Vmax) and half maximal dose of pentagastrin (Km), respectively, the positive correlation between SG and BAO was improved and reached significance also in the individuals with peptic ulcer disease. The findings suggest that the serum concentration of gastrin plays a role in the basal gastric secretion.", "contents": "Fasting serum gastrin and basal gastric acid secretion. The gastric secretion of acid was examined 30 minutes basally (BAO) and in response to stepwise increasing doses of pentagastrin in subjects with (n = 51) and without (n = 40) peptic ulcer disease. None of them showed basal anacidity. Before insertion of the gastric tube, blood was taken for radioimmunological determination of the serum gastrin concentration (SG). A significant positive correlation was found between SG and BAO in the subjects without ulcer. This was mainly due to a close correlation in 20  healthy young volunteers. When BAO and SG was expressed as proportions of calculated maximal acid response (Vmax) and half maximal dose of pentagastrin (Km), respectively, the positive correlation between SG and BAO was improved and reached significance also in the individuals with peptic ulcer disease. The findings suggest that the serum concentration of gastrin plays a role in the basal gastric secretion.", "PMID": 1188305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10794", "title": "The incidence of Crohn's disease in central Sweden.", "content": "In an earlier  epidemiological study covering a 12-year period from 1956-67, a gradual increase in the number of patients with Crohn's disease was found. A study of the subsequent 6 years, from 1968-73, is now presented. The mean incidence of the disease for this period is 5.0, compared with 3.1 for the preceding 6 years, 1962-67. As in the earlier 12-year series, the increasing incidence can be attributed largely to an increase in the 15-29 year age group. During the period 1956-67, the disease occurred almost as frequently in men as in women. In the 6-year period now presented, there is a predominance of women, especially over the age of 35.", "contents": "The incidence of Crohn's disease in central Sweden. In an earlier  epidemiological study covering a 12-year period from 1956-67, a gradual increase in the number of patients with Crohn's disease was found. A study of the subsequent 6 years, from 1968-73, is now presented. The mean incidence of the disease for this period is 5.0, compared with 3.1 for the preceding 6 years, 1962-67. As in the earlier 12-year series, the increasing incidence can be attributed largely to an increase in the 15-29 year age group. During the period 1956-67, the disease occurred almost as frequently in men as in women. In the 6-year period now presented, there is a predominance of women, especially over the age of 35.", "PMID": 1188306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10795", "title": "Heterogeneity in susceptibility to chronic gastritis in relatives of gastric cancer patients with different histology of carcinoma.", "content": "The morphological state of gastric body mucosa was examined in 269 first-degree relatives of 64 index patients with gastric carcinoma and in 142 subjects selected at random. Gastric carcinoma was divided into three groups according to histological properties: carcinoma mucocellulare, carcinoma adenomatosum, and carcinoma anaplasticum. The state of gastric body mucosa was divided into five stages: normal, superficial gastritis, slight moderate, and severe atrophic gastritis. The results were subjected to the numerical analysis based on the stochastic theory. The term 'age-adjusted score' (AAS) employed therein defines the individual susceptiability to chronic gastritis. In terms of AAS, the material could be divided into 'high' and 'low' gastritis risk families. It appeared that the subjects belonging to carcinoma mucocellulare index patient families had a significantly higher susceptibility to chronic gastritis than the other relatives examined. These families were also significantly concentrated in the group of 'high risk' families. The heterogeneity of the relatives of gastric cancer patients as regards their gastritis risk should obviously be taken into account in future epidemiological studies. These findings constitute further justification of the genetic approach in studies concerning gastritis-gastric cancer relationship.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in susceptibility to chronic gastritis in relatives of gastric cancer patients with different histology of carcinoma. The morphological state of gastric body mucosa was examined in 269 first-degree relatives of 64 index patients with gastric carcinoma and in 142 subjects selected at random. Gastric carcinoma was divided into three groups according to histological properties: carcinoma mucocellulare, carcinoma adenomatosum, and carcinoma anaplasticum. The state of gastric body mucosa was divided into five stages: normal, superficial gastritis, slight moderate, and severe atrophic gastritis. The results were subjected to the numerical analysis based on the stochastic theory. The term 'age-adjusted score' (AAS) employed therein defines the individual susceptiability to chronic gastritis. In terms of AAS, the material could be divided into 'high' and 'low' gastritis risk families. It appeared that the subjects belonging to carcinoma mucocellulare index patient families had a significantly higher susceptibility to chronic gastritis than the other relatives examined. These families were also significantly concentrated in the group of 'high risk' families. The heterogeneity of the relatives of gastric cancer patients as regards their gastritis risk should obviously be taken into account in future epidemiological studies. These findings constitute further justification of the genetic approach in studies concerning gastritis-gastric cancer relationship.", "PMID": 1188307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10796", "title": "Quantitative determination of serum bile acids using a purified 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "content": "A specific, simple, and reliable method for the quantitative determination  of 3 alpha-hydroxy bile acids in serum in described. It is based on the specific enzymatic conversion of the 3alpha-hydroxyl group of the steroid molecule using a highly purified 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and fluorimetric determination of NADH. A liquid-solid extraction employing Amberlite XAD-2 has been used. Overall recovery of the major human bile acids from normal and jaundiced serum averaged 91.2%. The range of normal values for serum bile acids was found to be 0.9-6.3 mumoles/1 (mean 3.0).", "contents": "Quantitative determination of serum bile acids using a purified 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. A specific, simple, and reliable method for the quantitative determination  of 3 alpha-hydroxy bile acids in serum in described. It is based on the specific enzymatic conversion of the 3alpha-hydroxyl group of the steroid molecule using a highly purified 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and fluorimetric determination of NADH. A liquid-solid extraction employing Amberlite XAD-2 has been used. Overall recovery of the major human bile acids from normal and jaundiced serum averaged 91.2%. The range of normal values for serum bile acids was found to be 0.9-6.3 mumoles/1 (mean 3.0).", "PMID": 1188308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10797", "title": "The effect of beta-adrenergic blockade upon basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion and upon gastrin response to food.", "content": "Beta-adrenergic blockade with 10 mg of propanolol had no significant effect upon the spontaneous gastric acid secretion, while the maximum (pentagastrin) acid secretion was depressed in healthy subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer. The gastrin response to food was significantly higher during  beta-adrenergic blockade. It is suggested that a minor part of the maximum acid secretion may be due to activation of beta-receptors, while the gastrin response to food is probably not related to activation of beta-receptors.", "contents": "The effect of beta-adrenergic blockade upon basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion and upon gastrin response to food. Beta-adrenergic blockade with 10 mg of propanolol had no significant effect upon the spontaneous gastric acid secretion, while the maximum (pentagastrin) acid secretion was depressed in healthy subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer. The gastrin response to food was significantly higher during  beta-adrenergic blockade. It is suggested that a minor part of the maximum acid secretion may be due to activation of beta-receptors, while the gastrin response to food is probably not related to activation of beta-receptors.", "PMID": 1188309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10798", "title": "Fatty acid patterns of serum triglycerides and subcutaneous adipose tissues after ileal bypass in obesity.", "content": "A group of 9 obese subjects with a mean body weight of 140 kg was treated for their obesity with a jejuno-ileal intestinal shunt. During the first post-operative year their mean body weight decreased to 100 kg. Fatty acid patterns of triglycerides inserum and subcutaneous adipose tissue were studied at intervals during one year after surgery. Myristic and palmitic acids' contents of serum triglycerides were found to decrease during this period of time, whereas the fatty acid pattern of triglycerides in adipose tissue was practically unchanged. Triglycerides, cholesterol, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase in serum decreased during the first year after operation, whereas aminotransferases showed a transient elevation. It is put forward that these findings are consistent with starvation rather than liver dysfunction.", "contents": "Fatty acid patterns of serum triglycerides and subcutaneous adipose tissues after ileal bypass in obesity. A group of 9 obese subjects with a mean body weight of 140 kg was treated for their obesity with a jejuno-ileal intestinal shunt. During the first post-operative year their mean body weight decreased to 100 kg. Fatty acid patterns of triglycerides inserum and subcutaneous adipose tissue were studied at intervals during one year after surgery. Myristic and palmitic acids' contents of serum triglycerides were found to decrease during this period of time, whereas the fatty acid pattern of triglycerides in adipose tissue was practically unchanged. Triglycerides, cholesterol, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase in serum decreased during the first year after operation, whereas aminotransferases showed a transient elevation. It is put forward that these findings are consistent with starvation rather than liver dysfunction.", "PMID": 1188310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10799", "title": "Susceptibility of the liver and biliary tract to anaerobic infection in extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction. Bacteriological investigations - an experimental study in rabbits.", "content": "The influence of common duct occlusion on susceptibility to infection with anaerobic gram-negative rods was investigated in rabbits. Intravenous inoculation was performed with three B. fragilis strains isolated from human infections and with a stock culture of Fusobacterium mortiferum. Liver tissue, gallbladder, bile, and blood were investigated. Anaerobic culture procedures were based on the use of a 'glove-box' with an oxygen-free atmosphere and pre-reduced, anaerobically sterilized media. Anaerobic transport was based on flushing of samples with oxygen-free carbon dioxide and transport-time less than 30 minutes. In regard to two B. fragilis strains (ss. fragilis) and in regard to Fusobacterium mortiferum, common duct occlusion significantly increased the number of infected animals compared to a control group of inoculated animals without common duct occlusion. Spontaneous infection did not arise in a control group of animals with common duct ligation. It is concluded that: 1) in biliary tract occlusion, anaerobic bacteria are able to invade the biliary tract from the blood stream, and 2) biliary tract occlusion produces sufficient anaerobic conditions for obligate anaerobic bacteria to multiply in the bile.", "contents": "Susceptibility of the liver and biliary tract to anaerobic infection in extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction. Bacteriological investigations - an experimental study in rabbits. The influence of common duct occlusion on susceptibility to infection with anaerobic gram-negative rods was investigated in rabbits. Intravenous inoculation was performed with three B. fragilis strains isolated from human infections and with a stock culture of Fusobacterium mortiferum. Liver tissue, gallbladder, bile, and blood were investigated. Anaerobic culture procedures were based on the use of a 'glove-box' with an oxygen-free atmosphere and pre-reduced, anaerobically sterilized media. Anaerobic transport was based on flushing of samples with oxygen-free carbon dioxide and transport-time less than 30 minutes. In regard to two B. fragilis strains (ss. fragilis) and in regard to Fusobacterium mortiferum, common duct occlusion significantly increased the number of infected animals compared to a control group of inoculated animals without common duct occlusion. Spontaneous infection did not arise in a control group of animals with common duct ligation. It is concluded that: 1) in biliary tract occlusion, anaerobic bacteria are able to invade the biliary tract from the blood stream, and 2) biliary tract occlusion produces sufficient anaerobic conditions for obligate anaerobic bacteria to multiply in the bile.", "PMID": 1188311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10800", "title": "Effect of vagotomy on insulin release after oral and intravenous glucose administration.", "content": "In 9 non-diabetic, non-obese patients, oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were carried out before and after vagotomy, and the serum insulin was determined. The potentiating effect on insulin release of orally administered glucose was not abolished by total vagotomy, meaning that vagal mechanisms are not likely to play a major role in this  potentiation in man.", "contents": "Effect of vagotomy on insulin release after oral and intravenous glucose administration. In 9 non-diabetic, non-obese patients, oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were carried out before and after vagotomy, and the serum insulin was determined. The potentiating effect on insulin release of orally administered glucose was not abolished by total vagotomy, meaning that vagal mechanisms are not likely to play a major role in this  potentiation in man.", "PMID": 1188312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10801", "title": "Healing of duodenal and prepyloric ulcers after selective and highly selective vagotomy.", "content": "Thirty-six patients with duodenal or prepyloric ulcers who were treated by selective or highly selective vagotomy were followed up endoscopically. In one group of 21 patients examined 2 weeks after the operation, 67 per cent of the ulcers were healed. In another group of 15 patients endoscopy performed 2 months after the operation revealed that 93 per cent of the ulcers were healed. On comparing with previously reported endoscopical observations concerning spontaneous healing of duodenal ulcers, it can be concluded that vagotomy significantly promotes the healing of duodenal and prepyloric ulcers.", "contents": "Healing of duodenal and prepyloric ulcers after selective and highly selective vagotomy. Thirty-six patients with duodenal or prepyloric ulcers who were treated by selective or highly selective vagotomy were followed up endoscopically. In one group of 21 patients examined 2 weeks after the operation, 67 per cent of the ulcers were healed. In another group of 15 patients endoscopy performed 2 months after the operation revealed that 93 per cent of the ulcers were healed. On comparing with previously reported endoscopical observations concerning spontaneous healing of duodenal ulcers, it can be concluded that vagotomy significantly promotes the healing of duodenal and prepyloric ulcers.", "PMID": 1188313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10802", "title": "Bone marrow biopsy of the posterior iliac crest with Gidlund's instrument in malignant diseases.", "content": "The bone marrow was examined on material obtained with the Gidlund trephine and with conventional cytologic bone marrow aspiration in 225 patients with malignant disease, 144 of whom had malignant lymphoma, and in 5 patients with haematological, non-malignant disease. With Gidlund's instrument, the malignant disease to 7 cases with needle biopsy. No complications were met with either technique. Bone marrow biopsy was routinely performed in the out-patient department.", "contents": "Bone marrow biopsy of the posterior iliac crest with Gidlund's instrument in malignant diseases. The bone marrow was examined on material obtained with the Gidlund trephine and with conventional cytologic bone marrow aspiration in 225 patients with malignant disease, 144 of whom had malignant lymphoma, and in 5 patients with haematological, non-malignant disease. With Gidlund's instrument, the malignant disease to 7 cases with needle biopsy. No complications were met with either technique. Bone marrow biopsy was routinely performed in the out-patient department.", "PMID": 1188314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10803", "title": "Familial leukaemia: a study of 909 families.", "content": "A family survey was conducted among 909 patients with leukaemia of all types, with the purpose of establishing the incidence of further cases of leukaemia among relatives. Among a total of 41,807 relatives 8,349 were deceased, and the cause of death was objectively confirmed in 5,011. 72 patients had one or more relatives with leukaemia. First degree relatives with leukaemia were much more frequent in families of patients with chronic lymphocytic than in those of patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia. The incidence of leukaemia among first degree relatives was established to be 2.8-3.0 times, among more distant relatives about 2.3 times, and overall about 2.5 times that expected. This excess is of the order of that observed in relatives of patients with certain solid tumors. Genetic factors may have accounted for much of the excess incidence in chronic lymphocytic and acute leukaemia, but there was little evidence for a genetic background in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. With the possible exception of one family with multiple cases, a simple Mendelian mechanism did not appear to be involved in the leukaemia families investigated. It appeared more likely that a polygenic mechanism led to a heightened susceptibility to the disease in these families.", "contents": "Familial leukaemia: a study of 909 families. A family survey was conducted among 909 patients with leukaemia of all types, with the purpose of establishing the incidence of further cases of leukaemia among relatives. Among a total of 41,807 relatives 8,349 were deceased, and the cause of death was objectively confirmed in 5,011. 72 patients had one or more relatives with leukaemia. First degree relatives with leukaemia were much more frequent in families of patients with chronic lymphocytic than in those of patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia. The incidence of leukaemia among first degree relatives was established to be 2.8-3.0 times, among more distant relatives about 2.3 times, and overall about 2.5 times that expected. This excess is of the order of that observed in relatives of patients with certain solid tumors. Genetic factors may have accounted for much of the excess incidence in chronic lymphocytic and acute leukaemia, but there was little evidence for a genetic background in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. With the possible exception of one family with multiple cases, a simple Mendelian mechanism did not appear to be involved in the leukaemia families investigated. It appeared more likely that a polygenic mechanism led to a heightened susceptibility to the disease in these families.", "PMID": 1188315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10804", "title": "Hypercalcaemia in chronic lymphatic leukaemia.", "content": "Hypercalcaemia developed in a patient with chronic lymphatic leukaemia. The hypercalcaemia did not respond to conventional treatment. At bone biopsy osteoclastic resorption was found (a photomicrograph is presented). 7 cases from the literature of hypercalcaemia and chronic lymphatic leukaemia are briefly reviewed. Possible mechanisms are discussed and it is suggested that osteoclast-stimulating factors may be of importance in the development of the hypercalcaemia.", "contents": "Hypercalcaemia in chronic lymphatic leukaemia. Hypercalcaemia developed in a patient with chronic lymphatic leukaemia. The hypercalcaemia did not respond to conventional treatment. At bone biopsy osteoclastic resorption was found (a photomicrograph is presented). 7 cases from the literature of hypercalcaemia and chronic lymphatic leukaemia are briefly reviewed. Possible mechanisms are discussed and it is suggested that osteoclast-stimulating factors may be of importance in the development of the hypercalcaemia.", "PMID": 1188316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10805", "title": "Red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Finland. Characterization of a new variant with severe enzyme deficiency.", "content": "Severe red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency has been found in an 'aboriginal' Finnish family. 2 male and 9 female carriers of the variant G-6-PD were studied. The genetic pattern is consistent with x-linked recessive inheritance and the defect is associated with drug (primaquine) induced haemolysis. This was demonstrated by enzyme deficient red cell (51Cr-labelled) survival studies on a normal volunteer recipient. In addition, one of the hemizygotes studied had a slight chronic nonspherocytic haemolytic disorder. The partially purified enzyme had many of the characteristics of G-6-PD Mediterranean. The occurrence of this G-6-PD Mediterranean type variant in the Finnish population, which differs greatly from Mediterranean ethnic groups, as well as the association of slight chronic haemolysis with severe G-6-PD deficiency is discussed.", "contents": "Red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Finland. Characterization of a new variant with severe enzyme deficiency. Severe red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency has been found in an 'aboriginal' Finnish family. 2 male and 9 female carriers of the variant G-6-PD were studied. The genetic pattern is consistent with x-linked recessive inheritance and the defect is associated with drug (primaquine) induced haemolysis. This was demonstrated by enzyme deficient red cell (51Cr-labelled) survival studies on a normal volunteer recipient. In addition, one of the hemizygotes studied had a slight chronic nonspherocytic haemolytic disorder. The partially purified enzyme had many of the characteristics of G-6-PD Mediterranean. The occurrence of this G-6-PD Mediterranean type variant in the Finnish population, which differs greatly from Mediterranean ethnic groups, as well as the association of slight chronic haemolysis with severe G-6-PD deficiency is discussed.", "PMID": 1188317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10806", "title": "The amount of fibrin necessary to give a positive ethanol gelation test at various fibrinogen levels.", "content": "The minimum fibrin-fibrinogen ratio (f-F ratio) required to give a positive ethanol gelation test at various fibrinogen concentrations was studied. Due to the fact that quantitation of soluble fibrin in plasma is difficult, highly purified fibrinogen was used. However, since a plasma milieu is required to achieve clear cut results with ethanol gelation (with purified fibrinogen alone, precipitation occurs), heat-defibrinated, dialysed and lyophilized normal plasma was added. With this artificial plasma, which in all relevant respects proved very similar to plasma obtained from healthy donors, ethanol gelation was not observed at the highest attainable fibrinogen concentration (1150 mg/100 ml). At fibrinogen levels down to 5-600 mg%, the minimum f-F ratio remained almost constant, but increased gradually by further lowering the fibrinogen concentration. At fibrinogen levels around 50 mg%, the ethanol gelation test remained negative, even in samples saturated with soluble fibrin, i.e. those containing visible fibrin threads.", "contents": "The amount of fibrin necessary to give a positive ethanol gelation test at various fibrinogen levels. The minimum fibrin-fibrinogen ratio (f-F ratio) required to give a positive ethanol gelation test at various fibrinogen concentrations was studied. Due to the fact that quantitation of soluble fibrin in plasma is difficult, highly purified fibrinogen was used. However, since a plasma milieu is required to achieve clear cut results with ethanol gelation (with purified fibrinogen alone, precipitation occurs), heat-defibrinated, dialysed and lyophilized normal plasma was added. With this artificial plasma, which in all relevant respects proved very similar to plasma obtained from healthy donors, ethanol gelation was not observed at the highest attainable fibrinogen concentration (1150 mg/100 ml). At fibrinogen levels down to 5-600 mg%, the minimum f-F ratio remained almost constant, but increased gradually by further lowering the fibrinogen concentration. At fibrinogen levels around 50 mg%, the ethanol gelation test remained negative, even in samples saturated with soluble fibrin, i.e. those containing visible fibrin threads.", "PMID": 1188318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10807", "title": "Griseofulvin inhibition of polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis in Boyden chambers.", "content": "Griseofulvin inhibited the chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN's) in vitro in the concentration range 0.1-1.0 mug/ml, i.e. at concentrations comparable to those obtained in serum during peroral treatment with griseofulvin. It is suggested that PMN chemotaxis is inhibited by griseofulvin interference with the redistribution of cytoplasmic microtubules, which is thought to be essential in the direction-finding of PMNs during chemotaxis. Furthermore, it is suggested that the griseofulvin inhibition of PMN chemotaxis - together with the previously known pharmacodynamic properties of griseofulvin - may provide the rationale for griseofulvin therapy in PMN-mediated tissue injury of the gut.", "contents": "Griseofulvin inhibition of polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis in Boyden chambers. Griseofulvin inhibited the chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN's) in vitro in the concentration range 0.1-1.0 mug/ml, i.e. at concentrations comparable to those obtained in serum during peroral treatment with griseofulvin. It is suggested that PMN chemotaxis is inhibited by griseofulvin interference with the redistribution of cytoplasmic microtubules, which is thought to be essential in the direction-finding of PMNs during chemotaxis. Furthermore, it is suggested that the griseofulvin inhibition of PMN chemotaxis - together with the previously known pharmacodynamic properties of griseofulvin - may provide the rationale for griseofulvin therapy in PMN-mediated tissue injury of the gut.", "PMID": 1188319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10808", "title": "ADP-induced refractory state of platelets in vitro. I. Methodological studies on aggregation in platelet rich plasma.", "content": "ADP-induced aggregation was determined at various times of incubation with ADP in unstirred human platelet rich plasma (PRP) to which adenosine deaminase was added. In the early stages of incubation the shape change response was absent, the aggregation response was poor, and not reversible. These three parameters returned slowly towards normal as the incubation proceeded. Pronounced impairment of the aggregation response was present after all added ADP had been degraded in plasma. Log dose-response (rate of aggregation) curves for the platelets incubated with ADP had shifted to higher ADP concentrations and had also a small decrease in maximal height and in the slope compared to those obtained with control platelets. However, the shift in log dose response to higher ADP concentrations was far more striking, so the increase in log dose (R) necessary to obtain the same rate of aggregation as with control PRP was taken as a measure of refractoriness of aggregation towards ADP. R increased with the time of incubation to an optimal value and then decreased. The magnitude of the optimal value and the time at which optimum was reached increased with the concentration of the ADP incubated with the platelets. The variations in R during incubation did not correlate with the breakdown of added ADP. The platelets began to recover their ability to aggregate with ADP while there was still ADP in the system.", "contents": "ADP-induced refractory state of platelets in vitro. I. Methodological studies on aggregation in platelet rich plasma. ADP-induced aggregation was determined at various times of incubation with ADP in unstirred human platelet rich plasma (PRP) to which adenosine deaminase was added. In the early stages of incubation the shape change response was absent, the aggregation response was poor, and not reversible. These three parameters returned slowly towards normal as the incubation proceeded. Pronounced impairment of the aggregation response was present after all added ADP had been degraded in plasma. Log dose-response (rate of aggregation) curves for the platelets incubated with ADP had shifted to higher ADP concentrations and had also a small decrease in maximal height and in the slope compared to those obtained with control platelets. However, the shift in log dose response to higher ADP concentrations was far more striking, so the increase in log dose (R) necessary to obtain the same rate of aggregation as with control PRP was taken as a measure of refractoriness of aggregation towards ADP. R increased with the time of incubation to an optimal value and then decreased. The magnitude of the optimal value and the time at which optimum was reached increased with the concentration of the ADP incubated with the platelets. The variations in R during incubation did not correlate with the breakdown of added ADP. The platelets began to recover their ability to aggregate with ADP while there was still ADP in the system.", "PMID": 1188320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10809", "title": "Transient impaired cell-mediated tumor immunity after acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injection of nononcogenic lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus in adult C3H mice causes a symptomless infection but stimulates specific cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. However, median survival time of virus-infected mice inoculated with syngeneic tumor cells was significantly shortened, and growth of semiallogeneic tumors was significantly enhanced. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity measured as chromium-51 release from labeled tumor cells was significantly suppressed but was recovered within 55 days after infection. The suppressed immune responsiveness could be conferreo on a normal spleen cell population when activated in virus-infected recipients. Chronically LCM virus-infected mice showed an unimpaired cell-mediated immune response to tumor allografts.", "contents": "Transient impaired cell-mediated tumor immunity after acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Intraperitoneal injection of nononcogenic lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus in adult C3H mice causes a symptomless infection but stimulates specific cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. However, median survival time of virus-infected mice inoculated with syngeneic tumor cells was significantly shortened, and growth of semiallogeneic tumors was significantly enhanced. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity measured as chromium-51 release from labeled tumor cells was significantly suppressed but was recovered within 55 days after infection. The suppressed immune responsiveness could be conferreo on a normal spleen cell population when activated in virus-infected recipients. Chronically LCM virus-infected mice showed an unimpaired cell-mediated immune response to tumor allografts.", "PMID": 1188321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10810", "title": "Enzymatic modification of lymphocyte receptors for antigen III. loss of antigen-responsiveness with recovery after adoptive transfer.", "content": "Spleen cells from bovine serum albumin (BSA)-primed CBA mice were exposed to proteolysis by papain and pronase under conditions where cell recovery and viability were not impaired but surface Ig and antigen-binding were greatly reduced. The ability of the cells to respond to BSA was tested by a modified Farr assay of serum taken 10 days after adoptive transfer of cells to lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients. Cells not exposed to enzymes were able to respond to BSA either in vitro before adoptive transfer or in vivo after transfer. Cells exposed to papain and pronase were unable to respond in vitro, but normal antibody production was approached when the cells were exposed to antigen in vivo. Thus, after removal of much surface Ig the cells were temporarily unresponsive to antigen but were still functional, as demonstrated by their ability to recover responsiveness in vivo.", "contents": "Enzymatic modification of lymphocyte receptors for antigen III. loss of antigen-responsiveness with recovery after adoptive transfer. Spleen cells from bovine serum albumin (BSA)-primed CBA mice were exposed to proteolysis by papain and pronase under conditions where cell recovery and viability were not impaired but surface Ig and antigen-binding were greatly reduced. The ability of the cells to respond to BSA was tested by a modified Farr assay of serum taken 10 days after adoptive transfer of cells to lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients. Cells not exposed to enzymes were able to respond to BSA either in vitro before adoptive transfer or in vivo after transfer. Cells exposed to papain and pronase were unable to respond in vitro, but normal antibody production was approached when the cells were exposed to antigen in vivo. Thus, after removal of much surface Ig the cells were temporarily unresponsive to antigen but were still functional, as demonstrated by their ability to recover responsiveness in vivo.", "PMID": 1188322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10811", "title": "Complement dependence of localisation of aggregated IgG in germinal centres.", "content": "In vivo decomplementation of mice with cobra factor completely prevented trapping of aggregated human IgG within splenic germinal centres. Observations of the intrasplenic position of the aggregated material within 8 hr of its injection into normal and decomplemented mice suggest that the early phase of localisation in germinal centres depends on binding to lymphocyte C3 receptors.", "contents": "Complement dependence of localisation of aggregated IgG in germinal centres. In vivo decomplementation of mice with cobra factor completely prevented trapping of aggregated human IgG within splenic germinal centres. Observations of the intrasplenic position of the aggregated material within 8 hr of its injection into normal and decomplemented mice suggest that the early phase of localisation in germinal centres depends on binding to lymphocyte C3 receptors.", "PMID": 1188323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10812", "title": "Effect of antiepileptic drugs on serum and salivary IgA.", "content": "IgA, IgG, and IgM concentrations were determined in sera from 100 patients under treatment for epilepsy for at least 6 months. Low IgA was found in 25% of adult sera and in an even larger percentage of sera from children. IgM concentrations were also low, whereas there was no significant difference in the IgG concentrations compared with normal sera. IgA values were normal in untreated patients but fell during treatment with phenytoin, in one patient from 1.5 to 0.2 mg/ml within 2 months. Low or undetectable salivary IgA was a common finding, especially in gingival hyperplasia.", "contents": "Effect of antiepileptic drugs on serum and salivary IgA. IgA, IgG, and IgM concentrations were determined in sera from 100 patients under treatment for epilepsy for at least 6 months. Low IgA was found in 25% of adult sera and in an even larger percentage of sera from children. IgM concentrations were also low, whereas there was no significant difference in the IgG concentrations compared with normal sera. IgA values were normal in untreated patients but fell during treatment with phenytoin, in one patient from 1.5 to 0.2 mg/ml within 2 months. Low or undetectable salivary IgA was a common finding, especially in gingival hyperplasia.", "PMID": 1188324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10813", "title": "The incidence of hypospadias in Sweden.", "content": "In a study of the incidence of hypospadias the source material consisted of cases of hypospadias continuously reported to two central registers during the years 1965 to 1968. The material was then extended by the addition of hypospadiacs aged 5 to 9 years and admitted to departments of plastic and pediatric surgery, and in a few cases to departments of urology or surgery, who were not reported to either of the registers. During the years 1965 to 1968, 666 live male infants with hypospadias were identified among a total of 480 607 live births of both sexes in Sweden. The incidence of hypospadias was 13.9 per 10 000 of both sexes. 13.1 of these were single and 0.8 multiple malformations. A systematic grading of hypospadias showed that the mildest, glandular form was present in 62%. Early neonatal deaths with identified hypospadias was 7.", "contents": "The incidence of hypospadias in Sweden. In a study of the incidence of hypospadias the source material consisted of cases of hypospadias continuously reported to two central registers during the years 1965 to 1968. The material was then extended by the addition of hypospadiacs aged 5 to 9 years and admitted to departments of plastic and pediatric surgery, and in a few cases to departments of urology or surgery, who were not reported to either of the registers. During the years 1965 to 1968, 666 live male infants with hypospadias were identified among a total of 480 607 live births of both sexes in Sweden. The incidence of hypospadias was 13.9 per 10 000 of both sexes. 13.1 of these were single and 0.8 multiple malformations. A systematic grading of hypospadias showed that the mildest, glandular form was present in 62%. Early neonatal deaths with identified hypospadias was 7.", "PMID": 1188325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10814", "title": "Surgical reduction of adipose tissue hypercellularity in man.", "content": "Surgical removal of adipose tissue is a widely practised form of plastic surgery most often aimed at correcting cosmetic defects after extreme weight reduction such as a pendulous abdomen. However, it has not been proposed as a cure for obesity. Evidence for an interaction between the adipose tissue mass and regulation of food intake and energy balance might suggest that a reduction of body fat could favorably influence obesity. This study presents body composition data on five patients with a mean body weight of 136 kg with hyperplastic obesity who after a mean weight reduction of 46 kg by conventional therapy were subjected to extensive plastic surgery aimed at removing supernumerary fat cells. Analysis of adipose tissue cellularity revealed that 12-18% of the total number of fat cells were removed by combinations of abdominoplasty and lumbar and femoral adipectomy. There were no indications that this reduction of adipose tissue mass could prevent the recurrence of obesity in these patients, though there was no evidence for regeneration of adipose tissue in situ.", "contents": "Surgical reduction of adipose tissue hypercellularity in man. Surgical removal of adipose tissue is a widely practised form of plastic surgery most often aimed at correcting cosmetic defects after extreme weight reduction such as a pendulous abdomen. However, it has not been proposed as a cure for obesity. Evidence for an interaction between the adipose tissue mass and regulation of food intake and energy balance might suggest that a reduction of body fat could favorably influence obesity. This study presents body composition data on five patients with a mean body weight of 136 kg with hyperplastic obesity who after a mean weight reduction of 46 kg by conventional therapy were subjected to extensive plastic surgery aimed at removing supernumerary fat cells. Analysis of adipose tissue cellularity revealed that 12-18% of the total number of fat cells were removed by combinations of abdominoplasty and lumbar and femoral adipectomy. There were no indications that this reduction of adipose tissue mass could prevent the recurrence of obesity in these patients, though there was no evidence for regeneration of adipose tissue in situ.", "PMID": 1188326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10815", "title": "Metacarpophalangeal joint implants. I. Roentgenographic study on the silastic finger joint implant, swanson design.", "content": "A roentgenographic study was carried out on 104 Silastic Finger Joint Implants, Swanson design. Sixty-two of the implants were examined in the anterio-posterior-projection (AP) from 4 months to 5 1/2 years postoperatively, a total of 116 examinations. Forty-two implants were examined in the AP-projection and in the lateral projection by tomography in maximum active extension and flexion from 9 days to 42 months postoperatively, a total of 110 examinations. Stem fractures were found in 11/104 implants: two of these preceded by a laceration of the implant surface visualized by tomography. Fragmentation of the midsection was found in 14/104 implants. Cortical erosion was seen radially in the phalanx and the metacarpal bone in some joints showing ulnar deviation, predominantly MCP joints II and III. On the tomograms a cortical erosion dorsally in the metacarpal bone could be demonstrated. Particularly around the distal stem was found an intramedullary bone lamella, varying in distance from the stem as well as in density and regularity. Bone resorption was found at the site where the midsection bore on the metacarpal bone and the proximal phalanx, resulting in a migration of the implant in a proximal and/or distal direction. The migration of the implant was evaluated on the tomograms with maximum active extension and classified into 4 Grades. Concomitant with the migration in the proximal direction a bony spur developed volarly at the resected end of the metacarpal bone, also seen in the AP-projection. The degree of maximum joint flexion was measured on the tomograms by drawing a line along the dorsal contour of each bone. In some cases flexion was found to decrease as a consequence of implant migration in the distal direction or the development of a bony spur. In several cases the range of flexion was maintained by gliding of the stems, particularly the distal one.", "contents": "Metacarpophalangeal joint implants. I. Roentgenographic study on the silastic finger joint implant, swanson design. A roentgenographic study was carried out on 104 Silastic Finger Joint Implants, Swanson design. Sixty-two of the implants were examined in the anterio-posterior-projection (AP) from 4 months to 5 1/2 years postoperatively, a total of 116 examinations. Forty-two implants were examined in the AP-projection and in the lateral projection by tomography in maximum active extension and flexion from 9 days to 42 months postoperatively, a total of 110 examinations. Stem fractures were found in 11/104 implants: two of these preceded by a laceration of the implant surface visualized by tomography. Fragmentation of the midsection was found in 14/104 implants. Cortical erosion was seen radially in the phalanx and the metacarpal bone in some joints showing ulnar deviation, predominantly MCP joints II and III. On the tomograms a cortical erosion dorsally in the metacarpal bone could be demonstrated. Particularly around the distal stem was found an intramedullary bone lamella, varying in distance from the stem as well as in density and regularity. Bone resorption was found at the site where the midsection bore on the metacarpal bone and the proximal phalanx, resulting in a migration of the implant in a proximal and/or distal direction. The migration of the implant was evaluated on the tomograms with maximum active extension and classified into 4 Grades. Concomitant with the migration in the proximal direction a bony spur developed volarly at the resected end of the metacarpal bone, also seen in the AP-projection. The degree of maximum joint flexion was measured on the tomograms by drawing a line along the dorsal contour of each bone. In some cases flexion was found to decrease as a consequence of implant migration in the distal direction or the development of a bony spur. In several cases the range of flexion was maintained by gliding of the stems, particularly the distal one.", "PMID": 1188327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10816", "title": "Metacarpophalangeal joint implants. II. Roentgenographic study of the Niebauer--Cutter Metacarpophalangeal Joint Prosthesis.", "content": "A roentgenographic study was carried out on 41 Niebauer -- Cutter Metacarpophalangeal Joint Prosthesis from 1 to 36 months postoperatively, a total of 105 examinations. The examinations were performed in the AP-projection and in the lateral projection by tomography in maximum active extension and flexion. The tomographic examinations revealed implant damage of three kinds: cracking within the midsection; fragmentation of the midsection; fracture of the hinge. Cracking within the midsection was found in 8 implants between 6 and 12 months postoperatively and in 1 implant later than 12 months. Later examinations revealed fragmentation of the midsection in 2 implants previously showing cracks. Hinge fracture was observed in 22 implants. Implant damage was found in a total frequency of 26/41. Bone reaction was found on the tomograms in all the operated joints, and could not be evaluated on the AP-projections. A bony spur was found to develop on the metacarpal bone volarly at the site of the osteotomy in 35 joints. In 2 of these the bony spur reached the base of the proximal phalanx, causing anchylosis. Bone resorption was found in 23 joints, constantly dorsally in the metacarpal bone and volarly in the proximal phalanx. The mechanism of the implant damage is discussed with respect to the shearing forces in the joint and the two materials of differing elasticity constituting the implant. The bone reaction is discussed with respect to the intended fixation of the intramedullary stems.", "contents": "Metacarpophalangeal joint implants. II. Roentgenographic study of the Niebauer--Cutter Metacarpophalangeal Joint Prosthesis. A roentgenographic study was carried out on 41 Niebauer -- Cutter Metacarpophalangeal Joint Prosthesis from 1 to 36 months postoperatively, a total of 105 examinations. The examinations were performed in the AP-projection and in the lateral projection by tomography in maximum active extension and flexion. The tomographic examinations revealed implant damage of three kinds: cracking within the midsection; fragmentation of the midsection; fracture of the hinge. Cracking within the midsection was found in 8 implants between 6 and 12 months postoperatively and in 1 implant later than 12 months. Later examinations revealed fragmentation of the midsection in 2 implants previously showing cracks. Hinge fracture was observed in 22 implants. Implant damage was found in a total frequency of 26/41. Bone reaction was found on the tomograms in all the operated joints, and could not be evaluated on the AP-projections. A bony spur was found to develop on the metacarpal bone volarly at the site of the osteotomy in 35 joints. In 2 of these the bony spur reached the base of the proximal phalanx, causing anchylosis. Bone resorption was found in 23 joints, constantly dorsally in the metacarpal bone and volarly in the proximal phalanx. The mechanism of the implant damage is discussed with respect to the shearing forces in the joint and the two materials of differing elasticity constituting the implant. The bone reaction is discussed with respect to the intended fixation of the intramedullary stems.", "PMID": 1188328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10817", "title": "Osteocartilaginous exostosis of the mandibular condyle. Case report.", "content": "Osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle is extremely rare. An unusual case of a 32-year-old man is reported. Throughout a two-year period the patient suffered from intractable pain in the left T. M. J. region, anterior dislocation of the condylar head, malocclusion and facial asymmetry. Radiologic examination revealed that the cartilaginous cap of an overgrowth had functioned as an articular cartilage. A \"pseudo articulation\" was created with the prominent articular eminence and allowed an almost free movement of the mandible. Review of the seven reported cases revealed that the rare occurrence, natural history, clinical course and lack of recurrence of osteochondroma of the condylar process all substantiate the contention that this overgrowth must be considered as an osteocartilaginous exostosis rather than a neoplasm.", "contents": "Osteocartilaginous exostosis of the mandibular condyle. Case report. Osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle is extremely rare. An unusual case of a 32-year-old man is reported. Throughout a two-year period the patient suffered from intractable pain in the left T. M. J. region, anterior dislocation of the condylar head, malocclusion and facial asymmetry. Radiologic examination revealed that the cartilaginous cap of an overgrowth had functioned as an articular cartilage. A \"pseudo articulation\" was created with the prominent articular eminence and allowed an almost free movement of the mandible. Review of the seven reported cases revealed that the rare occurrence, natural history, clinical course and lack of recurrence of osteochondroma of the condylar process all substantiate the contention that this overgrowth must be considered as an osteocartilaginous exostosis rather than a neoplasm.", "PMID": 1188329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10818", "title": "Metastasizing basal cell carcinoma. Case report.", "content": "Three cases of metastasizing basal cell carcinoma are presented. Metastases to regional lymph nodes occurred in 2 cases, and to both the humerus and the brain in the third. In all 3 patients, local recurrence developed in spite of apparently radical surgical removal of the primary tumour, and histological examination revealed distinct aggressive growth. The presence of metastases provides further evidence of the existence of an aggressive variety of the basal cell carcinoma. In these cases it is of particular importance that initial radical treatment is performed, and that the follow-up of the patients includes a check of the regional lymph nodes.", "contents": "Metastasizing basal cell carcinoma. Case report. Three cases of metastasizing basal cell carcinoma are presented. Metastases to regional lymph nodes occurred in 2 cases, and to both the humerus and the brain in the third. In all 3 patients, local recurrence developed in spite of apparently radical surgical removal of the primary tumour, and histological examination revealed distinct aggressive growth. The presence of metastases provides further evidence of the existence of an aggressive variety of the basal cell carcinoma. In these cases it is of particular importance that initial radical treatment is performed, and that the follow-up of the patients includes a check of the regional lymph nodes.", "PMID": 1188330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10819", "title": "Histological studies on granulation tissue from bipedicle tube flaps.", "content": "Histological studies were performed on granulation tissue from cylinders implanted 2 to 8 weeks and 4 months in bipedicle tube flaps on rabbits. Tissue from cylinders implanted in skin folds were used as controls. Flap and control tissue showed similar changes over the weeks. At weeks 2 and 3 the tissue was rich in cells, blood vessels and collagenous fibres. At week 4 the tissue showed transitional changes to week 5, when there were zones of loosely textured tissue with fine, fragmented collagen fibres. At week 5 some of the loose tissue was replaced by fat. Macrophages and inflammatory cells had appeared. By week 7 the fatty and collagenous tissue was mature and macrophages and inflammatory cells had disappeared.", "contents": "Histological studies on granulation tissue from bipedicle tube flaps. Histological studies were performed on granulation tissue from cylinders implanted 2 to 8 weeks and 4 months in bipedicle tube flaps on rabbits. Tissue from cylinders implanted in skin folds were used as controls. Flap and control tissue showed similar changes over the weeks. At weeks 2 and 3 the tissue was rich in cells, blood vessels and collagenous fibres. At week 4 the tissue showed transitional changes to week 5, when there were zones of loosely textured tissue with fine, fragmented collagen fibres. At week 5 some of the loose tissue was replaced by fat. Macrophages and inflammatory cells had appeared. By week 7 the fatty and collagenous tissue was mature and macrophages and inflammatory cells had disappeared.", "PMID": 1188331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10820", "title": "Blood vessels and connective tissue in autotransplanted free muscle grafts of the cat.", "content": "After 2 weeks of denervation, whole leg muscles of adult cats were transplanted to intercostal spaces and removed at intervals from 5 days to 44 weeks after grafting. The connective tissue formation and capillary supply of the grafts were studied histologically and histochemically for connective tissue and ATPase. In addition, normal muscles, denervated muscles left in situ, and muscles transplanted without previous denervation were studied. During the denervation period of 2 weeks the capillary network increased slightly. During the first 6 weeks after grafting only a few, thick-walled, irregularly shaped capillaries were present in the grafts. At 8-12 weeks there was a pronounced increase in the vascular supply, coincident with reinnervation of the grafts, and after 40 weeks the capillary pattern appeared fairly normal. In the early stages a marked increase in perimysial and endomysial connective tissue took place. With increasing reinnervation a gradual disappearance of the endomysial connective tissue occurred and in the most mature grafts a minimal increase of perimysial connective tissue remained. In muscles transplanted without previous denervation, extensive fibrotic changes developed.", "contents": "Blood vessels and connective tissue in autotransplanted free muscle grafts of the cat. After 2 weeks of denervation, whole leg muscles of adult cats were transplanted to intercostal spaces and removed at intervals from 5 days to 44 weeks after grafting. The connective tissue formation and capillary supply of the grafts were studied histologically and histochemically for connective tissue and ATPase. In addition, normal muscles, denervated muscles left in situ, and muscles transplanted without previous denervation were studied. During the denervation period of 2 weeks the capillary network increased slightly. During the first 6 weeks after grafting only a few, thick-walled, irregularly shaped capillaries were present in the grafts. At 8-12 weeks there was a pronounced increase in the vascular supply, coincident with reinnervation of the grafts, and after 40 weeks the capillary pattern appeared fairly normal. In the early stages a marked increase in perimysial and endomysial connective tissue took place. With increasing reinnervation a gradual disappearance of the endomysial connective tissue occurred and in the most mature grafts a minimal increase of perimysial connective tissue remained. In muscles transplanted without previous denervation, extensive fibrotic changes developed.", "PMID": 1188332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10821", "title": "Wound strength in a clinical material.", "content": "A number of investigations on wound strength have earlier been performed, though mostly in experimental animals and on laboratory tissue; comparisons with human tissue are lacking. In this study, the breaking strength of wounds sutured with two different suture materials, polyglycolic acid (Dexon) and a synthetic polyamid (Supramid) was studied in a human material of 56 patients operated for scoliosis in two stages. Wound thickness and wound length (wound area) were considered in the determination of breaking strength. The breaking strength of a 14-day-old wound was about 57 N/cm2 wound area, a value which is quite comparable to the values obtained in experiments on wound healing in animals, such as rats and rabbits. Those experiments can thus be considered relevant also for human tissue. All wounds healed uneventfully and no difference in strength was noticed in wounds sutured with the two different suture materials.", "contents": "Wound strength in a clinical material. A number of investigations on wound strength have earlier been performed, though mostly in experimental animals and on laboratory tissue; comparisons with human tissue are lacking. In this study, the breaking strength of wounds sutured with two different suture materials, polyglycolic acid (Dexon) and a synthetic polyamid (Supramid) was studied in a human material of 56 patients operated for scoliosis in two stages. Wound thickness and wound length (wound area) were considered in the determination of breaking strength. The breaking strength of a 14-day-old wound was about 57 N/cm2 wound area, a value which is quite comparable to the values obtained in experiments on wound healing in animals, such as rats and rabbits. Those experiments can thus be considered relevant also for human tissue. All wounds healed uneventfully and no difference in strength was noticed in wounds sutured with the two different suture materials.", "PMID": 1188333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10822", "title": "[Disorders of hemoglobin synthesis (exclusive of iron deficiency)].", "content": "Hemoglobinopathies in the strict sense most often involve single amino acid substitutions. The clinical consequences, if any, are anemia, erythrocytosis and met-hemoglobinemia. In the thalassemias, which are characterized by microcytosis, unbalanced synthesis of normal globin chains exists and disease severity is primarily determined by the amount of relative overproduction of the unaffected chain: thus, the unstable chain tetramers precipitate and lead to ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis. The sideroblastic anemias are a heterogeneous group of pathological conditions, both clinically and pathogenetically. Heme synthesis appears to be regularly disturbed, but this is probably not the sole defect. Other alterations of globin and heme synthesis are listed and briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Disorders of hemoglobin synthesis (exclusive of iron deficiency)]. Hemoglobinopathies in the strict sense most often involve single amino acid substitutions. The clinical consequences, if any, are anemia, erythrocytosis and met-hemoglobinemia. In the thalassemias, which are characterized by microcytosis, unbalanced synthesis of normal globin chains exists and disease severity is primarily determined by the amount of relative overproduction of the unaffected chain: thus, the unstable chain tetramers precipitate and lead to ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis. The sideroblastic anemias are a heterogeneous group of pathological conditions, both clinically and pathogenetically. Heme synthesis appears to be regularly disturbed, but this is probably not the sole defect. Other alterations of globin and heme synthesis are listed and briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1188339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10823", "title": "Virus B hepatitis in greater Glasgow.", "content": "During the 2-year period (1971-72), 71 patients with virus B hepatitis were studied in Greater Glasgow. In this region, virus B hepatitis is most prevalent in adult males. With the introduction of routine screening of the blood donor population for HB Ag, there has been a significant reduction (p less than 0.02) in post-transfusion hepatitis. Seventy per cent of the patients in 1972 had no obvious history of exposure to HB Ag. Twenty seven per cent of the patients in this series had severe hepatitis. For clarification of our understanding of the natural history of virus B hepatitis in Greater Glasgow, further co-ordinated study is needed.", "contents": "Virus B hepatitis in greater Glasgow. During the 2-year period (1971-72), 71 patients with virus B hepatitis were studied in Greater Glasgow. In this region, virus B hepatitis is most prevalent in adult males. With the introduction of routine screening of the blood donor population for HB Ag, there has been a significant reduction (p less than 0.02) in post-transfusion hepatitis. Seventy per cent of the patients in 1972 had no obvious history of exposure to HB Ag. Twenty seven per cent of the patients in this series had severe hepatitis. For clarification of our understanding of the natural history of virus B hepatitis in Greater Glasgow, further co-ordinated study is needed.", "PMID": 1188347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10824", "title": "Urinary zinc in hepatic cirrhosis.", "content": "Plasma Zinc and renal clearance of Zinc have been studied in patients with various chronic hepatic disorders. Plasma Zinc levels were reduced in patients with all forms of chronic hepatic disease and were of no value in differentiating these conditions. The renal clearance of Zinc was found to be significantly higher in patients with chronic hepatic disease of alcoholic aetiology (1.25 ml./min.) compared with those of non-alcoholic aetiology (0.52 ml./min.) and normal subjects (0.33 ml./min.). The renal clearance of Zinc may be of value in identifying chronic hepatic disease in which alcohol is aetiologically involved.", "contents": "Urinary zinc in hepatic cirrhosis. Plasma Zinc and renal clearance of Zinc have been studied in patients with various chronic hepatic disorders. Plasma Zinc levels were reduced in patients with all forms of chronic hepatic disease and were of no value in differentiating these conditions. The renal clearance of Zinc was found to be significantly higher in patients with chronic hepatic disease of alcoholic aetiology (1.25 ml./min.) compared with those of non-alcoholic aetiology (0.52 ml./min.) and normal subjects (0.33 ml./min.). The renal clearance of Zinc may be of value in identifying chronic hepatic disease in which alcohol is aetiologically involved.", "PMID": 1188348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10825", "title": "Primary cardiac leiomyosarcoma with pulmonary metastases: a diagnostic problem.", "content": "A case of primary cardiac leiomyosarcoma is reported. Tumour growth into the right ventricular cavity led to multiple pulmonary metastases with haemorrhage. Failure of diagnostic procedures including cardiac catheterisation, angiography and thoracotomy is noted. The incidence and presentation of primary malignant cardiac tumours is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Primary cardiac leiomyosarcoma with pulmonary metastases: a diagnostic problem. A case of primary cardiac leiomyosarcoma is reported. Tumour growth into the right ventricular cavity led to multiple pulmonary metastases with haemorrhage. Failure of diagnostic procedures including cardiac catheterisation, angiography and thoracotomy is noted. The incidence and presentation of primary malignant cardiac tumours is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1188349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10826", "title": "The value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "content": "An evaluation of ultrasonography in early dilatation and aneurysm is presented. Fifty-nine patients with prominent abdominal pulsation were examined and aneurysm was demonstrated in 22. There was a high degree of correlation between the size of the aneurysm demonstrated by ultrasound and the size displayed at operation. It was also possible to demonstrate increasing dilatation by measurement on subsequent occasions.", "contents": "The value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm. An evaluation of ultrasonography in early dilatation and aneurysm is presented. Fifty-nine patients with prominent abdominal pulsation were examined and aneurysm was demonstrated in 22. There was a high degree of correlation between the size of the aneurysm demonstrated by ultrasound and the size displayed at operation. It was also possible to demonstrate increasing dilatation by measurement on subsequent occasions.", "PMID": 1188350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10827", "title": "Neutron diffraction analysis of myoglobin: structure of the carbon monoxide derivative.", "content": "The locations of hydrogen and deuterium atoms and water molecules have been investigated in carbon monoxide myoglobin using neutron diffraction, and the results are compared with earlier work on metmyoglobin. Parallel real space refinements on the two molecules show relatively few changes, but do show the carbon monoxide molecule with the iron atom moving into the heme plane.", "contents": "Neutron diffraction analysis of myoglobin: structure of the carbon monoxide derivative. The locations of hydrogen and deuterium atoms and water molecules have been investigated in carbon monoxide myoglobin using neutron diffraction, and the results are compared with earlier work on metmyoglobin. Parallel real space refinements on the two molecules show relatively few changes, but do show the carbon monoxide molecule with the iron atom moving into the heme plane.", "PMID": 1188354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10828", "title": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells: inhibition of sensitization by interferon.", "content": "Interferon, when given or induced 24 hours before contact of mice with sheep red blood cells, prevented sensitization, and no delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction could be elicited 4 days later, after challenge with the antigen, as shown by the absence of footpad swelling in treated animals.", "contents": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells: inhibition of sensitization by interferon. Interferon, when given or induced 24 hours before contact of mice with sheep red blood cells, prevented sensitization, and no delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction could be elicited 4 days later, after challenge with the antigen, as shown by the absence of footpad swelling in treated animals.", "PMID": 1188355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10829", "title": "Synthesis of (6-3H)-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its metabolism in vivo to (3H)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "[6-3H]-1alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D3 was chemically synthesized and its full biological activity and radiochemical purity were demonstrated. With the use of this preparation it has been possible to demonstrate in vivo that in rats the [6-3H]-1Alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 is converted to [6-3H]-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the natural hormone. In fact, in the intestine and bone of rats given 32 picomoles of [6-3H]-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 each day for 6 days, more than 80 percent of the lipid-soluble radioactivity exists as [6-3H]-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a finding that suggests that much of the biological effectiveness of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 is due to its conversion to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "contents": "Synthesis of (6-3H)-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its metabolism in vivo to (3H)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. [6-3H]-1alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D3 was chemically synthesized and its full biological activity and radiochemical purity were demonstrated. With the use of this preparation it has been possible to demonstrate in vivo that in rats the [6-3H]-1Alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 is converted to [6-3H]-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the natural hormone. In fact, in the intestine and bone of rats given 32 picomoles of [6-3H]-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 each day for 6 days, more than 80 percent of the lipid-soluble radioactivity exists as [6-3H]-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a finding that suggests that much of the biological effectiveness of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 is due to its conversion to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "PMID": 1188356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10830", "title": "Regulation of serum 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by calcium and phosphate in the rat.", "content": "A new radioreceptor assay was used to quantify changes in serum concentration of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rats with low calcium or low phosphate diets. Low availability of either ion elicits a fivefold increase in the circulating concentration of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The enhancement of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentration in response to calcium deficiency is dependent on the presence of the parathyroid or thyroid glands (or both), suggesting that this effect is mediated by parathyroid hormone. In contrast, the response of phosphate deficiency is independent of these glands and may result from an action of low serum phosphate concentration or some factor associated with phosphate depletion on the renal synthesis of the 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 hormone.", "contents": "Regulation of serum 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by calcium and phosphate in the rat. A new radioreceptor assay was used to quantify changes in serum concentration of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rats with low calcium or low phosphate diets. Low availability of either ion elicits a fivefold increase in the circulating concentration of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The enhancement of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentration in response to calcium deficiency is dependent on the presence of the parathyroid or thyroid glands (or both), suggesting that this effect is mediated by parathyroid hormone. In contrast, the response of phosphate deficiency is independent of these glands and may result from an action of low serum phosphate concentration or some factor associated with phosphate depletion on the renal synthesis of the 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 hormone.", "PMID": 1188357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10831", "title": "Guanidinium-CsCl density gradients for isopycnic analysis of nucleic acids.", "content": "The addition of guanidinium chloride to CsCl gradients lowers the apparent density of RNA, DNA, and hybrid polymers in such a way that all three can be banded, fractionated, and analyzed in one gradient with essentially no damage to their chemical integrity or to their biological activity.", "contents": "Guanidinium-CsCl density gradients for isopycnic analysis of nucleic acids. The addition of guanidinium chloride to CsCl gradients lowers the apparent density of RNA, DNA, and hybrid polymers in such a way that all three can be banded, fractionated, and analyzed in one gradient with essentially no damage to their chemical integrity or to their biological activity.", "PMID": 1188358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10832", "title": "Subcutaneous temperatures: a method of noninvasive sensing.", "content": "A new method of noninvasive sensing of the subsurface temperature distribution in human and animal tissue is described. Thermal radiation emitted from subsurface depths of several centimeters can be detected with microwave receivers. Temperature sensitivity of order 0.1 degree C and spatial resolution of approximately 1 by 2 centimeters have been obtained. Measurements demonstrating the technique, with feline and human tissue, are reported. A potential medical application is the detection of subsurface thermal anomalies such as malignant tumors and regions of vascular insufficiency.", "contents": "Subcutaneous temperatures: a method of noninvasive sensing. A new method of noninvasive sensing of the subsurface temperature distribution in human and animal tissue is described. Thermal radiation emitted from subsurface depths of several centimeters can be detected with microwave receivers. Temperature sensitivity of order 0.1 degree C and spatial resolution of approximately 1 by 2 centimeters have been obtained. Measurements demonstrating the technique, with feline and human tissue, are reported. A potential medical application is the detection of subsurface thermal anomalies such as malignant tumors and regions of vascular insufficiency.", "PMID": 1188361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10833", "title": "Alpha-lactalbumin production in human mammary carcinoma.", "content": "Alpha-Lactalbumin was isolated from mature human milk and utilized as an immunogen in rabbits. A radioimmunoassay was developed that was capable of detecting nanogram quantities of the antigen. Alpha-Lactalbumin synthesis was detected in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) cultivated as a continuous cell line in vitro. Other human carcinoma epithelial cell lines (throat and cervix) failed to react in this assay. The ability to synthesize alpha-lactalbumin by breast carcinoma cells appeared to be independent of the addition of prolactin to the culture medium.", "contents": "Alpha-lactalbumin production in human mammary carcinoma. Alpha-Lactalbumin was isolated from mature human milk and utilized as an immunogen in rabbits. A radioimmunoassay was developed that was capable of detecting nanogram quantities of the antigen. Alpha-Lactalbumin synthesis was detected in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) cultivated as a continuous cell line in vitro. Other human carcinoma epithelial cell lines (throat and cervix) failed to react in this assay. The ability to synthesize alpha-lactalbumin by breast carcinoma cells appeared to be independent of the addition of prolactin to the culture medium.", "PMID": 1188362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10834", "title": "Sensitive period for the development of human binocular vision.", "content": "Twenty-four subjects with abnormal binocular experience, due to a condition of convergent strabismus that existed during different periods of their lives, were tested. Interocular transfer of the tilt-aftereffect was used to assess binocularity. Individuals between 1 and 3 years of age are most susceptible to abnormal binocular experience.", "contents": "Sensitive period for the development of human binocular vision. Twenty-four subjects with abnormal binocular experience, due to a condition of convergent strabismus that existed during different periods of their lives, were tested. Interocular transfer of the tilt-aftereffect was used to assess binocularity. Individuals between 1 and 3 years of age are most susceptible to abnormal binocular experience.", "PMID": 1188363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10835", "title": "Apneas during sleep in infants: possible relationship with sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "Several types of apnea are described in premature infants and in infants who have survived breathing-stoppage episodes which may be related to the sudden infant death syndrome. Upper airway apnea appears to induce the greatest changes: oxygen desaturation is more pronounced than in a central apnea of similar duration, and secondary cardiac changes are observed earlier and are more severe.", "contents": "Apneas during sleep in infants: possible relationship with sudden infant death syndrome. Several types of apnea are described in premature infants and in infants who have survived breathing-stoppage episodes which may be related to the sudden infant death syndrome. Upper airway apnea appears to induce the greatest changes: oxygen desaturation is more pronounced than in a central apnea of similar duration, and secondary cardiac changes are observed earlier and are more severe.", "PMID": 1188364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10836", "title": "Preferences for sweet and salty in 9- to 15-year-old and adult humans.", "content": "Preferences for the tastes of sucrose, lactose, and sodium chloride were measured in 618 subjects between 9 and 15 years of age and in 140 adults. The younger subjects preferred greater sweetness and saltiness that did the adults. In the younger groups, there were race and sex differences in preferences, none of which appeared among the adults.", "contents": "Preferences for sweet and salty in 9- to 15-year-old and adult humans. Preferences for the tastes of sucrose, lactose, and sodium chloride were measured in 618 subjects between 9 and 15 years of age and in 140 adults. The younger subjects preferred greater sweetness and saltiness that did the adults. In the younger groups, there were race and sex differences in preferences, none of which appeared among the adults.", "PMID": 1188365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10837", "title": "Molluscan gastrin: concentration and molecular forms.", "content": "Blood and gastrointestinal tissues of the sea hare Aplysia californica and the land snail Otala lactea contain immunoreactive gastrin in heterogeneous forms similar to those of mammals. The observation that blood concentrations in terms of porcine gastrin standard are comparable to those of pig, man, and dog suggests significant homology between the structures of molluscan and mammalian gastrins.", "contents": "Molluscan gastrin: concentration and molecular forms. Blood and gastrointestinal tissues of the sea hare Aplysia californica and the land snail Otala lactea contain immunoreactive gastrin in heterogeneous forms similar to those of mammals. The observation that blood concentrations in terms of porcine gastrin standard are comparable to those of pig, man, and dog suggests significant homology between the structures of molluscan and mammalian gastrins.", "PMID": 1188366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10838", "title": "Induction of F1 hybrid antiparent cytotoxic effector cells: an in vitro model for hemopoietic histoincompatibility.", "content": "An in vitro system has been developed in which F1 spleen cells can generate cytotoxic activity directed specifically against parental cells. The antigenic differences detected are controlled by the H-2D-Hh-1 region of the murine major histocompatibility complex. The parent-F1 combinations demonstrating F1 antiparent activity in vitro are the same as those demonstrating F1 rejection of parental hemopoietic grafts in vivo. Hence, the F1 antiparent cytotoxicity test serves as an in vitro model for the recognition and effector phases of hybrid resistance to parental hemopoietic grafts and may be of value in clinical transplantation.", "contents": "Induction of F1 hybrid antiparent cytotoxic effector cells: an in vitro model for hemopoietic histoincompatibility. An in vitro system has been developed in which F1 spleen cells can generate cytotoxic activity directed specifically against parental cells. The antigenic differences detected are controlled by the H-2D-Hh-1 region of the murine major histocompatibility complex. The parent-F1 combinations demonstrating F1 antiparent activity in vitro are the same as those demonstrating F1 rejection of parental hemopoietic grafts in vivo. Hence, the F1 antiparent cytotoxicity test serves as an in vitro model for the recognition and effector phases of hybrid resistance to parental hemopoietic grafts and may be of value in clinical transplantation.", "PMID": 1188368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10839", "title": "Prostaglandin F2alpha production by the brain during estrogen-induced secretion of luteinizing hormone.", "content": "The arteriovenous difference in the concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) across the brain of the anestrous sheep was measured before and during the induction of luteinizing hormone secretion with 17 beta-estradiol. The results indicate that (i) the brain in vivo is a significant source of PGF2alpha, (ii) the release of PGF2alpha from the brain occurs in pulses with a circhoral rhythm, and (iii) the process through which estrogen exerts its negative and positive feedback effects on luteinizing hormone secretion may involve amplitude modulation of PGF2alpha output from the brain.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2alpha production by the brain during estrogen-induced secretion of luteinizing hormone. The arteriovenous difference in the concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) across the brain of the anestrous sheep was measured before and during the induction of luteinizing hormone secretion with 17 beta-estradiol. The results indicate that (i) the brain in vivo is a significant source of PGF2alpha, (ii) the release of PGF2alpha from the brain occurs in pulses with a circhoral rhythm, and (iii) the process through which estrogen exerts its negative and positive feedback effects on luteinizing hormone secretion may involve amplitude modulation of PGF2alpha output from the brain.", "PMID": 1188369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10840", "title": "Orientational anisotropy in infant vision.", "content": "Infants prefer to look at horizontal and vertical gratings rather than at oblique gratings only when they are at or near threshold spatial frequencies, as would be expected if acuity for oblique edges is lower than that for horizontal and vertical edges. That such a bias exists as early as 6 weeks of age suggests that the orientational asymmetry of the visual system depends on endogenous maturation rathat than exposure to a carpentered world.", "contents": "Orientational anisotropy in infant vision. Infants prefer to look at horizontal and vertical gratings rather than at oblique gratings only when they are at or near threshold spatial frequencies, as would be expected if acuity for oblique edges is lower than that for horizontal and vertical edges. That such a bias exists as early as 6 weeks of age suggests that the orientational asymmetry of the visual system depends on endogenous maturation rathat than exposure to a carpentered world.", "PMID": 1188370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10841", "title": "Cortical effect of early selective exposure to diagonal lines.", "content": "Neurons in the visual cortex that respond preferentially to diagonal contours are present only in cats exposed to diagonal lines early in life. In contrast, cells that prefer horizontal or vertical contours are found following exposure to horizontal, to vertical, and to diagonal lines. Such cells do not require a specific visual input for maintenance or for development; neurons responding preferentially to diagonal lines do.", "contents": "Cortical effect of early selective exposure to diagonal lines. Neurons in the visual cortex that respond preferentially to diagonal contours are present only in cats exposed to diagonal lines early in life. In contrast, cells that prefer horizontal or vertical contours are found following exposure to horizontal, to vertical, and to diagonal lines. Such cells do not require a specific visual input for maintenance or for development; neurons responding preferentially to diagonal lines do.", "PMID": 1188371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10842", "title": "Modification of cortical orientation selectivity in the cat by restricted visual experience: a reexamination.", "content": "Recent reports have stated that the orientation selectivity of cells in the cat's visual cortex can be biased by limiting the early visual environment to stripes of one orientation. Data obtained from seven kittens using systematic and quantitative sampling of preferred orientation, together with a blind procedure, do not show a bias toward the orientation presented in one type of restricted rearing environment.", "contents": "Modification of cortical orientation selectivity in the cat by restricted visual experience: a reexamination. Recent reports have stated that the orientation selectivity of cells in the cat's visual cortex can be biased by limiting the early visual environment to stripes of one orientation. Data obtained from seven kittens using systematic and quantitative sampling of preferred orientation, together with a blind procedure, do not show a bias toward the orientation presented in one type of restricted rearing environment.", "PMID": 1188372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10843", "title": "Perceived visual motion as effective stimulus to pursuit eye movement system.", "content": "Human eye tracking of a foveal afterimage during angular head oscillation in the dark produced smooth eye movements exceeding those for normal vestibular nystagmus, and a reduction in the frequency of the fast phase component of nystagmus eye movements. These results may support a closed loop extension of the corollary discharge theory, with oculomotor commands based on perceived object velocity.", "contents": "Perceived visual motion as effective stimulus to pursuit eye movement system. Human eye tracking of a foveal afterimage during angular head oscillation in the dark produced smooth eye movements exceeding those for normal vestibular nystagmus, and a reduction in the frequency of the fast phase component of nystagmus eye movements. These results may support a closed loop extension of the corollary discharge theory, with oculomotor commands based on perceived object velocity.", "PMID": 1188373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10844", "title": "Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use.", "content": "Two longitudinal surveys based on random samples of high school students in New York State indicate four stages in the sequence of involvement with drugs: beer or wine, or both; cigarettes or hard liquor; marihuana; and other illicit drugs. The legal drugs are necessary intermediates between nonuse and marihuana. Whereas 27 percent of high school students who smoke and drink progress to marihuana within a 5- to 6-month follow-up period, only 2 percent of those who have not used any legal substance do so. Marihuana, in turn, is a crucial step on the way to other illicit drugs. While 26 percent of marihuana users progress to LSD, amphetamines, or heroin, only 1 percent of nondrug marihuana users and 4 percent of legal drug users do so. This sequence is found in each of the 4 years in high school and in the year after graduation. The reverse sequence holds for regression in drug use.", "contents": "Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use. Two longitudinal surveys based on random samples of high school students in New York State indicate four stages in the sequence of involvement with drugs: beer or wine, or both; cigarettes or hard liquor; marihuana; and other illicit drugs. The legal drugs are necessary intermediates between nonuse and marihuana. Whereas 27 percent of high school students who smoke and drink progress to marihuana within a 5- to 6-month follow-up period, only 2 percent of those who have not used any legal substance do so. Marihuana, in turn, is a crucial step on the way to other illicit drugs. While 26 percent of marihuana users progress to LSD, amphetamines, or heroin, only 1 percent of nondrug marihuana users and 4 percent of legal drug users do so. This sequence is found in each of the 4 years in high school and in the year after graduation. The reverse sequence holds for regression in drug use.", "PMID": 1188374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10845", "title": "Diversity and adaptation in rodent copulatory behavior.", "content": "Copulatory patterns of muroid rodents provide an ideal locus for comparative behavioral research. Such patterns are highly stereotyped within and between the individuals of a given species, variable across species, readily elicited in the laboratory, and of great biological significance. Detailed behavioral comparisons of a broad range of muroid species have revealed extensive behavioral diversity that was not anticipated from research confined to laboratory rats. Various muroid species display postejaculatory compulations without sperm transfer, locking, thrusting, and other behavioral patterns. This behavioral diversity appears not to be the result of a simple linear pattern of evolutionary history. Rather, patterns appear to have evolved repeatedly in response to particular selective pressures acting on particular species. While understanding of the adaptive significance of these behavioral patterns remains rudimentary, important beginnings have been made.", "contents": "Diversity and adaptation in rodent copulatory behavior. Copulatory patterns of muroid rodents provide an ideal locus for comparative behavioral research. Such patterns are highly stereotyped within and between the individuals of a given species, variable across species, readily elicited in the laboratory, and of great biological significance. Detailed behavioral comparisons of a broad range of muroid species have revealed extensive behavioral diversity that was not anticipated from research confined to laboratory rats. Various muroid species display postejaculatory compulations without sperm transfer, locking, thrusting, and other behavioral patterns. This behavioral diversity appears not to be the result of a simple linear pattern of evolutionary history. Rather, patterns appear to have evolved repeatedly in response to particular selective pressures acting on particular species. While understanding of the adaptive significance of these behavioral patterns remains rudimentary, important beginnings have been made.", "PMID": 1188377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10846", "title": "\"Half\" membrane enrichment: verification by electron microscopy.", "content": "Membranes of intact erythrocytes bound to polylysine-treated glass fracture nonrandomly when covered with thin copper and frozen. Electron microscopic examination of the glass side reveals extensive areas of outer \"half\" membrane (B face) and of the copper side, inner \"half\" membrane (A face). This technique allows the ultrastructural examination of square-centimeter areas of fractured membrane and the chemical analysis of these membrane \"halves\".", "contents": "\"Half\" membrane enrichment: verification by electron microscopy. Membranes of intact erythrocytes bound to polylysine-treated glass fracture nonrandomly when covered with thin copper and frozen. Electron microscopic examination of the glass side reveals extensive areas of outer \"half\" membrane (B face) and of the copper side, inner \"half\" membrane (A face). This technique allows the ultrastructural examination of square-centimeter areas of fractured membrane and the chemical analysis of these membrane \"halves\".", "PMID": 1188378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10847", "title": "Soluble protein of the organic matrix of mollusk shells: a potential template for shell formation.", "content": "A significant proportion of the soluble protein of the organic matrix of mollusk shells is composed of a repeating sequence of aspartic acid separated by either glycine or serine. This regularly spaced, negatively charged aspartic acid may function as a template upon which mineralization occurs.", "contents": "Soluble protein of the organic matrix of mollusk shells: a potential template for shell formation. A significant proportion of the soluble protein of the organic matrix of mollusk shells is composed of a repeating sequence of aspartic acid separated by either glycine or serine. This regularly spaced, negatively charged aspartic acid may function as a template upon which mineralization occurs.", "PMID": 1188379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10848", "title": "Goldfish retina: functional polarization of cone horizontal cell dendrites and synapses.", "content": "In serial electron micrographs we observed that dendrites of goldfish cone horizontal cells are either central or lateral in ribbon synaptic triads, depending on cone and horizontal cell type. The chromatic properties of cone horizontal cell responses may be explained if the cone horizontal cells act as interneurons, receiving from cones through their central processes but acting on cones through their lateral processes.", "contents": "Goldfish retina: functional polarization of cone horizontal cell dendrites and synapses. In serial electron micrographs we observed that dendrites of goldfish cone horizontal cells are either central or lateral in ribbon synaptic triads, depending on cone and horizontal cell type. The chromatic properties of cone horizontal cell responses may be explained if the cone horizontal cells act as interneurons, receiving from cones through their central processes but acting on cones through their lateral processes.", "PMID": 1188380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10849", "title": "Prostaglandins in rabbit blastocyst.", "content": "Rabbit blastocysts recovered at 144 hours post coitum contained the prostaglandins F and E-A. We suggest that one or more of these prostaglandins act as mediators in blastocyst steroidogenesis. (In another study we have demonstrated steroidogenesis in rabbit blastocysts).", "contents": "Prostaglandins in rabbit blastocyst. Rabbit blastocysts recovered at 144 hours post coitum contained the prostaglandins F and E-A. We suggest that one or more of these prostaglandins act as mediators in blastocyst steroidogenesis. (In another study we have demonstrated steroidogenesis in rabbit blastocysts).", "PMID": 1188381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10850", "title": "Neuroplasticity in the sparing or deterioration of function after early olfactory tract lesions.", "content": "Mating behavior in male hamsters depends on the sense of smell. Thus, complete transection of the lateral olfactory tract in adults eliminates mating. If the cut is made early in life, however, mating is spared. Partial section of the tract in adults does not affect mating, but similar cuts in the neonate lead to impaired mating performance later in life. Observed postsurgical rearrangements in the connections of axons in the lateral olfactory tract may explain both the sparing and the deterioration of function.", "contents": "Neuroplasticity in the sparing or deterioration of function after early olfactory tract lesions. Mating behavior in male hamsters depends on the sense of smell. Thus, complete transection of the lateral olfactory tract in adults eliminates mating. If the cut is made early in life, however, mating is spared. Partial section of the tract in adults does not affect mating, but similar cuts in the neonate lead to impaired mating performance later in life. Observed postsurgical rearrangements in the connections of axons in the lateral olfactory tract may explain both the sparing and the deterioration of function.", "PMID": 1188382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10851", "title": "Chromosome damage in liver cells from low dose rate alpha, beta, and gamma irradiation: derivation of RBE.", "content": "Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for chromosome damage in liver cells was determined after low dose rate exposures to alpha, beta, or gamma irradiation. Protracted exposures to beta and gamma irradiation were equally effective, whereas low dose rate exposures to alpha emitters were 15 to 20 times more damaging than exposures to beta or gamma irradiation. These data support the use of the quality factor of 10 recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection and the National Council on Radiation Protection for estimating the biological hazard from internally deposited alpha emitters. When the dose rates were low, all types of chromosome damage observed were produced by single-hit processes.", "contents": "Chromosome damage in liver cells from low dose rate alpha, beta, and gamma irradiation: derivation of RBE. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for chromosome damage in liver cells was determined after low dose rate exposures to alpha, beta, or gamma irradiation. Protracted exposures to beta and gamma irradiation were equally effective, whereas low dose rate exposures to alpha emitters were 15 to 20 times more damaging than exposures to beta or gamma irradiation. These data support the use of the quality factor of 10 recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection and the National Council on Radiation Protection for estimating the biological hazard from internally deposited alpha emitters. When the dose rates were low, all types of chromosome damage observed were produced by single-hit processes.", "PMID": 1188384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10852", "title": "High speed scintillation autoradiography.", "content": "Impregnation of nuclear track emulsion with liquid scintillator and exposure at -85 degrees C allows rapid autoradiographic labeling. With tritiated thymidine of high specific activity (40 to 60 curies per millimole), exposure time can be shortened to 20 to 60 minutes, allowing complete sample processing within 4 hours. In experiments requiring isotopes with low incorporation rates or low specific activity, exposure time can be shortened from months to several days.", "contents": "High speed scintillation autoradiography. Impregnation of nuclear track emulsion with liquid scintillator and exposure at -85 degrees C allows rapid autoradiographic labeling. With tritiated thymidine of high specific activity (40 to 60 curies per millimole), exposure time can be shortened to 20 to 60 minutes, allowing complete sample processing within 4 hours. In experiments requiring isotopes with low incorporation rates or low specific activity, exposure time can be shortened from months to several days.", "PMID": 1188385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10853", "title": "Nongenetic variability in susceptibility to oncogenesis.", "content": "Genetically homogeneous mice varied in susceptibility to tumor induction by 3-methylcholanthrene. The early appearance of an induced tumor identified an animal of relatively great susceptibility to tumor induction as compared to other animals of the same genotype.", "contents": "Nongenetic variability in susceptibility to oncogenesis. Genetically homogeneous mice varied in susceptibility to tumor induction by 3-methylcholanthrene. The early appearance of an induced tumor identified an animal of relatively great susceptibility to tumor induction as compared to other animals of the same genotype.", "PMID": 1188386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10854", "title": "Deoxycorticosterone-adenine interactions in a crystalline complex.", "content": "Deoxycorticosterone-adenine monohydrate is the first complex involving a steroid and a component of DNA to be successfully crystallized and studied by single crystal x-ray analysis. Hydrogen bonds between O(20) and N(6) as well as O(21) and N(1) connect the corticoid side chain to an adenine molecule. The molecules are also packed such that a second adenine moiety is situated over the delta4-3-one region of the steroid. These observations of the solid state suggest ways in which steroids and nucleic acids may interact in vivo.", "contents": "Deoxycorticosterone-adenine interactions in a crystalline complex. Deoxycorticosterone-adenine monohydrate is the first complex involving a steroid and a component of DNA to be successfully crystallized and studied by single crystal x-ray analysis. Hydrogen bonds between O(20) and N(6) as well as O(21) and N(1) connect the corticoid side chain to an adenine molecule. The molecules are also packed such that a second adenine moiety is situated over the delta4-3-one region of the steroid. These observations of the solid state suggest ways in which steroids and nucleic acids may interact in vivo.", "PMID": 1188387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10855", "title": "5-iododeoxyuridine potentiation of the replication in vitro of several unrelated RNA and DNA viruses.", "content": "Enhancement of the replication of unrelated viruses (three RNA viruses and one DNA virus), representative of four major virus groups, occurs in human, rodent, or avian cells treated in vitro with 5-iododeoxyuridine (IdU). The results suggest that the potentiation of viral replication by IdU is a widespread phenomenon.", "contents": "5-iododeoxyuridine potentiation of the replication in vitro of several unrelated RNA and DNA viruses. Enhancement of the replication of unrelated viruses (three RNA viruses and one DNA virus), representative of four major virus groups, occurs in human, rodent, or avian cells treated in vitro with 5-iododeoxyuridine (IdU). The results suggest that the potentiation of viral replication by IdU is a widespread phenomenon.", "PMID": 1188388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10856", "title": "Immunoglobulin E antibodies to pollen allergens account for high percentages of total immunoglobulin E protein.", "content": "The quantities of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to grass or ragweed allergens were measured by an immunoabsorption in the serums of patients sensitive to one of these allergens. IgE antibodies to grass or ragweed allergens accounted for means of 30 and 29 percent of the total IgE protein. After the ragweed pollination season, the levels of serum IgE antibodies to ragweed allergens rose dramatically and in postpollination serums they accounted for 39 percent of the total IgE protein with a range from 13 to 50 percent.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin E antibodies to pollen allergens account for high percentages of total immunoglobulin E protein. The quantities of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to grass or ragweed allergens were measured by an immunoabsorption in the serums of patients sensitive to one of these allergens. IgE antibodies to grass or ragweed allergens accounted for means of 30 and 29 percent of the total IgE protein. After the ragweed pollination season, the levels of serum IgE antibodies to ragweed allergens rose dramatically and in postpollination serums they accounted for 39 percent of the total IgE protein with a range from 13 to 50 percent.", "PMID": 1188389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10857", "title": "Axonal projections of medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic neurons.", "content": "Projections from medial preoptic area (mPOA) and medial anterior hypothalamic area (mAHA) neurons were investigated in albino rats with the use of tritiated amino acid autoradiography. Both the mPOA and the mAHA gave long-axon projections to structures in limbic forebrain and midbrain as well as short-axon projections to other hypothalamic regions. Differences between mPOA and mAHA neurons were observed in projections to the mid-septal region, ventromedial hypothalamus, premammillary region, and central gray. Further, while axons from the mPOA traveled within the medial forebrain bundle, those from the mAHA remained in a band ventromedial to the fornix. These anatomical differences may underlie functional differences between the mPOA and mAHA which have been demonstrated with other experimental techniques.", "contents": "Axonal projections of medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic neurons. Projections from medial preoptic area (mPOA) and medial anterior hypothalamic area (mAHA) neurons were investigated in albino rats with the use of tritiated amino acid autoradiography. Both the mPOA and the mAHA gave long-axon projections to structures in limbic forebrain and midbrain as well as short-axon projections to other hypothalamic regions. Differences between mPOA and mAHA neurons were observed in projections to the mid-septal region, ventromedial hypothalamus, premammillary region, and central gray. Further, while axons from the mPOA traveled within the medial forebrain bundle, those from the mAHA remained in a band ventromedial to the fornix. These anatomical differences may underlie functional differences between the mPOA and mAHA which have been demonstrated with other experimental techniques.", "PMID": 1188390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10858", "title": "Deficits in binocular depth perception in cats after alternating monocular deprivation.", "content": "Allowing very young kittens to see with only one eye at a time greatly reduces the proportion of binocular cortical cells. Compared to normal cats these specially reared animals suffer deficits in binocular depth perception while retaining normal activity in the two eyes. Evidently, binocular cells play a crucial role in stereopsis.", "contents": "Deficits in binocular depth perception in cats after alternating monocular deprivation. Allowing very young kittens to see with only one eye at a time greatly reduces the proportion of binocular cortical cells. Compared to normal cats these specially reared animals suffer deficits in binocular depth perception while retaining normal activity in the two eyes. Evidently, binocular cells play a crucial role in stereopsis.", "PMID": 1188391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10859", "title": "Wrist arthrography: review and comparison of normals, rheumatoid arthritis and gout patients.", "content": "Bilateral wrist arthrograms performed on a randomly selected population of 100 adult males revealed an unexpected high prevalence of communications among the three wrist compartments. These findings warrant reassessment of wrist arthrographic criteris for synovial involvement of rheumatoid arthritis. Midcarpal joint extension correlated with increasing age and occupational trauma, suggesting a degenerative or \"wear and tear\" mechanism in the breakdown of the delicate interosseous intercarpal ligaments. Such extension was also found to a greater than expected frequency in gout. Radioulnar joint extension correlated with acute trauma secondary to wrist sprains or fractures, presumably through tears in the tough triangular fibrocartilage. Such extension was also found to a greater than expected frequency in RA. While midcarpal extension and inferior radioulnar extension correlate with gout and RA, respectively, their occurrence in a random adult male population is so frequent (as is three compartment communication) as to obviate their diagnostic value. However, synovial corrugation and lymphatic visualization were seen only in the wrists of patients with diagnosed inflammatory arthritic conditions and may have potential diagnostic significance. Selected anthropometric variables were analyzed by age in this randomly selected adult male population and compared with the gouty and RA patient groups. Significant continuously decreasing grip strength and hand mineralization occurred with age, which was opposite to the trend for osteoarthrosis. The hematocrit, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and serum uric acid were impressively stable until the ninth or older decades, at which time a significant increase in sedimentation rate and decrease in hematocrit were found.", "contents": "Wrist arthrography: review and comparison of normals, rheumatoid arthritis and gout patients. Bilateral wrist arthrograms performed on a randomly selected population of 100 adult males revealed an unexpected high prevalence of communications among the three wrist compartments. These findings warrant reassessment of wrist arthrographic criteris for synovial involvement of rheumatoid arthritis. Midcarpal joint extension correlated with increasing age and occupational trauma, suggesting a degenerative or \"wear and tear\" mechanism in the breakdown of the delicate interosseous intercarpal ligaments. Such extension was also found to a greater than expected frequency in gout. Radioulnar joint extension correlated with acute trauma secondary to wrist sprains or fractures, presumably through tears in the tough triangular fibrocartilage. Such extension was also found to a greater than expected frequency in RA. While midcarpal extension and inferior radioulnar extension correlate with gout and RA, respectively, their occurrence in a random adult male population is so frequent (as is three compartment communication) as to obviate their diagnostic value. However, synovial corrugation and lymphatic visualization were seen only in the wrists of patients with diagnosed inflammatory arthritic conditions and may have potential diagnostic significance. Selected anthropometric variables were analyzed by age in this randomly selected adult male population and compared with the gouty and RA patient groups. Significant continuously decreasing grip strength and hand mineralization occurred with age, which was opposite to the trend for osteoarthrosis. The hematocrit, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and serum uric acid were impressively stable until the ninth or older decades, at which time a significant increase in sedimentation rate and decrease in hematocrit were found.", "PMID": 1188392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10860", "title": "Gonococcal arthritis in pregnancy: a ten-year review.", "content": "Thirty-two cases of gonococcal arthritis in pregnant women admitted to Jackson Memorial Hospital between 1962 and 1971 are reviewed. Our specific aim is to reinforce awareness of this serious complication in pregnancy. The incidence of gonococcal arthritis is higher in women, but more significantly, it appears that the pregnant patient is at greater risk. The incidence of skin lesions seems to be higher in pregnancy. Penicillin was universally effective, since penicillin-resistant strains appear not to involve joints.", "contents": "Gonococcal arthritis in pregnancy: a ten-year review. Thirty-two cases of gonococcal arthritis in pregnant women admitted to Jackson Memorial Hospital between 1962 and 1971 are reviewed. Our specific aim is to reinforce awareness of this serious complication in pregnancy. The incidence of gonococcal arthritis is higher in women, but more significantly, it appears that the pregnant patient is at greater risk. The incidence of skin lesions seems to be higher in pregnancy. Penicillin was universally effective, since penicillin-resistant strains appear not to involve joints.", "PMID": 1188420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10861", "title": "Childhood brain tumors: a 15-year survey.", "content": "Eighty-seven children with histologically confirmed brain tumors were reviewed. Fifty-nine of the tumors were in the posterior fossa, 19 were cerebral gliomas, and nine were miscellaneous supratentorial tumors, including five craniopharyngiomas and two papillomas of the choroid plexus. In the posterior fossa there were 22 astrocytomas, 11 medulloblastomas, and ten ependymomas, indicating that half of the cerebellar tumors are benign. Of the patients with cerebellar astrocytomas, 15 are alive and 10 are probably cured. The cerebellar ependymomas have a very poor prognosis with only one long-term survivor and an average survival time of 14 months. The medulloblastoma group has only four survivors, and some of these are less than two years postoperative. Of 11 patients having cerebral astrocytoma, only three are leading satisfactory lives, three are dead, and five are handicapped to a significant degree. Of the eight patients with supratentorial ependymoma, all are dead with the longest survival being six years. It is emphasized that a benign cerebellar astrocytoma is the single most likely tumor in childhood, and many of these patients can be cured and survive without significant neurologic deficit.", "contents": "Childhood brain tumors: a 15-year survey. Eighty-seven children with histologically confirmed brain tumors were reviewed. Fifty-nine of the tumors were in the posterior fossa, 19 were cerebral gliomas, and nine were miscellaneous supratentorial tumors, including five craniopharyngiomas and two papillomas of the choroid plexus. In the posterior fossa there were 22 astrocytomas, 11 medulloblastomas, and ten ependymomas, indicating that half of the cerebellar tumors are benign. Of the patients with cerebellar astrocytomas, 15 are alive and 10 are probably cured. The cerebellar ependymomas have a very poor prognosis with only one long-term survivor and an average survival time of 14 months. The medulloblastoma group has only four survivors, and some of these are less than two years postoperative. Of 11 patients having cerebral astrocytoma, only three are leading satisfactory lives, three are dead, and five are handicapped to a significant degree. Of the eight patients with supratentorial ependymoma, all are dead with the longest survival being six years. It is emphasized that a benign cerebellar astrocytoma is the single most likely tumor in childhood, and many of these patients can be cured and survive without significant neurologic deficit.", "PMID": 1188421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10862", "title": "Tuberculosis of the wrist: a report of ten cases.", "content": "Ten patients with tuberculosis of the wrist are reported. In three, the disease was limited to the tenosynovium and these patients were treated by synovectomy. Seven patients had disease involving the carpal bones. In six of these an arthrodesis of the wrist was done, and solid fusion was attained in four. In all of the patients the wrist disease became inactive under treatment with isoniazid and para-aminosalicyclic acid.", "contents": "Tuberculosis of the wrist: a report of ten cases. Ten patients with tuberculosis of the wrist are reported. In three, the disease was limited to the tenosynovium and these patients were treated by synovectomy. Seven patients had disease involving the carpal bones. In six of these an arthrodesis of the wrist was done, and solid fusion was attained in four. In all of the patients the wrist disease became inactive under treatment with isoniazid and para-aminosalicyclic acid.", "PMID": 1188422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10863", "title": "Leiomyoblastoma of the stomach.", "content": "Two cases of leiomyoblastoma of the stomach are reported. Endoscopic features, ie, submucosal mass with umbilication and apical ulceration, presence of normal peristalsis, and absence of stenosis or irregularity, help differentiate this tumor from carcinoma of the stomach. Case histories are presented and pathologic features are described.", "contents": "Leiomyoblastoma of the stomach. Two cases of leiomyoblastoma of the stomach are reported. Endoscopic features, ie, submucosal mass with umbilication and apical ulceration, presence of normal peristalsis, and absence of stenosis or irregularity, help differentiate this tumor from carcinoma of the stomach. Case histories are presented and pathologic features are described.", "PMID": 1188423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10864", "title": "Male pattern baldness: classification and incidence.", "content": "The need for a widely accepted, accurate, and reproducible standard of classification for male pattern baldness has increased with the advent and increasing popularity of hair transplant surgery. This report establishes such a classification, and reports its use in determining the incidence of male pattern baldness at various ages in 1,000 white adult male subjects. The action of testosterone as an incitant in male pattern baldness is well known, but this study points out the continued effect of time, even in later years. Since most hair transplant surgery is peformed on subjects with male pattern baldness, and because the success of hair transplant surgery is largely dependent on proper patient selection, a complete understanding of male pattern baldness is essential for consistently good results with hair transplantation.", "contents": "Male pattern baldness: classification and incidence. The need for a widely accepted, accurate, and reproducible standard of classification for male pattern baldness has increased with the advent and increasing popularity of hair transplant surgery. This report establishes such a classification, and reports its use in determining the incidence of male pattern baldness at various ages in 1,000 white adult male subjects. The action of testosterone as an incitant in male pattern baldness is well known, but this study points out the continued effect of time, even in later years. Since most hair transplant surgery is peformed on subjects with male pattern baldness, and because the success of hair transplant surgery is largely dependent on proper patient selection, a complete understanding of male pattern baldness is essential for consistently good results with hair transplantation.", "PMID": 1188424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10865", "title": "Trauma to the portal venous system.", "content": "During a 16-year period, 47 wounds of the portal and/or superior mesenteric veins were encountered. Overall mortality was 57%. Survival was greatest in patients with injury to the superior mesenteric vein, wounds repairable by lateral phleborrhaphy, absence of associated major vascular trauma, and only transient or minimal hypovolemic shock. The majority of deaths were due to uncontrollable bleeding or sequelae of profound hemorrhagic shock. Limited follow-up of survivors has demonstrated a low patency rate at the site of venous repair, suggesting that mere ligation may be all that is necessary when lateral repair is impossible.", "contents": "Trauma to the portal venous system. During a 16-year period, 47 wounds of the portal and/or superior mesenteric veins were encountered. Overall mortality was 57%. Survival was greatest in patients with injury to the superior mesenteric vein, wounds repairable by lateral phleborrhaphy, absence of associated major vascular trauma, and only transient or minimal hypovolemic shock. The majority of deaths were due to uncontrollable bleeding or sequelae of profound hemorrhagic shock. Limited follow-up of survivors has demonstrated a low patency rate at the site of venous repair, suggesting that mere ligation may be all that is necessary when lateral repair is impossible.", "PMID": 1188425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10866", "title": "Radiologic aids in the diagnosis of appendicitis in children.", "content": "Chest and abdominal radiograms are most helpful in evaluating acute abdominal pain in children. When basilar pneumonia is found the likelihood of associated appendicitis is slim. Evidence of appendicolithiasis on abdominal films secures the diagnosis of acute appendicitis and should prompt the surgeon to early operative intervention, since the threat of appendiceal perforation is great. Barium enema is safe and informative when obscure clinical presentation or associated illness exists. The likelihood of appendicitis is great when the appendix fails to fill at the time of barium enema. Complete filling of the appendix excludes the possibility of acute appendicitis.", "contents": "Radiologic aids in the diagnosis of appendicitis in children. Chest and abdominal radiograms are most helpful in evaluating acute abdominal pain in children. When basilar pneumonia is found the likelihood of associated appendicitis is slim. Evidence of appendicolithiasis on abdominal films secures the diagnosis of acute appendicitis and should prompt the surgeon to early operative intervention, since the threat of appendiceal perforation is great. Barium enema is safe and informative when obscure clinical presentation or associated illness exists. The likelihood of appendicitis is great when the appendix fails to fill at the time of barium enema. Complete filling of the appendix excludes the possibility of acute appendicitis.", "PMID": 1188426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10867", "title": "Acute systemic toxicity from bupivacaine during epidural anesthesia in obstetric patients.", "content": "Convulsions occurred within 30 seconds after the injection of bupivacaine through the epidural catheter in four obstetric patients in labor, and mild excitation without convulsions occurred in three others. Since the time between injection and the reaction was so short and since the dose was so small, the response probably was due to intravenous injection resulting from lodgement of the catheter in a vein, rather than to absorption from the epidural space itself. It is not generally known that the epidural veins become thin-walled and engorged during labor; thus, inadvertent placement of a cathether in a vein can occur readily. Convulsions, therefore, may follow even injection of a test dose of a drug. Other colleagues have had similar though unreported experiences. Physicians performing epidural blocks should be aware that such an occurrence is possible and that the catheter may be within a vein without blood returning on aspiration.", "contents": "Acute systemic toxicity from bupivacaine during epidural anesthesia in obstetric patients. Convulsions occurred within 30 seconds after the injection of bupivacaine through the epidural catheter in four obstetric patients in labor, and mild excitation without convulsions occurred in three others. Since the time between injection and the reaction was so short and since the dose was so small, the response probably was due to intravenous injection resulting from lodgement of the catheter in a vein, rather than to absorption from the epidural space itself. It is not generally known that the epidural veins become thin-walled and engorged during labor; thus, inadvertent placement of a cathether in a vein can occur readily. Convulsions, therefore, may follow even injection of a test dose of a drug. Other colleagues have had similar though unreported experiences. Physicians performing epidural blocks should be aware that such an occurrence is possible and that the catheter may be within a vein without blood returning on aspiration.", "PMID": 1188427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10868", "title": "Temporal bone radiography: a screening survey approach.", "content": "For preliminary evaluation of the temporal bone, a combination of conventional radiographs and hypocycloidal tomography in the frontal projection is advocated. If significant abnormalities are detected in this screening survey, a more in-depth study can then be pursued.", "contents": "Temporal bone radiography: a screening survey approach. For preliminary evaluation of the temporal bone, a combination of conventional radiographs and hypocycloidal tomography in the frontal projection is advocated. If significant abnormalities are detected in this screening survey, a more in-depth study can then be pursued.", "PMID": 1188428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10869", "title": "A rational approach to carcinoma of the ovary.", "content": "Carcinoma of the ovary is the leading cause of death from pelvic gynecologic malignancies in the United States. Factors which may reduce mortality from ovarian cancer include (1) emphasis on early diagnosis by awareness of neoplastic possibility and by an aggressive approach to persistent ovarian enlargement, (2) concentration upon the common epithelial tumors as the primary cause of ovarian cancer, (3) specific histologic classification and staging of the tumors as a guide to clinical management, (4) attention to certain principles of treatment, and (5) postoperative follow-up with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy.", "contents": "A rational approach to carcinoma of the ovary. Carcinoma of the ovary is the leading cause of death from pelvic gynecologic malignancies in the United States. Factors which may reduce mortality from ovarian cancer include (1) emphasis on early diagnosis by awareness of neoplastic possibility and by an aggressive approach to persistent ovarian enlargement, (2) concentration upon the common epithelial tumors as the primary cause of ovarian cancer, (3) specific histologic classification and staging of the tumors as a guide to clinical management, (4) attention to certain principles of treatment, and (5) postoperative follow-up with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1188429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10870", "title": "Innovar as a preoperative medication.", "content": "Innovar, administered intramuscularly 45 minutes preoperatively, provides excellent operative sedation, analgesia, and patient cooperation. Postoperative complications are minimized, and the quantity of postoperative analgesics and antiemetics is drastically reduced when Innovar is used as a preoperative medication.", "contents": "Innovar as a preoperative medication. Innovar, administered intramuscularly 45 minutes preoperatively, provides excellent operative sedation, analgesia, and patient cooperation. Postoperative complications are minimized, and the quantity of postoperative analgesics and antiemetics is drastically reduced when Innovar is used as a preoperative medication.", "PMID": 1188430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10871", "title": "Repair of vesicovaginal fistulas: simultaneous transvaginal-transvesical approach.", "content": "The records of 91 patients with vesicovaginal fistulas at the Ochsner Clinic between 1942 and 1974 were reviewed. The fistulas were managed in several ways: spontaneous closure, palliative operation, urinary diversion, transvesical repair, transvaginal repair, and a combined transvaginal-transvesical procedure. The latter had a 100% success rate in the eight patients in whom it was used. The technic of this procedure is described and the indications are expanded to include (1) large fistulas, (2) fistulas near the ureteral orifice, (3) if other abdominal or urologic surgery is being done, (4) if transvesical approach is being used, (5) previous failed attempts at correction, (6) difficulty of access by vaginal approach, and (7) fistulas resulting from transurethral resection of the bladder neck.", "contents": "Repair of vesicovaginal fistulas: simultaneous transvaginal-transvesical approach. The records of 91 patients with vesicovaginal fistulas at the Ochsner Clinic between 1942 and 1974 were reviewed. The fistulas were managed in several ways: spontaneous closure, palliative operation, urinary diversion, transvesical repair, transvaginal repair, and a combined transvaginal-transvesical procedure. The latter had a 100% success rate in the eight patients in whom it was used. The technic of this procedure is described and the indications are expanded to include (1) large fistulas, (2) fistulas near the ureteral orifice, (3) if other abdominal or urologic surgery is being done, (4) if transvesical approach is being used, (5) previous failed attempts at correction, (6) difficulty of access by vaginal approach, and (7) fistulas resulting from transurethral resection of the bladder neck.", "PMID": 1188431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10872", "title": "Glaucoma with elevated episcleral venous pressure.", "content": "A chronic elevation of the episcleral venous pressure may occur after venous obstructive disease or arteriovenous fistulas in the orbit, head, neck, or mediastinum. Idiopathic and familial occurrences of elevated episcleral venous pressure have been reported. Association with an increased episcleral venous pressure is a rise in intraocular pressure which, if of sufficient magnitude and duration, may cause cupping of the optic nerve and visual field loss. A case of glaucoma with visual field loss secondary to elevated episcleral venous pressure is presented. Recognition of the etiology of such cases is important, since the management of these patients differs from that of patients having primary open-angle glaucoma.", "contents": "Glaucoma with elevated episcleral venous pressure. A chronic elevation of the episcleral venous pressure may occur after venous obstructive disease or arteriovenous fistulas in the orbit, head, neck, or mediastinum. Idiopathic and familial occurrences of elevated episcleral venous pressure have been reported. Association with an increased episcleral venous pressure is a rise in intraocular pressure which, if of sufficient magnitude and duration, may cause cupping of the optic nerve and visual field loss. A case of glaucoma with visual field loss secondary to elevated episcleral venous pressure is presented. Recognition of the etiology of such cases is important, since the management of these patients differs from that of patients having primary open-angle glaucoma.", "PMID": 1188433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10873", "title": "Reliability of the signs of fetal distress.", "content": "The outcome of 3 659 consecutive labours, during which no heed was paid to fetal monitoring, is reported. Perinatal morbidity and mortality were neither better nor worse than the rates which have been reported from units which practise intensive intrapartum fetal monitoring.", "contents": "Reliability of the signs of fetal distress. The outcome of 3 659 consecutive labours, during which no heed was paid to fetal monitoring, is reported. Perinatal morbidity and mortality were neither better nor worse than the rates which have been reported from units which practise intensive intrapartum fetal monitoring.", "PMID": 1188527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10874", "title": "Rheumatic disorders in the South African Negro. Part II. Osteo-arthrosis.", "content": "The prevalence of osteo-arthrosis of the hip, the knee, the small joints of the hand and the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe, has been studied in a South African Negro population. The pattern of joint involvement differed considerably from that expected in a White population. Interphalangeal osteo-arthrosis was much less common in Black women than in White, and Heberden's nodes were seen in only 3 of 93 respondents who were over 65 years of age. Osteo-arthrosis of the metacarpophalangeal joints also, was less common in Black women than in White, but the Black men showed a much greater involvement than that seen in White men. As in White peoples, osteo-arthrosis of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe was commoner in women than in men, but the over-all prevalence did not reach the high levels in Whites. Osteo-arthrosis of the knee was much commoner in the women than in the men; this was associated with a marked tendency to obesity in the older women. The hip joint which is a common site for osteo-arthrosis in Whites, was seldom affected in this Black population. It is clear from this study that the apparent rarity of certain forms of degenerative arthritis in the South African Negro is not owing to any inherent resistance to the disease, because osteo-arthrosis of certain joints, such as the knee in women and the metacarpophalangeal joints in men, is even more common in Blacks than in Whites. The differences encountered can, in many instances, be attributed to differences in occupation and life style in the two populations; but genetic factors, may also play a part in the sense that certain predisposing disorders, such as congenital subluxation of the hip, appear to be far less common in Blacks than in Whites.", "contents": "Rheumatic disorders in the South African Negro. Part II. Osteo-arthrosis. The prevalence of osteo-arthrosis of the hip, the knee, the small joints of the hand and the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe, has been studied in a South African Negro population. The pattern of joint involvement differed considerably from that expected in a White population. Interphalangeal osteo-arthrosis was much less common in Black women than in White, and Heberden's nodes were seen in only 3 of 93 respondents who were over 65 years of age. Osteo-arthrosis of the metacarpophalangeal joints also, was less common in Black women than in White, but the Black men showed a much greater involvement than that seen in White men. As in White peoples, osteo-arthrosis of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe was commoner in women than in men, but the over-all prevalence did not reach the high levels in Whites. Osteo-arthrosis of the knee was much commoner in the women than in the men; this was associated with a marked tendency to obesity in the older women. The hip joint which is a common site for osteo-arthrosis in Whites, was seldom affected in this Black population. It is clear from this study that the apparent rarity of certain forms of degenerative arthritis in the South African Negro is not owing to any inherent resistance to the disease, because osteo-arthrosis of certain joints, such as the knee in women and the metacarpophalangeal joints in men, is even more common in Blacks than in Whites. The differences encountered can, in many instances, be attributed to differences in occupation and life style in the two populations; but genetic factors, may also play a part in the sense that certain predisposing disorders, such as congenital subluxation of the hip, appear to be far less common in Blacks than in Whites.", "PMID": 1188528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10875", "title": "Prazosin in the treatment of hypertension: a preliminary study.", "content": "This was an open, uncontrolled, comparative study of prazosin carried out in 32 patients, to test the efficacy and toleration of the hypotensive agent. In 8 patients prazosin was combined with a diuretic and in 2 patients prindolol (Visken), and in 1 patient, methyldopa (Aldomet), were added. A satisfactory drop in blood pressure occurred in 30 of the 32 patients. Other effects occurred in 18 patients (56%), but they usually disappeared with continued therapy. In 5 patients therapy was stopped because of these effects. There was no postural hypotension, nor did the males experience sexual problems. The mode of action appears to be an adrenoreceptor blockade without receptor occupancy. Prazosin alone or in a combination of drugs, may be a useful hypotensive agent.", "contents": "Prazosin in the treatment of hypertension: a preliminary study. This was an open, uncontrolled, comparative study of prazosin carried out in 32 patients, to test the efficacy and toleration of the hypotensive agent. In 8 patients prazosin was combined with a diuretic and in 2 patients prindolol (Visken), and in 1 patient, methyldopa (Aldomet), were added. A satisfactory drop in blood pressure occurred in 30 of the 32 patients. Other effects occurred in 18 patients (56%), but they usually disappeared with continued therapy. In 5 patients therapy was stopped because of these effects. There was no postural hypotension, nor did the males experience sexual problems. The mode of action appears to be an adrenoreceptor blockade without receptor occupancy. Prazosin alone or in a combination of drugs, may be a useful hypotensive agent.", "PMID": 1188529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10876", "title": "Evaluation of aorto-iliac disease with Doppler ultrasound and isotope clearance techniques.", "content": "The clearance of 99mTc from the hamstring muscle compartment of patients with aorto-iliac or iliac disease was examined with the patients at rest and after exercise. The values were compared with those obtained in a group of controls and another group with superficial femoral, or femoropopliteal arterial occlusion. A statistically significant difference in the rate of 99mTc clearance was found in patients with proximal vascular disease.", "contents": "Evaluation of aorto-iliac disease with Doppler ultrasound and isotope clearance techniques. The clearance of 99mTc from the hamstring muscle compartment of patients with aorto-iliac or iliac disease was examined with the patients at rest and after exercise. The values were compared with those obtained in a group of controls and another group with superficial femoral, or femoropopliteal arterial occlusion. A statistically significant difference in the rate of 99mTc clearance was found in patients with proximal vascular disease.", "PMID": 1188530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10877", "title": "Diagnostic peritoneal lavage in blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma.", "content": "Peritoneal lavage as a diagnostic aid is described in a small series which includes both blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. Its value for blunt injuries has been confirmed, and it is recommended for penetrating injuries, when the diagnosis of visceral injury is in doubt.", "contents": "Diagnostic peritoneal lavage in blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. Peritoneal lavage as a diagnostic aid is described in a small series which includes both blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. Its value for blunt injuries has been confirmed, and it is recommended for penetrating injuries, when the diagnosis of visceral injury is in doubt.", "PMID": 1188531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10878", "title": "Pre-operative preparation of the skin with a depilatory.", "content": "Although the removal of hair as a pre-operative preparation of the skin is desirable, it need only be removed over an area limited to a planned incision, and then only in hirsute patients. The use of a depilatory cream as an alternative to a razor would seem to have the advantages of increasing patient comfort; of avoiding injuries inflicted by even skilful shaving; and perhaps of diminishing the incidence of wound infection, without significant risk of reaction to the depilatory. Routine extensive pre-operative hair removal in all patients is unnecessary.", "contents": "Pre-operative preparation of the skin with a depilatory. Although the removal of hair as a pre-operative preparation of the skin is desirable, it need only be removed over an area limited to a planned incision, and then only in hirsute patients. The use of a depilatory cream as an alternative to a razor would seem to have the advantages of increasing patient comfort; of avoiding injuries inflicted by even skilful shaving; and perhaps of diminishing the incidence of wound infection, without significant risk of reaction to the depilatory. Routine extensive pre-operative hair removal in all patients is unnecessary.", "PMID": 1188532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10879", "title": "Visuomotor performance in Blacks.", "content": "The performance of Black hospital employees in the copying of designs, the drawing of human figures, and the assembling of blocks, is discussed. They performed the latter two tasks poorly. This may be attributable to their culture but it emphasises the unsuitability of these tests for Blacks, in that they are not standardised as a measure of ability for this ethnic group.", "contents": "Visuomotor performance in Blacks. The performance of Black hospital employees in the copying of designs, the drawing of human figures, and the assembling of blocks, is discussed. They performed the latter two tasks poorly. This may be attributable to their culture but it emphasises the unsuitability of these tests for Blacks, in that they are not standardised as a measure of ability for this ethnic group.", "PMID": 1188533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10880", "title": "Enzymic micromethod for semiquantatative analysis of oxypurines in specimens of skeletal muscle.", "content": "A rapid and specific micromethod for semiquantitative determination of oxypurines in small specimens of skeletal muscle is described. Normal levels of xanthine plus hypoxanthine and uric acid in human skeletal muscle are in the ranges of 0,07-0,34 mg/100 g and 0,38-0,74 mg/100 g, respectively.", "contents": "Enzymic micromethod for semiquantatative analysis of oxypurines in specimens of skeletal muscle. A rapid and specific micromethod for semiquantitative determination of oxypurines in small specimens of skeletal muscle is described. Normal levels of xanthine plus hypoxanthine and uric acid in human skeletal muscle are in the ranges of 0,07-0,34 mg/100 g and 0,38-0,74 mg/100 g, respectively.", "PMID": 1188538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10881", "title": "Forced expiratory volume and expiratory flow rate in Black miners and in a control group.", "content": "The peak expiratory flow rate and the forced expiratory volume and 1 second were measured in 772 Black miners who did not have pneumoconiosis, tuberculosis or chronic bronchitis. The same tests were done in 164 non-mining workers. It was found that exposure to dust associated with the miners' work had no effect on the results of these tests.", "contents": "Forced expiratory volume and expiratory flow rate in Black miners and in a control group. The peak expiratory flow rate and the forced expiratory volume and 1 second were measured in 772 Black miners who did not have pneumoconiosis, tuberculosis or chronic bronchitis. The same tests were done in 164 non-mining workers. It was found that exposure to dust associated with the miners' work had no effect on the results of these tests.", "PMID": 1188539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10882", "title": "Effect of delta-aminolaevulinic acid on the resting membrane potential of frog sartorius muscle.", "content": "The porphyrin precursor delta-aminolaevulinic acid can significantly decrease the resting membrane potential in a single fibre from the sartorius muscle of the frog Rana angolensis. This effect is dose-dependent and reversible.", "contents": "Effect of delta-aminolaevulinic acid on the resting membrane potential of frog sartorius muscle. The porphyrin precursor delta-aminolaevulinic acid can significantly decrease the resting membrane potential in a single fibre from the sartorius muscle of the frog Rana angolensis. This effect is dose-dependent and reversible.", "PMID": 1188540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10883", "title": "Analgesic renal papillary necrosis.", "content": "Analgesic nephropathy is well recognised. This is a retrospective review of 19 patients with the disease, who presented at Groote Schuur Hospital over a 4-year period. The diagnosis was made on historical and clinical grounds and on the radiological manifestations of papillary necrosis. The mean age was 49 years (26 - 74) with a sex ratio of 3,8 female : 1 male. The period of abuse varied between 3 and 20 years. Aspirin, phenacetin, codeine, and antipyrine were the compounds mainly ingested. If the abuse is stopped, renal deterioration can be halted. However, factors which lead to dehydration and infection tend to cause further decompensation. As a means of preventing this disease greater control over analgescis is needed.", "contents": "Analgesic renal papillary necrosis. Analgesic nephropathy is well recognised. This is a retrospective review of 19 patients with the disease, who presented at Groote Schuur Hospital over a 4-year period. The diagnosis was made on historical and clinical grounds and on the radiological manifestations of papillary necrosis. The mean age was 49 years (26 - 74) with a sex ratio of 3,8 female : 1 male. The period of abuse varied between 3 and 20 years. Aspirin, phenacetin, codeine, and antipyrine were the compounds mainly ingested. If the abuse is stopped, renal deterioration can be halted. However, factors which lead to dehydration and infection tend to cause further decompensation. As a means of preventing this disease greater control over analgescis is needed.", "PMID": 1188544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10884", "title": "Irreversible renal failure in acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Irreversible renal failure in sporadic acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis rarely occurs. Most patients have extracapillary proliferation. Complete recovery from the epidemic form is the rule. It is possible that the two conditions are different clinicopathological entities.", "contents": "Irreversible renal failure in acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Irreversible renal failure in sporadic acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis rarely occurs. Most patients have extracapillary proliferation. Complete recovery from the epidemic form is the rule. It is possible that the two conditions are different clinicopathological entities.", "PMID": 1188545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10885", "title": "Rheumatic disorders in the South African Negro. Part III. Idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head.", "content": "Idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head, with progressive articular destruction, is a well-recognised disorder in the South African Negro. Twenty-nine cases were studied in detail. In 17 there was evidence of associated iron overload, but it is unlikely that this contributed directly to the occurence of osteonecrosis. The syndrome of siderosis, scurvy and osteoporosis in Johannesburg Blacks is attributed to the ingestion of large quantities of iron in home-brewed beer. Often the beer is mixed with much more potent liquor and it is postulated that this, rather than the iron overload, is the cause of 'idiopathic' femoral head necrosis.", "contents": "Rheumatic disorders in the South African Negro. Part III. Idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head. Idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head, with progressive articular destruction, is a well-recognised disorder in the South African Negro. Twenty-nine cases were studied in detail. In 17 there was evidence of associated iron overload, but it is unlikely that this contributed directly to the occurence of osteonecrosis. The syndrome of siderosis, scurvy and osteoporosis in Johannesburg Blacks is attributed to the ingestion of large quantities of iron in home-brewed beer. Often the beer is mixed with much more potent liquor and it is postulated that this, rather than the iron overload, is the cause of 'idiopathic' femoral head necrosis.", "PMID": 1188546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10886", "title": "Potassium retention in acute diarrhoeal disease.", "content": "Most children suffering from severe acute diarrhoeal disease had a low total body potassium (TBK) or admission to hospital. TBK fell even lower during the first 5 - 9 days in hospital, and returned to normal levels during the next 8 - 12 days. There was good correlation between potassium retention and stool weight. An increase in the potassium intake had little effect on the rate of potassium repletion.", "contents": "Potassium retention in acute diarrhoeal disease. Most children suffering from severe acute diarrhoeal disease had a low total body potassium (TBK) or admission to hospital. TBK fell even lower during the first 5 - 9 days in hospital, and returned to normal levels during the next 8 - 12 days. There was good correlation between potassium retention and stool weight. An increase in the potassium intake had little effect on the rate of potassium repletion.", "PMID": 1188547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10887", "title": "Split hands and feet.", "content": "We present 2 Iranian children, siblings, with the very rare but classical 'lobster-claw' deformities of hands and feet. We could not trace any hereditary influences.", "contents": "Split hands and feet. We present 2 Iranian children, siblings, with the very rare but classical 'lobster-claw' deformities of hands and feet. We could not trace any hereditary influences.", "PMID": 1188548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10888", "title": "Sulphonylureas and insulin resistance.", "content": "This is a case report of a diabetic who required 750-1000 units of insulin per day when gangrene of the leg developed, whereas previously he had needed no insulin. After amputation of the leg, the patient remained asymptomatic for 9 weeks without insulin. This was clearly related to an increased concentration of circulating antibody-bound insulin. Despite healing at the site of amputation, diabetic symptoms and insulin resistance reappeared. Chlorpropamide treatment reduced the insulin requirement to zero, which was unrelated to a change in insulin antibody concentration.", "contents": "Sulphonylureas and insulin resistance. This is a case report of a diabetic who required 750-1000 units of insulin per day when gangrene of the leg developed, whereas previously he had needed no insulin. After amputation of the leg, the patient remained asymptomatic for 9 weeks without insulin. This was clearly related to an increased concentration of circulating antibody-bound insulin. Despite healing at the site of amputation, diabetic symptoms and insulin resistance reappeared. Chlorpropamide treatment reduced the insulin requirement to zero, which was unrelated to a change in insulin antibody concentration.", "PMID": 1188549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10889", "title": "Pernicious anaemia with hypogamma-globulinaemia. A case report.", "content": "Auto-immune mechanisms are important in the evolution of pernicious anaemia, but cannot be demonstrated in all cases. Cell-mediated immunity is involved in the pathogenesis, and explains the occurrence of pernicious anaemia in patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia. The pernicious anaemia seen in these patients differs in some respects from the classical form of the disease. The case history of a patient with pernicious anaemia and hypogammaglobulinaemia is presented, and the possible pathological mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Pernicious anaemia with hypogamma-globulinaemia. A case report. Auto-immune mechanisms are important in the evolution of pernicious anaemia, but cannot be demonstrated in all cases. Cell-mediated immunity is involved in the pathogenesis, and explains the occurrence of pernicious anaemia in patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia. The pernicious anaemia seen in these patients differs in some respects from the classical form of the disease. The case history of a patient with pernicious anaemia and hypogammaglobulinaemia is presented, and the possible pathological mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 1188550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10890", "title": "Medical ethics and clinical therapeutic trials.", "content": "Old and modern codes of ethics exist, which can be used as guidelines in human experimentation. Medical researchers should be familiar with the contents of these codes. A four-point proposal, to be used in determining the ethical acceptability of clinical therapeutic trials, is presented.", "contents": "Medical ethics and clinical therapeutic trials. Old and modern codes of ethics exist, which can be used as guidelines in human experimentation. Medical researchers should be familiar with the contents of these codes. A four-point proposal, to be used in determining the ethical acceptability of clinical therapeutic trials, is presented.", "PMID": 1188551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10891", "title": "Fetal tachycardia and maternal pyrexia during labour.", "content": "Fifty-two cases of fetal tachycardia during labour were investigated. Nine of these cases (17%) were possibly attributable to maternal pyrexia. In most, fetal tachycardia preceded the rise in maternal body temperature. Fetal tachycardia can be an early indication of intra-uterine infection.", "contents": "Fetal tachycardia and maternal pyrexia during labour. Fifty-two cases of fetal tachycardia during labour were investigated. Nine of these cases (17%) were possibly attributable to maternal pyrexia. In most, fetal tachycardia preceded the rise in maternal body temperature. Fetal tachycardia can be an early indication of intra-uterine infection.", "PMID": 1188557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10892", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus and spontaneously arising anticoagulants.", "content": "Of 36 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 3 were demonstrated to have an abnormality in their haemostatic mechanism. In 2 this was believed to be on the basis of an auto-antibody to the phospholipid of platelets in the prothrombin activator complex. In the third an inhibitor was directed against factor VIII.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus and spontaneously arising anticoagulants. Of 36 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 3 were demonstrated to have an abnormality in their haemostatic mechanism. In 2 this was believed to be on the basis of an auto-antibody to the phospholipid of platelets in the prothrombin activator complex. In the third an inhibitor was directed against factor VIII.", "PMID": 1188558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10893", "title": "Congenital atresia of the external iliac artery.", "content": "A patient with congenital atresia of the external iliac artery is presented. Successful revascularisation was acheived by means of an ileofemoral reversed long saphenous vein graft. The embryology of this malformation is discussed.", "contents": "Congenital atresia of the external iliac artery. A patient with congenital atresia of the external iliac artery is presented. Successful revascularisation was acheived by means of an ileofemoral reversed long saphenous vein graft. The embryology of this malformation is discussed.", "PMID": 1188559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10894", "title": "Twenty-one years' experience with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "The surgical experience with 107 ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms at this hospital during the years 1953 to 1975 has been reviewed. The operative mortality rate during the first ten years of this study was 86 per cent, but since 1966, it has fallen to 40 per cent. These improved mortality statistics are related primarily to improved techniques for controlling operative blood loss and minimizing the time of aortic cross clamping. The use of an intra-aortic balloon has been useful in this regard. Twenty-four additional patients died from ruptured aneurysms without undergoing operation, all before 1966. Only seven had a correct diagnosis prior to death, and these seven serve to emphasize the importance of being alert to the diagnosis of ruptured aneurysm which often masquerades as urologic or orthopedic problems because of the frequent symptoms of back, abdominal, flank or groin pain. Since the operative mortality rate for elective resection of the aneurysm has been less than 1 per cent at this institution during the last eight years, we believe we are justified in encouraging prompt resection of aneurysms on an elective basis to eliminate the high mortality rate that still accompanies rupture of the aneurysm.", "contents": "Twenty-one years' experience with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. The surgical experience with 107 ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms at this hospital during the years 1953 to 1975 has been reviewed. The operative mortality rate during the first ten years of this study was 86 per cent, but since 1966, it has fallen to 40 per cent. These improved mortality statistics are related primarily to improved techniques for controlling operative blood loss and minimizing the time of aortic cross clamping. The use of an intra-aortic balloon has been useful in this regard. Twenty-four additional patients died from ruptured aneurysms without undergoing operation, all before 1966. Only seven had a correct diagnosis prior to death, and these seven serve to emphasize the importance of being alert to the diagnosis of ruptured aneurysm which often masquerades as urologic or orthopedic problems because of the frequent symptoms of back, abdominal, flank or groin pain. Since the operative mortality rate for elective resection of the aneurysm has been less than 1 per cent at this institution during the last eight years, we believe we are justified in encouraging prompt resection of aneurysms on an elective basis to eliminate the high mortality rate that still accompanies rupture of the aneurysm.", "PMID": 1188561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10895", "title": "Portal hepatotrophic factors, diabetes mellitus and acute liver atrophy, hypertrophy and regeneration.", "content": "The acute influence of portal blood hepatotrophyic factors upon the canine liver and upon hepatic regeneration was studied after surgical operations which provided qualitatively different portal venous perfusion to the right and left liver lobes. With one such procedure called splanchnic division, the nutrient rich venous return from the intestines was directed to the left lobes, whereas the hormone rich blood from the pancreas and other splanchnic organs of the upper part of the abdomen passed to the right lobes. Within three to five days, the rate of cell division on both liver sides was increased as judged by autoradiography, but the hormone influenced right lobes exhibited hypertrophy and hyperplasia relative to the nutrient enriched left lobes. In the latter, the hepatocytes underwent pronounced atrophy, deglycogenation, depletion or distortion of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, fatty vacuolization and other structural changes. When 30 or 60 per cent hepatic resection was carried out at the same time as splanchnic division, the regeneration of the hormone dominated hepatic tissue after three to five days was greater than that of the hepatic tissue receiving the intestinal venous effluent, as judged by multiple criteria, although both liver sides participated in the regeneration process. The advantage enjoyed by the right liver lobes in relation to the left liver lobes both in the resting or in the regeneration state after splanchnic division was reduced or eliminated by pre-existing alloxan-induced diabetes or after concomitant total pancreatectomy. Similar, but less complete, observations about the effect of pancreatectomy were made in dogs submitted to the procedure of partial portacaval transposition, in which all the splanchnic venous blood passed to the right lobes, whereas the left lobes were revascularized with systemic venous blood from the vena cava. These observations have added to the recent torrent of evidence that insulin is the most easily demonstrable and, therefore, probably the most important specific hepatotrophic factor in portal venous blood. At the same time, further subtle support has been added to our previously proposed hypothesis that mutliple other hormonal and possibly nonhormonal factors from the splanchnic viscera and other sources also contribute to the essence of the hepatotrophic effects. These effects were evident and quite advanced within a few days. A prominent hepatotrophic role of glucagon was not identifiable.", "contents": "Portal hepatotrophic factors, diabetes mellitus and acute liver atrophy, hypertrophy and regeneration. The acute influence of portal blood hepatotrophyic factors upon the canine liver and upon hepatic regeneration was studied after surgical operations which provided qualitatively different portal venous perfusion to the right and left liver lobes. With one such procedure called splanchnic division, the nutrient rich venous return from the intestines was directed to the left lobes, whereas the hormone rich blood from the pancreas and other splanchnic organs of the upper part of the abdomen passed to the right lobes. Within three to five days, the rate of cell division on both liver sides was increased as judged by autoradiography, but the hormone influenced right lobes exhibited hypertrophy and hyperplasia relative to the nutrient enriched left lobes. In the latter, the hepatocytes underwent pronounced atrophy, deglycogenation, depletion or distortion of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, fatty vacuolization and other structural changes. When 30 or 60 per cent hepatic resection was carried out at the same time as splanchnic division, the regeneration of the hormone dominated hepatic tissue after three to five days was greater than that of the hepatic tissue receiving the intestinal venous effluent, as judged by multiple criteria, although both liver sides participated in the regeneration process. The advantage enjoyed by the right liver lobes in relation to the left liver lobes both in the resting or in the regeneration state after splanchnic division was reduced or eliminated by pre-existing alloxan-induced diabetes or after concomitant total pancreatectomy. Similar, but less complete, observations about the effect of pancreatectomy were made in dogs submitted to the procedure of partial portacaval transposition, in which all the splanchnic venous blood passed to the right lobes, whereas the left lobes were revascularized with systemic venous blood from the vena cava. These observations have added to the recent torrent of evidence that insulin is the most easily demonstrable and, therefore, probably the most important specific hepatotrophic factor in portal venous blood. At the same time, further subtle support has been added to our previously proposed hypothesis that mutliple other hormonal and possibly nonhormonal factors from the splanchnic viscera and other sources also contribute to the essence of the hepatotrophic effects. These effects were evident and quite advanced within a few days. A prominent hepatotrophic role of glucagon was not identifiable.", "PMID": 1188560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10896", "title": "The use of bone and brain scans as screening procedures in patients with malignant lesions.", "content": "A retrospective study to determine the value of bone and brain scans was performed in preoperative patients with melanoma, sarcoma, cancer of the head and neck and carcinoma of the pelvis. No occult metastases were identified in 170 patients in whom brain scan was performed. On late follow-up data, eight patients had neurologic symptoms develop and had brain metastases identified on scan. Of 223 bone scans performed, only one distant metastatic lesion was identified. It is, therefore, suggested that, in these types of patients, bone and brain scans be reserved for those with symptoms referable to the neurologic or skeletal systems.", "contents": "The use of bone and brain scans as screening procedures in patients with malignant lesions. A retrospective study to determine the value of bone and brain scans was performed in preoperative patients with melanoma, sarcoma, cancer of the head and neck and carcinoma of the pelvis. No occult metastases were identified in 170 patients in whom brain scan was performed. On late follow-up data, eight patients had neurologic symptoms develop and had brain metastases identified on scan. Of 223 bone scans performed, only one distant metastatic lesion was identified. It is, therefore, suggested that, in these types of patients, bone and brain scans be reserved for those with symptoms referable to the neurologic or skeletal systems.", "PMID": 1188562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10897", "title": "Behavior of the portal vein system in man after laparotomy.", "content": "At the end of an abdominal operation, a Teflon catheter was inserted into the portal vein, where it remained for nine days. Thus, blood samples could be withdrawn for analyses, and pressures could be recorded. The investigations were carried out in 41 patients who had a gastric or intestinal operation and had an uncomplicated postoperative course. The pressures in the portal vein and the arterioportal oxygen content difference were constant with 7 to 8 millimeters of mercury and by 2 volume per cent, respectively, during the period of all nine postoperative days. The pressure gradient between portal and central veins was about 6 millimeters of mercury. By infusing 350 to 500 milliliters of dextran 60 on day one or two postoperatively, the cardiac output was elevated about one-third, the central venous pressure increased from 0.9 to 4.9 millimeters of mercury and the portal venous pressure increased from 7.8 to 9.7 millimeters of mercury. This means that the pressure difference between the portal and central veins diminished. Simultaneously, the oxygen content difference between the systemic and pulmonary artery decreased from 4.7 to 3.3 volume per cent and between the systemic artery and portal vein, from 1.8 to 1.3 volume per cent. By assuming a constancy of the oxygen consumption in the region of the mesenteric circulation during infusion, it can be calculated from the behavior of the arterioportal oxygen content difference that the flow increase in the portal vein nearly equals that of cardiac output. The physical transhepatic resistance decreased about 50 per cent.", "contents": "Behavior of the portal vein system in man after laparotomy. At the end of an abdominal operation, a Teflon catheter was inserted into the portal vein, where it remained for nine days. Thus, blood samples could be withdrawn for analyses, and pressures could be recorded. The investigations were carried out in 41 patients who had a gastric or intestinal operation and had an uncomplicated postoperative course. The pressures in the portal vein and the arterioportal oxygen content difference were constant with 7 to 8 millimeters of mercury and by 2 volume per cent, respectively, during the period of all nine postoperative days. The pressure gradient between portal and central veins was about 6 millimeters of mercury. By infusing 350 to 500 milliliters of dextran 60 on day one or two postoperatively, the cardiac output was elevated about one-third, the central venous pressure increased from 0.9 to 4.9 millimeters of mercury and the portal venous pressure increased from 7.8 to 9.7 millimeters of mercury. This means that the pressure difference between the portal and central veins diminished. Simultaneously, the oxygen content difference between the systemic and pulmonary artery decreased from 4.7 to 3.3 volume per cent and between the systemic artery and portal vein, from 1.8 to 1.3 volume per cent. By assuming a constancy of the oxygen consumption in the region of the mesenteric circulation during infusion, it can be calculated from the behavior of the arterioportal oxygen content difference that the flow increase in the portal vein nearly equals that of cardiac output. The physical transhepatic resistance decreased about 50 per cent.", "PMID": 1188563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10898", "title": "A urodynamic analysis of micturition symptoms in the female.", "content": "The presenting symptoms of 570 females with micturition disorders have been studied with particular reference to the urodynamic state of the detrusor in an attempt to define those symptoms and symptom complexes which are associated with the presence of absence of detrusor instability. The results show that patients who complain of recurrent urinary tract infection or stress incontinence in the absence of any other micturition symptoms usually have stable bladders and do not require cystometric confirmation of this fact. When the symptom of urge incontinence is associated with persistent frequency and nocturia, there is a high correlation with detrusor instability, although hypersensitive urethral states which may present with identical symptoms and are usually associated with stable bladders are difficult to differentiate clinically. Groups of patients in whom it was difficult to predict the detrusor state from the symptoms were studied, and the results of a prospective analysis, predicting the detrusor state from the micturition history of 230 incontinent females, have been presented.", "contents": "A urodynamic analysis of micturition symptoms in the female. The presenting symptoms of 570 females with micturition disorders have been studied with particular reference to the urodynamic state of the detrusor in an attempt to define those symptoms and symptom complexes which are associated with the presence of absence of detrusor instability. The results show that patients who complain of recurrent urinary tract infection or stress incontinence in the absence of any other micturition symptoms usually have stable bladders and do not require cystometric confirmation of this fact. When the symptom of urge incontinence is associated with persistent frequency and nocturia, there is a high correlation with detrusor instability, although hypersensitive urethral states which may present with identical symptoms and are usually associated with stable bladders are difficult to differentiate clinically. Groups of patients in whom it was difficult to predict the detrusor state from the symptoms were studied, and the results of a prospective analysis, predicting the detrusor state from the micturition history of 230 incontinent females, have been presented.", "PMID": 1188564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10899", "title": "The effects of nicotinic acid upon postburn plasma volume loss.", "content": "The effects of intravenously injected nicotinic acid upon postburn plasma volume loss have been studied in the anesthetized dog. Results of this study have shown that two hours after a third degree flame burn over 40 per cent of the surface area, approximately 12 milliliters per kilogram of plasma are lost to the extravascular spaces. If untreated, this loss will increase to 16 milliliters per kilogram at four hours postburn and 19 milliliters per kilogram at six hours postburn. Treatment of the dogs with nicotinic acid beginning two and one-half hours postburn will reduce the plasma extravasation to 13 milliliters per kilogram four hours postburn and to 11 milliliters per kilogram at six hours postburn. In general, the decrease in cardiac output observed after thermal trauma paralleled the loss of plasma volume. In the untreated dogs, this decrease continued with time postburn, but in the treated dogs, the decrease in cardiac output leveled off during the first two hours after beginning treatment and started what appeared to be a slow return toward control levels in the next two hour period.", "contents": "The effects of nicotinic acid upon postburn plasma volume loss. The effects of intravenously injected nicotinic acid upon postburn plasma volume loss have been studied in the anesthetized dog. Results of this study have shown that two hours after a third degree flame burn over 40 per cent of the surface area, approximately 12 milliliters per kilogram of plasma are lost to the extravascular spaces. If untreated, this loss will increase to 16 milliliters per kilogram at four hours postburn and 19 milliliters per kilogram at six hours postburn. Treatment of the dogs with nicotinic acid beginning two and one-half hours postburn will reduce the plasma extravasation to 13 milliliters per kilogram four hours postburn and to 11 milliliters per kilogram at six hours postburn. In general, the decrease in cardiac output observed after thermal trauma paralleled the loss of plasma volume. In the untreated dogs, this decrease continued with time postburn, but in the treated dogs, the decrease in cardiac output leveled off during the first two hours after beginning treatment and started what appeared to be a slow return toward control levels in the next two hour period.", "PMID": 1188565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10900", "title": "The effect of antrectomy on gastric acid and gastrin secretion.", "content": "In three dogs with denervated fundic pouches, ingestion of beef liver test meal increased H+ output and serum gastrin levels during the first hour of the four hour experiment. H+ and serum gastrin output then slowly decreased but did not reach basal values. After antrectomy and gastroduodenal anastomosis, ingestion of the test meal did not lead to the early increase in H+ output and serum gastrin levels. Although serum gastrin levels did not significantly change throughout the four hour experiment, beginning at 80 minutes H+ output slowly increased. The rise in H+ output did not reach preantrectomy values. These results indicate that antrectomy abolishes the early rise in H+ and gastrin secretion in response to a protein test meal. Since gastrin levels did not significantly change throughout the whole experiment, the late increase in H+ output is due to a mechanism other than gastrin release.", "contents": "The effect of antrectomy on gastric acid and gastrin secretion. In three dogs with denervated fundic pouches, ingestion of beef liver test meal increased H+ output and serum gastrin levels during the first hour of the four hour experiment. H+ and serum gastrin output then slowly decreased but did not reach basal values. After antrectomy and gastroduodenal anastomosis, ingestion of the test meal did not lead to the early increase in H+ output and serum gastrin levels. Although serum gastrin levels did not significantly change throughout the four hour experiment, beginning at 80 minutes H+ output slowly increased. The rise in H+ output did not reach preantrectomy values. These results indicate that antrectomy abolishes the early rise in H+ and gastrin secretion in response to a protein test meal. Since gastrin levels did not significantly change throughout the whole experiment, the late increase in H+ output is due to a mechanism other than gastrin release.", "PMID": 1188566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10901", "title": "The transcutaneous measurement of the elastic properties of the human saphenous vein femoropopliteal bypass graft.", "content": "The pressure-strain elastic modulus and compliance of 20 reversed saphenous femoropopliteal vein grafts have been measured by a noninvasive, ultrasonic method. The grafts had been in place for an average of 33.6 months, 11 days to 128 months. In this study no correlation was demonstrated between wall stiffness and duration of implantation. It is concluded that the elastic properties of vein grafts may remain stable for considerable periods of time.", "contents": "The transcutaneous measurement of the elastic properties of the human saphenous vein femoropopliteal bypass graft. The pressure-strain elastic modulus and compliance of 20 reversed saphenous femoropopliteal vein grafts have been measured by a noninvasive, ultrasonic method. The grafts had been in place for an average of 33.6 months, 11 days to 128 months. In this study no correlation was demonstrated between wall stiffness and duration of implantation. It is concluded that the elastic properties of vein grafts may remain stable for considerable periods of time.", "PMID": 1188567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10902", "title": "The assets and liabilities of mammography.", "content": "Anyone using mammography should perform it seriously with one or two radiologists in any group as the primary physicians. It is only by being exposed to a high patient volume day after day and having a thorough knowledge of all the pathologic conditions that one can truly appreciate the subtle mammographic patterns present. In only this way is the diligent radiologist optimally helpful to the surgeon and pathologist, and this best serves patient welfare. Conversely, the part-time mammographer, although not necessarily besmirching his professional competence, will tend to give the examination a bad reputation by unnecessary hedges and reporting uncertainties characterized by long winded reports. Patients undergoing mammography should undergo a physical examination by the radiologist. Thus, accuracy rates for the detection of cancer can approach, 98 per cent. Liabilities consequent to mammography can be minimized by the professional competence of the radiologist, understanding the limitations of the examination and the expertise of the reporting style.", "contents": "The assets and liabilities of mammography. Anyone using mammography should perform it seriously with one or two radiologists in any group as the primary physicians. It is only by being exposed to a high patient volume day after day and having a thorough knowledge of all the pathologic conditions that one can truly appreciate the subtle mammographic patterns present. In only this way is the diligent radiologist optimally helpful to the surgeon and pathologist, and this best serves patient welfare. Conversely, the part-time mammographer, although not necessarily besmirching his professional competence, will tend to give the examination a bad reputation by unnecessary hedges and reporting uncertainties characterized by long winded reports. Patients undergoing mammography should undergo a physical examination by the radiologist. Thus, accuracy rates for the detection of cancer can approach, 98 per cent. Liabilities consequent to mammography can be minimized by the professional competence of the radiologist, understanding the limitations of the examination and the expertise of the reporting style.", "PMID": 1188568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10903", "title": "Angiographic spectrum in Crohn's disease of the small intestine and colon.", "content": "Barium and angiographic examinations of the small intestine and colon were performed in 34 patients with histopathologically verified Crohn's disease. The spectrum of angiographic findings varied from hypervascularity with no morphologic changes of the vasa recta to complete obstruction of the vasa recta resulting in hypovascularity of the diseased intestine. A distinctive angiographic pattern was present in the distal part of the small intestine in those patients with advanced narrowing of the intestinal lumen as demonstrated on barium examination.", "contents": "Angiographic spectrum in Crohn's disease of the small intestine and colon. Barium and angiographic examinations of the small intestine and colon were performed in 34 patients with histopathologically verified Crohn's disease. The spectrum of angiographic findings varied from hypervascularity with no morphologic changes of the vasa recta to complete obstruction of the vasa recta resulting in hypovascularity of the diseased intestine. A distinctive angiographic pattern was present in the distal part of the small intestine in those patients with advanced narrowing of the intestinal lumen as demonstrated on barium examination.", "PMID": 1188569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10904", "title": "Disconnection of the ampulla of Vater.", "content": "A patient with ampullary disconnection during gastrectomy is presented, emphasizing the chronicity and retractile scarring which exposes the bile and pancreatic ducts to simultaneous injury. As wider appreciation of this potentially lethal lesion is gained, greater use of predissection cholangiography or probe identification of the papilla should occur. Steps to detect the lesion and primary repair by duodenal advancement or, in unrecognized instances, the Hepp operation using a Roux-en-Y limb after a suitable waiting period are recommended.", "contents": "Disconnection of the ampulla of Vater. A patient with ampullary disconnection during gastrectomy is presented, emphasizing the chronicity and retractile scarring which exposes the bile and pancreatic ducts to simultaneous injury. As wider appreciation of this potentially lethal lesion is gained, greater use of predissection cholangiography or probe identification of the papilla should occur. Steps to detect the lesion and primary repair by duodenal advancement or, in unrecognized instances, the Hepp operation using a Roux-en-Y limb after a suitable waiting period are recommended.", "PMID": 1188570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10905", "title": "Total proctocolectomy without the lithotomy position.", "content": "Total proctocolectomy for benign disease can be done entirely from within the abdominal incision, thus, avoiding the extra time and inconvenience of operating with the patient in the lithotomy position. This procedure is quick and simple, and the visibility is excellent even in a narrow adult male pelvis, and the lithotomy position is completely eliminated. Results in six patients have been gratifying.", "contents": "Total proctocolectomy without the lithotomy position. Total proctocolectomy for benign disease can be done entirely from within the abdominal incision, thus, avoiding the extra time and inconvenience of operating with the patient in the lithotomy position. This procedure is quick and simple, and the visibility is excellent even in a narrow adult male pelvis, and the lithotomy position is completely eliminated. Results in six patients have been gratifying.", "PMID": 1188573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10906", "title": "Interposition of the azygous vein in the Blalock-Taussig procedure.", "content": "Interposition of the azygous vein between the subclavian and pulmonary artery is helpful in extending the subclavian artery, when additional length is required for a satisfactory anastomosis.", "contents": "Interposition of the azygous vein in the Blalock-Taussig procedure. Interposition of the azygous vein between the subclavian and pulmonary artery is helpful in extending the subclavian artery, when additional length is required for a satisfactory anastomosis.", "PMID": 1188574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10907", "title": "Reconstruction of the male external genitalia.", "content": "Congenital malformation, infection, lymphatic obstruction, trauma and carcinoma all have common denominator, the loss of tissue. This loss necessitates the surgeon's use of various techniques in reconstructing the male external genitalia. The stretching of remaining skin, split thickness grafts, flaps and pedicle tube grafts are used to cover the denuded area or reconstruct the penis and scrotum. These methods have been used recently in transsexual operations, combining the expertise of the plastic surgeon, urologist, endocrinologist and psychiatrist. Further improvement upon the preceding approaches is sought to maintain sensation, achieve acceptable cosmesis, create a sexual organ as well as a urinary conduit and prevent severe postoperative complications.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the male external genitalia. Congenital malformation, infection, lymphatic obstruction, trauma and carcinoma all have common denominator, the loss of tissue. This loss necessitates the surgeon's use of various techniques in reconstructing the male external genitalia. The stretching of remaining skin, split thickness grafts, flaps and pedicle tube grafts are used to cover the denuded area or reconstruct the penis and scrotum. These methods have been used recently in transsexual operations, combining the expertise of the plastic surgeon, urologist, endocrinologist and psychiatrist. Further improvement upon the preceding approaches is sought to maintain sensation, achieve acceptable cosmesis, create a sexual organ as well as a urinary conduit and prevent severe postoperative complications.", "PMID": 1188575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10908", "title": "Embolization of angiomas of the spinal cord.", "content": "The treatment of arteriovenous malformations has been one of the most difficult of neurosurgical probelms. A high percentage of these cases can be satisfactorily treated by embolization. A series of such cases is reported here. In many instances this is more satisfactory than direct surgical intervention.", "contents": "Embolization of angiomas of the spinal cord. The treatment of arteriovenous malformations has been one of the most difficult of neurosurgical probelms. A high percentage of these cases can be satisfactorily treated by embolization. A series of such cases is reported here. In many instances this is more satisfactory than direct surgical intervention.", "PMID": 1188576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10909", "title": "Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) mansoni of the spinal cord stimulating an intramedullary tumor.", "content": "A case of involvement of the spinal cord by schistosoma masoni is described. There was a granuloma in the conus medullaris stimulating an intramedullary tumor. Biopsy led to the correct diagnosis. After decompression of the spinal cord and the oral administration of Niridazole (Ambilhar) the patient recovered satisfactorily.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) mansoni of the spinal cord stimulating an intramedullary tumor. A case of involvement of the spinal cord by schistosoma masoni is described. There was a granuloma in the conus medullaris stimulating an intramedullary tumor. Biopsy led to the correct diagnosis. After decompression of the spinal cord and the oral administration of Niridazole (Ambilhar) the patient recovered satisfactorily.", "PMID": 1188579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10910", "title": "Underwater deceleration curves in relation to injuries from diving.", "content": "Diving accidents result in more than 1,800 cases of paralysis from injury to the spinal cord each year. Studies have been made of underwater deceleration during diving. The mechanisms involved in spinal injury are discussed.", "contents": "Underwater deceleration curves in relation to injuries from diving. Diving accidents result in more than 1,800 cases of paralysis from injury to the spinal cord each year. Studies have been made of underwater deceleration during diving. The mechanisms involved in spinal injury are discussed.", "PMID": 1188580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10911", "title": "Simulated acute appendicitis secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunt.", "content": "A case of simulated acute appendicitis caused by a ventriculoperitoneal shunt is described. This case presented as a perplexing clinical problem. When the diagnosis was established by laparotomy, it was apparent that another complication should be added to the list of abdominal complications which occurred secondary to insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.", "contents": "Simulated acute appendicitis secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunt. A case of simulated acute appendicitis caused by a ventriculoperitoneal shunt is described. This case presented as a perplexing clinical problem. When the diagnosis was established by laparotomy, it was apparent that another complication should be added to the list of abdominal complications which occurred secondary to insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.", "PMID": 1188582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10912", "title": "Post-traumatic ophthalmic vein arterialization.", "content": "An unusual case of post-traumatic exophthalmos without pulsation, bruit or thrill, due to missile injury is presented. Arterialization of the ophthalmic vein represents one of the very few situations where an eye injury can lead to exsanguination and dealth unless the diagnosis is made early. Prompt carotid arteriography is advised to document the pathologic process and guide appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Post-traumatic ophthalmic vein arterialization. An unusual case of post-traumatic exophthalmos without pulsation, bruit or thrill, due to missile injury is presented. Arterialization of the ophthalmic vein represents one of the very few situations where an eye injury can lead to exsanguination and dealth unless the diagnosis is made early. Prompt carotid arteriography is advised to document the pathologic process and guide appropriate therapy.", "PMID": 1188583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10913", "title": "Neurinomas of the trigeminal nerve.", "content": "Neurinomas of the trigeminal nerve are rare tumours. Six cases of a series of 8,894 intracranial tumours operated upon in the Neurosurgical Clinic of Bucharest are reported. The literature is reviewed. One hundred one other cases have been found. The signs and symptoms produced by these tumours, their slow development, the radiological and other diagnostic findings, the treatment and the prognosis are discussed.", "contents": "Neurinomas of the trigeminal nerve. Neurinomas of the trigeminal nerve are rare tumours. Six cases of a series of 8,894 intracranial tumours operated upon in the Neurosurgical Clinic of Bucharest are reported. The literature is reviewed. One hundred one other cases have been found. The signs and symptoms produced by these tumours, their slow development, the radiological and other diagnostic findings, the treatment and the prognosis are discussed.", "PMID": 1188585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10914", "title": "Removal of an intracranial glioblastoma in a hemophiliac.", "content": "A case report of a Factor VIII deficient hemophiliac, who underwent surgery for a glioblastoma, is presented. Emphasis is placed on diagnosing the hemostatic deficiency by the use of four hematological tests: bleeding time, platelet count, partial thromboplastin time, and prothrombin time. With close cooperation of a hematologist during the intraoperative and postoperative period, there should be a low mortality associated with intracranial surgery in a hemophiliac patient.", "contents": "Removal of an intracranial glioblastoma in a hemophiliac. A case report of a Factor VIII deficient hemophiliac, who underwent surgery for a glioblastoma, is presented. Emphasis is placed on diagnosing the hemostatic deficiency by the use of four hematological tests: bleeding time, platelet count, partial thromboplastin time, and prothrombin time. With close cooperation of a hematologist during the intraoperative and postoperative period, there should be a low mortality associated with intracranial surgery in a hemophiliac patient.", "PMID": 1188586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10915", "title": "Unilateral proptosis and intracranial schwannoma.", "content": "Two cases of unilateral proptosis associated with intracranial schwannomas in children are described. In both cases, tumour occupied both the orbit and middle cranial fossa, where in one case the intracranial component was extradural and in the other intracerebral. Possible sites of tumour origin are discussed.", "contents": "Unilateral proptosis and intracranial schwannoma. Two cases of unilateral proptosis associated with intracranial schwannomas in children are described. In both cases, tumour occupied both the orbit and middle cranial fossa, where in one case the intracranial component was extradural and in the other intracerebral. Possible sites of tumour origin are discussed.", "PMID": 1188587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10916", "title": "Rapid closed reduction of cervical fracture dislocations.", "content": "Indications and a procedure for rapid closed reduction and decompression of cervical fracture dislocations in less than two hours by tong traction are described. Large amounts of weight are utilized. Neurologic damage due either to the large amount of weight or to rapidity of reduction has not been observed. The procedure is advocated in appropriate patients, provided that both sequential neurologic and radiographic monitoring are carried out.", "contents": "Rapid closed reduction of cervical fracture dislocations. Indications and a procedure for rapid closed reduction and decompression of cervical fracture dislocations in less than two hours by tong traction are described. Large amounts of weight are utilized. Neurologic damage due either to the large amount of weight or to rapidity of reduction has not been observed. The procedure is advocated in appropriate patients, provided that both sequential neurologic and radiographic monitoring are carried out.", "PMID": 1188588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10917", "title": "Post-traumatic syringomyelia.", "content": "Post-traumatic syringomyelia is uncommon. It is seen predominantly after injury to the thoracic or the lumbar spine and rarely after injury to the cervical spine. In this report, three cases of post-traumatic syringomyelia are presented. The injury was limited to the thoracic spine in one case and to the cervical spine in the rest. The symptoms began after two years in two cases and after fifteen years in the third. The diagnosis was suggested by radiographic examination and was confirmed at operation in each case. Following evacuation and drainage of the cyst, significant improvement occurred in two patients.", "contents": "Post-traumatic syringomyelia. Post-traumatic syringomyelia is uncommon. It is seen predominantly after injury to the thoracic or the lumbar spine and rarely after injury to the cervical spine. In this report, three cases of post-traumatic syringomyelia are presented. The injury was limited to the thoracic spine in one case and to the cervical spine in the rest. The symptoms began after two years in two cases and after fifteen years in the third. The diagnosis was suggested by radiographic examination and was confirmed at operation in each case. Following evacuation and drainage of the cyst, significant improvement occurred in two patients.", "PMID": 1188590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10918", "title": "Non-tumoral stenosis of the aqueduct in adults.", "content": "Nine cases of non-tumoral stenosis of the aqueduct in adults are described. The deformed aqueducts are displayed diagrammatically. Patients may be divided into three groups, according to their presentation; papilledema with raised intracranila pressure, epilepsy, or intellectual impairment. Those patients in the first category tended to be younger, and to respond more favorably to treatment. A review of the literature is made.", "contents": "Non-tumoral stenosis of the aqueduct in adults. Nine cases of non-tumoral stenosis of the aqueduct in adults are described. The deformed aqueducts are displayed diagrammatically. Patients may be divided into three groups, according to their presentation; papilledema with raised intracranila pressure, epilepsy, or intellectual impairment. Those patients in the first category tended to be younger, and to respond more favorably to treatment. A review of the literature is made.", "PMID": 1188591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10919", "title": "Effects of local hypothermia and of steroids upon recovery from experimental spinal cord compression injury.", "content": "Canine spinal cords were compressed by a cylindrical balloon placed in the T-13 epidural space and maintained at 160 mm Hg for one hour. Fifteen minutes after deflation, either local hypothermia or parenteral dexamethasone therapy was initiated. Local hypothermia (dorsal dura mater at 6 degrees C for four hours) was achieved with a miniature epidural heat exchanger which kept cooling fluid isolated from tissue. At seven weeks, the treated groups achieved motor ratings which were significantly superior to those of the untreated group. The untreated group were unable to walk, while both treated groups were able to do so.", "contents": "Effects of local hypothermia and of steroids upon recovery from experimental spinal cord compression injury. Canine spinal cords were compressed by a cylindrical balloon placed in the T-13 epidural space and maintained at 160 mm Hg for one hour. Fifteen minutes after deflation, either local hypothermia or parenteral dexamethasone therapy was initiated. Local hypothermia (dorsal dura mater at 6 degrees C for four hours) was achieved with a miniature epidural heat exchanger which kept cooling fluid isolated from tissue. At seven weeks, the treated groups achieved motor ratings which were significantly superior to those of the untreated group. The untreated group were unable to walk, while both treated groups were able to do so.", "PMID": 1188593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10920", "title": "Observations of pressure waves in stomach, jejunal, and colonic loops used to replace the esophagus.", "content": "The motility characteristics of the stomach, upper jejunum, and right colon were studied in 25 patients in whom these organs were used to replace the resected esophagus. The pattern of motility in all three replacement organs generally was similar to that recorded in normal individuals by other workers. But the stomach replacement showed a greater percentage of Type 1 waves, and Type II contractions were weaker. Activity in the jejunal replacements was much reduced. A propagated pressure wave was observed on swallowing water in the jejunal replacements. The nature of this wave needs further elucidation. The functional result was good, except in patients with a weak or without an upper esophageal sphincter. Patients experienced no pain during the test and no side effects were observed.", "contents": "Observations of pressure waves in stomach, jejunal, and colonic loops used to replace the esophagus. The motility characteristics of the stomach, upper jejunum, and right colon were studied in 25 patients in whom these organs were used to replace the resected esophagus. The pattern of motility in all three replacement organs generally was similar to that recorded in normal individuals by other workers. But the stomach replacement showed a greater percentage of Type 1 waves, and Type II contractions were weaker. Activity in the jejunal replacements was much reduced. A propagated pressure wave was observed on swallowing water in the jejunal replacements. The nature of this wave needs further elucidation. The functional result was good, except in patients with a weak or without an upper esophageal sphincter. Patients experienced no pain during the test and no side effects were observed.", "PMID": 1188595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10921", "title": "Banding of arteriovenous dialysis fistulas to correct high-output cardiac failure.", "content": "Three patients with high output cardiac failure from arteriovenous dialysis fistulas are described. All three were treated successfully by banding the appropriate vessel while constantly monitoring flow rates.", "contents": "Banding of arteriovenous dialysis fistulas to correct high-output cardiac failure. Three patients with high output cardiac failure from arteriovenous dialysis fistulas are described. All three were treated successfully by banding the appropriate vessel while constantly monitoring flow rates.", "PMID": 1188596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10922", "title": "Thigh emphysema and hip pain secondary to gastrointestinal perforation.", "content": "A patient presenting with thigh emphysema and hip pain may suggest intra-abdominal pathology. Three new and 19 previously reported cases of thigh emphysema secondary to bowel disease are reviewed. The thigh and hip manifestations can obscure the primary intra-abdominal process either due to the obvious emphysema or to the obtunded abdominal signs secondary to associated neuropathy. Only one of 22 patients with thigh emphysema secondary to bowel perforation had gas gangrene. Early diagnosis of this clinical association is essential since eight of the 11 deaths occurred within a few days after admission. Right-sided thigh emphysema suggests appendicitis, whereas left-sided emphysema is more likely to be secondary to left colonic diverticulitis or carcinoma.", "contents": "Thigh emphysema and hip pain secondary to gastrointestinal perforation. A patient presenting with thigh emphysema and hip pain may suggest intra-abdominal pathology. Three new and 19 previously reported cases of thigh emphysema secondary to bowel disease are reviewed. The thigh and hip manifestations can obscure the primary intra-abdominal process either due to the obvious emphysema or to the obtunded abdominal signs secondary to associated neuropathy. Only one of 22 patients with thigh emphysema secondary to bowel perforation had gas gangrene. Early diagnosis of this clinical association is essential since eight of the 11 deaths occurred within a few days after admission. Right-sided thigh emphysema suggests appendicitis, whereas left-sided emphysema is more likely to be secondary to left colonic diverticulitis or carcinoma.", "PMID": 1188597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10923", "title": "Benign obstructing papilloma of the ampulla of Vater in infancy.", "content": "Obstructive jaundice due to benign neoplasms of the extrahepatic bile ducts is rare in all age groups. A case is reported which represents the first obstructing papilloma of the ampulla of Vater found in the pediatric age group and the literature pertaining to benign obstructing neoplasms is reviewed briefly. Differential diagnosis of persistent jaundice past the immediate neonatal period is discussed and the need for operative cholangiogram and open liver biopsy in difficult cases is stressed. Obstructing papillomas and other neoplasms of the extrahepatic bile ducts should be added to the differential diagnosis of jaundice in the pediatric age group.", "contents": "Benign obstructing papilloma of the ampulla of Vater in infancy. Obstructive jaundice due to benign neoplasms of the extrahepatic bile ducts is rare in all age groups. A case is reported which represents the first obstructing papilloma of the ampulla of Vater found in the pediatric age group and the literature pertaining to benign obstructing neoplasms is reviewed briefly. Differential diagnosis of persistent jaundice past the immediate neonatal period is discussed and the need for operative cholangiogram and open liver biopsy in difficult cases is stressed. Obstructing papillomas and other neoplasms of the extrahepatic bile ducts should be added to the differential diagnosis of jaundice in the pediatric age group.", "PMID": 1188598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10924", "title": "Sacrococcygeal chordoma: Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A review of 222 patients with sacrococcygeal chordoma from the English language literature since the first American case in 1913 reveals that men are affected twice as frequently as are women after age 40, but not before. A history of prior trauma can be found in about 20 percent of patients, but no clear etiologic relation can be proved. The evidence for a congenital origin from displaced notochordal tissue is equally inconclusive. Metastasis occurs in only about 10 percent of patients, but recurrence of the primary lesion is almost universal. Of 67 patients followed, 11 survived 10 years or longer after diagnosis of chordoma. Resection of the tumor rarely is complete. Preservation of sacral stability and of sacral nerve pathways to the rectum and the bladder limit the extent of permissable surgery. Repeated local excision of the tumor recurring after initial excision and irradiation remains the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Sacrococcygeal chordoma: Report of a case and review of the literature. A review of 222 patients with sacrococcygeal chordoma from the English language literature since the first American case in 1913 reveals that men are affected twice as frequently as are women after age 40, but not before. A history of prior trauma can be found in about 20 percent of patients, but no clear etiologic relation can be proved. The evidence for a congenital origin from displaced notochordal tissue is equally inconclusive. Metastasis occurs in only about 10 percent of patients, but recurrence of the primary lesion is almost universal. Of 67 patients followed, 11 survived 10 years or longer after diagnosis of chordoma. Resection of the tumor rarely is complete. Preservation of sacral stability and of sacral nerve pathways to the rectum and the bladder limit the extent of permissable surgery. Repeated local excision of the tumor recurring after initial excision and irradiation remains the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 1188599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10925", "title": "Peripheral embolism resulting from unsuspected atheromatous aortic plaques.", "content": "Three cases of peripheral embolism resulting from atheromatous aortic plaques are reported. Although the majority of arterial thromboemboli are believed to have originated from mural thrombi within one of the cardiac chambers, there is reason to believe that embolism from atheromatous material within a major artery may occur more often than is represented in current literature. Successful management of this condition will necessitate (1) clinical awareness, (2) careful scrutinization of material recovered from embolectomy, (3) angiography to demonstrate the embolic source in the aorta or its main braches, and (4) appropriate remedy by either endarterectomy or graft replacement of the diseased artery segment. The pitfalls in the diagnosis of this condition are discussed.", "contents": "Peripheral embolism resulting from unsuspected atheromatous aortic plaques. Three cases of peripheral embolism resulting from atheromatous aortic plaques are reported. Although the majority of arterial thromboemboli are believed to have originated from mural thrombi within one of the cardiac chambers, there is reason to believe that embolism from atheromatous material within a major artery may occur more often than is represented in current literature. Successful management of this condition will necessitate (1) clinical awareness, (2) careful scrutinization of material recovered from embolectomy, (3) angiography to demonstrate the embolic source in the aorta or its main braches, and (4) appropriate remedy by either endarterectomy or graft replacement of the diseased artery segment. The pitfalls in the diagnosis of this condition are discussed.", "PMID": 1188600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10926", "title": "Post-traumatic aneurysms of the thoracic aorta.", "content": "Nineteen patients with histologically proved post-traumatic aneurysm of the thoracic aorta were reviewed. Only seven aneurysms were detected at the time of hospitalization for trauma. Eight of 12 patients with chronic aneurysms either became symptomatic or showed enlargment during a period of observation. Surgical excision was the recommended method of therapy.", "contents": "Post-traumatic aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. Nineteen patients with histologically proved post-traumatic aneurysm of the thoracic aorta were reviewed. Only seven aneurysms were detected at the time of hospitalization for trauma. Eight of 12 patients with chronic aneurysms either became symptomatic or showed enlargment during a period of observation. Surgical excision was the recommended method of therapy.", "PMID": 1188601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10927", "title": "The nature of arterial healing following dextran treatment of experimental small artery trauma.", "content": "Vascular thrombosis is a major cause of morbidity and death. Because of the many variables involved with thrombosis in patients, major advances in treatment often depend upon design and study of adequate experimental models which provide a degree of control of the variables. Arterial trauma was produced in small femoral arteries 3 mm. or less in diameter by a standardized intimectomy technique. One group of animals was treated with an equal volume of saline and served as controls. Serial sections of blood vessels at graded time intervals from one hour to 90 days were studied. The damaged blood vessels of dextran-treated animals did not thrombose and provided an opportunity for studying the mechanism of healing in traumatized blood vessels which remained patent. The damaged blood vessels of saline-treated animals uniformly thrombosed and eventually healed for scar formation with evidences of attempts at recanalization. The blood vessels of dextran-treated animals remained open for as long as 90 days and were re-endothelialized and healed. What appears to be beginning re-endothelialization of blood vessels of dextran-treated animals was observed as early as 48 hours. In a model experimental setting, dextran has been shown to prevent thrombosis and permit healing in small arteries subjected to a standardized surgical trauma.", "contents": "The nature of arterial healing following dextran treatment of experimental small artery trauma. Vascular thrombosis is a major cause of morbidity and death. Because of the many variables involved with thrombosis in patients, major advances in treatment often depend upon design and study of adequate experimental models which provide a degree of control of the variables. Arterial trauma was produced in small femoral arteries 3 mm. or less in diameter by a standardized intimectomy technique. One group of animals was treated with an equal volume of saline and served as controls. Serial sections of blood vessels at graded time intervals from one hour to 90 days were studied. The damaged blood vessels of dextran-treated animals did not thrombose and provided an opportunity for studying the mechanism of healing in traumatized blood vessels which remained patent. The damaged blood vessels of saline-treated animals uniformly thrombosed and eventually healed for scar formation with evidences of attempts at recanalization. The blood vessels of dextran-treated animals remained open for as long as 90 days and were re-endothelialized and healed. What appears to be beginning re-endothelialization of blood vessels of dextran-treated animals was observed as early as 48 hours. In a model experimental setting, dextran has been shown to prevent thrombosis and permit healing in small arteries subjected to a standardized surgical trauma.", "PMID": 1188602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10928", "title": "Effect of ascorbic acid on rectal polyps of patients with familial polyposis.", "content": "Evidence for dehydrogenation by fecal bacteria in the genesis of colon cancer suggested that an antioxidant might modify these mechanisms. Ascorbic acid, 3 Gm. daily, was given to five patients who had active rectal adenomatous polyp formation long after ileorectal anastomosis for familial polyposis. During a 4 to 13 month study, rectal polyps disappeared in two, regressed partially in two, and increased in one. Among three additional treated patients with rectal polyps, one had a reduction in polyps and two were unaffected.", "contents": "Effect of ascorbic acid on rectal polyps of patients with familial polyposis. Evidence for dehydrogenation by fecal bacteria in the genesis of colon cancer suggested that an antioxidant might modify these mechanisms. Ascorbic acid, 3 Gm. daily, was given to five patients who had active rectal adenomatous polyp formation long after ileorectal anastomosis for familial polyposis. During a 4 to 13 month study, rectal polyps disappeared in two, regressed partially in two, and increased in one. Among three additional treated patients with rectal polyps, one had a reduction in polyps and two were unaffected.", "PMID": 1188603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10929", "title": "Acute mesenteric vascular occlusion: A review of thirty-two patients.", "content": "High mortality rates associated with mesenteric occlusion are a tremendous challenge. We reviewed 32 patients admitted to Beckley Appalachian Regional Hospital during the years 1965 to 1974. The majority of the patients were men. There was quite a variation in the symptoms and physical signs, with heart disease commonly associated with mesenteric occlusion. Massive gangrene involving the small and large bowels had the worst prognosis. Thrombectomy and anticoagulation did not prove beneficial in our series. Patients who survived massive resection are having intermittent diarrhea, responsive to medical treatment. The mortality rate in this series of 32 patients was 81.3 percent. It is hoped that with increased use of mesenteric angiography, early diagnosis, and prompt management the mortality rate can be brought down to acceptable levels.", "contents": "Acute mesenteric vascular occlusion: A review of thirty-two patients. High mortality rates associated with mesenteric occlusion are a tremendous challenge. We reviewed 32 patients admitted to Beckley Appalachian Regional Hospital during the years 1965 to 1974. The majority of the patients were men. There was quite a variation in the symptoms and physical signs, with heart disease commonly associated with mesenteric occlusion. Massive gangrene involving the small and large bowels had the worst prognosis. Thrombectomy and anticoagulation did not prove beneficial in our series. Patients who survived massive resection are having intermittent diarrhea, responsive to medical treatment. The mortality rate in this series of 32 patients was 81.3 percent. It is hoped that with increased use of mesenteric angiography, early diagnosis, and prompt management the mortality rate can be brought down to acceptable levels.", "PMID": 1188604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10930", "title": "The correlation of sequential changes in the distribution of pulmonary blood flow in hemorrhagic shock with the histopathologic anatomy.", "content": "Histopathologic changes were described and correlated with hemodynamic changes in a series of farm-reared dogs by a preparation and a protocol which were shown to simulate closely physiologic events in clinical hemorrhagic shock; neither anesthesia nor thoracotomy was used and flush solutions for catheters were strictly limited; a series of sham-treated controls was used for comparison. Five different isotopes were used to label microspheres to measure blood flow sequentially at the tissue level at various stages of the shock protocol. At death, multiple tissue sections were taken relative to six parallel segments of the lung arranged according to dependency so that correlations of structure and function might be related to the influence of gravity. The degrees of severity of atelectasis, hemorrhage, edema, congestion, inflammation, and hyperaeration were evaluated by rating scales. Tissues from the most dependent areas had a higher incidence and greater severity of histologic lesions. Tissues with mild histologic rating tended to have lower percentages of flow after hemorrhage, but normal or increased flow after reinfusion. The severely damaged tissue received greater than average flow throughout. Tissues with severe atelectasis paralleled the course of those with a high over-all severe pathologic rating. Tissues with severe inflammation had less blood flow in the control period, increased flow in Stages B1 and B2 and a subsequent return to control values. Those with severe edema had reduced flow in Stages B2 and B3, but high flows after reinfusion.", "contents": "The correlation of sequential changes in the distribution of pulmonary blood flow in hemorrhagic shock with the histopathologic anatomy. Histopathologic changes were described and correlated with hemodynamic changes in a series of farm-reared dogs by a preparation and a protocol which were shown to simulate closely physiologic events in clinical hemorrhagic shock; neither anesthesia nor thoracotomy was used and flush solutions for catheters were strictly limited; a series of sham-treated controls was used for comparison. Five different isotopes were used to label microspheres to measure blood flow sequentially at the tissue level at various stages of the shock protocol. At death, multiple tissue sections were taken relative to six parallel segments of the lung arranged according to dependency so that correlations of structure and function might be related to the influence of gravity. The degrees of severity of atelectasis, hemorrhage, edema, congestion, inflammation, and hyperaeration were evaluated by rating scales. Tissues from the most dependent areas had a higher incidence and greater severity of histologic lesions. Tissues with mild histologic rating tended to have lower percentages of flow after hemorrhage, but normal or increased flow after reinfusion. The severely damaged tissue received greater than average flow throughout. Tissues with severe atelectasis paralleled the course of those with a high over-all severe pathologic rating. Tissues with severe inflammation had less blood flow in the control period, increased flow in Stages B1 and B2 and a subsequent return to control values. Those with severe edema had reduced flow in Stages B2 and B3, but high flows after reinfusion.", "PMID": 1188605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10931", "title": "Results of left gastric vena caval shunt for esophageal varices: Analysis of one hundred clinical cases.", "content": "A new selective shunt operation, namely left gastric vena caval shunt, has been applied to 100 patients with esophageal varices, including 77 with cirrhosis of the liver and 19 with so-called idiopathic portal hypertension. Early death occurred in 3.0 percent and postoperative rebleeding from esophageal varices in 10.4 percent. The 5 year survival rate was 78.0 percent and the rehabilitation status of the surviving patients has been satisfactory, without any signs of hepatoencephalopathy. The shunt was proved to be patent in about 90 percent of the patients.", "contents": "Results of left gastric vena caval shunt for esophageal varices: Analysis of one hundred clinical cases. A new selective shunt operation, namely left gastric vena caval shunt, has been applied to 100 patients with esophageal varices, including 77 with cirrhosis of the liver and 19 with so-called idiopathic portal hypertension. Early death occurred in 3.0 percent and postoperative rebleeding from esophageal varices in 10.4 percent. The 5 year survival rate was 78.0 percent and the rehabilitation status of the surviving patients has been satisfactory, without any signs of hepatoencephalopathy. The shunt was proved to be patent in about 90 percent of the patients.", "PMID": 1188606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10932", "title": "Aneurysm of a polar renal artery.", "content": "A patient with a saccular aneurysm arising from the left superior polar renal artery is presented together with a review of two further reports from the literature. The importance of selective arteriography and the interpretation of the \"naked calyx\" sign in the diagnosis of supernumerary renal arteries has been emphasized. We feel that this is the only report of an aneurysm of a polar artery successfully treated by excision and end-to-end arterial anastomosis.", "contents": "Aneurysm of a polar renal artery. A patient with a saccular aneurysm arising from the left superior polar renal artery is presented together with a review of two further reports from the literature. The importance of selective arteriography and the interpretation of the \"naked calyx\" sign in the diagnosis of supernumerary renal arteries has been emphasized. We feel that this is the only report of an aneurysm of a polar artery successfully treated by excision and end-to-end arterial anastomosis.", "PMID": 1188607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10933", "title": "Acute abdomen due to torsion of a pedunculated mesenteric fibroma.", "content": "A case history of a boy with an acute abdomen due to torsion of a pedunculated mesenteric fibroma is presented. A review of the literature shows that only a relatively small number of mesenteric fibromata have been reported. In these cases the tumor was described as growing between the two leaves of the mesentery. The symptoms these tumors gave usually were due to the size of the tumor and compression of adjacent organs. The present case is unusual because of the pedunculated nature of the fibroma and its presentation as an acute abdomen.", "contents": "Acute abdomen due to torsion of a pedunculated mesenteric fibroma. A case history of a boy with an acute abdomen due to torsion of a pedunculated mesenteric fibroma is presented. A review of the literature shows that only a relatively small number of mesenteric fibromata have been reported. In these cases the tumor was described as growing between the two leaves of the mesentery. The symptoms these tumors gave usually were due to the size of the tumor and compression of adjacent organs. The present case is unusual because of the pedunculated nature of the fibroma and its presentation as an acute abdomen.", "PMID": 1188608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10934", "title": "Iatrogenic entrapment of femoropopliteal saphenous vein bypass grafts by the gastrocnemius muscle.", "content": "Two patients are described in whom saphenous vein grafts placed distal to the knee joint were \"entrapped\" by the medial gastrocnemius tendon. In one, the superficial position of the graft was detected by postoperative angiography. In the other, a true aneurysm of the vein graft developed over a 3 year period. The similarity between the iatrogenic and congenital forms of the popliteal entrapment syndrome is noted.", "contents": "Iatrogenic entrapment of femoropopliteal saphenous vein bypass grafts by the gastrocnemius muscle. Two patients are described in whom saphenous vein grafts placed distal to the knee joint were \"entrapped\" by the medial gastrocnemius tendon. In one, the superficial position of the graft was detected by postoperative angiography. In the other, a true aneurysm of the vein graft developed over a 3 year period. The similarity between the iatrogenic and congenital forms of the popliteal entrapment syndrome is noted.", "PMID": 1188609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10935", "title": "Deep inferior epigastric arteriovenous shunt for hemodialysis.", "content": "The deep inferior epigastric artery and vein may be satisfactorily utilized for chronic hemodialysis in patients who have no extremity vessels available.", "contents": "Deep inferior epigastric arteriovenous shunt for hemodialysis. The deep inferior epigastric artery and vein may be satisfactorily utilized for chronic hemodialysis in patients who have no extremity vessels available.", "PMID": 1188610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10936", "title": "Postprandial rest pain and claudication of the lower extremity: A case report.", "content": "Postprandial rest pain and claudication in the lower extremities may occur in arteriosclerotic aortic occlusion when mesenteric and systemic collateral pathways provide inadequate blood flow to the extremity. The symptoms occur as a result of vasodilation of the distal mesenteric vascular bed with a concomitant increase in mesenteric blood flow which leads to a decrease in mesenteric artery to extremity collateral blood flow. This normal physiologic phenomenon, increase in mesenteric blood flow, causes the extremity pain. Such symptoms indicate a quite significant decrease in blood flow to the extremity, and prompt surgical correction is indicated. Aortofemoral reconstruction yields total reflief of the symptom complex.", "contents": "Postprandial rest pain and claudication of the lower extremity: A case report. Postprandial rest pain and claudication in the lower extremities may occur in arteriosclerotic aortic occlusion when mesenteric and systemic collateral pathways provide inadequate blood flow to the extremity. The symptoms occur as a result of vasodilation of the distal mesenteric vascular bed with a concomitant increase in mesenteric blood flow which leads to a decrease in mesenteric artery to extremity collateral blood flow. This normal physiologic phenomenon, increase in mesenteric blood flow, causes the extremity pain. Such symptoms indicate a quite significant decrease in blood flow to the extremity, and prompt surgical correction is indicated. Aortofemoral reconstruction yields total reflief of the symptom complex.", "PMID": 1188611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10937", "title": "Rejection and repair of endothelium in major vessel transplants.", "content": "Fresh saphenous vein homografts are gaining popularity as conduits for femoral-popliteal or distal bypass grafts. Aside from major blood group compatibility, there is little clinical evidence that rejection is a significant factor in long-term patency. Some have suggested that blood vessels are weakly antigenic and others indicate that rejection does not endanger long-term patency. Transplantation and toxic damage were produced in experimental animals in order to compare healing processes. Both types of injuries produced early significant endothelial cell proliferation detected by H3-thymidine uptake. This response peaked at 5 days in transplants and ever-expanding islands of proliferating endothelium were present in aortas exposed to 20 percent sodium chloride, leading to healing in 3 to 4 months. In the transplanted vessels, total endothelial destruction occurred at 11 to 28 days, and cells of host origin determined by sex chromatin analysis gradually resurfaced those grafts that maintained patency. At 4 months only two of six carotid artery homografts were patent in unmodified dogs, and eight of nine were patent in animals given 1 mg. per kilogram of Imuran. All patent grafts were resurfaced by host cells. We conclude that rejection does play a role in long-term patency; that donor endothelium of living vascular grafts cannot maintain sufficient proliferative capacity to repair immunological damage; that small doses of Imuran significantly alter the rate of destruction leading to more orderly repair and patency; and that clinical trials utilizing one half the dose of Imuran required for kidney graft survival are likely to improve significantly the long-term patency rate of fresh arterial or venous homografts in man.", "contents": "Rejection and repair of endothelium in major vessel transplants. Fresh saphenous vein homografts are gaining popularity as conduits for femoral-popliteal or distal bypass grafts. Aside from major blood group compatibility, there is little clinical evidence that rejection is a significant factor in long-term patency. Some have suggested that blood vessels are weakly antigenic and others indicate that rejection does not endanger long-term patency. Transplantation and toxic damage were produced in experimental animals in order to compare healing processes. Both types of injuries produced early significant endothelial cell proliferation detected by H3-thymidine uptake. This response peaked at 5 days in transplants and ever-expanding islands of proliferating endothelium were present in aortas exposed to 20 percent sodium chloride, leading to healing in 3 to 4 months. In the transplanted vessels, total endothelial destruction occurred at 11 to 28 days, and cells of host origin determined by sex chromatin analysis gradually resurfaced those grafts that maintained patency. At 4 months only two of six carotid artery homografts were patent in unmodified dogs, and eight of nine were patent in animals given 1 mg. per kilogram of Imuran. All patent grafts were resurfaced by host cells. We conclude that rejection does play a role in long-term patency; that donor endothelium of living vascular grafts cannot maintain sufficient proliferative capacity to repair immunological damage; that small doses of Imuran significantly alter the rate of destruction leading to more orderly repair and patency; and that clinical trials utilizing one half the dose of Imuran required for kidney graft survival are likely to improve significantly the long-term patency rate of fresh arterial or venous homografts in man.", "PMID": 1188613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10938", "title": "Unusual problems of venous thrombosis.", "content": "Although venous thrombosis (thrombophlebitis) is well known, there are uncommon manifestations which are seen infrequently, discussed rarely, and documented poorly. Experiences with 38 patients in seven categories are discussed in terms of our results and the pertinent reports of others. Pulmonary necrosis after embolic pulmonary infarction (six patients) may require tube thoracotomy and/or lung resection and contraindicate further heparin therapy. Iliac and/or femoral vein thrombosis occasionally fails to recanalize. Long-standing occlusion (18 patients) may be benefited by a cross-over saphenous vein graft. Left iliac venous occlusion secondary to pressure from the crossing right iliac artery (four patients) may indicate repair or bypass. Budd-Chiari syndrome (thrombosis of the hepatic venous outflow) was, in a single patient, carried past a critical period by a long Dacron tube shunt graft from the umbilical vein to the azygos vein. Subclavian and axillary venous thrombosis due to thoracic outlet pressure syndrome (three patients) often responds to heparin but may require thrombectomy; later resection of the first rib is indicated. Phlegmasia cerulea dolens (blue phlebitis) with tissue gangrene (three patients) requires immediate venous thrombectomy and subsequent heparinization. The occluded inferior vena cava (three patients) remains a challenging unsolved problem.", "contents": "Unusual problems of venous thrombosis. Although venous thrombosis (thrombophlebitis) is well known, there are uncommon manifestations which are seen infrequently, discussed rarely, and documented poorly. Experiences with 38 patients in seven categories are discussed in terms of our results and the pertinent reports of others. Pulmonary necrosis after embolic pulmonary infarction (six patients) may require tube thoracotomy and/or lung resection and contraindicate further heparin therapy. Iliac and/or femoral vein thrombosis occasionally fails to recanalize. Long-standing occlusion (18 patients) may be benefited by a cross-over saphenous vein graft. Left iliac venous occlusion secondary to pressure from the crossing right iliac artery (four patients) may indicate repair or bypass. Budd-Chiari syndrome (thrombosis of the hepatic venous outflow) was, in a single patient, carried past a critical period by a long Dacron tube shunt graft from the umbilical vein to the azygos vein. Subclavian and axillary venous thrombosis due to thoracic outlet pressure syndrome (three patients) often responds to heparin but may require thrombectomy; later resection of the first rib is indicated. Phlegmasia cerulea dolens (blue phlebitis) with tissue gangrene (three patients) requires immediate venous thrombectomy and subsequent heparinization. The occluded inferior vena cava (three patients) remains a challenging unsolved problem.", "PMID": 1188614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10939", "title": "The effectiveness and mechanism of collagen-induced topical hemostasis.", "content": "Microcrystalline collagen is a recently developed material possessing remarkable topical hemostatic properties. The potential utility of this substance for cardiovascular surgery was evaluated in a canine arterial bleeding model. A hemostatic protocol allowed comparison of initial and final hemostasis rates as well as the time required to accomplish hemostasis. The results of these studies revealed that microcrystalline collagen, or MCC, achieved hemostasis more frequently and rapidly than either pressure alone or oxidized cellulose cloth. MCC also was highly effective initially after large doses of heparin and in the presence of platelets with function rendered deficient by acetyl salicylate. Only in the presence of profound thrombocytopenia was any loss of initial effectiveness observed. Some delayed hemorrhage occurred in the heparin-treated groups leading to a lessened incidence of final hemostasis, a result intimately related to MCC's probable mechanism of action. However, even under the extreme conditions imposed by this severe experimental model, MCC remained effective in greater than 70 percent of the trials. On this basis MCC seems to possess great potential as a useful adjunct during cardiovascular surgical procedures.", "contents": "The effectiveness and mechanism of collagen-induced topical hemostasis. Microcrystalline collagen is a recently developed material possessing remarkable topical hemostatic properties. The potential utility of this substance for cardiovascular surgery was evaluated in a canine arterial bleeding model. A hemostatic protocol allowed comparison of initial and final hemostasis rates as well as the time required to accomplish hemostasis. The results of these studies revealed that microcrystalline collagen, or MCC, achieved hemostasis more frequently and rapidly than either pressure alone or oxidized cellulose cloth. MCC also was highly effective initially after large doses of heparin and in the presence of platelets with function rendered deficient by acetyl salicylate. Only in the presence of profound thrombocytopenia was any loss of initial effectiveness observed. Some delayed hemorrhage occurred in the heparin-treated groups leading to a lessened incidence of final hemostasis, a result intimately related to MCC's probable mechanism of action. However, even under the extreme conditions imposed by this severe experimental model, MCC remained effective in greater than 70 percent of the trials. On this basis MCC seems to possess great potential as a useful adjunct during cardiovascular surgical procedures.", "PMID": 1188615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10940", "title": "The occluded renal artery.", "content": "Twenty-seven cases of renal artery occlusion are presented. In 16 patients the duration of occlusion could be determined and only two of 16 became hypertensive or experienced worsening of existing hypertension. Seven of 11 patients in whom the duration was unknown were hypertensive. Twelve patients were not treated and of these, ten are deceased with renal artery occlusion contributory in six deaths. Nine patients underwent nephrectomy and of eight hypertensive patients, five became normotensive. Six underwent revascularization and four were successful at 2 hours, 22 hours, 9 days, and 39 days, respectively, after occlusion. The experience leads us to conclude that viability can be proven only by direct observation and that revascularization with return of function and lowering of blood pressure is possible after prolonged periods of occlusion.", "contents": "The occluded renal artery. Twenty-seven cases of renal artery occlusion are presented. In 16 patients the duration of occlusion could be determined and only two of 16 became hypertensive or experienced worsening of existing hypertension. Seven of 11 patients in whom the duration was unknown were hypertensive. Twelve patients were not treated and of these, ten are deceased with renal artery occlusion contributory in six deaths. Nine patients underwent nephrectomy and of eight hypertensive patients, five became normotensive. Six underwent revascularization and four were successful at 2 hours, 22 hours, 9 days, and 39 days, respectively, after occlusion. The experience leads us to conclude that viability can be proven only by direct observation and that revascularization with return of function and lowering of blood pressure is possible after prolonged periods of occlusion.", "PMID": 1188616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10941", "title": "Flow and pressure characteristics of the portal system before and after splenorenal shunts.", "content": "The technique of percutaneous transhepatic portal vein cannulation provides a valuable means for determining portal pressure, direction of blood flow, and visualization of the entire portal system in the nonanesthetized patient. This technique, along with selective celiac arterial, superior mesenteric arterial, and renal venous catheterization, was used in the evaluation of a series of 17 splenorenal venous shunts [eight nonselective and nine selective (modified) distal splenorenal shunts]. As a result of these studies it is concluded that (1) prograde portal flow is maintained in the majority of patients following nonselective or selective (modified) distal splenorenal shunts; (2) bidirectional flow occurs in various branches of the portal system before and after splenorenal shunts; (3) a significant drop in portal pressure occurs following the establishment of either type of shunt; and (4) esophageal varices are decompressed by the trans-splenic route following either type of procedure used in this study.", "contents": "Flow and pressure characteristics of the portal system before and after splenorenal shunts. The technique of percutaneous transhepatic portal vein cannulation provides a valuable means for determining portal pressure, direction of blood flow, and visualization of the entire portal system in the nonanesthetized patient. This technique, along with selective celiac arterial, superior mesenteric arterial, and renal venous catheterization, was used in the evaluation of a series of 17 splenorenal venous shunts [eight nonselective and nine selective (modified) distal splenorenal shunts]. As a result of these studies it is concluded that (1) prograde portal flow is maintained in the majority of patients following nonselective or selective (modified) distal splenorenal shunts; (2) bidirectional flow occurs in various branches of the portal system before and after splenorenal shunts; (3) a significant drop in portal pressure occurs following the establishment of either type of shunt; and (4) esophageal varices are decompressed by the trans-splenic route following either type of procedure used in this study.", "PMID": 1188617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10942", "title": "Surgical management of penetrating injuries to the coronary arteries.", "content": "Among 76 patients with heart wounds treated over a 4 year period, nine had penetrating injuries to the coronary arteries with clinical presentations of pericardial tamponade, electrocardiographic abnormalities of bundle branch block or ST and T wave changes, and hemothorax. The right coronary artery was injured in two patients, the left anterior descending coronary artery in six patients, and the left circumflex coronary artery in one patient. All but one of these injured coronary arteries were treated by ligation. One patient with a proximal left anterior descending coronary artery transection presented with cardiac arrest and was managed successfully by emergency cardiopulmonary support and saphenous vein bypass with ligation of the transected ends of the artery. The only death occurred six days postoperatively in a patient with a right coronary artery laceration and was not related to the heart injury. No late symptomatic or hemodynamic sequelae have been noted among any of these patients. Principles of elective cardiac surgery are readily adaptable to the patient with a coronary artery injury.", "contents": "Surgical management of penetrating injuries to the coronary arteries. Among 76 patients with heart wounds treated over a 4 year period, nine had penetrating injuries to the coronary arteries with clinical presentations of pericardial tamponade, electrocardiographic abnormalities of bundle branch block or ST and T wave changes, and hemothorax. The right coronary artery was injured in two patients, the left anterior descending coronary artery in six patients, and the left circumflex coronary artery in one patient. All but one of these injured coronary arteries were treated by ligation. One patient with a proximal left anterior descending coronary artery transection presented with cardiac arrest and was managed successfully by emergency cardiopulmonary support and saphenous vein bypass with ligation of the transected ends of the artery. The only death occurred six days postoperatively in a patient with a right coronary artery laceration and was not related to the heart injury. No late symptomatic or hemodynamic sequelae have been noted among any of these patients. Principles of elective cardiac surgery are readily adaptable to the patient with a coronary artery injury.", "PMID": 1188618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10943", "title": "Repair of truncus arteriosus in patients with prior banding of the pulmonary artery.", "content": "This is a review of the 25 patients with truncus arteriosus who have undergone corrective repair following prior banding of the pulmonary arteries. The early and late mortality rate was 20 percent, which has fallen to 6 percent for the most recent 17 operations. These results indicate that the probability of a successful repair for truncus arteriosus is not reduced for patients who have undergone prior banding of the pulmonary artery. In view of the current high mortality rate for corrective repair of the truncus arteriosus in the infant with refractory congestive failure, these results suggest that initial banding of the pulmonary artery for such infants, with later elective correction, may be an appropriate method of management at this time.", "contents": "Repair of truncus arteriosus in patients with prior banding of the pulmonary artery. This is a review of the 25 patients with truncus arteriosus who have undergone corrective repair following prior banding of the pulmonary arteries. The early and late mortality rate was 20 percent, which has fallen to 6 percent for the most recent 17 operations. These results indicate that the probability of a successful repair for truncus arteriosus is not reduced for patients who have undergone prior banding of the pulmonary artery. In view of the current high mortality rate for corrective repair of the truncus arteriosus in the infant with refractory congestive failure, these results suggest that initial banding of the pulmonary artery for such infants, with later elective correction, may be an appropriate method of management at this time.", "PMID": 1188619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10944", "title": "Clinical experience with nuclear pacemakers.", "content": "Approximately 1,400 nuclear pacemakers have been implanted in patients since April, 1970, without a single battery failure; 64 of these have been implanted at the Newark Beth Israel Medical Center. All except four of the 64 pulse generators were attached to transvenous electrodes, 39 to pacing wires already in place. Fifty-nine of the 64 units are in service and continue to function normally in a follow-up period of up to 2 years. In the total worldwide experience, 70 pacemakers are out of service, approximately half because of the patient's death, and the rest for infection or lead problems, and only three or four because of difficulties with components. The first 15 ARCO pacemakers implanted 2 years ago continue to function well. Of the 15 control pacemakers implanted at the same time, one unit has failed. We have concluded that a nuclear pacemaker should not be used in a patient with limited life expectancy or in an infant, but for the otherwise healthy young or middle-age individual, it should be the unit of choice.", "contents": "Clinical experience with nuclear pacemakers. Approximately 1,400 nuclear pacemakers have been implanted in patients since April, 1970, without a single battery failure; 64 of these have been implanted at the Newark Beth Israel Medical Center. All except four of the 64 pulse generators were attached to transvenous electrodes, 39 to pacing wires already in place. Fifty-nine of the 64 units are in service and continue to function normally in a follow-up period of up to 2 years. In the total worldwide experience, 70 pacemakers are out of service, approximately half because of the patient's death, and the rest for infection or lead problems, and only three or four because of difficulties with components. The first 15 ARCO pacemakers implanted 2 years ago continue to function well. Of the 15 control pacemakers implanted at the same time, one unit has failed. We have concluded that a nuclear pacemaker should not be used in a patient with limited life expectancy or in an infant, but for the otherwise healthy young or middle-age individual, it should be the unit of choice.", "PMID": 1188620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10945", "title": "An evaluation of electroencephalographic monitoring for carotid study.", "content": "Continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring was used during 213 carotid endarterectomies in 157 patients to identify cerebral ischemia. General anesthesia was used for all patients. An intraluminal shunt was not used routinely, but was inserted in 23 operations when EEG abnormalities associated with ischemia appeared. EEG changes occurred in 31 operations (14.5 percent). Four patterns of abnormal recordings were identified and are discussed. Six patients developed ischemic EEG changes in association with hypotension during endarterectomy. In two of these patients changes appeared with a blood pressure drop of only 20 mm. Hg below preoperative levels. Four patients with internal carotid artery back pressures of 75 to 100 mm. Hg developed EEG abnormalities which disappeared after shunt insertion. Our experience emphasizes the value of continuous EEG monitoring in detecting inadequate cerebral perfusion.", "contents": "An evaluation of electroencephalographic monitoring for carotid study. Continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring was used during 213 carotid endarterectomies in 157 patients to identify cerebral ischemia. General anesthesia was used for all patients. An intraluminal shunt was not used routinely, but was inserted in 23 operations when EEG abnormalities associated with ischemia appeared. EEG changes occurred in 31 operations (14.5 percent). Four patterns of abnormal recordings were identified and are discussed. Six patients developed ischemic EEG changes in association with hypotension during endarterectomy. In two of these patients changes appeared with a blood pressure drop of only 20 mm. Hg below preoperative levels. Four patients with internal carotid artery back pressures of 75 to 100 mm. Hg developed EEG abnormalities which disappeared after shunt insertion. Our experience emphasizes the value of continuous EEG monitoring in detecting inadequate cerebral perfusion.", "PMID": 1188621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10946", "title": "Intermittent claudication: its natural course.", "content": "Of more than 600 patients seen for intermittent claudication by this group and not primarily considered for surgery, 104 had angiographic studies and are the basis for this report. The follow-up period varied from 6 months to 8 years, with a mean of 2.5 years. Classification by severity of claudication revealed 33 with less than one block, 36 with two blocks, and 35 with two or more blocks, foot, calf, or thigh claudication. Eighty-two remained stable or improved and 22 worsened. Of the 22 who worsened, 16 had only worsening of claudication (six of them requiring arterial reconstruction) and six progressed to gangrene and required amputations. Of the 82, 66 either had marked improvement of claudication or remained sufficiently stable not to require any operative intervention. Sixteen required arterial reconstruction for persistent, intolerable, or incapacitating claudication. Five of the six amputees were from the less than one half block claudication group. Angiographic studies were significant only in relation to the below-knee runoff in that three of 25 with less than one vessel runoff, two of 23 with one to two vessel runoff, and one of 56 with two to three vessel runoff came to amputation, regardless of the pattern of more proximal arterial occlusions. The study suggests that intermittent claudication is relatively benign, with only 5.8 percent coming to amputation in a 2.5 year mean follow-up. Prognosis is determined by the severity of below-knee arterial involvement and apparent inability to compensate for ischemia via the collateral circulation since only 12.5 percent of those with the most pronounced involvement came to amputation.", "contents": "Intermittent claudication: its natural course. Of more than 600 patients seen for intermittent claudication by this group and not primarily considered for surgery, 104 had angiographic studies and are the basis for this report. The follow-up period varied from 6 months to 8 years, with a mean of 2.5 years. Classification by severity of claudication revealed 33 with less than one block, 36 with two blocks, and 35 with two or more blocks, foot, calf, or thigh claudication. Eighty-two remained stable or improved and 22 worsened. Of the 22 who worsened, 16 had only worsening of claudication (six of them requiring arterial reconstruction) and six progressed to gangrene and required amputations. Of the 82, 66 either had marked improvement of claudication or remained sufficiently stable not to require any operative intervention. Sixteen required arterial reconstruction for persistent, intolerable, or incapacitating claudication. Five of the six amputees were from the less than one half block claudication group. Angiographic studies were significant only in relation to the below-knee runoff in that three of 25 with less than one vessel runoff, two of 23 with one to two vessel runoff, and one of 56 with two to three vessel runoff came to amputation, regardless of the pattern of more proximal arterial occlusions. The study suggests that intermittent claudication is relatively benign, with only 5.8 percent coming to amputation in a 2.5 year mean follow-up. Prognosis is determined by the severity of below-knee arterial involvement and apparent inability to compensate for ischemia via the collateral circulation since only 12.5 percent of those with the most pronounced involvement came to amputation.", "PMID": 1188622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10947", "title": "Anastomotic aneurysms after vascular reconstruction: problems of incidence, etiology, and treatment.", "content": "To gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis, natural history, therapeutic response, and the potential of prevention of anastomotic aneurysms in general and those following aortofemoral interventions in particular, we have reviewed 4,214 reconstructive vascular operations performed in the past 15 years during which procedures (prosthetic bypass, autogenous vein graft, and endarteriectomy) of fairly uniform technical details have been used. Among these operations representing 9,561 anastomotic sites, we encountered 205 anastomic aneurysms, a per site incidence of 1.7 percent. By far the most common site of occurrence was the femoral artery following Dacron bypass procedures, with a per site incidence of 3.0 percent. The lowest rate of incidence was observed after endarteriectomies, regardless of anatomic location (0.4 percent). The most frequent causative factor was found to be structural deficiency of the parent artery, which accounted for 30.7 percent of the aneurysmal lesions. Other etiological agents, in order of importance, were arterial hypertension, mechanical stress, defect of the graft material, and noninfective healing complications. The therapeutic approach was an aggressive one and only patients with prohibitive operative risks were treated conservatively. In the elective surgical cases the rate of good results was 81.6 percent, with no operative deaths.", "contents": "Anastomotic aneurysms after vascular reconstruction: problems of incidence, etiology, and treatment. To gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis, natural history, therapeutic response, and the potential of prevention of anastomotic aneurysms in general and those following aortofemoral interventions in particular, we have reviewed 4,214 reconstructive vascular operations performed in the past 15 years during which procedures (prosthetic bypass, autogenous vein graft, and endarteriectomy) of fairly uniform technical details have been used. Among these operations representing 9,561 anastomotic sites, we encountered 205 anastomic aneurysms, a per site incidence of 1.7 percent. By far the most common site of occurrence was the femoral artery following Dacron bypass procedures, with a per site incidence of 3.0 percent. The lowest rate of incidence was observed after endarteriectomies, regardless of anatomic location (0.4 percent). The most frequent causative factor was found to be structural deficiency of the parent artery, which accounted for 30.7 percent of the aneurysmal lesions. Other etiological agents, in order of importance, were arterial hypertension, mechanical stress, defect of the graft material, and noninfective healing complications. The therapeutic approach was an aggressive one and only patients with prohibitive operative risks were treated conservatively. In the elective surgical cases the rate of good results was 81.6 percent, with no operative deaths.", "PMID": 1188623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10948", "title": "Traumatic arteriovenous fistulas and false aneurysms: a review of 558 lesions.", "content": "Through the Vietnam Vascular Registry which was established in 1966 at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, copies of medical records of 509 combat casualties with 558 arteriovenous fistulas and false aneurysms have been analyzed. This represents approximately 7 percent of the vascular injuries in American casualties from Southeast Asia, from 1963 to 1972, which are included in the Registry effort. Contributions of several hundred individuals are included in this documentation, however, more than one fourth of the patients, 149 or 29.3 percent, have been evaluated in our clinic. There were 296 false aneurysms and 262 arteriovenous fistulas. Multiple lesions occurred in 7.9 percent of the casualties. Fragment wounds accounted for 487 or 87.3 percent of the lesions with 85.5 percent in extremity vessels. Early recognition and definitive surgical treatment usually were accomplished: 52.8 percent within the first 30 days following injury. Ligation was either accepted or required in about 50 percent of the lesions. The mortality rate was 1.8 percent and the morbidity associated with the vascular injury was 6.3 percent. There were eight amputations for an amputation rate of 1.7 percent. Potential complications of heart failure, proximal arterial dilatation, and endocarditis were essentially absent.", "contents": "Traumatic arteriovenous fistulas and false aneurysms: a review of 558 lesions. Through the Vietnam Vascular Registry which was established in 1966 at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, copies of medical records of 509 combat casualties with 558 arteriovenous fistulas and false aneurysms have been analyzed. This represents approximately 7 percent of the vascular injuries in American casualties from Southeast Asia, from 1963 to 1972, which are included in the Registry effort. Contributions of several hundred individuals are included in this documentation, however, more than one fourth of the patients, 149 or 29.3 percent, have been evaluated in our clinic. There were 296 false aneurysms and 262 arteriovenous fistulas. Multiple lesions occurred in 7.9 percent of the casualties. Fragment wounds accounted for 487 or 87.3 percent of the lesions with 85.5 percent in extremity vessels. Early recognition and definitive surgical treatment usually were accomplished: 52.8 percent within the first 30 days following injury. Ligation was either accepted or required in about 50 percent of the lesions. The mortality rate was 1.8 percent and the morbidity associated with the vascular injury was 6.3 percent. There were eight amputations for an amputation rate of 1.7 percent. Potential complications of heart failure, proximal arterial dilatation, and endocarditis were essentially absent.", "PMID": 1188624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10949", "title": "World-wide environmental problems.", "content": "Man and the physical and natural resources necessary to support him in a civilized society are on a collision course. It is simple to say that man cannot continue to grow in number at an ever-increasing rate without a destructive effect upon the environment. Positive scientific proof for this impending calamity is not now available, yet many indications--sometimes physical and sometimes natural--point towards major world-wide environmental troubles in the near future. A number of environmental problems are described, particularly as they relate to the total world system. A computer model simulating future world-wide environmental trends from 1900 to 2100 A.D. is evaluated and suggested as a major tool for data-gathering purposes to determine the extent of world-wide environmental problems. It is suggested that scientists take an active role in the study of the environment, particularly in relation to man's future on earth. The problems for the future are so potentially dangerous that we must not wait for a global catastrophe and then rely on science to rescue us. The article is about human survival.", "contents": "World-wide environmental problems. Man and the physical and natural resources necessary to support him in a civilized society are on a collision course. It is simple to say that man cannot continue to grow in number at an ever-increasing rate without a destructive effect upon the environment. Positive scientific proof for this impending calamity is not now available, yet many indications--sometimes physical and sometimes natural--point towards major world-wide environmental troubles in the near future. A number of environmental problems are described, particularly as they relate to the total world system. A computer model simulating future world-wide environmental trends from 1900 to 2100 A.D. is evaluated and suggested as a major tool for data-gathering purposes to determine the extent of world-wide environmental problems. It is suggested that scientists take an active role in the study of the environment, particularly in relation to man's future on earth. The problems for the future are so potentially dangerous that we must not wait for a global catastrophe and then rely on science to rescue us. The article is about human survival.", "PMID": 1188689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10950", "title": "Some health aspects of high-energy society.", "content": "The intensive use of inanimate energy in industrialized or high-energy society has subsidized research, development, and higher education and has brought about changes in nutrition and life-style that have led to great advances in public health and medicine. The emergence of high-energy society, however, has brought with it a new set of health problems, within which the direct effects of measurable pollution may turn out to be more easily dealt with than some of the indirect and hard-to-calculate consequences of high energy use. High-energy society is critically dependent on energy-intensive transport systems, and these systems in turn are dependent upon a continual supply of petroleum products. In the short-term, the aorta of any industrialized nation is its petroleum-supply network. In the longer run, high-energy society faces the depletion and exhaustion of all the nonrenewable resources on which it has fed. Even if technology provides adequate substitute energy systems, high-energy society may deteriorate socially from inability to cope with affluence.", "contents": "Some health aspects of high-energy society. The intensive use of inanimate energy in industrialized or high-energy society has subsidized research, development, and higher education and has brought about changes in nutrition and life-style that have led to great advances in public health and medicine. The emergence of high-energy society, however, has brought with it a new set of health problems, within which the direct effects of measurable pollution may turn out to be more easily dealt with than some of the indirect and hard-to-calculate consequences of high energy use. High-energy society is critically dependent on energy-intensive transport systems, and these systems in turn are dependent upon a continual supply of petroleum products. In the short-term, the aorta of any industrialized nation is its petroleum-supply network. In the longer run, high-energy society faces the depletion and exhaustion of all the nonrenewable resources on which it has fed. Even if technology provides adequate substitute energy systems, high-energy society may deteriorate socially from inability to cope with affluence.", "PMID": 1188690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10951", "title": "Community control of Strongyloides stercoralis by thiabendazole.", "content": "Mass treatment of a community in Costa Rica with thiabendazole in 1965 reduced the prevalence of S. sterocoralis from 19.2% to 0.3%, and the rates remained low 2 years thereafter. Re-examination of the treated population 7 years after initial treatment showed S. stercoralis prevalence still at a 0.5% level.", "contents": "Community control of Strongyloides stercoralis by thiabendazole. Mass treatment of a community in Costa Rica with thiabendazole in 1965 reduced the prevalence of S. sterocoralis from 19.2% to 0.3%, and the rates remained low 2 years thereafter. Re-examination of the treated population 7 years after initial treatment showed S. stercoralis prevalence still at a 0.5% level.", "PMID": 1188691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10952", "title": "Preliminary studies on the metabolism of 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl in the rat.", "content": "Distribution of 3,2-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMAB) and its metabolites in vivo and the metabolism of DMAB by liver in vitro have been studied in the Wistar rat. DMAB-HCI purified by recrystallization and dissolved in ethanol was injected subcutaneously and extractions made from liver, feces, and urine. Similar technical procedures were used to study in vitro metabolism in rat liver homogenates. Two components were isolated from urine and liver having Rf values (thin-layer chromatography) of 0.13 and 0.59, respectively. Three additional metabolites were found in the hydrolyzed fecal fraction. Rechromatography of the major fecal component yielded 6 fluorescent compounds. Gas-liquid chromatography of the most highly fluorescent of these indicated at least 3 additional metabolites. The evidence presented indicates that the liver transforms DMAB to several metabolites which are rapidly transferred in conjugated form to the intestine via the bile. The urine does not appear to be the major excretory route. We have examined the purity of commercially available DMAB free base and DMAB-HCL and found an impurity that comprises approximately 10-24% of the total samle upon GLC analysis, depending upon the supplier. This contaminant was completely removed by recrystallization of the hydrochloride and the chemical identity of purified compound as DMAB confirmed. Recommendations are presented for the use of this purified compound in a biological system.", "contents": "Preliminary studies on the metabolism of 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl in the rat. Distribution of 3,2-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMAB) and its metabolites in vivo and the metabolism of DMAB by liver in vitro have been studied in the Wistar rat. DMAB-HCI purified by recrystallization and dissolved in ethanol was injected subcutaneously and extractions made from liver, feces, and urine. Similar technical procedures were used to study in vitro metabolism in rat liver homogenates. Two components were isolated from urine and liver having Rf values (thin-layer chromatography) of 0.13 and 0.59, respectively. Three additional metabolites were found in the hydrolyzed fecal fraction. Rechromatography of the major fecal component yielded 6 fluorescent compounds. Gas-liquid chromatography of the most highly fluorescent of these indicated at least 3 additional metabolites. The evidence presented indicates that the liver transforms DMAB to several metabolites which are rapidly transferred in conjugated form to the intestine via the bile. The urine does not appear to be the major excretory route. We have examined the purity of commercially available DMAB free base and DMAB-HCL and found an impurity that comprises approximately 10-24% of the total samle upon GLC analysis, depending upon the supplier. This contaminant was completely removed by recrystallization of the hydrochloride and the chemical identity of purified compound as DMAB confirmed. Recommendations are presented for the use of this purified compound in a biological system.", "PMID": 1188692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10953", "title": "Patho-physiological studies on lactic acid-induced pulmonary thrombosis in rat. I. Effect of heparin, acetylsalicylic acid, urokinase and tranexamic acid.", "content": "The role of platelet aggregation and coagulo-fibrinolytic systems in thrombogenesis of lactic acid-induced pulmonary thrombosis in rat were studied using an anti-coagulant, platelet aggregation inhibitor, fibrinolytic or anti-fibrinolytic agents. In normal rat, heparin (2.5 mg/kg), acetylsalicylic acid (30 mg/kg) and tranexamic acid (100 mg/kg) suppressed specifically coagulation, platelet aggregation induced by collagen or thrombin and fibrinolysis respectively. Urokinase (10,000 units/kg) activated powerfully fibrinolytic system in addition to suppressing slightly platelet aggregation. The pretreatment with heparin, acetylsalicylic acid or urokinase markedly prevented the formation of thrombus initiated by the infusion of lactic acid at the doses used. Additive effect was also obtained by combined administration of these agents. On the other hand, it was interesting to note that tranexamic acid (100 mg/kg) did not affect the thrombus formation at all despite a potent anti-fibrinolytic effect of this agent. These results indicate that both platelet aggregation and enhancement of coagulation activity are important factors responsible for the formation of thrombi in DIC, while the fibrinolytic activity in blood seems not to be involved in it. On the basis of the findings, mechanism for triggering activation of coagulation and platelet aggregation is also discussed here.", "contents": "Patho-physiological studies on lactic acid-induced pulmonary thrombosis in rat. I. Effect of heparin, acetylsalicylic acid, urokinase and tranexamic acid. The role of platelet aggregation and coagulo-fibrinolytic systems in thrombogenesis of lactic acid-induced pulmonary thrombosis in rat were studied using an anti-coagulant, platelet aggregation inhibitor, fibrinolytic or anti-fibrinolytic agents. In normal rat, heparin (2.5 mg/kg), acetylsalicylic acid (30 mg/kg) and tranexamic acid (100 mg/kg) suppressed specifically coagulation, platelet aggregation induced by collagen or thrombin and fibrinolysis respectively. Urokinase (10,000 units/kg) activated powerfully fibrinolytic system in addition to suppressing slightly platelet aggregation. The pretreatment with heparin, acetylsalicylic acid or urokinase markedly prevented the formation of thrombus initiated by the infusion of lactic acid at the doses used. Additive effect was also obtained by combined administration of these agents. On the other hand, it was interesting to note that tranexamic acid (100 mg/kg) did not affect the thrombus formation at all despite a potent anti-fibrinolytic effect of this agent. These results indicate that both platelet aggregation and enhancement of coagulation activity are important factors responsible for the formation of thrombi in DIC, while the fibrinolytic activity in blood seems not to be involved in it. On the basis of the findings, mechanism for triggering activation of coagulation and platelet aggregation is also discussed here.", "PMID": 1188708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10954", "title": "The effects of infusion of thrombin or endotoxin in rabbits treated with cortisone.", "content": "Rabbits treated for 4 days with cortisone to prepare for the generalized Shwartzman reaction (GSR) were infused with thrombin or endotoxin. Whereas endotoxin induced the GSR, infusion of from 120--400 U/kg of thrombin over 1 to 2 1/2 hr failed to induce the GSR. Mean values for fibrinogen consumption after thrombin or endotoxin, calculated from changes in plasma fibrinogen concentration and plasma 125I-fibrinogen radioactivity, were as follows: for rabbits infused with thrombin, from 43 to 61 mg/kg over a 3 hr period; for rabbits infused with endotoxin, 58.5 mg/kg over a 6 hr period. A small peak of non-clottable protein radioactivity, indicative of secondary fibrinolysis, was found in animals infused with thrombin but not in animals infused with endotoxin. A striking late rise in plasma fibrinogen levels was noted in animals infused with endotoxin. It was not noted in animals infused with thrombin. This observation provides further evidence that endotoxin stimulates fibrinogen synthesis by mechanisms independent of intravascular clotting or fibrinolysis. The failure to produce the GSR with thrombin in cortisone-treated rabbits leads us to conclude that depression of reticuloendothelial cell clearance of fibrin can not account for the preparatory effect of cortisone for the GSR after endotoxin.", "contents": "The effects of infusion of thrombin or endotoxin in rabbits treated with cortisone. Rabbits treated for 4 days with cortisone to prepare for the generalized Shwartzman reaction (GSR) were infused with thrombin or endotoxin. Whereas endotoxin induced the GSR, infusion of from 120--400 U/kg of thrombin over 1 to 2 1/2 hr failed to induce the GSR. Mean values for fibrinogen consumption after thrombin or endotoxin, calculated from changes in plasma fibrinogen concentration and plasma 125I-fibrinogen radioactivity, were as follows: for rabbits infused with thrombin, from 43 to 61 mg/kg over a 3 hr period; for rabbits infused with endotoxin, 58.5 mg/kg over a 6 hr period. A small peak of non-clottable protein radioactivity, indicative of secondary fibrinolysis, was found in animals infused with thrombin but not in animals infused with endotoxin. A striking late rise in plasma fibrinogen levels was noted in animals infused with endotoxin. It was not noted in animals infused with thrombin. This observation provides further evidence that endotoxin stimulates fibrinogen synthesis by mechanisms independent of intravascular clotting or fibrinolysis. The failure to produce the GSR with thrombin in cortisone-treated rabbits leads us to conclude that depression of reticuloendothelial cell clearance of fibrin can not account for the preparatory effect of cortisone for the GSR after endotoxin.", "PMID": 1188709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10955", "title": "The influence of beta-adrenergic blockade upon baseline blood coagulation and fibrinolytic activity and upon the responses to venous occlusion.", "content": "Twenty volunteers were assessed for baseline coagulation (Thrombelastography, Factor VIII and platelet count) and fibrinolytic (Euglobulin Lysis Time and Fibrin(ogen) Degradation Products) activity two hours after ingestion of 60 mgm propranolol or an identical placebo administered on a double blind basis. The responses of these parameters to a fifteen minute period of venous occlusion was also assessed. Beta adrenergic blockade reduced baseline FDP titres but did not affect other parameters, nor the local response to venous occlusion. During occlusion no significant change in coagulation activity could be detected in the non-occluded arm, but a small but statistically significant shortening of ELT was observed. Since this effect was prevented by propranolol it is probably mediated through adrenergic mechanisms. Adrenergic stimuli appear to influence episodes of coagulation and fibrinolysis during everyday activity, but do not contribute to baseline levels of coagulation or fibrinolytic function.", "contents": "The influence of beta-adrenergic blockade upon baseline blood coagulation and fibrinolytic activity and upon the responses to venous occlusion. Twenty volunteers were assessed for baseline coagulation (Thrombelastography, Factor VIII and platelet count) and fibrinolytic (Euglobulin Lysis Time and Fibrin(ogen) Degradation Products) activity two hours after ingestion of 60 mgm propranolol or an identical placebo administered on a double blind basis. The responses of these parameters to a fifteen minute period of venous occlusion was also assessed. Beta adrenergic blockade reduced baseline FDP titres but did not affect other parameters, nor the local response to venous occlusion. During occlusion no significant change in coagulation activity could be detected in the non-occluded arm, but a small but statistically significant shortening of ELT was observed. Since this effect was prevented by propranolol it is probably mediated through adrenergic mechanisms. Adrenergic stimuli appear to influence episodes of coagulation and fibrinolysis during everyday activity, but do not contribute to baseline levels of coagulation or fibrinolytic function.", "PMID": 1188710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10956", "title": "Soluble fibrin monomer complexes demonstrated by agarose gel filtration and by adsorption on insolubilized fibrinogen: a comparative study.", "content": "Incubation of fibrinogen with small amounts of thrombin resulted in the occurrence of soluble fibrin monomer complexes. These complexes consisted predominantly of a derivative with a higher molecular weight than that of fibrinogen. It was characterized by its relative electrophoretic mobility in 5% PAA gel (0.28 X 10(-5) cm2/V X sec) and its elution position prior to the fibrinogen peak following gel filtration. Using adsorption chromatography on insolubilized fibrinogen the derivative dissociated at a ratio of almost 1 : 1 into one part which was adsorbed and into fibrinogen which was not adsorbed. The part which was adsorbed seemed to be the thrombin mediated fibrin monomer. This study confirms the concept that dissociable dimeric fibrinogen-fibrin monomer complexes occur after limited action of thrombin on fibrinogen.", "contents": "Soluble fibrin monomer complexes demonstrated by agarose gel filtration and by adsorption on insolubilized fibrinogen: a comparative study. Incubation of fibrinogen with small amounts of thrombin resulted in the occurrence of soluble fibrin monomer complexes. These complexes consisted predominantly of a derivative with a higher molecular weight than that of fibrinogen. It was characterized by its relative electrophoretic mobility in 5% PAA gel (0.28 X 10(-5) cm2/V X sec) and its elution position prior to the fibrinogen peak following gel filtration. Using adsorption chromatography on insolubilized fibrinogen the derivative dissociated at a ratio of almost 1 : 1 into one part which was adsorbed and into fibrinogen which was not adsorbed. The part which was adsorbed seemed to be the thrombin mediated fibrin monomer. This study confirms the concept that dissociable dimeric fibrinogen-fibrin monomer complexes occur after limited action of thrombin on fibrinogen.", "PMID": 1188711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10957", "title": "Determinants of the formation and activity of factor V-phospholipid complexes. II. Molecular properties of the complexes.", "content": "The stability, buoyancy, and intrinsic activity for factor V-phospholipid complexes were investigated. The decay of factor V activity in the absence of phospholipid followed first order kinetics; however, in the presence of several phospholipids a biphasic decay curve was observed. The addition of phosphatidylethanolamine to factor V produced only a small loss of activity in the first 2 minutes but decreased the subsequent rate of inactivation fourfold. A PE-factor V complex with a low bouyant density was separated from uncomplexed factor V by sucrose density ultracentrifugation. The association constant for this complex was 5 X 10(6) M-1 with approximately 2 moles of factor V bound per mole of lipid micelle. The isolated complex was capable of increasing prothrombin conversion 10-fold without additional phospholipid. A still lighter complex increased the rate of prothrombin conversion 18-fold. Phosphatidyl serine produced a concentration-dependent loss of up to 95% of the factor V activity in the first 2 minutes. After ultracentrifugation on a sucrose density gradient, a PS-factor V complex of increased density was detected. This complex failed to accelerate prothrombin conversion in the intrinsic two-stage assay. Except at very high concentrations, phosphatidylcholine did not alter the kinetics of inactivation of factor V. A factor V-phosphatidylcholine complex could not be detected after ultracentrifugation. When added to factor V, cardiolipin (200 mug/ml), produced a rapid 50% decline in activity with a subsequent three-fold increase in the rate of inactivation. No activity was recovered after ultracentrifugation of factor V in the presence of cardiolipin. Saturated phosphatidylethanolamine produced a concentration dependent initial loss of activity, but only a minimal increase in the subsequent rate of inactivation. At 200 mug/ml almost no light complex was detected after ultracentrifugation, but at 800 mug/ml a light complex was observed. This behavior corresponds to the ability of saturated phosphatidylethanolamine to accelerate prothrombin conversion only at very high concentrations. Thus, phospholipids combine with factor V to form complexes which differ in their ability to accelerate prothrombin conversion. The most active species are stable lipoprotein complexes of lower buoyant density than factor V.", "contents": "Determinants of the formation and activity of factor V-phospholipid complexes. II. Molecular properties of the complexes. The stability, buoyancy, and intrinsic activity for factor V-phospholipid complexes were investigated. The decay of factor V activity in the absence of phospholipid followed first order kinetics; however, in the presence of several phospholipids a biphasic decay curve was observed. The addition of phosphatidylethanolamine to factor V produced only a small loss of activity in the first 2 minutes but decreased the subsequent rate of inactivation fourfold. A PE-factor V complex with a low bouyant density was separated from uncomplexed factor V by sucrose density ultracentrifugation. The association constant for this complex was 5 X 10(6) M-1 with approximately 2 moles of factor V bound per mole of lipid micelle. The isolated complex was capable of increasing prothrombin conversion 10-fold without additional phospholipid. A still lighter complex increased the rate of prothrombin conversion 18-fold. Phosphatidyl serine produced a concentration-dependent loss of up to 95% of the factor V activity in the first 2 minutes. After ultracentrifugation on a sucrose density gradient, a PS-factor V complex of increased density was detected. This complex failed to accelerate prothrombin conversion in the intrinsic two-stage assay. Except at very high concentrations, phosphatidylcholine did not alter the kinetics of inactivation of factor V. A factor V-phosphatidylcholine complex could not be detected after ultracentrifugation. When added to factor V, cardiolipin (200 mug/ml), produced a rapid 50% decline in activity with a subsequent three-fold increase in the rate of inactivation. No activity was recovered after ultracentrifugation of factor V in the presence of cardiolipin. Saturated phosphatidylethanolamine produced a concentration dependent initial loss of activity, but only a minimal increase in the subsequent rate of inactivation. At 200 mug/ml almost no light complex was detected after ultracentrifugation, but at 800 mug/ml a light complex was observed. This behavior corresponds to the ability of saturated phosphatidylethanolamine to accelerate prothrombin conversion only at very high concentrations. Thus, phospholipids combine with factor V to form complexes which differ in their ability to accelerate prothrombin conversion. The most active species are stable lipoprotein complexes of lower buoyant density than factor V.", "PMID": 1188712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10958", "title": "Fluid mechanical stress and the platelet.", "content": "Platelet thrombi in suspensions stirred in an aggregometer or subjected to shear flow in a Couette viscometer or circular tube can only form as a result of collisions between the cells. In whole blood, the presence of the red cells results in pronounced lateral displacements of the paths of the platelets through the vessel, which in turn increases the frequency of collisions between platelets and also makes possible platelet-wall interactions. In addition, blood cells in a suspension undergoing shear flow are subjected to fluid stresses which can result in their deformation. Such stresses may locally attain high values in the arterial circulation at bifurcations, sharp bends and stenoses where the flow is disturbed. Since platelet thrombi have been found downstream of sites of such geometry, the effects of high and variable shear stress on the platelet release reaction and aggregation were investigated. Washed platelets containing C14-serotonin in Tyrodes-albumin solution were subjected to oscillatory flow at 37 degrees C and provided the time average wall velocity gradient was above 2,000 sec-1, the thrombin-induced release of serotonin was appreciably greater than in the corresponding controls incubated at rest. No measurable serotonin was released as a result of flow alone. This synergistic effect of oscillatory shear flow was also noted in the presence of inhibitors of the release reaction.", "contents": "Fluid mechanical stress and the platelet. Platelet thrombi in suspensions stirred in an aggregometer or subjected to shear flow in a Couette viscometer or circular tube can only form as a result of collisions between the cells. In whole blood, the presence of the red cells results in pronounced lateral displacements of the paths of the platelets through the vessel, which in turn increases the frequency of collisions between platelets and also makes possible platelet-wall interactions. In addition, blood cells in a suspension undergoing shear flow are subjected to fluid stresses which can result in their deformation. Such stresses may locally attain high values in the arterial circulation at bifurcations, sharp bends and stenoses where the flow is disturbed. Since platelet thrombi have been found downstream of sites of such geometry, the effects of high and variable shear stress on the platelet release reaction and aggregation were investigated. Washed platelets containing C14-serotonin in Tyrodes-albumin solution were subjected to oscillatory flow at 37 degrees C and provided the time average wall velocity gradient was above 2,000 sec-1, the thrombin-induced release of serotonin was appreciably greater than in the corresponding controls incubated at rest. No measurable serotonin was released as a result of flow alone. This synergistic effect of oscillatory shear flow was also noted in the presence of inhibitors of the release reaction.", "PMID": 1188727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10959", "title": "Energy production and utilization by human platelets in the presence of some guanidines and phenols (uremic toxins) that inhibit aggregation.", "content": "Platelet aggregation induced by ADP can be inhibited by plasma from uremic patients or by toxins isolated from their plasma, e.g. guanidinosuccinic acid, methylguanidine, phenol and hydroxyphenylacetic acids. Since these chemical substances can interfere with energy metabolism in tissues other than platelets and since ATP production is needed for ADP-induced aggregation, alterations in platelet energy metabolism could underlie excessive bleeding in uremic patients. Platelets incubated with idioacetate and deprived of anaerobic glycolysis produced the same quantity of ATP through respiration in the presence of all the uremic toxins studied as in their absence. Similarly, platelets incubated with cyanide and deprived of the oxidative pathway utilized anaerobic glycolysis to produce normal quantities of ATP in the presence of all the uremic toxins. The utilization of ATP, as indicated by active transmembrane potassium transport, was also unaffected by the above listed guanidines and phenols. It is concluded that the in vitro inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by the guanidines and phenols studied is not due to inhibition of production or utilization of ATP.", "contents": "Energy production and utilization by human platelets in the presence of some guanidines and phenols (uremic toxins) that inhibit aggregation. Platelet aggregation induced by ADP can be inhibited by plasma from uremic patients or by toxins isolated from their plasma, e.g. guanidinosuccinic acid, methylguanidine, phenol and hydroxyphenylacetic acids. Since these chemical substances can interfere with energy metabolism in tissues other than platelets and since ATP production is needed for ADP-induced aggregation, alterations in platelet energy metabolism could underlie excessive bleeding in uremic patients. Platelets incubated with idioacetate and deprived of anaerobic glycolysis produced the same quantity of ATP through respiration in the presence of all the uremic toxins studied as in their absence. Similarly, platelets incubated with cyanide and deprived of the oxidative pathway utilized anaerobic glycolysis to produce normal quantities of ATP in the presence of all the uremic toxins. The utilization of ATP, as indicated by active transmembrane potassium transport, was also unaffected by the above listed guanidines and phenols. It is concluded that the in vitro inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by the guanidines and phenols studied is not due to inhibition of production or utilization of ATP.", "PMID": 1188836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10960", "title": "Effects of vancomycin on platelets, plasma proteins and hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "The antibiotic vancomycin shares many similarities with ristocetin, an agent noted for its effects on platelets and plasma fibrinogen. Vancomycin did not aggregate platelets as ristocetin, but platelets were incorporated into precipitates induced by vancomycin. Fibrinogen and factor VIII were precipitated from plasma at low concentrations of vancomycin. The precipitated fibrinogen remained clottable. Hepatitis B surface antigen was selectively precipitated from serum and could be recovered from the precipitate. Rabbits receiving bolus intravenous injections of high doses of vancomycin developed hypofibrinogenemia and thrombocytopenia within minutes and often went on to die. Studies with 125I-vancomycin revealed little stable binding of the antibiotic to platelets or fibrinogen. A relationship is suggested between the potent protein precipitating effects and phlebitis at the infusion site commonly associated with vancomycin therapy.", "contents": "Effects of vancomycin on platelets, plasma proteins and hepatitis B surface antigen. The antibiotic vancomycin shares many similarities with ristocetin, an agent noted for its effects on platelets and plasma fibrinogen. Vancomycin did not aggregate platelets as ristocetin, but platelets were incorporated into precipitates induced by vancomycin. Fibrinogen and factor VIII were precipitated from plasma at low concentrations of vancomycin. The precipitated fibrinogen remained clottable. Hepatitis B surface antigen was selectively precipitated from serum and could be recovered from the precipitate. Rabbits receiving bolus intravenous injections of high doses of vancomycin developed hypofibrinogenemia and thrombocytopenia within minutes and often went on to die. Studies with 125I-vancomycin revealed little stable binding of the antibiotic to platelets or fibrinogen. A relationship is suggested between the potent protein precipitating effects and phlebitis at the infusion site commonly associated with vancomycin therapy.", "PMID": 1188837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10961", "title": "Circulating plasma volume and renal function.", "content": "The relationships of circulating plasma volume (PV) to effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were investigated in reference to their interrelated changes induced by upright posture in normal subjects and patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. The following relation was obtained: (percentage change in GFR) = k(percentage change in PV). The values of k were 3.4 for the normal and 3.1 for the patients. There was no statistically significant difference between the two. On account of the above relation the recumbent level of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)r was derived from the recumbent level of circulating plasma volume (PV)r as follows: (GFR)r = Kp [(PV)r]k, where Kp is a constant. On the other hand, the decreases (percentage) in effective renal plasma flow were biphasically related to those in PV. Mean arterial pressure rose in upright posture in many cases, but its changes (percentage) showed no correlation with the changes (percentage) in GFR. These results suggest that in a small decrease in PV, GFR does not decrease with the fall in mean arterial pressure, but with the power function of PV. The possible mechanisms of these changes in renal function are examined with special reference to the structure of renal arterial system.", "contents": "Circulating plasma volume and renal function. The relationships of circulating plasma volume (PV) to effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were investigated in reference to their interrelated changes induced by upright posture in normal subjects and patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. The following relation was obtained: (percentage change in GFR) = k(percentage change in PV). The values of k were 3.4 for the normal and 3.1 for the patients. There was no statistically significant difference between the two. On account of the above relation the recumbent level of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)r was derived from the recumbent level of circulating plasma volume (PV)r as follows: (GFR)r = Kp [(PV)r]k, where Kp is a constant. On the other hand, the decreases (percentage) in effective renal plasma flow were biphasically related to those in PV. Mean arterial pressure rose in upright posture in many cases, but its changes (percentage) showed no correlation with the changes (percentage) in GFR. These results suggest that in a small decrease in PV, GFR does not decrease with the fall in mean arterial pressure, but with the power function of PV. The possible mechanisms of these changes in renal function are examined with special reference to the structure of renal arterial system.", "PMID": 1188915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10962", "title": "Lympho-reticuloendothelial activity of early gastric carcinoma.", "content": "The lympho-reticuloendothelial activities of 54 cases of early gastric carcinoma were studied. Morphological blastoid transformation of lymphocyte by the addition of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) was disturbed in half of the patients. The DNA synthesizing activity of lymphocyte was not stimulated by PHA-P in the cases of advanced carcinoma but it was stimulated in the cases of early carcinoma. The tuberculin reaction was negative in 30% of the cases of early carcinoma. The reticuloendothelial system (RES) activity studied through the congo red method revealed that 86% of the cases of early carcinoma had disturbed RES function.", "contents": "Lympho-reticuloendothelial activity of early gastric carcinoma. The lympho-reticuloendothelial activities of 54 cases of early gastric carcinoma were studied. Morphological blastoid transformation of lymphocyte by the addition of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) was disturbed in half of the patients. The DNA synthesizing activity of lymphocyte was not stimulated by PHA-P in the cases of advanced carcinoma but it was stimulated in the cases of early carcinoma. The tuberculin reaction was negative in 30% of the cases of early carcinoma. The reticuloendothelial system (RES) activity studied through the congo red method revealed that 86% of the cases of early carcinoma had disturbed RES function.", "PMID": 1188916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10963", "title": "Combined cancer chemotherapy with cyclophoshamide and an inducer of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P-450) in tumor-bearing rats.", "content": "The fifty percent alive period in Yoshida sarcoma-bearing and AH66F-bearing rats was prolonged by an administration in a single dose of 100 mg cyclophosphamide/kg body weight in a group pretreated with phenobarbital as compared with that pretreated with saline. However, there was little difference in fifty percent alive period between AH109A (insensitive to cyclophosphamide)-bearing rats and controls even when they were pretreated with phenobarbital. In chemotherapy with anti-cancer drugs, inductive or inhibitory effects of the drugs on microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes should be taken into consideration.", "contents": "Combined cancer chemotherapy with cyclophoshamide and an inducer of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P-450) in tumor-bearing rats. The fifty percent alive period in Yoshida sarcoma-bearing and AH66F-bearing rats was prolonged by an administration in a single dose of 100 mg cyclophosphamide/kg body weight in a group pretreated with phenobarbital as compared with that pretreated with saline. However, there was little difference in fifty percent alive period between AH109A (insensitive to cyclophosphamide)-bearing rats and controls even when they were pretreated with phenobarbital. In chemotherapy with anti-cancer drugs, inductive or inhibitory effects of the drugs on microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes should be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 1188917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10964", "title": "Renal effects of prostaglandin E1 in hypertensive patients.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin E1 on fluid and sodium excretion, creatinine clearance and renin release were examined in 26 hypertensive patients including 9 cases of essential hypertension, 10 of renovascular hypertension and 7 of primary aldosteronism. When prostaglandin was infused intravenously in a total dose of 120 mug in 60 min, urine volume was increased in 70% of cases, and sodium excretion in 61%, but little changes were observed in creatinine clearance. The most prominent diuresis and natriuresis were obtained in primary aldosteronism (mean increase was 319% in urinary volume, and 222% in sodium output). The average increases in urinary volume were 61% in patients with essential hypertension and 97% in renovascular hypertension. And urinary output of sodium was increased by 63% in the former and 56% in the latter. The remarkable renal effects of prostaglandin E1 in primary aldosteronism were completely abolished after the administration of spironolactone. Significant elevation of plasma renin activity resulted from prostaglandin E1 infusion in essential hypertension, while no constant effect was obtained in renovascular hypertension and primary aldosteronism. The present experiments indicate that prostaglandin E1 has different effects on the kidney according to the types of hypertension and the effects correlate closely with patient's status of extracellular fluid volume or sodium balance.", "contents": "Renal effects of prostaglandin E1 in hypertensive patients. The effects of prostaglandin E1 on fluid and sodium excretion, creatinine clearance and renin release were examined in 26 hypertensive patients including 9 cases of essential hypertension, 10 of renovascular hypertension and 7 of primary aldosteronism. When prostaglandin was infused intravenously in a total dose of 120 mug in 60 min, urine volume was increased in 70% of cases, and sodium excretion in 61%, but little changes were observed in creatinine clearance. The most prominent diuresis and natriuresis were obtained in primary aldosteronism (mean increase was 319% in urinary volume, and 222% in sodium output). The average increases in urinary volume were 61% in patients with essential hypertension and 97% in renovascular hypertension. And urinary output of sodium was increased by 63% in the former and 56% in the latter. The remarkable renal effects of prostaglandin E1 in primary aldosteronism were completely abolished after the administration of spironolactone. Significant elevation of plasma renin activity resulted from prostaglandin E1 infusion in essential hypertension, while no constant effect was obtained in renovascular hypertension and primary aldosteronism. The present experiments indicate that prostaglandin E1 has different effects on the kidney according to the types of hypertension and the effects correlate closely with patient's status of extracellular fluid volume or sodium balance.", "PMID": 1188918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10965", "title": "Urinary kallikrein excretion and sodium metabolism in hypertensive patients.", "content": "Urinary kallikrein excretion was measured in 21 healthy subjects and 44 patients with various types of hypertension. The kallikrein activity was determined by the method of esterolytic assay. The excretion rates in normal subjects were 112.9 +/- 11.1 (S.E.) EU/day. The kallikrein excretion was decreased in patients with essential hypertension, the mean estimated values were 75.2 +/- 10.0 EU/day. In this disease, however, an enhancement of urinary kallikrein was observed after sodium depletion. An obvious increase in kallikrein excretion was found in the primary aldosteronism. In primary aldosteronism and renovascular hypertension, one of the secondary aldosteronisms, there was a good correlation between the urinary kallikrein output and the urinary sodium excretion. The present data indicate that the renal kallikrein-kinin system, one of the renal antihypertensive factors, is suppressed in essential hypertension and is under the influence of mineralocorticoid levels.", "contents": "Urinary kallikrein excretion and sodium metabolism in hypertensive patients. Urinary kallikrein excretion was measured in 21 healthy subjects and 44 patients with various types of hypertension. The kallikrein activity was determined by the method of esterolytic assay. The excretion rates in normal subjects were 112.9 +/- 11.1 (S.E.) EU/day. The kallikrein excretion was decreased in patients with essential hypertension, the mean estimated values were 75.2 +/- 10.0 EU/day. In this disease, however, an enhancement of urinary kallikrein was observed after sodium depletion. An obvious increase in kallikrein excretion was found in the primary aldosteronism. In primary aldosteronism and renovascular hypertension, one of the secondary aldosteronisms, there was a good correlation between the urinary kallikrein output and the urinary sodium excretion. The present data indicate that the renal kallikrein-kinin system, one of the renal antihypertensive factors, is suppressed in essential hypertension and is under the influence of mineralocorticoid levels.", "PMID": 1188919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10966", "title": "A new operative fiberpyeloscope.", "content": "Operative pyeloscopes developed up to now have been of limited effectivness because of an inadequate visual field and difficulties in handling procedure. The author has made up a flexible fiber pyeloscope with which it is possible to extract renal pelvic and caliceal stones easily. This pyeloscope has the following specifications: effective length, 630 mm; diameter, 8.5 mm; field of vision, 60 degrees. In addition, the tip of the scope can be deflected 90 degrees up or down from the basic position with a hand manipulated angle deflector knob on the scope grip. This allows the inside of the renal pelvis to be observed clearly from every direction. Through the channel of the scope, specially designed stone grasping forceps can be inserted into the renal pelvis, and it is possible to grasp renal pelvic stones under direct observation. The fiberpyeloscope has been used in 2 cases of renal pelvic stones, in which the pelvis was exposed by subcostal flank incision. The stones were successfully extracted with the scope which was introduced through a small incision on the renal pelvis.", "contents": "A new operative fiberpyeloscope. Operative pyeloscopes developed up to now have been of limited effectivness because of an inadequate visual field and difficulties in handling procedure. The author has made up a flexible fiber pyeloscope with which it is possible to extract renal pelvic and caliceal stones easily. This pyeloscope has the following specifications: effective length, 630 mm; diameter, 8.5 mm; field of vision, 60 degrees. In addition, the tip of the scope can be deflected 90 degrees up or down from the basic position with a hand manipulated angle deflector knob on the scope grip. This allows the inside of the renal pelvis to be observed clearly from every direction. Through the channel of the scope, specially designed stone grasping forceps can be inserted into the renal pelvis, and it is possible to grasp renal pelvic stones under direct observation. The fiberpyeloscope has been used in 2 cases of renal pelvic stones, in which the pelvis was exposed by subcostal flank incision. The stones were successfully extracted with the scope which was introduced through a small incision on the renal pelvis.", "PMID": 1188920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10967", "title": "Further studies on cross-immunity among syngeneic tumors in mice.", "content": "In the present studies employing 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced sarcomas of C3H/He mice, cross-immunity among syngeneic tumors was markedly demonstrated by immunization with living tumor cells after repeated inoculation of gamma-irradiated (13, 000 rads 60Co) tumor cells. Cross-immunity was also markedly shown in the challenge of the other MCA-induced tumor, which was induced in the same mouse in which the immunizing MCA-induced tumor originated, by repeated immunization with gamma-irradiated tumor cells only. On the contrary, cross-immunity was not observed between tumors induced on different mice by repeated immunization with gamma-irradiated tumor cells only. As the result of the immunization with gamma-irradiated tumor cells only, common antigenicity among syngeneic tumors seems to be hardly demonstrated, and antigenic indiviDuality among animals, in which MCA-induced sarcomas originated, seems to be remarkably demonstrated.", "contents": "Further studies on cross-immunity among syngeneic tumors in mice. In the present studies employing 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced sarcomas of C3H/He mice, cross-immunity among syngeneic tumors was markedly demonstrated by immunization with living tumor cells after repeated inoculation of gamma-irradiated (13, 000 rads 60Co) tumor cells. Cross-immunity was also markedly shown in the challenge of the other MCA-induced tumor, which was induced in the same mouse in which the immunizing MCA-induced tumor originated, by repeated immunization with gamma-irradiated tumor cells only. On the contrary, cross-immunity was not observed between tumors induced on different mice by repeated immunization with gamma-irradiated tumor cells only. As the result of the immunization with gamma-irradiated tumor cells only, common antigenicity among syngeneic tumors seems to be hardly demonstrated, and antigenic indiviDuality among animals, in which MCA-induced sarcomas originated, seems to be remarkably demonstrated.", "PMID": 1188921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10968", "title": "Mercury in red blood cells in relation to organic mercury in hair.", "content": "To check the usefulness of the hair mercury value for evaluation of intake of mercury, total mercury in red cells and organic mercury in hair were measured and compared on islanders whose fish consumption varied to a considerable extent. On both the male and female, correlations of these two mercury levels were significant. The slopes of regression lines did not differ between the male and the female, but the level of hair organic mercury was higher in the male than in the female. Age-differences were observed in the red cell-to-hair relationship of mercury, i.e. the age-group aged 50 and over had much milder slopes than the group aged 20-49 in both the male and the female. The importance of age-matching was mentioned.", "contents": "Mercury in red blood cells in relation to organic mercury in hair. To check the usefulness of the hair mercury value for evaluation of intake of mercury, total mercury in red cells and organic mercury in hair were measured and compared on islanders whose fish consumption varied to a considerable extent. On both the male and female, correlations of these two mercury levels were significant. The slopes of regression lines did not differ between the male and the female, but the level of hair organic mercury was higher in the male than in the female. Age-differences were observed in the red cell-to-hair relationship of mercury, i.e. the age-group aged 50 and over had much milder slopes than the group aged 20-49 in both the male and the female. The importance of age-matching was mentioned.", "PMID": 1188922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10969", "title": "Metabolic heterogeneity of lecithins in intestine.", "content": "The incorporation of [2-3H]glycerol and lysolecithin labeled with [2-3H]glycerol into lecithin and its subspecies was investigated in epithelial and muscular layers of rat small intestine. The labeled compounds were administered in two wways: the intraduodenal injection and the injection into femoral vein. The incorporation of glycerol into lecithin was distinctly higher in epithelial layer than in muscular layer in both administration routes, but the incorporation of lysolecithin into lecithin showed no marked differences between both layers. Among lecithin species, dienoic and monoenoic species were highly labeled with the injection of labeled glycerol, and dienoic as well as tetraenoic specied were markedly labeled with the injecttion of labeled lysolecithin. Anyhow, no marked differences were found on the incorporation pattern of any labeled compounds into lecithin between both layers and between both administration routes.", "contents": "Metabolic heterogeneity of lecithins in intestine. The incorporation of [2-3H]glycerol and lysolecithin labeled with [2-3H]glycerol into lecithin and its subspecies was investigated in epithelial and muscular layers of rat small intestine. The labeled compounds were administered in two wways: the intraduodenal injection and the injection into femoral vein. The incorporation of glycerol into lecithin was distinctly higher in epithelial layer than in muscular layer in both administration routes, but the incorporation of lysolecithin into lecithin showed no marked differences between both layers. Among lecithin species, dienoic and monoenoic species were highly labeled with the injection of labeled glycerol, and dienoic as well as tetraenoic specied were markedly labeled with the injecttion of labeled lysolecithin. Anyhow, no marked differences were found on the incorporation pattern of any labeled compounds into lecithin between both layers and between both administration routes.", "PMID": 1188923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10970", "title": "Diminished immune response in pregnant mice.", "content": "As pregnancy proceeded, humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells gradually decreased in a pregnant mouse. At the later stage of pregnancy, it showed significantly diminished immune response but it recovered immediately after delivery. The possibility was excluded by the hormone treatment that progesterone played in suppression of immune response in a pregnant mouse.", "contents": "Diminished immune response in pregnant mice. As pregnancy proceeded, humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells gradually decreased in a pregnant mouse. At the later stage of pregnancy, it showed significantly diminished immune response but it recovered immediately after delivery. The possibility was excluded by the hormone treatment that progesterone played in suppression of immune response in a pregnant mouse.", "PMID": 1188924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10971", "title": "Defective DNA repair replication in xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts and DNA repair of somatic cell hybrids after UV irradiation.", "content": "Primary fibroblast cultures were obtained from 9 patients with xeroderma pigmentosum of various clinical types. Repair replication of the UV-damaged DNA in fibroblasts was studied by means of 3H-thymidine labeling and radioautography. A DNA repair replication was found to be decreased in all xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts as compared with the control cells obtained from normal donors. The repair activities in cells from patients ranged from nearly 0% in two infant cases and one case of De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome to approximately 100% in adult moderate case. There was, however, no correlation between the level of repair replication and the severity of clinical symptoms. Since two cases which showed a lack of repair DNA replication were infant, it is assumed that these cases may develop De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome in future. On xeroderma pigmentosum cells, a genetic analysis was performed with cell fusion methods using irradiated HVJ virus in order to determine the type of the complementation group. XP-1, XP-4 and XP-9 may be classified into the group D; XP-2, XP-7 and XP-8 into the group A; and XP-5 into the group E.", "contents": "Defective DNA repair replication in xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts and DNA repair of somatic cell hybrids after UV irradiation. Primary fibroblast cultures were obtained from 9 patients with xeroderma pigmentosum of various clinical types. Repair replication of the UV-damaged DNA in fibroblasts was studied by means of 3H-thymidine labeling and radioautography. A DNA repair replication was found to be decreased in all xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts as compared with the control cells obtained from normal donors. The repair activities in cells from patients ranged from nearly 0% in two infant cases and one case of De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome to approximately 100% in adult moderate case. There was, however, no correlation between the level of repair replication and the severity of clinical symptoms. Since two cases which showed a lack of repair DNA replication were infant, it is assumed that these cases may develop De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome in future. On xeroderma pigmentosum cells, a genetic analysis was performed with cell fusion methods using irradiated HVJ virus in order to determine the type of the complementation group. XP-1, XP-4 and XP-9 may be classified into the group D; XP-2, XP-7 and XP-8 into the group A; and XP-5 into the group E.", "PMID": 1188925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10972", "title": "Inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by carnosine.", "content": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase was partially purified from bovine adrenal medulla and the effect of carnosine on the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity was investigated. Carnosine significantly inhibited the enzyme activity at the concentrations higher than 0.5 mM. According to the Lineweaver-Burk plots, the inhibition observed appeared to be a non-competitive type with the substrate, tyramine.", "contents": "Inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by carnosine. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase was partially purified from bovine adrenal medulla and the effect of carnosine on the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity was investigated. Carnosine significantly inhibited the enzyme activity at the concentrations higher than 0.5 mM. According to the Lineweaver-Burk plots, the inhibition observed appeared to be a non-competitive type with the substrate, tyramine.", "PMID": 1188926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10973", "title": "Significance of gastric analysis with particular reference to the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "Various criteria in gastric analysis currently used for the diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome were assessed in cases of endoscopically normal gastric mucosa, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. New criteria consisting of BSV greater than 350 ml/hr, BAO greater than 25 mEq/hr, MAO greater than 60 mEq/hr, and BAO/MAO greater than 0.7 were proposed to differentiate the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and peptic ulcer.", "contents": "Significance of gastric analysis with particular reference to the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Various criteria in gastric analysis currently used for the diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome were assessed in cases of endoscopically normal gastric mucosa, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. New criteria consisting of BSV greater than 350 ml/hr, BAO greater than 25 mEq/hr, MAO greater than 60 mEq/hr, and BAO/MAO greater than 0.7 were proposed to differentiate the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and peptic ulcer.", "PMID": 1188927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10974", "title": "Effects of eye movements upon excitability of the superior colliculus in cats.", "content": "Influences of saccadic eye movements upon excitability of cat superior colliculus (SC) were examined in chronic cats carrying implanted electrodes and in encephale isole cats. Excitability of SC was assessed by recording orthodromic responses of SC (SC ortho-response) to electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm. The SC ortho-response consisted of four components; i.e. presynaptic T1 and postsynaptic C1, C2 and C3. Eye movements suppressed the first two components (T1 and C1) and enhanced the latter two (C2 and C3). Retinal impulses caused by movements of images were found responsible for suppression of T1 and C1: 1) This was seen when cats moved eyes seeing external objects in light. In dark, neither T1 nor C1 received any influence from eye movements. 2) By moving visual stimuli rapidly before eyes of paralysed cats the same suppression of T1 and C1 was obtained. Suppression of C1 was deemed as a postsynaptic sign of SC for saccadic suppression. In contrast to suppression of T1 and C1, enhancement of C2 and C3 was dependent upon a central factor: 1) Enhancement of C2 and C3 followed eye movements, independent of the ambient illumination. 2) Saccade-like movements of a slit of light in front of immobilized eyes never induced enhancement of C2 and C3. 3) PRF stimulation, effective to cause saccade-like eye movements, always elicited enhancement of C2 and C3, independent of the ambient condition and even after eyes had been immobilized. This phenomenon was interpreted as indicating that corollary discharges are sent to SC.", "contents": "Effects of eye movements upon excitability of the superior colliculus in cats. Influences of saccadic eye movements upon excitability of cat superior colliculus (SC) were examined in chronic cats carrying implanted electrodes and in encephale isole cats. Excitability of SC was assessed by recording orthodromic responses of SC (SC ortho-response) to electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm. The SC ortho-response consisted of four components; i.e. presynaptic T1 and postsynaptic C1, C2 and C3. Eye movements suppressed the first two components (T1 and C1) and enhanced the latter two (C2 and C3). Retinal impulses caused by movements of images were found responsible for suppression of T1 and C1: 1) This was seen when cats moved eyes seeing external objects in light. In dark, neither T1 nor C1 received any influence from eye movements. 2) By moving visual stimuli rapidly before eyes of paralysed cats the same suppression of T1 and C1 was obtained. Suppression of C1 was deemed as a postsynaptic sign of SC for saccadic suppression. In contrast to suppression of T1 and C1, enhancement of C2 and C3 was dependent upon a central factor: 1) Enhancement of C2 and C3 followed eye movements, independent of the ambient illumination. 2) Saccade-like movements of a slit of light in front of immobilized eyes never induced enhancement of C2 and C3. 3) PRF stimulation, effective to cause saccade-like eye movements, always elicited enhancement of C2 and C3, independent of the ambient condition and even after eyes had been immobilized. This phenomenon was interpreted as indicating that corollary discharges are sent to SC.", "PMID": 1188928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10975", "title": "Electromyographic study of bronchial smooth muslce in bronchial asthma.", "content": "We succeeded in recording action potentials from the bronchial smooth muscles in 10 healthy males and 20 cases of bronchial asthma by means of the new electrode described by us in the preceding paper (Akasaka et al. 1975). From these electromyographic studies, we presented the direct evidence of spasm of the bronchial smooth muscles as one of the etiological factors responsible for the airway narrowing in asthmatic attack.", "contents": "Electromyographic study of bronchial smooth muslce in bronchial asthma. We succeeded in recording action potentials from the bronchial smooth muscles in 10 healthy males and 20 cases of bronchial asthma by means of the new electrode described by us in the preceding paper (Akasaka et al. 1975). From these electromyographic studies, we presented the direct evidence of spasm of the bronchial smooth muscles as one of the etiological factors responsible for the airway narrowing in asthmatic attack.", "PMID": 1188929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10976", "title": "Inhibitory effects of synthetic rat C-peptide 1 on insulin secretion in the isolated perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "The effects of synthetic rat C-peptide 1 on insulin secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas was studied. The perfusion technique was according to the procedure described by Grodsky et al (1963) with a few modifications. After about 20 min of stabilization, the pancreas was perfused for 40 min with synthetic rat C-peptide 1 (100 ng/ml), during which (at 20 min) glucose concentration was switched from 2.7 to 16.6 mM. Insulin response to glucose (16.6 mM) was significantly decreased by the addition of the rat C-peptide 1 in advance when compared with those not pretreated with the C-peptide. In other experiments, the pancreas was exposed to glucose infusion (16.6 mM) for 60 min. 20 min after the start of glucose infusion, the C-peptide (100 ng/ml) was interposed for 20 min. The insulin secretion was reduced by the addition of the C-peptide. It is postulated that the C-peptide may have a role in the regulatory mechanism of the insulin secretion.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of synthetic rat C-peptide 1 on insulin secretion in the isolated perfused rat pancreas. The effects of synthetic rat C-peptide 1 on insulin secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas was studied. The perfusion technique was according to the procedure described by Grodsky et al (1963) with a few modifications. After about 20 min of stabilization, the pancreas was perfused for 40 min with synthetic rat C-peptide 1 (100 ng/ml), during which (at 20 min) glucose concentration was switched from 2.7 to 16.6 mM. Insulin response to glucose (16.6 mM) was significantly decreased by the addition of the rat C-peptide 1 in advance when compared with those not pretreated with the C-peptide. In other experiments, the pancreas was exposed to glucose infusion (16.6 mM) for 60 min. 20 min after the start of glucose infusion, the C-peptide (100 ng/ml) was interposed for 20 min. The insulin secretion was reduced by the addition of the C-peptide. It is postulated that the C-peptide may have a role in the regulatory mechanism of the insulin secretion.", "PMID": 1188930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10977", "title": "Inhibitor of PHA-induced lymphocyte blastformation generated from maternal lymphocytes during early pregnancy.", "content": "The supernatant of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocyte culture derived from pregnant women in the first two trimesters inhibited DNA synthesis of normal human lymphocytes after PHA induction. This soluble factor was heat-labile and the same factor could not be found in the supernatant generated from lymphocytes of pregnant women in 3rd trimester as well as from those of the non-pregnant. In contrast, the heatstable factor in the supernatant generated from lymphocytes of non-pregnant women in all trimesters contained an stimulating factor on the DNA synthesis of normal human lymphocytes after PHA induction. An endogenous alternation in lymphocyte competence or an alternation in subpopulation of lymphocytes was suggested at the early stage of pregnancy.", "contents": "Inhibitor of PHA-induced lymphocyte blastformation generated from maternal lymphocytes during early pregnancy. The supernatant of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocyte culture derived from pregnant women in the first two trimesters inhibited DNA synthesis of normal human lymphocytes after PHA induction. This soluble factor was heat-labile and the same factor could not be found in the supernatant generated from lymphocytes of pregnant women in 3rd trimester as well as from those of the non-pregnant. In contrast, the heatstable factor in the supernatant generated from lymphocytes of non-pregnant women in all trimesters contained an stimulating factor on the DNA synthesis of normal human lymphocytes after PHA induction. An endogenous alternation in lymphocyte competence or an alternation in subpopulation of lymphocytes was suggested at the early stage of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1188931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10978", "title": "Micro-determination of bromine in biological samples using proton-induced x-ray emission spectroscopy.", "content": "The plasma level of bromine was measured by a proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy. Since bromine is the most difficult halogen to be determined and appears only in trace quantities, powerful techniques are required. The excellent reproducibility was obtained on 19 measurements on a sample of a single individual; the coefficient of variation was 6.3%. The average and standard deviation of plasma bromine levels on 47 young women were 0.50 and 0.10 mg/100 ml, respectively. Results by other methods in the literature were briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Micro-determination of bromine in biological samples using proton-induced x-ray emission spectroscopy. The plasma level of bromine was measured by a proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy. Since bromine is the most difficult halogen to be determined and appears only in trace quantities, powerful techniques are required. The excellent reproducibility was obtained on 19 measurements on a sample of a single individual; the coefficient of variation was 6.3%. The average and standard deviation of plasma bromine levels on 47 young women were 0.50 and 0.10 mg/100 ml, respectively. Results by other methods in the literature were briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 1188932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10979", "title": "The relation of warmth and pain thresholds to skin pigmentation.", "content": "Thermal sensitivity increases with skin pigmentation. Absolute thresholds for warmth and pricking pain decreased as skin color increased for 13 Caucasian, 3 Mexican, and 4 Negro subjects. These data replicate and extend a previous psychophysical study of pain sensitivity and are compared with spectrophotometric data from excised skin. The results are considered to be potentially significant for the existence of a dermal light sense.", "contents": "The relation of warmth and pain thresholds to skin pigmentation. Thermal sensitivity increases with skin pigmentation. Absolute thresholds for warmth and pricking pain decreased as skin color increased for 13 Caucasian, 3 Mexican, and 4 Negro subjects. These data replicate and extend a previous psychophysical study of pain sensitivity and are compared with spectrophotometric data from excised skin. The results are considered to be potentially significant for the existence of a dermal light sense.", "PMID": 1188933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10980", "title": "Ferric ions located in hippocampal subfields of the mouse: effects on behavior.", "content": "Using stereotaxic techniques mice were chronically implanted with either stainless steel or platinum-iridium wire probes aimed at the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Following a recovery period these mice were trained in a single-trial inhibitor avoidance task. Significant performance deficits were found in those animals subsequently shown to have ferric ions (Fe+3) bilaterally located in the dentate gyrus. The presence of Fe+3 in other hippocampal subfields did not result in behavioral deficits. We hypothesize that the Fe+3 are of vascular origin. Two hypotheses are suggested to account for the observed correlation between the presence of Fe+3 bilaterally in the dentate gyrus and the observed behavioral deficit.", "contents": "Ferric ions located in hippocampal subfields of the mouse: effects on behavior. Using stereotaxic techniques mice were chronically implanted with either stainless steel or platinum-iridium wire probes aimed at the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Following a recovery period these mice were trained in a single-trial inhibitor avoidance task. Significant performance deficits were found in those animals subsequently shown to have ferric ions (Fe+3) bilaterally located in the dentate gyrus. The presence of Fe+3 in other hippocampal subfields did not result in behavioral deficits. We hypothesize that the Fe+3 are of vascular origin. Two hypotheses are suggested to account for the observed correlation between the presence of Fe+3 bilaterally in the dentate gyrus and the observed behavioral deficit.", "PMID": 1188934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10981", "title": "Acute and subchronic influences of tetrahydrocannabinols on water and food intake, body weight, and temperature in rats.", "content": "Experiment 1. The acute effects of delta9-THC (1.25, 2.50, 5.00, and 10.00 mg/kg) and delta8-THC (1.25, 2.50, 5.00, and 10.00 mg/kg) was an approximately equipotent, dose related depression of water intake in water-deprived rats. Animals given hashish, inhaled as smoke, showed a depression of water consumption comparable to rats given the highest dose of either of the synthetic THCs. Water intake after chevril smoke was similar to that seen after vehicle injections. Experiment 2. A dose related depression of water-and-food intake, and reduction of body weight with a gradual recovery was found in rats, maintained on a Limited Time of drinking schedule (LT, 2 hr) and subchronically (21 days) treated with delta9-THC (1.25, 2.50, or 5.00 mg/kg). From the 22nd day all animals were given the vehicle only for 10 days. There were no indications of withdrawal effects due to the drug termination. Reinstating the drug after the 10 day drug free period suggested an increased sensitivity to THC as compared to the 21st injection. Experiment 3. In non-deprived rats delta9-THC caused similar effect as in Exp. 2, although to less extent. From both experiments it is concluded that there is an inhibition or even loss of body weight and that food intake seems more severely depressed than water intake. The temperature recordings suggest that the predominant consequence of lower, behaviorally, effective doses of THC on rectal temperature of rats is hyperthermia rather than hypothermia. Initially this effect was most pronounced for the lowest dose (1.25 mg/kg) but with repeated injections the two higher doses (2.50 and 5.00 mg/kg) showed hyperthermia to the same extent as the lowest dose. Hypothermia was seen after a high dose of delta8-THC (20.00 mg/kg) but after 3 daily injections this effect was gone.", "contents": "Acute and subchronic influences of tetrahydrocannabinols on water and food intake, body weight, and temperature in rats. Experiment 1. The acute effects of delta9-THC (1.25, 2.50, 5.00, and 10.00 mg/kg) and delta8-THC (1.25, 2.50, 5.00, and 10.00 mg/kg) was an approximately equipotent, dose related depression of water intake in water-deprived rats. Animals given hashish, inhaled as smoke, showed a depression of water consumption comparable to rats given the highest dose of either of the synthetic THCs. Water intake after chevril smoke was similar to that seen after vehicle injections. Experiment 2. A dose related depression of water-and-food intake, and reduction of body weight with a gradual recovery was found in rats, maintained on a Limited Time of drinking schedule (LT, 2 hr) and subchronically (21 days) treated with delta9-THC (1.25, 2.50, or 5.00 mg/kg). From the 22nd day all animals were given the vehicle only for 10 days. There were no indications of withdrawal effects due to the drug termination. Reinstating the drug after the 10 day drug free period suggested an increased sensitivity to THC as compared to the 21st injection. Experiment 3. In non-deprived rats delta9-THC caused similar effect as in Exp. 2, although to less extent. From both experiments it is concluded that there is an inhibition or even loss of body weight and that food intake seems more severely depressed than water intake. The temperature recordings suggest that the predominant consequence of lower, behaviorally, effective doses of THC on rectal temperature of rats is hyperthermia rather than hypothermia. Initially this effect was most pronounced for the lowest dose (1.25 mg/kg) but with repeated injections the two higher doses (2.50 and 5.00 mg/kg) showed hyperthermia to the same extent as the lowest dose. Hypothermia was seen after a high dose of delta8-THC (20.00 mg/kg) but after 3 daily injections this effect was gone.", "PMID": 1188935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10982", "title": "Structural information theory based on electronic configurations.", "content": "The topic of this paper is how different forms of acoustical information may be measured. The specific problem addressed is how information is transferred from a three-dimensional source of longitudinal waves to a one-dimensional vibrating membrane. In previous papers1,12, the author has demonstrated through the derivation of different forms on informational 'quanta' that the modulating envelopes for the wave packets representing these quanta are functional solutions to the Weber equation (the Helmholtz equation in parabolic cylinder coordinates). The geometrical structure described by the Weber equation suggests a resonance effect existing between an 'angular momentum' involving an 'azimuthal quantum number' and one involving a 'magnetic quantum number' in analogy with structural chemistry formulations12. In the present paper, the geometrical formulation is carried further. A sound source is commonly spherical, therefore solutions are found for the wave equation in spherical coordinates, giving a precise meaning to the 'azimuthal' and 'magnetic quantum number' analogy. These informational wave packets are then translated into a one-dimensional representation because of the nature of the receiver (the tympanic membrane). The difference between descriptions of electromagnetic and acoustical forms of energy is presented as consisting in the number of variables remaining constant in the acoustical formulation (as compared with the electromagnetic) but not in the basic geometrical formulations, which are primary.", "contents": "Structural information theory based on electronic configurations. The topic of this paper is how different forms of acoustical information may be measured. The specific problem addressed is how information is transferred from a three-dimensional source of longitudinal waves to a one-dimensional vibrating membrane. In previous papers1,12, the author has demonstrated through the derivation of different forms on informational 'quanta' that the modulating envelopes for the wave packets representing these quanta are functional solutions to the Weber equation (the Helmholtz equation in parabolic cylinder coordinates). The geometrical structure described by the Weber equation suggests a resonance effect existing between an 'angular momentum' involving an 'azimuthal quantum number' and one involving a 'magnetic quantum number' in analogy with structural chemistry formulations12. In the present paper, the geometrical formulation is carried further. A sound source is commonly spherical, therefore solutions are found for the wave equation in spherical coordinates, giving a precise meaning to the 'azimuthal' and 'magnetic quantum number' analogy. These informational wave packets are then translated into a one-dimensional representation because of the nature of the receiver (the tympanic membrane). The difference between descriptions of electromagnetic and acoustical forms of energy is presented as consisting in the number of variables remaining constant in the acoustical formulation (as compared with the electromagnetic) but not in the basic geometrical formulations, which are primary.", "PMID": 1188936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10983", "title": "Pressure dependence of the carotid sinus elastic modulus in the dog.", "content": "The effect of the mean intrasinusal pressure upon the dynamic elastic modulus of the carotid sinus was examined in seven dogs. In all dogs the carotid sinus elastic modulus was a direct function of the mean intrasinusal pressure, measured at the lingual artery. The carotid sinus thus appears to become progressively stiffer with increasing pressure with a consequent reduction in oscillatory strain. This reduction of oscillatory stimulation of the carotid sinus mechanoreceptors acts so as to limit the maximum gain of the carotid sinus reflex to the region of the closed loop operating pressure.", "contents": "Pressure dependence of the carotid sinus elastic modulus in the dog. The effect of the mean intrasinusal pressure upon the dynamic elastic modulus of the carotid sinus was examined in seven dogs. In all dogs the carotid sinus elastic modulus was a direct function of the mean intrasinusal pressure, measured at the lingual artery. The carotid sinus thus appears to become progressively stiffer with increasing pressure with a consequent reduction in oscillatory strain. This reduction of oscillatory stimulation of the carotid sinus mechanoreceptors acts so as to limit the maximum gain of the carotid sinus reflex to the region of the closed loop operating pressure.", "PMID": 1188937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10984", "title": "Development of the interhemispheric response in rats.", "content": "In acute experiments on curarized rats, an interhemispheric response was observed for the first time at the age of 5 days. A stimulus of threshold intensity evoked both components of the response in the youngest animals, but only the negative phase of the evoked potential from the 9th day of age, with the initial positive phase appearing only after stimuli of high intensity. Upon using stimuli of double the value of threshold intensity, the responses had the same shape, i.e. positive-negative throughout the whole development. Marked changes in the latency of both components of the response were found during development. Up to 14 days latencies decreased rapidly; this was followed by a phase of relative stability and then, after the 19th day, by further, less pronounced decrease. An after-discharge, a late component of the response in adult animals, appeared for the first time in a mature form at 18 days. An after-discharge of a different shape was seen in young rats aged 7-14 days and none at all was observed in 5-day-old animals.", "contents": "Development of the interhemispheric response in rats. In acute experiments on curarized rats, an interhemispheric response was observed for the first time at the age of 5 days. A stimulus of threshold intensity evoked both components of the response in the youngest animals, but only the negative phase of the evoked potential from the 9th day of age, with the initial positive phase appearing only after stimuli of high intensity. Upon using stimuli of double the value of threshold intensity, the responses had the same shape, i.e. positive-negative throughout the whole development. Marked changes in the latency of both components of the response were found during development. Up to 14 days latencies decreased rapidly; this was followed by a phase of relative stability and then, after the 19th day, by further, less pronounced decrease. An after-discharge, a late component of the response in adult animals, appeared for the first time in a mature form at 18 days. An after-discharge of a different shape was seen in young rats aged 7-14 days and none at all was observed in 5-day-old animals.", "PMID": 1188938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10985", "title": "Stimulatory effects of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and oxazepam on the drug-metabolizing enzymes in microsomes.", "content": "5 days' exposure of rats to daily doses of 400 mg/kg body wt. of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and oxazepam stimulated the microsomal metabolism in the liver, as evidenced by acceleration of both p-hydroxylation of aniline and hydroxylation of benzene. The effect was accompanied by an increased concentration of liver microsomal protein and by the development of tolerance to the drugs. Similar effects were found after exposure of rats to lower doses of the drugs. The metabolism of aniline in vivo in rats treated with chlordiazepoxide was accelerated; this was correlated with development of tolerance to these drugs. It is suggested that both the stimulation of microsomal metabolism and the development of tolerance are associated with the induction of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes.", "contents": "Stimulatory effects of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and oxazepam on the drug-metabolizing enzymes in microsomes. 5 days' exposure of rats to daily doses of 400 mg/kg body wt. of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and oxazepam stimulated the microsomal metabolism in the liver, as evidenced by acceleration of both p-hydroxylation of aniline and hydroxylation of benzene. The effect was accompanied by an increased concentration of liver microsomal protein and by the development of tolerance to the drugs. Similar effects were found after exposure of rats to lower doses of the drugs. The metabolism of aniline in vivo in rats treated with chlordiazepoxide was accelerated; this was correlated with development of tolerance to these drugs. It is suggested that both the stimulation of microsomal metabolism and the development of tolerance are associated with the induction of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes.", "PMID": 1188954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10986", "title": "Dietary fat alteration of plasma cholinesterase response to malathion.", "content": "This study revealed the influence of organophosphate pesticides on cholinesterase levels of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subjects were fed fat-free, normal-fat, and high-fat test diets. Sub-acute doses of malathion were given subcutaneously and cholinesterase levels were determined. Malathion was chosen because it is the least toxic of the organophosphate cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides. Stastical analysis of the data showed that malathion does inhibit blood cholinesterase to the greatest degree in normal-fat diet animals, with the least effect on high-fat groups and fat-free subjects fall in between the two groups.", "contents": "Dietary fat alteration of plasma cholinesterase response to malathion. This study revealed the influence of organophosphate pesticides on cholinesterase levels of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subjects were fed fat-free, normal-fat, and high-fat test diets. Sub-acute doses of malathion were given subcutaneously and cholinesterase levels were determined. Malathion was chosen because it is the least toxic of the organophosphate cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides. Stastical analysis of the data showed that malathion does inhibit blood cholinesterase to the greatest degree in normal-fat diet animals, with the least effect on high-fat groups and fat-free subjects fall in between the two groups.", "PMID": 1188955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10987", "title": "Teratogenicity studies on halogenated benzenes (pentachloro-, pentachloronitro- and hexabromo-) in rats.", "content": "The fungicide, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), and fire retardants, pentachloro- (QCB) and hexabromobenzene (HBB) were administered orally to rats at 0, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg on day 6-15 of gestation. The highest doses were associated with loss of maternal body weight gain but the loss was not statistically significant. At term, all dams were killed and foetuses removed to determine effects on prenatal survival and morphological development. All doses of QCB increased the foetal incidence of extra ribs in a dose-related manner while the 200 mg/kg dose also reduced the mean foetal weight and increased the incidence of sternal defects. PCNB and HBB had no effect at all doses.", "contents": "Teratogenicity studies on halogenated benzenes (pentachloro-, pentachloronitro- and hexabromo-) in rats. The fungicide, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), and fire retardants, pentachloro- (QCB) and hexabromobenzene (HBB) were administered orally to rats at 0, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg on day 6-15 of gestation. The highest doses were associated with loss of maternal body weight gain but the loss was not statistically significant. At term, all dams were killed and foetuses removed to determine effects on prenatal survival and morphological development. All doses of QCB increased the foetal incidence of extra ribs in a dose-related manner while the 200 mg/kg dose also reduced the mean foetal weight and increased the incidence of sternal defects. PCNB and HBB had no effect at all doses.", "PMID": 1188956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10988", "title": "Mutagenicity tests with cadmium in the mouse.", "content": "The testicle is known to be the critical organ in acute exposure of experimental mammals to cadmium. Such treatment results in temporary sterility and, very often, in the appearance of testicular interstitial cell tumors. The present experiments were performed to determine whether such deleterious effects on the male reproductive organs involved any genetic hazards for the surviving germ cells. The administration of 1.75 mg/kg cadmium chloride to male mice did not increase the dominant lethals during the first three weeks after treatment and failed to induce translocation in the F1 male off-spring. No chromosome rearrangement was observed in the treated males after i.p. injection of 0.5, 1.75 or 3.0 mg/kg cadmium chloride.", "contents": "Mutagenicity tests with cadmium in the mouse. The testicle is known to be the critical organ in acute exposure of experimental mammals to cadmium. Such treatment results in temporary sterility and, very often, in the appearance of testicular interstitial cell tumors. The present experiments were performed to determine whether such deleterious effects on the male reproductive organs involved any genetic hazards for the surviving germ cells. The administration of 1.75 mg/kg cadmium chloride to male mice did not increase the dominant lethals during the first three weeks after treatment and failed to induce translocation in the F1 male off-spring. No chromosome rearrangement was observed in the treated males after i.p. injection of 0.5, 1.75 or 3.0 mg/kg cadmium chloride.", "PMID": 1188958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10989", "title": "Effects of tobacco and tobacco smoke constituents on cell multiplication in vitro.", "content": "Ascites sarcoma BP8 cells, cultured in suspension in vitro were used as a general toxicity test system for tobacco and tobacco smoke constituents. Some 250 compounds, representative of these materials, were examined by exposing cells to different concentrations of these constituents and measuring the inhibition of culture growth, which was related to corresponding effects encountered for positive standards. When employing the present cell toxicity test system possible effects of factors such as penetration, distribution and microsomal metabolism of the compounds studied, are not taken into account. The most active constituents were found to be unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, phenols and indoles. The good correlation obsered between functional groups and toxicity permits, within the range of functionalities studied, prediction of the toxicity for a compound of known structure.", "contents": "Effects of tobacco and tobacco smoke constituents on cell multiplication in vitro. Ascites sarcoma BP8 cells, cultured in suspension in vitro were used as a general toxicity test system for tobacco and tobacco smoke constituents. Some 250 compounds, representative of these materials, were examined by exposing cells to different concentrations of these constituents and measuring the inhibition of culture growth, which was related to corresponding effects encountered for positive standards. When employing the present cell toxicity test system possible effects of factors such as penetration, distribution and microsomal metabolism of the compounds studied, are not taken into account. The most active constituents were found to be unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, phenols and indoles. The good correlation obsered between functional groups and toxicity permits, within the range of functionalities studied, prediction of the toxicity for a compound of known structure.", "PMID": 1188959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10990", "title": "Influence of dosage regimen on responses of the arcuate nucleus to subcutaneous injection of a protein hydrolysate.", "content": "The effect of administration of a glutamate-containing protein hydrolysate on the arcuate nucleus of 10-day-old mice was studied by two methods. Arcuate nucleus damage resulted when administration was by a single large subcutaneous dose (100 ml/kg). When the same total dose was administered subcutaneously in five small doses (20 ml/kg) over a period of 8 h, the damage to the arcuate nucleus did not occur. The latter method of administration was to simulate a clinical infusion. The results demonstrate that there is no hazard to the arcuate nucleus w-en glutamate-containing protein hydrolysates are administered by infusion.", "contents": "Influence of dosage regimen on responses of the arcuate nucleus to subcutaneous injection of a protein hydrolysate. The effect of administration of a glutamate-containing protein hydrolysate on the arcuate nucleus of 10-day-old mice was studied by two methods. Arcuate nucleus damage resulted when administration was by a single large subcutaneous dose (100 ml/kg). When the same total dose was administered subcutaneously in five small doses (20 ml/kg) over a period of 8 h, the damage to the arcuate nucleus did not occur. The latter method of administration was to simulate a clinical infusion. The results demonstrate that there is no hazard to the arcuate nucleus w-en glutamate-containing protein hydrolysates are administered by infusion.", "PMID": 1188960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10991", "title": "The effects of prostaglandin E2 on pregnancy and embryonic development in mice.", "content": "The prostaglandins comprise an important and unique group of naturally occurring biological regulators. These substances are currently being widely used for the induction of labor and termination of pregnancy. The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on pregnancy and embryonic development were investigated in Swiss-Webster mice. PGE2 induced a high incidence of abnormal offspring in mice when administered subcutaneously on either day 9, 12 or 15 of gestation. In addition, fetal growth was significantly affected following treatment with the prostaglandin on either the 12th or 15th day of gestation.", "contents": "The effects of prostaglandin E2 on pregnancy and embryonic development in mice. The prostaglandins comprise an important and unique group of naturally occurring biological regulators. These substances are currently being widely used for the induction of labor and termination of pregnancy. The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on pregnancy and embryonic development were investigated in Swiss-Webster mice. PGE2 induced a high incidence of abnormal offspring in mice when administered subcutaneously on either day 9, 12 or 15 of gestation. In addition, fetal growth was significantly affected following treatment with the prostaglandin on either the 12th or 15th day of gestation.", "PMID": 1188961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10992", "title": "The blood-brain barrier and ventricular system of Myxine glutinosa.", "content": "Comparison of the rate and extent of penetration of test compounds from plasma into brain and muscle of the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, indicates that the blood-brain barrier is poorly developed or absent in this species. We examined a series of hagfish brains in the light and electron microscope in order to relate the structure of the brain to the physiology of the blood-brain barrier and cerebrospinal fluid. The ventricular system consists of an ependymal cell-lined central canal extending from the spinal cord to the midbrain and two or more ependymal cell-lined cavities located more rostrally. A preoptic and an infundibular recess were present in the diencephalons of all brains and were isolated from each other and from the primary ventricular system. Since a typical choroid plexus could not be identified, this suggests that cerebrospinal fluid must be formed entirely by brain in this species. Cerebral capillaries differ significantly from those of other vertebrates in possessing large numbers of cytoplasmic vesicles and in the relative rarity of tight junctions between endothelial cells. These capillaries do not, therefore, appear to be morphologically specialized for barrier functions.", "contents": "The blood-brain barrier and ventricular system of Myxine glutinosa. Comparison of the rate and extent of penetration of test compounds from plasma into brain and muscle of the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, indicates that the blood-brain barrier is poorly developed or absent in this species. We examined a series of hagfish brains in the light and electron microscope in order to relate the structure of the brain to the physiology of the blood-brain barrier and cerebrospinal fluid. The ventricular system consists of an ependymal cell-lined central canal extending from the spinal cord to the midbrain and two or more ependymal cell-lined cavities located more rostrally. A preoptic and an infundibular recess were present in the diencephalons of all brains and were isolated from each other and from the primary ventricular system. Since a typical choroid plexus could not be identified, this suggests that cerebrospinal fluid must be formed entirely by brain in this species. Cerebral capillaries differ significantly from those of other vertebrates in possessing large numbers of cytoplasmic vesicles and in the relative rarity of tight junctions between endothelial cells. These capillaries do not, therefore, appear to be morphologically specialized for barrier functions.", "PMID": 1188978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10993", "title": "Preparation of coenocytes for freeze-etching.", "content": "Successful freeze-etching of a coenocyte has been accomplished with glutaraldehyde stabilization followed by infiltration with cryoprotectant. Hyphae of the coenocytic water mold Achlya were stabilized with 5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer. Gradual infiltration by dropwise addition of the cryoprotectant (25% glycerol, 10% ethylene glycol, distilled water, v/v) is accomplished over a period of 8-10 hr on a shaker. Subsequent freeze-etching is carried out by standard procedures.", "contents": "Preparation of coenocytes for freeze-etching. Successful freeze-etching of a coenocyte has been accomplished with glutaraldehyde stabilization followed by infiltration with cryoprotectant. Hyphae of the coenocytic water mold Achlya were stabilized with 5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer. Gradual infiltration by dropwise addition of the cryoprotectant (25% glycerol, 10% ethylene glycol, distilled water, v/v) is accomplished over a period of 8-10 hr on a shaker. Subsequent freeze-etching is carried out by standard procedures.", "PMID": 1188985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10994", "title": "Transcallosal effects of a cortical epileptiform focus.", "content": "Unit activity in anesthetized cats was studied in cortical regions contralateral to the site of an acute epileptiform focus. Orthodromic effects of transcallosal discharge varied in extracellular records; however, in intracellular records, most cells displayed an EPSP-IPSP sequence. In a small proportion of cells, antidromic activation was also observed. The significance of this 'backfiring' phenomenon, and some factors possibly involved in generation of 'backfiring' activity, are discussed.", "contents": "Transcallosal effects of a cortical epileptiform focus. Unit activity in anesthetized cats was studied in cortical regions contralateral to the site of an acute epileptiform focus. Orthodromic effects of transcallosal discharge varied in extracellular records; however, in intracellular records, most cells displayed an EPSP-IPSP sequence. In a small proportion of cells, antidromic activation was also observed. The significance of this 'backfiring' phenomenon, and some factors possibly involved in generation of 'backfiring' activity, are discussed.", "PMID": 1188986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10995", "title": "Effects of insulin injection on responses of olfactory bulb and amygdala single units to odors.", "content": "The effect of insulin injection on transmission of neural activity within the olfactory system of the anesthetized male rat was investigated at the single unit level. It was found that insulin changed the response to odors of approximately 27% of olfactory bulb units and 21% of amygdala units tested. Many of the changes were in the direction of an increase in response magnitude, but there were some reversals in response direction and other complex changes. There was no evidence of a selective facilitation of responses to food odor as compared to non-food odors. Control observations of the response of thalamic somatosensory units to tactual stimulation showed no effects of insulin. These results suggest that hypothalamic hunger mechanisms may normally interact with olfactory mechanisms to augment and otherwise change the response of some olfactory system units to various odors.", "contents": "Effects of insulin injection on responses of olfactory bulb and amygdala single units to odors. The effect of insulin injection on transmission of neural activity within the olfactory system of the anesthetized male rat was investigated at the single unit level. It was found that insulin changed the response to odors of approximately 27% of olfactory bulb units and 21% of amygdala units tested. Many of the changes were in the direction of an increase in response magnitude, but there were some reversals in response direction and other complex changes. There was no evidence of a selective facilitation of responses to food odor as compared to non-food odors. Control observations of the response of thalamic somatosensory units to tactual stimulation showed no effects of insulin. These results suggest that hypothalamic hunger mechanisms may normally interact with olfactory mechanisms to augment and otherwise change the response of some olfactory system units to various odors.", "PMID": 1188987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10996", "title": "The amplitude and period of circannual cycles of body weight in golden-mantled ground squirrels with medial hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "Golden-mantled ground squirrels, Citellus lateralis, were kept for several years in conditions of constant temperature and photoperiod. Control animals showed the expected circannual cycles of body weight, becoming fat in the autumn and thin in the spring. Animals with lesions in the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus also had circannual cycles of weight but in most animals the amplitude was increased. At one time of year the lesioned ground squirrels were grossly obese while often at other times their weight was close to that of control animals or their own preoperative weights. There were unusually early peaks in weight after the lesion in some animals and it is probable that a phase shift occurred. Observations on hibernation, food intake, transient weight gains and delayed weight gains following the lesions are also reported. Evidently during the winter phase of the annual cycle in these ground squirrels there exist mechanisms that lead not only to a loss of weight gained naturally before the time for hibernation but also to a temporary attenuation of additional obesity produced by ventromedial hypothalamic lesions.", "contents": "The amplitude and period of circannual cycles of body weight in golden-mantled ground squirrels with medial hypothalamic lesions. Golden-mantled ground squirrels, Citellus lateralis, were kept for several years in conditions of constant temperature and photoperiod. Control animals showed the expected circannual cycles of body weight, becoming fat in the autumn and thin in the spring. Animals with lesions in the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus also had circannual cycles of weight but in most animals the amplitude was increased. At one time of year the lesioned ground squirrels were grossly obese while often at other times their weight was close to that of control animals or their own preoperative weights. There were unusually early peaks in weight after the lesion in some animals and it is probable that a phase shift occurred. Observations on hibernation, food intake, transient weight gains and delayed weight gains following the lesions are also reported. Evidently during the winter phase of the annual cycle in these ground squirrels there exist mechanisms that lead not only to a loss of weight gained naturally before the time for hibernation but also to a temporary attenuation of additional obesity produced by ventromedial hypothalamic lesions.", "PMID": 1188988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10997", "title": "[Results of primary and combined radiotherapy of mouth carcinomas (tongue, tonsil, maxilla, mandible, palate, floor of the mouth cheek mucosa)].", "content": "Responses to highvoltage radiotherapy of 320 patients with carcinomas of the oral cavity are discussed. Five year survival rate according to the stage of the, disease were the following ones: in carcinoma of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and floor of the mouth 20-60%, buccal mucosa, upper and lower jaw 30-50%, base of the tongue 26% and tonsil 30-100%. After simultaneous irradiation of the efferent lymphatics in parimary N0 patients, whose primary tumor subsequently was under control, a significantly lower frequency of metastases to the lymph nodes was found than without coirradiation of the lymph flow. Clinically verifiable metastases of the lymph nodes are also controllable to a high percentage by radiotherapy alone: Only in a little more than five per cent of the primary N1-3 patients with the parimary tumor being under control, additional metastases of the lymph nodes developed later on. The complication rate was 6.8 per cent. Most frequently, osteonecrosis was involved, indeed occurring chiefly in cases, where a primary skeletal manifestation of the tumor already was existing.", "contents": "[Results of primary and combined radiotherapy of mouth carcinomas (tongue, tonsil, maxilla, mandible, palate, floor of the mouth cheek mucosa)]. Responses to highvoltage radiotherapy of 320 patients with carcinomas of the oral cavity are discussed. Five year survival rate according to the stage of the, disease were the following ones: in carcinoma of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and floor of the mouth 20-60%, buccal mucosa, upper and lower jaw 30-50%, base of the tongue 26% and tonsil 30-100%. After simultaneous irradiation of the efferent lymphatics in parimary N0 patients, whose primary tumor subsequently was under control, a significantly lower frequency of metastases to the lymph nodes was found than without coirradiation of the lymph flow. Clinically verifiable metastases of the lymph nodes are also controllable to a high percentage by radiotherapy alone: Only in a little more than five per cent of the primary N1-3 patients with the parimary tumor being under control, additional metastases of the lymph nodes developed later on. The complication rate was 6.8 per cent. Most frequently, osteonecrosis was involved, indeed occurring chiefly in cases, where a primary skeletal manifestation of the tumor already was existing.", "PMID": 1188989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10998", "title": "[Lymphogranulomatosis of the lung].", "content": "Two collectives of patients with pulmonary involvement in the course of lymphogranulomatosis, one consisting of 48 out of 120 and the other of 13 out of 90 patients, were followed separately because of the different therapeutic conditions. Statistical parameters, such as the frequency of pulmonary implication, age of incidence of the disease, sex proportion, responses to therapy, and number of survivals were studied and compared mutually. Additionally, a differentiation of the morphological manifestations and the anatomic localization was radiographically performed. The problem of clinical staging is discussed.", "contents": "[Lymphogranulomatosis of the lung]. Two collectives of patients with pulmonary involvement in the course of lymphogranulomatosis, one consisting of 48 out of 120 and the other of 13 out of 90 patients, were followed separately because of the different therapeutic conditions. Statistical parameters, such as the frequency of pulmonary implication, age of incidence of the disease, sex proportion, responses to therapy, and number of survivals were studied and compared mutually. Additionally, a differentiation of the morphological manifestations and the anatomic localization was radiographically performed. The problem of clinical staging is discussed.", "PMID": 1188990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_10999", "title": "The measurement of the surface dose and the calibration of soft x-ray dosimeters.", "content": "A method is presented for calibrating the commerical soft X-ray dosimeters against a device which measures back-scatter contribution in addition to the ionization produced by direct radiation. The calibration of these dosimeters directly in terms of surface dose in Rad offers greater convenience for routine use relieving the physicists of some routine calculations. The details of construction of the surface chamber and the results of calibration of a soft X-ray chamber, also designed in this laboratory, are presented.", "contents": "The measurement of the surface dose and the calibration of soft x-ray dosimeters. A method is presented for calibrating the commerical soft X-ray dosimeters against a device which measures back-scatter contribution in addition to the ionization produced by direct radiation. The calibration of these dosimeters directly in terms of surface dose in Rad offers greater convenience for routine use relieving the physicists of some routine calculations. The details of construction of the surface chamber and the results of calibration of a soft X-ray chamber, also designed in this laboratory, are presented.", "PMID": 1188991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11000", "title": "Depth-dose measurements of d-T neutrons for radiotherapy applications.", "content": "In connection with clinical applications of fast neutrons, depth-dose measurements have been carried out for collimated 15 MeV neutron beams at various source-to-skin distances, using different phantoms of the upper part of the human body. The distribution of fast, thermal and intermediate neutron dose or kerma and gamma dose over the phantoms was determined with tissue-equivalent ionization chambers, gold foils with and without cadmium covers and a shielded Geiger-M\u00fcller counter, respectively. In order to determine the tumour dose and the exit dose for the irradiation of patients with pulmonary metastases, depth-dose measurements have been performed for an inhomogeneous phantom containing lung-equivalent material. The measurements indicate a considerable difference in depth dose with respect to the dose distribution in a homogeneous phantom. Measurements with sulphur activation detectors to monitor the exit dose are discussed and compared with the results obtained in the actual patient irradiations.", "contents": "Depth-dose measurements of d-T neutrons for radiotherapy applications. In connection with clinical applications of fast neutrons, depth-dose measurements have been carried out for collimated 15 MeV neutron beams at various source-to-skin distances, using different phantoms of the upper part of the human body. The distribution of fast, thermal and intermediate neutron dose or kerma and gamma dose over the phantoms was determined with tissue-equivalent ionization chambers, gold foils with and without cadmium covers and a shielded Geiger-M\u00fcller counter, respectively. In order to determine the tumour dose and the exit dose for the irradiation of patients with pulmonary metastases, depth-dose measurements have been performed for an inhomogeneous phantom containing lung-equivalent material. The measurements indicate a considerable difference in depth dose with respect to the dose distribution in a homogeneous phantom. Measurements with sulphur activation detectors to monitor the exit dose are discussed and compared with the results obtained in the actual patient irradiations.", "PMID": 1188992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11001", "title": "[The late bladder reaction following radiotherapy of a cervix carcinoma].", "content": "This study presents the cystotonometric checks of trends in 102 patients with irradiated carcinoma of the cervix up to the time of the so-called five year survival recovery. As compared with a standard control group concerning the function of the urinary bladder a distinct tendency to  hypertonia is realized and attributed as inevitable to radiotherapy. The moderate load being present before the onset of irradiation is mentioned, resulting from diagnostic operations and from the primary disease. Based on these observations, functional findings which allow objectivation appear to be indicated, the aim being to recognize, as early as possible, the increase of vesical reactions with regard to gynecologic radiotherapy and later follow-up care.", "contents": "[The late bladder reaction following radiotherapy of a cervix carcinoma]. This study presents the cystotonometric checks of trends in 102 patients with irradiated carcinoma of the cervix up to the time of the so-called five year survival recovery. As compared with a standard control group concerning the function of the urinary bladder a distinct tendency to  hypertonia is realized and attributed as inevitable to radiotherapy. The moderate load being present before the onset of irradiation is mentioned, resulting from diagnostic operations and from the primary disease. Based on these observations, functional findings which allow objectivation appear to be indicated, the aim being to recognize, as early as possible, the increase of vesical reactions with regard to gynecologic radiotherapy and later follow-up care.", "PMID": 1188993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11002", "title": "[Effect of dexamethasone on the formation of intestinal adhesions following postoperative radiotherapy].", "content": "In order to study the effect of postoperative irradiation on intestinal adhesions and fibrosis and also determine the effects of DM on these processes, experiments were carried out on 76 rabbits and the following results were obtained: 1. When irradiation alone was conducted without any operative procedure, neither thickening of the intestinal canal and serosa nor adhesions occurred immediately after irradiation. 2. One week after postoperative irradiation, no effect of irradiation was noted on the intestine or the surgically induced adhesion. Several months later, however, collagenization of the site of the adhesion was seen. At this time, inflammation still persisted, so that further intensification of the adhesions remains a possibility. 3. DM definitely prevented intestinal adhesions secondary to surgery due to operation. It is also evident that this substance inhibits intestinal adhesions and collagenization induced by combined surgery and irradiation.", "contents": "[Effect of dexamethasone on the formation of intestinal adhesions following postoperative radiotherapy]. In order to study the effect of postoperative irradiation on intestinal adhesions and fibrosis and also determine the effects of DM on these processes, experiments were carried out on 76 rabbits and the following results were obtained: 1. When irradiation alone was conducted without any operative procedure, neither thickening of the intestinal canal and serosa nor adhesions occurred immediately after irradiation. 2. One week after postoperative irradiation, no effect of irradiation was noted on the intestine or the surgically induced adhesion. Several months later, however, collagenization of the site of the adhesion was seen. At this time, inflammation still persisted, so that further intensification of the adhesions remains a possibility. 3. DM definitely prevented intestinal adhesions secondary to surgery due to operation. It is also evident that this substance inhibits intestinal adhesions and collagenization induced by combined surgery and irradiation.", "PMID": 1188994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11003", "title": "[Consequences of a delayed start of therapy in primary irradiated gynecologic malignomas on five-year healing and mortality. A clinical epidemiological study].", "content": "The cases of 627 women with gynaecological malignomas, who were primarily irradiated in 1967 to 1969, were interpreted, questioning the temporary difference between clinical and histological diagnosis and beginning of treatment with regard to five-years' healing-results and mortality. The study has demonstrated, that - a delay of only four weeks considered - the part of living patients waas 11,28% of the total number of living patients, the part of dead patients however was 21,62% of the total number of dead patients. We emphasize therefore the urgency of an immediate beginning of therapy following a reliable diagnosis.", "contents": "[Consequences of a delayed start of therapy in primary irradiated gynecologic malignomas on five-year healing and mortality. A clinical epidemiological study]. The cases of 627 women with gynaecological malignomas, who were primarily irradiated in 1967 to 1969, were interpreted, questioning the temporary difference between clinical and histological diagnosis and beginning of treatment with regard to five-years' healing-results and mortality. The study has demonstrated, that - a delay of only four weeks considered - the part of living patients waas 11,28% of the total number of living patients, the part of dead patients however was 21,62% of the total number of dead patients. We emphasize therefore the urgency of an immediate beginning of therapy following a reliable diagnosis.", "PMID": 1188995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11004", "title": "[Objectivization of the effectiveness of cobalt-60 teletherapy in female tumor patients].", "content": "In a further series of experiments, the same effect was found with cobalt-60-treatment as with X-ray-irradiation: the data determined by means of iodin-bromine-consumption in the methanolic serum-extract showed the same changes under equal exterior conditions at three different points of time. Corresponding to a diminished average dose of the cobalt-60-teletherapy, the humorally realized shock-reaction was reduced.", "contents": "[Objectivization of the effectiveness of cobalt-60 teletherapy in female tumor patients]. In a further series of experiments, the same effect was found with cobalt-60-treatment as with X-ray-irradiation: the data determined by means of iodin-bromine-consumption in the methanolic serum-extract showed the same changes under equal exterior conditions at three different points of time. Corresponding to a diminished average dose of the cobalt-60-teletherapy, the humorally realized shock-reaction was reduced.", "PMID": 1188996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11005", "title": "[Excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid during combined radiotherapy of patients with cervix carcinoma. 2. Medical check-ups for lead in the Vienna area among various occupational and personal groups].", "content": "A report is given of an increase in urinary delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) excretion in patients with cervical carcinoma treated by extracorporeal radiotherapy as well as with radium and telecobalt. It was found, that 16 out of 17 patients showed an increase of 125% (on average) in the elimination of ALA on the seventh day after irradiation. A return to noraml ALA-values was found in nine patients 42 days after radiotherapy whilst in six patients a further increase in ALA elimination occurred in comparison with the values recorded on the seventh post-irradiation day. The possible causes of the lead elimination, indicated by the ALA test, as well as the possibility of lead as an aetiological factor in tumour genesis are discussed.", "contents": "[Excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid during combined radiotherapy of patients with cervix carcinoma. 2. Medical check-ups for lead in the Vienna area among various occupational and personal groups]. A report is given of an increase in urinary delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) excretion in patients with cervical carcinoma treated by extracorporeal radiotherapy as well as with radium and telecobalt. It was found, that 16 out of 17 patients showed an increase of 125% (on average) in the elimination of ALA on the seventh day after irradiation. A return to noraml ALA-values was found in nine patients 42 days after radiotherapy whilst in six patients a further increase in ALA elimination occurred in comparison with the values recorded on the seventh post-irradiation day. The possible causes of the lead elimination, indicated by the ALA test, as well as the possibility of lead as an aetiological factor in tumour genesis are discussed.", "PMID": 1188997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11006", "title": "[Principles of optimization of irradiation planning].", "content": "Theoretical studies, data from radiation biology, and clinical experiences reveal that the tissue capability of recovery is susceptibly dependent on \"communication phenomena\" in the cellular association. Little is known so far of the interrelations. Most simple suppositions, however, lead already to plain criteria of optimation for the spatial dose distribution and to practical conclusions with regard to dosage and fractionation.", "contents": "[Principles of optimization of irradiation planning]. Theoretical studies, data from radiation biology, and clinical experiences reveal that the tissue capability of recovery is susceptibly dependent on \"communication phenomena\" in the cellular association. Little is known so far of the interrelations. Most simple suppositions, however, lead already to plain criteria of optimation for the spatial dose distribution and to practical conclusions with regard to dosage and fractionation.", "PMID": 1188998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11007", "title": "Effect of radiophsophorus on hematology of mice during postnatal development.", "content": "Swiss albino mice at different stages of their postnatal development (one day, one week, two weeks, three weeks, four weeks age groups) were injected intraperitoneally with radioactive phosphorus (P-32) at the dose of 1.0 muCi/g body weight and studied for their hematological response at weekly intervals up to six weeks of age when they attain sexual maturity. In all the treated groups in both males and females, the radiation injury was evident after injection of radioactive phosphorus. Animals showed reduction in blood cell number and fall in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels after injection. Reparation was also evident in the animals after some lapse of time following P-32 administration. Morphological changes in different white blood cells were not observed. No radiation sickness symptoms were observed in any of the treated groups during the study. There was no radiation mortality. The radiation damage to blood forming organs was moderate. It was observed that the females showed a greater hematological damage than the males.", "contents": "Effect of radiophsophorus on hematology of mice during postnatal development. Swiss albino mice at different stages of their postnatal development (one day, one week, two weeks, three weeks, four weeks age groups) were injected intraperitoneally with radioactive phosphorus (P-32) at the dose of 1.0 muCi/g body weight and studied for their hematological response at weekly intervals up to six weeks of age when they attain sexual maturity. In all the treated groups in both males and females, the radiation injury was evident after injection of radioactive phosphorus. Animals showed reduction in blood cell number and fall in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels after injection. Reparation was also evident in the animals after some lapse of time following P-32 administration. Morphological changes in different white blood cells were not observed. No radiation sickness symptoms were observed in any of the treated groups during the study. There was no radiation mortality. The radiation damage to blood forming organs was moderate. It was observed that the females showed a greater hematological damage than the males.", "PMID": 1188999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11008", "title": "Radioprotection of whole-body gamma irradiation induced alterations in lipid metabolism of liver and plasma by AET (S-2, aminoethyl isothiuronium Br. H. Br.) and serotonin in rats.", "content": "Radioprotective effect of AET, serotonin and their mixture has been studied on liver and plasma lipid metabolism 24 hrs and 48 hrs after irradiation in fasted male rats. AET and serotonin both gave significant radioprotection to certain liver and plasma lipid components, but the mixture of the two afforded a better protection. The non-radioprotection of plasma NEFA, phospholipids and phosphatidyl choline levels by serotonin observed in irradiated rats was because serotonin itself raised the levels of these lipids in control rats. Serotonin alone or in mixture effectively protected the radiation-induced increased incorporation of NaH2(32)PO4 into liver phospholipids. Mixture of AET and serotonin failed to protect the increased incorporation of aceae-1-14-C into liver total fatty acids and cholesterol, but it prevented this increased incorporation into liver triglycerides and phospholipids.", "contents": "Radioprotection of whole-body gamma irradiation induced alterations in lipid metabolism of liver and plasma by AET (S-2, aminoethyl isothiuronium Br. H. Br.) and serotonin in rats. Radioprotective effect of AET, serotonin and their mixture has been studied on liver and plasma lipid metabolism 24 hrs and 48 hrs after irradiation in fasted male rats. AET and serotonin both gave significant radioprotection to certain liver and plasma lipid components, but the mixture of the two afforded a better protection. The non-radioprotection of plasma NEFA, phospholipids and phosphatidyl choline levels by serotonin observed in irradiated rats was because serotonin itself raised the levels of these lipids in control rats. Serotonin alone or in mixture effectively protected the radiation-induced increased incorporation of NaH2(32)PO4 into liver phospholipids. Mixture of AET and serotonin failed to protect the increased incorporation of aceae-1-14-C into liver total fatty acids and cholesterol, but it prevented this increased incorporation into liver triglycerides and phospholipids.", "PMID": 1189000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11009", "title": "Testosterone production by XYY subjects.", "content": "A study of plasma concentration (P1T, ng/ml), metabolic clearance rate (MCRT, L/day) and blood production rate (PBT, mg/day) was done on seven XYY subjects of various ages and four pair-matched control XY subjects by a radioinfusion technique of 1,2-3H-testosterone. Although MCRT showed no significant difference between the groups, P1T and PBT were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in XYY subjects. Therefore, increased aggressive behavior of the XYY subjects can not be attributed  to increased levels or production rates of testosterone.", "contents": "Testosterone production by XYY subjects. A study of plasma concentration (P1T, ng/ml), metabolic clearance rate (MCRT, L/day) and blood production rate (PBT, mg/day) was done on seven XYY subjects of various ages and four pair-matched control XY subjects by a radioinfusion technique of 1,2-3H-testosterone. Although MCRT showed no significant difference between the groups, P1T and PBT were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in XYY subjects. Therefore, increased aggressive behavior of the XYY subjects can not be attributed  to increased levels or production rates of testosterone.", "PMID": 1189002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11010", "title": "Progesterone in the uterus. IV. Dependence of the in vitro progesterone metabolism in the rat uterus on the progesterone concentration.", "content": "After incubation of uterine segments of normal rats with various 3H-progesterone concentrations in nutrient medium, different patterns of radioactive steroids were obtained in uterine tissue. Using hormone concentrations  of less than 5 X 10(-7)M progesterone metabolites could not be detected in the tissue. A series of metabolites appeared with progesterone concentrations of 10(-6)M and higher. Six radiometabolites were identified and two were characterized.", "contents": "Progesterone in the uterus. IV. Dependence of the in vitro progesterone metabolism in the rat uterus on the progesterone concentration. After incubation of uterine segments of normal rats with various 3H-progesterone concentrations in nutrient medium, different patterns of radioactive steroids were obtained in uterine tissue. Using hormone concentrations  of less than 5 X 10(-7)M progesterone metabolites could not be detected in the tissue. A series of metabolites appeared with progesterone concentrations of 10(-6)M and higher. Six radiometabolites were identified and two were characterized.", "PMID": 1189003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11011", "title": "A method for separating estrogens and phytoestrogens on Sephadex LH-20 columns.", "content": "A procedure for separating estrogens from phytoestrogens in animal fluids is presented. The use of Sephadex LH-20 in absolute methanol permits a simple separation and allows the measurement of phytoestrogen levels in plasma and urine by the competitive binding assay. This method facilitates a more accurate measure of the hormonal balance in animals with an exogenous input of phytoestrogens.", "contents": "A method for separating estrogens and phytoestrogens on Sephadex LH-20 columns. A procedure for separating estrogens from phytoestrogens in animal fluids is presented. The use of Sephadex LH-20 in absolute methanol permits a simple separation and allows the measurement of phytoestrogen levels in plasma and urine by the competitive binding assay. This method facilitates a more accurate measure of the hormonal balance in animals with an exogenous input of phytoestrogens.", "PMID": 1189004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11012", "title": "Steroidal anaesthetics: synthesis of 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione-(21-14C) and 3alpha,21-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione-(21-14C) 21-acetate.", "content": "3alpha-Hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione-[21-14C] and 3alpha,21-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione-[21-14C] 21-acetate were prepared from a common radio-labelled intermediate, 21-diazo-3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione-[21-14C] 3-nitrate, obtained by the reaction of 17beta-chlorocarbonyl-3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-11-one 3-nitrate with diazomethane-[14C].", "contents": "Steroidal anaesthetics: synthesis of 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione-(21-14C) and 3alpha,21-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione-(21-14C) 21-acetate. 3alpha-Hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione-[21-14C] and 3alpha,21-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione-[21-14C] 21-acetate were prepared from a common radio-labelled intermediate, 21-diazo-3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione-[21-14C] 3-nitrate, obtained by the reaction of 17beta-chlorocarbonyl-3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-11-one 3-nitrate with diazomethane-[14C].", "PMID": 1189005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11013", "title": "[Serological studies on subgenus-differentiation and persistence of antibodies following infections with Trypanosomes (author's transl)].", "content": "10 cattle were infected or superinfected with Trypanosoma species of the subgenera Nannomonas (T. congolense), Duttonella (T. vivax) and Trypanozoon (T. brucei) respectively. The complement fixation test (CTF) and the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) were employed to investigate the possible differentiation of subgenera by serological methods and the persistence of antibodies. The serological results were compared with those of parasitological and hematological findings. After monospecific infections and most superinfections a subgenus differention of antibodies was possible with the IFAT, but not with the CFT. Specific antibodies were demonstrated 285 days after the last parasites were seen.", "contents": "[Serological studies on subgenus-differentiation and persistence of antibodies following infections with Trypanosomes (author's transl)]. 10 cattle were infected or superinfected with Trypanosoma species of the subgenera Nannomonas (T. congolense), Duttonella (T. vivax) and Trypanozoon (T. brucei) respectively. The complement fixation test (CTF) and the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) were employed to investigate the possible differentiation of subgenera by serological methods and the persistence of antibodies. The serological results were compared with those of parasitological and hematological findings. After monospecific infections and most superinfections a subgenus differention of antibodies was possible with the IFAT, but not with the CFT. Specific antibodies were demonstrated 285 days after the last parasites were seen.", "PMID": 1189021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11014", "title": "Improvement of the production of Trypanosoma vivax antigens.", "content": "An improved technique for the production of Trypanosoma vivax antigen from infected cattle is described. This technique is based upon 1. the application of immunosuppressive drug, 2. the isolation of trypanosomes by centrifugation, and 3. the clearing of the trypanosome suspension from non sedimented blood cells by an anti-serum against bovine blood cells, raised in rabbits.", "contents": "Improvement of the production of Trypanosoma vivax antigens. An improved technique for the production of Trypanosoma vivax antigen from infected cattle is described. This technique is based upon 1. the application of immunosuppressive drug, 2. the isolation of trypanosomes by centrifugation, and 3. the clearing of the trypanosome suspension from non sedimented blood cells by an anti-serum against bovine blood cells, raised in rabbits.", "PMID": 1189022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11015", "title": "Spectrofluorometric and spectrodensitometric determination of chloroquine in plasma and urine.", "content": "Chloroquine in a concentration range from 5 ng to 2 mug per ml of biological fluid can be determined in plasma and urine by the spectrofluorometric methods. The spectrodensitometric method is less sensitive and should be used when other drugs are interfering with the chloroquine determination in solution. After extraction from urine and separation from interfering drugs and metabolites by TL-chromatography chloroquine can be determined by spectrodensitometry in a minimum concentration of 5 mug per ml of urine. Chloroquine should be determined in plasma and urine of patients suffering from malaria with an impaired renal function. Whether the fluorometric determination of chloroquine should be used in field investigations will depend on the problem to be investigated and the regional facilities.", "contents": "Spectrofluorometric and spectrodensitometric determination of chloroquine in plasma and urine. Chloroquine in a concentration range from 5 ng to 2 mug per ml of biological fluid can be determined in plasma and urine by the spectrofluorometric methods. The spectrodensitometric method is less sensitive and should be used when other drugs are interfering with the chloroquine determination in solution. After extraction from urine and separation from interfering drugs and metabolites by TL-chromatography chloroquine can be determined by spectrodensitometry in a minimum concentration of 5 mug per ml of urine. Chloroquine should be determined in plasma and urine of patients suffering from malaria with an impaired renal function. Whether the fluorometric determination of chloroquine should be used in field investigations will depend on the problem to be investigated and the regional facilities.", "PMID": 1189023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11016", "title": "Incorporation of nucleic acid precursors by Plasmodium cynomolgi in Anopheles balabacensis.", "content": "Autoradiography was used to study the incorporation of tritium-labelled nucleic acid precursors into the sporogonic stages of Plasmodium cynomolgi in Anopheles b. balabacensis. Infected mosquitoes were fed on either 3H-adenine (5, 25 and 50 muCi/ml or 3H-thymidine (50 muCi/ml) for various periods after the blood meal. 3H-adenine was incorporated into DNA and RNA of the developing oocysts and the resulting sporozoites. Midgut epithelial cells incorporated label from 3H-adenine into nuclear and cytoplasmic regions. In both parasite and host tissue RNA-label was removed after RNase treatment. 3H-thymidine was not taken up by the developing oocysts or sporozoites while incorporation into the cell nuclei of the adjacent midgut epithelium and fat-body of the mosquito was shown. The observed incorporation of 3H-adenine, but not 3H-thymidine, into the sporogonic stages of Plasmodium supports the assumption that the malaria parasite needs exogenous sources of purine but relies on the de novo synthesis of pyrimidine during its development in the mosquito.", "contents": "Incorporation of nucleic acid precursors by Plasmodium cynomolgi in Anopheles balabacensis. Autoradiography was used to study the incorporation of tritium-labelled nucleic acid precursors into the sporogonic stages of Plasmodium cynomolgi in Anopheles b. balabacensis. Infected mosquitoes were fed on either 3H-adenine (5, 25 and 50 muCi/ml or 3H-thymidine (50 muCi/ml) for various periods after the blood meal. 3H-adenine was incorporated into DNA and RNA of the developing oocysts and the resulting sporozoites. Midgut epithelial cells incorporated label from 3H-adenine into nuclear and cytoplasmic regions. In both parasite and host tissue RNA-label was removed after RNase treatment. 3H-thymidine was not taken up by the developing oocysts or sporozoites while incorporation into the cell nuclei of the adjacent midgut epithelium and fat-body of the mosquito was shown. The observed incorporation of 3H-adenine, but not 3H-thymidine, into the sporogonic stages of Plasmodium supports the assumption that the malaria parasite needs exogenous sources of purine but relies on the de novo synthesis of pyrimidine during its development in the mosquito.", "PMID": 1189024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11017", "title": "[Cryopreservation of encysted Toxoplasms in liquid nitrogen (author's transl)].", "content": "USing an automatically controlled freezing system (cooling rate between 1,4 and 2,7 degrees C/min) with the addition of cyroprotectants (Dimethylsulfoxyd, Polivinyl-Pyrrolidon), we have been successful in maintaining encysted toxoplasms infectious for a minimum of 18 months.", "contents": "[Cryopreservation of encysted Toxoplasms in liquid nitrogen (author's transl)]. USing an automatically controlled freezing system (cooling rate between 1,4 and 2,7 degrees C/min) with the addition of cyroprotectants (Dimethylsulfoxyd, Polivinyl-Pyrrolidon), we have been successful in maintaining encysted toxoplasms infectious for a minimum of 18 months.", "PMID": 1189025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11018", "title": "The El Tor cholera epidemic in Togo (West Africa) 1970-1972.", "content": "The course of the El Tor cholera epidemic in Togo (November 1970 to January 1973) is reported. 561 cases were confirmed bacteriologically, but a total of about 1000 cases is estimated. Both sexes were affected equally. The disease mainly occurred in adults; 23% of the patients belonged to the age group of 30 to 39 years. A case fatality rate between 4 to 10% was stated which depended on the facilities of medical treatment. The outbreaks were generally characterized by a protracted propagation. The epidemic was limited to the southern parts of the country within the zone of equatorial climate. A season-related development was observed with a marked increase of the incidence in the dry season. The methods of laboratory diagnosis are described, and the measures of cholera control are reported.", "contents": "The El Tor cholera epidemic in Togo (West Africa) 1970-1972. The course of the El Tor cholera epidemic in Togo (November 1970 to January 1973) is reported. 561 cases were confirmed bacteriologically, but a total of about 1000 cases is estimated. Both sexes were affected equally. The disease mainly occurred in adults; 23% of the patients belonged to the age group of 30 to 39 years. A case fatality rate between 4 to 10% was stated which depended on the facilities of medical treatment. The outbreaks were generally characterized by a protracted propagation. The epidemic was limited to the southern parts of the country within the zone of equatorial climate. A season-related development was observed with a marked increase of the incidence in the dry season. The methods of laboratory diagnosis are described, and the measures of cholera control are reported.", "PMID": 1189026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11019", "title": "Quantitative study of the effect of previous Trichinella spiralis infection on sarcoma 180 ascitic tumor formation in mice.", "content": "Tumor development in HaM/ICR mice inoculated intraperitoneally with Sarcoma 180 (S-180) can be easily quantitated by linear regression analysis of non-destructive measurement of total body mass. This procedure readily separated the postinoculation period into incubation and clinical phases. The former was dependent on S-180 dose, while the latter was not. Trichinella spiralis infection 28 days prior to S-180 challenge produced small but statistically significant increases in the length of both the incubation period and survival time, but did not affect the clinical phase. Administration of tumor cells 56 days followoing the helminthic infection had no detectable effect on any parameter of tumor development studied. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that T. spiralis infection temporarily altered the host reaction to S-180, possibly at the level of non-specific macrophage activity.", "contents": "Quantitative study of the effect of previous Trichinella spiralis infection on sarcoma 180 ascitic tumor formation in mice. Tumor development in HaM/ICR mice inoculated intraperitoneally with Sarcoma 180 (S-180) can be easily quantitated by linear regression analysis of non-destructive measurement of total body mass. This procedure readily separated the postinoculation period into incubation and clinical phases. The former was dependent on S-180 dose, while the latter was not. Trichinella spiralis infection 28 days prior to S-180 challenge produced small but statistically significant increases in the length of both the incubation period and survival time, but did not affect the clinical phase. Administration of tumor cells 56 days followoing the helminthic infection had no detectable effect on any parameter of tumor development studied. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that T. spiralis infection temporarily altered the host reaction to S-180, possibly at the level of non-specific macrophage activity.", "PMID": 1189027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11020", "title": "Sylvatic echinococcosis in Argentina. I. On the morphology and biology of strobilar Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) from domestic and sylvatic animal hosts.", "content": "Dogs were fed larvae of Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) recovered from sheep in Argentina. The morphological characteristics of strobilae recovered from dogs at 28, 60 and 76 days postexposure were compared with those of Echinococcus spp. recovered from naturally infected foxes, Dusicyon clupaeus (Molina) and D. griseus (Gray), and those of worms reared in dogs from larvae in European hares, Lepus europaeus (L.). Only slight differences were observed in characters of taxonomic importance and it was concluded that all cestodes represented a single species, E. granulosus. The results are discussed as they bear on the speciation controversy and the potential epidemiology importance of Dusicyon spp. as hosts of E. granulosus. It was suggested that E. patagonicus Szidat, 1960 previously described from D. culpaeus is conspecific with E. granulosus. E. cepanzoi Szidat, 1971 is probably also a synonym of E. granulosus and the subspecies E. g. dusicyontis Blood and Lelijveld, 1969, is rejected on the grounds that there is no evidence for host specificity and ecological or other segregation from the nominate form. Foxes appear to become infected from scavenging on dead sheep in localities where E. granulosus is endemic in domestic animals. There is still no evidence that E. granulosus is maintained in Argentina in sylvatic cycles.", "contents": "Sylvatic echinococcosis in Argentina. I. On the morphology and biology of strobilar Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) from domestic and sylvatic animal hosts. Dogs were fed larvae of Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) recovered from sheep in Argentina. The morphological characteristics of strobilae recovered from dogs at 28, 60 and 76 days postexposure were compared with those of Echinococcus spp. recovered from naturally infected foxes, Dusicyon clupaeus (Molina) and D. griseus (Gray), and those of worms reared in dogs from larvae in European hares, Lepus europaeus (L.). Only slight differences were observed in characters of taxonomic importance and it was concluded that all cestodes represented a single species, E. granulosus. The results are discussed as they bear on the speciation controversy and the potential epidemiology importance of Dusicyon spp. as hosts of E. granulosus. It was suggested that E. patagonicus Szidat, 1960 previously described from D. culpaeus is conspecific with E. granulosus. E. cepanzoi Szidat, 1971 is probably also a synonym of E. granulosus and the subspecies E. g. dusicyontis Blood and Lelijveld, 1969, is rejected on the grounds that there is no evidence for host specificity and ecological or other segregation from the nominate form. Foxes appear to become infected from scavenging on dead sheep in localities where E. granulosus is endemic in domestic animals. There is still no evidence that E. granulosus is maintained in Argentina in sylvatic cycles.", "PMID": 1189028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11021", "title": "[Studies on the Filariidae of Cervidae in southern Germany. 2. Filariidae of the red deer (Cervus elaphus)].", "content": "In southern Germany many of the red deer are infected with 4 filariid species. The microfilariae of 3 subcutaneous and one intradermal filariae are described. Skin snips were taken according to a regular pattern from the hides of several killed deer. The emerging microfilariae were identified and counted, and the characteristic distribution of each species in the skin was plotted. The adult worms of O. tarsicola are located on the abductor tendons of the tibiotarsal or radiocarpal joints. Some microfilariae are found in the tissues near the adults, but they concentrate at a considerable distance away, in the skin which covers the outer parts of the ears and the nose. The adult worms of O. tubingensis are found in subcutaneous nodules on the caudal part of the back. The microfilariae are distributed on the ventral part of the body with maximum densities in the region of the sternum and with lower densities on the inner sides of the hindlegs. O. flexuosa is also found in nodules on the back and flanks of the deer, while the microfilariae are distributed on the posterior part of the body with maximum densities on the inner sides of the hindlegs. C. wenki lives intradermally on the dorsal part of the trunk. The microfilariae are found in the skin near the adults. The infection rates of 94 red deer investigated during 1907-1974 were high: O. tarsicola 82%, O. tubingensis 23%, O. flexuosa 96%, C. wenki 85%. The prepatent period of all species is no longer than 6 months.", "contents": "[Studies on the Filariidae of Cervidae in southern Germany. 2. Filariidae of the red deer (Cervus elaphus)]. In southern Germany many of the red deer are infected with 4 filariid species. The microfilariae of 3 subcutaneous and one intradermal filariae are described. Skin snips were taken according to a regular pattern from the hides of several killed deer. The emerging microfilariae were identified and counted, and the characteristic distribution of each species in the skin was plotted. The adult worms of O. tarsicola are located on the abductor tendons of the tibiotarsal or radiocarpal joints. Some microfilariae are found in the tissues near the adults, but they concentrate at a considerable distance away, in the skin which covers the outer parts of the ears and the nose. The adult worms of O. tubingensis are found in subcutaneous nodules on the caudal part of the back. The microfilariae are distributed on the ventral part of the body with maximum densities in the region of the sternum and with lower densities on the inner sides of the hindlegs. O. flexuosa is also found in nodules on the back and flanks of the deer, while the microfilariae are distributed on the posterior part of the body with maximum densities on the inner sides of the hindlegs. C. wenki lives intradermally on the dorsal part of the trunk. The microfilariae are found in the skin near the adults. The infection rates of 94 red deer investigated during 1907-1974 were high: O. tarsicola 82%, O. tubingensis 23%, O. flexuosa 96%, C. wenki 85%. The prepatent period of all species is no longer than 6 months.", "PMID": 1189029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11022", "title": "Chemotherapeutic studies on Litomosoides carinii infection of Mastomys natalensis. 6. The filaricidal activity of organophosphorus compounds.", "content": "Several organophosphorus compounds have been evaluated for their efficacy against micro- and macrofilariae in experimental investigations on Litomosoides carinii infection in the multimammate rat Mastomys natalensis. The anthelmintic haloxon proved to be the most effective compound with high activity against microfilariae and a favourable chemotherapeutic range. The organophosphates fenthion, Dursban, metrifonate, coumaphos, crufomate and naphthalophos also showed pronounced microfilaricidal activity but with different and lower chemotherapeutic indices. The preparations chlorfenvinphos, benoxafos, cythioate and imidan proved to be without marked microfilaricidal action at tolerable dose schedules. The organophosphorus compounds did not show any influence on the mobility or viability of the adult worms of Litomosoides carinii.", "contents": "Chemotherapeutic studies on Litomosoides carinii infection of Mastomys natalensis. 6. The filaricidal activity of organophosphorus compounds. Several organophosphorus compounds have been evaluated for their efficacy against micro- and macrofilariae in experimental investigations on Litomosoides carinii infection in the multimammate rat Mastomys natalensis. The anthelmintic haloxon proved to be the most effective compound with high activity against microfilariae and a favourable chemotherapeutic range. The organophosphates fenthion, Dursban, metrifonate, coumaphos, crufomate and naphthalophos also showed pronounced microfilaricidal activity but with different and lower chemotherapeutic indices. The preparations chlorfenvinphos, benoxafos, cythioate and imidan proved to be without marked microfilaricidal action at tolerable dose schedules. The organophosphorus compounds did not show any influence on the mobility or viability of the adult worms of Litomosoides carinii.", "PMID": 1189030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11023", "title": "Preliminary studies on the application of enzyme immunoassay in the detection of antibodies in onchocerciasis.", "content": "Preliminary enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with serum from a patient with onchoceriasis revealed extensive cross-reactions with various nematode antigens. Further tests on a batch of sera from people with proven O. volvulus infections using O. gutturosa antigen, showed that almost all the sera gave higher ELISA values than did control African sera.", "contents": "Preliminary studies on the application of enzyme immunoassay in the detection of antibodies in onchocerciasis. Preliminary enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with serum from a patient with onchoceriasis revealed extensive cross-reactions with various nematode antigens. Further tests on a batch of sera from people with proven O. volvulus infections using O. gutturosa antigen, showed that almost all the sera gave higher ELISA values than did control African sera.", "PMID": 1189031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11024", "title": "On the ecology and distribution of the species of the simulium damnosum complex in different bioclimatic zones of Liberia and Guinea.", "content": "A chromosomal identification of Simulium damnosum material collected in Liberia and Guinea revealed five species of this complex. S. yahense Vajime and Dunbar: Widely distributed in the rain forest zone (Liberia, Southern Guinea) and in the Fouta Djallon mountains. Breeding places typically in small watercourses, shaded streams and narrow rivers. S. sanctipauli Vajime and Dunbar: Restricted to the rain forest zone. Breeding confined to large rivers. S. soubrense Vajime and Dunbar: Breeding established in large and medium rivers under high forest (Liberia) and in the Guinea savanna (head waters of the Niger and its southern tributaries). S. damnosum Theobald: Distributed in the forest zone and Guinea savanna. Breeding in rivers and irrigation systems. S. sirbanum Vajime and Dunbar: Confined to the Northern Guinea savanna. Breeding in rivers and irrigation plants, occasionally in streams arising from lakes. Larvae of S. yahense and S. sanctipauli could be separated by morphological characters. The associations with other blackfly species are discussed.", "contents": "On the ecology and distribution of the species of the simulium damnosum complex in different bioclimatic zones of Liberia and Guinea. A chromosomal identification of Simulium damnosum material collected in Liberia and Guinea revealed five species of this complex. S. yahense Vajime and Dunbar: Widely distributed in the rain forest zone (Liberia, Southern Guinea) and in the Fouta Djallon mountains. Breeding places typically in small watercourses, shaded streams and narrow rivers. S. sanctipauli Vajime and Dunbar: Restricted to the rain forest zone. Breeding confined to large rivers. S. soubrense Vajime and Dunbar: Breeding established in large and medium rivers under high forest (Liberia) and in the Guinea savanna (head waters of the Niger and its southern tributaries). S. damnosum Theobald: Distributed in the forest zone and Guinea savanna. Breeding in rivers and irrigation systems. S. sirbanum Vajime and Dunbar: Confined to the Northern Guinea savanna. Breeding in rivers and irrigation plants, occasionally in streams arising from lakes. Larvae of S. yahense and S. sanctipauli could be separated by morphological characters. The associations with other blackfly species are discussed.", "PMID": 1189032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11025", "title": "[Change in certain indices of the muscle tissue energy metabolism of rats depending on their initial level under the action of vibration].", "content": "The response of isolated muscle tissue of white rats to low-frequency vibration has been studied. It was shown on single individuals that a negative correlation exists between the values of changes in respiration intensity, creatinephosphate, and lactic acid contents, and the initial lewel of these indices. Such individual response of muscles to vibration is a non-specific cellular reaction to injury. Notwithstanding the changes of these indices in single individuals, the average populational level of these indices remains unchanged. Hence, the average level is insufficient for the characteristics of cellular reaction.", "contents": "[Change in certain indices of the muscle tissue energy metabolism of rats depending on their initial level under the action of vibration]. The response of isolated muscle tissue of white rats to low-frequency vibration has been studied. It was shown on single individuals that a negative correlation exists between the values of changes in respiration intensity, creatinephosphate, and lactic acid contents, and the initial lewel of these indices. Such individual response of muscles to vibration is a non-specific cellular reaction to injury. Notwithstanding the changes of these indices in single individuals, the average populational level of these indices remains unchanged. Hence, the average level is insufficient for the characteristics of cellular reaction.", "PMID": 1189033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11026", "title": "[Protein makeup of rabbit myofibrils determined by a disc eletrophoretic method in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate].", "content": "The protein subunit composition of isolated myofibrils of rabbit skeletal muscle is studied by polyacrylamide gel disc-electrophoresis in the presense of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The method of disc-SDS-electrophoresis is described in detail. The electrophoretic patterns of SDS-solubilized myofibrils obtained by disc-SDS-electrophoresis and by SDS-electrophoresis in continuous buffer system according to Weber and Osborn are compared. The former results in a markedly improved resolution and allows to discover some additional protein components, the origin of these additional components being discussed. A standard curve is given for determination of polypeptide chain molecular weights by disc-SDS-electrophoresis.", "contents": "[Protein makeup of rabbit myofibrils determined by a disc eletrophoretic method in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate]. The protein subunit composition of isolated myofibrils of rabbit skeletal muscle is studied by polyacrylamide gel disc-electrophoresis in the presense of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The method of disc-SDS-electrophoresis is described in detail. The electrophoretic patterns of SDS-solubilized myofibrils obtained by disc-SDS-electrophoresis and by SDS-electrophoresis in continuous buffer system according to Weber and Osborn are compared. The former results in a markedly improved resolution and allows to discover some additional protein components, the origin of these additional components being discussed. A standard curve is given for determination of polypeptide chain molecular weights by disc-SDS-electrophoresis.", "PMID": 1189034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11027", "title": "[Tissue-specific depression of DNA synthesis by calcium salt-free liver and lung extracts that are able to increase the stability of cell linkage in the tissue].", "content": "The macromolecular fraction of Ca-free salt extracts (Ca-FSE) removed from lungs and liver of adult rats, mice and fishes inhibits DNA synthesis in the embryonic tissue. The effect of Ca-FSE is tissue-specific rather than species-specific. Ca-FSE was earlier reported to increase with the same specificity the tissue stability to mechanical disruption. A concept is proposed that the tissue-specific adhesive factor may play the role of G1-chalone in epithelial tissue.", "contents": "[Tissue-specific depression of DNA synthesis by calcium salt-free liver and lung extracts that are able to increase the stability of cell linkage in the tissue]. The macromolecular fraction of Ca-free salt extracts (Ca-FSE) removed from lungs and liver of adult rats, mice and fishes inhibits DNA synthesis in the embryonic tissue. The effect of Ca-FSE is tissue-specific rather than species-specific. Ca-FSE was earlier reported to increase with the same specificity the tissue stability to mechanical disruption. A concept is proposed that the tissue-specific adhesive factor may play the role of G1-chalone in epithelial tissue.", "PMID": 1189035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11028", "title": "[Distribution and activity of certain dehydrogenases in the erythropoietic process in pigeons].", "content": "Cytochemical methods were applied for detecting of distribution and dynamics of dehydrogenase activity (H- and M-subunits of lactate dehydrogenase, malate and succinate dehydrogenase) during maturation of pigeon erythrocytes. In the erythroblasts the above enzymes were seen in the whole cell; in reticulocytes - only around the nucleus; in erythrocytes - on the border line between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The cytophotometric data show a decrease in enzymatic activity during maturation being more significant in the period from the erythroblast to reticulocyte development than from the reticulocyte to erythrocyte development.", "contents": "[Distribution and activity of certain dehydrogenases in the erythropoietic process in pigeons]. Cytochemical methods were applied for detecting of distribution and dynamics of dehydrogenase activity (H- and M-subunits of lactate dehydrogenase, malate and succinate dehydrogenase) during maturation of pigeon erythrocytes. In the erythroblasts the above enzymes were seen in the whole cell; in reticulocytes - only around the nucleus; in erythrocytes - on the border line between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The cytophotometric data show a decrease in enzymatic activity during maturation being more significant in the period from the erythroblast to reticulocyte development than from the reticulocyte to erythrocyte development.", "PMID": 1189036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11029", "title": "[Molecular weight characteristics of the proteins of oocytes and of cleavage ova in CBA mice by means of capillary microdisc electrophoresis].", "content": "5-20 oocytes or cleaving embryos of CBA mice were dissolves in 0.2-0.5 ml of 1% buffered sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), and soluble proteins were separated using electrophoresis in capillaries filled with PAA-SDS-gel. The method enabled us to calculate the approximate molecular weight of proteins by relative mobilities and allowed to determine 1-5 mmcg protein in a single band. 7 groups of proteins were identified in mouse oocytes using 10% PAA-0.1% SDS-gel with the following molecular weights: 208 000, 206 000, 155 000, 112 000, 59 000, 40 000 and 30 000, resp. The same groups of protein were discovered in zygotes and cleaving mouse embryos. The molecular weight distribution of low-molecular weight basic proteins of CBA mice is species-specific and reveals a qualitative changes in the early embryogenesis.", "contents": "[Molecular weight characteristics of the proteins of oocytes and of cleavage ova in CBA mice by means of capillary microdisc electrophoresis]. 5-20 oocytes or cleaving embryos of CBA mice were dissolves in 0.2-0.5 ml of 1% buffered sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), and soluble proteins were separated using electrophoresis in capillaries filled with PAA-SDS-gel. The method enabled us to calculate the approximate molecular weight of proteins by relative mobilities and allowed to determine 1-5 mmcg protein in a single band. 7 groups of proteins were identified in mouse oocytes using 10% PAA-0.1% SDS-gel with the following molecular weights: 208 000, 206 000, 155 000, 112 000, 59 000, 40 000 and 30 000, resp. The same groups of protein were discovered in zygotes and cleaving mouse embryos. The molecular weight distribution of low-molecular weight basic proteins of CBA mice is species-specific and reveals a qualitative changes in the early embryogenesis.", "PMID": 1189037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11030", "title": "[Frequency of acrocentric chromosomal associations in children immunized with smallpox vaccine].", "content": "The frequency of associations of acrocentric chromosomes (AAC) diminished on the 7th day after vaccination in children primary vaccinated, primary revaccinated and secondary revaccinated against smallpox. This decrease reached its maximum by the 30th day and returned to its starting point after 6th months after vaccination. The degree of reduction of the frequency of AAC in every immunized children group correlated with the degree of increasing of antihemagglutinin titre. The relation of the number of group D chromosomes involved in AAC to the number of group G chromosomes varied in various individuals, these variations remaining after immunization. It was supposed that in PHA-stimulated lymphocyte cultures the degree of reduction of AAC frequency after vaccination against smallpox is a cytochemical marker of proliferation intensity of T-lymphocytes induced for immunopoiesis.", "contents": "[Frequency of acrocentric chromosomal associations in children immunized with smallpox vaccine]. The frequency of associations of acrocentric chromosomes (AAC) diminished on the 7th day after vaccination in children primary vaccinated, primary revaccinated and secondary revaccinated against smallpox. This decrease reached its maximum by the 30th day and returned to its starting point after 6th months after vaccination. The degree of reduction of the frequency of AAC in every immunized children group correlated with the degree of increasing of antihemagglutinin titre. The relation of the number of group D chromosomes involved in AAC to the number of group G chromosomes varied in various individuals, these variations remaining after immunization. It was supposed that in PHA-stimulated lymphocyte cultures the degree of reduction of AAC frequency after vaccination against smallpox is a cytochemical marker of proliferation intensity of T-lymphocytes induced for immunopoiesis.", "PMID": 1189038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11031", "title": "[Cytogenetic study of the blood cells and lymph nodes in the process of the development of experimental lympholeukosis in calves].", "content": "The karyotypes of peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined in 72 hour cultures in the process of the induced lymphatic leucaemia development in calves, as well as the karyotypes of one-layer transplantated tissue cultures of blood cells and lymph nodules of the same calves. The increase in hyperdiploid cell ratio in all investigated tissue cultures was detected.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic study of the blood cells and lymph nodes in the process of the development of experimental lympholeukosis in calves]. The karyotypes of peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined in 72 hour cultures in the process of the induced lymphatic leucaemia development in calves, as well as the karyotypes of one-layer transplantated tissue cultures of blood cells and lymph nodules of the same calves. The increase in hyperdiploid cell ratio in all investigated tissue cultures was detected.", "PMID": 1189039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11032", "title": "[Distribution of mitoses within a lobule of the rat liver in recovery after various types of injuries].", "content": "The distribution of mitotic activity inside the rat's liver lobe was found to depend on the time that elapsed after the injury. At the early stages, the maximal quantity of mitotic figures in hepatocytes was observed along the periphery of the lobe, being less in the middle parts. At the later stages, mitotic figures were noted around the central veins. With the prolonged injury of the liver, the maximal amount of dividing hepatic cells was localized in the middle sections of the liver.", "contents": "[Distribution of mitoses within a lobule of the rat liver in recovery after various types of injuries]. The distribution of mitotic activity inside the rat's liver lobe was found to depend on the time that elapsed after the injury. At the early stages, the maximal quantity of mitotic figures in hepatocytes was observed along the periphery of the lobe, being less in the middle parts. At the later stages, mitotic figures were noted around the central veins. With the prolonged injury of the liver, the maximal amount of dividing hepatic cells was localized in the middle sections of the liver.", "PMID": 1189040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11033", "title": "[Cytological examination for determining the therapeutic response of prostatic carcinoma to hormonal therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "51 patients with proven prostatic carcinoma stage B-D underwent control aspiration biopsy after hormonal therapy using the Franz\u00e9n needle. The malignancies were classified into three grades and the cytological findings were compared with the malignancy grade of the tumor and the clinical course. At the same time the caryopycnotic index, as determined by swabs from the urethral fossa navicularis was measured in order to determine the serum estrogen level. As the result of the anti-androgenic therapy one finds degenerative changes in the tumor cells. The results showed that the poorer the histological differentiation of the tumor, the lesser was the cytological change. Only 6 of 34 patients with a good hormonal effect showed a progression of the tumor, whereas 16 of 17 patients with a poor hormonal effect showed clinical progression. 70% of the cases demonstrated agreement between the clinical course and the caryopycnotic index. No correlation was found between the caryopycnotic index and the histological grade of the tumor.", "contents": "[Cytological examination for determining the therapeutic response of prostatic carcinoma to hormonal therapy (author's transl)]. 51 patients with proven prostatic carcinoma stage B-D underwent control aspiration biopsy after hormonal therapy using the Franz\u00e9n needle. The malignancies were classified into three grades and the cytological findings were compared with the malignancy grade of the tumor and the clinical course. At the same time the caryopycnotic index, as determined by swabs from the urethral fossa navicularis was measured in order to determine the serum estrogen level. As the result of the anti-androgenic therapy one finds degenerative changes in the tumor cells. The results showed that the poorer the histological differentiation of the tumor, the lesser was the cytological change. Only 6 of 34 patients with a good hormonal effect showed a progression of the tumor, whereas 16 of 17 patients with a poor hormonal effect showed clinical progression. 70% of the cases demonstrated agreement between the clinical course and the caryopycnotic index. No correlation was found between the caryopycnotic index and the histological grade of the tumor.", "PMID": 1189122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11034", "title": "Observations on possible autoimmune therapeutic effects in experimentally produced rat bladder tumors.", "content": "Autoimmune response to normal and tumor bladder tissues in Fisher/Furth rats were obtained. The reaction consisted mainly of severe pericystitis and hemorrhagic lesions. The cellular infiltrate was predominantly lymphocytic including also plasma cells and histiocytes. Serological tests indicated development of host immunological response. 15 of 33 rat bladder tumors involuted entirely in the course of the autoimmune reaction.", "contents": "Observations on possible autoimmune therapeutic effects in experimentally produced rat bladder tumors. Autoimmune response to normal and tumor bladder tissues in Fisher/Furth rats were obtained. The reaction consisted mainly of severe pericystitis and hemorrhagic lesions. The cellular infiltrate was predominantly lymphocytic including also plasma cells and histiocytes. Serological tests indicated development of host immunological response. 15 of 33 rat bladder tumors involuted entirely in the course of the autoimmune reaction.", "PMID": 1189123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11035", "title": "[Internal urethrotomy of urethral strictures in men under endoscopic control].", "content": "From November 1972 to October 1974 190 patients of the \"Urologische Klinik der St\u00e4dt. Krankenanstalten Karlsruhe\" with urethral strictures were treated by internal urethrotomy under endoscopic control with the modified urethrotome from Stortz/Germany. This is a report about short-time results (2-14 months) after treatment. The method is very simple and the effect is controlled by endoscopy. In the first 44 patients we used general or lumbal anaesthesia. In the last patients only local anaesthesia by Instillagel installation into the urethra was used. The short-time results were excellent in 66.8%. We believe that this method points out a new direction in the surgical treatment of urethral strictures.", "contents": "[Internal urethrotomy of urethral strictures in men under endoscopic control]. From November 1972 to October 1974 190 patients of the \"Urologische Klinik der St\u00e4dt. Krankenanstalten Karlsruhe\" with urethral strictures were treated by internal urethrotomy under endoscopic control with the modified urethrotome from Stortz/Germany. This is a report about short-time results (2-14 months) after treatment. The method is very simple and the effect is controlled by endoscopy. In the first 44 patients we used general or lumbal anaesthesia. In the last patients only local anaesthesia by Instillagel installation into the urethra was used. The short-time results were excellent in 66.8%. We believe that this method points out a new direction in the surgical treatment of urethral strictures.", "PMID": 1189124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11036", "title": "[Bladder substitution with continent ileum pouch experimental study on dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Ileum conduit is a good method for supravesical diversion of urine. The disadvantage is, however, that it does not have a reservoir function. For the first time, in 1969 Kock had shown good results with a continent intra-abdominal ileum pouch for feces, and this gave us the idea to try a similar pouch for urine on 15 dogs. To make reservoirs of the small intestine was technically not simple and often led to complications. Urine continency could be attained by invagination of the small intestine. Primary and secondary reflux as well as stenoses of the ureter implantations led in 50% of the cases to ascending infections. Complications of urine reabsorption did not occur. Further studies of the continency, reflux and reabsorption problems indicate that a continent, intra-abdominal ileum pouch for urine will be possible.", "contents": "[Bladder substitution with continent ileum pouch experimental study on dogs (author's transl)]. Ileum conduit is a good method for supravesical diversion of urine. The disadvantage is, however, that it does not have a reservoir function. For the first time, in 1969 Kock had shown good results with a continent intra-abdominal ileum pouch for feces, and this gave us the idea to try a similar pouch for urine on 15 dogs. To make reservoirs of the small intestine was technically not simple and often led to complications. Urine continency could be attained by invagination of the small intestine. Primary and secondary reflux as well as stenoses of the ureter implantations led in 50% of the cases to ascending infections. Complications of urine reabsorption did not occur. Further studies of the continency, reflux and reabsorption problems indicate that a continent, intra-abdominal ileum pouch for urine will be possible.", "PMID": 1189125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11037", "title": "Caliceal urodynamics.", "content": "In this study the author emphasizes the existence of a muscular element that had not been described until now. This muscular element is situated around Malpighi's pyramid and its fibres are followed by the caliceal muscle and the elements that form Henle's peripapillar ring. The systolic and diastolic function of this peripyramidal muscle can be observed in the urographies, during the evacuation of the collector tubules of Bellini, and its synchronization with the next caliceal and pyelic musculature.", "contents": "Caliceal urodynamics. In this study the author emphasizes the existence of a muscular element that had not been described until now. This muscular element is situated around Malpighi's pyramid and its fibres are followed by the caliceal muscle and the elements that form Henle's peripapillar ring. The systolic and diastolic function of this peripyramidal muscle can be observed in the urographies, during the evacuation of the collector tubules of Bellini, and its synchronization with the next caliceal and pyelic musculature.", "PMID": 1189126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11038", "title": "New features in the pathogenesis of renal tuberculosis and their significance for its detection.", "content": "The study of 1,464 cases of renal tuberculosis in 1946-1971 shows that the incidence of this illness has not diminished. The percentage of aged patients and of women has increased. The frequency of previous tuberculosis has decreased and the interval between tuberculosis and renal tuberculosis has increased. These new features show that the role of general pathogenic factors regresses whereas that of local factors progresses. Among the latter, the main factor is a disturbance of the urine outflow from the kidneys. This factor is of particular importance in women who had pathologic pregnancies and deliveries, gynecological diseases and surgery. While the connection of renal tuberculosis with tuberculous diseases diminishes its connection with urogenital conditions is rising. Accordingly, it is necessary to suspect and search for renal tuberculosis in new groups of persons: in older persons, in patients without a history of previous tuberculosis, in patients cured from tuberculosis, in women after obstetrical and gynecological complications, in patients with renal diseases, malformations, etc. Our preventive examinations indicated that nephrotuberculosis can be actively and earlier detected not only in patients with extrarenal tuberculosis but in persons cured from it, and in patients with local urogenital lesions.", "contents": "New features in the pathogenesis of renal tuberculosis and their significance for its detection. The study of 1,464 cases of renal tuberculosis in 1946-1971 shows that the incidence of this illness has not diminished. The percentage of aged patients and of women has increased. The frequency of previous tuberculosis has decreased and the interval between tuberculosis and renal tuberculosis has increased. These new features show that the role of general pathogenic factors regresses whereas that of local factors progresses. Among the latter, the main factor is a disturbance of the urine outflow from the kidneys. This factor is of particular importance in women who had pathologic pregnancies and deliveries, gynecological diseases and surgery. While the connection of renal tuberculosis with tuberculous diseases diminishes its connection with urogenital conditions is rising. Accordingly, it is necessary to suspect and search for renal tuberculosis in new groups of persons: in older persons, in patients without a history of previous tuberculosis, in patients cured from tuberculosis, in women after obstetrical and gynecological complications, in patients with renal diseases, malformations, etc. Our preventive examinations indicated that nephrotuberculosis can be actively and earlier detected not only in patients with extrarenal tuberculosis but in persons cured from it, and in patients with local urogenital lesions.", "PMID": 1189127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11039", "title": "[Neoplasic perineal implantation following needle biopsy (author's transl)].", "content": "The advantages and drawbacks of the different techniques of the prostate needle biopsy are commented. The reasons for always using the percutaneous perineal approach with Vim-Silvermann's needle, modified by Franklin, in our Centre are pointed out. The results obtained in more than 1,500 biopsies performed in the Institute are briefly presented. A clinical report--the second in our records--in which the perineal implantation of a metastatic nodule occurred in the transcutaneous needle biopsy, is also presented. This complication is in fact a very rare one, and we must not forget all the advantages of this diagnostic pattern. After a thorough revision of the world casuistic, we have only been able to find 8 published cases.", "contents": "[Neoplasic perineal implantation following needle biopsy (author's transl)]. The advantages and drawbacks of the different techniques of the prostate needle biopsy are commented. The reasons for always using the percutaneous perineal approach with Vim-Silvermann's needle, modified by Franklin, in our Centre are pointed out. The results obtained in more than 1,500 biopsies performed in the Institute are briefly presented. A clinical report--the second in our records--in which the perineal implantation of a metastatic nodule occurred in the transcutaneous needle biopsy, is also presented. This complication is in fact a very rare one, and we must not forget all the advantages of this diagnostic pattern. After a thorough revision of the world casuistic, we have only been able to find 8 published cases.", "PMID": 1189128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11040", "title": "[Significance of the tuberculin test in the early detection of renal tuberculosis].", "content": "Authors used the tuberculin test (modified Koch's test) in 84 urological patients. In 22 of them, renal tuberculosis was revealed by this test and then confirmed by other methods. Subcutaneous injection of tuberculin in patients with renal tuberculosis was followed with the increase of leucocyturia and erythrocyturia. This reaction was especially expressive in the early stages of renal tuberculosis. The tuberculin test must be widely used in first-stage laboratory investigations in urological patients because it is easy and rapid.", "contents": "[Significance of the tuberculin test in the early detection of renal tuberculosis]. Authors used the tuberculin test (modified Koch's test) in 84 urological patients. In 22 of them, renal tuberculosis was revealed by this test and then confirmed by other methods. Subcutaneous injection of tuberculin in patients with renal tuberculosis was followed with the increase of leucocyturia and erythrocyturia. This reaction was especially expressive in the early stages of renal tuberculosis. The tuberculin test must be widely used in first-stage laboratory investigations in urological patients because it is easy and rapid.", "PMID": 1189129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11041", "title": "[Frequency of the retroaortic left renal vein in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "In 231 adults the frequency and the pattern of the retroaortic left renal vein were studied. We observed a retroaortic left renal vein in 9.09% (\"renal collar\" in 5.62%, single retroaortic left renal vein in 3.46%. According to our results and to the findings in the literature a retroaortic left renal vein can be expected in 13.67% (\"renal collar\" in 9.53%, single retroaortic left renal vein in 4.13%).", "contents": "[Frequency of the retroaortic left renal vein in adults (author's transl)]. In 231 adults the frequency and the pattern of the retroaortic left renal vein were studied. We observed a retroaortic left renal vein in 9.09% (\"renal collar\" in 5.62%, single retroaortic left renal vein in 3.46%. According to our results and to the findings in the literature a retroaortic left renal vein can be expected in 13.67% (\"renal collar\" in 9.53%, single retroaortic left renal vein in 4.13%).", "PMID": 1189130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11042", "title": "[Histological findings of the ureteropelvic junction in congenital hydronephrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Histological investigation of ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) specimens of 21 patients with congenital hydronephrosis revealed in 7 instances pathological changes, which might be responsible for the obstruction. In 15 cases a significant increase of collagenous tissue within the UPJ, along with a relative deficiency of monocytes was noted. Each of the smooth muscle fibers was surrounded by fibrous tissue, which caused interruption of the \"nexus\" function and therefore loss of muscle contractions. The inability of normal muscle contractions within the UPJ might be a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of congenital hydronephrosis.", "contents": "[Histological findings of the ureteropelvic junction in congenital hydronephrosis (author's transl)]. Histological investigation of ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) specimens of 21 patients with congenital hydronephrosis revealed in 7 instances pathological changes, which might be responsible for the obstruction. In 15 cases a significant increase of collagenous tissue within the UPJ, along with a relative deficiency of monocytes was noted. Each of the smooth muscle fibers was surrounded by fibrous tissue, which caused interruption of the \"nexus\" function and therefore loss of muscle contractions. The inability of normal muscle contractions within the UPJ might be a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of congenital hydronephrosis.", "PMID": 1189131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11043", "title": "Statistical properties of the temporal and spatial distribution of interperistaltic intervals and their relationship to pacemaker and respiratory rhythmicity.", "content": "A straightforward method is outlined for the presentation of the temporal and spatial characteristics of interperistaltic intervals obtained from the canine ureter. The fundamental statistical property of ureteral peristaltic contractions is demonstrated to be multimodal. This is characterized by a basic rate and whole number multiples of that rate. The methods for identifying the relationship of peristalsis with the pacemaker and respiratory rate is outlined.", "contents": "Statistical properties of the temporal and spatial distribution of interperistaltic intervals and their relationship to pacemaker and respiratory rhythmicity. A straightforward method is outlined for the presentation of the temporal and spatial characteristics of interperistaltic intervals obtained from the canine ureter. The fundamental statistical property of ureteral peristaltic contractions is demonstrated to be multimodal. This is characterized by a basic rate and whole number multiples of that rate. The methods for identifying the relationship of peristalsis with the pacemaker and respiratory rate is outlined.", "PMID": 1189132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11044", "title": "Simplified method for transvaginal closure of vesicovaginal fistula after hysterectomy.", "content": "The application of a modified Latzko's partial colpocleisis to vesicovaginal fistula occurring after abdominal hysterectomy has been reported. The present method, which is safe and highly effective, can be perfomred with ease by urologists having little experience with transvaginal operations. It is important in performing the present operation to remove the tension on the bladder wall by dissecting the cleavage plane between the vaginal wall and the bladder wall in a distal direction from the denuded area surrounding the fistula.", "contents": "Simplified method for transvaginal closure of vesicovaginal fistula after hysterectomy. The application of a modified Latzko's partial colpocleisis to vesicovaginal fistula occurring after abdominal hysterectomy has been reported. The present method, which is safe and highly effective, can be perfomred with ease by urologists having little experience with transvaginal operations. It is important in performing the present operation to remove the tension on the bladder wall by dissecting the cleavage plane between the vaginal wall and the bladder wall in a distal direction from the denuded area surrounding the fistula.", "PMID": 1189133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11045", "title": "Postoperative improvement of hypertension in primary aldosteronism and Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "In 24 cases of primary aldosteronism and 30 cases of Cushing's syndrome, the incidence of preoperative hypertension and postoperative improvement of hypertension was investigated. All the cases of primary aldosteronism showed preoperative hypertension. Postoperative improvement of hypertension was observed in 21 out of those 24 cases. In 14 of these 21 cases, hypertension improved within 1 month postoperatively. In Cushing's syndrome, 23 out of 30 cases showed preoperative hypertension which improved in 20 cases postoperatively. They needed longer periods of time before improvement of hypertension than the cases of primary aldosteronism. The pathological findings in renal biopsy specimens seem to be correlated with postoperative improvement of hypertension in both diseases.", "contents": "Postoperative improvement of hypertension in primary aldosteronism and Cushing's syndrome. In 24 cases of primary aldosteronism and 30 cases of Cushing's syndrome, the incidence of preoperative hypertension and postoperative improvement of hypertension was investigated. All the cases of primary aldosteronism showed preoperative hypertension. Postoperative improvement of hypertension was observed in 21 out of those 24 cases. In 14 of these 21 cases, hypertension improved within 1 month postoperatively. In Cushing's syndrome, 23 out of 30 cases showed preoperative hypertension which improved in 20 cases postoperatively. They needed longer periods of time before improvement of hypertension than the cases of primary aldosteronism. The pathological findings in renal biopsy specimens seem to be correlated with postoperative improvement of hypertension in both diseases.", "PMID": 1189134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11046", "title": "Localization of the site of recurrent urinary tract infection in women.", "content": "In the past, several laboratory tests, which have included selective straining of the urinary sediment, and observation of the sediment after intravenous administration of bacterial pyrogen or adrenal corticosteroid have been employed in an attempt to distinguish between upper and lower urinary tract infection. In addition, as mentioned in the present report, measurements of O-specific hemagglutinating and other antibody titers, tests of maximal concentrating ability and determination of activity of certain enzymes in the urine have also been proposed as methods for differentiating renal involvement in recurrent bacteriuria. Moreover, in women, the pattern of recurrence, i.e., relapse versus reinfection, has been employed as an indication of the site of infection in women with asymptomatic infection. Although these procedures all may be helpful in characterizing groups of patients, none is specific in individual patients, and to date only bilateral ureteral catheterization has been shown to localize infection with relative certainty. However, ureteral catheterization cannot be justified for the routine evaluation of patients with recurrent bacteriuria. For the time being, it is my feeling that these studies should be reserved primarily as clinical research tools and not be applied routinely in the management of women with recurrent bacteriuria. It is anticipated that the greater availability of typing sera, coupled with a clearer definition and description of population groups studied, eventually will lead to a rational approach to these infections.", "contents": "Localization of the site of recurrent urinary tract infection in women. In the past, several laboratory tests, which have included selective straining of the urinary sediment, and observation of the sediment after intravenous administration of bacterial pyrogen or adrenal corticosteroid have been employed in an attempt to distinguish between upper and lower urinary tract infection. In addition, as mentioned in the present report, measurements of O-specific hemagglutinating and other antibody titers, tests of maximal concentrating ability and determination of activity of certain enzymes in the urine have also been proposed as methods for differentiating renal involvement in recurrent bacteriuria. Moreover, in women, the pattern of recurrence, i.e., relapse versus reinfection, has been employed as an indication of the site of infection in women with asymptomatic infection. Although these procedures all may be helpful in characterizing groups of patients, none is specific in individual patients, and to date only bilateral ureteral catheterization has been shown to localize infection with relative certainty. However, ureteral catheterization cannot be justified for the routine evaluation of patients with recurrent bacteriuria. For the time being, it is my feeling that these studies should be reserved primarily as clinical research tools and not be applied routinely in the management of women with recurrent bacteriuria. It is anticipated that the greater availability of typing sera, coupled with a clearer definition and description of population groups studied, eventually will lead to a rational approach to these infections.", "PMID": 1189135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11047", "title": "Renal papillary morphology and intrarenal reflux in the young pig.", "content": "Intrarenal reflux in piglets has been related to the morphology of individual renal papillae. These studies show that intrarenal reflux occurs only in the presence of the more extensively fused papillae found predominantly at the upper and lower poles of the kidney. These papillae each have a flattened or concave area cribrosa with large open papillary ducts which cannot be closed by a rise in intracalyceal pressure. In contrast intrarenal reflux never occurs into cone-shaped papillae seen most commonly in the mid-zone of the kidney, which have easily closed, oblique, slit-like papillary duct orifices. The significance of these findings in relation to the genesis of chronic pyelonephritic scarring is discussed.", "contents": "Renal papillary morphology and intrarenal reflux in the young pig. Intrarenal reflux in piglets has been related to the morphology of individual renal papillae. These studies show that intrarenal reflux occurs only in the presence of the more extensively fused papillae found predominantly at the upper and lower poles of the kidney. These papillae each have a flattened or concave area cribrosa with large open papillary ducts which cannot be closed by a rise in intracalyceal pressure. In contrast intrarenal reflux never occurs into cone-shaped papillae seen most commonly in the mid-zone of the kidney, which have easily closed, oblique, slit-like papillary duct orifices. The significance of these findings in relation to the genesis of chronic pyelonephritic scarring is discussed.", "PMID": 1189137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11048", "title": "Renal papillary morphology in infants and young children.", "content": "The morphology of the renal papillae was studied in a series of necropsy kidneys from infants and young children, and related to experimental data obtained in piglets. As in the piglet, extensively fused papillae of the type associated with intrarenal reflux occurred almost exclusively at the upper and lower poles of the kidney. However, the incidence of this kind of papilla was much lower in the children's kidneys, and in over a quarter of the specimens examined only cone-shaped papillae were found; this latter type of papilla is never associated with intrarenal reflux in the piglet.", "contents": "Renal papillary morphology in infants and young children. The morphology of the renal papillae was studied in a series of necropsy kidneys from infants and young children, and related to experimental data obtained in piglets. As in the piglet, extensively fused papillae of the type associated with intrarenal reflux occurred almost exclusively at the upper and lower poles of the kidney. However, the incidence of this kind of papilla was much lower in the children's kidneys, and in over a quarter of the specimens examined only cone-shaped papillae were found; this latter type of papilla is never associated with intrarenal reflux in the piglet.", "PMID": 1189138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11049", "title": "Tubular dimensions and juxtaglomerular granulation index in rat kidneys after unilateral obstruction of the ureter. A study of the morphogenesis of hydronephrosis.", "content": "The effect of ligation of a ureter on the tissues in the kidneys in male Wistar rats was studied by morphometry. Dilation of the lumen in the obstructed kidney persisted after ligation only in distal convolutions and collecting ducts. Swelling of epithelial cells in the obstructed kidney was noted only in the distal convolutions and collecting ducts. The Juxtaglomerular Granulation Index (JGI) in the obstructed kidney increased to a maximum 7 days after ligation of the ureter. In the control kidney the lumen of Bowman's space was expanded, epithelial cells in both proximal and distal parts of the nephron were swollen, and the JGI was increased after ligation of the contralateral ureter. The morphological findings support the assumption that reduced cortical blood flow and decreased intratubular flow are the cause of proximal tubular atrophy rather than a persisting increase of proximal intratubular pressure.", "contents": "Tubular dimensions and juxtaglomerular granulation index in rat kidneys after unilateral obstruction of the ureter. A study of the morphogenesis of hydronephrosis. The effect of ligation of a ureter on the tissues in the kidneys in male Wistar rats was studied by morphometry. Dilation of the lumen in the obstructed kidney persisted after ligation only in distal convolutions and collecting ducts. Swelling of epithelial cells in the obstructed kidney was noted only in the distal convolutions and collecting ducts. The Juxtaglomerular Granulation Index (JGI) in the obstructed kidney increased to a maximum 7 days after ligation of the ureter. In the control kidney the lumen of Bowman's space was expanded, epithelial cells in both proximal and distal parts of the nephron were swollen, and the JGI was increased after ligation of the contralateral ureter. The morphological findings support the assumption that reduced cortical blood flow and decreased intratubular flow are the cause of proximal tubular atrophy rather than a persisting increase of proximal intratubular pressure.", "PMID": 1189139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11050", "title": "Role of lactogen in prostatic physiology.", "content": "Lactogen causes binding of testosterone to human prostate and therapy increases steroid enhancement of acid phosphatase activity of the tissue. Diminished response to steroid of tissue treated with lactogen antibody is interpreted as evidence of inactivation of endogenous lactogen associated with the tissue. This is the first time that steroid-lactogen-phosphatase interaction has been demonstrated in vitro.", "contents": "Role of lactogen in prostatic physiology. Lactogen causes binding of testosterone to human prostate and therapy increases steroid enhancement of acid phosphatase activity of the tissue. Diminished response to steroid of tissue treated with lactogen antibody is interpreted as evidence of inactivation of endogenous lactogen associated with the tissue. This is the first time that steroid-lactogen-phosphatase interaction has been demonstrated in vitro.", "PMID": 1189140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11051", "title": "Treatment of urinary incontinence by the Scott-Bradley-Timm artificial sphincter. A report of eight cases.", "content": "Eight patients were treated with an implantable artificial urinary sphincter. Five patients had neurogenic bladders, two had postprostatectomy incontinence and one severe recurring stress incontinence. The main problem was mechanical failure of the device in four patients. The present results (follow up two to ten months) may be classified as satisfactory in six and unsatisfactory in two patients.", "contents": "Treatment of urinary incontinence by the Scott-Bradley-Timm artificial sphincter. A report of eight cases. Eight patients were treated with an implantable artificial urinary sphincter. Five patients had neurogenic bladders, two had postprostatectomy incontinence and one severe recurring stress incontinence. The main problem was mechanical failure of the device in four patients. The present results (follow up two to ten months) may be classified as satisfactory in six and unsatisfactory in two patients.", "PMID": 1189141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11052", "title": "\"Positive\" bone scan--a contraindication to surgery?", "content": "Eleven patients with urologic cancer had an abnormal 99mTc (technetium-99m) bone scan as the sole evidence of metastatic disease. Potentially curative therapy should not be withheld on the basis of a \"positive\" bone scan if such an area is accessible to selected bone biopsy and proves to be negative for tumor histologically.", "contents": "\"Positive\" bone scan--a contraindication to surgery? Eleven patients with urologic cancer had an abnormal 99mTc (technetium-99m) bone scan as the sole evidence of metastatic disease. Potentially curative therapy should not be withheld on the basis of a \"positive\" bone scan if such an area is accessible to selected bone biopsy and proves to be negative for tumor histologically.", "PMID": 1189142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11053", "title": "Response of renal adenocarcinoma to cyclophosphamide.", "content": "A group of patients with metastatic renal adenocarcinoma was treated with cyclophosphamide. No antitumor effect was noted and, probably, enhancement of neoplastic growth was produced in some cases. Compared with other available therapies, a shorter survival rate was noted.", "contents": "Response of renal adenocarcinoma to cyclophosphamide. A group of patients with metastatic renal adenocarcinoma was treated with cyclophosphamide. No antitumor effect was noted and, probably, enhancement of neoplastic growth was produced in some cases. Compared with other available therapies, a shorter survival rate was noted.", "PMID": 1189143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11054", "title": "Two-stage urethroplasty. Improved method for treating bulbomembranous strictures.", "content": "Twelve years' experience with a two-stage urethroplasty for the surgical management of severe and complicated urethral strictures in 200 patients is summarized. The techniques used, including a modification of the Johanson urethroplasty for bulbomembranous urethral strictures and for multiple strictures without splitting the scrotum, are discussed. The most usual complications of these procedures are reported, as well as how to deal with them, and long-term final results are given. The principles of these procedures are surgically sound, considering the pathology of the strictures. At no time after urethroplasty were urethral dilatations necessary in these 200 patients.", "contents": "Two-stage urethroplasty. Improved method for treating bulbomembranous strictures. Twelve years' experience with a two-stage urethroplasty for the surgical management of severe and complicated urethral strictures in 200 patients is summarized. The techniques used, including a modification of the Johanson urethroplasty for bulbomembranous urethral strictures and for multiple strictures without splitting the scrotum, are discussed. The most usual complications of these procedures are reported, as well as how to deal with them, and long-term final results are given. The principles of these procedures are surgically sound, considering the pathology of the strictures. At no time after urethroplasty were urethral dilatations necessary in these 200 patients.", "PMID": 1189144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11055", "title": "Congenital proximal bulbar stricture in adults.", "content": "Congenital proximal bulbar stricture in adults is a definite clinical entity and should be looked for in adults with obscure urinary symptoms. The stricture is usually short and can be demonstrated with a voiding cystogram, urethrogram, and urethroscopy. The condition is thought to be due to incomplete rupture of the cloacal membrane at its junction with the urogenital sinus. The stricture can be treated easily by internal urethrotomy and/or urethral dilatation.", "contents": "Congenital proximal bulbar stricture in adults. Congenital proximal bulbar stricture in adults is a definite clinical entity and should be looked for in adults with obscure urinary symptoms. The stricture is usually short and can be demonstrated with a voiding cystogram, urethrogram, and urethroscopy. The condition is thought to be due to incomplete rupture of the cloacal membrane at its junction with the urogenital sinus. The stricture can be treated easily by internal urethrotomy and/or urethral dilatation.", "PMID": 1189145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11056", "title": "Traumatic lymphangitis of penis.", "content": "The appearance of a firm, nodular, cord-like structure in the coronal sulcus of the penis has heretofore been considered and reported in the urologic literature as thrombophlebitis of the superficial veins. Further study and review of the literature reveal this condition to be a traumatic lymphangitis which is directly related to sexual trauma and runs a short, asymptomatic, self-limited course.", "contents": "Traumatic lymphangitis of penis. The appearance of a firm, nodular, cord-like structure in the coronal sulcus of the penis has heretofore been considered and reported in the urologic literature as thrombophlebitis of the superficial veins. Further study and review of the literature reveal this condition to be a traumatic lymphangitis which is directly related to sexual trauma and runs a short, asymptomatic, self-limited course.", "PMID": 1189146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11057", "title": "Hypernephroma in children.", "content": "Two cases of childhood hypernephroma are presented, bringing to 88 the number of cases of this unusual tumor authenticated in the literature. Both children were black males, four and eight years old. Both had Stage II right renal lesions which were treated with radical nephrectomy and postoperative irradiation. One has been followed up for over seven years and is free of disease. A brief summary of the incidence, treatment, and prognosis of this unusual childhood malignancy is presented.", "contents": "Hypernephroma in children. Two cases of childhood hypernephroma are presented, bringing to 88 the number of cases of this unusual tumor authenticated in the literature. Both children were black males, four and eight years old. Both had Stage II right renal lesions which were treated with radical nephrectomy and postoperative irradiation. One has been followed up for over seven years and is free of disease. A brief summary of the incidence, treatment, and prognosis of this unusual childhood malignancy is presented.", "PMID": 1189147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11058", "title": "Ureteropelvic obstruction of duplex kidney.", "content": "Herein is reported a case in which congenital ureteropelvic obstruction was complicated by renal duplication. A dismembered pyeloplasty requiring two anastomoses was performed.", "contents": "Ureteropelvic obstruction of duplex kidney. Herein is reported a case in which congenital ureteropelvic obstruction was complicated by renal duplication. A dismembered pyeloplasty requiring two anastomoses was performed.", "PMID": 1189148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11059", "title": "Unusual presentation of cecoureterocele.", "content": "A three-year-old female had a nephroureterectomy for a hydronephrotic left kidney with a total duplicated collecting system. Postoperatively urinary retention developed which was found to be secondary to a previously nonobstructive cecoureterocele. A brief review of cecoureteroceles is given along with the possible cause of this unusual presentation.", "contents": "Unusual presentation of cecoureterocele. A three-year-old female had a nephroureterectomy for a hydronephrotic left kidney with a total duplicated collecting system. Postoperatively urinary retention developed which was found to be secondary to a previously nonobstructive cecoureterocele. A brief review of cecoureteroceles is given along with the possible cause of this unusual presentation.", "PMID": 1189149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11060", "title": "Pelvic lipomatosis: effect of diet.", "content": "Pelvic lipomatosis is a disease of dense infiltration of benign fatty tissue within the confines of the deep bony pelvis. A case is reported of an obese, hypertensive, thirty-nine-year-old black man with the typical clinical and radiographic features of pelvic lipomatosis. Prolonged fasting produced an extensive weight loss and profound resolution of his presenting symptoms, signs, and radiologic abnormalities. Subsequent regain of weight resulted in the reappearance of the disorder, confirming that pelvic lipomatosis may be a disease of accelerated and excessive fat deposition which can be reversed by dietary restriction. The literature pertaining to pelvic lipomatosis is reviewed in detail.", "contents": "Pelvic lipomatosis: effect of diet. Pelvic lipomatosis is a disease of dense infiltration of benign fatty tissue within the confines of the deep bony pelvis. A case is reported of an obese, hypertensive, thirty-nine-year-old black man with the typical clinical and radiographic features of pelvic lipomatosis. Prolonged fasting produced an extensive weight loss and profound resolution of his presenting symptoms, signs, and radiologic abnormalities. Subsequent regain of weight resulted in the reappearance of the disorder, confirming that pelvic lipomatosis may be a disease of accelerated and excessive fat deposition which can be reversed by dietary restriction. The literature pertaining to pelvic lipomatosis is reviewed in detail.", "PMID": 1189150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11061", "title": "Late spontaneous rupture of ileal conduit.", "content": "A case of late spontaneous rupture of an ileal conduit, obstructed by a fibrous band, is presented. Resection of the proximal segment of the conduit bearing the perforation resulted in complete recovery.", "contents": "Late spontaneous rupture of ileal conduit. A case of late spontaneous rupture of an ileal conduit, obstructed by a fibrous band, is presented. Resection of the proximal segment of the conduit bearing the perforation resulted in complete recovery.", "PMID": 1189151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11062", "title": "Adenomatoid tumors (mesothelioma) of testicular and paratesticular tissue.", "content": "Fourteen cases of adenomatoid tumor of the paratesticular tissues are presented. The clinical presentation and histopathologic aspects are discussed. Two hundred and three cases from the English literature are reviewed, and the clinical presentation, natural history, malignant changes, histopathologic aspects, and possible hormonal associations are discussed.", "contents": "Adenomatoid tumors (mesothelioma) of testicular and paratesticular tissue. Fourteen cases of adenomatoid tumor of the paratesticular tissues are presented. The clinical presentation and histopathologic aspects are discussed. Two hundred and three cases from the English literature are reviewed, and the clinical presentation, natural history, malignant changes, histopathologic aspects, and possible hormonal associations are discussed.", "PMID": 1189154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11063", "title": "Angiomyolipoma and renal cell carcinoma in same kidney.", "content": "A case of renal cell carcinoma and angiomyolipoma occurring in the same kidney in a patient without stigmata of tuberous sclerosis is reported. This case was managed as malignant renal tumor, and the patient underwent radical nephrectomy. Urologic and angiographic literature regarding angiomyolipoma is reviewed, and we find the neovascularity of this benign tumor is only rarely distinguishable from malignant renal tumor.", "contents": "Angiomyolipoma and renal cell carcinoma in same kidney. A case of renal cell carcinoma and angiomyolipoma occurring in the same kidney in a patient without stigmata of tuberous sclerosis is reported. This case was managed as malignant renal tumor, and the patient underwent radical nephrectomy. Urologic and angiographic literature regarding angiomyolipoma is reviewed, and we find the neovascularity of this benign tumor is only rarely distinguishable from malignant renal tumor.", "PMID": 1189156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11064", "title": "Renal vascular hypertension secondary to renal arterial aneurysm.", "content": "A case is reported of a ten-year-old boy with hypertension with a fusiform aneurysm and an intrarenal arterial malformation similar to a cirsoid aneurysm in the same kidney. Renal vein renin values were elevated. The cause, classification, pathologic anatomy, relationship between aneurysm and hypertension, and treatment are discussed. The patient was cured by nephrectomy.", "contents": "Renal vascular hypertension secondary to renal arterial aneurysm. A case is reported of a ten-year-old boy with hypertension with a fusiform aneurysm and an intrarenal arterial malformation similar to a cirsoid aneurysm in the same kidney. Renal vein renin values were elevated. The cause, classification, pathologic anatomy, relationship between aneurysm and hypertension, and treatment are discussed. The patient was cured by nephrectomy.", "PMID": 1189157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11065", "title": "Ultrasonic B-mode scanning for invasive transitional cell carcinoma of kidney.", "content": "Ultrasonic B-mode scanning of renal masses has been reported to be accurate in differentiating cysts from solid masses. Invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney can appear anechoic on ultrasound scanning. Two patients demonstrating this fact and its implications form the basis of this report.", "contents": "Ultrasonic B-mode scanning for invasive transitional cell carcinoma of kidney. Ultrasonic B-mode scanning of renal masses has been reported to be accurate in differentiating cysts from solid masses. Invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney can appear anechoic on ultrasound scanning. Two patients demonstrating this fact and its implications form the basis of this report.", "PMID": 1189158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11066", "title": "Cystometry. V. Bladder sensation.", "content": "Bladder sensation is an important variable in cystometry. Sensory complaints are a valuable portion of the history which may be further defined and documented by the cystometric examination.", "contents": "Cystometry. V. Bladder sensation. Bladder sensation is an important variable in cystometry. Sensory complaints are a valuable portion of the history which may be further defined and documented by the cystometric examination.", "PMID": 1189159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11067", "title": "Morhea-form basal cell carcinomas of the canthi.", "content": "Basal cell carcinoma is not a single entity, but a lesion of protean morphology. In treating basal cell carcinomas, treatment should be correlated with the histopathology of the tumor. Attention has been called to the aggressive infiltrating properties of morphea-form lesions. Morphea-form basal cell carcinomas should not be treated with radiotherapy. Surgery with frozen section control is advocated as the treatment of choice and the value of permanent sections has been stressed. Large defects should be covered with a skin graft.", "contents": "Morhea-form basal cell carcinomas of the canthi. Basal cell carcinoma is not a single entity, but a lesion of protean morphology. In treating basal cell carcinomas, treatment should be correlated with the histopathology of the tumor. Attention has been called to the aggressive infiltrating properties of morphea-form lesions. Morphea-form basal cell carcinomas should not be treated with radiotherapy. Surgery with frozen section control is advocated as the treatment of choice and the value of permanent sections has been stressed. Large defects should be covered with a skin graft.", "PMID": 1189160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11068", "title": "Surgical removal of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids utilizing frozen section control.", "content": "A total of 157 eyelid basal cell carcinomas were surgically excised during an 18-year period. All lesions were submitted for histologic examination to determine the adequacy of excision and 72% had frozen section evaluation at the time of surgery. Complete resection was attained in 97.5% of cases. There were no recurrences reported. Postoperative problems occurred in 8% of patients but all were corrected by secondary surgical procedures.", "contents": "Surgical removal of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids utilizing frozen section control. A total of 157 eyelid basal cell carcinomas were surgically excised during an 18-year period. All lesions were submitted for histologic examination to determine the adequacy of excision and 72% had frozen section evaluation at the time of surgery. Complete resection was attained in 97.5% of cases. There were no recurrences reported. Postoperative problems occurred in 8% of patients but all were corrected by secondary surgical procedures.", "PMID": 1189162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11069", "title": "Observations on the treatment of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids. The Wendell L. Huges Lecture.", "content": "A brief discussion of the treatment of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids has given. It implies that, as usually done, surgery is good. It is uncertain, however, and leaves much to be desired. By looking into the control techniques that should be available, and by taking the time and trouble to use them, the surgeon should attain much better results than he has in the past. It is suggested that cryosurgery may be the preferred method of treatment for many ofthose who wish to avoid surgery for reasons of health, age, time, inconvenience, and cost. This is true only if these individuals are willing to accept the cosmetic disadvantages of depigmentation and loss of lashes. It is hoped that other ophthalmic plastic surgeons will look into this modality and evaluate it critically before casting it aside as a poor substitute for the knife.", "contents": "Observations on the treatment of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids. The Wendell L. Huges Lecture. A brief discussion of the treatment of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids has given. It implies that, as usually done, surgery is good. It is uncertain, however, and leaves much to be desired. By looking into the control techniques that should be available, and by taking the time and trouble to use them, the surgeon should attain much better results than he has in the past. It is suggested that cryosurgery may be the preferred method of treatment for many ofthose who wish to avoid surgery for reasons of health, age, time, inconvenience, and cost. This is true only if these individuals are willing to accept the cosmetic disadvantages of depigmentation and loss of lashes. It is hoped that other ophthalmic plastic surgeons will look into this modality and evaluate it critically before casting it aside as a poor substitute for the knife.", "PMID": 1189163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11070", "title": "The surgical treatment of undercorrected esotropia: an evaluation of the effect of recession of the medial rectus muscle 13.5 mm from the limbus.", "content": "Nineteen patients with residual esotropia following conventional maximum horizontal recess-resect surgery were treated by further recession of the medial rectus muscle to a point 13.5 mm from the limbus. Six of these patients also underwent an 8-mm resection of the ipsilateral lateral rectus in addition to the medial recession. Eighteen of the patients achieved a good to excellent cosmetic result in the primary position. One patient was markedly overcorrected probably secondary to an unwarranted lateral rectus resection. Most of the patients showed some mild limitation of adduction, but this was generally not a significant cosmetic or functional defect. The degree of limitation seen was no greater than that which has been observed in similar patients treated by marginal myotomy. Recession of the medial rectus muscle 13.5 mm from the limbus seems to be a safe and effective method of treating surgically undercorrected esotropia.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of undercorrected esotropia: an evaluation of the effect of recession of the medial rectus muscle 13.5 mm from the limbus. Nineteen patients with residual esotropia following conventional maximum horizontal recess-resect surgery were treated by further recession of the medial rectus muscle to a point 13.5 mm from the limbus. Six of these patients also underwent an 8-mm resection of the ipsilateral lateral rectus in addition to the medial recession. Eighteen of the patients achieved a good to excellent cosmetic result in the primary position. One patient was markedly overcorrected probably secondary to an unwarranted lateral rectus resection. Most of the patients showed some mild limitation of adduction, but this was generally not a significant cosmetic or functional defect. The degree of limitation seen was no greater than that which has been observed in similar patients treated by marginal myotomy. Recession of the medial rectus muscle 13.5 mm from the limbus seems to be a safe and effective method of treating surgically undercorrected esotropia.", "PMID": 1189172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11071", "title": "[Apparatus for extrafocal transosseous compression-distraction osteosynthesis].", "content": "An apparatus suggested by the author for extrafocal transosseous osteosynthesis consists of cross pins, pin holders, sectional base square frames, arms with a clamp, shafts, screwed connection and guides. The apparatus was utilized in treatment of 17 patients with closed (in 13 patients) and open (in 3 patients) fractures of crural bones. The technic of applying this device is described. According to the author's data the use of this apparatus for extrafocal transosseous osteosynthesis has enabled to gain a greater efficacy of fixation and facilitated a reposition of bone fragments, also it shortened the period of the apparatus application, its management being much easier than otherwise.", "contents": "[Apparatus for extrafocal transosseous compression-distraction osteosynthesis]. An apparatus suggested by the author for extrafocal transosseous osteosynthesis consists of cross pins, pin holders, sectional base square frames, arms with a clamp, shafts, screwed connection and guides. The apparatus was utilized in treatment of 17 patients with closed (in 13 patients) and open (in 3 patients) fractures of crural bones. The technic of applying this device is described. According to the author's data the use of this apparatus for extrafocal transosseous osteosynthesis has enabled to gain a greater efficacy of fixation and facilitated a reposition of bone fragments, also it shortened the period of the apparatus application, its management being much easier than otherwise.", "PMID": 1189197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11072", "title": "[Outcome of conservative treatment of traumatic hip dislocation].", "content": "The authors report an analysis of the results obtained after conservative therapy for femoral dislocations. Reduction of luxations was accomplished after the Djanalidze and Kocher method with subsequent immobilization of the extremity by means of skeletal extension, plaster cast and bandaging one leg to the other. The results proved to be different depending on the technic of reduction employed, fixation of the extremity and its duration, and the start of the weight-bearing on the injured extremity. Some recommendations on prophylaxis of arthroses immediately after femoral dislocation are given.", "contents": "[Outcome of conservative treatment of traumatic hip dislocation]. The authors report an analysis of the results obtained after conservative therapy for femoral dislocations. Reduction of luxations was accomplished after the Djanalidze and Kocher method with subsequent immobilization of the extremity by means of skeletal extension, plaster cast and bandaging one leg to the other. The results proved to be different depending on the technic of reduction employed, fixation of the extremity and its duration, and the start of the weight-bearing on the injured extremity. Some recommendations on prophylaxis of arthroses immediately after femoral dislocation are given.", "PMID": 1189198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11073", "title": "[Hypothermia during general anesthesia and methods of its prevention].", "content": "In the article great attention is paid to prophylaxis of hypothermal disturbances in heat exchange during the process of general anesthesia, it comprises the use of complex methods of protection against hypothermia. It is the authors' opinion that the state of thermal balance should be followed as carefully during general anesthesia as hemostatic indices, since normothermia improved considerably the clinical course of narcosis and postoperative period, as well.", "contents": "[Hypothermia during general anesthesia and methods of its prevention]. In the article great attention is paid to prophylaxis of hypothermal disturbances in heat exchange during the process of general anesthesia, it comprises the use of complex methods of protection against hypothermia. It is the authors' opinion that the state of thermal balance should be followed as carefully during general anesthesia as hemostatic indices, since normothermia improved considerably the clinical course of narcosis and postoperative period, as well.", "PMID": 1189200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11074", "title": "[Benign neurogenic tumors of the stomach].", "content": "Case reports of 27 patients showing neurogenic gastric tumors have been studied. Based on their personal data, the authors draw a conclusion on frequent development of neurogenic tumors in patients with persistant gastric anamnesis. A description of the clinical course, roentgenological symptomatology and therapeutic policy is given. Surgical tactics is outlined taking into account localization, forms of tumor size and growth.", "contents": "[Benign neurogenic tumors of the stomach]. Case reports of 27 patients showing neurogenic gastric tumors have been studied. Based on their personal data, the authors draw a conclusion on frequent development of neurogenic tumors in patients with persistant gastric anamnesis. A description of the clinical course, roentgenological symptomatology and therapeutic policy is given. Surgical tactics is outlined taking into account localization, forms of tumor size and growth.", "PMID": 1189209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11075", "title": "[Removal of polyps from the stomach and large intestine through a fiberscope].", "content": "Polypectomy was performed with a special device (a loop and scissors) inserted via the biopsy canal of a fibroscope. During polypectomy diathermic currents from a commerical electric knife are used. An experience with 67 polypectomies has shown that this operation requirs no special pre- and postoperative measures. Failures of polypectomy were as follows: inadequate polypectomy and development of pseudorecurrences, \"a loss\" of a polyp during its removal, an impossibility ot loop a polyp. Complications that may appear are described.", "contents": "[Removal of polyps from the stomach and large intestine through a fiberscope]. Polypectomy was performed with a special device (a loop and scissors) inserted via the biopsy canal of a fibroscope. During polypectomy diathermic currents from a commerical electric knife are used. An experience with 67 polypectomies has shown that this operation requirs no special pre- and postoperative measures. Failures of polypectomy were as follows: inadequate polypectomy and development of pseudorecurrences, \"a loss\" of a polyp during its removal, an impossibility ot loop a polyp. Complications that may appear are described.", "PMID": 1189210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11076", "title": "[Dysembryonal tumors of the lung].", "content": "Dysembryonal tumors of the lung occur 50 times as rarely as malignant ones, and their differential diagnosis is rather difficult. Enucleation of a tumor with subsequent suturing of the bed is felt to be the rational tactics in treatment of such neoplasms. A rapid survey biopsy intraoperatively seems to be absolutely necessary.", "contents": "[Dysembryonal tumors of the lung]. Dysembryonal tumors of the lung occur 50 times as rarely as malignant ones, and their differential diagnosis is rather difficult. Enucleation of a tumor with subsequent suturing of the bed is felt to be the rational tactics in treatment of such neoplasms. A rapid survey biopsy intraoperatively seems to be absolutely necessary.", "PMID": 1189211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11077", "title": "[Exocrine function of the pancreas in patients with peptic ulcer at remote periods after stomach resection].", "content": "External secretion of the pancreas was studied in 123 patients suffering ulcerous disease of the stomach and duodenum, in whom gastric resection was performed. The best indices of external secretion in patients operated upon after the Hofmeister-Finsterer technic seem to be conditioned by the fact that in such operative technic no abducent loop syndrome or duodenostasis develop, aggravating the function of the whole hepato-pancreato-duodenal system.", "contents": "[Exocrine function of the pancreas in patients with peptic ulcer at remote periods after stomach resection]. External secretion of the pancreas was studied in 123 patients suffering ulcerous disease of the stomach and duodenum, in whom gastric resection was performed. The best indices of external secretion in patients operated upon after the Hofmeister-Finsterer technic seem to be conditioned by the fact that in such operative technic no abducent loop syndrome or duodenostasis develop, aggravating the function of the whole hepato-pancreato-duodenal system.", "PMID": 1189212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11078", "title": "[Changes in the phagocytic activity of leukocytes in patients with acute appendicitis].", "content": "The phagocytic activity of leucocytes in different forms of acute appendicitis in 126 patients has been studied. The phagocytic activity of leucocytes in patients with acute appendicitis a day after the operation was found to be reduced, a decrease being more pronounced in patients with a gangrenous form. It is felt that, although not being a specific reaction, the phagocytosis indices along with other clinical and laboratory investigations reflect the status of protective forces of the organism and contribute to recognition of associated complications.", "contents": "[Changes in the phagocytic activity of leukocytes in patients with acute appendicitis]. The phagocytic activity of leucocytes in different forms of acute appendicitis in 126 patients has been studied. The phagocytic activity of leucocytes in patients with acute appendicitis a day after the operation was found to be reduced, a decrease being more pronounced in patients with a gangrenous form. It is felt that, although not being a specific reaction, the phagocytosis indices along with other clinical and laboratory investigations reflect the status of protective forces of the organism and contribute to recognition of associated complications.", "PMID": 1189213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11079", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis].", "content": "Among 5.100 patients operated upon with a preoperative diagnosis of \"acute appendicitis\" the diagnosis proved to be erroneous in 85. Thirty seven of them need no operative intervention, in 48 patients an urgent operation was obsolutely necessary but for other acute diseases of the abdominal organs. Frequently, the cause of errors was non-atypical clinical course of the disease. A great number of cases of wrong diagnosis were due to inadequately collected anamnesis, incomplete clinical investigation of a patient.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis]. Among 5.100 patients operated upon with a preoperative diagnosis of \"acute appendicitis\" the diagnosis proved to be erroneous in 85. Thirty seven of them need no operative intervention, in 48 patients an urgent operation was obsolutely necessary but for other acute diseases of the abdominal organs. Frequently, the cause of errors was non-atypical clinical course of the disease. A great number of cases of wrong diagnosis were due to inadequately collected anamnesis, incomplete clinical investigation of a patient.", "PMID": 1189214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11080", "title": "[Carcinoid tumors of the vermiform process].", "content": "An analysis of 11127 appendectomies has been made, among which carcinoid of the appendicular process was revealed in 8 cases. The carcinoid was diagnosed histologically. It is the authors' opinion that determination of the serotonin level in blood and 5-hydroxy-indol acetic acid in urine would permit to judge the activity of the carcinoid process. In case of progressing carcinoid a pararectal incision with a revision of the abdominal organs is recommended. Patients operated upon should be under medical observation.", "contents": "[Carcinoid tumors of the vermiform process]. An analysis of 11127 appendectomies has been made, among which carcinoid of the appendicular process was revealed in 8 cases. The carcinoid was diagnosed histologically. It is the authors' opinion that determination of the serotonin level in blood and 5-hydroxy-indol acetic acid in urine would permit to judge the activity of the carcinoid process. In case of progressing carcinoid a pararectal incision with a revision of the abdominal organs is recommended. Patients operated upon should be under medical observation.", "PMID": 1189215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11081", "title": "[Multiple renal arteries and their importance in surgery of aneurysm of the abdominal aorta].", "content": "Studies of 40 patients with aneurysms of the abdominal aorta, treated surgically, and 152 cadavers of adult persons enabled to state that atherosclerotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta in vast majority of patients (in 38 of 40) affects its lower portion and is located at the level of the IIId -- Vth lumbar vertebrae. Also, there were found different variants of the anatomical structure of renal arteries and their relationship with the abdominal aorta aneurysms. It is the authors' opinion that a surgeon should be aware of this fact, while acoomplishing surgical procedures, and carefully estimate the value of an accessory vessel in the kidney blood supply, and also reimplant it in the allograft, if possible. It is believed, that if preservation of the mentioned arteries proved to be unfeasible, then either radical operation should be cancelled or the problem should be solved as to the need or rationality of radical operation simultaneously with nephrectomy in unilateral multitude of renal arteries.", "contents": "[Multiple renal arteries and their importance in surgery of aneurysm of the abdominal aorta]. Studies of 40 patients with aneurysms of the abdominal aorta, treated surgically, and 152 cadavers of adult persons enabled to state that atherosclerotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta in vast majority of patients (in 38 of 40) affects its lower portion and is located at the level of the IIId -- Vth lumbar vertebrae. Also, there were found different variants of the anatomical structure of renal arteries and their relationship with the abdominal aorta aneurysms. It is the authors' opinion that a surgeon should be aware of this fact, while acoomplishing surgical procedures, and carefully estimate the value of an accessory vessel in the kidney blood supply, and also reimplant it in the allograft, if possible. It is believed, that if preservation of the mentioned arteries proved to be unfeasible, then either radical operation should be cancelled or the problem should be solved as to the need or rationality of radical operation simultaneously with nephrectomy in unilateral multitude of renal arteries.", "PMID": 1189216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11082", "title": "[Effect of retabolyl on the blood protein composition and outcome of the disease in acute peritonitis].", "content": "In 81 patients with acute diffuse peritonitis and in 38 -- with local peritonitis the authors have studied dynamically changes in the content of total protein, protein fractions in the peripheral blood, and also in the albumin -- globulin coefficient. A comparative estimation of disorders in the blood protein content and issues of the disease, depending on the use of an anabolic steroid -- retabolyl, is given. Application of retabolyl in the complex therapy enabled to reduce the number of complications and lethal issues in operated patients with diffuse peritonitis.", "contents": "[Effect of retabolyl on the blood protein composition and outcome of the disease in acute peritonitis]. In 81 patients with acute diffuse peritonitis and in 38 -- with local peritonitis the authors have studied dynamically changes in the content of total protein, protein fractions in the peripheral blood, and also in the albumin -- globulin coefficient. A comparative estimation of disorders in the blood protein content and issues of the disease, depending on the use of an anabolic steroid -- retabolyl, is given. Application of retabolyl in the complex therapy enabled to reduce the number of complications and lethal issues in operated patients with diffuse peritonitis.", "PMID": 1189217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11083", "title": "[Mondor's disease].", "content": "According to the author's data among 23 patients an etiological factor of the Mondor disease was trauma in 19 cases and infection -- in 4. A complete cure was gained in 2 weeks if a patient addressed for medical help during the period of thrombformation, whereas in the second stage -- in 3--4 weeks. A recurrence of the disease in a form of fibrous bands was observed among these patients in 3.2%. The treatment is accomplished under out-patient conditions.", "contents": "[Mondor's disease]. According to the author's data among 23 patients an etiological factor of the Mondor disease was trauma in 19 cases and infection -- in 4. A complete cure was gained in 2 weeks if a patient addressed for medical help during the period of thrombformation, whereas in the second stage -- in 3--4 weeks. A recurrence of the disease in a form of fibrous bands was observed among these patients in 3.2%. The treatment is accomplished under out-patient conditions.", "PMID": 1189218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11084", "title": "[Radical-salvage operations in tumors of the pelvic bones].", "content": "Observations over 212 patients with tumors of pelvic bones are reported. Benign tumors were detected in 101 patients, malignant--in 111. Some aspects of diagnosis and diagnostic errors in this disease, indications and contraindications to surgical intervention and plastic replacement of pelvic defects are discussed. Positive results of surgical treatment of pelvic bone tumors clearly evidence the possibility and necessity of an earlier use of extensive resections as a radical-saving procedure.", "contents": "[Radical-salvage operations in tumors of the pelvic bones]. Observations over 212 patients with tumors of pelvic bones are reported. Benign tumors were detected in 101 patients, malignant--in 111. Some aspects of diagnosis and diagnostic errors in this disease, indications and contraindications to surgical intervention and plastic replacement of pelvic defects are discussed. Positive results of surgical treatment of pelvic bone tumors clearly evidence the possibility and necessity of an earlier use of extensive resections as a radical-saving procedure.", "PMID": 1189219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11085", "title": "[Development of indirect cardiac blood supply after experimental disorders of the coronary circulation].", "content": "A reconstruction of the vascular bed was studied experimentally on 70 dogs under various conditions of modelling coronary insufficiency. The data obtained have shown that ligation of basic branches of the left coronary artery results in exclusion of the circulation in wide portions of the myocardium and death of experimental animals. In much lower levels of ligation the resulting disorders are compensated by the development of a bypass vascular bed.", "contents": "[Development of indirect cardiac blood supply after experimental disorders of the coronary circulation]. A reconstruction of the vascular bed was studied experimentally on 70 dogs under various conditions of modelling coronary insufficiency. The data obtained have shown that ligation of basic branches of the left coronary artery results in exclusion of the circulation in wide portions of the myocardium and death of experimental animals. In much lower levels of ligation the resulting disorders are compensated by the development of a bypass vascular bed.", "PMID": 1189220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11086", "title": "[Comments on the outcome of reconstructive treatment of chronic occlusions of the peripheral arteries].", "content": "The results of reconstructive surgery performed for obliteration of iliac arteries (8), femoro-popliteal segment (36) and brachial artery (2) in 40 patients are reported. The method of desobliteration-open thrombendarterectomy, shunting or thrombectomy -- was selected taking into account the peculiarities of each case, separately; autografts from the great saphenous vein served as a plastic material. Major blood flow was restored 27 cases, clinical improvement was noted in 11 cases, and 8 operations were a failure. The characteristic features of microcirculatory disturbances in chronic occlusions are given.", "contents": "[Comments on the outcome of reconstructive treatment of chronic occlusions of the peripheral arteries]. The results of reconstructive surgery performed for obliteration of iliac arteries (8), femoro-popliteal segment (36) and brachial artery (2) in 40 patients are reported. The method of desobliteration-open thrombendarterectomy, shunting or thrombectomy -- was selected taking into account the peculiarities of each case, separately; autografts from the great saphenous vein served as a plastic material. Major blood flow was restored 27 cases, clinical improvement was noted in 11 cases, and 8 operations were a failure. The characteristic features of microcirculatory disturbances in chronic occlusions are given.", "PMID": 1189221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11087", "title": "[Functional and morphological characteristics of the vascular bed of the limbs in arteriovenous shunts].", "content": "Based on phlebo- and lymphography findings patients with congenital arterio-venous fistulas of the lower extremities and in experimental construction of intervascular shunts on different levels of the caudal vena cava basin, it was found that changes in lymphatic collectors of the curs and femur depended directly on venous insufficiency and duration of the disease. In damaged micro- and macroscopic shunts changes in lymph vessels are characterised by a number of peculiarities. Functional and morphological changes in the vascular bed of limbs in patients with congenital and experimentally produced arteriovenous shunts are characterized by a stage development of progressive disturbances.", "contents": "[Functional and morphological characteristics of the vascular bed of the limbs in arteriovenous shunts]. Based on phlebo- and lymphography findings patients with congenital arterio-venous fistulas of the lower extremities and in experimental construction of intervascular shunts on different levels of the caudal vena cava basin, it was found that changes in lymphatic collectors of the curs and femur depended directly on venous insufficiency and duration of the disease. In damaged micro- and macroscopic shunts changes in lymph vessels are characterised by a number of peculiarities. Functional and morphological changes in the vascular bed of limbs in patients with congenital and experimentally produced arteriovenous shunts are characterized by a stage development of progressive disturbances.", "PMID": 1189222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11088", "title": "[Classification and treatment of maduromycosis of the limbs].", "content": "Basing on studies of the comprehensive material comprising 344 cases of Maduromycosis (Madura foot) in Somaly Republic, its classification, grounded on the anatomical principle is given. Whereas, the currently used classifications are grounded only on the clinical principle. Investigations and experience have shown that the classification of Maduromycosis grounded just on clinical signs is but poorly suitable for surgical therapy of such patients. The anatomical principle seems to be more advantageous, since it provides an indication to localization and depth of the lesion, thus determining the character of an operative intervention.", "contents": "[Classification and treatment of maduromycosis of the limbs]. Basing on studies of the comprehensive material comprising 344 cases of Maduromycosis (Madura foot) in Somaly Republic, its classification, grounded on the anatomical principle is given. Whereas, the currently used classifications are grounded only on the clinical principle. Investigations and experience have shown that the classification of Maduromycosis grounded just on clinical signs is but poorly suitable for surgical therapy of such patients. The anatomical principle seems to be more advantageous, since it provides an indication to localization and depth of the lesion, thus determining the character of an operative intervention.", "PMID": 1189223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11089", "title": "[Clinico-anatomical types of deforming bronchitis in children].", "content": "A complex clinico-roentgeno-morphological investigation was performed in 38 patients, aged from 4 to 15 years, with chronic deformative bronchitis. The analysis of the results obtained enabled to reveal three clinico-anatomical forms of deformative bronchitis: a. chronic infiltrative endobronchitis; b. chronic deformative bronchitis with cylindric enlargement of bronchi; c. chronic deformative bronchitis with marked angiobronchosclerosis. Broncho-angiopneumographic and morphological correlations contributed to further pinpointing differential indications to radical surgical procedures for such pulmonary pathology.", "contents": "[Clinico-anatomical types of deforming bronchitis in children]. A complex clinico-roentgeno-morphological investigation was performed in 38 patients, aged from 4 to 15 years, with chronic deformative bronchitis. The analysis of the results obtained enabled to reveal three clinico-anatomical forms of deformative bronchitis: a. chronic infiltrative endobronchitis; b. chronic deformative bronchitis with cylindric enlargement of bronchi; c. chronic deformative bronchitis with marked angiobronchosclerosis. Broncho-angiopneumographic and morphological correlations contributed to further pinpointing differential indications to radical surgical procedures for such pulmonary pathology.", "PMID": 1189224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11090", "title": "[Chemical burns of the stomach in children].", "content": "Under observation were seven children, aged from 1 year 4 months to 6 years, with isolated gastric burns. In 4 children the burn was produced by sulphuric acid, in 2 -- by hydrochloric acid, in 1 -- by an unknown poison. All these patients were operated upon, 6 children with decompensated stenoses within the terms from 30 to 48 days, 1 child with a subcompensated stenosis -- 3 months following the burn. Gastroenterostomy was performed in all of them: in 6 -- posterior, in 1 -- anterior with an accessory interintestinal stoma. All patients recovered and were discharged from the clinic 10--12 days following the operation. Late results were studied in 4 children during the period from 2 to 9 years postoperatively. All of them are feeling well.", "contents": "[Chemical burns of the stomach in children]. Under observation were seven children, aged from 1 year 4 months to 6 years, with isolated gastric burns. In 4 children the burn was produced by sulphuric acid, in 2 -- by hydrochloric acid, in 1 -- by an unknown poison. All these patients were operated upon, 6 children with decompensated stenoses within the terms from 30 to 48 days, 1 child with a subcompensated stenosis -- 3 months following the burn. Gastroenterostomy was performed in all of them: in 6 -- posterior, in 1 -- anterior with an accessory interintestinal stoma. All patients recovered and were discharged from the clinic 10--12 days following the operation. Late results were studied in 4 children during the period from 2 to 9 years postoperatively. All of them are feeling well.", "PMID": 1189226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11091", "title": "[Kidney injuries in children].", "content": "Anatomo-topographic features of the kidneys in children mostly condition a great incidence of its damage, compared with adults. One hundred and fifty children with renal injuries were observed, 147 of them with closed injuries and 3 -- with open ones. In 10 cases a trauma of anomalously developed kidneys was noted. 124 children were treated conservatively, 26 children were operated upon, in 16 of them organ-preserving operations were performed, in 10 children -- nephrectomay. Late results were followed up in 51 children in terms from 6 months to 10 years (40 patients were treated conservatively and 11 -- were operated upon). As a result of the conducted control investigation all patients were subdivided into three groups: practically healthy children (25), children with roentgenoradiological changes on the part of the injured kidney but without signs of clinico-laboratory symptomatics (11) children with posttraumatic complications (15). An analysis of late results enabled  to revise indications to surgery in an acute period of trauma in behalf of their extension.", "contents": "[Kidney injuries in children]. Anatomo-topographic features of the kidneys in children mostly condition a great incidence of its damage, compared with adults. One hundred and fifty children with renal injuries were observed, 147 of them with closed injuries and 3 -- with open ones. In 10 cases a trauma of anomalously developed kidneys was noted. 124 children were treated conservatively, 26 children were operated upon, in 16 of them organ-preserving operations were performed, in 10 children -- nephrectomay. Late results were followed up in 51 children in terms from 6 months to 10 years (40 patients were treated conservatively and 11 -- were operated upon). As a result of the conducted control investigation all patients were subdivided into three groups: practically healthy children (25), children with roentgenoradiological changes on the part of the injured kidney but without signs of clinico-laboratory symptomatics (11) children with posttraumatic complications (15). An analysis of late results enabled  to revise indications to surgery in an acute period of trauma in behalf of their extension.", "PMID": 1189227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11092", "title": "Membranous glomerulonephritis in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis.", "content": "Membranous glomerulonephritis was diagnosed in five dogs with patent Dirofilaria immitis infections. Electron-dense deposits were present on the epithelial side of the glomerular basement membrane. An immunofluorescent study demonstrated immunoglobulins in the capillary wall and mesangium of the glomeruli. The glomerular lesions were considered to represent an immune complex form of glomerulonephritis induced by the D. immitis infection.", "contents": "Membranous glomerulonephritis in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Membranous glomerulonephritis was diagnosed in five dogs with patent Dirofilaria immitis infections. Electron-dense deposits were present on the epithelial side of the glomerular basement membrane. An immunofluorescent study demonstrated immunoglobulins in the capillary wall and mesangium of the glomeruli. The glomerular lesions were considered to represent an immune complex form of glomerulonephritis induced by the D. immitis infection.", "PMID": 1189234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11093", "title": "Glomerular lesions associated with proteinuria in clinically healthy dogs.", "content": "Spontaneous proteinuria in otherwise clinically normal adult Beagles 4-6 years old was studied for 2 years. Eighteen dogs, representing a population of 218 Beagles, were placed into three groups: group I, nonproteinuric; group II, intermittently proteinuric; group III, persistently proteinuric. The groups were alike on the basis of laboratory tests, except urinary protein loss. Proteinuria was persistent in most affected dogs but not progressive during the 2 years. The loss of proteins with high molecular weight, including alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globulins, suggested the proteinuria was of glomerular origin. There were glomerular lesions but no other significant change in the kidneys and urogenital system. Lesions were generalized and characterized by prominent, local or diffuse mesangial proliferation and by thickening, wrinkling, and splitting of the glomerular basement membrane. The subendothelial space was often widened and contained electron-dense deposits. Similar electron-dense deposits, as well as lipid and mineral, were in the mesangium. Alterations in visceral epithelial cells and endothelium were prominent. Periglomerular sclerosis was present but tended not to correlate with the severity of mesangial change in any given renal corpuscle. The severity of both mesangial and periglomerular changes increased with increasing proteinuria. Immunofluoescence studies demonstrated granular discontinuous localization of IgG and betaIC-globulins in the glomerular capillaries and mesangium. Similar localization was seen but to a lesser extent in nonproteinuric dogs. The glomerular lesions seen in these clinically healthy, proteinuric dogs are similar to those described in various canind diseases associated with terminal renal failure.", "contents": "Glomerular lesions associated with proteinuria in clinically healthy dogs. Spontaneous proteinuria in otherwise clinically normal adult Beagles 4-6 years old was studied for 2 years. Eighteen dogs, representing a population of 218 Beagles, were placed into three groups: group I, nonproteinuric; group II, intermittently proteinuric; group III, persistently proteinuric. The groups were alike on the basis of laboratory tests, except urinary protein loss. Proteinuria was persistent in most affected dogs but not progressive during the 2 years. The loss of proteins with high molecular weight, including alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globulins, suggested the proteinuria was of glomerular origin. There were glomerular lesions but no other significant change in the kidneys and urogenital system. Lesions were generalized and characterized by prominent, local or diffuse mesangial proliferation and by thickening, wrinkling, and splitting of the glomerular basement membrane. The subendothelial space was often widened and contained electron-dense deposits. Similar electron-dense deposits, as well as lipid and mineral, were in the mesangium. Alterations in visceral epithelial cells and endothelium were prominent. Periglomerular sclerosis was present but tended not to correlate with the severity of mesangial change in any given renal corpuscle. The severity of both mesangial and periglomerular changes increased with increasing proteinuria. Immunofluoescence studies demonstrated granular discontinuous localization of IgG and betaIC-globulins in the glomerular capillaries and mesangium. Similar localization was seen but to a lesser extent in nonproteinuric dogs. The glomerular lesions seen in these clinically healthy, proteinuric dogs are similar to those described in various canind diseases associated with terminal renal failure.", "PMID": 1189235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11094", "title": "Ultrastructural and enzyme histochemical aspects of amyloidosis in the bovine renal medulla.", "content": "Electron micrsocopic studies of bovine kidneys with amyloidosis showed macrophage-like cells in the interstitial amyloid that were either disseminated or in small groups. They had rather uniform protracted vacuoles filled with parallel fibrils. Similar vacuoles were also found in some reticular interstitial cells. In some samples electron-dense vacuoles and vacuoles containing fibrils were seen. Protracted lysosomal enzyme activity was seen in macrophage-like cells and reticular interstitial cells; these areas of activity showed green birefringence with Congo red. The vacuoles were thought to be lysosomes, and the parallel amyloid fibrils could be a consequence of intracellular formation or of phagocytosis.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and enzyme histochemical aspects of amyloidosis in the bovine renal medulla. Electron micrsocopic studies of bovine kidneys with amyloidosis showed macrophage-like cells in the interstitial amyloid that were either disseminated or in small groups. They had rather uniform protracted vacuoles filled with parallel fibrils. Similar vacuoles were also found in some reticular interstitial cells. In some samples electron-dense vacuoles and vacuoles containing fibrils were seen. Protracted lysosomal enzyme activity was seen in macrophage-like cells and reticular interstitial cells; these areas of activity showed green birefringence with Congo red. The vacuoles were thought to be lysosomes, and the parallel amyloid fibrils could be a consequence of intracellular formation or of phagocytosis.", "PMID": 1189236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11095", "title": "A large scale mastitis control programme in Somerset.", "content": "The results of a mastitis control programme operated in south west England for three years are given. Farmers participating in the full mastitis control group agreed to treat each cow at drying off with 500 mg benzathine cloxacillin in each quarter, to have their milking machines tested and to correct any faults, and to practise teat dipping. Data covering cell counts, milk production, milk quality and clinical mastitis, were assessed from herds taking part in the programme. Cell counts were analysed from all 507 herds taking part in the programme. Milk production records for the full mastitis control group (188 herds) over a three year period are discussed, and these results compared with milk production figures from Milk Marketing Board records from herds in the south west of England which were carrying out no specific mastitis control programme. The milk quality data compare the findings in 159 herds in the full mastitis control programme with those in 247 herds in the partial and no mastitis control groups. Cases of clinical mastitis during the three year period were recorded in 73 herds in the full mastitis control group. The problems of applying the control routines are presented with observations on clinical mastitis, bulk milk cell count, milk production and milk quality. After three years, herds in the programme had on average increased milk production by 75 gallons a cow, achieved a 14.6 per cent reduction in the incidence of clinical mastitis, and improved the milk total solids percentage by one milk quality payment class.", "contents": "A large scale mastitis control programme in Somerset. The results of a mastitis control programme operated in south west England for three years are given. Farmers participating in the full mastitis control group agreed to treat each cow at drying off with 500 mg benzathine cloxacillin in each quarter, to have their milking machines tested and to correct any faults, and to practise teat dipping. Data covering cell counts, milk production, milk quality and clinical mastitis, were assessed from herds taking part in the programme. Cell counts were analysed from all 507 herds taking part in the programme. Milk production records for the full mastitis control group (188 herds) over a three year period are discussed, and these results compared with milk production figures from Milk Marketing Board records from herds in the south west of England which were carrying out no specific mastitis control programme. The milk quality data compare the findings in 159 herds in the full mastitis control programme with those in 247 herds in the partial and no mastitis control groups. Cases of clinical mastitis during the three year period were recorded in 73 herds in the full mastitis control group. The problems of applying the control routines are presented with observations on clinical mastitis, bulk milk cell count, milk production and milk quality. After three years, herds in the programme had on average increased milk production by 75 gallons a cow, achieved a 14.6 per cent reduction in the incidence of clinical mastitis, and improved the milk total solids percentage by one milk quality payment class.", "PMID": 1189238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11096", "title": "Electrocution of pigs.", "content": "Electrocution was considered to have caused 28 deaths in a house of 109 fat pigs. Post mortem examination showed haemorrhages at varying sites. Another 35, showing varying degrees of paralysis, were sent for slaughter. In most of these the pelvis was fractured and in some the vertebral column in the lumbosacral region. Twenty eight were condemned, 26 of them because of haemorrhages and because of spoilage associated with rupture of the urinary bladder.", "contents": "Electrocution of pigs. Electrocution was considered to have caused 28 deaths in a house of 109 fat pigs. Post mortem examination showed haemorrhages at varying sites. Another 35, showing varying degrees of paralysis, were sent for slaughter. In most of these the pelvis was fractured and in some the vertebral column in the lumbosacral region. Twenty eight were condemned, 26 of them because of haemorrhages and because of spoilage associated with rupture of the urinary bladder.", "PMID": 1189239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11097", "title": "[Contamination of the air with microorganisms at various distances from the poultry house].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to establish the microbial contamination of air (including moulds) at various distances from the buildings for raising birds. Results showed that the presence of organisms in the outer air is directly dependent on the microbial contamination of the air in the poultry houses. It was found that the distances between the buildings are too short and the air driven into the premises is of a high bacterial count. Comparative investigations have revealed that the contamination of the air out of the buildings is likewise dependent on the technologic design of the ventilation system. It is concluded that the low contamination of outdoor air is substantiated by an effective system of forced ventilation on the premises coupled with measures lowering the microbial count indoors.", "contents": "[Contamination of the air with microorganisms at various distances from the poultry house]. Experiments were carried out to establish the microbial contamination of air (including moulds) at various distances from the buildings for raising birds. Results showed that the presence of organisms in the outer air is directly dependent on the microbial contamination of the air in the poultry houses. It was found that the distances between the buildings are too short and the air driven into the premises is of a high bacterial count. Comparative investigations have revealed that the contamination of the air out of the buildings is likewise dependent on the technologic design of the ventilation system. It is concluded that the low contamination of outdoor air is substantiated by an effective system of forced ventilation on the premises coupled with measures lowering the microbial count indoors.", "PMID": 1189277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11098", "title": "[Retention of water in slaughtered birds].", "content": "Studied was the effect of some factors on the retention of water in the slaughtered birds during their technologic processing in all poultry-dressing combines of this country. It was found that the carcass size plays an important role: the greater the weight the lower the percent of the absorbed water. On the other hand, prolonged water cooling was found to correlate positiely with the amount of retained water, while the time of dripping does not lead to essential change of this value.", "contents": "[Retention of water in slaughtered birds]. Studied was the effect of some factors on the retention of water in the slaughtered birds during their technologic processing in all poultry-dressing combines of this country. It was found that the carcass size plays an important role: the greater the weight the lower the percent of the absorbed water. On the other hand, prolonged water cooling was found to correlate positiely with the amount of retained water, while the time of dripping does not lead to essential change of this value.", "PMID": 1189278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11099", "title": "[Influence of some activators and inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase activity in the leukocytes of farm animals].", "content": "The incubation of blood smears taken from cattle, sheep, goats horses, and pigs in the presence of urea, metal salts (zinc, magnesium, manganese, calcium) or amino acids (phenilalanine, alanine, glycine, histidine, methionine, cystine cysteine) at various concentrations revealed that the cytochemical activity of the alkaline phosphatase shows changes that depended on the animal species. Changes varying in character and intensity and depending on the molar concentrations of the agents used, were also established.", "contents": "[Influence of some activators and inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase activity in the leukocytes of farm animals]. The incubation of blood smears taken from cattle, sheep, goats horses, and pigs in the presence of urea, metal salts (zinc, magnesium, manganese, calcium) or amino acids (phenilalanine, alanine, glycine, histidine, methionine, cystine cysteine) at various concentrations revealed that the cytochemical activity of the alkaline phosphatase shows changes that depended on the animal species. Changes varying in character and intensity and depending on the molar concentrations of the agents used, were also established.", "PMID": 1189279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11100", "title": "[Occurrence and species of Coccidia in the district of Velikot'rnovski].", "content": "The study of a total of 1444 fecal samples from calves aged 20 to 90 days and 8 cadavers of coccidiosis-affected calves on 50 dairy farms on the territory of the district revealed coccidiosis on 46 of the farms (92 per cent) and stationary coccidiosis on 13 of them (26 per cent). The percentage of the animals involved on the farms where the disease was stationary was from 50 to 80, and on individual farms it reached up to 100. The parasite burden with the calves showing the acute form of coccidiosis accounted for 20,000 to 32,000 oocysts; calves showing chronical course had 5,000 to 15,000, and the clinically normal calves in the stationary foci had up to 1,000 oocysts per gram of fecal mass. Eight species of coccidia, unknown so far to this country, are described: E. elipsoidalis, E. cilindrika, E. alabamensis, E. auburnensis, E. canadensis, E. Wyomingensis, E. subspherika, and Isospora. The localization of most of these species was determined.", "contents": "[Occurrence and species of Coccidia in the district of Velikot'rnovski]. The study of a total of 1444 fecal samples from calves aged 20 to 90 days and 8 cadavers of coccidiosis-affected calves on 50 dairy farms on the territory of the district revealed coccidiosis on 46 of the farms (92 per cent) and stationary coccidiosis on 13 of them (26 per cent). The percentage of the animals involved on the farms where the disease was stationary was from 50 to 80, and on individual farms it reached up to 100. The parasite burden with the calves showing the acute form of coccidiosis accounted for 20,000 to 32,000 oocysts; calves showing chronical course had 5,000 to 15,000, and the clinically normal calves in the stationary foci had up to 1,000 oocysts per gram of fecal mass. Eight species of coccidia, unknown so far to this country, are described: E. elipsoidalis, E. cilindrika, E. alabamensis, E. auburnensis, E. canadensis, E. Wyomingensis, E. subspherika, and Isospora. The localization of most of these species was determined.", "PMID": 1189280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11101", "title": "[Some properties of cytophil antibodies against the O-antigen of Salmonella abortusovis].", "content": "Boyden's multilayer method was made use of to study the resistance to mercaptoetanol, and to temperature effects as well as the fixation capacity of macrophages of other animal species as regards cytophil antibodies from sera of guinea pigs immunized with a live culture of Salmonella abortusovis. It was found that they are resistant to heating at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes, to mercaptoetanol, and are not fixed by murine macrophages. Discussed is the biologic value of such type of antibodies.", "contents": "[Some properties of cytophil antibodies against the O-antigen of Salmonella abortusovis]. Boyden's multilayer method was made use of to study the resistance to mercaptoetanol, and to temperature effects as well as the fixation capacity of macrophages of other animal species as regards cytophil antibodies from sera of guinea pigs immunized with a live culture of Salmonella abortusovis. It was found that they are resistant to heating at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes, to mercaptoetanol, and are not fixed by murine macrophages. Discussed is the biologic value of such type of antibodies.", "PMID": 1189281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11102", "title": "[Influence of ammonia gas on indices of protein metabolism in broilers].", "content": "The effect was studied of various concentrations of ammonia (5, 20, 50 and 100 ppm) on 20-day old chicken broilers for 120 min. The birds were killed in order to study the protein content in the liver, heart musculature, and blood serum as well as the content of the free amino acids and tryptophane. Followed up was also the transaminase activity of the liver and heart musculature and the activity of GOT and GPT. It was established that ammonia does not alter the content of proteins in the investigated organs and blood serum. A dependable increase in the concentration of the free amino acids in the blood serum observed. Under the effect of 50 and 100 ppm there was no decrease in the tryptophane content of the liver and the blood serum. High concentrations of ammonia decreased the transamimase activity of the liver and heart and raised the activity of the serum GPT.", "contents": "[Influence of ammonia gas on indices of protein metabolism in broilers]. The effect was studied of various concentrations of ammonia (5, 20, 50 and 100 ppm) on 20-day old chicken broilers for 120 min. The birds were killed in order to study the protein content in the liver, heart musculature, and blood serum as well as the content of the free amino acids and tryptophane. Followed up was also the transaminase activity of the liver and heart musculature and the activity of GOT and GPT. It was established that ammonia does not alter the content of proteins in the investigated organs and blood serum. A dependable increase in the concentration of the free amino acids in the blood serum observed. Under the effect of 50 and 100 ppm there was no decrease in the tryptophane content of the liver and the blood serum. High concentrations of ammonia decreased the transamimase activity of the liver and heart and raised the activity of the serum GPT.", "PMID": 1189282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11103", "title": "[Morphometric indices in sarcomagenesis in the breast].", "content": "To study sarcomagenesis of the mammary gland and estimate the degree of maturity of its various stages, the author examined 45 postoperative specimens of fibroadenomatosis, fibroadenoma, leaf-shape tumor, sarcoma from the preexisting leaf-shape tumor and stromal sarcoma. Studies on the nucleus-plasma relationship, the mitotic coefficient, frequency and pathology of mitosis and quantitative-qualitative changes in sex chromatin allowed a more reliable estimation of the degree of maturity of cell elements of the fibroblastic origin in the process of malignant transformation.", "contents": "[Morphometric indices in sarcomagenesis in the breast]. To study sarcomagenesis of the mammary gland and estimate the degree of maturity of its various stages, the author examined 45 postoperative specimens of fibroadenomatosis, fibroadenoma, leaf-shape tumor, sarcoma from the preexisting leaf-shape tumor and stromal sarcoma. Studies on the nucleus-plasma relationship, the mitotic coefficient, frequency and pathology of mitosis and quantitative-qualitative changes in sex chromatin allowed a more reliable estimation of the degree of maturity of cell elements of the fibroblastic origin in the process of malignant transformation.", "PMID": 1189346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11104", "title": "[Radioisotopic methods of studying the pelvic lymphatic system in patients with cancer of the cervix and corpus uteri].", "content": "An original method of studying the functional state of the lymphatic system-lymphotachoradiography, elaborated in the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Oncology of the USSR Acadeny of Medical Sciences, was found to be rather effective in estimating metastatic spread of the uterine cervix and body cancer. The coefficients of phagocytosis of colloid particles by lymphoid tissue are determined. Normal coefficients are equal for inguinal, iliac and paraaortic groups of lymph nodes to 1.60+/-0.05; 1.40+/-+/-0.04; 1.10+/-0.10 accordingly. In some pathological changes in lymph nodes these coefficients are changed: 0.41+/-0.01; 0.48+/-0.01; 0.24+/-0.05, correspondingly.", "contents": "[Radioisotopic methods of studying the pelvic lymphatic system in patients with cancer of the cervix and corpus uteri]. An original method of studying the functional state of the lymphatic system-lymphotachoradiography, elaborated in the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Oncology of the USSR Acadeny of Medical Sciences, was found to be rather effective in estimating metastatic spread of the uterine cervix and body cancer. The coefficients of phagocytosis of colloid particles by lymphoid tissue are determined. Normal coefficients are equal for inguinal, iliac and paraaortic groups of lymph nodes to 1.60+/-0.05; 1.40+/-+/-0.04; 1.10+/-0.10 accordingly. In some pathological changes in lymph nodes these coefficients are changed: 0.41+/-0.01; 0.48+/-0.01; 0.24+/-0.05, correspondingly.", "PMID": 1189347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11105", "title": "[Elastic fibers of the cervical stroma in precancer and cancer].", "content": "Along with the description of the architectonics of elastic fibres in normal cervicovaginal tissues the kinetics of their changes was followed in precancerous conditions and cancer of the cervix. It was found that during the process of growth and development of precancerous lesions and cancer elastic fibres would undergo a number of gradually increasing changes from surface, reversible to profound, irreversible with their ultimate total destruction.", "contents": "[Elastic fibers of the cervical stroma in precancer and cancer]. Along with the description of the architectonics of elastic fibres in normal cervicovaginal tissues the kinetics of their changes was followed in precancerous conditions and cancer of the cervix. It was found that during the process of growth and development of precancerous lesions and cancer elastic fibres would undergo a number of gradually increasing changes from surface, reversible to profound, irreversible with their ultimate total destruction.", "PMID": 1189348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11106", "title": "[Ascorbic, keto and hydroxy acid metabolism in the cell nuclei of certain tumors].", "content": "The authors report the results of studies on the content of ascorbic acid, pyruvic acid and the activity of malate dehydrogenase decarboxylizing (MDHD) in cell nuclei of uterine fibromyoma, glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium with epithelial proliferation, common ovarian cyst and solid cancer. It was shown that due to the glycolysis inhibited respiration an oxidated form of ascorbic acid is absent in every case, whereas the MDHD activity is not manifested. The amount of a reduced form of ascorbic and pyruvic acid in benign tumors is at the control level, but in malignant growth these indices are markedly increased.", "contents": "[Ascorbic, keto and hydroxy acid metabolism in the cell nuclei of certain tumors]. The authors report the results of studies on the content of ascorbic acid, pyruvic acid and the activity of malate dehydrogenase decarboxylizing (MDHD) in cell nuclei of uterine fibromyoma, glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium with epithelial proliferation, common ovarian cyst and solid cancer. It was shown that due to the glycolysis inhibited respiration an oxidated form of ascorbic acid is absent in every case, whereas the MDHD activity is not manifested. The amount of a reduced form of ascorbic and pyruvic acid in benign tumors is at the control level, but in malignant growth these indices are markedly increased.", "PMID": 1189349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11107", "title": "[Clinical morphological characteristics of the initial forms of cervical cancer].", "content": "An analysis of clinical and colposcopic findings in 107 patients with early forms of invasive cancer of the uterine cervix with deep invasion not more than 3 mm (st. 1-a) and their correlation with the results of histological assay enabled the authors to give the clinico-morphological characteristics of this stage of the lesion. It was found that 40% of patients had complaints pathognomonic for a malignant process; 91.6% of patients showed visually recognizable but nonspecific changes in the cervix; in 94% of cases colposcopy revealed cancer suspicious changes of the common and increased atypical epithelium type. In 53.3% cancer foci are so limited that these would be removed by primary biopsy. Metastases in regional lymph nodes were detected in 1.6%. Limited foci of the cancer and extremly rare metastases spread in regional lymph nodes justify the use of hysterectomy solely in treatment of such patients.", "contents": "[Clinical morphological characteristics of the initial forms of cervical cancer]. An analysis of clinical and colposcopic findings in 107 patients with early forms of invasive cancer of the uterine cervix with deep invasion not more than 3 mm (st. 1-a) and their correlation with the results of histological assay enabled the authors to give the clinico-morphological characteristics of this stage of the lesion. It was found that 40% of patients had complaints pathognomonic for a malignant process; 91.6% of patients showed visually recognizable but nonspecific changes in the cervix; in 94% of cases colposcopy revealed cancer suspicious changes of the common and increased atypical epithelium type. In 53.3% cancer foci are so limited that these would be removed by primary biopsy. Metastases in regional lymph nodes were detected in 1.6%. Limited foci of the cancer and extremly rare metastases spread in regional lymph nodes justify the use of hysterectomy solely in treatment of such patients.", "PMID": 1189351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11108", "title": "[Potentiation of the antitumor action of cyclophosphamide with a change in the cell population makeup and an increase in cellular permeability].", "content": "Cells of Ehrlich ascites tumor survived after cyclophosphamide injection showed no multiplication during 48 hours. As a result, vinblastine injection simultaneously with cyclophosphamide or following 24 hours produced no additional death of cells. The administration of cyclophosphamide 6 hours after vinblastine resulted in the death of cells 30 times as much as in the injection of both substances simultaneously. Synergism was due to the disappearance of cells in phase G from the population, which are resistant to cyclophosphamide. Tween 80 enhanced an antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide without increasing the toxicity.", "contents": "[Potentiation of the antitumor action of cyclophosphamide with a change in the cell population makeup and an increase in cellular permeability]. Cells of Ehrlich ascites tumor survived after cyclophosphamide injection showed no multiplication during 48 hours. As a result, vinblastine injection simultaneously with cyclophosphamide or following 24 hours produced no additional death of cells. The administration of cyclophosphamide 6 hours after vinblastine resulted in the death of cells 30 times as much as in the injection of both substances simultaneously. Synergism was due to the disappearance of cells in phase G from the population, which are resistant to cyclophosphamide. Tween 80 enhanced an antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide without increasing the toxicity.", "PMID": 1189353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11109", "title": "[Method for the primary selection of active antitumor alkylating preparations in vitro and in vivo].", "content": "To reveal the cytotoxic activity of antitumor drugs the experiments were conducted in vitro-in vivo. Active substances in the dosage of 800 mg per 1 Kg of tumor were found to suppress sarcoma 45 transplantability during 1 hour in vitro. But inactive substances did it only in much larger doses. The result of the in vivo-in vitro experiments coincided with the results obtained by other investigators studying the antitumor activity in vivo. The experiments using the proposed method of selection required a much less amount of the substance (a biological experiment, repeated twice, can be carried out having 1--3 mg), animals, time and efforts of the researcher.", "contents": "[Method for the primary selection of active antitumor alkylating preparations in vitro and in vivo]. To reveal the cytotoxic activity of antitumor drugs the experiments were conducted in vitro-in vivo. Active substances in the dosage of 800 mg per 1 Kg of tumor were found to suppress sarcoma 45 transplantability during 1 hour in vitro. But inactive substances did it only in much larger doses. The result of the in vivo-in vitro experiments coincided with the results obtained by other investigators studying the antitumor activity in vivo. The experiments using the proposed method of selection required a much less amount of the substance (a biological experiment, repeated twice, can be carried out having 1--3 mg), animals, time and efforts of the researcher.", "PMID": 1189354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11110", "title": "[Growth kinetics of transplantable mammary gland tumors in mice].", "content": "The function of: (see article), fits the tumors weight growth for all studied generations in both control and treated animals. Morphological studies show the transplantable tumors in A mice to lose their similarity to a spontaneous tumor--low differentiated adenocarcinoma. Meanwhile, the tumors in C3H mice have a high differentiation level which is typical for the original tumor. 1-nitroso-1-methylurea is very effective against the first generation of tumors in both strains of mice. The tumors response to the drug becomes weaker with further passages. 1-nitroso-1-methyl urea is superior to other nitrous derivatives when used in such tumor models as breast adenocarcinoma in C3H mice.", "contents": "[Growth kinetics of transplantable mammary gland tumors in mice]. The function of: (see article), fits the tumors weight growth for all studied generations in both control and treated animals. Morphological studies show the transplantable tumors in A mice to lose their similarity to a spontaneous tumor--low differentiated adenocarcinoma. Meanwhile, the tumors in C3H mice have a high differentiation level which is typical for the original tumor. 1-nitroso-1-methylurea is very effective against the first generation of tumors in both strains of mice. The tumors response to the drug becomes weaker with further passages. 1-nitroso-1-methyl urea is superior to other nitrous derivatives when used in such tumor models as breast adenocarcinoma in C3H mice.", "PMID": 1189355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11111", "title": "[Changes in the thoracic duct and lymphodynamics in neoplastic diseases].", "content": "X-ray contrast study of the thoracic duct was conducted in 35 patients with various neoplasms of the chest and upper abdomen, as well as in tumor involvement of lymph nodes, located proximally to the main lymphatic collector. Pathological changes in the thoracic Duct and central lymphodynamics, observed in neoplastic lesions concerned, are described.", "contents": "[Changes in the thoracic duct and lymphodynamics in neoplastic diseases]. X-ray contrast study of the thoracic duct was conducted in 35 patients with various neoplasms of the chest and upper abdomen, as well as in tumor involvement of lymph nodes, located proximally to the main lymphatic collector. Pathological changes in the thoracic Duct and central lymphodynamics, observed in neoplastic lesions concerned, are described.", "PMID": 1189358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11112", "title": "[Biosynthesis of soluble proteins and pepsinogen of the mucus membrane and cancer of the stomach in man].", "content": "Thyrosine-I-C14 and serine-3-C14 show a higher level of incorporation into total soluble proteins of human gastric blastoma hemogenates than those of the mucous membrane. Moreover, a low radioactivity of pepsinogen was detected in the tumors. Also, there was a different rate of incorporation of these aminoacids both into separate fractions of soluble protein and pepsinogen of the mucous membrane and cancer of the stomach. These differences seem to be conditioned by alterations of the process of regulation of protein biosynthesis in the tumors. Simultaneously, there is a direct dependence of the proteolytic activity of pepsin isoforms on the rate of incorporation of the mucous membrane and cancer of human stomach.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of soluble proteins and pepsinogen of the mucus membrane and cancer of the stomach in man]. Thyrosine-I-C14 and serine-3-C14 show a higher level of incorporation into total soluble proteins of human gastric blastoma hemogenates than those of the mucous membrane. Moreover, a low radioactivity of pepsinogen was detected in the tumors. Also, there was a different rate of incorporation of these aminoacids both into separate fractions of soluble protein and pepsinogen of the mucous membrane and cancer of the stomach. These differences seem to be conditioned by alterations of the process of regulation of protein biosynthesis in the tumors. Simultaneously, there is a direct dependence of the proteolytic activity of pepsin isoforms on the rate of incorporation of the mucous membrane and cancer of human stomach.", "PMID": 1189360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11113", "title": "[Conservative operations in malignant tumors of the rectum and the sigmoid colon].", "content": "The results of treatment in 230 patients with malignant transformation of polyps and villous tumors, carcinoid and cancer of the rectum and sigmoid are reported. The aforementioned tumors were removed by transanal excision, electrocoagulation adn posterior proctotomy. In 33 patients economic operations for rectal cancer were associated with radiotherapy. Late results indicated that after economic resections for rectal cancer in most cases a persistant cure is gained. In malignified polyps, villous tumors and rectal carcinoids electroexcision or electrocoagulation seems to be an adequate procedure. Patients subjected to economic resections need to be examined every month during the first postoperative year, and later once in six months.", "contents": "[Conservative operations in malignant tumors of the rectum and the sigmoid colon]. The results of treatment in 230 patients with malignant transformation of polyps and villous tumors, carcinoid and cancer of the rectum and sigmoid are reported. The aforementioned tumors were removed by transanal excision, electrocoagulation adn posterior proctotomy. In 33 patients economic operations for rectal cancer were associated with radiotherapy. Late results indicated that after economic resections for rectal cancer in most cases a persistant cure is gained. In malignified polyps, villous tumors and rectal carcinoids electroexcision or electrocoagulation seems to be an adequate procedure. Patients subjected to economic resections need to be examined every month during the first postoperative year, and later once in six months.", "PMID": 1189362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11114", "title": "[Detection of antigens containing benzidine groups in the blood of persons having contact with aniline dyes].", "content": "The paper is concerned with the study of a possibility to record 2-naphtylamine and benzidine in serum and formed blood elements of workers being in contact with dyes, which molecule contain radicals of carcinogens. The Ouchterlony method of precipitation in gel in micromodification and the method of a delay in the precipitation reaction have indicated the presence of benzidine as a haptene in blood serum of 25 among 103 workers and in blood clot extracts in 42 among 116 workers from a textile factory under examination. But 2-naphtylamine was not found in the same subjects.", "contents": "[Detection of antigens containing benzidine groups in the blood of persons having contact with aniline dyes]. The paper is concerned with the study of a possibility to record 2-naphtylamine and benzidine in serum and formed blood elements of workers being in contact with dyes, which molecule contain radicals of carcinogens. The Ouchterlony method of precipitation in gel in micromodification and the method of a delay in the precipitation reaction have indicated the presence of benzidine as a haptene in blood serum of 25 among 103 workers and in blood clot extracts in 42 among 116 workers from a textile factory under examination. But 2-naphtylamine was not found in the same subjects.", "PMID": 1189363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11115", "title": "[Antigens and molecular hybridization of the nucleic acids of milk in breast cancer].", "content": "Two test-systems: for oncornavirus of HEp2 cells and antigens in the milk of females with breast carcinoma were compared. Both test-systems proved to be not identical although they have common components. The first one reveals predominantly group-specific viral antigens, the second--does selectively two soluble antigens in \"cancer\" milk samples, homogenates of cancerous tumors in young females, and in the milk of some clinically healthy females, as well. Experiments on molecular hybridization allowed the detection of sequences homologous to nucleic acids of oncornavirus, type D in milk nucleic acids of breast cancer females and in some milk samples of clinically healthy females.", "contents": "[Antigens and molecular hybridization of the nucleic acids of milk in breast cancer]. Two test-systems: for oncornavirus of HEp2 cells and antigens in the milk of females with breast carcinoma were compared. Both test-systems proved to be not identical although they have common components. The first one reveals predominantly group-specific viral antigens, the second--does selectively two soluble antigens in \"cancer\" milk samples, homogenates of cancerous tumors in young females, and in the milk of some clinically healthy females, as well. Experiments on molecular hybridization allowed the detection of sequences homologous to nucleic acids of oncornavirus, type D in milk nucleic acids of breast cancer females and in some milk samples of clinically healthy females.", "PMID": 1189364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11116", "title": "[Detection of adenovirus type-12 in sarcomas induced by this virus in hamster].", "content": "Cells of transplantable sarcomas primarily induced in hamsters with adenovirus, type 12, produced persistantly this virus in an infective form. In sera of sarcomabearing hamsters virus-neutrolizing antibodies and antibodies to T-antigen of tumors were revealed. The presence of T-antigen in cells of all types of sarcoma A-12 was demonstrated by means of immunofluorescence, as well as the absence of a specific luminescence of surface membranes of A-12 MML sarcoma cells, obtained from pulmonary micrometastases.", "contents": "[Detection of adenovirus type-12 in sarcomas induced by this virus in hamster]. Cells of transplantable sarcomas primarily induced in hamsters with adenovirus, type 12, produced persistantly this virus in an infective form. In sera of sarcomabearing hamsters virus-neutrolizing antibodies and antibodies to T-antigen of tumors were revealed. The presence of T-antigen in cells of all types of sarcoma A-12 was demonstrated by means of immunofluorescence, as well as the absence of a specific luminescence of surface membranes of A-12 MML sarcoma cells, obtained from pulmonary micrometastases.", "PMID": 1189365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11117", "title": "[Influence of fast electrons on the nucleic acid level and the biosynthsis of RNA in cells of the ascites tumor NK/Ly and the spleen of tumor-bearing mice].", "content": "The results of investigations on total nucleic acids content and RNA turnover in the cells of tumor NK/Ly and of the spleen in tumor-bearing mice after single exposure to fast electrons are described. In every case the irradiation results in reliable changes of parameters under study. The pattern of changes in nucleic acids content and turnover in the spleen after the exposure to fast electrons is in a good agreement with the available data concerning the influence of x- and y-radiation. The irradiation action on nucleic acids content and turnover in ascites tumor NK/Ly cells is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that in splenic cells.", "contents": "[Influence of fast electrons on the nucleic acid level and the biosynthsis of RNA in cells of the ascites tumor NK/Ly and the spleen of tumor-bearing mice]. The results of investigations on total nucleic acids content and RNA turnover in the cells of tumor NK/Ly and of the spleen in tumor-bearing mice after single exposure to fast electrons are described. In every case the irradiation results in reliable changes of parameters under study. The pattern of changes in nucleic acids content and turnover in the spleen after the exposure to fast electrons is in a good agreement with the available data concerning the influence of x- and y-radiation. The irradiation action on nucleic acids content and turnover in ascites tumor NK/Ly cells is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that in splenic cells.", "PMID": 1189366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11118", "title": "[Comparative study of the fate of fluorofur and 5-fluorouracil in the organism].", "content": "Fluorofur (FT) is slowly splitted in tissues releasing free 5-FU. The duration of stay in the organism of 5-FU formed from FT is longer than that of 5-FU administered solely. Moreover, FT does not result in the formation of such high 5-FU concentrations, as observed while using 5-FU itself. It seems to account for an insignificant toxicity of FT and its greater efficacy in treatment of malignant tumors.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the fate of fluorofur and 5-fluorouracil in the organism]. Fluorofur (FT) is slowly splitted in tissues releasing free 5-FU. The duration of stay in the organism of 5-FU formed from FT is longer than that of 5-FU administered solely. Moreover, FT does not result in the formation of such high 5-FU concentrations, as observed while using 5-FU itself. It seems to account for an insignificant toxicity of FT and its greater efficacy in treatment of malignant tumors.", "PMID": 1189367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11119", "title": "[Simmonds-Sheehan syndrome].", "content": "A woman of 30 with Simmonds--Sheehan syndrome is described that developed after delivery by vacuum-extraction of the fetus, due to powerless labour. The clinical picture was dominated by suprarenal cortical insufficiency, manifested with pains in the abdomen, vomiting, hypotonia and severe asthenic-adynamic syndrome. The substitutional hormonal treatment completely restored the general state and the working capacity of the patient.", "contents": "[Simmonds-Sheehan syndrome]. A woman of 30 with Simmonds--Sheehan syndrome is described that developed after delivery by vacuum-extraction of the fetus, due to powerless labour. The clinical picture was dominated by suprarenal cortical insufficiency, manifested with pains in the abdomen, vomiting, hypotonia and severe asthenic-adynamic syndrome. The substitutional hormonal treatment completely restored the general state and the working capacity of the patient.", "PMID": 1189388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11120", "title": "[Dipeptidase activity in the small intestine of patients with chronic nonspecific enteritis].", "content": "Dipeptidase activity in homogenate from small intestinal mucosa is determined according to the method of Josefsson (1965) in 45 patients with chronic non-specific enteritis. The majority of the enzymes are of the endopeptidase group, degrading the dipeptides of the neural aminoacids; glycyl-alanine, alanyl-l-valine, glycyl-l-isoleucine, analyl-glycine, leucyl-l-leucine, alanyl-l-leucine, alanyl-l-proline, glycyl-l-glutamic acid; only one enzyme-glycyl-l-leucine dipeptidase belongs to the enzymes of the brush-like zone of the enterocyte. The glycyl-l-alanine dipeptidase enzyme activity was established to be decreased with 49,2 per cent, glycyl-l-leucine--with 33,2 per cent, glycyl-l-valine with 19,6 per cent, glycyl-l-isoleucine--with 61 per cent, etc. The diminished enzyme activity corresponds, in the majority of the cases, to the severity of the disease and to the degree of the histological changes. It does not reach the decreased degree, found in the patients with coliac sprue. In a series of cases the enzymatic activity does not correspond to the morphological changes: \"normal activity\" and decreased peptidase activity were found in six cases and in two cases--\"partial mucosal atrophy\" and normal or elevated peptidase activity. Very likely, the pointed out enzymes, are of a substantial importance for the pathogenetic digestive and resorbtive disturbances in chronic non-specific enteritis, especially protein disturbances.", "contents": "[Dipeptidase activity in the small intestine of patients with chronic nonspecific enteritis]. Dipeptidase activity in homogenate from small intestinal mucosa is determined according to the method of Josefsson (1965) in 45 patients with chronic non-specific enteritis. The majority of the enzymes are of the endopeptidase group, degrading the dipeptides of the neural aminoacids; glycyl-alanine, alanyl-l-valine, glycyl-l-isoleucine, analyl-glycine, leucyl-l-leucine, alanyl-l-leucine, alanyl-l-proline, glycyl-l-glutamic acid; only one enzyme-glycyl-l-leucine dipeptidase belongs to the enzymes of the brush-like zone of the enterocyte. The glycyl-l-alanine dipeptidase enzyme activity was established to be decreased with 49,2 per cent, glycyl-l-leucine--with 33,2 per cent, glycyl-l-valine with 19,6 per cent, glycyl-l-isoleucine--with 61 per cent, etc. The diminished enzyme activity corresponds, in the majority of the cases, to the severity of the disease and to the degree of the histological changes. It does not reach the decreased degree, found in the patients with coliac sprue. In a series of cases the enzymatic activity does not correspond to the morphological changes: \"normal activity\" and decreased peptidase activity were found in six cases and in two cases--\"partial mucosal atrophy\" and normal or elevated peptidase activity. Very likely, the pointed out enzymes, are of a substantial importance for the pathogenetic digestive and resorbtive disturbances in chronic non-specific enteritis, especially protein disturbances.", "PMID": 1189389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11121", "title": "[Effect of alcohol and diet on some liver enzymes].", "content": "Liver is the main organ associated with alcohol oxidation. The definite liver enzymes role is not elucidated as yet, that participates in alcohol metabolism. The nutrient factors are of a great importance for the development of the alcoholic liver lesions and for the induction of liver enzymes under alcohol effect. Alcohol effect was studied in 80 male albino rats, Wistar strain, as well as some nutritional diets upon microsomal enzymes--cytochrome P-450, aniline-hydroxilase aminopyrine-demetilase., ADH and DALA-C. The changes, developed in the body weight are discussed as well as the liver weight and the microsomal protein under alcohol effect and the respective nutritional regimens. Alcohol, given in a dose of 4g/kg body weight, in the course of 60 days, induces but slightly the microsomal enzymes cytochrome P-450 and aniline-hydroxilase and does not induce aminopyrine-demetilase. ADH activity decrease with the chronic alcohol loading. Mitochondrial enzyme DALA-C is moderately induced by alcohol. Lipid and protein role is decisive in the induction process while the carbohydrate role is less.", "contents": "[Effect of alcohol and diet on some liver enzymes]. Liver is the main organ associated with alcohol oxidation. The definite liver enzymes role is not elucidated as yet, that participates in alcohol metabolism. The nutrient factors are of a great importance for the development of the alcoholic liver lesions and for the induction of liver enzymes under alcohol effect. Alcohol effect was studied in 80 male albino rats, Wistar strain, as well as some nutritional diets upon microsomal enzymes--cytochrome P-450, aniline-hydroxilase aminopyrine-demetilase., ADH and DALA-C. The changes, developed in the body weight are discussed as well as the liver weight and the microsomal protein under alcohol effect and the respective nutritional regimens. Alcohol, given in a dose of 4g/kg body weight, in the course of 60 days, induces but slightly the microsomal enzymes cytochrome P-450 and aniline-hydroxilase and does not induce aminopyrine-demetilase. ADH activity decrease with the chronic alcohol loading. Mitochondrial enzyme DALA-C is moderately induced by alcohol. Lipid and protein role is decisive in the induction process while the carbohydrate role is less.", "PMID": 1189392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11122", "title": "[Deiodase deficiency--clinical significance and diagnosis].", "content": "Outlining briefly the essence and clinical manifestation of deiodase insufficiency, the author stresses upon the diagnostic difficulties of that disease and the need of available and reliable tests for the detection of that enzyme defect. The results of the modified, by the author, method of Jaffiol et al. applied on 15 patients with nodular sporadic goiter are reported. The modification gives distinct results and is with substantial practical advantages as compared with the original method. Deiodase insufficiency was established in three of the examined and the percentage of the excreted with the urine labelled diiodotyrosine exceeded two to five times that of the rest of the patients. The method is recommended for the diagnostic practice.", "contents": "[Deiodase deficiency--clinical significance and diagnosis]. Outlining briefly the essence and clinical manifestation of deiodase insufficiency, the author stresses upon the diagnostic difficulties of that disease and the need of available and reliable tests for the detection of that enzyme defect. The results of the modified, by the author, method of Jaffiol et al. applied on 15 patients with nodular sporadic goiter are reported. The modification gives distinct results and is with substantial practical advantages as compared with the original method. Deiodase insufficiency was established in three of the examined and the percentage of the excreted with the urine labelled diiodotyrosine exceeded two to five times that of the rest of the patients. The method is recommended for the diagnostic practice.", "PMID": 1189393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11123", "title": "[Study of coagulation in patients with hypertension].", "content": "The coagulation process, on the background of humoral syndrome, were followed up in 73 patients with hypertonic disease in clinical conditions. The hypertonic disease develops with hyperlipemia, dysproteinemia and hypercoagulonemia and depression of the fibrinolytic system. During the first stage of the disease a tendency towards elevated susceptibility to coagulation was found, but with intensified fibrinolytic activity. With the development of the alterations, due to the hypertonic disease, the hypercoagulation is increased and the fibrinolytic system is depressed.", "contents": "[Study of coagulation in patients with hypertension]. The coagulation process, on the background of humoral syndrome, were followed up in 73 patients with hypertonic disease in clinical conditions. The hypertonic disease develops with hyperlipemia, dysproteinemia and hypercoagulonemia and depression of the fibrinolytic system. During the first stage of the disease a tendency towards elevated susceptibility to coagulation was found, but with intensified fibrinolytic activity. With the development of the alterations, due to the hypertonic disease, the hypercoagulation is increased and the fibrinolytic system is depressed.", "PMID": 1189394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11124", "title": "[Excretion of some metabolites of catecholamine, serotonin and steroid hormones following neurosensory loading].", "content": "The values of 17-ketosteroids (according toe Drekter, Pearson, Bartezak, modification of Kukuskina and Gurjeva), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (according to Sjoerdsma, Weisbach and Udenfriend) and 3-methoxy, 4-hydroxyvanillyl mandelic acid (according to Pisano et al, modification of Georges) were followed up in the 24-hour urine of 37 female-weavers (subdivided into two groups--healthy and neurotics) and 15 males--operators of control boards from the Chemical Combinate--Vratza. The urine was tested also according to the method of Wisser and Stamm, 1970, in mgr/2 hours. The comparison of the metabolite values before and after work revealed an increase of 17-ketosteroids and vanillyl-mandelic acid after neuro-sensory loading, especially in neurotics. Lower values, at the end of the working shift, were found for the 5-hydroyindole acetic acid, with the exception of those of the neurotics, that were elevated--an increased utilization of serotonin is relied on.", "contents": "[Excretion of some metabolites of catecholamine, serotonin and steroid hormones following neurosensory loading]. The values of 17-ketosteroids (according toe Drekter, Pearson, Bartezak, modification of Kukuskina and Gurjeva), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (according to Sjoerdsma, Weisbach and Udenfriend) and 3-methoxy, 4-hydroxyvanillyl mandelic acid (according to Pisano et al, modification of Georges) were followed up in the 24-hour urine of 37 female-weavers (subdivided into two groups--healthy and neurotics) and 15 males--operators of control boards from the Chemical Combinate--Vratza. The urine was tested also according to the method of Wisser and Stamm, 1970, in mgr/2 hours. The comparison of the metabolite values before and after work revealed an increase of 17-ketosteroids and vanillyl-mandelic acid after neuro-sensory loading, especially in neurotics. Lower values, at the end of the working shift, were found for the 5-hydroyindole acetic acid, with the exception of those of the neurotics, that were elevated--an increased utilization of serotonin is relied on.", "PMID": 1189395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11125", "title": "[Type of coronary circulation in myocardial infarct].", "content": "Coronary type is established in 300 non-selected postmortem cases at a preliminary investigation. In another 100 cases with myocardial infarction--the coronary type is established, its incidence checked up as well as the atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary vessels, the distribution of the coronary thrombosis and myocardial ruptures. Analysis is performed according to pathologooantomical indices for the lethal cases, taking in consideration the duration of the infarction changes in the coronary type.", "contents": "[Type of coronary circulation in myocardial infarct]. Coronary type is established in 300 non-selected postmortem cases at a preliminary investigation. In another 100 cases with myocardial infarction--the coronary type is established, its incidence checked up as well as the atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary vessels, the distribution of the coronary thrombosis and myocardial ruptures. Analysis is performed according to pathologooantomical indices for the lethal cases, taking in consideration the duration of the infarction changes in the coronary type.", "PMID": 1189397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11126", "title": "[A uricular flutter in apparently healthy persons].", "content": "The authors report three patients, with chronic auricular fibrillation, the clinical examination not revealing reliable data for organic lesion of the cardio-vascular system. The rarity of that clinical phenomenon is stressed upon as well as the successful treatment of the auricular fibrillation with electric defrillation or with chinidine.", "contents": "[A uricular flutter in apparently healthy persons]. The authors report three patients, with chronic auricular fibrillation, the clinical examination not revealing reliable data for organic lesion of the cardio-vascular system. The rarity of that clinical phenomenon is stressed upon as well as the successful treatment of the auricular fibrillation with electric defrillation or with chinidine.", "PMID": 1189398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11127", "title": "[Morphological study of the parathyroid glands in diabetes mellitus and its renal complications].", "content": "The parathyroid glands of 14 deceased diabetics were investigated as well as nine control non-diabetics. Various in character and degree histological alterations were observed during the morphological investigations of those glands: mild or better manifested hyperplastic alterations (six cases), microadenoma (one case), focal vasculary determined atrophia (two cases, total atrophia of involutive type (two cases), close to the control alterations (three cases). Hyperplastic alterations are established most frequently in the presence of diabetic nephropathia and azotemia. They could be explained with the development of a secondary hyperparathyroidism, associated with chronic renal insufficiency. In single cases, an effect of the disturbance of the calcium-phosphorus metabolism in diabetes is admitted. Changes in the parathyroid glands, from the type of generalized diabetic microangiopathy, is suspected in one of the deceased patients. Two microadenomas were found in another case, predominantly with dark basic cells. No dependence was established between the morphological alterations and the severity, diabetes form, nor with the presence of pyelonephritis. Certain dependence was established between the age of the deceased and the stage of the azotemia.", "contents": "[Morphological study of the parathyroid glands in diabetes mellitus and its renal complications]. The parathyroid glands of 14 deceased diabetics were investigated as well as nine control non-diabetics. Various in character and degree histological alterations were observed during the morphological investigations of those glands: mild or better manifested hyperplastic alterations (six cases), microadenoma (one case), focal vasculary determined atrophia (two cases, total atrophia of involutive type (two cases), close to the control alterations (three cases). Hyperplastic alterations are established most frequently in the presence of diabetic nephropathia and azotemia. They could be explained with the development of a secondary hyperparathyroidism, associated with chronic renal insufficiency. In single cases, an effect of the disturbance of the calcium-phosphorus metabolism in diabetes is admitted. Changes in the parathyroid glands, from the type of generalized diabetic microangiopathy, is suspected in one of the deceased patients. Two microadenomas were found in another case, predominantly with dark basic cells. No dependence was established between the morphological alterations and the severity, diabetes form, nor with the presence of pyelonephritis. Certain dependence was established between the age of the deceased and the stage of the azotemia.", "PMID": 1189399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11128", "title": "[Depression of cortisol secretion with dexamethasone in healthy persons].", "content": "1. Cortisol secretion inhibition in 70 healthy individuals was followed-up, after the peroral application of dexametason 2,5 mg/24. Plasma cortisol, with initial values of 18,8 +/- 0,64 mkg/100 ml was inhibited to 5,7 +/- 0,21 mkg/100 ml. The decrease is with 69,7 per cent of the basic level. 2. The indices for normal values were drawn as well as a positive hormonal response to dexametason: initial level between 6,3 and 29,4 mkg/100 ml, cortisol decrease at least with 4,8 mkg/100 ml plasma and the plasma cortisol level after 2,5 mg dexametason--under 9,9 mkg/100 ml. 3. In case of hormonal response absence to dexametason those three indices were not observed. The hormonal response is disturbed if the decrease is under 4,8 mkg/100 ml or the inhibitory level does not reach the values under 9,9 mkg/100 ml plasma.", "contents": "[Depression of cortisol secretion with dexamethasone in healthy persons]. 1. Cortisol secretion inhibition in 70 healthy individuals was followed-up, after the peroral application of dexametason 2,5 mg/24. Plasma cortisol, with initial values of 18,8 +/- 0,64 mkg/100 ml was inhibited to 5,7 +/- 0,21 mkg/100 ml. The decrease is with 69,7 per cent of the basic level. 2. The indices for normal values were drawn as well as a positive hormonal response to dexametason: initial level between 6,3 and 29,4 mkg/100 ml, cortisol decrease at least with 4,8 mkg/100 ml plasma and the plasma cortisol level after 2,5 mg dexametason--under 9,9 mkg/100 ml. 3. In case of hormonal response absence to dexametason those three indices were not observed. The hormonal response is disturbed if the decrease is under 4,8 mkg/100 ml or the inhibitory level does not reach the values under 9,9 mkg/100 ml plasma.", "PMID": 1189401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11129", "title": "[Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a preparation of Sanokrizin--intravenous administration].", "content": "Treatment with the preparation \"Sanokrizin\", applied i. v. has been carried out to 50 patients with rheumatoid polyarthritis--32 seropositive and 18 seronegative forms, being with a duration of the morbid process from one to 17 years. Therapeutic effect was obtained in 78 per cent of the cases, followed up from six months to one year while that therapy proved to be without effect in 22 per cent of the patients or only separate symptoms of the inflammatory process were partially affected. The preparation has a good tolerance and the side-effects, in the absence of controlled auremia, are overcome with discontinuation of the carried out treatment and only to two of the patients corticosteroids were given additionally. With an average dose, per course, of 1751,60 mg effect was also obtained upon single symptoms of the rheumatoid inflammation. The patients, effected at the earliest in the course of the therapeutic process, are with the best and most durable therapeutic effect and that might be used as a prognostic criterion for the favourable effect of the carried out treatment with the preparation \"Sanokrizin\".", "contents": "[Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a preparation of Sanokrizin--intravenous administration]. Treatment with the preparation \"Sanokrizin\", applied i. v. has been carried out to 50 patients with rheumatoid polyarthritis--32 seropositive and 18 seronegative forms, being with a duration of the morbid process from one to 17 years. Therapeutic effect was obtained in 78 per cent of the cases, followed up from six months to one year while that therapy proved to be without effect in 22 per cent of the patients or only separate symptoms of the inflammatory process were partially affected. The preparation has a good tolerance and the side-effects, in the absence of controlled auremia, are overcome with discontinuation of the carried out treatment and only to two of the patients corticosteroids were given additionally. With an average dose, per course, of 1751,60 mg effect was also obtained upon single symptoms of the rheumatoid inflammation. The patients, effected at the earliest in the course of the therapeutic process, are with the best and most durable therapeutic effect and that might be used as a prognostic criterion for the favourable effect of the carried out treatment with the preparation \"Sanokrizin\".", "PMID": 1189402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11130", "title": "[Total oesophageal resection with interposition of the left hemi-colon in a one-stage procedure (author's transl)].", "content": "Total oesophageal resection for cancer is a major procedure, involving surgery within the thoracic cage, the abdomen and the cervical mediastinum. Plastic restruction using a segment of colon which is placed retrosternally between the cervical oesophagus and the stomach, is an additional procedure of considerable difficulty. Most surgeons, therefore, prefer a two-stage operation. In order to spare patients the unpleasantness of a cervical fistula and a gastrostomy, the author describes a procedure of total resection of the oesophagus with interposition of the left hemi-colon in a one-stage procedure. Careful selection of patients is naturally imperative, but the immediate postoperative results enabling the patient to swallow again at once is most gratifying.", "contents": "[Total oesophageal resection with interposition of the left hemi-colon in a one-stage procedure (author's transl)]. Total oesophageal resection for cancer is a major procedure, involving surgery within the thoracic cage, the abdomen and the cervical mediastinum. Plastic restruction using a segment of colon which is placed retrosternally between the cervical oesophagus and the stomach, is an additional procedure of considerable difficulty. Most surgeons, therefore, prefer a two-stage operation. In order to spare patients the unpleasantness of a cervical fistula and a gastrostomy, the author describes a procedure of total resection of the oesophagus with interposition of the left hemi-colon in a one-stage procedure. Careful selection of patients is naturally imperative, but the immediate postoperative results enabling the patient to swallow again at once is most gratifying.", "PMID": 1189450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11131", "title": "[The Surgical Management of Faecal Incontinence in Childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of 13 cases is reported in which gracilis muscle transplantation according to Pickrell was carried out. In half of the cases a modification using bilateral gracilis muscle transplants was performed. 10 children were followed up; 8 of them showed an improvement in faecal continence. Preserved contractility of the transplanted gracilis muscle seemed to be responsible for this improvement. Since maturation of anorectal structures after surgical correction of high anorectal atresias and late development of anorectal mechanisms seems possible and might to be assisted by transplantation, early surgery -- about the fourth year of life -- is recommended.", "contents": "[The Surgical Management of Faecal Incontinence in Childhood (author's transl)]. A series of 13 cases is reported in which gracilis muscle transplantation according to Pickrell was carried out. In half of the cases a modification using bilateral gracilis muscle transplants was performed. 10 children were followed up; 8 of them showed an improvement in faecal continence. Preserved contractility of the transplanted gracilis muscle seemed to be responsible for this improvement. Since maturation of anorectal structures after surgical correction of high anorectal atresias and late development of anorectal mechanisms seems possible and might to be assisted by transplantation, early surgery -- about the fourth year of life -- is recommended.", "PMID": 1189451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11132", "title": "[Results of thoracoscopic sympathectomy in hyperhidrosis of the upper extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "Thoracoscopic sympathectomy bei Kux's method was undertaken on 256 occasions for the treatment of 168 patients suffering from hyperhidrosis of the upper extremities. There were no operative fatalities. Thoracotomy was required in only 2 cases, the indication being intraoperative bleeding. 2 further patients developed a tension pneumothorax postoperatively necessitating drainage. The operation was successful in all but 2 cases. Division of the sympathetic chain between T1 and T2 suffices to achieve dryness of the hands; if underarm perspiration is to equally influenced then division of the sympathetic trunk must be extended caudally to the level of T5. On follow-up examination of 104 patients 2 and 10 years after the operation, a successful result was noted in 94% of cases. Unwanted side effects were vicarious and gustatory perspiration, which arose in 39% and 56% of cases respectively, but did not affect the successful outcome of the operation.", "contents": "[Results of thoracoscopic sympathectomy in hyperhidrosis of the upper extremities (author's transl)]. Thoracoscopic sympathectomy bei Kux's method was undertaken on 256 occasions for the treatment of 168 patients suffering from hyperhidrosis of the upper extremities. There were no operative fatalities. Thoracotomy was required in only 2 cases, the indication being intraoperative bleeding. 2 further patients developed a tension pneumothorax postoperatively necessitating drainage. The operation was successful in all but 2 cases. Division of the sympathetic chain between T1 and T2 suffices to achieve dryness of the hands; if underarm perspiration is to equally influenced then division of the sympathetic trunk must be extended caudally to the level of T5. On follow-up examination of 104 patients 2 and 10 years after the operation, a successful result was noted in 94% of cases. Unwanted side effects were vicarious and gustatory perspiration, which arose in 39% and 56% of cases respectively, but did not affect the successful outcome of the operation.", "PMID": 1189452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11133", "title": "[Thrombolytic therapy in arteriosclerotic disease (authors transl)].", "content": "The treatment of acute arterial occulsion, especially emboli and also thromboses associated with a complete ischaemia is the domain of the surgeon. Subacute or chronic arterial occlusion -- uni- or myltilocular --are suited for a trial of thrombolytic therapy, with an approximate success rate of 40%. When thrombolysis is contraindicated, then transluminal dilatation according to Dotter can be attempted in cases of short stenosis. A new and successful indication for thrombolysis is in the therapy of cases of late reocclusion after vascular reconstructive operations. The preliminary results in this field are very good, especially in the aortoiliac region. The indications, the practical details, the results and complications of thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase are discussed.", "contents": "[Thrombolytic therapy in arteriosclerotic disease (authors transl)]. The treatment of acute arterial occulsion, especially emboli and also thromboses associated with a complete ischaemia is the domain of the surgeon. Subacute or chronic arterial occlusion -- uni- or myltilocular --are suited for a trial of thrombolytic therapy, with an approximate success rate of 40%. When thrombolysis is contraindicated, then transluminal dilatation according to Dotter can be attempted in cases of short stenosis. A new and successful indication for thrombolysis is in the therapy of cases of late reocclusion after vascular reconstructive operations. The preliminary results in this field are very good, especially in the aortoiliac region. The indications, the practical details, the results and complications of thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase are discussed.", "PMID": 1189453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11134", "title": "[A contribution to the pathophysiology of post-traumatic brain oedema (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of this paper is to contrast new results obtained on the activities of lysosomal proteases in the brain of traumatized animals with the previously held opinions concerning the development of post-traumatic brain oedema. Two hours after a standardized head injury in the cat, acid and neutral proteases were determined in the brain homogenate. Total as well as free activity, especially of the neutral proteases, were markedly increased after head injury, a circumstance indicating the important role of lysosomes in the development of post-traumatic brain oedema. It is postulated that not hypoxia alone, but primary or secondary disturbance of lysosomal function is the predominant factor in the development of brain oedema. Release of enzymes -- especially proteases -- causes irreversibility of initial vascular oedema by autolysis of cellular structures.", "contents": "[A contribution to the pathophysiology of post-traumatic brain oedema (author's transl)]. The aim of this paper is to contrast new results obtained on the activities of lysosomal proteases in the brain of traumatized animals with the previously held opinions concerning the development of post-traumatic brain oedema. Two hours after a standardized head injury in the cat, acid and neutral proteases were determined in the brain homogenate. Total as well as free activity, especially of the neutral proteases, were markedly increased after head injury, a circumstance indicating the important role of lysosomes in the development of post-traumatic brain oedema. It is postulated that not hypoxia alone, but primary or secondary disturbance of lysosomal function is the predominant factor in the development of brain oedema. Release of enzymes -- especially proteases -- causes irreversibility of initial vascular oedema by autolysis of cellular structures.", "PMID": 1189454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11135", "title": "[The diagnostic value of the electroencephalogram in intracranial meningiomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The preoperative and postperative follow-up EEG findings in 129 patients with intracranial meningiomas treated in the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Graz, are reported. In 87.6% of these cases there were EEG abnormalities. The EEG showed localized abnormalities which corresponded with the side of the lesion in 90 patients. Focal convulsion potentials were recorded in 10.9% of cases. The clinical features were diagnositic of the site of the tumour in the case of temporal lobe lesions. In the postoperative follow-up, a positive correlation was found between the clinical course and the EEG findings.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of the electroencephalogram in intracranial meningiomas (author's transl)]. The preoperative and postperative follow-up EEG findings in 129 patients with intracranial meningiomas treated in the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Graz, are reported. In 87.6% of these cases there were EEG abnormalities. The EEG showed localized abnormalities which corresponded with the side of the lesion in 90 patients. Focal convulsion potentials were recorded in 10.9% of cases. The clinical features were diagnositic of the site of the tumour in the case of temporal lobe lesions. In the postoperative follow-up, a positive correlation was found between the clinical course and the EEG findings.", "PMID": 1189455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11136", "title": "Effect of diphenylhydantoin on the biotransformation and biliary excretion of imipramine in rats.", "content": "1. Rats with biliary fistula excrete 18% of an intraperitoneal dose of [14C]imipramine (80 mg/kg) in bile within 2-5 h. Diphenylhydantoin (46 mg/kg) simultaneously administered intravenously decreases the biliary excretion of imipramine plus metabolites to 7% dose. With or without diphenylhydantoin, the highest biliary concentration of imipramine plus metabolites occurs 30-60 min after dosage. 2. With or without administration of diphenylhydantoin, 83% of the bile radioactivity is present as the conjugated 2-hydroxylated metabolites of imipramine. With imipramine alone, more conjugated 2-hydroxydesmethyl-imipramine than conjugated 2-hydroxyimipramine is excreted in the bile. Diphenylhydantoin reverses this order. 3. Administration of diphenylhydantoin does not significantly alter the concentration of imipramine plus metabolites in plasma, liver, lung and brain measured at five consecutive 30 min periods after dosage.", "contents": "Effect of diphenylhydantoin on the biotransformation and biliary excretion of imipramine in rats. 1. Rats with biliary fistula excrete 18% of an intraperitoneal dose of [14C]imipramine (80 mg/kg) in bile within 2-5 h. Diphenylhydantoin (46 mg/kg) simultaneously administered intravenously decreases the biliary excretion of imipramine plus metabolites to 7% dose. With or without diphenylhydantoin, the highest biliary concentration of imipramine plus metabolites occurs 30-60 min after dosage. 2. With or without administration of diphenylhydantoin, 83% of the bile radioactivity is present as the conjugated 2-hydroxylated metabolites of imipramine. With imipramine alone, more conjugated 2-hydroxydesmethyl-imipramine than conjugated 2-hydroxyimipramine is excreted in the bile. Diphenylhydantoin reverses this order. 3. Administration of diphenylhydantoin does not significantly alter the concentration of imipramine plus metabolites in plasma, liver, lung and brain measured at five consecutive 30 min periods after dosage.", "PMID": 1189456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11137", "title": "Levels of piribedil and its active metabolite (S-584) in the rat striatum.", "content": "1. A gas chromatographic-mass fragmentographic method has been developed to determine piribedil and its metabolite S-584, using diazepam as internal standard. The metabolite was derivatized as a trimethylsilyl ether for gas chromatographic analysis. The minimum detectable amount of piribedil and the metabolite was 10 ng/g tissue. 2. Levels of piribedil and its metabolite in the striatum were determined by mass fragmentography.", "contents": "Levels of piribedil and its active metabolite (S-584) in the rat striatum. 1. A gas chromatographic-mass fragmentographic method has been developed to determine piribedil and its metabolite S-584, using diazepam as internal standard. The metabolite was derivatized as a trimethylsilyl ether for gas chromatographic analysis. The minimum detectable amount of piribedil and the metabolite was 10 ng/g tissue. 2. Levels of piribedil and its metabolite in the striatum were determined by mass fragmentography.", "PMID": 1189457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11138", "title": "Effects of chronic oral administration on the disposition of laevodopa and its major metabolites in the plasma of the rat.", "content": "1. Plasma levels of total radioactivity , unchanged laevodopa, catecholamines, 3-O-methyldopa and non-amino phenolic acids were measured in rats treated orally with [3H]laevodopa (100 mg/kg, 100 muCi/kg) for different periods of time. 2. Chronic oral administration of laevodopa for two months significantly delayed the appearance of peak plasma levels and decreased the overall plasma concentrations of the unchanged drug as compared to controls. The extent of absorption of an oral dose of [3H]laevodopa was not significantly impaired on chronic treatment and/or ageing. The decrease in the levels of unchanged laevodopa appeared to be due to an increase in the apparent volumes of distribution of the drug and its metabolites upon ageing. 3. The plasma levels of the catecholamine metabolite fraction, which included dopamine, noradrenaline, etc., were much higher in chronically dosed animals. 4. These findings may be relevant in the understanding of such clinical observations as decreasing therapeutic effects and increasing toxicity after long-term laevodopa treatment in human patients.", "contents": "Effects of chronic oral administration on the disposition of laevodopa and its major metabolites in the plasma of the rat. 1. Plasma levels of total radioactivity , unchanged laevodopa, catecholamines, 3-O-methyldopa and non-amino phenolic acids were measured in rats treated orally with [3H]laevodopa (100 mg/kg, 100 muCi/kg) for different periods of time. 2. Chronic oral administration of laevodopa for two months significantly delayed the appearance of peak plasma levels and decreased the overall plasma concentrations of the unchanged drug as compared to controls. The extent of absorption of an oral dose of [3H]laevodopa was not significantly impaired on chronic treatment and/or ageing. The decrease in the levels of unchanged laevodopa appeared to be due to an increase in the apparent volumes of distribution of the drug and its metabolites upon ageing. 3. The plasma levels of the catecholamine metabolite fraction, which included dopamine, noradrenaline, etc., were much higher in chronically dosed animals. 4. These findings may be relevant in the understanding of such clinical observations as decreasing therapeutic effects and increasing toxicity after long-term laevodopa treatment in human patients.", "PMID": 1189458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11139", "title": "The metabolism of 2-ethylhexanol in rats.", "content": "1. 2-Ethylhexanol was efficiently absorbed following oral administration to rats. 14C associated with 2-ethyl[1-14C]hexanol was rapidly excreted in respiratory CO2 (6-7%), faeces (8-9%) and urine (80-82%), with essentially complete elimination by 28 h after administration. 2. The amount of label recovered in 14CO2 matched the amount of unlabelled 2-heptanone plus 4-heptanone recovered from urine, suggesting that both types of metabolite may have been derived form the major urinary metabolite, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, by decarboxylation following partial beta-oxidation. The 14CO2 appeared not to be derived from acetate (urinary acetic acid and liver and brain cholesterol were not labelled) or by reductive decarboxylation (heptane was not present.) 3. Other identified metabolites were 2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-5-ketohexanoic acid, and 2-ethyl-1,6-hexanedioic acid. Only about 3% of the ethylhexanol was excreted unchanged. 4. Ethylhexanol was a competitive inhibitor of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, but a good substrate for horse alcohol dehydrogenase. 5. Other relationships between metabolism and toxicity of 2-ethylhexanol are discussed.", "contents": "The metabolism of 2-ethylhexanol in rats. 1. 2-Ethylhexanol was efficiently absorbed following oral administration to rats. 14C associated with 2-ethyl[1-14C]hexanol was rapidly excreted in respiratory CO2 (6-7%), faeces (8-9%) and urine (80-82%), with essentially complete elimination by 28 h after administration. 2. The amount of label recovered in 14CO2 matched the amount of unlabelled 2-heptanone plus 4-heptanone recovered from urine, suggesting that both types of metabolite may have been derived form the major urinary metabolite, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, by decarboxylation following partial beta-oxidation. The 14CO2 appeared not to be derived from acetate (urinary acetic acid and liver and brain cholesterol were not labelled) or by reductive decarboxylation (heptane was not present.) 3. Other identified metabolites were 2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-5-ketohexanoic acid, and 2-ethyl-1,6-hexanedioic acid. Only about 3% of the ethylhexanol was excreted unchanged. 4. Ethylhexanol was a competitive inhibitor of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, but a good substrate for horse alcohol dehydrogenase. 5. Other relationships between metabolism and toxicity of 2-ethylhexanol are discussed.", "PMID": 1189459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11140", "title": "Species differences in the metabolism of palmotoxins B0 and G0 in vitro.", "content": "1. The metabolism of palmotoxins B0 and G0 has been studied using liver slices and liver microsomal-plus-soluble fractions from eleven animal species. 2. Neither slices nor microsomal-plus-soluble fractions of livers from goat and duck demethylated palmotoxins B0 and G0. No demethylation occurred with microsomal-plus-soluble fractions from lizard, toad, and guinea-pig although some was detected with the liver slices of these animals. 3. All species with the exception of duck and the white rock cock produced the fluorescent metabolite identical with the hydroxylation product from the rat. The rat metabolite with RF value 0 - 21 was absent in all other species studied. 4. In all species, the total amount of each toxin metabolized was far less than that obtained for aflatoxin B1 under identical conditions.", "contents": "Species differences in the metabolism of palmotoxins B0 and G0 in vitro. 1. The metabolism of palmotoxins B0 and G0 has been studied using liver slices and liver microsomal-plus-soluble fractions from eleven animal species. 2. Neither slices nor microsomal-plus-soluble fractions of livers from goat and duck demethylated palmotoxins B0 and G0. No demethylation occurred with microsomal-plus-soluble fractions from lizard, toad, and guinea-pig although some was detected with the liver slices of these animals. 3. All species with the exception of duck and the white rock cock produced the fluorescent metabolite identical with the hydroxylation product from the rat. The rat metabolite with RF value 0 - 21 was absent in all other species studied. 4. In all species, the total amount of each toxin metabolized was far less than that obtained for aflatoxin B1 under identical conditions.", "PMID": 1189460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11141", "title": "Enhancement of hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in vitro following ethanol administration.", "content": "1. Administration of ethanol intraperitoneally at low dosages (10-25 mg/kg) to rats stimulates hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity in vitro. 2. Pretreatment with ethanol administered orally has no effect on in vivo drug metabolism as measured by pentobarbitone plasma half-life and has no effect on the excretion of ascorbic acid. Ethanol administration does not enhance its own binding to cytochrome P-450. 3. These observations suggest that the administration of ethanol, at moderate dosage, does not give rise to induction of hepatic cytochrome P-450. 4. Unwashed hepatic microsomes are contaminated with alcohol dehydrogenase, but pretreatment with ethanol does not increase microsomal generation of NADH. 5. Pretreatment with ethanol has no stimulatory effect on NADH-NADP+ transhydrogenation. 6. The stimulation of hepatic drug metabolism in vitro following administration of ethanol is not due to increased cytochrome P-450 nor to increased NADPH, per se, but appears to result from an increase in the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase.", "contents": "Enhancement of hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in vitro following ethanol administration. 1. Administration of ethanol intraperitoneally at low dosages (10-25 mg/kg) to rats stimulates hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity in vitro. 2. Pretreatment with ethanol administered orally has no effect on in vivo drug metabolism as measured by pentobarbitone plasma half-life and has no effect on the excretion of ascorbic acid. Ethanol administration does not enhance its own binding to cytochrome P-450. 3. These observations suggest that the administration of ethanol, at moderate dosage, does not give rise to induction of hepatic cytochrome P-450. 4. Unwashed hepatic microsomes are contaminated with alcohol dehydrogenase, but pretreatment with ethanol does not increase microsomal generation of NADH. 5. Pretreatment with ethanol has no stimulatory effect on NADH-NADP+ transhydrogenation. 6. The stimulation of hepatic drug metabolism in vitro following administration of ethanol is not due to increased cytochrome P-450 nor to increased NADPH, per se, but appears to result from an increase in the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase.", "PMID": 1189461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11142", "title": "Microsomal N-hydroxylation of dibenzylamine.", "content": "1. The properties of the rabbit liver microsomal enzyme system(s) catalysing the formation of N,N-dibenzylhydroxylamine as the major metabolite of dibenzylamine have been investigated. 2. The system consists of NADPH- and NADH-dependent components which are differentiated by their different pH optima and sensitivity towards cyanide. 3. The effect of various metabolic inhibitors on the N-oxidation process in vitro are investigated. 4. The N-oxidation of the parent amine was inhibited by CO, SKF 525-A, and  inhibitors known to interact with microsomal cytochrome P-450. Phenobarbitone pre-treatment stimulates further metabolism of the hydroxylamine.", "contents": "Microsomal N-hydroxylation of dibenzylamine. 1. The properties of the rabbit liver microsomal enzyme system(s) catalysing the formation of N,N-dibenzylhydroxylamine as the major metabolite of dibenzylamine have been investigated. 2. The system consists of NADPH- and NADH-dependent components which are differentiated by their different pH optima and sensitivity towards cyanide. 3. The effect of various metabolic inhibitors on the N-oxidation process in vitro are investigated. 4. The N-oxidation of the parent amine was inhibited by CO, SKF 525-A, and  inhibitors known to interact with microsomal cytochrome P-450. Phenobarbitone pre-treatment stimulates further metabolism of the hydroxylamine.", "PMID": 1189462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11143", "title": "Metabolism and urinary excretion of chlormethiazole in humans.", "content": "1. Chlormethiazole and five of its metabolites excreted in urine in man have been investigated by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 2. Four metabolites have been identified by comparison with authentic compounds as 5-acetyl-4-methylthiazole, 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole, 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole and 4-methyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid; 4-methyl-5-thiazoleacetaldehyde is proposed for the other metabolite. 3. The amounts of chlormethiazole and its identified metabolites excreted in urine have been quantitatively determined after a single oral dose in three healthy adults. Approximately 16% of the dose was excreted as chlormethiazole, 5-acetyl-4-methylthiazole, 5-(1-hydroxyethyx)-4-methylthiazole and 4-methyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid.", "contents": "Metabolism and urinary excretion of chlormethiazole in humans. 1. Chlormethiazole and five of its metabolites excreted in urine in man have been investigated by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 2. Four metabolites have been identified by comparison with authentic compounds as 5-acetyl-4-methylthiazole, 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole, 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole and 4-methyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid; 4-methyl-5-thiazoleacetaldehyde is proposed for the other metabolite. 3. The amounts of chlormethiazole and its identified metabolites excreted in urine have been quantitatively determined after a single oral dose in three healthy adults. Approximately 16% of the dose was excreted as chlormethiazole, 5-acetyl-4-methylthiazole, 5-(1-hydroxyethyx)-4-methylthiazole and 4-methyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid.", "PMID": 1189463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11144", "title": "Detoxication and bioactivation of endrin in the rat.", "content": "1. Rats exhibit a sex difference in the rate of metabolism of endrin. 2. The major metabolite in both sexes is anti-12-hydroxyendrin which is excreted via the bile as the glucuronide. Male rats produce the metabolite at a higher rate than do females. 3. trans-4,5-Dihydroisodrin-4,5-diol is a minor metabolite. A mechanism for its formation is discussed. 4. There is a sex difference in the production and excretion of 12-ketoendrin which is observed as a urinary metabolite in male rat; the major urinary metabolite in female rats is anti-12-hydroxyendrin O-sulphate. 5. syn-12-Hydroxyendrin was not detected but may be an intermediate in the formation of 12-ketoendrin. 6. The formation of 12-ketoendrin is related to the acute toxicity of endrin.", "contents": "Detoxication and bioactivation of endrin in the rat. 1. Rats exhibit a sex difference in the rate of metabolism of endrin. 2. The major metabolite in both sexes is anti-12-hydroxyendrin which is excreted via the bile as the glucuronide. Male rats produce the metabolite at a higher rate than do females. 3. trans-4,5-Dihydroisodrin-4,5-diol is a minor metabolite. A mechanism for its formation is discussed. 4. There is a sex difference in the production and excretion of 12-ketoendrin which is observed as a urinary metabolite in male rat; the major urinary metabolite in female rats is anti-12-hydroxyendrin O-sulphate. 5. syn-12-Hydroxyendrin was not detected but may be an intermediate in the formation of 12-ketoendrin. 6. The formation of 12-ketoendrin is related to the acute toxicity of endrin.", "PMID": 1189464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11145", "title": "The physiological disposition of ibuterol, terbutaline and isoproterenol after endotracheal instillation to rats.", "content": "1. The absorption from the respiratory tract and biotransformation of three bronchodilating drugs, terbutaline, ibuterol (diisobutyrate ester of terbutaline) and isoproterenol, have been studied in rats after endotracheal instillation. 2. At 2-15 min after dosage, ibuterol is more rapidly absorbed from the respiratory tract than terbutaline, but later (15-35 min), absorption of ibuterol is about the same as terbutaline. Absorption of isoproterenol is rapid throughout the experiment. Absorption rates have been related to the physical-chemical properties of the compounds. 3. No significant biotransformation of terbutaline was noted in the rat lung at any time after dosage, but ibuterol is extensively hydrolysed to terbutaline. Extensive biotransformation of isoproterenol to 3-methoxy-isoproterenol and an unidentified metabolite occurred. Metabolites of terbutaline and isoproterenol were found in serum and liver.", "contents": "The physiological disposition of ibuterol, terbutaline and isoproterenol after endotracheal instillation to rats. 1. The absorption from the respiratory tract and biotransformation of three bronchodilating drugs, terbutaline, ibuterol (diisobutyrate ester of terbutaline) and isoproterenol, have been studied in rats after endotracheal instillation. 2. At 2-15 min after dosage, ibuterol is more rapidly absorbed from the respiratory tract than terbutaline, but later (15-35 min), absorption of ibuterol is about the same as terbutaline. Absorption of isoproterenol is rapid throughout the experiment. Absorption rates have been related to the physical-chemical properties of the compounds. 3. No significant biotransformation of terbutaline was noted in the rat lung at any time after dosage, but ibuterol is extensively hydrolysed to terbutaline. Extensive biotransformation of isoproterenol to 3-methoxy-isoproterenol and an unidentified metabolite occurred. Metabolites of terbutaline and isoproterenol were found in serum and liver.", "PMID": 1189465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11146", "title": "Metabolism of nicotine by the isolated perfused dog lung.", "content": "1. Metabolism of [14C]nicotine has been studied in the isolated perfused dog lung. [14C]Nicotine, 50 mug every 30 s for 10 min administered via the pulmonary artery, undergoes first pass metabolism to a small extent. [14C]Cotinine was detected in the venous blood. Of the injected activity, 6 percent was in the lung at the end of experiment; 60 percent being present as [14C]nicotine and 20 percent as [14C]nicotine-1'-oxide. 2. When [14C]nicotine was administered in cigarette smoke a greater degree of metabolism was observed at first pass. Pyrolysis products of [14C]nicotine also were present in the venous blood. Lungs after smoke exposure contained 30 percent of administered radioactivity, with a substantial proportion of [14C]nicotine-1'-oxide. 3. Administration of [14C]nicotine-labelled smoke to lung preparations, on closed circuit, gave significant amounts of [14C]cotinine and other metabolites over a 2 h period. Lung tissue contained approx. 40 percent of injected dose, of which 25 percent only was [14C]nicotine. Large proportions of [14C]cotinine and [14C]nicotine-1'-oxide were present but 45 percent of the activity was present as other unidentified pyrolysis products. [14C]Demethyl cotinine was detected.", "contents": "Metabolism of nicotine by the isolated perfused dog lung. 1. Metabolism of [14C]nicotine has been studied in the isolated perfused dog lung. [14C]Nicotine, 50 mug every 30 s for 10 min administered via the pulmonary artery, undergoes first pass metabolism to a small extent. [14C]Cotinine was detected in the venous blood. Of the injected activity, 6 percent was in the lung at the end of experiment; 60 percent being present as [14C]nicotine and 20 percent as [14C]nicotine-1'-oxide. 2. When [14C]nicotine was administered in cigarette smoke a greater degree of metabolism was observed at first pass. Pyrolysis products of [14C]nicotine also were present in the venous blood. Lungs after smoke exposure contained 30 percent of administered radioactivity, with a substantial proportion of [14C]nicotine-1'-oxide. 3. Administration of [14C]nicotine-labelled smoke to lung preparations, on closed circuit, gave significant amounts of [14C]cotinine and other metabolites over a 2 h period. Lung tissue contained approx. 40 percent of injected dose, of which 25 percent only was [14C]nicotine. Large proportions of [14C]cotinine and [14C]nicotine-1'-oxide were present but 45 percent of the activity was present as other unidentified pyrolysis products. [14C]Demethyl cotinine was detected.", "PMID": 1189466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11147", "title": "The biodegradation of some anionic detergents in the rat. A common metabolic pathway.", "content": "1. The metabolism of the anionic detergents potassium decyl [35S]sulphate and potassium octadecyl [35S]sulphate was investigated in the rat. 2. The major route for elimination of radioactivity was urinary regardless of the route of administration. 3. Both surfactants were extensively degraded in vivo to yield a common metabolite, butyric acid 4-[35S]sulphate, the major urinary radioactive component. 4. Whole-body radioautography revealed the liver as the major site of cellular accumulation of radioactivity following administration of either compound indicating the liver as the major site of metabolism. 5. It is suggested that alkyl sulphates with even-numbered carbons are degraded by a common pathway involving omega-oxidation followed by beta-oxidation.", "contents": "The biodegradation of some anionic detergents in the rat. A common metabolic pathway. 1. The metabolism of the anionic detergents potassium decyl [35S]sulphate and potassium octadecyl [35S]sulphate was investigated in the rat. 2. The major route for elimination of radioactivity was urinary regardless of the route of administration. 3. Both surfactants were extensively degraded in vivo to yield a common metabolite, butyric acid 4-[35S]sulphate, the major urinary radioactive component. 4. Whole-body radioautography revealed the liver as the major site of cellular accumulation of radioactivity following administration of either compound indicating the liver as the major site of metabolism. 5. It is suggested that alkyl sulphates with even-numbered carbons are degraded by a common pathway involving omega-oxidation followed by beta-oxidation.", "PMID": 1189467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11148", "title": "Comparative study of abiogenesis of cysteine and other amino acids catalyzed by various metal ions.", "content": "The present work pertains to the study of the influence of nickel, cobalt, thorium, vanadium, molybdate, ferrous ions on the formation of cysteine which is synthesized abiogenically together with other amino acids in sterilized aqueous mixtures of ammonium thiocyanate, formaldehyde, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium acetate, and biological minerals after irradiating by artificial light. The effect of these catalysts on cysteine formation was of the order: Fe++ greater than Mo++ greater than Th++++ greater than V++ greater than Co++ greater than Ni.", "contents": "Comparative study of abiogenesis of cysteine and other amino acids catalyzed by various metal ions. The present work pertains to the study of the influence of nickel, cobalt, thorium, vanadium, molybdate, ferrous ions on the formation of cysteine which is synthesized abiogenically together with other amino acids in sterilized aqueous mixtures of ammonium thiocyanate, formaldehyde, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium acetate, and biological minerals after irradiating by artificial light. The effect of these catalysts on cysteine formation was of the order: Fe++ greater than Mo++ greater than Th++++ greater than V++ greater than Co++ greater than Ni.", "PMID": 1189468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11149", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the fungal nucleus. III. Genesis of the nucleus-associated organelle (NAO equals \"KCE\")].", "content": "The nucleus-associated organelle (NAO) is a structure, significant for division and motion of the fungal nucleus. In the basidiomycete Polystictus (equals Trametes) versicolor it is composed during somatic interphase of two globular entities (GE) and the connecting middle plate (MP). Its genesis is followed electron optically by analysing serial sections of preselected stages. Genesis is strictly determined by time and space. It starts with synthesis of the new MP a few minutes upon karyokinesis has been completed. Synthesis is localized in the area of contact between old GE and outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. After growing of the MP to its maximal size both new GE's develop from swellings at its ends. Old Ge's are dissolved during this developmental process. The period of genesis takes 30--40 min and fills one third of the cell cycle. A GE-field exhibits characteristic alterations throughout the formation of the NAO. It is composed of GE, periglobular zone, microtubules, and both caps of endoplasmic reticulum and multivesicular bodies.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the fungal nucleus. III. Genesis of the nucleus-associated organelle (NAO equals \"KCE\")]. The nucleus-associated organelle (NAO) is a structure, significant for division and motion of the fungal nucleus. In the basidiomycete Polystictus (equals Trametes) versicolor it is composed during somatic interphase of two globular entities (GE) and the connecting middle plate (MP). Its genesis is followed electron optically by analysing serial sections of preselected stages. Genesis is strictly determined by time and space. It starts with synthesis of the new MP a few minutes upon karyokinesis has been completed. Synthesis is localized in the area of contact between old GE and outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. After growing of the MP to its maximal size both new GE's develop from swellings at its ends. Old Ge's are dissolved during this developmental process. The period of genesis takes 30--40 min and fills one third of the cell cycle. A GE-field exhibits characteristic alterations throughout the formation of the NAO. It is composed of GE, periglobular zone, microtubules, and both caps of endoplasmic reticulum and multivesicular bodies.", "PMID": 1189470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11150", "title": "Reduction of cycloalkanones by Aspergillus niger.", "content": "The mould Aspergillus niger was grown in a carefully established culture medium containing one of the following test substrates: cyclopentanone, -hexanone, -heptanone, and their 2-substituted methyl derivatives. Growth curves, glucose consumption curves and curves showing the course of the oxido-reduction reaction are given.", "contents": "Reduction of cycloalkanones by Aspergillus niger. The mould Aspergillus niger was grown in a carefully established culture medium containing one of the following test substrates: cyclopentanone, -hexanone, -heptanone, and their 2-substituted methyl derivatives. Growth curves, glucose consumption curves and curves showing the course of the oxido-reduction reaction are given.", "PMID": 1189473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11151", "title": "[Mechanism of action of terrazol].", "content": "Higher concentrations of terrazol inhibit the growth of a large number of fungi, but oomycetes are most sensitive. At medium concentrations (ED50 = 10 ppm) in Mucor mucedor several alterations of ultrastructure are recognizable even after short incubation periods. Significant observations are vacuolization of the mitochondrial cristae, invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane, and thickening of the cell wall. Later on, numerous vacuoles in the cytoplasm are visible. Primary effects on the cell membrane (destructive effect), on O2-consumption, on fermentation, or on nucleic acid synthesis could not be demonstrated. Lipid synthesis under the influence of terrazol showed characteristic changes. The synthesis of triglycerides and sterolesters was inhibited while the synthesis of free fatty acids and phospholipids was stimulated. Addition of lipids, vitamines, amino acids, or nucleic acids did not counteract the effect of terrazol. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate the primary mechanism of action.", "contents": "[Mechanism of action of terrazol]. Higher concentrations of terrazol inhibit the growth of a large number of fungi, but oomycetes are most sensitive. At medium concentrations (ED50 = 10 ppm) in Mucor mucedor several alterations of ultrastructure are recognizable even after short incubation periods. Significant observations are vacuolization of the mitochondrial cristae, invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane, and thickening of the cell wall. Later on, numerous vacuoles in the cytoplasm are visible. Primary effects on the cell membrane (destructive effect), on O2-consumption, on fermentation, or on nucleic acid synthesis could not be demonstrated. Lipid synthesis under the influence of terrazol showed characteristic changes. The synthesis of triglycerides and sterolesters was inhibited while the synthesis of free fatty acids and phospholipids was stimulated. Addition of lipids, vitamines, amino acids, or nucleic acids did not counteract the effect of terrazol. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate the primary mechanism of action.", "PMID": 1189474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11152", "title": "[Qualification of anamnestic data for cardiovascular screening].", "content": "The projecting of an anamnestic questionnaire concerning angiocardiopathies for purposes of screening for the 8 most important groups of angiocardiopathies was performed in two simultaneous stages--model experiments and population experiment. In the model stage, which is the topic of this paper, apart from investigations of reproducibility and controls of voluntary falsifications of answers above all an examination concerning the significance of the data was carried out. The methods used for this--analysis of the complaints of typical groups of patients (analysis of discriminancy) and analysis of experiences of recognized experts of angiocardiopathies (scale graduation of symptoms)--were discussed and first results described.", "contents": "[Qualification of anamnestic data for cardiovascular screening]. The projecting of an anamnestic questionnaire concerning angiocardiopathies for purposes of screening for the 8 most important groups of angiocardiopathies was performed in two simultaneous stages--model experiments and population experiment. In the model stage, which is the topic of this paper, apart from investigations of reproducibility and controls of voluntary falsifications of answers above all an examination concerning the significance of the data was carried out. The methods used for this--analysis of the complaints of typical groups of patients (analysis of discriminancy) and analysis of experiences of recognized experts of angiocardiopathies (scale graduation of symptoms)--were discussed and first results described.", "PMID": 1189488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11153", "title": "[Consequences of the daily rhythm of organ functions and of metabolic processes for screening].", "content": "The effects of the influencing factors such as age, sex, exposition to pharmaca, physical activity, alimentary load and endogenic daily rhythm on sensitivity and specifity of the parameters of screening are briefly described. It is reported on the results of examinations of one of these influencing factors and on the endogenic daily rhythm with the help of selected instances.", "contents": "[Consequences of the daily rhythm of organ functions and of metabolic processes for screening]. The effects of the influencing factors such as age, sex, exposition to pharmaca, physical activity, alimentary load and endogenic daily rhythm on sensitivity and specifity of the parameters of screening are briefly described. It is reported on the results of examinations of one of these influencing factors and on the endogenic daily rhythm with the help of selected instances.", "PMID": 1189489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11154", "title": "[Microcirculation index--screening parameter for the assessment of dynamics of the terminal vascular system].", "content": "In this paper a new diagnostic method for the judgment of the dynamics of the terminal vascular system is presented. The microcirculation index which is to be obtained by means of the special technique of the phlebembraxis plethysmography was developed in investigations lasting several years and it was tested on persons with normal blood pressure and on hypertonics in comparison to recognized reference methods. Age-specific normal values were established and the differences found between normo- and hypertonics as well as between different decenniums were statistically ascertained. One group of hypertonics which underwent an antihypertensive long-term therapy showed a significant improvement of the microcirculation index after 8 weeks. According to the hitherto got results this index is fully suited for the utilization as screening method for serial examinations within the X-ray mass examinations and the research of cardio-criculatory diseases. It especially allows the selection of hypertonics who need treatment and through the increasing use of the multi-channel-occlusion-plethysmograph developed by the author the application in routine work for the judgment of the microcirculation and its influence by an antihypertensive therapy. For further foundation of the findings comparative methods with additional reference methods, especially electron microscopy are provided.", "contents": "[Microcirculation index--screening parameter for the assessment of dynamics of the terminal vascular system]. In this paper a new diagnostic method for the judgment of the dynamics of the terminal vascular system is presented. The microcirculation index which is to be obtained by means of the special technique of the phlebembraxis plethysmography was developed in investigations lasting several years and it was tested on persons with normal blood pressure and on hypertonics in comparison to recognized reference methods. Age-specific normal values were established and the differences found between normo- and hypertonics as well as between different decenniums were statistically ascertained. One group of hypertonics which underwent an antihypertensive long-term therapy showed a significant improvement of the microcirculation index after 8 weeks. According to the hitherto got results this index is fully suited for the utilization as screening method for serial examinations within the X-ray mass examinations and the research of cardio-criculatory diseases. It especially allows the selection of hypertonics who need treatment and through the increasing use of the multi-channel-occlusion-plethysmograph developed by the author the application in routine work for the judgment of the microcirculation and its influence by an antihypertensive therapy. For further foundation of the findings comparative methods with additional reference methods, especially electron microscopy are provided.", "PMID": 1189490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11155", "title": "[Diagnostic aspects of complex blood-protein analyses in screening].", "content": "During a screening at a testing of 5 different protein parameters (IgG, IgA, IgM, Hp, Tf) different types of distribution were found. While IgG, Hp and Tf have a normal distribution, IgG and IgM are not normally distributed in the uncleansed group. Measures of elimination of suggested sizes of influence (\"liver parameters\") remained without effect.", "contents": "[Diagnostic aspects of complex blood-protein analyses in screening]. During a screening at a testing of 5 different protein parameters (IgG, IgA, IgM, Hp, Tf) different types of distribution were found. While IgG, Hp and Tf have a normal distribution, IgG and IgM are not normally distributed in the uncleansed group. Measures of elimination of suggested sizes of influence (\"liver parameters\") remained without effect.", "PMID": 1189491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11156", "title": "[Methods and specificity of internal medicine specialties in multiphasic screening].", "content": "Issuing from the classical definitions for the diagnostic sensitivity and specifity of examination methods in multiphasic screenings is deduced that out of the whole methodical spectre of internal specialities only limited parts are to be applied in multiphasic screenings. At the instance of a multiple multiphasic screenings (model study Sternberg '70) ways to the establishment of reduced optimal parameter combinations are demonstrated. With multivariate statistical methods (facotor analysis, discriminative methods) we succeeded in finding parameter combinations for special groups of diagnosis (liver diseases, hypertension and obesity), by means which these groups in multiphasic screenings are clearly to be differentiated from the healthy symptom-free residual population.", "contents": "[Methods and specificity of internal medicine specialties in multiphasic screening]. Issuing from the classical definitions for the diagnostic sensitivity and specifity of examination methods in multiphasic screenings is deduced that out of the whole methodical spectre of internal specialities only limited parts are to be applied in multiphasic screenings. At the instance of a multiple multiphasic screenings (model study Sternberg '70) ways to the establishment of reduced optimal parameter combinations are demonstrated. With multivariate statistical methods (facotor analysis, discriminative methods) we succeeded in finding parameter combinations for special groups of diagnosis (liver diseases, hypertension and obesity), by means which these groups in multiphasic screenings are clearly to be differentiated from the healthy symptom-free residual population.", "PMID": 1189492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11157", "title": "[Study on the effect of insulin on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance].", "content": "In altogether 32 test persons with normal weight and obese test persons glucose-insulin-tolerance-tests were carried out. In obese persons with normal carbohydrate tolerance -- characterized by 50 g oral glucose tolerance test -- by the decreased glucose assimilation coefficients and the significantly increased level of glycaemia after intravenous application of glucose a disturbance of the glucose-insulin-homoeostasis is already implied. Basal and glucose-stimulated concentrations of IRI in the peripheral venous blood were significantly increased in obese persons. The parameters of lipolysis glycerol and free fatty acids show after a glucose-stimulated insulin excretion and after exogenic insulin application a somewhat retarded decrease in obese persons compared with the control group. In connection with the significantly increased insulin levels in obese persons these findings might refer to a decreased antilipolytic effect of insulin. The two fundamental physiological effects of insulin in the carbohydrate and fat metabolism -- glucose utilization and inhibition of lipolysis -- seem to be distrubed in the same way in obesity.", "contents": "[Study on the effect of insulin on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance]. In altogether 32 test persons with normal weight and obese test persons glucose-insulin-tolerance-tests were carried out. In obese persons with normal carbohydrate tolerance -- characterized by 50 g oral glucose tolerance test -- by the decreased glucose assimilation coefficients and the significantly increased level of glycaemia after intravenous application of glucose a disturbance of the glucose-insulin-homoeostasis is already implied. Basal and glucose-stimulated concentrations of IRI in the peripheral venous blood were significantly increased in obese persons. The parameters of lipolysis glycerol and free fatty acids show after a glucose-stimulated insulin excretion and after exogenic insulin application a somewhat retarded decrease in obese persons compared with the control group. In connection with the significantly increased insulin levels in obese persons these findings might refer to a decreased antilipolytic effect of insulin. The two fundamental physiological effects of insulin in the carbohydrate and fat metabolism -- glucose utilization and inhibition of lipolysis -- seem to be distrubed in the same way in obesity.", "PMID": 1189493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11158", "title": "[Clinico-pathological comparative studies in plasmacytoma].", "content": "A report is given on frequency investigations in the plasmocytoma in a dissection material of 36,985 cases of the years 1951 to 1971. 107 observations of multiple, nearly exclusively osseous plasmocytomas are evaluated concerning frequency of age and sex, affection of the skeleton as well as correlations between the degree of the histological maturity of the tumour cells and the produced para-proteins as well as the existence of the Bence-Jones-protein. The findings were compared with those of the literature.", "contents": "[Clinico-pathological comparative studies in plasmacytoma]. A report is given on frequency investigations in the plasmocytoma in a dissection material of 36,985 cases of the years 1951 to 1971. 107 observations of multiple, nearly exclusively osseous plasmocytomas are evaluated concerning frequency of age and sex, affection of the skeleton as well as correlations between the degree of the histological maturity of the tumour cells and the produced para-proteins as well as the existence of the Bence-Jones-protein. The findings were compared with those of the literature.", "PMID": 1189494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11159", "title": "[Problems in the use of cardiac glycosides in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "With the help of instances from literature and own experimental and clinical experiences is described that a schematic digitalisation in ischaemic heart diseases is not worth being advocated scientifically. Heart glycosides are indicated especially then, when a heart insufficiency stands in the foreground. In the acute phase of infarction, without manifest heart insufficiency, however, in individual cases they can deteriorate the myocardial oxygen balance and thus the clinical course. In myocardial infarction with severe heart insufficiency up to the cardiogenic shock all therapeutic possibilities should be utilized; to this belongs also the application of glycosides. As a rule in cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction glycosides have no sufficient measurable influence on haemodynamics. Heart glycosides together with an individually adapted kinetotherapy are of importance for the metaphylaxis in patients with infarction.", "contents": "[Problems in the use of cardiac glycosides in ischemic heart disease]. With the help of instances from literature and own experimental and clinical experiences is described that a schematic digitalisation in ischaemic heart diseases is not worth being advocated scientifically. Heart glycosides are indicated especially then, when a heart insufficiency stands in the foreground. In the acute phase of infarction, without manifest heart insufficiency, however, in individual cases they can deteriorate the myocardial oxygen balance and thus the clinical course. In myocardial infarction with severe heart insufficiency up to the cardiogenic shock all therapeutic possibilities should be utilized; to this belongs also the application of glycosides. As a rule in cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction glycosides have no sufficient measurable influence on haemodynamics. Heart glycosides together with an individually adapted kinetotherapy are of importance for the metaphylaxis in patients with infarction.", "PMID": 1189495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11160", "title": "[Early recognition of adverse effects, especially of kidney lesions, in patients with progressive chronic polyarthritis under D-Penicillamine therapy].", "content": "A report is given on the control of the course of 36 patients with progressive chronic polyarthritis under treatment of D-penicillamine. Despite the favourable therapeutic effect side effects of various kinds are observed. As the severest complication the development of renal disturbances with proteinuria is to be regarded. With the help of the disc electrophoresis of the urine it is possible to establish the beginning disturbances of the permeability of the basal membrane and to achieve a retrogression by reduction of the dose or finishing of the treatment with the medicament, respectively.", "contents": "[Early recognition of adverse effects, especially of kidney lesions, in patients with progressive chronic polyarthritis under D-Penicillamine therapy]. A report is given on the control of the course of 36 patients with progressive chronic polyarthritis under treatment of D-penicillamine. Despite the favourable therapeutic effect side effects of various kinds are observed. As the severest complication the development of renal disturbances with proteinuria is to be regarded. With the help of the disc electrophoresis of the urine it is possible to establish the beginning disturbances of the permeability of the basal membrane and to achieve a retrogression by reduction of the dose or finishing of the treatment with the medicament, respectively.", "PMID": 1189496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11161", "title": "[Measurement of kidney function using combined PAH-inulin clearance before and after bactericide treatment of chronic pyelonephritis].", "content": "On account of the solution of the problem, whether already after a four weeks' therapy with antibiotics in chronic progressing pyelonephritis a measurable increase of function may develop, the combined PAH-inulin-clearance was performed 35 times. 9 patients did not show a clear restriction of the clearance, wherefore in these cases a control examination was not necessary. In 10 patients of 12 an increase was present, in 7 patients a significant increase of the renal function existed after the therapy carried out. Therefore already after antibiotic impact therapy in patients with chronic pyelonephritis without provable acute episode an improvement of the function can occur, which is to be increased or kept by means of the long-term treatment.", "contents": "[Measurement of kidney function using combined PAH-inulin clearance before and after bactericide treatment of chronic pyelonephritis]. On account of the solution of the problem, whether already after a four weeks' therapy with antibiotics in chronic progressing pyelonephritis a measurable increase of function may develop, the combined PAH-inulin-clearance was performed 35 times. 9 patients did not show a clear restriction of the clearance, wherefore in these cases a control examination was not necessary. In 10 patients of 12 an increase was present, in 7 patients a significant increase of the renal function existed after the therapy carried out. Therefore already after antibiotic impact therapy in patients with chronic pyelonephritis without provable acute episode an improvement of the function can occur, which is to be increased or kept by means of the long-term treatment.", "PMID": 1189497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11162", "title": "[Report on results of an intensive care unit at a district hospital].", "content": "The experiences of an internal intensive observation and therapy unit in a district hospital are reported. During 4 years 2,803 patients were admitted. 65% showed life-threatening disturbances of the heart and of the circulation. Arrangement of the rooms, personal staff as well as special diagnostic and therapeutic methods are described.", "contents": "[Report on results of an intensive care unit at a district hospital]. The experiences of an internal intensive observation and therapy unit in a district hospital are reported. During 4 years 2,803 patients were admitted. 65% showed life-threatening disturbances of the heart and of the circulation. Arrangement of the rooms, personal staff as well as special diagnostic and therapeutic methods are described.", "PMID": 1189498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11163", "title": "[Subclavian vein catheterization].", "content": "On the basis of experiences with more than 500 catherizations of the subclavian vein, which were performed partly infraclavicularly, partly supraclavicularly, the two methods were critically estimated and compared with regard to their effectivity and complications. The range of indications is enlarged from the access through the veins for taking blood samples and the infusion therapy over the measurement of the central venous blood pressure to the floating catheterization, temporary external pacemaker stimulation and emergency dialysis. The mastering of the two techniques of puncture provides a high measure of security for the emergency case. On the assumption of an approach secundum artem and knowing and taking into consideration the possibilities of complication, which are particularly referred to, the two ways seem to be approximately of the same value.", "contents": "[Subclavian vein catheterization]. On the basis of experiences with more than 500 catherizations of the subclavian vein, which were performed partly infraclavicularly, partly supraclavicularly, the two methods were critically estimated and compared with regard to their effectivity and complications. The range of indications is enlarged from the access through the veins for taking blood samples and the infusion therapy over the measurement of the central venous blood pressure to the floating catheterization, temporary external pacemaker stimulation and emergency dialysis. The mastering of the two techniques of puncture provides a high measure of security for the emergency case. On the assumption of an approach secundum artem and knowing and taking into consideration the possibilities of complication, which are particularly referred to, the two ways seem to be approximately of the same value.", "PMID": 1189499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11164", "title": "[Results of the myocardial infarct registers in the German Democratic Republic and their significance for the reduction of early mortality in myocardial infarce].", "content": "From preliminary results of the registers of myocardial infarction in the GDR follows that the definitive myocardial infarction (classification of the WHO) occurs in Berlin with an incidence rate of 17 cases per 10,000 inhabitants and annum, in Erfurt 10 and at Pasewalk 11 cases per 10,000 inhabitants and annum. More than three fourths of all cases of myocardial infarction appear outside the hospital. After three months the lethality is 60%, whereby the half of all cases of death appears already in the prehospital phase. More than 8 hours are passing before half of all patients with infarction are admitted into the hospital. The greatest retardation takes place between arrival of the physician and admission into the hospital. In the second place follows the interval onset of the infarction and demand of medical aid. An improvement of the early diagnostics and the transport of the patient as well as an adequate information and collaboration of the patient and his surroundings might contribute to a shortening of the prehospital phase and thus to a decrease of the early mortality in cases of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Results of the myocardial infarct registers in the German Democratic Republic and their significance for the reduction of early mortality in myocardial infarce]. From preliminary results of the registers of myocardial infarction in the GDR follows that the definitive myocardial infarction (classification of the WHO) occurs in Berlin with an incidence rate of 17 cases per 10,000 inhabitants and annum, in Erfurt 10 and at Pasewalk 11 cases per 10,000 inhabitants and annum. More than three fourths of all cases of myocardial infarction appear outside the hospital. After three months the lethality is 60%, whereby the half of all cases of death appears already in the prehospital phase. More than 8 hours are passing before half of all patients with infarction are admitted into the hospital. The greatest retardation takes place between arrival of the physician and admission into the hospital. In the second place follows the interval onset of the infarction and demand of medical aid. An improvement of the early diagnostics and the transport of the patient as well as an adequate information and collaboration of the patient and his surroundings might contribute to a shortening of the prehospital phase and thus to a decrease of the early mortality in cases of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1189500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11165", "title": "[Incidence and clinical aspects of aneurysm rupture in the abdominal aorta].", "content": "On the basis of the section material of 25 years in Tartu a significant increase of the frequency of arteriosclerotic aneurysms of the aorta, especially of the abdominal aorta and its ruptures, could be established. At the same time the appearance of luetic aortic aneurysms decreased. Due to its variable symptomatology the diagnosis of the rupture of an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is often not exactly diagnosed by the physician who is first in charge of the case. On the basis of a clinical material of 21 post-mortem examinations the diagnostics of the rupture of the aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is discussed, and the most important symptoms are emphasized. It is emphasized that an aneurysms of the abdominal aorta shall be recognized in every case allready before its rupture as the prognosis of the operation is relatively good in this stage. Since it must be reckoned with a continuous increase of the frequency of the arteriosclerotic lesions of the aorta the physician shall, too, always think of an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta when uncertain complaints of the abdomen and the back are present.", "contents": "[Incidence and clinical aspects of aneurysm rupture in the abdominal aorta]. On the basis of the section material of 25 years in Tartu a significant increase of the frequency of arteriosclerotic aneurysms of the aorta, especially of the abdominal aorta and its ruptures, could be established. At the same time the appearance of luetic aortic aneurysms decreased. Due to its variable symptomatology the diagnosis of the rupture of an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is often not exactly diagnosed by the physician who is first in charge of the case. On the basis of a clinical material of 21 post-mortem examinations the diagnostics of the rupture of the aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is discussed, and the most important symptoms are emphasized. It is emphasized that an aneurysms of the abdominal aorta shall be recognized in every case allready before its rupture as the prognosis of the operation is relatively good in this stage. Since it must be reckoned with a continuous increase of the frequency of the arteriosclerotic lesions of the aorta the physician shall, too, always think of an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta when uncertain complaints of the abdomen and the back are present.", "PMID": 1189501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11166", "title": "[Antistreptolysin-titre under the use of traditional methods and after saturation with dextran sulfate].", "content": "1,700 blood samples of healthy test persons without clinically and paraclinically provable streptococcal diseases were examined for their content of antistreptolysin. Beside the usual method parallel determinations were carried out after addition of dextran sulfate. Thus increases of unspecific antistreptolysin titres shall be in most cases excluded, above all by the influence of the lipoproteins. The absorption of dextran sulfate led to the decrease of the antistreptolysin titre by 12.33%. Furthermore could be proved that the average antistreptolysin titre of female test persons is ca. 20 antistreptolysin units below the titre of male test persons, that seasonal variations of the antistreptolysin titre with the highest titres appear in the first and third quarter which may be explained by a bad unspecific defensive condition, that, furthermore, the antistreptolysin titres increase to the 14th year and then continuously decrease and that in new-born children the arithmetic mean value of the antistreptolysin units is significantly higher than in their mothers. Hereby an active influence of the placenta on the transmission of antibodies seems to be possible. Though a slightly increased financial expenditure is necessary for dextran sulfate, temporarily and concerning working technique, however, no larger loads appear, it is justifiable to perform the determination of antistreptolysin titres only by means of dextran sulfate-absorbed sera, since in this way a considerable number of unspecific and misleading reactions can be excluded.", "contents": "[Antistreptolysin-titre under the use of traditional methods and after saturation with dextran sulfate]. 1,700 blood samples of healthy test persons without clinically and paraclinically provable streptococcal diseases were examined for their content of antistreptolysin. Beside the usual method parallel determinations were carried out after addition of dextran sulfate. Thus increases of unspecific antistreptolysin titres shall be in most cases excluded, above all by the influence of the lipoproteins. The absorption of dextran sulfate led to the decrease of the antistreptolysin titre by 12.33%. Furthermore could be proved that the average antistreptolysin titre of female test persons is ca. 20 antistreptolysin units below the titre of male test persons, that seasonal variations of the antistreptolysin titre with the highest titres appear in the first and third quarter which may be explained by a bad unspecific defensive condition, that, furthermore, the antistreptolysin titres increase to the 14th year and then continuously decrease and that in new-born children the arithmetic mean value of the antistreptolysin units is significantly higher than in their mothers. Hereby an active influence of the placenta on the transmission of antibodies seems to be possible. Though a slightly increased financial expenditure is necessary for dextran sulfate, temporarily and concerning working technique, however, no larger loads appear, it is justifiable to perform the determination of antistreptolysin titres only by means of dextran sulfate-absorbed sera, since in this way a considerable number of unspecific and misleading reactions can be excluded.", "PMID": 1189503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11167", "title": "[QKD-time in thyroid-gland function diagnosis].", "content": "In altogether 205 patients with euthyroidism, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism the QKD-time was determined. With the help of this examination should be tested whether by means of this simple functional test of the cardiac circulation indirectly is possible also a judgment of the function of the thyroid gland. Essentially in the calculated mean values a differentiation between euthyroidism, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism could be made statistically. Since between the individual groups considerable overlappings of the individual values occur the exactness of the test is very much restricted in the preliminary diagnostics of diseases of the thyroid gland. We are of the opinion that the QKD-time is insufficient for the judgment of the function of the thyroid gland.", "contents": "[QKD-time in thyroid-gland function diagnosis]. In altogether 205 patients with euthyroidism, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism the QKD-time was determined. With the help of this examination should be tested whether by means of this simple functional test of the cardiac circulation indirectly is possible also a judgment of the function of the thyroid gland. Essentially in the calculated mean values a differentiation between euthyroidism, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism could be made statistically. Since between the individual groups considerable overlappings of the individual values occur the exactness of the test is very much restricted in the preliminary diagnostics of diseases of the thyroid gland. We are of the opinion that the QKD-time is insufficient for the judgment of the function of the thyroid gland.", "PMID": 1189504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11168", "title": "[Hepatogenic ascites].", "content": "In the paper the intrahepatic (hydrostatic pressure and colloid-osmotic pressure) and extrahepatic (hepatogenic aldosterolism and portosystemic collateralisation) factors effective in the development of an ascites were described and the frequency was tested on own clinical material. The hydrostatic pressure relations are presented as the most essential genetic factor in the development of ascites for hepatogenic reason.", "contents": "[Hepatogenic ascites]. In the paper the intrahepatic (hydrostatic pressure and colloid-osmotic pressure) and extrahepatic (hepatogenic aldosterolism and portosystemic collateralisation) factors effective in the development of an ascites were described and the frequency was tested on own clinical material. The hydrostatic pressure relations are presented as the most essential genetic factor in the development of ascites for hepatogenic reason.", "PMID": 1189505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11169", "title": "[Immunosuppressive treatment of progressive chronic polyarthritis].", "content": "After description of forms and possibilities of the immunsuppression the results of this therapy are discussed in 47 own patients with clinically and paraclinically ascertained rheumatoid arthritis. The patients received the sum of 4.0 mg trenimon in combination with altogether 4.0 mg cyclophosphamide by means of 20 infusions with physiological saline solution as carrier substance. Under this treatment in 93.6% of the cases the findings of the examination of joints or the clinical stage improved. As to side effects incompatibilities on the side of the gastro-intestinal tract as well as leucopenias were observed. 18 patients could be after-examined after 6 years. Whilst in every case the clinical stage deteriorated, in the majority the degree of activity remained unchanged. All the results are compared with the results reported in literature. The authors are of the opinion that, when other forms of treatment have no success and contraindication are strongly taken into consideration, the progressing of the rheumatoid arthritis can be retarded by means of immunsuppressives. The pathophysiological processes can, however, scarcely be influenced causally.", "contents": "[Immunosuppressive treatment of progressive chronic polyarthritis]. After description of forms and possibilities of the immunsuppression the results of this therapy are discussed in 47 own patients with clinically and paraclinically ascertained rheumatoid arthritis. The patients received the sum of 4.0 mg trenimon in combination with altogether 4.0 mg cyclophosphamide by means of 20 infusions with physiological saline solution as carrier substance. Under this treatment in 93.6% of the cases the findings of the examination of joints or the clinical stage improved. As to side effects incompatibilities on the side of the gastro-intestinal tract as well as leucopenias were observed. 18 patients could be after-examined after 6 years. Whilst in every case the clinical stage deteriorated, in the majority the degree of activity remained unchanged. All the results are compared with the results reported in literature. The authors are of the opinion that, when other forms of treatment have no success and contraindication are strongly taken into consideration, the progressing of the rheumatoid arthritis can be retarded by means of immunsuppressives. The pathophysiological processes can, however, scarcely be influenced causally.", "PMID": 1189506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11170", "title": "[Interpretation of the metopirone--midnight-short-test by means of simultaneous determination and evaluation of the increase of 11-deoxycortisol and decrease of plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids].", "content": "In this paper the clinical and laboratory-chemical methods of a metopiron short test at midnight are described. In addition to this the results after a conceptional metopiron longtime test and a metopiron short test are compared in 40 endocrinologically healthy persons. It was shown that, compared with the long-term test, in the metopiron short test at midnight no reduction of the informations and of the exactness of the results appears. Since the isolated determination of the increase of substance S after metopiron reveals a relatively broad area of distribution in literature the interpretation normal-pathological is problematic. Therefore it is tried to obtain an improved evidence in the test with the help of an interpretation quotient Q which establishes the variables measured in the regulating circle of the adrenocortico-pituitary system (decrease of the 11-hydrocorticosteroid and increase of the 11-desoxycorticosol in the plasma after application of metopiron, r = 0,96 shown a very good correlation of these two sizes). After utilization of the method of interpretation in persons with different diseases of endocrinological and nonendocrinological etiology the results were in every case good classifications into the areas normal, with limiting value and phathological. The classification of the individual clinical pictures with the help of the interpretation mode mentioned is discussed. Finally the advantages and disadvantages of the used method are compiled.", "contents": "[Interpretation of the metopirone--midnight-short-test by means of simultaneous determination and evaluation of the increase of 11-deoxycortisol and decrease of plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids]. In this paper the clinical and laboratory-chemical methods of a metopiron short test at midnight are described. In addition to this the results after a conceptional metopiron longtime test and a metopiron short test are compared in 40 endocrinologically healthy persons. It was shown that, compared with the long-term test, in the metopiron short test at midnight no reduction of the informations and of the exactness of the results appears. Since the isolated determination of the increase of substance S after metopiron reveals a relatively broad area of distribution in literature the interpretation normal-pathological is problematic. Therefore it is tried to obtain an improved evidence in the test with the help of an interpretation quotient Q which establishes the variables measured in the regulating circle of the adrenocortico-pituitary system (decrease of the 11-hydrocorticosteroid and increase of the 11-desoxycorticosol in the plasma after application of metopiron, r = 0,96 shown a very good correlation of these two sizes). After utilization of the method of interpretation in persons with different diseases of endocrinological and nonendocrinological etiology the results were in every case good classifications into the areas normal, with limiting value and phathological. The classification of the individual clinical pictures with the help of the interpretation mode mentioned is discussed. Finally the advantages and disadvantages of the used method are compiled.", "PMID": 1189507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11171", "title": "[Serum creatinine and endogenous creatinine clearance].", "content": "It is reported on the clinical evidence of the determination of creatinine and of the endogenic creatinine clearance. The determination of the serum creatinine gives a good parameter for the observation of the course in advanced renal insufficiency. The endogenic creatinine clearance which is often carried out in the clinical practice in the normal and moderately limited region allows in most cases sufficient measurement of the filtrate of the glomerulum. On 118 in-patients a method was tested which allows a nomographic estimation of the endogenic creatinine clearance on the basis of the actual serum creatinine level, taking into consideration age, sex, and bodyweight.", "contents": "[Serum creatinine and endogenous creatinine clearance]. It is reported on the clinical evidence of the determination of creatinine and of the endogenic creatinine clearance. The determination of the serum creatinine gives a good parameter for the observation of the course in advanced renal insufficiency. The endogenic creatinine clearance which is often carried out in the clinical practice in the normal and moderately limited region allows in most cases sufficient measurement of the filtrate of the glomerulum. On 118 in-patients a method was tested which allows a nomographic estimation of the endogenic creatinine clearance on the basis of the actual serum creatinine level, taking into consideration age, sex, and bodyweight.", "PMID": 1189508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11172", "title": "[Diagnosis of tricuspid valve insufficiency using the venous pulse curve].", "content": "On the basis of own experiences and critical evaluation of results of former investigators a survey is given on the characteristic changes of the curve of the venous pulse when an insufficiency of the tricuspid valve is present and the value of the registration of the venous pulse in this vitium is emphasized. Characteristic are the appearance of an I-wave, the loss of the systolic decrease, the development of the s-wave and the diastolic collapse. Figures of representative pulse curves supplement the description.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of tricuspid valve insufficiency using the venous pulse curve]. On the basis of own experiences and critical evaluation of results of former investigators a survey is given on the characteristic changes of the curve of the venous pulse when an insufficiency of the tricuspid valve is present and the value of the registration of the venous pulse in this vitium is emphasized. Characteristic are the appearance of an I-wave, the loss of the systolic decrease, the development of the s-wave and the diastolic collapse. Figures of representative pulse curves supplement the description.", "PMID": 1189509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11173", "title": "[Information value of 2 color tests in the determination of alanine and aspartate-aminotransferases in liver and biliary tract diseases].", "content": "On the basis of examinations of altogether 197 patients the results of the changes of GOT and GPT were compared with the old and new colour tests of the AWD Dresden in normal histology, virus hepatitis, fatty liver, liver cirrhosis and posthepatic occlusion. Though the new colour test reveals a higher sensitivity, the differential diagnosis between selected liver diseases, especially virus hepatitis and posthepatic occlusion syndrome have become more difficult. The cause for this is the less significant separability between the individual regions of reference.", "contents": "[Information value of 2 color tests in the determination of alanine and aspartate-aminotransferases in liver and biliary tract diseases]. On the basis of examinations of altogether 197 patients the results of the changes of GOT and GPT were compared with the old and new colour tests of the AWD Dresden in normal histology, virus hepatitis, fatty liver, liver cirrhosis and posthepatic occlusion. Though the new colour test reveals a higher sensitivity, the differential diagnosis between selected liver diseases, especially virus hepatitis and posthepatic occlusion syndrome have become more difficult. The cause for this is the less significant separability between the individual regions of reference.", "PMID": 1189510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11174", "title": "[Liver damage due to N-propyl-ajmalin bitartrate (NPAB)].", "content": "The authors report on four cases of immediate hepatotoxic reaction following diagnostic re-exposure. In checking 27 patients who had received NPAB treatment for the first time, four were found to have a hepatotoxic reaction that developed within 13--20 days after beginning the treatment. In view of the significance of NPAB for the treatment of cardiac rhythm disorders, further such studies are required in order to define the actual risk involved in this procedure.", "contents": "[Liver damage due to N-propyl-ajmalin bitartrate (NPAB)]. The authors report on four cases of immediate hepatotoxic reaction following diagnostic re-exposure. In checking 27 patients who had received NPAB treatment for the first time, four were found to have a hepatotoxic reaction that developed within 13--20 days after beginning the treatment. In view of the significance of NPAB for the treatment of cardiac rhythm disorders, further such studies are required in order to define the actual risk involved in this procedure.", "PMID": 1189511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11175", "title": "[Optimal monitoring in EPH gestosis and idiopathic placentar insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "EPH gestosis and placental insufficiency sui generis are cause of fetal hazards. Clinical symptomatology and anamnesis indicate different tests to detect pathological conditions for the fetus. HPL, HCG, urinary estriol, measuring the placental flow-rate, ultrasonic diagnosis as all other usual examinations during pregnancy were carried out. In EPH gestosis a reduction of all placental functions was found like as for thrombocytes and fibrinogen. Placental insufficiency showed an even greater reduction of placental function, only thrombocytes and fibrinogen remained constant. Weight and length of the newborn were according the pathological placental function reduced. Morphology of the placenta could proof the results of the previous done tests.", "contents": "[Optimal monitoring in EPH gestosis and idiopathic placentar insufficiency (author's transl)]. EPH gestosis and placental insufficiency sui generis are cause of fetal hazards. Clinical symptomatology and anamnesis indicate different tests to detect pathological conditions for the fetus. HPL, HCG, urinary estriol, measuring the placental flow-rate, ultrasonic diagnosis as all other usual examinations during pregnancy were carried out. In EPH gestosis a reduction of all placental functions was found like as for thrombocytes and fibrinogen. Placental insufficiency showed an even greater reduction of placental function, only thrombocytes and fibrinogen remained constant. Weight and length of the newborn were according the pathological placental function reduced. Morphology of the placenta could proof the results of the previous done tests.", "PMID": 1189512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11176", "title": "Uterine, maternal placental and ovarian blood flow throughout pregnancy in the guinea pig.", "content": "The blood flow to the placenta, uterus, ovaries, and vagina was measured with the aid of radioactive microspheres in thirty pregnant guinea pigs between 22 and 66 days of gestation. The rise in maternal placental blood flow during gestation was ascribable both to an increase in the extent of the vascular bed and to an improvement in relative blood flow from 0.77 ml X min-1 X g-1 at 26--35 days to 1.53 ml X min-1 X g-1 at 56--65 days. The relative rate of blood flow to the subplacenta was constant during the period studied (0.15 ml X min-1 X g-1), although its fraction of total placental blood flow decreased from 10% at 26--35 days to scarcely 1% at 56--65 days. The percentage of total placental weight attributable to the subplacenta during these intervals was 50% and 10% respectively. Perfusion of the uterine tissue decreased during gestation from 0.32 ml X min-1 X g-1 at 26--35 days to 0.18 ml X min-1 X g-1 at 56--65 days. A relation was observed between the weight of and blood flow to an uterine horn and the weight of its contents. Between 22 and 55 days of gestation, ovarian blood flow was related to the number of fetuses in the ipsilateral horn and, in seven unilateral pregnancies, there was a significant difference between the ovarian blood flows on the gravid and non-gravid sides. After day 55 no relation between the ovarian blood flows and the number of fetuses in the ipsilateral horn could be found.", "contents": "Uterine, maternal placental and ovarian blood flow throughout pregnancy in the guinea pig. The blood flow to the placenta, uterus, ovaries, and vagina was measured with the aid of radioactive microspheres in thirty pregnant guinea pigs between 22 and 66 days of gestation. The rise in maternal placental blood flow during gestation was ascribable both to an increase in the extent of the vascular bed and to an improvement in relative blood flow from 0.77 ml X min-1 X g-1 at 26--35 days to 1.53 ml X min-1 X g-1 at 56--65 days. The relative rate of blood flow to the subplacenta was constant during the period studied (0.15 ml X min-1 X g-1), although its fraction of total placental blood flow decreased from 10% at 26--35 days to scarcely 1% at 56--65 days. The percentage of total placental weight attributable to the subplacenta during these intervals was 50% and 10% respectively. Perfusion of the uterine tissue decreased during gestation from 0.32 ml X min-1 X g-1 at 26--35 days to 0.18 ml X min-1 X g-1 at 56--65 days. A relation was observed between the weight of and blood flow to an uterine horn and the weight of its contents. Between 22 and 55 days of gestation, ovarian blood flow was related to the number of fetuses in the ipsilateral horn and, in seven unilateral pregnancies, there was a significant difference between the ovarian blood flows on the gravid and non-gravid sides. After day 55 no relation between the ovarian blood flows and the number of fetuses in the ipsilateral horn could be found.", "PMID": 1189513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11177", "title": "[Differences in concentration of free amino-acids in fetal and maternal compartments at the end of normal and pathologic pregnancies (author's transl)].", "content": "Free amino-acids in the fetal and maternal compartments towards the end of normal and pathologic pregnancies were examined with gas chromatography. Blood was obtained from the cubital and uterine veins and the femoral artery of the mother, from the umbilical artery and vein and the amniotic fluid during Caesarean section. There were only minor differences of concentration of free amino-acid between normal and pathologic pregnancies. Since it is possible in principle that there is mutual balance between maternal and fetal compartments, assessment of changes in amino-acid concentration during dia- and paraplacentar exchanges is usable only with reservations.", "contents": "[Differences in concentration of free amino-acids in fetal and maternal compartments at the end of normal and pathologic pregnancies (author's transl)]. Free amino-acids in the fetal and maternal compartments towards the end of normal and pathologic pregnancies were examined with gas chromatography. Blood was obtained from the cubital and uterine veins and the femoral artery of the mother, from the umbilical artery and vein and the amniotic fluid during Caesarean section. There were only minor differences of concentration of free amino-acid between normal and pathologic pregnancies. Since it is possible in principle that there is mutual balance between maternal and fetal compartments, assessment of changes in amino-acid concentration during dia- and paraplacentar exchanges is usable only with reservations.", "PMID": 1189514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11178", "title": "[Critical analysis of a high percentage of caesarean section, particularly with regard to infantile morbidity (author's transl)].", "content": "In 354 Caesarean section deliveries during 1972 to 1974 the data of history, course of pregnancy, delivery and postoperative period including cardiotocography before and during birth and the condition of the newborn up to the 7th day were analyzed with a computer. In two thirds of the cases three or more risks determined the indication for Caesarean section. Identical combinations of risks were rare. After section the infantile morbidity is higher than after spontaneous delivery. Classification of Caesarean sections according to indication: preventive without fetal distress, with signs of chronic, subacute or acute fetal distress or emergency operation, showed the following distribution: Infantile morbidity is highest after emergency operations, less so in preventive operations with fetal distress, chronic, subacute or acute (38% of all sections). Where there was no fetal distress (62% of all sections), infantile morbidity is the same as after spontaneous delivery. A high percentage of the group with fetal distress and high infantile morbidity shows an increase in pre-or intrapartal risks and prepartal pathologic FHF changes. A reduction in the number of Caesarean sections would be possible only in the group without signs of fetal distress provided that this would not lead to a considerable increase in Caesarean section for fetal distress and infantile morbidity.", "contents": "[Critical analysis of a high percentage of caesarean section, particularly with regard to infantile morbidity (author's transl)]. In 354 Caesarean section deliveries during 1972 to 1974 the data of history, course of pregnancy, delivery and postoperative period including cardiotocography before and during birth and the condition of the newborn up to the 7th day were analyzed with a computer. In two thirds of the cases three or more risks determined the indication for Caesarean section. Identical combinations of risks were rare. After section the infantile morbidity is higher than after spontaneous delivery. Classification of Caesarean sections according to indication: preventive without fetal distress, with signs of chronic, subacute or acute fetal distress or emergency operation, showed the following distribution: Infantile morbidity is highest after emergency operations, less so in preventive operations with fetal distress, chronic, subacute or acute (38% of all sections). Where there was no fetal distress (62% of all sections), infantile morbidity is the same as after spontaneous delivery. A high percentage of the group with fetal distress and high infantile morbidity shows an increase in pre-or intrapartal risks and prepartal pathologic FHF changes. A reduction in the number of Caesarean sections would be possible only in the group without signs of fetal distress provided that this would not lead to a considerable increase in Caesarean section for fetal distress and infantile morbidity.", "PMID": 1189515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11179", "title": "Studies of malformation syndromes in man XXXX: multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation syndrome or variant familial developmental pattern; differential diagnosis and description of the McDonough syndrome (with XXY son from XY/XXY father).", "content": "The McDonough syndrome is a \"new\" MCA/MR syndrome which was found in 3 children (1 girl, 2 boys) of non-consanguineous parents. The affected children were mentally retarded (IQ 47--67) and had congenital heart defect, sternal deformity, kyphosis and craniofacila anomalies (anteverted auricles, upward slanted palpebral fissures, squint); cryptorchidism was present in the 2 boys. In addition a possible VFDP is postulated as the explanation for similar features in affected and unaffected siblings and parents. However, the McDonough syndrome may be an autosomal recessive trait with minor manifestations in heterozygotes. The klinefelter syndrome in one affected boy and a 46,XY/47,XXY chromosome constitution in the father was a coincidental finding.", "contents": "Studies of malformation syndromes in man XXXX: multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation syndrome or variant familial developmental pattern; differential diagnosis and description of the McDonough syndrome (with XXY son from XY/XXY father). The McDonough syndrome is a \"new\" MCA/MR syndrome which was found in 3 children (1 girl, 2 boys) of non-consanguineous parents. The affected children were mentally retarded (IQ 47--67) and had congenital heart defect, sternal deformity, kyphosis and craniofacila anomalies (anteverted auricles, upward slanted palpebral fissures, squint); cryptorchidism was present in the 2 boys. In addition a possible VFDP is postulated as the explanation for similar features in affected and unaffected siblings and parents. However, the McDonough syndrome may be an autosomal recessive trait with minor manifestations in heterozygotes. The klinefelter syndrome in one affected boy and a 46,XY/47,XXY chromosome constitution in the father was a coincidental finding.", "PMID": 1189520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11180", "title": "[Differential diagnosis and follow-up studies in sucklings and infants with continuous cholestasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Among liver biopsies from 91 children between the age of 36  hrs and 2 years, puncture or excision was done for clarification in 64 cases. The morphological differential diagnosis between the various forms of intra- and extrahepatic bile duct dysplasias and their define characteristics related to hepatitis is presented. Morphological changes have given the basis for our grouping of diseases with cholestasis in early childhood. Our conclusions were summarized and proved in some schematic tables. Particular emphasis was given to comparative time observations for bioptic examined children over longer periods. Hereby results prognostic knowledge which should stimulate our therapeutic handling.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis and follow-up studies in sucklings and infants with continuous cholestasis (author's transl)]. Among liver biopsies from 91 children between the age of 36  hrs and 2 years, puncture or excision was done for clarification in 64 cases. The morphological differential diagnosis between the various forms of intra- and extrahepatic bile duct dysplasias and their define characteristics related to hepatitis is presented. Morphological changes have given the basis for our grouping of diseases with cholestasis in early childhood. Our conclusions were summarized and proved in some schematic tables. Particular emphasis was given to comparative time observations for bioptic examined children over longer periods. Hereby results prognostic knowledge which should stimulate our therapeutic handling.", "PMID": 1189521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11181", "title": "[Incidence of malignant tumors in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "575 malignant tumors were treated in the Childrens Hospital of Freiburg University during the years 1957--1974. This means that 0.86% of all hospital admissions had a newly recognized malignant neoplasia. There was no increase in the relative frequency of tumor admissions throughout these years. The most frequent tumor groups were expectedly leukemias (41.8%), central nervous system tumors (25.6%), lymphosarcomas (6.3%), Hodgkin's disease (5%), and neuroblastomas (5%). In comparison to tumor statistics comprising whole populations instead of admissions to a single hospital the relative frequency of leukemias and CNS-tumors is higher in our series. This may due to selective admissions of patients with different tumors to different treatment centers rather than to a higher incidence of these neoplasias in this area.", "contents": "[Incidence of malignant tumors in childhood (author's transl)]. 575 malignant tumors were treated in the Childrens Hospital of Freiburg University during the years 1957--1974. This means that 0.86% of all hospital admissions had a newly recognized malignant neoplasia. There was no increase in the relative frequency of tumor admissions throughout these years. The most frequent tumor groups were expectedly leukemias (41.8%), central nervous system tumors (25.6%), lymphosarcomas (6.3%), Hodgkin's disease (5%), and neuroblastomas (5%). In comparison to tumor statistics comprising whole populations instead of admissions to a single hospital the relative frequency of leukemias and CNS-tumors is higher in our series. This may due to selective admissions of patients with different tumors to different treatment centers rather than to a higher incidence of these neoplasias in this area.", "PMID": 1189522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11182", "title": "[The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone and the urinary excretion of aldosterone (author's transl)].", "content": "The syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion was diagnosed on the basis of the cardinal features described by Bartter and Schwartz in 3 patients: one neonate with bacterial meningitis and two children respectively under Vincristin and Cyclophosphamide treatment. Treatment with fluid restriction and infusions of hypertonic saline led to a slow excretion of the water excess and to the restoration of both the body fluid volume and serum sodium concentration. The urinary excretion of aldosterone was found to be in the normal range or slightly increased during the development of the syndrome and at the beginning of the therapy. In the phase of recovery there was decreased urinary aldosterone.", "contents": "[The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone and the urinary excretion of aldosterone (author's transl)]. The syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion was diagnosed on the basis of the cardinal features described by Bartter and Schwartz in 3 patients: one neonate with bacterial meningitis and two children respectively under Vincristin and Cyclophosphamide treatment. Treatment with fluid restriction and infusions of hypertonic saline led to a slow excretion of the water excess and to the restoration of both the body fluid volume and serum sodium concentration. The urinary excretion of aldosterone was found to be in the normal range or slightly increased during the development of the syndrome and at the beginning of the therapy. In the phase of recovery there was decreased urinary aldosterone.", "PMID": 1189523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11183", "title": "[Ezymatic method for the automated determination of total serum cholesterol (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple kinetic method for the automated determination of total serum cholesterol was developed using cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase, catalase and the color reaction according to Hantzsch. The procedure has been adapted to the Braun SysteMatik, Greiner GSA II, Eppendorf 5032, Lars Ljungberg Autolab, Perkin-Elmer C4 and Perkin-Elmer C4B analyzers. The variants of the method yielded satisfactory results with regard of precision, accuracy and sensitivity to interferences.", "contents": "[Ezymatic method for the automated determination of total serum cholesterol (author's transl)]. A simple kinetic method for the automated determination of total serum cholesterol was developed using cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase, catalase and the color reaction according to Hantzsch. The procedure has been adapted to the Braun SysteMatik, Greiner GSA II, Eppendorf 5032, Lars Ljungberg Autolab, Perkin-Elmer C4 and Perkin-Elmer C4B analyzers. The variants of the method yielded satisfactory results with regard of precision, accuracy and sensitivity to interferences.", "PMID": 1189524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11184", "title": "[A mechanized enzymic method for the determination of uric acid (author's transl)].", "content": "A continuous flow method is described for the determination of uric acid in serum using uricase and peroxidase, with omicron-dianisidine as the chromogen. The method can be used with single channel systems and with the multichannel system SMA 12/60 (Technicon). The new method was compared with six other manual and mechanized methods for the dosage of uric acid, and the results were analyzed statistically. The results from all the enzymic methods showed a good correlation, whereas the \"chemical oxidation\" methods showed systematic deviations.", "contents": "[A mechanized enzymic method for the determination of uric acid (author's transl)]. A continuous flow method is described for the determination of uric acid in serum using uricase and peroxidase, with omicron-dianisidine as the chromogen. The method can be used with single channel systems and with the multichannel system SMA 12/60 (Technicon). The new method was compared with six other manual and mechanized methods for the dosage of uric acid, and the results were analyzed statistically. The results from all the enzymic methods showed a good correlation, whereas the \"chemical oxidation\" methods showed systematic deviations.", "PMID": 1189525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11185", "title": "Kinetic measurement of T4 following column chromatography.", "content": "A kinetic measurement of the eluates from the column purification of T4 is described. The choice of cation exchange chromatography to reduce interfering X-ray contrast substances, and the influence of protein in the reaction have been evaluated. Data for precision, inter and intra assay reproducibility, detection limit and normal values are reported. Using sample volumes of 0.5 ml and an analysis time of one minute, the proposed method compares favourably with published methods.", "contents": "Kinetic measurement of T4 following column chromatography. A kinetic measurement of the eluates from the column purification of T4 is described. The choice of cation exchange chromatography to reduce interfering X-ray contrast substances, and the influence of protein in the reaction have been evaluated. Data for precision, inter and intra assay reproducibility, detection limit and normal values are reported. Using sample volumes of 0.5 ml and an analysis time of one minute, the proposed method compares favourably with published methods.", "PMID": 1189526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11186", "title": "A review of radioimmunoassay for steroids.", "content": "This review, based on the current literature, considers the practical aspects of steroid radioimmunoassays. The problems associated with the raising of specific antisera and their characterization are discussed. Features of assay design, reliability criteria and practicability of radioimmunoassays for steroids are considered.", "contents": "A review of radioimmunoassay for steroids. This review, based on the current literature, considers the practical aspects of steroid radioimmunoassays. The problems associated with the raising of specific antisera and their characterization are discussed. Features of assay design, reliability criteria and practicability of radioimmunoassays for steroids are considered.", "PMID": 1189527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11187", "title": "The mechanism of the increase in the activity of liver alkaline phosphatase in experimental cholestasis: measurement of an increased enzyme concentration by immunochemical titration.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity increases 5-15 fold in the livers of rats, following bile duct ligation. The mechanism of this increase has been the subject of numerous investigations. In HeLa cells the synthesis of a different phosphatase enzyme protein with higher catalytic activity has been postulated. After preparing an antiserum against rat liver phosphatase, we compared the phosphatase protein concentration in normal and cholestatic livers by immunochemical titration. Our results clearly indicate that the elevation of enzyme activity is due to an increased accumulation of enzyme protein.", "contents": "The mechanism of the increase in the activity of liver alkaline phosphatase in experimental cholestasis: measurement of an increased enzyme concentration by immunochemical titration. Alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity increases 5-15 fold in the livers of rats, following bile duct ligation. The mechanism of this increase has been the subject of numerous investigations. In HeLa cells the synthesis of a different phosphatase enzyme protein with higher catalytic activity has been postulated. After preparing an antiserum against rat liver phosphatase, we compared the phosphatase protein concentration in normal and cholestatic livers by immunochemical titration. Our results clearly indicate that the elevation of enzyme activity is due to an increased accumulation of enzyme protein.", "PMID": 1189528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11188", "title": "[A simplified method for the fluorometric determination of 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid in the human liquor cerebrospinalis (author's transl)].", "content": "The fluorometric analysis of 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid by condensation with o-phthaldialdehyde has been modified by substituting a HCl-H2SO4 mixture at room temperature for hot concentrated HCl. The sensitivity of the method was increased by a factor of 2.7.", "contents": "[A simplified method for the fluorometric determination of 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid in the human liquor cerebrospinalis (author's transl)]. The fluorometric analysis of 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid by condensation with o-phthaldialdehyde has been modified by substituting a HCl-H2SO4 mixture at room temperature for hot concentrated HCl. The sensitivity of the method was increased by a factor of 2.7.", "PMID": 1189529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11189", "title": "A combined adsorption-gel filtration technique for the determination of the cortisol-binding capacity of transcortin.", "content": "A combined adsorption-gel filtration technique has been developed for the quantitation of the cortisol-binding capacity of transcortin: Endogenous steroids are removed from plasma by adsorption on uncoated charcoal. Saturation of the \"stripped\" binding sites of transcortin is accomplished by equilibrating the sample with a definite amount of labeled cortisol of low specific activity (0.1 muCi/mug). Transcortin-bound [4-14C]cortisol is isolated by gel filtration over Sephadex G-50 at 4 degrees C and measured by liquid scintillation counting. The cortisol-binding capacity of transcortin is calculated directly on the basis of the known specific activity of cortisol. The modification described eliminates methodological disadvantages associated with the original gel filtration procedures, i.e. the possible interference of various endogenous steroids with cortisol binding to transcortin, and the necessity of fluorometric or colorimetric determination of protein-bound cortisol. The values of the cortisol-binding capacity of transcortin in plasma obteined by this simplified assay are in close agreement with results reported in the literature (mean +/- S.D.): healthy males 261 +/- 23 mug/l) of transcortin-bound cortisol (n = 13), healthy nonpregnant females 255 +/- 31 mug/l (n = 15), and pregnant females prior to delivery 560 +/- 82 mug/l (n = 12).", "contents": "A combined adsorption-gel filtration technique for the determination of the cortisol-binding capacity of transcortin. A combined adsorption-gel filtration technique has been developed for the quantitation of the cortisol-binding capacity of transcortin: Endogenous steroids are removed from plasma by adsorption on uncoated charcoal. Saturation of the \"stripped\" binding sites of transcortin is accomplished by equilibrating the sample with a definite amount of labeled cortisol of low specific activity (0.1 muCi/mug). Transcortin-bound [4-14C]cortisol is isolated by gel filtration over Sephadex G-50 at 4 degrees C and measured by liquid scintillation counting. The cortisol-binding capacity of transcortin is calculated directly on the basis of the known specific activity of cortisol. The modification described eliminates methodological disadvantages associated with the original gel filtration procedures, i.e. the possible interference of various endogenous steroids with cortisol binding to transcortin, and the necessity of fluorometric or colorimetric determination of protein-bound cortisol. The values of the cortisol-binding capacity of transcortin in plasma obteined by this simplified assay are in close agreement with results reported in the literature (mean +/- S.D.): healthy males 261 +/- 23 mug/l) of transcortin-bound cortisol (n = 13), healthy nonpregnant females 255 +/- 31 mug/l (n = 15), and pregnant females prior to delivery 560 +/- 82 mug/l (n = 12).", "PMID": 1189530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11190", "title": "Separation of the coprophorphyrin isomers I and III by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "An improved, specific and sensitive method for the determination of the coproporphyrin isomers I and III is described. In this method, the hydrolysis of the coproporphyrin methyl esters takes place in the silica gel layer of acid-resistant pre-coated thin layer plates. After chromatography in the solvent system 2,6-dimethylpyridine/water, (volume ratio 20 ml + 6 ml), in an ammonia atmosphere, the isomers are measured, either directly in the silica gel layer by fluorimetry, or after elution in 1.0 mol/l hydrochloric acid. The technique makes analysis in the nanogram range possible. See article.", "contents": "Separation of the coprophorphyrin isomers I and III by thin-layer chromatography. An improved, specific and sensitive method for the determination of the coproporphyrin isomers I and III is described. In this method, the hydrolysis of the coproporphyrin methyl esters takes place in the silica gel layer of acid-resistant pre-coated thin layer plates. After chromatography in the solvent system 2,6-dimethylpyridine/water, (volume ratio 20 ml + 6 ml), in an ammonia atmosphere, the isomers are measured, either directly in the silica gel layer by fluorimetry, or after elution in 1.0 mol/l hydrochloric acid. The technique makes analysis in the nanogram range possible. See article.", "PMID": 1189531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11191", "title": "The diagnostic significance of liver cell inhomogeneity: serum enzymes in patients with central liver necrosis and the distribution of glutamate dehydrogenase in normal human liver.", "content": "16 Patients with acute right-sided cardiac failure associated with a high pressure of the central venous system, exhibited a marked increase in glutamate dehydrogenase activity in serum. This increase was 40-fold higher than in patients with acute viral hepatitis. Histological examination of seven deceased patients revealed central necrosis within the liver lobule. This observation led us to determine glutamate dehydrogenase activity in microdissected peripheral and central portions from the unchanged liver lobule. A 1.7-fold higher glutamate dehydrogenase activity was found in the central part of the liver lobule than in the peripheral portion. The diagnostic significance of the glutamate dehydrogenase activity distribution along the cords of liver cells is discussed in view of liver diseases with central necrosis.", "contents": "The diagnostic significance of liver cell inhomogeneity: serum enzymes in patients with central liver necrosis and the distribution of glutamate dehydrogenase in normal human liver. 16 Patients with acute right-sided cardiac failure associated with a high pressure of the central venous system, exhibited a marked increase in glutamate dehydrogenase activity in serum. This increase was 40-fold higher than in patients with acute viral hepatitis. Histological examination of seven deceased patients revealed central necrosis within the liver lobule. This observation led us to determine glutamate dehydrogenase activity in microdissected peripheral and central portions from the unchanged liver lobule. A 1.7-fold higher glutamate dehydrogenase activity was found in the central part of the liver lobule than in the peripheral portion. The diagnostic significance of the glutamate dehydrogenase activity distribution along the cords of liver cells is discussed in view of liver diseases with central necrosis.", "PMID": 1189532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11192", "title": "The effect of fluorocarbon FC 43 on the metabolism of steroids during perfusion of the isolated rat liver.", "content": "The influence of fluorocarbon FC 43 on the metabolism of oestrogens in the isolated perfused rat liver was investigated. In comparative once-through perfusions with FC 43 emulsion or albumin solution as perfusion medium, the clearance rates of oestrone and its metabolites were determined. In perfusions with FC 43, the clearance of oestrone was lower, and the metabolites formed in the liver were more concentrated in the outflowing medium than in perfusions without fluorocarbon. This can be explained by the high affinity, even of conjugated oestrogens, to FC 43, which is established by equilibrium dialysis and partition coefficient. The results presented here show that the fluorocarbon has a strong influence of its own on the metabolism of steroids in the isolated perfused liver. Therefore, this solvent should be avoided as medium when the metabolism of steroids is studied in perfusion experiments.", "contents": "The effect of fluorocarbon FC 43 on the metabolism of steroids during perfusion of the isolated rat liver. The influence of fluorocarbon FC 43 on the metabolism of oestrogens in the isolated perfused rat liver was investigated. In comparative once-through perfusions with FC 43 emulsion or albumin solution as perfusion medium, the clearance rates of oestrone and its metabolites were determined. In perfusions with FC 43, the clearance of oestrone was lower, and the metabolites formed in the liver were more concentrated in the outflowing medium than in perfusions without fluorocarbon. This can be explained by the high affinity, even of conjugated oestrogens, to FC 43, which is established by equilibrium dialysis and partition coefficient. The results presented here show that the fluorocarbon has a strong influence of its own on the metabolism of steroids in the isolated perfused liver. Therefore, this solvent should be avoided as medium when the metabolism of steroids is studied in perfusion experiments.", "PMID": 1189533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11193", "title": "[Studies on the effect of Melixetin (K\u00f6 1173) on AV-conduction time and sinus pulse automation in persons with healthy hearts and in patients with disorders of the impulse-conduction system].", "content": "The influence of Mexiletine on the av-conduction time and sinus node recovery time of 24 patients with and without disturbance of impulse formation and conduction was examined. There was no change of conduction time proximal to the His-bundle.  Four patients developed block distal to the His-bundle, 3 of which had a conduction disturbance before application of the drug consisting in 2:1 av-block or bifascicular block. Two patients with WPW-syndrome showed no change of impulse conduction. Five out of 12 patients showed an increase of the effective recovery period.  Three out of 15 patients showed an increase of threshold potential from 0.35 to 0.7 volt with suppression of escape rhythm. The sinus node recovery time was prolonged in 2 out of 9 patients, one of which had a sick sinus syndrome. As there seems to be some influence of Mexiletine on sinus node impulse formation and the impulse conduction distal to the His-bundle, this drug probably should be used with caution in patients with disturbance of automaticity and distal av-conduction.", "contents": "[Studies on the effect of Melixetin (K\u00f6 1173) on AV-conduction time and sinus pulse automation in persons with healthy hearts and in patients with disorders of the impulse-conduction system]. The influence of Mexiletine on the av-conduction time and sinus node recovery time of 24 patients with and without disturbance of impulse formation and conduction was examined. There was no change of conduction time proximal to the His-bundle.  Four patients developed block distal to the His-bundle, 3 of which had a conduction disturbance before application of the drug consisting in 2:1 av-block or bifascicular block. Two patients with WPW-syndrome showed no change of impulse conduction. Five out of 12 patients showed an increase of the effective recovery period.  Three out of 15 patients showed an increase of threshold potential from 0.35 to 0.7 volt with suppression of escape rhythm. The sinus node recovery time was prolonged in 2 out of 9 patients, one of which had a sick sinus syndrome. As there seems to be some influence of Mexiletine on sinus node impulse formation and the impulse conduction distal to the His-bundle, this drug probably should be used with caution in patients with disturbance of automaticity and distal av-conduction.", "PMID": 1189534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11194", "title": "[Acute effect of lidoflazine on the electrocardiographic agitation discharge in atrial frequency stimulation (studies on patients with stress-induced coronary insufficiency)].", "content": "Electrocardiographic alterations and onset of angina pectoris during an acute treatment period with lidoflazine -3 to 4 mg/kg b.w. by oral application- was investigated in 20 patients with latent coronary insufficiency under increasing heart rate condition by atrial pacing.  Significant changes in the repolarisation phase mainly due to prolongation of the QTc-interval already appeared 90 to 120 min after oral administration. The onset of test-induced agina pectoris and ischaemic ST-segmental depression in the ECG were not influenced by lidoflazine.  Exceeding a rate of 140 min-1 produced a delay of atrioventricular conduction time under drug influence whereas significant changes of intraventricular conduction did not appear.  Under frequent heart rates bundle branch block developed in a few individuals that might be drug-induced. In addition, there were some signs of digitalis-potentiation by lidoflazine.", "contents": "[Acute effect of lidoflazine on the electrocardiographic agitation discharge in atrial frequency stimulation (studies on patients with stress-induced coronary insufficiency)]. Electrocardiographic alterations and onset of angina pectoris during an acute treatment period with lidoflazine -3 to 4 mg/kg b.w. by oral application- was investigated in 20 patients with latent coronary insufficiency under increasing heart rate condition by atrial pacing.  Significant changes in the repolarisation phase mainly due to prolongation of the QTc-interval already appeared 90 to 120 min after oral administration. The onset of test-induced agina pectoris and ischaemic ST-segmental depression in the ECG were not influenced by lidoflazine.  Exceeding a rate of 140 min-1 produced a delay of atrioventricular conduction time under drug influence whereas significant changes of intraventricular conduction did not appear.  Under frequent heart rates bundle branch block developed in a few individuals that might be drug-induced. In addition, there were some signs of digitalis-potentiation by lidoflazine.", "PMID": 1189535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11195", "title": "[Effect of Akrinor on cardiovascular-dynamics before and after blockade of adrenergic beta-receptors by propranolol].", "content": "On healthy volunteers it is tested whether the cardiovascular and central stimulating effect of Akrinor and the depressive effect of propranolol influence each other mutually. Akrinor causes an increase in arterial pressure, in cardiac stroke volume and cardiac output in connection with a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and in heart rate.  These changes are abolished by propranolol whereas the central stimulating effect on the respiratory minute volume and the oxygen consumption is not influenced. After blocking of the beta-receptors, Akrinor exerts a diminished influence on the cardiovascular dynamics, a stimulation of the alpha-receptors cannot be evidenced. The findings are being discussed and compared with the effect of noradrenaline and adrenaline.", "contents": "[Effect of Akrinor on cardiovascular-dynamics before and after blockade of adrenergic beta-receptors by propranolol]. On healthy volunteers it is tested whether the cardiovascular and central stimulating effect of Akrinor and the depressive effect of propranolol influence each other mutually. Akrinor causes an increase in arterial pressure, in cardiac stroke volume and cardiac output in connection with a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and in heart rate.  These changes are abolished by propranolol whereas the central stimulating effect on the respiratory minute volume and the oxygen consumption is not influenced. After blocking of the beta-receptors, Akrinor exerts a diminished influence on the cardiovascular dynamics, a stimulation of the alpha-receptors cannot be evidenced. The findings are being discussed and compared with the effect of noradrenaline and adrenaline.", "PMID": 1189536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11196", "title": "[Determination of cardiac output using impedance-cardiography in comparison with conventional methods during rest and under pharmacological stress].", "content": "A recording of the changes in the transthoracic resistance as a function of the cardiac cycle enables--in connection with the ejection time--a non-invasive determination of the cardiac output (impedance cardiography). On volunteers without heart diseases the cardiac output according to the Fick principle, the impedance-cardiographic and sphygmographic method at rest and under pharmacological influence is synchronously measured and statistically compared with the found cardiac output according to Fick. Especially under pharmacological influence the impedance-cardiographically determined values do not show a sufficient correlation. The range of error, is causes as well as the limited possibility of application of the method are being discussed.", "contents": "[Determination of cardiac output using impedance-cardiography in comparison with conventional methods during rest and under pharmacological stress]. A recording of the changes in the transthoracic resistance as a function of the cardiac cycle enables--in connection with the ejection time--a non-invasive determination of the cardiac output (impedance cardiography). On volunteers without heart diseases the cardiac output according to the Fick principle, the impedance-cardiographic and sphygmographic method at rest and under pharmacological influence is synchronously measured and statistically compared with the found cardiac output according to Fick. Especially under pharmacological influence the impedance-cardiographically determined values do not show a sufficient correlation. The range of error, is causes as well as the limited possibility of application of the method are being discussed.", "PMID": 1189537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11197", "title": "[Course of pressure in isovolumetric relaxation of the left ventricle in man during rest and under acute pressure load].", "content": "Isovolumic relaxation of the left ventricle was investigated in man at rest and during pressure loading with methoxamine after blocking the autonomous nervous system with propranolol and atropine. Pressure course at rest and under methoxamine showed two distinct phases: first pressure fell steeply, then a gradual decrease of pressure course occurred without abrupt changes in slope. During pressure loading P and dP/dt increased markedly while the quotient (dP/dt)/P as a measure of contractile element velocity decreased. It was demonstrated that (dP/dt)/P during the second phase of relaxation did not show a plateau (no exponential pressure decay) but a \"shoulder\". If isovolumic ventricular pressure decay corresponds to isometric relaxation it can be stated that lengthening velocity of contractile elements increases gradually during the second phase of relaxation. The conclusions derived from isolated papillary muscle experiments would therefore not correspond to intact ventricle in man.", "contents": "[Course of pressure in isovolumetric relaxation of the left ventricle in man during rest and under acute pressure load]. Isovolumic relaxation of the left ventricle was investigated in man at rest and during pressure loading with methoxamine after blocking the autonomous nervous system with propranolol and atropine. Pressure course at rest and under methoxamine showed two distinct phases: first pressure fell steeply, then a gradual decrease of pressure course occurred without abrupt changes in slope. During pressure loading P and dP/dt increased markedly while the quotient (dP/dt)/P as a measure of contractile element velocity decreased. It was demonstrated that (dP/dt)/P during the second phase of relaxation did not show a plateau (no exponential pressure decay) but a \"shoulder\". If isovolumic ventricular pressure decay corresponds to isometric relaxation it can be stated that lengthening velocity of contractile elements increases gradually during the second phase of relaxation. The conclusions derived from isolated papillary muscle experiments would therefore not correspond to intact ventricle in man.", "PMID": 1189539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11198", "title": "[Evaluation of the pulse-wave form by means of the harmonic Fourier-analysis in aortic valve insufficiency].", "content": "The most conspicious phenomenon in frequency spectra of pulse waves obtained in the lower extremity in aortal insufficiency is generally predominating decrease of amplitude in higher harmonic frequencies manifesting itself by progressively rising number of the harmonic. This suggests that the second harmonic is no longer the main energy bearer of the pulse wave as this is the case in healthy individuals. This is the case also, to a proportionate degree-measure, in third, fourth and fifth harmonic frequencies. Moreover, relative increase of the amplitude of each harmonic during the passage of the pulse wave across the artery distally is depressed. This may be considered as a weakening of the increase of impedance of arterial flow towards the periphery as compared with findings made in healthy individuals.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the pulse-wave form by means of the harmonic Fourier-analysis in aortic valve insufficiency]. The most conspicious phenomenon in frequency spectra of pulse waves obtained in the lower extremity in aortal insufficiency is generally predominating decrease of amplitude in higher harmonic frequencies manifesting itself by progressively rising number of the harmonic. This suggests that the second harmonic is no longer the main energy bearer of the pulse wave as this is the case in healthy individuals. This is the case also, to a proportionate degree-measure, in third, fourth and fifth harmonic frequencies. Moreover, relative increase of the amplitude of each harmonic during the passage of the pulse wave across the artery distally is depressed. This may be considered as a weakening of the increase of impedance of arterial flow towards the periphery as compared with findings made in healthy individuals.", "PMID": 1189540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11199", "title": "[Problem of circulation disorder in the inferior vena cava in newborn infants].", "content": "The authors present a case of congenital obliteration of the inferior vena cava in a newborn baby. The obliteration was distal to the confluence with the hepatic veins. In addition, there was obliteration of the renal and iliac veins as well. Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and prognosis were discussed in more detail. The development of the venous system and diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities were shortly referred to.", "contents": "[Problem of circulation disorder in the inferior vena cava in newborn infants]. The authors present a case of congenital obliteration of the inferior vena cava in a newborn baby. The obliteration was distal to the confluence with the hepatic veins. In addition, there was obliteration of the renal and iliac veins as well. Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and prognosis were discussed in more detail. The development of the venous system and diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities were shortly referred to.", "PMID": 1189541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11200", "title": "Interactions between Encephalitozoon cuniculi and macrophages. Parasitophorous vacuole growth and the absence of lysosomal fusion.", "content": "Encephalitozoon cuniculi grow within ever-increasing parasitophorous vacuoles (PV) in peritoneal macrophages. The PV boundary membrane conforms to a rich arrangement of blebs; similar, but free vesicles were observed within the PV space. An iron dextran-concanavalin A marker was used to express visually clustered distributions of Con A receptors on the PV boundary blebs and free vesicles; no marker was observed on other membrane surfaces within the PV. These results, combined with the observation that the PV grows while the host cytoplasm decreases in mass, implicate the PV boundary blebs of interiorizing into vesicles by a pinocytic mechanism. Phagocytic vacuoles, secondary lysosomes and pinocytic vesicles were labeled by incubating infected macrophages in minimum essential medium with ferritin. Ferritin readily accumulated in secondary lysosomes and phagocytic vacuoles; however, ferritin was excluded from parasitophorous vacuoles containing E. cuniculi. Acid phosphatase cytochemical reaction product was observed in lysosomes and phagocytic vacuoles; however, parasitophorous vacuoles with vegetative E. cuniculi were always negative.", "contents": "Interactions between Encephalitozoon cuniculi and macrophages. Parasitophorous vacuole growth and the absence of lysosomal fusion. Encephalitozoon cuniculi grow within ever-increasing parasitophorous vacuoles (PV) in peritoneal macrophages. The PV boundary membrane conforms to a rich arrangement of blebs; similar, but free vesicles were observed within the PV space. An iron dextran-concanavalin A marker was used to express visually clustered distributions of Con A receptors on the PV boundary blebs and free vesicles; no marker was observed on other membrane surfaces within the PV. These results, combined with the observation that the PV grows while the host cytoplasm decreases in mass, implicate the PV boundary blebs of interiorizing into vesicles by a pinocytic mechanism. Phagocytic vacuoles, secondary lysosomes and pinocytic vesicles were labeled by incubating infected macrophages in minimum essential medium with ferritin. Ferritin readily accumulated in secondary lysosomes and phagocytic vacuoles; however, ferritin was excluded from parasitophorous vacuoles containing E. cuniculi. Acid phosphatase cytochemical reaction product was observed in lysosomes and phagocytic vacuoles; however, parasitophorous vacuoles with vegetative E. cuniculi were always negative.", "PMID": 1189574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11201", "title": "In vitro development from sporozoites to first-generation merozoites in Eimeria contorta Haberkorn, 1971. A fine structural study.", "content": "The asexual development of Eimeria contorta from sporozoites to first-generation merozoites in tissue culture was investigated with the electron microscope. Sporozoites with a three-layered pellicle, 26 subpellicular microtubules, a conoid, 4-7 rhoptries, and an abundance of micronemes actively entered host cells and showed direct contact to the host cell's cytoplasm. Shortly after penetration, small vacuoles surrounding the parasite merged into a parasitophorous vacuole. Inside this vacuole, sporozoites assumed a definite U-shape before transformation into schizonts took place. This process was characterised by the occurrence of subpellicular microtubules exclusively in the anterior half of the sporozoite, by a degeneration of the 2 inner pellicular membranes, by an outpocketing of the parasite's surface, and by the arrangement of microtubules in clusters. About 25 merozoites were formed at the surface of mature schizonts, to which they remained attached at their posterior pole. A polar ring was present at that area. Anterior and posterior refractile bodies were conspicuous in merozoites and showed close association with mitochondria. The significance of a fibrillar substructure in rhoptries and micronemes is discussed, and special attention is drawn to the pathway of nutrient transport from host cell mitochondria and dictyosomes through intravacuolar folds, parasitophorous vacuole and crescent body into the parasite's food vacuoles.", "contents": "In vitro development from sporozoites to first-generation merozoites in Eimeria contorta Haberkorn, 1971. A fine structural study. The asexual development of Eimeria contorta from sporozoites to first-generation merozoites in tissue culture was investigated with the electron microscope. Sporozoites with a three-layered pellicle, 26 subpellicular microtubules, a conoid, 4-7 rhoptries, and an abundance of micronemes actively entered host cells and showed direct contact to the host cell's cytoplasm. Shortly after penetration, small vacuoles surrounding the parasite merged into a parasitophorous vacuole. Inside this vacuole, sporozoites assumed a definite U-shape before transformation into schizonts took place. This process was characterised by the occurrence of subpellicular microtubules exclusively in the anterior half of the sporozoite, by a degeneration of the 2 inner pellicular membranes, by an outpocketing of the parasite's surface, and by the arrangement of microtubules in clusters. About 25 merozoites were formed at the surface of mature schizonts, to which they remained attached at their posterior pole. A polar ring was present at that area. Anterior and posterior refractile bodies were conspicuous in merozoites and showed close association with mitochondria. The significance of a fibrillar substructure in rhoptries and micronemes is discussed, and special attention is drawn to the pathway of nutrient transport from host cell mitochondria and dictyosomes through intravacuolar folds, parasitophorous vacuole and crescent body into the parasite's food vacuoles.", "PMID": 1189575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11202", "title": "A histochemical study of the rediae and cercariae of Fasciola hepatica.", "content": "Histochemical studies have revealed hydrolytic enzyme activity in the redial tegument and caecal epithelium of Fasciola hepatica. A number of the hydrolases are known to be lysosomal marker enzymes and it is thought that they may be involved in intracellular digestion. The larval stages have also been shown to be reactive for succinate dehydrogenase and phosphorylase, but not for glucose-6-phosphatase.", "contents": "A histochemical study of the rediae and cercariae of Fasciola hepatica. Histochemical studies have revealed hydrolytic enzyme activity in the redial tegument and caecal epithelium of Fasciola hepatica. A number of the hydrolases are known to be lysosomal marker enzymes and it is thought that they may be involved in intracellular digestion. The larval stages have also been shown to be reactive for succinate dehydrogenase and phosphorylase, but not for glucose-6-phosphatase.", "PMID": 1189576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11203", "title": "[On the organogenesis of Seuratum cadarachense Desportes, 1947 (Nematoda Seuratoidea) and the cellular reactions of the intermediate insect host Locusta migratoria (author's transl)].", "content": "The adaptation of primitive heteroxenous nematodes, parasites of vertebrates, to the intermediate host, is detailed by studying the organogenesis of the first larval stages of the Seuratoid nematode Seuratum cadarachense and an histological approach of the cellular reactions caused by the penetration and the development of the parasite in the insect Locusta migratoria. The larval organization of Seuratum at hatching is similar to that of Subuluridae and characterized by a large number of initial cells: among them, eight cells alined in a row forming the intestinal primordia, and two mesenchymal cells. In Seuratum, as in Subulurid in general, the first larval stage has a slow development. The larval migration occurs in the wall of the mesenteron. Hemocytic capsules are observed in the hemocoel in contact with the muscle fibers of the mesenteron. Some of them show necrotic features which bear witness to an imperfect adaptation of the nematode to the intermediate host.", "contents": "[On the organogenesis of Seuratum cadarachense Desportes, 1947 (Nematoda Seuratoidea) and the cellular reactions of the intermediate insect host Locusta migratoria (author's transl)]. The adaptation of primitive heteroxenous nematodes, parasites of vertebrates, to the intermediate host, is detailed by studying the organogenesis of the first larval stages of the Seuratoid nematode Seuratum cadarachense and an histological approach of the cellular reactions caused by the penetration and the development of the parasite in the insect Locusta migratoria. The larval organization of Seuratum at hatching is similar to that of Subuluridae and characterized by a large number of initial cells: among them, eight cells alined in a row forming the intestinal primordia, and two mesenchymal cells. In Seuratum, as in Subulurid in general, the first larval stage has a slow development. The larval migration occurs in the wall of the mesenteron. Hemocytic capsules are observed in the hemocoel in contact with the muscle fibers of the mesenteron. Some of them show necrotic features which bear witness to an imperfect adaptation of the nematode to the intermediate host.", "PMID": 1189577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11204", "title": "The structure and cytochemistry of the neurosecretory cells of Fasciola gigantica Cobbold and Fasciola hepatica L.", "content": "Histochemical studies of the nervous system of Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica were undertaken. Neurosecretory cells were detected by Gomori's aldehydefuchsin, Bargmann's chrome hematoxylin-phloxin, Mallory's triple stain, periodic acid-Schiff, Heidenhain's Azan and alcian blue after potassium permanganate oxidation. Two types of neurosecretory cells were recognized and designated as \"A\" and \"B\". Type \"A\" cells occurred in small numbers in the brain and subesophageal mass and type \"B\" cells ubiquitous in distribution. The reactions of these cells to the standard stains for neurosecretory substance generally, were less intense than the neurosecretory cells of other animals such as crustaceans and insects. The structure, organisation, distribution and cytochemistry of neurosecretory cells in Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica is discussed.", "contents": "The structure and cytochemistry of the neurosecretory cells of Fasciola gigantica Cobbold and Fasciola hepatica L. Histochemical studies of the nervous system of Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica were undertaken. Neurosecretory cells were detected by Gomori's aldehydefuchsin, Bargmann's chrome hematoxylin-phloxin, Mallory's triple stain, periodic acid-Schiff, Heidenhain's Azan and alcian blue after potassium permanganate oxidation. Two types of neurosecretory cells were recognized and designated as \"A\" and \"B\". Type \"A\" cells occurred in small numbers in the brain and subesophageal mass and type \"B\" cells ubiquitous in distribution. The reactions of these cells to the standard stains for neurosecretory substance generally, were less intense than the neurosecretory cells of other animals such as crustaceans and insects. The structure, organisation, distribution and cytochemistry of neurosecretory cells in Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica is discussed.", "PMID": 1189578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11205", "title": "Carbohydrate cytochemistry of the intestinal epithelium of Ascaris suum. Nature of the microvilli glycocalyx and basal lamella.", "content": "Results of various cytochemical tests demonstrate large deposits of glycogen within the intestinal absorptive cells of Ascaris suum. Carbohydrate material is also associated with the microvilli surface and basal lamella. Staining produced by the periodate-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium procedure was abolished by analine or m-aminophenol. Diastase digestion did not alter the staining on the microvilli surface. Similar results were seen using the silver methenamine procedure. A positive reaction was noted on the microvilli surface, vesicles in both the apical and basal cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, and basal lamella. Lanthanum nitrate stained the microvilli surface and intercellular spaces between absorptive cells. Alcian blue or cetylpyridinium chloride in combination with lanthanum enhanced the staining produced by lanthanum alone. These results suggest the presence of acidic glycans on both the microvilli surface and basal lamella.", "contents": "Carbohydrate cytochemistry of the intestinal epithelium of Ascaris suum. Nature of the microvilli glycocalyx and basal lamella. Results of various cytochemical tests demonstrate large deposits of glycogen within the intestinal absorptive cells of Ascaris suum. Carbohydrate material is also associated with the microvilli surface and basal lamella. Staining produced by the periodate-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium procedure was abolished by analine or m-aminophenol. Diastase digestion did not alter the staining on the microvilli surface. Similar results were seen using the silver methenamine procedure. A positive reaction was noted on the microvilli surface, vesicles in both the apical and basal cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, and basal lamella. Lanthanum nitrate stained the microvilli surface and intercellular spaces between absorptive cells. Alcian blue or cetylpyridinium chloride in combination with lanthanum enhanced the staining produced by lanthanum alone. These results suggest the presence of acidic glycans on both the microvilli surface and basal lamella.", "PMID": 1189579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11206", "title": "Disruption of spermatogenesis in Fasciola hepatica by some anthelmintics.", "content": "Eight-weeks old F. hepatica were recovered from rabbits and rats that had been treated with known fasciolicides and anthelmintics between 4 and 40 h previously. Examination of the surviving flukes showed that spermatogenesis was significantly disrupted by most of the fasciolicides but by none of the other anthelmintics. It is suggested that disruption of spermatogenesis is particularly associated with compounds showing activity against mature F. hepatica.", "contents": "Disruption of spermatogenesis in Fasciola hepatica by some anthelmintics. Eight-weeks old F. hepatica were recovered from rabbits and rats that had been treated with known fasciolicides and anthelmintics between 4 and 40 h previously. Examination of the surviving flukes showed that spermatogenesis was significantly disrupted by most of the fasciolicides but by none of the other anthelmintics. It is suggested that disruption of spermatogenesis is particularly associated with compounds showing activity against mature F. hepatica.", "PMID": 1189580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11207", "title": "Ultrastructural development of first- to second-generation merozoites in Eimeria contorta Haberkorn, 1971.", "content": "The development of first-generation merozoites to second-generation schizonts and merozoites of Eimeria contorta in one of its natural hosts, the mouse, was investigated with the electron microscope. Merozoites inside a host cell show a marked U-shape and a degeneration of the inner-pellicular membrane complex prior to transformation into schizonts. These processes closely resemble those seen in transforming  sporozoites. In young schizonts with about 3-5 nuclei, the Golgi-adjuncts (structures of unknown function) form a large interconnected network. Nuclear divisions in growing schizonts involve the formation of a centroc\u00f4ne, which develops in a pocket-like indentation of the nuclear envelope. At least one centriole is present immediately adjacent to this indentation. In a later stage, the centroc\u00f4ne forms a conical nuclear protrusion directed towards a merozoite-anlage. This developing merozoite contains anlagen of a conoid, of rhoptries, and of micronemes and a refractile body in addition to the nucleus, centrioles, and a Golgi-adjunct. The merozoite-anlage is limited by a triple unit membrane complex. Schizonts give rise to 8-15 second-generation merozoites. Interesting features of these merozoites are the high number of micronemes, the finding of one single large mitochondrion per merozoite, and the occurrence of 26 subpellicular microtubules, i.e. the same number as in sporozoites of E. contorta. At the end of their development, merozoites come into direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm as the parasitophorous vacuole breaks down.", "contents": "Ultrastructural development of first- to second-generation merozoites in Eimeria contorta Haberkorn, 1971. The development of first-generation merozoites to second-generation schizonts and merozoites of Eimeria contorta in one of its natural hosts, the mouse, was investigated with the electron microscope. Merozoites inside a host cell show a marked U-shape and a degeneration of the inner-pellicular membrane complex prior to transformation into schizonts. These processes closely resemble those seen in transforming  sporozoites. In young schizonts with about 3-5 nuclei, the Golgi-adjuncts (structures of unknown function) form a large interconnected network. Nuclear divisions in growing schizonts involve the formation of a centroc\u00f4ne, which develops in a pocket-like indentation of the nuclear envelope. At least one centriole is present immediately adjacent to this indentation. In a later stage, the centroc\u00f4ne forms a conical nuclear protrusion directed towards a merozoite-anlage. This developing merozoite contains anlagen of a conoid, of rhoptries, and of micronemes and a refractile body in addition to the nucleus, centrioles, and a Golgi-adjunct. The merozoite-anlage is limited by a triple unit membrane complex. Schizonts give rise to 8-15 second-generation merozoites. Interesting features of these merozoites are the high number of micronemes, the finding of one single large mitochondrion per merozoite, and the occurrence of 26 subpellicular microtubules, i.e. the same number as in sporozoites of E. contorta. At the end of their development, merozoites come into direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm as the parasitophorous vacuole breaks down.", "PMID": 1189581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11208", "title": "The effect of some biological and physical factors on infection of Biomphalaria glabrata with Angiostrongylus cantonensis.", "content": "Several biological and physical factors which may influence infection of Biomphalaria glabrata snails with the first stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis were studied. These factors were: the size of snails, the number of first stage larvae to which snails were exposed, the age of larvae, individual exposure compared with mass exposure of snails, the length of exposure period and the effect of temperature and light. The results showed that young snails, 2 mm in diameter, became infected with significantly smaller numbers of third stage larvae than larger snails (4, 8, 12 and 16 mm). No significant differences in the intensity of infection were evident between the larger size groups. The number of third stage larvae recovered from snails was directly related to the number of first stage larvae to which the snails were exposed. The mean percentage recovery per snail was more or less constant regardless of the infective dose. First stage larvae showed a slight reduction in their survival rate within 7 and 4 days, at 24 degrees C and 26 degrees C respectively, after which a sharp decrease in their survival rate occurred. However, the infectivity of larvae was progressively reduced from the second day at these two temperatures. The mean intensity of infection in snails was independent of whether the infection was by mass or individual exposure. The average number of first stage larvae entering a snail was greatest during the first half hour of exposure, this decreased considerably during the second half hour, and thereafter the number of larvae which entered a snail was low. It was concluded that 26 degrees C was the optimal temperature for infection and that the presence or absence of light had no effect on the infection.", "contents": "The effect of some biological and physical factors on infection of Biomphalaria glabrata with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Several biological and physical factors which may influence infection of Biomphalaria glabrata snails with the first stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis were studied. These factors were: the size of snails, the number of first stage larvae to which snails were exposed, the age of larvae, individual exposure compared with mass exposure of snails, the length of exposure period and the effect of temperature and light. The results showed that young snails, 2 mm in diameter, became infected with significantly smaller numbers of third stage larvae than larger snails (4, 8, 12 and 16 mm). No significant differences in the intensity of infection were evident between the larger size groups. The number of third stage larvae recovered from snails was directly related to the number of first stage larvae to which the snails were exposed. The mean percentage recovery per snail was more or less constant regardless of the infective dose. First stage larvae showed a slight reduction in their survival rate within 7 and 4 days, at 24 degrees C and 26 degrees C respectively, after which a sharp decrease in their survival rate occurred. However, the infectivity of larvae was progressively reduced from the second day at these two temperatures. The mean intensity of infection in snails was independent of whether the infection was by mass or individual exposure. The average number of first stage larvae entering a snail was greatest during the first half hour of exposure, this decreased considerably during the second half hour, and thereafter the number of larvae which entered a snail was low. It was concluded that 26 degrees C was the optimal temperature for infection and that the presence or absence of light had no effect on the infection.", "PMID": 1189582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11209", "title": "The suitability of several aquatic snails as intermediate hosts for Angiostrongylus cantonensis.", "content": "Sixteen species of aquatic snails of four families were tested by quantitative technique under standardized conditions for their suitability as intermediate hosts for Angiostrongylus cantonensis. These species were the planorbid snails Biomphalaria glabrata, Biomphalaria alexandrina, Planorbis planorbis, Planorbis intermixtus, Bulinus truncatus, Bulinus contortus, Bulinus africanus, Bulinus tropicus and Helisoma sp.; the lymnaeid snails Lymnaea natalensis, Lymnaea tomentosa, Lymnaea stagnalis, and Stagnicola elodes; the physid snail Physa acuta (an Egyptian and a German strain) and the ampullariid snails Marisa cornuarietis and Lanistes carinatus. All these snail species proved to be susceptible to infection with A. cantonensis, and first stage larvae reached the infective third stage in all of them. However, the rate and intensity of infection varied with different species. B. glabrata was the most susceptible snail species with a 100% infection rate and an average percentage recovery of third stage larvae of 26.1. This was followed by S. elodes and B. africanus, with a 100% infection rate and an average percentage recovery of third stage larvae of 15.6 and 14.6 respectively. The rest of snail species proved to be less susceptible. For comparative evaluation of the suitability of the various snail species as intermediate hosts of A. cantonensis a \"Capacity Index\" was determined. This index should provide a useful method for the evaluation of the suitability of various snails as intermediate hosts of nematode parasites under standardized conditions in the laboratory.", "contents": "The suitability of several aquatic snails as intermediate hosts for Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Sixteen species of aquatic snails of four families were tested by quantitative technique under standardized conditions for their suitability as intermediate hosts for Angiostrongylus cantonensis. These species were the planorbid snails Biomphalaria glabrata, Biomphalaria alexandrina, Planorbis planorbis, Planorbis intermixtus, Bulinus truncatus, Bulinus contortus, Bulinus africanus, Bulinus tropicus and Helisoma sp.; the lymnaeid snails Lymnaea natalensis, Lymnaea tomentosa, Lymnaea stagnalis, and Stagnicola elodes; the physid snail Physa acuta (an Egyptian and a German strain) and the ampullariid snails Marisa cornuarietis and Lanistes carinatus. All these snail species proved to be susceptible to infection with A. cantonensis, and first stage larvae reached the infective third stage in all of them. However, the rate and intensity of infection varied with different species. B. glabrata was the most susceptible snail species with a 100% infection rate and an average percentage recovery of third stage larvae of 26.1. This was followed by S. elodes and B. africanus, with a 100% infection rate and an average percentage recovery of third stage larvae of 15.6 and 14.6 respectively. The rest of snail species proved to be less susceptible. For comparative evaluation of the suitability of the various snail species as intermediate hosts of A. cantonensis a \"Capacity Index\" was determined. This index should provide a useful method for the evaluation of the suitability of various snails as intermediate hosts of nematode parasites under standardized conditions in the laboratory.", "PMID": 1189583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11210", "title": "Reproduction of the normal sexual cycle and reproductive ability in castrated guinea pigs by implantation of the ovary by a new method.", "content": "Hormonal and generative activity of the \"free\" ovarian graft in the uterine wall was studied in 43 sexually mature guinea pigs. Ovaries were grafted by a personal method and by the method of Bland and Donovan. In the author's method, halves of the ovaries were implanted in the uterine wall in such a way that the graft communicated with the uterine cavity and received supplementary vascularization from the connective tissue of the parametrium. Morphologic and histochemical (PAS-positive substances) changes in the free ovarian grafts in the uterus were studied. Hormonal activity of grafts was assessed on the basis of vaginal smears. It was concluded that hormonal activity of the ovary engrafted in the uterine wall depends on the method of grafting. By the author's method, in which blood vessels from the parametrial connective tissue penetrate into the ovary, hormonal activity is the same as before operation and pregnancy is possible. In the method of Bland and Donovan, the sexual cycle and time of opening of the vagina are considerably shortened.", "contents": "Reproduction of the normal sexual cycle and reproductive ability in castrated guinea pigs by implantation of the ovary by a new method. Hormonal and generative activity of the \"free\" ovarian graft in the uterine wall was studied in 43 sexually mature guinea pigs. Ovaries were grafted by a personal method and by the method of Bland and Donovan. In the author's method, halves of the ovaries were implanted in the uterine wall in such a way that the graft communicated with the uterine cavity and received supplementary vascularization from the connective tissue of the parametrium. Morphologic and histochemical (PAS-positive substances) changes in the free ovarian grafts in the uterus were studied. Hormonal activity of grafts was assessed on the basis of vaginal smears. It was concluded that hormonal activity of the ovary engrafted in the uterine wall depends on the method of grafting. By the author's method, in which blood vessels from the parametrial connective tissue penetrate into the ovary, hormonal activity is the same as before operation and pregnancy is possible. In the method of Bland and Donovan, the sexual cycle and time of opening of the vagina are considerably shortened.", "PMID": 1189612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11211", "title": "Factors regulating blood levels of free fatty acids during alimentary lipemia.", "content": "Transient lowering of blood levels of free fatty acids (FFA) in man and experimental animals after ingestion of fat has been noted by many investigators and has been attributed to inhibition of mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue. Studies on lipid mobilizing activity in in vitro systems containing glucagon, insulin and anti-insulin anti-bodies as factors modifying lipolysis indicate that insulin is the basic inhibitor of lipolysis in the blood in the period immediately following feeding of animals. This observation has been confirmed by direct determinations of insulin levels by the radioimmunologic method. Experiments in which substances influencing activity of the autonomic nervous system were used show that ingestion of fats stimulates insulin secretion as a result of cholinergic stimulation. Studies on lipolytic activity of blood serum confirmed an essential role of lipoprotein lipase in the mechanism of deposition of triglycerides in adipose tissue during alimentary lipemia. The role of prostaglandins and intestinal hormones (enteroinsular axis) in the mechanism of regulation of FFA levels during alimentary lipemia is also discussed.", "contents": "Factors regulating blood levels of free fatty acids during alimentary lipemia. Transient lowering of blood levels of free fatty acids (FFA) in man and experimental animals after ingestion of fat has been noted by many investigators and has been attributed to inhibition of mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue. Studies on lipid mobilizing activity in in vitro systems containing glucagon, insulin and anti-insulin anti-bodies as factors modifying lipolysis indicate that insulin is the basic inhibitor of lipolysis in the blood in the period immediately following feeding of animals. This observation has been confirmed by direct determinations of insulin levels by the radioimmunologic method. Experiments in which substances influencing activity of the autonomic nervous system were used show that ingestion of fats stimulates insulin secretion as a result of cholinergic stimulation. Studies on lipolytic activity of blood serum confirmed an essential role of lipoprotein lipase in the mechanism of deposition of triglycerides in adipose tissue during alimentary lipemia. The role of prostaglandins and intestinal hormones (enteroinsular axis) in the mechanism of regulation of FFA levels during alimentary lipemia is also discussed.", "PMID": 1189613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11212", "title": "[Cadmium, lead, and zinc-content of fruits and vegetables from gardens in industrial region (author's transl)].", "content": "The contents of Cadmium, lead, and zinc in 136 samples of fruit and vegetable of harvest 1973, taken from gardens in Dortmund, have been analysed by mineralisation, extraction with APDC/MIBK and AAS. 5% of the samples contained more cadmium, 13% more lead and zinc than proposed limits.", "contents": "[Cadmium, lead, and zinc-content of fruits and vegetables from gardens in industrial region (author's transl)]. The contents of Cadmium, lead, and zinc in 136 samples of fruit and vegetable of harvest 1973, taken from gardens in Dortmund, have been analysed by mineralisation, extraction with APDC/MIBK and AAS. 5% of the samples contained more cadmium, 13% more lead and zinc than proposed limits.", "PMID": 1189614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11213", "title": "Automated analysis of benzoic acid in food: colorimetric determination after continuous volatilization.", "content": "A method is developed to determine benzoic acid colorimetrically with the Technicon AutoAnalyzer. After a selective hydroxylation of benzoic acid by means of hydrogen peroxide and a catalyzing reagent consisting of a buffered solution of cupric ion, catechol and sorbic acid, a reaction follows with 4-aminoantipyrine. The reddish brown reaction product formed is measured at 505 nm. In a distillation unit benzoic acid is continuously separated from the acidified sample stream by volatilization into a stream of nitrogen. With simple manual treatments solid samples can be analysed. Possible interferences caused by naturally present or added compounds in food were investigated. The precision of the method is very good. The coefficient of variation is 0.6% at 50 mug/ml. For several products the recovery was determined with a mean of 98.4%. The working range covered is 0--100 mug benzoic acid/ml.", "contents": "Automated analysis of benzoic acid in food: colorimetric determination after continuous volatilization. A method is developed to determine benzoic acid colorimetrically with the Technicon AutoAnalyzer. After a selective hydroxylation of benzoic acid by means of hydrogen peroxide and a catalyzing reagent consisting of a buffered solution of cupric ion, catechol and sorbic acid, a reaction follows with 4-aminoantipyrine. The reddish brown reaction product formed is measured at 505 nm. In a distillation unit benzoic acid is continuously separated from the acidified sample stream by volatilization into a stream of nitrogen. With simple manual treatments solid samples can be analysed. Possible interferences caused by naturally present or added compounds in food were investigated. The precision of the method is very good. The coefficient of variation is 0.6% at 50 mug/ml. For several products the recovery was determined with a mean of 98.4%. The working range covered is 0--100 mug benzoic acid/ml.", "PMID": 1189615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11214", "title": "[Group separation of ethylene oxide 1,2-14c fumigated coca-powder derivatives and their distribution of radioactivity (author's transl)].", "content": "A procedure based on extraction, column chromatography and precipitation is described for the separation of ethylene oxide-1,2-14C fumigated coca-powder derivatives in 9 different groups. As it was found in wheat [1], the major portion of radioactivity lies in water extract; in coca-powder the major portion of radioactivity is also found in low molecular components.", "contents": "[Group separation of ethylene oxide 1,2-14c fumigated coca-powder derivatives and their distribution of radioactivity (author's transl)]. A procedure based on extraction, column chromatography and precipitation is described for the separation of ethylene oxide-1,2-14C fumigated coca-powder derivatives in 9 different groups. As it was found in wheat [1], the major portion of radioactivity lies in water extract; in coca-powder the major portion of radioactivity is also found in low molecular components.", "PMID": 1189616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11215", "title": "[Mercury in fish (author's transl)].", "content": "The mercury content of fish was determined. The average mercury concentration of fresh fish muscular was found to be 0.239 ppm in 1400 examinations.", "contents": "[Mercury in fish (author's transl)]. The mercury content of fish was determined. The average mercury concentration of fresh fish muscular was found to be 0.239 ppm in 1400 examinations.", "PMID": 1189617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11216", "title": "Nonenzymic browning of cauliflower on storage.", "content": "The nonenzymic browning of cauliflower homogenate was evaluated during storage at temperatures ranging between 40 degrees and 80 degrees C. In these accelerated tests, the reflectometric measurement was more sensitive and more reliable than the measurement of colour intensity of ethanolic extracts. The browning followed the kinetics of a first order reaction at higher temperatures and that of a zero order reaction at lower temperatures. The activation energy depended considerably on the reaction temperature. The rate of browning was only slightly affected by the addition of ferrous ions both in the absence and in the presence of oxygen. Results of model experiments show that the most important reaction under experimental conditions was probably the reaction of free amino-acids and other amine derivatives with quinones produced by oxidation of natural polyphenolic compounds. Red primary condensation products were transformed into brown pigments by subsequent secondary reactions.", "contents": "Nonenzymic browning of cauliflower on storage. The nonenzymic browning of cauliflower homogenate was evaluated during storage at temperatures ranging between 40 degrees and 80 degrees C. In these accelerated tests, the reflectometric measurement was more sensitive and more reliable than the measurement of colour intensity of ethanolic extracts. The browning followed the kinetics of a first order reaction at higher temperatures and that of a zero order reaction at lower temperatures. The activation energy depended considerably on the reaction temperature. The rate of browning was only slightly affected by the addition of ferrous ions both in the absence and in the presence of oxygen. Results of model experiments show that the most important reaction under experimental conditions was probably the reaction of free amino-acids and other amine derivatives with quinones produced by oxidation of natural polyphenolic compounds. Red primary condensation products were transformed into brown pigments by subsequent secondary reactions.", "PMID": 1189618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11217", "title": "Production of aflatoxin and its partition between the medium and the mycelium of Aspergillus parasiticus during incubation under various conditions.", "content": "Spores of an aflatoxigenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus were inoculated into a glucose-salts medium which was incubated with and without shaking at 28 degrees C for 15 days. Without shaking, maximal production of total aflatoxin and aflatoxins B1, G1, and G2 occurred at 5 days, whereas the maximal amount of B2 appeared after 7 days. Initially approximately 5% of the total toxins appeared in the mycelium but this increased to more than 60% after 5 days. Shaking of cultures during incubation served to reduce production of total aflatoxin and of each of the individual toxins. The maximal amount of total aflatoxin and of toxins B1 and G1 appeared in shaken cultures after 5 days, whereas 8 and 11 days were needed to obtain maximal amounts of B2 and G2, respectively. The mycelium of shaken cultures initially retained approximately 50% of the total aflatoxin and this increased to about 80% as the incubation progressed. Very little aflatoxin was synthesized at 35 and 45 degrees C and production of total aflatoxin and of each individual toxin was less at 15 degrees C than at 25 or 28 degrees C. When the medium contained 0.5 to 50% glucose, maximal amounts of total aflatoxin and of aflatoxins B1, G1 and G2 appeared in the presence of 30% glucose; only 20% glucose was needed to obtain the greatest amount of B2. The mycelium retained approximately 50% of total aflatoxin when the medium contained 5 to 20%. Neither aflatoxin G1 nor G2 were detected when the medium contained 0.05% ammonium sulfate and only B1, B2, and G1 appeared in the medium with 0.1% of the salt. Maximal production of each individual aflatoxin and of total aflatoxin occured with 1% of ammonium sulfate in the medium. The proportion of total aflatoxin retained by the mycelium decreased from 83 to 37% as the amount of ammonium sulfate in the medium was increased from 0,05 to 10%.", "contents": "Production of aflatoxin and its partition between the medium and the mycelium of Aspergillus parasiticus during incubation under various conditions. Spores of an aflatoxigenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus were inoculated into a glucose-salts medium which was incubated with and without shaking at 28 degrees C for 15 days. Without shaking, maximal production of total aflatoxin and aflatoxins B1, G1, and G2 occurred at 5 days, whereas the maximal amount of B2 appeared after 7 days. Initially approximately 5% of the total toxins appeared in the mycelium but this increased to more than 60% after 5 days. Shaking of cultures during incubation served to reduce production of total aflatoxin and of each of the individual toxins. The maximal amount of total aflatoxin and of toxins B1 and G1 appeared in shaken cultures after 5 days, whereas 8 and 11 days were needed to obtain maximal amounts of B2 and G2, respectively. The mycelium of shaken cultures initially retained approximately 50% of the total aflatoxin and this increased to about 80% as the incubation progressed. Very little aflatoxin was synthesized at 35 and 45 degrees C and production of total aflatoxin and of each individual toxin was less at 15 degrees C than at 25 or 28 degrees C. When the medium contained 0.5 to 50% glucose, maximal amounts of total aflatoxin and of aflatoxins B1, G1 and G2 appeared in the presence of 30% glucose; only 20% glucose was needed to obtain the greatest amount of B2. The mycelium retained approximately 50% of total aflatoxin when the medium contained 5 to 20%. Neither aflatoxin G1 nor G2 were detected when the medium contained 0.05% ammonium sulfate and only B1, B2, and G1 appeared in the medium with 0.1% of the salt. Maximal production of each individual aflatoxin and of total aflatoxin occured with 1% of ammonium sulfate in the medium. The proportion of total aflatoxin retained by the mycelium decreased from 83 to 37% as the amount of ammonium sulfate in the medium was increased from 0,05 to 10%.", "PMID": 1189619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11218", "title": "[An improved method for detection of diatoms (author's transl)].", "content": "An improved method for detection of diatoms in case of drowning is reported. The sample is digested with nitric acid. In order to avoid destruction of diatoms as well as losses by centrifugation etc. the time for wet digestion was reduced and the digest solution is filtered through a membrane filter. Fatty material is removed by alternate washing the filter with 2-Propanol and Petroleum ether. Following the wet digestion of the filter, aliqutos of this digest solution are filtered and the filter is examined microscopically. As the recommended procedure is less time consuming and yields almost complete recovery of diatoms the method has great probative value in case of death by drowning.", "contents": "[An improved method for detection of diatoms (author's transl)]. An improved method for detection of diatoms in case of drowning is reported. The sample is digested with nitric acid. In order to avoid destruction of diatoms as well as losses by centrifugation etc. the time for wet digestion was reduced and the digest solution is filtered through a membrane filter. Fatty material is removed by alternate washing the filter with 2-Propanol and Petroleum ether. Following the wet digestion of the filter, aliqutos of this digest solution are filtered and the filter is examined microscopically. As the recommended procedure is less time consuming and yields almost complete recovery of diatoms the method has great probative value in case of death by drowning.", "PMID": 1189620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11219", "title": "[Mesothelioma of the septum interatriale (author's transl)].", "content": "Sudden death of a 21-year-old women. The cause of death was mesothelioma situated in the region of the interatrial septum that has been manifested since childhood as a complete heart block. Neither gravidity nor delivery led to the aggravation of her state of health. The cause of this heart lesion, which was the mentioned rare tumor, was discovered only during the autopsy.", "contents": "[Mesothelioma of the septum interatriale (author's transl)]. Sudden death of a 21-year-old women. The cause of death was mesothelioma situated in the region of the interatrial septum that has been manifested since childhood as a complete heart block. Neither gravidity nor delivery led to the aggravation of her state of health. The cause of this heart lesion, which was the mentioned rare tumor, was discovered only during the autopsy.", "PMID": 1189621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11220", "title": "[An improved method for the determination of Y chromosomes in blood stains (author's transl)].", "content": "A new filter combination for fluorescence microscopy using SWP 440 interfernece filter for excitation and GG 455 as the barrier filter is described. In blind trials examining blood smears of 5 male persons and by examination of 3 weeks old blood stains a better Y chromosome demonstration has been obtained using this new technique in comparison with the \"usual\" filter combination: BG 12-530. In blind trials of up to 6 weeks old blood stains of one male and one female a reliable sex determination was made using the new technique.", "contents": "[An improved method for the determination of Y chromosomes in blood stains (author's transl)]. A new filter combination for fluorescence microscopy using SWP 440 interfernece filter for excitation and GG 455 as the barrier filter is described. In blind trials examining blood smears of 5 male persons and by examination of 3 weeks old blood stains a better Y chromosome demonstration has been obtained using this new technique in comparison with the \"usual\" filter combination: BG 12-530. In blind trials of up to 6 weeks old blood stains of one male and one female a reliable sex determination was made using the new technique.", "PMID": 1189626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11221", "title": "Transferrin variants designated by their relative mobilities in high-voltage agarose gel electrophoresis.", "content": "A unified nomenclature for the designation of transferrin variants, based on their relative mobilities in a standardized high-voltage agarose gel electrophoresis, is proposed. This is aimed at improving terminology of Tf variant typing results with reference to the relatively common variant Tf B2.", "contents": "Transferrin variants designated by their relative mobilities in high-voltage agarose gel electrophoresis. A unified nomenclature for the designation of transferrin variants, based on their relative mobilities in a standardized high-voltage agarose gel electrophoresis, is proposed. This is aimed at improving terminology of Tf variant typing results with reference to the relatively common variant Tf B2.", "PMID": 1189627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11222", "title": "Studies in breath-alcohol analysis: biological factors.", "content": "Various biological factors affecting breath-alcohol analysis were studied experimentally. End-expiratory temperatures in 55 healthy subjects were found to range from 32.41 to 35.69 degrees C with a mean of 34.53 degrees C. Forced vital capacity in the same subjects ranged from 1825 to 6550 ml with a mean of 4038 ml, and maximum exhalation after normal inhalation ranged from 1180 to 4550 ml with a mean of 2730 ml. It was found that 65-70% of available breath must be discarded before the alveolar plateau is reached during expiration. End-expiratory (alveolar) carbon dioxide in 155 healthy subjects was 3.5-8.3% by volume (mean = 6.52). After oral alcohol intake, retained mouth-alcohol in 8 subjects had disappeared after 11 minutes without subsequent water-rinsing of the mouth, and after 8 minutes with rinsing. Water condensation in plastic mouthpieces/saliva traps during breath sampling yielded mean weight gains of 13.0, 8.6, and 4.6 mg., respectively, at initial mouthpiece temperatures of 3 degrees C, 22.5 degrees C, and 34.7 degrees C, respectively.", "contents": "Studies in breath-alcohol analysis: biological factors. Various biological factors affecting breath-alcohol analysis were studied experimentally. End-expiratory temperatures in 55 healthy subjects were found to range from 32.41 to 35.69 degrees C with a mean of 34.53 degrees C. Forced vital capacity in the same subjects ranged from 1825 to 6550 ml with a mean of 4038 ml, and maximum exhalation after normal inhalation ranged from 1180 to 4550 ml with a mean of 2730 ml. It was found that 65-70% of available breath must be discarded before the alveolar plateau is reached during expiration. End-expiratory (alveolar) carbon dioxide in 155 healthy subjects was 3.5-8.3% by volume (mean = 6.52). After oral alcohol intake, retained mouth-alcohol in 8 subjects had disappeared after 11 minutes without subsequent water-rinsing of the mouth, and after 8 minutes with rinsing. Water condensation in plastic mouthpieces/saliva traps during breath sampling yielded mean weight gains of 13.0, 8.6, and 4.6 mg., respectively, at initial mouthpiece temperatures of 3 degrees C, 22.5 degrees C, and 34.7 degrees C, respectively.", "PMID": 1189628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11223", "title": "[Role of the principal and accessory eyes in the photomenotactic orientation of the funnel spider Agelena labyrinthica (CL.)].", "content": "The photomenotactic orientation of funnel spiders (Agelena labyrinthica [Cl.]) returning to their retreat was studied by measuring the direction of their course on the horizontal webs. 1. If a lamp was shifted 90 degrees just before the spider caught its prey the mean return course deviated less than 90 degrees from the direction of the retreat. This deviation was not only a function of the azimuth of the light and of the amount it had been moved, but also varied with the course taken when approaching the prey, the duration of the interval without light stimulation while the lamps were changed, the light stimulation experienced while at the retreat, the extent to which vision was experimentally reduced, and the light intensity. 2. Elimination of the principal or of the accessory eyes had little or no significant effect on the photomenotactic orientation. Spiders able to use only the median eye or one principal eye could no longer use the lamp to orient by. 3. Animals with full vision showed an increased (decreased) deviation from the direction of the retreat if the light intensity was abruptly increased (decreased), as did animals without principal eyes or without accessory eyes. The mean return directions were, however, not dependent upon light intensity changes before reaching the prey or after an interruption of web contact. The threshold for photomenotactic orientation using the accessory eyes is 0.366-10(-4) sb; the corresponding value for the principal eyes is 100 times larger. 4. If the lamp was not visible on the outward run the spiders were unable to perform correct return runs by light orientation without optical information from previous runs. If they could see a lamp while at the retreat their return course was shifted in the direction away from the light. Animals without principal eyes did not show this effect. 5. Spiders that had not performed an outward run did not keep to a straight course. Animals with full vision spontaneously showed negative phototactic orientation, those without principal eyes were usually positively phototactic. 6. Animals, whose web contact had been interrupted or animals without principal eyes showed a similar deviation from the correct return direction as did unmanipulated animals.", "contents": "[Role of the principal and accessory eyes in the photomenotactic orientation of the funnel spider Agelena labyrinthica (CL.)]. The photomenotactic orientation of funnel spiders (Agelena labyrinthica [Cl.]) returning to their retreat was studied by measuring the direction of their course on the horizontal webs. 1. If a lamp was shifted 90 degrees just before the spider caught its prey the mean return course deviated less than 90 degrees from the direction of the retreat. This deviation was not only a function of the azimuth of the light and of the amount it had been moved, but also varied with the course taken when approaching the prey, the duration of the interval without light stimulation while the lamps were changed, the light stimulation experienced while at the retreat, the extent to which vision was experimentally reduced, and the light intensity. 2. Elimination of the principal or of the accessory eyes had little or no significant effect on the photomenotactic orientation. Spiders able to use only the median eye or one principal eye could no longer use the lamp to orient by. 3. Animals with full vision showed an increased (decreased) deviation from the direction of the retreat if the light intensity was abruptly increased (decreased), as did animals without principal eyes or without accessory eyes. The mean return directions were, however, not dependent upon light intensity changes before reaching the prey or after an interruption of web contact. The threshold for photomenotactic orientation using the accessory eyes is 0.366-10(-4) sb; the corresponding value for the principal eyes is 100 times larger. 4. If the lamp was not visible on the outward run the spiders were unable to perform correct return runs by light orientation without optical information from previous runs. If they could see a lamp while at the retreat their return course was shifted in the direction away from the light. Animals without principal eyes did not show this effect. 5. Spiders that had not performed an outward run did not keep to a straight course. Animals with full vision spontaneously showed negative phototactic orientation, those without principal eyes were usually positively phototactic. 6. Animals, whose web contact had been interrupted or animals without principal eyes showed a similar deviation from the correct return direction as did unmanipulated animals.", "PMID": 1189650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11224", "title": "The responses of one-day old Acomys cabirinus pups to naturally occurring chemical stimuli.", "content": "The role of olfactory stimuli in the mediation of the behavior of 26--36 hour old spiny mice (Acomys cabirinus) was assessed through a series of six experiments. The major results of these experiments are: 1. One day old spiny mice showed a preference for soiled bedding from their own home-cage as compared to clean bedding in a simultaneous two-choice preference test. 2. No significant preference was displayed for home-cage bedding vs. bedding from the cage of a conspecific litter and parents. 3. Soiled bedding from the home-cage was preferred over soiled bedding from the cage of a nulliparous adult female conspecific. 4. A reduced mean latency to leave an area of clean bedding was found in comparison to mean latencies to leave soiled bedding from the subjects' home-cage or from the cage of a conspecific litter. 5. No differential activity levels were displayed on home-cage vs. clean bedding. It was concluded that by the second day of life, Acomys pups have developed attachment to chemical stimuli produced by specific classes of conspecifics--and that the early appearance of such attachments is a function of the high degree of sensory and motor precocity of the Acomys pups at birth. The adaptive value of such rapidly developed attachments in precocial as contrasted to altricial species was discussed.", "contents": "The responses of one-day old Acomys cabirinus pups to naturally occurring chemical stimuli. The role of olfactory stimuli in the mediation of the behavior of 26--36 hour old spiny mice (Acomys cabirinus) was assessed through a series of six experiments. The major results of these experiments are: 1. One day old spiny mice showed a preference for soiled bedding from their own home-cage as compared to clean bedding in a simultaneous two-choice preference test. 2. No significant preference was displayed for home-cage bedding vs. bedding from the cage of a conspecific litter and parents. 3. Soiled bedding from the home-cage was preferred over soiled bedding from the cage of a nulliparous adult female conspecific. 4. A reduced mean latency to leave an area of clean bedding was found in comparison to mean latencies to leave soiled bedding from the subjects' home-cage or from the cage of a conspecific litter. 5. No differential activity levels were displayed on home-cage vs. clean bedding. It was concluded that by the second day of life, Acomys pups have developed attachment to chemical stimuli produced by specific classes of conspecifics--and that the early appearance of such attachments is a function of the high degree of sensory and motor precocity of the Acomys pups at birth. The adaptive value of such rapidly developed attachments in precocial as contrasted to altricial species was discussed.", "PMID": 1189651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11225", "title": "Variation in the temporal characteristics of the vocalizations of bullfinches, Pyrrhula pyrrhula.", "content": "Temporal characteristics of the vocalizations of bullfinches were investigated. The calls produced by experimentally isolated bullfinches were subjected to sonagraphic analysis. Within individual, between individual, and local variation in these calls was demonstrated. Several categories of calls were described, of which those termed \"sequence calls\" contained the greatest amount of information on which individual recognition could be based. Contact calls were individually distinctive in terms of their duration but with the exception of those produced by one female these lacked the structural complexity and information content of the sequence calls.", "contents": "Variation in the temporal characteristics of the vocalizations of bullfinches, Pyrrhula pyrrhula. Temporal characteristics of the vocalizations of bullfinches were investigated. The calls produced by experimentally isolated bullfinches were subjected to sonagraphic analysis. Within individual, between individual, and local variation in these calls was demonstrated. Several categories of calls were described, of which those termed \"sequence calls\" contained the greatest amount of information on which individual recognition could be based. Contact calls were individually distinctive in terms of their duration but with the exception of those produced by one female these lacked the structural complexity and information content of the sequence calls.", "PMID": 1189652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11226", "title": "\"Supernormality\" in a learning situation.", "content": "Four pigeons were trained to peck at a 37-spot stimulus for food. While this training continued, two of the pigeons received extinction training to a 21-spot stimulus and the other two received extinction training to a plain white stimulus. In a subsequent generalization test of stimuli which varied in number of spots, pigeons extinguished on the 21-spot stimulus responded most to the 52- and 69-spot stimuli. This \"peak shift\" in responding is functionally similar to \"supernormality\" seen in the egg-retrieval responses of gulls. Possible causes of these two phenomena are discussed and compared.", "contents": "\"Supernormality\" in a learning situation. Four pigeons were trained to peck at a 37-spot stimulus for food. While this training continued, two of the pigeons received extinction training to a 21-spot stimulus and the other two received extinction training to a plain white stimulus. In a subsequent generalization test of stimuli which varied in number of spots, pigeons extinguished on the 21-spot stimulus responded most to the 52- and 69-spot stimuli. This \"peak shift\" in responding is functionally similar to \"supernormality\" seen in the egg-retrieval responses of gulls. Possible causes of these two phenomena are discussed and compared.", "PMID": 1189653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11227", "title": "[Fibrocartilaginous embolia of the spinal cord - a rare cause of myelomalacia (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 69 years old female patient a paraplegia originated after a sudden fall on the back. By autopsy a fibrocartilaginous embolia in the arteries of the thoracolumbar cord and an extensive myelomalacia were detected.", "contents": "[Fibrocartilaginous embolia of the spinal cord - a rare cause of myelomalacia (author's transl)]. In a 69 years old female patient a paraplegia originated after a sudden fall on the back. By autopsy a fibrocartilaginous embolia in the arteries of the thoracolumbar cord and an extensive myelomalacia were detected.", "PMID": 1189664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11228", "title": "[Midline malignant reticulosis (so-called lethal midline granuloma) (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report about a 30-year old man with midline malignant reticulosis. Diagnosis was not successful by means of biopsy but given by microscopic examination of autopsy material afterwards. So-called lethal midline granuloma is a clinical term. After excluding specific infections, carcinomas or other rare diseases, it is caused by midline malignant reticulosis or by Wegener's granulomatosis. Frequently diagnosis is made by the pathologist at autopsy.", "contents": "[Midline malignant reticulosis (so-called lethal midline granuloma) (author's transl)]. Case report about a 30-year old man with midline malignant reticulosis. Diagnosis was not successful by means of biopsy but given by microscopic examination of autopsy material afterwards. So-called lethal midline granuloma is a clinical term. After excluding specific infections, carcinomas or other rare diseases, it is caused by midline malignant reticulosis or by Wegener's granulomatosis. Frequently diagnosis is made by the pathologist at autopsy.", "PMID": 1189665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11229", "title": "[Blood group specific antigens in cancer and their significance for the histological tumour diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The loss of blood group antigens in cancer has often been demonstrated. Davidsohn and co-workers propose the use of the mixed cells agglutination reaction for the prognostic evaluation and early diagnosis of carcinoma. Our own investigations confirm, that the mixed agglutination reaction can be easily applied to routine diagnosis. It was difficult to demonstrate H-antigen with the blood group O and to detect blood group substances in rectum cancers. The tissue sections could not be assessed by our technique.", "contents": "[Blood group specific antigens in cancer and their significance for the histological tumour diagnosis (author's transl)]. The loss of blood group antigens in cancer has often been demonstrated. Davidsohn and co-workers propose the use of the mixed cells agglutination reaction for the prognostic evaluation and early diagnosis of carcinoma. Our own investigations confirm, that the mixed agglutination reaction can be easily applied to routine diagnosis. It was difficult to demonstrate H-antigen with the blood group O and to detect blood group substances in rectum cancers. The tissue sections could not be assessed by our technique.", "PMID": 1189666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11230", "title": "[Alcoholic hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 64 patients with chronic alcoholic liver damage, alcoholic hepatitis was present in 30 cases. Varying degrees of inflammation with a different high amount of polymorphonuclear leukocytes as a consistent finding, hepatocellular necrosis, fatty change in the liver epithelium, hydropic swelling of some cells, liver alcoholic hyalin, bile duct proliferation and portal edema were found to be characteristic features of alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatocellular necrosis and fatty change in the liver epithelium always occurred in alcoholic hepatitis. There was a positive association between the severity of the remaining four histological features and that of the inflammatory basic finding. The characteristic inflammatory changes were often observed to be spotty in distribution.", "contents": "[Alcoholic hepatitis (author's transl)]. Among 64 patients with chronic alcoholic liver damage, alcoholic hepatitis was present in 30 cases. Varying degrees of inflammation with a different high amount of polymorphonuclear leukocytes as a consistent finding, hepatocellular necrosis, fatty change in the liver epithelium, hydropic swelling of some cells, liver alcoholic hyalin, bile duct proliferation and portal edema were found to be characteristic features of alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatocellular necrosis and fatty change in the liver epithelium always occurred in alcoholic hepatitis. There was a positive association between the severity of the remaining four histological features and that of the inflammatory basic finding. The characteristic inflammatory changes were often observed to be spotty in distribution.", "PMID": 1189667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11231", "title": "[On pathology of the diffuse pachygyria (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report on a 4 year old boy with physical and mental retardation noted since the age of 7 months is presented. In the 10th month a hydrocephalus internus was diagnosed. The autopsy showed a cerebral dystrophy with diffuse pachygyria presumably caused by a disturbance in the neuroblast migration during the 2nd and the 5th month of gravidity. The 33 cases of diffuse pachygyria hitherto described in the literature are compared with our own one. In more than 80% of the cases pachygyria is associated with oligophrenia or idiotism, resp., and 75% with epilepsy. Paralysis is rarely observed. The average life expectancy is about 5 years. Etiologic factors are intrauterine hypoxemia and infectious diseases during the early pregnancy period as well as hereditary afflictions. In the case described here the teratogenic action of a drug probably was the etiologic factor.", "contents": "[On pathology of the diffuse pachygyria (author's transl)]. A case report on a 4 year old boy with physical and mental retardation noted since the age of 7 months is presented. In the 10th month a hydrocephalus internus was diagnosed. The autopsy showed a cerebral dystrophy with diffuse pachygyria presumably caused by a disturbance in the neuroblast migration during the 2nd and the 5th month of gravidity. The 33 cases of diffuse pachygyria hitherto described in the literature are compared with our own one. In more than 80% of the cases pachygyria is associated with oligophrenia or idiotism, resp., and 75% with epilepsy. Paralysis is rarely observed. The average life expectancy is about 5 years. Etiologic factors are intrauterine hypoxemia and infectious diseases during the early pregnancy period as well as hereditary afflictions. In the case described here the teratogenic action of a drug probably was the etiologic factor.", "PMID": 1189668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11232", "title": "[DNA cytophotometry and diagnosis of malignant tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of an integrating scanning microspectrophotometer the extinction of Feulgen-stained histological sections from normal and neoplastic epithelia (skin, larynx, cervix, stomach, colon and endometrium) was measured. The extinction was multiplied with the nucleus area area to get arbitrary units being a relative measure of the DNA content of the nuclei (small lymphocytes were used as diploid standard). A new parameter, the \"DNA accumulation index\", is introduced (mean value of the cell numbers multiplied with the degrees of ploidy). The results of 652 observations demonstrate the exponential character of the DNA increase in proliferating and neoplastic cells. In precancerous lesions a doubling of the DNA accumulation index was observed whereas in malignant neoplasias a second doubling of the DNA content takes place. The method is recommended for the diagnosis of neoplastic alterations in epithelia.", "contents": "[DNA cytophotometry and diagnosis of malignant tumours (author's transl)]. By means of an integrating scanning microspectrophotometer the extinction of Feulgen-stained histological sections from normal and neoplastic epithelia (skin, larynx, cervix, stomach, colon and endometrium) was measured. The extinction was multiplied with the nucleus area area to get arbitrary units being a relative measure of the DNA content of the nuclei (small lymphocytes were used as diploid standard). A new parameter, the \"DNA accumulation index\", is introduced (mean value of the cell numbers multiplied with the degrees of ploidy). The results of 652 observations demonstrate the exponential character of the DNA increase in proliferating and neoplastic cells. In precancerous lesions a doubling of the DNA accumulation index was observed whereas in malignant neoplasias a second doubling of the DNA content takes place. The method is recommended for the diagnosis of neoplastic alterations in epithelia.", "PMID": 1189669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11233", "title": "[Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors report a case of operative elimination of a liver tumor of a 26 year old female patient. The histologic diagnosis was benign focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. The aetiopathogenetic, diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties connected with this rarely occurring disease are discussed.", "contents": "[Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver (author's transl)]. Authors report a case of operative elimination of a liver tumor of a 26 year old female patient. The histologic diagnosis was benign focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. The aetiopathogenetic, diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties connected with this rarely occurring disease are discussed.", "PMID": 1189670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11234", "title": "[Alterations in Fallopian tube biopsies caused by pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical significance of decidual changes and inflammation in Fallopian tubes of women undergoing sterilization shortly after the delivery was assessed microscopically in 133 resected specimens. Thirteen excision specimens obtained from non pregnant patients served as controls. Foci of ectopic decidua in the mucosa were found in 14.3% of cases in the first group, whereas none was noted in the control group. An inflammatory reaction consisting of edema, hyperemia, and lymphocytic, histiocytic and occasional granulocytic infiltration was noted in 67.6% of patients ligated after delivery. No significant inflammatory reaction was demonstrated in specimens of the control group. In the post partum group the clinical findings and the gross examination of the tubes at the time of operation did not suggest any inflammatory changes. The microscopic changes observed therefore do not warrant the diagnosis of a salpingitis and are to be considered as a physiological response during pregnancy.", "contents": "[Alterations in Fallopian tube biopsies caused by pregnancy (author's transl)]. The clinical significance of decidual changes and inflammation in Fallopian tubes of women undergoing sterilization shortly after the delivery was assessed microscopically in 133 resected specimens. Thirteen excision specimens obtained from non pregnant patients served as controls. Foci of ectopic decidua in the mucosa were found in 14.3% of cases in the first group, whereas none was noted in the control group. An inflammatory reaction consisting of edema, hyperemia, and lymphocytic, histiocytic and occasional granulocytic infiltration was noted in 67.6% of patients ligated after delivery. No significant inflammatory reaction was demonstrated in specimens of the control group. In the post partum group the clinical findings and the gross examination of the tubes at the time of operation did not suggest any inflammatory changes. The microscopic changes observed therefore do not warrant the diagnosis of a salpingitis and are to be considered as a physiological response during pregnancy.", "PMID": 1189671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11235", "title": "[The evaluation of the postmortem body weight with special reference to the optimal weight (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigation was based on 405 men and 482 women. In all cases the optimal weight depending on the metric index and the body weight estimated by means of the Brocaindex was calculated. The comparison of all data revealed the following: 1. Persons deceased have always a lower body weight than living persons of equal age, constitution and sex independant of the method used. That means that diagnosis of generalized adipositas is more difficult in persons autopsied than in persons living. 2. The calculation of the optimal weight and of the Brocaindex does not yield the same results. In the majority of the cases the optimal weight is lower. Therefore, the pathologist must know which method of evaluation of body weight the clinician used. 3. The optimal weight depends on the constitution. This applies to persons deceased as well as living. 4. There is a statistical correlation between postmortem optimal weight and basic disease. For the dicision whether generalized adipositas or extreme cachexia being the cause of death the optimal weight should be considered.", "contents": "[The evaluation of the postmortem body weight with special reference to the optimal weight (author's transl)]. The investigation was based on 405 men and 482 women. In all cases the optimal weight depending on the metric index and the body weight estimated by means of the Brocaindex was calculated. The comparison of all data revealed the following: 1. Persons deceased have always a lower body weight than living persons of equal age, constitution and sex independant of the method used. That means that diagnosis of generalized adipositas is more difficult in persons autopsied than in persons living. 2. The calculation of the optimal weight and of the Brocaindex does not yield the same results. In the majority of the cases the optimal weight is lower. Therefore, the pathologist must know which method of evaluation of body weight the clinician used. 3. The optimal weight depends on the constitution. This applies to persons deceased as well as living. 4. There is a statistical correlation between postmortem optimal weight and basic disease. For the dicision whether generalized adipositas or extreme cachexia being the cause of death the optimal weight should be considered.", "PMID": 1189672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11236", "title": "[Postmortem evaluation of constitution types in relation to the metric index (author's transl)].", "content": "The comparison of the metric index (by Str\u00f6mgren) and the Brugsch-index revealed the following: 1. In the present time the frequency of the various constitution types differs from that during the 2nd world war (by Selberg). In men as well as in women pyknics are most frequent. 2. The frequency of the constitution types of living persons - determined by the metric index - corresponds to that of persons autopsied. Therefore the metric index may be applied to persons deceased. 3. A linear statistical correlation exists between the Brugsch- and the metric index. 4. Both indices show correlations to the basic disease: Patients with a malignant tumour are much more often of athletic than of leptosome or pyknic constitution. Persons with arteriosclerotic and hypertensive diseases as a cause of death are more often of pyknic constitution. In practice not only one but several indices should be considered.", "contents": "[Postmortem evaluation of constitution types in relation to the metric index (author's transl)]. The comparison of the metric index (by Str\u00f6mgren) and the Brugsch-index revealed the following: 1. In the present time the frequency of the various constitution types differs from that during the 2nd world war (by Selberg). In men as well as in women pyknics are most frequent. 2. The frequency of the constitution types of living persons - determined by the metric index - corresponds to that of persons autopsied. Therefore the metric index may be applied to persons deceased. 3. A linear statistical correlation exists between the Brugsch- and the metric index. 4. Both indices show correlations to the basic disease: Patients with a malignant tumour are much more often of athletic than of leptosome or pyknic constitution. Persons with arteriosclerotic and hypertensive diseases as a cause of death are more often of pyknic constitution. In practice not only one but several indices should be considered.", "PMID": 1189673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11237", "title": "[Clinical pathological studies of the microcarcinoma cervicis uteri (author's transl)].", "content": "1. In 232 diagnostical cervix-conisations (almost exclusively on account of positive papsmears) there were 119 carcinomata in situ and 17 microcarcinomata. In accordance and in comparison with other investigators the frequency of microcarcinoma - related to carcinoma in situ - runs up to approximately to 14%. Microcarcinoma was found in 6% of dysplasia and in 10% of all carcinomata in situ. 2. For early clinical diagnosis (for instance papsmears and colposcopy) as well as for therapy the topographical distribution of microcarcinoma is of importance; they have been found almost exclusively on the upper part of the uterine orifice. The treatment of microcarcinoma by means of conisation is being evuluated. An individually differentiated operative therapy is aimed at, by no means, however, the so-called \"radical cancer-therapy\". 3. Observations concerning cancerogenesis of the carcinoma cervicis are not only of theoretical interest. The \"oligophasic\" cancerogenesis from dysplasia has been observed - about one fifth of all cases of microcarcinomata came into existence that way. Relatively often a cytotest showed in these cases a Papanicolaou group III. The latter fact should be taken into account in our present time for a differential cytology.", "contents": "[Clinical pathological studies of the microcarcinoma cervicis uteri (author's transl)]. 1. In 232 diagnostical cervix-conisations (almost exclusively on account of positive papsmears) there were 119 carcinomata in situ and 17 microcarcinomata. In accordance and in comparison with other investigators the frequency of microcarcinoma - related to carcinoma in situ - runs up to approximately to 14%. Microcarcinoma was found in 6% of dysplasia and in 10% of all carcinomata in situ. 2. For early clinical diagnosis (for instance papsmears and colposcopy) as well as for therapy the topographical distribution of microcarcinoma is of importance; they have been found almost exclusively on the upper part of the uterine orifice. The treatment of microcarcinoma by means of conisation is being evuluated. An individually differentiated operative therapy is aimed at, by no means, however, the so-called \"radical cancer-therapy\". 3. Observations concerning cancerogenesis of the carcinoma cervicis are not only of theoretical interest. The \"oligophasic\" cancerogenesis from dysplasia has been observed - about one fifth of all cases of microcarcinomata came into existence that way. Relatively often a cytotest showed in these cases a Papanicolaou group III. The latter fact should be taken into account in our present time for a differential cytology.", "PMID": 1189674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11238", "title": "[About correlation between sudden unexpected death and otitis media occulta in infancy and childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The upper respiratory tract and the middle ears of 100 suddenly deceased infants and children between 1 month to 6 1/2 years were examinated. Otitis media was found unilateral in 11% and bilateral in 82% of the cases. Comparison with 74 other infants and children showed much less inflammatory processes. One third of the cases of middle-ear inflammation was chronic with exacerbation of the process. Possible correlations between otitis media and sudden unexpected deaths of infants are discussed. Otitis media seems to be important, together with other respiratory diseases. Otitis media alone as a cause of death is seldom. The frequency and the often chronic progress show the importance of the otitis media.", "contents": "[About correlation between sudden unexpected death and otitis media occulta in infancy and childhood (author's transl)]. The upper respiratory tract and the middle ears of 100 suddenly deceased infants and children between 1 month to 6 1/2 years were examinated. Otitis media was found unilateral in 11% and bilateral in 82% of the cases. Comparison with 74 other infants and children showed much less inflammatory processes. One third of the cases of middle-ear inflammation was chronic with exacerbation of the process. Possible correlations between otitis media and sudden unexpected deaths of infants are discussed. Otitis media seems to be important, together with other respiratory diseases. Otitis media alone as a cause of death is seldom. The frequency and the often chronic progress show the importance of the otitis media.", "PMID": 1189675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11239", "title": "[Morphological aspects concerning a hepatogenic conception of hyperbilirubinemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Liver biopsies of 2825 patients with various acute and chronic diseases of liver, gall bladder or pancreas were studied by means of modern techniques of the functional morphology (histochemistry-enzyme histochemistry, electron microscopy). Different icteric forms (prehepatic, hepatic and posthepatic icterus) are associated with distinct structural and functional changes of the hepatocytes and the intrahepatic bile ducts accompanied by a complex of disturbances in the bilirubin metabolism. In the early stage of icterus we found distinct pathogenetic and morphological differences between different forms of icterus. Following secondary alterations of the liver tissue these differences are lost. All steps of the bilirubin metabolism are disturbed now.", "contents": "[Morphological aspects concerning a hepatogenic conception of hyperbilirubinemia (author's transl)]. Liver biopsies of 2825 patients with various acute and chronic diseases of liver, gall bladder or pancreas were studied by means of modern techniques of the functional morphology (histochemistry-enzyme histochemistry, electron microscopy). Different icteric forms (prehepatic, hepatic and posthepatic icterus) are associated with distinct structural and functional changes of the hepatocytes and the intrahepatic bile ducts accompanied by a complex of disturbances in the bilirubin metabolism. In the early stage of icterus we found distinct pathogenetic and morphological differences between different forms of icterus. Following secondary alterations of the liver tissue these differences are lost. All steps of the bilirubin metabolism are disturbed now.", "PMID": 1189676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11240", "title": "[Polysplenia syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of two cases of polysplenia with the typical syndrome of bilateral leftsidedness. Besides the typical findings hallmarking the syndrome in one child esophageal atresia and in the other the atresia of extrahepatic bile ducts were found. The authors point out the possibilities for a clinical premortem diagnosis of the polysplenia syndrome.", "contents": "[Polysplenia syndrome (author's transl)]. Report of two cases of polysplenia with the typical syndrome of bilateral leftsidedness. Besides the typical findings hallmarking the syndrome in one child esophageal atresia and in the other the atresia of extrahepatic bile ducts were found. The authors point out the possibilities for a clinical premortem diagnosis of the polysplenia syndrome.", "PMID": 1189677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11241", "title": "[Metastases of lung cancer within benign tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of malignant tumours metastasizing to benign ones are presented. In one case a bronhial cancer of microcellular type has metastasized to a cavernous hemangioma of the pons cerebelli, and in the other case an anaplastic cancer of the lung was found to have metastasized to a liver adenoma. It is not clear wether such tumour metastases occur accidentally or certain special reasons are underlying. None of the existing hypotheses can explain that phenomenon sufficiently.", "contents": "[Metastases of lung cancer within benign tumours (author's transl)]. Two cases of malignant tumours metastasizing to benign ones are presented. In one case a bronhial cancer of microcellular type has metastasized to a cavernous hemangioma of the pons cerebelli, and in the other case an anaplastic cancer of the lung was found to have metastasized to a liver adenoma. It is not clear wether such tumour metastases occur accidentally or certain special reasons are underlying. None of the existing hypotheses can explain that phenomenon sufficiently.", "PMID": 1189678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11242", "title": "[The morphology of the CNS in carbon tetrachloride poisoning. 6. Histology of spinal ganglia in the lumbosacric region (experimental studies) (author's transl)].", "content": "As a further report on our investigations concerning the effects of carbon tetrachloride intoxication the histological findings in lumbosacric ganglia of 48 rabbits are presented. The substance was applied perorally as well as a subcutaneously to 24 animals in each group. Detectable alterations were weak and consisted of pathobioses and pathonecroses of the ganglion cells and, partly as a consequence of these lesions, of an activation of glial elements. In most of the test animals as well as in 10 of the 11 controls cytoplasmic vascuoles were found. From the pathogenetic point of view the impairment of elementary cell functions by anoxemia both with primary and secondary hepatorenally caused lesions may be of major importance.", "contents": "[The morphology of the CNS in carbon tetrachloride poisoning. 6. Histology of spinal ganglia in the lumbosacric region (experimental studies) (author's transl)]. As a further report on our investigations concerning the effects of carbon tetrachloride intoxication the histological findings in lumbosacric ganglia of 48 rabbits are presented. The substance was applied perorally as well as a subcutaneously to 24 animals in each group. Detectable alterations were weak and consisted of pathobioses and pathonecroses of the ganglion cells and, partly as a consequence of these lesions, of an activation of glial elements. In most of the test animals as well as in 10 of the 11 controls cytoplasmic vascuoles were found. From the pathogenetic point of view the impairment of elementary cell functions by anoxemia both with primary and secondary hepatorenally caused lesions may be of major importance.", "PMID": 1189679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11243", "title": "[A contribution to the intravascular coagulation in cerebral malaria (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported about a 56 years old woman returned from Mombaza, who was brought into hospital with high fever, jaundice and somnolence and died forty hours later in coma, anuria und hematemesis. The diagnosis of cerebral malaria resulted from autopsy. By the histological examination numerous microthrombi were observed exceptionally in certain cerebral areas, which are more vulnerable by hypoxia as other regions of the brain and other organs. The pathophysiology and the clinical importance of this correlationship are discussed.", "contents": "[A contribution to the intravascular coagulation in cerebral malaria (author's transl)]. It is reported about a 56 years old woman returned from Mombaza, who was brought into hospital with high fever, jaundice and somnolence and died forty hours later in coma, anuria und hematemesis. The diagnosis of cerebral malaria resulted from autopsy. By the histological examination numerous microthrombi were observed exceptionally in certain cerebral areas, which are more vulnerable by hypoxia as other regions of the brain and other organs. The pathophysiology and the clinical importance of this correlationship are discussed.", "PMID": 1189680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11244", "title": "[Tumour frequency in autopsy cases. II. The malignant tumours of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis is based on the catalogue of neoplasms notifiable in the German Democratic Republic (ICD-Code Nrs. 140--209, 210.2, 211.3, 211.9, 225, 226.2, 226.3, 253.0, 253.2, 702, 757.2). At the Medical Academy of Erfurt 22255 autopsies (12212 males, 9943 females) of adults (15 years and upwards) were registrated in the period from 1950 to 1966. 1153 malignant tumors of the stomach (15.5% of autopsies and 5.2% of all tumors) were observed. The cases are distributed among 1129 epithelial and 24 mesenchymal malignant tumors. Malignant epithelial tumours of the stomach were observed in 1129 cases (5.1% of autopsies and 75.2% of all tumours); 713 males and 416 females. The frequency difference is distinct. Malignant mesenchymal tumours of the stomach were observed in 24 cases (0.1% of autopies and 0.3% of all tumours); 14 males and 10 females. Their is no difference in frequency. Age distribution, sex distribution, frequency and localization of metastases are presented. At least the agreement of clinical diagnoses and pathological findings is discussed.", "contents": "[Tumour frequency in autopsy cases. II. The malignant tumours of the stomach (author's transl)]. The analysis is based on the catalogue of neoplasms notifiable in the German Democratic Republic (ICD-Code Nrs. 140--209, 210.2, 211.3, 211.9, 225, 226.2, 226.3, 253.0, 253.2, 702, 757.2). At the Medical Academy of Erfurt 22255 autopsies (12212 males, 9943 females) of adults (15 years and upwards) were registrated in the period from 1950 to 1966. 1153 malignant tumors of the stomach (15.5% of autopsies and 5.2% of all tumors) were observed. The cases are distributed among 1129 epithelial and 24 mesenchymal malignant tumors. Malignant epithelial tumours of the stomach were observed in 1129 cases (5.1% of autopsies and 75.2% of all tumours); 713 males and 416 females. The frequency difference is distinct. Malignant mesenchymal tumours of the stomach were observed in 24 cases (0.1% of autopies and 0.3% of all tumours); 14 males and 10 females. Their is no difference in frequency. Age distribution, sex distribution, frequency and localization of metastases are presented. At least the agreement of clinical diagnoses and pathological findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1189681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11245", "title": "[Gestation in patients with heart disease].", "content": "A brief report of the special management of pregnant women suffering from heart-disease has been given. There were 188 (0,72%) of all together 26233 deliveries in 170 women with heart-failure. Cesarean section by cardiological indications as a matter of course will be carried out only in few special cases. The management tends to vaginal delivery with shortening the last period by operating. In comparison with the period from 1946 to 1962 the mortality of the mothers decreased from 7,8% to 0,5% the mortality of the infants from 9,8% to 3,2% and the prematurity by weight from 25,5% to 8,5%.", "contents": "[Gestation in patients with heart disease]. A brief report of the special management of pregnant women suffering from heart-disease has been given. There were 188 (0,72%) of all together 26233 deliveries in 170 women with heart-failure. Cesarean section by cardiological indications as a matter of course will be carried out only in few special cases. The management tends to vaginal delivery with shortening the last period by operating. In comparison with the period from 1946 to 1962 the mortality of the mothers decreased from 7,8% to 0,5% the mortality of the infants from 9,8% to 3,2% and the prematurity by weight from 25,5% to 8,5%.", "PMID": 1189746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11246", "title": "[Correlation of antenatal cardiotocogram and amnioscopy in the management of pregnant women with prolonged pregnancy].", "content": "In 125 women whose pregnancy continued for more than the calculated date of delivery 171 CTG were written and the parameters were analysed quantitatively. The lead of the CTG involved an amnioscopy in each case. The findings were compared with each other and with the condition of the newborn. The results show: 1. The normal value for the density of fluctuation-types (given by R\u00fcttgers [15]) exceed in our cases. 2. A significant increase of density for the silent fluctuation-type was demonstrated well overdue of the calculated date. 3. There is no close correlation between the findings of the amniotic fluid and the characteristerics of CTG in excess of the fixed birthdate, even if the newborns show symptoms of overmaturity. The combined application of amnioscopy and prenatal CTG are considered as valuable methods to recognise the fetal risk early in post-term birth.", "contents": "[Correlation of antenatal cardiotocogram and amnioscopy in the management of pregnant women with prolonged pregnancy]. In 125 women whose pregnancy continued for more than the calculated date of delivery 171 CTG were written and the parameters were analysed quantitatively. The lead of the CTG involved an amnioscopy in each case. The findings were compared with each other and with the condition of the newborn. The results show: 1. The normal value for the density of fluctuation-types (given by R\u00fcttgers [15]) exceed in our cases. 2. A significant increase of density for the silent fluctuation-type was demonstrated well overdue of the calculated date. 3. There is no close correlation between the findings of the amniotic fluid and the characteristerics of CTG in excess of the fixed birthdate, even if the newborns show symptoms of overmaturity. The combined application of amnioscopy and prenatal CTG are considered as valuable methods to recognise the fetal risk early in post-term birth.", "PMID": 1189747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11247", "title": "[Fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by placenta praevia].", "content": "Intrauterine growth of neonates born from 167 pregnancies complicated with placenta praevia has been analysed. Growth in 22,7% of the total neonates was retarded as compared to fetal age. About half of these newborns died (18 out of 38). The authors draw the attention prematures with retarded growth. The total perinatal mortality amounted to 25,7% (purified percentage: 23,5). The placental coefficient value was consistently higher than the values obtained in normal pregnancies. This may be explained with the disturbed function of the placenta owing to its abnormal adherence. The retarded growth of the fetus seems to play an important role in the still high perinatal mortality rate of neonates born from pregnancies complicated with placenta praevia.", "contents": "[Fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by placenta praevia]. Intrauterine growth of neonates born from 167 pregnancies complicated with placenta praevia has been analysed. Growth in 22,7% of the total neonates was retarded as compared to fetal age. About half of these newborns died (18 out of 38). The authors draw the attention prematures with retarded growth. The total perinatal mortality amounted to 25,7% (purified percentage: 23,5). The placental coefficient value was consistently higher than the values obtained in normal pregnancies. This may be explained with the disturbed function of the placenta owing to its abnormal adherence. The retarded growth of the fetus seems to play an important role in the still high perinatal mortality rate of neonates born from pregnancies complicated with placenta praevia.", "PMID": 1189748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11248", "title": "[Effect of pregnancy on the biotransformation of aminophenazone].", "content": "During delivery there was found a prolongation of the halflife-time of Aminophenazon in comparison with a group of non-pregnant women. Thinlay-chromatography investigations of the metabolitspektrum show, that the cause of this fact is a changed biotransformation in pregnancy. The placental share in metabolism of Aminophenazon is very small. The influence of gestagens concerning the biotransformation is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of pregnancy on the biotransformation of aminophenazone]. During delivery there was found a prolongation of the halflife-time of Aminophenazon in comparison with a group of non-pregnant women. Thinlay-chromatography investigations of the metabolitspektrum show, that the cause of this fact is a changed biotransformation in pregnancy. The placental share in metabolism of Aminophenazon is very small. The influence of gestagens concerning the biotransformation is discussed.", "PMID": 1189749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11249", "title": "[Partusisten in obstetrics].", "content": "Thanks to a tocolytic agent we are no longer helpless against the premature onset of labour. We have achieved very good therapeutic results with the tocolytic agent Th 1165 a (Partusisten). No harmful effects have been observed in mother or child during short- or long-term treatment with Partusisten. Betasympathomimetics are today one of the most important groups of drugs in use in the delivery room. The therapeutic results were considered satisfactory in 152 pregnant women.", "contents": "[Partusisten in obstetrics]. Thanks to a tocolytic agent we are no longer helpless against the premature onset of labour. We have achieved very good therapeutic results with the tocolytic agent Th 1165 a (Partusisten). No harmful effects have been observed in mother or child during short- or long-term treatment with Partusisten. Betasympathomimetics are today one of the most important groups of drugs in use in the delivery room. The therapeutic results were considered satisfactory in 152 pregnant women.", "PMID": 1189750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11250", "title": "[Studies on the kinetics of sulfaclomide and the effect of sulfaclomide therapy on p-aminohippuric acid clearance in pregnancy].", "content": "After a single oral dose and after 11 day repeated administration of Sulfaclomide elimination half-life of Sulfaclomid was not different in pregnant and in nonpregnant women. The initial serum concentrations of Sulfaclomid are lower in pregnant than in nonpregnant persons. Nearly all Sulfaclomid measurable in serum exists from unchanged sulfonamide. This rate does not change during treatment. By treatment with Sulfaclomid elimination half-life of p-aminohippurate (PAH) is shortened, renal excretion of p-aminohippurate is significant increased.", "contents": "[Studies on the kinetics of sulfaclomide and the effect of sulfaclomide therapy on p-aminohippuric acid clearance in pregnancy]. After a single oral dose and after 11 day repeated administration of Sulfaclomide elimination half-life of Sulfaclomid was not different in pregnant and in nonpregnant women. The initial serum concentrations of Sulfaclomid are lower in pregnant than in nonpregnant persons. Nearly all Sulfaclomid measurable in serum exists from unchanged sulfonamide. This rate does not change during treatment. By treatment with Sulfaclomid elimination half-life of p-aminohippurate (PAH) is shortened, renal excretion of p-aminohippurate is significant increased.", "PMID": 1189751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11251", "title": "[Appendicitis as a pregnancy complication].", "content": "The special problem of appendicitis in the gestationperiod and its management according to the 7 principles recommended by M\u00f6bius has been discussed. From 1960 to June 1974 in the gynaecological hospital of Jena University appendectomy must be performed in 44 pregnant women and in 2 cases after delivery. In relation to 32849 deliveries at the same period there was an incidence of 0,14 per cent. Out of them 8 appendectomies were necessary in connection with ectopic pregnancies and in 5 cases with interrupting the gestation. Of 32 pregnant women one had an abortion and in 8 cases with simultaneous cesarean section two infants died. There were no maternal deaths.", "contents": "[Appendicitis as a pregnancy complication]. The special problem of appendicitis in the gestationperiod and its management according to the 7 principles recommended by M\u00f6bius has been discussed. From 1960 to June 1974 in the gynaecological hospital of Jena University appendectomy must be performed in 44 pregnant women and in 2 cases after delivery. In relation to 32849 deliveries at the same period there was an incidence of 0,14 per cent. Out of them 8 appendectomies were necessary in connection with ectopic pregnancies and in 5 cases with interrupting the gestation. Of 32 pregnant women one had an abortion and in 8 cases with simultaneous cesarean section two infants died. There were no maternal deaths.", "PMID": 1189752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11252", "title": "[Effect of the depot estrogen ethinyl estradiol sulfonate on the composition of human milk].", "content": "56 healthy mothers were treated orally with an oestrogen (3 mg ethinyloestradiol-sulfonat) for inhibition of lactation. We found no effect on milk constituents (12 parameters). These results are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of the depot estrogen ethinyl estradiol sulfonate on the composition of human milk]. 56 healthy mothers were treated orally with an oestrogen (3 mg ethinyloestradiol-sulfonat) for inhibition of lactation. We found no effect on milk constituents (12 parameters). These results are discussed.", "PMID": 1189753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11253", "title": "[Modern magic and medicine].", "content": "In a paper presented on the occasion of the 5th Congress of gynecology in the GDR the author discusses in details the phenomenon of modern occultism and quackery. Preferably he examines the so called parapsychology and declares that this is a field without any scientific value. Therefore the course of action of parapsychologists is not to be accepted without resolute reply.", "contents": "[Modern magic and medicine]. In a paper presented on the occasion of the 5th Congress of gynecology in the GDR the author discusses in details the phenomenon of modern occultism and quackery. Preferably he examines the so called parapsychology and declares that this is a field without any scientific value. Therefore the course of action of parapsychologists is not to be accepted without resolute reply.", "PMID": 1189754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11254", "title": "[Cytogenetic studies in primary amenorrhea].", "content": "Cytogenetic analysis in 125 women with primary amenorrhea consisting of determinations of sex chromatin and karyotype, and in some cases of autoradiography were performed. On the basis of clinical, endocrinologic and cytogenetic criteria, the women were divided into ten clinical groups. In Turner's syndrome 45,X monosomie was observed only in 9 patients and in the remaining 12 cases varies types of mosaicism or of structural aberrations of the X chromosome. In pure gonadal dysgenesis, the patients exhibited 46,XY karyotype have the tendency to malign tumors of the gonads. In all cases with male pseudohermaphroditism the karyotypes 46,XY were observed. The remaining patients with primary amenorrhea exhibited 46,XX karyotype and belonged to the cases with Mayer-Rokitansky-Kustner syndrome, with adrenogenital syndrome, with hypoplasia of the ovaries, with primary amenorrhea of uterine or pituitary origin or at last with pubertas tarda.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic studies in primary amenorrhea]. Cytogenetic analysis in 125 women with primary amenorrhea consisting of determinations of sex chromatin and karyotype, and in some cases of autoradiography were performed. On the basis of clinical, endocrinologic and cytogenetic criteria, the women were divided into ten clinical groups. In Turner's syndrome 45,X monosomie was observed only in 9 patients and in the remaining 12 cases varies types of mosaicism or of structural aberrations of the X chromosome. In pure gonadal dysgenesis, the patients exhibited 46,XY karyotype have the tendency to malign tumors of the gonads. In all cases with male pseudohermaphroditism the karyotypes 46,XY were observed. The remaining patients with primary amenorrhea exhibited 46,XX karyotype and belonged to the cases with Mayer-Rokitansky-Kustner syndrome, with adrenogenital syndrome, with hypoplasia of the ovaries, with primary amenorrhea of uterine or pituitary origin or at last with pubertas tarda.", "PMID": 1189755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11255", "title": "[Treatment of anovulatory sterility using clomiphen].", "content": "74 patients with anovulatory sterility were treated with clomiphene for 5 consecutive days starting on the 5th day of the cycle. The dosage was in the first course of treatment 50 mg daily. The patients, who did not conceive after this dosage, were treated with higher doses of clomiphene (100 and 150 mg daily). In 66% of the cases ovulation and in 32% (49% of induced ovulation) pregnancies were achieved. In the first treatment cycle with 50 mg/day for 5 days ovulation was obtained in 27 out of 74 patients. 14 patients, who failed to ovulate after this dosage, did ovulate after they were treated with 100 mg/day in the second treatment cycle. In 8 cases was a third treatment cycle with 150 mg/day needed to chieve a positive result. The conception rate per ovulatory cycle decreased with increasing dosage. The ovulation as judged on the basis of the temperature curve and pregnandiol excretion occured between the 4th and 25th day of treatment, whereas ovulation which were followed by pregnancy occured only between the 11th and 25th day.", "contents": "[Treatment of anovulatory sterility using clomiphen]. 74 patients with anovulatory sterility were treated with clomiphene for 5 consecutive days starting on the 5th day of the cycle. The dosage was in the first course of treatment 50 mg daily. The patients, who did not conceive after this dosage, were treated with higher doses of clomiphene (100 and 150 mg daily). In 66% of the cases ovulation and in 32% (49% of induced ovulation) pregnancies were achieved. In the first treatment cycle with 50 mg/day for 5 days ovulation was obtained in 27 out of 74 patients. 14 patients, who failed to ovulate after this dosage, did ovulate after they were treated with 100 mg/day in the second treatment cycle. In 8 cases was a third treatment cycle with 150 mg/day needed to chieve a positive result. The conception rate per ovulatory cycle decreased with increasing dosage. The ovulation as judged on the basis of the temperature curve and pregnandiol excretion occured between the 4th and 25th day of treatment, whereas ovulation which were followed by pregnancy occured only between the 11th and 25th day.", "PMID": 1189756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11256", "title": "[Prostaglandins in the reduction of fertility].", "content": "Prostaglandins are important components of the semen and favour the transport of sperma. Among 40% of married men of wedded couples, who have a barren matrimony for years and, in the first instance, no pathologic parameters by clinic investigation, reduced Prostaglandin-E-parameters could be constated by an accurate investigation. This defect can be equalised for the homologic insemination by a stipulated supplements.", "contents": "[Prostaglandins in the reduction of fertility]. Prostaglandins are important components of the semen and favour the transport of sperma. Among 40% of married men of wedded couples, who have a barren matrimony for years and, in the first instance, no pathologic parameters by clinic investigation, reduced Prostaglandin-E-parameters could be constated by an accurate investigation. This defect can be equalised for the homologic insemination by a stipulated supplements.", "PMID": 1189757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11257", "title": "[Liver function tests after a 6-month deposiston therapy].", "content": "18 women were treated with Deposition (4th, 11th and 18th cycle day each 1 mg 17alpha-Ethynyl-3isopropylsulfonyloxy-Estradiol, 25th cycle day 10 mg norethisterone acetate). When these medicines were taken the activities of aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and alpha-amylase, the contents cholesterol, total bilirubin and proteins of the serum and the paperelectric solution, TTT and indocyanine green half worth time. A little significant decrease of the activity of alaninamino-transferase (GPT) was to be stated. Whereas at the end of the 6th cycle the TTT as well as the contents of total proteins and albumin, showed a little significant decrease and the contents of alpha2-globulin, beta-globulin as well as cholesterol were statistically shown to grow. The indocyanine green elimation was longer at the end of the 6th cycle without any pathological worth from clinical point of view being proved.", "contents": "[Liver function tests after a 6-month deposiston therapy]. 18 women were treated with Deposition (4th, 11th and 18th cycle day each 1 mg 17alpha-Ethynyl-3isopropylsulfonyloxy-Estradiol, 25th cycle day 10 mg norethisterone acetate). When these medicines were taken the activities of aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and alpha-amylase, the contents cholesterol, total bilirubin and proteins of the serum and the paperelectric solution, TTT and indocyanine green half worth time. A little significant decrease of the activity of alaninamino-transferase (GPT) was to be stated. Whereas at the end of the 6th cycle the TTT as well as the contents of total proteins and albumin, showed a little significant decrease and the contents of alpha2-globulin, beta-globulin as well as cholesterol were statistically shown to grow. The indocyanine green elimation was longer at the end of the 6th cycle without any pathological worth from clinical point of view being proved.", "PMID": 1189758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11258", "title": "[The problem of modifying X-chromatin frequency using hormonal contraceptives].", "content": "The ability of the sexual steroids to induce extragenital organ-effects is set in connection to the preovulatory decrease of x-chromatin frequency during the regular menstrual cycle as found by Schmidt and coll. [11]. Under modified techniques of investigation and exact criteria of selection, reproducibility of the results and the behaviour of the x-chromatin-frequency in the artificially controlled anovulatory cycle are checked. The absence of preovulatory decrease shows that a hormonal influence may be assumed.", "contents": "[The problem of modifying X-chromatin frequency using hormonal contraceptives]. The ability of the sexual steroids to induce extragenital organ-effects is set in connection to the preovulatory decrease of x-chromatin frequency during the regular menstrual cycle as found by Schmidt and coll. [11]. Under modified techniques of investigation and exact criteria of selection, reproducibility of the results and the behaviour of the x-chromatin-frequency in the artificially controlled anovulatory cycle are checked. The absence of preovulatory decrease shows that a hormonal influence may be assumed.", "PMID": 1189759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11259", "title": "[Ultrasonic studies in gonadal dysgenesis].", "content": "Authors studied the internal genital organs of patients with gonadal-dysgenesis by ultrasonography. Streak gonads confirmed by laparotomy and histology have characteristic signs with ultrasonogram as follows: In the middle of the screen, or a little laterally, deeper than the normal uterus used to be, there is a small echo-free territory, which indicates the rudimentary uterus. On both sides in some cases Fallopian tubes were detectable. They give a centrally pointed echo-free pattern with a few mm in diameter, and a tube-like shape. On the place where one usually finds the echo-free outline of the normal ovaries, a zone of multiple echo's is visible. On base of their experiences, authors regard ultrasonic technique as a useful additional diagnostic procedure in cases of gonadal-dysgenesis.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic studies in gonadal dysgenesis]. Authors studied the internal genital organs of patients with gonadal-dysgenesis by ultrasonography. Streak gonads confirmed by laparotomy and histology have characteristic signs with ultrasonogram as follows: In the middle of the screen, or a little laterally, deeper than the normal uterus used to be, there is a small echo-free territory, which indicates the rudimentary uterus. On both sides in some cases Fallopian tubes were detectable. They give a centrally pointed echo-free pattern with a few mm in diameter, and a tube-like shape. On the place where one usually finds the echo-free outline of the normal ovaries, a zone of multiple echo's is visible. On base of their experiences, authors regard ultrasonic technique as a useful additional diagnostic procedure in cases of gonadal-dysgenesis.", "PMID": 1189760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11260", "title": "[Early abdominal second interventions following gynecologic surgery].", "content": "Relaparotomies in the early postoperative period had to be performed after abdominal gynaecologic procedures in 1,180/00 after vaginal operations in 0,180/00 and after caesarean sections in 3,910/00 of all cases. The indications for the reoperation were: intestinal obstruction (6), hemorrhage (4), paralytic ileus (3), defect of the uterine wall after caesarean section (1) and after enucleation of a fibroid (1), acute appendicitis (1) and peritoneal shock (1). After the 2nd operation 2 patients died; 1 relaparotomy could have been avoided if a septic thrombosis of the right ovarian vein would not have been mistaken for an acute appendicitis.", "contents": "[Early abdominal second interventions following gynecologic surgery]. Relaparotomies in the early postoperative period had to be performed after abdominal gynaecologic procedures in 1,180/00 after vaginal operations in 0,180/00 and after caesarean sections in 3,910/00 of all cases. The indications for the reoperation were: intestinal obstruction (6), hemorrhage (4), paralytic ileus (3), defect of the uterine wall after caesarean section (1) and after enucleation of a fibroid (1), acute appendicitis (1) and peritoneal shock (1). After the 2nd operation 2 patients died; 1 relaparotomy could have been avoided if a septic thrombosis of the right ovarian vein would not have been mistaken for an acute appendicitis.", "PMID": 1189761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11261", "title": "[Histochemical studies on fetus and placenta during early pregnancy in maternal diseases].", "content": "As a contribution to the aetiology of insufficiency of placenta carbohydrate-histo-chemical investigations of the kyema were per-formed from the 10 th to 14 th week of pregnancy. The studies were carried out on pregnancy products of women with affection of kidneys, circulatory failures, and under cytostatic therapy. For comparison purposes, cases were used where the pregnancy was without organic diseases of the pregnant women. The investigations performed did not prove evidence of an essential alteration of the regulation of carbohydrates in the kyema by maternal disorders or cytostatic treatment during early gravidity.", "contents": "[Histochemical studies on fetus and placenta during early pregnancy in maternal diseases]. As a contribution to the aetiology of insufficiency of placenta carbohydrate-histo-chemical investigations of the kyema were per-formed from the 10 th to 14 th week of pregnancy. The studies were carried out on pregnancy products of women with affection of kidneys, circulatory failures, and under cytostatic therapy. For comparison purposes, cases were used where the pregnancy was without organic diseases of the pregnant women. The investigations performed did not prove evidence of an essential alteration of the regulation of carbohydrates in the kyema by maternal disorders or cytostatic treatment during early gravidity.", "PMID": 1189762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11262", "title": "[Changes in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the human placenta during pregnancy].", "content": "Changes of G-6-PDH activity was studied in the human placental tissue during various stages of gestation. Enzyme activity diminished progressively at the end of pregnancy. Our observation indicated that the G-6-PDH activity of placental tissue is highest in the term pregnancy as activity in other tissues.", "contents": "[Changes in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the human placenta during pregnancy]. Changes of G-6-PDH activity was studied in the human placental tissue during various stages of gestation. Enzyme activity diminished progressively at the end of pregnancy. Our observation indicated that the G-6-PDH activity of placental tissue is highest in the term pregnancy as activity in other tissues.", "PMID": 1189763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11263", "title": "[Semi-quantitative evaluation of isotope nephrograms in normal pregnancies].", "content": "By means of isotope nephrograms of a total of 31 renally healthy pregnant women of the different thirds of pregnancy, the changes of renal function are investigated. The semiquantitative assessment is done according to zum Winkel. The results are discussed referring to the literature. The isotope nephrography proves to be a good screening test for the separate estimation of the function of both kidneys also in pregnancy.", "contents": "[Semi-quantitative evaluation of isotope nephrograms in normal pregnancies]. By means of isotope nephrograms of a total of 31 renally healthy pregnant women of the different thirds of pregnancy, the changes of renal function are investigated. The semiquantitative assessment is done according to zum Winkel. The results are discussed referring to the literature. The isotope nephrography proves to be a good screening test for the separate estimation of the function of both kidneys also in pregnancy.", "PMID": 1189764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11264", "title": "[Practical significance of umbilical cord complications for the management of delivery].", "content": "In the Gynecological Hospital of the Academy Erfut, the deliveries of the year 1973 were analysed prospectively in regard of the frequency of umbilical cord complications and their effects to the fetus. At a frequency of 39.3%--i.e. every 5th delivery--, umbilical cord complications became a menacing factor to the fetus. The clinical symptoms of fetal threat are discussed in regard of their influence and importance to taking controlling obstetrical measures.", "contents": "[Practical significance of umbilical cord complications for the management of delivery]. In the Gynecological Hospital of the Academy Erfut, the deliveries of the year 1973 were analysed prospectively in regard of the frequency of umbilical cord complications and their effects to the fetus. At a frequency of 39.3%--i.e. every 5th delivery--, umbilical cord complications became a menacing factor to the fetus. The clinical symptoms of fetal threat are discussed in regard of their influence and importance to taking controlling obstetrical measures.", "PMID": 1189765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11265", "title": "[Treatment of perforation of the large intestine due to illegal abortion].", "content": "Because of perforation of the uterus, lesion of the recto-sigmoid and diffuse peritonitis after illegal abortion, hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed; the colonic defect was not closed primarily but walled off from the peritoneal cavity; a transverse colostomy was done for fecal deviation and the true pelvis drained vaginally. After the defect had healed smoothly the colostomy was closed.", "contents": "[Treatment of perforation of the large intestine due to illegal abortion]. Because of perforation of the uterus, lesion of the recto-sigmoid and diffuse peritonitis after illegal abortion, hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed; the colonic defect was not closed primarily but walled off from the peritoneal cavity; a transverse colostomy was done for fecal deviation and the true pelvis drained vaginally. After the defect had healed smoothly the colostomy was closed.", "PMID": 1189766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11266", "title": "[Sex chromatin frequency and hormonal crisis in the newborn infant].", "content": "Sex chromatin frequency was investigated in nuclei from epithelial cells of the oral mucosa in 20 healthy, mature newborn females in the first 10 days of the neonatal period and compared with the hormonal state of the infant. From the analysis of the results obtained it was evident that sex chromatin incidence of the newborn female fluctuated in the neonatal period in values similar to those of healthy, nonpregnant woman. However, a specific correlation was disclosed between the alterations of the sex chromatin frequency and the hormonal crisis of the newborn infant.", "contents": "[Sex chromatin frequency and hormonal crisis in the newborn infant]. Sex chromatin frequency was investigated in nuclei from epithelial cells of the oral mucosa in 20 healthy, mature newborn females in the first 10 days of the neonatal period and compared with the hormonal state of the infant. From the analysis of the results obtained it was evident that sex chromatin incidence of the newborn female fluctuated in the neonatal period in values similar to those of healthy, nonpregnant woman. However, a specific correlation was disclosed between the alterations of the sex chromatin frequency and the hormonal crisis of the newborn infant.", "PMID": 1189767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11267", "title": "[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and pregnancy].", "content": "The clinical aspects of pregnancy, parturition and childbed in a young primigravida, who had the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, are reported. The whole course was without complications, contrary to other bibliographies. A survey of the family gave no evidence, that the characteristic was familial. Possibilities of danger are showed.", "contents": "[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and pregnancy]. The clinical aspects of pregnancy, parturition and childbed in a young primigravida, who had the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, are reported. The whole course was without complications, contrary to other bibliographies. A survey of the family gave no evidence, that the characteristic was familial. Possibilities of danger are showed.", "PMID": 1189768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11268", "title": "[Results of standard-value determinations in newborn infants in the German Democratic Republic. II. Head circumference, biparietal and fronto-occipital diameter].", "content": "Using the measurements taken from 6645 male and 6381 female newborns from the GDR-population the normal values from head circumference, fronto-occipital and biparietal diameter are reported. The results were given in relation to duration of pregnancy (31. to 44. week of pregnancy) expressed in percentile tables. Head circumference and fronto-occipital diameter were larger in males than in females. The head circumference values are compared directly and in their relation to birth weight and length with the data reported by other authors.", "contents": "[Results of standard-value determinations in newborn infants in the German Democratic Republic. II. Head circumference, biparietal and fronto-occipital diameter]. Using the measurements taken from 6645 male and 6381 female newborns from the GDR-population the normal values from head circumference, fronto-occipital and biparietal diameter are reported. The results were given in relation to duration of pregnancy (31. to 44. week of pregnancy) expressed in percentile tables. Head circumference and fronto-occipital diameter were larger in males than in females. The head circumference values are compared directly and in their relation to birth weight and length with the data reported by other authors.", "PMID": 1189769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11269", "title": "[Prenatal brain damage in maternal, untreated phenylketonuria].", "content": "Several reports in literature exist about mentally retarded non-phenylketonuric offspring from untreated phenylketonuric mothers with normal intelligence. One additional case is added who was detected after screening of about 1600 pregnant women. Biochemical investigations of the mother identified her as \"classical phenylketonuria\". Column chromatographic analysis of amino acids in amniotic fluid revealed a very high pheylalanine level and the diminution of the other, especially essential amino acids. The estimated amino acids in fetal brain also revealed a very high phenylalanine level. Routine screening for phenylketonuria by means of the Guthrie's test is recommended for all pregnant women at the first visit of the counseling.", "contents": "[Prenatal brain damage in maternal, untreated phenylketonuria]. Several reports in literature exist about mentally retarded non-phenylketonuric offspring from untreated phenylketonuric mothers with normal intelligence. One additional case is added who was detected after screening of about 1600 pregnant women. Biochemical investigations of the mother identified her as \"classical phenylketonuria\". Column chromatographic analysis of amino acids in amniotic fluid revealed a very high pheylalanine level and the diminution of the other, especially essential amino acids. The estimated amino acids in fetal brain also revealed a very high phenylalanine level. Routine screening for phenylketonuria by means of the Guthrie's test is recommended for all pregnant women at the first visit of the counseling.", "PMID": 1189770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11270", "title": "[The role of magnesium in premature labor].", "content": "The authors have applied i.v. magnesium sulphate treatment in 161 valuable cases at older than 20 weeks threat partus immaturus respectively at partus praematurua. Efficiency of the treatment was 92,5%. The value of serum magnesium has been determined in 96 cases before and after treatment. Before the treatment the average was lower 1,87 mg%) than at the normal gravida 2,14 mg%). By appiance the magnesium the average increased to 2,07 mg%. Both the clinical experiences and the laboratory analysis veryfied the effect of the treatments.", "contents": "[The role of magnesium in premature labor]. The authors have applied i.v. magnesium sulphate treatment in 161 valuable cases at older than 20 weeks threat partus immaturus respectively at partus praematurua. Efficiency of the treatment was 92,5%. The value of serum magnesium has been determined in 96 cases before and after treatment. Before the treatment the average was lower 1,87 mg%) than at the normal gravida 2,14 mg%). By appiance the magnesium the average increased to 2,07 mg%. Both the clinical experiences and the laboratory analysis veryfied the effect of the treatments.", "PMID": 1189771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11271", "title": "[Clinical experience with Dilatol therapy in EPH-gestoses].", "content": "An information about the experience with DILATOL-treatment of 11 patients suffering from EPH-gestosis with hypertonia as the main symptom, is given. In all cases it was possible to reduce the systolic and diastolic blood-pressure. In long-time treatment an increasing resistance to therapy was noticed. In any case the treatment has to be combined with a frequent medical control of the gravidity with respect to the foetus and the placenta, to determine the right moment of the premature finishing of the gravidity, which is often necessary. Although no child of our 11 patients, died, it wasn't possible to prove the fact, that the perinatal mortality in the case of heavy EPH-gestosis after treating with beta-adrenergic substances is reduced. There weren't noticed any detrimental consequences to mother and child after treating with DILATOL within a space of time up to 4 weeks up to a total amount of 500 mg.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with Dilatol therapy in EPH-gestoses]. An information about the experience with DILATOL-treatment of 11 patients suffering from EPH-gestosis with hypertonia as the main symptom, is given. In all cases it was possible to reduce the systolic and diastolic blood-pressure. In long-time treatment an increasing resistance to therapy was noticed. In any case the treatment has to be combined with a frequent medical control of the gravidity with respect to the foetus and the placenta, to determine the right moment of the premature finishing of the gravidity, which is often necessary. Although no child of our 11 patients, died, it wasn't possible to prove the fact, that the perinatal mortality in the case of heavy EPH-gestosis after treating with beta-adrenergic substances is reduced. There weren't noticed any detrimental consequences to mother and child after treating with DILATOL within a space of time up to 4 weeks up to a total amount of 500 mg.", "PMID": 1189772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11272", "title": "[Morphometric examinations of the uterus in puberty, pregnancy and climacteric].", "content": "The text deals with morphometric examinations of histological specimen of cervical and corporal parts of the uterus in puberty, pregnancy and menopause. The results show the different relations between muscular and connective tissue elements in corpus and cervix and point to significant differences in the composition of specific layers of uterine wall.", "contents": "[Morphometric examinations of the uterus in puberty, pregnancy and climacteric]. The text deals with morphometric examinations of histological specimen of cervical and corporal parts of the uterus in puberty, pregnancy and menopause. The results show the different relations between muscular and connective tissue elements in corpus and cervix and point to significant differences in the composition of specific layers of uterine wall.", "PMID": 1189773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11273", "title": "[Morphometric examinations of placenta in stillbirth].", "content": "A total of 10 placentas was examined morphometrically following fetal death in utero. In 8 placentas a reduced fetal vascular surface could be observed. In 2 cases the cause of death could be revealed neither clinically nor patho-anatomically, while morphometric investigations demonstrated considerable restrictions of the vascular surface of the villi. In addition to the usual histological placental diagnostics, the morphometric assessment of placentas is recommended.", "contents": "[Morphometric examinations of placenta in stillbirth]. A total of 10 placentas was examined morphometrically following fetal death in utero. In 8 placentas a reduced fetal vascular surface could be observed. In 2 cases the cause of death could be revealed neither clinically nor patho-anatomically, while morphometric investigations demonstrated considerable restrictions of the vascular surface of the villi. In addition to the usual histological placental diagnostics, the morphometric assessment of placentas is recommended.", "PMID": 1189774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11274", "title": "[1st results with a new suction curettage system].", "content": "The point is a self-developed Suction-curette-system, consisting of a suction-curette of diametres of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 und 8 mm, a cervicometer and a filter. Effectivity and histological evidence of 1. Suction-curettage after hysterectomy 2. Suction-curettage before hysterectomy in full-narcosis 3. Suction-curettage without full-narcosis were examined. Advantages of this method are discussed.", "contents": "[1st results with a new suction curettage system]. The point is a self-developed Suction-curette-system, consisting of a suction-curette of diametres of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 und 8 mm, a cervicometer and a filter. Effectivity and histological evidence of 1. Suction-curettage after hysterectomy 2. Suction-curettage before hysterectomy in full-narcosis 3. Suction-curettage without full-narcosis were examined. Advantages of this method are discussed.", "PMID": 1189775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11275", "title": "[Epidemiological aspects of corpus carcinoma].", "content": "In a case-control-study an epidemiological investigation of cancer of the endometrium was carried out. 407 patients with cancer of the endometrium were compared with a control group of 450 women. The patients with endometrial cancer differed from the control group in the following manner: Significantly higher incidence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Overweight could not be printed out reliably, but there are so many corresponding statements in literature about a higher degree of overweight that there could be no doubt about it. Furthermore the patients with carcinoma of the uterine corpus had an earlier menarche, a later menopause, a smaller number of deliveries and more menstrual abnormalities. They were more exposed to radiation in the pelvis, the incidence of malignant tumors was higher in their families. So factors of high risk related to cancer of the endometrium could be defined.", "contents": "[Epidemiological aspects of corpus carcinoma]. In a case-control-study an epidemiological investigation of cancer of the endometrium was carried out. 407 patients with cancer of the endometrium were compared with a control group of 450 women. The patients with endometrial cancer differed from the control group in the following manner: Significantly higher incidence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Overweight could not be printed out reliably, but there are so many corresponding statements in literature about a higher degree of overweight that there could be no doubt about it. Furthermore the patients with carcinoma of the uterine corpus had an earlier menarche, a later menopause, a smaller number of deliveries and more menstrual abnormalities. They were more exposed to radiation in the pelvis, the incidence of malignant tumors was higher in their families. So factors of high risk related to cancer of the endometrium could be defined.", "PMID": 1189776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11276", "title": "[Clinical studies on the use of neuroleptanalgesia in Wertheim's abdominal radical surgery].", "content": "The application of the Neurolept-Analgesia to great gynaecological operations was tested in 50 Wertheim-radical-operations with removal of the glands, in comparison to a group of 50 patients whose operations were executed under the usual narcosis. There were controlled: blood-pressure, pulse, respiration, common dosing of the narcotica, dosing of the analgetica, and the patients' post-operative condition. Under NLA, the course of the operation was characterized by stability of circulation and a considerably reduced post-operative recovery, the comparative group, however, did not show so favourable results that can be proved mathematically. The application of the Neurolept-Analgesia as described thoroughly in this paper, has to be considered as especially suitable for executing gynaecological operations.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on the use of neuroleptanalgesia in Wertheim's abdominal radical surgery]. The application of the Neurolept-Analgesia to great gynaecological operations was tested in 50 Wertheim-radical-operations with removal of the glands, in comparison to a group of 50 patients whose operations were executed under the usual narcosis. There were controlled: blood-pressure, pulse, respiration, common dosing of the narcotica, dosing of the analgetica, and the patients' post-operative condition. Under NLA, the course of the operation was characterized by stability of circulation and a considerably reduced post-operative recovery, the comparative group, however, did not show so favourable results that can be proved mathematically. The application of the Neurolept-Analgesia as described thoroughly in this paper, has to be considered as especially suitable for executing gynaecological operations.", "PMID": 1189777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11277", "title": "[The properdin titer in women with labor pathology or gynecological disease and the role of this titer in the prognosis].", "content": "Properdin-titers of 1350 women were determined to appreciate the properdin-system in obstetrics and gynaecology. At first the means of properdin of healthy pregnant women (separated to three months-terms) and blood donors were determined. Then the quantities of properdin-system of pregnant women, parturients and lying-in women with pathologic processes and extragenital diseases and of patients with gynaecologic diseases were explored. The properdin-titer of healthy women at the end of gestation was increased. With a level of 99,6 units the central properdin-titer of these women was lower than the central titer of female blood donors with a level of 109,6 units. During delivery the properdintiter of healthy women decreased, in the period after childbirth it increased again. The determination of properdin of pregnant women, parturients and lying-in women with rheumatic heart defects and gestosises is of great importance. The properdin-titer was low in cases with severe heart diseases and a long issue. The prognostic significance of the test demonstrates the good event of pregnancies, deliveries, post partum periods and late gestosises of women with high properdin-titer regardless of the severity of the pathological state. In comparison with the titer of healthy lying-in women attention is to be directed to the slow rising of the properdin-titer of lying-in women after complicated pregnancy. In cases of gynaecological diseases the determination of the properdin-titer has three purposes: The control of the severity of the disease, the control of the effectiveness of the therapy and the evidence of the prognosis. This is especially conclusive for inflammatory diseases of the genital organs. The worse the turn of the inflammatory disease, the more was the decrease of the properdin-titer and the slower was the activation of the properdin-system in the organism. In cases of septic diseases the importance of the properdin level for prognostic assertion must also be pointed out. The remaining low properdin-titer and its further decrease is characteristical for most of these patients, who show in spite of modern therapeutical methods a long turn of the disease, new septic metastases and a considerable reduction of the general state of health.", "contents": "[The properdin titer in women with labor pathology or gynecological disease and the role of this titer in the prognosis]. Properdin-titers of 1350 women were determined to appreciate the properdin-system in obstetrics and gynaecology. At first the means of properdin of healthy pregnant women (separated to three months-terms) and blood donors were determined. Then the quantities of properdin-system of pregnant women, parturients and lying-in women with pathologic processes and extragenital diseases and of patients with gynaecologic diseases were explored. The properdin-titer of healthy women at the end of gestation was increased. With a level of 99,6 units the central properdin-titer of these women was lower than the central titer of female blood donors with a level of 109,6 units. During delivery the properdintiter of healthy women decreased, in the period after childbirth it increased again. The determination of properdin of pregnant women, parturients and lying-in women with rheumatic heart defects and gestosises is of great importance. The properdin-titer was low in cases with severe heart diseases and a long issue. The prognostic significance of the test demonstrates the good event of pregnancies, deliveries, post partum periods and late gestosises of women with high properdin-titer regardless of the severity of the pathological state. In comparison with the titer of healthy lying-in women attention is to be directed to the slow rising of the properdin-titer of lying-in women after complicated pregnancy. In cases of gynaecological diseases the determination of the properdin-titer has three purposes: The control of the severity of the disease, the control of the effectiveness of the therapy and the evidence of the prognosis. This is especially conclusive for inflammatory diseases of the genital organs. The worse the turn of the inflammatory disease, the more was the decrease of the properdin-titer and the slower was the activation of the properdin-system in the organism. In cases of septic diseases the importance of the properdin level for prognostic assertion must also be pointed out. The remaining low properdin-titer and its further decrease is characteristical for most of these patients, who show in spite of modern therapeutical methods a long turn of the disease, new septic metastases and a considerable reduction of the general state of health.", "PMID": 1189778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11278", "title": "[Dependence of the contractility of the non-pregnant human uterus from the perfusion pressure of the vascular bed during the menstrual cycle].", "content": "The relation between the contractile activity of the isolated non-pregnant human uterus and the perfusion pressure of its vascular bed has been investigated. Experiments have been carried out on 35 isolated human uteri obtained at operations from various phases of the cycle. It has been found that the contractile activity of the non-pregnant human uterus is characterised by the lack of contraction coordination in the course of the sexual cycle with particular attention to this property in the midcycle. Regularly coordinated contractions have been recorded in the period of menstrual bleeding only. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that there is a close relation between the quality of the contractile activity and perfusion pressure in the vascular bed of the isolated human uterus, i.e. contractions with a small amplitude (4 to 8 mmHg) have as a rule no influence on the perfusion pressure whereas contractions with a higher amplitude (over 15 mHg) influence very distinctly the perfusion pressure in the vascular bed of the isolated human uterus. Obtained results have been discussed with reference to the physiology of the contractile activity basic processes of the nonpregnant human uterus.", "contents": "[Dependence of the contractility of the non-pregnant human uterus from the perfusion pressure of the vascular bed during the menstrual cycle]. The relation between the contractile activity of the isolated non-pregnant human uterus and the perfusion pressure of its vascular bed has been investigated. Experiments have been carried out on 35 isolated human uteri obtained at operations from various phases of the cycle. It has been found that the contractile activity of the non-pregnant human uterus is characterised by the lack of contraction coordination in the course of the sexual cycle with particular attention to this property in the midcycle. Regularly coordinated contractions have been recorded in the period of menstrual bleeding only. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that there is a close relation between the quality of the contractile activity and perfusion pressure in the vascular bed of the isolated human uterus, i.e. contractions with a small amplitude (4 to 8 mmHg) have as a rule no influence on the perfusion pressure whereas contractions with a higher amplitude (over 15 mHg) influence very distinctly the perfusion pressure in the vascular bed of the isolated human uterus. Obtained results have been discussed with reference to the physiology of the contractile activity basic processes of the nonpregnant human uterus.", "PMID": 1189779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11279", "title": "[Combined labor induction in the small hospital].", "content": "Authors report about 504 oxytocin infusions after amniotomy or spontaneous rupture of membranes without possibility of cardiotokography. The rate of success by a 12-hour-limit is 91,9 per cent, by a 24-hour-limit 95,2 per cent. It was observed a superior rate of obstetric operations, post-partum haemorrhages and 3 cases of uterus rupture following hypersensitivity. Intravenous oxytocin infusion reduced the time of delivery. After combinating induction of labour childrens have an acceptable general condition, recorded by Apgar-score. Simultaneous induction of labour by oxytocin infusion is a high-risk proceeding in obstetric hospitals without possibility of cardiotokography. However, a renunciation of this method in default of alternatives is not accept.", "contents": "[Combined labor induction in the small hospital]. Authors report about 504 oxytocin infusions after amniotomy or spontaneous rupture of membranes without possibility of cardiotokography. The rate of success by a 12-hour-limit is 91,9 per cent, by a 24-hour-limit 95,2 per cent. It was observed a superior rate of obstetric operations, post-partum haemorrhages and 3 cases of uterus rupture following hypersensitivity. Intravenous oxytocin infusion reduced the time of delivery. After combinating induction of labour childrens have an acceptable general condition, recorded by Apgar-score. Simultaneous induction of labour by oxytocin infusion is a high-risk proceeding in obstetric hospitals without possibility of cardiotokography. However, a renunciation of this method in default of alternatives is not accept.", "PMID": 1189780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11280", "title": "[The begetting of a boy or of a girl respectively].", "content": "The sex-ratio was established on the basis of the fertility index (F.I.), i.e. the total number of forwards motile and morphological normal spermatozoa in ejaculate. It was stated that the fecundation of a boy needed a higher F.I. The age of the father was not interesting. The F.I. was lower after hormonal treatment, this means: a higher fertilizing capacity on the basis of the treatment. This fact explains, why it is possible to fecundize with lower F.I.", "contents": "[The begetting of a boy or of a girl respectively]. The sex-ratio was established on the basis of the fertility index (F.I.), i.e. the total number of forwards motile and morphological normal spermatozoa in ejaculate. It was stated that the fecundation of a boy needed a higher F.I. The age of the father was not interesting. The F.I. was lower after hormonal treatment, this means: a higher fertilizing capacity on the basis of the treatment. This fact explains, why it is possible to fecundize with lower F.I.", "PMID": 1189781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11281", "title": "[Results of a standard value determination concerning newborn infants in the German Democratic Republic. III. Morphologic assessment of maturity].", "content": "A simple technique for estimating of maturity in 15589 newborns without technical expense were performed in connection with the examination of birthweight, length, head circumference and head diameters at a gestational age of 31st to 44th week in 21 women's clinics in the GDR. The estimation of maturity is based on the gradual assessment of 8 external physical characteristics. The coefficients of correlation is not differed between characteristics of maturity, measures of newborns and duration of pregnancy. It is not possible to make an accurate statement of duration of pregnancy by this score of maturity than by measures of the newborns.", "contents": "[Results of a standard value determination concerning newborn infants in the German Democratic Republic. III. Morphologic assessment of maturity]. A simple technique for estimating of maturity in 15589 newborns without technical expense were performed in connection with the examination of birthweight, length, head circumference and head diameters at a gestational age of 31st to 44th week in 21 women's clinics in the GDR. The estimation of maturity is based on the gradual assessment of 8 external physical characteristics. The coefficients of correlation is not differed between characteristics of maturity, measures of newborns and duration of pregnancy. It is not possible to make an accurate statement of duration of pregnancy by this score of maturity than by measures of the newborns.", "PMID": 1189782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11282", "title": "[Body measurements and morphological signs of maturity in newborn infants after hyperemesis gravidarum].", "content": "Birth weights from 128 males and 139 females born between the 39th and 42nd week of pregnancy whose mothers suffered from hyperemesis gravidarum were compared with normal groups of newborns. In the hyperemesis group, the females were on an average 97 g (p less than 0,05) and the males 61 g (p greater than 0,05) heavier than in the control groups. Birth lengths and cephalic measures differed not in both groups. The morphological maturity score was decreased in the hyperemesis groups.", "contents": "[Body measurements and morphological signs of maturity in newborn infants after hyperemesis gravidarum]. Birth weights from 128 males and 139 females born between the 39th and 42nd week of pregnancy whose mothers suffered from hyperemesis gravidarum were compared with normal groups of newborns. In the hyperemesis group, the females were on an average 97 g (p less than 0,05) and the males 61 g (p greater than 0,05) heavier than in the control groups. Birth lengths and cephalic measures differed not in both groups. The morphological maturity score was decreased in the hyperemesis groups.", "PMID": 1189783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11283", "title": "[Proposal for definition of the birth injury].", "content": "We recommend to define the \"birth trauma\" as all influences, which injure the fetus under birth in any pattern. These birth traumatical agents we divide in the group of predominant mechanical agents and in the group of predominant metabolic components (hypoxia). This definition is explained and justified in a matter-of-fact way. We discuss the advantages of its application in practice.", "contents": "[Proposal for definition of the birth injury]. We recommend to define the \"birth trauma\" as all influences, which injure the fetus under birth in any pattern. These birth traumatical agents we divide in the group of predominant mechanical agents and in the group of predominant metabolic components (hypoxia). This definition is explained and justified in a matter-of-fact way. We discuss the advantages of its application in practice.", "PMID": 1189784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11284", "title": "[Importance of the fetal skull presentation during labor: current points of view].", "content": "In face of the simplified performance of the mechanical course of birth in the manuals of obstetrics, in reality the conformations of the mechanical course are immense. This we found also in our investigations. But mere an alteration from the classical form of the course of birth is not an indication of intervention. The mechanical course of birth is, however, of much interest for determination of a possible localisation of an injuring mechanism in a brain damaged infant. It should be noticed exactly in the obstetrical journal.", "contents": "[Importance of the fetal skull presentation during labor: current points of view]. In face of the simplified performance of the mechanical course of birth in the manuals of obstetrics, in reality the conformations of the mechanical course are immense. This we found also in our investigations. But mere an alteration from the classical form of the course of birth is not an indication of intervention. The mechanical course of birth is, however, of much interest for determination of a possible localisation of an injuring mechanism in a brain damaged infant. It should be noticed exactly in the obstetrical journal.", "PMID": 1189785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11285", "title": "[Trans-isthmicocervical intra-amniotic instillation of hypertonic sodium solutions for termination of pregnancy after the 1st trimester].", "content": "The author informs about a modification of Wagner's method of termination of pregnancy after the first trimester. All 100 women aborted without major complications. Antibiotics were given prophylactically. A stimulation with an Oxytocin perfusion was necessary only in 3 cases. It is pointed out, that the transisthmicocervical intraamniotic way of injection of the saline solution is to be preferred in some aspects to the usual transabdominal way.", "contents": "[Trans-isthmicocervical intra-amniotic instillation of hypertonic sodium solutions for termination of pregnancy after the 1st trimester]. The author informs about a modification of Wagner's method of termination of pregnancy after the first trimester. All 100 women aborted without major complications. Antibiotics were given prophylactically. A stimulation with an Oxytocin perfusion was necessary only in 3 cases. It is pointed out, that the transisthmicocervical intraamniotic way of injection of the saline solution is to be preferred in some aspects to the usual transabdominal way.", "PMID": 1189786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11286", "title": "[Uterine rupture and infant mortality].", "content": "The paper reports on nine metrorrhexes corresponding to a percentage of 0,056 in the overall number of births. The respective obstetrical anamneses and diagnoses are discussed. Perinatal mortality amounts to 66,7%, maternal deaths did not occur. It is concluded that metrorrhexis has not lost its risks in view of child prognosis, but today's importance of prospective obstetrics enables us to exclude factors causing a rupture to a high degree.", "contents": "[Uterine rupture and infant mortality]. The paper reports on nine metrorrhexes corresponding to a percentage of 0,056 in the overall number of births. The respective obstetrical anamneses and diagnoses are discussed. Perinatal mortality amounts to 66,7%, maternal deaths did not occur. It is concluded that metrorrhexis has not lost its risks in view of child prognosis, but today's importance of prospective obstetrics enables us to exclude factors causing a rupture to a high degree.", "PMID": 1189787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11287", "title": "[Unusual case of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations of the lung with hydrops universalis].", "content": "In the literature 47 cases of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung are reported. The case here described, is remareable because of two lung lobes being affected and the resulting hydrops fetalis. The possible developing mechanisme of the hydrops is being discussed.", "contents": "[Unusual case of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations of the lung with hydrops universalis]. In the literature 47 cases of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung are reported. The case here described, is remareable because of two lung lobes being affected and the resulting hydrops fetalis. The possible developing mechanisme of the hydrops is being discussed.", "PMID": 1189788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11288", "title": "[Intra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin F 2 alpha, 12-methyl-prostaglandin F 2 alpha and hypertonic sodium chloride solution for induction of abortion in second-trimester pregnancy].", "content": "The authors had performed comperative studies of the effect of the induction of abortion in late pregnancy according to the medical indications by intra-amniotic injection of 20% hypertonic NaCl saline in 26 pregnant patients, of 25 mg prostaglandin F2alpha with 6 hours' intervals in 25 patients, a single dose injection of 40 mg PGF2alpha in 27 cases and single dose injection of 2,5 mg 15-me-PGF2alpha given to 25 patients. The highest success rate was obtained with the single dose injection of 2,5 mg 15-me-PGF2alpha and the lowest success rate was obtained with 25 mg prostaglandin F2alpha with 6 hours' intervals. Despite of rather high procentage of success rate in using the hypertonic NaCl saline, this method is more dangerous in the moment of the injection of saline and complications during the abortion (water intoxication, necrosis of tissue, coagulation defects and other). The most frequently incountered side-effects in using PGs were vomiting and diarhea. Histologic examinations of the placenta revealed massive bleedings, at frequency rate being the same for prostaglandins and the hypertonic saline. The degree of isoimmunisation was lower with prostaglandins than with hypertonic NaCl saline, despite of the late dates of pregnancy termination. The intro-amniotic injection of the small volume solution of 15-me-PGF2alpha or PGF2alpha is more simpler and easier from the technical point of view than any methodic recommended for using saline and at the same time it is more effective.", "contents": "[Intra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin F 2 alpha, 12-methyl-prostaglandin F 2 alpha and hypertonic sodium chloride solution for induction of abortion in second-trimester pregnancy]. The authors had performed comperative studies of the effect of the induction of abortion in late pregnancy according to the medical indications by intra-amniotic injection of 20% hypertonic NaCl saline in 26 pregnant patients, of 25 mg prostaglandin F2alpha with 6 hours' intervals in 25 patients, a single dose injection of 40 mg PGF2alpha in 27 cases and single dose injection of 2,5 mg 15-me-PGF2alpha given to 25 patients. The highest success rate was obtained with the single dose injection of 2,5 mg 15-me-PGF2alpha and the lowest success rate was obtained with 25 mg prostaglandin F2alpha with 6 hours' intervals. Despite of rather high procentage of success rate in using the hypertonic NaCl saline, this method is more dangerous in the moment of the injection of saline and complications during the abortion (water intoxication, necrosis of tissue, coagulation defects and other). The most frequently incountered side-effects in using PGs were vomiting and diarhea. Histologic examinations of the placenta revealed massive bleedings, at frequency rate being the same for prostaglandins and the hypertonic saline. The degree of isoimmunisation was lower with prostaglandins than with hypertonic NaCl saline, despite of the late dates of pregnancy termination. The intro-amniotic injection of the small volume solution of 15-me-PGF2alpha or PGF2alpha is more simpler and easier from the technical point of view than any methodic recommended for using saline and at the same time it is more effective.", "PMID": 1189789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11289", "title": "[Labor induction by intra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin F 2 alpha].", "content": "A report of intraamniotic application of prostaglandin F2alpha in 40 cases is given. There were 13 primiparous and 27 multiparous women. In 97,5% (39 cases) the artificial abortion or the opening of the cervical channel, which is necessary for the evacuation of the uterus, could be achieved. The average dose of prostaglandin F2alpha was 28,8 mg, the mean time for induction was 16 hours 14 minutes. The intraamniotic application of prostaglandin can be applied successfully for abortion in the second three months' time.", "contents": "[Labor induction by intra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin F 2 alpha]. A report of intraamniotic application of prostaglandin F2alpha in 40 cases is given. There were 13 primiparous and 27 multiparous women. In 97,5% (39 cases) the artificial abortion or the opening of the cervical channel, which is necessary for the evacuation of the uterus, could be achieved. The average dose of prostaglandin F2alpha was 28,8 mg, the mean time for induction was 16 hours 14 minutes. The intraamniotic application of prostaglandin can be applied successfully for abortion in the second three months' time.", "PMID": 1189790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11290", "title": "[The Arias-Stella phenomenon and its diagnostic value in ectopic pregnancy. Studies of 86 cases with review of literature].", "content": "The role of the pathologist in the diagnostic of an ectopic pregnancy is mostly limited. Nevertheless, out of 59 tubaric pregnancies, in which endometrial curettage previous surgery, in 64.4% an ectopic pregnancy was predicted, on 30,5% there was a typical \"Stella Arias\" reaction, mean while on 33,9% there was a decidual-like reaction. The authors also make a revision on morphology and pathogenesis of \"Stella Arias\" reaction.", "contents": "[The Arias-Stella phenomenon and its diagnostic value in ectopic pregnancy. Studies of 86 cases with review of literature]. The role of the pathologist in the diagnostic of an ectopic pregnancy is mostly limited. Nevertheless, out of 59 tubaric pregnancies, in which endometrial curettage previous surgery, in 64.4% an ectopic pregnancy was predicted, on 30,5% there was a typical \"Stella Arias\" reaction, mean while on 33,9% there was a decidual-like reaction. The authors also make a revision on morphology and pathogenesis of \"Stella Arias\" reaction.", "PMID": 1189791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11291", "title": "[Behavior of serum magnesium level during abortion].", "content": "Double determinations of whole blood- and serum magnesium levels were according to a complexometric method as described by Schwarzenbach (H\u00f4lasek and Flaschka's procedure) in 134 females (66 healthy pregnant women, 68 abortions). Further, hematocrit was determined in these women. By aid of these values we were able to calculate Mg-concentrations/100 ml erythrocytes in all cases. Serum magnesium levels were depressed in the same relation in abortions and normal gravidae. Therefore, we do not confirm the results of other authors (22) asserting a typical significant decrease of serum-Mg in abortions. We warn against excessive differential-diagnostic interpretation of depressed serum magnesium in abortions. Magnesium concentrations in 100 ml erythrocytes were found significant increased over in abortions against women going through a successfully pregnancy. The cause of this magnesium increase is believed in reactive increased pouring out young partly immature erythrocytes containing high magnesium concentrations caused by losses of blood.", "contents": "[Behavior of serum magnesium level during abortion]. Double determinations of whole blood- and serum magnesium levels were according to a complexometric method as described by Schwarzenbach (H\u00f4lasek and Flaschka's procedure) in 134 females (66 healthy pregnant women, 68 abortions). Further, hematocrit was determined in these women. By aid of these values we were able to calculate Mg-concentrations/100 ml erythrocytes in all cases. Serum magnesium levels were depressed in the same relation in abortions and normal gravidae. Therefore, we do not confirm the results of other authors (22) asserting a typical significant decrease of serum-Mg in abortions. We warn against excessive differential-diagnostic interpretation of depressed serum magnesium in abortions. Magnesium concentrations in 100 ml erythrocytes were found significant increased over in abortions against women going through a successfully pregnancy. The cause of this magnesium increase is believed in reactive increased pouring out young partly immature erythrocytes containing high magnesium concentrations caused by losses of blood.", "PMID": 1189792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11292", "title": "[Role of the fibrin stabilizing factor (factor XIII) in early placental abruption].", "content": "The control of plasma levels fibrinstabilizing factor (factor XII) by women with abruptio placentae early resulted evident values under mean values. The cause of factor deficiency is still unclear. Supposed connections must still cleared up.", "contents": "[Role of the fibrin stabilizing factor (factor XIII) in early placental abruption]. The control of plasma levels fibrinstabilizing factor (factor XII) by women with abruptio placentae early resulted evident values under mean values. The cause of factor deficiency is still unclear. Supposed connections must still cleared up.", "PMID": 1189793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11293", "title": "[Gestosis index and perinatal mortality].", "content": "After a detailed presentation of the new nomenclature and classification of EPH gestosis defined by the gestosis organization, this paper analyzes the gestosis index according to Goecke. The significance of the latter as a part of the symptomatic classification is determined and critically studied. The investigation is based in 934 cases of EPH gestosis comprising 40 perinatal deceased for which a correlation can be established between the cause of death and the gestosis of the mother. The investigations confirm the relevance of the gestosis index for the assessment of perinatal mortality risk. Repetitive determinations of the gestosis index can be of essential importance for controlling the development of EPH gestosis and assessing the fetal prognosis.", "contents": "[Gestosis index and perinatal mortality]. After a detailed presentation of the new nomenclature and classification of EPH gestosis defined by the gestosis organization, this paper analyzes the gestosis index according to Goecke. The significance of the latter as a part of the symptomatic classification is determined and critically studied. The investigation is based in 934 cases of EPH gestosis comprising 40 perinatal deceased for which a correlation can be established between the cause of death and the gestosis of the mother. The investigations confirm the relevance of the gestosis index for the assessment of perinatal mortality risk. Repetitive determinations of the gestosis index can be of essential importance for controlling the development of EPH gestosis and assessing the fetal prognosis.", "PMID": 1189794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11294", "title": "Studies of the infection of the cockroaches (Blattella germanica[L.]) with Bac. thuringensis.", "content": "The results of an experimental infection of the cockroaches Blattella germanica (L.) with some trade preparations containing Bac. thuringensis spores are presented. Biological studies supported by bacteriological and histological examinations of the excised intestines of the above insects have shown that the microorganisms studied are pathogenic for the cockroaches. This effect might be eventually applied as a biological method of eradication of the cockroaches in such environments, where chemical preparations can not be used or this disinfestation method would be complementary to the other method of disinfestation.", "contents": "Studies of the infection of the cockroaches (Blattella germanica[L.]) with Bac. thuringensis. The results of an experimental infection of the cockroaches Blattella germanica (L.) with some trade preparations containing Bac. thuringensis spores are presented. Biological studies supported by bacteriological and histological examinations of the excised intestines of the above insects have shown that the microorganisms studied are pathogenic for the cockroaches. This effect might be eventually applied as a biological method of eradication of the cockroaches in such environments, where chemical preparations can not be used or this disinfestation method would be complementary to the other method of disinfestation.", "PMID": 1189795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11295", "title": "[The influencing factors of selection of collective upon the assessment in epidemiological studies in the example of blood lead levels in children (author's transl)].", "content": "In a study of blood lead levels in 1719 children from 2 industrial areas, both with high but differing lead pollution, it is shown how the selection of the collective can influence the results of an epidemiological study. A representative statement on the lead exposure for all children living in a circumscribed area, is not possible if the children are selected according to previous diseases or, for that matter, according to medical criteria of any kind. Also, a selection only upon voluntary basis stemming from parental decision, does not bring correct results. The time chosen for the investigation must also be taken under consideration. The authors suggest a random choice, for example according to date of birth.", "contents": "[The influencing factors of selection of collective upon the assessment in epidemiological studies in the example of blood lead levels in children (author's transl)]. In a study of blood lead levels in 1719 children from 2 industrial areas, both with high but differing lead pollution, it is shown how the selection of the collective can influence the results of an epidemiological study. A representative statement on the lead exposure for all children living in a circumscribed area, is not possible if the children are selected according to previous diseases or, for that matter, according to medical criteria of any kind. Also, a selection only upon voluntary basis stemming from parental decision, does not bring correct results. The time chosen for the investigation must also be taken under consideration. The authors suggest a random choice, for example according to date of birth.", "PMID": 1189796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11296", "title": "[Epidemiology of salmonellae and fertilizing of grasland with sewage sludge (author's transl)].", "content": "Our investigations prove that sludge contains Salmonellae in more than 90% of samples. The maximum number of organisms reached 10(7) per liter. One of our most important findings was the fact that neither aerobic stabilization nor anaerobic digestion significantly reduces the contamination with Salmonellae. Moreover we found that Salmonellae in sewage sludge spread on grass may survive up to 72 weeks. Fertilizing with unsanitized sludge may therefore lead to transmission from plant to animal. The increasing number of Salmonella carriers among our herds of cattle and their striking accumulation during the grazing period demonstrate that such transmission represents a growing danger. Sanitizing of sludge to be used as fertilizer is therefore urgent. We have investigated the sanitary effect of pasteurisation and of gamma irradiation on sewage sludge. After a proper pasteurisation in 5 plants (70 degrees C for 30 minutes) 98-100% of tested sludge samples contained less than 10 Enterobacteriaceae per gramm. The application of 300 krad resulted in a percentage of 97.2% of samples with less than 10 Enterobacteriaceae per gramm.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of salmonellae and fertilizing of grasland with sewage sludge (author's transl)]. Our investigations prove that sludge contains Salmonellae in more than 90% of samples. The maximum number of organisms reached 10(7) per liter. One of our most important findings was the fact that neither aerobic stabilization nor anaerobic digestion significantly reduces the contamination with Salmonellae. Moreover we found that Salmonellae in sewage sludge spread on grass may survive up to 72 weeks. Fertilizing with unsanitized sludge may therefore lead to transmission from plant to animal. The increasing number of Salmonella carriers among our herds of cattle and their striking accumulation during the grazing period demonstrate that such transmission represents a growing danger. Sanitizing of sludge to be used as fertilizer is therefore urgent. We have investigated the sanitary effect of pasteurisation and of gamma irradiation on sewage sludge. After a proper pasteurisation in 5 plants (70 degrees C for 30 minutes) 98-100% of tested sludge samples contained less than 10 Enterobacteriaceae per gramm. The application of 300 krad resulted in a percentage of 97.2% of samples with less than 10 Enterobacteriaceae per gramm.", "PMID": 1189797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11297", "title": "[The destruction of parasitic resistant stages in sludge by irradiation with low accelerating voltage electrons (author's transl)].", "content": "The destroying effect of ionizing radiation on parasitic resistant stages in sludge has been tested. Suitable for that process is an electron beam accelerator which will be provided with energy from the electric power supply network which can be switched on and off according to the requirements. Such modern utilities have an enormous beam capacity and a high operating safety. The process is working according to the continuous flow principle and at room temperature. In a series of 13 experiments the effect of different doses has been tested. A dose of 480 kRad (accelerating voltage; 400 kV, beam current; 10 mA, irradiation time: 24 sec.) can easely obtained in practical work and is economically acceptable. By these means approximately 97% of the following parasitic stages have been destroyed: undeveloped eggs of Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Fasciola hepatica and gastrointestinal strongylids of pigs, embryonated eggs of Capillaria obsignata and probably of Taenia spec. A few third-stage larvae of Oesophagostomum (Strongylidae) of pigs survived even 108 sec of irradiation; however, they did not develop to maturity in the definitive host. Approximately 25% of the sporulated oocysts of Eimeria renella were still infective after 108 sec of irradiation.", "contents": "[The destruction of parasitic resistant stages in sludge by irradiation with low accelerating voltage electrons (author's transl)]. The destroying effect of ionizing radiation on parasitic resistant stages in sludge has been tested. Suitable for that process is an electron beam accelerator which will be provided with energy from the electric power supply network which can be switched on and off according to the requirements. Such modern utilities have an enormous beam capacity and a high operating safety. The process is working according to the continuous flow principle and at room temperature. In a series of 13 experiments the effect of different doses has been tested. A dose of 480 kRad (accelerating voltage; 400 kV, beam current; 10 mA, irradiation time: 24 sec.) can easely obtained in practical work and is economically acceptable. By these means approximately 97% of the following parasitic stages have been destroyed: undeveloped eggs of Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Fasciola hepatica and gastrointestinal strongylids of pigs, embryonated eggs of Capillaria obsignata and probably of Taenia spec. A few third-stage larvae of Oesophagostomum (Strongylidae) of pigs survived even 108 sec of irradiation; however, they did not develop to maturity in the definitive host. Approximately 25% of the sporulated oocysts of Eimeria renella were still infective after 108 sec of irradiation.", "PMID": 1189798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11298", "title": "[Relationships between immissions of plumb and zinc and the levels of plumb, zinc and cadmium in blood, urine and hair in children (author's transl)].", "content": "In children from an industrial area with a high degree of lead, zinc and cadmium pollution, the lead levels in blood and hair increased with increasing lead fall-out, and the cadmium concentration in the urine increased with increasing zinc fall-out. Children from the center of town presented significantly higher lead values in the blood and hair samples and, significantly lower urine lead concentration than those children investigated, living in the peripheral districts of the industrial town. The lead content of blood and hair samples corresponded to the various lead immission levels encountered. The results give rise to the supposition that biological cadmium interactions are influenced by simultaneous lead uptake.", "contents": "[Relationships between immissions of plumb and zinc and the levels of plumb, zinc and cadmium in blood, urine and hair in children (author's transl)]. In children from an industrial area with a high degree of lead, zinc and cadmium pollution, the lead levels in blood and hair increased with increasing lead fall-out, and the cadmium concentration in the urine increased with increasing zinc fall-out. Children from the center of town presented significantly higher lead values in the blood and hair samples and, significantly lower urine lead concentration than those children investigated, living in the peripheral districts of the industrial town. The lead content of blood and hair samples corresponded to the various lead immission levels encountered. The results give rise to the supposition that biological cadmium interactions are influenced by simultaneous lead uptake.", "PMID": 1189799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11299", "title": "[The influence of electrostatic fields on osmolality and concentrations of neutral fat and cholesterol (author's transl)].", "content": "Rats were exposed to electrostatic fields of different intensities and exposure times, after which the osmolality of the serum and the concentration of neutral fat and cholesterol in the serum were measured. The triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations of the sera were independent of the strength of the electrostatic field and independent of the length of exposure of the animals in the constant field or Faraday cages. They always lay within normal limits, but moved according to the conditions of the constant field: the neurtal fat concentrations to the upper, and the cholesterol concentrations to the lower limit. The differences compared to the controls could be confirmed statistically.", "contents": "[The influence of electrostatic fields on osmolality and concentrations of neutral fat and cholesterol (author's transl)]. Rats were exposed to electrostatic fields of different intensities and exposure times, after which the osmolality of the serum and the concentration of neutral fat and cholesterol in the serum were measured. The triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations of the sera were independent of the strength of the electrostatic field and independent of the length of exposure of the animals in the constant field or Faraday cages. They always lay within normal limits, but moved according to the conditions of the constant field: the neurtal fat concentrations to the upper, and the cholesterol concentrations to the lower limit. The differences compared to the controls could be confirmed statistically.", "PMID": 1189800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11300", "title": "[Meteorotropic activity of the weather conditions and their role in suicide epidemiology. I. Communication (author's transl)].", "content": "On days when there are multiple weather fronts, the number of suicides per day rises significantly, especially when the multiple fronts appear. With a disturbed high pressure, this correlation appears on the following day. With an impending depression and an occluded front, this correlation also falls on the day after these meteorological conditions, but it is weaker. The daily number of suicides rises considerably higher on a day when three meteorotropically active weather conditions prevail at the same time. The greatest number of suicides were committed in the spring. The number of suicides occurring in individual seasons or months assumes different levels, but without forming a biological annual rhythm.", "contents": "[Meteorotropic activity of the weather conditions and their role in suicide epidemiology. I. Communication (author's transl)]. On days when there are multiple weather fronts, the number of suicides per day rises significantly, especially when the multiple fronts appear. With a disturbed high pressure, this correlation appears on the following day. With an impending depression and an occluded front, this correlation also falls on the day after these meteorological conditions, but it is weaker. The daily number of suicides rises considerably higher on a day when three meteorotropically active weather conditions prevail at the same time. The greatest number of suicides were committed in the spring. The number of suicides occurring in individual seasons or months assumes different levels, but without forming a biological annual rhythm.", "PMID": 1189801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11301", "title": "[Thoughts upon the construction of requirements of disinfection procedures concerning contaminated hands - an analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The construction of detailed test methods for the evaluation of disinfection procedures has primarily to be based upon requirements which have to be formulated in advance. A recently proposed test model is being discussed on the basis of 5 conceivable formulations of possible requirements. Essentially, they may be allotted to two types: the one implies the comparison of the disinfection procedure to be tested as against an hypothetical procedure. The other makes use of the simple comparison with a concrete standard procedure and is preferable to the first possibility for several reasons. The presented, mathematical formulations of the structure describing the proposed model represents a first approximation in order to permit the comparison of disinfection effects on the hands under assistance of probabilistic  methods and eliminating other effects inherent ot a test method.", "contents": "[Thoughts upon the construction of requirements of disinfection procedures concerning contaminated hands - an analysis (author's transl)]. The construction of detailed test methods for the evaluation of disinfection procedures has primarily to be based upon requirements which have to be formulated in advance. A recently proposed test model is being discussed on the basis of 5 conceivable formulations of possible requirements. Essentially, they may be allotted to two types: the one implies the comparison of the disinfection procedure to be tested as against an hypothetical procedure. The other makes use of the simple comparison with a concrete standard procedure and is preferable to the first possibility for several reasons. The presented, mathematical formulations of the structure describing the proposed model represents a first approximation in order to permit the comparison of disinfection effects on the hands under assistance of probabilistic  methods and eliminating other effects inherent ot a test method.", "PMID": 1189802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11302", "title": "[Tetanus immunity during senescence (author's transl)].", "content": "The circulating concentrations of antibodies directed against tetanus toxoid were determined by means of the mouse protection test in the serum samples of 2554 patients with an age between 60 and 98 years. Additionally, a part of the sera was tested by a radioimmunologic procedure. Immunity (neutralizing antitoxin titer greater than or equal to 0.01 International Units/ml serum) was only demonstrable in a small percent of the samples (15.3%). Compared to women, a larger percentage of men were found to be protected. Active immunization of aged persons (60-93 years old) resulted in the finding that usually also during senescence powerful immunity may develop following suitable vaccination.", "contents": "[Tetanus immunity during senescence (author's transl)]. The circulating concentrations of antibodies directed against tetanus toxoid were determined by means of the mouse protection test in the serum samples of 2554 patients with an age between 60 and 98 years. Additionally, a part of the sera was tested by a radioimmunologic procedure. Immunity (neutralizing antitoxin titer greater than or equal to 0.01 International Units/ml serum) was only demonstrable in a small percent of the samples (15.3%). Compared to women, a larger percentage of men were found to be protected. Active immunization of aged persons (60-93 years old) resulted in the finding that usually also during senescence powerful immunity may develop following suitable vaccination.", "PMID": 1189803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11303", "title": "[Levels of carcinogenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human and animal tissues. IIIrd communication (author's transl)].", "content": "(1) The mean content in benzypyrene (bp) of human pulmonary tissue amounts to 0.2 mug./100 g. of dry substance. As in all other organ tissues, however, the content differs with the age of the individual: in infants, we find maximum concentrations, in the medium age groups the levels decline and rise once more with increasing age. (2) No increase in the 3,4-benzpyrene levels (average: 0.2 mug./100 g. of dry substance) will be found in tissues with high cellular proliferative activity, such as exocrine and endocrine glands (pancreas, testicles, thyroid gland, adrenals, mammary glands, as well as bone marrow). (3) In human adipose tissue, as well as in that of pork and beef, the 3,4-benzpyrene levels are found to be exceedingly low. With values of 0.1 mug./100 g, the average concentrations lie markedly below the organ tissue levels. Hence, this class of noxious substances in not stored in the adipose tissue. (4) Both in man and in animals (pig, fowl), the 3,4-benzyprene concentrations consistently exceed the average values during early postnatal life. (5) This relatively high concentration of bp in early infancy is due to exogenous factors and is not the expression of biogenous synthesis, as has been demonstrated in examinations of the environmentally influenced embryonic development of the chick. Throughout the entire development of the embryo within the hen's egg, the benzpyrene levels remain constant. Only when the chickens have been hatched out do the benzyprene levels rise significantly. Thus, the low 3,4-benzpyrene levels detected in all human and animal organ tissues prove to be the result of the interplay of exogenous environmental loading and individual capability of eliminating this substance.", "contents": "[Levels of carcinogenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human and animal tissues. IIIrd communication (author's transl)]. (1) The mean content in benzypyrene (bp) of human pulmonary tissue amounts to 0.2 mug./100 g. of dry substance. As in all other organ tissues, however, the content differs with the age of the individual: in infants, we find maximum concentrations, in the medium age groups the levels decline and rise once more with increasing age. (2) No increase in the 3,4-benzpyrene levels (average: 0.2 mug./100 g. of dry substance) will be found in tissues with high cellular proliferative activity, such as exocrine and endocrine glands (pancreas, testicles, thyroid gland, adrenals, mammary glands, as well as bone marrow). (3) In human adipose tissue, as well as in that of pork and beef, the 3,4-benzpyrene levels are found to be exceedingly low. With values of 0.1 mug./100 g, the average concentrations lie markedly below the organ tissue levels. Hence, this class of noxious substances in not stored in the adipose tissue. (4) Both in man and in animals (pig, fowl), the 3,4-benzyprene concentrations consistently exceed the average values during early postnatal life. (5) This relatively high concentration of bp in early infancy is due to exogenous factors and is not the expression of biogenous synthesis, as has been demonstrated in examinations of the environmentally influenced embryonic development of the chick. Throughout the entire development of the embryo within the hen's egg, the benzpyrene levels remain constant. Only when the chickens have been hatched out do the benzyprene levels rise significantly. Thus, the low 3,4-benzpyrene levels detected in all human and animal organ tissues prove to be the result of the interplay of exogenous environmental loading and individual capability of eliminating this substance.", "PMID": 1189804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11304", "title": "[Current status of classification, diagnosis and therapy of the preliminary and early stages of cervix carcinoma].", "content": "The present state of classification, diagnostics and therapy of preinvasive and early stages of cervical carcinoma has been demonstrated by means of literature and own experiences. In order to avoid damages caused by treatment the necessity of differenciated therapy is proved. A clear classification and the subtil histological investigation performed by a pathologist experienced in gynecological histology has to be regarded as an indispensible precondition in this neccessary differentiated treatment in early cases of cervical cancer.", "contents": "[Current status of classification, diagnosis and therapy of the preliminary and early stages of cervix carcinoma]. The present state of classification, diagnostics and therapy of preinvasive and early stages of cervical carcinoma has been demonstrated by means of literature and own experiences. In order to avoid damages caused by treatment the necessity of differenciated therapy is proved. A clear classification and the subtil histological investigation performed by a pathologist experienced in gynecological histology has to be regarded as an indispensible precondition in this neccessary differentiated treatment in early cases of cervical cancer.", "PMID": 1189805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11305", "title": "[Precancerous conditions in the cervix uteri in young women].", "content": "The author presents the increasing securing of various degrees of atypiae of the epithelium in the uterine neck including carcinoma in situ, and even carcinoma invasivum in young females in connection with preventive examinations being extended even on young females without age limit. In the years 1961 to 1973 only in the district Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 and its environment, a total of 181 females with a pathological finding in the cervix was found. Out of them in 19 females carcinoma in situ with with the onset of invasion was observed, in 13 females progressive carcinoma invasivum was found. Mutual relations are shown in Table I and Table II. In Table III the author wants to show that all preventive examinations in all females coming to the prenatal consulting centre for the first time are worth being carried out thoroughly. Thus 51 females--very young--with a finding in the cervix were discovered. The performance of preventive examinations as late as after the thirtieth year of age is considered to be incorrect. When searching for precanceroses of the uterine neck it is not possible to state any limits. The sooner and the more frequent the prebioptic examination methods are employed, the more probably the changes which may be, however, reversible, but which never exclude any possibility of malignant development may be found.", "contents": "[Precancerous conditions in the cervix uteri in young women]. The author presents the increasing securing of various degrees of atypiae of the epithelium in the uterine neck including carcinoma in situ, and even carcinoma invasivum in young females in connection with preventive examinations being extended even on young females without age limit. In the years 1961 to 1973 only in the district Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 and its environment, a total of 181 females with a pathological finding in the cervix was found. Out of them in 19 females carcinoma in situ with with the onset of invasion was observed, in 13 females progressive carcinoma invasivum was found. Mutual relations are shown in Table I and Table II. In Table III the author wants to show that all preventive examinations in all females coming to the prenatal consulting centre for the first time are worth being carried out thoroughly. Thus 51 females--very young--with a finding in the cervix were discovered. The performance of preventive examinations as late as after the thirtieth year of age is considered to be incorrect. When searching for precanceroses of the uterine neck it is not possible to state any limits. The sooner and the more frequent the prebioptic examination methods are employed, the more probably the changes which may be, however, reversible, but which never exclude any possibility of malignant development may be found.", "PMID": 1189806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11306", "title": "[Behavior of the immunoglobin level in the serum of patients with ovarian neoplasms].", "content": "In 18 patients with the histological proved Ca ovarii we have examined the level of serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM in blood during the combined therapy by two cytostatics (Cyclophosphamide, Cytembena) in a week's intervals. The serum immunoglobins IgG, IgA, IgM was followed by the simple radial immunodiffusion technic by Manchini in 2% agar gel with the standard fa Sevac (CSSR). The level of IgG sank at least 10% in 10 patients, the level of IgA and IgG in 9 patients. We have also followed every month the level of the serum immunoglobins at the long times administration of several peroral doses of Cyclophosphamid in 9 patients. At this long times administration the serum immunoglobins IgG and IgA were found responsible in their reduced synthesis than the IgM.", "contents": "[Behavior of the immunoglobin level in the serum of patients with ovarian neoplasms]. In 18 patients with the histological proved Ca ovarii we have examined the level of serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM in blood during the combined therapy by two cytostatics (Cyclophosphamide, Cytembena) in a week's intervals. The serum immunoglobins IgG, IgA, IgM was followed by the simple radial immunodiffusion technic by Manchini in 2% agar gel with the standard fa Sevac (CSSR). The level of IgG sank at least 10% in 10 patients, the level of IgA and IgG in 9 patients. We have also followed every month the level of the serum immunoglobins at the long times administration of several peroral doses of Cyclophosphamid in 9 patients. At this long times administration the serum immunoglobins IgG and IgA were found responsible in their reduced synthesis than the IgM.", "PMID": 1189807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11307", "title": "[Determination of the nucleolar coefficient in lymphocytes in chemotherapeutically treated patients with ovarian carcinoma].", "content": "At the total evaluation of the base values of lymphocytes in the patients with Ca ovariorum a lower number of lymphocytes was found than in the healthy population. At the same time the lymphocytes in the patients with Ca contained a lower number of nucleoli which are capable of the synthesis RNA (i.e. nucleoli ringsingers and active) and a higher number of nucleoli irreversible unable of the synthesis of RNA, i.c. micronucleoli. So the value of the nucleolar coefficient was rised, too, in these patients. It seems, that the described changes were dependent of the clinic condition of our patients, in some cases they preceded the state. This method is utilised at the IInd Obstetric Gynaec. Clin. in Prague for the long time cytostatic therapy.", "contents": "[Determination of the nucleolar coefficient in lymphocytes in chemotherapeutically treated patients with ovarian carcinoma]. At the total evaluation of the base values of lymphocytes in the patients with Ca ovariorum a lower number of lymphocytes was found than in the healthy population. At the same time the lymphocytes in the patients with Ca contained a lower number of nucleoli which are capable of the synthesis RNA (i.e. nucleoli ringsingers and active) and a higher number of nucleoli irreversible unable of the synthesis of RNA, i.c. micronucleoli. So the value of the nucleolar coefficient was rised, too, in these patients. It seems, that the described changes were dependent of the clinic condition of our patients, in some cases they preceded the state. This method is utilised at the IInd Obstetric Gynaec. Clin. in Prague for the long time cytostatic therapy.", "PMID": 1189808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11308", "title": "[Fetal placental antigens in the serum of tumor patients].", "content": "With the anti-placente rabbit serum three different placente antigens could be demonstrated in the serum of pregnant women and new borns, in ascites hydropic new borns and in liquor ammin. These fetal antigens could be also demonstrated in the serum of women with malignant and benign tumors. There was no identity with alpha1-fetal protein or C-reactive protein. It is discussed either the tumor cells synthesize fetal proteins directly or they produce substances which stimulate the organism for production of these antigens.", "contents": "[Fetal placental antigens in the serum of tumor patients]. With the anti-placente rabbit serum three different placente antigens could be demonstrated in the serum of pregnant women and new borns, in ascites hydropic new borns and in liquor ammin. These fetal antigens could be also demonstrated in the serum of women with malignant and benign tumors. There was no identity with alpha1-fetal protein or C-reactive protein. It is discussed either the tumor cells synthesize fetal proteins directly or they produce substances which stimulate the organism for production of these antigens.", "PMID": 1189809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11309", "title": "[A rare case of cancer en cuirasse in an untreated breast carcinoma of 24 year's duration].", "content": "This 70 year old patient presented with a 24 year history of untreated breast cancer (histology: carcinoma solidum simplex) that had developed to a cancer \"en cuirasse\" with disturbances in both breast glands, carcinomatous infiltration of the barrel-shaped deformed thorax and superficial bleeding from a large area of ulcerated tissue. Until this time no definate distant metastases had been confirmed in the lungs, liver or bony skeleton. The point of interest here is the striking improvement obtained from local symptomatic treatment, with regeneration of skin over previous ulcerating and necrotic areas.", "contents": "[A rare case of cancer en cuirasse in an untreated breast carcinoma of 24 year's duration]. This 70 year old patient presented with a 24 year history of untreated breast cancer (histology: carcinoma solidum simplex) that had developed to a cancer \"en cuirasse\" with disturbances in both breast glands, carcinomatous infiltration of the barrel-shaped deformed thorax and superficial bleeding from a large area of ulcerated tissue. Until this time no definate distant metastases had been confirmed in the lungs, liver or bony skeleton. The point of interest here is the striking improvement obtained from local symptomatic treatment, with regeneration of skin over previous ulcerating and necrotic areas.", "PMID": 1189810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11310", "title": "[A computer program for the implicit regression of the Hill equation].", "content": "A computer program for implicit regression of the Hill equation. The fundamentals for the regression of implicit functions following the Gauss method are dealt with. Basing on these fundamentals a program for the regression of the Hill equation is described. The binding constant, the Hill coefficient and end extinction can be estimated. The mean errors of parameters were calculated in the linear model. The program was written in ALGOL 60 for the computer Robotron 300. The program is available on request.", "contents": "[A computer program for the implicit regression of the Hill equation]. A computer program for implicit regression of the Hill equation. The fundamentals for the regression of implicit functions following the Gauss method are dealt with. Basing on these fundamentals a program for the regression of the Hill equation is described. The binding constant, the Hill coefficient and end extinction can be estimated. The mean errors of parameters were calculated in the linear model. The program was written in ALGOL 60 for the computer Robotron 300. The program is available on request.", "PMID": 1189811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11311", "title": "[Studies on the magneto-optical rotation of porphyrins, hemins and methemoglobin compounds].", "content": "Using the method of magneto-optical rotation (MOR) various porphyrin derivatives, hemin and heme compounds, and a number of methemoglobin complexes were investigated. The spectra were recorded from 450-600 nm; with methemoglobin also in the Soret region. 1. The metalfree porphyrin derivatives (deutero-, meso-, hemato- and protoporphyrins) were measured in strongly acidic aqueous solution. The derivatives thus present as di-cations yield highly resolved MORspectra, where the Q-bands (Oo leads to; Oo leads to 1) originated from the pi-pi transitions of the porphyrin display the curve shape characteristic of an A-term, this proving the presence of the D4h symmetry. An exception is the protoporphyrin, in which the pi-electron system of the porphyrin is perturbed by the influence of pi-electrons of the vinyl group, causing poor resolution, line broadening, and shift of the Q-bands into the lower-energy spectral region. 2. With iron porphyrins (hemin, heme and their complexes) the charge of the iron and the nature of axial ligands determine the position and intensity of the O-bands in the MOR spectrum. Low-spin complexes have a higher symmetry than the high-spin complexes. Whereas with hemin (S = 5/2), the iron located outside the heme plane strongly disturbs the porphyrin pi-system, the high symmetry of porphyrin is greatly retained in the case of heme. This can be explained by the enhanced binding distance between the bivalent iron and the porphyrin to great for a strong coupling between the microsymmetry of the iron and the macrosymmetry of the porphyrin pi-system.", "contents": "[Studies on the magneto-optical rotation of porphyrins, hemins and methemoglobin compounds]. Using the method of magneto-optical rotation (MOR) various porphyrin derivatives, hemin and heme compounds, and a number of methemoglobin complexes were investigated. The spectra were recorded from 450-600 nm; with methemoglobin also in the Soret region. 1. The metalfree porphyrin derivatives (deutero-, meso-, hemato- and protoporphyrins) were measured in strongly acidic aqueous solution. The derivatives thus present as di-cations yield highly resolved MORspectra, where the Q-bands (Oo leads to; Oo leads to 1) originated from the pi-pi transitions of the porphyrin display the curve shape characteristic of an A-term, this proving the presence of the D4h symmetry. An exception is the protoporphyrin, in which the pi-electron system of the porphyrin is perturbed by the influence of pi-electrons of the vinyl group, causing poor resolution, line broadening, and shift of the Q-bands into the lower-energy spectral region. 2. With iron porphyrins (hemin, heme and their complexes) the charge of the iron and the nature of axial ligands determine the position and intensity of the O-bands in the MOR spectrum. Low-spin complexes have a higher symmetry than the high-spin complexes. Whereas with hemin (S = 5/2), the iron located outside the heme plane strongly disturbs the porphyrin pi-system, the high symmetry of porphyrin is greatly retained in the case of heme. This can be explained by the enhanced binding distance between the bivalent iron and the porphyrin to great for a strong coupling between the microsymmetry of the iron and the macrosymmetry of the porphyrin pi-system.", "PMID": 1189812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11312", "title": "[NMR spectroscopic characterization of deuterohemin complexes in aqueous media].", "content": "1H-NMR measurement and NMR susceptibility measurements were carried out with deuterohemin complexes in aqueous solution. The hydroxyaquo complex of deuterohemin, which is dimeric in weakly alkaline medium, turns into a low-spin dicyano complex on addition of cyanide. This reaction proceeds in two steps: whereas in the first, slow step a dimeric low-spin hydroxycyano complex is formed, in the second step the latter is converted quickly into the dimeric dicyano complex. The pK values for the overall reaction, the first and the second step were measured to be 23.25; 0.39 and 22.86, respectively. The values of free energy variation obtained therefrom suggest that conformational changes are decisive in the liganding of methemoglobin.", "contents": "[NMR spectroscopic characterization of deuterohemin complexes in aqueous media]. 1H-NMR measurement and NMR susceptibility measurements were carried out with deuterohemin complexes in aqueous solution. The hydroxyaquo complex of deuterohemin, which is dimeric in weakly alkaline medium, turns into a low-spin dicyano complex on addition of cyanide. This reaction proceeds in two steps: whereas in the first, slow step a dimeric low-spin hydroxycyano complex is formed, in the second step the latter is converted quickly into the dimeric dicyano complex. The pK values for the overall reaction, the first and the second step were measured to be 23.25; 0.39 and 22.86, respectively. The values of free energy variation obtained therefrom suggest that conformational changes are decisive in the liganding of methemoglobin.", "PMID": 1189813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11313", "title": "[Molecular and complex-chemical studies on methemoglobin from Chironomus thummi thummi and various isolated fractions].", "content": "1. Six different hemoglobin (Hb) fractions were isolated and characterized from the larvae of Chironomus thummi thummi using column chromatographic procedures. 2. Chromatographic and sedimentation-analytic studies (sedimentation coefficients of 2.0 +/- 0.2 (S)) have shown three Hb fractions to exist basically in a monomeric form. The molecular weight of component M-2 was determined by sedimentation equilibrium technique to be 15,470 +/- 400. The dimeric Hb was found to have sedimentation coefficients of 3.0 +/- 0.1 (S) in the weakly acidic pH region. In alkaline milieu, the reversible dissociation proceeds into the monomeric molecules (S20, W = 1.9 +/- 0.1 (S)). Molecular weights vary between pH 5.7 and 9.8 not only with hydrogen ion concentration, but also with protein concentration in correspondence with a dissociation-association equilibrium consisting of monomers and dimers. 3. For the Hb fraction M-2, a friction ratio of f/fo = 1.03 was calculated, suggesting an almost spherical shape of this protein. In contrast, the dimeric component appears to have a much more asymmetric structure (f/fo = 1.19). 4. The indivdual MetHb fractions bind the ligands: fluoride, imidazole and azide with different affinities.", "contents": "[Molecular and complex-chemical studies on methemoglobin from Chironomus thummi thummi and various isolated fractions]. 1. Six different hemoglobin (Hb) fractions were isolated and characterized from the larvae of Chironomus thummi thummi using column chromatographic procedures. 2. Chromatographic and sedimentation-analytic studies (sedimentation coefficients of 2.0 +/- 0.2 (S)) have shown three Hb fractions to exist basically in a monomeric form. The molecular weight of component M-2 was determined by sedimentation equilibrium technique to be 15,470 +/- 400. The dimeric Hb was found to have sedimentation coefficients of 3.0 +/- 0.1 (S) in the weakly acidic pH region. In alkaline milieu, the reversible dissociation proceeds into the monomeric molecules (S20, W = 1.9 +/- 0.1 (S)). Molecular weights vary between pH 5.7 and 9.8 not only with hydrogen ion concentration, but also with protein concentration in correspondence with a dissociation-association equilibrium consisting of monomers and dimers. 3. For the Hb fraction M-2, a friction ratio of f/fo = 1.03 was calculated, suggesting an almost spherical shape of this protein. In contrast, the dimeric component appears to have a much more asymmetric structure (f/fo = 1.19). 4. The indivdual MetHb fractions bind the ligands: fluoride, imidazole and azide with different affinities.", "PMID": 1189814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11314", "title": "[The supramolecular organization of oxyhemoglobin in erythrocytes. A small-angle x-ray scattering study].", "content": "From X-ray scattering diagrams of concentrated solutions of hemoglobin the pair-correlation function of the molecules is calculated. At a concentration of 324 g/l the distance between neighbouring molecules amounts to 65 A. The number of direct neighbours of one molecule is 9. The pair-correlation function cannot be described by the assumption of a lattice-cell-model; therefore, a lattice-vacancy-model with fluid order is proposed.", "contents": "[The supramolecular organization of oxyhemoglobin in erythrocytes. A small-angle x-ray scattering study]. From X-ray scattering diagrams of concentrated solutions of hemoglobin the pair-correlation function of the molecules is calculated. At a concentration of 324 g/l the distance between neighbouring molecules amounts to 65 A. The number of direct neighbours of one molecule is 9. The pair-correlation function cannot be described by the assumption of a lattice-cell-model; therefore, a lattice-vacancy-model with fluid order is proposed.", "PMID": 1189815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11315", "title": "[Brain transections for the localization of tremorigenic brain regions in the rat].", "content": "In rats transections of the brain have been carried out to localize tremorigenic centres. Ablation of cortical and diencephalic brain areas caused moderate reduction of oxotremorine induced tremor. A makred decrease of tremor intensity has been observed after transections eliminating the tegmental parts of the formation reticularis. We found in caudal sites of transections a shift of the tremor frequency to lower values including changes of distribution as well as the appearance of spontaneous tremor. Both the intensity of oxotremorine induced tremor and the appearance of spontaneous tremor was found to depend on body temperature. Harmine-induced tremor was influenced in opposite direction by ablation of the rostral brain areas.", "contents": "[Brain transections for the localization of tremorigenic brain regions in the rat]. In rats transections of the brain have been carried out to localize tremorigenic centres. Ablation of cortical and diencephalic brain areas caused moderate reduction of oxotremorine induced tremor. A makred decrease of tremor intensity has been observed after transections eliminating the tegmental parts of the formation reticularis. We found in caudal sites of transections a shift of the tremor frequency to lower values including changes of distribution as well as the appearance of spontaneous tremor. Both the intensity of oxotremorine induced tremor and the appearance of spontaneous tremor was found to depend on body temperature. Harmine-induced tremor was influenced in opposite direction by ablation of the rostral brain areas.", "PMID": 1189816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11316", "title": "[A statistical study of the interspike-interval distribution of cortical neurons].", "content": "Spontaneous activity was recorded extracellularly by glass microelectrodes from 54 neurons of the Gyrus sigmoideus posterior of unnarcotized and gallamine-immobilazed cats, and the sequential and nonsequential interspike-interval histograms were determined using the multi-channel analyzer CAT 400 C. The interval distributions were characterized by graphic criteria, and it was attempted to describe these distributions mathematically by four biparametric distributions, the Weibull, lognormal, gamma and normal distributions. 80% of the frequency distributions of type I (exponential), II (left skew, gamma-similar) and IV (almost symmetrical) could be assigned to these distributions, namely 43% of the lognormal distribution, 32% of the Weibull distribution, and 5% of the gamma distribution. The interval histograms of the type III (left skew, steep) and V (bimodal) could not be described by any of the distributions selected.", "contents": "[A statistical study of the interspike-interval distribution of cortical neurons]. Spontaneous activity was recorded extracellularly by glass microelectrodes from 54 neurons of the Gyrus sigmoideus posterior of unnarcotized and gallamine-immobilazed cats, and the sequential and nonsequential interspike-interval histograms were determined using the multi-channel analyzer CAT 400 C. The interval distributions were characterized by graphic criteria, and it was attempted to describe these distributions mathematically by four biparametric distributions, the Weibull, lognormal, gamma and normal distributions. 80% of the frequency distributions of type I (exponential), II (left skew, gamma-similar) and IV (almost symmetrical) could be assigned to these distributions, namely 43% of the lognormal distribution, 32% of the Weibull distribution, and 5% of the gamma distribution. The interval histograms of the type III (left skew, steep) and V (bimodal) could not be described by any of the distributions selected.", "PMID": 1189817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11317", "title": "[A method for the objective determination of tremors in the rat].", "content": "Two methods for determining tremors in the rat, acceleration pick-up and electromyogram, including electronic evaluation by impluse rate and frequency are described technically, and the results obtained with either method are compared. Both methods allow quantitative analysis of the drug induced (arecoline) tremor. Electromyographically, the tremor effect can be recorded already after lower doses compared with the electro-mechanical method. Besides, the EMG can be employed on immobilized animals.", "contents": "[A method for the objective determination of tremors in the rat]. Two methods for determining tremors in the rat, acceleration pick-up and electromyogram, including electronic evaluation by impluse rate and frequency are described technically, and the results obtained with either method are compared. Both methods allow quantitative analysis of the drug induced (arecoline) tremor. Electromyographically, the tremor effect can be recorded already after lower doses compared with the electro-mechanical method. Besides, the EMG can be employed on immobilized animals.", "PMID": 1189818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11318", "title": "[Tremor following intracerebral carbachol injection. 1.Carbachol sensitivity of various brain structures].", "content": "Tremor produced by intracerebral injection of carbachol. I. Susceptibility of different brain areas to carbachol Microinjections of carbachol into the lateral ventricle of rats caused tremor depending on dose. Intensity and duration of motor effects after injection of carbachol (30 mug/3 mul bilateral) into different brain areas were found to depend on localization: strongest tremor was elicited by injections into the nucleus caudatoputamen and cortex cerebri, moderate tremor by administration into the substantia nigra reticularis, globus pallidus and thalamic brain regions. Target areas of mean sensitivity were demonstrated in more rostral and caudal parts of the formatio reticularis. The injection of carbachol into the nucleus ruber, nucleus linearis and substantia nigra compacta brought about lowest tremor values. Ablation of the site of injection from the remaining brain abolished tremor induced by carbachol contrary to the tremor induced by oxotremorine.", "contents": "[Tremor following intracerebral carbachol injection. 1.Carbachol sensitivity of various brain structures]. Tremor produced by intracerebral injection of carbachol. I. Susceptibility of different brain areas to carbachol Microinjections of carbachol into the lateral ventricle of rats caused tremor depending on dose. Intensity and duration of motor effects after injection of carbachol (30 mug/3 mul bilateral) into different brain areas were found to depend on localization: strongest tremor was elicited by injections into the nucleus caudatoputamen and cortex cerebri, moderate tremor by administration into the substantia nigra reticularis, globus pallidus and thalamic brain regions. Target areas of mean sensitivity were demonstrated in more rostral and caudal parts of the formatio reticularis. The injection of carbachol into the nucleus ruber, nucleus linearis and substantia nigra compacta brought about lowest tremor values. Ablation of the site of injection from the remaining brain abolished tremor induced by carbachol contrary to the tremor induced by oxotremorine.", "PMID": 1189819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11319", "title": "[Studies on the mechanism of action of peptide attacking smooth muscle. II. Differentiation of biologic activity of tachykinins in affinity and intrinsic efficacy].", "content": "Under the condition of receptor blockade produced by continuous presence of an agonist in the organ bath, it was attempted to determine the dissociation constants for C-terminal partial sequences of the substance P at an isolated guinea pig ileum, by analogy with the method involving irreversible antagonists, and to compare them with the biological activity at the guinea pig ileum and the rat colon (ED50 values). Differentiation of the biological activity at the guinea pig ileum into affinity and \"intrinsic efficacy\" allows one to explain quantitative differences in determining the biological value on both isolated organs, and to reveal the contribution of the individual amino acids to affinity and \"intrinsic efficacy\".", "contents": "[Studies on the mechanism of action of peptide attacking smooth muscle. II. Differentiation of biologic activity of tachykinins in affinity and intrinsic efficacy]. Under the condition of receptor blockade produced by continuous presence of an agonist in the organ bath, it was attempted to determine the dissociation constants for C-terminal partial sequences of the substance P at an isolated guinea pig ileum, by analogy with the method involving irreversible antagonists, and to compare them with the biological activity at the guinea pig ileum and the rat colon (ED50 values). Differentiation of the biological activity at the guinea pig ileum into affinity and \"intrinsic efficacy\" allows one to explain quantitative differences in determining the biological value on both isolated organs, and to reveal the contribution of the individual amino acids to affinity and \"intrinsic efficacy\".", "PMID": 1189820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11320", "title": "[Studies on the mechanism of action of peptides attacking smooth muscles. III. The effect of N-azylation on the activity of C-terminal partial sequences of eledoisin, physalaemin and substance P on the guinea pig ileum].", "content": "C-terminal pentapeptides of eledoisin, physalaemin, and the substance P, when N-substituted with acetyl, halogenacetyl and other acyl residues, are increased in their action more than  100fold, reaching the activity of acylated hexa- and heptapeptides. The effect found with a number of compounds is interpreted as the influence of predominantly hydrophobic substituents upon the peptide sequence essential for the action. Polar groups in the acylic residue seem to cause additional increase in action.", "contents": "[Studies on the mechanism of action of peptides attacking smooth muscles. III. The effect of N-azylation on the activity of C-terminal partial sequences of eledoisin, physalaemin and substance P on the guinea pig ileum]. C-terminal pentapeptides of eledoisin, physalaemin, and the substance P, when N-substituted with acetyl, halogenacetyl and other acyl residues, are increased in their action more than  100fold, reaching the activity of acylated hexa- and heptapeptides. The effect found with a number of compounds is interpreted as the influence of predominantly hydrophobic substituents upon the peptide sequence essential for the action. Polar groups in the acylic residue seem to cause additional increase in action.", "PMID": 1189821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11321", "title": "[Interactions between prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha and isoprenalin in the dog heart in situ].", "content": "The effects of PGE2 and PGF2alpha on the isoprenaline induced elevation of myocardial contractility were studied on hearts of anesthetized dogs. The steady state effects were determined after single or simultaneous infusion of the substances. Two indices of contractility were used for the quantification of inotropic effects. PGE2 but not PGF2alpha showed positivinotropic effects. PGE2 significantly inhibited the inotropic responses induced by isoprenaline (p less than 0,01); whereas PGF2alpha was without any effect in this direction. The results are discussed with respect of a postjunctional action of PGE2.", "contents": "[Interactions between prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha and isoprenalin in the dog heart in situ]. The effects of PGE2 and PGF2alpha on the isoprenaline induced elevation of myocardial contractility were studied on hearts of anesthetized dogs. The steady state effects were determined after single or simultaneous infusion of the substances. Two indices of contractility were used for the quantification of inotropic effects. PGE2 but not PGF2alpha showed positivinotropic effects. PGE2 significantly inhibited the inotropic responses induced by isoprenaline (p less than 0,01); whereas PGF2alpha was without any effect in this direction. The results are discussed with respect of a postjunctional action of PGE2.", "PMID": 1189822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11322", "title": "Unusual increase in mitochondrial glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase activity in primary cultures of rat liver cells.", "content": "Primary cultures of neonatal rat liver cells show an increase in the activity of mitochondrial glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase between the second and tenth day of cultivation. At the end of cultivation the activity level exceeded that of liver tissue in vivo. Replacement of normal serum by hypothyroid serum or addition of triiodothyronine to the medium did not influence significantly the enzyme activity in vitro, in contrast to the very marked effects of thyroid hormones observed in vivo.", "contents": "Unusual increase in mitochondrial glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase activity in primary cultures of rat liver cells. Primary cultures of neonatal rat liver cells show an increase in the activity of mitochondrial glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase between the second and tenth day of cultivation. At the end of cultivation the activity level exceeded that of liver tissue in vivo. Replacement of normal serum by hypothyroid serum or addition of triiodothyronine to the medium did not influence significantly the enzyme activity in vitro, in contrast to the very marked effects of thyroid hormones observed in vivo.", "PMID": 1189823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11323", "title": "[Stimulation of the renal excretion of p-aminohippuric acid by repeated application of phenobarbital].", "content": "The rate of renal excretion of p-aminohippuric acid can be accelerated by repeated administration of phenobarbital in adult rats. This stimulation could not be observed in newborn and young rats.", "contents": "[Stimulation of the renal excretion of p-aminohippuric acid by repeated application of phenobarbital]. The rate of renal excretion of p-aminohippuric acid can be accelerated by repeated administration of phenobarbital in adult rats. This stimulation could not be observed in newborn and young rats.", "PMID": 1189825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11324", "title": "[Serological identification of spectrin in the 2 dimensional immunoelectrophoresis].", "content": "Using polyvalent antisera directed against solubilized human erythrocyte ghosts in the immunoelectrophoresis we obtained some precipitation arcs. Antisera against the purified spectrin allowed the identification of spectrin in the crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "[Serological identification of spectrin in the 2 dimensional immunoelectrophoresis]. Using polyvalent antisera directed against solubilized human erythrocyte ghosts in the immunoelectrophoresis we obtained some precipitation arcs. Antisera against the purified spectrin allowed the identification of spectrin in the crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 1189826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11325", "title": "The use of antigen-coated protein beads as immunoadsorbent for the purification of antibodies.", "content": "A procedure is described using antigen-coated beads of calf serum as immunadsorbent for the purification of antibodies against ferritin and against leukemia-sarcoma virus-induced antigens.", "contents": "The use of antigen-coated protein beads as immunoadsorbent for the purification of antibodies. A procedure is described using antigen-coated beads of calf serum as immunadsorbent for the purification of antibodies against ferritin and against leukemia-sarcoma virus-induced antigens.", "PMID": 1189828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11326", "title": "Fluorescence and chemical reactivity as empirical indices of matrix-induced alterations in immobilized enzymes.", "content": "The fluorescence emission and chemical reactivity of soluble and Sepharose-bound leucine aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase A were investigated and the results compared. Both natural fluorescence and the fluorescence of fluorescein-labeled enzymes were utilized. The front-surface viewing technique enables us to measure the apparent fluorescence quantum yields and the rotational relaxation times of fluorescent groups within native unbound and carrier-fixed enzymes. The chemical reactivity was probed with Ellman's reagent and iodoacetic acid. Both types of methods were found to be useful in detection and quantitation of matrix-induced alterations in immobilized enzymes.", "contents": "Fluorescence and chemical reactivity as empirical indices of matrix-induced alterations in immobilized enzymes. The fluorescence emission and chemical reactivity of soluble and Sepharose-bound leucine aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase A were investigated and the results compared. Both natural fluorescence and the fluorescence of fluorescein-labeled enzymes were utilized. The front-surface viewing technique enables us to measure the apparent fluorescence quantum yields and the rotational relaxation times of fluorescent groups within native unbound and carrier-fixed enzymes. The chemical reactivity was probed with Ellman's reagent and iodoacetic acid. Both types of methods were found to be useful in detection and quantitation of matrix-induced alterations in immobilized enzymes.", "PMID": 1189829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11327", "title": "[The effect of diffusion, electric transport and convection on heterogeneous enzyme catalysis].", "content": "The consideration of electric and volume transport additionally to diffusion leads to the dependence of concentration profiles in heterogeneous enzyme catalysis on additional parameters (e. g. electrical field strength, convection velocity) which are valuable for influencing and optimizing these systems. For autocatalysis the local periodic concentration profiles are influenced essentially by these phenomena (change of onset and wavelength). When diffusion is negligible equations are given to determine the kinetic parameters vmax and KM from transport measurements.", "contents": "[The effect of diffusion, electric transport and convection on heterogeneous enzyme catalysis]. The consideration of electric and volume transport additionally to diffusion leads to the dependence of concentration profiles in heterogeneous enzyme catalysis on additional parameters (e. g. electrical field strength, convection velocity) which are valuable for influencing and optimizing these systems. For autocatalysis the local periodic concentration profiles are influenced essentially by these phenomena (change of onset and wavelength). When diffusion is negligible equations are given to determine the kinetic parameters vmax and KM from transport measurements.", "PMID": 1189830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11328", "title": "[Tying with thread of the rat coronary arteries, a method for the production of experimental coronary stenosis].", "content": "A method is described for producing a localized coronary artery stenosis by tieing two threads around the Ramus descendens of the left coronary artery, which produces progressive cell proliferation of the vascular wall. Studies on 102 male Wistar rats (70 experimental and 32 sham-operated control animals) have shown coronary artery stenosis narrowing the lumen by more than 50% (up to and exceeding 90%) to develop after 7 days in 30% of the animals, after 14 days in 75%, and after 21 days (postoperatively) in 100%. In about one-third of the cases subtotal infarction in the supply area of the left coronary artery occured as a result of post-operative damage to the coronary artery with obturating thrombosis. The induction of effective coronary stenosis limiting the coronary reserve offers possibilities for further experimental studies on the role of relative coronary insufficiency in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Tying with thread of the rat coronary arteries, a method for the production of experimental coronary stenosis]. A method is described for producing a localized coronary artery stenosis by tieing two threads around the Ramus descendens of the left coronary artery, which produces progressive cell proliferation of the vascular wall. Studies on 102 male Wistar rats (70 experimental and 32 sham-operated control animals) have shown coronary artery stenosis narrowing the lumen by more than 50% (up to and exceeding 90%) to develop after 7 days in 30% of the animals, after 14 days in 75%, and after 21 days (postoperatively) in 100%. In about one-third of the cases subtotal infarction in the supply area of the left coronary artery occured as a result of post-operative damage to the coronary artery with obturating thrombosis. The induction of effective coronary stenosis limiting the coronary reserve offers possibilities for further experimental studies on the role of relative coronary insufficiency in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1189831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11329", "title": "[Coronary flow measurements on the isolated rat heart following experimental coronary artery stenosis].", "content": "A stenosing proliferation of the vascular wall was produced by exposing the Ramus descendens of the rat's left coronary artery to continued mechanical stimulation. Two weeks after the operation the hearts were perfused according to a modified Langendorff method, and the flow rate was measured under aerobic conditions and following short-time anoxia. Under either experimental conditions, the flow rate proved to be significantly decreased.", "contents": "[Coronary flow measurements on the isolated rat heart following experimental coronary artery stenosis]. A stenosing proliferation of the vascular wall was produced by exposing the Ramus descendens of the rat's left coronary artery to continued mechanical stimulation. Two weeks after the operation the hearts were perfused according to a modified Langendorff method, and the flow rate was measured under aerobic conditions and following short-time anoxia. Under either experimental conditions, the flow rate proved to be significantly decreased.", "PMID": 1189832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11330", "title": "[Determination of local brain blood flow by means of switched heating].", "content": "It is demonstrated by model experiments that the determination of stationary and instationary data (amplitude and shape of the heating signal) allows the two components of local brain perfusion (flow rate and volume flux) to be measured separately. Since perfusion and temperature are measured at the same site, the convection data are free of variations of the local brain temperature. The dependence of the amplitude of the heating signal on the flow rate is described by the equation Ao = a - e-bv + c, with the parameters a, b, c being represented as a function of the convection-free space around the sensing probe. It is shown by animal-experimental data that the magnitude of the convection-free space around the sensing probe is variable. A tentative algorithm is proposed for practical application of the method.", "contents": "[Determination of local brain blood flow by means of switched heating]. It is demonstrated by model experiments that the determination of stationary and instationary data (amplitude and shape of the heating signal) allows the two components of local brain perfusion (flow rate and volume flux) to be measured separately. Since perfusion and temperature are measured at the same site, the convection data are free of variations of the local brain temperature. The dependence of the amplitude of the heating signal on the flow rate is described by the equation Ao = a - e-bv + c, with the parameters a, b, c being represented as a function of the convection-free space around the sensing probe. It is shown by animal-experimental data that the magnitude of the convection-free space around the sensing probe is variable. A tentative algorithm is proposed for practical application of the method.", "PMID": 1189833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11331", "title": "Transfer of maternal plasma free fatty acids into the rat fetus.", "content": "The amount of maternal plasma free fatty acids passing to the fetus has been determined to be 0.09 mumoles fatty acids per min per each litter. Taking account of the increase of the total fetal fatty acid pool due to the fetal growth (0.2 mumoles fatty acids per min for each litter) we conclude that the maternal circulation is the source of about half of fetal fatty acids on day 21 of pregnancy.", "contents": "Transfer of maternal plasma free fatty acids into the rat fetus. The amount of maternal plasma free fatty acids passing to the fetus has been determined to be 0.09 mumoles fatty acids per min per each litter. Taking account of the increase of the total fetal fatty acid pool due to the fetal growth (0.2 mumoles fatty acids per min for each litter) we conclude that the maternal circulation is the source of about half of fetal fatty acids on day 21 of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1189834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11332", "title": "Studies on the metabolism of free fatty acids of the plasma in non-pregnant female and pregnant rats.", "content": "In non-pregnant female and pregnant rats the concentration (0.41 mumoles/ml and 0.49 mumoles/ml), the turnover time (0.6 min and 0.8 min), and the irreversible disposal rate (8 mumoles/min and 7 mumoles/min) of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) were determined. The results indicate that there are no major differences in the metabolism of the plasma FFA between non-pregnant female and pregnant rats.", "contents": "Studies on the metabolism of free fatty acids of the plasma in non-pregnant female and pregnant rats. In non-pregnant female and pregnant rats the concentration (0.41 mumoles/ml and 0.49 mumoles/ml), the turnover time (0.6 min and 0.8 min), and the irreversible disposal rate (8 mumoles/min and 7 mumoles/min) of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) were determined. The results indicate that there are no major differences in the metabolism of the plasma FFA between non-pregnant female and pregnant rats.", "PMID": 1189835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11333", "title": "[Blood pressure behavior and pathomorphology in the rat following application of high doses of depot angiotensin].", "content": "In 55 rats, not accustomed to the process of blood pressure measurement and given daily doses from 1.25 - 10.0 mg angiotensin in depot form for up to 3 days, as much as 70% of the animals died of circulatory failure. Blood pressure increase was either absent or was very low after low doses. Histologically, the myocardium revealed focal destruction of muscle fibres with mesenchymal cell proliferation in many places; the epithelium of numerous renal tubuli was changed hydropically; the liver showed focal necroses of the parenchyma; the adrenal cortex showed stress reactions, and the arterioles of the splanchnic area -- changes of the plasmatic vasculose from the 3rd day of experiment. By contrast, in 51 rats accustomed to the measuring process prior to the experiment and given high doses of angiotensin, only moderate blood pressure rise and scattered cases of death (4%) occurred, low doses caused a strong blood pressure elevation. With otherwise equal histologic organ diagnoses, liver necroses were absent, except for two cases. This differential response of the two animal groups to varying angiotensin doses and the pathogenesis of the changes observed are discussed.", "contents": "[Blood pressure behavior and pathomorphology in the rat following application of high doses of depot angiotensin]. In 55 rats, not accustomed to the process of blood pressure measurement and given daily doses from 1.25 - 10.0 mg angiotensin in depot form for up to 3 days, as much as 70% of the animals died of circulatory failure. Blood pressure increase was either absent or was very low after low doses. Histologically, the myocardium revealed focal destruction of muscle fibres with mesenchymal cell proliferation in many places; the epithelium of numerous renal tubuli was changed hydropically; the liver showed focal necroses of the parenchyma; the adrenal cortex showed stress reactions, and the arterioles of the splanchnic area -- changes of the plasmatic vasculose from the 3rd day of experiment. By contrast, in 51 rats accustomed to the measuring process prior to the experiment and given high doses of angiotensin, only moderate blood pressure rise and scattered cases of death (4%) occurred, low doses caused a strong blood pressure elevation. With otherwise equal histologic organ diagnoses, liver necroses were absent, except for two cases. This differential response of the two animal groups to varying angiotensin doses and the pathogenesis of the changes observed are discussed.", "PMID": 1189836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11334", "title": "[Biphasic effect of angiotensin II on conditioned reflectory reaction patterns in albino rats].", "content": "40 male albino rats were used to investigate the influence of one single i. v. dose of 10 ng/kg Angiotensin II upon established and stabilized conditional-reflectory response pattern (two-dimensional conditional-reflectory decision process and periodicities of conditional-reflectory processes). At normotonous blood-pressure values, Angiotensin II exerted a biphasic action on the conditional-reflectory response pattern. In the first phase of action (up to 30 min after injection) there prevailed centralnervous inhibition processes, while the second phase of action (30-70 min after injection) was marked by a general centralnervous excitation, which is reflected by extremely short times of response, and a pronounced sensitivity to optic, acoustic and tactile stimuli. The decision capacity of the animals was considerably reduced in both phases. The periodicities of conditional-reflectory processes (duration of periods in the minute range) are strongly disturbed in the first phase of action, and tend to normal in the second phase. Furthermore, Angiotensin II was found to have a selective, hierarchically ordered influence with regard to the duration and intensity of action. Thus, the information processing activity of the CNS underwent most pronounced changes. The centralnervous regulatory functions were less affected; the blood pressure regulation showed little and transient influence by Angiotensin II. In the discussion, the neurotropic and algogenic action of Angiotensin II, and the relation of the octapeptide effect with pathogenetic mechanisms of experimental neurotically induced hypertonia are dealt with.", "contents": "[Biphasic effect of angiotensin II on conditioned reflectory reaction patterns in albino rats]. 40 male albino rats were used to investigate the influence of one single i. v. dose of 10 ng/kg Angiotensin II upon established and stabilized conditional-reflectory response pattern (two-dimensional conditional-reflectory decision process and periodicities of conditional-reflectory processes). At normotonous blood-pressure values, Angiotensin II exerted a biphasic action on the conditional-reflectory response pattern. In the first phase of action (up to 30 min after injection) there prevailed centralnervous inhibition processes, while the second phase of action (30-70 min after injection) was marked by a general centralnervous excitation, which is reflected by extremely short times of response, and a pronounced sensitivity to optic, acoustic and tactile stimuli. The decision capacity of the animals was considerably reduced in both phases. The periodicities of conditional-reflectory processes (duration of periods in the minute range) are strongly disturbed in the first phase of action, and tend to normal in the second phase. Furthermore, Angiotensin II was found to have a selective, hierarchically ordered influence with regard to the duration and intensity of action. Thus, the information processing activity of the CNS underwent most pronounced changes. The centralnervous regulatory functions were less affected; the blood pressure regulation showed little and transient influence by Angiotensin II. In the discussion, the neurotropic and algogenic action of Angiotensin II, and the relation of the octapeptide effect with pathogenetic mechanisms of experimental neurotically induced hypertonia are dealt with.", "PMID": 1189837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11335", "title": "[Cholinergic effect on the dopamine turnover in the rat corpus striatum].", "content": "The peripheral administration of oxotremorine caused a significant increase in dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the striatum of rats, dopamine (DA) level was unaffected. Injection of oxotremorine into the substantia nigra failed to change the content of dopamine and its acid metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA) and DOPAC in striatum. Injection of oxotremorine or carbachol into the substantia nigra or into the caudate nucleus did not significantly influence the DA-turnover. The partly inconsistent results are discussed in connection with literature data in regard to the existence of excitatory as well as inhibitory cholinergic systems, which are located differently and are involved in the regulation of DA-turnover.", "contents": "[Cholinergic effect on the dopamine turnover in the rat corpus striatum]. The peripheral administration of oxotremorine caused a significant increase in dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the striatum of rats, dopamine (DA) level was unaffected. Injection of oxotremorine into the substantia nigra failed to change the content of dopamine and its acid metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA) and DOPAC in striatum. Injection of oxotremorine or carbachol into the substantia nigra or into the caudate nucleus did not significantly influence the DA-turnover. The partly inconsistent results are discussed in connection with literature data in regard to the existence of excitatory as well as inhibitory cholinergic systems, which are located differently and are involved in the regulation of DA-turnover.", "PMID": 1189838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11336", "title": "[Animal experimental studies on the pharmacokinetics of streptokinase].", "content": "By the use of native and radioactively labelled streptokinase its distribution and elimination were determined in rabbits and compared to the course of the fibrinolytic action. Particularities of the pharmacokinetics of the activator of fibrinolysis were studied and related to the therapeutic effect.", "contents": "[Animal experimental studies on the pharmacokinetics of streptokinase]. By the use of native and radioactively labelled streptokinase its distribution and elimination were determined in rabbits and compared to the course of the fibrinolytic action. Particularities of the pharmacokinetics of the activator of fibrinolysis were studied and related to the therapeutic effect.", "PMID": 1189839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11337", "title": "[The mechanism of action of peptides acting on smooth muscle. II. Relationships between angiotensin II and adrenergic systems with reference to blood pressure regulation].", "content": "To explore the molecular and subcellular effects of Angiotensin II during the early phase of an experimental hypertension, biochemical and morphological changes induced by continued administration of subpressoric Angiotensin II doses were traced in rats. After the treatment, the endogenous noradrenalin and dopamine content was changed in various brain regions, the turnover rate of noradrenalin was lowered, and the neuronal 3H noradrenalin uptake was delayed and reduced. Electron microscopy revealed an increase in number and granulation of adrenergic vesicles in the hypothalamus, and characteristic changes at pre- and postsynaptic membrane complexes. The interaction between central effects of angiotensin II and the adrenergic system presumably involves disturbance at the level of neuronal membranes.", "contents": "[The mechanism of action of peptides acting on smooth muscle. II. Relationships between angiotensin II and adrenergic systems with reference to blood pressure regulation]. To explore the molecular and subcellular effects of Angiotensin II during the early phase of an experimental hypertension, biochemical and morphological changes induced by continued administration of subpressoric Angiotensin II doses were traced in rats. After the treatment, the endogenous noradrenalin and dopamine content was changed in various brain regions, the turnover rate of noradrenalin was lowered, and the neuronal 3H noradrenalin uptake was delayed and reduced. Electron microscopy revealed an increase in number and granulation of adrenergic vesicles in the hypothalamus, and characteristic changes at pre- and postsynaptic membrane complexes. The interaction between central effects of angiotensin II and the adrenergic system presumably involves disturbance at the level of neuronal membranes.", "PMID": 1189840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11338", "title": "[Electron microscopic studies on the peritoneal exudate of the mouse to determine the effect of colloidal carbon on the primary immune response to heterologous erythrocytes].", "content": "Antibody production to sheep erythrocytes was markedly depressed in mice injected intraperitoneally with colloidal carbon. Peritoneal exudate cells were investigated electron microscopically with regard to mechanisms responsible for lower antibody production. Peritoneal macrophages were not disturbed in antigen phagocytosis and antigen digestion. Only in connection with immunosuppression was there an increase in antigen containing macrophages in the peritoneal cavity. The changing relation of antigen-stimulated macrophages and lymphocytes in favour of the macrophages and its consequence to decreased immune response is discussed.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic studies on the peritoneal exudate of the mouse to determine the effect of colloidal carbon on the primary immune response to heterologous erythrocytes]. Antibody production to sheep erythrocytes was markedly depressed in mice injected intraperitoneally with colloidal carbon. Peritoneal exudate cells were investigated electron microscopically with regard to mechanisms responsible for lower antibody production. Peritoneal macrophages were not disturbed in antigen phagocytosis and antigen digestion. Only in connection with immunosuppression was there an increase in antigen containing macrophages in the peritoneal cavity. The changing relation of antigen-stimulated macrophages and lymphocytes in favour of the macrophages and its consequence to decreased immune response is discussed.", "PMID": 1189841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11339", "title": "Tobacco Chemistry.29. (7S)-10-Oxo-4xi-methyl-7-isopropyl-5E-undecen-4-olide, a New Thunbergan-type Nor-isoprenoid isolated from Greek Nicotiana tabacum L.", "content": "The structure of a new C15-lactone, (7S)-10-oxo-4xi-methyl-7-isopropyl-5E-undecen-4-olide, isolated from Greek tobacco, has been determined mainly be 1H NMR, 13C NMR and high resolution MS, and its absolute configuration established by degradation to (2S)-5-oxo-2-isopropylhexanal. The carbon skeleton of the new compound indicated that it is derived from a thunbergane precursor and constitutes the first C15 nor-thunberganoid in tobacco.", "contents": "Tobacco Chemistry.29. (7S)-10-Oxo-4xi-methyl-7-isopropyl-5E-undecen-4-olide, a New Thunbergan-type Nor-isoprenoid isolated from Greek Nicotiana tabacum L. The structure of a new C15-lactone, (7S)-10-oxo-4xi-methyl-7-isopropyl-5E-undecen-4-olide, isolated from Greek tobacco, has been determined mainly be 1H NMR, 13C NMR and high resolution MS, and its absolute configuration established by degradation to (2S)-5-oxo-2-isopropylhexanal. The carbon skeleton of the new compound indicated that it is derived from a thunbergane precursor and constitutes the first C15 nor-thunberganoid in tobacco.", "PMID": 1189845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11340", "title": "Intestinal glycoproteins of germfree rats. IV. Oligosaccharides obtained by chemical degradation of a water-soluble glycoprotein fraction.", "content": "Removal of sialic acid from the glycoprotein and subsequent degradation with sodium hydroxide-sodium borohydride resulted in the formation of a number of low-molecular weight carbohydrate compounds of which three were isolated and characterized: 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-D-galactitol; O-alpha-6-fucopyranosyl (1 leads to 2)-O-Beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-D-galactitol (oligosaccharide I); O-Beta-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-D-galactitol (oligosaccharide II). From an acetolysate of the desialized glycoprotein a fourth component was obtained and characterized to be O-Beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-D-glucose (oligosaccharide III).", "contents": "Intestinal glycoproteins of germfree rats. IV. Oligosaccharides obtained by chemical degradation of a water-soluble glycoprotein fraction. Removal of sialic acid from the glycoprotein and subsequent degradation with sodium hydroxide-sodium borohydride resulted in the formation of a number of low-molecular weight carbohydrate compounds of which three were isolated and characterized: 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-D-galactitol; O-alpha-6-fucopyranosyl (1 leads to 2)-O-Beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-D-galactitol (oligosaccharide I); O-Beta-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-D-galactitol (oligosaccharide II). From an acetolysate of the desialized glycoprotein a fourth component was obtained and characterized to be O-Beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-D-glucose (oligosaccharide III).", "PMID": 1189846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11341", "title": "Intermediates in the penicillic acid biosynthesis in Penicillium cyclopium.", "content": "Feeding experiments using 14C-labelled precurosrs demonstrate the following sequence of the biological formation of penicillic acid in Penicillium cyclopium: orsellinic acid leads to 2-O-methylorsellinic acid leads to 1,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-methylbenzene leads 6-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoquinone(1,4)leads to penicillic acid.", "contents": "Intermediates in the penicillic acid biosynthesis in Penicillium cyclopium. Feeding experiments using 14C-labelled precurosrs demonstrate the following sequence of the biological formation of penicillic acid in Penicillium cyclopium: orsellinic acid leads to 2-O-methylorsellinic acid leads to 1,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-methylbenzene leads 6-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoquinone(1,4)leads to penicillic acid.", "PMID": 1189847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11342", "title": "Chemical composition of angelica root oil.", "content": "The volatile constituents of angelica root separated by extraction with etherpentane and by extraction with alcohol-water were investigated by means of glass capillary and preparative gas chromatography, IR, UV, NMR and mass spectrometry. 16 monoterpene hydrocarbons, 13 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 12 monoterpene alcohols, 4 oxygenated sesquiterpenes, 11 esters, 3 lactones, 7 aliphatic carbonyl compounds and 4 aromatics were identified. Twenty additional compounds identified were present only in the alcoholic sample. These consisted of ethyl ethers of monoterpene alcohols, ethyl esters of long-chain fatty acids, and acetals. The relative proportion of many compounds was found to depend on the method used to isolate the essential oil.", "contents": "Chemical composition of angelica root oil. The volatile constituents of angelica root separated by extraction with etherpentane and by extraction with alcohol-water were investigated by means of glass capillary and preparative gas chromatography, IR, UV, NMR and mass spectrometry. 16 monoterpene hydrocarbons, 13 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 12 monoterpene alcohols, 4 oxygenated sesquiterpenes, 11 esters, 3 lactones, 7 aliphatic carbonyl compounds and 4 aromatics were identified. Twenty additional compounds identified were present only in the alcoholic sample. These consisted of ethyl ethers of monoterpene alcohols, ethyl esters of long-chain fatty acids, and acetals. The relative proportion of many compounds was found to depend on the method used to isolate the essential oil.", "PMID": 1189848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11343", "title": "Effect of total cavo-portal shunt on pulmonary fibrin deposition after intra-aortal infusion of thrombin in the dog.", "content": "The effect of total cavo-portal shunt on the deposition of fibrin in the lungs and liver in dogs was studied after intra-aortal infusion of thrombin. 125I-labelled fibrinogen was used for calculation of the amount of fibrin. The pronounced pulmonary trapping of fibrin seen in non-operated control dogs did not occur in dogs submitted to the shunt operation; in these dogs a considerable trapping was seen in the liver. These results indicate that in generalized thrombinaemia the microclots are mainly formed in the venous circulation and transported to the nearest capillary network, where passive mechanical filtration occurs.", "contents": "Effect of total cavo-portal shunt on pulmonary fibrin deposition after intra-aortal infusion of thrombin in the dog. The effect of total cavo-portal shunt on the deposition of fibrin in the lungs and liver in dogs was studied after intra-aortal infusion of thrombin. 125I-labelled fibrinogen was used for calculation of the amount of fibrin. The pronounced pulmonary trapping of fibrin seen in non-operated control dogs did not occur in dogs submitted to the shunt operation; in these dogs a considerable trapping was seen in the liver. These results indicate that in generalized thrombinaemia the microclots are mainly formed in the venous circulation and transported to the nearest capillary network, where passive mechanical filtration occurs.", "PMID": 1189849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11344", "title": "Replacement of blood loss with physiological saline in major surgery.", "content": "This clinical investigation confirms the results of previous reports on the possibility of safely replacing blood lost during operations with physiological saline. The percentage saving of blood transfusions has been 50.1%. We are convinced that even greater saving will be made when surgeons become accustomed to the method.", "contents": "Replacement of blood loss with physiological saline in major surgery. This clinical investigation confirms the results of previous reports on the possibility of safely replacing blood lost during operations with physiological saline. The percentage saving of blood transfusions has been 50.1%. We are convinced that even greater saving will be made when surgeons become accustomed to the method.", "PMID": 1189850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11345", "title": "Utilization of intravenous glucose and fructose in the postoperative period.", "content": "A comparison is made between the utilization of glucose and fructose given intravenously at the rates of 1 g kg-1 h-1 and 0.5 kg-1 h-1 to 6 and 10 patients, respectively, who had undergone stomach surgery. Each patient served as his own control. The maximum rise in the total blood sugar concentration during both the rapid and the slow glucose infusions (227 mg% and 171 mg%) was significantly larger than during the fructose infusions (86 mg% and 52 mg%). The maximum rise in blood glucose of an average 23 and 18 mg% during the administration of fructose seems to indicate that only a small percentage of fructose is converted directly to glucose. Hypoglycemia after the infusions was most pronounced after the use of glucose. During the rapid infusions the patients lost a significantly larger amount of the infused sugar in the urine when glucose was administered (12.9% vs 4.7%), and the greater loss of sugar was accompanied by a greater loss of water. During the slow infusions there was no difference in sugar excretion between the two carbohydrates. At the infusion rate of 0.5 g kg-1 h-1 6 times as much lactate was excreted during the fructose infusions as during the glucose infusions (1.8 mg as compared with 0.3 mg lactate kg-1 infusion h-1). The study seems to indicate that there is a renal threshold for lactate at blood concentrations of 10-15 mg%.", "contents": "Utilization of intravenous glucose and fructose in the postoperative period. A comparison is made between the utilization of glucose and fructose given intravenously at the rates of 1 g kg-1 h-1 and 0.5 kg-1 h-1 to 6 and 10 patients, respectively, who had undergone stomach surgery. Each patient served as his own control. The maximum rise in the total blood sugar concentration during both the rapid and the slow glucose infusions (227 mg% and 171 mg%) was significantly larger than during the fructose infusions (86 mg% and 52 mg%). The maximum rise in blood glucose of an average 23 and 18 mg% during the administration of fructose seems to indicate that only a small percentage of fructose is converted directly to glucose. Hypoglycemia after the infusions was most pronounced after the use of glucose. During the rapid infusions the patients lost a significantly larger amount of the infused sugar in the urine when glucose was administered (12.9% vs 4.7%), and the greater loss of sugar was accompanied by a greater loss of water. During the slow infusions there was no difference in sugar excretion between the two carbohydrates. At the infusion rate of 0.5 g kg-1 h-1 6 times as much lactate was excreted during the fructose infusions as during the glucose infusions (1.8 mg as compared with 0.3 mg lactate kg-1 infusion h-1). The study seems to indicate that there is a renal threshold for lactate at blood concentrations of 10-15 mg%.", "PMID": 1189851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11346", "title": "Glycogen storage in rat liver and skeletal muscle in thermal trauma. III. Effect of adrenal demedullation.", "content": "Glycogen synthesis is reduced following trauma, especially in skeletal muscle. The author has shown previously that after an experimentally inflicted burn in the rat the glycogen storage in skeletal muscle is about 40% of the normal. In the present study an attempt was made to assess the importance of the endogenous adrenalin production in the adrenal medulla for this reduction in glycogen storage. With this aim the glycogen storage in the liver and skeletal muscle during a standardized glucose infusion was studied 20 hours after infliction of a burn both in rats with intact adrenal glands and in rats subjected to adrenal demedullation. In the muscle the glycogen storage was reduced in both groups, and to the same extent. In the liver no change in glycogen storage was recorded for either group. The results indicate that the catecholamines produced in the adrenal medulla, i.e. mainly adrenalin, are not the only cause of the reduced glycogen storage in skeletal muscle after trauma.", "contents": "Glycogen storage in rat liver and skeletal muscle in thermal trauma. III. Effect of adrenal demedullation. Glycogen synthesis is reduced following trauma, especially in skeletal muscle. The author has shown previously that after an experimentally inflicted burn in the rat the glycogen storage in skeletal muscle is about 40% of the normal. In the present study an attempt was made to assess the importance of the endogenous adrenalin production in the adrenal medulla for this reduction in glycogen storage. With this aim the glycogen storage in the liver and skeletal muscle during a standardized glucose infusion was studied 20 hours after infliction of a burn both in rats with intact adrenal glands and in rats subjected to adrenal demedullation. In the muscle the glycogen storage was reduced in both groups, and to the same extent. In the liver no change in glycogen storage was recorded for either group. The results indicate that the catecholamines produced in the adrenal medulla, i.e. mainly adrenalin, are not the only cause of the reduced glycogen storage in skeletal muscle after trauma.", "PMID": 1189852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11347", "title": "Acute paraplegia caused by a spontaneous extradural heamatoma of the conus medullaris area.", "content": "Four patients with a typical clinical picture of spinal extradural heamatoma of the conus area are presented. Initial symptoms were acute low back pains. The development of symmetrical paraparesis took place in a matter of hours, and spread to total paraplegia. The sensory level was as high as the groins and bladder and rectum paralysis developed early. All patients were over 63, mean age 67 years. Two patients had coagulation defects, one was on anticoagulants, and the other had a severe thrombocytosis. Two patients had used salicylates for rheumatic pains; in one of those patients there was a hemangioma on PAD . In 2 patients, the neuroradiological diagnosis was confirmed with rhizography (Figs. 1 and 2); in the third patient the rhizography was misleading but in her and in a fourth patient the oxygen-myelography was diagnostic, showing an extradural compression in the conus area. Haematomas were removed in all patients through an extensive decompressive laminectomy within 24 hours from the onset of the symptoms. Recovery was good in 2 cases, and fair in one patient who had a poor recovery of the bladder function. In on patient, both paraplegia and bladder paralysis were permanent after 3 years. The differential diagnosis by myelography between the cauda equina syndrome caused by typical disc compression from the one side and from vascular medullary syndromes and myelitis from the other side should be clear. For good functional recovery, early myelography and operative decompression are imperative.", "contents": "Acute paraplegia caused by a spontaneous extradural heamatoma of the conus medullaris area. Four patients with a typical clinical picture of spinal extradural heamatoma of the conus area are presented. Initial symptoms were acute low back pains. The development of symmetrical paraparesis took place in a matter of hours, and spread to total paraplegia. The sensory level was as high as the groins and bladder and rectum paralysis developed early. All patients were over 63, mean age 67 years. Two patients had coagulation defects, one was on anticoagulants, and the other had a severe thrombocytosis. Two patients had used salicylates for rheumatic pains; in one of those patients there was a hemangioma on PAD . In 2 patients, the neuroradiological diagnosis was confirmed with rhizography (Figs. 1 and 2); in the third patient the rhizography was misleading but in her and in a fourth patient the oxygen-myelography was diagnostic, showing an extradural compression in the conus area. Haematomas were removed in all patients through an extensive decompressive laminectomy within 24 hours from the onset of the symptoms. Recovery was good in 2 cases, and fair in one patient who had a poor recovery of the bladder function. In on patient, both paraplegia and bladder paralysis were permanent after 3 years. The differential diagnosis by myelography between the cauda equina syndrome caused by typical disc compression from the one side and from vascular medullary syndromes and myelitis from the other side should be clear. For good functional recovery, early myelography and operative decompression are imperative.", "PMID": 1189853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11348", "title": "Detection of thyroid cysts by ultrasonic examination.", "content": "Ultrasonic examination of 80 thyroid nodules was carried out in order to detect fluid-filled lesions of the gland. The results of preoperative ultrasonic examinations were compared with the findings at surgery. For the ultrasonic diagnosis \"cyst\", a predictive value of 88% was calculated. It is concluded that ultrasonic examination represents a reliable tool for the detection of thyroid cysts.", "contents": "Detection of thyroid cysts by ultrasonic examination. Ultrasonic examination of 80 thyroid nodules was carried out in order to detect fluid-filled lesions of the gland. The results of preoperative ultrasonic examinations were compared with the findings at surgery. For the ultrasonic diagnosis \"cyst\", a predictive value of 88% was calculated. It is concluded that ultrasonic examination represents a reliable tool for the detection of thyroid cysts.", "PMID": 1189854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11349", "title": "Papillary thyroid carcinoma in Denmark 1943-68. I. Incidence and clinical features.", "content": "On the basis of nation-wide Danish data on 1691 cases of thyroid carcinoma during the years 1943-1968, the author reports on 416 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma reported to the Danish Cancer Registry. Diagnosis was made prior to surgery in about 40% of the cases, in accordance with previous experience. Papillary thyroid carcinoma tends to be less frequent in Denmark than elsewhere, contrary to the assumption of an increased occurrence in areas where goitre is not endemic. For thyroid carcinoma age-adjusted male incidence rates are lowest in Denmark and Great Britain, while female rates for Denmark are second lowest, being lower only in Great Britain. On the other hand, age-adjusted mortality rates are higher in Denmark than in any other country. These findings are discussed. In the past decade the annual number of reported cases has been constant, indicating that the incidence is stationary, although interest in a knowledge of C.T. is on the increase.", "contents": "Papillary thyroid carcinoma in Denmark 1943-68. I. Incidence and clinical features. On the basis of nation-wide Danish data on 1691 cases of thyroid carcinoma during the years 1943-1968, the author reports on 416 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma reported to the Danish Cancer Registry. Diagnosis was made prior to surgery in about 40% of the cases, in accordance with previous experience. Papillary thyroid carcinoma tends to be less frequent in Denmark than elsewhere, contrary to the assumption of an increased occurrence in areas where goitre is not endemic. For thyroid carcinoma age-adjusted male incidence rates are lowest in Denmark and Great Britain, while female rates for Denmark are second lowest, being lower only in Great Britain. On the other hand, age-adjusted mortality rates are higher in Denmark than in any other country. These findings are discussed. In the past decade the annual number of reported cases has been constant, indicating that the incidence is stationary, although interest in a knowledge of C.T. is on the increase.", "PMID": 1189855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11350", "title": "The peripheral blood pressure in legs with venous ulcers.", "content": "Venous ulcers require effective compression treatment which is, however, contra-indicated in cases of arterial insufficiency. In elderly patients with typical venous ulcers the question arises whether they may have concomitant arterial insufficiency. In early studies is was proved that arterial insufficiency in the lower limbs may be diagnosed as a low systolic blood pressure in the great toe as compared with the systolic arm blood pressure. In the present investigation the systolic blood pressure in the great toe was measured in 48 patients with verified venous ulcers. The toe blood pressure and the pressure difference from arm to toe were studied and compared with the corresponding values in normal subjects. 35 patients had no evidence of arterial insufficiency, but in 13 cases signs of concomitant arterial insufficiency was found. The method of measuring the systolic blood pressure in the toes seems to be a simple and reliable method for estimating the degree of arterial insufficiency even in patients with chronic venous disease.", "contents": "The peripheral blood pressure in legs with venous ulcers. Venous ulcers require effective compression treatment which is, however, contra-indicated in cases of arterial insufficiency. In elderly patients with typical venous ulcers the question arises whether they may have concomitant arterial insufficiency. In early studies is was proved that arterial insufficiency in the lower limbs may be diagnosed as a low systolic blood pressure in the great toe as compared with the systolic arm blood pressure. In the present investigation the systolic blood pressure in the great toe was measured in 48 patients with verified venous ulcers. The toe blood pressure and the pressure difference from arm to toe were studied and compared with the corresponding values in normal subjects. 35 patients had no evidence of arterial insufficiency, but in 13 cases signs of concomitant arterial insufficiency was found. The method of measuring the systolic blood pressure in the toes seems to be a simple and reliable method for estimating the degree of arterial insufficiency even in patients with chronic venous disease.", "PMID": 1189856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11351", "title": "Reactive hyperaemia of the human lower limb. A comparison between the effect of tourniquet occlusion, selective arterial occlusion and intra-arterial papaverine injection.", "content": "Reactive hyperaemia of the lower limbs in 30 non-atherosclerotic subjects and in 24 patients operated for arterial occlusive disease was investigated preoperatively by electromagnetic flowmetry of the femoral artery. In normal limbs maximal flow values after 5 minutes of tourniquet occlusion averaged 482% of basal flow. Maximal flow increased little when occlusion time was extended beyond 2 minutes. This indicated that occlusion times shorter than the conventional 5 minutes were sufficient in clinical reactive hyperaemia tests. Selective occlusion of the normal femoral artery induced a maximal flow, which was about 50% of that obtained by tourniquet occlusion. The flow increase observed after papaverine injection in this group was 88% of the response induced by 5 minutes of tourniquet occlusion. After arterial reconstruction 5 minutes of selective occlusion of the reconstructed artery induced a maximal flow, which was only 150% of basal flow, whereas papaverine injection increased blood flow to 261.0% of basal level in this group. It is concluded that the hyperaemia induced by intraarterial papaverine injection is considered a useful index of the possibility of flow increase after arterial reconstructions.", "contents": "Reactive hyperaemia of the human lower limb. A comparison between the effect of tourniquet occlusion, selective arterial occlusion and intra-arterial papaverine injection. Reactive hyperaemia of the lower limbs in 30 non-atherosclerotic subjects and in 24 patients operated for arterial occlusive disease was investigated preoperatively by electromagnetic flowmetry of the femoral artery. In normal limbs maximal flow values after 5 minutes of tourniquet occlusion averaged 482% of basal flow. Maximal flow increased little when occlusion time was extended beyond 2 minutes. This indicated that occlusion times shorter than the conventional 5 minutes were sufficient in clinical reactive hyperaemia tests. Selective occlusion of the normal femoral artery induced a maximal flow, which was about 50% of that obtained by tourniquet occlusion. The flow increase observed after papaverine injection in this group was 88% of the response induced by 5 minutes of tourniquet occlusion. After arterial reconstruction 5 minutes of selective occlusion of the reconstructed artery induced a maximal flow, which was only 150% of basal flow, whereas papaverine injection increased blood flow to 261.0% of basal level in this group. It is concluded that the hyperaemia induced by intraarterial papaverine injection is considered a useful index of the possibility of flow increase after arterial reconstructions.", "PMID": 1189857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11352", "title": "Postoperative leg vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolisn after upper abdominal operations. A prospective study with 125I fibrinogentest and pulmonary scintigraphy.", "content": "The incidence of postoperative deep venous thrombosis in the lower limbs and of pulmonary embolism has been studied in 49 patients operated upon for gallbladder and gastric diseases. 125I fibrinogen test was performed preoperatively and usually five times postoperatively. Pulmonary scintigraphy was also performed preoperatively and usually twice after the operation. An attempt was made to evaluate the prophylactic effect of Dextran 40. Only one patient developed a deep vein thrombosis without clinical signs. Postoperative pulmonary embolism was found in 13 patients, all but one clinically silent. The second postoperative pulmonary scintigraphy showed that the emboli had disappeared or diminished in 6 patients. Because of the low number of patients with deep venous thrombosis the prophylactic effect of Dextran 40 could not be assessed. The present investigation showed that the incidence of deep venous thrombosis in the legs was low after operations in the upper part of the abdomen while the incidence of pulmonary embolism was high. No connection between leg vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Postoperative leg vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolisn after upper abdominal operations. A prospective study with 125I fibrinogentest and pulmonary scintigraphy. The incidence of postoperative deep venous thrombosis in the lower limbs and of pulmonary embolism has been studied in 49 patients operated upon for gallbladder and gastric diseases. 125I fibrinogen test was performed preoperatively and usually five times postoperatively. Pulmonary scintigraphy was also performed preoperatively and usually twice after the operation. An attempt was made to evaluate the prophylactic effect of Dextran 40. Only one patient developed a deep vein thrombosis without clinical signs. Postoperative pulmonary embolism was found in 13 patients, all but one clinically silent. The second postoperative pulmonary scintigraphy showed that the emboli had disappeared or diminished in 6 patients. Because of the low number of patients with deep venous thrombosis the prophylactic effect of Dextran 40 could not be assessed. The present investigation showed that the incidence of deep venous thrombosis in the legs was low after operations in the upper part of the abdomen while the incidence of pulmonary embolism was high. No connection between leg vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1189858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11353", "title": "Evaluation of peroperative cholangiography during cholecystectomy.", "content": "In a retrospective investigation comprising 219 choledochotomies, of which 57 were explorative (26%), and 162 were choledocholithotomies (74%), an attempt has been made to evaluate the indications for exploration of the common duct and the diagnostic reliability of post-explorative cholangiography. Retrospectively, we find that explorative choledochotomy was justified in 40 out of 57 cases, unless the risk of overlooking stones in the bile ducts was to be increased. In the remainder of the cases (17/57) it was a question of either misinterpretation or of non-evaluable cholangiograms. A diagnostic reliability of 93.6% was obtained at post-explorative cholangiography, making incidence of residual stones at postoperative cholangiography 6.4%. The errors were due to either technically poor cholangiograms (4/14) or misinterpretations (10/14). The conclusion is that peroperative cholangiography is a most important aid in diagnosing stones in the bile ducts before as well after choledochotomy, but that the results presumably to some extent can be improved by using radiological expertise.", "contents": "Evaluation of peroperative cholangiography during cholecystectomy. In a retrospective investigation comprising 219 choledochotomies, of which 57 were explorative (26%), and 162 were choledocholithotomies (74%), an attempt has been made to evaluate the indications for exploration of the common duct and the diagnostic reliability of post-explorative cholangiography. Retrospectively, we find that explorative choledochotomy was justified in 40 out of 57 cases, unless the risk of overlooking stones in the bile ducts was to be increased. In the remainder of the cases (17/57) it was a question of either misinterpretation or of non-evaluable cholangiograms. A diagnostic reliability of 93.6% was obtained at post-explorative cholangiography, making incidence of residual stones at postoperative cholangiography 6.4%. The errors were due to either technically poor cholangiograms (4/14) or misinterpretations (10/14). The conclusion is that peroperative cholangiography is a most important aid in diagnosing stones in the bile ducts before as well after choledochotomy, but that the results presumably to some extent can be improved by using radiological expertise.", "PMID": 1189859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11354", "title": "The Mallory-Weiss syndrome.", "content": "During a 41/2-year period, 1970-74, 174 patients with upper gastro-intestinal bleeding were admitted to the Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitale, Copenhagen, Denmark. In 11, a Mallory-Weiss syndrome was diagnosed. In 10, the diagnosis was made by means of gastroscopy, and in 1 patient at operation. It was not possible to make the diagnosis by means of X-ray examination of the oesophagus or the stomach. In one patient, a hiatal hernia was found. The etiology was violent and repeated vomiting. In 9 of the cases the syndrome was cuased by chronic alcoholic debauch and migraine. In 1 patient, the disease was caused by an abrupt external trauma of the abdomen after a traffic accident. In the last patient, the cause of the disease was uncertain. The treatment was entirely conservative, i.e. blood replacement, in 10 of the patients. The bleeding stopped after this treatment, and it was not necessary to use a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube, nor was a later surgical exploration needed, except in one patient in whom an emergency operation was required because of extensive and persistent bleeding. At operation, 3 mucosal tears were sutured. At the time of discharge, all 11 patients were feeling well. Based on the present material, and cases reported in the literature, we have concluded that emergency gastroscopy is the most reliable diagnostic measure in patients with the Mallory-Weiss syndrome. The treatment ought to be as conservative as possible with replacement of the blood, and surgical intervention should be performed only in the few patients with incontrollable bleeding.", "contents": "The Mallory-Weiss syndrome. During a 41/2-year period, 1970-74, 174 patients with upper gastro-intestinal bleeding were admitted to the Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitale, Copenhagen, Denmark. In 11, a Mallory-Weiss syndrome was diagnosed. In 10, the diagnosis was made by means of gastroscopy, and in 1 patient at operation. It was not possible to make the diagnosis by means of X-ray examination of the oesophagus or the stomach. In one patient, a hiatal hernia was found. The etiology was violent and repeated vomiting. In 9 of the cases the syndrome was cuased by chronic alcoholic debauch and migraine. In 1 patient, the disease was caused by an abrupt external trauma of the abdomen after a traffic accident. In the last patient, the cause of the disease was uncertain. The treatment was entirely conservative, i.e. blood replacement, in 10 of the patients. The bleeding stopped after this treatment, and it was not necessary to use a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube, nor was a later surgical exploration needed, except in one patient in whom an emergency operation was required because of extensive and persistent bleeding. At operation, 3 mucosal tears were sutured. At the time of discharge, all 11 patients were feeling well. Based on the present material, and cases reported in the literature, we have concluded that emergency gastroscopy is the most reliable diagnostic measure in patients with the Mallory-Weiss syndrome. The treatment ought to be as conservative as possible with replacement of the blood, and surgical intervention should be performed only in the few patients with incontrollable bleeding.", "PMID": 1189860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11355", "title": "Studies on small intestinal obstruction. III. Circulatory effects of artificial small bowel distension.", "content": "Feline small-bowel circulation was studied during in vitro homologous perfusion of denervated intestine, following artificial and successive elevation of the intraluminal pressure. The specimens were inflated with nitrogen in 20 mmHg increments to the 100 mmHg level. Each pressure level was maintained for a 10-minute period. After deflation the specimens were studied for a further 60 minutes. Blood flow, vascular resistance, capillary filtration, and oxygen consumption were significantly affected by the distension. In the post-distension period flow rate and vascular resistance remained on levels differing significantly from the control values, whereas capillary filtration and oxygen consumption reverted immediately to levels not differing from the control values. It is concluded that, in isolated and denervated small intestine of the cat, an elevated intra-intestinal pressure affects the consecutive vascular sections in a similar manner, probably by simple mechanical compression. Flow rate is reduced less than capillary filtration, suggesting an opening of short-circuiting shunts in the bowel wall. In the post-distension phase vascular resistance remains elevated, while the exchange circulation is rapidly and completely restored, suggesting an extensive closure of the short-circuiting shunts.", "contents": "Studies on small intestinal obstruction. III. Circulatory effects of artificial small bowel distension. Feline small-bowel circulation was studied during in vitro homologous perfusion of denervated intestine, following artificial and successive elevation of the intraluminal pressure. The specimens were inflated with nitrogen in 20 mmHg increments to the 100 mmHg level. Each pressure level was maintained for a 10-minute period. After deflation the specimens were studied for a further 60 minutes. Blood flow, vascular resistance, capillary filtration, and oxygen consumption were significantly affected by the distension. In the post-distension period flow rate and vascular resistance remained on levels differing significantly from the control values, whereas capillary filtration and oxygen consumption reverted immediately to levels not differing from the control values. It is concluded that, in isolated and denervated small intestine of the cat, an elevated intra-intestinal pressure affects the consecutive vascular sections in a similar manner, probably by simple mechanical compression. Flow rate is reduced less than capillary filtration, suggesting an opening of short-circuiting shunts in the bowel wall. In the post-distension phase vascular resistance remains elevated, while the exchange circulation is rapidly and completely restored, suggesting an extensive closure of the short-circuiting shunts.", "PMID": 1189861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11356", "title": "Studies on small intestinal obstruction. IV. Circulatiory effects of artificial small bowel distension after obstruction.", "content": "Feline small-bowel circulation was studied during in vitro homologous perfusion of denervated intestine shortly after release of an in vivo small-bowel obstruction. Blood flow, vascular resistance, capillary filtration, and oxygen consumption were determined. A previous study demonstrated that any microcirculatory impairment accompanying obstruction was rapidly ameliorated after decompression of the bowel. In the present study the specimens were distended in 20 mmHg increments to the 100 mmHg level. Each pressure level was maintained for a 10 minute period. After deflation the specimens were studied for a further 60 minutes. The results indicate that the microcirculation of the previously obstructed intestine reacts to a considerable distension in essentially the same way as does that of non-obstructed intestine. Certain findings suggest, however, that, by way of enhanced distensibility, an obstruction may render the capillary bed more susceptible to a moderate in crease in intra-intestinal pressure, an increase that in itself does not reduce the capillary filtration rate in non-obstucted intestine.", "contents": "Studies on small intestinal obstruction. IV. Circulatiory effects of artificial small bowel distension after obstruction. Feline small-bowel circulation was studied during in vitro homologous perfusion of denervated intestine shortly after release of an in vivo small-bowel obstruction. Blood flow, vascular resistance, capillary filtration, and oxygen consumption were determined. A previous study demonstrated that any microcirculatory impairment accompanying obstruction was rapidly ameliorated after decompression of the bowel. In the present study the specimens were distended in 20 mmHg increments to the 100 mmHg level. Each pressure level was maintained for a 10 minute period. After deflation the specimens were studied for a further 60 minutes. The results indicate that the microcirculation of the previously obstructed intestine reacts to a considerable distension in essentially the same way as does that of non-obstructed intestine. Certain findings suggest, however, that, by way of enhanced distensibility, an obstruction may render the capillary bed more susceptible to a moderate in crease in intra-intestinal pressure, an increase that in itself does not reduce the capillary filtration rate in non-obstucted intestine.", "PMID": 1189862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11357", "title": "Volvulus of the colon.", "content": "The results of treatment for volvulus of the colon during 13 years in a community hospital are analysed, It is concluded that sigmoid volvulus should be treated with proctoscopic examination and insertion of a rectal tube, unless signs of gangreana or peritonitis are present. In patients without accompanying sever diseases, elective resection should be performed later. Repeated tube decompressions should be attempted in patients with recurrence and high operative risk. Unsuccessful tube decompressions or signs of a non-viable colon should be followed by emergence laparotomy and, probably, resection of the sigmoid colon whether gangraena is present or not. Volvulus of the cecum should be treated with operative reduction and pexia or cecostomy, unless gangreana necessitating a hemicolectomy is present.", "contents": "Volvulus of the colon. The results of treatment for volvulus of the colon during 13 years in a community hospital are analysed, It is concluded that sigmoid volvulus should be treated with proctoscopic examination and insertion of a rectal tube, unless signs of gangreana or peritonitis are present. In patients without accompanying sever diseases, elective resection should be performed later. Repeated tube decompressions should be attempted in patients with recurrence and high operative risk. Unsuccessful tube decompressions or signs of a non-viable colon should be followed by emergence laparotomy and, probably, resection of the sigmoid colon whether gangraena is present or not. Volvulus of the cecum should be treated with operative reduction and pexia or cecostomy, unless gangreana necessitating a hemicolectomy is present.", "PMID": 1189863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11358", "title": "Five cases and five unusual indications for autogenic renal transplantation.", "content": "Five cases of renal autotransplantation representing five different indications for the procedure are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Five cases and five unusual indications for autogenic renal transplantation. Five cases of renal autotransplantation representing five different indications for the procedure are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 1189864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11359", "title": "[Obstetric prognosis in cases of conjugal sterility evaluation and management of 224 couples].", "content": "A retrospective study was carried out in 224 sterile couples examined at the Obstetric and Gynecological Clinic of Genoa University for diagnosis and treatment. The study was performed between November 1, 1970 and May 31, 1973. Secondary sterility was not included. Altogether 84 pregnancies were obtained which amounts to a success rate of 37.5%. Of these 84 pregnancies, 15 started after hysterosalpingography and 17 occurred in couples who had not been given any treatment. Gonadotropin therapy yielded good results in cases treated for anovulation (30% pregnancies) and for slight oligoasthenospermia (32.65% pregnancies). Clomiphene treatment, too, gave good results, with 50% pregnancies. In sterility probably due to inflammatory conditions, the success rate obtained by medical treatment with 12%, while surgical management of tubal occlusions, performed in six cases, yielded only one pregnancy; a single pregnancy was equally obtained in three cases of uterine malformation submitted to Strassmann's operation. Also, only one pregnancy followed surgical treatment of the male partner (ligature of the left internal spermatic vein) in three cases of oligoasthenospermia. Among the couples where deficiencies could be ascertained in both partners, 33.33% of the women became pregnant. As for the evolution of the pregnancies obtained, only 9.52% aborted and 2.39% were ectopic.", "contents": "[Obstetric prognosis in cases of conjugal sterility evaluation and management of 224 couples]. A retrospective study was carried out in 224 sterile couples examined at the Obstetric and Gynecological Clinic of Genoa University for diagnosis and treatment. The study was performed between November 1, 1970 and May 31, 1973. Secondary sterility was not included. Altogether 84 pregnancies were obtained which amounts to a success rate of 37.5%. Of these 84 pregnancies, 15 started after hysterosalpingography and 17 occurred in couples who had not been given any treatment. Gonadotropin therapy yielded good results in cases treated for anovulation (30% pregnancies) and for slight oligoasthenospermia (32.65% pregnancies). Clomiphene treatment, too, gave good results, with 50% pregnancies. In sterility probably due to inflammatory conditions, the success rate obtained by medical treatment with 12%, while surgical management of tubal occlusions, performed in six cases, yielded only one pregnancy; a single pregnancy was equally obtained in three cases of uterine malformation submitted to Strassmann's operation. Also, only one pregnancy followed surgical treatment of the male partner (ligature of the left internal spermatic vein) in three cases of oligoasthenospermia. Among the couples where deficiencies could be ascertained in both partners, 33.33% of the women became pregnant. As for the evolution of the pregnancies obtained, only 9.52% aborted and 2.39% were ectopic.", "PMID": 1189865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11360", "title": "Chemical sterilization: effects of a single high dose of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol on the testes and epididymides of dog.", "content": "A single high dose (70 mg/kg) of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (alpha-chlorohydrin) caused pathological degeneration in the testes of dog when examined after 33 days. The seminiferous tubules were depleted of spermatogenic elements. Epididymal epithelium was regressed, the lumen was empty and the passage through the duct was unimpaired. Alpha-chlorohydrin inhibited the synthesis of RNA and sialic acid of the testes and epididymides. A single high dose of alpha-chlorohydrin increased the total cholesterol/g of wet testis tissue which could be correlated with the testicular atrophy. Antiandrogenic nature of the compound has been discussed.", "contents": "Chemical sterilization: effects of a single high dose of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol on the testes and epididymides of dog. A single high dose (70 mg/kg) of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (alpha-chlorohydrin) caused pathological degeneration in the testes of dog when examined after 33 days. The seminiferous tubules were depleted of spermatogenic elements. Epididymal epithelium was regressed, the lumen was empty and the passage through the duct was unimpaired. Alpha-chlorohydrin inhibited the synthesis of RNA and sialic acid of the testes and epididymides. A single high dose of alpha-chlorohydrin increased the total cholesterol/g of wet testis tissue which could be correlated with the testicular atrophy. Antiandrogenic nature of the compound has been discussed.", "PMID": 1189867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11361", "title": "Glucose and insulin tolerance throughout the menstrual cycle.", "content": "On the basis of the behaviour during menstrual cycle of the pituitary hormones plasma levels, the Authors have studied during the different periods of the cycle (follicular, ovulatory and luteal) the effects of OGTT and ITT's on the plasma levels of Glucose, insulin, HGH and Cortisol. Significantly lower levels of IRI, HGH and Cortisol were found in follicular phase compared to ovulatory period and luteal phase except for Cortisol in luteal phase. A slightly higher glucose tolerance was found in follicular phase as well as a reduced hypoglicemia under insulin load. Reduced HGH response to ITT was found in follicular phase as well as a reduced Cortisol response compared to the results observed in ovulatory and luteal phase. These data sustain the concept that hormonal variations occurring in an ovulatory cycle are also capable of modifying the woman's body response to various stimuli such as OGTT and ITT.", "contents": "Glucose and insulin tolerance throughout the menstrual cycle. On the basis of the behaviour during menstrual cycle of the pituitary hormones plasma levels, the Authors have studied during the different periods of the cycle (follicular, ovulatory and luteal) the effects of OGTT and ITT's on the plasma levels of Glucose, insulin, HGH and Cortisol. Significantly lower levels of IRI, HGH and Cortisol were found in follicular phase compared to ovulatory period and luteal phase except for Cortisol in luteal phase. A slightly higher glucose tolerance was found in follicular phase as well as a reduced hypoglicemia under insulin load. Reduced HGH response to ITT was found in follicular phase as well as a reduced Cortisol response compared to the results observed in ovulatory and luteal phase. These data sustain the concept that hormonal variations occurring in an ovulatory cycle are also capable of modifying the woman's body response to various stimuli such as OGTT and ITT.", "PMID": 1189868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11362", "title": "[Basal values and circadian variations of testosterone, 17beta-oestradiol, FSH and LH in the plasma of normal adult males].", "content": "The Authors have determined the concentrations of Testosterone, 17beta-oestradiol, FSH and LH by of radioimmunologic assay in blood of seventy normal adult men blood drawn between eight and eleven a.m.) and in blood of thirteen normal adult men blood drawn at eight and twelve a.m., four and eight p.m.). Average values under basal conditions, and circadian variations have been discussed and confronted with those obtained by other authors.", "contents": "[Basal values and circadian variations of testosterone, 17beta-oestradiol, FSH and LH in the plasma of normal adult males]. The Authors have determined the concentrations of Testosterone, 17beta-oestradiol, FSH and LH by of radioimmunologic assay in blood of seventy normal adult men blood drawn between eight and eleven a.m.) and in blood of thirteen normal adult men blood drawn at eight and twelve a.m., four and eight p.m.). Average values under basal conditions, and circadian variations have been discussed and confronted with those obtained by other authors.", "PMID": 1189869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11363", "title": "Changes in sialic acid levels in the dog epididymides under normal and altered physiologic conditions.", "content": "Sialic acid is secreted by the caput, corpus and cauda epididymides of an adult mature dog. 2- alpha-Chlorohydrin administration results in a considerable reduction in the sialic acid content of the epididymides. 3- Single subcutaneous injection of CdCl2 depletes the content of caput epididymides. Whereas in the corpus and cauda region, the sialic acid contents did not change. 4- The epididymides of caput and cauda ligated side showed a marked decrease in contents of sialic acid as compared with that of non-ligated control epididymides of the same animal. Bilateral vasectomy and 72 hour vascular occlusion resulted in the reduction in the sialic acid content of the epididymides. 5- It is interesting to note that the decrease in sialic acid in the epididymides coincided with the absence of sperms and reduced secretory activity of the luminal epithelium. 6- The significance of these changes is discussed.", "contents": "Changes in sialic acid levels in the dog epididymides under normal and altered physiologic conditions. Sialic acid is secreted by the caput, corpus and cauda epididymides of an adult mature dog. 2- alpha-Chlorohydrin administration results in a considerable reduction in the sialic acid content of the epididymides. 3- Single subcutaneous injection of CdCl2 depletes the content of caput epididymides. Whereas in the corpus and cauda region, the sialic acid contents did not change. 4- The epididymides of caput and cauda ligated side showed a marked decrease in contents of sialic acid as compared with that of non-ligated control epididymides of the same animal. Bilateral vasectomy and 72 hour vascular occlusion resulted in the reduction in the sialic acid content of the epididymides. 5- It is interesting to note that the decrease in sialic acid in the epididymides coincided with the absence of sperms and reduced secretory activity of the luminal epithelium. 6- The significance of these changes is discussed.", "PMID": 1189870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11364", "title": "A new method for the diagnosis of pelvic pathology by gammagraphy. Part I - description of the method and normal results.", "content": "This is an original method for the diagnosis of pelvic congestion, consisting in the utilization of a radio-isotope suitable for vascular examinations. We have chosen the 13mIn, injected into the patients under operating conditions identical in dosage per kg weight, position, length of exposure, day of cycle etc. The radioactivity emitted is received by an external detector, in this case the Gamma camera. The correlation between a higher degree of radioactivity and the presence of pelvic varicosities is analysed. The criteria employed were: 1 degrees the gammagraphic immages; 2 degrees the profiles taken at the level of the infundibulus and 3 degrees the \"information units\" measured and accumulated by the gammacamera at each point of the profile. A description of a normal pelvic gammagraphy was made, with the characteristics which define it and differenciate it from the pathologies. Finally the physiological gammagraphic variations present in multiparous patients were considered.", "contents": "A new method for the diagnosis of pelvic pathology by gammagraphy. Part I - description of the method and normal results. This is an original method for the diagnosis of pelvic congestion, consisting in the utilization of a radio-isotope suitable for vascular examinations. We have chosen the 13mIn, injected into the patients under operating conditions identical in dosage per kg weight, position, length of exposure, day of cycle etc. The radioactivity emitted is received by an external detector, in this case the Gamma camera. The correlation between a higher degree of radioactivity and the presence of pelvic varicosities is analysed. The criteria employed were: 1 degrees the gammagraphic immages; 2 degrees the profiles taken at the level of the infundibulus and 3 degrees the \"information units\" measured and accumulated by the gammacamera at each point of the profile. A description of a normal pelvic gammagraphy was made, with the characteristics which define it and differenciate it from the pathologies. Finally the physiological gammagraphic variations present in multiparous patients were considered.", "PMID": 1189872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11365", "title": "A new method for the diagnosis of pelvic pathologies Part II - interpretation of abnormal images.", "content": "The results presented are those presented are those obtained on the diagnosis of pelvic congestion by means of the use of radioactive isotopes, following an original method proposed by us and previously described. It has been carried out on 100 patients, of whom 6 were normal and 94 presented some gynecological pathology in the internal genitals. Laparatomy was carried out, proving the lesions visually in 51 cases. The diagnosis was correct in 98% of the cases. Finally the advantages which it presents over phlebography were analysed, and the possibilities of the method in gynecological practice suggested, since it can be used in a great number of genital diseases to carry out a diagnosis of vascular pathology.", "contents": "A new method for the diagnosis of pelvic pathologies Part II - interpretation of abnormal images. The results presented are those presented are those obtained on the diagnosis of pelvic congestion by means of the use of radioactive isotopes, following an original method proposed by us and previously described. It has been carried out on 100 patients, of whom 6 were normal and 94 presented some gynecological pathology in the internal genitals. Laparatomy was carried out, proving the lesions visually in 51 cases. The diagnosis was correct in 98% of the cases. Finally the advantages which it presents over phlebography were analysed, and the possibilities of the method in gynecological practice suggested, since it can be used in a great number of genital diseases to carry out a diagnosis of vascular pathology.", "PMID": 1189873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11366", "title": "Obstetrical analgesia assessed by free fatty acid mobilisation.", "content": "Two groups of six parturients each have been compared. One group received centrally acting analgesics, sedatives and intermittent nitrous oxide and the other group was given epidural anaesthesia. The serum free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations of the parturients in the former group increased steadily during labour, attaining peak values between 1050 and 1750 mumol/l at delivery. In parturients belonging to the epidural group, the serum FFA concentrations remained level or even fell towards the time of delivery. It is suggested that the increase in serum FFA reflects a stress induced adrenergic lipolysis which may be used to assiss the various methods for obstetrical analgesia. It is concluded that epidural anaesthesia is superior to the conventional methods of pain relief. Analyses of blood sampled from the unbilical veins show that the concentrations of FFA in the blood of the newborns do not reflect the corresponding maternal values. Thus, epidural anaesthesia does not seem to deprive the fetus of FFA during labour since the factor limiting its transfer appears to be independent of the concentration gradient over the placental membrane.", "contents": "Obstetrical analgesia assessed by free fatty acid mobilisation. Two groups of six parturients each have been compared. One group received centrally acting analgesics, sedatives and intermittent nitrous oxide and the other group was given epidural anaesthesia. The serum free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations of the parturients in the former group increased steadily during labour, attaining peak values between 1050 and 1750 mumol/l at delivery. In parturients belonging to the epidural group, the serum FFA concentrations remained level or even fell towards the time of delivery. It is suggested that the increase in serum FFA reflects a stress induced adrenergic lipolysis which may be used to assiss the various methods for obstetrical analgesia. It is concluded that epidural anaesthesia is superior to the conventional methods of pain relief. Analyses of blood sampled from the unbilical veins show that the concentrations of FFA in the blood of the newborns do not reflect the corresponding maternal values. Thus, epidural anaesthesia does not seem to deprive the fetus of FFA during labour since the factor limiting its transfer appears to be independent of the concentration gradient over the placental membrane.", "PMID": 1189878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11367", "title": "A rational approach to dosage and preparation of parenteral glucocorticoid substitution therapy during surgical procedures. A short review.", "content": "A rational physiological schedule for parenteral glucocorticoid substitution therapy during surgical procedures is proposed based on the principle of imitating the normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical response to surgery. The schedule includes the injection of 25 mg cortisol intravenously in all patients together with induction of anaesthesia. Following major surgery, 100 mg cortisol dissolved in saline or glucose is continuously infused intravenously every 24 hours until gastrointestinal function permits oral intake of usual glucocorticoid substitution therapy. In case continuous cortisol infusion is undesirable, 25 mg cortisol is injected intravenously every four hours. Following minor surgery, usual oral glucocorticoid therapy is started immediately after the operation. It is recommended to use water-soluble cortisol preparations and not cortisone acetate, which results in limited plasma cortisol levels.", "contents": "A rational approach to dosage and preparation of parenteral glucocorticoid substitution therapy during surgical procedures. A short review. A rational physiological schedule for parenteral glucocorticoid substitution therapy during surgical procedures is proposed based on the principle of imitating the normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical response to surgery. The schedule includes the injection of 25 mg cortisol intravenously in all patients together with induction of anaesthesia. Following major surgery, 100 mg cortisol dissolved in saline or glucose is continuously infused intravenously every 24 hours until gastrointestinal function permits oral intake of usual glucocorticoid substitution therapy. In case continuous cortisol infusion is undesirable, 25 mg cortisol is injected intravenously every four hours. Following minor surgery, usual oral glucocorticoid therapy is started immediately after the operation. It is recommended to use water-soluble cortisol preparations and not cortisone acetate, which results in limited plasma cortisol levels.", "PMID": 1189879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11368", "title": "Blood circulation in the kidney of the cat under methoxyflurane (penthrane) anaesthesia.", "content": "In order to establish whether methoxyflurane causes any change in renal vascular resistance, the renal venous flow was measured by means of a drop recording technique in six cats under methoxyflurane anaesthesia. Arterial pressure was recorded simultaneously, and the renal vascular resistance was calculated. Methoxyflurane caused a significant reduction of the renal vascular resistance to about 85% of control value at an anaesthetic depth characterised by loss of the corneal reflex. At a deeper anaesthetic stage characterised by steady state circulation and absence of any reflexes, no further significant fall in renal vascular resistance occurred. Autoregulation and depression of the sympathetic activity are assumed to explain the reduction of the renal vascular resistance.", "contents": "Blood circulation in the kidney of the cat under methoxyflurane (penthrane) anaesthesia. In order to establish whether methoxyflurane causes any change in renal vascular resistance, the renal venous flow was measured by means of a drop recording technique in six cats under methoxyflurane anaesthesia. Arterial pressure was recorded simultaneously, and the renal vascular resistance was calculated. Methoxyflurane caused a significant reduction of the renal vascular resistance to about 85% of control value at an anaesthetic depth characterised by loss of the corneal reflex. At a deeper anaesthetic stage characterised by steady state circulation and absence of any reflexes, no further significant fall in renal vascular resistance occurred. Autoregulation and depression of the sympathetic activity are assumed to explain the reduction of the renal vascular resistance.", "PMID": 1189880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11369", "title": "The interaction of tilidine and pethidine in postoperative pain.", "content": "The mode of interaction between the new, non-narcotic analgesic tilidine and pethidine was studied in the treatment of postoperative pain. The potency ratio 3:1 (pethidine:tilidine) found previously was used in the comparison. Thus 0.25 mg/kg of pethidine with 0.75 mg/kg of tilidine and 0.5 mg/kg of pethidine with 1.5 mg/kg of tilidine were compared with 0.5 mg/kg and with 1.0 mg/kg of pethidine. These drug combinations proved to be equipotent with the pethidine dosages used. Consequently the mode of interaction seemed to be additive synergism. The onset of action was slightly faster with pethidine, but the duration of action was longer with pethidine-tilidine combinations. Respiratory depression and sedation were less evident after pethidine-tilidine combinations than after equianalgesic doses of pethidine. Circulatory effects were similar in all groups. No statistical difference in other side effects could be demonstrated between the groups.", "contents": "The interaction of tilidine and pethidine in postoperative pain. The mode of interaction between the new, non-narcotic analgesic tilidine and pethidine was studied in the treatment of postoperative pain. The potency ratio 3:1 (pethidine:tilidine) found previously was used in the comparison. Thus 0.25 mg/kg of pethidine with 0.75 mg/kg of tilidine and 0.5 mg/kg of pethidine with 1.5 mg/kg of tilidine were compared with 0.5 mg/kg and with 1.0 mg/kg of pethidine. These drug combinations proved to be equipotent with the pethidine dosages used. Consequently the mode of interaction seemed to be additive synergism. The onset of action was slightly faster with pethidine, but the duration of action was longer with pethidine-tilidine combinations. Respiratory depression and sedation were less evident after pethidine-tilidine combinations than after equianalgesic doses of pethidine. Circulatory effects were similar in all groups. No statistical difference in other side effects could be demonstrated between the groups.", "PMID": 1189881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11370", "title": "Brain damage following collapse of a polyvinyl tube: elasticity and permeability of the cuff.", "content": "A 13-year-old boy undergoing tympanoplasty lasting 3 1/2 hours developed serious airway obstruction at the end of surgery leading to permanent brain damage. It appeared that the no. 7 Portex \"blue line\" endotracheal tube had collapsed under the cuff. This was concluded because deflation of the cuff had promptly relieved the obstruction of the airway. Further support for this conclusion was the finding that shortly after extubation the inflation of 8 ml air caused the tube to collapse. Collapse of these tubes cannot normally be produced unless they have been made to collapse shortly before. Investigation of such tubes in vitro at 37 degrees C showed that overinflation of the cuff caused a symmetrical collapse of the tube wall along the x-ray opaque blue line. The collapse occurred with cuff pressures varying from 310 mmHg up to 460 mmHg for tubes from different batches. During anaesthesia with 66% nitrous oxide, this gas together with carbon dioxide were found to diffuse into the cuff at steady rates of 3.69 vol % and 0.36 vol % per hour, respectively. Corresponding increases in intracuff volumes were found. It is advised that disposable tubes should be carefully inspected before use and that endotracheal cuffs should be deflated periodically during anaesthesia to avoid excessive rise in cuff pressure.", "contents": "Brain damage following collapse of a polyvinyl tube: elasticity and permeability of the cuff. A 13-year-old boy undergoing tympanoplasty lasting 3 1/2 hours developed serious airway obstruction at the end of surgery leading to permanent brain damage. It appeared that the no. 7 Portex \"blue line\" endotracheal tube had collapsed under the cuff. This was concluded because deflation of the cuff had promptly relieved the obstruction of the airway. Further support for this conclusion was the finding that shortly after extubation the inflation of 8 ml air caused the tube to collapse. Collapse of these tubes cannot normally be produced unless they have been made to collapse shortly before. Investigation of such tubes in vitro at 37 degrees C showed that overinflation of the cuff caused a symmetrical collapse of the tube wall along the x-ray opaque blue line. The collapse occurred with cuff pressures varying from 310 mmHg up to 460 mmHg for tubes from different batches. During anaesthesia with 66% nitrous oxide, this gas together with carbon dioxide were found to diffuse into the cuff at steady rates of 3.69 vol % and 0.36 vol % per hour, respectively. Corresponding increases in intracuff volumes were found. It is advised that disposable tubes should be carefully inspected before use and that endotracheal cuffs should be deflated periodically during anaesthesia to avoid excessive rise in cuff pressure.", "PMID": 1189882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11371", "title": "Whole-brain blood flow and oxygen metabolism in the rat after halothane anesthesia.", "content": "A recent modification of the Kety-Schmidt wash-out technique for 133xenon was used to measure whole-brain blood flow (CBF) and oxygen consumption (CMRO2) 1 to 4 hours after termination of halothane anesthesia in 15 Wistar rats. In this 3-hour experimental period, mean CBF and CMRO2 were reduced to 29 and 43% of control values, respectively. CBF and CMRO2 determined at the beginning and end of the experimental period were not significantly different from each other. Cerebral venous O2 tension was significantly higher than in the control group, supporting recent suggestions of a primary, intrinsic effect of halothane on the homeostatic control of this variable. It is concluded that halothane is not useful for cerebral metabolic studies in the rat.", "contents": "Whole-brain blood flow and oxygen metabolism in the rat after halothane anesthesia. A recent modification of the Kety-Schmidt wash-out technique for 133xenon was used to measure whole-brain blood flow (CBF) and oxygen consumption (CMRO2) 1 to 4 hours after termination of halothane anesthesia in 15 Wistar rats. In this 3-hour experimental period, mean CBF and CMRO2 were reduced to 29 and 43% of control values, respectively. CBF and CMRO2 determined at the beginning and end of the experimental period were not significantly different from each other. Cerebral venous O2 tension was significantly higher than in the control group, supporting recent suggestions of a primary, intrinsic effect of halothane on the homeostatic control of this variable. It is concluded that halothane is not useful for cerebral metabolic studies in the rat.", "PMID": 1189883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11372", "title": "Suppression and regeneration of rat bone marrow under the influence of methotrexate. An EM study.", "content": "Adult male rats were given daily injections of methotrexate for 12 days, during which time specimens of femoral bone marrow were taken for correlative light- and electron-microscopic study. After 12 days methotrexate was discontinued and specimens were taken the marrow recovered from the effect of methotrexate. Normal rat bone marrow was used as a basis of comparison. As methotrexate was administered, cell division ceased and the immature erythroblasts and myelocytes proceeded in the maturational process and a rapid hypocellularity of the marrow developed. Eosinophilic leukocytes, lymphocytes, large fat cells, erythrocytes, and phagocytic reticuloendothelial cells were the only formed elements remaining after 12 days of methotrexate treatment. Two days after methotrexate was discontinued, myeloblasts, myelocytes and proerythroblasts were plentiful, and on the third day the marrow exhibited an erythroid hyperplasia. By the eighth day all cell types were present though the marrow still was hypocellular. 14 days post methotrexate the marrow returned to normal.", "contents": "Suppression and regeneration of rat bone marrow under the influence of methotrexate. An EM study. Adult male rats were given daily injections of methotrexate for 12 days, during which time specimens of femoral bone marrow were taken for correlative light- and electron-microscopic study. After 12 days methotrexate was discontinued and specimens were taken the marrow recovered from the effect of methotrexate. Normal rat bone marrow was used as a basis of comparison. As methotrexate was administered, cell division ceased and the immature erythroblasts and myelocytes proceeded in the maturational process and a rapid hypocellularity of the marrow developed. Eosinophilic leukocytes, lymphocytes, large fat cells, erythrocytes, and phagocytic reticuloendothelial cells were the only formed elements remaining after 12 days of methotrexate treatment. Two days after methotrexate was discontinued, myeloblasts, myelocytes and proerythroblasts were plentiful, and on the third day the marrow exhibited an erythroid hyperplasia. By the eighth day all cell types were present though the marrow still was hypocellular. 14 days post methotrexate the marrow returned to normal.", "PMID": 1189884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11373", "title": "Nature and fate of the ureteric membrane closing the primitive ureterovesical opening.", "content": "83 albino rat embryos were used to investigate and ascertain the presence of the ureteric membrane closing the mouth of the primitive ureterovesical opening. The membrane is found to be derived from the stratified etithelium lining the urogenital sinus and later the developing urinary bladder. It progressively thins out and bulges in the bladder cavity as a result of the increasing functional differentiation and activity of the developing kidney, where the excreted urine dilates the lower end of the ureter till it forms a small cyst-like dilatation before the membrane finally ruptures. The destruction of the ureteric membrane occurs caudal to its center and is immediately followed by dilatation of the bladder cavity and differentiation of mits musculature and lining epitherlium.", "contents": "Nature and fate of the ureteric membrane closing the primitive ureterovesical opening. 83 albino rat embryos were used to investigate and ascertain the presence of the ureteric membrane closing the mouth of the primitive ureterovesical opening. The membrane is found to be derived from the stratified etithelium lining the urogenital sinus and later the developing urinary bladder. It progressively thins out and bulges in the bladder cavity as a result of the increasing functional differentiation and activity of the developing kidney, where the excreted urine dilates the lower end of the ureter till it forms a small cyst-like dilatation before the membrane finally ruptures. The destruction of the ureteric membrane occurs caudal to its center and is immediately followed by dilatation of the bladder cavity and differentiation of mits musculature and lining epitherlium.", "PMID": 1189885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11374", "title": "Lack of development, factor of congenital ureterohydronephrosis.", "content": "Female Swiss mice (25-30 g) received a single subcutaneous injection of 200 mug nucleotoxic substance (chloraminophen) on day 11 of pregnancy. The fetuses taken from the treated mother on day 18 show a significant lack of development and urinary anomalies, such as ureterohydronephrosis (26%) and renal agenesis (few cases). Ureterohydronephrosis seems to be caused by lacking development of the ureterovesical junction region.", "contents": "Lack of development, factor of congenital ureterohydronephrosis. Female Swiss mice (25-30 g) received a single subcutaneous injection of 200 mug nucleotoxic substance (chloraminophen) on day 11 of pregnancy. The fetuses taken from the treated mother on day 18 show a significant lack of development and urinary anomalies, such as ureterohydronephrosis (26%) and renal agenesis (few cases). Ureterohydronephrosis seems to be caused by lacking development of the ureterovesical junction region.", "PMID": 1189886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11375", "title": "Succinic dehydrogenase activity of the respiratory muscles of a fresh-water teleost, Bagarius bagarius (Ham.) (Sisoridae, Pisces).", "content": "Functional morphology including the origin, insertion, and innervation of the respiratory muscles in relation to buccal pressure pump and opercular suction pumps in a fresh-water bottom dwelling siluroid fish, Bagarius bagarius have been studied. Histochemical studies were made on the succinic dehydrogenase activity of adductor mandibulae, retractor tentaculi, levator operculi, dilatator operculi, adductor operculi, intermandibularis, interhyoideus, hyohyoideus superior and constrictor branchialis. The intensity of reaction reveals the presence of three types of muscle fibres in some of the respiratory muscles. The muscle containing red muscle fibres are mostly innervated by the branches of the VIIth cranial nerve. The retractor tentaculi consists of superficial white muscle fibres and the interior part is dominated by red muscle fibres. The muscles (adductor operculi, levator operculi, dilatator operculi, interhyoideus, hyohyoideus superior) concerned with the opercular suction pumps are of mixed type and consist of white and red muscle fibres, whereas adductor mandibulae and intermandibularis are made up entirely of white muscle fibres. The adductor muscle bundles of the constrictor branchialis, which are responsible for movement of gill filaments, are dominated by the red muscle fibres. The abductor part, however, is made up entirely of white muscle fibres.", "contents": "Succinic dehydrogenase activity of the respiratory muscles of a fresh-water teleost, Bagarius bagarius (Ham.) (Sisoridae, Pisces). Functional morphology including the origin, insertion, and innervation of the respiratory muscles in relation to buccal pressure pump and opercular suction pumps in a fresh-water bottom dwelling siluroid fish, Bagarius bagarius have been studied. Histochemical studies were made on the succinic dehydrogenase activity of adductor mandibulae, retractor tentaculi, levator operculi, dilatator operculi, adductor operculi, intermandibularis, interhyoideus, hyohyoideus superior and constrictor branchialis. The intensity of reaction reveals the presence of three types of muscle fibres in some of the respiratory muscles. The muscle containing red muscle fibres are mostly innervated by the branches of the VIIth cranial nerve. The retractor tentaculi consists of superficial white muscle fibres and the interior part is dominated by red muscle fibres. The muscles (adductor operculi, levator operculi, dilatator operculi, interhyoideus, hyohyoideus superior) concerned with the opercular suction pumps are of mixed type and consist of white and red muscle fibres, whereas adductor mandibulae and intermandibularis are made up entirely of white muscle fibres. The adductor muscle bundles of the constrictor branchialis, which are responsible for movement of gill filaments, are dominated by the red muscle fibres. The abductor part, however, is made up entirely of white muscle fibres.", "PMID": 1189887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11376", "title": "Cartilage canals in the human spheno-occipital synchondrosis during fetal life.", "content": "Spheno-occipital synchondroses were studied histologically in eight human fetuses ranging from 100 mm CRL to term. Cartilage canals were present in all seven specimens over 110 mm CRL. With age the canals grew longer and wider and the larger ones developed some branching. The histologic structure, external morphology and spatial arrangement of these cartilage canals were described. Some attributes of cartilage canals were reviewed from available data in the literature and their significance for the present findings discussed. It was suggested that the canals, containing blood vessels and connective tissue elements, actively invade the cartilage of the synchondrosis. It was suggested further that they probably serve as a source of nutrition or as an extension of the perichondrium (and a source of prospective chondroblasts) or both.", "contents": "Cartilage canals in the human spheno-occipital synchondrosis during fetal life. Spheno-occipital synchondroses were studied histologically in eight human fetuses ranging from 100 mm CRL to term. Cartilage canals were present in all seven specimens over 110 mm CRL. With age the canals grew longer and wider and the larger ones developed some branching. The histologic structure, external morphology and spatial arrangement of these cartilage canals were described. Some attributes of cartilage canals were reviewed from available data in the literature and their significance for the present findings discussed. It was suggested that the canals, containing blood vessels and connective tissue elements, actively invade the cartilage of the synchondrosis. It was suggested further that they probably serve as a source of nutrition or as an extension of the perichondrium (and a source of prospective chondroblasts) or both.", "PMID": 1189888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11377", "title": "Semimicroscopical observations on the crista stapedis.", "content": "Adult and fetal human stapes were removed by means of the stereoscopic microscope in order to compare the size of the lamina or crista that joins the crura of the stapes and rests in the lateral aspect of the basis. 65 out of 110 specimens showed cristae of different sizes, whereas the remaining 35% did not possess this structure. The cristae were classified into large, medium-sized and rudimentary. Several incomplete or irregular structures were also found. The cristae or laminae divide the lateral aspect of the base into two fossae: a small upper one and a large lower one, although several variations were found. An edge of the pillar groove was usually continuous with the cristae; however, compact pillars were found at the point where they reach the base, where the cristae orginates. Asymmetrical cristae and changes in the general shape of the stapes were found in several specimens. Two ossicles showed crista with orifices due to resorption or to the passage of vessels.", "contents": "Semimicroscopical observations on the crista stapedis. Adult and fetal human stapes were removed by means of the stereoscopic microscope in order to compare the size of the lamina or crista that joins the crura of the stapes and rests in the lateral aspect of the basis. 65 out of 110 specimens showed cristae of different sizes, whereas the remaining 35% did not possess this structure. The cristae were classified into large, medium-sized and rudimentary. Several incomplete or irregular structures were also found. The cristae or laminae divide the lateral aspect of the base into two fossae: a small upper one and a large lower one, although several variations were found. An edge of the pillar groove was usually continuous with the cristae; however, compact pillars were found at the point where they reach the base, where the cristae orginates. Asymmetrical cristae and changes in the general shape of the stapes were found in several specimens. Two ossicles showed crista with orifices due to resorption or to the passage of vessels.", "PMID": 1189889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11378", "title": "Antagonistic response of chlorpromazine and formalin in effecting quantitative changes in the neurosecretory material in the teleost Clarias batrachus (L.).", "content": "The hypothalamoneurohypophysial complex of Clarias batrachus maintains an appreciable quantity of neurosecretory material (NSM) under normal conditions. Stress caused by the injection of formalin depletes 70-90% of the stainable NSM from all the component parts of the neurosecretory system, namely the nucleus preopticus (NPO) the neurosecretory tract, and the neurohypophysis. Formalin apparently releases the NSM and stimulates the neurons of the NPO. Chlorpromazine (CPZ) treatment seems to cause quantitative increase of NSM throughout the neurosecretory complex. Simultaneous injection of CPZ and formalin showed that the formalin-induced depletion of NSM could be inhibited by CPZ.", "contents": "Antagonistic response of chlorpromazine and formalin in effecting quantitative changes in the neurosecretory material in the teleost Clarias batrachus (L.). The hypothalamoneurohypophysial complex of Clarias batrachus maintains an appreciable quantity of neurosecretory material (NSM) under normal conditions. Stress caused by the injection of formalin depletes 70-90% of the stainable NSM from all the component parts of the neurosecretory system, namely the nucleus preopticus (NPO) the neurosecretory tract, and the neurohypophysis. Formalin apparently releases the NSM and stimulates the neurons of the NPO. Chlorpromazine (CPZ) treatment seems to cause quantitative increase of NSM throughout the neurosecretory complex. Simultaneous injection of CPZ and formalin showed that the formalin-induced depletion of NSM could be inhibited by CPZ.", "PMID": 1189890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11379", "title": "Electrostimulation and morphologic study of the nerves to the bone marrow of the albino rat.", "content": "The innervation of the bone marrow of the albino rat was investigated by electrostimulation and morphological methods. Stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic trunks resulted in the release of reticulocytes and neutrophils into the circulating blood. The effects of stimulation on other cell types in the bone marrow could not be definitely established. It was concluded that the nerve fibers to the bone marrow were distributed to the arteries. It is postulated that the transmitter substance released at the autonomic nerve endings may have an effect upon the permeability of the venous sinusiods and the mobility of the blood cells in the marrow parenchyma resulting in their release into the circulating blood.", "contents": "Electrostimulation and morphologic study of the nerves to the bone marrow of the albino rat. The innervation of the bone marrow of the albino rat was investigated by electrostimulation and morphological methods. Stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic trunks resulted in the release of reticulocytes and neutrophils into the circulating blood. The effects of stimulation on other cell types in the bone marrow could not be definitely established. It was concluded that the nerve fibers to the bone marrow were distributed to the arteries. It is postulated that the transmitter substance released at the autonomic nerve endings may have an effect upon the permeability of the venous sinusiods and the mobility of the blood cells in the marrow parenchyma resulting in their release into the circulating blood.", "PMID": 1189891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11380", "title": "[A histochemical and biometric comparison of the long peroneal muscle and its innervation in Gallus gallus and Coturnix c. japonica].", "content": "Following a previous comparison of the peroneus longus muscle of the quail and the starling, the present paper deals with a comparative study of this muscle in two birds of the order Gallinaceae, the quail and the bantam, bearing in mind certain data found in the starling. The study deals with the types of muscle fibres, their frequency in various parts of the muscle, their lipid content and their innervation. In the quail, two types of fibres are found, with a low and high lipid content respectively, while the bantam and starling have also a third, intermediate type. These intermediate fibres have a characteristically intermediate lipid content, peripherally situated nuclei and areas with a myofibrillar structure. The proportion of the two of three types of fibres varies with the species and in the distal and proximal parts of the muscle. The innervation of the peroneus longus muscle is different in the three species. In the quail, the two types of fibres have only one arboriform motor end-plate per fibre. In the bantam, the two types of homologous fibres also have only one motor end-plate, but with fewer arborifications. The intermediate fibre type, on the other hand, is innervated by several small nerve endings for each muscle fibre. This type of multiple innervation is also found in the starling. The peroneus longus muscle is thus functionally different in the two birds of the order Gallinaceae, whereas the rapid and slow system of innervation is found in the bantam and the starling. In the quail and the bantam, there is a strong positive correlation between the diameter of the muscle fibre and the longitudinal extent of the motor end-plate. This correlation is not marked in the starling. The characteristics of the innervation revealed by the cholinesterase activity concentrated in the synaptic grooves were confirmed by a direct study of the nerve fibres, using the Bielschowsky-Gros method. In the quail only 'en plaque' endings are found, while in the bantam and the starling both 'en plaque' and 'en grappe' endings are present. A parallel is drawn between the differences in function of the peroneus longus muscle and the characteristic features of its histology and innervation in the three species.", "contents": "[A histochemical and biometric comparison of the long peroneal muscle and its innervation in Gallus gallus and Coturnix c. japonica]. Following a previous comparison of the peroneus longus muscle of the quail and the starling, the present paper deals with a comparative study of this muscle in two birds of the order Gallinaceae, the quail and the bantam, bearing in mind certain data found in the starling. The study deals with the types of muscle fibres, their frequency in various parts of the muscle, their lipid content and their innervation. In the quail, two types of fibres are found, with a low and high lipid content respectively, while the bantam and starling have also a third, intermediate type. These intermediate fibres have a characteristically intermediate lipid content, peripherally situated nuclei and areas with a myofibrillar structure. The proportion of the two of three types of fibres varies with the species and in the distal and proximal parts of the muscle. The innervation of the peroneus longus muscle is different in the three species. In the quail, the two types of fibres have only one arboriform motor end-plate per fibre. In the bantam, the two types of homologous fibres also have only one motor end-plate, but with fewer arborifications. The intermediate fibre type, on the other hand, is innervated by several small nerve endings for each muscle fibre. This type of multiple innervation is also found in the starling. The peroneus longus muscle is thus functionally different in the two birds of the order Gallinaceae, whereas the rapid and slow system of innervation is found in the bantam and the starling. In the quail and the bantam, there is a strong positive correlation between the diameter of the muscle fibre and the longitudinal extent of the motor end-plate. This correlation is not marked in the starling. The characteristics of the innervation revealed by the cholinesterase activity concentrated in the synaptic grooves were confirmed by a direct study of the nerve fibres, using the Bielschowsky-Gros method. In the quail only 'en plaque' endings are found, while in the bantam and the starling both 'en plaque' and 'en grappe' endings are present. A parallel is drawn between the differences in function of the peroneus longus muscle and the characteristic features of its histology and innervation in the three species.", "PMID": 1189892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11381", "title": "Trigeminothalamic fibre connections in the donkey (Equus asinus) studied by means of the retrograde cell degeneration method.", "content": "In this study the left thalamus of seven very young donkeys was transected and the trigeminothalamic fibre connections were investigated by means of the retrograde cell degeneration method. The animals were allowed to survive for a period of 15-45 days and the paraffin sections of the brain stem were stained according to the Kl\u00fcver-Barrera and the thionine methods. It was found that the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus exhibited retrograde cell changes and cell losses, in its dorsal part, only at the side ipsilateral to the thalamic transection. As far as the nucleus of the spinal tract is concerned, slight changes were found, mainly contralaterally, in its oral subnucleus only. These findings suggest that in the donkey the main trigeminothalamic projection follows an ipsilateral course to the thalamus.", "contents": "Trigeminothalamic fibre connections in the donkey (Equus asinus) studied by means of the retrograde cell degeneration method. In this study the left thalamus of seven very young donkeys was transected and the trigeminothalamic fibre connections were investigated by means of the retrograde cell degeneration method. The animals were allowed to survive for a period of 15-45 days and the paraffin sections of the brain stem were stained according to the Kl\u00fcver-Barrera and the thionine methods. It was found that the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus exhibited retrograde cell changes and cell losses, in its dorsal part, only at the side ipsilateral to the thalamic transection. As far as the nucleus of the spinal tract is concerned, slight changes were found, mainly contralaterally, in its oral subnucleus only. These findings suggest that in the donkey the main trigeminothalamic projection follows an ipsilateral course to the thalamus.", "PMID": 1189893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11382", "title": "Human embryo (12 mm) with mesohydronephrosis and ureterohydronephrosis.", "content": "This report describes a human embryo with a length of 12 mm (horizon XVII Streeterm 35 +/- 1 day old), in which the following malformations appear: Dilation on both sides of the Wolffian ducts, and the more caudal mesonephritic glomerules (mesohydronephrosis). Dilatation of both ureters and renal pelvis (uretero-hydronephrosis). These malformations are the result of the accumulation of liquid secreted by the mesonephros in a cloaca which is dilated, unwalled and blocked by an epithelial plug which is continuous with the cloacal membrane.", "contents": "Human embryo (12 mm) with mesohydronephrosis and ureterohydronephrosis. This report describes a human embryo with a length of 12 mm (horizon XVII Streeterm 35 +/- 1 day old), in which the following malformations appear: Dilation on both sides of the Wolffian ducts, and the more caudal mesonephritic glomerules (mesohydronephrosis). Dilatation of both ureters and renal pelvis (uretero-hydronephrosis). These malformations are the result of the accumulation of liquid secreted by the mesonephros in a cloaca which is dilated, unwalled and blocked by an epithelial plug which is continuous with the cloacal membrane.", "PMID": 1189894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11383", "title": "Response of the pituitary of the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), to bilateral ovariectomy.", "content": "Hypophyseal response to bilateral ovariectomy was studied in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis, during the prespawning (May) and the spawning (July) periods. During the prespawning period, a significant increase in the number of granulated PAS-positive basophils in the proximal pars distalis of the castrates was recorded on day 45 post-ovariectomy; thereafter a gradual degranulation of basophils was observed. However, in the spawning period a dramatic increase in the number of granulated basophils of the castrates was seen on day 8 post-ovariectomy and the number decreased thereafter. This differential response of the hypophysis to ovariectomy is discussed.", "contents": "Response of the pituitary of the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), to bilateral ovariectomy. Hypophyseal response to bilateral ovariectomy was studied in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis, during the prespawning (May) and the spawning (July) periods. During the prespawning period, a significant increase in the number of granulated PAS-positive basophils in the proximal pars distalis of the castrates was recorded on day 45 post-ovariectomy; thereafter a gradual degranulation of basophils was observed. However, in the spawning period a dramatic increase in the number of granulated basophils of the castrates was seen on day 8 post-ovariectomy and the number decreased thereafter. This differential response of the hypophysis to ovariectomy is discussed.", "PMID": 1189895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11384", "title": "Electron-microscopic study of monotreme neuroglia.", "content": "Glia cells were examined in the brains of a mature platypus and an immature echidna. In the echidna a few dark, organelle-rich glia cells were encountered. The lighter glia cells had resemblances with the single type of glia cell encountered in the brain of the platypus. These cells were characterised by highly homogeneous areas of nuclear chromatin and light cytoplasm containing dark, finely granular condensations which frequently surrounded Golgi membranes. Microtubules were present within the cytoplasm but neither filaments nor glycogen-like particles were encountered. It was concluded that the cells described conformed to the types of neither astrocytes nor oligodendrocytes as encountered in metatherian and eutherian mammals. Among their functional capacities such cells presumably include, either in the immature or mature forms, the roles of both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic study of monotreme neuroglia. Glia cells were examined in the brains of a mature platypus and an immature echidna. In the echidna a few dark, organelle-rich glia cells were encountered. The lighter glia cells had resemblances with the single type of glia cell encountered in the brain of the platypus. These cells were characterised by highly homogeneous areas of nuclear chromatin and light cytoplasm containing dark, finely granular condensations which frequently surrounded Golgi membranes. Microtubules were present within the cytoplasm but neither filaments nor glycogen-like particles were encountered. It was concluded that the cells described conformed to the types of neither astrocytes nor oligodendrocytes as encountered in metatherian and eutherian mammals. Among their functional capacities such cells presumably include, either in the immature or mature forms, the roles of both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.", "PMID": 1189896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11385", "title": "Abdominal vagal paraganglia: distribution and comparison with carotid body, in the rat.", "content": "A study was made of the distribution of abdominal vagal paraganglia in the gastro-oesophageal region of 12 rats. In all rats 4-40 paraganglia were found embedded in, or closely associated with, the vagus nerves and their branches. The paraganglia consisted of groups of rounded, weakly chromaffin-positive cells surrounded by flattened cells and supplied by small nerves and blood vessels. The paraganglia were morphologically identical to simultaneously fixed carotid body tissue and showed similar fluorescence characteristics.", "contents": "Abdominal vagal paraganglia: distribution and comparison with carotid body, in the rat. A study was made of the distribution of abdominal vagal paraganglia in the gastro-oesophageal region of 12 rats. In all rats 4-40 paraganglia were found embedded in, or closely associated with, the vagus nerves and their branches. The paraganglia consisted of groups of rounded, weakly chromaffin-positive cells surrounded by flattened cells and supplied by small nerves and blood vessels. The paraganglia were morphologically identical to simultaneously fixed carotid body tissue and showed similar fluorescence characteristics.", "PMID": 1189897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11386", "title": "Transplantation of the future coronal suture on the dura mater of 3- to 4-month-old rats.", "content": "From fetal rat skulls, tissue containing the presumptive coronal suture was excised and transplanted onto the exposed dura mater of adult rats. Donor animals were sacrificed at specific ages determined by developmental stages of the suture as occurs in the rat. Thus, sacrifices were made at (a) the 19th day of fetal life when a blastema formation in the suture is not yet observable; (b)  the 20th day when blastema formation becomes apparent, and (c) the 21st day when the blastema is clearly visible. From the results of these experiments, the following conclusions could be drawn: (1) transplants from 19- and 20-day-old fetuses are not capable of autonomous development in host tissue; continuation and regulation of this process occur in situ only; (2) within the connective tissue of the 19- and 20-day transplants the process of suture formation is arrested; instead chondrogenetic activity occurs, resulting in the production of ectopic cartilage, and (3) when formation of the blastema has been completed prior to transplantation, i.e. at the 21st day, its capability of producing a suture in the host tissue remains unimpaired. Sutures originating from these transplants do not ossify, not even when left in situ for 2 or 3 weeks. These findings suggest the existence of an osteogenesis-inhibiting mechanism located in embryonic sutural tissue, being transmitted to the developing dura.", "contents": "Transplantation of the future coronal suture on the dura mater of 3- to 4-month-old rats. From fetal rat skulls, tissue containing the presumptive coronal suture was excised and transplanted onto the exposed dura mater of adult rats. Donor animals were sacrificed at specific ages determined by developmental stages of the suture as occurs in the rat. Thus, sacrifices were made at (a) the 19th day of fetal life when a blastema formation in the suture is not yet observable; (b)  the 20th day when blastema formation becomes apparent, and (c) the 21st day when the blastema is clearly visible. From the results of these experiments, the following conclusions could be drawn: (1) transplants from 19- and 20-day-old fetuses are not capable of autonomous development in host tissue; continuation and regulation of this process occur in situ only; (2) within the connective tissue of the 19- and 20-day transplants the process of suture formation is arrested; instead chondrogenetic activity occurs, resulting in the production of ectopic cartilage, and (3) when formation of the blastema has been completed prior to transplantation, i.e. at the 21st day, its capability of producing a suture in the host tissue remains unimpaired. Sutures originating from these transplants do not ossify, not even when left in situ for 2 or 3 weeks. These findings suggest the existence of an osteogenesis-inhibiting mechanism located in embryonic sutural tissue, being transmitted to the developing dura.", "PMID": 1189898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11387", "title": "[Acetylcholinesterase activity in spiral ganglion cells in rats].", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase has been demonstrated in the spiral ganglion cells by the method of Karnovsky and Roots. After incubation for 24 h the content of AchE was measured with the help of a three-stage scale. 22% of the cells showed strong, 50% medium and 28% weak AchE activity. Within the spiral ganglion perikarya, the enzyme was equally distributed.", "contents": "[Acetylcholinesterase activity in spiral ganglion cells in rats]. Acetylcholinesterase has been demonstrated in the spiral ganglion cells by the method of Karnovsky and Roots. After incubation for 24 h the content of AchE was measured with the help of a three-stage scale. 22% of the cells showed strong, 50% medium and 28% weak AchE activity. Within the spiral ganglion perikarya, the enzyme was equally distributed.", "PMID": 1189899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11388", "title": "Hepatocytic ultrastructure in splenectomized rats treated with pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile, a microsomal enzyme inducer.", "content": "Pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN), given orally at the dose of 6.8 mg/100 g body wt, twice daily for 3 or 6 days, increased liver weight in intact rats, and reduced zoxazolamine paralysis in both unoperated and splenectomized animals. The steroid induced smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in the hepatocytes of intact and splenectomized rats, while splenectomy alone caused rough endoplasmic reticulum fragmentation and vesiculation. It appears that the spleen does not influence the hepatic action of PCN.", "contents": "Hepatocytic ultrastructure in splenectomized rats treated with pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile, a microsomal enzyme inducer. Pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN), given orally at the dose of 6.8 mg/100 g body wt, twice daily for 3 or 6 days, increased liver weight in intact rats, and reduced zoxazolamine paralysis in both unoperated and splenectomized animals. The steroid induced smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation in the hepatocytes of intact and splenectomized rats, while splenectomy alone caused rough endoplasmic reticulum fragmentation and vesiculation. It appears that the spleen does not influence the hepatic action of PCN.", "PMID": 1189900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11389", "title": "Meal timing dominates the lighting regimen as a synchronizer of the eosinophil rhythm in mice.", "content": "Mouse eosinophils undergo circadian fluctuation, and the phasing of the rhythm normally is synchronized to the environmental light-dark cycle if food always is available. This study was undertaken to determine whether or not the same rhythm could be synchronized to restricted feeding schedules. It was found that if food is available ad libitum for only short spans (in this case, 4 h during each 24 h period), the rhythm becomes synchronized to the feeding schedule. In addition, restricting food to certain 4 h spans causes the amplitude of the eosinophil rhythm to increase significantly over that of normal, light-dark synchronized animals. Not all rhythmic variables synchronize to restricted feeding schedules. Some remain synchronized to the light-dark cycle; the phasing of others seems to be the result of an interaction between both the light-dark cycle and the feeding schedule. These studies help dispel the popular misconception that all body functions react in the same manner to different synchronizers and emphasize that one must not generalize about the synchronizing effect of feeding or lighting.", "contents": "Meal timing dominates the lighting regimen as a synchronizer of the eosinophil rhythm in mice. Mouse eosinophils undergo circadian fluctuation, and the phasing of the rhythm normally is synchronized to the environmental light-dark cycle if food always is available. This study was undertaken to determine whether or not the same rhythm could be synchronized to restricted feeding schedules. It was found that if food is available ad libitum for only short spans (in this case, 4 h during each 24 h period), the rhythm becomes synchronized to the feeding schedule. In addition, restricting food to certain 4 h spans causes the amplitude of the eosinophil rhythm to increase significantly over that of normal, light-dark synchronized animals. Not all rhythmic variables synchronize to restricted feeding schedules. Some remain synchronized to the light-dark cycle; the phasing of others seems to be the result of an interaction between both the light-dark cycle and the feeding schedule. These studies help dispel the popular misconception that all body functions react in the same manner to different synchronizers and emphasize that one must not generalize about the synchronizing effect of feeding or lighting.", "PMID": 1189901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11390", "title": "Quantitative investigation of stem cell candidates in the bone marrow of growing guinea pigs.", "content": "Possible candidates for hemic stem cells were studied in a quantitative investigation of the bone marrow of growing guinea pigs. The stem cell candidates were classified as lymphoid cells of types I-IV, roughly corresponding to small lymphocytes, large lymphocytes, micromyeloblasts and myeloblasts of other authors. The cellular content of the bone marrow of guinea pigs of three different ages was determined. All types of nucleated cells per femur were found to increase with age. When the cellular content was related to the body weight, a peak number of lymphoid cells was found in the intermediate age group with the exception of the lymphoid cells of type III, which reached its peak in the oldest animals. This cell type has been suggested by Dicke et al. as the probable stem cell responsible for colony formation.", "contents": "Quantitative investigation of stem cell candidates in the bone marrow of growing guinea pigs. Possible candidates for hemic stem cells were studied in a quantitative investigation of the bone marrow of growing guinea pigs. The stem cell candidates were classified as lymphoid cells of types I-IV, roughly corresponding to small lymphocytes, large lymphocytes, micromyeloblasts and myeloblasts of other authors. The cellular content of the bone marrow of guinea pigs of three different ages was determined. All types of nucleated cells per femur were found to increase with age. When the cellular content was related to the body weight, a peak number of lymphoid cells was found in the intermediate age group with the exception of the lymphoid cells of type III, which reached its peak in the oldest animals. This cell type has been suggested by Dicke et al. as the probable stem cell responsible for colony formation.", "PMID": 1189902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11391", "title": "The harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben, 1777). XVII. Structure and metabolic adaption of the caval sphincter muscle with some observations on the diaphragm.", "content": "Three types of fibre, dark (type 1), light (type 2) and intermediate, were distinguished in the caval sphincter muscle of the diaphragm in the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) using histochemical and electron-microscopic techniques. The dark fibre contained large peripheral aggregations of mitochondria, numerous lipid droplets and dense aggregates of glycogen granules. The same features were observed in the dark fibre of the diaphragm muscle too. In the light of the low oxidative enzyme activity and high lipase activity observed in the diaphragm and other skeletal muscles of the harp seal in previous studies, it is postulated that these mitochondrial aggregations and lipid droplets represent an adaptation for the generation of heat through non-shivering thermogenesis comparable to that in the brown adipose tissue. Such ability to generate and maintain heat by uncoupling the oxidative phosphorylation process should enable the caval sphincter muscle to function efficiently in regulating the cardiac return of blood from the inferior vena cava during a dive when the body temperature as a whole drops. The lack of the regional differences in the fibre composition of the harp seal diaphragm, as were reported in the rat diaphragm, is attributed to the seal's large body size, lower metabolic rate and diving habit.", "contents": "The harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben, 1777). XVII. Structure and metabolic adaption of the caval sphincter muscle with some observations on the diaphragm. Three types of fibre, dark (type 1), light (type 2) and intermediate, were distinguished in the caval sphincter muscle of the diaphragm in the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) using histochemical and electron-microscopic techniques. The dark fibre contained large peripheral aggregations of mitochondria, numerous lipid droplets and dense aggregates of glycogen granules. The same features were observed in the dark fibre of the diaphragm muscle too. In the light of the low oxidative enzyme activity and high lipase activity observed in the diaphragm and other skeletal muscles of the harp seal in previous studies, it is postulated that these mitochondrial aggregations and lipid droplets represent an adaptation for the generation of heat through non-shivering thermogenesis comparable to that in the brown adipose tissue. Such ability to generate and maintain heat by uncoupling the oxidative phosphorylation process should enable the caval sphincter muscle to function efficiently in regulating the cardiac return of blood from the inferior vena cava during a dive when the body temperature as a whole drops. The lack of the regional differences in the fibre composition of the harp seal diaphragm, as were reported in the rat diaphragm, is attributed to the seal's large body size, lower metabolic rate and diving habit.", "PMID": 1189903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11392", "title": "Causes of death in transposition of the great arteris. A clinical and autopsy study of 140 cases.", "content": "The causes of death were assessed in 140 infants and children with transposition of the great arteries studied clinically and post mortem. Half of the children were under one month old. Death occurred during the first year of life in 118 cases. Balloon atrial septostomy and/or cardiac surgery were performed in 37 cases, and 7 patients died following operations for extracardiac malformations. Congestive heart failure was the most common single cause of death, occurring in 109 cases. All but 7 patients were cyanotic. Extracardiac malformations were encountered in 39 patients and were considered a main cause of death in 22 of these. Various infections, mostly pneumonia, occurred in half of the cases. Forty-one patients had vascular accidents in various organs. These complications were more common in operated than in nonoperated cases. Miscellaneous causes of death, including hyaline membrane disease and/or pulmonary atelectases, occurred in 30 patients. The study illustrated the complex symptomatology and therapeutic problems presented by critically ill infants with transposition of the great arteries.", "contents": "Causes of death in transposition of the great arteris. A clinical and autopsy study of 140 cases. The causes of death were assessed in 140 infants and children with transposition of the great arteries studied clinically and post mortem. Half of the children were under one month old. Death occurred during the first year of life in 118 cases. Balloon atrial septostomy and/or cardiac surgery were performed in 37 cases, and 7 patients died following operations for extracardiac malformations. Congestive heart failure was the most common single cause of death, occurring in 109 cases. All but 7 patients were cyanotic. Extracardiac malformations were encountered in 39 patients and were considered a main cause of death in 22 of these. Various infections, mostly pneumonia, occurred in half of the cases. Forty-one patients had vascular accidents in various organs. These complications were more common in operated than in nonoperated cases. Miscellaneous causes of death, including hyaline membrane disease and/or pulmonary atelectases, occurred in 30 patients. The study illustrated the complex symptomatology and therapeutic problems presented by critically ill infants with transposition of the great arteries.", "PMID": 1189904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11393", "title": "Health screening of four-year-olds in a Swedish county. I. Organization, methods and participation.", "content": "Since January 1969, a systematic health screening has been offered to 4-year-olds resident in the county of Uppsala, Sweden, at the ordinary Child Health Centres by the regular staff. This report describes some organizational and methodological aspects and presents participation rates and reasons for non-participation. From the overall experience it is concluded that the program is feasible with respect to systematic examinations and data collection, acceptance by the public and the staff, and with respect to the strain on existing resources. The reasons for and the importance of program changes are discussed, and the main advantages and drawbacks of the decentralized approach are mentioned. Finally, a theoretical framework for a quantitative evaluation of effectiveness is presented.", "contents": "Health screening of four-year-olds in a Swedish county. I. Organization, methods and participation. Since January 1969, a systematic health screening has been offered to 4-year-olds resident in the county of Uppsala, Sweden, at the ordinary Child Health Centres by the regular staff. This report describes some organizational and methodological aspects and presents participation rates and reasons for non-participation. From the overall experience it is concluded that the program is feasible with respect to systematic examinations and data collection, acceptance by the public and the staff, and with respect to the strain on existing resources. The reasons for and the importance of program changes are discussed, and the main advantages and drawbacks of the decentralized approach are mentioned. Finally, a theoretical framework for a quantitative evaluation of effectiveness is presented.", "PMID": 1189905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11394", "title": "Health screening of four-year-olds in a Swedish county. II. Effectiveness in detecting health problems.", "content": "Quantitative results obtained during the first 3 years of operation of a routine health screening program for 4-year-olds are presented. From these figures it is conccluded that the effectiveness in detecting previously unknown health problems needing treatment is high enough to justify the continuation of this systematic health screening by the ordinary child health staff. However, the total prevalence of newly detected anomalies was lower in our population than in similar studies where the screening was performed by a few teams of specially trained professionals. The consequences of this observation are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Health screening of four-year-olds in a Swedish county. II. Effectiveness in detecting health problems. Quantitative results obtained during the first 3 years of operation of a routine health screening program for 4-year-olds are presented. From these figures it is conccluded that the effectiveness in detecting previously unknown health problems needing treatment is high enough to justify the continuation of this systematic health screening by the ordinary child health staff. However, the total prevalence of newly detected anomalies was lower in our population than in similar studies where the screening was performed by a few teams of specially trained professionals. The consequences of this observation are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1189906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11395", "title": "LDH-isoenzymes in children. A comparison of values from capillary and venous blood.", "content": "A comparison has been made of serum values of LDH-isoenzymes obtained by simultaneous sampling of capillary and venous blood in 40 normal children. No satisfactory correlation between the paired values could be found. Evaluation of the pattern of serum LDH-isoenzymes in children therefore requires a reference, i.e. normal values of isoenzymes obtained by the same technique of blood sampling.", "contents": "LDH-isoenzymes in children. A comparison of values from capillary and venous blood. A comparison has been made of serum values of LDH-isoenzymes obtained by simultaneous sampling of capillary and venous blood in 40 normal children. No satisfactory correlation between the paired values could be found. Evaluation of the pattern of serum LDH-isoenzymes in children therefore requires a reference, i.e. normal values of isoenzymes obtained by the same technique of blood sampling.", "PMID": 1189907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11396", "title": "Systolic time intervals in newborn infants.", "content": "Systolic time intervals, calculated from the carotid artery pulse curve have been used for some time to assess left ventricular performance. Normal values have been established for adults and older children, but few investigations have been made on newborn infants, generally with partly contradictory results. Therefore a study has been undertaken in 29 normal newborn infants 1/2-119 hours old, and 9 infants 2-3 months old to establish normal values for different intervals. They were found to differ from those reported for adults and older children, most clearly seen in the relatively long preejection period (PEP). Statistically significant differences were found between the PEP of 20 infants below 47 hours of age and 9 infnats 2-3 months old: PEP 82 ms and 68 ms respectively. (p less than 0.01); the same is true of the quotient PEP/LVET (left ventricular ejection time), which was found to be 0.41 and 0.35 resp. (p less than 0.01). By adult standards this would mean impairment of left ventricular function. A possible explanation of this could be a difficulty for the left ventricle to cope with the systemic circulation during the first days of life even in normal newborns, a difficulty not fully compensated for even at 3 months of age.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals in newborn infants. Systolic time intervals, calculated from the carotid artery pulse curve have been used for some time to assess left ventricular performance. Normal values have been established for adults and older children, but few investigations have been made on newborn infants, generally with partly contradictory results. Therefore a study has been undertaken in 29 normal newborn infants 1/2-119 hours old, and 9 infants 2-3 months old to establish normal values for different intervals. They were found to differ from those reported for adults and older children, most clearly seen in the relatively long preejection period (PEP). Statistically significant differences were found between the PEP of 20 infants below 47 hours of age and 9 infnats 2-3 months old: PEP 82 ms and 68 ms respectively. (p less than 0.01); the same is true of the quotient PEP/LVET (left ventricular ejection time), which was found to be 0.41 and 0.35 resp. (p less than 0.01). By adult standards this would mean impairment of left ventricular function. A possible explanation of this could be a difficulty for the left ventricle to cope with the systemic circulation during the first days of life even in normal newborns, a difficulty not fully compensated for even at 3 months of age.", "PMID": 1189908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11397", "title": "Menarcheal age in Northumberland.", "content": "A second survey of age at menarche in north-east England, how it is affected by family environment and how it affects physique, was carried out in 1960-70 on a large sample of schoolgirls in the suburbs of Newcastle. Age at menarche shows no independent effect of social class or of position in sibship, but is strongly influenced by the size of family in which a girl grows up. Menarche is associated with pronounced increments in height and weight, in the presence of which no consistent effects of variables of the family environment on physique can be clearly identified. The results are very similar to those from the first study in South Shields, County Durham.", "contents": "Menarcheal age in Northumberland. A second survey of age at menarche in north-east England, how it is affected by family environment and how it affects physique, was carried out in 1960-70 on a large sample of schoolgirls in the suburbs of Newcastle. Age at menarche shows no independent effect of social class or of position in sibship, but is strongly influenced by the size of family in which a girl grows up. Menarche is associated with pronounced increments in height and weight, in the presence of which no consistent effects of variables of the family environment on physique can be clearly identified. The results are very similar to those from the first study in South Shields, County Durham.", "PMID": 1189909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11398", "title": "Glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency in a Dutch family.", "content": "A mentally retarded girl with severe hemolytic anemia due to glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency is described. The deficiency was detected in erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, liver and muscle tissues. Besides the glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency, a glutathione instability of unknown origin was found in the erythrocytes of the propositus.", "contents": "Glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency in a Dutch family. A mentally retarded girl with severe hemolytic anemia due to glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency is described. The deficiency was detected in erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, liver and muscle tissues. Besides the glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency, a glutathione instability of unknown origin was found in the erythrocytes of the propositus.", "PMID": 1189910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11399", "title": "Acute liver failure and encephalopathy (Reye's syndrome?) during salicylate therapy.", "content": "A case of hepatotoxicity and encephalopathy (Reye's syndrome?) associated with salicylate therapy is presented and the aetiology of this syndrome is discussed. Hepatotoxicity developed with salicylate serum concentrations not exceeding therapeutic serum levels. The importance of controlling serum salicylate concentration and transaminase activity particularly during the first fourteen days of therapy is emphasized.", "contents": "Acute liver failure and encephalopathy (Reye's syndrome?) during salicylate therapy. A case of hepatotoxicity and encephalopathy (Reye's syndrome?) associated with salicylate therapy is presented and the aetiology of this syndrome is discussed. Hepatotoxicity developed with salicylate serum concentrations not exceeding therapeutic serum levels. The importance of controlling serum salicylate concentration and transaminase activity particularly during the first fourteen days of therapy is emphasized.", "PMID": 1189911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11400", "title": "Generalized myopathy and cerebral malformations possibly related to an enteroviral infection.", "content": "A study was made on a case of generalized muscular hypotonus manifested at birth. Serological findings and epidemiological data suggested an association to a recently described enterovirus infection (enterovirus candidate 71) known to cause neurological disease in man. Autopsy revealed cerebral malformations and generalized myopathy compatible with a viral etiology of the disease.", "contents": "Generalized myopathy and cerebral malformations possibly related to an enteroviral infection. A study was made on a case of generalized muscular hypotonus manifested at birth. Serological findings and epidemiological data suggested an association to a recently described enterovirus infection (enterovirus candidate 71) known to cause neurological disease in man. Autopsy revealed cerebral malformations and generalized myopathy compatible with a viral etiology of the disease.", "PMID": 1189912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11401", "title": "The role of the parathyroids for the adaptation to a low calcium intake. 3. The long-term effect of parathyroidectomy on the adaptation to a low calcium intake in adult rats with special reference to plasma calcium, bone tissue and adrenal glands.", "content": "One-year-old selectively parathyroidectomized rats responded with a plasma calcium reduction to below 4.1 mEq./1 in 86 per cent at a normal and in 100 per cent at a low dietary calcium intake. Among the former, 17 per cent normalized their plasma calcium level within 8 weeks and another 40 per cent between the 8th ana 27th week of observation. Among the latter, only 10 per cent showed a normalization and first after the long-term period of observation. On the normal level of dietary calcium the parathyroidectomized animals with persistently reduced plasma calcium showed a significantly increased bone mass which was paradoxical in view of their inability of adaptation. On the low level of dietary calcium a normal bone resorptive activity was maintained despite parathyroidectomy possibly through the action of increased levels of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol provoked by the profoundly reduced plasma calcium. This was, however, insufficient for adaptation and no osteoporosis developed. For the adaptation to a reduced calcium intake skeletal calcium reserves had to become mobilized through the action of the parathyroids with resulting osteoporosis. This was brought about by increased mobilization of skeletal calcium with resulting osteoporosis, a phenomenon which could be seen also among the parathyroidectomized animals on a low dietary calcium and with a normalized plasma calcium level. This osteoporosis was similar to that found in the calcium deficient intact animals. The described bone changes were progressing in character and there was no major influence by any eventual effect on bone growth. At histological and morphometric analyses of the adrenal cortex no apparent changes were found after parathyroidectomy.", "contents": "The role of the parathyroids for the adaptation to a low calcium intake. 3. The long-term effect of parathyroidectomy on the adaptation to a low calcium intake in adult rats with special reference to plasma calcium, bone tissue and adrenal glands. One-year-old selectively parathyroidectomized rats responded with a plasma calcium reduction to below 4.1 mEq./1 in 86 per cent at a normal and in 100 per cent at a low dietary calcium intake. Among the former, 17 per cent normalized their plasma calcium level within 8 weeks and another 40 per cent between the 8th ana 27th week of observation. Among the latter, only 10 per cent showed a normalization and first after the long-term period of observation. On the normal level of dietary calcium the parathyroidectomized animals with persistently reduced plasma calcium showed a significantly increased bone mass which was paradoxical in view of their inability of adaptation. On the low level of dietary calcium a normal bone resorptive activity was maintained despite parathyroidectomy possibly through the action of increased levels of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol provoked by the profoundly reduced plasma calcium. This was, however, insufficient for adaptation and no osteoporosis developed. For the adaptation to a reduced calcium intake skeletal calcium reserves had to become mobilized through the action of the parathyroids with resulting osteoporosis. This was brought about by increased mobilization of skeletal calcium with resulting osteoporosis, a phenomenon which could be seen also among the parathyroidectomized animals on a low dietary calcium and with a normalized plasma calcium level. This osteoporosis was similar to that found in the calcium deficient intact animals. The described bone changes were progressing in character and there was no major influence by any eventual effect on bone growth. At histological and morphometric analyses of the adrenal cortex no apparent changes were found after parathyroidectomy.", "PMID": 1189913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11402", "title": "The role of the parathyroids for the adaptation to a low calcium intake. 4. The long-term effect of parathyroidectomy on the adaptation to a low calcium intake in adult rats with special reference to calcium metabolism.", "content": "One-year-old selectively parathyroidectomized rats showed, on a normal dietary intake of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D, a reduction in plasma calcium to below 4.1 mEq./1 in 86 per cent and on restricted calcium intake in 100 per cent. On the normal level of dietary calcium, normalization of plasma calcium occurred 17 per cent within 8 weeks and in another 40 per cent between the 8th and 27th week of observation while on the low level only 10 per cent of the animals normalized their plasma calcium and first after the long-term period of observation. This was most probably accomplished by successively restored parathyroid activity from aberrant parathyroid tissue as deducted from data regarding the metabolism of calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate. Adaptation, viz. normalization of plasma calcium, was brought about by mobilization of skeletal calcium with resulting osteoporosis, as reported in our previous study on the same animals. Intestinal net absorption of calcium showed no significant difference between normocalcemic normophosphatemic intact and hypocalcemic hyperphosphatemic parathyroidectomized animals at the respective level of dietary calcium. Thus, parathyroidectomized animals with persistently reduced plasma calcium showed a normal adaptory increase in intestinal calcium absorption upon chronically restricted calcium intake. In the discussion of the regulation of this adaptory system the possible effects of the plasma concentrations of both calcium and inorganic phosphate upon the intracellular Ca22+concentration in the kidney tubules must be considered. Plasma magnesium did not appear to have a primary influence. Intestinal absorption of inorganic phosphate was not dependent upon the presence of the parathyroids but followed that of calcium suggesting a regulation by the action of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "contents": "The role of the parathyroids for the adaptation to a low calcium intake. 4. The long-term effect of parathyroidectomy on the adaptation to a low calcium intake in adult rats with special reference to calcium metabolism. One-year-old selectively parathyroidectomized rats showed, on a normal dietary intake of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D, a reduction in plasma calcium to below 4.1 mEq./1 in 86 per cent and on restricted calcium intake in 100 per cent. On the normal level of dietary calcium, normalization of plasma calcium occurred 17 per cent within 8 weeks and in another 40 per cent between the 8th and 27th week of observation while on the low level only 10 per cent of the animals normalized their plasma calcium and first after the long-term period of observation. This was most probably accomplished by successively restored parathyroid activity from aberrant parathyroid tissue as deducted from data regarding the metabolism of calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate. Adaptation, viz. normalization of plasma calcium, was brought about by mobilization of skeletal calcium with resulting osteoporosis, as reported in our previous study on the same animals. Intestinal net absorption of calcium showed no significant difference between normocalcemic normophosphatemic intact and hypocalcemic hyperphosphatemic parathyroidectomized animals at the respective level of dietary calcium. Thus, parathyroidectomized animals with persistently reduced plasma calcium showed a normal adaptory increase in intestinal calcium absorption upon chronically restricted calcium intake. In the discussion of the regulation of this adaptory system the possible effects of the plasma concentrations of both calcium and inorganic phosphate upon the intracellular Ca22+concentration in the kidney tubules must be considered. Plasma magnesium did not appear to have a primary influence. Intestinal absorption of inorganic phosphate was not dependent upon the presence of the parathyroids but followed that of calcium suggesting a regulation by the action of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "PMID": 1189914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11403", "title": "Effects of supply and withdrawal of fluoride. Experimental studies on growing and adult rabbits. 8. Phosphatase activity in fluorotic bone.", "content": "Growing rabbits were given 200 ppm of fluoride in the drinking water during 14 weeks. During this period excessive fluorotic changes developed in the diaphyses of the femur and tibia. The alkaline phosphatase and pyrophosphatase activities increased simultaneously in the fluorotic bone whereas the ratio between the activities remained constant. Acid phosphatase activity also increased. The increase in enzyme activities was regarded as due to the increased bone turnover and not as a primary consequence of fluoride ingestion.", "contents": "Effects of supply and withdrawal of fluoride. Experimental studies on growing and adult rabbits. 8. Phosphatase activity in fluorotic bone. Growing rabbits were given 200 ppm of fluoride in the drinking water during 14 weeks. During this period excessive fluorotic changes developed in the diaphyses of the femur and tibia. The alkaline phosphatase and pyrophosphatase activities increased simultaneously in the fluorotic bone whereas the ratio between the activities remained constant. Acid phosphatase activity also increased. The increase in enzyme activities was regarded as due to the increased bone turnover and not as a primary consequence of fluoride ingestion.", "PMID": 1189915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11404", "title": "Chronic rheumatic valvular heart disease. An autopsy study.", "content": "The incidence of chronic rheumatic valvular heart disease in Iceland was investigated via autopsies performed from November 1965 through December 1974. During this period, approximately 12.400 Icelanders died at the age of 16 years and older and 28.8 per cent of these are included in the study. At autopsy, males were found to outnumber females by 2:1. Rheumatic valvular heart disease was found in 38 subjects, i.e. in 1.08 per cent of the cases, the sex distribution being 0.67 per cent males and 1.83 per cent females. As regards the hearts with chronically deformed valves, the deformity was of rheumatic origin only in 20 per cent of the cases; the majority, or 69 per cent, presented calcified aortic stenosis. Hospital records applying to most of the subjects were available and according to these, only 18 per cent disclosed a history of rheumatic fever. The diagnosis of rheumatic valvular disease was first established at autopsy in 71 per cent of the cases. An evaluation of the functional derangements of the diseased valves was not attempted, but there is reason to believe that many of the lesions were too mild to provoke significant symptoms and signs. Previous doubts about the existence of rheumatic heart disease in Iceland have been settled in this study.", "contents": "Chronic rheumatic valvular heart disease. An autopsy study. The incidence of chronic rheumatic valvular heart disease in Iceland was investigated via autopsies performed from November 1965 through December 1974. During this period, approximately 12.400 Icelanders died at the age of 16 years and older and 28.8 per cent of these are included in the study. At autopsy, males were found to outnumber females by 2:1. Rheumatic valvular heart disease was found in 38 subjects, i.e. in 1.08 per cent of the cases, the sex distribution being 0.67 per cent males and 1.83 per cent females. As regards the hearts with chronically deformed valves, the deformity was of rheumatic origin only in 20 per cent of the cases; the majority, or 69 per cent, presented calcified aortic stenosis. Hospital records applying to most of the subjects were available and according to these, only 18 per cent disclosed a history of rheumatic fever. The diagnosis of rheumatic valvular disease was first established at autopsy in 71 per cent of the cases. An evaluation of the functional derangements of the diseased valves was not attempted, but there is reason to believe that many of the lesions were too mild to provoke significant symptoms and signs. Previous doubts about the existence of rheumatic heart disease in Iceland have been settled in this study.", "PMID": 1189916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11405", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia in a family. The ultrastructure of muscle biopsies of healthy members.", "content": "Twelve healthy relatives of two children who died of malignant hyperthermia--volunteered to give biopsies of striated muscle. Electron microscopy of their muscles revealed nonspecific myofibrillary degeneration and profound alterations of parts of muscle fibres. Furthermore, constructional faults were found in the architecture of the muscle. Previous investigations correlated with these abnormalities support the assumption, that inborn errors of metabolism may involve membranes of other tissues as well as striated muscle.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia in a family. The ultrastructure of muscle biopsies of healthy members. Twelve healthy relatives of two children who died of malignant hyperthermia--volunteered to give biopsies of striated muscle. Electron microscopy of their muscles revealed nonspecific myofibrillary degeneration and profound alterations of parts of muscle fibres. Furthermore, constructional faults were found in the architecture of the muscle. Previous investigations correlated with these abnormalities support the assumption, that inborn errors of metabolism may involve membranes of other tissues as well as striated muscle.", "PMID": 1189917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11406", "title": "Skeletal fluorosis in immobilized extremities.", "content": "The effect of immobilization on skeletal fluorosis was studied in growing rabbits. One hind leg was immobilized by an external fixation device extending below the wrist joint and above the knee joint, the extremity being in a straight position after severance of the sciatic nerve. The animals, aged 7 weeks at the beginning of the experiment, were given 10 mg of fluoride per kg body weight and day during 12 weeks. In the tibiae, development of the skeletal fluorosis was more irregular than that observed in previous studies of normally active animals, being most excessive in the mobile bone. The immobilization effect was most profound in the femora as the cortical thickness and the femur score were significantly higher than those in the mobile femora. It was suggested that an altered muscular activity was the reason for the observed changes.", "contents": "Skeletal fluorosis in immobilized extremities. The effect of immobilization on skeletal fluorosis was studied in growing rabbits. One hind leg was immobilized by an external fixation device extending below the wrist joint and above the knee joint, the extremity being in a straight position after severance of the sciatic nerve. The animals, aged 7 weeks at the beginning of the experiment, were given 10 mg of fluoride per kg body weight and day during 12 weeks. In the tibiae, development of the skeletal fluorosis was more irregular than that observed in previous studies of normally active animals, being most excessive in the mobile bone. The immobilization effect was most profound in the femora as the cortical thickness and the femur score were significantly higher than those in the mobile femora. It was suggested that an altered muscular activity was the reason for the observed changes.", "PMID": 1189918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11407", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid content in the laryngeal mucosa with special reference to polyploid cell nuclei.", "content": "The DNA content was measured by microphotometry in morphologically normal squamous epithelium of the larynx, in hyperplastic epithelium of the vocal cords and in invasive squamous-cell carcinoma. The average nuclear DNA content in the squamous-cell carcinoma was elevated in comparison with that of normal epithelium, and the values showed a much wider dispersion. During premitotic DNA synthesis, the nuclear content of DNA is doubled. Polyploid cell nuclei with a nuclear DNA content of more than twice the model value (the stem cell of the tumour) are therefore a distinct sign of an abnormally elevated content of DNA. In morphologically normal epithelium no polyploid cell nuclei were revealed, while such nuclei were present in all cases of invasive squamous-cell carcinoma. Polyploid cell nuclei were found in six out of 20 patients with hyperplasia of the epithelium of the vocal cords. Among these six patients, manifest invasive carcinoma developed inthree, carcinoma in situ in one, while the condition remained benign in two, probably because the pathological tissue was completely removed. The presence of polyploid cell nuclei should thus arouse a strong suspicion of malignancy and calls for close supervision of the patient.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid content in the laryngeal mucosa with special reference to polyploid cell nuclei. The DNA content was measured by microphotometry in morphologically normal squamous epithelium of the larynx, in hyperplastic epithelium of the vocal cords and in invasive squamous-cell carcinoma. The average nuclear DNA content in the squamous-cell carcinoma was elevated in comparison with that of normal epithelium, and the values showed a much wider dispersion. During premitotic DNA synthesis, the nuclear content of DNA is doubled. Polyploid cell nuclei with a nuclear DNA content of more than twice the model value (the stem cell of the tumour) are therefore a distinct sign of an abnormally elevated content of DNA. In morphologically normal epithelium no polyploid cell nuclei were revealed, while such nuclei were present in all cases of invasive squamous-cell carcinoma. Polyploid cell nuclei were found in six out of 20 patients with hyperplasia of the epithelium of the vocal cords. Among these six patients, manifest invasive carcinoma developed inthree, carcinoma in situ in one, while the condition remained benign in two, probably because the pathological tissue was completely removed. The presence of polyploid cell nuclei should thus arouse a strong suspicion of malignancy and calls for close supervision of the patient.", "PMID": 1189919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11408", "title": "Growth patterns and chromosome constitutions of human malignant tumours after long-term serial transplantation in nude mice.", "content": "Five human malignant tumours, heterotransplanted to athymic nude mice, have been re-investigated after long-term serial transplantation, and their growth patterns and chromosomal constitutions compared with their early appearance. After 27-56 passages over 3 1/2--5 1/2 years, all of the tumours--two adenocarcinomas of the colon, two malignant melanomas, and one Burkitt's lymphoma--retained the cytological and histological appearance of the inoculated human material. All the mitoses observed in the chromosome studies were of human karyotype. The fact that no total chromosomal species shift, no interspecies hybridization, and no changes in biological properties appeared--as observed in some other heterotransplantation systems--would indicate that human tumours grafted to nude mice are more suitable models in, e.g., studies concerning cancer chemotherapeutics.", "contents": "Growth patterns and chromosome constitutions of human malignant tumours after long-term serial transplantation in nude mice. Five human malignant tumours, heterotransplanted to athymic nude mice, have been re-investigated after long-term serial transplantation, and their growth patterns and chromosomal constitutions compared with their early appearance. After 27-56 passages over 3 1/2--5 1/2 years, all of the tumours--two adenocarcinomas of the colon, two malignant melanomas, and one Burkitt's lymphoma--retained the cytological and histological appearance of the inoculated human material. All the mitoses observed in the chromosome studies were of human karyotype. The fact that no total chromosomal species shift, no interspecies hybridization, and no changes in biological properties appeared--as observed in some other heterotransplantation systems--would indicate that human tumours grafted to nude mice are more suitable models in, e.g., studies concerning cancer chemotherapeutics.", "PMID": 1189920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11409", "title": "The effect on the rat liver of long-term administration of different alcoholic beverages together with inadequate diets.", "content": "Rats were given 36 per cent of calories as ethanol, gin, brandy, whisky or red wine together with hypocaloric (25 per cent of normal), hypocaloric--low-protein--highfat, or hypocaloric--low vitamin diets for several months and compared with rats given isocaloric amounts of glucose instead of alcohol. In spite of high mortality rate no severe liver lesions occurred, especially no cirrhosis. Congeners present in different alcoholic beverages therefore seem to lack important hepatotoxic effects at least in the rat.", "contents": "The effect on the rat liver of long-term administration of different alcoholic beverages together with inadequate diets. Rats were given 36 per cent of calories as ethanol, gin, brandy, whisky or red wine together with hypocaloric (25 per cent of normal), hypocaloric--low-protein--highfat, or hypocaloric--low vitamin diets for several months and compared with rats given isocaloric amounts of glucose instead of alcohol. In spite of high mortality rate no severe liver lesions occurred, especially no cirrhosis. Congeners present in different alcoholic beverages therefore seem to lack important hepatotoxic effects at least in the rat.", "PMID": 1189921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11410", "title": "Collagen development in granulation tissue as compared with collagen of skin and aorta from injured and non-injured rats.", "content": "Granulation tissue in rats was produced by subcutaneous implantation of viscose cellulose sponges. Granulomas, aortae, and skin samples were taken 4, 8, 14, 22, 33, and 42 days after the sponge implantation and compared with age-matched non-operated rats. 14C-proline was given 4 hours before death to animals killed on day 0, 14, and 42. The 14C-OH-proline activity in salt insoluble collagen was higher in granulation tissue and aorta than in skin. This indicates a faster formation, or an increased stability of the intermolecular cross-links in granulation tissue and aorta, than in skin. The percentage of free OH-proline was than in skin, reflecting a relatively increased collagen degradation in granulation tissue. An increased collagen degradation may also, in part, explain a registered higher alpha/beta ratio in collagen from granulation tissue than from skin, as well as the increase in alpha/beta ratio in the older granulomas. The sponge implantation did not affect the collagen of aorta and skin, but caused a decrease in the dry weight of aorta and skin, and an increase in the number of granulocytes in the blood.", "contents": "Collagen development in granulation tissue as compared with collagen of skin and aorta from injured and non-injured rats. Granulation tissue in rats was produced by subcutaneous implantation of viscose cellulose sponges. Granulomas, aortae, and skin samples were taken 4, 8, 14, 22, 33, and 42 days after the sponge implantation and compared with age-matched non-operated rats. 14C-proline was given 4 hours before death to animals killed on day 0, 14, and 42. The 14C-OH-proline activity in salt insoluble collagen was higher in granulation tissue and aorta than in skin. This indicates a faster formation, or an increased stability of the intermolecular cross-links in granulation tissue and aorta, than in skin. The percentage of free OH-proline was than in skin, reflecting a relatively increased collagen degradation in granulation tissue. An increased collagen degradation may also, in part, explain a registered higher alpha/beta ratio in collagen from granulation tissue than from skin, as well as the increase in alpha/beta ratio in the older granulomas. The sponge implantation did not affect the collagen of aorta and skin, but caused a decrease in the dry weight of aorta and skin, and an increase in the number of granulocytes in the blood.", "PMID": 1189922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11411", "title": "Variation in distribution of antral gastrin cells.", "content": "Using immunoperoxidase technique a considerable variation in the number of antral gastrin cells was demonstrated in patients with atrophic gastritis. This variation must be taken in consideration when the number of gastrin cells is to be estimated on the basis of gastric biopsies.", "contents": "Variation in distribution of antral gastrin cells. Using immunoperoxidase technique a considerable variation in the number of antral gastrin cells was demonstrated in patients with atrophic gastritis. This variation must be taken in consideration when the number of gastrin cells is to be estimated on the basis of gastric biopsies.", "PMID": 1189923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11412", "title": "Spontaneous toxic nephropathy in poultry associated with ochratoxin A.", "content": "At a poultry slaughterhouse 14 birds with macroscopic renal changes were collected, and the kidneys were examined histologically and the muscular tissue was analysed for ochratoxin A residues. Out of 14 birds 5 birds had ochratoxin A residues ranging from 4.3 to 29.2 mug/kg. In 4 of these birds a toxic nephropathy was found characterised by atrophy and degeneration of proximal and distal tubules and interstitial fibrosis. The possibility of birds with ochratoxin A residues being presented for human consumption is discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous toxic nephropathy in poultry associated with ochratoxin A. At a poultry slaughterhouse 14 birds with macroscopic renal changes were collected, and the kidneys were examined histologically and the muscular tissue was analysed for ochratoxin A residues. Out of 14 birds 5 birds had ochratoxin A residues ranging from 4.3 to 29.2 mug/kg. In 4 of these birds a toxic nephropathy was found characterised by atrophy and degeneration of proximal and distal tubules and interstitial fibrosis. The possibility of birds with ochratoxin A residues being presented for human consumption is discussed.", "PMID": 1189924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11413", "title": "The postnatal development of some twitch and fatigue properties of the ankle flexor and extensor muscles of the cat.", "content": "The isometric responses of the medial gastrocnemium (MG), soleus (SOL) and anterior tibial (TA) muscles to single shocks and different modes of repetitive stimulation were studied in kittens of varying postnatal ages and in adult cats. The postnatal decrease in time-to-peak and half-relaxation time of the twitch contractions were similar for the MG and TA muscles and adult values were attained at around 6-7 weeks of age. The SOL muslce displayed a transient decrease in contraction time during the first postnatal weeks, followed later by a slowing towards adult values. The susceptibility to fatigue during iterative stimulation was smallest in the SOL at all ages studied, and usually largest in TA. It changed only little for the MG and SOL postnatally while increasing markedly for the TA up until 6-7 weeks of age. Tetanic contraction resulted in similar depressions in contractile tension of all three muscles in the youngest kittens, but the SOL displayed a greater ability to recover from this depression than the MG and, in particular, the TA muscles. Tetanus resistance increased postnatally and adult responses were attained at 6-7 weeks of age.", "contents": "The postnatal development of some twitch and fatigue properties of the ankle flexor and extensor muscles of the cat. The isometric responses of the medial gastrocnemium (MG), soleus (SOL) and anterior tibial (TA) muscles to single shocks and different modes of repetitive stimulation were studied in kittens of varying postnatal ages and in adult cats. The postnatal decrease in time-to-peak and half-relaxation time of the twitch contractions were similar for the MG and TA muscles and adult values were attained at around 6-7 weeks of age. The SOL muslce displayed a transient decrease in contraction time during the first postnatal weeks, followed later by a slowing towards adult values. The susceptibility to fatigue during iterative stimulation was smallest in the SOL at all ages studied, and usually largest in TA. It changed only little for the MG and SOL postnatally while increasing markedly for the TA up until 6-7 weeks of age. Tetanic contraction resulted in similar depressions in contractile tension of all three muscles in the youngest kittens, but the SOL displayed a greater ability to recover from this depression than the MG and, in particular, the TA muscles. Tetanus resistance increased postnatally and adult responses were attained at 6-7 weeks of age.", "PMID": 1189926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11414", "title": "The influence of rheological and collapse factors on pre- and post-capillary flow resistances in the skeletal muscle vascular bed of the cat.", "content": "The importance of passive-elastic changes of vascular dimensions and shifts in regional effective viscosity for the pre-/postcapillary resistance ratio (RA/RV), and hence mean capillary pressure (PC), was analyzed in cat calf muscles. Reductions of mean venous distending pressure below 6-8 mm Hg induced marked RV increases due to escalating venous collapse. This mechanism tends to delimit the PC reductions and rate of transcapillary fluid absorption during intense precapillary vasoconstriction. Comparisons of RA/RV for erythrocyte suspensions (Hct 40-50) and cellfree perfusates at identical vascular dimensions showed that RA/RV was considerably higher, and PC correspondingly lower, for the erythrocyte suspension except at very low flows. This RA/RV difference increased with increasing flow and at very high flows PC was about 10 mm Hg lower during perfusion with the erythrocyte suspension. These findings apparently diverge from the known influence of the tube radius and linear flow velocity on effective in vitro viscosity of blood. Since distal precapillary and proximal capillary sections, both having smaller diameters than the erythrocytes, are located upstream to the point of filtration-absorption equilibrium, they contribute in this respect to RA. It is therefore suggested that the increasing RA/RV with erythrocyte perfusion, particularly at higher flows, is not due to genuine viscosity factors but to friction losses when cells in \"bolus flow\" are squeezed through the narrowest precapillary sections.", "contents": "The influence of rheological and collapse factors on pre- and post-capillary flow resistances in the skeletal muscle vascular bed of the cat. The importance of passive-elastic changes of vascular dimensions and shifts in regional effective viscosity for the pre-/postcapillary resistance ratio (RA/RV), and hence mean capillary pressure (PC), was analyzed in cat calf muscles. Reductions of mean venous distending pressure below 6-8 mm Hg induced marked RV increases due to escalating venous collapse. This mechanism tends to delimit the PC reductions and rate of transcapillary fluid absorption during intense precapillary vasoconstriction. Comparisons of RA/RV for erythrocyte suspensions (Hct 40-50) and cellfree perfusates at identical vascular dimensions showed that RA/RV was considerably higher, and PC correspondingly lower, for the erythrocyte suspension except at very low flows. This RA/RV difference increased with increasing flow and at very high flows PC was about 10 mm Hg lower during perfusion with the erythrocyte suspension. These findings apparently diverge from the known influence of the tube radius and linear flow velocity on effective in vitro viscosity of blood. Since distal precapillary and proximal capillary sections, both having smaller diameters than the erythrocytes, are located upstream to the point of filtration-absorption equilibrium, they contribute in this respect to RA. It is therefore suggested that the increasing RA/RV with erythrocyte perfusion, particularly at higher flows, is not due to genuine viscosity factors but to friction losses when cells in \"bolus flow\" are squeezed through the narrowest precapillary sections.", "PMID": 1189927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11415", "title": "Kinetics of the glomerular ultrafiltration in the rat kidney. A theoretical study.", "content": "The glomerular filtration process was evaluated theoretically from micropuncture data obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats. The hydrostatic pressures in the glomerular capillaries and Bowman's space minus the oncotic pressure in systemic plasma gave the net driving force at the proximal end of the glomerular capillary. From the single nephron filtration fraction the mean net driving force over the glomerular membrane was calculated to be 20 mm Hg during normotension, decreasing to 12 mm Hg during a perfusion pressure of 80 mm Hg. The hydraulic permeability for one glomerulus was 0.7-0.8 nl/min-100 g b.wt. mmHg. The pressures at the distal end of the glomerular capillaries were 13 and 6 mm Hg under the above two conditions, indicating non-equilibrium of the filtration process at the end of the glomerular capillary. It was shown that the glomerular filtration rate is mainly influenced by the driving pressures. During hypotension an increased plasma flow dependency was evident. Brenner et al. found a filtration equilibrium and a plasma flow dependent glomerular filtration rate in a mutant Wistar rat strain. The discrepancy between their results and ours is due to the low glomerular plasma flow and hydrostatic pressures in the Wistar rats. It is concluded from our results that both pre- and postglomerular resistances may influence the glomerular filtration rate and glomerular plasma flow independently.", "contents": "Kinetics of the glomerular ultrafiltration in the rat kidney. A theoretical study. The glomerular filtration process was evaluated theoretically from micropuncture data obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats. The hydrostatic pressures in the glomerular capillaries and Bowman's space minus the oncotic pressure in systemic plasma gave the net driving force at the proximal end of the glomerular capillary. From the single nephron filtration fraction the mean net driving force over the glomerular membrane was calculated to be 20 mm Hg during normotension, decreasing to 12 mm Hg during a perfusion pressure of 80 mm Hg. The hydraulic permeability for one glomerulus was 0.7-0.8 nl/min-100 g b.wt. mmHg. The pressures at the distal end of the glomerular capillaries were 13 and 6 mm Hg under the above two conditions, indicating non-equilibrium of the filtration process at the end of the glomerular capillary. It was shown that the glomerular filtration rate is mainly influenced by the driving pressures. During hypotension an increased plasma flow dependency was evident. Brenner et al. found a filtration equilibrium and a plasma flow dependent glomerular filtration rate in a mutant Wistar rat strain. The discrepancy between their results and ours is due to the low glomerular plasma flow and hydrostatic pressures in the Wistar rats. It is concluded from our results that both pre- and postglomerular resistances may influence the glomerular filtration rate and glomerular plasma flow independently.", "PMID": 1189928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11416", "title": "Reduced urinary noradrenaline excretion during rest, exercise and cold stress in trained rats: a comparison between physically-trained rats, cold-acclimated rats and warm-acclimated rats.", "content": "Physically trained rats were compared with cold-acclimated rats. Trained as well as cold-acclimated rats showed cardiac and adrenal hypertrophy. Cardiac noradrenaline (NA) content was increased in both groups of rats but only the trained rats had an increased cardiac NA concentration. The adrenal NA content was increased in both groups but only the trained rats had an increased adrenal content of adrenaline (A). The spleen of trained rats had an increased NA content, while that of cold-acclimated rats had a decreased NA content. The submandibular glands of cold-acclimated rats were enlarged and had an increased NA content. Trained as well as cold-acclimated rats had lower urinary NA excretions during rest, after exercise and during cold stress when compared with controls. However, only the trained rats had a reduced net increment in NA excretion after exercise, whereas there was no difference between the increments of cold-acclimated and control rats. Six months after cessation of training, ex-trained rats still had an increased heart ratio and a reduced urinary NA excretion after exercise. It is suggested that physical training induces \"cross tolerance\" to cold stress, while cold-acclimation does not lead to \"cross tolerance\" to acute exercise.", "contents": "Reduced urinary noradrenaline excretion during rest, exercise and cold stress in trained rats: a comparison between physically-trained rats, cold-acclimated rats and warm-acclimated rats. Physically trained rats were compared with cold-acclimated rats. Trained as well as cold-acclimated rats showed cardiac and adrenal hypertrophy. Cardiac noradrenaline (NA) content was increased in both groups of rats but only the trained rats had an increased cardiac NA concentration. The adrenal NA content was increased in both groups but only the trained rats had an increased adrenal content of adrenaline (A). The spleen of trained rats had an increased NA content, while that of cold-acclimated rats had a decreased NA content. The submandibular glands of cold-acclimated rats were enlarged and had an increased NA content. Trained as well as cold-acclimated rats had lower urinary NA excretions during rest, after exercise and during cold stress when compared with controls. However, only the trained rats had a reduced net increment in NA excretion after exercise, whereas there was no difference between the increments of cold-acclimated and control rats. Six months after cessation of training, ex-trained rats still had an increased heart ratio and a reduced urinary NA excretion after exercise. It is suggested that physical training induces \"cross tolerance\" to cold stress, while cold-acclimation does not lead to \"cross tolerance\" to acute exercise.", "PMID": 1189931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11417", "title": "Effects of drugs and nerve stimulation on the spleen and arteries of two species of dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula and Squalus acanthias.", "content": "The effects of drugs and nerve stimulation on the spleen of 2 species of dogfish have been examined by experiments with perfused spleens and isolated spleen and artery strips. Adrenaline, noradrenaline and phenylephrine, acting via alpha adrenoceptors, constrict the perfused spleen of both species, thereby releasing erythrocytes, and contract the isolated spleen and artery strips. Phenotolamine competitively antagonizes the excitatory effects of adrenergic agonists. The responses of the spleen to acetylcholine are very irregular, and a rapid desensitization makes evaluation of the mode of action of this drug difficult. In the artery strips acetylcholine produces a dose-dependent contraction. Fluorescent histochemistry reveals well developed adrenergic innervation of the arteries, and a few adrenergic terminals in the spleen. Stimulation of splenic nerves produces normally splenoconstriction in Squalus, which can be blocked by phentolamine but not by atropine. The nervous control of the Scyliorhinus spleen seems to be poor or lacking. It is concluded that the dogfish spleen, and maybe also the arteries, are to a large extent controlled by circulating catecholamines and (in Squalus) also by sympathetic adrenergic fibres.", "contents": "Effects of drugs and nerve stimulation on the spleen and arteries of two species of dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula and Squalus acanthias. The effects of drugs and nerve stimulation on the spleen of 2 species of dogfish have been examined by experiments with perfused spleens and isolated spleen and artery strips. Adrenaline, noradrenaline and phenylephrine, acting via alpha adrenoceptors, constrict the perfused spleen of both species, thereby releasing erythrocytes, and contract the isolated spleen and artery strips. Phenotolamine competitively antagonizes the excitatory effects of adrenergic agonists. The responses of the spleen to acetylcholine are very irregular, and a rapid desensitization makes evaluation of the mode of action of this drug difficult. In the artery strips acetylcholine produces a dose-dependent contraction. Fluorescent histochemistry reveals well developed adrenergic innervation of the arteries, and a few adrenergic terminals in the spleen. Stimulation of splenic nerves produces normally splenoconstriction in Squalus, which can be blocked by phentolamine but not by atropine. The nervous control of the Scyliorhinus spleen seems to be poor or lacking. It is concluded that the dogfish spleen, and maybe also the arteries, are to a large extent controlled by circulating catecholamines and (in Squalus) also by sympathetic adrenergic fibres.", "PMID": 1189932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11418", "title": "The postnatal development of some twitch and fatigue properties of single motor units in the ankle muscles of the kitten.", "content": "Contractions of single motor units in the gastrocnemius, soleus and pretibial flexor muscles were elicited by intracellular stimulation of the innervating motoneurones. Kittens being 1, 2, 6 and 10 weeks of age were used. The aim was to establish the pattern of postnatal differentiation of the adult motor unit types (Burke et al. 1973, 1974, Hammarberg and Kellerth 1975 b). In the developing type S units of the soleus muscle the mean value for contraction time showed a transient decrease during the early postnatal period, but the twitch half-relaxation time (HRT), the duration of motoneurone post-spike afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and the susceptibility to fatigue remained virtually unchanged during the age period studied. In the units of the developing fast twitch muscles the contraction time, HRT and susceptibility to fatigue were significantly different from those of the soleus units already at 1 week of age. At 6-10 weeks of age the contractile characteristics typical of the adult type FF and FR units were attained. The AHP duration gradually decreased up to 10 weeks of age, and it was then considerably shorter than both at 1 week of age and in the adult stage.", "contents": "The postnatal development of some twitch and fatigue properties of single motor units in the ankle muscles of the kitten. Contractions of single motor units in the gastrocnemius, soleus and pretibial flexor muscles were elicited by intracellular stimulation of the innervating motoneurones. Kittens being 1, 2, 6 and 10 weeks of age were used. The aim was to establish the pattern of postnatal differentiation of the adult motor unit types (Burke et al. 1973, 1974, Hammarberg and Kellerth 1975 b). In the developing type S units of the soleus muscle the mean value for contraction time showed a transient decrease during the early postnatal period, but the twitch half-relaxation time (HRT), the duration of motoneurone post-spike afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and the susceptibility to fatigue remained virtually unchanged during the age period studied. In the units of the developing fast twitch muscles the contraction time, HRT and susceptibility to fatigue were significantly different from those of the soleus units already at 1 week of age. At 6-10 weeks of age the contractile characteristics typical of the adult type FF and FR units were attained. The AHP duration gradually decreased up to 10 weeks of age, and it was then considerably shorter than both at 1 week of age and in the adult stage.", "PMID": 1189933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11419", "title": "Effect of bulbar acidification on gastric acid responses to urecholine in Pavlov pouch dogs.", "content": "Dogs were provided with mucosal septal pouches of the fundic stomach and of the duodenal bulb. Gastric secretion was stimulated by intravenous infusion of submaximal doses of porcine gastrin or the stable choline ester Urecholine. Acid perfusion of bulbar pouches profoundly inhibited acid responses to gastrin. Bulbar acidification produced little or no reduction in acid secretion induced by Urecholine. Small doses of Urecholine do not release gastrin in the dog but may induce acid secretion, mainly by direct cholinergic stimulation of the HCl glands. The fact that Urecholine-induced acid secretion was not inhibited in the present experiments is consistent with the hypothesis that the bulbar mechanism does not interfere with cholinergic stimulation acting on the parietal cells.", "contents": "Effect of bulbar acidification on gastric acid responses to urecholine in Pavlov pouch dogs. Dogs were provided with mucosal septal pouches of the fundic stomach and of the duodenal bulb. Gastric secretion was stimulated by intravenous infusion of submaximal doses of porcine gastrin or the stable choline ester Urecholine. Acid perfusion of bulbar pouches profoundly inhibited acid responses to gastrin. Bulbar acidification produced little or no reduction in acid secretion induced by Urecholine. Small doses of Urecholine do not release gastrin in the dog but may induce acid secretion, mainly by direct cholinergic stimulation of the HCl glands. The fact that Urecholine-induced acid secretion was not inhibited in the present experiments is consistent with the hypothesis that the bulbar mechanism does not interfere with cholinergic stimulation acting on the parietal cells.", "PMID": 1189934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11420", "title": "Relative contribution of superficially bound and extracellular calcium to activation of contraction in isolated rat portal vein.", "content": "The spontaneous electrical and mechanical activity of the isolated rat portal vein is abolished after only 2-3 min in nominally Ca-free medium, and after 5-6 min there is no contractile response to depolarizing (122 mM K+), Ca-free solution. In the present study we have examined the electrical and mechanical responses of the portal vein to depolarization with simultaneous readministration of Ca2+ (2.5 mM) after periods of variable length in Ca-free standard solution. After 30 to 60 min of Ca depletion a slow contracture occurred in response to the high-K+ solution with 2.5 mM Ca2+. When the period in Ca-free medium was reduced below 30 min an early, faster phase appeared in the contracture response, and this phase was more rapid the shorter the time of Ca depletion. It is suggested that the slow contracture obtained after 30 min or more uses mainly extracellular Ca for activation and that the faster phase seen after shorter periods of Ca depletion is due to release of superficially bound Ca. This latter pool of tissue bound Ca does not alone produce contraction in response to depolarization, suggesting that extracellular Ca is required to trigger the release perhaps through a regenerative process.", "contents": "Relative contribution of superficially bound and extracellular calcium to activation of contraction in isolated rat portal vein. The spontaneous electrical and mechanical activity of the isolated rat portal vein is abolished after only 2-3 min in nominally Ca-free medium, and after 5-6 min there is no contractile response to depolarizing (122 mM K+), Ca-free solution. In the present study we have examined the electrical and mechanical responses of the portal vein to depolarization with simultaneous readministration of Ca2+ (2.5 mM) after periods of variable length in Ca-free standard solution. After 30 to 60 min of Ca depletion a slow contracture occurred in response to the high-K+ solution with 2.5 mM Ca2+. When the period in Ca-free medium was reduced below 30 min an early, faster phase appeared in the contracture response, and this phase was more rapid the shorter the time of Ca depletion. It is suggested that the slow contracture obtained after 30 min or more uses mainly extracellular Ca for activation and that the faster phase seen after shorter periods of Ca depletion is due to release of superficially bound Ca. This latter pool of tissue bound Ca does not alone produce contraction in response to depolarization, suggesting that extracellular Ca is required to trigger the release perhaps through a regenerative process.", "PMID": 1189935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11421", "title": "Depression of taste responses by local or intravascular administration of salicylates in the rat.", "content": "The effects of aspirin and sodium salicylate on the taste response in the chorda tympani proper nerve have been studied during stimulation of the taste receptors in rats with salty, sweet, sour and bitter-tasting solutions. Three methods of administering the drugs were used: locally on the tongue, intravenously into one femoral vein and intraarterially close to the branching of the lingual artery. It was observed that salicylates, given in any of these three ways, depressed the response to taste stimuli. This is discussed in relation to present views on the action of salicylates.", "contents": "Depression of taste responses by local or intravascular administration of salicylates in the rat. The effects of aspirin and sodium salicylate on the taste response in the chorda tympani proper nerve have been studied during stimulation of the taste receptors in rats with salty, sweet, sour and bitter-tasting solutions. Three methods of administering the drugs were used: locally on the tongue, intravenously into one femoral vein and intraarterially close to the branching of the lingual artery. It was observed that salicylates, given in any of these three ways, depressed the response to taste stimuli. This is discussed in relation to present views on the action of salicylates.", "PMID": 1189936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11422", "title": "Kinetics of the glomerular ultrafiltration in the rat kidney. An experimental study.", "content": "The quantitative relation between the driving forces over the glomerular membrane and the glomerular plasma flow, on the one hand, and the single glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR), on the other, is still uncertain. Micropuncture measurements on Sprague-Dawley rats made it possible to calculate the net driving force over the glomerular membrane. The single glomerular plasma flow was determined from SNGFR and the single nephron filtration fraction (SNFF). The effective plasma flow was measured with PAH for total kidney and for superficial nephrons. The mean glomerular capillary pressure was found to be 62.6 mm Hg. The results indicate a net driving force of about 13 mm Hg at the distal end of the glomerular capillary. SNGFR was found to be 14.1 nl/min-100 g. SNFF amounted to about 0.27. The filtration fractions determined with the PAH method were in the same range. The results indicate a filtration disequilibrium, in contrast to those of Brenner et al. from measurements on a mutant Wistar rat strain. The filtration fractions seemed to be the same in all glomerular populations. It is clear that the SNGFR is pressure dependent. Our earlier findings of a nonautoregulation of the blood flow through the outer glomeruli were also confirmed.", "contents": "Kinetics of the glomerular ultrafiltration in the rat kidney. An experimental study. The quantitative relation between the driving forces over the glomerular membrane and the glomerular plasma flow, on the one hand, and the single glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR), on the other, is still uncertain. Micropuncture measurements on Sprague-Dawley rats made it possible to calculate the net driving force over the glomerular membrane. The single glomerular plasma flow was determined from SNGFR and the single nephron filtration fraction (SNFF). The effective plasma flow was measured with PAH for total kidney and for superficial nephrons. The mean glomerular capillary pressure was found to be 62.6 mm Hg. The results indicate a net driving force of about 13 mm Hg at the distal end of the glomerular capillary. SNGFR was found to be 14.1 nl/min-100 g. SNFF amounted to about 0.27. The filtration fractions determined with the PAH method were in the same range. The results indicate a filtration disequilibrium, in contrast to those of Brenner et al. from measurements on a mutant Wistar rat strain. The filtration fractions seemed to be the same in all glomerular populations. It is clear that the SNGFR is pressure dependent. Our earlier findings of a nonautoregulation of the blood flow through the outer glomeruli were also confirmed.", "PMID": 1189937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11423", "title": "Effects of histamine, vasopressin, and angiotensin II on hepatosplanchnic hemodynamics, liver function, and hepatic metabolism in cats.", "content": "Continuous i.v. infusions of histamine (5 mug/kg - min), vasopressin (10 mU/kg -min), or angiotensin II (0.5 mug/kg - min) were given to fasting cats. Hepatic arterial flow was decreased 30% by histamine, increased 30% by vasopressin, and not significantly affected by angiotensin, whereas portal venous flow was increased 25% by histamine, decreased 40% by vasopressin, and not significantly affected by angiotensin. The hepatic arterial conductance was decreased about 25% by histamine and angiotensin, and not significantly affected by vasopressin. The gastrointestinal conductance was decreased about 40% by vasopressin and angiotensin, and increased 25% by histamine. The conductance in the intrahepatic low pressure vessels was not affected by histamine and vasopressin, but decreased 25% during the infusion of angiotensin. These hemodynamic effects, however, were not accompanied by changes in the liver function or hepatic metabolism as judged from the splanchnic elimination of ethanol, the hepatic uptake and excretion of ICG, the hepatic oxygen consumption, and lactate and ketone production. This indicates that the functional capacity of the liver and thereby the number of sinusoids perfused is not markedly influenced by these drugs. Vasopressin caused a decrease in the oxygen consumption and an increase in the lactate production in the prehepatic splanchnic area, which may be due to a redistribution of the gastrointestinal blood flow.", "contents": "Effects of histamine, vasopressin, and angiotensin II on hepatosplanchnic hemodynamics, liver function, and hepatic metabolism in cats. Continuous i.v. infusions of histamine (5 mug/kg - min), vasopressin (10 mU/kg -min), or angiotensin II (0.5 mug/kg - min) were given to fasting cats. Hepatic arterial flow was decreased 30% by histamine, increased 30% by vasopressin, and not significantly affected by angiotensin, whereas portal venous flow was increased 25% by histamine, decreased 40% by vasopressin, and not significantly affected by angiotensin. The hepatic arterial conductance was decreased about 25% by histamine and angiotensin, and not significantly affected by vasopressin. The gastrointestinal conductance was decreased about 40% by vasopressin and angiotensin, and increased 25% by histamine. The conductance in the intrahepatic low pressure vessels was not affected by histamine and vasopressin, but decreased 25% during the infusion of angiotensin. These hemodynamic effects, however, were not accompanied by changes in the liver function or hepatic metabolism as judged from the splanchnic elimination of ethanol, the hepatic uptake and excretion of ICG, the hepatic oxygen consumption, and lactate and ketone production. This indicates that the functional capacity of the liver and thereby the number of sinusoids perfused is not markedly influenced by these drugs. Vasopressin caused a decrease in the oxygen consumption and an increase in the lactate production in the prehepatic splanchnic area, which may be due to a redistribution of the gastrointestinal blood flow.", "PMID": 1189938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11424", "title": "Effect of vasoactive agents on the distribution of renal cortical blood flow in dogs.", "content": "The distribution of renal cortical blood flow was studied in 6 Nembutal anesthetized dogs during control periods and during infusions of adrenaline, noradrenaline, angiotensin and vasopressin. Local cortical blood flow was measured as H2 gas desaturation rate recorded polarographically by platinum electrodes in outer and inner cortex. The total renal blood flow (RBF) was measured by an electromagnetic flow meter. In the control period the outer cortical blood flow (OCF) and inner cortical blood flow (ICF) averaged 3.59 (+/- S.D. 0.85) ml/min - g and 3.23 (+/- S.D. 0.64) ml/min - g, respectively. Infusions of the various vasoactive agents caused essentially equal vascular responses. All agents caused increased local renal resistance and reduction of RBF whether given intravenously or intraarterially. The RBF could be lowered to 20-50% of initial control flow by increasing doses of vasoactive agents. OCF and ICF fell proportionately and almost to the same extent as RBF, or OCF fell slightly more than ICF. There was no evidence for patchy or zonal hypoperfusion in cortex caused by infusion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, angiotensin and vasopressin.", "contents": "Effect of vasoactive agents on the distribution of renal cortical blood flow in dogs. The distribution of renal cortical blood flow was studied in 6 Nembutal anesthetized dogs during control periods and during infusions of adrenaline, noradrenaline, angiotensin and vasopressin. Local cortical blood flow was measured as H2 gas desaturation rate recorded polarographically by platinum electrodes in outer and inner cortex. The total renal blood flow (RBF) was measured by an electromagnetic flow meter. In the control period the outer cortical blood flow (OCF) and inner cortical blood flow (ICF) averaged 3.59 (+/- S.D. 0.85) ml/min - g and 3.23 (+/- S.D. 0.64) ml/min - g, respectively. Infusions of the various vasoactive agents caused essentially equal vascular responses. All agents caused increased local renal resistance and reduction of RBF whether given intravenously or intraarterially. The RBF could be lowered to 20-50% of initial control flow by increasing doses of vasoactive agents. OCF and ICF fell proportionately and almost to the same extent as RBF, or OCF fell slightly more than ICF. There was no evidence for patchy or zonal hypoperfusion in cortex caused by infusion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, angiotensin and vasopressin.", "PMID": 1189939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11425", "title": "Time courses of pulmonary gas exchange and heart rate changes in supine exercise.", "content": "The time courses of ventilation (VE), O2 uptake (VO2), CO2 elimination (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (R), end-tidal PO2 and PCO2 and heart rate (HR) were studied in seven subjects performing light dynamic leg exercise in the supine position. Individual and group mean time courses in response to step changes in work load were computed and displayed graphically. A computer-based method was also used to fit mono- or bi-exponential mathematical functions to the recorded responses. The over-all rate of HR change in response to the transition from 0-load pedalling to exercise (on-response) was faster (mean response time, MRT = 31 s) than the corresponding VO2 response (MRT = 45 s) while VE responded considerably slower (MRT = 86 s). During the reverse transition (off-response), VO2 and VE changed with the same rate as in the on-response, while the HR-change was slower than during the on-response (MRT = 50 s). During the initial 15-sec period, VO2 changed only slightly, which contrasts to previous results in the sitting position, where 50% of the final change in VO2 has been reported to occur within the first 15-sec period, and where changes in blood distribution and stroke volume are known to be more pronounced than in the supine position. Our results emphasize the importance of central circulatory changes for the time course of VO2 at the start and end of exercise.", "contents": "Time courses of pulmonary gas exchange and heart rate changes in supine exercise. The time courses of ventilation (VE), O2 uptake (VO2), CO2 elimination (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (R), end-tidal PO2 and PCO2 and heart rate (HR) were studied in seven subjects performing light dynamic leg exercise in the supine position. Individual and group mean time courses in response to step changes in work load were computed and displayed graphically. A computer-based method was also used to fit mono- or bi-exponential mathematical functions to the recorded responses. The over-all rate of HR change in response to the transition from 0-load pedalling to exercise (on-response) was faster (mean response time, MRT = 31 s) than the corresponding VO2 response (MRT = 45 s) while VE responded considerably slower (MRT = 86 s). During the reverse transition (off-response), VO2 and VE changed with the same rate as in the on-response, while the HR-change was slower than during the on-response (MRT = 50 s). During the initial 15-sec period, VO2 changed only slightly, which contrasts to previous results in the sitting position, where 50% of the final change in VO2 has been reported to occur within the first 15-sec period, and where changes in blood distribution and stroke volume are known to be more pronounced than in the supine position. Our results emphasize the importance of central circulatory changes for the time course of VO2 at the start and end of exercise.", "PMID": 1189940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11426", "title": "[Attitudes towards alcohol in adolescents of 3 social classes in the City of Cordoba].", "content": "When dealing with some of primary prevention of alcoholism, the starting point is always a preliminary descriptive study of valueattitude systems of community groups, being one of the main prevention goals to modify certain guidelines and patterns of alcohol intake. This research aims at: a) Description of attitudes towards alcohol of 116 adolescents between 12 and 16 years in C\u00f3rdoba City, belonging to middle class, white collar and qualified blue collar; b) Definition of relationships between adolescents' attitudes and social class; c) Determination, according to the social class, of favorable, unfavorable or neutral attitudes towards a program of prevention and control of alcoholism. A questionnaire with 49 uncomplete phrases first conceived for Chile and adapted to our milieu was used. General results show that middle class and nonqualified working class groups are the ones who most disapprove of and condemn alcohol abuse and, at the same time, avoid to a higher degree drinking alcohol. When alcohol intake in women is considered, the percentage is even higher. Groups belonging to middle classes think alcohol abuse is the result of sadness, anguish, and the like. For the qualified working classes, the causes are attending parties or meetings where others drink; there is a high percentage of answers showing compassion for alcoholics. Helping attitudes are higher in these groups, and more permissive and flexible attitudes are found. A favorable disposition towards prevention programs is registered for more than 55% of the total number of adolescents in this research.", "contents": "[Attitudes towards alcohol in adolescents of 3 social classes in the City of Cordoba]. When dealing with some of primary prevention of alcoholism, the starting point is always a preliminary descriptive study of valueattitude systems of community groups, being one of the main prevention goals to modify certain guidelines and patterns of alcohol intake. This research aims at: a) Description of attitudes towards alcohol of 116 adolescents between 12 and 16 years in C\u00f3rdoba City, belonging to middle class, white collar and qualified blue collar; b) Definition of relationships between adolescents' attitudes and social class; c) Determination, according to the social class, of favorable, unfavorable or neutral attitudes towards a program of prevention and control of alcoholism. A questionnaire with 49 uncomplete phrases first conceived for Chile and adapted to our milieu was used. General results show that middle class and nonqualified working class groups are the ones who most disapprove of and condemn alcohol abuse and, at the same time, avoid to a higher degree drinking alcohol. When alcohol intake in women is considered, the percentage is even higher. Groups belonging to middle classes think alcohol abuse is the result of sadness, anguish, and the like. For the qualified working classes, the causes are attending parties or meetings where others drink; there is a high percentage of answers showing compassion for alcoholics. Helping attitudes are higher in these groups, and more permissive and flexible attitudes are found. A favorable disposition towards prevention programs is registered for more than 55% of the total number of adolescents in this research.", "PMID": 1189945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11427", "title": "[Indication for jointed matrimonial and familial therapy].", "content": "Before psychological treatment is prescribed, one should take into account, with utmost detail and depth, the ways and styles of integration of patients into their family-systems. In order to prove this contention we use the theoretical framework of C. A. Paz and D. Liberman, in connection with criteria of \"analyzability\". We include three clinical examples in which the need for a model allowing for the systemic character of family organization and marriage partnership is put into evidence. The model is built up starting from developments made in the field of Cybernetics which in turn are based upon Set theory.", "contents": "[Indication for jointed matrimonial and familial therapy]. Before psychological treatment is prescribed, one should take into account, with utmost detail and depth, the ways and styles of integration of patients into their family-systems. In order to prove this contention we use the theoretical framework of C. A. Paz and D. Liberman, in connection with criteria of \"analyzability\". We include three clinical examples in which the need for a model allowing for the systemic character of family organization and marriage partnership is put into evidence. The model is built up starting from developments made in the field of Cybernetics which in turn are based upon Set theory.", "PMID": 1189948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11428", "title": "[Psychodynamics of ideological democracy].", "content": "In order to understand \"ideological democracy\" and its consecuences for therapy it is important to study the ideology of group members from the psychodynamic standpoint. Ideology is understood as a system of rules to interpret reality, although from a theoretical point of view, we contend reality itself is free from ideology. Ideology is thus defined as a cognitive system, stemming from emotional matrices of the psychosexual development of personality. The understanding of how the members of the Therapeutic Community attain \"ideological democracy\" is, to our mind, essential in order to be able to attain therapeutic goals. After a brief introduction the paper deals with ideology and its relationship with different personality structures: hysteric, phobic, psychopatic, depressive, paranoid and schizoid. Several common mechanisms for building ideology are set forth. The final conclusion is that such an analysis helps to ascertain the best strategies for community therapy.", "contents": "[Psychodynamics of ideological democracy]. In order to understand \"ideological democracy\" and its consecuences for therapy it is important to study the ideology of group members from the psychodynamic standpoint. Ideology is understood as a system of rules to interpret reality, although from a theoretical point of view, we contend reality itself is free from ideology. Ideology is thus defined as a cognitive system, stemming from emotional matrices of the psychosexual development of personality. The understanding of how the members of the Therapeutic Community attain \"ideological democracy\" is, to our mind, essential in order to be able to attain therapeutic goals. After a brief introduction the paper deals with ideology and its relationship with different personality structures: hysteric, phobic, psychopatic, depressive, paranoid and schizoid. Several common mechanisms for building ideology are set forth. The final conclusion is that such an analysis helps to ascertain the best strategies for community therapy.", "PMID": 1189949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11429", "title": "[Brief psychotherapy].", "content": "During the last few years, psychotherapy has gained a new and well deserved place among therapies in Buenos Aires. The author stresses the importance of making a clear distinction between psychotherapy and psychoanalytical treatments considering that people who would benefit from one of these therapies would not from the other and viceversa. This paper does not deal with technical differences between both therapies but will show instead a case history of a brief psychotherapy treatment which could be considered successful.", "contents": "[Brief psychotherapy]. During the last few years, psychotherapy has gained a new and well deserved place among therapies in Buenos Aires. The author stresses the importance of making a clear distinction between psychotherapy and psychoanalytical treatments considering that people who would benefit from one of these therapies would not from the other and viceversa. This paper does not deal with technical differences between both therapies but will show instead a case history of a brief psychotherapy treatment which could be considered successful.", "PMID": 1189950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11430", "title": "[Concept of behavior in phobic symptoms].", "content": "Phobic symptoms are discussed from behavioral viewpoint. A symptom is considered phobic when avoidance mechanism coming from anxiety is underlying it. Fear and anxiety are similar reactions, although some clinical difference is pointed out between them. A classification of the kind of situations present at the beginning of phobic symptoms is proposed: 1. Association with the neutral stimulus under a strong fear. 2. Learning of the fear response by teaching of social environment, before being in front of the neutral stimulus. 3. Previously nonphobic anxiety or anxiety crisis occurred in front of the neutral stimulus, without presence of any dangerous stimulus.", "contents": "[Concept of behavior in phobic symptoms]. Phobic symptoms are discussed from behavioral viewpoint. A symptom is considered phobic when avoidance mechanism coming from anxiety is underlying it. Fear and anxiety are similar reactions, although some clinical difference is pointed out between them. A classification of the kind of situations present at the beginning of phobic symptoms is proposed: 1. Association with the neutral stimulus under a strong fear. 2. Learning of the fear response by teaching of social environment, before being in front of the neutral stimulus. 3. Previously nonphobic anxiety or anxiety crisis occurred in front of the neutral stimulus, without presence of any dangerous stimulus.", "PMID": 1189951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11431", "title": "[The problem of interpretation in psychology].", "content": "It is essential to all of the so-called \"Sciences of Man\" the way in which the problem of method is approached but it is most specifically important in Psychology. Psychology in its several schools has been and still is the discipline which mostly uses as a method to understand its own goal. As a matter of fact, the scientific basis of Psychology lies on the possibility of being able to determine and establish the object of interpretation. Starting from the description of interpretation we propose the following stages: a) The given data understood at a perceptive or imaginative level. b) Doxic characteristics, or characteristics of belief. c) Symbolic level, and d) Significance. The four stages integrate in the search (in the ideal sense at which we aim, according to Kant) of a totality as near to apodicticity as possible, that is to say, as adequate as possible to its object. Obviously the base-line on which interpretation is built up is ambiguity, that is the \"impossibility\" of a perfect adequacy of interpretation to the object being interpreted. This \"impossibility\" is the limit of interpretation as far as the search for perfect adequacy is concerned; this limit, on the other hand, is the atmosphere of the relationship between \"Siences of Man\" and ideologies. That is, the clarification of the method of interpretation depends on the historic and concrete explanation of the relationship between \"Sciences of Man\" and ideologies, meaning on the one hand, the truly scientific discoveries and, on the other hand, the illicit extension of those discoveries (ideologic extension). Furthermore, in a general sense the possibility of constituting the so-called \"Sciences of Man\" relies precisely on the everchanging relationship between science and ideology, because they are historic and stem from facts.", "contents": "[The problem of interpretation in psychology]. It is essential to all of the so-called \"Sciences of Man\" the way in which the problem of method is approached but it is most specifically important in Psychology. Psychology in its several schools has been and still is the discipline which mostly uses as a method to understand its own goal. As a matter of fact, the scientific basis of Psychology lies on the possibility of being able to determine and establish the object of interpretation. Starting from the description of interpretation we propose the following stages: a) The given data understood at a perceptive or imaginative level. b) Doxic characteristics, or characteristics of belief. c) Symbolic level, and d) Significance. The four stages integrate in the search (in the ideal sense at which we aim, according to Kant) of a totality as near to apodicticity as possible, that is to say, as adequate as possible to its object. Obviously the base-line on which interpretation is built up is ambiguity, that is the \"impossibility\" of a perfect adequacy of interpretation to the object being interpreted. This \"impossibility\" is the limit of interpretation as far as the search for perfect adequacy is concerned; this limit, on the other hand, is the atmosphere of the relationship between \"Siences of Man\" and ideologies. That is, the clarification of the method of interpretation depends on the historic and concrete explanation of the relationship between \"Sciences of Man\" and ideologies, meaning on the one hand, the truly scientific discoveries and, on the other hand, the illicit extension of those discoveries (ideologic extension). Furthermore, in a general sense the possibility of constituting the so-called \"Sciences of Man\" relies precisely on the everchanging relationship between science and ideology, because they are historic and stem from facts.", "PMID": 1189952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11432", "title": "[Profanities and the profane person].", "content": "The phychological aspects of language show an antithesis between learned and profane languages. The former implies control and abides by the rules of good interpersonal relationship. The latter means discontrol, violence and rupture of those rules. Profane of \"forbidden\" language is, always, a disturbed comunication. It shows agressive, sexual and exhibitionistic trends. It might stand for real crime at a symbolic level; and it has, in some way, a prophylactic role, fulfilling defensive needs by means of substitution. Its sexually aggressive content endangers sexual repression, therefore fostering anxiety.", "contents": "[Profanities and the profane person]. The phychological aspects of language show an antithesis between learned and profane languages. The former implies control and abides by the rules of good interpersonal relationship. The latter means discontrol, violence and rupture of those rules. Profane of \"forbidden\" language is, always, a disturbed comunication. It shows agressive, sexual and exhibitionistic trends. It might stand for real crime at a symbolic level; and it has, in some way, a prophylactic role, fulfilling defensive needs by means of substitution. Its sexually aggressive content endangers sexual repression, therefore fostering anxiety.", "PMID": 1189953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11433", "title": "[The physician as an agent of change and the change in the outlook of the physician].", "content": "Illness implies, to a lesser or greater extent, a \"vital crisis\", and it is sometimes the only visible part of the maelstrom. The medical conception of illness, based on cut out nosological entities with specific organic or mental locus, splits the patient's reality. Such an approach fosters and spreads illness, since it leads the dynamic field of doctor-patient relationship to stagnation. The example is given of a case treated by a member of a (modified) Balint group, an endocrinologist who sees the patient after many derivations, and focuses the therapy on the one symptom his speciality enables him to deal with most proficiently: excess overweight. Such an approach was unfit to grasp the whole of the patient's behaviour and protheic symptoms. The group points to the need for a change to a wider and more comprehensive approach. The practitioner understands such a need, which implies also a change in his own previous technical patterns; he now views himself as the \"organizer\" of the patient's situation, and succeeds in integrating a comprehensive conception of the total illness. This change involves more than just a technical switch; a slight apparent variation, implying deep changes in the doctor's personality is achieved the way Balint encourages which in turn modify the whole ideology at the basis of conceptions of illness and of being-ill. We hold that illness doesn't have either a \"natural history\" or a unique determinant, but that different medical conceptions and ideologies are at the basis of many different ways of evolving and developing the situation of \"being ill\".", "contents": "[The physician as an agent of change and the change in the outlook of the physician]. Illness implies, to a lesser or greater extent, a \"vital crisis\", and it is sometimes the only visible part of the maelstrom. The medical conception of illness, based on cut out nosological entities with specific organic or mental locus, splits the patient's reality. Such an approach fosters and spreads illness, since it leads the dynamic field of doctor-patient relationship to stagnation. The example is given of a case treated by a member of a (modified) Balint group, an endocrinologist who sees the patient after many derivations, and focuses the therapy on the one symptom his speciality enables him to deal with most proficiently: excess overweight. Such an approach was unfit to grasp the whole of the patient's behaviour and protheic symptoms. The group points to the need for a change to a wider and more comprehensive approach. The practitioner understands such a need, which implies also a change in his own previous technical patterns; he now views himself as the \"organizer\" of the patient's situation, and succeeds in integrating a comprehensive conception of the total illness. This change involves more than just a technical switch; a slight apparent variation, implying deep changes in the doctor's personality is achieved the way Balint encourages which in turn modify the whole ideology at the basis of conceptions of illness and of being-ill. We hold that illness doesn't have either a \"natural history\" or a unique determinant, but that different medical conceptions and ideologies are at the basis of many different ways of evolving and developing the situation of \"being ill\".", "PMID": 1189954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11434", "title": "Therapeutic results in brief-interval unilateral ECT.", "content": "The study reported comprised 104 patients with endogenous depression who were given unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The patients were divided into two equally large groups, one receiving two and the other four treatments per week. The latter group was selected openly, while the former had been collected by a double-blind technique on a previous occasion. The severity of depression was assessed before the first treatment and on the days after the sixth and the last treatment, and at these times memory testing by WMS Forms I and II and EEG were also performed. An analysis is presented of the therapeutic effect obtained, assessed by: (1) the number of treatments applied in the two groups; (2) the reduction in the depression score; and (3) the effect achieved per treatment. In the group with frequent electrostimulation one to two addititional treatments were required, the difference being statistically significant. On the other hand, frequent stimulation tended to be more effective in terms of the reduction in the depression score. The effect per treatment was identical in the two groups. Four treatments per week did not result in a higher frequency of complications. A comparison of the five severest depressions in each of the two groups did not reveal any difference in the therapeutic effect of the two methods of treatment. It is concluded that the technique with four treatments per week instead of two offers the advantage that the duration of the treatment period is reduced by 11-12 days. As the study also revealed that the discomforts, including memory impairment, are not increased by frequent stimulation, it is recommended that unilateral ECT is administered with a frequency of four treatments per week.", "contents": "Therapeutic results in brief-interval unilateral ECT. The study reported comprised 104 patients with endogenous depression who were given unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The patients were divided into two equally large groups, one receiving two and the other four treatments per week. The latter group was selected openly, while the former had been collected by a double-blind technique on a previous occasion. The severity of depression was assessed before the first treatment and on the days after the sixth and the last treatment, and at these times memory testing by WMS Forms I and II and EEG were also performed. An analysis is presented of the therapeutic effect obtained, assessed by: (1) the number of treatments applied in the two groups; (2) the reduction in the depression score; and (3) the effect achieved per treatment. In the group with frequent electrostimulation one to two addititional treatments were required, the difference being statistically significant. On the other hand, frequent stimulation tended to be more effective in terms of the reduction in the depression score. The effect per treatment was identical in the two groups. Four treatments per week did not result in a higher frequency of complications. A comparison of the five severest depressions in each of the two groups did not reveal any difference in the therapeutic effect of the two methods of treatment. It is concluded that the technique with four treatments per week instead of two offers the advantage that the duration of the treatment period is reduced by 11-12 days. As the study also revealed that the discomforts, including memory impairment, are not increased by frequent stimulation, it is recommended that unilateral ECT is administered with a frequency of four treatments per week.", "PMID": 1189955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11435", "title": "A study of attempted suicides in urban versus rural areas, with a follow-up.", "content": "The group of subjects consisted of 44 patients (attempters) who were admitted to hospital for treatment because of attempted suicide during a 3-month period in Norther Savo (in Eastern Finland), another 44 patients (non-attempters) admitted to hospital in the same period for other reasons serving as controls. The number of women was the same in both groups, and so was, in consequence, the number of men. The study compared the attempters with the non-attempters and, in addition, the patients coming from urban areas with those coming from rural areas, the ratio of the urban to the rural patients being the same in both groups. The study was based on personal psychiatric interviews with the patients, which took place in each case both immediately following the patient's admission and precisely 3 months afterwards. The results showed that schizophrenia was significantly more frequent in the rural than in the urban attempter group. By contrast, alcoholism and alcohol abuse were more frequent in the urban than in the rural attempter group. Compared with the urban patients, the rural patients tended to be physically more seriously desordered. Poisoning by drugs was a significantly more frequent means of attempted suicide in the urban than in th rural group. The patients in the latter group, again, had resorted oftener to the so-called \"active\" methods of attempted suicide. Of the attempters, 25% attempted suicide anew during the 3-month follow-up period, the corresponding figure for the non-attempter group being only 6%. During the follow-up period, a greater number of suicidal attempts was made by the patients in the rural group than by those in the urban group, and, as regards the intent to succeed, the attempts of the former were more serious than those of the latter. The so-called \"active\" methods were used more often by rural than by urban patients also during the follow-up period. All in all, the self-destructive behaviour exhibited during the follow-up period was graver in the rural than in the urban group.", "contents": "A study of attempted suicides in urban versus rural areas, with a follow-up. The group of subjects consisted of 44 patients (attempters) who were admitted to hospital for treatment because of attempted suicide during a 3-month period in Norther Savo (in Eastern Finland), another 44 patients (non-attempters) admitted to hospital in the same period for other reasons serving as controls. The number of women was the same in both groups, and so was, in consequence, the number of men. The study compared the attempters with the non-attempters and, in addition, the patients coming from urban areas with those coming from rural areas, the ratio of the urban to the rural patients being the same in both groups. The study was based on personal psychiatric interviews with the patients, which took place in each case both immediately following the patient's admission and precisely 3 months afterwards. The results showed that schizophrenia was significantly more frequent in the rural than in the urban attempter group. By contrast, alcoholism and alcohol abuse were more frequent in the urban than in the rural attempter group. Compared with the urban patients, the rural patients tended to be physically more seriously desordered. Poisoning by drugs was a significantly more frequent means of attempted suicide in the urban than in th rural group. The patients in the latter group, again, had resorted oftener to the so-called \"active\" methods of attempted suicide. Of the attempters, 25% attempted suicide anew during the 3-month follow-up period, the corresponding figure for the non-attempter group being only 6%. During the follow-up period, a greater number of suicidal attempts was made by the patients in the rural group than by those in the urban group, and, as regards the intent to succeed, the attempts of the former were more serious than those of the latter. The so-called \"active\" methods were used more often by rural than by urban patients also during the follow-up period. All in all, the self-destructive behaviour exhibited during the follow-up period was graver in the rural than in the urban group.", "PMID": 1189956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11436", "title": "Fibrous septa in the straight dural sinus.", "content": "Postmortem exploration of the straight sinus supplemented in some cases by radiography revealed the presence of single or multiple septa or synechiae in the sinus in 44 of 145 cases. A septum should not be mistaken for a thrombus. The septa are of roentgenologic significance because of their ability to alter the appearance of the sinus from one cerebral angiography to another in one and the same patient.", "contents": "Fibrous septa in the straight dural sinus. Postmortem exploration of the straight sinus supplemented in some cases by radiography revealed the presence of single or multiple septa or synechiae in the sinus in 44 of 145 cases. A septum should not be mistaken for a thrombus. The septa are of roentgenologic significance because of their ability to alter the appearance of the sinus from one cerebral angiography to another in one and the same patient.", "PMID": 1189957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11437", "title": "Bone scintigraphy of facial skeleton with 99Tcm-diphosphonate.", "content": "Bone scintigraphy of the facial skeleton with 99Tcm-diphosphonate using gamma-camera was performed in 10 cases without, and in 4 cases with pathologic processes. A. p. and lateral projections were used and a converging collimator. The normal distribution of the isotope in the bones of the face seemed to be uniform with minor variations. Increased uptake varying in intensity was evident in the region of the lesion.", "contents": "Bone scintigraphy of facial skeleton with 99Tcm-diphosphonate. Bone scintigraphy of the facial skeleton with 99Tcm-diphosphonate using gamma-camera was performed in 10 cases without, and in 4 cases with pathologic processes. A. p. and lateral projections were used and a converging collimator. The normal distribution of the isotope in the bones of the face seemed to be uniform with minor variations. Increased uptake varying in intensity was evident in the region of the lesion.", "PMID": 1189958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11438", "title": "Comparison between the area and the volume of the air-filled ear space.", "content": "The area of the air-filled ear space, assessed planimetrically, was compared with the volume in cases with chronic otitis media with central perforation or recent traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane. A significant correlation between the area and volume existed. In chronic otitis media the area was larger than in cases with traumatic perforation with equal volume. In these cases the area does not correlate completely with the volume of the functioning air space. The results favour the hypothesis that the pneumatisation of the temporal bone is affected by infection.", "contents": "Comparison between the area and the volume of the air-filled ear space. The area of the air-filled ear space, assessed planimetrically, was compared with the volume in cases with chronic otitis media with central perforation or recent traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane. A significant correlation between the area and volume existed. In chronic otitis media the area was larger than in cases with traumatic perforation with equal volume. In these cases the area does not correlate completely with the volume of the functioning air space. The results favour the hypothesis that the pneumatisation of the temporal bone is affected by infection.", "PMID": 1189960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11439", "title": "Lymphography in carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Lymphography was carried out in a series of 158 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The diagnostic accuracy rate of 85 per cent compares favourably with the results of a similar investigation made ten years ago. Positive lymphography does not alter the survival rate in clinical stages I and II, probably due to the more accurate and selective therapeutic approach induced by lymphography. In stage III the 2-year survival rate of patients with negative findings is 58 per cent compared to only 17 per cent in case of positive lymphographic findings.", "contents": "Lymphography in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Lymphography was carried out in a series of 158 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The diagnostic accuracy rate of 85 per cent compares favourably with the results of a similar investigation made ten years ago. Positive lymphography does not alter the survival rate in clinical stages I and II, probably due to the more accurate and selective therapeutic approach induced by lymphography. In stage III the 2-year survival rate of patients with negative findings is 58 per cent compared to only 17 per cent in case of positive lymphographic findings.", "PMID": 1189961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11440", "title": "Radiography of laryngeal carcinoma. Assessment of value.", "content": "The value of various radiographic methods (except laryngography) in laryngeal carcinoma was assessed in a material of 71 patients. Radiography proved of no value in T1 and T2 tumours if a satisfactory clinical examination could be performed but gave valuable information in recurrences as well as in T3 and T4 cases.", "contents": "Radiography of laryngeal carcinoma. Assessment of value. The value of various radiographic methods (except laryngography) in laryngeal carcinoma was assessed in a material of 71 patients. Radiography proved of no value in T1 and T2 tumours if a satisfactory clinical examination could be performed but gave valuable information in recurrences as well as in T3 and T4 cases.", "PMID": 1189963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11441", "title": "Effects of intraarterial injection of contrast medium on regional circulation in soft tissue trauma.", "content": "The effects of repeated intraarterial injections of methylglucamine metrizoate on regional circulation were registered in soft tissue trauma to the dog hind leg. The circulatory disturbances were determined by hemodynamic measurements and by angiography. The changes of flow following injection of the contrast medium were related to the films. The informative arterial phase appeared in the time lag between injection and the flow increasing effect of the contrast medium both before and after trauma. No evidence of a cumulative effect was recorded.", "contents": "Effects of intraarterial injection of contrast medium on regional circulation in soft tissue trauma. The effects of repeated intraarterial injections of methylglucamine metrizoate on regional circulation were registered in soft tissue trauma to the dog hind leg. The circulatory disturbances were determined by hemodynamic measurements and by angiography. The changes of flow following injection of the contrast medium were related to the films. The informative arterial phase appeared in the time lag between injection and the flow increasing effect of the contrast medium both before and after trauma. No evidence of a cumulative effect was recorded.", "PMID": 1189964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11442", "title": "Bone mineral content in hereditary polycystic osteodysplasia associated with progressive dementia.", "content": "Measurements of the bone mineral content were made in five patients with a disease characterized by progressive dementia and lipomembranous polycystic osteodysplasia. Decreased bone mineral density (g/cm3) was observed not only in the region of cysts in the distal radius but also in the diaphyses of radius and ulna. The 85Sr vertebral uptake was low in the youngest patient, normal in two and raised in another two. The observations were compatible with the hypothesis of a general metabolic disorder of the bone.", "contents": "Bone mineral content in hereditary polycystic osteodysplasia associated with progressive dementia. Measurements of the bone mineral content were made in five patients with a disease characterized by progressive dementia and lipomembranous polycystic osteodysplasia. Decreased bone mineral density (g/cm3) was observed not only in the region of cysts in the distal radius but also in the diaphyses of radius and ulna. The 85Sr vertebral uptake was low in the youngest patient, normal in two and raised in another two. The observations were compatible with the hypothesis of a general metabolic disorder of the bone.", "PMID": 1189965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11443", "title": "Soft tissue radiography in painful shoulder.", "content": "Specialized soft tissue radiography was applied to the shoulder region to differentiate between shoulder peritendinitis and radiating cervical pain. The technique is presented, together with the results of a clinical trial. Local inflammation was demonstrable even in the absence of calcific deposits.", "contents": "Soft tissue radiography in painful shoulder. Specialized soft tissue radiography was applied to the shoulder region to differentiate between shoulder peritendinitis and radiating cervical pain. The technique is presented, together with the results of a clinical trial. Local inflammation was demonstrable even in the absence of calcific deposits.", "PMID": 1189966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11444", "title": "Arterial collaterals in intrahepatic arterial occlusion.", "content": "Two cases are reported, where intrahepatic peripheral arterial collaterals were angiographically observed. In one case the collateral artery connected the subsegmental arteries of the dorso-caudal and ventro-cranial segments; in the other collateral circulation existed between the ventro-cranial segmental artery and the middle hepatic artery. Thus, the segmental arteries of the liver are not always end arteries. A schematic drawing of the hitherto angiographically confirmed collaterals is given.", "contents": "Arterial collaterals in intrahepatic arterial occlusion. Two cases are reported, where intrahepatic peripheral arterial collaterals were angiographically observed. In one case the collateral artery connected the subsegmental arteries of the dorso-caudal and ventro-cranial segments; in the other collateral circulation existed between the ventro-cranial segmental artery and the middle hepatic artery. Thus, the segmental arteries of the liver are not always end arteries. A schematic drawing of the hitherto angiographically confirmed collaterals is given.", "PMID": 1189967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11445", "title": "Speed of response of a 50 Hz and a 250 Hz TV system.", "content": "The speed of response of a newly developed 250 Hz high image rate Plumbicon television system was compared with the ordinary 50 Hz Vidicon and Plumbicon television systems. The high time resolution of the 250 Hz system, almost five times that of the 50 Hz Vidicon and three times that of the 50 Hz Plumbicon system, makes it well adapted for videodensitometry particularly if the velocity of the contrast bolus or the pulse profile within the circulation are to be evaluated.", "contents": "Speed of response of a 50 Hz and a 250 Hz TV system. The speed of response of a newly developed 250 Hz high image rate Plumbicon television system was compared with the ordinary 50 Hz Vidicon and Plumbicon television systems. The high time resolution of the 250 Hz system, almost five times that of the 50 Hz Vidicon and three times that of the 50 Hz Plumbicon system, makes it well adapted for videodensitometry particularly if the velocity of the contrast bolus or the pulse profile within the circulation are to be evaluated.", "PMID": 1189968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11446", "title": "Carcinoma of the larynx. V. Relationship between biologic effect and failure of irradiation.", "content": "Among 147 patients with laryngeal carcinoma, treated with 60Co irradiation and followed for 5 to 10 years, there were 5 cases of recurrence due to incorrectly placed fields. The glottic cases consisted of one group below and one above a Partial Tolerance of 1 650 ret. In the latter group the recurrence rate was significantly lower than in the former. Higher ret levels did not lower the residual tumour or recurrence rate in the glottic group but seemed to lower the rate in the supraglottic group.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the larynx. V. Relationship between biologic effect and failure of irradiation. Among 147 patients with laryngeal carcinoma, treated with 60Co irradiation and followed for 5 to 10 years, there were 5 cases of recurrence due to incorrectly placed fields. The glottic cases consisted of one group below and one above a Partial Tolerance of 1 650 ret. In the latter group the recurrence rate was significantly lower than in the former. Higher ret levels did not lower the residual tumour or recurrence rate in the glottic group but seemed to lower the rate in the supraglottic group.", "PMID": 1189969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11447", "title": "Computer dosimetry based on pelvic simulation.", "content": "A technique is described which shows a good correlation between computer dose rates based on a simulated pelvic irradiation system and dose rates measured in patients using a probe monitor. With radiation sources in position, the system described permits a rapid check of computer dosimetry output in a clinical situation. As a dual dose monitor system greater confidence in the accuracy of implant dose distribution is possible.", "contents": "Computer dosimetry based on pelvic simulation. A technique is described which shows a good correlation between computer dose rates based on a simulated pelvic irradiation system and dose rates measured in patients using a probe monitor. With radiation sources in position, the system described permits a rapid check of computer dosimetry output in a clinical situation. As a dual dose monitor system greater confidence in the accuracy of implant dose distribution is possible.", "PMID": 1189970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11448", "title": "Stathmokinetic failure to enhance radiation response in human tumours.", "content": "The literature concerning the use of metaphase inducing agents as clinical sensitisers to radiation is briefly reviewed, and five cases are reported, which suggest that under ordinary clinical conditions, these agents are not likely to be of value. These results accord with animal experiments and a possible reason is suggested.", "contents": "Stathmokinetic failure to enhance radiation response in human tumours. The literature concerning the use of metaphase inducing agents as clinical sensitisers to radiation is briefly reviewed, and five cases are reported, which suggest that under ordinary clinical conditions, these agents are not likely to be of value. These results accord with animal experiments and a possible reason is suggested.", "PMID": 1189971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11449", "title": "Effect of therapeutic radiation on peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Effects of radiation therapy for carcinoma of the breast on responsiveness to mitogens of blood lymphocytes of patients at different clinical stages were analysed. Patients at different clinical stages had comparable numbers and responses of lymphocytes. During therapy the mean lymphocyte numbers decreased to 31 per cent of the pre-treatment value and mean responses to mitogens in whole-blood cultures decreased to 15 to 39 per cent of pre-treatment values. Similar decreases occurred whether or not mastectomy was performed.", "contents": "Effect of therapeutic radiation on peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with carcinoma of the breast. Effects of radiation therapy for carcinoma of the breast on responsiveness to mitogens of blood lymphocytes of patients at different clinical stages were analysed. Patients at different clinical stages had comparable numbers and responses of lymphocytes. During therapy the mean lymphocyte numbers decreased to 31 per cent of the pre-treatment value and mean responses to mitogens in whole-blood cultures decreased to 15 to 39 per cent of pre-treatment values. Similar decreases occurred whether or not mastectomy was performed.", "PMID": 1189972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11450", "title": "Effects of 131I therapy on blood borne leucocytes in hyperthyroid patients.", "content": "The different types of circulating leucocytes were examined in 54 patients before and 2 to 4 months after 131I therapy for hyperthyroidism. An absolute and differential percentage increase in the number of juvenile segmented neutrophils, eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes was demonstrated in the patients free from signs of hyperthyroidism after therapy. This increase was statistically significant. No changes occurred in the 11 patients remaining hyperthyroid.", "contents": "Effects of 131I therapy on blood borne leucocytes in hyperthyroid patients. The different types of circulating leucocytes were examined in 54 patients before and 2 to 4 months after 131I therapy for hyperthyroidism. An absolute and differential percentage increase in the number of juvenile segmented neutrophils, eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes was demonstrated in the patients free from signs of hyperthyroidism after therapy. This increase was statistically significant. No changes occurred in the 11 patients remaining hyperthyroid.", "PMID": 1189973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11451", "title": "The risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease in subjects with xanthomatosis.", "content": "The morbidity and mortality in 172 males and 164 females with xanthomatosis have been investigated. Symptoms of coronary heart disease (CHD) were the most frequent initial manifestation of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Angina pectoris was the first symptom in about 3/4 of males as well as females; myocardial infarction was the first event in 26% of the males and 9% of the females. Other manifestations of atherosclerosis were comparatively rare and occurred late in life. Half of the subjects were affected with symptoms of atherosclerotic vascular disease by the age of 52 in men and 62 in women, the mean age for first symptoms being 49 and 56 years, respectively. No significant influence of other CHD risk factors than xanthomatosis and hyperlipidaemia was found in these patients. An increase in the number of cardiovascular deaths was seen in xanthomatosis patients, compared with the general population, in particular in the number of \"sudden deaths\". Half of the males died before the age of 66 and half of the females before the age of 74.5, which is about 10 and 7 years earlier than predicted at 30 years of age for the normal population. The cumulative relative mortality in both men and women was about twice that expected for the general Norwegian population until 70 years of age.", "contents": "The risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease in subjects with xanthomatosis. The morbidity and mortality in 172 males and 164 females with xanthomatosis have been investigated. Symptoms of coronary heart disease (CHD) were the most frequent initial manifestation of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Angina pectoris was the first symptom in about 3/4 of males as well as females; myocardial infarction was the first event in 26% of the males and 9% of the females. Other manifestations of atherosclerosis were comparatively rare and occurred late in life. Half of the subjects were affected with symptoms of atherosclerotic vascular disease by the age of 52 in men and 62 in women, the mean age for first symptoms being 49 and 56 years, respectively. No significant influence of other CHD risk factors than xanthomatosis and hyperlipidaemia was found in these patients. An increase in the number of cardiovascular deaths was seen in xanthomatosis patients, compared with the general population, in particular in the number of \"sudden deaths\". Half of the males died before the age of 66 and half of the females before the age of 74.5, which is about 10 and 7 years earlier than predicted at 30 years of age for the normal population. The cumulative relative mortality in both men and women was about twice that expected for the general Norwegian population until 70 years of age.", "PMID": 1189982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11452", "title": "Predictable reduction in anticoagulant activity of warfarin by small amounts of vitamin K.", "content": "After withdrawal of warfarin (Marevan), 48-72 hours are required to raise the Thombotest values from a therapeutic level (range 5-10%) to 12% or higher. By i.v. administration of 1 mg vitamin K1 (Konakion) and without changing the dose of the anticoagulant, this effect could be obtained within 24 hours. Furthermore, the effect of vitamin K vanished within 2-5 days. The use of small amounts of vitamin K may therefore be a simple and reliable way of obtaining a rapid, temporary reduction in anticoagulant effect.", "contents": "Predictable reduction in anticoagulant activity of warfarin by small amounts of vitamin K. After withdrawal of warfarin (Marevan), 48-72 hours are required to raise the Thombotest values from a therapeutic level (range 5-10%) to 12% or higher. By i.v. administration of 1 mg vitamin K1 (Konakion) and without changing the dose of the anticoagulant, this effect could be obtained within 24 hours. Furthermore, the effect of vitamin K vanished within 2-5 days. The use of small amounts of vitamin K may therefore be a simple and reliable way of obtaining a rapid, temporary reduction in anticoagulant effect.", "PMID": 1189983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11453", "title": "Studies on the haematologic and cytogenetic effect of lithium.", "content": "The corpuscular elements of the peripheral blod and the morphology and chromosome constitution of bone marrow cells have been studied in patients before and during lithium therapy as well as in patients who had received lithium for a substantial period. Lithium therapy produced elevated total white cell, granulocyte, eosinophil and thrombocyte counts and a lymphocytopenia, whereas no effect was seen on the erythrocyte and reticulocyte counts. There were no morphological or cytogenetic changes in the bone marrow aspirates. Neither were toxic doses of lithium able to produce chromosome abnormalities in rats.", "contents": "Studies on the haematologic and cytogenetic effect of lithium. The corpuscular elements of the peripheral blod and the morphology and chromosome constitution of bone marrow cells have been studied in patients before and during lithium therapy as well as in patients who had received lithium for a substantial period. Lithium therapy produced elevated total white cell, granulocyte, eosinophil and thrombocyte counts and a lymphocytopenia, whereas no effect was seen on the erythrocyte and reticulocyte counts. There were no morphological or cytogenetic changes in the bone marrow aspirates. Neither were toxic doses of lithium able to produce chromosome abnormalities in rats.", "PMID": 1189984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11454", "title": "The effect of glycerol infusion in acute cerebral infarction.", "content": "Intravenous administration of glycerol has been used in an effort to improve the prognosis for patients with acute cerebral infarction. Fifty patients were treated actively and 56 served as a control group. The neurological status before, during and after treatment for six days was assessed by a score system. The patients were grouped according to the initial score. Those with the highest and lowest scores did not improve from glycerol infusion. However, the treated patients with intermediate scores, where the prognosis is known to be dubious, showed a significant improvement compared to the controls. The mortality was not influenced. No undesirable side-effects from glycerol were registered.", "contents": "The effect of glycerol infusion in acute cerebral infarction. Intravenous administration of glycerol has been used in an effort to improve the prognosis for patients with acute cerebral infarction. Fifty patients were treated actively and 56 served as a control group. The neurological status before, during and after treatment for six days was assessed by a score system. The patients were grouped according to the initial score. Those with the highest and lowest scores did not improve from glycerol infusion. However, the treated patients with intermediate scores, where the prognosis is known to be dubious, showed a significant improvement compared to the controls. The mortality was not influenced. No undesirable side-effects from glycerol were registered.", "PMID": 1189985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11455", "title": "Factors related to blood pressure in a general population sample of Swedish men.", "content": "Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), height, weight, hereditary factors, smoking habits and physical activity have been determined in a random population sample of men aged 47-54 years attending a screening examination, which was part of a multifactor primary preventive trial. Of the 9,967 men who were invited to the study, 83% answered a postal questionnaire and 75% took part in the screening examination. Of all persons not on antihypertensive treatment, 10% had systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than 175 mmHg and 6% had diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than 115 mmHg. Of those on hypotensive treatment 43% had SBP greater than 175 mmHg and 30% had DBP greater than 115 mmHg, indicating that the hypertension was not well controlled. A weak positive correlation was found between HR and BP and between relative body weight (RBW) (defined as [weight/height] - 100) and BP. Both HR and RBW were higher in the treated hypertensives than in the remainder of the population studied. Subjects with a positive heredity for myocardial infarction or stroke had a significantly higher BP than persons with a negative heredity, but the absolute differences were small. A weak relationship was demonstrated between smoking habits and DBP, with the lowest BP in persons smoking greater than 25 cigarettes a day. There was no relationship between the degree of physical activity and BP.", "contents": "Factors related to blood pressure in a general population sample of Swedish men. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), height, weight, hereditary factors, smoking habits and physical activity have been determined in a random population sample of men aged 47-54 years attending a screening examination, which was part of a multifactor primary preventive trial. Of the 9,967 men who were invited to the study, 83% answered a postal questionnaire and 75% took part in the screening examination. Of all persons not on antihypertensive treatment, 10% had systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than 175 mmHg and 6% had diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than 115 mmHg. Of those on hypotensive treatment 43% had SBP greater than 175 mmHg and 30% had DBP greater than 115 mmHg, indicating that the hypertension was not well controlled. A weak positive correlation was found between HR and BP and between relative body weight (RBW) (defined as [weight/height] - 100) and BP. Both HR and RBW were higher in the treated hypertensives than in the remainder of the population studied. Subjects with a positive heredity for myocardial infarction or stroke had a significantly higher BP than persons with a negative heredity, but the absolute differences were small. A weak relationship was demonstrated between smoking habits and DBP, with the lowest BP in persons smoking greater than 25 cigarettes a day. There was no relationship between the degree of physical activity and BP.", "PMID": 1189986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11456", "title": "Ectopic pituitary function.", "content": "Two patients with acromegaly have been treated with hypophysectomy. Because the disease was still active, the patients were reoperated. No pituitary tissue could be found at the second operations. Besides the acromegaly, one of the patients had diabetes mellitus (appeared after the first operation), Cushing's syndrome, probably ACTH-dependent, and evidence of thyrotoxicosis. In both patients extopic pituitary tissue was suspected. One of the patients reacted with a normal fall in plasma growth hormone to growth hormone releasing-inhibiting hormone. Ectopic pituitary function should be suspected, if the pituitary function is retained after a hypophysectomy.", "contents": "Ectopic pituitary function. Two patients with acromegaly have been treated with hypophysectomy. Because the disease was still active, the patients were reoperated. No pituitary tissue could be found at the second operations. Besides the acromegaly, one of the patients had diabetes mellitus (appeared after the first operation), Cushing's syndrome, probably ACTH-dependent, and evidence of thyrotoxicosis. In both patients extopic pituitary tissue was suspected. One of the patients reacted with a normal fall in plasma growth hormone to growth hormone releasing-inhibiting hormone. Ectopic pituitary function should be suspected, if the pituitary function is retained after a hypophysectomy.", "PMID": 1189987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11457", "title": "Selected psychosocial variables in the delay of reaching the coronoary care unit.", "content": "Sixty-one first admissions to a coronary care unit have been analysed regarding \"delay period\" from onset of chest pain to admission to the CCU in relation to psychosocial information, collected from the closest relative. On the whole, psychosocial variables seemed to play a modest role in the determination of the delay period. However, one \"type A behavior\" variable, inability to relax during leisure time, was related to a shorter delay period. Young subjects tended to have a relatively short delay.", "contents": "Selected psychosocial variables in the delay of reaching the coronoary care unit. Sixty-one first admissions to a coronary care unit have been analysed regarding \"delay period\" from onset of chest pain to admission to the CCU in relation to psychosocial information, collected from the closest relative. On the whole, psychosocial variables seemed to play a modest role in the determination of the delay period. However, one \"type A behavior\" variable, inability to relax during leisure time, was related to a shorter delay period. Young subjects tended to have a relatively short delay.", "PMID": 1189988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11458", "title": "Cutaneous reactions of the extremities of diabetics to local thermal trauma.", "content": "An earlier report described cutaneous lesions, consisting of erythema with or without necrosis, on the legs and/or feet of elderly diabetics and the cause was suggested to be an altered reaction to precipitating factors such as cardiac decompensation. The present investigation concerns the cutaneous reactions to traumatization with local heat or cold to the skin of legs and forearms of 35 diabetics and 25 controls. Petechiae within the area of traumatization with either heat or cold were observed more often in diabetics than in controls. They occurred more frequently on the legs than on the forearms. Among the controls, petechiae were observed only in those over 50 years of age and only on the legs. In the diabetics under 50, petechiae were almost always observed when the duration of diabetes was 10 years or more but seldom in young patients with diabetes of short duration. The duration of diabetes was not significantly related to the occurrence of petechiae in diabetics over 50. In these diabetics, moreover, petechiae developed after traumatization with heat of a lower temperature than that which caused petechiae to appear in corresponding controls. The initial skin lesions in dermopathia diabetica (Melin) have a reddened border. The skin of the legs of some of the diabetics developed an intensely reddened border round the area of experimental heat or cold traumatization. These patients were either elderly diabetics or younger patients with diabetes of long duration. Each of them had dermopathia diabetica and each developed atrophic circumscribed skin lesions on the site of traumatization. Nineteen diabetics had dermopathia diabetica and 16 of them developed atrophic circumscribed skin lesions on the site of traumatization, lesions which were never seen in the controls. Thus, diabetics differ from controls in their reaction to a certain thermal trauma. The possible reasons for this altered reaction are discussed.", "contents": "Cutaneous reactions of the extremities of diabetics to local thermal trauma. An earlier report described cutaneous lesions, consisting of erythema with or without necrosis, on the legs and/or feet of elderly diabetics and the cause was suggested to be an altered reaction to precipitating factors such as cardiac decompensation. The present investigation concerns the cutaneous reactions to traumatization with local heat or cold to the skin of legs and forearms of 35 diabetics and 25 controls. Petechiae within the area of traumatization with either heat or cold were observed more often in diabetics than in controls. They occurred more frequently on the legs than on the forearms. Among the controls, petechiae were observed only in those over 50 years of age and only on the legs. In the diabetics under 50, petechiae were almost always observed when the duration of diabetes was 10 years or more but seldom in young patients with diabetes of short duration. The duration of diabetes was not significantly related to the occurrence of petechiae in diabetics over 50. In these diabetics, moreover, petechiae developed after traumatization with heat of a lower temperature than that which caused petechiae to appear in corresponding controls. The initial skin lesions in dermopathia diabetica (Melin) have a reddened border. The skin of the legs of some of the diabetics developed an intensely reddened border round the area of experimental heat or cold traumatization. These patients were either elderly diabetics or younger patients with diabetes of long duration. Each of them had dermopathia diabetica and each developed atrophic circumscribed skin lesions on the site of traumatization. Nineteen diabetics had dermopathia diabetica and 16 of them developed atrophic circumscribed skin lesions on the site of traumatization, lesions which were never seen in the controls. Thus, diabetics differ from controls in their reaction to a certain thermal trauma. The possible reasons for this altered reaction are discussed.", "PMID": 1189989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11459", "title": "Thyroid carcinoma after 131I treatment for hyperthyroidism. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is described, occurring in a 71-year-old woman, 8-1/2 years after treatment with 8 mCi 131I for hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Thyroid carcinoma after 131I treatment for hyperthyroidism. Report of a case. A case of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is described, occurring in a 71-year-old woman, 8-1/2 years after treatment with 8 mCi 131I for hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 1189990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11460", "title": "Frequency of infection and efficiency of transfection of Rhizobium meliloti cells and spheroplasts.", "content": "Competent cultures of Rhizobium meliloti cells and spheroplasts obtained by various methods were infected with DNA of phage 1A. The Frequency of infection among the cells and spheroplasts was 2 X 10(-8)-5 X 10(-10). The efficiency of transfection calculated from the ratio of plaque forming units to infective DNA molecule of phage 1A was 5 X 10(-8) to 10(-10). Frequency of infection and efficiency of transfection among the competent cells were by one order of magnitude higher in the case of the spheroplasts. The use of various media did not noticeably alter the efficiency of transfection.", "contents": "Frequency of infection and efficiency of transfection of Rhizobium meliloti cells and spheroplasts. Competent cultures of Rhizobium meliloti cells and spheroplasts obtained by various methods were infected with DNA of phage 1A. The Frequency of infection among the cells and spheroplasts was 2 X 10(-8)-5 X 10(-10). The efficiency of transfection calculated from the ratio of plaque forming units to infective DNA molecule of phage 1A was 5 X 10(-8) to 10(-10). Frequency of infection and efficiency of transfection among the competent cells were by one order of magnitude higher in the case of the spheroplasts. The use of various media did not noticeably alter the efficiency of transfection.", "PMID": 1189991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11461", "title": "Isolation and some properties of colicin V preparations.", "content": "E. coli strain CLI(V) produces colicin V which can exist in two chemically different forms. A heat-stable, liposaccharide-protein complex is present as a main component of the cell wash. An intracellular colicin is a heat-labile and seems to be a simple protein. Preliminary experiments have shown that colicin V inhibits simultaneously synthesis of protein, RNA and DNA. Its mode of action is similar to colicins: E1, B, K and A.", "contents": "Isolation and some properties of colicin V preparations. E. coli strain CLI(V) produces colicin V which can exist in two chemically different forms. A heat-stable, liposaccharide-protein complex is present as a main component of the cell wash. An intracellular colicin is a heat-labile and seems to be a simple protein. Preliminary experiments have shown that colicin V inhibits simultaneously synthesis of protein, RNA and DNA. Its mode of action is similar to colicins: E1, B, K and A.", "PMID": 1189992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11462", "title": "Influence of salts on the microbial activities in arid and semi-humid soils.", "content": "The influence of salt mixtures consisting of Ca(H2PO4)2, trace elements, CaSO4, CaCO3, Na2CO3, NaCl and K2SO4 in different combinations on the nitrifying power, evolution of carbon dioxide and the total number of bacteria was studied in arid soils (sandy and alluvial) and semi-humid ones (chernozem and rendzina). Salt mixtures comprising of either mono-calcium phosphate or sodium chloride showed highly inhibiting action on the studied microbial activities in sandy, alluvial and chernozem soils, whilst mono-calcium phosphate stimulated the heterotrophs of rendzina. Trace elements stimulated the autotrophs of the clay soils. The other different salts mixtures acted according to the salt combination and nature of the microbial activity.", "contents": "Influence of salts on the microbial activities in arid and semi-humid soils. The influence of salt mixtures consisting of Ca(H2PO4)2, trace elements, CaSO4, CaCO3, Na2CO3, NaCl and K2SO4 in different combinations on the nitrifying power, evolution of carbon dioxide and the total number of bacteria was studied in arid soils (sandy and alluvial) and semi-humid ones (chernozem and rendzina). Salt mixtures comprising of either mono-calcium phosphate or sodium chloride showed highly inhibiting action on the studied microbial activities in sandy, alluvial and chernozem soils, whilst mono-calcium phosphate stimulated the heterotrophs of rendzina. Trace elements stimulated the autotrophs of the clay soils. The other different salts mixtures acted according to the salt combination and nature of the microbial activity.", "PMID": 1189993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11463", "title": "Studies on metabolic activity of planktonic bacteria isolated from three lakes.", "content": "Studies were carried out on metabolic activity of 480 bacterial isolates on 9 substrates. All bacterial isolates studied except one utilized the casamino acids. Also with casamino acids the highest oxygen uptake values were obtained. Among the carbohydrates, glucose was most frequently utilized by the planktonic bacteria. Bacteria isolated from water of the various lakes differed in their metabolic activity as well as in the capability of utilizing the individual substrates. The capability of attacking by the bacteria the substrates applied depended largely upon the time of their isolation.", "contents": "Studies on metabolic activity of planktonic bacteria isolated from three lakes. Studies were carried out on metabolic activity of 480 bacterial isolates on 9 substrates. All bacterial isolates studied except one utilized the casamino acids. Also with casamino acids the highest oxygen uptake values were obtained. Among the carbohydrates, glucose was most frequently utilized by the planktonic bacteria. Bacteria isolated from water of the various lakes differed in their metabolic activity as well as in the capability of utilizing the individual substrates. The capability of attacking by the bacteria the substrates applied depended largely upon the time of their isolation.", "PMID": 1189994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11464", "title": "Kinetic studies on citric acid production by Aspergillus niger. I. Phases of mycelium growth and product formation.", "content": "The physiology and growth kinetics of Aspergillus niger B-64-5 in shaken culture were studied, five successive phases of citric acid fermentation being distinguished. Growth was found to be diauxic, spore germination being followed by an exponential growth phase, then a period of growth disturbance, and last of all a phase of secondary growth, characterized by a constant coefficient of growth decline appeared. The citric acid production started in the phase of growth disturbance. The chief increase in citric acid concentration took place in the production phase, i.e. in the last fermentation phase.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on citric acid production by Aspergillus niger. I. Phases of mycelium growth and product formation. The physiology and growth kinetics of Aspergillus niger B-64-5 in shaken culture were studied, five successive phases of citric acid fermentation being distinguished. Growth was found to be diauxic, spore germination being followed by an exponential growth phase, then a period of growth disturbance, and last of all a phase of secondary growth, characterized by a constant coefficient of growth decline appeared. The citric acid production started in the phase of growth disturbance. The chief increase in citric acid concentration took place in the production phase, i.e. in the last fermentation phase.", "PMID": 1189995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11465", "title": "Effects of prefrontal lesions on left leg-right leg differentiation to nondirectional acoustic cues in dogs.", "content": "Twenty five dogs were trained preoperatively in left leg- right leg differentiation to nondirectional acoustic cues. Removal of the medial precruciate cortex as well as the proreal or orbital cortex together with underlying fibers did not affect performance of the task, whereas lesions which involved the fibers underlying the medial precruciate cortex produced more or less pronounced, yet moderate impairment. Comparison between impairment described in this paper and that obtained following similar lesions in earlier experiment with directional cues indicates that fibers underlying the medial precruciate cortex are of greater importance when directional cues are involved in task.", "contents": "Effects of prefrontal lesions on left leg-right leg differentiation to nondirectional acoustic cues in dogs. Twenty five dogs were trained preoperatively in left leg- right leg differentiation to nondirectional acoustic cues. Removal of the medial precruciate cortex as well as the proreal or orbital cortex together with underlying fibers did not affect performance of the task, whereas lesions which involved the fibers underlying the medial precruciate cortex produced more or less pronounced, yet moderate impairment. Comparison between impairment described in this paper and that obtained following similar lesions in earlier experiment with directional cues indicates that fibers underlying the medial precruciate cortex are of greater importance when directional cues are involved in task.", "PMID": 1189996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11466", "title": "Delayed responses of the kinesthetic type following frontomedial lesions in rats.", "content": "Returning behavior was tested before and after frontomedial surgery. In this test rats had to go for food and return to the starting place by the same route in an elevated T maze. The correct return response required the immediate retention of the turn performed on the way to food. Subtotal, although considerably large lesions of the frontomedial cortex, had no effect on performance. Lesions covering almost the entire area between the tip of the pole and genu of the carpus callosum decreased performance almost to the chance level, and no improvement was observed during 30 sessions.", "contents": "Delayed responses of the kinesthetic type following frontomedial lesions in rats. Returning behavior was tested before and after frontomedial surgery. In this test rats had to go for food and return to the starting place by the same route in an elevated T maze. The correct return response required the immediate retention of the turn performed on the way to food. Subtotal, although considerably large lesions of the frontomedial cortex, had no effect on performance. Lesions covering almost the entire area between the tip of the pole and genu of the carpus callosum decreased performance almost to the chance level, and no improvement was observed during 30 sessions.", "PMID": 1189997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11467", "title": "The effect of postural reflexes on the acquisition of the left foreleg-right foreleg differentiation in dogs.", "content": "One group of dogs was trained to perform a placing movement of the right or left foreleg in response to tactile stimuli administered to the ipsilateral hindlimbs. The animals learned this task with difficulty. In another group of dogs the method of crossed reflexes was applied. As a correct response to the right tactile stimulus, the movement of the left foreleg was required, and vice versa. This task was solved rapidly. It is suggested that this was due to the facilitory effect of the Sherringtonian postural reflexes.", "contents": "The effect of postural reflexes on the acquisition of the left foreleg-right foreleg differentiation in dogs. One group of dogs was trained to perform a placing movement of the right or left foreleg in response to tactile stimuli administered to the ipsilateral hindlimbs. The animals learned this task with difficulty. In another group of dogs the method of crossed reflexes was applied. As a correct response to the right tactile stimulus, the movement of the left foreleg was required, and vice versa. This task was solved rapidly. It is suggested that this was due to the facilitory effect of the Sherringtonian postural reflexes.", "PMID": 1189998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11468", "title": "Limb coordinations during locomotion in cats and dogs.", "content": "The relations among swing, stance and step durations for the fore and hind limbs were investigated. Registration of the swing and stance phases was performed by the opening and closing of an electrical circuit as the cat moved along the conductive pathway. In the walking animal, longer swing and shorter stance durations for hind limbs, in comparison with the fore limbs, were observed. However, during trotting phases, these differences were insignificant. The correlations between swing and stance durations were found for both fore and hind limbs. As the walking animal moved faster, swing and stance durations became shorter.", "contents": "Limb coordinations during locomotion in cats and dogs. The relations among swing, stance and step durations for the fore and hind limbs were investigated. Registration of the swing and stance phases was performed by the opening and closing of an electrical circuit as the cat moved along the conductive pathway. In the walking animal, longer swing and shorter stance durations for hind limbs, in comparison with the fore limbs, were observed. However, during trotting phases, these differences were insignificant. The correlations between swing and stance durations were found for both fore and hind limbs. As the walking animal moved faster, swing and stance durations became shorter.", "PMID": 1189999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11469", "title": "Limb coordinations during locomotion in amygdalar, rubral and funicular cats.", "content": "The registration of the step phases and the relations between them for all of the four limbs were described in the amygdalar, rubral and funicular cats. The evident changes in motor behavior observed after damage of the amygdala and red nucleus did not result from coordination disorders. Conversely, the damage of the medial part of the lateral funiculus in the dorsally hemisected spinal cord disturbed the coordination between fore and hind limbs.", "contents": "Limb coordinations during locomotion in amygdalar, rubral and funicular cats. The registration of the step phases and the relations between them for all of the four limbs were described in the amygdalar, rubral and funicular cats. The evident changes in motor behavior observed after damage of the amygdala and red nucleus did not result from coordination disorders. Conversely, the damage of the medial part of the lateral funiculus in the dorsally hemisected spinal cord disturbed the coordination between fore and hind limbs.", "PMID": 1190000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11470", "title": "Visual discrimination learning in cats with different early visual experiences.", "content": "Simultaneous object discrimination learning in an alimentary situation was strongly impaired in cats deprived from birth of patterned visual experience. The same impairment was observed in cats with experience limited to those objects that were used later in the discrimination task. Some impairment was also present in cats which were reared with opened eyes in the laboratory as compared with normal cats, that spent the early period of life outside of the laboratory. It is concluded that the deprived cats were impaired mainly because of the lack of opportunity during early development to use visual cues in alimentary tasks.", "contents": "Visual discrimination learning in cats with different early visual experiences. Simultaneous object discrimination learning in an alimentary situation was strongly impaired in cats deprived from birth of patterned visual experience. The same impairment was observed in cats with experience limited to those objects that were used later in the discrimination task. Some impairment was also present in cats which were reared with opened eyes in the laboratory as compared with normal cats, that spent the early period of life outside of the laboratory. It is concluded that the deprived cats were impaired mainly because of the lack of opportunity during early development to use visual cues in alimentary tasks.", "PMID": 1190001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11471", "title": "Prognosis of right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock after intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "One hundred and forty-one survivors of intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), operated on between 1958 and 1972, were studied in order to document the incidence of right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock (RBBB and LAH) and to definite the late prognosis. RBBB and LAH occurred in 31 patients (22 per cent), all of whom have had complete follow-up. Transient complete heart block (CHB) occurred postoperatively in 2 patients; there were no other significant arrhythmias. Two late deaths have occurred, neither from arrhythmia (one from progressive congestive heart failure, and the other from attempted reclosure of a ventricular septal defect). The remainder of the patients are well an average of 76 months postoperatively (range, 144 to 12 months). The absence of late-onset CHB or sudden death in this series contrasts with the relatively high incidence of these events in some studies of RBBB and LAH after intracardiac repair of TOF. However, in those reports a history of transient postoperative CHB (indicative of trifascicular disease in this setting) can be found in 75 per cent of those who developed late-onset CHB or died suddenly. We conclude that the occurrence of RBBB and LAH after intracardiac repair of TOF does not of itself carry a bad late prognosis. The critical factor in a bad late prognosis in patients with ECG evidence of RBBB and LAH may be with ECG evidence of RBBB and LAH may be the history of transient postoperative CHB.", "contents": "Prognosis of right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock after intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot. One hundred and forty-one survivors of intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), operated on between 1958 and 1972, were studied in order to document the incidence of right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock (RBBB and LAH) and to definite the late prognosis. RBBB and LAH occurred in 31 patients (22 per cent), all of whom have had complete follow-up. Transient complete heart block (CHB) occurred postoperatively in 2 patients; there were no other significant arrhythmias. Two late deaths have occurred, neither from arrhythmia (one from progressive congestive heart failure, and the other from attempted reclosure of a ventricular septal defect). The remainder of the patients are well an average of 76 months postoperatively (range, 144 to 12 months). The absence of late-onset CHB or sudden death in this series contrasts with the relatively high incidence of these events in some studies of RBBB and LAH after intracardiac repair of TOF. However, in those reports a history of transient postoperative CHB (indicative of trifascicular disease in this setting) can be found in 75 per cent of those who developed late-onset CHB or died suddenly. We conclude that the occurrence of RBBB and LAH after intracardiac repair of TOF does not of itself carry a bad late prognosis. The critical factor in a bad late prognosis in patients with ECG evidence of RBBB and LAH may be with ECG evidence of RBBB and LAH may be the history of transient postoperative CHB.", "PMID": 1190031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11472", "title": "Angina pectoris with normal coronary arteriograms: hemodynamic and metabolic response to atrial pacing.", "content": "Seventeen subjects ranging from 36 to 58 years of age presented with chest pain suggestive of myocardial ischemia. Each patient had a positive double Master's two-step test with ST segment depression of 0.5 mm. or more in the postexercise ECG. In each case coronary angiography and left ventriculography were normal. Hemodynamic and metabolic investigations were carried out during sinus rhythm and atrial pacing. Thirteen patients experienced pain during pacing but only one showed an abnormal hemodynamic response. Two patients showed abnormal myocardial lactate metabolism during the control period and four during pacing-induced tachycardia. The increase in ejection fractions in this group suggests hyperdynamic ventricular contraction which could result in increased oxygen requirements and thus induce ischemic pain in the absence of arteriographically demonstrable coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Angina pectoris with normal coronary arteriograms: hemodynamic and metabolic response to atrial pacing. Seventeen subjects ranging from 36 to 58 years of age presented with chest pain suggestive of myocardial ischemia. Each patient had a positive double Master's two-step test with ST segment depression of 0.5 mm. or more in the postexercise ECG. In each case coronary angiography and left ventriculography were normal. Hemodynamic and metabolic investigations were carried out during sinus rhythm and atrial pacing. Thirteen patients experienced pain during pacing but only one showed an abnormal hemodynamic response. Two patients showed abnormal myocardial lactate metabolism during the control period and four during pacing-induced tachycardia. The increase in ejection fractions in this group suggests hyperdynamic ventricular contraction which could result in increased oxygen requirements and thus induce ischemic pain in the absence of arteriographically demonstrable coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 1190032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11473", "title": "Myocardial lesions in sudden, unexpected coronary death.", "content": "In order to test whether sudden coronary death patients had a more \"vulnerable\" myocardium compared with other patients, morphological lesions of the myocardium and conduction system were examined in a selected autopsy series. Chronic inflammatory microlesions, frequently affecting single muscle fibers, predominated among 47 sudden coronary death cases compared with 34 cases with chronic coronary or noncoronary diseases (P less than 0.001). Nonfibrous lesions of the atrioventricular node and the bundle of His also predominated among the sudden death cases (P less than 0.05). Myocardial infarcts of any age as well as relative heart weight (the ratio: total heart weight/body weight) did not differ in the sudden coronary death and the chronic coronary patients. The chronic inflammatory microlesions and the nonfibrous lesions of the conduction system predominating among the sudden death cases may signify a vulnerable condition of the myocardium in sudden coronary death.", "contents": "Myocardial lesions in sudden, unexpected coronary death. In order to test whether sudden coronary death patients had a more \"vulnerable\" myocardium compared with other patients, morphological lesions of the myocardium and conduction system were examined in a selected autopsy series. Chronic inflammatory microlesions, frequently affecting single muscle fibers, predominated among 47 sudden coronary death cases compared with 34 cases with chronic coronary or noncoronary diseases (P less than 0.001). Nonfibrous lesions of the atrioventricular node and the bundle of His also predominated among the sudden death cases (P less than 0.05). Myocardial infarcts of any age as well as relative heart weight (the ratio: total heart weight/body weight) did not differ in the sudden coronary death and the chronic coronary patients. The chronic inflammatory microlesions and the nonfibrous lesions of the conduction system predominating among the sudden death cases may signify a vulnerable condition of the myocardium in sudden coronary death.", "PMID": 1190033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11474", "title": "Age-related changes in size of the aortic valve annulus in man.", "content": "Data previously published in the literature, regarding the size of the aortic valve in man, have been reanalyzed. Aortic valve size increases at a slower rate than the surface area of the human body until maturity is reached at approximately 18 to 21 years of age. After that age, aortic valve size increases nearly linearly with age. There appears to be a slightly faster rate of aortic dilatation in males than in females, but this may be due to errors in estimating body surface area from only height and weight for obviously different body contours. Body surface area, thus, does not seem to be a good normalizing factor for the aortic valve size and the practice of referencing aortic valve sizes to the body surface area size should be discontinued. Alternate forms of using linear regression equations are reported and would appear to be preferable.", "contents": "Age-related changes in size of the aortic valve annulus in man. Data previously published in the literature, regarding the size of the aortic valve in man, have been reanalyzed. Aortic valve size increases at a slower rate than the surface area of the human body until maturity is reached at approximately 18 to 21 years of age. After that age, aortic valve size increases nearly linearly with age. There appears to be a slightly faster rate of aortic dilatation in males than in females, but this may be due to errors in estimating body surface area from only height and weight for obviously different body contours. Body surface area, thus, does not seem to be a good normalizing factor for the aortic valve size and the practice of referencing aortic valve sizes to the body surface area size should be discontinued. Alternate forms of using linear regression equations are reported and would appear to be preferable.", "PMID": 1190034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11475", "title": "Effects of age on responses to isometric exercise. Isometric handgrip in noninvasive screening for cardiovascular disease.", "content": "Isometric handgrip (IHG) imposes an acutely increased afterload on the left ventricle. Utilizing systolic time intervals, we studied various responses to IHG, measured as changes from resting values with near-maximum IHG, in old normal (ON) subjects, young normal (YN) subjects, and old patients with hypertensive heart disease (HHD) and patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). There were no differences in responses to IHG between ON and patients with HHD or patients with CAD. However, there were clear differences between the responses of ON and YN subjects. Increase in heart rate (HR) was much more prominent in YN (ON vs. YN = +11.6 +/- 2.6 vs. +15.6 +/- 5.7 beats per minute p less than 0.001). Pre-ejection period (PEP) end isovolumic contraction time (IVCT) increased in ON but decreased in YN (PEP + 6.2 +/- 1.7 vs. -11.0 +/- 3.7 msec., p less than 0.001; IVCT +8.1 +/- 2.2 vs. -13.8 +/- 3.4 msec., p less than 0.001. Shortening of LVET was much more marked in YN (-6.5 +/- 4.1 VS. -63.3 +/- 9.9 msec. p less than 0.001), but this was entirely due to the HR differences since there was no difference in ejection time index (+ 5.1 +/- 3.4 vs. -0.4 +/- 7.3 msec. p greater than 0.5). IHG produced no significant differences between ON and YN in the timing of the \"mitral\" component of the first heart sound (q-Im), in the ratio PEP/LVET, or in pulse transmission time (PTT). By contrast, resting control PTT was markedly short in ON, especially those with CAD. Resting PTT in ON was 27.1 +/- 2.6 msec.; in YN 43.7 +/- 1.4 msec.; in CAD patients 20.7 +/- 1.3 msec. We conclude that even near-maximal IHG does not seem to be an adequate noninvasive screening test for cardiovascular disease in that age alone seems to have the most significant influence on the responses.", "contents": "Effects of age on responses to isometric exercise. Isometric handgrip in noninvasive screening for cardiovascular disease. Isometric handgrip (IHG) imposes an acutely increased afterload on the left ventricle. Utilizing systolic time intervals, we studied various responses to IHG, measured as changes from resting values with near-maximum IHG, in old normal (ON) subjects, young normal (YN) subjects, and old patients with hypertensive heart disease (HHD) and patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). There were no differences in responses to IHG between ON and patients with HHD or patients with CAD. However, there were clear differences between the responses of ON and YN subjects. Increase in heart rate (HR) was much more prominent in YN (ON vs. YN = +11.6 +/- 2.6 vs. +15.6 +/- 5.7 beats per minute p less than 0.001). Pre-ejection period (PEP) end isovolumic contraction time (IVCT) increased in ON but decreased in YN (PEP + 6.2 +/- 1.7 vs. -11.0 +/- 3.7 msec., p less than 0.001; IVCT +8.1 +/- 2.2 vs. -13.8 +/- 3.4 msec., p less than 0.001. Shortening of LVET was much more marked in YN (-6.5 +/- 4.1 VS. -63.3 +/- 9.9 msec. p less than 0.001), but this was entirely due to the HR differences since there was no difference in ejection time index (+ 5.1 +/- 3.4 vs. -0.4 +/- 7.3 msec. p greater than 0.5). IHG produced no significant differences between ON and YN in the timing of the \"mitral\" component of the first heart sound (q-Im), in the ratio PEP/LVET, or in pulse transmission time (PTT). By contrast, resting control PTT was markedly short in ON, especially those with CAD. Resting PTT in ON was 27.1 +/- 2.6 msec.; in YN 43.7 +/- 1.4 msec.; in CAD patients 20.7 +/- 1.3 msec. We conclude that even near-maximal IHG does not seem to be an adequate noninvasive screening test for cardiovascular disease in that age alone seems to have the most significant influence on the responses.", "PMID": 1190035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11476", "title": "Coronary hemodynamics during reperfusion following acute coronary ligation in dogs.", "content": "The coronary hemodynamic effects of re-establishing blood flow to ischemic myocardium and the regional distribution of myocardial flow during reperfusion were studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. A large portion of the left ventricular wall was rendered ischemic by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 2 hours. During reperfusion of the LAD, coronary resistance in the reperfused vasculature increased progressively for the first 3 hours, while resistance in the intact LC vasculature was unchanged. Minimal resistances in the reperfused vascular bed, calculated from mean aortic pressure and peak coronary reactive hyperemic blood flow following a 90 sec. LAD occlusion, were elevated significantly during reperfusion. The increased minimal resistance values, which reflect the passive physical component of resistance, indicate structural changes in the reperfused vascular bed which were evident shortly after the initiation of reperfusion and persisted throughout the experimental period. Coronary resistances (RH) in the reperfused (LAD) and intact (LC) vasculatures during the reactive hyperemia following 10 sec. coronary occlusions were evaluated. During reperfusion, RH in the reperfused vasculature increased progressively while RH in the intact bed was unchanged. The marked increase in RH in the LAD indicates that the reactive hyperemic flow response to a consistent period of coronary occlusion progressively diminished, and reflects a gradual reduction in the vasodilatory potential of the reperfused coronary circulation. The regional distribution of myocardial blood flow following 5 minutes, 2 hours, and 4 hours of reperfusion was measured with multiple injections of radioactive microspheres. These measurements demonstrated a progressive reduction of blood flow to the reperfused myocardium with no significant change in flow to the control myocardium. In contrast to the uniform transmural distribution of flow in the normal myocardium, the reperfused region showed a distinctly nonuniform distribution of flow after 2 hours and 4 hours of reperfusion, with more severe reduction of flow to the endocardial layer. These studies would suggest that rechannelling blood flow distal to an acute coronary occlusion in human subjects might not in itself be capable of reversing the myocardial injury. It is hoped that additional therapeutic measures might be applied to salvage the injured myocardium.", "contents": "Coronary hemodynamics during reperfusion following acute coronary ligation in dogs. The coronary hemodynamic effects of re-establishing blood flow to ischemic myocardium and the regional distribution of myocardial flow during reperfusion were studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. A large portion of the left ventricular wall was rendered ischemic by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 2 hours. During reperfusion of the LAD, coronary resistance in the reperfused vasculature increased progressively for the first 3 hours, while resistance in the intact LC vasculature was unchanged. Minimal resistances in the reperfused vascular bed, calculated from mean aortic pressure and peak coronary reactive hyperemic blood flow following a 90 sec. LAD occlusion, were elevated significantly during reperfusion. The increased minimal resistance values, which reflect the passive physical component of resistance, indicate structural changes in the reperfused vascular bed which were evident shortly after the initiation of reperfusion and persisted throughout the experimental period. Coronary resistances (RH) in the reperfused (LAD) and intact (LC) vasculatures during the reactive hyperemia following 10 sec. coronary occlusions were evaluated. During reperfusion, RH in the reperfused vasculature increased progressively while RH in the intact bed was unchanged. The marked increase in RH in the LAD indicates that the reactive hyperemic flow response to a consistent period of coronary occlusion progressively diminished, and reflects a gradual reduction in the vasodilatory potential of the reperfused coronary circulation. The regional distribution of myocardial blood flow following 5 minutes, 2 hours, and 4 hours of reperfusion was measured with multiple injections of radioactive microspheres. These measurements demonstrated a progressive reduction of blood flow to the reperfused myocardium with no significant change in flow to the control myocardium. In contrast to the uniform transmural distribution of flow in the normal myocardium, the reperfused region showed a distinctly nonuniform distribution of flow after 2 hours and 4 hours of reperfusion, with more severe reduction of flow to the endocardial layer. These studies would suggest that rechannelling blood flow distal to an acute coronary occlusion in human subjects might not in itself be capable of reversing the myocardial injury. It is hoped that additional therapeutic measures might be applied to salvage the injured myocardium.", "PMID": 1190037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11477", "title": "Sound envelope averaging and the differential diagnosis of systolic murmurs.", "content": "Phonocardiography previously has been limited in scope because the attained suboptimal signal-to-noise ratio has interfered with the sensitivity and clarity of recordings. A new system is described that reduces this problem by utilizing demodulation and synchronous averaging of the \"envelop\" of cardiac sounds. A limited survey of the differential diagnostic capabilities of this technique is presented for 80 patients having one of six common forms of pathological systolic murmurs and an 89 per cent diagnostic accuracy is demonstrated. This system promises to be a valuable noninvasive adjunct in cardiologic diagnosis research and education.", "contents": "Sound envelope averaging and the differential diagnosis of systolic murmurs. Phonocardiography previously has been limited in scope because the attained suboptimal signal-to-noise ratio has interfered with the sensitivity and clarity of recordings. A new system is described that reduces this problem by utilizing demodulation and synchronous averaging of the \"envelop\" of cardiac sounds. A limited survey of the differential diagnostic capabilities of this technique is presented for 80 patients having one of six common forms of pathological systolic murmurs and an 89 per cent diagnostic accuracy is demonstrated. This system promises to be a valuable noninvasive adjunct in cardiologic diagnosis research and education.", "PMID": 1190038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11478", "title": "An inexpensive portable ECG transmitter.", "content": "A small, easy-to-construct, pocket-sized ECG telephone transmitter utilizing few components and costing less than $20.00 is described. The tone produced varies with the ECG signal and may be transmitted over the telephone system to a demodulator and ECG recorder for permanent records and interpretation, as well as serving as an indicator of the ECG signal at the bedside. This simple device provides useful information on patients with various clinical problems.", "contents": "An inexpensive portable ECG transmitter. A small, easy-to-construct, pocket-sized ECG telephone transmitter utilizing few components and costing less than $20.00 is described. The tone produced varies with the ECG signal and may be transmitted over the telephone system to a demodulator and ECG recorder for permanent records and interpretation, as well as serving as an indicator of the ECG signal at the bedside. This simple device provides useful information on patients with various clinical problems.", "PMID": 1190039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11479", "title": "Probable postcardiotomy syndrome following implantation of a transvenous pacemaker: report of the first case.", "content": "The syndrome of fever and pericarditis is reported following implantation of a transvenous pacemaker in a 72-year-old man. The pacemaker was placed for prophylactic reasons (i.e., presence of bifascicular block). The syndrome resolved spontaneously after over four weeks of fever and a pericardial friction rub. Perforation of the right ventricle, although not recognized in this patient, is a complication which occurs with passage of a transvenous pacemaker. There was no other antecedent events to explain the syndrome such as myocardial infarction or trauma to the chest.", "contents": "Probable postcardiotomy syndrome following implantation of a transvenous pacemaker: report of the first case. The syndrome of fever and pericarditis is reported following implantation of a transvenous pacemaker in a 72-year-old man. The pacemaker was placed for prophylactic reasons (i.e., presence of bifascicular block). The syndrome resolved spontaneously after over four weeks of fever and a pericardial friction rub. Perforation of the right ventricle, although not recognized in this patient, is a complication which occurs with passage of a transvenous pacemaker. There was no other antecedent events to explain the syndrome such as myocardial infarction or trauma to the chest.", "PMID": 1190040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11480", "title": "Coronary angiographic, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic studies on a patient with variant angina due to coronary artery spasm.", "content": "A 45-year-old Caucasian female patient with a clinical rehistory and ECG's conforming to the syndrome of variant angina as characterized by Prinzmetal is presented. ECG's recorded during spontaneous pain demonstrated ST-segment elevation and symmetrical peaking of the T-waves in the lateral precordial leads and short runs of ventricular tachycardia. Similar ECG changes were recorded during treadmill exercise- and hand-grip exercise-induced chest pain. An echocardiogram recorded during angina induced by hand-grip exercise demonstrated progressive flattening of septal motion. Multiple views of the coronary system by selective coronary cineangiography were normal with the patient at rest. Angina was then induced by hand-grip exercise and a repeat right anterior oblique view of the left coronary system revealed marked spasm of the left anterior descending artery proximal to the first septal perforator.", "contents": "Coronary angiographic, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic studies on a patient with variant angina due to coronary artery spasm. A 45-year-old Caucasian female patient with a clinical rehistory and ECG's conforming to the syndrome of variant angina as characterized by Prinzmetal is presented. ECG's recorded during spontaneous pain demonstrated ST-segment elevation and symmetrical peaking of the T-waves in the lateral precordial leads and short runs of ventricular tachycardia. Similar ECG changes were recorded during treadmill exercise- and hand-grip exercise-induced chest pain. An echocardiogram recorded during angina induced by hand-grip exercise demonstrated progressive flattening of septal motion. Multiple views of the coronary system by selective coronary cineangiography were normal with the patient at rest. Angina was then induced by hand-grip exercise and a repeat right anterior oblique view of the left coronary system revealed marked spasm of the left anterior descending artery proximal to the first septal perforator.", "PMID": 1190041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11481", "title": "The problem of nonejection systolic clicks and associated mitral systolic murmurs: emphasis on the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome.", "content": "Nonejection clicks and associated mitral systolic murmurs are common in routine cardiologic practice and can result from multiple etiologic factors affecting the complex mitral valve mechanism. Such factors include a specific syndrome the essential feature of which is that the mitral leaflets or part thereof, primarily the posterior one, are voluminous. The syndrome has stimulated widespread interest and study during the last decade and various descriptive terms, including the \"billowing mitral leaflet syndrome\" (BMLS), have been applied to it. A familial occurrence of the BMLS may be detected and symptoms include chest pain, palpitations, syncope, and anxiety. Arrhythmias, conduction defects, and ECG abnormalities which mimic occlusive coronary artery disease are important features which remain ill understood. It is suggested that there is a possible relationship between the so-called \"athlete's heart\" and the BMLS. We also postulate that the entity of acute myocardial infarction without demonstrable occlusive coronary artery disease is, in at least some instances, a complication of the BMLS-possibly on the basis of coronary spasm. More severe mitral regurgitation, infective endocarditis, or, rarely, sudden death may supervene in the BMLS but we conclude, from published data and our own experience, that the prognosis is generally good.", "contents": "The problem of nonejection systolic clicks and associated mitral systolic murmurs: emphasis on the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome. Nonejection clicks and associated mitral systolic murmurs are common in routine cardiologic practice and can result from multiple etiologic factors affecting the complex mitral valve mechanism. Such factors include a specific syndrome the essential feature of which is that the mitral leaflets or part thereof, primarily the posterior one, are voluminous. The syndrome has stimulated widespread interest and study during the last decade and various descriptive terms, including the \"billowing mitral leaflet syndrome\" (BMLS), have been applied to it. A familial occurrence of the BMLS may be detected and symptoms include chest pain, palpitations, syncope, and anxiety. Arrhythmias, conduction defects, and ECG abnormalities which mimic occlusive coronary artery disease are important features which remain ill understood. It is suggested that there is a possible relationship between the so-called \"athlete's heart\" and the BMLS. We also postulate that the entity of acute myocardial infarction without demonstrable occlusive coronary artery disease is, in at least some instances, a complication of the BMLS-possibly on the basis of coronary spasm. More severe mitral regurgitation, infective endocarditis, or, rarely, sudden death may supervene in the BMLS but we conclude, from published data and our own experience, that the prognosis is generally good.", "PMID": 1190042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11482", "title": "Specificity of elevated serum MB creatine phosphokinase activity in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzyme determinations are useful in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. However, until suitably sensitive and precise quantitative procedures became available, the diagnostic specificity of serum CPK isoenzyme elevations could not be thoroughly examined. In this study an assay procedure capable of accurately determining activity of individual CPK isoenzymes even in serum samples with normal total CPK activity was employed to obtain two types of information. First, CPK isoenzyme profiles were examined in extracts of a spectrum of human tissues obtained at operation to determine whether the isoenzyme associated with myocardium is presented in other human tissues in quantities sufficient to produce increased activity in serum. In addition, CPK isoenzymes were analyzed quantitatively in serial serum samples from 50 hospitalized control subjects, 100 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 100 patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery and 50 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization to determine whether insult to tissues other than the heart is associated with increased \"myocardial\" CPK isoenzyme activity in serum. Results from analyses of tissue extracts indicated that myocardium is the only tissue surveyed containing sufficient MB CPK to account for substantial increases in serum MB activity. Results from analyses of serial serum samples indicated that MB CPK activity levels are consistently elevated after myocardial infarction, averaging 0.089 IU/ml. However, after cardiac cathetrization or noncardiac surgery peak serum MB activity remains low, averaging only 0.004 IU/ml despite marked elevations in total serum CPK activity. Thus, elevated serum MB CPK activity is a highly specific as well as sensitive criterion of myocardial injury.", "contents": "Specificity of elevated serum MB creatine phosphokinase activity in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzyme determinations are useful in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. However, until suitably sensitive and precise quantitative procedures became available, the diagnostic specificity of serum CPK isoenzyme elevations could not be thoroughly examined. In this study an assay procedure capable of accurately determining activity of individual CPK isoenzymes even in serum samples with normal total CPK activity was employed to obtain two types of information. First, CPK isoenzyme profiles were examined in extracts of a spectrum of human tissues obtained at operation to determine whether the isoenzyme associated with myocardium is presented in other human tissues in quantities sufficient to produce increased activity in serum. In addition, CPK isoenzymes were analyzed quantitatively in serial serum samples from 50 hospitalized control subjects, 100 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 100 patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery and 50 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization to determine whether insult to tissues other than the heart is associated with increased \"myocardial\" CPK isoenzyme activity in serum. Results from analyses of tissue extracts indicated that myocardium is the only tissue surveyed containing sufficient MB CPK to account for substantial increases in serum MB activity. Results from analyses of serial serum samples indicated that MB CPK activity levels are consistently elevated after myocardial infarction, averaging 0.089 IU/ml. However, after cardiac cathetrization or noncardiac surgery peak serum MB activity remains low, averaging only 0.004 IU/ml despite marked elevations in total serum CPK activity. Thus, elevated serum MB CPK activity is a highly specific as well as sensitive criterion of myocardial injury.", "PMID": 1190047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11483", "title": "The functional defect in amyloid heart disease. The \"stiff heart\" syndrome.", "content": "Left ventricular performance was studied in three patients with heart failure due to amyloid deposits. The diagnosis of amyloidosis was proved by cardiac biopsy in two patients and by rectal biopsy in the third. One patient had myelomatosis, but the other two had no other identifiable disease. The investigative technique allowed simultaneous measurements of pressure and volume in the left ventricle. The functional defect with slow cardiac filling at high pressure and greatly reduced left ventricular contraction differed from that of constrictive pericarditis and other heart muscle disease. These features of a \"stiff heart\" are probably unique to amyloidosis and should make possible positive recognition of the condition on the basis of echocardiographic, angiographic and hemodynamic findings.", "contents": "The functional defect in amyloid heart disease. The \"stiff heart\" syndrome. Left ventricular performance was studied in three patients with heart failure due to amyloid deposits. The diagnosis of amyloidosis was proved by cardiac biopsy in two patients and by rectal biopsy in the third. One patient had myelomatosis, but the other two had no other identifiable disease. The investigative technique allowed simultaneous measurements of pressure and volume in the left ventricle. The functional defect with slow cardiac filling at high pressure and greatly reduced left ventricular contraction differed from that of constrictive pericarditis and other heart muscle disease. These features of a \"stiff heart\" are probably unique to amyloidosis and should make possible positive recognition of the condition on the basis of echocardiographic, angiographic and hemodynamic findings.", "PMID": 1190048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11484", "title": "Sinus nodal responses to atrial extrastimuli in patients without apparent sinus node disease.", "content": "In 36 patients without sinus node disease scanning with an atrial extrastimulus (A2) was performed during sinus rhythm with the sinus cycle length measured in milliseconds. Zones of nonreset due to interference, reset, interpolation and sinus echoes were defined by noting the timing of the first response after A2. Zones were defined in terms of their longest and shortest A1-A2 coupling intervals (in milliseconds). A zone of nonreset was found in 12 of 12 patients in whom A2 was delivered late. The mean cycle length in these 12 patients was 779 msec, with a mean zone of nonreset of 779 to 585 msec (25 percent of cycle length). All 36 patients (100 percent) had a zone of reset. The mean cycle length in these 36 patients was 803 msec with a zone of reset from 692 to 319 msec (46 percent of cycle length). Seven of 36 patients (19 percent) had a zone of interpolation. The mean cycle length in these seven patients was 754 msec, with a mean zone of interpolation of 344 to 279 (9 percent of cycle length). Four of 36 patients (11 percent) had a zone of sinus echoes. The mean cycle length in these four patients was 870 msec, with a mean zone of echoes from 350 to 313 msec (4 percent of cycle length). Calculated sinoatrial conduction time ranged from 40 to 153 msec (mean +/- standard deviation 92 +/- 30 msec). Shortening of the cycle length with atrial pacing increased the number of patients with zones of interpolation and echoes. In conclusion, zones of nonreset and reset are found in all patients with normal sinus nodal function, whereas zones of interpolation and echoes are much less common. Sinoatrial conduction time is surprisingly long in patients without apparent sinus node disease.", "contents": "Sinus nodal responses to atrial extrastimuli in patients without apparent sinus node disease. In 36 patients without sinus node disease scanning with an atrial extrastimulus (A2) was performed during sinus rhythm with the sinus cycle length measured in milliseconds. Zones of nonreset due to interference, reset, interpolation and sinus echoes were defined by noting the timing of the first response after A2. Zones were defined in terms of their longest and shortest A1-A2 coupling intervals (in milliseconds). A zone of nonreset was found in 12 of 12 patients in whom A2 was delivered late. The mean cycle length in these 12 patients was 779 msec, with a mean zone of nonreset of 779 to 585 msec (25 percent of cycle length). All 36 patients (100 percent) had a zone of reset. The mean cycle length in these 36 patients was 803 msec with a zone of reset from 692 to 319 msec (46 percent of cycle length). Seven of 36 patients (19 percent) had a zone of interpolation. The mean cycle length in these seven patients was 754 msec, with a mean zone of interpolation of 344 to 279 (9 percent of cycle length). Four of 36 patients (11 percent) had a zone of sinus echoes. The mean cycle length in these four patients was 870 msec, with a mean zone of echoes from 350 to 313 msec (4 percent of cycle length). Calculated sinoatrial conduction time ranged from 40 to 153 msec (mean +/- standard deviation 92 +/- 30 msec). Shortening of the cycle length with atrial pacing increased the number of patients with zones of interpolation and echoes. In conclusion, zones of nonreset and reset are found in all patients with normal sinus nodal function, whereas zones of interpolation and echoes are much less common. Sinoatrial conduction time is surprisingly long in patients without apparent sinus node disease.", "PMID": 1190049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11485", "title": "Dissociation of the inotropic effect of digitalis from its effect on atrioventricular conduction.", "content": "The relation between sequential changes in left ventricular contractility and atrioventricular (A-V) nodal conduction and refractoriness was assessed in open chest dogs during intravenous administration of acetylstrophanthidin (5 mug/kg) at 5 minute intervals until toxic arrhythmias developed. At each time interval, high fidelity left ventricular pressure, its electronic derivative (dP/dt) and a His bundle electrogram were simultaneously recorded and the A-V nodal refractory period was measured by graded trains of stimuli. Animals were studied with an intact autonomic state (Group I), with pharmacologic blockade of both the beta adrenergic and parasympathetic system (Group II) and with parasympathetic blockade (Group III). Whereas contractility increased in response to small doses of digitalis, displaying a linear dose-response relation independent of autonomic tone, A-V nodal transmission indexes responded minimally to less than 50 percent of the toxic dose of digitalis, and the response was dependent upon autonomic tone. These results indicate a dissociation between the effects of digitalis on contractility and A-V transmission in that the major drug action on the ventricular contractile mechanism is a direct, linear one in contrast to the nonlinear response of A-V nodal transmission, which is predominantly mediated through the autonomic system. Clinically, these observations imply that the optimal dose and serum level of digitalis required to treat congestive heart failure may differ significantly from those required to treat supraventricular tachycardias, the therapeutic response of the latter being largely determined by the underlying autonomic tone.", "contents": "Dissociation of the inotropic effect of digitalis from its effect on atrioventricular conduction. The relation between sequential changes in left ventricular contractility and atrioventricular (A-V) nodal conduction and refractoriness was assessed in open chest dogs during intravenous administration of acetylstrophanthidin (5 mug/kg) at 5 minute intervals until toxic arrhythmias developed. At each time interval, high fidelity left ventricular pressure, its electronic derivative (dP/dt) and a His bundle electrogram were simultaneously recorded and the A-V nodal refractory period was measured by graded trains of stimuli. Animals were studied with an intact autonomic state (Group I), with pharmacologic blockade of both the beta adrenergic and parasympathetic system (Group II) and with parasympathetic blockade (Group III). Whereas contractility increased in response to small doses of digitalis, displaying a linear dose-response relation independent of autonomic tone, A-V nodal transmission indexes responded minimally to less than 50 percent of the toxic dose of digitalis, and the response was dependent upon autonomic tone. These results indicate a dissociation between the effects of digitalis on contractility and A-V transmission in that the major drug action on the ventricular contractile mechanism is a direct, linear one in contrast to the nonlinear response of A-V nodal transmission, which is predominantly mediated through the autonomic system. Clinically, these observations imply that the optimal dose and serum level of digitalis required to treat congestive heart failure may differ significantly from those required to treat supraventricular tachycardias, the therapeutic response of the latter being largely determined by the underlying autonomic tone.", "PMID": 1190050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11486", "title": "Improved diagnosis in coronary cinearteriography with routine use of 110 degrees oblique views and cranial and caudal angulations. Comparison with standard transverse oblique views in 100 patients.", "content": "Conventionally mounted X-ray systems for coronary cinearteriography limit angulation of the X-ray beam to the transverse plane of the patient, and use of the motorized cradle restricts rotation to 60 degrees to 70 degrees. These limitations of available projections seriously hamper adequate examination of the coronary arteries. With use of the Siemen's Cardoskop-U, which was designed to overcome this problem, the coronary arteries of 100 consecutive patients were examined with standard oblique projections, and in addition with cranial and caudal angulated oblique and 110 degrees oblique projections. These arteriograms were independently examined by two expert observers. In approximately 20 percent of patients the additional views unmasked lesions that would otherwise have been missed. In a further 34 percent the diagnosis was significantly improved because the full extent of a lesion was revealed, overlap of branches was avoided or the degree of an eccentric stenosis was upgraded. In 4 of 12 patients with apparently normal arteriograms in standard projections, lesions were unmasked by the additional views.", "contents": "Improved diagnosis in coronary cinearteriography with routine use of 110 degrees oblique views and cranial and caudal angulations. Comparison with standard transverse oblique views in 100 patients. Conventionally mounted X-ray systems for coronary cinearteriography limit angulation of the X-ray beam to the transverse plane of the patient, and use of the motorized cradle restricts rotation to 60 degrees to 70 degrees. These limitations of available projections seriously hamper adequate examination of the coronary arteries. With use of the Siemen's Cardoskop-U, which was designed to overcome this problem, the coronary arteries of 100 consecutive patients were examined with standard oblique projections, and in addition with cranial and caudal angulated oblique and 110 degrees oblique projections. These arteriograms were independently examined by two expert observers. In approximately 20 percent of patients the additional views unmasked lesions that would otherwise have been missed. In a further 34 percent the diagnosis was significantly improved because the full extent of a lesion was revealed, overlap of branches was avoided or the degree of an eccentric stenosis was upgraded. In 4 of 12 patients with apparently normal arteriograms in standard projections, lesions were unmasked by the additional views.", "PMID": 1190051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11487", "title": "Comparison of observer performance with 16 mm cinefluorography and 70 mm camera fluorography in coronary arteriography.", "content": "Clinical 16 mm cinefluorography and 70 mm camera fluorography were compared in 30 unselected patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Accuracy in detecting coronary arterial stenosis and collateral vessels and in assessing the degree of stenosis was similar with the two techniques. With both methods, there were significant inter- and intraobserver differences in estimating the degree of stenosis. These differences indicate that coronary arteriography is only a semiquantitative method for making decisions about treatment, prognosis and follow-up of patients. The use of more than one observer increases the likelihood that stenotic lesions will be detected. Interobserver variation in detecting collateral circulation is small.", "contents": "Comparison of observer performance with 16 mm cinefluorography and 70 mm camera fluorography in coronary arteriography. Clinical 16 mm cinefluorography and 70 mm camera fluorography were compared in 30 unselected patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Accuracy in detecting coronary arterial stenosis and collateral vessels and in assessing the degree of stenosis was similar with the two techniques. With both methods, there were significant inter- and intraobserver differences in estimating the degree of stenosis. These differences indicate that coronary arteriography is only a semiquantitative method for making decisions about treatment, prognosis and follow-up of patients. The use of more than one observer increases the likelihood that stenotic lesions will be detected. Interobserver variation in detecting collateral circulation is small.", "PMID": 1190052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11488", "title": "Survival after systemic to pulmonary arterial shunts in infants less than 30 days old with obstructive lesions of the right heart chambers.", "content": "Ninety-seven infants less than 30 days old with obstructive lesions of the right heart chambers underwent palliative surgery from 1950 through 1972. The diagnosis was made at cardiac catheterization and confirmed at operation or subsequent autopsy. Because of unavailability of complete preoperative studies and sufficient blood gas data, 36 patients presenting between 1950 and 1965 (Group I) were analyzed for surgical risk only. In 61 patients who underwent palliative procedures between 1966 and 1972 (Group II) a more detailed analysis was done. In this group, 31 had a Potts shunt, 29 a Waterston shunt and 1 a Blalock-Taussig shunt. The most frequently encountered malformation was severe tetralogy of Fallot (30 percent) with or without pulmonary atresia, followed by pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (25 percent). The overall surgical mortality rate in patients seen after 1965 (Group II) was 34 percent compared with the 78 percent mortality rate in patients seen earlier (Group I). The surgical mortality in infants operated on during the 1st week of life was double that of those operated on in the 2nd through 4th weeks. Survivors were compared with nonsurvivors for timing of surgery, age at presentation and clinical profile. Only two significant differences were found. Preoperative continuous murmurs were more common in those who survived operation (13 of 40 patients) than in those who died (2 of 21). Arterial pH during cardiac catheterization was the best predictor of subsequent survival, nonsurvivors having significantly greater metabolic acidosis. Palliation of these severe lesions still carries a high mortality rate to which must be added the risk of subsequent repair. Our data suggest that primary repair is to be preferred if it can be undertaken with a risk approximating that of palliative procedures.", "contents": "Survival after systemic to pulmonary arterial shunts in infants less than 30 days old with obstructive lesions of the right heart chambers. Ninety-seven infants less than 30 days old with obstructive lesions of the right heart chambers underwent palliative surgery from 1950 through 1972. The diagnosis was made at cardiac catheterization and confirmed at operation or subsequent autopsy. Because of unavailability of complete preoperative studies and sufficient blood gas data, 36 patients presenting between 1950 and 1965 (Group I) were analyzed for surgical risk only. In 61 patients who underwent palliative procedures between 1966 and 1972 (Group II) a more detailed analysis was done. In this group, 31 had a Potts shunt, 29 a Waterston shunt and 1 a Blalock-Taussig shunt. The most frequently encountered malformation was severe tetralogy of Fallot (30 percent) with or without pulmonary atresia, followed by pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (25 percent). The overall surgical mortality rate in patients seen after 1965 (Group II) was 34 percent compared with the 78 percent mortality rate in patients seen earlier (Group I). The surgical mortality in infants operated on during the 1st week of life was double that of those operated on in the 2nd through 4th weeks. Survivors were compared with nonsurvivors for timing of surgery, age at presentation and clinical profile. Only two significant differences were found. Preoperative continuous murmurs were more common in those who survived operation (13 of 40 patients) than in those who died (2 of 21). Arterial pH during cardiac catheterization was the best predictor of subsequent survival, nonsurvivors having significantly greater metabolic acidosis. Palliation of these severe lesions still carries a high mortality rate to which must be added the risk of subsequent repair. Our data suggest that primary repair is to be preferred if it can be undertaken with a risk approximating that of palliative procedures.", "PMID": 1190053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11489", "title": "Results of pulmonary arterial banding in infancy. Survey of 5 years' experience in the New England Regional Infant Cardiac Program.", "content": "The results of pulmonary arterial banding in 238 infants, 12 percent of the infants admitted to the New England Regional Infant Cardiac Program, is reviewed. Overall survival to age 1 year was 63 percent. Survival was least likely (37 percent) in those who required banding within the 1st month of life. Additional surgery decreased the survival rate in those operated on after 1 month of age. Infants with anomalies for which no corrective surgical procedure is available (23 of 238) have only a 30 percent chance of survival. Those with lesions correctable within the 1st year (133 of 238) have a 74 percent survival rate; 52 percent (82 of 238) of those for whom a curative operation is available after the 1st year survive. These pulmonary arterial banding data coupled with results of primary correction should provide the data base required for an intelligent decision in respect to appropriate surgical treatment of infants with critical heart disease.", "contents": "Results of pulmonary arterial banding in infancy. Survey of 5 years' experience in the New England Regional Infant Cardiac Program. The results of pulmonary arterial banding in 238 infants, 12 percent of the infants admitted to the New England Regional Infant Cardiac Program, is reviewed. Overall survival to age 1 year was 63 percent. Survival was least likely (37 percent) in those who required banding within the 1st month of life. Additional surgery decreased the survival rate in those operated on after 1 month of age. Infants with anomalies for which no corrective surgical procedure is available (23 of 238) have only a 30 percent chance of survival. Those with lesions correctable within the 1st year (133 of 238) have a 74 percent survival rate; 52 percent (82 of 238) of those for whom a curative operation is available after the 1st year survive. These pulmonary arterial banding data coupled with results of primary correction should provide the data base required for an intelligent decision in respect to appropriate surgical treatment of infants with critical heart disease.", "PMID": 1190054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11490", "title": "Considerations in the surgical management of infantile coarctation of aorta.", "content": "The results of a recent 5 year experience with resection of coarctation of the aorta in infants less than 1 year of age are compared with those of an earlier series from the same institution. The significant improvement in mortality and morbidity statistics is attributed to modifications in operative and postoperative care. Operative mortality has decreased from 38 to 17 percent and the incidence rate of significant restenosis has diminished from 60 to 33 percent. It is suggested that in patients with large associated intracardiac shunt banding of the main pulmonary artery should be performed before resection of the coarctation. Three of five patients have survived procedures performed in this sequence. Microsurgical techniques and careful approximation of the aortic lumen with interrupted sutures are the major factors responsible for the reduced incidence of recoarctation. Prolonged ventilatory support postoperatively with the occasional addition of controlled positive airway pressure and continued aggressive medical therapy for heart failure are recommended.", "contents": "Considerations in the surgical management of infantile coarctation of aorta. The results of a recent 5 year experience with resection of coarctation of the aorta in infants less than 1 year of age are compared with those of an earlier series from the same institution. The significant improvement in mortality and morbidity statistics is attributed to modifications in operative and postoperative care. Operative mortality has decreased from 38 to 17 percent and the incidence rate of significant restenosis has diminished from 60 to 33 percent. It is suggested that in patients with large associated intracardiac shunt banding of the main pulmonary artery should be performed before resection of the coarctation. Three of five patients have survived procedures performed in this sequence. Microsurgical techniques and careful approximation of the aortic lumen with interrupted sutures are the major factors responsible for the reduced incidence of recoarctation. Prolonged ventilatory support postoperatively with the occasional addition of controlled positive airway pressure and continued aggressive medical therapy for heart failure are recommended.", "PMID": 1190055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11491", "title": "Multiple ventricular aneurysms.", "content": "Angiocardiographic study of a case of multiple ventricular aneurysms in a 17 year old Nigerian girl is reported. The patient presented with ventricular tachycardia and has remained well after conversion of the arrhythmia to sinus rhythm. The pathogenesis of multiple ventricular aneurysms is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Multiple ventricular aneurysms. Angiocardiographic study of a case of multiple ventricular aneurysms in a 17 year old Nigerian girl is reported. The patient presented with ventricular tachycardia and has remained well after conversion of the arrhythmia to sinus rhythm. The pathogenesis of multiple ventricular aneurysms is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 1190056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11492", "title": "Herniation of mitral leaflets in the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.", "content": "A 47 year old patient with the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hypermobility of the joints, hyperextensibility of the skin and atrophic cutaneous scars) was evaluated because of a mitral regurgitant murmur and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. Angiocardiography and echocardiography demonstrated marked systolic herniation of the posterior leaflets of the mitral valve. An echocardiogram from the patient's daughter, who also had paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, revealed the same abnormality. Although a \"floppy\" valve is common in Marfan's syndrome, this report emphasizes that it may also occur in patients with other heritable disorders of connective tissue.", "contents": "Herniation of mitral leaflets in the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. A 47 year old patient with the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hypermobility of the joints, hyperextensibility of the skin and atrophic cutaneous scars) was evaluated because of a mitral regurgitant murmur and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. Angiocardiography and echocardiography demonstrated marked systolic herniation of the posterior leaflets of the mitral valve. An echocardiogram from the patient's daughter, who also had paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, revealed the same abnormality. Although a \"floppy\" valve is common in Marfan's syndrome, this report emphasizes that it may also occur in patients with other heritable disorders of connective tissue.", "PMID": 1190057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11493", "title": "Systolic hypertension: nonhomogeneous diseases.", "content": "Prospective studies have shown that systolic hypertension is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, but few physiologic studies have characterized the problem. Therefore, two groups of men (older and younger than 35 years) with systolic hypertension (systolic pressure 150 mm Hg or greater and diastolic pressure 95 mm Hg or less) were studied hemodynamically. The 13 younger patients demonstrated a hyperkinetic circulation manifested by a significantly increased heart rate, elevated left ventricular ejection rate and cardiac indexes and normal vascular resistance. The  13 older patients had a normal heart rate, significantly reduced cardiac and left ventricular ejection rate indexes, and increased vascular resistance with respect to the younger men with systolic hypertension and normotensive control subjects. Plasma volume was reduced only in the older patients (P less than 0.05). These data demonstrate that systolic hypertension should not be considered a homogeneous disease entity clinically or physiologically. The physiologic differences between the younger and older patients suggest that different mechanisms may be operative.", "contents": "Systolic hypertension: nonhomogeneous diseases. Prospective studies have shown that systolic hypertension is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, but few physiologic studies have characterized the problem. Therefore, two groups of men (older and younger than 35 years) with systolic hypertension (systolic pressure 150 mm Hg or greater and diastolic pressure 95 mm Hg or less) were studied hemodynamically. The 13 younger patients demonstrated a hyperkinetic circulation manifested by a significantly increased heart rate, elevated left ventricular ejection rate and cardiac indexes and normal vascular resistance. The  13 older patients had a normal heart rate, significantly reduced cardiac and left ventricular ejection rate indexes, and increased vascular resistance with respect to the younger men with systolic hypertension and normotensive control subjects. Plasma volume was reduced only in the older patients (P less than 0.05). These data demonstrate that systolic hypertension should not be considered a homogeneous disease entity clinically or physiologically. The physiologic differences between the younger and older patients suggest that different mechanisms may be operative.", "PMID": 1190089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11494", "title": "Hypertension with renal arterial stenosis: humoral, hemodynamic and histopathologic factors.", "content": "In 46 hypertensive patients with unilateral renal arterial stenosis, peripheral and renal venous plasma renin activity, juxtaglomerular cell count and granularity and systolic pressure gradient across the stenosis were determined. After corrective surgery and a mean postoperative observation period of 4.3 years, 18 patients were completely relieved of hypertension (good responders), 14 had a substantial reduction in arterial pressure (fair responders) and 14 remained hypertensive (poor responders). Analysis of plasma renin activity in both renal veins indicated that a ratio (stenotic/nonstenotic side) greater than 2.0 correctly predicted a favorable surgical result in all cases. Peripheral plasma renin activity was greater than normal in 65 percent of good responders, in 50 percent of fair responders and in one nonresponder. The prognostic accuracy of a pressure gradient greater than 40 mm Hg was 78 percent; no patient with a gradient of less than 40 mm Hg benefited from surgery. An increased juxtaglomerular cell count on the affected side predicted a successful operative result in 88 percent, as did increased granularity in 85 percent of cases. Renal venous renin ratio correlated positively (r =0.738, P less than 0.001) with the pressure gradient across the stenosis. The renal venous plasma renin activity of the  affected side also correlated positively (r = 0.771, P less than 0.001) with the absolute count of granular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Plasma renin activity in both renal veins is the most reliable predictor of operative outcome. The addition of juxtaglomerular cell count or pressure gradient across the stenosis increases prognostic accuracy only slightly. The close mutual correlations between renal venous renin ratio, pressure gradient and juxtaglomerular cell count support the experimental evidence of a causal relation between the hemodynamic effects of the arterial lesion and the humoral and histologic changes observed in hypertension with renal arterial stenosis.", "contents": "Hypertension with renal arterial stenosis: humoral, hemodynamic and histopathologic factors. In 46 hypertensive patients with unilateral renal arterial stenosis, peripheral and renal venous plasma renin activity, juxtaglomerular cell count and granularity and systolic pressure gradient across the stenosis were determined. After corrective surgery and a mean postoperative observation period of 4.3 years, 18 patients were completely relieved of hypertension (good responders), 14 had a substantial reduction in arterial pressure (fair responders) and 14 remained hypertensive (poor responders). Analysis of plasma renin activity in both renal veins indicated that a ratio (stenotic/nonstenotic side) greater than 2.0 correctly predicted a favorable surgical result in all cases. Peripheral plasma renin activity was greater than normal in 65 percent of good responders, in 50 percent of fair responders and in one nonresponder. The prognostic accuracy of a pressure gradient greater than 40 mm Hg was 78 percent; no patient with a gradient of less than 40 mm Hg benefited from surgery. An increased juxtaglomerular cell count on the affected side predicted a successful operative result in 88 percent, as did increased granularity in 85 percent of cases. Renal venous renin ratio correlated positively (r =0.738, P less than 0.001) with the pressure gradient across the stenosis. The renal venous plasma renin activity of the  affected side also correlated positively (r = 0.771, P less than 0.001) with the absolute count of granular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Plasma renin activity in both renal veins is the most reliable predictor of operative outcome. The addition of juxtaglomerular cell count or pressure gradient across the stenosis increases prognostic accuracy only slightly. The close mutual correlations between renal venous renin ratio, pressure gradient and juxtaglomerular cell count support the experimental evidence of a causal relation between the hemodynamic effects of the arterial lesion and the humoral and histologic changes observed in hypertension with renal arterial stenosis.", "PMID": 1190090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11495", "title": "Relation of renin status to neurogenic vascular resistance in borderline hypertension.", "content": "The relation of renin-angiotensin status to general hemodynamics and to neurogenic vascular resistance was studied in patients with border-line hypertension. Plasma renin activity during standing was referred to a standard renin-urinary sodium nomogram derived from 18 normal subjects. Among 22 patients with borderline hypertension the renin level was high in 8, low in 4 and within normal limits in the remaining 10. In patients with borderline hypertension and high or normal levels of plasma renin activity, the blood pressure elevation was due to increased total peripheral vascular resistance. In contrast, in patients with low renin borderline hypertension, total peripheral resistance was not significantly elevated; the blood pressure elevation reflected a cardiac index 12 percent higher than that in normal subjects. The neurogenic contribution to total peripheral vascular resistance was assessed by studying the effects of alpha adrenergic blockade with phentolamine, after prior autonomic blockade of the heart with atropine (0.04 mg/kg body weight) and propranolol (0.2 mg/kg). Phentolamine (15 mg) produced an immediate reduction in total peripheral resistance of 12.0 +/- 6.7 percent in patients with high renin borderline hypertension (P less than 0.01) but no change in normal subjects or those with borderline hypertension and normal or low renin levels. Normalization of the blood pressure followed \"total\" autonomic blockade with atropine, propranolol or phentolamine only in patients with high renin borderline hypertension. It is concluded from these preliminary data that in high renin borderline hypertension the blood pressure elevation is sustained by neurogenic mechanisms. The elevated renin level in these patients is probably an expression of increased sympathetic nervous activity. Although the elevated plasma renin level may possibly be contributing to the generation of higher sympathetic tone, or data do not support a direct role of circulating angiotensin in the maintenance of the elevated vascular resistance.", "contents": "Relation of renin status to neurogenic vascular resistance in borderline hypertension. The relation of renin-angiotensin status to general hemodynamics and to neurogenic vascular resistance was studied in patients with border-line hypertension. Plasma renin activity during standing was referred to a standard renin-urinary sodium nomogram derived from 18 normal subjects. Among 22 patients with borderline hypertension the renin level was high in 8, low in 4 and within normal limits in the remaining 10. In patients with borderline hypertension and high or normal levels of plasma renin activity, the blood pressure elevation was due to increased total peripheral vascular resistance. In contrast, in patients with low renin borderline hypertension, total peripheral resistance was not significantly elevated; the blood pressure elevation reflected a cardiac index 12 percent higher than that in normal subjects. The neurogenic contribution to total peripheral vascular resistance was assessed by studying the effects of alpha adrenergic blockade with phentolamine, after prior autonomic blockade of the heart with atropine (0.04 mg/kg body weight) and propranolol (0.2 mg/kg). Phentolamine (15 mg) produced an immediate reduction in total peripheral resistance of 12.0 +/- 6.7 percent in patients with high renin borderline hypertension (P less than 0.01) but no change in normal subjects or those with borderline hypertension and normal or low renin levels. Normalization of the blood pressure followed \"total\" autonomic blockade with atropine, propranolol or phentolamine only in patients with high renin borderline hypertension. It is concluded from these preliminary data that in high renin borderline hypertension the blood pressure elevation is sustained by neurogenic mechanisms. The elevated renin level in these patients is probably an expression of increased sympathetic nervous activity. Although the elevated plasma renin level may possibly be contributing to the generation of higher sympathetic tone, or data do not support a direct role of circulating angiotensin in the maintenance of the elevated vascular resistance.", "PMID": 1190091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11496", "title": "Vitamin B6 levels in rheumatoid arthritis: effect of treatment.", "content": "Patients with rheumatoid arthritis were found to have low plasma pyridoxal phosphate. Treatment with 50-150 mg/day of pyridoxine hydrochloride for 3 months caused a rise in pyridoxal phosphate in most cases to more than 3 times pretreatment levels. There was, however, no improvement in the clinical aspects of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 levels in rheumatoid arthritis: effect of treatment. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis were found to have low plasma pyridoxal phosphate. Treatment with 50-150 mg/day of pyridoxine hydrochloride for 3 months caused a rise in pyridoxal phosphate in most cases to more than 3 times pretreatment levels. There was, however, no improvement in the clinical aspects of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 1190099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11497", "title": "Serum and erythrocyte folates in combined iron and folate deficiency.", "content": "A high incidence of iron and folate deficiency was found in 80 female subjects living in a private institution. Iron therapy in individuals with low serum iron values resulted in a significant increase in hemoglobin levels. An improvement in serum and RBC folate levels was also found following iron therapy but this could not be attributed to treatment since a similar increase was observed in untreated control subjects, probably due to an increased dietary intake of folates during the study period. In subsequent studies small amounts of pteroylglutamic acid were given to all patients and their response to therapy was related to initial serum and RBC folate values. No correlation between serum folate levels and response to folate therapy could be demonstrated. Red cell folate levels on the other hand correlated well with response to therapy. A significant increase in hemoglobin was found following folate therapy in patients with low RBC folates, but not increase in subjects with normal RBC folates. Conversely, the increase in hemoglobin following iron therapy in subjects with normal RBC folates was three times as much as in patients with low RBC folates. Thus, unlike serum folate determinations, RBC folate measurements are a reliable index of tissue folate stores, and useful in the prediction of response to folate therapy in both the iron-deficient and iron-replete states.", "contents": "Serum and erythrocyte folates in combined iron and folate deficiency. A high incidence of iron and folate deficiency was found in 80 female subjects living in a private institution. Iron therapy in individuals with low serum iron values resulted in a significant increase in hemoglobin levels. An improvement in serum and RBC folate levels was also found following iron therapy but this could not be attributed to treatment since a similar increase was observed in untreated control subjects, probably due to an increased dietary intake of folates during the study period. In subsequent studies small amounts of pteroylglutamic acid were given to all patients and their response to therapy was related to initial serum and RBC folate values. No correlation between serum folate levels and response to folate therapy could be demonstrated. Red cell folate levels on the other hand correlated well with response to therapy. A significant increase in hemoglobin was found following folate therapy in patients with low RBC folates, but not increase in subjects with normal RBC folates. Conversely, the increase in hemoglobin following iron therapy in subjects with normal RBC folates was three times as much as in patients with low RBC folates. Thus, unlike serum folate determinations, RBC folate measurements are a reliable index of tissue folate stores, and useful in the prediction of response to folate therapy in both the iron-deficient and iron-replete states.", "PMID": 1190101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11498", "title": "Lowering of plasma cholesterol levels in free-living adolescent males; use of natural and synthetic polyunsaturated foods to provide balanced fat diets.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty-nine adolescent male pupils, attending two boarding schools, participated in a study, under free-living dietary conditions, designed to assess the effects on plasma lipids of altering only the type and not the amount of dietary fat. The students were monitored for 6 weeks on three different diets. During the first study period, dietary changes comprised substituting a polyunsaturated dried \"filled\" milk and products derived therefrom for conventional dairy products (diet A). The second dietary phase involved replacing all meat and dairy products with equivalent polyunsaturated ruminant fat products (diet B). The third period consisted of a control diet of conventional dairy and meat products. During both polyunsaturated diets a 14% reduction in plasma cholesterol was achieved compared with control levels. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was similarly suppressed. A greater decrease in plasma cholesterol of 19-21% was recorded in those pupils with initial cholesterol levels greater than 230 mg/dl. There was no significant difference in plasma triglycerides between diet A and the control diet whereas the triglyceride levels were 16.5% lower during diet B. The fall in plasma cholesterol coincided with an increase in plasma triglyceride linoleate from 8% to 19% of total triglyceride fatty acids. Dietary analysis of the pupils' diet indicated an increase in the ratio of polyunsaturates to saturates from 0.27 during the control period to 1.08 on the dried filled milk and 0.90 on the polyunsaturated ruminant fat products. A palatability survey showed that both the dried filled milk and the polyunsaturated ruminant fat products were as well accepted by the pupils as the conventional products. The results suggest that such products could, if introduced to the general population, play an important part in plasma cholesterol suppression in the hope that this would significantly reduce the incidence of coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Lowering of plasma cholesterol levels in free-living adolescent males; use of natural and synthetic polyunsaturated foods to provide balanced fat diets. Two hundred and twenty-nine adolescent male pupils, attending two boarding schools, participated in a study, under free-living dietary conditions, designed to assess the effects on plasma lipids of altering only the type and not the amount of dietary fat. The students were monitored for 6 weeks on three different diets. During the first study period, dietary changes comprised substituting a polyunsaturated dried \"filled\" milk and products derived therefrom for conventional dairy products (diet A). The second dietary phase involved replacing all meat and dairy products with equivalent polyunsaturated ruminant fat products (diet B). The third period consisted of a control diet of conventional dairy and meat products. During both polyunsaturated diets a 14% reduction in plasma cholesterol was achieved compared with control levels. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was similarly suppressed. A greater decrease in plasma cholesterol of 19-21% was recorded in those pupils with initial cholesterol levels greater than 230 mg/dl. There was no significant difference in plasma triglycerides between diet A and the control diet whereas the triglyceride levels were 16.5% lower during diet B. The fall in plasma cholesterol coincided with an increase in plasma triglyceride linoleate from 8% to 19% of total triglyceride fatty acids. Dietary analysis of the pupils' diet indicated an increase in the ratio of polyunsaturates to saturates from 0.27 during the control period to 1.08 on the dried filled milk and 0.90 on the polyunsaturated ruminant fat products. A palatability survey showed that both the dried filled milk and the polyunsaturated ruminant fat products were as well accepted by the pupils as the conventional products. The results suggest that such products could, if introduced to the general population, play an important part in plasma cholesterol suppression in the hope that this would significantly reduce the incidence of coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 1190100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11499", "title": "Lack of effect of massive dose of vitamin C on fluoride excretion in fluorosis during a short clinical trial.", "content": "The effect of daily administration of 2 g of vitamin C on urinary excretion of fluoride in patients suffering from endemic fluorosis was studied. Urinary fluoride excretion was found to be constant over a period of 4 weeks in each patient. The results suggested that vitamin C does not influence the rate of resorption of fluorotic bone in man.", "contents": "Lack of effect of massive dose of vitamin C on fluoride excretion in fluorosis during a short clinical trial. The effect of daily administration of 2 g of vitamin C on urinary excretion of fluoride in patients suffering from endemic fluorosis was studied. Urinary fluoride excretion was found to be constant over a period of 4 weeks in each patient. The results suggested that vitamin C does not influence the rate of resorption of fluorotic bone in man.", "PMID": 1190102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11500", "title": "A fine structural demonstration that some benzopyrones act as vitamin P in the rat.", "content": "In rats fed a diet lacking flavonoids (but which had supplementary vitamin C) definite fine structural alterations were found in blood capillaries and tissues. These fine structural alterations were quite different from those reported in C-avitaminosis and imply a different deficiency. They were largely prevented by feeding the benzopyrones, coumarin or coumarin plus troxerutin, thus pointing to the specificity of the lesions. This implies that, for the rat, benzopyrones are vitamins and that vitamin C and \"vitamin P\"-deficiency states are qute distinct. In \"P-avitaminosis\" the basic lesion is the opening of some blood capillary endothelial intercellular junctions. Unlike in C-avitaminosis, the endothelial cells are intact, without pale, grossly swollen cytoplasms.", "contents": "A fine structural demonstration that some benzopyrones act as vitamin P in the rat. In rats fed a diet lacking flavonoids (but which had supplementary vitamin C) definite fine structural alterations were found in blood capillaries and tissues. These fine structural alterations were quite different from those reported in C-avitaminosis and imply a different deficiency. They were largely prevented by feeding the benzopyrones, coumarin or coumarin plus troxerutin, thus pointing to the specificity of the lesions. This implies that, for the rat, benzopyrones are vitamins and that vitamin C and \"vitamin P\"-deficiency states are qute distinct. In \"P-avitaminosis\" the basic lesion is the opening of some blood capillary endothelial intercellular junctions. Unlike in C-avitaminosis, the endothelial cells are intact, without pale, grossly swollen cytoplasms.", "PMID": 1190103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11501", "title": "Treatment of reactive hypoglycemia with buformin.", "content": "The therapeutic effect of short-term buformin (l-butylbiguanide) treatment was investigated in 12 patients with reactive hypoglycemia. Eleven of them were classified as having idiopathic reactive hypoglycemia, nine obese and two nonobese. None of these patients had a degree of hyperglycemia during glucose tolerance tests which would indicate diabetes mellitus. In one patient reactive hypoglycemia was related to chemical diabetes. The diagnosis of reactive hypoglycemia was established on the basis of patient's hypoglycemic reaction and low blood glucose levels during 6-hour oral glucose tolerance tests. The patient's received 200 mg of buformin daily for 7 days and its therapeutic effectiveness was assessed by repeat testing. Buformin treatment resulted in significant increase of blood glucose values between 180 and 360 min after oral glucose challenge and in considerable improvement of hypoglycemia in nine obese patients with idiopathic reactive hypoglycemia and in the patient with chemical diabetes. Buformin also significantly reduced maximal insulin response and incremental insulin areas. In two nonobese patients hypoglycemic reaction was deteriorated after buformin therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of reactive hypoglycemia with buformin. The therapeutic effect of short-term buformin (l-butylbiguanide) treatment was investigated in 12 patients with reactive hypoglycemia. Eleven of them were classified as having idiopathic reactive hypoglycemia, nine obese and two nonobese. None of these patients had a degree of hyperglycemia during glucose tolerance tests which would indicate diabetes mellitus. In one patient reactive hypoglycemia was related to chemical diabetes. The diagnosis of reactive hypoglycemia was established on the basis of patient's hypoglycemic reaction and low blood glucose levels during 6-hour oral glucose tolerance tests. The patient's received 200 mg of buformin daily for 7 days and its therapeutic effectiveness was assessed by repeat testing. Buformin treatment resulted in significant increase of blood glucose values between 180 and 360 min after oral glucose challenge and in considerable improvement of hypoglycemia in nine obese patients with idiopathic reactive hypoglycemia and in the patient with chemical diabetes. Buformin also significantly reduced maximal insulin response and incremental insulin areas. In two nonobese patients hypoglycemic reaction was deteriorated after buformin therapy.", "PMID": 1190104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11502", "title": "Endogenous ethanol production and hepatic disease following jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity.", "content": "In this study, we sought to determine whether or not elevated levels of ethanol were present in the systemic circulation, resulting from endogenous ethanol production, which might contribute to the hepatic damage following jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. Venous serum samples for assay of ethanol by gas-liquid chromatography were obtained in 8 normal subjects, 9 obese patients prior to surgery, 20 obese patients 2 weeks to 40 months after jejunoileal bypass, and in 2 dogs before and after jejunoileal bypass. Ethanol was detected after jejunoileal bypass in only 7 of the 20 patients and in the 2 dogs. Serum ethanol concentrations ranged from 0.15 to 4.12 mg/100 ml with a mean of 1.18 +/- 1.59 (SD)( mg/100 ml in the 7 patients and ranged from 0.20 to 2.23 mg/100 ml in the dogs. Incubation of the contents of the bypassed intestine of a dog with dextrose resulted in the production of significant amounts of ethanol. However, there was no correlation between the presence of ethanol in the serum and liver histology, when liver biopsy was obtained, postoperatively. Since ethanol was detected in the serum in only small concentrations and in only one-third of the patients, it is unlikely that ethanol production by bacteria in the intestine is of significance in the pathogenesis of liver disease following jejunoileal bypass.", "contents": "Endogenous ethanol production and hepatic disease following jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. In this study, we sought to determine whether or not elevated levels of ethanol were present in the systemic circulation, resulting from endogenous ethanol production, which might contribute to the hepatic damage following jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. Venous serum samples for assay of ethanol by gas-liquid chromatography were obtained in 8 normal subjects, 9 obese patients prior to surgery, 20 obese patients 2 weeks to 40 months after jejunoileal bypass, and in 2 dogs before and after jejunoileal bypass. Ethanol was detected after jejunoileal bypass in only 7 of the 20 patients and in the 2 dogs. Serum ethanol concentrations ranged from 0.15 to 4.12 mg/100 ml with a mean of 1.18 +/- 1.59 (SD)( mg/100 ml in the 7 patients and ranged from 0.20 to 2.23 mg/100 ml in the dogs. Incubation of the contents of the bypassed intestine of a dog with dextrose resulted in the production of significant amounts of ethanol. However, there was no correlation between the presence of ethanol in the serum and liver histology, when liver biopsy was obtained, postoperatively. Since ethanol was detected in the serum in only small concentrations and in only one-third of the patients, it is unlikely that ethanol production by bacteria in the intestine is of significance in the pathogenesis of liver disease following jejunoileal bypass.", "PMID": 1190105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11503", "title": "Serotonin metabolism in children with kwashiorkor.", "content": "Intestinal fat absorption, serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 24-hour urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were studied in 13 children with kwashiorkor and 10 matched healthy controls. Eight out of 13 children with kwashiorkor who had steatorrhea also showed raised plasma serotonin levels in parallel with the high urinary excretion of 5-HIAA. In five children with kwashiorkor who showed normal intestinal fat absorption, the serum 5-HT and urinary 5-HIAA levels were comparable to controls. After therapy, concurrent with clinical and biochemical recovery, the intestinal absorption of fat improved, serum 5-HT concentration and the urinary excretion of 5-HIAA returned to normal range. This suggested that the deranged serotonin metabolism in our cases was secondary to the protein-calorie deficiency. The presence of defective metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) in children with kwashiorkor has been reported and its possible role in the etiopathogenesis of steatorrhea-diarrhea, skin lesions and psychomotor changes has been suggested for further work.", "contents": "Serotonin metabolism in children with kwashiorkor. Intestinal fat absorption, serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 24-hour urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were studied in 13 children with kwashiorkor and 10 matched healthy controls. Eight out of 13 children with kwashiorkor who had steatorrhea also showed raised plasma serotonin levels in parallel with the high urinary excretion of 5-HIAA. In five children with kwashiorkor who showed normal intestinal fat absorption, the serum 5-HT and urinary 5-HIAA levels were comparable to controls. After therapy, concurrent with clinical and biochemical recovery, the intestinal absorption of fat improved, serum 5-HT concentration and the urinary excretion of 5-HIAA returned to normal range. This suggested that the deranged serotonin metabolism in our cases was secondary to the protein-calorie deficiency. The presence of defective metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) in children with kwashiorkor has been reported and its possible role in the etiopathogenesis of steatorrhea-diarrhea, skin lesions and psychomotor changes has been suggested for further work.", "PMID": 1190106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11504", "title": "Food iron absorption. I. Use of semisynthetic diet to study absorption of nonheme iron.", "content": "Recent studies have established the validity of employing an extrinsic radioiron tag to measure the absorption of nonheme iron from a complex meal. In the present study, extrinsic tagging was used to measure absorption of nonheme iron from a standard meal chosen as representative of a typical American meal, and from a semisynthetic meal having the same total chemical composition. The latter was designed so that the major dietary components could be systematically altered to determine their separate effects on food iron absorption. Absorption from the standard meal in 32 healthy women averaged 10.0% as compared with a mean absorption of 1.8% from semisynthetic meal. Most but not all of this fivefold difference in absorption could be explained by the enhancing effect of meat in the standard meal. The low availability of iron from the semisynthetic meal will be of particular value in studying factors which enhance food iron absorption, whereas the standard meal is suitable for studying factors which reduce availability of food iron.", "contents": "Food iron absorption. I. Use of semisynthetic diet to study absorption of nonheme iron. Recent studies have established the validity of employing an extrinsic radioiron tag to measure the absorption of nonheme iron from a complex meal. In the present study, extrinsic tagging was used to measure absorption of nonheme iron from a standard meal chosen as representative of a typical American meal, and from a semisynthetic meal having the same total chemical composition. The latter was designed so that the major dietary components could be systematically altered to determine their separate effects on food iron absorption. Absorption from the standard meal in 32 healthy women averaged 10.0% as compared with a mean absorption of 1.8% from semisynthetic meal. Most but not all of this fivefold difference in absorption could be explained by the enhancing effect of meat in the standard meal. The low availability of iron from the semisynthetic meal will be of particular value in studying factors which enhance food iron absorption, whereas the standard meal is suitable for studying factors which reduce availability of food iron.", "PMID": 1190107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11505", "title": "A field worker's guide to a nutritional status survey.", "content": "This guide has been prepared specifically for the medical worker in a developing country who has little experience for survey methodology and few outside sources on which to draw. All, or only portions of the guide, may be used as local needs dictate. It provides an outline of necessary preparations, sampling, field organization, measuring techniques and recording form. To aid the statistical treatment and presentation of the data, a sample recording form is given together with coding instructions and output table layout.", "contents": "A field worker's guide to a nutritional status survey. This guide has been prepared specifically for the medical worker in a developing country who has little experience for survey methodology and few outside sources on which to draw. All, or only portions of the guide, may be used as local needs dictate. It provides an outline of necessary preparations, sampling, field organization, measuring techniques and recording form. To aid the statistical treatment and presentation of the data, a sample recording form is given together with coding instructions and output table layout.", "PMID": 1190109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11506", "title": "Dietary intake in the third trimester of pregnancy and birth weight of offspring among nonprivileged and priviledged women.", "content": "The dietary intake during the third trimester of pregnancy among 20 nonprivileged and 10 privileged primigravidae in Addis Ababa was studied in a 2 day weighting inventory survey. With the exception of iron and thiamin, the nonprivileged group consumed a diet that was deficient in all nutrients, with an average daily protein and energy intake below 60% of the FAO/WHO Recommendations. The privileged group was found to meet the recommendations for all nutrients except for calcium and riboflavin. Infants born to the nonprivileged women had significantly lower mean birth weight when compared with the infants born to the privileged women.", "contents": "Dietary intake in the third trimester of pregnancy and birth weight of offspring among nonprivileged and priviledged women. The dietary intake during the third trimester of pregnancy among 20 nonprivileged and 10 privileged primigravidae in Addis Ababa was studied in a 2 day weighting inventory survey. With the exception of iron and thiamin, the nonprivileged group consumed a diet that was deficient in all nutrients, with an average daily protein and energy intake below 60% of the FAO/WHO Recommendations. The privileged group was found to meet the recommendations for all nutrients except for calcium and riboflavin. Infants born to the nonprivileged women had significantly lower mean birth weight when compared with the infants born to the privileged women.", "PMID": 1190110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11507", "title": "Amount and rate of disappearance of liver fat in malnourished infants in Jamaica.", "content": "The fat content of the liver has been measured in 163 biopsy specimens taken from 95 malnourished children in Jamaica within a few days of admission to hospital and at various stages of recovery. The fat content was also measured in 38 samples from children who died. Severe degrees of fatty infiltration, up to 50% of the wet weight, were found. Fatty liver of this degree of severity may be a cause of death. The increase in fat was accompanied by an increase in water content. This may be the result of breakdown in the energy-dependent regulation of water content. Repeat biopsies were done within 6 weeks of admission in 26 children. The average rate of clearance of fat expressed as a fraction of the amount present at any time was 5.5% per day. An attempt was made by more frequent biopsies to determine whether the rate of decrease was influenced by the protein content of the diet, but the results were inconclusive.", "contents": "Amount and rate of disappearance of liver fat in malnourished infants in Jamaica. The fat content of the liver has been measured in 163 biopsy specimens taken from 95 malnourished children in Jamaica within a few days of admission to hospital and at various stages of recovery. The fat content was also measured in 38 samples from children who died. Severe degrees of fatty infiltration, up to 50% of the wet weight, were found. Fatty liver of this degree of severity may be a cause of death. The increase in fat was accompanied by an increase in water content. This may be the result of breakdown in the energy-dependent regulation of water content. Repeat biopsies were done within 6 weeks of admission in 26 children. The average rate of clearance of fat expressed as a fraction of the amount present at any time was 5.5% per day. An attempt was made by more frequent biopsies to determine whether the rate of decrease was influenced by the protein content of the diet, but the results were inconclusive.", "PMID": 1190111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11508", "title": "A new medical trend in China.", "content": "Chinese biomedical scientists are now developing a new approach to medicine by combining traditional Chinese medicine and Western biomedical science. This is the current medical trend in China. Some significant results have already been achieved. For instance, in treating fractures the traditional dexterity in coaxing broken ends of bones into alignment has been successfully adopted, and x-ray has been used to check whether there was accurate bone union. Heart diseases are treated with Western drugs in combination with Chinese herbal medicine, and the results are encouraging. Ancient theories such as Fu Chen Pei Ben (to strengthen the patient's vitality) are applied, for instance, in cancer therapy, i.e., to stimulate the patient's appetite and to improve his general condition with herbs while being treated with Western anti-cancer remedies. However, the Chinese admit that this process has only just begun.", "contents": "A new medical trend in China. Chinese biomedical scientists are now developing a new approach to medicine by combining traditional Chinese medicine and Western biomedical science. This is the current medical trend in China. Some significant results have already been achieved. For instance, in treating fractures the traditional dexterity in coaxing broken ends of bones into alignment has been successfully adopted, and x-ray has been used to check whether there was accurate bone union. Heart diseases are treated with Western drugs in combination with Chinese herbal medicine, and the results are encouraging. Ancient theories such as Fu Chen Pei Ben (to strengthen the patient's vitality) are applied, for instance, in cancer therapy, i.e., to stimulate the patient's appetite and to improve his general condition with herbs while being treated with Western anti-cancer remedies. However, the Chinese admit that this process has only just begun.", "PMID": 1190112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11509", "title": "Non-pharmacological approaches to the treatment of drug abuse.", "content": "As a result largely of dissatisfaction with existing treatment methods for narcotic addiction, there has been considerable recent interest in various non-pharmacological approaches to treatment. Acupuncture, transcendental meditation, electrosleep, biofeedback and hypnotism all have generated considerable interest and seem to be effective in a number of cases. Although apparently quite different, all of these approaches seek to induce a state of relaxation which in turn appears to exert specific neurophysiological changes in the brain. These treatment methods not only help for some addicts, but should contribute to our overall understanding of the addiction process.", "contents": "Non-pharmacological approaches to the treatment of drug abuse. As a result largely of dissatisfaction with existing treatment methods for narcotic addiction, there has been considerable recent interest in various non-pharmacological approaches to treatment. Acupuncture, transcendental meditation, electrosleep, biofeedback and hypnotism all have generated considerable interest and seem to be effective in a number of cases. Although apparently quite different, all of these approaches seek to induce a state of relaxation which in turn appears to exert specific neurophysiological changes in the brain. These treatment methods not only help for some addicts, but should contribute to our overall understanding of the addiction process.", "PMID": 1190113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11510", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26) during halothane anesthesia in dogs.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26) in 10 dogs under halothane anesthesia were compared to 5 dogs under halothane anesthesia without moxibustion and 5 dogs under halothane anesthesia in which moxibustion was effected at a neutral or non-acupuncture site. Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base deficit were measured over a two-hour period. A significant increase in cardiac output and stroke volume and a significant decrease in the total peripheral resistance were observed in the group which was stimulated by moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26). Heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure were significantly increased during the early part of the two-hour period in the same group. The cardiovascular effects of moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26) which were observed at the end of two hours were also present in two dogs in which measurements were continued for two additional hours.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26) during halothane anesthesia in dogs. The cardiovascular effects of moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26) in 10 dogs under halothane anesthesia were compared to 5 dogs under halothane anesthesia without moxibustion and 5 dogs under halothane anesthesia in which moxibustion was effected at a neutral or non-acupuncture site. Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base deficit were measured over a two-hour period. A significant increase in cardiac output and stroke volume and a significant decrease in the total peripheral resistance were observed in the group which was stimulated by moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26). Heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure were significantly increased during the early part of the two-hour period in the same group. The cardiovascular effects of moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26) which were observed at the end of two hours were also present in two dogs in which measurements were continued for two additional hours.", "PMID": 1190114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11511", "title": "Effect of acupuncture on allergic rhinitis: clinical and laboratory evaluations.", "content": "Of 22 subjects with allergic rhinitis who received a series of 6 acupuncture treatments, 11 (50%) were virtually symptom-free by the end of the series, 8 (36%) experienced a moderate reduction in symptoms, and 3 (14%) received no significant relief. Clinical assessment of symptoms was made on a 6-point scale before the first treatment and before each subsequent session. Laboratory tests included absolute blood eosinophils, percentage of nasal eosinophils, and radioimmunoassay of serum IgE, performed before the first treatment, at the end of the series, and 2 months later. A significant decrease in subjective clinical rating of symptoms correlated with a concurrent drop in absolute numbers of blood eosinophils and percentage of nasal eosinophils. IgE levels decreased in 64% of the subjects by completion of treatment and in 76% at 2-month follow-up.", "contents": "Effect of acupuncture on allergic rhinitis: clinical and laboratory evaluations. Of 22 subjects with allergic rhinitis who received a series of 6 acupuncture treatments, 11 (50%) were virtually symptom-free by the end of the series, 8 (36%) experienced a moderate reduction in symptoms, and 3 (14%) received no significant relief. Clinical assessment of symptoms was made on a 6-point scale before the first treatment and before each subsequent session. Laboratory tests included absolute blood eosinophils, percentage of nasal eosinophils, and radioimmunoassay of serum IgE, performed before the first treatment, at the end of the series, and 2 months later. A significant decrease in subjective clinical rating of symptoms correlated with a concurrent drop in absolute numbers of blood eosinophils and percentage of nasal eosinophils. IgE levels decreased in 64% of the subjects by completion of treatment and in 76% at 2-month follow-up.", "PMID": 1190115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11512", "title": "Acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis: a prospective clinical study with six months' follow-up.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to clarify the efficacy of acupuncture in the prophylaxis of migraine. 39 patients were treated by acupuncture given 5 times at weekly intervals. 92% of patients improved with acupuncture initially. Six months later 54% had relapsed to their pre-acupuncture state. The present study does not exclude the possibility that the results were due to suggestion.", "contents": "Acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis: a prospective clinical study with six months' follow-up. The purpose of this study was to clarify the efficacy of acupuncture in the prophylaxis of migraine. 39 patients were treated by acupuncture given 5 times at weekly intervals. 92% of patients improved with acupuncture initially. Six months later 54% had relapsed to their pre-acupuncture state. The present study does not exclude the possibility that the results were due to suggestion.", "PMID": 1190116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11513", "title": "Acupuncture in otolaryngology.", "content": "The enthusiastic acceptance of acupuncture by the people of the United States is partly indicative of the limitations of Western medicine. This paper is the result of a two year study using acupuncture in the field of otolaryngolgy to treat those patients whose illnesses have not responded to conventional Western medicine approaches.", "contents": "Acupuncture in otolaryngology. The enthusiastic acceptance of acupuncture by the people of the United States is partly indicative of the limitations of Western medicine. This paper is the result of a two year study using acupuncture in the field of otolaryngolgy to treat those patients whose illnesses have not responded to conventional Western medicine approaches.", "PMID": 1190117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11514", "title": "The treatment of exogenous obesity employing auricular acupuncture.", "content": "This article reports on the treatment of 21 obesity patients employing auricular acupuncture. The auricular points used were Mouth, Shen-men, Stomach, Hunger and Spleen, and the period of treatment lasted from two to six weeks. The weight loss in these patients varied from 2 to 16 pounds. The rationale for using these points and cautions for this type of treatment were discussed.", "contents": "The treatment of exogenous obesity employing auricular acupuncture. This article reports on the treatment of 21 obesity patients employing auricular acupuncture. The auricular points used were Mouth, Shen-men, Stomach, Hunger and Spleen, and the period of treatment lasted from two to six weeks. The weight loss in these patients varied from 2 to 16 pounds. The rationale for using these points and cautions for this type of treatment were discussed.", "PMID": 1190118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11515", "title": "Pre-instrumental variables in coagulation testing.", "content": "A number of variables thought to affect measurement of prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were examined in an effort to determine more precisely their effects on these measurements. On the basis of these studies, it is proposed that blood specimens be anticoagulated with one part 3.8% (w./v.) sodium citrate solution to 19 parts whole blood to avoid excessive anticoagulation of blood samples drawn from patients with polycythemia. Because of the smaller amount of plasma in such samples, relatively larger amounts of anticoagulant are used, and spuriously prolonged PT and PTT measurements commonly result. No deleterious effect on anemic specimens is evident when the smaller amount of citrate is used. Studies of the stability of these specimens indicate that unopened, vacuum-drawn specimens do not noticeably deteriorate for as long as 6 hours, even when kept at room temperature. Prothrombin time measurements remain constant for as long as 24 hours. However, a 10--15% lengthening of the partial thromboplastin time is evident after 24 hours of storage.", "contents": "Pre-instrumental variables in coagulation testing. A number of variables thought to affect measurement of prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were examined in an effort to determine more precisely their effects on these measurements. On the basis of these studies, it is proposed that blood specimens be anticoagulated with one part 3.8% (w./v.) sodium citrate solution to 19 parts whole blood to avoid excessive anticoagulation of blood samples drawn from patients with polycythemia. Because of the smaller amount of plasma in such samples, relatively larger amounts of anticoagulant are used, and spuriously prolonged PT and PTT measurements commonly result. No deleterious effect on anemic specimens is evident when the smaller amount of citrate is used. Studies of the stability of these specimens indicate that unopened, vacuum-drawn specimens do not noticeably deteriorate for as long as 6 hours, even when kept at room temperature. Prothrombin time measurements remain constant for as long as 24 hours. However, a 10--15% lengthening of the partial thromboplastin time is evident after 24 hours of storage.", "PMID": 1190120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11516", "title": "Variable response of activated partial thromboplastin time to heparin therapy during hemodialysis.", "content": "The consistency of the anticoagulant effect of intravenously administered heparin was studied. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was measured for six patients hourly during three consecutive hemodialysis sessions each. Cephaloplastin was the plasma-activating agent. The time required to form a clot was measured by a light-sensitive electronic timer and confirmed within +/- 5% by the tilt tube method. Results are reported in second relative to units of heparin given to patients per kilogram body weight. The range of APTT's measured 55 minutes after each heparin dose greatly exceeded the range of technical variability of the assay method. The probably mechanisms and consequences for this variability after a constant heparin dose are discussed. The anticoagulation effect of heparin during hemodialysis in an otherwise stable clinical situation is not constant. The risks of having too much or too little anticoagulation are not eliminated by having determined a therapeutic heparin dose during one dialysis rung.", "contents": "Variable response of activated partial thromboplastin time to heparin therapy during hemodialysis. The consistency of the anticoagulant effect of intravenously administered heparin was studied. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was measured for six patients hourly during three consecutive hemodialysis sessions each. Cephaloplastin was the plasma-activating agent. The time required to form a clot was measured by a light-sensitive electronic timer and confirmed within +/- 5% by the tilt tube method. Results are reported in second relative to units of heparin given to patients per kilogram body weight. The range of APTT's measured 55 minutes after each heparin dose greatly exceeded the range of technical variability of the assay method. The probably mechanisms and consequences for this variability after a constant heparin dose are discussed. The anticoagulation effect of heparin during hemodialysis in an otherwise stable clinical situation is not constant. The risks of having too much or too little anticoagulation are not eliminated by having determined a therapeutic heparin dose during one dialysis rung.", "PMID": 1190121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11517", "title": "Nitroblue tetrazolium test in patients with sickle-cell anemia.", "content": "Forty-four patients who had sickle-cell anemia were examined to evaluate the reliability and usefulness of the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test. The patients with sickle-cell anemia in painful crisis with bacterial infection often had low percentages of NBT reduction or negative results. The NBT test did not differentiate well between sickle-cell anemia with bacterial infection and without bacterial infection.", "contents": "Nitroblue tetrazolium test in patients with sickle-cell anemia. Forty-four patients who had sickle-cell anemia were examined to evaluate the reliability and usefulness of the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test. The patients with sickle-cell anemia in painful crisis with bacterial infection often had low percentages of NBT reduction or negative results. The NBT test did not differentiate well between sickle-cell anemia with bacterial infection and without bacterial infection.", "PMID": 1190122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11518", "title": "Vaginal adenosis. Analysis of 325 biopsy specimens from 100 patients.", "content": "Biopsy-proven vaginal adenosis was found in 88% of a group of 100 asymptomatic young women with known or suspected to have histories of intrautering diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure. Histologic features were roughly quantitated and were found to vary markedly from patient to patient, but the following proved to be the most consistent features: (1) variation in glandular configuration (simple, complex, cystic); (2) the presence of epithelium recapitulating all parts of the m\u00fcllerian duct system (endocervical, endometrial and tubal); (3) limited involvement of the vaginal mucosa (no surface involvemtn in 23.8% of the patients); (4) extensive squamous metaplasia; (5) submucosal inflammation. There was no glandular dysplasia or coexistent adenocarcinoma. The squamous epithelium in many specimens contained little or no glycogen, and in some manifested cellular activity consistent with a regenerative response to inflammation. Sufficient atypicality to implicate vaginal adenosis as a premalignant lesion was not found in any biopsy specimen.", "contents": "Vaginal adenosis. Analysis of 325 biopsy specimens from 100 patients. Biopsy-proven vaginal adenosis was found in 88% of a group of 100 asymptomatic young women with known or suspected to have histories of intrautering diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure. Histologic features were roughly quantitated and were found to vary markedly from patient to patient, but the following proved to be the most consistent features: (1) variation in glandular configuration (simple, complex, cystic); (2) the presence of epithelium recapitulating all parts of the m\u00fcllerian duct system (endocervical, endometrial and tubal); (3) limited involvement of the vaginal mucosa (no surface involvemtn in 23.8% of the patients); (4) extensive squamous metaplasia; (5) submucosal inflammation. There was no glandular dysplasia or coexistent adenocarcinoma. The squamous epithelium in many specimens contained little or no glycogen, and in some manifested cellular activity consistent with a regenerative response to inflammation. Sufficient atypicality to implicate vaginal adenosis as a premalignant lesion was not found in any biopsy specimen.", "PMID": 1190123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11519", "title": "Wide-field electron microscopy. A rapid method for the study of histologic material that provides a bridge between light and electron microscopy.", "content": "Wide fields of tissue can be rapidly examined by electron microscopy by use of Formvar films for the support of ultrathin sections on slot grids. The intervention of the grid bars of conventional mesh grids is avoided, and a continuous micrograph of the specimen at scanning magnifications can be obtained. Enough material is sublimed from the section and the supporting film by deliberate exposure to the electron beam to permit one to obtain an image with good contrast. This method of examination, which takes in all about two hours, permits examination of an extensive area of tissue in relation both to its topography at low magnifications and to its ultrastructural detail, and accordingly adds to electron microscopy a dimension characteristic of the lower powers of the light microscope. It offers the histopathologist the option of using micrographs taken during the scanning survey of a tissue to detect regions that can be readily re-examined at high magnification in the same ultrathin section.", "contents": "Wide-field electron microscopy. A rapid method for the study of histologic material that provides a bridge between light and electron microscopy. Wide fields of tissue can be rapidly examined by electron microscopy by use of Formvar films for the support of ultrathin sections on slot grids. The intervention of the grid bars of conventional mesh grids is avoided, and a continuous micrograph of the specimen at scanning magnifications can be obtained. Enough material is sublimed from the section and the supporting film by deliberate exposure to the electron beam to permit one to obtain an image with good contrast. This method of examination, which takes in all about two hours, permits examination of an extensive area of tissue in relation both to its topography at low magnifications and to its ultrastructural detail, and accordingly adds to electron microscopy a dimension characteristic of the lower powers of the light microscope. It offers the histopathologist the option of using micrographs taken during the scanning survey of a tissue to detect regions that can be readily re-examined at high magnification in the same ultrathin section.", "PMID": 1190124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11520", "title": "Sclerosing mesenteritis. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of benign tumor-like mesenteric lesions are presented. The limited literature on comparable and similar lesions is reviewed, and the histologic findings are correlated. The lesions are composed of chronically inflamed adipose and fibrous tissue in various proportions. They probably represent different stages of a reparative process initiated by damage of the mesenteric adipose tissue of various etiologies. Whereas lesions in the younger age groups (mean 39.9 years) are predominatly characterized the fibrosis, those in the older age groups (mean 55.8 years) usually show a chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate rather than fibrosis. More than a dozen terms have been used for these lesions. The summarizing term \"sclerosing mesenteritis\" is proposed.", "contents": "Sclerosing mesenteritis. Report of two cases. Two cases of benign tumor-like mesenteric lesions are presented. The limited literature on comparable and similar lesions is reviewed, and the histologic findings are correlated. The lesions are composed of chronically inflamed adipose and fibrous tissue in various proportions. They probably represent different stages of a reparative process initiated by damage of the mesenteric adipose tissue of various etiologies. Whereas lesions in the younger age groups (mean 39.9 years) are predominatly characterized the fibrosis, those in the older age groups (mean 55.8 years) usually show a chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate rather than fibrosis. More than a dozen terms have been used for these lesions. The summarizing term \"sclerosing mesenteritis\" is proposed.", "PMID": 1190125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11521", "title": "Endometrial and tubal involvement by squamous carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "A case of squamous-cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix, with involvement of the entire endometrium and both fallopian tubes, is reported. Tubal involvment due to direct spread from a cervical carcinoma is rare.", "contents": "Endometrial and tubal involvement by squamous carcinoma of the cervix. A case of squamous-cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix, with involvement of the entire endometrium and both fallopian tubes, is reported. Tubal involvment due to direct spread from a cervical carcinoma is rare.", "PMID": 1190126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11522", "title": "Postmortem demonstration of esophageal varices by a simple method.", "content": "The usual methods available to demonstrate esophageal varices in postmortem material have met with little success because of their unreliability, difficulty to execute, or cost. A simple, inexpensive method, which consists in separating the esophageal mucosa and submucosa from the muscularis and stretching the former over a suitable absorbent paper, is described. In a few minutes, as the adherent membrane dries, the submucosal vascular pattern gradually develops, and after overnight drying, even the smallest venules are clearly visible. The specimen can be stored dry, photographed, or made into a more permanent preparation in a few days. The esophageal mucosal vascular patterns in groups of patients who died with a variety of hepatic diseases and other potential causes of esophageal varices were studied and compared with controls. A consistent pattern of prominent venous trunks located towards the distal third of the esophagus was seen in most specimens from cirrhotic patients, predominantly in micronodular forms with severe lobular distortion. Other potential causes of esophageal varices (hepatic tumors, congestion, etc.) resulted in less predictable vascular patterns.", "contents": "Postmortem demonstration of esophageal varices by a simple method. The usual methods available to demonstrate esophageal varices in postmortem material have met with little success because of their unreliability, difficulty to execute, or cost. A simple, inexpensive method, which consists in separating the esophageal mucosa and submucosa from the muscularis and stretching the former over a suitable absorbent paper, is described. In a few minutes, as the adherent membrane dries, the submucosal vascular pattern gradually develops, and after overnight drying, even the smallest venules are clearly visible. The specimen can be stored dry, photographed, or made into a more permanent preparation in a few days. The esophageal mucosal vascular patterns in groups of patients who died with a variety of hepatic diseases and other potential causes of esophageal varices were studied and compared with controls. A consistent pattern of prominent venous trunks located towards the distal third of the esophagus was seen in most specimens from cirrhotic patients, predominantly in micronodular forms with severe lobular distortion. Other potential causes of esophageal varices (hepatic tumors, congestion, etc.) resulted in less predictable vascular patterns.", "PMID": 1190127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11523", "title": "Transportation delay and the microbiological quality of clinical specimens.", "content": "An in-use study was done to determine the effect of transportation delay on the microflora of clinical specimens collected for microbiological analysis in a 1,000-bed university hospital. Portions of wound, respiratory, and urine specimens were planted for bacterial isolation on the wards immediately after collection. The remainder of each specimen was kept at room temperature without or without holding medium until it was picked up by messengers and taken to the bacteriology laboratory. The results of immediate planting on the ward were compared with those obtained by planting in the laboratory. Alterations in microflora were observed in all three types of specimens after averages of 2 to 4 hours of delay in planting.", "contents": "Transportation delay and the microbiological quality of clinical specimens. An in-use study was done to determine the effect of transportation delay on the microflora of clinical specimens collected for microbiological analysis in a 1,000-bed university hospital. Portions of wound, respiratory, and urine specimens were planted for bacterial isolation on the wards immediately after collection. The remainder of each specimen was kept at room temperature without or without holding medium until it was picked up by messengers and taken to the bacteriology laboratory. The results of immediate planting on the ward were compared with those obtained by planting in the laboratory. Alterations in microflora were observed in all three types of specimens after averages of 2 to 4 hours of delay in planting.", "PMID": 1190128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11524", "title": "An epidemic in a coronary care unit caused by Pseudomonas species.", "content": "Five patients in a coronary care unit were involved in an epidemic caused by a nonfermenting Gram-negative bacillus, presumptively identified by our laboratory as Pseudomonas cepacia. All medications administered intravenously to these patients were cultured. Because morphine was the only such medication common to the treatment of all the patients involved, a vial used in the unit at that time was cultured, as were two previously-entered vials of saline solution and several sterile vials of distilled water used in the preparation of injectable medication. The Pseudomonas cepacia organism was recovered from one of the vials of saline solution. The epidemic ended as soon as the practice of re-entering the vials of sterile saline solution was discontinued.", "contents": "An epidemic in a coronary care unit caused by Pseudomonas species. Five patients in a coronary care unit were involved in an epidemic caused by a nonfermenting Gram-negative bacillus, presumptively identified by our laboratory as Pseudomonas cepacia. All medications administered intravenously to these patients were cultured. Because morphine was the only such medication common to the treatment of all the patients involved, a vial used in the unit at that time was cultured, as were two previously-entered vials of saline solution and several sterile vials of distilled water used in the preparation of injectable medication. The Pseudomonas cepacia organism was recovered from one of the vials of saline solution. The epidemic ended as soon as the practice of re-entering the vials of sterile saline solution was discontinued.", "PMID": 1190129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11525", "title": "Personality patterns of white, black, and Mexican-American patrolmen as measured by the sixteen personality factor questionnaire.", "content": "The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire was administered to 461 Los Angeles patrolmen to abtain a normative police profile. Multivariate analysis revealed that the average patrolman appeared brighter, more reserved, dominant, and tough-minded (p less than .001) than the average male. Comparisons were made for 29 black, 33 Mexican-American, and 399 white officers. Mexican-American officers emerged as more conservative and relaxed than whites, while black officers appeared more experimental, analytical, and group-oriented. A comparison with an idependent police sample revealed common traits of self-assurance and conservatism. Results were compared with a social workers' profile and discussed in relation to police officers' actual job activities and community needs.", "contents": "Personality patterns of white, black, and Mexican-American patrolmen as measured by the sixteen personality factor questionnaire. The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire was administered to 461 Los Angeles patrolmen to abtain a normative police profile. Multivariate analysis revealed that the average patrolman appeared brighter, more reserved, dominant, and tough-minded (p less than .001) than the average male. Comparisons were made for 29 black, 33 Mexican-American, and 399 white officers. Mexican-American officers emerged as more conservative and relaxed than whites, while black officers appeared more experimental, analytical, and group-oriented. A comparison with an idependent police sample revealed common traits of self-assurance and conservatism. Results were compared with a social workers' profile and discussed in relation to police officers' actual job activities and community needs.", "PMID": 1190132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11526", "title": "Behavior modification consultation in a Mexican-American school: a case study.", "content": "Following consultation by two psychologists with an elementary school populated primarily by Mexican-American students, absenteeism was chosen as the first problem area to attempt to change. A between-groups experimental design was used to evaluate the effect of contigent rewards on the students' attendance. Analysis of the data showed no improvement in attendance. The results of the study were discussed in terms of (1) a more thorough behavior analysis of the absenteeism problem, (2) methodological restraints of a between-groups experimental design, (3) the need for consultants to be familiar with the community in which they work, and (4) relatedly, the success of the local school psychologist in implementing behavior modification programs.", "contents": "Behavior modification consultation in a Mexican-American school: a case study. Following consultation by two psychologists with an elementary school populated primarily by Mexican-American students, absenteeism was chosen as the first problem area to attempt to change. A between-groups experimental design was used to evaluate the effect of contigent rewards on the students' attendance. Analysis of the data showed no improvement in attendance. The results of the study were discussed in terms of (1) a more thorough behavior analysis of the absenteeism problem, (2) methodological restraints of a between-groups experimental design, (3) the need for consultants to be familiar with the community in which they work, and (4) relatedly, the success of the local school psychologist in implementing behavior modification programs.", "PMID": 1190133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11527", "title": "Mental health consumer survey on a shoestring budget-it is possible!", "content": "Consumers of service in a decentralized unit of a county mental health services organization were surveyed. Two samples, one of 100 and one of 386 former clients, were selected for a questionnaire survey of satisfaction and perception of ensuing changes. This report is offered as an example of what a busy clinical team can accomplish in the midst of its basic task of providing therapeutic and diagnostic help.", "contents": "Mental health consumer survey on a shoestring budget-it is possible! Consumers of service in a decentralized unit of a county mental health services organization were surveyed. Two samples, one of 100 and one of 386 former clients, were selected for a questionnaire survey of satisfaction and perception of ensuing changes. This report is offered as an example of what a busy clinical team can accomplish in the midst of its basic task of providing therapeutic and diagnostic help.", "PMID": 1190134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11528", "title": "Skull volume in infants. Methodology, normal values, and application.", "content": "Skull volume was determined from measurements on roentgenograms in 53 infants with normally shaped skulls. A positive relationship existed between occipitofrontal circumference (OFC) and skull volume. Formulas related OFC to skull volume for each sex at different age intervals were computed. With these formulas and published data, percentile ranks for skull volume were calculated for age and sex. In seven infants with abnormally shaped skulls, the relationship between OFC and skull volume differed from infants with normally shaped skulls. The OFC was not a reliable indicator of cranial volume in infants with abnormally shaped skulls. Serial determination of skull volume is proposed as a method of following the brain growth of these infants.", "contents": "Skull volume in infants. Methodology, normal values, and application. Skull volume was determined from measurements on roentgenograms in 53 infants with normally shaped skulls. A positive relationship existed between occipitofrontal circumference (OFC) and skull volume. Formulas related OFC to skull volume for each sex at different age intervals were computed. With these formulas and published data, percentile ranks for skull volume were calculated for age and sex. In seven infants with abnormally shaped skulls, the relationship between OFC and skull volume differed from infants with normally shaped skulls. The OFC was not a reliable indicator of cranial volume in infants with abnormally shaped skulls. Serial determination of skull volume is proposed as a method of following the brain growth of these infants.", "PMID": 1190137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11529", "title": "Blood pressure studies in black children.", "content": "Blood pressure measurements were obtained under office conditions by auscultatory method, using appropriate cuff sizes, in 1,668 healthy black children (827 boys and 841 girls) ranging in age from 4 to 17 years. We found no significant difference between the mean systolic blood pressure of black children in our study and that of whites as reported in the literature. However, mean diastolic blood pressure was lower in black children. Some black children (3.6%) were found to have blood pressure more than 2 standard deviations above the mean for their age and should be closely observed for developing hypertensive cardiovascular changes.", "contents": "Blood pressure studies in black children. Blood pressure measurements were obtained under office conditions by auscultatory method, using appropriate cuff sizes, in 1,668 healthy black children (827 boys and 841 girls) ranging in age from 4 to 17 years. We found no significant difference between the mean systolic blood pressure of black children in our study and that of whites as reported in the literature. However, mean diastolic blood pressure was lower in black children. Some black children (3.6%) were found to have blood pressure more than 2 standard deviations above the mean for their age and should be closely observed for developing hypertensive cardiovascular changes.", "PMID": 1190138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11530", "title": "Diagnostic utility of white blood cell and differential cell counts.", "content": "The white blood cell count, the differential cell count, and morphological changes in leukocytes can provide valuable diagnostic information that can aid the physician in determining the cause of illness. These simple laboratory tests, all too frequently either abused or ignored, when employed with precision can supplement but not supplant clinical judgment.", "contents": "Diagnostic utility of white blood cell and differential cell counts. The white blood cell count, the differential cell count, and morphological changes in leukocytes can provide valuable diagnostic information that can aid the physician in determining the cause of illness. These simple laboratory tests, all too frequently either abused or ignored, when employed with precision can supplement but not supplant clinical judgment.", "PMID": 1190139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11531", "title": "Hydrometrocolpos in a newborn.", "content": "Hydrometrocolpos was diagnosed in a neonate shortly after birth. A large collection of fluid was immediately removed from the distended vagina; hymenotomy was performed. The infant has remained well for more than a year following treatment. A simple technique for rapid diagnosis permits safe and appropriate management of this potentially serious disorder.", "contents": "Hydrometrocolpos in a newborn. Hydrometrocolpos was diagnosed in a neonate shortly after birth. A large collection of fluid was immediately removed from the distended vagina; hymenotomy was performed. The infant has remained well for more than a year following treatment. A simple technique for rapid diagnosis permits safe and appropriate management of this potentially serious disorder.", "PMID": 1190140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11532", "title": "Hyperviscosity syndrome associated with necrotizing enterocolitis.", "content": "Hyperviscosity, or decreased fluidity secondary to increased numbers of red blood cells, leads to tissue hypoperfusion. We report the case of an infant with hyperviscosity who died from necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and describe the presumptive association between NCE and hyperviscosity.", "contents": "Hyperviscosity syndrome associated with necrotizing enterocolitis. Hyperviscosity, or decreased fluidity secondary to increased numbers of red blood cells, leads to tissue hypoperfusion. We report the case of an infant with hyperviscosity who died from necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and describe the presumptive association between NCE and hyperviscosity.", "PMID": 1190141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11533", "title": "Pancytopenia in a patient with sickle cell anemia.", "content": "An 11-year-old black boy with sickle cell anemia developed profound pancytopenia during the course of his disease, but fully recovered therefrom. The patient was receiving anticonvulsant drugs for a seizure disorder secondary to a \"stroke,\" and, therefore, a drug-related marrow aplasia cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Pancytopenia in a patient with sickle cell anemia. An 11-year-old black boy with sickle cell anemia developed profound pancytopenia during the course of his disease, but fully recovered therefrom. The patient was receiving anticonvulsant drugs for a seizure disorder secondary to a \"stroke,\" and, therefore, a drug-related marrow aplasia cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 1190142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11534", "title": "Complication of linear skull fracture in young children.", "content": "The development of a leptomeningeal cyst following an otherwise uncomplicated linear skull fracture in a young child may result in a sizable cranial defect and irreversible neurological deficit months or years later. This complication most often follows parietal fractures but is also seen after occipital fractures or traumatic suture diastases. An underlying dural tear is a prerequisite to its subsequent development. Neurological deficit may be avoided by early diagnosis, surgical excision, dural closure, and cranioplasty. Early diagnosis depends on obtaining a skull roentgenogram four to six months following the original injury in any child where examination of the scalp and skull suggests and underlying expanding fracture.", "contents": "Complication of linear skull fracture in young children. The development of a leptomeningeal cyst following an otherwise uncomplicated linear skull fracture in a young child may result in a sizable cranial defect and irreversible neurological deficit months or years later. This complication most often follows parietal fractures but is also seen after occipital fractures or traumatic suture diastases. An underlying dural tear is a prerequisite to its subsequent development. Neurological deficit may be avoided by early diagnosis, surgical excision, dural closure, and cranioplasty. Early diagnosis depends on obtaining a skull roentgenogram four to six months following the original injury in any child where examination of the scalp and skull suggests and underlying expanding fracture.", "PMID": 1190143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11535", "title": "Bartter syndrome. Typical facies and normal plasma volume.", "content": "Two girls with hypokalemic and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis and failure to thrive were found to have Bartter syndrome at ages 9 and 6 months. Both had normal blood pressures despite substantial elevation of plasma renin activity and evidence of secondary hyperaldosteronism. A similarity in facial features, including prominent forhead, a large head, triangular facies with drooping mouth, and large eyes and pinnae, was noted in these two infants and in published pictures of other infants with the syndrome. Although the normotension associated with substanital elevation of plasma renin activity and hyperaldosteronism in Bartter syndrome has been considered the effect of hypovolemia, a normal or slightly elevated plasma volume was found in these infants, suggesting that in certain cases an alternate mechanism for the depressed response to renin may be present.", "contents": "Bartter syndrome. Typical facies and normal plasma volume. Two girls with hypokalemic and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis and failure to thrive were found to have Bartter syndrome at ages 9 and 6 months. Both had normal blood pressures despite substantial elevation of plasma renin activity and evidence of secondary hyperaldosteronism. A similarity in facial features, including prominent forhead, a large head, triangular facies with drooping mouth, and large eyes and pinnae, was noted in these two infants and in published pictures of other infants with the syndrome. Although the normotension associated with substanital elevation of plasma renin activity and hyperaldosteronism in Bartter syndrome has been considered the effect of hypovolemia, a normal or slightly elevated plasma volume was found in these infants, suggesting that in certain cases an alternate mechanism for the depressed response to renin may be present.", "PMID": 1190144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11536", "title": "Nonoperative treatment of meconium ileus equivalent.", "content": "Intraluminal bowel obstruction secondary to inspissated feces is a known complication of cystic fibrosis. When seen in the older child, it is termed \"meconium ileus equivalent.\" We studied a case in which nonsurgical resolution of the obstruction was obtained with N-acetylcysteine enemas and pancreatic replacement enzymes given orally and by enema. The pathogenesis of this disorder and the basis for the treatment are described. Recognition of this complication and familiarity with its medical management are important in caring for the older child with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Nonoperative treatment of meconium ileus equivalent. Intraluminal bowel obstruction secondary to inspissated feces is a known complication of cystic fibrosis. When seen in the older child, it is termed \"meconium ileus equivalent.\" We studied a case in which nonsurgical resolution of the obstruction was obtained with N-acetylcysteine enemas and pancreatic replacement enzymes given orally and by enema. The pathogenesis of this disorder and the basis for the treatment are described. Recognition of this complication and familiarity with its medical management are important in caring for the older child with cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 1190145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11537", "title": "Congenital cutaneous candidiasis.", "content": "Two cases of congenital cutaneous candidiasis are presented in order to call attention to this rarely recognized and infrequently reported condition. Clinical features and appropriate cultures are useful in differentiating the lesions from other more common dermatoses of the neonatal period. Microscopic examination of the placenta may disclose fungal funisitis or chorioamnionitis, thus defining the congenital nature of the disease. Topical antifungal therapy is sufficient unless systemic candidiasis is present. No evidence of impaired immunological responsiveness was found in the two infants.", "contents": "Congenital cutaneous candidiasis. Two cases of congenital cutaneous candidiasis are presented in order to call attention to this rarely recognized and infrequently reported condition. Clinical features and appropriate cultures are useful in differentiating the lesions from other more common dermatoses of the neonatal period. Microscopic examination of the placenta may disclose fungal funisitis or chorioamnionitis, thus defining the congenital nature of the disease. Topical antifungal therapy is sufficient unless systemic candidiasis is present. No evidence of impaired immunological responsiveness was found in the two infants.", "PMID": 1190146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11538", "title": "Burkitt lymphoma in three American children. Clinical and cytogenetic observations.", "content": "We observed the clinical aspects and cytogenetic findings of Burkitt lymphoma in three American children. The clinical manifestations vary widely, which makes early diagnosis difficult but important.", "contents": "Burkitt lymphoma in three American children. Clinical and cytogenetic observations. We observed the clinical aspects and cytogenetic findings of Burkitt lymphoma in three American children. The clinical manifestations vary widely, which makes early diagnosis difficult but important.", "PMID": 1190147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11539", "title": "Sodium fluoroacetate poisoning.", "content": "We observed a case of poisoning with sodium fluoroacetate, and extremely lethal rodenticide that has had relatively strict controls placed on its use. The case was unusual in the very long time the rodenticide had been present in the home, the mild nature of the poisoning, and the remarkably delayed onset of serious central nervous system symptoms. It demonstrates the need for even stronger controls on the use of sodium fluoroacetate.", "contents": "Sodium fluoroacetate poisoning. We observed a case of poisoning with sodium fluoroacetate, and extremely lethal rodenticide that has had relatively strict controls placed on its use. The case was unusual in the very long time the rodenticide had been present in the home, the mild nature of the poisoning, and the remarkably delayed onset of serious central nervous system symptoms. It demonstrates the need for even stronger controls on the use of sodium fluoroacetate.", "PMID": 1190148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11540", "title": "Congenital atresia of the duodenum with gastric perforation. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Gastric perforation associated with duodenal atresia is a very rare condition. We are able to cure an infant with this complicated disease by using a two-stage operation. Of interest is the occurrence of massive subcutaneous emphysema in our patient.", "contents": "Congenital atresia of the duodenum with gastric perforation. Case report and review of the literature. Gastric perforation associated with duodenal atresia is a very rare condition. We are able to cure an infant with this complicated disease by using a two-stage operation. Of interest is the occurrence of massive subcutaneous emphysema in our patient.", "PMID": 1190149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11541", "title": "Persistent fifth aortic arch in man.", "content": "Persistence of the fifth aortic arch is a rare vascular anomaly of man, and in all cases reported thus far there has been an associated patent ductus Botalli (arteriosus). The present case is unique in at least three respects: lack of associated intracardiac malformation, the survival of the patient, and prenatal exposure to the possible teratogenic action of the anticonvulsant drug trimethadione (Tridione). Other noncardiovascular congenital defects were present in our patient. The dislocation of the hip and the patent ductus arteriosus have been corrected surgically.", "contents": "Persistent fifth aortic arch in man. Persistence of the fifth aortic arch is a rare vascular anomaly of man, and in all cases reported thus far there has been an associated patent ductus Botalli (arteriosus). The present case is unique in at least three respects: lack of associated intracardiac malformation, the survival of the patient, and prenatal exposure to the possible teratogenic action of the anticonvulsant drug trimethadione (Tridione). Other noncardiovascular congenital defects were present in our patient. The dislocation of the hip and the patent ductus arteriosus have been corrected surgically.", "PMID": 1190150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11542", "title": "Pneumococcal bacteremia associated with gingival lesions in infants.", "content": "Five infants with fever, leukocytosis, and a cystic lesion superimposed on a swollen gingiva had pneumococcal bacteremia. Lesions were so characteristic that a presumptive diagnosis of pneumococcal bacteremia was made in the last three patients before confirmation by blood cultures. Infants who initially have these symptoms should be considered at risk for pneumococcal bacteremia.", "contents": "Pneumococcal bacteremia associated with gingival lesions in infants. Five infants with fever, leukocytosis, and a cystic lesion superimposed on a swollen gingiva had pneumococcal bacteremia. Lesions were so characteristic that a presumptive diagnosis of pneumococcal bacteremia was made in the last three patients before confirmation by blood cultures. Infants who initially have these symptoms should be considered at risk for pneumococcal bacteremia.", "PMID": 1190159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11543", "title": "Osteomyelitis in infants and children. A review of 163 cases.", "content": "One hundred sixty-three cases of osteomyelitis in infants and children were seen at our hospital during the past 15 years. There were twice as many boys as girls. Staphylococcus aureus was the major etiologic agent, being identified in 61% of the cases. Gram-negative bacteria were responsible for only 14 cases (9%). The femur, the tibia, or the humerus were affected in 103 of the 152 patients with single bone involvement. Ostoemyelitis of more than one bone was seen in 11 cases (7%). Associated joint infectin was confirmed in 29 patients. There were no deaths. Surgical drainage was carried out in 81 cases (50%). Ten patients had recurrent or persistent drainage and one developed a Brodie abscess. Of the patients with S aureus osteomyelitis, chronic disease occurred in 19% of those receiving parenterally administered antibiotics for three weeks or less, but in only one patient (2%) of those who received parenteral antibiotics longer than three weeks.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis in infants and children. A review of 163 cases. One hundred sixty-three cases of osteomyelitis in infants and children were seen at our hospital during the past 15 years. There were twice as many boys as girls. Staphylococcus aureus was the major etiologic agent, being identified in 61% of the cases. Gram-negative bacteria were responsible for only 14 cases (9%). The femur, the tibia, or the humerus were affected in 103 of the 152 patients with single bone involvement. Ostoemyelitis of more than one bone was seen in 11 cases (7%). Associated joint infectin was confirmed in 29 patients. There were no deaths. Surgical drainage was carried out in 81 cases (50%). Ten patients had recurrent or persistent drainage and one developed a Brodie abscess. Of the patients with S aureus osteomyelitis, chronic disease occurred in 19% of those receiving parenterally administered antibiotics for three weeks or less, but in only one patient (2%) of those who received parenteral antibiotics longer than three weeks.", "PMID": 1190158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11544", "title": "Rational diagnostic evaluation of the child with mental deficiency.", "content": "Evaluation of a mentally deficient child should be individualized, using findings from an appropriate history and physical examination. Depending on these findings the patient may be assigned to one of four subcategories, as determined by clinical indications and the patient's age at onset of the problem. These categories are (1) prenatal problem of morphogenesis, (2) perinatal insult to brain, (3) postnatal onset of brain dysfunction, and (4) undecided age at onset. This subcategorization has revelance to the type of diagnostic studies that may be indicated. Using this approach, a retrospective study of the diagnostic evaluation of 98 mentally deficient children was performed. Ninety percent of these children were considered to have had \"nonrational\" laboratory tests, and of these, none contributed to elucidation of the basic diagnosis. The only tests that were valuable had been indicated by a specific historical or physical finding in addition to mental deficiency.", "contents": "Rational diagnostic evaluation of the child with mental deficiency. Evaluation of a mentally deficient child should be individualized, using findings from an appropriate history and physical examination. Depending on these findings the patient may be assigned to one of four subcategories, as determined by clinical indications and the patient's age at onset of the problem. These categories are (1) prenatal problem of morphogenesis, (2) perinatal insult to brain, (3) postnatal onset of brain dysfunction, and (4) undecided age at onset. This subcategorization has revelance to the type of diagnostic studies that may be indicated. Using this approach, a retrospective study of the diagnostic evaluation of 98 mentally deficient children was performed. Ninety percent of these children were considered to have had \"nonrational\" laboratory tests, and of these, none contributed to elucidation of the basic diagnosis. The only tests that were valuable had been indicated by a specific historical or physical finding in addition to mental deficiency.", "PMID": 1190160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11545", "title": "Acute morbidity and physical growth in rural Guatemalan children.", "content": "The relationship between morbidity and physical growth increments was investigated in 716 Guatemalan children ranging in age from 15 days to 7 years. The growth variables investigated were semestral and yearly increments in total body length and weight. The number of days ill with diarrhea, fever, and respiratory illnesses per semester or year was used as an indicator of morbidity. The morbidity data were collected through bi-weekly retrospective interviews of mothers. Children less ill with diarrhea had substantially larger increments in length and weight than children who were ill with diarrhea a greater percentage of the time. In contrast, fever and respiratory illnesses did not affect growth rates. These findings highlight the fact that diarrhea is a major public health problem in developing nations.", "contents": "Acute morbidity and physical growth in rural Guatemalan children. The relationship between morbidity and physical growth increments was investigated in 716 Guatemalan children ranging in age from 15 days to 7 years. The growth variables investigated were semestral and yearly increments in total body length and weight. The number of days ill with diarrhea, fever, and respiratory illnesses per semester or year was used as an indicator of morbidity. The morbidity data were collected through bi-weekly retrospective interviews of mothers. Children less ill with diarrhea had substantially larger increments in length and weight than children who were ill with diarrhea a greater percentage of the time. In contrast, fever and respiratory illnesses did not affect growth rates. These findings highlight the fact that diarrhea is a major public health problem in developing nations.", "PMID": 1190161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11546", "title": "Giardiasis in childhood.", "content": "Giardiasis is still regularly encountered in the United States, both as endemic cases from the local community as well as in patients returning from travel abroad. Giardiasis should be suspected in any child with steatorrhea, unexplained chronic diarrhea (especially if associated with growth failure), weight loss, or abdominal pain and bloating. Duodenal aspiration or small intestinal biopsy may be necessary to make a diagnosis because Giardia lamblia are not found by stool examination in 50% of symptomatic individuals. A diagnosis of giardiasis is important because the disease is curable.", "contents": "Giardiasis in childhood. Giardiasis is still regularly encountered in the United States, both as endemic cases from the local community as well as in patients returning from travel abroad. Giardiasis should be suspected in any child with steatorrhea, unexplained chronic diarrhea (especially if associated with growth failure), weight loss, or abdominal pain and bloating. Duodenal aspiration or small intestinal biopsy may be necessary to make a diagnosis because Giardia lamblia are not found by stool examination in 50% of symptomatic individuals. A diagnosis of giardiasis is important because the disease is curable.", "PMID": 1190162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11547", "title": "Purtscher retinopathy in the battered child syndrome.", "content": "Purtscher retinopathy is a hemorrhagic angiopathy that occurs after sudden compression of the thorax. Virtually all reported cases have been in adults who have decreased visual acuity, retinal hemorrhages and exudates, and no other neurological signs. By contrast, in infants, hemorrhagic retinopathy is rarely benign, and generally is considered to indicate intracranial hemorrhage, usually an acute subdural hematoma. Two battered infants had seizures and associated chest injury. There were retinal hemorrhages and exudates, unaccompanied by clinically important intracranial hemorrhage. At follow-up, the hemorrhagic retinopathy had resolved without sequelae; development was normal, and seizures had not recurred. Purtscher retinopathy thus should be added both to the differential diagnosis of hemorrhagic retinopathy in infancy and to the list of physical signs suggesting child abuse.", "contents": "Purtscher retinopathy in the battered child syndrome. Purtscher retinopathy is a hemorrhagic angiopathy that occurs after sudden compression of the thorax. Virtually all reported cases have been in adults who have decreased visual acuity, retinal hemorrhages and exudates, and no other neurological signs. By contrast, in infants, hemorrhagic retinopathy is rarely benign, and generally is considered to indicate intracranial hemorrhage, usually an acute subdural hematoma. Two battered infants had seizures and associated chest injury. There were retinal hemorrhages and exudates, unaccompanied by clinically important intracranial hemorrhage. At follow-up, the hemorrhagic retinopathy had resolved without sequelae; development was normal, and seizures had not recurred. Purtscher retinopathy thus should be added both to the differential diagnosis of hemorrhagic retinopathy in infancy and to the list of physical signs suggesting child abuse.", "PMID": 1190166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11548", "title": "Chylous ascites. Manifestation of the battered child syndrome.", "content": "A child had chylous ascites and other findings suggestive of child abuse. He had a spontaneous remission, with conservative therapy. A lymphangiogram showed the area of leakage into the peritoneal cavity. The discussion includes a brief review, a literature on chylous ascites.", "contents": "Chylous ascites. Manifestation of the battered child syndrome. A child had chylous ascites and other findings suggestive of child abuse. He had a spontaneous remission, with conservative therapy. A lymphangiogram showed the area of leakage into the peritoneal cavity. The discussion includes a brief review, a literature on chylous ascites.", "PMID": 1190167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11549", "title": "Horseshoe lung in an infant with recurrent pulmonary infections.", "content": "A case of horseshoe lung occurred in a 7-month-old infant, the first, we believe, to be associated with horseshoe kidney. This lesion should be considered in any infant with dextrocardia, recurrent cardio-respiratory distress, and pulmonary infections.", "contents": "Horseshoe lung in an infant with recurrent pulmonary infections. A case of horseshoe lung occurred in a 7-month-old infant, the first, we believe, to be associated with horseshoe kidney. This lesion should be considered in any infant with dextrocardia, recurrent cardio-respiratory distress, and pulmonary infections.", "PMID": 1190168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11550", "title": "Potter syndrome. Nonrenal features induced by oligoamnios.", "content": "A fetus with normal kidneys and the nonrenal features of Potter syndrome is presented. The case is made that these features resulted from uterine compression caused by premature rupture of the gestational membranes and subsequent leakage of amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Potter syndrome. Nonrenal features induced by oligoamnios. A fetus with normal kidneys and the nonrenal features of Potter syndrome is presented. The case is made that these features resulted from uterine compression caused by premature rupture of the gestational membranes and subsequent leakage of amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 1190169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11551", "title": "The Opitz trigonocephaly syndrome. A case report.", "content": "This is the third report, to our knowledge, of a baby with Opitz trigonocephaly syndrome of multiple congenital abnormalities. The unusual facial and palatal abnormalities are diagnostic.", "contents": "The Opitz trigonocephaly syndrome. A case report. This is the third report, to our knowledge, of a baby with Opitz trigonocephaly syndrome of multiple congenital abnormalities. The unusual facial and palatal abnormalities are diagnostic.", "PMID": 1190170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11552", "title": "Rubella reinfection during pregnancy. A case of mistaken diagnosis of congenital rubella.", "content": "A case of subclinical rubella reinfection during pregnancy with serologic findings in the offspring initially led to an erroneous diagnosis of fetal infection. Laboratory diagnosis of congenital rubella infection, based on finding hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) activity in immunoglobulin M (IgM) fractions of newborn's serum after sucrose gradient fractionation, was questioned when apparent IgM-HI activity was to be probably due to nonspecific inhibitors, which resulted from bacterial action on the beta-lipoprotein in the serum. These findings emphasize some pitfalls encountered in arriving at a diagnosis based soley on serologic data. This case also illustrates the importance of keeping serum samples sterile when performing serologic tests.", "contents": "Rubella reinfection during pregnancy. A case of mistaken diagnosis of congenital rubella. A case of subclinical rubella reinfection during pregnancy with serologic findings in the offspring initially led to an erroneous diagnosis of fetal infection. Laboratory diagnosis of congenital rubella infection, based on finding hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) activity in immunoglobulin M (IgM) fractions of newborn's serum after sucrose gradient fractionation, was questioned when apparent IgM-HI activity was to be probably due to nonspecific inhibitors, which resulted from bacterial action on the beta-lipoprotein in the serum. These findings emphasize some pitfalls encountered in arriving at a diagnosis based soley on serologic data. This case also illustrates the importance of keeping serum samples sterile when performing serologic tests.", "PMID": 1190171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11553", "title": "Compliance and self-medication in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Sixty-one patients with cystic fibrosis were studied to determine the relationship between degree of compliance with taking antibiotics and severity of the disease. The compliance rate was high in these patients, suggesting that perception of the severity of the disease and the potential consequences of discontinuing medication is a principal factor.", "contents": "Compliance and self-medication in cystic fibrosis. Sixty-one patients with cystic fibrosis were studied to determine the relationship between degree of compliance with taking antibiotics and severity of the disease. The compliance rate was high in these patients, suggesting that perception of the severity of the disease and the potential consequences of discontinuing medication is a principal factor.", "PMID": 1190174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11554", "title": "Amino acids and collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Lack of effect of three amino acids that are elevated in homocystinuria.", "content": "Arterial thrombosis frequently occurs in homocystinuric children whose plasma levels of homocystine, homocysteine, and methionine are elevated. Since platelet aggregation is important in the pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis, we wondered whether the elevated concentrations of these amino acids might predispose to arterial thrombosis by enhancing platelet aggregation. Addition of the above amino acids to normal platelet-rich plasma to achieve concentrations within or above the range found in homocystinuric children had no effect on collagen-induced platelet aggregation. These data give no support to the hypothesis that the arterial thromboses of homocystinuric children are a result of enhancement of platelet aggregation by homocystine, homocysteine, or methionine.", "contents": "Amino acids and collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Lack of effect of three amino acids that are elevated in homocystinuria. Arterial thrombosis frequently occurs in homocystinuric children whose plasma levels of homocystine, homocysteine, and methionine are elevated. Since platelet aggregation is important in the pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis, we wondered whether the elevated concentrations of these amino acids might predispose to arterial thrombosis by enhancing platelet aggregation. Addition of the above amino acids to normal platelet-rich plasma to achieve concentrations within or above the range found in homocystinuric children had no effect on collagen-induced platelet aggregation. These data give no support to the hypothesis that the arterial thromboses of homocystinuric children are a result of enhancement of platelet aggregation by homocystine, homocysteine, or methionine.", "PMID": 1190175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11555", "title": "Neonatal small left colon syndrome. Occurrence in asymptomatic infants of diabetic mothers.", "content": "An unusually high incidence (40%) of maternal diabetes was observed in a series of 20 newborn infants who had low colonic obstruction and barium enema findings of a uniformly narrowed colon from the splenic flexure to the anus. This has been termed the \"neonatal small left colon syndrome.\" We investigated the incidence of this colon configuration in gastrointestinally asymptomatic infants of diabetic mothers. Of 12 such infants examined by barium enema, six have shown this same narrowing of the left colon. The relationship of maternal diabetes to the small left colon is not yet clearly understood.", "contents": "Neonatal small left colon syndrome. Occurrence in asymptomatic infants of diabetic mothers. An unusually high incidence (40%) of maternal diabetes was observed in a series of 20 newborn infants who had low colonic obstruction and barium enema findings of a uniformly narrowed colon from the splenic flexure to the anus. This has been termed the \"neonatal small left colon syndrome.\" We investigated the incidence of this colon configuration in gastrointestinally asymptomatic infants of diabetic mothers. Of 12 such infants examined by barium enema, six have shown this same narrowing of the left colon. The relationship of maternal diabetes to the small left colon is not yet clearly understood.", "PMID": 1190176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11556", "title": "Intravenous metyrapone testing. Evaluation of growth hormone and adrenocorticotrophic hormone in children.", "content": "An intravenous metyrapone tartrate test was performed on 26 children to assess growth hormone (GH) reserve and pituitary-adrenal axis. Results were compared to the response evoked by an estrogen-primed arginine-insulin tolerance test (ATT/ITT). Administration of metyrapone intravenously proved to be a reliable means of evaluating pituitary-adrenal function. However, a normal serum GH concentration (greater than or equal to 7 ng/ml) during the test occurred in only nine of 18 children who had an adequate response to the ATT/ITT, and in three of these, the peak GH level occurred at the start of the infusion. Therefore, this procedure does not appear to be a satisfactory test for GH reserve in children. Further, the discrepancy between time of the peak serum concentrations of compound S and GH following intravenous administration of metyrapone does not support the contention that the rise of GH level during stress is secondary to release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone.", "contents": "Intravenous metyrapone testing. Evaluation of growth hormone and adrenocorticotrophic hormone in children. An intravenous metyrapone tartrate test was performed on 26 children to assess growth hormone (GH) reserve and pituitary-adrenal axis. Results were compared to the response evoked by an estrogen-primed arginine-insulin tolerance test (ATT/ITT). Administration of metyrapone intravenously proved to be a reliable means of evaluating pituitary-adrenal function. However, a normal serum GH concentration (greater than or equal to 7 ng/ml) during the test occurred in only nine of 18 children who had an adequate response to the ATT/ITT, and in three of these, the peak GH level occurred at the start of the infusion. Therefore, this procedure does not appear to be a satisfactory test for GH reserve in children. Further, the discrepancy between time of the peak serum concentrations of compound S and GH following intravenous administration of metyrapone does not support the contention that the rise of GH level during stress is secondary to release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone.", "PMID": 1190177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11557", "title": "Adolescent attitudes in a general pediatric hospital. A survey of 87 inpatient admissions.", "content": "A study of 87 adolescent patients hospitalized in a large pediatric hospital was made to define their emotional, social, recreational, and educational needs. Open-ended questionnaires were given to the adolescents, their parents, and medical care personnel. Chronic diseases, prolonged hospitalization, multiple admissions, and severity of illness were prominent in the population surveyed. These characteristics were associated with critical patient attitudes toward the physical facilities and psychological atmosphere of the hospital. Knowledge of these attitudes aids in the recreational, vocational, and educational planning for adolescents.", "contents": "Adolescent attitudes in a general pediatric hospital. A survey of 87 inpatient admissions. A study of 87 adolescent patients hospitalized in a large pediatric hospital was made to define their emotional, social, recreational, and educational needs. Open-ended questionnaires were given to the adolescents, their parents, and medical care personnel. Chronic diseases, prolonged hospitalization, multiple admissions, and severity of illness were prominent in the population surveyed. These characteristics were associated with critical patient attitudes toward the physical facilities and psychological atmosphere of the hospital. Knowledge of these attitudes aids in the recreational, vocational, and educational planning for adolescents.", "PMID": 1190178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11558", "title": "Pediatric interviewing skills taught by nonphysicians.", "content": "We cannot assume that medical students develop, through unstructured educational happenings, the skills of interviewing a mother about her child. Teaching these skills requires extensive one-to-one faculty-student involvement, which is almost prohibitive if pediatricians are expected to do this teaching. This article describes (1) a current pediatric interviewing teaching program that uses nonphysicians as teachers; (2) the selection and training of nonphysicians to teach the skill of pediatric interviewing to third-year medical students; and (3) an assessment of these teachers by comparing their techniques with those of three pediatric faculty members. The nonphysician teachers fared most favorably when their teaching methods were compared with those of three pediatricians. Acceptance of the program by the students, faculty, and administration has been most encouraging.", "contents": "Pediatric interviewing skills taught by nonphysicians. We cannot assume that medical students develop, through unstructured educational happenings, the skills of interviewing a mother about her child. Teaching these skills requires extensive one-to-one faculty-student involvement, which is almost prohibitive if pediatricians are expected to do this teaching. This article describes (1) a current pediatric interviewing teaching program that uses nonphysicians as teachers; (2) the selection and training of nonphysicians to teach the skill of pediatric interviewing to third-year medical students; and (3) an assessment of these teachers by comparing their techniques with those of three pediatric faculty members. The nonphysician teachers fared most favorably when their teaching methods were compared with those of three pediatricians. Acceptance of the program by the students, faculty, and administration has been most encouraging.", "PMID": 1190179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11559", "title": "Acute transplacental ethanol intoxication.", "content": "With the use of ethanol in hyperalimentation regimens and for the inhibition of premature labor, there is increased opportunity for exposure of the fetus to this potentially toxic substance. We reviewed the literature regarding the effects of ethanol on the fetus and neonate, and illustrate its potential toxicity by the report of a case of neonatal depression secondary to acute maternal ethanol ingestion.", "contents": "Acute transplacental ethanol intoxication. With the use of ethanol in hyperalimentation regimens and for the inhibition of premature labor, there is increased opportunity for exposure of the fetus to this potentially toxic substance. We reviewed the literature regarding the effects of ethanol on the fetus and neonate, and illustrate its potential toxicity by the report of a case of neonatal depression secondary to acute maternal ethanol ingestion.", "PMID": 1190180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11560", "title": "I-cell disease. Report of three cases.", "content": "Clinical, radiological, histochemical, ultrastructural, and biochemical studies were conducted on three cases of I-cell disease. I-cell disease can be readily distinguished from Hurler syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis I) by the presence of hypertrophic gums, vacuolated lymphocytes in peripheral blood, and a normal level of urinary mucopolysaccharides. Accumulation of proteoglycans was more prominent in the inclusion bodies of I-cell chondrocytes in comparison to cultured fibroblasts, which contained a large amount of glycolipids and a small amount of proteoglycans. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance was suggested in two of the cases.", "contents": "I-cell disease. Report of three cases. Clinical, radiological, histochemical, ultrastructural, and biochemical studies were conducted on three cases of I-cell disease. I-cell disease can be readily distinguished from Hurler syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis I) by the presence of hypertrophic gums, vacuolated lymphocytes in peripheral blood, and a normal level of urinary mucopolysaccharides. Accumulation of proteoglycans was more prominent in the inclusion bodies of I-cell chondrocytes in comparison to cultured fibroblasts, which contained a large amount of glycolipids and a small amount of proteoglycans. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance was suggested in two of the cases.", "PMID": 1190182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11561", "title": "Death rates and causes of death among opioid addicts in community drug treatment programs during 1970-1973.", "content": "Death rates and causes of death among opioid addicts in 52 community treatment programs in a national reporting network were compared for 3 consecutive years. The greatest proportion of patients in the base samples were male, 21 to 25 years old, black, and in MM programs. The 275 patients in the deceased sample presented essentially the same profile, with the exception that the older patients were more highly represented among the deceased. Death rates were particularly high during each year for patients over 30 years old. Over the 3 years, death rates increased for whites, addicts 21 to 25 years old, and patients in outpatient DF programs. Consistent decreases in rates each year were found for blacks, patients in the 26 to 30 age range, and patients in MM programs.", "contents": "Death rates and causes of death among opioid addicts in community drug treatment programs during 1970-1973. Death rates and causes of death among opioid addicts in 52 community treatment programs in a national reporting network were compared for 3 consecutive years. The greatest proportion of patients in the base samples were male, 21 to 25 years old, black, and in MM programs. The 275 patients in the deceased sample presented essentially the same profile, with the exception that the older patients were more highly represented among the deceased. Death rates were particularly high during each year for patients over 30 years old. Over the 3 years, death rates increased for whites, addicts 21 to 25 years old, and patients in outpatient DF programs. Consistent decreases in rates each year were found for blacks, patients in the 26 to 30 age range, and patients in MM programs.", "PMID": 1190197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11562", "title": "Metastatic disease involving the stomach.", "content": "Metastatic disease involving the stomach is an unusual and difficult clinical problem. A review of 1010 autopsies of patients with cancer disclosed 17 cases of gastric metastases (an incidence of 1.7%), with breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma being the most frequent primaries. The clinical manifestations of epigastric pain, melena, and anemia are nonspecific, necessitating radiographic examination of the gastrointestinal tract. The radiographic findings are usually sufficient to suggest the diagnosis.", "contents": "Metastatic disease involving the stomach. Metastatic disease involving the stomach is an unusual and difficult clinical problem. A review of 1010 autopsies of patients with cancer disclosed 17 cases of gastric metastases (an incidence of 1.7%), with breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma being the most frequent primaries. The clinical manifestations of epigastric pain, melena, and anemia are nonspecific, necessitating radiographic examination of the gastrointestinal tract. The radiographic findings are usually sufficient to suggest the diagnosis.", "PMID": 1190198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11563", "title": "The butterfat absorption test in adults.", "content": "The usefulness of the butterfat absorption test in assessing fat absorption has been studied in 89 adult patients. In 42 patients who were shown to have steatorrhea by the criteria of the fat balance studies, 33 patients (78.6%) had abnormally low serum optical density values following butterfat ingestion. In 8 patients, steatorrhea could not be clearly explained on the basis of their underlying disease. If these 8 patients are excluded from consideration, then 28 of 34 patients (82.4%) had an abnormal response following butterfat ingestion. A maximum increase of optical density of 0.25 or less is a useful indication of fat malabsorption in adult patients.", "contents": "The butterfat absorption test in adults. The usefulness of the butterfat absorption test in assessing fat absorption has been studied in 89 adult patients. In 42 patients who were shown to have steatorrhea by the criteria of the fat balance studies, 33 patients (78.6%) had abnormally low serum optical density values following butterfat ingestion. In 8 patients, steatorrhea could not be clearly explained on the basis of their underlying disease. If these 8 patients are excluded from consideration, then 28 of 34 patients (82.4%) had an abnormal response following butterfat ingestion. A maximum increase of optical density of 0.25 or less is a useful indication of fat malabsorption in adult patients.", "PMID": 1190199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11564", "title": "Effect of bombesin on extragastric gastrin in man.", "content": "The effect of a protein test meal and a bombesin infusion on extragastric gastrin levels was studied in patients with truncal vagotomy, antrectomy, and gastroduodenostomy or gastrojejunostomy and in patients with total gastrectomy. In patients with vagotomy, antrectomy, and gastroduodenostomy and in patients with total gastrectomy the gastrin levels were raised by 33% and 35%, respectively, from basal after test meal, while during BBS infusion gastrin values decreased by 25% and 30%, respectively, from basal. In patients with vagotomy, antrectomy, and gastrojejunostomy, test meal and BBS infusion did not significantly alter basal gastrin values. It is concluded that BBS does not stimulate extragastric gastrin.", "contents": "Effect of bombesin on extragastric gastrin in man. The effect of a protein test meal and a bombesin infusion on extragastric gastrin levels was studied in patients with truncal vagotomy, antrectomy, and gastroduodenostomy or gastrojejunostomy and in patients with total gastrectomy. In patients with vagotomy, antrectomy, and gastroduodenostomy and in patients with total gastrectomy the gastrin levels were raised by 33% and 35%, respectively, from basal after test meal, while during BBS infusion gastrin values decreased by 25% and 30%, respectively, from basal. In patients with vagotomy, antrectomy, and gastrojejunostomy, test meal and BBS infusion did not significantly alter basal gastrin values. It is concluded that BBS does not stimulate extragastric gastrin.", "PMID": 1190200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11565", "title": "Evaluation of endoscopic examination of colon tumors in rats.", "content": "This study is an evaluation of the use of endoscopic examination to detect MNNG-induced large-bowel tumors in rats. The smallest human fiberbronchoscope was used as a colonoscope for the rats and the full length of the distal large bowel was visualized. The correct diagnosis rate in all rats with and without large-bowel tumors was 94%. Of rats with colon tumors, 85% were correctly diagnosed endoscopically. Even tumors 1 or 2 mm in diameter were detected. The examination was easy and reliable. This procedure may be an adjunct in experimental work with this and other animal models of colon cancer.", "contents": "Evaluation of endoscopic examination of colon tumors in rats. This study is an evaluation of the use of endoscopic examination to detect MNNG-induced large-bowel tumors in rats. The smallest human fiberbronchoscope was used as a colonoscope for the rats and the full length of the distal large bowel was visualized. The correct diagnosis rate in all rats with and without large-bowel tumors was 94%. Of rats with colon tumors, 85% were correctly diagnosed endoscopically. Even tumors 1 or 2 mm in diameter were detected. The examination was easy and reliable. This procedure may be an adjunct in experimental work with this and other animal models of colon cancer.", "PMID": 1190201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11566", "title": "Altered bile acid metabolism in vegetarians.", "content": "Bile acid kinetics were studied in a group of healthy vegetarians and a matched group of healthy control subjects. The daily fractional turnover rate of cholic acid was significantly smaller in the vegetarians than in the controls and deoxycholic acid pool size was significantly smaller in the vegetarians than in the controls. The data suggest that enterohepatic conservation of cholic acid is more efficient in vegetarians than in control subjects resulting in decreased deoxycholic acid input in vegetarian subjects. The possible significance of these data to intestinal oncogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Altered bile acid metabolism in vegetarians. Bile acid kinetics were studied in a group of healthy vegetarians and a matched group of healthy control subjects. The daily fractional turnover rate of cholic acid was significantly smaller in the vegetarians than in the controls and deoxycholic acid pool size was significantly smaller in the vegetarians than in the controls. The data suggest that enterohepatic conservation of cholic acid is more efficient in vegetarians than in control subjects resulting in decreased deoxycholic acid input in vegetarian subjects. The possible significance of these data to intestinal oncogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 1190202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11567", "title": "Etiology of strictures of the colon associated with pancreatitis.", "content": "Colonic strictures are an uncommon complication of pancreatitis. Three new cases are described and in each case the histological features strongly resemble those seen in strictures of ischemic origin. It is postulated that ischemia and not encircling pericolic inflammation, is the cause of strictures associated with pancreatitis.", "contents": "Etiology of strictures of the colon associated with pancreatitis. Colonic strictures are an uncommon complication of pancreatitis. Three new cases are described and in each case the histological features strongly resemble those seen in strictures of ischemic origin. It is postulated that ischemia and not encircling pericolic inflammation, is the cause of strictures associated with pancreatitis.", "PMID": 1190203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11568", "title": "Gastric acid secretory differences in patients with Heineke-Mikulicz and Finney pyloroplasties.", "content": "To study gastric emptying and secretion, liquid meals of 10% glucose lasting 15 and 30 min, and physiological saline meals lasting 30 min, all containing phenol red as a gastric nonabsorbable marker, were given to postvagotomy patients with Finney or Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasties. No differences in emptying were found. A small but statistically greater amount of acid was found in the stomach with the 15-min glucose meal after Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty. This represented greater acid secretion into glucose meals generally after Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasties, because of the larger volume contained in the stomach at 15 min. 15-min glucose meal acid secretion correlated with basal acid concentration but not with insulin-stimulated gastric acid output. The small excess of acid in the Heineke-Mikulicz group's 15-min glucose meals may represent a small, maintained excess of gastric acid in this group detected only in the brief glucose meals due to rapid and erratic gastric emptying of liquids after vagotomy.", "contents": "Gastric acid secretory differences in patients with Heineke-Mikulicz and Finney pyloroplasties. To study gastric emptying and secretion, liquid meals of 10% glucose lasting 15 and 30 min, and physiological saline meals lasting 30 min, all containing phenol red as a gastric nonabsorbable marker, were given to postvagotomy patients with Finney or Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasties. No differences in emptying were found. A small but statistically greater amount of acid was found in the stomach with the 15-min glucose meal after Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty. This represented greater acid secretion into glucose meals generally after Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasties, because of the larger volume contained in the stomach at 15 min. 15-min glucose meal acid secretion correlated with basal acid concentration but not with insulin-stimulated gastric acid output. The small excess of acid in the Heineke-Mikulicz group's 15-min glucose meals may represent a small, maintained excess of gastric acid in this group detected only in the brief glucose meals due to rapid and erratic gastric emptying of liquids after vagotomy.", "PMID": 1190204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11569", "title": "Esophageal cancer in Israel: selected clinical and epidemiological aspects.", "content": "Records of all patients diagnosed as having carcinoma of the esophagus in Israel between 1960 and 1966 were reviewed. The mean annual incidence was 2.3/100,000, with a male/female ratio of 1.6:1. Incidence was higher among the Asian-born segment of the population below 60 years of age. The most frequent localization was in the middle third of the esophagus, followed by the lower third. More than two thirds of the patients were considered unsuitable for surgery. Overall 5-year survival was 5.8%.", "contents": "Esophageal cancer in Israel: selected clinical and epidemiological aspects. Records of all patients diagnosed as having carcinoma of the esophagus in Israel between 1960 and 1966 were reviewed. The mean annual incidence was 2.3/100,000, with a male/female ratio of 1.6:1. Incidence was higher among the Asian-born segment of the population below 60 years of age. The most frequent localization was in the middle third of the esophagus, followed by the lower third. More than two thirds of the patients were considered unsuitable for surgery. Overall 5-year survival was 5.8%.", "PMID": 1190205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11570", "title": "The antidiarrheal action of bismuth subsalicylate in the mouse and the rat.", "content": "The antidiarrheal effectiveness of bismuth subsalicylate was determined in two species of laboratory animals. Doses of castor oil were, at first, found to accelerate significantly the movement of a charcoal test meal along the small intestine of the mouse and rat and also to increase both the fecal output (dry or wet weight) and the frequency of diarrhea in mice. Bismuth subsalicylate significantly prevented the enhancement of charcoal-meal transport induced by castor oil in both mice and rats. Increased fecal outut (dry or wet weight) and increased frequency of diarrhea in mice were also significantly reduced by bismuth subsalicylate in a dose-related fashion. The findings in these experiments lead to the definitive conclusion that bismuth subsalicylate exerts antidiarrheal activity in the mouse and in the rat and support its use in therapy of common clinical diarrheal states.", "contents": "The antidiarrheal action of bismuth subsalicylate in the mouse and the rat. The antidiarrheal effectiveness of bismuth subsalicylate was determined in two species of laboratory animals. Doses of castor oil were, at first, found to accelerate significantly the movement of a charcoal test meal along the small intestine of the mouse and rat and also to increase both the fecal output (dry or wet weight) and the frequency of diarrhea in mice. Bismuth subsalicylate significantly prevented the enhancement of charcoal-meal transport induced by castor oil in both mice and rats. Increased fecal outut (dry or wet weight) and increased frequency of diarrhea in mice were also significantly reduced by bismuth subsalicylate in a dose-related fashion. The findings in these experiments lead to the definitive conclusion that bismuth subsalicylate exerts antidiarrheal activity in the mouse and in the rat and support its use in therapy of common clinical diarrheal states.", "PMID": 1190206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11571", "title": "The effect of manometric assembly diameter on intraluminal esophageal pressure recording.", "content": "Recent studies indicate that lower esophageal sphincter pressure is influenced by manometric assembly diameter. This study determines the effect of assembly diameter on both esophageal sphincter pressure and peristaltic pressure in the esophageal body. We performed esophageal manometric studies in 6 normal subjects using graded assembly diameters. High-fidelity recording was achieved by using a noncompliant catheter-infusion system. The results indicate that increases in assembly diameter cause significant increases in peristaltic pressure amplitudes and in resting sphincter pressure in both the smooth and striated muscle portions of the esophagus. This phenomenon is best explained by the length-tension characteristics of esophageal muscle, increased stretch causing greater contraction force.", "contents": "The effect of manometric assembly diameter on intraluminal esophageal pressure recording. Recent studies indicate that lower esophageal sphincter pressure is influenced by manometric assembly diameter. This study determines the effect of assembly diameter on both esophageal sphincter pressure and peristaltic pressure in the esophageal body. We performed esophageal manometric studies in 6 normal subjects using graded assembly diameters. High-fidelity recording was achieved by using a noncompliant catheter-infusion system. The results indicate that increases in assembly diameter cause significant increases in peristaltic pressure amplitudes and in resting sphincter pressure in both the smooth and striated muscle portions of the esophagus. This phenomenon is best explained by the length-tension characteristics of esophageal muscle, increased stretch causing greater contraction force.", "PMID": 1190207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11572", "title": "Meal interference with antibiotics administered orally in hospitals.", "content": "A study of 132 hospitals in New York City was conducted to determine: (1) The usual drug administration and meal serving time schedules used; (2) if oral antibiotics recommended to be given on an empty stomach are actually administered with or near meals; and (3) who is responsible for establishing drug administration time schedules. A structured-disguised questionnaire was used and administered via telephone. Results revealed a wide variation of drug administration time schedules and meal serving times. Meal interference with oral antibiotic absorption was defined as a meal that is served less than one hour before or two hours after an oral antibiotic is scheduled to be administered. The incidence of meal interference ranged from 35 percent to 64 percent. The pharmacy and therapeutics committee, more often than any other group or individual (19.2 percent), was responsible for establishing drug administration times. A formal dosage schedule for orally administered antibiotics is recommended as an effort to reduce the incidence of meal interference with antibiotic absorption. Such a schedule developed at one hospital is presented.", "contents": "Meal interference with antibiotics administered orally in hospitals. A study of 132 hospitals in New York City was conducted to determine: (1) The usual drug administration and meal serving time schedules used; (2) if oral antibiotics recommended to be given on an empty stomach are actually administered with or near meals; and (3) who is responsible for establishing drug administration time schedules. A structured-disguised questionnaire was used and administered via telephone. Results revealed a wide variation of drug administration time schedules and meal serving times. Meal interference with oral antibiotic absorption was defined as a meal that is served less than one hour before or two hours after an oral antibiotic is scheduled to be administered. The incidence of meal interference ranged from 35 percent to 64 percent. The pharmacy and therapeutics committee, more often than any other group or individual (19.2 percent), was responsible for establishing drug administration times. A formal dosage schedule for orally administered antibiotics is recommended as an effort to reduce the incidence of meal interference with antibiotic absorption. Such a schedule developed at one hospital is presented.", "PMID": 1190211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11573", "title": "Drug usage review in a community hospital.", "content": "A simple and effective manual drug usage review program in a community hospital is described. Fifteen randomly selected charts are screened each month by a drug information pharmacist. Charts demonstrating questionable drug therapy are forwarded to a physician member of the pharmacy and therapeutics committee; those showing questionable drug administration practices are referred to the nurse member of the committee. These committee members screen the questionable charts and refer to the entire committee those cases which require further follow-up. The committee categorizes the problems and communicates its recommendations to the individual practitioners involved. Recommendations focus on the legal ramifications of FDA-unapproved drug usage. During the first two years of the program, 341 charts were screened for drug usage; 62 of these were referred to the pharmacy and therapeutics committee for further review. In 20 cases, the committee sent a letter to the prescribing physician or his department chairman; in 16 cases, letters were sent to nursing administration.", "contents": "Drug usage review in a community hospital. A simple and effective manual drug usage review program in a community hospital is described. Fifteen randomly selected charts are screened each month by a drug information pharmacist. Charts demonstrating questionable drug therapy are forwarded to a physician member of the pharmacy and therapeutics committee; those showing questionable drug administration practices are referred to the nurse member of the committee. These committee members screen the questionable charts and refer to the entire committee those cases which require further follow-up. The committee categorizes the problems and communicates its recommendations to the individual practitioners involved. Recommendations focus on the legal ramifications of FDA-unapproved drug usage. During the first two years of the program, 341 charts were screened for drug usage; 62 of these were referred to the pharmacy and therapeutics committee for further review. In 20 cases, the committee sent a letter to the prescribing physician or his department chairman; in 16 cases, letters were sent to nursing administration.", "PMID": 1190212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11574", "title": "Economics of institutional pharmacy services under national health insurance in Australia.", "content": "The development and effect of the National Health Scheme on institutional Health Scheme on institutional pharmaceutical services in Australia are discussed. Government control over drug costs and the provision of pharmacy services, with its effect on both community and institutional practice, is assessed. Methods of improving the present system of health insurance under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme in Australia are suggested, including their relevance to health care in the United States.", "contents": "Economics of institutional pharmacy services under national health insurance in Australia. The development and effect of the National Health Scheme on institutional Health Scheme on institutional pharmaceutical services in Australia are discussed. Government control over drug costs and the provision of pharmacy services, with its effect on both community and institutional practice, is assessed. Methods of improving the present system of health insurance under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme in Australia are suggested, including their relevance to health care in the United States.", "PMID": 1190213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11575", "title": "Establishment of a nuclear pharmacy.", "content": "The University of Michigan Regional Nuclear Pharmacy is described. The scope of operation of the nuclear pharmacy includes radiopharmaceutical formulation and dispensing, quality control, inventory control, research and development of new radiopharmaceuticals, and consultation. Also discussed are program objectives, pharmacy location, organizational structure, budget and staff, economic considerations, facilities and equipment, and legal considerations.", "contents": "Establishment of a nuclear pharmacy. The University of Michigan Regional Nuclear Pharmacy is described. The scope of operation of the nuclear pharmacy includes radiopharmaceutical formulation and dispensing, quality control, inventory control, research and development of new radiopharmaceuticals, and consultation. Also discussed are program objectives, pharmacy location, organizational structure, budget and staff, economic considerations, facilities and equipment, and legal considerations.", "PMID": 1190214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11576", "title": "Yttrium-90 citrate colloid for radioisotope synovectomy.", "content": "The preparation of an yttrium-90 citrate colloid is described. This formulation localizes in the synovial membrane and thereby eliminates any irradiation received by extra-articular tissues. Yttrium-90 is eluted from Sr-90 bound to a sulphonic acid ion exchange resin. The colloid is prepared using a 3:1 ratio of carrier yttrium and citrate. Contamination with ionic 90Y and ionic 90Sr was less than 1 percent and 0.001 percent, respectively. In the 28 patients studied, all of the injected dose of 90Y remained in the region of the joint. Brief clinical results are presented.", "contents": "Yttrium-90 citrate colloid for radioisotope synovectomy. The preparation of an yttrium-90 citrate colloid is described. This formulation localizes in the synovial membrane and thereby eliminates any irradiation received by extra-articular tissues. Yttrium-90 is eluted from Sr-90 bound to a sulphonic acid ion exchange resin. The colloid is prepared using a 3:1 ratio of carrier yttrium and citrate. Contamination with ionic 90Y and ionic 90Sr was less than 1 percent and 0.001 percent, respectively. In the 28 patients studied, all of the injected dose of 90Y remained in the region of the joint. Brief clinical results are presented.", "PMID": 1190215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11577", "title": "Filling vials aseptically while monitoring for bacterial contamination.", "content": "An aseptic system for prefilling radiopharmaceutical kit vials or syringes is described. The system combines ultrafiltration with a method for monitoring for bacterial contamination. It could be used in any vial or syringe prefilling operation and is not restricted to radiopharmaceuticals.", "contents": "Filling vials aseptically while monitoring for bacterial contamination. An aseptic system for prefilling radiopharmaceutical kit vials or syringes is described. The system combines ultrafiltration with a method for monitoring for bacterial contamination. It could be used in any vial or syringe prefilling operation and is not restricted to radiopharmaceuticals.", "PMID": 1190216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11578", "title": "Comparison of the bioavailability of cyanocobalamin from capsule and liquid dosage forms.", "content": "Comparative in vivo absorption of cyanocobalamin from two dosage forms, gelatin capsule and liquid, was studied. Forty-two subjects received simultaneous doses of cyanocobalamin in capsule and liquid form, labeled with cobalt-57 and cobalt-60, respectively. Excretion, a measure of absorption, was between 2 percent and 66 percent greater with the liquid form. In vitro dissolution studies showed that the capsules had a tendency to collapse into a stringy mass and to dissolve slowly.", "contents": "Comparison of the bioavailability of cyanocobalamin from capsule and liquid dosage forms. Comparative in vivo absorption of cyanocobalamin from two dosage forms, gelatin capsule and liquid, was studied. Forty-two subjects received simultaneous doses of cyanocobalamin in capsule and liquid form, labeled with cobalt-57 and cobalt-60, respectively. Excretion, a measure of absorption, was between 2 percent and 66 percent greater with the liquid form. In vitro dissolution studies showed that the capsules had a tendency to collapse into a stringy mass and to dissolve slowly.", "PMID": 1190217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11579", "title": "Pharmacy information system for a health maintenance organization.", "content": "A computerized pharmacy system developed for a health maintenance organization (HMO) is described. The system has been operational for nearly three years. It is based on a coding scheme for (1) all drugs in the HMO formulary and (2) prescribing information. The information is processed by a computer which generates a variety of usage information. The system produces reports on frequency of drugs dispensed, number and percentage of patients obtaining each drug, and age-sex distribution of patients using a particular drug. The special characteristics of an HMO pharmacy as they relate to computerized systems are discussed. System requirements, maintenance procedures and cost estimates are also presented.", "contents": "Pharmacy information system for a health maintenance organization. A computerized pharmacy system developed for a health maintenance organization (HMO) is described. The system has been operational for nearly three years. It is based on a coding scheme for (1) all drugs in the HMO formulary and (2) prescribing information. The information is processed by a computer which generates a variety of usage information. The system produces reports on frequency of drugs dispensed, number and percentage of patients obtaining each drug, and age-sex distribution of patients using a particular drug. The special characteristics of an HMO pharmacy as they relate to computerized systems are discussed. System requirements, maintenance procedures and cost estimates are also presented.", "PMID": 1190218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11580", "title": "Clindamycin prescribing patterns in a university hospital.", "content": "A study was conducted at a university hospital to determine the patterns of clindamycin prescribing, to assess the appropriateness of clindamycin usage and to quantitate the drug's toxic reactions. Three evaluators (two pharmacists and a physician) reviewed clindamycin usage data for 65 patients who received 67 courses of clindamycin therapy during the period January 1, 1975, through March 20, 1975. Forty-eight courses were parenteral, three oral, and 16 a combination of parenteral and oral. Fifty-four courses were intended for therapeutic use rather than prophylactic use. Of these 54 therapeutic courses, 23 were considered rational and 26 irrational; insufficient data existed to make a judgment in five cases. Three adverse reactions (diarrhea in each case) were observed. The time relationship of this study with the changing clinical status of clindamycin is discussed. Identification of clindamycin's toxicity appears to have reduced oral use at the study hospital, but parenteral usage of the drug remains high.", "contents": "Clindamycin prescribing patterns in a university hospital. A study was conducted at a university hospital to determine the patterns of clindamycin prescribing, to assess the appropriateness of clindamycin usage and to quantitate the drug's toxic reactions. Three evaluators (two pharmacists and a physician) reviewed clindamycin usage data for 65 patients who received 67 courses of clindamycin therapy during the period January 1, 1975, through March 20, 1975. Forty-eight courses were parenteral, three oral, and 16 a combination of parenteral and oral. Fifty-four courses were intended for therapeutic use rather than prophylactic use. Of these 54 therapeutic courses, 23 were considered rational and 26 irrational; insufficient data existed to make a judgment in five cases. Three adverse reactions (diarrhea in each case) were observed. The time relationship of this study with the changing clinical status of clindamycin is discussed. Identification of clindamycin's toxicity appears to have reduced oral use at the study hospital, but parenteral usage of the drug remains high.", "PMID": 1190229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11581", "title": "Drug usage review and inventory analysis in promoting rational parenteral cephalosporin therapy.", "content": "Drug usage review and inventory analysis data on the cephalosporin antibotics were presented by the pharmacy to a hospital pharmacy and therapeutics committee in an effort to promote rational use of these drugs and decrease drug costs. The committee recommended that cefazolin be the parenteral cephalosporin of choice. Cephalothin was placed on a limited formulary status for ophthamology patients and patients with renal impairment. Efforts by the committee to promote physician compliance with its recommendations are discussed.", "contents": "Drug usage review and inventory analysis in promoting rational parenteral cephalosporin therapy. Drug usage review and inventory analysis data on the cephalosporin antibotics were presented by the pharmacy to a hospital pharmacy and therapeutics committee in an effort to promote rational use of these drugs and decrease drug costs. The committee recommended that cefazolin be the parenteral cephalosporin of choice. Cephalothin was placed on a limited formulary status for ophthamology patients and patients with renal impairment. Efforts by the committee to promote physician compliance with its recommendations are discussed.", "PMID": 1190230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11582", "title": "Missing medications associated with centralized unit dose dispensing.", "content": "The reasons for missing medications in a centralized unit dose system were studied, and means of improving the situation were recommended. Reasons for missing medications included: insufficient or incorrect medications dispensed by the pharmacy, differences in interpretations of orders by pharmacists and nurses, administration of extra medication or incorrect doses, waste of medication, administration of medication to patients other than for whom it was dispensed, delivery to wrong nursing unit, pilferage, and requests by nurses for medication before the orders were received by the pharmacy. A procedure for checking medications in unit dose carts by pharmacy and nursing personnel was implemented. Before this procedure, the rate of missing medications was 0.93% of the doses dispensed; after the procedure, the rate was 0.33%. Other recommendations designed to prevent missing medications in this unit dose system are presented.", "contents": "Missing medications associated with centralized unit dose dispensing. The reasons for missing medications in a centralized unit dose system were studied, and means of improving the situation were recommended. Reasons for missing medications included: insufficient or incorrect medications dispensed by the pharmacy, differences in interpretations of orders by pharmacists and nurses, administration of extra medication or incorrect doses, waste of medication, administration of medication to patients other than for whom it was dispensed, delivery to wrong nursing unit, pilferage, and requests by nurses for medication before the orders were received by the pharmacy. A procedure for checking medications in unit dose carts by pharmacy and nursing personnel was implemented. Before this procedure, the rate of missing medications was 0.93% of the doses dispensed; after the procedure, the rate was 0.33%. Other recommendations designed to prevent missing medications in this unit dose system are presented.", "PMID": 1190231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11583", "title": "Distribution accuracy of a decentralized unit dose system.", "content": "Unit dose medication carts in a 500-bed university hospital were monitored for accuracy and completeness after delivery to the nursing station. The contents of the cart were compared with the nurse's patient medication record. Discrepancies were recorded for evaluation. All medication cart distribution errors found were analyzed to identify the source and were tabulated to determine error rate. Three major categories of errors were discovered: pharmacy technician errors not corrected by the pharmacist, errors associated with nurse's patient medication records, and errors resulting from lost orders.", "contents": "Distribution accuracy of a decentralized unit dose system. Unit dose medication carts in a 500-bed university hospital were monitored for accuracy and completeness after delivery to the nursing station. The contents of the cart were compared with the nurse's patient medication record. Discrepancies were recorded for evaluation. All medication cart distribution errors found were analyzed to identify the source and were tabulated to determine error rate. Three major categories of errors were discovered: pharmacy technician errors not corrected by the pharmacist, errors associated with nurse's patient medication records, and errors resulting from lost orders.", "PMID": 1190232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11584", "title": "Respiratory therapy unit dose medication distribution.", "content": "A unit dose system for distribution of respiratory therapy medication is described. One unit dose cart, containing respiratory therapy medication for each patient and equipment for administration of the medication, is used for each floor. Syringes are prefilled by the pharmacy for unit dose use. Storage and stability data are given for normal saline, isoproterenol, acetylcysteine, and combinations of these drugs. Cost factors of this respiratory therapy medication distribution system are discussed.", "contents": "Respiratory therapy unit dose medication distribution. A unit dose system for distribution of respiratory therapy medication is described. One unit dose cart, containing respiratory therapy medication for each patient and equipment for administration of the medication, is used for each floor. Syringes are prefilled by the pharmacy for unit dose use. Storage and stability data are given for normal saline, isoproterenol, acetylcysteine, and combinations of these drugs. Cost factors of this respiratory therapy medication distribution system are discussed.", "PMID": 1190233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11585", "title": "Stability of sodium oxacillin in intravenous solutions.", "content": "The influence of concentration, vehicle, dextrose and temperature on the stability of sodium oxacillin solutions was determined using a chemical kinetic approach. Sodium oxacillin degraded faster in dextrose solution than in sodium chloride injection. This finding was attributed to the catalytic effect of dextrose on sodium oxacillin hydrolysis. Solutions of 1-50 mg/ml oxacillin in each vehicle were found to be stable for 24 hours at 23 C. The degradation of sodium oxacillin in various dextrose solutions was independent of oxacillin concentration, and followed first order kinetics.", "contents": "Stability of sodium oxacillin in intravenous solutions. The influence of concentration, vehicle, dextrose and temperature on the stability of sodium oxacillin solutions was determined using a chemical kinetic approach. Sodium oxacillin degraded faster in dextrose solution than in sodium chloride injection. This finding was attributed to the catalytic effect of dextrose on sodium oxacillin hydrolysis. Solutions of 1-50 mg/ml oxacillin in each vehicle were found to be stable for 24 hours at 23 C. The degradation of sodium oxacillin in various dextrose solutions was independent of oxacillin concentration, and followed first order kinetics.", "PMID": 1190234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11586", "title": "Detection of particles in intravenous fluids using scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "A study was conducted to compare the particles in intravenous solutions found in glass and plastic containers, and to investigate the use of scanning electron microscopy in detecting and identifying such particulate contamination. The method used was to filter one liter of each fluid from glass and plastic containers through a membrane filter, attach the membrane to aluminum studs and coat the specimens with a thin layer of gold-palladium in a vacuum evaporator. Scanning electron microscopy was then used to examine the specimens, and photomicrographs were prepared. The results showed that the particles found in glass and in plastic containers have distinctive differences and that scanning electron microscopy is useful in detecting and characterizing these particles.", "contents": "Detection of particles in intravenous fluids using scanning electron microscopy. A study was conducted to compare the particles in intravenous solutions found in glass and plastic containers, and to investigate the use of scanning electron microscopy in detecting and identifying such particulate contamination. The method used was to filter one liter of each fluid from glass and plastic containers through a membrane filter, attach the membrane to aluminum studs and coat the specimens with a thin layer of gold-palladium in a vacuum evaporator. Scanning electron microscopy was then used to examine the specimens, and photomicrographs were prepared. The results showed that the particles found in glass and in plastic containers have distinctive differences and that scanning electron microscopy is useful in detecting and characterizing these particles.", "PMID": 1190235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11587", "title": "Vial retention of technetium-99m sulfur colloid in commercial kits.", "content": "Vial retention of technetium-99m sulfur colloid in five commercial kits used for the preparation of this radiopharmaceutical was studied. Radiochromatography and microscopic particle sizing were performed on all products; the biologic distribution in rats of two products was tested. Loss of activity attributable to vial retention was evident with only two products. The resulting loss of specific concentration did not affect biologic distribution. The cause of the \"plating-out\" of the radiopharmaceutical on the interior reaction vial surface was not determined, although the gelatin component of the product was suspected to be a factor.", "contents": "Vial retention of technetium-99m sulfur colloid in commercial kits. Vial retention of technetium-99m sulfur colloid in five commercial kits used for the preparation of this radiopharmaceutical was studied. Radiochromatography and microscopic particle sizing were performed on all products; the biologic distribution in rats of two products was tested. Loss of activity attributable to vial retention was evident with only two products. The resulting loss of specific concentration did not affect biologic distribution. The cause of the \"plating-out\" of the radiopharmaceutical on the interior reaction vial surface was not determined, although the gelatin component of the product was suspected to be a factor.", "PMID": 1190236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11588", "title": "Etiological factors of the Stevens-Johnson syndrome.", "content": "Etiologic factors of the Stevens-Johnson syndrome, both drug-related and nondrug-related, are discussed. A description of the Stevens-Johnson syndrome as a symptom complex is presented. Available literature is reviewed and critiqued as to its contribution in helping to define the role of drugs as specific etiologic factors in the syndrome. A patient case history is presented to demonstrate the difficulty of determining the causative agent for the syndrome, and to emphasize the need for a complete drug history before specific agents are implicated. The need for caution and discretion in reporting and implicating agents without the availability of a complete patient history is discussed.", "contents": "Etiological factors of the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Etiologic factors of the Stevens-Johnson syndrome, both drug-related and nondrug-related, are discussed. A description of the Stevens-Johnson syndrome as a symptom complex is presented. Available literature is reviewed and critiqued as to its contribution in helping to define the role of drugs as specific etiologic factors in the syndrome. A patient case history is presented to demonstrate the difficulty of determining the causative agent for the syndrome, and to emphasize the need for a complete drug history before specific agents are implicated. The need for caution and discretion in reporting and implicating agents without the availability of a complete patient history is discussed.", "PMID": 1190237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11589", "title": "Comparison of the clinical utility of four drug information services.", "content": "The clinical utility of International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Iowa Drug Information Service, deHaen Drugs in Use, and deHaen Drugs in Research was compared. The number of references obtained for questions in five different clinical areas, and the amount of time for each search, were studied and compared. The Iowa Drug Information Service appeared to have the highest overall relative utility for obtaining clinical information. The two deHaen services offered broad coverage of the primary clinical literature. International Pharmaceutical Abstracts was effective in locating many useful references.", "contents": "Comparison of the clinical utility of four drug information services. The clinical utility of International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Iowa Drug Information Service, deHaen Drugs in Use, and deHaen Drugs in Research was compared. The number of references obtained for questions in five different clinical areas, and the amount of time for each search, were studied and compared. The Iowa Drug Information Service appeared to have the highest overall relative utility for obtaining clinical information. The two deHaen services offered broad coverage of the primary clinical literature. International Pharmaceutical Abstracts was effective in locating many useful references.", "PMID": 1190238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11590", "title": "Bioavailability of acetaminophen suppositories.", "content": "Urinary excretion of acetaminophen after rectal administration of three suppository formatulations obtained from hospital and commercial sources was compared to that after oral administration of a tablet dosage form. The absorption of acetaminophen from the suppositories was extremely variable and showed relative bioavailabilities of 68.4 to 87.5% when compared to the oral absorption of the drug from the tablet. The rate of bioavailability differed markedly between products and, in one case, the suppository dose of acetaminophen was so slowly absorbed that the clinical effectiveness of the product is doubtful. The study points out the need for in vivo evaluation of hospital pharmacy manufactured products.", "contents": "Bioavailability of acetaminophen suppositories. Urinary excretion of acetaminophen after rectal administration of three suppository formatulations obtained from hospital and commercial sources was compared to that after oral administration of a tablet dosage form. The absorption of acetaminophen from the suppositories was extremely variable and showed relative bioavailabilities of 68.4 to 87.5% when compared to the oral absorption of the drug from the tablet. The rate of bioavailability differed markedly between products and, in one case, the suppository dose of acetaminophen was so slowly absorbed that the clinical effectiveness of the product is doubtful. The study points out the need for in vivo evaluation of hospital pharmacy manufactured products.", "PMID": 1190239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11591", "title": "Development of a computer-based controlled substances reporting system.", "content": "A computer-based system of reporting the disposition of controlled drugs is described. An automated posting system, of which this system is a byproduct, is also described. The primary advantage is that no separate effort is involved in compiling the reports which provide information on the inpatient and emergency-room disposition of controlled substances.", "contents": "Development of a computer-based controlled substances reporting system. A computer-based system of reporting the disposition of controlled drugs is described. An automated posting system, of which this system is a byproduct, is also described. The primary advantage is that no separate effort is involved in compiling the reports which provide information on the inpatient and emergency-room disposition of controlled substances.", "PMID": 1190240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11592", "title": "Pharmacy-nursing communications in an intravenous admixture program.", "content": "A centralized pharmacy admixture program is discussed, with emphasis on the forms used to communicate between pharmacists and nurses. Aspects of the programs described include the patient intravenous profile folder, preparation and delivery of i.v. solutions, preparation of piggyback solutions and prefilled syringes of reconstituted antibiotics, and emergency intravenous solution stock.", "contents": "Pharmacy-nursing communications in an intravenous admixture program. A centralized pharmacy admixture program is discussed, with emphasis on the forms used to communicate between pharmacists and nurses. Aspects of the programs described include the patient intravenous profile folder, preparation and delivery of i.v. solutions, preparation of piggyback solutions and prefilled syringes of reconstituted antibiotics, and emergency intravenous solution stock.", "PMID": 1190243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11593", "title": "Combined volume control set-piggyback system for intermittent intravenous therapy.", "content": "A new method for intermittent administration of i.v. fluids which maintains the advantages of the piggyback system but at a lower cost than the piggyback system is described. The system uses a volume control chamber as a replacement for a minibag or minibottle to deliver doses of different medications. The volume control set, when attached in the prescribed fashion, permits the flow from the primary i.v. solution to resume automatically when the volume control chamber is empty. One large-volume container of i.v. fluid can be used to dilute many doses of different drugs in the volume control chamber rather than one small-volume container per dose. No significant difficulties have been encountered with the mechanics of the system, and nursing response has been favorable.", "contents": "Combined volume control set-piggyback system for intermittent intravenous therapy. A new method for intermittent administration of i.v. fluids which maintains the advantages of the piggyback system but at a lower cost than the piggyback system is described. The system uses a volume control chamber as a replacement for a minibag or minibottle to deliver doses of different medications. The volume control set, when attached in the prescribed fashion, permits the flow from the primary i.v. solution to resume automatically when the volume control chamber is empty. One large-volume container of i.v. fluid can be used to dilute many doses of different drugs in the volume control chamber rather than one small-volume container per dose. No significant difficulties have been encountered with the mechanics of the system, and nursing response has been favorable.", "PMID": 1190244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11594", "title": "Quality of care evaluation applied to assessment of clinical pharmacy services.", "content": "Drug information supplied in a clinical setting was evaluated to determine the quality of care provided by a group of clinical pharmacists. Both process and outcome were assessed to determine the pharmacists' effectiveness in supplying clinical pharmacy services as well as to determine the relationship between these services and patient outcomes. Evaluation was conducted by a group of five physicians and the coordinator of the clinical pharmacy program. The method of evaluation seemed to contain a very high degree of interviewer reliability. Results indicate a moderate correlation, significant beyond the 0.01 level, between intermediate outcomes and the clinical pharmacy care process. The review group judged approximately three-fourths of the drug information communications as having at least a \"significant\" potential for benefiting the patient. Outcome measurement indicated, however, that only 14.5% of these communications were judged as actually benefiting the patient while 25% were judged as probably benefiting the patient.", "contents": "Quality of care evaluation applied to assessment of clinical pharmacy services. Drug information supplied in a clinical setting was evaluated to determine the quality of care provided by a group of clinical pharmacists. Both process and outcome were assessed to determine the pharmacists' effectiveness in supplying clinical pharmacy services as well as to determine the relationship between these services and patient outcomes. Evaluation was conducted by a group of five physicians and the coordinator of the clinical pharmacy program. The method of evaluation seemed to contain a very high degree of interviewer reliability. Results indicate a moderate correlation, significant beyond the 0.01 level, between intermediate outcomes and the clinical pharmacy care process. The review group judged approximately three-fourths of the drug information communications as having at least a \"significant\" potential for benefiting the patient. Outcome measurement indicated, however, that only 14.5% of these communications were judged as actually benefiting the patient while 25% were judged as probably benefiting the patient.", "PMID": 1190245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11595", "title": "Judgmental questions processed by a drug information center.", "content": "The number of judgmental questions handled by a pharmacy-operated, university-based drug information center was studied. Judgmental questions were defined as those requiring the integration of data or knowledge and experience in the process of making a decision regarding a specific therapeutic problem. Less than 5% of 720 questions handled by the drug information center during a three-month period were of the judgmental type. Based on this result, and because of the need to use resources most efficiently, it is suggested that it may be advisable to develop more regional (and fewer hospital) drug information centers.", "contents": "Judgmental questions processed by a drug information center. The number of judgmental questions handled by a pharmacy-operated, university-based drug information center was studied. Judgmental questions were defined as those requiring the integration of data or knowledge and experience in the process of making a decision regarding a specific therapeutic problem. Less than 5% of 720 questions handled by the drug information center during a three-month period were of the judgmental type. Based on this result, and because of the need to use resources most efficiently, it is suggested that it may be advisable to develop more regional (and fewer hospital) drug information centers.", "PMID": 1190246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11596", "title": "Pharmaceutical services for skilled nursing facilities in compliance with federal regulations.", "content": "A program of providing dispensing, clinical and administrative pharmaceutical services to three skilled nursing facilities is described. Medications are provided to patients from a community pharmacy through a centralized unit dose drug distribution system. Features of the system include pharmacy review of the physician's original order, medication histories obtained by a pharmacist, patient medication profiles, and a 24-hour exchange of drug cabinets containing individual patient drawers. The time requirements for administrative and clinical functions, and the calculation of a fee for these services, are described. Over a four-year period, the average number of medications per patient was reduced from 7.7 to 6.1. Two factors believed to be related to this reduction are an effective automatic stop order policy and careful review of patient medication profiles by the pharmacist.", "contents": "Pharmaceutical services for skilled nursing facilities in compliance with federal regulations. A program of providing dispensing, clinical and administrative pharmaceutical services to three skilled nursing facilities is described. Medications are provided to patients from a community pharmacy through a centralized unit dose drug distribution system. Features of the system include pharmacy review of the physician's original order, medication histories obtained by a pharmacist, patient medication profiles, and a 24-hour exchange of drug cabinets containing individual patient drawers. The time requirements for administrative and clinical functions, and the calculation of a fee for these services, are described. Over a four-year period, the average number of medications per patient was reduced from 7.7 to 6.1. Two factors believed to be related to this reduction are an effective automatic stop order policy and careful review of patient medication profiles by the pharmacist.", "PMID": 1190247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11597", "title": "Evaluation of preparations of patent blue (Alphazurine 2G) dye for parenteral use.", "content": "The stability and the behavior of patent blue (Alphazurine 2G) dye in a vehicle such as lidocaine hydrochloride injection were studied with regard to medication orders which may be prepared by hospital pharmacists. The patent blue family of dyes are sulfonated diaminotriphenylmethane, vital, acid dyes which have been used as diagnostic aids in both lymphography and burn debridement. A literature review, including some toxicological information, is presented. The occurrence of the sodium salt form and the equilibrium solubility of the patent blue sample studied are reported. Some implications of patent blue injections include: Clinical literature reports of toxicities, the unapproved status of patent blue by the Food and Drug Administration, results of stability studies, and the formation of viscid, water-insoluble precipitates of patent blue in combination with lidocaine hydrochloride. The extemporaneous preparation and subsequent use of parenteral prescriptions of patent blue dye in vehicles containing lidocaine hydrochloride and methylparaben are not recommended.", "contents": "Evaluation of preparations of patent blue (Alphazurine 2G) dye for parenteral use. The stability and the behavior of patent blue (Alphazurine 2G) dye in a vehicle such as lidocaine hydrochloride injection were studied with regard to medication orders which may be prepared by hospital pharmacists. The patent blue family of dyes are sulfonated diaminotriphenylmethane, vital, acid dyes which have been used as diagnostic aids in both lymphography and burn debridement. A literature review, including some toxicological information, is presented. The occurrence of the sodium salt form and the equilibrium solubility of the patent blue sample studied are reported. Some implications of patent blue injections include: Clinical literature reports of toxicities, the unapproved status of patent blue by the Food and Drug Administration, results of stability studies, and the formation of viscid, water-insoluble precipitates of patent blue in combination with lidocaine hydrochloride. The extemporaneous preparation and subsequent use of parenteral prescriptions of patent blue dye in vehicles containing lidocaine hydrochloride and methylparaben are not recommended.", "PMID": 1190249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11598", "title": "Chemical structure and purity of dyes used in lymphograms.", "content": "Because of confusion in the literature, studies were performed on several samples of patent blue violet and Alphazurine 2G to determine their chemical structure and purity. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed that three distinct compounds and one mixture had all been labeled as the same compound. The purity of the dyes varied from batch to batch, as shown by thin-layer chromatography. Caution should be exercised in the use of these dyes for lymphograms.", "contents": "Chemical structure and purity of dyes used in lymphograms. Because of confusion in the literature, studies were performed on several samples of patent blue violet and Alphazurine 2G to determine their chemical structure and purity. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed that three distinct compounds and one mixture had all been labeled as the same compound. The purity of the dyes varied from batch to batch, as shown by thin-layer chromatography. Caution should be exercised in the use of these dyes for lymphograms.", "PMID": 1190251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11599", "title": "Prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis. Role of sensitive hepatitis B antigen screening tests, source of blood and volume of transfusion.", "content": "Aliquots from units of blood were screened by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and reverse passive hemagglutination (RPHA) shortly after transfusion. Recipients of positive units, as well as control subjects, were followed prospectively for evidence of either post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH) or exposure to hepatitis B (HB). There was a significant correlation between receipt of either an RPHA-positive or RIA-confirmed positive unit and the subsequent development of PTH or HB exposure. Recipients of all volunteer units had a lower incidence of PTH than did recipients of all commercial units. The frequency of PTH and HB exposure was not statistically different in groups receiving 1 to 5, 6 to 10, 11 to 20 and greater or less than 21 units of blood. The PTH seen in the study presented over a wide clinical spectrum, but it was usually anicteric and frequently asymptomatic.", "contents": "Prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis. Role of sensitive hepatitis B antigen screening tests, source of blood and volume of transfusion. Aliquots from units of blood were screened by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and reverse passive hemagglutination (RPHA) shortly after transfusion. Recipients of positive units, as well as control subjects, were followed prospectively for evidence of either post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH) or exposure to hepatitis B (HB). There was a significant correlation between receipt of either an RPHA-positive or RIA-confirmed positive unit and the subsequent development of PTH or HB exposure. Recipients of all volunteer units had a lower incidence of PTH than did recipients of all commercial units. The frequency of PTH and HB exposure was not statistically different in groups receiving 1 to 5, 6 to 10, 11 to 20 and greater or less than 21 units of blood. The PTH seen in the study presented over a wide clinical spectrum, but it was usually anicteric and frequently asymptomatic.", "PMID": 1190252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11600", "title": "Impaired cell-mediated immunity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A controlled study of 23 untreated patients.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity was evaluated in 23 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) prior to therapy and in 23 control subjects. The patients with SLE who had moderate to severe disease activity had significantly fewer positive delayed skin tests to streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) and Candida than the control subjects, and a higher frequency of anergy than either the control subjects or the patients with mild SLE. Significant impairment of lymphocyte transformation to all common antigens tested was found in patients with SLE as compared to both normal subjects and control subjects with disease. Phytohemagglutinin response was reduced in patients with SLE as compared to normal subjects but not to the control subjects with disease. Lymphocyte transformation responses to SK-SD and Candida were also significantly lower in patients with moderate to severe SLE as compared to patients with mildly active SLE. Primary immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was impaired in patients with SLE as measured by lymphocyte transformation and total KLH antibody, but not 2-mercaptoethanol resistant antibody. The data indicate defective T-cell function in SLE, and suggest that the impairment relates in part to disease activity.", "contents": "Impaired cell-mediated immunity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A controlled study of 23 untreated patients. Cell-mediated immunity was evaluated in 23 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) prior to therapy and in 23 control subjects. The patients with SLE who had moderate to severe disease activity had significantly fewer positive delayed skin tests to streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) and Candida than the control subjects, and a higher frequency of anergy than either the control subjects or the patients with mild SLE. Significant impairment of lymphocyte transformation to all common antigens tested was found in patients with SLE as compared to both normal subjects and control subjects with disease. Phytohemagglutinin response was reduced in patients with SLE as compared to normal subjects but not to the control subjects with disease. Lymphocyte transformation responses to SK-SD and Candida were also significantly lower in patients with moderate to severe SLE as compared to patients with mildly active SLE. Primary immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was impaired in patients with SLE as measured by lymphocyte transformation and total KLH antibody, but not 2-mercaptoethanol resistant antibody. The data indicate defective T-cell function in SLE, and suggest that the impairment relates in part to disease activity.", "PMID": 1190253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11601", "title": "Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Diagnosis and clinical course.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic findings in 24 patients with \"angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia\" (AILD) are presented. The patients' ages ranged from 44 to 80 years, with a median age of 68 years. The disease has an acute onset. In many respects, the clinical presentation is suggestive of malignant lymphoma. Generalized lymphadenopathy was always present. Hepatomegaly was found in 20 patients, splenomegaly in 17, constitutional symptoms in 20 and skin rashes in nine. Twenty patients had anemia, with positive Coombs' test in eight of 14 tested. Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia was found in 17 of 22 patients. Two patterns of evolution were recognizable: (1) long survival (24 to 67 months) without treatment or after the administration of intensive combination chemotherapy; and (2) rapid progression (one to 19 months) regardless of the treatment given. Sixteen patients died; postmortem examination in 10 cases showed the cause of death to be attributable to severe infection in eight patients, to renal disease in one and to cardiovascular disease in one. No evidence of malignant lymphoma was seen in any of these autopsies. Histologically, the disease is systemic, with specific lesions in the lymph nodes. The spleen, liver, bone marrow, skin and lung are also involved, but the changes are less characteristic than in the lymph nodes. In the patients in whom sequential biopsies were performed, a trend toward restoration of the nodal architecture was observed. AILD is a clinical-pathologic entity in a spectrum of yet to be defined immune reactions. The clinical, laboratory and pathologic manifestations of AILD are consistent with an autoimmune disorder, in which a deficiency of the T-cell regulatory functions probably predisposes to an abnormal proliferative and autoaggressive reaction of the B-cell system. Surgical staging procedures do not appear to be indicated. Intensive cytotoxic treatment may be hazardous in some patients, precipitating their death, but long survival after such therapy has been observed in others. Supportive therapy and small doses of steroids appear to be a safer therapeutic approach.", "contents": "Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Diagnosis and clinical course. The clinical and pathologic findings in 24 patients with \"angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia\" (AILD) are presented. The patients' ages ranged from 44 to 80 years, with a median age of 68 years. The disease has an acute onset. In many respects, the clinical presentation is suggestive of malignant lymphoma. Generalized lymphadenopathy was always present. Hepatomegaly was found in 20 patients, splenomegaly in 17, constitutional symptoms in 20 and skin rashes in nine. Twenty patients had anemia, with positive Coombs' test in eight of 14 tested. Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia was found in 17 of 22 patients. Two patterns of evolution were recognizable: (1) long survival (24 to 67 months) without treatment or after the administration of intensive combination chemotherapy; and (2) rapid progression (one to 19 months) regardless of the treatment given. Sixteen patients died; postmortem examination in 10 cases showed the cause of death to be attributable to severe infection in eight patients, to renal disease in one and to cardiovascular disease in one. No evidence of malignant lymphoma was seen in any of these autopsies. Histologically, the disease is systemic, with specific lesions in the lymph nodes. The spleen, liver, bone marrow, skin and lung are also involved, but the changes are less characteristic than in the lymph nodes. In the patients in whom sequential biopsies were performed, a trend toward restoration of the nodal architecture was observed. AILD is a clinical-pathologic entity in a spectrum of yet to be defined immune reactions. The clinical, laboratory and pathologic manifestations of AILD are consistent with an autoimmune disorder, in which a deficiency of the T-cell regulatory functions probably predisposes to an abnormal proliferative and autoaggressive reaction of the B-cell system. Surgical staging procedures do not appear to be indicated. Intensive cytotoxic treatment may be hazardous in some patients, precipitating their death, but long survival after such therapy has been observed in others. Supportive therapy and small doses of steroids appear to be a safer therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 1190254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11602", "title": "The Jeune syndrome (asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy) in an adult.", "content": "A 32 year old American Indian man with the Jeune syndrome (asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy), a condition previously reported only in children, is described. The patient exhibited a cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology and evidence of hepatic and renal disease in addition to characteristic osseous malformations of the thorax, pelvis and extremities. The identification of an established syndrome in this patient permits one to view the combination of abnormalities present in a more coherent manner.", "contents": "The Jeune syndrome (asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy) in an adult. A 32 year old American Indian man with the Jeune syndrome (asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy), a condition previously reported only in children, is described. The patient exhibited a cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology and evidence of hepatic and renal disease in addition to characteristic osseous malformations of the thorax, pelvis and extremities. The identification of an established syndrome in this patient permits one to view the combination of abnormalities present in a more coherent manner.", "PMID": 1190257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11603", "title": "Platelet hypersensitivity and intravascular coagulation in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.", "content": "The patient described had paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria associated with recurrent arterial as well as venous thrombosis. Study of platelet function revealed hypersensitivity to epinephrine, adenosine 5'phosphate (ADP) and collagen as judged by their ability to aggregate platelets as well as to release 14C serotonin. The release of total nucleotides was also markedly increased over normal with all aggregating agents. The abnormality was localized to the platelet since aggregation occurred when the patient's platelets were resuspended in normal plasma but not when normal platelets were incubated in the patient's plasma. Presumptive evidence for ongoing intravascular coagulation was an increase in fibrinogen derivatives of heavier molecular weight than the native protein presumably a result of thrombin action. However, factor XII was not activated and fibrinolysis was not increased. Complement component levels and antithrombin concentrations were also normal. The findings in this case suggest that hypersensitive platelets may contribute to the intravascular coagulation that is manifested by the increased incidence of thrombosis in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.", "contents": "Platelet hypersensitivity and intravascular coagulation in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. The patient described had paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria associated with recurrent arterial as well as venous thrombosis. Study of platelet function revealed hypersensitivity to epinephrine, adenosine 5'phosphate (ADP) and collagen as judged by their ability to aggregate platelets as well as to release 14C serotonin. The release of total nucleotides was also markedly increased over normal with all aggregating agents. The abnormality was localized to the platelet since aggregation occurred when the patient's platelets were resuspended in normal plasma but not when normal platelets were incubated in the patient's plasma. Presumptive evidence for ongoing intravascular coagulation was an increase in fibrinogen derivatives of heavier molecular weight than the native protein presumably a result of thrombin action. However, factor XII was not activated and fibrinolysis was not increased. Complement component levels and antithrombin concentrations were also normal. The findings in this case suggest that hypersensitive platelets may contribute to the intravascular coagulation that is manifested by the increased incidence of thrombosis in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.", "PMID": 1190256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11604", "title": "Primary empty sella, galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia and renal tubular acidosis.", "content": "Discussed here is a 41 year old woman with galactorrhea associated with the empty sella syndrome and mild renal tubular acidosis. Basal serum prolactin (PRL) levels were normal, but a 24 hour serum PRL secretory profile demonstrated an increased mean PRL concentration. Serum PRL was appropriately suppressed by the administration of L-dopa; however, chlorpromazine stimulation resulted in a blunted serum PRL response. Pituitary luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, ACTH and thyroid stimulating hormone levels were normal. Thus, galactorrhea associated with an enlarged sella does not establish the diagnosis of a pituitary tumor, and pneumoencephalography must be performed to exclude the empty sella syndrome.", "contents": "Primary empty sella, galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia and renal tubular acidosis. Discussed here is a 41 year old woman with galactorrhea associated with the empty sella syndrome and mild renal tubular acidosis. Basal serum prolactin (PRL) levels were normal, but a 24 hour serum PRL secretory profile demonstrated an increased mean PRL concentration. Serum PRL was appropriately suppressed by the administration of L-dopa; however, chlorpromazine stimulation resulted in a blunted serum PRL response. Pituitary luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, ACTH and thyroid stimulating hormone levels were normal. Thus, galactorrhea associated with an enlarged sella does not establish the diagnosis of a pituitary tumor, and pneumoencephalography must be performed to exclude the empty sella syndrome.", "PMID": 1190258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11605", "title": "Hypomagnesemia due to renal disease of unknown etiology.", "content": "A young man, investigated because of tetanic convulsions and arthritic pains, was shown to have hypomagnesemia, hypermagnesuria, hypokalemia, hypercalciuria, progressive nephrocalcinosis and chondrocalcinosis. In this syndrome, renal function was normal except for the abnormal excretion of electrolytes. Renal sodium conservation was normal. Light and electron microscopic studies of renal biopsy specimens showed the presence of several abnormal tubules. Immunofluorescent staining showed deposits of immunoglobulins in the glomeruli and tubules. Magnesium therapy was started under balance study conditions and resulted in decreased calciuria and complete remission of subjective symptoms. The progression of nephrocalcinosis was halted, and there was some decrease in the intra-articular calcium deposits after two years of continuous oral magnesium therapy. The administration of spironolactone decreased urinary magnesium but did not normalize it, whereas triamterene administration was without effect in this respect. The results of the morphologic and electrolyte balance studies are discussed. The patient was found to exhibit several features which have not been described before in connection with hypomagnesemia of unknown origin.", "contents": "Hypomagnesemia due to renal disease of unknown etiology. A young man, investigated because of tetanic convulsions and arthritic pains, was shown to have hypomagnesemia, hypermagnesuria, hypokalemia, hypercalciuria, progressive nephrocalcinosis and chondrocalcinosis. In this syndrome, renal function was normal except for the abnormal excretion of electrolytes. Renal sodium conservation was normal. Light and electron microscopic studies of renal biopsy specimens showed the presence of several abnormal tubules. Immunofluorescent staining showed deposits of immunoglobulins in the glomeruli and tubules. Magnesium therapy was started under balance study conditions and resulted in decreased calciuria and complete remission of subjective symptoms. The progression of nephrocalcinosis was halted, and there was some decrease in the intra-articular calcium deposits after two years of continuous oral magnesium therapy. The administration of spironolactone decreased urinary magnesium but did not normalize it, whereas triamterene administration was without effect in this respect. The results of the morphologic and electrolyte balance studies are discussed. The patient was found to exhibit several features which have not been described before in connection with hypomagnesemia of unknown origin.", "PMID": 1190259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11606", "title": "A novel, convenient, multiple test system for detection of bacteriuria.", "content": "A novel, convenient, multiple test system for the detection of bacteriuria is described and evaluated. The system consists of a small plastic strip with three dry reagent areas. One rapidly detects the presence of nitrite in urine and the remaining two quantitate total and gram-negative bacterial urine population after 18 to 24 hours of incubation. Quantitative accuracy was evaluated in two blind studies. In the first, known concentrations of 18 different organisms were compared and in the second, unknown concentrations of 218 randomly collected urine specimens were quantitated by both the calibrated loop streak method the new system. Overall correlation was 96 per cent for growth reagent areas. The nitrite area detected 84 per cent of the urines positive for bacteriuria. The advantages of the system over conventional bacteriuria detection systems are described.", "contents": "A novel, convenient, multiple test system for detection of bacteriuria. A novel, convenient, multiple test system for the detection of bacteriuria is described and evaluated. The system consists of a small plastic strip with three dry reagent areas. One rapidly detects the presence of nitrite in urine and the remaining two quantitate total and gram-negative bacterial urine population after 18 to 24 hours of incubation. Quantitative accuracy was evaluated in two blind studies. In the first, known concentrations of 18 different organisms were compared and in the second, unknown concentrations of 218 randomly collected urine specimens were quantitated by both the calibrated loop streak method the new system. Overall correlation was 96 per cent for growth reagent areas. The nitrite area detected 84 per cent of the urines positive for bacteriuria. The advantages of the system over conventional bacteriuria detection systems are described.", "PMID": 1190260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11607", "title": "Comparison of three methods for determining oxygen saturation in arterial blood.", "content": "Oxygen saturation was determined by direct measurement with the Van Slyke method, an oximeter, and by indirect measurement with a pO2 electrode with conversion of oxygen tension to oxygen saturation. All three methods correlated well when the oxygen saturation was above 94 per cent. Below this value both the oximeter measurement and the saturation value calculated from the oxygen tension significantly overestimated the oxygen saturation as determined by the Van Slyke method. It appears from our data that when the saturation is less than 94 per cent, the absolute values for O2 saturation continue to be accurately determined with a Van Slyke, but the other two methods in this range are, at best, only useful in detecting gross changes in oxygen saturation.", "contents": "Comparison of three methods for determining oxygen saturation in arterial blood. Oxygen saturation was determined by direct measurement with the Van Slyke method, an oximeter, and by indirect measurement with a pO2 electrode with conversion of oxygen tension to oxygen saturation. All three methods correlated well when the oxygen saturation was above 94 per cent. Below this value both the oximeter measurement and the saturation value calculated from the oxygen tension significantly overestimated the oxygen saturation as determined by the Van Slyke method. It appears from our data that when the saturation is less than 94 per cent, the absolute values for O2 saturation continue to be accurately determined with a Van Slyke, but the other two methods in this range are, at best, only useful in detecting gross changes in oxygen saturation.", "PMID": 1190261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11608", "title": "Chromatographic differences in serum amylase among species.", "content": "Chromatographic analysis of amylase in human, dog, rabbit, rat and chicken sera were performed and species differences recorded. Iodide, rather than chloride, requirement for optimal activity was demonstrated for one amylase fraction separated from rabbit sera.", "contents": "Chromatographic differences in serum amylase among species. Chromatographic analysis of amylase in human, dog, rabbit, rat and chicken sera were performed and species differences recorded. Iodide, rather than chloride, requirement for optimal activity was demonstrated for one amylase fraction separated from rabbit sera.", "PMID": 1190262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11609", "title": "A multi-purpose laboratory light box.", "content": "A multi-purpose, inexpensive laboratory light box is described which can be used for observing and photographing results of a diversity of laboratory tests using either white or ultraviolet light.", "contents": "A multi-purpose laboratory light box. A multi-purpose, inexpensive laboratory light box is described which can be used for observing and photographing results of a diversity of laboratory tests using either white or ultraviolet light.", "PMID": 1190263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11610", "title": "Development of cooperative and competitive play responses in developmentally disabled children.", "content": "A behavior management procedure for training cooperative and competitive social play was investigated. Subjects were 5 EMR children who had marked behavior and communication disorders. Baseline data indicated that the subjects exhibited no competitive responses and low levels of cooperative play. Upon instituting a token-praise-feedback procedure, the experimenters observed increases in cooperative play as well as small increases in competitive play. Reinstating the token-feedback procedure after reversal resulted in high levels of competitive play with no change in cooperative play. Several explanations were offered to account for these results.", "contents": "Development of cooperative and competitive play responses in developmentally disabled children. A behavior management procedure for training cooperative and competitive social play was investigated. Subjects were 5 EMR children who had marked behavior and communication disorders. Baseline data indicated that the subjects exhibited no competitive responses and low levels of cooperative play. Upon instituting a token-praise-feedback procedure, the experimenters observed increases in cooperative play as well as small increases in competitive play. Reinstating the token-feedback procedure after reversal resulted in high levels of competitive play with no change in cooperative play. Several explanations were offered to account for these results.", "PMID": 1190264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11611", "title": "Effects of auditory and pictorial-auditory stimulus enrichment on the verbal abstracting abilities of low-SES children.", "content": "Sixty-four low-SES Caucasian children, mean age 8.3 years, with high- and lowintellectual ability, were given a verbal similarities task. One-half of the subjects (the control group) received nonenriched items (2 exemplars of each concept on Presentation 1, which were repeated on Presentation 2), and half (the experimental group) received enriched items (2 exemplars of each concept on Presentation 1 and 4 exemplars on Presentation 2). Stimuli were presented in either the auditory or pictorial-auditory mode. The low-ability experimental group achieved abstracting gain scores greater than those of the lol-ability control group and greater than those of the high-ability experimental group. The low-ability experimental group achieved scores equivalent to those of the high-ability group under the pictorial-auditory enriched condition. Implications of these findings were discussed relative to academic performance of EMR children.", "contents": "Effects of auditory and pictorial-auditory stimulus enrichment on the verbal abstracting abilities of low-SES children. Sixty-four low-SES Caucasian children, mean age 8.3 years, with high- and lowintellectual ability, were given a verbal similarities task. One-half of the subjects (the control group) received nonenriched items (2 exemplars of each concept on Presentation 1, which were repeated on Presentation 2), and half (the experimental group) received enriched items (2 exemplars of each concept on Presentation 1 and 4 exemplars on Presentation 2). Stimuli were presented in either the auditory or pictorial-auditory mode. The low-ability experimental group achieved abstracting gain scores greater than those of the lol-ability control group and greater than those of the high-ability experimental group. The low-ability experimental group achieved scores equivalent to those of the high-ability group under the pictorial-auditory enriched condition. Implications of these findings were discussed relative to academic performance of EMR children.", "PMID": 1190265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11612", "title": "Action-concept learning in retarded children using photographic slides, motion pictures, sequences, and live demonstrations.", "content": "The inadequate use of action concepts by mentally retarded children has been reported in several recent studies, but little is yet known concerning the level of performance that might be expected to result from direct instruction designed to remedy this deficit. In the present study, it was found that three different instructional approaches yielded higher adjusted posttest scores. The highest adjusted posttest score was yielded by an instructional program in which motion picture sequences were used. This program was significantly more effective than two paralled programs, one using photographic slides, and the other using live demonstration by a teacher. An explanation for these findings was suggested.", "contents": "Action-concept learning in retarded children using photographic slides, motion pictures, sequences, and live demonstrations. The inadequate use of action concepts by mentally retarded children has been reported in several recent studies, but little is yet known concerning the level of performance that might be expected to result from direct instruction designed to remedy this deficit. In the present study, it was found that three different instructional approaches yielded higher adjusted posttest scores. The highest adjusted posttest score was yielded by an instructional program in which motion picture sequences were used. This program was significantly more effective than two paralled programs, one using photographic slides, and the other using live demonstration by a teacher. An explanation for these findings was suggested.", "PMID": 1190266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11613", "title": "Response-stimulus interval performance of moderately retarded institutionalized subjects.", "content": "Based on previous dual reaction-time research with nonretarded and mildly retarded subjects, the expectancy- and capacity-limit hypotheses for the psychological refractory period effect were tested with moderately retarded subjects. The design included regular-irregular procedure, response-stimulus interval, signal, and hand-preference variable levels. The finding of a psychological refractory period effect at the 250-msec response-stimulus interval was consistent with past related research. The moderately retarded subjects indicated a capacity limitation, resulting in the psychological refractory period effect at the rapid response-stimulus interval. Previous researchers working with nonretarded and mildly retarded subjects have suggested an expectancy explanation for the psychological refractory period. This inconsistency in study findings was interpreted on the basis of an organismic confound. Methodological issues were also presented.", "contents": "Response-stimulus interval performance of moderately retarded institutionalized subjects. Based on previous dual reaction-time research with nonretarded and mildly retarded subjects, the expectancy- and capacity-limit hypotheses for the psychological refractory period effect were tested with moderately retarded subjects. The design included regular-irregular procedure, response-stimulus interval, signal, and hand-preference variable levels. The finding of a psychological refractory period effect at the 250-msec response-stimulus interval was consistent with past related research. The moderately retarded subjects indicated a capacity limitation, resulting in the psychological refractory period effect at the rapid response-stimulus interval. Previous researchers working with nonretarded and mildly retarded subjects have suggested an expectancy explanation for the psychological refractory period. This inconsistency in study findings was interpreted on the basis of an organismic confound. Methodological issues were also presented.", "PMID": 1190267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11614", "title": "Extinction by retarded children following discrimination learning with and without errors.", "content": "Four groups of retarded children (N = 4 in each group) were trained to respond to a triangle with apex up (S+) and not to a triangle with apex down (S-), with and without errors. A free-operant procedure in which responding to S+ was intermittently reinforced and a trial procedure in which all responses to S+ were reinforced were compared. An extinction procedure in which responses were no longer reinforced was then introduced. Extinction resulted in substantial responding during S- for all groups, except the free-operant errorless group. S- responding during extinction did not differ between the errorless and error-trial groups and was maximum for the free-operant error group.", "contents": "Extinction by retarded children following discrimination learning with and without errors. Four groups of retarded children (N = 4 in each group) were trained to respond to a triangle with apex up (S+) and not to a triangle with apex down (S-), with and without errors. A free-operant procedure in which responding to S+ was intermittently reinforced and a trial procedure in which all responses to S+ were reinforced were compared. An extinction procedure in which responses were no longer reinforced was then introduced. Extinction resulted in substantial responding during S- for all groups, except the free-operant errorless group. S- responding during extinction did not differ between the errorless and error-trial groups and was maximum for the free-operant error group.", "PMID": 1190268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11615", "title": "Comparison of two sets of Piagetian scales with severely and profoundly retarded children.", "content": "Corman and Excalona's (1969) scales for Object Permanence and Spatial Relationships and the corresponding scales of Uzgiris and Hunt (1975) were administered to 64 severely and prfoundly retarded children. Most of the findings applied equally to both sets of scales: the scoring reliability was very high; the total scores did not vary as a function of subject characteristics (except IQ) or testing conditions; differences in the difficulty of the items did not correspond closely to those reported for nonretarded infants, and the scalability of the items was much lower. Less time was required to administer the two scales constructed by Uzgiris and Hunt, but their Object Permanence scale showed a pronounced ceiling effect and the internal consistency of their Spatial Relationships scale was unacceptably low.", "contents": "Comparison of two sets of Piagetian scales with severely and profoundly retarded children. Corman and Excalona's (1969) scales for Object Permanence and Spatial Relationships and the corresponding scales of Uzgiris and Hunt (1975) were administered to 64 severely and prfoundly retarded children. Most of the findings applied equally to both sets of scales: the scoring reliability was very high; the total scores did not vary as a function of subject characteristics (except IQ) or testing conditions; differences in the difficulty of the items did not correspond closely to those reported for nonretarded infants, and the scalability of the items was much lower. Less time was required to administer the two scales constructed by Uzgiris and Hunt, but their Object Permanence scale showed a pronounced ceiling effect and the internal consistency of their Spatial Relationships scale was unacceptably low.", "PMID": 1190269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11616", "title": "Stimulus persistence in retarded and nonretarded children: a signal detection analysis.", "content": "Nine institutionalized EMR and 9 equal-CA nonretarded children were tested on a visual backward masking task. Signal detection analysis was used to separate the sensory and nonsensory aspects of behavior, and the presentation of stimuli was randomized to minimize the formation of effective strategies. Two sets of instructions, strict and lenient, and two stimulus durations, 10 and 30 msec, were used in a repeated measure design. No differences were found between the intelligence groups on interstimulus interval threshold or measures of stimulus sensitivity, criterion placement, and false positive rate. Retarded subjects showed significantly greater intersubject variability in criterion placement but failed to raise their criterion in response to strict instructions. The results suggest that (a) stimulus-trace concepts of retardation have been confounded by retarded subjects' inability to compete effectively with nonretarded subjects in the experimental situation, and (b) signal detection procedures are a useful alternative to traditional psychophysical techniques in such comparative research.", "contents": "Stimulus persistence in retarded and nonretarded children: a signal detection analysis. Nine institutionalized EMR and 9 equal-CA nonretarded children were tested on a visual backward masking task. Signal detection analysis was used to separate the sensory and nonsensory aspects of behavior, and the presentation of stimuli was randomized to minimize the formation of effective strategies. Two sets of instructions, strict and lenient, and two stimulus durations, 10 and 30 msec, were used in a repeated measure design. No differences were found between the intelligence groups on interstimulus interval threshold or measures of stimulus sensitivity, criterion placement, and false positive rate. Retarded subjects showed significantly greater intersubject variability in criterion placement but failed to raise their criterion in response to strict instructions. The results suggest that (a) stimulus-trace concepts of retardation have been confounded by retarded subjects' inability to compete effectively with nonretarded subjects in the experimental situation, and (b) signal detection procedures are a useful alternative to traditional psychophysical techniques in such comparative research.", "PMID": 1190270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11617", "title": "Role-taking ability and the interpersonal competencies of retarded children.", "content": "The relationship between social role-taking ability and competencies of 46 retarded children in dyadic interaction was examined. Subjects were rank ordered on Feffer's (Note 1) Role-Taking Task and assigned to dyads according to rank-order position. A specially designed two-person game, involving the delivery of differential reinforcements (pennies) to self or other, was used to operationalize the competencies of dyads in maximizing joint profit and in establishing a reciprocal exchange strategy. Analyses revealed discrepancies in performance over the course of the game for high and low role-taking ability dyads.", "contents": "Role-taking ability and the interpersonal competencies of retarded children. The relationship between social role-taking ability and competencies of 46 retarded children in dyadic interaction was examined. Subjects were rank ordered on Feffer's (Note 1) Role-Taking Task and assigned to dyads according to rank-order position. A specially designed two-person game, involving the delivery of differential reinforcements (pennies) to self or other, was used to operationalize the competencies of dyads in maximizing joint profit and in establishing a reciprocal exchange strategy. Analyses revealed discrepancies in performance over the course of the game for high and low role-taking ability dyads.", "PMID": 1190271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11618", "title": "Long-term transfer of a mediational strategy by moderately retarded children.", "content": "Moderately retarded children were instructed to produce prepositional mediatros by physically manipulating PA objects in learning three nine-term PA lists. Mediational training, distributed across days or weeks, consisted of one or three different prepositions supplied for two-thirds or for all of the items. It was found that mediation subjects performed significantly better than control subjects on an unaided test list administered 2 weeks after training, regardless of distribution of training, degree of aid or number of prepositions provided during training sessions. The degress of transfer, which was larger than in previously reported studies, was attributed to the instructional procedures requiring active production of prepositional mediators, coupled with an emphasis on their value. It was suggested that individual variability in mediational transfer should be considered in future research on mediational transfer.", "contents": "Long-term transfer of a mediational strategy by moderately retarded children. Moderately retarded children were instructed to produce prepositional mediatros by physically manipulating PA objects in learning three nine-term PA lists. Mediational training, distributed across days or weeks, consisted of one or three different prepositions supplied for two-thirds or for all of the items. It was found that mediation subjects performed significantly better than control subjects on an unaided test list administered 2 weeks after training, regardless of distribution of training, degree of aid or number of prepositions provided during training sessions. The degress of transfer, which was larger than in previously reported studies, was attributed to the instructional procedures requiring active production of prepositional mediators, coupled with an emphasis on their value. It was suggested that individual variability in mediational transfer should be considered in future research on mediational transfer.", "PMID": 1190272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11619", "title": "Effects of stimulus familiarity on the rehearsal strategies transfer mechanism in retarded and nonretarded individuals.", "content": "The possibility that the familiarity value of stimuli might be a component of the rehearsal strategies mechanism in Ellis' (1970) multiprocess theory of short-term memory was investigated. Retarded and nonretarded subjects of equal CA were given either PA pretraining of nonsense pictures with colors or were presented with nonsense pictures alone. They were then compared in their performance on either an experimenter- or subject-paced serial memory task in which the nonsense pictures were employed as stimuli. It was expected that pretraining would increase the familiarity value of nonsense stimuli for nonretarded and, to a lesser extent, retarded subjects, facilitating transfer of information from primary to secondary memory in both groups. Although predictions about the effects of pretraining on retention were not substantiated, the results of the experiment did support the hypothesis that a production deficiency in active encoding can account for the poor secondary memory of mentally retarded subjects.", "contents": "Effects of stimulus familiarity on the rehearsal strategies transfer mechanism in retarded and nonretarded individuals. The possibility that the familiarity value of stimuli might be a component of the rehearsal strategies mechanism in Ellis' (1970) multiprocess theory of short-term memory was investigated. Retarded and nonretarded subjects of equal CA were given either PA pretraining of nonsense pictures with colors or were presented with nonsense pictures alone. They were then compared in their performance on either an experimenter- or subject-paced serial memory task in which the nonsense pictures were employed as stimuli. It was expected that pretraining would increase the familiarity value of nonsense stimuli for nonretarded and, to a lesser extent, retarded subjects, facilitating transfer of information from primary to secondary memory in both groups. Although predictions about the effects of pretraining on retention were not substantiated, the results of the experiment did support the hypothesis that a production deficiency in active encoding can account for the poor secondary memory of mentally retarded subjects.", "PMID": 1190273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11620", "title": "Influence of reinforcement on the paired-associate learning of retarded and nonretarded children.", "content": "The effect of presence and types of reinforcement (tangible, social, control) on PA-learning performance was investigated using 24 retarded and 24 nonretarded public-school subjects. A pictorial PA list (pictures used as stimulus and response items) was used. Stastical analysis of the data indicated that the influence of reinforcement on task performance was highly significant. Post hoc comparisons of cell means showed that the use of tangible reinforcement did significantly increase the performance of both retarded and nonretarded subjects. The results also indicated that the nonretarded subjects performed significantly higher than their retarded counterparts.", "contents": "Influence of reinforcement on the paired-associate learning of retarded and nonretarded children. The effect of presence and types of reinforcement (tangible, social, control) on PA-learning performance was investigated using 24 retarded and 24 nonretarded public-school subjects. A pictorial PA list (pictures used as stimulus and response items) was used. Stastical analysis of the data indicated that the influence of reinforcement on task performance was highly significant. Post hoc comparisons of cell means showed that the use of tangible reinforcement did significantly increase the performance of both retarded and nonretarded subjects. The results also indicated that the nonretarded subjects performed significantly higher than their retarded counterparts.", "PMID": 1190274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11621", "title": "The efficacy and safety of intramuscularly administered 15(S) 15 methyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester for induction of artificial abortion.", "content": "The practicability of an intramuscular dose schedule of 10 mug of 15(S) 15 methyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester [15(S) Me PGE2] administered every 4 hours was evaluated in 42 subjects from 7 to 20 menstrual weeks' gestation. Half of the subjects served as controls (Group I) and half of the subjects (Group II) were treated with a medication regimen of prochlorperazine, acetylsalicylic acid, diphenoxylate hydrochloride, and atropine sulfate to evaluate the regimen's effects. Although the 15(S) Me PGE2 dose schedule appeared to be effective (74 per cent aborted in 24 hours and 95 per cent aborted within 48 hours in a mean time of 18.9 hours), Group I (control) subjects frequently had side effects: 62 per cent had emesis, 86 per cent had diarrhea, 76 per cent had shivering, and 76 per cent had fever (greater than 100 degrees F.). Fewer Group II (medicated) subjects had side effects: 43 per cent had emesis, 19 per cent had diarrhea, 52 per cent had shivering, and 43 per cent had fever. The medication regimen did not appear to interfere with the abortifacient or oxytocic effects of the 15(S) Me PGE2 dose schedule, since Group I and Group II subjects had similar cumulative abortion rates, mean abortion times, and uterine activity. Although this 15(S) Me PGE2 dose schedule is effective in first-trimester patients, it is probably less satisfactory than the conventional method of vacuum aspiration. While intramuscularly administered 15(S) Me PGE2 with medications to attenuate side effects may be practicable for inducing midtrimester abortion, especially between 12 and 16 weeks' gestation, large controlled comparative studies of the intramuscular 15(S) Me PGE2 method and other experimental and conventional methods will be necessary to determine the most satisfactory method of performing midtrimester abortions.", "contents": "The efficacy and safety of intramuscularly administered 15(S) 15 methyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester for induction of artificial abortion. The practicability of an intramuscular dose schedule of 10 mug of 15(S) 15 methyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester [15(S) Me PGE2] administered every 4 hours was evaluated in 42 subjects from 7 to 20 menstrual weeks' gestation. Half of the subjects served as controls (Group I) and half of the subjects (Group II) were treated with a medication regimen of prochlorperazine, acetylsalicylic acid, diphenoxylate hydrochloride, and atropine sulfate to evaluate the regimen's effects. Although the 15(S) Me PGE2 dose schedule appeared to be effective (74 per cent aborted in 24 hours and 95 per cent aborted within 48 hours in a mean time of 18.9 hours), Group I (control) subjects frequently had side effects: 62 per cent had emesis, 86 per cent had diarrhea, 76 per cent had shivering, and 76 per cent had fever (greater than 100 degrees F.). Fewer Group II (medicated) subjects had side effects: 43 per cent had emesis, 19 per cent had diarrhea, 52 per cent had shivering, and 43 per cent had fever. The medication regimen did not appear to interfere with the abortifacient or oxytocic effects of the 15(S) Me PGE2 dose schedule, since Group I and Group II subjects had similar cumulative abortion rates, mean abortion times, and uterine activity. Although this 15(S) Me PGE2 dose schedule is effective in first-trimester patients, it is probably less satisfactory than the conventional method of vacuum aspiration. While intramuscularly administered 15(S) Me PGE2 with medications to attenuate side effects may be practicable for inducing midtrimester abortion, especially between 12 and 16 weeks' gestation, large controlled comparative studies of the intramuscular 15(S) Me PGE2 method and other experimental and conventional methods will be necessary to determine the most satisfactory method of performing midtrimester abortions.", "PMID": 1190275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11622", "title": "Inadvertent injection of corticosteroid into the choroidal vasculature.", "content": "A 21-year-old woman with pars planitis was treated with a subtenon's depot corticosteroid injection that was complicated by the appearance of the corticosteroid suspension within the choroidal vasculature. White, flocculent material was observed in the anterior chamber and 24 hours later this settled on the iris surface. Similar material was located in the major choroidal vessels. Two months after the incident, the choroid was normal appearing but the pars planitis was unchanged.", "contents": "Inadvertent injection of corticosteroid into the choroidal vasculature. A 21-year-old woman with pars planitis was treated with a subtenon's depot corticosteroid injection that was complicated by the appearance of the corticosteroid suspension within the choroidal vasculature. White, flocculent material was observed in the anterior chamber and 24 hours later this settled on the iris surface. Similar material was located in the major choroidal vessels. Two months after the incident, the choroid was normal appearing but the pars planitis was unchanged.", "PMID": 1190276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11623", "title": "Surgical removal of nonmagnetic foreign bodies.", "content": "A microsurgical technique for the removal of nonmagnetic foreign bodies in eyes with opaque media incorporated the simultaneous use of the foreign body forcepts with a vitrectomy machine equipped with fiberoptics. The superb viewing system provided by the operating microscope combined with the excellent illumination from intraocular fiberoptics offered precise surgical control. Nonencapsulated nonmagnetic foreign bodies in eyes with clear vitreous cavities were removed by using the operating microscope, corneal contact lens, and foreign body forceps introduced through a pars plana location. Vitrectomy was not performed. The surgical techniques allowed early removal of the foreign body and, in a preliminary series of cases, improved visual results in what is usually a devastating ocular injury.", "contents": "Surgical removal of nonmagnetic foreign bodies. A microsurgical technique for the removal of nonmagnetic foreign bodies in eyes with opaque media incorporated the simultaneous use of the foreign body forcepts with a vitrectomy machine equipped with fiberoptics. The superb viewing system provided by the operating microscope combined with the excellent illumination from intraocular fiberoptics offered precise surgical control. Nonencapsulated nonmagnetic foreign bodies in eyes with clear vitreous cavities were removed by using the operating microscope, corneal contact lens, and foreign body forceps introduced through a pars plana location. Vitrectomy was not performed. The surgical techniques allowed early removal of the foreign body and, in a preliminary series of cases, improved visual results in what is usually a devastating ocular injury.", "PMID": 1190277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11624", "title": "The reproducibility of the intraocular pressure response to dexamethasone.", "content": "The reproducibility of the intraocular pressure response to topical dexamethasone was investigated in 162 persons previously classified as low (NN), intermediate (NG), or high (GG) responders. The concordance of first and second test results was 71% for NN, 74% for NG, and 79% for GG responders, exceeding chance significantly for the NG and GG categories. Quantitative assessment revealed significant correlation of final pressure achieved on first and second tests (r equals .747, P LESS THAN .001). In the course of the study applications of dexamethasone to one eye were noted to have no effect on the intraocular pressure in the contralateral untreated eye, nor did testing of one eye influence the response of the contralateral eye in simultaneous bilateral testing. Using our data to estimate the reproducibility of topical testing in a general population, a value of 73% was obtained. That value was similar to the 65% concordance reported in an identical twin study, suggesting that the limited precision of topical testing accounts for the relatively low concordance found in that study.", "contents": "The reproducibility of the intraocular pressure response to dexamethasone. The reproducibility of the intraocular pressure response to topical dexamethasone was investigated in 162 persons previously classified as low (NN), intermediate (NG), or high (GG) responders. The concordance of first and second test results was 71% for NN, 74% for NG, and 79% for GG responders, exceeding chance significantly for the NG and GG categories. Quantitative assessment revealed significant correlation of final pressure achieved on first and second tests (r equals .747, P LESS THAN .001). In the course of the study applications of dexamethasone to one eye were noted to have no effect on the intraocular pressure in the contralateral untreated eye, nor did testing of one eye influence the response of the contralateral eye in simultaneous bilateral testing. Using our data to estimate the reproducibility of topical testing in a general population, a value of 73% was obtained. That value was similar to the 65% concordance reported in an identical twin study, suggesting that the limited precision of topical testing accounts for the relatively low concordance found in that study.", "PMID": 1190278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11625", "title": "The histopathology of pigmentary dispersion syndrome with glaucoma.", "content": "Iris tissue and trabecular meshwork, obtained at time of trabeculectomy, was studied using the light and electron microscope in a 54-year-old woman with pigmentary dispersion syndrome with glaucoma. The specific defect was a loss of the outer epithelial cells of the iris with marked thinning of the remaining outer layers so that the two-cell architecture of the iris epithelium was maintained. In addition, the radial muscle layer was increased in both number and size of muscle fiber. It would appear that the pigmentary dispersion syndrome may represent a congenital or developmental abnormality of the iris epithelium, or both, and that the glaucoma which occasionally occurs in conjunction with this syndrome is of the usual open-angle type.", "contents": "The histopathology of pigmentary dispersion syndrome with glaucoma. Iris tissue and trabecular meshwork, obtained at time of trabeculectomy, was studied using the light and electron microscope in a 54-year-old woman with pigmentary dispersion syndrome with glaucoma. The specific defect was a loss of the outer epithelial cells of the iris with marked thinning of the remaining outer layers so that the two-cell architecture of the iris epithelium was maintained. In addition, the radial muscle layer was increased in both number and size of muscle fiber. It would appear that the pigmentary dispersion syndrome may represent a congenital or developmental abnormality of the iris epithelium, or both, and that the glaucoma which occasionally occurs in conjunction with this syndrome is of the usual open-angle type.", "PMID": 1190279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11626", "title": "Spontaneous regression (autoinfarction) of proliferative sickle retinopathy.", "content": "Of 45 patients with proliferative sickle retinopathy in stages III, IV, and V, nine patients (eight with hemoglobin SC disease, one with sickle cell thalassemia) showed spontaneous regression (autoinfarction) of retinal sea fans. One mechanism involved in autoinfarction of neovascular tissue is progressive, centripetal retraction of the anterior vascular arcade of the peripheral retina. In addition, vitreous traction on feeder vessels may result in sluggish blood flow and occlusion of these vessels, or may tear the sea fan completely away from its feeder vessels. In view of the many incidences of vitreous hemorrhages that occur in patients with proliferative retinopathy, however, we recommend treatment of neovascularization rather than prolonged observation.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression (autoinfarction) of proliferative sickle retinopathy. Of 45 patients with proliferative sickle retinopathy in stages III, IV, and V, nine patients (eight with hemoglobin SC disease, one with sickle cell thalassemia) showed spontaneous regression (autoinfarction) of retinal sea fans. One mechanism involved in autoinfarction of neovascular tissue is progressive, centripetal retraction of the anterior vascular arcade of the peripheral retina. In addition, vitreous traction on feeder vessels may result in sluggish blood flow and occlusion of these vessels, or may tear the sea fan completely away from its feeder vessels. In view of the many incidences of vitreous hemorrhages that occur in patients with proliferative retinopathy, however, we recommend treatment of neovascularization rather than prolonged observation.", "PMID": 1190280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11627", "title": "Amblyopia screening with random-dot stereograms.", "content": "A stereoscopic test was developed for the visual screening of preschool children. The TNO test for stereoscopic vision utilized the same principle as the Julesz random-dot stereogram, and provided a simple and unequivocal test criterion understood even by young children. The results of a comprative evaluation of the TNO and Titmus stereoscopic tests proved the TNO test to be the more reliable of the two, particularly in the 2- to 4-year-old age range. Failure to pass this test at the 240 seconds of arc disparity level yielded an excellent screening criterion, as attested by the results of a validation experiment employing 81 patients (2 to 7 years old) with known visual health records. Furthermore, the screening results obtained from 129 preschool children (2 to 5 years old) tested in the classroom by a nonprofessional examiner, suggest that, under these more realistic conditions, the TNO test yields at least 60% less overreferrals than the Titmus test.", "contents": "Amblyopia screening with random-dot stereograms. A stereoscopic test was developed for the visual screening of preschool children. The TNO test for stereoscopic vision utilized the same principle as the Julesz random-dot stereogram, and provided a simple and unequivocal test criterion understood even by young children. The results of a comprative evaluation of the TNO and Titmus stereoscopic tests proved the TNO test to be the more reliable of the two, particularly in the 2- to 4-year-old age range. Failure to pass this test at the 240 seconds of arc disparity level yielded an excellent screening criterion, as attested by the results of a validation experiment employing 81 patients (2 to 7 years old) with known visual health records. Furthermore, the screening results obtained from 129 preschool children (2 to 5 years old) tested in the classroom by a nonprofessional examiner, suggest that, under these more realistic conditions, the TNO test yields at least 60% less overreferrals than the Titmus test.", "PMID": 1190281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11628", "title": "Horizontal saccadic velocities in Duane's syndrome.", "content": "Horizontal ocular saccadic velocities were measured by electro-oculography in 33 patients with Duane's syndrome. In 28 patients with limited abduction associated with retraction on adduction (Type 1), abduction saccadic velocity was markedly reduced while adduct-on saccades were moderately slow. In three patients with exotropia and good abduction but associated limited adduction and retraction on adduction (Type 2), abduction velocity was good, while adduction saccadic speed was slow. In two patients with limited abduction and adduction with retraction on adduction (Type 3), abduction and adduction saccadic velocity was appreciably slow. Ocular electromyographic testing selected patients indicated that slow abduction saccades could be explained by absence of lateral rectus muscle recruitment, while slow adduction saccadic speed could be explained by paradoxical innervation of the lateral rectus muscle.", "contents": "Horizontal saccadic velocities in Duane's syndrome. Horizontal ocular saccadic velocities were measured by electro-oculography in 33 patients with Duane's syndrome. In 28 patients with limited abduction associated with retraction on adduction (Type 1), abduction saccadic velocity was markedly reduced while adduct-on saccades were moderately slow. In three patients with exotropia and good abduction but associated limited adduction and retraction on adduction (Type 2), abduction velocity was good, while adduction saccadic speed was slow. In two patients with limited abduction and adduction with retraction on adduction (Type 3), abduction and adduction saccadic velocity was appreciably slow. Ocular electromyographic testing selected patients indicated that slow abduction saccades could be explained by absence of lateral rectus muscle recruitment, while slow adduction saccadic speed could be explained by paradoxical innervation of the lateral rectus muscle.", "PMID": 1190282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11629", "title": "Ring scotomata in fundus flavimaculatus.", "content": "Ring scotomata were associated with fundus flavimaculatus in six patients. The demonstration of ring scotomata in patients with fundus flavimaculatus helps to explain persistent visual complaints that may exist in the presence of normal central visual acuity. In many instances, ring scotomata cannot be predicted on the basis of the ophthalmoscopic findings. The presence of ring scotomata appears to be an ominous finding, even when associated with normal central visual acuity, for in three of our patients it preceded loss of central vision by 1 1/2 to four years.", "contents": "Ring scotomata in fundus flavimaculatus. Ring scotomata were associated with fundus flavimaculatus in six patients. The demonstration of ring scotomata in patients with fundus flavimaculatus helps to explain persistent visual complaints that may exist in the presence of normal central visual acuity. In many instances, ring scotomata cannot be predicted on the basis of the ophthalmoscopic findings. The presence of ring scotomata appears to be an ominous finding, even when associated with normal central visual acuity, for in three of our patients it preceded loss of central vision by 1 1/2 to four years.", "PMID": 1190283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11630", "title": "Cystic retinoblastoma.", "content": "A grossly cystic retinoblastoma, presumably a form of the diffuse infiltrating type, mimicked uveitis in an 81/2-year-old boy. A review of 44 cases indicated that grossly (clinically) detectably cysts are rare in this neoplasm, although microcysts are relatively common. Lesions of this nature, especially if presenting with a history of trauma, as in our patient, may lead the ophthalmologist to diagnose uveitis. The diagnosis of retinoblastoma may thus be unduly delayed.", "contents": "Cystic retinoblastoma. A grossly cystic retinoblastoma, presumably a form of the diffuse infiltrating type, mimicked uveitis in an 81/2-year-old boy. A review of 44 cases indicated that grossly (clinically) detectably cysts are rare in this neoplasm, although microcysts are relatively common. Lesions of this nature, especially if presenting with a history of trauma, as in our patient, may lead the ophthalmologist to diagnose uveitis. The diagnosis of retinoblastoma may thus be unduly delayed.", "PMID": 1190284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11631", "title": "Retinal fat emboli as sequela to acute pancreatitis.", "content": "A clinical picture of Purtscher's retinopathy was observed in three patients with acute pancreatitis. In two patients, fluorescein angiography revealed arteriolar obstruction. Since fat emboli occur in pancreatitis, and since fat emboli may produce the picture of Purtscher's retinopathy, we proposed that fat emboli caused the retinal findings in these patients.", "contents": "Retinal fat emboli as sequela to acute pancreatitis. A clinical picture of Purtscher's retinopathy was observed in three patients with acute pancreatitis. In two patients, fluorescein angiography revealed arteriolar obstruction. Since fat emboli occur in pancreatitis, and since fat emboli may produce the picture of Purtscher's retinopathy, we proposed that fat emboli caused the retinal findings in these patients.", "PMID": 1190285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11632", "title": "Posterior vortex vein and congenital glaucoma in a patient with trisomy 13 syndrome.", "content": "A 4-month-old infant boy presented with a mild manifestation of trisomy 13 syndrome. The severe ocular findings usually associated with this syndrome were not seen. Rather, the patient had bilateral congenital glaucoma with glaucomatous optic disk cupping and, in one eye, a posterior vortex vein. Such findings are unusual in the trisomy 13 syndrome. The posterior vortex vein is a particularly unusual finding previously occurring in myopic eyes.", "contents": "Posterior vortex vein and congenital glaucoma in a patient with trisomy 13 syndrome. A 4-month-old infant boy presented with a mild manifestation of trisomy 13 syndrome. The severe ocular findings usually associated with this syndrome were not seen. Rather, the patient had bilateral congenital glaucoma with glaucomatous optic disk cupping and, in one eye, a posterior vortex vein. Such findings are unusual in the trisomy 13 syndrome. The posterior vortex vein is a particularly unusual finding previously occurring in myopic eyes.", "PMID": 1190286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11633", "title": "Paranasal sinus carcinoma causing orbital mucocele.", "content": "Three patients presented with typical orbital mucoceles. However, subsequent histopathologic study revealed paranasal sinus concomitant squamous cell carcinoma in all three cases. Careful histologic investigation is necessary before considering orbital mucocele a benign process.", "contents": "Paranasal sinus carcinoma causing orbital mucocele. Three patients presented with typical orbital mucoceles. However, subsequent histopathologic study revealed paranasal sinus concomitant squamous cell carcinoma in all three cases. Careful histologic investigation is necessary before considering orbital mucocele a benign process.", "PMID": 1190287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11634", "title": "Metastatic carcinoma of the iris.", "content": "Of three women and one man with metastatic carcinoma of the iris, the average age of the four was 50.2 years. Two of the tumors originated in the breast and two in the lungs. The average survival from time of diagnosis of the iris lesion was less than six months. Each patient presented with characteristic grayish-white translucent nodules on the iris or in the anterior chamber angle. The patients displayed other features of iris metastases such as secondary glaucoma, rubeosis iridis, iris atrophy, anterior uveitis, hypopyon, and hyphema. As an aid in the clinical evaluation, anterior segment fluorescein angiography was performed, revealing vascular details not seen clinically. Leakage of dye was a constant feature of the angiogram.", "contents": "Metastatic carcinoma of the iris. Of three women and one man with metastatic carcinoma of the iris, the average age of the four was 50.2 years. Two of the tumors originated in the breast and two in the lungs. The average survival from time of diagnosis of the iris lesion was less than six months. Each patient presented with characteristic grayish-white translucent nodules on the iris or in the anterior chamber angle. The patients displayed other features of iris metastases such as secondary glaucoma, rubeosis iridis, iris atrophy, anterior uveitis, hypopyon, and hyphema. As an aid in the clinical evaluation, anterior segment fluorescein angiography was performed, revealing vascular details not seen clinically. Leakage of dye was a constant feature of the angiogram.", "PMID": 1190288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11635", "title": "Visual effects of peripheral and sector iridectomy.", "content": "Twenty-five patients had bilateral cataract extractions: one eye with peripheral iridectomy and the fellow eye with sector iridectomy. They were followed from four months to two years. No significant differences in visual acuity between the two eyes were found. No patient reported any subjective difference between the right or left eye.", "contents": "Visual effects of peripheral and sector iridectomy. Twenty-five patients had bilateral cataract extractions: one eye with peripheral iridectomy and the fellow eye with sector iridectomy. They were followed from four months to two years. No significant differences in visual acuity between the two eyes were found. No patient reported any subjective difference between the right or left eye.", "PMID": 1190289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11636", "title": "Surface epithelium of the developing ovary. Possible correlation with ovarian neoplasia.", "content": "The surface epithelium of the fetal ovary undergoes diffuse proliferation during the fourth and fifth months of gestation, after which it reverts to a single layer separated from the developing cortex by a tunica albuginea. The proliferation is associated with marked nuclear irregularity and pleomorphism similar to that seen in surface epithelial neoplasms. The epithelial changes occur during the same time period that interstitial cells with ultrastructural and histochemical properties of steroid-secreting tissue appear in the ovarian stroma. The possible role of steroid hormones in stimulating surface epithelial proliferation is discussed.", "contents": "Surface epithelium of the developing ovary. Possible correlation with ovarian neoplasia. The surface epithelium of the fetal ovary undergoes diffuse proliferation during the fourth and fifth months of gestation, after which it reverts to a single layer separated from the developing cortex by a tunica albuginea. The proliferation is associated with marked nuclear irregularity and pleomorphism similar to that seen in surface epithelial neoplasms. The epithelial changes occur during the same time period that interstitial cells with ultrastructural and histochemical properties of steroid-secreting tissue appear in the ovarian stroma. The possible role of steroid hormones in stimulating surface epithelial proliferation is discussed.", "PMID": 1190291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11637", "title": "The resistance of certain tissues to invasion. III. Cartilage extracts inhibit the growth of fibroblasts and endothelial cells in culture.", "content": "Extracts of bovine dermis and cartilage inhibit the growth of bovine endothelial cells more than that of most of the fibroblast types tested. Extracts of cartilage, a tissue rather resistant to invasion, inhibit the growth of endothelial cells more than extracts of dermis do. Since such extracts contain antiproteolytic activity, it is suggested that the inhibition of cell growth they induce is effected by protease inhibitors native to connective tissues.", "contents": "The resistance of certain tissues to invasion. III. Cartilage extracts inhibit the growth of fibroblasts and endothelial cells in culture. Extracts of bovine dermis and cartilage inhibit the growth of bovine endothelial cells more than that of most of the fibroblast types tested. Extracts of cartilage, a tissue rather resistant to invasion, inhibit the growth of endothelial cells more than extracts of dermis do. Since such extracts contain antiproteolytic activity, it is suggested that the inhibition of cell growth they induce is effected by protease inhibitors native to connective tissues.", "PMID": 1190292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11638", "title": "Congophilic angiopathy complicated by surgery and massive hemorrhage. A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Three autopsied cases of congophilic angiopathy have been studied by means of polarized light microscopy and in 2 of these, biopsy material is available for electron microscopic study. All 3 patients had a surgical procedure and a subsequent massive hemorrhagic episode. Two of these patients had clinical evidence of dementing syndrome, for which shunts were performed. Ultrastructural studies have confirmed the amyloid nature of the congophilic material in the 2 biopsied cases. The deposition of amyloid in these cases is believed to be a primary event and is related to a generalized body disorder. The distinction of congophilic angiopathy from Alzheimer's disease is discussed.", "contents": "Congophilic angiopathy complicated by surgery and massive hemorrhage. A light and electron microscopic study. Three autopsied cases of congophilic angiopathy have been studied by means of polarized light microscopy and in 2 of these, biopsy material is available for electron microscopic study. All 3 patients had a surgical procedure and a subsequent massive hemorrhagic episode. Two of these patients had clinical evidence of dementing syndrome, for which shunts were performed. Ultrastructural studies have confirmed the amyloid nature of the congophilic material in the 2 biopsied cases. The deposition of amyloid in these cases is believed to be a primary event and is related to a generalized body disorder. The distinction of congophilic angiopathy from Alzheimer's disease is discussed.", "PMID": 1190293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11639", "title": "Acute hyperuricemic nephropathy in rats. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Hyperuricemia and uricosuria were induced in rats fed uric acid and oxonic acid. Kidneys then were studied by light and electron microscopy. After 1 day of hyperuricemia, animals had deposits of uric acid and urate crystals within collecting tubules of the renal papillae, and tubular cells were altered. By 10 days, there was an exudative response with further injury to epithelium. Clear spaces within lumens, epithelium, and neutrophils suggested the presence of crystals; however, there was no direct ultrastructural evidence that neutrophils or epithelial cells ingested crystals and suffered injury. Presumably, crystals readily seen in frozen, unfixed tissue were lost during preparation for electron microscopy. Nonetheless, the ultrastructural findings indicated that hyperuricemic nephropathy was initiated in a fashion analogous to urate arthropathy. Urate crystals formed within collecting tubules, epithelial cells were altered, and most likely there was chemotaxis of neutrophils which underwent degranulation and vacuolation followed by lysis freeing any ingested urate. Release of ingested crystals plus precipitation of new crystals both might serve to sustain the nephritis.", "contents": "Acute hyperuricemic nephropathy in rats. An electron microscopic study. Hyperuricemia and uricosuria were induced in rats fed uric acid and oxonic acid. Kidneys then were studied by light and electron microscopy. After 1 day of hyperuricemia, animals had deposits of uric acid and urate crystals within collecting tubules of the renal papillae, and tubular cells were altered. By 10 days, there was an exudative response with further injury to epithelium. Clear spaces within lumens, epithelium, and neutrophils suggested the presence of crystals; however, there was no direct ultrastructural evidence that neutrophils or epithelial cells ingested crystals and suffered injury. Presumably, crystals readily seen in frozen, unfixed tissue were lost during preparation for electron microscopy. Nonetheless, the ultrastructural findings indicated that hyperuricemic nephropathy was initiated in a fashion analogous to urate arthropathy. Urate crystals formed within collecting tubules, epithelial cells were altered, and most likely there was chemotaxis of neutrophils which underwent degranulation and vacuolation followed by lysis freeing any ingested urate. Release of ingested crystals plus precipitation of new crystals both might serve to sustain the nephritis.", "PMID": 1190294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11640", "title": "Clonal characteristics of fibrous plaques and fatty streaks from human aortas.", "content": "Using isoenzymes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) as cellular markers, a study was made of atherosclerotic fibrous plaques and fatty streaks in aortas of black women heterozygous for G-6-PD. Of 29 fibrous plaques, 26 (89.7%) contained only one isoenzyme (17, A; 9, B), the other three containing both A and B. Of 28 fatty streaks, five (17.8%) contained only one isoenzyme (2, A; 3, B), the remaining 23 containing both A and B. Normal uninvolved aorta contained both A and B isoenzymes in 99 of 101 samples. These results confirm the monoclonal character of atherosclerotic fibrous plaques; this strands in contrast to the fatty streaks which most commonly contain the two isoenzymes. The studies on the fatty streaks are inconclusive at this stage in determining whether the streak is the forerunner of the fibrous plaque.", "contents": "Clonal characteristics of fibrous plaques and fatty streaks from human aortas. Using isoenzymes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) as cellular markers, a study was made of atherosclerotic fibrous plaques and fatty streaks in aortas of black women heterozygous for G-6-PD. Of 29 fibrous plaques, 26 (89.7%) contained only one isoenzyme (17, A; 9, B), the other three containing both A and B. Of 28 fatty streaks, five (17.8%) contained only one isoenzyme (2, A; 3, B), the remaining 23 containing both A and B. Normal uninvolved aorta contained both A and B isoenzymes in 99 of 101 samples. These results confirm the monoclonal character of atherosclerotic fibrous plaques; this strands in contrast to the fatty streaks which most commonly contain the two isoenzymes. The studies on the fatty streaks are inconclusive at this stage in determining whether the streak is the forerunner of the fibrous plaque.", "PMID": 1190295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11641", "title": "Situation/transition groups: a conceptualization and review.", "content": "Small discussion-education groups moderated by a trained leader have been used in a variety of settings for the mutual assistance of individuals who share some stressful life situation. This paper reviews the literature on a broad range of such groups, and finds they have common characteristics, modes of function, and problems of leadership. The situation group is seen as being an important primary preventive approach for both mental and physical health problems.", "contents": "Situation/transition groups: a conceptualization and review. Small discussion-education groups moderated by a trained leader have been used in a variety of settings for the mutual assistance of individuals who share some stressful life situation. This paper reviews the literature on a broad range of such groups, and finds they have common characteristics, modes of function, and problems of leadership. The situation group is seen as being an important primary preventive approach for both mental and physical health problems.", "PMID": 1190299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11642", "title": "The use of self-help groups as supportive reference communities.", "content": "Self-help groups such as Recovery Inc., Parents without Partners, and Alcoholics Anonymous have a unique role in relation to the professional system of human services. From the professional's standpoint, such groups may be viewed as self-sufficient programs, concurrent treatment programs, and as sources of information and users of consultation. Patterns of influence operative in self-help groups are examined, and suggestions made for professional cooperation with such groups to the greater benefit of clients.", "contents": "The use of self-help groups as supportive reference communities. Self-help groups such as Recovery Inc., Parents without Partners, and Alcoholics Anonymous have a unique role in relation to the professional system of human services. From the professional's standpoint, such groups may be viewed as self-sufficient programs, concurrent treatment programs, and as sources of information and users of consultation. Patterns of influence operative in self-help groups are examined, and suggestions made for professional cooperation with such groups to the greater benefit of clients.", "PMID": 1190300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11643", "title": "Children in a warring world.", "content": "This essay considers the psychological effects on children of growing up in a society that expresses violence while it professes peace and order. Even those children not directly affected by social upheaval or instability are seen at serious risk of inadequate ego development when the social reality they perceive diverges sharply from the values they are taught. Action and education by adults congruent with the values they espouse are suggested as a first step toward facilitating the integration of ego functioning in their children.", "contents": "Children in a warring world. This essay considers the psychological effects on children of growing up in a society that expresses violence while it professes peace and order. Even those children not directly affected by social upheaval or instability are seen at serious risk of inadequate ego development when the social reality they perceive diverges sharply from the values they are taught. Action and education by adults congruent with the values they espouse are suggested as a first step toward facilitating the integration of ego functioning in their children.", "PMID": 1190301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11644", "title": "Maternal employment reconsidered: effects on infants.", "content": "Studies of the effects of variations in infant care are reviewed in relation to maternal employment. The research suggests that maternal employment may be a contributory factor in hindering the development of an optimal caretaker-infant relationship. Suggestions for further research, particularly in areas related to the formulation of social policy, are presented.", "contents": "Maternal employment reconsidered: effects on infants. Studies of the effects of variations in infant care are reviewed in relation to maternal employment. The research suggests that maternal employment may be a contributory factor in hindering the development of an optimal caretaker-infant relationship. Suggestions for further research, particularly in areas related to the formulation of social policy, are presented.", "PMID": 1190302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11645", "title": "Child custody consultation.", "content": "The limited influence of the needs of the child upon the decision-making process in child custody disputes is discussed, with particular attention to the consultant's role and unique aspects of this type of consultation. A case is described in which a multitude of consultants presented the court with a morass of parent-oriented conflicting testimony. It is concluded that clinicians can better serve children by seeking to consult not for one of the competing adult parties, but only for the court.", "contents": "Child custody consultation. The limited influence of the needs of the child upon the decision-making process in child custody disputes is discussed, with particular attention to the consultant's role and unique aspects of this type of consultation. A case is described in which a multitude of consultants presented the court with a morass of parent-oriented conflicting testimony. It is concluded that clinicians can better serve children by seeking to consult not for one of the competing adult parties, but only for the court.", "PMID": 1190303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11646", "title": "Children, privacy, and nontherapeutic experimentation.", "content": "Experimentation not for the direct benefit of the child-participant raises serious legal problems. Strict adherence to the law indicates that neither the child, parent or guardian, nor the state has the power to grant legally binding consent. A possible solution to this dilemma is suggested.", "contents": "Children, privacy, and nontherapeutic experimentation. Experimentation not for the direct benefit of the child-participant raises serious legal problems. Strict adherence to the law indicates that neither the child, parent or guardian, nor the state has the power to grant legally binding consent. A possible solution to this dilemma is suggested.", "PMID": 1190304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11647", "title": "Follow-up of adolescents treated in a psychiatric hospital: operational solutions to some methodological problems of clinical research.", "content": "Procedural problems inhibiting follow-up research on psychiatric patients are discussed, and solutions offered, in the areas of ethical concerns, study design, selection of variables, collection of data, and researcher-clinician relationship. Early communication with patients about methods and goals, and maintenance of rapport and feedback between research and treatment staffs may overcome many difficulties of long-term research, and even aid treatment.", "contents": "Follow-up of adolescents treated in a psychiatric hospital: operational solutions to some methodological problems of clinical research. Procedural problems inhibiting follow-up research on psychiatric patients are discussed, and solutions offered, in the areas of ethical concerns, study design, selection of variables, collection of data, and researcher-clinician relationship. Early communication with patients about methods and goals, and maintenance of rapport and feedback between research and treatment staffs may overcome many difficulties of long-term research, and even aid treatment.", "PMID": 1190305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11648", "title": "Preparation during pregnancy and ability to cope with labor and delivery.", "content": "Within nine weeks following childbirth, 279 new mothers were interviewed to determine effects of preparation for labor and delivery on their perceptions of childbirth and their babies. The more preparation a woman had, the more aware she was at delivery, and that awareness was strongly associated with positive reactions to the birth and the baby. These findings are interpreted in terms of theory on coping with stress.", "contents": "Preparation during pregnancy and ability to cope with labor and delivery. Within nine weeks following childbirth, 279 new mothers were interviewed to determine effects of preparation for labor and delivery on their perceptions of childbirth and their babies. The more preparation a woman had, the more aware she was at delivery, and that awareness was strongly associated with positive reactions to the birth and the baby. These findings are interpreted in terms of theory on coping with stress.", "PMID": 1190306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11649", "title": "Teacher ratings of children vulnerable to psychopathology.", "content": "Teacher behavior ratings were collected on children of schizophrenic, depressed, and normal mothers. Children of schizophrenic and depressed mothers were rated higher than were children of normal mothers on classroom disturbance, impatience, disrespect-defiance, and inattentiveness-withdrawal; they were rated lower on comprehension, creative initiative, and relatedness to teacher.", "contents": "Teacher ratings of children vulnerable to psychopathology. Teacher behavior ratings were collected on children of schizophrenic, depressed, and normal mothers. Children of schizophrenic and depressed mothers were rated higher than were children of normal mothers on classroom disturbance, impatience, disrespect-defiance, and inattentiveness-withdrawal; they were rated lower on comprehension, creative initiative, and relatedness to teacher.", "PMID": 1190307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11650", "title": "Family lunch session: an introduction to family therapy in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Family lunch sessions have proved a useful diagnostic and therapeutic technique in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. This paper describes the goals of these sessions and the strategies employed in the restructuring of family relationships. Data are presented illustrating changes in eating behavior of eight identified patients.", "contents": "Family lunch session: an introduction to family therapy in anorexia nervosa. Family lunch sessions have proved a useful diagnostic and therapeutic technique in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. This paper describes the goals of these sessions and the strategies employed in the restructuring of family relationships. Data are presented illustrating changes in eating behavior of eight identified patients.", "PMID": 1190308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11651", "title": "The married manic.", "content": "In group psychotherapy and follow-up studies, the interpersonal relationships and psychodynamics of the married manic depressive patient and spouse were studied. Prominent among these subjects were massive denial of grief, rage, and dependency in the context of symbiotic relationships; and the absence of a father during early development. Clinical expressions of these factors are presented, and therapeutic implications are discussed.", "contents": "The married manic. In group psychotherapy and follow-up studies, the interpersonal relationships and psychodynamics of the married manic depressive patient and spouse were studied. Prominent among these subjects were massive denial of grief, rage, and dependency in the context of symbiotic relationships; and the absence of a father during early development. Clinical expressions of these factors are presented, and therapeutic implications are discussed.", "PMID": 1190309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11652", "title": "Reaching emotionally disturbed children: 'judo' principles in remedial education.", "content": "The importance of the interpersonal meanings of symptomatology, especially as they relate to issues of control in therapy, is explored across a wide variety of treatment approaches. It is concluded that the often destructive behavior of distrubed adolescents may be viewed not simply as pathology to be altered, but as potential strength to be channeled. Implications for therapeutic technique are discussed, and examples are offered.", "contents": "Reaching emotionally disturbed children: 'judo' principles in remedial education. The importance of the interpersonal meanings of symptomatology, especially as they relate to issues of control in therapy, is explored across a wide variety of treatment approaches. It is concluded that the often destructive behavior of distrubed adolescents may be viewed not simply as pathology to be altered, but as potential strength to be channeled. Implications for therapeutic technique are discussed, and examples are offered.", "PMID": 1190310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11653", "title": "Corrective social interaction therapy: role modeling.", "content": "This paper describes an experimental clinical approach to the problem child and his family, in which parents are trained to provide corrective social interaction experiences for the child. Negative interaction patterns are modified by teaching specific techniques of expressing warmth. Results of a pilot study indicate the technique is effective in working with immature and antisocial children who are hospitalized.", "contents": "Corrective social interaction therapy: role modeling. This paper describes an experimental clinical approach to the problem child and his family, in which parents are trained to provide corrective social interaction experiences for the child. Negative interaction patterns are modified by teaching specific techniques of expressing warmth. Results of a pilot study indicate the technique is effective in working with immature and antisocial children who are hospitalized.", "PMID": 1190311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11654", "title": "Drinking and feeding induced by jugular and portal infusions of 2-deoxy-D-glucose.", "content": "Intravenous infusions of three levels of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) were made through chronically implanted jugular and portal cannulas in rats. Food and water intakes were unaffected by 100 mg/kg 2DG, enhanced by 200 and 400 mg/kg 2DG, and unrelated to the route of administration. Drug-induced drinking occurred as readily when food was present as in its absence. Infusions of 2DG also produced stupor and ataxia whose severity was proportional, as was feeding and drinking, to the dose administered. Drinking induced by 2DG is inconsistent with the glucoprivic theory of feeding, and it was proposed that the consummatory and aberrant behaviors elicited by 2DG may result from hypoglycemia-induced seizures in limbic structures of the brain.", "contents": "Drinking and feeding induced by jugular and portal infusions of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Intravenous infusions of three levels of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) were made through chronically implanted jugular and portal cannulas in rats. Food and water intakes were unaffected by 100 mg/kg 2DG, enhanced by 200 and 400 mg/kg 2DG, and unrelated to the route of administration. Drug-induced drinking occurred as readily when food was present as in its absence. Infusions of 2DG also produced stupor and ataxia whose severity was proportional, as was feeding and drinking, to the dose administered. Drinking induced by 2DG is inconsistent with the glucoprivic theory of feeding, and it was proposed that the consummatory and aberrant behaviors elicited by 2DG may result from hypoglycemia-induced seizures in limbic structures of the brain.", "PMID": 1190312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11655", "title": "Rapid insulin release after ingestion of a meal in the unanesthetized rat.", "content": "Blood glucose and insulin levels were measured in undisturbed and free-moving rats. The insulin level rises already in the 1st min after the start of food ingestion, whereas the glucose level begins to increase only in the 3rd min if carbohydrate-rich food is eaten. This early rise in insulin level is observed also under conditions in which either carbohydrate-free food or even \"food\" without any caloric value is offered. The smell of food cannot produce this early insulin response. It is concluded that in the rat other factors besides a rise in nutrient content in the blood produce insulin release in the first minutes after food ingestion.", "contents": "Rapid insulin release after ingestion of a meal in the unanesthetized rat. Blood glucose and insulin levels were measured in undisturbed and free-moving rats. The insulin level rises already in the 1st min after the start of food ingestion, whereas the glucose level begins to increase only in the 3rd min if carbohydrate-rich food is eaten. This early rise in insulin level is observed also under conditions in which either carbohydrate-free food or even \"food\" without any caloric value is offered. The smell of food cannot produce this early insulin response. It is concluded that in the rat other factors besides a rise in nutrient content in the blood produce insulin release in the first minutes after food ingestion.", "PMID": 1190313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11656", "title": "Glutamine transport by mitochondria isolated from normal and acidotic rats.", "content": "The transport of L-glutamine by isolated rat renal mitochondria was studied by means of a rapid-filtration (Millipore Filter Corp.) technique. The movement of glutamine from the incubation medium into the inner mitochondrial compartment (matrix) was inhibited by structural analogues (6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine and glutamic acid), sulghydryl-binding agents (p-chloromercuri-benzoate and mersalyl), and inhibitors of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism (azide, antimycin A, and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation). These results suggest that glutamine is transported across the inner membrane of renal mitochondria by a carrier-mediated system that is linked to the processes of oxidative metabolism. The transport of glutamine by isolated renal mitochondria was increased two- to threefold by chronic (5-7 days) metabolic acidosis. However, short-term metabolic acidosis did not increase the glutamine transport capacity of isolated mitochondria. A hypothesis is presented for the regulation of mitochondrial glutamine transport, in vivo, during short-term and chronic acidosis.", "contents": "Glutamine transport by mitochondria isolated from normal and acidotic rats. The transport of L-glutamine by isolated rat renal mitochondria was studied by means of a rapid-filtration (Millipore Filter Corp.) technique. The movement of glutamine from the incubation medium into the inner mitochondrial compartment (matrix) was inhibited by structural analogues (6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine and glutamic acid), sulghydryl-binding agents (p-chloromercuri-benzoate and mersalyl), and inhibitors of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism (azide, antimycin A, and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation). These results suggest that glutamine is transported across the inner membrane of renal mitochondria by a carrier-mediated system that is linked to the processes of oxidative metabolism. The transport of glutamine by isolated renal mitochondria was increased two- to threefold by chronic (5-7 days) metabolic acidosis. However, short-term metabolic acidosis did not increase the glutamine transport capacity of isolated mitochondria. A hypothesis is presented for the regulation of mitochondrial glutamine transport, in vivo, during short-term and chronic acidosis.", "PMID": 1190314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11657", "title": "A quantitative histochemical approach to renal transport. I. Aspartate and glutamate.", "content": "Renal transport was studied by direct analysis of specific segments of the nephron for the substance transported. Rats were given inulin plus loads of glutamate or aspartate. Glomeruli, six different identified segments, and patches from thin-limb and papillary areas were dissected from individual nephrons in freeze-dried sections. Large amounts of the amino acid (up to 35 mmol/kg) accumulated in segments in which transport is believed to occur. With subthreshold loads, large amino acid increments were confined to earlier proximal segments. With loads above threshold, increases occurred throughout the proximal tubule. The early convoluted tubule probably has less transport activity than the rest of the proximal tubule. Both dicarboxylic amino acids accumulate in large amount when one is given. Aspartate is probably formed within the tubule after a glutamate load. This new histochemical approach may have general applicability for more precise localization of transport cells, for assessing changes in those cells during transport, and for study of structures inaccessible to micropuncture.", "contents": "A quantitative histochemical approach to renal transport. I. Aspartate and glutamate. Renal transport was studied by direct analysis of specific segments of the nephron for the substance transported. Rats were given inulin plus loads of glutamate or aspartate. Glomeruli, six different identified segments, and patches from thin-limb and papillary areas were dissected from individual nephrons in freeze-dried sections. Large amounts of the amino acid (up to 35 mmol/kg) accumulated in segments in which transport is believed to occur. With subthreshold loads, large amino acid increments were confined to earlier proximal segments. With loads above threshold, increases occurred throughout the proximal tubule. The early convoluted tubule probably has less transport activity than the rest of the proximal tubule. Both dicarboxylic amino acids accumulate in large amount when one is given. Aspartate is probably formed within the tubule after a glutamate load. This new histochemical approach may have general applicability for more precise localization of transport cells, for assessing changes in those cells during transport, and for study of structures inaccessible to micropuncture.", "PMID": 1190315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11658", "title": "Oxygen transport of colloidal fluorocarbon suspensions in asanguineous rabbits.", "content": "In anesthetized, oxygen-breathing rabbits, the entire blood volume was exchanged with a 20% colloidal fluorocarbon fluid suspension of high gas solubility. In contrast to the control animals with acute isovolemic and hypervolemic hemodilution, the fluorocarbon suspension prevented the decrease in arterial oxygen content below a hematocrit of 13%. However, the more pronounced effect of the fluorocarbon suspension on oxygen delivery occurred at higher hematocrits and was due to its efficiency as a plasma expander, since it increased the cardiac output even above the level of the hypervolemic hemodilution group. The fluorocarbon suspension also raised arterial blood pressure and total peripheral resistance due to its increased viscosity. Thus, in mild hemodilution, the fluorocarbon suspension kept oxygen utilization in the normal range by increasing cardiac output, and in extreme hemodilution it improved oxygen utilization by also raising the arterial oxygen content and arterial blood pressure. The survival time of the isovolemic control animals was 31.6 min, it was extended to 57.8 min in the hypervolemic control animals, and the rabbits with the fluorocarbon suspension lived for 124.8 min.", "contents": "Oxygen transport of colloidal fluorocarbon suspensions in asanguineous rabbits. In anesthetized, oxygen-breathing rabbits, the entire blood volume was exchanged with a 20% colloidal fluorocarbon fluid suspension of high gas solubility. In contrast to the control animals with acute isovolemic and hypervolemic hemodilution, the fluorocarbon suspension prevented the decrease in arterial oxygen content below a hematocrit of 13%. However, the more pronounced effect of the fluorocarbon suspension on oxygen delivery occurred at higher hematocrits and was due to its efficiency as a plasma expander, since it increased the cardiac output even above the level of the hypervolemic hemodilution group. The fluorocarbon suspension also raised arterial blood pressure and total peripheral resistance due to its increased viscosity. Thus, in mild hemodilution, the fluorocarbon suspension kept oxygen utilization in the normal range by increasing cardiac output, and in extreme hemodilution it improved oxygen utilization by also raising the arterial oxygen content and arterial blood pressure. The survival time of the isovolemic control animals was 31.6 min, it was extended to 57.8 min in the hypervolemic control animals, and the rabbits with the fluorocarbon suspension lived for 124.8 min.", "PMID": 1190316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11659", "title": "In vivo toxic effects of halothane on canine cerebral metabolic pathways.", "content": "The effects of high concentrations of halothane on cerebral metabolism were examined in dogs with the aid of an extracorporeal circuit to support the systemic circulation. At blood levels exceeding those representing equilibration with 2.3% halothane, a dose-related decrease in cerebral oxygen consumption (CMR02) occurred that was unrelated to the presence or absence of an active electroencephalogram. In this circumstance, despite adequate oxygen delivery, a dose-related alteration in oxidative phosphorylation also occurred as evidenced by progressive decreases in cerebral concentrations of ATP and phosphocreatine and concomitant increases in cerebral lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio. These effects were totally reversible, except for persistence of increased of increased CMR02, after return to low halothane concentrations. It is concluded that the mechanisms of the cerebral metabolic effects of halothane differ from those of thiopental and, at high concentrations, are at least in part related to interference with oxidative phosphorylation. These in vivo studies confirm the potentially detrimental effects of high halothane concentrations on cerebral metabolic pathways as demonstrated by others in vitro.", "contents": "In vivo toxic effects of halothane on canine cerebral metabolic pathways. The effects of high concentrations of halothane on cerebral metabolism were examined in dogs with the aid of an extracorporeal circuit to support the systemic circulation. At blood levels exceeding those representing equilibration with 2.3% halothane, a dose-related decrease in cerebral oxygen consumption (CMR02) occurred that was unrelated to the presence or absence of an active electroencephalogram. In this circumstance, despite adequate oxygen delivery, a dose-related alteration in oxidative phosphorylation also occurred as evidenced by progressive decreases in cerebral concentrations of ATP and phosphocreatine and concomitant increases in cerebral lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio. These effects were totally reversible, except for persistence of increased of increased CMR02, after return to low halothane concentrations. It is concluded that the mechanisms of the cerebral metabolic effects of halothane differ from those of thiopental and, at high concentrations, are at least in part related to interference with oxidative phosphorylation. These in vivo studies confirm the potentially detrimental effects of high halothane concentrations on cerebral metabolic pathways as demonstrated by others in vitro.", "PMID": 1190317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11660", "title": "Secretion of K and fluid by rat submaxillary during sympathetic nerve stimulation.", "content": "Stimulation of the sympathetic innervation to rat submaxillary gland is known to evoke saliva which contains high concentrations of potassium (130-160 meq/liter). Relationships were examined between salivary [K] and several parameters of the stimulation, including pulse frequency and duration of the stimulus train and rate of flow of the evoked saliva. Secretion of sympathetically evoked saliva was found to occur in two phases. After stimulation was started, flow rate was relatively high initially, and then decreased to a lower, relatively steady value. Initial and steady flow rates were maximal when stimulus frequency was 10 Hz. Salivary [K] was lowest initially, and, at that time, was inversely related to flow rate. At steady flow, [K] was flow independent. While salivary [K] was lower during initial than during steady secretion, the rate of K secretion was initially higher. During the initial phase, K decreased in the gland, and this decrease was sufficient to account for the increased amount of K secreted in initial saliva and for the increased initial flow.", "contents": "Secretion of K and fluid by rat submaxillary during sympathetic nerve stimulation. Stimulation of the sympathetic innervation to rat submaxillary gland is known to evoke saliva which contains high concentrations of potassium (130-160 meq/liter). Relationships were examined between salivary [K] and several parameters of the stimulation, including pulse frequency and duration of the stimulus train and rate of flow of the evoked saliva. Secretion of sympathetically evoked saliva was found to occur in two phases. After stimulation was started, flow rate was relatively high initially, and then decreased to a lower, relatively steady value. Initial and steady flow rates were maximal when stimulus frequency was 10 Hz. Salivary [K] was lowest initially, and, at that time, was inversely related to flow rate. At steady flow, [K] was flow independent. While salivary [K] was lower during initial than during steady secretion, the rate of K secretion was initially higher. During the initial phase, K decreased in the gland, and this decrease was sufficient to account for the increased amount of K secreted in initial saliva and for the increased initial flow.", "PMID": 1190318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11661", "title": "Nitrogen utilization within equine large intestine.", "content": "The distribution of nitrogen in ligated segments of the stomach and intestine of two groups of ponies has been examined at sacrifice 2, 4, 8, and 12 h following the final 12-h scheduled feeding of diets designed to provide either 1) ample protein, or 2) limited protein plus supplemental urea as the major nitrogen source. Concentrations and total quantities of total N, NH3, urea plus NH3, and alpha-amino N were determined, and protein N was calculated by difference. Liquid marker (PEG) distribution rate constants and N concentrations were used to calculate rates of entry and exit by digesta flow for the large intestinal compartments. These values, together with measured accumulations of each constituent, allowed assessment of transitory net appearance and net disappearance within each compartment due to processes other than flow along the tract. The data suggested cyclic fluctuations of microbial populations within the large intestine, particularly the dorsal and ventral colon. These segments also were implicated as major sites of microbial protein synthesis and degradation. the former process appeared more evident in animals consuming the urea-supplemented diet.", "contents": "Nitrogen utilization within equine large intestine. The distribution of nitrogen in ligated segments of the stomach and intestine of two groups of ponies has been examined at sacrifice 2, 4, 8, and 12 h following the final 12-h scheduled feeding of diets designed to provide either 1) ample protein, or 2) limited protein plus supplemental urea as the major nitrogen source. Concentrations and total quantities of total N, NH3, urea plus NH3, and alpha-amino N were determined, and protein N was calculated by difference. Liquid marker (PEG) distribution rate constants and N concentrations were used to calculate rates of entry and exit by digesta flow for the large intestinal compartments. These values, together with measured accumulations of each constituent, allowed assessment of transitory net appearance and net disappearance within each compartment due to processes other than flow along the tract. The data suggested cyclic fluctuations of microbial populations within the large intestine, particularly the dorsal and ventral colon. These segments also were implicated as major sites of microbial protein synthesis and degradation. the former process appeared more evident in animals consuming the urea-supplemented diet.", "PMID": 1190319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11662", "title": "Separate roles of sodium ion concentration and fluid volumes in salt-loading hypertension in sheep.", "content": "The goal of these studies was to determine whether the hypertension caused by excessive salt loading results from sodium-induced expansion of the extracellular fluid volume or whether the salt increases the pressure in some other way, such as by causing vascular constriction. In one group of sheep, a combination of total nephrectomy and hemodialysis was used to produce and maintain step increases in extracellular fluid volume for 1 wk without a significant change in sodium ion concentration. In a 2nd group, unilateral nephrectomy, dialysis, and DOCA administration were used to cause step increases in sodium ion concentration while the extracellular fluid volume was held as close to normal as possible. The results showed a 41% increase in arterial pressure in the high-volume sheep and only a 4% increase in pressure in the high-sodium sheep. In both instances the total exchangeable sodium increased almost equally--a 21% increase in the high-sodium sheep. The data support the concept that sodium retention causes hypertension almost entirely because of sodium-induced expansion of the extracellular fluid volume.", "contents": "Separate roles of sodium ion concentration and fluid volumes in salt-loading hypertension in sheep. The goal of these studies was to determine whether the hypertension caused by excessive salt loading results from sodium-induced expansion of the extracellular fluid volume or whether the salt increases the pressure in some other way, such as by causing vascular constriction. In one group of sheep, a combination of total nephrectomy and hemodialysis was used to produce and maintain step increases in extracellular fluid volume for 1 wk without a significant change in sodium ion concentration. In a 2nd group, unilateral nephrectomy, dialysis, and DOCA administration were used to cause step increases in sodium ion concentration while the extracellular fluid volume was held as close to normal as possible. The results showed a 41% increase in arterial pressure in the high-volume sheep and only a 4% increase in pressure in the high-sodium sheep. In both instances the total exchangeable sodium increased almost equally--a 21% increase in the high-sodium sheep. The data support the concept that sodium retention causes hypertension almost entirely because of sodium-induced expansion of the extracellular fluid volume.", "PMID": 1190320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11663", "title": "Characteristics of sodium and potassium transport in the lung.", "content": "Freshly prepared lung slices were incubated in an oxygenated Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium for 90 min at 0.5 degrees C (chilling) followed by 60 min at 38 degrees C (rewarming). Fresh tissue cation contents (mean +/- SE) in mmol/kg dry wt were: sodium, 431 +/- 7; potassium, 416 +/- 10. After chilling, tissue sodium increased to 757 +/- 11 and potassium decreased to 113 +/- 6. Upon rewarming there was a net increase in tissue potassium of about 150 (mmol/kg dry wt) and a net decrease in tissue sodium of about 130. Tissue extrusion of sodium and reaccumulation of potassium observed at 37 degrees C were abolished when 1 mM ouabain, dinitrophenol, or iodoacetamide was added to the incubation medium. Similar results were obtained when the medium contained no potassium or when medium Na was replaced by choline. The data indicate the presence of active Na+-K+ transport in lung cells somewhat similar to that found in other mammalian tissue.", "contents": "Characteristics of sodium and potassium transport in the lung. Freshly prepared lung slices were incubated in an oxygenated Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium for 90 min at 0.5 degrees C (chilling) followed by 60 min at 38 degrees C (rewarming). Fresh tissue cation contents (mean +/- SE) in mmol/kg dry wt were: sodium, 431 +/- 7; potassium, 416 +/- 10. After chilling, tissue sodium increased to 757 +/- 11 and potassium decreased to 113 +/- 6. Upon rewarming there was a net increase in tissue potassium of about 150 (mmol/kg dry wt) and a net decrease in tissue sodium of about 130. Tissue extrusion of sodium and reaccumulation of potassium observed at 37 degrees C were abolished when 1 mM ouabain, dinitrophenol, or iodoacetamide was added to the incubation medium. Similar results were obtained when the medium contained no potassium or when medium Na was replaced by choline. The data indicate the presence of active Na+-K+ transport in lung cells somewhat similar to that found in other mammalian tissue.", "PMID": 1190321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11664", "title": "Control of tissue manganese: initial absence and sudden emergence of excretion in the neonatal mouse.", "content": "All adult animals and humans tested up to this time have controlled their tissue manganese concentrations by controlling primarily the rate of the metal's excretion. In sharp contrast, neonatal mice did not excrete manganese for the first 17-18 days of life, although absorption of the natural 55Mn as well as distribution, tissue accumulation, and mitochondrial accumulation of the radioactive 54Mn were vigorous. This suggested as initially avid accumulation of this essential micronutrient, supplied in scarce traces in mouse milk (54 ng/ml) by mothers consuming very much higher dietary concentrations (55,000 ng/g). The tissue accumulation was demonstrated analytically and was particularly impressive in the brain, which can be susceptible to both manganese poisoning and deficiency.", "contents": "Control of tissue manganese: initial absence and sudden emergence of excretion in the neonatal mouse. All adult animals and humans tested up to this time have controlled their tissue manganese concentrations by controlling primarily the rate of the metal's excretion. In sharp contrast, neonatal mice did not excrete manganese for the first 17-18 days of life, although absorption of the natural 55Mn as well as distribution, tissue accumulation, and mitochondrial accumulation of the radioactive 54Mn were vigorous. This suggested as initially avid accumulation of this essential micronutrient, supplied in scarce traces in mouse milk (54 ng/ml) by mothers consuming very much higher dietary concentrations (55,000 ng/g). The tissue accumulation was demonstrated analytically and was particularly impressive in the brain, which can be susceptible to both manganese poisoning and deficiency.", "PMID": 1190322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11665", "title": "Effects of testosterone and prolactin on rat prostatic weight, 5alpha-reductase, and arginase.", "content": "Prostatic weights, 5alpha-reductase, and arginase activities were utilized as indexes for the effects of prolactin in short-term experiments in intact, hypophysectomized or castrated rats. Experiments were performed in which a dose-related response in the above parameters was obtained with testosterone administration in castrated mature and immature rats in order to evaluate the effects of simultaneously administered prolactin. This approach was necessitated by the failure of prolactin alone to affect the parameters listed in intact, castrated or hypophysectomized rats. It was shown that ovine prolactin may have an enhancing effect on the prostatic weight, 5alpha-reductase, and arginase activities, but that this effect is neither consistent nor striking when compared to that of testosterone.. Nevertheless, it is still possible that the long-term effects of prolactin, even if they are only of an enhancing quality, may play an important role in normal prostatic physiology and in abnormal states.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone and prolactin on rat prostatic weight, 5alpha-reductase, and arginase. Prostatic weights, 5alpha-reductase, and arginase activities were utilized as indexes for the effects of prolactin in short-term experiments in intact, hypophysectomized or castrated rats. Experiments were performed in which a dose-related response in the above parameters was obtained with testosterone administration in castrated mature and immature rats in order to evaluate the effects of simultaneously administered prolactin. This approach was necessitated by the failure of prolactin alone to affect the parameters listed in intact, castrated or hypophysectomized rats. It was shown that ovine prolactin may have an enhancing effect on the prostatic weight, 5alpha-reductase, and arginase activities, but that this effect is neither consistent nor striking when compared to that of testosterone.. Nevertheless, it is still possible that the long-term effects of prolactin, even if they are only of an enhancing quality, may play an important role in normal prostatic physiology and in abnormal states.", "PMID": 1190323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11666", "title": "Analysis of brain uptake and loss or radiotracers after intracarotid injection.", "content": "The amount of radioactivity in brain was estimated at different times after intracarotid injection in the pentobarbital-anesthetized rat. Fifteen seconds after injection, six radiolabeled solutes minimally metabolized by brain, 3H2O , isopropanol, nicotine, antipyrine, 3-O-methyglucose, and codeine, left the brain according to first-order kinetics. Two solutes metabolized by brain, lactic acid, and heroin, behaved in a more complex fashion. The behavior of the six nonmetabolized solutes was interpreted satisfactorily by a simple model in which the brain is treated as a single compartment. From the model, uptake at 15 s as a percentage of the dose is linearly related to the permeability when the uptake is low, i.e., 30% or less. In higher uptakes blood flow becomes increasingly important. The efflux rate is similarly related to permeability and blood flow, but additionally it depends inversely on brain space. The exchanges of 3H2O, isopropanol, and nicotine were determined almost solely by blood flow and brain space. Movements of codeine and 3-O-methylglucose depended primarily on permeability and those of antipyrine on both factors.", "contents": "Analysis of brain uptake and loss or radiotracers after intracarotid injection. The amount of radioactivity in brain was estimated at different times after intracarotid injection in the pentobarbital-anesthetized rat. Fifteen seconds after injection, six radiolabeled solutes minimally metabolized by brain, 3H2O , isopropanol, nicotine, antipyrine, 3-O-methyglucose, and codeine, left the brain according to first-order kinetics. Two solutes metabolized by brain, lactic acid, and heroin, behaved in a more complex fashion. The behavior of the six nonmetabolized solutes was interpreted satisfactorily by a simple model in which the brain is treated as a single compartment. From the model, uptake at 15 s as a percentage of the dose is linearly related to the permeability when the uptake is low, i.e., 30% or less. In higher uptakes blood flow becomes increasingly important. The efflux rate is similarly related to permeability and blood flow, but additionally it depends inversely on brain space. The exchanges of 3H2O, isopropanol, and nicotine were determined almost solely by blood flow and brain space. Movements of codeine and 3-O-methylglucose depended primarily on permeability and those of antipyrine on both factors.", "PMID": 1190324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11667", "title": "Intra-SA-nodal pacemaker shifts induced by autonomic nerve stimulation in the dog.", "content": "Pacemaker shifts in the canine heart were inferred during stimulation of thoracic cardiac nerves and following norepinephrine from changes in the initial site of activation of bipolar electrodes sutured over the rostral, middle, and caudal regions of the sinus node, over the internodal pathways, and His bundle. During control periods, pacemaker activity was localized within the sinoatrial (SA) node 87% of the time, with the middle electrode most frequently showing initial activation. Stimulation of the right-sympathetic nerves enhanced sinus node pacemaker dominance, shifting it rostrally within the node. Right-vagal stimulation shifted the pacemaker caudally within the SA node, to nonnodal sites, and to the lower atrioventricular node and His bundle. Left-sympathetic stimulation shifted the pacemaker caudally within the sinus node and enhanced pacemaker activity in the vicinity of the internodal pathway electrodes and His bundle. Dispersion of pacemaker activity was particularly apparent during stimulation of the ventrolateral cervical cardiac nerve. Stimulation of the left-vagal nerves produced effects similar to those of the left-sympathetic nerves. Norepinephrine enhanced pacemaker activity particularly in the rostral region of the sinus node. Slight shifts in pacemaker activity within the sinus node produced changes in pattern of atrial excitation.", "contents": "Intra-SA-nodal pacemaker shifts induced by autonomic nerve stimulation in the dog. Pacemaker shifts in the canine heart were inferred during stimulation of thoracic cardiac nerves and following norepinephrine from changes in the initial site of activation of bipolar electrodes sutured over the rostral, middle, and caudal regions of the sinus node, over the internodal pathways, and His bundle. During control periods, pacemaker activity was localized within the sinoatrial (SA) node 87% of the time, with the middle electrode most frequently showing initial activation. Stimulation of the right-sympathetic nerves enhanced sinus node pacemaker dominance, shifting it rostrally within the node. Right-vagal stimulation shifted the pacemaker caudally within the SA node, to nonnodal sites, and to the lower atrioventricular node and His bundle. Left-sympathetic stimulation shifted the pacemaker caudally within the sinus node and enhanced pacemaker activity in the vicinity of the internodal pathway electrodes and His bundle. Dispersion of pacemaker activity was particularly apparent during stimulation of the ventrolateral cervical cardiac nerve. Stimulation of the left-vagal nerves produced effects similar to those of the left-sympathetic nerves. Norepinephrine enhanced pacemaker activity particularly in the rostral region of the sinus node. Slight shifts in pacemaker activity within the sinus node produced changes in pattern of atrial excitation.", "PMID": 1190325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11668", "title": "Hypothalamic map of stimulation current thresholds for inhibition of feeding in rats.", "content": "The rat hypothalamus was mapped for the purpose of identifying regions at which electrical  stimulation caused the feeding behavior of a hungry animal to be inhibited. At each inhibitory site a determination was also made of the minimal stimulation current necessary for the inhibition of feeding. The results indicated that the inhibitory sites with the lowest current thresholds tended to form a discrete cluster in the lateral part of the ventromedial nucleus and the adjacent neuropil bordering it ventrolaterally. A few low thresholds were also found in the anterior hypothalamic area. The higher thresholds formed an orderly ascending gradient radiating away from the ventromedial nucleus and its ventrolaterally situated anatomical projections. In areas related to ascending monoamine  pathways, including the lateral hypothalamus, preoptic region, and arcuate nucleus, as well as in the mammillary bodies, stimulation usually failed to suppress feeding behavior. Implications bearing on neuroregulatory models of feeding behavior are discussed.", "contents": "Hypothalamic map of stimulation current thresholds for inhibition of feeding in rats. The rat hypothalamus was mapped for the purpose of identifying regions at which electrical  stimulation caused the feeding behavior of a hungry animal to be inhibited. At each inhibitory site a determination was also made of the minimal stimulation current necessary for the inhibition of feeding. The results indicated that the inhibitory sites with the lowest current thresholds tended to form a discrete cluster in the lateral part of the ventromedial nucleus and the adjacent neuropil bordering it ventrolaterally. A few low thresholds were also found in the anterior hypothalamic area. The higher thresholds formed an orderly ascending gradient radiating away from the ventromedial nucleus and its ventrolaterally situated anatomical projections. In areas related to ascending monoamine  pathways, including the lateral hypothalamus, preoptic region, and arcuate nucleus, as well as in the mammillary bodies, stimulation usually failed to suppress feeding behavior. Implications bearing on neuroregulatory models of feeding behavior are discussed.", "PMID": 1190326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11669", "title": "An analysis of the time course of gustatory neural adaptation in the rat.", "content": "Neural responses were recorded from the rat chorda tympani nerve following stimulation of the tongue with several concentrations of NaCl. These responses were integrated using a fast time constant (47 ms), and the time course of the decline in neural discharge from the peak of the transient response was computer analyzed. The time course of the adaptation process was described by a constant term and two exponentially decaying components, which most likely reflect the existence of two separate mechanisms contributing to the adaptation process in taste. The constant term and the amplitude of the second gradual exponential decay were correlated with NaCl concentration, whereas the amplitude of the initial rapidly declining exponential component was independent of stimulus intensity. The initial transient response of the chorda tympani nerve may be a function of the rate of stimulus adsorption, whereas the gradual second decline in the neural response may reflect an adaptive mechanism of the taste receptor cell.", "contents": "An analysis of the time course of gustatory neural adaptation in the rat. Neural responses were recorded from the rat chorda tympani nerve following stimulation of the tongue with several concentrations of NaCl. These responses were integrated using a fast time constant (47 ms), and the time course of the decline in neural discharge from the peak of the transient response was computer analyzed. The time course of the adaptation process was described by a constant term and two exponentially decaying components, which most likely reflect the existence of two separate mechanisms contributing to the adaptation process in taste. The constant term and the amplitude of the second gradual exponential decay were correlated with NaCl concentration, whereas the amplitude of the initial rapidly declining exponential component was independent of stimulus intensity. The initial transient response of the chorda tympani nerve may be a function of the rate of stimulus adsorption, whereas the gradual second decline in the neural response may reflect an adaptive mechanism of the taste receptor cell.", "PMID": 1190327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11670", "title": "Vascular volume-distensibility characteristics of the isolated dogfish gut.", "content": "The vascular capacitance and volume distensibility of the isolated dogfish gut and segments of dogfish arteries and veins were investigated. The volume-distensibility curves for dogfish arteries and veins are very similar to comparable curves derived from arteries and veins of dogs or man. The vascular volume-distensibility curve of the gut, however, shows a greater distensibility at higher systemic pressure than at lower pressure. Evidence is presented that significant amounts of fluid leave the vascular compartment at a lower systemic pressure than in an isolated dog hindlimb preparation. However, this alone does not explain the atypical vascular volume-distensibility curve obtained from the dogfish gut. It is suggested that in the dogfish capillary filtration pore enlargement takes place at a very low capillary pressure or volume (compared to mammals) and this complicates the construction of a volume-distensibility curve because initial vascular volume is not constant.", "contents": "Vascular volume-distensibility characteristics of the isolated dogfish gut. The vascular capacitance and volume distensibility of the isolated dogfish gut and segments of dogfish arteries and veins were investigated. The volume-distensibility curves for dogfish arteries and veins are very similar to comparable curves derived from arteries and veins of dogs or man. The vascular volume-distensibility curve of the gut, however, shows a greater distensibility at higher systemic pressure than at lower pressure. Evidence is presented that significant amounts of fluid leave the vascular compartment at a lower systemic pressure than in an isolated dog hindlimb preparation. However, this alone does not explain the atypical vascular volume-distensibility curve obtained from the dogfish gut. It is suggested that in the dogfish capillary filtration pore enlargement takes place at a very low capillary pressure or volume (compared to mammals) and this complicates the construction of a volume-distensibility curve because initial vascular volume is not constant.", "PMID": 1190328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11671", "title": "Factors affecting O2 transfer in sheep and rabbit placenta perfused in situ.", "content": "In these experiments we have studied three factors that affect placental O2 transfer. The fetal artery of an isolated cotyledon of the sheep placenta (or one of the umbical arteries in flow studies in rabbits) was perfused in situ with blood of varying PO2 and at different flow rates while the ewe was administered varying inspired O2 concentrations. Measurements were made of the PO2 of inflowing and outflowing umbilical blood, and the O2 transfer rate was calculated by the Fick principle. Changes in individual factors could be studied, since most compensations tending to maintain normal O2 delivery were not operative in the isolated preparation. Results indicate that a 20% change in umbilical arterial PO2, a 14% change in umbilical blood flow, and a 20% change in maternal arterial PO2 would be equivalent in causing a 10% change in placental O2 transfer. Small changes in umbilical arterial PO2 are sufficient to maintain the rate of placental O2 transfer equal to the rate of fetal consumption. Maternal arterial PO2 becomes progressively more critical to fetal oxygenation as its level falls. The experimental results are compared to those predicted by a mathematical model of placental exchange.", "contents": "Factors affecting O2 transfer in sheep and rabbit placenta perfused in situ. In these experiments we have studied three factors that affect placental O2 transfer. The fetal artery of an isolated cotyledon of the sheep placenta (or one of the umbical arteries in flow studies in rabbits) was perfused in situ with blood of varying PO2 and at different flow rates while the ewe was administered varying inspired O2 concentrations. Measurements were made of the PO2 of inflowing and outflowing umbilical blood, and the O2 transfer rate was calculated by the Fick principle. Changes in individual factors could be studied, since most compensations tending to maintain normal O2 delivery were not operative in the isolated preparation. Results indicate that a 20% change in umbilical arterial PO2, a 14% change in umbilical blood flow, and a 20% change in maternal arterial PO2 would be equivalent in causing a 10% change in placental O2 transfer. Small changes in umbilical arterial PO2 are sufficient to maintain the rate of placental O2 transfer equal to the rate of fetal consumption. Maternal arterial PO2 becomes progressively more critical to fetal oxygenation as its level falls. The experimental results are compared to those predicted by a mathematical model of placental exchange.", "PMID": 1190329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11672", "title": "Measurements of dog blood-brain transfer constants by ventriculocisternal perfusion.", "content": "Ventriculocisternal perfusions of mongrel dogs were performed for 1-6 h with solutions containing isotopically labeled compounds. At the conclusion of the perfusion period, serial brain samples were taken from the caudate nucleus and analyzed for radioactivity. Tissue concentration profiles were constructed from the data, and apparent tissue diffusion and capillary exchange coefficients were determined. The tissue diffusion constant of sucrose was 3 X 10(-6) cm2/s, which is approximately 45% of its free-water value. The permeability of the brain capillary complex to creatinine, sodium, and mannitol was so low that it could not be accurately measured by this technique. Capillary transfer coefficients, expressed as half-times, were determined for water, urea, and ethylene glycol; the t1/2 values were 1.5, 15, and 17 min, respectively. These numbers were converted to PS products and compared to other published values. This work suggests that the exchange of these compounds between blood and brain is partially (water) or nearly completely (urea and ethylene glycol) limited to membrane permeability.", "contents": "Measurements of dog blood-brain transfer constants by ventriculocisternal perfusion. Ventriculocisternal perfusions of mongrel dogs were performed for 1-6 h with solutions containing isotopically labeled compounds. At the conclusion of the perfusion period, serial brain samples were taken from the caudate nucleus and analyzed for radioactivity. Tissue concentration profiles were constructed from the data, and apparent tissue diffusion and capillary exchange coefficients were determined. The tissue diffusion constant of sucrose was 3 X 10(-6) cm2/s, which is approximately 45% of its free-water value. The permeability of the brain capillary complex to creatinine, sodium, and mannitol was so low that it could not be accurately measured by this technique. Capillary transfer coefficients, expressed as half-times, were determined for water, urea, and ethylene glycol; the t1/2 values were 1.5, 15, and 17 min, respectively. These numbers were converted to PS products and compared to other published values. This work suggests that the exchange of these compounds between blood and brain is partially (water) or nearly completely (urea and ethylene glycol) limited to membrane permeability.", "PMID": 1190330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11673", "title": "Lipid and glycogen metabolism in the hypoxic heart: effects of epinephrine.", "content": "The metabolism of cardiac lipids and glycogen in hypoxic and well-oxygenated perfused rat hearts was studied in the presence or absence of epinephrine. Heart lipids were pre-labeled in vivo with [1-14C]palmitate. Triglyceride disappearance (measured chemically and radiochemically) was observed in well-oxygenated hearts and was stimulated by epinephrine (4.1 X 10(-7)M). Utilization of tissue triglycerides was inhibited in hypoxic hearts in the presence or absence of added epinephrine. Hypoxia resulted in a small increase in tissue 14C-free fatty acids and inhibition of 14C-labeled triglyceride fatty acid oxidation. Epinephrine had no stimulatory effect on fatty acid oxidation in hypoxic hearts. Utilization of 14C-labeled phospholipids (and total phospholipids) was similar in well-oxygenated and hypoxic hearts with or without added epinephrine. These results suggested that the antilipolytic effects of hypoxia were predominant over the lipolytic effects of epinephrine. Glycogenolysis was stimulated threefold by epinephrine in well-oxygenated hearts. Hypoxia alone was a potent stimulus to glycogenolysis. Addition of epinephrine to perfusates of hypoxic hearts resulted in a slight enhancement of glycogenolysis.", "contents": "Lipid and glycogen metabolism in the hypoxic heart: effects of epinephrine. The metabolism of cardiac lipids and glycogen in hypoxic and well-oxygenated perfused rat hearts was studied in the presence or absence of epinephrine. Heart lipids were pre-labeled in vivo with [1-14C]palmitate. Triglyceride disappearance (measured chemically and radiochemically) was observed in well-oxygenated hearts and was stimulated by epinephrine (4.1 X 10(-7)M). Utilization of tissue triglycerides was inhibited in hypoxic hearts in the presence or absence of added epinephrine. Hypoxia resulted in a small increase in tissue 14C-free fatty acids and inhibition of 14C-labeled triglyceride fatty acid oxidation. Epinephrine had no stimulatory effect on fatty acid oxidation in hypoxic hearts. Utilization of 14C-labeled phospholipids (and total phospholipids) was similar in well-oxygenated and hypoxic hearts with or without added epinephrine. These results suggested that the antilipolytic effects of hypoxia were predominant over the lipolytic effects of epinephrine. Glycogenolysis was stimulated threefold by epinephrine in well-oxygenated hearts. Hypoxia alone was a potent stimulus to glycogenolysis. Addition of epinephrine to perfusates of hypoxic hearts resulted in a slight enhancement of glycogenolysis.", "PMID": 1190331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11674", "title": "Mathematical and mechanical modeling of stress-strain relationship of pericardium.", "content": "Several mathematical expressions (models) were compared for use in describing the stress-strain (sigma - epsilon) relationship of pericardium. The expression sigma = alpha[ebeta epsilon - 1] was preferred because of its simpler form, theoretical consistency, and \"good fit\" of experimental data. A method was developed for estimating the precisions of the estimates of the parameters alpha and beta. This approach can have general usefulness in assessing the significance of a change in stress-strain relationship of various soft tissues following different interventions. A mechanical model was formulated for the pericardium which consisted of springs representing the collagen and elastin fibers connected in parallel. It could be simulated by the above equation and could describe the behavior of the pericardium.", "contents": "Mathematical and mechanical modeling of stress-strain relationship of pericardium. Several mathematical expressions (models) were compared for use in describing the stress-strain (sigma - epsilon) relationship of pericardium. The expression sigma = alpha[ebeta epsilon - 1] was preferred because of its simpler form, theoretical consistency, and \"good fit\" of experimental data. A method was developed for estimating the precisions of the estimates of the parameters alpha and beta. This approach can have general usefulness in assessing the significance of a change in stress-strain relationship of various soft tissues following different interventions. A mechanical model was formulated for the pericardium which consisted of springs representing the collagen and elastin fibers connected in parallel. It could be simulated by the above equation and could describe the behavior of the pericardium.", "PMID": 1190332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11675", "title": "Sympathetic afferent nerve activity of right heart origin.", "content": "Six mongrel dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and paralyzed with gallamine triethiodide were studied on total cardiopulmonary bypass. This study verified the existence of right heart mechanoreceptors whose afferent nerves traverse the upper thoracic white rami communicantes. these mechanoreceptors were studied by observing changes in average maximum, and total nerve spike frequency when right atrial and right ventricular systolic and diastolic pressures were altered by means of intracardiac balloons. Receptors that responded to volume and pressure changes were found in both the right atrium and right ventricle. Nerve activity in these afferents increased with increasing right atrial and right ventricular pressures. These mechanoreceptors were more responsive in the upper physiological ranges of right heart pressures. In most nerve fibers studied, maximum activity occurred during both right atrial and right ventricular diastole.", "contents": "Sympathetic afferent nerve activity of right heart origin. Six mongrel dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and paralyzed with gallamine triethiodide were studied on total cardiopulmonary bypass. This study verified the existence of right heart mechanoreceptors whose afferent nerves traverse the upper thoracic white rami communicantes. these mechanoreceptors were studied by observing changes in average maximum, and total nerve spike frequency when right atrial and right ventricular systolic and diastolic pressures were altered by means of intracardiac balloons. Receptors that responded to volume and pressure changes were found in both the right atrium and right ventricle. Nerve activity in these afferents increased with increasing right atrial and right ventricular pressures. These mechanoreceptors were more responsive in the upper physiological ranges of right heart pressures. In most nerve fibers studied, maximum activity occurred during both right atrial and right ventricular diastole.", "PMID": 1190333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11676", "title": "Distributions of spike bursts in cat duodenum.", "content": "The histograms of spike bursts over short distances were examined in the isolated cat duodenum with multiple electrodes arranged circumferentially and longitudinally. At a single cross section of the duodenum, spike bursts occurred simultaneously in any single slow-wave cycle, but all eight monitored sites in the circumference participated simulatenously only in a bout 25% of the spike-burst cycles. There also were wide variations in the incidence of spike bursts at different locations in a planar cross section. In a longitudinal section, net level of activity over short distances varied widely. Also, spike bursts were out of phase in the longitudinal axis, appearing to spread caudad; 80% of spike burst groups involved less than an average of 5.5 consecutive electrode sites (spaced at 5-mm intervals). Since spike bursts seem to be correlated with ring contractions of the circular muscle, the fact that they appear sequentially in time along the duodenum indicates that such contractions must always be peristaltic. An estimated 80% of such contractions sweep less than about 3 cm. Records of spike bursts from a single electrode do not accurately reflect activity beyond that one point site.", "contents": "Distributions of spike bursts in cat duodenum. The histograms of spike bursts over short distances were examined in the isolated cat duodenum with multiple electrodes arranged circumferentially and longitudinally. At a single cross section of the duodenum, spike bursts occurred simultaneously in any single slow-wave cycle, but all eight monitored sites in the circumference participated simulatenously only in a bout 25% of the spike-burst cycles. There also were wide variations in the incidence of spike bursts at different locations in a planar cross section. In a longitudinal section, net level of activity over short distances varied widely. Also, spike bursts were out of phase in the longitudinal axis, appearing to spread caudad; 80% of spike burst groups involved less than an average of 5.5 consecutive electrode sites (spaced at 5-mm intervals). Since spike bursts seem to be correlated with ring contractions of the circular muscle, the fact that they appear sequentially in time along the duodenum indicates that such contractions must always be peristaltic. An estimated 80% of such contractions sweep less than about 3 cm. Records of spike bursts from a single electrode do not accurately reflect activity beyond that one point site.", "PMID": 1190334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11677", "title": "Brainstem loci for activation of electrodermal response in the cat.", "content": "Brainstem loci from which electrodermal responses could be elicited were systematically explored by direct-stimulation techniques in chloralose-anesthetized and decerebrate cats. Reactive sites of the greatest amplitude were found to extend from the rostral border of the posterior hypothalamus, through the ventrolateral reticular formation of the pons and the medulla, to the cervical cord. Stimulation of these sites elicited stable, reproducible electrodermal responses of 10-30 mV in amplitude. In addition, it was found that stimulation of the ventrolateral extent of the lower brainstem evoked similar responses in the decerebrate preparation. Electrodermal responses could not be elicited from the dorsal medulla, the posterior commissure, or the midline region. The electrodermal response could be elicited from an apparently hypothalamus through the ventrolateral brainstem.", "contents": "Brainstem loci for activation of electrodermal response in the cat. Brainstem loci from which electrodermal responses could be elicited were systematically explored by direct-stimulation techniques in chloralose-anesthetized and decerebrate cats. Reactive sites of the greatest amplitude were found to extend from the rostral border of the posterior hypothalamus, through the ventrolateral reticular formation of the pons and the medulla, to the cervical cord. Stimulation of these sites elicited stable, reproducible electrodermal responses of 10-30 mV in amplitude. In addition, it was found that stimulation of the ventrolateral extent of the lower brainstem evoked similar responses in the decerebrate preparation. Electrodermal responses could not be elicited from the dorsal medulla, the posterior commissure, or the midline region. The electrodermal response could be elicited from an apparently hypothalamus through the ventrolateral brainstem.", "PMID": 1190335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11678", "title": "Cellular basis for reversal of hyperkalemic electrocardiographic changes by sodium.", "content": "We examined the hypothesis that reversal of hyponatremic hyperkalemic electrocardiographic changes through the infusion of saline solutions was due to the action of sodium ion in increasing the action potential rising velocity which is depressed when the cell is exposed to increasing concentrations of potassium. Using standard microelectrode techniques, the rising velocity of canine ventricular cells was shown to increase by 21%, whereas conduction time between two microelectrodes decreased 17% when the sodium concentration of the perfusate was increased from 120 to 163 mM in 2.7 mM potassium solution. When these cells were exposed to identical increases in sodium concentration in a 7.7-mM potassium solution, rising velocity increased 55% (P less than 0.005), whereas interelectrode conduction time decreased 33% (P less than 0.05). Similar changes were noted in experiments on human ventricular cells. These experimental findings are consistent with the hypothesis stated above.", "contents": "Cellular basis for reversal of hyperkalemic electrocardiographic changes by sodium. We examined the hypothesis that reversal of hyponatremic hyperkalemic electrocardiographic changes through the infusion of saline solutions was due to the action of sodium ion in increasing the action potential rising velocity which is depressed when the cell is exposed to increasing concentrations of potassium. Using standard microelectrode techniques, the rising velocity of canine ventricular cells was shown to increase by 21%, whereas conduction time between two microelectrodes decreased 17% when the sodium concentration of the perfusate was increased from 120 to 163 mM in 2.7 mM potassium solution. When these cells were exposed to identical increases in sodium concentration in a 7.7-mM potassium solution, rising velocity increased 55% (P less than 0.005), whereas interelectrode conduction time decreased 33% (P less than 0.05). Similar changes were noted in experiments on human ventricular cells. These experimental findings are consistent with the hypothesis stated above.", "PMID": 1190336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11679", "title": "Influence of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on the canine pulmonary vascular bed.", "content": "The effects of two chemically dissimilar inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on vascular resistance and responses to pressor and depressor hormones were evaluated in the canine pulmonary vascular bed. Indomethacin or meclofenamate, 2.5-5 mg/kg iv, increased lobar arterial pressure. Since lobar blood flow was held constant and left atrial pressure did not change, the rise in pressure reflects an increase in vascular resistance. The rise in lobar pressure after indomethacin occurred in the absence of a change in lobar venous or translobar airway pressure. This agent enhanced the response to angiotensin but not to norepinephrine. Meclofenamate decreased responses to both agents. Indomethacin enhanced the dilator response to PGE1 and both indomethacin and meclofenamate increased the response to PGF2alpha. These data indicate that the rise in resistance after indomethacin or meclofenamate was the result of vasoconstriction in vessels upstream to the small veins, presumed to be small arteries. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that under resting conditions synthesis of a dilator prostaglandin may be important for the maintenance of the pulmonary vascular bed in a dilated state. However, results of the present study are not consistent with the postulate that prostaglandins modulate responses to norepinephrine but suggest that indomethacin and meclofenamate interfere with the inactivation of PGF2alpha and PGE1 in the lung.", "contents": "Influence of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on the canine pulmonary vascular bed. The effects of two chemically dissimilar inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on vascular resistance and responses to pressor and depressor hormones were evaluated in the canine pulmonary vascular bed. Indomethacin or meclofenamate, 2.5-5 mg/kg iv, increased lobar arterial pressure. Since lobar blood flow was held constant and left atrial pressure did not change, the rise in pressure reflects an increase in vascular resistance. The rise in lobar pressure after indomethacin occurred in the absence of a change in lobar venous or translobar airway pressure. This agent enhanced the response to angiotensin but not to norepinephrine. Meclofenamate decreased responses to both agents. Indomethacin enhanced the dilator response to PGE1 and both indomethacin and meclofenamate increased the response to PGF2alpha. These data indicate that the rise in resistance after indomethacin or meclofenamate was the result of vasoconstriction in vessels upstream to the small veins, presumed to be small arteries. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that under resting conditions synthesis of a dilator prostaglandin may be important for the maintenance of the pulmonary vascular bed in a dilated state. However, results of the present study are not consistent with the postulate that prostaglandins modulate responses to norepinephrine but suggest that indomethacin and meclofenamate interfere with the inactivation of PGF2alpha and PGE1 in the lung.", "PMID": 1190337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11680", "title": "Differential labeling with orotic acid and uridine in compensatroy renal hypertrophy.", "content": "Using [5-3H]orotic acid and [5-3H]uridine as precursors, we compared the efficiency of labeling and the localization of labeled RNA during compensatory hypertrophy of the mouse kidney. [5-3H]orotic acid in tubules labeled RNA 15 times more intensely that [5-3H]uridine, presumably because of greater incorporation of orotic acid into tubular cells. Of the orotic acid label, 97% was in tubular cells, mostly in the proximal tubules. Only about 80% of the uridine label was in the tubules; the ratio in proximal tubules compared with that in distal tubules was 2:1. No changes in distribution within the nephron were produced during compensatory hypertrophy. [5-3H]uridine should be used as the precursor of generalized labeling is desired, but [5-3H5orotic acid is the better precursor of RNA for many studies of compensatory hypertrophy since it is more efficient and concentrates in the segments of greatest biologic activity.", "contents": "Differential labeling with orotic acid and uridine in compensatroy renal hypertrophy. Using [5-3H]orotic acid and [5-3H]uridine as precursors, we compared the efficiency of labeling and the localization of labeled RNA during compensatory hypertrophy of the mouse kidney. [5-3H]orotic acid in tubules labeled RNA 15 times more intensely that [5-3H]uridine, presumably because of greater incorporation of orotic acid into tubular cells. Of the orotic acid label, 97% was in tubular cells, mostly in the proximal tubules. Only about 80% of the uridine label was in the tubules; the ratio in proximal tubules compared with that in distal tubules was 2:1. No changes in distribution within the nephron were produced during compensatory hypertrophy. [5-3H]uridine should be used as the precursor of generalized labeling is desired, but [5-3H5orotic acid is the better precursor of RNA for many studies of compensatory hypertrophy since it is more efficient and concentrates in the segments of greatest biologic activity.", "PMID": 1190338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11681", "title": "Metabolic background for glucose tolerance: mechanism for epinephrine-induced impairment.", "content": "Turnover rates of blood glucose in rats were calculated from the decay of [14C]glucose. A glucose load suppressed glucose appearance and this was reversed by epinephrine or glucagon. Incorporation of [14C]bicarbonate into liver glycogen and blood glucose demonstrated that these hormones did not alter gluconeogetic rate but, rather the proportion of glucose recovered in the two products. The glucose enhanced by glucagon, probably through increased insulin secretion. In contrast, epinephrine decreased peripheral glucose uptake.", "contents": "Metabolic background for glucose tolerance: mechanism for epinephrine-induced impairment. Turnover rates of blood glucose in rats were calculated from the decay of [14C]glucose. A glucose load suppressed glucose appearance and this was reversed by epinephrine or glucagon. Incorporation of [14C]bicarbonate into liver glycogen and blood glucose demonstrated that these hormones did not alter gluconeogetic rate but, rather the proportion of glucose recovered in the two products. The glucose enhanced by glucagon, probably through increased insulin secretion. In contrast, epinephrine decreased peripheral glucose uptake.", "PMID": 1190339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11682", "title": "Adrenergic receptor and epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia and glucose tolerance.", "content": "Intravenous glucose tolerance in fasting rats was improved by phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, and diminished by propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent. These effects of adrenergic blockers were dependent on the action of insulin, secretion of which is controlled by an adrenergic mechanism. Epinephrine caused by hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance. Both actions of epinephrine were partly inhibited by either an alpha or beta blocker and completely abolished by combination of both blockers in normal rats. However, in rats treated with anti-insulin serum or 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, a potent inhibitor of gluconeogenesis, both actions of epinephrine were blocked by propranolol alone, but not by phentolamine. It is concluded that beta-receptor-mediated inhibiton of peripheral glucose utilization is primarily responsible for epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia and impairment of glucose tolerance. Furthermore, the reduction of glycemic action of epinephrine observed after alpha blockade is due to the hypoglycemic action of insulin secreted by the stimulation of beta receptors in pancreatic beta cells.", "contents": "Adrenergic receptor and epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia and glucose tolerance. Intravenous glucose tolerance in fasting rats was improved by phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, and diminished by propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent. These effects of adrenergic blockers were dependent on the action of insulin, secretion of which is controlled by an adrenergic mechanism. Epinephrine caused by hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance. Both actions of epinephrine were partly inhibited by either an alpha or beta blocker and completely abolished by combination of both blockers in normal rats. However, in rats treated with anti-insulin serum or 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, a potent inhibitor of gluconeogenesis, both actions of epinephrine were blocked by propranolol alone, but not by phentolamine. It is concluded that beta-receptor-mediated inhibiton of peripheral glucose utilization is primarily responsible for epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia and impairment of glucose tolerance. Furthermore, the reduction of glycemic action of epinephrine observed after alpha blockade is due to the hypoglycemic action of insulin secreted by the stimulation of beta receptors in pancreatic beta cells.", "PMID": 1190340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11683", "title": "Uptake and supply of purine compounds by the liver.", "content": "We have analyzed for purine compounds entering and leaving the liver in lightly anesthetized rabbits and rats and for the export of utilizable purine from liver perfused with oxypurine. The in vivo results indicate that roughly 80% of hypoxanthine, xanthine, and urate is removed in a single passage of blood through liver. Conversely, the adenosine concentration of hepatic venous blood is increased 10-fold over portal or arterial levels. When the liver is isolated and perfused with hypoxanthine there is significant release of adenosine, whether measured quantitatively by microbiological assay or qualitatively by analysis of the radioactive purines released from liver that has been prelabeled with [14C]hypoxanthine. These results provide direct evidence for the clearance of hydroxylated purines and the release of utilizable adenine derivatives by liver.", "contents": "Uptake and supply of purine compounds by the liver. We have analyzed for purine compounds entering and leaving the liver in lightly anesthetized rabbits and rats and for the export of utilizable purine from liver perfused with oxypurine. The in vivo results indicate that roughly 80% of hypoxanthine, xanthine, and urate is removed in a single passage of blood through liver. Conversely, the adenosine concentration of hepatic venous blood is increased 10-fold over portal or arterial levels. When the liver is isolated and perfused with hypoxanthine there is significant release of adenosine, whether measured quantitatively by microbiological assay or qualitatively by analysis of the radioactive purines released from liver that has been prelabeled with [14C]hypoxanthine. These results provide direct evidence for the clearance of hydroxylated purines and the release of utilizable adenine derivatives by liver.", "PMID": 1190341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11684", "title": "Effect of lactate infusion on myocardial FFA metabolism in diabetic dogs.", "content": "The effect of elevated arterial lactate concentration on myocardial free fatty acid (FAA), acetoacetate (AcAc), and beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) uptake was studied in alloxan-diabetic dogs under control conditions and following the constant infusion of Na-L-(+)-lactate. Only minor changes in hemodynamic parameters were observed. During lactate infusion, arterial lactate increased and FFA, AcAc, and beta-OHB decreased. The extraction ratio and myocardial uptake of both AcAc and beta-OHB diminished. No significant change of myocardial FFA oxidation was noted. While myocardial lactate uptake was very small under control conditions, it increased considerably during the infusion of lactate. The fraction of myocardial CO2 production derived from FFA oxidation was unchanged during lactate infusion, while the fraction derived from ketone bodies decreased and that derived from lactate increased. Thus, during hyperlactacidemia a larger fraction of myocardial substrate was derived from lactate and a smaller fraction from ketone bodies than were derived under control conditions.", "contents": "Effect of lactate infusion on myocardial FFA metabolism in diabetic dogs. The effect of elevated arterial lactate concentration on myocardial free fatty acid (FAA), acetoacetate (AcAc), and beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) uptake was studied in alloxan-diabetic dogs under control conditions and following the constant infusion of Na-L-(+)-lactate. Only minor changes in hemodynamic parameters were observed. During lactate infusion, arterial lactate increased and FFA, AcAc, and beta-OHB decreased. The extraction ratio and myocardial uptake of both AcAc and beta-OHB diminished. No significant change of myocardial FFA oxidation was noted. While myocardial lactate uptake was very small under control conditions, it increased considerably during the infusion of lactate. The fraction of myocardial CO2 production derived from FFA oxidation was unchanged during lactate infusion, while the fraction derived from ketone bodies decreased and that derived from lactate increased. Thus, during hyperlactacidemia a larger fraction of myocardial substrate was derived from lactate and a smaller fraction from ketone bodies than were derived under control conditions.", "PMID": 1190342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11685", "title": "Autoregulation of renal blood flow in the puppy.", "content": "The ability of the immature kidney to autoregulate blood flow was investigated. Renal blood flow was measured by electromagnetic flowmeter. In six puppies, selective blockade of the intrarenal effects of angiotensin II (AII) by [1-sarcosine, 8-alanine]angiotensin II (anti-AII) administered into the renal artery did not change renal blood flow. During selective renal AII blockade, intravenous AII raised perfusion pressure from 76 +/- 2 to 100 +/- 6 mmHg. Renal blood flow increased from 1.59 +/- 0.29 to 1.98 +/- 0.59 ml/g kidney per min, but returned to control levels within 40 s in spite of persistent arterial pressure elevation. In another group of seven puppies, renal blood flow remained constant despite reduction of renal perfusion pressure by aortic constriction to 60 mmHg. In two of these seven puppies intrarenal anti-AII did not abolish autoregulation. Autoregulation of renal blood flow occurs in the puppy and is not influenced by inhibition of angiotensin. The renin-angiotensin system does not appear to be involved in the normal regulation of renal blood flow in the puppy.", "contents": "Autoregulation of renal blood flow in the puppy. The ability of the immature kidney to autoregulate blood flow was investigated. Renal blood flow was measured by electromagnetic flowmeter. In six puppies, selective blockade of the intrarenal effects of angiotensin II (AII) by [1-sarcosine, 8-alanine]angiotensin II (anti-AII) administered into the renal artery did not change renal blood flow. During selective renal AII blockade, intravenous AII raised perfusion pressure from 76 +/- 2 to 100 +/- 6 mmHg. Renal blood flow increased from 1.59 +/- 0.29 to 1.98 +/- 0.59 ml/g kidney per min, but returned to control levels within 40 s in spite of persistent arterial pressure elevation. In another group of seven puppies, renal blood flow remained constant despite reduction of renal perfusion pressure by aortic constriction to 60 mmHg. In two of these seven puppies intrarenal anti-AII did not abolish autoregulation. Autoregulation of renal blood flow occurs in the puppy and is not influenced by inhibition of angiotensin. The renin-angiotensin system does not appear to be involved in the normal regulation of renal blood flow in the puppy.", "PMID": 1190343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11686", "title": "Transalveolar transport of large polar solutes (sucrose, inulin, and dextran).", "content": "The in vivo transalveolar transport of three large polar solutes, sucrose, inulin, and dextran (mol wt 60,000-90,00), was compared with the transport of urea in saline-filled dog lung. Apparent permeability coefficents (p', in cm X sec-1 X 10(6)) were as follows; urea: 2.4 +/- 0.28 (SD) greater than sucrose: 0.64 +/- 0.31 (P less than 0.001) greater than inulin: 0.12 +/- .05 (P less than 0.001)--not different from dextran (mol wt 60,000-90,000): 0.08 +/- .02 (P greater then .01). Calculation of the resistance of the alveolar epithelium compared to total barrier resistance for the various solutes indicates that approximately 90% of the total resistance resides in the alveolar epithelium. Comparison of the ratio of permeability coefficients to the ratio of free-diffusion coefficients in water shows similar values for the three large polar solutes, suggesting that permeation through the alveolar epithelium occurs by means of water-filled channels. The values for permeability coefficients of alveolar epithelium fit into the spectrum of values reported for other epithelial structures (including gall bladder, frog skin, and toad bladder); it seems to have a system of channels with a small number of  wide \"pores\" (greater than 80 A) that permit permeation of large polar solutes and is not a relatively homogeneous structure.", "contents": "Transalveolar transport of large polar solutes (sucrose, inulin, and dextran). The in vivo transalveolar transport of three large polar solutes, sucrose, inulin, and dextran (mol wt 60,000-90,00), was compared with the transport of urea in saline-filled dog lung. Apparent permeability coefficents (p', in cm X sec-1 X 10(6)) were as follows; urea: 2.4 +/- 0.28 (SD) greater than sucrose: 0.64 +/- 0.31 (P less than 0.001) greater than inulin: 0.12 +/- .05 (P less than 0.001)--not different from dextran (mol wt 60,000-90,000): 0.08 +/- .02 (P greater then .01). Calculation of the resistance of the alveolar epithelium compared to total barrier resistance for the various solutes indicates that approximately 90% of the total resistance resides in the alveolar epithelium. Comparison of the ratio of permeability coefficients to the ratio of free-diffusion coefficients in water shows similar values for the three large polar solutes, suggesting that permeation through the alveolar epithelium occurs by means of water-filled channels. The values for permeability coefficients of alveolar epithelium fit into the spectrum of values reported for other epithelial structures (including gall bladder, frog skin, and toad bladder); it seems to have a system of channels with a small number of  wide \"pores\" (greater than 80 A) that permit permeation of large polar solutes and is not a relatively homogeneous structure.", "PMID": 1190344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11687", "title": "The need for intervention: a further delineation.", "content": "Clinical material from experimental tape sessions is used further to delineate a crucial variable in psychotherapy research: the degree to which the therapist meets the patient's need for intervention. Several discrete needs for intervention are identified, how they were (later) met by a therapist is observed, and the outcome of each is assessed.", "contents": "The need for intervention: a further delineation. Clinical material from experimental tape sessions is used further to delineate a crucial variable in psychotherapy research: the degree to which the therapist meets the patient's need for intervention. Several discrete needs for intervention are identified, how they were (later) met by a therapist is observed, and the outcome of each is assessed.", "PMID": 1190354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11688", "title": "Child-rearing patterns of poverty.", "content": "The author feels that the perpetuation of poverty is not adequately explained by the popular theories of recent years, that is, social oppression and cultural deprivation, including maternal deprivation. Impaired verbal development and a lack of inner controls are products of specific child-rearing patterns which create fear and rage, and stifle verbal self-expression.", "contents": "Child-rearing patterns of poverty. The author feels that the perpetuation of poverty is not adequately explained by the popular theories of recent years, that is, social oppression and cultural deprivation, including maternal deprivation. Impaired verbal development and a lack of inner controls are products of specific child-rearing patterns which create fear and rage, and stifle verbal self-expression.", "PMID": 1190355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11689", "title": "Gestalt encounter in the treatment of hospitalized alcoholic patients.", "content": "The Gestalt approach with alcoholics is different from other, traditional approaches. Its emphasis on growth, awareness, and self-support is aided through some simple guides. Several guides are suggested which have been used with this population and specific examples from therapy are provided to show how they were used and what the effects may be.", "contents": "Gestalt encounter in the treatment of hospitalized alcoholic patients. The Gestalt approach with alcoholics is different from other, traditional approaches. Its emphasis on growth, awareness, and self-support is aided through some simple guides. Several guides are suggested which have been used with this population and specific examples from therapy are provided to show how they were used and what the effects may be.", "PMID": 1190356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11690", "title": "Resistance interruption in programmed psychotherapy.", "content": "Research Interruption in Programmed Psychotherapy introduces a directive intervention into personally maladaptive patterns of behavior while supporting constructive alternatives. Observations, results, and follow-up on 50 patients are given. Benefit related to this handling of resistance in psychotherapy is suggested.", "contents": "Resistance interruption in programmed psychotherapy. Research Interruption in Programmed Psychotherapy introduces a directive intervention into personally maladaptive patterns of behavior while supporting constructive alternatives. Observations, results, and follow-up on 50 patients are given. Benefit related to this handling of resistance in psychotherapy is suggested.", "PMID": 1190357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11691", "title": "Brief or crisis-oriented therapy in a city hospital setting.", "content": "The philosophy of brief therapy in a city hospital setting is outlined. Therapists frequently resist a brief and active approach and offer rationalizations against it. Most patients, however, seek only symptom alleviation or problem solving, and not insight psychotherapy. Specific treatment goals and foci must be established early when the treatment contract is formulated. Transference and countertransference play a significant role.", "contents": "Brief or crisis-oriented therapy in a city hospital setting. The philosophy of brief therapy in a city hospital setting is outlined. Therapists frequently resist a brief and active approach and offer rationalizations against it. Most patients, however, seek only symptom alleviation or problem solving, and not insight psychotherapy. Specific treatment goals and foci must be established early when the treatment contract is formulated. Transference and countertransference play a significant role.", "PMID": 1190358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11692", "title": "Psychotherapy of love loss.", "content": "Abandonment in love brings with it considerable psychiatric casualty. Although time usually heals, it may also reinforce psychopathologic attitudes. The main task of psychotherapy is to offer an explanation, stretched over time, which is emotionally acceptable, protects self-esteem, and diminishes the fear of new alliances.", "contents": "Psychotherapy of love loss. Abandonment in love brings with it considerable psychiatric casualty. Although time usually heals, it may also reinforce psychopathologic attitudes. The main task of psychotherapy is to offer an explanation, stretched over time, which is emotionally acceptable, protects self-esteem, and diminishes the fear of new alliances.", "PMID": 1190359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11693", "title": "A psychiatrist moves his office.", "content": "This paper describes a therapist's experience in moving his analytically oriented psychotherapy practice from an exclusive private setting to the psychiatric floor of a busy general hospital. The ways in which different patients react to this similar experience are described and the dynamic implications discussed. A feature common to most patients is highlighted and its implications for psychotherapy generally are examined.", "contents": "A psychiatrist moves his office. This paper describes a therapist's experience in moving his analytically oriented psychotherapy practice from an exclusive private setting to the psychiatric floor of a busy general hospital. The ways in which different patients react to this similar experience are described and the dynamic implications discussed. A feature common to most patients is highlighted and its implications for psychotherapy generally are examined.", "PMID": 1190360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11694", "title": "Facilitating ego mastery in brief psychotherapy with medical students.", "content": "Four related techniques for doing brief psychotherapy with medical students are described, which capitalize on styles of ego adaptation and defense characteristic of this population. These styles involve use of intellectual mastery and intellectualization. The therapeutic use of a frequently occurring form of positive ego-ideal transference is also discussed.", "contents": "Facilitating ego mastery in brief psychotherapy with medical students. Four related techniques for doing brief psychotherapy with medical students are described, which capitalize on styles of ego adaptation and defense characteristic of this population. These styles involve use of intellectual mastery and intellectualization. The therapeutic use of a frequently occurring form of positive ego-ideal transference is also discussed.", "PMID": 1190361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11695", "title": "Therapist and patient after hours.", "content": "A patient in brief psychotherapy told of a sexual advance made to her now by a former psychotherapist. Computer testing predicted her motivation and behavior accurately. A number of related issues in professional ethics and in dynamic psychology are discussed. Legal cases are cited.", "contents": "Therapist and patient after hours. A patient in brief psychotherapy told of a sexual advance made to her now by a former psychotherapist. Computer testing predicted her motivation and behavior accurately. A number of related issues in professional ethics and in dynamic psychology are discussed. Legal cases are cited.", "PMID": 1190362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11696", "title": "The seroepidemiology of malaria in Middle America. I. Longitudinal studies on populations in a low incidence area of El Salvador.", "content": "Serologic profiles were established using the indirect fluorescent antibody test in a longitudinal study of six villages in an interior area of El Salvador. Positive serologic responses as well as active cases found through the voluntary collaborator posts occurred primarily in adult males, suggesting that much of the malaria experience in the study area resulted from exposure of this segment of the population in more malarious areas where they traveled to engage in temporary agricultural labor. Malaria incidence was generally low but transmission potential apparently varied markedly even over relatively small distances. Serologic profiles reflected the malaria experience in the population sampled, but many localities were widely dispersed and samples taken from village centers were found in some cases not to be representative of the entire locality population in terms of malaria exposure. The indirect fluorescent antibody technique was found to reflect the malaria experience in the population segments examined. When these data were correlated with the surveillance data from the voluntary collaborator posts, the epidemiology of malaria in the study area was more thoroughly understood.", "contents": "The seroepidemiology of malaria in Middle America. I. Longitudinal studies on populations in a low incidence area of El Salvador. Serologic profiles were established using the indirect fluorescent antibody test in a longitudinal study of six villages in an interior area of El Salvador. Positive serologic responses as well as active cases found through the voluntary collaborator posts occurred primarily in adult males, suggesting that much of the malaria experience in the study area resulted from exposure of this segment of the population in more malarious areas where they traveled to engage in temporary agricultural labor. Malaria incidence was generally low but transmission potential apparently varied markedly even over relatively small distances. Serologic profiles reflected the malaria experience in the population sampled, but many localities were widely dispersed and samples taken from village centers were found in some cases not to be representative of the entire locality population in terms of malaria exposure. The indirect fluorescent antibody technique was found to reflect the malaria experience in the population segments examined. When these data were correlated with the surveillance data from the voluntary collaborator posts, the epidemiology of malaria in the study area was more thoroughly understood.", "PMID": 1190363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11697", "title": "The seroepidemiology of malaria in Middle America. II. Studies on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica.", "content": "Serologic studies for malaria using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique suggest that active transmission is either absent or very low in 6 villages on the Pacific side of Costa Rica. Positive titers (1:20 or higher) were seen in the under-15-year age group in three of the study localities, but only 5 such responses were encountered among 249 people examined in this age range. In the adults (15 years and over) from the same 3 villages there were 68 positive titers among 161 examined. There were 43 positive responses in 189 adults from the remaining 3 villages where none of 307 persons under 15 years of age showed a titer of 1:20 or higher to any of the 3 malaria antigens tested (Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae). These data suggest that the positive responses in the latter villages are more likely to be associated with old or imported cases than with current local transmission. Serologic responses of 1:80 or higher to the P. falciparum antigen suggested the continued presence of this parasite in the population in spite of the paucity of positive blood smears with this species in recent years. Positive titers with the P. malariae antigen suggest that this parasite is probably still present in the area. Such serologic studies help to indicate areas where malaria transmission is active and provide information on parasite reservoirs in particular populations.", "contents": "The seroepidemiology of malaria in Middle America. II. Studies on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Serologic studies for malaria using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique suggest that active transmission is either absent or very low in 6 villages on the Pacific side of Costa Rica. Positive titers (1:20 or higher) were seen in the under-15-year age group in three of the study localities, but only 5 such responses were encountered among 249 people examined in this age range. In the adults (15 years and over) from the same 3 villages there were 68 positive titers among 161 examined. There were 43 positive responses in 189 adults from the remaining 3 villages where none of 307 persons under 15 years of age showed a titer of 1:20 or higher to any of the 3 malaria antigens tested (Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae). These data suggest that the positive responses in the latter villages are more likely to be associated with old or imported cases than with current local transmission. Serologic responses of 1:80 or higher to the P. falciparum antigen suggested the continued presence of this parasite in the population in spite of the paucity of positive blood smears with this species in recent years. Positive titers with the P. malariae antigen suggest that this parasite is probably still present in the area. Such serologic studies help to indicate areas where malaria transmission is active and provide information on parasite reservoirs in particular populations.", "PMID": 1190364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11698", "title": "Clinical trials with metronidazole in human balantidiasis.", "content": "Therapeutic activity of metronidazole against Balantidium coli was evaluated by using two drug regimens in 20 human cases of balantidiasis. All patients also harbored Trichuris trichiura. Children received a total amount of drug that varied from 2.5 g during 5 days to 7.5 g in a period of 10 days. Adults were given 5 g in 5 days or 12.5 g during a period of 10 days. In all patients B. coli disappeared after the 4th day of treatment. Frequent posttreatment stool examination remained negative. All patients tolerated the drug well and there were no side effects.", "contents": "Clinical trials with metronidazole in human balantidiasis. Therapeutic activity of metronidazole against Balantidium coli was evaluated by using two drug regimens in 20 human cases of balantidiasis. All patients also harbored Trichuris trichiura. Children received a total amount of drug that varied from 2.5 g during 5 days to 7.5 g in a period of 10 days. Adults were given 5 g in 5 days or 12.5 g during a period of 10 days. In all patients B. coli disappeared after the 4th day of treatment. Frequent posttreatment stool examination remained negative. All patients tolerated the drug well and there were no side effects.", "PMID": 1190365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11699", "title": "Incidence of intestinal obstruction in children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides.", "content": "The most serious consequences of infection with the large roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, are complications requiring surgical intervention, particularly intestinal obstruction caused by a bolus of worms. A study was conducted to estimate the incidence of this complication among infected children in an area of the southeastern United States where ascariasis is endemic. A chart review at three rural Louisiana public hospitals revealed that 21 patients had been hospitalized with intestinal obstruction secondary to ascariasis over a 3-year period. The prevalence of ascariasis in three parishes (counties) served by these hospitals was calculated from the results of 2,360 stool examinations performed by the State Health Department and one hospital laboratory. The prevalence of ascariasis in 1- to 5-year-old children was similar to that in 6- to 12-year-olds and ranged from 8% to 28% in the three parishes. Prevalence rates were three times higher for blacks than for whites. It was found that most cases of intestinal obstruction occur in children in the 1- to 5-year age group and that this incidence approximates two such complications per 1,000 infected children per year.", "contents": "Incidence of intestinal obstruction in children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides. The most serious consequences of infection with the large roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, are complications requiring surgical intervention, particularly intestinal obstruction caused by a bolus of worms. A study was conducted to estimate the incidence of this complication among infected children in an area of the southeastern United States where ascariasis is endemic. A chart review at three rural Louisiana public hospitals revealed that 21 patients had been hospitalized with intestinal obstruction secondary to ascariasis over a 3-year period. The prevalence of ascariasis in three parishes (counties) served by these hospitals was calculated from the results of 2,360 stool examinations performed by the State Health Department and one hospital laboratory. The prevalence of ascariasis in 1- to 5-year-old children was similar to that in 6- to 12-year-olds and ranged from 8% to 28% in the three parishes. Prevalence rates were three times higher for blacks than for whites. It was found that most cases of intestinal obstruction occur in children in the 1- to 5-year age group and that this incidence approximates two such complications per 1,000 infected children per year.", "PMID": 1190366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11700", "title": "A quantitative post mortem analysis of urinary schistosomiasis in Egypt. II. Evolution and epidemiology.", "content": "Further analysis of the data obtained from 190 unselected autopsies at the University of Cairo (Faculty of Medicine) hospitals reinforces our conclusion that a high prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis leads to infection intensity causing severe uropathy and mortality, both directly and by way of complications and sequelae. Based on histological study, two stages of urinary schistosomiasis must be considered in epidemiological work: \"active disease\", characterized by significant egg excretion; and \"inactive disease\", in which eggs are excreted rarely. The proportion between active and inactive cases is progressively reversed with advancing age, while mean tissue egg burdens rise, plateau, and ultimately decrease, most sharply beyond 50 years of age. A model of the progression of active disease has been derived from the relations of individual organ egg burdens to overall infection intensity, showing that both the onset and the termination of oviposition probably begin in the urinary bladder and spread centrifugally. Therefore, extravesical activity may persist longer than bladder activity. Severe uropathy and mortality occur at all stages of the disease and depend principally, but not exclusively, on egg burden, i.e., on infection intensity. Correlations of infection intensity with degree of uropathy show that severe disease is quantitatively separable from incidental disease by its tissue egg burdens and lesions. However, the factors determining death from urinary schistosomiasis are only partly understood. They include bilateral upper obstructive uropathy and, probably, focal egg concentrations leading to rapid obstruction, such as aberrantly high egg burdens in the left ureter relative to those in the bladder. Analysis of epidemiologically homogeneous population groups reveals close mutual relationships between the total frequency of infection (active plus inactive), the intensity of infection, and the frequency of severe uropathy. A statistical model predicts that any rise in frequency beyond a 30% threshold will result in a linear increase in the frequency of severe disease, whereas below that threshold the bulk of infections will be incidental. These insights, applicable only to pathological material, must be complemented by efforts to establish clinical and laboratory criteria defining the severity and stages of urinary schistosomiasis in living patients, and to examine their population dynamics, so that effects of therapeutic and preventive measures may be evalulated more precisely.", "contents": "A quantitative post mortem analysis of urinary schistosomiasis in Egypt. II. Evolution and epidemiology. Further analysis of the data obtained from 190 unselected autopsies at the University of Cairo (Faculty of Medicine) hospitals reinforces our conclusion that a high prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis leads to infection intensity causing severe uropathy and mortality, both directly and by way of complications and sequelae. Based on histological study, two stages of urinary schistosomiasis must be considered in epidemiological work: \"active disease\", characterized by significant egg excretion; and \"inactive disease\", in which eggs are excreted rarely. The proportion between active and inactive cases is progressively reversed with advancing age, while mean tissue egg burdens rise, plateau, and ultimately decrease, most sharply beyond 50 years of age. A model of the progression of active disease has been derived from the relations of individual organ egg burdens to overall infection intensity, showing that both the onset and the termination of oviposition probably begin in the urinary bladder and spread centrifugally. Therefore, extravesical activity may persist longer than bladder activity. Severe uropathy and mortality occur at all stages of the disease and depend principally, but not exclusively, on egg burden, i.e., on infection intensity. Correlations of infection intensity with degree of uropathy show that severe disease is quantitatively separable from incidental disease by its tissue egg burdens and lesions. However, the factors determining death from urinary schistosomiasis are only partly understood. They include bilateral upper obstructive uropathy and, probably, focal egg concentrations leading to rapid obstruction, such as aberrantly high egg burdens in the left ureter relative to those in the bladder. Analysis of epidemiologically homogeneous population groups reveals close mutual relationships between the total frequency of infection (active plus inactive), the intensity of infection, and the frequency of severe uropathy. A statistical model predicts that any rise in frequency beyond a 30% threshold will result in a linear increase in the frequency of severe disease, whereas below that threshold the bulk of infections will be incidental. These insights, applicable only to pathological material, must be complemented by efforts to establish clinical and laboratory criteria defining the severity and stages of urinary schistosomiasis in living patients, and to examine their population dynamics, so that effects of therapeutic and preventive measures may be evalulated more precisely.", "PMID": 1190367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11701", "title": "Anticholinergic properties of the antischistosomal drug hycanthone.", "content": "The effect of the antischistosomal drug hycanthone on the motor activity of Schistosoma mansoni was studied in vitro. Hycanthone stimulates motor activity at concentrations of 10(-6) to 10(-5) M, and partially blocks the paralytic effects of carbachol and physostigmine. Lucanthone, a closely related although less active congener of hycanthone, does not produce these same effects in vitro. Some blocking of acetylcholine can also be produced by atropine, although this drug is less active in this regard than is hycanthone. These findings suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of hycanthone may be related to interference with acetylcholine receptors in schistosomes. Hycanthone is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) from S. mansoni, but is less effective against ACHE of mammalian origin. In contrast, physostigmine inhibits the mammalian enzyme more effectively than it does the helminth enzyme. These observations suggest that schistosome ACHE differs from the mammalian enzyme with respect to the configuration of the active center, and that hycanthone may have a selective affinity for schistosomal cholinergic systems.", "contents": "Anticholinergic properties of the antischistosomal drug hycanthone. The effect of the antischistosomal drug hycanthone on the motor activity of Schistosoma mansoni was studied in vitro. Hycanthone stimulates motor activity at concentrations of 10(-6) to 10(-5) M, and partially blocks the paralytic effects of carbachol and physostigmine. Lucanthone, a closely related although less active congener of hycanthone, does not produce these same effects in vitro. Some blocking of acetylcholine can also be produced by atropine, although this drug is less active in this regard than is hycanthone. These findings suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of hycanthone may be related to interference with acetylcholine receptors in schistosomes. Hycanthone is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) from S. mansoni, but is less effective against ACHE of mammalian origin. In contrast, physostigmine inhibits the mammalian enzyme more effectively than it does the helminth enzyme. These observations suggest that schistosome ACHE differs from the mammalian enzyme with respect to the configuration of the active center, and that hycanthone may have a selective affinity for schistosomal cholinergic systems.", "PMID": 1190369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11702", "title": "Treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni and japonica in baboons with tubercidin given by direct intravenous injection.", "content": "Baboons (Papio cyanocephalus and P. anubis), infected with Schistosoma mansoni or S. japonicum, were treated with single doses of tubercidin (7-deazaadenosine; Tu), 1, 3, and 5 mg per kg of body weight, administered by intravenous drip. Crystalline Tu was dissolved in sterile 0.9% NaCl solution (1 mg per ml), and the solution was delivered at a rate of 4 ml per minute. Detectable short-term host toxicity was limited to the 5 mg per kg dose, mainly in the form of reversible mild to moderate kidney damage. Only this 5 mg per kg dose administered to baboons with relatively heavy S. mansoni infections was capable of completely suppressing fecal egg excretion for 6 to 8 weeks, eliminating the female worms, and terminating active disease, as indicated by histopathological findings. Comparable effects were achieved following the administration of the 3 mg per kg dose to baboons with moderate to heavy S. japonicum infections.", "contents": "Treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni and japonica in baboons with tubercidin given by direct intravenous injection. Baboons (Papio cyanocephalus and P. anubis), infected with Schistosoma mansoni or S. japonicum, were treated with single doses of tubercidin (7-deazaadenosine; Tu), 1, 3, and 5 mg per kg of body weight, administered by intravenous drip. Crystalline Tu was dissolved in sterile 0.9% NaCl solution (1 mg per ml), and the solution was delivered at a rate of 4 ml per minute. Detectable short-term host toxicity was limited to the 5 mg per kg dose, mainly in the form of reversible mild to moderate kidney damage. Only this 5 mg per kg dose administered to baboons with relatively heavy S. mansoni infections was capable of completely suppressing fecal egg excretion for 6 to 8 weeks, eliminating the female worms, and terminating active disease, as indicated by histopathological findings. Comparable effects were achieved following the administration of the 3 mg per kg dose to baboons with moderate to heavy S. japonicum infections.", "PMID": 1190370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11703", "title": "Comparative sensitivity and specificity of the Casoni intradermal and the immunoelectrophoresis tests for the diagnosis of hydatid disease.", "content": "The Casoni intradermal (ID) test, using two antigens, was compared with the immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) test for diagnosis in 47 surgically confirmed cases of hydatid disease and 73 non-hydatid persons. An antigen prepared from boiled hydatid cyst fluid (HF) was markedly more sensitive in the ID test than another prepared from whole HF but both produced false-positive reactions in three persons with other disease conditions. The IEP test yielded no false positives and its sensitivity was similar to the ID test using the more sensitive boiled HF antigen. Some patients were ID-positive and IEP-negative and vice-versa. Diagnostic sensitivity of both tests varied according to the localization and condition of the cyst. A detectable immune response was more frequent in patients with liver cysts than in those with lung cysts. Regardless of cyst localization, lowest diagnostic sensitivity was observed in patients whose cysts were intact and of the hyaline type, whereas recently broken cysts were associated with the most consistently detectable immune response. The limitations of the ID test are discussed and it is suggested that, until more specific antigens are available, there appears to be little value in utilizing this test where the more specific serological techniques are available.", "contents": "Comparative sensitivity and specificity of the Casoni intradermal and the immunoelectrophoresis tests for the diagnosis of hydatid disease. The Casoni intradermal (ID) test, using two antigens, was compared with the immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) test for diagnosis in 47 surgically confirmed cases of hydatid disease and 73 non-hydatid persons. An antigen prepared from boiled hydatid cyst fluid (HF) was markedly more sensitive in the ID test than another prepared from whole HF but both produced false-positive reactions in three persons with other disease conditions. The IEP test yielded no false positives and its sensitivity was similar to the ID test using the more sensitive boiled HF antigen. Some patients were ID-positive and IEP-negative and vice-versa. Diagnostic sensitivity of both tests varied according to the localization and condition of the cyst. A detectable immune response was more frequent in patients with liver cysts than in those with lung cysts. Regardless of cyst localization, lowest diagnostic sensitivity was observed in patients whose cysts were intact and of the hyaline type, whereas recently broken cysts were associated with the most consistently detectable immune response. The limitations of the ID test are discussed and it is suggested that, until more specific antigens are available, there appears to be little value in utilizing this test where the more specific serological techniques are available.", "PMID": 1190371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11704", "title": "Laboratory studies of transovarial transmission of La Crosse and other arboviruses by Aedes albopictus and Culex fatigans.", "content": "Transovarial transmission of La Crosse virus by experimentally infected Aedes albopictus females to 2.7% of their F1 generation offspring was demonstrated. Progeny of both sexes were infected. Mean virus titers in parent mosquitoes and infected F1 generation adults were 10(4.6) and 10(3.4) plaque forming units/insect, respectively. The La Crosse-infected offspring were randomly distributed among the female parents. After two serial passages in A. albopictus, a marked change occurred in the plaque morphology of the virus but this had no apparent effect on the subsequent vertical transmission rate. In contrast, transovarial transmission did not occur in La Crosse-infected Culex fatigans or in A. albopictus and C. fatigans infected with vesicular stomatitis-Indiana, Cache Valley, Batai, Arumowot, and Itaporanga viruses. Results of this experiment suggest that the La Crosse model might be useful in studying the mechanism of transovarial transmission in additional mosquito species.", "contents": "Laboratory studies of transovarial transmission of La Crosse and other arboviruses by Aedes albopictus and Culex fatigans. Transovarial transmission of La Crosse virus by experimentally infected Aedes albopictus females to 2.7% of their F1 generation offspring was demonstrated. Progeny of both sexes were infected. Mean virus titers in parent mosquitoes and infected F1 generation adults were 10(4.6) and 10(3.4) plaque forming units/insect, respectively. The La Crosse-infected offspring were randomly distributed among the female parents. After two serial passages in A. albopictus, a marked change occurred in the plaque morphology of the virus but this had no apparent effect on the subsequent vertical transmission rate. In contrast, transovarial transmission did not occur in La Crosse-infected Culex fatigans or in A. albopictus and C. fatigans infected with vesicular stomatitis-Indiana, Cache Valley, Batai, Arumowot, and Itaporanga viruses. Results of this experiment suggest that the La Crosse model might be useful in studying the mechanism of transovarial transmission in additional mosquito species.", "PMID": 1190373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11705", "title": "Host preferences of Aedes trivittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in central Iowa.", "content": "The vertebrate host preferences of Aedes trivittatus mosquitoes were studied to gain an insight into the possible hosts of trivittatus (TVT) virus (California encephalitis group) in Iowa. Engorged mosquitoes were collected with a Malaise trap and Dry Ice-baited CDC miniature light traps. The origin of mosquito blood meals was determined by the capillary tube precipitin test. Of 600 A. trivittatus blood meals tested, 409 (68.2%) reacted positively with anti-rabbit serum. The incidences of mosquitoes feeding on other vertebrate species ranged from 0.2% to 2.5%. The vertebrate host preferences of A. trivittatus suggest a close association between this mosquito species and the eastern cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus) in central Iowa. Furthermore, the results indicate that the eastern cottontail rabbit may be an important host for TVT virus in Iowa.", "contents": "Host preferences of Aedes trivittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in central Iowa. The vertebrate host preferences of Aedes trivittatus mosquitoes were studied to gain an insight into the possible hosts of trivittatus (TVT) virus (California encephalitis group) in Iowa. Engorged mosquitoes were collected with a Malaise trap and Dry Ice-baited CDC miniature light traps. The origin of mosquito blood meals was determined by the capillary tube precipitin test. Of 600 A. trivittatus blood meals tested, 409 (68.2%) reacted positively with anti-rabbit serum. The incidences of mosquitoes feeding on other vertebrate species ranged from 0.2% to 2.5%. The vertebrate host preferences of A. trivittatus suggest a close association between this mosquito species and the eastern cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus) in central Iowa. Furthermore, the results indicate that the eastern cottontail rabbit may be an important host for TVT virus in Iowa.", "PMID": 1190374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11706", "title": "A technique of anaesthesia in haemorrhagic shock. Illustrative case histories and a discussion.", "content": "The anaesthetic management of patients in haemorrhagic shock is described. The principles are those of initial resuscitation with electrolyte solutions and alleviation of metabolic acidosis, combined with early induction of anaesthesia to permit control of bleeding as soon as possible. The anaesthetic technique depends on pre-oxygenation, intravenous anaesthesia, muscular relaxation and ventilation with pure oxygen. Earlier cases were induced with thiopentone and maintained with intermittent suxamethonium, but intravenous ketamine was later employed for induction and intramuscular ketamine for maintenance; this use of ketamine is now the author's method of choice. The use of a central venous pressure line connected to a cannula in the internal jugular vein is recommended.", "contents": "A technique of anaesthesia in haemorrhagic shock. Illustrative case histories and a discussion. The anaesthetic management of patients in haemorrhagic shock is described. The principles are those of initial resuscitation with electrolyte solutions and alleviation of metabolic acidosis, combined with early induction of anaesthesia to permit control of bleeding as soon as possible. The anaesthetic technique depends on pre-oxygenation, intravenous anaesthesia, muscular relaxation and ventilation with pure oxygen. Earlier cases were induced with thiopentone and maintained with intermittent suxamethonium, but intravenous ketamine was later employed for induction and intramuscular ketamine for maintenance; this use of ketamine is now the author's method of choice. The use of a central venous pressure line connected to a cannula in the internal jugular vein is recommended.", "PMID": 1190400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11707", "title": "Immediate care after aspiration of vomit.", "content": "The diagnosis of aspiration can be made from the characteristic clinical features. Management is then based on the measurement of the pH of the gastric contents, blood gases and acid-base values, the serial measurement of pulse blood pressure and central venous pressure, and the haemoglobin and haematocrit. If available measurement of the plasma or blood volume, pulmonary artery and wedge pressure and cardiac output may also be of value in diagnosis and guiding treatment. The following treatment should be carried out: Head down in right lateral position to drain vomit from airway. Suction. Laryngoscopy to clear the airway. Bronchoscophy if asphyxiated by solid material. Endotracheal intubation if liquid. High inspired oxygen. Artificial ventilation if the PO2 is low. Steroids Hydrocortisone 200 mg intravenously and 100 mg intramuscularly every 6 hours; or Dexamethasone 10 mg intravenously and 5 mg intramuscularly every 6 hours. Aminophylline if bronchospasm is severe. Plasma or plasma substitute for hypotension and hypovolaemia. Correct acidosis.", "contents": "Immediate care after aspiration of vomit. The diagnosis of aspiration can be made from the characteristic clinical features. Management is then based on the measurement of the pH of the gastric contents, blood gases and acid-base values, the serial measurement of pulse blood pressure and central venous pressure, and the haemoglobin and haematocrit. If available measurement of the plasma or blood volume, pulmonary artery and wedge pressure and cardiac output may also be of value in diagnosis and guiding treatment. The following treatment should be carried out: Head down in right lateral position to drain vomit from airway. Suction. Laryngoscopy to clear the airway. Bronchoscophy if asphyxiated by solid material. Endotracheal intubation if liquid. High inspired oxygen. Artificial ventilation if the PO2 is low. Steroids Hydrocortisone 200 mg intravenously and 100 mg intramuscularly every 6 hours; or Dexamethasone 10 mg intravenously and 5 mg intramuscularly every 6 hours. Aminophylline if bronchospasm is severe. Plasma or plasma substitute for hypotension and hypovolaemia. Correct acidosis.", "PMID": 1190403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11708", "title": "The role of hospital medical teams at a major accident.", "content": "Despite an apparently adequate major accident plan which has been used successfully on two previous occasions, considerable difficulties were experienced by the mobile medical teams at the scene of the Moorgate tube train accident. The authors have attempted to describe the role and organisation of mobile medical teams placing particular emphasis on a simple and flexible plan.", "contents": "The role of hospital medical teams at a major accident. Despite an apparently adequate major accident plan which has been used successfully on two previous occasions, considerable difficulties were experienced by the mobile medical teams at the scene of the Moorgate tube train accident. The authors have attempted to describe the role and organisation of mobile medical teams placing particular emphasis on a simple and flexible plan.", "PMID": 1190404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11709", "title": "A local complication of intravenous induction of anaesthesia.", "content": "A triple response resulting from true intraluminal injection into constricted wrist veins is described and its nature discussed.", "contents": "A local complication of intravenous induction of anaesthesia. A triple response resulting from true intraluminal injection into constricted wrist veins is described and its nature discussed.", "PMID": 1190405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11710", "title": "[Cardiovascular effects of the new inhalation anaesthetic isoflurane in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Cardiovascular responses to isoflurane (forane)-nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia were studied in seven older premedicated patients. Anaesthesia was induced with the new non-barbiturate induction agen etomidate. All patients were intubated and mechanically ventilated to maintain normal PaCO2. Clinical concentrations of isoflurane (0.75 and 1.5 vol.-% inspiratory) decreased mean arterial pressure 22%-42%. Only small reductions in cardiac output and stroke volume were seen. Heart rate, central venous and pulmonary artery pressure remained nearly unaffected. The major cause of the arterial hypotension was a fall in total peripheral resistance by 36% as anaesthesia deepened. Left ventricular maximum dp/dt and load data indicated that isoflurane also possesses negative inotropic properties. Tension-time-index and total body oxygen consumption decreased by 47% and 20% respectively. AVDO2 values remained within the normal range. We take this to mean that the oxygen supply was adequate to meet the metabolic demands of the body as a whole. This was corroborated by the finding that base excess did not change significantly. Conclusions considering the use of isoflurane in patients with diminished cardiovascular reserve are drawn.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular effects of the new inhalation anaesthetic isoflurane in man (author's transl)]. Cardiovascular responses to isoflurane (forane)-nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia were studied in seven older premedicated patients. Anaesthesia was induced with the new non-barbiturate induction agen etomidate. All patients were intubated and mechanically ventilated to maintain normal PaCO2. Clinical concentrations of isoflurane (0.75 and 1.5 vol.-% inspiratory) decreased mean arterial pressure 22%-42%. Only small reductions in cardiac output and stroke volume were seen. Heart rate, central venous and pulmonary artery pressure remained nearly unaffected. The major cause of the arterial hypotension was a fall in total peripheral resistance by 36% as anaesthesia deepened. Left ventricular maximum dp/dt and load data indicated that isoflurane also possesses negative inotropic properties. Tension-time-index and total body oxygen consumption decreased by 47% and 20% respectively. AVDO2 values remained within the normal range. We take this to mean that the oxygen supply was adequate to meet the metabolic demands of the body as a whole. This was corroborated by the finding that base excess did not change significantly. Conclusions considering the use of isoflurane in patients with diminished cardiovascular reserve are drawn.", "PMID": 1190413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11711", "title": "[Epinephrine injection with enflurane anaesthesia: incidence of cardiac arrhythmias (author's transl)].", "content": "Two hundred patients, primarily A.S.A. status I and II, were prospectively divided into two groups of 100 each. One group received nitrous oxideoxygen-enflurane anaesthesia and subcutaneous infiltration of adrenaline in lignocaine for haemostasis, while the other received enflurane but not adrenalin. Patients were continuously monitored with a cardioscope. Epinephrine dosages were limited to those recommended for safe use with halothane anaesthesia. No patient in the control group experienced an arrhythmia, and only one patient in the study group developed a burst of premature ventricular contractions following adrenaline injection. The authors conclude that adrenaline may be given subcutaneously for hemostasis in patients under enflurane anaesthesia provided the safeguards established for halothane are observed.", "contents": "[Epinephrine injection with enflurane anaesthesia: incidence of cardiac arrhythmias (author's transl)]. Two hundred patients, primarily A.S.A. status I and II, were prospectively divided into two groups of 100 each. One group received nitrous oxideoxygen-enflurane anaesthesia and subcutaneous infiltration of adrenaline in lignocaine for haemostasis, while the other received enflurane but not adrenalin. Patients were continuously monitored with a cardioscope. Epinephrine dosages were limited to those recommended for safe use with halothane anaesthesia. No patient in the control group experienced an arrhythmia, and only one patient in the study group developed a burst of premature ventricular contractions following adrenaline injection. The authors conclude that adrenaline may be given subcutaneously for hemostasis in patients under enflurane anaesthesia provided the safeguards established for halothane are observed.", "PMID": 1190414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11712", "title": "[Haemodilution and cerebral blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerebral blood flow has been estimated in 10 patients during acute haemodilution and during the consecutive operation. Cerebral blood flow showed a lasting increase during the time of haemodilution, but this increase did not parallel the decrease of haematocrit value. The increase of cerebral blood flow became pronounced only, when the haematocrit become lower than 30%. Assumably the elevation of cerebral flow is mainly due to autoregulative mechanisms of cerebral blood flow to sustain oxygenation. It is concluded, that haemodilution below values of 30% hc might be dangerous in patients suffering from cerebral sclerosis.", "contents": "[Haemodilution and cerebral blood flow (author's transl)]. Cerebral blood flow has been estimated in 10 patients during acute haemodilution and during the consecutive operation. Cerebral blood flow showed a lasting increase during the time of haemodilution, but this increase did not parallel the decrease of haematocrit value. The increase of cerebral blood flow became pronounced only, when the haematocrit become lower than 30%. Assumably the elevation of cerebral flow is mainly due to autoregulative mechanisms of cerebral blood flow to sustain oxygenation. It is concluded, that haemodilution below values of 30% hc might be dangerous in patients suffering from cerebral sclerosis.", "PMID": 1190415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11713", "title": "[Sodium and water balance in the dog under halothane and methoxyflurane anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "In our model of volume expanded dogs with an equilibrium between input and renal output of sodium and water halothane anesthesia (1,5 Vol.-% insp.) was performed. In deepening halothane anesthesia we found a progressive decrease of mean aortic pressure, GFR and renal sodium and water excretion. There was a strong correlation between GFR and sodium excretion. With a high GFR significantly more sodium was excreted under halothane, whilst reduction of GFR led to an overproportional decrease of sodium excretion. Urine osmolality, too, depended on GFR under halothane. The results of methoxyflurane anesthesia were quite similansion. Concentrations of inorganic fluoride in serum and urine, which we measured in these experiments, did not result in visible changes of sodium or water balance, compared with the conscious state.", "contents": "[Sodium and water balance in the dog under halothane and methoxyflurane anesthesia (author's transl)]. In our model of volume expanded dogs with an equilibrium between input and renal output of sodium and water halothane anesthesia (1,5 Vol.-% insp.) was performed. In deepening halothane anesthesia we found a progressive decrease of mean aortic pressure, GFR and renal sodium and water excretion. There was a strong correlation between GFR and sodium excretion. With a high GFR significantly more sodium was excreted under halothane, whilst reduction of GFR led to an overproportional decrease of sodium excretion. Urine osmolality, too, depended on GFR under halothane. The results of methoxyflurane anesthesia were quite similansion. Concentrations of inorganic fluoride in serum and urine, which we measured in these experiments, did not result in visible changes of sodium or water balance, compared with the conscious state.", "PMID": 1190416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11714", "title": "[Serum electrolytes during neuroleptic analgesia and spinal anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Spinal anaesthesia is particularly suitable for operations on the prostate in geriatric patients. We investigated the effects of spinal anaesthesia, using Bupivacaine 0.5%, on electrolyte metabolism in 12 patients and compared these with the effects of neuroleptanalgesia in 13 patients. Neuroleptanalgesia did not affect electrolytic concentrations, whereas spinal anaesthesia was associated with a temporary slight fall in potassium concentration.", "contents": "[Serum electrolytes during neuroleptic analgesia and spinal anaesthesia (author's transl)]. Spinal anaesthesia is particularly suitable for operations on the prostate in geriatric patients. We investigated the effects of spinal anaesthesia, using Bupivacaine 0.5%, on electrolyte metabolism in 12 patients and compared these with the effects of neuroleptanalgesia in 13 patients. Neuroleptanalgesia did not affect electrolytic concentrations, whereas spinal anaesthesia was associated with a temporary slight fall in potassium concentration.", "PMID": 1190417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11715", "title": "[An unusual intubation (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of an unusual intubation in a patient who had had resection of maxilla and exenteration of the orbits. Because of a lock jaw the intubation had to be performed through the orbita.", "contents": "[An unusual intubation (author's transl)]. Report of an unusual intubation in a patient who had had resection of maxilla and exenteration of the orbits. Because of a lock jaw the intubation had to be performed through the orbita.", "PMID": 1190418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11716", "title": "[Side effects of nitrous oxide (author's transl)].", "content": "When nitrous oxide is breathed the alvolar partial pressure will cause it to diffuse into the blood, tissues and gas-containing spaces within the body until equilibrium is reached. At the same time nitrogen will be excreted from tissues and blood to alveolar gas. There is a 35 fold difference in the blood-gas partition coefficient between nitrous oxide (0.47) and nitrogen (0.013). For every molecule of nitrogen that is removed from the aircontaining space in the body, 35 molecules of nitrous oxide are transferred from the blood to the air space. This differential solubility of nitrogen and nitrous oxide results either in an increase in the volume of the gas space if the space is compliant (gastrointestinal tract, pneumothorax, air embolus, cuff of the endotracheal tube), or in an increase in the pressure if the space is non-compliant (pneumencephalography, middle ear, sinus). The clinical significance of these side effects of nitrous oxide and experimental studies are discussed.", "contents": "[Side effects of nitrous oxide (author's transl)]. When nitrous oxide is breathed the alvolar partial pressure will cause it to diffuse into the blood, tissues and gas-containing spaces within the body until equilibrium is reached. At the same time nitrogen will be excreted from tissues and blood to alveolar gas. There is a 35 fold difference in the blood-gas partition coefficient between nitrous oxide (0.47) and nitrogen (0.013). For every molecule of nitrogen that is removed from the aircontaining space in the body, 35 molecules of nitrous oxide are transferred from the blood to the air space. This differential solubility of nitrogen and nitrous oxide results either in an increase in the volume of the gas space if the space is compliant (gastrointestinal tract, pneumothorax, air embolus, cuff of the endotracheal tube), or in an increase in the pressure if the space is non-compliant (pneumencephalography, middle ear, sinus). The clinical significance of these side effects of nitrous oxide and experimental studies are discussed.", "PMID": 1190419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11717", "title": "[The influence of volatile anaesthetics on drug metabolism in the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "In Vitro experiments with rat liver microsomes (difference spectra, p-nitroanisol-demethylation) and in vivo experiments with rats (tritium release from 3H-mestranol) suggest an inhibition of the metabolism of certain drugs (type-1-substrates) by competition for the binding site of cytochrome P-450 under anaesthesia with diethyl ether, halothane, enflurane and methoxyflurane.", "contents": "[The influence of volatile anaesthetics on drug metabolism in the liver (author's transl)]. In Vitro experiments with rat liver microsomes (difference spectra, p-nitroanisol-demethylation) and in vivo experiments with rats (tritium release from 3H-mestranol) suggest an inhibition of the metabolism of certain drugs (type-1-substrates) by competition for the binding site of cytochrome P-450 under anaesthesia with diethyl ether, halothane, enflurane and methoxyflurane.", "PMID": 1190420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11718", "title": "[Central venous pressure and orthostasis in the postoperative period (author's transl)].", "content": "In 18 postoperative patients (1st to 10th day) of both sexes, aged 26 to 74, the relation was studied between the CVP and arterial BP measured in the horizontal and in a partly upright position (45 and 60 degrees respectively). Patients with higher CVPs in the horizontal position generally showed a lesser orthostatic drop of the BP. The fall of CVP which we observed simultaneously in all patients was, however, significantly more marked in the patients with the higher horizontal CVP values, irrespective of the angle of inclination. The cause of these findings appears to be the dependence of the venous hydrostatic indifference point upon the intravascular volume.", "contents": "[Central venous pressure and orthostasis in the postoperative period (author's transl)]. In 18 postoperative patients (1st to 10th day) of both sexes, aged 26 to 74, the relation was studied between the CVP and arterial BP measured in the horizontal and in a partly upright position (45 and 60 degrees respectively). Patients with higher CVPs in the horizontal position generally showed a lesser orthostatic drop of the BP. The fall of CVP which we observed simultaneously in all patients was, however, significantly more marked in the patients with the higher horizontal CVP values, irrespective of the angle of inclination. The cause of these findings appears to be the dependence of the venous hydrostatic indifference point upon the intravascular volume.", "PMID": 1190421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11719", "title": "[Hyperbaric Bupivacaine 1% (Marcaine, Carbostesine heavy) for hemi-spinal anaesthesia in orthopedic (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on 170 orthopedic operations performed under hemi-spinal anaesthesia. The anaesthetic agent used was hyperbaric bupivacaine 1% (Marcaine, Carbostesine). Of these cases 92 were total hip joint replacements and 78 other operations of the lower extremities. Generally, the patients were classified as category three risks (A.S.A.) Their average age was 63 years. The anaesthetics and postoperative courses were smooth. In the total prosthetic hip joint operations hypotension during the implantation of acelabulum--or femur--cement was not observed. With doses of 1 ml of the local anaesthetic the average duration of analgesia was 3 hours and 10 minutes, and with added vasoconstrictor 4 hours.", "contents": "[Hyperbaric Bupivacaine 1% (Marcaine, Carbostesine heavy) for hemi-spinal anaesthesia in orthopedic (author's transl)]. A report is given on 170 orthopedic operations performed under hemi-spinal anaesthesia. The anaesthetic agent used was hyperbaric bupivacaine 1% (Marcaine, Carbostesine). Of these cases 92 were total hip joint replacements and 78 other operations of the lower extremities. Generally, the patients were classified as category three risks (A.S.A.) Their average age was 63 years. The anaesthetics and postoperative courses were smooth. In the total prosthetic hip joint operations hypotension during the implantation of acelabulum--or femur--cement was not observed. With doses of 1 ml of the local anaesthetic the average duration of analgesia was 3 hours and 10 minutes, and with added vasoconstrictor 4 hours.", "PMID": 1190422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11720", "title": "[The in vitro influence of dehydrobenzperidol (droperidol) on lymphocyte transformation (author's transl)].", "content": "Droperidol, an agent which is used in neurolept anaesthesia was tested in vitro for its effect upon the lymphocyte transformation test. Using peripheral blood of healthy volunteers droperidol was added simultaneously with PHA (phytohaemagglutinin) respectively after the lymphocytes had been incubated with PHA already for a period of 47 hours. Lymphocyte transformation was not impeded significantly when the first method was used, when clinically comparable concentrations were administered. When droperidol was added after PHA even lower concentrations caused an inhibition. The significance of these different modes of testing is discussed. It is concluded from these results that droperidol in clinical concentrations as used in Neurolept anaesthesia does not have a distinct and lasting influence upon lymphocyte transformation and thus has no considerable immunosuppressive effects.", "contents": "[The in vitro influence of dehydrobenzperidol (droperidol) on lymphocyte transformation (author's transl)]. Droperidol, an agent which is used in neurolept anaesthesia was tested in vitro for its effect upon the lymphocyte transformation test. Using peripheral blood of healthy volunteers droperidol was added simultaneously with PHA (phytohaemagglutinin) respectively after the lymphocytes had been incubated with PHA already for a period of 47 hours. Lymphocyte transformation was not impeded significantly when the first method was used, when clinically comparable concentrations were administered. When droperidol was added after PHA even lower concentrations caused an inhibition. The significance of these different modes of testing is discussed. It is concluded from these results that droperidol in clinical concentrations as used in Neurolept anaesthesia does not have a distinct and lasting influence upon lymphocyte transformation and thus has no considerable immunosuppressive effects.", "PMID": 1190423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11721", "title": "[The psychological effects of intensive care (author's transl)].", "content": "After some twelve years experience as a Consultant Anaesthesist in Intensive Therapy Units the author suffered a catastrophic illness which required a period of artificial ventilation in the I.T.U. in which he worked. He found that much of what he and others had written about the psychological effects on the patient of intensive therapy was mistaken. The main psychological problems were anxiety, disorientation and exhaustion and communication difficulties. The methods used by the author to achieve recall of these distressing events and suggestions as to how such problems may be alleviated are discussed.", "contents": "[The psychological effects of intensive care (author's transl)]. After some twelve years experience as a Consultant Anaesthesist in Intensive Therapy Units the author suffered a catastrophic illness which required a period of artificial ventilation in the I.T.U. in which he worked. He found that much of what he and others had written about the psychological effects on the patient of intensive therapy was mistaken. The main psychological problems were anxiety, disorientation and exhaustion and communication difficulties. The methods used by the author to achieve recall of these distressing events and suggestions as to how such problems may be alleviated are discussed.", "PMID": 1190424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11722", "title": "Pulmonary fat embolism in the traumatised patient: development of a prophylactic programme in a city accident hospital.", "content": "Low molecular weight plasma expanders, proteinase inhibitor and phosphatidilcholine have been used in a city accident hospital prophylactically against fat pulmonary embolism (F.P.E.) in traumatised patients. Their routine use in patients at risk has shown a decrease in the frequency of this syndrome, suggesting the validity of such treatment.", "contents": "Pulmonary fat embolism in the traumatised patient: development of a prophylactic programme in a city accident hospital. Low molecular weight plasma expanders, proteinase inhibitor and phosphatidilcholine have been used in a city accident hospital prophylactically against fat pulmonary embolism (F.P.E.) in traumatised patients. Their routine use in patients at risk has shown a decrease in the frequency of this syndrome, suggesting the validity of such treatment.", "PMID": 1190425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11723", "title": "[Provocation of an epileptic seizure during induction of NLA (author's transl)].", "content": "We report about a case in which the induction of NLA produced an epileptic seizure. The seizure was checked by relaxation, intubation and controlled ventilation. During the following anaesthesia the EEG-monitoring did not show any increased disposition to cramps. The operation was finished without complications.", "contents": "[Provocation of an epileptic seizure during induction of NLA (author's transl)]. We report about a case in which the induction of NLA produced an epileptic seizure. The seizure was checked by relaxation, intubation and controlled ventilation. During the following anaesthesia the EEG-monitoring did not show any increased disposition to cramps. The operation was finished without complications.", "PMID": 1190426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11724", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the articular surfaces of the hip joint disorders.", "content": "The specimens from 19 femoral heads with various abnormalities are observed with scanning electron microscopy, comparing with light microscopic findings. Villi and plica appearance implies the fibrillated surface of degenerated cartilage with fibrous tissue proliferation. Beside these findings, craters with their associated undulations of concentric circles or guitar-shaped figures are visualized in the areas histologically showing the exposed cartilage of the deep zone. The undulations are correspondent to the fine clefts of the shredding surface. From the observations reported here, the existence of the lamellar system around the chondrocyte lacuna is proposed in the deep matrix of the articular cartilage.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the articular surfaces of the hip joint disorders. The specimens from 19 femoral heads with various abnormalities are observed with scanning electron microscopy, comparing with light microscopic findings. Villi and plica appearance implies the fibrillated surface of degenerated cartilage with fibrous tissue proliferation. Beside these findings, craters with their associated undulations of concentric circles or guitar-shaped figures are visualized in the areas histologically showing the exposed cartilage of the deep zone. The undulations are correspondent to the fine clefts of the shredding surface. From the observations reported here, the existence of the lamellar system around the chondrocyte lacuna is proposed in the deep matrix of the articular cartilage.", "PMID": 1190495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11725", "title": "Cytochemical differentiation of muscle fibers by succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the respiratory muscles of an air-breathing fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch).", "content": "1. A cytochemical study on the succinic dehydrogenase activity of the respiratory muscles of Channa punctatus reveals that the Adductor mandibularis is made up entirely of white muscle fibers. 2. The Adductor, Dilator and Levator operculi are composite muscles and composed of white as well as red fiber bundles. However, these composite muscles are dominated by white muscle fibers. 3. The interior of the Protractor hyoideus is dominated by red and medium fibers whereas its superficial part is dominated by white muscle fibres. 4. The muscles innervated by the branches of V trigeminal nerve (Adductor mandibularis, Dilator operculi) are dominated by white fibers, whereas those innervated by the VII facialis (Adductor and Levator operculi and Protractor hyoideus) show dominance of red fibers.", "contents": "Cytochemical differentiation of muscle fibers by succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the respiratory muscles of an air-breathing fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). 1. A cytochemical study on the succinic dehydrogenase activity of the respiratory muscles of Channa punctatus reveals that the Adductor mandibularis is made up entirely of white muscle fibers. 2. The Adductor, Dilator and Levator operculi are composite muscles and composed of white as well as red fiber bundles. However, these composite muscles are dominated by white muscle fibers. 3. The interior of the Protractor hyoideus is dominated by red and medium fibers whereas its superficial part is dominated by white muscle fibres. 4. The muscles innervated by the branches of V trigeminal nerve (Adductor mandibularis, Dilator operculi) are dominated by white fibers, whereas those innervated by the VII facialis (Adductor and Levator operculi and Protractor hyoideus) show dominance of red fibers.", "PMID": 1190498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11726", "title": "The effects of changes of water balance on the renal pelvic epithelium of the rat.", "content": "The effects of changes of water balance on the renal pelvic epithelium of the rat. The fine structure of the various epithelia which line the renal pelvis was investigated in five hydropenic rats and five rats undergoing a water diuresis. In the former, the thin epithelium which covers the outer medulla showed dilated intercellular spaces and an increased number of cytoplasmic vacuoles whereas the intercellular spaces were tightly closed and there were few vacuoles in the diuretic rats. It was considered that these changes indicate an exchange of water and solute between pelvic urine and the outer since medulla they are similar to those occurring in epithelia elsewhere which are engaged in transport of salt or water. Similar but less marked changes were found in the papillary epithelium. Changes in the transitional epithelium were similar to those which have previously been described elsewhere in the urinary tract.", "contents": "The effects of changes of water balance on the renal pelvic epithelium of the rat. The effects of changes of water balance on the renal pelvic epithelium of the rat. The fine structure of the various epithelia which line the renal pelvis was investigated in five hydropenic rats and five rats undergoing a water diuresis. In the former, the thin epithelium which covers the outer medulla showed dilated intercellular spaces and an increased number of cytoplasmic vacuoles whereas the intercellular spaces were tightly closed and there were few vacuoles in the diuretic rats. It was considered that these changes indicate an exchange of water and solute between pelvic urine and the outer since medulla they are similar to those occurring in epithelia elsewhere which are engaged in transport of salt or water. Similar but less marked changes were found in the papillary epithelium. Changes in the transitional epithelium were similar to those which have previously been described elsewhere in the urinary tract.", "PMID": 1190499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11727", "title": "Contribution to the study of functional architecture of ligamentum venosum in adult man.", "content": "Seventeen specimens, removed at necropsy from adult individuals, were submitted to different methods: a) dissection under stereomicroscope; b) 100 mum panorganographic sections stained by Azan, Weigert's resorcin-fucsin; c) total preparations to be examined under polarized light; d) 10 mum thick histological sections stained by Verh\u00f6ff-van Gieson; e) silver impregnation after CAJAL-DE CASTRO. The AA. refer the constitution of the ligament as an integration of two opposite directed systems which are made up by collagenous and mioelastic elements disposed like a twisted cord in the middle portion and enlarged like a fan toward more or less extensive areas of the left branch of portal vein and of the ensemble formed by left hepatic vein and inferior vena cava. The bundles are mainly spread by the most external layers of these vessels, and also it has been observed fibrous components that from the vessels directed to the ligament. They call attention for the amount of nerves and nerve fibers in that structure. The AA. remark, on functional bases, taking as probable the participation of the ligament on the control of the changes in the bend made up by portal vein, \"pars transversa trunci sinistri\" and \"pars umbilicalis trunci sinistri\".", "contents": "Contribution to the study of functional architecture of ligamentum venosum in adult man. Seventeen specimens, removed at necropsy from adult individuals, were submitted to different methods: a) dissection under stereomicroscope; b) 100 mum panorganographic sections stained by Azan, Weigert's resorcin-fucsin; c) total preparations to be examined under polarized light; d) 10 mum thick histological sections stained by Verh\u00f6ff-van Gieson; e) silver impregnation after CAJAL-DE CASTRO. The AA. refer the constitution of the ligament as an integration of two opposite directed systems which are made up by collagenous and mioelastic elements disposed like a twisted cord in the middle portion and enlarged like a fan toward more or less extensive areas of the left branch of portal vein and of the ensemble formed by left hepatic vein and inferior vena cava. The bundles are mainly spread by the most external layers of these vessels, and also it has been observed fibrous components that from the vessels directed to the ligament. They call attention for the amount of nerves and nerve fibers in that structure. The AA. remark, on functional bases, taking as probable the participation of the ligament on the control of the changes in the bend made up by portal vein, \"pars transversa trunci sinistri\" and \"pars umbilicalis trunci sinistri\".", "PMID": 1190500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11728", "title": "Increased fructolysis of kallikrein-stimulated human spermatozoa.", "content": "Significant stimulation of human sperm motility by kallikrein, a kinin-releasing proteinase, was observed to occur in semen specimens with reduced sperm motility during an incubation period of 24 hours at 22 degrees C. Parallel to an increase of the total sperm motility an increase of the fructose utilization was measured after addition of a single dose of kallikrein (1 KU/ml) within the same incubation period.", "contents": "Increased fructolysis of kallikrein-stimulated human spermatozoa. Significant stimulation of human sperm motility by kallikrein, a kinin-releasing proteinase, was observed to occur in semen specimens with reduced sperm motility during an incubation period of 24 hours at 22 degrees C. Parallel to an increase of the total sperm motility an increase of the fructose utilization was measured after addition of a single dose of kallikrein (1 KU/ml) within the same incubation period.", "PMID": 1190503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11729", "title": "[The effect of perorally administered DDVP and malathion on spermatogenesis and Leydig cells in the juvenile rat].", "content": "Immature male rats receive orally DDVP 20 mg/kg on the 4th and 5th resp. 10 mg/kg on the 4th to the 24th day of life or malathione 40 resp. 20 mg/kg. At defined days the testes are examined histologically. The body weight does not change. The testis weight, tubular diameter, number of Sertoli cells, and of A-spermatogonia per tubular cross section as well as the number of Leydig cells is diminished. Malathione produced more  severe alterations, they disappear, however, until the 50th day of life. Refering to the metabolic mechanisms of both the phosphatic esters a local lack of testosterone causing the disturbances is discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of perorally administered DDVP and malathion on spermatogenesis and Leydig cells in the juvenile rat]. Immature male rats receive orally DDVP 20 mg/kg on the 4th and 5th resp. 10 mg/kg on the 4th to the 24th day of life or malathione 40 resp. 20 mg/kg. At defined days the testes are examined histologically. The body weight does not change. The testis weight, tubular diameter, number of Sertoli cells, and of A-spermatogonia per tubular cross section as well as the number of Leydig cells is diminished. Malathione produced more  severe alterations, they disappear, however, until the 50th day of life. Refering to the metabolic mechanisms of both the phosphatic esters a local lack of testosterone causing the disturbances is discussed.", "PMID": 1190504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11730", "title": "[The correlation of morphological and biochemical factors in human ejaculate in various andrological diagnoses. I. Relationship between ejaculate volume, number, motility and morphology of the spermatozoa with regard to age].", "content": "This first report from a study conducted to determine correlations between morphological and biochemical parameters in human ejaculate presents the results based on the measurement of predominantly morphological criteria in patients of various clinical diagnosis groups. The allocation of the 525 patients, who were recruited into the study during the period 1972/73 in the Department of Andrology, Hamburg-Eppendorf, to the diagnosis groups normozoospermia (196), asthenozoospermia (92), oligozoospermia (181) and azoospermia (56) was performed in accordance with the Recommendations for Andrological Nomenclature (1970). The following data were evaluated for this report: height (cm), weight (kg), age (years), ejaculate volume (ml), number of spermatozoa (mill./ml), motility (percentage of highly motile, motile and non-motile spermatozoa), round cells (mill./ml), morphology (percentage of normal-shaped/pathological spermatozoa), changes to the head, middle and tail sections (percentage of the pathological spermatozoa). Relationships between a dependent biological variable (y) and a variable to be assumed independent (x) were obtained by adaptation of polynomials of the 3rd degree: y = b0 + b1 + b2x2 + b3x3. The coefficients (b) which did not differ significantly (p greater than 0.05) from zero were eliminated step by step in regression analyses with breakdown and the resulting mean curves within the ranges covered by the sample depicted graphically. For the time being, the relationships found are described only in the sense of a collection of material. The increased occurrence of pathological spermatozoa in advancing age together with lower values for highly motile spermatozoa could be regarded as a result of a lower organ effectiveness of testosterone, which is protein-bound to an increased extent with advancing age. At the present time there is no explanation for the larger numbers of spermatozoa found with increasing age. The positive correlation between higher sperm counts and high motility, and between high motility and a lower percentage of pathological forms corresponds to expectations from earlier studies. The number of changes to the head, middle and tail sections increase proportionally in keeping with an increasing percentage of pathological forms. When the changes to the head, middle and tail sections are placed in relationship to the diagnosis groups normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia and oligozoospermia a disproportional percental participation becomes noticeable.", "contents": "[The correlation of morphological and biochemical factors in human ejaculate in various andrological diagnoses. I. Relationship between ejaculate volume, number, motility and morphology of the spermatozoa with regard to age]. This first report from a study conducted to determine correlations between morphological and biochemical parameters in human ejaculate presents the results based on the measurement of predominantly morphological criteria in patients of various clinical diagnosis groups. The allocation of the 525 patients, who were recruited into the study during the period 1972/73 in the Department of Andrology, Hamburg-Eppendorf, to the diagnosis groups normozoospermia (196), asthenozoospermia (92), oligozoospermia (181) and azoospermia (56) was performed in accordance with the Recommendations for Andrological Nomenclature (1970). The following data were evaluated for this report: height (cm), weight (kg), age (years), ejaculate volume (ml), number of spermatozoa (mill./ml), motility (percentage of highly motile, motile and non-motile spermatozoa), round cells (mill./ml), morphology (percentage of normal-shaped/pathological spermatozoa), changes to the head, middle and tail sections (percentage of the pathological spermatozoa). Relationships between a dependent biological variable (y) and a variable to be assumed independent (x) were obtained by adaptation of polynomials of the 3rd degree: y = b0 + b1 + b2x2 + b3x3. The coefficients (b) which did not differ significantly (p greater than 0.05) from zero were eliminated step by step in regression analyses with breakdown and the resulting mean curves within the ranges covered by the sample depicted graphically. For the time being, the relationships found are described only in the sense of a collection of material. The increased occurrence of pathological spermatozoa in advancing age together with lower values for highly motile spermatozoa could be regarded as a result of a lower organ effectiveness of testosterone, which is protein-bound to an increased extent with advancing age. At the present time there is no explanation for the larger numbers of spermatozoa found with increasing age. The positive correlation between higher sperm counts and high motility, and between high motility and a lower percentage of pathological forms corresponds to expectations from earlier studies. The number of changes to the head, middle and tail sections increase proportionally in keeping with an increasing percentage of pathological forms. When the changes to the head, middle and tail sections are placed in relationship to the diagnosis groups normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia and oligozoospermia a disproportional percental participation becomes noticeable.", "PMID": 1190505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11731", "title": "[The structure and function of the vena spermatica interna--the etiology of varicocele].", "content": "From 60 male corpse in the age of 13 to 77 both venae spermaticae internae were completely removed. On the basis of these specimens we investigated the incidence, localization, form and scale of the venous valves in the vena spermatica interna. All venous valves were remodeled and examined for their sufficiency on the basis of these date. In the left vena spermatica interna we found in 83% and in the right vena spermatica in 97% of the cases one or more valves. On the average the left vena spermatica contains 3.5 and the right 3.8 valves. From each vein a drawing was made, showing the remification, the localization of the valves and the valvular function. On the basis of this drawing and reconstructions of valves in the left vena spermatica interna for 90% of the cases and in the right vena spermatica for 75% of the cases a retrograde flow of the blood is possible. The absence of a varicocele can be explained by the presence of a sufficient venous valve on the left side in only 10% and on the right side in 25% of our cases. For the development of a varicocele therefore further facts are of importance.", "contents": "[The structure and function of the vena spermatica interna--the etiology of varicocele]. From 60 male corpse in the age of 13 to 77 both venae spermaticae internae were completely removed. On the basis of these specimens we investigated the incidence, localization, form and scale of the venous valves in the vena spermatica interna. All venous valves were remodeled and examined for their sufficiency on the basis of these date. In the left vena spermatica interna we found in 83% and in the right vena spermatica in 97% of the cases one or more valves. On the average the left vena spermatica contains 3.5 and the right 3.8 valves. From each vein a drawing was made, showing the remification, the localization of the valves and the valvular function. On the basis of this drawing and reconstructions of valves in the left vena spermatica interna for 90% of the cases and in the right vena spermatica for 75% of the cases a retrograde flow of the blood is possible. The absence of a varicocele can be explained by the presence of a sufficient venous valve on the left side in only 10% and on the right side in 25% of our cases. For the development of a varicocele therefore further facts are of importance.", "PMID": 1190506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11732", "title": "Stimulation of sperm motility by kinins in fresh and 24 hours aged human ejaculates.", "content": "Kallikrein, a kinin-releasing proteinase, significantly stimulates human sperm motility in fresh ejaculates with primarely reduced sperm motility (asthenozoospermia) as well as in 24 hours stored ejaculates with reduced sperm motility resulting from post-ejaculatory aging processes. adiition of a kininogen source (serum) further significantly improved sperm motility of kallikrein-stimulated ejaculates. In contrast to the 24 hours lasting stimulation of kallikrein, enhancement of sperm motility by kinins is limited to 2 hours after addition of a single dose of kallidin (1 ng/ml).", "contents": "Stimulation of sperm motility by kinins in fresh and 24 hours aged human ejaculates. Kallikrein, a kinin-releasing proteinase, significantly stimulates human sperm motility in fresh ejaculates with primarely reduced sperm motility (asthenozoospermia) as well as in 24 hours stored ejaculates with reduced sperm motility resulting from post-ejaculatory aging processes. adiition of a kininogen source (serum) further significantly improved sperm motility of kallikrein-stimulated ejaculates. In contrast to the 24 hours lasting stimulation of kallikrein, enhancement of sperm motility by kinins is limited to 2 hours after addition of a single dose of kallidin (1 ng/ml).", "PMID": 1190507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11733", "title": "The effect of epididymal and testicular fluids on the fertilising capacity of testicular and epididymal spermatozoa.", "content": "It is possible that the fertilising capacity of spermatozoa in the epididymis is influenced by the epididymal secretion. We have studied this problem by obtaining spermatozoa before entry into the epididymis and after passage through it, incubating both types of spermatozoa in fluids from the rete testis and cauda epididymidis and then checking their fertilising capacity. While spermatozoa from the rete testis were infertile, rete testis fluid did not decrease the fertilising capacity of epididymal sperm from the cauda epididymidis. Fluid from the cauda epididymidis did not promote the fertilising capacity of testicular spermatozoa. These results are discussed in the light of the current understanding of epididymal physiology.", "contents": "The effect of epididymal and testicular fluids on the fertilising capacity of testicular and epididymal spermatozoa. It is possible that the fertilising capacity of spermatozoa in the epididymis is influenced by the epididymal secretion. We have studied this problem by obtaining spermatozoa before entry into the epididymis and after passage through it, incubating both types of spermatozoa in fluids from the rete testis and cauda epididymidis and then checking their fertilising capacity. While spermatozoa from the rete testis were infertile, rete testis fluid did not decrease the fertilising capacity of epididymal sperm from the cauda epididymidis. Fluid from the cauda epididymidis did not promote the fertilising capacity of testicular spermatozoa. These results are discussed in the light of the current understanding of epididymal physiology.", "PMID": 1190508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11734", "title": "Separation of X- and Y-bearing human spermatozoa with the sephadex gel-filtration method.", "content": "By means of the Sephadex gel filtration method we were able to separate a fraction rich in X-bearing human spermatozoa, in contrast with the method of Ericsson et al. (1973), which allows to obtain a fraction rich in Y-bearing sperm. The method, which is simple and not time-consuming, may allow control of sex in cases of expressed sex desire in off-spring.", "contents": "Separation of X- and Y-bearing human spermatozoa with the sephadex gel-filtration method. By means of the Sephadex gel filtration method we were able to separate a fraction rich in X-bearing human spermatozoa, in contrast with the method of Ericsson et al. (1973), which allows to obtain a fraction rich in Y-bearing sperm. The method, which is simple and not time-consuming, may allow control of sex in cases of expressed sex desire in off-spring.", "PMID": 1190509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11735", "title": "Determination of sperm-antibodies in sera of sterile women by affinity-chromatography (affinity-chromatography of sperm-antibodies).", "content": "The total amount of humoral sperm antibody protein is determined following its isolation by affinity-chromatography on spermatozoa. Serum proteins are eluted by Sorensen phosphate buffer. Antibodies attached to spermatozoa suspended in Sephadex G 75 columns resist elution by Sorensen buffer. They can be quantitatively washed out by 8 ml Tris HCl-buffer pH 8,9 and be determined as proteins by the Folin-Ciocalteu method.", "contents": "Determination of sperm-antibodies in sera of sterile women by affinity-chromatography (affinity-chromatography of sperm-antibodies). The total amount of humoral sperm antibody protein is determined following its isolation by affinity-chromatography on spermatozoa. Serum proteins are eluted by Sorensen phosphate buffer. Antibodies attached to spermatozoa suspended in Sephadex G 75 columns resist elution by Sorensen buffer. They can be quantitatively washed out by 8 ml Tris HCl-buffer pH 8,9 and be determined as proteins by the Folin-Ciocalteu method.", "PMID": 1190510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11736", "title": "A.I.D.-couples: psychological and psychopathological evaluation.", "content": "This study is focused on the sexual-psycho(patho)logical factors of the acceptability by the couple. It is a three year research of a selected group (relative or absolute infertile) of 98 patients. The study shall attempt to weigh and answer the following questions: - What does it mean for the man, for the woman, for the couple when the physician diagnosis the man's biological relative or absolute infertility? - What does such an affirmation mean for the marital relation and how strong must this relation be for satisfactory adaption, vz., that the couple can choose as a couple: the positive choice of childless married couple, adoption, foster-family, donor-insemination. - What is expected of the doctors (gynaecologist, andrologist) who participate in giving expert advice concerning A.I.D.? (importance of the medical relation: doctor(s)-couple). The clinical findings outline the strength of the psychosexual dynamic around A.I.D. (with implications for forming relationship between the partners).", "contents": "A.I.D.-couples: psychological and psychopathological evaluation. This study is focused on the sexual-psycho(patho)logical factors of the acceptability by the couple. It is a three year research of a selected group (relative or absolute infertile) of 98 patients. The study shall attempt to weigh and answer the following questions: - What does it mean for the man, for the woman, for the couple when the physician diagnosis the man's biological relative or absolute infertility? - What does such an affirmation mean for the marital relation and how strong must this relation be for satisfactory adaption, vz., that the couple can choose as a couple: the positive choice of childless married couple, adoption, foster-family, donor-insemination. - What is expected of the doctors (gynaecologist, andrologist) who participate in giving expert advice concerning A.I.D.? (importance of the medical relation: doctor(s)-couple). The clinical findings outline the strength of the psychosexual dynamic around A.I.D. (with implications for forming relationship between the partners).", "PMID": 1190511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11737", "title": "Effect of androgen on different biochemical constituents of human semen.", "content": "Changes in the levels of fructose, sialic acid, ascorbic acid, cholesterol and acid and alkaline phosphatases in the semen were studied in eight azoospermic volunteers during administration of testosterone propionate over a four week period. In order of responsiveness, elevations were observed in the levels of acid phosphatase, fructose, sialic acid and alkaline phosphatase during androgen therapy. No changes were seen in the levels of cholesterol and ascorbic acid.", "contents": "Effect of androgen on different biochemical constituents of human semen. Changes in the levels of fructose, sialic acid, ascorbic acid, cholesterol and acid and alkaline phosphatases in the semen were studied in eight azoospermic volunteers during administration of testosterone propionate over a four week period. In order of responsiveness, elevations were observed in the levels of acid phosphatase, fructose, sialic acid and alkaline phosphatase during androgen therapy. No changes were seen in the levels of cholesterol and ascorbic acid.", "PMID": 1190512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11738", "title": "Sexual impotence in man.", "content": "An analysis as to etiology and complaints of 486 cases of male sexual impotence was performed and is presented. Psychological factors are dominant in 68%. Physico-organic or iatrogenic causes accounted for deviations in 26% of the patients examined. Educational factors took an important part mainly in ejaculation disturbances. Primary anejaculation as a consequence of educational flaws occurred in 15% of the patients. Erection disturbances were often the consequence of physico-organic affections. The loss of libido was a real complaint in 19% of the patients.", "contents": "Sexual impotence in man. An analysis as to etiology and complaints of 486 cases of male sexual impotence was performed and is presented. Psychological factors are dominant in 68%. Physico-organic or iatrogenic causes accounted for deviations in 26% of the patients examined. Educational factors took an important part mainly in ejaculation disturbances. Primary anejaculation as a consequence of educational flaws occurred in 15% of the patients. Erection disturbances were often the consequence of physico-organic affections. The loss of libido was a real complaint in 19% of the patients.", "PMID": 1190513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11739", "title": "Caffeine- and kallikrein-induced stimulation of human sperm motility: a comparative study.", "content": "Stimulation of human sperm motility by caffeine and kallikrein was compared in the same semen material. Caffeine, a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor, induced an immediate stimulation of sperm motility the intensity being relatively constant during the first two hours of incubation. Kallikrein, a kinin-releasing proteinase, induced a similar enhancement of total sperm motility, but showed a delayed type of reaction with maximum stimulation at 2 hours of incubation. In contrast to the effect of caffeine lasting some hours, enhancement of sperm motility induced by kallikrein was observed 24 hours. Simultaneous addition of serum (kininogen source) and kallikrein to semen samples led to a sitmulation of total sperm motility with higher mean values than those obtained by caffeine of kallikrein alone. However, the ratio of spermatozoa with very good forward progression was highest during caffeine stimulation. Simultaneous addition of caffeine and kallikrein led to a further improvement of sperm motility which was significantly above that produced by caffeine or kallikrein alone. This observation and the finding of a different response of the spermatozoa of two ejaculates towards caffeine of kallikrein indicate that caffeine (cyclic AMP) interferes quite differently in comparison to kallikrein (kinins) in stimulating sperm motility.", "contents": "Caffeine- and kallikrein-induced stimulation of human sperm motility: a comparative study. Stimulation of human sperm motility by caffeine and kallikrein was compared in the same semen material. Caffeine, a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor, induced an immediate stimulation of sperm motility the intensity being relatively constant during the first two hours of incubation. Kallikrein, a kinin-releasing proteinase, induced a similar enhancement of total sperm motility, but showed a delayed type of reaction with maximum stimulation at 2 hours of incubation. In contrast to the effect of caffeine lasting some hours, enhancement of sperm motility induced by kallikrein was observed 24 hours. Simultaneous addition of serum (kininogen source) and kallikrein to semen samples led to a sitmulation of total sperm motility with higher mean values than those obtained by caffeine of kallikrein alone. However, the ratio of spermatozoa with very good forward progression was highest during caffeine stimulation. Simultaneous addition of caffeine and kallikrein led to a further improvement of sperm motility which was significantly above that produced by caffeine or kallikrein alone. This observation and the finding of a different response of the spermatozoa of two ejaculates towards caffeine of kallikrein indicate that caffeine (cyclic AMP) interferes quite differently in comparison to kallikrein (kinins) in stimulating sperm motility.", "PMID": 1190514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11740", "title": "Incidence of hypospadia and epispadia in chromatin-positive men.", "content": "There are described some results of examination of three patients with a Klinefelter's syndrome two of whom had a heavy form of hypospadia, and one suffered from epispadia. The disturbances of penis development are explained, with respect to findings in adult age, by the insensibility of target tissues to the effect of testicular androgen. This insensibility was already acting in the third month of intrauterine life of the fetus.", "contents": "Incidence of hypospadia and epispadia in chromatin-positive men. There are described some results of examination of three patients with a Klinefelter's syndrome two of whom had a heavy form of hypospadia, and one suffered from epispadia. The disturbances of penis development are explained, with respect to findings in adult age, by the insensibility of target tissues to the effect of testicular androgen. This insensibility was already acting in the third month of intrauterine life of the fetus.", "PMID": 1190515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11741", "title": "Evaluation of acupuncture anesthesia: a psychophysical study.", "content": "Four volunteers judged eight levels of thermal stimuli induced by a Hardy dolorimeter, varying in intensity from extremely painful to a low level seldom even perceived. Half of the 406 stimuli were applied during acupuncture and half either before insertion or after removal of the needles. The experimental design minimized or eliminated factors other than the needles themselves, i.e., no medication was given, the subjects were scientists accustomed to objectivity and, on a preceding day or days, all had become experienced in assigning numbers (individually chosen) to the sensations produced by the different stimuli. Galvanic skin resistance was also tested. The results did not show any influence of acupuncture on perception of pain or on galvanic skin resistance.", "contents": "Evaluation of acupuncture anesthesia: a psychophysical study. Four volunteers judged eight levels of thermal stimuli induced by a Hardy dolorimeter, varying in intensity from extremely painful to a low level seldom even perceived. Half of the 406 stimuli were applied during acupuncture and half either before insertion or after removal of the needles. The experimental design minimized or eliminated factors other than the needles themselves, i.e., no medication was given, the subjects were scientists accustomed to objectivity and, on a preceding day or days, all had become experienced in assigning numbers (individually chosen) to the sensations produced by the different stimuli. Galvanic skin resistance was also tested. The results did not show any influence of acupuncture on perception of pain or on galvanic skin resistance.", "PMID": 1190520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11742", "title": "Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and catecholamine levels in anesthetized dogs following acute hemorrhage.", "content": "Because dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) is released from storage vesicles in adrenergic nerves and the adrenal medulla along with catecholamines, determination of circulating levels of this enzyme might serve as an index of sympathoadrenal activity. This hypothesis has been studied in dogs anesthetized with cyclopropane, isoflurane, and thiopental that were subjected to a single acute hemorrhage and followed for 5 hours. Plasma DBH activity and catecholamine levels were determined before and every 30 minutes after the hemorrhage. Changes in DBH activity did not correlate well with changes in levels of circulating catecholamines in the dog in response to this form of stress.", "contents": "Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and catecholamine levels in anesthetized dogs following acute hemorrhage. Because dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) is released from storage vesicles in adrenergic nerves and the adrenal medulla along with catecholamines, determination of circulating levels of this enzyme might serve as an index of sympathoadrenal activity. This hypothesis has been studied in dogs anesthetized with cyclopropane, isoflurane, and thiopental that were subjected to a single acute hemorrhage and followed for 5 hours. Plasma DBH activity and catecholamine levels were determined before and every 30 minutes after the hemorrhage. Changes in DBH activity did not correlate well with changes in levels of circulating catecholamines in the dog in response to this form of stress.", "PMID": 1190521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11743", "title": "Local effects of anesthetics on regional hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.", "content": "The hypothesis that halogenated anesthetics and N2O locally inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) was tested. Selective ventilation of the left lower lobe of the lung with N2 in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital caused blood flow to the lobe to decrease 55.5 +/- 2.0 per cent and lobar vascular resistance to increase 148 +/- 8 per cent. Responses to hypoxia were remeasured during administration of various MAC multiples of inhalation anesthetics to the left lower lobe and following systemic administration of intravenous anesthetics. Isoflurane and fluorexene progressively inhibited and finally almost extinguished the vasoconstriction response as anesthetic concentration increased to 3 MAC. N2O moderately diminished HPV. Halothane had little, and intravenous anesthetics had no, significant effect on HPV. It is concluded that N2O, isoflurane, and fluroxene locally inhibit regional HPV and via this mechanism may increase total venous admixture.", "contents": "Local effects of anesthetics on regional hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. The hypothesis that halogenated anesthetics and N2O locally inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) was tested. Selective ventilation of the left lower lobe of the lung with N2 in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital caused blood flow to the lobe to decrease 55.5 +/- 2.0 per cent and lobar vascular resistance to increase 148 +/- 8 per cent. Responses to hypoxia were remeasured during administration of various MAC multiples of inhalation anesthetics to the left lower lobe and following systemic administration of intravenous anesthetics. Isoflurane and fluorexene progressively inhibited and finally almost extinguished the vasoconstriction response as anesthetic concentration increased to 3 MAC. N2O moderately diminished HPV. Halothane had little, and intravenous anesthetics had no, significant effect on HPV. It is concluded that N2O, isoflurane, and fluroxene locally inhibit regional HPV and via this mechanism may increase total venous admixture.", "PMID": 1190522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11744", "title": "Halothane-epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmias and the role of heart rate.", "content": "The authors previously showed that cyclopropane-epinephrine-induced bigeminal arrhythmias can best be explained by a re-entrant mechanism. They have now obtained evidence for reentry in bigeminal arrhythmias during infusions of epinephrine (.5-3 mug/kg/min) in dogs anesthetized with .8 per cent halothane. Both a critical level of blood pressure and a critical increase in heart rate were necessary for arrhythmias to be induced in any given animal. Artificial elevation of the blood pressure during infusion of a subthreshold dose of epinephrine could induce bigeminy, and the arrhythmia could be aborted by a sudden reduction of blood pressure. The heart rate accelerated approximately 40 beats/min prior to the onset of bigeminy, and atrial pacing at similarly increased rates during subthreshold infusion of epinephrine could induce bigeminy. Stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut right cervical vagus reduced heart rate and converted bigeminy to sinus rhythm. Bradycardia was not the sole mechanism of the vagal effect since conversion to sinus rhythm could also be achieved with more rapid stimulation of the vagus when the heart rate was maintained constant by atrial pacing. Under these conditions further acceleration of the heart rate could reinstate a bigeminal arrhythmia that was again sensitive to further increases in the frequency of vagal stimulation, and it is concluded that the vagus acts on the spread of the re-entrant impulse. This is best shown with cyclopropane anesthesia, because AV-nodal block occurs more easily with halothane. In addition, very brief periods of increased heart rate caused prolonged periods of bigeminy, which indicates that changes in heart rate may alter the electrophysiology of the halothane-sensitized myocardium to promote bigeminal arrhythmias by a re-entry mechanism.", "contents": "Halothane-epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmias and the role of heart rate. The authors previously showed that cyclopropane-epinephrine-induced bigeminal arrhythmias can best be explained by a re-entrant mechanism. They have now obtained evidence for reentry in bigeminal arrhythmias during infusions of epinephrine (.5-3 mug/kg/min) in dogs anesthetized with .8 per cent halothane. Both a critical level of blood pressure and a critical increase in heart rate were necessary for arrhythmias to be induced in any given animal. Artificial elevation of the blood pressure during infusion of a subthreshold dose of epinephrine could induce bigeminy, and the arrhythmia could be aborted by a sudden reduction of blood pressure. The heart rate accelerated approximately 40 beats/min prior to the onset of bigeminy, and atrial pacing at similarly increased rates during subthreshold infusion of epinephrine could induce bigeminy. Stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut right cervical vagus reduced heart rate and converted bigeminy to sinus rhythm. Bradycardia was not the sole mechanism of the vagal effect since conversion to sinus rhythm could also be achieved with more rapid stimulation of the vagus when the heart rate was maintained constant by atrial pacing. Under these conditions further acceleration of the heart rate could reinstate a bigeminal arrhythmia that was again sensitive to further increases in the frequency of vagal stimulation, and it is concluded that the vagus acts on the spread of the re-entrant impulse. This is best shown with cyclopropane anesthesia, because AV-nodal block occurs more easily with halothane. In addition, very brief periods of increased heart rate caused prolonged periods of bigeminy, which indicates that changes in heart rate may alter the electrophysiology of the halothane-sensitized myocardium to promote bigeminal arrhythmias by a re-entry mechanism.", "PMID": 1190523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11745", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation and changes in leukocyte count: effects of anesthesia and operation.", "content": "The transformation of lymphocytes in response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation was investigated in 77 patients undergoind anesthesia with and without coincident surgical operation. A depression of lymphocyte transformation apparent immediately following major operations was related primarily to the extent of tissue trauma and not to the  anesthetic agent or technique. No depression of lymphocyte transformation followed anesthesia for treatment of pain or for minor operations. The total leukocyte count increased following general anesthesia for prolonged, traumatic operations, primarily because of an influx of neutrophils into the circulation. The leukocyte count did not increase after comparable operations performed with regional anesthesia. Postoperative depression of lymphocyte transformation is primarily due to nonspecific stress, perhaps because of associated sympathetic and adrenocortical stimulation. The depressant effect of anesthesia alone is minimal.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation and changes in leukocyte count: effects of anesthesia and operation. The transformation of lymphocytes in response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation was investigated in 77 patients undergoind anesthesia with and without coincident surgical operation. A depression of lymphocyte transformation apparent immediately following major operations was related primarily to the extent of tissue trauma and not to the  anesthetic agent or technique. No depression of lymphocyte transformation followed anesthesia for treatment of pain or for minor operations. The total leukocyte count increased following general anesthesia for prolonged, traumatic operations, primarily because of an influx of neutrophils into the circulation. The leukocyte count did not increase after comparable operations performed with regional anesthesia. Postoperative depression of lymphocyte transformation is primarily due to nonspecific stress, perhaps because of associated sympathetic and adrenocortical stimulation. The depressant effect of anesthesia alone is minimal.", "PMID": 1190524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11746", "title": "Hypoxic ventilatory drive in dogs during thiopental, ketamine, or pentobarbital anesthesia.", "content": "The ventilatory responses to isocapnic hypoxia and hypercapnia were studied in seven chronically tracheostomized dogs awake and during anesthesia with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, iv), ketamine, or thiopental (10 and 15 mg/kg, respectively, followed by infusion). Isocapnic hypoxic ventilatory drive (HVD) was expressed as the parameter A such that the higher the A, the greater the hypoxic drive. HVD(A) was significantly reduced from 259 +/- 28 (mean +/- SEM) in awake dogs, to 96 +/- 14 after pentobarbital, 161 +/- 27 after thiopental, and 213 +/- 23 after ketamine. Hypercapnic ventilatory drive (HCVD) as measured by S (slope of the VE-PACO2 response curve) was significantly reduced from 1.3 +/- .32 in awake dogs to 0.4 +/- .13 after pentobarbital, 0.5 +/- .12 after thiopental, and 0.6 +/- .11 after ketamine. In addition, hypercapnia-induced augmentation of hypoxic drive was markedly diminished by the two barbiturates but was unaffected by ketamine. Therefore, ketamine at this dose level afforded greater protection during exposure to hypoxia than did barbiturates. (Key words: Ventilation, hypoxic response; Hypoxia, ventilation; Oxygen, ventilatory response; Carbon dioxide, ventilatory response; Anesthetics, intravenous, ketamine; Anesthetics, intravenous, thiopental; Hypnotics, barbiturates, pentobarbital.)", "contents": "Hypoxic ventilatory drive in dogs during thiopental, ketamine, or pentobarbital anesthesia. The ventilatory responses to isocapnic hypoxia and hypercapnia were studied in seven chronically tracheostomized dogs awake and during anesthesia with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, iv), ketamine, or thiopental (10 and 15 mg/kg, respectively, followed by infusion). Isocapnic hypoxic ventilatory drive (HVD) was expressed as the parameter A such that the higher the A, the greater the hypoxic drive. HVD(A) was significantly reduced from 259 +/- 28 (mean +/- SEM) in awake dogs, to 96 +/- 14 after pentobarbital, 161 +/- 27 after thiopental, and 213 +/- 23 after ketamine. Hypercapnic ventilatory drive (HCVD) as measured by S (slope of the VE-PACO2 response curve) was significantly reduced from 1.3 +/- .32 in awake dogs to 0.4 +/- .13 after pentobarbital, 0.5 +/- .12 after thiopental, and 0.6 +/- .11 after ketamine. In addition, hypercapnia-induced augmentation of hypoxic drive was markedly diminished by the two barbiturates but was unaffected by ketamine. Therefore, ketamine at this dose level afforded greater protection during exposure to hypoxia than did barbiturates. (Key words: Ventilation, hypoxic response; Hypoxia, ventilation; Oxygen, ventilatory response; Carbon dioxide, ventilatory response; Anesthetics, intravenous, ketamine; Anesthetics, intravenous, thiopental; Hypnotics, barbiturates, pentobarbital.)", "PMID": 1190538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11747", "title": "Differential membrane effects of general and local anesthetics.", "content": "The authors studied the effects of varying Na+ and Ca++ concentrations and of replacing H2O with D2O in Ringer's solution upon the actions of general and local anesthetics on isolated frog sciatic nerves. This experimental model was used to study whether general anesthetics affect excitable membranes in a manner similar to that of typical membrane stabilizers (local anesthetics). Procaine (2.5-7.5 mM), halothane (9, 18, and 36 mM), enflurane (8 mM), and ketamine (0.15 and 0.73 mM) raised threshold and lowered spike amplitude, and their effects were facilitated by reducing Na+ concentration in the Ringer's solution. The local anesthetic effects of procaine (2.5-7.5 mM) and ketamine (0.73 mM) were antagonized by Ca++, while the axonal depressant effect of halothane was facilitated by increasing Ca++ concentration in the Ringer's solution, indicating a different mode of action. General anesthetics also differed from local anesthetics in their interaction with water: replacement by D2O of H2O in the Ringer's solution selectively increased the axonal depressant effects of halothane and enflurane but not those of ketamine or procaine. Since D2O differs from H2O in its greater ice-likeness, these results are consistent with the view that general anesthetics stabilize excitable membranes via stabilization of the water-biopolymer lattice, as predicted by the hydrate-microcrystal theory of anesthesia. In contrast, local anesthetics may stabilize excitable tissues by binding to the same fixed negative charges of the membrane to which Ca++ is normally bound. (Key words: Theories of anesthesia, hydrate-microcrystal; Nerve, mode of action of anesthetics; Anesthetics, volatile, halothane; Anesthetics, volatile, enflurane; Anesthetics, local, procaine; Anesthetics, intravenous, ketamine.)", "contents": "Differential membrane effects of general and local anesthetics. The authors studied the effects of varying Na+ and Ca++ concentrations and of replacing H2O with D2O in Ringer's solution upon the actions of general and local anesthetics on isolated frog sciatic nerves. This experimental model was used to study whether general anesthetics affect excitable membranes in a manner similar to that of typical membrane stabilizers (local anesthetics). Procaine (2.5-7.5 mM), halothane (9, 18, and 36 mM), enflurane (8 mM), and ketamine (0.15 and 0.73 mM) raised threshold and lowered spike amplitude, and their effects were facilitated by reducing Na+ concentration in the Ringer's solution. The local anesthetic effects of procaine (2.5-7.5 mM) and ketamine (0.73 mM) were antagonized by Ca++, while the axonal depressant effect of halothane was facilitated by increasing Ca++ concentration in the Ringer's solution, indicating a different mode of action. General anesthetics also differed from local anesthetics in their interaction with water: replacement by D2O of H2O in the Ringer's solution selectively increased the axonal depressant effects of halothane and enflurane but not those of ketamine or procaine. Since D2O differs from H2O in its greater ice-likeness, these results are consistent with the view that general anesthetics stabilize excitable membranes via stabilization of the water-biopolymer lattice, as predicted by the hydrate-microcrystal theory of anesthesia. In contrast, local anesthetics may stabilize excitable tissues by binding to the same fixed negative charges of the membrane to which Ca++ is normally bound. (Key words: Theories of anesthesia, hydrate-microcrystal; Nerve, mode of action of anesthetics; Anesthetics, volatile, halothane; Anesthetics, volatile, enflurane; Anesthetics, local, procaine; Anesthetics, intravenous, ketamine.)", "PMID": 1190539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11748", "title": "Nitrogen analyzer adaptation for use in the presence of halogenated anesthetics.", "content": "Interposition of activated carbon between a nitrogen analyzer needle valve and gas mixtures containing halothane, methoxyflurane, enflurane, or isoflurane eliminated the interfering effects of these agents, but added sampling delays. Placement of a carbon-filled Swinney adaptor in the sampling line between the needle valve and analyzer also eliminated the interference. Linearity of response (range 0 to 80 per cent N2) and sampling delay (40 msec) were unchanged. The 90 per cent fall time (step change 80 to 0 per cent N2) increased from 35 to 100 msec. This adaptation allows rapid analysis of nitrogen concentrations during general anesthesia.", "contents": "Nitrogen analyzer adaptation for use in the presence of halogenated anesthetics. Interposition of activated carbon between a nitrogen analyzer needle valve and gas mixtures containing halothane, methoxyflurane, enflurane, or isoflurane eliminated the interfering effects of these agents, but added sampling delays. Placement of a carbon-filled Swinney adaptor in the sampling line between the needle valve and analyzer also eliminated the interference. Linearity of response (range 0 to 80 per cent N2) and sampling delay (40 msec) were unchanged. The 90 per cent fall time (step change 80 to 0 per cent N2) increased from 35 to 100 msec. This adaptation allows rapid analysis of nitrogen concentrations during general anesthesia.", "PMID": 1190540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11749", "title": "[Dicrocoelium dendriticum in sheep in the Democratic Republic of Germany district of Frankfurt/Oder].", "content": "In the district of Frankfurt/Oder of the German Democratic Republic, faecal examinations of 143 sheep stocks revealed a 31.3 percent infection with Dicrocoelium dendriticum. In different territories of the district, the intensity of the infection with Dicrocoelium dendriticum varied remarkably. Detailed investigations demonstrated, that the parasite was limited to pastures with Brownearth soil. Routine examinations revealed the fact, that the egg-output of Dicrocoelium dendritcum was very variable during the pasture season. During the whole time of the examinations, the authors found eggs in the faeces of sheep belonging to Dicrocoelium dendriticun. In the German Democratic Republic, this helminth species is not restricted to hills with limestones. It occurs also in lowlands with small amounts of lime like the Brown-earth zones of the district Frankfurt/Oder.", "contents": "[Dicrocoelium dendriticum in sheep in the Democratic Republic of Germany district of Frankfurt/Oder]. In the district of Frankfurt/Oder of the German Democratic Republic, faecal examinations of 143 sheep stocks revealed a 31.3 percent infection with Dicrocoelium dendriticum. In different territories of the district, the intensity of the infection with Dicrocoelium dendriticum varied remarkably. Detailed investigations demonstrated, that the parasite was limited to pastures with Brownearth soil. Routine examinations revealed the fact, that the egg-output of Dicrocoelium dendritcum was very variable during the pasture season. During the whole time of the examinations, the authors found eggs in the faeces of sheep belonging to Dicrocoelium dendriticun. In the German Democratic Republic, this helminth species is not restricted to hills with limestones. It occurs also in lowlands with small amounts of lime like the Brown-earth zones of the district Frankfurt/Oder.", "PMID": 1190548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11750", "title": "[Aggregation behavior of Blattela germanica].", "content": "1. The adult males of the German cockroach Blattella germanica are less strongly aggregated in their resting period than the adult females; they seldom stay below the common hiding place. This tendency decreases in the course of a day.--2. The nymphs aggregate in the first days of their lives below the hiding places of the adults where they had left the o\u00f6thecae. Later the nymphs seek hiding places that are better adapted to their body size. An olfactory stimulus (aggregation pheromone) which is going out from the adult induces the nymphs to go back again to the adults in the course of a day. This tendency decreases more when the nymphs become older. At the same time the number of nymphs which are absent from hiding places increases.--3. A positive chemotactic and a positive thigmotactic reaction are responsible for this behaviour of the cockroaches. A phototactic negative reaction is less important.", "contents": "[Aggregation behavior of Blattela germanica]. 1. The adult males of the German cockroach Blattella germanica are less strongly aggregated in their resting period than the adult females; they seldom stay below the common hiding place. This tendency decreases in the course of a day.--2. The nymphs aggregate in the first days of their lives below the hiding places of the adults where they had left the o\u00f6thecae. Later the nymphs seek hiding places that are better adapted to their body size. An olfactory stimulus (aggregation pheromone) which is going out from the adult induces the nymphs to go back again to the adults in the course of a day. This tendency decreases more when the nymphs become older. At the same time the number of nymphs which are absent from hiding places increases.--3. A positive chemotactic and a positive thigmotactic reaction are responsible for this behaviour of the cockroaches. A phototactic negative reaction is less important.", "PMID": 1190549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11751", "title": "[The minimum effective dosages of repellents].", "content": "Method of thin-layer chromatography was used to estimate threshold dosages of diethytoluamide, benzoylhexamethylene, dihexamethylenecarbamide, diethilamide of phenoxyacetic acid and dimethylphthalate for repelling of mosquitoes (Aedes hexodontus, Aedes vexans, Aedes caspius caspius), simuliids (Simulium venustrum), midges (Culicoides obsoletus) and sand-flies (Phlebotomus papatsi). Maximum sensitivity to all the preparations studied was shown by sand-flies (Phlebotomus papatasi, and most sensitive to repellents, out of all the studied species of mosquitoes, were Aedes caspius caspius. Giving recommendations on pellents one must take into consideration the level of sensitivity to repellents of dominating species of blood-sucking arthropods.", "contents": "[The minimum effective dosages of repellents]. Method of thin-layer chromatography was used to estimate threshold dosages of diethytoluamide, benzoylhexamethylene, dihexamethylenecarbamide, diethilamide of phenoxyacetic acid and dimethylphthalate for repelling of mosquitoes (Aedes hexodontus, Aedes vexans, Aedes caspius caspius), simuliids (Simulium venustrum), midges (Culicoides obsoletus) and sand-flies (Phlebotomus papatsi). Maximum sensitivity to all the preparations studied was shown by sand-flies (Phlebotomus papatasi, and most sensitive to repellents, out of all the studied species of mosquitoes, were Aedes caspius caspius. Giving recommendations on pellents one must take into consideration the level of sensitivity to repellents of dominating species of blood-sucking arthropods.", "PMID": 1190554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11752", "title": "Administering allergy injections at linear rates of increase.", "content": "Administering allergy injections with constant volume increases to build immunity, such as from .05 to .5cc, cause actual dosage effects on the body to vary from injection to injection, from no increase to 100% increase. A simple table shows appropriate volumes for constant increases of 25%, 35% and 50%.", "contents": "Administering allergy injections at linear rates of increase. Administering allergy injections with constant volume increases to build immunity, such as from .05 to .5cc, cause actual dosage effects on the body to vary from injection to injection, from no increase to 100% increase. A simple table shows appropriate volumes for constant increases of 25%, 35% and 50%.", "PMID": 1190561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11753", "title": "The social worker's interview in chronic urticaria.", "content": "Ten patients with chronic urticaria were interviewed by a psychiatric social worker as part of the clinical examination. The information obtained was evaluated in comparison with the allergist-internist's history by the allergist-internist, psychiatrist and social workers. The social worker's interview offered relatively little help to the managing physician or patient in this setting.", "contents": "The social worker's interview in chronic urticaria. Ten patients with chronic urticaria were interviewed by a psychiatric social worker as part of the clinical examination. The information obtained was evaluated in comparison with the allergist-internist's history by the allergist-internist, psychiatrist and social workers. The social worker's interview offered relatively little help to the managing physician or patient in this setting.", "PMID": 1190562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11754", "title": "Comments on self-assessment programs.", "content": "Self-assessment programs have assumed an important position with respect to continuing medical education. Despite certain deficiencies, they subserve a number of functions in motivating meaningful study, in delineating for the individual and for those responsible for devising graduate courses, home study courses and study devices those areas or aspects requiring additional attention. Many efforts to improve their efficacy and significance are under way.", "contents": "Comments on self-assessment programs. Self-assessment programs have assumed an important position with respect to continuing medical education. Despite certain deficiencies, they subserve a number of functions in motivating meaningful study, in delineating for the individual and for those responsible for devising graduate courses, home study courses and study devices those areas or aspects requiring additional attention. Many efforts to improve their efficacy and significance are under way.", "PMID": 1190563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11755", "title": "Serum IgE levels in normal subjects and allergy patients among the Chinese in Singapore.", "content": "Serum IgE was determined in four groups of Singapore Chinese consisting of 292 normal subjects, 15 patients with atopic dermatitis, 39 with drug allergy and 14 with bronchial asthma. The results were compared with the findings of similar groups in western countries. In the normal subjects the range and means (numerical and geometrical) of serum IgE were four to seven times higher in the Singapore Chinese than reported in the western countries. However, the circulating levels in atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma patients were comparable. In drug allergy moderate IgE elevation was noted. The serum IgE levels of the normal subjects and patients with atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma were markedly lower than those found in nearby Papua New Guinea. The significance of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "Serum IgE levels in normal subjects and allergy patients among the Chinese in Singapore. Serum IgE was determined in four groups of Singapore Chinese consisting of 292 normal subjects, 15 patients with atopic dermatitis, 39 with drug allergy and 14 with bronchial asthma. The results were compared with the findings of similar groups in western countries. In the normal subjects the range and means (numerical and geometrical) of serum IgE were four to seven times higher in the Singapore Chinese than reported in the western countries. However, the circulating levels in atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma patients were comparable. In drug allergy moderate IgE elevation was noted. The serum IgE levels of the normal subjects and patients with atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma were markedly lower than those found in nearby Papua New Guinea. The significance of these observations is discussed.", "PMID": 1190565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11756", "title": "[Methods of isolation and determination of urinary 4-thio-6-hydroxypyrazolo(3,4 d)pyrimidine in patients treated with thiopurinol].", "content": "Oxithiopurinol, [4-thio-6-hydroxypyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine] has been caracterized in urines of patients treated with Thiopurinol : the principle involved is the precipitation of both oxithiopurinol and uric acid in combination with cupric hydroxide. The urinary oxithopurinol content is determined by means of anion and cation exchange resins. 56 to 70 per cent of the daily dose of Thiopurinol are eliminated in urine as oxithiopurinol.", "contents": "[Methods of isolation and determination of urinary 4-thio-6-hydroxypyrazolo(3,4 d)pyrimidine in patients treated with thiopurinol]. Oxithiopurinol, [4-thio-6-hydroxypyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine] has been caracterized in urines of patients treated with Thiopurinol : the principle involved is the precipitation of both oxithiopurinol and uric acid in combination with cupric hydroxide. The urinary oxithopurinol content is determined by means of anion and cation exchange resins. 56 to 70 per cent of the daily dose of Thiopurinol are eliminated in urine as oxithiopurinol.", "PMID": 1190572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11757", "title": "[Automatic assay of blood sugar by Trinder's method].", "content": "An automated method for determining blood \"true glucose\" has been adapted to the single channel \"AutoAnalyzer\". The action of the glucose-oxidase peroxidase system is directly coupled with an oxygen acceptor chromogen. The validity for accuracy, contamination and the absence of interferences by certain compounds have been tested. Experimenters proceeded then with a thorough examination of the relation existing between the \"true glucose\" determined by the present method combined with the Hexokinase method and the \"true guclose\" determined with the Beckman \"Glucose Analyzer\".", "contents": "[Automatic assay of blood sugar by Trinder's method]. An automated method for determining blood \"true glucose\" has been adapted to the single channel \"AutoAnalyzer\". The action of the glucose-oxidase peroxidase system is directly coupled with an oxygen acceptor chromogen. The validity for accuracy, contamination and the absence of interferences by certain compounds have been tested. Experimenters proceeded then with a thorough examination of the relation existing between the \"true glucose\" determined by the present method combined with the Hexokinase method and the \"true guclose\" determined with the Beckman \"Glucose Analyzer\".", "PMID": 1190573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11758", "title": "[Haptoglobin assay using the LKB 8600 reaction rate analyzer].", "content": "The reaction rate analyzer LKB 8 600 is used in a new haptoglobin evaluation method. This technique involves formation of peroxidatic complex between haptoglobin and horse or human hemoglobin (human hemoglobin is easier to prepare), then oxidation of gaiacol with registering of optical density rise. Results fit completely with those of the classical Technicon autoanalyzer technique. The method is accurate, fast, easy to perform, and appliable to large series, while necessitating only 10 mul of serum.", "contents": "[Haptoglobin assay using the LKB 8600 reaction rate analyzer]. The reaction rate analyzer LKB 8 600 is used in a new haptoglobin evaluation method. This technique involves formation of peroxidatic complex between haptoglobin and horse or human hemoglobin (human hemoglobin is easier to prepare), then oxidation of gaiacol with registering of optical density rise. Results fit completely with those of the classical Technicon autoanalyzer technique. The method is accurate, fast, easy to perform, and appliable to large series, while necessitating only 10 mul of serum.", "PMID": 1190574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11759", "title": "Evaluation of xylazine as a sedative and preanesthetic agent in horses.", "content": "Xylazine administered intramuscularly (IM) to horses at the dose level of 2 mg/kg was an effective sedative and preanesthetic for thiamylal sodium narcosis or thiamylal sodium and halothane anesthesia. Evaluation of response of cardiovascular, respiratory, and hepatic function did not indicate serious untoward effects, although cardiac and respiratory rate decreased, calculated vigor of left ventricular contraction decreased, calculated peripheral vascular resistance increased, and transient innocuous cardiac arrhythmias occurred. Effects of the anesthetics used on respiratory function (blood gases and pH), using xylazine as a preanesthetic, were comparable with those observed when promazine was used. The onset of action of xylazine given IM was at least as rapid as that occurring when promazine was given intravenously; e.g., 5 minutes for first observable effects, and 15 to 20 minutes for maximal effect. Recovery, times from anesthesia when using xylazine administered IM as a preanesthetic agent were comparable with those reported after promazine was given intravenously; moreover, horses given xylazine were more calm during recovery and seldom tried to stand before they were able.", "contents": "Evaluation of xylazine as a sedative and preanesthetic agent in horses. Xylazine administered intramuscularly (IM) to horses at the dose level of 2 mg/kg was an effective sedative and preanesthetic for thiamylal sodium narcosis or thiamylal sodium and halothane anesthesia. Evaluation of response of cardiovascular, respiratory, and hepatic function did not indicate serious untoward effects, although cardiac and respiratory rate decreased, calculated vigor of left ventricular contraction decreased, calculated peripheral vascular resistance increased, and transient innocuous cardiac arrhythmias occurred. Effects of the anesthetics used on respiratory function (blood gases and pH), using xylazine as a preanesthetic, were comparable with those observed when promazine was used. The onset of action of xylazine given IM was at least as rapid as that occurring when promazine was given intravenously; e.g., 5 minutes for first observable effects, and 15 to 20 minutes for maximal effect. Recovery, times from anesthesia when using xylazine administered IM as a preanesthetic agent were comparable with those reported after promazine was given intravenously; moreover, horses given xylazine were more calm during recovery and seldom tried to stand before they were able.", "PMID": 1190582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11760", "title": "Effects of acetylpromazine on ventilatory variables in the horse.", "content": "The influence of breathing various concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen upon minute volume, tidal volume, and respiratory rate were examined in acetylpromazine-tranquilized horses. Responses in the horses before (control period) and after tranquilization were qualitatively similar to increases in carbon dioxide and to alterations in oxygen. The quantitative responses to these changes were less in tranquilized horses than in the same horses studied in the untranquilized state. Tranquilization had its most prominent effect upon respiratory rate in horses breathing room air.", "contents": "Effects of acetylpromazine on ventilatory variables in the horse. The influence of breathing various concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen upon minute volume, tidal volume, and respiratory rate were examined in acetylpromazine-tranquilized horses. Responses in the horses before (control period) and after tranquilization were qualitatively similar to increases in carbon dioxide and to alterations in oxygen. The quantitative responses to these changes were less in tranquilized horses than in the same horses studied in the untranquilized state. Tranquilization had its most prominent effect upon respiratory rate in horses breathing room air.", "PMID": 1190583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11761", "title": "Morphologic alterations of Anaplasma marginale in calves after treatment with oxytetracycline.", "content": "The morphologic features of Anaplasma marginale were determined after treatment of infected calves with oxytetracycline. By light microscopy, anaplasma bodies in erythrocytes of treated calves were enlarged and vacuolated, small and dense, or comma shaped. Several degenerated forms of anaplasma bodies were observed by electron microscopy. There was a blending of the 2 membranes surrounding initial bodies, aggregation of nucleoprotein at the periphery of the subunit, and vacuolation. A 2nd form of degeneration was coalescence of subunits in marginal bodies. A 3rd form of degeneration was unification of subunits of anaplasma bodies and clumping of nucleoprotein. A 4th form of degeneration was the persistence of an anaplasma body as a solitary, irregularly shaped mass containing electron-opaque clumps.", "contents": "Morphologic alterations of Anaplasma marginale in calves after treatment with oxytetracycline. The morphologic features of Anaplasma marginale were determined after treatment of infected calves with oxytetracycline. By light microscopy, anaplasma bodies in erythrocytes of treated calves were enlarged and vacuolated, small and dense, or comma shaped. Several degenerated forms of anaplasma bodies were observed by electron microscopy. There was a blending of the 2 membranes surrounding initial bodies, aggregation of nucleoprotein at the periphery of the subunit, and vacuolation. A 2nd form of degeneration was coalescence of subunits in marginal bodies. A 3rd form of degeneration was unification of subunits of anaplasma bodies and clumping of nucleoprotein. A 4th form of degeneration was the persistence of an anaplasma body as a solitary, irregularly shaped mass containing electron-opaque clumps.", "PMID": 1190584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11762", "title": "Clinical infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cattle fed organic iodine and urea.", "content": "The feeding of ethylenediamine dihydriodide (EDDI) at the dose levels of 50 and 500 mg/animal/day and urea at the dose level of 45 g/animal/day did not affect duration of clinical signs, body weight gain, magnitude or duration of fever, serum concentration of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, packed cell volume, and differential white blood cell counts in feeder cattle experimentally infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus. However, coughing and abundance of nasal discharge were significantly greater in calves fed EDDI before and during primary IBR virus infection. Those calves fed 500 mg of EDDI/day coughed more, had greater nasal discharge, and exhibited greater lacrimation than did those given the smaller dose. These 3 clinical signs were considered to reflect both the expectorant action of EDDI and the pathogenic effects of IBR virus. In all calves, including controls, the coughing, nasal discharge, and lacrimation were most prominent during the period of peak infection (7 to 14 days after the calves were given intranasal inoculation) of the IBR virus. Total serum iodine concentration became maximal (mean of 1,400 ng/ml) in 8 calves after they had been fed the larger dose of EDDI for 2 weeks. This value was maximal (about 300 ng/ml) in another 8 calves after 3 weeks' feeding of the smaller dose (50 mg/day). When EDDI exposure was maintained at the dose level of 50 mg/day for 5 weeks longer, mean serum iodine values remained at about 275 ng/ml, and those of control calves averaged 140 ng/ml.", "contents": "Clinical infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cattle fed organic iodine and urea. The feeding of ethylenediamine dihydriodide (EDDI) at the dose levels of 50 and 500 mg/animal/day and urea at the dose level of 45 g/animal/day did not affect duration of clinical signs, body weight gain, magnitude or duration of fever, serum concentration of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, packed cell volume, and differential white blood cell counts in feeder cattle experimentally infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus. However, coughing and abundance of nasal discharge were significantly greater in calves fed EDDI before and during primary IBR virus infection. Those calves fed 500 mg of EDDI/day coughed more, had greater nasal discharge, and exhibited greater lacrimation than did those given the smaller dose. These 3 clinical signs were considered to reflect both the expectorant action of EDDI and the pathogenic effects of IBR virus. In all calves, including controls, the coughing, nasal discharge, and lacrimation were most prominent during the period of peak infection (7 to 14 days after the calves were given intranasal inoculation) of the IBR virus. Total serum iodine concentration became maximal (mean of 1,400 ng/ml) in 8 calves after they had been fed the larger dose of EDDI for 2 weeks. This value was maximal (about 300 ng/ml) in another 8 calves after 3 weeks' feeding of the smaller dose (50 mg/day). When EDDI exposure was maintained at the dose level of 50 mg/day for 5 weeks longer, mean serum iodine values remained at about 275 ng/ml, and those of control calves averaged 140 ng/ml.", "PMID": 1190585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11763", "title": "Serum biochemical and electrophoretic values from four deer species and from pronghorn antelope.", "content": "Serums from 4 species of deer and 1 species of antelope were analyzed for various components in order to define an animal disease model for sickle cell disease in people. Animal species included black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon), fallow deer (Dama dama), and pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana). The mean serum values for total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and electrolytes were similar in all species and were in the normal range for human beings. Cholesterol and uric acid values for all animals were lower than those for people. Alkaline phosphatase values in the 4 cervid species were higher than in the pronghorn antelope. Values for glutamic oxalacetic transaminase were lower in the cervids than in the pronghorn antelope. Lactic dehydrogenase values were similar in the 5 species. High activities for glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase in the 5 species probably related to muscle mass and great muscular activity.", "contents": "Serum biochemical and electrophoretic values from four deer species and from pronghorn antelope. Serums from 4 species of deer and 1 species of antelope were analyzed for various components in order to define an animal disease model for sickle cell disease in people. Animal species included black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon), fallow deer (Dama dama), and pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana). The mean serum values for total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and electrolytes were similar in all species and were in the normal range for human beings. Cholesterol and uric acid values for all animals were lower than those for people. Alkaline phosphatase values in the 4 cervid species were higher than in the pronghorn antelope. Values for glutamic oxalacetic transaminase were lower in the cervids than in the pronghorn antelope. Lactic dehydrogenase values were similar in the 5 species. High activities for glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase in the 5 species probably related to muscle mass and great muscular activity.", "PMID": 1190586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11764", "title": "Efficacy of Fenbendazole against gastrointestinal parasites of sheep.", "content": "Lambs severely parasitized by Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum, and Nematodirus were treated with fenbendazole (methyl 5-(phenylthio)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate) given at 3 dose levels: 3.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/kg of body weight. Efficacies against these genera, except Haemonchus and Nematodirus, were 100% at the 3 dose levels. Efficacies for the 3 doses against Haemonchus were 93.4, 95.3, and 99.8%, respectively, and against Nematodirus, 99.5, 99.6, and 100%. Efficacies for the doses against Trichuris were 69.1, 83.6, and 98.2%. Toxicosis due to the durg was not seen in these lambs, although they were severely debilitated.", "contents": "Efficacy of Fenbendazole against gastrointestinal parasites of sheep. Lambs severely parasitized by Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum, and Nematodirus were treated with fenbendazole (methyl 5-(phenylthio)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate) given at 3 dose levels: 3.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/kg of body weight. Efficacies against these genera, except Haemonchus and Nematodirus, were 100% at the 3 dose levels. Efficacies for the 3 doses against Haemonchus were 93.4, 95.3, and 99.8%, respectively, and against Nematodirus, 99.5, 99.6, and 100%. Efficacies for the doses against Trichuris were 69.1, 83.6, and 98.2%. Toxicosis due to the durg was not seen in these lambs, although they were severely debilitated.", "PMID": 1190587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11765", "title": "Survival of chromium-51-labeled autologous and homologous erythrocytes in goats.", "content": "Apparent half-survival time of 51-Cr-tagged caprine erythrocytes after autotransfusion was 8 days. The 51Cr-tagged homologous caprine erythrocytes disappeared from circulation very rapidly, thereby indicating that it is not possible to produce sustained polycythemia in goats by hypertransfusing them with homologous erythrocytes without appropriate matching.", "contents": "Survival of chromium-51-labeled autologous and homologous erythrocytes in goats. Apparent half-survival time of 51-Cr-tagged caprine erythrocytes after autotransfusion was 8 days. The 51Cr-tagged homologous caprine erythrocytes disappeared from circulation very rapidly, thereby indicating that it is not possible to produce sustained polycythemia in goats by hypertransfusing them with homologous erythrocytes without appropriate matching.", "PMID": 1190588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11766", "title": "Surface ultrastructure of pyruvate kinase-deficient erythrocytes in the Basenji dog.", "content": "The scanning electron microscope was used to study the surface morphologic features of erythrocytes from a Basenji dog with hereditary hemolytic anemia due to a pyruvate kinase-deficient erythrocytes (RBC). Cells from this dog were compared with RBC from normal dogs and from dogs with regenerative anemias unrelated to pyruvate kinase deficiency. Demonstration of spherical RBC with uniform spicules on their surface (spheroechinocytes) may provide a morphologic explanation for the shortened erythrocytic life-span previously reported in congenital hemolytic anemia of Basenji dogs. Spherical, spiculated RBC were not found in blood from normal dogs or from anemic dogs with reticulocytoses. The surface of reticulocytes from all dogs with regenerative anemia was roughened, with pronounced folding of the cell membrane.", "contents": "Surface ultrastructure of pyruvate kinase-deficient erythrocytes in the Basenji dog. The scanning electron microscope was used to study the surface morphologic features of erythrocytes from a Basenji dog with hereditary hemolytic anemia due to a pyruvate kinase-deficient erythrocytes (RBC). Cells from this dog were compared with RBC from normal dogs and from dogs with regenerative anemias unrelated to pyruvate kinase deficiency. Demonstration of spherical RBC with uniform spicules on their surface (spheroechinocytes) may provide a morphologic explanation for the shortened erythrocytic life-span previously reported in congenital hemolytic anemia of Basenji dogs. Spherical, spiculated RBC were not found in blood from normal dogs or from anemic dogs with reticulocytoses. The surface of reticulocytes from all dogs with regenerative anemia was roughened, with pronounced folding of the cell membrane.", "PMID": 1190589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11767", "title": "Comparison of bioavailability of two chloramphenicol preparations in dogs after intramuscular injection.", "content": "Aqueous chloramphenicol glycinate was compared with propylene glycol solution of chloramphenicol after equivalent intramuscular doses (22 mg/kg) were given to 10 normal, healthy dogs in a crossover study. Duration and magnitude of plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol were significantly longer and higher with the glycinate than with the propylene glycol solution.", "contents": "Comparison of bioavailability of two chloramphenicol preparations in dogs after intramuscular injection. Aqueous chloramphenicol glycinate was compared with propylene glycol solution of chloramphenicol after equivalent intramuscular doses (22 mg/kg) were given to 10 normal, healthy dogs in a crossover study. Duration and magnitude of plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol were significantly longer and higher with the glycinate than with the propylene glycol solution.", "PMID": 1190590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11768", "title": "Phytomitogen- and antigen-induced blast transformation of feline lymphocytes.", "content": "A semiautomated microassay of blast transformation of feline lymphocytes was developed and used in a study of the response of normal cats to phytomitogen- and antigen-induced stimulation. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from defibrinated blood by ficolldiatrizoate gradient centrifugation and incubated at a concentration of 1 X 10(5) cells/culture. Blast transformation was measured by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine, to which the cells were exposed during the last 18 hours of incubation. Phytomitogens induced maximal transformation after 3 days' incubation. Greatest stimulation produced by 10 mug of concanavalin A (38- to 183-fold) followed by 4 mug of pokeweek mitogen (nine- to 51-fold), and finally phytohemagglutinin-P (three- to sixfold). Three of 4 cats sensitized to keyhole limpet hemocyanin responded when exposed to 50 mug of keyhole limpet hemocyanin in vitro, maximal transformation occurring after 4 days' incubation. Lymphocyte blast tranformation provides a convenient technique to assess lymphocyte function serially during experimentally induced immunologic alterations in the cat.", "contents": "Phytomitogen- and antigen-induced blast transformation of feline lymphocytes. A semiautomated microassay of blast transformation of feline lymphocytes was developed and used in a study of the response of normal cats to phytomitogen- and antigen-induced stimulation. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from defibrinated blood by ficolldiatrizoate gradient centrifugation and incubated at a concentration of 1 X 10(5) cells/culture. Blast transformation was measured by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine, to which the cells were exposed during the last 18 hours of incubation. Phytomitogens induced maximal transformation after 3 days' incubation. Greatest stimulation produced by 10 mug of concanavalin A (38- to 183-fold) followed by 4 mug of pokeweek mitogen (nine- to 51-fold), and finally phytohemagglutinin-P (three- to sixfold). Three of 4 cats sensitized to keyhole limpet hemocyanin responded when exposed to 50 mug of keyhole limpet hemocyanin in vitro, maximal transformation occurring after 4 days' incubation. Lymphocyte blast tranformation provides a convenient technique to assess lymphocyte function serially during experimentally induced immunologic alterations in the cat.", "PMID": 1190591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11769", "title": "Pathogenesis of tularemia in immune and nonimmune rats.", "content": "Pathogenesis of tularemia in nonimmune rats given (intraperitoneal inoculation) virulent strain (SCHU S4) or vaccinal strain (LVS) of Francisella tularensis and in immune rats given SCHU S4 is described. Both LVS and SCHU S4 caused pyogranulomas in liver and spleen of nonimmune rats. Nonimmune rats given 10(4) SCHU S4 organisms did not survive beyond 72 hours, but immune rats given challenge inoculum of 10(8) SCHU S4 organisms developed lesions and survived. Larger doses of LVS resulted in earlier onset of characteristic hepatitis and splenitis in nonimmune rats. Periportal lymphocytic infiltrates were present in the liver 48 hours after SCHU S4 challenge inoculation of immune rats and 96 hours after inoculation of LVS in nonimmune rats and were associated with intense macrophage aggregation. These changes indicate that the pathogenesis of tularemia is a result of the interdependency of the dose and virulence of the causative agent with the immune status of the host and that cellular immunity has a significant role in the response of the rat to tularemia.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of tularemia in immune and nonimmune rats. Pathogenesis of tularemia in nonimmune rats given (intraperitoneal inoculation) virulent strain (SCHU S4) or vaccinal strain (LVS) of Francisella tularensis and in immune rats given SCHU S4 is described. Both LVS and SCHU S4 caused pyogranulomas in liver and spleen of nonimmune rats. Nonimmune rats given 10(4) SCHU S4 organisms did not survive beyond 72 hours, but immune rats given challenge inoculum of 10(8) SCHU S4 organisms developed lesions and survived. Larger doses of LVS resulted in earlier onset of characteristic hepatitis and splenitis in nonimmune rats. Periportal lymphocytic infiltrates were present in the liver 48 hours after SCHU S4 challenge inoculation of immune rats and 96 hours after inoculation of LVS in nonimmune rats and were associated with intense macrophage aggregation. These changes indicate that the pathogenesis of tularemia is a result of the interdependency of the dose and virulence of the causative agent with the immune status of the host and that cellular immunity has a significant role in the response of the rat to tularemia.", "PMID": 1190592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11770", "title": "Ultrastructure of Anaplasma marginale after freeze-fracture.", "content": "Stained thin sections and freeze-fractured replicas of Anaplasma marginale-infected bovine erythrocytes were examined by electron microscopy. Freeze-fracture replication not only verified basic Anaplasma ultrastructure, but also allowed visualization of structures not previously reported. Because of the partial 3-dimensional views obtained with freeze-fracture replication, a new structure that appears as a protruding tip was discernible. Also, the surface of Anaplasma's limiting membrane was less granular than the fractured surface of host erythrocyte. A corrugated surface with a periodicity of 10.5 nm was seen when the limiting membrane was fractured.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Anaplasma marginale after freeze-fracture. Stained thin sections and freeze-fractured replicas of Anaplasma marginale-infected bovine erythrocytes were examined by electron microscopy. Freeze-fracture replication not only verified basic Anaplasma ultrastructure, but also allowed visualization of structures not previously reported. Because of the partial 3-dimensional views obtained with freeze-fracture replication, a new structure that appears as a protruding tip was discernible. Also, the surface of Anaplasma's limiting membrane was less granular than the fractured surface of host erythrocyte. A corrugated surface with a periodicity of 10.5 nm was seen when the limiting membrane was fractured.", "PMID": 1190593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11771", "title": "Antigenicity of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose with or without 9-fluoroprednisolone acetate in the adult cow.", "content": "Multiple intramuscular injections of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose with or without 9-fluoroprednisolone acetate were not antigenic in the cow, as measured by anaphylactoid response or delayed hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Antigenicity of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose with or without 9-fluoroprednisolone acetate in the adult cow. Multiple intramuscular injections of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose with or without 9-fluoroprednisolone acetate were not antigenic in the cow, as measured by anaphylactoid response or delayed hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 1190594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11772", "title": "A clinical comparison of CT1341, ketamine, and xylazine in cats.", "content": "The new anesthetic agent CT1341 was compared to ketamine and xylazine in experimental and clinical situations with cats. Anesthesia with CT1341 was characterized by fast recovery times, good muscle relaxation, eyelid closure, occasional vomition, defecation, or urination during induction and recovery, generally smooth induction, and occasional hyperreflexive recoveries with much sneezing. The agent was moderately hypotensive, but caused little change in heart rate, central venous pressure, arterial pH, or blood gases.", "contents": "A clinical comparison of CT1341, ketamine, and xylazine in cats. The new anesthetic agent CT1341 was compared to ketamine and xylazine in experimental and clinical situations with cats. Anesthesia with CT1341 was characterized by fast recovery times, good muscle relaxation, eyelid closure, occasional vomition, defecation, or urination during induction and recovery, generally smooth induction, and occasional hyperreflexive recoveries with much sneezing. The agent was moderately hypotensive, but caused little change in heart rate, central venous pressure, arterial pH, or blood gases.", "PMID": 1190595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11773", "title": "Effect of aflatoxin on susceptibility of hamsters to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.", "content": "After oral administration of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis to hamsters, the organism passed the epithelial barrier of the intestine, and infection was established in the small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes. The addition of aflatoxin to the ration of hamsters did not increase their susceptibility to M paratuberculosis but, rather, seemed to decrease susceptibility to the bacillus. Hamsters not treated with aflatoxin and infected with M paratuberculosis had higher bacterial counts in intestinal tract and mesenteric lymph node on necropsy than did infected hamsters that had been treated with aflatoxin. Aflatoxin-treated hamsters grew slowly, had an unthrifty appearance, and developed lesions of megalocytosis regardless of whether they were infected with M paratuberculosis.", "contents": "Effect of aflatoxin on susceptibility of hamsters to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. After oral administration of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis to hamsters, the organism passed the epithelial barrier of the intestine, and infection was established in the small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes. The addition of aflatoxin to the ration of hamsters did not increase their susceptibility to M paratuberculosis but, rather, seemed to decrease susceptibility to the bacillus. Hamsters not treated with aflatoxin and infected with M paratuberculosis had higher bacterial counts in intestinal tract and mesenteric lymph node on necropsy than did infected hamsters that had been treated with aflatoxin. Aflatoxin-treated hamsters grew slowly, had an unthrifty appearance, and developed lesions of megalocytosis regardless of whether they were infected with M paratuberculosis.", "PMID": 1190596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11774", "title": "Leukocyte response of bovine mammary gland to injection of killed cells and cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Injection of mammary glands of cows with heat-killed staphylococcal cells, staphylococcal cell walls, or distilled water induced leukocytosis. The magnitude of leukocytic response to staphylococcal antigens in cows of each treatment group depended on the extent of previous experience with staphylococcal cell materials. The 2nd intramammary injection produced greater reactions than did the 1st, and the 1st injection in cows previously parenterally vaccinated with killed cells in oil-water adjuvant produced responses comparable with those elicited by the 2nd intramammary injection in nonvaccinated cows. The implications that these changes have toward understanding the pathogenesis of, and immunity to, staphylococcal mastitis were discussed.", "contents": "Leukocyte response of bovine mammary gland to injection of killed cells and cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus. Injection of mammary glands of cows with heat-killed staphylococcal cells, staphylococcal cell walls, or distilled water induced leukocytosis. The magnitude of leukocytic response to staphylococcal antigens in cows of each treatment group depended on the extent of previous experience with staphylococcal cell materials. The 2nd intramammary injection produced greater reactions than did the 1st, and the 1st injection in cows previously parenterally vaccinated with killed cells in oil-water adjuvant produced responses comparable with those elicited by the 2nd intramammary injection in nonvaccinated cows. The implications that these changes have toward understanding the pathogenesis of, and immunity to, staphylococcal mastitis were discussed.", "PMID": 1190597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11775", "title": "A field study of persistence of antibodies in California horses vaccinated against western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis.", "content": "As a result of the continuing threat of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE), a study was made to determine if revaccination against VEE (TC-83 vaccine) was feasible and if revaccination could be incorporated into other routine vaccination practices. Of the horses given annual vaccination with bivalent western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) and eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) vaccine, 57% retained detectable serum-neutralizing (SN) antiboyd titers for VEE 18 months after the initial VEE vaccination was given. Of horses with no record of WEE-EEE vacinnation, 100% retained detectable VEE SN antibody titers over the same period. The VEE geometric mean titer was 25 times greater for horses not previously vaccinated against WEE-EEE than for horses given annual WEE-EEE vaccination at the time of VEE vaccination. In horses vaccinated against VEE 18 months previously, the geometric mean titer increased from 4 to 70 at 48 days after the intitial WEE-EEE vaccination. This increase indicated that similar antigenic factors for VEE are possibly present in bivalent WEE-EEE vaccine. In horses previously vaccinated against WEE-EEE and VEE, the best SN antibody response to VEE revaccination occurred when VEE vaccine was given simultaneously with the bivalent WEE-EEE vaccine. Of 150 serum samples tested by both the SN and the hemagglutination-inhibiton tests, agreement between positive reactions at greater than or equal to 1:10 was 70% for VEE, 81% for EEE, and 87% for WEE.", "contents": "A field study of persistence of antibodies in California horses vaccinated against western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. As a result of the continuing threat of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE), a study was made to determine if revaccination against VEE (TC-83 vaccine) was feasible and if revaccination could be incorporated into other routine vaccination practices. Of the horses given annual vaccination with bivalent western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) and eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) vaccine, 57% retained detectable serum-neutralizing (SN) antiboyd titers for VEE 18 months after the initial VEE vaccination was given. Of horses with no record of WEE-EEE vacinnation, 100% retained detectable VEE SN antibody titers over the same period. The VEE geometric mean titer was 25 times greater for horses not previously vaccinated against WEE-EEE than for horses given annual WEE-EEE vaccination at the time of VEE vaccination. In horses vaccinated against VEE 18 months previously, the geometric mean titer increased from 4 to 70 at 48 days after the intitial WEE-EEE vaccination. This increase indicated that similar antigenic factors for VEE are possibly present in bivalent WEE-EEE vaccine. In horses previously vaccinated against WEE-EEE and VEE, the best SN antibody response to VEE revaccination occurred when VEE vaccine was given simultaneously with the bivalent WEE-EEE vaccine. Of 150 serum samples tested by both the SN and the hemagglutination-inhibiton tests, agreement between positive reactions at greater than or equal to 1:10 was 70% for VEE, 81% for EEE, and 87% for WEE.", "PMID": 1190598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11776", "title": "In vivo measurement of bone strain in the horse.", "content": "Strain gauges were successfully bonded in vivo to the cranial, caudal, medial, and lateral aspects of the equine radium and tibia and to the dorsal, palmar, or plantar, medial, the lateral aspects of the metacarpus and metatarsus--all in the mid-diaphyseal region. Various activities were investigated, including walking, trotting or pacing, and standing up from anesthesia. The strain patterns showed that each stride produced a characteristic deformation cycle. The strains were measured and the axial loads were calculated as the horse performed certain activities. The tension band side of each bone was predicted from the results. The tension band sides of the metacarpus and metatarsus were the dorsomedial and dorsolateral aspects; for the radius and tibia, the tension band sides were the cranial and craniolateral aspects, respectively.", "contents": "In vivo measurement of bone strain in the horse. Strain gauges were successfully bonded in vivo to the cranial, caudal, medial, and lateral aspects of the equine radium and tibia and to the dorsal, palmar, or plantar, medial, the lateral aspects of the metacarpus and metatarsus--all in the mid-diaphyseal region. Various activities were investigated, including walking, trotting or pacing, and standing up from anesthesia. The strain patterns showed that each stride produced a characteristic deformation cycle. The strains were measured and the axial loads were calculated as the horse performed certain activities. The tension band side of each bone was predicted from the results. The tension band sides of the metacarpus and metatarsus were the dorsomedial and dorsolateral aspects; for the radius and tibia, the tension band sides were the cranial and craniolateral aspects, respectively.", "PMID": 1190599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11777", "title": "Occurrence of second and third instars of Gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis in stomachs of horses in Kentucky.", "content": "The occurrence of 2nd and 3rd instars of Gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis was determined in 476 horses during the 22-year period from 1951 to 1973. Overall, G intestinalis infected 98.7% of the horses and averaged 168/horse; whereas G nasalis infected 80.7% of the horses and averaged 52/horse. Aggregate average total numbers for G intestinalis ranged from a low of 50 in September to a high of 229 in March, and for G nasalis, from a low of 14 in September to a high of 82 in February. Horses were infected by 2nd or 3rd instars of both species on a year-round basis. Differentiation between the instars provided insight into the dynamics of the infections. For G intestinalis, the data indicated (1) 2nd instars from the previous year's generation of flies continue to arrive in the stomach until April; (2) arrival of the current year's crop of 2nd instars starts in July; and (3) 3rd instars from the previous year's generation of flies are not voided in appreciable numbers until August, when numbers of the current year's crop of 3rd instars appear in the stomach. For G nasalis, the data indicated (1) arrival in the stomach of the current year's generation of 2nd instars starts in July and terminates in January and (2) 3rd instars from the previous year's generation of flies are voided over a period beginning in March and extending into August, when the current year's crop of 3rd instars begin to appear. Acquisition of infections of horses with G intestinalis is nearly a year-round process, except for April, because of the persistence of viable larvae in eggs for a prolonged period after development and fly activity has ceased in the fall. In contrast, infection with G nasalis is interrupted between December and May, because eggs hatch naturally after a short period of development, and fly activity ceases in the fall.", "contents": "Occurrence of second and third instars of Gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis in stomachs of horses in Kentucky. The occurrence of 2nd and 3rd instars of Gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis was determined in 476 horses during the 22-year period from 1951 to 1973. Overall, G intestinalis infected 98.7% of the horses and averaged 168/horse; whereas G nasalis infected 80.7% of the horses and averaged 52/horse. Aggregate average total numbers for G intestinalis ranged from a low of 50 in September to a high of 229 in March, and for G nasalis, from a low of 14 in September to a high of 82 in February. Horses were infected by 2nd or 3rd instars of both species on a year-round basis. Differentiation between the instars provided insight into the dynamics of the infections. For G intestinalis, the data indicated (1) 2nd instars from the previous year's generation of flies continue to arrive in the stomach until April; (2) arrival of the current year's crop of 2nd instars starts in July; and (3) 3rd instars from the previous year's generation of flies are not voided in appreciable numbers until August, when numbers of the current year's crop of 3rd instars appear in the stomach. For G nasalis, the data indicated (1) arrival in the stomach of the current year's generation of 2nd instars starts in July and terminates in January and (2) 3rd instars from the previous year's generation of flies are voided over a period beginning in March and extending into August, when the current year's crop of 3rd instars begin to appear. Acquisition of infections of horses with G intestinalis is nearly a year-round process, except for April, because of the persistence of viable larvae in eggs for a prolonged period after development and fly activity has ceased in the fall. In contrast, infection with G nasalis is interrupted between December and May, because eggs hatch naturally after a short period of development, and fly activity ceases in the fall.", "PMID": 1190600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11778", "title": "Efficacy studies with three formulations of cambendazole in horses.", "content": "Treatment with 3 formulations of cambendazole (paste, pellets, and suspension) was compared with thiabendazole treatment in 181 Quarter Horses (females and intact and altered males) of different ages in 2 experiments. The mean output of strongyle eggs, as measured by eggs per gram of feces (epg), was reduced by at least 95% by the 3 formulations of cambendazole compared with pretreatment epg and epg in simultaneously nonmedicated horses. Eggs of Parascaris equorum were seen in 19 of the younger horses in experiment I. Parascaris eggs were not seen in postmedication fecal samples from 14 horses treated wtih cambendazole. Of the 5 horses treated with thiabendazole, 2 had postmedication Parascaris egg counts.", "contents": "Efficacy studies with three formulations of cambendazole in horses. Treatment with 3 formulations of cambendazole (paste, pellets, and suspension) was compared with thiabendazole treatment in 181 Quarter Horses (females and intact and altered males) of different ages in 2 experiments. The mean output of strongyle eggs, as measured by eggs per gram of feces (epg), was reduced by at least 95% by the 3 formulations of cambendazole compared with pretreatment epg and epg in simultaneously nonmedicated horses. Eggs of Parascaris equorum were seen in 19 of the younger horses in experiment I. Parascaris eggs were not seen in postmedication fecal samples from 14 horses treated wtih cambendazole. Of the 5 horses treated with thiabendazole, 2 had postmedication Parascaris egg counts.", "PMID": 1190601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11779", "title": "Suppression of in vitro lymphocyte transformation by serum from dogs with generalized demodicosis.", "content": "Serum from dogs with generalized demodicosis suppressed the in vitro reactivity of peripheral lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. Suppression occurred with peripheral lymphocytes from normal dogs or from dogs with generalized demodicosis. Serums from dogs in remission were no longer suppressive. The data indicate that peripheral lymphoid cells obtained from dogs with generalized demodicosis do not respond differently in vitro to phytohemagglutinin than do lymphoid cells from normal dogs when either is cultured in the presence of serum from normal dogs.", "contents": "Suppression of in vitro lymphocyte transformation by serum from dogs with generalized demodicosis. Serum from dogs with generalized demodicosis suppressed the in vitro reactivity of peripheral lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. Suppression occurred with peripheral lymphocytes from normal dogs or from dogs with generalized demodicosis. Serums from dogs in remission were no longer suppressive. The data indicate that peripheral lymphoid cells obtained from dogs with generalized demodicosis do not respond differently in vitro to phytohemagglutinin than do lymphoid cells from normal dogs when either is cultured in the presence of serum from normal dogs.", "PMID": 1190602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11780", "title": "Hypervitaminosis A in the dog.", "content": "Toxic effects of excessive vitamin A and of excessive vitamin ADE were studied in 9 mixed Labrador Retriever pups. Clinical signs were loss of body weight, dullness, emaciation, roughened coat, evident pain in limb joints, and retarded growth. Radiologic changes were decreases in overall length and thickness of long bones, development of osteophytes, periosteal reaction, and premature closure of epiphyses. Pathologic changes were degenerative epiphyseal plate, hemorrhage and exostotic proliferation of periosteum, fatty liver, and microcalculi in kidney. Toxic effects of excessive vitamin A did not appear to be so great when it was administered as vitamin ADE.", "contents": "Hypervitaminosis A in the dog. Toxic effects of excessive vitamin A and of excessive vitamin ADE were studied in 9 mixed Labrador Retriever pups. Clinical signs were loss of body weight, dullness, emaciation, roughened coat, evident pain in limb joints, and retarded growth. Radiologic changes were decreases in overall length and thickness of long bones, development of osteophytes, periosteal reaction, and premature closure of epiphyses. Pathologic changes were degenerative epiphyseal plate, hemorrhage and exostotic proliferation of periosteum, fatty liver, and microcalculi in kidney. Toxic effects of excessive vitamin A did not appear to be so great when it was administered as vitamin ADE.", "PMID": 1190603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11781", "title": "Experimental hexachlorophene intoxication in young swine.", "content": "Hexachlorophene (HCP) intoxication in swine was studied as a possible model of HCP poisoning in human beings. Swine were topically or orally given HCP each day, and observations were made on central nervous system function, hematologic measurements, serum chemical analyses, necropsy, microscopic examination of tissues, and concentrations of HCP residues in blood and tissue. Intoxication was observed in orally exposed swine, but the syndrome was not consistently produced in topically exposed swine. Signs and microscopic lesions were all related to dysfunction of the central nervous system, e.g., incoordination, paresis, and status spongiosus. Occurrence of signs and lesions, mortality rates, and concentrations of HCP residue were positively correlated with the dosage of HCP given.", "contents": "Experimental hexachlorophene intoxication in young swine. Hexachlorophene (HCP) intoxication in swine was studied as a possible model of HCP poisoning in human beings. Swine were topically or orally given HCP each day, and observations were made on central nervous system function, hematologic measurements, serum chemical analyses, necropsy, microscopic examination of tissues, and concentrations of HCP residues in blood and tissue. Intoxication was observed in orally exposed swine, but the syndrome was not consistently produced in topically exposed swine. Signs and microscopic lesions were all related to dysfunction of the central nervous system, e.g., incoordination, paresis, and status spongiosus. Occurrence of signs and lesions, mortality rates, and concentrations of HCP residue were positively correlated with the dosage of HCP given.", "PMID": 1190604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11782", "title": "Comparative electrophysiology and pharmacology of mammalian (including one marsupial) intercostal muscle biopsy preparations.", "content": "Characteristics of minature end-plate potentials (MEPP) of isolated external intercostal muscle preparations of 7 mammalian species (dog, cat, pig, horse, cow, and goat) including 1 marsupial (opossum, Didelphis marsupialis) were determined with intracellular microelectrodes. Mean amplitude (+/- standard error of MEPP for all species was 0.60 +/- 0.06 mV, and the range was 0.28 mV (opossum) to 1.07 mV (pig). Amplitude was inversely correlated (P less than 0.01) with muscle fiber diameter which ranged from 93 mum (opossum) to 51 mum (pig). Mean values for rise time, half-decay time, and frequency of MEPP for all species were 0.88 +/- 0.07 msec, 1.89 +/- 0.16 msec, and 0.44 +/- 0.12 MEPP/second, respectively. Species differences among these measurements were not statistically significant. Resting potentials ranged from 64 mV (pig) to 75 mV (cow and opossum). Amplitude of MEPP was reduced significantly by d-turbocurarine (0.06 muM) only in preparations from the dog (P less than 0.01), pig (P less than 0.05), cow (P less than 0.01), and goat (P less than 0.01), suggesting species variations in sensitivity to this neuromuscular blocking agent. Frequency of MEPP decreased in the prescence of d-tubocurarine, but the change was not significant. The techniques utilized in this study and the results obtained will have application in evaluation of intercostal muscle biopsy preparations from these species when affected by myasthenic diseases.", "contents": "Comparative electrophysiology and pharmacology of mammalian (including one marsupial) intercostal muscle biopsy preparations. Characteristics of minature end-plate potentials (MEPP) of isolated external intercostal muscle preparations of 7 mammalian species (dog, cat, pig, horse, cow, and goat) including 1 marsupial (opossum, Didelphis marsupialis) were determined with intracellular microelectrodes. Mean amplitude (+/- standard error of MEPP for all species was 0.60 +/- 0.06 mV, and the range was 0.28 mV (opossum) to 1.07 mV (pig). Amplitude was inversely correlated (P less than 0.01) with muscle fiber diameter which ranged from 93 mum (opossum) to 51 mum (pig). Mean values for rise time, half-decay time, and frequency of MEPP for all species were 0.88 +/- 0.07 msec, 1.89 +/- 0.16 msec, and 0.44 +/- 0.12 MEPP/second, respectively. Species differences among these measurements were not statistically significant. Resting potentials ranged from 64 mV (pig) to 75 mV (cow and opossum). Amplitude of MEPP was reduced significantly by d-turbocurarine (0.06 muM) only in preparations from the dog (P less than 0.01), pig (P less than 0.05), cow (P less than 0.01), and goat (P less than 0.01), suggesting species variations in sensitivity to this neuromuscular blocking agent. Frequency of MEPP decreased in the prescence of d-tubocurarine, but the change was not significant. The techniques utilized in this study and the results obtained will have application in evaluation of intercostal muscle biopsy preparations from these species when affected by myasthenic diseases.", "PMID": 1190605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11783", "title": "Interrelationships between athyroetic and copper-deficient states in rats.", "content": "Possible interrelationships of copper-deficient (copper-deficient ration) and hypothyroid (thiouracil treatment) states in rats were examined. Clinical signs, necropsy changes, and thyroxine concentrations were determined in 6 groups of rats treated as follows: group A--nontreated control; group B--thiouracil treated; group C--fed copper-deficient ration; group D--thiouracil treated and fed copper-deficient ration; group E--thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) treated; and group F--TSH treated and fed copper-deficient ration. Clinical signs occurred first and were most severe in the thiouracil-treated rats fed copper-deficient ration and included conformational changes and slower maturation, weakening of ear cartilage, middle ear changes (reflected by tilting of heads), and alopecia. Fatty infiltration of hepatic tissue was found in all rats fed copper-deficient rations, and considerable fluid retention occurred in rats fed copper-deficient ration and subjected to daily TSH treatment. Adrenal gland weights were 81% of control values (adjusted for body weight) in thiouracil-treated rats fed copper-deficient ration, and hypophysis weights were 114 and 154% of control values in thiouracil-treated rats and thiouracil-treated rats fed copper-deficient ration, respectively. Thyroid gland weights were 281% of control values in both thiouracil-treated rats and thiouracil-treated rats fed copper-deficient ration. Plasma thyroxine concentrations were markedly reduced (9% of control value) in thiouracil-treated rats fed copper-deficient ration. Thus, copper-deficient and hypothyroid states were considerably enhanced when the 2 existed concurrently, giving added meaning and necessity to close surveillance of trace mineral concentrations and thyroid gland status.", "contents": "Interrelationships between athyroetic and copper-deficient states in rats. Possible interrelationships of copper-deficient (copper-deficient ration) and hypothyroid (thiouracil treatment) states in rats were examined. Clinical signs, necropsy changes, and thyroxine concentrations were determined in 6 groups of rats treated as follows: group A--nontreated control; group B--thiouracil treated; group C--fed copper-deficient ration; group D--thiouracil treated and fed copper-deficient ration; group E--thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) treated; and group F--TSH treated and fed copper-deficient ration. Clinical signs occurred first and were most severe in the thiouracil-treated rats fed copper-deficient ration and included conformational changes and slower maturation, weakening of ear cartilage, middle ear changes (reflected by tilting of heads), and alopecia. Fatty infiltration of hepatic tissue was found in all rats fed copper-deficient rations, and considerable fluid retention occurred in rats fed copper-deficient ration and subjected to daily TSH treatment. Adrenal gland weights were 81% of control values (adjusted for body weight) in thiouracil-treated rats fed copper-deficient ration, and hypophysis weights were 114 and 154% of control values in thiouracil-treated rats and thiouracil-treated rats fed copper-deficient ration, respectively. Thyroid gland weights were 281% of control values in both thiouracil-treated rats and thiouracil-treated rats fed copper-deficient ration. Plasma thyroxine concentrations were markedly reduced (9% of control value) in thiouracil-treated rats fed copper-deficient ration. Thus, copper-deficient and hypothyroid states were considerably enhanced when the 2 existed concurrently, giving added meaning and necessity to close surveillance of trace mineral concentrations and thyroid gland status.", "PMID": 1190606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11784", "title": "Attachment of Corynebacterium renale to tissue culture cells by the pili.", "content": "One or more cells of Corynebacterium renale strains (serologic types, I, II and III), which possessed numerous pili, frequently were attached to BHK-21 cells, primary dog kidney cells, and primary rabbit kidney cells. The percentage of the cultured cells to which C renal cells were attached was about 70%. The percentage was less with cells of C renale possessing fewer pili, around 30%. After C renale was treated with the homologous anti-pili serum, the percentage of BHK-21 cells to which bacterial cells were attached was even less (22%). In electron micrographs, the pili of C renale were observed to attach themselves to the membranes of BHK-21 cells. The adhesive property of the pili of C renale to tissue culture cells was thus demonstrated.", "contents": "Attachment of Corynebacterium renale to tissue culture cells by the pili. One or more cells of Corynebacterium renale strains (serologic types, I, II and III), which possessed numerous pili, frequently were attached to BHK-21 cells, primary dog kidney cells, and primary rabbit kidney cells. The percentage of the cultured cells to which C renal cells were attached was about 70%. The percentage was less with cells of C renale possessing fewer pili, around 30%. After C renale was treated with the homologous anti-pili serum, the percentage of BHK-21 cells to which bacterial cells were attached was even less (22%). In electron micrographs, the pili of C renale were observed to attach themselves to the membranes of BHK-21 cells. The adhesive property of the pili of C renale to tissue culture cells was thus demonstrated.", "PMID": 1190607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11785", "title": "Cardiopulmonary measurements in nonanesthetized, resting normal ponies.", "content": "Cardiopulmonary measurements were determined in 19 nonanesthetized, normal ponies. Mean values for arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin are reported, as well as acid-base determinations of arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Respiratory function test data include total ventilation, respiratory rate, alveolar ventilation, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide output. The data compare favorably with the available data from previous reports on ponies. Because of large day-to-day variations in total ventilation, alveolar ventilation should be measured if ponies are used in the study of pulmonary function.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary measurements in nonanesthetized, resting normal ponies. Cardiopulmonary measurements were determined in 19 nonanesthetized, normal ponies. Mean values for arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin are reported, as well as acid-base determinations of arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Respiratory function test data include total ventilation, respiratory rate, alveolar ventilation, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide output. The data compare favorably with the available data from previous reports on ponies. Because of large day-to-day variations in total ventilation, alveolar ventilation should be measured if ponies are used in the study of pulmonary function.", "PMID": 1190608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11786", "title": "Internal parasites of Washington cattle.", "content": "The occurrence of internal parasites in Washinton cattle was estimated. During the survey period in 1972 and 1973, more than 3,700 fecal samples from 29 herds and 4 feedlots, and viscera from 55 cattle were examined. The percentage of fecal samples with parasite eggs or oocysts from herds was as follows: oocysts, 77%; \"strongyline\" eggs, 44%; Nematodirus eggs, 3%; Moniezia eggs, 3%; Fasciola eggs, 2%; Trichuris eggs, 2%; and Dictyocaulus larvae, 1%. The fecal samples from feedlots contained principally strongyline eggs which varied markedly in numbers among groups of cattle in the lots. The predominant parasite in viscera was Ostertagia spp, which was recovered from all of the cattle examined. Other parasites identified in the survey were found less frequently in these examinations. Cattle in dairy and beef operations utilizing irrigated pastures were particularly prone to Fasciola infections, and more strongyline eggs were observed there than in fecal samples from other management systems. Seasonal fluctuations in numbers of strongyline and Fasciola eggs were pronounced.", "contents": "Internal parasites of Washington cattle. The occurrence of internal parasites in Washinton cattle was estimated. During the survey period in 1972 and 1973, more than 3,700 fecal samples from 29 herds and 4 feedlots, and viscera from 55 cattle were examined. The percentage of fecal samples with parasite eggs or oocysts from herds was as follows: oocysts, 77%; \"strongyline\" eggs, 44%; Nematodirus eggs, 3%; Moniezia eggs, 3%; Fasciola eggs, 2%; Trichuris eggs, 2%; and Dictyocaulus larvae, 1%. The fecal samples from feedlots contained principally strongyline eggs which varied markedly in numbers among groups of cattle in the lots. The predominant parasite in viscera was Ostertagia spp, which was recovered from all of the cattle examined. Other parasites identified in the survey were found less frequently in these examinations. Cattle in dairy and beef operations utilizing irrigated pastures were particularly prone to Fasciola infections, and more strongyline eggs were observed there than in fecal samples from other management systems. Seasonal fluctuations in numbers of strongyline and Fasciola eggs were pronounced.", "PMID": 1190609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11787", "title": "Respiratory complications of overdose with sedative drugs.", "content": "The records of 195 patients admitted to an intensive care unit with a diagnosis of sedative drug overdose were reviewed with special reference to respiratory complications. Endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilation was required in 150 patients (77 per cent). Complications associated with mortality included difficult or traumatic intubation (P less than 0.001), initial hypotension (P less than 0.001), alveolar hypoventilation (P less than 0.02), and the presence of chest roentgenographic infiltrates (P less than 0.01). Infiltrates appeared on the chest roentgenograms of 72 patients (37 per cent) and were related to hypotension (P less than 0.05) and evidence of gastric aspiration (P less than 0.001). Eight of 9 deaths were due to progressive respiratory insufficiency, and bacterial pneumonia was documented at autopsy in 4 of 7 cases. High serum drug concentrations and the presence of shock or gastric aspiration on admission characterized the 9 patients (4.6 per cent) who died.", "contents": "Respiratory complications of overdose with sedative drugs. The records of 195 patients admitted to an intensive care unit with a diagnosis of sedative drug overdose were reviewed with special reference to respiratory complications. Endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilation was required in 150 patients (77 per cent). Complications associated with mortality included difficult or traumatic intubation (P less than 0.001), initial hypotension (P less than 0.001), alveolar hypoventilation (P less than 0.02), and the presence of chest roentgenographic infiltrates (P less than 0.01). Infiltrates appeared on the chest roentgenograms of 72 patients (37 per cent) and were related to hypotension (P less than 0.05) and evidence of gastric aspiration (P less than 0.001). Eight of 9 deaths were due to progressive respiratory insufficiency, and bacterial pneumonia was documented at autopsy in 4 of 7 cases. High serum drug concentrations and the presence of shock or gastric aspiration on admission characterized the 9 patients (4.6 per cent) who died.", "PMID": 1190613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11788", "title": "The role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the maintenance of chronic airway obstruction in asthmatic children.", "content": "To evaluate the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the mediation and maintenance of reversible airway obstruction in perennially asthmatic children, we measured pulmonary function in 18 patients before and after the administration of atropine sulfate aerosol. The bronchodilatory effects of atropine were compared with those of isoproterenol hydrochloride and placebo aerosols. Placebo aerosol did not change any of the pulmonary functions tested. Atropine and isoproterenol aerosols improved forced expiratory flows, airway resistance, and specific airway conductance significantly and to the same degree. Hyperinflation was significantly lessened by atropine, but not by isoproterenol. Because atropine is not a direct smooth muscle relaxant, but rather a selective blocker of cholinergically induced smooth muscle tone, any significant improvement in the lung function of chronically asthmatic children by atropine suggests that at least some of their reversible airway obstruction is induced and maintained by parasympathetically mediated bronchial smooth muscle constriction.", "contents": "The role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the maintenance of chronic airway obstruction in asthmatic children. To evaluate the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the mediation and maintenance of reversible airway obstruction in perennially asthmatic children, we measured pulmonary function in 18 patients before and after the administration of atropine sulfate aerosol. The bronchodilatory effects of atropine were compared with those of isoproterenol hydrochloride and placebo aerosols. Placebo aerosol did not change any of the pulmonary functions tested. Atropine and isoproterenol aerosols improved forced expiratory flows, airway resistance, and specific airway conductance significantly and to the same degree. Hyperinflation was significantly lessened by atropine, but not by isoproterenol. Because atropine is not a direct smooth muscle relaxant, but rather a selective blocker of cholinergically induced smooth muscle tone, any significant improvement in the lung function of chronically asthmatic children by atropine suggests that at least some of their reversible airway obstruction is induced and maintained by parasympathetically mediated bronchial smooth muscle constriction.", "PMID": 1190614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11789", "title": "Blood studies in untreated patients with acute asthma.", "content": "Arterial and venous blood samples were obtained from 23 patients with acute asthma before they received systemic or intermittent positive-pressure breathing therapy. Serum lactate, electrolyte, and enzyme concentrations, arterial pH, arterial PCO2, arterial PO2, peak expiratory flows, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations were measured. The serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase activities were increased in 90, 81, and 38 per cent of the patients, respectively, and the individual values correlated poorly with the arterial PO2. In addition, there was a close correlation between the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration and arterial PO2 (r = -0.75), indicating an active intraerythrocytic compensatory mechanism for enhancing O2 delivery operative in acute asthma.", "contents": "Blood studies in untreated patients with acute asthma. Arterial and venous blood samples were obtained from 23 patients with acute asthma before they received systemic or intermittent positive-pressure breathing therapy. Serum lactate, electrolyte, and enzyme concentrations, arterial pH, arterial PCO2, arterial PO2, peak expiratory flows, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations were measured. The serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase activities were increased in 90, 81, and 38 per cent of the patients, respectively, and the individual values correlated poorly with the arterial PO2. In addition, there was a close correlation between the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration and arterial PO2 (r = -0.75), indicating an active intraerythrocytic compensatory mechanism for enhancing O2 delivery operative in acute asthma.", "PMID": 1190615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11790", "title": "Gas exchange in the pulmonary collateral circulation of dogs. Effects of alveolar hypoxia and systemic hypoxemia.", "content": "The left main pulmonary artery was ligated in 7 fully grown dogs. This resulted in an enlarged pulmonary collateral (systemic) flow to the left lung. By collecting gas from each lung separately, gas exchange in the pulmonary collateral circulation was studied and compared to that in the normal contralateral side. Studies were done repeatedly during a period of 3 years. Compared to that in the preoperative period, the ligated (left) side showed a decrease in ventilation (42.5 to 34.5 per cent of total), a marked increase in wasted ventilation (0.30 to 0.55), and a marked decrease in O2 uptake (45 to 11.2 per cent of total) and CO2 production (27.5 to 15.3 per cent of the total). There were no changes in arterial blood gases or pH. A significant, sustained, systemic hypertension was noted in all dogs in which the left main pulmonary artery was ligated (190/120). The mean blood flow through the pulmonary collateral circulation of the left lung with the dogs breathing room air was estimated to be 94 ml per min. When the dogs were made hypoxemic by breathing 12 per cent O2 through the normal right lung, there was a marked increase in pulmonary collateral (systemic) flow to the contralateral side (194 ml per min). This resulted in an increase in O2 consumption (29.4 per cent of total) and CO2 production (23.1 per cent of total) of the left lung. When the dogs were given 12 per cent O2 to breathe through the ligated left lung, there was no change in arterial PO2. There was a significant increase in blood flow through the pulmonary collateral circulation to 136 ml per min. Because of the gradient of O2 between the blood flowing into the left lung and that present in the alveoli, there was a net production of O2 from the left lung of 4.5 ml per min. When the pulmonary systemic circulation participates in gas exchange, it appears to increase during hypoxemia as well as during alveolar hypoxia.", "contents": "Gas exchange in the pulmonary collateral circulation of dogs. Effects of alveolar hypoxia and systemic hypoxemia. The left main pulmonary artery was ligated in 7 fully grown dogs. This resulted in an enlarged pulmonary collateral (systemic) flow to the left lung. By collecting gas from each lung separately, gas exchange in the pulmonary collateral circulation was studied and compared to that in the normal contralateral side. Studies were done repeatedly during a period of 3 years. Compared to that in the preoperative period, the ligated (left) side showed a decrease in ventilation (42.5 to 34.5 per cent of total), a marked increase in wasted ventilation (0.30 to 0.55), and a marked decrease in O2 uptake (45 to 11.2 per cent of total) and CO2 production (27.5 to 15.3 per cent of the total). There were no changes in arterial blood gases or pH. A significant, sustained, systemic hypertension was noted in all dogs in which the left main pulmonary artery was ligated (190/120). The mean blood flow through the pulmonary collateral circulation of the left lung with the dogs breathing room air was estimated to be 94 ml per min. When the dogs were made hypoxemic by breathing 12 per cent O2 through the normal right lung, there was a marked increase in pulmonary collateral (systemic) flow to the contralateral side (194 ml per min). This resulted in an increase in O2 consumption (29.4 per cent of total) and CO2 production (23.1 per cent of total) of the left lung. When the dogs were given 12 per cent O2 to breathe through the ligated left lung, there was no change in arterial PO2. There was a significant increase in blood flow through the pulmonary collateral circulation to 136 ml per min. Because of the gradient of O2 between the blood flowing into the left lung and that present in the alveoli, there was a net production of O2 from the left lung of 4.5 ml per min. When the pulmonary systemic circulation participates in gas exchange, it appears to increase during hypoxemia as well as during alveolar hypoxia.", "PMID": 1190616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11791", "title": "Appraisal of a new test: Between-technician variation in the measurement of closing volume.", "content": "To determine the between-technician variation in the measurement of closing volume, 24 subjects were divided into 3 blocks of 8 subjects each. Each block was then tested by a pair of technicians. Each of the 3 technicians involved in the study tested 16 subjects. It was later necessary to reject the tracings of 2 subjects in one of the 3 blocks, leaving 22 for analysis. The N2 method of determining closing volume was used. The statistical analysis was performed separately on the following measures derived from the tracings: expired vital capacity, planimetry of the area under the curve, total lung capacity, closing volume as a per cent of expired vital capacity, and closing capacity as a per cent of total lung capacity. All tracings were assessed by each technician. Two separate analyses of variance were then carried out to determine, respectively, the components of variance in the administration of the test and in the interpretation of the tracings. Because different persons were able to administer the test the same way, it seems that closing volume poses no problem in administration, provided that instructions as to how to perform the test are closely followed. In the interpretation of the tracings, significant differences were found for all measures, except planimetry; however, not all of these have the same practical implications. Some tracings were found \"difficult\" to interpret and contributed more to the over-all variation than did others. When making use of a new test in a population study, the between-technician variation should be determined before the study is begun.", "contents": "Appraisal of a new test: Between-technician variation in the measurement of closing volume. To determine the between-technician variation in the measurement of closing volume, 24 subjects were divided into 3 blocks of 8 subjects each. Each block was then tested by a pair of technicians. Each of the 3 technicians involved in the study tested 16 subjects. It was later necessary to reject the tracings of 2 subjects in one of the 3 blocks, leaving 22 for analysis. The N2 method of determining closing volume was used. The statistical analysis was performed separately on the following measures derived from the tracings: expired vital capacity, planimetry of the area under the curve, total lung capacity, closing volume as a per cent of expired vital capacity, and closing capacity as a per cent of total lung capacity. All tracings were assessed by each technician. Two separate analyses of variance were then carried out to determine, respectively, the components of variance in the administration of the test and in the interpretation of the tracings. Because different persons were able to administer the test the same way, it seems that closing volume poses no problem in administration, provided that instructions as to how to perform the test are closely followed. In the interpretation of the tracings, significant differences were found for all measures, except planimetry; however, not all of these have the same practical implications. Some tracings were found \"difficult\" to interpret and contributed more to the over-all variation than did others. When making use of a new test in a population study, the between-technician variation should be determined before the study is begun.", "PMID": 1190617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11792", "title": "Human granulocyte lysosomal elastase activity using t-butyloxycarbonyl-L-alanine p-nitrophenyl ester and elastin-rhodamine as substrates.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomal esterolytic activity on the synthetic substrate, t-butyloxycarbonyl-L-alanine p-nitrophenyl ester was observed to correlate well with polymorphonuclear leukocyte granule elastase activity measured on the natural substrate, elastin, bound to rhodamine. In addition, the effect of highly specific, irreversible chloromethyl ketone elastase inhibitors on leukocyte lysosomal elastase activity was similar, using t-butyloxycarbonyl-L-alanine p-nitrophenyl ester or elastin-rhodamine as substrate. Whether polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomal granules contain two different enzymes, a true elastase with esterase activity and a similar esterase without elastase activity, as found in the human pancreas, is, as yet, unknown. Both enzyme activities have been identified in isoenzymes of purified human polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomal elastase. The correlations observed between the two enzymes, if present in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, are sufficiently strong to use the esterase assay for clinical purposes.", "contents": "Human granulocyte lysosomal elastase activity using t-butyloxycarbonyl-L-alanine p-nitrophenyl ester and elastin-rhodamine as substrates. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomal esterolytic activity on the synthetic substrate, t-butyloxycarbonyl-L-alanine p-nitrophenyl ester was observed to correlate well with polymorphonuclear leukocyte granule elastase activity measured on the natural substrate, elastin, bound to rhodamine. In addition, the effect of highly specific, irreversible chloromethyl ketone elastase inhibitors on leukocyte lysosomal elastase activity was similar, using t-butyloxycarbonyl-L-alanine p-nitrophenyl ester or elastin-rhodamine as substrate. Whether polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomal granules contain two different enzymes, a true elastase with esterase activity and a similar esterase without elastase activity, as found in the human pancreas, is, as yet, unknown. Both enzyme activities have been identified in isoenzymes of purified human polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomal elastase. The correlations observed between the two enzymes, if present in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, are sufficiently strong to use the esterase assay for clinical purposes.", "PMID": 1190618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11793", "title": "The effects of dehydration on the radiologic and pathologic appearance of experimental canine segmental pneumonia.", "content": "In an attempt to determine whether dehydration (intravascular fluid depletion) alters the radiologic or histologic picture of segmental Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia, we induced pneumonia in 2 groups of dogs, group 1 (normally hydrated) and group 2 (dehydrated). Five hours after the intrabronchial instillation of a brain-heart-Streptococcus pneumoniae mixture, all chest radiographs of dogs in group 1 and 2 were compatible with segmental alveolar pneumonia. Histologic lung sections obtained as early as 2.5 hours after infusion of the brain-heart-Streptococcus pneumoniae mixture revealed intra-alveolar edema with a minimum of leukocytes. By 24 hours after infusion, both groups showed marked intra-alveolar collections of edema fluid, fibrin, and leukocytes. We conclude that in a canine model, moderate dehydration has no effect on the radiologic or histologic features of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia.", "contents": "The effects of dehydration on the radiologic and pathologic appearance of experimental canine segmental pneumonia. In an attempt to determine whether dehydration (intravascular fluid depletion) alters the radiologic or histologic picture of segmental Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia, we induced pneumonia in 2 groups of dogs, group 1 (normally hydrated) and group 2 (dehydrated). Five hours after the intrabronchial instillation of a brain-heart-Streptococcus pneumoniae mixture, all chest radiographs of dogs in group 1 and 2 were compatible with segmental alveolar pneumonia. Histologic lung sections obtained as early as 2.5 hours after infusion of the brain-heart-Streptococcus pneumoniae mixture revealed intra-alveolar edema with a minimum of leukocytes. By 24 hours after infusion, both groups showed marked intra-alveolar collections of edema fluid, fibrin, and leukocytes. We conclude that in a canine model, moderate dehydration has no effect on the radiologic or histologic features of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia.", "PMID": 1190619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11794", "title": "Bronchial obstruction by incorporation of aspirated vegetable material in the bronchial wall.", "content": "The bronchoscpie, cytologic, and histologic features of a foreign body of vegetable origin embedded in the wall of a bronchus are described. The utility of bronchial biopsy in the diagnosis of this obscure cause of bronchial obstruction is emphasized, and the mode of treatment described.", "contents": "Bronchial obstruction by incorporation of aspirated vegetable material in the bronchial wall. The bronchoscpie, cytologic, and histologic features of a foreign body of vegetable origin embedded in the wall of a bronchus are described. The utility of bronchial biopsy in the diagnosis of this obscure cause of bronchial obstruction is emphasized, and the mode of treatment described.", "PMID": 1190620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11795", "title": "Sporotrichoid Nocardia brasiliensis infection. Response to potassium iodide.", "content": "A lymphocutaneous infection due to Nocardia brasiliensis occurred in a Maryland gardener. This infection responded rapidly and completely to potassium iodide therapy.", "contents": "Sporotrichoid Nocardia brasiliensis infection. Response to potassium iodide. A lymphocutaneous infection due to Nocardia brasiliensis occurred in a Maryland gardener. This infection responded rapidly and completely to potassium iodide therapy.", "PMID": 1190621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11796", "title": "Coccidioides immitis. A rare cause of pulmonary mycetoma.", "content": "Coccidioides immitis occurring as a fungus ball within a chronic pulmonary cavity has previously been reported twice and must be rare. We report a mycetoma composed of both spherule and mycelial forms of Coccidioides immitis, proved by culture and histologic sections. Fungus ball due to Coccidioides immitis is a logical progression from mycelia seen in the cavity wall in the active pulmonary coccidioidal lung cavity.", "contents": "Coccidioides immitis. A rare cause of pulmonary mycetoma. Coccidioides immitis occurring as a fungus ball within a chronic pulmonary cavity has previously been reported twice and must be rare. We report a mycetoma composed of both spherule and mycelial forms of Coccidioides immitis, proved by culture and histologic sections. Fungus ball due to Coccidioides immitis is a logical progression from mycelia seen in the cavity wall in the active pulmonary coccidioidal lung cavity.", "PMID": 1190622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11797", "title": "Lack of effect of rifampin on the antibody response to a viral antigen in patients with tuberculosis.", "content": "Twenty-three volunteer patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were studied for the effect of rifampin on humoral immunity. The patients were matched for age and body weight with other patients not on rifampin treatment. Antibodies to influenza virus were measured 18 days after immunization. At the clinical doses used and for the periods of treatment between 3 and 8 months no difference in humoral immune response was observed between patients treated with rifampin and the control subjects. All but one treated patient showed an increase of antibody titers after vaccination.", "contents": "Lack of effect of rifampin on the antibody response to a viral antigen in patients with tuberculosis. Twenty-three volunteer patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were studied for the effect of rifampin on humoral immunity. The patients were matched for age and body weight with other patients not on rifampin treatment. Antibodies to influenza virus were measured 18 days after immunization. At the clinical doses used and for the periods of treatment between 3 and 8 months no difference in humoral immune response was observed between patients treated with rifampin and the control subjects. All but one treated patient showed an increase of antibody titers after vaccination.", "PMID": 1190623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11798", "title": "Pulmonary calcification in chronic dialysis patients. Clinical and pathologic studies.", "content": "A prospective study of 31 chronically hemodialyzed patients was made to investigate the incidence and pathology of pulmonary calcification and the relation of the latter to ventilatory function. Fifteen of the patients have died thus far; 9 had evidence of lung calcification. The lesions occurred predominately in alveolar septa and were associated with varying degrees of fibrosis and alveolar septal thickening. Only one patient had X-ray evidence of calcification. An X-ray diffraction analysis showed a predominant pattern of whitlockite (CaMg)3(Po4)2 in deposits. Patients with the severest pulmonary calcification had abnormalities of vital capacity, carbon monoxide diffusion, and Po2. Serum calcium levels were slightly higher in patients with calcification, but there was no measurable association with the duration of dialysis, serum phosphorus, calcium X phosphorus product, magnesium, bicarbonate, or arterial pH. These data show that pulmonary calcification occurs with high frequency in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis and that such lesions are associated with restrictive and diffusion ventilatory defects.", "contents": "Pulmonary calcification in chronic dialysis patients. Clinical and pathologic studies. A prospective study of 31 chronically hemodialyzed patients was made to investigate the incidence and pathology of pulmonary calcification and the relation of the latter to ventilatory function. Fifteen of the patients have died thus far; 9 had evidence of lung calcification. The lesions occurred predominately in alveolar septa and were associated with varying degrees of fibrosis and alveolar septal thickening. Only one patient had X-ray evidence of calcification. An X-ray diffraction analysis showed a predominant pattern of whitlockite (CaMg)3(Po4)2 in deposits. Patients with the severest pulmonary calcification had abnormalities of vital capacity, carbon monoxide diffusion, and Po2. Serum calcium levels were slightly higher in patients with calcification, but there was no measurable association with the duration of dialysis, serum phosphorus, calcium X phosphorus product, magnesium, bicarbonate, or arterial pH. These data show that pulmonary calcification occurs with high frequency in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis and that such lesions are associated with restrictive and diffusion ventilatory defects.", "PMID": 1190631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11799", "title": "Adult thyroid cancer after head and neck irradiation in infancy and childhood.", "content": "We report the surgical-pathologic findings in 15 adults who had a history of irradiation of the head and neck in childhood. These patients we selected for thyroid surgery because of a \"cold\" area or areas detected on 99mTc thyroid scan, with or without palpable thyroid abnormalities. Eight of the fifteen patients had thyroid cancer, and 3 had atypical adenomas. We found multiple lesions in 12 patients. Macroscopic and microscopic malignancy in a location different from the cold area or areas occurred in 5 of the 8 cancer patients. In vitro of these findings, we recommend that adults who received irradiation to the head and neck in childhood and who have been found to have an abnormal thyroid scan or thyroid examination, or both, have a total thyroidectomy...", "contents": "Adult thyroid cancer after head and neck irradiation in infancy and childhood. We report the surgical-pathologic findings in 15 adults who had a history of irradiation of the head and neck in childhood. These patients we selected for thyroid surgery because of a \"cold\" area or areas detected on 99mTc thyroid scan, with or without palpable thyroid abnormalities. Eight of the fifteen patients had thyroid cancer, and 3 had atypical adenomas. We found multiple lesions in 12 patients. Macroscopic and microscopic malignancy in a location different from the cold area or areas occurred in 5 of the 8 cancer patients. In vitro of these findings, we recommend that adults who received irradiation to the head and neck in childhood and who have been found to have an abnormal thyroid scan or thyroid examination, or both, have a total thyroidectomy...", "PMID": 1190632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11800", "title": "Management of anaerobic infections.", "content": "Anaerobic infections are reviewed with emphasis on management. Most anaerobic pulmonary infections respond to penicillin G, even when Bacteroides fragilis (penicillin-resistant) is present. Clindamycin is suitable in penicillin-sensitive patients. Intraabdominal infections have a complex flora usually involving anaerobes, especially B. fragilis. It is desirable to use antimicrobial therapy to cover potential pathogens of all types. Surgical drainage and debridement are extremely important considerations. Anaerobic bacteria were found in 72% of 200 patients with female genital tract infections and were the exclusive isolates in 30%. Surgical therapy is primary, but antimicrobial and anticoagulant therapy are also important. A variety of soft-tissue infections involve anaerobes. Surgery is the major therapeutic approach. Anaerobic endocarditis is uncommon but may be difficult to manage. Chloramphenicol is ordinarily the drug of choice for brain abscess. New antimicrobial agents, which are under investigation and are promising, include new penicillins, new cephalosporins, new tetracyclines, and metronidazole.", "contents": "Management of anaerobic infections. Anaerobic infections are reviewed with emphasis on management. Most anaerobic pulmonary infections respond to penicillin G, even when Bacteroides fragilis (penicillin-resistant) is present. Clindamycin is suitable in penicillin-sensitive patients. Intraabdominal infections have a complex flora usually involving anaerobes, especially B. fragilis. It is desirable to use antimicrobial therapy to cover potential pathogens of all types. Surgical drainage and debridement are extremely important considerations. Anaerobic bacteria were found in 72% of 200 patients with female genital tract infections and were the exclusive isolates in 30%. Surgical therapy is primary, but antimicrobial and anticoagulant therapy are also important. A variety of soft-tissue infections involve anaerobes. Surgery is the major therapeutic approach. Anaerobic endocarditis is uncommon but may be difficult to manage. Chloramphenicol is ordinarily the drug of choice for brain abscess. New antimicrobial agents, which are under investigation and are promising, include new penicillins, new cephalosporins, new tetracyclines, and metronidazole.", "PMID": 1190633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11801", "title": "Study of nitrogenase activity in the mycorrhizal rhizosphere of pine and oak.", "content": "No nitrogenase activity was observed in the rhizosphere of pine and oak having mycorrhizal associations. It is concluded that mycorrhiza did not play any role in stimulating the nitrogen fixing system. More work with pine and oak mycorrhiza by isotopic method is suggested.", "contents": "Study of nitrogenase activity in the mycorrhizal rhizosphere of pine and oak. No nitrogenase activity was observed in the rhizosphere of pine and oak having mycorrhizal associations. It is concluded that mycorrhiza did not play any role in stimulating the nitrogen fixing system. More work with pine and oak mycorrhiza by isotopic method is suggested.", "PMID": 1190634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11802", "title": "[Interest of some additional biochemical tests for the classification of \"Bacillus\" (author's transl)].", "content": "In addition to previous taxonomic work, eight biochemical tests have been applied to the study of 580 Bacillus strains belonging to 22 species. The attack of chitin, melibiose and amygdalin can be used for the differentiation of some species. It is the same with most of the enzymes studied here, although Tween-esterase and DNase are often present in the majority of the isolates. RNase is still more frequent, being found in nearly all the strains. On the other hand, arginin-dihydrolase appears to be very rare and ornithin-decarboxylase seems always absent.", "contents": "[Interest of some additional biochemical tests for the classification of \"Bacillus\" (author's transl)]. In addition to previous taxonomic work, eight biochemical tests have been applied to the study of 580 Bacillus strains belonging to 22 species. The attack of chitin, melibiose and amygdalin can be used for the differentiation of some species. It is the same with most of the enzymes studied here, although Tween-esterase and DNase are often present in the majority of the isolates. RNase is still more frequent, being found in nearly all the strains. On the other hand, arginin-dihydrolase appears to be very rare and ornithin-decarboxylase seems always absent.", "PMID": 1190635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11803", "title": "[Nutrition and taxonomy of \"Enterobacteriaceae\" and related bacteria. I. Technical procedure for auxanograms (author's transl)].", "content": "Study of nutritional capacities of 186 strains of Enterobacteriaceae or related bacteria has been undertaken for a taxonomic purpose. In this paper, the auxanographic method is described and discussed. Unlike other techniques in which the medium is supplemented by each substrate, at fixed concentration, the method described here consists in achieving diffusion of the 146 substrates tested as sole source of carbon and energy, in a medium without other energetic substrate. The results of these tests will be described in a further paper.", "contents": "[Nutrition and taxonomy of \"Enterobacteriaceae\" and related bacteria. I. Technical procedure for auxanograms (author's transl)]. Study of nutritional capacities of 186 strains of Enterobacteriaceae or related bacteria has been undertaken for a taxonomic purpose. In this paper, the auxanographic method is described and discussed. Unlike other techniques in which the medium is supplemented by each substrate, at fixed concentration, the method described here consists in achieving diffusion of the 146 substrates tested as sole source of carbon and energy, in a medium without other energetic substrate. The results of these tests will be described in a further paper.", "PMID": 1190636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11804", "title": "[The enzymatic hydrolysis of cell wall applied to yeasts classification (author's transl)].", "content": "The rigid structure of yeast cell wall may be a taxonomic criterion. Using the Helix pomatia juice (with mercaptoethylamine hydrochloride) as a polyenzymatic system, we have always obtained protoplasts from ascomycetous yeasts and never from basidiomycetous yeasts tested. Then, we have applied this enzymatic analysis to the Fungi imperfecti yeasts and, according to this test, separated genus looking like basidiomycetous behaviour: Trichosporon, Pityrosporum, Rhodotorula, Cryptococcus and non fermentative Candida (group II). Oppositely, we have put together the Fungi imperfecti yeasts looking like ascomycetous behaviour: Kloeckera, Trigonopsis, Brettanomyces and fermentative Candida (group I). With the second lytic system made of mercaptoethylamine-HCl and beta-(1-3)-D-glucanase, we have selected ascomycetous yeasts giving protoplasts: Saccharomycoidea with genus Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Hansenula, Citeromyces, Debaryomyces; we have joined Saccharomycodes and Hanseniaspora to this second group. The other ascomycetous yeasts studied did not give protoplasts with the definite lytic system made of purified beta-(1-3)-D-glucanase and thiol. These results seem to demonstrate that the structure of cell wall can act as an important taxonomic criterion.", "contents": "[The enzymatic hydrolysis of cell wall applied to yeasts classification (author's transl)]. The rigid structure of yeast cell wall may be a taxonomic criterion. Using the Helix pomatia juice (with mercaptoethylamine hydrochloride) as a polyenzymatic system, we have always obtained protoplasts from ascomycetous yeasts and never from basidiomycetous yeasts tested. Then, we have applied this enzymatic analysis to the Fungi imperfecti yeasts and, according to this test, separated genus looking like basidiomycetous behaviour: Trichosporon, Pityrosporum, Rhodotorula, Cryptococcus and non fermentative Candida (group II). Oppositely, we have put together the Fungi imperfecti yeasts looking like ascomycetous behaviour: Kloeckera, Trigonopsis, Brettanomyces and fermentative Candida (group I). With the second lytic system made of mercaptoethylamine-HCl and beta-(1-3)-D-glucanase, we have selected ascomycetous yeasts giving protoplasts: Saccharomycoidea with genus Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Hansenula, Citeromyces, Debaryomyces; we have joined Saccharomycodes and Hanseniaspora to this second group. The other ascomycetous yeasts studied did not give protoplasts with the definite lytic system made of purified beta-(1-3)-D-glucanase and thiol. These results seem to demonstrate that the structure of cell wall can act as an important taxonomic criterion.", "PMID": 1190637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11805", "title": "[An intracellular polysaccharide involved in sporulation of \"Clostridium butyricum\" I. Cytology, production and preliminary enzymic analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Free glucose concentration and polysaccharide production in Clostridium butyricum cells have been studied with an enzymatic method. Results indicated a substantial decrease in intracellular glucose content simultaneously with a production of polysaccharide prior to the end of exponential growth. Then the polysaccharide accumulated rapidly to reach a maximum just before the first refractile spores appeared, and it decreased by 50% during the last stages (V and VI) of sproulation. Electron micrographs of ultrathin sections have demonstrated that most of the polysaccharide is located inside the mother cell cytoplasm as large granules when the remaining is dispersed within the spore cytoplasm beginning during stage III of the sporulation. Overall results showed that production and use of C. butyricum polysaccharide were closely related to sporulation. The isolated polysaccharide exhibited poor water solubility, iodine spectrum with a lambda max at 545 nm and 72% beta-amylolysis. Total hydrolysis occurred with amyloglucosidase indicating an alpha-glucan containing alpha(1 leads to 4) and alpha(1 leads to 6) glucose linkages. The debranching from its beta-dextrin limit by pullulanase revealed the presence of a glycogen like-type structure with some external chains which are longer than those of a normal glycogen. This glycogen arrangement appeared to be of clusters linked by linear chains at least as long as the longest external chains.", "contents": "[An intracellular polysaccharide involved in sporulation of \"Clostridium butyricum\" I. Cytology, production and preliminary enzymic analysis (author's transl)]. Free glucose concentration and polysaccharide production in Clostridium butyricum cells have been studied with an enzymatic method. Results indicated a substantial decrease in intracellular glucose content simultaneously with a production of polysaccharide prior to the end of exponential growth. Then the polysaccharide accumulated rapidly to reach a maximum just before the first refractile spores appeared, and it decreased by 50% during the last stages (V and VI) of sproulation. Electron micrographs of ultrathin sections have demonstrated that most of the polysaccharide is located inside the mother cell cytoplasm as large granules when the remaining is dispersed within the spore cytoplasm beginning during stage III of the sporulation. Overall results showed that production and use of C. butyricum polysaccharide were closely related to sporulation. The isolated polysaccharide exhibited poor water solubility, iodine spectrum with a lambda max at 545 nm and 72% beta-amylolysis. Total hydrolysis occurred with amyloglucosidase indicating an alpha-glucan containing alpha(1 leads to 4) and alpha(1 leads to 6) glucose linkages. The debranching from its beta-dextrin limit by pullulanase revealed the presence of a glycogen like-type structure with some external chains which are longer than those of a normal glycogen. This glycogen arrangement appeared to be of clusters linked by linear chains at least as long as the longest external chains.", "PMID": 1190638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11806", "title": "[Isolation of water vibrios in Greece (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Water vibrios\" were isolated from 3 superficial wells in the province of Attika, from 3 rivers situated at about 300, 180 and 100 km North-West of Athens, and from 4 samples of sea water from the seashore South of Athens.", "contents": "[Isolation of water vibrios in Greece (author's transl)]. \"Water vibrios\" were isolated from 3 superficial wells in the province of Attika, from 3 rivers situated at about 300, 180 and 100 km North-West of Athens, and from 4 samples of sea water from the seashore South of Athens.", "PMID": 1190639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11807", "title": "[On the taxonomy and physiology of bacteria utilizing hydrocarbons in the sea (author's transl)].", "content": "Using mineral media with gas oil as sole carbon source, 191 bacterial strains were isolated from the costal area of Marseille. These strains were attributed to Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Arthrobacter genera. Amongst isolated strains there was a predominance of the Alcaligenes-Achromobacter group over others genera. Growth and respiratory activity of 5 strains were studied on hexadecane and acetate. Respiratory activity on hexadecane of 32 strains cultured on acetate has been measured. These strains could be placed in two groups. The group 1 shows an immediate respiratory activity which is not abolished by chloramphenicol. The group 2 presents either an immediate or a delayed respiratory activity which is always abolished by chloramphenicol. Maintenance or suppression of respiration by chloramphenicol is a character which is homogenously distributed amongst the species.", "contents": "[On the taxonomy and physiology of bacteria utilizing hydrocarbons in the sea (author's transl)]. Using mineral media with gas oil as sole carbon source, 191 bacterial strains were isolated from the costal area of Marseille. These strains were attributed to Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Arthrobacter genera. Amongst isolated strains there was a predominance of the Alcaligenes-Achromobacter group over others genera. Growth and respiratory activity of 5 strains were studied on hexadecane and acetate. Respiratory activity on hexadecane of 32 strains cultured on acetate has been measured. These strains could be placed in two groups. The group 1 shows an immediate respiratory activity which is not abolished by chloramphenicol. The group 2 presents either an immediate or a delayed respiratory activity which is always abolished by chloramphenicol. Maintenance or suppression of respiration by chloramphenicol is a character which is homogenously distributed amongst the species.", "PMID": 1190640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11808", "title": "[Energy metabolism in the liver of rats fed a diet contaminated with dithiocarbamates].", "content": "Young male rats, Wistar CF strain, weighing about 100 g, were fed during 14 days with a well-balanced diet, but containing either 275 p.p.m. nabame, either 600 p.p.m. thirame or 3 600 p.p.m. zinebe. The animals given the non-contaminated diet were the controls. On the evening before the experiment, they were all fasted and some of them, forced to walk during 18 hours in a restraint wheel. On the morning of the experiment, some of the rats which have not been working were placed in a cold room at + 4 degrees C, and some others were given an i.p. injection of 2,6 g glucose per kg body weight. The animals were then killed, those that received the glucose treatment 30 mn after the injection, the cold-exposed rats 90 mn after the beginning of their exposure. The redox and energy potentials of the liver tissue were determined after the enzymatic assay of the following liver metabolites : lactate, pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, ATP, ADP, AMP, inorganic phosphate. The thirame group rats had the smallest body weight and the lowest food intake. All the pesticides-exposed animals has a higher liver weight than predicted by their body weight. The pesticides-containing diets decreased liver lactate concentration and the lac/pyr ratio. Thirame was the more efficient and it partly impaired the glucose induced increase of the cytoplasmic redox potential, as estimated from the variation of the lac/pyr ratio. The pesticide-containing diets also lowered the liver concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and their ratio. Last the pesticides, which but slightly modified the liver contents in adenine nucleotides and inorganic phosphate in the fasting state, increased the ATP fall following cold exposure and decreased the net ATP synthesis produced by glucose administration. The thirame diet was the more efficient in our experimental conditions, the zinebe diet the least one. It was concluded in our discussion that dietary dithiocarbamates either induced a hyperthyroidic status in the animal, or acted themselves as thyroxin-like compounds, because the liver metabolism was more directed towards heat production than towards that of chemical energy available for syntheses.", "contents": "[Energy metabolism in the liver of rats fed a diet contaminated with dithiocarbamates]. Young male rats, Wistar CF strain, weighing about 100 g, were fed during 14 days with a well-balanced diet, but containing either 275 p.p.m. nabame, either 600 p.p.m. thirame or 3 600 p.p.m. zinebe. The animals given the non-contaminated diet were the controls. On the evening before the experiment, they were all fasted and some of them, forced to walk during 18 hours in a restraint wheel. On the morning of the experiment, some of the rats which have not been working were placed in a cold room at + 4 degrees C, and some others were given an i.p. injection of 2,6 g glucose per kg body weight. The animals were then killed, those that received the glucose treatment 30 mn after the injection, the cold-exposed rats 90 mn after the beginning of their exposure. The redox and energy potentials of the liver tissue were determined after the enzymatic assay of the following liver metabolites : lactate, pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, ATP, ADP, AMP, inorganic phosphate. The thirame group rats had the smallest body weight and the lowest food intake. All the pesticides-exposed animals has a higher liver weight than predicted by their body weight. The pesticides-containing diets decreased liver lactate concentration and the lac/pyr ratio. Thirame was the more efficient and it partly impaired the glucose induced increase of the cytoplasmic redox potential, as estimated from the variation of the lac/pyr ratio. The pesticide-containing diets also lowered the liver concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and their ratio. Last the pesticides, which but slightly modified the liver contents in adenine nucleotides and inorganic phosphate in the fasting state, increased the ATP fall following cold exposure and decreased the net ATP synthesis produced by glucose administration. The thirame diet was the more efficient in our experimental conditions, the zinebe diet the least one. It was concluded in our discussion that dietary dithiocarbamates either induced a hyperthyroidic status in the animal, or acted themselves as thyroxin-like compounds, because the liver metabolism was more directed towards heat production than towards that of chemical energy available for syntheses.", "PMID": 1190641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11809", "title": "[Metabolism of L-ascorbic, L-dehydroascorbic and 2,3-diketo-L-gulonic acids during a short duration fast in guinea pigs].", "content": "Tricolor variety of guinea-pigs, two or three months old, received, without sex distinction L(+)-ascorbic or L(+)-dehydroascorbic acids intraperitoneally injections as 20 mg p. 100 by weight, three or twenty-four hours after starting a forty-eight hours fast. Ascorbic, dehydroascorbic and 2,3 diceto-L-gulonic acids are estimated by the Roe, Mills, Oesterling and Damron differential 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazin method in whole blood, urines, kidneys and liver. Food absorption during twenty-four hours after the end of the forty-eight hours fast is not suffisant for guinea-pigs regain first state, during this time, especially in their kidneys and liver. Three hours after the beginning of the fast, urinary excretion of the injected acid increases during the first twenty-four hours of fast; at the end of the forty-eight hours fast their kidneys are deficient in ascorbic acid. Twenty-four hours after the beginning of fast, urinary excretion of ascorbic, dehydroascorbic and 2,3-diceto-L-gulonic acids rises importantly, especially when L-ascorbic acid is injected; it is only the quantity of ascorbic acid which increases in their kidneys and liver, its level being higher in their liver. L-dehydroascorbic acid is utilized immediately. L-ascorbic acid is distributed slowly, stored in a reduced form and it prepares the animals to face a prolonged fast. When the animals are injected three hours after the fast begins, it will be protected for forty-eight hours; if it is injected twenty-four hours after the beginning of fast, the animal will be better prepared to face a prolonged state of stress or a fast lasting more than forty-eight hours.", "contents": "[Metabolism of L-ascorbic, L-dehydroascorbic and 2,3-diketo-L-gulonic acids during a short duration fast in guinea pigs]. Tricolor variety of guinea-pigs, two or three months old, received, without sex distinction L(+)-ascorbic or L(+)-dehydroascorbic acids intraperitoneally injections as 20 mg p. 100 by weight, three or twenty-four hours after starting a forty-eight hours fast. Ascorbic, dehydroascorbic and 2,3 diceto-L-gulonic acids are estimated by the Roe, Mills, Oesterling and Damron differential 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazin method in whole blood, urines, kidneys and liver. Food absorption during twenty-four hours after the end of the forty-eight hours fast is not suffisant for guinea-pigs regain first state, during this time, especially in their kidneys and liver. Three hours after the beginning of the fast, urinary excretion of the injected acid increases during the first twenty-four hours of fast; at the end of the forty-eight hours fast their kidneys are deficient in ascorbic acid. Twenty-four hours after the beginning of fast, urinary excretion of ascorbic, dehydroascorbic and 2,3-diceto-L-gulonic acids rises importantly, especially when L-ascorbic acid is injected; it is only the quantity of ascorbic acid which increases in their kidneys and liver, its level being higher in their liver. L-dehydroascorbic acid is utilized immediately. L-ascorbic acid is distributed slowly, stored in a reduced form and it prepares the animals to face a prolonged fast. When the animals are injected three hours after the fast begins, it will be protected for forty-eight hours; if it is injected twenty-four hours after the beginning of fast, the animal will be better prepared to face a prolonged state of stress or a fast lasting more than forty-eight hours.", "PMID": 1190642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11810", "title": "[Immunosuppressive effect of ethionine in rats. Resistance of this effect to methionine, tryptophan, ATP, adenosine and uridine].", "content": "One hundred eleven male adult rats of a pathogen-free Sherman or Charles River strain were divided into 3 series. Each of them contained non-treated controls and rats treated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of DL-ethionine (E) [75 mg/d p. 100 g] for 6 weeks (series 1) or for only 2 weeks (series 2 and 3). Series 1 and 2 included also rats injected simultaneously with E and DL-methionine (68.4 mg/d p. 100 g). In the series 2 there were also groups receiving at the same time E, ME and tryptophan (5 mg/d p. 100 g) or E, Me and ATP (1.65 mg/d), and in the series 3, groups were injected with E + adenosine (31.2 mg/d p. 100 g) and (or) uridine (284 mg/d p. 100 g). All animals were immunized i.p. 1 week before killing with sheep red blood cells (SRBC): either 2.4 X 10(9) SRBC p. 100 g without adjuvant (series 1 and 2) or 1 X 10(9) SRBC with Freund's adjuvant added (series 3). Rosette-and plaque-forming cells (RFC and PFC) were counted in the spleen, and titers of serum hemagglutinins and hemolysins were determined with separation of 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant IgG from non-resistant immunoglobulins. E provoked within 2 weeks a drastic inhibition of the immune responses: drop in the RFC and PFC levels p. 10(6) (approximately 2900 leads to approximately 320 and approximately 415 leads to 40 respectively, in the study 3), and significant decrease in the serum antibody titer, especially IgG. Addition of Me still amplified the immunosuppression. Supplementation with tryptophan, ATP, adenosine and (or) uridine was also ineffective. Though not displaying any immunoprotective potency, Me partly neutralized the non-immunological effects of E: arrest of the body growth and involution of lymphoid organs and male genital organs, particularly apparent after 6 weeks of treatment. In conclusion, the ethionine-induced immunosuppression does not result from a metabolic exclusion of labile methyl groups or from an acute ATP deficiency due to an excess trapping of adenine as S-adenosyl-ethionine. Lack of pyrimidines or tryptophan must also be discarded. On the other hand, the possibility of maintaining the immunosuppressive activity of E, while reducing the toxicity of this compound, by addition of Me deserves to be emphasized.", "contents": "[Immunosuppressive effect of ethionine in rats. Resistance of this effect to methionine, tryptophan, ATP, adenosine and uridine]. One hundred eleven male adult rats of a pathogen-free Sherman or Charles River strain were divided into 3 series. Each of them contained non-treated controls and rats treated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of DL-ethionine (E) [75 mg/d p. 100 g] for 6 weeks (series 1) or for only 2 weeks (series 2 and 3). Series 1 and 2 included also rats injected simultaneously with E and DL-methionine (68.4 mg/d p. 100 g). In the series 2 there were also groups receiving at the same time E, ME and tryptophan (5 mg/d p. 100 g) or E, Me and ATP (1.65 mg/d), and in the series 3, groups were injected with E + adenosine (31.2 mg/d p. 100 g) and (or) uridine (284 mg/d p. 100 g). All animals were immunized i.p. 1 week before killing with sheep red blood cells (SRBC): either 2.4 X 10(9) SRBC p. 100 g without adjuvant (series 1 and 2) or 1 X 10(9) SRBC with Freund's adjuvant added (series 3). Rosette-and plaque-forming cells (RFC and PFC) were counted in the spleen, and titers of serum hemagglutinins and hemolysins were determined with separation of 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant IgG from non-resistant immunoglobulins. E provoked within 2 weeks a drastic inhibition of the immune responses: drop in the RFC and PFC levels p. 10(6) (approximately 2900 leads to approximately 320 and approximately 415 leads to 40 respectively, in the study 3), and significant decrease in the serum antibody titer, especially IgG. Addition of Me still amplified the immunosuppression. Supplementation with tryptophan, ATP, adenosine and (or) uridine was also ineffective. Though not displaying any immunoprotective potency, Me partly neutralized the non-immunological effects of E: arrest of the body growth and involution of lymphoid organs and male genital organs, particularly apparent after 6 weeks of treatment. In conclusion, the ethionine-induced immunosuppression does not result from a metabolic exclusion of labile methyl groups or from an acute ATP deficiency due to an excess trapping of adenine as S-adenosyl-ethionine. Lack of pyrimidines or tryptophan must also be discarded. On the other hand, the possibility of maintaining the immunosuppressive activity of E, while reducing the toxicity of this compound, by addition of Me deserves to be emphasized.", "PMID": 1190643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11811", "title": "[Maillard reaction. 10. Effects of premelanoidins on reproduction in rats].", "content": "The early soluble premelanoidins are obtained by a wet heat treatment (1 hour at 90 degrees C) of isomolecular quantities of glycine and glucose. It is know that these products decrease the nitrogen digestibility and the biological value of the diet. These premelanoidins are used as a well-balanced ration for the female rats at the rate of 2.15 g of degraded nitrogen by kg of diet. They disturb the reproduction phenomena: -- the fertility of the female is of 56 p. 100 instead of 76 p. 100 in the control females; -- the still-born youngs are twice more numerous and the intrauterine resorptions five time more numerous with the premelanoidin diet than with the control diet; -- the living youngs of experimental litters are 30 p. 100 less important than control litters. Yet, they have an lower weight at the birth and also at the end of the lactation phase. The damages induced by early premelanoidins can be imputed to an antinutritional character. of these substances, or -- more accurately -- to a nitrogen inefficacy that they could provoke. The premelanoidins have not a significant effet on the liver weight, but hypertrophy the kidneys and principally the caecum. The premelanoidin metabolism seems difficult and is similar to the lactose one.", "contents": "[Maillard reaction. 10. Effects of premelanoidins on reproduction in rats]. The early soluble premelanoidins are obtained by a wet heat treatment (1 hour at 90 degrees C) of isomolecular quantities of glycine and glucose. It is know that these products decrease the nitrogen digestibility and the biological value of the diet. These premelanoidins are used as a well-balanced ration for the female rats at the rate of 2.15 g of degraded nitrogen by kg of diet. They disturb the reproduction phenomena: -- the fertility of the female is of 56 p. 100 instead of 76 p. 100 in the control females; -- the still-born youngs are twice more numerous and the intrauterine resorptions five time more numerous with the premelanoidin diet than with the control diet; -- the living youngs of experimental litters are 30 p. 100 less important than control litters. Yet, they have an lower weight at the birth and also at the end of the lactation phase. The damages induced by early premelanoidins can be imputed to an antinutritional character. of these substances, or -- more accurately -- to a nitrogen inefficacy that they could provoke. The premelanoidins have not a significant effet on the liver weight, but hypertrophy the kidneys and principally the caecum. The premelanoidin metabolism seems difficult and is similar to the lactose one.", "PMID": 1190644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11812", "title": "Effects of diet and cold acclimation on lipid composition of rat interscapular brown adipose tissue.", "content": "The effects of diet and of cold acclimation on lipid composition of interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) were studied in rats. Three groups of animals were acclimated for 20 weeks to 28 degrees C (controls), 5 degrees C (CA) or to a daily fluctuating temperature (Cy). They received either normal fat (5 p. 100 lipids) [NF] or high fat (26 p. 100) [HF] diets. Cold acclimation increased the tissue weight and its protein, phospholipid, free fatty acid and cholesterol content. It decreased the total lipid proportion in the tissue. HF diet led to an increase in lipid content and to a decrease in the protein content only in control and Cy groups. The mean chain length of triglyceride or phospholipid fatty acids was increased by HF diet and cold acclimation. The proportion of unsaturated acids was not changed in cold acclimated rats, but the amount of arachidonic acid bound to phospholipid was significantly increased. It is concluded that the total amount of lipid in the diet acts on the synthesis of BAT lipids. The cold dependant changes in lipid composition which are similar but less important in cyclic cold acclimation than in constant cold adaptation seem to be proportional to the increase in the tissue energy metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of diet and cold acclimation on lipid composition of rat interscapular brown adipose tissue. The effects of diet and of cold acclimation on lipid composition of interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) were studied in rats. Three groups of animals were acclimated for 20 weeks to 28 degrees C (controls), 5 degrees C (CA) or to a daily fluctuating temperature (Cy). They received either normal fat (5 p. 100 lipids) [NF] or high fat (26 p. 100) [HF] diets. Cold acclimation increased the tissue weight and its protein, phospholipid, free fatty acid and cholesterol content. It decreased the total lipid proportion in the tissue. HF diet led to an increase in lipid content and to a decrease in the protein content only in control and Cy groups. The mean chain length of triglyceride or phospholipid fatty acids was increased by HF diet and cold acclimation. The proportion of unsaturated acids was not changed in cold acclimated rats, but the amount of arachidonic acid bound to phospholipid was significantly increased. It is concluded that the total amount of lipid in the diet acts on the synthesis of BAT lipids. The cold dependant changes in lipid composition which are similar but less important in cyclic cold acclimation than in constant cold adaptation seem to be proportional to the increase in the tissue energy metabolism.", "PMID": 1190645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11813", "title": "[Lipid metabolism in rats fed a diet rich in various carbohydrates. I. Results after I.P. injection of lipogenic precursors].", "content": "Male rats, Wistar CF strain, weighing 120 g at the beginning of the experiment, were fed during 7 months with one of the following diets, containing 72 p. 100 (w/w) carbohydrate: starch, fructose, glucose and sucrose. These diets were about 18% (w/w) in protein content and were conveniently balanced with respect to vitamins and mineral nutrients. After an overnight fast, the animals received by the i.p. way, 30 mn before their killing, one of the following lipogenic precursors: glucose (considered as the control treatment), fructose ethanol or acetate, thus forming 16 experimental groups. In their liver, heart and blood were determined the concentrations of 6 lipid compounds: triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, free, esterified and total cholesterol, phospholipide. a. The sucrose diet gave the heaviest animals, with a liver and heart which were the richest in triglyceride content. They had also the highest liver and blood cholesterol, but their blood phospholipid was the lowest. The starch diet also increased, compared to the glucose diet, liver and heart triglycerides and liver cholesterol. As regards the fructose diet, it had the same effects than the sucrose one in elevating liver weight, blood triglycerides and cholesterol; conversely, it lowered liver and chiefly heart triglycerides and increased blood phospholipide. The glucose diet was for almost all parameters the one which displayed the lowest values. b. Relative to the glucose injection, other ones increased liver triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids and non-esterified fatty acids of the 3 assayed tissues. We observed that some differences between the effects of two given injections varied according to the previous diet, e.g. the sucrose-fed rats had more liver triglycerides and cholesterol, more heart and blood cholesterol after i.p. fructose than after i.p. glucose, which was not the case for the starch-fed animals. The importance of liver esterification reactions, which are increased with a long-term administration of a fructose-containing diet, is emphasized in the discussion. However dietary fructose could not be able to display its lipogenic effets in the absence of dietary glucose and that is why sucrose is more efficient than glucose in promoting a net lipid synthesis.", "contents": "[Lipid metabolism in rats fed a diet rich in various carbohydrates. I. Results after I.P. injection of lipogenic precursors]. Male rats, Wistar CF strain, weighing 120 g at the beginning of the experiment, were fed during 7 months with one of the following diets, containing 72 p. 100 (w/w) carbohydrate: starch, fructose, glucose and sucrose. These diets were about 18% (w/w) in protein content and were conveniently balanced with respect to vitamins and mineral nutrients. After an overnight fast, the animals received by the i.p. way, 30 mn before their killing, one of the following lipogenic precursors: glucose (considered as the control treatment), fructose ethanol or acetate, thus forming 16 experimental groups. In their liver, heart and blood were determined the concentrations of 6 lipid compounds: triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, free, esterified and total cholesterol, phospholipide. a. The sucrose diet gave the heaviest animals, with a liver and heart which were the richest in triglyceride content. They had also the highest liver and blood cholesterol, but their blood phospholipid was the lowest. The starch diet also increased, compared to the glucose diet, liver and heart triglycerides and liver cholesterol. As regards the fructose diet, it had the same effects than the sucrose one in elevating liver weight, blood triglycerides and cholesterol; conversely, it lowered liver and chiefly heart triglycerides and increased blood phospholipide. The glucose diet was for almost all parameters the one which displayed the lowest values. b. Relative to the glucose injection, other ones increased liver triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids and non-esterified fatty acids of the 3 assayed tissues. We observed that some differences between the effects of two given injections varied according to the previous diet, e.g. the sucrose-fed rats had more liver triglycerides and cholesterol, more heart and blood cholesterol after i.p. fructose than after i.p. glucose, which was not the case for the starch-fed animals. The importance of liver esterification reactions, which are increased with a long-term administration of a fructose-containing diet, is emphasized in the discussion. However dietary fructose could not be able to display its lipogenic effets in the absence of dietary glucose and that is why sucrose is more efficient than glucose in promoting a net lipid synthesis.", "PMID": 1190646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11814", "title": "Cryotherapy of proliferative sickle retinopathy. Part I. Single freeze-thaw cycle.", "content": "Transconjunctival cryocoagulation was used to treat proliferative sickle retinopathy in 6 patients. Ten eyes were treated with a single freeze-thaw cycle and were observed for 3 to 18 months. Nine of 13 (70%) neovascular lesions were completely closed without occluding major vascular trunks, while the remaining 4 (30%) showed marked attenuation.", "contents": "Cryotherapy of proliferative sickle retinopathy. Part I. Single freeze-thaw cycle. Transconjunctival cryocoagulation was used to treat proliferative sickle retinopathy in 6 patients. Ten eyes were treated with a single freeze-thaw cycle and were observed for 3 to 18 months. Nine of 13 (70%) neovascular lesions were completely closed without occluding major vascular trunks, while the remaining 4 (30%) showed marked attenuation.", "PMID": 1190655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11815", "title": "Macular hole following topical pilocarpine.", "content": "A unique case of macular hole following the instillation of pilocarpine is presented. Miotically induced vitreoretinal traction was postulated as the mechanism for hole formation.", "contents": "Macular hole following topical pilocarpine. A unique case of macular hole following the instillation of pilocarpine is presented. Miotically induced vitreoretinal traction was postulated as the mechanism for hole formation.", "PMID": 1190656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11816", "title": "Toxic maculopathy. Part I. A result of quinine usage.", "content": "A group of 16 heroin-dependent patients undergoing voluntary detoxification were studied to detect \"toxic\" quinine amblyopia.\" No true \"amblyopia\" was found but 8 of 16 (50%) patients had positive Amsler grid tests. This was called \"toxic maculopathy.\" A control group of US Army reservists showed 1 of 25 (4%) to have positive Amsler chart tests. The difference between the two groups is significant and probably represents a chronic, low dose quinine macular toxicity. The strongly suggested relationship between chronic low doses of quinine and subtle macular changes led us to create a second study to document objective abnormalities. This study is presented in Part II.", "contents": "Toxic maculopathy. Part I. A result of quinine usage. A group of 16 heroin-dependent patients undergoing voluntary detoxification were studied to detect \"toxic\" quinine amblyopia.\" No true \"amblyopia\" was found but 8 of 16 (50%) patients had positive Amsler grid tests. This was called \"toxic maculopathy.\" A control group of US Army reservists showed 1 of 25 (4%) to have positive Amsler chart tests. The difference between the two groups is significant and probably represents a chronic, low dose quinine macular toxicity. The strongly suggested relationship between chronic low doses of quinine and subtle macular changes led us to create a second study to document objective abnormalities. This study is presented in Part II.", "PMID": 1190657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11817", "title": "Cysteine in corneal ulcer: part I. An experimental study.", "content": "This study was undertaken to see the healing effect of cysteine in corneal ulcer of traumatic origin (nonalkali burn). In both eyes of 11 albino rabbits, central corneal ulcers in a 5 mm diameter area were produced. Cysteine drops of 0.1 M were instilled in one eye while placibo (normal saline) drops were used in the other eye. This work was carried out as a blind study. The result of present work showed that the average rate of healing was enhanced with cysteine--it was 74 hours with cysteine while with placibo (normal saline) 98.7 hours. The statistical analysis of the present observation, ie, p and t value was highly significant.", "contents": "Cysteine in corneal ulcer: part I. An experimental study. This study was undertaken to see the healing effect of cysteine in corneal ulcer of traumatic origin (nonalkali burn). In both eyes of 11 albino rabbits, central corneal ulcers in a 5 mm diameter area were produced. Cysteine drops of 0.1 M were instilled in one eye while placibo (normal saline) drops were used in the other eye. This work was carried out as a blind study. The result of present work showed that the average rate of healing was enhanced with cysteine--it was 74 hours with cysteine while with placibo (normal saline) 98.7 hours. The statistical analysis of the present observation, ie, p and t value was highly significant.", "PMID": 1190658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11818", "title": "The effect of light deprivation on the B-wave input-output function.", "content": "Adult cats were subjected to monocular light deprivation for periods ranging from 12 to 20 days. Deprivation resulted in a significant decrease in the slope of the dark-adapted b-wave amplitude-luminance (input-output) function, as well as what appears to be a truncatee amplitude-luminance function, it is exaggerated in the light-deprived eye.", "contents": "The effect of light deprivation on the B-wave input-output function. Adult cats were subjected to monocular light deprivation for periods ranging from 12 to 20 days. Deprivation resulted in a significant decrease in the slope of the dark-adapted b-wave amplitude-luminance (input-output) function, as well as what appears to be a truncatee amplitude-luminance function, it is exaggerated in the light-deprived eye.", "PMID": 1190659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11819", "title": "Some clinical aspects concerning microtropia.", "content": "The present study is concerned with the specific nature and the multiformity of microtropia, which is characterized by unilateral convergent small angle (under 10delta) strabismus with amblyopia and abnormal retinal correspondence. Three types of microtropia may be distinguished: Type I: Showing a positive cover test, amblyopia and abnormal retinal correspondence. Type II: Showing in addition to the above, heterophoria. Type III: Showing a negative cover test, a positive 4delta base-out prism test, amblyopia due to anisometropia, eccentric fixation and harmonious abnormal retinal correspondence, where the angle of anomaly is equal to the angle to eccentricity. For the prevention of microtropia all children aged under 4 and irrespective of the presence of any symptoms should undergo an eye examination. At a more advanced age the diagnosis of this clinical entity is of importance chiefly from a prognostic point of view, because it permits us to avoid futile efforts at correcting visual acuity by means of covering up to sound eye.", "contents": "Some clinical aspects concerning microtropia. The present study is concerned with the specific nature and the multiformity of microtropia, which is characterized by unilateral convergent small angle (under 10delta) strabismus with amblyopia and abnormal retinal correspondence. Three types of microtropia may be distinguished: Type I: Showing a positive cover test, amblyopia and abnormal retinal correspondence. Type II: Showing in addition to the above, heterophoria. Type III: Showing a negative cover test, a positive 4delta base-out prism test, amblyopia due to anisometropia, eccentric fixation and harmonious abnormal retinal correspondence, where the angle of anomaly is equal to the angle to eccentricity. For the prevention of microtropia all children aged under 4 and irrespective of the presence of any symptoms should undergo an eye examination. At a more advanced age the diagnosis of this clinical entity is of importance chiefly from a prognostic point of view, because it permits us to avoid futile efforts at correcting visual acuity by means of covering up to sound eye.", "PMID": 1190660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11820", "title": "Present surgical approaches to vitrectomy.", "content": "The present techniques of vitrectomy employ the open sky method (anterior approach) which is usually performed using cellulose sponges and blunt scissors, or the pars plana approach (transcleral approach) which uses a vitreous nibbler. The indications for each technique and the techniques themselves are briefly discussed. In addition, mechanical vitreous nibblers used for the open sky approach are reviewed.  The results of present techniques of anterior vitrectomy are better than the results obtained when no vitrectomy was performed for vitreous loss. The results of pars plana vitrectomy for certain pathologic entities compare favorably to results obtained in vitrectomies performed during keratoplasties. Newer surgical approaches to the vitreous and other technical advances promise to greatly improve the results of vitreous surgery.", "contents": "Present surgical approaches to vitrectomy. The present techniques of vitrectomy employ the open sky method (anterior approach) which is usually performed using cellulose sponges and blunt scissors, or the pars plana approach (transcleral approach) which uses a vitreous nibbler. The indications for each technique and the techniques themselves are briefly discussed. In addition, mechanical vitreous nibblers used for the open sky approach are reviewed.  The results of present techniques of anterior vitrectomy are better than the results obtained when no vitrectomy was performed for vitreous loss. The results of pars plana vitrectomy for certain pathologic entities compare favorably to results obtained in vitrectomies performed during keratoplasties. Newer surgical approaches to the vitreous and other technical advances promise to greatly improve the results of vitreous surgery.", "PMID": 1190662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11821", "title": "Difficulties in the phaco-emulsification of soft senile cataracts.", "content": "Several difficulties arise when a surgeon embarks upon the Kelman-Phaco-Emulsification method of cataract extraction. The most common but yet the least expected are technical difficulties with a soft cataract. A step by step, illustrated method of avoiding the disasterous pitfalls is outlined in order to aid the novice or occasional surgeon using phaco-emulsification on the \"ideal\" candidates for this operation.", "contents": "Difficulties in the phaco-emulsification of soft senile cataracts. Several difficulties arise when a surgeon embarks upon the Kelman-Phaco-Emulsification method of cataract extraction. The most common but yet the least expected are technical difficulties with a soft cataract. A step by step, illustrated method of avoiding the disasterous pitfalls is outlined in order to aid the novice or occasional surgeon using phaco-emulsification on the \"ideal\" candidates for this operation.", "PMID": 1190663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11822", "title": "Limbal trepanation: fourteen years' experience.", "content": "Limbal trepanations on 264 eyes were observed postoperatively for 6 months to 14 years. Excellent results were obtained in patients over 35, particularly those in the 50 to 70 age group, with chronic open angle and chronic angle closure glaucoma. Results were poor in younger age groups, and in those with secondary glaucoma, especially where it was associated with inflammatory disease.", "contents": "Limbal trepanation: fourteen years' experience. Limbal trepanations on 264 eyes were observed postoperatively for 6 months to 14 years. Excellent results were obtained in patients over 35, particularly those in the 50 to 70 age group, with chronic open angle and chronic angle closure glaucoma. Results were poor in younger age groups, and in those with secondary glaucoma, especially where it was associated with inflammatory disease.", "PMID": 1190664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11823", "title": "The absorbable sutures in cataract surgery.", "content": "An unusual case of cataract extraction is presented in which 6-0 chronic catgut sutures persisted over 2 years and 8 months and caused repeated attacks of conjunctival inflammation and iritis. This along with the discussion in this paper shows that despite is other advantages the chronic catgut is not a suitable suture for routine use in cataract surgery. However, because of the distinct advantages it is suggested that its use be limited to the selected cases, eg, in nervous persons where difficulty in removal of sutures is a problem.", "contents": "The absorbable sutures in cataract surgery. An unusual case of cataract extraction is presented in which 6-0 chronic catgut sutures persisted over 2 years and 8 months and caused repeated attacks of conjunctival inflammation and iritis. This along with the discussion in this paper shows that despite is other advantages the chronic catgut is not a suitable suture for routine use in cataract surgery. However, because of the distinct advantages it is suggested that its use be limited to the selected cases, eg, in nervous persons where difficulty in removal of sutures is a problem.", "PMID": 1190665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11824", "title": "Physiology and pathophysiology of the lower esophageal sphincter.", "content": "The physiologic factors controlling lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function are interrelated in a complex fashion and include the autonomic nerve supply, gastrointestinal hormones, and specific characteristics of the circular smooth muscle at the esophagogastric junction. It might be expected that a defect in any of these three controlling mechanisms would result in a clinically recognizable symptom complex. Abnormalities with either high or low LES pressure have been shown to relate to these specific aspects. Studies of the effects of various foods and other agents which decrease or increase LES pressure are of therapeutic interest in relating to patients with reflux symptoms. Decreases in LES pressure occurring after fat ingestion may explain a mechanism for many cases of fatty food intolerance. Pressure decreases after chocolate ingestion, after smoking, and after alcohol all have strong therapeutic implications in patients with chronic heartburn. Gastric alkalinization will increase pressure for up to one hour in patients with basal sphincter hypotension and reflux symptoms. Recent studies with drugs that work through the cholinergic mechanism have important therapeutic considerations. Anticholinergic agents produce definite decreases in LES pressure and are to provided in treatment of patients with reflux symptoms. On the other hand cholinergic drugs such as bethanechol have been shown to increase LES pressure in normal subjects and in patients with chronic sphincter incompetence. Recently, a double-blind therapeutic trial with bethanechol in patients with chronic heartburn has indicated that this drug, when given on regular basis, is an effective adjunct to therapy in these patients.", "contents": "Physiology and pathophysiology of the lower esophageal sphincter. The physiologic factors controlling lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function are interrelated in a complex fashion and include the autonomic nerve supply, gastrointestinal hormones, and specific characteristics of the circular smooth muscle at the esophagogastric junction. It might be expected that a defect in any of these three controlling mechanisms would result in a clinically recognizable symptom complex. Abnormalities with either high or low LES pressure have been shown to relate to these specific aspects. Studies of the effects of various foods and other agents which decrease or increase LES pressure are of therapeutic interest in relating to patients with reflux symptoms. Decreases in LES pressure occurring after fat ingestion may explain a mechanism for many cases of fatty food intolerance. Pressure decreases after chocolate ingestion, after smoking, and after alcohol all have strong therapeutic implications in patients with chronic heartburn. Gastric alkalinization will increase pressure for up to one hour in patients with basal sphincter hypotension and reflux symptoms. Recent studies with drugs that work through the cholinergic mechanism have important therapeutic considerations. Anticholinergic agents produce definite decreases in LES pressure and are to provided in treatment of patients with reflux symptoms. On the other hand cholinergic drugs such as bethanechol have been shown to increase LES pressure in normal subjects and in patients with chronic sphincter incompetence. Recently, a double-blind therapeutic trial with bethanechol in patients with chronic heartburn has indicated that this drug, when given on regular basis, is an effective adjunct to therapy in these patients.", "PMID": 1190666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11825", "title": "Early lung cancer detection and localization.", "content": "The Mayo Lung Project was established to develop and evaluate a screening program for early lung cancer in high-risk subjects. Men who are more than 45 years of age and who smoke one package of cigarettes or more daily are screened by the use of thoracic roentgenograms, three-day pooled sputum cytology, and lung health questionnaires at four-month intervals. These data are compared with data from similar subjects screened only on entry into the project. During the past three years, 34 patients who had no roentgenoraphic evidence of lung cancer were identified and examined because of carcinoma cells in sputum. Of these 34 patients, 27 have had bronchoscopic localization of their tumors and definitive treatment and 3 had upper respiratory tract neoplasms and also have been treated. Of the remaining four, one patient died suddenly after myocardial infarction and three patients have not had localization or treatment because of other severe complicating medical problems. Localization of roentgenographically occult lung cancer is reliable by the use of bronchofiberoscopy and meticulous, thorough sampling from the tracheobronchial tree. A search must be made for upper airway cancers in the same high-risk population, and the possibility of second primary bronchogenic tumors also must be considered. Although follow-up is short, 22 of the 27 treated lung cancer patients were found with stage I disease. The outlook for 19 of these 27 is encouraging an average of 16 months after surgical resection.", "contents": "Early lung cancer detection and localization. The Mayo Lung Project was established to develop and evaluate a screening program for early lung cancer in high-risk subjects. Men who are more than 45 years of age and who smoke one package of cigarettes or more daily are screened by the use of thoracic roentgenograms, three-day pooled sputum cytology, and lung health questionnaires at four-month intervals. These data are compared with data from similar subjects screened only on entry into the project. During the past three years, 34 patients who had no roentgenoraphic evidence of lung cancer were identified and examined because of carcinoma cells in sputum. Of these 34 patients, 27 have had bronchoscopic localization of their tumors and definitive treatment and 3 had upper respiratory tract neoplasms and also have been treated. Of the remaining four, one patient died suddenly after myocardial infarction and three patients have not had localization or treatment because of other severe complicating medical problems. Localization of roentgenographically occult lung cancer is reliable by the use of bronchofiberoscopy and meticulous, thorough sampling from the tracheobronchial tree. A search must be made for upper airway cancers in the same high-risk population, and the possibility of second primary bronchogenic tumors also must be considered. Although follow-up is short, 22 of the 27 treated lung cancer patients were found with stage I disease. The outlook for 19 of these 27 is encouraging an average of 16 months after surgical resection.", "PMID": 1190668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11826", "title": "Clinical experience with pleuroscopy utilizing the bronchofiberscope.", "content": "The gas sterilized bronchofiberscope has been utilized as a pleuroscope for visual exploration of the pleural space and forceps biopsy of abnormal lesions in 16 patients with undiagnosed pleural disease. The instrument was inserted through a small (1-2 cm) incision. Aspiration of pleural fluid and instillation or aspiration of air to produce a controlled pneumothorax are easily accomplished through the instrument's suction channel. In eight patients with undiagnosed pleural effusion, biopsy of visualized nodules established the diagnosis of carcinoma. Three patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and pleural effusion had no pleural metastases at pleuroscopy which was confirmed in two patients who had thoracotomy and lung resection. Parenchymal subpleural nodules of metastatic carcinoma were confirmed by pleuroscopic biopsy in one patient. Biopsy via the pleuroscope was unsuccessful in two patients, one with pleural fibrosis, probably related to asbestosis, and one with mesothelioma. Both required open surgical biopsy of the pleura. There has been minimal patient discomfort and no serious complications.", "contents": "Clinical experience with pleuroscopy utilizing the bronchofiberscope. The gas sterilized bronchofiberscope has been utilized as a pleuroscope for visual exploration of the pleural space and forceps biopsy of abnormal lesions in 16 patients with undiagnosed pleural disease. The instrument was inserted through a small (1-2 cm) incision. Aspiration of pleural fluid and instillation or aspiration of air to produce a controlled pneumothorax are easily accomplished through the instrument's suction channel. In eight patients with undiagnosed pleural effusion, biopsy of visualized nodules established the diagnosis of carcinoma. Three patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and pleural effusion had no pleural metastases at pleuroscopy which was confirmed in two patients who had thoracotomy and lung resection. Parenchymal subpleural nodules of metastatic carcinoma were confirmed by pleuroscopic biopsy in one patient. Biopsy via the pleuroscope was unsuccessful in two patients, one with pleural fibrosis, probably related to asbestosis, and one with mesothelioma. Both required open surgical biopsy of the pleura. There has been minimal patient discomfort and no serious complications.", "PMID": 1190669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11827", "title": "Unexpected radiographic findings related to foreign bodies.", "content": "In two asymptomatic patients, routine preoperative radiographs revealed three pennies in the esophagus in one patient and a spring from a toy in another patient. In contrast two symptomatic patients, one with a flip-top cap from a beer can in the esophagus and the other with a piece of photographic film in the larynx, had negative findings on their radiographs. Salient points of the cases are that diagnosis can be delayed by inadequate history, misinterpretation of signs and symptoms, and unexpected radiographic findings. Special attention should be focused on the flip-top cap ingestion case. Sixty-five percent of 677 people polled have placed flip-top caps into full cans. Fifty-two people almost swallowed a flip-top cap. Otolaryngologists should be alerted about the radiolucency of this metallic foreign body, and the general population should be discouraged from this dangerous practice.", "contents": "Unexpected radiographic findings related to foreign bodies. In two asymptomatic patients, routine preoperative radiographs revealed three pennies in the esophagus in one patient and a spring from a toy in another patient. In contrast two symptomatic patients, one with a flip-top cap from a beer can in the esophagus and the other with a piece of photographic film in the larynx, had negative findings on their radiographs. Salient points of the cases are that diagnosis can be delayed by inadequate history, misinterpretation of signs and symptoms, and unexpected radiographic findings. Special attention should be focused on the flip-top cap ingestion case. Sixty-five percent of 677 people polled have placed flip-top caps into full cans. Fifty-two people almost swallowed a flip-top cap. Otolaryngologists should be alerted about the radiolucency of this metallic foreign body, and the general population should be discouraged from this dangerous practice.", "PMID": 1190671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11828", "title": "Special new low resistance to flow tube and endotracheal tube adapter for use during fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "This paper describes endotracheal tubes and adapters which are designed specially for fiberoptic bronchoscopy; the tubes are designed in such a way that they are wide at the upper part but are narrow and thin walled in the part of the tube which goes through and below the cords. By designing tubes in this manner, the resistance to flow of gas through the tube when the fiberoptic bronchoscope is in place is very much reduced and the safety of the whole precedure is enhanced. A special adapter for use under these circumstances is also described which utilizes a commercially available swivel tracheostomy adapter with a special silicone diaphragm fitted onto the top to enable the fiberoptic bronchoscope to be placed through the diaphragm and keep a sealed system. A plug is available for the hole in the diaphragm when the fiberoptic bronchoscope is not being  used. Clinical and laboratory data show that these pieces of equipment perform the function for which they were designed.", "contents": "Special new low resistance to flow tube and endotracheal tube adapter for use during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. This paper describes endotracheal tubes and adapters which are designed specially for fiberoptic bronchoscopy; the tubes are designed in such a way that they are wide at the upper part but are narrow and thin walled in the part of the tube which goes through and below the cords. By designing tubes in this manner, the resistance to flow of gas through the tube when the fiberoptic bronchoscope is in place is very much reduced and the safety of the whole precedure is enhanced. A special adapter for use under these circumstances is also described which utilizes a commercially available swivel tracheostomy adapter with a special silicone diaphragm fitted onto the top to enable the fiberoptic bronchoscope to be placed through the diaphragm and keep a sealed system. A plug is available for the hole in the diaphragm when the fiberoptic bronchoscope is not being  used. Clinical and laboratory data show that these pieces of equipment perform the function for which they were designed.", "PMID": 1190672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11829", "title": "Evaluation of major airway lesions using the flow-volume loop.", "content": "The flow-volume (FV) loop is another way of representing spirometric data from combinations of forced expiratory and forced inspiratory vital capacity breaths. The FV loop is of use in identifying, and often localizing, lesions of the larynx and the trachea (down to the carina). Three general patterns have been recognized. When the lesion behaves in a fixed fashion (as might occur with an artificial orifice), maximal expiratory and inspiratory flows are almost equally compromised. This results in a rectangular FV loop, irrespective of whether the lesion is located intrathoracically or extrathoracically. When the lesion behaves in a variable fashion, two distinct patterns are seen, depending on the location of the lesion (intrathoracic or extrathoracic). The variable lesion acts as a fixed lesion during one phase of forced respiration only. The extrathoracic variable lesion results in a predominant reduction in forced inspiratory flow, with little effect on expiratory flow, whereas the intrathoracic variable lesion produces a characteristic reduction in expiratory flow. These patterns reflect the transmural forces existing at the site of the lesion.", "contents": "Evaluation of major airway lesions using the flow-volume loop. The flow-volume (FV) loop is another way of representing spirometric data from combinations of forced expiratory and forced inspiratory vital capacity breaths. The FV loop is of use in identifying, and often localizing, lesions of the larynx and the trachea (down to the carina). Three general patterns have been recognized. When the lesion behaves in a fixed fashion (as might occur with an artificial orifice), maximal expiratory and inspiratory flows are almost equally compromised. This results in a rectangular FV loop, irrespective of whether the lesion is located intrathoracically or extrathoracically. When the lesion behaves in a variable fashion, two distinct patterns are seen, depending on the location of the lesion (intrathoracic or extrathoracic). The variable lesion acts as a fixed lesion during one phase of forced respiration only. The extrathoracic variable lesion results in a predominant reduction in forced inspiratory flow, with little effect on expiratory flow, whereas the intrathoracic variable lesion produces a characteristic reduction in expiratory flow. These patterns reflect the transmural forces existing at the site of the lesion.", "PMID": 1190673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11830", "title": "Hyoid autograft repair of chronic subglottic stenosis.", "content": "A previously unreported surgical technique has been evaluated for the correction of chronic subglottic (cricoid) stenosis. The principle of skeletal support as the primary means of repair was examined. Severe stenoses were created in sixteen adult, mongrel dogs. One to three months later a hyoid bone autograft on a sternohyoid muscle pedicle was employed for repair. The dogs were sacrificed at regular intervals from two weeks to six months. The majority of the animals maintained a widely patent lumen after repair. Vocal cord mobility remained normal in every case. The results are illustrated by photographs and histologic sections. This study convincingly demonstrates a successful surgical technique for correcting a most difficult laryngeal lesion.", "contents": "Hyoid autograft repair of chronic subglottic stenosis. A previously unreported surgical technique has been evaluated for the correction of chronic subglottic (cricoid) stenosis. The principle of skeletal support as the primary means of repair was examined. Severe stenoses were created in sixteen adult, mongrel dogs. One to three months later a hyoid bone autograft on a sternohyoid muscle pedicle was employed for repair. The dogs were sacrificed at regular intervals from two weeks to six months. The majority of the animals maintained a widely patent lumen after repair. Vocal cord mobility remained normal in every case. The results are illustrated by photographs and histologic sections. This study convincingly demonstrates a successful surgical technique for correcting a most difficult laryngeal lesion.", "PMID": 1190674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11831", "title": "Postgraduate surgical training in Makerere. The crystallization of ideas.", "content": "The need for the postgraduate training of medical practitioners in the environment in which they will eventually work is well recognized, and in 1967 it was felt that the University of East Africa had reached sufficient maturity to undertake postgraduate instruction and certification in medicine. This paper describes the evolution and the present structure of the MMed (Surgery) degree at Makerere.", "contents": "Postgraduate surgical training in Makerere. The crystallization of ideas. The need for the postgraduate training of medical practitioners in the environment in which they will eventually work is well recognized, and in 1967 it was felt that the University of East Africa had reached sufficient maturity to undertake postgraduate instruction and certification in medicine. This paper describes the evolution and the present structure of the MMed (Surgery) degree at Makerere.", "PMID": 1190681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11832", "title": "An antibiotic policy for surgical patients.", "content": "This paper offers guidance on antibiotic usage in surgical patients. A policy is outlined rather than the comprehensive coverage of every surgical situation. The principles of antibiotic prescribing are given. The antibiotics available and their routes of administration are reviewed. Indications for the prophylactic and therapeutic use of antibiotics are discussed. Factors causing the failure of antibiotic therapy are considered in brief.", "contents": "An antibiotic policy for surgical patients. This paper offers guidance on antibiotic usage in surgical patients. A policy is outlined rather than the comprehensive coverage of every surgical situation. The principles of antibiotic prescribing are given. The antibiotics available and their routes of administration are reviewed. Indications for the prophylactic and therapeutic use of antibiotics are discussed. Factors causing the failure of antibiotic therapy are considered in brief.", "PMID": 1190682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11833", "title": "A method of removing starch powder from surgeons' gloves.", "content": "A method of washing the outside of surgeons' gloves with cetrimide is described. Experiments on animals showed that the method resulted in a considerable reduction in the amount of intraperitoneal contamination by starch powder.", "contents": "A method of removing starch powder from surgeons' gloves. A method of washing the outside of surgeons' gloves with cetrimide is described. Experiments on animals showed that the method resulted in a considerable reduction in the amount of intraperitoneal contamination by starch powder.", "PMID": 1190683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11834", "title": "Perforated appendicitis--lavage or drainage?", "content": "A comparison was made regarding the observed frequency of intraperitoneal complications between two groups of patients operated upon for perforated appendicitis during a 5-year period (1968-73). The two groups, corresponding to two different general surgical departments at the same hospital, were given different forms of adjuvant treatment. The first group (78 patients) received postoperative intraperitoneal lavage, with antibiotics added to the lavage solution. In the other department (77 patients), the peritoneal cavity was drained postoperatively. No lavage was performed in this group, but antibiotics were given systemically. Sixteen patients in the drainage group developed intraperitoneal complications, as compared with 5 in the lavage group.", "contents": "Perforated appendicitis--lavage or drainage? A comparison was made regarding the observed frequency of intraperitoneal complications between two groups of patients operated upon for perforated appendicitis during a 5-year period (1968-73). The two groups, corresponding to two different general surgical departments at the same hospital, were given different forms of adjuvant treatment. The first group (78 patients) received postoperative intraperitoneal lavage, with antibiotics added to the lavage solution. In the other department (77 patients), the peritoneal cavity was drained postoperatively. No lavage was performed in this group, but antibiotics were given systemically. Sixteen patients in the drainage group developed intraperitoneal complications, as compared with 5 in the lavage group.", "PMID": 1190685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11835", "title": "Fat embolism in severely injured patients.", "content": "Forty-five patients with severe blunt injuries were examined during eight posttraumatic days. At random, 14 patients were given three doses of methylprednisolone intravenously; 10 mg/kg at 8-hour intervals. Fat embolism syndrome was diagnosed in 13/45 patients, only one of whom had received corticosteroid (p = 0.03). Shock, acidosis and elevated plasma catecholamines showed no correlation with the occurrence of fat embolism syndrome. Platelet counts immediately after trauma were significantly lower in the fat embolism patients than in the other trauma patients, indicative of early platelet aggregation. Prophylactically administered methylprednisolone in pharmacological doses appeared to inhibit the emergence of fat embolism syndrome.", "contents": "Fat embolism in severely injured patients. Forty-five patients with severe blunt injuries were examined during eight posttraumatic days. At random, 14 patients were given three doses of methylprednisolone intravenously; 10 mg/kg at 8-hour intervals. Fat embolism syndrome was diagnosed in 13/45 patients, only one of whom had received corticosteroid (p = 0.03). Shock, acidosis and elevated plasma catecholamines showed no correlation with the occurrence of fat embolism syndrome. Platelet counts immediately after trauma were significantly lower in the fat embolism patients than in the other trauma patients, indicative of early platelet aggregation. Prophylactically administered methylprednisolone in pharmacological doses appeared to inhibit the emergence of fat embolism syndrome.", "PMID": 1190686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11836", "title": "Hypogeusia, dysgeusia, hyposmia, and dysosmia following influenza-like infection.", "content": "Hypogeusia, with or without dysgenusia, and hyposmia, with or without dysosmia, followed an influenzal-like infection in 87 of 143 consecutive patients who presented at the Taste and Smell Clinic at the NIH with taste and smell abnormalities. Findings in this disease included pale nasal mucous membranes with marked patency of the nasal airway, a postive Rudolph sign, elevated detection and recognition thresholds for several tastants and odorants, disruption of the pore region of the tast dub observed on electron microscopy and infiltration of the upper lamina propria of the nasal mucous membrane wih chronic inflammatory cells observed on light microscopy. These findings, taken together, are relatively specific for the diagnosis of this surprisingly common disorder.", "contents": "Hypogeusia, dysgeusia, hyposmia, and dysosmia following influenza-like infection. Hypogeusia, with or without dysgenusia, and hyposmia, with or without dysosmia, followed an influenzal-like infection in 87 of 143 consecutive patients who presented at the Taste and Smell Clinic at the NIH with taste and smell abnormalities. Findings in this disease included pale nasal mucous membranes with marked patency of the nasal airway, a postive Rudolph sign, elevated detection and recognition thresholds for several tastants and odorants, disruption of the pore region of the tast dub observed on electron microscopy and infiltration of the upper lamina propria of the nasal mucous membrane wih chronic inflammatory cells observed on light microscopy. These findings, taken together, are relatively specific for the diagnosis of this surprisingly common disorder.", "PMID": 1190677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11837", "title": "Cavernotomy in renal tuberculosis. Seven cases. Review of the literature.", "content": "During the period 1957--1973 the author treated 7 cases of renal tuberculosis where cavernotomy was performed. Some views presented in the literature concerning the development and the detrimental effects of renal cavities are discussed. The diagnosis is purely radiological. Because of impaired renal function, drip infusion urography is recommended for such cases. The indication for operation is an isolated focus near the renal surface containing active tuberculosis with presence of tubercle bacilli. Vascular circulation is impaired locally and renal function diminished. This consitutes a latent danger for the host. The present findings are discussed and compared with results from the literature.", "contents": "Cavernotomy in renal tuberculosis. Seven cases. Review of the literature. During the period 1957--1973 the author treated 7 cases of renal tuberculosis where cavernotomy was performed. Some views presented in the literature concerning the development and the detrimental effects of renal cavities are discussed. The diagnosis is purely radiological. Because of impaired renal function, drip infusion urography is recommended for such cases. The indication for operation is an isolated focus near the renal surface containing active tuberculosis with presence of tubercle bacilli. Vascular circulation is impaired locally and renal function diminished. This consitutes a latent danger for the host. The present findings are discussed and compared with results from the literature.", "PMID": 1190687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11838", "title": "Radiology and fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of tumours of the kidney.", "content": "The value of angiography and fine needle aspiration biopsy in detecting, grading and staging of renal tumours was studied in 55 patients with renal tumours suspected clinically or on urography. 42 patients had malignant tumours. A correct angiographic diagnosis was made in 94% of the renal adenocarcinomas, the corresponding percentage for the aspiration biopsies was 71%. A combination of angiography and cytologic examination gave the correct diagnosis in 97%. In 4 cases of renal pelvic carcinoma the angiography showed extensive hydronephrosis only, the final diagnosis in these was cases achieved by fine needle aspiration biopsy. Angiographic staging of 30 renal adenocarcinomas was made according to the TNM system. The radiological staging was correct in 30% of T3 tumours, but in only 50% of T1 tumours and in one out of five T2 tumours. The difficulties seemed to be in determining the relation of tumours situated marginally near the renal capsule. Angiographic grading of the tumour was made according to the vascular pattern and the time of venous filling. Sparse vascularity and venous filling time of over 5 seconds was found in highly differentiated carcinomas and abundant vascularity and fast venous filling in neoplasms of moderate or low differentiation. The cytologic grading correlated fairly well with the histological grading. This study shows that angiography combine with fine needle aspiration biopsy provides good facilities for obtaining a correct diagnosis in renal tumours and preoperative information of the extent and degree of differentiation of renal malignant tumours.", "contents": "Radiology and fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of tumours of the kidney. The value of angiography and fine needle aspiration biopsy in detecting, grading and staging of renal tumours was studied in 55 patients with renal tumours suspected clinically or on urography. 42 patients had malignant tumours. A correct angiographic diagnosis was made in 94% of the renal adenocarcinomas, the corresponding percentage for the aspiration biopsies was 71%. A combination of angiography and cytologic examination gave the correct diagnosis in 97%. In 4 cases of renal pelvic carcinoma the angiography showed extensive hydronephrosis only, the final diagnosis in these was cases achieved by fine needle aspiration biopsy. Angiographic staging of 30 renal adenocarcinomas was made according to the TNM system. The radiological staging was correct in 30% of T3 tumours, but in only 50% of T1 tumours and in one out of five T2 tumours. The difficulties seemed to be in determining the relation of tumours situated marginally near the renal capsule. Angiographic grading of the tumour was made according to the vascular pattern and the time of venous filling. Sparse vascularity and venous filling time of over 5 seconds was found in highly differentiated carcinomas and abundant vascularity and fast venous filling in neoplasms of moderate or low differentiation. The cytologic grading correlated fairly well with the histological grading. This study shows that angiography combine with fine needle aspiration biopsy provides good facilities for obtaining a correct diagnosis in renal tumours and preoperative information of the extent and degree of differentiation of renal malignant tumours.", "PMID": 1190688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11839", "title": "Effective drainage of the bladder after transvesical prostatectomy.", "content": "The series presented consisted of 94 patients who underwent transvesical prostatectomy and whose bladders were drained by using a cystostomy tube (silastic) with an 8 mm lumen, in addition to a urethral catheter. Retention by blood clot was avoided. The wounds healed well, and no infection of the urinary tract occurred. The mean period of postoperative hospitalization was 9.5 days.", "contents": "Effective drainage of the bladder after transvesical prostatectomy. The series presented consisted of 94 patients who underwent transvesical prostatectomy and whose bladders were drained by using a cystostomy tube (silastic) with an 8 mm lumen, in addition to a urethral catheter. Retention by blood clot was avoided. The wounds healed well, and no infection of the urinary tract occurred. The mean period of postoperative hospitalization was 9.5 days.", "PMID": 1190689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11840", "title": "Vesico-ureteral reflux following transurethral slitting of the ureteral orifice.", "content": "A series of 14 patients treated with transurethral slitting of the ureteral orifice is presented. In 6 cases there was a stone at the distal end of the ureter and in 8 cases a ureterocele. Half the patients developed vesico-ureteral reflux. Other complications, such as urinary infection or renal scarring, have not been observed during the mean follow-up period of 47 months from the time of operation.", "contents": "Vesico-ureteral reflux following transurethral slitting of the ureteral orifice. A series of 14 patients treated with transurethral slitting of the ureteral orifice is presented. In 6 cases there was a stone at the distal end of the ureter and in 8 cases a ureterocele. Half the patients developed vesico-ureteral reflux. Other complications, such as urinary infection or renal scarring, have not been observed during the mean follow-up period of 47 months from the time of operation.", "PMID": 1190690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11841", "title": "Effect of irrigation of vas deferens on sperm analyses after vasectomy.", "content": "70 men were operated for voluntary sterilisation by vasectomy alone and 20 men by vasectomy and irrigation of distal vasa with acid Kystosol solution. Postoperative semen analyses 2 weeks later showed azoospermia in only 2% of cases after vasectomy alone and in 25% of cases following vasectomy and irrigation, and 2 months postoperatively in 44% and 90%, respectively. Non-motile sperm cells in seminal analyses was the most common finding in both series 2 weeks after vasectomy. The problem whether the non motile sperm cells are viable or not is discussed. However, two azoospermic semen analyses must be obtained before sterility after vasectomy can be ascertained.", "contents": "Effect of irrigation of vas deferens on sperm analyses after vasectomy. 70 men were operated for voluntary sterilisation by vasectomy alone and 20 men by vasectomy and irrigation of distal vasa with acid Kystosol solution. Postoperative semen analyses 2 weeks later showed azoospermia in only 2% of cases after vasectomy alone and in 25% of cases following vasectomy and irrigation, and 2 months postoperatively in 44% and 90%, respectively. Non-motile sperm cells in seminal analyses was the most common finding in both series 2 weeks after vasectomy. The problem whether the non motile sperm cells are viable or not is discussed. However, two azoospermic semen analyses must be obtained before sterility after vasectomy can be ascertained.", "PMID": 1190691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11842", "title": "Non-traumatic chylous effusion in the thorax and abdomen.", "content": "A female of 31 with chyloascites and bilateral chylothorax is presented. The thoracic duct was obstructed below the diaphragm. The lymph vessels in the left iliac and para-aortic areas were enlarged and there were lymphocysts. When the lymph loss was greatest the patient was in a state of grave malnutrition with marked hypoalbuminaemia and an absolute and relative lymphocytopenia in the blood. \"Malignant\" cells were demonstrated in the chylous fluid, but no malignancy could be found at laparotomy. It is possible that the cells were confused with immature lymphocytes. The lymphatic cysts were excised and the lymph vessels ligated. Decortication of the right lung was performed. The patient recovered. The follow up time has been over four years.", "contents": "Non-traumatic chylous effusion in the thorax and abdomen. A female of 31 with chyloascites and bilateral chylothorax is presented. The thoracic duct was obstructed below the diaphragm. The lymph vessels in the left iliac and para-aortic areas were enlarged and there were lymphocysts. When the lymph loss was greatest the patient was in a state of grave malnutrition with marked hypoalbuminaemia and an absolute and relative lymphocytopenia in the blood. \"Malignant\" cells were demonstrated in the chylous fluid, but no malignancy could be found at laparotomy. It is possible that the cells were confused with immature lymphocytes. The lymphatic cysts were excised and the lymph vessels ligated. Decortication of the right lung was performed. The patient recovered. The follow up time has been over four years.", "PMID": 1190692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11843", "title": "Broncholithic casts. A case report.", "content": "A case of multiple broncholithic casts is reported. The diagnosis was made on clinical and radiological findings without histological verification. Tuberculosis was regarded as the probable cause.", "contents": "Broncholithic casts. A case report. A case of multiple broncholithic casts is reported. The diagnosis was made on clinical and radiological findings without histological verification. Tuberculosis was regarded as the probable cause.", "PMID": 1190693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11844", "title": "Headache as a symptom of endometriosis externa.", "content": "Prior to an abdominal operation, 125 patients were asked if they regularly had headache during the menstrual period together with or without pain in the lower pelvic region. Pelvic pain patients with endometriosis externa reported headache significantly more often than those without endometriosis. Headache proved to be almost as common a symptom as lower pelvic pain in patients with endometriosis.", "contents": "Headache as a symptom of endometriosis externa. Prior to an abdominal operation, 125 patients were asked if they regularly had headache during the menstrual period together with or without pain in the lower pelvic region. Pelvic pain patients with endometriosis externa reported headache significantly more often than those without endometriosis. Headache proved to be almost as common a symptom as lower pelvic pain in patients with endometriosis.", "PMID": 1190695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11845", "title": "Multiple repeat caesarean sections on one patient.", "content": "A case history is presented of a patient with 8 consecutive caesarean sections over 1965--1973. Total hysterectomy was performed during the last section because of thinned uterine wall, marginal placenta praevia and heavy bleeding. The aspects of repeated caesarean sections are discussed in the light of the present case.", "contents": "Multiple repeat caesarean sections on one patient. A case history is presented of a patient with 8 consecutive caesarean sections over 1965--1973. Total hysterectomy was performed during the last section because of thinned uterine wall, marginal placenta praevia and heavy bleeding. The aspects of repeated caesarean sections are discussed in the light of the present case.", "PMID": 1190696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11846", "title": "Luteectomy in early pregnancy. A report of three cases.", "content": "The exact day in early pregnancy when the corpus luteum could be dispensed with without deleterious effects on the pregnancy has been a matter of some dispute. It seems that there is a difference regarding the prognosis of the pregnancy if luteectomy or oophorectomy is performed where the corpus luteum alone could be dispensed with somewhat earlier. Three cases are presented. In case one luteectomy was performed at the end of week six or day 42 according to Naegele's rule. Plasma progesterone values decreased initially but increased steadily thereafter. No abortion occurred. Patient No. two was oophorectomized unilaterally at day 53 on the side where the corpus luteum was situated. She aborted three days later. Patient No. three was oophorectomized in the same was as patient No. two at day 49 and treated with Progesterone substitution thereafter. No signs of threatening abortion could be seen.", "contents": "Luteectomy in early pregnancy. A report of three cases. The exact day in early pregnancy when the corpus luteum could be dispensed with without deleterious effects on the pregnancy has been a matter of some dispute. It seems that there is a difference regarding the prognosis of the pregnancy if luteectomy or oophorectomy is performed where the corpus luteum alone could be dispensed with somewhat earlier. Three cases are presented. In case one luteectomy was performed at the end of week six or day 42 according to Naegele's rule. Plasma progesterone values decreased initially but increased steadily thereafter. No abortion occurred. Patient No. two was oophorectomized unilaterally at day 53 on the side where the corpus luteum was situated. She aborted three days later. Patient No. three was oophorectomized in the same was as patient No. two at day 49 and treated with Progesterone substitution thereafter. No signs of threatening abortion could be seen.", "PMID": 1190697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11847", "title": "Blood lipid changes in musculoskeletal trauma of the rabbit.", "content": "After multiple long bone fractures, signs of excessive fat transport were observed in rabbits. Staining of albumen in the lipoprotein electrophoresis suggests an increased free fatty acid mobilisation. During the five day experimental period the beta lipoproteins increased while the alpha1 lipoproteins decreased. On the second post-traumatic day, the proportion of pre- beta lipoproteins increased simultaneously with a four-fold increase in plasma triglycerides. Some increase in cholesterol was also observed. An augmented de novo synthesis of fat is proposed as an explanation for part of the increased post-traumatic lipid transport. The changes were compared with a simultaneous occurrence of fat in the lung and kidney.", "contents": "Blood lipid changes in musculoskeletal trauma of the rabbit. After multiple long bone fractures, signs of excessive fat transport were observed in rabbits. Staining of albumen in the lipoprotein electrophoresis suggests an increased free fatty acid mobilisation. During the five day experimental period the beta lipoproteins increased while the alpha1 lipoproteins decreased. On the second post-traumatic day, the proportion of pre- beta lipoproteins increased simultaneously with a four-fold increase in plasma triglycerides. Some increase in cholesterol was also observed. An augmented de novo synthesis of fat is proposed as an explanation for part of the increased post-traumatic lipid transport. The changes were compared with a simultaneous occurrence of fat in the lung and kidney.", "PMID": 1190698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11848", "title": "HL-A27 and arthritis.", "content": "In patients with recent inflammatory arthritis HL-A27 was seen in 6 out of 7 patients with ankylosing spondylitis, in 15 out of 18 patients with Reiter's disease, in 9 out of 12 patients with reactive postinfectious arthritis, in 22 out of 45 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and in 2 out of 14 patients with other types of inflammatory arthritis. In two control series HL-A27 occurred in 46 out of 326 persons and in 3 out of 34 persons. The high frequency of HL-A27 in RA patients is in disagreement with previous results by other investigators. The explanation for this may be either that the diagnostic criteria do not apply at the early stage of the disease, or that there is a high prevalence of HL-A27 associated RA in Finland.", "contents": "HL-A27 and arthritis. In patients with recent inflammatory arthritis HL-A27 was seen in 6 out of 7 patients with ankylosing spondylitis, in 15 out of 18 patients with Reiter's disease, in 9 out of 12 patients with reactive postinfectious arthritis, in 22 out of 45 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and in 2 out of 14 patients with other types of inflammatory arthritis. In two control series HL-A27 occurred in 46 out of 326 persons and in 3 out of 34 persons. The high frequency of HL-A27 in RA patients is in disagreement with previous results by other investigators. The explanation for this may be either that the diagnostic criteria do not apply at the early stage of the disease, or that there is a high prevalence of HL-A27 associated RA in Finland.", "PMID": 1190699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11849", "title": "A population study of rheumatoid factor in Iceland. A 5-year follow-up of 50 women with rheumatoid factor (RF).", "content": "The subject of this paper is a 5-year follow-up of 50 women found with Rose-Waaler Titre greater than or equal 1 : 10 or with a Acryl Fixation Titre greater than or equal 1 : 10 in a general health survey conducted in the Reykjavik area in 1968-1969. The average annual incidence of RA was 2.3 percent. Of four women who died during the follow-up period, three were amongst those with the highest titres. Two of the decreased had cancer mammae and one had lung cancer. Changes in RF-titres and New York Criteria are also discussed. It is suggested that RF-positives could be divided in three different riskgroups.", "contents": "A population study of rheumatoid factor in Iceland. A 5-year follow-up of 50 women with rheumatoid factor (RF). The subject of this paper is a 5-year follow-up of 50 women found with Rose-Waaler Titre greater than or equal 1 : 10 or with a Acryl Fixation Titre greater than or equal 1 : 10 in a general health survey conducted in the Reykjavik area in 1968-1969. The average annual incidence of RA was 2.3 percent. Of four women who died during the follow-up period, three were amongst those with the highest titres. Two of the decreased had cancer mammae and one had lung cancer. Changes in RF-titres and New York Criteria are also discussed. It is suggested that RF-positives could be divided in three different riskgroups.", "PMID": 1190700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11850", "title": "Osmic acid treatment for rheumatoid synovitis.", "content": "47 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and synovitis were treated with intra-articular injection of hydrocortisone and 52 patients with both hydrocortisone acetate and osmic acid. In another series of 24 patients with synovitis in both knees were injected with osmic acid to the more seriously affected knee and with methylprednisoloneacetate to the other knee. Osmic acid gave better improvement than corticosteroid alone, although the difference between th groups of the latter series was not statistically significant. On the basis of previous investigations and this study osmic acid is one alternative to radiation or surgical synovectomy in rheumatoid synovitis. The therapeutic result is not always satisfactory but facility of treatment and minor side effects are the advantages of osmic acid therapy.", "contents": "Osmic acid treatment for rheumatoid synovitis. 47 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and synovitis were treated with intra-articular injection of hydrocortisone and 52 patients with both hydrocortisone acetate and osmic acid. In another series of 24 patients with synovitis in both knees were injected with osmic acid to the more seriously affected knee and with methylprednisoloneacetate to the other knee. Osmic acid gave better improvement than corticosteroid alone, although the difference between th groups of the latter series was not statistically significant. On the basis of previous investigations and this study osmic acid is one alternative to radiation or surgical synovectomy in rheumatoid synovitis. The therapeutic result is not always satisfactory but facility of treatment and minor side effects are the advantages of osmic acid therapy.", "PMID": 1190701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11851", "title": "Radiation synovectomy of the rheumatoid knee with yttrium 90.", "content": "The use of radioactive yttrium (90Y) in the treatment of rheumatoid knee joints is described. Clinical results in 48 knees after a mean observation period of more than 3 years are reported: 60 percent excellent or good at one year, 46 percent at two years, 33 percent at three years and 17 percent at four years. The number of failures or relapses exceeded 50 percent between 30 and 36 months. The average rate of relapse in successful cases was 12.8 percent per year. The most important factors associated with unsatisfactory result were advanced articular destruction and progression of the systemic disease.", "contents": "Radiation synovectomy of the rheumatoid knee with yttrium 90. The use of radioactive yttrium (90Y) in the treatment of rheumatoid knee joints is described. Clinical results in 48 knees after a mean observation period of more than 3 years are reported: 60 percent excellent or good at one year, 46 percent at two years, 33 percent at three years and 17 percent at four years. The number of failures or relapses exceeded 50 percent between 30 and 36 months. The average rate of relapse in successful cases was 12.8 percent per year. The most important factors associated with unsatisfactory result were advanced articular destruction and progression of the systemic disease.", "PMID": 1190702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11852", "title": "The pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Various factors of possible pathogenetic significance in ankylosing spondylitis are surveyed, with the conclusion that ankylosing spondylitis may be due to more than one cause and have varying symptomatology: It is not a disease but a syndrome. Terms such as spondylarthritis ankylopoietica or ankylosing spondylitis, which have such direct reference to symptoms, are not necessarily applicable. It is difficult to find an adequate name, but Bechterew's sydrome is suggested.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis. Various factors of possible pathogenetic significance in ankylosing spondylitis are surveyed, with the conclusion that ankylosing spondylitis may be due to more than one cause and have varying symptomatology: It is not a disease but a syndrome. Terms such as spondylarthritis ankylopoietica or ankylosing spondylitis, which have such direct reference to symptoms, are not necessarily applicable. It is difficult to find an adequate name, but Bechterew's sydrome is suggested.", "PMID": 1190706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11853", "title": "Rheumatic fever in adult patients.", "content": "A study of rheumatic fever in adult patients (diagnosed according to the Jones revised criteria; Circulation 36: 664, 1965) was performed by examining 26 patients during the acute phase of the disease, and by re-examining 22 of them from 6 months to 64 months later (mean 33 months). Polyarthritis and carditis were the most common major manifestations. 23 patients had polyarthritis and 3 monoarthritis. 18 patients had signs of acute cardiac involvement. Carditis appeared to be rather benign: at the acute stage no patient developed congestive heart failure or any other serious complication. Five patients had erythema marginatum, but we saw no chorea or subcutaneous nodules. Of the 22 patients examined in the follow-up study, 4 had persistent signs of cardiac involvement and 15 showed chronic joint manifestations. Yersinia enterocolitica infection was by far the most difficult differential diagnostic problem, since polyarthritis and carditis associated with this enteric infection were very similar to those in patients with rheumatic fever. Current literature on rheumatic fever and the results of this series suggest that the diagnostic criteria of rheumatic fever (Jones) should be re-evaluated, at least in industrial countries.", "contents": "Rheumatic fever in adult patients. A study of rheumatic fever in adult patients (diagnosed according to the Jones revised criteria; Circulation 36: 664, 1965) was performed by examining 26 patients during the acute phase of the disease, and by re-examining 22 of them from 6 months to 64 months later (mean 33 months). Polyarthritis and carditis were the most common major manifestations. 23 patients had polyarthritis and 3 monoarthritis. 18 patients had signs of acute cardiac involvement. Carditis appeared to be rather benign: at the acute stage no patient developed congestive heart failure or any other serious complication. Five patients had erythema marginatum, but we saw no chorea or subcutaneous nodules. Of the 22 patients examined in the follow-up study, 4 had persistent signs of cardiac involvement and 15 showed chronic joint manifestations. Yersinia enterocolitica infection was by far the most difficult differential diagnostic problem, since polyarthritis and carditis associated with this enteric infection were very similar to those in patients with rheumatic fever. Current literature on rheumatic fever and the results of this series suggest that the diagnostic criteria of rheumatic fever (Jones) should be re-evaluated, at least in industrial countries.", "PMID": 1190707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11854", "title": "[Androgens and regression of the Mullerian ducts in the male mammalian embryo(author's transl)].", "content": "1. The capacity of androgen biosynthesis by the mouse embryo testis was studied in vitro. Testosterone and androstenedione were obtained from 14C-sodium acetate by testes undergoing sexual differentiation (12-12 1/2 days). 2. the question was examined whether testosterone or any other androgen could be regarded as the causative factor in the regression of the Mullerian ducts. Mullerian ducts from 13-14 - day - old mouse embryos were cultivated in vitro in the presence of a crystal of either testosterone, dihydrotestosterone or androsterone, but in none case could any regression be observed. Our conclusion tends to support the earlier view expressed by Jost (1970) and Josso (1970 beta) which holds that the regression of the Mullerian ducts in the male mammalian embryo is brought about by a factor different from androgens.", "contents": "[Androgens and regression of the Mullerian ducts in the male mammalian embryo(author's transl)]. 1. The capacity of androgen biosynthesis by the mouse embryo testis was studied in vitro. Testosterone and androstenedione were obtained from 14C-sodium acetate by testes undergoing sexual differentiation (12-12 1/2 days). 2. the question was examined whether testosterone or any other androgen could be regarded as the causative factor in the regression of the Mullerian ducts. Mullerian ducts from 13-14 - day - old mouse embryos were cultivated in vitro in the presence of a crystal of either testosterone, dihydrotestosterone or androsterone, but in none case could any regression be observed. Our conclusion tends to support the earlier view expressed by Jost (1970) and Josso (1970 beta) which holds that the regression of the Mullerian ducts in the male mammalian embryo is brought about by a factor different from androgens.", "PMID": 1190708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11855", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the interrenal tissue in the Pekin duck(author's transl)].", "content": "The fine structure of the interrenal tissue in the Pekin duck has been studied utilizing intravascular perfusion method of fixation. The adrenocortical cells were found to contain considerable amounts of lipid droplets, mitochondria, ergastoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum and a well-developed Golgi apparatus. The subcapsular and central regions of the adrenal cortex can be distinguished mainly by the abundance of liposomes and mitochondrial size and shape.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the interrenal tissue in the Pekin duck(author's transl)]. The fine structure of the interrenal tissue in the Pekin duck has been studied utilizing intravascular perfusion method of fixation. The adrenocortical cells were found to contain considerable amounts of lipid droplets, mitochondria, ergastoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum and a well-developed Golgi apparatus. The subcapsular and central regions of the adrenal cortex can be distinguished mainly by the abundance of liposomes and mitochondrial size and shape.", "PMID": 1190709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11856", "title": "Age-dependent rapid antiinsulin effect of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate during insulin induced hypoglycemia in white rat.", "content": "The effect of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate upon the intravenous insulin-induced hypoglycemia in various age-groups of white rats was studied. Insulin was injected intravenously in a dose of 10-(2) units per 100 g b.w. in the same age-groups of animals in a basal state, and 2 days later, 15 minutes after the i.p. administration of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate (0.5 mg/100 g b.w.). It has been estabished, that hydrocortisone hemisuccinate had a rapid anti-insulin effect, which is quantitatively different in dependence on the age of animals.", "contents": "Age-dependent rapid antiinsulin effect of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate during insulin induced hypoglycemia in white rat. The effect of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate upon the intravenous insulin-induced hypoglycemia in various age-groups of white rats was studied. Insulin was injected intravenously in a dose of 10-(2) units per 100 g b.w. in the same age-groups of animals in a basal state, and 2 days later, 15 minutes after the i.p. administration of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate (0.5 mg/100 g b.w.). It has been estabished, that hydrocortisone hemisuccinate had a rapid anti-insulin effect, which is quantitatively different in dependence on the age of animals.", "PMID": 1190710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11857", "title": "[Proceeding: Production rate, metabolic clearance rate and mean plasma concentration of cortisol in hyperthyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "The adrenocortical function was studied in 23 patients with hyperthyroidism and compared with a group of 15 normal subjects. Parameters of adrenal function were determined with 1,2(3)H-cortisol. The half-life of cortisol is significantly shortened in hyperthyroidism, as compared to normal subjects (49,5 +/- 6,6 min vs 68,3 +/- 10,5 min) and metabolic clearance rate is increased (418,5 +/- 89,5 L/24 h vs 237,5 +/- 48,5 L/24 h, for normal subjects). The production rate of cortisol, calculated from specific and cumulate activities of THE and THF is increased in hyperthyroidism expressed as mg/24 h or mg/m2/24 h (respectively : 26,7 +/- 7,8 mg/24 h vs 15,7 +/- 3 mg/24 h and 16,9 +/- 4,6 mg/m2/24 h vs 9,5 +/- 1,8 mg/m2/24 h). The mean plasma concentration, calculated as the radio (see article) is not statiscally different in hyperthyroid and normal subjects (6,8 +/- 2,1 microg/100 ml vs 7,3 +/- 1,9 microg/100 ml). 7 patients were reinvestigated after treatment of thyrotoxicosis when they were clinically and biologically in euthyroid state. All the values were normalized, without statistically significant difference from control (T 1/2 = 65,4 +/- 18 min, Metb Cl. Rate : 255 +/- 64,5 L/24 h, production rate : 15,6 +/- 1,8 mg/24 h and 9 +/- 1,4 mg/m2/24 h. mean plasma concentration : 6,8 +/- 2,8 microg/100 ml). Shortened cortisol half life, increased metabolic clearance rate and production rate, and normal mean plasma concentration have been reported in hyperthyroidism (Peterson, Copinschi, Gallagher). These changes, secondary to thyroid hormone excess, are the consequences of increased hepatic catabolism of cortisol. The activity of 11 OH steroid deshydrogenase is increased, as demonstrated by increased ratio (see article) in normal subjects (0,001 less than p less than 0,005). There is a high proportion of 17 k\u00e9to metabolites (E, DHE, THE) whose feed-back effect is weak as compared to 17 OH metabolites (F, DHF, THF). The hypothalamo-hypophyso-adrenal system is stimulated to maintain a normal plasma concentration. The fact that the mean plasma concentration is normal despite the increased production rate suggest that changes are rather due to increased catabolism than to central effect of thyroid hormones.", "contents": "[Proceeding: Production rate, metabolic clearance rate and mean plasma concentration of cortisol in hyperthyroidism (author's transl)]. The adrenocortical function was studied in 23 patients with hyperthyroidism and compared with a group of 15 normal subjects. Parameters of adrenal function were determined with 1,2(3)H-cortisol. The half-life of cortisol is significantly shortened in hyperthyroidism, as compared to normal subjects (49,5 +/- 6,6 min vs 68,3 +/- 10,5 min) and metabolic clearance rate is increased (418,5 +/- 89,5 L/24 h vs 237,5 +/- 48,5 L/24 h, for normal subjects). The production rate of cortisol, calculated from specific and cumulate activities of THE and THF is increased in hyperthyroidism expressed as mg/24 h or mg/m2/24 h (respectively : 26,7 +/- 7,8 mg/24 h vs 15,7 +/- 3 mg/24 h and 16,9 +/- 4,6 mg/m2/24 h vs 9,5 +/- 1,8 mg/m2/24 h). The mean plasma concentration, calculated as the radio (see article) is not statiscally different in hyperthyroid and normal subjects (6,8 +/- 2,1 microg/100 ml vs 7,3 +/- 1,9 microg/100 ml). 7 patients were reinvestigated after treatment of thyrotoxicosis when they were clinically and biologically in euthyroid state. All the values were normalized, without statistically significant difference from control (T 1/2 = 65,4 +/- 18 min, Metb Cl. Rate : 255 +/- 64,5 L/24 h, production rate : 15,6 +/- 1,8 mg/24 h and 9 +/- 1,4 mg/m2/24 h. mean plasma concentration : 6,8 +/- 2,8 microg/100 ml). Shortened cortisol half life, increased metabolic clearance rate and production rate, and normal mean plasma concentration have been reported in hyperthyroidism (Peterson, Copinschi, Gallagher). These changes, secondary to thyroid hormone excess, are the consequences of increased hepatic catabolism of cortisol. The activity of 11 OH steroid deshydrogenase is increased, as demonstrated by increased ratio (see article) in normal subjects (0,001 less than p less than 0,005). There is a high proportion of 17 k\u00e9to metabolites (E, DHE, THE) whose feed-back effect is weak as compared to 17 OH metabolites (F, DHF, THF). The hypothalamo-hypophyso-adrenal system is stimulated to maintain a normal plasma concentration. The fact that the mean plasma concentration is normal despite the increased production rate suggest that changes are rather due to increased catabolism than to central effect of thyroid hormones.", "PMID": 1190711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11858", "title": "[Proceedings: Cortisol-dependent glycogen storage and responses to insulin and glucagon in rat fetal cultured hepatocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been shown that in primary cultures of rat fetal hepatocytes cortisol induces the development of glycogen storage ability. Cortisol has also a permissive effect in insulin action on the development of the glycogen synthetic pathway. However the regulation of glycogenolytic pathway by glucagon, which is present before any significant amount of glycogen storage, is not cortisol dependent.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Cortisol-dependent glycogen storage and responses to insulin and glucagon in rat fetal cultured hepatocytes (author's transl)]. It has been shown that in primary cultures of rat fetal hepatocytes cortisol induces the development of glycogen storage ability. Cortisol has also a permissive effect in insulin action on the development of the glycogen synthetic pathway. However the regulation of glycogenolytic pathway by glucagon, which is present before any significant amount of glycogen storage, is not cortisol dependent.", "PMID": 1190713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11859", "title": "[Annual and circadian rhythms in plasma testosterone of five healthy young male Parisians (author's transl)].", "content": "Every other month, during the course of 14 months, the circadian rhythm in plasma testosterone (among others variables) of 5 healthy males (26 to 32 years) was documented. Subjects' synchronization : light-on at 07 +/-  1 hr; light-off at 23hr +/- 1.5 hr all the year long. Blood sampling 4-hourly, at fixed clock hours during 28 hrs, for radioimmunologic testosterone determinations. The cosinor method was used for statistical analyses. An annual rhythm in the testosterone 24-hr mean is detected (p less than 0.025) with a peak in October (from 16 July to 26 December, with 95% confidence limits). Annual mean (+/- 1 SE) - 759 (+/- 26)ng/100 ml. Peak-through difference = 107 ng/100 ml (from 106 to 290 with 95% confidence limits). The timing of the testosterone circadian peak, in the 24 hr-scale varies also in the course of the year. The peak is found around 08(00) in May and around 14(00) in November, this phase-shift being statistically significant (p less than 0.05). The sexual activity (daily self-recording) also has an annual rhythm with a peak in October.", "contents": "[Annual and circadian rhythms in plasma testosterone of five healthy young male Parisians (author's transl)]. Every other month, during the course of 14 months, the circadian rhythm in plasma testosterone (among others variables) of 5 healthy males (26 to 32 years) was documented. Subjects' synchronization : light-on at 07 +/-  1 hr; light-off at 23hr +/- 1.5 hr all the year long. Blood sampling 4-hourly, at fixed clock hours during 28 hrs, for radioimmunologic testosterone determinations. The cosinor method was used for statistical analyses. An annual rhythm in the testosterone 24-hr mean is detected (p less than 0.025) with a peak in October (from 16 July to 26 December, with 95% confidence limits). Annual mean (+/- 1 SE) - 759 (+/- 26)ng/100 ml. Peak-through difference = 107 ng/100 ml (from 106 to 290 with 95% confidence limits). The timing of the testosterone circadian peak, in the 24 hr-scale varies also in the course of the year. The peak is found around 08(00) in May and around 14(00) in November, this phase-shift being statistically significant (p less than 0.05). The sexual activity (daily self-recording) also has an annual rhythm with a peak in October.", "PMID": 1190714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11860", "title": "[Proceedings: Sulpiride effects on plasmatic gonadotropins in women (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of longitudinal evolution of plasmatic gonadotropins in women receiving sulpirid, a psychotropic drug with a strong anti-ovulatory effect, shows the coexistence of anovulation and the peristance of a physiological pattern of gonadotropins during the first cycle of treatment. It also shows the persistance of LH peaks comparable to preovulatory levels more than one year after the initiation of therapy. However, the basal line became very unsteady. This study suggests the presence of two types of perturbations with sulpirid. A hypothalamic-hypophyseal mild action and, an ovarian resistance to gonadotropins resulting from the hyperprolactinism induced by sulpirid.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Sulpiride effects on plasmatic gonadotropins in women (author's transl)]. The study of longitudinal evolution of plasmatic gonadotropins in women receiving sulpirid, a psychotropic drug with a strong anti-ovulatory effect, shows the coexistence of anovulation and the peristance of a physiological pattern of gonadotropins during the first cycle of treatment. It also shows the persistance of LH peaks comparable to preovulatory levels more than one year after the initiation of therapy. However, the basal line became very unsteady. This study suggests the presence of two types of perturbations with sulpirid. A hypothalamic-hypophyseal mild action and, an ovarian resistance to gonadotropins resulting from the hyperprolactinism induced by sulpirid.", "PMID": 1190715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11861", "title": "[Proceedings: Interrelations between cholinergic and monoaminergic mechanisms in the determinism of spontaneous electrical activity in the central nervous system of scorpion (author's transl)].", "content": "Spontaneous electrical activity of the cerebral nervous system of Scorpion is characterized by potentials of 30 muV, and of average frequency varying between 200 et 400 impulses/min. This activity is enhanced by acetylcholine, and inhibited by adrenaline, nor-adrenaline, and serotonine, from a pharmacological study, it is assumed that spontaneous electrical activity of cerebral nervous system is due to cholinergic neurons, and antagonized by a serotoninergic system.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Interrelations between cholinergic and monoaminergic mechanisms in the determinism of spontaneous electrical activity in the central nervous system of scorpion (author's transl)]. Spontaneous electrical activity of the cerebral nervous system of Scorpion is characterized by potentials of 30 muV, and of average frequency varying between 200 et 400 impulses/min. This activity is enhanced by acetylcholine, and inhibited by adrenaline, nor-adrenaline, and serotonine, from a pharmacological study, it is assumed that spontaneous electrical activity of cerebral nervous system is due to cholinergic neurons, and antagonized by a serotoninergic system.", "PMID": 1190718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11862", "title": "[Proceedings: Plasma renin activity in management of Addison's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "13 patients with Addison's disease, 7 men and 6 women, 19 to 61 years old, were investigated. Plasma Renin Activity (P.R.A.) is measured by radioimmunoassay of Angiotensin I (ng/ml/h) in the supine (S) and the upright (U) position. These patients are studied before treatment and under normal sodium diet in 11 cases: the P.R.A. value is constantly increased [5 men: MS = 10,09 (range: 6,2-12,5) and MU = 23,22 (range : 17,1-31,09), 6 women : MS = 24,48 (range : 3,46-45,04) and MU = 42,23 (range : 42,23 (range 17,37-69,34), to be compared with our normal values (M +/- S.D.) : MS = 1,02 +/- 0,39 and MU = 2,56 +/- 0,99 for men - MS = 0,82 +/- 0,14 and MU = 2,32 +/- 0,93 for women in follicular phase - MS = 1,45 +/- 0,56 and MU = 4,59 +/- 1,63 for women in luteinic phase. After dietary sodium restriction (10 mEq/24 h) in 2 cases, the P.R.A. is significantly increased with respect to the basal value]. Under Hydrocortisone alone (25 to 30 mg/24 h) and normal sodium diet, 4 patients kept significantly increased P.R.A. values. Under Hydrocortisone (20 to 40 mg/24 h) and 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone (50 to 100 microgrammes/24 h) for 6 days to 14 months, the P.R.A. value decrease into the normal range [men : MS = 1,02 (range : 0,54-1,92) and MU = 1,68 (RNAGE : 0,81-2,57) - 2 Menopausal women : MS = 1,55 and MU - 1,16. The P.R.A. measurement seems useful in the adaptation of Addision's disease treatment.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Plasma renin activity in management of Addison's disease (author's transl)]. 13 patients with Addison's disease, 7 men and 6 women, 19 to 61 years old, were investigated. Plasma Renin Activity (P.R.A.) is measured by radioimmunoassay of Angiotensin I (ng/ml/h) in the supine (S) and the upright (U) position. These patients are studied before treatment and under normal sodium diet in 11 cases: the P.R.A. value is constantly increased [5 men: MS = 10,09 (range: 6,2-12,5) and MU = 23,22 (range : 17,1-31,09), 6 women : MS = 24,48 (range : 3,46-45,04) and MU = 42,23 (range : 42,23 (range 17,37-69,34), to be compared with our normal values (M +/- S.D.) : MS = 1,02 +/- 0,39 and MU = 2,56 +/- 0,99 for men - MS = 0,82 +/- 0,14 and MU = 2,32 +/- 0,93 for women in follicular phase - MS = 1,45 +/- 0,56 and MU = 4,59 +/- 1,63 for women in luteinic phase. After dietary sodium restriction (10 mEq/24 h) in 2 cases, the P.R.A. is significantly increased with respect to the basal value]. Under Hydrocortisone alone (25 to 30 mg/24 h) and normal sodium diet, 4 patients kept significantly increased P.R.A. values. Under Hydrocortisone (20 to 40 mg/24 h) and 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone (50 to 100 microgrammes/24 h) for 6 days to 14 months, the P.R.A. value decrease into the normal range [men : MS = 1,02 (range : 0,54-1,92) and MU = 1,68 (RNAGE : 0,81-2,57) - 2 Menopausal women : MS = 1,55 and MU - 1,16. The P.R.A. measurement seems useful in the adaptation of Addision's disease treatment.", "PMID": 1190719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11863", "title": "[Proceedings: Prolactin adenoma revealed by gemellary? pregnancy after clomiphen therapy. Hypophysectomy during 5 th month of pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "A 25 year old woman had galactorrhea and secondary amenorrhea since her first pregnancy at 20 years. After several treatments with Clomiphene, menses reappeared for 2 months and she became pregnant. At admission, she was in her 4th pregnancy month and had headaches and bitemporal hemianopsia. Hypophysectomy was performed during 5th pregnancy month. Prolactin adenoma with hemorragic lesions was found. Parturition of normal twins occurred 8th month. Partial hypophyseal recovery took place for the following 2 years, but hyperprolactinemia reappeared too.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Prolactin adenoma revealed by gemellary? pregnancy after clomiphen therapy. Hypophysectomy during 5 th month of pregnancy (author's transl)]. A 25 year old woman had galactorrhea and secondary amenorrhea since her first pregnancy at 20 years. After several treatments with Clomiphene, menses reappeared for 2 months and she became pregnant. At admission, she was in her 4th pregnancy month and had headaches and bitemporal hemianopsia. Hypophysectomy was performed during 5th pregnancy month. Prolactin adenoma with hemorragic lesions was found. Parturition of normal twins occurred 8th month. Partial hypophyseal recovery took place for the following 2 years, but hyperprolactinemia reappeared too.", "PMID": 1190720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11864", "title": "[The limits and boundaries of De Morsier's syndrome (based on 33 personal cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "If De Morsier's syndrome represents the priviledged anatomo-clinical pattern of olfacto-genital correlations, the deteriorations of the sense of smell are not exclusively due to it. After having studied olfaction very precisely in 101 cases of hypogonadism, the authors report 17 cases of olfacto-genital displasia and bring out a clear hyposmia in other affections: Klinefelter's syndrome (25,7%), congenital anorchidism, puberty delay. A part from th: physio-pathological interpretation of these facts, there arises the problem of the precise nosological limits of De Morsier's syndrome.", "contents": "[The limits and boundaries of De Morsier's syndrome (based on 33 personal cases) (author's transl)]. If De Morsier's syndrome represents the priviledged anatomo-clinical pattern of olfacto-genital correlations, the deteriorations of the sense of smell are not exclusively due to it. After having studied olfaction very precisely in 101 cases of hypogonadism, the authors report 17 cases of olfacto-genital displasia and bring out a clear hyposmia in other affections: Klinefelter's syndrome (25,7%), congenital anorchidism, puberty delay. A part from th: physio-pathological interpretation of these facts, there arises the problem of the precise nosological limits of De Morsier's syndrome.", "PMID": 1190721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11865", "title": "[Proceedings: Effect of oestrogens and diet on lipids in the plasma of castrated rats of both sexes (author's transl)].", "content": "The hypertriglyceridemia after treatment with oestrogens by the castrated rats is of the same amplitude in both sexes with regimes enriched with saccharose or with beaf fat or with both. The gonosomes not influenced the hypertriglyceridemia after treatment with oestrogens.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Effect of oestrogens and diet on lipids in the plasma of castrated rats of both sexes (author's transl)]. The hypertriglyceridemia after treatment with oestrogens by the castrated rats is of the same amplitude in both sexes with regimes enriched with saccharose or with beaf fat or with both. The gonosomes not influenced the hypertriglyceridemia after treatment with oestrogens.", "PMID": 1190722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11866", "title": "[Progesterone administered by percutaneous route: an antiandrogen locally useful (author's transl)].", "content": "A skin specimen has been obtained from 5 volunteered men submited to a percutaneous administration of progesterone. Plasma progesterone, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were evaluated before and after this treatment. Progesterone percutaneously administered does not change plasma testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and only slightly increases plasma progesterone. On the contrary, in the skin samples obtained from subjects percutaneously treated by progesterone, radioactive testosterone was not converted to dihydrotestosterone by skin homogenates. In conclusion, progesterone when percutaneously administered inhibits testosterone 5alpha-reduction and may be considered as an antiandrogen locally useful.", "contents": "[Progesterone administered by percutaneous route: an antiandrogen locally useful (author's transl)]. A skin specimen has been obtained from 5 volunteered men submited to a percutaneous administration of progesterone. Plasma progesterone, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were evaluated before and after this treatment. Progesterone percutaneously administered does not change plasma testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and only slightly increases plasma progesterone. On the contrary, in the skin samples obtained from subjects percutaneously treated by progesterone, radioactive testosterone was not converted to dihydrotestosterone by skin homogenates. In conclusion, progesterone when percutaneously administered inhibits testosterone 5alpha-reduction and may be considered as an antiandrogen locally useful.", "PMID": 1190724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11867", "title": "[Proceedings: Study of a new steroid: the 3beta,5alpha-tetrahydro-deoxycorticosterone (3alpha,5beta-tetrahydro-DOC). Its significance during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The physiological significance of a new steroid: the 3beta, 21-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (3beta,5alpha-tetrahydro-DOC) was studied during human pregnancy. The urinary excretion values in the first and second trimester of pregnancy are 100-400 mug/24 h and in the third trimester the values increase to 240-1080 mug/24 h. This compound is not found in men nor in non-pregnant women but is found in the urine of newborns (2-12 DAYS): 25-80 mug/24 h. After perfusion of the fetus with H-deoxycorticosterone, 3H-3beta, 5alpha-tetrahydro-DOC was found in the fetal liver. These data suggest that this steroid could originate in the fetus: parallel studies of the urinary excretion of the other isomer : 3alpha821 dihydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one (3alpha,5beta-tetrahydro-DOC) shows that this compound increases at the end of pregnancy but its excretion rate is 2-3 times less than that of 3beta, 5alpha-tetrahydro-DOC.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Study of a new steroid: the 3beta,5alpha-tetrahydro-deoxycorticosterone (3alpha,5beta-tetrahydro-DOC). Its significance during pregnancy (author's transl)]. The physiological significance of a new steroid: the 3beta, 21-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (3beta,5alpha-tetrahydro-DOC) was studied during human pregnancy. The urinary excretion values in the first and second trimester of pregnancy are 100-400 mug/24 h and in the third trimester the values increase to 240-1080 mug/24 h. This compound is not found in men nor in non-pregnant women but is found in the urine of newborns (2-12 DAYS): 25-80 mug/24 h. After perfusion of the fetus with H-deoxycorticosterone, 3H-3beta, 5alpha-tetrahydro-DOC was found in the fetal liver. These data suggest that this steroid could originate in the fetus: parallel studies of the urinary excretion of the other isomer : 3alpha821 dihydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one (3alpha,5beta-tetrahydro-DOC) shows that this compound increases at the end of pregnancy but its excretion rate is 2-3 times less than that of 3beta, 5alpha-tetrahydro-DOC.", "PMID": 1190725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11868", "title": "[Proceedings: Iodine metabolism in isolated human thyroid cells (hyperplastic goitre and toxic adenoma) (author's transl)].", "content": "We present here data on hormone synthesis and thyroxine secretion by isolated human thyroid cells. Thyroid cells were dispersed by trypsinization. Thyroid tissue was surgically obtained from two euthyroid patients with hyperplastic goitre and from two thyrotoxic patients with toxic adenoma. In 6 hr incubation experiments, we observed that isolated human thyroid cells, i) concentrated iodide, ii) synthetized iodothyronines, iii) released thyroxine in the incubation medium. Each parameters was TSH dependant. That thyroxine release was due to a secretion process is suggested by similar and further documented data obtained with isolated hog thyroid cells. This technique may provide further help for thyroid physiopathology investigation in humans.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Iodine metabolism in isolated human thyroid cells (hyperplastic goitre and toxic adenoma) (author's transl)]. We present here data on hormone synthesis and thyroxine secretion by isolated human thyroid cells. Thyroid cells were dispersed by trypsinization. Thyroid tissue was surgically obtained from two euthyroid patients with hyperplastic goitre and from two thyrotoxic patients with toxic adenoma. In 6 hr incubation experiments, we observed that isolated human thyroid cells, i) concentrated iodide, ii) synthetized iodothyronines, iii) released thyroxine in the incubation medium. Each parameters was TSH dependant. That thyroxine release was due to a secretion process is suggested by similar and further documented data obtained with isolated hog thyroid cells. This technique may provide further help for thyroid physiopathology investigation in humans.", "PMID": 1190727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11869", "title": "Data on the HL-A linkage group.", "content": "Lod scores from a study in 229 families of the linkage relations of HL-A-PGM3 to 19 marker loci and cystic fibrosis are reported. The data exclude that ADA belongs to this linkage group while they give weak support for the inclusion of P. There is weak evidence for linkage of cystic fibrosis to PGM3, but none for linkage to HL-A. No new suggestive linkages appeared.", "contents": "Data on the HL-A linkage group. Lod scores from a study in 229 families of the linkage relations of HL-A-PGM3 to 19 marker loci and cystic fibrosis are reported. The data exclude that ADA belongs to this linkage group while they give weak support for the inclusion of P. There is weak evidence for linkage of cystic fibrosis to PGM3, but none for linkage to HL-A. No new suggestive linkages appeared.", "PMID": 1190732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11870", "title": "[Radioautographic study of the action of androgens on the synthesis of nucleic acids in the male genital tract of the white mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison was made, by autoradiographic studies, of the nucleic acids synthesis in the target organs of the male hormone, in normal mice, castrate and castrated mice with an implantation of a testosterone pellet. The results show that the response of each of these organs, to a physiological supply of hormone or to a supraphysiological supply is quite different, both in intensity and in evolution. The differences are still apparent in castrated animals. The transfer of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm seems to be affected by the castration. The signification of these results is discussed.", "contents": "[Radioautographic study of the action of androgens on the synthesis of nucleic acids in the male genital tract of the white mouse (author's transl)]. A comparison was made, by autoradiographic studies, of the nucleic acids synthesis in the target organs of the male hormone, in normal mice, castrate and castrated mice with an implantation of a testosterone pellet. The results show that the response of each of these organs, to a physiological supply of hormone or to a supraphysiological supply is quite different, both in intensity and in evolution. The differences are still apparent in castrated animals. The transfer of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm seems to be affected by the castration. The signification of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 1190726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11871", "title": "[Proceedings: Peroxydase activity in benign thyroid diseases and in experimental rat goiters (author's transl)].", "content": "Peroxydase activity in various benign thyroid diseases has been investigated. In hyperthyroid patients treated with antithyroid drugs, the observed increase in iodide-peroxydase activity (7 times that of normal tissue) is double than that of the DNA content. In goiter, the activity is 3 times that of normal tissue while the DNA content is unchanged. These results are in agreement with those obtained in rats maintained on a low iodine diet suggesting that high cellular enzymatic activity is due to specific enzyme induction in excess of cell proliferation and protein synthesis.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Peroxydase activity in benign thyroid diseases and in experimental rat goiters (author's transl)]. Peroxydase activity in various benign thyroid diseases has been investigated. In hyperthyroid patients treated with antithyroid drugs, the observed increase in iodide-peroxydase activity (7 times that of normal tissue) is double than that of the DNA content. In goiter, the activity is 3 times that of normal tissue while the DNA content is unchanged. These results are in agreement with those obtained in rats maintained on a low iodine diet suggesting that high cellular enzymatic activity is due to specific enzyme induction in excess of cell proliferation and protein synthesis.", "PMID": 1190728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11872", "title": "Genetically determined polymorphism of a form of hexokinase, HK III, found in human leucocytes.", "content": "1. A form of hexokinase which appears to correspond to HK III, seen in liver, spleen and lung, has been identified in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. HK III activity has not been demonstrated in lymphocytes, permanent lymphoblastoid cell lines or in cultured fibroblasts. 2. In fresh leucocyte preparations HK III usually appeared as a single band, but in extracts of post-mortem tissues multibanded patterns were seen. Leucocyte preparations also give multi-banded patterns after storage for more than a few hours. 3. In certain individuals the HK III showed a two-banded pattern even in fresh preparations. Repeat samples and family studies suggested that this pattern was genetically determined and represented a heterozygote for a common allele HK1III and a less common variant HK2III. Out of a total of 330 English people successfully tested 10 probable heterozygotes were found. 4. It is suggested that HK III may be a monomeric enzyme whose genetic determination is independent of that of the other main forms of hexokinase.", "contents": "Genetically determined polymorphism of a form of hexokinase, HK III, found in human leucocytes. 1. A form of hexokinase which appears to correspond to HK III, seen in liver, spleen and lung, has been identified in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. HK III activity has not been demonstrated in lymphocytes, permanent lymphoblastoid cell lines or in cultured fibroblasts. 2. In fresh leucocyte preparations HK III usually appeared as a single band, but in extracts of post-mortem tissues multibanded patterns were seen. Leucocyte preparations also give multi-banded patterns after storage for more than a few hours. 3. In certain individuals the HK III showed a two-banded pattern even in fresh preparations. Repeat samples and family studies suggested that this pattern was genetically determined and represented a heterozygote for a common allele HK1III and a less common variant HK2III. Out of a total of 330 English people successfully tested 10 probable heterozygotes were found. 4. It is suggested that HK III may be a monomeric enzyme whose genetic determination is independent of that of the other main forms of hexokinase.", "PMID": 1190733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11873", "title": "[Proceedings: In vitro thyroid hormone formation (author's transl)].", "content": "Iodination of a non halogenated goiter thyroglobulin and the resulting thyroxinogenesis was studied in vitro with purified thyroid peroxidase, H2O2 generating system and various concentrations of iodide. The rate of iodination was linear during the first minutes of incubation but thyroxine synthesis only began after a lag period whatever the iodide concentration in the incubation medium was. With high iodide concentrations a highly iodinated thyroglobulin (40-50 iodine atoms) containing no thyroxine was obtained after 3 minutes of incubation. If this highly iodinated goiter thyroglobulin was purified and reincubated with peroxidase and H2O2, thyroxine synthesis was again observed only after a lag period (2-3 min). In the absence of iodide the enzyme to elicit thyroxine synthesis. Depending of its concentration free diiodotyrosine exerts two opposite effects on the reaction catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase : at high concentration (10(-4) M) in inhibition of thyroglobulin iodination, and at low concentration (10(-7), 10(-8) M) a stimulating effect on thyroid hormones biosynthesis.", "contents": "[Proceedings: In vitro thyroid hormone formation (author's transl)]. Iodination of a non halogenated goiter thyroglobulin and the resulting thyroxinogenesis was studied in vitro with purified thyroid peroxidase, H2O2 generating system and various concentrations of iodide. The rate of iodination was linear during the first minutes of incubation but thyroxine synthesis only began after a lag period whatever the iodide concentration in the incubation medium was. With high iodide concentrations a highly iodinated thyroglobulin (40-50 iodine atoms) containing no thyroxine was obtained after 3 minutes of incubation. If this highly iodinated goiter thyroglobulin was purified and reincubated with peroxidase and H2O2, thyroxine synthesis was again observed only after a lag period (2-3 min). In the absence of iodide the enzyme to elicit thyroxine synthesis. Depending of its concentration free diiodotyrosine exerts two opposite effects on the reaction catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase : at high concentration (10(-4) M) in inhibition of thyroglobulin iodination, and at low concentration (10(-7), 10(-8) M) a stimulating effect on thyroid hormones biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1190729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11874", "title": "Premature centromere division: a mechanism of non-disjunction causing X chromosome aneuploidy in somatic cells of man.", "content": "Apparent acentric fragments which replaced a C-group chromosome in cultured blood lymphocytes from a woman patient were shown by autoradiography, G-banding and C-banding to be complete X chromosomes in which the centromere had divided prematurely in relation to the centromeres of other chromosomes in the same metaphase. Metaphases with multiple 'fragments' suggested that non-disjunction of the 'fragments' had occurred. This anomaly of the X chromosome was associated with increased aneuploidy of a C-group chromosome, presumed to be X. Premature centromere division of the X chromosome (PCD, X) appeared to be a mechanism of non-disjunction which caused significant monosomy and trisomy of the X chromosome in blood cells and skin fibroblasts. The frequency of cells with multiple fragments and the extent of the aneuploidy in 48 hr. blood cultures indicated that this mechanism of non-disjunction operated during mitosis both in vivo and in vitro. Premature centromere division occurred at a lower frequency in normal women donors, and was age-related, being four times more frequent in women 60 years and older than in women under 40. Associated with the higher frequency of PCD, the older women also showed evidence of increased X chromosome aneuploidy. Premature centromere division of the X chromosome is considered to be the mechanism of non-disjunction, causing the well-documented increased number of 45, -C metaphases in ageing women. Premature centromere division was rare in men, but an age effect was again suggested.", "contents": "Premature centromere division: a mechanism of non-disjunction causing X chromosome aneuploidy in somatic cells of man. Apparent acentric fragments which replaced a C-group chromosome in cultured blood lymphocytes from a woman patient were shown by autoradiography, G-banding and C-banding to be complete X chromosomes in which the centromere had divided prematurely in relation to the centromeres of other chromosomes in the same metaphase. Metaphases with multiple 'fragments' suggested that non-disjunction of the 'fragments' had occurred. This anomaly of the X chromosome was associated with increased aneuploidy of a C-group chromosome, presumed to be X. Premature centromere division of the X chromosome (PCD, X) appeared to be a mechanism of non-disjunction which caused significant monosomy and trisomy of the X chromosome in blood cells and skin fibroblasts. The frequency of cells with multiple fragments and the extent of the aneuploidy in 48 hr. blood cultures indicated that this mechanism of non-disjunction operated during mitosis both in vivo and in vitro. Premature centromere division occurred at a lower frequency in normal women donors, and was age-related, being four times more frequent in women 60 years and older than in women under 40. Associated with the higher frequency of PCD, the older women also showed evidence of increased X chromosome aneuploidy. Premature centromere division of the X chromosome is considered to be the mechanism of non-disjunction, causing the well-documented increased number of 45, -C metaphases in ageing women. Premature centromere division was rare in men, but an age effect was again suggested.", "PMID": 1190734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11875", "title": "Quantitative linkage: a statistical procedure for its detection and estimation.", "content": "A new approach for detecting and estimating quantitative linkage which uses sibship data is presented. Using a nested analysis of variance design (with marker genotype nested within sibship), it is shown that under the null hypothesis of no linkage, the expected between marker genotype within sibship mean square (EMSbeta) is equal to the expected within marker genotype within sibship mean square (EMSe), while under the alternative hypothesis of linkage, the first is greater than the second. Thus the regular F-ratio, MSbeta/MSe, can be used to test for quantitative linkage. This is true for both backcross and intercross matings and whether or not there is dominance at the marker locus. A second test involving the comparison of the within marker genotype within sibship variances is available for intercross matings. A maximum likelihood procedure for the estimation for the recombination frequency is also presented.", "contents": "Quantitative linkage: a statistical procedure for its detection and estimation. A new approach for detecting and estimating quantitative linkage which uses sibship data is presented. Using a nested analysis of variance design (with marker genotype nested within sibship), it is shown that under the null hypothesis of no linkage, the expected between marker genotype within sibship mean square (EMSbeta) is equal to the expected within marker genotype within sibship mean square (EMSe), while under the alternative hypothesis of linkage, the first is greater than the second. Thus the regular F-ratio, MSbeta/MSe, can be used to test for quantitative linkage. This is true for both backcross and intercross matings and whether or not there is dominance at the marker locus. A second test involving the comparison of the within marker genotype within sibship variances is available for intercross matings. A maximum likelihood procedure for the estimation for the recombination frequency is also presented.", "PMID": 1190735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11876", "title": "[Proceedings: Kinetics and disposal rate of triiodothyronine in patients with atuonomous hot nodular goiter, with or without thyrotoxicosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight female patients are studied, four of them without hyperthyroidism. The following were measured before and after surgery = hormonal iodine by column, serum concentrations of T T3, AF T3, TSH, total T3 distribution space, T3 pool size T3 fractional turnover rate. T T3 is measured in the serum of peripheral venous blood, nodular venous blood and of jugular venous blood of the opposite side of the adenoma. Before surgery, the mean of T T3 in patients with hyperthyroidism is increased in serum obtained from brachial and not nodule venous blood. Are also increased AF T3 and T3 production rate. In patients without hyperthyroidism, T T3, AF T3 are increased in two subjects only, but T3 production rate is rised among three of them. After surgery the previous values are not different with normal values. These data are in good agreement with the hypothesis that, in patients without thyrotoxicosis, there is an increase in T3 production from not nodular goiter. There phenomena may explain unresponsiveness to TRH test and inactivity of normal thyroid. Absence of hyperthyroidism may be due to a lack of sensitivity of peripheral tissues to the increase of T3.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Kinetics and disposal rate of triiodothyronine in patients with atuonomous hot nodular goiter, with or without thyrotoxicosis (author's transl)]. Eight female patients are studied, four of them without hyperthyroidism. The following were measured before and after surgery = hormonal iodine by column, serum concentrations of T T3, AF T3, TSH, total T3 distribution space, T3 pool size T3 fractional turnover rate. T T3 is measured in the serum of peripheral venous blood, nodular venous blood and of jugular venous blood of the opposite side of the adenoma. Before surgery, the mean of T T3 in patients with hyperthyroidism is increased in serum obtained from brachial and not nodule venous blood. Are also increased AF T3 and T3 production rate. In patients without hyperthyroidism, T T3, AF T3 are increased in two subjects only, but T3 production rate is rised among three of them. After surgery the previous values are not different with normal values. These data are in good agreement with the hypothesis that, in patients without thyrotoxicosis, there is an increase in T3 production from not nodular goiter. There phenomena may explain unresponsiveness to TRH test and inactivity of normal thyroid. Absence of hyperthyroidism may be due to a lack of sensitivity of peripheral tissues to the increase of T3.", "PMID": 1190731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11877", "title": "A non-parametric test for linkage with a quantitative character.", "content": "A non-parametric test for the detection of linkage between a quantitative and a mendelian character is described. It can be applied to families of three, two or one generations. The limitations, advantages and disadvantages of this test are discussed.", "contents": "A non-parametric test for linkage with a quantitative character. A non-parametric test for the detection of linkage between a quantitative and a mendelian character is described. It can be applied to families of three, two or one generations. The limitations, advantages and disadvantages of this test are discussed.", "PMID": 1190736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11878", "title": "Phenylketonuria as a balanced polymorphism: the nature of the heterozygote advantage.", "content": "Mothers of children with phenylketonuria have a significantly lower miscarriage rate than a matched control population in Ireland and west Scotland. This protective effect of the gene against some factor causing foetal death would seem to constitute a heterozygote advantage which might account for the previously observed polymorphism for phenylketonuria. It is suggested that the decrease in foetal mortality is mediated by the higher concentration of phenylalanine in the heterozygous mother's blood, but that this is not a simple nutritional effect of an increased supply of an essential amino acid leading to increased protein deposition.", "contents": "Phenylketonuria as a balanced polymorphism: the nature of the heterozygote advantage. Mothers of children with phenylketonuria have a significantly lower miscarriage rate than a matched control population in Ireland and west Scotland. This protective effect of the gene against some factor causing foetal death would seem to constitute a heterozygote advantage which might account for the previously observed polymorphism for phenylketonuria. It is suggested that the decrease in foetal mortality is mediated by the higher concentration of phenylalanine in the heterozygous mother's blood, but that this is not a simple nutritional effect of an increased supply of an essential amino acid leading to increased protein deposition.", "PMID": 1190737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11879", "title": "Linkage data on red cell acid phosphatase from family studies.", "content": "An analysis of the linkage relationships of red cell acid phosphatase (ACP1) with 36 other loci is presented. Close linkage is excluded for many loci. The hint of loose linkage with MNSs is not statistically significant, nor is it apparently consistent with the assignment of ACP1 and and MNSs to different arms of chromosome 2.", "contents": "Linkage data on red cell acid phosphatase from family studies. An analysis of the linkage relationships of red cell acid phosphatase (ACP1) with 36 other loci is presented. Close linkage is excluded for many loci. The hint of loose linkage with MNSs is not statistically significant, nor is it apparently consistent with the assignment of ACP1 and and MNSs to different arms of chromosome 2.", "PMID": 1190738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11880", "title": "Segregation of ACP1 and MNSs in families with structural rearrangements involving chromosome 2.", "content": "Data from seven families carrying rearrangements and variants of chromosome 2 have been analysed in relation to the assignment of ACP1 and MNSs. The data are consistent with the regional assignment of ACP1 to 2p23, but not with that of MNSs to band 2q14.", "contents": "Segregation of ACP1 and MNSs in families with structural rearrangements involving chromosome 2. Data from seven families carrying rearrangements and variants of chromosome 2 have been analysed in relation to the assignment of ACP1 and MNSs. The data are consistent with the regional assignment of ACP1 to 2p23, but not with that of MNSs to band 2q14.", "PMID": 1190739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11881", "title": "Correlated odour threshold bimodality of two out of three synthetic musks.", "content": "The odour threshold bimodality for exaltolide described by Whissell-Buechy & Amoore (1973) among American whites is confirmed for a population sample in London. A highly correlated bimodality presumed to be caused by the absence of inactivity of certain receptor sites is shown to exist for another structurally different musk substance, musk ambrette. The thresholds for musk ketone show no bimodality and their correlation with the thresholds for the two other musks is low.", "contents": "Correlated odour threshold bimodality of two out of three synthetic musks. The odour threshold bimodality for exaltolide described by Whissell-Buechy & Amoore (1973) among American whites is confirmed for a population sample in London. A highly correlated bimodality presumed to be caused by the absence of inactivity of certain receptor sites is shown to exist for another structurally different musk substance, musk ambrette. The thresholds for musk ketone show no bimodality and their correlation with the thresholds for the two other musks is low.", "PMID": 1190740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11882", "title": "Racial differences in pigmentation and natural selection.", "content": "The inheritance of skin colour in man is not well understood. A clearer understanding could be obtained by taking into account the biological basis and genetical control of pigmentation in other mammals, particularly the experimental species. In these, most of the loci governing pigmentation are pleiotropic, colour being only one of the traits affected by them. Their products are evidently concerned with other metabolic pathways as well. There is strong evidence for inter-specific homology of pigmentation loci in mammals, and the situation in man may not be radically different. It is therefore possible that racial differences in skin colour may have resulted from the action of natural selection on these other functions of pigmentation genes.", "contents": "Racial differences in pigmentation and natural selection. The inheritance of skin colour in man is not well understood. A clearer understanding could be obtained by taking into account the biological basis and genetical control of pigmentation in other mammals, particularly the experimental species. In these, most of the loci governing pigmentation are pleiotropic, colour being only one of the traits affected by them. Their products are evidently concerned with other metabolic pathways as well. There is strong evidence for inter-specific homology of pigmentation loci in mammals, and the situation in man may not be radically different. It is therefore possible that racial differences in skin colour may have resulted from the action of natural selection on these other functions of pigmentation genes.", "PMID": 1190741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11883", "title": "[Comparative immunoelectrophoretic analysis of culture and bloodstream forms of \"trypanosoma\" (Trypanozoon) brucei gambiense\". Demonstration of stage and antigenic type specific antigens (author's transl)].", "content": "The comparative immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the antigenic structures of culture and bloodstream forms with cross absorption tests confirm the existence among Trypanosoma gambiense antigens of: --numerous antigenic components common to culture and bloodstream forms;--several antigenic components specific of either culture forms or bloodstream forms. Among the latter, two components are shown to be specific of the antigenic type and appear to support the immunochemical specificity of each variant.", "contents": "[Comparative immunoelectrophoretic analysis of culture and bloodstream forms of \"trypanosoma\" (Trypanozoon) brucei gambiense\". Demonstration of stage and antigenic type specific antigens (author's transl)]. The comparative immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the antigenic structures of culture and bloodstream forms with cross absorption tests confirm the existence among Trypanosoma gambiense antigens of: --numerous antigenic components common to culture and bloodstream forms;--several antigenic components specific of either culture forms or bloodstream forms. Among the latter, two components are shown to be specific of the antigenic type and appear to support the immunochemical specificity of each variant.", "PMID": 1190743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11884", "title": "Modulation of the immune response to transplantation antigens. IV. Enhanced growth of tumour allografts in mice immunised with papain-solubilised transplantation antigen.", "content": "C57/Bl mice have been immunised with papain solubilised CBA transplantation antigen and subsequently challenged with a CBA tumour. Variations in antigen dose, immunisation schedules and routes of injection were compared. Two procedures in particular led to enhanced growth of the tumour allograft: (a) a single injection of antigen seven days before graft, and (b) a two-pulse immunisation spaced over 42 days. Mice given the seven-day course showed impaired cell-mediated cytotoxicity and blocking antibody at the time of challenge which was succeeded by blocking antigen in the circulation after challenge. Mice immunised by the two-pulse course developed heightened cell-mediated cytoxicity, but showed a persisting level of blocking antibody in the serum. Thus, although both immunisation regimes enhanced tumour growth, they did so by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Modulation of the immune response to transplantation antigens. IV. Enhanced growth of tumour allografts in mice immunised with papain-solubilised transplantation antigen. C57/Bl mice have been immunised with papain solubilised CBA transplantation antigen and subsequently challenged with a CBA tumour. Variations in antigen dose, immunisation schedules and routes of injection were compared. Two procedures in particular led to enhanced growth of the tumour allograft: (a) a single injection of antigen seven days before graft, and (b) a two-pulse immunisation spaced over 42 days. Mice given the seven-day course showed impaired cell-mediated cytotoxicity and blocking antibody at the time of challenge which was succeeded by blocking antigen in the circulation after challenge. Mice immunised by the two-pulse course developed heightened cell-mediated cytoxicity, but showed a persisting level of blocking antibody in the serum. Thus, although both immunisation regimes enhanced tumour growth, they did so by different mechanisms.", "PMID": 1190744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11885", "title": "Mineral nutrition of Streptomyces kanamyceticus for kanamycin formation.", "content": "Kanamycin production by Streptomyces kanamyceticus ATCC 12853 requires magnesium sulfate and potassium phosphate at concentrations of 0.4 and 1.0 g per liter, respectively. The optimal concentrations of Fe and Zn for production of kanamycin are 0.25 and 0.575 mug/ml, respectively, whereas Mo at 0.04 mug/ml allows maximal cellular growth and antibiotic synthesis. Mn and Ca are without any effect. Cu, Co, Ni, and V have inhibitory effect on growth of the organism as well as kanamycin formation.", "contents": "Mineral nutrition of Streptomyces kanamyceticus for kanamycin formation. Kanamycin production by Streptomyces kanamyceticus ATCC 12853 requires magnesium sulfate and potassium phosphate at concentrations of 0.4 and 1.0 g per liter, respectively. The optimal concentrations of Fe and Zn for production of kanamycin are 0.25 and 0.575 mug/ml, respectively, whereas Mo at 0.04 mug/ml allows maximal cellular growth and antibiotic synthesis. Mn and Ca are without any effect. Cu, Co, Ni, and V have inhibitory effect on growth of the organism as well as kanamycin formation.", "PMID": 1190749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11886", "title": "Regulation of lymphocyte responses in vitro. VI. -Potentiation of the response to phytohemagglutinin by cytochalasin B.", "content": "Low concentrations of cytochalasin B (CB) potentiated the DNA-synthetic response of rat lymph node cells (LNC) to PHA. Maximal potentiation was observed at suboptimal concentrations of the mitogen, less at optimal and usually none at supraoptimal concentrations. Other metabolic responses (RNA and protein synthesis) as well as the actual number of morphologically transformed lymphocytes were also enhanced. The presence of serum in the culture was an absolute requirement for CB potentiation. A maximal effect was usually obtained when CB was present from the start of the culture. However, addition of CB as late as 46 h after PHA produced a lower but consistent potentiation. The responses to PHA of thymus cells and spleen cells were respectively more and less increased by the drug than that of LNC. These results suggest that CB acts by opposing a serum-dependent cell interaction.", "contents": "Regulation of lymphocyte responses in vitro. VI. -Potentiation of the response to phytohemagglutinin by cytochalasin B. Low concentrations of cytochalasin B (CB) potentiated the DNA-synthetic response of rat lymph node cells (LNC) to PHA. Maximal potentiation was observed at suboptimal concentrations of the mitogen, less at optimal and usually none at supraoptimal concentrations. Other metabolic responses (RNA and protein synthesis) as well as the actual number of morphologically transformed lymphocytes were also enhanced. The presence of serum in the culture was an absolute requirement for CB potentiation. A maximal effect was usually obtained when CB was present from the start of the culture. However, addition of CB as late as 46 h after PHA produced a lower but consistent potentiation. The responses to PHA of thymus cells and spleen cells were respectively more and less increased by the drug than that of LNC. These results suggest that CB acts by opposing a serum-dependent cell interaction.", "PMID": 1190745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11887", "title": "Relationship of early readings of minimal inhibitory concentrations to the results of overnight tests.", "content": "Broth dilution minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) readings were compared after different incubation periods and with different inoculum concentrations. The purpose was to determine the best conditions for obtaining early results as close as possible to overnight readings. Initially, 76 antibiotic-organism combinations were tested using the International Collaborative Study technique and inoculum and were read after 3, 8, and 18 h of incubation. Approximately 28% of tests showed fourfold or greater increases in MICs after 18 h of incubation compared with the 3-h readings. No overnight MICs were lower than early readings. MICs of single antibiotics against seven organisms were also read with an automatic particle counter to confirm the validity of the visual readings. Experiments were made to determine whether inoculum manipulation could reconcile the differences between 3- and 18-h MIC results. One hundred and eight organism-antibiotic combinations were tested comparing 3-h MIC readings using an inoculum of 10(7) organisms per ml with overnight readings using 10(5) per ml. In 71 cases, readings with both inocula were within the range tested and 57 (86%) were within +/-1 log(2) of each other and followed an approximately normal distribution. Improved comparability between early read and overnight MICs thus may be achieved by inoculum manipulation, and this may be a suitable approach in the future development of automated procedures.", "contents": "Relationship of early readings of minimal inhibitory concentrations to the results of overnight tests. Broth dilution minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) readings were compared after different incubation periods and with different inoculum concentrations. The purpose was to determine the best conditions for obtaining early results as close as possible to overnight readings. Initially, 76 antibiotic-organism combinations were tested using the International Collaborative Study technique and inoculum and were read after 3, 8, and 18 h of incubation. Approximately 28% of tests showed fourfold or greater increases in MICs after 18 h of incubation compared with the 3-h readings. No overnight MICs were lower than early readings. MICs of single antibiotics against seven organisms were also read with an automatic particle counter to confirm the validity of the visual readings. Experiments were made to determine whether inoculum manipulation could reconcile the differences between 3- and 18-h MIC results. One hundred and eight organism-antibiotic combinations were tested comparing 3-h MIC readings using an inoculum of 10(7) organisms per ml with overnight readings using 10(5) per ml. In 71 cases, readings with both inocula were within the range tested and 57 (86%) were within +/-1 log(2) of each other and followed an approximately normal distribution. Improved comparability between early read and overnight MICs thus may be achieved by inoculum manipulation, and this may be a suitable approach in the future development of automated procedures.", "PMID": 1190750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11888", "title": "Simplified method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "A simple, abbreviated broth dilution test (tube test) utilizing a commercially available medium and inexpensive disposable materials, and which could be performed entirely in room air, was developed and used to test the susceptibility of 100 strains of anaerobic bacteria to clindamycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and tetracycline. Results are reported in categories of susceptibility: susceptible to concentrations surpassed in vivo with usual dosage, susceptible to concentrations surpassed in vivo with high dosage, and resistant to concentrations achievable in vivo. Results are compared to minimal inhibitory concentrations which were determined simultaneously by using a microdilution method in an anaerobic glove box. Twenty strains of Bacteroides fragilis, 10 strains of Fusobacterium, 20 strains of Clostridium, 10 strains of gram-positive non-sporeforming bacilli, and 30 strains of cocci grew to visible turbidity within 1 day of incubation. Of the 360 antibiotic-organism combinations tested, 98% were in a susceptibility category that corresponded (within one concentration) to the actual minimal inhibitory concentration as determined by the microdilution method. After 2 days of incubation, growth was more abundant, but results often indicated inappropriate degrees of resistance. Variation in inoculum size had little effect on results. Ten strains of B. melaninogenicus did not grow enough for susceptibility to be categorized accurately. The tube test could be used in any clinical microbiology laboratory for a limited number of susceptibility tests on anaerobic bacteria other than B. melaninogenicus without preparation of special media or purchase of special equipment.", "contents": "Simplified method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria. A simple, abbreviated broth dilution test (tube test) utilizing a commercially available medium and inexpensive disposable materials, and which could be performed entirely in room air, was developed and used to test the susceptibility of 100 strains of anaerobic bacteria to clindamycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and tetracycline. Results are reported in categories of susceptibility: susceptible to concentrations surpassed in vivo with usual dosage, susceptible to concentrations surpassed in vivo with high dosage, and resistant to concentrations achievable in vivo. Results are compared to minimal inhibitory concentrations which were determined simultaneously by using a microdilution method in an anaerobic glove box. Twenty strains of Bacteroides fragilis, 10 strains of Fusobacterium, 20 strains of Clostridium, 10 strains of gram-positive non-sporeforming bacilli, and 30 strains of cocci grew to visible turbidity within 1 day of incubation. Of the 360 antibiotic-organism combinations tested, 98% were in a susceptibility category that corresponded (within one concentration) to the actual minimal inhibitory concentration as determined by the microdilution method. After 2 days of incubation, growth was more abundant, but results often indicated inappropriate degrees of resistance. Variation in inoculum size had little effect on results. Ten strains of B. melaninogenicus did not grow enough for susceptibility to be categorized accurately. The tube test could be used in any clinical microbiology laboratory for a limited number of susceptibility tests on anaerobic bacteria other than B. melaninogenicus without preparation of special media or purchase of special equipment.", "PMID": 1190751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11889", "title": "Phagocytosis of autologous and heterologous erythrocytes by rat and guinea pig macrophages.", "content": "Rat and guinea pig peritoneal macrophages are compared in their ability to phagocytose guinea pig, rat and sheep red cells. The ability of the phagocytes to ingest autologous red cells does not seem to be drastically reduced compared to their ability to ingest alien cells.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of autologous and heterologous erythrocytes by rat and guinea pig macrophages. Rat and guinea pig peritoneal macrophages are compared in their ability to phagocytose guinea pig, rat and sheep red cells. The ability of the phagocytes to ingest autologous red cells does not seem to be drastically reduced compared to their ability to ingest alien cells.", "PMID": 1190747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11890", "title": "Comparative in vitro activity and clinical pharmacology of ticarcillin and carbenicillin.", "content": "The in vitro activity and human pharmacology of ticarcillin, a semisynthetic penicillin more active than carbenicillin against Pseudomonas, were compared. There has been no increase in resistance to ticarcillin of Pseudomonas strains over the past 5 years, but resistance of indole-positive Proteus and Serratia strains has been documented. After intramuscular (i.m.) injection of 1 g of ticarcillin, mean peak levels occurred at 1 h (26.9 mug/ml) with a decline over 6 h (6.8 mug/ml). Serum half-life was 84 min. Dilution of ticarcillin lidocaine reduced pain on i.m. injection but did not alter serum levels. Blood levels after 1 g i.m. are adequate to treat infections produced by Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and some Enterobacter, but not Pseudomonas. After rapid intravenous infusion of 3 and 5 g, mean peak serum levels of ticarcillin were slightly lower for 1 h than those achieved with carbenicillin. Probenecid administered before infusion produced increases in blood levels, half-lives, and volume of distribution. The biological half-life of ticarcillin was 72 min compared to 66 min with carbenicillin. There was a larger volume of distribution for ticarcillin than carbenicillin (15 liters versus 14 liters). The ticarcillin half-life when administered with probenecid was 108 min. Urinary recovery of ticarcillin was 77% against 95% of carbenicillin. However, approximately 10% of ticarcillin is recovered as penicilloic acid so that 95% of an intravenously administered dose is recovered.", "contents": "Comparative in vitro activity and clinical pharmacology of ticarcillin and carbenicillin. The in vitro activity and human pharmacology of ticarcillin, a semisynthetic penicillin more active than carbenicillin against Pseudomonas, were compared. There has been no increase in resistance to ticarcillin of Pseudomonas strains over the past 5 years, but resistance of indole-positive Proteus and Serratia strains has been documented. After intramuscular (i.m.) injection of 1 g of ticarcillin, mean peak levels occurred at 1 h (26.9 mug/ml) with a decline over 6 h (6.8 mug/ml). Serum half-life was 84 min. Dilution of ticarcillin lidocaine reduced pain on i.m. injection but did not alter serum levels. Blood levels after 1 g i.m. are adequate to treat infections produced by Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and some Enterobacter, but not Pseudomonas. After rapid intravenous infusion of 3 and 5 g, mean peak serum levels of ticarcillin were slightly lower for 1 h than those achieved with carbenicillin. Probenecid administered before infusion produced increases in blood levels, half-lives, and volume of distribution. The biological half-life of ticarcillin was 72 min compared to 66 min with carbenicillin. There was a larger volume of distribution for ticarcillin than carbenicillin (15 liters versus 14 liters). The ticarcillin half-life when administered with probenecid was 108 min. Urinary recovery of ticarcillin was 77% against 95% of carbenicillin. However, approximately 10% of ticarcillin is recovered as penicilloic acid so that 95% of an intravenously administered dose is recovered.", "PMID": 1190752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11891", "title": "Regulation of lymphocyte responses in vitro. VII. - \"Cell contact inhibition\", a possible regulatory mechanism for lymphocyte activation.", "content": "Potentiation by cytochalasin B (CB) of (3H)thymidine incorporation in lymphoid cell suspensions stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is counteracted by adherent cells. The drug has no effect on the production of the macrophage product lymphocyte activating factor (LAF) and does not interfere with its potentiating activity. CB appears to inhibit agglutination of lymphocytes. Other factors (absence of serum, macrophages, mechanical disturbance of the cultures) diminishing the size of aggregates increase the response of lymphocytes. Responses to less agglutinating mitogens are less or not enhanced by CB. Factors increasing agglutination or/and cell contacts (high cell density, wheat germ agglutinin) diminish lymphocyte activation and make it susceptible to CB potentiating effect. The results suggest that topoinhibition (cell contact inhibition) is an important mechanism regulating the lymphocyte response to mitogens in culture. Its effect could be modulated by macrophages and certain serum factors, and CB would potentiate these responses by reducing contact inhibition.", "contents": "Regulation of lymphocyte responses in vitro. VII. - \"Cell contact inhibition\", a possible regulatory mechanism for lymphocyte activation. Potentiation by cytochalasin B (CB) of (3H)thymidine incorporation in lymphoid cell suspensions stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is counteracted by adherent cells. The drug has no effect on the production of the macrophage product lymphocyte activating factor (LAF) and does not interfere with its potentiating activity. CB appears to inhibit agglutination of lymphocytes. Other factors (absence of serum, macrophages, mechanical disturbance of the cultures) diminishing the size of aggregates increase the response of lymphocytes. Responses to less agglutinating mitogens are less or not enhanced by CB. Factors increasing agglutination or/and cell contacts (high cell density, wheat germ agglutinin) diminish lymphocyte activation and make it susceptible to CB potentiating effect. The results suggest that topoinhibition (cell contact inhibition) is an important mechanism regulating the lymphocyte response to mitogens in culture. Its effect could be modulated by macrophages and certain serum factors, and CB would potentiate these responses by reducing contact inhibition.", "PMID": 1190746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11892", "title": "Viral keratitis-inhibitory effect of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine 5'-monophosphate.", "content": "Topical application of 9-beta-d-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine 5'-monophosphate (ara-HxMP) significantly inhibited the development of keratitis induced by types 1 and 2 herpes simplex virus and vaccinia virus in the eyes of rabbits. Parameters for evaluation of efficacy were infectivity (corneal opacity, lesion size, and type), Draize (erythema, conjunctival swelling, and discharge), and reduction in titer of recoverable virus from the eye. When the relative efficacy of the related compounds 9-beta-d-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), ara-A 5'-monophosphate (ara-AMP), and ara-Hx was determined against type 1 herpes simplex virus in a parallel experiment, the more water-soluble compounds (ara-HxMP, ara-AMP) were the most effective. The relative efficacy of ara-A was also determined against type 2 herpes and vaccinia virus-induced keratitis. Mortality in rabbits due to central nervous system involvement caused by types 1 and 2 herpes simplex virus was inhibited. Ara-HxMP was not discernibly toxic to the eye at concentrations of at least 20%; efficacy was still discernible with a 0.1% solution.", "contents": "Viral keratitis-inhibitory effect of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine 5'-monophosphate. Topical application of 9-beta-d-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine 5'-monophosphate (ara-HxMP) significantly inhibited the development of keratitis induced by types 1 and 2 herpes simplex virus and vaccinia virus in the eyes of rabbits. Parameters for evaluation of efficacy were infectivity (corneal opacity, lesion size, and type), Draize (erythema, conjunctival swelling, and discharge), and reduction in titer of recoverable virus from the eye. When the relative efficacy of the related compounds 9-beta-d-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), ara-A 5'-monophosphate (ara-AMP), and ara-Hx was determined against type 1 herpes simplex virus in a parallel experiment, the more water-soluble compounds (ara-HxMP, ara-AMP) were the most effective. The relative efficacy of ara-A was also determined against type 2 herpes and vaccinia virus-induced keratitis. Mortality in rabbits due to central nervous system involvement caused by types 1 and 2 herpes simplex virus was inhibited. Ara-HxMP was not discernibly toxic to the eye at concentrations of at least 20%; efficacy was still discernible with a 0.1% solution.", "PMID": 1190753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11893", "title": "Inhibition of protein synthesis in intact HeLa cells.", "content": "Polysome analysis has proved to be a sensitive probe for the mode of action of inhibitors of protein synthesis in intact HeLa cells. To classify the active compounds as inhibitors of initiation, elongation, or termination, their effects on the cellular polyribosome pattern were compared under three conditions. These conditions tested (i) their direct effect on the polyribosome profile; (ii) their effect on ribosome run-off produced by hypertonicity; and (iii) their effects on recovery from hypertonicity. Using this technique, diacetoxyscirpenol, 2-(4-methyl-2,6-dinitroanilino)-N-methylpropionamide, and three alkaloids, harringtonine, isoharringtonine, and homoharringtonine, were found to be inhibitors of initiation. Polysome analysis indicated that in HeLa cells 7.8 x 10(-7) M pactamycin, which inhibited protein synthesis 94%, interfered with elongation as well as initiation under these conditions. Emetine, anisomycin, cycloheximide, and trichodermin each gave polysome patterns consistent with inhibition of elongation. Fusidic acid and aurintricarboxylic acid inhibited incorporation of [(14)C]leucine into intact HeLa cells, but polysome analysis did not localize any specific inhibitory effects to the initiation, elongation, or termination steps of protein synthesis. The use of specific inhibitors of initiation of protein synthesis has indicated that most, if not all, mammalian messenger ribonucleic acids contain a single initiation site.", "contents": "Inhibition of protein synthesis in intact HeLa cells. Polysome analysis has proved to be a sensitive probe for the mode of action of inhibitors of protein synthesis in intact HeLa cells. To classify the active compounds as inhibitors of initiation, elongation, or termination, their effects on the cellular polyribosome pattern were compared under three conditions. These conditions tested (i) their direct effect on the polyribosome profile; (ii) their effect on ribosome run-off produced by hypertonicity; and (iii) their effects on recovery from hypertonicity. Using this technique, diacetoxyscirpenol, 2-(4-methyl-2,6-dinitroanilino)-N-methylpropionamide, and three alkaloids, harringtonine, isoharringtonine, and homoharringtonine, were found to be inhibitors of initiation. Polysome analysis indicated that in HeLa cells 7.8 x 10(-7) M pactamycin, which inhibited protein synthesis 94%, interfered with elongation as well as initiation under these conditions. Emetine, anisomycin, cycloheximide, and trichodermin each gave polysome patterns consistent with inhibition of elongation. Fusidic acid and aurintricarboxylic acid inhibited incorporation of [(14)C]leucine into intact HeLa cells, but polysome analysis did not localize any specific inhibitory effects to the initiation, elongation, or termination steps of protein synthesis. The use of specific inhibitors of initiation of protein synthesis has indicated that most, if not all, mammalian messenger ribonucleic acids contain a single initiation site.", "PMID": 1190754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11894", "title": "Fluid and penicillin G dynamics in polyethylene chambers implanted subcutaneously in rabbits.", "content": "Chemical and cellular characteristics of fluid within subcutaneously implanted polyethylene chambers in rabbits were studied over a 3-month period. The fluid attained a relatively stable protein and cellular composition which was consistent with a mononuclear exudate. After a single dose of intramuscular penicillin G, the antibacterial activity of chamber fluid was found to be dynamic and similar to the serum antibacterial activity. This animal model may be useful for in vivo studies of the interaction of microorganisms with antimicrobial agents.", "contents": "Fluid and penicillin G dynamics in polyethylene chambers implanted subcutaneously in rabbits. Chemical and cellular characteristics of fluid within subcutaneously implanted polyethylene chambers in rabbits were studied over a 3-month period. The fluid attained a relatively stable protein and cellular composition which was consistent with a mononuclear exudate. After a single dose of intramuscular penicillin G, the antibacterial activity of chamber fluid was found to be dynamic and similar to the serum antibacterial activity. This animal model may be useful for in vivo studies of the interaction of microorganisms with antimicrobial agents.", "PMID": 1190755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11895", "title": "Response of yeast and mycelial phases of Histoplasma capsulatum to amphotericin B and actinomycin D.", "content": "The dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum exists in two phases: a unicellular yeast form at 37 C and a mycelium at 25 C. We have found that these two phases have selective drug susceptibilities. The mycelial form of H. capsulatum was much more susceptible to the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B than the yeast form; in contrast, the yeast form was more susceptible to the antibiotic actinomycin D. The changes in susceptibility occurred early in the transition between the two phases and permitted the transitions to be blocked by sublethal concentrations of the appropriate drugs.", "contents": "Response of yeast and mycelial phases of Histoplasma capsulatum to amphotericin B and actinomycin D. The dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum exists in two phases: a unicellular yeast form at 37 C and a mycelium at 25 C. We have found that these two phases have selective drug susceptibilities. The mycelial form of H. capsulatum was much more susceptible to the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B than the yeast form; in contrast, the yeast form was more susceptible to the antibiotic actinomycin D. The changes in susceptibility occurred early in the transition between the two phases and permitted the transitions to be blocked by sublethal concentrations of the appropriate drugs.", "PMID": 1190756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11896", "title": "Efficacy of the inactivation of bacterial spores in white petrolatum and a hydrophilic ointment by gamma irradiation.", "content": "To evaluate the possibilities of using gamma irradiation for the sterilization of ointments, the effect of irradiation on spores of Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus sphaericus in dry material and in two different kinds of ointments was studied. The results indicate that for sterilization purposes irradiation was less effective in white petrolatum as compared to irradiation in the dry state. No such protective effect was found in a hydrophilic ointment. Accordingly, the sterilization dose needed for the sterilization of an ointment can be decided upon only after inactivation experiments with suitable test organisms in the actual preparation.", "contents": "Efficacy of the inactivation of bacterial spores in white petrolatum and a hydrophilic ointment by gamma irradiation. To evaluate the possibilities of using gamma irradiation for the sterilization of ointments, the effect of irradiation on spores of Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus sphaericus in dry material and in two different kinds of ointments was studied. The results indicate that for sterilization purposes irradiation was less effective in white petrolatum as compared to irradiation in the dry state. No such protective effect was found in a hydrophilic ointment. Accordingly, the sterilization dose needed for the sterilization of an ointment can be decided upon only after inactivation experiments with suitable test organisms in the actual preparation.", "PMID": 1190757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11897", "title": "Toxigenic Aspergillus and Penicillium isolates from weevil-damaged chestnuts.", "content": "Aspergillus and Penicillium were among the most common genera of fungi isolated on malt-salt agar from weevil-damaged Chinese chestnut kernels (16.8 and 40.7% occurrence, respectively). Chloroform extracts of 21 of 50 Aspergillus isolates and 18 of 50 representative Penicillium isolates, grown for 4 weeks at 21.1 C on artificial medium, were toxic to day-old cockerels. Tweleve of the toxic Aspergillus isolates were identified as A. wentii, eight as A. flavus, and one as A. flavus var. columnaris. Nine of the toxic Penicillium isolates were identified as P. terrestre, three as P. steckii, two each as P. citrinum and P. funiculosum, and one each as P. herquei (Series) and P. roqueforti (Series). Acute diarrhea was associated with the toxicity of A. wentii and muscular tremors with the toxicity of P. terrestre, one isolate of P. steckii, and one of P. funiculosum.", "contents": "Toxigenic Aspergillus and Penicillium isolates from weevil-damaged chestnuts. Aspergillus and Penicillium were among the most common genera of fungi isolated on malt-salt agar from weevil-damaged Chinese chestnut kernels (16.8 and 40.7% occurrence, respectively). Chloroform extracts of 21 of 50 Aspergillus isolates and 18 of 50 representative Penicillium isolates, grown for 4 weeks at 21.1 C on artificial medium, were toxic to day-old cockerels. Tweleve of the toxic Aspergillus isolates were identified as A. wentii, eight as A. flavus, and one as A. flavus var. columnaris. Nine of the toxic Penicillium isolates were identified as P. terrestre, three as P. steckii, two each as P. citrinum and P. funiculosum, and one each as P. herquei (Series) and P. roqueforti (Series). Acute diarrhea was associated with the toxicity of A. wentii and muscular tremors with the toxicity of P. terrestre, one isolate of P. steckii, and one of P. funiculosum.", "PMID": 1190758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11898", "title": "Psychrophilic microorganisms from areas associated with the Viking spacecraft.", "content": "Microorganisms capable of growth at 7 C were enumerated and isolated from soil samples from the manufacture and assembly areas of the Viking spacecraft. Populations ranging from 4.2 X 10(3) to 7.7 X 10(6)/g of soil were isolated from the 15 soil samples examined. Temperature requirements were determined, and those growing at 3 C, but not at 32 C, were designated as obligate psychrophiles in this investigation. Populations of soil bacteria, including aerobic sporeformers, ranging from 1.5 X 10(2) to 9.8 X 10(5)/g were capable of growth at 3 C, but not at 32 C. Bacterial isolates were identified to major generic groups. No psychrophilic sporeformers were isolated from soil from the manufacture area, but psychrophilic sporeformers ranged from 0 to 6.1 X 10(3)/g from soil from the assembly area.", "contents": "Psychrophilic microorganisms from areas associated with the Viking spacecraft. Microorganisms capable of growth at 7 C were enumerated and isolated from soil samples from the manufacture and assembly areas of the Viking spacecraft. Populations ranging from 4.2 X 10(3) to 7.7 X 10(6)/g of soil were isolated from the 15 soil samples examined. Temperature requirements were determined, and those growing at 3 C, but not at 32 C, were designated as obligate psychrophiles in this investigation. Populations of soil bacteria, including aerobic sporeformers, ranging from 1.5 X 10(2) to 9.8 X 10(5)/g were capable of growth at 3 C, but not at 32 C. Bacterial isolates were identified to major generic groups. No psychrophilic sporeformers were isolated from soil from the manufacture area, but psychrophilic sporeformers ranged from 0 to 6.1 X 10(3)/g from soil from the assembly area.", "PMID": 1190759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11899", "title": "Methane production in shallow-water, tropical marine sediments.", "content": "The in situ production of methane was monitored in several types of tropical benthic communities. A bed of Thalassia testudinum located in Caesar Creek (Florida Keys) exhibited the highest methanogenic activity (initial rates = 1.81 to 1.86 mumol CH4/m2 per h) as compared with another seagrass (Syringodium sp., 0.15 to 0.33 mumol/m2 per h) and two coral reef environments (Hydro-Lab, 0.016 to 0.10 mumol/m2 per h; Curacao, 0.14 to 0.47 mumol/m2 per h). The results suggest that a wide variety of benthic metabolic processes (e.g., photosynthetic oxygen production) influences methane production rates.", "contents": "Methane production in shallow-water, tropical marine sediments. The in situ production of methane was monitored in several types of tropical benthic communities. A bed of Thalassia testudinum located in Caesar Creek (Florida Keys) exhibited the highest methanogenic activity (initial rates = 1.81 to 1.86 mumol CH4/m2 per h) as compared with another seagrass (Syringodium sp., 0.15 to 0.33 mumol/m2 per h) and two coral reef environments (Hydro-Lab, 0.016 to 0.10 mumol/m2 per h; Curacao, 0.14 to 0.47 mumol/m2 per h). The results suggest that a wide variety of benthic metabolic processes (e.g., photosynthetic oxygen production) influences methane production rates.", "PMID": 1190760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11900", "title": "Effect of microflora on the free amino acid distribution in various regions of the mouse gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "The distribution of free amino acids in the contents of various regions of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, upper small intestine, lower small intestine, cecum, upper colon and lower colon) was studied in germfree and conventionalized mice. Particular emphasis was placed on the conversion of tryptophan to indole as a probe for studying intermicrobial interactions and microbe-host interactions in vivo. Great differences were observed in the free amino acid content of the various regions of the digestive tract in each type of mouse and also in any one region between germfree and conventionalized mice. As would be expected, there were fewer differences in amino acid distribution between the types of mice in both regions of the small intestine. This correlates with a much lower population of microorganisms in these regions. The changes in free amino acid content and distribution produced by microflora are great enough to serve as a good probe for studying the interactions of a limited number of species of microbes in gnotobiotic animals and assign possible specific functions to each species.", "contents": "Effect of microflora on the free amino acid distribution in various regions of the mouse gastrointestinal tract. The distribution of free amino acids in the contents of various regions of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, upper small intestine, lower small intestine, cecum, upper colon and lower colon) was studied in germfree and conventionalized mice. Particular emphasis was placed on the conversion of tryptophan to indole as a probe for studying intermicrobial interactions and microbe-host interactions in vivo. Great differences were observed in the free amino acid content of the various regions of the digestive tract in each type of mouse and also in any one region between germfree and conventionalized mice. As would be expected, there were fewer differences in amino acid distribution between the types of mice in both regions of the small intestine. This correlates with a much lower population of microorganisms in these regions. The changes in free amino acid content and distribution produced by microflora are great enough to serve as a good probe for studying the interactions of a limited number of species of microbes in gnotobiotic animals and assign possible specific functions to each species.", "PMID": 1190761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11901", "title": "Heterotrophic activity of deep-sea sediment bacteria.", "content": "Sediment samples, containing mixed microbial populations that were decompressed during retrieval from 7,750 and 8,130 m in the Puerto Rican Trench, were recompressed and incubated at the approximate in situ temperature (3 C) and pressure (775 or 815 atm) in the presence of 14C-labeled amino acids. Heterotrophic activity (total uptake, CO2 respiration, and cellular assimilation) and cellular-associated \"pool\" concentrations were measured. Compared with atmospheric controls held at 3 C, the total uptake at elevated pressure at 3 C was reduced, on an average, 55 times, CO2 respiration was reduced 45 times, and cellular assimilation was reduced 69 times. Rate of total uptake at elevated pressure was found to range from 4.0 X 10(-11) mug/cell per h for leucine to 2.61 X 10(-10) mug/cell per h for an amino acid mixture. Also, the percentage of total uptake at elevated pressures, respired as CO2, increased at the expense of cellular assimilation (ca. 22% increase). Two cellular-associated amino acid pools were detected, a large, loosely bound, outer pool and a small, tightly bound internal pool. The loosely bound outer pool was removed by a change in the pH of the incubation medium. Even though heterotrophic uptake and the outer, cellular-associated pool were markedly reduced at an elevated pressure, the percentage of total uptake calculated for the unincorporated, tightly bound, intracellular pool was 2 to 19 times that obtained for cultures held at 1 atm. The results were interpreted as indicating that bacterial metabolism and biosynthesis in the deep sea are markedly reduced, with a greater proportion of metabolic activity devoted to cellular maintenance.", "contents": "Heterotrophic activity of deep-sea sediment bacteria. Sediment samples, containing mixed microbial populations that were decompressed during retrieval from 7,750 and 8,130 m in the Puerto Rican Trench, were recompressed and incubated at the approximate in situ temperature (3 C) and pressure (775 or 815 atm) in the presence of 14C-labeled amino acids. Heterotrophic activity (total uptake, CO2 respiration, and cellular assimilation) and cellular-associated \"pool\" concentrations were measured. Compared with atmospheric controls held at 3 C, the total uptake at elevated pressure at 3 C was reduced, on an average, 55 times, CO2 respiration was reduced 45 times, and cellular assimilation was reduced 69 times. Rate of total uptake at elevated pressure was found to range from 4.0 X 10(-11) mug/cell per h for leucine to 2.61 X 10(-10) mug/cell per h for an amino acid mixture. Also, the percentage of total uptake at elevated pressures, respired as CO2, increased at the expense of cellular assimilation (ca. 22% increase). Two cellular-associated amino acid pools were detected, a large, loosely bound, outer pool and a small, tightly bound internal pool. The loosely bound outer pool was removed by a change in the pH of the incubation medium. Even though heterotrophic uptake and the outer, cellular-associated pool were markedly reduced at an elevated pressure, the percentage of total uptake calculated for the unincorporated, tightly bound, intracellular pool was 2 to 19 times that obtained for cultures held at 1 atm. The results were interpreted as indicating that bacterial metabolism and biosynthesis in the deep sea are markedly reduced, with a greater proportion of metabolic activity devoted to cellular maintenance.", "PMID": 1190762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11902", "title": "Scanning electron microscope study of bacteria associated with the rumen epithelium of sheep.", "content": "Examination of the rumen epithelium of sheep by scanning electron microscopy revealed bacteria associated with the epithelial surface. Comparison of epithelial surfaces from 10 sheep revealed areas that were consistently densely covered with bacteria and other areas where the cover was consistently light. The bacterial populations were frequently of mixed morphological types, but areas populated with a single type were also observed. This finding, together with the discovery of bacterial forms not previously described in rumen contents, suggests that a specific flora may exist on the rumen epithelial surface. The functional significance of such a population is discussed.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope study of bacteria associated with the rumen epithelium of sheep. Examination of the rumen epithelium of sheep by scanning electron microscopy revealed bacteria associated with the epithelial surface. Comparison of epithelial surfaces from 10 sheep revealed areas that were consistently densely covered with bacteria and other areas where the cover was consistently light. The bacterial populations were frequently of mixed morphological types, but areas populated with a single type were also observed. This finding, together with the discovery of bacterial forms not previously described in rumen contents, suggests that a specific flora may exist on the rumen epithelial surface. The functional significance of such a population is discussed.", "PMID": 1190763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11903", "title": "Specificity of Ustilago maydis killer proteins.", "content": "Bacteria and fungi were tested for sensitivity to Ustilago maydis killer strains  carrying virus-like particles. Various species taxonomically related to U. maydis were sensitive.", "contents": "Specificity of Ustilago maydis killer proteins. Bacteria and fungi were tested for sensitivity to Ustilago maydis killer strains  carrying virus-like particles. Various species taxonomically related to U. maydis were sensitive.", "PMID": 1190764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11904", "title": "Staphylococcal enterotoxin C: solid-phase radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay test employing 125I-labeled enterotoxin C and polystyrene tubes coated with specific antibody was used for the detection and quantitation of entertoxin C in condensed milk, cheddar cheese, custard, and ham salad. The assay was sensitive to 1 to 10 ng of toxin per g of food; nonspecific inhibitions were 16% or less.", "contents": "Staphylococcal enterotoxin C: solid-phase radioimmunoassay. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay test employing 125I-labeled enterotoxin C and polystyrene tubes coated with specific antibody was used for the detection and quantitation of entertoxin C in condensed milk, cheddar cheese, custard, and ham salad. The assay was sensitive to 1 to 10 ng of toxin per g of food; nonspecific inhibitions were 16% or less.", "PMID": 1190765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11905", "title": "Factors affecting the production of sterigmatocystin in semisynthetic media.", "content": "Production of sterigmatocystin by Aspergillus versicolor was stimulated by inorganic phosphate when used in conjunction with citric acid cycle compounds.", "contents": "Factors affecting the production of sterigmatocystin in semisynthetic media. Production of sterigmatocystin by Aspergillus versicolor was stimulated by inorganic phosphate when used in conjunction with citric acid cycle compounds.", "PMID": 1190766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11906", "title": "Inhibition of methanogenesis in marine sediments by acetylene and ethylene: validity of the acetylene reduction assay for anaerobic microcosms.", "content": "Methanogenesis was irreversibly inhibited in sediments by concentrations of acetylene employed in nitrogen fixation assays (1 to 20%, vol/vol). Ethylene, but not ethane, also stopped methane production, and the inhibition was reversed by gassing with hydrogen.", "contents": "Inhibition of methanogenesis in marine sediments by acetylene and ethylene: validity of the acetylene reduction assay for anaerobic microcosms. Methanogenesis was irreversibly inhibited in sediments by concentrations of acetylene employed in nitrogen fixation assays (1 to 20%, vol/vol). Ethylene, but not ethane, also stopped methane production, and the inhibition was reversed by gassing with hydrogen.", "PMID": 1190767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11907", "title": "Bactericidal effect of hydrogen peroxide on spacecraft isolates.", "content": "Solutions of 3, 10, and 15% hydrogen peroxide were found to have pronounced bactericidal effects, as a function of time of exposure, on sporeformers and non-sporeformers isolated from spacecraft.", "contents": "Bactericidal effect of hydrogen peroxide on spacecraft isolates. Solutions of 3, 10, and 15% hydrogen peroxide were found to have pronounced bactericidal effects, as a function of time of exposure, on sporeformers and non-sporeformers isolated from spacecraft.", "PMID": 1190768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11908", "title": "Diagnostic accuracy in malignant melanoma.", "content": "The diagnostic accuracy and index of suspicion concerning malignant melanoma were calculated based on review of 5,538 histologically examined lesions (of which 99 were melanomas) that were recorded in the Oncology Section of the Skin and Cancer Unit from 1955 to 1967. The diagnostic accuracy of the physicians in the Section was determined to be 64.4%. Thus, in almost one of every three melanomas an error in clinical diagnosis was made. This \"batting average\" is, however, better than those of previously published reports. The index of suspicion in relation to malignant melanoma in our series was 96%. Thus, the physicians in the Oncology Section demonstrated an appropriate awareness of this tumor. However, coupled with a diagnostic accuracy of 64%, a problem nevertheless exists in the diagnosis of this serious cutaneous cancer. Our study emphasizes the importance of having histologic verification prior to definitive radical surgery on patients with malignant melanoma.", "contents": "Diagnostic accuracy in malignant melanoma. The diagnostic accuracy and index of suspicion concerning malignant melanoma were calculated based on review of 5,538 histologically examined lesions (of which 99 were melanomas) that were recorded in the Oncology Section of the Skin and Cancer Unit from 1955 to 1967. The diagnostic accuracy of the physicians in the Section was determined to be 64.4%. Thus, in almost one of every three melanomas an error in clinical diagnosis was made. This \"batting average\" is, however, better than those of previously published reports. The index of suspicion in relation to malignant melanoma in our series was 96%. Thus, the physicians in the Oncology Section demonstrated an appropriate awareness of this tumor. However, coupled with a diagnostic accuracy of 64%, a problem nevertheless exists in the diagnosis of this serious cutaneous cancer. Our study emphasizes the importance of having histologic verification prior to definitive radical surgery on patients with malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 1190800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11909", "title": "Effects of topical fluorouracil on normal skin.", "content": "Daily application of 1% fluorouracil cream to normal white skin results in definite morphologic alterations of the epidermis. Although clinical changes were not present, electron microscopic examination of the tissue demonstrates changes especially pronounced in the epidermal keratinocytes. These changes consist of cytoplasmic vacuoles, alterations in the mitochondria, Golgi complex, and endoplasmic reticulum, as well as widened extracellular spaces.", "contents": "Effects of topical fluorouracil on normal skin. Daily application of 1% fluorouracil cream to normal white skin results in definite morphologic alterations of the epidermis. Although clinical changes were not present, electron microscopic examination of the tissue demonstrates changes especially pronounced in the epidermal keratinocytes. These changes consist of cytoplasmic vacuoles, alterations in the mitochondria, Golgi complex, and endoplasmic reticulum, as well as widened extracellular spaces.", "PMID": 1190801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11910", "title": "Metronidazole therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis.", "content": "A man acquired cutaneous leishmaniasis in Afghanistan. The disease involved two sites and remained active for seven months. Treatment with metronidazole was followed by resolution of the skin lesions in one month.", "contents": "Metronidazole therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis. A man acquired cutaneous leishmaniasis in Afghanistan. The disease involved two sites and remained active for seven months. Treatment with metronidazole was followed by resolution of the skin lesions in one month.", "PMID": 1190802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11911", "title": "Small intestinal biopsy in cows milk protein allergy in infancy.", "content": "Intestinal biopsies were performed in 31 infants with cow's milk protein intolerance. Mucosal damage was constant, partial villous atrophy being the most usual finding. Though these changes are nonspecific, small intestinal biopsy can be a useful investigation in these patients. With a milk-free diet, recovery of normal mucosal appearence is reached between 3 and 13 months.", "contents": "Small intestinal biopsy in cows milk protein allergy in infancy. Intestinal biopsies were performed in 31 infants with cow's milk protein intolerance. Mucosal damage was constant, partial villous atrophy being the most usual finding. Though these changes are nonspecific, small intestinal biopsy can be a useful investigation in these patients. With a milk-free diet, recovery of normal mucosal appearence is reached between 3 and 13 months.", "PMID": 1190811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11912", "title": "Effect of lactose-induced diarrhoea on absorption of nitrogen and fat.", "content": "The absorption of fat and the absorption and retention of nitrogen were studied in 20 children with kwashiorkor. 13 of the 20 had lactose malabsorption and severe diarrhoea on milk feeds. Fat absorption was not affected by lactose-induced diarrhoea, but nitrogen absorption was impaired. Despite this, nitrogen retention was unaffected and it is concluded that milk and milk products would continue to be used in programmes to eliminate malnutrition.", "contents": "Effect of lactose-induced diarrhoea on absorption of nitrogen and fat. The absorption of fat and the absorption and retention of nitrogen were studied in 20 children with kwashiorkor. 13 of the 20 had lactose malabsorption and severe diarrhoea on milk feeds. Fat absorption was not affected by lactose-induced diarrhoea, but nitrogen absorption was impaired. Despite this, nitrogen retention was unaffected and it is concluded that milk and milk products would continue to be used in programmes to eliminate malnutrition.", "PMID": 1190812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11913", "title": "Poststreptococcal nephritis--a rare disease?.", "content": "Forty-three children presenting with acute nephritis were studied for evidence of preceeding steptococcal infection. They were compared with a group of control children of similar age. Two-thirds of those with nephritis gave a history of a preceeding respiratory infection (compared with one-third of the controls). A significant rise of antistreptolysin O tire occurred in only 16 children with nephritis and within this minority several did not show a fall of serum C3 level. It is probable that only one-third of the children with acute nephritis had poststreptoccoccal glomerulonephritis. Poststreptococcal glomerulo-nephritis is no longer the main cause of childhood acute nephritis in the Leeds area. There may be many different aetiological factors and this diversity calls for more rigorous investigations and a more guarded prognosis.", "contents": "Poststreptococcal nephritis--a rare disease?. Forty-three children presenting with acute nephritis were studied for evidence of preceeding steptococcal infection. They were compared with a group of control children of similar age. Two-thirds of those with nephritis gave a history of a preceeding respiratory infection (compared with one-third of the controls). A significant rise of antistreptolysin O tire occurred in only 16 children with nephritis and within this minority several did not show a fall of serum C3 level. It is probable that only one-third of the children with acute nephritis had poststreptoccoccal glomerulonephritis. Poststreptococcal glomerulo-nephritis is no longer the main cause of childhood acute nephritis in the Leeds area. There may be many different aetiological factors and this diversity calls for more rigorous investigations and a more guarded prognosis.", "PMID": 1190813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11914", "title": "Hypertension, oedema, and suppressed renin aldosterone system due to unsupervised salt administration.", "content": "This paper describes an infant with gastroenteritis, who developed hypertension and oedema after administration of inaccurately prepared oral glucose salt solution. The renin aldosterone system was suppressed in this child and it was suggested that this may be a factor in the development of hypernatraemia when abnormal water losses occur in infants fed on hyperosmolar feeds. Unless salt can be given accurately in small amounts it may be safer to advise feeds of glucose only in infants with mild diarrhoea.", "contents": "Hypertension, oedema, and suppressed renin aldosterone system due to unsupervised salt administration. This paper describes an infant with gastroenteritis, who developed hypertension and oedema after administration of inaccurately prepared oral glucose salt solution. The renin aldosterone system was suppressed in this child and it was suggested that this may be a factor in the development of hypernatraemia when abnormal water losses occur in infants fed on hyperosmolar feeds. Unless salt can be given accurately in small amounts it may be safer to advise feeds of glucose only in infants with mild diarrhoea.", "PMID": 1190814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11915", "title": "Thymic dysplasia, persistence of measles virus, and unexpected infant death.", "content": "A case of sudden infant death in an 18-month female infant is described which occurred 3 weeks after clinical recovery from a typical attack of measles. At post-mortem examination no obvious cause of death could be found apart from some terminal aspiration of vomit. Histologically, the thymus showed selective absence of Hassall's corpuscles with a normal number of cortical lymphocytes. There were many atypical lymphocytoid cells in the lymph nodes, spleen, and portal tracts, and measles virus was subsequently isolated from the lung and tonsil. There was a raised titre of complement fixing measles antibody (1/256).", "contents": "Thymic dysplasia, persistence of measles virus, and unexpected infant death. A case of sudden infant death in an 18-month female infant is described which occurred 3 weeks after clinical recovery from a typical attack of measles. At post-mortem examination no obvious cause of death could be found apart from some terminal aspiration of vomit. Histologically, the thymus showed selective absence of Hassall's corpuscles with a normal number of cortical lymphocytes. There were many atypical lymphocytoid cells in the lymph nodes, spleen, and portal tracts, and measles virus was subsequently isolated from the lung and tonsil. There was a raised titre of complement fixing measles antibody (1/256).", "PMID": 1190815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11916", "title": "Clinical significance of catecholamine excretion levels in diagnosis and treatment of neuroblastoma.", "content": "Bond, J.V. (1975). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 50, 691. Clinical significance of catecholamine excretion levels in diagnosis and treatment of neuroblastoma. The pattern of urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) was studied in 50 children with neuroblastoma. There were 10 disease-free survivors, and 4 children who survive for 3 or more years with residual nonmetastatic disease, 36 children died with widespread metastic disease. The urinary VMA level was raised at diagnosis in 8 of the 10 disease-free survivors but rapidly returned to normal after treatment. In 3 out of 4 children with residual tumour, VMA remains persistently raised. In 28 of the 36 children who died VMA was raised at diagnosis and remained so throughout the course of their disease. In the majority of the children with metastatic disease the finding of a raised VMA revealed the nature of the primary tumour. Measurement of urinary VMA is a simple diagnostic test which confirms the presence of neurblastoma and avoids the need for more complex investigations. The prompt return to normal levels in the disease-free survivors confirms the importance of serial VMA estimations in assessing response to treatment and ultimate prognosis. The other good prognostic features in the surviving patients were young age at diagnosis, primary tumour in the thorax, and histologically well-differentiated tumours which had not metastasized.", "contents": "Clinical significance of catecholamine excretion levels in diagnosis and treatment of neuroblastoma. Bond, J.V. (1975). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 50, 691. Clinical significance of catecholamine excretion levels in diagnosis and treatment of neuroblastoma. The pattern of urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) was studied in 50 children with neuroblastoma. There were 10 disease-free survivors, and 4 children who survive for 3 or more years with residual nonmetastatic disease, 36 children died with widespread metastic disease. The urinary VMA level was raised at diagnosis in 8 of the 10 disease-free survivors but rapidly returned to normal after treatment. In 3 out of 4 children with residual tumour, VMA remains persistently raised. In 28 of the 36 children who died VMA was raised at diagnosis and remained so throughout the course of their disease. In the majority of the children with metastatic disease the finding of a raised VMA revealed the nature of the primary tumour. Measurement of urinary VMA is a simple diagnostic test which confirms the presence of neurblastoma and avoids the need for more complex investigations. The prompt return to normal levels in the disease-free survivors confirms the importance of serial VMA estimations in assessing response to treatment and ultimate prognosis. The other good prognostic features in the surviving patients were young age at diagnosis, primary tumour in the thorax, and histologically well-differentiated tumours which had not metastasized.", "PMID": 1190818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11917", "title": "Perinatal cardiac arrest. Quality of the survivors.", "content": "Steiner, H., and Neligan, G. (1975). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 50, 696. Perinatal cardiac arrest: quality of the survivors. Twenty-two consecutive survivors of perinatal cardiac arrest have been followed to a mean age of 4 1/4 years, using methods of neurological and developmental assessment appropriate to their ages. 4 showed evidence of gross, diffuse brain-damage (2 of these died before the age of 3 years). These were the only 4 survivors of the first month of life who took more than 30 minutes to establish regular, active respiration after their heartbeat had been restored. The arrest in these cases had occurred during or within 15 minutes of delivery, and followed antepartum haemorrhage, breech delivery, or prolapsed cord. The remaining 18 were free of any evidence of brain damage. In the majority of these the arrest had occurred during shoulder dystocia or exchange transfusion, or was unexplained; the heartbeat had been restored within 5 minutes in most cases, and regular, active respiration had been established within 30 minutes thereafter in all cases.", "contents": "Perinatal cardiac arrest. Quality of the survivors. Steiner, H., and Neligan, G. (1975). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 50, 696. Perinatal cardiac arrest: quality of the survivors. Twenty-two consecutive survivors of perinatal cardiac arrest have been followed to a mean age of 4 1/4 years, using methods of neurological and developmental assessment appropriate to their ages. 4 showed evidence of gross, diffuse brain-damage (2 of these died before the age of 3 years). These were the only 4 survivors of the first month of life who took more than 30 minutes to establish regular, active respiration after their heartbeat had been restored. The arrest in these cases had occurred during or within 15 minutes of delivery, and followed antepartum haemorrhage, breech delivery, or prolapsed cord. The remaining 18 were free of any evidence of brain damage. In the majority of these the arrest had occurred during shoulder dystocia or exchange transfusion, or was unexplained; the heartbeat had been restored within 5 minutes in most cases, and regular, active respiration had been established within 30 minutes thereafter in all cases.", "PMID": 1190819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11918", "title": "Familial insulin-resistant diabetes, multiple somatic anomalies, and pineal hyperplasia.", "content": "West, R. J., Lloyd, J. K., and Turner, W. M. L. (1975). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 50, 703. Familial insulin-resistant diabetes, multiple somatic anomalies, and pineal hyperplasia. A syndrome comprising unusual facies, dry skin, acanthosis nigricans, thickened nails, hirsutism, dental precocity and dysplasia, abdominal protuberance, and phallic enlargement is described in 2 sibs. Both have developed diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin resistance. The elder child, a girl, had recurrent septic episodes and died at the age of 7-8 years. At necropsy the pineal gland was hyperplastic, weighing 900 mg. Investigation of the younger sib over a 4-year period has shown decreasing glucose tolerance, and he was frankly diabetic with ketoacidosis by the age of 6-8 years. Serum insulin concentrations have always been grossly raised. Though the mechanism for insulin resistance has not been definitely established, a functional abnormality of the hypothalamus or pituitary is postulated to explain the many endocrine features of the syndrome.", "contents": "Familial insulin-resistant diabetes, multiple somatic anomalies, and pineal hyperplasia. West, R. J., Lloyd, J. K., and Turner, W. M. L. (1975). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 50, 703. Familial insulin-resistant diabetes, multiple somatic anomalies, and pineal hyperplasia. A syndrome comprising unusual facies, dry skin, acanthosis nigricans, thickened nails, hirsutism, dental precocity and dysplasia, abdominal protuberance, and phallic enlargement is described in 2 sibs. Both have developed diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin resistance. The elder child, a girl, had recurrent septic episodes and died at the age of 7-8 years. At necropsy the pineal gland was hyperplastic, weighing 900 mg. Investigation of the younger sib over a 4-year period has shown decreasing glucose tolerance, and he was frankly diabetic with ketoacidosis by the age of 6-8 years. Serum insulin concentrations have always been grossly raised. Though the mechanism for insulin resistance has not been definitely established, a functional abnormality of the hypothalamus or pituitary is postulated to explain the many endocrine features of the syndrome.", "PMID": 1190820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11919", "title": "Effect of bronchodilators on respiratory resistance in infants and young children with bronchiolitis and wheezy bronchitis.", "content": "Rutter, N., Milner, A. D., and Hiller, E. J. (1975). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 50, 719. Effect of bronchodilators on respiratory resistance in infants and young children with bronchiolitis and wheezy bronchitis. Respiratory resistance was measured using a forced oscillation technique in 16 infants and young children with bronchiolitis and wheezy bronchitis. Measurements were made before and after administration of nebulized salbutamol or isoprenaline. No significant change in resistance was found.", "contents": "Effect of bronchodilators on respiratory resistance in infants and young children with bronchiolitis and wheezy bronchitis. Rutter, N., Milner, A. D., and Hiller, E. J. (1975). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 50, 719. Effect of bronchodilators on respiratory resistance in infants and young children with bronchiolitis and wheezy bronchitis. Respiratory resistance was measured using a forced oscillation technique in 16 infants and young children with bronchiolitis and wheezy bronchitis. Measurements were made before and after administration of nebulized salbutamol or isoprenaline. No significant change in resistance was found.", "PMID": 1190821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11920", "title": "Familial non-cystic fibrosis mucus inspissation of respiratory tract.", "content": "Perlman, M., Williams, J., Hirsch, M., and Bar-Ziv, J. (1975). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 50, 727. Familial non-cystic fibrosis mucus inspissation of respiratory tract. Two sibs, whose parents are first cousins, have had chronic obstructive airways disease from birth with recurrent otitis media, sinusitis, and mastoiditis. The disease, associated with clinically abnormal mucus, differs from other familial obstructive airways diseases and probably constitutes a new entity.", "contents": "Familial non-cystic fibrosis mucus inspissation of respiratory tract. Perlman, M., Williams, J., Hirsch, M., and Bar-Ziv, J. (1975). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 50, 727. Familial non-cystic fibrosis mucus inspissation of respiratory tract. Two sibs, whose parents are first cousins, have had chronic obstructive airways disease from birth with recurrent otitis media, sinusitis, and mastoiditis. The disease, associated with clinically abnormal mucus, differs from other familial obstructive airways diseases and probably constitutes a new entity.", "PMID": 1190822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11921", "title": "Plasma osmolality, sodium, and urea in healthy breast-fed and bottle-fed infants in Newcastle upon Tyne.", "content": "Dale, G., Goldfinch, M. E., Sibert, J. R., and Webb, J. K. G. (1975). Archives of Disease in childhood, 50, 731. Plasma osmolality, sodium, and urea in healthy breast-fed and bottle-fed infants in Newcastle upon Tyne. Plasma osmolality, sodium, and urea were measured on samples from 50 healthy infants, aged between 18 and 125 days, attending child health clinics in Newcastle upon Tyne. 3 infants had osmolalities greater than 300 mOsm/kg, a lower incidence of hyperosmolality than that previously reported. There was a difference (P less than 0-001) between the plasma urea levels of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants, but not between the osmolalities of these groups. The mean plasma urea of bottle-fed babies was 53 mg/100 ml (SD 12-47), 50-1 mg/100 ml (SD 10-9) if additional solids were being given, and 18-4 mg/100 ml (SD 7-81) for breast-fed babies. There was little difference between the plasma sodium levels of each group. The mean plasma sodium for all groups combined was 135-2 mmol/1 (SD 2-3); no plasma sodium exceeded 140 mmol/1.", "contents": "Plasma osmolality, sodium, and urea in healthy breast-fed and bottle-fed infants in Newcastle upon Tyne. Dale, G., Goldfinch, M. E., Sibert, J. R., and Webb, J. K. G. (1975). Archives of Disease in childhood, 50, 731. Plasma osmolality, sodium, and urea in healthy breast-fed and bottle-fed infants in Newcastle upon Tyne. Plasma osmolality, sodium, and urea were measured on samples from 50 healthy infants, aged between 18 and 125 days, attending child health clinics in Newcastle upon Tyne. 3 infants had osmolalities greater than 300 mOsm/kg, a lower incidence of hyperosmolality than that previously reported. There was a difference (P less than 0-001) between the plasma urea levels of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants, but not between the osmolalities of these groups. The mean plasma urea of bottle-fed babies was 53 mg/100 ml (SD 12-47), 50-1 mg/100 ml (SD 10-9) if additional solids were being given, and 18-4 mg/100 ml (SD 7-81) for breast-fed babies. There was little difference between the plasma sodium levels of each group. The mean plasma sodium for all groups combined was 135-2 mmol/1 (SD 2-3); no plasma sodium exceeded 140 mmol/1.", "PMID": 1190823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11922", "title": "Further in vitro studies on the biochemistry of the inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis induced by arsenic.", "content": "Human lymphocytes, stimulated by PHA, and exposed to increasing Na2HAsO4 concentrations, show an identical incorporation rate for 14C thymidine and 14C-TTP into the DNA. 14C uridine is incorporated 3--4 per cent less at an As concentration of 1.0 mug/ml medium, above this however approximately 15 per cent less into the RNA as compared to 14C-UTP. In free pyrimidine bases, the incorporation of labelled triphosphates into the DNA and RNA is significantly reduced above 1 mug and 10 mug Na2HAsO4. Corresponding to its approximately uniform distribution into DNA and RNA, the incorporation rate of 14C-ATP above 10 mug Na2HAsO4/ml culture medium lies between that of 14C-UTP and 14C-TTP. The incorporation of 14C alanine and 14C leucine into cellular protein is not reduced below 10 mug Na2HAsO4/ml. The incorporation rate is 41 per cent at a concentration of 100 mug Na2HAsO4/ml medium.  Compared to 14C-UTP, 14C-ATP and 14C-TTP it is increased by the factor of 1.8; 2.5 and 6.8 respectively. The inhibition of enzymes of the dark repair mechanisms and the synthesis of biopolymers together with their altered sequence and the involvement of long-lived messenger RNA serve as an explanation of the observed alterations of the lymphocyte metabolism, caused by arsenic.", "contents": "Further in vitro studies on the biochemistry of the inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis induced by arsenic. Human lymphocytes, stimulated by PHA, and exposed to increasing Na2HAsO4 concentrations, show an identical incorporation rate for 14C thymidine and 14C-TTP into the DNA. 14C uridine is incorporated 3--4 per cent less at an As concentration of 1.0 mug/ml medium, above this however approximately 15 per cent less into the RNA as compared to 14C-UTP. In free pyrimidine bases, the incorporation of labelled triphosphates into the DNA and RNA is significantly reduced above 1 mug and 10 mug Na2HAsO4. Corresponding to its approximately uniform distribution into DNA and RNA, the incorporation rate of 14C-ATP above 10 mug Na2HAsO4/ml culture medium lies between that of 14C-UTP and 14C-TTP. The incorporation of 14C alanine and 14C leucine into cellular protein is not reduced below 10 mug Na2HAsO4/ml. The incorporation rate is 41 per cent at a concentration of 100 mug Na2HAsO4/ml medium.  Compared to 14C-UTP, 14C-ATP and 14C-TTP it is increased by the factor of 1.8; 2.5 and 6.8 respectively. The inhibition of enzymes of the dark repair mechanisms and the synthesis of biopolymers together with their altered sequence and the involvement of long-lived messenger RNA serve as an explanation of the observed alterations of the lymphocyte metabolism, caused by arsenic.", "PMID": 1190828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11923", "title": "[Desmosomal structures in the cytoplasm of normal and abnormal keratinocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "The occurrence of intracytoplasmic desmosomes in normal, hyperplastic, and hyperkeratotic epithelia, in carcinoma-in-situ and in invasive carcinoma of the human oral cavity is demonstrated by electron microscopy. The mechanism for formation of these structures by invagination, separation and by intracytoplasmic incorporation of plasma membrane-desmosome-complexes are described in various oral epithelia, and other possible mechanisms are discussed. Intracytoplasmic desmosomes may occur in normal and pathological keratinocytes of all layers of the oral epithelium. Their ultrastructure in the peripheral cytoplasm is similar to that of the regular desmosomes on the cell surface. However, as they migrate centripetally, they show signs of degeneration, suggesting dissolution by lysosomal enzyme systems. Various surface membrane alterations involved in the formation of intracytoplasmic desmosomes may lead to a reduction of plasma membrane material and of desmosome structures and to defective intercellular adhesion. The intracytoplasmic incorporation of desmosome structures is a ubiquitous phenomenon exhibited by epithelial keratinocytes under certain physiological or pathological conditions.", "contents": "[Desmosomal structures in the cytoplasm of normal and abnormal keratinocytes (author's transl)]. The occurrence of intracytoplasmic desmosomes in normal, hyperplastic, and hyperkeratotic epithelia, in carcinoma-in-situ and in invasive carcinoma of the human oral cavity is demonstrated by electron microscopy. The mechanism for formation of these structures by invagination, separation and by intracytoplasmic incorporation of plasma membrane-desmosome-complexes are described in various oral epithelia, and other possible mechanisms are discussed. Intracytoplasmic desmosomes may occur in normal and pathological keratinocytes of all layers of the oral epithelium. Their ultrastructure in the peripheral cytoplasm is similar to that of the regular desmosomes on the cell surface. However, as they migrate centripetally, they show signs of degeneration, suggesting dissolution by lysosomal enzyme systems. Various surface membrane alterations involved in the formation of intracytoplasmic desmosomes may lead to a reduction of plasma membrane material and of desmosome structures and to defective intercellular adhesion. The intracytoplasmic incorporation of desmosome structures is a ubiquitous phenomenon exhibited by epithelial keratinocytes under certain physiological or pathological conditions.", "PMID": 1190829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11924", "title": "Photodermatoses induced by oral contraceptives.", "content": "The pathogenetic role of liver damage in photodermatoses induced by oral contraceptives was investigated. From among 121 cases with photodermatosis, it was in 4 cases of polymorphic light eruption-like dermatosis and in 2 cases of porphyria cutanea  tarda that a longterm use of antibaby pills preceded the development of skin disease. Physical and biochemical studies of the liver of the patients suggested that the hepatotoxicity of the estrogen component of oral contraceptives can play a role not only in the pathomechanism of porphyric cases, but also in that of cases occurring with the clinical picture of polymorphic light eruption.", "contents": "Photodermatoses induced by oral contraceptives. The pathogenetic role of liver damage in photodermatoses induced by oral contraceptives was investigated. From among 121 cases with photodermatosis, it was in 4 cases of polymorphic light eruption-like dermatosis and in 2 cases of porphyria cutanea  tarda that a longterm use of antibaby pills preceded the development of skin disease. Physical and biochemical studies of the liver of the patients suggested that the hepatotoxicity of the estrogen component of oral contraceptives can play a role not only in the pathomechanism of porphyric cases, but also in that of cases occurring with the clinical picture of polymorphic light eruption.", "PMID": 1190830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11925", "title": "In vitro evaluation of methotrexate and azathioprine for antipsoriatic activity.", "content": "The effects of methotrexate and azathioprine, two drugs used in antipsoriatic therapy, on oxygen consumption of surviving human skin and on enzymatic activities of human skin homogenates were investigated. In concentrations of 1 mM/1, both substances provoked a significant decrease in oxygen consumption of human skin; in this respect, there was practically no difference between methotrexate and azathioprine. In the enzyme assays, however, azathioprine was, by far, less effective than methotrexate. After an incubation of 120 min azathioprine (1mM/1) inhibited lactate and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities by about 10 per cent only, whereas the corresponding values with methotrexate amounted to 80 and 70 per cent, respectively. Methotrexate revealed an immediate inhibitory effect on pure glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase whereas azathioprine produced no changes in this mode. Furthermore, only methotrexate inhibited \"acid\" phosphatase activity of human skin homogenates.--These data sustain the theory that the better clinical efficacy of methotrexate in patients with psoriasis might be due to the more pronounced inhibition of important enzymes such as the enzymes of the pentose phosphate shunt.", "contents": "In vitro evaluation of methotrexate and azathioprine for antipsoriatic activity. The effects of methotrexate and azathioprine, two drugs used in antipsoriatic therapy, on oxygen consumption of surviving human skin and on enzymatic activities of human skin homogenates were investigated. In concentrations of 1 mM/1, both substances provoked a significant decrease in oxygen consumption of human skin; in this respect, there was practically no difference between methotrexate and azathioprine. In the enzyme assays, however, azathioprine was, by far, less effective than methotrexate. After an incubation of 120 min azathioprine (1mM/1) inhibited lactate and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities by about 10 per cent only, whereas the corresponding values with methotrexate amounted to 80 and 70 per cent, respectively. Methotrexate revealed an immediate inhibitory effect on pure glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase whereas azathioprine produced no changes in this mode. Furthermore, only methotrexate inhibited \"acid\" phosphatase activity of human skin homogenates.--These data sustain the theory that the better clinical efficacy of methotrexate in patients with psoriasis might be due to the more pronounced inhibition of important enzymes such as the enzymes of the pentose phosphate shunt.", "PMID": 1190831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11926", "title": "[Ultrastructure of nuclear bodies in connective tissue cells of psoriatic lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "Electron microscopic observations were made in 6 psoriatic lesions of the skin. All specimens showed an increased number of nuclear bodies containing glycogen and lipids in the nuclear plasma of connective tissue cells. The results indicate an activation of connective tissue cell metabolism. They are discussed in connection with previously described signs of the participation of mesenchymal tissue in the psoriatic skin reaction. The increased metabolism could be part of a \"nonspecific mesenchymal tissue reaction\".", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of nuclear bodies in connective tissue cells of psoriatic lesions (author's transl)]. Electron microscopic observations were made in 6 psoriatic lesions of the skin. All specimens showed an increased number of nuclear bodies containing glycogen and lipids in the nuclear plasma of connective tissue cells. The results indicate an activation of connective tissue cell metabolism. They are discussed in connection with previously described signs of the participation of mesenchymal tissue in the psoriatic skin reaction. The increased metabolism could be part of a \"nonspecific mesenchymal tissue reaction\".", "PMID": 1190832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11927", "title": "[Mitogenic activity of melanoma extracts in leucocyte cultures (author's transl)].", "content": "From a mixed cell suspension of five primary melanomas an aqueous sterile extract was made and added to homologue leucocyte cultures of eight melanoma patients and seven controls. The extract had a blastogenic and mitogenic effect in all cultures. There was no significant difference between the responses of patients and controls. In experiments with an equally prepared extract of normal skin, added to homologue leucocyte cultures of nine persons, none but one had a positive reaction. This indicates, that the motigenic principle of the melanoma extract is not related to the histocompatibility antigen nor caused by chemical or bacterial contamination of the primary cell suspensions. It seems to be derived from the cytoplasmic fraction of melanoma cells. Other experiments to solve the problem were impossible because of lack of material. There are several reports in the literature which by using different methods indicate, that there might be an immunological reaction to melanoma associated principles in healthy persons, too.", "contents": "[Mitogenic activity of melanoma extracts in leucocyte cultures (author's transl)]. From a mixed cell suspension of five primary melanomas an aqueous sterile extract was made and added to homologue leucocyte cultures of eight melanoma patients and seven controls. The extract had a blastogenic and mitogenic effect in all cultures. There was no significant difference between the responses of patients and controls. In experiments with an equally prepared extract of normal skin, added to homologue leucocyte cultures of nine persons, none but one had a positive reaction. This indicates, that the motigenic principle of the melanoma extract is not related to the histocompatibility antigen nor caused by chemical or bacterial contamination of the primary cell suspensions. It seems to be derived from the cytoplasmic fraction of melanoma cells. Other experiments to solve the problem were impossible because of lack of material. There are several reports in the literature which by using different methods indicate, that there might be an immunological reaction to melanoma associated principles in healthy persons, too.", "PMID": 1190833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11928", "title": "[Lamelate corpuscles in lymph nodes and their significance for metastasizing melanoma (author's transl)].", "content": "For the first time the occurrence of corpuscles of Vater-Pacini lacated in the hili of lymph nodes in patients with melanoma is described. As these corpuscles are pressure sensitive they participate in the regulation of blood and lymph flow inside the lymph node. By these means they may influence secondary deposition of melanoma cells.", "contents": "[Lamelate corpuscles in lymph nodes and their significance for metastasizing melanoma (author's transl)]. For the first time the occurrence of corpuscles of Vater-Pacini lacated in the hili of lymph nodes in patients with melanoma is described. As these corpuscles are pressure sensitive they participate in the regulation of blood and lymph flow inside the lymph node. By these means they may influence secondary deposition of melanoma cells.", "PMID": 1190834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11929", "title": "[Fluorescence histochemical and microfluorometrical investigations of pigmentary tumors of the skin (author's transl)].", "content": "Junction nevus, dermal nevus, melanosis circumscripta praecancerosa Dubreuilh, superficial spreading melanoma, and nodular melanoma were investigated and characterized by use of the formalin induced fluorescence method (FIF). In the vicinity of junctional nevus cell clusters and near tumor cells of the superficial spreading melanoma increased numbers of melanocytes are found. These show different types of dendritic branching. Spherical nevus cells however are completely devoid of dendritic processes. On the other hand, the atypical pigment cells in melanosis circumscripta praecancerosa Dubreuilh exhibit a shape similar to that of melanocytes, whereas the globular cells of superficial spreading melanoma have the appearance of nevus cells. The arrangement of nodular melanoma cells resembles that observed in dermal nevus. However the characteristic decrease in fluorescence intensity from epidermal junction to deeper dermis as observed in the dermal nevus was missed in nodular melanomas. Dendritic pigment cells displaying formalin induced fluorescence (FIF) could be demonstrated in all types of malignant melanomas investigated in the present study. The fluorophores of the pigment lesions are characterized microspectrofluorimetrically by (1) ill-defined emission maxima between 470 and 490 nm and (2) a clear-cut excitation maximum at 430 nm accompanied by a lower one at 320 nm. Hydrochloric acid vapor induces a hyposochromic shift of the 430 nm excitation maximum to 370-380 nm and a marked elevation of the 320 nm maximum. These results indicate fluorophores of DOPA and its derivatives; in this respect there are no marked differences between melanocytes, nevus cells and the cells of malignant melanoma.", "contents": "[Fluorescence histochemical and microfluorometrical investigations of pigmentary tumors of the skin (author's transl)]. Junction nevus, dermal nevus, melanosis circumscripta praecancerosa Dubreuilh, superficial spreading melanoma, and nodular melanoma were investigated and characterized by use of the formalin induced fluorescence method (FIF). In the vicinity of junctional nevus cell clusters and near tumor cells of the superficial spreading melanoma increased numbers of melanocytes are found. These show different types of dendritic branching. Spherical nevus cells however are completely devoid of dendritic processes. On the other hand, the atypical pigment cells in melanosis circumscripta praecancerosa Dubreuilh exhibit a shape similar to that of melanocytes, whereas the globular cells of superficial spreading melanoma have the appearance of nevus cells. The arrangement of nodular melanoma cells resembles that observed in dermal nevus. However the characteristic decrease in fluorescence intensity from epidermal junction to deeper dermis as observed in the dermal nevus was missed in nodular melanomas. Dendritic pigment cells displaying formalin induced fluorescence (FIF) could be demonstrated in all types of malignant melanomas investigated in the present study. The fluorophores of the pigment lesions are characterized microspectrofluorimetrically by (1) ill-defined emission maxima between 470 and 490 nm and (2) a clear-cut excitation maximum at 430 nm accompanied by a lower one at 320 nm. Hydrochloric acid vapor induces a hyposochromic shift of the 430 nm excitation maximum to 370-380 nm and a marked elevation of the 320 nm maximum. These results indicate fluorophores of DOPA and its derivatives; in this respect there are no marked differences between melanocytes, nevus cells and the cells of malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 1190835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11930", "title": "Biochemical and physiological particularities on the skin surface of diabetics.", "content": "Biochemical and physiological examinations were carried out on the skin surface of the following groups: on 16 newly diagnosed diabetics; on 26 diabetics receiving treatment; and on 2 control groups of 16 and 26 healthy persons respectively of corresponding age and sex. The tests on the surface of the skin of the newly diagnosed diabetics when compared with the corresponding control group show the following significant results: 1. An increase in the percentage of free cholesterol in the lipids of the skin's surface possibly as a result of an increased cell turnover in the epidermis. 2. An increase in the free fatty acid concentration to the disadvantage of the triglycerides in the lipids of the skin's surface as an expression of an improved bacterial lipolysis. 3. A decrease in the reducing substances as confirmed by the phenol-sulfuric acid method in the so called water solubles. 4. An increase in the amino acids as confirmed by the ninhydrin method in the so called water solubles. All the above mentioned changes were more pronounced in the newly diagnosed diabetics than in those already receiving treatment; it can be seen that these changes can partly be normalised under diabetic therapy.", "contents": "Biochemical and physiological particularities on the skin surface of diabetics. Biochemical and physiological examinations were carried out on the skin surface of the following groups: on 16 newly diagnosed diabetics; on 26 diabetics receiving treatment; and on 2 control groups of 16 and 26 healthy persons respectively of corresponding age and sex. The tests on the surface of the skin of the newly diagnosed diabetics when compared with the corresponding control group show the following significant results: 1. An increase in the percentage of free cholesterol in the lipids of the skin's surface possibly as a result of an increased cell turnover in the epidermis. 2. An increase in the free fatty acid concentration to the disadvantage of the triglycerides in the lipids of the skin's surface as an expression of an improved bacterial lipolysis. 3. A decrease in the reducing substances as confirmed by the phenol-sulfuric acid method in the so called water solubles. 4. An increase in the amino acids as confirmed by the ninhydrin method in the so called water solubles. All the above mentioned changes were more pronounced in the newly diagnosed diabetics than in those already receiving treatment; it can be seen that these changes can partly be normalised under diabetic therapy.", "PMID": 1190836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11931", "title": "The measurement of corticosteroid induced dermal atrophy by a radiological method.", "content": "Dermal atrophy due to the application of Clobetasolpropionate has been detected and measured by an X-ray method after four weeks topical application to the forearm. This effect was found to have recovered when the subjects were re X-rayed eight weeks after they had stopped using the steroid preparation.", "contents": "The measurement of corticosteroid induced dermal atrophy by a radiological method. Dermal atrophy due to the application of Clobetasolpropionate has been detected and measured by an X-ray method after four weeks topical application to the forearm. This effect was found to have recovered when the subjects were re X-rayed eight weeks after they had stopped using the steroid preparation.", "PMID": 1190837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11932", "title": "Exposure of apple thinners to parathion residues.", "content": "In studies of potential exposure of a volunteer working under controlled conditions during apple hand-thinning operations at 1, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168, and 240 hr after application of conventional 0.03% parathion spray, both dermal and respiratory exposure values were greater where water-wettable powder formulations were used than where emulsifiables were used. Residue levels of parathion on leaves from the two types of applications were about the same. Only trace amounts of paraoxon could be detected at one and seven days after application. Highest exposure values (14.2 mg/hr dermally and 0.15 mg/hr respiratorily) were obtained within 24 hr of application. Exposure was considerably less after residues were 72 hr old. Greatest exposure was on the forearms and hands. Urinary p-nitrophenol excretion indicated slightly more absorption following exposure in water-wettable powder experimental plots. Potential exposure values indicate that absorption could reach hazardous levels after one or two hr of work, even at the 96-hr residue period, if all the pesticide were absorbed. Considering that only a small fraction of the total amount would be absorbed, it is calculated that at 75-hr residue period poisoning should not occur. There was no significant change in blood cholinesterase activity of the volunteer worker. Variation in spray deposit within an orchard due to poor tank mixing did not appear to be great enough to be considered an important factor affecting exposure.", "contents": "Exposure of apple thinners to parathion residues. In studies of potential exposure of a volunteer working under controlled conditions during apple hand-thinning operations at 1, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168, and 240 hr after application of conventional 0.03% parathion spray, both dermal and respiratory exposure values were greater where water-wettable powder formulations were used than where emulsifiables were used. Residue levels of parathion on leaves from the two types of applications were about the same. Only trace amounts of paraoxon could be detected at one and seven days after application. Highest exposure values (14.2 mg/hr dermally and 0.15 mg/hr respiratorily) were obtained within 24 hr of application. Exposure was considerably less after residues were 72 hr old. Greatest exposure was on the forearms and hands. Urinary p-nitrophenol excretion indicated slightly more absorption following exposure in water-wettable powder experimental plots. Potential exposure values indicate that absorption could reach hazardous levels after one or two hr of work, even at the 96-hr residue period, if all the pesticide were absorbed. Considering that only a small fraction of the total amount would be absorbed, it is calculated that at 75-hr residue period poisoning should not occur. There was no significant change in blood cholinesterase activity of the volunteer worker. Variation in spray deposit within an orchard due to poor tank mixing did not appear to be great enough to be considered an important factor affecting exposure.", "PMID": 1190838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11933", "title": "Metabolism of terbacil in orange seedlings.", "content": "Orange seedlings were cultured in aqueous solutions of 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil and terbacil-2-14C). Radioactivity was distributed throughout the plant with the largest amount in the roots and the smallest amount in the leaves. Terbacil was metabolized to form 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-hydroxymethyl uracil, which was conjugated to form a beta-glucoside as the conjugate was hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidase. Identification of the metabolite was made by infrared and mass spectrometry after isolation and purification by column and thin layer chromatography. An additional unidentified water-soluble material was accumulated in the plant. 5-chloro-uracil was not detected as a metabolite of terbacil.", "contents": "Metabolism of terbacil in orange seedlings. Orange seedlings were cultured in aqueous solutions of 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil and terbacil-2-14C). Radioactivity was distributed throughout the plant with the largest amount in the roots and the smallest amount in the leaves. Terbacil was metabolized to form 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-hydroxymethyl uracil, which was conjugated to form a beta-glucoside as the conjugate was hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidase. Identification of the metabolite was made by infrared and mass spectrometry after isolation and purification by column and thin layer chromatography. An additional unidentified water-soluble material was accumulated in the plant. 5-chloro-uracil was not detected as a metabolite of terbacil.", "PMID": 1190839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11934", "title": "Concentration of mercury in animal products and soils of North Dakota.", "content": "Total mercury (Hg) was determined in milk, eggs, beef, pork, human head hair, soil and water obtained from four geographical areas of North Dakota. The sampling areas were selected on the basis of differences in prevalent agricultural practices, climate and topography. Statewide average Hg concentrations in ppb were milk, 0.8; eggs, 12; beef muscle, 5; beef liver, 10; pork muscle, 11; pork liver, 15; head hair, 1708; soil, 30; rainwater and well water, less than one. There were no significant differences observed among areas in Hg content of any substance sampled except beef muscle. Beef muscle obtained from areas 2 and 4 contained significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) higher levels of Hg than beef muscle from the other two areas. However, the magnitudes of differences were small (4 to 6 ppb). Considerable variation among individual beef and swine were noted but only six beef of 453 sampled and three swine of 156 sampled had tissue Hg exceeding 50 ppb. Appreciable variation was observed in Hg in eggs with respect to farms within an area, eggs from the same farm, and sampling times within a year. Few eggs sampled contained more than 50 ppb. Significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) higher levels of Hg were found in head hair of women as compared with men and relatively large differences among individuals were observed. Average Hg in hair was generally low irrespective of sex of donor or area of the state as compared with data given in the literature. Soil Hg levels were consistently low in all areas of the state, and no relationship between cropping practices and soil Hg was detected.", "contents": "Concentration of mercury in animal products and soils of North Dakota. Total mercury (Hg) was determined in milk, eggs, beef, pork, human head hair, soil and water obtained from four geographical areas of North Dakota. The sampling areas were selected on the basis of differences in prevalent agricultural practices, climate and topography. Statewide average Hg concentrations in ppb were milk, 0.8; eggs, 12; beef muscle, 5; beef liver, 10; pork muscle, 11; pork liver, 15; head hair, 1708; soil, 30; rainwater and well water, less than one. There were no significant differences observed among areas in Hg content of any substance sampled except beef muscle. Beef muscle obtained from areas 2 and 4 contained significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) higher levels of Hg than beef muscle from the other two areas. However, the magnitudes of differences were small (4 to 6 ppb). Considerable variation among individual beef and swine were noted but only six beef of 453 sampled and three swine of 156 sampled had tissue Hg exceeding 50 ppb. Appreciable variation was observed in Hg in eggs with respect to farms within an area, eggs from the same farm, and sampling times within a year. Few eggs sampled contained more than 50 ppb. Significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) higher levels of Hg were found in head hair of women as compared with men and relatively large differences among individuals were observed. Average Hg in hair was generally low irrespective of sex of donor or area of the state as compared with data given in the literature. Soil Hg levels were consistently low in all areas of the state, and no relationship between cropping practices and soil Hg was detected.", "PMID": 1190840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11935", "title": "Establishment of reentry intervals for organophosphate-treated cotton fields based on human data: III. 12 To 72 hours post-treatment exposure to monocrotophos, ethyl- and methyl parathion.", "content": "Five human volunteers entered methyl parathion, ethyl parathion, or monocrotophos treated cotton fields for five-hr exposure periods when the residues of the respective pesticides had aged 12 hr, 24 and 48 hr and 72 hr. Foliage residues of methyl parathion disappeared fastest, those of monocrotophos slowest. Personal exposure to pesticide was evaluated from contamination of skin, clothing, and ambient air, while actual absorption of chemical was assessed from pesticide concentration in blood, urinary metabolite excretion, and effects on blood cholinesterase activities. There was good correspondence between magnitudes of foliar residue, estimates of personal contamination, and measures of chemical absorption. Field exposures caused no symptoms or clinical signs of organophosphate poisoning and depressed averaged blood cholinesterase activities by no more than 14% of pre-exposure levels.", "contents": "Establishment of reentry intervals for organophosphate-treated cotton fields based on human data: III. 12 To 72 hours post-treatment exposure to monocrotophos, ethyl- and methyl parathion. Five human volunteers entered methyl parathion, ethyl parathion, or monocrotophos treated cotton fields for five-hr exposure periods when the residues of the respective pesticides had aged 12 hr, 24 and 48 hr and 72 hr. Foliage residues of methyl parathion disappeared fastest, those of monocrotophos slowest. Personal exposure to pesticide was evaluated from contamination of skin, clothing, and ambient air, while actual absorption of chemical was assessed from pesticide concentration in blood, urinary metabolite excretion, and effects on blood cholinesterase activities. There was good correspondence between magnitudes of foliar residue, estimates of personal contamination, and measures of chemical absorption. Field exposures caused no symptoms or clinical signs of organophosphate poisoning and depressed averaged blood cholinesterase activities by no more than 14% of pre-exposure levels.", "PMID": 1190841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11936", "title": "The distribution of tracer doses of cadmium in the normal rat.", "content": "The distribution and excretion of a single tracer dose of cadmium-109 given intravenously to rats were studied in a 60-day time course experiment. The organs that accumulated the most cadmium were the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Initial high plasma levels decreased rapidly, and most of the cadmium that remained in the blood after 24 hr was found in the red cells. In most organs and tissues a level was reached within 24 hr at which the cadmium concentration remained relatively stable. Kidney was a marked exception because the amount of cadmium found in that organ increased progressively. Excretion of cadmium was found to be predominantly via the feces. Twenty-five to 28% of the dose was excreted by that route in 60 days, the most rapid phase occurring during the first three days. Less than 0.15% of the dose was excreted via the urine.", "contents": "The distribution of tracer doses of cadmium in the normal rat. The distribution and excretion of a single tracer dose of cadmium-109 given intravenously to rats were studied in a 60-day time course experiment. The organs that accumulated the most cadmium were the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Initial high plasma levels decreased rapidly, and most of the cadmium that remained in the blood after 24 hr was found in the red cells. In most organs and tissues a level was reached within 24 hr at which the cadmium concentration remained relatively stable. Kidney was a marked exception because the amount of cadmium found in that organ increased progressively. Excretion of cadmium was found to be predominantly via the feces. Twenty-five to 28% of the dose was excreted by that route in 60 days, the most rapid phase occurring during the first three days. Less than 0.15% of the dose was excreted via the urine.", "PMID": 1190842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11937", "title": "An investigation of the safety of cotton reentry after organophosphate application.", "content": "Twelve cotton insect scouts were monitored during an entire pesticide application season by weekly determinations of para-nitrophenol excretion and biweekly cholinesterase measurements. These data were compared to weekly reentry intervals and pesticide application rates to study the validity of a 48-hr minimum reentry interval for methyl parathion-treated cotton. Methyl parathion represented 54.2% of the total amount of pesticide used with toxaphene 35.3%, ethyl parathion 4.1%, and other 6.4%. A significant decrease in erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterase was observed during initial exposure but during peak exposure the cholinesterase levels had returned to normal. The maximum mean amount of methyl and ethyl parathion absorbed by calculation from PNP excretion was 0.95 mg/24hr (n = 12). Twelve percent of all reentries were within two days and during one week 48% occurred during the first two days after pesticide application.", "contents": "An investigation of the safety of cotton reentry after organophosphate application. Twelve cotton insect scouts were monitored during an entire pesticide application season by weekly determinations of para-nitrophenol excretion and biweekly cholinesterase measurements. These data were compared to weekly reentry intervals and pesticide application rates to study the validity of a 48-hr minimum reentry interval for methyl parathion-treated cotton. Methyl parathion represented 54.2% of the total amount of pesticide used with toxaphene 35.3%, ethyl parathion 4.1%, and other 6.4%. A significant decrease in erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterase was observed during initial exposure but during peak exposure the cholinesterase levels had returned to normal. The maximum mean amount of methyl and ethyl parathion absorbed by calculation from PNP excretion was 0.95 mg/24hr (n = 12). Twelve percent of all reentries were within two days and during one week 48% occurred during the first two days after pesticide application.", "PMID": 1190843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11938", "title": "Dislodgeable azinphosmethyl residues from air blast spraying of apple foliage in Ohio.", "content": "The distribution and decay rates of dislodgeable residues of azinphosmethyl applied by two types of air blast sprayers on apple foliage in Ohio were investigated. Leaf discs were taken from nine sites located on the periphery of Cortland apple trees at five dates after spraying. The sprayer delivering the higher airflow rate, but lower velocity, deposited the pesticide much more uniformly over the trees and applied more in the top of the tree. The other sprayer deposited the greatest proportion of pesticide on the site nearest the sprayer. The residue decreased at all sites and ranged from 42 to near 100% decrease at 14 days after spraying.", "contents": "Dislodgeable azinphosmethyl residues from air blast spraying of apple foliage in Ohio. The distribution and decay rates of dislodgeable residues of azinphosmethyl applied by two types of air blast sprayers on apple foliage in Ohio were investigated. Leaf discs were taken from nine sites located on the periphery of Cortland apple trees at five dates after spraying. The sprayer delivering the higher airflow rate, but lower velocity, deposited the pesticide much more uniformly over the trees and applied more in the top of the tree. The other sprayer deposited the greatest proportion of pesticide on the site nearest the sprayer. The residue decreased at all sites and ranged from 42 to near 100% decrease at 14 days after spraying.", "PMID": 1190844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11939", "title": "Influence of humidity and rain on uptake and metabolism of 14C-azinphos-methyl in bean plants.", "content": "In several experiments the influence of relative humidity and rain on uptake and metabolism of carbonyl-14C-azinphos-methyl was examined in bean plants under the following environmental conditions: Growth room with 35/80%, 65/85% and 95/95% (day/night) relative humidity and open field with and without rain. Increasing relative humidity had an enhancing effect on the rate of uptake and metabolism. A higher portion of water-soluble compounds was found in the bean tissue, although the azinphos-methyl itself is relatively non-polar. Low relative humidity and possible dry periods in summer will reduce the uptake and will leave the azinphos-methyl relatively persistent on the leaf surface. Rain or spray irrigation easily removed azinphos-methyl from the leaves. The rate of this removal seemed to depend on the intensity and time of rainfall after application. However, repeated wettings by rain may simultaneously stimulate uptake and metabolism of azinphos-methyl by the leaves.", "contents": "Influence of humidity and rain on uptake and metabolism of 14C-azinphos-methyl in bean plants. In several experiments the influence of relative humidity and rain on uptake and metabolism of carbonyl-14C-azinphos-methyl was examined in bean plants under the following environmental conditions: Growth room with 35/80%, 65/85% and 95/95% (day/night) relative humidity and open field with and without rain. Increasing relative humidity had an enhancing effect on the rate of uptake and metabolism. A higher portion of water-soluble compounds was found in the bean tissue, although the azinphos-methyl itself is relatively non-polar. Low relative humidity and possible dry periods in summer will reduce the uptake and will leave the azinphos-methyl relatively persistent on the leaf surface. Rain or spray irrigation easily removed azinphos-methyl from the leaves. The rate of this removal seemed to depend on the intensity and time of rainfall after application. However, repeated wettings by rain may simultaneously stimulate uptake and metabolism of azinphos-methyl by the leaves.", "PMID": 1190845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11940", "title": "Seasonal effects of leached mirex on selected estuarine animals.", "content": "Four 28-day seasonal experiments were conducted using selected estuarine animals in outdoor tanks that received continuous flow of mirex-laden water. Mirex (dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta [cd] pentalene) leached from fire ant bait (0.3% mirex) by fresh water and then mixed with salt water was toxic to blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), and grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) but not to sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), at concentrations less than 0.53 mug/L in water. The amount of leaching was greatest in summer and least in spring. Greatest mortality occurred in summer at the highest water temperature and concentration of mirex; least mortality occurred in spring at the next to the lowest temperature and at the lowest concentration. Earliest deaths of blue crabs occurred after six days of exposure and shrimps after two days. Small juvenile crabs were more sensitive to leached mirex than were large juveniles. Mirex did not appear to affect growth or frequency of molting in crabs. All exposed animals concentrated mirex. Among animals that survived for 28 days, sheepshead minnows concentrated mirex 40,800X above the concentration in the water, blue crabs 2,300X, pink shrimp 10,000X, and grass shrimp 10,800X. Sand substrata contained mirex up to 770X that in the water. Most control and exposed animals in samples examined histologically had normal tissues, but alteration in gills of some exposed fish and natural pathogens in some exposed and control crabs and shrimp were observed. The experiments demonstrated that mirex can be leached from bait by fresh water, concentrated by estuarine organisms, and can be toxic to crabs and shrimps.", "contents": "Seasonal effects of leached mirex on selected estuarine animals. Four 28-day seasonal experiments were conducted using selected estuarine animals in outdoor tanks that received continuous flow of mirex-laden water. Mirex (dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta [cd] pentalene) leached from fire ant bait (0.3% mirex) by fresh water and then mixed with salt water was toxic to blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), and grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) but not to sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), at concentrations less than 0.53 mug/L in water. The amount of leaching was greatest in summer and least in spring. Greatest mortality occurred in summer at the highest water temperature and concentration of mirex; least mortality occurred in spring at the next to the lowest temperature and at the lowest concentration. Earliest deaths of blue crabs occurred after six days of exposure and shrimps after two days. Small juvenile crabs were more sensitive to leached mirex than were large juveniles. Mirex did not appear to affect growth or frequency of molting in crabs. All exposed animals concentrated mirex. Among animals that survived for 28 days, sheepshead minnows concentrated mirex 40,800X above the concentration in the water, blue crabs 2,300X, pink shrimp 10,000X, and grass shrimp 10,800X. Sand substrata contained mirex up to 770X that in the water. Most control and exposed animals in samples examined histologically had normal tissues, but alteration in gills of some exposed fish and natural pathogens in some exposed and control crabs and shrimp were observed. The experiments demonstrated that mirex can be leached from bait by fresh water, concentrated by estuarine organisms, and can be toxic to crabs and shrimps.", "PMID": 1190846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11941", "title": "Some new evidence on human joint lubrication.", "content": "Theoretical consideration has been given to the use of pendulum machines which are used to examine the frictional properties of human joints by incorporating them as fulcra. As a result, a new type of pendulum machine has been built which incorporates the facility to apply sudden loads to the joint on starting the swinging motion, and also the ability to measure directly the frictional torque experienced by the joint. The results obtained from natural hip joints indicate the presence of squeeze film lubrication under conditions of sudden loading of a joint. In addition, a self-generated fluid film process was observed at low loads while at higher loads boundary lubrication appeared to be important. These results have been used to describe the lubrication regimens occurring in a normal activity such as walking. A single experiment carried out on a hip from a patient suffering from severe rheumatoid arthritis has also been reported and the frictional resistance was seen to be increased fifteenfold compared to a normal hip.", "contents": "Some new evidence on human joint lubrication. Theoretical consideration has been given to the use of pendulum machines which are used to examine the frictional properties of human joints by incorporating them as fulcra. As a result, a new type of pendulum machine has been built which incorporates the facility to apply sudden loads to the joint on starting the swinging motion, and also the ability to measure directly the frictional torque experienced by the joint. The results obtained from natural hip joints indicate the presence of squeeze film lubrication under conditions of sudden loading of a joint. In addition, a self-generated fluid film process was observed at low loads while at higher loads boundary lubrication appeared to be important. These results have been used to describe the lubrication regimens occurring in a normal activity such as walking. A single experiment carried out on a hip from a patient suffering from severe rheumatoid arthritis has also been reported and the frictional resistance was seen to be increased fifteenfold compared to a normal hip.", "PMID": 1190847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11942", "title": "Quantitative study of stiffness in the knee joint.", "content": "Data from a knee arthrograph, which imparts a passive sinusoidal motion to the joint and measures the resistive torque and displacement, have been shown to be reproducible. Tests carried out on joints (from 49 males, 21 females) showed that the energy loss per cycle of the joint increased with age for both sexes but the peak to peak torque (elastic stiffness) did not vary with age. Muscle bulk had a large influence on the stiffness (both dissipative and elastic) of the knee as did the size of the joint itself. Women's knee joints exhibited lower values of dissipative energy loss and peak to peak torque than men's for all ages and sizes of joints.", "contents": "Quantitative study of stiffness in the knee joint. Data from a knee arthrograph, which imparts a passive sinusoidal motion to the joint and measures the resistive torque and displacement, have been shown to be reproducible. Tests carried out on joints (from 49 males, 21 females) showed that the energy loss per cycle of the joint increased with age for both sexes but the peak to peak torque (elastic stiffness) did not vary with age. Muscle bulk had a large influence on the stiffness (both dissipative and elastic) of the knee as did the size of the joint itself. Women's knee joints exhibited lower values of dissipative energy loss and peak to peak torque than men's for all ages and sizes of joints.", "PMID": 1190848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11943", "title": "The foot in chronic rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The feet of 200 consecutive admissions with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis were studied. 104 were found to have pain or deformity. Clinical involvement of the joints was seen more often than radiological joint damage in the ankle, but the reverse was the case in the midtarsal joints. The metatarsophalangeal joints were involved most frequently both clinically and radiologically. Sixty per cent of the patients required modified shoes but only a third of these had received them. The need for more shoes is clear, and although this is a highly selected group of patients they were all under specialist care. The increased expenditure on special footwear would benefit the patient, firstly by improving ambulation, and secondly perhaps by reducing the number of operations necessary. Hallux valgus was very common and occurred with similar frequency to disease in the other metatarsophalangeal joints. Although not exclusive to rheumatoid arthritis, hallux valgus must have been caused for the most part by the rheumatoid arthritis and if so, then it is suggested that the provision of suitable shoes for patients may be less costly than subsequent surgical treatment.", "contents": "The foot in chronic rheumatoid arthritis. The feet of 200 consecutive admissions with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis were studied. 104 were found to have pain or deformity. Clinical involvement of the joints was seen more often than radiological joint damage in the ankle, but the reverse was the case in the midtarsal joints. The metatarsophalangeal joints were involved most frequently both clinically and radiologically. Sixty per cent of the patients required modified shoes but only a third of these had received them. The need for more shoes is clear, and although this is a highly selected group of patients they were all under specialist care. The increased expenditure on special footwear would benefit the patient, firstly by improving ambulation, and secondly perhaps by reducing the number of operations necessary. Hallux valgus was very common and occurred with similar frequency to disease in the other metatarsophalangeal joints. Although not exclusive to rheumatoid arthritis, hallux valgus must have been caused for the most part by the rheumatoid arthritis and if so, then it is suggested that the provision of suitable shoes for patients may be less costly than subsequent surgical treatment.", "PMID": 1190849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11944", "title": "Attempt to classify patients with arthritis of the hip suitable for prosthetic replacement, and their femoral heads.", "content": "Using clinical, radiological, and morbid anatomical data about patients with arthritis of the hip and their femoral heads resected during total hip replacement, an attempt has been made first, to classify patients and femoral heads by a cluster analysis technique, and secondly and more realistically, to use existing clinical and radiological classification as a basis for seeking discriminating features in the data from the femoral head. Both types of analysis failed to give results, and led to a conclusion that arthritis of the hip is a spectrum of disease. This may not pose problems to the clinician, but it does to the investigator studying the pathogenesis of osteoarthrosis. This problem is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Attempt to classify patients with arthritis of the hip suitable for prosthetic replacement, and their femoral heads. Using clinical, radiological, and morbid anatomical data about patients with arthritis of the hip and their femoral heads resected during total hip replacement, an attempt has been made first, to classify patients and femoral heads by a cluster analysis technique, and secondly and more realistically, to use existing clinical and radiological classification as a basis for seeking discriminating features in the data from the femoral head. Both types of analysis failed to give results, and led to a conclusion that arthritis of the hip is a spectrum of disease. This may not pose problems to the clinician, but it does to the investigator studying the pathogenesis of osteoarthrosis. This problem is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1190850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11945", "title": "Aortic valve incompetence and replacement in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Five cases of aortic incompetence and nodular seropositive rheumatoid arthritis are presented. Four cases underwent aortic valve replacement. Two of these had granulomatous involvement of the aortic cusps similar to subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules, and another showed a nonspecific fibrosis. One case had definite coincidental rheumatic aortic and mitral heart disease. Two patients had undergone pericardectomy previously for constrictive pericarditis. Good results were obtained in all four operated cases and cardiac surgery enabled continuation of rehabilitation for the rheumatoid arthritis, including major orthopaedic procedures. A review of 22 cases from the literature with rheumatoid granulomata within the aortic valve shows that they are associated with mitral valve granulomata in 63-6%. Congestive cardiac failure was found in 75%. Macroscopical evidence of aortic incompetence was seen in 36-8% and of aortic stenosis in 15-8%. Associated pericarditis occurred in 59-1%, which was severe or complicated in 13.6%. The associated arthritis was severe in 77-8% with subcutaneous nodules (71-5%), rheumatoid factor (83-6%), and episcleritis (66-6%). From these cases and a review of the literature the following points are emphasized. (1) Both the granulomatous and nonspecific aortic valvulitis of rheumatoid arthritis may result in significant haemodynamic abnormality. (2) The valve lesions found are often clinically and macroscopically indistinguishable from rheumatic valve lesions. (3) Granulomata, when present, are usually found in the valve cusp or ring and only occasionally in the aortic wall. (4) Associated joint disease, although usually severe, may be mild. (5) The valve lesion may be accompanied by a severe pericardial involvement--either tamponade or constriction. (6) Aortic valve replacement for aortic incompetence in rheumatoid arthritis is both feasible and worthwile, despite severe joint disease.", "contents": "Aortic valve incompetence and replacement in rheumatoid arthritis. Five cases of aortic incompetence and nodular seropositive rheumatoid arthritis are presented. Four cases underwent aortic valve replacement. Two of these had granulomatous involvement of the aortic cusps similar to subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules, and another showed a nonspecific fibrosis. One case had definite coincidental rheumatic aortic and mitral heart disease. Two patients had undergone pericardectomy previously for constrictive pericarditis. Good results were obtained in all four operated cases and cardiac surgery enabled continuation of rehabilitation for the rheumatoid arthritis, including major orthopaedic procedures. A review of 22 cases from the literature with rheumatoid granulomata within the aortic valve shows that they are associated with mitral valve granulomata in 63-6%. Congestive cardiac failure was found in 75%. Macroscopical evidence of aortic incompetence was seen in 36-8% and of aortic stenosis in 15-8%. Associated pericarditis occurred in 59-1%, which was severe or complicated in 13.6%. The associated arthritis was severe in 77-8% with subcutaneous nodules (71-5%), rheumatoid factor (83-6%), and episcleritis (66-6%). From these cases and a review of the literature the following points are emphasized. (1) Both the granulomatous and nonspecific aortic valvulitis of rheumatoid arthritis may result in significant haemodynamic abnormality. (2) The valve lesions found are often clinically and macroscopically indistinguishable from rheumatic valve lesions. (3) Granulomata, when present, are usually found in the valve cusp or ring and only occasionally in the aortic wall. (4) Associated joint disease, although usually severe, may be mild. (5) The valve lesion may be accompanied by a severe pericardial involvement--either tamponade or constriction. (6) Aortic valve replacement for aortic incompetence in rheumatoid arthritis is both feasible and worthwile, despite severe joint disease.", "PMID": 1190851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11946", "title": "Cardiac valvular disease in chronic inflammatory disorders of connective tissue. Factors influencing survival after surgery.", "content": "Three cases of cardiac valvular disease complicating chronic inflammatory disorders of connective tissue are described. Each underwent surgical valve replacement. The outcome in the first case, a patient with aortitis complicating Reiter's syndrome and in good health otherwise, has been excellent. The other two patients, one with rheumatoid arthritis and vasculitis, the other with systemic lupus erythematosus and nephritis, died after operation as the result of their systemic disease. The importance of systemic features in assessing this type of patient is emphasized.", "contents": "Cardiac valvular disease in chronic inflammatory disorders of connective tissue. Factors influencing survival after surgery. Three cases of cardiac valvular disease complicating chronic inflammatory disorders of connective tissue are described. Each underwent surgical valve replacement. The outcome in the first case, a patient with aortitis complicating Reiter's syndrome and in good health otherwise, has been excellent. The other two patients, one with rheumatoid arthritis and vasculitis, the other with systemic lupus erythematosus and nephritis, died after operation as the result of their systemic disease. The importance of systemic features in assessing this type of patient is emphasized.", "PMID": 1190852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11947", "title": "Urinary copper excretion in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The pattern of urinary copper excretion in relation to urine osmolality (as shown by series of aliquots of urine) was studied in rheumatoid patients and in control groups. Rheumatoid patients showed an abnormal copper excretion pattern compared with nonrheumatoid subjects. This was not a direct function of the raised serum copper in rheumatoid disease. Measurements based on 24-hour series of aliquots of urine (as distinct from total pooled 24-hour collections) have been shown to be a useful and sensitive method for studying copper excretion patterns.", "contents": "Urinary copper excretion in rheumatoid arthritis. The pattern of urinary copper excretion in relation to urine osmolality (as shown by series of aliquots of urine) was studied in rheumatoid patients and in control groups. Rheumatoid patients showed an abnormal copper excretion pattern compared with nonrheumatoid subjects. This was not a direct function of the raised serum copper in rheumatoid disease. Measurements based on 24-hour series of aliquots of urine (as distinct from total pooled 24-hour collections) have been shown to be a useful and sensitive method for studying copper excretion patterns.", "PMID": 1190853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11948", "title": "Protein sulphydryl depression during adjuvant arthritis.", "content": "The changes in plasma protein sulphydryl level were measured during the course of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Major depressions in the plasma sulphydryl level occurred at the onset of adjuvant disease, and the extent of the depression was related to the severity of the disease. Plasma sulphydryl levels remain unchanged when the systemic arthritis is suppressed by inclusion of a competing antigen in the adjuvant. Changes in sulphydryl content of the plasma were shown not to be due to weight loss or decrease in plasma protein level.", "contents": "Protein sulphydryl depression during adjuvant arthritis. The changes in plasma protein sulphydryl level were measured during the course of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Major depressions in the plasma sulphydryl level occurred at the onset of adjuvant disease, and the extent of the depression was related to the severity of the disease. Plasma sulphydryl levels remain unchanged when the systemic arthritis is suppressed by inclusion of a competing antigen in the adjuvant. Changes in sulphydryl content of the plasma were shown not to be due to weight loss or decrease in plasma protein level.", "PMID": 1190854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11949", "title": "Uric acid, joint morbidity, and streptococcal antibodies in Maori and European teenagers. Rotorua Lakes study 3.", "content": "Two hundred and ninety-four New Zealand secondary school students were examined by questionnaire, and physical and biochemical methods. The sample contained almost equal numbers of Maoris and Europeans. The findings related to joint conditions are presented. Past injury and rheumatic disease accounted for some of the reported morbidity, but no important sex or race differences in these factors emerged. There were, however, significant differences in serum uric acid levels with the Maori having higher levels than the Europeans. A significant correlation with body mass was present in both race and sex groups but a correlation with haemoglobin was present only in the European females. While hyperuricaemia was not associated with morbidity in this young sample, ethnic differences anticipated the higher prevalence of gout already observed in Maori men.", "contents": "Uric acid, joint morbidity, and streptococcal antibodies in Maori and European teenagers. Rotorua Lakes study 3. Two hundred and ninety-four New Zealand secondary school students were examined by questionnaire, and physical and biochemical methods. The sample contained almost equal numbers of Maoris and Europeans. The findings related to joint conditions are presented. Past injury and rheumatic disease accounted for some of the reported morbidity, but no important sex or race differences in these factors emerged. There were, however, significant differences in serum uric acid levels with the Maori having higher levels than the Europeans. A significant correlation with body mass was present in both race and sex groups but a correlation with haemoglobin was present only in the European females. While hyperuricaemia was not associated with morbidity in this young sample, ethnic differences anticipated the higher prevalence of gout already observed in Maori men.", "PMID": 1190855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11950", "title": "Failure to show mycoplasmas and cytopathogenic virus in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Synovial needle biopsies, joint aspirates, and joint tissue obtained at open operation from 41 cases of rheumatoid arthritis were inoculated onto PPLO media, L-form medium, and cell cultures for the isolation of mycoplasmas, L-form bacteria, and viruses. Medium suitable for the isolation of 'T' strain mycoplasmas was not employed. No mycoplasmas, L-form bacteria, or cytopathogenic viruses were shown. Similar specimens from nine patients diagnosed as having Reiter's disease were examined in a like manner and yielded only one Mycoplasma hominis type 1 isolate from a knee joint biopsy. It is concluded that known strains of mycoplasma and bacterial L-forms do not play a direct role in early and established cases of rheumatoid arthritis. Some of the cell cultures used in this study contained mycoplasma contaminants. Bacterial contaminants were also encountered in occasional batches of L-form medium.", "contents": "Failure to show mycoplasmas and cytopathogenic virus in rheumatoid arthritis. Synovial needle biopsies, joint aspirates, and joint tissue obtained at open operation from 41 cases of rheumatoid arthritis were inoculated onto PPLO media, L-form medium, and cell cultures for the isolation of mycoplasmas, L-form bacteria, and viruses. Medium suitable for the isolation of 'T' strain mycoplasmas was not employed. No mycoplasmas, L-form bacteria, or cytopathogenic viruses were shown. Similar specimens from nine patients diagnosed as having Reiter's disease were examined in a like manner and yielded only one Mycoplasma hominis type 1 isolate from a knee joint biopsy. It is concluded that known strains of mycoplasma and bacterial L-forms do not play a direct role in early and established cases of rheumatoid arthritis. Some of the cell cultures used in this study contained mycoplasma contaminants. Bacterial contaminants were also encountered in occasional batches of L-form medium.", "PMID": 1190856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11951", "title": "Clinical echinococcosis.", "content": "In 221 patients (0.48% of hospital admissions) with hydatid disease (122 female and 99 males), 81% had single and 19% multiple organs involved. Lungs, liver and spleen as single sites of echinococcosis together represented 83.24% of cases and the liver alone represented 95.24% of instances with multiple organ involvement. One hundred seventy-nine single and 74 multiple cysts (ratio of 2.42/1) represented a total of 363 cysts (1.64 cysts/patient). The incidence of intact cysts was 51.52% and 48.48% had ruptured. Ruptures numbered highest in the lungs (73.44%) and greater in multiple (79.66%) than in single cysts (68.12%). In the liver, 27.14% of single and 54.55% of multiple cysts (40.44% of all liver cysts) had ruptured. Cysts varied in size from 0.8 to 35 cm diameter. Single cysts averaged significantly higher (14.16 cm) and multiple ones lower (5.71 cm) as did intact (6.75 cm) versus reptured cysts (4.33 cm). Except for 10 silent and 15 symptomatic cysts treated medically, all the rest were treated surgically by removal of the endocyst or resection of both endo and exocysts including 205 first, 31 second and 5 third procedures (1.75% of all major operations). Complications occurred in 28.57%. Surgical mortality (3.57%) was markedly lower than with conservative treatment (60%) and significantly less than that of the whole group (14.48%).", "contents": "Clinical echinococcosis. In 221 patients (0.48% of hospital admissions) with hydatid disease (122 female and 99 males), 81% had single and 19% multiple organs involved. Lungs, liver and spleen as single sites of echinococcosis together represented 83.24% of cases and the liver alone represented 95.24% of instances with multiple organ involvement. One hundred seventy-nine single and 74 multiple cysts (ratio of 2.42/1) represented a total of 363 cysts (1.64 cysts/patient). The incidence of intact cysts was 51.52% and 48.48% had ruptured. Ruptures numbered highest in the lungs (73.44%) and greater in multiple (79.66%) than in single cysts (68.12%). In the liver, 27.14% of single and 54.55% of multiple cysts (40.44% of all liver cysts) had ruptured. Cysts varied in size from 0.8 to 35 cm diameter. Single cysts averaged significantly higher (14.16 cm) and multiple ones lower (5.71 cm) as did intact (6.75 cm) versus reptured cysts (4.33 cm). Except for 10 silent and 15 symptomatic cysts treated medically, all the rest were treated surgically by removal of the endocyst or resection of both endo and exocysts including 205 first, 31 second and 5 third procedures (1.75% of all major operations). Complications occurred in 28.57%. Surgical mortality (3.57%) was markedly lower than with conservative treatment (60%) and significantly less than that of the whole group (14.48%).", "PMID": 1190858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11952", "title": "Total esophageal reconstruction after extraction of the esophagus.", "content": "During the period between 1971 and 1974, 25 cases of carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus underwent esophageal extraction and total esophageal reconstruction without operative mortality. The operative methods used for this series were blunt dissection, or everting stripping of the thoracic esophagus without thoractomy followed by pharyngogastro or -colostomy as a one stage procedure via a posterior mediastinal route created by esophageal extraction. The operative technique of esophageal extraction without thoracotomy is described. It is obvious that mediastinal tunnel is the shortest route through which to put the chosen organ for esophageal substitution. This operation is to be recommended for lesion of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus as well as some esophageal stricture because of its operative simplicity, ease, safety and rare postoperative complications.", "contents": "Total esophageal reconstruction after extraction of the esophagus. During the period between 1971 and 1974, 25 cases of carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus underwent esophageal extraction and total esophageal reconstruction without operative mortality. The operative methods used for this series were blunt dissection, or everting stripping of the thoracic esophagus without thoractomy followed by pharyngogastro or -colostomy as a one stage procedure via a posterior mediastinal route created by esophageal extraction. The operative technique of esophageal extraction without thoracotomy is described. It is obvious that mediastinal tunnel is the shortest route through which to put the chosen organ for esophageal substitution. This operation is to be recommended for lesion of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus as well as some esophageal stricture because of its operative simplicity, ease, safety and rare postoperative complications.", "PMID": 1190859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11953", "title": "Intragastric microbial colonization in common disease states of the stomach and duodenum.", "content": "Forty-nine patients undergoing elective or emergent gastric surgery have been included in this study. Gastric needle aspiration was performed at the time of surgery in each case, followed by qualitative aerobic and anaerobic bacteriologic analysis. In 18 patients undergoing elective operation for chronic nonobstructing duodenal ulcer a gastric microflora was present in only three patients and no postoperative wound infections were observed. In 29 of 31 patients, in the other groups of patients with bleeding or obstructing duodenal ulcer or in those with gastric ulcer or malignancy, intragastric micro-organisms were present. Six of the 7 postoperative wound infections which developed in these groups of patients were due  to one of the same bacteria isolated at the time of original needle aspiration. It appears that the endogenous intragastric microflora is a significant factor in the development of postoperative wound sepsis following gastric resection, in those groups of patients with a compromise of their normal gastric antibacterial inhibitory mechanisms.", "contents": "Intragastric microbial colonization in common disease states of the stomach and duodenum. Forty-nine patients undergoing elective or emergent gastric surgery have been included in this study. Gastric needle aspiration was performed at the time of surgery in each case, followed by qualitative aerobic and anaerobic bacteriologic analysis. In 18 patients undergoing elective operation for chronic nonobstructing duodenal ulcer a gastric microflora was present in only three patients and no postoperative wound infections were observed. In 29 of 31 patients, in the other groups of patients with bleeding or obstructing duodenal ulcer or in those with gastric ulcer or malignancy, intragastric micro-organisms were present. Six of the 7 postoperative wound infections which developed in these groups of patients were due  to one of the same bacteria isolated at the time of original needle aspiration. It appears that the endogenous intragastric microflora is a significant factor in the development of postoperative wound sepsis following gastric resection, in those groups of patients with a compromise of their normal gastric antibacterial inhibitory mechanisms.", "PMID": 1190860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11954", "title": "Studies in burns: XIV, Heling in burn wounds treated with Ethyl Linoleate alone or in combination with selected topical antibacterial agents.", "content": "Studies of the efficacy, in terms of burned wound healing, of a mixture of Ethyl Linoleate (ethyl 9-12 (cis, cis) octadecadienoate) with alpha-1-histidine, alpha-tocopherol, and TBHQ (hELate) was undertaken in 12 swine. The species was selected so as to study an animal with skin anatomy similar to the human. Statistically significantly greater healing occurred in 730 C/7sec contact burns (20% BSA) treated with hELate than in untreated burns in pigs. Further, there was no contracture noted in the hELate treated lesions, while marked contracture occurred in the untreated burns. Additionally, we noted that there was a proportional increase in weight gain amongst swine studied as their burn lesions epithelialized. In order to evaluate the compatibility of hELate with selected, currently-used topical antibacterial agents, 154 rabbits with 20% 730 C/7 sec contact burns were studied. The lipid was applied (0.01 ml/cm2 burn) at 1 hour postburning; the topical agent was applied at 2 hours post-burn and every 24-hours. All animals were washed once daily. hELate was applied only once. We found no statistical difference in the number of subjects healed or in the mortality between animals treated with hELate alone and those treated with the agent plus Gentamycin cream, Neosporin cream, and silver sulfadiazine 1% in Unibase USP (compounded at Medical College of Georgia specifically and only for this study.) We suggest that Ethyl Linoleate agent (hELate) may be used safely in combination with selected antibacterial substances. Further, these selected combinations seem to be non-toxic and appear to allow the calorie-saving and healing effects of the lipid to proceed unimpeded.", "contents": "Studies in burns: XIV, Heling in burn wounds treated with Ethyl Linoleate alone or in combination with selected topical antibacterial agents. Studies of the efficacy, in terms of burned wound healing, of a mixture of Ethyl Linoleate (ethyl 9-12 (cis, cis) octadecadienoate) with alpha-1-histidine, alpha-tocopherol, and TBHQ (hELate) was undertaken in 12 swine. The species was selected so as to study an animal with skin anatomy similar to the human. Statistically significantly greater healing occurred in 730 C/7sec contact burns (20% BSA) treated with hELate than in untreated burns in pigs. Further, there was no contracture noted in the hELate treated lesions, while marked contracture occurred in the untreated burns. Additionally, we noted that there was a proportional increase in weight gain amongst swine studied as their burn lesions epithelialized. In order to evaluate the compatibility of hELate with selected, currently-used topical antibacterial agents, 154 rabbits with 20% 730 C/7 sec contact burns were studied. The lipid was applied (0.01 ml/cm2 burn) at 1 hour postburning; the topical agent was applied at 2 hours post-burn and every 24-hours. All animals were washed once daily. hELate was applied only once. We found no statistical difference in the number of subjects healed or in the mortality between animals treated with hELate alone and those treated with the agent plus Gentamycin cream, Neosporin cream, and silver sulfadiazine 1% in Unibase USP (compounded at Medical College of Georgia specifically and only for this study.) We suggest that Ethyl Linoleate agent (hELate) may be used safely in combination with selected antibacterial substances. Further, these selected combinations seem to be non-toxic and appear to allow the calorie-saving and healing effects of the lipid to proceed unimpeded.", "PMID": 1190861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11955", "title": "Tumor thickness, level of invasion and node dissection in stage I cutaneous melanoma.", "content": "From a retrospective study of 97 and a prospective study of 41 Stage I cutaneous melanomas, it was found that tumor thickness is a better measure of prognosis than is the level of invasion of the tumor. The chance of developing recurrent disease appears to be directly proportional to tumor thickness. Prophylactic lymph node dissection doubled the rate of survival for patients with lesions greater than 1.50 mm thick but had no effect on those with thinner lesions. Thirty-nine per cent of the patients had lesions less than 0.76 mm thick and all survived free of disease for 5 or more years. Six per cent of the tumors that recurred or metastasized were in an intermediate range of 0.76-1.50 mm thick, and no discriminant could be found to separate these 9 lesions with a bad prognosis from the remaining 18 in this group.", "contents": "Tumor thickness, level of invasion and node dissection in stage I cutaneous melanoma. From a retrospective study of 97 and a prospective study of 41 Stage I cutaneous melanomas, it was found that tumor thickness is a better measure of prognosis than is the level of invasion of the tumor. The chance of developing recurrent disease appears to be directly proportional to tumor thickness. Prophylactic lymph node dissection doubled the rate of survival for patients with lesions greater than 1.50 mm thick but had no effect on those with thinner lesions. Thirty-nine per cent of the patients had lesions less than 0.76 mm thick and all survived free of disease for 5 or more years. Six per cent of the tumors that recurred or metastasized were in an intermediate range of 0.76-1.50 mm thick, and no discriminant could be found to separate these 9 lesions with a bad prognosis from the remaining 18 in this group.", "PMID": 1190862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11956", "title": "Operative management of pancreatic pseudocysts in infants and children: a review of 75 cases.", "content": "This report combines the findings and treatment in 15 infants and children with pancreatic pseudocysts with 60 additional cases from a literature review. The mean age at diagnosis was 7.5 years with pseudocyst being more common in boys (44:31). Sixty per cent were due to trauma, while in 32% the cause was unknown. Abdominal pain (68%), a mass (64%), and vomiting (52%) were the most frequent findings. The serum amylase was elevated and the upper gastrointestinal contrast study consistent with a mass in 88% of cases. Operative treatment included external drainage in 25 children (33%), cystgastrostomy or cyst-jejunostomy in 34 (45%), excision in 10 (13%) and miscellaneous procedures in 6 (8%). Complications were relatively few and there were no deaths recorded. Recurrence rate for cyst-gastrostomy was 4.7%, cyst-jejunostomy 7.6%, external drainage 8% and cyst-duodenostomy 50%. External drainage operations had prolonged cutaneous drainage. These observations suggest the appropriate operation is determined by the location and duration of pseudocyst. Internal drainage is preferred and avoids complications seen following resection and external drainage. Cyst-gastrostomy is effective when the pseudocyst is retrogastric and adherent to the stomach wall. Cyst-jejunostomy is most useful in instances in which the pseudocyst in not adherent to the stomach wall. Low recurrence rates and a zero mortality rate makes operative treatment highly acceptable therapy. Low recurrence rates are expected in childhood cases, (particularly related to trauma) due to an absence of underlying pancreatic disease and ductal obstruction.", "contents": "Operative management of pancreatic pseudocysts in infants and children: a review of 75 cases. This report combines the findings and treatment in 15 infants and children with pancreatic pseudocysts with 60 additional cases from a literature review. The mean age at diagnosis was 7.5 years with pseudocyst being more common in boys (44:31). Sixty per cent were due to trauma, while in 32% the cause was unknown. Abdominal pain (68%), a mass (64%), and vomiting (52%) were the most frequent findings. The serum amylase was elevated and the upper gastrointestinal contrast study consistent with a mass in 88% of cases. Operative treatment included external drainage in 25 children (33%), cystgastrostomy or cyst-jejunostomy in 34 (45%), excision in 10 (13%) and miscellaneous procedures in 6 (8%). Complications were relatively few and there were no deaths recorded. Recurrence rate for cyst-gastrostomy was 4.7%, cyst-jejunostomy 7.6%, external drainage 8% and cyst-duodenostomy 50%. External drainage operations had prolonged cutaneous drainage. These observations suggest the appropriate operation is determined by the location and duration of pseudocyst. Internal drainage is preferred and avoids complications seen following resection and external drainage. Cyst-gastrostomy is effective when the pseudocyst is retrogastric and adherent to the stomach wall. Cyst-jejunostomy is most useful in instances in which the pseudocyst in not adherent to the stomach wall. Low recurrence rates and a zero mortality rate makes operative treatment highly acceptable therapy. Low recurrence rates are expected in childhood cases, (particularly related to trauma) due to an absence of underlying pancreatic disease and ductal obstruction.", "PMID": 1190863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11957", "title": "Surgical treatment of 297 soft tissue sarcomas of the lower extremity.", "content": "The results of surgical treatment of 297 soft tissue sarcomas arising in the lower extremity were critically examined. En bloc wide soft part resection (158 cases) yielded five and ten year survival rates of 63% and 50%. Amputation or major disarticulation (139 cases) gave corresponding survival rates of 45% and 29%. The most frequent cause of treatment failure was distant metastases, commonly in the lungs. The tissue type of sarcoma, histologic grade of malignancy, and tumor size appear to be important determinants of survival irrespective of the type of surgical treatment. Local recurrence of sarcoma occurred in 18% of the cases, more commonly after soft part resections than amputations. The proximity of a sarcoma to major vessels, bone or joint tends to compromise the margins of a wide soft part resection, thus increasing the risk of local recurrence. In appropriate cases, the scope of soft part resection can be extended by en bloc excision of the femoral vessels, with the hope of improving local control of sarcoma. Amputation should br resorted to if an adequate margin of resection cannot otherwise be obtained. This decision must be weighted against the high frequency of distant metastases in this disease. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy offer prospects of prevention of this tragic outcome.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of 297 soft tissue sarcomas of the lower extremity. The results of surgical treatment of 297 soft tissue sarcomas arising in the lower extremity were critically examined. En bloc wide soft part resection (158 cases) yielded five and ten year survival rates of 63% and 50%. Amputation or major disarticulation (139 cases) gave corresponding survival rates of 45% and 29%. The most frequent cause of treatment failure was distant metastases, commonly in the lungs. The tissue type of sarcoma, histologic grade of malignancy, and tumor size appear to be important determinants of survival irrespective of the type of surgical treatment. Local recurrence of sarcoma occurred in 18% of the cases, more commonly after soft part resections than amputations. The proximity of a sarcoma to major vessels, bone or joint tends to compromise the margins of a wide soft part resection, thus increasing the risk of local recurrence. In appropriate cases, the scope of soft part resection can be extended by en bloc excision of the femoral vessels, with the hope of improving local control of sarcoma. Amputation should br resorted to if an adequate margin of resection cannot otherwise be obtained. This decision must be weighted against the high frequency of distant metastases in this disease. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy offer prospects of prevention of this tragic outcome.", "PMID": 1190864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11958", "title": "Distal antrectomy with vagectomy for duodenal ulcer: results in 611 cases.", "content": "Distal antrectomy (25% or less) resection of the distal stomach with bilateral vagectomy, Billroth II, antecolic, Polya or Hofmeister gastrojejunostomy, continues to be our operation of choice for chronic duodenal ulcer. This is based upon our experience in 611 operations and as a result of careful complete repeat in-patient followup studies conducted since our original operation which was devised and performed in July 1953. This procedure controls or eliminates the two major gastric acid stimulatory phases responsible in the pathogenesis and chronicity of a duodenal ulcer: neurogenic (cephalic phase) via the vagel gastric pathways, and the humoral (gastrin) phase via antral stimulation. Even though part of the antrum may remain in the gastric remnant in some patients, antral control is maintained because the antrum remains in the gastric acid stream, there is no stasis, and it is vagectomized. The ulcer diathesis is controlled with a minimal disturbance in gastric physiology, in function, and in gastric reservoir capacity; the procedure will almost eliminate all of the undesirable postoperative gastrointestinal sequelase associated with other operations for duodenal ulcer. It insures the least chance for marginal, gastric, or recurrent ulcer formation, and a low morbidity rate.", "contents": "Distal antrectomy with vagectomy for duodenal ulcer: results in 611 cases. Distal antrectomy (25% or less) resection of the distal stomach with bilateral vagectomy, Billroth II, antecolic, Polya or Hofmeister gastrojejunostomy, continues to be our operation of choice for chronic duodenal ulcer. This is based upon our experience in 611 operations and as a result of careful complete repeat in-patient followup studies conducted since our original operation which was devised and performed in July 1953. This procedure controls or eliminates the two major gastric acid stimulatory phases responsible in the pathogenesis and chronicity of a duodenal ulcer: neurogenic (cephalic phase) via the vagel gastric pathways, and the humoral (gastrin) phase via antral stimulation. Even though part of the antrum may remain in the gastric remnant in some patients, antral control is maintained because the antrum remains in the gastric acid stream, there is no stasis, and it is vagectomized. The ulcer diathesis is controlled with a minimal disturbance in gastric physiology, in function, and in gastric reservoir capacity; the procedure will almost eliminate all of the undesirable postoperative gastrointestinal sequelase associated with other operations for duodenal ulcer. It insures the least chance for marginal, gastric, or recurrent ulcer formation, and a low morbidity rate.", "PMID": 1190865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11959", "title": "Principles in the management of arterial injuries associated with fracture/dislocations.", "content": "Ten out of 355 patients admitted with fracture and/or dislocations of long bones secondary to blunt trauma had associated vascular injuries. The clinical recognition of the associated vascular injury and its vertification of arteriography, Doppler study or surgical exploration resulted in early vascular repair and limb salvage. The controversial aspects of bone stabilization followed by vascular repair versus primary vascular repari, skeletal traction and delayed internal fixation together with fasciotomy-fibulectomy are discussed. Our results with the injuries seen justify the principle of bone stabilization followed by vascular repair, particularly since a team effort resulted in little time lost prior to circulatory restoration. The problems following vascular repair-namely anterior compartment snydrome, acute renal failure and cardiac arrest are present with their principles of management.", "contents": "Principles in the management of arterial injuries associated with fracture/dislocations. Ten out of 355 patients admitted with fracture and/or dislocations of long bones secondary to blunt trauma had associated vascular injuries. The clinical recognition of the associated vascular injury and its vertification of arteriography, Doppler study or surgical exploration resulted in early vascular repair and limb salvage. The controversial aspects of bone stabilization followed by vascular repair versus primary vascular repari, skeletal traction and delayed internal fixation together with fasciotomy-fibulectomy are discussed. Our results with the injuries seen justify the principle of bone stabilization followed by vascular repair, particularly since a team effort resulted in little time lost prior to circulatory restoration. The problems following vascular repair-namely anterior compartment snydrome, acute renal failure and cardiac arrest are present with their principles of management.", "PMID": 1190866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11960", "title": "Joining gut ends of unequal diameter.", "content": "A simple, safe and precise method for joining ends of unequal diameter is presented. Very little septum is created by either anterior or posterior rows. The figure-eight seems to crush the septum almost flat on the posterior row and the Halsted's create an absolutely minimal septum anteriorly where they are correctly placed. The posterior row used two layers of submucosa and the anterior one, four layers, and no reliance is placed on the serosa-muscularis layer. This technique is thought to have distinct advantages relative to strength, safety, and minimal septum formation.", "contents": "Joining gut ends of unequal diameter. A simple, safe and precise method for joining ends of unequal diameter is presented. Very little septum is created by either anterior or posterior rows. The figure-eight seems to crush the septum almost flat on the posterior row and the Halsted's create an absolutely minimal septum anteriorly where they are correctly placed. The posterior row used two layers of submucosa and the anterior one, four layers, and no reliance is placed on the serosa-muscularis layer. This technique is thought to have distinct advantages relative to strength, safety, and minimal septum formation.", "PMID": 1190867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11961", "title": "Influence of the postoperative state on the intracellular free amino acids in human muscle tissue.", "content": "Five patients were studied before and two to three days after major, uncomplicated abdominal operation. Muscle tissue was obtained by needle biopsy from m. quadriceps femoris after eight hours overnight fast. Plasma free amino acids were analyzed in simultaneously obtained samples. In the homogenized muscle samples the intracellular concentration of each amino acid (IC) was calculated by subtracting the free extracellular part from the total amount, assuming the plasma concentration to be equal to the concentration in the interstitial fluid. Their relationships have also been calculated (IC/EC gradient). The extra- and intracellular water distribution was estimated using a modified chloride method. In similarity to the findings in normal subjects the majority of the amino acids showed much higher concentration in intracellular water than in plasma. Preoperatively all amino acids examined in muscle biopsies were formed within normal limits. Postoperatively the total amount of free amino acids in plasma and muscle was decreased, and the amino acid profiles differed from those observed in normal subjects. In plasma, as compared with normal controls, the most significant changes were an increase in phenylalanine and tyrosine and a decrease in serine, proline, histidine and isoleucine. In muscle the greatest decrease occurred in the concentrations of glutamine, arginine and lysine followed by proline and glutamic acid. The increase in taurine, valine and phenylalanine were all highly significant and in serin, glycine, alanine and leucine significant, whereas tyrosine showed only a moderate rise. Compared with normal values there were marked increases in the gradient between intracellular and plasma concentrations which were highly significant for glycine and valine and significant for serine, alanine, isoleucine and leucine. The shift in the methionine gradient was somewhat less. We confirm that alterations in the muscle free amino acid pool are not reflected in the values found in plasma. Further work is required to explore the clinical significance of the observed variations in individual amino acids.", "contents": "Influence of the postoperative state on the intracellular free amino acids in human muscle tissue. Five patients were studied before and two to three days after major, uncomplicated abdominal operation. Muscle tissue was obtained by needle biopsy from m. quadriceps femoris after eight hours overnight fast. Plasma free amino acids were analyzed in simultaneously obtained samples. In the homogenized muscle samples the intracellular concentration of each amino acid (IC) was calculated by subtracting the free extracellular part from the total amount, assuming the plasma concentration to be equal to the concentration in the interstitial fluid. Their relationships have also been calculated (IC/EC gradient). The extra- and intracellular water distribution was estimated using a modified chloride method. In similarity to the findings in normal subjects the majority of the amino acids showed much higher concentration in intracellular water than in plasma. Preoperatively all amino acids examined in muscle biopsies were formed within normal limits. Postoperatively the total amount of free amino acids in plasma and muscle was decreased, and the amino acid profiles differed from those observed in normal subjects. In plasma, as compared with normal controls, the most significant changes were an increase in phenylalanine and tyrosine and a decrease in serine, proline, histidine and isoleucine. In muscle the greatest decrease occurred in the concentrations of glutamine, arginine and lysine followed by proline and glutamic acid. The increase in taurine, valine and phenylalanine were all highly significant and in serin, glycine, alanine and leucine significant, whereas tyrosine showed only a moderate rise. Compared with normal values there were marked increases in the gradient between intracellular and plasma concentrations which were highly significant for glycine and valine and significant for serine, alanine, isoleucine and leucine. The shift in the methionine gradient was somewhat less. We confirm that alterations in the muscle free amino acid pool are not reflected in the values found in plasma. Further work is required to explore the clinical significance of the observed variations in individual amino acids.", "PMID": 1190870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11962", "title": "An uncontrolled comparison of treatments for achalasia.", "content": "A series of 78 patients with achalasia, seen during a 10-year period, was like those reported by others with regard to age at onset, nature of symptoms, and duration of symptoms. Analysis of the results of 5 different treatment modalities administered allows an uncontrolled comparison heretofore not available from an institution at which no one treatment was favored over all others. Those who were not treated or who received only anticholinergic medication did not become asymptomatic. Those treated by single or repeated bougienage were not improved for more than a few weeks and suffered a 6% incidence of esophageal perforation. Forty-six per cent of those treated by a single pneumatic dilatation were asymptomatic for 1 year or more. Although esophagocardiomyotomy provided symptomatic relief for 1 year or more in 85%, there was a 25% incidence of gastroesophageal reflux.", "contents": "An uncontrolled comparison of treatments for achalasia. A series of 78 patients with achalasia, seen during a 10-year period, was like those reported by others with regard to age at onset, nature of symptoms, and duration of symptoms. Analysis of the results of 5 different treatment modalities administered allows an uncontrolled comparison heretofore not available from an institution at which no one treatment was favored over all others. Those who were not treated or who received only anticholinergic medication did not become asymptomatic. Those treated by single or repeated bougienage were not improved for more than a few weeks and suffered a 6% incidence of esophageal perforation. Forty-six per cent of those treated by a single pneumatic dilatation were asymptomatic for 1 year or more. Although esophagocardiomyotomy provided symptomatic relief for 1 year or more in 85%, there was a 25% incidence of gastroesophageal reflux.", "PMID": 1190871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11963", "title": "Renal artery and vein injury following blunt trauma.", "content": "Blunt injuries of the renal vascular pedicle occur infrequently. The experience with fourteen cases of blunt renal vascular trauma is presented. Most patients were injured in motor vehicle accidents. The diagnosis was made immediately after admission in 6 patients, delayed in 5, and at autopsy in 3. Most patients presented with gross or microscopic hematuria. The diagnosis of renal vascular injury was suggested by IVP in most instances. Surgical management was used in the 6 patients in whom the immediate diagnosis of renal pedicle injury was made; primary vascular repair was carried out in 4 patients and nephrectomy in two. Conservative management was used in 4 of the 5 patients with delayed diagnosis, and nephrectomy was required in the fifth. Three patients received no treatment as two were dead on arrival and one die during laparotomy. Seven patients died (50%). One of the 7 survivors has a functioning kidney following repair of a renal vein laceration. Three patients with devascularized kidneys have been followed long term and have not developed hypertension. An IVP should be mandatory following severe blunt trauma, especially when hematuria is present. Renal arteriography is indicated with distortion of calyces, extravasation or nonfunction seen on IVP and allows a definitive diagnosis of renal vessel injury to be made.", "contents": "Renal artery and vein injury following blunt trauma. Blunt injuries of the renal vascular pedicle occur infrequently. The experience with fourteen cases of blunt renal vascular trauma is presented. Most patients were injured in motor vehicle accidents. The diagnosis was made immediately after admission in 6 patients, delayed in 5, and at autopsy in 3. Most patients presented with gross or microscopic hematuria. The diagnosis of renal vascular injury was suggested by IVP in most instances. Surgical management was used in the 6 patients in whom the immediate diagnosis of renal pedicle injury was made; primary vascular repair was carried out in 4 patients and nephrectomy in two. Conservative management was used in 4 of the 5 patients with delayed diagnosis, and nephrectomy was required in the fifth. Three patients received no treatment as two were dead on arrival and one die during laparotomy. Seven patients died (50%). One of the 7 survivors has a functioning kidney following repair of a renal vein laceration. Three patients with devascularized kidneys have been followed long term and have not developed hypertension. An IVP should be mandatory following severe blunt trauma, especially when hematuria is present. Renal arteriography is indicated with distortion of calyces, extravasation or nonfunction seen on IVP and allows a definitive diagnosis of renal vessel injury to be made.", "PMID": 1190872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11964", "title": "Staging laparotomy in the treatment of metastatic melanoma of the lower extremities.", "content": "Twenty-six consecutive patients with melanoma of the lower extremities metastatic to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes were subjected to laparotomy. No patient had preoperative evidence of tumor dissemination past the superficial inguinal nodes. However three patients (12%) had metastases to the liver or para-aortic lymph nodes documented at laparotomy and were not subjected to iliac and obturator lymph node dissection. One of these patients had concomitant local recurrence of melanoma at the ankle. The other two patients had superficial inguinal lymph nodes at least 5 cm in diameter, although two other such patients with similar 5 cm lymph nodes did not have positive intra-abdominal findings. The remaining 23 of the 26 patients underwent ipsilateral iliac and obturator lymph node dissection, which proved positive in 3/23 patients (13%). Of these 23 patients undergoing iliac and obturator node dissection, 18 had clinically positive (and microscopically positive) superficial inguinal nodes prior to their dissection, while the remaining 5 patients had clinically negative (but microscopically positive) superficial inguinal nodes. The three cases of positive dissected iliac and obturator nodes occurred among the 18 patients with clinically positive superficial inguinal nodes (17%). Among the 5 patients with clinically negative, microscopically positive superficial groin nodes, there was no detectable deep inguinal nodal spread (or hepatic or para-aortic involvement).", "contents": "Staging laparotomy in the treatment of metastatic melanoma of the lower extremities. Twenty-six consecutive patients with melanoma of the lower extremities metastatic to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes were subjected to laparotomy. No patient had preoperative evidence of tumor dissemination past the superficial inguinal nodes. However three patients (12%) had metastases to the liver or para-aortic lymph nodes documented at laparotomy and were not subjected to iliac and obturator lymph node dissection. One of these patients had concomitant local recurrence of melanoma at the ankle. The other two patients had superficial inguinal lymph nodes at least 5 cm in diameter, although two other such patients with similar 5 cm lymph nodes did not have positive intra-abdominal findings. The remaining 23 of the 26 patients underwent ipsilateral iliac and obturator lymph node dissection, which proved positive in 3/23 patients (13%). Of these 23 patients undergoing iliac and obturator node dissection, 18 had clinically positive (and microscopically positive) superficial inguinal nodes prior to their dissection, while the remaining 5 patients had clinically negative (but microscopically positive) superficial inguinal nodes. The three cases of positive dissected iliac and obturator nodes occurred among the 18 patients with clinically positive superficial inguinal nodes (17%). Among the 5 patients with clinically negative, microscopically positive superficial groin nodes, there was no detectable deep inguinal nodal spread (or hepatic or para-aortic involvement).", "PMID": 1190873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11965", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: a statistical analysis of biliary bypass vs Whipple resection in good risk patients.", "content": "A series of 297 patients with adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas was reviewed. Forty-eight patients was identified with disease limited to the pancreas or adjacent tissues. Twenty-four patients underwent Whipple resection. A second group of 24 patients underwent elective biliary bypass. No patient had liver, omental or peritoneal metastases. All cases of ampullary carcinoma and islet cell tumors were excluded. Assessment of clinical and laboratory parameters revealed the two groups to be statistically comparable. There were no 5-year survivors in either groups. Mean duration of survival was not significantly different. Life table analysis showed no significant difference between the survival rates of the two groups. Frequency of clinic followup, rehospitalization and reexploration were used to assess palliation. Success of palliation was poor in both groups and no statistically significant differences were noted. Surgical mortality in the resected group was 8% and did not differ from the 4% surgical mortality in the bypass group. Surgical morbidity was significantly higher in the resected group. Implications of this data in the management of patients with resectable carcinoma of the pancreas are discussed.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: a statistical analysis of biliary bypass vs Whipple resection in good risk patients. A series of 297 patients with adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas was reviewed. Forty-eight patients was identified with disease limited to the pancreas or adjacent tissues. Twenty-four patients underwent Whipple resection. A second group of 24 patients underwent elective biliary bypass. No patient had liver, omental or peritoneal metastases. All cases of ampullary carcinoma and islet cell tumors were excluded. Assessment of clinical and laboratory parameters revealed the two groups to be statistically comparable. There were no 5-year survivors in either groups. Mean duration of survival was not significantly different. Life table analysis showed no significant difference between the survival rates of the two groups. Frequency of clinic followup, rehospitalization and reexploration were used to assess palliation. Success of palliation was poor in both groups and no statistically significant differences were noted. Surgical mortality in the resected group was 8% and did not differ from the 4% surgical mortality in the bypass group. Surgical morbidity was significantly higher in the resected group. Implications of this data in the management of patients with resectable carcinoma of the pancreas are discussed.", "PMID": 1190874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11966", "title": "Is modified radical mastectomy adequate for axillary lymph node dissection?", "content": "The effectiveness of axillary dissection by modified radical mastectomy was assessed by a comparison of the total axillary nodes removed by this operation to that by radical mastectomy. In a series of 121 consecutive radical mastectomies performed during the period of 1964 to 1969, we found that the number of axillary nodes removed ranged from 3 to 63 with a median of 22 and a mean of 23.4 per patient. In a subsequent series of 111 consecutive modified radical mastectomies performed between 1969 and 1973, the total axillary nodes removed ranged from 6 to 77 with a median of 24 and mean of 25.7 nodes in each mastectomy specimen. These results strongly suggest that axillary dissection in modified radical mastectomy is as complete as that in the Halsted radical mastectomy.", "contents": "Is modified radical mastectomy adequate for axillary lymph node dissection? The effectiveness of axillary dissection by modified radical mastectomy was assessed by a comparison of the total axillary nodes removed by this operation to that by radical mastectomy. In a series of 121 consecutive radical mastectomies performed during the period of 1964 to 1969, we found that the number of axillary nodes removed ranged from 3 to 63 with a median of 22 and a mean of 23.4 per patient. In a subsequent series of 111 consecutive modified radical mastectomies performed between 1969 and 1973, the total axillary nodes removed ranged from 6 to 77 with a median of 24 and mean of 25.7 nodes in each mastectomy specimen. These results strongly suggest that axillary dissection in modified radical mastectomy is as complete as that in the Halsted radical mastectomy.", "PMID": 1190875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11967", "title": "Wound infection in colonic surgery.", "content": "Three hundred forty-one consecutive cases of colonic surgery performed by the Proctology service of our hospital have been reviewed. There was a total of 7 wound infections, constituting an incidence of 2.1%. The infection rate in clean contaminated cases was 0.8% and in contaminated cases, 4.7%. The mortality rate was 2.3%. Parenteral antibiotics were used in less than 50% of the operations. Our impression is that attention to one modality of wound infection prevention with disregard for the others will produce little. However, close attention to all the modalities by which we can hope to reduce wound infection appears to produce strikingly beneficial results.", "contents": "Wound infection in colonic surgery. Three hundred forty-one consecutive cases of colonic surgery performed by the Proctology service of our hospital have been reviewed. There was a total of 7 wound infections, constituting an incidence of 2.1%. The infection rate in clean contaminated cases was 0.8% and in contaminated cases, 4.7%. The mortality rate was 2.3%. Parenteral antibiotics were used in less than 50% of the operations. Our impression is that attention to one modality of wound infection prevention with disregard for the others will produce little. However, close attention to all the modalities by which we can hope to reduce wound infection appears to produce strikingly beneficial results.", "PMID": 1190876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11968", "title": "Preserved allografts of dilated saphenous vein for vascular access in hemodialysis: an initial experience.", "content": "Arteriovenous fistulas constructed from preserved (frozen) allograft veins provided vascular access for maintenance hemodialysis in 14 patients with inadequate vasculature for conventional autogenous fistulas. Electromagnetic flows ranged from 200 to 250 cc/min. Dialysis flow of 200 cc/min were accomplished consistently. The allografts were useable for dialysis much earlier than autogenous A-V fistulas. Arteriography demonstrated a wide vasculature channel very suitable for dialysis needles. Allografts seemed superior to bovine heterografts in both patency and susceptibility to infection. Scanning electron microscopy revealed smoother initimal surfaces if the donor received small amounts of heparin systemically while the veins were being removed. Allograft veins appear to be a useful alternative means of vascular access for hemodialysis.", "contents": "Preserved allografts of dilated saphenous vein for vascular access in hemodialysis: an initial experience. Arteriovenous fistulas constructed from preserved (frozen) allograft veins provided vascular access for maintenance hemodialysis in 14 patients with inadequate vasculature for conventional autogenous fistulas. Electromagnetic flows ranged from 200 to 250 cc/min. Dialysis flow of 200 cc/min were accomplished consistently. The allografts were useable for dialysis much earlier than autogenous A-V fistulas. Arteriography demonstrated a wide vasculature channel very suitable for dialysis needles. Allografts seemed superior to bovine heterografts in both patency and susceptibility to infection. Scanning electron microscopy revealed smoother initimal surfaces if the donor received small amounts of heparin systemically while the veins were being removed. Allograft veins appear to be a useful alternative means of vascular access for hemodialysis.", "PMID": 1190877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11969", "title": "Carotid endarterectomy: an analysis of 234 operative cases.", "content": "This paper offers a computer-assisted analysis of the author's experience with 234 carotid endarterectomy procedures in 188 patients. The patients' ages, sex, smoking habits, symptoms, carotid bruits, arteriographic findings and associated diseases are summarized. There were 28 operations in asymptomatic patients, 170 operations in patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA), 35-operations in patients with a completed stroke and one operation in a patient with a stroke in evolution. After surgery, transient neurologic deficits were noted in both the asymptomatic group (two instances) and the group with TIA (5 instances); permanent neurologic deficits followed 4 operations in the TIA group (2.4% incidence). Two operative deaths occurred in the TIA group (1.2% mortality), and 10 deaths occured after operation for a completed stroke (28.6% mortality). Nine of the deaths in the completed stroke group followed operations performed less than 2 weeks after a stroke. A 100% followup was obtained, and the average period of followup was 48 months. Of the patients surviving operation, all in the asymptomatic group were judged functionally normal, 94% of the TIA group were either functionally normal or improved, 76% with a completed stroke were improved, and the patient with a stroke in evolution was unchanged. There were 69 late deaths with heart disease accounting for 58% of the deaths and stroke another 17%.", "contents": "Carotid endarterectomy: an analysis of 234 operative cases. This paper offers a computer-assisted analysis of the author's experience with 234 carotid endarterectomy procedures in 188 patients. The patients' ages, sex, smoking habits, symptoms, carotid bruits, arteriographic findings and associated diseases are summarized. There were 28 operations in asymptomatic patients, 170 operations in patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA), 35-operations in patients with a completed stroke and one operation in a patient with a stroke in evolution. After surgery, transient neurologic deficits were noted in both the asymptomatic group (two instances) and the group with TIA (5 instances); permanent neurologic deficits followed 4 operations in the TIA group (2.4% incidence). Two operative deaths occurred in the TIA group (1.2% mortality), and 10 deaths occured after operation for a completed stroke (28.6% mortality). Nine of the deaths in the completed stroke group followed operations performed less than 2 weeks after a stroke. A 100% followup was obtained, and the average period of followup was 48 months. Of the patients surviving operation, all in the asymptomatic group were judged functionally normal, 94% of the TIA group were either functionally normal or improved, 76% with a completed stroke were improved, and the patient with a stroke in evolution was unchanged. There were 69 late deaths with heart disease accounting for 58% of the deaths and stroke another 17%.", "PMID": 1190878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11970", "title": "Infection in war wounds: experience during the 1973 October War in Israel.", "content": "The development of infections in 420 wounded soldiers, admitted to the Hadassah University Hospital in Jerusalem between October 7, 1973 and November 31, 1973, was studied. An attempt was made to relate the development of infection to the type of injury. The overall infection rate was 22%, but varied with the type of injury. Three \"risk factors\" were found to be associated with infection regardless of the number of injuries: 1)penetrating abdominal wounds involving the colon; 2) fractures involving the femur; 3) burns involving more than 25% of body surface. In patients with comparable injuries, the presence of infection was found to prolong the duration of hospitalization. Pseudomonas was the most common single pathogen. There were no cases of myonecrosis (gas gangrene). Of the 8 soliders who died, 5 died with or because of infection.", "contents": "Infection in war wounds: experience during the 1973 October War in Israel. The development of infections in 420 wounded soldiers, admitted to the Hadassah University Hospital in Jerusalem between October 7, 1973 and November 31, 1973, was studied. An attempt was made to relate the development of infection to the type of injury. The overall infection rate was 22%, but varied with the type of injury. Three \"risk factors\" were found to be associated with infection regardless of the number of injuries: 1)penetrating abdominal wounds involving the colon; 2) fractures involving the femur; 3) burns involving more than 25% of body surface. In patients with comparable injuries, the presence of infection was found to prolong the duration of hospitalization. Pseudomonas was the most common single pathogen. There were no cases of myonecrosis (gas gangrene). Of the 8 soliders who died, 5 died with or because of infection.", "PMID": 1190879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11971", "title": "Operative management of renovascular hypertension.", "content": "From 1966 to 1975, 38 patients underwent 42 procedures for renovascular hypertension; 35 operations were aortorenal bypasses and 7 were nephrectomies. Forty-five per cent of the patients were cured, 43% were improved and 12% were unimproved. There were no operative deaths and only three late deaths. Two grafts occluded and 2 became stenotic, giving a graft complication rate of 12%. Curability was best correlated with a short history of hypertension and a pathologic diagnosis of fibromuscular hyperplasia, but not with patient age. Most patients selected for surgery had elevated renal venous renin ratios, and of these 95% were cured or improved. Of those with normal renin ratios, 85% were still cured or improved. Postoperative aortography and peripheral renin measurements offered valuable information in predicting the ultimate response to surgery. Preservation of renal function was a principal indication for surgery in 11 patients. In 8, azotemia was documented preoperatively. Hypertension was cured or improved in every case and 5 patients demonstrated a 10-50% reduction in BUN and creatinine following revascularization.", "contents": "Operative management of renovascular hypertension. From 1966 to 1975, 38 patients underwent 42 procedures for renovascular hypertension; 35 operations were aortorenal bypasses and 7 were nephrectomies. Forty-five per cent of the patients were cured, 43% were improved and 12% were unimproved. There were no operative deaths and only three late deaths. Two grafts occluded and 2 became stenotic, giving a graft complication rate of 12%. Curability was best correlated with a short history of hypertension and a pathologic diagnosis of fibromuscular hyperplasia, but not with patient age. Most patients selected for surgery had elevated renal venous renin ratios, and of these 95% were cured or improved. Of those with normal renin ratios, 85% were still cured or improved. Postoperative aortography and peripheral renin measurements offered valuable information in predicting the ultimate response to surgery. Preservation of renal function was a principal indication for surgery in 11 patients. In 8, azotemia was documented preoperatively. Hypertension was cured or improved in every case and 5 patients demonstrated a 10-50% reduction in BUN and creatinine following revascularization.", "PMID": 1190880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11972", "title": "Mesenteric leaf repair of pelvic defects following exenterative operations.", "content": "Perineal enterocutaneous fistula and hernia are unique complications of radical pelvic exenterative operations. A technique for management of these complications is presented. A vascularized segment of small bowel mesentery is interposed as a peritoneum covered pelvic \"lid\" to separate the abdominal contents from the pelvic defect.", "contents": "Mesenteric leaf repair of pelvic defects following exenterative operations. Perineal enterocutaneous fistula and hernia are unique complications of radical pelvic exenterative operations. A technique for management of these complications is presented. A vascularized segment of small bowel mesentery is interposed as a peritoneum covered pelvic \"lid\" to separate the abdominal contents from the pelvic defect.", "PMID": 1190881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11973", "title": "Effect of intravascular cellular aggregate dissolution in postoperative patients.", "content": "It was the purpose of this study to confirm whether the increase in packed cell (PC) viscosity that occurs in humans after elective surgery is accompanied by a decrease in total body O2 consumption as previously noted in animals, and further to define the effect of resolution of intravascular cellular aggregates (ICA) on these parameters. Thirty nine patients were studied. Total body O2 consumption was 76% of normal 6 hours postop, 81% of normal 24 hours postop and 87% of normal 48 hours postop. Twenty four hours after operation PC viscosity and increased markedly. Saline infusion had no significant effect on total body O2 consumption or PC viscosity, either pre- or postop, but WB viscosity decreased linearly in proportion in the drop in hematocrit. Resolution of ICA by dextran-40 infusion was associated with return of total body O2 consumption and PC viscosity to normal; a decrease in WB viscosity was disproportionately greater than would have been seen had the decrease been due solely to the drop in hematocrit. It is concluded that in humans surgical trauma causes an increase in PC viscosity and microcirculatory impairment as evidenced by a decrease in total body O2 consumption. Resolution of ICA by dextran-40 infusion reverses that detrimental changes.", "contents": "Effect of intravascular cellular aggregate dissolution in postoperative patients. It was the purpose of this study to confirm whether the increase in packed cell (PC) viscosity that occurs in humans after elective surgery is accompanied by a decrease in total body O2 consumption as previously noted in animals, and further to define the effect of resolution of intravascular cellular aggregates (ICA) on these parameters. Thirty nine patients were studied. Total body O2 consumption was 76% of normal 6 hours postop, 81% of normal 24 hours postop and 87% of normal 48 hours postop. Twenty four hours after operation PC viscosity and increased markedly. Saline infusion had no significant effect on total body O2 consumption or PC viscosity, either pre- or postop, but WB viscosity decreased linearly in proportion in the drop in hematocrit. Resolution of ICA by dextran-40 infusion was associated with return of total body O2 consumption and PC viscosity to normal; a decrease in WB viscosity was disproportionately greater than would have been seen had the decrease been due solely to the drop in hematocrit. It is concluded that in humans surgical trauma causes an increase in PC viscosity and microcirculatory impairment as evidenced by a decrease in total body O2 consumption. Resolution of ICA by dextran-40 infusion reverses that detrimental changes.", "PMID": 1190882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11974", "title": "Surgical technique for creation of an arteriovenous fistula using a looped bovine graft.", "content": "We have used bovine grafts in a looped configuration in the forearn in 150 patients for chronic hemodialysis and have evolved a simple technique for their successful implantation. The critical technical points include: 1) use of large-diameter long grafts (7.0-8.0 mm diameter; 34-40 cm in length); maintenance of the heterograft in a distended and pulsating state throughout the procedure to prevent distortion and twisting; 3) creation of a wide smooth-looped tunnel with Bakes dilators; and 4) anastomosis to the largest avialable antecubital vein. Thirteen cases of late graft occlusion (3-36) months) have been found to be produced by a localized obstructive lesion just distal to the venous anastomosis. These grafts were easily restored to a functional status by thrombectomy and patch graft angioplasty of the stenotic segment. The looped graft technique is not applicable to all patients requiring hemodialysis but it is especially helpful when distal vessels have been obliterated by previous procedures or when home-dialysis is planned. This surgical technique should be among the alternatives considered by surgeons concerned with problems of vascular access in patients with chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Surgical technique for creation of an arteriovenous fistula using a looped bovine graft. We have used bovine grafts in a looped configuration in the forearn in 150 patients for chronic hemodialysis and have evolved a simple technique for their successful implantation. The critical technical points include: 1) use of large-diameter long grafts (7.0-8.0 mm diameter; 34-40 cm in length); maintenance of the heterograft in a distended and pulsating state throughout the procedure to prevent distortion and twisting; 3) creation of a wide smooth-looped tunnel with Bakes dilators; and 4) anastomosis to the largest avialable antecubital vein. Thirteen cases of late graft occlusion (3-36) months) have been found to be produced by a localized obstructive lesion just distal to the venous anastomosis. These grafts were easily restored to a functional status by thrombectomy and patch graft angioplasty of the stenotic segment. The looped graft technique is not applicable to all patients requiring hemodialysis but it is especially helpful when distal vessels have been obliterated by previous procedures or when home-dialysis is planned. This surgical technique should be among the alternatives considered by surgeons concerned with problems of vascular access in patients with chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 1190883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11975", "title": "Interstitial irradiation for unresectable carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "From 1963 to 1971, 105 patients with histologically proved cancer of the lung were explored at Memorial Hospital and underwent interstitial implantation using encapsulated sources of radon 222 (53 patients) or iodine 125 (52 patients). These lung cancers were considered unresectable because of extension of the disease into the mediastinum with fixation or invasion of the major vessels, trachea, and esophagus or chest wall involvement. No apical lesions, which have a better prognosis, are included in this review. Sixty-nine patients had epidermoid cancer, 24 had adenocarcinoma, and the remaining 12 had various other histological types. All patients were staged according to the criteria proposed by the American Joint Committee using the TNM definitions (standing for tumor, nodes, and metastasis). Local control was obtained in 8 of 10 patients (80% with clinical Stage I and II unresectable cancers of the lung and in 44 of the 95 (46%) with clinical Stage III lung cancer. The two-year survival was 50% for Stages I and II and 7% for Stage III. Five patients have survived for five years or more. The complications, disease-free interval, local recurrences, distant metastases, and survival are presented and indications for this type of therapy outlined.", "contents": "Interstitial irradiation for unresectable carcinoma of the lung. From 1963 to 1971, 105 patients with histologically proved cancer of the lung were explored at Memorial Hospital and underwent interstitial implantation using encapsulated sources of radon 222 (53 patients) or iodine 125 (52 patients). These lung cancers were considered unresectable because of extension of the disease into the mediastinum with fixation or invasion of the major vessels, trachea, and esophagus or chest wall involvement. No apical lesions, which have a better prognosis, are included in this review. Sixty-nine patients had epidermoid cancer, 24 had adenocarcinoma, and the remaining 12 had various other histological types. All patients were staged according to the criteria proposed by the American Joint Committee using the TNM definitions (standing for tumor, nodes, and metastasis). Local control was obtained in 8 of 10 patients (80% with clinical Stage I and II unresectable cancers of the lung and in 44 of the 95 (46%) with clinical Stage III lung cancer. The two-year survival was 50% for Stages I and II and 7% for Stage III. Five patients have survived for five years or more. The complications, disease-free interval, local recurrences, distant metastases, and survival are presented and indications for this type of therapy outlined.", "PMID": 1190885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11976", "title": "Primary cancer of the lung. A 42-year experience.", "content": "Between April, 1932, and July, 1974, 3,808 patients with primary lung cancer were studied and 1,848 underwent resection. Among untreated patients, 95% were dead with a year. Unresected cancer of the lung is so lethal that efforts to streamline surgical management should not be neglected. In good-risk patients with isolated lesions the approach can be direct. If surgical excision is indicated, regardless of a positive or negative sputum cytology, bronchoscopic biopsy, or brush biopsy, such investigations become superfluous. Needle biopsy is also inconclusive and in addition is hazardous. Preoperative investigation should focus on cardiopulmonary reserve more than on ways to obtain tissue for verification. With the passage of time, the extent of resection has become more conservative. The value of palliative resection is now better appreciated in terms of quality of life, its prolongation, and, for some, a possibility for cure.", "contents": "Primary cancer of the lung. A 42-year experience. Between April, 1932, and July, 1974, 3,808 patients with primary lung cancer were studied and 1,848 underwent resection. Among untreated patients, 95% were dead with a year. Unresected cancer of the lung is so lethal that efforts to streamline surgical management should not be neglected. In good-risk patients with isolated lesions the approach can be direct. If surgical excision is indicated, regardless of a positive or negative sputum cytology, bronchoscopic biopsy, or brush biopsy, such investigations become superfluous. Needle biopsy is also inconclusive and in addition is hazardous. Preoperative investigation should focus on cardiopulmonary reserve more than on ways to obtain tissue for verification. With the passage of time, the extent of resection has become more conservative. The value of palliative resection is now better appreciated in terms of quality of life, its prolongation, and, for some, a possibility for cure.", "PMID": 1190886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11977", "title": "The clinical assessment of selected patients with bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "This paper describes the clinical management of patients with malignant cells in their sputum and a normal chest roentgenogram and those with asymptomatic peripheral pulmonary masses. The source of malignant cells in the sputum of patients with no roentgenographic abnormalities can be localized by tantalum bronchography and fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Peripheral pulmonary masses can be diagnosed preoperatively by needle biopsy or transbronchial fiberoptic bronchoscopy with little morbidity and no mortality. These procedures are not necessary, however, if there is firm clinical and roentgenographic evidence of malignancy. Bronchogenic carcinomas presenting as asymptomatic circumscribed peripheral pulmonary masses have a 25% incidence of occult mediastinal lymph node metastases. In view of this relatively high incidence of metastasis, we think mediastinoscopy should routinely be performed prior to thoracotomy is asymptomatic patients with a peripheral pulmonary mass and no roentgenographic evidence of mediastinal widening.", "contents": "The clinical assessment of selected patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. This paper describes the clinical management of patients with malignant cells in their sputum and a normal chest roentgenogram and those with asymptomatic peripheral pulmonary masses. The source of malignant cells in the sputum of patients with no roentgenographic abnormalities can be localized by tantalum bronchography and fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Peripheral pulmonary masses can be diagnosed preoperatively by needle biopsy or transbronchial fiberoptic bronchoscopy with little morbidity and no mortality. These procedures are not necessary, however, if there is firm clinical and roentgenographic evidence of malignancy. Bronchogenic carcinomas presenting as asymptomatic circumscribed peripheral pulmonary masses have a 25% incidence of occult mediastinal lymph node metastases. In view of this relatively high incidence of metastasis, we think mediastinoscopy should routinely be performed prior to thoracotomy is asymptomatic patients with a peripheral pulmonary mass and no roentgenographic evidence of mediastinal widening.", "PMID": 1190887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11978", "title": "Mitral insufficiency secondary to coronary heart disease.", "content": "Twenty-four patients were operated on for mitral regurgitation secondary to coronary heart disease. Their common features consisted of a history of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, coronary occlusive disease, left ventricular dysfunction, low cardiac output, pulmonary hypertension, and increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Fourteen patients were in intractable congestive heart failure at the time of operation. The operative procedures employed consisted of aneurysmectomy in 4 patients; mitral valve replacement (MVR) in 7;MVR and revascularization in 4; MVR and aneurysmectomy in 5;MVR, revascularization, and partial ventricular resection in 3; and MVR with closure of ventricular septal perforation in 1 patient. Six patients died, a hospital mortality of 25%, and only 42% had good results. The degree of associated coronary artery disease and the status of the left ventricular myocardium were the most important prognostic factors.", "contents": "Mitral insufficiency secondary to coronary heart disease. Twenty-four patients were operated on for mitral regurgitation secondary to coronary heart disease. Their common features consisted of a history of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, coronary occlusive disease, left ventricular dysfunction, low cardiac output, pulmonary hypertension, and increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Fourteen patients were in intractable congestive heart failure at the time of operation. The operative procedures employed consisted of aneurysmectomy in 4 patients; mitral valve replacement (MVR) in 7;MVR and revascularization in 4; MVR and aneurysmectomy in 5;MVR, revascularization, and partial ventricular resection in 3; and MVR with closure of ventricular septal perforation in 1 patient. Six patients died, a hospital mortality of 25%, and only 42% had good results. The degree of associated coronary artery disease and the status of the left ventricular myocardium were the most important prognostic factors.", "PMID": 1190888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11979", "title": "The effect of natural and surgically constructed aortopulmonary shunts on hemodynamic function in tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "A hemodynamic model has been developed for the patient with tetralogy of Fallot. Equations representing the circulatory flow pattern and oxygen balance in this disease were incorporated into a computer program. With the computer model it is possible to simulate the effect of natural and surgically constructed aortopulmonary shunt flow on hemodynamic function in tetralogy of Fallot. Graphic representations of the computer output are presented which show how aortopulmonary shunt flow influences the physiology of exercise and hypoxic episodes. An explanation is advanced for the lack of correlation between resting arterial oxygen saturation and the incidence of hypoxic episodes. The model demonstrates the effect of surgical aortopulmonary shunts in eliminating hypoxic spells.", "contents": "The effect of natural and surgically constructed aortopulmonary shunts on hemodynamic function in tetralogy of Fallot. A hemodynamic model has been developed for the patient with tetralogy of Fallot. Equations representing the circulatory flow pattern and oxygen balance in this disease were incorporated into a computer program. With the computer model it is possible to simulate the effect of natural and surgically constructed aortopulmonary shunt flow on hemodynamic function in tetralogy of Fallot. Graphic representations of the computer output are presented which show how aortopulmonary shunt flow influences the physiology of exercise and hypoxic episodes. An explanation is advanced for the lack of correlation between resting arterial oxygen saturation and the incidence of hypoxic episodes. The model demonstrates the effect of surgical aortopulmonary shunts in eliminating hypoxic spells.", "PMID": 1190889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11980", "title": "Pulmonary edema following pulmonary valvulotomy.", "content": "A previously unreported combination of critical pulmonary valve stenosis and mitral stenosis is described. The initial clinical presentation was one of right ventricular failure that obscured the evidence of pulmonary venous hypertension. Following pulmonary valvulotomy, pulmonary edema ensued because of the increased pulmonary blood flow. The importance of urgent cardiac catheterization postoperatively following an operation that increases pulmonary blood flow is discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary edema following pulmonary valvulotomy. A previously unreported combination of critical pulmonary valve stenosis and mitral stenosis is described. The initial clinical presentation was one of right ventricular failure that obscured the evidence of pulmonary venous hypertension. Following pulmonary valvulotomy, pulmonary edema ensued because of the increased pulmonary blood flow. The importance of urgent cardiac catheterization postoperatively following an operation that increases pulmonary blood flow is discussed.", "PMID": 1190890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11981", "title": "[Results of the use of the counter-pulsation balloon in experimental post coronary oclussion cardiogenic shock in closed thorax].", "content": "An experimental study of the production of cardiogenic shock together with the results of its treatment by means of the intraaortic balloon was carried out. Cardiogenic shock was produced in dogs with closed thorax and spontaneous respiration. In 13 of the 21 dogs studied, the production of acute myocardial infarction by means of selective embolism of the left circumflex artery permitted the reproduction of a model of cardiogenic shock. Embolism was produced by injecting metalic mercury through a double catheter. Six of the 8 remaining dogs died due to accidental introduction of mercury in the anterior descending coronary artery which produced irreversible ventricular fibrillation. The other 2 died due to rupture of the ascending aorta during the maneuveres to place the coronarygraphy catheter. The 13 dogs with cardiogenic shock were treated with intraaortic balloon pumping during 3-4 hours. The left ventricular systolic pressure fell from 128 +/- 12.07 to 124 +/- 4.65 mm. Hg. The cardiac index increased by 42%. These findings confirm the fact that intraaortic balloon pumping lessens the after load. The fall of the telediastolic pressure by 20% was an index of the lessening or the preload. The aortic telediastolic pressure rose by a mean value of 32.21 mm. Hg. This raises the coronary perfusion pressure thus limiting the extension or reducing the size of the infarction. A frank reduction of the electrographic subepicardiac lesion was observed after using intraaortic balloon pumping. The mean aortic pressure only rose by 8%, the central venous pressure remained unchanged and the increase in diuresis was not estimable. The maximum dP/dt was unaltered and the Vmax. rose 17%. Two dogs were left alive after the experiment and lived for 3 and 12 days respectively. To conclude the results obtained permit us to indicate that intraaortic balloon pumping when used in dogs with this standard type of cardiogenic shock produces an important reduction of the after load, a discrete reduction of the preload and a significative increase in coronary blood flow. There were no changes in cardiac frequency and although the results of myocardial contractility were not definite, they seem to indicate a moderate improvement.", "contents": "[Results of the use of the counter-pulsation balloon in experimental post coronary oclussion cardiogenic shock in closed thorax]. An experimental study of the production of cardiogenic shock together with the results of its treatment by means of the intraaortic balloon was carried out. Cardiogenic shock was produced in dogs with closed thorax and spontaneous respiration. In 13 of the 21 dogs studied, the production of acute myocardial infarction by means of selective embolism of the left circumflex artery permitted the reproduction of a model of cardiogenic shock. Embolism was produced by injecting metalic mercury through a double catheter. Six of the 8 remaining dogs died due to accidental introduction of mercury in the anterior descending coronary artery which produced irreversible ventricular fibrillation. The other 2 died due to rupture of the ascending aorta during the maneuveres to place the coronarygraphy catheter. The 13 dogs with cardiogenic shock were treated with intraaortic balloon pumping during 3-4 hours. The left ventricular systolic pressure fell from 128 +/- 12.07 to 124 +/- 4.65 mm. Hg. The cardiac index increased by 42%. These findings confirm the fact that intraaortic balloon pumping lessens the after load. The fall of the telediastolic pressure by 20% was an index of the lessening or the preload. The aortic telediastolic pressure rose by a mean value of 32.21 mm. Hg. This raises the coronary perfusion pressure thus limiting the extension or reducing the size of the infarction. A frank reduction of the electrographic subepicardiac lesion was observed after using intraaortic balloon pumping. The mean aortic pressure only rose by 8%, the central venous pressure remained unchanged and the increase in diuresis was not estimable. The maximum dP/dt was unaltered and the Vmax. rose 17%. Two dogs were left alive after the experiment and lived for 3 and 12 days respectively. To conclude the results obtained permit us to indicate that intraaortic balloon pumping when used in dogs with this standard type of cardiogenic shock produces an important reduction of the after load, a discrete reduction of the preload and a significative increase in coronary blood flow. There were no changes in cardiac frequency and although the results of myocardial contractility were not definite, they seem to indicate a moderate improvement.", "PMID": 1190896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11982", "title": "[Tricuspid atresia: A therapeutic problem].", "content": "1. The authors present 80 cases of tricuspid atresia of the Children's Cardiology Service of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda de M\u00e9xico. They propose their own classification based on the position of the visceral suits and of the great arteries and the possible existance of a persistent truncus arteriosus. 2. The requirements that should be fulfiled to establish an anatomic and hemodynamic diagnosis are determined; and the need to know in detail the anatomy of the right ventricle; of its exit chamber, of the pulmonary valve and of the pulmonary truncus is emphasized; as well as the measures in the auricles and the left ventricle. 3. They insist upon the need, when the pulmonar arterial pressure cannot be measured directly, to introduce a catheter in a pulmonar vein, because the pressures obtained are quite similar to the pressure in the pulmonar arterial territory. 4. The fundamental data of the anatomic and hemodynamic study are discussed and illustrated. They confirm the close relation that exists between the diameter of the exit chamber of the right ventricle and of the valvular ring, the pulmonary truncus and its branches. 5. In all cases of tricuspid atresia with AQRS deviated to the right and downwards in the frontal plane; transposition of the great arteries should be thought of when it deviates to the left and upwards, in patients with crossed great arteries. 6. In the cases operated with sistemic-pulmonary fistula, there was an intrahospital mortality range of 25%, similar to that obtained by most authors. 7. The paliative surgical procedures are analyzed, and those that at present could be considered as \"corrective\" such as Fontan and Kreutzer's operations. The need, to gather several diagnostic parameters. To establish the surgical indication in the sistemicpulmonary and venus shunts, is emphasized.", "contents": "[Tricuspid atresia: A therapeutic problem]. 1. The authors present 80 cases of tricuspid atresia of the Children's Cardiology Service of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda de M\u00e9xico. They propose their own classification based on the position of the visceral suits and of the great arteries and the possible existance of a persistent truncus arteriosus. 2. The requirements that should be fulfiled to establish an anatomic and hemodynamic diagnosis are determined; and the need to know in detail the anatomy of the right ventricle; of its exit chamber, of the pulmonary valve and of the pulmonary truncus is emphasized; as well as the measures in the auricles and the left ventricle. 3. They insist upon the need, when the pulmonar arterial pressure cannot be measured directly, to introduce a catheter in a pulmonar vein, because the pressures obtained are quite similar to the pressure in the pulmonar arterial territory. 4. The fundamental data of the anatomic and hemodynamic study are discussed and illustrated. They confirm the close relation that exists between the diameter of the exit chamber of the right ventricle and of the valvular ring, the pulmonary truncus and its branches. 5. In all cases of tricuspid atresia with AQRS deviated to the right and downwards in the frontal plane; transposition of the great arteries should be thought of when it deviates to the left and upwards, in patients with crossed great arteries. 6. In the cases operated with sistemic-pulmonary fistula, there was an intrahospital mortality range of 25%, similar to that obtained by most authors. 7. The paliative surgical procedures are analyzed, and those that at present could be considered as \"corrective\" such as Fontan and Kreutzer's operations. The need, to gather several diagnostic parameters. To establish the surgical indication in the sistemicpulmonary and venus shunts, is emphasized.", "PMID": 1190897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11983", "title": "[Aneurysm of the pulmonary artery. Analysis of 7 cases].", "content": "Aneurysms of the pulmonary artery are very rare, very few have been reported in medical literature. It is the purpose of this paper to present and discuss 7 cases. The etiology was congenital in 2, syphilitic in 2, cystic medionecrosis in 1, and mycotic in 2. The diagnosis was confirmed by necropsis in 3, and by angiography in 4. The basic clinical aspects are hemoptysis, pulmonary ejective murmur, and the radiological findings. The evolution depends on the etiology. The mycotic aneurysms ruptured and the patient with cystic medionecrosis died in heart failure. One of the syphilitic aneurysms died from an unrelated cause, and the others are alive and asymptomatic. The medical treatment is determined by the etiology.", "contents": "[Aneurysm of the pulmonary artery. Analysis of 7 cases]. Aneurysms of the pulmonary artery are very rare, very few have been reported in medical literature. It is the purpose of this paper to present and discuss 7 cases. The etiology was congenital in 2, syphilitic in 2, cystic medionecrosis in 1, and mycotic in 2. The diagnosis was confirmed by necropsis in 3, and by angiography in 4. The basic clinical aspects are hemoptysis, pulmonary ejective murmur, and the radiological findings. The evolution depends on the etiology. The mycotic aneurysms ruptured and the patient with cystic medionecrosis died in heart failure. One of the syphilitic aneurysms died from an unrelated cause, and the others are alive and asymptomatic. The medical treatment is determined by the etiology.", "PMID": 1190898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11984", "title": "[Phonomechanocardiography in the evaluation of the functional status of valvular prosthesis].", "content": "The FMCG in 22 patients with valvular prosthesis is analyzed and its clinical, hemodynamic and surgical correlation are established (11 from the I.N.C. and 11 from the Hospital Infantil I.M.A.N.). The average age of the patients was 15 years old, 18 had a mitral and six aortic valvulopathy, and they all required a valvular replacement. Of the mitral prosthesis, 14 were Starr-Edwards (13 of ball valve and one of disc), three Lillehei-Kaster and one B\u00f6rck-Shiley. In 5 patients, the FMCG suspected disfunction that was later corroborated by catheterism in three patients and by surgery in all of them. The important differences of the FMCG between the group with good and the one with bad function were: the aparition of a rumble, a decrease in the amplitud of the closing snap, index of closing snap opering snap of less than one, lenghtening of fases PFVP and IVCP, and shortening of IVDRP. In the patients with auricular fibrilation, after long dyastoles; that would represent an adequate atrial emptying; the closing snap was more intense, the PFVP was lennthened the IVDRP was shortened when the prosthesis was not properly functioning. All the aortic prosthesis were ball valve Starr-Edwards type; in one the FMCG suspected disfunction and the patient had a sudden death outside of the Hospital. The significant differences of the FMCG were the decrease in the intensity of the opening snap, with a Hylen index of less than one, lengthening of the PFVP, IVCP and of the expulsive period (EP). The authors conclude that the FMCG is a good method for an early detection of the disfunctions of valvular prosthesis.", "contents": "[Phonomechanocardiography in the evaluation of the functional status of valvular prosthesis]. The FMCG in 22 patients with valvular prosthesis is analyzed and its clinical, hemodynamic and surgical correlation are established (11 from the I.N.C. and 11 from the Hospital Infantil I.M.A.N.). The average age of the patients was 15 years old, 18 had a mitral and six aortic valvulopathy, and they all required a valvular replacement. Of the mitral prosthesis, 14 were Starr-Edwards (13 of ball valve and one of disc), three Lillehei-Kaster and one B\u00f6rck-Shiley. In 5 patients, the FMCG suspected disfunction that was later corroborated by catheterism in three patients and by surgery in all of them. The important differences of the FMCG between the group with good and the one with bad function were: the aparition of a rumble, a decrease in the amplitud of the closing snap, index of closing snap opering snap of less than one, lenghtening of fases PFVP and IVCP, and shortening of IVDRP. In the patients with auricular fibrilation, after long dyastoles; that would represent an adequate atrial emptying; the closing snap was more intense, the PFVP was lennthened the IVDRP was shortened when the prosthesis was not properly functioning. All the aortic prosthesis were ball valve Starr-Edwards type; in one the FMCG suspected disfunction and the patient had a sudden death outside of the Hospital. The significant differences of the FMCG were the decrease in the intensity of the opening snap, with a Hylen index of less than one, lengthening of the PFVP, IVCP and of the expulsive period (EP). The authors conclude that the FMCG is a good method for an early detection of the disfunctions of valvular prosthesis.", "PMID": 1190899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11985", "title": "[Phonomechanocardiographic analysis in patients with artifical pacemaker].", "content": "Eighteen patients with artificial pacemakers have been studied by phonomecanocardiographic means. All had complete atrio-ventricular block. Ten had an endocardial electrode in the right ventricle and 10 an epicardial in the free wall of the left ventricle. Two patients were studied, first with a temporal endocardial pacemaker and then with a permanent one. The studies were divided in 3 groups: Group I. In six cases comparison was made between the systolic tunes of the normally conducted cycles, and the ones produced by direct ventricular stimulations. The beats produced by direct ventricular stimulation showed a statistically significant diminution of the function of the left ventricle. This was reflected by a shorter relative ejection period. This diminution can possibly be explained by one of two mechanisms: absence of the \"atrial kick\", or alteration in the sequence of depolarization and ventricular contraction, producing an asynchrony in the contraction. This would lead us to suppose that the best site for contact of the electrode would be the middle third of the left aspect of the ventricular septum, where the activation starts normally. Group II. Ventricular function was compared in 20 cases, depending on the site of electrical stimulation: endocardium of right ventricle or epicardium of the left ventricle: there were no statistically significant differences. Group III. On 14 cases we studied cycles in which an effective contribution of the atrial kick could be expected, because the interval between the P wave and the electrical artifact was less than 300 msec. These were compared with others with a larger, statistically significant, improvement of the left ventricular function it was observed as a longer ejection period in the cases with a P wave-electrical artifact pause shorter than 300 msec.", "contents": "[Phonomechanocardiographic analysis in patients with artifical pacemaker]. Eighteen patients with artificial pacemakers have been studied by phonomecanocardiographic means. All had complete atrio-ventricular block. Ten had an endocardial electrode in the right ventricle and 10 an epicardial in the free wall of the left ventricle. Two patients were studied, first with a temporal endocardial pacemaker and then with a permanent one. The studies were divided in 3 groups: Group I. In six cases comparison was made between the systolic tunes of the normally conducted cycles, and the ones produced by direct ventricular stimulations. The beats produced by direct ventricular stimulation showed a statistically significant diminution of the function of the left ventricle. This was reflected by a shorter relative ejection period. This diminution can possibly be explained by one of two mechanisms: absence of the \"atrial kick\", or alteration in the sequence of depolarization and ventricular contraction, producing an asynchrony in the contraction. This would lead us to suppose that the best site for contact of the electrode would be the middle third of the left aspect of the ventricular septum, where the activation starts normally. Group II. Ventricular function was compared in 20 cases, depending on the site of electrical stimulation: endocardium of right ventricle or epicardium of the left ventricle: there were no statistically significant differences. Group III. On 14 cases we studied cycles in which an effective contribution of the atrial kick could be expected, because the interval between the P wave and the electrical artifact was less than 300 msec. These were compared with others with a larger, statistically significant, improvement of the left ventricular function it was observed as a longer ejection period in the cases with a P wave-electrical artifact pause shorter than 300 msec.", "PMID": 1190900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11986", "title": "[Value of the electrocardiogram to predict the pattern of left ventricular contraction in ischemic cardiopathy].", "content": "A correlative electrocardiographic and ventriculographic study was performed in a series of 100 patients with clinical and electrocardiographic diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. The analysis was focused on the possibility of predicting ventricular contraction pattern (VCP) disturbances, through electrocardiographic signs of coronary insufficiency. Two main groups were separated on the basis of the presence of necrosis. There were 66 cases with necrosis, and 34 without it. The type of VCP was calssified in accordance with the criterion of Herman et al. in: asyneresis, akinesis and dyskininesis. The degree of coronary narrowing was arbitrarily evalued as less than 50%, between 50 and 75%, and over 75% of the lumen.", "contents": "[Value of the electrocardiogram to predict the pattern of left ventricular contraction in ischemic cardiopathy]. A correlative electrocardiographic and ventriculographic study was performed in a series of 100 patients with clinical and electrocardiographic diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. The analysis was focused on the possibility of predicting ventricular contraction pattern (VCP) disturbances, through electrocardiographic signs of coronary insufficiency. Two main groups were separated on the basis of the presence of necrosis. There were 66 cases with necrosis, and 34 without it. The type of VCP was calssified in accordance with the criterion of Herman et al. in: asyneresis, akinesis and dyskininesis. The degree of coronary narrowing was arbitrarily evalued as less than 50%, between 50 and 75%, and over 75% of the lumen.", "PMID": 1190901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11987", "title": "[The effects of imolamine on auriculo-ventricular conduction by recoil of His potential].", "content": "The electropharmacological action of imolamine was studied using Hiss bundle electrography.  In dogs with spontaneous sinusal rhythm, imolamine decreases Hiss-Purkinje and total intraventricular conduction, without affecting auriculoventricular conduction time. In dogs with paced sinusal rhythm (180/min), imolamine increases atrial and ventricular thresholds and atrial refractory period, and decreases intra-atrial and intraventricular conduction; no significant modification of auriculoventricular conduction was noted at therapeutic dosages. In ouaba\u00efn-intoxicated dogs, imolamine suppresses digitalis rhythm disorders and antagonizes the action of the glycoside on A-V node, as does diphenylhydanto\u00efne, but, in contrast to this drug, it increases slightly intraventricular conductivity.", "contents": "[The effects of imolamine on auriculo-ventricular conduction by recoil of His potential]. The electropharmacological action of imolamine was studied using Hiss bundle electrography.  In dogs with spontaneous sinusal rhythm, imolamine decreases Hiss-Purkinje and total intraventricular conduction, without affecting auriculoventricular conduction time. In dogs with paced sinusal rhythm (180/min), imolamine increases atrial and ventricular thresholds and atrial refractory period, and decreases intra-atrial and intraventricular conduction; no significant modification of auriculoventricular conduction was noted at therapeutic dosages. In ouaba\u00efn-intoxicated dogs, imolamine suppresses digitalis rhythm disorders and antagonizes the action of the glycoside on A-V node, as does diphenylhydanto\u00efne, but, in contrast to this drug, it increases slightly intraventricular conductivity.", "PMID": 1190907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11988", "title": "[QRS in mitral stenosis: Electrohemodynamic correlation].", "content": "The electrocardiograms of 50 patients with mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm were reviewed (axis of QRS and T in the frontal and horizontal planes, with each one of their modules, Lewis index and right Sokolow-Lyon, quotient R/R + S in V1, time of beginning of the intrinsecoide deflection of QRS), they were related with the hemodynamic data; and the existence of clear relations between both methods of exploration were confirmed. 1. The QRS axis in the frontal plane kept a good relation with the hemodynamic data (mainly thzontal axis there proved to be a closer relation than in this one. 2. The quotient R/R + S in V1 was the parameter that best correlated with the mean pressure of the pulmonary artery and with the pulmonar capillary pressure. 3. Although the right Sokolow-Lyon index is not a definite criterion for recognizing a right ventricular hypertrophy; it is very useful in correlating the total pulmonary resistances with the mean pulmonary arterial pressure, even if it did not reach pathologic values. The same can be said the Lewis index, although the dependence is less important. 4. The horizontalization of the frontal axis of T becomes more important with the increase in the hemodynamic repercution. 5. As an expression of the systemic hemodynamic alteration, the decrease in time of inscription of the intrinsecoid deflection, of the left ventricle in V6 became evident when the mitral area diminished or by increase of mean pressure of the pulmonary artery. 6. The electrocardiographic characteristics that allow to recognize the existence of a mitral area smaller than 0.8 cm2, with a possibility of error of less than 5% (false positives), are: -- a horizontal axis of QRS less or equal to + 9 degrees -- a right Sokolow-Lyon index of more than 21.56. 7. The existence of a mean pressure of more than 25 mm. Hg in the pulmonary artery can be acknowledged, with a possibility of false positives of less than 5%, by the apparition of one or more of the following data: -- a frontal axis of QRS more or equal to + 87 degrees -- a Lewis index of less than -7.44. 8. The diagnosis of mean pressures of the pulmonary artery of more than 35 mm. Hg can be established, with the same degree of possibility, by: -- a T frontal axis of less or equal to + 10 degrees -- a horizontal axis of QRS of less or equal to + 13 degrees -- a right Sokolow-Lyon index of more than 19.71 -- a quotient R/R + S in V1 more or equal to 0.88. 9. The only finding that permits to establish of a pulmonary capillary pressure higher of 25 mm. Hg, with false positives possibility of less of 5% is: -- quotient R/R + S in higher or equal to 0.07 in V1.", "contents": "[QRS in mitral stenosis: Electrohemodynamic correlation]. The electrocardiograms of 50 patients with mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm were reviewed (axis of QRS and T in the frontal and horizontal planes, with each one of their modules, Lewis index and right Sokolow-Lyon, quotient R/R + S in V1, time of beginning of the intrinsecoide deflection of QRS), they were related with the hemodynamic data; and the existence of clear relations between both methods of exploration were confirmed. 1. The QRS axis in the frontal plane kept a good relation with the hemodynamic data (mainly thzontal axis there proved to be a closer relation than in this one. 2. The quotient R/R + S in V1 was the parameter that best correlated with the mean pressure of the pulmonary artery and with the pulmonar capillary pressure. 3. Although the right Sokolow-Lyon index is not a definite criterion for recognizing a right ventricular hypertrophy; it is very useful in correlating the total pulmonary resistances with the mean pulmonary arterial pressure, even if it did not reach pathologic values. The same can be said the Lewis index, although the dependence is less important. 4. The horizontalization of the frontal axis of T becomes more important with the increase in the hemodynamic repercution. 5. As an expression of the systemic hemodynamic alteration, the decrease in time of inscription of the intrinsecoid deflection, of the left ventricle in V6 became evident when the mitral area diminished or by increase of mean pressure of the pulmonary artery. 6. The electrocardiographic characteristics that allow to recognize the existence of a mitral area smaller than 0.8 cm2, with a possibility of error of less than 5% (false positives), are: -- a horizontal axis of QRS less or equal to + 9 degrees -- a right Sokolow-Lyon index of more than 21.56. 7. The existence of a mean pressure of more than 25 mm. Hg in the pulmonary artery can be acknowledged, with a possibility of false positives of less than 5%, by the apparition of one or more of the following data: -- a frontal axis of QRS more or equal to + 87 degrees -- a Lewis index of less than -7.44. 8. The diagnosis of mean pressures of the pulmonary artery of more than 35 mm. Hg can be established, with the same degree of possibility, by: -- a T frontal axis of less or equal to + 10 degrees -- a horizontal axis of QRS of less or equal to + 13 degrees -- a right Sokolow-Lyon index of more than 19.71 -- a quotient R/R + S in V1 more or equal to 0.88. 9. The only finding that permits to establish of a pulmonary capillary pressure higher of 25 mm. Hg, with false positives possibility of less of 5% is: -- quotient R/R + S in higher or equal to 0.07 in V1.", "PMID": 1190902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11989", "title": "[Electro-ventorcardiographic manifestations of ventricular inversion with transposition of great arteries].", "content": "Electrocardiograms obtained in two groups of patients with inversion of the ventricles and transposition of the great arteries, were analyzed: group I corresponding in situs solitus and group II to situs inversus. This series comprises 36 cases (29 of group I and 7 of Group II), in which the diagnosis of the main congenital heart disease --ventricular inversion-- and of the associated defects was established by angiocardiography. In 7 cases of group I and in one of group II, the angiocardiographic diagnosis was proved at least in part during open heart surgery. Direct anatomic study was possible in 5 more cases of group I and in 2 more of group II. Each group comprises two subgroups: A, without RBBB, and B, with RBBB of different degrees. Group I consists of 11 cases of subgroup A and 18 of subgroup B. In group II there were 2 cases of subgroup A and 5 of subgroup B. Vectorcardiograms were obtained following Grishman's method in 17 cases of group I (8 of subgroup A and 9 of subgroup B) and in 3 cases of group II (1 of subgroup A and 2 of subgroup B). In 7 cases of group I (5 of subgroup A and 2 of subgroup B), it was possible to record also the vectorcardiographic curves following Frank's method. Electro and vectorcardiographic findings were correlated with hemodynamic data and, in some cases, also with anatomic ones.", "contents": "[Electro-ventorcardiographic manifestations of ventricular inversion with transposition of great arteries]. Electrocardiograms obtained in two groups of patients with inversion of the ventricles and transposition of the great arteries, were analyzed: group I corresponding in situs solitus and group II to situs inversus. This series comprises 36 cases (29 of group I and 7 of Group II), in which the diagnosis of the main congenital heart disease --ventricular inversion-- and of the associated defects was established by angiocardiography. In 7 cases of group I and in one of group II, the angiocardiographic diagnosis was proved at least in part during open heart surgery. Direct anatomic study was possible in 5 more cases of group I and in 2 more of group II. Each group comprises two subgroups: A, without RBBB, and B, with RBBB of different degrees. Group I consists of 11 cases of subgroup A and 18 of subgroup B. In group II there were 2 cases of subgroup A and 5 of subgroup B. Vectorcardiograms were obtained following Grishman's method in 17 cases of group I (8 of subgroup A and 9 of subgroup B) and in 3 cases of group II (1 of subgroup A and 2 of subgroup B). In 7 cases of group I (5 of subgroup A and 2 of subgroup B), it was possible to record also the vectorcardiographic curves following Frank's method. Electro and vectorcardiographic findings were correlated with hemodynamic data and, in some cases, also with anatomic ones.", "PMID": 1190903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11990", "title": "[Comparison of the antiarrhythmic effects of PGA1, PGA2, PGE1, PGE2 and PGF2 alpha on a barium chloride arrhythmia model in unanesthetized rabbits].", "content": "Experimental studies on BaCl2 induced arrhythmias in unanaesthetized rabbits showed an antiarrhythmic effect of prostaglandins A1, A2, E1, E2 and F2a by infusions of 0,1 to 6,0 mug/kg/min over 3 min. There was a maximum antiarrhythmic effect between 50% and 80%. Ajmaline was similarly effective when given in doses 100-1000 times higher. PGA1 and PGE2 were most effective in this model; the ED50-values of the other PGs were 2-3 times higher. The mode of action of PGs is unknown; the following factors are discussed: the influence on the ionic movements, the negative feedback mechanism on the release of adrenergic transmitter and central nervous effects.", "contents": "[Comparison of the antiarrhythmic effects of PGA1, PGA2, PGE1, PGE2 and PGF2 alpha on a barium chloride arrhythmia model in unanesthetized rabbits]. Experimental studies on BaCl2 induced arrhythmias in unanaesthetized rabbits showed an antiarrhythmic effect of prostaglandins A1, A2, E1, E2 and F2a by infusions of 0,1 to 6,0 mug/kg/min over 3 min. There was a maximum antiarrhythmic effect between 50% and 80%. Ajmaline was similarly effective when given in doses 100-1000 times higher. PGA1 and PGE2 were most effective in this model; the ED50-values of the other PGs were 2-3 times higher. The mode of action of PGs is unknown; the following factors are discussed: the influence on the ionic movements, the negative feedback mechanism on the release of adrenergic transmitter and central nervous effects.", "PMID": 1190908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11991", "title": "Comparison between the effects of ST 600 and clonidine.", "content": "The effects of the antihypertensive imidazoline compounds 2-(5 fluor-0-toluidine)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (ST 600) and 2-(2, 6 dichlorophenylamine)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (ST 155, clonidine, Catapres) on intra-arterial pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, total peripheral resistance, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, renal vascular resistance, plasma volume, plasma renin and aldosterone concentration were studied in five patients with essential hypertension. The antihypertensive action of both compounds was similar and was accompanied by a reduction in heart rate and in cardiac output, total peripheral resistance being unchanged. There was no significant decrease in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. Plasma volume and plasma concentrations of renin and aldosterone also did not change significantly. In the face of similar reductions in blood pressure, no differences were observed between cardio-renal haemodynamic responses after ST 600 and clonidine. However ST 600 had a longer lasting effect (8-12 hours).", "contents": "Comparison between the effects of ST 600 and clonidine. The effects of the antihypertensive imidazoline compounds 2-(5 fluor-0-toluidine)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (ST 600) and 2-(2, 6 dichlorophenylamine)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (ST 155, clonidine, Catapres) on intra-arterial pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, total peripheral resistance, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, renal vascular resistance, plasma volume, plasma renin and aldosterone concentration were studied in five patients with essential hypertension. The antihypertensive action of both compounds was similar and was accompanied by a reduction in heart rate and in cardiac output, total peripheral resistance being unchanged. There was no significant decrease in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. Plasma volume and plasma concentrations of renin and aldosterone also did not change significantly. In the face of similar reductions in blood pressure, no differences were observed between cardio-renal haemodynamic responses after ST 600 and clonidine. However ST 600 had a longer lasting effect (8-12 hours).", "PMID": 1190909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11992", "title": "[Value of interacardiac recordings in the evaluation of positive QRS in V1 provoked by stimulation of the right ventricle].", "content": "The analysis of the common bundle and of the ventrical filtered electrograms has incrased our knowledge of the intraventricular conduction following the simulation of the PVS as well as the different types or reciprocating that can be produced by premature beats. 2. The positive QRS complexes in V1 produced from PVD by St2 can be explained as a greater degree of incomplete recuperation of the right ventricular wall than in the interventricular septum. In contrast with what happened in the basal beats, where the front took longer to reach the TSVD than the VI. 3. The refractarines of the transitional tissues that serve as the phisiological banier was longer than the banal myocardium. The intraventricular propagation, and therefore the morphology and direction of QRS, depended of this one; while the moment of arrival of activation retrogradly to the common bundle was conditioned by the transitional tissues. 4. Episodes of ventricular taquicardies with QRS positive complexes in V1 can be due to a re-entry throught the bundle branches or in (or around) an area that has been recently injured.", "contents": "[Value of interacardiac recordings in the evaluation of positive QRS in V1 provoked by stimulation of the right ventricle]. The analysis of the common bundle and of the ventrical filtered electrograms has incrased our knowledge of the intraventricular conduction following the simulation of the PVS as well as the different types or reciprocating that can be produced by premature beats. 2. The positive QRS complexes in V1 produced from PVD by St2 can be explained as a greater degree of incomplete recuperation of the right ventricular wall than in the interventricular septum. In contrast with what happened in the basal beats, where the front took longer to reach the TSVD than the VI. 3. The refractarines of the transitional tissues that serve as the phisiological banier was longer than the banal myocardium. The intraventricular propagation, and therefore the morphology and direction of QRS, depended of this one; while the moment of arrival of activation retrogradly to the common bundle was conditioned by the transitional tissues. 4. Episodes of ventricular taquicardies with QRS positive complexes in V1 can be due to a re-entry throught the bundle branches or in (or around) an area that has been recently injured.", "PMID": 1190904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11993", "title": "[Acut aortic insufficiency caused by rupture of a normal valve during labor].", "content": "We are presenting a case of a young woman with sudden onset of heart failure and several episodes of syncope, after a prolonged labor. The findings at physical examination suggested the diagnosis of acute aortic insufficiency, that was confirmed by cardiac catheterization. At surgery, the aortic valve showed a round perforation in the non coronary cusp. Pathological examination of the valve showed no significant abnormality. We conclude that the stress of labor was the cause of the rupture of a previously normal aortic valve.", "contents": "[Acut aortic insufficiency caused by rupture of a normal valve during labor]. We are presenting a case of a young woman with sudden onset of heart failure and several episodes of syncope, after a prolonged labor. The findings at physical examination suggested the diagnosis of acute aortic insufficiency, that was confirmed by cardiac catheterization. At surgery, the aortic valve showed a round perforation in the non coronary cusp. Pathological examination of the valve showed no significant abnormality. We conclude that the stress of labor was the cause of the rupture of a previously normal aortic valve.", "PMID": 1190906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11994", "title": "[Agenesis of the right branch of the pulmonary artery, diagnosis by lung scan].", "content": "The white thrombus is formed due to the platelet adhesiveness to the vascular wall, and to their agglutination mediated by the liberation of ADP, the adenosine inactivation and the deposit of calcium and accelerating factors of coagulation as well. The red thrombus is formed by the thromboplastic activity, combined with the action of several coagulation factors, fibrin, erythrocytes and leucocytes. For the above mentioned facts, we may try to avoid the white thrombus formation by means of antiadhesive platelets drug, and the red thrombus production with the use of anticoagulants. If the thrombus is already formed, the drugs of choice are the fibrinolytics, to intend the dissolution of the clot. In the present paper, the mean characteristics as well as the actual concepts on the use of these three groups of drugs, are described.", "contents": "[Agenesis of the right branch of the pulmonary artery, diagnosis by lung scan]. The white thrombus is formed due to the platelet adhesiveness to the vascular wall, and to their agglutination mediated by the liberation of ADP, the adenosine inactivation and the deposit of calcium and accelerating factors of coagulation as well. The red thrombus is formed by the thromboplastic activity, combined with the action of several coagulation factors, fibrin, erythrocytes and leucocytes. For the above mentioned facts, we may try to avoid the white thrombus formation by means of antiadhesive platelets drug, and the red thrombus production with the use of anticoagulants. If the thrombus is already formed, the drugs of choice are the fibrinolytics, to intend the dissolution of the clot. In the present paper, the mean characteristics as well as the actual concepts on the use of these three groups of drugs, are described.", "PMID": 1190905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11995", "title": "Loperamide antagonism of castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats: a quantitative study.", "content": "The time-course of castor oil-induced diarrhea in fasted rats was quantified by weighing stools every 15 minutes for 8 hours after the challenge and then after 24 hours. Diarrhea began within 1 hour as a series of rapidly occurring evacuations over 20 to 40 minutes. The mean weight of these stools was 5.7 g; later irregular evacuations increased the weight to 9.4 g at 8 hours. The area of individual time-weight diagrams had a median value of 432 units. Pretreatment with 0.16 mg/kg of loperamide, a new antidiarrheal drug, significantly decreased the area of similarly obtained diagrams; 0.31 mg/kg caused a 50% reduction. This antagonism by loperamide of castor oil-induced diarrhea may involve reduction in the severity of inflammatory changes in the intestinal wall.", "contents": "Loperamide antagonism of castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats: a quantitative study. The time-course of castor oil-induced diarrhea in fasted rats was quantified by weighing stools every 15 minutes for 8 hours after the challenge and then after 24 hours. Diarrhea began within 1 hour as a series of rapidly occurring evacuations over 20 to 40 minutes. The mean weight of these stools was 5.7 g; later irregular evacuations increased the weight to 9.4 g at 8 hours. The area of individual time-weight diagrams had a median value of 432 units. Pretreatment with 0.16 mg/kg of loperamide, a new antidiarrheal drug, significantly decreased the area of similarly obtained diagrams; 0.31 mg/kg caused a 50% reduction. This antagonism by loperamide of castor oil-induced diarrhea may involve reduction in the severity of inflammatory changes in the intestinal wall.", "PMID": 1190912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11996", "title": "Direct renal hemodynamic effects of two vasodilators: diazoxide and acetylcholine.", "content": "The direct renal hemodynamic effect of two different vasodilators, diazoxide and acetylcholine, in the anesthetized dog, were studied. In 12 dogs (Group 1), diazoxide was given first directly into the renal artery and was followed by the addition of acetylcholine. In 6 dogs (Group 2) the order of drug administration was reversed. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the effective renal plasma flow (ERDF), and the excretion of sodium, potassium, chloride, and urine output were determined for both control and experimental (infused) kidneys. Both drugs when given alone resulted in a significant increase of all parameters tested on the experimental kidney, except the ERPF which was spuriously decreased by diazoxide. The addition of either drug upon the first given did not produce and further effect. It was, therefore, concluded that the hemodynamic changes, as well as the handling of electrolytes and water by the kidney, were solely due to the vasodilating properties of both compounds. A local renal tubular effect by diazoxide concerning sodium excretion could not be substantiated by our studies.", "contents": "Direct renal hemodynamic effects of two vasodilators: diazoxide and acetylcholine. The direct renal hemodynamic effect of two different vasodilators, diazoxide and acetylcholine, in the anesthetized dog, were studied. In 12 dogs (Group 1), diazoxide was given first directly into the renal artery and was followed by the addition of acetylcholine. In 6 dogs (Group 2) the order of drug administration was reversed. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the effective renal plasma flow (ERDF), and the excretion of sodium, potassium, chloride, and urine output were determined for both control and experimental (infused) kidneys. Both drugs when given alone resulted in a significant increase of all parameters tested on the experimental kidney, except the ERPF which was spuriously decreased by diazoxide. The addition of either drug upon the first given did not produce and further effect. It was, therefore, concluded that the hemodynamic changes, as well as the handling of electrolytes and water by the kidney, were solely due to the vasodilating properties of both compounds. A local renal tubular effect by diazoxide concerning sodium excretion could not be substantiated by our studies.", "PMID": 1190913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11997", "title": "Effects of suprofen, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, on platelet function, plasma coagulation and fibrinolysis II. In vivo experiments.", "content": "Suprofen, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, was found to affect certain aspects of platelet function after in vivo administration in various species. In guinea-pigs, platelet aggregation induced by collagen and Thrombofax, and secondary A.D.P. aggregation were reduced in a dose-dependent way by suprofen (single oral administration) from 0.08 mg/kg on. In dogs, the effect of a single oral dose of 2.5 mg/kg of suprofen on collagen-induced aggregation started 30 min after administration, lasted for at least 8 h and had disappeared after 24 h. Plasma coagulation parameters were not affected by the compound in this species. In rats, suprofen prolonged tail bleeding times, but did not modify fibrinolysis, platelet adhesion to glass beads or plasma coagulation. Sub-chronic administration of comparatively high doses of the compound resulted in potentiation of the anti-coagulant effect of warfarin in this species.", "contents": "Effects of suprofen, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, on platelet function, plasma coagulation and fibrinolysis II. In vivo experiments. Suprofen, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, was found to affect certain aspects of platelet function after in vivo administration in various species. In guinea-pigs, platelet aggregation induced by collagen and Thrombofax, and secondary A.D.P. aggregation were reduced in a dose-dependent way by suprofen (single oral administration) from 0.08 mg/kg on. In dogs, the effect of a single oral dose of 2.5 mg/kg of suprofen on collagen-induced aggregation started 30 min after administration, lasted for at least 8 h and had disappeared after 24 h. Plasma coagulation parameters were not affected by the compound in this species. In rats, suprofen prolonged tail bleeding times, but did not modify fibrinolysis, platelet adhesion to glass beads or plasma coagulation. Sub-chronic administration of comparatively high doses of the compound resulted in potentiation of the anti-coagulant effect of warfarin in this species.", "PMID": 1190914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11998", "title": "In vitro influence of steroidal hormones on protein and glucose metabolism of isolated granulomatous tissue cells.", "content": "A standard method of preparing isolated cells from granulomatous tissue capsules was developed. Results of morphological and chemical studies indicated that the cells were intact and functional. An inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids added in vitro was demonstrated for the first time, and this effect was consonant with the influence of glucocorticoids on granulomas in vivo. The isolated cells were predominantly monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes with smaller numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, mast cells and fibroblasts. Dimethyl sulfoxide, used to aid steroid solubilization (0.0016 ml/ml), had no influence on protein synthesis or on glucose oxidation. Cholesterol, a nonhormonally active sterol (1 x 10(-4) M, 3 x 10(-4) M), had no effect on labeled glycine incorporation. Methylprednisolone (1 x 10(-4) M, 3 x 10(-4) M) decreased protein synthesis after 30 min of incubation indicating that this might be one important early mechanism of action. Methylprednisolone (1 x 10(-4) M) had no influence on glucose oxidation. Deoxycorticosterone (1 x 10(-4) M, 3 X 10(-4) M) inhibited both protein synthesis and glucose oxidation after 30 min of incubation.", "contents": "In vitro influence of steroidal hormones on protein and glucose metabolism of isolated granulomatous tissue cells. A standard method of preparing isolated cells from granulomatous tissue capsules was developed. Results of morphological and chemical studies indicated that the cells were intact and functional. An inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids added in vitro was demonstrated for the first time, and this effect was consonant with the influence of glucocorticoids on granulomas in vivo. The isolated cells were predominantly monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes with smaller numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, mast cells and fibroblasts. Dimethyl sulfoxide, used to aid steroid solubilization (0.0016 ml/ml), had no influence on protein synthesis or on glucose oxidation. Cholesterol, a nonhormonally active sterol (1 x 10(-4) M, 3 x 10(-4) M), had no effect on labeled glycine incorporation. Methylprednisolone (1 x 10(-4) M, 3 x 10(-4) M) decreased protein synthesis after 30 min of incubation indicating that this might be one important early mechanism of action. Methylprednisolone (1 x 10(-4) M) had no influence on glucose oxidation. Deoxycorticosterone (1 x 10(-4) M, 3 X 10(-4) M) inhibited both protein synthesis and glucose oxidation after 30 min of incubation.", "PMID": 1190915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_11999", "title": "Contractor effect of barbiturates on smooth muscle.", "content": "Four different convulsant barbiturates and also thiopental, methohexital and pentobarbital were tested for in vitro contractor effects on rabbit jejunal segments, aortic strips and tracheal chains. The two convulsants that elicited lethal, tonic seizures in vivo contracted all three types of isolated preparation; however, two other convulsants that elicited intense but nonlethal, clonic seizures lacked contractor effect. Methohexital and pentobarbital also lacked contractor effect. In aortic strips, contractions induced by the two convulsants were not impaired by concentrations of phenoxybenzamine (10(-5) M) that blocked all contractor response to 10(-4) M norepinephrine, acetylcholine or histamine. Thiopental also contracted aortic strips but the effect differed from that of the convulsants in that it was much less intense, was partially antagonized by pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine, and was greatly potentiated by the presence of norepinephrine. Intense contractor effects, independent of adrenergic mechanisms, seem characteristic of a particular group of convulsant barbiturates; there are also similar with respect to structure, stimulant potency, and seizure pattern.", "contents": "Contractor effect of barbiturates on smooth muscle. Four different convulsant barbiturates and also thiopental, methohexital and pentobarbital were tested for in vitro contractor effects on rabbit jejunal segments, aortic strips and tracheal chains. The two convulsants that elicited lethal, tonic seizures in vivo contracted all three types of isolated preparation; however, two other convulsants that elicited intense but nonlethal, clonic seizures lacked contractor effect. Methohexital and pentobarbital also lacked contractor effect. In aortic strips, contractions induced by the two convulsants were not impaired by concentrations of phenoxybenzamine (10(-5) M) that blocked all contractor response to 10(-4) M norepinephrine, acetylcholine or histamine. Thiopental also contracted aortic strips but the effect differed from that of the convulsants in that it was much less intense, was partially antagonized by pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine, and was greatly potentiated by the presence of norepinephrine. Intense contractor effects, independent of adrenergic mechanisms, seem characteristic of a particular group of convulsant barbiturates; there are also similar with respect to structure, stimulant potency, and seizure pattern.", "PMID": 1190916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12000", "title": "Comparison of animal models for predicting bronchodilator efficacy in man.", "content": "In vitro and in vivo models of bronchodilation were compared to assess their relative usefulness for  predicting clinical efficacy. Drugs studied were isoproterenol, isoetharine, salbutamol, hexoprenaline, terbutaline, ephedrine and aminophylline. In vitro preparations were guinea pig perfused lung, tracheal strip and spontaneously beating right atria. In vivo, drugs were compared by three routes in conscious guinea pigs and anesthetized dogs and relative  potency estimates and separations of bronchodilator and heart rate effects of these agents were determined. The  Spearman rank correlation coefficient was statistically significant when the effects of the drugs were compared for guinea pig perfused lung and tracheal responses, in vivo guinea pig and dog intravenous and oral (or intraduodenal) responses. Aerosol results did not correlate, most likely due to differences in experimental techniques. Relative potency estimates were in general agreement with human data in the literature and support the use of these tests for the study of bronchodilator agents.", "contents": "Comparison of animal models for predicting bronchodilator efficacy in man. In vitro and in vivo models of bronchodilation were compared to assess their relative usefulness for  predicting clinical efficacy. Drugs studied were isoproterenol, isoetharine, salbutamol, hexoprenaline, terbutaline, ephedrine and aminophylline. In vitro preparations were guinea pig perfused lung, tracheal strip and spontaneously beating right atria. In vivo, drugs were compared by three routes in conscious guinea pigs and anesthetized dogs and relative  potency estimates and separations of bronchodilator and heart rate effects of these agents were determined. The  Spearman rank correlation coefficient was statistically significant when the effects of the drugs were compared for guinea pig perfused lung and tracheal responses, in vivo guinea pig and dog intravenous and oral (or intraduodenal) responses. Aerosol results did not correlate, most likely due to differences in experimental techniques. Relative potency estimates were in general agreement with human data in the literature and support the use of these tests for the study of bronchodilator agents.", "PMID": 1190917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12001", "title": "Effects of atropine and neostigmine on receptor interaction at the neuromuscular junction.", "content": "Rats treated chronically with atropine or atropine and neostigmine showed marked alterations in the responsiveness of receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Receptors in the phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm interacting with d-tubocurarine were unaffected by atropine but exhibited a supersensitivity after neostigmine administration. Succinylcholine-sensitive sites developed a subsensitivity with both atropine and neostigmine treatment. Acetylcholine-induced contractures in the denervated hemidiaphragm showed a hypersensitivity after both drug administrations, but responses to carbamylcholine were unaffected. It is suggested that there exists a heterogeneous population of receptors at the mammalian neuromuscular junction who can be identified by their responses to the effects of chronic drug application.", "contents": "Effects of atropine and neostigmine on receptor interaction at the neuromuscular junction. Rats treated chronically with atropine or atropine and neostigmine showed marked alterations in the responsiveness of receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Receptors in the phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm interacting with d-tubocurarine were unaffected by atropine but exhibited a supersensitivity after neostigmine administration. Succinylcholine-sensitive sites developed a subsensitivity with both atropine and neostigmine treatment. Acetylcholine-induced contractures in the denervated hemidiaphragm showed a hypersensitivity after both drug administrations, but responses to carbamylcholine were unaffected. It is suggested that there exists a heterogeneous population of receptors at the mammalian neuromuscular junction who can be identified by their responses to the effects of chronic drug application.", "PMID": 1190918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12002", "title": "Cardiovascular and antiarrhythmic effects of carnitine.", "content": "Thresholds for electrically induced atrial fibrillation were measured in response to IV carnitine. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and mean aortic flow rate were also monitored. Carnitine 100 mg/kg resulted in an increase in mean aortic blood flow. The antiarrhythmic effect was much less than with 5 mg/kg quinidine, but after atropinization, 100 mg/kg carnitine was similar in antiarrhythmic effect to quinidine and did not result in the blood pressure depression seen with quinidine.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and antiarrhythmic effects of carnitine. Thresholds for electrically induced atrial fibrillation were measured in response to IV carnitine. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and mean aortic flow rate were also monitored. Carnitine 100 mg/kg resulted in an increase in mean aortic blood flow. The antiarrhythmic effect was much less than with 5 mg/kg quinidine, but after atropinization, 100 mg/kg carnitine was similar in antiarrhythmic effect to quinidine and did not result in the blood pressure depression seen with quinidine.", "PMID": 1190919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12003", "title": "Effects of L-dopa on myocardial contractile force: a reappraisal.", "content": "The apparent decrease in myocardial force of contraction observed after L-dopa, 10 mg/kg i.v., is artifactual since the maximum rate of left venticular isovolumic pressure rise (dP/dt) remains elevated. The apparent decrease is due to shrinkage in heart size secondary to venous \"pooling\". The decrease in contractile force parallels a decrease in cardiac output. A peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor and L-dopa produce a decrease in both contractile force and dP/dt. Strain gauge arch recordings may produce false-positive data during marked venous pooling.", "contents": "Effects of L-dopa on myocardial contractile force: a reappraisal. The apparent decrease in myocardial force of contraction observed after L-dopa, 10 mg/kg i.v., is artifactual since the maximum rate of left venticular isovolumic pressure rise (dP/dt) remains elevated. The apparent decrease is due to shrinkage in heart size secondary to venous \"pooling\". The decrease in contractile force parallels a decrease in cardiac output. A peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor and L-dopa produce a decrease in both contractile force and dP/dt. Strain gauge arch recordings may produce false-positive data during marked venous pooling.", "PMID": 1190920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12004", "title": "The effect of ethylurethane on hematocrit, blood pressure and plasma-glucose.", "content": "Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 25% ethylurethane (i.e. 2.8 M) in a dose of 1 g/kg causes a rise in hematocrit (Hct) accompanied by an identical rise in erythrocyte count but by a fall in plasma protein. This effect is absent after intra-arterial (i.a.) and oral administration and much reduced after subcutaneous (s.c.) injection. The hemoconcentration is not caused by osmotic attraction of fluid but by leakage of blood plasma into the peritoneal cavity. The higly concentrated urethane solution causes superificial damage of intra-abdominal organs. Extensive local damage is also observed after s.c. and intramuscular injection of 25% urethane. The fall in blood pressure which is found after i.p. injection, but is absent after i.a. injection, can be explained by the loss of blood plasma. Plasma-glucose rises after i.p. injection but not after i.a. injection. This hyperglycemia may be initiated by stimuli arising in the damaged tissues.", "contents": "The effect of ethylurethane on hematocrit, blood pressure and plasma-glucose. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 25% ethylurethane (i.e. 2.8 M) in a dose of 1 g/kg causes a rise in hematocrit (Hct) accompanied by an identical rise in erythrocyte count but by a fall in plasma protein. This effect is absent after intra-arterial (i.a.) and oral administration and much reduced after subcutaneous (s.c.) injection. The hemoconcentration is not caused by osmotic attraction of fluid but by leakage of blood plasma into the peritoneal cavity. The higly concentrated urethane solution causes superificial damage of intra-abdominal organs. Extensive local damage is also observed after s.c. and intramuscular injection of 25% urethane. The fall in blood pressure which is found after i.p. injection, but is absent after i.a. injection, can be explained by the loss of blood plasma. Plasma-glucose rises after i.p. injection but not after i.a. injection. This hyperglycemia may be initiated by stimuli arising in the damaged tissues.", "PMID": 1190921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12005", "title": "Effect of amantadine on blood pressure responses induced by vagal and sympathetic stimulation.", "content": "Amantadine antagonizes the blood pressure responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the central and peripheral end of the vagus. Blood pressure responses on sympathetic stimulation are also attenuated. These results could be explained on the basis of a possible effect on autonomic ganglia.", "contents": "Effect of amantadine on blood pressure responses induced by vagal and sympathetic stimulation. Amantadine antagonizes the blood pressure responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the central and peripheral end of the vagus. Blood pressure responses on sympathetic stimulation are also attenuated. These results could be explained on the basis of a possible effect on autonomic ganglia.", "PMID": 1190922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12006", "title": "The effects of dexetimide on pimozide-, haloperidol- and pipamperone-induced inhibition of brain self-stimulation in rats.", "content": "Pimozide (0.04, 0.16, 0.63 and 2.50 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.01, 0.04, 0.16 and 0.63 mg/kg) and pipamperone (2.50, 10.0, 40.0 and 160 mg/kg) were given subcutaneously to rats, pressing a lever for brain-stimulation through electrodes implanted in the lateral hypothalamic region of the medial forebrain bundle. The lowest dose of each neuroleptic did not affect self-stimulation; the second dose inhibited the response rate by approximately 50%, whereas the two highest doses completely suppressed self-stimulation behaviour. The centrally acting anticholinergic dexetimide (0.63 mg/kg, s.c.) completly antagonized the pimozide-induced inhibition; the haloperidol-induced inhibition was also completely antagonized except at its highest doses, whereas the effects of the sedative neuroleptic pipamperone were not antagonized. These data are consistent with a presumed dopaminergic cholinergic striatal interaction and show brain self-stimulation to be an effective measure of neuroleptic-anticholinergic interaction.", "contents": "The effects of dexetimide on pimozide-, haloperidol- and pipamperone-induced inhibition of brain self-stimulation in rats. Pimozide (0.04, 0.16, 0.63 and 2.50 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.01, 0.04, 0.16 and 0.63 mg/kg) and pipamperone (2.50, 10.0, 40.0 and 160 mg/kg) were given subcutaneously to rats, pressing a lever for brain-stimulation through electrodes implanted in the lateral hypothalamic region of the medial forebrain bundle. The lowest dose of each neuroleptic did not affect self-stimulation; the second dose inhibited the response rate by approximately 50%, whereas the two highest doses completely suppressed self-stimulation behaviour. The centrally acting anticholinergic dexetimide (0.63 mg/kg, s.c.) completly antagonized the pimozide-induced inhibition; the haloperidol-induced inhibition was also completely antagonized except at its highest doses, whereas the effects of the sedative neuroleptic pipamperone were not antagonized. These data are consistent with a presumed dopaminergic cholinergic striatal interaction and show brain self-stimulation to be an effective measure of neuroleptic-anticholinergic interaction.", "PMID": 1190923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12007", "title": "Dichlorvos and the cholinergic system: effects on cholinesterase and acetylcholine and choline contents of rat tissues.", "content": "The inhibition of cholinesterase by 50 mg/kg/5 ml, p.o., dichlorvos and subsequent recovery of enzyme activity was uniform in all brain regions studied. This uniformity was not observed in liver, erythrocytes and plasma. Acetylcholine levels were elevated in brain areas from 48 to 171% at 15 minutes after treatment. However, a biphasic effect was seen on choline metabolism in the brain. The cortex was found to be more cholinergic than the striatum in terms of per cent increase in acetylcholine and choline.", "contents": "Dichlorvos and the cholinergic system: effects on cholinesterase and acetylcholine and choline contents of rat tissues. The inhibition of cholinesterase by 50 mg/kg/5 ml, p.o., dichlorvos and subsequent recovery of enzyme activity was uniform in all brain regions studied. This uniformity was not observed in liver, erythrocytes and plasma. Acetylcholine levels were elevated in brain areas from 48 to 171% at 15 minutes after treatment. However, a biphasic effect was seen on choline metabolism in the brain. The cortex was found to be more cholinergic than the striatum in terms of per cent increase in acetylcholine and choline.", "PMID": 1190924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12008", "title": "The effect  of 1-sarcosine, 8-leucyl angiotensin II on glycerol-induced acute renal failure.", "content": "Several studies have suggested that increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure. An analog of angiotensin II, 1-sarcosine, 8-leucyl angiotensin II (AIIA), a potent antagonist of the pressor response of angiotensin II (AII), was injected (16 mug/200 gm) or infused (1.5 mug/200 gm/min) intravenously into glycerol treated (8 ml/kg) rats to evaluate the involvement of the renin-angiotensin system as a mediator in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure. Dehydrated animals, whether untreated, given AIIA, or saline became progressively azotemic and died with 72 hours after glycerol administration. Plasma renin activity, as measured by radioimmunoassay, decreased below dehydrated control levels at one hour after glycerol administration (7.45 ng/ml/hr +/- 1.29 (SE) to 3.24 +/- 0.64), and progressively increased to a maximum 9.9 +/- 0.98) at 17 hours; there was no difference between dehydrated control levels and those obtained 24 and 48 hours after glycerol. Nondehydrated glycerol treated rats were studied as above. These animals developed a non-lethal form of acute renal failure, the severity of which was also unaffected by AIIA administration. These observations indicate that AIIA neither prevents nor alters the development of glycerol induced acute renal failure.", "contents": "The effect  of 1-sarcosine, 8-leucyl angiotensin II on glycerol-induced acute renal failure. Several studies have suggested that increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure. An analog of angiotensin II, 1-sarcosine, 8-leucyl angiotensin II (AIIA), a potent antagonist of the pressor response of angiotensin II (AII), was injected (16 mug/200 gm) or infused (1.5 mug/200 gm/min) intravenously into glycerol treated (8 ml/kg) rats to evaluate the involvement of the renin-angiotensin system as a mediator in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure. Dehydrated animals, whether untreated, given AIIA, or saline became progressively azotemic and died with 72 hours after glycerol administration. Plasma renin activity, as measured by radioimmunoassay, decreased below dehydrated control levels at one hour after glycerol administration (7.45 ng/ml/hr +/- 1.29 (SE) to 3.24 +/- 0.64), and progressively increased to a maximum 9.9 +/- 0.98) at 17 hours; there was no difference between dehydrated control levels and those obtained 24 and 48 hours after glycerol. Nondehydrated glycerol treated rats were studied as above. These animals developed a non-lethal form of acute renal failure, the severity of which was also unaffected by AIIA administration. These observations indicate that AIIA neither prevents nor alters the development of glycerol induced acute renal failure.", "PMID": 1190925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12009", "title": "[The influence of treatment with cocaine on the synthesis and liberation of cerebral noradrenaline].", "content": "The influence of cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.m.) on the synthesis and the release of noradrenaline (NA) has been studied in rat brain. Cocaine pretreatment reduced significantly the amount of NA-3H synthetized from tyrosine-3H (TY-3H) in the whole brain and various cerebral structures. The synthesis rates of NA (estimated by calculation of the ratio: amount of NA-3H/tissular specific activity of TY-3H) were reduced by 40% in the whole brain, 30 and 60 min after administration of TY-3H. The rise of the NA endogenous level 10 min after administration of a monamine  oxidase inhibitor (ranylcypromine) was inhibited after cocaine treatment. The release of NA has been studied after inhibition of its synthesis by alpha-methyl-paratyrosine. Cocaine pretreatment significantly delayed the disappearance rate of cerebral NA. The possible mechanisms by which cocaine reduced NA turnover are discussed.", "contents": "[The influence of treatment with cocaine on the synthesis and liberation of cerebral noradrenaline]. The influence of cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.m.) on the synthesis and the release of noradrenaline (NA) has been studied in rat brain. Cocaine pretreatment reduced significantly the amount of NA-3H synthetized from tyrosine-3H (TY-3H) in the whole brain and various cerebral structures. The synthesis rates of NA (estimated by calculation of the ratio: amount of NA-3H/tissular specific activity of TY-3H) were reduced by 40% in the whole brain, 30 and 60 min after administration of TY-3H. The rise of the NA endogenous level 10 min after administration of a monamine  oxidase inhibitor (ranylcypromine) was inhibited after cocaine treatment. The release of NA has been studied after inhibition of its synthesis by alpha-methyl-paratyrosine. Cocaine pretreatment significantly delayed the disappearance rate of cerebral NA. The possible mechanisms by which cocaine reduced NA turnover are discussed.", "PMID": 1190926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12010", "title": "[Accumulation of ephedrine, norephedrine, amphetamine and tyramine labeled with carbon 14 in pigmented and non-pigmented eyes in two races of rats].", "content": "The pigmented eyes of non albino rats (PVG) accumulated ephedrine, norephedrine and amphetamine. After 15 min accumulation of ephedrine and amphetamine was larger than of norephedrine. Autoradiographic studies showed that accumulation occurred in melanin containing iris and choroid and also in lacrymal glands which lack melanin. Accumulation of tyramine did not occur in eyes containing melanin. The non pigmented eyes of albino rats did not accumulate ephedrine, amphetamine, norephedrine and tyramine. It appeared that in pigmented eyes melanin was a site of loss of ephedrine,  amphetamine and norephedrine; hence a smaller amount of drug will be available for interaction with adrenergic neurons and a smaller mydriatic effect will occur. Accumulation is possible only when metabolism is low, as observed with alpha-methylated amines. The four sympathomimetic amines used did not accumulate in the pigmented skin of black and white rats.", "contents": "[Accumulation of ephedrine, norephedrine, amphetamine and tyramine labeled with carbon 14 in pigmented and non-pigmented eyes in two races of rats]. The pigmented eyes of non albino rats (PVG) accumulated ephedrine, norephedrine and amphetamine. After 15 min accumulation of ephedrine and amphetamine was larger than of norephedrine. Autoradiographic studies showed that accumulation occurred in melanin containing iris and choroid and also in lacrymal glands which lack melanin. Accumulation of tyramine did not occur in eyes containing melanin. The non pigmented eyes of albino rats did not accumulate ephedrine, amphetamine, norephedrine and tyramine. It appeared that in pigmented eyes melanin was a site of loss of ephedrine,  amphetamine and norephedrine; hence a smaller amount of drug will be available for interaction with adrenergic neurons and a smaller mydriatic effect will occur. Accumulation is possible only when metabolism is low, as observed with alpha-methylated amines. The four sympathomimetic amines used did not accumulate in the pigmented skin of black and white rats.", "PMID": 1190927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12011", "title": "Preventive effect of estrogen on postmenopausal bone loss.", "content": "Follow-up studies of bone mineral content in the radius were done in 82 postmenopausal women 4 to 10 years after the first examination. These patients were subdivided into four groups depending on the type of menopause (artificial or natural) and estrogen administration (treated or untreated). Bone mineral mass and combined cortical thickness decreased significantly in both groups of untreated women. Both mineral loss per year for the untreated women was -9.1 mg/sq cm for castrates and -6.9 mg/sq cm for those with a natural menopause. In neither group was the rate of loss correlated with age. The change in bone mineral mass per year in the estrogen-treated subjects (mean +3.25 mg/sq cm) differed significantly from that of untreated subjects (mean -7.99 mg/sq cm). The findings suggest that postmenopausal osteoporosis could be prevented by estrogen treatment.", "contents": "Preventive effect of estrogen on postmenopausal bone loss. Follow-up studies of bone mineral content in the radius were done in 82 postmenopausal women 4 to 10 years after the first examination. These patients were subdivided into four groups depending on the type of menopause (artificial or natural) and estrogen administration (treated or untreated). Bone mineral mass and combined cortical thickness decreased significantly in both groups of untreated women. Both mineral loss per year for the untreated women was -9.1 mg/sq cm for castrates and -6.9 mg/sq cm for those with a natural menopause. In neither group was the rate of loss correlated with age. The change in bone mineral mass per year in the estrogen-treated subjects (mean +3.25 mg/sq cm) differed significantly from that of untreated subjects (mean -7.99 mg/sq cm). The findings suggest that postmenopausal osteoporosis could be prevented by estrogen treatment.", "PMID": 1190928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12012", "title": "A reappraisal of staging and therapy for patients with cancer of the rectum. I. Development of two new systems of staging.", "content": "Existing systems of staging for patients with rectal cancer depend almost exclusively on anatomic evidence. Consequently, the stages cannot be determined in advance of therapeutic decisions and cannot be used for patients treated without surgery. Furthermore, the stages contain no provision for important prognostic distinctions, that cannot be discerned from anatomic data. After preparing a taxonomy for hiterto unclassified medical data, we developed and tested two new systems of staging in a cohort if 318 patients. The first system which can be applied before treatment, is divided into four composite stages that contain elements of symptomatic, chronometric, co-morbid, and para-morbid data, as well as information obtained from physical examination, sigmoidoscopy, and roentgenography. The second system, applicable to patients with resected tumors, is based on a combination of pre-therapeutic clinical information and post-surgical anatomic evidence. The two systems produce prognostic gradients that are clinically distinctive and statistically efficacious.", "contents": "A reappraisal of staging and therapy for patients with cancer of the rectum. I. Development of two new systems of staging. Existing systems of staging for patients with rectal cancer depend almost exclusively on anatomic evidence. Consequently, the stages cannot be determined in advance of therapeutic decisions and cannot be used for patients treated without surgery. Furthermore, the stages contain no provision for important prognostic distinctions, that cannot be discerned from anatomic data. After preparing a taxonomy for hiterto unclassified medical data, we developed and tested two new systems of staging in a cohort if 318 patients. The first system which can be applied before treatment, is divided into four composite stages that contain elements of symptomatic, chronometric, co-morbid, and para-morbid data, as well as information obtained from physical examination, sigmoidoscopy, and roentgenography. The second system, applicable to patients with resected tumors, is based on a combination of pre-therapeutic clinical information and post-surgical anatomic evidence. The two systems produce prognostic gradients that are clinically distinctive and statistically efficacious.", "PMID": 1190929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12013", "title": "A reappraisal of staging and therapy for patients with cancer of the rectum. II. Patterns of presentation and outcome of treatment.", "content": "Two new biologically composite systems of staging were used to analyze the patterns of presentation, therapy, and outcome for 318 patients with rectal cancer. Selectional bias was evident in therapeutic decisions. The patients chosen for surgical exploration and possible resection came mainly from prognostically favorable stages and had higher survival rates than the \"inoperable\" patients wven when the tumor was not resected. In patients with tumors located 8 cm or higher above the anus, survival rates in each composite symptom-anatomic (S-A) stage were essentially similar with radical and simple resections. Radical surgery gave better survival rates than simple surgery for tumors at 5 to 7 cm and was an anatomic necessity to remove tumors at 0 to 4 cm. Regardless of the extensiveness of surgery, the S-A stages were directly related to rates of postoperative infection, postoperative death, subsequent quality of life, and deaths due either to cancer or to noncancer causes.", "contents": "A reappraisal of staging and therapy for patients with cancer of the rectum. II. Patterns of presentation and outcome of treatment. Two new biologically composite systems of staging were used to analyze the patterns of presentation, therapy, and outcome for 318 patients with rectal cancer. Selectional bias was evident in therapeutic decisions. The patients chosen for surgical exploration and possible resection came mainly from prognostically favorable stages and had higher survival rates than the \"inoperable\" patients wven when the tumor was not resected. In patients with tumors located 8 cm or higher above the anus, survival rates in each composite symptom-anatomic (S-A) stage were essentially similar with radical and simple resections. Radical surgery gave better survival rates than simple surgery for tumors at 5 to 7 cm and was an anatomic necessity to remove tumors at 0 to 4 cm. Regardless of the extensiveness of surgery, the S-A stages were directly related to rates of postoperative infection, postoperative death, subsequent quality of life, and deaths due either to cancer or to noncancer causes.", "PMID": 1190930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12014", "title": "Physiologic and biochemical abnormalities in self-induced drug overdosage.", "content": "The following abnormalities were observed during the first 24 hours of admission for 162 drug overdosage (OD) episodes in 152 patients: abnormal chest x-ray films; increased A-aO2 gradient; elevated white blood cell (WBC) counts; elevated serum enzyme levels; gross myoglobinuria; skin lesions suggestive of pressure necrosis; and abnormal electrocardiograms. Many sputum cultures were positive for single or multiple potentially pathogenic organisms. These correlations existed: all patients with OD duration of less than 12 hours were hyperthermic; as temperatures increased so did WBC counts; hyperthermic patients had higher creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values than those with hypothermia or normothermia; patients with skin lesions had higher temperatures and CPK values and longer OD duration; serum enzme levels increased with increasing OD duration; patients with CPK levels greater than 10,000 mU/ml had myoglobinuria; and patients with the most abnormal chest x-ray films had higher temperatures and larger A-aO2 gradients. Incidence of pneumonitis is low, even with abnormal chest radiograms, leukocytosis, hyperthermia, and positive sputum cultures. Abnormal temperatures and leukocytosis are probably secondary to stress, hypoxemia, acidosis, and specific drug ingestion rather than infection.", "contents": "Physiologic and biochemical abnormalities in self-induced drug overdosage. The following abnormalities were observed during the first 24 hours of admission for 162 drug overdosage (OD) episodes in 152 patients: abnormal chest x-ray films; increased A-aO2 gradient; elevated white blood cell (WBC) counts; elevated serum enzyme levels; gross myoglobinuria; skin lesions suggestive of pressure necrosis; and abnormal electrocardiograms. Many sputum cultures were positive for single or multiple potentially pathogenic organisms. These correlations existed: all patients with OD duration of less than 12 hours were hyperthermic; as temperatures increased so did WBC counts; hyperthermic patients had higher creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values than those with hypothermia or normothermia; patients with skin lesions had higher temperatures and CPK values and longer OD duration; serum enzme levels increased with increasing OD duration; patients with CPK levels greater than 10,000 mU/ml had myoglobinuria; and patients with the most abnormal chest x-ray films had higher temperatures and larger A-aO2 gradients. Incidence of pneumonitis is low, even with abnormal chest radiograms, leukocytosis, hyperthermia, and positive sputum cultures. Abnormal temperatures and leukocytosis are probably secondary to stress, hypoxemia, acidosis, and specific drug ingestion rather than infection.", "PMID": 1190931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12015", "title": "Long-term observations of glucose tolerance in thyrotoxic patients.", "content": "In an attemp- to clarify the clinical importance of glucose intolerance associated with acute thyrotoxicosis, 22 patients had evaluations performed for glucose tolerance while thyrotoxic and at mean follow-up times of 8.8 months and 11.6 years after adequate antithyroid treatment. High incidences of glucose intolerance at long-term follow-up (32%) and of histories suggestive of diabetic diathesis (43%) support the hypothesis that there is an inherited relationship between diabetes mellitus and thyrotoxicosis and suggest that initial testing of all thyrotoxic patients for glucose intolerance is advisable. In addition, all thyrotoxic patients displaying diabetic glucose intolerance after a return to the euthyroid state should be considered to have permanent diabetes mellitus until proved otherwise.", "contents": "Long-term observations of glucose tolerance in thyrotoxic patients. In an attemp- to clarify the clinical importance of glucose intolerance associated with acute thyrotoxicosis, 22 patients had evaluations performed for glucose tolerance while thyrotoxic and at mean follow-up times of 8.8 months and 11.6 years after adequate antithyroid treatment. High incidences of glucose intolerance at long-term follow-up (32%) and of histories suggestive of diabetic diathesis (43%) support the hypothesis that there is an inherited relationship between diabetes mellitus and thyrotoxicosis and suggest that initial testing of all thyrotoxic patients for glucose intolerance is advisable. In addition, all thyrotoxic patients displaying diabetic glucose intolerance after a return to the euthyroid state should be considered to have permanent diabetes mellitus until proved otherwise.", "PMID": 1190932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12016", "title": "Evidence for mild reversible hyperparathyroidism in distal renal tubular acidosis.", "content": "Circulating levels of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone were measured in six patients with distal renal tubular acidosis before and during two years of long-term alkali therapy. Parathyroid hormone level was elevated modestly in five patients before treatment and fell, gradually during treatment to normal or near normal levels. Urine calcium level fell, serum calcium level rose, and renal phosphorus reabsorption rose during treatment. Stopping treatment briefly caused reversion of serum parathyroid hormone and calcium levels and renal phosphorus reabsorption to pretreatment values within eight weeks. Mild hyperparathyroidism is present in renal tubular acidosis and reverses with alkali treatment.", "contents": "Evidence for mild reversible hyperparathyroidism in distal renal tubular acidosis. Circulating levels of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone were measured in six patients with distal renal tubular acidosis before and during two years of long-term alkali therapy. Parathyroid hormone level was elevated modestly in five patients before treatment and fell, gradually during treatment to normal or near normal levels. Urine calcium level fell, serum calcium level rose, and renal phosphorus reabsorption rose during treatment. Stopping treatment briefly caused reversion of serum parathyroid hormone and calcium levels and renal phosphorus reabsorption to pretreatment values within eight weeks. Mild hyperparathyroidism is present in renal tubular acidosis and reverses with alkali treatment.", "PMID": 1190933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12017", "title": "Misplacement of central venous pressure catheters and unilateral pulmonary edema.", "content": "Two instances of misplacement of a central venous pressure monitoring catheter into a pulmonary artery are presented. In one case, reported in detail, unilateral pulmonary edema developed during administration of 0.5N saline for the treatment of diabetic acidosis via the misplaced catheter, and it reverted following repositioning of the catheter in the superior  vena caca. Experiments were carried out in dogs to explore possible causes of this phenomenon. The results of these experiments suggest that the release of vasoactive substances, stimulation of neural reflexes, or both are the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the development of the pulmonary edema.", "contents": "Misplacement of central venous pressure catheters and unilateral pulmonary edema. Two instances of misplacement of a central venous pressure monitoring catheter into a pulmonary artery are presented. In one case, reported in detail, unilateral pulmonary edema developed during administration of 0.5N saline for the treatment of diabetic acidosis via the misplaced catheter, and it reverted following repositioning of the catheter in the superior  vena caca. Experiments were carried out in dogs to explore possible causes of this phenomenon. The results of these experiments suggest that the release of vasoactive substances, stimulation of neural reflexes, or both are the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the development of the pulmonary edema.", "PMID": 1190934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12018", "title": "Tetany, malabsorption, and mastocytosis.", "content": "Mastocytosis is characterized by increased proliferation of mast cells. Two patients had systemic mastocytosis involving the skin and gastrointestinal tract, complicated by malabsorption and tetany. Absorption studies in these patients suggested that the entire small bowel was involved and that the defect was mild in the absence of diarrhea. Small bowel biopsies disclosed infiltration of the lamina propria and submucosa by mast cells, and gastrointestinal tract x-ray films showed nodular densities, edema, and thickening of the bowel wall. Tetany was due in part to combined hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypokalemia. Diarrhea and malabsorption were due to mast cell infiltration of the bowel rather than to histamine. patients with signs of systemic mastocytosis should have careful evaluations and be followed up to prevent development of malabsorption and tetany.", "contents": "Tetany, malabsorption, and mastocytosis. Mastocytosis is characterized by increased proliferation of mast cells. Two patients had systemic mastocytosis involving the skin and gastrointestinal tract, complicated by malabsorption and tetany. Absorption studies in these patients suggested that the entire small bowel was involved and that the defect was mild in the absence of diarrhea. Small bowel biopsies disclosed infiltration of the lamina propria and submucosa by mast cells, and gastrointestinal tract x-ray films showed nodular densities, edema, and thickening of the bowel wall. Tetany was due in part to combined hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypokalemia. Diarrhea and malabsorption were due to mast cell infiltration of the bowel rather than to histamine. patients with signs of systemic mastocytosis should have careful evaluations and be followed up to prevent development of malabsorption and tetany.", "PMID": 1190935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12019", "title": "Empty sella syndrome. Sequela of the spontaneous remission of acromegaly.", "content": "Untreated acromegaly is usually a progressive disorder resulting in early death from cardiovascular or pulmonary complications. Although spontaneous remission of the metabolic features of acromegaly is not uncommon, its correlation with return to truly normal serum growth hormone concentrations is not routinely documented. This study reports a patient with the empty sella syndrome occurring as a sequel to the spontaneous remission of acromegaly. This association, as well as the preservation of normal anterior-pituitary function, suggests that selective tumor infarction resulted in the \"empty sella\" and cessation of active acromegaly.", "contents": "Empty sella syndrome. Sequela of the spontaneous remission of acromegaly. Untreated acromegaly is usually a progressive disorder resulting in early death from cardiovascular or pulmonary complications. Although spontaneous remission of the metabolic features of acromegaly is not uncommon, its correlation with return to truly normal serum growth hormone concentrations is not routinely documented. This study reports a patient with the empty sella syndrome occurring as a sequel to the spontaneous remission of acromegaly. This association, as well as the preservation of normal anterior-pituitary function, suggests that selective tumor infarction resulted in the \"empty sella\" and cessation of active acromegaly.", "PMID": 1190936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12020", "title": "[Quantitative analysis of the electroencephalographic activity during human sleep].", "content": "Correlation of hormonal changes and EEG activity requires objective measurements to define the behavior of the different frequency bands during sleep. With this purpose, EEG activity of six healthy male volunteers (19-22 years) was recorded throughout all night during spontaneous sleep. The C4-left mastoid EEG combination was channeled to a frequency analyzer with four band pass filters (beta, alpha, theta, and delta) using a one minute averaging interval. Analyzer data were fed to an IBM-1130 computer, programmed with RC filter recursive algorithm. Sleep stages were characterized in the polygraphic record (Rechtshaffen criteria), and identified in the smoothed profile. The latter was computed for mean voltage value of each band during the sleep stages. Differences in the behavior of each band throughout sleep stages were statistically tested. Delta activity showed the highest discriminatory capacity characterized by a statistically different mean voltage value in all sleep stages, with the exception of R-I. The method is proposed for quantitative correlation of the EEG sleep phenomena with another physiological parameters.", "contents": "[Quantitative analysis of the electroencephalographic activity during human sleep]. Correlation of hormonal changes and EEG activity requires objective measurements to define the behavior of the different frequency bands during sleep. With this purpose, EEG activity of six healthy male volunteers (19-22 years) was recorded throughout all night during spontaneous sleep. The C4-left mastoid EEG combination was channeled to a frequency analyzer with four band pass filters (beta, alpha, theta, and delta) using a one minute averaging interval. Analyzer data were fed to an IBM-1130 computer, programmed with RC filter recursive algorithm. Sleep stages were characterized in the polygraphic record (Rechtshaffen criteria), and identified in the smoothed profile. The latter was computed for mean voltage value of each band during the sleep stages. Differences in the behavior of each band throughout sleep stages were statistically tested. Delta activity showed the highest discriminatory capacity characterized by a statistically different mean voltage value in all sleep stages, with the exception of R-I. The method is proposed for quantitative correlation of the EEG sleep phenomena with another physiological parameters.", "PMID": 1190939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12021", "title": "Halobacterium volcanii spec. nov., a Dead Sea halobacterium with a moderate salt requirement.", "content": "A halophilic bacterium was isolated from bottom sediment from the Dead Sea. The organism possessed the properties of the halobacteria, but differed from the known species in two important respects, 1) the cells were disc shaped and often cupped when grown under optimum conditions, 2) the optimum requirements for sodium chloride was in the range 1.7--2.5 molar which is about half of that generally reported for the halobacteria. The organism was assigned to the genus Halobacterium and described as Halobacterium volcanni spec. rov. The optimum sodium chloride concentration for growth was close to that found in the Dead Sea. The tolerance for magnesium chloride was very high; the organism grew well in media containing magnesium chloride in the concentrations found in the Dead Sea. Halobacterium volcanii is therefore remarkably well fitted for life in the Dead Sea.", "contents": "Halobacterium volcanii spec. nov., a Dead Sea halobacterium with a moderate salt requirement. A halophilic bacterium was isolated from bottom sediment from the Dead Sea. The organism possessed the properties of the halobacteria, but differed from the known species in two important respects, 1) the cells were disc shaped and often cupped when grown under optimum conditions, 2) the optimum requirements for sodium chloride was in the range 1.7--2.5 molar which is about half of that generally reported for the halobacteria. The organism was assigned to the genus Halobacterium and described as Halobacterium volcanni spec. rov. The optimum sodium chloride concentration for growth was close to that found in the Dead Sea. The tolerance for magnesium chloride was very high; the organism grew well in media containing magnesium chloride in the concentrations found in the Dead Sea. Halobacterium volcanii is therefore remarkably well fitted for life in the Dead Sea.", "PMID": 1190944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12022", "title": "[Electron microscopy of ageing cells of Pseudomonas rhodos: fine structure of native and isolated tubular membranes (author's transl)].", "content": "During a 10 day-incubation on agar surfaces at 30 degrees C, cells of the gram-negative soil bacterium Pseudomonas rhodos pass through three phases distinguishable by physiological and morphological criteria. When viewed by electron microscopy, typically \"rolled\" mesosomes could frequently be observed in young cells. In aged cells instead, loosely rolled or stretched-out, flattened tubules could be discerned, presumed to be degenerate mesosomes. Tubular flattened structures have been isolated from these cells by lysozyme treatment or sonication and were concentrated by differential centrifugation. Electron micrographs of these preparations showed long, straight tubules which sometimes appeared sealed at one end. Their width was 34 +/- 5 nm. They contained a lining of material, which could be digested by trypsin leaving behind an electron-transparent matrix. In rare cases, isolated tubules showed a periodic fine structure composed of ellipsoidal subunits. Optical diffraction analysis yielded a lattice consisting of subunits arranged in helices of pitch-angle 27 degrees; the unit cell dimensions were shown to be 112 X 56 A. Owing to their sensitivity to trypsin, components of the regular lattice are supposed to consist of protein. It is postulated that these protein components are layered onto a tubular membrane. These tubules are clearly distinguishable by their shape and fine structure from the periodic structure of a P. rhodos cell wall layer, which exhibits a tetragonal pattern, and also from polyheads and polysheaths of defective bacteriophages. Their possible origin from intact mesosomes in discussed.", "contents": "[Electron microscopy of ageing cells of Pseudomonas rhodos: fine structure of native and isolated tubular membranes (author's transl)]. During a 10 day-incubation on agar surfaces at 30 degrees C, cells of the gram-negative soil bacterium Pseudomonas rhodos pass through three phases distinguishable by physiological and morphological criteria. When viewed by electron microscopy, typically \"rolled\" mesosomes could frequently be observed in young cells. In aged cells instead, loosely rolled or stretched-out, flattened tubules could be discerned, presumed to be degenerate mesosomes. Tubular flattened structures have been isolated from these cells by lysozyme treatment or sonication and were concentrated by differential centrifugation. Electron micrographs of these preparations showed long, straight tubules which sometimes appeared sealed at one end. Their width was 34 +/- 5 nm. They contained a lining of material, which could be digested by trypsin leaving behind an electron-transparent matrix. In rare cases, isolated tubules showed a periodic fine structure composed of ellipsoidal subunits. Optical diffraction analysis yielded a lattice consisting of subunits arranged in helices of pitch-angle 27 degrees; the unit cell dimensions were shown to be 112 X 56 A. Owing to their sensitivity to trypsin, components of the regular lattice are supposed to consist of protein. It is postulated that these protein components are layered onto a tubular membrane. These tubules are clearly distinguishable by their shape and fine structure from the periodic structure of a P. rhodos cell wall layer, which exhibits a tetragonal pattern, and also from polyheads and polysheaths of defective bacteriophages. Their possible origin from intact mesosomes in discussed.", "PMID": 1190945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12023", "title": "The active species of \"CO2\" utilized in ferredoxin-linked carboxylation reactions.", "content": "The active species of \"CO2\", i.e. CO2 or HCO-3(H2CO3) utilized by enzymes catalyzing ferredoxin-linked carboxylation reactions was determined. The enzyme investigated was pyruvate synthase from Clostridium pasteurianum (EC 1.2.7.1; Pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase). Data were obtained which were compatible with those expected if CO2 is the active species. The dissociation constant (Ks) of the enzyme-CO2 complex was measured. At pH 7.2 Ks for CO2 of pyruvate synthase was found to be approximately 5 mM.", "contents": "The active species of \"CO2\" utilized in ferredoxin-linked carboxylation reactions. The active species of \"CO2\", i.e. CO2 or HCO-3(H2CO3) utilized by enzymes catalyzing ferredoxin-linked carboxylation reactions was determined. The enzyme investigated was pyruvate synthase from Clostridium pasteurianum (EC 1.2.7.1; Pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase). Data were obtained which were compatible with those expected if CO2 is the active species. The dissociation constant (Ks) of the enzyme-CO2 complex was measured. At pH 7.2 Ks for CO2 of pyruvate synthase was found to be approximately 5 mM.", "PMID": 1190946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12024", "title": "[Deoxyribonucleic acid hybridizations among some vibrio-like marine bacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "The genotypic relationships established by DNA/DNA hybridization in vitro confirm the results obtained by earlier phenotypic analyses of certain vibrio-like marine bacteria. These strains are closely related to the species Photobacterium fischeri, and do not belong to the genus Vibrio. The group of marine, vibrio-like bacteria that require Na+ for growth is genotypically very heterogeneous.", "contents": "[Deoxyribonucleic acid hybridizations among some vibrio-like marine bacteria (author's transl)]. The genotypic relationships established by DNA/DNA hybridization in vitro confirm the results obtained by earlier phenotypic analyses of certain vibrio-like marine bacteria. These strains are closely related to the species Photobacterium fischeri, and do not belong to the genus Vibrio. The group of marine, vibrio-like bacteria that require Na+ for growth is genotypically very heterogeneous.", "PMID": 1190947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12025", "title": "Variations in the carotenoid content of Chlamydomonas reinhardii throughout the cell cycle.", "content": "Synchronous cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardii have been examined for the total amounts of carotenoid and chlorophyll present throughout a 12 hrs light -- 4 hrs dark life cycle. Variations in the carotenoid distribution at different points within the cell cycle have been found. During the greater part of the light period all major carotenoids increased at a proportionally similar rate. However, the increases in lutein and violaxanthin preceded those in beta-carotene and neoxanthin by some 2 hrs and that in loroxanthin, and algal xanthophyll, by abour 3 hrs. A marked drop in total carotenoid accumulation, corresponding to similar temporary falling away in the accumulation of beta-carotene, lutein and violaxanthin occurred at 9 hrs. The correspondence of this with the established drop in RNA accumulation and the break-up of the nucleolus was pointed out. Considerable redistribution among the carotenoids occurred during the dark period, notably the amount of beta-carotene increased relative to the total xanthophylls. The full significance of these results can not be estimated in the absence of comparative data on related organisms.", "contents": "Variations in the carotenoid content of Chlamydomonas reinhardii throughout the cell cycle. Synchronous cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardii have been examined for the total amounts of carotenoid and chlorophyll present throughout a 12 hrs light -- 4 hrs dark life cycle. Variations in the carotenoid distribution at different points within the cell cycle have been found. During the greater part of the light period all major carotenoids increased at a proportionally similar rate. However, the increases in lutein and violaxanthin preceded those in beta-carotene and neoxanthin by some 2 hrs and that in loroxanthin, and algal xanthophyll, by abour 3 hrs. A marked drop in total carotenoid accumulation, corresponding to similar temporary falling away in the accumulation of beta-carotene, lutein and violaxanthin occurred at 9 hrs. The correspondence of this with the established drop in RNA accumulation and the break-up of the nucleolus was pointed out. Considerable redistribution among the carotenoids occurred during the dark period, notably the amount of beta-carotene increased relative to the total xanthophylls. The full significance of these results can not be estimated in the absence of comparative data on related organisms.", "PMID": 1190948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12026", "title": "B-Phycoerythrin from Rhodella violacea: characterization of two isoproteins.", "content": "Two isoproteins of the \"native\" B-phycoerythrin of the red alga, Rhodella violacea, were purified from crude extracts by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequently characterized. The slower moving pigment in gel electrophoresis was designated B-PE I, the faster as B-PE II. Both were found to occur in about equal amounts. B-PE I has a molecular weight of about 280000 and an IEP at 4.39, B-PE II a molecular weight of nearly 265000 and an IEP at 4.23. B-PE I and II are characterized by absorption maxima at 568 and 542 nm and a shoulder at 500 nm in the visible part of the absorption spectra. Their absorption coefficients at 542 nm differ with values of 5.54 and 5.63, respectively. The fluorescence emission spectra show a single maximum at 575 for B-PE I and at 578 nm for B-PE II. Both spectra have a shoulder at 630 nm. The fluorescence yield of B-PE II is lower by 25%. In calibrated SDS gel electrophoresis of the purified pigments B-PE I and II show two subunits of molecular weights of 18900 and 29200 and 18500 and 29900, respectively. Quantitative amino acid analyses indicated, that the isoproteins are very similar. B-PE II, however, has a significantly higher content of acidic amino acids and a lower percentage of basic residues, which is in keeping with its lower isoelectric point. Functional aspects of the occurrence of two isoproteins of B-phycoerythrin are discussed.", "contents": "B-Phycoerythrin from Rhodella violacea: characterization of two isoproteins. Two isoproteins of the \"native\" B-phycoerythrin of the red alga, Rhodella violacea, were purified from crude extracts by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequently characterized. The slower moving pigment in gel electrophoresis was designated B-PE I, the faster as B-PE II. Both were found to occur in about equal amounts. B-PE I has a molecular weight of about 280000 and an IEP at 4.39, B-PE II a molecular weight of nearly 265000 and an IEP at 4.23. B-PE I and II are characterized by absorption maxima at 568 and 542 nm and a shoulder at 500 nm in the visible part of the absorption spectra. Their absorption coefficients at 542 nm differ with values of 5.54 and 5.63, respectively. The fluorescence emission spectra show a single maximum at 575 for B-PE I and at 578 nm for B-PE II. Both spectra have a shoulder at 630 nm. The fluorescence yield of B-PE II is lower by 25%. In calibrated SDS gel electrophoresis of the purified pigments B-PE I and II show two subunits of molecular weights of 18900 and 29200 and 18500 and 29900, respectively. Quantitative amino acid analyses indicated, that the isoproteins are very similar. B-PE II, however, has a significantly higher content of acidic amino acids and a lower percentage of basic residues, which is in keeping with its lower isoelectric point. Functional aspects of the occurrence of two isoproteins of B-phycoerythrin are discussed.", "PMID": 1190949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12027", "title": "Conjugation in the yeast Saccharomycopsis capsularis Schi\u00f6nning.", "content": "Cells of the yeast Saccharomycopsis capsularis fused in pairs after disolving of part of the cross wall between them near the lateral wall. After nuclear migrations through the opening, the cross wall was closed again and the cells at both sides became asci. The wall of the ascospores developed from a prospore wall. Between the two unit membranes a very thin dark layer broadened to the dark layer of the wall and after that, the light inner layer developed. Immature spores in the strain studied had a ledge which disappeared during maturation.", "contents": "Conjugation in the yeast Saccharomycopsis capsularis Schi\u00f6nning. Cells of the yeast Saccharomycopsis capsularis fused in pairs after disolving of part of the cross wall between them near the lateral wall. After nuclear migrations through the opening, the cross wall was closed again and the cells at both sides became asci. The wall of the ascospores developed from a prospore wall. Between the two unit membranes a very thin dark layer broadened to the dark layer of the wall and after that, the light inner layer developed. Immature spores in the strain studied had a ledge which disappeared during maturation.", "PMID": 1190950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12028", "title": "Competitive ability of amylolytic bacteria in activated sludge.", "content": "Shifts were induced into the microbial community of activated sludge by the pulse addition of soluble starch. The subsequent changes of amylolytic and proteolytic microbial populations were recorded. Four amylolytic strains were isolated and characterized with regard to carrying capacity, specific surface and growth kinetics. The competitive ability of these strains was studied by means of two-member competition experiments. These experiments were analysed according to the Lotka-Volterra model and the de Wit method. The different results obtained suggest that the dominance of the amylolytic Pseudomonas sp. (code 01) is based on a combined occurrence of high amylolytic activity, large relative cell surface, high maximum specific growth rate and reduced sensitivity towards associated proteolytic populations.", "contents": "Competitive ability of amylolytic bacteria in activated sludge. Shifts were induced into the microbial community of activated sludge by the pulse addition of soluble starch. The subsequent changes of amylolytic and proteolytic microbial populations were recorded. Four amylolytic strains were isolated and characterized with regard to carrying capacity, specific surface and growth kinetics. The competitive ability of these strains was studied by means of two-member competition experiments. These experiments were analysed according to the Lotka-Volterra model and the de Wit method. The different results obtained suggest that the dominance of the amylolytic Pseudomonas sp. (code 01) is based on a combined occurrence of high amylolytic activity, large relative cell surface, high maximum specific growth rate and reduced sensitivity towards associated proteolytic populations.", "PMID": 1190951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12029", "title": "Morphology and physiology of Spirochaeta aurantia strains isolated from aquatic habitats.", "content": "1. Seven strains of Spirochaeta aurantia were isolated from pond and swamp water by means of a selective technique which utilized the ability of these organisms to move through bacterial filters and to diffuse through agar media. Although most of the isolations were accomplished when enrichment media low in carbohydrates were used, all seven strains were found to be exclusively saccharolytic. 2. The isolates could be divided into two groups on the basis of cell morphology: a loosely coiled group, and a tightly coiled group with markedly smaller wave length and wave apmlitude. Spirochetes of the latter group possessed a slightly lower GC content in their DNA. The isolates were facultative anaerobes, synthesized carotenoid pigments which conferred an orange color to aerobic colonies, and utilized a variety of carbohydrates--but not amino acids--as energy sources. Exogenous thiamine was required by six isolates tested, riboflavin by four, and biotin by one. The major products of glucose fermentation were acetate, ethanol, CO2 and H2. Growth of the isolates was inhibited by a variety of antibiotics. Determinations of GC contents of DNA showed that strains of S. aurantia are phylogenetically distant from spirochetes classified in the genera Treponema and Leptospira. 3. S. aurantia populations inoculated in the center of agar medium plates migrated in the form of growth rings toward the periphery of the plates. The rate of migration of glucose-utilizing rings was greatest at low glucose concentrations (e.g., 0.02 g/100 ml). It was concluded that migration of cells present in these rings was mainly due to a chemotactic response to glucose which served both as the attractant and the substrate. Chemotaxis of S. aurantia toward glucose may be used as a selective factor in isolating this bacterium from natural environments. 4. The subspecific epithet stricta is proposed to recognize, taxonomically, the tightly coiled strains of S. aurantia.", "contents": "Morphology and physiology of Spirochaeta aurantia strains isolated from aquatic habitats. 1. Seven strains of Spirochaeta aurantia were isolated from pond and swamp water by means of a selective technique which utilized the ability of these organisms to move through bacterial filters and to diffuse through agar media. Although most of the isolations were accomplished when enrichment media low in carbohydrates were used, all seven strains were found to be exclusively saccharolytic. 2. The isolates could be divided into two groups on the basis of cell morphology: a loosely coiled group, and a tightly coiled group with markedly smaller wave length and wave apmlitude. Spirochetes of the latter group possessed a slightly lower GC content in their DNA. The isolates were facultative anaerobes, synthesized carotenoid pigments which conferred an orange color to aerobic colonies, and utilized a variety of carbohydrates--but not amino acids--as energy sources. Exogenous thiamine was required by six isolates tested, riboflavin by four, and biotin by one. The major products of glucose fermentation were acetate, ethanol, CO2 and H2. Growth of the isolates was inhibited by a variety of antibiotics. Determinations of GC contents of DNA showed that strains of S. aurantia are phylogenetically distant from spirochetes classified in the genera Treponema and Leptospira. 3. S. aurantia populations inoculated in the center of agar medium plates migrated in the form of growth rings toward the periphery of the plates. The rate of migration of glucose-utilizing rings was greatest at low glucose concentrations (e.g., 0.02 g/100 ml). It was concluded that migration of cells present in these rings was mainly due to a chemotactic response to glucose which served both as the attractant and the substrate. Chemotaxis of S. aurantia toward glucose may be used as a selective factor in isolating this bacterium from natural environments. 4. The subspecific epithet stricta is proposed to recognize, taxonomically, the tightly coiled strains of S. aurantia.", "PMID": 1190952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12030", "title": "Photochemical reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.", "content": "A photochemically active bacteriochlorophyll-protein complex (reaction center) has been isolated from the carotenoidless mutant A1a+ of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata by treatment of membranes with lauryl dimethyl amine oxide. Three proteins with molecular weights of 20,500, 24,000 and 28,000 (molar ratio 1:1:1) were detected in the reaction center preparations. After mild treatment of intracytoplasmic membranes with Na-dodecyl sulfate (0.5%, 30 degrees C, 1 min) succeeded by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis two pigmented bands were obtained. Material of one fraction could be bleached reversibly by actinic light and contained two proteins with molecular weights of 20,500 and 24000. The second band is photochemically inactive.", "contents": "Photochemical reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. A photochemically active bacteriochlorophyll-protein complex (reaction center) has been isolated from the carotenoidless mutant A1a+ of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata by treatment of membranes with lauryl dimethyl amine oxide. Three proteins with molecular weights of 20,500, 24,000 and 28,000 (molar ratio 1:1:1) were detected in the reaction center preparations. After mild treatment of intracytoplasmic membranes with Na-dodecyl sulfate (0.5%, 30 degrees C, 1 min) succeeded by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis two pigmented bands were obtained. Material of one fraction could be bleached reversibly by actinic light and contained two proteins with molecular weights of 20,500 and 24000. The second band is photochemically inactive.", "PMID": 1190953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12031", "title": "[Pichia lindnerii sp. n., a new methanol assimilating yeast from soil (author's transl)].", "content": "A new undescribed species of yeast could be detected in forest soils in the area of Berlin, Germany. A description of the new homothallic species including latin diagnosis is given.", "contents": "[Pichia lindnerii sp. n., a new methanol assimilating yeast from soil (author's transl)]. A new undescribed species of yeast could be detected in forest soils in the area of Berlin, Germany. A description of the new homothallic species including latin diagnosis is given.", "PMID": 1190954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12032", "title": "Effect of vanadium on growth, chlorophyll formation and iron metabolism in unicellular green algae.", "content": "In the presence of vanadium, growth of Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa was increased five to sixfold as determined by dry weight, when cultured under autotrophic conditions for 7 days. The stimulation by vanadium decreased with increasing stability towards hydrolysis of the iron(III)-compounds added. Pentavalent vanadium (20 mug V/1 as NH4VO3) was able to overcome completely a limited iron-deficiency in the algae following growth in presence of 1.8 - 10(-5) m ferric chloride. Vanadium did not alter the iron uptake into the algal cells. 90% of offered 48V was taken up by Scenedesmus obliquus during 5 days of growth, and 21% thereof were found in the chloroplast fraction. In presence of vanadium, the chlorophyll formation was stimulated in Scenedesmus obliquus. This stimulation by vanadium was found to be light-dependent but occurred to a certain extent in the dark also. The main porphyrin of the yellow mutant 211-11h/20 of Chlorella vulgaris was identified as protoporphyrin-IX. The formation of this compound was stimulated by vanadium within 10 days up to 83%. The role of vanadium in the biosynthesis of chlorophylls is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of vanadium on growth, chlorophyll formation and iron metabolism in unicellular green algae. In the presence of vanadium, growth of Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa was increased five to sixfold as determined by dry weight, when cultured under autotrophic conditions for 7 days. The stimulation by vanadium decreased with increasing stability towards hydrolysis of the iron(III)-compounds added. Pentavalent vanadium (20 mug V/1 as NH4VO3) was able to overcome completely a limited iron-deficiency in the algae following growth in presence of 1.8 - 10(-5) m ferric chloride. Vanadium did not alter the iron uptake into the algal cells. 90% of offered 48V was taken up by Scenedesmus obliquus during 5 days of growth, and 21% thereof were found in the chloroplast fraction. In presence of vanadium, the chlorophyll formation was stimulated in Scenedesmus obliquus. This stimulation by vanadium was found to be light-dependent but occurred to a certain extent in the dark also. The main porphyrin of the yellow mutant 211-11h/20 of Chlorella vulgaris was identified as protoporphyrin-IX. The formation of this compound was stimulated by vanadium within 10 days up to 83%. The role of vanadium in the biosynthesis of chlorophylls is discussed.", "PMID": 1190955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12033", "title": "Gene transfer agents, bacteriophages, and bacteriocins of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.", "content": "Thirty-three wild type strains of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata were examined for ability to engage in genetic recombination through mediation by \"gene transfer agent\" (GTA) particles. The genetic exchange assays were based on capacity of strains to produce or receive GTA required for restoration of photosynthetic growth competence to a non-photosynthetic \"white\" mutant or for acquisition of resistance to  rifampicin. A majority of the strains could either produce or receive GTA, and it was demonstrated that the agent is species specific. Possible relations between GTA and bacteriophages or bacteriocins were investigated. Sixteen types of virulent phages active on Rps. capsulata were isolated and their host ranges determined. Tests for transduction by the phages gave uniformly negative results. The viruses showed strict species specificity, but there was no apparent correlation between capacity of the Rps. capsulata strains to donate or receive GTA and susceptibility to the phages. A comparable survey disclosed that most of the bacterial strains were sensitive to or capable of producing bacteriocins; the latter also appear to be unrelated to GTA activity. The collection of bacterial strains was also screened for detection of lysogenic properties. None of the isolates is a \"true\" lysogen, but phages were detected in cultures of two strains, which may be \"phage carriers\" or pseudolysogens.", "contents": "Gene transfer agents, bacteriophages, and bacteriocins of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Thirty-three wild type strains of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata were examined for ability to engage in genetic recombination through mediation by \"gene transfer agent\" (GTA) particles. The genetic exchange assays were based on capacity of strains to produce or receive GTA required for restoration of photosynthetic growth competence to a non-photosynthetic \"white\" mutant or for acquisition of resistance to  rifampicin. A majority of the strains could either produce or receive GTA, and it was demonstrated that the agent is species specific. Possible relations between GTA and bacteriophages or bacteriocins were investigated. Sixteen types of virulent phages active on Rps. capsulata were isolated and their host ranges determined. Tests for transduction by the phages gave uniformly negative results. The viruses showed strict species specificity, but there was no apparent correlation between capacity of the Rps. capsulata strains to donate or receive GTA and susceptibility to the phages. A comparable survey disclosed that most of the bacterial strains were sensitive to or capable of producing bacteriocins; the latter also appear to be unrelated to GTA activity. The collection of bacterial strains was also screened for detection of lysogenic properties. None of the isolates is a \"true\" lysogen, but phages were detected in cultures of two strains, which may be \"phage carriers\" or pseudolysogens.", "PMID": 1190956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12034", "title": "Chemical and structural differences in mycelial and regeneration walls of trichoderma viride.", "content": "When incubated in Winge medium, protoplasts from Trichoderma viride obtained by treatment with Micromonospora chalcea or Streptomyces venezuelae RA lytic systems first synthesized an aberrant wall, different from the normal one; it was aseptate, larger and irregular in size and length. They then regenerated a new wall, similar to the original one from which they were liberated. Analysis showed that the wall polymers were mainly beta-(1-3) glucan, beta-(1-6) glucan and chitin in the normal walls, whereas chitin was absent in aberrant tubes. These results are discussed below together with electron micrographs of aberrant and normal walls.", "contents": "Chemical and structural differences in mycelial and regeneration walls of trichoderma viride. When incubated in Winge medium, protoplasts from Trichoderma viride obtained by treatment with Micromonospora chalcea or Streptomyces venezuelae RA lytic systems first synthesized an aberrant wall, different from the normal one; it was aseptate, larger and irregular in size and length. They then regenerated a new wall, similar to the original one from which they were liberated. Analysis showed that the wall polymers were mainly beta-(1-3) glucan, beta-(1-6) glucan and chitin in the normal walls, whereas chitin was absent in aberrant tubes. These results are discussed below together with electron micrographs of aberrant and normal walls.", "PMID": 1190957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12035", "title": "Sulphate uptake and metabolism in the chrysomonad, monochrysis lutheri.", "content": "The intracellular concentration of inorganic 35SO4 in Monochrysis lutheri cells exposed to 0.513 mM Na235SO4 for up to 6-hr remained constant at about 0.038 mM. The exchange rate of this 35SO4 with the external unlabelled sulphate was negligible compared to the rate of influx across the plasmalemma (0.032 mu moles/g cells/hr). The flux of free 35SO4 to organic 35S was 0.029 mu moles/g cells/hr. Assuming an internal electrical potential in the cells of -70 mV, this intracellular concentration of inorganic 35SO4 was well in excess of that obtainable by passive diffusion as calculated from the Nernst equation. These results indicate that sulphate is accumulated by an active mechanism rather than by facilitated diffusion. Sulphate uptake appears to occur via a carrier-mediated membrane transport system which conforms to Michaelis-Menten type saturation kinetics with a Km of 3.2 X 10(-5) M and Vmax of 7.9 X 10(-5) mu moles sulphate/hr/10(5) cells. Uptake was dependent on a source of energy since the metabolic inhibitor CCCP almost completely inhibited uptake under both light and dark conditions and DCMU caused a 50% decrease in uptake under light conditions. Under dark conditions, uptake remained at about 80% of that observed under light conditions and was little affected by DCMU, indicating that the energy for uptake could be supplied by either photosynthesis or respiration. A charge and size recognition site in the cell is implied by the finding that sulphate uptake was inhibited by chromate and selenate but not by tungstate, molybdate, nitrate or phosphate. Chromate did not inhibit photosynthesis. Cysteine and methionine added to the culture medium were apparently capable of exerting inhibition of sulphate uptake in both unstarved and sulphate-starved cells. Cycloheximide slightly inhibited sulphate uptake over an 8-hr period indicating, either a slow rate of entry of the inhibitor into the cells or a slow turnover of the protein(s) associated with sulphate transport.", "contents": "Sulphate uptake and metabolism in the chrysomonad, monochrysis lutheri. The intracellular concentration of inorganic 35SO4 in Monochrysis lutheri cells exposed to 0.513 mM Na235SO4 for up to 6-hr remained constant at about 0.038 mM. The exchange rate of this 35SO4 with the external unlabelled sulphate was negligible compared to the rate of influx across the plasmalemma (0.032 mu moles/g cells/hr). The flux of free 35SO4 to organic 35S was 0.029 mu moles/g cells/hr. Assuming an internal electrical potential in the cells of -70 mV, this intracellular concentration of inorganic 35SO4 was well in excess of that obtainable by passive diffusion as calculated from the Nernst equation. These results indicate that sulphate is accumulated by an active mechanism rather than by facilitated diffusion. Sulphate uptake appears to occur via a carrier-mediated membrane transport system which conforms to Michaelis-Menten type saturation kinetics with a Km of 3.2 X 10(-5) M and Vmax of 7.9 X 10(-5) mu moles sulphate/hr/10(5) cells. Uptake was dependent on a source of energy since the metabolic inhibitor CCCP almost completely inhibited uptake under both light and dark conditions and DCMU caused a 50% decrease in uptake under light conditions. Under dark conditions, uptake remained at about 80% of that observed under light conditions and was little affected by DCMU, indicating that the energy for uptake could be supplied by either photosynthesis or respiration. A charge and size recognition site in the cell is implied by the finding that sulphate uptake was inhibited by chromate and selenate but not by tungstate, molybdate, nitrate or phosphate. Chromate did not inhibit photosynthesis. Cysteine and methionine added to the culture medium were apparently capable of exerting inhibition of sulphate uptake in both unstarved and sulphate-starved cells. Cycloheximide slightly inhibited sulphate uptake over an 8-hr period indicating, either a slow rate of entry of the inhibitor into the cells or a slow turnover of the protein(s) associated with sulphate transport.", "PMID": 1190958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12036", "title": "Ultrastructure of the sporangiospore of Piptocephalis unispora (Mucorales).", "content": "Sporangiospore structure in Piptocephalis unispora Benjamin was studied using light microscopy, freeze-etching, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and compared with that of other members of the Mucorales. A merosporangial wall, plasmalemmal invaginations, and wall protuberances were demonstrated in sections and their possible significance discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the sporangiospore of Piptocephalis unispora (Mucorales). Sporangiospore structure in Piptocephalis unispora Benjamin was studied using light microscopy, freeze-etching, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and compared with that of other members of the Mucorales. A merosporangial wall, plasmalemmal invaginations, and wall protuberances were demonstrated in sections and their possible significance discussed.", "PMID": 1190959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12037", "title": "Synthesis of beta-glucanase and other extracellular proteins by cells and protoplasts of the yeast Pichia polymorpha: effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose.", "content": "The synthesis of beta-glucanase either by cells or by protoplasts of the yeast Pichia polymorpha has been found to occur in the presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in the growth medium. On the other hand, the synthesis of typical extracellular proteins such as invertase and acid phosphatase is strongly affected by the presence of the drug. The degree of inhibition is, however, directly related to the 2-deoxy-D-glucose concentration.", "contents": "Synthesis of beta-glucanase and other extracellular proteins by cells and protoplasts of the yeast Pichia polymorpha: effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. The synthesis of beta-glucanase either by cells or by protoplasts of the yeast Pichia polymorpha has been found to occur in the presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in the growth medium. On the other hand, the synthesis of typical extracellular proteins such as invertase and acid phosphatase is strongly affected by the presence of the drug. The degree of inhibition is, however, directly related to the 2-deoxy-D-glucose concentration.", "PMID": 1190960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12038", "title": "Sulfur metabolism in Thiobacillus denitrificans evidence for the presence of a sulfite reducatase activity.", "content": "The relatively high specific sulfite reductase activity of 25 mU/mg protein was found in extracts from Thiobacillus dentrificans. The absorption spectrum of the partially pruified enzyme was similar to the siroheme containing sulfite reductases from other sources. It is suggested that the T. denitrificans sulfite reductase may function during the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds.", "contents": "Sulfur metabolism in Thiobacillus denitrificans evidence for the presence of a sulfite reducatase activity. The relatively high specific sulfite reductase activity of 25 mU/mg protein was found in extracts from Thiobacillus dentrificans. The absorption spectrum of the partially pruified enzyme was similar to the siroheme containing sulfite reductases from other sources. It is suggested that the T. denitrificans sulfite reductase may function during the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds.", "PMID": 1190961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12039", "title": "[In-vitro studies on the break-down of chlormequat (chlorcholinchloride) in the rumen].", "content": "Under anaerobic conditions chlormequat did not undergo microbial breakdown in samples of rumen contents or rumen juice. Comparison with other forms of microbial breakdown of chlormequat, such as in soil, showed that oxidative processes were responsible.", "contents": "[In-vitro studies on the break-down of chlormequat (chlorcholinchloride) in the rumen]. Under anaerobic conditions chlormequat did not undergo microbial breakdown in samples of rumen contents or rumen juice. Comparison with other forms of microbial breakdown of chlormequat, such as in soil, showed that oxidative processes were responsible.", "PMID": 1190962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12040", "title": "[Consistometric studies on meat and meat products. V. Determination of consistency of raw and smoked bacon at various temperatures of bacon].", "content": "Penetration values for the superficial (cutaneous) part of bacon in the raw state were smaller than the deeper (subcutaneous) part, because of the high connective tissue content of the superficial part. The course of the curve of penetration in relation to temperature varied within the range of 1 to 60 units in cutaneous bacon, and up to 90 units in subcutaneous bacon; penetration values increased with increasing temperature. Penetration values for the superficial and deep parts of smoked bacaon were similar to those of unsmoked bacon.", "contents": "[Consistometric studies on meat and meat products. V. Determination of consistency of raw and smoked bacon at various temperatures of bacon]. Penetration values for the superficial (cutaneous) part of bacon in the raw state were smaller than the deeper (subcutaneous) part, because of the high connective tissue content of the superficial part. The course of the curve of penetration in relation to temperature varied within the range of 1 to 60 units in cutaneous bacon, and up to 90 units in subcutaneous bacon; penetration values increased with increasing temperature. Penetration values for the superficial and deep parts of smoked bacaon were similar to those of unsmoked bacon.", "PMID": 1190963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12041", "title": "[Tolerance of condenser impulses in cattle].", "content": "Extensive testing of electric fence equipment on cattle confirmed the effectiveness of the current intensities laid down by Koeppen and Osypka. Condenser discharges within the grade I of current intensity were tested for safety and effectiveness using standard equipment (\"Cerberus\" type). These condenser discharges were much more effective than induction current impulses. The risk of accidents to human beings and animals, and veterinary and zootechnical applications of condenser impulses were discussed.", "contents": "[Tolerance of condenser impulses in cattle]. Extensive testing of electric fence equipment on cattle confirmed the effectiveness of the current intensities laid down by Koeppen and Osypka. Condenser discharges within the grade I of current intensity were tested for safety and effectiveness using standard equipment (\"Cerberus\" type). These condenser discharges were much more effective than induction current impulses. The risk of accidents to human beings and animals, and veterinary and zootechnical applications of condenser impulses were discussed.", "PMID": 1190964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12042", "title": "[Effects of Turisynchron and Suisynchron on the thyroid gland in rats during simultaneous administration of TSH].", "content": "Thyrotrophin was injected i/p at 2 I.U. daily simultaneously with oral administration of Turisynchron at 100 mg/kg or Suisynchron at 125 mg/kg daily for five days to Wistar rats. The uptake of radio-iodine by the thyroid was reduced, and there were slight changes in thyroid structure. Suisynchron produced a milder inhibition of thyroid regulatory mechanisms than Turisynchron.", "contents": "[Effects of Turisynchron and Suisynchron on the thyroid gland in rats during simultaneous administration of TSH]. Thyrotrophin was injected i/p at 2 I.U. daily simultaneously with oral administration of Turisynchron at 100 mg/kg or Suisynchron at 125 mg/kg daily for five days to Wistar rats. The uptake of radio-iodine by the thyroid was reduced, and there were slight changes in thyroid structure. Suisynchron produced a milder inhibition of thyroid regulatory mechanisms than Turisynchron.", "PMID": 1190965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12043", "title": "[Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, chloride and glucose in the blood of cattle following intravenous infusion of solutions with various calcium and magnesium concentration aimed at improving the treatment of hypomagnesemia].", "content": "Recent findings on changes in the mineral content of tissues in bovine hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia show the necessity of using different mineral solutions for the treatment and prevention of these conditions. Infusion of 2% CaCl2-6H2O with 10% MgCl2-6H2O and 5% glucose one after the other or in combination produced severe functional changes in cardiac activity and respiration. Recommended concentrations for treatment or prophylaxis of hypomagnesaemia were 10 g magnesium chloride and 2 g calcium chloride, or alternatively 12 g magnesium adipate and 5 g calcium gluconate, in 100 ml of distilled water (total dose 500 ml). This was well tolerated and it overcame the mineral deficiency in tissues.", "contents": "[Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, chloride and glucose in the blood of cattle following intravenous infusion of solutions with various calcium and magnesium concentration aimed at improving the treatment of hypomagnesemia]. Recent findings on changes in the mineral content of tissues in bovine hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia show the necessity of using different mineral solutions for the treatment and prevention of these conditions. Infusion of 2% CaCl2-6H2O with 10% MgCl2-6H2O and 5% glucose one after the other or in combination produced severe functional changes in cardiac activity and respiration. Recommended concentrations for treatment or prophylaxis of hypomagnesaemia were 10 g magnesium chloride and 2 g calcium chloride, or alternatively 12 g magnesium adipate and 5 g calcium gluconate, in 100 ml of distilled water (total dose 500 ml). This was well tolerated and it overcame the mineral deficiency in tissues.", "PMID": 1190966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12044", "title": "[Experimental bedsonia infections in calf. 2. Pathomorphologic studies].", "content": "Tracheal inoculation of bovine strains of Bedsonia was often followed by inflammatory processes in lung, trachea, nasal mucosa and also spleen, lymph nodes and brain. Lesions in the duct system and alveoli of the lung consisted of exudates containing neutrophilic granulocytes and proliferation of epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The initial changes were evidently located in the bronchioli. Elementary bodies were present in variable numbers. The formation of lesions seemed to be influenced by route of infection and concentration of the causal organisms in the inoculum.", "contents": "[Experimental bedsonia infections in calf. 2. Pathomorphologic studies]. Tracheal inoculation of bovine strains of Bedsonia was often followed by inflammatory processes in lung, trachea, nasal mucosa and also spleen, lymph nodes and brain. Lesions in the duct system and alveoli of the lung consisted of exudates containing neutrophilic granulocytes and proliferation of epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The initial changes were evidently located in the bronchioli. Elementary bodies were present in variable numbers. The formation of lesions seemed to be influenced by route of infection and concentration of the causal organisms in the inoculum.", "PMID": 1190967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12045", "title": "[A method for the rapid pick-up of bioelectric potentials from the unprepared body surface of animals, with special reference to cardiac action potentials].", "content": "Established methods of obtaining cardiac action potentials indirectly are laborious and require much time and apparatus. A rapid method of picking up bioelectrical potentials from the intact body surface was developed by using rapid-contact proximity electrodes and a simplified conduction technique. Useful cardiograms were obtained without changing the normal posture of the animal.", "contents": "[A method for the rapid pick-up of bioelectric potentials from the unprepared body surface of animals, with special reference to cardiac action potentials]. Established methods of obtaining cardiac action potentials indirectly are laborious and require much time and apparatus. A rapid method of picking up bioelectrical potentials from the intact body surface was developed by using rapid-contact proximity electrodes and a simplified conduction technique. Useful cardiograms were obtained without changing the normal posture of the animal.", "PMID": 1190968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12046", "title": "[Prevention of tetanus in man and animal following injury].", "content": "The effect of heterologous and homologous antitoxin is the same if an equal amount of antitoxin is present in the organism. In man there are no circulating antibodies in the blood after the first injection of the toxoid because there is no natural immunity against the tetanus antigen. After the second injection, man develops the same immunity as animals. Large antitoxin doses protect people for a longer period than small doses. Normally 3,000 I. U. of the heterologous antitoxin protects people for 2 to 3 weeks. In man and sheep 2 ml of the adsorbed vaccine produces an earlier and longer-lasting immunity than 0.5 ml. Simultaneous active and passive prophylaxis is superior to passive prophylaxis alone. To achieve a long-lasting active immunity, 2 ml of the vaccine should first be injected and a booster dose 7 to 10 days later, and again 6 to 12 weeks after the first dose. Immediate vaccination against tetanus following an injury will not protect a person who has not been vaccinated previously, as the active immunity will start too late.", "contents": "[Prevention of tetanus in man and animal following injury]. The effect of heterologous and homologous antitoxin is the same if an equal amount of antitoxin is present in the organism. In man there are no circulating antibodies in the blood after the first injection of the toxoid because there is no natural immunity against the tetanus antigen. After the second injection, man develops the same immunity as animals. Large antitoxin doses protect people for a longer period than small doses. Normally 3,000 I. U. of the heterologous antitoxin protects people for 2 to 3 weeks. In man and sheep 2 ml of the adsorbed vaccine produces an earlier and longer-lasting immunity than 0.5 ml. Simultaneous active and passive prophylaxis is superior to passive prophylaxis alone. To achieve a long-lasting active immunity, 2 ml of the vaccine should first be injected and a booster dose 7 to 10 days later, and again 6 to 12 weeks after the first dose. Immediate vaccination against tetanus following an injury will not protect a person who has not been vaccinated previously, as the active immunity will start too late.", "PMID": 1190969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12047", "title": "[Phosphoric acid ester preparations used in cattle, swine and sheep with special reference to cholinesterase activity. 3. Use of phosphoric acid ester preparations and their effect on acetylcholinesterase activity in swine].", "content": "The use of organophosphorus preparations in the treatment of ectoparasites and endoparasites of pigs is discussed. Treatment of 43 store pigs with preparations produced in the German Democratic Republic by washing and by the pour-on method resulted in considerable inactivation of acetylcholinesterase, which implies good systemic action. Overdosage increased this effect, but without producing signs of toxicity. The oral dosages for pigs cited in the literature were confirmed. Repeated treatment was recommended for the best results, as pigs rapidly break down the preparations. It is necessary to take into account adverse effects of oral administration on palatability of the ration and on weight gain. Addition of a preparation to a batch of food for a group of pigs is likely to be less successful than individual dosing, which is the best method for sows.", "contents": "[Phosphoric acid ester preparations used in cattle, swine and sheep with special reference to cholinesterase activity. 3. Use of phosphoric acid ester preparations and their effect on acetylcholinesterase activity in swine]. The use of organophosphorus preparations in the treatment of ectoparasites and endoparasites of pigs is discussed. Treatment of 43 store pigs with preparations produced in the German Democratic Republic by washing and by the pour-on method resulted in considerable inactivation of acetylcholinesterase, which implies good systemic action. Overdosage increased this effect, but without producing signs of toxicity. The oral dosages for pigs cited in the literature were confirmed. Repeated treatment was recommended for the best results, as pigs rapidly break down the preparations. It is necessary to take into account adverse effects of oral administration on palatability of the ration and on weight gain. Addition of a preparation to a batch of food for a group of pigs is likely to be less successful than individual dosing, which is the best method for sows.", "PMID": 1190970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12048", "title": "[Phosphoric acid ester preparations used in cattle, swine and sheep with special reference to cholinesterase activity. 4. Use of phosphoric acid esters and their effect on acetylcholinesterase activity in sheep].", "content": "The use of organophosphorus preparations for the control of ectoparasites and endoparasites of sheep, particularly systemic application, is discussed. Experiments on 13 groups of sheep with five preparations produced in the German Democratic Republic in various formulations and concentrations showed that external application had good contact activity, but little was absorbed. Acetylcholinesterase activity was not inhibited, except by pour-on application of doses several times the normal dose. The preparations were arranged in order of cholinesterase inhibition. In contrast to cattle, diminished cholinesterase activity was unreliable as in indicator of systemic toxicity of organophosphorus preparations in sheep.", "contents": "[Phosphoric acid ester preparations used in cattle, swine and sheep with special reference to cholinesterase activity. 4. Use of phosphoric acid esters and their effect on acetylcholinesterase activity in sheep]. The use of organophosphorus preparations for the control of ectoparasites and endoparasites of sheep, particularly systemic application, is discussed. Experiments on 13 groups of sheep with five preparations produced in the German Democratic Republic in various formulations and concentrations showed that external application had good contact activity, but little was absorbed. Acetylcholinesterase activity was not inhibited, except by pour-on application of doses several times the normal dose. The preparations were arranged in order of cholinesterase inhibition. In contrast to cattle, diminished cholinesterase activity was unreliable as in indicator of systemic toxicity of organophosphorus preparations in sheep.", "PMID": 1190971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12049", "title": "[Histochemical studies of acid phosphomonoesterase activity in experimental inflammation of the rat's paw caused by carrageenin].", "content": "During the primary phase of inflammation of connective tissue of the paw there was an increase in enzyme activity among the resident connective tissue cells, probably as a result of catabolic processes (lytic processes, phagocytosis). As early as two days after the start of inflammation it was possible to recognize a close relationship between regeneration of the altered tissue (anabolic processes) and the increase of phosphomonoesterase activity in resident cells of the inflamed tissue. The role of the enzyme during inflammation was discussed.", "contents": "[Histochemical studies of acid phosphomonoesterase activity in experimental inflammation of the rat's paw caused by carrageenin]. During the primary phase of inflammation of connective tissue of the paw there was an increase in enzyme activity among the resident connective tissue cells, probably as a result of catabolic processes (lytic processes, phagocytosis). As early as two days after the start of inflammation it was possible to recognize a close relationship between regeneration of the altered tissue (anabolic processes) and the increase of phosphomonoesterase activity in resident cells of the inflamed tissue. The role of the enzyme during inflammation was discussed.", "PMID": 1190972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12050", "title": "Modification of some hematologic and biochemical indices in mice consecutive mecadox administration.", "content": "Mecadox addition to the diet of laboratory mice in doses of 25 mg/kg/day for 30 days resulted in some hematologic and biochemical modifications: 1. Red cell count declined moderately, leucocyte and neutrophile count was higher and reached their normal values 15 days following treatment. 2. Modifications of liver transaminases expressed by a diminution of GOT and GPT activities were observed together with a reduction of free nitrogen. Values returned to normal within 15 days after treatment. 3. Mecadox stimulated weight gain in treated animals during the first 15 days of treatment. No significant differences were observed in weight gain between the two groups during the period which followed treatment.", "contents": "Modification of some hematologic and biochemical indices in mice consecutive mecadox administration. Mecadox addition to the diet of laboratory mice in doses of 25 mg/kg/day for 30 days resulted in some hematologic and biochemical modifications: 1. Red cell count declined moderately, leucocyte and neutrophile count was higher and reached their normal values 15 days following treatment. 2. Modifications of liver transaminases expressed by a diminution of GOT and GPT activities were observed together with a reduction of free nitrogen. Values returned to normal within 15 days after treatment. 3. Mecadox stimulated weight gain in treated animals during the first 15 days of treatment. No significant differences were observed in weight gain between the two groups during the period which followed treatment.", "PMID": 1190973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12051", "title": "[Effect of anemia on various reactions of the domestic swine due to physical exertion. I. Initial values and characteristics of anemia].", "content": "In six anaemic and six healthy pigs at rest the following values were determined:--rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hk), total haemoglobin (THb), plasma volume, blood volume, plasma osmolarity, lactic acid and glucose content of plasma, blood pH, carbon dioxide tension and base excess. There were significant differences between anaemic and normal pigs in Hb, THb, relative THb, Hk, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, lactic acid content; in the ECG there were differences in QT and ST intervals and the ratio of diastole to systole.", "contents": "[Effect of anemia on various reactions of the domestic swine due to physical exertion. I. Initial values and characteristics of anemia]. In six anaemic and six healthy pigs at rest the following values were determined:--rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hk), total haemoglobin (THb), plasma volume, blood volume, plasma osmolarity, lactic acid and glucose content of plasma, blood pH, carbon dioxide tension and base excess. There were significant differences between anaemic and normal pigs in Hb, THb, relative THb, Hk, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, lactic acid content; in the ECG there were differences in QT and ST intervals and the ratio of diastole to systole.", "PMID": 1190974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12052", "title": "[Effect of anemia on various reactions of the domestic swine due to physical exertion. 2. Components of cardiovascular function and body temperature].", "content": "The following measurements were made in six anaemic and six healthy pigs during and after physical exertion on a belt moving at 70 m/min for 10 minutes at environmental temperature of 22-24 degrees C and relative humidity of 55-65%:--rectal temperature (RT), heart rate, total haemoglobin, plasma volume (PV), blood volume (BV) and plasma osmolarity (PO). The increase: in RT and PO, heart rate during exercise, respiratory rate after exercise, and the fall in PV and BV during exercise as well as changes in erythrocytes were all more pronounced in anaemic pigs than in healthy pigs.", "contents": "[Effect of anemia on various reactions of the domestic swine due to physical exertion. 2. Components of cardiovascular function and body temperature]. The following measurements were made in six anaemic and six healthy pigs during and after physical exertion on a belt moving at 70 m/min for 10 minutes at environmental temperature of 22-24 degrees C and relative humidity of 55-65%:--rectal temperature (RT), heart rate, total haemoglobin, plasma volume (PV), blood volume (BV) and plasma osmolarity (PO). The increase: in RT and PO, heart rate during exercise, respiratory rate after exercise, and the fall in PV and BV during exercise as well as changes in erythrocytes were all more pronounced in anaemic pigs than in healthy pigs.", "PMID": 1190975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12053", "title": "[Effect of anemia on various reactions of the domestic swine due to physical exertion. 3. Changes in plasma glucose and lactic acid concentrations].", "content": "Six anaemic and six healthy pigs were exercised for ten minutes on a belt moving at 78 m/min. Initial blood glucose values in healthy pigs averaged 71.2 mg/100 ml, and they changed very little during and after exercise. Initial values were similar in anaemic pigs (70.7 mg/100 ml), but they increased continuously, during exercise, reaching a peak of 157.4 mg/100 ml one minute after the end of exercise. Blood lactic acid increased from 1152 to 2463 mmol/litre in healthy pigs during the first minute of exercise, and then fell gradually. In anaemic pigs it increased from 1652 to 8478 mmol/l during the ten minutes of exercise, and then fell gradually. Correlations between lactic acid and haemoglobin content, between rectal temperature and Hb, and between lactic acid and changes in rectal temperature were discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of anemia on various reactions of the domestic swine due to physical exertion. 3. Changes in plasma glucose and lactic acid concentrations]. Six anaemic and six healthy pigs were exercised for ten minutes on a belt moving at 78 m/min. Initial blood glucose values in healthy pigs averaged 71.2 mg/100 ml, and they changed very little during and after exercise. Initial values were similar in anaemic pigs (70.7 mg/100 ml), but they increased continuously, during exercise, reaching a peak of 157.4 mg/100 ml one minute after the end of exercise. Blood lactic acid increased from 1152 to 2463 mmol/litre in healthy pigs during the first minute of exercise, and then fell gradually. In anaemic pigs it increased from 1652 to 8478 mmol/l during the ten minutes of exercise, and then fell gradually. Correlations between lactic acid and haemoglobin content, between rectal temperature and Hb, and between lactic acid and changes in rectal temperature were discussed.", "PMID": 1190976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12054", "title": "[Effect of anemia on various reactions of domestic swine due to physical exertion. 4. Changes of serum acid-base equilibrium].", "content": "Carbon dioxide tension, pH and the excess of base were determined in blood samples obtained from the posterior vena cava of six healthy and six anaemic pigs subjected to ten minutes of exercise on a belt moving at 78 m/min at 22-24 degrees C and relative humidity of 55-65%. The fall in these values during physical exertion was greater in anaemic than in healthy pigs. The roles of buffering capacity and rise in body temperature, and the relationship between blood lactic acid and base excess were discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of anemia on various reactions of domestic swine due to physical exertion. 4. Changes of serum acid-base equilibrium]. Carbon dioxide tension, pH and the excess of base were determined in blood samples obtained from the posterior vena cava of six healthy and six anaemic pigs subjected to ten minutes of exercise on a belt moving at 78 m/min at 22-24 degrees C and relative humidity of 55-65%. The fall in these values during physical exertion was greater in anaemic than in healthy pigs. The roles of buffering capacity and rise in body temperature, and the relationship between blood lactic acid and base excess were discussed.", "PMID": 1190977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12055", "title": "[LD 50 and selenium concentration in organs following intravenous administration of sodium selenite in the rabbit].", "content": "In experiments on 72 rabbits, the LD50 of sodium selenite by intravenous injection was found to be 2.24 mg/kg body weight. The clinical picture and pathological changes associated with acute selenium poisoning are described. The increase in selenium concentration was up to nine times the normal in liver and up to six times in kidney and muscle. There was no sign of a return to normal values 24 hours after administration.", "contents": "[LD 50 and selenium concentration in organs following intravenous administration of sodium selenite in the rabbit]. In experiments on 72 rabbits, the LD50 of sodium selenite by intravenous injection was found to be 2.24 mg/kg body weight. The clinical picture and pathological changes associated with acute selenium poisoning are described. The increase in selenium concentration was up to nine times the normal in liver and up to six times in kidney and muscle. There was no sign of a return to normal values 24 hours after administration.", "PMID": 1190978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12056", "title": "[Relationships between chemical constitution and germicidial effect. 28. Preparation, antimicrobial and anthelminthic effect of diiosothiocyanates].", "content": "In comparison with monoisothiocyanates, diisothiocyanates were either less active or of the same activity against bacteria and fungi. None of the compounds tested possessed antimicrobial activity worth investigating further. However, compound No. 2 (2,4-diisothiocyanatomethyl ethoxybenzol) and compound No. 5 (1,3-dimethyl-4,6-diisothiocyanatomethylbenzol) were more active as anthelmintics against Enchytraeus than the p-phenylene diisothiocyanates.", "contents": "[Relationships between chemical constitution and germicidial effect. 28. Preparation, antimicrobial and anthelminthic effect of diiosothiocyanates]. In comparison with monoisothiocyanates, diisothiocyanates were either less active or of the same activity against bacteria and fungi. None of the compounds tested possessed antimicrobial activity worth investigating further. However, compound No. 2 (2,4-diisothiocyanatomethyl ethoxybenzol) and compound No. 5 (1,3-dimethyl-4,6-diisothiocyanatomethylbenzol) were more active as anthelmintics against Enchytraeus than the p-phenylene diisothiocyanates.", "PMID": 1190979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12057", "title": "[Evaluation of blood glucose concentration during exertion. 6. Effect of anemia on the glucose regulation capacity of domestic swine in standardized running exercise].", "content": "Individual mean blood glucose values and the scatter of individual values were determined in six healthy and six anaemic pigs before, during and after ten minutes of exercise on a belt moving at 78 m/min (environmental temperature 22-24 degrees C, relative humidity 55-65%). The glucose regulatory capacity of anaemic pigs was inferior to that of healthy pigs. Blood glucose regulation was related to haemoglobin content and to the increase in rectal temperature during exercise.", "contents": "[Evaluation of blood glucose concentration during exertion. 6. Effect of anemia on the glucose regulation capacity of domestic swine in standardized running exercise]. Individual mean blood glucose values and the scatter of individual values were determined in six healthy and six anaemic pigs before, during and after ten minutes of exercise on a belt moving at 78 m/min (environmental temperature 22-24 degrees C, relative humidity 55-65%). The glucose regulatory capacity of anaemic pigs was inferior to that of healthy pigs. Blood glucose regulation was related to haemoglobin content and to the increase in rectal temperature during exercise.", "PMID": 1190980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12058", "title": "Cardiac evaluation of a physical rehabilitation program for patients with ischemic heart disease.", "content": "A reconditioning exercise program that was applied to group of 12 coronary patients resulted in an increase of their tolerance to physical work and of their maximal working capacity. In some instances the improvement in physical condition was accompanied by changes in indicators of cardiac function which suggest that an improvement in myocardial performance also occurred. Although some evidence of this has been presented, more studies are needed for substantiation. It is believed, on the other hand, that to explain the improvement of the patient, it is not necessary to invoke an improvement of myocardial performance. An improvement of patient's tolerance to physical work may also be explained by extracardiac mechanisms that produce changes in arterial peripheral resistance, regional blood flow distribution, overall mechanical efficiency, muscle capillarization, fiber size and mitochondrial enzymatic activity, patterns of sweating, adaptation between pulmonary ventilation and circulation, work of breathing efficiency, autonomic nervous system balance and in the adaptive responses of the neuroendocrine system which mediate between psychic and physiological behavior. All of these changes have been observed in healthy individuals submitted to physical training. It is plausible to assume that they may also occur in the patient with ischemic heart disease. What is to be shown is which one or which ones of these mechanisms prevail in a given individual.", "contents": "Cardiac evaluation of a physical rehabilitation program for patients with ischemic heart disease. A reconditioning exercise program that was applied to group of 12 coronary patients resulted in an increase of their tolerance to physical work and of their maximal working capacity. In some instances the improvement in physical condition was accompanied by changes in indicators of cardiac function which suggest that an improvement in myocardial performance also occurred. Although some evidence of this has been presented, more studies are needed for substantiation. It is believed, on the other hand, that to explain the improvement of the patient, it is not necessary to invoke an improvement of myocardial performance. An improvement of patient's tolerance to physical work may also be explained by extracardiac mechanisms that produce changes in arterial peripheral resistance, regional blood flow distribution, overall mechanical efficiency, muscle capillarization, fiber size and mitochondrial enzymatic activity, patterns of sweating, adaptation between pulmonary ventilation and circulation, work of breathing efficiency, autonomic nervous system balance and in the adaptive responses of the neuroendocrine system which mediate between psychic and physiological behavior. All of these changes have been observed in healthy individuals submitted to physical training. It is plausible to assume that they may also occur in the patient with ischemic heart disease. What is to be shown is which one or which ones of these mechanisms prevail in a given individual.", "PMID": 1190995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12059", "title": "The neurological examination: advancements in its quantification.", "content": "For the past decade, our group of neurologists, biomedical engineers and statisticians has developed objective tests to quantify apropos neurological functions (cognition, strength, steadiness, reactions, speed, coordination, sensations, fatigue, gait, station and selected skills of daily living). Instrumented tests have been extensively evaluated and used in several randomized double-blind trials in multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Our long-term goal is to bring to clinical neurology a type of quantification of the nervous system which does not exist. In this report, a brief overview of test development, personnel training, test administration and selected situations for using the clinical quantitative neurological examination (CQNE) are discussed. In addition, 57 tests are illustrated and described.", "contents": "The neurological examination: advancements in its quantification. For the past decade, our group of neurologists, biomedical engineers and statisticians has developed objective tests to quantify apropos neurological functions (cognition, strength, steadiness, reactions, speed, coordination, sensations, fatigue, gait, station and selected skills of daily living). Instrumented tests have been extensively evaluated and used in several randomized double-blind trials in multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Our long-term goal is to bring to clinical neurology a type of quantification of the nervous system which does not exist. In this report, a brief overview of test development, personnel training, test administration and selected situations for using the clinical quantitative neurological examination (CQNE) are discussed. In addition, 57 tests are illustrated and described.", "PMID": 1190996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12060", "title": "Quantitative examination of neurological function: reliability and learning effects.", "content": "During the last five years, a battery of tests measuring neurological function called the Quantitative Examination of Neurological Function (QENF) has been greatly expanded. To evaluate more effectively the efficacy of clinical trials, the results of a study on reliability of test measures and on long- and short-term effects of learning are reported. Of the 113 test measures that were evaluated using 18 young adult normal subjects, only the fatigue and error measures, the vibration sense and two simulated activities of daily living tests were found unreliable. With respect to learning, the largest improvements in performance were found for arm-shoulder pursuit tracking, followed by many of the tests of coordination, particularly those requiring manual and/or finger dexterity. Only slight changes were found for tests of vision, strength, and speed of hand and foot. There were no important differences between short- and long-term learning. Considering this and other studies, patients are not likely to improve their performance appreciably by learning in a clinical trial.", "contents": "Quantitative examination of neurological function: reliability and learning effects. During the last five years, a battery of tests measuring neurological function called the Quantitative Examination of Neurological Function (QENF) has been greatly expanded. To evaluate more effectively the efficacy of clinical trials, the results of a study on reliability of test measures and on long- and short-term effects of learning are reported. Of the 113 test measures that were evaluated using 18 young adult normal subjects, only the fatigue and error measures, the vibration sense and two simulated activities of daily living tests were found unreliable. With respect to learning, the largest improvements in performance were found for arm-shoulder pursuit tracking, followed by many of the tests of coordination, particularly those requiring manual and/or finger dexterity. Only slight changes were found for tests of vision, strength, and speed of hand and foot. There were no important differences between short- and long-term learning. Considering this and other studies, patients are not likely to improve their performance appreciably by learning in a clinical trial.", "PMID": 1190997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12061", "title": "Heating patterns produced in humans by 433.92 MHz round field applicator and 915MHz contact applicator.", "content": "Temperature distributions produced by a round field applicator operating at a frequency of 433.92 megahertz (MHz) are comparable to those produced by a 915 MHz cooled contact applicator in human volunteers with less than or equal to 1 cm or greater than or equal to 2 cm of subcutaneous fat. The major difference between the two applicators is the temperatures produced on the skin surface and in the subcutaneous fat in humans. The circulating coolant of the 915 MHz contact applicator keeps skin surface temperatures much lower than those produced by the round field applicator in thick and thin subjects. It also tends to cool the superficial subcutaneous fat layer in thin subjects but doesn't affect the deeper subcutaneous fat layer in subjects with greater than or equal to 2 cm of subcutaneous fat. The 915 MHz contact applicator gives the ability to control by cooling the temperatures produced in the superifical tissues. By regulating the temperature of coolant and time of cooling, temperature gradients can be modified so the highest temperatures may be found in the muscle. However, the superficial tissue temperature cannot be regulated with the present application of the 433.92 MHz applicator. When the two applicators were compared, it was shown that the 433.92 MHz round field applicator did not surpass the heating ability of the 915 MHz contact applicator. Therefore, at this time, there is no reason to legalize the frequency of 433.92 MHz for diathermy use in the United States.", "contents": "Heating patterns produced in humans by 433.92 MHz round field applicator and 915MHz contact applicator. Temperature distributions produced by a round field applicator operating at a frequency of 433.92 megahertz (MHz) are comparable to those produced by a 915 MHz cooled contact applicator in human volunteers with less than or equal to 1 cm or greater than or equal to 2 cm of subcutaneous fat. The major difference between the two applicators is the temperatures produced on the skin surface and in the subcutaneous fat in humans. The circulating coolant of the 915 MHz contact applicator keeps skin surface temperatures much lower than those produced by the round field applicator in thick and thin subjects. It also tends to cool the superficial subcutaneous fat layer in thin subjects but doesn't affect the deeper subcutaneous fat layer in subjects with greater than or equal to 2 cm of subcutaneous fat. The 915 MHz contact applicator gives the ability to control by cooling the temperatures produced in the superifical tissues. By regulating the temperature of coolant and time of cooling, temperature gradients can be modified so the highest temperatures may be found in the muscle. However, the superficial tissue temperature cannot be regulated with the present application of the 433.92 MHz applicator. When the two applicators were compared, it was shown that the 433.92 MHz round field applicator did not surpass the heating ability of the 915 MHz contact applicator. Therefore, at this time, there is no reason to legalize the frequency of 433.92 MHz for diathermy use in the United States.", "PMID": 1190998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12062", "title": "Training procedures and biofeedback methods to achieve controlled partial weight bearing: an assessment.", "content": "Limiting weight bearing to a prescribed level is clinically desirable when patients use crutches or canes or wear prostheses. Several training methods currently being used in clinical settings were tested. These included the use of bathroom scales, and several more sophisticated feedback systems, to train normal subjects to limit weight bearing on a protected limb to a target load. It was found that such training was of limited value since subjects, during training and after, often exceeded target loads by 50% or more. Any retained learning was found to diminish rapidly on the first and second days after training. Even when using continuous auditory feedback, overshoot of the target load seemed inevitable due to the time lag between auditory perception and motor response, and the rapid rate of loading of the extremity.", "contents": "Training procedures and biofeedback methods to achieve controlled partial weight bearing: an assessment. Limiting weight bearing to a prescribed level is clinically desirable when patients use crutches or canes or wear prostheses. Several training methods currently being used in clinical settings were tested. These included the use of bathroom scales, and several more sophisticated feedback systems, to train normal subjects to limit weight bearing on a protected limb to a target load. It was found that such training was of limited value since subjects, during training and after, often exceeded target loads by 50% or more. Any retained learning was found to diminish rapidly on the first and second days after training. Even when using continuous auditory feedback, overshoot of the target load seemed inevitable due to the time lag between auditory perception and motor response, and the rapid rate of loading of the extremity.", "PMID": 1190999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12063", "title": "The frequency of sexual intercourse during pregnancy.", "content": "Reports of day-by-day sexual activity for the previous week were collected from a total community sample of over 900 pregnant and nonpregnant Thai women of childbearing age during a fertility survey in 1967-1968. About 13% of the women were pregnant. Examination of the women's intercourse frequencies at various stages of pregnancy revealed a downward trend as pregnancy progressed. However, a difference between the mean frequency for age-matched, nonmenstruating, nonpregnant women and that during any stage of pregnancy was not statistically significant at the p = 0.05 level (t test, two-tailed) until the seventh month. Much individual variation existed among the women. Complete abstinence from intercourse during the previous week reached a peak of 72.7% in the ninth month. The increase in abstinence with the progression of pregnancy appeared linear. The importance of these data lies in two methodological facts: they were collected from a total population sample and are therefore unbiased by sample selection; the women were not asked to report their \"average\" frequencies for some time period in the past. Reports of behavior on each day of only the preceding week were the basis for the conclusion. Although the women are from a different culture, lay and professional advice concerning intercourse during pregnancy is similar to that in the United States. Because intercourse may be discouraged, particularly in the third trimester, it is difficult to attribute the observation of the gradual decline in frequency to a \"physiological\" reason. This tempting hypothesis, however, is worthy of further study.", "contents": "The frequency of sexual intercourse during pregnancy. Reports of day-by-day sexual activity for the previous week were collected from a total community sample of over 900 pregnant and nonpregnant Thai women of childbearing age during a fertility survey in 1967-1968. About 13% of the women were pregnant. Examination of the women's intercourse frequencies at various stages of pregnancy revealed a downward trend as pregnancy progressed. However, a difference between the mean frequency for age-matched, nonmenstruating, nonpregnant women and that during any stage of pregnancy was not statistically significant at the p = 0.05 level (t test, two-tailed) until the seventh month. Much individual variation existed among the women. Complete abstinence from intercourse during the previous week reached a peak of 72.7% in the ninth month. The increase in abstinence with the progression of pregnancy appeared linear. The importance of these data lies in two methodological facts: they were collected from a total population sample and are therefore unbiased by sample selection; the women were not asked to report their \"average\" frequencies for some time period in the past. Reports of behavior on each day of only the preceding week were the basis for the conclusion. Although the women are from a different culture, lay and professional advice concerning intercourse during pregnancy is similar to that in the United States. Because intercourse may be discouraged, particularly in the third trimester, it is difficult to attribute the observation of the gradual decline in frequency to a \"physiological\" reason. This tempting hypothesis, however, is worthy of further study.", "PMID": 1191002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12064", "title": "Heterosexual interest in homosexual males.", "content": "Androphilic, ephebophilic, and homosexual pedophilic males were compared on heterosexual interest and arousal potential. The former was measured by the subjects' retrospective reports and the latter by penile responses to pictures of females. The penile responses of the ephebophilic and homosexual pedophilic groups to pictures of physically mature females were not different from those of androphilic males. In the present study as well as in an earlier one, the ephebophilic males responded significantly more to physically mature males than to physically mature females. Homosexual pedophilic males showed little difference in responses to physically mature males and females. In retrospective reports of heterosexual interest and experience and of development of homosexual interest and activities, there were only two differences among the groups: as opposed to androphilic males, a relatively greater number of ephebophilic and homosexual pedophilic males indicated that up to age 15 or later they had felt attracted exclusively to females and that they had been seduced in childhood or early adolescence by a male. These results will have to be replicated before being accepted as reliable. As in some earlier studies, there was a weak but significant correlation of degree of \"feminine gender identity\" with age at onset of homosexual interest and with heterosexual interest or experience. A higher degree of feminine gender identity went together with less heterosexual interest and experience and with an earlier onset of homosexual interest and experience.", "contents": "Heterosexual interest in homosexual males. Androphilic, ephebophilic, and homosexual pedophilic males were compared on heterosexual interest and arousal potential. The former was measured by the subjects' retrospective reports and the latter by penile responses to pictures of females. The penile responses of the ephebophilic and homosexual pedophilic groups to pictures of physically mature females were not different from those of androphilic males. In the present study as well as in an earlier one, the ephebophilic males responded significantly more to physically mature males than to physically mature females. Homosexual pedophilic males showed little difference in responses to physically mature males and females. In retrospective reports of heterosexual interest and experience and of development of homosexual interest and activities, there were only two differences among the groups: as opposed to androphilic males, a relatively greater number of ephebophilic and homosexual pedophilic males indicated that up to age 15 or later they had felt attracted exclusively to females and that they had been seduced in childhood or early adolescence by a male. These results will have to be replicated before being accepted as reliable. As in some earlier studies, there was a weak but significant correlation of degree of \"feminine gender identity\" with age at onset of homosexual interest and with heterosexual interest or experience. A higher degree of feminine gender identity went together with less heterosexual interest and experience and with an earlier onset of homosexual interest and experience.", "PMID": 1191003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12065", "title": "Dhat syndrome: a culture-bound sex neurosis of the orient.", "content": "The Indian Dhat syndrome is a culture-bound symptom complex. The clinical picture includes severe anxiety and hypochondriasis. The patient is preoccupied with the excessive loss of semen by nocturnal emissions. There is a fear that semen is being lost, and mixed in urine. A study was carried out to investigate the cultural basis of the Dhat syndrome. One hundred and seven respondents from the general public were interviewed. A vignette describing an individual having nocturnal emissions was read aloud to the respondents. Attitudes toward nocturnal emission, its causes, and its management were investigated. A large segment of the general public from all socioeconomic classes believed that semen loss is harmful. Seminal fluid is considered an elixir of life both in the physical and in the mystical sense. Its preservation guarantees health, longevity, and supernatural powers. This belief is more frequent in lower socioeconomic classes. The susceptible individual reacts to the prevalent belief system and to the fears of semen loss. The symptoms usually disappear if the misconceptions about semen loss are effectively dealt with. It is expected that with increasing literacy and progress in sex knowledge the syndrome will become less common.", "contents": "Dhat syndrome: a culture-bound sex neurosis of the orient. The Indian Dhat syndrome is a culture-bound symptom complex. The clinical picture includes severe anxiety and hypochondriasis. The patient is preoccupied with the excessive loss of semen by nocturnal emissions. There is a fear that semen is being lost, and mixed in urine. A study was carried out to investigate the cultural basis of the Dhat syndrome. One hundred and seven respondents from the general public were interviewed. A vignette describing an individual having nocturnal emissions was read aloud to the respondents. Attitudes toward nocturnal emission, its causes, and its management were investigated. A large segment of the general public from all socioeconomic classes believed that semen loss is harmful. Seminal fluid is considered an elixir of life both in the physical and in the mystical sense. Its preservation guarantees health, longevity, and supernatural powers. This belief is more frequent in lower socioeconomic classes. The susceptible individual reacts to the prevalent belief system and to the fears of semen loss. The symptoms usually disappear if the misconceptions about semen loss are effectively dealt with. It is expected that with increasing literacy and progress in sex knowledge the syndrome will become less common.", "PMID": 1191004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12066", "title": "Plasma testosterone in male patients with sexual dysfunction.", "content": "Plasma testosterone values were established by the protein-binding method in 45 married patients who at the age of 36-55 were examined for sexual disinterest and/or disturbances of penile erection. The control group consisted of 108 men whose ejaculate was normospermic and who reported adequate coital activity. The average values of male sex hormone in all age subgroups of patients with functional sexual disorders were lower than those of the control group. However, in patients with a pathological somatosexual finding (chromatin-positive men, patients with a varicocele), where the plasma testosterone level was approximately the same as in patients with functional sexual disorders, similar coital activity was found as in the control group of normospermic men.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone in male patients with sexual dysfunction. Plasma testosterone values were established by the protein-binding method in 45 married patients who at the age of 36-55 were examined for sexual disinterest and/or disturbances of penile erection. The control group consisted of 108 men whose ejaculate was normospermic and who reported adequate coital activity. The average values of male sex hormone in all age subgroups of patients with functional sexual disorders were lower than those of the control group. However, in patients with a pathological somatosexual finding (chromatin-positive men, patients with a varicocele), where the plasma testosterone level was approximately the same as in patients with functional sexual disorders, similar coital activity was found as in the control group of normospermic men.", "PMID": 1191005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12067", "title": "The rechargeable cardiac pacemaker. A clinical evaluation in 25 patients.", "content": "After five years of laboratory development and in vivo testing, a rechargeable cardiac pacemaker with R-wave inhibited demand circuitry was introduced into clinical use in February 1973. We have used the rechargeable pacemaker in 25 patients in the past 1 1/2 years. The series includes 14 women and 11 men, with an age range of 38 to 80 years. Eleven of the patients had the rechargeable system implanted as a replacement for a failing or a failed conventional pacemaker. These 11 patients accounted for 26 previous pacemakers. The rechargeable pacemaker is smaller than conventional pacemakers, and it promises to obviate the need for periodic pulse generator replacement. Our initial experience with the rechargeable pacemaker has been favorable, and patient acceptance has been good.", "contents": "The rechargeable cardiac pacemaker. A clinical evaluation in 25 patients. After five years of laboratory development and in vivo testing, a rechargeable cardiac pacemaker with R-wave inhibited demand circuitry was introduced into clinical use in February 1973. We have used the rechargeable pacemaker in 25 patients in the past 1 1/2 years. The series includes 14 women and 11 men, with an age range of 38 to 80 years. Eleven of the patients had the rechargeable system implanted as a replacement for a failing or a failed conventional pacemaker. These 11 patients accounted for 26 previous pacemakers. The rechargeable pacemaker is smaller than conventional pacemakers, and it promises to obviate the need for periodic pulse generator replacement. Our initial experience with the rechargeable pacemaker has been favorable, and patient acceptance has been good.", "PMID": 1191008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12068", "title": "Renal arteriovenous fistula treated by endofistulorrhaphy.", "content": "A renal arteriovenous fistula responsible for diastolic hypertension was repaired without sacrificing renal parenchyma by endofistulorrhaphy, a unique surgical technique. The fistula site was localized preoperatively by selective renal arteriography. The renal artery was incised and the ostium of the efferent venous channel suture-ligated from within the depths of the artery. The fistula was successfully interrupted, and the patient has remained normotensive. Postoperative arteriography confirmed the absence of the fistula. Vascular surgical procedures sparing renal parenchyma are relatively new, as the most common treatment for this condition had been nephrectomy.", "contents": "Renal arteriovenous fistula treated by endofistulorrhaphy. A renal arteriovenous fistula responsible for diastolic hypertension was repaired without sacrificing renal parenchyma by endofistulorrhaphy, a unique surgical technique. The fistula site was localized preoperatively by selective renal arteriography. The renal artery was incised and the ostium of the efferent venous channel suture-ligated from within the depths of the artery. The fistula was successfully interrupted, and the patient has remained normotensive. Postoperative arteriography confirmed the absence of the fistula. Vascular surgical procedures sparing renal parenchyma are relatively new, as the most common treatment for this condition had been nephrectomy.", "PMID": 1191009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12069", "title": "Definitive diagnosis of pulmonary lesions in leukemia and lymphoma. The supportive role of thoracic surgery.", "content": "As therapy for leukemia and lymphoma has improved, secondary pulmonary disease has become a major cause of death. In this review of 225 patients with leukemia or lymphoma, six possibly preventable deaths resulted because progressive pulmonary infiltrates were treated without tissue diagnosis. Four other patients died of undiagnosed second primary lung tumors. When pulmonary infiltrates were diagnosed by open lung biopsy examination, appropriate therapy in nine patients resulted in seven survivals from potentially lethal infections. Of six patient with either primary lung tumor, leukemic infiltrate, or lymphomatous nodule, bronchoscopy and brush biopsy examination revealed bronchogenic tumors, leading to appropriate surgical therapy and survival in three. In three others, bronchoscopy and mediastinoscopy suggested exacerbation of the primary disease, which was treated satisfactorily by radiotherapy. Thus, when pulmonary disease develops in patients with leukemia or lymphoma, aggressive therapy based on tissue diagnosis may avert untimely death.", "contents": "Definitive diagnosis of pulmonary lesions in leukemia and lymphoma. The supportive role of thoracic surgery. As therapy for leukemia and lymphoma has improved, secondary pulmonary disease has become a major cause of death. In this review of 225 patients with leukemia or lymphoma, six possibly preventable deaths resulted because progressive pulmonary infiltrates were treated without tissue diagnosis. Four other patients died of undiagnosed second primary lung tumors. When pulmonary infiltrates were diagnosed by open lung biopsy examination, appropriate therapy in nine patients resulted in seven survivals from potentially lethal infections. Of six patient with either primary lung tumor, leukemic infiltrate, or lymphomatous nodule, bronchoscopy and brush biopsy examination revealed bronchogenic tumors, leading to appropriate surgical therapy and survival in three. In three others, bronchoscopy and mediastinoscopy suggested exacerbation of the primary disease, which was treated satisfactorily by radiotherapy. Thus, when pulmonary disease develops in patients with leukemia or lymphoma, aggressive therapy based on tissue diagnosis may avert untimely death.", "PMID": 1191010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12070", "title": "Serious complications after umbilical artery catheterization for neonatal monitoring.", "content": "Umbilical artery catheterization in critically ill neonates caused major complications, including five deaths, in 15 of 165 infants with respiratory distress syndrome who underwent autopsy at the UCLA Hospital during the past eight years. Arterial occlusion leading to visceral infarction occurred in 12 patients, and vascular perforation caused hemoperitoneum in three patients. Repeated catheter manipulation and protracted catheter use were common factors identified in patients in whom complications developed. Restricted indications for catheter use, routine roentgenographic confirmation of catheter tip location below the kidneys, low-dosage heparin sodium infusion, use of cannulas with decreased thrombogenicity, avoidance of catheter manipulation, and vigilance to remove catheters when no longer required should reduce the incidence of this iatrogenic neonatal complication while still permitting arterial pressure and blood gas monitoring when clinically indicated.", "contents": "Serious complications after umbilical artery catheterization for neonatal monitoring. Umbilical artery catheterization in critically ill neonates caused major complications, including five deaths, in 15 of 165 infants with respiratory distress syndrome who underwent autopsy at the UCLA Hospital during the past eight years. Arterial occlusion leading to visceral infarction occurred in 12 patients, and vascular perforation caused hemoperitoneum in three patients. Repeated catheter manipulation and protracted catheter use were common factors identified in patients in whom complications developed. Restricted indications for catheter use, routine roentgenographic confirmation of catheter tip location below the kidneys, low-dosage heparin sodium infusion, use of cannulas with decreased thrombogenicity, avoidance of catheter manipulation, and vigilance to remove catheters when no longer required should reduce the incidence of this iatrogenic neonatal complication while still permitting arterial pressure and blood gas monitoring when clinically indicated.", "PMID": 1191011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12071", "title": "Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated immune response. Assay in colorectal carcinoma patients.", "content": "Tritiated thymidine incorporation by peripheral human lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was investigated in 18 colorectal carcinoma patients (seven with localized tumor and 11 with metastatic tumors). The effect of sera obtained from these patients on lymphocytes from control patients was also studied. The mean mitotic index of PHA-stimulated versus nonstimulated lymphocytes from all tumor patients was 29.2; from patients with localized tumors, 23.0; from patients with metastatic tumors, 26.0; and from controls, 29.4. In the presence of sera from tumor patients, the mitotic index in all tumor lymphocytes was 47.1; from localized tumor patients, 53.7; from metastatic tumor patients, 43.8; and from control lymphocytes, 47.4. No substantial difference in mitotic index was detected in normal compared to tumor patient lymphocytes with or without normal or tumor serum.", "contents": "Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated immune response. Assay in colorectal carcinoma patients. Tritiated thymidine incorporation by peripheral human lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was investigated in 18 colorectal carcinoma patients (seven with localized tumor and 11 with metastatic tumors). The effect of sera obtained from these patients on lymphocytes from control patients was also studied. The mean mitotic index of PHA-stimulated versus nonstimulated lymphocytes from all tumor patients was 29.2; from patients with localized tumors, 23.0; from patients with metastatic tumors, 26.0; and from controls, 29.4. In the presence of sera from tumor patients, the mitotic index in all tumor lymphocytes was 47.1; from localized tumor patients, 53.7; from metastatic tumor patients, 43.8; and from control lymphocytes, 47.4. No substantial difference in mitotic index was detected in normal compared to tumor patient lymphocytes with or without normal or tumor serum.", "PMID": 1191012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12072", "title": "Serum calcium responses to exogenous secretin.", "content": "Increasing attention is being focused on the relationship between gastrointestinal hormones and calcium metabolism. While it is apparent that some relationship does exist, the exact nature and significance is as yet undefined. Information regarding the effect of secretin on serum calcium has been both sparse and contradictory. Boot's secretin, 3 units/kg, was given to a group of 44 patients consisting of normal controls and patients with duodenal, gastric, and marginal ulcers; primary hyperparathyroidism; and pernicious anemia. Six serial serum specimens were obtained from each patient at ten-minute intervals for calcium determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Using two-way analysis of variance, no significant changes in postsecretin serum calcium values were observed. It is unlikely that physiologic levels of secretin exert any effect on serum calcium.", "contents": "Serum calcium responses to exogenous secretin. Increasing attention is being focused on the relationship between gastrointestinal hormones and calcium metabolism. While it is apparent that some relationship does exist, the exact nature and significance is as yet undefined. Information regarding the effect of secretin on serum calcium has been both sparse and contradictory. Boot's secretin, 3 units/kg, was given to a group of 44 patients consisting of normal controls and patients with duodenal, gastric, and marginal ulcers; primary hyperparathyroidism; and pernicious anemia. Six serial serum specimens were obtained from each patient at ten-minute intervals for calcium determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Using two-way analysis of variance, no significant changes in postsecretin serum calcium values were observed. It is unlikely that physiologic levels of secretin exert any effect on serum calcium.", "PMID": 1191013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12073", "title": "Breast cancer genetics and cancer control. Tumor association.", "content": "Verified breast cancer was present in a father, his mother, and his daughter. His sone had a brain tumor (by history) and his grandson, (ehs sone of the affected daughter), had a histologically verified rhabdomyosarcoma. This familial aggregation of cancers (except for leukemia, which is absent) is consistent with a newly described familial breast cancer syndrome. A single pleiotropic, dominantly transmitted gene, possibly interacting with carcinogenic factors, such as an oncogenic virus, may be the cause. A cancer-control potential exists for tumor associations such as those exhibited in this kindred, as well as for other cancer genetic syndromes where careful consideration is given to all histologic varieties of cancer.", "contents": "Breast cancer genetics and cancer control. Tumor association. Verified breast cancer was present in a father, his mother, and his daughter. His sone had a brain tumor (by history) and his grandson, (ehs sone of the affected daughter), had a histologically verified rhabdomyosarcoma. This familial aggregation of cancers (except for leukemia, which is absent) is consistent with a newly described familial breast cancer syndrome. A single pleiotropic, dominantly transmitted gene, possibly interacting with carcinogenic factors, such as an oncogenic virus, may be the cause. A cancer-control potential exists for tumor associations such as those exhibited in this kindred, as well as for other cancer genetic syndromes where careful consideration is given to all histologic varieties of cancer.", "PMID": 1191014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12074", "title": "Subcutaneous angiolymphoid hyperplasia (Kimura disease). Report of a case.", "content": "A subcutaneous mass removed from the cheek showed histologic features of subcutaneous angiolymphoid hyperplasia (Kimura disease) at its early stage. The condition shows a wide spectrum of pathologic changes. At its early stage, the main findings consist of active vascular proliferation with plump endothelial cells and varying degrees of lymphocytic, histiocytic, and eosinophilic infiltration. The lesion at its later stage features hyperplastic blood vessels with inconspicuous endothelial cells, well-formed lymphoid follicles, and varying degrees of lymphocytic and eosinophilic infilitration. Blood eosinophilia is frequently seen. Review of the literature and study of our own case strongly suggest that this disease is a distinct clinical and pathologic entity.", "contents": "Subcutaneous angiolymphoid hyperplasia (Kimura disease). Report of a case. A subcutaneous mass removed from the cheek showed histologic features of subcutaneous angiolymphoid hyperplasia (Kimura disease) at its early stage. The condition shows a wide spectrum of pathologic changes. At its early stage, the main findings consist of active vascular proliferation with plump endothelial cells and varying degrees of lymphocytic, histiocytic, and eosinophilic infiltration. The lesion at its later stage features hyperplastic blood vessels with inconspicuous endothelial cells, well-formed lymphoid follicles, and varying degrees of lymphocytic and eosinophilic infilitration. Blood eosinophilia is frequently seen. Review of the literature and study of our own case strongly suggest that this disease is a distinct clinical and pathologic entity.", "PMID": 1191016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12075", "title": "Experience with infected aneurysms of the abdominal aorta.", "content": "Seventeen consecutive patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms were treated during a 14-year period. Fever was the most common symptom first to appear (12 patients), either as fever of unknown origin or in association with other symptoms. Several factors raise the suspicion of an infected aneurysm: positive blood cultures, erosion of lumbar vertebrae, lack of aortic calcification, aneurysms found in female patients or after a prolonged illness of bacteremia. Staphylococci (41%) and Salmonella (18%) were the most common organisms. Aneurysms with Gram negative organisms exhibited a greater tendency toward early rupture than those with Gram-positive organisms (84% vs 10%), and were associated with a higher mortality. Delay in making the diagnosis adversely affected the death rate. \"Infected aneurysm\" is suggested as a better term than \"mycotic aneurysm,\" since fungi are rarely involved.", "contents": "Experience with infected aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Seventeen consecutive patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms were treated during a 14-year period. Fever was the most common symptom first to appear (12 patients), either as fever of unknown origin or in association with other symptoms. Several factors raise the suspicion of an infected aneurysm: positive blood cultures, erosion of lumbar vertebrae, lack of aortic calcification, aneurysms found in female patients or after a prolonged illness of bacteremia. Staphylococci (41%) and Salmonella (18%) were the most common organisms. Aneurysms with Gram negative organisms exhibited a greater tendency toward early rupture than those with Gram-positive organisms (84% vs 10%), and were associated with a higher mortality. Delay in making the diagnosis adversely affected the death rate. \"Infected aneurysm\" is suggested as a better term than \"mycotic aneurysm,\" since fungi are rarely involved.", "PMID": 1191021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12076", "title": "Prognostic indicators in femoropopliteal reconstructions.", "content": "The incidence of early failure in 115 vein femoropopliteal grafts has been analyzed for the presence of reliable prognostic indicators of such failures. One hundred twelve patients had preoperative Doppler ultrasound assessment; 98 had intraoperative graft flow measured. Early graft failure was more prevalent in patients with rest pain and gangrene and in patients with poor runoff. Neither of these two findings had predictive value. Ninety-one percent of patients with a pressure index (ankle systolic pressure/brachial systolic pressure) less than 0.20 had early graft thrombosis. This suggests that arterial reconstruction is futile in this group. Measurement of vein graft flows intraoperatively was of value. Grafts with basal flows less than 70 ml/min uniformly thrombosed. There was significant correlation between ankle pressure index and intraoperative vein graft flow (r=.52). Both ankle pressure index and intraoperative vein graft flow provide prognostic indications of graft failure and should be of value in selecting patients for femoropopliteal reconstructions.", "contents": "Prognostic indicators in femoropopliteal reconstructions. The incidence of early failure in 115 vein femoropopliteal grafts has been analyzed for the presence of reliable prognostic indicators of such failures. One hundred twelve patients had preoperative Doppler ultrasound assessment; 98 had intraoperative graft flow measured. Early graft failure was more prevalent in patients with rest pain and gangrene and in patients with poor runoff. Neither of these two findings had predictive value. Ninety-one percent of patients with a pressure index (ankle systolic pressure/brachial systolic pressure) less than 0.20 had early graft thrombosis. This suggests that arterial reconstruction is futile in this group. Measurement of vein graft flows intraoperatively was of value. Grafts with basal flows less than 70 ml/min uniformly thrombosed. There was significant correlation between ankle pressure index and intraoperative vein graft flow (r=.52). Both ankle pressure index and intraoperative vein graft flow provide prognostic indications of graft failure and should be of value in selecting patients for femoropopliteal reconstructions.", "PMID": 1191022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12077", "title": "Carotid endarterectomy for nonhemispheric transient ischemic attacks.", "content": "Fifty carotid endarterectomies were performed in 46 patients with nonhemispheric transient ischemic attacks. There was no mortality. Three patients had temporary strokes postoperatively. Ninety-five percent of the patients were improved and remained so at follow-up examination. Clinical improvement was not related to the presence or absence of vertebral or subclavian stenosis. In retrospect, the two patients who were unimproved had been improperly selected.", "contents": "Carotid endarterectomy for nonhemispheric transient ischemic attacks. Fifty carotid endarterectomies were performed in 46 patients with nonhemispheric transient ischemic attacks. There was no mortality. Three patients had temporary strokes postoperatively. Ninety-five percent of the patients were improved and remained so at follow-up examination. Clinical improvement was not related to the presence or absence of vertebral or subclavian stenosis. In retrospect, the two patients who were unimproved had been improperly selected.", "PMID": 1191024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12078", "title": "Aortorenal arterial autografts.", "content": "Forty-nine iliac artery autografts were used in the treatment of renovascular hypertension in 45 patients, including six children. The pathological process was fibromuscular dysplasia in 42, atherosclerosis in two, and Takayasu arteritis in one. The internal iliac artery was used as a graft in 39 patients. The common iliac bifurcation was used in two patients, and the external iliac artery in four patients. Common and external iliac artery continuity was restored with Dacron prostheses. Forty-three patients with 47 autografts have been followed up from one to ten years (average three years). Hypertension was cured or improved in 96% of the patients. Serial follow-up arteriograms as late as ten years after surgery have been obtained in 50% of the patients. No late occlusions occurred. Slight autograft dilation occurred seven years postoperatively in one child. Normal growth of the autograft was exhibited in the remaining five children. No evidence of dilation, aneurysm formation, or stenosis appeared in any other grafts, although one patient developed a new lesion distal to her graft.", "contents": "Aortorenal arterial autografts. Forty-nine iliac artery autografts were used in the treatment of renovascular hypertension in 45 patients, including six children. The pathological process was fibromuscular dysplasia in 42, atherosclerosis in two, and Takayasu arteritis in one. The internal iliac artery was used as a graft in 39 patients. The common iliac bifurcation was used in two patients, and the external iliac artery in four patients. Common and external iliac artery continuity was restored with Dacron prostheses. Forty-three patients with 47 autografts have been followed up from one to ten years (average three years). Hypertension was cured or improved in 96% of the patients. Serial follow-up arteriograms as late as ten years after surgery have been obtained in 50% of the patients. No late occlusions occurred. Slight autograft dilation occurred seven years postoperatively in one child. Normal growth of the autograft was exhibited in the remaining five children. No evidence of dilation, aneurysm formation, or stenosis appeared in any other grafts, although one patient developed a new lesion distal to her graft.", "PMID": 1191025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12079", "title": "Renal artery aneurysms. Significance of macroaneurysms exclusive of dissections and fibrodysplastic mural dilations.", "content": "Seventy-two patients (39 females and 33 males), 9 to 84 years in age, exhibited a total of 94 renal artery macroaneurysms. Solitary aneurysms affected 53 patients, and multiple aneurysms occurred in 19 patients. Arteriosclerotic changes, observed in nearly 30% of aneurysms, were considered secondary rather than primary processes in most instances. Renal artery fibrodysplasia was an associated finding among 27 patients. In 57 hypertensive patients, evidence supportive of renal artery aneurysms contributing to elevated blood pressure was meager. Two patients experienced frank aneurysmal rupture. Covert rupture into renal veins occurred twice. Aneurysmectomy was performed on 31 occasions. Nephrectomy, partial as well as total, was performed 17 times. No operative mortality occurred. Potential for rupture and an association with functionally important renal artery stenoses support surgical intervention in selected patients with renal artery macroaneurysms.", "contents": "Renal artery aneurysms. Significance of macroaneurysms exclusive of dissections and fibrodysplastic mural dilations. Seventy-two patients (39 females and 33 males), 9 to 84 years in age, exhibited a total of 94 renal artery macroaneurysms. Solitary aneurysms affected 53 patients, and multiple aneurysms occurred in 19 patients. Arteriosclerotic changes, observed in nearly 30% of aneurysms, were considered secondary rather than primary processes in most instances. Renal artery fibrodysplasia was an associated finding among 27 patients. In 57 hypertensive patients, evidence supportive of renal artery aneurysms contributing to elevated blood pressure was meager. Two patients experienced frank aneurysmal rupture. Covert rupture into renal veins occurred twice. Aneurysmectomy was performed on 31 occasions. Nephrectomy, partial as well as total, was performed 17 times. No operative mortality occurred. Potential for rupture and an association with functionally important renal artery stenoses support surgical intervention in selected patients with renal artery macroaneurysms.", "PMID": 1191026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12080", "title": "Surgical repair of the incompetent femoral vein valve.", "content": "Incompetent femoral vein valves are identified by reflux femoral phlebography in selected patients with postphlebitic syndrome. In addition to conventional stripping of varices and subfascial interruption of communicating veins, 14 patients with 17 involved extremities have undergone surgical repair of an incompetent valve in the superficial femoral veins. Pathologic condition of the valve consisted of elongation of the cusp edge. Repair was achieved by a series of tucking sutures shortening the cusp and restoring competence to the valve. Healing of ulcers and relief of swelling occurred in 90% of the patients. This rate was maintained up to seven years. These cases demonstrate the feasibility of surgery on the femoral vein valve. The relative importance of conventional stripping, subfascial communicating vein interruption, and femoral valve repair will have to be established by way of further clinical experience.", "contents": "Surgical repair of the incompetent femoral vein valve. Incompetent femoral vein valves are identified by reflux femoral phlebography in selected patients with postphlebitic syndrome. In addition to conventional stripping of varices and subfascial interruption of communicating veins, 14 patients with 17 involved extremities have undergone surgical repair of an incompetent valve in the superficial femoral veins. Pathologic condition of the valve consisted of elongation of the cusp edge. Repair was achieved by a series of tucking sutures shortening the cusp and restoring competence to the valve. Healing of ulcers and relief of swelling occurred in 90% of the patients. This rate was maintained up to seven years. These cases demonstrate the feasibility of surgery on the femoral vein valve. The relative importance of conventional stripping, subfascial communicating vein interruption, and femoral valve repair will have to be established by way of further clinical experience.", "PMID": 1191027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12081", "title": "Surgical treatment of popliteal artery injuries.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with injury to the popliteal artery and associated structures were operated on during the past 15 years. There was no operative or hospital deaths. The limb salvage  rate was 56%; the amputation rate was 44%. Those patients with penetrating injuries were found to have a much better salvage rate (85%) than those with blunt trauma (29%). Preoperative arteriography and immediate repair of the popliteal artery by either end-to-end anastomosis or a vein graft is advocated for these patients. Popliteal vein injuries should be repaired when possible by lateral suture or end-to-end anastomosis. Fasciotomy is advocated on a selected basis.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of popliteal artery injuries. Twenty-seven patients with injury to the popliteal artery and associated structures were operated on during the past 15 years. There was no operative or hospital deaths. The limb salvage  rate was 56%; the amputation rate was 44%. Those patients with penetrating injuries were found to have a much better salvage rate (85%) than those with blunt trauma (29%). Preoperative arteriography and immediate repair of the popliteal artery by either end-to-end anastomosis or a vein graft is advocated for these patients. Popliteal vein injuries should be repaired when possible by lateral suture or end-to-end anastomosis. Fasciotomy is advocated on a selected basis.", "PMID": 1191028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12082", "title": "Unusual manifestations of penetrating cardiac injuries.", "content": "Penetrating cardiac injuries frequently first appear in an unusual and insidious manner, and their diagnosis may not be immediately obvious. In a series of 20 cases of cardiac injury, ten cases were indicative of such subtle symptoms, several of which were life-threatening. These unusual manifestations can be categorized as early, intermediate, or late. Early problems of four patients included the following: (1) sudden onset of shock during laparotomy, performed due to apparent abdominal trauma; (2) cardiac arrest on arrival in the emergency room; and (3) cerebral air embolus and mimicked symptoms of possible irreversible anoxic brain damage. The intermediate manifestations of cardiac injury are usually discovered in the early recovery period, and include myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock and bullet embolus to a peripheral artery. Intermediate manifestations were observed in two patients. Four patients had late complications that included pseudoaneurysm, ventricular septal defect, valvular damage, and recurrent pericarditis. These late complications were observed between one month and 21 years after cardiac injury. This indicates the necessity of long-term follow-up of these patients.", "contents": "Unusual manifestations of penetrating cardiac injuries. Penetrating cardiac injuries frequently first appear in an unusual and insidious manner, and their diagnosis may not be immediately obvious. In a series of 20 cases of cardiac injury, ten cases were indicative of such subtle symptoms, several of which were life-threatening. These unusual manifestations can be categorized as early, intermediate, or late. Early problems of four patients included the following: (1) sudden onset of shock during laparotomy, performed due to apparent abdominal trauma; (2) cardiac arrest on arrival in the emergency room; and (3) cerebral air embolus and mimicked symptoms of possible irreversible anoxic brain damage. The intermediate manifestations of cardiac injury are usually discovered in the early recovery period, and include myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock and bullet embolus to a peripheral artery. Intermediate manifestations were observed in two patients. Four patients had late complications that included pseudoaneurysm, ventricular septal defect, valvular damage, and recurrent pericarditis. These late complications were observed between one month and 21 years after cardiac injury. This indicates the necessity of long-term follow-up of these patients.", "PMID": 1191029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12083", "title": "Patient selection for cardiac surgery in left ventricular power failure.", "content": "Nineteen patients in acute left ventricular power failure following acute myocardial infarction were given support with intraaortic balloon pumping and underwent cardiac catheterization. Hemodynamic response to disastolic augmentation, results of left ventriculography, and observations of selective coronary arteriography were evaluated to determine which patients could survive without operation, which would require operation to survive, and which could be predicted not to survive operation. Of ten patients who underwent operation, three were long-term survivors. Two patients predicted to have a good prognosis without surgery did survive. Of three patients who had been determined to require operation but not undergo it, two died in the hospital and one a month later. The four patients whose conditions were considered inoperable died in the hospital. The results indicate that current methods of predicting the need for corrective surgery are relatively accurate and that the rate of survival in surgically treated patients may be increased.", "contents": "Patient selection for cardiac surgery in left ventricular power failure. Nineteen patients in acute left ventricular power failure following acute myocardial infarction were given support with intraaortic balloon pumping and underwent cardiac catheterization. Hemodynamic response to disastolic augmentation, results of left ventriculography, and observations of selective coronary arteriography were evaluated to determine which patients could survive without operation, which would require operation to survive, and which could be predicted not to survive operation. Of ten patients who underwent operation, three were long-term survivors. Two patients predicted to have a good prognosis without surgery did survive. Of three patients who had been determined to require operation but not undergo it, two died in the hospital and one a month later. The four patients whose conditions were considered inoperable died in the hospital. The results indicate that current methods of predicting the need for corrective surgery are relatively accurate and that the rate of survival in surgically treated patients may be increased.", "PMID": 1191030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12084", "title": "Topical myocardial cooling. An intensive laboratory investigation.", "content": "To better understand efficacy of topical cooling in myocardial protection, three groups of 12 dogs each were studied. Group 1 dogs had systemic cooling to 30 C; group 2 had cooling to 30 C and outside cooling of left ventricle; group 3 was cooled in the same way as group 2 was but also had inside of left ventricle topically cooled. Measurements were taken of left ventricular function curves, regional blood flow distribution to the subendocardium, sequential pH, PCO2, PO2, and lactate and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels. Lower midseptal and subendocardial temperature (means, 11 and 7 C, respectively) in group 3 correlated with higher survival and greater preservation of left ventricular function. Lower levels of SGOT and lactate in coronary sinus efflux, and higher regional flow to subendocardium postoperatively, also correlated with minimal evidence of subendocardial necrosis in group 3 dogs. Rapid of cooling of subendocardium was noted as achieving maximum preservation of left ventricular function.", "contents": "Topical myocardial cooling. An intensive laboratory investigation. To better understand efficacy of topical cooling in myocardial protection, three groups of 12 dogs each were studied. Group 1 dogs had systemic cooling to 30 C; group 2 had cooling to 30 C and outside cooling of left ventricle; group 3 was cooled in the same way as group 2 was but also had inside of left ventricle topically cooled. Measurements were taken of left ventricular function curves, regional blood flow distribution to the subendocardium, sequential pH, PCO2, PO2, and lactate and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels. Lower midseptal and subendocardial temperature (means, 11 and 7 C, respectively) in group 3 correlated with higher survival and greater preservation of left ventricular function. Lower levels of SGOT and lactate in coronary sinus efflux, and higher regional flow to subendocardium postoperatively, also correlated with minimal evidence of subendocardial necrosis in group 3 dogs. Rapid of cooling of subendocardium was noted as achieving maximum preservation of left ventricular function.", "PMID": 1191031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12085", "title": "Experimental evaluation of coronary infusates in dogs.", "content": "In a study involving dogs, a coronary infusate containing a variety of substances including cardiac substrates, metabolic inhibitors, membrane stabilizers, electrolytes, and anticoagulants was evaluated in terms of protection afforded to the myocardium for up to 90 minutes of normothermic anoxic arrest. Electron microscopical studies and tissue adenosine triphosphate measurements revealed this coronary infusate to be considerably beneficial to the myocardium. Infused myocardium was better preserved compared to myocardium that was not infused or infused with two other \"control\" infusates. The individual components of our infusate are known cardiac preservatives. The rationale for combining a number of them in our infusate is to produce an additive or synergetic effect through beneficial intervention at several points in the cardiac metabolic cycle. This objective appears to have been fulfilled under the conditions of the present experiment.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation of coronary infusates in dogs. In a study involving dogs, a coronary infusate containing a variety of substances including cardiac substrates, metabolic inhibitors, membrane stabilizers, electrolytes, and anticoagulants was evaluated in terms of protection afforded to the myocardium for up to 90 minutes of normothermic anoxic arrest. Electron microscopical studies and tissue adenosine triphosphate measurements revealed this coronary infusate to be considerably beneficial to the myocardium. Infused myocardium was better preserved compared to myocardium that was not infused or infused with two other \"control\" infusates. The individual components of our infusate are known cardiac preservatives. The rationale for combining a number of them in our infusate is to produce an additive or synergetic effect through beneficial intervention at several points in the cardiac metabolic cycle. This objective appears to have been fulfilled under the conditions of the present experiment.", "PMID": 1191032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12086", "title": "The Blalock-Hanlon procedure. Simple transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "Between 1959 and 1975 at St. Louis University Medical Center, 71 patients underwent surgery with the Blalock-Hanlon technique. Thirty-nine had simple transposition of the great vessels. The mean age at the time of operation was 3.4 weeks. Sixty-four percent were less than 1 month of age. Eighty-five percent survived the operation. In 11 the Blalock-Hanlon procedure was performed after failure of ballon septostomy. Arterial saturation was increased from a mean of 47% to 73%. There were three late deaths prior to Mustard repair (intra-atrial baffle procedure). Sixteeen patients underwent Mustard repair at a mean age of 4 years and a mean follow-up of 2 1/2 years. There were three deaths after surgery and three late deaths after the Mustard procedure. The Blalock-Hanlon procedure achieves prolonged palliation, avoiding an emergency Mustard procedure in infancy with its risk of late vena caval obstruction.", "contents": "The Blalock-Hanlon procedure. Simple transposition of the great arteries. Between 1959 and 1975 at St. Louis University Medical Center, 71 patients underwent surgery with the Blalock-Hanlon technique. Thirty-nine had simple transposition of the great vessels. The mean age at the time of operation was 3.4 weeks. Sixty-four percent were less than 1 month of age. Eighty-five percent survived the operation. In 11 the Blalock-Hanlon procedure was performed after failure of ballon septostomy. Arterial saturation was increased from a mean of 47% to 73%. There were three late deaths prior to Mustard repair (intra-atrial baffle procedure). Sixteeen patients underwent Mustard repair at a mean age of 4 years and a mean follow-up of 2 1/2 years. There were three deaths after surgery and three late deaths after the Mustard procedure. The Blalock-Hanlon procedure achieves prolonged palliation, avoiding an emergency Mustard procedure in infancy with its risk of late vena caval obstruction.", "PMID": 1191033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12087", "title": "Surgical treatment of atrioventricular canal defect.", "content": "Fifty-nine patients with congenital anomalies of the atrioventricular canal underwent operation and all survivors were followed up. In 42 patients with partial atrioventricular canal defects, ten had preoperative congestive heart failure. Three, or 7.1%, died of endomyocardial fibroelastosis, high pulmonary vascular resistance, and severe mitral regurgitation. A fourth patient later died of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and fibrilation. Reoperations in five patients were all successful. No patients had persistent atrioventricular blocks, and all patients are asymptomatic. Two of these subjects continue to receive digoxin therapy, and one of them is believed to have substantial mitral insufficiency. Of the 17 patients who had complete atrioventricular canal defects, 13 had a divided common anterior leaflet attached to the septum by chordae tendineae, and four had undivided and unattached anterior leaflets. Two had previously undergone pulmonary banding, and nine were treated for congestive heart failure. Six died after operation. There were no reoperations. No patient presently has required a pacemaker. Two subjects have persistent cardiomegaly.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of atrioventricular canal defect. Fifty-nine patients with congenital anomalies of the atrioventricular canal underwent operation and all survivors were followed up. In 42 patients with partial atrioventricular canal defects, ten had preoperative congestive heart failure. Three, or 7.1%, died of endomyocardial fibroelastosis, high pulmonary vascular resistance, and severe mitral regurgitation. A fourth patient later died of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and fibrilation. Reoperations in five patients were all successful. No patients had persistent atrioventricular blocks, and all patients are asymptomatic. Two of these subjects continue to receive digoxin therapy, and one of them is believed to have substantial mitral insufficiency. Of the 17 patients who had complete atrioventricular canal defects, 13 had a divided common anterior leaflet attached to the septum by chordae tendineae, and four had undivided and unattached anterior leaflets. Two had previously undergone pulmonary banding, and nine were treated for congestive heart failure. Six died after operation. There were no reoperations. No patient presently has required a pacemaker. Two subjects have persistent cardiomegaly.", "PMID": 1191034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12088", "title": "Prosthetic valve replacement in children.", "content": "Reported clinical experience with prosthetic valve replacement in children have suggested a high operative mortality. We placed 25 valves in 24 children with one operative death. There has been one late death related to pacemaker malfunction, but the remainder of the patients have generally done extremely well. The children have not undergone elective anticoagulation, and the long-term embolism rate has not exceeded the incidence of systemic embolization in adults who have been controlled on warfarin sodium (Coumadin) therapy. The objective of prosthetic valve replacement is myocardial preservation. We believe that valve replacement with currently available prostheses should be undertaken in any child with valvular malfunction who is not well controlled with good medical management.", "contents": "Prosthetic valve replacement in children. Reported clinical experience with prosthetic valve replacement in children have suggested a high operative mortality. We placed 25 valves in 24 children with one operative death. There has been one late death related to pacemaker malfunction, but the remainder of the patients have generally done extremely well. The children have not undergone elective anticoagulation, and the long-term embolism rate has not exceeded the incidence of systemic embolization in adults who have been controlled on warfarin sodium (Coumadin) therapy. The objective of prosthetic valve replacement is myocardial preservation. We believe that valve replacement with currently available prostheses should be undertaken in any child with valvular malfunction who is not well controlled with good medical management.", "PMID": 1191035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12089", "title": "Aortic insufficiency secondary to aortic root aneurysm or dissection.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with aortic regurgitation secondary to aortic root aneurysm (13 patients) or dissection (11 patients) were operated on, utilizing a variety of surgical procedures to cope with the varied pathological findings. These ranged from primary repair of the ascending aorta without any prostheses in patients with acute aortic dissection to replacement of the valve and the entire ascending aorta for aortic root aneurysm. In four patients with Marfan syndrome the right coronary artery was transplanted to the ascending aortic graft, allowing an extension of the graft to the valve anulus and excision of the entire aneurysmal aorta. The immediate and late results have been most encouraging.", "contents": "Aortic insufficiency secondary to aortic root aneurysm or dissection. Twenty-four patients with aortic regurgitation secondary to aortic root aneurysm (13 patients) or dissection (11 patients) were operated on, utilizing a variety of surgical procedures to cope with the varied pathological findings. These ranged from primary repair of the ascending aorta without any prostheses in patients with acute aortic dissection to replacement of the valve and the entire ascending aorta for aortic root aneurysm. In four patients with Marfan syndrome the right coronary artery was transplanted to the ascending aortic graft, allowing an extension of the graft to the valve anulus and excision of the entire aneurysmal aorta. The immediate and late results have been most encouraging.", "PMID": 1191036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12090", "title": "Regional myocardial infarction at operation. An automated system of identification.", "content": "The difference between normal and infarcted myocardium at operation cannot always be defected by inspection or palpation. Infarcted myocardium may be identified by a decrease in the amplitude of the ventricular bipolar electrogram. Although this method is reliable and reproducible, it requires a second observer's visual analysis and interpretation of the electrogram signal. This method is therefore subject to the vagaries of human observation, analysis, and accounts of rapidly changing data. We have designed and built an automated instrument to simplify the recognition of transmural infarction.", "contents": "Regional myocardial infarction at operation. An automated system of identification. The difference between normal and infarcted myocardium at operation cannot always be defected by inspection or palpation. Infarcted myocardium may be identified by a decrease in the amplitude of the ventricular bipolar electrogram. Although this method is reliable and reproducible, it requires a second observer's visual analysis and interpretation of the electrogram signal. This method is therefore subject to the vagaries of human observation, analysis, and accounts of rapidly changing data. We have designed and built an automated instrument to simplify the recognition of transmural infarction.", "PMID": 1191037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12091", "title": "[Experience in the use of electrified stands in the teaching of anatomy courses].", "content": "The paper reports the principles of arrangement and the estimation of efficiency of electrified training stands elaborated at the department. The work of the stand \"Conducting pathways\" is based on utilization of a distributing device which, due to different length of plates on the rotating disc, switches on a successive chain of lamps imitating conducting pathways. The stand \"Human skeleton\" is based on the principle of direct searching with use of a decade step-by-step switch (D55-100). The most complex in arrangement and efficient in use is the stand \"Muscular system\". The ruling diode matrix of this stand consisting of 450 diodes makes the electric impulse travel in the given strictly restricted direction. A special device permits controlling and estimating the process of learning the material.", "contents": "[Experience in the use of electrified stands in the teaching of anatomy courses]. The paper reports the principles of arrangement and the estimation of efficiency of electrified training stands elaborated at the department. The work of the stand \"Conducting pathways\" is based on utilization of a distributing device which, due to different length of plates on the rotating disc, switches on a successive chain of lamps imitating conducting pathways. The stand \"Human skeleton\" is based on the principle of direct searching with use of a decade step-by-step switch (D55-100). The most complex in arrangement and efficient in use is the stand \"Muscular system\". The ruling diode matrix of this stand consisting of 450 diodes makes the electric impulse travel in the given strictly restricted direction. A special device permits controlling and estimating the process of learning the material.", "PMID": 1191039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12092", "title": "[Effect of visual deafferentiation on the ultrastructure of synapses of the rat visual cortex].", "content": "Electron microscopic study and quantitative analysis of the visual cortex synapses in 14, 30 and 60-day-old rats were performed after bilateral enucleation of newly-forn rats. A great amount of synapses of other functional systems was shown to be functioning in the area striata in addition to the synapses formed by specific visual afferents. Alterations in the synapses of the area striata of blind rats are developing gradually, achieving the greatest pronouncement in 60-day-old rats. These changes develop according to the type of atrophic process in connection with dysfunction. The atrophic alterations of the synapses were found both in axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses on the dendrite trunks and on the thorns. The alterations of synapses being concentrated in layer IV. The quantitative ratio of different kinds of atrophied synapses in the cross-section of the visual cortex was different suggesting the following conclusion about the distribution of the visual afferents. In layers I and III the visual afferents formed mostly axon-thorn contacts and less amount of axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses on the dendrite trunks. In layer IV they mainly formed axo-somatic and axo-thorn synapses and less amount of axo-dendritic ones on the dendrite trunks. In layers V and VI they mainly contact with the dendrite trunks and with the nervous cell bodies and more rarely with thorns.", "contents": "[Effect of visual deafferentiation on the ultrastructure of synapses of the rat visual cortex]. Electron microscopic study and quantitative analysis of the visual cortex synapses in 14, 30 and 60-day-old rats were performed after bilateral enucleation of newly-forn rats. A great amount of synapses of other functional systems was shown to be functioning in the area striata in addition to the synapses formed by specific visual afferents. Alterations in the synapses of the area striata of blind rats are developing gradually, achieving the greatest pronouncement in 60-day-old rats. These changes develop according to the type of atrophic process in connection with dysfunction. The atrophic alterations of the synapses were found both in axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses on the dendrite trunks and on the thorns. The alterations of synapses being concentrated in layer IV. The quantitative ratio of different kinds of atrophied synapses in the cross-section of the visual cortex was different suggesting the following conclusion about the distribution of the visual afferents. In layers I and III the visual afferents formed mostly axon-thorn contacts and less amount of axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses on the dendrite trunks. In layer IV they mainly formed axo-somatic and axo-thorn synapses and less amount of axo-dendritic ones on the dendrite trunks. In layers V and VI they mainly contact with the dendrite trunks and with the nervous cell bodies and more rarely with thorns.", "PMID": 1191040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12093", "title": "[Comparative morphology of the cerebellum of the seal (Pinnipedia, Mammalia)].", "content": "The work describes the anatomical structure of the cerebellum of the caspian seal (Pusa caspica Gmelin) and Greenland seal (Pagophoca groenlandica Erxleben). The shape of the cerebellum, the disposition of the main lobes and convolutions are characterized. The schemes of three projections of the cerebellum of both species are presented. The figures of the cerebellum size, its absolute and relative weight and the surface of the cerebellum and its portions in seals have been obtained. The well-developmed flocculo-nodular portions and paraflocculuses and relatively poorly developed lobulus paramedianus are pointed to be one of the characteristic features of the structure of the seal cerebellum. An attempt is made to explain great dimensions of the flocculo-nodullar portion and paraflocculuses by specific features of the seal locomotion in water.", "contents": "[Comparative morphology of the cerebellum of the seal (Pinnipedia, Mammalia)]. The work describes the anatomical structure of the cerebellum of the caspian seal (Pusa caspica Gmelin) and Greenland seal (Pagophoca groenlandica Erxleben). The shape of the cerebellum, the disposition of the main lobes and convolutions are characterized. The schemes of three projections of the cerebellum of both species are presented. The figures of the cerebellum size, its absolute and relative weight and the surface of the cerebellum and its portions in seals have been obtained. The well-developmed flocculo-nodular portions and paraflocculuses and relatively poorly developed lobulus paramedianus are pointed to be one of the characteristic features of the structure of the seal cerebellum. An attempt is made to explain great dimensions of the flocculo-nodullar portion and paraflocculuses by specific features of the seal locomotion in water.", "PMID": 1191041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12094", "title": "[Time of origin of cells in the histiogenesis of the spinal cord].", "content": "In order to establish the moment of appearance of neuroblasts and ectoglia of the spinal cord the autoradiographic study with the use of H3-thymidine and C14-thmidine injected to pregnant mice with the intervals between injections 121/2 or 24 hours was undertaken. It was establised that spinal neurons were removed from the nervous tube beginning from the 10th up to 13th days of embroyogenesis. The motoneurons of the anterior horn were the first to appear (10th-12th days), the neurons of the intermideate zone were the next to appear (11th - 12th days) and the last were the neurons of posterior horn (13th day). Beginning from the 13th day of embryogenesis there appeared the ectoglia which migrated following meurblasts two days later. The saturation of the grey matter with glial cells and the saturation of the white matter with Schwann cells was brought about by means of additional multiplication at the site of the glioblasts removed from the nervous tube. The main function of the matrix layer neuroepithelium of the nervous tube as a provider of cells to the spinal cord terminated on the 15th day of embryogenesis.", "contents": "[Time of origin of cells in the histiogenesis of the spinal cord]. In order to establish the moment of appearance of neuroblasts and ectoglia of the spinal cord the autoradiographic study with the use of H3-thymidine and C14-thmidine injected to pregnant mice with the intervals between injections 121/2 or 24 hours was undertaken. It was establised that spinal neurons were removed from the nervous tube beginning from the 10th up to 13th days of embroyogenesis. The motoneurons of the anterior horn were the first to appear (10th-12th days), the neurons of the intermideate zone were the next to appear (11th - 12th days) and the last were the neurons of posterior horn (13th day). Beginning from the 13th day of embryogenesis there appeared the ectoglia which migrated following meurblasts two days later. The saturation of the grey matter with glial cells and the saturation of the white matter with Schwann cells was brought about by means of additional multiplication at the site of the glioblasts removed from the nervous tube. The main function of the matrix layer neuroepithelium of the nervous tube as a provider of cells to the spinal cord terminated on the 15th day of embryogenesis.", "PMID": 1191042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12095", "title": "[Structure of the perineurium of the peripheral nervous system].", "content": "The structure of the perineurium in different parts of the peripheral nervous system of rats, rabbits and cats was studied by light-optical and electron microscopic methods. The structure of the perineurium in all the animals studied is sim8lar and consists of different number of the epithelial type layers of the perineural cells, with bundles of cooagnous fibres between them. The greatest anount of layers is found in the perineurium of the sensory and vegetative ganglia, their amount being less between the nerve trunks and bundles. Solitary sensory mielinated nerve fibres are surrounded with a perineural etui consisting of one or two cellular layers. The thickness of the perineural cells varies from 300 to 1500 A and only in the nucleus field it is equal to 1-2 mu. Every layer of the perineural cells is surrounded by a basal membrane. In their cytoplasm there are many pinocytic vesicles in addition to main organells. Between the perineural cells there exist close contacts. The internal layer of the perineurium is the place of origin of intraganglionic septa and in certain distance surrounds the vessels entering the ganglion. Ultrastructurally the perineural cells are similar to the endothelium of the vessels.", "contents": "[Structure of the perineurium of the peripheral nervous system]. The structure of the perineurium in different parts of the peripheral nervous system of rats, rabbits and cats was studied by light-optical and electron microscopic methods. The structure of the perineurium in all the animals studied is sim8lar and consists of different number of the epithelial type layers of the perineural cells, with bundles of cooagnous fibres between them. The greatest anount of layers is found in the perineurium of the sensory and vegetative ganglia, their amount being less between the nerve trunks and bundles. Solitary sensory mielinated nerve fibres are surrounded with a perineural etui consisting of one or two cellular layers. The thickness of the perineural cells varies from 300 to 1500 A and only in the nucleus field it is equal to 1-2 mu. Every layer of the perineural cells is surrounded by a basal membrane. In their cytoplasm there are many pinocytic vesicles in addition to main organells. Between the perineural cells there exist close contacts. The internal layer of the perineurium is the place of origin of intraganglionic septa and in certain distance surrounds the vessels entering the ganglion. Ultrastructurally the perineural cells are similar to the endothelium of the vessels.", "PMID": 1191043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12096", "title": "[Evaluation of structure of the large arteries in man as elements of a hydraulic system].", "content": "The study of large arteries carried out in 30 corpses and the comparison of the parameters and outlines of these vessels with those recommended in applied hydraulics have shown correspondence between the arteries structure and the principles used for criation of optimal conditions of the liquid current in hydraulics.", "contents": "[Evaluation of structure of the large arteries in man as elements of a hydraulic system]. The study of large arteries carried out in 30 corpses and the comparison of the parameters and outlines of these vessels with those recommended in applied hydraulics have shown correspondence between the arteries structure and the principles used for criation of optimal conditions of the liquid current in hydraulics.", "PMID": 1191044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12097", "title": "[Histochemical study of fibroblasts and fibrous structures of the derma of rats in the process of postnatal development].", "content": "The histochemical data on the protein and carbohydrate exchange of fibroblasts in the period of intensive formation of fibres of the rats derm in the process of postnatal development are presented. The interrelationships between the size, the content of RNA, polysaccharides, proteins, the fibroblast enzyme activity and their fibreforming function is shown.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of fibroblasts and fibrous structures of the derma of rats in the process of postnatal development]. The histochemical data on the protein and carbohydrate exchange of fibroblasts in the period of intensive formation of fibres of the rats derm in the process of postnatal development are presented. The interrelationships between the size, the content of RNA, polysaccharides, proteins, the fibroblast enzyme activity and their fibreforming function is shown.", "PMID": 1191045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12098", "title": "[Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the differentiation of odontoblasts and adamantoblasts].", "content": "In the present study we report experiments which indicate that the adamantal epithelium (inner dental epithelium) plays a specific role in the initiation of differentiation and in the initial maintenance of odontoblasts. The preodontoblasts do not differentiate in the pulps cultures alone or in association of pulps with no specific epithelium. The early stages in the process of odontoblasts differentiation are labile and dependent upon their environment. The odontoblasts and the ameloblasts cannot differentiate in advance in the isochronic and heterochronic associations. A previous maturation of these cells or of their environment is indispensable.", "contents": "[Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the differentiation of odontoblasts and adamantoblasts]. In the present study we report experiments which indicate that the adamantal epithelium (inner dental epithelium) plays a specific role in the initiation of differentiation and in the initial maintenance of odontoblasts. The preodontoblasts do not differentiate in the pulps cultures alone or in association of pulps with no specific epithelium. The early stages in the process of odontoblasts differentiation are labile and dependent upon their environment. The odontoblasts and the ameloblasts cannot differentiate in advance in the isochronic and heterochronic associations. A previous maturation of these cells or of their environment is indispensable.", "PMID": 1191046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12099", "title": "[Dimensions and alveolar surface of the ineralveolar septa of the rat lung].", "content": "The dimensions of the alveolar surface of interalveolar septa were studied in albino rats. The mean thickness of certain septa range from 3,1 to 6,2 mu, the mean thickness of the septa in different individuals being factually the same. A part of the alveolar surface of the septa represents the air-haematic barrier which occupies 51-64% of the total alveolar surface in different rats. The mean values of all the parameters in the animals studied are very close. It shows that the interalveolar septa are standard structures in their organization and dimensions both in the same animal and in different animals of the same species.", "contents": "[Dimensions and alveolar surface of the ineralveolar septa of the rat lung]. The dimensions of the alveolar surface of interalveolar septa were studied in albino rats. The mean thickness of certain septa range from 3,1 to 6,2 mu, the mean thickness of the septa in different individuals being factually the same. A part of the alveolar surface of the septa represents the air-haematic barrier which occupies 51-64% of the total alveolar surface in different rats. The mean values of all the parameters in the animals studied are very close. It shows that the interalveolar septa are standard structures in their organization and dimensions both in the same animal and in different animals of the same species.", "PMID": 1191047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12100", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the proper layer of the mucous membrane of the duodenum following general gamma-irradiation].", "content": "The work has been performed on mature male Wistar rats which were irradiated in a \"Gamma-Sell-220\" apparatus in the dose of 1000 r, with thepower 42 r/sec. It has been shown that in early terms after irradiation (1-6 hours) slightly pronounced destructive changes were observed in cellular and fibrous structures of the stroma of theproper layer of the duodenum membrane in addition to pronounced exudative changes. Further, the latter increased and became maximum within 24 hours. The edema extends into the basal part of enterocytes and between the stroma cells giving rize to desorganization of all mucous membran elements. Seventy two hours after irradiation the destructive changes in cellular and fibrous structures of the mucous membrane layer proper became predominant. The authors make a conclusion that the changes in the stroma aggravate dysfunction of the epithelium injured by the irradiation energy.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the proper layer of the mucous membrane of the duodenum following general gamma-irradiation]. The work has been performed on mature male Wistar rats which were irradiated in a \"Gamma-Sell-220\" apparatus in the dose of 1000 r, with thepower 42 r/sec. It has been shown that in early terms after irradiation (1-6 hours) slightly pronounced destructive changes were observed in cellular and fibrous structures of the stroma of theproper layer of the duodenum membrane in addition to pronounced exudative changes. Further, the latter increased and became maximum within 24 hours. The edema extends into the basal part of enterocytes and between the stroma cells giving rize to desorganization of all mucous membran elements. Seventy two hours after irradiation the destructive changes in cellular and fibrous structures of the mucous membrane layer proper became predominant. The authors make a conclusion that the changes in the stroma aggravate dysfunction of the epithelium injured by the irradiation energy.", "PMID": 1191048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12101", "title": "[Effect of low temperatures on the level of nucleic acids and protein in the nuclei of early bird embryos (cytophometric study)].", "content": "The content of DNA and protein in the nuclei was determined cytophotometrically as well as DNA and RNA in nucleoli of chicken embryos of different gastrullation stages after 3 days of storage at +6 degrees, +2 degrees and - 2 degrees C. It was established that the response of embryos to cold at the cell level became apparent in inhibiting the protein synthesizing system (under effects of suboptimal and extreme temperature). inhibiting the migration processes of nuclear RNA into the nucleoplasm and nuclear proteins into the cytoplasm and a certain alteration in the nucleus ploidy (under extreme conditions). The reaction of each stage under study and different cellular layers of the same differentiation stage were shown to have certain specificity.", "contents": "[Effect of low temperatures on the level of nucleic acids and protein in the nuclei of early bird embryos (cytophometric study)]. The content of DNA and protein in the nuclei was determined cytophotometrically as well as DNA and RNA in nucleoli of chicken embryos of different gastrullation stages after 3 days of storage at +6 degrees, +2 degrees and - 2 degrees C. It was established that the response of embryos to cold at the cell level became apparent in inhibiting the protein synthesizing system (under effects of suboptimal and extreme temperature). inhibiting the migration processes of nuclear RNA into the nucleoplasm and nuclear proteins into the cytoplasm and a certain alteration in the nucleus ploidy (under extreme conditions). The reaction of each stage under study and different cellular layers of the same differentiation stage were shown to have certain specificity.", "PMID": 1191049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12102", "title": "[Reaction of sustentocytes and glandulocytes of the testis to irradiation].", "content": "The Sertoli's and Leidig's cells (sustentocytes and glandulocytes) exposed to ionizing radiation were studied cytologically and histochemically. The experiments were made on white male mice which were irradiated in dosage from 50 to 400 r. The DNP of the nuclei of sustentocytes and glandulocytes were investigated at different periods of the spermatogenesis cycle and under hormonal loading. The irradiation was established to result in changes in the chromatine state of both types of cells, the Sertoli's cells being more resistant to radiation. Injection of testosterone at different periods after irradiation causes a decreased dissociation of DNP. Inspite of the apparent morphological stability to ray effects the sustentocytes and glandulocytes are highly reactive elements.", "contents": "[Reaction of sustentocytes and glandulocytes of the testis to irradiation]. The Sertoli's and Leidig's cells (sustentocytes and glandulocytes) exposed to ionizing radiation were studied cytologically and histochemically. The experiments were made on white male mice which were irradiated in dosage from 50 to 400 r. The DNP of the nuclei of sustentocytes and glandulocytes were investigated at different periods of the spermatogenesis cycle and under hormonal loading. The irradiation was established to result in changes in the chromatine state of both types of cells, the Sertoli's cells being more resistant to radiation. Injection of testosterone at different periods after irradiation causes a decreased dissociation of DNP. Inspite of the apparent morphological stability to ray effects the sustentocytes and glandulocytes are highly reactive elements.", "PMID": 1191050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12103", "title": "[Destruction and division of cells of the mesenchyma of the intestinal tube during the period of histogenesis].", "content": "The mesenchyma of the intestinal tube of chicken's and crocodile's embryos was studied light-optically. In order to study the mitotic activity and signs of the cell degeneration the cells were counted per mille by the same method in both objects. According to our ovservations the character of relationships between processes of proliferation and death of cells permits the effects of necrosis processes on the mitotic activity of mesenchyma cells to be supposed.", "contents": "[Destruction and division of cells of the mesenchyma of the intestinal tube during the period of histogenesis]. The mesenchyma of the intestinal tube of chicken's and crocodile's embryos was studied light-optically. In order to study the mitotic activity and signs of the cell degeneration the cells were counted per mille by the same method in both objects. According to our ovservations the character of relationships between processes of proliferation and death of cells permits the effects of necrosis processes on the mitotic activity of mesenchyma cells to be supposed.", "PMID": 1191051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12104", "title": "[Synapsoarchitechtonics of the parietal and acoustic regions of the cerebral cortex of cats].", "content": "The synapse architecture of the simcipital and auditory cortex of the cat (fields 7 and 22 after M. O. Gurevich and oth., 1929) was studied electron microscopically. In the both areas of the cortex there are much more axo-dendritic synapses that axo-somatic ones. In the upper layers the synapses are more often formed on small dendrites and thorns, while in layers IV-VI they often occur on the main trunks of large dendrites. The synapses on small branches and thorns of dendrites contain spherical vesicles, and the synapses on on large dendrites are formed by the terminals of two kinds-with flattened and spherical vesicles. The amount of axo-somatic synapses increases towards the lower layers of the cerebral cortes. The synapses on the soma and apical dendrites of the pyramid neurons always contain flattened vesicles; on the stellate neurons there occur perisynaptic terminals with sperical vesicles as well.", "contents": "[Synapsoarchitechtonics of the parietal and acoustic regions of the cerebral cortex of cats]. The synapse architecture of the simcipital and auditory cortex of the cat (fields 7 and 22 after M. O. Gurevich and oth., 1929) was studied electron microscopically. In the both areas of the cortex there are much more axo-dendritic synapses that axo-somatic ones. In the upper layers the synapses are more often formed on small dendrites and thorns, while in layers IV-VI they often occur on the main trunks of large dendrites. The synapses on small branches and thorns of dendrites contain spherical vesicles, and the synapses on on large dendrites are formed by the terminals of two kinds-with flattened and spherical vesicles. The amount of axo-somatic synapses increases towards the lower layers of the cerebral cortes. The synapses on the soma and apical dendrites of the pyramid neurons always contain flattened vesicles; on the stellate neurons there occur perisynaptic terminals with sperical vesicles as well.", "PMID": 1191052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12105", "title": "[Study of some neurohistologic objects by the method of scanning microscopy].", "content": "With the aid of a scanning measuring microscope (R. E. Bykov et al., 1972) different biological microobjects were measured in particular the nuclei of neurons and gliocytes at differnt levels of the spinal cord under normal and experimental conditions. The nuclei of the rabbit hypothalamus were stimulated by graded electrical current in order to induce neurogenic visceral dystrophies. Investigation of the square surfaces of cross sections of the neuron and gliocyte nuclie in different terms permitted establishment of progressing diminishing of the size of the square surface of the neuron nuclei against the background of a relatively steady state of steady state of wquare surfaces of the cross section of the nuclei of the adjacent glial cells. The obtained data are of interest not only for studying transneuronal changes in disturbed trophical function of the nervous system, but may be taken into consideration in clinical practice when elaborationg prerequistites for purposeful neurovegetative blocade in neurogenic dystrophies of the central genesis.", "contents": "[Study of some neurohistologic objects by the method of scanning microscopy]. With the aid of a scanning measuring microscope (R. E. Bykov et al., 1972) different biological microobjects were measured in particular the nuclei of neurons and gliocytes at differnt levels of the spinal cord under normal and experimental conditions. The nuclei of the rabbit hypothalamus were stimulated by graded electrical current in order to induce neurogenic visceral dystrophies. Investigation of the square surfaces of cross sections of the neuron and gliocyte nuclie in different terms permitted establishment of progressing diminishing of the size of the square surface of the neuron nuclei against the background of a relatively steady state of steady state of wquare surfaces of the cross section of the nuclei of the adjacent glial cells. The obtained data are of interest not only for studying transneuronal changes in disturbed trophical function of the nervous system, but may be taken into consideration in clinical practice when elaborationg prerequistites for purposeful neurovegetative blocade in neurogenic dystrophies of the central genesis.", "PMID": 1191053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12106", "title": "[Development of arterial and lymphatic collaterals under the action of a UHF magnetic field].", "content": "The work performed in 48 experimental and 24 control rats dealt with the development of arterial and lymphatic collaterals of pelvic extremities under effects of magnetic field of ultra high frequency (15 and 30 vt) in terms from 2 up to 6 weeks after surgery and exposure to magnetic field. The methods of investigation were arterio- and lymphoroentgenography and dissection. It has been established that formation of arterial collaterals in experimental rats takes place in all zones during the second week after cutting femoral arteries. The rate of the development of arterial collaterals was accelerated as compared with control animals. The lymph outflow after exposure to the influence of magnetic field of UHF goes mainly along superficial collaterals to groin nodes. The influence of the magnetic field of UHF appears to be accompanied by stable dilatation of super ficial lymph vessels, and due to this the lymph outflows along these vessels.", "contents": "[Development of arterial and lymphatic collaterals under the action of a UHF magnetic field]. The work performed in 48 experimental and 24 control rats dealt with the development of arterial and lymphatic collaterals of pelvic extremities under effects of magnetic field of ultra high frequency (15 and 30 vt) in terms from 2 up to 6 weeks after surgery and exposure to magnetic field. The methods of investigation were arterio- and lymphoroentgenography and dissection. It has been established that formation of arterial collaterals in experimental rats takes place in all zones during the second week after cutting femoral arteries. The rate of the development of arterial collaterals was accelerated as compared with control animals. The lymph outflow after exposure to the influence of magnetic field of UHF goes mainly along superficial collaterals to groin nodes. The influence of the magnetic field of UHF appears to be accompanied by stable dilatation of super ficial lymph vessels, and due to this the lymph outflows along these vessels.", "PMID": 1191054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12107", "title": "[Effect of certain professions on the structure of the cervical portion of the spine].", "content": "The roentgen-anatomical study of the cervical portion of the vertebral column (fluorography and roentgenography in 2 projections followed by morphometrical treatment) was performed in 603 representatives of different professions: turners, milling-machine operators, craftsmen, mechanicians, jugglers, engineers and constructors. The following facts were established: asymmetry of bodies CIV and CV of vertebra in turners and milling-machine operators; differently pronounced cervical lordosis in persons of different professions; specific features in the architectonics of the spongy substance of the cervical vertebra bodies.", "contents": "[Effect of certain professions on the structure of the cervical portion of the spine]. The roentgen-anatomical study of the cervical portion of the vertebral column (fluorography and roentgenography in 2 projections followed by morphometrical treatment) was performed in 603 representatives of different professions: turners, milling-machine operators, craftsmen, mechanicians, jugglers, engineers and constructors. The following facts were established: asymmetry of bodies CIV and CV of vertebra in turners and milling-machine operators; differently pronounced cervical lordosis in persons of different professions; specific features in the architectonics of the spongy substance of the cervical vertebra bodies.", "PMID": 1191055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12108", "title": "[Effect of general hypokinesia on the blood vessels of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain of the rabbit].", "content": "The work was performed on 40 rabbits. After injection of the blood system with Gerota's mass 120 mu horizontal sections were cleared after A. M. Malygin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin after Van Gieson. It was shown that within 1--3 weeks of staying in small cages the animals had dilated vein all areas of the brain under investigation. Within 4-12 weeks there appeared deformity, sharp sinuosity, disorders in usual orientation of vessels. Within 13-16 weeks of hypokinesia both qualitative and quantitative changes in blood vessels became more pronounced. It was also shown that readaptation for 1--3 weeks after 4--13 weeks of hypokinesia failed to repair the normal structure of blood vessels of the brain and that in all the parts under study the reactions of the circulatory bed structure to hypokinesia were of the same type.", "contents": "[Effect of general hypokinesia on the blood vessels of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain of the rabbit]. The work was performed on 40 rabbits. After injection of the blood system with Gerota's mass 120 mu horizontal sections were cleared after A. M. Malygin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin after Van Gieson. It was shown that within 1--3 weeks of staying in small cages the animals had dilated vein all areas of the brain under investigation. Within 4-12 weeks there appeared deformity, sharp sinuosity, disorders in usual orientation of vessels. Within 13-16 weeks of hypokinesia both qualitative and quantitative changes in blood vessels became more pronounced. It was also shown that readaptation for 1--3 weeks after 4--13 weeks of hypokinesia failed to repair the normal structure of blood vessels of the brain and that in all the parts under study the reactions of the circulatory bed structure to hypokinesia were of the same type.", "PMID": 1191057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12109", "title": "[Morphology of the wall of some main arteries normally and in limited motor activity].", "content": "Effects of different periods of hypokinesia upon the structure of the main arteries wall and the microcirculatory bed of the aorta adventitia were studied in rabbits by histological methods. It was shown that hypokinesia lasting more than 4 weeks resulted in the atrophy of the medical sheath and dystrophy of the elastic framework in the wall of main arteries. In the microcirculatory bed of the aorta adventitia there occurred blood stagnation, the integrity of the microvessels wall (mainly capillaries, postcapillaries and venules) was broken. The degree of the above morphological changes depends on duration of hypokinesia.", "contents": "[Morphology of the wall of some main arteries normally and in limited motor activity]. Effects of different periods of hypokinesia upon the structure of the main arteries wall and the microcirculatory bed of the aorta adventitia were studied in rabbits by histological methods. It was shown that hypokinesia lasting more than 4 weeks resulted in the atrophy of the medical sheath and dystrophy of the elastic framework in the wall of main arteries. In the microcirculatory bed of the aorta adventitia there occurred blood stagnation, the integrity of the microvessels wall (mainly capillaries, postcapillaries and venules) was broken. The degree of the above morphological changes depends on duration of hypokinesia.", "PMID": 1191058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12110", "title": "[Microcirculatory bed of the pericardium under hypokinetic conditions].", "content": "The pericardium microcirculatory bed of rabbits was studied under conditions of hypokinesia of different duration. The state of hypokinesia was obtained by keeping the animals in small cages. The used methods were silver nitrate impregnation after Kuprijanov and injection of the vessels with the Parisian blue. Hypokinesia caused certain anatomical changes in all links of the microcirculatory bed. Disorders in the capillary-venular link were the first to appear. The alterations found should be considered as adaptational to effects of the extreme factor--hypokinesia.", "contents": "[Microcirculatory bed of the pericardium under hypokinetic conditions]. The pericardium microcirculatory bed of rabbits was studied under conditions of hypokinesia of different duration. The state of hypokinesia was obtained by keeping the animals in small cages. The used methods were silver nitrate impregnation after Kuprijanov and injection of the vessels with the Parisian blue. Hypokinesia caused certain anatomical changes in all links of the microcirculatory bed. Disorders in the capillary-venular link were the first to appear. The alterations found should be considered as adaptational to effects of the extreme factor--hypokinesia.", "PMID": 1191059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12111", "title": "Effect of hypokinesia and the combined action of gravitational load and hypokinesia on the structure of the hepatic portal system.", "content": "General hypokinesia during 1--6 weeks resulted in dilatation of the interlobular veins. sinusoids and central veins. The sequence of alterations corresponded to terms of hypokinesia. After exposure to \"gravitation stress--hypokinesia for 1--6 weeks\" stagnation in the portal system of the liver was less than after exposure to hypokinesia alone, but unevenness of lumens in the interlobular veins and sinusoids was more pronounced. The foci of the vessel spasm were determined. The signs of stagnation in the system of the portal vein and unevenness of the width of all the links of the portal bed were most pronounced after combination \"hypokinesia for 1--6 weeks-- gravitation stress\".", "contents": "Effect of hypokinesia and the combined action of gravitational load and hypokinesia on the structure of the hepatic portal system. General hypokinesia during 1--6 weeks resulted in dilatation of the interlobular veins. sinusoids and central veins. The sequence of alterations corresponded to terms of hypokinesia. After exposure to \"gravitation stress--hypokinesia for 1--6 weeks\" stagnation in the portal system of the liver was less than after exposure to hypokinesia alone, but unevenness of lumens in the interlobular veins and sinusoids was more pronounced. The foci of the vessel spasm were determined. The signs of stagnation in the system of the portal vein and unevenness of the width of all the links of the portal bed were most pronounced after combination \"hypokinesia for 1--6 weeks-- gravitation stress\".", "PMID": 1191061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12112", "title": "[Effect of gravitational loads and hypokinesia on the structure of the blood vessels of the tongue in the rabbit].", "content": "The vessels of the tongue were studied in 120 rabbits in 5 series of experiments methods of injection, clearing, rentgenography, silver nitrate impregnation after V. V. Kuprijanov and a histological method. The animals were rotated in a centrifuge with a 1 m radius. For hypokinesia the animals were placed in small cages. Gravitation stress mainly caused changes in the capillary-venous part of the circulatory bed (dilatation of vessels). Under conditions of hypokinesia morphological changes were most pronounced in terminal portions of the arterial part of the bed, arterioles and precapillaries. Successive exposure to both factors caused no specific changes. Preliminary training to stressess failed to prevent the appearance of considerable morphological changes in blood vessels of the tongue.", "contents": "[Effect of gravitational loads and hypokinesia on the structure of the blood vessels of the tongue in the rabbit]. The vessels of the tongue were studied in 120 rabbits in 5 series of experiments methods of injection, clearing, rentgenography, silver nitrate impregnation after V. V. Kuprijanov and a histological method. The animals were rotated in a centrifuge with a 1 m radius. For hypokinesia the animals were placed in small cages. Gravitation stress mainly caused changes in the capillary-venous part of the circulatory bed (dilatation of vessels). Under conditions of hypokinesia morphological changes were most pronounced in terminal portions of the arterial part of the bed, arterioles and precapillaries. Successive exposure to both factors caused no specific changes. Preliminary training to stressess failed to prevent the appearance of considerable morphological changes in blood vessels of the tongue.", "PMID": 1191062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12113", "title": "[Effect of special training for loads acting in the thorax-spine direction on the vessels of the endbrain].", "content": "The work was performed in 42 male rabbits which were trained for gravitation stress in a centrifuge of 2 m diameter according to two special schedules. The vascular system of the brain was injected with staining substances and studied in cleared sections. The training was established to increase the animal's resistance to stress of transversal direction and to result in adaptation of the vessels of the terminal brain to stress. Morphological changes under these conditions were not great. Of the two schedules the first one (without a preliminary \"limbering\" rotation) was more favourable. Four weeks after the cessation of the training cycle the animal's resistance to gravitation stress became considerably less.", "contents": "[Effect of special training for loads acting in the thorax-spine direction on the vessels of the endbrain]. The work was performed in 42 male rabbits which were trained for gravitation stress in a centrifuge of 2 m diameter according to two special schedules. The vascular system of the brain was injected with staining substances and studied in cleared sections. The training was established to increase the animal's resistance to stress of transversal direction and to result in adaptation of the vessels of the terminal brain to stress. Morphological changes under these conditions were not great. Of the two schedules the first one (without a preliminary \"limbering\" rotation) was more favourable. Four weeks after the cessation of the training cycle the animal's resistance to gravitation stress became considerably less.", "PMID": 1191063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12114", "title": "[Effect of training for loads in the ventrodorsal direction on the blood vessels of the sympathetic trunk of the rabbit brain].", "content": "Thirty six rabbits underwent special training to get a state of being trained. In a centrifuge with a 1 m radius 18 animals got ventro-dorsal gravitation stress according to schedule N 1 (with limberung-up) and 18 animals according to schedule N 2 got gravitation stress without limbering-up. After training the animals had a 2, 3 and 4-week rest. Then a part of animals was killed and served as control and the others were subjected to a single exposure to stress of the same direction (10 units for 40 min). This stress was unendurable for untrained animals. By means of injection, clearing, measuring the vessels and histologically it was shown that the trained state was reached according to schedule N 2 and retained for 3 weeks. It was also confirmed by survival of animals and the state of the vessels of the sympathetic trunk. Training according to the 1st schedule resulted in cumulation.", "contents": "[Effect of training for loads in the ventrodorsal direction on the blood vessels of the sympathetic trunk of the rabbit brain]. Thirty six rabbits underwent special training to get a state of being trained. In a centrifuge with a 1 m radius 18 animals got ventro-dorsal gravitation stress according to schedule N 1 (with limberung-up) and 18 animals according to schedule N 2 got gravitation stress without limbering-up. After training the animals had a 2, 3 and 4-week rest. Then a part of animals was killed and served as control and the others were subjected to a single exposure to stress of the same direction (10 units for 40 min). This stress was unendurable for untrained animals. By means of injection, clearing, measuring the vessels and histologically it was shown that the trained state was reached according to schedule N 2 and retained for 3 weeks. It was also confirmed by survival of animals and the state of the vessels of the sympathetic trunk. Training according to the 1st schedule resulted in cumulation.", "PMID": 1191064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12115", "title": "[Effect of gravitational loads of a training nature on the blood vessels of the rabbit spinal cord].", "content": "Three series of experiments were performed in 47 rabbits. The cerebral vessels were studied by methods of injection and clearing. In the first series under study were vessels after exposure to stresses of a training type. The picture of the circulatory bed under these conditions was close to normal in morphological parameters (diameter of vessels, amount of visible vessels, distinctness, evenness of the contours pronouncement of networks etc). In the 2nd and 3d series the results of training were checked by a single exposure to a series of stresses or a solitary stress. The data obtained suggest increased resistance in majority of trained animals to the following hypergravitation and better morphological parameters of the spinal cord circulatory bed as compared with not trained animals. Hence, certain adaptation to the following hypergravitation can be obtained in rabbits by means of repeated rotations in a centrifuge according to a special schedule of training.", "contents": "[Effect of gravitational loads of a training nature on the blood vessels of the rabbit spinal cord]. Three series of experiments were performed in 47 rabbits. The cerebral vessels were studied by methods of injection and clearing. In the first series under study were vessels after exposure to stresses of a training type. The picture of the circulatory bed under these conditions was close to normal in morphological parameters (diameter of vessels, amount of visible vessels, distinctness, evenness of the contours pronouncement of networks etc). In the 2nd and 3d series the results of training were checked by a single exposure to a series of stresses or a solitary stress. The data obtained suggest increased resistance in majority of trained animals to the following hypergravitation and better morphological parameters of the spinal cord circulatory bed as compared with not trained animals. Hence, certain adaptation to the following hypergravitation can be obtained in rabbits by means of repeated rotations in a centrifuge according to a special schedule of training.", "PMID": 1191065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12116", "title": "[Effect of transverse gravitational loads on the vessels of the retinal membrane of the rabbit eyeball].", "content": "Changes in the eye ball retina were studied in 3 series of experiments in cleared preparations after exposure of the animal to gravitation stress of transversal direction. Prolonged single functionally endurable stress of ventro-dorsal direction (10 units/3 min) caused dilatation of the retina vessels, worse filling of peripheral parts of the circulatory bed, uneven staining of the vascular wall, constriction and dilatation along the course of the vessel. More continuous exposure to the same value of stresses (10 units up to the animal's death) resulted in a pressor effect; qualitative changes in the vessels increased. Within 1,5 hour after a 3-minute-long exposure to stress the vascular bed still remained unchanged. The diameter of vessels approached normal while the general quantity of vessels was decreased and qualitative changes were well pronounced.", "contents": "[Effect of transverse gravitational loads on the vessels of the retinal membrane of the rabbit eyeball]. Changes in the eye ball retina were studied in 3 series of experiments in cleared preparations after exposure of the animal to gravitation stress of transversal direction. Prolonged single functionally endurable stress of ventro-dorsal direction (10 units/3 min) caused dilatation of the retina vessels, worse filling of peripheral parts of the circulatory bed, uneven staining of the vascular wall, constriction and dilatation along the course of the vessel. More continuous exposure to the same value of stresses (10 units up to the animal's death) resulted in a pressor effect; qualitative changes in the vessels increased. Within 1,5 hour after a 3-minute-long exposure to stress the vascular bed still remained unchanged. The diameter of vessels approached normal while the general quantity of vessels was decreased and qualitative changes were well pronounced.", "PMID": 1191066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12117", "title": "[Effect of longitudinal gravitational loads on the structure of the wall of the vertebral artery].", "content": "A single exposure to the greatest endurable gravitation stress causes such changes in the wall of the vertebral artery as division into layers, oedema, vacuolization of smooth muscle cells. Repeated exposure according to a training schedule resulted in reconstruction of the vascular wall (division of the medial sheath of the artery into several muscular layers). Concentration of smooth muscle cells in \"layers\" increased when training was after a \"cumulative\" schedule. Under conditions of increasing cumulative effect the collagenization of the media and dystrophy of the muscular and elastic tissue began. The greatest changes in the arterial wall took place in the upper parts of the vertebral artery at the level of the 2nd and 3d cervical vertebra.", "contents": "[Effect of longitudinal gravitational loads on the structure of the wall of the vertebral artery]. A single exposure to the greatest endurable gravitation stress causes such changes in the wall of the vertebral artery as division into layers, oedema, vacuolization of smooth muscle cells. Repeated exposure according to a training schedule resulted in reconstruction of the vascular wall (division of the medial sheath of the artery into several muscular layers). Concentration of smooth muscle cells in \"layers\" increased when training was after a \"cumulative\" schedule. Under conditions of increasing cumulative effect the collagenization of the media and dystrophy of the muscular and elastic tissue began. The greatest changes in the arterial wall took place in the upper parts of the vertebral artery at the level of the 2nd and 3d cervical vertebra.", "PMID": 1191067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12118", "title": "[Effect of gravitational loads in different directions on the structure of the lymphatic bed of the pelvic extremities in the rabbit in vivo].", "content": "The method of lymphorentgenography was used in order to study alterations in the lymph vessels of pelvic extremities of rabbits at different terms (from 1 week up to 6 months) after exposure to gravitation stresses of different directions, value and duration. After exposure to stresses of cranio-caudal direction the amount of vessels increased. They had weel pronounced sinuosity and clearly protruding valves. The diameter of the vessels was more than normal and was equal to 0,3-0,8 mm. Popliteal lymph nodes were also increased up to 12,6-6,7 mm. Within 6 months after stresses these changes retained. Stresses of caudal-cranial direction during all periods of observation (from 1 week up to 6 months) caused dilatation of vessels (0,3-0,6 mm), their sinuosity and enlargement of popliteal lymph nodes up to 10,5-6,2 mm. All these changes returned to normality within 6 months. Thus, most pronounced and resistant morphological changes of the lymphatic bed were caused by greatest endurable stresses of cranio-caudal direction.", "contents": "[Effect of gravitational loads in different directions on the structure of the lymphatic bed of the pelvic extremities in the rabbit in vivo]. The method of lymphorentgenography was used in order to study alterations in the lymph vessels of pelvic extremities of rabbits at different terms (from 1 week up to 6 months) after exposure to gravitation stresses of different directions, value and duration. After exposure to stresses of cranio-caudal direction the amount of vessels increased. They had weel pronounced sinuosity and clearly protruding valves. The diameter of the vessels was more than normal and was equal to 0,3-0,8 mm. Popliteal lymph nodes were also increased up to 12,6-6,7 mm. Within 6 months after stresses these changes retained. Stresses of caudal-cranial direction during all periods of observation (from 1 week up to 6 months) caused dilatation of vessels (0,3-0,6 mm), their sinuosity and enlargement of popliteal lymph nodes up to 10,5-6,2 mm. All these changes returned to normality within 6 months. Thus, most pronounced and resistant morphological changes of the lymphatic bed were caused by greatest endurable stresses of cranio-caudal direction.", "PMID": 1191068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12119", "title": "[Effect of ultrasound of high intensity on the intraorganic vessels of the liver].", "content": "Under study was the influence of a single 3-minute-long exposure to ultrasound of high intensity (2 wt/cm2) upon intraorganic vessels of the liver in albino rats. The circulatory bed was examined 10 min., 5, 15 and 30 days after treatment with ultrasound. Methods ox injection, rentgenography, claering and histology revealed an unfavourable effect of ultrasound causing local construction of arteries and veins in early terms, uneven filling of the capillary bed with the injected mass, dilatation and deformity of capillaries. The above changes grew more pronounced during 15 days, by the end of the month they diminished but not disappeared.", "contents": "[Effect of ultrasound of high intensity on the intraorganic vessels of the liver]. Under study was the influence of a single 3-minute-long exposure to ultrasound of high intensity (2 wt/cm2) upon intraorganic vessels of the liver in albino rats. The circulatory bed was examined 10 min., 5, 15 and 30 days after treatment with ultrasound. Methods ox injection, rentgenography, claering and histology revealed an unfavourable effect of ultrasound causing local construction of arteries and veins in early terms, uneven filling of the capillary bed with the injected mass, dilatation and deformity of capillaries. The above changes grew more pronounced during 15 days, by the end of the month they diminished but not disappeared.", "PMID": 1191069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12120", "title": "[Effect of ultrasound on the formation of arterial and lymphatic collaterals in the rat pelvic extremities].", "content": "Pronounced morphological alterations combined with destruction of muscular tissue make their appearance in intact arterial and lymphatic bed of pelvic extremities in rats after treatment with ultrasound of high intensity. Ultrasound of low intensity failed to cause morphological changes either in the arterial or the lymphatic bed of extremities. A course of exposure of injured arterial and lymphatic bed of rat's pelvic extremities to ultrasound of small intensity considerably accelerated processes of formation of the arterial and lymphatic collaterals.", "contents": "[Effect of ultrasound on the formation of arterial and lymphatic collaterals in the rat pelvic extremities]. Pronounced morphological alterations combined with destruction of muscular tissue make their appearance in intact arterial and lymphatic bed of pelvic extremities in rats after treatment with ultrasound of high intensity. Ultrasound of low intensity failed to cause morphological changes either in the arterial or the lymphatic bed of extremities. A course of exposure of injured arterial and lymphatic bed of rat's pelvic extremities to ultrasound of small intensity considerably accelerated processes of formation of the arterial and lymphatic collaterals.", "PMID": 1191070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12121", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the follicular epithelium in the ovary of the domestic duck during the period of slow growth of the oocyte].", "content": "The work describes ultrastructural changes in the follicular epithelium and ooplasm in the period of the slow oocyte growth. The morphology of follicular cells (well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, numerous free ribosomes) is considered as evidence of their synaptic activity whereas the morphology of ooplasm indicates to its accumulative function. It is supposed that at this stage nutritive substances enter the oocyte through the intercellular spaces and their absorption is brought about by means of microvilli on the oocyte surface. A specific organelle of the avian egg -- so called transosome, is described. Their structure, transposition and possible function are discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the follicular epithelium in the ovary of the domestic duck during the period of slow growth of the oocyte]. The work describes ultrastructural changes in the follicular epithelium and ooplasm in the period of the slow oocyte growth. The morphology of follicular cells (well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, numerous free ribosomes) is considered as evidence of their synaptic activity whereas the morphology of ooplasm indicates to its accumulative function. It is supposed that at this stage nutritive substances enter the oocyte through the intercellular spaces and their absorption is brought about by means of microvilli on the oocyte surface. A specific organelle of the avian egg -- so called transosome, is described. Their structure, transposition and possible function are discussed.", "PMID": 1191071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12122", "title": "[Giant cells in the placenta of the bactrian camel in the fetal period of development].", "content": "Polyploid giant cells resulting from differentiation of normal cytotrophoblast cells were found in the composition of the placenta cytotrophoblast of the Bactrian camel. In the placenta of the Bactrian camel the transformation of cytotrophoblast cells into multinuclear giant cells is realized via endomitotic polyploidization and distinctly reflects active synthetic processes occurring in these cells related with the trophic function of the placenta. It may be supposed that giant cells of the placenta of female Bactrian camels also participate in the endocrinous function of the placenta. Their histolitical function is completely excluded.", "contents": "[Giant cells in the placenta of the bactrian camel in the fetal period of development]. Polyploid giant cells resulting from differentiation of normal cytotrophoblast cells were found in the composition of the placenta cytotrophoblast of the Bactrian camel. In the placenta of the Bactrian camel the transformation of cytotrophoblast cells into multinuclear giant cells is realized via endomitotic polyploidization and distinctly reflects active synthetic processes occurring in these cells related with the trophic function of the placenta. It may be supposed that giant cells of the placenta of female Bactrian camels also participate in the endocrinous function of the placenta. Their histolitical function is completely excluded.", "PMID": 1191072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12123", "title": "[Morphological characteristics of the structures delimiting the residual cavity of the hypophysis in rats after electrocoagulation of the median eminence of the hypothalamus].", "content": "By means of light and electron microscopy it has been shown that the remnant cavity of the hypophysis of intact and sham-operated rats on the side of the intermedial lobe is restricted with a continuous layer of epithelial cells with a well pronounced basal membrane. On the side of the frontal lobe the covering epithelium has peculiar \"fenestra\" through which adenocytes have free contacts with the remnant cavity. After electrocoagulation of the rostral area of the medial eminence, especially in remote postoperative terms, the remnant cavity enlarges up to gigantic size, contains a great amount of colloid, erythrocytes, fragments of cells of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis and secretory granules. The anterior epithelium is lacking on considerable areas and hence adenocytes are disposed in the cavity directly. All their organoids are preserved though a little changed, the cytomembrane is absent. On the apical surface of the posterior epithelium there appear large cytoplasmic protrusions which having separated enter the remnant cavity. The main provider of the \"raw material\" for colloid is likely to be the anterior lobe of hypophysis.", "contents": "[Morphological characteristics of the structures delimiting the residual cavity of the hypophysis in rats after electrocoagulation of the median eminence of the hypothalamus]. By means of light and electron microscopy it has been shown that the remnant cavity of the hypophysis of intact and sham-operated rats on the side of the intermedial lobe is restricted with a continuous layer of epithelial cells with a well pronounced basal membrane. On the side of the frontal lobe the covering epithelium has peculiar \"fenestra\" through which adenocytes have free contacts with the remnant cavity. After electrocoagulation of the rostral area of the medial eminence, especially in remote postoperative terms, the remnant cavity enlarges up to gigantic size, contains a great amount of colloid, erythrocytes, fragments of cells of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis and secretory granules. The anterior epithelium is lacking on considerable areas and hence adenocytes are disposed in the cavity directly. All their organoids are preserved though a little changed, the cytomembrane is absent. On the apical surface of the posterior epithelium there appear large cytoplasmic protrusions which having separated enter the remnant cavity. The main provider of the \"raw material\" for colloid is likely to be the anterior lobe of hypophysis.", "PMID": 1191073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12124", "title": "[Analysis of the structural parameters of the blood flow pathways in the microcirculatory system].", "content": "The reconstruction of the mesenterium microcirculatory bed was performed intravitally in albino rats and cats after biomicrophotograms. The number, length and caliber of arterioles, pericapillary arteriolec, capillaries, postcapillary venules and venules of the mesenterium were measured. According to these data summary indices of the cross section, surface and volume of the vessels of various functional subdivisions of the microcirculatory bed were calculated. The blood volume entering the microcirculatory system of the albino rat's mesenterium is distributed in the vessels as follows: 8,4% -- arterioles, 10,2% -- pericapillary arterioles, 41,9% -- capillaries, 22,1% -- postcapillary venules and 17,4% -- venules. Similar correlations were found in the cat. The working surface of capillaries is 60--70% of the working surface of all the vessels of the mesenterial microcirculatory system. The evidence of the functional variability of the microcirculatory bed geometry depending on the tissue needs in blood supply is presented.", "contents": "[Analysis of the structural parameters of the blood flow pathways in the microcirculatory system]. The reconstruction of the mesenterium microcirculatory bed was performed intravitally in albino rats and cats after biomicrophotograms. The number, length and caliber of arterioles, pericapillary arteriolec, capillaries, postcapillary venules and venules of the mesenterium were measured. According to these data summary indices of the cross section, surface and volume of the vessels of various functional subdivisions of the microcirculatory bed were calculated. The blood volume entering the microcirculatory system of the albino rat's mesenterium is distributed in the vessels as follows: 8,4% -- arterioles, 10,2% -- pericapillary arterioles, 41,9% -- capillaries, 22,1% -- postcapillary venules and 17,4% -- venules. Similar correlations were found in the cat. The working surface of capillaries is 60--70% of the working surface of all the vessels of the mesenterial microcirculatory system. The evidence of the functional variability of the microcirculatory bed geometry depending on the tissue needs in blood supply is presented.", "PMID": 1191074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12125", "title": "[Microcirculatory disorders in the connective tissue structures of certain organs in traumatic shock with acute hemorrhage].", "content": "The present work is a fragment of the author's complex study of replantation of an extremity in experiment. Experiments on reproduction of the model of traumatic shock with acute loss of blood under conditions of muscle relaxation proposed by Yu. V. Kiprenski were performed in 15 dogs and 10 cats. It was established that in animals dead as a result of shock there appeared severe disorders of microcirculation in tissues and organs. They were characterized by a pronounced spasm of the vessels of the arteriolar link and dilatation of the venular and lymph collectors of the microcirculation bed. Simultaneously a great number of arterio-venular anastomoses were opened through which the arterial blood was shunted partly to avoid constricted capillaries. In the vessels of the venular link of the microcirculatory bed there appeared aggregations of formed elements of blood and microemboles. In absence of specific complex therapy, as it was in our experiments, the animals die of shock within the period from 17 min to 5 hour 20 min.", "contents": "[Microcirculatory disorders in the connective tissue structures of certain organs in traumatic shock with acute hemorrhage]. The present work is a fragment of the author's complex study of replantation of an extremity in experiment. Experiments on reproduction of the model of traumatic shock with acute loss of blood under conditions of muscle relaxation proposed by Yu. V. Kiprenski were performed in 15 dogs and 10 cats. It was established that in animals dead as a result of shock there appeared severe disorders of microcirculation in tissues and organs. They were characterized by a pronounced spasm of the vessels of the arteriolar link and dilatation of the venular and lymph collectors of the microcirculation bed. Simultaneously a great number of arterio-venular anastomoses were opened through which the arterial blood was shunted partly to avoid constricted capillaries. In the vessels of the venular link of the microcirculatory bed there appeared aggregations of formed elements of blood and microemboles. In absence of specific complex therapy, as it was in our experiments, the animals die of shock within the period from 17 min to 5 hour 20 min.", "PMID": 1191075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12126", "title": "[Reactive changes in the retroperitoneal brown fatty tissue in rats after adrenalectomy].", "content": "Histological, histochemical, electron microscopic and biochemical methods were used to study the ability of retroperitoneal brown adipose tissue to steroidogenesis in 54 normal and adrenalectomized adult albino rats. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase in the adipose tissue of \"brown\" type was established to increase as well as the content of compounds with active carbonyl groups. The size of mtochondria was sharply increased. Biochemical analysis of the brown adipose tissue determined considerable concentration of corticosterone equal to one fifth of the average concentration of this hormone in the adrenocortical tissue. The obtained data indirectly confirm the hypothesis of possible formation of steroid hormones in the retroperitoneal brown adipose tissue in rats.", "contents": "[Reactive changes in the retroperitoneal brown fatty tissue in rats after adrenalectomy]. Histological, histochemical, electron microscopic and biochemical methods were used to study the ability of retroperitoneal brown adipose tissue to steroidogenesis in 54 normal and adrenalectomized adult albino rats. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase in the adipose tissue of \"brown\" type was established to increase as well as the content of compounds with active carbonyl groups. The size of mtochondria was sharply increased. Biochemical analysis of the brown adipose tissue determined considerable concentration of corticosterone equal to one fifth of the average concentration of this hormone in the adrenocortical tissue. The obtained data indirectly confirm the hypothesis of possible formation of steroid hormones in the retroperitoneal brown adipose tissue in rats.", "PMID": 1191076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12127", "title": "[Retinocerebellar relationships in the cat].", "content": "In order to study structural changes in the cerebellum the eye balls were enucleated in 6 adult cats. After unilateral and bilateral ablation of the eyes additional nerve fibres were found connecting the retina with the cerebellum. The retino-cerebellar accessary fibres come to the cerebellum mainly via the medial pedicle, solitary degenerated fibres were found in the medial and inferior pedicles of the cerebellum. Retino-cerebellar fibres were detected in the corklike, roof and dentate nuclei of the cerebellum. Retino-cerebellar straight fibres are projected into the white substance around the vermis as well as into the hemispheres of the cerebellum. No reticular-cerebellar fibres were found in the nucleus globosus.", "contents": "[Retinocerebellar relationships in the cat]. In order to study structural changes in the cerebellum the eye balls were enucleated in 6 adult cats. After unilateral and bilateral ablation of the eyes additional nerve fibres were found connecting the retina with the cerebellum. The retino-cerebellar accessary fibres come to the cerebellum mainly via the medial pedicle, solitary degenerated fibres were found in the medial and inferior pedicles of the cerebellum. Retino-cerebellar fibres were detected in the corklike, roof and dentate nuclei of the cerebellum. Retino-cerebellar straight fibres are projected into the white substance around the vermis as well as into the hemispheres of the cerebellum. No reticular-cerebellar fibres were found in the nucleus globosus.", "PMID": 1191077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12128", "title": "[Intracraneal cerebral hernia].", "content": "Intracranial cerebral herniations occurring in 420 brains from consecutive necropsies are studied. They were present in 65 brains; in 23 there was secondary lesions in the upper brainstem. Temporal herniations in one or both sides, was the most frequent finding. Terminal anoxia is believed to be one of the most important factors. There was decrease of the secondary lesions of the brainstem after 60 years of age.", "contents": "[Intracraneal cerebral hernia]. Intracranial cerebral herniations occurring in 420 brains from consecutive necropsies are studied. They were present in 65 brains; in 23 there was secondary lesions in the upper brainstem. Temporal herniations in one or both sides, was the most frequent finding. Terminal anoxia is believed to be one of the most important factors. There was decrease of the secondary lesions of the brainstem after 60 years of age.", "PMID": 1191095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12129", "title": "[Electroenecephalogram in cranio-cerebral injuries].", "content": "The 551 electroencephalograms of 387 patients with head injury are analysed. The electroencephalographic findings are correlated to the following clinical data: age, time after the trauma, duration of unconsciousness, presence of localizing neurological signs, existence of open wounds or hematoma, bloody cerebrospinal fluid and post-traumatic epilepsy. The autor came to the following conclusions: 1--there is a clear correlation between the electroenecephalographic abnormalities and the degree of cerebral injury characterized by the duration of unconsciousness, presence of localizing neurological signs, presence of bloody cerebrospinal fluid and post-traumatic epilepsy; 2 - slow wave activity over the parieto-occipital area is more frequent in the age group up to 10 years; 3 - the proportion of abnormal electroencephalograms decreases particularly after the 1st month post-trauma; 4 - diffuse or focal slow activity decreased principally after the 1st month post-trauma; 5 - paroxysmal abnormalities increase proportionaly after the 6th month post-trauma; 6 - patients with intracranial hematoma present great proportion of abnormalities, particularly depressions. This study demonstrates the importance of electroencephalographic tracings as a complementation to the clinical evaluation of head injury cases, chiefly early, and late follow-up tracings.", "contents": "[Electroenecephalogram in cranio-cerebral injuries]. The 551 electroencephalograms of 387 patients with head injury are analysed. The electroencephalographic findings are correlated to the following clinical data: age, time after the trauma, duration of unconsciousness, presence of localizing neurological signs, existence of open wounds or hematoma, bloody cerebrospinal fluid and post-traumatic epilepsy. The autor came to the following conclusions: 1--there is a clear correlation between the electroenecephalographic abnormalities and the degree of cerebral injury characterized by the duration of unconsciousness, presence of localizing neurological signs, presence of bloody cerebrospinal fluid and post-traumatic epilepsy; 2 - slow wave activity over the parieto-occipital area is more frequent in the age group up to 10 years; 3 - the proportion of abnormal electroencephalograms decreases particularly after the 1st month post-trauma; 4 - diffuse or focal slow activity decreased principally after the 1st month post-trauma; 5 - paroxysmal abnormalities increase proportionaly after the 6th month post-trauma; 6 - patients with intracranial hematoma present great proportion of abnormalities, particularly depressions. This study demonstrates the importance of electroencephalographic tracings as a complementation to the clinical evaluation of head injury cases, chiefly early, and late follow-up tracings.", "PMID": 1191096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12130", "title": "[Adverse effects and errors in antieplieptic therapy].", "content": "Reporting 6 cases of patients who presented many psychiatric and somatic symptoms consequently to different antiepilectic treatments, the authors demonstrate that the careful changing of the therapeutic avoided these inconvenients, without jeopardizing the control of the epileptic seizures. The necessity for the specialists to be attentive to these side effects is emphasized. Based on their own experience the authors suggest a few rules to prevent and correct these inconvenients.", "contents": "[Adverse effects and errors in antieplieptic therapy]. Reporting 6 cases of patients who presented many psychiatric and somatic symptoms consequently to different antiepilectic treatments, the authors demonstrate that the careful changing of the therapeutic avoided these inconvenients, without jeopardizing the control of the epileptic seizures. The necessity for the specialists to be attentive to these side effects is emphasized. Based on their own experience the authors suggest a few rules to prevent and correct these inconvenients.", "PMID": 1191097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12131", "title": "[Spontaneous recovery of function in central nervous system lesions].", "content": "A rewiev of the mechanisms responsible for the spontaneous recuperation of function in patients with lesions of the central nervous sistem is made. The spontaneous reorganization theories of the nervous structures and the vicarious function are also referred to. In the last two decades experimental contributions have been accentuated, specially the one conducted by the group of researchers directed by Windle and Guth, who had shown the possibility of regeneration in the central nervous system, as well Lawrende and Kuypers, Brodal, Goldberger and others, which defended the vircarious function as the probable mechanisms of recuperation.", "contents": "[Spontaneous recovery of function in central nervous system lesions]. A rewiev of the mechanisms responsible for the spontaneous recuperation of function in patients with lesions of the central nervous sistem is made. The spontaneous reorganization theories of the nervous structures and the vicarious function are also referred to. In the last two decades experimental contributions have been accentuated, specially the one conducted by the group of researchers directed by Windle and Guth, who had shown the possibility of regeneration in the central nervous system, as well Lawrende and Kuypers, Brodal, Goldberger and others, which defended the vircarious function as the probable mechanisms of recuperation.", "PMID": 1191098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12132", "title": "[Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. Report of 2 cases].", "content": "Two non-inbred cases of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is two non-related sibships with a total of 16 sibs are reported. Clinical features are those classicaly reported. One of the patients (case 1) presents left post-axial polydactily and a history of hydramnion. The cariotype is normal in the other patient (case 2). Nothing is added in this paper as regards the etiology of the syndrome.", "contents": "[Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. Report of 2 cases]. Two non-inbred cases of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is two non-related sibships with a total of 16 sibs are reported. Clinical features are those classicaly reported. One of the patients (case 1) presents left post-axial polydactily and a history of hydramnion. The cariotype is normal in the other patient (case 2). Nothing is added in this paper as regards the etiology of the syndrome.", "PMID": 1191099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12133", "title": "Arachnoid cysts involving a portion of the intraorbital optic nerve.", "content": "Two patients were seen. One had chronic monocular choked disc, visual loss, and optociliary veins; the other had optic atrophy and a left-sided frontotemporal porencephalic cyst. Both patients were found on pathologic examination to have arachnoid cysts involving a localized segment of the intraorbital optic nerve.", "contents": "Arachnoid cysts involving a portion of the intraorbital optic nerve. Two patients were seen. One had chronic monocular choked disc, visual loss, and optociliary veins; the other had optic atrophy and a left-sided frontotemporal porencephalic cyst. Both patients were found on pathologic examination to have arachnoid cysts involving a localized segment of the intraorbital optic nerve.", "PMID": 1191101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12134", "title": "Hypertrophy with hyperpigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "Fifty-two patients (one bilateral) exhibiting hypertrophy with hyperpigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are described. Visual acuity was not affected, and the patients were asymptomatic. There was no correlation with systemic diseases, family history of eye disease, associated fundus lesions, anterior segment abnormalities, or intraocular pressure. Field defects were rarely demonstrated using standard clinical techniques. There were three characteristic locations and four characteristic pigmentary variations that occurred alone or in any combination. The lesions were gray, black, or brown. The clinical characteristics and histopathology suggest that hypertrophy with hyperpigmentation of the RPE and congenital grouped pigmentation are different expressions of a similar condition, with the former being focal and the latter multifocal.", "contents": "Hypertrophy with hyperpigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium. Fifty-two patients (one bilateral) exhibiting hypertrophy with hyperpigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are described. Visual acuity was not affected, and the patients were asymptomatic. There was no correlation with systemic diseases, family history of eye disease, associated fundus lesions, anterior segment abnormalities, or intraocular pressure. Field defects were rarely demonstrated using standard clinical techniques. There were three characteristic locations and four characteristic pigmentary variations that occurred alone or in any combination. The lesions were gray, black, or brown. The clinical characteristics and histopathology suggest that hypertrophy with hyperpigmentation of the RPE and congenital grouped pigmentation are different expressions of a similar condition, with the former being focal and the latter multifocal.", "PMID": 1191102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12135", "title": "Myotonic pupils in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Successful relief of symptoms with 0.025% pilocarpine.", "content": "Twenty-seven members of a family with dominantly inherited Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTD) were examined. Fifteen members had CMTD and 13 of these had varying amounts of myotonic pupillary abnormalities similar in some ways to Adie tonic pupil syndrome. Those with graver neurologic disease showed greater pupillary abnormalities. Ten of the 15 patients had pupillary constriction with methacholine chloride (Mecholyl) and some of these had extensive iris atrophy. Several affected patients received symptomatic relief from 0.025% pilocarpine. Seven other patients with CMTD who were not related to our initial family were checked for myotonic pupils; two had findings similar to our initial family. Pupillary abnormalities in certain patients with CMTD appear secondary to a parasympathetic denervation of the iris sphincter and ciliary muscle, as shown by a positive methacholine test, and probably represent part of the autonomic nervous system dysfunction associated with the polyneuropathy in CMTD.", "contents": "Myotonic pupils in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Successful relief of symptoms with 0.025% pilocarpine. Twenty-seven members of a family with dominantly inherited Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTD) were examined. Fifteen members had CMTD and 13 of these had varying amounts of myotonic pupillary abnormalities similar in some ways to Adie tonic pupil syndrome. Those with graver neurologic disease showed greater pupillary abnormalities. Ten of the 15 patients had pupillary constriction with methacholine chloride (Mecholyl) and some of these had extensive iris atrophy. Several affected patients received symptomatic relief from 0.025% pilocarpine. Seven other patients with CMTD who were not related to our initial family were checked for myotonic pupils; two had findings similar to our initial family. Pupillary abnormalities in certain patients with CMTD appear secondary to a parasympathetic denervation of the iris sphincter and ciliary muscle, as shown by a positive methacholine test, and probably represent part of the autonomic nervous system dysfunction associated with the polyneuropathy in CMTD.", "PMID": 1191103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12136", "title": "Congenital grouped pigmentation of the retina. Histopathologic description and report of a case.", "content": "Gross examination of an eye removed at autopsy from a 4-year-old child with congenital heart disease revealed typical grouped pigmentation of the retina. Routine light microscopy and flat preparation of the retinal pigment epithelium demonstrated the lesions to consist of focal areas of increased concentration of pigment granules in otherwise normal retinal pigment epithelial cells. The pigment granules were large and football shaped. The overlying photoreceptors showed no abnormalities, possibly explaining the clinical features of normal visual acuity and visual fields in this patient. We believe that this is the first histologic description of congenital grouped pigmentation reported in the English literature. A differential diagnosis and brief review of the pertinent literature are also presented.", "contents": "Congenital grouped pigmentation of the retina. Histopathologic description and report of a case. Gross examination of an eye removed at autopsy from a 4-year-old child with congenital heart disease revealed typical grouped pigmentation of the retina. Routine light microscopy and flat preparation of the retinal pigment epithelium demonstrated the lesions to consist of focal areas of increased concentration of pigment granules in otherwise normal retinal pigment epithelial cells. The pigment granules were large and football shaped. The overlying photoreceptors showed no abnormalities, possibly explaining the clinical features of normal visual acuity and visual fields in this patient. We believe that this is the first histologic description of congenital grouped pigmentation reported in the English literature. A differential diagnosis and brief review of the pertinent literature are also presented.", "PMID": 1191104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12137", "title": "Visual loss as the initial symptom in Hodgkin disease.", "content": "Involvement of the visual system in Hodgkin Disease generally occurs late in the course of the illness. A 43-year-old man was seen at the Johns Hopkins Hospital complaining of monocular visual loss. Clinical observations and neuroradiologic examinations suggested a chiasmal mass lesion, and the patient underwent a frontal craniotomy with biopsy of the chiasm. The biopsy specimen was diagnosed as a spongioblastoma of the optic chiasm, and the patient underwent a course of radiotherapy. Shortly after craniotomy, the patient developed evidence of a systemic illness and died eight months after onset of visual symptoms. Autopsy revealed extensive systemic involvement by Hodgkin sarcoma. Microscopical examination of the optic chiasm revealed no evidence of optic glioma but revealed diffuse infiltration by Hodgkin sarcoma. Reexamination of the original biopsy specimen confirmed that initial visual symptomatologic findings were secondary to intracranial Hodgkin disease.", "contents": "Visual loss as the initial symptom in Hodgkin disease. Involvement of the visual system in Hodgkin Disease generally occurs late in the course of the illness. A 43-year-old man was seen at the Johns Hopkins Hospital complaining of monocular visual loss. Clinical observations and neuroradiologic examinations suggested a chiasmal mass lesion, and the patient underwent a frontal craniotomy with biopsy of the chiasm. The biopsy specimen was diagnosed as a spongioblastoma of the optic chiasm, and the patient underwent a course of radiotherapy. Shortly after craniotomy, the patient developed evidence of a systemic illness and died eight months after onset of visual symptoms. Autopsy revealed extensive systemic involvement by Hodgkin sarcoma. Microscopical examination of the optic chiasm revealed no evidence of optic glioma but revealed diffuse infiltration by Hodgkin sarcoma. Reexamination of the original biopsy specimen confirmed that initial visual symptomatologic findings were secondary to intracranial Hodgkin disease.", "PMID": 1191105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12138", "title": "Ocular penetration of pilocarpine in rabbits.", "content": "Aqueous humor pilocarpine hydrochloride concentration was measured at 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after instillation in the rabbit eye of a radioactively labeled 2% pilocarpine solution in various vehicles. Maximum concentrations were found with a vehicle containing 1.67% polyvinylpyrrolidone and other water-soluble polymers (Adsorbotears) and 1% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. These produced pilocarpine concentrations during the first two hours after administration three times greater than those found with either saline, 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol, or 0.5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Benzalkonium chloride, 0.01%, enhanced pilocarpine penetration into the aqueous by as much as 50% at all time intervals. The vehicle viscosity was unrelated to efficacy of pilocarpine penetration into the aqueous. The equally effective 1% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and Adsorbotears have viscosities of 112 and 20 centistokes, respectively, while 0.5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (13 centistokes), 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol (3 centistokes), and sodium chloride solution (0.85 centistokes) are much less efficacious.", "contents": "Ocular penetration of pilocarpine in rabbits. Aqueous humor pilocarpine hydrochloride concentration was measured at 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after instillation in the rabbit eye of a radioactively labeled 2% pilocarpine solution in various vehicles. Maximum concentrations were found with a vehicle containing 1.67% polyvinylpyrrolidone and other water-soluble polymers (Adsorbotears) and 1% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. These produced pilocarpine concentrations during the first two hours after administration three times greater than those found with either saline, 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol, or 0.5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Benzalkonium chloride, 0.01%, enhanced pilocarpine penetration into the aqueous by as much as 50% at all time intervals. The vehicle viscosity was unrelated to efficacy of pilocarpine penetration into the aqueous. The equally effective 1% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and Adsorbotears have viscosities of 112 and 20 centistokes, respectively, while 0.5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (13 centistokes), 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol (3 centistokes), and sodium chloride solution (0.85 centistokes) are much less efficacious.", "PMID": 1191106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12139", "title": "[The development of the dysplastic hip joint after conservative treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The roentgenograms were evaluated of 220 patients (159 female, 61 male) with 61 luxations, 77 subluxations and 203 dysplastic hip joints which were a maximum of 2 years old during treatment and had been under observation for between 2 and 17 11/12 years. The CCD-, CE- and Ac-angles were measured. 1. The CCD-angle develops relatively independent of the therapy for the first few months. In the long term, the abduction treatment leads to a straightening up of the femoral neck. Here a physiological component apparently has an effect which reduces the straightening after several years. 2. The CE-angle rapidly becomes enlarged during the first few months, later the rate is slower. Three years after treatment began, the CE-angle was normal in 83.6% of the patients. 3. The Ac-angle decreases rapidly during the first 6 months. Three years after the beginning of treatment, 65.7% of the patients had a norm of less than 20 degrees. 4. All angles show a positive correlation of their beginning and end values i.e. light dysplasias have the best prognosis. 5. The monotherapy with a spreader pant showed a particular advantage over the combination treatment and plaster fixation. 6. The best result was achieved with treatment beginning before the age of 6 months. Boys showed a better tendency to heal. A difference in sides could not be shown.", "contents": "[The development of the dysplastic hip joint after conservative treatment (author's transl)]. The roentgenograms were evaluated of 220 patients (159 female, 61 male) with 61 luxations, 77 subluxations and 203 dysplastic hip joints which were a maximum of 2 years old during treatment and had been under observation for between 2 and 17 11/12 years. The CCD-, CE- and Ac-angles were measured. 1. The CCD-angle develops relatively independent of the therapy for the first few months. In the long term, the abduction treatment leads to a straightening up of the femoral neck. Here a physiological component apparently has an effect which reduces the straightening after several years. 2. The CE-angle rapidly becomes enlarged during the first few months, later the rate is slower. Three years after treatment began, the CE-angle was normal in 83.6% of the patients. 3. The Ac-angle decreases rapidly during the first 6 months. Three years after the beginning of treatment, 65.7% of the patients had a norm of less than 20 degrees. 4. All angles show a positive correlation of their beginning and end values i.e. light dysplasias have the best prognosis. 5. The monotherapy with a spreader pant showed a particular advantage over the combination treatment and plaster fixation. 6. The best result was achieved with treatment beginning before the age of 6 months. Boys showed a better tendency to heal. A difference in sides could not be shown.", "PMID": 1191107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12140", "title": "[The electromyographical behaviour of gluteal and adductive musculature in the arthrodesis simulation test of the hip joint (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been demonstrated through special arthrodesis simulation tests that in the area of monarticular muscles of a stiffened hip joint criteria are reflected electromyographically for various arthrodesis positions, above all in the frontal plane, in addition to those criteria for inactivity atrophy. As our arthrodesis simulation tests have shown, these changes are demonstrable immediately after stiffening occurs.", "contents": "[The electromyographical behaviour of gluteal and adductive musculature in the arthrodesis simulation test of the hip joint (author's transl)]. It has been demonstrated through special arthrodesis simulation tests that in the area of monarticular muscles of a stiffened hip joint criteria are reflected electromyographically for various arthrodesis positions, above all in the frontal plane, in addition to those criteria for inactivity atrophy. As our arthrodesis simulation tests have shown, these changes are demonstrable immediately after stiffening occurs.", "PMID": 1191108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12141", "title": "[Continuous lengthening of the femur with intramedullary stabilisation (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental studies on an intramedullary device for lengthening the femur by continuous distraction are reported. The hydraulic distractor is placed in a modified interlocking nail. Lengthening up to 8 cm--under certain circumstances up to 16 cm--can be achieved with this method.", "contents": "[Continuous lengthening of the femur with intramedullary stabilisation (author's transl)]. Experimental studies on an intramedullary device for lengthening the femur by continuous distraction are reported. The hydraulic distractor is placed in a modified interlocking nail. Lengthening up to 8 cm--under certain circumstances up to 16 cm--can be achieved with this method.", "PMID": 1191109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12142", "title": "[Surgically treated malleolar fractures--results after 3 to 4 years under special consideration of the talus profile (author's transl)].", "content": "An account is given of 216 cases of fracture of the ankle joint treated with the AO method. 167 patients with 168 fractures could be controlled personally 3-4 years after operative treatment. In 90% we found a good or satisfactory result. The result depends on the anatomical reconstruction of the congruity of the joint and the primary defect of the cartilage. The arthrosis seen in X-rays must not show a bad clinical function. Contrary to the experimental results the form of the talus is not important to the clinical course.", "contents": "[Surgically treated malleolar fractures--results after 3 to 4 years under special consideration of the talus profile (author's transl)]. An account is given of 216 cases of fracture of the ankle joint treated with the AO method. 167 patients with 168 fractures could be controlled personally 3-4 years after operative treatment. In 90% we found a good or satisfactory result. The result depends on the anatomical reconstruction of the congruity of the joint and the primary defect of the cartilage. The arthrosis seen in X-rays must not show a bad clinical function. Contrary to the experimental results the form of the talus is not important to the clinical course.", "PMID": 1191110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12143", "title": "[Lunatomalacia therapy. I. Conservative treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of the conservative treatment of 12 patients with lunatomalacia are reported on. If we take into consideration the subjective data as well as the clinical and roentgenological evidence, only 2 can be considered \"good\". On the other hand there were 5 \"fair\" and 5 \"poor\" results. In spite of the predominance of disappointing results, the conservative treatment can lead to very good late results. The comparison with operative measure about which there will be reports later, shows these operations have no real great advantage.", "contents": "[Lunatomalacia therapy. I. Conservative treatment (author's transl)]. The results of the conservative treatment of 12 patients with lunatomalacia are reported on. If we take into consideration the subjective data as well as the clinical and roentgenological evidence, only 2 can be considered \"good\". On the other hand there were 5 \"fair\" and 5 \"poor\" results. In spite of the predominance of disappointing results, the conservative treatment can lead to very good late results. The comparison with operative measure about which there will be reports later, shows these operations have no real great advantage.", "PMID": 1191111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12144", "title": "[Early experiences with ultrasound osteosynthesis. Preliminary report (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report their first results and experiences with a new method of osteosynthesis, which was introduced by soviet authors in 1973. A mixture of cyanacryl and bonepowder is used under the influence of ultrasonic waves for union of bones. Technological and animal experiments are being carried out at this time.", "contents": "[Early experiences with ultrasound osteosynthesis. Preliminary report (author's transl)]. The authors report their first results and experiences with a new method of osteosynthesis, which was introduced by soviet authors in 1973. A mixture of cyanacryl and bonepowder is used under the influence of ultrasonic waves for union of bones. Technological and animal experiments are being carried out at this time.", "PMID": 1191113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12145", "title": "[Infected tibial shaft pseudarthroses, treatment and results (author's transl)].", "content": "In a follow up study of 47 patients with infected pseudarthrosis of tibia therapy and results are declared. The most important matter in therapy is the osteosyntesis with compression of the pseudarthrosis. In the majority of cases externe stabilisation is used; seldom compression plate or medullary nailing is indicated. Such cases require much experience in the therapy of bone infection, although if the stabilisation with the fibula is tryed. Flush drainage, suction drainage, antibiotic therapy and cancellous bone grafting are necessary for localisation and decreasing of infection and for induction and acceleration of bone union. In some cases amutation can't be prevented. With correct judgement and consequent treatment in the majority of cases bone union will be obtained.", "contents": "[Infected tibial shaft pseudarthroses, treatment and results (author's transl)]. In a follow up study of 47 patients with infected pseudarthrosis of tibia therapy and results are declared. The most important matter in therapy is the osteosyntesis with compression of the pseudarthrosis. In the majority of cases externe stabilisation is used; seldom compression plate or medullary nailing is indicated. Such cases require much experience in the therapy of bone infection, although if the stabilisation with the fibula is tryed. Flush drainage, suction drainage, antibiotic therapy and cancellous bone grafting are necessary for localisation and decreasing of infection and for induction and acceleration of bone union. In some cases amutation can't be prevented. With correct judgement and consequent treatment in the majority of cases bone union will be obtained.", "PMID": 1191112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12146", "title": "[Osteosynthese in scapula fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "Fractures of the scapula can be mostly conservativly. Dislocated fractures can be easily adjusted by suitable approaches. Rigid fixation allows early mobilisation, which is of very importance for the shoulderjoint. Some dislocated cases have been described and the problems of conservatively treated fractures have been discussed. Follow-up of some with stable fixation treated scapulafractures show that it is possible to gain a perfect functional result and a painless shoulderjoint in some hopeless cases.", "contents": "[Osteosynthese in scapula fractures (author's transl)]. Fractures of the scapula can be mostly conservativly. Dislocated fractures can be easily adjusted by suitable approaches. Rigid fixation allows early mobilisation, which is of very importance for the shoulderjoint. Some dislocated cases have been described and the problems of conservatively treated fractures have been discussed. Follow-up of some with stable fixation treated scapulafractures show that it is possible to gain a perfect functional result and a painless shoulderjoint in some hopeless cases.", "PMID": 1191114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12147", "title": "[The importance of magnification angiography as an investigation for the arterial supply of the femoral head after medial neck fracture (author's transl)].", "content": "In observing the development in 20 patients who had been operated upon for fracture of the neck of the femur a significant interrelation between the angiographic result and the formation of a necrosis of the head of the femur has been ascertained. The magnification angiography enables the terminal arterial region of the femoral vessels to be assessed with a still higher degree of certainty and thus appears to be a valuable diagnostic measure for the prognostic assessment of the medial fracture of the femoral neck.", "contents": "[The importance of magnification angiography as an investigation for the arterial supply of the femoral head after medial neck fracture (author's transl)]. In observing the development in 20 patients who had been operated upon for fracture of the neck of the femur a significant interrelation between the angiographic result and the formation of a necrosis of the head of the femur has been ascertained. The magnification angiography enables the terminal arterial region of the femoral vessels to be assessed with a still higher degree of certainty and thus appears to be a valuable diagnostic measure for the prognostic assessment of the medial fracture of the femoral neck.", "PMID": 1191115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12148", "title": "[Interaction between construction and fixation of knee endoprostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "The two completely different total knee-endoprostheses (hinge type and sled or runner type) have been compared concerning construction and ability for take up or transmission of forces and moments. The difference to the real knee joint are described. The reactions on fixing of endoprostheses in the bone caused by the construction are emphasized. By a systematic analysis of the so called sled-prostheses is to be shown to differantiate between real sled-prostheses with rotation and sliding mobility and pseudo-sled-prostheses (better rotation-segment-prostheses). They have only one possibility of rotation to realize the knee bending. The kind and number of existing \"degrees of freedom\" are used as a significant characteristic to differentiate the various endoprostheses principles and their variants. This study should mainly inspirate for a systematic comparison of efficiency of the different types of knee-endoprostheses. This should give the operating surgeon for a length of time an objective aid to decision.", "contents": "[Interaction between construction and fixation of knee endoprostheses (author's transl)]. The two completely different total knee-endoprostheses (hinge type and sled or runner type) have been compared concerning construction and ability for take up or transmission of forces and moments. The difference to the real knee joint are described. The reactions on fixing of endoprostheses in the bone caused by the construction are emphasized. By a systematic analysis of the so called sled-prostheses is to be shown to differantiate between real sled-prostheses with rotation and sliding mobility and pseudo-sled-prostheses (better rotation-segment-prostheses). They have only one possibility of rotation to realize the knee bending. The kind and number of existing \"degrees of freedom\" are used as a significant characteristic to differentiate the various endoprostheses principles and their variants. This study should mainly inspirate for a systematic comparison of efficiency of the different types of knee-endoprostheses. This should give the operating surgeon for a length of time an objective aid to decision.", "PMID": 1191116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12149", "title": "[Contribution to the technique of acetabular implantation in total hip arthroplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "An operative technique for total hip arthroplasty is described which does not require a guiding instrument to obtain the necessary angles for the acetabular part. Instead, the acetabular rim serves as a guide. The result was examined in 159 cases on the basis of a standard X-ray of the entire pelvis from which the angular relations of the acetabulum could be read or calculated. The values found corresponded to the normal anatomical distribution. The technique is simple and safe. The influence of the angular relationships on the danger of a prosthetic luxation on the one hand and on mobility on the other hand is discussed.", "contents": "[Contribution to the technique of acetabular implantation in total hip arthroplasty (author's transl)]. An operative technique for total hip arthroplasty is described which does not require a guiding instrument to obtain the necessary angles for the acetabular part. Instead, the acetabular rim serves as a guide. The result was examined in 159 cases on the basis of a standard X-ray of the entire pelvis from which the angular relations of the acetabulum could be read or calculated. The values found corresponded to the normal anatomical distribution. The technique is simple and safe. The influence of the angular relationships on the danger of a prosthetic luxation on the one hand and on mobility on the other hand is discussed.", "PMID": 1191117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12150", "title": "[Rare developmental disorders of the hip (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors report on rare developmental disorders of the proximal end of the femur and of the acetabulum. The following cases are described: 1. Peculiar high situation of acetabular roofs. 2. Quadrangular proximal femoral epiphyseal nucleus. 3. Dysplasia epiphysealis capitis femoris. 4. A notch in the proximal femoral metaphysis. The significance of these developmental disorders is shortly discussed.", "contents": "[Rare developmental disorders of the hip (author's transl)]. Authors report on rare developmental disorders of the proximal end of the femur and of the acetabulum. The following cases are described: 1. Peculiar high situation of acetabular roofs. 2. Quadrangular proximal femoral epiphyseal nucleus. 3. Dysplasia epiphysealis capitis femoris. 4. A notch in the proximal femoral metaphysis. The significance of these developmental disorders is shortly discussed.", "PMID": 1191118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12151", "title": "[To the trauma of the pisiform bone, a contribution to the rare injuries of the hand (author's transl)].", "content": "Fractures and especially luxations of the pisiform bone are rare injuries of hands, of which X-ray pictures are very important. The few points and cases in the literature some own cases are added; a hitched luxation of the pisiform bone with operative reposition and fixation is exactly described.", "contents": "[To the trauma of the pisiform bone, a contribution to the rare injuries of the hand (author's transl)]. Fractures and especially luxations of the pisiform bone are rare injuries of hands, of which X-ray pictures are very important. The few points and cases in the literature some own cases are added; a hitched luxation of the pisiform bone with operative reposition and fixation is exactly described.", "PMID": 1191119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12152", "title": "[Therapy of fracture of epicondylus medialis humeri (author's transl)].", "content": "The fracture of the medial epicondylus humeri is an injury tipical for the age of growth. It is a preliminary stage of the luxation of the elbow, which again is associated with one third of the fractures of the medial epicondylus humeri. We report about 27 own patients with fractures of the medial epicondylus humeri. 15 cases were treated conservatively, 12 cases underwent operative treatment. Operating procedure: extirpation, reinsertion or fixation with tension band principle. In all but 3 cases the results were good. These 3 patients had concomitant injuries. Immobilisation lasted for 4.1 weeks on the avarage, full motility was attained after 2.2 months on an avarage. Based on the good results in the mentioned patients, we recommend indication for operative resp. conservative therapy as follows: 1. Conservative: If the joint is not injured and If dislocation is less than 3 mm. 2. Operative: if dislocation is 3 mm or more, or if the fracture includes the articular surface. An absolute indication for operation is given if there is an interposition of fragments into the joint or a lesion of the nervus unlnaris.", "contents": "[Therapy of fracture of epicondylus medialis humeri (author's transl)]. The fracture of the medial epicondylus humeri is an injury tipical for the age of growth. It is a preliminary stage of the luxation of the elbow, which again is associated with one third of the fractures of the medial epicondylus humeri. We report about 27 own patients with fractures of the medial epicondylus humeri. 15 cases were treated conservatively, 12 cases underwent operative treatment. Operating procedure: extirpation, reinsertion or fixation with tension band principle. In all but 3 cases the results were good. These 3 patients had concomitant injuries. Immobilisation lasted for 4.1 weeks on the avarage, full motility was attained after 2.2 months on an avarage. Based on the good results in the mentioned patients, we recommend indication for operative resp. conservative therapy as follows: 1. Conservative: If the joint is not injured and If dislocation is less than 3 mm. 2. Operative: if dislocation is 3 mm or more, or if the fracture includes the articular surface. An absolute indication for operation is given if there is an interposition of fragments into the joint or a lesion of the nervus unlnaris.", "PMID": 1191120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12153", "title": "Computer-retrievable surgical pathology files. A low-cost, shareable system.", "content": "Reading descriptions of computer-retrievable surgical pathology files, the tissue pathologist might like to institute a similar system, but faces two problems. He finds little cost information and, without either the time or the skill for computer programming, he is unable to proceed with system development. We have a system that was developed to maximize cost efficiency. All of the programs are written in FORTRAN so that the system will run on almost any time-sharing computer. There is a need for computer-retrievable systems in pathology, and after careful consideration of affordability and shareability, computerization is workable.", "contents": "Computer-retrievable surgical pathology files. A low-cost, shareable system. Reading descriptions of computer-retrievable surgical pathology files, the tissue pathologist might like to institute a similar system, but faces two problems. He finds little cost information and, without either the time or the skill for computer programming, he is unable to proceed with system development. We have a system that was developed to maximize cost efficiency. All of the programs are written in FORTRAN so that the system will run on almost any time-sharing computer. There is a need for computer-retrievable systems in pathology, and after careful consideration of affordability and shareability, computerization is workable.", "PMID": 1191121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12154", "title": "Growth of a plasma cell myeloma in lathyritic mice.", "content": "Growth of a plasma cell myeloma (Adj PC-5) was studied in mice made lathyritic by the administration of beta-amino-proprionitrile (BAPN). The number of bones that had their medually cavities filled with tumor cells was notably decreased compared with tumor-bearing mice not treated with BAPN. Other aspects of tumor growth were the same. BAPN caused some retardation of tumor growth in the medullary cavity, but also caused osteoporosis and decreased tensile strength of collagen that allowed expansion of tumor growth outside the bones to proceed as usual. Additionally, the tumor-bearing mice showed some inhibition in their response to BAPN. This agrees with previous work that has shown that the response to BAPN treatment is greatest in animals that otherwise are healthiest.", "contents": "Growth of a plasma cell myeloma in lathyritic mice. Growth of a plasma cell myeloma (Adj PC-5) was studied in mice made lathyritic by the administration of beta-amino-proprionitrile (BAPN). The number of bones that had their medually cavities filled with tumor cells was notably decreased compared with tumor-bearing mice not treated with BAPN. Other aspects of tumor growth were the same. BAPN caused some retardation of tumor growth in the medullary cavity, but also caused osteoporosis and decreased tensile strength of collagen that allowed expansion of tumor growth outside the bones to proceed as usual. Additionally, the tumor-bearing mice showed some inhibition in their response to BAPN. This agrees with previous work that has shown that the response to BAPN treatment is greatest in animals that otherwise are healthiest.", "PMID": 1191122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12155", "title": "Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Occurrence secondary to thrombosis of abdominal aorta following umbilical arterial catheterization.", "content": "A patient had neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NNE), secondary to aortic thrombosis following umbilical arterial catheterization. The thrombus occluded the ostium of the inferior mesenteric artery. A review of cases reported in the literature with complications following umbilical arterial catheterization revealed four instances of NNE or NNE-like lesions due to thrombosis of the abdominal aorta or one of its major branches. Thrombosis of the aorta, with occlusion of one or more of its major abdominal branches following umbilical arterial catheterization, should be considered as a potential etiologic factor in certain cases of NNE.", "contents": "Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Occurrence secondary to thrombosis of abdominal aorta following umbilical arterial catheterization. A patient had neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NNE), secondary to aortic thrombosis following umbilical arterial catheterization. The thrombus occluded the ostium of the inferior mesenteric artery. A review of cases reported in the literature with complications following umbilical arterial catheterization revealed four instances of NNE or NNE-like lesions due to thrombosis of the abdominal aorta or one of its major branches. Thrombosis of the aorta, with occlusion of one or more of its major abdominal branches following umbilical arterial catheterization, should be considered as a potential etiologic factor in certain cases of NNE.", "PMID": 1191123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12156", "title": "Mucoceles of the appendix. Their relationship to hyperplastic polyps, mucinous cystadenomas, and cystadenocarcinomas.", "content": "Sixty-four cases of hyperplastic polyp, mucinous cystadenoma, and cystadenocarcinoma of the appendix were studied in relation to the development of mucocele and \"pseudomyxoma peritonei.\" Thirty-three cases were examples of hyperplastic polyps. In 11, the appendix was transformed into a mucocele; eight were associated with mucinous cystadenoma and one with mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. The hyperplastic polyp alone was the cause of mucocele formation in two. Thirty-five cases represented examples of mucinous cystadenoma; 32 resulted in mucocele formation. Rupture with localized pseudomyxoma peritonei was found in six; generalized pseudomyxoma peritonei was encountered only once. In four of the five cases of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, the appendix was grossly transformed into mucoceles. The histological features of mucinous cystadenoma are identical to villous adenoma of the large bowel and probably represent its counterpart within the appendix.", "contents": "Mucoceles of the appendix. Their relationship to hyperplastic polyps, mucinous cystadenomas, and cystadenocarcinomas. Sixty-four cases of hyperplastic polyp, mucinous cystadenoma, and cystadenocarcinoma of the appendix were studied in relation to the development of mucocele and \"pseudomyxoma peritonei.\" Thirty-three cases were examples of hyperplastic polyps. In 11, the appendix was transformed into a mucocele; eight were associated with mucinous cystadenoma and one with mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. The hyperplastic polyp alone was the cause of mucocele formation in two. Thirty-five cases represented examples of mucinous cystadenoma; 32 resulted in mucocele formation. Rupture with localized pseudomyxoma peritonei was found in six; generalized pseudomyxoma peritonei was encountered only once. In four of the five cases of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, the appendix was grossly transformed into mucoceles. The histological features of mucinous cystadenoma are identical to villous adenoma of the large bowel and probably represent its counterpart within the appendix.", "PMID": 1191124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12157", "title": "Studies on the inhibition of synthesis of the tyrosine-rich proteins of wool.", "content": "Three treatments known to produce weak wool were imposed on sheep, and the effects on the synthesis of high-tyrosine wool proteins were noted. The treatments were: intravenous infusion of the amino acid mimosine (a potential chemical defleecing agent), intravenous injection of the synthetic steroid Opticortenol (dexamethasone-21-trimethylacetate), and the abomasal infusion of methionine into sheep consuming a diet of wheat. All three treatments caused a partial suppression of high-tyrosine protein synthesis. The inhibition caused by mimosine could not be prevented by the simultaneous infusion of tyrosine or phenylalanine, suggesting that in this system mimosine is not acting as a tyrosine antagonist. The role of phenylalanine in controlling the synthesis of the high-tyrosine proteins in wool was also investigated. Although the infusion of an amino acid mixture minus phenylalanine reduces the level of these proteins, supplements of phenylalanine or tyrosine do not stimulate their synthesis, irrespective of the initial level in the fibre. The improtance of aromatic amino acids in the regulation of the high-tyrosine proteins is therefore uncertain. Suppression of the high-tyrosine proteins is usually accompanied by a stimulation in the synthesis of the ultra-high-sulphur proteins, although there does not seem to be a simple stoichiometric relationship between the two protein types.", "contents": "Studies on the inhibition of synthesis of the tyrosine-rich proteins of wool. Three treatments known to produce weak wool were imposed on sheep, and the effects on the synthesis of high-tyrosine wool proteins were noted. The treatments were: intravenous infusion of the amino acid mimosine (a potential chemical defleecing agent), intravenous injection of the synthetic steroid Opticortenol (dexamethasone-21-trimethylacetate), and the abomasal infusion of methionine into sheep consuming a diet of wheat. All three treatments caused a partial suppression of high-tyrosine protein synthesis. The inhibition caused by mimosine could not be prevented by the simultaneous infusion of tyrosine or phenylalanine, suggesting that in this system mimosine is not acting as a tyrosine antagonist. The role of phenylalanine in controlling the synthesis of the high-tyrosine proteins in wool was also investigated. Although the infusion of an amino acid mixture minus phenylalanine reduces the level of these proteins, supplements of phenylalanine or tyrosine do not stimulate their synthesis, irrespective of the initial level in the fibre. The improtance of aromatic amino acids in the regulation of the high-tyrosine proteins is therefore uncertain. Suppression of the high-tyrosine proteins is usually accompanied by a stimulation in the synthesis of the ultra-high-sulphur proteins, although there does not seem to be a simple stoichiometric relationship between the two protein types.", "PMID": 1191125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12158", "title": "Dependence upon bile volume of the biliary excretion of bromocresol green and amaranth in the anaesthetized rat.", "content": "The kinetics of the biliary excretion of both bromocresol green and amaranth are better described in terms of rate equations that are functions of the cumulative volume of bile excreted rather than of time. The rate of disappearance of bromocresol green from the liver also appears to depend on the volume of bile excreted rather than on time. It is proposed that bromocresol green, and probably also amaranth, rapidly equilibrates between the hepatic and biliary compartments as a result of reabsorption from the biliary tree and that the rate-limiting factor in the biliary excretion of these dyes is the removal of dye from the biliary tree by bulk flow. Six methods for the graphical presentation of excretion data are examined and their use in the characterization of the kinetics of an excretion system is discussed.", "contents": "Dependence upon bile volume of the biliary excretion of bromocresol green and amaranth in the anaesthetized rat. The kinetics of the biliary excretion of both bromocresol green and amaranth are better described in terms of rate equations that are functions of the cumulative volume of bile excreted rather than of time. The rate of disappearance of bromocresol green from the liver also appears to depend on the volume of bile excreted rather than on time. It is proposed that bromocresol green, and probably also amaranth, rapidly equilibrates between the hepatic and biliary compartments as a result of reabsorption from the biliary tree and that the rate-limiting factor in the biliary excretion of these dyes is the removal of dye from the biliary tree by bulk flow. Six methods for the graphical presentation of excretion data are examined and their use in the characterization of the kinetics of an excretion system is discussed.", "PMID": 1191126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12159", "title": "Studies on monotreme proteins. VI. Amino acid sequence of the beta-chain of haemoglobin from the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the 146 residues of the beta-chain of the major haemoglobin from the platypus has been determined. The soluble peptides derived from the chain by tryptic digestion were isolated by paper ionophoresis and chromatography. The amino acid sequences were determined by the dansyl-Edman procedure or by further digestion with other enzymes. The tryptic peptides were aligned by homology with other beta-globins. There were 14 changes in sequence compared with echidna beta-chain. The number of changes in sequence compared with human beta-chain is 34 which is less than the 39 changes between human and platypus alpha-chains. Generally there are more changes between beta-chains; there are only three other examples reported where there are more changes between alpha-chains than beta-chains, these are of echidna, rabbit and dog globins. By comparison with the 'contact sites' in horse haemoglobin there is one change in beta-haem contacts, three changes in beta1-alpha1 contacts and no changes in beta2-alpha1 contacts. The date of divergence of the monotremes from the other mammals was estimated at 132 +/- 33 million years, based on the number of amino acid differences between species and allowing for multiple mutations during the evolutionary period. This estimate differs widely from the estimate given by similar treatment of the alpha-chain sequences and the significance of this discrepancy to the validity of the method is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on monotreme proteins. VI. Amino acid sequence of the beta-chain of haemoglobin from the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus. The amino acid sequence of the 146 residues of the beta-chain of the major haemoglobin from the platypus has been determined. The soluble peptides derived from the chain by tryptic digestion were isolated by paper ionophoresis and chromatography. The amino acid sequences were determined by the dansyl-Edman procedure or by further digestion with other enzymes. The tryptic peptides were aligned by homology with other beta-globins. There were 14 changes in sequence compared with echidna beta-chain. The number of changes in sequence compared with human beta-chain is 34 which is less than the 39 changes between human and platypus alpha-chains. Generally there are more changes between beta-chains; there are only three other examples reported where there are more changes between alpha-chains than beta-chains, these are of echidna, rabbit and dog globins. By comparison with the 'contact sites' in horse haemoglobin there is one change in beta-haem contacts, three changes in beta1-alpha1 contacts and no changes in beta2-alpha1 contacts. The date of divergence of the monotremes from the other mammals was estimated at 132 +/- 33 million years, based on the number of amino acid differences between species and allowing for multiple mutations during the evolutionary period. This estimate differs widely from the estimate given by similar treatment of the alpha-chain sequences and the significance of this discrepancy to the validity of the method is discussed.", "PMID": 1191127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12160", "title": "A kinetic approach to defining the role of chemically modifiable residues at the active sites of enzymes.", "content": "Initial velocity studies can be used to define the function of chemically modifiable residues in the active site of a multisubstrate enzyme. Since the method relies on measuring biological activity, it has the advantage that it can be used with small amounts of relatively impure enzyme, but requires that modified enzyme molecules have some residual catalytic activity. The kinetic analysis of the modified enzyme can be carried out in the presence of some unmodified enzyme molecules. Consideration of examples of single- and multisubstrate enzymic reactions shows that interpretation of changes in apparent Km and apparent V values following chemical modification, in terms of effects on substrate binding or catalysis or both, requires a detailed knowledge of the kinetic reaction sequence. In the case of multisubstrate enzymes, it is necessary to ensure that, during the kinetic investigation, the concentrations of the non-varied substrates remain at near-saturating levels. For this reason, and because modification may induce changes in the rate-limiting step, a full kinetic analysis of the modified enzyme is advisable.", "contents": "A kinetic approach to defining the role of chemically modifiable residues at the active sites of enzymes. Initial velocity studies can be used to define the function of chemically modifiable residues in the active site of a multisubstrate enzyme. Since the method relies on measuring biological activity, it has the advantage that it can be used with small amounts of relatively impure enzyme, but requires that modified enzyme molecules have some residual catalytic activity. The kinetic analysis of the modified enzyme can be carried out in the presence of some unmodified enzyme molecules. Consideration of examples of single- and multisubstrate enzymic reactions shows that interpretation of changes in apparent Km and apparent V values following chemical modification, in terms of effects on substrate binding or catalysis or both, requires a detailed knowledge of the kinetic reaction sequence. In the case of multisubstrate enzymes, it is necessary to ensure that, during the kinetic investigation, the concentrations of the non-varied substrates remain at near-saturating levels. For this reason, and because modification may induce changes in the rate-limiting step, a full kinetic analysis of the modified enzyme is advisable.", "PMID": 1191128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12161", "title": "Influence of nutrition on the crimping rate of wool and the type and proportion of constituent proteins.", "content": "When the nutritional level of sheep is restricted, the staple crimp frequency of the resultant fleece increases substantially whereas the cystine and high-sulphur protein contents decrease. This is in marked contrast to the direct relationship between crimp frequency and cystine content among sheep. These observations can be reconciled by assuming that variations in crimp frequency are attributable solely to a combination of follicle shape and fibre length growth rate without recourse to the more generally accepted theories relating to the proportion and distribution of ortho- and paracortical cells in the firbre cortex. The major portion of the decrease in the cystine content of high-crimp wools is due to the decreased synthesis of a specific protein fraction (ultra-high-sulphur protein) as would be expected from the results of dietary supplementation experiments. Low-crimp wools do not appear to contain this protein fraction and in this respect they may differ from high-crimp wools.", "contents": "Influence of nutrition on the crimping rate of wool and the type and proportion of constituent proteins. When the nutritional level of sheep is restricted, the staple crimp frequency of the resultant fleece increases substantially whereas the cystine and high-sulphur protein contents decrease. This is in marked contrast to the direct relationship between crimp frequency and cystine content among sheep. These observations can be reconciled by assuming that variations in crimp frequency are attributable solely to a combination of follicle shape and fibre length growth rate without recourse to the more generally accepted theories relating to the proportion and distribution of ortho- and paracortical cells in the firbre cortex. The major portion of the decrease in the cystine content of high-crimp wools is due to the decreased synthesis of a specific protein fraction (ultra-high-sulphur protein) as would be expected from the results of dietary supplementation experiments. Low-crimp wools do not appear to contain this protein fraction and in this respect they may differ from high-crimp wools.", "PMID": 1191129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12162", "title": "Extra-ovarian effects of bovine prolactin and growth hormone on the vagina of the mouse.", "content": "Hypophysectomized-ovariectomized mice receiving oestrogen and progesterone were treated with and without bovine prolactin and growth hormone (GH). Prolactin significantly increased vaginal weight and vaginal sialic acid content, but had no effect on vaginal sialic acid concentration, an indicator of vaginal mucification. Growth hormone significantly increased all three vaginal parameters. For vaginal sialic acid content and concentration, the synergism between oestrogen and progesterone was found to be greater in the presence than in the absence of GH and the maximum response to GH was obtained when between 20 and 100 mug GH was administered daily. It was concluded that GH but not prolactin has an extra-ovarian effect on vaginal mucification in the mouse.", "contents": "Extra-ovarian effects of bovine prolactin and growth hormone on the vagina of the mouse. Hypophysectomized-ovariectomized mice receiving oestrogen and progesterone were treated with and without bovine prolactin and growth hormone (GH). Prolactin significantly increased vaginal weight and vaginal sialic acid content, but had no effect on vaginal sialic acid concentration, an indicator of vaginal mucification. Growth hormone significantly increased all three vaginal parameters. For vaginal sialic acid content and concentration, the synergism between oestrogen and progesterone was found to be greater in the presence than in the absence of GH and the maximum response to GH was obtained when between 20 and 100 mug GH was administered daily. It was concluded that GH but not prolactin has an extra-ovarian effect on vaginal mucification in the mouse.", "PMID": 1191130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12163", "title": "Enzyme polymorphism and species discrimination in fruit flies of the genus Dacus (Tephritidae).", "content": "Sympatric populations of D. tryoni and D. neohumeralis are difficult to completely distinguish taxonomically. Using five pigmentation characters, each of some taxonomic value, a small proportion of individuals cannot be assigned to either species nor definitely classified as hybrids. To aid in species discrimination and hybrid identification gene frequencies in natural populations were estimated at three polymorphic protein loci, an alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), an octanol dehydrogenase (Odh) and an esterase (E-2). Samples of flies were taken from four sites spread over 1200 miles along the Australian eastern coast. Within each species allelic frequencies at each locus were largely the same at all localities. Consistent differences in gene frequencies between species occurred at all three loci, strongly supporting the hypothesis of two distinct gene pools. The Adh locus best discriminated between species with a unique allele occurring in D. neohumeralis at a frequency of 0-85. None of the loci showed complete differentiation and hence it was not possible to find a quick and easy method to distinguish the species nor to detect field hybrids. Directional selection of laboratory populations for a change in callus colour (the best pigmentation character for separating the species) indicated that at the Adh and E-2 loci frequencies of major alleles were not genetically associated with major genes for callus colour. Thus genotype determination at these loci when considered together with pigmentation characters may be valuable taxonomically for further distinguishing between the species.", "contents": "Enzyme polymorphism and species discrimination in fruit flies of the genus Dacus (Tephritidae). Sympatric populations of D. tryoni and D. neohumeralis are difficult to completely distinguish taxonomically. Using five pigmentation characters, each of some taxonomic value, a small proportion of individuals cannot be assigned to either species nor definitely classified as hybrids. To aid in species discrimination and hybrid identification gene frequencies in natural populations were estimated at three polymorphic protein loci, an alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), an octanol dehydrogenase (Odh) and an esterase (E-2). Samples of flies were taken from four sites spread over 1200 miles along the Australian eastern coast. Within each species allelic frequencies at each locus were largely the same at all localities. Consistent differences in gene frequencies between species occurred at all three loci, strongly supporting the hypothesis of two distinct gene pools. The Adh locus best discriminated between species with a unique allele occurring in D. neohumeralis at a frequency of 0-85. None of the loci showed complete differentiation and hence it was not possible to find a quick and easy method to distinguish the species nor to detect field hybrids. Directional selection of laboratory populations for a change in callus colour (the best pigmentation character for separating the species) indicated that at the Adh and E-2 loci frequencies of major alleles were not genetically associated with major genes for callus colour. Thus genotype determination at these loci when considered together with pigmentation characters may be valuable taxonomically for further distinguishing between the species.", "PMID": 1191131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12164", "title": "Inheritance of some sweat gland and hair follicle characteristics in cattle.", "content": "Using measurements made in cows in the herds of the Hannah Research Institute (Ayrshire), the West of Scotland Agricultural College (Ayrshire and Friesian) and in the twin herd of the Animal Breeding Research Organisation (Ayrshire), repeatability and heritability estimates were obtained for three hair follicle and four sweat gland traits. Average repeatability was high (50-70%) for all characters except angle of slope of the hair (18%). Heritability estimates were extremely variable among the different herds and methods of measurement but there was evidence of considerable genetic variation, particularly for sweat gland traits. The most consistent heritability estimate (30-45%) was given by the ratio of sweat gland length to diameter. The potential of skin types for the selection of cattle for tropical regions is discussed.", "contents": "Inheritance of some sweat gland and hair follicle characteristics in cattle. Using measurements made in cows in the herds of the Hannah Research Institute (Ayrshire), the West of Scotland Agricultural College (Ayrshire and Friesian) and in the twin herd of the Animal Breeding Research Organisation (Ayrshire), repeatability and heritability estimates were obtained for three hair follicle and four sweat gland traits. Average repeatability was high (50-70%) for all characters except angle of slope of the hair (18%). Heritability estimates were extremely variable among the different herds and methods of measurement but there was evidence of considerable genetic variation, particularly for sweat gland traits. The most consistent heritability estimate (30-45%) was given by the ratio of sweat gland length to diameter. The potential of skin types for the selection of cattle for tropical regions is discussed.", "PMID": 1191132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12165", "title": "The effect of pre-partum milking on the transfer of immunoglobulin into mammary secretion of cows.", "content": "The significance of local effects associated with mammary involution on transfer of immunoglobulin and especially on the selective transfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion of cows approaching parturition has been determined. This was carried out by measuring the changes in the concentration of IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA in serum and mammary secretion of 5 cows in which two mammary glands were milked continuously (twice daily) during the period preceding parturition, while the other two glands were allowed to undergo normal involution. In the secretion of unmilked glands of all cows there was a substantial increase in the concentration of IgG1 as cows approached parturition. In contrast, the increases in the concentration of IgG1 and in the selective index for IgG1 of milked glands were either virtually non-existent (1 cow) or generally reduced in magnitude and delayed in time of onset (4 cows). It is clear from the results that continued milking of a mammary gland throughout pregnancy tends to maintain milk production in the milked gland and at the same time reduces the massive selective transfer of IgG1 into secretion of that gland.", "contents": "The effect of pre-partum milking on the transfer of immunoglobulin into mammary secretion of cows. The significance of local effects associated with mammary involution on transfer of immunoglobulin and especially on the selective transfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion of cows approaching parturition has been determined. This was carried out by measuring the changes in the concentration of IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA in serum and mammary secretion of 5 cows in which two mammary glands were milked continuously (twice daily) during the period preceding parturition, while the other two glands were allowed to undergo normal involution. In the secretion of unmilked glands of all cows there was a substantial increase in the concentration of IgG1 as cows approached parturition. In contrast, the increases in the concentration of IgG1 and in the selective index for IgG1 of milked glands were either virtually non-existent (1 cow) or generally reduced in magnitude and delayed in time of onset (4 cows). It is clear from the results that continued milking of a mammary gland throughout pregnancy tends to maintain milk production in the milked gland and at the same time reduces the massive selective transfer of IgG1 into secretion of that gland.", "PMID": 1191133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12166", "title": "The origin of the immunoglobulins in intestinal lymph of sheep.", "content": "Various immunoglobulins were labelled with radioactive iodine and their distribution between intestinal lymph and plasma followed in order to determine the origin of the immunoglobulins found in intestinal lymph. By comparing specific activities in plasma and lymph, it was computed that 25 percent of the IgG1 and IgG2 and 90 percent of the IgA in intestinal lymph were locally synthesised. The results suggest that virtually all of the IgA and a proportion of the IgG1 computed to be synthesised locally were derived from plasma cells of corresponding specificity in the lamina propria of the intestine.", "contents": "The origin of the immunoglobulins in intestinal lymph of sheep. Various immunoglobulins were labelled with radioactive iodine and their distribution between intestinal lymph and plasma followed in order to determine the origin of the immunoglobulins found in intestinal lymph. By comparing specific activities in plasma and lymph, it was computed that 25 percent of the IgG1 and IgG2 and 90 percent of the IgA in intestinal lymph were locally synthesised. The results suggest that virtually all of the IgA and a proportion of the IgG1 computed to be synthesised locally were derived from plasma cells of corresponding specificity in the lamina propria of the intestine.", "PMID": 1191134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12167", "title": "Some evidence for the maturity of peripheral adrenergic nerves in new-born guinea-pigs.", "content": "The fluorescence histochemical technique of Falck and Hillarp revealed a similar distribution and density of peripheral adrenergic nerves in new-born and adult guinea-pigs. The accumulation of tritiated noradrenaline by tracheae from new-born guinea-pigs, assumed to be uptake into adrenergic nerves, was not less than the accumulation by tracheae from adult animals. There was equal potentiation by cocaine (1 x 10(-5)M) of responses to noradrenaline on tracheal chain preparations taken from new-born and adult guinea-pigs. The evidence supports the hypothesis that the guinea-pig has a functional, well differentiated peripheral adrenergic nervous system at birth. This would account for the apparent inability to produce a long-lasting sympathectomy by administration of 6-hydroxydopamine to new-born guinea-pigs.", "contents": "Some evidence for the maturity of peripheral adrenergic nerves in new-born guinea-pigs. The fluorescence histochemical technique of Falck and Hillarp revealed a similar distribution and density of peripheral adrenergic nerves in new-born and adult guinea-pigs. The accumulation of tritiated noradrenaline by tracheae from new-born guinea-pigs, assumed to be uptake into adrenergic nerves, was not less than the accumulation by tracheae from adult animals. There was equal potentiation by cocaine (1 x 10(-5)M) of responses to noradrenaline on tracheal chain preparations taken from new-born and adult guinea-pigs. The evidence supports the hypothesis that the guinea-pig has a functional, well differentiated peripheral adrenergic nervous system at birth. This would account for the apparent inability to produce a long-lasting sympathectomy by administration of 6-hydroxydopamine to new-born guinea-pigs.", "PMID": 1191135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12168", "title": "Adrenergic innervation of human mesenteric blood vessels.", "content": "A fluorescent histochemical technique has been applied to study the adrenergic innervation of human superior mesenteric arteries obtained at autopsy. Specific catecholamine fluorescence was demonstrated in the smaller branches of this artery taken from three infants and one child. No specific fluorescence was seen in arteries from three adult subjects.", "contents": "Adrenergic innervation of human mesenteric blood vessels. A fluorescent histochemical technique has been applied to study the adrenergic innervation of human superior mesenteric arteries obtained at autopsy. Specific catecholamine fluorescence was demonstrated in the smaller branches of this artery taken from three infants and one child. No specific fluorescence was seen in arteries from three adult subjects.", "PMID": 1191136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12169", "title": "Inhibition by serum of autoimmune aspermatogenic orchitis.", "content": "Inhibition by serum of experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) was studied in guinea-pigs. It was found that the capacity of an autoantigen, antigen P, purified from guinea-pigs' spermatozoa, to produce lesions of EAO could be inhibited by mixing antigen P with a small amount of normal human serum before injection into guinea-pigs. In protected animals, cell-mediated immunity and humoral antibodies to antigen P were also significantly suppressed.", "contents": "Inhibition by serum of autoimmune aspermatogenic orchitis. Inhibition by serum of experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) was studied in guinea-pigs. It was found that the capacity of an autoantigen, antigen P, purified from guinea-pigs' spermatozoa, to produce lesions of EAO could be inhibited by mixing antigen P with a small amount of normal human serum before injection into guinea-pigs. In protected animals, cell-mediated immunity and humoral antibodies to antigen P were also significantly suppressed.", "PMID": 1191137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12170", "title": "The diagnosis of pregnancy in sheep by abdominal palpation.", "content": "Pregnancy diagnosis in Merino ewes by abdominal palpation was 80 to 95 percent accurate in ewes 90 to 130 days pregnant. The ease with which the foetus could be palpated increased with increasing gestational age. Animals in store body condition were more easily diagnosed than those in forward store condition. Withholding feed and water for 12 to 24 hours increased the ease of diagnosis. One operator and two assistants could perform the technique at a rate of 150 to 200 sheep per hour. The animals were held in the sitting position and no special restraining apparatus was necessary. The potential for using this technique may be associated with investigations of reproductive wastage or the selection of pregnant animals for preferential management during drought conditions.", "contents": "The diagnosis of pregnancy in sheep by abdominal palpation. Pregnancy diagnosis in Merino ewes by abdominal palpation was 80 to 95 percent accurate in ewes 90 to 130 days pregnant. The ease with which the foetus could be palpated increased with increasing gestational age. Animals in store body condition were more easily diagnosed than those in forward store condition. Withholding feed and water for 12 to 24 hours increased the ease of diagnosis. One operator and two assistants could perform the technique at a rate of 150 to 200 sheep per hour. The animals were held in the sitting position and no special restraining apparatus was necessary. The potential for using this technique may be associated with investigations of reproductive wastage or the selection of pregnant animals for preferential management during drought conditions.", "PMID": 1191138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12171", "title": "Control of ovine lupinosis: experiments on the use of fungicides.", "content": "Experiments were conducted in 4 successive years to assess whether certain fungicides when applied to lupins would control the disease, ovine lupinosis. Results were variable, ranging from failure of fungicidal sprays to prevent the disease in 1969/70 to partial success in 1970/71. Fumigation with methyl bromide was very effective. It is concluded that none of the fungicides tried could be considered as a practical means of controlling the disease.", "contents": "Control of ovine lupinosis: experiments on the use of fungicides. Experiments were conducted in 4 successive years to assess whether certain fungicides when applied to lupins would control the disease, ovine lupinosis. Results were variable, ranging from failure of fungicidal sprays to prevent the disease in 1969/70 to partial success in 1970/71. Fumigation with methyl bromide was very effective. It is concluded that none of the fungicides tried could be considered as a practical means of controlling the disease.", "PMID": 1191139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12172", "title": "The use of fluff counts in a study of hygiene in Queensland hatcheries.", "content": "During 1972, 333 fluff samples were tested from 13 Queensland hatcheries and assessed according to the English standards for total count, coliforms and fungi. They were also assessed as being \"standard\" or \"substandard\", using a combination of the criteria of the English system. All hatcheries had at least 2 substandard samples and all the samples from 2 hatcheries were substandard.", "contents": "The use of fluff counts in a study of hygiene in Queensland hatcheries. During 1972, 333 fluff samples were tested from 13 Queensland hatcheries and assessed according to the English standards for total count, coliforms and fungi. They were also assessed as being \"standard\" or \"substandard\", using a combination of the criteria of the English system. All hatcheries had at least 2 substandard samples and all the samples from 2 hatcheries were substandard.", "PMID": 1191140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12173", "title": "Bovine melioidosis in South-Eastern Queensland.", "content": "Acute fatal infection with Pseudomonas pseudomallei caused pneumonia, placentitis and endometritis in a pregnant cow. Pneumonia was also present in the foetal lung. Mononuclear cell response with extensive karyorrhexis occurred in maternal and foetal lung and the same cellular pathology, but with diffuse distribution, was responsible for plaques on the endometrium. A more chronic disease with encapsulated caseous lesions in the lung, together with arthritis, occurred in a bull on the same property. Nutritional and physical stress caused by a flood were thought to be predisposing factors. An unusually wet summer with prolonged flooding apparently provided suitable environmental conditions for saprophytic growth of Ps. pseudomallei in an area far south of the region in which infection of animals with this organism commonly occur.", "contents": "Bovine melioidosis in South-Eastern Queensland. Acute fatal infection with Pseudomonas pseudomallei caused pneumonia, placentitis and endometritis in a pregnant cow. Pneumonia was also present in the foetal lung. Mononuclear cell response with extensive karyorrhexis occurred in maternal and foetal lung and the same cellular pathology, but with diffuse distribution, was responsible for plaques on the endometrium. A more chronic disease with encapsulated caseous lesions in the lung, together with arthritis, occurred in a bull on the same property. Nutritional and physical stress caused by a flood were thought to be predisposing factors. An unusually wet summer with prolonged flooding apparently provided suitable environmental conditions for saprophytic growth of Ps. pseudomallei in an area far south of the region in which infection of animals with this organism commonly occur.", "PMID": 1191141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12174", "title": "The Maudsley reactive and nonreactive strains of rats: a survey.", "content": "Experiments with two strains of rats, the Maudsley Reactive and Nonreactive, developed in London, England, and which were performed during 1964--1974 by a variety of investigators are summarized in a table. It is concluded that the results support the strains' standing as exemplars of differences in emotional reactivity.", "contents": "The Maudsley reactive and nonreactive strains of rats: a survey. Experiments with two strains of rats, the Maudsley Reactive and Nonreactive, developed in London, England, and which were performed during 1964--1974 by a variety of investigators are summarized in a table. It is concluded that the results support the strains' standing as exemplars of differences in emotional reactivity.", "PMID": 1191155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12175", "title": "Albinism and auditory function in the laboratory mouse. II. Effects of acoustic priming and cross-fostering.", "content": "Albino (c/c) and nonalbino (+/c and +/+) congenic C57BL/6J mice were examined for the effects of acoustic prestimulation (priming) on audiogenic seizures. While no genotypic-specific effects were noticed 1 day after priming, major effects were observed in separate groups of mice tested 5 days after priming. The c/c mice were most susceptible to audiogenic seizures, and no differences were observed between +/c and +/+ mice. While cross-fostering did not change this relationship, it provided protection from acoustic trauma is considered inconclusive because of the interaction of innate- and priming-induced audiogenic seizures in the +/c and c/c mice.", "contents": "Albinism and auditory function in the laboratory mouse. II. Effects of acoustic priming and cross-fostering. Albino (c/c) and nonalbino (+/c and +/+) congenic C57BL/6J mice were examined for the effects of acoustic prestimulation (priming) on audiogenic seizures. While no genotypic-specific effects were noticed 1 day after priming, major effects were observed in separate groups of mice tested 5 days after priming. The c/c mice were most susceptible to audiogenic seizures, and no differences were observed between +/c and +/+ mice. While cross-fostering did not change this relationship, it provided protection from acoustic trauma is considered inconclusive because of the interaction of innate- and priming-induced audiogenic seizures in the +/c and c/c mice.", "PMID": 1191156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12176", "title": "Genetic component in learning ability in bees.", "content": "Twenty-five bees, five from each of five hives, were trained to collect food at a table. When the bee reached the table, time was recorded for 12 visits. Then a blue and yellow pan was substituted for the original metal pan, and time and correct responses were recorded for 30 trips (discrimination phase). Finally, food was taken from the pan and extinction was recorded as incorrect responses for 20 visits. Variance analysis was carried out, and genetic variance was undetected for discrimination, but was detected for extinction. It is concluded that learning is very important for bees, so that any impairment in such ability affects colony survival.", "contents": "Genetic component in learning ability in bees. Twenty-five bees, five from each of five hives, were trained to collect food at a table. When the bee reached the table, time was recorded for 12 visits. Then a blue and yellow pan was substituted for the original metal pan, and time and correct responses were recorded for 30 trips (discrimination phase). Finally, food was taken from the pan and extinction was recorded as incorrect responses for 20 visits. Variance analysis was carried out, and genetic variance was undetected for discrimination, but was detected for extinction. It is concluded that learning is very important for bees, so that any impairment in such ability affects colony survival.", "PMID": 1191157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12177", "title": "Behavior genetic analysis of mouse emotionality. III. The diallel analysis.", "content": "A total of 775 pure-strain and F1 mice were obtained from a 6 X 6 diallel mating plan. Previous factor analysis of 42 measures of emotionality identified 14 behavioral factors, ten of which were interpretable. Hayman's analysis of variance and analysis of diallel crosses were applied to each of the factors. In general, the findings indicate that the mode of inheritance for emotionality factors is polygenic and in the direction of complete dominance. However, a major point of this investigation is that the mode of inheritance of highly complex behavior such as emotionality depends on the factor in question. For example, the breakdown of dominance effects by factor was as follows: partial dominance--Motor Discharge, Food Motivation, Tunneling-2, and Activity Level (males); complete dominance--Audiogenic Reactivity, Underwater Swimming (males), and Activity Level (females); overdominance--Acrophobia, Territorial Marking (males). Additional findings include directional dominance for Underwater Swimming and Audiogenic Reactivity, and significant sex differences for eight of the 14 factors.", "contents": "Behavior genetic analysis of mouse emotionality. III. The diallel analysis. A total of 775 pure-strain and F1 mice were obtained from a 6 X 6 diallel mating plan. Previous factor analysis of 42 measures of emotionality identified 14 behavioral factors, ten of which were interpretable. Hayman's analysis of variance and analysis of diallel crosses were applied to each of the factors. In general, the findings indicate that the mode of inheritance for emotionality factors is polygenic and in the direction of complete dominance. However, a major point of this investigation is that the mode of inheritance of highly complex behavior such as emotionality depends on the factor in question. For example, the breakdown of dominance effects by factor was as follows: partial dominance--Motor Discharge, Food Motivation, Tunneling-2, and Activity Level (males); complete dominance--Audiogenic Reactivity, Underwater Swimming (males), and Activity Level (females); overdominance--Acrophobia, Territorial Marking (males). Additional findings include directional dominance for Underwater Swimming and Audiogenic Reactivity, and significant sex differences for eight of the 14 factors.", "PMID": 1191158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12178", "title": "Differences in mating propensities: some models for examining the genetic consequences.", "content": "Several models of mating behavior are described. The rates at which matings occur are described by differential equations. When several types of males are present with several types of females, the rates are described by a system of such equations. Different modes of pair formation result in different equations, and differences in mating propensities result in different constants in the equations. Two types of pair formation are examined: promiscuous pair formation and permanent pair formation. these models are found satisfactory when tested against observations of mating in flour beetles and houseflies. Some ways in which different mating propensities may affect the genetic structure of populations are examined in the light of these models.", "contents": "Differences in mating propensities: some models for examining the genetic consequences. Several models of mating behavior are described. The rates at which matings occur are described by differential equations. When several types of males are present with several types of females, the rates are described by a system of such equations. Different modes of pair formation result in different equations, and differences in mating propensities result in different constants in the equations. Two types of pair formation are examined: promiscuous pair formation and permanent pair formation. these models are found satisfactory when tested against observations of mating in flour beetles and houseflies. Some ways in which different mating propensities may affect the genetic structure of populations are examined in the light of these models.", "PMID": 1191159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12179", "title": "Family resemblance in abilities: the Wechsler scales.", "content": "This note reports data on parent-child and spouse resemblance on the Wechsler intelligence scales, the WISC and WAIS. Test data on parents and one male 10-year-old child from 55 Canadian families are used to estimate father-son, mother-son, midparent-son, and father-mother correlations on 11 comparable subscales and on the verbal, performance, and total IQ aggregates. Heritabilities for these same scales are estimated as the regression of offspring on midparent values.", "contents": "Family resemblance in abilities: the Wechsler scales. This note reports data on parent-child and spouse resemblance on the Wechsler intelligence scales, the WISC and WAIS. Test data on parents and one male 10-year-old child from 55 Canadian families are used to estimate father-son, mother-son, midparent-son, and father-mother correlations on 11 comparable subscales and on the verbal, performance, and total IQ aggregates. Heritabilities for these same scales are estimated as the regression of offspring on midparent values.", "PMID": 1191160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12180", "title": "Substrate specificity of Micrococcus luteus UV endonuclease and its overlap with DNA photolyase activity.", "content": "The action of an endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus that operates on UV damage in DNA overlaps with that of DNA photolyase from yeast: homo- and heterocyclobutane dipyrimidines in DNA are substrates for both enzymes, but pyrimidine adducts or the \"spore photoproduct\" in DNA are not. As expected from this overlap, the action of the two enzymes is mutually interfering: single-strand nicks introduced by the endonuclease effectively preclude photoreactivation; conversely, formation of a photolyase-cyclobutane dipyrimidine complex can prevent nicking by the endonuclease.", "contents": "Substrate specificity of Micrococcus luteus UV endonuclease and its overlap with DNA photolyase activity. The action of an endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus that operates on UV damage in DNA overlaps with that of DNA photolyase from yeast: homo- and heterocyclobutane dipyrimidines in DNA are substrates for both enzymes, but pyrimidine adducts or the \"spore photoproduct\" in DNA are not. As expected from this overlap, the action of the two enzymes is mutually interfering: single-strand nicks introduced by the endonuclease effectively preclude photoreactivation; conversely, formation of a photolyase-cyclobutane dipyrimidine complex can prevent nicking by the endonuclease.", "PMID": 1191174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12181", "title": "Genetic exchanges induced by structural damage in nonreplicating phage lambda DNA.", "content": "Genetic recombination between irradiated lambda phage and the unirradiated lambda prophage in homoimmune lysogens has been studied under conditions in which phage DNA replication and repair were controlled. The lambda phage were exposed to one of three treatments before infecting the lysogens: (a) 254-nm light, which produces pyrimidine dimers and other photoproducts; (b) 313-nm light with acetopheneone D, which produces thymine dimers and a different spectrum of other photoproducts; (c) 360-nm light with trimethylpsoralen, which produces monoadducts and cross-links. With both replication and excision-repair of the damaged phage DNA blocked, treatment b (acetophenone D) caused no significant increase in recombination, indicating that thymine dimers do not cause recombination if the DNA in which they are contained is not replicated. Treatment a (254 nm), producing the same total number of pyrimidine dimers, caused a marked increase in recombination. This indicates that photoproducts other than pyrimidine dimers produced by 254-nm light can cause recombination in the absence of replication. Treatment c (psoralen) caused a marked increase in recombination in wild type but not in uvrA and uvrB mutants. The frequency of recombination in two-factor crosses varied with marker separation in such a way as to suggest that cross-links can act over distances of at least 5% of the lambda genome to cause exchanges between pairs of relatively closely spaced markers. The psoralen photo cross-links and monoadducts initiate recombination only following the action of excision enzymes, which appears to release one arm of each cross-link, producing a gap with free strand ends. It may be these strand ends which induce recombination. The action at a distance of 5% of the lambda genome may reflect heteroduplex formation and the subsequent reduction to homozygosity of mismatched base pairs at genetic markers. Recombination between closely spaced markers in the P gene is reduced in strains carrying polA.", "contents": "Genetic exchanges induced by structural damage in nonreplicating phage lambda DNA. Genetic recombination between irradiated lambda phage and the unirradiated lambda prophage in homoimmune lysogens has been studied under conditions in which phage DNA replication and repair were controlled. The lambda phage were exposed to one of three treatments before infecting the lysogens: (a) 254-nm light, which produces pyrimidine dimers and other photoproducts; (b) 313-nm light with acetopheneone D, which produces thymine dimers and a different spectrum of other photoproducts; (c) 360-nm light with trimethylpsoralen, which produces monoadducts and cross-links. With both replication and excision-repair of the damaged phage DNA blocked, treatment b (acetophenone D) caused no significant increase in recombination, indicating that thymine dimers do not cause recombination if the DNA in which they are contained is not replicated. Treatment a (254 nm), producing the same total number of pyrimidine dimers, caused a marked increase in recombination. This indicates that photoproducts other than pyrimidine dimers produced by 254-nm light can cause recombination in the absence of replication. Treatment c (psoralen) caused a marked increase in recombination in wild type but not in uvrA and uvrB mutants. The frequency of recombination in two-factor crosses varied with marker separation in such a way as to suggest that cross-links can act over distances of at least 5% of the lambda genome to cause exchanges between pairs of relatively closely spaced markers. The psoralen photo cross-links and monoadducts initiate recombination only following the action of excision enzymes, which appears to release one arm of each cross-link, producing a gap with free strand ends. It may be these strand ends which induce recombination. The action at a distance of 5% of the lambda genome may reflect heteroduplex formation and the subsequent reduction to homozygosity of mismatched base pairs at genetic markers. Recombination between closely spaced markers in the P gene is reduced in strains carrying polA.", "PMID": 1191175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12182", "title": "Formation of dimers in ultraviolet-irradiated DNA.", "content": "Evidence has been obtained that in UV-irradiated native DNA, pyrimidine dimers are preferentially formed in long pyrimidine tracts. This effects is not the result of the existence of more dimerizable thymine in the long pyrimidine tracts. The preferential formation of dimers in long pyrimidine tracts is enhanced as the dose of irradiation is decreased. These results suggest that the formation of dimers in native DNA occurs by a cooperative mechanism. Quite likely, dimers are formed only in regions of native DNA that are locally denatured (breathing), in which the bases can be aligned. The formation of a dimer in such a breathing region would tend to lock it open and could lead to cooperative formation of dimers in such regions. If this mechanism for the cooperative formation of dimers is operative then it should be restricted to double-strand DNA. The pyrimidine tracts of irradiated single-stranded DNA all show virtually the same dimer content, irrespective of the length of the tract. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that dimers form cooperatively in breathing regions.", "contents": "Formation of dimers in ultraviolet-irradiated DNA. Evidence has been obtained that in UV-irradiated native DNA, pyrimidine dimers are preferentially formed in long pyrimidine tracts. This effects is not the result of the existence of more dimerizable thymine in the long pyrimidine tracts. The preferential formation of dimers in long pyrimidine tracts is enhanced as the dose of irradiation is decreased. These results suggest that the formation of dimers in native DNA occurs by a cooperative mechanism. Quite likely, dimers are formed only in regions of native DNA that are locally denatured (breathing), in which the bases can be aligned. The formation of a dimer in such a breathing region would tend to lock it open and could lead to cooperative formation of dimers in such regions. If this mechanism for the cooperative formation of dimers is operative then it should be restricted to double-strand DNA. The pyrimidine tracts of irradiated single-stranded DNA all show virtually the same dimer content, irrespective of the length of the tract. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that dimers form cooperatively in breathing regions.", "PMID": 1191176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12183", "title": "The radiobiology of DNA strand breakage.", "content": "The yield of single-strand breaks in lambda DNA within lysogenic host bacteria was measured after exposure to 4-MeV electrons (50 msec) and rapid transfer (45 msec) to alkaline detergent. In nitrogen anoxia the yield was 1.2 X 10(-12) DNA single-strand breaks per rad per dalton, and under full oxygenation the yield increased to 5 X 10(-12) breaks per rad per dalton. A search for the presence of fast repair of strand breaks operating within a fraction of a second. Strand breaks produced in the persence of oxygen were repaired in 30-40 sec, while breaks produced under anoxia were rejoined even slower. A functional product from the po[A] gene was needed for the rejoining of the broken molecules. Intermediate levels of DNA strand breakage seen at low concentrations of oxygen are dependent on the concentration of cellular sulfhydryl compounds, suggesting that in strand breakage oxygen donors compete for reactions with radiation-induced transients in the DNA. Intercomparisons of data on radiation-induced lethality of cells and single-strand breaks in episomal DNA allow the distinction between two classes of radiation-induced radicals, R-1 and R-2, with different chemical properties; R-1 reacts readily with oxygen and N-oxyls under formation of potentially lethal products. The reactivity of oxygen in this reaction is 30-40 times higher than that of TMPN. R-2 reacts 16 times more readily that R-1 with oxygen under formation of single-strand breaks in the DNA. R-2 does not react with N-oxyls.", "contents": "The radiobiology of DNA strand breakage. The yield of single-strand breaks in lambda DNA within lysogenic host bacteria was measured after exposure to 4-MeV electrons (50 msec) and rapid transfer (45 msec) to alkaline detergent. In nitrogen anoxia the yield was 1.2 X 10(-12) DNA single-strand breaks per rad per dalton, and under full oxygenation the yield increased to 5 X 10(-12) breaks per rad per dalton. A search for the presence of fast repair of strand breaks operating within a fraction of a second. Strand breaks produced in the persence of oxygen were repaired in 30-40 sec, while breaks produced under anoxia were rejoined even slower. A functional product from the po[A] gene was needed for the rejoining of the broken molecules. Intermediate levels of DNA strand breakage seen at low concentrations of oxygen are dependent on the concentration of cellular sulfhydryl compounds, suggesting that in strand breakage oxygen donors compete for reactions with radiation-induced transients in the DNA. Intercomparisons of data on radiation-induced lethality of cells and single-strand breaks in episomal DNA allow the distinction between two classes of radiation-induced radicals, R-1 and R-2, with different chemical properties; R-1 reacts readily with oxygen and N-oxyls under formation of potentially lethal products. The reactivity of oxygen in this reaction is 30-40 times higher than that of TMPN. R-2 reacts 16 times more readily that R-1 with oxygen under formation of single-strand breaks in the DNA. R-2 does not react with N-oxyls.", "PMID": 1191177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12184", "title": "Postreplication repair of DNA in UV-irradiated mammalian cells.", "content": "Some current controversies concerning the mechanism of postreplication repair in mammalian cells are discussed. We have found that two xeroderma pigmentosum cell lines normal in excision-repair are abnormal in postreplication repair. The rate of postreplication repair is slower than that in normal cells and is caffeine sensitive. In normal human fibroblasts, caffeine has little effect.", "contents": "Postreplication repair of DNA in UV-irradiated mammalian cells. Some current controversies concerning the mechanism of postreplication repair in mammalian cells are discussed. We have found that two xeroderma pigmentosum cell lines normal in excision-repair are abnormal in postreplication repair. The rate of postreplication repair is slower than that in normal cells and is caffeine sensitive. In normal human fibroblasts, caffeine has little effect.", "PMID": 1191182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12185", "title": "Effects of caffeine on postreplication repair in xeroderma pigmentosum cells.", "content": "Compared to its effects on unirradiated cells, caffeine inhibited DNA chain elongation and joining in UV-irradiated xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells but not in irradiated normal human cells. The drug also inhibited the ability of XP cells to recover and make DNA of normal size at long times after irradiation.", "contents": "Effects of caffeine on postreplication repair in xeroderma pigmentosum cells. Compared to its effects on unirradiated cells, caffeine inhibited DNA chain elongation and joining in UV-irradiated xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells but not in irradiated normal human cells. The drug also inhibited the ability of XP cells to recover and make DNA of normal size at long times after irradiation.", "PMID": 1191184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12186", "title": "Postreplication repair in human cells: on the presence of gaps opposite dimers and recombination.", "content": "Human cells prelabeled with [32P]phosphate were exposed to UV and then pulse-labeled with [3H]thymidine. The DNA from these cells was subsequently treated with T4 endonuclease V, an enzyme which specifically nicks DNA at positions adjacent to pyrimidine dimers. Sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients revealed that both the DNA made before and that made after irradiation contained nuclease-sensitive sites, indicating that a recombinational process between these DNAs might be occurring during postirradiation incubation. Sedimentation in neutral sucros gradients showed that the molecular weight of native DNA remained unchanged for both DNAs upon endonuclease treatment, indicating that gaps opposite dimers are not necessarily formed after irradiation.", "contents": "Postreplication repair in human cells: on the presence of gaps opposite dimers and recombination. Human cells prelabeled with [32P]phosphate were exposed to UV and then pulse-labeled with [3H]thymidine. The DNA from these cells was subsequently treated with T4 endonuclease V, an enzyme which specifically nicks DNA at positions adjacent to pyrimidine dimers. Sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients revealed that both the DNA made before and that made after irradiation contained nuclease-sensitive sites, indicating that a recombinational process between these DNAs might be occurring during postirradiation incubation. Sedimentation in neutral sucros gradients showed that the molecular weight of native DNA remained unchanged for both DNAs upon endonuclease treatment, indicating that gaps opposite dimers are not necessarily formed after irradiation.", "PMID": 1191186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12187", "title": "Formation and rejoining of DNA strand breaks in X (gamma)-irradiated cells in relation to the structure of mammalian chromatin.", "content": "Mammalian cells usually possess the capacity to rejoin disruptions introduced into their deoxynucleoprotein structures by ionizing radiation. I believe that analyses of the strand-break-inducing and the strand-break-rejoining mechanisms operating on the DNA of irradiated cells can provide clues to the nature of the structure of mammalian chromatin in situ. In particular, I wish to consider evidence relevant to the idea that mammalian DNA contains special sites which are sensitive to radiation (Left and Sun, 1970; Lett et al., 1972), alkali (Lett et al., 1970), and perhaps other agents and treatments. This concept is usually referred to as the \"subunit hypothesis.\" The present communication extends previous arguments along similar lines (Lett et al., 1972) with an evaluation of more recent data. Since these data have been, or will be, published in the open literature or elsewhere in this book, they will be described here only in general terms.", "contents": "Formation and rejoining of DNA strand breaks in X (gamma)-irradiated cells in relation to the structure of mammalian chromatin. Mammalian cells usually possess the capacity to rejoin disruptions introduced into their deoxynucleoprotein structures by ionizing radiation. I believe that analyses of the strand-break-inducing and the strand-break-rejoining mechanisms operating on the DNA of irradiated cells can provide clues to the nature of the structure of mammalian chromatin in situ. In particular, I wish to consider evidence relevant to the idea that mammalian DNA contains special sites which are sensitive to radiation (Left and Sun, 1970; Lett et al., 1972), alkali (Lett et al., 1970), and perhaps other agents and treatments. This concept is usually referred to as the \"subunit hypothesis.\" The present communication extends previous arguments along similar lines (Lett et al., 1972) with an evaluation of more recent data. Since these data have been, or will be, published in the open literature or elsewhere in this book, they will be described here only in general terms.", "PMID": 1191187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12188", "title": "CHO cell repair of single-strand and double-strand DNA breaks induced by gamma- and alpha-radiations.", "content": "Neutral and alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis was used to measure double- and single-strand breaks in the DNA of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells exposed to either gamma- or alpha-radiation. After irradiation, cells were incubated for 15-180 min to test the ability of the cell to rejoin the DNA breaks. Essentially complete rejoining was observed for single-strand breaks induced by gamma- or alpha-doses below 20 krad and for double-strand breaks induced by gamma doses below 60 krad. Approximately 80% rejoining was observed for double-strand breaks induced by alpha doses below 40 krad. At higher doses, the repair system appeared to saturate in such a way that essentially no additional breaks were rejoined.", "contents": "CHO cell repair of single-strand and double-strand DNA breaks induced by gamma- and alpha-radiations. Neutral and alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis was used to measure double- and single-strand breaks in the DNA of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells exposed to either gamma- or alpha-radiation. After irradiation, cells were incubated for 15-180 min to test the ability of the cell to rejoin the DNA breaks. Essentially complete rejoining was observed for single-strand breaks induced by gamma- or alpha-doses below 20 krad and for double-strand breaks induced by gamma doses below 60 krad. Approximately 80% rejoining was observed for double-strand breaks induced by alpha doses below 40 krad. At higher doses, the repair system appeared to saturate in such a way that essentially no additional breaks were rejoined.", "PMID": 1191188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12189", "title": "The repair of DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells and the organization of the DNA in their chromosomes.", "content": "The molecular weight of native DNA has been accurately determined by the use of a semiautomated sucrose gradient system. A mondisperse size distribution (speed dependence free) of eighth-of-a-chromatid pieces [1.7 S 10(10) daltons, with 95% confidence (fiducial) limits of +/- 48%] was found. This size has been confirmed by viscoelastometry. Ionizing radiation rapidly breaks each of these pieces into about 21 subunits (again monodisperse) of 8 X 10(8) daltons each. With increaseing dose (greater than 2 krad) the subunits are themselves randomly broken down into even smaller pieces. Postirradiation incubation at 37 degrees C permits the cells to repair both DNA double-strand breaks and intersubunit linkages at the same dose-independent rate (T37) of about 55 min, the same rate as found in Micrococcus radiodurans. The repair data are compatible with a first-order-kinetics repair system, analogous to the post-UV excision-repair system, which becomes saturated at high doses (greater than 60 krad). Specially constructed \"enzyme\" gradients show that the linkages contain at least two protein molecules each covalently bound to the end of a subunit and linking the subunits together by a disulfide bond(s). Correlation of cell survival and DNA break kinetics yields two possible models. These are that the two-thirds of the lethal events which are due to improperly or unrepaired double-strand breaks result from either (1) a misrepair frequency of 3.5 X 10(-3) (rather high for a mutation frequency) or (2) the induction of a double-strand break in a single eighth-of-a-chromatid unit which is essential for survival but which cannot be repaired, possibly because the unit contains the double-strand break repair system gene(s).", "contents": "The repair of DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells and the organization of the DNA in their chromosomes. The molecular weight of native DNA has been accurately determined by the use of a semiautomated sucrose gradient system. A mondisperse size distribution (speed dependence free) of eighth-of-a-chromatid pieces [1.7 S 10(10) daltons, with 95% confidence (fiducial) limits of +/- 48%] was found. This size has been confirmed by viscoelastometry. Ionizing radiation rapidly breaks each of these pieces into about 21 subunits (again monodisperse) of 8 X 10(8) daltons each. With increaseing dose (greater than 2 krad) the subunits are themselves randomly broken down into even smaller pieces. Postirradiation incubation at 37 degrees C permits the cells to repair both DNA double-strand breaks and intersubunit linkages at the same dose-independent rate (T37) of about 55 min, the same rate as found in Micrococcus radiodurans. The repair data are compatible with a first-order-kinetics repair system, analogous to the post-UV excision-repair system, which becomes saturated at high doses (greater than 60 krad). Specially constructed \"enzyme\" gradients show that the linkages contain at least two protein molecules each covalently bound to the end of a subunit and linking the subunits together by a disulfide bond(s). Correlation of cell survival and DNA break kinetics yields two possible models. These are that the two-thirds of the lethal events which are due to improperly or unrepaired double-strand breaks result from either (1) a misrepair frequency of 3.5 X 10(-3) (rather high for a mutation frequency) or (2) the induction of a double-strand break in a single eighth-of-a-chromatid unit which is essential for survival but which cannot be repaired, possibly because the unit contains the double-strand break repair system gene(s).", "PMID": 1191189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12190", "title": "Kinetics of the single-strand repair mechanism in mammalian cells.", "content": "Alkaline sucrose gradient measurements of single-strand breaks from sublethal X-ray doses yield the same breakage efficiency as from lethal doses. Repair of the breaks is random, first order with a single rate constant, and characterized by 24 kcal/mole activation energy.", "contents": "Kinetics of the single-strand repair mechanism in mammalian cells. Alkaline sucrose gradient measurements of single-strand breaks from sublethal X-ray doses yield the same breakage efficiency as from lethal doses. Repair of the breaks is random, first order with a single rate constant, and characterized by 24 kcal/mole activation energy.", "PMID": 1191190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12191", "title": "Damage-repair studies of the DNA from X-irradiated Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Sedimentation studies of the DNA-containing material released from Chinese hamster cells lysed on top of an alkaline sucrose gradient have shown these principal points: (1) After short lysis periods (e.g. approximately 60 min, approximately 25 degrees C), the DNA label from unirradiated cells sediments as a two-peaked pattern. The relative positions of these peaks are strongly dependent on centrifugal force. (2) With increasing lysis time, DNA lost from one peak (the \"complex\", the peak containing lipid) appears in the other (the \"main peak\"). (3) The same transition is effected, for a given lysis time, if prior to lysis cells are X-irradiated with small doses (from 100 to 700 rads). Since such doses are in the high survival range (approximately 80% to approximately 3%, respectively), an association between damage to the complex and survival is suggested. And (4) the cosedimentation of lipid and DNA in the complex is lost after doses that resolve the complex into main-peak DNA, while postirradiation incubation for repair results in a re-formation of the complex plus cosedimentation of lipid and DNA once again.", "contents": "Damage-repair studies of the DNA from X-irradiated Chinese hamster cells. Sedimentation studies of the DNA-containing material released from Chinese hamster cells lysed on top of an alkaline sucrose gradient have shown these principal points: (1) After short lysis periods (e.g. approximately 60 min, approximately 25 degrees C), the DNA label from unirradiated cells sediments as a two-peaked pattern. The relative positions of these peaks are strongly dependent on centrifugal force. (2) With increasing lysis time, DNA lost from one peak (the \"complex\", the peak containing lipid) appears in the other (the \"main peak\"). (3) The same transition is effected, for a given lysis time, if prior to lysis cells are X-irradiated with small doses (from 100 to 700 rads). Since such doses are in the high survival range (approximately 80% to approximately 3%, respectively), an association between damage to the complex and survival is suggested. And (4) the cosedimentation of lipid and DNA in the complex is lost after doses that resolve the complex into main-peak DNA, while postirradiation incubation for repair results in a re-formation of the complex plus cosedimentation of lipid and DNA once again.", "PMID": 1191191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12192", "title": "Direct evidence that pyrimidine dimers in DNA result in neoplastic transformation.", "content": "A specific test for the biological role of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA is photoreactivation (PR). Fish contain large amounts of the PR enzyme. Portions of cell suspensions of tissue from various organs of the fish Poecilia formosa were exposed to UV radiation (254 nm), then injected into isogenic recipients. An incident fluence of 20 J/m2 resulted in 10% of the fish with large granulomas and 100% with thyroid carcinomas. If the irradiated cell suspension was illuminated with PR light before injection, the yields of both types of lesion were reduced approximately 10-Fold. If the PR light was given before the UV exposure, there was no reduction in the numbers of growths. These experiments show that pyrimidine dimers in DNA can lead to neoplastic transformation.", "contents": "Direct evidence that pyrimidine dimers in DNA result in neoplastic transformation. A specific test for the biological role of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA is photoreactivation (PR). Fish contain large amounts of the PR enzyme. Portions of cell suspensions of tissue from various organs of the fish Poecilia formosa were exposed to UV radiation (254 nm), then injected into isogenic recipients. An incident fluence of 20 J/m2 resulted in 10% of the fish with large granulomas and 100% with thyroid carcinomas. If the irradiated cell suspension was illuminated with PR light before injection, the yields of both types of lesion were reduced approximately 10-Fold. If the PR light was given before the UV exposure, there was no reduction in the numbers of growths. These experiments show that pyrimidine dimers in DNA can lead to neoplastic transformation.", "PMID": 1191193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12193", "title": "Genetic complementation analysis of xeroderma pigmentosum.", "content": "To characterize the mutations in different unrelated xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients, a complementation test was performed using the technique of somatic cell hybridization. DNA repair following UV exposure was studied in multinuclear cells resulting from fusions between in vitro cultivated cells from different patients. The parental XP cells performed low or negligible levels of repair DNA synthesis, whereas in some combinations binuclear hybrid cells showed repair DNA synthesis as a result of complementation. The results indicate the presence of five different complementation groups in XP.", "contents": "Genetic complementation analysis of xeroderma pigmentosum. To characterize the mutations in different unrelated xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients, a complementation test was performed using the technique of somatic cell hybridization. DNA repair following UV exposure was studied in multinuclear cells resulting from fusions between in vitro cultivated cells from different patients. The parental XP cells performed low or negligible levels of repair DNA synthesis, whereas in some combinations binuclear hybrid cells showed repair DNA synthesis as a result of complementation. The results indicate the presence of five different complementation groups in XP.", "PMID": 1191194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12194", "title": "The use of human adenovirus 2 in the study of the xeroderma DNA-repair defect.", "content": "Ultraviolet-irradiated adenovirus 2 assayed by counting plaques on monolayers of human fibroblast strains is up to 30-fold more sensitive than normal if the strains used as viral hosts are prepared from persons having xeroderma pigmentosum. This plaque assay has been used as an extremely discriminating technique in the study of the xeroderma repair defect. With this assay, every xeroderma fibroblast strain tested has been found to exhibit a DNA-repair defect, including those previously judged by other methods to have normal DNA repair.", "contents": "The use of human adenovirus 2 in the study of the xeroderma DNA-repair defect. Ultraviolet-irradiated adenovirus 2 assayed by counting plaques on monolayers of human fibroblast strains is up to 30-fold more sensitive than normal if the strains used as viral hosts are prepared from persons having xeroderma pigmentosum. This plaque assay has been used as an extremely discriminating technique in the study of the xeroderma repair defect. With this assay, every xeroderma fibroblast strain tested has been found to exhibit a DNA-repair defect, including those previously judged by other methods to have normal DNA repair.", "PMID": 1191196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12195", "title": "Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of carcinogenic aromatic amides and polycyclic hydrocarbons and ultraviolet irradiation in normally repairing and repair-deficient (xeroderma pigmentosum) diploid human skin fibroblasts.", "content": "The cloning ability of fibroblasts taken from a xeroderma pigmentosum patient proved 2.5-3.5 times more sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of active derivatives of carcinogens or to UV irradiation than that of normal cells. They also exhibited a corresponding 2.5- to 2.5-fold greater increase in the frequency of induced mutations to 8-azaguanine resistance per survivor, which might have been expected since these XP cells exhibit less than 20% of the DNA-repairing capacity of the normal cells following exposure to such DNA-damaging agents.", "contents": "Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of carcinogenic aromatic amides and polycyclic hydrocarbons and ultraviolet irradiation in normally repairing and repair-deficient (xeroderma pigmentosum) diploid human skin fibroblasts. The cloning ability of fibroblasts taken from a xeroderma pigmentosum patient proved 2.5-3.5 times more sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of active derivatives of carcinogens or to UV irradiation than that of normal cells. They also exhibited a corresponding 2.5- to 2.5-fold greater increase in the frequency of induced mutations to 8-azaguanine resistance per survivor, which might have been expected since these XP cells exhibit less than 20% of the DNA-repairing capacity of the normal cells following exposure to such DNA-damaging agents.", "PMID": 1191198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12196", "title": "Lack of direct correlation among repair, oncogenesis, and lethality in cultured synchronized mouse fibroblasts treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "The repair of single-strand breaks induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in mouse embryo fibroblast DNA was studied using an alkaline sucrose sedimentation procedure with cells synchronized by arginine deprivation. Parallel studies in synchronized cells examined the effects of MNNG on malignant transformation and cell death. Cells in late G1 were maximally transformed, while cells in S-phase were maximally killed; by contrast, the repair capacity in both cases was similarly rapid. Arginine-deprived cells showed a low level of DNA repair, but the extent of cell death and transformation was comparable to that in rapidly repairing cells in G1 and S, respectively. Thus, in this system there is no direct correlation among DNA repair, cell transformation, and lethality.", "contents": "Lack of direct correlation among repair, oncogenesis, and lethality in cultured synchronized mouse fibroblasts treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The repair of single-strand breaks induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in mouse embryo fibroblast DNA was studied using an alkaline sucrose sedimentation procedure with cells synchronized by arginine deprivation. Parallel studies in synchronized cells examined the effects of MNNG on malignant transformation and cell death. Cells in late G1 were maximally transformed, while cells in S-phase were maximally killed; by contrast, the repair capacity in both cases was similarly rapid. Arginine-deprived cells showed a low level of DNA repair, but the extent of cell death and transformation was comparable to that in rapidly repairing cells in G1 and S, respectively. Thus, in this system there is no direct correlation among DNA repair, cell transformation, and lethality.", "PMID": 1191199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12197", "title": "DNA repair and life span of mammals.", "content": "The ability of fibroblasts to perform unscheduled synthesis (a measure of excision-repair) after UV irradiation was measured autoradiographically for seven mammalian species at several times after UV irradiation. The initial rate and the maximum incorporation of [3H]dThd increased with the life span of the species.", "contents": "DNA repair and life span of mammals. The ability of fibroblasts to perform unscheduled synthesis (a measure of excision-repair) after UV irradiation was measured autoradiographically for seven mammalian species at several times after UV irradiation. The initial rate and the maximum incorporation of [3H]dThd increased with the life span of the species.", "PMID": 1191200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12198", "title": "Radiosensitization of a human cell line lacking repair replication.", "content": "A human cell line has been isolated that is deficient in X-ray-induced repair replication. The slope of the radiation survival curve is greater in the presence of the anthracycline antibiotic, adriamycin. The results suggest that radiosensitization by DNA-binding drugs is more probably related to DNA strand breakage phenomena than to the polymerase step of excision-repair.", "contents": "Radiosensitization of a human cell line lacking repair replication. A human cell line has been isolated that is deficient in X-ray-induced repair replication. The slope of the radiation survival curve is greater in the presence of the anthracycline antibiotic, adriamycin. The results suggest that radiosensitization by DNA-binding drugs is more probably related to DNA strand breakage phenomena than to the polymerase step of excision-repair.", "PMID": 1191202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12199", "title": "A repressible DNA-repair system in mouse neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Differentiated mouse neuroblastoma cells are extremely sensitive to UV light even through they can undergo excision-repair. A postreplication repair system present in proliferating cells is reversibly repressed in differentiated neuroblasts, and its genetic control is not coupled directly with DNA replication.", "contents": "A repressible DNA-repair system in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Differentiated mouse neuroblastoma cells are extremely sensitive to UV light even through they can undergo excision-repair. A postreplication repair system present in proliferating cells is reversibly repressed in differentiated neuroblasts, and its genetic control is not coupled directly with DNA replication.", "PMID": 1191203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12200", "title": "DNA repair and UV resistance in human melanoma.", "content": "Human melanoma cells are highly resistant to 254-nm light. Resistance appears to depend on their ability to continue replication after high UV doses due to the presence of a very efficient postreplication repair system, while excision-repair is of relatively minor importance.", "contents": "DNA repair and UV resistance in human melanoma. Human melanoma cells are highly resistant to 254-nm light. Resistance appears to depend on their ability to continue replication after high UV doses due to the presence of a very efficient postreplication repair system, while excision-repair is of relatively minor importance.", "PMID": 1191204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12201", "title": "Heterodromia in accessory A-V connections.", "content": "In 15 patients with WPW-syndrome the atrio-ventricular and ventriculoatrial conduction was studied by recording of intracardiac potentials during atrial and ventricular pacing. Typical differences in the patterns of normal and accessory A-V conduction identified accessory V-A conduction in 13 patients. According to the evaluation of accessory A-V and V-A conductivity by high rate pacing the patients studied can be divided into three groups: Group I (5 pat): equally good accessory A-V and V-A conductivity. Group II (5 pat): good accessory A-V and impaired accessory V-A conductivity. Group III (5 pat): impaired accessory A-V and good V-A conductivity. In group I the course of investigation was repeated after the application of Ajmaline. The distinct heterodromia in group II and III and the different behaviour of the accessory A-V and V-A conduction after Ajmaline can be explained by the in vitro experiments of Fuente (3). According to our results and to the finding that an excellent accessory V-A conduction is a presupposition for the initiation of supraventricular re-entry tachycardia, it seems mandatory to analyze accessory A-V and V-A conduction properties as well.", "contents": "Heterodromia in accessory A-V connections. In 15 patients with WPW-syndrome the atrio-ventricular and ventriculoatrial conduction was studied by recording of intracardiac potentials during atrial and ventricular pacing. Typical differences in the patterns of normal and accessory A-V conduction identified accessory V-A conduction in 13 patients. According to the evaluation of accessory A-V and V-A conductivity by high rate pacing the patients studied can be divided into three groups: Group I (5 pat): equally good accessory A-V and V-A conductivity. Group II (5 pat): good accessory A-V and impaired accessory V-A conductivity. Group III (5 pat): impaired accessory A-V and good V-A conductivity. In group I the course of investigation was repeated after the application of Ajmaline. The distinct heterodromia in group II and III and the different behaviour of the accessory A-V and V-A conduction after Ajmaline can be explained by the in vitro experiments of Fuente (3). According to our results and to the finding that an excellent accessory V-A conduction is a presupposition for the initiation of supraventricular re-entry tachycardia, it seems mandatory to analyze accessory A-V and V-A conduction properties as well.", "PMID": 1191205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12202", "title": "Stroke volume from central aortic pressure? A critical assessment of the various formulae as to their clinical value.", "content": "Pulsecontour methods remain a potentially attractive approach for the calculation of stroke volume, since they might provide such information on a beat to beat basis, after a single calibration. In order to test the clinical value of this hypothesis stroke volume estimates from six different pulsecontour formulae were compared with stroke volume values obtained with an electromagnetic flowmeter in 10 pigs. Each of the formulae failed to confirm its usefulness under circumstances mimicking clinical conditions. The calibration constant obtained during control states varied widely (+/- 25%). In many instances polsecontour formulae predicted changes in stroke volume in a direction opposite from those measured. The need for recalibration was so frequent that the calibration merthod itself proved often sufficiently informative. It is concluded that in intensive care units pulsecontour formulae cannot contribute to the care of the patient. Its popularity is not justified and its increased use since the introduction of computers is not warranted.", "contents": "Stroke volume from central aortic pressure? A critical assessment of the various formulae as to their clinical value. Pulsecontour methods remain a potentially attractive approach for the calculation of stroke volume, since they might provide such information on a beat to beat basis, after a single calibration. In order to test the clinical value of this hypothesis stroke volume estimates from six different pulsecontour formulae were compared with stroke volume values obtained with an electromagnetic flowmeter in 10 pigs. Each of the formulae failed to confirm its usefulness under circumstances mimicking clinical conditions. The calibration constant obtained during control states varied widely (+/- 25%). In many instances polsecontour formulae predicted changes in stroke volume in a direction opposite from those measured. The need for recalibration was so frequent that the calibration merthod itself proved often sufficiently informative. It is concluded that in intensive care units pulsecontour formulae cannot contribute to the care of the patient. Its popularity is not justified and its increased use since the introduction of computers is not warranted.", "PMID": 1191206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12203", "title": "[Pulmonary microembolism: pulmonary hemodynamics following trauma and hemorrhage (author's transl].", "content": "Standardized bone trauma by means of open osteotomy is performed on both hind legs of 16 out of 24 anaesthetised mongrels. During the following 6 hours the most important parameters of blood coagulation and the serum lipids are estimated at regular intervals. Subsequently in a number of the animals 50% of the total blood volume is withdrawn continuously over a period of one hour. All animals without the preceding trauma survive the hemorrhage. The animals in the trauma group die on the average 42 minutes after the beginning of the hemorrhage. The trauma causes an acute decrease in total platelet count (GTZ) to 40% of the pretraumatic value. During an initial phase of hypercoagulability there is a formation of reversible microaggregations containing platelets and fibrin, caused by an increased turnover of coagulation factors. Secondary fibrinolysis develops in the traumatised animals. A further increase in coagulation is caused by the following hemorrhage. In combination with decreased and inhibited fibrinolysis, a disseminated intravascular coagulation state is found and results in irreversible pulmonary microthrombosis. Massive pulmonary fat deposits cannot be found histologically in spite of an increase in serum triglycerid levels to 35% above the pretraumatic values. In dogs great amounts of fat are filtered by the glomeruli and are demonstrable in the tubular epithelium. Histological examinations show a marked disseminated pulmonary microthrombosis of platelets, fibrin and fat in those animals with trauma and hemorrhage. Only the accompanying hypovolemia produces the characteristic histologic changes of the so-called Pulmonary Microembolism Syndrome.", "contents": "[Pulmonary microembolism: pulmonary hemodynamics following trauma and hemorrhage (author's transl]. Standardized bone trauma by means of open osteotomy is performed on both hind legs of 16 out of 24 anaesthetised mongrels. During the following 6 hours the most important parameters of blood coagulation and the serum lipids are estimated at regular intervals. Subsequently in a number of the animals 50% of the total blood volume is withdrawn continuously over a period of one hour. All animals without the preceding trauma survive the hemorrhage. The animals in the trauma group die on the average 42 minutes after the beginning of the hemorrhage. The trauma causes an acute decrease in total platelet count (GTZ) to 40% of the pretraumatic value. During an initial phase of hypercoagulability there is a formation of reversible microaggregations containing platelets and fibrin, caused by an increased turnover of coagulation factors. Secondary fibrinolysis develops in the traumatised animals. A further increase in coagulation is caused by the following hemorrhage. In combination with decreased and inhibited fibrinolysis, a disseminated intravascular coagulation state is found and results in irreversible pulmonary microthrombosis. Massive pulmonary fat deposits cannot be found histologically in spite of an increase in serum triglycerid levels to 35% above the pretraumatic values. In dogs great amounts of fat are filtered by the glomeruli and are demonstrable in the tubular epithelium. Histological examinations show a marked disseminated pulmonary microthrombosis of platelets, fibrin and fat in those animals with trauma and hemorrhage. Only the accompanying hypovolemia produces the characteristic histologic changes of the so-called Pulmonary Microembolism Syndrome.", "PMID": 1191208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12204", "title": "Pacing studies after cardiac surgery.", "content": "The diagnostical use of pacemaker after cardiac surgery is presented. Temporary pacemaker electrodes have been inserted during surgery into the wall of atrial and ventricular myocardium. With the aid of these electrodes, an analysator wire of 6 volts, and a Medtronic 5840 type pacemaker electrophysiological studies have been performed. The diastolic  and supernormal stimulation threshold, the duration of atrial and ventricular relative refractory period were measured, the clinical significance of latency was analysed. It has been found that decrease of stimulation threshold, shortening of relative refractory period, and appearance of latency phenomenon promote arrhythmias. By investigating the conduction capacity of atrioventricular conduction system, latent conduction disturbances could be revealed, and a significant difference could be demonstrated between the atrioventricular conduction of WPW syndrome and that of other kinds of PR interval shortening. In addition the optimal heart rate requirement (optimal pacing rate) following heart surgery was defined. These parameters present more precise information on the electrophysiological condition of the heart than does the generally used ECG monitoring. When these parameters are repeatedly determined, the significance of patient's arrhythmias can be evaluated more safely and accurately; in a number of cases, even in the absence of any rhythm disturbances, impending arrhythmias can be predicted. \"Pacemaker monitoring\" of the postoperative heart patients, therefore, affords greater possibility for preventing the development of major cardiac arrhythmias.", "contents": "Pacing studies after cardiac surgery. The diagnostical use of pacemaker after cardiac surgery is presented. Temporary pacemaker electrodes have been inserted during surgery into the wall of atrial and ventricular myocardium. With the aid of these electrodes, an analysator wire of 6 volts, and a Medtronic 5840 type pacemaker electrophysiological studies have been performed. The diastolic  and supernormal stimulation threshold, the duration of atrial and ventricular relative refractory period were measured, the clinical significance of latency was analysed. It has been found that decrease of stimulation threshold, shortening of relative refractory period, and appearance of latency phenomenon promote arrhythmias. By investigating the conduction capacity of atrioventricular conduction system, latent conduction disturbances could be revealed, and a significant difference could be demonstrated between the atrioventricular conduction of WPW syndrome and that of other kinds of PR interval shortening. In addition the optimal heart rate requirement (optimal pacing rate) following heart surgery was defined. These parameters present more precise information on the electrophysiological condition of the heart than does the generally used ECG monitoring. When these parameters are repeatedly determined, the significance of patient's arrhythmias can be evaluated more safely and accurately; in a number of cases, even in the absence of any rhythm disturbances, impending arrhythmias can be predicted. \"Pacemaker monitoring\" of the postoperative heart patients, therefore, affords greater possibility for preventing the development of major cardiac arrhythmias.", "PMID": 1191209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12205", "title": "Systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of Abbott (40557) and its interaction with aminophylline.", "content": "Adenosine is a naturally occurring substance with potent coronary vasodilator action. However, its action is of short duration due to its rapid inactivation in blood and other tissues (1). If used for therapeutic purposes a prolonged duration of action might be desirable. A recent adenosine derivative (Abbott 40557) ethyl-adenosine-5'-carboxylate hydrochloride1) has marked and prolonged coronary vasodilator activity (2,3). The present report concerns the coronary and systemic hemodynamic and metabolic effects of A 40557 and attempts to determine whether, like adenosine, its action is enhanced by dipyridamole (4,5), hexobendine (6), and Cassella 7657 (7) or inhibited by aminophylline (8,9).", "contents": "Systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of Abbott (40557) and its interaction with aminophylline. Adenosine is a naturally occurring substance with potent coronary vasodilator action. However, its action is of short duration due to its rapid inactivation in blood and other tissues (1). If used for therapeutic purposes a prolonged duration of action might be desirable. A recent adenosine derivative (Abbott 40557) ethyl-adenosine-5'-carboxylate hydrochloride1) has marked and prolonged coronary vasodilator activity (2,3). The present report concerns the coronary and systemic hemodynamic and metabolic effects of A 40557 and attempts to determine whether, like adenosine, its action is enhanced by dipyridamole (4,5), hexobendine (6), and Cassella 7657 (7) or inhibited by aminophylline (8,9).", "PMID": 1191207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12206", "title": "The effect of carbocromene on strophanthin-induced ventricular tachycardia in dogs.", "content": "The antiarrhythmic effect of carbocromene (Intensain) was studied in 17 anaesthetized dogs. Ventricular tachycardia was induced by infusion of K-strophanthin (mean dose: 154 mug/kg i.v.). In 25 out of 26 experiments carbocromene (4 mg/kg i.v.) was effective. Ventricular tachycardia was converted to sinus rhythm in 16 experiments, to atrial tachycardia in 6 experiments and to junctional tachycardia in 3 experiments. The favourable effect started 8 to 50 seconds after the injection with lower doses of carbocromene (3 and 2 mg/kg i.v.) in time intervals of 5 minutes resulted in similar positive effects leading after 2 or 3 injections finally to a second phase of drug effect where ventricular tachycardia was strongly modified for about 30 minutes. The results favour the therapeutic use of this drug in patients with arrhythmia especially with arrhythmias caused by digitalis.", "contents": "The effect of carbocromene on strophanthin-induced ventricular tachycardia in dogs. The antiarrhythmic effect of carbocromene (Intensain) was studied in 17 anaesthetized dogs. Ventricular tachycardia was induced by infusion of K-strophanthin (mean dose: 154 mug/kg i.v.). In 25 out of 26 experiments carbocromene (4 mg/kg i.v.) was effective. Ventricular tachycardia was converted to sinus rhythm in 16 experiments, to atrial tachycardia in 6 experiments and to junctional tachycardia in 3 experiments. The favourable effect started 8 to 50 seconds after the injection with lower doses of carbocromene (3 and 2 mg/kg i.v.) in time intervals of 5 minutes resulted in similar positive effects leading after 2 or 3 injections finally to a second phase of drug effect where ventricular tachycardia was strongly modified for about 30 minutes. The results favour the therapeutic use of this drug in patients with arrhythmia especially with arrhythmias caused by digitalis.", "PMID": 1191210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12207", "title": "Studies on live rubella vaccine. VI. Seroepidemiological surveillance and immunization of adolescents in high school.", "content": "The rubella seroimmunity status of a total of 1,204 students aged 12 to 19 in a junior and a senior high school in Osaka district was surveyed. Among these, 487 students (40.5%) were found to be seronegative (less than 1 : 8) by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. A total of 287 students were immunized with live rubella vaccine, Biken lot No.7233. This caused an increased titer in all except one of the 262 seronegative students, while among 25 students with an initial HI antibody titer of 1 : 8 it caused more than 4-fold increase in 20 and 2-fold increase in 5. The vaccine caused no clinical manifestations, such as fever, rash or arthralgia.", "contents": "Studies on live rubella vaccine. VI. Seroepidemiological surveillance and immunization of adolescents in high school. The rubella seroimmunity status of a total of 1,204 students aged 12 to 19 in a junior and a senior high school in Osaka district was surveyed. Among these, 487 students (40.5%) were found to be seronegative (less than 1 : 8) by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. A total of 287 students were immunized with live rubella vaccine, Biken lot No.7233. This caused an increased titer in all except one of the 262 seronegative students, while among 25 students with an initial HI antibody titer of 1 : 8 it caused more than 4-fold increase in 20 and 2-fold increase in 5. The vaccine caused no clinical manifestations, such as fever, rash or arthralgia.", "PMID": 1191245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12208", "title": "A radio-ligand receptor assay for the long-acting thyroid stimulator. Inhibition by the long-acting thyroid stimulator of the binding of radioiodinated thyroid-stimulating hormone to human thyroid membranes.", "content": "Highly purified bovine TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) was labelled with 125I by using very low concentrations of chloramine-T. Human thyroid membranes prepared by discontinuous sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation were homogeneous on examination by electron microscopy. Incubation of radioiodinated TSH with the membranes showed that radioactivity could be bound to the membranes. Under the experimental conditions described here, binding was dependent on time and temperature and was a saturable phenomenon. Preincubation of the membranes with unlabelled hormone inhibited the subsequent binding of 125I-labelled TSH. Similarly, inhibition by the long-acting thyroid stimulator also showed a saturation behaviour. A rapid and sensitive method for the detection of the long-acting thyroid stimulator is described.", "contents": "A radio-ligand receptor assay for the long-acting thyroid stimulator. Inhibition by the long-acting thyroid stimulator of the binding of radioiodinated thyroid-stimulating hormone to human thyroid membranes. Highly purified bovine TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) was labelled with 125I by using very low concentrations of chloramine-T. Human thyroid membranes prepared by discontinuous sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation were homogeneous on examination by electron microscopy. Incubation of radioiodinated TSH with the membranes showed that radioactivity could be bound to the membranes. Under the experimental conditions described here, binding was dependent on time and temperature and was a saturable phenomenon. Preincubation of the membranes with unlabelled hormone inhibited the subsequent binding of 125I-labelled TSH. Similarly, inhibition by the long-acting thyroid stimulator also showed a saturation behaviour. A rapid and sensitive method for the detection of the long-acting thyroid stimulator is described.", "PMID": 1191248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12209", "title": "The nature of the collagen cross-links in bone in the chronic uraemic state.", "content": "The cross-links from NaB3H4-reduced bone collagen of chronically uraemic rats and pairfed controls were compared. The ratio of the reduced cross-links deltadelta'-dihydroxylysinonorleucine to delta-hydroxylysinonorleucine was significantly increased in the uraemic animals. The observed increment in the dihydroxylysinonorleucine:hydroxylysinonorleucine ratio was accentuated as the uraemic state advanced. The data indicate that osteodystrophy of chronic renal insufficiency is characterized by an alteration of the quantitative relations between cross-links and aldehydic precursors of bone collagen.", "contents": "The nature of the collagen cross-links in bone in the chronic uraemic state. The cross-links from NaB3H4-reduced bone collagen of chronically uraemic rats and pairfed controls were compared. The ratio of the reduced cross-links deltadelta'-dihydroxylysinonorleucine to delta-hydroxylysinonorleucine was significantly increased in the uraemic animals. The observed increment in the dihydroxylysinonorleucine:hydroxylysinonorleucine ratio was accentuated as the uraemic state advanced. The data indicate that osteodystrophy of chronic renal insufficiency is characterized by an alteration of the quantitative relations between cross-links and aldehydic precursors of bone collagen.", "PMID": 1191249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12210", "title": "Equisetum (horsetail) ferredoxin: characterization of the active centre and position of the four cysteine residues in this 2Fe-2S protein.", "content": "Analysis of the ferredoxin of the primitive vascular plant Equisetum indicates that the cysteine residue normally found at position 18 of plant-type ferredoxins is replaced by a valine, although the spectroscopic properties of the ferredoxins are unaffected. It is concluded that the iron--sulphur cluster in plant-type ferredoxins is attached to cysteine residues 39, 44, 47 and 77.", "contents": "Equisetum (horsetail) ferredoxin: characterization of the active centre and position of the four cysteine residues in this 2Fe-2S protein. Analysis of the ferredoxin of the primitive vascular plant Equisetum indicates that the cysteine residue normally found at position 18 of plant-type ferredoxins is replaced by a valine, although the spectroscopic properties of the ferredoxins are unaffected. It is concluded that the iron--sulphur cluster in plant-type ferredoxins is attached to cysteine residues 39, 44, 47 and 77.", "PMID": 1191250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12211", "title": "Preparation of the lactate oxidase apoenzyme and studies on the binding of flavin mononucleotide to the apoenzyme.", "content": "1. Lactate oxidase from Mycobacterium smegmatis is completely resolved into free flavin and apoenzyme by treatment with acid (NH4)2SO4. 2. Reconstitution involves rapid binding of FMN, but the recovery of enzyme activity was slower and appeared to be biphasic. 3. The preparation of the holoenzyme obtained differs from the native enzyme in specific activity, extinction coefficients and mobility on disc-gel electrophoresis. 4. Dialysis of this reconstituted enzyme in 0.1 M-sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, at 0 degrees C for 1 week yields a preparation which closely resembles the native enzyme.", "contents": "Preparation of the lactate oxidase apoenzyme and studies on the binding of flavin mononucleotide to the apoenzyme. 1. Lactate oxidase from Mycobacterium smegmatis is completely resolved into free flavin and apoenzyme by treatment with acid (NH4)2SO4. 2. Reconstitution involves rapid binding of FMN, but the recovery of enzyme activity was slower and appeared to be biphasic. 3. The preparation of the holoenzyme obtained differs from the native enzyme in specific activity, extinction coefficients and mobility on disc-gel electrophoresis. 4. Dialysis of this reconstituted enzyme in 0.1 M-sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, at 0 degrees C for 1 week yields a preparation which closely resembles the native enzyme.", "PMID": 1191251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12212", "title": "The steady-state kinetics of peroxidase with 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) as chromogen.", "content": "The chemical nature of the important new chromogen ABTS [2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] is described together with an account of the redox and spectroscopic properties of the system ABTS--H2O2--peroxidase. Keq. is calculated and a study of the steady-state kinetics over a whole range of substrate concentrations is reported. By using novel methods of kinetic analysis, an interpretation of the results is given which requires some extension of the classical peroxidase mechanism.", "contents": "The steady-state kinetics of peroxidase with 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) as chromogen. The chemical nature of the important new chromogen ABTS [2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] is described together with an account of the redox and spectroscopic properties of the system ABTS--H2O2--peroxidase. Keq. is calculated and a study of the steady-state kinetics over a whole range of substrate concentrations is reported. By using novel methods of kinetic analysis, an interpretation of the results is given which requires some extension of the classical peroxidase mechanism.", "PMID": 1191252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12213", "title": "The reciprocal exclusion by L-dopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) and L-tyrosine of their incorporation as single units into a soluble rat brain protein.", "content": "Several compounds, structurally and metabolically related to phenylalanine and tyrosine, were tested for their effects on the incorporations of phenylalanine and tyrosine as single units into a protein of the soluble subcellular fraction of rat brain. Of the compounds tested, only L-dopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) inhibited these incorporations. Further, L-dopa was incorporated into a protein of the same fraction in such a way that it excluded the incorporation of tyrosine as a single unit. Conversely, tyrosine inhibited and excluded the incorporation of L-dopa. The incorporation of L-dopa required ATP (apparent Km = 0.23mM), KCl (apparent Km = 20mM) and MgCl2 (optimal concentration range, 5-16mM). These requirements were similar to those previously determined for the incorporation of tyrosine and phenylalanine. The inactivation rate of the enzymic systems for L-tyrosine and L-dopa incorporations, when kept at 37 degrees C, was the same for both amino acids (half-life = 80 min). It is suggested that the acceptor for the incorporation of dopa is the same as that for the incorporation of tyrosine.", "contents": "The reciprocal exclusion by L-dopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) and L-tyrosine of their incorporation as single units into a soluble rat brain protein. Several compounds, structurally and metabolically related to phenylalanine and tyrosine, were tested for their effects on the incorporations of phenylalanine and tyrosine as single units into a protein of the soluble subcellular fraction of rat brain. Of the compounds tested, only L-dopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) inhibited these incorporations. Further, L-dopa was incorporated into a protein of the same fraction in such a way that it excluded the incorporation of tyrosine as a single unit. Conversely, tyrosine inhibited and excluded the incorporation of L-dopa. The incorporation of L-dopa required ATP (apparent Km = 0.23mM), KCl (apparent Km = 20mM) and MgCl2 (optimal concentration range, 5-16mM). These requirements were similar to those previously determined for the incorporation of tyrosine and phenylalanine. The inactivation rate of the enzymic systems for L-tyrosine and L-dopa incorporations, when kept at 37 degrees C, was the same for both amino acids (half-life = 80 min). It is suggested that the acceptor for the incorporation of dopa is the same as that for the incorporation of tyrosine.", "PMID": 1191253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12214", "title": "Studies on ram acrosin. Fluorimetric titratiion of operational molarity with 4-methylumbelliferyl p-guanidinobenzoate.", "content": "1. Titration in sodium barbiturate buffer of acrosin, a serine proteinase from sperm acrosomes, with the ester substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl p-guanidinobenzoate gave rise to an incomplete 'burst' of 4-methylumbelliferone. Studies of the effects on the reaction of activators of acrosin (Ca2+, water-miscible solvents) showed that titrations carried out in barbiturate buffer containing 1M-CaCl2 and diluted with 0.2 vol. of dimethylsulphoxide produced a rapid quantitative burst within 4 min at 20 degrees C. 2. The net post-burst production of 4-methylumbelliferone was neglibible because (a) the acyl-enzyme was very stable, and (b) the slow post-burst formation of 4-methylumbelliferone (turnover of acyl-enzyme) was virtually equal to the slow photolytic destruction of 4-methylumbelliferone that was liberated during the burst. 3. The standard procedure permits titrations of 20-100pmol of acrosin, i.e. amounts normally taken for conventional rate assays, and with these amounts the impurities present in crude enzme fractions did not interfere. The burst was judged to be quantitative on the basis of comparisons with titrations of acrosin with p-nitrophenyl p'-quanidinobenzoate. 4. The burst reaction of trypsin with the 4-methylumbelliferyl ester was inhibited by high Ca2+ concentrations and by dimethyl sulphoxide. 5. The association and dissociation of complexes of both acrosin and trypsin with protein-type inhibitors (Kunitz pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and a spermatozoal acrosin inhibitor) are rather slow. It is thus possible, in certain cases, to use the ester to titrate both total enzyme in an inhibitor-enzyme mixture and net enzyme, i.e. the stoicheiometric excess of enzyme over inhibitor.", "contents": "Studies on ram acrosin. Fluorimetric titratiion of operational molarity with 4-methylumbelliferyl p-guanidinobenzoate. 1. Titration in sodium barbiturate buffer of acrosin, a serine proteinase from sperm acrosomes, with the ester substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl p-guanidinobenzoate gave rise to an incomplete 'burst' of 4-methylumbelliferone. Studies of the effects on the reaction of activators of acrosin (Ca2+, water-miscible solvents) showed that titrations carried out in barbiturate buffer containing 1M-CaCl2 and diluted with 0.2 vol. of dimethylsulphoxide produced a rapid quantitative burst within 4 min at 20 degrees C. 2. The net post-burst production of 4-methylumbelliferone was neglibible because (a) the acyl-enzyme was very stable, and (b) the slow post-burst formation of 4-methylumbelliferone (turnover of acyl-enzyme) was virtually equal to the slow photolytic destruction of 4-methylumbelliferone that was liberated during the burst. 3. The standard procedure permits titrations of 20-100pmol of acrosin, i.e. amounts normally taken for conventional rate assays, and with these amounts the impurities present in crude enzme fractions did not interfere. The burst was judged to be quantitative on the basis of comparisons with titrations of acrosin with p-nitrophenyl p'-quanidinobenzoate. 4. The burst reaction of trypsin with the 4-methylumbelliferyl ester was inhibited by high Ca2+ concentrations and by dimethyl sulphoxide. 5. The association and dissociation of complexes of both acrosin and trypsin with protein-type inhibitors (Kunitz pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and a spermatozoal acrosin inhibitor) are rather slow. It is thus possible, in certain cases, to use the ester to titrate both total enzyme in an inhibitor-enzyme mixture and net enzyme, i.e. the stoicheiometric excess of enzyme over inhibitor.", "PMID": 1191255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12215", "title": "Studies on ram acrosin. Isolation from spermatozoa, activation by cations and organic solvents, and influence of cations on its reaction with inhibitors.", "content": "1. A simple method is given for isolating from ram spermatozoa a water-soluble form of acrosin (a trypsin-like enzyme) which is about 25% pure. It is free from an acrosin inhibitor which is located in the spermatozoa. 2. In the hydrolysis of N-alpha-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester the degree of activation of acrosin by Ca(2+), and by some other cations, is dependent on the extent of contamination by the inhibitor. In 50mm-Tris-HCl buffer (pH8.2) activation by Ca(2+) did not exceed 40%, but acrosin that is partially inhibited may be activated by up to 300%: this is due to cation-mediated protection of acrosin against the inhibitor. 3. Increasing concentrations of buffers (e.g. Tris) also activate acrosin but at above certain buffer concentrations Ca(2+) no longer exerts an activating effect and may become inhibitory. Ca(2+) is also inhibitory when added to assay systems involving anionic buffers with chelating properties. This is due to a fall in pH. 4. The above results suggest reasons for conflicting conclusions in papers dealing with the effects of Ca(2+) on acrosin activity. 5. Inhibition of acrosin by the Kunitz pancreatic trypsin inhibitor is increased on addition of Ca(2+). Inhibitions of trypsin by the acrosin inhibitor and by the Kunitz inhibitor are insensitive to Ca(2+). 6. Like trypsin, acrosin is activated, up to 60%, by 2-methyl-propan-2-ol, dimethyl sulphoxide, and some other water-miscible solvents. Effects of cations and solvents tend to be additive and a common maximum acrosin activity can be achieved with various concentrations of solvent, salts and buffer in the assay system. Activation by solvents is increased when low concentrations of the acrosin inhibitor are present. 7. Activations of acrosin by salts and by solvents are more pronounced when the substrate is N-alpha-benzoyl-dl-arginine 2-naphthylamide. 8. K(m) values for ram acrosin (about 0.2mm) are much higher than those for trypsin, and k(cat.) values are slightly higher than those for trypsin. Considerations of the influences of ions and dimethyl sulphoxide on the activities and kinetic constants of acrosin and trypsin suggest that conformational changes are the factors mainly responsible for the reported activations of acrosin. 9. The following conclusions are reached. (a) Acrosin plays a role in the penetration of the sperm cell into the egg without becoming detached from the acrosomal membrane. (b) The enzyme is a peripheral membrane protein which may be classed as a cathepsin. (c) The susceptibility of the activity of soluble acrosin to cations and solvents points to a flexible molecule, i.e. one lacking conformational restraints imposed by association (presumably ionic) with the acrosomal membrane.", "contents": "Studies on ram acrosin. Isolation from spermatozoa, activation by cations and organic solvents, and influence of cations on its reaction with inhibitors. 1. A simple method is given for isolating from ram spermatozoa a water-soluble form of acrosin (a trypsin-like enzyme) which is about 25% pure. It is free from an acrosin inhibitor which is located in the spermatozoa. 2. In the hydrolysis of N-alpha-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester the degree of activation of acrosin by Ca(2+), and by some other cations, is dependent on the extent of contamination by the inhibitor. In 50mm-Tris-HCl buffer (pH8.2) activation by Ca(2+) did not exceed 40%, but acrosin that is partially inhibited may be activated by up to 300%: this is due to cation-mediated protection of acrosin against the inhibitor. 3. Increasing concentrations of buffers (e.g. Tris) also activate acrosin but at above certain buffer concentrations Ca(2+) no longer exerts an activating effect and may become inhibitory. Ca(2+) is also inhibitory when added to assay systems involving anionic buffers with chelating properties. This is due to a fall in pH. 4. The above results suggest reasons for conflicting conclusions in papers dealing with the effects of Ca(2+) on acrosin activity. 5. Inhibition of acrosin by the Kunitz pancreatic trypsin inhibitor is increased on addition of Ca(2+). Inhibitions of trypsin by the acrosin inhibitor and by the Kunitz inhibitor are insensitive to Ca(2+). 6. Like trypsin, acrosin is activated, up to 60%, by 2-methyl-propan-2-ol, dimethyl sulphoxide, and some other water-miscible solvents. Effects of cations and solvents tend to be additive and a common maximum acrosin activity can be achieved with various concentrations of solvent, salts and buffer in the assay system. Activation by solvents is increased when low concentrations of the acrosin inhibitor are present. 7. Activations of acrosin by salts and by solvents are more pronounced when the substrate is N-alpha-benzoyl-dl-arginine 2-naphthylamide. 8. K(m) values for ram acrosin (about 0.2mm) are much higher than those for trypsin, and k(cat.) values are slightly higher than those for trypsin. Considerations of the influences of ions and dimethyl sulphoxide on the activities and kinetic constants of acrosin and trypsin suggest that conformational changes are the factors mainly responsible for the reported activations of acrosin. 9. The following conclusions are reached. (a) Acrosin plays a role in the penetration of the sperm cell into the egg without becoming detached from the acrosomal membrane. (b) The enzyme is a peripheral membrane protein which may be classed as a cathepsin. (c) The susceptibility of the activity of soluble acrosin to cations and solvents points to a flexible molecule, i.e. one lacking conformational restraints imposed by association (presumably ionic) with the acrosomal membrane.", "PMID": 1191254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12216", "title": "The ribosomal ribonucleic acid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.", "content": "The 23S rRNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens contains at least two nicks which result in the formation of RNA components with mol.wts. of 0.52 X 10(6) and 0.48 X 10(6). Thus under the usual conditions of extraction and analysis, no 23S rRNA was recovered from the bacterium. The experiments show that 23S rRNA is synthesized as a continuous chain, in which one or two nicks are formed almost immediately near the ends of the molecule and an additional nick in the middle at a later time.", "contents": "The ribosomal ribonucleic acid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The 23S rRNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens contains at least two nicks which result in the formation of RNA components with mol.wts. of 0.52 X 10(6) and 0.48 X 10(6). Thus under the usual conditions of extraction and analysis, no 23S rRNA was recovered from the bacterium. The experiments show that 23S rRNA is synthesized as a continuous chain, in which one or two nicks are formed almost immediately near the ends of the molecule and an additional nick in the middle at a later time.", "PMID": 1191256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12217", "title": "Structure and biosynthesis of the ribosomal ribonucleic acids from the oncogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens.", "content": "The rRNA of the oncogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens was extracted by several methods and analysed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The large rRNA of this bacterium is degraded in vivo during the maturation of the ribosome. The influence of Mg2+ and denaturation on degradation of 23S RNA was studied. In pulse and chase experiments, we identified two precursors of the rRNA with mol.wts. of 1.04 x 10(6) and 0.70 x 10(6). From studies of the structure of the large rRNA, we propose that it could have arisen from a gene duplication. This structure is discussed in relation to a recent hypothesis involving such gene duplication as a means of origin of 23S rRNA.", "contents": "Structure and biosynthesis of the ribosomal ribonucleic acids from the oncogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The rRNA of the oncogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens was extracted by several methods and analysed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The large rRNA of this bacterium is degraded in vivo during the maturation of the ribosome. The influence of Mg2+ and denaturation on degradation of 23S RNA was studied. In pulse and chase experiments, we identified two precursors of the rRNA with mol.wts. of 1.04 x 10(6) and 0.70 x 10(6). From studies of the structure of the large rRNA, we propose that it could have arisen from a gene duplication. This structure is discussed in relation to a recent hypothesis involving such gene duplication as a means of origin of 23S rRNA.", "PMID": 1191257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12218", "title": "The amino acid sequence of the alpha chain of the major haemoglobin of the rat (Rattus norvegicus).", "content": "1. A partial amino acid sequence of the alpha chain from the rat (Wistar, Rattus norvegicus) major haemoglobin is reported. The soluble tryptic peptides prepared from aminoethylated alpha-globin were separated by peptide 'mapping'. Sequencing of the tryptic peptides was carried out by the dansyl-Edman method and by the overlapping of smaller peptide fragments derived from secondary enzymic digestion. The insoluble 'core' peptides were further digested with chymotrypsin, thermolysin and pepsin to give smaller soluble peptides for sequencing. The tryptic peptides were ordered on the basis of their homology with the corresponding peptides of human alpha chain. 2. The proposed sequence is compared with that obtained by using an automated sequencer [Garrick et al. (1975) Biochem. J. 149, 245-258]. The differences in sequence resulting from the two methods are discussed. 3. It is suggested that the externally situated cysteine (residue 13) is responsible for the observed inhibition of crystallization of rat haemoglobin at alkaline pH. 4. Detailed evidence for the sequence has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50047 (9 pages) at the British Library (Linding Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from which copies can be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 145, 5.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of the alpha chain of the major haemoglobin of the rat (Rattus norvegicus). 1. A partial amino acid sequence of the alpha chain from the rat (Wistar, Rattus norvegicus) major haemoglobin is reported. The soluble tryptic peptides prepared from aminoethylated alpha-globin were separated by peptide 'mapping'. Sequencing of the tryptic peptides was carried out by the dansyl-Edman method and by the overlapping of smaller peptide fragments derived from secondary enzymic digestion. The insoluble 'core' peptides were further digested with chymotrypsin, thermolysin and pepsin to give smaller soluble peptides for sequencing. The tryptic peptides were ordered on the basis of their homology with the corresponding peptides of human alpha chain. 2. The proposed sequence is compared with that obtained by using an automated sequencer [Garrick et al. (1975) Biochem. J. 149, 245-258]. The differences in sequence resulting from the two methods are discussed. 3. It is suggested that the externally situated cysteine (residue 13) is responsible for the observed inhibition of crystallization of rat haemoglobin at alkaline pH. 4. Detailed evidence for the sequence has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50047 (9 pages) at the British Library (Linding Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from which copies can be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 145, 5.", "PMID": 1191258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12219", "title": "The amino acid sequence of cytochrome f from the brown alga Alaria esculenta (L.) Grev.", "content": "Cytochrome f was isolated from the brown alga Alaria esculenta and the amino acid sequence was determined. The native haemoprotein has a molecular weight of 9800 and consists of a single polypeptide chain of 86 amino acid residues with a haem group bonded to cysteine residues at positions 14 and 17. The N-terminus is not acetylated and no methylated lysines were found. Sequences of three other algal cytochromes f were compared with that of Alaria and 22 out of 92 positions were common to the four sequences. One-half of these conserved sites occur between positions 49 and 63. Detailed evidence for the amino acid sequence of Alaria cytochrome has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50048 (6 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1975) 145, 5.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of cytochrome f from the brown alga Alaria esculenta (L.) Grev. Cytochrome f was isolated from the brown alga Alaria esculenta and the amino acid sequence was determined. The native haemoprotein has a molecular weight of 9800 and consists of a single polypeptide chain of 86 amino acid residues with a haem group bonded to cysteine residues at positions 14 and 17. The N-terminus is not acetylated and no methylated lysines were found. Sequences of three other algal cytochromes f were compared with that of Alaria and 22 out of 92 positions were common to the four sequences. One-half of these conserved sites occur between positions 49 and 63. Detailed evidence for the amino acid sequence of Alaria cytochrome has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50048 (6 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1975) 145, 5.", "PMID": 1191259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12220", "title": "Evidence against the proposed interaction of thionitrobenzoate with protein disulphide bonds.", "content": "Thionitrobenzoate was prepared from 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), and its reaction with several disulphide-containing proteins was examined under various conditions. No evidence for any cleavage of disulphide bonds was obtained. The claim by Robyt et al. [Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1971) 147, 262-269] that thionitrobenzoate allows the quantitative determination of disulphide bonds in proteins is not substantiated.", "contents": "Evidence against the proposed interaction of thionitrobenzoate with protein disulphide bonds. Thionitrobenzoate was prepared from 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), and its reaction with several disulphide-containing proteins was examined under various conditions. No evidence for any cleavage of disulphide bonds was obtained. The claim by Robyt et al. [Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1971) 147, 262-269] that thionitrobenzoate allows the quantitative determination of disulphide bonds in proteins is not substantiated.", "PMID": 1191260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12221", "title": "The photocarcinogenicity of anthracence: photochemical binding to deoxyribonucleic acid in tissue culture.", "content": "Anthracene becomes covalently bound to high-molecular-weight DNA in mammalian tissue culture as a result of irradiation at 365 nm after the incubation of cells with the hydrocarbon. At high radiation doses, the extent of binding exceeds one hydrocarbon molecule per 10(3) bases, and is lethal. At low radiation doses, much decreased binding is observed, but a majority of cells remain viable and can be recultured.", "contents": "The photocarcinogenicity of anthracence: photochemical binding to deoxyribonucleic acid in tissue culture. Anthracene becomes covalently bound to high-molecular-weight DNA in mammalian tissue culture as a result of irradiation at 365 nm after the incubation of cells with the hydrocarbon. At high radiation doses, the extent of binding exceeds one hydrocarbon molecule per 10(3) bases, and is lethal. At low radiation doses, much decreased binding is observed, but a majority of cells remain viable and can be recultured.", "PMID": 1191261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12222", "title": "The effect of some amine oxides and disulphide compounds on the activity of acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "Three amine oxides, two aliphatic and one aromatic, and 2,2'-dithiodipyridine were found to be weak reversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. 5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitro-benzoic acid) had no effect on the enzyme under the conditions of the Ellman spectrophotometric assay.", "contents": "The effect of some amine oxides and disulphide compounds on the activity of acetylcholinesterase. Three amine oxides, two aliphatic and one aromatic, and 2,2'-dithiodipyridine were found to be weak reversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. 5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitro-benzoic acid) had no effect on the enzyme under the conditions of the Ellman spectrophotometric assay.", "PMID": 1191262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12223", "title": "Effects of adenine nucleotides on rice-root adenosine triphosphate sulphurylase activity in vitro.", "content": "The presence of ATP sulphurylase activity in the 30000g supernatant fraction of rice-root homogenate has been demonstrated. Studies of the effects of adenosine and its nucleotides on the enzymic activity showed that AMP activated but that ADP and adenosine inhibited the enzyme.", "contents": "Effects of adenine nucleotides on rice-root adenosine triphosphate sulphurylase activity in vitro. The presence of ATP sulphurylase activity in the 30000g supernatant fraction of rice-root homogenate has been demonstrated. Studies of the effects of adenosine and its nucleotides on the enzymic activity showed that AMP activated but that ADP and adenosine inhibited the enzyme.", "PMID": 1191263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12224", "title": "The complexity of satellite deoxyribonucleic acid in a higher plant.", "content": "Purified satellite DNA from melon (Cucumis melo) was shown to contain at least two components from thermal-denaturation and renaturation studies. Two components were separated after partial renaturation, a fast-renaturing fraction similar in complexity to mouse satellite DNA, and one with 6000 times greater complexity. Both components renatured very accurately, indicating a minimum of sequence divergence. Centrifugation of the purified satellite DNA in Ag+/Cs2SO4 gradients resolved two major and several minor fractions. The two major fractions were only slightly enriched for fast- or slow-renaturing sequences.", "contents": "The complexity of satellite deoxyribonucleic acid in a higher plant. Purified satellite DNA from melon (Cucumis melo) was shown to contain at least two components from thermal-denaturation and renaturation studies. Two components were separated after partial renaturation, a fast-renaturing fraction similar in complexity to mouse satellite DNA, and one with 6000 times greater complexity. Both components renatured very accurately, indicating a minimum of sequence divergence. Centrifugation of the purified satellite DNA in Ag+/Cs2SO4 gradients resolved two major and several minor fractions. The two major fractions were only slightly enriched for fast- or slow-renaturing sequences.", "PMID": 1191264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12225", "title": "The extraction and characterization of bovine epidermal alpha-keratin.", "content": "1. The alpha-fibrous protein (alpha-keratin) component of bovine epidermis has been extracted and characterized. 2. Prekeratin, a multichain unit of the epidermal tonofilaments, was shown to consist of six different polypeptide chains on polyacrylamide-gel systems containing sodium dodecyl sulphate or sodium decyl sulphate with discontinuous gel buffers, but only three chains were seen when a gel system containing sodium dodecyl sulphate with a continuous gel buffer was used. 3. Extraction of the 'keratinized' stratum corneum and the living part of the epidermis with urea buffers at pH 7.6 or 9.0 released 60% of the total dry weight of the tissues in the form of alpha-helical polypeptides. 4. The numbers, relative amounts and properties of the extracted polypeptides were the same as the subunits of prekeratin and thus are derived from the tonofilaments in situ. 5. The subunits of prekeratin and the polypeptides extracted from the living cell layers contained an average of six cysteine residues, but those from the stratum corneum contained an average of three intrachain disulphide bonds. 6. The polypeptide chains aggregated through non-covalent interactions in vitro into filaments that were similar to the tonofilaments. 7. Since the polypeptides could be released from the stratum corneum without breaking covalent bonds, it is concluded that such bonds do not cross-link the tonofilaments and non-fibrous keratohyalin. It is suggested that the tonofilaments and keratohyalin of bovine epidermis are associated by secondary bonding forces.", "contents": "The extraction and characterization of bovine epidermal alpha-keratin. 1. The alpha-fibrous protein (alpha-keratin) component of bovine epidermis has been extracted and characterized. 2. Prekeratin, a multichain unit of the epidermal tonofilaments, was shown to consist of six different polypeptide chains on polyacrylamide-gel systems containing sodium dodecyl sulphate or sodium decyl sulphate with discontinuous gel buffers, but only three chains were seen when a gel system containing sodium dodecyl sulphate with a continuous gel buffer was used. 3. Extraction of the 'keratinized' stratum corneum and the living part of the epidermis with urea buffers at pH 7.6 or 9.0 released 60% of the total dry weight of the tissues in the form of alpha-helical polypeptides. 4. The numbers, relative amounts and properties of the extracted polypeptides were the same as the subunits of prekeratin and thus are derived from the tonofilaments in situ. 5. The subunits of prekeratin and the polypeptides extracted from the living cell layers contained an average of six cysteine residues, but those from the stratum corneum contained an average of three intrachain disulphide bonds. 6. The polypeptide chains aggregated through non-covalent interactions in vitro into filaments that were similar to the tonofilaments. 7. Since the polypeptides could be released from the stratum corneum without breaking covalent bonds, it is concluded that such bonds do not cross-link the tonofilaments and non-fibrous keratohyalin. It is suggested that the tonofilaments and keratohyalin of bovine epidermis are associated by secondary bonding forces.", "PMID": 1191265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12226", "title": "Microbial L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Purification, subunit  structure and kinetic properties of the enzyme from Rhizoctonia solani.", "content": "1. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) was purified to homogeneity from the acetone-dried powders of the mycelial felts of the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. 2. A useful modification in protamine sulphate treatment to get substantial purification of the enzyme in a single-step is described. 3. The purified enzyme shows bisubstrate activity towards L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine. 4.  It is sensitive to carbonyl reagents and the inhibition is not reversed by gel filtration. 5. The molecular weight of the enzyme as determined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation is around 330000. 6. The enzyme is made up of two pairs of unidentical subunits, with a molecular weight of 70000 (alpha) and 90000 (beta) respectively. 7. Studies on initial velocity versus substrate concentration have shown significant deviations from Michaelis-Menten kinetics. 8. The double-reciprocal plots are biphasic (concave downwards) and Hofstee plots show a curvilinear pattern. 9. The apparent Km value increases from 0.18 mM to as high as 5.0 mM with the increase in the concentration of the substrate and during this process the Vmax, increases by 2-2.5-fold. 10. The value of Hill coefficient is 0.5. 11. Steady-state rates of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase reaction in the presence of inhibitors like D-phenylalanine, cinnamic, p-coumaric, caffeic, dihydrocaffeic and phenylpyruvic acid have shown that only one molecule of each type of inhibitor binds to a molecule of the enzyme. These observations suggest the involvement of negative homotropic interactions in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. 12. The enzyme could not be desensitized by treatment with HgCl2, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid or by repeated freezing and thawing.", "contents": "Microbial L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Purification, subunit  structure and kinetic properties of the enzyme from Rhizoctonia solani. 1. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) was purified to homogeneity from the acetone-dried powders of the mycelial felts of the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. 2. A useful modification in protamine sulphate treatment to get substantial purification of the enzyme in a single-step is described. 3. The purified enzyme shows bisubstrate activity towards L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine. 4.  It is sensitive to carbonyl reagents and the inhibition is not reversed by gel filtration. 5. The molecular weight of the enzyme as determined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation is around 330000. 6. The enzyme is made up of two pairs of unidentical subunits, with a molecular weight of 70000 (alpha) and 90000 (beta) respectively. 7. Studies on initial velocity versus substrate concentration have shown significant deviations from Michaelis-Menten kinetics. 8. The double-reciprocal plots are biphasic (concave downwards) and Hofstee plots show a curvilinear pattern. 9. The apparent Km value increases from 0.18 mM to as high as 5.0 mM with the increase in the concentration of the substrate and during this process the Vmax, increases by 2-2.5-fold. 10. The value of Hill coefficient is 0.5. 11. Steady-state rates of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase reaction in the presence of inhibitors like D-phenylalanine, cinnamic, p-coumaric, caffeic, dihydrocaffeic and phenylpyruvic acid have shown that only one molecule of each type of inhibitor binds to a molecule of the enzyme. These observations suggest the involvement of negative homotropic interactions in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. 12. The enzyme could not be desensitized by treatment with HgCl2, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid or by repeated freezing and thawing.", "PMID": 1191266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12227", "title": "Regulatory effects of fatty acyl-coenzyme A derivatives on phosphate-activated pig brain and kidney glutaminase in vitro.", "content": "1. Fatty n-acyl-CoA derivatives in the concentration range 5muM-0.1mM and with 5-18 fatty acyl carbons have dual effects on phosphate-activated glutaminase from pig brain and kidney. Generally, fatty acyl-CoA derivatives in low concentrations activate the enzyme, but inhibit at higher concentrations; phosphate and citrate potentiate the activation, displaying positive co-operatively, and protect against inactivation. The fatty acyl-CoA derivatives affect glutaminase similarly to Bromothymol Blue, but differently from acetyl-CoA, which activates the enzyme only at very low phosphate or citrate concentrations. 2. Saturated fatty acyl-CoA derivatives, with 5-10 fatty acyl carbons, only activate the enzyme in the concentration range 0-0.1 mM. When the fatty acyl chain is elongated, the fatty acyl-CoA derivatives gradually become more powerful inhibitors of glutaminase at the expense of their activating capacity. In particular, palmitoyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA are strong inhibitors at concentrations (10 muM) at which the corresponding free fatty acids and fatty acyl-carnitine derivatives have no effect. 3. The unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA derivatives, oleoyl-CoA and linoleoyl-CoA, behave as potent activators in the lower part of the concentration range tested (0-0.05mM), and as inhibitors in the upper part of this range (0.02-0.10mM). Oleic acid and linoleic acid have similar properties, but their activating capacity is less pronounced. 4. Phosphate both prevented and reversed the inhibition, but no restoration of activity was possible once the enzyme became inactivated. 5. By changing the pH from 7.0 to 8.0 the activating capacity of the fatty acyl-CoA derivatives is increased, as is their concentration range for activation. 6. The fatty acyl-CoA derivatives are somewhat more potent activator for brain glutaminase, but otherwise they affect the two enzymes similarly.", "contents": "Regulatory effects of fatty acyl-coenzyme A derivatives on phosphate-activated pig brain and kidney glutaminase in vitro. 1. Fatty n-acyl-CoA derivatives in the concentration range 5muM-0.1mM and with 5-18 fatty acyl carbons have dual effects on phosphate-activated glutaminase from pig brain and kidney. Generally, fatty acyl-CoA derivatives in low concentrations activate the enzyme, but inhibit at higher concentrations; phosphate and citrate potentiate the activation, displaying positive co-operatively, and protect against inactivation. The fatty acyl-CoA derivatives affect glutaminase similarly to Bromothymol Blue, but differently from acetyl-CoA, which activates the enzyme only at very low phosphate or citrate concentrations. 2. Saturated fatty acyl-CoA derivatives, with 5-10 fatty acyl carbons, only activate the enzyme in the concentration range 0-0.1 mM. When the fatty acyl chain is elongated, the fatty acyl-CoA derivatives gradually become more powerful inhibitors of glutaminase at the expense of their activating capacity. In particular, palmitoyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA are strong inhibitors at concentrations (10 muM) at which the corresponding free fatty acids and fatty acyl-carnitine derivatives have no effect. 3. The unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA derivatives, oleoyl-CoA and linoleoyl-CoA, behave as potent activators in the lower part of the concentration range tested (0-0.05mM), and as inhibitors in the upper part of this range (0.02-0.10mM). Oleic acid and linoleic acid have similar properties, but their activating capacity is less pronounced. 4. Phosphate both prevented and reversed the inhibition, but no restoration of activity was possible once the enzyme became inactivated. 5. By changing the pH from 7.0 to 8.0 the activating capacity of the fatty acyl-CoA derivatives is increased, as is their concentration range for activation. 6. The fatty acyl-CoA derivatives are somewhat more potent activator for brain glutaminase, but otherwise they affect the two enzymes similarly.", "PMID": 1191267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12228", "title": "Studies on the infectious etiology of human rheumatoid arthritis. II. Search for humoral and cell-bound antibodies against mycoplasmal antigens.", "content": "A total of 29 rheumatoid patients and 19 nonrheumatoid patients were tested for evidence of present or past infection by M pneumoniae, M hominis, M fermentans, M arthritidis, M pulmonis, and M hyorhinis. The techniques of lymphocye transformation, metabolic-inhibiting antibody test, and mycoplasmcidal antibody test indicated no significant difference in the response of rheumatoid as opposed to nonrheumatoid patients.", "contents": "Studies on the infectious etiology of human rheumatoid arthritis. II. Search for humoral and cell-bound antibodies against mycoplasmal antigens. A total of 29 rheumatoid patients and 19 nonrheumatoid patients were tested for evidence of present or past infection by M pneumoniae, M hominis, M fermentans, M arthritidis, M pulmonis, and M hyorhinis. The techniques of lymphocye transformation, metabolic-inhibiting antibody test, and mycoplasmcidal antibody test indicated no significant difference in the response of rheumatoid as opposed to nonrheumatoid patients.", "PMID": 1191345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12229", "title": "Freeze-etch study of collagen. I. Native collagen from tendon and lung of rats.", "content": "The freeze-fracture technique was used to study the fine structure of native collagen from rat tendon and lung. The collagen filaments were organized into a spiraled lamellar substructure within each fibril. Small particles, representing the broken ends of the collagen filaments, were found in nearly straight rows when the lamellae were broken tranversely. Filamentous connections were shown which span the interfibrillar matrix and unite all of the fibrils into a reticular network. The fibrils were coated with material that was greatly hydrated in vivo. Sublimation occurred more rapidly from some portions of the coating substance than from others, resulting in a banding pattern with a 610 A repeat distance.", "contents": "Freeze-etch study of collagen. I. Native collagen from tendon and lung of rats. The freeze-fracture technique was used to study the fine structure of native collagen from rat tendon and lung. The collagen filaments were organized into a spiraled lamellar substructure within each fibril. Small particles, representing the broken ends of the collagen filaments, were found in nearly straight rows when the lamellae were broken tranversely. Filamentous connections were shown which span the interfibrillar matrix and unite all of the fibrils into a reticular network. The fibrils were coated with material that was greatly hydrated in vivo. Sublimation occurred more rapidly from some portions of the coating substance than from others, resulting in a banding pattern with a 610 A repeat distance.", "PMID": 1191346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12230", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of the cartilage-pannus junction in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The junction between pannus and cartilage was examined in the rheumatoid joint. Three types of cartilage-pannus junction were observed. In one, proliferating small blood vessels, surrounded by highly cellular infiltrates, penetrated deeply into the cartilage. Degeneration of the cartilage was observed around the cellular accumulations. In the second, phagocytic and fibroblastic cells invaded the cartilage. In the third, fibrous pannus overlay the cartilage. Lysis of cartilage by infiltrating cells appeared to be a major cause of cartilage erosion in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of the cartilage-pannus junction in rheumatoid arthritis. The junction between pannus and cartilage was examined in the rheumatoid joint. Three types of cartilage-pannus junction were observed. In one, proliferating small blood vessels, surrounded by highly cellular infiltrates, penetrated deeply into the cartilage. Degeneration of the cartilage was observed around the cellular accumulations. In the second, phagocytic and fibroblastic cells invaded the cartilage. In the third, fibrous pannus overlay the cartilage. Lysis of cartilage by infiltrating cells appeared to be a major cause of cartilage erosion in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 1191348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12231", "title": "Changes in the lipids of human articular cartilage with age.", "content": "Histochemical and chemical studies demonstrated a significant increase in the lipods of articular cartilage with advancing age. Triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids were identified chemically and were shown by comparative staining procedures to be present in intracellular and extracellular lipids. The distribution and the composition of the extracellular lipids were interpreted as indicating that the extracellular lipids are of cellular origin. Glycolipids were extracted from cartilage of all ages and were shown to account for a portion of the increase in total lipid with age. Glycolipids extracted from aged cartilage were partially characterized. Cerebrosides, sulfatides, and gangliosides were detected. Glycolipids were estimated to comprise from 5 to 10% of the total lipid of articular cartilage. Arachidonic acid concentrations increased maredly with age in the surface of cartilage but were present in trace amounts in deep cartilage, demonstrating clear-cut differences in the levels as well as the location of this fatty acid precursor of the prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGF2alpha).", "contents": "Changes in the lipids of human articular cartilage with age. Histochemical and chemical studies demonstrated a significant increase in the lipods of articular cartilage with advancing age. Triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids were identified chemically and were shown by comparative staining procedures to be present in intracellular and extracellular lipids. The distribution and the composition of the extracellular lipids were interpreted as indicating that the extracellular lipids are of cellular origin. Glycolipids were extracted from cartilage of all ages and were shown to account for a portion of the increase in total lipid with age. Glycolipids extracted from aged cartilage were partially characterized. Cerebrosides, sulfatides, and gangliosides were detected. Glycolipids were estimated to comprise from 5 to 10% of the total lipid of articular cartilage. Arachidonic acid concentrations increased maredly with age in the surface of cartilage but were present in trace amounts in deep cartilage, demonstrating clear-cut differences in the levels as well as the location of this fatty acid precursor of the prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGF2alpha).", "PMID": 1191347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12232", "title": "Wegener's granulomatosis. Long-term followup of patients treated with cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Ten patients with Wegener's granulomatosis were treated with cyclophosphamide and followed for periods up to 7 years. In all cases cyclophosphamide induced complete remissions. The mean duration of remission (to date) was 38 months. Six patients have been in remission for a mean of 46 months after cyclophosphamide was discontinued; 2 have been disease-free for 7 years. Of the 10 patients treated, only 1 relapsed and she responded to a second course of cyclophosphamide. These results indicate that cyclophosphamide is the drug of choice in Wegener's granulomatosis. The long-term effectiveness of this drug suggests that it may induce permanent remissions in certain patients with Wegener's granulomatosis.", "contents": "Wegener's granulomatosis. Long-term followup of patients treated with cyclophosphamide. Ten patients with Wegener's granulomatosis were treated with cyclophosphamide and followed for periods up to 7 years. In all cases cyclophosphamide induced complete remissions. The mean duration of remission (to date) was 38 months. Six patients have been in remission for a mean of 46 months after cyclophosphamide was discontinued; 2 have been disease-free for 7 years. Of the 10 patients treated, only 1 relapsed and she responded to a second course of cyclophosphamide. These results indicate that cyclophosphamide is the drug of choice in Wegener's granulomatosis. The long-term effectiveness of this drug suggests that it may induce permanent remissions in certain patients with Wegener's granulomatosis.", "PMID": 1191350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12233", "title": "Bone resorption of the mandible in progressive systemic sclerosis.", "content": "Five of 16 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis were found to have bone resorption at the angle of the mandible. This finding appears to be closely related to the tightness of the skin of the face, atrophy of the masseter and pterygoid muscles, small size of the oral orifice, and a significantly high frequency in blacks. The mandible must therefore be added to the list of those bones that can be resorbed in progressive systemic sclerosis.", "contents": "Bone resorption of the mandible in progressive systemic sclerosis. Five of 16 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis were found to have bone resorption at the angle of the mandible. This finding appears to be closely related to the tightness of the skin of the face, atrophy of the masseter and pterygoid muscles, small size of the oral orifice, and a significantly high frequency in blacks. The mandible must therefore be added to the list of those bones that can be resorbed in progressive systemic sclerosis.", "PMID": 1191351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12234", "title": "Effect of topical administration of antiinflammatory drugs to rats with adjuvant arthritis.", "content": "Oral or intramuscular administration of antiinflammatory agents produces numerous undesirable side effects. This work explores the hypothesis that topical administration of such agents directly to the site of inflammation would have beneficial antiinflammatory effects. Topical administration of steroidal and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs to rats with adjuvant arthritis was as effective as oral or intramuscular administration. Peak blood levels of radioactivity following administration of equal doses of hydrocortisone-3H were considerably lower after topical administration than after oral administration.", "contents": "Effect of topical administration of antiinflammatory drugs to rats with adjuvant arthritis. Oral or intramuscular administration of antiinflammatory agents produces numerous undesirable side effects. This work explores the hypothesis that topical administration of such agents directly to the site of inflammation would have beneficial antiinflammatory effects. Topical administration of steroidal and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs to rats with adjuvant arthritis was as effective as oral or intramuscular administration. Peak blood levels of radioactivity following administration of equal doses of hydrocortisone-3H were considerably lower after topical administration than after oral administration.", "PMID": 1191354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12235", "title": "Spontaneous remission of Felty's syndrome.", "content": "The clinical course of a patient with Felty's syndrome is described. This patient was unusual because during a 3-year period of splenomegaly and leukopenia she did not develop repeated infections, leg ulcers, or other complications of Felty's syndrome. Then a spontaneous remission began. During the subsequent 6 years, neither symptoms nor signs of Felty's syndrome have recurred.", "contents": "Spontaneous remission of Felty's syndrome. The clinical course of a patient with Felty's syndrome is described. This patient was unusual because during a 3-year period of splenomegaly and leukopenia she did not develop repeated infections, leg ulcers, or other complications of Felty's syndrome. Then a spontaneous remission began. During the subsequent 6 years, neither symptoms nor signs of Felty's syndrome have recurred.", "PMID": 1191353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12236", "title": "The effect of carbon monoxide on lipid metabolism of human coronary arteries.", "content": "Human coronary arteries were perfused under sterile conditions in vitro with blood containing high or low concentrations of carbon monoxide. Lipid synthesis in the arterial wall was investigated by incorporating [14C]acetate; synthesis of the following lipids was measured: cholesterol, cholesterol ester, di- and triglycerides and phospholipids. Cholesterol uptake by the arterial wall was studied by using [3H]cholesterol as a tracer. No influence of CO on lipid synthesis in the arterial wall could be demonstrated. In contrast, arteries which were exposed to CO showed a higher uptake of cholesterol as compared to their corresponding control. The concentration of CO in the perfusate did not alter the degree of cholesterol uptake. These results are in general agreement with those of others, who found that CO significantly increases the permeability of endothelial membranes.", "contents": "The effect of carbon monoxide on lipid metabolism of human coronary arteries. Human coronary arteries were perfused under sterile conditions in vitro with blood containing high or low concentrations of carbon monoxide. Lipid synthesis in the arterial wall was investigated by incorporating [14C]acetate; synthesis of the following lipids was measured: cholesterol, cholesterol ester, di- and triglycerides and phospholipids. Cholesterol uptake by the arterial wall was studied by using [3H]cholesterol as a tracer. No influence of CO on lipid synthesis in the arterial wall could be demonstrated. In contrast, arteries which were exposed to CO showed a higher uptake of cholesterol as compared to their corresponding control. The concentration of CO in the perfusate did not alter the degree of cholesterol uptake. These results are in general agreement with those of others, who found that CO significantly increases the permeability of endothelial membranes.", "PMID": 1191371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12237", "title": "Homocysteine theory of arteriosclerosis.", "content": "Arteriosclerotic plaques were found in the aorta and arteries of rabbits given homocysteine thiolactone, methionine or homocysteic acid, both parenterally and in a synthetic diet. Animals given large doses of parenteral methionine or homocysteine thiolactone died of pulmonary embolism and pulmonary infarct. Pyridoxine prevented thrombosis and pulmonary embolism but did not prevent arteriosclerotic plaques. These findings and previous work, showing a new matabolic pathway for sulfate ester synthesis from methionine, the somatotrophic activity of homocysteic acid, and control of cellular growth and intercellular matrix synthesis by homocysteine derivatives, suggest a theory to explain aspects of the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis.", "contents": "Homocysteine theory of arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerotic plaques were found in the aorta and arteries of rabbits given homocysteine thiolactone, methionine or homocysteic acid, both parenterally and in a synthetic diet. Animals given large doses of parenteral methionine or homocysteine thiolactone died of pulmonary embolism and pulmonary infarct. Pyridoxine prevented thrombosis and pulmonary embolism but did not prevent arteriosclerotic plaques. These findings and previous work, showing a new matabolic pathway for sulfate ester synthesis from methionine, the somatotrophic activity of homocysteic acid, and control of cellular growth and intercellular matrix synthesis by homocysteine derivatives, suggest a theory to explain aspects of the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis.", "PMID": 1191372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12238", "title": "Exchange of plasma radioactive cholesterol with atheroma lipids in situ and implanted subcutaneously.", "content": "Physicochemical exchange of radioactive cholesterol was investigated in mildly hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Such exchange was examined in erythrocytes and atheroma lipids in situ in the aortic wall and in such lipids when implanted subcutaneously. The implanted atheroma lipids gained radioactivity from intravenously injected [3H]cholesterol, even though cholesterol was being resorbed from the implants. Autoradiography showed exchange between plasma cholesterol and both intracellular and dispersed extracellular lipid in these implants. Cholesterol crystals in both implants and atheromatous lesions labelled only sluggishly. The results are consistent with the view that physicochemical exchange is a major factor in cholesterol movement in vivo.", "contents": "Exchange of plasma radioactive cholesterol with atheroma lipids in situ and implanted subcutaneously. Physicochemical exchange of radioactive cholesterol was investigated in mildly hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Such exchange was examined in erythrocytes and atheroma lipids in situ in the aortic wall and in such lipids when implanted subcutaneously. The implanted atheroma lipids gained radioactivity from intravenously injected [3H]cholesterol, even though cholesterol was being resorbed from the implants. Autoradiography showed exchange between plasma cholesterol and both intracellular and dispersed extracellular lipid in these implants. Cholesterol crystals in both implants and atheromatous lesions labelled only sluggishly. The results are consistent with the view that physicochemical exchange is a major factor in cholesterol movement in vivo.", "PMID": 1191373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12239", "title": "Aortic hexosamine, [35S]sulfate uptake, and calcium metabolism related to early arterial degenerative changes induced by lactation and forced weaning in breeder rats.", "content": "The relation of lactation and weaning to the development of early arterial lesions in the female breeder rat was investigated. Changes in aortic hexosamine and 35S-uptake, which are indicative of ground substance metabolism were correlated with changes in aortic calcium, phosphorus, and 45Ca-uptake during lactation and weaning. Lactation was associated with reduced aortic hexosamine content and lowered uptake of [S]sulfate. Further dynamic changes in aortic metabolism of these substances occurred following weaning in conjunction with an intense calcium uptake in the aorta of some, but not all, of the post-lactation animals. These latter changes were associated with the beginning aortic calcifications. Histopathologically, early arterial lesions developing during lactation, consist of intimal accumulations of mucopolysaccharide capped over by collagen. With repeated breeding cycles, these early lesions become exacerbated with extensive medial calcification occurring in areas rich in mucopolysaccharide and collagen particularly around degenerating elastic fibers. The hormones associated with reproduction and lactation may have a conditioning effect on these arterial connective tissue alterations and the development of arterial degenerative changes.", "contents": "Aortic hexosamine, [35S]sulfate uptake, and calcium metabolism related to early arterial degenerative changes induced by lactation and forced weaning in breeder rats. The relation of lactation and weaning to the development of early arterial lesions in the female breeder rat was investigated. Changes in aortic hexosamine and 35S-uptake, which are indicative of ground substance metabolism were correlated with changes in aortic calcium, phosphorus, and 45Ca-uptake during lactation and weaning. Lactation was associated with reduced aortic hexosamine content and lowered uptake of [S]sulfate. Further dynamic changes in aortic metabolism of these substances occurred following weaning in conjunction with an intense calcium uptake in the aorta of some, but not all, of the post-lactation animals. These latter changes were associated with the beginning aortic calcifications. Histopathologically, early arterial lesions developing during lactation, consist of intimal accumulations of mucopolysaccharide capped over by collagen. With repeated breeding cycles, these early lesions become exacerbated with extensive medial calcification occurring in areas rich in mucopolysaccharide and collagen particularly around degenerating elastic fibers. The hormones associated with reproduction and lactation may have a conditioning effect on these arterial connective tissue alterations and the development of arterial degenerative changes.", "PMID": 1191374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12240", "title": "Effect of electrical stimulation on the tensile strength of the porous implant and bone interface.", "content": "The effect of electrical stimulation upon the direct tensile strength of the interfacial union between porous calcium aluminate implants (100 to 200 mu diameter pores) and bone was studied in the femurs of rabbits. After about 4 weeks of implantation the tnesile strength of the electrically stimulated specimens was approximately two times that of the nonstimulated ones. This indicates that electrical stimulation increased the rate of new bone formation under the experimental conditions.", "contents": "Effect of electrical stimulation on the tensile strength of the porous implant and bone interface. The effect of electrical stimulation upon the direct tensile strength of the interfacial union between porous calcium aluminate implants (100 to 200 mu diameter pores) and bone was studied in the femurs of rabbits. After about 4 weeks of implantation the tnesile strength of the electrically stimulated specimens was approximately two times that of the nonstimulated ones. This indicates that electrical stimulation increased the rate of new bone formation under the experimental conditions.", "PMID": 1191380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12241", "title": "In vivo chemotaxis of rat leukocytes in the presence of circulating chylomicrons.", "content": "Dietary-induced chylomicronemia was produced in rats to determine its effect on the chemotactic activity of 51Cr-labelled adoptively transferred isologous leukocytes. Rats fed a low protein high fat diet for 2 months had normal total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, but increased amounts of chylomicrons. Circulating neutrophils and monocytes from animals on a normal diet were able to phagocytose chylomicrons from plasma of those animals on the special diet. Peritoneal exudate cells from the latter animals contained intracellular chylomicrons demonstratable both histologically and biochemically. Neutrophils and mononuclear cells from normal or special fed animals, when transferred to chylomicronemic recipients, had a reduced ability to accumulate at the site of a complement-dependent inflammatory reaction but circulated normally. The defective chemotactic activity observed could be duplicated when cells were allowed to ingest aggregated protein instead of chylomicrons. It was concluded that circulating leukocytes ingest chylomicrons from the plasma with a resultant reduction in their chemotactic activity. The results were discussed in relation to the increased incidence of infection in diabetes characterized by Type I and V hyperlipidemias. It was also suggested that phagocytosis of particulate substances by entrapped leukocytes in atherosclerotic lesions would induce phagocytic enzyme release which could contribute to the eventual destruction of the vascular wall.", "contents": "In vivo chemotaxis of rat leukocytes in the presence of circulating chylomicrons. Dietary-induced chylomicronemia was produced in rats to determine its effect on the chemotactic activity of 51Cr-labelled adoptively transferred isologous leukocytes. Rats fed a low protein high fat diet for 2 months had normal total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, but increased amounts of chylomicrons. Circulating neutrophils and monocytes from animals on a normal diet were able to phagocytose chylomicrons from plasma of those animals on the special diet. Peritoneal exudate cells from the latter animals contained intracellular chylomicrons demonstratable both histologically and biochemically. Neutrophils and mononuclear cells from normal or special fed animals, when transferred to chylomicronemic recipients, had a reduced ability to accumulate at the site of a complement-dependent inflammatory reaction but circulated normally. The defective chemotactic activity observed could be duplicated when cells were allowed to ingest aggregated protein instead of chylomicrons. It was concluded that circulating leukocytes ingest chylomicrons from the plasma with a resultant reduction in their chemotactic activity. The results were discussed in relation to the increased incidence of infection in diabetes characterized by Type I and V hyperlipidemias. It was also suggested that phagocytosis of particulate substances by entrapped leukocytes in atherosclerotic lesions would induce phagocytic enzyme release which could contribute to the eventual destruction of the vascular wall.", "PMID": 1191375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12242", "title": "The arterial acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase and cholesterol ester hydrolase activities.", "content": "Cholesterol acyltransferase and cholesterol esterase activities of protein extracts from pig aortas have been examined and the rations of synthesis/hydrolysis rates in the presence of substrates with different fatty acids estimated. The values obtained were in the numerical order: cholesteryl oleate greater than palmitate greater than or equal to linoleate greater than linolenate greater than staerate. The results are discussed in relation to the known different accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial wall.", "contents": "The arterial acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase and cholesterol ester hydrolase activities. Cholesterol acyltransferase and cholesterol esterase activities of protein extracts from pig aortas have been examined and the rations of synthesis/hydrolysis rates in the presence of substrates with different fatty acids estimated. The values obtained were in the numerical order: cholesteryl oleate greater than palmitate greater than or equal to linoleate greater than linolenate greater than staerate. The results are discussed in relation to the known different accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial wall.", "PMID": 1191377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12243", "title": "Primary hyperlipoproteinemias as risk factors in peripheral artery disease documented by arteriography.", "content": "In a controlled study on 121 patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (75 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemia, 15 diabetics, 31 patients without metabolic disease) the relationship between risk factors (hyperlipoproteinemia, obesity, hypertension, abnormal glucose tolerance, smoking) and the degree and localisation of sclerotic lesions was investigated by angiography. The degree was directly related in all patients to the number of risk factors, in Type IIa to cholesterol levels, in diabetics and Type IV with abnormal glucose tolerance to age. The latter patients were 5-10 years older than patients with Type IIa and showed 2 or more additional risk factors. The sclerotic lesions affected in Type IIa, less in Type IIb, predominately the pelvic vessels. Diabetics and Type IV patients showed a distal arterial involvement. The difference was significant. The degree of sclerotic lesions in arteries of the pelvis and the distal lower limb was positively correlated with the cholesterol-triglyceride ratio. Smoking aggravated the pelvic lesions in Type IV. Hypertension lead to more pronounced lesions of the distal lower limb in Type II. S-shaped tortuosities of the big vessels were shown to be typical, independent of localisation or degree.", "contents": "Primary hyperlipoproteinemias as risk factors in peripheral artery disease documented by arteriography. In a controlled study on 121 patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (75 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemia, 15 diabetics, 31 patients without metabolic disease) the relationship between risk factors (hyperlipoproteinemia, obesity, hypertension, abnormal glucose tolerance, smoking) and the degree and localisation of sclerotic lesions was investigated by angiography. The degree was directly related in all patients to the number of risk factors, in Type IIa to cholesterol levels, in diabetics and Type IV with abnormal glucose tolerance to age. The latter patients were 5-10 years older than patients with Type IIa and showed 2 or more additional risk factors. The sclerotic lesions affected in Type IIa, less in Type IIb, predominately the pelvic vessels. Diabetics and Type IV patients showed a distal arterial involvement. The difference was significant. The degree of sclerotic lesions in arteries of the pelvis and the distal lower limb was positively correlated with the cholesterol-triglyceride ratio. Smoking aggravated the pelvic lesions in Type IV. Hypertension lead to more pronounced lesions of the distal lower limb in Type II. S-shaped tortuosities of the big vessels were shown to be typical, independent of localisation or degree.", "PMID": 1191376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12244", "title": "The effect of external drainage of bile on cholesterolemia.", "content": "The cholesterolopenic phenomenon--decrease of up to 30% for total cholesterol and up to 23% for esterified cholesterol--has been obtained as an effect of external drainage of bile from the common biliary duct.", "contents": "The effect of external drainage of bile on cholesterolemia. The cholesterolopenic phenomenon--decrease of up to 30% for total cholesterol and up to 23% for esterified cholesterol--has been obtained as an effect of external drainage of bile from the common biliary duct.", "PMID": 1191379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12245", "title": "A study of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio of amniotic fluid.", "content": "1. There is a significant correlation between lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios based on densitometry (L/S)D and L/S ratios based on phosphorus determinations ((L/S)P). 2. The fetal lung is mature when the (L/S)D, determined according to Verhoeven, A.G.J. and Merkus, H.M.W.M. (1974) Clin. Chim. Acta 53, 229--232, is 1.2. This value is equivalent to an (L/S)P of 1.8. 3. The acetone precipitation procedure, introduced by Gluck, L., Kulovich, M.V., Borer, R.C. and Keidel, W.N. (1974) Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 120, 142--155, is a necessary step for isolating surface-active lecithin. 4. Standardization of the (L/S)D test is feasible and should permit different laboratories to use the same transition point.", "contents": "A study of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio of amniotic fluid. 1. There is a significant correlation between lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios based on densitometry (L/S)D and L/S ratios based on phosphorus determinations ((L/S)P). 2. The fetal lung is mature when the (L/S)D, determined according to Verhoeven, A.G.J. and Merkus, H.M.W.M. (1974) Clin. Chim. Acta 53, 229--232, is 1.2. This value is equivalent to an (L/S)P of 1.8. 3. The acetone precipitation procedure, introduced by Gluck, L., Kulovich, M.V., Borer, R.C. and Keidel, W.N. (1974) Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 120, 142--155, is a necessary step for isolating surface-active lecithin. 4. Standardization of the (L/S)D test is feasible and should permit different laboratories to use the same transition point.", "PMID": 1191385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12246", "title": "Removal of plasma cholesterol by adsorption chromatography.", "content": "Batch and column chromatography with porous glass decreased the plasma concentration of cholesterol. Extracorporeal circulation of blood through a column filled with porous glass, as well as exchange transfusion with blood made hypocholesterolemic by passage of its plasma through a column filled with porous glass, temporarily reduced plasma cholesterol concentration in rats.", "contents": "Removal of plasma cholesterol by adsorption chromatography. Batch and column chromatography with porous glass decreased the plasma concentration of cholesterol. Extracorporeal circulation of blood through a column filled with porous glass, as well as exchange transfusion with blood made hypocholesterolemic by passage of its plasma through a column filled with porous glass, temporarily reduced plasma cholesterol concentration in rats.", "PMID": 1191378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12247", "title": "Observations on the antibody-dependent cytotoxic cell by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The cytotoxic effect of human peripheral blood leucocytes on antibody-coated sheep erythrocyte monolayers has been investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Only a small proportion of leucocytes were found to adhere to the monolayers. A progressive destruction was observed beginning as small plaque-like areas of erythrocyte clearing which later became confluent. Three distinct cell types were found to be associated with the areas of lysis. No destruction was observed in control monolayers incubated for a similar period in the absence of either antibody of leucocytes. Surface changes in the erthrocytes adjacent to the leucocytes suggest that mechanical factors may be involved in erythrocyte lysis in this system. It is concluded that more than one leucocyte type may damage antibody-coated erythrocytes, possibly by a mechanism involving attachment to and mechanical disruption of the red cell membrane.", "contents": "Observations on the antibody-dependent cytotoxic cell by scanning electron microscopy. The cytotoxic effect of human peripheral blood leucocytes on antibody-coated sheep erythrocyte monolayers has been investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Only a small proportion of leucocytes were found to adhere to the monolayers. A progressive destruction was observed beginning as small plaque-like areas of erythrocyte clearing which later became confluent. Three distinct cell types were found to be associated with the areas of lysis. No destruction was observed in control monolayers incubated for a similar period in the absence of either antibody of leucocytes. Surface changes in the erthrocytes adjacent to the leucocytes suggest that mechanical factors may be involved in erythrocyte lysis in this system. It is concluded that more than one leucocyte type may damage antibody-coated erythrocytes, possibly by a mechanism involving attachment to and mechanical disruption of the red cell membrane.", "PMID": 1191386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12248", "title": "Serum-mediated immunoresponses to spermatozoa.", "content": "Sixty male Lewis rats were immunized in groups of 10 by: (i) conventional vasectomy with ligation of the vas deferens; (ii) vasectomy without ligation of the vas deferens; (iii) sham vasectomy (control); (iv) subcutaneous injection of 10(9) allogeneic spermatozoa (from inbred BN rats) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA); (v) subcutaneous injection of 10(9) syngeneic spermatoza in CFA; (vi) subcutaneous injection of 10(9) syngeneic spleen cells in CFA (control). One in vivo and one in vitro assay for serum-mediated immunity were performed for each group of rats. The assays were: (i) 3-hr footpad swelling response to the injection of spermatozoa or spleen lymphocytes (Arthus response); and (ii) release of radioactivity from 51Cr-labeled spermatozoa or lymph node cells (cytotoxic antibody). A serum-mediated immunoresponsiveness specific to spermatozoa was observed in all experimental groups, except rats vasectomized without ligation of the vas deferens. Since the rats vasectomized by different methods bore similar size sperm granulomas, a pathologic explanation for the variance in immune response is not apparent. The specificity of the serum response to allogeneic (BN) spermatozoa in rats immunized with allogeneic spermatozoa is surprising, because spermatozoa probably carry histocompatibility antigens. Possible explanations for the patterns of immunoresponsiveness to spermatozoa are discussed.", "contents": "Serum-mediated immunoresponses to spermatozoa. Sixty male Lewis rats were immunized in groups of 10 by: (i) conventional vasectomy with ligation of the vas deferens; (ii) vasectomy without ligation of the vas deferens; (iii) sham vasectomy (control); (iv) subcutaneous injection of 10(9) allogeneic spermatozoa (from inbred BN rats) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA); (v) subcutaneous injection of 10(9) syngeneic spermatoza in CFA; (vi) subcutaneous injection of 10(9) syngeneic spleen cells in CFA (control). One in vivo and one in vitro assay for serum-mediated immunity were performed for each group of rats. The assays were: (i) 3-hr footpad swelling response to the injection of spermatozoa or spleen lymphocytes (Arthus response); and (ii) release of radioactivity from 51Cr-labeled spermatozoa or lymph node cells (cytotoxic antibody). A serum-mediated immunoresponsiveness specific to spermatozoa was observed in all experimental groups, except rats vasectomized without ligation of the vas deferens. Since the rats vasectomized by different methods bore similar size sperm granulomas, a pathologic explanation for the variance in immune response is not apparent. The specificity of the serum response to allogeneic (BN) spermatozoa in rats immunized with allogeneic spermatozoa is surprising, because spermatozoa probably carry histocompatibility antigens. Possible explanations for the patterns of immunoresponsiveness to spermatozoa are discussed.", "PMID": 1191388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12249", "title": "Sodium kinetics in aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Transport rate constants (kij) for Na exchanges in isolated aorta of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were determined with the use of 33Na as a tracer and the aid of digital computer simulation. A three-compartment model consisting of 1) extracellular, 2) intracellular, and 3) \"endointracellular\" spaces (compartments) was found to describe adequately the kinetics of 22Na. Results show that in SHR: I) K01, which is related to the overall Na outflow from tissue, was increased by 41%; ii) k12, describing Na movements from intra- to extracellular compartment, was increased by 67%; iii) k21, representative of Na movements from extra-to intracellular compartment, was decreased by 39%. These results indicate a faster turn-over of Na and a relative accumulation or translocation of Na into the extracellular space in aorta of SHR. The findings are interpreted in the light of recent reports on the role of Na in contractile response or reactivity of arteries. A humoral mechanism operative at the arterial wall level for the development of hypertension is at the arterial wall level for the development of hypertension is suggested. The main significance of the methodology employed in this work is that the values found for the kij are not subject to fluctuations intrinsic to auxiliary indicators of extracellular space.", "contents": "Sodium kinetics in aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Transport rate constants (kij) for Na exchanges in isolated aorta of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were determined with the use of 33Na as a tracer and the aid of digital computer simulation. A three-compartment model consisting of 1) extracellular, 2) intracellular, and 3) \"endointracellular\" spaces (compartments) was found to describe adequately the kinetics of 22Na. Results show that in SHR: I) K01, which is related to the overall Na outflow from tissue, was increased by 41%; ii) k12, describing Na movements from intra- to extracellular compartment, was increased by 67%; iii) k21, representative of Na movements from extra-to intracellular compartment, was decreased by 39%. These results indicate a faster turn-over of Na and a relative accumulation or translocation of Na into the extracellular space in aorta of SHR. The findings are interpreted in the light of recent reports on the role of Na in contractile response or reactivity of arteries. A humoral mechanism operative at the arterial wall level for the development of hypertension is at the arterial wall level for the development of hypertension is suggested. The main significance of the methodology employed in this work is that the values found for the kij are not subject to fluctuations intrinsic to auxiliary indicators of extracellular space.", "PMID": 1191389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12250", "title": "[Some characteristics of the biological action of D, L-1,4-dibromo-1,4-dideoxy-2,3-butanediol].", "content": "In tests conducted on mice and rats with transplantable tumours the antineoplastic activity of the racemic agent D, L-1,4-dibromo-1, 4-didesoxy-2, 3-butandiol is shown. With chronic administration of the drug in subtherapeutic and therapeutic doses a higher leucocytes count was in evidence in the blood of the animals with and without tumours.", "contents": "[Some characteristics of the biological action of D, L-1,4-dibromo-1,4-dideoxy-2,3-butanediol]. In tests conducted on mice and rats with transplantable tumours the antineoplastic activity of the racemic agent D, L-1,4-dibromo-1, 4-didesoxy-2, 3-butandiol is shown. With chronic administration of the drug in subtherapeutic and therapeutic doses a higher leucocytes count was in evidence in the blood of the animals with and without tumours.", "PMID": 1191387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12251", "title": "Different organization of cat lateral geniculate neurons in binocular inhibitory interaction.", "content": "The principal cells of the geniculate nucleus are generally classified into two types in terms of their anatomical connection with the optic nerve fibers; the contralateral geniculate cell on which the contralateral optic nerve fibers make excitatory synapses and the homolateral geniculate cell on which homolateral optic nerve fibers synapse. In the present experiments, the organization of binocular inhibition in the two different types of geniculate cells was investigated in the cats anesthetized with a chloralose-urethane mixture. In homolateral geniculate cells, an action spike produced by a volley in the ipsilateral optic nerve was often suppressed by a conditioning volley in the contralateral optic nerve (binocular inhibition). In the contralateral geniculate neurons, a conditioning volley in the homolateral optic nerve only occasionally inhibited the generation of an action spike produced by a contralateral optic nerve volley. Intracellular recording from the geniculate cells confirmed the results obtained by extracellular studies. It was concluded that binocular interaction at the lateral geniculate level was seen more commonly in the homolateral geniculate cells than in the contralateral cells.", "contents": "Different organization of cat lateral geniculate neurons in binocular inhibitory interaction. The principal cells of the geniculate nucleus are generally classified into two types in terms of their anatomical connection with the optic nerve fibers; the contralateral geniculate cell on which the contralateral optic nerve fibers make excitatory synapses and the homolateral geniculate cell on which homolateral optic nerve fibers synapse. In the present experiments, the organization of binocular inhibition in the two different types of geniculate cells was investigated in the cats anesthetized with a chloralose-urethane mixture. In homolateral geniculate cells, an action spike produced by a volley in the ipsilateral optic nerve was often suppressed by a conditioning volley in the contralateral optic nerve (binocular inhibition). In the contralateral geniculate neurons, a conditioning volley in the homolateral optic nerve only occasionally inhibited the generation of an action spike produced by a contralateral optic nerve volley. Intracellular recording from the geniculate cells confirmed the results obtained by extracellular studies. It was concluded that binocular interaction at the lateral geniculate level was seen more commonly in the homolateral geniculate cells than in the contralateral cells.", "PMID": 1191400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12252", "title": "[Intercellular contacts and the synchronization of fluctuations in the dry weight of glial cells].", "content": "The change of rhythmic dry mass fluctuations of the cultured glial cell due to its exposure to ultra-violet rays (the wave length 280-370 nm) produces similar changes in the contacting non-irradiated cell. The data obtained show that the intercellular contact has an important role in the synchronization of glial cell dry mass fluctuations.", "contents": "[Intercellular contacts and the synchronization of fluctuations in the dry weight of glial cells]. The change of rhythmic dry mass fluctuations of the cultured glial cell due to its exposure to ultra-violet rays (the wave length 280-370 nm) produces similar changes in the contacting non-irradiated cell. The data obtained show that the intercellular contact has an important role in the synchronization of glial cell dry mass fluctuations.", "PMID": 1191401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12253", "title": "Changes in labeling of soluble and solubilized rat brain proteins using (3H)-leucine as precursor during a learning experiment.", "content": "This paper deals with an electrophoretic study on soluble and solubilized rat brain proteins during a brightness discrimination. After intraventricular injection of L-[3H]-leucine the most pronounced increase in relative specific activity was found for several soluble acidic protein-band complexes as well as for solubilized slow-migrating non-myelin proteins obtained from hippocampus of trained animals over the data obtained for active and passive controls.", "contents": "Changes in labeling of soluble and solubilized rat brain proteins using (3H)-leucine as precursor during a learning experiment. This paper deals with an electrophoretic study on soluble and solubilized rat brain proteins during a brightness discrimination. After intraventricular injection of L-[3H]-leucine the most pronounced increase in relative specific activity was found for several soluble acidic protein-band complexes as well as for solubilized slow-migrating non-myelin proteins obtained from hippocampus of trained animals over the data obtained for active and passive controls.", "PMID": 1191402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12254", "title": "Effect of different glycerol levels on the release of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) from deep frozen ram spermatozoa.", "content": "Release of GOT was determined during different treatments in ram semen extended (1:10) with lactose-egg yolk diluter containing 3.5% and 5% glycerol (v/v). Semen samples were collected by the electro-ejaculation technique and GOT was analysed colorimetrically. Highly significant difference (p less than 0.01) was found in the post-thaw percent motile spermatozoa and GOT release (IU/10(9) spermatozoa) between 3.5% and 5% glycerol containing equilibrated samples. The difference in percent motile spermatozoa was not significant between 3.5% and 5% glycerol levels in control, post-thaw unequilibrated and prefreeze equilibrated samples. Whereas the difference in GOT release between 3.5% and 5% glycerol concentrations was not significant in control and post-thaw unequilibrated samples and highly significant (p less than 0.01) in prefreeze equilibrated samples.", "contents": "Effect of different glycerol levels on the release of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) from deep frozen ram spermatozoa. Release of GOT was determined during different treatments in ram semen extended (1:10) with lactose-egg yolk diluter containing 3.5% and 5% glycerol (v/v). Semen samples were collected by the electro-ejaculation technique and GOT was analysed colorimetrically. Highly significant difference (p less than 0.01) was found in the post-thaw percent motile spermatozoa and GOT release (IU/10(9) spermatozoa) between 3.5% and 5% glycerol containing equilibrated samples. The difference in percent motile spermatozoa was not significant between 3.5% and 5% glycerol levels in control, post-thaw unequilibrated and prefreeze equilibrated samples. Whereas the difference in GOT release between 3.5% and 5% glycerol concentrations was not significant in control and post-thaw unequilibrated samples and highly significant (p less than 0.01) in prefreeze equilibrated samples.", "PMID": 1191403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12255", "title": "Ocular tissue absorption of clindamycin phosphate.", "content": "Clindamycin phosphate, a new semisynthetic antibiotic that is effective in the treatment of toxoplasmosis and of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, was found to be highly concentrated in the choroid, iris, and retina of the pigmented rabbit eye after a single intramuscular injection of 75 mg/kg. Drug levels considered adequate for the control of most ocular infections were detectable in the iris, choroid, and retina 24 hours after injection, at which time serum levels were negligible. Subconjunctival injection of clindamycin phosphate also produced sustained high levels of drug in the choroid, iris, and retina; but when 150 mg was injected in a volume of 1 ml, corneal edema and severe inflammation of the conjunctiva resulted. Lesser amounts (15 to 35 mg) injected subconjunctivally produced adequate ocular tissue levels without damage to the conjunctiva or cornea.", "contents": "Ocular tissue absorption of clindamycin phosphate. Clindamycin phosphate, a new semisynthetic antibiotic that is effective in the treatment of toxoplasmosis and of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, was found to be highly concentrated in the choroid, iris, and retina of the pigmented rabbit eye after a single intramuscular injection of 75 mg/kg. Drug levels considered adequate for the control of most ocular infections were detectable in the iris, choroid, and retina 24 hours after injection, at which time serum levels were negligible. Subconjunctival injection of clindamycin phosphate also produced sustained high levels of drug in the choroid, iris, and retina; but when 150 mg was injected in a volume of 1 ml, corneal edema and severe inflammation of the conjunctiva resulted. Lesser amounts (15 to 35 mg) injected subconjunctivally produced adequate ocular tissue levels without damage to the conjunctiva or cornea.", "PMID": 1191404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12256", "title": "Quantitative structural analysis of pulmonary vessels in isolated ventricular septal defect in infancy.", "content": "Structural changes in the pulmonary circulation were studied in the lungs of 5 infants dying with ventricular septal defect. Applying precise quantitative morphological techniques to the pulmonary vessels, it was possible to correlate pathological change with clinical and haemodynamic findings, and to identify two patterns of response. Three of the infants (group I) ppresnted in cardiac failure with a large pulmonary blood flow, dilated and tortuous pulmonary arteries, and fewer intra-acinar vessels than normal. Medial hypertrophy was moderate and affected chiefly the larger arteries, i.e. those with a diameter greater than 200 mum. The other 2 infants (group 2) had a high pulmonary vascular resistance with an intermittent right-to-left shunt. The pulmonary arteries were of normal size and the reduction in the number of the arteries was less striking. Medial hypertrophy was greater than in the first group and affected all sizes of artery including those less than 200 mum in diameter. In both groups, muscle extended further along the axial pathway. Muscular hypertrophy was found also in the vein wall in most cases and, as with the arteries, was more severe in those with a higher pulmonary vascular resistance. The findings illustrate the variation in pulmonary vascular response in infants with a ventricular septal defect. It is suggested that in patients with a ventricular septal defect, arterial muscularity usually regresses after birth and a left-to-right shunt develops; secondary hypertrophy of the media then develops in reaponse to the shunt. Our findings also suggest, however, that in some infants arterial muscle fails to regress postnatally so that pulmonary blood flow is never high and a right-to-left shunt develops soon after birth.", "contents": "Quantitative structural analysis of pulmonary vessels in isolated ventricular septal defect in infancy. Structural changes in the pulmonary circulation were studied in the lungs of 5 infants dying with ventricular septal defect. Applying precise quantitative morphological techniques to the pulmonary vessels, it was possible to correlate pathological change with clinical and haemodynamic findings, and to identify two patterns of response. Three of the infants (group I) ppresnted in cardiac failure with a large pulmonary blood flow, dilated and tortuous pulmonary arteries, and fewer intra-acinar vessels than normal. Medial hypertrophy was moderate and affected chiefly the larger arteries, i.e. those with a diameter greater than 200 mum. The other 2 infants (group 2) had a high pulmonary vascular resistance with an intermittent right-to-left shunt. The pulmonary arteries were of normal size and the reduction in the number of the arteries was less striking. Medial hypertrophy was greater than in the first group and affected all sizes of artery including those less than 200 mum in diameter. In both groups, muscle extended further along the axial pathway. Muscular hypertrophy was found also in the vein wall in most cases and, as with the arteries, was more severe in those with a higher pulmonary vascular resistance. The findings illustrate the variation in pulmonary vascular response in infants with a ventricular septal defect. It is suggested that in patients with a ventricular septal defect, arterial muscularity usually regresses after birth and a left-to-right shunt develops; secondary hypertrophy of the media then develops in reaponse to the shunt. Our findings also suggest, however, that in some infants arterial muscle fails to regress postnatally so that pulmonary blood flow is never high and a right-to-left shunt develops soon after birth.", "PMID": 1191415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12257", "title": "Effect of chronic beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Adrenergic beta-blocking agents were given to 7 patients with advanced congestive cardiomyopathy who had tachycardia at rest (98 plus or minus 13 beats/min). The patients were on beta-adrenergic receptor blockade for 2 to 12 months (average 5-4 months). One patient was given alprenolol 50 mg twice daily and the other patients were given practolol 50 to 400 mg twice daily. Virus infection had occurred in 6 of the patients before the onset of symptoms of cardiac disease. All patients were in a steady state or were progressively deteriorating at the start of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. Conventional treatment with digitalis and diuretics was unaltered or reduced during treatment with beta-blocking agents. An improvement was seen in their clinical condition shortly after administration of the drugs. Continued treatment resulted in an increase in physical working capacity and a reduction of heart size. Noninvasive investigations including phonocardiogram, carotid pulse curve, apex cardiogram, and echocardiogram showed improved ventricular function in all cases. The present study indicates that adrenergic beta-blocking agents can improve heart function in at lease some patients with congestive cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, it is suggested that increased catecholamine activity may be an important factor for the development of this disease, as has been shown in animal experiments.", "contents": "Effect of chronic beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy. Adrenergic beta-blocking agents were given to 7 patients with advanced congestive cardiomyopathy who had tachycardia at rest (98 plus or minus 13 beats/min). The patients were on beta-adrenergic receptor blockade for 2 to 12 months (average 5-4 months). One patient was given alprenolol 50 mg twice daily and the other patients were given practolol 50 to 400 mg twice daily. Virus infection had occurred in 6 of the patients before the onset of symptoms of cardiac disease. All patients were in a steady state or were progressively deteriorating at the start of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. Conventional treatment with digitalis and diuretics was unaltered or reduced during treatment with beta-blocking agents. An improvement was seen in their clinical condition shortly after administration of the drugs. Continued treatment resulted in an increase in physical working capacity and a reduction of heart size. Noninvasive investigations including phonocardiogram, carotid pulse curve, apex cardiogram, and echocardiogram showed improved ventricular function in all cases. The present study indicates that adrenergic beta-blocking agents can improve heart function in at lease some patients with congestive cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, it is suggested that increased catecholamine activity may be an important factor for the development of this disease, as has been shown in animal experiments.", "PMID": 1191416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12258", "title": "131Cs myocardial scintigraphy. Application to assessment of anterior myocardial infarction.", "content": "Earlier studies have indicated that caesium-131 is a good myocardial scanning agent for the demonstration of anterior infarcts. One hundred and ten patients with documented anterior myocardial infarction were studied by 131Cs myocardial scintigraphy. An anterior area of decreased uptake of caesium was noted in all but 3 subjects whose necrotic zone was likely to be of small dimensions. In 20 cases, the scintigram showed a definite, sometimes very large, cold area whereas the electrocardiogram failed to display any diagnostic feature of myocardial necrosis. In most of the latter instances, the electrocardiographic diagnosis was obscured by the presence of intraventricular conduction disturbances. In order to visualize the intracardiac cavities, the 131Cs investigation was usually completed by a 113mIn scintigram, which allowed recognition of a parietal aneurysm in 12 of the 18 patients with extensive anterior lesions. In each case, an index of necrosis was computed from planimetric measurements of the infarcted area as compared to the total left ventricular surfact in both the anteroposterior and left anterior oblique projections. This index was shown to correlate with the incidence of major complications developing after the acute episode of coronary occlusion. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the method are briefly discussed. It is felt that myocardial scintigraphy represents a sound approach to the semiquantitative assessment of anterior myocardial infarction; the clinical usefulness of the technique seems sufficiently demonstrated to prompt further research in this field.", "contents": "131Cs myocardial scintigraphy. Application to assessment of anterior myocardial infarction. Earlier studies have indicated that caesium-131 is a good myocardial scanning agent for the demonstration of anterior infarcts. One hundred and ten patients with documented anterior myocardial infarction were studied by 131Cs myocardial scintigraphy. An anterior area of decreased uptake of caesium was noted in all but 3 subjects whose necrotic zone was likely to be of small dimensions. In 20 cases, the scintigram showed a definite, sometimes very large, cold area whereas the electrocardiogram failed to display any diagnostic feature of myocardial necrosis. In most of the latter instances, the electrocardiographic diagnosis was obscured by the presence of intraventricular conduction disturbances. In order to visualize the intracardiac cavities, the 131Cs investigation was usually completed by a 113mIn scintigram, which allowed recognition of a parietal aneurysm in 12 of the 18 patients with extensive anterior lesions. In each case, an index of necrosis was computed from planimetric measurements of the infarcted area as compared to the total left ventricular surfact in both the anteroposterior and left anterior oblique projections. This index was shown to correlate with the incidence of major complications developing after the acute episode of coronary occlusion. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the method are briefly discussed. It is felt that myocardial scintigraphy represents a sound approach to the semiquantitative assessment of anterior myocardial infarction; the clinical usefulness of the technique seems sufficiently demonstrated to prompt further research in this field.", "PMID": 1191417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12259", "title": "Echocardiography of the intra-aortic balloon.", "content": "Echocardiography was performed on 9 patients being treated for cardiogenic shock with an intra-aortic balloon. The value of simultaneous recording of the electrocardiogram, cardiac movements, and arterial pressure, with the echocardiogram of the intra-aortic balloon is discussed. The results indicate that echocardiography provides a method of studying intra-aortic balloon function.", "contents": "Echocardiography of the intra-aortic balloon. Echocardiography was performed on 9 patients being treated for cardiogenic shock with an intra-aortic balloon. The value of simultaneous recording of the electrocardiogram, cardiac movements, and arterial pressure, with the echocardiogram of the intra-aortic balloon is discussed. The results indicate that echocardiography provides a method of studying intra-aortic balloon function.", "PMID": 1191418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12260", "title": "Comparison of Triosil 370 with Urografin 76 and Hypaque 65 for coronary arteriography.", "content": "Triosil 370 has been compared with Urografin 76, and Hypaque 65 by injecting identical volumes into the coronary arteries of human subjects in the course of coronary arteriography. The injection times used were the same and neither the patient nor the coronary artery catheter were moved between injections. The order in which the solutions compared were injected was alternated. The deviation in the ST segment and of the T wave which resulted from the injection was measured. The Triosil caused significantly less change than Urografin and Hypaque. A numerical expression of the T wave deflection derived from the data showed Triosil:Hypaque:Urografin equals I:2.6:2.9.", "contents": "Comparison of Triosil 370 with Urografin 76 and Hypaque 65 for coronary arteriography. Triosil 370 has been compared with Urografin 76, and Hypaque 65 by injecting identical volumes into the coronary arteries of human subjects in the course of coronary arteriography. The injection times used were the same and neither the patient nor the coronary artery catheter were moved between injections. The order in which the solutions compared were injected was alternated. The deviation in the ST segment and of the T wave which resulted from the injection was measured. The Triosil caused significantly less change than Urografin and Hypaque. A numerical expression of the T wave deflection derived from the data showed Triosil:Hypaque:Urografin equals I:2.6:2.9.", "PMID": 1191419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12261", "title": "Dual atrioventricular nodal pathways. A common electrophysiological response.", "content": "Evidence of dual atrioventricular nodal pathwats (a sudden jump in H1-H2 at critical A1-A2 coupling intervals) was shown in 41 out of 397 patients studied with atrial extrastimulus techniques. In 27 of these 41, dual pathways were demonstrable during sinus rhythm, or at a cycle length close to sinus rhythm (CL1). In the remaining 14, dual pathways were only demonstrated at a shorter cycle length (CL2). All patients with dual pathways at cycle length who were also tested at cycle length (11 patients) had dual pathways demonstrable at both cycle lengths. In these 11 patients both fast and slow pathway effective refractory periods increased with decrease in cycle length. Twenth-two of the patients (54%) had either an aetiological factor strongly associated with atrioventricular nodal dysfunction or one or more abnormalities suggesting depressed atrioventricular nodal function. Dvaluation of fast pathway properties suggested that this pathway was intranodal. Seventeen of the patients had previously documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (group 1). Eight patients had recurrent palpitation without documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (group 2), and 16 patients had neither palpitation nor paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (group 3). Echo zones were demonstrated in 15 patients (88%) in group 1, no patients in group 2, and 2 patients (13%) in group 3.", "contents": "Dual atrioventricular nodal pathways. A common electrophysiological response. Evidence of dual atrioventricular nodal pathwats (a sudden jump in H1-H2 at critical A1-A2 coupling intervals) was shown in 41 out of 397 patients studied with atrial extrastimulus techniques. In 27 of these 41, dual pathways were demonstrable during sinus rhythm, or at a cycle length close to sinus rhythm (CL1). In the remaining 14, dual pathways were only demonstrated at a shorter cycle length (CL2). All patients with dual pathways at cycle length who were also tested at cycle length (11 patients) had dual pathways demonstrable at both cycle lengths. In these 11 patients both fast and slow pathway effective refractory periods increased with decrease in cycle length. Twenth-two of the patients (54%) had either an aetiological factor strongly associated with atrioventricular nodal dysfunction or one or more abnormalities suggesting depressed atrioventricular nodal function. Dvaluation of fast pathway properties suggested that this pathway was intranodal. Seventeen of the patients had previously documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (group 1). Eight patients had recurrent palpitation without documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (group 2), and 16 patients had neither palpitation nor paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (group 3). Echo zones were demonstrated in 15 patients (88%) in group 1, no patients in group 2, and 2 patients (13%) in group 3.", "PMID": 1191420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12262", "title": "Association of secundum atrial septal defect with abnormalities of atrioventricular conduction or left axis deviation. Genetic study of 10 families.", "content": "A genetic analysis was made of 10 families in which the propositi had a secundum atrial septal defect associated with abnormal atrioventricular conduction (first, second, or third degree heart block) or unexplained left axis deviation or a combination of these conduction disturbances. Diagnostic information was available on 51 (81%) of the first degree relatives. Three of the families appeared to be examples of a new syndrome which, with variable expression, was inherited as a non-sex-linked autosomal dominant. The main features were a secundum atrial septal defect; disease of the conducting tissue, which in some cases was progressive; unexplained left axis deviation; and unexpected death. These families did not seem to be examples of the Holt-Oram syndrome, for the upper limbs were clinically and radiologically normal in the 19 members examined. The importance of recognizing this syndrome is the occurrence of progressive disease of the conducting tissue and the risk of sudden death. When, therefore, unexplained left axis deviation or prolonged atrioventricular conduction is found in association with a secundum atrial septal defect all available relatives should be examined. In the remaining seven families there was only one affected first degree relative out of 39 examined. He was the son of one of the propositi and had paroxysmal coronary sinus rhythm with an intact atrial septum.", "contents": "Association of secundum atrial septal defect with abnormalities of atrioventricular conduction or left axis deviation. Genetic study of 10 families. A genetic analysis was made of 10 families in which the propositi had a secundum atrial septal defect associated with abnormal atrioventricular conduction (first, second, or third degree heart block) or unexplained left axis deviation or a combination of these conduction disturbances. Diagnostic information was available on 51 (81%) of the first degree relatives. Three of the families appeared to be examples of a new syndrome which, with variable expression, was inherited as a non-sex-linked autosomal dominant. The main features were a secundum atrial septal defect; disease of the conducting tissue, which in some cases was progressive; unexplained left axis deviation; and unexpected death. These families did not seem to be examples of the Holt-Oram syndrome, for the upper limbs were clinically and radiologically normal in the 19 members examined. The importance of recognizing this syndrome is the occurrence of progressive disease of the conducting tissue and the risk of sudden death. When, therefore, unexplained left axis deviation or prolonged atrioventricular conduction is found in association with a secundum atrial septal defect all available relatives should be examined. In the remaining seven families there was only one affected first degree relative out of 39 examined. He was the son of one of the propositi and had paroxysmal coronary sinus rhythm with an intact atrial septum.", "PMID": 1191421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12263", "title": "Infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Diagnosis and surgical repair in a 10-year-old child.", "content": "A unique case of infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous return in a 10-year-old girl is described. A persistent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, and large atrial septal defect were also present. Corrective surgery was performed at 10 years of age, with an excellent clinical result. The factors which permitted this unprecedented period of survival included non-obstructed drainage of the pulmonary venous blood into the inferior vena cava and a large atrial septal defect.", "contents": "Infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Diagnosis and surgical repair in a 10-year-old child. A unique case of infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous return in a 10-year-old girl is described. A persistent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, and large atrial septal defect were also present. Corrective surgery was performed at 10 years of age, with an excellent clinical result. The factors which permitted this unprecedented period of survival included non-obstructed drainage of the pulmonary venous blood into the inferior vena cava and a large atrial septal defect.", "PMID": 1191422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12264", "title": "Atrioventricular block secondary to a congenital aneurysm of the membranous septum. Histological examination of conduction system.", "content": "Atrioventricular block which caused death in a 6-month-old baby is reported. Necropsy examination revealed the only abnormality in the heart to be an aneurysm of the membranous septum. Histological examination of the conduction system showed fibrosis and attenuation of the bundle of His at the lower border of the aneurysm.", "contents": "Atrioventricular block secondary to a congenital aneurysm of the membranous septum. Histological examination of conduction system. Atrioventricular block which caused death in a 6-month-old baby is reported. Necropsy examination revealed the only abnormality in the heart to be an aneurysm of the membranous septum. Histological examination of the conduction system showed fibrosis and attenuation of the bundle of His at the lower border of the aneurysm.", "PMID": 1191423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12265", "title": "Anatomically corrected malposition of great arteries.", "content": "Four anomalous hearts are described in which the great arteries arise in unusual fashion from their morphologically appropriate ventricles. This malformation, previously termed anatomically corrected transposition, is now termed anatomically corrected malposition. This is because, following the precedent of Van Praagh and his associates, we now reserve the term 'transposition' to describe the situation in which both great arteries arise from separate morphologically inappropriate ventricles. All the hearts examined exhibited atrioventricular concordance, I with viscero-atrial situs inversus, and 3 with situs solitus. However, there were considerable variations in ventricular morphology between the cases. Thus, 2 cases exhibited atresia of the right atrioventricular valve, and in the remaining 2 cases right and levt ventricular sinuses were both identified. Two of the cases also had pulmonary atresia, and coronary artery anomalies were present in all 4. The cases emphasize the fact that the term anatomically corrected malposition describes not a discrete anomaly but only a ventriculo-arterial relation, which is one of ventriculo-arterial concordance. Doubt has previously been cast upon the existence of this as an anatomical entity. It is concluded that the relation does indeed exist, and furthermore can coexist with all varieties of atrioventricular relations. It is suggested that the differing atrioventricular relations can be distinguished by usage of the terms 'concordant' or 'discordant' anatomically corrected malposition. Finally, it is emphasized that it is necessary to distinguish this anomaly, which in most cases presents with left-sided anterior aorta, from the left-sided anterior aorta more frequently encountered in classically corrected transposition'.", "contents": "Anatomically corrected malposition of great arteries. Four anomalous hearts are described in which the great arteries arise in unusual fashion from their morphologically appropriate ventricles. This malformation, previously termed anatomically corrected transposition, is now termed anatomically corrected malposition. This is because, following the precedent of Van Praagh and his associates, we now reserve the term 'transposition' to describe the situation in which both great arteries arise from separate morphologically inappropriate ventricles. All the hearts examined exhibited atrioventricular concordance, I with viscero-atrial situs inversus, and 3 with situs solitus. However, there were considerable variations in ventricular morphology between the cases. Thus, 2 cases exhibited atresia of the right atrioventricular valve, and in the remaining 2 cases right and levt ventricular sinuses were both identified. Two of the cases also had pulmonary atresia, and coronary artery anomalies were present in all 4. The cases emphasize the fact that the term anatomically corrected malposition describes not a discrete anomaly but only a ventriculo-arterial relation, which is one of ventriculo-arterial concordance. Doubt has previously been cast upon the existence of this as an anatomical entity. It is concluded that the relation does indeed exist, and furthermore can coexist with all varieties of atrioventricular relations. It is suggested that the differing atrioventricular relations can be distinguished by usage of the terms 'concordant' or 'discordant' anatomically corrected malposition. Finally, it is emphasized that it is necessary to distinguish this anomaly, which in most cases presents with left-sided anterior aorta, from the left-sided anterior aorta more frequently encountered in classically corrected transposition'.", "PMID": 1191424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12266", "title": "Problems with radical corrective surgery after ascending aorta to right pulmonary artery shunt (Waterston's anastomosis) for cyanotic congenital heart disease.", "content": "Forty-five patients with Fallot's tetralogy or pulmonary atresia had total correction 2 to 6 years after palliative ascending aorta to right pulmonary artery anastomosis (Waterston's shunt). The operative mortality for total correction is increased in this group. Patients shown subsequently to have had a good anatomical correction died unexpectedly with high central pulmonary artery pressure, falling arterial PO2, low cardiac output, and progressive acidosis. The cause of this syndrome was difficult to determine. Histological examination of the lungs showed that severe pulmonary arteriolar thickening was not present. The factors apparently predisposing to these postoperative difficulties were kinking of the right pulmonary artery and/or lone perfusion of the right lung, remaining uncorrected for several years, in patients with pulmonary atresia or with Fallot's tetralogy with a shunt performed under the age of 3 years. In survivors, stenosis of the right pulmonary artery frequently occurred but was rarely severe. In view of these difficulties, early haemodynamic and angiocardiographic assessment is recommended in all patients with aorta to right pulmonary artery anastomosis, irrespective of the clinical result, in order to delineate the central pulmonary artery anatomy and assess perfusion of each lung; if kinking of the right pulmonary artery and inadequate perfusion of the central pulmonary arteries and left lung are demonstrated, early radical corrective surgery is recommended.", "contents": "Problems with radical corrective surgery after ascending aorta to right pulmonary artery shunt (Waterston's anastomosis) for cyanotic congenital heart disease. Forty-five patients with Fallot's tetralogy or pulmonary atresia had total correction 2 to 6 years after palliative ascending aorta to right pulmonary artery anastomosis (Waterston's shunt). The operative mortality for total correction is increased in this group. Patients shown subsequently to have had a good anatomical correction died unexpectedly with high central pulmonary artery pressure, falling arterial PO2, low cardiac output, and progressive acidosis. The cause of this syndrome was difficult to determine. Histological examination of the lungs showed that severe pulmonary arteriolar thickening was not present. The factors apparently predisposing to these postoperative difficulties were kinking of the right pulmonary artery and/or lone perfusion of the right lung, remaining uncorrected for several years, in patients with pulmonary atresia or with Fallot's tetralogy with a shunt performed under the age of 3 years. In survivors, stenosis of the right pulmonary artery frequently occurred but was rarely severe. In view of these difficulties, early haemodynamic and angiocardiographic assessment is recommended in all patients with aorta to right pulmonary artery anastomosis, irrespective of the clinical result, in order to delineate the central pulmonary artery anatomy and assess perfusion of each lung; if kinking of the right pulmonary artery and inadequate perfusion of the central pulmonary arteries and left lung are demonstrated, early radical corrective surgery is recommended.", "PMID": 1191425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12267", "title": "Value of systolic time intervals in assessing severity of congenital aortic stenosis in children.", "content": "Simultaneous recordings have been made of electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, carotid pulse tracing, left ventricular pressure, and aortic pressure in 27 children with aortic valve stenosis and 3 children with membranous subaortic stenosis. Peak systolic pressure difference ranged from 10 to 110 mmHg (1.3 to 14.6 kPa). None of the patients had congestive heart failure and cardiac output was in the normal range in all. Total electromechanical systole, left ventricular ejection time, and pre-ejection time were corrected for heart rate, age, and sex. Mild stenosis (peak systolic pressure difference less than or equal to 50 mmHg (6.7 kPa)) was present in 18, severe stenosis (peak systolic pressure difference greater than 50 mmHg) in 12 patients. The externally measured pre-ejection time and ejection time proved to be nearly equal to the corresponding intervals measured internally; from these data it is concluded that pre-ejection time and ejection time in children with aortic stenosis can be measured reliably by non-invasive methods. Mean values for corrected total electromechanical systole and ejection time were prolonged, but the corrected pre-ejection time did not differ from the normal value. When corrected time intervals were plotted against severity of the aortic stenosis as expressed by the peak systolic pressure difference or the aortic valve orifice index, a wide scatter was found. It is concluded that a normal ejection time is strong evidence against a peak systolic pressure difference of more than 50 mmHg (6.7 kPa) or an aortic valve orifice index less than 0.70 cm2 per m2 BSA. A prolonged ejection time, however, may occur in mild as well as in severe stenosis. Total electromechanical systole and pre-ejection time have no value in predicting the severity of aortic stenosis in children.", "contents": "Value of systolic time intervals in assessing severity of congenital aortic stenosis in children. Simultaneous recordings have been made of electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, carotid pulse tracing, left ventricular pressure, and aortic pressure in 27 children with aortic valve stenosis and 3 children with membranous subaortic stenosis. Peak systolic pressure difference ranged from 10 to 110 mmHg (1.3 to 14.6 kPa). None of the patients had congestive heart failure and cardiac output was in the normal range in all. Total electromechanical systole, left ventricular ejection time, and pre-ejection time were corrected for heart rate, age, and sex. Mild stenosis (peak systolic pressure difference less than or equal to 50 mmHg (6.7 kPa)) was present in 18, severe stenosis (peak systolic pressure difference greater than 50 mmHg) in 12 patients. The externally measured pre-ejection time and ejection time proved to be nearly equal to the corresponding intervals measured internally; from these data it is concluded that pre-ejection time and ejection time in children with aortic stenosis can be measured reliably by non-invasive methods. Mean values for corrected total electromechanical systole and ejection time were prolonged, but the corrected pre-ejection time did not differ from the normal value. When corrected time intervals were plotted against severity of the aortic stenosis as expressed by the peak systolic pressure difference or the aortic valve orifice index, a wide scatter was found. It is concluded that a normal ejection time is strong evidence against a peak systolic pressure difference of more than 50 mmHg (6.7 kPa) or an aortic valve orifice index less than 0.70 cm2 per m2 BSA. A prolonged ejection time, however, may occur in mild as well as in severe stenosis. Total electromechanical systole and pre-ejection time have no value in predicting the severity of aortic stenosis in children.", "PMID": 1191426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12268", "title": "Tissue valves in the mitral position. Five years' experience.", "content": "Between April 1969 and November 1973 103 patients underwent isolated mitral replacement with three-cusp stented tissue valves. Autologous fascia lata was used in 50 patients, homologous fascia lata in 21, and heterologous pericardium in 32. The early mortality rate (14.6%) was influenced by age, the extent of preoperative cardiac disability, and low cardiac output. The survivors were followed up for periods varying from 8 to 60 months (average 37 months). In general, a factor in late death (13.6%) was high preoperative pulmonary artery pressure. In the autologous fascial series valve failure and infective endocarditis were significantly related to late mortality. The results with homologous fascia and pericardium were better than with autologous fascia valves. The incidence of postoperative mitral regurgitation was singificantly lower in the homologous fascial and pericardial series and none of these grafts had to be removed. The incidence of thromboembolism was low without anticoagulants. Actuarial analysis showed a survival rate at five years of 82.2 per cent. We no longer use autologous fascial valves. Though better results have been obtained with both homologous fascia and pericardium we prefer the physical characteristics of heterologous pericardium and it is easy to obtain.", "contents": "Tissue valves in the mitral position. Five years' experience. Between April 1969 and November 1973 103 patients underwent isolated mitral replacement with three-cusp stented tissue valves. Autologous fascia lata was used in 50 patients, homologous fascia lata in 21, and heterologous pericardium in 32. The early mortality rate (14.6%) was influenced by age, the extent of preoperative cardiac disability, and low cardiac output. The survivors were followed up for periods varying from 8 to 60 months (average 37 months). In general, a factor in late death (13.6%) was high preoperative pulmonary artery pressure. In the autologous fascial series valve failure and infective endocarditis were significantly related to late mortality. The results with homologous fascia and pericardium were better than with autologous fascia valves. The incidence of postoperative mitral regurgitation was singificantly lower in the homologous fascial and pericardial series and none of these grafts had to be removed. The incidence of thromboembolism was low without anticoagulants. Actuarial analysis showed a survival rate at five years of 82.2 per cent. We no longer use autologous fascial valves. Though better results have been obtained with both homologous fascia and pericardium we prefer the physical characteristics of heterologous pericardium and it is easy to obtain.", "PMID": 1191427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12269", "title": "Circumstances attending 100 sudden deaths from coronary artery disease with coroner's necropsies.", "content": "The deaths of 100 men due to coronary artery disease which occurred so suddenly and unexpectedly as to merit a coroner's necropsy have been studied, with special reference to the exact circumstances of their occurrence. The most significant relationship of sudden death was with acute psychological stress. Moderate physical activity, the time of day, the day of the week, and a recent meal, especially if accompanied by alcohol, were also significantly related. Very strenuous exercise, the season of the year, the environmental temperature or recent change of it, and chronic psychological stress were not so related. Neither were the actual smoking of a cigarette nor the composition of the meal immediately preceding death. Compared with previous series of proved acute myocardial infarction the necropsies in these cases showed that the right coronary artery had been recently occluded by a thrombus more often than the left anterior descending. Stenosis or occlusion of the right coronary artery bore a significant relation to the suddenness of death. Special analysis of the 52 cases in which neither recent thrombus nor infarction were found did not disclose any circumstances attending death which differed from the remainder. Some comparisons are made with the circumstances attending the onset of symptoms in 100 men studied while recovering from an acute myocardial infarct.", "contents": "Circumstances attending 100 sudden deaths from coronary artery disease with coroner's necropsies. The deaths of 100 men due to coronary artery disease which occurred so suddenly and unexpectedly as to merit a coroner's necropsy have been studied, with special reference to the exact circumstances of their occurrence. The most significant relationship of sudden death was with acute psychological stress. Moderate physical activity, the time of day, the day of the week, and a recent meal, especially if accompanied by alcohol, were also significantly related. Very strenuous exercise, the season of the year, the environmental temperature or recent change of it, and chronic psychological stress were not so related. Neither were the actual smoking of a cigarette nor the composition of the meal immediately preceding death. Compared with previous series of proved acute myocardial infarction the necropsies in these cases showed that the right coronary artery had been recently occluded by a thrombus more often than the left anterior descending. Stenosis or occlusion of the right coronary artery bore a significant relation to the suddenness of death. Special analysis of the 52 cases in which neither recent thrombus nor infarction were found did not disclose any circumstances attending death which differed from the remainder. Some comparisons are made with the circumstances attending the onset of symptoms in 100 men studied while recovering from an acute myocardial infarct.", "PMID": 1191428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12270", "title": "Serum CPK isoenzymes after cardiac catheterization.", "content": "Exclusion of acute myocardial infarction preoperatively, particularly in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, is an important requirement for optimal results following coronary revascularization. Unfortunately, activity of conventionally measured serum enzymes (AST, LDH, total CPK) is frequently raised because of enzyme released from non-cardiac sources during the catheterization procedure. however, serum activity of the MB CPK isoenzyme, an isoenzyme found primarily in heart muscle, appears to be more specific. Accordingly, in the present study, total CPK and MB CPK activities were determined in serum samples from 53 patients undergoing diagnostic catheterization, immediately before study and serially for 24 hours afterwards. A comprehensive range of catheterization procedures included selective coronary arteriography in 39 patients by brachial (17) or femoral (22) artery approaches. Myocardial infarction was excluded by clinical and electrocardiographic criteria in all patients before and after the procedure. MB CPK isoenzyme activity was also measured in serum samples from 50 patients with actue myocardial infarction documented electrocardiographically, and in 20 controls admitted to hospital but without cardiovascular disease. In patients with acute myocardial infarction, both total CPK and MB CPK isoenzyme levels were significantly raised (0.78 +/- 0.087 and 0.086 +/- 0.037 IU/ml, respectively), exceeding the upper limit of normal in all cases. MB CPK activity remained within normal limits (less than 0.004 IU/ml) in all 20 subjects without cardiovascular disease. Peak total serum CPK activity exceeded control levels in all patients undergoing catheterization (0.260 +/- 0.033). However, in each case, MB CPK isoenzyme activity remained within normal limits (less than .004). Thus, in contrast to an increase of activity of conventionally used serum enzymes, increased MB CPK isoenzyme activity is a reliable indicator of myocardial infarction, even in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.", "contents": "Serum CPK isoenzymes after cardiac catheterization. Exclusion of acute myocardial infarction preoperatively, particularly in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, is an important requirement for optimal results following coronary revascularization. Unfortunately, activity of conventionally measured serum enzymes (AST, LDH, total CPK) is frequently raised because of enzyme released from non-cardiac sources during the catheterization procedure. however, serum activity of the MB CPK isoenzyme, an isoenzyme found primarily in heart muscle, appears to be more specific. Accordingly, in the present study, total CPK and MB CPK activities were determined in serum samples from 53 patients undergoing diagnostic catheterization, immediately before study and serially for 24 hours afterwards. A comprehensive range of catheterization procedures included selective coronary arteriography in 39 patients by brachial (17) or femoral (22) artery approaches. Myocardial infarction was excluded by clinical and electrocardiographic criteria in all patients before and after the procedure. MB CPK isoenzyme activity was also measured in serum samples from 50 patients with actue myocardial infarction documented electrocardiographically, and in 20 controls admitted to hospital but without cardiovascular disease. In patients with acute myocardial infarction, both total CPK and MB CPK isoenzyme levels were significantly raised (0.78 +/- 0.087 and 0.086 +/- 0.037 IU/ml, respectively), exceeding the upper limit of normal in all cases. MB CPK activity remained within normal limits (less than 0.004 IU/ml) in all 20 subjects without cardiovascular disease. Peak total serum CPK activity exceeded control levels in all patients undergoing catheterization (0.260 +/- 0.033). However, in each case, MB CPK isoenzyme activity remained within normal limits (less than .004). Thus, in contrast to an increase of activity of conventionally used serum enzymes, increased MB CPK isoenzyme activity is a reliable indicator of myocardial infarction, even in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.", "PMID": 1191429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12271", "title": "An atrionodal and nodo-Hisian gap phenomenon.", "content": "Two cases of the gap phenomenon are presented. The first was an example of a gap between the atrium and the AV node. In the second the gap was at the nodo-Hisian junction. At a critical H1H2 interval splitting of the premature His potential occurred. A decrease of the H1H2 interval led to the disappearance of the distal H2 potential and to atrioventricular block. But at even shorter coupling intervals the H1H2 interval lengthened suddenly with resumption of the AV conduction. These observations provide further evidence that the gap phenomenon has a wider spectrum than was previously thought.", "contents": "An atrionodal and nodo-Hisian gap phenomenon. Two cases of the gap phenomenon are presented. The first was an example of a gap between the atrium and the AV node. In the second the gap was at the nodo-Hisian junction. At a critical H1H2 interval splitting of the premature His potential occurred. A decrease of the H1H2 interval led to the disappearance of the distal H2 potential and to atrioventricular block. But at even shorter coupling intervals the H1H2 interval lengthened suddenly with resumption of the AV conduction. These observations provide further evidence that the gap phenomenon has a wider spectrum than was previously thought.", "PMID": 1191430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12272", "title": "Complete heart block. Studies of atrial and ventricular pacemaker site and function.", "content": "Atrial and ventricular pacemaker function was studied in 20 patients with idiopathic chronic complete heart block using the rate response to an intravenous bolus dose of isoprenaline (5 mug/70 kg bodyweight). Pacemaker responses were compared with those of 16 normal control subjects. None of the patients was having syncopal attacks at the time of admission and they were therefore selected in that none required immediate pacing. Ten of the patients had His bundle electrograms; all were shown to have a pre-His type of atrioventricular block. Two major groups emerge from the responses to isoprenaline. (a) High risk group: 11 of the 14 patients with reduced ventricular pacemaker responses had frequent syncopal attacks; 8 of the patients with Adams-Stokes syncope had a bundle-branch block pattern, while 3 had a narrow QRS. These patients require pacing. (b) Low risk group: a low risk asymptomatic group (5 patients) was identified with atrial and ventricular responses to isoprenaline within normal range. One of these patients had a bundle-branch block pattern, while 4 had a narrow QRS. These patients might be managed without pacing. The atrial response to isoprenaline was reduced in 12 of the 20 cases, 10 of whom also had reduced ventricular responses. All 9 patients with bundle-branch block had reduced ventricular responses, while 7 had reduced atrial responses. This evidence indicates that cardiac conducting tissue pathophysiology is widespread in complete heart bolck. The present work suggests that consideration of the ventricular pacemaker function is important in assessing liability to syncope in complete heart block. While patients with Adams-Stokes attacks require pacing it is suggested that all asymptomatic patients with complete heart block and those with minor symptoms are assessed using studies of both ventricular pacemaker function and site. A low risk group not requiring a pacemaker may emerge after sufficient follow-up assessment.", "contents": "Complete heart block. Studies of atrial and ventricular pacemaker site and function. Atrial and ventricular pacemaker function was studied in 20 patients with idiopathic chronic complete heart block using the rate response to an intravenous bolus dose of isoprenaline (5 mug/70 kg bodyweight). Pacemaker responses were compared with those of 16 normal control subjects. None of the patients was having syncopal attacks at the time of admission and they were therefore selected in that none required immediate pacing. Ten of the patients had His bundle electrograms; all were shown to have a pre-His type of atrioventricular block. Two major groups emerge from the responses to isoprenaline. (a) High risk group: 11 of the 14 patients with reduced ventricular pacemaker responses had frequent syncopal attacks; 8 of the patients with Adams-Stokes syncope had a bundle-branch block pattern, while 3 had a narrow QRS. These patients require pacing. (b) Low risk group: a low risk asymptomatic group (5 patients) was identified with atrial and ventricular responses to isoprenaline within normal range. One of these patients had a bundle-branch block pattern, while 4 had a narrow QRS. These patients might be managed without pacing. The atrial response to isoprenaline was reduced in 12 of the 20 cases, 10 of whom also had reduced ventricular responses. All 9 patients with bundle-branch block had reduced ventricular responses, while 7 had reduced atrial responses. This evidence indicates that cardiac conducting tissue pathophysiology is widespread in complete heart bolck. The present work suggests that consideration of the ventricular pacemaker function is important in assessing liability to syncope in complete heart block. While patients with Adams-Stokes attacks require pacing it is suggested that all asymptomatic patients with complete heart block and those with minor symptoms are assessed using studies of both ventricular pacemaker function and site. A low risk group not requiring a pacemaker may emerge after sufficient follow-up assessment.", "PMID": 1191431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12273", "title": "Creatine kinase release in acute myocardial infarction: correlation with clinical, electrocardiographic, and pathological findings.", "content": "Creatine kinase (CK) release curves were analysed in 40 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Three groups could be identified. Group A (duration of CK release less than 30 hours) comprised 15 patients whose CK release was completed within 22.8 hours. In these patients chest pain was noted on the first hospital day and necropsy in three showed a homogeneous myocardial infarction. Group B (duration of CK release greater then 30 hours) comprised 16 patients who had a significantly longer CK release time of 42.2 hours (P less than or equal to 0.05). Their chest pain persisted for two to three days and pathological examination in five patients showed a heterogeneous composition of the infarcted myocardium. Group C comprised nine patients who had a second rise of serum CK. This was always associated with chest pain. It reflected an extension of the infarct which accounted on average for 24 per cent of the size of the final infarct. We concluded that a CK release of short duration indicated infarction without extension, CK release of longer duration indicated a gradual extension of infarction, and a repeated CK release resulted from a sudden extension of an infarct. According to these criteria an extension of the infarct occurred in 62 per cent of our patients.", "contents": "Creatine kinase release in acute myocardial infarction: correlation with clinical, electrocardiographic, and pathological findings. Creatine kinase (CK) release curves were analysed in 40 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Three groups could be identified. Group A (duration of CK release less than 30 hours) comprised 15 patients whose CK release was completed within 22.8 hours. In these patients chest pain was noted on the first hospital day and necropsy in three showed a homogeneous myocardial infarction. Group B (duration of CK release greater then 30 hours) comprised 16 patients who had a significantly longer CK release time of 42.2 hours (P less than or equal to 0.05). Their chest pain persisted for two to three days and pathological examination in five patients showed a heterogeneous composition of the infarcted myocardium. Group C comprised nine patients who had a second rise of serum CK. This was always associated with chest pain. It reflected an extension of the infarct which accounted on average for 24 per cent of the size of the final infarct. We concluded that a CK release of short duration indicated infarction without extension, CK release of longer duration indicated a gradual extension of infarction, and a repeated CK release resulted from a sudden extension of an infarct. According to these criteria an extension of the infarct occurred in 62 per cent of our patients.", "PMID": 1191432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12274", "title": "Systolic time intervals in constrictive pericarditis. A study before and after digitalis.", "content": "Systolic time intervals were studied in 9 patients with documented constrictive pericarditis before and 15 to 20 minutes after intravenous administration of peruvoside (a quick acting digitalis-like glycoside) to determine underlying myocardial dysfunction. Data were compared with those of similarly studied normal subjects and patients with known myocardial dysfunction. Left ventricular ejection time index (LVETI) decreased in normal subjects (P less than 0.01) and in most patients with constrictive pericarditis, and increased marginally in those with myocardial dysfunction (NS) after peruvoside administration. Pre-ejection period index (PEPI) shortened significantly (P less than 0.01) after peruvoside in normal subjects and in patients with myocardial failure, but not in constrictive pericarditis. Likewise the predicted ejection fraction was insignificantly altered in constrictive pericarditis but significantly so (P less than 0.01) in myocardial failure and normal subjects. The response of one patient with constrictive pericarditis to parenteral peruvoside administration was similar to that seen in patients with myocardial failure. This patient had a delayed recovery after pericardiectomy. PEPI/LVETI ratio and ejection fraction were also abnormal in other patients with constrictive pericarditis when compared to normal subjects. Such abnormalities and the unusual response of some patients to administration of peruvoside may reflect underlying myocardial dysfunction in patients with constrictive pericarditis. However, it is possible that the rigid pericardium also contributes to these abnormalities to a varying extent. Systolic time indices and their response to digitalis appear to be a useful, atraumatic method for detecting underlying myocardial dysfunction in patients with constrictive pericarditis.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals in constrictive pericarditis. A study before and after digitalis. Systolic time intervals were studied in 9 patients with documented constrictive pericarditis before and 15 to 20 minutes after intravenous administration of peruvoside (a quick acting digitalis-like glycoside) to determine underlying myocardial dysfunction. Data were compared with those of similarly studied normal subjects and patients with known myocardial dysfunction. Left ventricular ejection time index (LVETI) decreased in normal subjects (P less than 0.01) and in most patients with constrictive pericarditis, and increased marginally in those with myocardial dysfunction (NS) after peruvoside administration. Pre-ejection period index (PEPI) shortened significantly (P less than 0.01) after peruvoside in normal subjects and in patients with myocardial failure, but not in constrictive pericarditis. Likewise the predicted ejection fraction was insignificantly altered in constrictive pericarditis but significantly so (P less than 0.01) in myocardial failure and normal subjects. The response of one patient with constrictive pericarditis to parenteral peruvoside administration was similar to that seen in patients with myocardial failure. This patient had a delayed recovery after pericardiectomy. PEPI/LVETI ratio and ejection fraction were also abnormal in other patients with constrictive pericarditis when compared to normal subjects. Such abnormalities and the unusual response of some patients to administration of peruvoside may reflect underlying myocardial dysfunction in patients with constrictive pericarditis. However, it is possible that the rigid pericardium also contributes to these abnormalities to a varying extent. Systolic time indices and their response to digitalis appear to be a useful, atraumatic method for detecting underlying myocardial dysfunction in patients with constrictive pericarditis.", "PMID": 1191433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12275", "title": "Pulmonary valve echo motion in pulmonary regurgitation.", "content": "Four cases are presented to illustrate the echo patterns of pulmonary valve motion in patients with pulmonary regurgitation caused by pulmonary hypertension, idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery, or congenital absence of the pulmonary valve or in association with pulmonary stenosis. Absence of the pulmonary 'a' wave, fluttering of the e-f slope, and midsystolic closure or 'notching' of the valve were noted with pulmonary hypertension. In the case with idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery a normal echo pattern of pulmonary valve motion along with distinct dilatation of the pulmonary artery at the valvular level were present. Pronounced dilatation and systolic expansion of the pulmonary artery along with dilatation of the right ventricle were seen with congenital absence of the pulmonary valve. No pulmonary valve could be demonstrated on multiple scans from the right ventricle to pulmonary artery. In Case 4 large 'a' waves (14 mm) were noted, indicating a reversal of the normal end-diastolic gradient across the valve and suggesting that pulmonary regurgitation in this case was associated with right ventricular outflow obstruction. Study of the echo pattern of pulmonary valve motion may therefore provide useful information in establishing the cause of pulmonary regurgitation.", "contents": "Pulmonary valve echo motion in pulmonary regurgitation. Four cases are presented to illustrate the echo patterns of pulmonary valve motion in patients with pulmonary regurgitation caused by pulmonary hypertension, idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery, or congenital absence of the pulmonary valve or in association with pulmonary stenosis. Absence of the pulmonary 'a' wave, fluttering of the e-f slope, and midsystolic closure or 'notching' of the valve were noted with pulmonary hypertension. In the case with idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery a normal echo pattern of pulmonary valve motion along with distinct dilatation of the pulmonary artery at the valvular level were present. Pronounced dilatation and systolic expansion of the pulmonary artery along with dilatation of the right ventricle were seen with congenital absence of the pulmonary valve. No pulmonary valve could be demonstrated on multiple scans from the right ventricle to pulmonary artery. In Case 4 large 'a' waves (14 mm) were noted, indicating a reversal of the normal end-diastolic gradient across the valve and suggesting that pulmonary regurgitation in this case was associated with right ventricular outflow obstruction. Study of the echo pattern of pulmonary valve motion may therefore provide useful information in establishing the cause of pulmonary regurgitation.", "PMID": 1191434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12276", "title": "Candida endocarditis treated with a combination of antifungal chemotherapy and aortic valve replacement.", "content": "A case of Candida albicans endocarditis is described in which treatment with 5-fluorocytosine was started after aortic valve replacement, but relapse followed discontinuance of treatment. At a second operation the aortic valve was replaced under 5-fluorocytosine cover and treatment was continued with both 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin-B. No resistance to 5-fluorocytosine developed, and the candida infection was eradicated. The patient is well 22 months after his operation.", "contents": "Candida endocarditis treated with a combination of antifungal chemotherapy and aortic valve replacement. A case of Candida albicans endocarditis is described in which treatment with 5-fluorocytosine was started after aortic valve replacement, but relapse followed discontinuance of treatment. At a second operation the aortic valve was replaced under 5-fluorocytosine cover and treatment was continued with both 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin-B. No resistance to 5-fluorocytosine developed, and the candida infection was eradicated. The patient is well 22 months after his operation.", "PMID": 1191435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12277", "title": "A case of prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Corynebacterium hofmanni and Candida albicans.", "content": "The case is described of a 49-year-old woman who developed endocarditis in relation to the prosthetic valve two months after insertion of a Starr-Edwards mitral valve prosthesis. Initially Corynebacterium hofmanni was isolated from blood culture. Later, while the patient was receiving antibacterial chemotherapy, Candida albicans was also isolated and she was treated with 5-fluorocytosine. A cure was effected without the need for further valve replacement.", "contents": "A case of prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Corynebacterium hofmanni and Candida albicans. The case is described of a 49-year-old woman who developed endocarditis in relation to the prosthetic valve two months after insertion of a Starr-Edwards mitral valve prosthesis. Initially Corynebacterium hofmanni was isolated from blood culture. Later, while the patient was receiving antibacterial chemotherapy, Candida albicans was also isolated and she was treated with 5-fluorocytosine. A cure was effected without the need for further valve replacement.", "PMID": 1191436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12278", "title": "His bundle electrogram during bidirectional tachycardia.", "content": "The case is reported of a 66-year-old woman with bidirectional tachycardia caused by digitalis intoxication. His bundle records demonstrated the presence of two foci, one junctional and the other a fascicular one.", "contents": "His bundle electrogram during bidirectional tachycardia. The case is reported of a 66-year-old woman with bidirectional tachycardia caused by digitalis intoxication. His bundle records demonstrated the presence of two foci, one junctional and the other a fascicular one.", "PMID": 1191437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12279", "title": "Reproducibility of exercise tests in patients with symptomatic ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "In 50 patients with ischaemic heart disease prospective analyses of the reproducibility of exercise tests at 3-month intervals were performed. The same method of testing was used repeatedly in a smaller group of patients 3 or more times at 6- to 8-week intervals. No significant differences were found in maximal heart rate, maximal systolic blood pressure, rate-pressure product, and total work. Symptoms resulting in the discontinuation of exercise were unchanged in 94 per cent of patients. The evaluation of the electrocardiographic recordings revealed good agreement in 94 per cent of patients. The evaluation of the electrocardiographic recordings revealed good agreement in ST segment depression and ST segment elevation. The reproducibility of arrhythmic events was very poor. The standardized electrocardiographic exercise test is, therefore, recommended for objective evaluation of various interventions in patients with manifest ischaemic heart disease, both in short-term and long-term follow-up studies.", "contents": "Reproducibility of exercise tests in patients with symptomatic ischaemic heart disease. In 50 patients with ischaemic heart disease prospective analyses of the reproducibility of exercise tests at 3-month intervals were performed. The same method of testing was used repeatedly in a smaller group of patients 3 or more times at 6- to 8-week intervals. No significant differences were found in maximal heart rate, maximal systolic blood pressure, rate-pressure product, and total work. Symptoms resulting in the discontinuation of exercise were unchanged in 94 per cent of patients. The evaluation of the electrocardiographic recordings revealed good agreement in 94 per cent of patients. The evaluation of the electrocardiographic recordings revealed good agreement in ST segment depression and ST segment elevation. The reproducibility of arrhythmic events was very poor. The standardized electrocardiographic exercise test is, therefore, recommended for objective evaluation of various interventions in patients with manifest ischaemic heart disease, both in short-term and long-term follow-up studies.", "PMID": 1191440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12280", "title": "Quantitation of infarct size in man by means of plasma enzyme levels.", "content": "A method is described in which the extent of myocardial infarction in man is assessed by mathematical analysis of the rise in plasma enzyme levels after infarction. Five enzymes are used in this study: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (alpha-HBDH); aspartate aminotransferase (GOT); creatine phosphokinase (CPK); and phosphohexoseisomerase (PHI). It is shown that a reasonable assessment of the total enzyme release, reflecting the extent of the infarcted area, can be made when a sufficient number of blood samples are taken after infarction. This could provide a method by which to judge therapeutic effects of intervention in the course of a myocardial infarction, as demonstrated in this study by the assessment of the effect of urokinase on the enzyme release after an infarct.", "contents": "Quantitation of infarct size in man by means of plasma enzyme levels. A method is described in which the extent of myocardial infarction in man is assessed by mathematical analysis of the rise in plasma enzyme levels after infarction. Five enzymes are used in this study: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (alpha-HBDH); aspartate aminotransferase (GOT); creatine phosphokinase (CPK); and phosphohexoseisomerase (PHI). It is shown that a reasonable assessment of the total enzyme release, reflecting the extent of the infarcted area, can be made when a sufficient number of blood samples are taken after infarction. This could provide a method by which to judge therapeutic effects of intervention in the course of a myocardial infarction, as demonstrated in this study by the assessment of the effect of urokinase on the enzyme release after an infarct.", "PMID": 1191441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12281", "title": "Cardiovascular malformation in infant deaths. 10-year clinical and epidemiological study.", "content": "The infant mortality from cardiovascular malformations in a region with a population of 2 million inhabitants during a 10-year period has been studied. The study involved validation of the diagnoses and judgement whether the cardiovascular malformation was the dominating or a contributing cause of death. It is shown that the incidence of fatal cardiovascular malformations is probably overestimated in the official death statistics. Evaluation of the clinical findings and necropsy reports are important aids in obtaining more reliable figures of the incidence. The rate of referral of infants with cardiovascular malformations has increased during the period of this study, so that the number of operable lesions not referred has decreased. The infant mortality rate, found in this study, of 1.33 per 1000 liveborn babies constitutes about 20 per cent of all liveborn infants with cardiovascular malformations. The most common lesions found in those who died belonged to the group constituting the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The proportion of this type of malformation, about 20 per cent of all those dying, is higher than in other similar studies. This difference can probably be explained by variations in selection and classification.", "contents": "Cardiovascular malformation in infant deaths. 10-year clinical and epidemiological study. The infant mortality from cardiovascular malformations in a region with a population of 2 million inhabitants during a 10-year period has been studied. The study involved validation of the diagnoses and judgement whether the cardiovascular malformation was the dominating or a contributing cause of death. It is shown that the incidence of fatal cardiovascular malformations is probably overestimated in the official death statistics. Evaluation of the clinical findings and necropsy reports are important aids in obtaining more reliable figures of the incidence. The rate of referral of infants with cardiovascular malformations has increased during the period of this study, so that the number of operable lesions not referred has decreased. The infant mortality rate, found in this study, of 1.33 per 1000 liveborn babies constitutes about 20 per cent of all liveborn infants with cardiovascular malformations. The most common lesions found in those who died belonged to the group constituting the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The proportion of this type of malformation, about 20 per cent of all those dying, is higher than in other similar studies. This difference can probably be explained by variations in selection and classification.", "PMID": 1191442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12282", "title": "Surdocardiac syndrome of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen, with prolonged QT interval present at birth, and severe anaemia and syncopal attacks in childhood.", "content": "A case of the surdocardiac syndrome of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen, with prolonged QT interval in the electrocardiogram at birth, is described. The affected girl presented 3 1/2 years later with severe iron deficiency anaemia, despite apparently adequate nutrition. At the age of 4 1/2 years she had a sudden attack of unconsciousness. Treatment with the beta-adrenoceptor blocker practolol was started and 3 years after initiation of this treatment she has been free from syncopal attacks. The QT interval remains prolonged. Her brother also had severe iron deficiency anaemia and had several attacks of unconsciousness before he died suddenly at the age of 3 1/2 years.", "contents": "Surdocardiac syndrome of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen, with prolonged QT interval present at birth, and severe anaemia and syncopal attacks in childhood. A case of the surdocardiac syndrome of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen, with prolonged QT interval in the electrocardiogram at birth, is described. The affected girl presented 3 1/2 years later with severe iron deficiency anaemia, despite apparently adequate nutrition. At the age of 4 1/2 years she had a sudden attack of unconsciousness. Treatment with the beta-adrenoceptor blocker practolol was started and 3 years after initiation of this treatment she has been free from syncopal attacks. The QT interval remains prolonged. Her brother also had severe iron deficiency anaemia and had several attacks of unconsciousness before he died suddenly at the age of 3 1/2 years.", "PMID": 1191443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12283", "title": "Circulatory changes in acute glomerulonephritis at rest and during exercise.", "content": "In order to evaluate the effects of acute glomerulonephritis on the circulation, 6 patients were investigated at rest and during moderate exercise. With the patients in a state of rest the cardiac index and the stroke volume index were significantly higher in acute glomerulonephritis than normal, despite significantly raised right and left atrial pressures. Oxygen consumption was significantly increased (P less than 0.01) and the arteriovenous oxygen difference was narrowed significantly (P less than 0.001) in acute glomerulonephritis as compared to normal subjects. The calculated increase in cardiac output was due to both a rise in oxygen consumption and a narrowing of arteriovenous oxygen difference, the latter being more significant. The exercise-induced changes in cardiac output in the patients with glomerulonephritis were not different from those in normal subjects. These results showed that the circulatory changes in the oliguric stage of acute glomerulonephritis resemble those in the hyperkinetic states; the raised mean right atrial and pulmonary wedge pressures do not indicate the presence of heart failure when resting cardiac output is above normal level and response to exercise is normal.", "contents": "Circulatory changes in acute glomerulonephritis at rest and during exercise. In order to evaluate the effects of acute glomerulonephritis on the circulation, 6 patients were investigated at rest and during moderate exercise. With the patients in a state of rest the cardiac index and the stroke volume index were significantly higher in acute glomerulonephritis than normal, despite significantly raised right and left atrial pressures. Oxygen consumption was significantly increased (P less than 0.01) and the arteriovenous oxygen difference was narrowed significantly (P less than 0.001) in acute glomerulonephritis as compared to normal subjects. The calculated increase in cardiac output was due to both a rise in oxygen consumption and a narrowing of arteriovenous oxygen difference, the latter being more significant. The exercise-induced changes in cardiac output in the patients with glomerulonephritis were not different from those in normal subjects. These results showed that the circulatory changes in the oliguric stage of acute glomerulonephritis resemble those in the hyperkinetic states; the raised mean right atrial and pulmonary wedge pressures do not indicate the presence of heart failure when resting cardiac output is above normal level and response to exercise is normal.", "PMID": 1191444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12284", "title": "Syndromes of asplenia and polysplenia. A review of cardiac and non-cardiac malformations in 60 cases withspecial reference to diagnosis and prognosis.", "content": "This review presents the cardiac and non-cardiac malformations in 60 cases with asplenia and polysplenia with special reference to distinguishing factors which may be helpful in the clinical recognition of these syndromes. The asplenia cases were predominantly male and presented with cyanosis. They frequently had transposition of the great arteries (72%) with pulmonary stenosis or atresia (88%) and total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (72%). Deaths were caused by cardiac failure and anoxia in 57 per cent of cases. Most of the patients died in the first year of life (79%), but longer survival is possible in the asplenia syndrome. The polysplenia cases were predominantly female and survived longer. The characteristic clinical findings were the relatively more benign presenting signs and the leftward or superiorly orientated P wave axis on the electrocardiogram. Conotruncal abnormalities were less common and total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage did not occur. On angiography the inferior vena caval drainage via the azygos system was clearly identified and this was present in all cases at surgery. Our study indicated that the cardiac anomalies in polysplenia were less severe than they were in asplenia and therefore the prognosis in the former syndrome is likely to be more favourable. Three families had two affects sibs but no single genetic factor could be identified. The aetiology of these syndromes remains undetermined.", "contents": "Syndromes of asplenia and polysplenia. A review of cardiac and non-cardiac malformations in 60 cases withspecial reference to diagnosis and prognosis. This review presents the cardiac and non-cardiac malformations in 60 cases with asplenia and polysplenia with special reference to distinguishing factors which may be helpful in the clinical recognition of these syndromes. The asplenia cases were predominantly male and presented with cyanosis. They frequently had transposition of the great arteries (72%) with pulmonary stenosis or atresia (88%) and total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (72%). Deaths were caused by cardiac failure and anoxia in 57 per cent of cases. Most of the patients died in the first year of life (79%), but longer survival is possible in the asplenia syndrome. The polysplenia cases were predominantly female and survived longer. The characteristic clinical findings were the relatively more benign presenting signs and the leftward or superiorly orientated P wave axis on the electrocardiogram. Conotruncal abnormalities were less common and total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage did not occur. On angiography the inferior vena caval drainage via the azygos system was clearly identified and this was present in all cases at surgery. Our study indicated that the cardiac anomalies in polysplenia were less severe than they were in asplenia and therefore the prognosis in the former syndrome is likely to be more favourable. Three families had two affects sibs but no single genetic factor could be identified. The aetiology of these syndromes remains undetermined.", "PMID": 1191445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12285", "title": "Atrio-His bundle tracts.", "content": "The atrio-His bundle tracts are very rare; only two have been found in 687 hearts studied histologically. These tracts have a similar appearance to those of the atrioventricular bundle and form a complete bypass of the atrioventricular node. In their presence the electrocardiogram may show a short or normal PR interval. They may be responsible for some cases of very rapid ventricular response to supraventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "Atrio-His bundle tracts. The atrio-His bundle tracts are very rare; only two have been found in 687 hearts studied histologically. These tracts have a similar appearance to those of the atrioventricular bundle and form a complete bypass of the atrioventricular node. In their presence the electrocardiogram may show a short or normal PR interval. They may be responsible for some cases of very rapid ventricular response to supraventricular arrhythmias.", "PMID": 1191446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12286", "title": "Effects of amiodarone on thyroid function in patients with ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Thyroid function was evaluated clinically and biochemically in 12 patients with ischaemic heart disease receiving 200 mg oral amiodarone three times daily for periods up to 6 weeks. During drug administration, no patient developed clinical or laboratory evidence of hypothyroidism, but serum levels of T3 tended to fall and those of T4 increased but not to levels outside the normal range. Amiodarone produced a significant reduction in heart rate with prolongation of the QTc interval of the electrocardiogram without altering either the PR interval or the QRS duration. These effects of the drug were still present 4 weeks after cessation of treatment. In spite of the high iodine content, amiodarone does not, therefore, depress thyroid function to any important degree during chronic administration and its antianginal action does not appear to be caused by the production of generalized hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Effects of amiodarone on thyroid function in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Thyroid function was evaluated clinically and biochemically in 12 patients with ischaemic heart disease receiving 200 mg oral amiodarone three times daily for periods up to 6 weeks. During drug administration, no patient developed clinical or laboratory evidence of hypothyroidism, but serum levels of T3 tended to fall and those of T4 increased but not to levels outside the normal range. Amiodarone produced a significant reduction in heart rate with prolongation of the QTc interval of the electrocardiogram without altering either the PR interval or the QRS duration. These effects of the drug were still present 4 weeks after cessation of treatment. In spite of the high iodine content, amiodarone does not, therefore, depress thyroid function to any important degree during chronic administration and its antianginal action does not appear to be caused by the production of generalized hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 1191447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12287", "title": "Localization of lesion in patients with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension.", "content": "The different components of the baroreceptor reflex were studied in 8 patients with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension. The reflex arc was interrupted in all patients and the lesion was most probably localized to the efferent sympathetic fibres. This was suggested by the negative cold pressor test, the absence of pressor response to mental arithmetic, and loss or reflex sweating. Selective sparing of sympathetic vasodilator fibres was probable in 2 patients. Cardiac acceleration after atropine was less than in normal subjects suggesting some degree of cardiac denervation. The present study indicates that lesions in efferent sympathetic fibres are a common cause of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension. Other components of the reflex arc were intact in this series of patients.", "contents": "Localization of lesion in patients with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension. The different components of the baroreceptor reflex were studied in 8 patients with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension. The reflex arc was interrupted in all patients and the lesion was most probably localized to the efferent sympathetic fibres. This was suggested by the negative cold pressor test, the absence of pressor response to mental arithmetic, and loss or reflex sweating. Selective sparing of sympathetic vasodilator fibres was probable in 2 patients. Cardiac acceleration after atropine was less than in normal subjects suggesting some degree of cardiac denervation. The present study indicates that lesions in efferent sympathetic fibres are a common cause of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension. Other components of the reflex arc were intact in this series of patients.", "PMID": 1191448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12288", "title": "Effects of sustained isometric handgrip on praecordial accelerocardiogram in normal subjects and in patients with heart disease.", "content": "The effects of isometric exercise on the maximum amplitude of the praecordial accelerocardiogram (as represented by the DE deflection) have been compared in 6 normal subjects (group 1), 12 patients with aortic stenosis (group 2), and 16 patients with myocardial disease (group 3). Whereas the tachycardia and pressor effects of isometric exercise were identical in all three groups, the normal subjects showed a significant decrease in DE during handgrip of 10 +/- 4 per cent (P less than 0.05) as compared with the insignificant increases of 8.5 +/- 6 per cent (P greater than 0.5), and 4 +/- 3.5 per cent (P greater 0.3) observed in the patients in groups 2 and 3. This response in the normal subjects differed significantly from the responses observed in the patients in groups 2 (P less than 0.02) and 3 (P less than 0.01). Of the patients in each of groups 2 and 3, 50 per cent responded abnormally to handgrip in that they showed a significant increase in DE. In the patients with aortic stenosis this subgroup of patients differed from the remainder in that they had a higher resting cardiac index (P less than 0.05). In the patients with myocardial disease this subgroup was characterized by a significantly lower resting left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P less than 0.02). It seems, therefore, that those patients who increase DE in response to handgrip tend to have better left ventricular function at rest than those who do not. We suggest that this may be because of increased beta adrenergic activity at rest and during isometric exercise in the subgroup who respond to handgrip with an increase in DE.", "contents": "Effects of sustained isometric handgrip on praecordial accelerocardiogram in normal subjects and in patients with heart disease. The effects of isometric exercise on the maximum amplitude of the praecordial accelerocardiogram (as represented by the DE deflection) have been compared in 6 normal subjects (group 1), 12 patients with aortic stenosis (group 2), and 16 patients with myocardial disease (group 3). Whereas the tachycardia and pressor effects of isometric exercise were identical in all three groups, the normal subjects showed a significant decrease in DE during handgrip of 10 +/- 4 per cent (P less than 0.05) as compared with the insignificant increases of 8.5 +/- 6 per cent (P greater than 0.5), and 4 +/- 3.5 per cent (P greater 0.3) observed in the patients in groups 2 and 3. This response in the normal subjects differed significantly from the responses observed in the patients in groups 2 (P less than 0.02) and 3 (P less than 0.01). Of the patients in each of groups 2 and 3, 50 per cent responded abnormally to handgrip in that they showed a significant increase in DE. In the patients with aortic stenosis this subgroup of patients differed from the remainder in that they had a higher resting cardiac index (P less than 0.05). In the patients with myocardial disease this subgroup was characterized by a significantly lower resting left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P less than 0.02). It seems, therefore, that those patients who increase DE in response to handgrip tend to have better left ventricular function at rest than those who do not. We suggest that this may be because of increased beta adrenergic activity at rest and during isometric exercise in the subgroup who respond to handgrip with an increase in DE.", "PMID": 1191449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12289", "title": "RR interval variations in young male diabetics.", "content": "The beat-to-beat (RR interval) variation in resting heart rate was used to detect possible autonomic nerve damage in a group of 42 young asymptomatic male diabetics, employing a sensitive electrocardiographic computer technique. Compared with 25 age-matched controls, the diabetics showed both a significantly smaller mean RR interval (P less than 0.005) and less RR interval variation (P less than 0.001). Whereas only 4 of the diabetic subjects had shorter mean RR intervals, 22 (52%) of the diabetics had RR interval variations that were less than any of the normal subjects. This reduction in heart rate variation has not been previously reported in diabetics without clinical features of autonomic neuropathy and might provide a sensitive method of assessing early autonomic nerve involvement in diabetes.", "contents": "RR interval variations in young male diabetics. The beat-to-beat (RR interval) variation in resting heart rate was used to detect possible autonomic nerve damage in a group of 42 young asymptomatic male diabetics, employing a sensitive electrocardiographic computer technique. Compared with 25 age-matched controls, the diabetics showed both a significantly smaller mean RR interval (P less than 0.005) and less RR interval variation (P less than 0.001). Whereas only 4 of the diabetic subjects had shorter mean RR intervals, 22 (52%) of the diabetics had RR interval variations that were less than any of the normal subjects. This reduction in heart rate variation has not been previously reported in diabetics without clinical features of autonomic neuropathy and might provide a sensitive method of assessing early autonomic nerve involvement in diabetes.", "PMID": 1191450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12290", "title": "Long-term survival of patients with incomplete bundle-branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Electrocardiograms and His bundle electrograms were reviewed in 28 patients with incomplete bilateral bundle-branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction. All had a His bundle electrogram at the time of pacemaker insertion; 10 had a second one. Of 23 patients with an initially abnormal HV interval (55 ms or greater), 15 died (65%), while only one died (20%) in the group of 5 with a normal HV interval. This difference is not statistically significant. Sequential His bundle electrograms were done in 6 of the 8 survivors with an initially abnormal HV interval, and 4 showed 10 to 15 ms decrease in HV interval. The disappearance of incomplete bilateral bundle-branch block occurred significantly more often in patients who survived (7 of 12) when compared with those who did not survive (2 of 16) (P less than 0.05). It is concluded that long-term survival is po-sible after incomplete bilateral bundle-branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction. The characteristics of the survivors include an initially normal HV interval, transient incomplete belateral bundle-branch block and a decreasing HV interval if it were initially abnormal.", "contents": "Long-term survival of patients with incomplete bundle-branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction. Electrocardiograms and His bundle electrograms were reviewed in 28 patients with incomplete bilateral bundle-branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction. All had a His bundle electrogram at the time of pacemaker insertion; 10 had a second one. Of 23 patients with an initially abnormal HV interval (55 ms or greater), 15 died (65%), while only one died (20%) in the group of 5 with a normal HV interval. This difference is not statistically significant. Sequential His bundle electrograms were done in 6 of the 8 survivors with an initially abnormal HV interval, and 4 showed 10 to 15 ms decrease in HV interval. The disappearance of incomplete bilateral bundle-branch block occurred significantly more often in patients who survived (7 of 12) when compared with those who did not survive (2 of 16) (P less than 0.05). It is concluded that long-term survival is po-sible after incomplete bilateral bundle-branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction. The characteristics of the survivors include an initially normal HV interval, transient incomplete belateral bundle-branch block and a decreasing HV interval if it were initially abnormal.", "PMID": 1191453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12291", "title": "Surgical implications of right aortic arch with isolation of left subclavian artery.", "content": "Few cases have been reported of the combination of right aortic arch with isolation of the left subclavian artery in childhood because of the absence of symptoms from this pairing of defects and the difficulty of its recognition by routine examination. All the reports have been associated with congenital heart disease. We report 4 cases. In one of them, the diagnosis was made during an attempt to create a left Blalock-Taussig anastomosis and the technique was modified. The diagnosis can be made before operation with an aortogram. This procedure should be carried out to show the aortic arch branches in cases where palliative surgery is contemplated.", "contents": "Surgical implications of right aortic arch with isolation of left subclavian artery. Few cases have been reported of the combination of right aortic arch with isolation of the left subclavian artery in childhood because of the absence of symptoms from this pairing of defects and the difficulty of its recognition by routine examination. All the reports have been associated with congenital heart disease. We report 4 cases. In one of them, the diagnosis was made during an attempt to create a left Blalock-Taussig anastomosis and the technique was modified. The diagnosis can be made before operation with an aortogram. This procedure should be carried out to show the aortic arch branches in cases where palliative surgery is contemplated.", "PMID": 1191454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12292", "title": "Variations in clinical presentation of Fallot's tetralogy in infancy. Angiographic and pathogenetic implications.", "content": "Striking variability has been observed in the presenting features in infancy of patients subsequently shown to have tetralogy of Fallot. Some patients presented with severe cyanosis in the neonatal period while others had a systolic murmur and cyanosis only on crying. In these latter patients cyanosis became present at rest over the subsequent months. Yet others presented with episodic attacks of unconsciousness, and a final group presented with dyspnoea and heart failure, accompanying a left-to-right shunt. Angiography demonstrates corresponding variations in the anatomy of the ventricular outflow tracts. In the severely cyanosed patients, the conus septum was deviated so as to obstruct the pulmonary outflow tract, and was best visualized in the lateral projection. In the patients with increasing cyanosis or episodic attacks of unconsciousness, the conus septum again obstructed the pulmonary infundibulum, but was obliquely orientated, not being seen clearly on either lateral or frontal projections. The episodic attacks were considered to be related to infundibular spasm, as previously shown to occur in Fallot's tetralogy. In contrast, increasing cyanosis was believed to be related to hypertrophy of infundibular musculature. In the patients with an initial left-to-right shunt, the arteries were orientated side-by-side so that the conus septum was observed in the frontal projection. Again, subsequent cyanosis was related to ventricular hypertrophy producing outflow tract obstruction. These findings are interpreted in the setting of a recent study, indicating that Fallot's tetralogy is produced by rotation of the embryonic conus together with sinistro-anterior deviation of the conus septum.", "contents": "Variations in clinical presentation of Fallot's tetralogy in infancy. Angiographic and pathogenetic implications. Striking variability has been observed in the presenting features in infancy of patients subsequently shown to have tetralogy of Fallot. Some patients presented with severe cyanosis in the neonatal period while others had a systolic murmur and cyanosis only on crying. In these latter patients cyanosis became present at rest over the subsequent months. Yet others presented with episodic attacks of unconsciousness, and a final group presented with dyspnoea and heart failure, accompanying a left-to-right shunt. Angiography demonstrates corresponding variations in the anatomy of the ventricular outflow tracts. In the severely cyanosed patients, the conus septum was deviated so as to obstruct the pulmonary outflow tract, and was best visualized in the lateral projection. In the patients with increasing cyanosis or episodic attacks of unconsciousness, the conus septum again obstructed the pulmonary infundibulum, but was obliquely orientated, not being seen clearly on either lateral or frontal projections. The episodic attacks were considered to be related to infundibular spasm, as previously shown to occur in Fallot's tetralogy. In contrast, increasing cyanosis was believed to be related to hypertrophy of infundibular musculature. In the patients with an initial left-to-right shunt, the arteries were orientated side-by-side so that the conus septum was observed in the frontal projection. Again, subsequent cyanosis was related to ventricular hypertrophy producing outflow tract obstruction. These findings are interpreted in the setting of a recent study, indicating that Fallot's tetralogy is produced by rotation of the embryonic conus together with sinistro-anterior deviation of the conus septum.", "PMID": 1191455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12293", "title": "Comparative study of sinoatrial conduction time and sinus node recovery time.", "content": "Atrial stimulation were performed in 5 normal patients (group A) and 4 patients with electrocardiographic evidence of sinoatrial disease (group B). The technique of premature atrial stimulation was used to calculate sinoatrial conduction time. Rapid atrial pacing was applied to measure maximum sinus node recovery time. In 4 cases both stimulation methods were repeated after intravenous administration of atropine Group A had a sinoatrial conduction time of 56 ms +/- 11 (SD) and a maximum sinus node recovery time of 1122 ms +/- 158. In 3 out of 4 patients with sinus node dysfunction a prolongation of sinoatrial conduction time could be demonstrated (145, 105, and 150 ms). In addition, one showed probable sinus node exit block after premature atrial stimulation. Sinus node recovery time was excessively prolonged in 2 (3880 and 3215 ms) and normal in the other 2 patients with sinoatrial disease (1330 and 1275 ms). Atropine leads to a decrease of sinoatrial conduction time. Results indicate that sinus node recovery time may not be a reliable indicator of sinus node automaticity if sinoatrial conduction is disturbed. The premature atrial stimulation technique makes it possible to study the pattern of sinoatrial conduction and to evaluate its reaction to therapeutic drugs.", "contents": "Comparative study of sinoatrial conduction time and sinus node recovery time. Atrial stimulation were performed in 5 normal patients (group A) and 4 patients with electrocardiographic evidence of sinoatrial disease (group B). The technique of premature atrial stimulation was used to calculate sinoatrial conduction time. Rapid atrial pacing was applied to measure maximum sinus node recovery time. In 4 cases both stimulation methods were repeated after intravenous administration of atropine Group A had a sinoatrial conduction time of 56 ms +/- 11 (SD) and a maximum sinus node recovery time of 1122 ms +/- 158. In 3 out of 4 patients with sinus node dysfunction a prolongation of sinoatrial conduction time could be demonstrated (145, 105, and 150 ms). In addition, one showed probable sinus node exit block after premature atrial stimulation. Sinus node recovery time was excessively prolonged in 2 (3880 and 3215 ms) and normal in the other 2 patients with sinoatrial disease (1330 and 1275 ms). Atropine leads to a decrease of sinoatrial conduction time. Results indicate that sinus node recovery time may not be a reliable indicator of sinus node automaticity if sinoatrial conduction is disturbed. The premature atrial stimulation technique makes it possible to study the pattern of sinoatrial conduction and to evaluate its reaction to therapeutic drugs.", "PMID": 1191456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12294", "title": "Effect of coexistent coarctation of pulmonary trunk in natural history of complete absence of pulmonary valve with ventricular septal defect.", "content": "A case of complete absence of the pulmonary valve in association with a ventricular septal defect and a pulmonary artery coarctation is described. Despite these defects the patient had minimal symptoms, probably because the pulmonary artery coarctation acted as a natural banding and limited the pulmonary regurgitant flow and reduced the left-to-right shunt across the ventricular septal defect. The patient was operated on at the age of 40 and the ventricular septal defect was closed but the pulmonary artery coarctation was left alone. In view of the long-term survival in this case, it is suggested that pulmonary artery banding would reduce the symptoms and increase the life expectancy of patients with congenital absence of the pulmonary valve and a ventricular septal defect.", "contents": "Effect of coexistent coarctation of pulmonary trunk in natural history of complete absence of pulmonary valve with ventricular septal defect. A case of complete absence of the pulmonary valve in association with a ventricular septal defect and a pulmonary artery coarctation is described. Despite these defects the patient had minimal symptoms, probably because the pulmonary artery coarctation acted as a natural banding and limited the pulmonary regurgitant flow and reduced the left-to-right shunt across the ventricular septal defect. The patient was operated on at the age of 40 and the ventricular septal defect was closed but the pulmonary artery coarctation was left alone. In view of the long-term survival in this case, it is suggested that pulmonary artery banding would reduce the symptoms and increase the life expectancy of patients with congenital absence of the pulmonary valve and a ventricular septal defect.", "PMID": 1191457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12295", "title": "Complete heart block and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "An 18-year-old girl with systemic lupus erythematosus developed progressive electrocardiographic abnormalities over a period of 16 years, culminating in complete heart block with Adams-Stokes attacks. A permanent ventricular pacing system was implanted successfully.", "contents": "Complete heart block and systemic lupus erythematosus. An 18-year-old girl with systemic lupus erythematosus developed progressive electrocardiographic abnormalities over a period of 16 years, culminating in complete heart block with Adams-Stokes attacks. A permanent ventricular pacing system was implanted successfully.", "PMID": 1191458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12296", "title": "Significance of exercise-induced second degree atrioventricular block.", "content": "A case of second degree, type II, atrioventricular block precipitated by exercise is presented. It is suggested that exercise and other vagolytic manoeuvres may be used as a means of differentiating type I from type II atrioventricular block: the conduction disturbance of type I improves with exercise, whereas that of type II deteriorates with exercise.", "contents": "Significance of exercise-induced second degree atrioventricular block. A case of second degree, type II, atrioventricular block precipitated by exercise is presented. It is suggested that exercise and other vagolytic manoeuvres may be used as a means of differentiating type I from type II atrioventricular block: the conduction disturbance of type I improves with exercise, whereas that of type II deteriorates with exercise.", "PMID": 1191459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12297", "title": "Malignant hyperpyrexia: Investigation of a family after a fatal case.", "content": "The relatives of a patient who died from malignant hyperpyrexia were examined clinically and biochemically. One fo the deceased's children, an identical twin, undergoing an anesthetic, was found to develop malignant hyperpyrexia on exposure to nitrous oxide. The creatine phosphokinase concentrations in this family were unhelpful as a method of identifying susceptible individuals.", "contents": "Malignant hyperpyrexia: Investigation of a family after a fatal case. The relatives of a patient who died from malignant hyperpyrexia were examined clinically and biochemically. One fo the deceased's children, an identical twin, undergoing an anesthetic, was found to develop malignant hyperpyrexia on exposure to nitrous oxide. The creatine phosphokinase concentrations in this family were unhelpful as a method of identifying susceptible individuals.", "PMID": 1191461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12298", "title": "Neurological fragility in the newborn: Influence of medication in labour.", "content": "New anaesthetic and analgesic drugs continue to be introduced in labour, with little apparent concern about possible effects on the foetus or neonate beyond the more gross changes reflected by the Apgar score. A review is presented of some drugs currently used and some of the newer methods available for the assessment of the neonate. It is important that attention should be given to the subtler effects of drugs on the nervous system in addition to the gross effects on the respiratory and other systems as judged by the Apgar score. It is also essential to correlate neurobehavioural status of the newborn infant with an accurate assessment of gestational age, in order to produce a scale of reference against which effects of drugs administered in labour can be judged.", "contents": "Neurological fragility in the newborn: Influence of medication in labour. New anaesthetic and analgesic drugs continue to be introduced in labour, with little apparent concern about possible effects on the foetus or neonate beyond the more gross changes reflected by the Apgar score. A review is presented of some drugs currently used and some of the newer methods available for the assessment of the neonate. It is important that attention should be given to the subtler effects of drugs on the nervous system in addition to the gross effects on the respiratory and other systems as judged by the Apgar score. It is also essential to correlate neurobehavioural status of the newborn infant with an accurate assessment of gestational age, in order to produce a scale of reference against which effects of drugs administered in labour can be judged.", "PMID": 1191462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12299", "title": "Respiratory failure as a seizure phenomenon. A case report.", "content": "Recurrent acute respiratory failure in an epileptic subject is described. The first episode of respiratory failure occurred while the patient was having frequent epileptic fits and was probably secondary to cerebral oedema with temporal herniation. The second occurred suddenly after 27 days during which the patient had been free from seizures. It is suggested that this episode of acute respiratory failure was the result of an epileptic seizure without any motor symptoms.", "contents": "Respiratory failure as a seizure phenomenon. A case report. Recurrent acute respiratory failure in an epileptic subject is described. The first episode of respiratory failure occurred while the patient was having frequent epileptic fits and was probably secondary to cerebral oedema with temporal herniation. The second occurred suddenly after 27 days during which the patient had been free from seizures. It is suggested that this episode of acute respiratory failure was the result of an epileptic seizure without any motor symptoms.", "PMID": 1191463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12300", "title": "Influence of liver metabolism on the actions of althesin and thiopentone.", "content": "To examine the role of liver metabolism on the actions of Althesin, its duration of action and circulatory effects were measured under the following experimental conditions in the rat: (a) non pretreated rats; (b) non pretreated rats: injection through the portal vein; (c) rats with cholestasis; (d) rats with induced microsomal enzymes; (e) rats with a depressed microsomal enzymatic synthesis. The experiments were repeated in the same animals by injecting equivalent doses of thiopentone. The effects of Althesin depend upon the functional conditions of the liver, while a relationship of this kind does not occur with thiopentone.", "contents": "Influence of liver metabolism on the actions of althesin and thiopentone. To examine the role of liver metabolism on the actions of Althesin, its duration of action and circulatory effects were measured under the following experimental conditions in the rat: (a) non pretreated rats; (b) non pretreated rats: injection through the portal vein; (c) rats with cholestasis; (d) rats with induced microsomal enzymes; (e) rats with a depressed microsomal enzymatic synthesis. The experiments were repeated in the same animals by injecting equivalent doses of thiopentone. The effects of Althesin depend upon the functional conditions of the liver, while a relationship of this kind does not occur with thiopentone.", "PMID": 1191478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12301", "title": "Surface anaesthetic properties of the new local anaesthetic amid etidocaine (Duranest): A laboratory evaluation.", "content": "The surface local anaesthetic properties of the new local anaesthetic amid etidocaine (Duranest) were studied in experimental animals. Etidocaine produced topical local anaesthesia of high intensity, rapid onset and with a comparatively long duration of action following corneal, intranasal and intratracheal application. The surface anaesthetic activity of etidocaine was substantially greater than that of lignocaine, similar to that of bupivacaine but less than that of amethocaine. When applied to the mucous surfaces of the nose and the respiratory tract, etidocaine was less toxic than amethocaine and bupivacaine but more toxic than lignocaine. The data justify a clinical evaluation of etidocaine as a surface anaesthetic.", "contents": "Surface anaesthetic properties of the new local anaesthetic amid etidocaine (Duranest): A laboratory evaluation. The surface local anaesthetic properties of the new local anaesthetic amid etidocaine (Duranest) were studied in experimental animals. Etidocaine produced topical local anaesthesia of high intensity, rapid onset and with a comparatively long duration of action following corneal, intranasal and intratracheal application. The surface anaesthetic activity of etidocaine was substantially greater than that of lignocaine, similar to that of bupivacaine but less than that of amethocaine. When applied to the mucous surfaces of the nose and the respiratory tract, etidocaine was less toxic than amethocaine and bupivacaine but more toxic than lignocaine. The data justify a clinical evaluation of etidocaine as a surface anaesthetic.", "PMID": 1191479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12302", "title": "Studies of the neuromuscular blocking effects of BW 403C65 in frog and cat muscle.", "content": "BW 403C65, an isoquinolinium bisquaternary compound, was investigated for its neuromuscular blocking properties. In vitro in from preparations, low concentrations induced an increase in miniature endplate potentials (m.e.p.p.) frequency without altering their amplitude. With increasing concentrations m.e.p.p. frequency returned to control value and amplitude started to decrease concomitantly with the decreased sensitivity of the endplate to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine and depression of the twitch tension. Acetylcholine released at the neuromuscular junction was also decreased. In vivo in the cat preparation  the intra-arterial injection of low doses of the drug produced an increase in the strength of the muscle twitch, and the development of contracture, as well as the appearance of post-drug repetition at the ventral roots. Greater doses produced a progressive decline in post-tetanic potentiation with prolonged return to control.", "contents": "Studies of the neuromuscular blocking effects of BW 403C65 in frog and cat muscle. BW 403C65, an isoquinolinium bisquaternary compound, was investigated for its neuromuscular blocking properties. In vitro in from preparations, low concentrations induced an increase in miniature endplate potentials (m.e.p.p.) frequency without altering their amplitude. With increasing concentrations m.e.p.p. frequency returned to control value and amplitude started to decrease concomitantly with the decreased sensitivity of the endplate to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine and depression of the twitch tension. Acetylcholine released at the neuromuscular junction was also decreased. In vivo in the cat preparation  the intra-arterial injection of low doses of the drug produced an increase in the strength of the muscle twitch, and the development of contracture, as well as the appearance of post-drug repetition at the ventral roots. Greater doses produced a progressive decline in post-tetanic potentiation with prolonged return to control.", "PMID": 1191480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12303", "title": "Myocardial sparing effect of fentanyl during halothane anaesthesia in dogs.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of fentanyl (Sublimaze) were studied in seven mongrel dogs. A constant infusion of the drug was used to produce an apnoeic end-point while concomitant cardiovascular changes were monitored. After one hour the infusion was repeated while ventilation was controlled and atropine was given to eliminate the haemodynamic effect of changes in PaCO2 and heart rate. When PaCO2 was allowed to increase fentanyl reduced heart rate and mean arterial pressure markedly while left ventricular dp/dt was depressed moderately at the time of respiratory arrest. When heart rate and PaCO2 were kept constant there was little variation in the cardiovascular measurements during fentanyl infusion. We conclude that fentanyl allows relative myocardial sparing in dogs when used at clinically effective concentrations.", "contents": "Myocardial sparing effect of fentanyl during halothane anaesthesia in dogs. The cardiovascular effects of fentanyl (Sublimaze) were studied in seven mongrel dogs. A constant infusion of the drug was used to produce an apnoeic end-point while concomitant cardiovascular changes were monitored. After one hour the infusion was repeated while ventilation was controlled and atropine was given to eliminate the haemodynamic effect of changes in PaCO2 and heart rate. When PaCO2 was allowed to increase fentanyl reduced heart rate and mean arterial pressure markedly while left ventricular dp/dt was depressed moderately at the time of respiratory arrest. When heart rate and PaCO2 were kept constant there was little variation in the cardiovascular measurements during fentanyl infusion. We conclude that fentanyl allows relative myocardial sparing in dogs when used at clinically effective concentrations.", "PMID": 1191481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12304", "title": "The effect of carbon dioxide on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism in dogs.", "content": "In 11 normally oxygenated, normotensive mongrel dogs, blood flow and oxidative metabolism of the brain was studied during normocapnia and during respiratory alkalosis and respiratory acidosis. During respiratory alkalosis (mean PaCO2 17.8 mm Hg) CBF decreased significantly from 61.0 to 33.9 ml/100 g/min (44%) while arteriovenous-substrate differences increased and the rates of oxygen and glucose metabolism remained constant. Cerebral venous-arterial difference of lactate was increased significantly as compared with the resting state. During hypercapnia CBF increased significantly from 61.0 (resting state) to 115.7 ml/100 g/min (89%) (mean PaCO2 64.7 mm Hg). The arteriovenous-substrate differences decreased while the cerebral metabolic rates remained constant. The data show that the relationship between PaCO2 and CBF in the range 20-65 mm Hg PaCO2 is expressed by a linear relationship: y = 2.88 + 1.69x; in this range, the oxidative metabolism of the brain is unchanged and the increased cerebral lactate production in respiratory alkalosis is not necessarily linked to tissue hypoxia.", "contents": "The effect of carbon dioxide on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism in dogs. In 11 normally oxygenated, normotensive mongrel dogs, blood flow and oxidative metabolism of the brain was studied during normocapnia and during respiratory alkalosis and respiratory acidosis. During respiratory alkalosis (mean PaCO2 17.8 mm Hg) CBF decreased significantly from 61.0 to 33.9 ml/100 g/min (44%) while arteriovenous-substrate differences increased and the rates of oxygen and glucose metabolism remained constant. Cerebral venous-arterial difference of lactate was increased significantly as compared with the resting state. During hypercapnia CBF increased significantly from 61.0 (resting state) to 115.7 ml/100 g/min (89%) (mean PaCO2 64.7 mm Hg). The arteriovenous-substrate differences decreased while the cerebral metabolic rates remained constant. The data show that the relationship between PaCO2 and CBF in the range 20-65 mm Hg PaCO2 is expressed by a linear relationship: y = 2.88 + 1.69x; in this range, the oxidative metabolism of the brain is unchanged and the increased cerebral lactate production in respiratory alkalosis is not necessarily linked to tissue hypoxia.", "PMID": 1191482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12305", "title": "The inhibition of cholinesterases by pancuronium.", "content": "Pancuronium causes a powerful  and highly selective inhibition of human serum cholinesterase in vitro. The inhibition was studied in serum from 14 individuals of both sexes (5-60 years of age) with normal reactions to suxamethonium. Pancuronium, in a concentration of 2.3 x 10(-7) M, caused a 50% inhibition of the enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine, when this substrate was present in a concentration of 10 x 10(-3) M. The same I50 value was also found for a commercial preparation of human serum cholinesterase. The inhibition was reversible and competitive in type. Pancuronium inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase in human red blood cells and from the electric eel was more than one thousand times weaker. Thus pancuronium is one of the most selective inhibitors of serum cholinesterase described so far. The in vivo activity of the serum cholinesterase in four patients receiving pancuronium 0.1 mg/kg decreased, during the first 3 min, by 60-80%, from the pre-induction value. After this a slow recovery occurred with 40% depression remaining at 45 min after the injection. The tachycardia produced by pancuronium may be related to this selective inhibition of serum cholinesterase. It is suggested that relaxants which selectively inhibit serum cholinesterase also selectively block the cardiac muscarinic receptors.", "contents": "The inhibition of cholinesterases by pancuronium. Pancuronium causes a powerful  and highly selective inhibition of human serum cholinesterase in vitro. The inhibition was studied in serum from 14 individuals of both sexes (5-60 years of age) with normal reactions to suxamethonium. Pancuronium, in a concentration of 2.3 x 10(-7) M, caused a 50% inhibition of the enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine, when this substrate was present in a concentration of 10 x 10(-3) M. The same I50 value was also found for a commercial preparation of human serum cholinesterase. The inhibition was reversible and competitive in type. Pancuronium inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase in human red blood cells and from the electric eel was more than one thousand times weaker. Thus pancuronium is one of the most selective inhibitors of serum cholinesterase described so far. The in vivo activity of the serum cholinesterase in four patients receiving pancuronium 0.1 mg/kg decreased, during the first 3 min, by 60-80%, from the pre-induction value. After this a slow recovery occurred with 40% depression remaining at 45 min after the injection. The tachycardia produced by pancuronium may be related to this selective inhibition of serum cholinesterase. It is suggested that relaxants which selectively inhibit serum cholinesterase also selectively block the cardiac muscarinic receptors.", "PMID": 1191483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12306", "title": "The effect of extradural analgesia combined with light general anaesthesia and spontaneous ventilation on arterial blood-gases and physiological deadspace.", "content": "Arterial Po2 and Pco2 were measured at half-hourly intervals in eleven patients anaesthetized for lower limb vascular surgery with a combination of nitrous oxide 67% and halothane 0.3-0.5% in oxygen, and an extradural injection of bupivacaine. Values for the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference, physiological deadspace and deadspace-tidal volume ratio were calculated. Although both the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference and physiological deadspace were large, spontaneous ventilation was adequate to maintain both Po2 and Pco2 of arterial blood at acceptable values. Over the course of 2 hr following the extradural injection there were no significant changes in any measured value.", "contents": "The effect of extradural analgesia combined with light general anaesthesia and spontaneous ventilation on arterial blood-gases and physiological deadspace. Arterial Po2 and Pco2 were measured at half-hourly intervals in eleven patients anaesthetized for lower limb vascular surgery with a combination of nitrous oxide 67% and halothane 0.3-0.5% in oxygen, and an extradural injection of bupivacaine. Values for the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference, physiological deadspace and deadspace-tidal volume ratio were calculated. Although both the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference and physiological deadspace were large, spontaneous ventilation was adequate to maintain both Po2 and Pco2 of arterial blood at acceptable values. Over the course of 2 hr following the extradural injection there were no significant changes in any measured value.", "PMID": 1191484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12307", "title": "Effect of pentobarbitone on hypoxic ventilatory drive in man: Preliminary study.", "content": "The effect of an intramuscular injection of pentobarbitone 2 mg/kg on the hypoxic ventilatory drive was measured in 10 volunteers. Five subjects showed significant depression of the ventilatory response to hypoxia 30 min after administration. This depression persisted for 90 min. The other five subjects showed no change from control responses. The two groups appeared to differ in their levels of physical fitness as measured by differences in resting heart rate and maximal oxygen uptake.", "contents": "Effect of pentobarbitone on hypoxic ventilatory drive in man: Preliminary study. The effect of an intramuscular injection of pentobarbitone 2 mg/kg on the hypoxic ventilatory drive was measured in 10 volunteers. Five subjects showed significant depression of the ventilatory response to hypoxia 30 min after administration. This depression persisted for 90 min. The other five subjects showed no change from control responses. The two groups appeared to differ in their levels of physical fitness as measured by differences in resting heart rate and maximal oxygen uptake.", "PMID": 1191485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12308", "title": "Intracranial pressure during recovery from nitrous oxide and halothane anaesthesia in neurosurgical patients.", "content": "Seven patients with intracranial disorders were studied during recovery from anaesthesia with nitrous oxide and halothane. Arterial, intracranial, and central venous pressure, and arterial carbon dioxide tension were measured and compared with the patient's clinical state. No patient had evidence of increased brain volume when the dura was closed. All had been hyperventilated during the surgical procedure. Cessation of hyperventilation and the continued administration of anaesthetics was followed by a moderate increase in intracranial pressure and a reduction in cerebral perfusion pressure, but critically low values were not seen. Spontaneous respiration returned when the PaCO2 was in the range of 33-51 mm Hg. When spontaneous respiration was judged to be normal, anaesthesia was interrupted and the endotracheal tube was removed. In the following minutes, until the patients were awake, the intracranial pressure decreased to normal or near normal values, with minimal change in PaCO2. In these seven patients in whom there were no signs of brain swelling, the skull was closed, the patients were allowed to resume spontaneous respiration, and anaesthesia was terminated without major changes in intracranial pressure or cerebral perfusion pressure. However, hyperventilation is advocated after operation in patients with marked brain swelling.", "contents": "Intracranial pressure during recovery from nitrous oxide and halothane anaesthesia in neurosurgical patients. Seven patients with intracranial disorders were studied during recovery from anaesthesia with nitrous oxide and halothane. Arterial, intracranial, and central venous pressure, and arterial carbon dioxide tension were measured and compared with the patient's clinical state. No patient had evidence of increased brain volume when the dura was closed. All had been hyperventilated during the surgical procedure. Cessation of hyperventilation and the continued administration of anaesthetics was followed by a moderate increase in intracranial pressure and a reduction in cerebral perfusion pressure, but critically low values were not seen. Spontaneous respiration returned when the PaCO2 was in the range of 33-51 mm Hg. When spontaneous respiration was judged to be normal, anaesthesia was interrupted and the endotracheal tube was removed. In the following minutes, until the patients were awake, the intracranial pressure decreased to normal or near normal values, with minimal change in PaCO2. In these seven patients in whom there were no signs of brain swelling, the skull was closed, the patients were allowed to resume spontaneous respiration, and anaesthesia was terminated without major changes in intracranial pressure or cerebral perfusion pressure. However, hyperventilation is advocated after operation in patients with marked brain swelling.", "PMID": 1191486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12309", "title": "Biliary excretion of diazepam in man.", "content": "In a study of diazepam metabolism, diazepam 10 mg was administered i.m. to four patients who had biliary T-tube drainage. Blood and bile diazepam metabolite concentrations were measured for 12 hr. The expected fluctuations in blood diazepam concentrations were seen, and conjugated diazepam metabolites were present in human bile. Bile diazepam concentrations were insufficient to account for an enterohepatic circulation.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of diazepam in man. In a study of diazepam metabolism, diazepam 10 mg was administered i.m. to four patients who had biliary T-tube drainage. Blood and bile diazepam metabolite concentrations were measured for 12 hr. The expected fluctuations in blood diazepam concentrations were seen, and conjugated diazepam metabolites were present in human bile. Bile diazepam concentrations were insufficient to account for an enterohepatic circulation.", "PMID": 1191487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12310", "title": "Passive serum sickness in the mouse: effect of interstrain differences on glomerular deposition of immune complexes.", "content": "Glomerular uptake of passively administered immune complexes in mice differs in different inbred strains. The amount of immune material deposited in the glomeruli in the strains examined is inversely related to the susceptibility to immune complex induced anaphylaxis. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Passive serum sickness in the mouse: effect of interstrain differences on glomerular deposition of immune complexes. Glomerular uptake of passively administered immune complexes in mice differs in different inbred strains. The amount of immune material deposited in the glomeruli in the strains examined is inversely related to the susceptibility to immune complex induced anaphylaxis. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1191515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12311", "title": "Electron microscopy of the sequence of events in the atheroembolic occlusion of cerebral arteries in an animal model.", "content": "Atheromatous material was removed from human atheromas, suspended in sterile saline in the ratio of 1 g to 5 ml and ground to allow passage through a needle; 0-5 ml of this suspension was injected into the left common carotid artery of 16 rabbits. Six animals died after the injection. The remaining animals were killed after various time intervals and the occluded arteries studied by electron microscopy. The general pattern of the embolic event in the cerebral arteries was that there were 3 groups of changes. Firstly, an immediate period of atherothrombotic occlusion occurred, which was followed by some resolution of the obstruction so as to leave the cholesterol crystals of the embolus stuck in the vessel walls as the only remaining element of the embolus in some cases. Finally, there was a late period in which the cholesterol crystals were isolated from the lumen of the vessel and surrounded by macrophages, fibroblastic cells and collagen. Endothelial lined channels developed in the original obstruction.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of the sequence of events in the atheroembolic occlusion of cerebral arteries in an animal model. Atheromatous material was removed from human atheromas, suspended in sterile saline in the ratio of 1 g to 5 ml and ground to allow passage through a needle; 0-5 ml of this suspension was injected into the left common carotid artery of 16 rabbits. Six animals died after the injection. The remaining animals were killed after various time intervals and the occluded arteries studied by electron microscopy. The general pattern of the embolic event in the cerebral arteries was that there were 3 groups of changes. Firstly, an immediate period of atherothrombotic occlusion occurred, which was followed by some resolution of the obstruction so as to leave the cholesterol crystals of the embolus stuck in the vessel walls as the only remaining element of the embolus in some cases. Finally, there was a late period in which the cholesterol crystals were isolated from the lumen of the vessel and surrounded by macrophages, fibroblastic cells and collagen. Endothelial lined channels developed in the original obstruction.", "PMID": 1191516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12312", "title": "A comparative study of liver changes produced by inoculating pregnant rats with Salmonella dublin or with its endotoxin.", "content": "Rats were inoculated with viable Salmonella cublin organisms or a crude Salm. dublin endotoxin at the 14th day of pregnancy. They were killed at intervals up to 96 h after inoculation and the pathogenesis of the liver lesions compared. The immediate effects on the liver of both inoculations were the same but there were differences in the later stages. In the endotoxin inoculated rats the initial liver lesions regressed but in the bacteria inoculated rats fat accumulated in the periportal and mid-lobular areas as the initial lesions regressed, and there was nuclear enlargement and mitosis. These lesions may represent the response of the liver to a continued bacteriaemia and endotoxaemia originating from the uterine lumen.", "contents": "A comparative study of liver changes produced by inoculating pregnant rats with Salmonella dublin or with its endotoxin. Rats were inoculated with viable Salmonella cublin organisms or a crude Salm. dublin endotoxin at the 14th day of pregnancy. They were killed at intervals up to 96 h after inoculation and the pathogenesis of the liver lesions compared. The immediate effects on the liver of both inoculations were the same but there were differences in the later stages. In the endotoxin inoculated rats the initial liver lesions regressed but in the bacteria inoculated rats fat accumulated in the periportal and mid-lobular areas as the initial lesions regressed, and there was nuclear enlargement and mitosis. These lesions may represent the response of the liver to a continued bacteriaemia and endotoxaemia originating from the uterine lumen.", "PMID": 1191517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12313", "title": "The effect of normal spleen cells on 3H-thymidine uptake by target cells in vitro.", "content": "When tumour cells (line L cells) were grown in culture with syngeneic normal non-immune C3H/He mouse spleen cells or in the cell free supernatant of these spleen cells they incorporated less tritiated thymidine (3H-Tdr) than when grown by themselves. Despite this effect there was no depression in either cell growth or DNA synthesis. Autoradiographic studies revealed that the decrease of 3H-Tdr incorporation into tumour cells in the presence of spleen cells was not due to inhibition of cell entry into S phase but due to the amount of 3H-Tdr the tumour cells incorporated. Since the medium of spleen cell cultures was found to contain DNA and the addition of calf thymus DNA to fresh growth medium also resulted in decreased 3H-Tdr uptake by the tumour cells, it was concluded that line L cells utilize DNA released by spleen cells into the medium for de novo DNA synthesis. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that caution be used in interpreting decreased 3H-Tdr uptake as determined by scintillation counting as evidence for a cytostatic effect exerted by lymphoid cells or their supernatants in vitro.", "contents": "The effect of normal spleen cells on 3H-thymidine uptake by target cells in vitro. When tumour cells (line L cells) were grown in culture with syngeneic normal non-immune C3H/He mouse spleen cells or in the cell free supernatant of these spleen cells they incorporated less tritiated thymidine (3H-Tdr) than when grown by themselves. Despite this effect there was no depression in either cell growth or DNA synthesis. Autoradiographic studies revealed that the decrease of 3H-Tdr incorporation into tumour cells in the presence of spleen cells was not due to inhibition of cell entry into S phase but due to the amount of 3H-Tdr the tumour cells incorporated. Since the medium of spleen cell cultures was found to contain DNA and the addition of calf thymus DNA to fresh growth medium also resulted in decreased 3H-Tdr uptake by the tumour cells, it was concluded that line L cells utilize DNA released by spleen cells into the medium for de novo DNA synthesis. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that caution be used in interpreting decreased 3H-Tdr uptake as determined by scintillation counting as evidence for a cytostatic effect exerted by lymphoid cells or their supernatants in vitro.", "PMID": 1191518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12314", "title": "Stimulation of murine amyloidosis by a dializable product from pretreated donors.", "content": "Amyloid was obtained in recipient mice by implantation into their peritoneal cavity of a dialysis bag containing spleen cells obtained from donor mice which were treated with casein for 6 days and while no amyloid was found in their implanted spleens. The transplantations were performed with 2 cell systems, one containing whole spleen suspension and the other washed cells. Amyloid was obtained in the recipient mice within 6 days after the implantation and in a more massive quantity than in mice treated by casein for a similar period.", "contents": "Stimulation of murine amyloidosis by a dializable product from pretreated donors. Amyloid was obtained in recipient mice by implantation into their peritoneal cavity of a dialysis bag containing spleen cells obtained from donor mice which were treated with casein for 6 days and while no amyloid was found in their implanted spleens. The transplantations were performed with 2 cell systems, one containing whole spleen suspension and the other washed cells. Amyloid was obtained in the recipient mice within 6 days after the implantation and in a more massive quantity than in mice treated by casein for a similar period.", "PMID": 1191519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12315", "title": "The effect of a dose of dimethylnitrosamine on the toxicity of a subsequent dose and on the toxicity of carbon tetrachloride in mice.", "content": "Mice were given a first dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and the LD50 of a second dose determined at various times later. The total dose (sum of the 2 doses) tolerated under these conditions increased slowly as the interval between the 2 doses increased, to a maximum that was maintained until the 6th day. The LD50 of the second dose then returned slowly to normal by the 10th day. The data suggest that the biochemical lesion in DMN induced liver necrosis developed relatively slowly.", "contents": "The effect of a dose of dimethylnitrosamine on the toxicity of a subsequent dose and on the toxicity of carbon tetrachloride in mice. Mice were given a first dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and the LD50 of a second dose determined at various times later. The total dose (sum of the 2 doses) tolerated under these conditions increased slowly as the interval between the 2 doses increased, to a maximum that was maintained until the 6th day. The LD50 of the second dose then returned slowly to normal by the 10th day. The data suggest that the biochemical lesion in DMN induced liver necrosis developed relatively slowly.", "PMID": 1191521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12316", "title": "Synthesis of plasma haemopexin, albumin and fibrinogen by the regenerating rat liver.", "content": "The concentration of plasma haemopexin was significantly increased 24 and 48 h following both partial hepatectomy and laparotomy in the rat. Increased haemopexin synthesis was demonstrated by studies on the in vivo incoporation of isotope labelled amino acids and in vitro perfusion of the isolated liver. In vivo studies also indicated increased synthesis of plasma fibrinogen. No change was found in the incorporation of amino acids into plasma albumin apart from a transient rise 4 h after laparotomy but albumin production by the perfused rat liver 48 h after partial hepatectomy appeared enhanced. The observed changes in rat haemopexin and fibrinogen synthesis may represent a nonspecific acute phase response to surgical trauma.", "contents": "Synthesis of plasma haemopexin, albumin and fibrinogen by the regenerating rat liver. The concentration of plasma haemopexin was significantly increased 24 and 48 h following both partial hepatectomy and laparotomy in the rat. Increased haemopexin synthesis was demonstrated by studies on the in vivo incoporation of isotope labelled amino acids and in vitro perfusion of the isolated liver. In vivo studies also indicated increased synthesis of plasma fibrinogen. No change was found in the incorporation of amino acids into plasma albumin apart from a transient rise 4 h after laparotomy but albumin production by the perfused rat liver 48 h after partial hepatectomy appeared enhanced. The observed changes in rat haemopexin and fibrinogen synthesis may represent a nonspecific acute phase response to surgical trauma.", "PMID": 1191520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12317", "title": "Recurrent necrosis of the skin and the mouth.", "content": "A patient suffering from an unusual syndrome, in which the following triad was present, is described: (1) Recurrent necrosis of the skin and mouth; and necrosis following intradermal injection of saline. (2) Disappearance of the necrotic episodes following the administration of prednisone. (3) Mental retardation. This syndrome does not appear to have been previously reported.", "contents": "Recurrent necrosis of the skin and the mouth. A patient suffering from an unusual syndrome, in which the following triad was present, is described: (1) Recurrent necrosis of the skin and mouth; and necrosis following intradermal injection of saline. (2) Disappearance of the necrotic episodes following the administration of prednisone. (3) Mental retardation. This syndrome does not appear to have been previously reported.", "PMID": 1191522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12318", "title": "Methotrexate pneumonitis in a psoriatic.", "content": "A life-threatening respiratory disease, characterized by fever, cough, dyspnoea, cyanosis and wide-spread bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, developed in a 40-year-old patient receiving intermittent methotrexate therapy for psoriasis. Blood eosinophilia accompanied the illness. A prominent feature in the clinical picture was a discrepancy between auscultatory findings and the pronounced changes in the chest X-ray. Systemic corticosteroids produced rapid improvement. It is suggested that the pulmonary syndrome represents a hypersensitivity reaction.", "contents": "Methotrexate pneumonitis in a psoriatic. A life-threatening respiratory disease, characterized by fever, cough, dyspnoea, cyanosis and wide-spread bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, developed in a 40-year-old patient receiving intermittent methotrexate therapy for psoriasis. Blood eosinophilia accompanied the illness. A prominent feature in the clinical picture was a discrepancy between auscultatory findings and the pronounced changes in the chest X-ray. Systemic corticosteroids produced rapid improvement. It is suggested that the pulmonary syndrome represents a hypersensitivity reaction.", "PMID": 1191523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12319", "title": "The diagnostic significance of immunoglobulin and fibrin deposition in lichen planus.", "content": "Direct immunofluorescent (IF) staining was performed on biopsy specimens from fifty-three patients with active lichen planus. In fifteen of these cases uninvolved skin sites were also examined. Globular or cytoid body-like deposits of immunoglobulins, mainly IgM, were detected in forty-six of the active lesions, and in half the uninvolved skin biopsies. The deposition of fibrin in the papillary dermis and around follicular structures was seen only in the active lichen planus papules. The significance of these findings was assessed by comparison with the IF results obtained in 252 biopsies from various cutaneous disorders, stained by the same technique during the period of this study. Although the presence of immunoglobulin cytoid bodies and fibrin was found to be highly characteristic of lichen planus, these findings were not specifically diagnostic. Morphologically identical deposits were seen not infrequently in lupus erythematosus and in eczema. Active lesions of dermatitis herpetiformis, erythema multiforme and other rare dermatoses also showed these cytoid body-like immunoglobulin deposits.", "contents": "The diagnostic significance of immunoglobulin and fibrin deposition in lichen planus. Direct immunofluorescent (IF) staining was performed on biopsy specimens from fifty-three patients with active lichen planus. In fifteen of these cases uninvolved skin sites were also examined. Globular or cytoid body-like deposits of immunoglobulins, mainly IgM, were detected in forty-six of the active lesions, and in half the uninvolved skin biopsies. The deposition of fibrin in the papillary dermis and around follicular structures was seen only in the active lichen planus papules. The significance of these findings was assessed by comparison with the IF results obtained in 252 biopsies from various cutaneous disorders, stained by the same technique during the period of this study. Although the presence of immunoglobulin cytoid bodies and fibrin was found to be highly characteristic of lichen planus, these findings were not specifically diagnostic. Morphologically identical deposits were seen not infrequently in lupus erythematosus and in eczema. Active lesions of dermatitis herpetiformis, erythema multiforme and other rare dermatoses also showed these cytoid body-like immunoglobulin deposits.", "PMID": 1191524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12320", "title": "Deficiency of circulating IgA and IgM in adult patients with lichen planus.", "content": "Investigations on thirteen consecutive adult patients with classical lichen planus revealed a significant lowering in the levels of circulating IgA and IgM. Patients with lichen planus may have an immunological defect which makes them susceptible to infection with an unknown virus.", "contents": "Deficiency of circulating IgA and IgM in adult patients with lichen planus. Investigations on thirteen consecutive adult patients with classical lichen planus revealed a significant lowering in the levels of circulating IgA and IgM. Patients with lichen planus may have an immunological defect which makes them susceptible to infection with an unknown virus.", "PMID": 1191525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12321", "title": "The effects of catecholamine and related compounds on the adenyl cyclase system in the epidermis.", "content": "The effect of various hormones and drugs on the adenyl cyclase system of pig and human epidermal slices was studied in vitro. Adrenaline and isoproterenol in the presence of theophylline increased the epidermal cyclic AMP level 20-fold in 5 min. Noradrenaline also stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation but to a much lesser degree. The adrenaline stimulation was marked even in the absence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline. Theophylline potentiated the effect of adrenaline at the concentration  of 2-10 mM although theophylline alone did not elevate the cyclic AMP level significantly. The Km for adrenaline stimulation of the adenyl cyclase system of pig epidermis was 7-7 X 10(-7) M. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol, markedly inhibited the adrenaline stimulation while alpha-antagonists, phentolamine or priscoline, showed little effect. The results are in accord with the view that the epidermis possesses an active adenyl cyclase system with beta-adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "The effects of catecholamine and related compounds on the adenyl cyclase system in the epidermis. The effect of various hormones and drugs on the adenyl cyclase system of pig and human epidermal slices was studied in vitro. Adrenaline and isoproterenol in the presence of theophylline increased the epidermal cyclic AMP level 20-fold in 5 min. Noradrenaline also stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation but to a much lesser degree. The adrenaline stimulation was marked even in the absence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline. Theophylline potentiated the effect of adrenaline at the concentration  of 2-10 mM although theophylline alone did not elevate the cyclic AMP level significantly. The Km for adrenaline stimulation of the adenyl cyclase system of pig epidermis was 7-7 X 10(-7) M. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol, markedly inhibited the adrenaline stimulation while alpha-antagonists, phentolamine or priscoline, showed little effect. The results are in accord with the view that the epidermis possesses an active adenyl cyclase system with beta-adrenergic receptors.", "PMID": 1191526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12322", "title": "The effect of treatment on plasma uroporphyrin levels in cutaneous hepatic porphyria.", "content": "Seven patients undergoing treatment for cutaneous hepatic porphyria had serial measurements of their plasma uroporphyrin. In each case there was a progressive fall during treatment but even in remission the levels did not return to normal. There was a significant correlation between urinary and plasma uroporphyrin concentrations.", "contents": "The effect of treatment on plasma uroporphyrin levels in cutaneous hepatic porphyria. Seven patients undergoing treatment for cutaneous hepatic porphyria had serial measurements of their plasma uroporphyrin. In each case there was a progressive fall during treatment but even in remission the levels did not return to normal. There was a significant correlation between urinary and plasma uroporphyrin concentrations.", "PMID": 1191527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12323", "title": "The percutaneous penetration of nandrolone decanoate.", "content": "A study has been carried out on the penetration of nandrolone decanoate through human cadaver skin in vitro using radioactive tracer material. The radiochemical purity of the material desorbed from the dermal skin surface is very much less than that of the material absorbed into the epidermal surface. These observations are a consequence of the low level of overall penetration of the skin by the steroid. There is also a possibility that a small percentage of the steroid is being metabolized by micro-organisms present in the skin samples.", "contents": "The percutaneous penetration of nandrolone decanoate. A study has been carried out on the penetration of nandrolone decanoate through human cadaver skin in vitro using radioactive tracer material. The radiochemical purity of the material desorbed from the dermal skin surface is very much less than that of the material absorbed into the epidermal surface. These observations are a consequence of the low level of overall penetration of the skin by the steroid. There is also a possibility that a small percentage of the steroid is being metabolized by micro-organisms present in the skin samples.", "PMID": 1191528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12324", "title": "Secondary syphilis: a clinico-pathological review.", "content": "The histological appearances found in biopsies from fifty-seven patients with secondary syphilis have been correlated with the clinical morphology of the eruptions. Considerable variation of histological pattern was encountered, and the frequency with which some of the classically described changes were found to be absent or inconspicuous is stressed. Of particular interest were the findings that, in nearly one-quarter of the biopsies, plasma cell infiltration was either absent or very sparse, and that vascular damage was seen in less than half. Where present, the vessel changes were almost entirely confined to swelling of the endothelial cells. Proliferation of the endothelial cells was most uncommon. The epidermis was very frequently involved in the inflammatory process. Exocytosis, spongiosis, parakeratosis, and acanthosis were the most frequent changes. No consistent histological difference between papular and papulo-squamous lesions could be found but macular lesions demonstrated more superficial and less intense dermal infiltration as well as less severe epidermal involvement. In late secondary lesions, the infiltrate became granulomatous, but in other respects the duration of the exanthem could not be correlated with the pathology. The differential diagnosis from pityriasis lichenoides and other inflammatory dermatoses is discussed and the value of histopathology in the diagnosis of secondary syphilis is emphasized.", "contents": "Secondary syphilis: a clinico-pathological review. The histological appearances found in biopsies from fifty-seven patients with secondary syphilis have been correlated with the clinical morphology of the eruptions. Considerable variation of histological pattern was encountered, and the frequency with which some of the classically described changes were found to be absent or inconspicuous is stressed. Of particular interest were the findings that, in nearly one-quarter of the biopsies, plasma cell infiltration was either absent or very sparse, and that vascular damage was seen in less than half. Where present, the vessel changes were almost entirely confined to swelling of the endothelial cells. Proliferation of the endothelial cells was most uncommon. The epidermis was very frequently involved in the inflammatory process. Exocytosis, spongiosis, parakeratosis, and acanthosis were the most frequent changes. No consistent histological difference between papular and papulo-squamous lesions could be found but macular lesions demonstrated more superficial and less intense dermal infiltration as well as less severe epidermal involvement. In late secondary lesions, the infiltrate became granulomatous, but in other respects the duration of the exanthem could not be correlated with the pathology. The differential diagnosis from pityriasis lichenoides and other inflammatory dermatoses is discussed and the value of histopathology in the diagnosis of secondary syphilis is emphasized.", "PMID": 1191529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12325", "title": "Evaluation of coal tar fractions for use in psoriasiform diseases using the mouse tail test. III. High boiling tar oil acids.", "content": "Twelve phenolic fractions of creosote and anthracene oils derived from a high temperature tar were applied in an ointment base to mouse tail skin. After treatment with the higher boiling acids, formerly parakeratotic scale areas underwent granular layer induction and 'basket-weave' keratin was produced. Changes in distribution of acid phosphatase and in horny layer fluorescence were consistent with the conversion to an orthokeratotic state. It is suggested that some of these phenols may be of value in the treatment of chronic psoriasis.", "contents": "Evaluation of coal tar fractions for use in psoriasiform diseases using the mouse tail test. III. High boiling tar oil acids. Twelve phenolic fractions of creosote and anthracene oils derived from a high temperature tar were applied in an ointment base to mouse tail skin. After treatment with the higher boiling acids, formerly parakeratotic scale areas underwent granular layer induction and 'basket-weave' keratin was produced. Changes in distribution of acid phosphatase and in horny layer fluorescence were consistent with the conversion to an orthokeratotic state. It is suggested that some of these phenols may be of value in the treatment of chronic psoriasis.", "PMID": 1191530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12326", "title": "Evaluation of dithranol and a 'synthetic tar' as anti-psoriatic treatments using the mouse tail test.", "content": "Dithranol and 'Psorox' were evaluated for granular layer induction in parakeratotic regions of mouse tail skin. The lack of this specific activity suggests that they both have different primary actions in the healing psoriatic lesion.", "contents": "Evaluation of dithranol and a 'synthetic tar' as anti-psoriatic treatments using the mouse tail test. Dithranol and 'Psorox' were evaluated for granular layer induction in parakeratotic regions of mouse tail skin. The lack of this specific activity suggests that they both have different primary actions in the healing psoriatic lesion.", "PMID": 1191531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12327", "title": "Granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica treated by jet injector.", "content": "A Porto-jet injector was employed to treat forty-five cases of granuloma annulare and five cases of necrobiosis lipoidica with triamcinolone acetonide or sterile normal saline. Complete clearance of granuloma annulare lesions was achieved in nearly 70% of those receiving triamcinolone and in 44% with saline. Inadequate penetration of lesions was responsible for a number of failures. The rate of recurrence after treatment was high but retreatment was usually successful. In three cases of necrobiosis lipoidica complete resolution occurred, while in one, partial improvement was obtained. No serious complications of this type of treatment were observed.", "contents": "Granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica treated by jet injector. A Porto-jet injector was employed to treat forty-five cases of granuloma annulare and five cases of necrobiosis lipoidica with triamcinolone acetonide or sterile normal saline. Complete clearance of granuloma annulare lesions was achieved in nearly 70% of those receiving triamcinolone and in 44% with saline. Inadequate penetration of lesions was responsible for a number of failures. The rate of recurrence after treatment was high but retreatment was usually successful. In three cases of necrobiosis lipoidica complete resolution occurred, while in one, partial improvement was obtained. No serious complications of this type of treatment were observed.", "PMID": 1191532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12328", "title": "Urticaria and hyperthyroidism.", "content": "A thyrotoxic patient presented with urticaria and this appeared to respond to beta-blockade with practolol. Symptoms did not recur when radioactive iodine treatment took effect in spite of stopping the beta-blocker. Possible mechanisms are discussed and it is stressed that more emphasis should be placed on this association.", "contents": "Urticaria and hyperthyroidism. A thyrotoxic patient presented with urticaria and this appeared to respond to beta-blockade with practolol. Symptoms did not recur when radioactive iodine treatment took effect in spite of stopping the beta-blocker. Possible mechanisms are discussed and it is stressed that more emphasis should be placed on this association.", "PMID": 1191533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12329", "title": "Intra-epidermal carcinoma of the eyelid margin.", "content": "Twenty-two cases of intra-epidermal carcinoma of the ciliary margin have been diagnosed in a 15-year survey. The clinical appearance is variable, resembling in some instances a benign warty lesion, and in others a fully developed squamous cell carcinoma. As the lesion grows it produces keratotic plugging of the lash follicles and nodules on the lid margin; in due course this results in loss of the related cilia. When dermal invasion occurs the resultant squamous cell carcinoma is potentially dangerous because of the involvement of the adnexal structures, which on the ciliary margins are particularly large and penetrate deeply into the lid substance. Adequate biopsy which includes at least one lash follicle is essential for accurate diagnosis, and treatment requires complete excision with a reasonable margin for safety. Of the twenty-two patients, nineteen were male and three female; fourteen of the men involved had handled oils and greases for prolonged periods.", "contents": "Intra-epidermal carcinoma of the eyelid margin. Twenty-two cases of intra-epidermal carcinoma of the ciliary margin have been diagnosed in a 15-year survey. The clinical appearance is variable, resembling in some instances a benign warty lesion, and in others a fully developed squamous cell carcinoma. As the lesion grows it produces keratotic plugging of the lash follicles and nodules on the lid margin; in due course this results in loss of the related cilia. When dermal invasion occurs the resultant squamous cell carcinoma is potentially dangerous because of the involvement of the adnexal structures, which on the ciliary margins are particularly large and penetrate deeply into the lid substance. Adequate biopsy which includes at least one lash follicle is essential for accurate diagnosis, and treatment requires complete excision with a reasonable margin for safety. Of the twenty-two patients, nineteen were male and three female; fourteen of the men involved had handled oils and greases for prolonged periods.", "PMID": 1191534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12330", "title": "Survey of skin disorders in the urban black population of South Africa.", "content": "Numerous and different methods of survey have been suggested and developed in recent years, but none of them appears to be entirely satisfactory. Insufficient classification, inadequate follow-up, incongruous rotation of investigators, notable variations in attendance, racial differences of the population submitted to statistical study, and other minor factors may account for possible errors and differences in evaluating the findings. We have conducted a survey, over a 3-year period, of the incidence of skin diseases affecting our urban black population, living in the township of Soweto (800,000 inhabitants) and attending our dermatological service at Baragwanath Hospital. Although this population is made up of a dozen different ethnic groups, they are fully urbanized and live under similar conditions and according to similar customs. We believe that the statistical data derived from these patients represent a significant expression of a uniform community.", "contents": "Survey of skin disorders in the urban black population of South Africa. Numerous and different methods of survey have been suggested and developed in recent years, but none of them appears to be entirely satisfactory. Insufficient classification, inadequate follow-up, incongruous rotation of investigators, notable variations in attendance, racial differences of the population submitted to statistical study, and other minor factors may account for possible errors and differences in evaluating the findings. We have conducted a survey, over a 3-year period, of the incidence of skin diseases affecting our urban black population, living in the township of Soweto (800,000 inhabitants) and attending our dermatological service at Baragwanath Hospital. Although this population is made up of a dozen different ethnic groups, they are fully urbanized and live under similar conditions and according to similar customs. We believe that the statistical data derived from these patients represent a significant expression of a uniform community.", "PMID": 1191535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12331", "title": "Thin layer chromatography and counter-current analysis in porphyrias.", "content": "The porphyrin metabolism of 100 patients with porphyria and 351 of their relatives has been studied. Thin layer chromatography of methyl esters of the urinary porphyrin was undertaken in sixty-six patients with different types of porphyria, and forty-five relatives, seventeen patients with hepatic cirrhosis, three patients with lead poisoning and twenty normal control subjects. This investigation was also made on the stools of thirty-six patients with porphyria, and then of their relatives. Countercurrent analysis of the bile of nine selected patients with porphyria was also undertaken. The results provide some evidence that symptomatic hepatic porphyria may be familial. Thin layer chromatography was decisive in the characterization of a new type of porphyria described recently by the authors (hepato-erythrocytic porphyria). The counter-current examination of the bile showed the absence of the 'S 411' porphyrin in all the nine cases investigated.", "contents": "Thin layer chromatography and counter-current analysis in porphyrias. The porphyrin metabolism of 100 patients with porphyria and 351 of their relatives has been studied. Thin layer chromatography of methyl esters of the urinary porphyrin was undertaken in sixty-six patients with different types of porphyria, and forty-five relatives, seventeen patients with hepatic cirrhosis, three patients with lead poisoning and twenty normal control subjects. This investigation was also made on the stools of thirty-six patients with porphyria, and then of their relatives. Countercurrent analysis of the bile of nine selected patients with porphyria was also undertaken. The results provide some evidence that symptomatic hepatic porphyria may be familial. Thin layer chromatography was decisive in the characterization of a new type of porphyria described recently by the authors (hepato-erythrocytic porphyria). The counter-current examination of the bile showed the absence of the 'S 411' porphyrin in all the nine cases investigated.", "PMID": 1191536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12332", "title": "The use of thin layer chromatography in the separation of free porphyrins and porphyrin methyl esters.", "content": "Thin layer chromatographic techniques for the separation and subsequent quantification of free porphyrins, coproporphyrin isomers and the methyl esters of porphyrins are described including a 2-dimensional system. The relevant RFs for a wide range of porphyrins are given. These methods have been in use in Cardiff and Barcelona for a number of years and were used in the survey of cases described by Pinol et al. (1975) which resulted in the discovery of the new porphyria, hepato-erythrocytic porphyria.", "contents": "The use of thin layer chromatography in the separation of free porphyrins and porphyrin methyl esters. Thin layer chromatographic techniques for the separation and subsequent quantification of free porphyrins, coproporphyrin isomers and the methyl esters of porphyrins are described including a 2-dimensional system. The relevant RFs for a wide range of porphyrins are given. These methods have been in use in Cardiff and Barcelona for a number of years and were used in the survey of cases described by Pinol et al. (1975) which resulted in the discovery of the new porphyria, hepato-erythrocytic porphyria.", "PMID": 1191537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12333", "title": "A new method for the measurement of itch and the response to treatment.", "content": "Two new methods are described for the quantitative measurement of itch: the principle is to measure scratch which is the major objective correlate of itch. The first method is to record whole body movement at night by a vibration transducer on a bed leg; this gives qualitative and quantitative information. The second method is to measure limb movement with movement-sensitive meters; this give only quantitative data but is quicker and more easily carried out. The subjective sensation of itch was found to correlate well with nocturnal scratch, confirming the basic assumption of the method. Itching as measured by scratch occurs throughout the night and increased severity of itch is accompanied by an increase in the number of bouts of itch and not in their duration. Nocturnal restlessness is associated with an increase in leg movement and so can be dissociated from itch-provoked scratch, which is mostly done by the hands. The response of pruritus to treatment was demonstrated by both methods.", "contents": "A new method for the measurement of itch and the response to treatment. Two new methods are described for the quantitative measurement of itch: the principle is to measure scratch which is the major objective correlate of itch. The first method is to record whole body movement at night by a vibration transducer on a bed leg; this gives qualitative and quantitative information. The second method is to measure limb movement with movement-sensitive meters; this give only quantitative data but is quicker and more easily carried out. The subjective sensation of itch was found to correlate well with nocturnal scratch, confirming the basic assumption of the method. Itching as measured by scratch occurs throughout the night and increased severity of itch is accompanied by an increase in the number of bouts of itch and not in their duration. Nocturnal restlessness is associated with an increase in leg movement and so can be dissociated from itch-provoked scratch, which is mostly done by the hands. The response of pruritus to treatment was demonstrated by both methods.", "PMID": 1191538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12334", "title": "Cowden disease. Report of two additional cases.", "content": "Two patients with Cowden disease, a syndrome consisting of cutaneous papules and nodules on the face, oral mucous membranes and dorsal aspects of the forearms and hands in association with tumours of the thyroid gland, breasts, gastro-intestinal tract, and female reproductive tract, are reported. This disease is important to the physician because recognition of these cutaneous lesions may allow early diagnosis of internal neoplasia.", "contents": "Cowden disease. Report of two additional cases. Two patients with Cowden disease, a syndrome consisting of cutaneous papules and nodules on the face, oral mucous membranes and dorsal aspects of the forearms and hands in association with tumours of the thyroid gland, breasts, gastro-intestinal tract, and female reproductive tract, are reported. This disease is important to the physician because recognition of these cutaneous lesions may allow early diagnosis of internal neoplasia.", "PMID": 1191539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12335", "title": "Methaemoglobin in man living at high altitude.", "content": "Methaemoglobin has been found in the red cells of subjects living permanently at high altitudes (above 3500 m). The level of methaemoglobin appeared to be inversely related to the red cell count and was much increased in anaemic subjects. The methaemoglobinaemia disappeared when the subjects descended to low altitude. The mechanism of this methaemoglobinaemia is not clear. Its presence appears to be related to the hypoxia of altitude, for toxic factors, enzymopenia and the presence of haemoglobin M were eliminated. The regulation of the oxygen dissociation curve in this condition is discussed.", "contents": "Methaemoglobin in man living at high altitude. Methaemoglobin has been found in the red cells of subjects living permanently at high altitudes (above 3500 m). The level of methaemoglobin appeared to be inversely related to the red cell count and was much increased in anaemic subjects. The methaemoglobinaemia disappeared when the subjects descended to low altitude. The mechanism of this methaemoglobinaemia is not clear. Its presence appears to be related to the hypoxia of altitude, for toxic factors, enzymopenia and the presence of haemoglobin M were eliminated. The regulation of the oxygen dissociation curve in this condition is discussed.", "PMID": 1191545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12336", "title": "Chronic granulomatous disease and the Kell blood groups.", "content": "Fifteen antigenic determinants are known to be related to the Kell blood group. Some boys with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease have the very rare McLeod or Ko phenotype on their red cells. Serological studies of the McLeod type suggest that the weak Kell antigens that are present differ qualitatively and quantitatively from those on red cells of common Kell type. A new antigen, Kx, has been characterized and shown to be present on red cells and neutrophil leucocytes. Lack of red-cell Kx is associated with the McLeod phenotype, lack of leucocyte Kx is associated with chronic granulomatous disease.", "contents": "Chronic granulomatous disease and the Kell blood groups. Fifteen antigenic determinants are known to be related to the Kell blood group. Some boys with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease have the very rare McLeod or Ko phenotype on their red cells. Serological studies of the McLeod type suggest that the weak Kell antigens that are present differ qualitatively and quantitatively from those on red cells of common Kell type. A new antigen, Kx, has been characterized and shown to be present on red cells and neutrophil leucocytes. Lack of red-cell Kx is associated with the McLeod phenotype, lack of leucocyte Kx is associated with chronic granulomatous disease.", "PMID": 1191546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12337", "title": "Changes in folate metabolism in baboons Papio cynocephalus treated with 2-methyl-2-aminopropanol-B12.", "content": "After the intramuscular administration of the vitamin B12 analogue, 2-methyl-2-aminopropanol-B12, to vitamin B12-depleted baboons (Papio cynocephalus) the effects on vitamin B12 and folate metabolism have been studied. The 'apparent' serum vitamin B12 and the serum folate concentrations increased, the liver folate concentrations decreased, and the liver vitamin B12 concentrations were unchanged. The analogue caused a marked increase in the amount of formiminoglutamic acid excreted after a histidine load whereas the amount of methylmalonic acid excreted after a valine load decreased. The rate of red blood cell regeneration after venesection was normal in baboons treated with the analogue and there was no evidence of megaloblastic haemopoiesis. Two baboons given the analogue developed a partial loss of utilization and lack of co-ordination in the hind limbs.", "contents": "Changes in folate metabolism in baboons Papio cynocephalus treated with 2-methyl-2-aminopropanol-B12. After the intramuscular administration of the vitamin B12 analogue, 2-methyl-2-aminopropanol-B12, to vitamin B12-depleted baboons (Papio cynocephalus) the effects on vitamin B12 and folate metabolism have been studied. The 'apparent' serum vitamin B12 and the serum folate concentrations increased, the liver folate concentrations decreased, and the liver vitamin B12 concentrations were unchanged. The analogue caused a marked increase in the amount of formiminoglutamic acid excreted after a histidine load whereas the amount of methylmalonic acid excreted after a valine load decreased. The rate of red blood cell regeneration after venesection was normal in baboons treated with the analogue and there was no evidence of megaloblastic haemopoiesis. Two baboons given the analogue developed a partial loss of utilization and lack of co-ordination in the hind limbs.", "PMID": 1191547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12338", "title": "The effect of cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory drugs on the phagocytosis of neutrophil leucocytes.", "content": "The phagocytosis of heat-killed Candida albicans by neutrophil leucocytes was inhibited in vitro by phenylbutazone and acetylsalicylic acid and by the cytotoxic drugs vincristine, vinblastine, cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin and busulphan, but not by mustine hydrochloride or procarbazine. In vivo studies in man have shown a significant reduction in phagocytosis after phenylbutazone ingestion, but not following an oral dose of aspirin. Possible explanatory mechanisms of drug action on neutrophil phagocytosis are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory drugs on the phagocytosis of neutrophil leucocytes. The phagocytosis of heat-killed Candida albicans by neutrophil leucocytes was inhibited in vitro by phenylbutazone and acetylsalicylic acid and by the cytotoxic drugs vincristine, vinblastine, cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin and busulphan, but not by mustine hydrochloride or procarbazine. In vivo studies in man have shown a significant reduction in phagocytosis after phenylbutazone ingestion, but not following an oral dose of aspirin. Possible explanatory mechanisms of drug action on neutrophil phagocytosis are discussed.", "PMID": 1191548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12339", "title": "Phagocytes and C4 in paraproteinaemia.", "content": "Immunological studies were performed on patients with multiple myeloma. A defect in polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) function as evidenced by diminished adherence of these cells to nylon fibre columns was detected in 16, and low levels of the fourth component of complement (C4) were observed in 14, of the 26 patients studied. Twelve of the patients with low C4 exhibited the defect in PMN adhesiveness whereas only four of the 12 patients with normal C4 showed the defect. The PMN defect was not caused solely by the low C4, since PMNs from seven patients with hereditary angioedema, which is associated with low levels of C4, did not show the defect. The low C4 and defect in PMN adhesiveness occurred primarily in patients with IgG myeloma; all but one of the patients with IgA myeloma, macroglobulinaemia, or light chain disease were normal in both parameters. Results of skin window studies indicated that patients with the PMN defect also had a defect in the early PMN inflammatory response. The defect in PMN adhesiveness could be completely corrected by incubating the cells in normal plasma. Binding of the C4 to paraprotein could not be demonstrated, and C1 activation was found to be caused only by one of 10 isolated paraproteins studied. These studies indicate that patients with paraproteinaemia have immunological abnormalities in addition to low immunoglobulin levels and suggest that these abnormalities may be involved in the pathogenesis of the recurrent infections commonly associated with this disease.", "contents": "Phagocytes and C4 in paraproteinaemia. Immunological studies were performed on patients with multiple myeloma. A defect in polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) function as evidenced by diminished adherence of these cells to nylon fibre columns was detected in 16, and low levels of the fourth component of complement (C4) were observed in 14, of the 26 patients studied. Twelve of the patients with low C4 exhibited the defect in PMN adhesiveness whereas only four of the 12 patients with normal C4 showed the defect. The PMN defect was not caused solely by the low C4, since PMNs from seven patients with hereditary angioedema, which is associated with low levels of C4, did not show the defect. The low C4 and defect in PMN adhesiveness occurred primarily in patients with IgG myeloma; all but one of the patients with IgA myeloma, macroglobulinaemia, or light chain disease were normal in both parameters. Results of skin window studies indicated that patients with the PMN defect also had a defect in the early PMN inflammatory response. The defect in PMN adhesiveness could be completely corrected by incubating the cells in normal plasma. Binding of the C4 to paraprotein could not be demonstrated, and C1 activation was found to be caused only by one of 10 isolated paraproteins studied. These studies indicate that patients with paraproteinaemia have immunological abnormalities in addition to low immunoglobulin levels and suggest that these abnormalities may be involved in the pathogenesis of the recurrent infections commonly associated with this disease.", "PMID": 1191549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12340", "title": "A basophilic micro-organism infecting human red cells.", "content": "Clusters and chains of basophilic micro-organisms were found on the red cells of a woman who suffered from malignant melanoma. The infection was clinically silent for at least 7 years. During her last year of life the patient became febrile and anaemic. Her spleen enlarged and the basophilic bodies on her red cells became coarser. The infecting organism is referred to only as a 'basophilic agent', since its relationships to recognized genera are uncertain. Similar epierythrocytic parasites occur in a wide variety of animals. Though these infections are often latent, they profoundly modify host immune responses.", "contents": "A basophilic micro-organism infecting human red cells. Clusters and chains of basophilic micro-organisms were found on the red cells of a woman who suffered from malignant melanoma. The infection was clinically silent for at least 7 years. During her last year of life the patient became febrile and anaemic. Her spleen enlarged and the basophilic bodies on her red cells became coarser. The infecting organism is referred to only as a 'basophilic agent', since its relationships to recognized genera are uncertain. Similar epierythrocytic parasites occur in a wide variety of animals. Though these infections are often latent, they profoundly modify host immune responses.", "PMID": 1191550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12341", "title": "The value of age- and sex-matched controls for coagulation studies.", "content": "Several coagulation parameters and plasminogen levels were studied in 80 normal people divided into eight paired and sex-matched age groups: prepubertal children, postpubertal children, young adults, and adults over 50. The data indicate that factor-VII and -IX activities increase with age, with a cluster of lower activity for children and higher activity for adults. Factor-VIII levels appear to decrease with age, although this effect could be due to greater anxiety in the pre- and postpubertal children at the time of venipuncture. The adults showed no significant change in factor-VIII activity with age, but partial data indicate that factor-VIII levels are higher in adults with blood group A than those with blood group O. The age-related changes in factor-VII, -IX, and possibly -VIII activities did not vary between sexes. By contrast, plasminogen increased strikingly with age in males and decreased with age in females. With fibrinogen, a similar effect was found for adults, though not for the entire population. These findings indicate the importance of using appropriate age- and sex-matched controls for coagulation and plasminogen assays, especially in patients with mild inherited or acquired coagulation disorders.", "contents": "The value of age- and sex-matched controls for coagulation studies. Several coagulation parameters and plasminogen levels were studied in 80 normal people divided into eight paired and sex-matched age groups: prepubertal children, postpubertal children, young adults, and adults over 50. The data indicate that factor-VII and -IX activities increase with age, with a cluster of lower activity for children and higher activity for adults. Factor-VIII levels appear to decrease with age, although this effect could be due to greater anxiety in the pre- and postpubertal children at the time of venipuncture. The adults showed no significant change in factor-VIII activity with age, but partial data indicate that factor-VIII levels are higher in adults with blood group A than those with blood group O. The age-related changes in factor-VII, -IX, and possibly -VIII activities did not vary between sexes. By contrast, plasminogen increased strikingly with age in males and decreased with age in females. With fibrinogen, a similar effect was found for adults, though not for the entire population. These findings indicate the importance of using appropriate age- and sex-matched controls for coagulation and plasminogen assays, especially in patients with mild inherited or acquired coagulation disorders.", "PMID": 1191551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12342", "title": "Hereditary factor VII and IX deficiencies in a large kindred.", "content": "A large kindred with combined deficiencies of factors VII and IX is presented. The deficiencies appeared to be independent and the data were not consistent with a diagnosis of haemophilia BM. The identification of mildly affected family members, including carriers of haemophilia B and heterozygotes for factor-VII deficiency, was facilitated by comparison with the 95% confidence interval of an age- and sex-matched control population. The bleeding patterns were those of mild to moderate haemophilia B and did not appear to have been modified by the presence of factor-VII deficiency.", "contents": "Hereditary factor VII and IX deficiencies in a large kindred. A large kindred with combined deficiencies of factors VII and IX is presented. The deficiencies appeared to be independent and the data were not consistent with a diagnosis of haemophilia BM. The identification of mildly affected family members, including carriers of haemophilia B and heterozygotes for factor-VII deficiency, was facilitated by comparison with the 95% confidence interval of an age- and sex-matched control population. The bleeding patterns were those of mild to moderate haemophilia B and did not appear to have been modified by the presence of factor-VII deficiency.", "PMID": 1191552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12343", "title": "Coagulation in an agarose gel and its application to the detection and measurement of factor VIII antibodies.", "content": "Evidence has been presented that fibrin formation may be detected directly in agarose gels containing citrated plasma when they are treated with thrombin or calcium chloride. A new assay is described for haemophilic factor-VIII antibody based on inhibition of fibrin formation within an agarose gel containing normal plasma.", "contents": "Coagulation in an agarose gel and its application to the detection and measurement of factor VIII antibodies. Evidence has been presented that fibrin formation may be detected directly in agarose gels containing citrated plasma when they are treated with thrombin or calcium chloride. A new assay is described for haemophilic factor-VIII antibody based on inhibition of fibrin formation within an agarose gel containing normal plasma.", "PMID": 1191553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12344", "title": "Factor-V activation by thrombin and its role in prothrombin conversion.", "content": "Purified coagulation factors and specific antibodies to factor V and factor X were used to investigate the action of thrombin on factor V and the mechanism by which thrombin-treated factor V influences prothrombin activation. The formation of a complex or complexes between phospholipid, factor V, factor Xa and calcium was demonstrated by column chromatography on Sephadex gel, and by immunological analysis of the column fractions including the use of solid-phase antibodies. Kinetic experiments demonstrated that generation of thrombin from purified prothrombin was accomplished by this complex. Pre-treatment of factor V with trace quantities of thrombin resulted in increased yield and rate of thrombin generation. It was shown that phospholipid became saturated when incubated with increasing concentrations of factor V and that the initial saturating concentration of the latter was reduced by pre-treatment with thrombin. The findings confirm that optimum conversion of prothrombin to thrombin is accomplished by a complex or complexes of phospholipid, factor V, factor Xa and calcium and it is suggested that thrombin plays an autocatalytic role in these reactions.", "contents": "Factor-V activation by thrombin and its role in prothrombin conversion. Purified coagulation factors and specific antibodies to factor V and factor X were used to investigate the action of thrombin on factor V and the mechanism by which thrombin-treated factor V influences prothrombin activation. The formation of a complex or complexes between phospholipid, factor V, factor Xa and calcium was demonstrated by column chromatography on Sephadex gel, and by immunological analysis of the column fractions including the use of solid-phase antibodies. Kinetic experiments demonstrated that generation of thrombin from purified prothrombin was accomplished by this complex. Pre-treatment of factor V with trace quantities of thrombin resulted in increased yield and rate of thrombin generation. It was shown that phospholipid became saturated when incubated with increasing concentrations of factor V and that the initial saturating concentration of the latter was reduced by pre-treatment with thrombin. The findings confirm that optimum conversion of prothrombin to thrombin is accomplished by a complex or complexes of phospholipid, factor V, factor Xa and calcium and it is suggested that thrombin plays an autocatalytic role in these reactions.", "PMID": 1191555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12345", "title": "Dissociation of clot retraction from platelet granule fusion and degranulation: an ultrastructural study of Reptilase-human platelet-rich plasma clots.", "content": "Human platelet-rich plasma clots, formed with Reptilase, do not retract. Electron microscopy of such a clot reveals platelets of normal shape and ultrastructural features surrounded by fibrin. When ADP is added before Reptilase, the clot strongly retracts. A sequential ultrastructural study of this process shows that, before visible fibrin formation, the platelets form small clusters and show shape change, granule centralization and pseudopod formation. Upon immobilization of the platelets by fibrin, the pseudopods develop into large cytoplasmatic protrusions, which allow cell contact. During the retraction process, the platelet granules remain intact; some granule fusion only becomes apparent in fully retracted clots. When Thrombofax is added to platelet-rich plasma before Reptilase, the clots formed also retract. With this aggregation inducer, granule fusion occurs earlier and in more platelets. Platelet pseudopod enlargement and fibrin concentration around the platelet mass are similar to that in ADP-treated samples. Inhibitors of granule fusion and secretion (suprofen, indomethacin) do not modify ADP-Reptilase nor Thrombofax-Reptilase clot retraction but reduce the incidence of granule fusion in Thrombofax-Reptilase clots. Retraction of Thrombofax-Reptilase clots is unaffected by concentrations of apyrase which completely block ADP-Reptilase clot retraction. Prostaglandin E1, papaverine and amitryptiline inhibit both ADP-and Thrombofax-Reptilase clot retraction, platelet pseudopod formation and cell-to-cell adhesion. These findings suggest that interaction of fibrin with the mass of fused granules (granulomere) or platelet secretion are not responsible for clot retraction. Rather, contraction around adhesion sites formed by cytoplasmic protrusions from adjacent platelets would seem to be involved.", "contents": "Dissociation of clot retraction from platelet granule fusion and degranulation: an ultrastructural study of Reptilase-human platelet-rich plasma clots. Human platelet-rich plasma clots, formed with Reptilase, do not retract. Electron microscopy of such a clot reveals platelets of normal shape and ultrastructural features surrounded by fibrin. When ADP is added before Reptilase, the clot strongly retracts. A sequential ultrastructural study of this process shows that, before visible fibrin formation, the platelets form small clusters and show shape change, granule centralization and pseudopod formation. Upon immobilization of the platelets by fibrin, the pseudopods develop into large cytoplasmatic protrusions, which allow cell contact. During the retraction process, the platelet granules remain intact; some granule fusion only becomes apparent in fully retracted clots. When Thrombofax is added to platelet-rich plasma before Reptilase, the clots formed also retract. With this aggregation inducer, granule fusion occurs earlier and in more platelets. Platelet pseudopod enlargement and fibrin concentration around the platelet mass are similar to that in ADP-treated samples. Inhibitors of granule fusion and secretion (suprofen, indomethacin) do not modify ADP-Reptilase nor Thrombofax-Reptilase clot retraction but reduce the incidence of granule fusion in Thrombofax-Reptilase clots. Retraction of Thrombofax-Reptilase clots is unaffected by concentrations of apyrase which completely block ADP-Reptilase clot retraction. Prostaglandin E1, papaverine and amitryptiline inhibit both ADP-and Thrombofax-Reptilase clot retraction, platelet pseudopod formation and cell-to-cell adhesion. These findings suggest that interaction of fibrin with the mass of fused granules (granulomere) or platelet secretion are not responsible for clot retraction. Rather, contraction around adhesion sites formed by cytoplasmic protrusions from adjacent platelets would seem to be involved.", "PMID": 1191554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12346", "title": "Changes in blood catecholamine levels and blood coagulation and fibrinolytic activity in response to graded exercise in man.", "content": "Measurements of catecholamines, fibrinogen, factor VIII, thrombelastography, euglobulin lysis time and platelet adhesiveness have been carried out on venous blood obtained from normal males exposed to exercise on a bicycle ergometer at various work loads. Significant increases in adrenaline, factor VIII and fibrinogen were found only after exercise to exhaustion at 1500 kpm min-1 whereas the euglobulin lysis time was inversely proportional to the excercise load. There was no change in platelet adhesiveness. These findings support the results of studies using adrenaline infusions or adrenergic blockade which suggest that stress-induced increases in factor VIII are mediated via adrenergic stimulation but that activation of fibrinolysis is not dependent on adrenaline.", "contents": "Changes in blood catecholamine levels and blood coagulation and fibrinolytic activity in response to graded exercise in man. Measurements of catecholamines, fibrinogen, factor VIII, thrombelastography, euglobulin lysis time and platelet adhesiveness have been carried out on venous blood obtained from normal males exposed to exercise on a bicycle ergometer at various work loads. Significant increases in adrenaline, factor VIII and fibrinogen were found only after exercise to exhaustion at 1500 kpm min-1 whereas the euglobulin lysis time was inversely proportional to the excercise load. There was no change in platelet adhesiveness. These findings support the results of studies using adrenaline infusions or adrenergic blockade which suggest that stress-induced increases in factor VIII are mediated via adrenergic stimulation but that activation of fibrinolysis is not dependent on adrenaline.", "PMID": 1191556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12347", "title": "'Hairy' cell leukaemia (leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis): a scanning electron microscopic study of eight cases.", "content": "Eight cases of 'hairy' cell leukaemia (leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis) were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The surface of critical-point-dried 'hairy' cells was characterized by prominent and exaggerated broad-based, ruffled membranes and scattered small clusters of stub-like microvilli. The surface morphology resembled that of normal and leukaemic monocytes, but differed from that of normal and leukaemic lymphocytes. Some cells with features of both lymphocytes and monocytes were difficult to categorize; the overall impression of the surface architecture of most 'hairy' cells suggests, however, that they are related to the monocytic series. From the examination of these cases it is evident that scanning electron microscopy may be used as a means of distinguishing chronic lymphocytic leukaemia from 'hairy' cell leukaemia on the basis of surface ultrastructure.", "contents": "'Hairy' cell leukaemia (leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis): a scanning electron microscopic study of eight cases. Eight cases of 'hairy' cell leukaemia (leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis) were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The surface of critical-point-dried 'hairy' cells was characterized by prominent and exaggerated broad-based, ruffled membranes and scattered small clusters of stub-like microvilli. The surface morphology resembled that of normal and leukaemic monocytes, but differed from that of normal and leukaemic lymphocytes. Some cells with features of both lymphocytes and monocytes were difficult to categorize; the overall impression of the surface architecture of most 'hairy' cells suggests, however, that they are related to the monocytic series. From the examination of these cases it is evident that scanning electron microscopy may be used as a means of distinguishing chronic lymphocytic leukaemia from 'hairy' cell leukaemia on the basis of surface ultrastructure.", "PMID": 1191557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12348", "title": "Folate deficiency in the alcoholic--its relationship to clinical and haematological abnormalities, liver disease and folate stores.", "content": "Clinical and laboratory observations were made on 84 patients regularly taking more than 80 g of alcohol daily. Macrocytosis was present in 84.5%, but only 13% were anaemic. Twenty-seven of the 57 bone marrows sampled were abnormal, 20 showing megaloblastic changes, mostly mild in degree. Serum, red cell, and liver folate levels were reduced in 28%, 35% and 31% of patients respectively. Liver folate concentration showed good correlation with serum and red cell folates. The folate deficiency was more severe in those patients, more often female, who had inadequate diets or drank wine and spirits rather than beer. The amount of alcohol consumption and extent of liver damage did not affect folate status. The findings suggest that folate deficiency is common among alcoholics in this country. More frequently, however, patients had macrocytosis, sometimes with megaloblastosis, in the absence of folate deficiency emphasizing the direct toxic effect of alcohol on the developing erythroblast.", "contents": "Folate deficiency in the alcoholic--its relationship to clinical and haematological abnormalities, liver disease and folate stores. Clinical and laboratory observations were made on 84 patients regularly taking more than 80 g of alcohol daily. Macrocytosis was present in 84.5%, but only 13% were anaemic. Twenty-seven of the 57 bone marrows sampled were abnormal, 20 showing megaloblastic changes, mostly mild in degree. Serum, red cell, and liver folate levels were reduced in 28%, 35% and 31% of patients respectively. Liver folate concentration showed good correlation with serum and red cell folates. The folate deficiency was more severe in those patients, more often female, who had inadequate diets or drank wine and spirits rather than beer. The amount of alcohol consumption and extent of liver damage did not affect folate status. The findings suggest that folate deficiency is common among alcoholics in this country. More frequently, however, patients had macrocytosis, sometimes with megaloblastosis, in the absence of folate deficiency emphasizing the direct toxic effect of alcohol on the developing erythroblast.", "PMID": 1191558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12349", "title": "Thymoma associated with pure red cell aplasia, immunoglobulin deficiency and an inhibitor of antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "A case of thymoma associated with pure red cell aplasia and hypogammaglobulinaemia is described in which the anaemia was of abrupt onset, following removal of the tumour. Tests of immunological function showed abnormalities of both humoral and cellular immunity. The patient was found to have a serum inhibitor of antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation which disappeared after immunosuppressive therapy at the same time that erythroblasts reappeared in the marrow. It is suggested that the triad of thymoma, pure red cell aplasia and immunoglobulin deficiency are manifestations of 'pluripotent' stem cell failure; in this case the inhibitor of lymphocyte transformation may have been related to the factor which also inhibited red cell maturation.", "contents": "Thymoma associated with pure red cell aplasia, immunoglobulin deficiency and an inhibitor of antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation. A case of thymoma associated with pure red cell aplasia and hypogammaglobulinaemia is described in which the anaemia was of abrupt onset, following removal of the tumour. Tests of immunological function showed abnormalities of both humoral and cellular immunity. The patient was found to have a serum inhibitor of antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation which disappeared after immunosuppressive therapy at the same time that erythroblasts reappeared in the marrow. It is suggested that the triad of thymoma, pure red cell aplasia and immunoglobulin deficiency are manifestations of 'pluripotent' stem cell failure; in this case the inhibitor of lymphocyte transformation may have been related to the factor which also inhibited red cell maturation.", "PMID": 1191559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12350", "title": "Endogenous production of carbon monoxide as measured simultaneously in blood and gas phase.", "content": "Endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) production rates and total body haemoglobin content were determined simultaneously in blood and gas phase in 15 individuals. At 24% oxygen (O2) concentration in the closed rebreathing system, a correlation was obtained which revealed that a 1 mumole rise in CO in the gas phase of the  system was the result of 48.94 +/- 5.3 (SE) mumoles of CO rise in the body. Three individuals had heat-damaged red cells reinjected intravenously to determine if the recovery rate of the subsequently produced CO was proportionate in both the gas phase and blood phase. Changes in blood CO concentration were not consistently detected by gas phase analysis. Prediction of CO production rates utilizing gas phase data alone did not reflect accurately CO production rates determined from blood carboxyhaemoglobin rises.", "contents": "Endogenous production of carbon monoxide as measured simultaneously in blood and gas phase. Endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) production rates and total body haemoglobin content were determined simultaneously in blood and gas phase in 15 individuals. At 24% oxygen (O2) concentration in the closed rebreathing system, a correlation was obtained which revealed that a 1 mumole rise in CO in the gas phase of the  system was the result of 48.94 +/- 5.3 (SE) mumoles of CO rise in the body. Three individuals had heat-damaged red cells reinjected intravenously to determine if the recovery rate of the subsequently produced CO was proportionate in both the gas phase and blood phase. Changes in blood CO concentration were not consistently detected by gas phase analysis. Prediction of CO production rates utilizing gas phase data alone did not reflect accurately CO production rates determined from blood carboxyhaemoglobin rises.", "PMID": 1191560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12351", "title": "Methods of evaluating the sequestration site of red cells labelled with 51Cr: a review of 96 cases.", "content": "Teh technical conditions for surface counting and the methods for splenic and liver sequestration after injection of 51Cr-labelled cells were studied in 96 patients. A comparative study of different sites of positioning of the detection probes leads us to recommend the mid-line at the third intercostal space for the precordial area, the point of maximum count-rate obtained at each measurement for the splenic area, with the patient in right lateral decubitus position and the probe vertical, and a point situated on the midclavicular line 4 cm above the right costal margin for the liver area. A comparative study of different methods of calculation leads us to recommend the method known as 'excess counts', but with a correction of the gross values based on the evolution of circulating radioactivity and not of the count-rate measured over the precordial area. Measurement of urinary excretion of radioactivity showed that only a minor part was due to the loss of the tracer from the sequestration sites, and that the level varied only slightly between subjects. Thus the loss of tracer does not interfere with the interpretation of external counting data. Much of the disagreement regarding interpretation of the results of external counting in clinical practice is due to technical problems. Standardization of techniques of measurement and interpretation of results, selecting those which this study indicates as the most reliable, would permit better exchange of information between laboratories and clearer conclusions as to the practical use of surface counting.", "contents": "Methods of evaluating the sequestration site of red cells labelled with 51Cr: a review of 96 cases. Teh technical conditions for surface counting and the methods for splenic and liver sequestration after injection of 51Cr-labelled cells were studied in 96 patients. A comparative study of different sites of positioning of the detection probes leads us to recommend the mid-line at the third intercostal space for the precordial area, the point of maximum count-rate obtained at each measurement for the splenic area, with the patient in right lateral decubitus position and the probe vertical, and a point situated on the midclavicular line 4 cm above the right costal margin for the liver area. A comparative study of different methods of calculation leads us to recommend the method known as 'excess counts', but with a correction of the gross values based on the evolution of circulating radioactivity and not of the count-rate measured over the precordial area. Measurement of urinary excretion of radioactivity showed that only a minor part was due to the loss of the tracer from the sequestration sites, and that the level varied only slightly between subjects. Thus the loss of tracer does not interfere with the interpretation of external counting data. Much of the disagreement regarding interpretation of the results of external counting in clinical practice is due to technical problems. Standardization of techniques of measurement and interpretation of results, selecting those which this study indicates as the most reliable, would permit better exchange of information between laboratories and clearer conclusions as to the practical use of surface counting.", "PMID": 1191561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12352", "title": "Differences between human Fe1-transferrin molecules.", "content": "Two molecular forms of Fe1-transferrin molecule can be demonstrated by anion-exchange chromatography on columns of DEAE-cellulose, pH 7.90. It is believed that co-ordination of each metal-binding site by ferric ions induces dissimilar changes in molecular conformation in the region of the binding sites which, in the case of one site, results in the molecule behaving as a weaker anion during anion-exchange chromatography. If so, this could be entirely in accord with current views that the two binding sites of transferrin do not share equal properties of iron exchange with cells. At physiological levels of transferrin iron-saturation, it is likely that two populations of Fe1-transferrin molecules form the bulk of the iron-transferrin complex.", "contents": "Differences between human Fe1-transferrin molecules. Two molecular forms of Fe1-transferrin molecule can be demonstrated by anion-exchange chromatography on columns of DEAE-cellulose, pH 7.90. It is believed that co-ordination of each metal-binding site by ferric ions induces dissimilar changes in molecular conformation in the region of the binding sites which, in the case of one site, results in the molecule behaving as a weaker anion during anion-exchange chromatography. If so, this could be entirely in accord with current views that the two binding sites of transferrin do not share equal properties of iron exchange with cells. At physiological levels of transferrin iron-saturation, it is likely that two populations of Fe1-transferrin molecules form the bulk of the iron-transferrin complex.", "PMID": 1191562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12353", "title": "A congenital haemolytic anaemia with thermal sensitivity of the erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Microspherocytes, measuring 2-3 mum in diameter, and cells with blunted projections or triangular in shape characterized the erythrocoyte morphology in three children with congenital haemolytic anaemia. Since the erythrocyte morphology resembled that associated with thermal injury, heat-induced changes in erythrocyte morphology and membrane composition were studied. Erythrocytes developed filaments and spheroid bodies which fragmented, resulting in microspherocyte transformation. Normal cells required exposure to 49 degrees C, whereas the patients' cells fragmented at 45 degrees C. Fragmentation was also observed during incubation of patients' cells at 37 degrees C for 17h. The heat-induced transformation of the patients' cells was associated with an increase in the membrane cholesterol:phospholipid and cholesterol:protein ratios. The phospholipid:protein ratio was unchanged. This suggests that fragmentation produces a selective loss of membrane components. Splenectomy ameliorated the haemolytic process. We propose that the patients' red-cell morphology is the result of in vivo fragmentation, and that the spleen is the major site of microspherocyte and poikilocyte destruction.", "contents": "A congenital haemolytic anaemia with thermal sensitivity of the erythrocyte membrane. Microspherocytes, measuring 2-3 mum in diameter, and cells with blunted projections or triangular in shape characterized the erythrocoyte morphology in three children with congenital haemolytic anaemia. Since the erythrocyte morphology resembled that associated with thermal injury, heat-induced changes in erythrocyte morphology and membrane composition were studied. Erythrocytes developed filaments and spheroid bodies which fragmented, resulting in microspherocyte transformation. Normal cells required exposure to 49 degrees C, whereas the patients' cells fragmented at 45 degrees C. Fragmentation was also observed during incubation of patients' cells at 37 degrees C for 17h. The heat-induced transformation of the patients' cells was associated with an increase in the membrane cholesterol:phospholipid and cholesterol:protein ratios. The phospholipid:protein ratio was unchanged. This suggests that fragmentation produces a selective loss of membrane components. Splenectomy ameliorated the haemolytic process. We propose that the patients' red-cell morphology is the result of in vivo fragmentation, and that the spleen is the major site of microspherocyte and poikilocyte destruction.", "PMID": 1191563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12354", "title": "The ultrastructure of dyserythropoiesis in aplastic anaemia.", "content": "Electron microscopy of erythropoiesis in aplastic anaemia has demonstrated some unique features of dyserythropoiesis at the ultrastructural level, which contribute to understanding of the morphological features which are seen in the light microscope. The findings provide further evidence for the presence of qualitative defects in erythropoiesis in aplastic conditions. The alterations seen included bi- and multinucleated cells, intercellular bridges containing microtubules, internuclear chromatin bridges, irregular nuclear shapes, juxta-nuclear and peripheral cisternal structures, ringed sideroblasts, a diversity of intranuclear inclusions, nuclear clefts in both eu- and heterochromatin, and a variety of anomalies of the nuclear membrane. The significance of the occurrence of these anomalies in aplastic anaemia is considered and the role of the nuclear membrane and of endoplasmic reticulum in the pathogenesis of aplastic anaemia is discussed.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of dyserythropoiesis in aplastic anaemia. Electron microscopy of erythropoiesis in aplastic anaemia has demonstrated some unique features of dyserythropoiesis at the ultrastructural level, which contribute to understanding of the morphological features which are seen in the light microscope. The findings provide further evidence for the presence of qualitative defects in erythropoiesis in aplastic conditions. The alterations seen included bi- and multinucleated cells, intercellular bridges containing microtubules, internuclear chromatin bridges, irregular nuclear shapes, juxta-nuclear and peripheral cisternal structures, ringed sideroblasts, a diversity of intranuclear inclusions, nuclear clefts in both eu- and heterochromatin, and a variety of anomalies of the nuclear membrane. The significance of the occurrence of these anomalies in aplastic anaemia is considered and the role of the nuclear membrane and of endoplasmic reticulum in the pathogenesis of aplastic anaemia is discussed.", "PMID": 1191564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12355", "title": "Erythropoietin responsiveness in polycythaemia vera.", "content": "A liquid bone marrow culture technique was used to study erythropoiesis in polycythaemia vera. Three patients with the diagnosis of polycythaemia vera treated only by phlebotomy were compared to three healthy volunteers. Erythropoiesis in vitro was assessed by counts of nucleated red cells and 3H-thymidine incorporation into erythroid precursors. Human urinary erythropoietin was found to stimulate erythropoiesis in cultures from the polycythaemia patients as well as normals. The erythropoietin effect was blocked by a rabbit anti-erythropoietin antibody. These results suggest that some erythroid precursor cells maintain an intact erythropoietin response mechanism in polycythaemia vera. They also support clinical studies of this disorder indicating that some regulation by erythropoietin may occur in vivo.", "contents": "Erythropoietin responsiveness in polycythaemia vera. A liquid bone marrow culture technique was used to study erythropoiesis in polycythaemia vera. Three patients with the diagnosis of polycythaemia vera treated only by phlebotomy were compared to three healthy volunteers. Erythropoiesis in vitro was assessed by counts of nucleated red cells and 3H-thymidine incorporation into erythroid precursors. Human urinary erythropoietin was found to stimulate erythropoiesis in cultures from the polycythaemia patients as well as normals. The erythropoietin effect was blocked by a rabbit anti-erythropoietin antibody. These results suggest that some erythroid precursor cells maintain an intact erythropoietin response mechanism in polycythaemia vera. They also support clinical studies of this disorder indicating that some regulation by erythropoietin may occur in vivo.", "PMID": 1191565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12356", "title": "Effects of vincristine on normal and stimulated megakaryocytopoiesis in the rat.", "content": "Vincristine was given to rats in which thrombocytopoiesis was either normal or acutely or chronically stimulated by injections of heterologous antiplatelet serum. A single dose of 0.3 mg/kg was given intravenously. The drug produced an early and a delayed megakaryocytopenia suggesting that it was toxic to differentiated megakaryocytes as well as to proliferating stem cells. The results support the hypothesis that vincristine-induced thrombocytosis may be due to homeostatic adjustments which, in turn, are activated as a result of drug-induced cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Effects of vincristine on normal and stimulated megakaryocytopoiesis in the rat. Vincristine was given to rats in which thrombocytopoiesis was either normal or acutely or chronically stimulated by injections of heterologous antiplatelet serum. A single dose of 0.3 mg/kg was given intravenously. The drug produced an early and a delayed megakaryocytopenia suggesting that it was toxic to differentiated megakaryocytes as well as to proliferating stem cells. The results support the hypothesis that vincristine-induced thrombocytosis may be due to homeostatic adjustments which, in turn, are activated as a result of drug-induced cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 1191566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12357", "title": "Hereditary giant platelet syndrome. Absence of collagen-induced coagulant activity and deficiency of factor-XI binding to platelets.", "content": "The platelets from two related patients with the hereditary giant platelet syndrome were examined. They were larger than normal but otherwise ultrastructurally normal; they contained increased storage pools of adenine nucleotides and heparin-neutralizing activity and took up serotonin at an increased rate. They aggregated normally with ADP and collagen but failed to aggregate with bovine factor VIII and Ristocetin. Some change in shape occurred with ADP, and the reduction in adenylate energy change after addition of ADP to platelet-rich plasma was smaller than normal. Platelet coagulant activities including contact product forming activity, intrinsic factor-Xa forming activity and platelet factor 3 activity were normal or increased, but collagen-induced coagulant activity was absent whether tested in washed platelet suspensions or platelet-rich plasma. Platelet washing experiments showed decreased binding of factors V and VIII to hereditary giant platelets and no detectable factor XI in washed platelet suspensions. It is concluded that (1) the hereditary giant platelets studied lacked a binding mechanism for factors, V, VIII and XI; (2) the normal development of collagen-induced coagulant activity apparently depends upon the binding of factor XI to the platelet membrane; and (3) the defective prothrombin consumption observed in these patients may have resulted from the failure of their platelets to bind factor XI.", "contents": "Hereditary giant platelet syndrome. Absence of collagen-induced coagulant activity and deficiency of factor-XI binding to platelets. The platelets from two related patients with the hereditary giant platelet syndrome were examined. They were larger than normal but otherwise ultrastructurally normal; they contained increased storage pools of adenine nucleotides and heparin-neutralizing activity and took up serotonin at an increased rate. They aggregated normally with ADP and collagen but failed to aggregate with bovine factor VIII and Ristocetin. Some change in shape occurred with ADP, and the reduction in adenylate energy change after addition of ADP to platelet-rich plasma was smaller than normal. Platelet coagulant activities including contact product forming activity, intrinsic factor-Xa forming activity and platelet factor 3 activity were normal or increased, but collagen-induced coagulant activity was absent whether tested in washed platelet suspensions or platelet-rich plasma. Platelet washing experiments showed decreased binding of factors V and VIII to hereditary giant platelets and no detectable factor XI in washed platelet suspensions. It is concluded that (1) the hereditary giant platelets studied lacked a binding mechanism for factors, V, VIII and XI; (2) the normal development of collagen-induced coagulant activity apparently depends upon the binding of factor XI to the platelet membrane; and (3) the defective prothrombin consumption observed in these patients may have resulted from the failure of their platelets to bind factor XI.", "PMID": 1191567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12358", "title": "Labile aggregation stimulating substance (LASS): the factor from storage pool deficient platelets correcting defective aggregation and release of aspirin treated normal platelets.", "content": "Mixtures of equal volumes of Hermansky-Pudlak (HP) syndrome (adenine nucleotide storage pool deficient) and aspirin treated (AT) platelets (inhibited release of adenine nucleotides) undergo irreversible aggregation when exposed to collagen or adrenaline, whereas neither alone will do so. The present investigation has explored the basis for the mutual correction. Correction in the mixed system was accompanied by release of significant amounts of [14C]5-hydroxy-tryptamine from the AT platelets, whereas very little isotope was released when AT platelets alone were exposed to collagen. The correction of aggregation and the release of isotope could both be suppressed by pre-treating HP platelets with aspirin. Labile aggregation stimulating substance (LASS) composed of two closely linked intermediates of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGF2alpha biosynthesis, produced using a microsomal fraction of HP platelets, could correct the aggregation and secretion defect of AT platelets exposed to collagen. These findings indicate that HP platelets when mixed with AT platelets and exposed to collagen secrete a substance which is responsible for the correction. LASS, identified as the factor involved, acted as an intercellular messenger which mediated the correction by overcoming the influence of aspirin on normal cells.", "contents": "Labile aggregation stimulating substance (LASS): the factor from storage pool deficient platelets correcting defective aggregation and release of aspirin treated normal platelets. Mixtures of equal volumes of Hermansky-Pudlak (HP) syndrome (adenine nucleotide storage pool deficient) and aspirin treated (AT) platelets (inhibited release of adenine nucleotides) undergo irreversible aggregation when exposed to collagen or adrenaline, whereas neither alone will do so. The present investigation has explored the basis for the mutual correction. Correction in the mixed system was accompanied by release of significant amounts of [14C]5-hydroxy-tryptamine from the AT platelets, whereas very little isotope was released when AT platelets alone were exposed to collagen. The correction of aggregation and the release of isotope could both be suppressed by pre-treating HP platelets with aspirin. Labile aggregation stimulating substance (LASS) composed of two closely linked intermediates of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGF2alpha biosynthesis, produced using a microsomal fraction of HP platelets, could correct the aggregation and secretion defect of AT platelets exposed to collagen. These findings indicate that HP platelets when mixed with AT platelets and exposed to collagen secrete a substance which is responsible for the correction. LASS, identified as the factor involved, acted as an intercellular messenger which mediated the correction by overcoming the influence of aspirin on normal cells.", "PMID": 1191568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12359", "title": "The effect of urea on sickling.", "content": "The effect of urea on the oxygen affinity of sickle cells and normal cells was studied up to a concentration of about 1.0 M. Besides the increase in oxygen affinity found in both normal and sickle cells there was a further increase found only in the sickle cells. This specific increase was caused by the direct inhibition of the polymerization of deoxygenated Hb-S by the urea and was used to measure the extent of this inhibition. Even at concentrations of 1.0 M the urea did not fully inhibit the polymerization. At the urea concentrations recommended for treatment of sickle cell crises and for the oral treatment of the disease there was only a very slight inhibition of polymerization. The small increase in oxygen affinity brought about by these concentrations of urea (equivalent to a log P50 change of 0.016) will cause some additional minimal inhibition of sickling at physiological partial pressures of oxygen. Oxygen dissociation measurements of Hb-A in dilute solution showed that 0.95 M urea had no effect on the interaction of 2,3-DPG and chloride with haemoglobin nor on the haem-haem interactions. This implies that the quaternary 'deoxy' form of the haemoglobin may still form and that the action of urea in inhibiting the polymerization is through interference with the intermolecular bonds rather than by inducing a conformational change which disrupts the bonding. Unless urea at the concentrations recommended for treatment inhibits the sickling of the cells by some mechanism other than its effect on the haemoglobin (such as by an effect on the membrane), these results suggest that it is of little use for the treatment of sickle cell disease.", "contents": "The effect of urea on sickling. The effect of urea on the oxygen affinity of sickle cells and normal cells was studied up to a concentration of about 1.0 M. Besides the increase in oxygen affinity found in both normal and sickle cells there was a further increase found only in the sickle cells. This specific increase was caused by the direct inhibition of the polymerization of deoxygenated Hb-S by the urea and was used to measure the extent of this inhibition. Even at concentrations of 1.0 M the urea did not fully inhibit the polymerization. At the urea concentrations recommended for treatment of sickle cell crises and for the oral treatment of the disease there was only a very slight inhibition of polymerization. The small increase in oxygen affinity brought about by these concentrations of urea (equivalent to a log P50 change of 0.016) will cause some additional minimal inhibition of sickling at physiological partial pressures of oxygen. Oxygen dissociation measurements of Hb-A in dilute solution showed that 0.95 M urea had no effect on the interaction of 2,3-DPG and chloride with haemoglobin nor on the haem-haem interactions. This implies that the quaternary 'deoxy' form of the haemoglobin may still form and that the action of urea in inhibiting the polymerization is through interference with the intermolecular bonds rather than by inducing a conformational change which disrupts the bonding. Unless urea at the concentrations recommended for treatment inhibits the sickling of the cells by some mechanism other than its effect on the haemoglobin (such as by an effect on the membrane), these results suggest that it is of little use for the treatment of sickle cell disease.", "PMID": 1191570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12360", "title": "Alpha thalassaemia in adults with sickle-cell trait.", "content": "Mild forms of alpha thalassaemia are difficult to detect in adults. Since alpha thalassaemia existing with structural defects of the beta chain of haemoglobin may lead to decreased levels of the abnormal haemoglobin, we examined individuals having sickle-cell trait for the possible coexistence of alpha thalassaemia. Patients with sickle-cell trait having haemoglobin-S (Hb-S) levels less than commonly expected were compared to two control groups--one with sickle-cell trait and the usual levels of Hg S and one with normal haemoglobin. Twenty-one patients with sickle-cell trait having Hb-S concentrations below 35% had 65.8% Hb A, 31.8% Hb S, and a mean corpuscular volume of 81.6 fl. Studies of the relative rates of alpha-, betaS- and betaA-chain synthesis in 14 of these individuals showed a mean alpha:beta ratio of 0.76. In patients with normal haemoglobin as well as in sickle-cell trait with Hb-S levels above 35%, this ratio was unity. These findings are consistent with the presence of alpha thalassaemia in patients with sickle-cell trait who have lower than usual levels of Hb S and microcytosis.", "contents": "Alpha thalassaemia in adults with sickle-cell trait. Mild forms of alpha thalassaemia are difficult to detect in adults. Since alpha thalassaemia existing with structural defects of the beta chain of haemoglobin may lead to decreased levels of the abnormal haemoglobin, we examined individuals having sickle-cell trait for the possible coexistence of alpha thalassaemia. Patients with sickle-cell trait having haemoglobin-S (Hb-S) levels less than commonly expected were compared to two control groups--one with sickle-cell trait and the usual levels of Hg S and one with normal haemoglobin. Twenty-one patients with sickle-cell trait having Hb-S concentrations below 35% had 65.8% Hb A, 31.8% Hb S, and a mean corpuscular volume of 81.6 fl. Studies of the relative rates of alpha-, betaS- and betaA-chain synthesis in 14 of these individuals showed a mean alpha:beta ratio of 0.76. In patients with normal haemoglobin as well as in sickle-cell trait with Hb-S levels above 35%, this ratio was unity. These findings are consistent with the presence of alpha thalassaemia in patients with sickle-cell trait who have lower than usual levels of Hb S and microcytosis.", "PMID": 1191571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12361", "title": "A rapid method for obtaining the half saturation tension of small blood samples using a standard Clark electrode system.", "content": "A method is described which allows the half saturation tension (T50 value) of blood to be obtained within 5 min on samples of 100 mul volume, using a standard Clark PO2 electrode A PO2-time trace is recorded on a blood/buffer suspension from which the oxygen is removed at a constant rate using yeast cells. The T50 value is then derived graphically. The values taken for 210 traces show the graphical solutions to lie within +/- 0.5 mmHg of the tensions calculated from complete dissociation curves. Values from a further 590 traces show the T50 estimates are also reproducible with a standard error of less than 0.3 mmHg.", "contents": "A rapid method for obtaining the half saturation tension of small blood samples using a standard Clark electrode system. A method is described which allows the half saturation tension (T50 value) of blood to be obtained within 5 min on samples of 100 mul volume, using a standard Clark PO2 electrode A PO2-time trace is recorded on a blood/buffer suspension from which the oxygen is removed at a constant rate using yeast cells. The T50 value is then derived graphically. The values taken for 210 traces show the graphical solutions to lie within +/- 0.5 mmHg of the tensions calculated from complete dissociation curves. Values from a further 590 traces show the T50 estimates are also reproducible with a standard error of less than 0.3 mmHg.", "PMID": 1191572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12362", "title": "Restoration of normal red cell size after treatment in megaloblastic anaemia.", "content": "The return of the MCV to normal after treatment in megaloblastic anaemia follows a biphasic pattern. The initial more rapid decline in MCV is due to disappearance of pretreatment macrocytes from the circulation and the rate of fall is determined by their mean cell life. The second slower component is probably due to a mixture of pretreatment macrocytes and new macrocytes, the result of a young red cell population. The MCV often returned to normal most rapidly in the most severely megaloblastic patients due to a very short mean red cell life span. However, there was no significant correlation between either initial MCV or red cell count and the time after treatment for a return of a normal MCV.", "contents": "Restoration of normal red cell size after treatment in megaloblastic anaemia. The return of the MCV to normal after treatment in megaloblastic anaemia follows a biphasic pattern. The initial more rapid decline in MCV is due to disappearance of pretreatment macrocytes from the circulation and the rate of fall is determined by their mean cell life. The second slower component is probably due to a mixture of pretreatment macrocytes and new macrocytes, the result of a young red cell population. The MCV often returned to normal most rapidly in the most severely megaloblastic patients due to a very short mean red cell life span. However, there was no significant correlation between either initial MCV or red cell count and the time after treatment for a return of a normal MCV.", "PMID": 1191573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12363", "title": "Acute leukaemia with eosinophilia or acute eosinophilic leukaemia: a dilemma.", "content": "A young male patient is described with acute leukaemia whose bone marrow and peripheral blood contained abundant cells of the eosinophilic series in all stages of maturation. These cells, proven histochemically to be true eosinophils, were abnormal in both maturation and proliferation. Upon electron microscopic study of bone marrow and peripheral blood, abnormalities in the eosinophilic series were identified as early as the promyelocytic stage as well as in the most mature eosinophil seen. The clinical and morphologic picture of this patient's disease raises the possibility of this being an acute eosinophilic leukaemia.", "contents": "Acute leukaemia with eosinophilia or acute eosinophilic leukaemia: a dilemma. A young male patient is described with acute leukaemia whose bone marrow and peripheral blood contained abundant cells of the eosinophilic series in all stages of maturation. These cells, proven histochemically to be true eosinophils, were abnormal in both maturation and proliferation. Upon electron microscopic study of bone marrow and peripheral blood, abnormalities in the eosinophilic series were identified as early as the promyelocytic stage as well as in the most mature eosinophil seen. The clinical and morphologic picture of this patient's disease raises the possibility of this being an acute eosinophilic leukaemia.", "PMID": 1191574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12364", "title": "Quantitation of the ABO system antigens by means of isoprecipitating antisera.", "content": "A quantitative method for the determination of blood group specific substances A and B on red blood cells was developed, using them to absorb isoprecipitating antisera anti-A and anti-B, followed by estimation of the residual antibody by means of a counterimmunoelectrophoretic technique with standard solutions of A and B substances prepared from saliva. The method was tested on a population of A2B donors. The mean amount of A substance in A2B RBC was 131 X 10(-12) +/- 217 X 10(-12) u/cell in the population of 95 donors. The A substance thus determined agreed significantly with values obtained by classical haemagglutinating titration. The mean amount of B substance in A2B RBC was 222 X 10(-12) +/- 178 X 10(-12) m/cell. The amounts of both the A and B substances were not correlated on the same RBC. Several peaks of the distribution curve of both substances confirmed the non-homogeneity of the populations, there being a wide standard deviation presumably due to differences in the antigen content of different subgroups.", "contents": "Quantitation of the ABO system antigens by means of isoprecipitating antisera. A quantitative method for the determination of blood group specific substances A and B on red blood cells was developed, using them to absorb isoprecipitating antisera anti-A and anti-B, followed by estimation of the residual antibody by means of a counterimmunoelectrophoretic technique with standard solutions of A and B substances prepared from saliva. The method was tested on a population of A2B donors. The mean amount of A substance in A2B RBC was 131 X 10(-12) +/- 217 X 10(-12) u/cell in the population of 95 donors. The A substance thus determined agreed significantly with values obtained by classical haemagglutinating titration. The mean amount of B substance in A2B RBC was 222 X 10(-12) +/- 178 X 10(-12) m/cell. The amounts of both the A and B substances were not correlated on the same RBC. Several peaks of the distribution curve of both substances confirmed the non-homogeneity of the populations, there being a wide standard deviation presumably due to differences in the antigen content of different subgroups.", "PMID": 1191575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12365", "title": "Mechanism of plasminogen activator and factor VIII increase after vasoactive drugs.", "content": "Adrenaline, nicotinic acid (NA), vasopressin (LVP) and other drugs affecting vascular motility are known to increase plasminogen activator (PA) and factor-VIII plasma levels in man. To evaluate the hypothesis that NA, LVP and adrenaline release PA from the endothelial cells of the vessel wall through their common effect on vascular motility, PA has been characterized by means of a histochemical technique on vein biopsies obtained from human volunteers after infusion of the compounds. Furthermore, the effect of single and repeated administration has been compared in order to investigate whether the pattern of PA and factor-VIII variations in plasma is similar with the three drugs. There was no major difference in the PA content of the veins following the marked and sustained increase of the corresponding plasma activities. A simple explanation is that the intensity and duration of the stimulus may not be sufficient to deplete the large stores of the vessel walls. The magnitude, time course and duration of the plasmatic response after single and repeated infusions was on the whole different and peculiar for each drug. A derivative of LVP which is free of vasoactive actions was more effective than LVP in inducing the responses, which could also be elicited in two anephric subjects. These findings suggest that vasoactivity is unlikely to provide the clue to a common pathway for the fibrinolysis and coagulation response after the compounds, and support the existence of different specific receptors.", "contents": "Mechanism of plasminogen activator and factor VIII increase after vasoactive drugs. Adrenaline, nicotinic acid (NA), vasopressin (LVP) and other drugs affecting vascular motility are known to increase plasminogen activator (PA) and factor-VIII plasma levels in man. To evaluate the hypothesis that NA, LVP and adrenaline release PA from the endothelial cells of the vessel wall through their common effect on vascular motility, PA has been characterized by means of a histochemical technique on vein biopsies obtained from human volunteers after infusion of the compounds. Furthermore, the effect of single and repeated administration has been compared in order to investigate whether the pattern of PA and factor-VIII variations in plasma is similar with the three drugs. There was no major difference in the PA content of the veins following the marked and sustained increase of the corresponding plasma activities. A simple explanation is that the intensity and duration of the stimulus may not be sufficient to deplete the large stores of the vessel walls. The magnitude, time course and duration of the plasmatic response after single and repeated infusions was on the whole different and peculiar for each drug. A derivative of LVP which is free of vasoactive actions was more effective than LVP in inducing the responses, which could also be elicited in two anephric subjects. These findings suggest that vasoactivity is unlikely to provide the clue to a common pathway for the fibrinolysis and coagulation response after the compounds, and support the existence of different specific receptors.", "PMID": 1191576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12366", "title": "Haemoglobin synthesis in human fetal liver maintained in short-term tissue culture.", "content": "Human fetal liver maintained in tissue culture has been examined as a model system for studying the factors involved in the switch from fetal to adult haemoglobin production. In erythropoietin-treated cultures alpha-, beta- and gamma-chain synthesis remains active for up to 12 days. Globin-chain synthesis is balanced and the alpha/beta + gamma-chain production ratio remains constant up to about 8 days; in longer cultures gamma-chain production declines before that of beta chains. It is concluded that the system may be useful for examining factors involved in the switch from gamma- to beta-chain production provided that these are acting on cells already committed to the erythroid compartment.", "contents": "Haemoglobin synthesis in human fetal liver maintained in short-term tissue culture. Human fetal liver maintained in tissue culture has been examined as a model system for studying the factors involved in the switch from fetal to adult haemoglobin production. In erythropoietin-treated cultures alpha-, beta- and gamma-chain synthesis remains active for up to 12 days. Globin-chain synthesis is balanced and the alpha/beta + gamma-chain production ratio remains constant up to about 8 days; in longer cultures gamma-chain production declines before that of beta chains. It is concluded that the system may be useful for examining factors involved in the switch from gamma- to beta-chain production provided that these are acting on cells already committed to the erythroid compartment.", "PMID": 1191577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12367", "title": "Fibrinogen metabolism in acute hepatitis and active chronic hepatitis.", "content": "Coagulation studies, including those of radioactive fibrinogen metabolism, were performed in seven patients with acute viral hepatitis and 12 patients with active chronic hepatitis. An increased fractional catabolic rate for fibrinogen was observed in four patients from the first group, and seven from the second. The catabolic rate was increased in those patients with the greatest degree of hepatic necrosis as demonstrated by the raised serum aminotransferase levels. There was no correlation between the rate of fibrinogen catabolism and the standard clotting tests, but the SDPS test (indicating the presence of fibrin monomers in the circulation) was consistently positive in those cases where the catabolic rate was increased.", "contents": "Fibrinogen metabolism in acute hepatitis and active chronic hepatitis. Coagulation studies, including those of radioactive fibrinogen metabolism, were performed in seven patients with acute viral hepatitis and 12 patients with active chronic hepatitis. An increased fractional catabolic rate for fibrinogen was observed in four patients from the first group, and seven from the second. The catabolic rate was increased in those patients with the greatest degree of hepatic necrosis as demonstrated by the raised serum aminotransferase levels. There was no correlation between the rate of fibrinogen catabolism and the standard clotting tests, but the SDPS test (indicating the presence of fibrin monomers in the circulation) was consistently positive in those cases where the catabolic rate was increased.", "PMID": 1191578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12368", "title": "Personal questionnaire changes and their correlates in a psychotherapeutic group.", "content": "Personal questionnaires were constructed for seven members of a psychotherapy group. Self-reported changes during group sessions and over a period of up to 10 months' treatment were analysed. There was no general pattern of 'improvement' either during sessions or in the longer term. There was evidence suggestive of an inverse relationship between changes during sessions and over the period of the study. Some clinically meaningful relationships were discerned between the present data and repertory grid and verbal behaviour measures on the same group members reported in a previous paper. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.", "contents": "Personal questionnaire changes and their correlates in a psychotherapeutic group. Personal questionnaires were constructed for seven members of a psychotherapy group. Self-reported changes during group sessions and over a period of up to 10 months' treatment were analysed. There was no general pattern of 'improvement' either during sessions or in the longer term. There was evidence suggestive of an inverse relationship between changes during sessions and over the period of the study. Some clinically meaningful relationships were discerned between the present data and repertory grid and verbal behaviour measures on the same group members reported in a previous paper. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.", "PMID": 1191580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12369", "title": "Some correlates of repertory grid measures used to study a psychotherapeutic group.", "content": "Repertory grid data provided monthly by the members of a psychotherapeutic group were related to measures of verbal behaviour during group sessions in ways which were both statistically significant and psychologically meaningful. There was evidence that the group members re-enacted earlier patterns of family relationship in their mutual interaction. For individual patient members of the group, speaking, being spoken to, and introducing several kinds of topic into the group discussion had significant associations with grid variables implicating self-esteem and patterns of identification with parents; but the correlation patterns varied between patients.", "contents": "Some correlates of repertory grid measures used to study a psychotherapeutic group. Repertory grid data provided monthly by the members of a psychotherapeutic group were related to measures of verbal behaviour during group sessions in ways which were both statistically significant and psychologically meaningful. There was evidence that the group members re-enacted earlier patterns of family relationship in their mutual interaction. For individual patient members of the group, speaking, being spoken to, and introducing several kinds of topic into the group discussion had significant associations with grid variables implicating self-esteem and patterns of identification with parents; but the correlation patterns varied between patients.", "PMID": 1191581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12370", "title": "The family and the problem of internalization.", "content": "This paper is an attempt to integrate concepts derived from family therapy with psychoanalytic concepts. In particular, the nature and process of internalization is scrutinized in the light of family-role functioning.", "contents": "The family and the problem of internalization. This paper is an attempt to integrate concepts derived from family therapy with psychoanalytic concepts. In particular, the nature and process of internalization is scrutinized in the light of family-role functioning.", "PMID": 1191584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12371", "title": "The effect of children upon the marriage relationship.", "content": "A marital questionnaire, completed by 40 fertile and 50 infertile couples, revealed greater unanimity of response between childless partners, who may however have been tempted to idealize their relationship. It is suggested that parenthood may limit the scope of communication between spouses. Childlessness may be stressful but it can also make for closer mutual affinity in the couple's thoughts and feelings.", "contents": "The effect of children upon the marriage relationship. A marital questionnaire, completed by 40 fertile and 50 infertile couples, revealed greater unanimity of response between childless partners, who may however have been tempted to idealize their relationship. It is suggested that parenthood may limit the scope of communication between spouses. Childlessness may be stressful but it can also make for closer mutual affinity in the couple's thoughts and feelings.", "PMID": 1191585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12372", "title": "Neonatal mortality of breech deliveries with and without forceps to the aftercoming head.", "content": "A retrospective study of 1423 liveborn breech deliveries occurring in one hospital from 1964 to 1973 inclusive showed that application of forceps to the aftercoming head of infants between 1 and 3 kg birth weight was associated with a significant reduction in neonatal mortality.", "contents": "Neonatal mortality of breech deliveries with and without forceps to the aftercoming head. A retrospective study of 1423 liveborn breech deliveries occurring in one hospital from 1964 to 1973 inclusive showed that application of forceps to the aftercoming head of infants between 1 and 3 kg birth weight was associated with a significant reduction in neonatal mortality.", "PMID": 1191586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12373", "title": "The distribution of placental lactogen in the human term placenta.", "content": "Serial frozen sections of human term placentae were examined by quantitative morphology and, after extraction, by a radioimmunoassay for human placental lactogen (HPL). The total quantity of HPL in the placenta was estimated as 720 mg. The amount of HPL was related to the amount of trophoblast in any area, but otherwise did not vary in different parts of the placenta. A semi-logarithmic relationship was observed between the amount of HPL and the percentage trophoblast in a section. It is suggested that the amount of HPL in a given area of the placenta is related to the blood-flow in that area.", "contents": "The distribution of placental lactogen in the human term placenta. Serial frozen sections of human term placentae were examined by quantitative morphology and, after extraction, by a radioimmunoassay for human placental lactogen (HPL). The total quantity of HPL in the placenta was estimated as 720 mg. The amount of HPL was related to the amount of trophoblast in any area, but otherwise did not vary in different parts of the placenta. A semi-logarithmic relationship was observed between the amount of HPL and the percentage trophoblast in a section. It is suggested that the amount of HPL in a given area of the placenta is related to the blood-flow in that area.", "PMID": 1191587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12374", "title": "Plasma oestradiol and progesterone estimation for the monitoring of induction of ovulation with clomiphene and chorionic gonadotrophin.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty-five courses of treatment with clomiphene and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) were administered for the induction of ovulation in 75 infertile women (three with primary amenorrhoea, 45 with secondary amenorrhoea and 27 with oligomenorrhoea) of whom 61 had previously been unsuccessfully treated with clomiphene alone. The treatment was monitored by plasma oestradiol estimations on day 15 and day 22 in 103 cycles and by plasma progesterone estimations on day 22 in all 235 cycles. Injections of HCG were given on day 15 and 22. Twenty patients failed to respond to treatment (43 courses). The remaining 55 patients showed no response in 32 courses, deficient responses in 55 cycles and adequate responses in 105 cycles (plasma progesterone level exceeding 10 ng per ml on day 22). The mean values (+/- SD) of plasma oestradiol on day 15, reflecting follicular development, were: 73 +/- 30 pg per ml for cycles with no response; 255 +/- 182 for deficient cycles and 366 +/- 226 pg per ml for adequate cycles. There was a positive correlation (r = 0-57) between day 15 plasma oestradiol and day 22 plasma progesterone values. Increased clomiphene dosage resulted in higher plasma oestradiol and progesterone levels. Thirty-nine pregnancies occurred in 34 out of 55 patients capable of response (62 per cent). The plasma progesterone levels during conception cycles were higher than those in non-conception cycles in the same patients. Monitoring of induction of ovulation by plasma hormone estimations allows detection and correction of inadequate response.", "contents": "Plasma oestradiol and progesterone estimation for the monitoring of induction of ovulation with clomiphene and chorionic gonadotrophin. Two hundred and thirty-five courses of treatment with clomiphene and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) were administered for the induction of ovulation in 75 infertile women (three with primary amenorrhoea, 45 with secondary amenorrhoea and 27 with oligomenorrhoea) of whom 61 had previously been unsuccessfully treated with clomiphene alone. The treatment was monitored by plasma oestradiol estimations on day 15 and day 22 in 103 cycles and by plasma progesterone estimations on day 22 in all 235 cycles. Injections of HCG were given on day 15 and 22. Twenty patients failed to respond to treatment (43 courses). The remaining 55 patients showed no response in 32 courses, deficient responses in 55 cycles and adequate responses in 105 cycles (plasma progesterone level exceeding 10 ng per ml on day 22). The mean values (+/- SD) of plasma oestradiol on day 15, reflecting follicular development, were: 73 +/- 30 pg per ml for cycles with no response; 255 +/- 182 for deficient cycles and 366 +/- 226 pg per ml for adequate cycles. There was a positive correlation (r = 0-57) between day 15 plasma oestradiol and day 22 plasma progesterone values. Increased clomiphene dosage resulted in higher plasma oestradiol and progesterone levels. Thirty-nine pregnancies occurred in 34 out of 55 patients capable of response (62 per cent). The plasma progesterone levels during conception cycles were higher than those in non-conception cycles in the same patients. Monitoring of induction of ovulation by plasma hormone estimations allows detection and correction of inadequate response.", "PMID": 1191588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12375", "title": "A study of the secretory immune system of the female genital tract.", "content": "Immunocytes in the female genital tract are found principally in the endocervix. The predominant immunoglobulin produced in this site is IgA and this, together with the presence of secretory component in endocervical epithelium, indicates that a local secretory immune system, similar to that found in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, exists in the endocervix. This local secretory immune system appears to be the major source of immunoglobulins in cervical mucus and the presence of secretory IgA in cervico-vaginal secretions provides an effective protection mechanism against viral and bacterial infections. Secretory IgA also acts non-specifically against exogenous antigens and may, by binding spermatozoal antigens, play a role in immunologically mediated infertility.", "contents": "A study of the secretory immune system of the female genital tract. Immunocytes in the female genital tract are found principally in the endocervix. The predominant immunoglobulin produced in this site is IgA and this, together with the presence of secretory component in endocervical epithelium, indicates that a local secretory immune system, similar to that found in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, exists in the endocervix. This local secretory immune system appears to be the major source of immunoglobulins in cervical mucus and the presence of secretory IgA in cervico-vaginal secretions provides an effective protection mechanism against viral and bacterial infections. Secretory IgA also acts non-specifically against exogenous antigens and may, by binding spermatozoal antigens, play a role in immunologically mediated infertility.", "PMID": 1191589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12376", "title": "An abdominal approach to the repair of post-hysterectomy vaginal inversion.", "content": "An abdominal operation is described using a Mersilene mesh bridge for the correction of post-hysterectomy vaginal inversion. Four cases are reported in which a satisfactory anatomical and functionally effective repair has been achieved.", "contents": "An abdominal approach to the repair of post-hysterectomy vaginal inversion. An abdominal operation is described using a Mersilene mesh bridge for the correction of post-hysterectomy vaginal inversion. Four cases are reported in which a satisfactory anatomical and functionally effective repair has been achieved.", "PMID": 1191590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12377", "title": "Postpartum renal failure associated with eclampsia and penicillin hypersensitivity.", "content": "A case of acute renal failure associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation occurring immediately post partum is reported. The aetiological role of the associated eclampsia together with evidence for a hypersensitivity reaction to ampicillin is discussed.", "contents": "Postpartum renal failure associated with eclampsia and penicillin hypersensitivity. A case of acute renal failure associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation occurring immediately post partum is reported. The aetiological role of the associated eclampsia together with evidence for a hypersensitivity reaction to ampicillin is discussed.", "PMID": 1191592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12378", "title": "The diagnosis of early pregnancy failure by sonar.", "content": "In a series of 425 consecutive patients examined by sonar in the first half of pregnancy 176 ultimately aborted. On analysis of the sonar and post-abortion findings it was found that the aborted pregnancies fell into five clearly defined groups; blighted ova or anembryonic pregnancies, missed abortions, hydatidiform moles and early and late live abortions. The blighted ova and the missed abortions comprised by far the largest and the early live abortions the smallest groups. Strict diagnostic sonar criteria of abnormality, independent of menstrual or clinical histories, were established for the first three of the groups, and an absolute diagnosis could be made at the time of the first examination in all cases of missed abortion and hydatidiform mole and in just over half of the cases of blighted ovum, the remainder requiring a second and occasionally a third examination. In the first half of the study the majority of the patients were allowed to abort spontaneously but with increasing confidence in the techniques patients were offered termination whenever the diagnosis of an abortive pregnancy was made. Anticipation of fetal death in utero or impending abortion of a live fetus proved to be a much more difficult problem, and in only those patients who aborted a live fetus before the tenth week of pregnancy did the sonar examination reveal any significant abnormality. Possible aetiological backgrounds to these groups of abortions are discussed in the light of the sonar findings.", "contents": "The diagnosis of early pregnancy failure by sonar. In a series of 425 consecutive patients examined by sonar in the first half of pregnancy 176 ultimately aborted. On analysis of the sonar and post-abortion findings it was found that the aborted pregnancies fell into five clearly defined groups; blighted ova or anembryonic pregnancies, missed abortions, hydatidiform moles and early and late live abortions. The blighted ova and the missed abortions comprised by far the largest and the early live abortions the smallest groups. Strict diagnostic sonar criteria of abnormality, independent of menstrual or clinical histories, were established for the first three of the groups, and an absolute diagnosis could be made at the time of the first examination in all cases of missed abortion and hydatidiform mole and in just over half of the cases of blighted ovum, the remainder requiring a second and occasionally a third examination. In the first half of the study the majority of the patients were allowed to abort spontaneously but with increasing confidence in the techniques patients were offered termination whenever the diagnosis of an abortive pregnancy was made. Anticipation of fetal death in utero or impending abortion of a live fetus proved to be a much more difficult problem, and in only those patients who aborted a live fetus before the tenth week of pregnancy did the sonar examination reveal any significant abnormality. Possible aetiological backgrounds to these groups of abortions are discussed in the light of the sonar findings.", "PMID": 1191598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12379", "title": "Prognosis in threatened abortion: a comparison between predictions made by sonar urinary hormone assays and clinical judgement.", "content": "One hundred patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of threatened abortion were assessed by means of sonar, urinary oestrogen, pregnanediol and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) assays and clinical examination. Assay of oestrogen excretion was the most accurate (86-5 per cent) in predicting the ultimate outcome of pregnancy, but did not give as much information as sonar examination which gave an accurate prognosis in 84 per cent of cases and was much quicker to perform The reasons for the sonar failures are discussed. Assay of urinary pregnanediol excretion gave an accurate indication of outcome in 74 per cent of cases and 24-hour urinary HCG in 70 per cent although random urinary HCG estimations provided an accurate prediciton in only 54-5 per cent of cases. Clinical examination presented the usual difficulties in assessing uterine size and predicting abortion from the amount of bleeding and pain.", "contents": "Prognosis in threatened abortion: a comparison between predictions made by sonar urinary hormone assays and clinical judgement. One hundred patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of threatened abortion were assessed by means of sonar, urinary oestrogen, pregnanediol and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) assays and clinical examination. Assay of oestrogen excretion was the most accurate (86-5 per cent) in predicting the ultimate outcome of pregnancy, but did not give as much information as sonar examination which gave an accurate prognosis in 84 per cent of cases and was much quicker to perform The reasons for the sonar failures are discussed. Assay of urinary pregnanediol excretion gave an accurate indication of outcome in 74 per cent of cases and 24-hour urinary HCG in 70 per cent although random urinary HCG estimations provided an accurate prediciton in only 54-5 per cent of cases. Clinical examination presented the usual difficulties in assessing uterine size and predicting abortion from the amount of bleeding and pain.", "PMID": 1191599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12380", "title": "Factors affecting the increasing incidence of severe non-haemolytic neonatal jaundice.", "content": "Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia is increasing in frequency. In view of conflicting evidence about the possible causes, retrospective analyses have been carried out among babies born during six months of 1974. Preliminary analysis confirmed the over-riding importance of preterm birth (before 37 weeks), but only one of 17 such cases could be attributed to ill-judged artificial induction of labor. For the main analysis, the incidence of eight possibly relevant antecedent factors was compared in 46 cases of hyperbilirubinaemia (unconjugated bilirubin more than 15 mg per 100 ml in term babies and more than 13 mg per 100 ml in some preterm babies) and in 92 controls matched for sex and gestational age. Induction of labour by \"primary\" oxytocin infusion and artificial rupture of the membranes was very significantly more common in the index cases (p less than 0-01), but there was no difference in the incidence of \"secondary\" oxytocin, used to accelerate spontaneous labour. Evidence of uterin unresponsiveness suggests that the natural onset of labour was being anticipated by at least some days in many of the index cases and this could prevent the natural \"priming\" of the fetal enzyme systems. An excess of epidural analgesia in the mothers of the index cases was probably due to its association with the need for pain relief during \"primary\" oxytocin infusions. The higher incidence of postnatal weight loss in the index cases presumably contributed to the hyperbilirubinaemia.", "contents": "Factors affecting the increasing incidence of severe non-haemolytic neonatal jaundice. Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia is increasing in frequency. In view of conflicting evidence about the possible causes, retrospective analyses have been carried out among babies born during six months of 1974. Preliminary analysis confirmed the over-riding importance of preterm birth (before 37 weeks), but only one of 17 such cases could be attributed to ill-judged artificial induction of labor. For the main analysis, the incidence of eight possibly relevant antecedent factors was compared in 46 cases of hyperbilirubinaemia (unconjugated bilirubin more than 15 mg per 100 ml in term babies and more than 13 mg per 100 ml in some preterm babies) and in 92 controls matched for sex and gestational age. Induction of labour by \"primary\" oxytocin infusion and artificial rupture of the membranes was very significantly more common in the index cases (p less than 0-01), but there was no difference in the incidence of \"secondary\" oxytocin, used to accelerate spontaneous labour. Evidence of uterin unresponsiveness suggests that the natural onset of labour was being anticipated by at least some days in many of the index cases and this could prevent the natural \"priming\" of the fetal enzyme systems. An excess of epidural analgesia in the mothers of the index cases was probably due to its association with the need for pain relief during \"primary\" oxytocin infusions. The higher incidence of postnatal weight loss in the index cases presumably contributed to the hyperbilirubinaemia.", "PMID": 1191600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12381", "title": "Cigarette smoking in pregnancy: differences in peripheral circulation between smokers and non-smokers.", "content": "Ten smokers and ten non-smokers were followed serially from 12 to 16 weeks of pregnancy to six weeks postnatally. Measurements of calf and foot blood flow and toe and finger skin temperature were made at 4 to 6 week intervals in both groups, and the acute effects on the peripheral circulation of smoking one standard cigarette were also measured in the smokers at each stage of pregnancy. Comparison between the smokers and non-smokers showed that in the last trimester of pregnancy smokers had significantly higher foot blood flow and toe and finger temperature than non-smokers. These circulatory variables rose during the period of pregnancy studied in smokers but altered little in non-smokers. There was no significant difference in calf blood flow between the groups. Smoking a cigarette during pregnancy caused a fall in foot blood flow and in finger and toe skin temperature. Smoking increased calf blood flow between 12 and 25 weeks of pregnancy but decreased it in late pregnancy. Previous investigations of blood flow in pregnancy have not differentiated between smokers and non-smokers. It is suggested that the rise in foot blood flow and skin temperature believed to occur generally during pregnancy applies mainly to smokers. Some possible reason for differences in skin blood flow between smokers and non-smokers in pregnancy are discussed.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking in pregnancy: differences in peripheral circulation between smokers and non-smokers. Ten smokers and ten non-smokers were followed serially from 12 to 16 weeks of pregnancy to six weeks postnatally. Measurements of calf and foot blood flow and toe and finger skin temperature were made at 4 to 6 week intervals in both groups, and the acute effects on the peripheral circulation of smoking one standard cigarette were also measured in the smokers at each stage of pregnancy. Comparison between the smokers and non-smokers showed that in the last trimester of pregnancy smokers had significantly higher foot blood flow and toe and finger temperature than non-smokers. These circulatory variables rose during the period of pregnancy studied in smokers but altered little in non-smokers. There was no significant difference in calf blood flow between the groups. Smoking a cigarette during pregnancy caused a fall in foot blood flow and in finger and toe skin temperature. Smoking increased calf blood flow between 12 and 25 weeks of pregnancy but decreased it in late pregnancy. Previous investigations of blood flow in pregnancy have not differentiated between smokers and non-smokers. It is suggested that the rise in foot blood flow and skin temperature believed to occur generally during pregnancy applies mainly to smokers. Some possible reason for differences in skin blood flow between smokers and non-smokers in pregnancy are discussed.", "PMID": 1191601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12382", "title": "Plasma unconjugated 15alpha-hydroxyoestriol (oestetrol) levels in normal human pregnancy.", "content": "Serial measurements were made of the concentration of plasma unconjugated oestetrol in normal human pregnancy. The mean curve and limits of normal variation have been established. Plasma levels rose from just below 2 ng/ml at 20 weeks to approximately 5 ng/ml at term.", "contents": "Plasma unconjugated 15alpha-hydroxyoestriol (oestetrol) levels in normal human pregnancy. Serial measurements were made of the concentration of plasma unconjugated oestetrol in normal human pregnancy. The mean curve and limits of normal variation have been established. Plasma levels rose from just below 2 ng/ml at 20 weeks to approximately 5 ng/ml at term.", "PMID": 1191602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12383", "title": "Metabolism of prostaglandins within the pregnant uterus.", "content": "The metabolism of E and F prostaglandins has been studied in both fetal and maternal tissues obtained from the pregnant human uterus. Both 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and 13,14-prostaglandin reductase are shown to be widely distributed in these tissues. Comparison of the levels of enzyme activity in different tissues demonstrates that the greatest metabolism of prostaglandins takes place in the membranes and placenta and that there is much less in the myometrium and the decidua. The lowest enzyme activity was found in the umbilical cord, and no metabolism could be demonstrated in amniotic fluid or in umbilical venous blood. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Metabolism of prostaglandins within the pregnant uterus. The metabolism of E and F prostaglandins has been studied in both fetal and maternal tissues obtained from the pregnant human uterus. Both 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and 13,14-prostaglandin reductase are shown to be widely distributed in these tissues. Comparison of the levels of enzyme activity in different tissues demonstrates that the greatest metabolism of prostaglandins takes place in the membranes and placenta and that there is much less in the myometrium and the decidua. The lowest enzyme activity was found in the umbilical cord, and no metabolism could be demonstrated in amniotic fluid or in umbilical venous blood. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1191603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12384", "title": "The routine use of oral prostaglandin E2 in induction of labour.", "content": "Oral PGE2 when combined with amniotomy was found to be safe and also an effective agent for induction of labour at term even when intensive monitoring is not possible for all patients as is the case in the University Department in Kandang Kerbau Hosital which has 9000 deliveries per year. It was found to be most useful in patients with a pelvic score of 5 and above and especially in multigravidae. It obviates the discomform and difficulties in maintaining an intravenous infusion.", "contents": "The routine use of oral prostaglandin E2 in induction of labour. Oral PGE2 when combined with amniotomy was found to be safe and also an effective agent for induction of labour at term even when intensive monitoring is not possible for all patients as is the case in the University Department in Kandang Kerbau Hosital which has 9000 deliveries per year. It was found to be most useful in patients with a pelvic score of 5 and above and especially in multigravidae. It obviates the discomform and difficulties in maintaining an intravenous infusion.", "PMID": 1191604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12385", "title": "Serial human placental lactogen estimations in serum and placental weight-for-dates.", "content": "The relation between serial HPL assays in serum and placental weight-for-dates was studied in 70 randomly chosen pregnant women. Out of five different aspects of the HPL curve only a fall below the 2-3d centile without subsequent recovery was related to low placental weight. When a small-for-dates (SFD) placenta was associated with normal HPL levels, maternal body weight tended to be lower than if both placental weight and HPL levels were abnormal. This suggests that physiologically small placentae are discernible from pathologically small placentae by a normal HPL curve.", "contents": "Serial human placental lactogen estimations in serum and placental weight-for-dates. The relation between serial HPL assays in serum and placental weight-for-dates was studied in 70 randomly chosen pregnant women. Out of five different aspects of the HPL curve only a fall below the 2-3d centile without subsequent recovery was related to low placental weight. When a small-for-dates (SFD) placenta was associated with normal HPL levels, maternal body weight tended to be lower than if both placental weight and HPL levels were abnormal. This suggests that physiologically small placentae are discernible from pathologically small placentae by a normal HPL curve.", "PMID": 1191605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12386", "title": "Pregnancy in the overweight Nigerian.", "content": "One hundred pregnant patients weighing 80 kg or over at the 14th week of pregnancy were studied during their antenatal period and delivery. The incidence of pre-eclampsia, hypertension, pyelitis of pregnancy and operative delivery was higher in overweight patients than in an equivalent number of patients of average weight also studied. The age-related difference in antenatal weight gain in obese patients was confirmed. Two maternal deaths occurred among the overweight patients.", "contents": "Pregnancy in the overweight Nigerian. One hundred pregnant patients weighing 80 kg or over at the 14th week of pregnancy were studied during their antenatal period and delivery. The incidence of pre-eclampsia, hypertension, pyelitis of pregnancy and operative delivery was higher in overweight patients than in an equivalent number of patients of average weight also studied. The age-related difference in antenatal weight gain in obese patients was confirmed. Two maternal deaths occurred among the overweight patients.", "PMID": 1191606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12387", "title": "Maternal serum sialomucins during pregnancy and postpartum in patients with pre-eclampsia.", "content": "The seromucoid fraction of maternal serum glycoproteins is increased in pre-eclampsia and the rise, which is proportional to the severity of the disease, may reflect progressive placental deterioration with increasing trophoblast fragmentation and deportation. The pulmonary lysis of deported trophoblast effects the local release of fetal antigens and thromboplastin in the lungs. The former, which are immunologically inert because they are complexed with maternal serum seromucoid, are released into the peripheral circulation, while the local coagulation hazard presented by the latter is countered by intensified fibrinolytic activity, the products of which are also released into the peripheral circulation. In severe pre-eclampsia the peripheral circulation contains a considerable excess of physically similar proteins derived from the seromucoid fraction and fibrin degradation products, and the conditions which then obtain in the renal glomerulus favour the physical process of coacervation. In that event the mechanism of the origin and development of the renal lesion can be described in purely physical terms.", "contents": "Maternal serum sialomucins during pregnancy and postpartum in patients with pre-eclampsia. The seromucoid fraction of maternal serum glycoproteins is increased in pre-eclampsia and the rise, which is proportional to the severity of the disease, may reflect progressive placental deterioration with increasing trophoblast fragmentation and deportation. The pulmonary lysis of deported trophoblast effects the local release of fetal antigens and thromboplastin in the lungs. The former, which are immunologically inert because they are complexed with maternal serum seromucoid, are released into the peripheral circulation, while the local coagulation hazard presented by the latter is countered by intensified fibrinolytic activity, the products of which are also released into the peripheral circulation. In severe pre-eclampsia the peripheral circulation contains a considerable excess of physically similar proteins derived from the seromucoid fraction and fibrin degradation products, and the conditions which then obtain in the renal glomerulus favour the physical process of coacervation. In that event the mechanism of the origin and development of the renal lesion can be described in purely physical terms.", "PMID": 1191607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12388", "title": "Vaginal candidiasis and the role of the digestive tract as a source of infection.", "content": "Of 300 female patients seen in a Venereal Diseases clinic, 84 (28-0 per cent) were found to be harbouring Candida albicans or C. parapsilosis in the genital tract and 33 per cent of these patients had clinical signs of vulvovaginitis. Of the 84 patients, 71-4 per cent harboured yeasts in the ano-rectal tract; of the remaining 216 patients, 25-9 per cent harboured yeasts in the ano-rectal tract. There was no evidence to suggest that the incidence of yeasts in the mouth, ano-rectal or genital tracts changed with age or use of oral contraception.", "contents": "Vaginal candidiasis and the role of the digestive tract as a source of infection. Of 300 female patients seen in a Venereal Diseases clinic, 84 (28-0 per cent) were found to be harbouring Candida albicans or C. parapsilosis in the genital tract and 33 per cent of these patients had clinical signs of vulvovaginitis. Of the 84 patients, 71-4 per cent harboured yeasts in the ano-rectal tract; of the remaining 216 patients, 25-9 per cent harboured yeasts in the ano-rectal tract. There was no evidence to suggest that the incidence of yeasts in the mouth, ano-rectal or genital tracts changed with age or use of oral contraception.", "PMID": 1191608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12389", "title": "Summary code for ocular herpes simplex.", "content": "A code for herpetic eye disease is presented. This simplifies the management of individual patients, and the up-to-date code summary of each case is easily maintained thus facilitating assessment of interrelating factors. It is suggested that the pattern of herpetic eye disease may have prognostic and epidemiological significance. This system has simplified retrieval of such data.", "contents": "Summary code for ocular herpes simplex. A code for herpetic eye disease is presented. This simplifies the management of individual patients, and the up-to-date code summary of each case is easily maintained thus facilitating assessment of interrelating factors. It is suggested that the pattern of herpetic eye disease may have prognostic and epidemiological significance. This system has simplified retrieval of such data.", "PMID": 1191611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12390", "title": "Use of random-dot sterograms in the clinical assessment of strabismic patients.", "content": "Random-dot stereograms were shown to a sample of strabismic patients for whom there was clinical evidence of stereopsis. Two kinds of sterograms were used, one of the usual sort and the other having a contour surrounding the disparate area in each field of view. The patients tested could be clearly classified as belonging to one of three response groups. The first group could fuse both kinds of stereogram, the second could fuse only he contoured kind, and the third could not fuse either kind. This grouping was found to relate to the degree to which bifoveal binocular single vision had been absent in the clinical histories of these patients. The result is discussed in terms of the consequences for vergence and stereopsis of period of absence of normal binocular function.", "contents": "Use of random-dot sterograms in the clinical assessment of strabismic patients. Random-dot stereograms were shown to a sample of strabismic patients for whom there was clinical evidence of stereopsis. Two kinds of sterograms were used, one of the usual sort and the other having a contour surrounding the disparate area in each field of view. The patients tested could be clearly classified as belonging to one of three response groups. The first group could fuse both kinds of stereogram, the second could fuse only he contoured kind, and the third could not fuse either kind. This grouping was found to relate to the degree to which bifoveal binocular single vision had been absent in the clinical histories of these patients. The result is discussed in terms of the consequences for vergence and stereopsis of period of absence of normal binocular function.", "PMID": 1191612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12391", "title": "Graduated recession of the superior oblique muscle.", "content": "Recession of the superior oblique was performed bilaterally in 12 patients with the A phenomenon and unilaterally in four patients with vertical imbalance. The results are discussed.", "contents": "Graduated recession of the superior oblique muscle. Recession of the superior oblique was performed bilaterally in 12 patients with the A phenomenon and unilaterally in four patients with vertical imbalance. The results are discussed.", "PMID": 1191613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12392", "title": "Electrovitreotomy. 2. Principles and results.", "content": "Continued experience confirms the suitability of electrovitreotomy for dividing pathogenically taut proliferative and non-proliferative vitreous forms with a minimum of bleeding, and an inability to cut vitreous of ordinary consistency and tension. It differs directly with electrovitrectomy in these regards. To use effectively with a minimum of complications it is mandatory to have a vitrectomy capability immediately at hand and to respect a wide variety of interrelated factors that include: current density, electrical resistance of tissues, duration of electrical action: dimension, insulation, and configuration of the electrode: configuration, tension, location, and morphological content of dissectable structures. Mobile and dispersed blood in the liquid of the retrovitreal space often surrounds cuttable vitreous lesions. Frequently rest causes it to sediment and improves viewing sufficiently to permit effective electrovitreotomy without vitrectomy.", "contents": "Electrovitreotomy. 2. Principles and results. Continued experience confirms the suitability of electrovitreotomy for dividing pathogenically taut proliferative and non-proliferative vitreous forms with a minimum of bleeding, and an inability to cut vitreous of ordinary consistency and tension. It differs directly with electrovitrectomy in these regards. To use effectively with a minimum of complications it is mandatory to have a vitrectomy capability immediately at hand and to respect a wide variety of interrelated factors that include: current density, electrical resistance of tissues, duration of electrical action: dimension, insulation, and configuration of the electrode: configuration, tension, location, and morphological content of dissectable structures. Mobile and dispersed blood in the liquid of the retrovitreal space often surrounds cuttable vitreous lesions. Frequently rest causes it to sediment and improves viewing sufficiently to permit effective electrovitreotomy without vitrectomy.", "PMID": 1191615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12393", "title": "Corneal rust removal by electric drill. Clinical trial by comparison with manual removal.", "content": "The dental burr rotated by an electric drill is the quickest, safest, and most precise form of treatment for corneal rust rings. It enables complete removal of the corneal rust at a single treatment and leaves a smooth crater that is no larger than the original rust ring. Pain relief is more rapid after electric drill removal; this is probably related to the complete removal of the rust. Epithelial and stromal healing are marginally faster than after manual removal and the patients'  duration of attendance is less. The ideal drill is a slim straight instrument, which rotates dental burrs and is operated by a light finger pressure. A brake which stops drill rotation on lifting the finger is a useful safety feature.", "contents": "Corneal rust removal by electric drill. Clinical trial by comparison with manual removal. The dental burr rotated by an electric drill is the quickest, safest, and most precise form of treatment for corneal rust rings. It enables complete removal of the corneal rust at a single treatment and leaves a smooth crater that is no larger than the original rust ring. Pain relief is more rapid after electric drill removal; this is probably related to the complete removal of the rust. Epithelial and stromal healing are marginally faster than after manual removal and the patients'  duration of attendance is less. The ideal drill is a slim straight instrument, which rotates dental burrs and is operated by a light finger pressure. A brake which stops drill rotation on lifting the finger is a useful safety feature.", "PMID": 1191616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12394", "title": "Identification of copper ions in aqueous and vitreous of eyes containing copper and iron foreign bodies.", "content": "The reliability of aqueous analysis by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer for copper ion content in samples from eyes containing intravitreal pure copper particles was investigated. It was demonstrated that values of copper ions rose well above the normal in the aqueous as well as in the vitreous of such eyes. The standard deviations of the mean values were generally high. It was also found that a similar copper ion content increase occurred in eyes containing iron particles. The possible clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Identification of copper ions in aqueous and vitreous of eyes containing copper and iron foreign bodies. The reliability of aqueous analysis by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer for copper ion content in samples from eyes containing intravitreal pure copper particles was investigated. It was demonstrated that values of copper ions rose well above the normal in the aqueous as well as in the vitreous of such eyes. The standard deviations of the mean values were generally high. It was also found that a similar copper ion content increase occurred in eyes containing iron particles. The possible clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1191617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12395", "title": "Trachoma in the Sudan. An epidemiological study.", "content": "The prevalence and distribution of trachoma in the Sudan has been studied. The morbidity rate of 83.2 per 1000 in the Northern Province decreases southwards until it reaches 0.94 in the extreme south (Equatoria Province). 2. In endemic areas infection starts very early--in the first year of life. 3. There is a marked difference between the prevalence of trachoma in towns and villages--71.3 per cent for the age group 1-4 years in villages, and 56.7 per cent for the same age group in the towns. This is probably due to better standards of living and hygiene in the towns. 4. Some relationship has been found between the rainfall, the relative humidity, and the incidence of trachoma, but this does not necessarily apply in other countries. 5. The factors that may explain the high prevalence of trachoma in the northern Sudan are: a. Mechanical trauma caused by frequent sandstorms. b. Irritation of the eyes by dust particles, leading to excessive watering and discharge, and rubbing with the fingers. c. The habit of frequent hand-shaking. d. Poor personal hygiene in pre-schoolchildren. e. Associated bacterial conjunctivitis. f. The presence of eye-seeking flies.", "contents": "Trachoma in the Sudan. An epidemiological study. The prevalence and distribution of trachoma in the Sudan has been studied. The morbidity rate of 83.2 per 1000 in the Northern Province decreases southwards until it reaches 0.94 in the extreme south (Equatoria Province). 2. In endemic areas infection starts very early--in the first year of life. 3. There is a marked difference between the prevalence of trachoma in towns and villages--71.3 per cent for the age group 1-4 years in villages, and 56.7 per cent for the same age group in the towns. This is probably due to better standards of living and hygiene in the towns. 4. Some relationship has been found between the rainfall, the relative humidity, and the incidence of trachoma, but this does not necessarily apply in other countries. 5. The factors that may explain the high prevalence of trachoma in the northern Sudan are: a. Mechanical trauma caused by frequent sandstorms. b. Irritation of the eyes by dust particles, leading to excessive watering and discharge, and rubbing with the fingers. c. The habit of frequent hand-shaking. d. Poor personal hygiene in pre-schoolchildren. e. Associated bacterial conjunctivitis. f. The presence of eye-seeking flies.", "PMID": 1191619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12396", "title": "Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. Age, sex, and duration of diabetes.", "content": "From a list of all patients seen at the Joslin Clinic in a recent 6-month period, a random sample of 965 was selected for record review by a clinic assistant. A house physician specializing in diabetes then verified and adjusted the assistant's work as necessary. The data were analyzed both by simple cross-classification and by fitting a multiple logistic risk function. As often reported previously, we found a strong positive association between retinopathy and duration of diabetes. One of our findings which has not been so clearly reported in earlier papers is that the positive association between retinopathy and age is limited to the group with diabetes of less than 10 years' duration. We also found sex differences in retinopathy prevalence which were not large enough to rule out attributing them to chance.", "contents": "Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. Age, sex, and duration of diabetes. From a list of all patients seen at the Joslin Clinic in a recent 6-month period, a random sample of 965 was selected for record review by a clinic assistant. A house physician specializing in diabetes then verified and adjusted the assistant's work as necessary. The data were analyzed both by simple cross-classification and by fitting a multiple logistic risk function. As often reported previously, we found a strong positive association between retinopathy and duration of diabetes. One of our findings which has not been so clearly reported in earlier papers is that the positive association between retinopathy and age is limited to the group with diabetes of less than 10 years' duration. We also found sex differences in retinopathy prevalence which were not large enough to rule out attributing them to chance.", "PMID": 1191620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12397", "title": "Atypical cotton-wool spots.", "content": "Atypical cotton-wool spots in four selected cases of diabetic retinopathy are discussed. The most striking characteristic distinguishing them from typical cotton-wool spots is their size, which ranges from about 2 to 4 disc diameters. They develop after stenosis or a complete obstruction of a first order arteriole at the point at which it emerges from the parent arterial branch. The size of the lesion corresponds with the size of the affected arteriole. Restoration of local circulation is attempted by neighbouring arterioles and venules, the latter carrying a reversed blood flow. Arterio-venous communications along the border of the infarcted area are a prominent feature, most likely attributable to the necessity of free drainage of the arterial influx. The same haemodynamic principle applies to the coarsening of the adjacent capillary bed. Secondary changes of the bordering venous branches include aneurysm formation and the staining of the venous wall.", "contents": "Atypical cotton-wool spots. Atypical cotton-wool spots in four selected cases of diabetic retinopathy are discussed. The most striking characteristic distinguishing them from typical cotton-wool spots is their size, which ranges from about 2 to 4 disc diameters. They develop after stenosis or a complete obstruction of a first order arteriole at the point at which it emerges from the parent arterial branch. The size of the lesion corresponds with the size of the affected arteriole. Restoration of local circulation is attempted by neighbouring arterioles and venules, the latter carrying a reversed blood flow. Arterio-venous communications along the border of the infarcted area are a prominent feature, most likely attributable to the necessity of free drainage of the arterial influx. The same haemodynamic principle applies to the coarsening of the adjacent capillary bed. Secondary changes of the bordering venous branches include aneurysm formation and the staining of the venous wall.", "PMID": 1191621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12398", "title": "Retinal macroaneurysms.", "content": "Twenty patients with retinal macroaneurysms were examined and observed for at least 9 months. All these patients were elderly and had evidence of hypertension or systemic vascular disease. Nineteen patients presented with loss of central vision and one patient was asymptomatic. Visual loss was due to macular haemorrhage in 13 patients and macular oedema in 6. Whereas the visual prognosis in patients with haemorrhage was good it was considerably poorer in the patients with macular oedema.", "contents": "Retinal macroaneurysms. Twenty patients with retinal macroaneurysms were examined and observed for at least 9 months. All these patients were elderly and had evidence of hypertension or systemic vascular disease. Nineteen patients presented with loss of central vision and one patient was asymptomatic. Visual loss was due to macular haemorrhage in 13 patients and macular oedema in 6. Whereas the visual prognosis in patients with haemorrhage was good it was considerably poorer in the patients with macular oedema.", "PMID": 1191622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12399", "title": "Genetic analysis of cover test measures and AC/A ratio in human populations with varying incidences of strabismus.", "content": "The genetic analyses of indices relating to distance alignment and accommodative convergence are presented. This approach is important in understanding the contribution of genetic factors to observed individual differences for these measures. Abnormalities of either of these two components results in a tendency towards either a convergent or divergent position of the eyes (relative to the position of fusional demand) and thus places an additional load or strain on the other components of the binocular mechanism which must compensate for this potential disruption. If compensation is inadequate to maintain alignment of the eyes, a manifest deviation will result. Consequently, an understanding of the aetiology of such factors underlies an understanding of the aetiology of nonparalytic strabismus. The three populations displayed different tendencies in the cover test measure. The average tendency for each of the populations was consistent with the type of deviation common to all propositi of families within each of the respective populations. The heritability of this character was similar in the three populations and was dependent on the contribution of the female parent only, but to a substantial degree (h2 = 0-42 +/- 0-12). The nature of the sex difference is at present open to speculation. The population means within generations were similar for the gradient measure of AC/A ratio. The heritability of this character (0-38 +/- 0-09) suggests that the genetic component is of substantial importance underlying individual differences for AC/A ratio.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of cover test measures and AC/A ratio in human populations with varying incidences of strabismus. The genetic analyses of indices relating to distance alignment and accommodative convergence are presented. This approach is important in understanding the contribution of genetic factors to observed individual differences for these measures. Abnormalities of either of these two components results in a tendency towards either a convergent or divergent position of the eyes (relative to the position of fusional demand) and thus places an additional load or strain on the other components of the binocular mechanism which must compensate for this potential disruption. If compensation is inadequate to maintain alignment of the eyes, a manifest deviation will result. Consequently, an understanding of the aetiology of such factors underlies an understanding of the aetiology of nonparalytic strabismus. The three populations displayed different tendencies in the cover test measure. The average tendency for each of the populations was consistent with the type of deviation common to all propositi of families within each of the respective populations. The heritability of this character was similar in the three populations and was dependent on the contribution of the female parent only, but to a substantial degree (h2 = 0-42 +/- 0-12). The nature of the sex difference is at present open to speculation. The population means within generations were similar for the gradient measure of AC/A ratio. The heritability of this character (0-38 +/- 0-09) suggests that the genetic component is of substantial importance underlying individual differences for AC/A ratio.", "PMID": 1191623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12400", "title": "Superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome.", "content": "Clinical examination of 15 patients with the superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome showed that 12 of them had some evidence of stenosing tenosynovitis.", "contents": "Superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome. Clinical examination of 15 patients with the superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome showed that 12 of them had some evidence of stenosing tenosynovitis.", "PMID": 1191624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12401", "title": "Ross' syndrome (tonic pupil plus).", "content": "Two cases of tonic pupil, hyporeflexia, and segmental hypohidrosis (Ross' syndrome) are reported. The relationship of this syndrome to other autonomic dysfunction is discussed. Those symptoms (emotional instability, loss of sweating, orthostatic hypotensive symptoms, and signs of bilaterality of the tonic pupil) which should alert the clinician to more extensive disease states are noted. It is suggested that these conditions may represent a continuum or spectrum of disorders with a widespread degree of severity and progression.", "contents": "Ross' syndrome (tonic pupil plus). Two cases of tonic pupil, hyporeflexia, and segmental hypohidrosis (Ross' syndrome) are reported. The relationship of this syndrome to other autonomic dysfunction is discussed. Those symptoms (emotional instability, loss of sweating, orthostatic hypotensive symptoms, and signs of bilaterality of the tonic pupil) which should alert the clinician to more extensive disease states are noted. It is suggested that these conditions may represent a continuum or spectrum of disorders with a widespread degree of severity and progression.", "PMID": 1191625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12402", "title": "A new approach to the study of phospholipid-protein interactions in biological membranes. Synthesis of fatty acids and phospholipids containing photosensitive groups.", "content": "In a general approach to the study, in vivo and in vitro, of the interactions between phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes, a variety of fatty acids containing photosensitive groups in different positions in the alkyl chains has been synthesized. The fatty acids synthesized include: 16-azidopalmitelaidic acid, 12-azidooleic acid, 6-, 9-, 11-, and 12-azidostearic acid, 12-omicron-(ethyl-2-diazomalonyl)stearic and -oleic acids, 12-omicron-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)stearic and -oleic acids, and 12-oxo-10-octadecenoic acid. Some of the above synthetic fatty acids were also prepared in the radioactively labeled form. For in vitro studies, many of the above fatty acids were used to acylate the 2 position in the preparation of a number of mixed acylphosphatidylcholines and mixed acylphosphatidylethanolamines. On sonication, the synthetic phospholipids formed sealed vesicles. Intermolecular cross-linking of the fatty acyl chains in phospholipids was demonstrated on photolysis of the vesicles.", "contents": "A new approach to the study of phospholipid-protein interactions in biological membranes. Synthesis of fatty acids and phospholipids containing photosensitive groups. In a general approach to the study, in vivo and in vitro, of the interactions between phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes, a variety of fatty acids containing photosensitive groups in different positions in the alkyl chains has been synthesized. The fatty acids synthesized include: 16-azidopalmitelaidic acid, 12-azidooleic acid, 6-, 9-, 11-, and 12-azidostearic acid, 12-omicron-(ethyl-2-diazomalonyl)stearic and -oleic acids, 12-omicron-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)stearic and -oleic acids, and 12-oxo-10-octadecenoic acid. Some of the above synthetic fatty acids were also prepared in the radioactively labeled form. For in vitro studies, many of the above fatty acids were used to acylate the 2 position in the preparation of a number of mixed acylphosphatidylcholines and mixed acylphosphatidylethanolamines. On sonication, the synthetic phospholipids formed sealed vesicles. Intermolecular cross-linking of the fatty acyl chains in phospholipids was demonstrated on photolysis of the vesicles.", "PMID": 1191626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12403", "title": "The subunit structure of thymus leukemia antigens.", "content": "EDTA-containing buffer solubilizes thymus leukemia antigens (TLa) from crude thymocyte membrane fractions. The TL antigens consist mainly of molecules of a size similar to immunoglobulin G when gel chromatography analyses were performed under physiological conditions. A single component of TLa was apparent on sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation of solubilized thymocyte membrane macromolecules as monitored by indirect immunoprecipitation. The sedimentation constant for the TL antigens (5.8 S) was considerably less than that for immunoglobulin G. The gel chromatography and ultracentrifugation data suggest an apparent molecular weight for TLa of about 120000. TLa isolated by indirect immunoprecipitation is composed of two types of polypeptide chains. The smaller subunit was identified as beta2-microglobulin. The larger polypeptide chain carried the alloantigenic determinants and displayed a molecular weight of about 50000 after reduction and alkylation. TLa subjected to molecular weight determination under denaturing conditions was composed of two components. The smaller component was beta2-microglobulin which evidently is linked to the larger polypeptide chain by noncovalent interactions only. The larger component had a size greater than reduced and alkylated immunoglobulin G heavy chains. Upon reduction and alkylation of the latter component its size was reduced and it appeared to have a molecular weight of about 50000. Consequently, TLa is composed of two disulfide linked heavy polypeptide chains and two beta2-microglobulin molecules. TLa solubilized by papain digestion comprises two polypeptide chains, one of which is beta2-microglobulin. The larger 37000-dalton subunit is a fragment of the heavy polypeptide chain. This was demonstrated by digesting solubilized 120000-dalton TLa with papain. The proteolytic fragments obtained were indistinguishable from those directly released from the cell surface by proteolysis. The papain-derived TLa fragment exhibited most if not all the alloantigenic determinants.", "contents": "The subunit structure of thymus leukemia antigens. EDTA-containing buffer solubilizes thymus leukemia antigens (TLa) from crude thymocyte membrane fractions. The TL antigens consist mainly of molecules of a size similar to immunoglobulin G when gel chromatography analyses were performed under physiological conditions. A single component of TLa was apparent on sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation of solubilized thymocyte membrane macromolecules as monitored by indirect immunoprecipitation. The sedimentation constant for the TL antigens (5.8 S) was considerably less than that for immunoglobulin G. The gel chromatography and ultracentrifugation data suggest an apparent molecular weight for TLa of about 120000. TLa isolated by indirect immunoprecipitation is composed of two types of polypeptide chains. The smaller subunit was identified as beta2-microglobulin. The larger polypeptide chain carried the alloantigenic determinants and displayed a molecular weight of about 50000 after reduction and alkylation. TLa subjected to molecular weight determination under denaturing conditions was composed of two components. The smaller component was beta2-microglobulin which evidently is linked to the larger polypeptide chain by noncovalent interactions only. The larger component had a size greater than reduced and alkylated immunoglobulin G heavy chains. Upon reduction and alkylation of the latter component its size was reduced and it appeared to have a molecular weight of about 50000. Consequently, TLa is composed of two disulfide linked heavy polypeptide chains and two beta2-microglobulin molecules. TLa solubilized by papain digestion comprises two polypeptide chains, one of which is beta2-microglobulin. The larger 37000-dalton subunit is a fragment of the heavy polypeptide chain. This was demonstrated by digesting solubilized 120000-dalton TLa with papain. The proteolytic fragments obtained were indistinguishable from those directly released from the cell surface by proteolysis. The papain-derived TLa fragment exhibited most if not all the alloantigenic determinants.", "PMID": 1191627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12404", "title": "Studies on the Methyl Green-DNA complex and its dissociation by drugs.", "content": "Spectrophotometric results indicated that Methyl Green bound stably to native calf thymus DNA and to poly[d(A-T)] but to a lesser extent to phiX 174 DNA, tRNAs, and poly(dG-dC), a copolymer that exists preferentially in the A conformation. Exposing the Methyl Green-DNA complex to graded concentrations of ethyl alcohol liberated part of the dye slowly by a zero-order reaction; higher alcohol concentrations which cause the B leads to A transition of DNA released the bulk of Methyl Green. The viscosity of the Methyl Green-DNA complex was significantly lower than that of the uncomplexed DNA. The dye was progressively liberated from DNA by 1.5 x 10(-1) M NaCl and by much lower concentrations of Mg2+; in its stoichiometric complex with DNA, it increased Tm by approximately 12 degrees C. A series of DNA-complexing drugs displaced Methyl Green from DNA at exponential rates and to end points which were correlated. End points of displacement correlated with the abilities of drugs to unwind supercoiled DNA, to labilize ribosomes to heat, and to eliminate a kanamycin resistance determinant from an R factor carried by Salmonella typhimurium. Additional correlations between Methyl Green displacement and biochemical-biological activities of displacing drugs are cited. In conjunction with these findings, our results suggest that Methyl Green displacement analysis is a useful biochemical screen for the detection or development of biologically active compounds which bind to DNA.", "contents": "Studies on the Methyl Green-DNA complex and its dissociation by drugs. Spectrophotometric results indicated that Methyl Green bound stably to native calf thymus DNA and to poly[d(A-T)] but to a lesser extent to phiX 174 DNA, tRNAs, and poly(dG-dC), a copolymer that exists preferentially in the A conformation. Exposing the Methyl Green-DNA complex to graded concentrations of ethyl alcohol liberated part of the dye slowly by a zero-order reaction; higher alcohol concentrations which cause the B leads to A transition of DNA released the bulk of Methyl Green. The viscosity of the Methyl Green-DNA complex was significantly lower than that of the uncomplexed DNA. The dye was progressively liberated from DNA by 1.5 x 10(-1) M NaCl and by much lower concentrations of Mg2+; in its stoichiometric complex with DNA, it increased Tm by approximately 12 degrees C. A series of DNA-complexing drugs displaced Methyl Green from DNA at exponential rates and to end points which were correlated. End points of displacement correlated with the abilities of drugs to unwind supercoiled DNA, to labilize ribosomes to heat, and to eliminate a kanamycin resistance determinant from an R factor carried by Salmonella typhimurium. Additional correlations between Methyl Green displacement and biochemical-biological activities of displacing drugs are cited. In conjunction with these findings, our results suggest that Methyl Green displacement analysis is a useful biochemical screen for the detection or development of biologically active compounds which bind to DNA.", "PMID": 1191628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12405", "title": "Purification of human placenta phenylalanine, valine, methionine, glucine, and serine transfer ribonucleic acids.", "content": "By using column chromatography on varied media, the purification of several individual tRNAs from human placenta has been achieved. The crude human placenta tRNA was isolated using phenol extraction at pH 4.5 followed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography (B. Roe (1975), Nucleic Acids Res. 2, 21-42) and initially fractionated on BD-cellulose at neutral pH. Subsequent chromatography of the partially purified tRNA using high-speed, high-pressure liquid chromatography on RPC-5 and Aminex A-28 coupled with chromatography on BD-cellulose at acidic pH and on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 significantly shortened isolation time for milligram quantities of several pure tRNA species. Those tRNAs from human placenta obtained in a purity greater than 1.2 nmol/A260 unit are tRNAPhe, tRNAMet(i), tRNAVal(1a), tRNAVal(1b), and tRNAGly(1), while those obtained at purity of at least 0.8 nmol/A260 unit are tRNASer2 and tRNASer3. In addition, the use of Aminex A-28 as a chromatographic system for the isolation of tRNA is discussed.", "contents": "Purification of human placenta phenylalanine, valine, methionine, glucine, and serine transfer ribonucleic acids. By using column chromatography on varied media, the purification of several individual tRNAs from human placenta has been achieved. The crude human placenta tRNA was isolated using phenol extraction at pH 4.5 followed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography (B. Roe (1975), Nucleic Acids Res. 2, 21-42) and initially fractionated on BD-cellulose at neutral pH. Subsequent chromatography of the partially purified tRNA using high-speed, high-pressure liquid chromatography on RPC-5 and Aminex A-28 coupled with chromatography on BD-cellulose at acidic pH and on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 significantly shortened isolation time for milligram quantities of several pure tRNA species. Those tRNAs from human placenta obtained in a purity greater than 1.2 nmol/A260 unit are tRNAPhe, tRNAMet(i), tRNAVal(1a), tRNAVal(1b), and tRNAGly(1), while those obtained at purity of at least 0.8 nmol/A260 unit are tRNASer2 and tRNASer3. In addition, the use of Aminex A-28 as a chromatographic system for the isolation of tRNA is discussed.", "PMID": 1191629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12406", "title": "Alkyl isocyanates as active site-specific reagents for serine proteases. Location of alkyl binding site in chymotrypsin by X-ray diffraction.", "content": "The structure of octylcarbamoyl-alpha-chymotrypsin to a resolution of 3.0 A is described. The n-octyl side chain of the active site directed irreversible inactivator octyl isocyanate is bound exclusively in the hydrophobic substrate binding pocket. The n-octyl isocyanate forms a planar urethane bond with the Ser-195 Ogamma and extends approximately 1 A deeper into the hydrophobic pocket than the indolyl group of indoleacryloyl-alpha-chymotrypsin (Henderson, R. (1970), J. Mol. Biol. 54, 341). All the structural changes are essentially identical with those observed in indoleacryloyl-alpha-chymotrypsin including the observation of a hydrogen bonded water molecule between the carbonyl oxygen of the octylcarbamoyl group and the imidazole group of His-57. The observed mode of n-octyl alkyl binding to chymotrypsin is consistent with the hypothesis proposed earlier (Brown, W. E. and Wold, F. (1973), Biochemistry 12, 828).", "contents": "Alkyl isocyanates as active site-specific reagents for serine proteases. Location of alkyl binding site in chymotrypsin by X-ray diffraction. The structure of octylcarbamoyl-alpha-chymotrypsin to a resolution of 3.0 A is described. The n-octyl side chain of the active site directed irreversible inactivator octyl isocyanate is bound exclusively in the hydrophobic substrate binding pocket. The n-octyl isocyanate forms a planar urethane bond with the Ser-195 Ogamma and extends approximately 1 A deeper into the hydrophobic pocket than the indolyl group of indoleacryloyl-alpha-chymotrypsin (Henderson, R. (1970), J. Mol. Biol. 54, 341). All the structural changes are essentially identical with those observed in indoleacryloyl-alpha-chymotrypsin including the observation of a hydrogen bonded water molecule between the carbonyl oxygen of the octylcarbamoyl group and the imidazole group of His-57. The observed mode of n-octyl alkyl binding to chymotrypsin is consistent with the hypothesis proposed earlier (Brown, W. E. and Wold, F. (1973), Biochemistry 12, 828).", "PMID": 1191630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12407", "title": "Isolation and characterization of cyanogen bromide fragments and a glycopeptide from the Dolichos biflorus lectin.", "content": "The 110000 molecular weight Dolichos biflorus lectin is a glycoprotein composed of four subunits of approximately 27000 molecular weight with one methionine residue per subunit (Carter and Etzler, 1975b). Cyanogen bromide cleavage of the lectin yielded two fragments with approximate molecular weights of 15000 and 12000 as determined by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. Only the 15000 molecular weight fragment stained for carbohydrate with the periodic acid-Schiff stain. The two fragments were isolated, and their amino acid compositions were determined. The 15000 molecular weight fragment was identified as the amino terminal segment of the lectin subunits by NH2-terminal amino acid analysis. A glycopeptide with a minimum molecular weight of 1100 was isolated from the lectin by exhaustive Pronase digestion. Complete acid hydrolysis of the glycopeptide yielded aspartic acid, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine in the ratio of 1:4-5:1-2. Partial acid hydrolysis of the glycopeptide produced a component which had an identical mobility with commercial N-acetylglucosaminylasparagine in high voltage paper electrophoresis. The data indicate that the carbohydrate unit of the lectin is bound to the amino terminal half of the subunits by a glycosylamine linkage between N-acetylglucosamine and asparagine.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of cyanogen bromide fragments and a glycopeptide from the Dolichos biflorus lectin. The 110000 molecular weight Dolichos biflorus lectin is a glycoprotein composed of four subunits of approximately 27000 molecular weight with one methionine residue per subunit (Carter and Etzler, 1975b). Cyanogen bromide cleavage of the lectin yielded two fragments with approximate molecular weights of 15000 and 12000 as determined by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. Only the 15000 molecular weight fragment stained for carbohydrate with the periodic acid-Schiff stain. The two fragments were isolated, and their amino acid compositions were determined. The 15000 molecular weight fragment was identified as the amino terminal segment of the lectin subunits by NH2-terminal amino acid analysis. A glycopeptide with a minimum molecular weight of 1100 was isolated from the lectin by exhaustive Pronase digestion. Complete acid hydrolysis of the glycopeptide yielded aspartic acid, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine in the ratio of 1:4-5:1-2. Partial acid hydrolysis of the glycopeptide produced a component which had an identical mobility with commercial N-acetylglucosaminylasparagine in high voltage paper electrophoresis. The data indicate that the carbohydrate unit of the lectin is bound to the amino terminal half of the subunits by a glycosylamine linkage between N-acetylglucosamine and asparagine.", "PMID": 1191631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12408", "title": "The linkage between oxygenation and subunit dissociation in human hemoglobin. Consequences for the analysis of oxygenation curves.", "content": "For human hemoglobin, a pronounced dependence of oxygenation curves upon protein concentration can be demonstrated experimentally in the range between 10(-4) and 2 X 10(-6) M heme. The effects of such protein concentration dependence upon analysis of saturation curves have been explored using a model-independent linkage analysis which incorporates the dissociation of tetramers to dimers. We have carried out stimulations of oxygenation curves representing a variety of energy distributions designed to cover a wide range of values which are relevant to known hemoglobin systems and experimental conditions. The resulting simulated oxygenation curves were analyzed by least-squares minimization procedures in terms of the tetramer binding isotherm to yield the four apparent Adair constants. These derived constants were compared with the originally assumed values used in the simulation in order to assess the extent to which their values may be altered by the presence of dimer. For each energy distribution the analysis has been carried out over a wide range of protein concentration. We have found that the presence of even small amounts of dimer that are necessarily present at the low protein concentrations commonly employed may have a devastating effect upon the reliability of Adair constant determinations. In addition to these simulated cases, we have analyzed two sets of highly precise experimental data from the literature in order to assess the degree to which constants obtained may have been influenced by the presence of dimer.", "contents": "The linkage between oxygenation and subunit dissociation in human hemoglobin. Consequences for the analysis of oxygenation curves. For human hemoglobin, a pronounced dependence of oxygenation curves upon protein concentration can be demonstrated experimentally in the range between 10(-4) and 2 X 10(-6) M heme. The effects of such protein concentration dependence upon analysis of saturation curves have been explored using a model-independent linkage analysis which incorporates the dissociation of tetramers to dimers. We have carried out stimulations of oxygenation curves representing a variety of energy distributions designed to cover a wide range of values which are relevant to known hemoglobin systems and experimental conditions. The resulting simulated oxygenation curves were analyzed by least-squares minimization procedures in terms of the tetramer binding isotherm to yield the four apparent Adair constants. These derived constants were compared with the originally assumed values used in the simulation in order to assess the extent to which their values may be altered by the presence of dimer. For each energy distribution the analysis has been carried out over a wide range of protein concentration. We have found that the presence of even small amounts of dimer that are necessarily present at the low protein concentrations commonly employed may have a devastating effect upon the reliability of Adair constant determinations. In addition to these simulated cases, we have analyzed two sets of highly precise experimental data from the literature in order to assess the degree to which constants obtained may have been influenced by the presence of dimer.", "PMID": 1191632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12409", "title": "Molecular mobility and structure of elastin deduced from the solvent and temperature dependence of 13C magnetic resonance relaxation data.", "content": "13C relaxation parameters, T1, line width, and NOE, have been determined for backbone carbons of ligamentum nuchae elastin swollen by 0.15 M NaCl, 0.15 M NaCl-formamide, 0.15 M NaCl-ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and formamide. The data have been analyzed in terms of (a) a single correlation time model and (b) a model employing a log-chi2 distribution of correlation times used by Schaefer (1973) to analyze solid cis-polyisoprene 13C relaxation data. Employing the latter mode, one obtains an approximately self-consistent quantitative analysis of all the elastin data. An average backbone correlation time, tau, of ca. 2 nsec is calculated for elastin swollen in the presence of polar organic solvents at 37 degrees, in approximate agreement with tau of 0.4 nsec obtained for bulk cis-polyisoprene at 35 degrees. The influence of solvent and temperature on elastin spectra indicate that the larger tau value (approximately 80 nsec) obtained for elastin swollen by 0.15 M NaCl at 37 degrees is a consequence of weak interchain polar and hydrophobic interactions, a result which is in accord with the reported viscoelastic behavior exhibited by water-swollen elastin at 37 degrees. The results obtained further suggest that Gly, Pro, and Val residues are significantly more mobile than Ala residues, which are located in the cross-link regions. Hence, the NMR data support the view that water-swollen elastin is composed of a network of mobile chains, except possibly in the cross-link regions.", "contents": "Molecular mobility and structure of elastin deduced from the solvent and temperature dependence of 13C magnetic resonance relaxation data. 13C relaxation parameters, T1, line width, and NOE, have been determined for backbone carbons of ligamentum nuchae elastin swollen by 0.15 M NaCl, 0.15 M NaCl-formamide, 0.15 M NaCl-ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and formamide. The data have been analyzed in terms of (a) a single correlation time model and (b) a model employing a log-chi2 distribution of correlation times used by Schaefer (1973) to analyze solid cis-polyisoprene 13C relaxation data. Employing the latter mode, one obtains an approximately self-consistent quantitative analysis of all the elastin data. An average backbone correlation time, tau, of ca. 2 nsec is calculated for elastin swollen in the presence of polar organic solvents at 37 degrees, in approximate agreement with tau of 0.4 nsec obtained for bulk cis-polyisoprene at 35 degrees. The influence of solvent and temperature on elastin spectra indicate that the larger tau value (approximately 80 nsec) obtained for elastin swollen by 0.15 M NaCl at 37 degrees is a consequence of weak interchain polar and hydrophobic interactions, a result which is in accord with the reported viscoelastic behavior exhibited by water-swollen elastin at 37 degrees. The results obtained further suggest that Gly, Pro, and Val residues are significantly more mobile than Ala residues, which are located in the cross-link regions. Hence, the NMR data support the view that water-swollen elastin is composed of a network of mobile chains, except possibly in the cross-link regions.", "PMID": 1191633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12410", "title": "Partial purification of \"omega\" protein from calf thymus.", "content": "Proteins which relax supercoiled DNA, called \"omega\" proteins, are thought to be involved in DNA replication. Calf thymus is a plentiful source of \"omega\" protein activity. It has been extensively purified and has been characterized as behaving similarly to other eukaryotic \"omega\" proteins in completely relaxing either positively or negatively supercoiled DNA, requiring a salt concentration of about 0.2 M NaCl or KCl, and not requiring Mg2+. A transient nick must occur but could not be detected. A new assay for \"omega\" activity is described which is rapid and sensitive, and depends on the fluorescence enhancement of ethidium intercalating duplex DNA.", "contents": "Partial purification of \"omega\" protein from calf thymus. Proteins which relax supercoiled DNA, called \"omega\" proteins, are thought to be involved in DNA replication. Calf thymus is a plentiful source of \"omega\" protein activity. It has been extensively purified and has been characterized as behaving similarly to other eukaryotic \"omega\" proteins in completely relaxing either positively or negatively supercoiled DNA, requiring a salt concentration of about 0.2 M NaCl or KCl, and not requiring Mg2+. A transient nick must occur but could not be detected. A new assay for \"omega\" activity is described which is rapid and sensitive, and depends on the fluorescence enhancement of ethidium intercalating duplex DNA.", "PMID": 1191634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12411", "title": "Chemical synthesis of N beta-oxalyl-L-alpha, beta-diaminopropionic acid and optical specificity in its neurotoxic action.", "content": "A practical procedure is described for the bulk synthesis of the neurotoxin N beta-oxalyl-L-alpha, beta-diaminopropionic acid (OA2pr3), a potential dicarboxylic amino acid antagonist of Lathyrus sativus seeds. L-Aspartic acid was reacted with sodium azide in 30% fuming sulfuric acid and L-alpha, beta-diaminopropionic acid hydrochloride (A2pr3-HCl) was isolated in yields greater than 75%. Potassium methyl oxalate was found to react selectively with the beta-amino group of S2pr3 resulting in near quantitative yields of OA2pr3. D-OA2pr3 has been made for the first time by this procedure. Unlike L-OA2pr3 the naturally occurring neurotoxin, D-OA2pr3, is not neuroactive even in high doses. The microsynthesis of L-[2,3-3H]A2pr3 from L-[2,3-3H]aspartic acid is also described, and the same procedure could also be used to prepare the neurotoxin with other labels. The availability of the neurotoxin in bulk and in labeled form should further experimental approaches to the understanding of its mechanism of action.", "contents": "Chemical synthesis of N beta-oxalyl-L-alpha, beta-diaminopropionic acid and optical specificity in its neurotoxic action. A practical procedure is described for the bulk synthesis of the neurotoxin N beta-oxalyl-L-alpha, beta-diaminopropionic acid (OA2pr3), a potential dicarboxylic amino acid antagonist of Lathyrus sativus seeds. L-Aspartic acid was reacted with sodium azide in 30% fuming sulfuric acid and L-alpha, beta-diaminopropionic acid hydrochloride (A2pr3-HCl) was isolated in yields greater than 75%. Potassium methyl oxalate was found to react selectively with the beta-amino group of S2pr3 resulting in near quantitative yields of OA2pr3. D-OA2pr3 has been made for the first time by this procedure. Unlike L-OA2pr3 the naturally occurring neurotoxin, D-OA2pr3, is not neuroactive even in high doses. The microsynthesis of L-[2,3-3H]A2pr3 from L-[2,3-3H]aspartic acid is also described, and the same procedure could also be used to prepare the neurotoxin with other labels. The availability of the neurotoxin in bulk and in labeled form should further experimental approaches to the understanding of its mechanism of action.", "PMID": 1191635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12412", "title": "Substrate specificity of ribosomal peptidyltransferase. Effect of modification in the heterocyclic, carbohydrate and amino acid moiety of 2'(3')-O-L-phenylalanyladenosine.", "content": "The chemical synthesis of 2'(3')-O-L-phenylalanyl derivatives of nebularine (Ld), 6-methoxynebularine (Ih), N6,N6-dimethyladenosine (Lk), 6-methylthionebularine (Lo), 8-bromoadenosine (Lr), tubercidin (Iu), and 3'-O-L-phenylalanyl derivatives of 1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine (IIIg) and 9-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine (IIIl) is described. 2'(3')-O-(3-Phenyl)propionyladenosine (Iv) was obtained by reaction of adenosine with ethyl 3-phenylorthopropionate and subsequent hydrolysis of the orthoester intermediate IV with formic acid. Compounds Id, Ih, Ik, Io, and Iu were active in the release of Ac-Phe from N-Ac-Phe-tRNA-poly(U)-70S ribosome complex: at 0.01 mM the release of Ac-Phe was 50-100% of that of A-Phe. At 1 mM, compounds Ir and IIIg released 30 and 25% of Ac-Phe relative to A-Phe whereas derivatives Iv and IIIl were virtually inactive. The results indicate the following conclusions regarding ribosomal peptidyltransferase activity of 2'(3')-O-aminoacyl nucleosides: (a) the presence of the 2'-hydroxy group in the ribo configuration is more important for a highly active substrate (A-Phe) than for one of moderate activity (C-Phe); (b) the heterocyclic (purine) residue is in the anti conformation although this requirement is not absolute; (c) the presence of the amino group of the aminoacyl moiety is required; (d) acceptor activity is dependent upon the substituent in the position 6 of the purine moiety.", "contents": "Substrate specificity of ribosomal peptidyltransferase. Effect of modification in the heterocyclic, carbohydrate and amino acid moiety of 2'(3')-O-L-phenylalanyladenosine. The chemical synthesis of 2'(3')-O-L-phenylalanyl derivatives of nebularine (Ld), 6-methoxynebularine (Ih), N6,N6-dimethyladenosine (Lk), 6-methylthionebularine (Lo), 8-bromoadenosine (Lr), tubercidin (Iu), and 3'-O-L-phenylalanyl derivatives of 1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine (IIIg) and 9-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine (IIIl) is described. 2'(3')-O-(3-Phenyl)propionyladenosine (Iv) was obtained by reaction of adenosine with ethyl 3-phenylorthopropionate and subsequent hydrolysis of the orthoester intermediate IV with formic acid. Compounds Id, Ih, Ik, Io, and Iu were active in the release of Ac-Phe from N-Ac-Phe-tRNA-poly(U)-70S ribosome complex: at 0.01 mM the release of Ac-Phe was 50-100% of that of A-Phe. At 1 mM, compounds Ir and IIIg released 30 and 25% of Ac-Phe relative to A-Phe whereas derivatives Iv and IIIl were virtually inactive. The results indicate the following conclusions regarding ribosomal peptidyltransferase activity of 2'(3')-O-aminoacyl nucleosides: (a) the presence of the 2'-hydroxy group in the ribo configuration is more important for a highly active substrate (A-Phe) than for one of moderate activity (C-Phe); (b) the heterocyclic (purine) residue is in the anti conformation although this requirement is not absolute; (c) the presence of the amino group of the aminoacyl moiety is required; (d) acceptor activity is dependent upon the substituent in the position 6 of the purine moiety.", "PMID": 1191636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12413", "title": "Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for probing the structure and mechanism of action of enzyme active sites. The role of Glu-270 in carboxypeptidase A.", "content": "A new technique for the study of the mechanism of enzymes has been developed. An enzyme, modified by an active-site directed reagent, is digested by one or more proteases. The resulting mixture of oligopeptides is then analyzed directly by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry without the use of separation or isolation procedures. A comparison with unmodified enzyme identifies the modified residue as well as quantifies the reaction. This approach has been applied to the identification of Glu-270 in the active site of carboxypeptidase A using a carbodiimide as modification reagent. Studies on the possible incorporation of 18O (from 18O-enriched water) into Glu-270 or other acidic residues near the active site of carboxypeptidase A show that the oxygens of the carboxyl groups of these residues are not exchangeable.", "contents": "Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for probing the structure and mechanism of action of enzyme active sites. The role of Glu-270 in carboxypeptidase A. A new technique for the study of the mechanism of enzymes has been developed. An enzyme, modified by an active-site directed reagent, is digested by one or more proteases. The resulting mixture of oligopeptides is then analyzed directly by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry without the use of separation or isolation procedures. A comparison with unmodified enzyme identifies the modified residue as well as quantifies the reaction. This approach has been applied to the identification of Glu-270 in the active site of carboxypeptidase A using a carbodiimide as modification reagent. Studies on the possible incorporation of 18O (from 18O-enriched water) into Glu-270 or other acidic residues near the active site of carboxypeptidase A show that the oxygens of the carboxyl groups of these residues are not exchangeable.", "PMID": 1191637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12414", "title": "A cell free system from HeLa cells active in initiation of protein synthesis.", "content": "A cell free system programmed by endogenous mRNA and active in initiation of protein synthesis has been obtained from HeLa cells by adding 25-100 muM hemin to the medium used to homogenize the cells. Hemin stabilizes the initiation activity of the extract, which otherwise decays rapidly even at 0 degrees C. The role of hemin in promoting initiation has been examined by fractionating the extracts into ribosomes and postribosomal supernatant (S150). An extract prepared without hemin or the S150 obtained from this extract prepared without hemin or the S150 obtained from this extract inhibits protein synthesis of the extract containing hemin by about 30%. The ribosomes prepared from extracts containing hemin are active in initiation of protein synthesis, whereas the ribosomes obtained from the extracts prepared without hemin show little or no initiation. These results have suggested that addition of hemin prevents the formation of an inhibitor of initiation in the S150 and at the same time protects from inactivation an initiation factor associated with ribosomes or ribosomal subunits. Addition of 2 mM GTP to HeLa extracts stabilizes the initiation activity, though to a smaller degree than hemin. The effects of hemin and GTP are not additive, suggesting that they may act on the same target molecule, though possibly by different mechanisms. The mechanism of action of GTP is discussed in view of similar observations made in the rabbit reticulocyte cell free system.", "contents": "A cell free system from HeLa cells active in initiation of protein synthesis. A cell free system programmed by endogenous mRNA and active in initiation of protein synthesis has been obtained from HeLa cells by adding 25-100 muM hemin to the medium used to homogenize the cells. Hemin stabilizes the initiation activity of the extract, which otherwise decays rapidly even at 0 degrees C. The role of hemin in promoting initiation has been examined by fractionating the extracts into ribosomes and postribosomal supernatant (S150). An extract prepared without hemin or the S150 obtained from this extract prepared without hemin or the S150 obtained from this extract inhibits protein synthesis of the extract containing hemin by about 30%. The ribosomes prepared from extracts containing hemin are active in initiation of protein synthesis, whereas the ribosomes obtained from the extracts prepared without hemin show little or no initiation. These results have suggested that addition of hemin prevents the formation of an inhibitor of initiation in the S150 and at the same time protects from inactivation an initiation factor associated with ribosomes or ribosomal subunits. Addition of 2 mM GTP to HeLa extracts stabilizes the initiation activity, though to a smaller degree than hemin. The effects of hemin and GTP are not additive, suggesting that they may act on the same target molecule, though possibly by different mechanisms. The mechanism of action of GTP is discussed in view of similar observations made in the rabbit reticulocyte cell free system.", "PMID": 1191638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12415", "title": "Studies on native ribosomal subunits from rat liver. Evidence for activities associated with native 40S subunits that affect the interaction with acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA, methionyl-tRNAf, and 60S subunits.", "content": "The binding of the initiator tRNA Met-tRNAf, and of acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA, has been examined with rat liver 40S subunits derived from 80S ribosomes by dissociation with native 40S subunits sedimented from the postmicrosomal fraction and with native 40S subunits extracted with high salt-containing solutions. Binding of Met-tRNAf and acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to derived and to salt-extracted native 40S subunits is observed in the presence of the appropriate polynucleotide template and a highly purified binding factor obtain from the soluble fraction of rat liver homogenates (R.L. IF-1). Native 40S subunits bind acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA in a reaction that requires poly(U) but not exogenous binding factor; however, Met-tRNAf is not bound to native subunits, even when supplemented with the soluble binding factor, or under conditions where factor-independent, high Mg2+-stimulated binding is observed with the derived and the salt-washed native 40S subunits. The extract obtained from native 40S subunits promotes the binding of acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA but not Met-tRNAf to derived and to salt-extracted native subunits. The addition of native 40S extract to incubations containing R.L. IF-1, Met-tRNAf, and derived 40S subunits, inhibits the formation of 40S-Met-tRNAf complex. These data suggest that the binding activity that is specific for 40S subunits and initiator tRNA, and an activity that inhibits the interaction with Met-tRNAf specifically, are both associated with native 40S subunits, and can be extracted from them by treatment with high salt-containing solutions. Derived 40S subunits react quantitatively with 60S particles to form 80S ribosomes which do not bind acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA with binding factor R.L. IF-1. Native 40S subunits react only partly with 60S subunits; about half of the native 40S subunit population forms 80S ribosomes which do not subsequently bind acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA; the remaining native 40S subunits which do not react with 60S particles bind acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA but to a lesser extent. When preformed native 40S-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA complex is incubated with 60S subunits, about half of the subunits form an 80S-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA complex, while the rest remains as 40S-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA. The addition of native 40S subunit salt extract to incubations containing preformed 80S ribosomes dissociates the particles to subunits. These data suggest that in addition to the initiator tRNA binding activity and the activity that inhibits Met-tRNAf interaction, part of the native 40S subunit population also contains an activity that dissociates 80S ribosomes.", "contents": "Studies on native ribosomal subunits from rat liver. Evidence for activities associated with native 40S subunits that affect the interaction with acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA, methionyl-tRNAf, and 60S subunits. The binding of the initiator tRNA Met-tRNAf, and of acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA, has been examined with rat liver 40S subunits derived from 80S ribosomes by dissociation with native 40S subunits sedimented from the postmicrosomal fraction and with native 40S subunits extracted with high salt-containing solutions. Binding of Met-tRNAf and acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to derived and to salt-extracted native 40S subunits is observed in the presence of the appropriate polynucleotide template and a highly purified binding factor obtain from the soluble fraction of rat liver homogenates (R.L. IF-1). Native 40S subunits bind acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA in a reaction that requires poly(U) but not exogenous binding factor; however, Met-tRNAf is not bound to native subunits, even when supplemented with the soluble binding factor, or under conditions where factor-independent, high Mg2+-stimulated binding is observed with the derived and the salt-washed native 40S subunits. The extract obtained from native 40S subunits promotes the binding of acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA but not Met-tRNAf to derived and to salt-extracted native subunits. The addition of native 40S extract to incubations containing R.L. IF-1, Met-tRNAf, and derived 40S subunits, inhibits the formation of 40S-Met-tRNAf complex. These data suggest that the binding activity that is specific for 40S subunits and initiator tRNA, and an activity that inhibits the interaction with Met-tRNAf specifically, are both associated with native 40S subunits, and can be extracted from them by treatment with high salt-containing solutions. Derived 40S subunits react quantitatively with 60S particles to form 80S ribosomes which do not bind acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA with binding factor R.L. IF-1. Native 40S subunits react only partly with 60S subunits; about half of the native 40S subunit population forms 80S ribosomes which do not subsequently bind acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA; the remaining native 40S subunits which do not react with 60S particles bind acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA but to a lesser extent. When preformed native 40S-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA complex is incubated with 60S subunits, about half of the subunits form an 80S-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA complex, while the rest remains as 40S-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA. The addition of native 40S subunit salt extract to incubations containing preformed 80S ribosomes dissociates the particles to subunits. These data suggest that in addition to the initiator tRNA binding activity and the activity that inhibits Met-tRNAf interaction, part of the native 40S subunit population also contains an activity that dissociates 80S ribosomes.", "PMID": 1191639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12416", "title": "The complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin of Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis).", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from Amazon River dolphin, Inia geoffrensis, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides which are readily degraded by the automatic sequencer. Three easily separable peptides were obtained by cleaving the protein with cyanogen bromide at the methionine residues and four peptides were obtained by cleaving the methyl-acetimidated protein with trypsin at the arginine residues. From these peptides over 85% of the sequence was completed. The remainder of the sequence was obtained by fragmentation of the large cyanogen bromide peptide with trypsin. This protein differs from that of the common porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, at seven positions, from that of the common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, at 11 positions, and from that of the sperm whale, Physeter catodon, at 15 positions. By comparison of this sequence with the three-dimensional structure of sperm whale myoglobin it appears that those residues close to the heme group are most conserved followed by those in nonhelical regions and lastly by those in the helical segments. All of the substitutions observed in this sequence fit easily into the three-dimensional structure of the sperm whale myoglobin.", "contents": "The complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin of Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis). The complete amino acid sequence of the major component myoglobin from Amazon River dolphin, Inia geoffrensis, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides which are readily degraded by the automatic sequencer. Three easily separable peptides were obtained by cleaving the protein with cyanogen bromide at the methionine residues and four peptides were obtained by cleaving the methyl-acetimidated protein with trypsin at the arginine residues. From these peptides over 85% of the sequence was completed. The remainder of the sequence was obtained by fragmentation of the large cyanogen bromide peptide with trypsin. This protein differs from that of the common porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, at seven positions, from that of the common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, at 11 positions, and from that of the sperm whale, Physeter catodon, at 15 positions. By comparison of this sequence with the three-dimensional structure of sperm whale myoglobin it appears that those residues close to the heme group are most conserved followed by those in nonhelical regions and lastly by those in the helical segments. All of the substitutions observed in this sequence fit easily into the three-dimensional structure of the sperm whale myoglobin.", "PMID": 1191640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12417", "title": "Isolation of soluble elastin from lathyritic chicks. Comparison to tropoelastin from copper deficient pigs.", "content": "Tropoelastin was isolated from the aortas of chicks rendered lathyritic by treatment with beta-aminopropionitrile. The soluble elastin was judged homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and possessed an estimated molecular weight of 70000. Automated sequential analysis revealed that the N-terminal region of the chick tropoelastin is very homologous to tropoelastin isolated from copper-deficient piglets. N-terminal analysis of a trypsin digest of chick tropoelastin showed that tyrosine frequently is found adjacent to lysine residues. This positioning of tyrosine residues may be significant in terms of a possible regulatory role in elastin cross-link formation.", "contents": "Isolation of soluble elastin from lathyritic chicks. Comparison to tropoelastin from copper deficient pigs. Tropoelastin was isolated from the aortas of chicks rendered lathyritic by treatment with beta-aminopropionitrile. The soluble elastin was judged homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and possessed an estimated molecular weight of 70000. Automated sequential analysis revealed that the N-terminal region of the chick tropoelastin is very homologous to tropoelastin isolated from copper-deficient piglets. N-terminal analysis of a trypsin digest of chick tropoelastin showed that tyrosine frequently is found adjacent to lysine residues. This positioning of tyrosine residues may be significant in terms of a possible regulatory role in elastin cross-link formation.", "PMID": 1191641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12418", "title": "Equilibrium perturbation by isotope substitution.", "content": "When malic enzyme is added to a mixture of malate-2-d, TPN, CO2, pyruvate, and TPNH at concentrations calculated to be at equilibrium, the TPNH level first drops and then increases slowly to its original level. This equilibrium perturbation is caused by slower cleavage of C-D than C-H bonds during hydride transfer as malate-2-d and TPNH are partly converted into TPND and malate-2-h in the process of establishing isotopic equilibrium. With malate-2-d, isotope effects for malic enzyme at pH 7.1 and malate dehydrogenase at pH 9.3 of 1.45 and 1.70-2.16 (depending on oxaloacetate level) were determined with this method, while the corresponding isotope effects on V/Kmalate and V for the chemical reactions were 1.5-1.8 and 1.0, and 1.9 and 1.5 for the two enzymes. The advantage of this method is its extreme sensitivity, and the lack of interference from various artifacts. The sensitivity is sufficient to permit determination of 13C and 15N isotope effects in favorable cases, and values of 1.031 for malic enzyme with 13CO2, and 1.047 for glutamate dehydrogenase with 15NH4+ have been determined. In the course of this work it was discovered that the equilibrium constants for oxidation by DPN, and oxidative decarboxylation by TPN are lower for malate-2-d than for malate-2-h by a factor of 0.76-0.82. Changes in Keq upon deuterium substitution, which are predicted by the calculations of Hartshorn and Shiner (1972), should be observed for many other reactions as well.", "contents": "Equilibrium perturbation by isotope substitution. When malic enzyme is added to a mixture of malate-2-d, TPN, CO2, pyruvate, and TPNH at concentrations calculated to be at equilibrium, the TPNH level first drops and then increases slowly to its original level. This equilibrium perturbation is caused by slower cleavage of C-D than C-H bonds during hydride transfer as malate-2-d and TPNH are partly converted into TPND and malate-2-h in the process of establishing isotopic equilibrium. With malate-2-d, isotope effects for malic enzyme at pH 7.1 and malate dehydrogenase at pH 9.3 of 1.45 and 1.70-2.16 (depending on oxaloacetate level) were determined with this method, while the corresponding isotope effects on V/Kmalate and V for the chemical reactions were 1.5-1.8 and 1.0, and 1.9 and 1.5 for the two enzymes. The advantage of this method is its extreme sensitivity, and the lack of interference from various artifacts. The sensitivity is sufficient to permit determination of 13C and 15N isotope effects in favorable cases, and values of 1.031 for malic enzyme with 13CO2, and 1.047 for glutamate dehydrogenase with 15NH4+ have been determined. In the course of this work it was discovered that the equilibrium constants for oxidation by DPN, and oxidative decarboxylation by TPN are lower for malate-2-d than for malate-2-h by a factor of 0.76-0.82. Changes in Keq upon deuterium substitution, which are predicted by the calculations of Hartshorn and Shiner (1972), should be observed for many other reactions as well.", "PMID": 1191642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12419", "title": "Dynamics of ligand binding to myoglobin.", "content": "Myoglobin rebinding of carbon monoxide and dioxygen after photodissociation has been observed in the temperature range between 40 and 350 K. A system was constructed that records the change in optical absorption at 436 nm smoothly and without break between 2 musec and 1 ksec. Four different rebinding processes have been found. Between 40 and 160 K, a single process is observed. It is not exponential in time, but approximately given by N(t) = (1 + t/to)-n, where to and n are temperature-dependent, ligand-concentration independent, parameters. At about 170 K, a second and at 200 K, a third concentration-independent process emerge. At 210 K, a concentration-dependent process sets in. If myoglobin is embedded in a solid, only the first three can be seen, and they are all nonexponential. In a liquid glycerol-water solvent, rebinding is exponential. To interpret the data, a model is proposed in which the ligand molecule, on its way from the solvent to the binding site at the ferrous heme iron, encounters four barriers in succession. The barriers are tentatively identified with known features of myoglobin. By computer-solving the differential equation for the motion of a ligand molecule over four barriers, the rates for all important steps are obtained. The temperature dependences of the rates yield enthalpy, entropy, and free-energy changes at all barriers. The free-energy barriers at 310 K indicate how myoglobin achieves specificity and order. For carbon monoxide, the heights of these barriers increase toward the inside; carbon monoxide consequently is partially rejected at each of the four barriers. Dioxygen, in contrast, sees barriers of about equal height and moves smoothly toward the binding site. The entropy increases over the first two barriers, indicating a rupturing of bonds or displacement of residues, and then smoothly decreases, reaching a minimum at the binding site. The magnitude of the decrease over the innermost barrier implies participation of heme and/or protein. The nonexponential rebinding observed at low temperatures and in solid samples implies that the innermost barrier has a spectrum of activation energies. The shape of the spectrum has been determined; its existence can be explained by assuming the presence of many conformational states for myoglobin. In a liquid at temperatures above about 230 K, relaxation among conformational states occurs and rebinding becomes exponential.", "contents": "Dynamics of ligand binding to myoglobin. Myoglobin rebinding of carbon monoxide and dioxygen after photodissociation has been observed in the temperature range between 40 and 350 K. A system was constructed that records the change in optical absorption at 436 nm smoothly and without break between 2 musec and 1 ksec. Four different rebinding processes have been found. Between 40 and 160 K, a single process is observed. It is not exponential in time, but approximately given by N(t) = (1 + t/to)-n, where to and n are temperature-dependent, ligand-concentration independent, parameters. At about 170 K, a second and at 200 K, a third concentration-independent process emerge. At 210 K, a concentration-dependent process sets in. If myoglobin is embedded in a solid, only the first three can be seen, and they are all nonexponential. In a liquid glycerol-water solvent, rebinding is exponential. To interpret the data, a model is proposed in which the ligand molecule, on its way from the solvent to the binding site at the ferrous heme iron, encounters four barriers in succession. The barriers are tentatively identified with known features of myoglobin. By computer-solving the differential equation for the motion of a ligand molecule over four barriers, the rates for all important steps are obtained. The temperature dependences of the rates yield enthalpy, entropy, and free-energy changes at all barriers. The free-energy barriers at 310 K indicate how myoglobin achieves specificity and order. For carbon monoxide, the heights of these barriers increase toward the inside; carbon monoxide consequently is partially rejected at each of the four barriers. Dioxygen, in contrast, sees barriers of about equal height and moves smoothly toward the binding site. The entropy increases over the first two barriers, indicating a rupturing of bonds or displacement of residues, and then smoothly decreases, reaching a minimum at the binding site. The magnitude of the decrease over the innermost barrier implies participation of heme and/or protein. The nonexponential rebinding observed at low temperatures and in solid samples implies that the innermost barrier has a spectrum of activation energies. The shape of the spectrum has been determined; its existence can be explained by assuming the presence of many conformational states for myoglobin. In a liquid at temperatures above about 230 K, relaxation among conformational states occurs and rebinding becomes exponential.", "PMID": 1191643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12420", "title": "The monovalent cation-induced association of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase subunits: a solvent isotope effect.", "content": "In the presence of specific monovalent cations (K+, Cs+, NH4+), inactive monomers of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase associate to a catalytically active tetramer. The rate and extent of association of enzyme monomers prepared from C. cylindrosporum are enhanced 3.3-and about 50-fold, respectively, by the substitution of D2O for H2O. Both rate and equilibrium solvent isotope effects are due to a decrease in D2O of the dissociation constant of the monomer-cation complex. Analysis of rate and equilibria data obtained in solvent mixtures of varying deuterium/protium ratios indicates that the isotope effect may be due to the change in bonding of a single monomer proton during the association process. The data are most consistent with a model in which this proton is in a very weak potential in the cation-free monomer and is converted to a \"normal\" water-like proton in the monomer-cation complex.", "contents": "The monovalent cation-induced association of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase subunits: a solvent isotope effect. In the presence of specific monovalent cations (K+, Cs+, NH4+), inactive monomers of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase associate to a catalytically active tetramer. The rate and extent of association of enzyme monomers prepared from C. cylindrosporum are enhanced 3.3-and about 50-fold, respectively, by the substitution of D2O for H2O. Both rate and equilibrium solvent isotope effects are due to a decrease in D2O of the dissociation constant of the monomer-cation complex. Analysis of rate and equilibria data obtained in solvent mixtures of varying deuterium/protium ratios indicates that the isotope effect may be due to the change in bonding of a single monomer proton during the association process. The data are most consistent with a model in which this proton is in a very weak potential in the cation-free monomer and is converted to a \"normal\" water-like proton in the monomer-cation complex.", "PMID": 1191644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12421", "title": "Action of pancreatic phospholipase A2 on phosphatidylcholine bilayers in different physical states.", "content": "1. Saturated and unsaturated phosphatidylcholines, dispersed as liposomes in water, can be hydrolysed by phospholipase A2 from pig pancreas. A pure saturated phosphatidylcholine is hydrolysed only near its transition temperature. An unsaturated phosphatidylcholine is hydrolysed preferentially near its transition temperature, but hydrolysis can occur also above the transition temperature, albeit at a much lower rate. 2. An equimolar mixture of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, which shows cocrystallization of the paraffin chains, is hydrolyzed between 25 and 40 degrees C with a maximum at 32 degrees C, in agreement with the calorimetric scan of the phase transition. 3. An equimolar mixture of dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine and distearoyl phosphatidylcholine, which shows a monotectic behaviour, is hydrolysed at all temperatures. Hydrolysis is maximal at 0 and 40 degrees C, at which temperatures dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine and distearoyl phosphatidylcholine undergo their phase transition, respectively. 4. Both in the mixture showing cocrystallization and in the mixture in which phase separation occurs, the phosphatidylcholine species with the shorter fatty acid chains is hydrolysed at a higher rate than the longer chain fatty acid species. 5. Hydrolysis is inhibited by the presence of cholesterol in liposomes prepared of saturated phosphatidylcholine. Inhibition is complete at a cholesterol concentration of 35 mol %. Subsequent addition of filipin and amphotericin B to the mixed cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine liposomes overcomes the inhibitory effect of cholesterol.", "contents": "Action of pancreatic phospholipase A2 on phosphatidylcholine bilayers in different physical states. 1. Saturated and unsaturated phosphatidylcholines, dispersed as liposomes in water, can be hydrolysed by phospholipase A2 from pig pancreas. A pure saturated phosphatidylcholine is hydrolysed only near its transition temperature. An unsaturated phosphatidylcholine is hydrolysed preferentially near its transition temperature, but hydrolysis can occur also above the transition temperature, albeit at a much lower rate. 2. An equimolar mixture of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, which shows cocrystallization of the paraffin chains, is hydrolyzed between 25 and 40 degrees C with a maximum at 32 degrees C, in agreement with the calorimetric scan of the phase transition. 3. An equimolar mixture of dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine and distearoyl phosphatidylcholine, which shows a monotectic behaviour, is hydrolysed at all temperatures. Hydrolysis is maximal at 0 and 40 degrees C, at which temperatures dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine and distearoyl phosphatidylcholine undergo their phase transition, respectively. 4. Both in the mixture showing cocrystallization and in the mixture in which phase separation occurs, the phosphatidylcholine species with the shorter fatty acid chains is hydrolysed at a higher rate than the longer chain fatty acid species. 5. Hydrolysis is inhibited by the presence of cholesterol in liposomes prepared of saturated phosphatidylcholine. Inhibition is complete at a cholesterol concentration of 35 mol %. Subsequent addition of filipin and amphotericin B to the mixed cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine liposomes overcomes the inhibitory effect of cholesterol.", "PMID": 1191645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12422", "title": "Photo-voltages of bilayer lipid membranes in the presence of cyanine dyes.", "content": "The transmembrane photo-voltage waveforms induced by 10 different cyanine dyes absorbed to one side of bilayer lipid membranes are described. The membranes were prepared from lecithin, oxidized cholesterol, and mixed lecithin and oxidized cholesterol. An 8-mus flash illumination was used. Three dyes induced a photo-voltage which developed in a few milliseconds, then discharged in less than the membranes' resistance-capacitance time. Five dyes induced a photo-voltage which increased for much longer than the membranes' resistance-capacitance time. Two dyes did not induce any photo-electric effects. Models are presented which correlate the dye structure with the type of photo-voltage waveform induced.", "contents": "Photo-voltages of bilayer lipid membranes in the presence of cyanine dyes. The transmembrane photo-voltage waveforms induced by 10 different cyanine dyes absorbed to one side of bilayer lipid membranes are described. The membranes were prepared from lecithin, oxidized cholesterol, and mixed lecithin and oxidized cholesterol. An 8-mus flash illumination was used. Three dyes induced a photo-voltage which developed in a few milliseconds, then discharged in less than the membranes' resistance-capacitance time. Five dyes induced a photo-voltage which increased for much longer than the membranes' resistance-capacitance time. Two dyes did not induce any photo-electric effects. Models are presented which correlate the dye structure with the type of photo-voltage waveform induced.", "PMID": 1191646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12423", "title": "The effect of chain length and lipid phase transitions on the selective permeability properties of liposomes.", "content": "This paper describes experiments showing the importance of the fatty acid chain length on the barrier properties of liposomal bilayers, prepared from saturated lecithins, under conditions of lateral phase separation. 1. Above the gel to liquid crystalline phase transition temperature, liposomes prepared from saturated lecithins with 14 or more carbon atoms per acyl chain exist as stable bilayers, which are practically impermeable to ions. 2. At temperatures well above the transition temperature dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes exhibited osmotic shrinkage, which was dependent on the ionic size of the solute used to bring about the osmotic gradient, indicating that the permeation through these less stable bilayers takes place mainly via individual diffusion of the permeating ions. 3. An enhanced release of trapped potassium from liposomes was demonstrated in the vicinity of the transition temperature. The extent of the increase, however, depended strongly on the length of the paraffin chain. 4. From measurements of the shrinkage behaviour of liposomes in the vicinity of the transition temperature it is concluded that the increased permeability decreases with increasing diameter of the permeating ion. This finding implies that the increased permeability at the transition temperature cannot be ascribed to \"macroscopic\" rupture of the liposomal membrane. The maximum permeability in the vicinity of the Tc is discussed in terms of probability and size distribution of statistical pore formation at the boundaries of liquid and solid domains.", "contents": "The effect of chain length and lipid phase transitions on the selective permeability properties of liposomes. This paper describes experiments showing the importance of the fatty acid chain length on the barrier properties of liposomal bilayers, prepared from saturated lecithins, under conditions of lateral phase separation. 1. Above the gel to liquid crystalline phase transition temperature, liposomes prepared from saturated lecithins with 14 or more carbon atoms per acyl chain exist as stable bilayers, which are practically impermeable to ions. 2. At temperatures well above the transition temperature dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes exhibited osmotic shrinkage, which was dependent on the ionic size of the solute used to bring about the osmotic gradient, indicating that the permeation through these less stable bilayers takes place mainly via individual diffusion of the permeating ions. 3. An enhanced release of trapped potassium from liposomes was demonstrated in the vicinity of the transition temperature. The extent of the increase, however, depended strongly on the length of the paraffin chain. 4. From measurements of the shrinkage behaviour of liposomes in the vicinity of the transition temperature it is concluded that the increased permeability decreases with increasing diameter of the permeating ion. This finding implies that the increased permeability at the transition temperature cannot be ascribed to \"macroscopic\" rupture of the liposomal membrane. The maximum permeability in the vicinity of the Tc is discussed in terms of probability and size distribution of statistical pore formation at the boundaries of liquid and solid domains.", "PMID": 1191647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12424", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a mannan from mesosomal membrane vesicles of Micrococcus lysodeikticus.", "content": "The carbohydrate content of mesosomal membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus has been shown to be consistently higher (about four times) than that of corresponding plasma membrane preparations. Analysis of washed membrane fractions by gas-liquid chromatography indicated that mannose was the major neutral sugar of both types of membrane (accounting for 95 and 89%, respectively, of the mesosomal and plasma membrane carbohydrate). Small amounts of inositol, glucose and ribose were also detected. We have shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulphate and by precipitation and agar gel diffusion experiments with concanavalin A that a mannan is the major carbohydrate component of both types of membrane. This polymer can be selectively released from mesosomal membranes by a simple procedure involving low ionic strength-shock and heating to 80 degrees C for 1 min, and purified by ultrafiltration and ethanol precipitation. The mannan contains mannose as the only neutral carbohydrate, is not phosphorylated and does not contain significant amounts of amino sugars or uronic acids. Agar gel electrophoresis experiments, however, indicate an anionic polymer whose acidic properties are eliminated upon mild base hydrolysis. Analysis of native mannan by infrared spectroscopy reveals absorption bands attributable to ester carbonyl groups and to carboxylate ions, consistent with the presence of succinyl residues in the polymer (Owen, P. and Salton, M.R.J. (1975) Biochem, Biophys. Res. Commun. 63, 875--800). A sedimentation coefficient of 1.39 S was obtained by analytical ultracentrifugation in 1.0 M NaCl and a value of one reducing equivalent per 50 mannose residues by reduction with NaB3H4. The polysaccharide was only slightly degraded (2%) by jack bean alpha-mannosidase and could precipitate 15 times its own weight of concanavalin A. The acidic polymers was also detected in the cell \"periplasm\" and was secreted from cells grown in defined media during the period of decelerating growth.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a mannan from mesosomal membrane vesicles of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. The carbohydrate content of mesosomal membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus has been shown to be consistently higher (about four times) than that of corresponding plasma membrane preparations. Analysis of washed membrane fractions by gas-liquid chromatography indicated that mannose was the major neutral sugar of both types of membrane (accounting for 95 and 89%, respectively, of the mesosomal and plasma membrane carbohydrate). Small amounts of inositol, glucose and ribose were also detected. We have shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulphate and by precipitation and agar gel diffusion experiments with concanavalin A that a mannan is the major carbohydrate component of both types of membrane. This polymer can be selectively released from mesosomal membranes by a simple procedure involving low ionic strength-shock and heating to 80 degrees C for 1 min, and purified by ultrafiltration and ethanol precipitation. The mannan contains mannose as the only neutral carbohydrate, is not phosphorylated and does not contain significant amounts of amino sugars or uronic acids. Agar gel electrophoresis experiments, however, indicate an anionic polymer whose acidic properties are eliminated upon mild base hydrolysis. Analysis of native mannan by infrared spectroscopy reveals absorption bands attributable to ester carbonyl groups and to carboxylate ions, consistent with the presence of succinyl residues in the polymer (Owen, P. and Salton, M.R.J. (1975) Biochem, Biophys. Res. Commun. 63, 875--800). A sedimentation coefficient of 1.39 S was obtained by analytical ultracentrifugation in 1.0 M NaCl and a value of one reducing equivalent per 50 mannose residues by reduction with NaB3H4. The polysaccharide was only slightly degraded (2%) by jack bean alpha-mannosidase and could precipitate 15 times its own weight of concanavalin A. The acidic polymers was also detected in the cell \"periplasm\" and was secreted from cells grown in defined media during the period of decelerating growth.", "PMID": 1191648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12425", "title": "Distribution of enzymes involved in mannan synthesis in plasma membranes and mesosomal vesicles of Micrococcus lysodeikticus.", "content": "The distribution of membrane-bound enzymes involved in mannan biosynthesis in plasma and mesosomal membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus has been investigated. Isolated mesosomal vesicles, unlike plasma membrane preparations, cannot catalyze the transfer of [14C]mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into mannan. This appears to result from the inability of this membrane system to synthesize the carrier lipid [14C]mannosyl-1-phosphorylundecaprenol. In contrast, this is the major mannolipid synthesized from GDP-[14C]mannose by isolated plasma membranes. The possibility that substrate inaccessibility could account for the failure to detect the enzyme in isolated mesosomal vesicles appears unlikely from the lack of activity following disruption of the vesicles with ultrasound or with surface active agents. Both membrane preparations possessed the ability to catalyse the transfer of [14C]mannose from purified [14C]mannosyl-1-phosphorylundecaprenol into mannan. Furthermore, free mannan and mannan located on both unlabeled mesosomal and unlabeled plasma membranes could act as acceptors of [14C]mannosyl units from 14C-labeled carrier lipid located in prelabeled plasma membranes. The possibility that the juxtaposition of mesosomal vesicles and enveloping plasma membrane (i.e. the mesosomal sacculus) in vivo allows mannan, located on mesosomal vesicles, to accept mannosyl units from carrier lipid located in the sacculus membrane is discussed.", "contents": "Distribution of enzymes involved in mannan synthesis in plasma membranes and mesosomal vesicles of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. The distribution of membrane-bound enzymes involved in mannan biosynthesis in plasma and mesosomal membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus has been investigated. Isolated mesosomal vesicles, unlike plasma membrane preparations, cannot catalyze the transfer of [14C]mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into mannan. This appears to result from the inability of this membrane system to synthesize the carrier lipid [14C]mannosyl-1-phosphorylundecaprenol. In contrast, this is the major mannolipid synthesized from GDP-[14C]mannose by isolated plasma membranes. The possibility that substrate inaccessibility could account for the failure to detect the enzyme in isolated mesosomal vesicles appears unlikely from the lack of activity following disruption of the vesicles with ultrasound or with surface active agents. Both membrane preparations possessed the ability to catalyse the transfer of [14C]mannose from purified [14C]mannosyl-1-phosphorylundecaprenol into mannan. Furthermore, free mannan and mannan located on both unlabeled mesosomal and unlabeled plasma membranes could act as acceptors of [14C]mannosyl units from 14C-labeled carrier lipid located in prelabeled plasma membranes. The possibility that the juxtaposition of mesosomal vesicles and enveloping plasma membrane (i.e. the mesosomal sacculus) in vivo allows mannan, located on mesosomal vesicles, to accept mannosyl units from carrier lipid located in the sacculus membrane is discussed.", "PMID": 1191649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12426", "title": "Characterization of the passive and active transport mechanisms for bile acid uptake into rat isolated intestinal epithelial cells.", "content": "The unstirred water layer has been shown to lead to an underestimation of apparent Km (Km(app)) values for active transport processes in intestinal whole tissue preparations. Isolated cells offer several potential advantages in the study of transport processes including a decreased diffusion layer of water adjacent to their absorptive membranes. Initial studies in cells isolated from rat intestine involving measurements of CO2 and lactate production and O2 consumption showed that overall metabolic pathways were functioning. Next, unidirectional uptake rates of bile acids across the isolated cell membrane were determined following correction for extracellular fluid contamination with a non-absorbable marker. Using epithelial cells isolated from jejunum P(app) for eight bile acid monomers varied from 24.9 (taurocholate) to 1563 (deoxycholate) nmol/min/100 mg protein/mM. From these data the incremental free energy changes for the addition of a hydroxyl, glycine and taurine group to the bile acid molecule were calculated to be 982, 1040 and 1464 cal/mol, respectively, values similar to those obtained after correction for unstirred water layer resistance in whole tissue preparations. Following subtraction of the passive component in isolated ileal cells complete kinetic curves for taurocholate and taurodeoxycholate yielded V(app) values of 109 and 70 nmol/min per 100 mg, respectively. Km(app) values of 0.24 mM (taurocholate) and 0.10 mM (taurodeoxycholate) are lower than usually recorded in whole tissue. Bile acid uptake into cells from ileum, but not jejunum, was affected by temperature, metabolic and competitive inhibition. These studies indicate that isolated epithelial cells are a metabolically viable, relatively purified intestinal preparation which discriminates between active and passive transport processes for bile acids under conditions where unstirred water layer artifacts are minimized.", "contents": "Characterization of the passive and active transport mechanisms for bile acid uptake into rat isolated intestinal epithelial cells. The unstirred water layer has been shown to lead to an underestimation of apparent Km (Km(app)) values for active transport processes in intestinal whole tissue preparations. Isolated cells offer several potential advantages in the study of transport processes including a decreased diffusion layer of water adjacent to their absorptive membranes. Initial studies in cells isolated from rat intestine involving measurements of CO2 and lactate production and O2 consumption showed that overall metabolic pathways were functioning. Next, unidirectional uptake rates of bile acids across the isolated cell membrane were determined following correction for extracellular fluid contamination with a non-absorbable marker. Using epithelial cells isolated from jejunum P(app) for eight bile acid monomers varied from 24.9 (taurocholate) to 1563 (deoxycholate) nmol/min/100 mg protein/mM. From these data the incremental free energy changes for the addition of a hydroxyl, glycine and taurine group to the bile acid molecule were calculated to be 982, 1040 and 1464 cal/mol, respectively, values similar to those obtained after correction for unstirred water layer resistance in whole tissue preparations. Following subtraction of the passive component in isolated ileal cells complete kinetic curves for taurocholate and taurodeoxycholate yielded V(app) values of 109 and 70 nmol/min per 100 mg, respectively. Km(app) values of 0.24 mM (taurocholate) and 0.10 mM (taurodeoxycholate) are lower than usually recorded in whole tissue. Bile acid uptake into cells from ileum, but not jejunum, was affected by temperature, metabolic and competitive inhibition. These studies indicate that isolated epithelial cells are a metabolically viable, relatively purified intestinal preparation which discriminates between active and passive transport processes for bile acids under conditions where unstirred water layer artifacts are minimized.", "PMID": 1191650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12427", "title": "Control of choline oxidation by rat-liver mitochondria.", "content": "The steady-state concentrations of choline and its reaction products in intact rat-liver mitochondria were determined under different conditions. From these measurements, it is concluded that in a sucrose medium choline dehydrogenation and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenation are the rate-limiting steps in overall choline oxidation under \"State-3\" or uncoupled conditions, respectively. Ageing of the mitochondria leads to changes in the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in a markedly different pattern of oxidation products. This finding explains why rotenone inhibits oxygen uptake with choline as substrate in fresh but not in aged mitochondria.", "contents": "Control of choline oxidation by rat-liver mitochondria. The steady-state concentrations of choline and its reaction products in intact rat-liver mitochondria were determined under different conditions. From these measurements, it is concluded that in a sucrose medium choline dehydrogenation and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenation are the rate-limiting steps in overall choline oxidation under \"State-3\" or uncoupled conditions, respectively. Ageing of the mitochondria leads to changes in the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in a markedly different pattern of oxidation products. This finding explains why rotenone inhibits oxygen uptake with choline as substrate in fresh but not in aged mitochondria.", "PMID": 1191651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12428", "title": "Photo-inactivation of system II centers by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone in Chlorella pyrenoidosa.", "content": "In the presence of a high concentration of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) (4-10(-6) M), the S2 and S3 dark decays are accelerated and become biphasic with a first half-time of 0.6 s. The first fast phase of the decays does not correspond to a simple reduction of S2, S3 back to S0, S1 (i.e. to an acceleration of the deactivation reaction), but to a decrease in the number of oxygen-evolving System II centers. This photo-inactivation produced by CCCP is rapidly reversible in the dark.", "contents": "Photo-inactivation of system II centers by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone in Chlorella pyrenoidosa. In the presence of a high concentration of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) (4-10(-6) M), the S2 and S3 dark decays are accelerated and become biphasic with a first half-time of 0.6 s. The first fast phase of the decays does not correspond to a simple reduction of S2, S3 back to S0, S1 (i.e. to an acceleration of the deactivation reaction), but to a decrease in the number of oxygen-evolving System II centers. This photo-inactivation produced by CCCP is rapidly reversible in the dark.", "PMID": 1191652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12429", "title": "Probing the kinetics of photosystem I and photosystem II fluorescence in pea chloroplasts on a picosecond pulse fluorometer.", "content": "Picosecond fluorescence kinetics of pea chloroplasts have been investigated at room temperature using a pulse fluorometer with a resolution time of 10-11 s. Fluorescence has been excited by both a ruby and neodymium-glass mode-locked laser and has been reocrded within the 650 to 800 nm spectral region. We have found three-component kinetics of fluorescence from pea chloroplasts with lifetimes of 80, 300 and 4500 ps, respectively. The observed time dependency of the fluorescence of different components on the functional state of the photosynthetic mechanism as well as their spectra enabled us to conclude that Photosystem I fluoresces with a lifetime of 80 ps (tauI) and Photosystem II fluoresces with a lifetime of 300 ps (tauII). Fluorescence with a lifetime of 4500 ps (tauIII) may be interpreted as originating from chlorophill monomeric forms which are not involved in photosynthesis. It was determined that the rise time of Photosystem I and Photosystem II fluorescence after 530 nm photoexcitation is 200 ps, which corrsponds to the time of energy migration to them from carotenoids.", "contents": "Probing the kinetics of photosystem I and photosystem II fluorescence in pea chloroplasts on a picosecond pulse fluorometer. Picosecond fluorescence kinetics of pea chloroplasts have been investigated at room temperature using a pulse fluorometer with a resolution time of 10-11 s. Fluorescence has been excited by both a ruby and neodymium-glass mode-locked laser and has been reocrded within the 650 to 800 nm spectral region. We have found three-component kinetics of fluorescence from pea chloroplasts with lifetimes of 80, 300 and 4500 ps, respectively. The observed time dependency of the fluorescence of different components on the functional state of the photosynthetic mechanism as well as their spectra enabled us to conclude that Photosystem I fluoresces with a lifetime of 80 ps (tauI) and Photosystem II fluoresces with a lifetime of 300 ps (tauII). Fluorescence with a lifetime of 4500 ps (tauIII) may be interpreted as originating from chlorophill monomeric forms which are not involved in photosynthesis. It was determined that the rise time of Photosystem I and Photosystem II fluorescence after 530 nm photoexcitation is 200 ps, which corrsponds to the time of energy migration to them from carotenoids.", "PMID": 1191653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12430", "title": "Reactions between primary and secondary acceptors of photosystem II in Chlorella pyrenoidosa under anaerobic conditions as studied by chlorophyll fluorescence.", "content": "The kinetics of the fluorescence yield phi of chlorophyll a in Chlorella pyrenoidosa were studied under anaerobic conditions in the time range from 50 mus to several minutes after short (t 1/2 = 30 ns or 5 mus) saturating flashes. The fluorescence yield \"in the dark\" increased from phi = 1 at the beginning to phi approximately 5 in about 3 h when single flashes separated by dark intervals of about 3 min were given. After one saturating flash, phi increased to a maximum value (4-5) at 50 mus, then phi decreased to about 3 with a half time of about 10 ms and to the initial value with a half time of about 2 s. When two flashes separated by 0.2 s were given, the first phase of the decrease after the second flash occurred within 2 ms. After one flash given at high initial fluorescence yield, the 10-ms decay was followed by a 10 s increase to the initial value. After the two flashes 0.2 s apart, the rapid decay was not followed by a slow increase. These and other experiments provided additional evidence for and extend an earlier hypothesis concerning the acceptor complex of Photosystem II (Bouges-Bocquet, B. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 314, 250-256; Velthuys, B. R. and Amesz. J. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 333, 85-94): reaction center 2 contains an acceptor complex QR consisting of an electron-transferring primary acceptor molecule Q, and a secondary electron acceptor R, which can accept two electrons in succession, but transfers two electrons simultaneously to a molecule of the tertiary acceptor pool, containing plastoquinone (A). Furthermore, the kinetics indicate that 2 reactions centers of System I, excited by a short flash, cooperate directly or indirectly in oxidizing a plastohydroquinone molecule (A2-). If initially all components between photoreaction 1 and 2 are in the reduced state the following sequence of reactions occurs after a flash has oxidised A2- via System I: Q-R2- + A leads to Q-R + A2- leads to QR- + A2-. During anaerobiosis two slow reactions manifest themselves: the reduction of R (and A) within 1 s, presumably by an endogenous electron donor D1, and the reduction of Q in about 10 s when R is in the state R- and A in the state A2-. An endogenous electron donor, D2, and Q- complete in reducing the photooxidized donor complex of System II in reactions with half times of the order of 1 s.", "contents": "Reactions between primary and secondary acceptors of photosystem II in Chlorella pyrenoidosa under anaerobic conditions as studied by chlorophyll fluorescence. The kinetics of the fluorescence yield phi of chlorophyll a in Chlorella pyrenoidosa were studied under anaerobic conditions in the time range from 50 mus to several minutes after short (t 1/2 = 30 ns or 5 mus) saturating flashes. The fluorescence yield \"in the dark\" increased from phi = 1 at the beginning to phi approximately 5 in about 3 h when single flashes separated by dark intervals of about 3 min were given. After one saturating flash, phi increased to a maximum value (4-5) at 50 mus, then phi decreased to about 3 with a half time of about 10 ms and to the initial value with a half time of about 2 s. When two flashes separated by 0.2 s were given, the first phase of the decrease after the second flash occurred within 2 ms. After one flash given at high initial fluorescence yield, the 10-ms decay was followed by a 10 s increase to the initial value. After the two flashes 0.2 s apart, the rapid decay was not followed by a slow increase. These and other experiments provided additional evidence for and extend an earlier hypothesis concerning the acceptor complex of Photosystem II (Bouges-Bocquet, B. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 314, 250-256; Velthuys, B. R. and Amesz. J. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 333, 85-94): reaction center 2 contains an acceptor complex QR consisting of an electron-transferring primary acceptor molecule Q, and a secondary electron acceptor R, which can accept two electrons in succession, but transfers two electrons simultaneously to a molecule of the tertiary acceptor pool, containing plastoquinone (A). Furthermore, the kinetics indicate that 2 reactions centers of System I, excited by a short flash, cooperate directly or indirectly in oxidizing a plastohydroquinone molecule (A2-). If initially all components between photoreaction 1 and 2 are in the reduced state the following sequence of reactions occurs after a flash has oxidised A2- via System I: Q-R2- + A leads to Q-R + A2- leads to QR- + A2-. During anaerobiosis two slow reactions manifest themselves: the reduction of R (and A) within 1 s, presumably by an endogenous electron donor D1, and the reduction of Q in about 10 s when R is in the state R- and A in the state A2-. An endogenous electron donor, D2, and Q- complete in reducing the photooxidized donor complex of System II in reactions with half times of the order of 1 s.", "PMID": 1191654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12431", "title": "On the inhibitory action of cadmium on the donor side of photosystem II in isolated chloroplasts.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of the Cd2+ in the electron transport of the isolated chloroplasts has been observed by measuring the oxygen uptake from the solution and the fluorescence induction. Cd2+ is found to be an inhibitor on the donor side of Photosystem II and its action site, as determined by experiments using hydroxylamine and exogenous Mn, is supposed to be on the water-splitting enzyme itself. Moreover, physicochemical and physiological studies indicate that only the ionic form of Cd is acting at the level of the manganoprotein. It is not possible, from this work, to define precisely in which form Cd is taken up through the thylakoid membranes.", "contents": "On the inhibitory action of cadmium on the donor side of photosystem II in isolated chloroplasts. The inhibitory effect of the Cd2+ in the electron transport of the isolated chloroplasts has been observed by measuring the oxygen uptake from the solution and the fluorescence induction. Cd2+ is found to be an inhibitor on the donor side of Photosystem II and its action site, as determined by experiments using hydroxylamine and exogenous Mn, is supposed to be on the water-splitting enzyme itself. Moreover, physicochemical and physiological studies indicate that only the ionic form of Cd is acting at the level of the manganoprotein. It is not possible, from this work, to define precisely in which form Cd is taken up through the thylakoid membranes.", "PMID": 1191655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12432", "title": "Inhibition of oxygen evolution following illumination of Chlorella cells with far-red light.", "content": "The effect of brief far-red illumination on Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells has been investigated. An inhibition of oxygen evolution occurs 20 to 30 s after the end of the far-red illumination. This inhibition occurs in a step following the initial charge separation process by the System II centers. It is reversible in the light through a purely photochemical process.", "contents": "Inhibition of oxygen evolution following illumination of Chlorella cells with far-red light. The effect of brief far-red illumination on Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells has been investigated. An inhibition of oxygen evolution occurs 20 to 30 s after the end of the far-red illumination. This inhibition occurs in a step following the initial charge separation process by the System II centers. It is reversible in the light through a purely photochemical process.", "PMID": 1191656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12433", "title": "Intermembrane electron transport in the absence of added water-soluble carriers.", "content": "Electron transport from untreated to mersalyzed microsomal vesicles at the level of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase or cytochrome b5 has been demonstrated in the absence of added water-soluble electron carriers. A similar effect was shown in the systems \"intact mitochondria - mersalyzed microsomes\" and \"mersalyzed mtiochondria - untreated microsomes\". No measurable electron transport between intact and mersalyzed particles of inner mitochondrial membrane was found. The obtained data suggest that the capability to carry out intermembrane electron transfer is specific for NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and/or cytochrome b5, localized in microsomal and outer mitochondrial membranes.", "contents": "Intermembrane electron transport in the absence of added water-soluble carriers. Electron transport from untreated to mersalyzed microsomal vesicles at the level of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase or cytochrome b5 has been demonstrated in the absence of added water-soluble electron carriers. A similar effect was shown in the systems \"intact mitochondria - mersalyzed microsomes\" and \"mersalyzed mtiochondria - untreated microsomes\". No measurable electron transport between intact and mersalyzed particles of inner mitochondrial membrane was found. The obtained data suggest that the capability to carry out intermembrane electron transfer is specific for NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and/or cytochrome b5, localized in microsomal and outer mitochondrial membranes.", "PMID": 1191657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12434", "title": "New chlorophyll-b forms in a chlorophyll-detergent photosynthetic model system.", "content": "The absorption spectra of chlorophyll b in Triton X-100 micelles at room temperature are superpositions of components with absorption maxima at 640.8, 648.9, 659.5, 669.6, 682.1 and 695.7 nm, obtained from Gaussian analysis of the spectra. The last four forms strongly overlap the chlorophyll a forms of this system obtained with maxima at 659.3, 667.6, 674.3, 680.8, 686.5, 692.8, 701.9, 713.6 and 722.0 nm. Since the in vivo chlorophyll a forms practically coincide with the forms found in this system, the possible existence of in vivo overlapping chlorophyll b and a forms eventually should be taken into consideration. In this case, however, the Gaussian analysis of in vivo absorption bands in itself in the proper spectrum range cannot discriminate between chlorophyll a and b components.", "contents": "New chlorophyll-b forms in a chlorophyll-detergent photosynthetic model system. The absorption spectra of chlorophyll b in Triton X-100 micelles at room temperature are superpositions of components with absorption maxima at 640.8, 648.9, 659.5, 669.6, 682.1 and 695.7 nm, obtained from Gaussian analysis of the spectra. The last four forms strongly overlap the chlorophyll a forms of this system obtained with maxima at 659.3, 667.6, 674.3, 680.8, 686.5, 692.8, 701.9, 713.6 and 722.0 nm. Since the in vivo chlorophyll a forms practically coincide with the forms found in this system, the possible existence of in vivo overlapping chlorophyll b and a forms eventually should be taken into consideration. In this case, however, the Gaussian analysis of in vivo absorption bands in itself in the proper spectrum range cannot discriminate between chlorophyll a and b components.", "PMID": 1191658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12435", "title": "Characteristics of thermoluminescence bands of intact leaves and isolated chloroplasts in relation to the water-splitting activity in photosynthesis.", "content": "Plant materials (intact leaves, chloroplasts or subchloroplast particles) pre-illuminated at a low temperature (e.g. -60 degrees C) were rapidly cooled to -196 degrees C and then the luminescence emitted from the sample on raising the temperature was measured as a function of temperature, by means of a sensitive photo-electron counting technique. Mature spinach leaves showed five luminescence bands at different temperatures which were denoted as ZV, A, B1, B2 and C bands. The A, B1, B2 and C bands appeared at constant temperatures, -10, +25, +40 and +55 degrees C, respectively, being independent of the illumination temperature, but the ZV band appeared at a variable temperature slightly higher than the illumination temperature. The B1 and B2 bands were absent in the thermoluminescence profiles of samples devoid of the oxygen-evolving activity, such as heat-treated spinach leaves, wheat leaves greened under intermittent illumination and photosystem-II particles prepared with Triton X-100. It was deduced that these luminescence bands arise from the energy stored by the electron flow in photosystem II to evolve oxygen, and other bands were ascribed to charge-separation in some other sites not related to the oxygen evolving system.", "contents": "Characteristics of thermoluminescence bands of intact leaves and isolated chloroplasts in relation to the water-splitting activity in photosynthesis. Plant materials (intact leaves, chloroplasts or subchloroplast particles) pre-illuminated at a low temperature (e.g. -60 degrees C) were rapidly cooled to -196 degrees C and then the luminescence emitted from the sample on raising the temperature was measured as a function of temperature, by means of a sensitive photo-electron counting technique. Mature spinach leaves showed five luminescence bands at different temperatures which were denoted as ZV, A, B1, B2 and C bands. The A, B1, B2 and C bands appeared at constant temperatures, -10, +25, +40 and +55 degrees C, respectively, being independent of the illumination temperature, but the ZV band appeared at a variable temperature slightly higher than the illumination temperature. The B1 and B2 bands were absent in the thermoluminescence profiles of samples devoid of the oxygen-evolving activity, such as heat-treated spinach leaves, wheat leaves greened under intermittent illumination and photosystem-II particles prepared with Triton X-100. It was deduced that these luminescence bands arise from the energy stored by the electron flow in photosystem II to evolve oxygen, and other bands were ascribed to charge-separation in some other sites not related to the oxygen evolving system.", "PMID": 1191659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12436", "title": "Photophosphorylation and related properties of reaggregated vesicles from spinach photosystem I particles.", "content": "The small Photosystem I particles prepared from spinach chloroplasts by the action of Triton X-100 (TSF 1 particles) reaggregate into membrane structures when they are incubated with soybean phospholipids and cholate and then subjected to a slow dialysis. The membranes so formed are vesicular in nature and show the capability of catalyzing phenazine methosulfate-mediated cyclic photophosphorylation at rates which are usually about 20% of those observed with chloroplasts, but higher rates have been obtained. When coupling factor is removed from the chloroplasts by treatment with EDTA, a requirement for coupling factor can be shown for the subsequent ATP formation. The uncouplers carbonylcyanide 3-chlorophenyl-hydrazone, valinomycin, Triton X-100 and NH+4 are effective with the reformed vesicles, which do not show the typical light-induced pH gradient observed with chloroplasts. Incubation of the TSF 1 particles with phospholipids alone allows for the formation of membrane vesicles, but such vesicles are only slightly active in ATP formation. In most properties investigated, the reformed membrane vesicles resemble the original chloroplast membrane so far as phenazine methosulfate-mediated cyclic photophosphorylation is concerned, which indicates a high degree of selectivity in the reaggregation process. The major difference between chloroplasts and the reformed vesicles is the failure of the latter to show a light-induced pH gradient.", "contents": "Photophosphorylation and related properties of reaggregated vesicles from spinach photosystem I particles. The small Photosystem I particles prepared from spinach chloroplasts by the action of Triton X-100 (TSF 1 particles) reaggregate into membrane structures when they are incubated with soybean phospholipids and cholate and then subjected to a slow dialysis. The membranes so formed are vesicular in nature and show the capability of catalyzing phenazine methosulfate-mediated cyclic photophosphorylation at rates which are usually about 20% of those observed with chloroplasts, but higher rates have been obtained. When coupling factor is removed from the chloroplasts by treatment with EDTA, a requirement for coupling factor can be shown for the subsequent ATP formation. The uncouplers carbonylcyanide 3-chlorophenyl-hydrazone, valinomycin, Triton X-100 and NH+4 are effective with the reformed vesicles, which do not show the typical light-induced pH gradient observed with chloroplasts. Incubation of the TSF 1 particles with phospholipids alone allows for the formation of membrane vesicles, but such vesicles are only slightly active in ATP formation. In most properties investigated, the reformed membrane vesicles resemble the original chloroplast membrane so far as phenazine methosulfate-mediated cyclic photophosphorylation is concerned, which indicates a high degree of selectivity in the reaggregation process. The major difference between chloroplasts and the reformed vesicles is the failure of the latter to show a light-induced pH gradient.", "PMID": 1191660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12437", "title": "Reduction of oxygen by the electron transport chain of chloroplasts during assimilation of carbon dioxide.", "content": "In photosynthetically competent chloroplasts from spinach the quantum requirements for oxygen evolution during CO2 reduction were higher, by a factor often close to 1.5, than for oxygen evolution during reduction of phosphoglycerate. Mass spectrometer experiments performed under rate-limiting light indicated that an oxygen-reducing photoreaction was responsible for the consumption of extra quanta during carbon dioxide assimilation. Uptake of 18O2 during reduction of CO2 was considerably higher than could be accounted for by oxygen consumption during glycolate formation and by the Mehler reaction of broken chloroplasts which were present in the preparations of intact chloroplasts. The oxygen reducing reaction occurring during CO2 assimilation resulted in the formation of H2O2. This was indicated by a large stimulation of CO2 reduction by catalase, but not of phosphoglycerate reduction. Catalase could be replaced as a stimulant of photosynthesis by dithiothreitol or ascorbate, compounds known to react with superoxide radicals. There was no effect of dithiothreitol and ascorbate on phosphoglycerate reduction. A main effect of superoxide radicals and/or H2O2 was shown to be at the level of phosphoglycerate formation. Evidence for electron transport of oxygen was also obtained from 14CO2 experiments. The oxidation of dihydroxyacetonephosphate during a dark period or after addition of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone in the light was studied. The results indicated a link between the chloroplast pyridine nucleotide system and oxygen. Oxygen reduction during photosynthesis under conditions where light is rate limiting is seen as important in supplying the ATP which is needed for CO2 reduction but is not provided during electron transport to NADP. A mechanism is discussed which would permit proper distribution of electrons between CO2 and oxygen during photosynthesis.", "contents": "Reduction of oxygen by the electron transport chain of chloroplasts during assimilation of carbon dioxide. In photosynthetically competent chloroplasts from spinach the quantum requirements for oxygen evolution during CO2 reduction were higher, by a factor often close to 1.5, than for oxygen evolution during reduction of phosphoglycerate. Mass spectrometer experiments performed under rate-limiting light indicated that an oxygen-reducing photoreaction was responsible for the consumption of extra quanta during carbon dioxide assimilation. Uptake of 18O2 during reduction of CO2 was considerably higher than could be accounted for by oxygen consumption during glycolate formation and by the Mehler reaction of broken chloroplasts which were present in the preparations of intact chloroplasts. The oxygen reducing reaction occurring during CO2 assimilation resulted in the formation of H2O2. This was indicated by a large stimulation of CO2 reduction by catalase, but not of phosphoglycerate reduction. Catalase could be replaced as a stimulant of photosynthesis by dithiothreitol or ascorbate, compounds known to react with superoxide radicals. There was no effect of dithiothreitol and ascorbate on phosphoglycerate reduction. A main effect of superoxide radicals and/or H2O2 was shown to be at the level of phosphoglycerate formation. Evidence for electron transport of oxygen was also obtained from 14CO2 experiments. The oxidation of dihydroxyacetonephosphate during a dark period or after addition of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone in the light was studied. The results indicated a link between the chloroplast pyridine nucleotide system and oxygen. Oxygen reduction during photosynthesis under conditions where light is rate limiting is seen as important in supplying the ATP which is needed for CO2 reduction but is not provided during electron transport to NADP. A mechanism is discussed which would permit proper distribution of electrons between CO2 and oxygen during photosynthesis.", "PMID": 1191661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12438", "title": "Excitation spectra for photosystem I and photosystem II in chloroplasts and the spectral characteristics of the distributions of quanta between the two photosystems.", "content": "The parameters listed in the title were determined within the context of a model for the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis. The fluorescence of variable yield at 750 nm at -196 degrees C is due to energy transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I. Fluorescence excitation spectra were measured at -196 degrees C at the minimum, FO, level and the maximum, FM, level of the emission at 750 nm. The difference spectrum, FM-FO, which represents the excitation spectrum for FV is presented as a pure Photosystem II excitation spectrum. This spectrum shows a maximum at 677 nm, attributable to the antenna chlorophyll a of Photosystem II units, with a shoulder at 670 nm and a smaller maximum at 650 nm, presumably due to chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b of the light-harvesting chlorophyll complex. Fluoresence at the FO level at 750 nm can be considered in two parts; one part due to the fraction of absorbed quanta, alpha, which excites Photosystem I more-or-less directly and another part due to energy transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I. The latter contribution can be estimated from the ratio of FO/FV measured at 692 nm and the extent of FV at 750 nm. According to this procedure the excitation spectrum of Photosystem I at -196 degrees C was determined by subtracting 1/3 of the excitation spectrum of FV at 750 nm from the excitation spectrum of FO at 750 nm. The spectrum shows a relatively sharp maximum at 681 nm due to the antenna chlorophyll a of Photosystem I units with probably some energy transfer from the light-harvesting chlorophyll complex. The wavelength dependence of alpha was determined from fluorescence measurements at 692 and 750 nm at -196 degrees C. Alpha is constant to within a few percent from 400 to 680 nm, the maximum deviation being at 515 nm where alpha shows a broad maximum increasing from 0.30 to 0.34. At wavelengths between 680 and 700 nm, alpha increases to unity as Photosystem I becomes the dominant absorber in the photochemical apparatus.", "contents": "Excitation spectra for photosystem I and photosystem II in chloroplasts and the spectral characteristics of the distributions of quanta between the two photosystems. The parameters listed in the title were determined within the context of a model for the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis. The fluorescence of variable yield at 750 nm at -196 degrees C is due to energy transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I. Fluorescence excitation spectra were measured at -196 degrees C at the minimum, FO, level and the maximum, FM, level of the emission at 750 nm. The difference spectrum, FM-FO, which represents the excitation spectrum for FV is presented as a pure Photosystem II excitation spectrum. This spectrum shows a maximum at 677 nm, attributable to the antenna chlorophyll a of Photosystem II units, with a shoulder at 670 nm and a smaller maximum at 650 nm, presumably due to chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b of the light-harvesting chlorophyll complex. Fluoresence at the FO level at 750 nm can be considered in two parts; one part due to the fraction of absorbed quanta, alpha, which excites Photosystem I more-or-less directly and another part due to energy transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I. The latter contribution can be estimated from the ratio of FO/FV measured at 692 nm and the extent of FV at 750 nm. According to this procedure the excitation spectrum of Photosystem I at -196 degrees C was determined by subtracting 1/3 of the excitation spectrum of FV at 750 nm from the excitation spectrum of FO at 750 nm. The spectrum shows a relatively sharp maximum at 681 nm due to the antenna chlorophyll a of Photosystem I units with probably some energy transfer from the light-harvesting chlorophyll complex. The wavelength dependence of alpha was determined from fluorescence measurements at 692 and 750 nm at -196 degrees C. Alpha is constant to within a few percent from 400 to 680 nm, the maximum deviation being at 515 nm where alpha shows a broad maximum increasing from 0.30 to 0.34. At wavelengths between 680 and 700 nm, alpha increases to unity as Photosystem I becomes the dominant absorber in the photochemical apparatus.", "PMID": 1191662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12439", "title": "Effect of phosphatidylcholine on fatty acid and cholesterol absorption from mixed micellar solutions.", "content": "Using the experimental model of the everted sac prepared from rat jejuna, kinetic studies on [14C]oleic acid uptake from bile salt micelles were conducted in the presence and absence of phosphatidylcholine. The concentration of oleic acid was varied between 0.625 and 5 mM. At every level of fatty acid concentration studied the addition of 2 mM phosphatidylcholine produced a significant inhibition of fatty acid uptake. It was further noted that the intact phospholipid molecule was required for this effect as lysophosphatidylcholine produced little, if any, inhibition of [14C]oleic acid uptake. The effect of varying the concentration of phosphatidylcholine on fatty acid uptake was also studied. The degree of inhibition was noted to be correlated grossly with media concentrations of this phospholipid although the decrease of fatty acid uptake was not strictly proportional to concentration of this material in the medium. Studies were also performed analyzing in vitro absorption of [14C]oleic acid and [3H]cholesterol simultaneously from mixed micelles composed of sodium taurocholate, oleic acid, monoolein and cholesterol. Control medium contained no phospholipid while experimental medium contained either diester or diether phosphatidylcholine, 2 mM. Both types of phosphatidylcholine caused significant inhibition of fatty acid and cholesterol uptake. In vivo absorption studies were also performed using the isolated jejunal segment technique. A mixed micellar solution containing [3H]cholesterol and [14C]oleic acid was used as the test dose. Phospholipid in the test dose for controls was supplied as lysophosphatidylcholine and for experimentals it was in the form of diether phosphatidylcholine. Significantly less radioactively labeled cholesterol and fatty acid was absorbed by experimentals as compared to controls over a 10-min period. It is concluded that the intact molecule of phosphatidylcholine inhibits intestinal uptake of cholesterol and fatty acid from mixed micellar solutions under both in vitro and in vivo conditions.", "contents": "Effect of phosphatidylcholine on fatty acid and cholesterol absorption from mixed micellar solutions. Using the experimental model of the everted sac prepared from rat jejuna, kinetic studies on [14C]oleic acid uptake from bile salt micelles were conducted in the presence and absence of phosphatidylcholine. The concentration of oleic acid was varied between 0.625 and 5 mM. At every level of fatty acid concentration studied the addition of 2 mM phosphatidylcholine produced a significant inhibition of fatty acid uptake. It was further noted that the intact phospholipid molecule was required for this effect as lysophosphatidylcholine produced little, if any, inhibition of [14C]oleic acid uptake. The effect of varying the concentration of phosphatidylcholine on fatty acid uptake was also studied. The degree of inhibition was noted to be correlated grossly with media concentrations of this phospholipid although the decrease of fatty acid uptake was not strictly proportional to concentration of this material in the medium. Studies were also performed analyzing in vitro absorption of [14C]oleic acid and [3H]cholesterol simultaneously from mixed micelles composed of sodium taurocholate, oleic acid, monoolein and cholesterol. Control medium contained no phospholipid while experimental medium contained either diester or diether phosphatidylcholine, 2 mM. Both types of phosphatidylcholine caused significant inhibition of fatty acid and cholesterol uptake. In vivo absorption studies were also performed using the isolated jejunal segment technique. A mixed micellar solution containing [3H]cholesterol and [14C]oleic acid was used as the test dose. Phospholipid in the test dose for controls was supplied as lysophosphatidylcholine and for experimentals it was in the form of diether phosphatidylcholine. Significantly less radioactively labeled cholesterol and fatty acid was absorbed by experimentals as compared to controls over a 10-min period. It is concluded that the intact molecule of phosphatidylcholine inhibits intestinal uptake of cholesterol and fatty acid from mixed micellar solutions under both in vitro and in vivo conditions.", "PMID": 1191663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12440", "title": "Incorporation and subcellular distribution of an unnatural phospholipid base-analog, N-isopropyl-ethanolamine, in rat liver.", "content": "An unnatural phospholipid, phosphatidyl-N-isopropylethanolamine, was isolated from rat liver after intraperitoneal injections of N-isopropylethanol-amine; it was identified on the basis of enzymic, chemical, and chromatographic analyses. Although this phospholipid was formed at the expense of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, its fatty acid composition did not resemble either of these lipids. Microsomes, mitochondria, and plasma membranes contained significant amounts (up to 9%) of this unusual phospholipid. Radioisotope incorporation experiments suggest that the N-isopropylethanol-amine containing phospholipid is rapidly equilibrated between microsomes and mitochondria and more slowly with surface membranes.", "contents": "Incorporation and subcellular distribution of an unnatural phospholipid base-analog, N-isopropyl-ethanolamine, in rat liver. An unnatural phospholipid, phosphatidyl-N-isopropylethanolamine, was isolated from rat liver after intraperitoneal injections of N-isopropylethanol-amine; it was identified on the basis of enzymic, chemical, and chromatographic analyses. Although this phospholipid was formed at the expense of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, its fatty acid composition did not resemble either of these lipids. Microsomes, mitochondria, and plasma membranes contained significant amounts (up to 9%) of this unusual phospholipid. Radioisotope incorporation experiments suggest that the N-isopropylethanol-amine containing phospholipid is rapidly equilibrated between microsomes and mitochondria and more slowly with surface membranes.", "PMID": 1191664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12441", "title": "Regulation of hepatic fatty acid synthetase in the obese-hyperglycemic mutant mouse.", "content": "Regulation of fatty acid synthetase has been studied in the obese-hyperglycemic mouse and compared with regulation in non obese, littermate control animals. The mechanisms underlying the regulatory changes were defined by immunochemical techniques. Several major conclusions are justified from the data obtained: (1) Although the hepatic specific activity of fatty acid synthetase is higher in obese than in non obese animals pair-fed chow, no difference in hepatic activities is apparent in animals pair-fed the fat-free diet; (2) The higher enzymatic activity in obese animals fed chow is related to a higher content of enzyme, and this higher content is associated with a higher rate of enzyme synthesis; (3) The decrease in hepatic synthetase activity with starvation is distinctly more striking in non obese than in obese animals, and the changes in activity reflect changes in content of enzyme; (4) With starvation there is a decrease in synthesis of enzyme in obese and non obese animals, but only in non obese animals is there also a marked increase in the rate of synthetase degradation (t1/2 = 24 h during starvation, t1/2 = 76 h during normalfeeding); (5) Refeeding starved mice a fat-free diet results in a more striking increase in hepatic synthetase activity in non obese than in obese animals; (6) Administration of triiodothyronine causes a more marked increase in hepatic synthetase activity in non obese than in obese animals. The data thus define a variety of differences in regulation of hepatic fatty acid synthetase in mutant and normal animals. The roles of enzyme synthesis and degradation in the etiology of these differences are defined, and possible mechanisms underlying regulation of synthetase synthesis and degradation in normal mammalian liver are suggested by the observations.", "contents": "Regulation of hepatic fatty acid synthetase in the obese-hyperglycemic mutant mouse. Regulation of fatty acid synthetase has been studied in the obese-hyperglycemic mouse and compared with regulation in non obese, littermate control animals. The mechanisms underlying the regulatory changes were defined by immunochemical techniques. Several major conclusions are justified from the data obtained: (1) Although the hepatic specific activity of fatty acid synthetase is higher in obese than in non obese animals pair-fed chow, no difference in hepatic activities is apparent in animals pair-fed the fat-free diet; (2) The higher enzymatic activity in obese animals fed chow is related to a higher content of enzyme, and this higher content is associated with a higher rate of enzyme synthesis; (3) The decrease in hepatic synthetase activity with starvation is distinctly more striking in non obese than in obese animals, and the changes in activity reflect changes in content of enzyme; (4) With starvation there is a decrease in synthesis of enzyme in obese and non obese animals, but only in non obese animals is there also a marked increase in the rate of synthetase degradation (t1/2 = 24 h during starvation, t1/2 = 76 h during normalfeeding); (5) Refeeding starved mice a fat-free diet results in a more striking increase in hepatic synthetase activity in non obese than in obese animals; (6) Administration of triiodothyronine causes a more marked increase in hepatic synthetase activity in non obese than in obese animals. The data thus define a variety of differences in regulation of hepatic fatty acid synthetase in mutant and normal animals. The roles of enzyme synthesis and degradation in the etiology of these differences are defined, and possible mechanisms underlying regulation of synthetase synthesis and degradation in normal mammalian liver are suggested by the observations.", "PMID": 1191666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12442", "title": "A novel sulfonolipid in diatoms.", "content": "A new sulfonolipid has been isolated from a non-photosynthetic diatom, Nitzschia alba, by thin-layer and column chromatography on silicic acid, and characterized by 35S-labeling, mobility on thin-layer chromatography, infrared and NMR spectroscopy and products of hydrolysis, as a ceramide sulfonic acid (N-acyl sphingosine-1-sulfonic acid). The long-chain base moiety was shown by identification of the products of periodate or periodate-permanganate oxidation to consist of a C18-trans-sphingosine backbone linked directly by a C-S linkage through C1 to a SO3 group. The N-acyl groups were mainly isoheptadecanoic (64%) and palmitic (26%) acids.", "contents": "A novel sulfonolipid in diatoms. A new sulfonolipid has been isolated from a non-photosynthetic diatom, Nitzschia alba, by thin-layer and column chromatography on silicic acid, and characterized by 35S-labeling, mobility on thin-layer chromatography, infrared and NMR spectroscopy and products of hydrolysis, as a ceramide sulfonic acid (N-acyl sphingosine-1-sulfonic acid). The long-chain base moiety was shown by identification of the products of periodate or periodate-permanganate oxidation to consist of a C18-trans-sphingosine backbone linked directly by a C-S linkage through C1 to a SO3 group. The N-acyl groups were mainly isoheptadecanoic (64%) and palmitic (26%) acids.", "PMID": 1191667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12443", "title": "Purification and properties of xanthine dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas acidovorans.", "content": "Xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.37) from Pseudomonas acidovorans has been purified to near homogeneity (approx. 65-fold). The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 275 000. Electrophoresis in gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate showed the presence of two types of subunit with molecular weights of about 81 000 and 63 000. Thus the intact molecule probably contains two of each type of subunit. Xanthine and hypoxanthine are good substrates, and NAD+ is an effective electron acceptor. With xanthine and NAD+ as substrates the purified enzyme has a specific activity of about 20 mumol NADH formed/min per mg protein. Michaelis constants for xanthine and NAD+ are 0.07 and 0.12 mM, respectively, and for hypoxanthine and NAD+ 0.29 and 0.16 mM, respectively.", "contents": "Purification and properties of xanthine dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas acidovorans. Xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.37) from Pseudomonas acidovorans has been purified to near homogeneity (approx. 65-fold). The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 275 000. Electrophoresis in gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate showed the presence of two types of subunit with molecular weights of about 81 000 and 63 000. Thus the intact molecule probably contains two of each type of subunit. Xanthine and hypoxanthine are good substrates, and NAD+ is an effective electron acceptor. With xanthine and NAD+ as substrates the purified enzyme has a specific activity of about 20 mumol NADH formed/min per mg protein. Michaelis constants for xanthine and NAD+ are 0.07 and 0.12 mM, respectively, and for hypoxanthine and NAD+ 0.29 and 0.16 mM, respectively.", "PMID": 1191668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12444", "title": "Separation of active enzyme components from the fatty acid synthetase of chicken liver.", "content": "Fatty acid synthetase (EC 6.2.1.-) of chicken liver was dissociated into half-size subcomplexes and then separated into three protein fractions by the preparative disc-gel electrophoresis technique. The anodal protein (Fa) of a molecular weight of approx. 6000 contains the prosthetic group, 4'-phosphopantetheine. It binds acetyl group from acetyl-CoA and is identified as the acyl carrier protein component. The slower moving proteins (FI and FII) correspond to the subcomplexes resolved by the analytical method (Y.n, S.L. and Hsu, R.Y. (1972) J. Biol. Chem 247, 2689--2698). Both contain acetyl transacylase and palmityl-CoA deacylase activities, but only FI contains beta-ketoacyl reductase activity. Active acetyl transacylase and palmityl-CoA deacylase components were obrained by the sucrose density centrifugation technique in a broad 3 S protein band from the FI fraction, following dissociation at 4 degrees C for 12 days. Slight modification of the electrophoresis conditions yields a homogeneous 1.55 S beta-ketoacyl reductase component.", "contents": "Separation of active enzyme components from the fatty acid synthetase of chicken liver. Fatty acid synthetase (EC 6.2.1.-) of chicken liver was dissociated into half-size subcomplexes and then separated into three protein fractions by the preparative disc-gel electrophoresis technique. The anodal protein (Fa) of a molecular weight of approx. 6000 contains the prosthetic group, 4'-phosphopantetheine. It binds acetyl group from acetyl-CoA and is identified as the acyl carrier protein component. The slower moving proteins (FI and FII) correspond to the subcomplexes resolved by the analytical method (Y.n, S.L. and Hsu, R.Y. (1972) J. Biol. Chem 247, 2689--2698). Both contain acetyl transacylase and palmityl-CoA deacylase activities, but only FI contains beta-ketoacyl reductase activity. Active acetyl transacylase and palmityl-CoA deacylase components were obrained by the sucrose density centrifugation technique in a broad 3 S protein band from the FI fraction, following dissociation at 4 degrees C for 12 days. Slight modification of the electrophoresis conditions yields a homogeneous 1.55 S beta-ketoacyl reductase component.", "PMID": 1191669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12445", "title": "Binding of homogeneous cytochrome b5 to rat liver microsomes. Effect on N-demethylation reactions.", "content": "Incubation of rat homogeneous detergent-solubilized cytochrome b5 with rat liver microsomes resulted in specific binding of the hemoprotein which was rapidly reduced by NADH. The NADH cytochrome c reductase activity in these preparations increased in proportion to the amount of cytochrome bound. However, the extra-bound detergent-solubilized cytochrome b5 did inhibit NADPH-dependent N-demethylations, the NADH synergism and NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase activity. Manganese protoporphyrin-apocytochrome complex when bound to microsomes in amounts equivalent to detergent-solubilised cytochrome b5 showed no effect on N-demethylation activity. Furthermore, the binding of cytochrome b5 preparations reconstituted from heme and apocytochrome b5 had no effect on either the NADPH-dependent N-demethylation of aminopyrene or ethylmorphine or the NADH synergism observed with rat liver microsomes. In addition, homogeneous cytochrome b5 eluted from three additional Sephadex G-100 columns showed no inhibitory effects when bound to liver microsomes. Spectral analyses of the acid-acetone extract of the hemoprotein showed an absorption peak at 278 nm suggesting that the homogeneous b5 contains contaminating amounts of tightly bound detergent which is responsible for the observed inhibition of mixed function oxidase activity and which is removed during extraction of the heme from the apocytochrome and during further gel filtration applications.", "contents": "Binding of homogeneous cytochrome b5 to rat liver microsomes. Effect on N-demethylation reactions. Incubation of rat homogeneous detergent-solubilized cytochrome b5 with rat liver microsomes resulted in specific binding of the hemoprotein which was rapidly reduced by NADH. The NADH cytochrome c reductase activity in these preparations increased in proportion to the amount of cytochrome bound. However, the extra-bound detergent-solubilized cytochrome b5 did inhibit NADPH-dependent N-demethylations, the NADH synergism and NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase activity. Manganese protoporphyrin-apocytochrome complex when bound to microsomes in amounts equivalent to detergent-solubilised cytochrome b5 showed no effect on N-demethylation activity. Furthermore, the binding of cytochrome b5 preparations reconstituted from heme and apocytochrome b5 had no effect on either the NADPH-dependent N-demethylation of aminopyrene or ethylmorphine or the NADH synergism observed with rat liver microsomes. In addition, homogeneous cytochrome b5 eluted from three additional Sephadex G-100 columns showed no inhibitory effects when bound to liver microsomes. Spectral analyses of the acid-acetone extract of the hemoprotein showed an absorption peak at 278 nm suggesting that the homogeneous b5 contains contaminating amounts of tightly bound detergent which is responsible for the observed inhibition of mixed function oxidase activity and which is removed during extraction of the heme from the apocytochrome and during further gel filtration applications.", "PMID": 1191670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12446", "title": "Effect of aggregation on the kinetic properties of aspartate aminotransferase.", "content": "In this investigation the steady-state kinetic parameters of the alpha subform of aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) were determined in 0.2 M Tris - HCl, pH 8.0, at 25 degrees C. The kinetic parameters for both the forward and reverse reactions were determined under conditions where the enzyme is monomeric, while only the steady-state parameters associated with the forward reaction could be determined under conditions where the enzyme is dimeric enzyme decreased relative to that of monomeric enzyme, 245 versus 360 s(-1) while the Km for aspartate increased, 3.3 versus 2.6 mM. No significant change in the Michaelis constant for ketoglutarate was observed. The steady-state parameters of dimeric enzyme are slightly altered in 0.1 M Na4 P2O7, pH 8.0, the catalytic center activity and Michaelis constant for ketoglutarate being slightly larger. From the dependence of the initial velocity on enzyme concentration the dissociation constant for the monomer-dimer equilibrium is estimated to be 2 - 10(-8) M. A similar value of the dissociation constant was estimated from Sephadex gel filtration experiments.", "contents": "Effect of aggregation on the kinetic properties of aspartate aminotransferase. In this investigation the steady-state kinetic parameters of the alpha subform of aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) were determined in 0.2 M Tris - HCl, pH 8.0, at 25 degrees C. The kinetic parameters for both the forward and reverse reactions were determined under conditions where the enzyme is monomeric, while only the steady-state parameters associated with the forward reaction could be determined under conditions where the enzyme is dimeric enzyme decreased relative to that of monomeric enzyme, 245 versus 360 s(-1) while the Km for aspartate increased, 3.3 versus 2.6 mM. No significant change in the Michaelis constant for ketoglutarate was observed. The steady-state parameters of dimeric enzyme are slightly altered in 0.1 M Na4 P2O7, pH 8.0, the catalytic center activity and Michaelis constant for ketoglutarate being slightly larger. From the dependence of the initial velocity on enzyme concentration the dissociation constant for the monomer-dimer equilibrium is estimated to be 2 - 10(-8) M. A similar value of the dissociation constant was estimated from Sephadex gel filtration experiments.", "PMID": 1191671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12447", "title": "Peptide hydrogen exchange rates in Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor.", "content": "The exchange reaction of the peptide NH protons of a microbial protease inhibitor (Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor) with deuterium atoms in 2H2O (p2H 6.8) has been studied by proton magnetic resonance in the temperature range 56-71 degrees C. Both slowly and rapidly exchanging processes have been observed. The number of slowly exchanging protons is estimated to be 25 +/- 2 per subunit of the protein molecule. The decay of the slowly exchanging proton signals follows a single time-exponential function at each temperature. The observed first-order rate constants have been analyzed to give the denaturated fraction of the protein as a function of temperature with a consequent enthalpy (56 kcal/mol) and an entropy (137 cal/degree per mol) of denaturation. The results indicate the high conformational stability of this protein against heat denaturation.", "contents": "Peptide hydrogen exchange rates in Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor. The exchange reaction of the peptide NH protons of a microbial protease inhibitor (Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor) with deuterium atoms in 2H2O (p2H 6.8) has been studied by proton magnetic resonance in the temperature range 56-71 degrees C. Both slowly and rapidly exchanging processes have been observed. The number of slowly exchanging protons is estimated to be 25 +/- 2 per subunit of the protein molecule. The decay of the slowly exchanging proton signals follows a single time-exponential function at each temperature. The observed first-order rate constants have been analyzed to give the denaturated fraction of the protein as a function of temperature with a consequent enthalpy (56 kcal/mol) and an entropy (137 cal/degree per mol) of denaturation. The results indicate the high conformational stability of this protein against heat denaturation.", "PMID": 1191672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12448", "title": "Mechanism of action of heparin through thrombin on blood coagulation.", "content": "It has been suggested that heparin can affect blood coagulation through thrombin, i.e. the binding of heparin to thrombin induces a conformational change in the enzyme, facilitating a complex formation between thrombin and antithrombin (Machovich, T., Blask\u00f3, Gy. and P\u00e1los, L. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 379, 193-200). This hypothesis seems to have been proved. Modification of arginine residues in thrombin did not result in decreased thrombin activity and decreased sensitivity to antithrombin, whereas the heparin sensitivity of the enzyme and the thrombin-antithrombin reaction were diminished.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of heparin through thrombin on blood coagulation. It has been suggested that heparin can affect blood coagulation through thrombin, i.e. the binding of heparin to thrombin induces a conformational change in the enzyme, facilitating a complex formation between thrombin and antithrombin (Machovich, T., Blask\u00f3, Gy. and P\u00e1los, L. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 379, 193-200). This hypothesis seems to have been proved. Modification of arginine residues in thrombin did not result in decreased thrombin activity and decreased sensitivity to antithrombin, whereas the heparin sensitivity of the enzyme and the thrombin-antithrombin reaction were diminished.", "PMID": 1191673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12449", "title": "Hemoglobin-Strumica or alpha 2 112(G19) His replaced by Arg beta 2. (With an addendum: hemoglobin-J-Paris-I, alpha 2 12(A10) Ala replaced by Asp beta 2, in the same population).", "content": "Hemoglobin-Strumica has been observed in five members of a Macedonian family. Histidyl residue in position 112 of the alpha chain of this variant is replaced by an arginyl residue. Two other variants (hemoglobin-Dakar and hemoglobin-Hopkins-2) in which this histidyl residue has been replaced by a glutaminyl and by an aspartyl residue, respectively, have been described (Rosa et al. (1968) 12 thCongr. Int. Soc. Haematol. New York, abstract, p. 73 and Charache, S. and Osterag, W. (1970) Bloodt 36, 852). The hemoglobin-Strumica heterozygotes have minimal hematological changes although this may not necessarily be associated with the hemoglobinopathy. Subjects heterozygous for hemoglobin-Dakar have a mild hemolytic anemia and hemoglobin-Hopkins-2 heterozygotes exhibit minimal hematological changes.", "contents": "Hemoglobin-Strumica or alpha 2 112(G19) His replaced by Arg beta 2. (With an addendum: hemoglobin-J-Paris-I, alpha 2 12(A10) Ala replaced by Asp beta 2, in the same population). Hemoglobin-Strumica has been observed in five members of a Macedonian family. Histidyl residue in position 112 of the alpha chain of this variant is replaced by an arginyl residue. Two other variants (hemoglobin-Dakar and hemoglobin-Hopkins-2) in which this histidyl residue has been replaced by a glutaminyl and by an aspartyl residue, respectively, have been described (Rosa et al. (1968) 12 thCongr. Int. Soc. Haematol. New York, abstract, p. 73 and Charache, S. and Osterag, W. (1970) Bloodt 36, 852). The hemoglobin-Strumica heterozygotes have minimal hematological changes although this may not necessarily be associated with the hemoglobinopathy. Subjects heterozygous for hemoglobin-Dakar have a mild hemolytic anemia and hemoglobin-Hopkins-2 heterozygotes exhibit minimal hematological changes.", "PMID": 1191675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12450", "title": "Hydrophobic interaction chromatography on non-charged Sepharose derivatives. Binding of a model protein, related to ionic strength, hydrophobicity of the substituent, and degree of substitution (determined by NMR).", "content": "A series of agarose gels, substituted with hydrophobic  groups, has been synthesized and used for binding studies with the coloured model protein, phycoerythrin. The degrees of substitution for the derivatives can easily be estimated with proton magnetic resonance (NMR). It has been found that the capacity of the derivatives for phycoerythrin increases with increasing hydrophobicity of the substituent, degree of substitution and increasing ionic strength. For column experiments the degree of substitution should lie in the range 40-100 mmol substituent/mol galactose. When it is excessively high, the flow characteristics of the columns are unsatisfactory and difficulties to achieve complete desorption may arise.", "contents": "Hydrophobic interaction chromatography on non-charged Sepharose derivatives. Binding of a model protein, related to ionic strength, hydrophobicity of the substituent, and degree of substitution (determined by NMR). A series of agarose gels, substituted with hydrophobic  groups, has been synthesized and used for binding studies with the coloured model protein, phycoerythrin. The degrees of substitution for the derivatives can easily be estimated with proton magnetic resonance (NMR). It has been found that the capacity of the derivatives for phycoerythrin increases with increasing hydrophobicity of the substituent, degree of substitution and increasing ionic strength. For column experiments the degree of substitution should lie in the range 40-100 mmol substituent/mol galactose. When it is excessively high, the flow characteristics of the columns are unsatisfactory and difficulties to achieve complete desorption may arise.", "PMID": 1191676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12451", "title": "Human pituitary lutropin. Isolation, properties, and the complete amino acid sequence of the beta-subunit.", "content": "The separation of alpha and beta subunits from human pituitary lutropin is described, and the complete amino acid sequence of the beta subunit is proposed. It consists of 115 amino acids with serine and glycine at the amino and carboxyl termini, respectively. The single carbohydrate moiety is linked to asparagine in position 30 and the single tryptophan of the lutropin molecule is located at position 8. The two methionine residues in lutropin-beta are in positions 41 and 42. In addition to COOH-terminal heterogeneity, evidence for internal peptide cleavages was observed.", "contents": "Human pituitary lutropin. Isolation, properties, and the complete amino acid sequence of the beta-subunit. The separation of alpha and beta subunits from human pituitary lutropin is described, and the complete amino acid sequence of the beta subunit is proposed. It consists of 115 amino acids with serine and glycine at the amino and carboxyl termini, respectively. The single carbohydrate moiety is linked to asparagine in position 30 and the single tryptophan of the lutropin molecule is located at position 8. The two methionine residues in lutropin-beta are in positions 41 and 42. In addition to COOH-terminal heterogeneity, evidence for internal peptide cleavages was observed.", "PMID": 1191677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12452", "title": "The isolation and characterization of alpha-keratin microfibrils.", "content": "A method of isolating alpha-keratin microfibrils which avoids the degradation previously associated with the use of chemical, physical or enzymic procedures has been developed. Electron microscope studies of the isolation procedure establish that the microfibrils originate from the presumptive cortical cells. A purification procedure, monitored by electron microscopy, has enabled microfibrils to be isolated on a scale sufficient for chemical characterization. The amino acid composition of the microfibrils is very similar to that of low-sulphur protein fractions extracted from a range of hard mammalian keratins and thus provides direct experimental evidence for the assumption that the low-sulphur proteins comprise the microfibril in alpha-keratin.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of alpha-keratin microfibrils. A method of isolating alpha-keratin microfibrils which avoids the degradation previously associated with the use of chemical, physical or enzymic procedures has been developed. Electron microscope studies of the isolation procedure establish that the microfibrils originate from the presumptive cortical cells. A purification procedure, monitored by electron microscopy, has enabled microfibrils to be isolated on a scale sufficient for chemical characterization. The amino acid composition of the microfibrils is very similar to that of low-sulphur protein fractions extracted from a range of hard mammalian keratins and thus provides direct experimental evidence for the assumption that the low-sulphur proteins comprise the microfibril in alpha-keratin.", "PMID": 1191678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12453", "title": "Isolation and characterization of several glycoproteins from human colostrum whey.", "content": "Five homogeneous closely related glycoproteins were isolated from human colostrum whey, and their molecular weights and carbohydrate contents ranged from 26 000 to 35 000 and from 50 to 80%, respectively. All had the Lactobacillus bifidus var. Pennsylvanicus growth-promoting activity, which was not substantially altered by desialization. Neither human colostrum, milk or the glycoproteins had any cellular immunity-mediating activity. Degradation of the carbohydrate moieties of these glycoproteins indicated that each contained non-identical carbohydrate chains.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of several glycoproteins from human colostrum whey. Five homogeneous closely related glycoproteins were isolated from human colostrum whey, and their molecular weights and carbohydrate contents ranged from 26 000 to 35 000 and from 50 to 80%, respectively. All had the Lactobacillus bifidus var. Pennsylvanicus growth-promoting activity, which was not substantially altered by desialization. Neither human colostrum, milk or the glycoproteins had any cellular immunity-mediating activity. Degradation of the carbohydrate moieties of these glycoproteins indicated that each contained non-identical carbohydrate chains.", "PMID": 1191679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12454", "title": "Inhibition of human thrombin assessed with different substrates and inhibitors. Characterization of fibrinopeptide binding interaction.", "content": "The activity of human thrombin has been assessed with fibrinogen, N-alpha-benzoyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide, N-alpha-benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide, N-alpha-carbobenzoxy-tyrosine-p-nitrophenyl ester and p-nitrophenylacetate: increased rates of hydrolysis were found for N-alpha-carbobenzoxy-tyrosine-p-nitrophenyl ester and N-alpha-benzoyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide compared to N-alpha-benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide and p-nitrophenylacetate. Phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride and N-alpha-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone inhibited, to the same degree, the activity toward each substrate. Inclusion of N-alpha-tosyl-arginine methyl ester in the phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride reaction mixtures protected the enzyme from inhibition as shown with N-alpha-benzoyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide and N-alpha-carbobenzoxy-tyrosine-p-nitrophenyl ester. N-Acetylimidazole inhibited the activity towards fibrinogen, N-alphrosine-p-nitrophenyl ester to varying degrees. Inhibition of N-alpha-benzoyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide was completely reversible with neutral hydroxylamine, whereas coagulant activity towards fibrinogen was only partially regained. Human fibrinopeptide A inhibited activity toward N-alpha-benzoyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide and N-alpha-carbobenzoxy-tyrosine-p-nitrophenyl ester. The mode of inhibition of N-alpha-benzoyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide by fibrinopeptide A was non=competitive (K1 = 3.02.10(-5) M), whereas N-alpha-toysyl-arginine methyl ester was a competitive inhibitor of this substrate (K1 = 2.6.10(-5) M). These studies demonstrate more than one binding domain for fibrinogen on human thrombin.", "contents": "Inhibition of human thrombin assessed with different substrates and inhibitors. Characterization of fibrinopeptide binding interaction. The activity of human thrombin has been assessed with fibrinogen, N-alpha-benzoyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide, N-alpha-benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide, N-alpha-carbobenzoxy-tyrosine-p-nitrophenyl ester and p-nitrophenylacetate: increased rates of hydrolysis were found for N-alpha-carbobenzoxy-tyrosine-p-nitrophenyl ester and N-alpha-benzoyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide compared to N-alpha-benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide and p-nitrophenylacetate. Phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride and N-alpha-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone inhibited, to the same degree, the activity toward each substrate. Inclusion of N-alpha-tosyl-arginine methyl ester in the phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride reaction mixtures protected the enzyme from inhibition as shown with N-alpha-benzoyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide and N-alpha-carbobenzoxy-tyrosine-p-nitrophenyl ester. N-Acetylimidazole inhibited the activity towards fibrinogen, N-alphrosine-p-nitrophenyl ester to varying degrees. Inhibition of N-alpha-benzoyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide was completely reversible with neutral hydroxylamine, whereas coagulant activity towards fibrinogen was only partially regained. Human fibrinopeptide A inhibited activity toward N-alpha-benzoyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide and N-alpha-carbobenzoxy-tyrosine-p-nitrophenyl ester. The mode of inhibition of N-alpha-benzoyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide by fibrinopeptide A was non=competitive (K1 = 3.02.10(-5) M), whereas N-alpha-toysyl-arginine methyl ester was a competitive inhibitor of this substrate (K1 = 2.6.10(-5) M). These studies demonstrate more than one binding domain for fibrinogen on human thrombin.", "PMID": 1191680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12455", "title": "Effect of modification on physicochemical and biological properties of haptoglobin. VI. Reaction with azlactone of p-nitrobenzoyl-valine.", "content": "The azlactone of p-nitrobenzoyl-valine (Nbz-Val) has been used for modification of xi-amino groups of lysine in haptoglobin type 1-1, in hemoglobin, and in the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex. By the use of this reagent 95% of amino groups in haptoglobin and 90% in hemoglobin have been blocked without any changes in peroxidase activity of the formed complexes: Nbz-Val.haptoglobin with hemoglobin, Nbz-Val. hemoglobin with haptoglobin, and Nbz-Val.(haptoglonin-hemoglobin). After reduction and reoxidation, Nbz-Val.haptoglobin was found to retain 90% of peroxidase activity when complexed with hemoglobin. Beta chains separated either from haptoglobin or Nbz-Val.haptoglobin showed 15% of peroxidase activity in the complex with hemoglobin, alpha chains of the same origin were completely inactive. Whereas recombination of haptoglobin from alpha and beta chains resulted in 42% hemoglobin-binding capacity, renaturation of Nbz-Val.haptoglobin from separated subunits was found to proceed with almost 100% yield. In immunodiffusion with rabbit anti-haptoglobin or anti-Nbz-Val.haptoglobin sera, preparations of haptoglobin and Nbz-Val.haptoglobin after reduction and reoxidation or after recombination from separated subunits gave similar precipitation arcs showing the reaction of immunological identity.", "contents": "Effect of modification on physicochemical and biological properties of haptoglobin. VI. Reaction with azlactone of p-nitrobenzoyl-valine. The azlactone of p-nitrobenzoyl-valine (Nbz-Val) has been used for modification of xi-amino groups of lysine in haptoglobin type 1-1, in hemoglobin, and in the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex. By the use of this reagent 95% of amino groups in haptoglobin and 90% in hemoglobin have been blocked without any changes in peroxidase activity of the formed complexes: Nbz-Val.haptoglobin with hemoglobin, Nbz-Val. hemoglobin with haptoglobin, and Nbz-Val.(haptoglonin-hemoglobin). After reduction and reoxidation, Nbz-Val.haptoglobin was found to retain 90% of peroxidase activity when complexed with hemoglobin. Beta chains separated either from haptoglobin or Nbz-Val.haptoglobin showed 15% of peroxidase activity in the complex with hemoglobin, alpha chains of the same origin were completely inactive. Whereas recombination of haptoglobin from alpha and beta chains resulted in 42% hemoglobin-binding capacity, renaturation of Nbz-Val.haptoglobin from separated subunits was found to proceed with almost 100% yield. In immunodiffusion with rabbit anti-haptoglobin or anti-Nbz-Val.haptoglobin sera, preparations of haptoglobin and Nbz-Val.haptoglobin after reduction and reoxidation or after recombination from separated subunits gave similar precipitation arcs showing the reaction of immunological identity.", "PMID": 1191681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12456", "title": "Structure of the O-glycosidically linked carbohydrate units of rat brain glycoproteins.", "content": "The O-glycosidically linked carbohydrate units of rat brain glycopeptides were released as reduced oligosaccharides with NaOH/NaBH4 treatment. Five oligosaccharides were isolated using gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. Studies employing periodate oxidation, methylation analysis, chromium trixide oxidation and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated the following structures: (I) alpha-galactosyl-(1 leads to 3)-N-acetylgalactosaminitol, (II) beta-galactosyl-(1 leads to 3)-N-acetylgalactosaminitol, (III) N-acetylneuraminyl-[beta-galactosyl-(1 leads to 3)-N-acetylgalactosaminitol], (IV) N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 leads to 3)-beta-galactosyl-(1 leads to 3)-N-acetylgalactosaminitol and (V) N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 leads to 3)-beta-galactosyl-(1 leads to 3)[N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 leads to 6)]-N-acetylgalactosaminitol.", "contents": "Structure of the O-glycosidically linked carbohydrate units of rat brain glycoproteins. The O-glycosidically linked carbohydrate units of rat brain glycopeptides were released as reduced oligosaccharides with NaOH/NaBH4 treatment. Five oligosaccharides were isolated using gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. Studies employing periodate oxidation, methylation analysis, chromium trixide oxidation and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated the following structures: (I) alpha-galactosyl-(1 leads to 3)-N-acetylgalactosaminitol, (II) beta-galactosyl-(1 leads to 3)-N-acetylgalactosaminitol, (III) N-acetylneuraminyl-[beta-galactosyl-(1 leads to 3)-N-acetylgalactosaminitol], (IV) N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 leads to 3)-beta-galactosyl-(1 leads to 3)-N-acetylgalactosaminitol and (V) N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 leads to 3)-beta-galactosyl-(1 leads to 3)[N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 leads to 6)]-N-acetylgalactosaminitol.", "PMID": 1191682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12457", "title": "Cryoprotective leaf proteins.", "content": "Leaves of frost-resistant plants contain a number of soluble proteins which are capable of protecting isolated biomembranes against inactivation during freezing. Such proteins have not been found in non-hardy summer material. The pattern of protective proteins was not uniform in hardy material of different origin and appeared to change with the season. Cryoprotective proteins were isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis. Molecular weights of different proteins as determined by their electrophoretic mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels were between 10000 and 20000. Circular dichroism measurements failed to indicate helical structures. The amino acid composition of 2 active proteins revealed a high content of polar amino acids. The proteins were heat-stable. They were, on a molar basis, more than 1000 times as effective in protecting thylakoid membranes against freezing damage as low-molecular-weight cryoprotectants such as sucrose, glycerol or dimethylsulfoxide. Very low concentrations of the proteins increased cryoprotection provided by sucrose. Of a number of oligopeptides of known composition, only a few were cryoprotective. Their activity was very small as compared with that of the active proteins. The concentration of the cryoprotective proteins in hardy leaves appeared to be high enough for a significant contribution of the proteins to the frost tolerance of resistant plants.", "contents": "Cryoprotective leaf proteins. Leaves of frost-resistant plants contain a number of soluble proteins which are capable of protecting isolated biomembranes against inactivation during freezing. Such proteins have not been found in non-hardy summer material. The pattern of protective proteins was not uniform in hardy material of different origin and appeared to change with the season. Cryoprotective proteins were isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis. Molecular weights of different proteins as determined by their electrophoretic mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels were between 10000 and 20000. Circular dichroism measurements failed to indicate helical structures. The amino acid composition of 2 active proteins revealed a high content of polar amino acids. The proteins were heat-stable. They were, on a molar basis, more than 1000 times as effective in protecting thylakoid membranes against freezing damage as low-molecular-weight cryoprotectants such as sucrose, glycerol or dimethylsulfoxide. Very low concentrations of the proteins increased cryoprotection provided by sucrose. Of a number of oligopeptides of known composition, only a few were cryoprotective. Their activity was very small as compared with that of the active proteins. The concentration of the cryoprotective proteins in hardy leaves appeared to be high enough for a significant contribution of the proteins to the frost tolerance of resistant plants.", "PMID": 1191683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12458", "title": "The separation of S-carboxymethylated human fibrinogen chains with a single carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography.", "content": "A single chromatography on CM 52 cellulose was sufficient to separate the S-carboxymethylated chains of human fibrinogen with a variable gradient mixer. The purity of the chains was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Approximately 36 percent of the S-carboxymethylated fibrinogen was recovered as the purified chains.", "contents": "The separation of S-carboxymethylated human fibrinogen chains with a single carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography. A single chromatography on CM 52 cellulose was sufficient to separate the S-carboxymethylated chains of human fibrinogen with a variable gradient mixer. The purity of the chains was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Approximately 36 percent of the S-carboxymethylated fibrinogen was recovered as the purified chains.", "PMID": 1191684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12459", "title": "Shot noise in ion channels.", "content": "A theoretical treatment of electrical noise originating from the discontinuous movement of ions through pore-like channels in a membrane is given. Two simple models are considered, a port with a single energy barrier and a pore with a single binding site separated from the aqueous solutions by energy barriers on either side. The single-barrier pore acts as a white-noise source with a spectral density SJ of the current that is proportional to the total rate of jumps over the barrier. At voltages near the equilibrium potential of the permeable ion, SJ becomes equal to the spectral density of thermal (or Johnson) noise. On the other hand, in the limit of high voltages, SJ approaches the spectral density of a Schottky noise source. A similar behaviour is found for channels with a double barrier in the limit of low frequencies omega. At higher frequencies a dispersion of the spectral density near omega = 1/tau1 occurs, where tau1 is the average lifetime of the occupied state of the channel.", "contents": "Shot noise in ion channels. A theoretical treatment of electrical noise originating from the discontinuous movement of ions through pore-like channels in a membrane is given. Two simple models are considered, a port with a single energy barrier and a pore with a single binding site separated from the aqueous solutions by energy barriers on either side. The single-barrier pore acts as a white-noise source with a spectral density SJ of the current that is proportional to the total rate of jumps over the barrier. At voltages near the equilibrium potential of the permeable ion, SJ becomes equal to the spectral density of thermal (or Johnson) noise. On the other hand, in the limit of high voltages, SJ approaches the spectral density of a Schottky noise source. A similar behaviour is found for channels with a double barrier in the limit of low frequencies omega. At higher frequencies a dispersion of the spectral density near omega = 1/tau1 occurs, where tau1 is the average lifetime of the occupied state of the channel.", "PMID": 1191685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12460", "title": "Effects of potassium ions and sodium ions on membrane potential of epithelial cells in rat duodenum.", "content": "1. Mucosal and serosal membrane potentials (Vm and Vs) of epithelial cells in rat duodenum were recorded together with the transmural potential differences (PDt). 2. The value of Vm in rat duodenum at 37 degrees C was about -53mV, being considerably greater than the values reported hitherto for the small intestine of various species. 3. When Cl- in the mucosal medium was partially replaced with SO42- at fixed mucosal Na+ and K+ concentrations ([Na+]m and [K+]m), the membrane potential was scarcely affected in the steady state several minutes after replacement, whereas marked changes in the potential were observed with varying [K+]m or [Na+]m. 4. As the mucosal K+ concentration increased at constant [Na+]m, Vm was gradually decreased (depolarization), together with the increase in PDt. Such a change in Vm caused by varying [K+]m obeys Nernst's equation in the range of [K+]m higher than about 60 mM. 5. At constant [K+]m, an increase in [Na+]m also caused the decrease of Vm for the lower [K+]m region, whereas Vm was not affected by such changes in [Na+]m in the range of [K+]m higher than approx. 60 mM. 6. The values of PNa/PK were obtained from the modified Goldman equation under an appropriate assumption. The ratio of the permeability coefficients markedly increases from zero to approx. 0.07 with a decrease in [K+]m.", "contents": "Effects of potassium ions and sodium ions on membrane potential of epithelial cells in rat duodenum. 1. Mucosal and serosal membrane potentials (Vm and Vs) of epithelial cells in rat duodenum were recorded together with the transmural potential differences (PDt). 2. The value of Vm in rat duodenum at 37 degrees C was about -53mV, being considerably greater than the values reported hitherto for the small intestine of various species. 3. When Cl- in the mucosal medium was partially replaced with SO42- at fixed mucosal Na+ and K+ concentrations ([Na+]m and [K+]m), the membrane potential was scarcely affected in the steady state several minutes after replacement, whereas marked changes in the potential were observed with varying [K+]m or [Na+]m. 4. As the mucosal K+ concentration increased at constant [Na+]m, Vm was gradually decreased (depolarization), together with the increase in PDt. Such a change in Vm caused by varying [K+]m obeys Nernst's equation in the range of [K+]m higher than about 60 mM. 5. At constant [K+]m, an increase in [Na+]m also caused the decrease of Vm for the lower [K+]m region, whereas Vm was not affected by such changes in [Na+]m in the range of [K+]m higher than approx. 60 mM. 6. The values of PNa/PK were obtained from the modified Goldman equation under an appropriate assumption. The ratio of the permeability coefficients markedly increases from zero to approx. 0.07 with a decrease in [K+]m.", "PMID": 1191686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12461", "title": "Fluorescence studies of chlorophyll a incorporated into lipid mixtures, and the interpretation of \"phase\" diagrams.", "content": "The fluorescence of chlorophyll a incorporated into liposomes of mixtures of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines is reported. Plots of fluorescence intensities against temperature show breaks at characteristic temperatures which can be attributed to the onset and completion of solid phase lipid formation. These temperatures can be plotted to give diagrams analogous to the phase diagrams obtained for macroscopic systems. Complications due to \"small-system effects\" are discussed, and the experimental diagrams are compared with theoretical phase diagrams calculated for ideal mixing. Introduction of cholesterol leads to a reduction in fluorescence intensity, most readily explained by a 1:1 lipid:cholesterol interaction with exclusion of monomeric, fluorescent, chlorophyll a. Interaction of divalent ions with mixtures of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine leads to exclusion of chlorophyll a from the phosphatidylserine.", "contents": "Fluorescence studies of chlorophyll a incorporated into lipid mixtures, and the interpretation of \"phase\" diagrams. The fluorescence of chlorophyll a incorporated into liposomes of mixtures of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines is reported. Plots of fluorescence intensities against temperature show breaks at characteristic temperatures which can be attributed to the onset and completion of solid phase lipid formation. These temperatures can be plotted to give diagrams analogous to the phase diagrams obtained for macroscopic systems. Complications due to \"small-system effects\" are discussed, and the experimental diagrams are compared with theoretical phase diagrams calculated for ideal mixing. Introduction of cholesterol leads to a reduction in fluorescence intensity, most readily explained by a 1:1 lipid:cholesterol interaction with exclusion of monomeric, fluorescent, chlorophyll a. Interaction of divalent ions with mixtures of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine leads to exclusion of chlorophyll a from the phosphatidylserine.", "PMID": 1191687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12462", "title": "Effects of cations on dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/water systems.", "content": "X-ray diffraction studies have been made on the effects of cations upon the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine/water system, which originally consists of a lamellar phase with period of 64.5 A and of excess water. Addition of 1 mM CaCl2 destroys the lamellar structure and makes it swell into the excess water. The lamellar phase, however, reappears when the concentration of CaCl2 increases: a partially disordered lamellar phase with the repeat distance of 150-200 A comes out at the concentration of about 10 mM, the lamellar diffraction lines become sharp and the repeat distance decreases with increasing CaCl2 concentration. A small amount of uranyl acetate destroys the lameellar phase in pure water. MgCl2 induces the lamellar phase of large repeat distance, whereas LiCl, NaCl, KCl, SrCl2 and BaCl2 exhibit practically no effect by themselves. Addition of cholesterol to the phosphatidylcholine bilayers tends to stabilize the lamellar phase. The high-angle reflections indicate that molecular arrangements in phosphatidylcholine bilayers change at CaCl2 concentrations around 0.5 M. The bilayers at high CaCl2 concentration seem to consist of two phases of pure phosphatidylcholine and of equimolar mixture of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol.", "contents": "Effects of cations on dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/water systems. X-ray diffraction studies have been made on the effects of cations upon the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine/water system, which originally consists of a lamellar phase with period of 64.5 A and of excess water. Addition of 1 mM CaCl2 destroys the lamellar structure and makes it swell into the excess water. The lamellar phase, however, reappears when the concentration of CaCl2 increases: a partially disordered lamellar phase with the repeat distance of 150-200 A comes out at the concentration of about 10 mM, the lamellar diffraction lines become sharp and the repeat distance decreases with increasing CaCl2 concentration. A small amount of uranyl acetate destroys the lameellar phase in pure water. MgCl2 induces the lamellar phase of large repeat distance, whereas LiCl, NaCl, KCl, SrCl2 and BaCl2 exhibit practically no effect by themselves. Addition of cholesterol to the phosphatidylcholine bilayers tends to stabilize the lamellar phase. The high-angle reflections indicate that molecular arrangements in phosphatidylcholine bilayers change at CaCl2 concentrations around 0.5 M. The bilayers at high CaCl2 concentration seem to consist of two phases of pure phosphatidylcholine and of equimolar mixture of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol.", "PMID": 1191688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12463", "title": "Non-mediated zero voltage conductance of hydrophobic ions through bilayer lipid membranes.", "content": "A charge pulse technique applied to the study of charge transfer at metal-solution interfaces has been used to determine the capacity and the conductance of a membrane bilayer at both zero time and zero voltage. The transport of hydrophobic ions across a glycerol-monooleate bilayer (tetraphenyl borate, picrate, dipicrylamine and tetraphenyl arsonium) has been investigated by this method. A theoretical approach to the problem has been proposed based on one analogous to that used for the compact double layer at metallic electrodes.", "contents": "Non-mediated zero voltage conductance of hydrophobic ions through bilayer lipid membranes. A charge pulse technique applied to the study of charge transfer at metal-solution interfaces has been used to determine the capacity and the conductance of a membrane bilayer at both zero time and zero voltage. The transport of hydrophobic ions across a glycerol-monooleate bilayer (tetraphenyl borate, picrate, dipicrylamine and tetraphenyl arsonium) has been investigated by this method. A theoretical approach to the problem has been proposed based on one analogous to that used for the compact double layer at metallic electrodes.", "PMID": 1191689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12464", "title": "Utilization of X-537A to distinguish between intravesicular and membrane-bound calcium ions in sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The Ca2+ ionophore X-537A is employed as a tool to distinguish between intravesicular Ca2+ and surface membrane-bound Ca2+ in sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle. When sarcoplasmic reticulum is incubated in 20 mM Ca2+ in the absence of ATP, 10-12 h are necessary for measurable amount of Ca2+ to penetrate into the vesicular space, as determined by the fact that X-537A releases Ca2+ from 'loaded' vesicles only after this period of incubation. A fraction of Ca2+ of 50-60 nmol/mg protein, rapidly taken up by sarcoplasmic reticulum, exchanges with Mg2+ and K+ in the medium and is readily released by ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid, but it is not released by X-537A. The slow-penetrating fraction of Ca2+ (30-40 nmol/mg protein) is rapidly released X-537A. The results indicate that most of the Ca2+ retained by sarcoplasmic reticulum under conditions of passive uptake is bound to the external side of the membrane. The fraction of Ca2+ that slowly penetrates the vesicles remains essentially free inside the vesicles and only a small part is bound to the internal side of the membrane.", "contents": "Utilization of X-537A to distinguish between intravesicular and membrane-bound calcium ions in sarcoplasmic reticulum. The Ca2+ ionophore X-537A is employed as a tool to distinguish between intravesicular Ca2+ and surface membrane-bound Ca2+ in sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle. When sarcoplasmic reticulum is incubated in 20 mM Ca2+ in the absence of ATP, 10-12 h are necessary for measurable amount of Ca2+ to penetrate into the vesicular space, as determined by the fact that X-537A releases Ca2+ from 'loaded' vesicles only after this period of incubation. A fraction of Ca2+ of 50-60 nmol/mg protein, rapidly taken up by sarcoplasmic reticulum, exchanges with Mg2+ and K+ in the medium and is readily released by ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid, but it is not released by X-537A. The slow-penetrating fraction of Ca2+ (30-40 nmol/mg protein) is rapidly released X-537A. The results indicate that most of the Ca2+ retained by sarcoplasmic reticulum under conditions of passive uptake is bound to the external side of the membrane. The fraction of Ca2+ that slowly penetrates the vesicles remains essentially free inside the vesicles and only a small part is bound to the internal side of the membrane.", "PMID": 1191690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12465", "title": "X-ray diffraction from oriented outer mitochondrial membranes. Detection of in-plane subunit structure.", "content": "X-ray diffraction patterns from ultracentrifugally oriented specimens of plant outer mitochondrial membranes show five distinct maxima in the equatorial direction. These diffraction maxima arise from in-plane subunits whose dimensions are consistent with those of the features (\"pits\") seen in electron micrographs of the membranes in negative stain.", "contents": "X-ray diffraction from oriented outer mitochondrial membranes. Detection of in-plane subunit structure. X-ray diffraction patterns from ultracentrifugally oriented specimens of plant outer mitochondrial membranes show five distinct maxima in the equatorial direction. These diffraction maxima arise from in-plane subunits whose dimensions are consistent with those of the features (\"pits\") seen in electron micrographs of the membranes in negative stain.", "PMID": 1191691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12466", "title": "Lipid composition of Limulus photoreceptor membranes.", "content": "The lipid composition has been determined for rhabdomeric photoreceptor membranes of Limulus, and these data are compared with those from photoreceptor membranes of albino rats. The comparison is of interest because the membranes of these two photoreceptor cells regulate ionic transport differently during the response to illumination. 1. Phospholipid class composition of Limulus is similar, but not identical, to that of rats. The major differences are a greater percentage of sphingomyelin in  Limulus and a greater percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine in the rat. 2. Ethanolamine plasmalogens, not observed in rat photoreceptor membranes, are present in Limulus photoreceptor fractions. 3. The level of cholesterol in Limulus is higher than that usually reported for vertebrate rod outer segments. 4. The predominant polyunsaturated fatty acids of Limulus photoreceptor membrane phospholipids are 20: 4(n-6) and 20: 5(n-3) with only traces of 22: 6(n-3). This is in sharp contrast with the large percentages of 22: 6(n-3) found in rat photoreceptors. 5. The fatty acid distributions of both membrane systems are highly unsaturated, but the ratio of (n-3) to (n-6) polyunsaturates is only 1.7 for Limulus as compared to 4.6 for rat.", "contents": "Lipid composition of Limulus photoreceptor membranes. The lipid composition has been determined for rhabdomeric photoreceptor membranes of Limulus, and these data are compared with those from photoreceptor membranes of albino rats. The comparison is of interest because the membranes of these two photoreceptor cells regulate ionic transport differently during the response to illumination. 1. Phospholipid class composition of Limulus is similar, but not identical, to that of rats. The major differences are a greater percentage of sphingomyelin in  Limulus and a greater percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine in the rat. 2. Ethanolamine plasmalogens, not observed in rat photoreceptor membranes, are present in Limulus photoreceptor fractions. 3. The level of cholesterol in Limulus is higher than that usually reported for vertebrate rod outer segments. 4. The predominant polyunsaturated fatty acids of Limulus photoreceptor membrane phospholipids are 20: 4(n-6) and 20: 5(n-3) with only traces of 22: 6(n-3). This is in sharp contrast with the large percentages of 22: 6(n-3) found in rat photoreceptors. 5. The fatty acid distributions of both membrane systems are highly unsaturated, but the ratio of (n-3) to (n-6) polyunsaturates is only 1.7 for Limulus as compared to 4.6 for rat.", "PMID": 1191692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12467", "title": "Subcellular localization of binding sites for cytochalasin D: evidence from activation energies.", "content": "The activation energies for binding of tritiated cytochalasin D to HEp-2 cells and isolated plasma membrane were determined by Arrhenius plots. The higher value for intact cells (24 kcal/mol) compared to the plasma membrane fraction (4 kcal/mol at greater than 11.5 degrees C, 18 kcal/mol at less than 11.5 degrees C) was taken as evidence that [3H]cytochalasin D must penetrate the plasma membrane in order to reach its binding sites. The data support the conclusion that binding sites for [3H]cytochalasin D are intracellular, on the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane (rather than within the lipid bilayer), and on microsomes (endomembranes).", "contents": "Subcellular localization of binding sites for cytochalasin D: evidence from activation energies. The activation energies for binding of tritiated cytochalasin D to HEp-2 cells and isolated plasma membrane were determined by Arrhenius plots. The higher value for intact cells (24 kcal/mol) compared to the plasma membrane fraction (4 kcal/mol at greater than 11.5 degrees C, 18 kcal/mol at less than 11.5 degrees C) was taken as evidence that [3H]cytochalasin D must penetrate the plasma membrane in order to reach its binding sites. The data support the conclusion that binding sites for [3H]cytochalasin D are intracellular, on the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane (rather than within the lipid bilayer), and on microsomes (endomembranes).", "PMID": 1191693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12468", "title": "Some characteristics of monocarboxylic acid transfer across the cell membrane of epithelial cells from rat small intestine.", "content": "1. The translocation of monovalent organic anions (pyruvate, propionate,  acetate and butyrate) across the cell membrane of isolated epithelial cells from rat small intestine was studied by measuring competitive inhibition kinetics, exchange diffusion and temperature dependence of the efflux rate. A possible function of a monocarboxylate carrier in intestine will be discussed. 2. Earlier studies on the inhibition of pyruvate transport of fatty acids were extended to propionate and found to show the same characteristics. The kinetics, however, appeared to be more complex by the contribution of several diffusion pathways for propionate. 3. The mechanism of countertransport was most compatible with an \"accelerated exchange diffusion\" and could be studied at both sides of the membrane. This exchange diffusion exhibited saturation kinetics. It is proposed that different monocarboxylate anions may have different affinities for a common carrier. 4. Temperature dependence of the efflux of pyruvate and propionate was studied. Arrhenius plots obtained were not found to be linear between 0 and 5 degrees C. Between 5 and 15 degrees C activation energies for pyruvate and propionate efflux rates were found to be 19.6 and 12.6 kcal/mol, respectively.", "contents": "Some characteristics of monocarboxylic acid transfer across the cell membrane of epithelial cells from rat small intestine. 1. The translocation of monovalent organic anions (pyruvate, propionate,  acetate and butyrate) across the cell membrane of isolated epithelial cells from rat small intestine was studied by measuring competitive inhibition kinetics, exchange diffusion and temperature dependence of the efflux rate. A possible function of a monocarboxylate carrier in intestine will be discussed. 2. Earlier studies on the inhibition of pyruvate transport of fatty acids were extended to propionate and found to show the same characteristics. The kinetics, however, appeared to be more complex by the contribution of several diffusion pathways for propionate. 3. The mechanism of countertransport was most compatible with an \"accelerated exchange diffusion\" and could be studied at both sides of the membrane. This exchange diffusion exhibited saturation kinetics. It is proposed that different monocarboxylate anions may have different affinities for a common carrier. 4. Temperature dependence of the efflux of pyruvate and propionate was studied. Arrhenius plots obtained were not found to be linear between 0 and 5 degrees C. Between 5 and 15 degrees C activation energies for pyruvate and propionate efflux rates were found to be 19.6 and 12.6 kcal/mol, respectively.", "PMID": 1191694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12469", "title": "Differences in the interaction of inorganic and organic (hydrophobic) cations with phosphatidylserine membranes.", "content": "The interaction of phosphatidylserine dispersions with \"hydrophobic\", organic cations (acetylcholine, tetraethylammonium ion) is compared with that of simple inorganic cations (Na+, Ca2+); differences in the hydration properties of the two classes of ions exist in the bulk phase as evident from spin-lattice relaxation time T1 measurements. It is shown that the reaction products (cation-phospholipid) differ markedly in their physicochemical behaviour. With increasing concentration both classes of ions reduce the zota-potential of phosphatidylserine surfaces, the monovalent inorganic cations being only slightly more effective than the hydrophobic cations. Inorganic cations cause precipitation of the lipid once the surface charge of the bilayer is reduced to a certain threshold value. This is not the case with the organic cations. The difference is probably associated with the different hydration properties of the resulting complexes. Thus binding of Ca2+ causes displacement of water of hydration and formation of an anhydrous, hydrophobic calcium-phosphatidylserine complex which is insoluble in water, whereas the product of binding of the organic cations is hydrated, hydrophilic and water soluble. The above findings are consistent with NMR results which show that the phosphodiester group is involved in the binding of both classes of cations as well as being the site of the primary hydration shell. Besides affecting interbilayer membrane interactions such as those involved in cell adhesion and membrane fusion, the binding of both classes of cation can affect the molecular packing within a bilayer.", "contents": "Differences in the interaction of inorganic and organic (hydrophobic) cations with phosphatidylserine membranes. The interaction of phosphatidylserine dispersions with \"hydrophobic\", organic cations (acetylcholine, tetraethylammonium ion) is compared with that of simple inorganic cations (Na+, Ca2+); differences in the hydration properties of the two classes of ions exist in the bulk phase as evident from spin-lattice relaxation time T1 measurements. It is shown that the reaction products (cation-phospholipid) differ markedly in their physicochemical behaviour. With increasing concentration both classes of ions reduce the zota-potential of phosphatidylserine surfaces, the monovalent inorganic cations being only slightly more effective than the hydrophobic cations. Inorganic cations cause precipitation of the lipid once the surface charge of the bilayer is reduced to a certain threshold value. This is not the case with the organic cations. The difference is probably associated with the different hydration properties of the resulting complexes. Thus binding of Ca2+ causes displacement of water of hydration and formation of an anhydrous, hydrophobic calcium-phosphatidylserine complex which is insoluble in water, whereas the product of binding of the organic cations is hydrated, hydrophilic and water soluble. The above findings are consistent with NMR results which show that the phosphodiester group is involved in the binding of both classes of cations as well as being the site of the primary hydration shell. Besides affecting interbilayer membrane interactions such as those involved in cell adhesion and membrane fusion, the binding of both classes of cation can affect the molecular packing within a bilayer.", "PMID": 1191695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12470", "title": "Fluidity of natural membranes and phosphatidylserine and ganglioside dispersions. Effect of local anesthetics, cholesterol and protein.", "content": "The microviscosity of artificial lipid membranes and natural membranes was measured by the fluorescence polarization technique employing perylene as the probe. Lipid dispersions composed of brain gangliosides exhibited greater microviscosity than phosphatidylserine (268 cP vs 173 cP, at 25 degrees C). Incorporation of cholesterol (30-50%) increased the microviscosity of lipid phases by 200-500 cP. Cholesterol's effect on membrane fluidity was completely reversed by digitonin but not by amphotericin B. Incorporation of membrane proteins into lipid vesicles gave varying results. Cytochrome b5 did not alter membrane fluidity. However, myelin proteolipid produced an apparent increase in microviscosity, but this effect might be due to partitioning of perylene between lipid and protein binding sites since tha latter have a higher fluorescence anisotropy than the lipid. The local anesthetics tetracain and butacaine increased the fluidity of lipid dispersions, natural membranes and intact ascites tumor cell membranes. The effect of anesthetics appears to be due to an increased disordering of lipid structure. The fluidity of natural membranes at 25 degrees C varied as follows: polymorphonuclear leukocytes, 335 cP; bovine brain myelin, 270 cP; human erythrocyte, 180 cP; rat liver microsomes, 95 cP; rat liver mitochondria, 90 cP. In most cases the microviscosity of natural membranes reflects their cholesterol: phospholipid ratio. The natural variations in fluidity of cellular membranes probably reflect important functional requirements. Similarly, the effects of some drugs which alter membrane permeability may be the result of their effects on membrane fluidity.", "contents": "Fluidity of natural membranes and phosphatidylserine and ganglioside dispersions. Effect of local anesthetics, cholesterol and protein. The microviscosity of artificial lipid membranes and natural membranes was measured by the fluorescence polarization technique employing perylene as the probe. Lipid dispersions composed of brain gangliosides exhibited greater microviscosity than phosphatidylserine (268 cP vs 173 cP, at 25 degrees C). Incorporation of cholesterol (30-50%) increased the microviscosity of lipid phases by 200-500 cP. Cholesterol's effect on membrane fluidity was completely reversed by digitonin but not by amphotericin B. Incorporation of membrane proteins into lipid vesicles gave varying results. Cytochrome b5 did not alter membrane fluidity. However, myelin proteolipid produced an apparent increase in microviscosity, but this effect might be due to partitioning of perylene between lipid and protein binding sites since tha latter have a higher fluorescence anisotropy than the lipid. The local anesthetics tetracain and butacaine increased the fluidity of lipid dispersions, natural membranes and intact ascites tumor cell membranes. The effect of anesthetics appears to be due to an increased disordering of lipid structure. The fluidity of natural membranes at 25 degrees C varied as follows: polymorphonuclear leukocytes, 335 cP; bovine brain myelin, 270 cP; human erythrocyte, 180 cP; rat liver microsomes, 95 cP; rat liver mitochondria, 90 cP. In most cases the microviscosity of natural membranes reflects their cholesterol: phospholipid ratio. The natural variations in fluidity of cellular membranes probably reflect important functional requirements. Similarly, the effects of some drugs which alter membrane permeability may be the result of their effects on membrane fluidity.", "PMID": 1191696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12471", "title": "Inhibition of cation cotransport by cholesterol enrichment of human red cell membranes.", "content": "1. Human red cells were enriched with cholesterol by incubation with lipid dispersions having a high cholesterol: phospholipid mol ratio and the kinetics of the furosemide-sensitive cotransport for Na+ and K+ were measured. 2. Influxes of both K+ and Na+ through this system were inhibited by 70 and 76% in cholesterol-rich cells (cholesterol: phospholipid mol ratio 1.80) and the Km of the furosemide-sensitive flux components for both K+ and Na+ decreased. 3. Effluxes of both K+ and Na+ are inhibited by furosemide and the magnitudes of these furosemide-sensitive components are markedly decreased in cholesterol-rich cells. 4. The inhibitory effect of cholesterol enrichment on this carrier-mediated transport of cations suggests that cholesterol may either alter the position of the carrier or retard its movement within a more viscous membrane micro-environment.", "contents": "Inhibition of cation cotransport by cholesterol enrichment of human red cell membranes. 1. Human red cells were enriched with cholesterol by incubation with lipid dispersions having a high cholesterol: phospholipid mol ratio and the kinetics of the furosemide-sensitive cotransport for Na+ and K+ were measured. 2. Influxes of both K+ and Na+ through this system were inhibited by 70 and 76% in cholesterol-rich cells (cholesterol: phospholipid mol ratio 1.80) and the Km of the furosemide-sensitive flux components for both K+ and Na+ decreased. 3. Effluxes of both K+ and Na+ are inhibited by furosemide and the magnitudes of these furosemide-sensitive components are markedly decreased in cholesterol-rich cells. 4. The inhibitory effect of cholesterol enrichment on this carrier-mediated transport of cations suggests that cholesterol may either alter the position of the carrier or retard its movement within a more viscous membrane micro-environment.", "PMID": 1191697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12472", "title": "Energy-dependent calcium uptake activity of microsomes from the aorta of normal and hypertensive rats.", "content": "Energy-dependent calcium uptake activity of microsomes isolated from the rat aorta has been characterized. The microsomes consist of smooth membrane vesicles which in the presence of MG-ATP as an energy source continuously sequester calcium over a 60-min period. This calcium uptake is greatly stimulated by oxalate anion which serves as a calcium trapping agent. Unlike the calcium uptake of mitochondria this uptake is not inhibited by sodium azide. Sucrose density gradient analysis of the microsomal calcium uptake suggests that the system is associated with the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In presence of 5 mM Mg-ATP and 20 muM calcium approximately 38 nmol of calcium per mg of microsomal protein are taken up in 20 min. In the absence of ATP, less than 2 nmol of calcium per mg of protein are taken up in the first 2 min with no further uptake of calcium in subsequent time periods. When calcium uptake activity is plotted against calcium or ATP concentration of the medium, half maximal activity is calculated for 24.3 muM calcium and for 1.6 mM ATP. The calcium uptake characteristics of the rat aorta microsomes are compatible with a postulated role in the relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle and the provision of an intracellular calcium store for muscle contraction. Aorta microsomes from SHR rats (a genetic strain that is spontaneously hypertensive) have a significantly reduced uptake when compared with the corresponding nonhypertensive control strain. The level of calcium and ATP for half maximal activity of the rat aorta microsomal calcium uptake system is approximately the same in the SHR and the control strain. The rate of release of calcium from rat aorta microsomes is apparently identical in SHR strain and control. The calcium uptake activity of kidney and liver microsomes isolated from the SHR strain and control. The calcium uptake activity of kidney and liver microsomes isolated from the SHR rat appears to be identical to that found in the control strain.", "contents": "Energy-dependent calcium uptake activity of microsomes from the aorta of normal and hypertensive rats. Energy-dependent calcium uptake activity of microsomes isolated from the rat aorta has been characterized. The microsomes consist of smooth membrane vesicles which in the presence of MG-ATP as an energy source continuously sequester calcium over a 60-min period. This calcium uptake is greatly stimulated by oxalate anion which serves as a calcium trapping agent. Unlike the calcium uptake of mitochondria this uptake is not inhibited by sodium azide. Sucrose density gradient analysis of the microsomal calcium uptake suggests that the system is associated with the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In presence of 5 mM Mg-ATP and 20 muM calcium approximately 38 nmol of calcium per mg of microsomal protein are taken up in 20 min. In the absence of ATP, less than 2 nmol of calcium per mg of protein are taken up in the first 2 min with no further uptake of calcium in subsequent time periods. When calcium uptake activity is plotted against calcium or ATP concentration of the medium, half maximal activity is calculated for 24.3 muM calcium and for 1.6 mM ATP. The calcium uptake characteristics of the rat aorta microsomes are compatible with a postulated role in the relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle and the provision of an intracellular calcium store for muscle contraction. Aorta microsomes from SHR rats (a genetic strain that is spontaneously hypertensive) have a significantly reduced uptake when compared with the corresponding nonhypertensive control strain. The level of calcium and ATP for half maximal activity of the rat aorta microsomal calcium uptake system is approximately the same in the SHR and the control strain. The rate of release of calcium from rat aorta microsomes is apparently identical in SHR strain and control. The calcium uptake activity of kidney and liver microsomes isolated from the SHR strain and control. The calcium uptake activity of kidney and liver microsomes isolated from the SHR rat appears to be identical to that found in the control strain.", "PMID": 1191698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12473", "title": "Preferential biosynthesis of ribosomal structural proteins by free and loosely bound polysomes from regenerating rat liver.", "content": "Homologous cell-free systems were prepared using free, total bound, tightly bound or KCl-sensitive loosely bound (KCl-sensitive) polysomes from regenerating rat liver. [14C]Leucine was incubated with one kind of polysomes and [3H]leucine with another kind. The reaction mixtures were then combined, and ribosomal structural proteins were purified as described previously [4], using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as the final step [5]. The 3H to 14C ratios of the purified fractions were estimated to compare the activities of the two kinds of polysomes for biosynthesis of ribosomal structural proteins. The following results were obtained: (1) The activity of free polysomes for biosynthesis of ribosomal structural proteins was about 3.6 or 2.4 times higher than that of total bound polysomes in two experiments in which 14C and 3H labeling was reversed. The radioactivities incorporated by free polysomes into most of the proteins separated on two-dimensional gel were found to be definitely higher than those in the surrounding areas, suggesting that most of the ribosomal structural proteins were synthesized by free polysomes. The activity of free polysomes for biosynthesis of ribosomal structural proteins was about 7 times higher than that of tightly bound polysomes, which were prepared by washing the microsomal membrane fraction with 0.5 M KCl. The radioactivities incorporated by tightly bound polysomes into the proteins separated on two-dimensional gel were only slightly higher than those in the surrounding areas, indicating that these polysomes had very low synthetic activity. (2) Preferential synthesis of histones by free polysomes was also shown using the same procedures. (3) KCl-sensitive polysomes which were released by washing the microsomal membrane fraction with 0.5 M KCl, were shown to have definitely higher activity than tightly bound polysomes for biosynthesis of ribosomal structural proteins. (4) From these results, it is concluded that most of the ribosomal structural proteins are preferentially synthesized by free and KCl-sensitive polysomes in regenerating rat liver.", "contents": "Preferential biosynthesis of ribosomal structural proteins by free and loosely bound polysomes from regenerating rat liver. Homologous cell-free systems were prepared using free, total bound, tightly bound or KCl-sensitive loosely bound (KCl-sensitive) polysomes from regenerating rat liver. [14C]Leucine was incubated with one kind of polysomes and [3H]leucine with another kind. The reaction mixtures were then combined, and ribosomal structural proteins were purified as described previously [4], using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as the final step [5]. The 3H to 14C ratios of the purified fractions were estimated to compare the activities of the two kinds of polysomes for biosynthesis of ribosomal structural proteins. The following results were obtained: (1) The activity of free polysomes for biosynthesis of ribosomal structural proteins was about 3.6 or 2.4 times higher than that of total bound polysomes in two experiments in which 14C and 3H labeling was reversed. The radioactivities incorporated by free polysomes into most of the proteins separated on two-dimensional gel were found to be definitely higher than those in the surrounding areas, suggesting that most of the ribosomal structural proteins were synthesized by free polysomes. The activity of free polysomes for biosynthesis of ribosomal structural proteins was about 7 times higher than that of tightly bound polysomes, which were prepared by washing the microsomal membrane fraction with 0.5 M KCl. The radioactivities incorporated by tightly bound polysomes into the proteins separated on two-dimensional gel were only slightly higher than those in the surrounding areas, indicating that these polysomes had very low synthetic activity. (2) Preferential synthesis of histones by free polysomes was also shown using the same procedures. (3) KCl-sensitive polysomes which were released by washing the microsomal membrane fraction with 0.5 M KCl, were shown to have definitely higher activity than tightly bound polysomes for biosynthesis of ribosomal structural proteins. (4) From these results, it is concluded that most of the ribosomal structural proteins are preferentially synthesized by free and KCl-sensitive polysomes in regenerating rat liver.", "PMID": 1191700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12474", "title": "DNA-directed RNA polymerase from HeLa cells. Isolation, characterization and cell-cycle distribution of three enzymes.", "content": "DNA-directed RNA polymerase was solubilized from total HeLa cells. Three distinct classes of the enzyme could be clearly differentiated by their sensitivity toward alpha-amanitin. While form A is completely resistant to high concentrations (133 mug/ml) of this toxin, enzyme B is highly sensitive and is completely inhibited by concentrations of 0.1 mug/ml. In contrast, RNA polymerase C shows an intermediate behaviour (50% inhibition at 30% mug/ml). Separation of the three individual enzymes was achieved by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose (to separate enzyme B from A and C) and DEAE-Sephadex (to separate polymerase A from C). All three RNA polymerases were subsequently purified by phosphocellulose chromatography followed by sedimentation through glycerol gradients. Analysis of the purified enzymes by gel electrophoresis under denaturating conditions showed that the A enzyme consists of five subunits with molecular weights of 185, 128, 65, 41 and 32 X 10(3). In contrast, polymerase B is composed of seven subunits in variable stoichiometry with molecular weights of 215, 175, 145, 123, 68, 43 and 31 X 10(3) respectively. The subunit structure of enzyme C is not entirely clear at present and remains to be established. In addition, RNA polymerase activities were solubilized from mitotic and middle-S phase cells in comparison to controls. With respect to amounts and/or activities of all three RNA polymerases A,B and C no significant differences were detectable between logarithmically growing, mitotic and middle-S phase cells.", "contents": "DNA-directed RNA polymerase from HeLa cells. Isolation, characterization and cell-cycle distribution of three enzymes. DNA-directed RNA polymerase was solubilized from total HeLa cells. Three distinct classes of the enzyme could be clearly differentiated by their sensitivity toward alpha-amanitin. While form A is completely resistant to high concentrations (133 mug/ml) of this toxin, enzyme B is highly sensitive and is completely inhibited by concentrations of 0.1 mug/ml. In contrast, RNA polymerase C shows an intermediate behaviour (50% inhibition at 30% mug/ml). Separation of the three individual enzymes was achieved by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose (to separate enzyme B from A and C) and DEAE-Sephadex (to separate polymerase A from C). All three RNA polymerases were subsequently purified by phosphocellulose chromatography followed by sedimentation through glycerol gradients. Analysis of the purified enzymes by gel electrophoresis under denaturating conditions showed that the A enzyme consists of five subunits with molecular weights of 185, 128, 65, 41 and 32 X 10(3). In contrast, polymerase B is composed of seven subunits in variable stoichiometry with molecular weights of 215, 175, 145, 123, 68, 43 and 31 X 10(3) respectively. The subunit structure of enzyme C is not entirely clear at present and remains to be established. In addition, RNA polymerase activities were solubilized from mitotic and middle-S phase cells in comparison to controls. With respect to amounts and/or activities of all three RNA polymerases A,B and C no significant differences were detectable between logarithmically growing, mitotic and middle-S phase cells.", "PMID": 1191701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12475", "title": "A DNA-directed DNA polymerase from murine liver mitochondria.", "content": "A DNA-directed DNA polymerase has been isolated from murine liver mitochondria. The mitochondrial DNA polymerase is distinguishable from other DNA polymerases found in the nucleus and cytosol of murine cells by several enzymatic and physical properties. It is stimulated 5--6-fold by 0.15 M KCl, does not require a sulfhydryl reducing agent for activity, and is inhibited by ethidium bromide or ATP. The enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 8.8 S in the presence of up to 0.5 M KCl, a molecular weight of 150--170000, and utilizes natural templates in the following order of preference: activated DNA (100%), single stranded DNA (24%), and native DNA (5%).", "contents": "A DNA-directed DNA polymerase from murine liver mitochondria. A DNA-directed DNA polymerase has been isolated from murine liver mitochondria. The mitochondrial DNA polymerase is distinguishable from other DNA polymerases found in the nucleus and cytosol of murine cells by several enzymatic and physical properties. It is stimulated 5--6-fold by 0.15 M KCl, does not require a sulfhydryl reducing agent for activity, and is inhibited by ethidium bromide or ATP. The enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 8.8 S in the presence of up to 0.5 M KCl, a molecular weight of 150--170000, and utilizes natural templates in the following order of preference: activated DNA (100%), single stranded DNA (24%), and native DNA (5%).", "PMID": 1191702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12476", "title": "Evidence for the presence in calf thymus of a peptidic factor controlling DNA transcription in vitro.", "content": "A thymic factor causes a strong inhibition of the DNA-directed RNA polymerase reaction in vitro. The active factor was isolated from aqueous ultrafiltered thymus extracts and purified by means of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and then on Dowex 50 WX2. The purified thymic factor was characterized as a peptide of low molecular weight (less than 5000). The biological activity of the thymic factor cannot be attributed to the presence of a nuclease or of a histone fragment. The RNA synthesis is controlled by this factor by means of electrostatic interactions between the peptide compound and DNA. Inhibitory activity on RNA synthesis was absent from kidney extracts.", "contents": "Evidence for the presence in calf thymus of a peptidic factor controlling DNA transcription in vitro. A thymic factor causes a strong inhibition of the DNA-directed RNA polymerase reaction in vitro. The active factor was isolated from aqueous ultrafiltered thymus extracts and purified by means of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and then on Dowex 50 WX2. The purified thymic factor was characterized as a peptide of low molecular weight (less than 5000). The biological activity of the thymic factor cannot be attributed to the presence of a nuclease or of a histone fragment. The RNA synthesis is controlled by this factor by means of electrostatic interactions between the peptide compound and DNA. Inhibitory activity on RNA synthesis was absent from kidney extracts.", "PMID": 1191703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12477", "title": "Detailed analysis of the ribosomal RNA synthesis in yeast.", "content": "In order to study the biosynthesis of ribosomal RNA in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis the labelling kinetics of the various precursor and mature rRNA species were determined using pulse-labelling of protoplasts with [5-3H] uridine at 15 degrees C. Label appears almost immediately in 37 S RNA, the precursor common to both 26 S and 17 S rRNA. Labelled 29 S and 18 S RNA, the immediate precursors of 26 S and 17 S rRNA respectively, were found to appear about 4 min and about 8 min after addition of the isotope respectively. These data indicate that the topography of the 37 S precursor RNA is: 5'-17 S -26 S-3'. The pool size of 29 S RNA is about twice as large as that of either 37 S or 18 S RNA, indicating that under the conditions used processing of 18 S to 17 S rRNA proceeds more rapidly than processing of 29 S to 26 S rRNA. The labelling kinetics of 5.8 S rRNA are in agreement with the existence of a 7 S precursor rRNA, the identity of which was previously established (Trapman, J., de Jonge, P. and Planta, R.J. (1975) FEBS Lett. 57, 26--30) and which, in turn, probably is derived from 29 S precursor rRNA. The labelling kinetics of 5 S rRNA suggest that 5 S RNA sequences, rather than also being part of the common 37 S precursor, are located on a separate primary transcription product. Whether this transcript still contains excess sequences remains to be determined. However, because of the rapid appearance of labelled 5 S RNA, such a precursor would have to be very short lived.", "contents": "Detailed analysis of the ribosomal RNA synthesis in yeast. In order to study the biosynthesis of ribosomal RNA in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis the labelling kinetics of the various precursor and mature rRNA species were determined using pulse-labelling of protoplasts with [5-3H] uridine at 15 degrees C. Label appears almost immediately in 37 S RNA, the precursor common to both 26 S and 17 S rRNA. Labelled 29 S and 18 S RNA, the immediate precursors of 26 S and 17 S rRNA respectively, were found to appear about 4 min and about 8 min after addition of the isotope respectively. These data indicate that the topography of the 37 S precursor RNA is: 5'-17 S -26 S-3'. The pool size of 29 S RNA is about twice as large as that of either 37 S or 18 S RNA, indicating that under the conditions used processing of 18 S to 17 S rRNA proceeds more rapidly than processing of 29 S to 26 S rRNA. The labelling kinetics of 5.8 S rRNA are in agreement with the existence of a 7 S precursor rRNA, the identity of which was previously established (Trapman, J., de Jonge, P. and Planta, R.J. (1975) FEBS Lett. 57, 26--30) and which, in turn, probably is derived from 29 S precursor rRNA. The labelling kinetics of 5 S rRNA suggest that 5 S RNA sequences, rather than also being part of the common 37 S precursor, are located on a separate primary transcription product. Whether this transcript still contains excess sequences remains to be determined. However, because of the rapid appearance of labelled 5 S RNA, such a precursor would have to be very short lived.", "PMID": 1191704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12478", "title": "Modified nucleotide polymers as inhibitors of DNA polymerases.", "content": "We have compared the relative inhibitory activity of poly (A) with its analogues poly N6-isopentenyl adenylic acid (poly(i6 A)) and poly N6-benzyl adenylic acid (poly(bzl6A)), and of poly (U) with its analogue poly 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylic acid (poly(dUfl)), against DNA polymerase, alpha, beta and gamma and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase from human cells and two oncorna virus DNA polymerases. Although poly (A) and its analogues were equally inhibitory against endogenous RNA-directed DNA polymerases of murine and feline leukemia viruses, the analogues in contrast to poly (A) were strongly inhibitory against all four cellular enzymes. Poly (dUfl), on the other hand, was up to 100-fold more potent than poly (U) against both viral and cellular enzymes. Since poly (U) at 100 mug/ml and poly (dUfl) at 1 mug/ml had no effect on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase while inhibiting other enzymes by 80--100 per cent these polymers could be useful in the characterization and assay of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. In addition, the polymers such as poly (igA) and poly (bzl5A) which were strongly inhibitory to all cellular enzymes, could be useful in cancer chemotherapy if taken up preferentially by the malignant calls due to their high pinocytic activity. The results also demonstrate potential for large variation in inhibitory activity of polyribonucleotides as related to their chemical composition.", "contents": "Modified nucleotide polymers as inhibitors of DNA polymerases. We have compared the relative inhibitory activity of poly (A) with its analogues poly N6-isopentenyl adenylic acid (poly(i6 A)) and poly N6-benzyl adenylic acid (poly(bzl6A)), and of poly (U) with its analogue poly 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylic acid (poly(dUfl)), against DNA polymerase, alpha, beta and gamma and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase from human cells and two oncorna virus DNA polymerases. Although poly (A) and its analogues were equally inhibitory against endogenous RNA-directed DNA polymerases of murine and feline leukemia viruses, the analogues in contrast to poly (A) were strongly inhibitory against all four cellular enzymes. Poly (dUfl), on the other hand, was up to 100-fold more potent than poly (U) against both viral and cellular enzymes. Since poly (U) at 100 mug/ml and poly (dUfl) at 1 mug/ml had no effect on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase while inhibiting other enzymes by 80--100 per cent these polymers could be useful in the characterization and assay of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. In addition, the polymers such as poly (igA) and poly (bzl5A) which were strongly inhibitory to all cellular enzymes, could be useful in cancer chemotherapy if taken up preferentially by the malignant calls due to their high pinocytic activity. The results also demonstrate potential for large variation in inhibitory activity of polyribonucleotides as related to their chemical composition.", "PMID": 1191705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12479", "title": "A kinetic and structural characterization of adenosine-5'-triphosphate: ribonucleic acid adenylyltransferase from Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "A catalytic and structural study of ATP:RNA adenylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.19) from the particulate fraction of Pseudomonas putida was made. During the large-scale purification of this enzyme, designated adenylyltransferase B, a previously undetected ATP-incorporating activity, designated adenylyltransferase A, was observed. Adenylyltransferases A and B were indistinguishable catalytically; however, they differed in their chromatographic and sedimentation properties. Adenylyltransferases A and B were resolved by phosphocellulose, by poly (U)-Sepharose and by Bio-Gel P-100 chromatographies. Adenylytransferase A was determined to have a sedimentation coefficient (S020,w) of 9.3 S and B of 4.3 S. The molecular weight of adenylyltransferase A was estimated to be 185000 and that of adenylyltransferase B to be 50000-60000. Apparently, adenylyltransferase A was generated from adenylyltransferase B during the purification. The AMP incorporation catalyzed by adenylyltransferases A and B was inhibited by two derivatives of the antibiotic rifamycin, AF/013 (50% at 5 mug/ml) and AF/DNFI (50% at 10 mug/ml). The 5'-triphosphate derivative (3'-dATP) of the drug cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine/ was a competitive inhibitor with ATP for both adenylyltransferases. The Ki for 3'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate was 6 - 10(-4)--10 - 10(-4) M, while the Km for ATP was 1 - 10(-4)--2 - 10(-4) M. Several other anaolgs of ATP, 2'-deoxyadenosine 5' triphosphate, 2'-O-methyl ATP, or the fluorescent 3-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazo [2,1-i] purien 5'-triphosphate did not affect the activity of adenylyltransferase A or B. Poly(U) and poly(dT) were competitive inhibitors of the ribosomal RNA-primed polymerization reaction. The Ki for poly(U) or poly(dT), in terms of nucleotide phosphate, was 4 - 10-6)--10 - 10(-6) M for adenylyltransferases A and B, compared to 2 - 10(-4)--4 - 10(-4) M for the Km of ribosomal RNA. The inhibition was a result of the competition between the non-priming poly(U), or poly(dT), and ribosomal RNA for the primer binding site on the enzyme.", "contents": "A kinetic and structural characterization of adenosine-5'-triphosphate: ribonucleic acid adenylyltransferase from Pseudomonas putida. A catalytic and structural study of ATP:RNA adenylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.19) from the particulate fraction of Pseudomonas putida was made. During the large-scale purification of this enzyme, designated adenylyltransferase B, a previously undetected ATP-incorporating activity, designated adenylyltransferase A, was observed. Adenylyltransferases A and B were indistinguishable catalytically; however, they differed in their chromatographic and sedimentation properties. Adenylyltransferases A and B were resolved by phosphocellulose, by poly (U)-Sepharose and by Bio-Gel P-100 chromatographies. Adenylytransferase A was determined to have a sedimentation coefficient (S020,w) of 9.3 S and B of 4.3 S. The molecular weight of adenylyltransferase A was estimated to be 185000 and that of adenylyltransferase B to be 50000-60000. Apparently, adenylyltransferase A was generated from adenylyltransferase B during the purification. The AMP incorporation catalyzed by adenylyltransferases A and B was inhibited by two derivatives of the antibiotic rifamycin, AF/013 (50% at 5 mug/ml) and AF/DNFI (50% at 10 mug/ml). The 5'-triphosphate derivative (3'-dATP) of the drug cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine/ was a competitive inhibitor with ATP for both adenylyltransferases. The Ki for 3'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate was 6 - 10(-4)--10 - 10(-4) M, while the Km for ATP was 1 - 10(-4)--2 - 10(-4) M. Several other anaolgs of ATP, 2'-deoxyadenosine 5' triphosphate, 2'-O-methyl ATP, or the fluorescent 3-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazo [2,1-i] purien 5'-triphosphate did not affect the activity of adenylyltransferase A or B. Poly(U) and poly(dT) were competitive inhibitors of the ribosomal RNA-primed polymerization reaction. The Ki for poly(U) or poly(dT), in terms of nucleotide phosphate, was 4 - 10-6)--10 - 10(-6) M for adenylyltransferases A and B, compared to 2 - 10(-4)--4 - 10(-4) M for the Km of ribosomal RNA. The inhibition was a result of the competition between the non-priming poly(U), or poly(dT), and ribosomal RNA for the primer binding site on the enzyme.", "PMID": 1191706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12480", "title": "Inhibition of hemoglobin synthesis by pancreatic deoxyribonuclease in rabbit reticulocyte lysates.", "content": "A pancreatic deoxyribonuclease preparation, shown to be free of significant ribonuclease activity, inhibits hemoglobin synthesis in a rabbit reticulocytelysate. Preincubation with DNAase (15 min at 25 degrees C) is required to obtain a marked inhibitory effect (nearly 70%). It has been shown that DNAase does not significantly interfere with the elongation or termination steps of translation, but it seems to prevent reinitiation of globin polypeptide chains allowing polysome run-off. In particular, the formation of the 40S/met-tRNAmetf complex is greatly reduced in the DNAase-treated lysate. At the moment the mechanism by which DNAase inhibits initiation is not clear.", "contents": "Inhibition of hemoglobin synthesis by pancreatic deoxyribonuclease in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. A pancreatic deoxyribonuclease preparation, shown to be free of significant ribonuclease activity, inhibits hemoglobin synthesis in a rabbit reticulocytelysate. Preincubation with DNAase (15 min at 25 degrees C) is required to obtain a marked inhibitory effect (nearly 70%). It has been shown that DNAase does not significantly interfere with the elongation or termination steps of translation, but it seems to prevent reinitiation of globin polypeptide chains allowing polysome run-off. In particular, the formation of the 40S/met-tRNAmetf complex is greatly reduced in the DNAase-treated lysate. At the moment the mechanism by which DNAase inhibits initiation is not clear.", "PMID": 1191707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12481", "title": "Effect of ricin on biosynthesis of myeloma protein (IgA) and general cellular proteins in MOPC-315 cells.", "content": "Ricin, a phyto-toxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, preferentially inhibits synthesis of myeloma protein by MOPC-315 cells as compared to the synthesis of general proteins. In contrast, cycloheximide inhibited equally both myeloma protein synthesis as well as general protein synthesis. These results suggest that proteins synthesized near or on cell membranes are more sensitive to Ricin which binds to the acceptor molecule on the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Effect of ricin on biosynthesis of myeloma protein (IgA) and general cellular proteins in MOPC-315 cells. Ricin, a phyto-toxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, preferentially inhibits synthesis of myeloma protein by MOPC-315 cells as compared to the synthesis of general proteins. In contrast, cycloheximide inhibited equally both myeloma protein synthesis as well as general protein synthesis. These results suggest that proteins synthesized near or on cell membranes are more sensitive to Ricin which binds to the acceptor molecule on the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 1191708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12482", "title": "Evidence supporting a physiological role for the hemin-controlled translational repressor of globin synthesis in reticulocytes.", "content": "The synthesis of heme and globin in rabbit reticulocytes was compared at 35 and 25 degrees C. The lower temperature decreased heme synthesis significantly more than globin synthesis and resulted in a much greater accumulation of globin dimers. After 16 h of incubation in the absence of iron, globin synthesis in reticulocytes which were at 35 degrees C could not be stimulated by iron, whereas cells which were at 25 degrees C responded with nearly control levels of globin synthesis. Since the formation of the hemin-controlled translational repressor in reticulocyte lysates is also decreased much more than protein synthesis at reduced temperature the results provide evidence for a physiological role for the translational repressor in controlling globin synthesis in reticulocytes.", "contents": "Evidence supporting a physiological role for the hemin-controlled translational repressor of globin synthesis in reticulocytes. The synthesis of heme and globin in rabbit reticulocytes was compared at 35 and 25 degrees C. The lower temperature decreased heme synthesis significantly more than globin synthesis and resulted in a much greater accumulation of globin dimers. After 16 h of incubation in the absence of iron, globin synthesis in reticulocytes which were at 35 degrees C could not be stimulated by iron, whereas cells which were at 25 degrees C responded with nearly control levels of globin synthesis. Since the formation of the hemin-controlled translational repressor in reticulocyte lysates is also decreased much more than protein synthesis at reduced temperature the results provide evidence for a physiological role for the translational repressor in controlling globin synthesis in reticulocytes.", "PMID": 1191709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12483", "title": "Further studies on the lens cell-free system. In vitro synthesis of the non-crystallin lens proteins.", "content": "1. The lens cell-free system synthesizes in addition to the crystallins, polypeptides which co-electrophorese with lens plasma membrane protein components. 2. Isolated lens polysomes can be translated in a heterologous cell-free system. They code for both the crystallins and membrane-protein-like components. 3. If messengers isolated from these polysomes by affinity chromatography on oligo-(dT)-cellulose are added to a heterologous cell-free system, only lens proteins of lower molecular weight are synthesized. 4. Different ionic conditions are required for optimal translation of different lens messengers.", "contents": "Further studies on the lens cell-free system. In vitro synthesis of the non-crystallin lens proteins. 1. The lens cell-free system synthesizes in addition to the crystallins, polypeptides which co-electrophorese with lens plasma membrane protein components. 2. Isolated lens polysomes can be translated in a heterologous cell-free system. They code for both the crystallins and membrane-protein-like components. 3. If messengers isolated from these polysomes by affinity chromatography on oligo-(dT)-cellulose are added to a heterologous cell-free system, only lens proteins of lower molecular weight are synthesized. 4. Different ionic conditions are required for optimal translation of different lens messengers.", "PMID": 1191710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12484", "title": "Evidence for the existence of a stable association between nascent DNA and the nuclear membrane of HeLa cells.", "content": "Nascent DNA-nuclear membrane complexes isolated from HeLa cells and solubilized in a sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea solution were examined by gel electrophoresis, column chromatography, isopycnic centrifugation, and by extraction with chloroform/methanol. Radioactivity attributable to [3H]DNA co-migrated with three protein peaks during electrophoresis. This radioactivity was eliminated by prior treatment with DNAase. In addition, all of the radioactivity attributable to nascent DNA eluted with a specific protein on Sepharose 4B columns. This DNA - protein complex banded at a density of 1.58 gm/cm3 in sucrose-CsCl gradients. Treatment with DNAase, phospholipase A and C, and dilute alkali disrupted the complex. Moreover, 93% of the radioactivity attributable to protein and 70% of that attributable to DNA could be extracted from the complex with a chloroform/methanol solution. The results suggest that nascent DNA may be in a stable association with a proteolipid moiety of the nuclear membrane.", "contents": "Evidence for the existence of a stable association between nascent DNA and the nuclear membrane of HeLa cells. Nascent DNA-nuclear membrane complexes isolated from HeLa cells and solubilized in a sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea solution were examined by gel electrophoresis, column chromatography, isopycnic centrifugation, and by extraction with chloroform/methanol. Radioactivity attributable to [3H]DNA co-migrated with three protein peaks during electrophoresis. This radioactivity was eliminated by prior treatment with DNAase. In addition, all of the radioactivity attributable to nascent DNA eluted with a specific protein on Sepharose 4B columns. This DNA - protein complex banded at a density of 1.58 gm/cm3 in sucrose-CsCl gradients. Treatment with DNAase, phospholipase A and C, and dilute alkali disrupted the complex. Moreover, 93% of the radioactivity attributable to protein and 70% of that attributable to DNA could be extracted from the complex with a chloroform/methanol solution. The results suggest that nascent DNA may be in a stable association with a proteolipid moiety of the nuclear membrane.", "PMID": 1191711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12485", "title": "Studies of electron migration in DNA in aqueous solution using intercalating dyes.", "content": "The reactions of the hydrated electron (e-aq) and of the hydroxyl radical (OH) with double-stranded DNA in aqueous solution at room temperature have been studied through the use of the intercalating dyes, proflavine and ethidium. These dyes react with e-aq with rate constants of (2.5 +/- 0.2) - 10(10) M-1 - s-1 and (3.0 +/- 0.3) - 10(10) M-1 - s-1, respectively; the rate constant for the reaction of OH with proflavine is (1.0 +/- 0.2) - 10(10) M-1 - s-1. When these molecules are bound within the DNA structure both the yields and the rate constants of reaction with e-aq are reduced in a manner entirely consistent with a simple competition between the DNA bases and restricted dye molecules reacting with a bimolecular rate constant of about 2 - 10(9) M-1 - s-1. No evidence of free electron migration in the DNA was obtained, and an upper limit of five base pairs for the range of such migration was derived. Reactions of the hydroxyl radical with DNA-bound proflavine also lead to a rate constant of about 2 - 10(9) M-1 - s-1. These rate constants are in good agreement with rate predictions (per base unit) for a diffusion-controlled reaction with the DNA structure.", "contents": "Studies of electron migration in DNA in aqueous solution using intercalating dyes. The reactions of the hydrated electron (e-aq) and of the hydroxyl radical (OH) with double-stranded DNA in aqueous solution at room temperature have been studied through the use of the intercalating dyes, proflavine and ethidium. These dyes react with e-aq with rate constants of (2.5 +/- 0.2) - 10(10) M-1 - s-1 and (3.0 +/- 0.3) - 10(10) M-1 - s-1, respectively; the rate constant for the reaction of OH with proflavine is (1.0 +/- 0.2) - 10(10) M-1 - s-1. When these molecules are bound within the DNA structure both the yields and the rate constants of reaction with e-aq are reduced in a manner entirely consistent with a simple competition between the DNA bases and restricted dye molecules reacting with a bimolecular rate constant of about 2 - 10(9) M-1 - s-1. No evidence of free electron migration in the DNA was obtained, and an upper limit of five base pairs for the range of such migration was derived. Reactions of the hydroxyl radical with DNA-bound proflavine also lead to a rate constant of about 2 - 10(9) M-1 - s-1. These rate constants are in good agreement with rate predictions (per base unit) for a diffusion-controlled reaction with the DNA structure.", "PMID": 1191713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12486", "title": "III. The RNA component of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complexes isolated from mouse liver. Absence of amino acid accepting activity.", "content": "A method is described which permits the simultaneous isolation and separation of insoluble aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase protein - RNA complexes containing high specific synthetase activity, and soluble tRNA which retains 25% to 50% of its specific amino acid accepting activity. A possible amino acid accepting activity of the RNA part of the insoluble aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase protein - RNA complex was investigated by assaying the unchanged complex and the RNA obtained after dissociation from the protein part of the synthetase complex. No amino acid accepting activity was found.", "contents": "III. The RNA component of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complexes isolated from mouse liver. Absence of amino acid accepting activity. A method is described which permits the simultaneous isolation and separation of insoluble aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase protein - RNA complexes containing high specific synthetase activity, and soluble tRNA which retains 25% to 50% of its specific amino acid accepting activity. A possible amino acid accepting activity of the RNA part of the insoluble aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase protein - RNA complex was investigated by assaying the unchanged complex and the RNA obtained after dissociation from the protein part of the synthetase complex. No amino acid accepting activity was found.", "PMID": 1191714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12487", "title": "The developmental biochemistry of cotton seed embryogenesis and germination. VI. Levels of cytosol and chloroplast aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases during cotyledon development.", "content": "The separation of isotransferring aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities (amino acid: tRNA ligases, EC 6.1.1.x) for several amino acids extracted from tissues of embryonic and germinating cotton seeds was carried out by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Evidence was obrained that the separated activities represent discrete enzymes, and could be defined as cytosol or chloroplast enzymes by several criteria. The levels of the cytosol enzymes per cell were found to be constant in germinated and ungerminated cotyledons. Chloroplast enzymes were found to be present in immature embryonic cotyledons and in roots at constant levels relative to the cytosol enzymes, but found to increase markedly in germinating cotyledons. This increase takes place to the same extent in etiolated cotyledons as in greened cotyledons indicating that the chloroplast synthetase increase is analogous to the simultaneous increase in chloroplast tRNA and rRNA which also is not light dependent. The separated cytosol and chloroplast enzymes show varying degrees of specificity for isoaccepting tRNA species from homologous and heterologous sources.", "contents": "The developmental biochemistry of cotton seed embryogenesis and germination. VI. Levels of cytosol and chloroplast aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases during cotyledon development. The separation of isotransferring aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities (amino acid: tRNA ligases, EC 6.1.1.x) for several amino acids extracted from tissues of embryonic and germinating cotton seeds was carried out by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Evidence was obrained that the separated activities represent discrete enzymes, and could be defined as cytosol or chloroplast enzymes by several criteria. The levels of the cytosol enzymes per cell were found to be constant in germinated and ungerminated cotyledons. Chloroplast enzymes were found to be present in immature embryonic cotyledons and in roots at constant levels relative to the cytosol enzymes, but found to increase markedly in germinating cotyledons. This increase takes place to the same extent in etiolated cotyledons as in greened cotyledons indicating that the chloroplast synthetase increase is analogous to the simultaneous increase in chloroplast tRNA and rRNA which also is not light dependent. The separated cytosol and chloroplast enzymes show varying degrees of specificity for isoaccepting tRNA species from homologous and heterologous sources.", "PMID": 1191715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12488", "title": "Transport into erythrocytes and intestinal absorption of uric acid in hereditary renal hypouricemia.", "content": "Uric acid transport into the erythrocytes and uric acid absorption from the intestine in a subject with hereditary defective renal tubular uric acid reabsorption was found to be normal. The findings are discussed in relation to the variability of phenotype expression in other renal tubular transport disorders.", "contents": "Transport into erythrocytes and intestinal absorption of uric acid in hereditary renal hypouricemia. Uric acid transport into the erythrocytes and uric acid absorption from the intestine in a subject with hereditary defective renal tubular uric acid reabsorption was found to be normal. The findings are discussed in relation to the variability of phenotype expression in other renal tubular transport disorders.", "PMID": 1191727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12489", "title": "The effect of portacaval transposition on hepatic cytochrome P-450 in the rat.", "content": "The effects of portacaval anastomosis and portacaval transposition on colloidal radiogold fractional clearance and on hepatic cytochrome P-450 level were compared in the rat. Colloidal radiogold fractional clearance was significantly lower in rats with portacaval anastomosis (0.556 +/- 0.188 min-1 (mean +/- 1 SD)) than in sham-operated animals (0.842 +/- 0.151 min-1); hepatic cytochrome P-450 level was likewise lower in the former (0.60 +/- 0.14) nmol/mg of microsomal proteins) than in the latter (0.83 +/- 0.12 nmol/mg of microsomal proteins). Colloidal radiogold fractional clearance was not different in rats with portacaval transposition (0.808 +/- 0.201 min-1) and in sham-operated animals (0.798 +/- 0.064 min-1); hepatic cytochrome P-450 level was significantly lower in the former (0.55 +/- 0.07 nmol/mg of microsomal proteins) than in the latter (0.76 +/- 0.17 nmol/mg of microsomal proteins). If colloidal radiogold clearance is assumed to be an index of liver blood flow, these results suggest that portacaval anastomosis induces a decrease, and portocaval transposition produces no change, in liver blood flow. It is concluded that the decrease in hepatic cytochrome P-450 level in the rat with portacaval anastomosis is not merely the consequence of reduced blood flow, but rather results from deprivation of a substance or substances present in portal blood and contributing to maintenance of the cytochrome level.", "contents": "The effect of portacaval transposition on hepatic cytochrome P-450 in the rat. The effects of portacaval anastomosis and portacaval transposition on colloidal radiogold fractional clearance and on hepatic cytochrome P-450 level were compared in the rat. Colloidal radiogold fractional clearance was significantly lower in rats with portacaval anastomosis (0.556 +/- 0.188 min-1 (mean +/- 1 SD)) than in sham-operated animals (0.842 +/- 0.151 min-1); hepatic cytochrome P-450 level was likewise lower in the former (0.60 +/- 0.14) nmol/mg of microsomal proteins) than in the latter (0.83 +/- 0.12 nmol/mg of microsomal proteins). Colloidal radiogold fractional clearance was not different in rats with portacaval transposition (0.808 +/- 0.201 min-1) and in sham-operated animals (0.798 +/- 0.064 min-1); hepatic cytochrome P-450 level was significantly lower in the former (0.55 +/- 0.07 nmol/mg of microsomal proteins) than in the latter (0.76 +/- 0.17 nmol/mg of microsomal proteins). If colloidal radiogold clearance is assumed to be an index of liver blood flow, these results suggest that portacaval anastomosis induces a decrease, and portocaval transposition produces no change, in liver blood flow. It is concluded that the decrease in hepatic cytochrome P-450 level in the rat with portacaval anastomosis is not merely the consequence of reduced blood flow, but rather results from deprivation of a substance or substances present in portal blood and contributing to maintenance of the cytochrome level.", "PMID": 1191728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12490", "title": "Influence of phenobarbital on bile composition in epileptic patients.", "content": "The influence of phenobarbital on bile composition was studied in 13 patients with epilepsy, treated with the drug in doses ranging from 0.05 to 0.30 g per day during 4 months to 50 years. Fourteen normal subjects matched for age and sex acted as controls. Expressed as percent of total lipids, biliary cholesterol (9.2 +/- SD 2.7 in the controls, 9.0 +/- SD 2.5 in the treated patients), phospholipid (23.3 +/- SD 6.1 in the controls, 20.5 +/- SD 5.9 in the treated patients) and bile acid concentrations (67.5 +/- SD 8.1 in the controls, 70.4 +/- SD 7.4 in the treated patients) did not differ significantly in the two groups. When represented on triangular coordinates, bile from the treated patients was not separated from that of controls. These studies indicate that long-term phenobarbital administration in the doses used for the treatment of epilepsy does not modify biliary lipid composition and do not suggest that this drug may be useful in the treatment of cholesterol gallstones in man.", "contents": "Influence of phenobarbital on bile composition in epileptic patients. The influence of phenobarbital on bile composition was studied in 13 patients with epilepsy, treated with the drug in doses ranging from 0.05 to 0.30 g per day during 4 months to 50 years. Fourteen normal subjects matched for age and sex acted as controls. Expressed as percent of total lipids, biliary cholesterol (9.2 +/- SD 2.7 in the controls, 9.0 +/- SD 2.5 in the treated patients), phospholipid (23.3 +/- SD 6.1 in the controls, 20.5 +/- SD 5.9 in the treated patients) and bile acid concentrations (67.5 +/- SD 8.1 in the controls, 70.4 +/- SD 7.4 in the treated patients) did not differ significantly in the two groups. When represented on triangular coordinates, bile from the treated patients was not separated from that of controls. These studies indicate that long-term phenobarbital administration in the doses used for the treatment of epilepsy does not modify biliary lipid composition and do not suggest that this drug may be useful in the treatment of cholesterol gallstones in man.", "PMID": 1191729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12491", "title": "Inhibitory effect of medium sized molecules from patients with renal failure on lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutinin.", "content": "Middle molecular weight molecules were separated from uremic sera by chromatography on Sephadex G25 fine and assayed on lymphocyte cultures stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. They were found to inhibit markedly the cell proliferation by this mitogen, and this inhibition was still noticeable when cells were incubated for only one hour with eluate, before the culture. These molecules, as well as methylguanidine, might play a part in the cell-mediated immunodeficiency secondary to renal failure.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of medium sized molecules from patients with renal failure on lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutinin. Middle molecular weight molecules were separated from uremic sera by chromatography on Sephadex G25 fine and assayed on lymphocyte cultures stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. They were found to inhibit markedly the cell proliferation by this mitogen, and this inhibition was still noticeable when cells were incubated for only one hour with eluate, before the culture. These molecules, as well as methylguanidine, might play a part in the cell-mediated immunodeficiency secondary to renal failure.", "PMID": 1191730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12492", "title": "Electro-optical studies on synthetic polyelectrolytes. I. Ultraviolet electric dichroism of poly-N-alkylvinylpyridinium bromides in aqueous solution.", "content": "The electric dichroism of aqueous solutions of poly-2- and 4-vinylpyridinium bromides has been measured in the 220 to 300 nm region. From the knowledge of the assignments of the absorption bands, the orientation of the pyridinium ring with respect to the macromolecular axis was determined for the poly-N-butyl-4-vinylpyridium bromide. An estimation of the birefringence contribution in the visible region originating from these ultraviolet dichroic bands revealed that the negative birefringence observed mainly arose from electronic transitions at shorter wavelengths.", "contents": "Electro-optical studies on synthetic polyelectrolytes. I. Ultraviolet electric dichroism of poly-N-alkylvinylpyridinium bromides in aqueous solution. The electric dichroism of aqueous solutions of poly-2- and 4-vinylpyridinium bromides has been measured in the 220 to 300 nm region. From the knowledge of the assignments of the absorption bands, the orientation of the pyridinium ring with respect to the macromolecular axis was determined for the poly-N-butyl-4-vinylpyridium bromide. An estimation of the birefringence contribution in the visible region originating from these ultraviolet dichroic bands revealed that the negative birefringence observed mainly arose from electronic transitions at shorter wavelengths.", "PMID": 1191731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12493", "title": "Mechanism of the hexamer-dodecamer reaction of lobster hemocyanin.", "content": "The overall forward and reverse rate constants for the hexamer-dodecamer reaction of lobster hemocyanin have been determined in 0.1 ionic strength glycine buffers at pH 9.6, at free calcium ion levels from 0.0031 to 0.0053 molar, at 25 degrees C. Concentration-jump relaxation experiments in a stopped-flow apparatus were monitored by light scattered at 90 degrees. The reaction is pseudobimolecular, and the overall forward rate constant bears virtually all of the calcium ion concentration-dependence, while the overall reverse rate constant is truly unimolecular. Four calcium ions appear to participate in the reaction between two hexameric molecules, and appear to become an integral part of the structure of the dodecameric molecule under these conditions.", "contents": "Mechanism of the hexamer-dodecamer reaction of lobster hemocyanin. The overall forward and reverse rate constants for the hexamer-dodecamer reaction of lobster hemocyanin have been determined in 0.1 ionic strength glycine buffers at pH 9.6, at free calcium ion levels from 0.0031 to 0.0053 molar, at 25 degrees C. Concentration-jump relaxation experiments in a stopped-flow apparatus were monitored by light scattered at 90 degrees. The reaction is pseudobimolecular, and the overall forward rate constant bears virtually all of the calcium ion concentration-dependence, while the overall reverse rate constant is truly unimolecular. Four calcium ions appear to participate in the reaction between two hexameric molecules, and appear to become an integral part of the structure of the dodecameric molecule under these conditions.", "PMID": 1191732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12494", "title": "Pulse fluorometry of cyclo-(glycyl-L-tryptophyl).", "content": "The fluorescence of cyclo-(glycyl-L-tryptophyl) in trimethyl phosphate has been studied in a temperature range varying from room temperature to -85 degrees C. At room temperature, the fluorescence decay is the sum of two exponentials, the relative amplitude of which depends on the emission wavelength. This can be explained by the presence of the two following emitting molecular states: on one hand the unfolded state, the fluorescence decay time and the emission spectrum of which are close to these of skatole; on the other hand the folded state which has a shorter decay time and a blue-shifted spectrum. By lowering the temperature, the fluorescence spectrum shifts to the blue, while the skatole spectrum shifts to the red. This behavior corresponds to an increase of the folded conformation concentration in agreement with the NMR results. Furthermore the rate of exchange between the folded and the unfolded conformations decreases. Accordingly the wavelength dependence of the fluorescence decay lessens. There are two possible values of the conformational angle x2 differing by 180 degrees, which correspond to the folded state; due to the indole asymmetry, the interactions between the indole and diketopiperazine rings differ in these conformers. Consequently the fluorescence decay remains biexponential even at -85 degrees C.", "contents": "Pulse fluorometry of cyclo-(glycyl-L-tryptophyl). The fluorescence of cyclo-(glycyl-L-tryptophyl) in trimethyl phosphate has been studied in a temperature range varying from room temperature to -85 degrees C. At room temperature, the fluorescence decay is the sum of two exponentials, the relative amplitude of which depends on the emission wavelength. This can be explained by the presence of the two following emitting molecular states: on one hand the unfolded state, the fluorescence decay time and the emission spectrum of which are close to these of skatole; on the other hand the folded state which has a shorter decay time and a blue-shifted spectrum. By lowering the temperature, the fluorescence spectrum shifts to the blue, while the skatole spectrum shifts to the red. This behavior corresponds to an increase of the folded conformation concentration in agreement with the NMR results. Furthermore the rate of exchange between the folded and the unfolded conformations decreases. Accordingly the wavelength dependence of the fluorescence decay lessens. There are two possible values of the conformational angle x2 differing by 180 degrees, which correspond to the folded state; due to the indole asymmetry, the interactions between the indole and diketopiperazine rings differ in these conformers. Consequently the fluorescence decay remains biexponential even at -85 degrees C.", "PMID": 1191733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12495", "title": "Thermal membrane potential through charged membranes in electrolyte solutions.", "content": "Measurements of the thermal membrane potential across cation and anion exchange membranes were carried out by using the same solution of various 1-1 electrolytes on both sides of the membrane. In all cases a good linear relationship was observed between the thermal membrane potential increment psi and the temperature difference increment T. The slope of the linear plot varied with the concentration of the electrolyte. The value of increment psi/increment T versus logarithmic activity of the electrolyte plot was linear with a slope of +/- R/F if the transport number of counterion was unity. The magnitude of increment psi/increment T was independent of coion species but dependent on counterions. These experimental results are in agreement with a theory presented previously. The thermal membrane potential caused by the direct effect of temperature differences and that by the indirect effect arising from the changes in ionic and water chemical potentials due to the temperature difference are separately discussed.", "contents": "Thermal membrane potential through charged membranes in electrolyte solutions. Measurements of the thermal membrane potential across cation and anion exchange membranes were carried out by using the same solution of various 1-1 electrolytes on both sides of the membrane. In all cases a good linear relationship was observed between the thermal membrane potential increment psi and the temperature difference increment T. The slope of the linear plot varied with the concentration of the electrolyte. The value of increment psi/increment T versus logarithmic activity of the electrolyte plot was linear with a slope of +/- R/F if the transport number of counterion was unity. The magnitude of increment psi/increment T was independent of coion species but dependent on counterions. These experimental results are in agreement with a theory presented previously. The thermal membrane potential caused by the direct effect of temperature differences and that by the indirect effect arising from the changes in ionic and water chemical potentials due to the temperature difference are separately discussed.", "PMID": 1191734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12496", "title": "Kinetic control of three-species association reactions in gel chromatography.", "content": "The gel chromatographic patterns of a monomer-dimer-tetramer system under kinetic control have been studied by computer simulation. In no case do the derivative curves of the concentration profiles exhibit more than bimodality in these systems and in some cases are found to exist as a single, almost symmetric, peak. The monomer-dimer reaction affects the dimer-tetramer reaction only slightly and the same is true for the effect of the dimer-tetramer reaction on that of the monomer-dimer. All systems can be fit, to a first approximation, by an empirical formula which suggests any reaction with a first order half life within one and one half or two orders of the transport time will be under kinetic control.", "contents": "Kinetic control of three-species association reactions in gel chromatography. The gel chromatographic patterns of a monomer-dimer-tetramer system under kinetic control have been studied by computer simulation. In no case do the derivative curves of the concentration profiles exhibit more than bimodality in these systems and in some cases are found to exist as a single, almost symmetric, peak. The monomer-dimer reaction affects the dimer-tetramer reaction only slightly and the same is true for the effect of the dimer-tetramer reaction on that of the monomer-dimer. All systems can be fit, to a first approximation, by an empirical formula which suggests any reaction with a first order half life within one and one half or two orders of the transport time will be under kinetic control.", "PMID": 1191735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12497", "title": "Dissipative structures in two dimensions.", "content": "Some further results on dissipative structures for one- and, more particularly, for two-dimensional bounded systems are presented. A model chemical network involving reactions and diffusion is investigated. The influence of the boundary conditions (no fluxes or fixed concentrations), the geometrical shape of the limits (circular or rectangular) and the size of the system on the variety of possible patterns is demonstrated. A comparison of the numerical results with bifurcation theory is outlined. Finally, the problem of multiplicity of stable ordered solutions which turns out to increase sharply from one to two dimensions, is discussed.", "contents": "Dissipative structures in two dimensions. Some further results on dissipative structures for one- and, more particularly, for two-dimensional bounded systems are presented. A model chemical network involving reactions and diffusion is investigated. The influence of the boundary conditions (no fluxes or fixed concentrations), the geometrical shape of the limits (circular or rectangular) and the size of the system on the variety of possible patterns is demonstrated. A comparison of the numerical results with bifurcation theory is outlined. Finally, the problem of multiplicity of stable ordered solutions which turns out to increase sharply from one to two dimensions, is discussed.", "PMID": 1191736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12498", "title": "Studies on Triton X-100 detergent micelles.", "content": "Triton X-100 micelle formation at 25 degrees C was studied by use of sedimentation equilibrium and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. The apparent molecular weight of the major Triton X-100 micelle was found to be 81250, indicating a micelle number of 125. A micelle number of 121 was obtained with fluorescence titration experiments, which showed one molecule of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate binding per micelle with an apparent association constant of 0.9 x 10(5) M. The fluorescent titration experiments also indicated the presence of another TX-100 binding species of variable size.", "contents": "Studies on Triton X-100 detergent micelles. Triton X-100 micelle formation at 25 degrees C was studied by use of sedimentation equilibrium and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. The apparent molecular weight of the major Triton X-100 micelle was found to be 81250, indicating a micelle number of 125. A micelle number of 121 was obtained with fluorescence titration experiments, which showed one molecule of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate binding per micelle with an apparent association constant of 0.9 x 10(5) M. The fluorescent titration experiments also indicated the presence of another TX-100 binding species of variable size.", "PMID": 1191737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12499", "title": "The products of cellulose.", "content": "The recommendation of our panel was that the following were specific areas of promising research: 1) A more complete technology assessment in broad terms. 2) Additional fundamental studies on microbial conversion to methane. 3) Conversion of wood or crop residues to feed for ruminants by the simplest possible methods. 4) More complete characterization of the quality of syrups produced by enzymatic or acid hydrolysis. 5) Continued study of effective use of the lignin and hemicellulose by-products.", "contents": "The products of cellulose. The recommendation of our panel was that the following were specific areas of promising research: 1) A more complete technology assessment in broad terms. 2) Additional fundamental studies on microbial conversion to methane. 3) Conversion of wood or crop residues to feed for ruminants by the simplest possible methods. 4) More complete characterization of the quality of syrups produced by enzymatic or acid hydrolysis. 5) Continued study of effective use of the lignin and hemicellulose by-products.", "PMID": 1191744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12500", "title": "Ethanol fermentation and potential.", "content": "Ethyl alcohol is one of the United States and world's major chemicals. Beverage alcohol in the United States must be prepared from cereal grains or other natural products. The U.S. industrial alcohol market has remained relatively stable for several years at approximately 300 million gallons annually. Most of this has been produced synthetically from petroleum raw material (gas and oil). These raw materials are experiencing major price increases and are in short supply. The production of ethyl alcohol from cereal grains and cellulosic raw materials by fermentation is technically feasible and has been proven. Alcohol produced from all such materials is equal to synthetic alcohol in quality and performance. Competitive economics have controlled the basic raw materials used. The major potential new ethyl alcohol market is as a component of automobile fuels. A 10% alcohol-gasoline blend in the United States would annually require over 10 billion gallons of anhydrous alcohol. Use of alcohol for this purpose is technically feasible. However, alcohol has not been economically competitive to date.", "contents": "Ethanol fermentation and potential. Ethyl alcohol is one of the United States and world's major chemicals. Beverage alcohol in the United States must be prepared from cereal grains or other natural products. The U.S. industrial alcohol market has remained relatively stable for several years at approximately 300 million gallons annually. Most of this has been produced synthetically from petroleum raw material (gas and oil). These raw materials are experiencing major price increases and are in short supply. The production of ethyl alcohol from cereal grains and cellulosic raw materials by fermentation is technically feasible and has been proven. Alcohol produced from all such materials is equal to synthetic alcohol in quality and performance. Competitive economics have controlled the basic raw materials used. The major potential new ethyl alcohol market is as a component of automobile fuels. A 10% alcohol-gasoline blend in the United States would annually require over 10 billion gallons of anhydrous alcohol. Use of alcohol for this purpose is technically feasible. However, alcohol has not been economically competitive to date.", "PMID": 1191746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12501", "title": "Economical factors in the assessment of various cellulosic substances as chemical and energy resources.", "content": "Economic factors in the assessment of various cellulosic substances as chemical and energy resources are many and complex. No substrate nor conversion process can be singled out as significantly advantageous. Agricultural wastes appear to have the best volume and availability characteristics. If glucose is to be the end product, then it will probably have to compete with corn syrup. If SCP is to be the end product, then productivities of 2-4 g/liter-hr must be achieved and the protein demand be such that the product can sell for at least $225/ton. If alcohol is to be the end product, then an intermediate product stream of glucose and other sugars must be obtained for 1-3cent/lb of fermentable sugars.", "contents": "Economical factors in the assessment of various cellulosic substances as chemical and energy resources. Economic factors in the assessment of various cellulosic substances as chemical and energy resources are many and complex. No substrate nor conversion process can be singled out as significantly advantageous. Agricultural wastes appear to have the best volume and availability characteristics. If glucose is to be the end product, then it will probably have to compete with corn syrup. If SCP is to be the end product, then productivities of 2-4 g/liter-hr must be achieved and the protein demand be such that the product can sell for at least $225/ton. If alcohol is to be the end product, then an intermediate product stream of glucose and other sugars must be obtained for 1-3cent/lb of fermentable sugars.", "PMID": 1191750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12502", "title": "[Effect of the limbic cortex on regional lymph and blood flow in dogs].", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the anterior limbic area of the cortex in dogs resulted in increase of the lymph flow from the intestinal lymph duct, in enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes, in a fall of arterial pressure in the cranial mesenteric artery, and in decrease of the blood-stream from the homonymous vein and in the tone of the mesenteric veins. Constriction of the mesenteric veins and increase in the intestinal lymph-stream are considered to be a compensatory reaction to restore the arterial pressure to the initial level.", "contents": "[Effect of the limbic cortex on regional lymph and blood flow in dogs]. Electrical stimulation of the anterior limbic area of the cortex in dogs resulted in increase of the lymph flow from the intestinal lymph duct, in enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes, in a fall of arterial pressure in the cranial mesenteric artery, and in decrease of the blood-stream from the homonymous vein and in the tone of the mesenteric veins. Constriction of the mesenteric veins and increase in the intestinal lymph-stream are considered to be a compensatory reaction to restore the arterial pressure to the initial level.", "PMID": 1191754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12503", "title": "[Change in the rhythm of the enzyme activity of the liver in white rats during the chronic action of vinylacetate].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on male albino rats for 5 months; the activity of the liver aspartic and alaninaminotransferases underwent cyclic synchronized variations. Chronic 24-hour inhalation of vinylacetate in a concentration of 2.4 mg/m3 caused a transformation of the rhythms of these variations with the preservation of synchronization in the changes of the activity of the enzymes under study. With a greater concentration of vinylacetate (13.2 and 68 mg/m3) inducing chronic intoxication, desynchronization of transaminase variations was seen in the liver. A posssibility of correlation analysis use for determining the extent of synchronization in the activity of the enzymatic systems for the purpose of estimation of the toxic effect of the poisons is discussed.", "contents": "[Change in the rhythm of the enzyme activity of the liver in white rats during the chronic action of vinylacetate]. Experiments were conducted on male albino rats for 5 months; the activity of the liver aspartic and alaninaminotransferases underwent cyclic synchronized variations. Chronic 24-hour inhalation of vinylacetate in a concentration of 2.4 mg/m3 caused a transformation of the rhythms of these variations with the preservation of synchronization in the changes of the activity of the enzymes under study. With a greater concentration of vinylacetate (13.2 and 68 mg/m3) inducing chronic intoxication, desynchronization of transaminase variations was seen in the liver. A posssibility of correlation analysis use for determining the extent of synchronization in the activity of the enzymatic systems for the purpose of estimation of the toxic effect of the poisons is discussed.", "PMID": 1191755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12504", "title": "[Influence of parathyroid hormone and heparin on tooth development in mice homozygous for the microphthalmia mutation].", "content": "In mice, homozygous by microphthalmia (mi/mi) gene the disturbance of dental development was due to defects in dental pulp and to the absence of bone resorpion. Administration of heparin or parathyroid hormone stimulated dental eruption in mi/mi mice. Following combined action of heparin and parathyroid hormone the number of erupted teeth was practically the same as after the action of heparin alone. Possibly the level of heparin is insufficient, but secretion of parathyroid hormone is unimpaired in mi/mi mice.", "contents": "[Influence of parathyroid hormone and heparin on tooth development in mice homozygous for the microphthalmia mutation]. In mice, homozygous by microphthalmia (mi/mi) gene the disturbance of dental development was due to defects in dental pulp and to the absence of bone resorpion. Administration of heparin or parathyroid hormone stimulated dental eruption in mi/mi mice. Following combined action of heparin and parathyroid hormone the number of erupted teeth was practically the same as after the action of heparin alone. Possibly the level of heparin is insufficient, but secretion of parathyroid hormone is unimpaired in mi/mi mice.", "PMID": 1191756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12505", "title": "[Role of mitochondrial swelling in the energetic effectiveness of intact myocardial cells (according to electron microscopy data)].", "content": "The myocardium of the left and the right cardiac ventricles was studied at various seasons on 20 rabbits. There was found a distinct seasonal dynamics of a number of quantitative indices of electronograms. In particular, there was found a relationship between the coefficients of energy efficacy of the mitochondria (integral value--calculated by multiplying the mitochondrial area by the number of mitochondrial cristae) and the mitochondrial area. With increase of the latter to 0,85 mc2 this relationship is positive and linear. With further swelling of the mitochondria this relationship disappears, however.", "contents": "[Role of mitochondrial swelling in the energetic effectiveness of intact myocardial cells (according to electron microscopy data)]. The myocardium of the left and the right cardiac ventricles was studied at various seasons on 20 rabbits. There was found a distinct seasonal dynamics of a number of quantitative indices of electronograms. In particular, there was found a relationship between the coefficients of energy efficacy of the mitochondria (integral value--calculated by multiplying the mitochondrial area by the number of mitochondrial cristae) and the mitochondrial area. With increase of the latter to 0,85 mc2 this relationship is positive and linear. With further swelling of the mitochondria this relationship disappears, however.", "PMID": 1191757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12506", "title": "[State of the epiphysis during winter hibernation].", "content": "It was found that the pineal gland of active ground squirrels (Citellus erythrogenys) differed from this gland in rats by a more pronounced differentiation into cortical and medullary zones, by larger pineocytes with polymorphous nuclei and numerous pseudokariosomes. Hybernation was accompanied by reduced concentration of serotonin in the pineal gland, by the disappearance of differences between the cortical and the medullary zones and by a number of morphological signs of functional depression. The appearing changes were similar to those occurring in denervation of the pineal gland.", "contents": "[State of the epiphysis during winter hibernation]. It was found that the pineal gland of active ground squirrels (Citellus erythrogenys) differed from this gland in rats by a more pronounced differentiation into cortical and medullary zones, by larger pineocytes with polymorphous nuclei and numerous pseudokariosomes. Hybernation was accompanied by reduced concentration of serotonin in the pineal gland, by the disappearance of differences between the cortical and the medullary zones and by a number of morphological signs of functional depression. The appearing changes were similar to those occurring in denervation of the pineal gland.", "PMID": 1191758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12507", "title": "[Electron microscopic autoradiography of the adrenal cortex following administration of cholesterol-H3].", "content": "Distribution of labeled cholesterol-H3 and its metabolites in the adrenal cortex cells was investigated by electronmicroscopic autoradiography. The selective uptake of the labels by the mitochondria and lipid vacuoles was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic autoradiography of the adrenal cortex following administration of cholesterol-H3]. Distribution of labeled cholesterol-H3 and its metabolites in the adrenal cortex cells was investigated by electronmicroscopic autoradiography. The selective uptake of the labels by the mitochondria and lipid vacuoles was demonstrated.", "PMID": 1191759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12508", "title": "[Objective non-contact method of study of the color of the human skin integument by use of a photoelectric colorimeter].", "content": "The authors describe a method of determination of the colour of the skin in man based on the use of contactless photoelectric colorimeter made especially for this purpose. The mean normal values of the indices of the skin colour of the anterior and the posterior surface of the arm in 45 men and 35 women of the Europeoid race under normal conditions are presented.", "contents": "[Objective non-contact method of study of the color of the human skin integument by use of a photoelectric colorimeter]. The authors describe a method of determination of the colour of the skin in man based on the use of contactless photoelectric colorimeter made especially for this purpose. The mean normal values of the indices of the skin colour of the anterior and the posterior surface of the arm in 45 men and 35 women of the Europeoid race under normal conditions are presented.", "PMID": 1191760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12509", "title": "[Electrophysiological characteristics of the external eye muscles of frogs].", "content": "With the aid of a microelectrophysiological method data were obtained on the difference of the fibers of the inferior rectus muscle of a frog by the type of electrical activity. The greater part of the fibers displayed a continuous tonic activity in the form of polymorphous postsynaptic potentials. Individual fibers responded by a series of action potentials to depolarization created by the introduction of a microelectrode; such reaction was characteristic of the skeletal transitional fibers. The rest of the fibers were inactive, at least some of them with a high membrane potential could be referred to the phasic system.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological characteristics of the external eye muscles of frogs]. With the aid of a microelectrophysiological method data were obtained on the difference of the fibers of the inferior rectus muscle of a frog by the type of electrical activity. The greater part of the fibers displayed a continuous tonic activity in the form of polymorphous postsynaptic potentials. Individual fibers responded by a series of action potentials to depolarization created by the introduction of a microelectrode; such reaction was characteristic of the skeletal transitional fibers. The rest of the fibers were inactive, at least some of them with a high membrane potential could be referred to the phasic system.", "PMID": 1191761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12510", "title": "[Changes in the protein composition of the synaptic structures of the brain of rats in tetanus intoxication].", "content": "As shown by the method of electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel, the number of proteins with low electrophoretic mobility proved to be increased in the triton extract fractions of synaptic structures isolated from spinal cord of rats with local tetanus; no changes in the protein spectrum were revealed in the dodecyl-sulphate extract. In vitro tetanus toxin stimulated the lysin-H3 incorporation into the total proteins of synaptosomes of rat brain cortex.", "contents": "[Changes in the protein composition of the synaptic structures of the brain of rats in tetanus intoxication]. As shown by the method of electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel, the number of proteins with low electrophoretic mobility proved to be increased in the triton extract fractions of synaptic structures isolated from spinal cord of rats with local tetanus; no changes in the protein spectrum were revealed in the dodecyl-sulphate extract. In vitro tetanus toxin stimulated the lysin-H3 incorporation into the total proteins of synaptosomes of rat brain cortex.", "PMID": 1191762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12511", "title": "[Study of the evoked potentials to photic stimulation in man after deafferentiation of the visual cortex].", "content": "A study was made of evoked potentials (EP) in response to light stimulus in the occipital areas of the cortex in 28 patients with homonimous hemianopsia caused by focal affection of the optic system. EP asymmetry in the hemispheres was recorded only in case of complete homonimous hemianopsia. Reduction of response at the side of contralateral hemoanopsia was observed in affection of the optic tracts at the level of the optic cord and in case of spread of the pathological focus to the occipital lobe. In half of the cases of homonimous hemianopsia caused by affection of the optic radiation the responses were greater by amplitude at the side of the focus or were recorded only in the deafferentated occipital area.", "contents": "[Study of the evoked potentials to photic stimulation in man after deafferentiation of the visual cortex]. A study was made of evoked potentials (EP) in response to light stimulus in the occipital areas of the cortex in 28 patients with homonimous hemianopsia caused by focal affection of the optic system. EP asymmetry in the hemispheres was recorded only in case of complete homonimous hemianopsia. Reduction of response at the side of contralateral hemoanopsia was observed in affection of the optic tracts at the level of the optic cord and in case of spread of the pathological focus to the occipital lobe. In half of the cases of homonimous hemianopsia caused by affection of the optic radiation the responses were greater by amplitude at the side of the focus or were recorded only in the deafferentated occipital area.", "PMID": 1191763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12512", "title": "[Various neurochemical mechanisms for the production of conditioned reflexes of various biologicals modalities at the level of the caudate nucleus].", "content": "Microinjection of noradrenaline in to the head of the caudate nucleus failed to influence the latent time of the conditioned reaction of avoidance and the muscle tone, but limited the motor activity and considerably increased the value and the latent time of the food-procuring reflex. Serotonin failed to influence the latent time of the conditioned defence reflex and did not alter the motor activity of rats; however, it shortened the latent period of the conditioned motor-food reflex and markedly stimulated the food-procuring reaction. Dopamine inhibited the conditioned food and defence reflex, but markedly stimulated the spontaneous motor activity of rats. The data obtained pointed to differences in the neurochemical mechanisms realizing the conditioned reflex reactions of different biological modality at the level of the caudate nucleus of rats.", "contents": "[Various neurochemical mechanisms for the production of conditioned reflexes of various biologicals modalities at the level of the caudate nucleus]. Microinjection of noradrenaline in to the head of the caudate nucleus failed to influence the latent time of the conditioned reaction of avoidance and the muscle tone, but limited the motor activity and considerably increased the value and the latent time of the food-procuring reflex. Serotonin failed to influence the latent time of the conditioned defence reflex and did not alter the motor activity of rats; however, it shortened the latent period of the conditioned motor-food reflex and markedly stimulated the food-procuring reaction. Dopamine inhibited the conditioned food and defence reflex, but markedly stimulated the spontaneous motor activity of rats. The data obtained pointed to differences in the neurochemical mechanisms realizing the conditioned reflex reactions of different biological modality at the level of the caudate nucleus of rats.", "PMID": 1191764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12513", "title": "[Dynamics of contraction of the left and right ventricles of the heart (according to kinetocardiography data) in the development of renovascular hypertension in dogs of various ages].", "content": "Kinetocardiograms of the left and the right ventricles of the heart were recorded in puppies and adult dogs during development in them of experimental renovascular hypertension. Development of hypertension in adult dogs led to the shortening of ejection period, and in puppies--to its prolongation. The vector analysis of kinetocardiograms demonstrated in adult dogs the appearance of the syndrome of hypodynamics of the left ventricle replaced later by the syndrome of high diastolic pressure. In the puppies' left ventricle there appeared the phasic syndrome of high diastolic pressure replaced by the syndrome of stenosis of the exit tract. The phasic structure of the cycle of the right ventricle is characterized by the appearance of the syndrome of hyperdynamia detectable earlier in adult dogs.", "contents": "[Dynamics of contraction of the left and right ventricles of the heart (according to kinetocardiography data) in the development of renovascular hypertension in dogs of various ages]. Kinetocardiograms of the left and the right ventricles of the heart were recorded in puppies and adult dogs during development in them of experimental renovascular hypertension. Development of hypertension in adult dogs led to the shortening of ejection period, and in puppies--to its prolongation. The vector analysis of kinetocardiograms demonstrated in adult dogs the appearance of the syndrome of hypodynamics of the left ventricle replaced later by the syndrome of high diastolic pressure. In the puppies' left ventricle there appeared the phasic syndrome of high diastolic pressure replaced by the syndrome of stenosis of the exit tract. The phasic structure of the cycle of the right ventricle is characterized by the appearance of the syndrome of hyperdynamia detectable earlier in adult dogs.", "PMID": 1191765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12514", "title": "[Erythropoietic function of the kidneys under conditions of abnormally high oxygen pressure].", "content": "Three to five hours after 5-hour exposure of rabbits to high oxygen pressure (2 ata) the erythropoietin proved to disappear from both the arterial and the venous blood plasma of the kidneys. At the same time the blood plasma from the renal vein began to suppress the mitotic activity of erythroblastic cells in the bone marrow culture. These data testify to the fact that under hyperbaric hyperoxia the kidneys secreted the inhibitor of erythropoiesis. No erythropoiesis inhibitor was revealed 24 hours after the hyperoxia.", "contents": "[Erythropoietic function of the kidneys under conditions of abnormally high oxygen pressure]. Three to five hours after 5-hour exposure of rabbits to high oxygen pressure (2 ata) the erythropoietin proved to disappear from both the arterial and the venous blood plasma of the kidneys. At the same time the blood plasma from the renal vein began to suppress the mitotic activity of erythroblastic cells in the bone marrow culture. These data testify to the fact that under hyperbaric hyperoxia the kidneys secreted the inhibitor of erythropoiesis. No erythropoiesis inhibitor was revealed 24 hours after the hyperoxia.", "PMID": 1191766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12515", "title": "[Serum and liver cholesterol in experimental fever].", "content": "A single intravenous injection to rabbits of pyrogenal (10 gamma/kg) or of Bac. mesentericus culture (3 milliard microbial cells in 1 ml/kg) led in 3 hours to a decrease in total blood serum cholesterol content (due to decrease of cholesterol esters) and to elevation in the liver of free cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Blood serum and liver cholesterol remained high in 24 hours, although the temperature was normal.", "contents": "[Serum and liver cholesterol in experimental fever]. A single intravenous injection to rabbits of pyrogenal (10 gamma/kg) or of Bac. mesentericus culture (3 milliard microbial cells in 1 ml/kg) led in 3 hours to a decrease in total blood serum cholesterol content (due to decrease of cholesterol esters) and to elevation in the liver of free cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Blood serum and liver cholesterol remained high in 24 hours, although the temperature was normal.", "PMID": 1191767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12516", "title": "[Effect of reversible inhibitors on the thermal denaturation of cholinesterases].", "content": "The capacity of reversible inhibitors--galanthamine and tacrine--to protect the cholinesterase of rat and mouse brain from the thermal denaturation with the action of the temperature of 56 and 58 degrees C was revealed. The protective action was also noted when the reversible inhibitors decreased the activity of the enzyme. It appeared that with galanthamine the cholinesterase resistance to the thermal action was greater than with the action of tacrine.", "contents": "[Effect of reversible inhibitors on the thermal denaturation of cholinesterases]. The capacity of reversible inhibitors--galanthamine and tacrine--to protect the cholinesterase of rat and mouse brain from the thermal denaturation with the action of the temperature of 56 and 58 degrees C was revealed. The protective action was also noted when the reversible inhibitors decreased the activity of the enzyme. It appeared that with galanthamine the cholinesterase resistance to the thermal action was greater than with the action of tacrine.", "PMID": 1191768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12517", "title": "[Intensity of respiration and the metabolism of phospholipids in isolated brain tissues of rats at various temperatures in the presence of KCN].", "content": "The intensity of oxygen consumption, as well as phospholipid metabolism of minced rat brain tissue were studied at different temperature of the incubation media (37 degrees, 32 degrees and 27 degrees C) without cyanide and in the media containing KCN (0.5 and 1.0 mM). As shown, both parameters depended directly upon the incubation temperature within the range of 27 degrees-37 degrees. KCN inhibited both processes, but depression of phospholipid metabolism was more expressed. These data suggest that under conditions of cyanide poisoning phospholipid metabolism depends both on the toxic effect of KCN directly and on the temperature, whose reduction reinforces this effect.", "contents": "[Intensity of respiration and the metabolism of phospholipids in isolated brain tissues of rats at various temperatures in the presence of KCN]. The intensity of oxygen consumption, as well as phospholipid metabolism of minced rat brain tissue were studied at different temperature of the incubation media (37 degrees, 32 degrees and 27 degrees C) without cyanide and in the media containing KCN (0.5 and 1.0 mM). As shown, both parameters depended directly upon the incubation temperature within the range of 27 degrees-37 degrees. KCN inhibited both processes, but depression of phospholipid metabolism was more expressed. These data suggest that under conditions of cyanide poisoning phospholipid metabolism depends both on the toxic effect of KCN directly and on the temperature, whose reduction reinforces this effect.", "PMID": 1191769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12518", "title": "[Hypothalamic autostimulation in rats at low frequencies of stimulation on the basis of locomotion].", "content": "A study was made of the hypothalamic autostimulation of rats with the impulse stimulation frequency of from 30 to 7 cycles/sec. The animals' brain was stimulated in Skinner's chamber and on the basis of locomotion. The duration of a series of impulses established by the animal on the basis of locomotion grew with reduction of the frequency of stimulation impulses. The pauses between the series of impulses and the duration of the series were also prolonged with a voltage reduction. With the help of stimulation frequency of 7 cycles it was possible to choose such a current that the sum of the total duration of pauses lay within 0 divided by 10% of the total experimental time. The duration of individual pauses was less than 0.5 sec.", "contents": "[Hypothalamic autostimulation in rats at low frequencies of stimulation on the basis of locomotion]. A study was made of the hypothalamic autostimulation of rats with the impulse stimulation frequency of from 30 to 7 cycles/sec. The animals' brain was stimulated in Skinner's chamber and on the basis of locomotion. The duration of a series of impulses established by the animal on the basis of locomotion grew with reduction of the frequency of stimulation impulses. The pauses between the series of impulses and the duration of the series were also prolonged with a voltage reduction. With the help of stimulation frequency of 7 cycles it was possible to choose such a current that the sum of the total duration of pauses lay within 0 divided by 10% of the total experimental time. The duration of individual pauses was less than 0.5 sec.", "PMID": 1191770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12519", "title": "[Effect of neuroleptics of the phenothiazine series on the impulse activity and ultrastructure of the cortical neurons of rabbits].", "content": "Experiments on rabbits showed that chlorpromazine given in a dose of 5 mg/kg produced a disaggregation of polysomes, dilatation of the cysterns of the endoplasmic reticulum, hypertrophy of the Golgi apparatus and swelling of the mitochondria in the majority of the cortical neurons. To these ultrastructural changes corresponded the inhibition of the pulse activity of the nerve cells. In difference from chlorpromazine, trephthazine given in the same dose caused a thickening of the matrix of a part of the neurons, accompanied by an increase in the pulse activity of a group of the cortical cells (28%) under the effect of triphthazine. The established changes in the pulse activity and the ultrastructure of the neurons are regarded in association with the differences in the spectrum of the psychotropic activity of the two neuroleptics--phenothiazine derivatives.", "contents": "[Effect of neuroleptics of the phenothiazine series on the impulse activity and ultrastructure of the cortical neurons of rabbits]. Experiments on rabbits showed that chlorpromazine given in a dose of 5 mg/kg produced a disaggregation of polysomes, dilatation of the cysterns of the endoplasmic reticulum, hypertrophy of the Golgi apparatus and swelling of the mitochondria in the majority of the cortical neurons. To these ultrastructural changes corresponded the inhibition of the pulse activity of the nerve cells. In difference from chlorpromazine, trephthazine given in the same dose caused a thickening of the matrix of a part of the neurons, accompanied by an increase in the pulse activity of a group of the cortical cells (28%) under the effect of triphthazine. The established changes in the pulse activity and the ultrastructure of the neurons are regarded in association with the differences in the spectrum of the psychotropic activity of the two neuroleptics--phenothiazine derivatives.", "PMID": 1191771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12520", "title": "[Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid and phenibut on the central links of the vascular reflexes with chemo- and mechanoreceptors of the aorto-carotid zone].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on decerebrated cats. A depressive effect of gamma-aminobutyruc acid (GABA)--100--200 mg/kg and its phenyl derivative phenibut--20 mg/kg--on depressive reactions of the systemic arterial pressure and on the inhibition of spontaneous bioelectrical activity in the renal nerve occurring in stimulation of the mechanoreceptors of the carotid sinus and of the sinus and depressor nerve afferents (having a mechanoreceptor modality) was demonstrated. Pressor reactions of the systemic arterial pressure and evoked bioelectrical activity were enhanced in the renal nerve in stimulation of chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus following administration of the same GABA and phenibut doses. The data obtained are interpreted from the aspect of a deprimating action of GABA and phenibut in the area of the paramedian reticular nuclei of the medulla oblongata.", "contents": "[Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid and phenibut on the central links of the vascular reflexes with chemo- and mechanoreceptors of the aorto-carotid zone]. Experiments were conducted on decerebrated cats. A depressive effect of gamma-aminobutyruc acid (GABA)--100--200 mg/kg and its phenyl derivative phenibut--20 mg/kg--on depressive reactions of the systemic arterial pressure and on the inhibition of spontaneous bioelectrical activity in the renal nerve occurring in stimulation of the mechanoreceptors of the carotid sinus and of the sinus and depressor nerve afferents (having a mechanoreceptor modality) was demonstrated. Pressor reactions of the systemic arterial pressure and evoked bioelectrical activity were enhanced in the renal nerve in stimulation of chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus following administration of the same GABA and phenibut doses. The data obtained are interpreted from the aspect of a deprimating action of GABA and phenibut in the area of the paramedian reticular nuclei of the medulla oblongata.", "PMID": 1191772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12521", "title": "[Contraceptive activity of combinations of steroids and antiadrenergic preparations].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on mature female rats. Simultaneous administration through a tube for 14 days, daily, of mestranol (0.04 mg/kg) and megestrol acetate (0.8 mg/kg) gave no significant contraceptive effect, whereas the use of steroid preparations in the same doses in combination with antiadrenergic substances--dopegit (100 mg/kg) or pyrroxan (10 mg/kg) prevented pregnancy effectively.", "contents": "[Contraceptive activity of combinations of steroids and antiadrenergic preparations]. Experiments were conducted on mature female rats. Simultaneous administration through a tube for 14 days, daily, of mestranol (0.04 mg/kg) and megestrol acetate (0.8 mg/kg) gave no significant contraceptive effect, whereas the use of steroid preparations in the same doses in combination with antiadrenergic substances--dopegit (100 mg/kg) or pyrroxan (10 mg/kg) prevented pregnancy effectively.", "PMID": 1191773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12522", "title": "[Study of the thymus as a source of humoral factors stimulating antibody formation].", "content": "A fraction stimulating antibody formation in neonatal animals was obtained in separation of the calf thymus extract (1A) prepared by the method of Goldstein et al. on a column with Sephadex G-25 (fine). Testing of the activity of analogous fractions of the extracts of calf tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes and the liver led to a supposition that the thymus was the only source of specific humoral factor stimulating antibody formation, which could accumulate in the peripheral lymphoid formations. Low activity of tonsillar extracts failed to confirm the hypothesis on the role played by the tonsils as the central immunity organ similar to the bursa Fabricii.", "contents": "[Study of the thymus as a source of humoral factors stimulating antibody formation]. A fraction stimulating antibody formation in neonatal animals was obtained in separation of the calf thymus extract (1A) prepared by the method of Goldstein et al. on a column with Sephadex G-25 (fine). Testing of the activity of analogous fractions of the extracts of calf tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes and the liver led to a supposition that the thymus was the only source of specific humoral factor stimulating antibody formation, which could accumulate in the peripheral lymphoid formations. Low activity of tonsillar extracts failed to confirm the hypothesis on the role played by the tonsils as the central immunity organ similar to the bursa Fabricii.", "PMID": 1191774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12523", "title": "[Detection of tissue antigens in the blood of burn patients].", "content": "Immunochemical studies of the sera of patients with severe burns led to the conclusion that as soon as within the first two days following the trauma, tissue antigens sharing common components with those of the burned and normal skin were detected in the blood. The antigens in question were not detected in the sera of healthy sugjects, and were not identical with the C-reactive protein. A long-term circulation of these antigens, i.e. for 2 to 3 months after burning, was revealed.", "contents": "[Detection of tissue antigens in the blood of burn patients]. Immunochemical studies of the sera of patients with severe burns led to the conclusion that as soon as within the first two days following the trauma, tissue antigens sharing common components with those of the burned and normal skin were detected in the blood. The antigens in question were not detected in the sera of healthy sugjects, and were not identical with the C-reactive protein. A long-term circulation of these antigens, i.e. for 2 to 3 months after burning, was revealed.", "PMID": 1191775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12524", "title": "[Circulation of antibodies to dispiral RNA and ribosomal RNA in patients with allergies, rheumatic disease, and rheumatic arthritis].", "content": "A study was made of the incidence of antibodies to bispiral synthetic polynucleotide (poly E, poly C). In patients with allergoses and in healthy persons antibodies to bispiral RNA were revealed in 14% of cases, in patients with rheumatism--in 40.9% and with rheumatoid arthritis--in 50% of cases. It is supposed that more frequent detection of antibodies to bispiral RNA in patients with rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis is associated with persistence of the RNA-containing viruses.", "contents": "[Circulation of antibodies to dispiral RNA and ribosomal RNA in patients with allergies, rheumatic disease, and rheumatic arthritis]. A study was made of the incidence of antibodies to bispiral synthetic polynucleotide (poly E, poly C). In patients with allergoses and in healthy persons antibodies to bispiral RNA were revealed in 14% of cases, in patients with rheumatism--in 40.9% and with rheumatoid arthritis--in 50% of cases. It is supposed that more frequent detection of antibodies to bispiral RNA in patients with rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis is associated with persistence of the RNA-containing viruses.", "PMID": 1191776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12525", "title": "[Changes in the electric activity of the myocardial fibers of the guinea pig during local anaphylactic reactions under conditions of inactivation of \"rapid\" sodium channels].", "content": "Changes of electrical activity (intracellular records) of guinea pig heart auriculus were studied during experimental cardiac anaphylaxis (ovalbumine being used as an antigen). Fast Na channels of the myocardial fibers having been depressed by long-standing depolarization in K+-rich (20 mM) Tyrode solutions, only the low-amplitude slow responses to brief stimuli were recorded. Addition of ovalbumine (2.10(-4) g/ml), histamine (1.10(-4) g/ml) or adrenaline (5.10(-6) g/ml) to the K-rich solution led to increase of both the amplitude and the duration of the responses. These data supported the hypothesis on the principal role of slow Na--Ca channels in the mechanism of the changes in the electrical activity of the myocardial fibers during cardiac anaphylaxis.", "contents": "[Changes in the electric activity of the myocardial fibers of the guinea pig during local anaphylactic reactions under conditions of inactivation of \"rapid\" sodium channels]. Changes of electrical activity (intracellular records) of guinea pig heart auriculus were studied during experimental cardiac anaphylaxis (ovalbumine being used as an antigen). Fast Na channels of the myocardial fibers having been depressed by long-standing depolarization in K+-rich (20 mM) Tyrode solutions, only the low-amplitude slow responses to brief stimuli were recorded. Addition of ovalbumine (2.10(-4) g/ml), histamine (1.10(-4) g/ml) or adrenaline (5.10(-6) g/ml) to the K-rich solution led to increase of both the amplitude and the duration of the responses. These data supported the hypothesis on the principal role of slow Na--Ca channels in the mechanism of the changes in the electrical activity of the myocardial fibers during cardiac anaphylaxis.", "PMID": 1191777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12526", "title": "[Autoradiographic determination of the parameters of the mitotic cycle of tumors of human testis in tissue culture].", "content": "By means of autoradiography with thymidine-H3 the authors studied the mitotic cycle of a primary culture of the human testicle tumours on the 16th day of growth. Prolonged incubation with the isotope was employed. The following parameters of the mitotic cycle for the whole cellular population were established: T-83.6 hours, G + M = 60.25 hours, S = 5.35 hours, G2 = 18.0 hours. A conclusion was drawn that it was possible to use the primary culture to determine the mitotic cycle of human tumours.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic determination of the parameters of the mitotic cycle of tumors of human testis in tissue culture]. By means of autoradiography with thymidine-H3 the authors studied the mitotic cycle of a primary culture of the human testicle tumours on the 16th day of growth. Prolonged incubation with the isotope was employed. The following parameters of the mitotic cycle for the whole cellular population were established: T-83.6 hours, G + M = 60.25 hours, S = 5.35 hours, G2 = 18.0 hours. A conclusion was drawn that it was possible to use the primary culture to determine the mitotic cycle of human tumours.", "PMID": 1191778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12527", "title": "[Phenomenon of hypertrophy of the testes after amputation of the lower incisors in rats].", "content": "Repeated amputation of the lower incisors in rats carried out at the early postnatal on togenesis causes an enlargement of the salivary glands and hypertrophy of the testis with the phenomena of acceleration of their differentiation. Hypertrophy of the testes withthe mentioned action was much greater (76%) than in the case of unilateral castration at the same age. In adult animals repeated amputation of the lower incisors caused hypertrophy of the salivary glands, but failed to influence the hypertrophy of the testes.", "contents": "[Phenomenon of hypertrophy of the testes after amputation of the lower incisors in rats]. Repeated amputation of the lower incisors in rats carried out at the early postnatal on togenesis causes an enlargement of the salivary glands and hypertrophy of the testis with the phenomena of acceleration of their differentiation. Hypertrophy of the testes withthe mentioned action was much greater (76%) than in the case of unilateral castration at the same age. In adult animals repeated amputation of the lower incisors caused hypertrophy of the salivary glands, but failed to influence the hypertrophy of the testes.", "PMID": 1191779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12528", "title": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia with ultrastructural features of type I and II.", "content": "The autopsy and electron microscopic findings in a pair of brothers with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) are presented. In both patients autopsy revealed severe secondary hemochromatosis, including cirrhosis of the liver and fatal heart involvement. According to current ultrastructural criteria, a mixture of CDA type I (interchromatin bridges, wide euchromatin-cytoplasmic connections) and of type II (marginal cisternae, nuclear protrusions, multinuclearity, karyorrhexis) was found in erythroblasts of one patient. In the second patient electron microscopy of bone marrow stored in formalin for several years allowed the diagnosis of CDA with marginal cisternae in retrospect. These findings illustrate the usefulness of electron microscopy for the diagnosis of CDA in unsolved cases of chronic ineffective erythropoiesis, even from formalin fixed material. For subtyping CDA into type I and II, however, other than morphological parameters should be used for definition. In the clinical management splenectomy and a drastic phlebotomy programme have been found favourable.", "contents": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia with ultrastructural features of type I and II. The autopsy and electron microscopic findings in a pair of brothers with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) are presented. In both patients autopsy revealed severe secondary hemochromatosis, including cirrhosis of the liver and fatal heart involvement. According to current ultrastructural criteria, a mixture of CDA type I (interchromatin bridges, wide euchromatin-cytoplasmic connections) and of type II (marginal cisternae, nuclear protrusions, multinuclearity, karyorrhexis) was found in erythroblasts of one patient. In the second patient electron microscopy of bone marrow stored in formalin for several years allowed the diagnosis of CDA with marginal cisternae in retrospect. These findings illustrate the usefulness of electron microscopy for the diagnosis of CDA in unsolved cases of chronic ineffective erythropoiesis, even from formalin fixed material. For subtyping CDA into type I and II, however, other than morphological parameters should be used for definition. In the clinical management splenectomy and a drastic phlebotomy programme have been found favourable.", "PMID": 1191780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12529", "title": "[Frequency of hemoglobin abnormalities and hemoglobinopathies in Mozambique peoples (comparison between leprosy and non-leprosy subjects].", "content": "In 588 bloodsamples of negride natives from Mo\u00e7ambique, preferably Chuabo and Macua, haemoglobin analyses were performed. In 21 cases an increase of Hb A2 was found, indicating the presence of heterozygous beta-thalassaemia, in one case the changes in Hb-analysis were typical for beta-delta-thalassaemia, 18 samples could be shown to contain Hb S, typical for the heterozygous sickle cell trait. Futhermore in 7 cases Hb A2' was found. In two bloodsamples haemoglobin variants were observed, which according to their electrophoretical mobility were assumed to represent Hb D in one case, and Hb G in the other. In the Chuabo population the frequency of the thalassaemia gene was found to be more than twice as high as in the Macua population. In non-lepers Hb S was observed with a remarkable higher incidence than in lepers.", "contents": "[Frequency of hemoglobin abnormalities and hemoglobinopathies in Mozambique peoples (comparison between leprosy and non-leprosy subjects]. In 588 bloodsamples of negride natives from Mo\u00e7ambique, preferably Chuabo and Macua, haemoglobin analyses were performed. In 21 cases an increase of Hb A2 was found, indicating the presence of heterozygous beta-thalassaemia, in one case the changes in Hb-analysis were typical for beta-delta-thalassaemia, 18 samples could be shown to contain Hb S, typical for the heterozygous sickle cell trait. Futhermore in 7 cases Hb A2' was found. In two bloodsamples haemoglobin variants were observed, which according to their electrophoretical mobility were assumed to represent Hb D in one case, and Hb G in the other. In the Chuabo population the frequency of the thalassaemia gene was found to be more than twice as high as in the Macua population. In non-lepers Hb S was observed with a remarkable higher incidence than in lepers.", "PMID": 1191781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12530", "title": "[Chromosome studies in newborn infants following exchange transfusion using countersexual blood].", "content": "The chromosomes of 6 (5 females, 1 male) newborns have been examined before and after exchange transfusion. The highest percentage of donor lymphocytes has been found immediately after the exchange transfusion (9%, range 5 to 16%). The percentage of donor lymphocytes had decreased to 4% after 24 hours and to 1% after 3 weeks. There was no hint of a clastogenic effect of phototherapy and exchange transfusion.", "contents": "[Chromosome studies in newborn infants following exchange transfusion using countersexual blood]. The chromosomes of 6 (5 females, 1 male) newborns have been examined before and after exchange transfusion. The highest percentage of donor lymphocytes has been found immediately after the exchange transfusion (9%, range 5 to 16%). The percentage of donor lymphocytes had decreased to 4% after 24 hours and to 1% after 3 weeks. There was no hint of a clastogenic effect of phototherapy and exchange transfusion.", "PMID": 1191782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12531", "title": "A low dose-fractionation shceme for the radiotherapy of carcinoma of the bladder. Experimental background and preliminary results.", "content": "Experimental observations are described which form the basis of a low dose-fractionation scheme designed in an attempt to circumvent the problem presented for radiotherapy by the particular radioresistance of poorly oxygenated cells. In a preliminary investigation the scheme was tested in the treatment of carcinoma of the bladder. A total of 45 patients were included in the trial, randomized to be treated according to either of two fractionation schemes. Scheme I : 100 rad 3 times a day, 5 days a week, a total tumor dose of 8 400 rad, 2 weeks of rest in middle of the treatment period. Scheme II : 200 rad once a day, 5 days a week, a total tumor dose of 6 400 rad, 2 weeks of rest in the middle of the treatment period. The results suggest an improved therapeutic ratio with Scheme I in comparison to Scheme II.", "contents": "A low dose-fractionation shceme for the radiotherapy of carcinoma of the bladder. Experimental background and preliminary results. Experimental observations are described which form the basis of a low dose-fractionation scheme designed in an attempt to circumvent the problem presented for radiotherapy by the particular radioresistance of poorly oxygenated cells. In a preliminary investigation the scheme was tested in the treatment of carcinoma of the bladder. A total of 45 patients were included in the trial, randomized to be treated according to either of two fractionation schemes. Scheme I : 100 rad 3 times a day, 5 days a week, a total tumor dose of 8 400 rad, 2 weeks of rest in middle of the treatment period. Scheme II : 200 rad once a day, 5 days a week, a total tumor dose of 6 400 rad, 2 weeks of rest in the middle of the treatment period. The results suggest an improved therapeutic ratio with Scheme I in comparison to Scheme II.", "PMID": 1191783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12532", "title": "[Cytological diagnosis and cytohistological correlations of malignant epithelial tumors of the rhinopharynx].", "content": "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma frequently has as its first manifestation cervical lymph node metastases before local symptoms appear. In the Instituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura del Tumori of Milan, routine nasopharyngeal cytology has been carried out on these patients. Positive cytology in 55 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma (83.6%) and positive cytology of biopsies was obtained in 87.3%. The combination of cytology and histology gave a yield of 98.2% positive cases. For squamous carcinomas positive cytology was less frequently obtained, the same as for malignant lymphomas. The cytology of undifferentiated carcinoma has such marked morphological characters that it is very easy to diagnose it in a very high percentage of cases. In the differential diagnosis cytologically it is necessary to bear in mind other neoplasias, in particular some of the malignant lymphomas.", "contents": "[Cytological diagnosis and cytohistological correlations of malignant epithelial tumors of the rhinopharynx]. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma frequently has as its first manifestation cervical lymph node metastases before local symptoms appear. In the Instituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura del Tumori of Milan, routine nasopharyngeal cytology has been carried out on these patients. Positive cytology in 55 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma (83.6%) and positive cytology of biopsies was obtained in 87.3%. The combination of cytology and histology gave a yield of 98.2% positive cases. For squamous carcinomas positive cytology was less frequently obtained, the same as for malignant lymphomas. The cytology of undifferentiated carcinoma has such marked morphological characters that it is very easy to diagnose it in a very high percentage of cases. In the differential diagnosis cytologically it is necessary to bear in mind other neoplasias, in particular some of the malignant lymphomas.", "PMID": 1191787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12533", "title": "[Cancers of the rhinopharynx in Tunisia. Epidemiological and anatomo-clinical aspects].", "content": "Three hundred and ninety eight cancers of the nasopharynx were collected in five years (1969-1973). They occupy the first place in E.N.T. sites of cancer. The majority (390 cases) were carcinomas. Its frequency in youth is conspicuous in this study (63 cases--16%--under the age of 19). The age and year adjusted incidence per 100,000 in relation to the world population is 7.5 for men and 3.3 for women. Clinically, lymph node enlargement was apparent in 2/3 of the cases. The relative frequency of paraneoplastic syndromes in the young is noteworthy. With regard to aetiology, a study of the viral and immunogenetic hypothesis is in train.", "contents": "[Cancers of the rhinopharynx in Tunisia. Epidemiological and anatomo-clinical aspects]. Three hundred and ninety eight cancers of the nasopharynx were collected in five years (1969-1973). They occupy the first place in E.N.T. sites of cancer. The majority (390 cases) were carcinomas. Its frequency in youth is conspicuous in this study (63 cases--16%--under the age of 19). The age and year adjusted incidence per 100,000 in relation to the world population is 7.5 for men and 3.3 for women. Clinically, lymph node enlargement was apparent in 2/3 of the cases. The relative frequency of paraneoplastic syndromes in the young is noteworthy. With regard to aetiology, a study of the viral and immunogenetic hypothesis is in train.", "PMID": 1191788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12534", "title": "[Route of tumoral extension of cancers of the rhinopharynx. Anatomo-clinical study].", "content": "Seventy two cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were studied. The manner of spread varied with the primary site, 49 being lateral and 23 postero-superior. The clinical and radiological findings were correlated with the histological appearance on autopsy material derived from serial sections of the base of the skull.", "contents": "[Route of tumoral extension of cancers of the rhinopharynx. Anatomo-clinical study]. Seventy two cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were studied. The manner of spread varied with the primary site, 49 being lateral and 23 postero-superior. The clinical and radiological findings were correlated with the histological appearance on autopsy material derived from serial sections of the base of the skull.", "PMID": 1191789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12535", "title": "[Epidemiology of cancer of the cavum].", "content": "While rare in most parts of the world, cancer of the nasopharynx is shown to be very common in Southern Chinese whether living in South China or elsewhere, is of intermediate level in a variety of Mongoloid populations such as Malays, Thais, Javanese and Vietnamese and the indigeneous peoples of Borneo, yet uncommon in North China and very rare in Japan. Moderate frequencies are seen in parts of the Maghreb, Malta, the Sudan and possibly East Africa. Occupational risk has not been demonstrated and case-control studies have generally been negative. Studies of migrants, notably Chinese of the US, have shown a diminution of mortality for the second and third generation, yet their risk still remains much higher than for white Americans. There is no convincing evidence of elevated risk among low-risk Caucasian populations living in South East Asia. The above findings, which have been held to indicate a genetic predisposition to an unknown environmental agent, are reviewed in the light of the recent discoveries of a characteristic HL-A profile in the high risk Cantonese. Several investigations of the HL-A profiles of groups of contrasting incidence are suggested as these may be of significance in relation to the postulated causal role of the Epstein-Barr virus for this neoplasm.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of cancer of the cavum]. While rare in most parts of the world, cancer of the nasopharynx is shown to be very common in Southern Chinese whether living in South China or elsewhere, is of intermediate level in a variety of Mongoloid populations such as Malays, Thais, Javanese and Vietnamese and the indigeneous peoples of Borneo, yet uncommon in North China and very rare in Japan. Moderate frequencies are seen in parts of the Maghreb, Malta, the Sudan and possibly East Africa. Occupational risk has not been demonstrated and case-control studies have generally been negative. Studies of migrants, notably Chinese of the US, have shown a diminution of mortality for the second and third generation, yet their risk still remains much higher than for white Americans. There is no convincing evidence of elevated risk among low-risk Caucasian populations living in South East Asia. The above findings, which have been held to indicate a genetic predisposition to an unknown environmental agent, are reviewed in the light of the recent discoveries of a characteristic HL-A profile in the high risk Cantonese. Several investigations of the HL-A profiles of groups of contrasting incidence are suggested as these may be of significance in relation to the postulated causal role of the Epstein-Barr virus for this neoplasm.", "PMID": 1191785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12536", "title": "[Anatomo-pathology and attempt at classification of epitheliomas of the nasopharynx].", "content": "Lympho-epithelioma is a tumor of the nasopharynx and tonsillar region. From the first description of Regaud and Schmincke in 1921, the concept of this tumor changed in some ways and, up to now, the characteristic of lympho-epithelioma varied according to observers, resulting in a very confusing situation : some of pathologists consider lympho-epithelioma as a subtype of squamous cell carcinoma, others, as a true entity to be preserved; this last opinion is based upon epidemiologic and clinico-radiologic features sufficiently distinctive to justify separation into a tumor entity. The author suggests in this paper a new classification of nasopharynx carcinomas and emphazises diagnosis difficulties of lympho-epithelioma.", "contents": "[Anatomo-pathology and attempt at classification of epitheliomas of the nasopharynx]. Lympho-epithelioma is a tumor of the nasopharynx and tonsillar region. From the first description of Regaud and Schmincke in 1921, the concept of this tumor changed in some ways and, up to now, the characteristic of lympho-epithelioma varied according to observers, resulting in a very confusing situation : some of pathologists consider lympho-epithelioma as a subtype of squamous cell carcinoma, others, as a true entity to be preserved; this last opinion is based upon epidemiologic and clinico-radiologic features sufficiently distinctive to justify separation into a tumor entity. The author suggests in this paper a new classification of nasopharynx carcinomas and emphazises diagnosis difficulties of lympho-epithelioma.", "PMID": 1191786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12537", "title": "[Carcinoma of the nasopharynx (cavum) : clinical and developmental aspects].", "content": "Between 1959 and 1974, two hundred and ninety six carcinomas of the nasopharynx were seen at the Institut Gustave-Roussy, in adults. 78% were in man. The most frequently encountered were undifferentiated or poorly differentiated forms, 76% of cases. 38% only of the patients had their birthplace in France. On the first examination 36% of the cases had a T4 tumour, 50% had fixed cervical lymph nodes and 77% had distant metastases. 30% of the cases could not be treated following a protocol attempting complete cure. Since 1970 the Iridium method of irradiation is not used in T1 and T2 cases and all were treated by high voltage methods with eventual complementary surgical treatment for persistent nodes. The survival rate at 5 years is 30% for the whole group and 37% for the determinated group. Failures were encountered by local recurrence present in 58% of those dying of the disease and distant metastases were found in 37%. 20% of the patients died from distant metastases without local and regional lymph node recurrences. Unfavourable prognostic factors are initial involvement in bone and the differentiated histological type. It was noteworthy that associated multiple cancers were rare.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the nasopharynx (cavum) : clinical and developmental aspects]. Between 1959 and 1974, two hundred and ninety six carcinomas of the nasopharynx were seen at the Institut Gustave-Roussy, in adults. 78% were in man. The most frequently encountered were undifferentiated or poorly differentiated forms, 76% of cases. 38% only of the patients had their birthplace in France. On the first examination 36% of the cases had a T4 tumour, 50% had fixed cervical lymph nodes and 77% had distant metastases. 30% of the cases could not be treated following a protocol attempting complete cure. Since 1970 the Iridium method of irradiation is not used in T1 and T2 cases and all were treated by high voltage methods with eventual complementary surgical treatment for persistent nodes. The survival rate at 5 years is 30% for the whole group and 37% for the determinated group. Failures were encountered by local recurrence present in 58% of those dying of the disease and distant metastases were found in 37%. 20% of the patients died from distant metastases without local and regional lymph node recurrences. Unfavourable prognostic factors are initial involvement in bone and the differentiated histological type. It was noteworthy that associated multiple cancers were rare.", "PMID": 1191790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12538", "title": "Cadmium deposition in canine heart and major arteries following intravascular administration of cadmium chloride.", "content": "The examination of ten arterial specimens from nine experimental dogs shows a generally persistent accumulation of cadmium in the blood vessels following acute cadmium exposure. Gel filtration analysis of the aorta revealed that this vascular cadmium is largely confined to the insoluble cellular compartment. The left and right ventricles of cadmium-treated dogs showed a cadmium deposition which significantly decreased over the five week period subsequent to exposure. Within all three time intervals, heart cadmium exceeded the level in any of the arteries examined. Control heart, renal and subclavian arteries, and ascending and thoracic aorta were all found to contain intrinsic cadmium. Of the arterial specimens examined, cadmium deposition was generally greatest in the renal arteries and lowest in the femoral and popliteal arteries.", "contents": "Cadmium deposition in canine heart and major arteries following intravascular administration of cadmium chloride. The examination of ten arterial specimens from nine experimental dogs shows a generally persistent accumulation of cadmium in the blood vessels following acute cadmium exposure. Gel filtration analysis of the aorta revealed that this vascular cadmium is largely confined to the insoluble cellular compartment. The left and right ventricles of cadmium-treated dogs showed a cadmium deposition which significantly decreased over the five week period subsequent to exposure. Within all three time intervals, heart cadmium exceeded the level in any of the arteries examined. Control heart, renal and subclavian arteries, and ascending and thoracic aorta were all found to contain intrinsic cadmium. Of the arterial specimens examined, cadmium deposition was generally greatest in the renal arteries and lowest in the femoral and popliteal arteries.", "PMID": 1191800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12539", "title": "Lead toxicity of bobwhite quail.", "content": "Five experiments were conducted involving both juvenile and adult Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) to study the toxicity of lead acetate, lead shot, powdered lead and antimony. Performance of juvenile birds receiving up to 1,500 p.p.m. of lead as lead acetate was not significantly influenced during the six-week experimental period. Feeding 3,000 p.p.m. lead as lead acetate was not significantly influenced during the six-week experimental period. Feeding 3,000 p.p.m. lead as lead acetate was associated with a significant depression of body weight and an increase in mortality. Feeding growing quail up to 2,000 p.p.m. lead from either lead acetate or powdered lead, 3 or 6% antimony (as % of shot dosage or 5 lead shot per week caused no significant effects upon either body weight or mortality. No significant trends were noted in body weight, feed intake, semen quality or organ weight of adult quail that received up to 1,500 p.p.m. lead from lead acetate. Dosing adult Bobwhite quail cocks with 10 or more lead shot per week caused a significant increase in nortality, and more than 90% of those dosed with 30 shot per week died by the end of four weeks.", "contents": "Lead toxicity of bobwhite quail. Five experiments were conducted involving both juvenile and adult Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) to study the toxicity of lead acetate, lead shot, powdered lead and antimony. Performance of juvenile birds receiving up to 1,500 p.p.m. of lead as lead acetate was not significantly influenced during the six-week experimental period. Feeding 3,000 p.p.m. lead as lead acetate was not significantly influenced during the six-week experimental period. Feeding 3,000 p.p.m. lead as lead acetate was associated with a significant depression of body weight and an increase in mortality. Feeding growing quail up to 2,000 p.p.m. lead from either lead acetate or powdered lead, 3 or 6% antimony (as % of shot dosage or 5 lead shot per week caused no significant effects upon either body weight or mortality. No significant trends were noted in body weight, feed intake, semen quality or organ weight of adult quail that received up to 1,500 p.p.m. lead from lead acetate. Dosing adult Bobwhite quail cocks with 10 or more lead shot per week caused a significant increase in nortality, and more than 90% of those dosed with 30 shot per week died by the end of four weeks.", "PMID": 1191803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12540", "title": "Chelation in metal intoxication II: In vitro and in vivo effect of some compounds on brain, liver, and testis of rats treated with manganese sulphate.", "content": "Some structurally different compounds were examined for their ability to remove manganese as their chelates from brain, liver and testis and the sub-cellular fractions of brain and liver of manganese administered rats. An attempt was also made to corelate the removal of the metal with the recovery of altered activity of succinic dehydrogenase in these organs. While all the compounds were able to remove the metal significantly from in vivo brain, liver and testis, they could fully restore the enzyme activity only in brain. However, there was no significant improvement in the altered morphology of the tissues in eight days of treatment with the chelating agents.", "contents": "Chelation in metal intoxication II: In vitro and in vivo effect of some compounds on brain, liver, and testis of rats treated with manganese sulphate. Some structurally different compounds were examined for their ability to remove manganese as their chelates from brain, liver and testis and the sub-cellular fractions of brain and liver of manganese administered rats. An attempt was also made to corelate the removal of the metal with the recovery of altered activity of succinic dehydrogenase in these organs. While all the compounds were able to remove the metal significantly from in vivo brain, liver and testis, they could fully restore the enzyme activity only in brain. However, there was no significant improvement in the altered morphology of the tissues in eight days of treatment with the chelating agents.", "PMID": 1191804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12541", "title": "Planning serials cancellations and cooperative collection development in the health sciences: methodology and background information.", "content": "In an era of steady-state budgets many research and academic libraries must cancel a significant number of current serials to maintain acquisitions of monographs. Thus paper reviews several techniques that have been used or that are of potential use in a rational selection of titles for cancellation. The context of the proposed methodology involves a network of libraries rather than an individual library. The methodology was tested with specific health sciences serial titles held by University of California libraries and resource libraries in NLM Region XI. As a test for the proposed methodology, background data were collected on 600 current foreign language serial titles included in SERLINE and held by at least one of the libraries in the networks of interest. Price, major secondary service coverage with productivity/impact factors, extent of holdings, and average number of recorded circulations per year in several of the libraries were recorded for each title. With the use of several different rules, estimates were made of the subscription savings that might be realized. It seems feasible to extend the same methodology to other groups of serial titles.", "contents": "Planning serials cancellations and cooperative collection development in the health sciences: methodology and background information. In an era of steady-state budgets many research and academic libraries must cancel a significant number of current serials to maintain acquisitions of monographs. Thus paper reviews several techniques that have been used or that are of potential use in a rational selection of titles for cancellation. The context of the proposed methodology involves a network of libraries rather than an individual library. The methodology was tested with specific health sciences serial titles held by University of California libraries and resource libraries in NLM Region XI. As a test for the proposed methodology, background data were collected on 600 current foreign language serial titles included in SERLINE and held by at least one of the libraries in the networks of interest. Price, major secondary service coverage with productivity/impact factors, extent of holdings, and average number of recorded circulations per year in several of the libraries were recorded for each title. With the use of several different rules, estimates were made of the subscription savings that might be realized. It seems feasible to extend the same methodology to other groups of serial titles.", "PMID": 1191822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12542", "title": "Automatic and manual indexing performance in a small file of medical literature.", "content": "A test of the performance of an automatic indexing procedure based on the processing of the full text of medical journal articles shows results comparable to those achieved using Excerpta Medica and MEDLARS manual indexing. A file of nineteen documents was partitioned by sixteen questions, for each of which two search strategies in each indexing language were formulated. The results were compared to ideal answers chosen by a fourth-year medical student who read the entire file and posed the questions.", "contents": "Automatic and manual indexing performance in a small file of medical literature. A test of the performance of an automatic indexing procedure based on the processing of the full text of medical journal articles shows results comparable to those achieved using Excerpta Medica and MEDLARS manual indexing. A file of nineteen documents was partitioned by sixteen questions, for each of which two search strategies in each indexing language were formulated. The results were compared to ideal answers chosen by a fourth-year medical student who read the entire file and posed the questions.", "PMID": 1191823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12543", "title": "The status of women in the administration of health science libraries.", "content": "Results of a survey of large health science libraries in the United States demonstrate that the relative position of men and women in administration is comparable to that prevalent in other types of libraries. Medical school and the largest libraries are the most likely to be administered by men. The percentage of women who are directors of large biomedical libraries has declined radically since 1950. The statistics presented here will serve as a base for assessing future change.", "contents": "The status of women in the administration of health science libraries. Results of a survey of large health science libraries in the United States demonstrate that the relative position of men and women in administration is comparable to that prevalent in other types of libraries. Medical school and the largest libraries are the most likely to be administered by men. The percentage of women who are directors of large biomedical libraries has declined radically since 1950. The statistics presented here will serve as a base for assessing future change.", "PMID": 1191824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12544", "title": "Medical school libraries in the United States and Canada built between 1961 and 1971.", "content": "Twenty-four medical school libraries in the United States and Canada built between 1961 and 1971 were surveyed by means of questionnaires and visits. Results indicated that half of these libraries will have reached maximum functional capacity approximately six years after they moved into their new quarters. Space for technical processing is generally much less than required. Special features and examples of effective planning are described, and problems in arrangement, traffic patterns for people and materials, and the lack of logical expansion space are discussed. Comparisons are made with a similar survey of twenty medical school libraries made in 1961.", "contents": "Medical school libraries in the United States and Canada built between 1961 and 1971. Twenty-four medical school libraries in the United States and Canada built between 1961 and 1971 were surveyed by means of questionnaires and visits. Results indicated that half of these libraries will have reached maximum functional capacity approximately six years after they moved into their new quarters. Space for technical processing is generally much less than required. Special features and examples of effective planning are described, and problems in arrangement, traffic patterns for people and materials, and the lack of logical expansion space are discussed. Comparisons are made with a similar survey of twenty medical school libraries made in 1961.", "PMID": 1191825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12545", "title": "[Thr prognostic value of chronic cough, sputum and spirometry assessed by 10-year mortality among 1487 working men (author's transl].", "content": "The aim of the present study is to find out whether or not the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis at an early stage of the disease makes it possible to forecast an excess of mortality within 10 years, among 1487 men examined in 1960/61 while they were at work and aged at the time between 30 and 59 years. After having shown the prognostic value of chronic phlegm and spirographic measurements (VC, FEV1.0, FEV1.0/VC), we tried to state precisely their prognostic value by controlling the tobacco consumption and the socio-occupational class, which are bound to them and are themselves prognostic. FEV 1.0 is the most discriminant variable; its reduction is prognostic as young as 35. Survival-rates decrease regularly with the reduction of FEV1.0; this prognostic role seems to remain in all sociooccupational classes and for smokers as well as for non-smokers; it is more evident for the men who had chronic phlegm than in those who did not have such a symptom. It has been impossible to draw clear conclusions about the prognostic value of phlegm on these points because of interaction existing between phlegm and age.", "contents": "[Thr prognostic value of chronic cough, sputum and spirometry assessed by 10-year mortality among 1487 working men (author's transl]. The aim of the present study is to find out whether or not the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis at an early stage of the disease makes it possible to forecast an excess of mortality within 10 years, among 1487 men examined in 1960/61 while they were at work and aged at the time between 30 and 59 years. After having shown the prognostic value of chronic phlegm and spirographic measurements (VC, FEV1.0, FEV1.0/VC), we tried to state precisely their prognostic value by controlling the tobacco consumption and the socio-occupational class, which are bound to them and are themselves prognostic. FEV 1.0 is the most discriminant variable; its reduction is prognostic as young as 35. Survival-rates decrease regularly with the reduction of FEV1.0; this prognostic role seems to remain in all sociooccupational classes and for smokers as well as for non-smokers; it is more evident for the men who had chronic phlegm than in those who did not have such a symptom. It has been impossible to draw clear conclusions about the prognostic value of phlegm on these points because of interaction existing between phlegm and age.", "PMID": 1191846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12546", "title": "A temporary decrease in the ventilatory function of an urban population during an acute increase in air pollution.", "content": "During a short period of increased air pollution in a polluted area in the Netherlands, a majority of the inhabitants showed a lower VC and FEV1 value than during a period of extremely low pollution. This may be due to a temporary decrease in the ventilatory function in response to a temporary increase in air pollution. Persons who showed the greatest \"decrease\" in the VC and/or FEV1 had a slightly higher prevalence of chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD) than did those who had a slight or no decrease in VC and FEV1. The studies will be continued in order to determine whether the groups will show different repiratory disease patterns in the future. In studies on long-term effects of exposure to air pollution, one must consider the possibility that short-term effects may influence the results of the lung function measurements. It is always important, therefore, to include a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms in such studies, since it is unlikely that short periods of air pollution influence the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms.", "contents": "A temporary decrease in the ventilatory function of an urban population during an acute increase in air pollution. During a short period of increased air pollution in a polluted area in the Netherlands, a majority of the inhabitants showed a lower VC and FEV1 value than during a period of extremely low pollution. This may be due to a temporary decrease in the ventilatory function in response to a temporary increase in air pollution. Persons who showed the greatest \"decrease\" in the VC and/or FEV1 had a slightly higher prevalence of chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD) than did those who had a slight or no decrease in VC and FEV1. The studies will be continued in order to determine whether the groups will show different repiratory disease patterns in the future. In studies on long-term effects of exposure to air pollution, one must consider the possibility that short-term effects may influence the results of the lung function measurements. It is always important, therefore, to include a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms in such studies, since it is unlikely that short periods of air pollution influence the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms.", "PMID": 1191842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12547", "title": "The incidence of schizophrenia and severe psychological disorders in patients 10 years after cosmetic rhinoplasty.", "content": "Body image disturbance may be an early sign of schizophrenia. The significance of this and dysmorphophobia with relation to patients seeking cosmetic rhinoplasty is discussed. Results of a follow-up of patients 10 years after cosmetic surgery to see whether they developed schizophrenia or serious psychological disorder are presented. The literature, significance of the findings and the clinical implications are all discussed.", "contents": "The incidence of schizophrenia and severe psychological disorders in patients 10 years after cosmetic rhinoplasty. Body image disturbance may be an early sign of schizophrenia. The significance of this and dysmorphophobia with relation to patients seeking cosmetic rhinoplasty is discussed. Results of a follow-up of patients 10 years after cosmetic surgery to see whether they developed schizophrenia or serious psychological disorder are presented. The literature, significance of the findings and the clinical implications are all discussed.", "PMID": 1191855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12548", "title": "[Transient variations of alveolar gas composition during haemodynamic disturbances (author's transl)].", "content": "Passive changes in the posture induce haemodynamic disturbances, and especially a decrease of the cardiac output. This in the steady state does not involve any modification of the alveolar gas. There are however transient variations of PAO2 and PACO2, studied in this work at constant states of ventilation and metabolism. The haemodynamic disturbances are produced by a tip-up seat, actuated by a sinusoidal motion to different velocities and a constant amplitude (90 degrees). The frequency response is analyzed according to servosystems theories. The results show that there are causes of non-linearity in PAO2 and PACO2 variations, more complex for PAO2, and that the amplitude of the variations is two to three times greater for PAO2 than for PACO2. The observed transient phenomena are essentially interpreted as resulting from the differences in dynamic behavior between cardiac output on the one hand, variations in the arterio-venous gradient on the other; this effect is more pronounced for PAO2 variations. From a practical point of view, the great amplitude of transient PAO2 variations (as much as 11 mmHg) could, under certain conditions, allow, by the single continuous recording of PO2 to the mouth, to demonstrate and define the time of the arrival of an haemodynamic disturbance in patients with assisted ventilation.", "contents": "[Transient variations of alveolar gas composition during haemodynamic disturbances (author's transl)]. Passive changes in the posture induce haemodynamic disturbances, and especially a decrease of the cardiac output. This in the steady state does not involve any modification of the alveolar gas. There are however transient variations of PAO2 and PACO2, studied in this work at constant states of ventilation and metabolism. The haemodynamic disturbances are produced by a tip-up seat, actuated by a sinusoidal motion to different velocities and a constant amplitude (90 degrees). The frequency response is analyzed according to servosystems theories. The results show that there are causes of non-linearity in PAO2 and PACO2 variations, more complex for PAO2, and that the amplitude of the variations is two to three times greater for PAO2 than for PACO2. The observed transient phenomena are essentially interpreted as resulting from the differences in dynamic behavior between cardiac output on the one hand, variations in the arterio-venous gradient on the other; this effect is more pronounced for PAO2 variations. From a practical point of view, the great amplitude of transient PAO2 variations (as much as 11 mmHg) could, under certain conditions, allow, by the single continuous recording of PO2 to the mouth, to demonstrate and define the time of the arrival of an haemodynamic disturbance in patients with assisted ventilation.", "PMID": 1191851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12549", "title": "An areolar approach to reduction mammaplasty.", "content": "The authors present a new technique for selected cases of reduction mammaplasty and correction of ptosis, based solely on a aureolar approach. The skin is undermined, the glandular contents reduced if required and a mastopexy carried out. The excess skin is not removed but adapts itself to the new size and shape of the gland.", "contents": "An areolar approach to reduction mammaplasty. The authors present a new technique for selected cases of reduction mammaplasty and correction of ptosis, based solely on a aureolar approach. The skin is undermined, the glandular contents reduced if required and a mastopexy carried out. The excess skin is not removed but adapts itself to the new size and shape of the gland.", "PMID": 1191858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12550", "title": "35 eggs per day in the treatment of severe burns.", "content": "A regime involving the dietary management of 8 severely burned patients has been described, the main feature of this diet being the high egg intake. The eggs were given in a variety of forms without any untoward effects and without any distaste being developed. No pathological levels of serum lipoproteins or cholesterol were attained. Serum proteins from an initial low level reached normal values within a relatively short time. It is felt that a high egg diet is a valuable and safe addition in the management of severely burned patients.", "contents": "35 eggs per day in the treatment of severe burns. A regime involving the dietary management of 8 severely burned patients has been described, the main feature of this diet being the high egg intake. The eggs were given in a variety of forms without any untoward effects and without any distaste being developed. No pathological levels of serum lipoproteins or cholesterol were attained. Serum proteins from an initial low level reached normal values within a relatively short time. It is felt that a high egg diet is a valuable and safe addition in the management of severely burned patients.", "PMID": 1191862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12551", "title": "An experimental evaluation of microvenous grafts.", "content": "Vein grafts into I mm vessels were performed with a high success rate, using autografts in rabbits. Failure in most instances was thought to be due to technical errors at operation. The length of the grafts did not alter the patency rate.", "contents": "An experimental evaluation of microvenous grafts. Vein grafts into I mm vessels were performed with a high success rate, using autografts in rabbits. Failure in most instances was thought to be due to technical errors at operation. The length of the grafts did not alter the patency rate.", "PMID": 1191866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12552", "title": "Two sisters with unoperated bilateral cleft lip and palate, age 6 and 4 years.", "content": "Two sisters with unoperated bilateral cleft lip and palate, aged 5 years 8 months and 3 years II months, are described. The degree of premaxillary protrusion in both was similar to that in unoperated infants. On the other hand, children operated in infancy showed less midfacial protrusion than the sisters following repair of their lips at a later age suggesting that the repaired lip has a long-acting effect in restricting growth of the premaxillary-vomerine complex. Later, forwards growth of the mandible and elongation of the face also serve to minimise the convexity due to the projecting premaxilla.", "contents": "Two sisters with unoperated bilateral cleft lip and palate, age 6 and 4 years. Two sisters with unoperated bilateral cleft lip and palate, aged 5 years 8 months and 3 years II months, are described. The degree of premaxillary protrusion in both was similar to that in unoperated infants. On the other hand, children operated in infancy showed less midfacial protrusion than the sisters following repair of their lips at a later age suggesting that the repaired lip has a long-acting effect in restricting growth of the premaxillary-vomerine complex. Later, forwards growth of the mandible and elongation of the face also serve to minimise the convexity due to the projecting premaxilla.", "PMID": 1191867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12553", "title": "Repair of a pharyngo-cutaneous fistula.", "content": "A method for closure of a midline pharyngo-cutaneous fistula by providing lining from an epidermal island on a cervical skin flap and outer cover from a split skin graft has been described. It can be useful in selected cases.", "contents": "Repair of a pharyngo-cutaneous fistula. A method for closure of a midline pharyngo-cutaneous fistula by providing lining from an epidermal island on a cervical skin flap and outer cover from a split skin graft has been described. It can be useful in selected cases.", "PMID": 1191870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12554", "title": "An anomalous flexor digitorum sublinis to index finger with absent lumbrical.", "content": "A case is presented in which one tendon of the flexor digitorum sublimis was partly replaced by muscle in the palm and there was absence of the associated lumbrical.", "contents": "An anomalous flexor digitorum sublinis to index finger with absent lumbrical. A case is presented in which one tendon of the flexor digitorum sublimis was partly replaced by muscle in the palm and there was absence of the associated lumbrical.", "PMID": 1191875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12555", "title": "Sebaceous cyst extraction through mini-incisions.", "content": "A method for removing sebaceous cysts through a mini-incision using 5 per cent phenol is described. It is recommended for selected cases where it is important to leave the minimal surgical scar.", "contents": "Sebaceous cyst extraction through mini-incisions. A method for removing sebaceous cysts through a mini-incision using 5 per cent phenol is described. It is recommended for selected cases where it is important to leave the minimal surgical scar.", "PMID": 1191877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12556", "title": "A long-term follow-up of hypospadias patients.", "content": "A review of 60 patients aged 17 years or older, who underwent surgery to hypospadias in childhood, is presented and some impressions and conclusions drawn. Points discussed include psychological effects, micturition, sexual function, fertility, the effects of repeated operations, age of straightening, the site and size of the meatus, and dilatation of the reconstructed urethra. It is suggested that most emphasis should be given to the final result in the adult when hypospadias surgery is being assessed.", "contents": "A long-term follow-up of hypospadias patients. A review of 60 patients aged 17 years or older, who underwent surgery to hypospadias in childhood, is presented and some impressions and conclusions drawn. Points discussed include psychological effects, micturition, sexual function, fertility, the effects of repeated operations, age of straightening, the site and size of the meatus, and dilatation of the reconstructed urethra. It is suggested that most emphasis should be given to the final result in the adult when hypospadias surgery is being assessed.", "PMID": 1191880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12557", "title": "Metastatic basal cell carcinoma with squamous appearances in the naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.", "content": "A patient with the naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome developed a secondary carcinomatous deposit in the pelvis. Persisting tumour in the skull and the secondary deposit in the pelvis contained areas of squamous differentiation. This confirms that the appearances of baso-squamous (or transitional or metatypical-cell) carcinoma can develop from typical basal cell carcinoma which had not been subjected to radiotherapy or to more than one surgical excision.", "contents": "Metastatic basal cell carcinoma with squamous appearances in the naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. A patient with the naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome developed a secondary carcinomatous deposit in the pelvis. Persisting tumour in the skull and the secondary deposit in the pelvis contained areas of squamous differentiation. This confirms that the appearances of baso-squamous (or transitional or metatypical-cell) carcinoma can develop from typical basal cell carcinoma which had not been subjected to radiotherapy or to more than one surgical excision.", "PMID": 1191881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12558", "title": "The contribution of intensive coronary care.", "content": "Coronary care units are expensive consumers of scarce resources, and it is unfortunate that there has been little attempt to evaluate their achievements: even simple data relating outcome to age, duration of stay, and severity are not available. Indirect evidence is presented from the Hospital In-patient Enquiry and the national mortality reports for England and Wales. Over the period in which intensive care facilities have become widespread the hospital admission rates have risen steeply but numbers of hospital deaths have been stable. A part of this decline in case fatality has probably resulted from therapeutic advance, but most is probably due to the admission of larger numbers of milder cases.", "contents": "The contribution of intensive coronary care. Coronary care units are expensive consumers of scarce resources, and it is unfortunate that there has been little attempt to evaluate their achievements: even simple data relating outcome to age, duration of stay, and severity are not available. Indirect evidence is presented from the Hospital In-patient Enquiry and the national mortality reports for England and Wales. Over the period in which intensive care facilities have become widespread the hospital admission rates have risen steeply but numbers of hospital deaths have been stable. A part of this decline in case fatality has probably resulted from therapeutic advance, but most is probably due to the admission of larger numbers of milder cases.", "PMID": 1191882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12559", "title": "Relationship between month of birth and month of death in the elderly.", "content": "A special analysis of mortality data for England and Wales fof 1972 has been used to examine the relationship between month of birth and month of death. For persons 75 and over in eight subgroups (by sex and marital status) there was a consistent trend in deaths with an excess in the birth month and the following three months. This excess was of the order of only 1% of all deaths in the year but statistically significant for each subgroup. The method of analysis was adjusted for the nonsynchronous monthly variation in births and deaths, but a systematic error in recording the month of birth could not be excluded. A wide range of studies on the relationship between stress, morbidity, and mortality are briefly reviewed; it is suggested that in the elderly a birthday may in some subtle way influence the general morale of an individual. Further studies have been planned to test whether 'birthday stress' is a realistic explanation, or if a number of other hypotheses need to be invoked.", "contents": "Relationship between month of birth and month of death in the elderly. A special analysis of mortality data for England and Wales fof 1972 has been used to examine the relationship between month of birth and month of death. For persons 75 and over in eight subgroups (by sex and marital status) there was a consistent trend in deaths with an excess in the birth month and the following three months. This excess was of the order of only 1% of all deaths in the year but statistically significant for each subgroup. The method of analysis was adjusted for the nonsynchronous monthly variation in births and deaths, but a systematic error in recording the month of birth could not be excluded. A wide range of studies on the relationship between stress, morbidity, and mortality are briefly reviewed; it is suggested that in the elderly a birthday may in some subtle way influence the general morale of an individual. Further studies have been planned to test whether 'birthday stress' is a realistic explanation, or if a number of other hypotheses need to be invoked.", "PMID": 1191883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12560", "title": "Self-poisoning and self-injury in the Oxford area. Epidemiological aspects 1969-73.", "content": "A prospective study of self-poisoning and self-injury in the Oxford area for 1972-73 and a retrospective study for 1969 has shown the following: (a) The number of admissions to a general hospital following self-poisoning and self-injury has increased by approximately 45% in 3 1/2 years. The increase is more marked in women than in men. (b) When compared with a previous study the incidence in Oxford city has quadrupled in ten years. (c) A total of 74% of men and 67% of women, aged 16 years and over, harming themselves in this way are under the age of 35 years. The repetitiveness is increasing and the proportion of those repeating the attempt was 10% within three months, and 15% within six months. (d) The rates are exceptionally high for teenage wives and single, widowed, and divorced women aged between 24-35 years. Single men show exceptionally high rates in the 35-45 year age group. (e) With the exception of married women aged between 25 and 34 years and women over 60, the rates were higher in urban than in rural areas. (f) In men the rates were higher among personal service workers, semi-skilled manual and unskilled manual workers. In women the rates were highest among non-manual, ancillary to professional (especially nurses), and semi-skilled manual workers. Male students had rates much lower than those of their age group, while female students had rates about the same as their age group. The lowest rates were among professional and 'own account' workers.", "contents": "Self-poisoning and self-injury in the Oxford area. Epidemiological aspects 1969-73. A prospective study of self-poisoning and self-injury in the Oxford area for 1972-73 and a retrospective study for 1969 has shown the following: (a) The number of admissions to a general hospital following self-poisoning and self-injury has increased by approximately 45% in 3 1/2 years. The increase is more marked in women than in men. (b) When compared with a previous study the incidence in Oxford city has quadrupled in ten years. (c) A total of 74% of men and 67% of women, aged 16 years and over, harming themselves in this way are under the age of 35 years. The repetitiveness is increasing and the proportion of those repeating the attempt was 10% within three months, and 15% within six months. (d) The rates are exceptionally high for teenage wives and single, widowed, and divorced women aged between 24-35 years. Single men show exceptionally high rates in the 35-45 year age group. (e) With the exception of married women aged between 25 and 34 years and women over 60, the rates were higher in urban than in rural areas. (f) In men the rates were higher among personal service workers, semi-skilled manual and unskilled manual workers. In women the rates were highest among non-manual, ancillary to professional (especially nurses), and semi-skilled manual workers. Male students had rates much lower than those of their age group, while female students had rates about the same as their age group. The lowest rates were among professional and 'own account' workers.", "PMID": 1191884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12561", "title": "A study of breast cancer in Irish women.", "content": "In a study of 100 women with breast cancer and 200 unaffected women the epidemiological characteristic of breast cancer most commonly described--namely, an excess of nonparous women among cases when compared with controls, was not observed. It is suggested that two factors, a dearth of first births born to mothers under 20 years of age and an unusually high proportion of first births when aged 30 years or more, are responsible for this finding. No association was found between breast cancer and socioeconomic status, marital status, age at marriage, age at first pregnancy, parity, or age at menarche. Significant associations with breast cancer included age at natural menopause, hysterectomy, and breast trauma. These findings are discussed.", "contents": "A study of breast cancer in Irish women. In a study of 100 women with breast cancer and 200 unaffected women the epidemiological characteristic of breast cancer most commonly described--namely, an excess of nonparous women among cases when compared with controls, was not observed. It is suggested that two factors, a dearth of first births born to mothers under 20 years of age and an unusually high proportion of first births when aged 30 years or more, are responsible for this finding. No association was found between breast cancer and socioeconomic status, marital status, age at marriage, age at first pregnancy, parity, or age at menarche. Significant associations with breast cancer included age at natural menopause, hysterectomy, and breast trauma. These findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1191885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12562", "title": "School meals and the nutrition of schoolchildren.", "content": "The contribution of school meals to the nutrition of 778 primary and secondary schoolchildren attending schools in Kent was assessed using information collected during a survey made in 1968-70 which included a weighed diet record, a socioeconomic questionnaire, and a medical examination. Younger children, those from larger families, those without fathers, and those whose mothers worked were more likely to take school meals. Significantly more children from lower social classes and without fathers received them free. School meals made an important contribution to the nutrition of schoolchildren. Children who took them had higher weekday lunchtime nutrient intake during term-time. Children in lower social classes, larger families, and without fathers who took school meals obtained a higher proportion of their weekday intake of nutrients from lunchtime than other children. This applied in particular to nutrients important for growth. School meals consumed by children in the study broadly met the standard set by the Department of Education and Science. The mean energy and protein content of school meals consumed in the study was slightly lower and the mean fat content higher than the standard set for the meal. The mean sugar content was about one-third higher than the suggested amount of sugar to be included in a school meal. There was no evidence that children who took school meals were taller, heavier, had greater skinfold thickness, or were more likely to be assessed as obese than other children.", "contents": "School meals and the nutrition of schoolchildren. The contribution of school meals to the nutrition of 778 primary and secondary schoolchildren attending schools in Kent was assessed using information collected during a survey made in 1968-70 which included a weighed diet record, a socioeconomic questionnaire, and a medical examination. Younger children, those from larger families, those without fathers, and those whose mothers worked were more likely to take school meals. Significantly more children from lower social classes and without fathers received them free. School meals made an important contribution to the nutrition of schoolchildren. Children who took them had higher weekday lunchtime nutrient intake during term-time. Children in lower social classes, larger families, and without fathers who took school meals obtained a higher proportion of their weekday intake of nutrients from lunchtime than other children. This applied in particular to nutrients important for growth. School meals consumed by children in the study broadly met the standard set by the Department of Education and Science. The mean energy and protein content of school meals consumed in the study was slightly lower and the mean fat content higher than the standard set for the meal. The mean sugar content was about one-third higher than the suggested amount of sugar to be included in a school meal. There was no evidence that children who took school meals were taller, heavier, had greater skinfold thickness, or were more likely to be assessed as obese than other children.", "PMID": 1191886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12563", "title": "The role of driver demerit points and age in the prediction of motor vehicle collisions.", "content": "The records of drivers, selected from the file of licensed drivers in Ontario, were reviewed to study the relationship between demerit points, other driver characteristics, and the frequency or risk of future collisions and traffic convictions. A stratified sample of 500-600 drivers from each of five levels of demerit points was selected. Low-point drivers differed significantly from high-point drivers in age, sex, and class of licence; estimates of risk of collision or conviction in each demerit point group had to take account of these differences. Discriminant analysis was used to identify drivers likely to be involved in collisions or to be given traffic convictions, and to identify accidents involving injury or fatality. Of the traits considered (demerit points, age, sex, class of licence, history of previous accidents), demerit points represented the only variable of importance in predicting future collision involvement. Since it is the only one of these variables which can be altered by driver behaviour it offers an opportunity to prevent accidents.", "contents": "The role of driver demerit points and age in the prediction of motor vehicle collisions. The records of drivers, selected from the file of licensed drivers in Ontario, were reviewed to study the relationship between demerit points, other driver characteristics, and the frequency or risk of future collisions and traffic convictions. A stratified sample of 500-600 drivers from each of five levels of demerit points was selected. Low-point drivers differed significantly from high-point drivers in age, sex, and class of licence; estimates of risk of collision or conviction in each demerit point group had to take account of these differences. Discriminant analysis was used to identify drivers likely to be involved in collisions or to be given traffic convictions, and to identify accidents involving injury or fatality. Of the traits considered (demerit points, age, sex, class of licence, history of previous accidents), demerit points represented the only variable of importance in predicting future collision involvement. Since it is the only one of these variables which can be altered by driver behaviour it offers an opportunity to prevent accidents.", "PMID": 1191887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12564", "title": "Statistical analysis of individually matched case-control studies in epidemiology: factor under study a discrete variable taking multiple values.", "content": "It is now well established in case-control studies with individual matching that the statistical analysis must take the fact of individual matching into account. The problems of so doing have been thoroughly dealt with for the situation of the factor of interest being a two-level factor (all-or-none response) and with one or more matched controls per patient. These results are extended in this paper to the situation where the factor can assume multiple levels in studies where each patient is matched with a single control.", "contents": "Statistical analysis of individually matched case-control studies in epidemiology: factor under study a discrete variable taking multiple values. It is now well established in case-control studies with individual matching that the statistical analysis must take the fact of individual matching into account. The problems of so doing have been thoroughly dealt with for the situation of the factor of interest being a two-level factor (all-or-none response) and with one or more matched controls per patient. These results are extended in this paper to the situation where the factor can assume multiple levels in studies where each patient is matched with a single control.", "PMID": 1191888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12565", "title": "Value systems and delinquency: parental and generational discrepancies in value systems for delinquent and non-delinquent boys.", "content": "A sample of 82 delinquent boys in two institutions and a matched sample of 82 nondelinquent boys from three secondary schools ranked values from the Rokeach Value Survey in their order of importance for self, mother and father. Order of rankings was counter-balanced. Results indicated that the sets of rankings (value systems) were more discrepant between boys and their parents and between the parents themselves in the delinquent sample than in the non-delinquent sample, but only in regard to the set of terminal values. Marked differences in the relative importance of particular values occurred between the two groups both in relation to rankings for self and for parents, and (for both groups) between the boys and their parents (generational) and between mother and father (parental). Favourability towards father correlated positively with degree of value similarity between sons and fathers but only for the terminal values.", "contents": "Value systems and delinquency: parental and generational discrepancies in value systems for delinquent and non-delinquent boys. A sample of 82 delinquent boys in two institutions and a matched sample of 82 nondelinquent boys from three secondary schools ranked values from the Rokeach Value Survey in their order of importance for self, mother and father. Order of rankings was counter-balanced. Results indicated that the sets of rankings (value systems) were more discrepant between boys and their parents and between the parents themselves in the delinquent sample than in the non-delinquent sample, but only in regard to the set of terminal values. Marked differences in the relative importance of particular values occurred between the two groups both in relation to rankings for self and for parents, and (for both groups) between the boys and their parents (generational) and between mother and father (parental). Favourability towards father correlated positively with degree of value similarity between sons and fathers but only for the terminal values.", "PMID": 1191889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12566", "title": "Reward allocation between high and low test anxious boys.", "content": "Dyads composed of same and opposite type test anxious boys (TASC) were constituted and one randomly determined member in each pair passed an arithmetic test which made toys available for play. Results indicated that (a) high test anxious passing and failing children preferred an equal allocation solution; (b) allocation based on productivity was most acceptable among the pairs of low test anxious children; (c) low test anxious failers rated favourable allocations more acceptable than equalitarian and unfavourable ones when their partner was a high test anxious passer. The findings are discussed in terms of differences between high and low test anxious boys in their response to evaluation.", "contents": "Reward allocation between high and low test anxious boys. Dyads composed of same and opposite type test anxious boys (TASC) were constituted and one randomly determined member in each pair passed an arithmetic test which made toys available for play. Results indicated that (a) high test anxious passing and failing children preferred an equal allocation solution; (b) allocation based on productivity was most acceptable among the pairs of low test anxious children; (c) low test anxious failers rated favourable allocations more acceptable than equalitarian and unfavourable ones when their partner was a high test anxious passer. The findings are discussed in terms of differences between high and low test anxious boys in their response to evaluation.", "PMID": 1191890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12567", "title": "Personality and value orientations in early adolescence.", "content": "An analysis of the Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism and Lie scores of 674 13-year-old pupils in comprehensive schools revealed that they held specific relationships to six value orientations: Family Loyalty, Intolerance, Complacency, Passivity, Cynicism and Educational Primacy. These relationships are seen as pointing to an area which, by systematic investigation, would permit the psychology of personality and the sociology of values to be more closely integrated. The existence of three basic 'life orientations', 'Asocial', 'Unsocial' and 'Hypersocial', is suggested.", "contents": "Personality and value orientations in early adolescence. An analysis of the Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism and Lie scores of 674 13-year-old pupils in comprehensive schools revealed that they held specific relationships to six value orientations: Family Loyalty, Intolerance, Complacency, Passivity, Cynicism and Educational Primacy. These relationships are seen as pointing to an area which, by systematic investigation, would permit the psychology of personality and the sociology of values to be more closely integrated. The existence of three basic 'life orientations', 'Asocial', 'Unsocial' and 'Hypersocial', is suggested.", "PMID": 1191891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12568", "title": "Some effects of anxiety and cognitive style upon pursuit rotor learning.", "content": "The present study sought to investigate the interrelationships between anxiety level and cognitive style upon pursuit rotor learning under conditions of relatively massed practice. The empirical specifications of anxiety were chosen so as to render the study comparable to previous investigations executed within the general framework of Spence's (1956, 1958) developments of Hull's (1943) notions concerning the relationship to drive level and learning task performance. The results were also related to Eysenck's (1956, 1964, 1965) elaborations of Hullian theory as related to motor learning phenomena. The cognitive style variable was assessed by a single measuring instrument, the Stroop Test. The variables tapped by this instrument were expressed within the framework of neo-Hullian theory, and predictions made from an expanded version of the theory. Subjects were constituted into four groups: Cognitive High-anxiety, Cognitive Low-anxiety, Perceptual-motor High-anxiety, and Perceptual-motor Low-anxiety. When the pursuit rotor task was administered, Perceptual-motor subjects excelled, as expected, as compared to Cognitive subjects. High-anxious Perceptual-motor subjects exhibited greater amounts of reminiscence than did Low-anxious Perceptual-motor subjects; unexpectedly, the reverse effect obtained within the Cognitive group, with the Low-anxious subjects showing more reminiscence. It is suggested that conditioned inhibitory effects might have appeared differentially within the groups.", "contents": "Some effects of anxiety and cognitive style upon pursuit rotor learning. The present study sought to investigate the interrelationships between anxiety level and cognitive style upon pursuit rotor learning under conditions of relatively massed practice. The empirical specifications of anxiety were chosen so as to render the study comparable to previous investigations executed within the general framework of Spence's (1956, 1958) developments of Hull's (1943) notions concerning the relationship to drive level and learning task performance. The results were also related to Eysenck's (1956, 1964, 1965) elaborations of Hullian theory as related to motor learning phenomena. The cognitive style variable was assessed by a single measuring instrument, the Stroop Test. The variables tapped by this instrument were expressed within the framework of neo-Hullian theory, and predictions made from an expanded version of the theory. Subjects were constituted into four groups: Cognitive High-anxiety, Cognitive Low-anxiety, Perceptual-motor High-anxiety, and Perceptual-motor Low-anxiety. When the pursuit rotor task was administered, Perceptual-motor subjects excelled, as expected, as compared to Cognitive subjects. High-anxious Perceptual-motor subjects exhibited greater amounts of reminiscence than did Low-anxious Perceptual-motor subjects; unexpectedly, the reverse effect obtained within the Cognitive group, with the Low-anxious subjects showing more reminiscence. It is suggested that conditioned inhibitory effects might have appeared differentially within the groups.", "PMID": 1191892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12569", "title": "Reversing the process of thought disorder: a serial validation experiment.", "content": "Previous personal construct theory studies of thought disorder suggest that it can be viewed as a state of grossly loosened construing (a weak and unstable network of links between ideas) and that it can fairly be measured by grid method. Later studies in the series indicated that it is people not things which bewilder the thought-disordered patient--it is his role as a 'psychologist' that is specifically damaged. The serial invalidation hypothesis argued that thought disorder is the long-term consequence of a repeated failure to predict accurately the behaviour of others and self, resulting in the disintegration of any organized, personal 'theory' about relationships. The present experiment attempt to reverse the process of thought disorder by first identifying whatever weak, remaining system of expectations the thought-disordered patient manifests and then fulfilling these expectations. Such a process of serial validation might lead to a strengthening of the 'theory' which generated these expectations--a tightening of the construct system. Experimental and control group were closely studied over a two-year period. Results-while tending in the predicted direction--yield a not proven verdict though they leave the argument viable and the experiment worth modified replication.", "contents": "Reversing the process of thought disorder: a serial validation experiment. Previous personal construct theory studies of thought disorder suggest that it can be viewed as a state of grossly loosened construing (a weak and unstable network of links between ideas) and that it can fairly be measured by grid method. Later studies in the series indicated that it is people not things which bewilder the thought-disordered patient--it is his role as a 'psychologist' that is specifically damaged. The serial invalidation hypothesis argued that thought disorder is the long-term consequence of a repeated failure to predict accurately the behaviour of others and self, resulting in the disintegration of any organized, personal 'theory' about relationships. The present experiment attempt to reverse the process of thought disorder by first identifying whatever weak, remaining system of expectations the thought-disordered patient manifests and then fulfilling these expectations. Such a process of serial validation might lead to a strengthening of the 'theory' which generated these expectations--a tightening of the construct system. Experimental and control group were closely studied over a two-year period. Results-while tending in the predicted direction--yield a not proven verdict though they leave the argument viable and the experiment worth modified replication.", "PMID": 1191893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12570", "title": "The accuracy and correlates of psychiatric patients' self-assessment of their work behaviour.", "content": "A preliminary study demonstrated that psychiatric patients' evaluation of their work behaviour was unrelated to assessments made by experienced supervisors. Patients involved in clerical work were shown to be more accurate in self-assessment than patients in the manual assembly section of a rehabilitation unit; clerical patients underestimated, and manual patients overestimated their performance. These findings were confirmed in a second study, which also identified some of the differences between the 'clerical' and 'manual' groups, and showed that underestimation was associated with higher intelligence, a general tendency to admit to undesirable behaviours, and a relatively long period of contact with psychiatric services. Neuroticism was also related to underestimation, and schizophrenic patients overestimated their performance. Work satisfaction was found to be unrelated to work performance.", "contents": "The accuracy and correlates of psychiatric patients' self-assessment of their work behaviour. A preliminary study demonstrated that psychiatric patients' evaluation of their work behaviour was unrelated to assessments made by experienced supervisors. Patients involved in clerical work were shown to be more accurate in self-assessment than patients in the manual assembly section of a rehabilitation unit; clerical patients underestimated, and manual patients overestimated their performance. These findings were confirmed in a second study, which also identified some of the differences between the 'clerical' and 'manual' groups, and showed that underestimation was associated with higher intelligence, a general tendency to admit to undesirable behaviours, and a relatively long period of contact with psychiatric services. Neuroticism was also related to underestimation, and schizophrenic patients overestimated their performance. Work satisfaction was found to be unrelated to work performance.", "PMID": 1191894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12571", "title": "Recognition memory in dementia.", "content": "The experiment was designed to look at the effects of two parameters on the recognition memory of dementing subjects. These were a forced-choice compared with a free format; and verbal compared with pictorial material. For the entire sample, neither of the comparisons gave significant differences; when those subjects with the best recognition scores were considered separately, the forced-choice condition  was found to give significantly better scores; but there was still no significant tendency in favour of the pictorial material.", "contents": "Recognition memory in dementia. The experiment was designed to look at the effects of two parameters on the recognition memory of dementing subjects. These were a forced-choice compared with a free format; and verbal compared with pictorial material. For the entire sample, neither of the comparisons gave significant differences; when those subjects with the best recognition scores were considered separately, the forced-choice condition  was found to give significantly better scores; but there was still no significant tendency in favour of the pictorial material.", "PMID": 1191895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12572", "title": "Thermography in breast carcinoma: results of a blind reading trial.", "content": "This paper presents the results of a blind reading trial of thermographic detection of breast cancer. Thermograms from women with no known breast disease, those with benign disease and those with carcinoma have been analysed using a previously described method for examination and assessment. Each record was read blind by three observers and the resulting scores compared for the three groups of women. It was found that, using the scoring system devised, 69 per cent of carcinomas gave scores in the range considered to indicate a high risk of breast disease but that 33 per cent of the scores for the normals also fell into this range. No differentiation between benign and malignant groups could be achieved. A significant number of the carcinomas were also found to show few detectable signs on thermography, resulting in an appreciable false negative rate.", "contents": "Thermography in breast carcinoma: results of a blind reading trial. This paper presents the results of a blind reading trial of thermographic detection of breast cancer. Thermograms from women with no known breast disease, those with benign disease and those with carcinoma have been analysed using a previously described method for examination and assessment. Each record was read blind by three observers and the resulting scores compared for the three groups of women. It was found that, using the scoring system devised, 69 per cent of carcinomas gave scores in the range considered to indicate a high risk of breast disease but that 33 per cent of the scores for the normals also fell into this range. No differentiation between benign and malignant groups could be achieved. A significant number of the carcinomas were also found to show few detectable signs on thermography, resulting in an appreciable false negative rate.", "PMID": 1191898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12573", "title": "Echography in the diagnosis and management of retinal detachment.", "content": "Sixty patients presenting with retinal detachment have been examined using a Nuclear Enterprises Diasonograph 4102; 25 with no identifiable cause (primary), the remainder due to causes such as vitreous haemorrhage, trauma, inflammatory eye disease, aphakia and neoplasm. In the diagnosis and management of retinal detachment echography has a definite but limited application, particularly in patients who have cloudy or opaque media and in whom detachment secondary to a malignant melanoma is suspected. In patients with trauma or vitreous haemorrhage important therapeutic considerations depend upon a precise knowledge of the structure of the globe and complicating features such as vitreous fibrosis or retinal detachment. In such patients the value of echo amplitude measurements in combination with B-scan echography is described. In primary retinal detachment because of vitreous haziness, the extent, size and degree of displacement of the retinal detachment may be more precisely demonstrated echographically than by conventional ophthalmoscopy, facilitating surgical management.", "contents": "Echography in the diagnosis and management of retinal detachment. Sixty patients presenting with retinal detachment have been examined using a Nuclear Enterprises Diasonograph 4102; 25 with no identifiable cause (primary), the remainder due to causes such as vitreous haemorrhage, trauma, inflammatory eye disease, aphakia and neoplasm. In the diagnosis and management of retinal detachment echography has a definite but limited application, particularly in patients who have cloudy or opaque media and in whom detachment secondary to a malignant melanoma is suspected. In patients with trauma or vitreous haemorrhage important therapeutic considerations depend upon a precise knowledge of the structure of the globe and complicating features such as vitreous fibrosis or retinal detachment. In such patients the value of echo amplitude measurements in combination with B-scan echography is described. In primary retinal detachment because of vitreous haziness, the extent, size and degree of displacement of the retinal detachment may be more precisely demonstrated echographically than by conventional ophthalmoscopy, facilitating surgical management.", "PMID": 1191899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12574", "title": "Villous adenoma of the large bowel; benign and malignant.", "content": "The radiological appearances on double contrast barium enema examination of 14 cases of villous adenoma are described and illustrated. Problems of diagnosis and detection of malignancy are discussed. It is concluded that in the majority of cases a confident radiological assessment of benignancy or malignancy cannot be made. The importance of villous adenoma as a pre-cancerous condition and the high incidence of associated large bowel carcinoma are emphasized.", "contents": "Villous adenoma of the large bowel; benign and malignant. The radiological appearances on double contrast barium enema examination of 14 cases of villous adenoma are described and illustrated. Problems of diagnosis and detection of malignancy are discussed. It is concluded that in the majority of cases a confident radiological assessment of benignancy or malignancy cannot be made. The importance of villous adenoma as a pre-cancerous condition and the high incidence of associated large bowel carcinoma are emphasized.", "PMID": 1191900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12575", "title": "The extent of the inferior border of the thymus: a report of two cases in infants.", "content": "Two cases of air insufflation of the mediastinum are reported to define the extent of previously unreported prolongation of the right thymic lobe occasionally seen in the normal infant chest radiograph.", "contents": "The extent of the inferior border of the thymus: a report of two cases in infants. Two cases of air insufflation of the mediastinum are reported to define the extent of previously unreported prolongation of the right thymic lobe occasionally seen in the normal infant chest radiograph.", "PMID": 1191901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12576", "title": "An interactive data preparation procedure for three-dimensional interstitial and intracavitary dose calculation programs.", "content": "A computer system has been developed to assist in preparing data for interstitial and intracavitary calculations. This approach used graphic and interactive techniques, and removes all the format problems which led to errors in data preparation. The program reconstructs the implant and rotates it about X, Y and Z axes to allow close examination of the positions of the radiation sources. The site of the dose calculation can be selected by positioning a frame representing the calculation plane in the reconstructed implant. The output of the program is the three-dimensional data of the source and plane co-ordinates, together with the co-ordinates to define the area on the plane where the calculation is to be performed.", "contents": "An interactive data preparation procedure for three-dimensional interstitial and intracavitary dose calculation programs. A computer system has been developed to assist in preparing data for interstitial and intracavitary calculations. This approach used graphic and interactive techniques, and removes all the format problems which led to errors in data preparation. The program reconstructs the implant and rotates it about X, Y and Z axes to allow close examination of the positions of the radiation sources. The site of the dose calculation can be selected by positioning a frame representing the calculation plane in the reconstructed implant. The output of the program is the three-dimensional data of the source and plane co-ordinates, together with the co-ordinates to define the area on the plane where the calculation is to be performed.", "PMID": 1191903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12577", "title": "Radioisotope measurements of regional lung function in bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Five out of 300 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma referred for pre-operative radioisotope imaging showed perfusion losses markedly in excess of regional ventilation impairment, a finding previously reported as being typical for pulmonary thrombeembolism.", "contents": "Radioisotope measurements of regional lung function in bronchogenic carcinoma. Five out of 300 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma referred for pre-operative radioisotope imaging showed perfusion losses markedly in excess of regional ventilation impairment, a finding previously reported as being typical for pulmonary thrombeembolism.", "PMID": 1191904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12578", "title": "Clinical radiobiology of low dose-rate radiotherapy.", "content": "Investigative irradiations of human skin have shown that the total dose required to obtain a dry desquamation does not increase with the duration of the irradiation as rapidly as it would be expected from the kinetics of repair of the sublethal injuries. This suggests that an additional mechanism, probably accumulation of the cells in a sensitive phase, occurs during a continuous irradiation with dose-rate higher than 150 rads/hour. This effect seems to vanish at smaller dose-rates.", "contents": "Clinical radiobiology of low dose-rate radiotherapy. Investigative irradiations of human skin have shown that the total dose required to obtain a dry desquamation does not increase with the duration of the irradiation as rapidly as it would be expected from the kinetics of repair of the sublethal injuries. This suggests that an additional mechanism, probably accumulation of the cells in a sensitive phase, occurs during a continuous irradiation with dose-rate higher than 150 rads/hour. This effect seems to vanish at smaller dose-rates.", "PMID": 1191905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12579", "title": "A new design policy for protective barriers in departments of x-ray diagnosis.", "content": "In order to calculate the thicknesses of protective barriers requried in departments of radiodiagnosis for walls, floors, ceilings, protective screens, etc., it is necessary to make an assessment of work load and occupancy factor in each direction. In order to ensure that barriers are safe, it is customary to assume that all the radiological procedures are carried out at the greatest kVp value used in the room in question, and to look up the necessary thicknesses from prepared tables. In fact, only a small fraction of work load is carried out at the highest kilovoltage, and also it is found that a considerable fraction of the total work load is directed downwards. A computer program has been written to use data available from comprehensive analyses of work load broken down into suitable kVp intervals. As the cost of providing the necessary protective barriers can be anything from a few hundred pounds to several thousand pounds, the use of exact values for work load separated into kVp ranges for each direction can lead to substantial savings in cost amounting to hundreds of pounds per room whilst still satisfying the requirements of the Code of Practice for the Protection of Persons against Ionizing Radiations arising from Medical and Dental Use (HMSO, 1972). Departmental surveys were carried out to establish the distribution of work load in kVp and direction, and also to ascertain dosage levels to the staff and within existing rooms. The results show that in practice the doses are such that the reduced barriers found by the method described would be entirely satisfactory.", "contents": "A new design policy for protective barriers in departments of x-ray diagnosis. In order to calculate the thicknesses of protective barriers requried in departments of radiodiagnosis for walls, floors, ceilings, protective screens, etc., it is necessary to make an assessment of work load and occupancy factor in each direction. In order to ensure that barriers are safe, it is customary to assume that all the radiological procedures are carried out at the greatest kVp value used in the room in question, and to look up the necessary thicknesses from prepared tables. In fact, only a small fraction of work load is carried out at the highest kilovoltage, and also it is found that a considerable fraction of the total work load is directed downwards. A computer program has been written to use data available from comprehensive analyses of work load broken down into suitable kVp intervals. As the cost of providing the necessary protective barriers can be anything from a few hundred pounds to several thousand pounds, the use of exact values for work load separated into kVp ranges for each direction can lead to substantial savings in cost amounting to hundreds of pounds per room whilst still satisfying the requirements of the Code of Practice for the Protection of Persons against Ionizing Radiations arising from Medical and Dental Use (HMSO, 1972). Departmental surveys were carried out to establish the distribution of work load in kVp and direction, and also to ascertain dosage levels to the staff and within existing rooms. The results show that in practice the doses are such that the reduced barriers found by the method described would be entirely satisfactory.", "PMID": 1191906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12580", "title": "Technical note. Evaluation of a new screen/film combination.", "content": "The Trimax system offers film/screen combinations which reduce the X-ray exposure by factors of about 4. This is achieved without deterioration in image quality.", "contents": "Technical note. Evaluation of a new screen/film combination. The Trimax system offers film/screen combinations which reduce the X-ray exposure by factors of about 4. This is achieved without deterioration in image quality.", "PMID": 1191907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12581", "title": "Multiple lower lumbar spondylolyses.", "content": "A case is reported in which there was bilateral spondylolysis involving LV3, LV4 and LV5. It is thought that the condition is due to postural stress in a patient having a predisposing genetic weakness of the pars interarticularis.", "contents": "Multiple lower lumbar spondylolyses. A case is reported in which there was bilateral spondylolysis involving LV3, LV4 and LV5. It is thought that the condition is due to postural stress in a patient having a predisposing genetic weakness of the pars interarticularis.", "PMID": 1191909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12582", "title": "In vitro studies of subcalyceal upper urinary tract muscle in multicalyceal kidneys.", "content": "Isolated preparations of porcine renal pelvis and ureter were investigated by an isometric technique. The majority of pelvis muscle preparations exhibited spontaneous activity as did those taken from the upper two-thirds of the ureter, whilst lower-third ureteral specimens remained inactive. By the use of some autonomic drug agonists and antagonists the presence of alpha-adrenoceptors and muscarinic receptors was demonstrated at all sites. Evidence of beta-adrenoceptor activity was noted in pelvis muscle and also in preparations from the upper two-thirds of the ureter. Results of electrical stimulation experiments with similar preparations were shown to be against the concept of any effective innervation of these receptor sites. These findings are compared with earlier studies on the calyx of the same animal, and are discussed in relation to the possibility of the calyx acting as a primary pacemaker site for the upper urinary tract in animals with multicalyceal kidneys.", "contents": "In vitro studies of subcalyceal upper urinary tract muscle in multicalyceal kidneys. Isolated preparations of porcine renal pelvis and ureter were investigated by an isometric technique. The majority of pelvis muscle preparations exhibited spontaneous activity as did those taken from the upper two-thirds of the ureter, whilst lower-third ureteral specimens remained inactive. By the use of some autonomic drug agonists and antagonists the presence of alpha-adrenoceptors and muscarinic receptors was demonstrated at all sites. Evidence of beta-adrenoceptor activity was noted in pelvis muscle and also in preparations from the upper two-thirds of the ureter. Results of electrical stimulation experiments with similar preparations were shown to be against the concept of any effective innervation of these receptor sites. These findings are compared with earlier studies on the calyx of the same animal, and are discussed in relation to the possibility of the calyx acting as a primary pacemaker site for the upper urinary tract in animals with multicalyceal kidneys.", "PMID": 1191913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12583", "title": "Conservative management of renal tuberculosis.", "content": "The conservative management of 60 patients suffering from renal tuberculosis is reported. Following chemotherapy, bacteriological conversion to negative was obtained in all patients. 2 patients (3-3%) relapsed due to failure to take adequate treatment. Evidence of ureteric obstruction was obtained in 30 patients (50%)--23 at the time of diagnosis, 6 during treatment and 1 at the time of relapse. Following corticosteroid treatment relief of obstruction was obtained in 72%. Nephrectomy was carried out in 4 patients (6-7%) but in only 1 of these was the operation carried out for reasons which we now consider valid.", "contents": "Conservative management of renal tuberculosis. The conservative management of 60 patients suffering from renal tuberculosis is reported. Following chemotherapy, bacteriological conversion to negative was obtained in all patients. 2 patients (3-3%) relapsed due to failure to take adequate treatment. Evidence of ureteric obstruction was obtained in 30 patients (50%)--23 at the time of diagnosis, 6 during treatment and 1 at the time of relapse. Following corticosteroid treatment relief of obstruction was obtained in 72%. Nephrectomy was carried out in 4 patients (6-7%) but in only 1 of these was the operation carried out for reasons which we now consider valid.", "PMID": 1191914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12584", "title": "The diagnosis of renal pseudotumours.", "content": "The radiological features of 13 cases of renal pseudotumour due to infolding of the columns of Bertin are presented. 5 of these patients (38%) had partial duplication of the renal pelvis. Pseudotumours show as space-occupying lesions at urography. At angiography they show a clearly defined nephrogram but no abnormal vessels, no pooling of contrast medium and no early venous filling. Radio-isotope scans on 4 cases of pseudotumour showed uptake at the site of the pseudotumour in contrast to cysts and carcinomas which are known to show diminished uptake.", "contents": "The diagnosis of renal pseudotumours. The radiological features of 13 cases of renal pseudotumour due to infolding of the columns of Bertin are presented. 5 of these patients (38%) had partial duplication of the renal pelvis. Pseudotumours show as space-occupying lesions at urography. At angiography they show a clearly defined nephrogram but no abnormal vessels, no pooling of contrast medium and no early venous filling. Radio-isotope scans on 4 cases of pseudotumour showed uptake at the site of the pseudotumour in contrast to cysts and carcinomas which are known to show diminished uptake.", "PMID": 1191916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12585", "title": "Hypernephroma with polycythaemia: a postoperative complication.", "content": "A case of acute renal failure following radical nephrectomy for hypernephroma in a 72-year-old man is presented. It is postulated that this was a direct result of vascular weakness from preoperation treatment of the overdistended vessels by repeated venepuncture over too short a period, with resultant loss of vascular tone.", "contents": "Hypernephroma with polycythaemia: a postoperative complication. A case of acute renal failure following radical nephrectomy for hypernephroma in a 72-year-old man is presented. It is postulated that this was a direct result of vascular weakness from preoperation treatment of the overdistended vessels by repeated venepuncture over too short a period, with resultant loss of vascular tone.", "PMID": 1191917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12586", "title": "Trans-uretero-ureterostomy: British experience.", "content": "158 replies to a questionnaire suggest that many British surgeons remain wary of using trans-uretero-ureterostomy, fearing to risk the opposite ureter and kidney or preferring to use a Boari flap or other operation. 141 (27 personal and 114 reported) cases are surveyed. 56 simple Y-anastomoses performed by 27 surgeons gave very good results, with only 4 exceptions due to wrong indications or techniques. Complications were rare. No damage to any opposite ureter or kidney by the procedure was reported. 10 operations enabling a solitary kidney to drain via the opposite spare ureter were all successful. We recommended that during nephrectomy any spare healthy ureter should be preserved so that, if necessary, it can be used to drain the opposite kidney.", "contents": "Trans-uretero-ureterostomy: British experience. 158 replies to a questionnaire suggest that many British surgeons remain wary of using trans-uretero-ureterostomy, fearing to risk the opposite ureter and kidney or preferring to use a Boari flap or other operation. 141 (27 personal and 114 reported) cases are surveyed. 56 simple Y-anastomoses performed by 27 surgeons gave very good results, with only 4 exceptions due to wrong indications or techniques. Complications were rare. No damage to any opposite ureter or kidney by the procedure was reported. 10 operations enabling a solitary kidney to drain via the opposite spare ureter were all successful. We recommended that during nephrectomy any spare healthy ureter should be preserved so that, if necessary, it can be used to drain the opposite kidney.", "PMID": 1191920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12587", "title": "Antireflux ureterocystostomy at the vertex of the bladder.", "content": "This is the first report on the technique and the results of an antireflux ureterocystostomy in the vault of the bladder. During the last 3 years, a total of 106 antireflux ureterocystostomies at the vertex of the urinary bladder has been performed. In 93 cases without another preceding antireflux operation, only 2 (2-1%) recurrent refluxes were found, whereas in 13 cases where an antireflux operation had been performed previously, 4 cases of recurrent reflux were seen, making a 30% rate of operative failure in this particular group. In all other cases the end result was excellent; the urine has become negative on culture and the dilatation of the ureter has subsided.", "contents": "Antireflux ureterocystostomy at the vertex of the bladder. This is the first report on the technique and the results of an antireflux ureterocystostomy in the vault of the bladder. During the last 3 years, a total of 106 antireflux ureterocystostomies at the vertex of the urinary bladder has been performed. In 93 cases without another preceding antireflux operation, only 2 (2-1%) recurrent refluxes were found, whereas in 13 cases where an antireflux operation had been performed previously, 4 cases of recurrent reflux were seen, making a 30% rate of operative failure in this particular group. In all other cases the end result was excellent; the urine has become negative on culture and the dilatation of the ureter has subsided.", "PMID": 1191921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12588", "title": "Ureteric obstruction due to urine prolapse.", "content": "2 cases of ureteric obstruction due to uterine prolapse are reported, one of whom was uraemic. Both were cured by repair of the prolapse.", "contents": "Ureteric obstruction due to urine prolapse. 2 cases of ureteric obstruction due to uterine prolapse are reported, one of whom was uraemic. Both were cured by repair of the prolapse.", "PMID": 1191922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12589", "title": "The effect of chlorhexidine irrigation of the bladder in the rat.", "content": "Rats' bladders were irrigated with aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine digluconate 1 : 5,000 or 1 : 10,000 for varying periods up to 48 hours. Histologic examination of the bladders showed severe erosive cystitis in a high percentage of cases. It is concluded that chlorhexidine cannot be recommended for prolonged irrigation of the bladder or for instillation during the intermittent catheterisation where chlorhexidine has repeated and prolonged contact with bladder mucosa.", "contents": "The effect of chlorhexidine irrigation of the bladder in the rat. Rats' bladders were irrigated with aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine digluconate 1 : 5,000 or 1 : 10,000 for varying periods up to 48 hours. Histologic examination of the bladders showed severe erosive cystitis in a high percentage of cases. It is concluded that chlorhexidine cannot be recommended for prolonged irrigation of the bladder or for instillation during the intermittent catheterisation where chlorhexidine has repeated and prolonged contact with bladder mucosa.", "PMID": 1191923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12590", "title": "Urinary infection and prostatectomy.", "content": "The incidence of urinary infection before and after operation for benign prostatic hypertrophy has been reviewed in 140 patients. Repeated screening for bacteriuria was used throughout the hospital admission. Infection was present in 24% before operation and there was a significant correlation between the incidence of infection and the duration of preoperative catheterisation. Postoperative infection developed in 31% and there was no relation between this incidence and the type of prostatectomy; specific antibacterial therapy was significantly more effective in eradicating urinary infection acquired after operation than before. At the time of discharge from the ward, 10% had infected urine, but only 3% of patients had persistent infection at follow-up 6 weeks after operation.", "contents": "Urinary infection and prostatectomy. The incidence of urinary infection before and after operation for benign prostatic hypertrophy has been reviewed in 140 patients. Repeated screening for bacteriuria was used throughout the hospital admission. Infection was present in 24% before operation and there was a significant correlation between the incidence of infection and the duration of preoperative catheterisation. Postoperative infection developed in 31% and there was no relation between this incidence and the type of prostatectomy; specific antibacterial therapy was significantly more effective in eradicating urinary infection acquired after operation than before. At the time of discharge from the ward, 10% had infected urine, but only 3% of patients had persistent infection at follow-up 6 weeks after operation.", "PMID": 1191925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12591", "title": "The structure and innervation of smooth muscle in the wall of the bladder neck and proximal urethra.", "content": "Neurohistochemical and electron microscopic techniques have been employed to compare the structure and autonomic innervation of the bladder detrusor with that of the bladder neck and urethra in male and female cats, rats and guinea-pigs. In all specimens the structure and arrangement of smooth muscle in the detrusor was different from that in the bladder neck and proximal urethra. In male specimens this circular smooth muscle extended into the proximal urethra as far as the entrance of the ejaculatory ducts. A similar muscle coat was less well developed in the female but could be identified along the length of the urethra. Differences in the distribution of autonomic nerves have also been demonstrated. Presumptive cholinergic nerves were frequently encountered amongst the smooth muscle cells of the detrusor whilst noradrenergic nerves were relatively sparse. In contrast, muscle in the bladder neck and urethra was richly innervated by both types of autonomic nerve. In the male these findings are considered to provide support for the concept of a sphincteric mechanism which prevents retrograde ejaculation. In both sexes the possible functional role of the autonomic innervation of the bladder neck and proximal urethra during micturition has also been discussed.", "contents": "The structure and innervation of smooth muscle in the wall of the bladder neck and proximal urethra. Neurohistochemical and electron microscopic techniques have been employed to compare the structure and autonomic innervation of the bladder detrusor with that of the bladder neck and urethra in male and female cats, rats and guinea-pigs. In all specimens the structure and arrangement of smooth muscle in the detrusor was different from that in the bladder neck and proximal urethra. In male specimens this circular smooth muscle extended into the proximal urethra as far as the entrance of the ejaculatory ducts. A similar muscle coat was less well developed in the female but could be identified along the length of the urethra. Differences in the distribution of autonomic nerves have also been demonstrated. Presumptive cholinergic nerves were frequently encountered amongst the smooth muscle cells of the detrusor whilst noradrenergic nerves were relatively sparse. In contrast, muscle in the bladder neck and urethra was richly innervated by both types of autonomic nerve. In the male these findings are considered to provide support for the concept of a sphincteric mechanism which prevents retrograde ejaculation. In both sexes the possible functional role of the autonomic innervation of the bladder neck and proximal urethra during micturition has also been discussed.", "PMID": 1191926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12592", "title": "Role of uroflowmetry in the assessment of lower urinary tract obstruction in adult males.", "content": "A group of 173 prostatic patients were submitted to a prospective study to determine the respective value of symptoms, uroflowmetry, endoscopic and radiological findings in the assessment of the degree of urinary obstruction. Uroflowmetry proved to bring objective evidence of the degree of obstruction with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Maximum urinary flow appears to be more accurate than other flow parameters in the determination of lower urinary tract obstruction.", "contents": "Role of uroflowmetry in the assessment of lower urinary tract obstruction in adult males. A group of 173 prostatic patients were submitted to a prospective study to determine the respective value of symptoms, uroflowmetry, endoscopic and radiological findings in the assessment of the degree of urinary obstruction. Uroflowmetry proved to bring objective evidence of the degree of obstruction with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Maximum urinary flow appears to be more accurate than other flow parameters in the determination of lower urinary tract obstruction.", "PMID": 1191927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12593", "title": "Measurement of the volume of residual urine using 131I-hippuran and the gamma camera.", "content": "A modification of the method of determining the volume of residual urine in the bladder using 131I-Hippuran and the gamma camera is described. The method was applied to 26 patients with either normal or impaired renal function and proved to be both reliable and accurate.", "contents": "Measurement of the volume of residual urine using 131I-hippuran and the gamma camera. A modification of the method of determining the volume of residual urine in the bladder using 131I-Hippuran and the gamma camera is described. The method was applied to 26 patients with either normal or impaired renal function and proved to be both reliable and accurate.", "PMID": 1191928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12594", "title": "The surgery of thyroid cancer.", "content": "Thyroid cancer accounts for just under 1 per cent of malignant disease. The prognosis varies from excellent with papillary carcinoma in young people to very poor in anaplastic carcinoma in the elderly. Modified rather than radical dissection of lymph nodes is indicated with well-differentiated tumours. The level of calcitonin in the blood is a sensitive marker for medullary carcinoma occurring either as sporadic or familial disease. The outcome of management in 7 patients with medullary carcinoma indicates that the prognosis is variable and that thyroidectomy is effective treatment.", "contents": "The surgery of thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer accounts for just under 1 per cent of malignant disease. The prognosis varies from excellent with papillary carcinoma in young people to very poor in anaplastic carcinoma in the elderly. Modified rather than radical dissection of lymph nodes is indicated with well-differentiated tumours. The level of calcitonin in the blood is a sensitive marker for medullary carcinoma occurring either as sporadic or familial disease. The outcome of management in 7 patients with medullary carcinoma indicates that the prognosis is variable and that thyroidectomy is effective treatment.", "PMID": 1191935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12595", "title": "The aetiology and diagnosis of malignant tumours of the thyroid gland.", "content": "Known aetiological factors of thyroid tumours are: genetic, hormonal, irradiation and auto-immune thyroiditis. Some medullary carcinomas are familial. Thyroid-stimulating hormone plays a significant part in the initiation and maintenance of many well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Small doses of irradiation in childhood and probably also in adolescence may induce a papillary or follicular carcinoma. Some malignant lymphomas develop in a previous auto-immune thyroiditis. Diagnosis of a malignant thyroid tumour is usually obvious once there has been extrathyroidal spread. Intrathyroidal tumours are suspect if they are hard and irregular. The real diagnostic problem is the clinically solitary nodule which is smooth, firm and mobile in a euthyroid patient. Ultrasound and scanning may increase or decrease the suspicion of malignancy but excisional biopsy is the only certain diagnostic procedure.", "contents": "The aetiology and diagnosis of malignant tumours of the thyroid gland. Known aetiological factors of thyroid tumours are: genetic, hormonal, irradiation and auto-immune thyroiditis. Some medullary carcinomas are familial. Thyroid-stimulating hormone plays a significant part in the initiation and maintenance of many well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Small doses of irradiation in childhood and probably also in adolescence may induce a papillary or follicular carcinoma. Some malignant lymphomas develop in a previous auto-immune thyroiditis. Diagnosis of a malignant thyroid tumour is usually obvious once there has been extrathyroidal spread. Intrathyroidal tumours are suspect if they are hard and irregular. The real diagnostic problem is the clinically solitary nodule which is smooth, firm and mobile in a euthyroid patient. Ultrasound and scanning may increase or decrease the suspicion of malignancy but excisional biopsy is the only certain diagnostic procedure.", "PMID": 1191934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12596", "title": "Gram-negative septicaemia in surgical practice.", "content": "Septicaemia in surgical patients usually occurs after operation or a manipulative event. The incidence of bacteraemia in one surgical unit was observed over a 7-year period. Gram-negative infections occurred three times more frequently than bacteraemia caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The clinical features of septicaemia, the portals of entry of the infection and the bacteria isolated from blood cultures are described.", "contents": "Gram-negative septicaemia in surgical practice. Septicaemia in surgical patients usually occurs after operation or a manipulative event. The incidence of bacteraemia in one surgical unit was observed over a 7-year period. Gram-negative infections occurred three times more frequently than bacteraemia caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The clinical features of septicaemia, the portals of entry of the infection and the bacteria isolated from blood cultures are described.", "PMID": 1191936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12597", "title": "The value of the radio-isotope hepatogram in the jaundiced patient.", "content": "The distinction between 'medical' and 'surgical' jaundice is often difficult due to the lack of specificity of biochemical liver function tests, and the difficulty in assessing hepatocellular function and biliary tract patency in the jaundiced patient. We present a noninvasive isotopic technique which gives reliable information on these parameters, resulting in a high degree of accuracy in the classification of jaundice. 131I Rose Bengal, which is handled by the liver like bromsulphthalein, is administered intravenously and count rates during hepatic uptake and biliary excretion are recorded over the liver, biliary tract and duodenum using a gamma camera/computer system, into which is built an electronic light pen, so that particular areas of interest can be studied. Blood clearance of the iostope is simultaneously measured, and from these data the T 1/2 of uptake, the plasma retention and the excretion quotient are determined. The results of the first 80 examinations show that by qualitative assessment of the uptake and excretory phases of the 'hepatogram' and by determination of the T 1/2 and excretion quotient, jaundice has been classified with an 86 per cent accuracy in cases where the diagnosis is not apparent from clinical and biochemical data. The T 1/2 of uptake correlates well with bromsulphthalein retention in the non-jaundiced patient, and when applied to patients with obstructive jaundice enables the progress of hepatocellular impairment with time to be studied, and its recovery after relief of the obstruction. Preliminary results suggest that the technique may also have applications in the study of biliary tract dynamics in patients with post-cholecystectomy syndromes and relapsing acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "The value of the radio-isotope hepatogram in the jaundiced patient. The distinction between 'medical' and 'surgical' jaundice is often difficult due to the lack of specificity of biochemical liver function tests, and the difficulty in assessing hepatocellular function and biliary tract patency in the jaundiced patient. We present a noninvasive isotopic technique which gives reliable information on these parameters, resulting in a high degree of accuracy in the classification of jaundice. 131I Rose Bengal, which is handled by the liver like bromsulphthalein, is administered intravenously and count rates during hepatic uptake and biliary excretion are recorded over the liver, biliary tract and duodenum using a gamma camera/computer system, into which is built an electronic light pen, so that particular areas of interest can be studied. Blood clearance of the iostope is simultaneously measured, and from these data the T 1/2 of uptake, the plasma retention and the excretion quotient are determined. The results of the first 80 examinations show that by qualitative assessment of the uptake and excretory phases of the 'hepatogram' and by determination of the T 1/2 and excretion quotient, jaundice has been classified with an 86 per cent accuracy in cases where the diagnosis is not apparent from clinical and biochemical data. The T 1/2 of uptake correlates well with bromsulphthalein retention in the non-jaundiced patient, and when applied to patients with obstructive jaundice enables the progress of hepatocellular impairment with time to be studied, and its recovery after relief of the obstruction. Preliminary results suggest that the technique may also have applications in the study of biliary tract dynamics in patients with post-cholecystectomy syndromes and relapsing acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 1191937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12598", "title": "Observations of gastric mucosal blood flow using 99Tcm in rat and man.", "content": "The 99Tcm clearance technique is shown to be a useful method of assessing gastric function. It is easily carried out and is relatively non-toxic--the dose of isotope could be reduced to 100 muCi or less without sacrificing the accuracy of the investigation. Although the results are preliminary and the number of cases investigated so far is small, they suggest that the measurement of pertechnetate clearance is directly related to gastric mucosal blood flow; it is a useful parameter of gastric function and may well prove to be a more accurate discriminant in cases of peptic ulceration than the conventional measurement of gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "Observations of gastric mucosal blood flow using 99Tcm in rat and man. The 99Tcm clearance technique is shown to be a useful method of assessing gastric function. It is easily carried out and is relatively non-toxic--the dose of isotope could be reduced to 100 muCi or less without sacrificing the accuracy of the investigation. Although the results are preliminary and the number of cases investigated so far is small, they suggest that the measurement of pertechnetate clearance is directly related to gastric mucosal blood flow; it is a useful parameter of gastric function and may well prove to be a more accurate discriminant in cases of peptic ulceration than the conventional measurement of gastric acid secretion.", "PMID": 1191938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12599", "title": "Feasibility of screening for breast cancer.", "content": "The feasibility of screening for breast cancer by clinical examination and X-ray mammography has been studied. The results suggest that a breast screening programme is safe from dangers of irradiation and can be conducted by non-medical staff. The response of women at risk suggests that the service is acceptable to the general public. The hospital service could deal with the additional surgical work.", "contents": "Feasibility of screening for breast cancer. The feasibility of screening for breast cancer by clinical examination and X-ray mammography has been studied. The results suggest that a breast screening programme is safe from dangers of irradiation and can be conducted by non-medical staff. The response of women at risk suggests that the service is acceptable to the general public. The hospital service could deal with the additional surgical work.", "PMID": 1191939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12600", "title": "Sex hormones in breast disease.", "content": "Serum concentrations of oestradiol 17beta and progesterone were measured daily throughout one menstrual cycle in 32 normal women, 32 women with benign disease of the breast and 10 women with cancer of the breast. In normal women concentrations varied with age. Women with cysts had concentrations of oestradiol 17beta which were significantly higher than normal. In women with cancer the concentrations of oestradiol 17beta and progesterone were significantly higher than normal, but the difference was very small and much larger numbers of patients need to be studied. Concentrations of oestradiol 17beta and progesterone in postmenopausal women were consistently very low.", "contents": "Sex hormones in breast disease. Serum concentrations of oestradiol 17beta and progesterone were measured daily throughout one menstrual cycle in 32 normal women, 32 women with benign disease of the breast and 10 women with cancer of the breast. In normal women concentrations varied with age. Women with cysts had concentrations of oestradiol 17beta which were significantly higher than normal. In women with cancer the concentrations of oestradiol 17beta and progesterone were significantly higher than normal, but the difference was very small and much larger numbers of patients need to be studied. Concentrations of oestradiol 17beta and progesterone in postmenopausal women were consistently very low.", "PMID": 1191940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12601", "title": "Measurement of cell production rates in human gastro-intestinal cancer--a guide to treatment?", "content": "Cell production rates were measured in 19 cases of rectal carcinoma and in 11 cases of gastric carcinoma using a stathmokinetic technique. These measurements were compared with results from normal rectal and gastric mucosa. It was found that most of the cases of rectal cancer were proliferating more slowly than morphologically normal rectal mucosa. This was true for the majority of gastric cancers, but a small proportion appeared to be proliferating more rapidly. These results are discussed with their relevance to appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Measurement of cell production rates in human gastro-intestinal cancer--a guide to treatment? Cell production rates were measured in 19 cases of rectal carcinoma and in 11 cases of gastric carcinoma using a stathmokinetic technique. These measurements were compared with results from normal rectal and gastric mucosa. It was found that most of the cases of rectal cancer were proliferating more slowly than morphologically normal rectal mucosa. This was true for the majority of gastric cancers, but a small proportion appeared to be proliferating more rapidly. These results are discussed with their relevance to appropriate therapy.", "PMID": 1191941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12602", "title": "Serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein as an index of dissemination in breast cancer.", "content": "Assay of the serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (SAGP) produced by the liver in response to many disease states is shown to reflect prognosis and monitor progress in patients with early, recurrent and disseminated breast cancer. Eighteen of 26 patients with localized breast cancer and positive bone scans had elevated SAGP when first seen, but within 5 months of treatment 5 further patients with positive bone scans developed an elevated SAGP. Furthermore, an initially abnormal SAGP level became normal within 5 months in 5 of 6 patients with negative bone scans. While elevated SAGP in breast cancer correlates with positive bone scans, a series of normal values may indicate patients without early haematogenous dissemination of their disease.", "contents": "Serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein as an index of dissemination in breast cancer. Assay of the serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (SAGP) produced by the liver in response to many disease states is shown to reflect prognosis and monitor progress in patients with early, recurrent and disseminated breast cancer. Eighteen of 26 patients with localized breast cancer and positive bone scans had elevated SAGP when first seen, but within 5 months of treatment 5 further patients with positive bone scans developed an elevated SAGP. Furthermore, an initially abnormal SAGP level became normal within 5 months in 5 of 6 patients with negative bone scans. While elevated SAGP in breast cancer correlates with positive bone scans, a series of normal values may indicate patients without early haematogenous dissemination of their disease.", "PMID": 1191942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12603", "title": "The immune reaction to human breast cancer: a comparison of skin and leucocyte migration tests.", "content": "In vivo and in vitro tests of cellular immunity using autologous tumour antigen have been performed in patients after mastectomy for cancer and in a control group with benign tumours of the breast. Overall, the incidence of positive immune reactions in both groups was 45 per cent. Poor correlation was found between the results of in vivo and in vitro tests, which could not be explained in terms of serum factors. The specificity of the reaction is questioned but the clinical relevance will be determined by long term follow-up.", "contents": "The immune reaction to human breast cancer: a comparison of skin and leucocyte migration tests. In vivo and in vitro tests of cellular immunity using autologous tumour antigen have been performed in patients after mastectomy for cancer and in a control group with benign tumours of the breast. Overall, the incidence of positive immune reactions in both groups was 45 per cent. Poor correlation was found between the results of in vivo and in vitro tests, which could not be explained in terms of serum factors. The specificity of the reaction is questioned but the clinical relevance will be determined by long term follow-up.", "PMID": 1191943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12604", "title": "The internal sphincter and Lord's procedure for haemorrhoids.", "content": "Anal pressure and motility have been measured in 56 patients with haemorrhoids and 40 asymptomatic subjects. The anal pressure of patients with haemorrhoids (93-6 cm H2O) was very significantly higher than that of the controls (66-8 cm H2O; P less than 0-001). Ultra-slow pressure waves (amplitude 25-100 cm H2O, frequency 0-9-1-6/min) were present in 39 per cent of patients with haemorrhoids, but in only 7-5 per cent of the controls (P less than 0-001). Ultra-slow waves are present under anaesthesia with the voluntary muscles paralysed and are associated with the highest anal pressure, and so, represent abnormal activity of the internal anal sphincter. Measurements after anal dilatation showed complete abolition of ultra-slow wave activity and a very significant drop in pressure. One year after dilatation 19 patients had a mean anal pressure of 62 cm H2O. Very good results were obtained unless the haemorrhoids were so large that they prolapsed at times other than defaecation. Lord's procedure is a rational treatment since it corrects an underlying overactivity of the internal sphincter.", "contents": "The internal sphincter and Lord's procedure for haemorrhoids. Anal pressure and motility have been measured in 56 patients with haemorrhoids and 40 asymptomatic subjects. The anal pressure of patients with haemorrhoids (93-6 cm H2O) was very significantly higher than that of the controls (66-8 cm H2O; P less than 0-001). Ultra-slow pressure waves (amplitude 25-100 cm H2O, frequency 0-9-1-6/min) were present in 39 per cent of patients with haemorrhoids, but in only 7-5 per cent of the controls (P less than 0-001). Ultra-slow waves are present under anaesthesia with the voluntary muscles paralysed and are associated with the highest anal pressure, and so, represent abnormal activity of the internal anal sphincter. Measurements after anal dilatation showed complete abolition of ultra-slow wave activity and a very significant drop in pressure. One year after dilatation 19 patients had a mean anal pressure of 62 cm H2O. Very good results were obtained unless the haemorrhoids were so large that they prolapsed at times other than defaecation. Lord's procedure is a rational treatment since it corrects an underlying overactivity of the internal sphincter.", "PMID": 1191944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12605", "title": "Prolonged symptomatic and radiological remission of colonic gas cysts after oxygen therapy.", "content": "Colonic gas cysts invariably shrink and disappear and symptoms associated with them resolve if an adequate concentration of oxygen is inhaled over a sufficient period of time. Careful monitoring of inhaled oxygen levels and arterial oxygen tension is necessary to ensure effective therapy. Plain X-ray of the abdomen is the best method of assessing the size and response of the cysts to treatment and for following the patients subsequently. Six consecutive patients managed in this way are discussed and their subsequent progress is documented.", "contents": "Prolonged symptomatic and radiological remission of colonic gas cysts after oxygen therapy. Colonic gas cysts invariably shrink and disappear and symptoms associated with them resolve if an adequate concentration of oxygen is inhaled over a sufficient period of time. Careful monitoring of inhaled oxygen levels and arterial oxygen tension is necessary to ensure effective therapy. Plain X-ray of the abdomen is the best method of assessing the size and response of the cysts to treatment and for following the patients subsequently. Six consecutive patients managed in this way are discussed and their subsequent progress is documented.", "PMID": 1191945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12606", "title": "The place of frozen section in the practical management of melanoma.", "content": "A selective policy is proposed for the use of frozen section in suspected melanoma which provides maximal help while minimizing false frozen section diagnosis. It is based on the fact that suspected melanomas fall into two broad groups which present different problems in diagnosis and management. A raised lesion is likely to be a highly malignant melanoma or a lesion of non-naevoid cells. Differentiation is readily made on frozen section and allows immediate radical excision. A flat pigmented lesion is usually of obvious naevoid origin, and the problem is whether early malignant change has occurred. It is better managed by urgent paraffin section to avoid sampling error. Frozen section has a place in the management of a single doubtful node in a patient being managed by a 'watch' policy.", "contents": "The place of frozen section in the practical management of melanoma. A selective policy is proposed for the use of frozen section in suspected melanoma which provides maximal help while minimizing false frozen section diagnosis. It is based on the fact that suspected melanomas fall into two broad groups which present different problems in diagnosis and management. A raised lesion is likely to be a highly malignant melanoma or a lesion of non-naevoid cells. Differentiation is readily made on frozen section and allows immediate radical excision. A flat pigmented lesion is usually of obvious naevoid origin, and the problem is whether early malignant change has occurred. It is better managed by urgent paraffin section to avoid sampling error. Frozen section has a place in the management of a single doubtful node in a patient being managed by a 'watch' policy.", "PMID": 1191946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12607", "title": "Recurrence of gastric ulcer after selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty for chronic uncomplicated gastric ulcer: a 5-10 year follow-up.", "content": "Selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty were used in the surgical treatment of 73 patients with benign gastric ulcer between July 1964 and February 1970. Over the long period of observation recurrence of the gastric ulcer was found in 13 patients (19-1 per cent). This complication occurred equally commonly after treatment of primary and secondary gastric ulcers and was twice as frequent in women as in men. Possible reasons for these recurrences are discussed. It is concluded that vagotomy and pyloroplasty cure benign gastric ulcer in about 80 per cent of patients, and this should be taken into account in the choice of surgical treatment, especially in patients in whom a gastrectomy might put the patient's life at risk. However, because of the high recurrence rate, it is doubtful whether this operation should be considered the treatment of choice for all cases of gastric ulcer.", "contents": "Recurrence of gastric ulcer after selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty for chronic uncomplicated gastric ulcer: a 5-10 year follow-up. Selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty were used in the surgical treatment of 73 patients with benign gastric ulcer between July 1964 and February 1970. Over the long period of observation recurrence of the gastric ulcer was found in 13 patients (19-1 per cent). This complication occurred equally commonly after treatment of primary and secondary gastric ulcers and was twice as frequent in women as in men. Possible reasons for these recurrences are discussed. It is concluded that vagotomy and pyloroplasty cure benign gastric ulcer in about 80 per cent of patients, and this should be taken into account in the choice of surgical treatment, especially in patients in whom a gastrectomy might put the patient's life at risk. However, because of the high recurrence rate, it is doubtful whether this operation should be considered the treatment of choice for all cases of gastric ulcer.", "PMID": 1191947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12608", "title": "The effect of the size of the gastric outlet on gastric emptying after vagotomy for duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Gastric emptying of isotopically labelled solid meals was studied in normal human subjects and in 30 patients who had had an operation for chronic duodenal ulcer. Each patient had a vagotomy of the whole stomach combined with either a Finney pyloroplasty to produce a large gastric outlet or a Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty to produce a relatively small outlet. At 10-22 days after operation gastric emptying was equally and significantly slowed in both groups when compared with the normal controls. This delay occurred regardless of whether the vagotomy was complete or incomplete. At 4-6 months after operation emptying had returned to normal in the patients who had had a Finney pyloroplasty but remained significantly slowed after Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty. Mild symptoms of gastric stasis frequently occurred in both groups in the early postoperative period, but were rare 4-6 months after operation. There was no correlation between the incidence of these early symptoms of stasis and the size of the gastric outlet constructed.", "contents": "The effect of the size of the gastric outlet on gastric emptying after vagotomy for duodenal ulcer. Gastric emptying of isotopically labelled solid meals was studied in normal human subjects and in 30 patients who had had an operation for chronic duodenal ulcer. Each patient had a vagotomy of the whole stomach combined with either a Finney pyloroplasty to produce a large gastric outlet or a Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty to produce a relatively small outlet. At 10-22 days after operation gastric emptying was equally and significantly slowed in both groups when compared with the normal controls. This delay occurred regardless of whether the vagotomy was complete or incomplete. At 4-6 months after operation emptying had returned to normal in the patients who had had a Finney pyloroplasty but remained significantly slowed after Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty. Mild symptoms of gastric stasis frequently occurred in both groups in the early postoperative period, but were rare 4-6 months after operation. There was no correlation between the incidence of these early symptoms of stasis and the size of the gastric outlet constructed.", "PMID": 1191948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12609", "title": "Intrabiliary rupture of hydatid cyst of the liver.", "content": "In a series of 136 cases of hydatid disease affecting various tissues and organs admitted to one surgical unit in the Medical City Hospital, Baghdad, and personally studied and treated by the author, the liver was involved in 94 cases (69-1 per cent) and intrabiliary rupture occurred in 15. Pain in the right upper abdominal quadrant associated with tenderness and rigidity, radiating to the back and right, shoulder, was the presenting feature in almost all the patients. Hectic fever was present in 14. Obstructive jaundice developed in all the patients at some stage of the illness, but was complete with clay-coloured stools in only half. Chills and rigors were present in 67 per cent, eosinophilia in 40 per cent, a positive Casoni's test in 87 per cent, itching with urticaria and weal formation in 20 per cent and a palpable mass in the liver in 67 per cent of cases. Operative treatment is mandatory in order to clean the mother cyst of hydatid membranes, debris and daughter cysts, to explore and clear the common bile duct and to ensure free biliary passage to the duodenum. Sphincterotomy is neither necessary nor advisable, and when the gallbladder is not invaded by the cyst it should be preserved.", "contents": "Intrabiliary rupture of hydatid cyst of the liver. In a series of 136 cases of hydatid disease affecting various tissues and organs admitted to one surgical unit in the Medical City Hospital, Baghdad, and personally studied and treated by the author, the liver was involved in 94 cases (69-1 per cent) and intrabiliary rupture occurred in 15. Pain in the right upper abdominal quadrant associated with tenderness and rigidity, radiating to the back and right, shoulder, was the presenting feature in almost all the patients. Hectic fever was present in 14. Obstructive jaundice developed in all the patients at some stage of the illness, but was complete with clay-coloured stools in only half. Chills and rigors were present in 67 per cent, eosinophilia in 40 per cent, a positive Casoni's test in 87 per cent, itching with urticaria and weal formation in 20 per cent and a palpable mass in the liver in 67 per cent of cases. Operative treatment is mandatory in order to clean the mother cyst of hydatid membranes, debris and daughter cysts, to explore and clear the common bile duct and to ensure free biliary passage to the duodenum. Sphincterotomy is neither necessary nor advisable, and when the gallbladder is not invaded by the cyst it should be preserved.", "PMID": 1191949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12610", "title": "A rare complication of hydrocele.", "content": "A case of multiple stones complicating a hydrocele is presented. Review of the relevant literature has failed to show a similar case. The aetiology of stone formation appears to be obscure.", "contents": "A rare complication of hydrocele. A case of multiple stones complicating a hydrocele is presented. Review of the relevant literature has failed to show a similar case. The aetiology of stone formation appears to be obscure.", "PMID": 1191950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12611", "title": "Experience with 26 reservoir ileostomies.", "content": "A personal experience of 26 reservoir ileostomies is reviewed. There were no operative deaths, but 3 patients developed non-fatal faecal fistula and 6 patients eventually had their reservoir removed for a variety of reasons. No patient given a reservoir without an intussusception valve was fully continent, but of 15 patients with a reservoir incorporating such a valve who were followed up, 9 enjoyed complete continence, though 2 experienced periodic difficulty with stomal intubation. The indications for this operation are discussed.", "contents": "Experience with 26 reservoir ileostomies. A personal experience of 26 reservoir ileostomies is reviewed. There were no operative deaths, but 3 patients developed non-fatal faecal fistula and 6 patients eventually had their reservoir removed for a variety of reasons. No patient given a reservoir without an intussusception valve was fully continent, but of 15 patients with a reservoir incorporating such a valve who were followed up, 9 enjoyed complete continence, though 2 experienced periodic difficulty with stomal intubation. The indications for this operation are discussed.", "PMID": 1191951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12612", "title": "The complications of synchronous combined excision for adenocarcinoma of the rectum at St Mark's Hospital.", "content": "The complications of synchronous combined excision of the rectum for adenocarcinoma in 227 patients were analysed. Urinary retention with infection occurred in 78 patients (34-4 per cent) and was the commonest complication. There was a significant correlation between tumours involving the anterior quadrants of the rectum and urinary complications. Primary suture of the perineal wound with closed drainage was associated with a higher incidence of complications than open drainage. The cumulative risk of a paracolostomy hernia in the sixth postoperative year was approximately 33 per cent. Extraperitoneal colostomy gave some protection against paracolostomy herniation.", "contents": "The complications of synchronous combined excision for adenocarcinoma of the rectum at St Mark's Hospital. The complications of synchronous combined excision of the rectum for adenocarcinoma in 227 patients were analysed. Urinary retention with infection occurred in 78 patients (34-4 per cent) and was the commonest complication. There was a significant correlation between tumours involving the anterior quadrants of the rectum and urinary complications. Primary suture of the perineal wound with closed drainage was associated with a higher incidence of complications than open drainage. The cumulative risk of a paracolostomy hernia in the sixth postoperative year was approximately 33 per cent. Extraperitoneal colostomy gave some protection against paracolostomy herniation.", "PMID": 1191952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12613", "title": "An assessment of the value of the white cell count in the management of suspected acute appendicitis.", "content": "A prospective study of 100 consecutive patients was carried out to determine if a knowledge of the white cell count was a useful factor in determining the correct management of patients presenting with suspected acute appendicitis. A retrospective study of the differential white cell count and neutrophil morphology was performed to see if these investigations would provide more specific aids to diagnosis. These studies show that such haematological information is only of limited supportive value in the total assessment of these patients. Where the clinical findings are at variance with the white cell count, the clinical findings should take precedence.", "contents": "An assessment of the value of the white cell count in the management of suspected acute appendicitis. A prospective study of 100 consecutive patients was carried out to determine if a knowledge of the white cell count was a useful factor in determining the correct management of patients presenting with suspected acute appendicitis. A retrospective study of the differential white cell count and neutrophil morphology was performed to see if these investigations would provide more specific aids to diagnosis. These studies show that such haematological information is only of limited supportive value in the total assessment of these patients. Where the clinical findings are at variance with the white cell count, the clinical findings should take precedence.", "PMID": 1191953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12614", "title": "Comparison of impedance and strain gauge plethysmography in the measurement of blood flow in the lower limb.", "content": "Simultaneous measurement of the flow of blood in the calf in 24 normal volunteers by impedance and mercury strain gauge plethysmography has revealed a systematic difference in the results from the two methods. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of impedance and strain gauge plethysmography in the measurement of blood flow in the lower limb. Simultaneous measurement of the flow of blood in the calf in 24 normal volunteers by impedance and mercury strain gauge plethysmography has revealed a systematic difference in the results from the two methods. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.", "PMID": 1191954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12615", "title": "The surgical cure of primary varicose veins.", "content": "A prime requisite of successful varicose vein surgery is a detailed clinical examination. This reveals a new test for short saphenous incompetence and shows that 14 per cent of varices stem from a saphenopopliteal reflux. The intimate details of juxtafemoral and juxtapopliteal ligation are emphasized and the common causes of failure pointed out. The technique of 'scarless' varicose vein surgery is described. A 6-10-year follow-up of some 2000 patients reveals an overall recurrence rate of 7 per cent.", "contents": "The surgical cure of primary varicose veins. A prime requisite of successful varicose vein surgery is a detailed clinical examination. This reveals a new test for short saphenous incompetence and shows that 14 per cent of varices stem from a saphenopopliteal reflux. The intimate details of juxtafemoral and juxtapopliteal ligation are emphasized and the common causes of failure pointed out. The technique of 'scarless' varicose vein surgery is described. A 6-10-year follow-up of some 2000 patients reveals an overall recurrence rate of 7 per cent.", "PMID": 1191955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12616", "title": "Bilateral simultaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendons.", "content": "A case of bilateral simultaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendons associated with intra-tendon diabetic arteriolosclerosis is described.", "contents": "Bilateral simultaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendons. A case of bilateral simultaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendons associated with intra-tendon diabetic arteriolosclerosis is described.", "PMID": 1191956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12617", "title": "Loose bodies in the elbow.", "content": "This is a retrospective study of 52 patients with loose bodies in the elbow joint. The major cause was osteoarthrosis, accounting for 37 per cent of the cases, and the commonest site was the anterior compartment of the joint. Restriction of elbow extension by 10 degrees or more was the most constant clinical finding. Thirty-three patients were subjected to arthrotomy, with a low complication rate.", "contents": "Loose bodies in the elbow. This is a retrospective study of 52 patients with loose bodies in the elbow joint. The major cause was osteoarthrosis, accounting for 37 per cent of the cases, and the commonest site was the anterior compartment of the joint. Restriction of elbow extension by 10 degrees or more was the most constant clinical finding. Thirty-three patients were subjected to arthrotomy, with a low complication rate.", "PMID": 1191957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12618", "title": "Serum thyrotrophin concentration: an unreliable test for detection of early hypothyroidism after thyroidectomy.", "content": "Three groups of patients who had undergone subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves's disease, toxic multinodular goitre, or euthyroid multinodular goitre 12 to 15 years before and in whom a normal serum thyroxine (T-4) level was found were each divided into two subgroups on the basis of a normal or a raised serum thyrotrophin concentration. There was no difference in mean serum T-4 concentration between patients with normal and those with raised serum thyrotrophin concentrations, and the values were similar to the mean T-4 values of the normal population. The mean serum triiodothyronine values of all groups were higher than normal, but the mean values of the groups with a normal and a raised serum thyrotrophin were similar. After thyroidectomy a mildly raised serum thyrotrophin does not in itself indicate the presence of hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Serum thyrotrophin concentration: an unreliable test for detection of early hypothyroidism after thyroidectomy. Three groups of patients who had undergone subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves's disease, toxic multinodular goitre, or euthyroid multinodular goitre 12 to 15 years before and in whom a normal serum thyroxine (T-4) level was found were each divided into two subgroups on the basis of a normal or a raised serum thyrotrophin concentration. There was no difference in mean serum T-4 concentration between patients with normal and those with raised serum thyrotrophin concentrations, and the values were similar to the mean T-4 values of the normal population. The mean serum triiodothyronine values of all groups were higher than normal, but the mean values of the groups with a normal and a raised serum thyrotrophin were similar. After thyroidectomy a mildly raised serum thyrotrophin does not in itself indicate the presence of hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 1191964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12619", "title": "Silicone foam sponge for pilonidal sinus: a new technique for dressing open granulating wounds.", "content": "A silicone foam sponge has been used to replace the daily packing of deep granulating wounds with moist sterile gauze. In the treatment of pilonidal sinus use of the sponge demands less nursing time and is more comfortable for the patient than the excision and open granulation technique. Patients can usually return to work soon after operation. The method has many applications in surgery, and widespread application of the technique to the management of granulating wounds could result in considerable savings to the NHS in money and skilled nursing time.", "contents": "Silicone foam sponge for pilonidal sinus: a new technique for dressing open granulating wounds. A silicone foam sponge has been used to replace the daily packing of deep granulating wounds with moist sterile gauze. In the treatment of pilonidal sinus use of the sponge demands less nursing time and is more comfortable for the patient than the excision and open granulation technique. Patients can usually return to work soon after operation. The method has many applications in surgery, and widespread application of the technique to the management of granulating wounds could result in considerable savings to the NHS in money and skilled nursing time.", "PMID": 1191965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12620", "title": "Megaloblastic erythropoiesis and macrocytosis in patients on anticonvulsants.", "content": "The results of deoxyuridine suppression tests on the bone marrow cells of 14 patients on anticonvulsant drugs, 11 of whom had evidence of megaloblastic erythropoiesis, indicated that the megaloblastic changes and macrocytosis encountered in treated epileptics are often not caused either by folate deficiency or by drug-induced impairment of the 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate-dependent methylation of deoxyuridylate to thymidylate. A folate-related abnormality in the methylation of deoxyuridylate was found in only two of the 11 patients with megaloblastic erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Megaloblastic erythropoiesis and macrocytosis in patients on anticonvulsants. The results of deoxyuridine suppression tests on the bone marrow cells of 14 patients on anticonvulsant drugs, 11 of whom had evidence of megaloblastic erythropoiesis, indicated that the megaloblastic changes and macrocytosis encountered in treated epileptics are often not caused either by folate deficiency or by drug-induced impairment of the 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate-dependent methylation of deoxyuridylate to thymidylate. A folate-related abnormality in the methylation of deoxyuridylate was found in only two of the 11 patients with megaloblastic erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 1191966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12621", "title": "Survey of general practitioners' attitudes to management of patients with heart attacks.", "content": "Out of 305 general practitioners sent a questionnaire asking how they would treat three hypothetical patients with heart attacks 231 (76%) replied. Of these, only 179 were prepared to make an unqualified choice of home or hospital treatment for a middle-aged man with an uncomplicated attack, 70 (39%) saying that they would keep the patient at home. Practitioners qualifying before 1960 were more likely to do this than those qualifying in 1960 or later. If a patient declined hospital treatment 161 (70%) of the practitioners would keep him in bed for a week or less, but the date of the practitioners' qualification significantly affected the time they would advise him to remain off work. Faced with a patient acutely ill after a heart attack, 162 (70%) of the practitioners would arrange his immediate admission to hospital and 51 (22%) would send him to hospital after initial treatment at home. The numbers of partners in the practice, the nature of the premises, and the location of the practice in urban or rural areas affected the practitioners' attitude to the management of severely ill patients but not to the management of patients with uncomplicated attacks.", "contents": "Survey of general practitioners' attitudes to management of patients with heart attacks. Out of 305 general practitioners sent a questionnaire asking how they would treat three hypothetical patients with heart attacks 231 (76%) replied. Of these, only 179 were prepared to make an unqualified choice of home or hospital treatment for a middle-aged man with an uncomplicated attack, 70 (39%) saying that they would keep the patient at home. Practitioners qualifying before 1960 were more likely to do this than those qualifying in 1960 or later. If a patient declined hospital treatment 161 (70%) of the practitioners would keep him in bed for a week or less, but the date of the practitioners' qualification significantly affected the time they would advise him to remain off work. Faced with a patient acutely ill after a heart attack, 162 (70%) of the practitioners would arrange his immediate admission to hospital and 51 (22%) would send him to hospital after initial treatment at home. The numbers of partners in the practice, the nature of the premises, and the location of the practice in urban or rural areas affected the practitioners' attitude to the management of severely ill patients but not to the management of patients with uncomplicated attacks.", "PMID": 1191971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12622", "title": "Programmed investigation bed.", "content": "A single programmed investigation bed has become a useful addition to a busy male medical ward. Patients had to wait only a short time before being admitted and their stay was shorter than it would have been before the bed was introduced. The use of the bed requires careful planning and the full co-operation of all medical and nursing staff.", "contents": "Programmed investigation bed. A single programmed investigation bed has become a useful addition to a busy male medical ward. Patients had to wait only a short time before being admitted and their stay was shorter than it would have been before the bed was introduced. The use of the bed requires careful planning and the full co-operation of all medical and nursing staff.", "PMID": 1191972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12623", "title": "Enhanced antiplasmin activity in acute renal failure.", "content": "Plasmatic slow plasmin-inhibitor activity was assessed in 20 patients with acute renal failure and 12 controls with the fibrin plate method. The area of fibrinolysis was 250-5 +/- 5 mm2 in the patients and 289 +/- 6mm2 in the controls (P less than 0.001) and was negatively correlated with antiplasmin activity. Thirteen patients had areas of lysis equal to or inferior to the minimal lysis observed in the controls. No correlation was found between antiplasmin activity and serum fibrin-fibrinogen related antigen titres, the presence or absence of disseminated intravascular coagulation, or the causative disease.", "contents": "Enhanced antiplasmin activity in acute renal failure. Plasmatic slow plasmin-inhibitor activity was assessed in 20 patients with acute renal failure and 12 controls with the fibrin plate method. The area of fibrinolysis was 250-5 +/- 5 mm2 in the patients and 289 +/- 6mm2 in the controls (P less than 0.001) and was negatively correlated with antiplasmin activity. Thirteen patients had areas of lysis equal to or inferior to the minimal lysis observed in the controls. No correlation was found between antiplasmin activity and serum fibrin-fibrinogen related antigen titres, the presence or absence of disseminated intravascular coagulation, or the causative disease.", "PMID": 1191995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12624", "title": "Secretion of immunoreactive calcitonin by human breast carcinomas.", "content": "Twenty-three out of 28 patients with metastatic breast carcinoma and one out of 13 patients with localised disease had raised levels of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin. Monolayer cultures of breast carcinomas maintained for up to 10 weeks released immunoreactive calcitonin, and a primary breast carcinoma passaged in \"nude\" mice for over a year contained material immunologically and chromatographically resembling the monomeric form of human calcitonin. These studies indicate that breast carcinomas can produce calcitonin and that plasma calcitonin measurements may be useful in staging patients with breast carcinomas.", "contents": "Secretion of immunoreactive calcitonin by human breast carcinomas. Twenty-three out of 28 patients with metastatic breast carcinoma and one out of 13 patients with localised disease had raised levels of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin. Monolayer cultures of breast carcinomas maintained for up to 10 weeks released immunoreactive calcitonin, and a primary breast carcinoma passaged in \"nude\" mice for over a year contained material immunologically and chromatographically resembling the monomeric form of human calcitonin. These studies indicate that breast carcinomas can produce calcitonin and that plasma calcitonin measurements may be useful in staging patients with breast carcinomas.", "PMID": 1191996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12625", "title": "Observations on the systemic effect of topical clobetasol propionate (Dermovate).", "content": "Topical application of clobetasol propionate in a strength of 0-05% in cream or ointment (Dermovate) suppressed the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in both normal people and patients with diseased skin. In normal people the 9 am serum cortisol level was suppressed when between 45 and 90 g was applied weekly. Insulin stress test results in patients with diseased skin showed an abnormally small response after long-term application of similar amounts. We conclude that long-term administration should be restricted to less than 50 g a week.", "contents": "Observations on the systemic effect of topical clobetasol propionate (Dermovate). Topical application of clobetasol propionate in a strength of 0-05% in cream or ointment (Dermovate) suppressed the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in both normal people and patients with diseased skin. In normal people the 9 am serum cortisol level was suppressed when between 45 and 90 g was applied weekly. Insulin stress test results in patients with diseased skin showed an abnormally small response after long-term application of similar amounts. We conclude that long-term administration should be restricted to less than 50 g a week.", "PMID": 1191997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12626", "title": "Cerebral function before and after carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "Twenty men had their cerebral function measured preoperatively and three months after carotid endarterectomy using the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery. Thirteen patients were cerebrally impaired preoperatively, but 12 of them improved appreciably after surgery. Changes in internal carotid arterial blood flow measured preoperatively showed no significant correlation with the improvement in neuropsychological status. We think that carotid endarterectomy carries an even better prophylaxis for the brain as a whole than had been thought.", "contents": "Cerebral function before and after carotid endarterectomy. Twenty men had their cerebral function measured preoperatively and three months after carotid endarterectomy using the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery. Thirteen patients were cerebrally impaired preoperatively, but 12 of them improved appreciably after surgery. Changes in internal carotid arterial blood flow measured preoperatively showed no significant correlation with the improvement in neuropsychological status. We think that carotid endarterectomy carries an even better prophylaxis for the brain as a whole than had been thought.", "PMID": 1192001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12627", "title": "Contraceptive practice and unplanned pregnancy among single university students.", "content": "The sexual behaviour and contraceptive practices of a random sample of unmarried university students were compared with those of a group attending the student health service with an unplanned pregnancy. The immediate cause of most pregnancies in this series was incorrect use of a rhythm method. Irregularity of the menstrual cycle may have been a contributing factor in many cases. Psychological factors influencing the desire for pregnancy, while present, were not major contributing causes in many pregnancies.", "contents": "Contraceptive practice and unplanned pregnancy among single university students. The sexual behaviour and contraceptive practices of a random sample of unmarried university students were compared with those of a group attending the student health service with an unplanned pregnancy. The immediate cause of most pregnancies in this series was incorrect use of a rhythm method. Irregularity of the menstrual cycle may have been a contributing factor in many cases. Psychological factors influencing the desire for pregnancy, while present, were not major contributing causes in many pregnancies.", "PMID": 1192002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12628", "title": "Access by general practitioners to physiotherapy department of a district general hospital.", "content": "There has been much opposition, voiced most notably in the Tunbridge Report, to general-practitioner access to hospital rehabilitation services. Co-operation between general practitioners, physiotherapists, and the consultant with responsibility for the physiotherapy department at a general district hospital has provided an efficient open-access service. This service has been welcomed by the general practitioners because it supplies prompt treatment for their patients and by the physiotherapists because it enables them to minimise disability by treating musculoskeletal problems at an early stage.", "contents": "Access by general practitioners to physiotherapy department of a district general hospital. There has been much opposition, voiced most notably in the Tunbridge Report, to general-practitioner access to hospital rehabilitation services. Co-operation between general practitioners, physiotherapists, and the consultant with responsibility for the physiotherapy department at a general district hospital has provided an efficient open-access service. This service has been welcomed by the general practitioners because it supplies prompt treatment for their patients and by the physiotherapists because it enables them to minimise disability by treating musculoskeletal problems at an early stage.", "PMID": 1192003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12629", "title": "e Antigen-antibody system as indicator of liver damage in patients with hepatitis-B antigen.", "content": "The clinical relevance of the e antigen-antibody system was investigated in 61 people persistently positive for hepatitis-B surface antigen, including 22 healthy carriers. The e antigen was not detectable in any of the healthy carriers, whereas it was found in 15 out of 28 patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis and two out of 11 with chronic persistent hepatitis. Its presence therefore indicates chronic liver disease but its absence does not exclude it. It may prove to be a particularly useful prognostic aid in chronic persistent hepatitis, since one of the two patients in whom it was found later developed aggressive hepatitis. In contrast, e antibody is of little diagnostic help, for, though it was found mostly in healthy carriers (18;82%), it was also detectable in 9 (23%) of the patients with chronic hepatitis. In 13 (76%) of the patients positive for e antigen Dane particles were seen on electron microscopy, but these were also present in 5 (19%) of the patients positive for e antibody. These findings are consistent with other evidence suggesting that e antigen is not a surface component of the Dane particle, but rather an independent soluble protein manufactured by the host in response to infection with the hepatitis-B virus.", "contents": "e Antigen-antibody system as indicator of liver damage in patients with hepatitis-B antigen. The clinical relevance of the e antigen-antibody system was investigated in 61 people persistently positive for hepatitis-B surface antigen, including 22 healthy carriers. The e antigen was not detectable in any of the healthy carriers, whereas it was found in 15 out of 28 patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis and two out of 11 with chronic persistent hepatitis. Its presence therefore indicates chronic liver disease but its absence does not exclude it. It may prove to be a particularly useful prognostic aid in chronic persistent hepatitis, since one of the two patients in whom it was found later developed aggressive hepatitis. In contrast, e antibody is of little diagnostic help, for, though it was found mostly in healthy carriers (18;82%), it was also detectable in 9 (23%) of the patients with chronic hepatitis. In 13 (76%) of the patients positive for e antigen Dane particles were seen on electron microscopy, but these were also present in 5 (19%) of the patients positive for e antibody. These findings are consistent with other evidence suggesting that e antigen is not a surface component of the Dane particle, but rather an independent soluble protein manufactured by the host in response to infection with the hepatitis-B virus.", "PMID": 1192012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12630", "title": "Does anaemia increase the risks to the fetus caused by smoking in pregnancy?", "content": "A significantly greater rise in carboxyhaemoglobin concentration in response to smoking a single cigarette was shown in pregnant (3-9% increase) as opposed to non-pregnant (2-1% increase) women. This was more pronounced when anaemia was present (5-0% increase) and appeared to be inversely related to the haemoglobin concentration. We suggest that the risks to the fetus may be particularly increased when anaemia complicates pregnancy in women who smoke cigarettes.", "contents": "Does anaemia increase the risks to the fetus caused by smoking in pregnancy? A significantly greater rise in carboxyhaemoglobin concentration in response to smoking a single cigarette was shown in pregnant (3-9% increase) as opposed to non-pregnant (2-1% increase) women. This was more pronounced when anaemia was present (5-0% increase) and appeared to be inversely related to the haemoglobin concentration. We suggest that the risks to the fetus may be particularly increased when anaemia complicates pregnancy in women who smoke cigarettes.", "PMID": 1192013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12631", "title": "Changes in plasma urate concentration immediately after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The plasma urate concentration of 70 patients with acute myocardial infarction increased progressively up to the seventh day and was significantly higher than in a group of 23 patients with ischaemic changes only. Diuretic treatment might have accounted for an early rise in urate levels but the persistent increase seen at seven days could not be so explained.", "contents": "Changes in plasma urate concentration immediately after acute myocardial infarction. The plasma urate concentration of 70 patients with acute myocardial infarction increased progressively up to the seventh day and was significantly higher than in a group of 23 patients with ischaemic changes only. Diuretic treatment might have accounted for an early rise in urate levels but the persistent increase seen at seven days could not be so explained.", "PMID": 1192014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12632", "title": "Student views on continuous assessment at Birmingham University Medical School.", "content": "Student opinion on the system of continuous assessment used at Birmingham Medical School was sampled by distributing questionnaires to 621 students in the first four years of the course; 482 questionnaires (78%) were returned. Many comments and criticisms of the system were received but the vast majority of students (92%) said they preferred the present style of assessment to conventional final examinations. These criticisms are discussed and recommendations are made to improve the existing scheme.", "contents": "Student views on continuous assessment at Birmingham University Medical School. Student opinion on the system of continuous assessment used at Birmingham Medical School was sampled by distributing questionnaires to 621 students in the first four years of the course; 482 questionnaires (78%) were returned. Many comments and criticisms of the system were received but the vast majority of students (92%) said they preferred the present style of assessment to conventional final examinations. These criticisms are discussed and recommendations are made to improve the existing scheme.", "PMID": 1192017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12633", "title": "Inflicted burns and scalds in children.", "content": "Ten children who had been burnt and six who had been scalded by parents or those caring for them were seen over three years. In no case did the thermal injury affect more than 5% of the body surface and there were no deaths. In seven the perineum or buttocks were in the burnt area. In 12 children there was evidence of other inflicted injury including six recent fractures. Staff caring for burnt children should be aware of this type of inflicted injury. X-ray skeletal surveys should be carried out in doubtful cases and a case conference initiated with the appropriate social work services to consider supervising the family after the child's discharge or taking legal care proceedings.", "contents": "Inflicted burns and scalds in children. Ten children who had been burnt and six who had been scalded by parents or those caring for them were seen over three years. In no case did the thermal injury affect more than 5% of the body surface and there were no deaths. In seven the perineum or buttocks were in the burnt area. In 12 children there was evidence of other inflicted injury including six recent fractures. Staff caring for burnt children should be aware of this type of inflicted injury. X-ray skeletal surveys should be carried out in doubtful cases and a case conference initiated with the appropriate social work services to consider supervising the family after the child's discharge or taking legal care proceedings.", "PMID": 1192018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12634", "title": "Changing status of doctors in Finland.", "content": "This short sociological study discusses the changing status of doctors, in regard to both non-medical administrators and the public. Though based on observations in Finland I also see similar trends in other countries, trends which are associated with rapid social change in the West generally. These developments will lead to changes in the esteem in which a community holds its doctors.", "contents": "Changing status of doctors in Finland. This short sociological study discusses the changing status of doctors, in regard to both non-medical administrators and the public. Though based on observations in Finland I also see similar trends in other countries, trends which are associated with rapid social change in the West generally. These developments will lead to changes in the esteem in which a community holds its doctors.", "PMID": 1192019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12635", "title": "Effects of influx of holidaymakers on an acute medical unit in Cornwall.", "content": "This paper illustrates the effect of a large influx of holidaymakers on a medical unit in Cornwall. Increasing numbers of visitors are coming to Cornwall and, unless adequate resources are allocated for their efficient medical care, the medical facilities available to the residents will suffer greatly.", "contents": "Effects of influx of holidaymakers on an acute medical unit in Cornwall. This paper illustrates the effect of a large influx of holidaymakers on a medical unit in Cornwall. Increasing numbers of visitors are coming to Cornwall and, unless adequate resources are allocated for their efficient medical care, the medical facilities available to the residents will suffer greatly.", "PMID": 1192020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12636", "title": "Absorption and metabolism of nicotine from cigarettes.", "content": "Eight men volunteers each smoked a single cirgarette containing 14C-nicotine and gave arterial blood samples during and for 50 minutes after smoking. The maximum concentration of nicotine in the arterial blood ranged from 31 to 41 mug/l in four regular cigarette smokers who inhaled. Two non-smokers achieved maximum levels of 2 and 4 mug/l. On a separate occasion two of the inhalers received 1 mg. 14C-nicotine in 10 divided doses injected intravenously. In both cases the peak arterial nicotine concentrations bore a similar relationship to the intravenous dose, as did the peak nicotine concentrations to the retained doses during smoking.", "contents": "Absorption and metabolism of nicotine from cigarettes. Eight men volunteers each smoked a single cirgarette containing 14C-nicotine and gave arterial blood samples during and for 50 minutes after smoking. The maximum concentration of nicotine in the arterial blood ranged from 31 to 41 mug/l in four regular cigarette smokers who inhaled. Two non-smokers achieved maximum levels of 2 and 4 mug/l. On a separate occasion two of the inhalers received 1 mg. 14C-nicotine in 10 divided doses injected intravenously. In both cases the peak arterial nicotine concentrations bore a similar relationship to the intravenous dose, as did the peak nicotine concentrations to the retained doses during smoking.", "PMID": 1192046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12637", "title": "Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration in children.", "content": "Using semi-micro methods, plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PA) were measured concurrently in 79 healthy children aged 1 month to 15 years to establish a reference range. PRA and PA varied inversely with age. Eleven children with renal hypertension had higher PRA and PA than age-matched controls. In contrast, PRA was much greater in 38 saline-depleted children. PA was not uniformly increased in this group and was within the normal range in children with adrenal diseases compared with the high values seen in other salt-wasting states. The findings emphasise the need to relate data from patients to age-matched control values before attempting interpretation and suggest that sodium depletion is a more potent stimulator of renin-aldosterone release than renovascular disease or renal scarring in children. Plasma renin-aldosterone profiles were also valuable in discriminating between renal and adrenal causes of salt loss in childhood.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration in children. Using semi-micro methods, plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PA) were measured concurrently in 79 healthy children aged 1 month to 15 years to establish a reference range. PRA and PA varied inversely with age. Eleven children with renal hypertension had higher PRA and PA than age-matched controls. In contrast, PRA was much greater in 38 saline-depleted children. PA was not uniformly increased in this group and was within the normal range in children with adrenal diseases compared with the high values seen in other salt-wasting states. The findings emphasise the need to relate data from patients to age-matched control values before attempting interpretation and suggest that sodium depletion is a more potent stimulator of renin-aldosterone release than renovascular disease or renal scarring in children. Plasma renin-aldosterone profiles were also valuable in discriminating between renal and adrenal causes of salt loss in childhood.", "PMID": 1192047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12638", "title": "Idiopathic heart block: association with vitiligo, thyroid disease, pernicious anaemia, and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Out of 100 patients with chronic heart block 16 had one or more autoimmune disorders-namely, vitiligo (5,) hypothyroidism (4), Graves's disease (1), pernicious anaemia (2), and diabetes mellitus (9). All these disorders occurred with greater frequency than normal and were more prevalent than in a group of hospital inpatients of comparable age. Autoantibodies were not increased. We suggest that among patients with idiopathic heart block there is a subgroup with multiple autoimmune disorders.", "contents": "Idiopathic heart block: association with vitiligo, thyroid disease, pernicious anaemia, and diabetes mellitus. Out of 100 patients with chronic heart block 16 had one or more autoimmune disorders-namely, vitiligo (5,) hypothyroidism (4), Graves's disease (1), pernicious anaemia (2), and diabetes mellitus (9). All these disorders occurred with greater frequency than normal and were more prevalent than in a group of hospital inpatients of comparable age. Autoantibodies were not increased. We suggest that among patients with idiopathic heart block there is a subgroup with multiple autoimmune disorders.", "PMID": 1192048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12639", "title": "Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin level and nerve conduction velocity in end-stage renal disease.", "content": "Increased free erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentrations and depressed motor nerve conduction velocities (MNCV) were observed in 45 patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Neither of these findings could be correlated with age, duration or frequency of dialysis, or the degree of uraemia present. A strong negative correlation (r=--0-53; P less than 0-001), however, existed between the free erythrocyte protoporphyrin level and the MNCV, which suggested either (a) a direct effect of iron status on nerve function, or (b) a toxic factor in \"uraemia\" that depresses both nerve conduction and haemsynthetase activity.", "contents": "Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin level and nerve conduction velocity in end-stage renal disease. Increased free erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentrations and depressed motor nerve conduction velocities (MNCV) were observed in 45 patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Neither of these findings could be correlated with age, duration or frequency of dialysis, or the degree of uraemia present. A strong negative correlation (r=--0-53; P less than 0-001), however, existed between the free erythrocyte protoporphyrin level and the MNCV, which suggested either (a) a direct effect of iron status on nerve function, or (b) a toxic factor in \"uraemia\" that depresses both nerve conduction and haemsynthetase activity.", "PMID": 1192049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12640", "title": "Mortality study of pathologists and medical laboratory technicians.", "content": "Membership lists of professional bodies were used to establish study populations of British pathologists (1955-73) and medical laboratory technicians (1963-73). The standardised mortality ratio (SMR) for pathologists was 60 and for medical laboratory technicians 67. Twenty-seven of the 310 deaths were due to suicide. These numbers gave SMRs of 250 for pathologists and 243 for medical laboratory technicians. Suicide was the commonest cause of death in female technicians. Access to lethal chemicals at work is a possible factor explaining the high proportion of suicide by poisoning compared with the general population. Suicide rates for pathologists exceed those of all medical practitioners; similary medical laboratory have higher rates than all laboratory technicians. Excess deaths from lymphatic and haemopoietic neoplasms were noted in English male pathologists (observed 8, expected 3-3; P less than 0-01). This difference is not due to Hodgkin's disease or leukaemia and remains unexplained. No other neoplastic diseases were noted as causing excess mortality in either occupational group but a small, possibly spurious, excess number of deaths was noted for aortic aneurysm in male pathologists (observed 4, expected 1-8).", "contents": "Mortality study of pathologists and medical laboratory technicians. Membership lists of professional bodies were used to establish study populations of British pathologists (1955-73) and medical laboratory technicians (1963-73). The standardised mortality ratio (SMR) for pathologists was 60 and for medical laboratory technicians 67. Twenty-seven of the 310 deaths were due to suicide. These numbers gave SMRs of 250 for pathologists and 243 for medical laboratory technicians. Suicide was the commonest cause of death in female technicians. Access to lethal chemicals at work is a possible factor explaining the high proportion of suicide by poisoning compared with the general population. Suicide rates for pathologists exceed those of all medical practitioners; similary medical laboratory have higher rates than all laboratory technicians. Excess deaths from lymphatic and haemopoietic neoplasms were noted in English male pathologists (observed 8, expected 3-3; P less than 0-01). This difference is not due to Hodgkin's disease or leukaemia and remains unexplained. No other neoplastic diseases were noted as causing excess mortality in either occupational group but a small, possibly spurious, excess number of deaths was noted for aortic aneurysm in male pathologists (observed 4, expected 1-8).", "PMID": 1192055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12641", "title": "200 injuries caused by playground equipment.", "content": "Two-hundred children with injuries caused by playground equipment were studied. Whereas only about 9% of the total casualty attendances are for fractures, 26-5% (53) of these children had fractures. The climbing frame and the slide seemed to be associated with more severe injuries than the swing or other equipment, but more cases need to be studied to confirm this. The youngest children were at particular risk on equipment such as the wooden rocking horse or roundabout, when the speed of operation could be controlled by older children. Many of the injuries to the very youngest children occurred when they were walking behind a moving swing. Faulty equipment did not seem to be a major factor in causing accidents, but the use by older children of apparatus designed for young ones led to accidents. There was supervision, either at home, in a school playground, or in a park, in 62% of the cases. Many of the accidents were the result of the normal desire of children for experimentation and adventure.", "contents": "200 injuries caused by playground equipment. Two-hundred children with injuries caused by playground equipment were studied. Whereas only about 9% of the total casualty attendances are for fractures, 26-5% (53) of these children had fractures. The climbing frame and the slide seemed to be associated with more severe injuries than the swing or other equipment, but more cases need to be studied to confirm this. The youngest children were at particular risk on equipment such as the wooden rocking horse or roundabout, when the speed of operation could be controlled by older children. Many of the injuries to the very youngest children occurred when they were walking behind a moving swing. Faulty equipment did not seem to be a major factor in causing accidents, but the use by older children of apparatus designed for young ones led to accidents. There was supervision, either at home, in a school playground, or in a park, in 62% of the cases. Many of the accidents were the result of the normal desire of children for experimentation and adventure.", "PMID": 1192056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12642", "title": "Recurrent sigmoid volvulus in young people: a missed diagnosis.", "content": "In nine young patients with recurrent attacks of sigmoid volvulus there was a long delay before a correct diagnosis was made, yet volvulus was indicated in most of them by a well-taken history. All were treated successfully by excision of the redundant colon. This condition is not as uncommon in young people as was thought.", "contents": "Recurrent sigmoid volvulus in young people: a missed diagnosis. In nine young patients with recurrent attacks of sigmoid volvulus there was a long delay before a correct diagnosis was made, yet volvulus was indicated in most of them by a well-taken history. All were treated successfully by excision of the redundant colon. This condition is not as uncommon in young people as was thought.", "PMID": 1192057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12643", "title": "Metal sensitivity in patients with joint replacement arthroplasties.", "content": "A high incidence of unexpected metal sensitivity was found in patients with metal-to-metal (McKee) hip arthroplasties. Patients with metal-to-plastic (Charnley) prostheses had no greater incidence of metal sensitivity than a control group awaiting operation. If metal sensitivity does occur loosening of the prosthesis may be a complication.", "contents": "Metal sensitivity in patients with joint replacement arthroplasties. A high incidence of unexpected metal sensitivity was found in patients with metal-to-metal (McKee) hip arthroplasties. Patients with metal-to-plastic (Charnley) prostheses had no greater incidence of metal sensitivity than a control group awaiting operation. If metal sensitivity does occur loosening of the prosthesis may be a complication.", "PMID": 1192078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12644", "title": "Incidence of metal sensitivity in patients with total joint replacements.", "content": "Sensitivity to chromium, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, and titanium was studied by patch tests in 50 patients who had received total joint replacements. Nineteen (38%) were sensitive to one or more of the metals. In 23 patients non-traumatic failure of the prosthesis had occurred, and 15 of these patients were sensitive to metal. Out of 27 patients with no evidence of prosthesis loosening, four were sensitive to nickel and cobalt or nickel only. Dermatological reactions occurred in 13 patients after surgery; in only eight, however, was there evidence of metal sensitivity. These findings indicate that metal-on-metal total joint replacements may sensitise the patient to metals contained in the prosthesis. Although there is a high incidence of prosthesis failure among metal-sensitive patients it remains uncertain whether the loosening causes the sensitisation or vice versa.", "contents": "Incidence of metal sensitivity in patients with total joint replacements. Sensitivity to chromium, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, and titanium was studied by patch tests in 50 patients who had received total joint replacements. Nineteen (38%) were sensitive to one or more of the metals. In 23 patients non-traumatic failure of the prosthesis had occurred, and 15 of these patients were sensitive to metal. Out of 27 patients with no evidence of prosthesis loosening, four were sensitive to nickel and cobalt or nickel only. Dermatological reactions occurred in 13 patients after surgery; in only eight, however, was there evidence of metal sensitivity. These findings indicate that metal-on-metal total joint replacements may sensitise the patient to metals contained in the prosthesis. Although there is a high incidence of prosthesis failure among metal-sensitive patients it remains uncertain whether the loosening causes the sensitisation or vice versa.", "PMID": 1192079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12645", "title": "Acute cardiomyopathy with rhabdomyolysis in chronic alcoholism.", "content": "Of five chronic alcoholics with acute skeletal muscle necrosis (rhabdomyolysis) three developed acute heart failure with disturbances of rhythm and conduction. Symptoms came on abruptly after a period of intensified drinking. Myocardial infarction, thiamine deficiency, and cobalt intoxication were excluded. Probably the whole spectrum of muscle disease in chronic alcoholism may be commoner than has been suspected.", "contents": "Acute cardiomyopathy with rhabdomyolysis in chronic alcoholism. Of five chronic alcoholics with acute skeletal muscle necrosis (rhabdomyolysis) three developed acute heart failure with disturbances of rhythm and conduction. Symptoms came on abruptly after a period of intensified drinking. Myocardial infarction, thiamine deficiency, and cobalt intoxication were excluded. Probably the whole spectrum of muscle disease in chronic alcoholism may be commoner than has been suspected.", "PMID": 1192080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12646", "title": "Peripheral paediatric clinics: survey and medical audit.", "content": "The work of the paediatric clinics in nine general-practitioner hospitals in country towns in the Bath Health District during 1972 was analysed with respect to the pattern of referrals and methods of management. It is concluded that no child suffered harm from being seen in a clinic without full laboratory and x-ray facilities. Nearly 98% of the consultations were deemed, even with a long period of hindsight, to have been completely satisfactory. The tremendous benefit to the patients and their families of being seen in a hospital near their home is not bought at the cost of a second-rate medical service.", "contents": "Peripheral paediatric clinics: survey and medical audit. The work of the paediatric clinics in nine general-practitioner hospitals in country towns in the Bath Health District during 1972 was analysed with respect to the pattern of referrals and methods of management. It is concluded that no child suffered harm from being seen in a clinic without full laboratory and x-ray facilities. Nearly 98% of the consultations were deemed, even with a long period of hindsight, to have been completely satisfactory. The tremendous benefit to the patients and their families of being seen in a hospital near their home is not bought at the cost of a second-rate medical service.", "PMID": 1192085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12647", "title": "Problems in distinguishing tuberculosis of bowel from Crohn's disease in Asians.", "content": "The cases of five immigrants with definite or almost certain intestinal tuberculosis are described. Because of the clinical, pathological, and radiological features all were thought as some time, often for long periods, to have Crohn's disease. Recommendations are made for medical and surgical treatment.", "contents": "Problems in distinguishing tuberculosis of bowel from Crohn's disease in Asians. The cases of five immigrants with definite or almost certain intestinal tuberculosis are described. Because of the clinical, pathological, and radiological features all were thought as some time, often for long periods, to have Crohn's disease. Recommendations are made for medical and surgical treatment.", "PMID": 1192087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12648", "title": "Prevalence of gall stones in Dundee: a necropsy study.", "content": "Necropsy records from two large general hospitals in Dundee showed short-term fluctuations in the prevalence of gall stones that had not previously been described. There was no evidence of a rise in the standardised prevalence rate between 1902-9 and 1953-73. A spurious increase was apparent from the crude prevalence rates for these periods, which resulted simply from the increased age of the patients in the later period. Since there was no real increase in prevalence no conclusions can be drawn about dietary or other changes. Patients with stones in the common bile duct were likely to die from an associated cause. This related mainly to a high mortality rate in women. In patients with established epilepsy the prevalence of gall stones was greater than expected, which suggests that phenobarbitone does not diminish the likelihood of gall stones.", "contents": "Prevalence of gall stones in Dundee: a necropsy study. Necropsy records from two large general hospitals in Dundee showed short-term fluctuations in the prevalence of gall stones that had not previously been described. There was no evidence of a rise in the standardised prevalence rate between 1902-9 and 1953-73. A spurious increase was apparent from the crude prevalence rates for these periods, which resulted simply from the increased age of the patients in the later period. Since there was no real increase in prevalence no conclusions can be drawn about dietary or other changes. Patients with stones in the common bile duct were likely to die from an associated cause. This related mainly to a high mortality rate in women. In patients with established epilepsy the prevalence of gall stones was greater than expected, which suggests that phenobarbitone does not diminish the likelihood of gall stones.", "PMID": 1192109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12649", "title": "Hospital discharge reports: content and design.", "content": "The information required by family doctors on initial and final discharge reports from hospitals was specified and 546 such reports from hospitals in Aylesbury, Amersham, Banbury, Oxford, and High Wycombe were reviewed for the availability and accessibility of important information. Several items could have been recorded better, including the name of the hospital, the specialty (or department) concerned, and the name of the consultant in charge of the case. Drug reactions seemed to be under-reported in the initial discharge reports and information about treatment on discharge was inadequate. The recording of the prognosis and information given to the patient was deficient and communication on follow-up needs to be improved. The use of obscure abbreviations was widespread. There is room for improvement in the ease of access to important information, especially the diagnostic assessment, and the time taken for final reports to reach the general practitioner.", "contents": "Hospital discharge reports: content and design. The information required by family doctors on initial and final discharge reports from hospitals was specified and 546 such reports from hospitals in Aylesbury, Amersham, Banbury, Oxford, and High Wycombe were reviewed for the availability and accessibility of important information. Several items could have been recorded better, including the name of the hospital, the specialty (or department) concerned, and the name of the consultant in charge of the case. Drug reactions seemed to be under-reported in the initial discharge reports and information about treatment on discharge was inadequate. The recording of the prognosis and information given to the patient was deficient and communication on follow-up needs to be improved. The use of obscure abbreviations was widespread. There is room for improvement in the ease of access to important information, especially the diagnostic assessment, and the time taken for final reports to reach the general practitioner.", "PMID": 1192112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12650", "title": "Surgical instruments and dressings: an information service.", "content": "A regional information service on surgical equipment, instruments, and dressings is proposed that would be staffed by information scientists. It would appreciably reduce the time spent on administration and make the buying of equipment more efficient. Such a service could be extended to all health service staff.", "contents": "Surgical instruments and dressings: an information service. A regional information service on surgical equipment, instruments, and dressings is proposed that would be staffed by information scientists. It would appreciably reduce the time spent on administration and make the buying of equipment more efficient. Such a service could be extended to all health service staff.", "PMID": 1192114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12651", "title": "Changes in breast volume during normal menstrual cycle and after oral contraceptives.", "content": "The volume of the left and right breasts was measured daily in four nulliparous women during normal menstrual cycles and after the use of oral contraceptives. Breast volume increased significantly in the second half of both normal and contraceptive-controlled cycles. The mean total change in volume throughout the cycle was 100 ml under natural conditions and 66 ml on oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Changes in breast volume during normal menstrual cycle and after oral contraceptives. The volume of the left and right breasts was measured daily in four nulliparous women during normal menstrual cycles and after the use of oral contraceptives. Breast volume increased significantly in the second half of both normal and contraceptive-controlled cycles. The mean total change in volume throughout the cycle was 100 ml under natural conditions and 66 ml on oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 1192144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12652", "title": "Role of pelvimetry in active management of labour.", "content": "All cases referred for pelvimetry in 1970-1 and all breech presentations referred for pelvimetry in 1972-4 were reviewed. Indications for pelvimetry fell into four main categories: high head in the antenatal clinic (47-8%); high head in labour (13-9%); breech presentation (20-9%); and previous caesarean section (14-8%). In the first two categories pelvimetry rarely if ever influenced management, and it should not be performed routinely. In breech presentation and cases of caesarean section pelvimetry seemed to be of value, but in the latter group it should be performed puerperally to avoid the known radiation hazard to the fetus. A fairly close correlation between obstetric conjugate and pelvic capacity was shown, which suggested that a 3400-g baby might pass through a pelvis of obstetric conjugate of 10 cm as a cephalic trial of labour, but would need an obstetric conjugate of 11-7 cm for safe vaginal breech delivery.", "contents": "Role of pelvimetry in active management of labour. All cases referred for pelvimetry in 1970-1 and all breech presentations referred for pelvimetry in 1972-4 were reviewed. Indications for pelvimetry fell into four main categories: high head in the antenatal clinic (47-8%); high head in labour (13-9%); breech presentation (20-9%); and previous caesarean section (14-8%). In the first two categories pelvimetry rarely if ever influenced management, and it should not be performed routinely. In breech presentation and cases of caesarean section pelvimetry seemed to be of value, but in the latter group it should be performed puerperally to avoid the known radiation hazard to the fetus. A fairly close correlation between obstetric conjugate and pelvic capacity was shown, which suggested that a 3400-g baby might pass through a pelvis of obstetric conjugate of 10 cm as a cephalic trial of labour, but would need an obstetric conjugate of 11-7 cm for safe vaginal breech delivery.", "PMID": 1192147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12653", "title": "Histories obtained by two-stage questionnaire with automated transcript in specialist gynaecological practice.", "content": "A two-stage questionnaire which the patient completes at home has been developed for use by gynaecological outpatients. The first stage (root) identifies the patient's problem and obtains general background information. The second stage (branch) deals with the presenting problem in depth. The system has proved highly acceptable to patients. At the clinic a non-medical assistant uses a programmed typewriter to transcribe the data into a typewritten history which is handed to the doctor before he examines the patient. The transcript compares favourably with the conventional hand-written history in content, ease of assimilation, and cost. While the questionnaire itself is an excellent means of collecting information it becomes an efficient means of transmitting information to the clinician only when combined with the transcript facility. There is no storage of confidential information and no scope for unethical disclosure.", "contents": "Histories obtained by two-stage questionnaire with automated transcript in specialist gynaecological practice. A two-stage questionnaire which the patient completes at home has been developed for use by gynaecological outpatients. The first stage (root) identifies the patient's problem and obtains general background information. The second stage (branch) deals with the presenting problem in depth. The system has proved highly acceptable to patients. At the clinic a non-medical assistant uses a programmed typewriter to transcribe the data into a typewritten history which is handed to the doctor before he examines the patient. The transcript compares favourably with the conventional hand-written history in content, ease of assimilation, and cost. While the questionnaire itself is an excellent means of collecting information it becomes an efficient means of transmitting information to the clinician only when combined with the transcript facility. There is no storage of confidential information and no scope for unethical disclosure.", "PMID": 1192149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12654", "title": "The clinical psychologist in a health centre: one year's work.", "content": "The Livingston integrated health services project is an attempt to provide a fully integrated area health service with special emphasis on developing multidisciplinary community health teams. As part of this experiment a clinical psychologist was appointed to work in general practice. Ninety-four patients with behavioural, emotional, and cognitive problems were referred in the first year (1% of the 10 000 patients registered at the practice). The psychologist thus provided treatment for some patients who would otherwise have been seen by a general practitioner with neither the time nor the training to deal adequately with their problems.", "contents": "The clinical psychologist in a health centre: one year's work. The Livingston integrated health services project is an attempt to provide a fully integrated area health service with special emphasis on developing multidisciplinary community health teams. As part of this experiment a clinical psychologist was appointed to work in general practice. Ninety-four patients with behavioural, emotional, and cognitive problems were referred in the first year (1% of the 10 000 patients registered at the practice). The psychologist thus provided treatment for some patients who would otherwise have been seen by a general practitioner with neither the time nor the training to deal adequately with their problems.", "PMID": 1192150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12655", "title": "Laminar thermocoagulation of the visual cortex of the rat. I. Interlaminar connections.", "content": "Lesions were made in the visual cortex of hooded rats by laminar thermocoagulation and later examined using modifications of the Fink-Heimer method. Following lesions limited to supragranular layers a dense, descending projection to layer V was identified, as well as a probable projection to deep layer III, callosal and cortico-cortical projections, but no subcortical projections. The morphological changes in the degenerating systems were examined as a function of survival time. The anatomical basis of functional derangement related to superficial lesions of visual cortex was discussed.", "contents": "Laminar thermocoagulation of the visual cortex of the rat. I. Interlaminar connections. Lesions were made in the visual cortex of hooded rats by laminar thermocoagulation and later examined using modifications of the Fink-Heimer method. Following lesions limited to supragranular layers a dense, descending projection to layer V was identified, as well as a probable projection to deep layer III, callosal and cortico-cortical projections, but no subcortical projections. The morphological changes in the degenerating systems were examined as a function of survival time. The anatomical basis of functional derangement related to superficial lesions of visual cortex was discussed.", "PMID": 1192174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12656", "title": "Laminar thermocoagulation of the visual cortex in the rat. II. Visual pattern discrimination.", "content": "Hooded rats were trained on a series of four visual discrimination tasks in a Y-maze, and subjected to a variety of posterior cortical lesions. In 17 animals this consisted of an extensive aspiration lesion contralateral to a more superficial lesion made by laminar thermocoagulation and centered over the striate area. After operation the animals were tested on the same problem series. The behavioral deficit in this group varied with the extent and depth of the thermal lesion, and six animals with very superficial thermal lesions displayed an isolated difficulty in solving an encircled triangle problem. This deficit seemed to be referable to widespread involvement of supragranular cortex, and specifically of layer I of area striata which receives an input from the nonspecific thalamocortical afferents. The possible influence of various interlaminar projections upon underlying vertically-oriented cell columns as a mechanism for the mediation of 'selective attention' was discussed.", "contents": "Laminar thermocoagulation of the visual cortex in the rat. II. Visual pattern discrimination. Hooded rats were trained on a series of four visual discrimination tasks in a Y-maze, and subjected to a variety of posterior cortical lesions. In 17 animals this consisted of an extensive aspiration lesion contralateral to a more superficial lesion made by laminar thermocoagulation and centered over the striate area. After operation the animals were tested on the same problem series. The behavioral deficit in this group varied with the extent and depth of the thermal lesion, and six animals with very superficial thermal lesions displayed an isolated difficulty in solving an encircled triangle problem. This deficit seemed to be referable to widespread involvement of supragranular cortex, and specifically of layer I of area striata which receives an input from the nonspecific thalamocortical afferents. The possible influence of various interlaminar projections upon underlying vertically-oriented cell columns as a mechanism for the mediation of 'selective attention' was discussed.", "PMID": 1192175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12657", "title": "Projections of the trapezoid body and the superior olivary complex of the Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami).", "content": "Glass micropipettes filled with 2 M sodium cyanide were used to physiologically locate and iontophoretically damage the nucleus of the trapezoid body (NTB), the medial superior olive (MSO), and the lateral superior olive (LSO). Mechanical lesions were made in the trapezoid body as it leaves the cochlear nuclei. After a 3- to 10-day survival time the projections and terminal degeneration were traced with the Fink-Heimer and Nauta-Gygax stains. The ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) projects via the trapezoid body to ipsilateral LSO, ipsilateral preolivary nuclei, ipsilateral lateral and a contralateral medial dendritic fields of MSO, and contralateral NTB; there is also a small ipsilateral projection to the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) and the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CNIC). Some trapezoid body fibers ascend via the contralateral lateral lemniscus to VNLL, DNLL (dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus), and CNIC. There is no projection from the ventral cochlear nucleus to the ipsilateral NTB and contralateral preolivary nuclei. All portions of NTB project ipsilaterally to LSO (ventral NTB to dorsomedial LSO, dorsal NTB to ventral LSO) and to the retro-olivary nucleus. In two animals with NTB lesions there is also degeneration in the ventromedial portion of the ipsilateral facial nucleus. NTB projects contralaterally by way of the stria of Monakow to the pyramidal and molecular cell layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). The NTB does not project ipsilaterally to MSO, preolivary nuclei, VNLL, DNLL and CNIC. Contralaterally there are no projections to any of the nuclei of the auditory pathway except the DCN. Most MSO projections are ipsilateral. The densest goes by way of the lateral lemniscus to the lateral aspect of the ipsilateral CNIC, terminating throughout its dorsoventral axis. MSO also projects bilaterally to the pyramidal and molecular cell layers of dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), and ipsilaterally to the ventral portion of the motor nucleus of V and to the facial nucleus. MSO does not project ipsilaterally to the LSO, NTB, preolivary, VCN and retro-olivary nuclei. On the contralateral side, all structures except the DCN are free of projection patterns from axons originating in the MSO. LSO projects bilaterally to the central and ventral portions of CNIC and to the nuclei of the lateral lemnisci, and ipsilaterally to the large and small spherical cell areas of anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) and to all portions of DCN. The LSO does not project ipsilaterally to the NTB, MSO, preolivary and retro-olivary nuclei. On the side opposite, this nucleus does not project to NTB, MSO, retro-olive, VCN, preolivary and LSO. For all lesions regardless of the site, there is no degeneration found rostral to the CNIC. The medial geniculate body or other structures in the diencephalon or cortex are free of any fields of terminal degeneration.", "contents": "Projections of the trapezoid body and the superior olivary complex of the Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami). Glass micropipettes filled with 2 M sodium cyanide were used to physiologically locate and iontophoretically damage the nucleus of the trapezoid body (NTB), the medial superior olive (MSO), and the lateral superior olive (LSO). Mechanical lesions were made in the trapezoid body as it leaves the cochlear nuclei. After a 3- to 10-day survival time the projections and terminal degeneration were traced with the Fink-Heimer and Nauta-Gygax stains. The ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) projects via the trapezoid body to ipsilateral LSO, ipsilateral preolivary nuclei, ipsilateral lateral and a contralateral medial dendritic fields of MSO, and contralateral NTB; there is also a small ipsilateral projection to the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) and the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CNIC). Some trapezoid body fibers ascend via the contralateral lateral lemniscus to VNLL, DNLL (dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus), and CNIC. There is no projection from the ventral cochlear nucleus to the ipsilateral NTB and contralateral preolivary nuclei. All portions of NTB project ipsilaterally to LSO (ventral NTB to dorsomedial LSO, dorsal NTB to ventral LSO) and to the retro-olivary nucleus. In two animals with NTB lesions there is also degeneration in the ventromedial portion of the ipsilateral facial nucleus. NTB projects contralaterally by way of the stria of Monakow to the pyramidal and molecular cell layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). The NTB does not project ipsilaterally to MSO, preolivary nuclei, VNLL, DNLL and CNIC. Contralaterally there are no projections to any of the nuclei of the auditory pathway except the DCN. Most MSO projections are ipsilateral. The densest goes by way of the lateral lemniscus to the lateral aspect of the ipsilateral CNIC, terminating throughout its dorsoventral axis. MSO also projects bilaterally to the pyramidal and molecular cell layers of dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), and ipsilaterally to the ventral portion of the motor nucleus of V and to the facial nucleus. MSO does not project ipsilaterally to the LSO, NTB, preolivary, VCN and retro-olivary nuclei. On the contralateral side, all structures except the DCN are free of projection patterns from axons originating in the MSO. LSO projects bilaterally to the central and ventral portions of CNIC and to the nuclei of the lateral lemnisci, and ipsilaterally to the large and small spherical cell areas of anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) and to all portions of DCN. The LSO does not project ipsilaterally to the NTB, MSO, preolivary and retro-olivary nuclei. On the side opposite, this nucleus does not project to NTB, MSO, retro-olive, VCN, preolivary and LSO. For all lesions regardless of the site, there is no degeneration found rostral to the CNIC. The medial geniculate body or other structures in the diencephalon or cortex are free of any fields of terminal degeneration.", "PMID": 1192176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12658", "title": "Repetitive vocalizations evoked by electrical stimulation of avian brains. IV. Evoked and spontaneous activity in expiratory and inspiratory nerves and muscles of the chicken (Gallus gallus).", "content": "The activity in respiratory nerves and muscles in response to electrical stimulation of vocal substrates in the brain and to CO2 stimulation of the respiratory centers was studied in 28 adult chickens. It was found that the same nerves and muscles were active during both vocalization and respiration. Stimulation of vocal substrates resulted in short latency bursting in the expiratory nerves and muscles. As stimulation intensity increased, progressively longer duration bursts composed of numerous subbursts were produced. By relating muscle activity with sound production , such bursting was shown to underlie evoked vocalizations. Background activity in inspiratory nerves and muscles continued uninterruptedly past stimulus onset only stopping when expiratory activity began. Thereafter inspiratory bursting reciprocated with expiratory bursting and was shown to underlie the intervals between vocalizations. The pattern of activity which was evoked by stimulating vocal substrates was found to strongly interact with the pattern of activity evoked by CO2 stimulation of the respiratory system. Simultaneous records of respiratory and tracheal muscles demonstrated that the same information was sent to both groups of muscles during evoked vocalization. Activity in the respiratory muscles was recorded during spontaneous vocalization of a free-moving bird and was found to resemble that recorded from anesthetized birds. Finally the activity of single units in the obex region of the medulla was recorded during electrical stimulation of vocal substrates and during CO2 stimulation of the respiratory system. Rhythmically active units were found only in the medulla. Unit activity paralleled that found in the nerves and muscles. On the basis on the data accumulated, two models of the chicken vocal system are presented. The first is a model of the sound-producing structures of the chicken. The second is a model of the neural machinery which controls the sound-producing structures. The two models are used as a basis for an explanation of the production of voclizations by the chick of the same species.", "contents": "Repetitive vocalizations evoked by electrical stimulation of avian brains. IV. Evoked and spontaneous activity in expiratory and inspiratory nerves and muscles of the chicken (Gallus gallus). The activity in respiratory nerves and muscles in response to electrical stimulation of vocal substrates in the brain and to CO2 stimulation of the respiratory centers was studied in 28 adult chickens. It was found that the same nerves and muscles were active during both vocalization and respiration. Stimulation of vocal substrates resulted in short latency bursting in the expiratory nerves and muscles. As stimulation intensity increased, progressively longer duration bursts composed of numerous subbursts were produced. By relating muscle activity with sound production , such bursting was shown to underlie evoked vocalizations. Background activity in inspiratory nerves and muscles continued uninterruptedly past stimulus onset only stopping when expiratory activity began. Thereafter inspiratory bursting reciprocated with expiratory bursting and was shown to underlie the intervals between vocalizations. The pattern of activity which was evoked by stimulating vocal substrates was found to strongly interact with the pattern of activity evoked by CO2 stimulation of the respiratory system. Simultaneous records of respiratory and tracheal muscles demonstrated that the same information was sent to both groups of muscles during evoked vocalization. Activity in the respiratory muscles was recorded during spontaneous vocalization of a free-moving bird and was found to resemble that recorded from anesthetized birds. Finally the activity of single units in the obex region of the medulla was recorded during electrical stimulation of vocal substrates and during CO2 stimulation of the respiratory system. Rhythmically active units were found only in the medulla. Unit activity paralleled that found in the nerves and muscles. On the basis on the data accumulated, two models of the chicken vocal system are presented. The first is a model of the sound-producing structures of the chicken. The second is a model of the neural machinery which controls the sound-producing structures. The two models are used as a basis for an explanation of the production of voclizations by the chick of the same species.", "PMID": 1192177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12659", "title": "Bilateral sensory neglect following midsagittal reticular formation lesions in cats.", "content": "We have observed that midsagittal reticular formation lesions in cats produce bilateral deficits in attention to and localization of various sensory modalities. To correlate these changes with previously reported changes following lesions in other areas of the brain, we propose the existence of two interdependent inhibitory pathways which originate in the frontal lobes.", "contents": "Bilateral sensory neglect following midsagittal reticular formation lesions in cats. We have observed that midsagittal reticular formation lesions in cats produce bilateral deficits in attention to and localization of various sensory modalities. To correlate these changes with previously reported changes following lesions in other areas of the brain, we propose the existence of two interdependent inhibitory pathways which originate in the frontal lobes.", "PMID": 1192178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12660", "title": "Nerve-impulse patterns: a quantitative display technique for three neurons.", "content": "A scatter diagram is described that displays the relative timings of nerve impulses in 3 simultaneously monitored neurons. The technique is a generalization of the cross-correlation histogram for two impulse trains. The time intervals between impulses in different neurons are plotted on triangular coordinates to yield a Joint Impulse Configuration Scatter Diagram. The resulting 'snowflake' plot shows a pattern of spots and lines, which is interpretable in terms of the functional circuitry among teh neurons. Illustrations are given of the snowflakes produced by a variety of three-neuron circuits, which may serve as a preliminary catalog of snowflake types for interpretation of experimental data.", "contents": "Nerve-impulse patterns: a quantitative display technique for three neurons. A scatter diagram is described that displays the relative timings of nerve impulses in 3 simultaneously monitored neurons. The technique is a generalization of the cross-correlation histogram for two impulse trains. The time intervals between impulses in different neurons are plotted on triangular coordinates to yield a Joint Impulse Configuration Scatter Diagram. The resulting 'snowflake' plot shows a pattern of spots and lines, which is interpretable in terms of the functional circuitry among teh neurons. Illustrations are given of the snowflakes produced by a variety of three-neuron circuits, which may serve as a preliminary catalog of snowflake types for interpretation of experimental data.", "PMID": 1192179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12661", "title": "On the role of central program and afferent inflow in the control of scratching movements in the cat.", "content": "Rhythmical scratching movements of the hindlimb were evoked in decerebrate and decapitate cats by stimulation of C1-C2 segments of the spinal cord. Movements of the limb and electrical activity of its muscles were recorded. All muscles were divided into two groups according to their activity. Muscles of the first group supported the limb in a propriate position; they were active during most of the cycle and relaxed during small intervals when muscles of the second group contracted. A deafferented limb was also capable of rhythmical scratching movements with approximately the same cycle duration. However, after deafferentation, the mean position of the limb changed and the amplitude of oscillations increased. This is due mainly to decreased activity of the first group muscles. In curarized preparations, stimulation of C1-C2 segments evoked a rhythmical process within the lumbosacral spinal cord ('fictive' scratching) with a cycle duration nearly the same as in normal scratching. Electrical activity of the muscle nerves during 'fictive' scratching resembled that of corresponding muscles during normal movements. 'Fictive' scratching could be easily elicited provided that the limb was put in a position similar to that of normal scratching.", "contents": "On the role of central program and afferent inflow in the control of scratching movements in the cat. Rhythmical scratching movements of the hindlimb were evoked in decerebrate and decapitate cats by stimulation of C1-C2 segments of the spinal cord. Movements of the limb and electrical activity of its muscles were recorded. All muscles were divided into two groups according to their activity. Muscles of the first group supported the limb in a propriate position; they were active during most of the cycle and relaxed during small intervals when muscles of the second group contracted. A deafferented limb was also capable of rhythmical scratching movements with approximately the same cycle duration. However, after deafferentation, the mean position of the limb changed and the amplitude of oscillations increased. This is due mainly to decreased activity of the first group muscles. In curarized preparations, stimulation of C1-C2 segments evoked a rhythmical process within the lumbosacral spinal cord ('fictive' scratching) with a cycle duration nearly the same as in normal scratching. Electrical activity of the muscle nerves during 'fictive' scratching resembled that of corresponding muscles during normal movements. 'Fictive' scratching could be easily elicited provided that the limb was put in a position similar to that of normal scratching.", "PMID": 1192180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12662", "title": "Denervation supersensitivity in the cholinergic septo-hippocampal pathway: a microiontophoretic study.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether denervation supersensitivity could be produced in an identified cholinergic pathway in the CNS of the rat. The mechanism for the development of this phenomenon was also explored. Cholinergic denervation of the hippocampus was accomplished by lesions of the medial septum. The response of hippocampal pyramidal cells to microiontophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh) and carbachol in lesioned and unlesioned animals was determined by extracellular recording. There was a marked increase (6 X) in sensitivity to ACh 2-43 days following lesions. However, there was no increase in sensitivity to carbachol or glutamate. Other workers have shown that septal lesions cause a large decrease in hippocampal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which is located mainly presynaptically. The absence of increase in sensitivity to carbachol, a cholinomimetic resistant to hydrolysis by AChE, suggests that the postlesion increase in sensitivity to ACh results from a decrease in its inactivation by AChE. A time course for the development of ACh supersensitivity was found to be similar to the time course of AChE loss previosly reported. Experiments using physostigmine, an AChE inhibitor, demonstrated that inhibition of AChE can potentiate the effects of ACh in unlesioned preparations, but not in lesioned preparations. We conclude: (1) denervation supersensitivity to ACh occurs in the septo-hippocampal pathway; and (2) the supersensitivity is probably due to decreased inactivation of ACh by AChE. The results suggest that presynaptic AChE plays a significant role in modulating the neurotransmitter function of ACh in the septo-hippocampal pathway.", "contents": "Denervation supersensitivity in the cholinergic septo-hippocampal pathway: a microiontophoretic study. The purpose of this study was to determine whether denervation supersensitivity could be produced in an identified cholinergic pathway in the CNS of the rat. The mechanism for the development of this phenomenon was also explored. Cholinergic denervation of the hippocampus was accomplished by lesions of the medial septum. The response of hippocampal pyramidal cells to microiontophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh) and carbachol in lesioned and unlesioned animals was determined by extracellular recording. There was a marked increase (6 X) in sensitivity to ACh 2-43 days following lesions. However, there was no increase in sensitivity to carbachol or glutamate. Other workers have shown that septal lesions cause a large decrease in hippocampal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which is located mainly presynaptically. The absence of increase in sensitivity to carbachol, a cholinomimetic resistant to hydrolysis by AChE, suggests that the postlesion increase in sensitivity to ACh results from a decrease in its inactivation by AChE. A time course for the development of ACh supersensitivity was found to be similar to the time course of AChE loss previosly reported. Experiments using physostigmine, an AChE inhibitor, demonstrated that inhibition of AChE can potentiate the effects of ACh in unlesioned preparations, but not in lesioned preparations. We conclude: (1) denervation supersensitivity to ACh occurs in the septo-hippocampal pathway; and (2) the supersensitivity is probably due to decreased inactivation of ACh by AChE. The results suggest that presynaptic AChE plays a significant role in modulating the neurotransmitter function of ACh in the septo-hippocampal pathway.", "PMID": 1192181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12663", "title": "Topographical study of the distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the human substantia nigra. A case study.", "content": "The topographical distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the substantia nigra of a 28-year-old male 4 h after death was investigated. In a preliminary study the entire substantia nigra was dissected from transverse sections. The results showed that there was no correlation between the GABA concentration and the number of melanin-rich nigral cell bodies. This was especially so in the rostral third of the substantia nigra. Using the method of Miyata and Otsuka, transverse sections (150 mum) of the rostral, middle and caudal substantia nigra were cut into 500 mum X 500 mum square blocks which were assayed for GABA by an enzymatic method. In the rostral substantia nigra the GABA distribution was markedly uneven. The highest concentration of GABA was found in the pars reticulata. Within the pars reticulata the highest levels of GABA clearly occurred in two separate regions, a medial and a lateral. In the middle and caudal substantia nigra the GABA distribution was again uneven; however, the highest GABA levels were divided between the pars reticulata and the pars compacta. The results support the view that in the substantia nigra the greatest part of the GABA content is due to the presence of striato-nigral nerve terminals which are known to synapse with the dendrites of the substantia nigra dopamine neurons. In the rostral substantia nigra the concentration of GABA within the pars reticulata is in keeping with the presence of dendrites of such neurons in this region. Presumably on this basis it can be assumed that in the middle and caudal substantia nigra the dendrites are oriented in a more rostro-caudal direction.", "contents": "Topographical study of the distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the human substantia nigra. A case study. The topographical distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the substantia nigra of a 28-year-old male 4 h after death was investigated. In a preliminary study the entire substantia nigra was dissected from transverse sections. The results showed that there was no correlation between the GABA concentration and the number of melanin-rich nigral cell bodies. This was especially so in the rostral third of the substantia nigra. Using the method of Miyata and Otsuka, transverse sections (150 mum) of the rostral, middle and caudal substantia nigra were cut into 500 mum X 500 mum square blocks which were assayed for GABA by an enzymatic method. In the rostral substantia nigra the GABA distribution was markedly uneven. The highest concentration of GABA was found in the pars reticulata. Within the pars reticulata the highest levels of GABA clearly occurred in two separate regions, a medial and a lateral. In the middle and caudal substantia nigra the GABA distribution was again uneven; however, the highest GABA levels were divided between the pars reticulata and the pars compacta. The results support the view that in the substantia nigra the greatest part of the GABA content is due to the presence of striato-nigral nerve terminals which are known to synapse with the dendrites of the substantia nigra dopamine neurons. In the rostral substantia nigra the concentration of GABA within the pars reticulata is in keeping with the presence of dendrites of such neurons in this region. Presumably on this basis it can be assumed that in the middle and caudal substantia nigra the dendrites are oriented in a more rostro-caudal direction.", "PMID": 1192182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12664", "title": "Role of neocortex in binsural hearing in the cat. I. Contralateral masking.", "content": "Cats with earphones were trained with a shock avoidance procedure to detect the occurrence of 1 kHz tone pulses at one ear while continuous noise pulses were simultaneously presented to the opposite ear. For normal cats the presence of the noise produced a mean increase of 5.4 dB in the thresholds for detection of tones at the opposite ears. After large unilateral auditory cortex ablations the same cats exhibited an asymmetry between the ears in the size of the contralateral masking effect. There was a mean increase of 10.9 dB in the detection thresholds for tones at the ear contralateral to the damaged hemisphere when noise was presented to the ear opposite the intact hemisphere. Noise of the same physical intensity when presented to the ear contralateral to the damaged cortex produced no significant changes from the preoperative masking levels. Subsequent ablation of the auditory cortex of the opposite hemisphere resulted in a cancellation of the unilateral lesion effect; the cats exhibited interaurally symmetrical masking levels of the same magnitude as those observed prior to the first operation. Additional control tests indicate that the unilateral lesion effect is a central nervous system phenomenon and is specific to lesions of auditory cortex.", "contents": "Role of neocortex in binsural hearing in the cat. I. Contralateral masking. Cats with earphones were trained with a shock avoidance procedure to detect the occurrence of 1 kHz tone pulses at one ear while continuous noise pulses were simultaneously presented to the opposite ear. For normal cats the presence of the noise produced a mean increase of 5.4 dB in the thresholds for detection of tones at the opposite ears. After large unilateral auditory cortex ablations the same cats exhibited an asymmetry between the ears in the size of the contralateral masking effect. There was a mean increase of 10.9 dB in the detection thresholds for tones at the ear contralateral to the damaged hemisphere when noise was presented to the ear opposite the intact hemisphere. Noise of the same physical intensity when presented to the ear contralateral to the damaged cortex produced no significant changes from the preoperative masking levels. Subsequent ablation of the auditory cortex of the opposite hemisphere resulted in a cancellation of the unilateral lesion effect; the cats exhibited interaurally symmetrical masking levels of the same magnitude as those observed prior to the first operation. Additional control tests indicate that the unilateral lesion effect is a central nervous system phenomenon and is specific to lesions of auditory cortex.", "PMID": 1192183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12665", "title": "Visual discrimination between spatially separated stimuli by cats with lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum.", "content": "(1) This study was designed to test the ability of cats with lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum to discriminate between stimuli which are widely separated in space. (2) Intact cats and cats learning or relearning after lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum, were trained on light-dark (LD) and horizontal-vertical stripe (HV) discriminations in a V-maze, where the stimuli were widely separated in space, or in a divided straight maze, where the stimuli were side by side. (3) Two types of errors were scored: door-push errors when the cat pushed open the incorrect door; alley-entrance errors when the cat entered the incorrect alley, but turned and entered the correct alley without having pushed the incorrect door. (4) In the V-maze as well as in the straight maze, cats with lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum achieved criterional performance by alley-entrance and door-push scoring on LD and HV discriminations. Thus, cats with lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum can locate or orient to widely separated visual stimuli well enough to discriminate between them from a distant choicepoint. (5) Cats with lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum generally committed a larger number and higher percentage of alley-entrance errors during learning than unoperated cats in either maze. However, commission of alley-entrance errors was not further increased in the V-maze, where the stimuli were widely separated in space. (6) All unoperated cats committed alley-entrance errors as well as door-push errors suggesting that commission of alley-entrance errors may reflect a normal process in two-choice learning.", "contents": "Visual discrimination between spatially separated stimuli by cats with lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum. (1) This study was designed to test the ability of cats with lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum to discriminate between stimuli which are widely separated in space. (2) Intact cats and cats learning or relearning after lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum, were trained on light-dark (LD) and horizontal-vertical stripe (HV) discriminations in a V-maze, where the stimuli were widely separated in space, or in a divided straight maze, where the stimuli were side by side. (3) Two types of errors were scored: door-push errors when the cat pushed open the incorrect door; alley-entrance errors when the cat entered the incorrect alley, but turned and entered the correct alley without having pushed the incorrect door. (4) In the V-maze as well as in the straight maze, cats with lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum achieved criterional performance by alley-entrance and door-push scoring on LD and HV discriminations. Thus, cats with lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum can locate or orient to widely separated visual stimuli well enough to discriminate between them from a distant choicepoint. (5) Cats with lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum generally committed a larger number and higher percentage of alley-entrance errors during learning than unoperated cats in either maze. However, commission of alley-entrance errors was not further increased in the V-maze, where the stimuli were widely separated in space. (6) All unoperated cats committed alley-entrance errors as well as door-push errors suggesting that commission of alley-entrance errors may reflect a normal process in two-choice learning.", "PMID": 1192193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12666", "title": "Serotonin nerve terminals in adult rat neocortex.", "content": "Axonal processes which take up and retain exogenous tritiated serotonin ([3H]5-HT) have been demonstrated in the fronto-parietal cortex of adult rats, by means of high resolution radioautography. Prolonged topical superfusion with relatively high concentrations of ([3H]5-HT allowed detection of a maximal number of axonal reactions in the upper 3 layers of cortex. Comparison of results obtained from normal rats and animals pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine or bearing midbrain raphe lesions established the specificity of this labeling. All reactive axons seemed to arise from the serotonin nerve cell bodies in groups B7 and B8 of Dahlstr\u00f6m and Fuxe15. In electron microscope radioautographs, the serotonin fibers appeared as tenuous, naked axonal processes (0.1-0.5 mum in diameter) exhibiting small enlargements (0.7 mum in mean diameter) spaced at frequent intervals (1-3 mum). These boutons contained occasional mitochondria, small, round, agranular 'synaptic' vesicles and large granular vesicles. With axons, [3H]5-HT was concentrated in the boutons, and to a much lesser extent in connecting segments. This reactive pattern resembled that revealed by the fluorescence technique for endogenous serotonin. Preferential accumulations of the tracer by mitochondria and vesicular organelles indicated that these elements could sequester exogenous serotonin. Large granular vesicles were not necessarily visible in random thin sections of the labeled varicosities, and thus could not serve as the unique criterion for electron microscopic identification of 5-HT terminals. Moreover, these organelles are known to be present in other types of nerve endings. Topometric analysis of serial thin sections nevertheless demonstrated that large granular vesicles were potentially detectable in every 5-HT containing bouton, and also enabled extrapolation of their average number at 7 per varicosity. This low number makes it unlikely that large granular vesicles primarily represent storage sites. They could rather serve as a carrier for particle-bound enzymes essential to the local metabolism of serotonin or its precursors. A very small fraction of the serotonin varicosities exhibited the membrane differentiations of typical synaptic terminals. Extensive sampling in serial thin sections revealed junctional complexes in only 5% of labeled boutons, as opposed to 50% of unlabeled nerve endings in the surrounding neuropil. The data do not preclude the possibility that other monoaminergic neurons also share similar characteristics. It is probable that endogenous serotonin can be liberated from all axonal varicosities including those lacking strictu senso synaptic relationships. The overall configuration and ultrastructural features of cortical serotonin fibers suggest intrinsic dynamic properties which could assume particular significance in terms of function, plasticity and regrowth.", "contents": "Serotonin nerve terminals in adult rat neocortex. Axonal processes which take up and retain exogenous tritiated serotonin ([3H]5-HT) have been demonstrated in the fronto-parietal cortex of adult rats, by means of high resolution radioautography. Prolonged topical superfusion with relatively high concentrations of ([3H]5-HT allowed detection of a maximal number of axonal reactions in the upper 3 layers of cortex. Comparison of results obtained from normal rats and animals pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine or bearing midbrain raphe lesions established the specificity of this labeling. All reactive axons seemed to arise from the serotonin nerve cell bodies in groups B7 and B8 of Dahlstr\u00f6m and Fuxe15. In electron microscope radioautographs, the serotonin fibers appeared as tenuous, naked axonal processes (0.1-0.5 mum in diameter) exhibiting small enlargements (0.7 mum in mean diameter) spaced at frequent intervals (1-3 mum). These boutons contained occasional mitochondria, small, round, agranular 'synaptic' vesicles and large granular vesicles. With axons, [3H]5-HT was concentrated in the boutons, and to a much lesser extent in connecting segments. This reactive pattern resembled that revealed by the fluorescence technique for endogenous serotonin. Preferential accumulations of the tracer by mitochondria and vesicular organelles indicated that these elements could sequester exogenous serotonin. Large granular vesicles were not necessarily visible in random thin sections of the labeled varicosities, and thus could not serve as the unique criterion for electron microscopic identification of 5-HT terminals. Moreover, these organelles are known to be present in other types of nerve endings. Topometric analysis of serial thin sections nevertheless demonstrated that large granular vesicles were potentially detectable in every 5-HT containing bouton, and also enabled extrapolation of their average number at 7 per varicosity. This low number makes it unlikely that large granular vesicles primarily represent storage sites. They could rather serve as a carrier for particle-bound enzymes essential to the local metabolism of serotonin or its precursors. A very small fraction of the serotonin varicosities exhibited the membrane differentiations of typical synaptic terminals. Extensive sampling in serial thin sections revealed junctional complexes in only 5% of labeled boutons, as opposed to 50% of unlabeled nerve endings in the surrounding neuropil. The data do not preclude the possibility that other monoaminergic neurons also share similar characteristics. It is probable that endogenous serotonin can be liberated from all axonal varicosities including those lacking strictu senso synaptic relationships. The overall configuration and ultrastructural features of cortical serotonin fibers suggest intrinsic dynamic properties which could assume particular significance in terms of function, plasticity and regrowth.", "PMID": 1192194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12667", "title": "Effect of penicillin on an excitatory synapse.", "content": "When penicillin, an epileptogenic agent, was applied to the neuromuscular junctions of the superficial flexor muscles of crayfish, the excitatory junctional potential (EJP) amplitudes were increased by 50-200%. This effect of the drug was not due to changes in the passive electrical properties of the muscle cell membrane or to an increase in its chemical sensitivity to acetylcholine (ACh), the presumed transmitter at the junction studied. Inactivating the penicillin with the enzyme penicillinase, or substituting acetate for penicillin in the test solutions eliminated the effect on EJPs, showing that the penicillin ion was the active agent. Penicillin ions did decrease the frequency of spontaneous miniature EJPs and increase the amplitude or presynaptic spikes recorded extracellularly, suggesting that augmentation of EJPs may have been due to alterations at the presynaptic nerve terminals.", "contents": "Effect of penicillin on an excitatory synapse. When penicillin, an epileptogenic agent, was applied to the neuromuscular junctions of the superficial flexor muscles of crayfish, the excitatory junctional potential (EJP) amplitudes were increased by 50-200%. This effect of the drug was not due to changes in the passive electrical properties of the muscle cell membrane or to an increase in its chemical sensitivity to acetylcholine (ACh), the presumed transmitter at the junction studied. Inactivating the penicillin with the enzyme penicillinase, or substituting acetate for penicillin in the test solutions eliminated the effect on EJPs, showing that the penicillin ion was the active agent. Penicillin ions did decrease the frequency of spontaneous miniature EJPs and increase the amplitude or presynaptic spikes recorded extracellularly, suggesting that augmentation of EJPs may have been due to alterations at the presynaptic nerve terminals.", "PMID": 1192195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12668", "title": "Effects of vagotomy on the distribution of cholinesterases in the cat medulla oblongata.", "content": "Histochemical study of the distribution of cholinesterases in the cat medulla oblongata reveals that all neurones in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) contain true cholinesterase (AChE) but, while most contain this enzyme alone, a small proportion of cells contain pseudocholinesterase (BuChE) as well. Cervical vagotomy affects the two types of cell to different degrees of severity. The BuChE-containing neurones lose their enzyme completely within 2-3 weeks and they atrophy and disappear as a result of the operation. On the other hand, the reaction is less severe and is reversible in those cells containing AChE only. Vagotomy also causes reduction of AChE and BuChE staining in the nearby area subpostrema; the depletion here is pronounced at 2-3 weeks and recovery occurs within the year. These findings suggest that some cells in the area subpostrema project peripherally via the vagus and that the area is part of the vagal nuclear complex. Moreover, capilllaries in the area contain AChE and BuChE in the endothelial lining and this is one of the few areas of the cat hindbrain to exhibit such vascular enzyme activity. The ependyma of the area postrema, which overlies the area subpostrema, is heavily stained for BuChE but this is unaffected by vagotomy.", "contents": "Effects of vagotomy on the distribution of cholinesterases in the cat medulla oblongata. Histochemical study of the distribution of cholinesterases in the cat medulla oblongata reveals that all neurones in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) contain true cholinesterase (AChE) but, while most contain this enzyme alone, a small proportion of cells contain pseudocholinesterase (BuChE) as well. Cervical vagotomy affects the two types of cell to different degrees of severity. The BuChE-containing neurones lose their enzyme completely within 2-3 weeks and they atrophy and disappear as a result of the operation. On the other hand, the reaction is less severe and is reversible in those cells containing AChE only. Vagotomy also causes reduction of AChE and BuChE staining in the nearby area subpostrema; the depletion here is pronounced at 2-3 weeks and recovery occurs within the year. These findings suggest that some cells in the area subpostrema project peripherally via the vagus and that the area is part of the vagal nuclear complex. Moreover, capilllaries in the area contain AChE and BuChE in the endothelial lining and this is one of the few areas of the cat hindbrain to exhibit such vascular enzyme activity. The ependyma of the area postrema, which overlies the area subpostrema, is heavily stained for BuChE but this is unaffected by vagotomy.", "PMID": 1192196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12669", "title": "The effects of choline and inositol on hepatic lipid metabolism and the incidence of the fatty liver and kidney syndrome in broilers.", "content": "1. Diets high in wheat and low in protein (18%) produced 5 to 6% mortality from fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) in broiler chicks whereas there were no deaths from FLKS in birds fed on a maize/barley diet containing 20% protein. 2. Supplementation of the wheat-based diets with choline or inositol (2-5 g additive/kg diet) did not affect the incidence of FLKS or liver lipid metabolism. 3. The wheat-based diet did not significantly affect the activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes suggesting that hepatic lipid biosynthesis is not a cause of the syndrome. 4. The biotin contents of the wheat and maize/barley diets were little different, which may suggest that factors other than this are implicated in FLKS.", "contents": "The effects of choline and inositol on hepatic lipid metabolism and the incidence of the fatty liver and kidney syndrome in broilers. 1. Diets high in wheat and low in protein (18%) produced 5 to 6% mortality from fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) in broiler chicks whereas there were no deaths from FLKS in birds fed on a maize/barley diet containing 20% protein. 2. Supplementation of the wheat-based diets with choline or inositol (2-5 g additive/kg diet) did not affect the incidence of FLKS or liver lipid metabolism. 3. The wheat-based diet did not significantly affect the activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes suggesting that hepatic lipid biosynthesis is not a cause of the syndrome. 4. The biotin contents of the wheat and maize/barley diets were little different, which may suggest that factors other than this are implicated in FLKS.", "PMID": 1192232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12670", "title": "The effect of high dietary sodium chloride on renal function in chicks.", "content": "1. One-day-old male broiler chicks were fed on diets containing 3-8% or 2-7% added NaCl in two experiments lasting 22 and 42 d respectively. 2. Sodium clearance was increased in treated birds in both experiments. No other changes in renal function were observed but an increase in plasma urate in treated birds of the first experiment may indicate some loss of proximal tubular function. 3. Renal function, relative to body weight, diminished slowly with age in control and treated birds but these changes could not be related to the fact that at about 3 weeks of age testicular cysts no longer develop.", "contents": "The effect of high dietary sodium chloride on renal function in chicks. 1. One-day-old male broiler chicks were fed on diets containing 3-8% or 2-7% added NaCl in two experiments lasting 22 and 42 d respectively. 2. Sodium clearance was increased in treated birds in both experiments. No other changes in renal function were observed but an increase in plasma urate in treated birds of the first experiment may indicate some loss of proximal tubular function. 3. Renal function, relative to body weight, diminished slowly with age in control and treated birds but these changes could not be related to the fact that at about 3 weeks of age testicular cysts no longer develop.", "PMID": 1192233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12671", "title": "Sampling broiler house litter for coccidial oocysts.", "content": "1. A method of sampling the surface litter of commercial broiler houses for laboratory estimation of numbers of coccidial oocysts is described. 2. The resulting estimates can be regarded as indices of the total number of oocysts present in the house at the time of sampling. 3. Using material from a variety of sources it was shown that reliable estimates for many practical purposes can be achieved with few samples, unless the birds are less than 3 weeks old. 4. Oocyst numbers usually reached a peak 4 to 5 weeks after introduction of the birds and then rapidly declined in the next few weeks.", "contents": "Sampling broiler house litter for coccidial oocysts. 1. A method of sampling the surface litter of commercial broiler houses for laboratory estimation of numbers of coccidial oocysts is described. 2. The resulting estimates can be regarded as indices of the total number of oocysts present in the house at the time of sampling. 3. Using material from a variety of sources it was shown that reliable estimates for many practical purposes can be achieved with few samples, unless the birds are less than 3 weeks old. 4. Oocyst numbers usually reached a peak 4 to 5 weeks after introduction of the birds and then rapidly declined in the next few weeks.", "PMID": 1192234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12672", "title": "Early body weight of five strains of White Leghorn.", "content": "1. The means, standard errors and coefficients of variation for body weight at fortnightly intervals from day 1 to day 90 of five indigenous strains of White Leghorn were estimated. 2. The differences between the strain and body weight were significant at all ages while the differences between sex were significant from day 45. 3. Phenotypic correlations between body weight at day 1 with that of day 30, 60 and 90 were 0-237, -0-007 and -0.07. 4. The heritability by paternal half-sib method ranged from 0-32 to 0-54 for body weights from day 1 to day 90.", "contents": "Early body weight of five strains of White Leghorn. 1. The means, standard errors and coefficients of variation for body weight at fortnightly intervals from day 1 to day 90 of five indigenous strains of White Leghorn were estimated. 2. The differences between the strain and body weight were significant at all ages while the differences between sex were significant from day 45. 3. Phenotypic correlations between body weight at day 1 with that of day 30, 60 and 90 were 0-237, -0-007 and -0.07. 4. The heritability by paternal half-sib method ranged from 0-32 to 0-54 for body weights from day 1 to day 90.", "PMID": 1192235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12673", "title": "Amino acid requirements of the young turkey: leucine, isoleucine and valine.", "content": "1. The leucine, isoleucine and valine requirements of the 3-week-old turkey were determined in a factorial experiment and were found to be 1-42, 0-84 and 1-21% respectively in semi-purified diets containing 12-5 MJ ME/kg. 2. It is suggested that the efficiency with which turkeys and chicks utilise isoleucine and valine is similar, and that a daily intake of about 325 mg of valine would sustain a rate of growth of about 23 g/d in both species.", "contents": "Amino acid requirements of the young turkey: leucine, isoleucine and valine. 1. The leucine, isoleucine and valine requirements of the 3-week-old turkey were determined in a factorial experiment and were found to be 1-42, 0-84 and 1-21% respectively in semi-purified diets containing 12-5 MJ ME/kg. 2. It is suggested that the efficiency with which turkeys and chicks utilise isoleucine and valine is similar, and that a daily intake of about 325 mg of valine would sustain a rate of growth of about 23 g/d in both species.", "PMID": 1192236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12674", "title": "Sexual dimorphism in the weight of chicks.", "content": "1. Male chicks hatched from eggs heavier than 60 g weighed more (P less than 0-05) than female chicks from eggs of similar weight. 2. The weight of the residual yolk was similar in both sexes. 3. It is concluded that male embryos are better able to utilise the energy supplies in the egg, particularly after the 18th day of incubation.", "contents": "Sexual dimorphism in the weight of chicks. 1. Male chicks hatched from eggs heavier than 60 g weighed more (P less than 0-05) than female chicks from eggs of similar weight. 2. The weight of the residual yolk was similar in both sexes. 3. It is concluded that male embryos are better able to utilise the energy supplies in the egg, particularly after the 18th day of incubation.", "PMID": 1192237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12675", "title": "The effects on liver metabolism of administering excesses of biotin to immature pullets and laying hens.", "content": "1. The administration of a ten-fold excess of biotin to immature chicks and a 25-fold excess to laying hens had no adverse effect on growth rate, liver weight or liver lipid content. 2. There were no marked effects of excess biotin on glutamate-metabolising enzymes but the specific activity of ATP citrate lyase was decreased.", "contents": "The effects on liver metabolism of administering excesses of biotin to immature pullets and laying hens. 1. The administration of a ten-fold excess of biotin to immature chicks and a 25-fold excess to laying hens had no adverse effect on growth rate, liver weight or liver lipid content. 2. There were no marked effects of excess biotin on glutamate-metabolising enzymes but the specific activity of ATP citrate lyase was decreased.", "PMID": 1192238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12676", "title": "The hydrolysis of some N-acylaspartic and N-acylglutamic monoamides in dilute mineral acid.", "content": "The release of ammonia by hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-L-asparagine, glycyl-DL-asparagine, L-asparagine, and succinamic acid, and of aniline from N-benzoyl-L-glutamic-alpha-anilide, N-benzoyl-L-aspartic-alpha-anilide, L-aspartic-alpha-anilide, and the monoanilides of succinic and glutaric acids is first-order with respect to substrate in dilute (0.4-0.03 M) aqueous hydrochloric acid at 100 degrees C. The first-order rate constants (kobs) for these reactions can be expressed as kobs = kintra + k2[H+]. The above hydrolyses are used as models for developing a tentative mechanism to account for the selective release of aspartic acid from proteins under these condiditons. The data are also used to suggest reasons why glutamic acid is not released with equal facility.", "contents": "The hydrolysis of some N-acylaspartic and N-acylglutamic monoamides in dilute mineral acid. The release of ammonia by hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-L-asparagine, glycyl-DL-asparagine, L-asparagine, and succinamic acid, and of aniline from N-benzoyl-L-glutamic-alpha-anilide, N-benzoyl-L-aspartic-alpha-anilide, L-aspartic-alpha-anilide, and the monoanilides of succinic and glutaric acids is first-order with respect to substrate in dilute (0.4-0.03 M) aqueous hydrochloric acid at 100 degrees C. The first-order rate constants (kobs) for these reactions can be expressed as kobs = kintra + k2[H+]. The above hydrolyses are used as models for developing a tentative mechanism to account for the selective release of aspartic acid from proteins under these condiditons. The data are also used to suggest reasons why glutamic acid is not released with equal facility.", "PMID": 1192256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12677", "title": "Charge properties of mitochondrial matrix proteins.", "content": "Proteins of the rat liver mitochondrial matrix have been separated into anionic (acidic), cationic(basic), and neutral groups by electrophoresis. These groups represent 69, 8, and 23% of the total matrix protein, respectively, compared to 69, 21, and 10% for the cytosol protein. The acidic nature of the mitochondrial matrix proteins has been confirmed by cellulose ion-exhange chromatography, isoelectric focusing in sucrose gradients, and amino acid analysis. The anionic, cationic, and neutral matrix proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into 18, 6, and 5 bands, respectively, compared to 22 bands for the total fraction. The significance of the charge properties of these proteins in terms of mitochondrial biogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Charge properties of mitochondrial matrix proteins. Proteins of the rat liver mitochondrial matrix have been separated into anionic (acidic), cationic(basic), and neutral groups by electrophoresis. These groups represent 69, 8, and 23% of the total matrix protein, respectively, compared to 69, 21, and 10% for the cytosol protein. The acidic nature of the mitochondrial matrix proteins has been confirmed by cellulose ion-exhange chromatography, isoelectric focusing in sucrose gradients, and amino acid analysis. The anionic, cationic, and neutral matrix proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into 18, 6, and 5 bands, respectively, compared to 22 bands for the total fraction. The significance of the charge properties of these proteins in terms of mitochondrial biogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 1192257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12678", "title": "The histones of rainbow trout erythrocytes include an erythrocyte-specific histone.", "content": "The erythrocyte histones of rainbow trout were compared with those of goose by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A band analogous to goose erythrocyte-specific histone V, but not identical in relative mobility or quantity, was found to be a component of trout erythrocyte histone. A similar component was also found in carp erythrocyte histone, but it was absent from trout liver histone. To reveal this band clearly, it was advantageous to displace the histone III monomer by oxidation. To verify the character of this protein, each of the main erythrocyte histones of trout were purified by chromatography on Amberlite CG-50, eluted with guanidinium chloride, and then further purified by exclusion chromatography on Bio-Gel P-60. Amino acid compositions of corresponding trout and goose histones, including that of the erythrocyte-specific histone, were sufficiently similar to establish their analogous identities. In general, the chromatographic and electrophoretic properties of histones I, IIb1, IIb2, and V from trout differed more from those of goose, than did their gross amino acid compositions. Comprehensive fractionation and characterization is necessary to extablish identities of corresponding histone fractions, An extensive quantitative variability was found among erythrocyte-specific histones of fish. This must be reconciled with hypothetical roles for this histone in erythropoiesis.", "contents": "The histones of rainbow trout erythrocytes include an erythrocyte-specific histone. The erythrocyte histones of rainbow trout were compared with those of goose by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A band analogous to goose erythrocyte-specific histone V, but not identical in relative mobility or quantity, was found to be a component of trout erythrocyte histone. A similar component was also found in carp erythrocyte histone, but it was absent from trout liver histone. To reveal this band clearly, it was advantageous to displace the histone III monomer by oxidation. To verify the character of this protein, each of the main erythrocyte histones of trout were purified by chromatography on Amberlite CG-50, eluted with guanidinium chloride, and then further purified by exclusion chromatography on Bio-Gel P-60. Amino acid compositions of corresponding trout and goose histones, including that of the erythrocyte-specific histone, were sufficiently similar to establish their analogous identities. In general, the chromatographic and electrophoretic properties of histones I, IIb1, IIb2, and V from trout differed more from those of goose, than did their gross amino acid compositions. Comprehensive fractionation and characterization is necessary to extablish identities of corresponding histone fractions, An extensive quantitative variability was found among erythrocyte-specific histones of fish. This must be reconciled with hypothetical roles for this histone in erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 1192258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12679", "title": "Diaglycerol biosynthesis in everted sacs of rat intestinal mucosa.", "content": "The molecular specificity in the biosynthesis of diacylglycerols by rat intestinal mucosa was examined by means of radioactive markers, thin-layer chromatography with silver nitrate and gas-liquid chromatography with radioactivity monitoring. Bile salt micelles of alternately labeled monoacyglycerols and free fatty acids were incubated with everted sacs of intestinal mucosa for various periods of time and the diacylglycerols were isolated by solvent extraction and thin-layer chromatography. Sterospecific analyses of the X-1,2-diacylglycerols labeled from 2-monoacylglycerols showed that the sn-1,2-isomers (45-55%) were slightly in excess of the sn-2,3-isomers (34-45%) with the X-1,3-diacylglycerols accounting for the rest of the radioactivity (5-10%). This suggests that racemic diacylglycerols may be intermediates in the resynthesis of dietary fat in rat intestinal mucosa. Detailed analyses of the molecular species of the sn-1,2-diacylglycerols labeled from free fatty acids revealed that 10-45% of the total did not contain the acid present in the 2-monoacylglycerol supplied, and therefore had originated from the phosphatidic acid pathway. These findings are at variance with those obtained in isolated microsomes, which have suggested an inhibition of the phosphatidic acid pathway by monoacylglycerols as well as have given evidence of an exclusive synthesis of sn-1,2-diacylglycerols from 2-monoacylglycerols.", "contents": "Diaglycerol biosynthesis in everted sacs of rat intestinal mucosa. The molecular specificity in the biosynthesis of diacylglycerols by rat intestinal mucosa was examined by means of radioactive markers, thin-layer chromatography with silver nitrate and gas-liquid chromatography with radioactivity monitoring. Bile salt micelles of alternately labeled monoacyglycerols and free fatty acids were incubated with everted sacs of intestinal mucosa for various periods of time and the diacylglycerols were isolated by solvent extraction and thin-layer chromatography. Sterospecific analyses of the X-1,2-diacylglycerols labeled from 2-monoacylglycerols showed that the sn-1,2-isomers (45-55%) were slightly in excess of the sn-2,3-isomers (34-45%) with the X-1,3-diacylglycerols accounting for the rest of the radioactivity (5-10%). This suggests that racemic diacylglycerols may be intermediates in the resynthesis of dietary fat in rat intestinal mucosa. Detailed analyses of the molecular species of the sn-1,2-diacylglycerols labeled from free fatty acids revealed that 10-45% of the total did not contain the acid present in the 2-monoacylglycerol supplied, and therefore had originated from the phosphatidic acid pathway. These findings are at variance with those obtained in isolated microsomes, which have suggested an inhibition of the phosphatidic acid pathway by monoacylglycerols as well as have given evidence of an exclusive synthesis of sn-1,2-diacylglycerols from 2-monoacylglycerols.", "PMID": 1192259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12680", "title": "Triacylglycerol biosynthesis in everted sacs of rat intestinal mucosa.", "content": "The molecular specificity of the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols by rat intestinal mucosa was examined by means of radioactive and mass tracers, and thin-layer chromatography with silver nitrate and gas-liquid chromatography with radioactivity monitoring. Bile salt micelles of alternately labeled monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids were incubated with everted sacs of intestinal mucosa for various periods of time and the triacylglycerols isolated by solvent extraction and thin-layer chromatography. Analyses of the molecular species of the triacylglycerols labeled from monoacylglycerols showed that the 2-monoacylglycerol pathway was responsible for the biosynthesis of a maximum of 90% and the X-1-monoacylglycerol pathway for about 10% of the total radioactive triacylglycerols. Detailed analyses of the molecular species of triacylglycerols labeled fro free fatty acids showed that the phosphatidic acid pathway contributed a minimum of 20-30% of the total labeled triacylglycerol formed. There was a preferential utilization in triacylglycerol biosynthesis of the more unsaturated diacylglycerols arising from the monoacylglycerol pathway and of the more saturated diacylglycerols originating from the phosphatidic acid pathway. The above experiments do not allow a demonstration of the utilization of the sn-2,3-diacylglycerols in triacylglycerol biosynthesis but are not inconsistent with it.", "contents": "Triacylglycerol biosynthesis in everted sacs of rat intestinal mucosa. The molecular specificity of the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols by rat intestinal mucosa was examined by means of radioactive and mass tracers, and thin-layer chromatography with silver nitrate and gas-liquid chromatography with radioactivity monitoring. Bile salt micelles of alternately labeled monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids were incubated with everted sacs of intestinal mucosa for various periods of time and the triacylglycerols isolated by solvent extraction and thin-layer chromatography. Analyses of the molecular species of the triacylglycerols labeled from monoacylglycerols showed that the 2-monoacylglycerol pathway was responsible for the biosynthesis of a maximum of 90% and the X-1-monoacylglycerol pathway for about 10% of the total radioactive triacylglycerols. Detailed analyses of the molecular species of triacylglycerols labeled fro free fatty acids showed that the phosphatidic acid pathway contributed a minimum of 20-30% of the total labeled triacylglycerol formed. There was a preferential utilization in triacylglycerol biosynthesis of the more unsaturated diacylglycerols arising from the monoacylglycerol pathway and of the more saturated diacylglycerols originating from the phosphatidic acid pathway. The above experiments do not allow a demonstration of the utilization of the sn-2,3-diacylglycerols in triacylglycerol biosynthesis but are not inconsistent with it.", "PMID": 1192260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12681", "title": "Kinetics and thermodynamics of lactate dehydrogenases from beef heart, beef muscle, and flounder muscle.", "content": "The eight rate constants for a four-step ordered ternary-complex mechanism have been compared for lactate dehydrogenases (EC1.1.1.27) from three sources, beef heart, beef muscle, and flounder muscle. The rate constants were determined at temperatures ranging from 5 degrees C to 50 degrees C, and the corresponding activation parameters deltaG not equal to, deltaH not equal to, and deltaS not equal to were calculated. Significant differences are noted for the values for the three types of enzyme. The relative heights of the activation barriers are much the same in all three cases, differences in kinetic behavior resulting mainly from differences in the stable binary and ternary enzyme-substrate complexes. These complexes are, in general, at lower free-energy and enthalpy levels of the beef-heart and beef-muscle enzymes than for the flounder-muscle enzyme. A high degree of compensation is found between the enthalpies and entropies of activation, resulting in relatively small differences between the free energies (and rates) for homologous steps with different enzymes. Analysis of the results, on the assumption that the compensation effect is due to weak-bonding effects, suggests that there are fewer weak bonds in the stable complexes of the muscle enzymes.", "contents": "Kinetics and thermodynamics of lactate dehydrogenases from beef heart, beef muscle, and flounder muscle. The eight rate constants for a four-step ordered ternary-complex mechanism have been compared for lactate dehydrogenases (EC1.1.1.27) from three sources, beef heart, beef muscle, and flounder muscle. The rate constants were determined at temperatures ranging from 5 degrees C to 50 degrees C, and the corresponding activation parameters deltaG not equal to, deltaH not equal to, and deltaS not equal to were calculated. Significant differences are noted for the values for the three types of enzyme. The relative heights of the activation barriers are much the same in all three cases, differences in kinetic behavior resulting mainly from differences in the stable binary and ternary enzyme-substrate complexes. These complexes are, in general, at lower free-energy and enthalpy levels of the beef-heart and beef-muscle enzymes than for the flounder-muscle enzyme. A high degree of compensation is found between the enthalpies and entropies of activation, resulting in relatively small differences between the free energies (and rates) for homologous steps with different enzymes. Analysis of the results, on the assumption that the compensation effect is due to weak-bonding effects, suggests that there are fewer weak bonds in the stable complexes of the muscle enzymes.", "PMID": 1192261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12682", "title": "Metabolism of estrogens and thier sulfates by mouse kidney tissue in vitro.", "content": "Whole kidney tissue from mouse was incubated with labelled estrone 3-sulfate (E13S), 17beta-estradiol 3-sulfate (17betaE23S), estrone (E1), and 17beta-estradiol (17betaE2). Considerable reduction of E13S and E1 occurred. E13S gave rise primarily to 17alpha-estradiol 3-sulfate (17 alphaE23S) together with lesser amounts of 17betaE23S. By incubating [3H-35S]E13S with the tissue it was confirmed that formation of the diol sulfates was direct, without accompanying hydrolysis and reconjugation. Conversion of E1 was mainly to 17betaE2 with, on the average, lesser amounts of 17alphaE2. A small degree of direct conversion of 17betaE23S to E13S was found. 17beta-Estradiol was converted to a limited extent to E1 and to much smaller amounts of 17alphaE2.", "contents": "Metabolism of estrogens and thier sulfates by mouse kidney tissue in vitro. Whole kidney tissue from mouse was incubated with labelled estrone 3-sulfate (E13S), 17beta-estradiol 3-sulfate (17betaE23S), estrone (E1), and 17beta-estradiol (17betaE2). Considerable reduction of E13S and E1 occurred. E13S gave rise primarily to 17alpha-estradiol 3-sulfate (17 alphaE23S) together with lesser amounts of 17betaE23S. By incubating [3H-35S]E13S with the tissue it was confirmed that formation of the diol sulfates was direct, without accompanying hydrolysis and reconjugation. Conversion of E1 was mainly to 17betaE2 with, on the average, lesser amounts of 17alphaE2. A small degree of direct conversion of 17betaE23S to E13S was found. 17beta-Estradiol was converted to a limited extent to E1 and to much smaller amounts of 17alphaE2.", "PMID": 1192262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12683", "title": "Malignant melanomas of the uveal tract in children and young adults.", "content": "The Wills Eye Hospital experience with 17 cases of malignant melanoma of the uvea affecting children and young adults was reviewed. They did not appear to differ clinically or histologically from uveal melanomas in older patients, except that in most cases there was a considerable delay in diagnosis, perhaps reflecting a lack of clinical suspicion. Ancillary diagnostic techniques, such as fluorescein angiography, ultrasonography, and 32P studies were often helpful in arriving at the correct diagnosis once the lesion was suspected and referred for evaluation. Malignant melanoma of the uveal tract is not exclusively a disease of old age, and this diagnosis should not be excluded on the basis of the patient's age alone.", "contents": "Malignant melanomas of the uveal tract in children and young adults. The Wills Eye Hospital experience with 17 cases of malignant melanoma of the uvea affecting children and young adults was reviewed. They did not appear to differ clinically or histologically from uveal melanomas in older patients, except that in most cases there was a considerable delay in diagnosis, perhaps reflecting a lack of clinical suspicion. Ancillary diagnostic techniques, such as fluorescein angiography, ultrasonography, and 32P studies were often helpful in arriving at the correct diagnosis once the lesion was suspected and referred for evaluation. Malignant melanoma of the uveal tract is not exclusively a disease of old age, and this diagnosis should not be excluded on the basis of the patient's age alone.", "PMID": 1192263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12684", "title": "The duration of action of pilocarpine Ocusert on intraocular pressure in man.", "content": "A study of the duration of intraocular pressure reduction of Ocusert P 20 and P 40 revealed that both agents were active in this regard at the end of a week. The side effects of this new mode of medication were less than with conventional Pilocarpine drops.", "contents": "The duration of action of pilocarpine Ocusert on intraocular pressure in man. A study of the duration of intraocular pressure reduction of Ocusert P 20 and P 40 revealed that both agents were active in this regard at the end of a week. The side effects of this new mode of medication were less than with conventional Pilocarpine drops.", "PMID": 1192264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12685", "title": "Simultaneous stereophotography. Its value in clinical assessment of the topography of the optic cup.", "content": "Simultaneous stereophotography achieves reproducible records of the optic cup topography. The clinical usefulness of sterophotographs remains unknown. This study compares the optic cup evaluation from contact lens examination with the evaluation from stereophotograph examination. Both methods of examination were used by each of 2 examiners to record their estimates of 12 parameters describing the optic cup topograhy. One eye of each of 50 patients was studied. In only 3 of the parameters studied were there statistically significant differences between the 2 methods of examination. Simultaneous stereophotography achieves a permanent record of the optic disc which is reproducible, objective and convenient. This method provides an excellent tool for following optic cup configuration.", "contents": "Simultaneous stereophotography. Its value in clinical assessment of the topography of the optic cup. Simultaneous stereophotography achieves reproducible records of the optic cup topography. The clinical usefulness of sterophotographs remains unknown. This study compares the optic cup evaluation from contact lens examination with the evaluation from stereophotograph examination. Both methods of examination were used by each of 2 examiners to record their estimates of 12 parameters describing the optic cup topograhy. One eye of each of 50 patients was studied. In only 3 of the parameters studied were there statistically significant differences between the 2 methods of examination. Simultaneous stereophotography achieves a permanent record of the optic disc which is reproducible, objective and convenient. This method provides an excellent tool for following optic cup configuration.", "PMID": 1192265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12686", "title": "Studies of an automatic refraction machine.", "content": "A study of the Dioptron automatic refraction machine reveals a good reproducibility of the results obtained by the machine. In a comparison with retinoscopy and subjective refraction, the spherical components were well correlated while the cylindrical power was less well related. The rejection rate of the machine was high and its usefulness in refraction is discussed.", "contents": "Studies of an automatic refraction machine. A study of the Dioptron automatic refraction machine reveals a good reproducibility of the results obtained by the machine. In a comparison with retinoscopy and subjective refraction, the spherical components were well correlated while the cylindrical power was less well related. The rejection rate of the machine was high and its usefulness in refraction is discussed.", "PMID": 1192266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12687", "title": "Causes of blindness in children. 1046 cases registered with the Canadian National Institute for the Blind 1970-1973.", "content": "During the period 1970-73, 1,046 children under 20 years of age were registered with the Canadian National Institute for the Blind. The three most common registration diagnoses were Cataract (13%), Optic Atrophy (12%) and Nystagmus (10%); Retrolental Fibroplasia was responsible for a smaller proportion (6%). Twenty per cent of the registration diagnoses were non-specific and included \"Nystagmus\", \"Site or Type not Established\", \"Affection of Visual Centre\" and \"Amblyopia\". Without a specific diagnosis one could not decide whether the blindness was due to genetic or environmental causes. It is recommended that the C.N.I.B. establish a procedure by which children with a non-specific registration diagnosis can be referred for further investigation.", "contents": "Causes of blindness in children. 1046 cases registered with the Canadian National Institute for the Blind 1970-1973. During the period 1970-73, 1,046 children under 20 years of age were registered with the Canadian National Institute for the Blind. The three most common registration diagnoses were Cataract (13%), Optic Atrophy (12%) and Nystagmus (10%); Retrolental Fibroplasia was responsible for a smaller proportion (6%). Twenty per cent of the registration diagnoses were non-specific and included \"Nystagmus\", \"Site or Type not Established\", \"Affection of Visual Centre\" and \"Amblyopia\". Without a specific diagnosis one could not decide whether the blindness was due to genetic or environmental causes. It is recommended that the C.N.I.B. establish a procedure by which children with a non-specific registration diagnosis can be referred for further investigation.", "PMID": 1192267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12688", "title": "Hypoplastic optic nerves studied with B-scan ultrasonography and axial tomography of the optic canals.", "content": "Radiologic studies of the optic foramina in cases of optic nerve hypoplasia have been inconsistent, some authors reporting normal foramina, others finding small foramina. The technique of axial tomography of the optic canals has been found more useful in this regard than plain foramen views, and has demonstrated small canals in cases of optic nerve hypoplasia. A case of bilateral hypoplasia is presented in which the discs were one half normal size, the optic nerves measured 2 mm in diameter on B-scan ultrasonography, and the optic canals were about 4 mm in diameter radiographically on the axial tomograms. These measurements are compared with normals of 4 to 4.5 mm for scans of the optic nerve, and a reported average optic canal width of 5.5 mm. A second case of less severe hypoplasia also presented a small ultrasonic nerve pattern of 3.5 mm. With the techniques of ultrasonography and axial tomography, the course of hypoplasic nerves can be followed from the level of the retina to the optic chiasm posteriorly. It is suggested that the optic canal dimensions correspond closely to the size of the optic nerve in cases of hypoplasia. When the nerve is only slightly hypoplastic the radiographic change in foramen or canal dimensions may not be detectable. Reasonably accurate measurements of the nerve may be more easily obtained with ultrasound.", "contents": "Hypoplastic optic nerves studied with B-scan ultrasonography and axial tomography of the optic canals. Radiologic studies of the optic foramina in cases of optic nerve hypoplasia have been inconsistent, some authors reporting normal foramina, others finding small foramina. The technique of axial tomography of the optic canals has been found more useful in this regard than plain foramen views, and has demonstrated small canals in cases of optic nerve hypoplasia. A case of bilateral hypoplasia is presented in which the discs were one half normal size, the optic nerves measured 2 mm in diameter on B-scan ultrasonography, and the optic canals were about 4 mm in diameter radiographically on the axial tomograms. These measurements are compared with normals of 4 to 4.5 mm for scans of the optic nerve, and a reported average optic canal width of 5.5 mm. A second case of less severe hypoplasia also presented a small ultrasonic nerve pattern of 3.5 mm. With the techniques of ultrasonography and axial tomography, the course of hypoplasic nerves can be followed from the level of the retina to the optic chiasm posteriorly. It is suggested that the optic canal dimensions correspond closely to the size of the optic nerve in cases of hypoplasia. When the nerve is only slightly hypoplastic the radiographic change in foramen or canal dimensions may not be detectable. Reasonably accurate measurements of the nerve may be more easily obtained with ultrasound.", "PMID": 1192268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12689", "title": "Anterior subcapsular cataract. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Electron microscopic findings from a case of anterior subcapsular cataract are presented. It is suggested that the epithelial cells increase in activity, form fibrillae and multiple layers of basement membrane, and these make up the anterior plaque. The same activity, to a lesser degree, is present under the posterior capsule. This abnormal function of forming fibrillae and basement membrane along with increased ribosomal activity may be called pseudometaplasia.", "contents": "Anterior subcapsular cataract. An electron microscopic study. Electron microscopic findings from a case of anterior subcapsular cataract are presented. It is suggested that the epithelial cells increase in activity, form fibrillae and multiple layers of basement membrane, and these make up the anterior plaque. The same activity, to a lesser degree, is present under the posterior capsule. This abnormal function of forming fibrillae and basement membrane along with increased ribosomal activity may be called pseudometaplasia.", "PMID": 1192269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12690", "title": "[An ocular complication of amniocentesis].", "content": "An amniocentesis was performed two days prior to delivery by cesarian section, of a normal looking baby. Two days after birth, the pediatrician noticed the presence of a hyphema in the left eye. An examination under general anesthesia revealed a small laceration of the cornea with trapping of a small part of the iris in the wound. The needle used for the amniocentesis is presumed to be responsible for the wound of the cornea. This is the second such case to be reported in the literature.", "contents": "[An ocular complication of amniocentesis]. An amniocentesis was performed two days prior to delivery by cesarian section, of a normal looking baby. Two days after birth, the pediatrician noticed the presence of a hyphema in the left eye. An examination under general anesthesia revealed a small laceration of the cornea with trapping of a small part of the iris in the wound. The needle used for the amniocentesis is presumed to be responsible for the wound of the cornea. This is the second such case to be reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1192270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12691", "title": "Bilateral corneal perforations in Stevens-Johnson syndrome.", "content": "A case of Steven-Johnson syndrome was treated with topical and systemic corticosteroids. The patient developed bilateral simultaneous staphylococcal corneal ulcers. The ulcers eventuated in bilateral corneal perforations within 48 hours, in spite of topical, subconjunctival, and systemic antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Bilateral corneal perforations in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. A case of Steven-Johnson syndrome was treated with topical and systemic corticosteroids. The patient developed bilateral simultaneous staphylococcal corneal ulcers. The ulcers eventuated in bilateral corneal perforations within 48 hours, in spite of topical, subconjunctival, and systemic antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 1192271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12692", "title": "Biophysical requirements for new and projected procedures and devices for voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy.", "content": "This paper reviews the state of the art knowledge of laryngeal physiology and evaluates the parameters necessary for voice production following laryngeal surgery for cancer. Data from normal voice production as well as esophageal speech production are used to generate some relationships that must exist in order to produce sound. Included are the relationships between esophageal pressure, subglottal pressure and intraoral pressure, the mechanical constraints of a pseudolarynx, muscle activity during normal and esophageal speech and the role of the tongue, lips, and palate in esophageal speech. Consideration is given to early and current reed-fistula and air bypass surgical procedures. Alternatives to current experimental and commonly used rehabilitation procedures will also be considered. The limiting factors for use of such devices and some requirements for their operation will be considered. Consideration will also be given to the manner in which various kinds of speech can be compared for acceptability and intelligibility.", "contents": "Biophysical requirements for new and projected procedures and devices for voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy. This paper reviews the state of the art knowledge of laryngeal physiology and evaluates the parameters necessary for voice production following laryngeal surgery for cancer. Data from normal voice production as well as esophageal speech production are used to generate some relationships that must exist in order to produce sound. Included are the relationships between esophageal pressure, subglottal pressure and intraoral pressure, the mechanical constraints of a pseudolarynx, muscle activity during normal and esophageal speech and the role of the tongue, lips, and palate in esophageal speech. Consideration is given to early and current reed-fistula and air bypass surgical procedures. Alternatives to current experimental and commonly used rehabilitation procedures will also be considered. The limiting factors for use of such devices and some requirements for their operation will be considered. Consideration will also be given to the manner in which various kinds of speech can be compared for acceptability and intelligibility.", "PMID": 1192275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12693", "title": "Further appraisal of reed-fistula speech following pharyngolaryngectomy.", "content": "Patients who undergo extensive resection of the pharynx along with laryngectomy usually are not able to develop esophageal speech. Since 1971 we have been working on a method for speech rehabilitation for these patients, which utilizes sound from a reed powered by tracheal air outflow. The sound is led into the pharynx via a fistula. Ten patients have been so managed, and six are now using this method of communication with satisfactory results. Preliminary studies on one patient indicated that his speech quality was judged to be superior to that produced by an excellent esophageal speaker. Efforts are continuing to study further the acoustical and perceptual properties of this form of speech and to improve further the method.", "contents": "Further appraisal of reed-fistula speech following pharyngolaryngectomy. Patients who undergo extensive resection of the pharynx along with laryngectomy usually are not able to develop esophageal speech. Since 1971 we have been working on a method for speech rehabilitation for these patients, which utilizes sound from a reed powered by tracheal air outflow. The sound is led into the pharynx via a fistula. Ten patients have been so managed, and six are now using this method of communication with satisfactory results. Preliminary studies on one patient indicated that his speech quality was judged to be superior to that produced by an excellent esophageal speaker. Efforts are continuing to study further the acoustical and perceptual properties of this form of speech and to improve further the method.", "PMID": 1192276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12694", "title": "Rehabilitation after laryngectomy with a hypopharyngeal voice prosthesis.", "content": "The northwestern laryngeal voice prosthesis contains no vibrator, but produces good voice by means of a properly placed pharyngostomy. The quality of voice production is such that patients have been able to resume former occupations, i.e., teaching and coaching football. The significant difference and advantage of this prosthesis when compared with similar ones to the fistula location. The location in the hypopharynx is in a surgically safe area distant from major vessels. It can be placed at the time of original surgery and is also workable in patients who have had radiation and extensive radical surgery with total reconstruction of their gullet. The prosthesis can be used by primary total laryngectomees while learning esophageal speech or installed in those who are unable to use the electronic larynx or esophageal speech.", "contents": "Rehabilitation after laryngectomy with a hypopharyngeal voice prosthesis. The northwestern laryngeal voice prosthesis contains no vibrator, but produces good voice by means of a properly placed pharyngostomy. The quality of voice production is such that patients have been able to resume former occupations, i.e., teaching and coaching football. The significant difference and advantage of this prosthesis when compared with similar ones to the fistula location. The location in the hypopharynx is in a surgically safe area distant from major vessels. It can be placed at the time of original surgery and is also workable in patients who have had radiation and extensive radical surgery with total reconstruction of their gullet. The prosthesis can be used by primary total laryngectomees while learning esophageal speech or installed in those who are unable to use the electronic larynx or esophageal speech.", "PMID": 1192277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12695", "title": "New techniques for vocal rehabilitation.", "content": "Following laryngectomy only 40 per cent of patients are able to attain esophageal speech. Several surgical and nonsurgical methods have been devised to solve this problem, but non is fully satisfactory. This paper describes two different experimental apporaches to the problem. A segment of trachea is isolated with an intact blood supply and anastomosed to the skin and esophagus, thus producing a fistula where the characteristic of the tracheo-esophageal junction can be studied. Efforts to implant a valve into this fistula have been unsuccessful but the fistula alone is patent after one year. The isolated tracheal segment provides an ideal model for study in an untracheatomized animal. In the second approach an electromagnetic sound device is being devised which can be implanted in the neck as near as possible to the previous site of the larynx. The results have been encouraging.", "contents": "New techniques for vocal rehabilitation. Following laryngectomy only 40 per cent of patients are able to attain esophageal speech. Several surgical and nonsurgical methods have been devised to solve this problem, but non is fully satisfactory. This paper describes two different experimental apporaches to the problem. A segment of trachea is isolated with an intact blood supply and anastomosed to the skin and esophagus, thus producing a fistula where the characteristic of the tracheo-esophageal junction can be studied. Efforts to implant a valve into this fistula have been unsuccessful but the fistula alone is patent after one year. The isolated tracheal segment provides an ideal model for study in an untracheatomized animal. In the second approach an electromagnetic sound device is being devised which can be implanted in the neck as near as possible to the previous site of the larynx. The results have been encouraging.", "PMID": 1192278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12696", "title": "The behavior of cancer affecting the subglottic space.", "content": "This retrospective study comprises 45 patients with subglottic carcinoma, arising either primarily or by spread from glottic carcinoma. The relevant literature is reviewed. Points of interest concerning the natural history of these carcinomata are: 1) The incidence of primary subglottic carcinoma was seven per cent of all laryngeal carcinomata and the incidence of subglottic spread of glottic carcinoma was 11.4 per cent. 2) At the time of presentation, vocal cord fixation was present in 40 per cent of the total group; 16 per cent of the true subglottic group had palpable nodes in the neck, and 5.5 per cent of the subglottic spread group. 3) Of the patients with true subglottic lesions, 44 per cent were women, 64 per cent presented with stridor and 32 per cent required emergency tracheostomy, 32 per cent developed distant metastases, half of these being in bone. 4) Only one of 45 patients developed mediastinal metastasis.", "contents": "The behavior of cancer affecting the subglottic space. This retrospective study comprises 45 patients with subglottic carcinoma, arising either primarily or by spread from glottic carcinoma. The relevant literature is reviewed. Points of interest concerning the natural history of these carcinomata are: 1) The incidence of primary subglottic carcinoma was seven per cent of all laryngeal carcinomata and the incidence of subglottic spread of glottic carcinoma was 11.4 per cent. 2) At the time of presentation, vocal cord fixation was present in 40 per cent of the total group; 16 per cent of the true subglottic group had palpable nodes in the neck, and 5.5 per cent of the subglottic spread group. 3) Of the patients with true subglottic lesions, 44 per cent were women, 64 per cent presented with stridor and 32 per cent required emergency tracheostomy, 32 per cent developed distant metastases, half of these being in bone. 4) Only one of 45 patients developed mediastinal metastasis.", "PMID": 1192280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12697", "title": "Anterior commissure cancer--a clinical and laboratory study of 39 cases.", "content": "Of 13 anterior commissure cancers treated by radiation therapy and reported in 1970, eight had residual or recurrent cancer at the primary site and required total laryngectomy. All but one of the 13 had been treated prior to 1958 by Orthovoltage radiation. A total of 19 patients with anterior commissure lesions were treated at the Yale-New Haven Hospital using a 2MEV Van de Graaf generator between mid 1958 when this supervoltage source first became available and December 1971. None was lost to follow-up and thus all are available for evaluation after more than two years. Results in this group have been compared with 20 glottic carcinomas with involvement of the anterior commissure treated surgically during the same period of time. Thirteen of the resulting 20 surgical specimens have been studied by serial section.", "contents": "Anterior commissure cancer--a clinical and laboratory study of 39 cases. Of 13 anterior commissure cancers treated by radiation therapy and reported in 1970, eight had residual or recurrent cancer at the primary site and required total laryngectomy. All but one of the 13 had been treated prior to 1958 by Orthovoltage radiation. A total of 19 patients with anterior commissure lesions were treated at the Yale-New Haven Hospital using a 2MEV Van de Graaf generator between mid 1958 when this supervoltage source first became available and December 1971. None was lost to follow-up and thus all are available for evaluation after more than two years. Results in this group have been compared with 20 glottic carcinomas with involvement of the anterior commissure treated surgically during the same period of time. Thirteen of the resulting 20 surgical specimens have been studied by serial section.", "PMID": 1192281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12698", "title": "The applied anatomy of the anterior commissure and subglottis.", "content": "The applied anatomy of the subglottis and anterior commissure is discussed and an attempt made to correlate the histological anatomy with that clinically accessible. It is suggested that although the undersurface of the vocal fold is classified as part of the glottis by the 1972 UICC and AJC staging system, it should be considered as the roof of the subglottis. The anterior commissure, which is probably a small site within the glottis rather than a true area, is histologically difficult to separate from the anterior subglottis. The characteristic microvasculature of the anterior commissure is presented as being possibly relevant to the mode of spread of tumors at this site.", "contents": "The applied anatomy of the anterior commissure and subglottis. The applied anatomy of the subglottis and anterior commissure is discussed and an attempt made to correlate the histological anatomy with that clinically accessible. It is suggested that although the undersurface of the vocal fold is classified as part of the glottis by the 1972 UICC and AJC staging system, it should be considered as the roof of the subglottis. The anterior commissure, which is probably a small site within the glottis rather than a true area, is histologically difficult to separate from the anterior subglottis. The characteristic microvasculature of the anterior commissure is presented as being possibly relevant to the mode of spread of tumors at this site.", "PMID": 1192282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12699", "title": "Indications for transconioscopy.", "content": "Transconioscopy is a reliable method for the diagnosis of even minimal subglottic tumor extension. The technique is briefly described. Transconioscopy has been performed at Karolinska Hospital in more than 400 cases of laryngeal carcinomas without any complications. It is not associated with any risk of spreading of the tumor if performed on proper indications. It is always indicated in glottic carcinomas where a subglottic extension is not visible by direct laryngoscopy but not in the more advanced cases where the subglottic part of the tumor can be visualized by direct laryngoscopy.", "contents": "Indications for transconioscopy. Transconioscopy is a reliable method for the diagnosis of even minimal subglottic tumor extension. The technique is briefly described. Transconioscopy has been performed at Karolinska Hospital in more than 400 cases of laryngeal carcinomas without any complications. It is not associated with any risk of spreading of the tumor if performed on proper indications. It is always indicated in glottic carcinomas where a subglottic extension is not visible by direct laryngoscopy but not in the more advanced cases where the subglottic part of the tumor can be visualized by direct laryngoscopy.", "PMID": 1192283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12700", "title": "Ipsilateral acoustic reflex stimulation in normal and sensorineural impaired ears: a preliminary report.", "content": "Ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds were measured at 1,000 Hz and 2,000 Hz in 38 subjects with normal hearing and in 107 subjects with a symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss. Acoustic reflex thresholds were approximately six dB better for ipsilateral vs. contralateral stimuli for both subject groups. High ipsilateral reflex thresholds were associated with larger static compliance values in the sensorineural hearing impaired subjects. Reversed reflexes (increasing compliance with muscle contraction) were observed for ipsilateral stimulation in five per cent (two) of the normal hearing subjects, and 23 percent (25) of the sensorineural hearing impaired subjects. The number of reversed reflexes was greater for subjects with higher hearing thresholds and higher ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds. The results suggest that quantitative use of the ipsilateral acoustic reflex requires additional research. At present it seems prudent to use ipsilateral acoustic reflex measurements as a qualitative rather than a quantitative tool, e.g. in confirming the status of one middle ear when the other has a conductive hearing loss. However, even this limited role has a considerable clinical potential.", "contents": "Ipsilateral acoustic reflex stimulation in normal and sensorineural impaired ears: a preliminary report. Ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds were measured at 1,000 Hz and 2,000 Hz in 38 subjects with normal hearing and in 107 subjects with a symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss. Acoustic reflex thresholds were approximately six dB better for ipsilateral vs. contralateral stimuli for both subject groups. High ipsilateral reflex thresholds were associated with larger static compliance values in the sensorineural hearing impaired subjects. Reversed reflexes (increasing compliance with muscle contraction) were observed for ipsilateral stimulation in five per cent (two) of the normal hearing subjects, and 23 percent (25) of the sensorineural hearing impaired subjects. The number of reversed reflexes was greater for subjects with higher hearing thresholds and higher ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds. The results suggest that quantitative use of the ipsilateral acoustic reflex requires additional research. At present it seems prudent to use ipsilateral acoustic reflex measurements as a qualitative rather than a quantitative tool, e.g. in confirming the status of one middle ear when the other has a conductive hearing loss. However, even this limited role has a considerable clinical potential.", "PMID": 1192288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12701", "title": "Analysis of a measles epidemic; possible role of vaccine failures.", "content": "A measles epidemic occurred in the Greensville (Ont.) Unit schools during January and February 1975. There were 47 cases of measles in 403 students: 26 (55%) of the children had a history of being vaccinated and 18 (38%) had not been vaccinated. Among children known to have been vaccinated at less than 1 year of age 7 of 13 contracted measles, while among the 48 children who had not been vaccinated 18 contracted measles. The attack rate among vaccinees increased with increasing time since vaccination. The observations of this study as well as those of similar studies suggest that vaccine failures contributed to the genesis of the epidemic. It is recommended that all children initially vaccinated at less than 1 year of age should be revaccinated with live attenuated measles virus vaccine.", "contents": "Analysis of a measles epidemic; possible role of vaccine failures. A measles epidemic occurred in the Greensville (Ont.) Unit schools during January and February 1975. There were 47 cases of measles in 403 students: 26 (55%) of the children had a history of being vaccinated and 18 (38%) had not been vaccinated. Among children known to have been vaccinated at less than 1 year of age 7 of 13 contracted measles, while among the 48 children who had not been vaccinated 18 contracted measles. The attack rate among vaccinees increased with increasing time since vaccination. The observations of this study as well as those of similar studies suggest that vaccine failures contributed to the genesis of the epidemic. It is recommended that all children initially vaccinated at less than 1 year of age should be revaccinated with live attenuated measles virus vaccine.", "PMID": 1192310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12702", "title": "Carotid endarterectomy: survival rates of 227 patients.", "content": "From March 1963 to March 1974, 227 patients with carotid stenosis underwent unilateral or bilateral carotid endarterectomy at l'H\u00f4pital de l'Enfant-J\u00e9sus in Qu\u00e9bec. Survival during the first 7 years after operation was analysed by life-table methods based on full intervals. The observed probability of death in this group was significantly higher than the probability expected in the general population, by 6.8% in the 1st year and 3.9% in the 2nd year. In the next 3 years the differences were much smaller (0.5, 0.9 and 1.4%). The major causes of death were myocardial infarction and stroke. Women fared somewhat better than men after the 1st year of follow-up. Unexpectedly, patients who underwent unilateral endarterectomy had lower survival rates in each of the first 5 years after operation than patients who underwent staged bilateral operations, whether survival was measured from the date of the first or the second operation.", "contents": "Carotid endarterectomy: survival rates of 227 patients. From March 1963 to March 1974, 227 patients with carotid stenosis underwent unilateral or bilateral carotid endarterectomy at l'H\u00f4pital de l'Enfant-J\u00e9sus in Qu\u00e9bec. Survival during the first 7 years after operation was analysed by life-table methods based on full intervals. The observed probability of death in this group was significantly higher than the probability expected in the general population, by 6.8% in the 1st year and 3.9% in the 2nd year. In the next 3 years the differences were much smaller (0.5, 0.9 and 1.4%). The major causes of death were myocardial infarction and stroke. Women fared somewhat better than men after the 1st year of follow-up. Unexpectedly, patients who underwent unilateral endarterectomy had lower survival rates in each of the first 5 years after operation than patients who underwent staged bilateral operations, whether survival was measured from the date of the first or the second operation.", "PMID": 1192311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12703", "title": "Primary enuresis: relative success of three methods of treatment.", "content": "A total of 169 children with primary enuresis were treated by one of three methods--use of a special diet, imipramine, or a waking device (the Mozes detector). Of 64 who received the diet 1 (1.6%) was cured; of 62 who were treated with imipramine 13 (20.9%) were cured; and of 43 who used the detector 23 (53.5%) were cured. Results at follow-up remained substantially unchanged for cure. Improvement rate without cure during treatment was higher for the children treated with imipramine than for those treated with the detector, but at follow-up the reverse was true. Parents of children who received the special diet, because they were unimpressed by the rate of improvement, would not permit their children to continue this form of therapy for longer than 1 or 2 months.", "contents": "Primary enuresis: relative success of three methods of treatment. A total of 169 children with primary enuresis were treated by one of three methods--use of a special diet, imipramine, or a waking device (the Mozes detector). Of 64 who received the diet 1 (1.6%) was cured; of 62 who were treated with imipramine 13 (20.9%) were cured; and of 43 who used the detector 23 (53.5%) were cured. Results at follow-up remained substantially unchanged for cure. Improvement rate without cure during treatment was higher for the children treated with imipramine than for those treated with the detector, but at follow-up the reverse was true. Parents of children who received the special diet, because they were unimpressed by the rate of improvement, would not permit their children to continue this form of therapy for longer than 1 or 2 months.", "PMID": 1192312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12704", "title": "Role of the wheelchair in the management of the muscular dystrophy patient.", "content": "During the postambulatory period, patients with pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy depend entirely on their wheelchairs for comfort and spinal support. Without the comfort they are unable to enjoy and participate in every waking activity; without the spinal support they are destined to accept a bedbound life, not so much by the actual weakness as by the progression of spinal deformity. Present-day wheelchairs are not comfortable and they do not provide adequate spinal support. A novel spinal support system (brace) has been prescribed for 50 patients during the last 24 months. It consists of a contoured seat, mounted on a modified wheelchair frame, with integral armrests, footrests and headrest. All patients are clearly more comfortable and spend between 9 and 14 hours a day in their special wheelchairs, compared with 2 to 3 hours at a time in standard wheelchairs. Parents, teachers and therapists have reported a definite improvement in the attitudes of these patients. Although we have measured no progression in spinal deformity and have recorded regression in a few patients, we cannot yet assess the final value of this promising method of support in preventing spinal collapse.", "contents": "Role of the wheelchair in the management of the muscular dystrophy patient. During the postambulatory period, patients with pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy depend entirely on their wheelchairs for comfort and spinal support. Without the comfort they are unable to enjoy and participate in every waking activity; without the spinal support they are destined to accept a bedbound life, not so much by the actual weakness as by the progression of spinal deformity. Present-day wheelchairs are not comfortable and they do not provide adequate spinal support. A novel spinal support system (brace) has been prescribed for 50 patients during the last 24 months. It consists of a contoured seat, mounted on a modified wheelchair frame, with integral armrests, footrests and headrest. All patients are clearly more comfortable and spend between 9 and 14 hours a day in their special wheelchairs, compared with 2 to 3 hours at a time in standard wheelchairs. Parents, teachers and therapists have reported a definite improvement in the attitudes of these patients. Although we have measured no progression in spinal deformity and have recorded regression in a few patients, we cannot yet assess the final value of this promising method of support in preventing spinal collapse.", "PMID": 1192313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12705", "title": "Methadone-induced pulmonary edema.", "content": "A patient with methadone-induced pulmonary edema had increased extravascular water in the lungs and a reduced total vascular albumin space. Diuresis resulted in hypotension. These observations suggest that the appropriate treatment of this condition should be ventilatory support and restoration of plasma oncotic pressure with albumin. Diuretic therapy should be used with caution.", "contents": "Methadone-induced pulmonary edema. A patient with methadone-induced pulmonary edema had increased extravascular water in the lungs and a reduced total vascular albumin space. Diuresis resulted in hypotension. These observations suggest that the appropriate treatment of this condition should be ventilatory support and restoration of plasma oncotic pressure with albumin. Diuretic therapy should be used with caution.", "PMID": 1192314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12706", "title": "The phenomenology of self-mutilation in a general hospital setting.", "content": "Comparison of a series of twenty-four wrist-cutters with a control group of self-poisoners showed a number of significant differences. The wrist-cutters were younger and their acts were regarded as being of low lethality; they are no more likely to have made previous suicide attempts; they complain less often of depression, and more frequently of 'emptiness' and tension as primary complaints. Sudden, unpredictable mood swings are common and there is a greater tendency for their physicians to diagnose personality disorders, often in pejorative terms. They frequently have substantial medical interests and paramedical occupations. A high proportion complain of dysorectic symptoms (anorexia or overeating or combinations of both), use drugs and/or alcohol in excess; show sexual disturbance and distress, and also promiscuity. They more frequently have a negative reaction to menarche and menstruation; have come from broken homes and have experienced parental deprivation. A proportion of the  group exhibit difficulty in verbal communication, and absconding from hospital was more common in the group of cutters. Painless cutting after a period of depersonalization, followed by relaxation and repersonalization after bleeding, was the typical pattern.", "contents": "The phenomenology of self-mutilation in a general hospital setting. Comparison of a series of twenty-four wrist-cutters with a control group of self-poisoners showed a number of significant differences. The wrist-cutters were younger and their acts were regarded as being of low lethality; they are no more likely to have made previous suicide attempts; they complain less often of depression, and more frequently of 'emptiness' and tension as primary complaints. Sudden, unpredictable mood swings are common and there is a greater tendency for their physicians to diagnose personality disorders, often in pejorative terms. They frequently have substantial medical interests and paramedical occupations. A high proportion complain of dysorectic symptoms (anorexia or overeating or combinations of both), use drugs and/or alcohol in excess; show sexual disturbance and distress, and also promiscuity. They more frequently have a negative reaction to menarche and menstruation; have come from broken homes and have experienced parental deprivation. A proportion of the  group exhibit difficulty in verbal communication, and absconding from hospital was more common in the group of cutters. Painless cutting after a period of depersonalization, followed by relaxation and repersonalization after bleeding, was the typical pattern.", "PMID": 1192328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12707", "title": "Chronically and acutely suicidal persons one month after contact with a crisis intervention centre.", "content": "This paper describes a follow-up study of 31 suicidal people who contacted Klinic (a crisis intervention centre in Winnipeg) during a 28-day period, and who gave their names and addresses. The suicidal persons were classified as either 'chronically suicidal' (those having a history of psychological instability and/or suicide attempts) or 'acutely' suicidal (those having fairly stable lives with no previous psychological instability or suicide attempts). The majority were classified as chronically suicidal, and they reported that they were still experiencing suicidal feelings with little improvement in their life situations. In contrast, none of the acutely suicidal persons were still experiencing suicidal feelings and all felt that their life situation had improved considerably. The majority of suicidal contacts was made by chronically suicidal persons and crisis intervention had a negligible impact on their suicidal feelings and psychological problems. Alternative treatment approaches for this group are recommended.", "contents": "Chronically and acutely suicidal persons one month after contact with a crisis intervention centre. This paper describes a follow-up study of 31 suicidal people who contacted Klinic (a crisis intervention centre in Winnipeg) during a 28-day period, and who gave their names and addresses. The suicidal persons were classified as either 'chronically suicidal' (those having a history of psychological instability and/or suicide attempts) or 'acutely' suicidal (those having fairly stable lives with no previous psychological instability or suicide attempts). The majority were classified as chronically suicidal, and they reported that they were still experiencing suicidal feelings with little improvement in their life situations. In contrast, none of the acutely suicidal persons were still experiencing suicidal feelings and all felt that their life situation had improved considerably. The majority of suicidal contacts was made by chronically suicidal persons and crisis intervention had a negligible impact on their suicidal feelings and psychological problems. Alternative treatment approaches for this group are recommended.", "PMID": 1192331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12708", "title": "The role of anonymity in suicidal contacts with a crisis intervention centre.", "content": "In follow-up studies of telephone crisis centres the clients who choose to remain anonymous cannot be included in any follow-up group. It is therefore important to try to determine if there are some ways in  which the anonymous group is unrepresentative of the total sample. The results of this study indicate that tha anonymous group tend to be more lonely and more likely to withhold information than the non-anonymous group. However, it would seem that follow-up studies would not be seriously invalidated by the non-availability of the anonymous group. A possible explanation of the role of anonymity in suicidal calls is presented, and the results are further discussed in terms of a counselling approach for anonymous suicidal callers and implications for further  research.", "contents": "The role of anonymity in suicidal contacts with a crisis intervention centre. In follow-up studies of telephone crisis centres the clients who choose to remain anonymous cannot be included in any follow-up group. It is therefore important to try to determine if there are some ways in  which the anonymous group is unrepresentative of the total sample. The results of this study indicate that tha anonymous group tend to be more lonely and more likely to withhold information than the non-anonymous group. However, it would seem that follow-up studies would not be seriously invalidated by the non-availability of the anonymous group. A possible explanation of the role of anonymity in suicidal calls is presented, and the results are further discussed in terms of a counselling approach for anonymous suicidal callers and implications for further  research.", "PMID": 1192332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12709", "title": "A follow-up of patients found \"unfit to stand trial\" or \"not guilty\" because of insanity.", "content": "Fifty-six patients who were found unfit to stand trial or not guilty by reason of insanity were followed up after their release from a maximum security psychiatric institution. At the time of follow-up 50 percent lived in the community, 43 percent were in psychiatric facilities and 5 percent were in correctional facilities -- 9 percent of the patients were either returned to the maximum security hospital or had committed new offences. The twenty-seven ex-patients who were interviewed generally exhibited little psychiatric symptomatology and there was evidence that they had adjusted well to the psychiatric facility or community in which they lived. As a group they appeared to have made a better vocational than social adjustment.", "contents": "A follow-up of patients found \"unfit to stand trial\" or \"not guilty\" because of insanity. Fifty-six patients who were found unfit to stand trial or not guilty by reason of insanity were followed up after their release from a maximum security psychiatric institution. At the time of follow-up 50 percent lived in the community, 43 percent were in psychiatric facilities and 5 percent were in correctional facilities -- 9 percent of the patients were either returned to the maximum security hospital or had committed new offences. The twenty-seven ex-patients who were interviewed generally exhibited little psychiatric symptomatology and there was evidence that they had adjusted well to the psychiatric facility or community in which they lived. As a group they appeared to have made a better vocational than social adjustment.", "PMID": 1192333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12710", "title": "A two-year review of court examinations.", "content": "This paper reports on a review of 518 Psychiatric Court Examination conducted at the Ottawa Court House in 1972-1973. Characteristics of the sample are described,  and an attempt is made to relate the effects of some of these characteristics to decisions resulting from the psychiatric examination. It was concluded that those examinations help to identify obviously mentally distubed persons, advise the Court about the mental condition of people first appearing in Court, and do not unduly alter the legal process.", "contents": "A two-year review of court examinations. This paper reports on a review of 518 Psychiatric Court Examination conducted at the Ottawa Court House in 1972-1973. Characteristics of the sample are described,  and an attempt is made to relate the effects of some of these characteristics to decisions resulting from the psychiatric examination. It was concluded that those examinations help to identify obviously mentally distubed persons, advise the Court about the mental condition of people first appearing in Court, and do not unduly alter the legal process.", "PMID": 1192334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12711", "title": "Long-term results of reinforcement therapy in children with acute leukemia.", "content": "A total of 180 children with acute leukemia was randomized to one of two induction regimens: vincristine plus prednisone, or 6-mercaptopurine plus prednisone. Of 170 patients evaluable for induction therapy, a hematologic remission was achieved in 83% (72/87) on vincristine plus prednisone, and in 93% (77/83) on 6-mercaptopurine plus prednisone. When hematologic remission was achieved, patients were randomized to one of three maintenance schedules: 6-mercaptopurine alone, 6-mercaptopurine plus prednisone for 4 weeks every 3 months, or 6-mercaptopurine plus prednisone plus vincristine for 4 weeks every 3 months. The durations of hematologic remission were compared from the achievement of hematologic remission to bone marrow relapse. The survival data were presented as an overview of the effect of this initial therapy on duration of survival. There was no statistical difference between the two induction regimens. The most important finding in the comparison of the three maintenance schedules was that reinforcement of 6-mercaptopurine maintenance therapy with either prednisone or prednisone plus vincristine resulted in significantly longer durations of remission. Vincristine added to prednisone for reinforcement after induction of remission by vincristine plus prednisone did not increase the duration of hematologic remission or survival over prednisone reinforcement alone.", "contents": "Long-term results of reinforcement therapy in children with acute leukemia. A total of 180 children with acute leukemia was randomized to one of two induction regimens: vincristine plus prednisone, or 6-mercaptopurine plus prednisone. Of 170 patients evaluable for induction therapy, a hematologic remission was achieved in 83% (72/87) on vincristine plus prednisone, and in 93% (77/83) on 6-mercaptopurine plus prednisone. When hematologic remission was achieved, patients were randomized to one of three maintenance schedules: 6-mercaptopurine alone, 6-mercaptopurine plus prednisone for 4 weeks every 3 months, or 6-mercaptopurine plus prednisone plus vincristine for 4 weeks every 3 months. The durations of hematologic remission were compared from the achievement of hematologic remission to bone marrow relapse. The survival data were presented as an overview of the effect of this initial therapy on duration of survival. There was no statistical difference between the two induction regimens. The most important finding in the comparison of the three maintenance schedules was that reinforcement of 6-mercaptopurine maintenance therapy with either prednisone or prednisone plus vincristine resulted in significantly longer durations of remission. Vincristine added to prednisone for reinforcement after induction of remission by vincristine plus prednisone did not increase the duration of hematologic remission or survival over prednisone reinforcement alone.", "PMID": 1192347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12712", "title": "Adriamycin in the treatment of childhood solid tumors. A Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "Ninety-eight children with solid tumors resistant to conventional chemotherapy received adriamycin 90 mg/m2, either as a single intravenous injection or in 6 divided doses administered every 6 hours. Of the 88 evaluable children, 6 (7%) achieved a complete response and 26 (29%) achieved a partial response. Tumors which demonstrated significant response rates were: neuroblastoma (9/18), Wilms' tumor (7/13), rhabdomyosarcoma (4/11), and lymphoma (4/8). The toxicities observed with this regimen included: alopecia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, febrile episodes, and ST-segment changes.", "contents": "Adriamycin in the treatment of childhood solid tumors. A Southwest Oncology Group study. Ninety-eight children with solid tumors resistant to conventional chemotherapy received adriamycin 90 mg/m2, either as a single intravenous injection or in 6 divided doses administered every 6 hours. Of the 88 evaluable children, 6 (7%) achieved a complete response and 26 (29%) achieved a partial response. Tumors which demonstrated significant response rates were: neuroblastoma (9/18), Wilms' tumor (7/13), rhabdomyosarcoma (4/11), and lymphoma (4/8). The toxicities observed with this regimen included: alopecia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, febrile episodes, and ST-segment changes.", "PMID": 1192348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12713", "title": "Osteonecrosis of the femoral head in patients with lymphoma treated with intermittent combination chemotherapy (including corticosteroids).", "content": "Four adult patients with malignant lymphoma were treated with combination chemotherapy including an alkylating agent, vincristine, procarbazine (in all but one case), and intermittent high-dose prednisone. Twenty to 42 months after initiation of therapy, osteonecrosis of the femoral head developed. This was bilateral in two patients and unilateral in two, and presumably represented a complication of steroid administration, even though three of the patients received only 4 to 6 weeks of therapy. Necrosis of bone may be a low-frequency long-term complication of combination chemotherapy in lymphoma.", "contents": "Osteonecrosis of the femoral head in patients with lymphoma treated with intermittent combination chemotherapy (including corticosteroids). Four adult patients with malignant lymphoma were treated with combination chemotherapy including an alkylating agent, vincristine, procarbazine (in all but one case), and intermittent high-dose prednisone. Twenty to 42 months after initiation of therapy, osteonecrosis of the femoral head developed. This was bilateral in two patients and unilateral in two, and presumably represented a complication of steroid administration, even though three of the patients received only 4 to 6 weeks of therapy. Necrosis of bone may be a low-frequency long-term complication of combination chemotherapy in lymphoma.", "PMID": 1192349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12714", "title": "Comparison of 5-fluorouracil with 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate in metastatic colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with metastatic colorecal carcinoma were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and 38 patients were treated with the combination of 5-FU, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate. In terms of percent response, response duration, and survival there was no apparent difference between the two regimens. Combination chemotherapy was found to be effective in 6 of 16 patients refractory to treatment with 5-FU alone, but was associated with more morbidity.", "contents": "Comparison of 5-fluorouracil with 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate in metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Thirty-eight patients with metastatic colorecal carcinoma were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and 38 patients were treated with the combination of 5-FU, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate. In terms of percent response, response duration, and survival there was no apparent difference between the two regimens. Combination chemotherapy was found to be effective in 6 of 16 patients refractory to treatment with 5-FU alone, but was associated with more morbidity.", "PMID": 1192350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12715", "title": "Intensive chemotherapy as primary treatment for rhabdomyosarcoma of the pelvis.", "content": "Twenty-six cases of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma involving the pelvis were treated at Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles between 1950 and 1972. The median survival of 17 patients treated up to 1970 was 6 months. Of a group of 9 patients treated with intensive chemotherapy (ICG) prior to surgery and/or x-ray therapy, 5 are surviving from 12 to 60 months and have a relative survival rate of 4.5 times that of the mixed therapy group (MTG) (p = 0.01). Deaths have occurred only in patients with Stage IV disease. The use of preoperative chemotherapy with or without x-ray therapy followed by local surgical excision when necessary can be as effective in prolonging the survival of children with pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma as those obtained with more traditional approaches; this limitation in use of surgery is likely to preserve the quality of life, should the child live to adulthood.", "contents": "Intensive chemotherapy as primary treatment for rhabdomyosarcoma of the pelvis. Twenty-six cases of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma involving the pelvis were treated at Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles between 1950 and 1972. The median survival of 17 patients treated up to 1970 was 6 months. Of a group of 9 patients treated with intensive chemotherapy (ICG) prior to surgery and/or x-ray therapy, 5 are surviving from 12 to 60 months and have a relative survival rate of 4.5 times that of the mixed therapy group (MTG) (p = 0.01). Deaths have occurred only in patients with Stage IV disease. The use of preoperative chemotherapy with or without x-ray therapy followed by local surgical excision when necessary can be as effective in prolonging the survival of children with pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma as those obtained with more traditional approaches; this limitation in use of surgery is likely to preserve the quality of life, should the child live to adulthood.", "PMID": 1192351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12716", "title": "Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy as preoperative treatment of locally advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy was made through the internal mammary artery and subclavian artery in 12 cases of locally advanced breast cancer. Continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil and intermittent injections of Mitomycin C were jointly made for 1 to 4 weeks in each artery. Marked response in not only the primary tumor but also lymph node metastasis was clinically observed, permitting extended radical mastectomy successfully in all cases. Remarkable regressive changes were histologically observed in cancer foci, especially in small ones, of resected specimens including axillary, parasternal, and supraclavicular lymph nodes. All cases except 1 have been healthy without any recurrence for 22 to 78 months after treatment. Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy will this method is a useful preliminary procedure for surgical treatment of locally advanced breast cancer.", "contents": "Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy as preoperative treatment of locally advanced breast cancer. Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy was made through the internal mammary artery and subclavian artery in 12 cases of locally advanced breast cancer. Continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil and intermittent injections of Mitomycin C were jointly made for 1 to 4 weeks in each artery. Marked response in not only the primary tumor but also lymph node metastasis was clinically observed, permitting extended radical mastectomy successfully in all cases. Remarkable regressive changes were histologically observed in cancer foci, especially in small ones, of resected specimens including axillary, parasternal, and supraclavicular lymph nodes. All cases except 1 have been healthy without any recurrence for 22 to 78 months after treatment. Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy will this method is a useful preliminary procedure for surgical treatment of locally advanced breast cancer.", "PMID": 1192352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12717", "title": "Frequent low doses of intravenous mechlorethamine for late-stage mycosis fungoides lymphoma.", "content": "Ninety-two courses of daily low-dose intravenous nitrogen mustard were administered to 46 patients with advanced cutaneous lymphomas (mycosis fungoides, Sezary syndrome and lymphoma cutis). Seventy-eight % of patients showed objective clinical remission, and 35% reached a clinically disease-free state following 1 or more courses. The response rate was greater in patients with the plaque-tumor type of mycosis fungoides than in those with erythrodermic variants. Therapy was free of significant side effects.", "contents": "Frequent low doses of intravenous mechlorethamine for late-stage mycosis fungoides lymphoma. Ninety-two courses of daily low-dose intravenous nitrogen mustard were administered to 46 patients with advanced cutaneous lymphomas (mycosis fungoides, Sezary syndrome and lymphoma cutis). Seventy-eight % of patients showed objective clinical remission, and 35% reached a clinically disease-free state following 1 or more courses. The response rate was greater in patients with the plaque-tumor type of mycosis fungoides than in those with erythrodermic variants. Therapy was free of significant side effects.", "PMID": 1192353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12718", "title": "Comparison of serum concentrations of methotrexate after various routes of administration.", "content": "Serum concentrations of methotrexate (MTX) were compared in 20 patients after administration of 15 mg/m2 MTX orally, intramuscularly, orally in divided doses, and/or intravenously. Higher and more sustained concentrations usually occurred after intramuscular administration of the drug. Approximately 50% of the patients had measurable serum concentrations 24 hours after a dose, except when the drug was given intravenously. In patients continued on MTX twice a week antimetabolic effects appeared sooner in persons with more sustained serum levels.", "contents": "Comparison of serum concentrations of methotrexate after various routes of administration. Serum concentrations of methotrexate (MTX) were compared in 20 patients after administration of 15 mg/m2 MTX orally, intramuscularly, orally in divided doses, and/or intravenously. Higher and more sustained concentrations usually occurred after intramuscular administration of the drug. Approximately 50% of the patients had measurable serum concentrations 24 hours after a dose, except when the drug was given intravenously. In patients continued on MTX twice a week antimetabolic effects appeared sooner in persons with more sustained serum levels.", "PMID": 1192354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12719", "title": "Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Cellular immune response to tumor antigen in a heritable human cancer.", "content": "We have found inhibition of mononuclear leukocyte migration in response to tumor antigen in a group of patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, a cancer inherited as an autosomal dominant. This immune response was not present in a group of family members who do not have cancer.", "contents": "Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Cellular immune response to tumor antigen in a heritable human cancer. We have found inhibition of mononuclear leukocyte migration in response to tumor antigen in a group of patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, a cancer inherited as an autosomal dominant. This immune response was not present in a group of family members who do not have cancer.", "PMID": 1192355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12720", "title": "Successful transurethral intralesional BCG therapy of a bladder melanoma.", "content": "An isolated metastasis of malignant melanoma to the urinary bladder of a patient was sucessfully eradicated by transurethral intralesional injection of BCG. Total destruction of the tumor was confirmed by subsequent excision. Lymphocyte blastogenesis studies revealed no significant alteration in immunocompetence secondary to the therapy, except for an increased responsiveness to PPD. There was no evidence of presence of blocking factors following therapy; cytotoxicity against MLA-14 melanoma cells sharply increased after the intralesional injection. Humoral antimelanoma antibody levels, determined by complement fixation, were decreased before the intralesional therapy, but increased markedly immediately following the transurethral BCG injection.", "contents": "Successful transurethral intralesional BCG therapy of a bladder melanoma. An isolated metastasis of malignant melanoma to the urinary bladder of a patient was sucessfully eradicated by transurethral intralesional injection of BCG. Total destruction of the tumor was confirmed by subsequent excision. Lymphocyte blastogenesis studies revealed no significant alteration in immunocompetence secondary to the therapy, except for an increased responsiveness to PPD. There was no evidence of presence of blocking factors following therapy; cytotoxicity against MLA-14 melanoma cells sharply increased after the intralesional injection. Humoral antimelanoma antibody levels, determined by complement fixation, were decreased before the intralesional therapy, but increased markedly immediately following the transurethral BCG injection.", "PMID": 1192356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12721", "title": "Intestinal-type carcinoma of gallbladder. A histochemical and immunologic study.", "content": "Two intestinal carcinomas of the gallbladder are presented. In both carcinomas the structure was papillary in superficial parts; the deeper ones also tended to an adenomatous structure. One of the tumors was bordered by a mucosa, with both intestinal- and antral-type metaplastic islands. The tumor was mainly a typical papilloma with malignant degeneration and infiltrative growth. The intestinal structure was morphologically clear in the papillary area of both carcinomas, but not distinct in the invasive part of the tumor. In both tumors, goblet cells and columnar cells with a distinct brush border were noted. Histochemical and immunologic methods were used in the identification of the glycoproteins of the tumor cells. With both methods the intestinal character of the tumor could be shown. A positive fluorescence was achieved with an intestinal antiserum in well-differentiated tumorous areas containing goblet cells, as well as in the intestinal metaplastic areas. In the same areas the gallbladder-specific antigen was negative. The antiserum isolated from the normal gastric mucosa and corresponding to neutral glycoprotein gave a positive fluorescence only in the nontumorous metaplastic gastric superficial-type epithelium and in the metaplastic antral-type glands.", "contents": "Intestinal-type carcinoma of gallbladder. A histochemical and immunologic study. Two intestinal carcinomas of the gallbladder are presented. In both carcinomas the structure was papillary in superficial parts; the deeper ones also tended to an adenomatous structure. One of the tumors was bordered by a mucosa, with both intestinal- and antral-type metaplastic islands. The tumor was mainly a typical papilloma with malignant degeneration and infiltrative growth. The intestinal structure was morphologically clear in the papillary area of both carcinomas, but not distinct in the invasive part of the tumor. In both tumors, goblet cells and columnar cells with a distinct brush border were noted. Histochemical and immunologic methods were used in the identification of the glycoproteins of the tumor cells. With both methods the intestinal character of the tumor could be shown. A positive fluorescence was achieved with an intestinal antiserum in well-differentiated tumorous areas containing goblet cells, as well as in the intestinal metaplastic areas. In the same areas the gallbladder-specific antigen was negative. The antiserum isolated from the normal gastric mucosa and corresponding to neutral glycoprotein gave a positive fluorescence only in the nontumorous metaplastic gastric superficial-type epithelium and in the metaplastic antral-type glands.", "PMID": 1192357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12722", "title": "Biomedical program leading to therapeutic trials on pion radiation at Los Alamos.", "content": "Hypoxia and variations in cell cycle phase protect tumor cells being treated with x rays or gamma rays (cobalt). Heavy particles can overcome these protective effects, because of the dense ionization they deposit in tissues. Pions (negative pi mesons) can be directed to and stopped in a specific area, where they are captured by the nuclei of atoms, rendering the nuclei unstable. The nuclei disintegrate, releasing densely ionizing radiation. By confining the dense ionization to the tumor-bearing volume, pions have the potential of increasing the tolerance of the area under treatment to radiation, thus increasing the probability of destroying the tumor. A special channel at the proton factory at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory is producing pions for biomedical research. Considerable physical dosimetry has been completed. Cellular studies are underway to provide depth-dose-biological-effect curves. Animal studies will provide information on acute and late effects, which will permit the safe  application of pions to a series of anatomical sites established by protocols for radiotherapy clinical trials.", "contents": "Biomedical program leading to therapeutic trials on pion radiation at Los Alamos. Hypoxia and variations in cell cycle phase protect tumor cells being treated with x rays or gamma rays (cobalt). Heavy particles can overcome these protective effects, because of the dense ionization they deposit in tissues. Pions (negative pi mesons) can be directed to and stopped in a specific area, where they are captured by the nuclei of atoms, rendering the nuclei unstable. The nuclei disintegrate, releasing densely ionizing radiation. By confining the dense ionization to the tumor-bearing volume, pions have the potential of increasing the tolerance of the area under treatment to radiation, thus increasing the probability of destroying the tumor. A special channel at the proton factory at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory is producing pions for biomedical research. Considerable physical dosimetry has been completed. Cellular studies are underway to provide depth-dose-biological-effect curves. Animal studies will provide information on acute and late effects, which will permit the safe  application of pions to a series of anatomical sites established by protocols for radiotherapy clinical trials.", "PMID": 1192358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12723", "title": "Delayed cerebrovascular consequences of therapeutic radiation. A clinicopathologic study of a stroke associated with radiation-related carotid arteriopathy.", "content": "A young woman, successfully treated for Hodgkin's disease with radiation and MOPP chemotherapy, incurred a devastating stroke months after radiation therapy to the neck and other areas. There was no premonitory clinical history of cerebrovascular attacks. Autopsy showed unilateral thrombotic occlusion of the internal carotid artery unassociated with neoplastic or fibrotic annular constriction of the vessel. There was medial thickening and fibroblastic proliferation within the carotid artery. Areas of focal elastic membrane degeneration involved the cervical portions of the carotid. Thrombus was organized to the damaged vessel wall and was propagated into the intracranial vessels. Aneurysm formation and arterial hemorrhages were absent. These vascular changes occurred in an area of extensive radiation (7200 rads). Pathoanatomical studies in this patient indicate that radiation-induced vascular changes were associated with a \"delayed\" stroke.", "contents": "Delayed cerebrovascular consequences of therapeutic radiation. A clinicopathologic study of a stroke associated with radiation-related carotid arteriopathy. A young woman, successfully treated for Hodgkin's disease with radiation and MOPP chemotherapy, incurred a devastating stroke months after radiation therapy to the neck and other areas. There was no premonitory clinical history of cerebrovascular attacks. Autopsy showed unilateral thrombotic occlusion of the internal carotid artery unassociated with neoplastic or fibrotic annular constriction of the vessel. There was medial thickening and fibroblastic proliferation within the carotid artery. Areas of focal elastic membrane degeneration involved the cervical portions of the carotid. Thrombus was organized to the damaged vessel wall and was propagated into the intracranial vessels. Aneurysm formation and arterial hemorrhages were absent. These vascular changes occurred in an area of extensive radiation (7200 rads). Pathoanatomical studies in this patient indicate that radiation-induced vascular changes were associated with a \"delayed\" stroke.", "PMID": 1192359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12724", "title": "Mucinous tumors of the ovary. Ultrastructural studies of mucinous cystadenomas with histogenetic considerations.", "content": "On the basis of light microscopic and scanning and transmission ultrastructural observations, we have classified benign mucinous ovarian neoplasms into two types: a pure endocervical type and a mixed intestinal endocervical type. We have also reviewed the literature pertinent to the histogenetic origin of the ovarian mucinous cystoma and found convincing support for a mesodermal, coelomic epithelial, rather than a teratomatous, derivation.", "contents": "Mucinous tumors of the ovary. Ultrastructural studies of mucinous cystadenomas with histogenetic considerations. On the basis of light microscopic and scanning and transmission ultrastructural observations, we have classified benign mucinous ovarian neoplasms into two types: a pure endocervical type and a mixed intestinal endocervical type. We have also reviewed the literature pertinent to the histogenetic origin of the ovarian mucinous cystoma and found convincing support for a mesodermal, coelomic epithelial, rather than a teratomatous, derivation.", "PMID": 1192360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12725", "title": "Lung cancer at autopsy in A-bomd survivors and controls, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1961-1970. II. Smoking, occupation, and A-bomb exposure.", "content": "The apparent effect of ionizing radiation on lung cancer in A-bomb survivors has not been large enough to still doubts as to its validity. It has seemed essential to determine whether the apparent radiation effect could have resulted from a confounding of heavy smoking and high radiation dose, or if the occupational exposure of high-dose subjects with lung cancer was suggestive of the influence of environmental hazards other than radiation. The available series consists of 204 subjects with lung cancer verified by autopsy, 61 of whom were low-dose (less than 1 rad) and 13 high-dose (200 + rads) subjects. No evidence could be found that the influence of either smoking or occupational exposure upon lung cancer was exerted so as to suggest that the apparent radiation effect is other than real. The study also provides additional evidence of the relationship between lung cancer and smoking in Japanese.", "contents": "Lung cancer at autopsy in A-bomd survivors and controls, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1961-1970. II. Smoking, occupation, and A-bomb exposure. The apparent effect of ionizing radiation on lung cancer in A-bomb survivors has not been large enough to still doubts as to its validity. It has seemed essential to determine whether the apparent radiation effect could have resulted from a confounding of heavy smoking and high radiation dose, or if the occupational exposure of high-dose subjects with lung cancer was suggestive of the influence of environmental hazards other than radiation. The available series consists of 204 subjects with lung cancer verified by autopsy, 61 of whom were low-dose (less than 1 rad) and 13 high-dose (200 + rads) subjects. No evidence could be found that the influence of either smoking or occupational exposure upon lung cancer was exerted so as to suggest that the apparent radiation effect is other than real. The study also provides additional evidence of the relationship between lung cancer and smoking in Japanese.", "PMID": 1192361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12726", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. X. Banding patterns in cancerous effusions.", "content": "Cells from five cancer effusions (two ovarian carcinomas, two lung cancers, and one carcinoma of the breast) were analyzed by G-, C-, and Q-banding techniques. The following observations were made: 1) The origin of some marker chromosomes could be traced accurately by these banding techniques. 2) Several chromosomes, which appeared normal with conventional staining techniques, were found to be re-arranged ones and, hence, abnormal. 3) Chromosomes No. 1, No. 3 and No. 11 were the most frequently involved in aberrations, whereas No. 12, No. 13, No. 17-20, and No. 22 Were least frequently involved. Only in one case each was the X chromosome or the Y chromosome involved in aberrations. The Y chromosome was found to be missing in all cancer cells of one lung cancer. 4) Each effusion had characteristic markers, invariably present in each cell, whether the cells were near diploid, or polyploid. 5) No common markers were observed in the two ovarian carcinomas studied, whereas the two lung cancers had a few common markers.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. X. Banding patterns in cancerous effusions. Cells from five cancer effusions (two ovarian carcinomas, two lung cancers, and one carcinoma of the breast) were analyzed by G-, C-, and Q-banding techniques. The following observations were made: 1) The origin of some marker chromosomes could be traced accurately by these banding techniques. 2) Several chromosomes, which appeared normal with conventional staining techniques, were found to be re-arranged ones and, hence, abnormal. 3) Chromosomes No. 1, No. 3 and No. 11 were the most frequently involved in aberrations, whereas No. 12, No. 13, No. 17-20, and No. 22 Were least frequently involved. Only in one case each was the X chromosome or the Y chromosome involved in aberrations. The Y chromosome was found to be missing in all cancer cells of one lung cancer. 4) Each effusion had characteristic markers, invariably present in each cell, whether the cells were near diploid, or polyploid. 5) No common markers were observed in the two ovarian carcinomas studied, whereas the two lung cancers had a few common markers.", "PMID": 1192362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12727", "title": "Abnormalities of chromosome 1 in myeloproliferative disorders.", "content": "Three patients with myeloproliferative disorders showed a similar chromosome abnormality, accompanied by other abnormalities that were different in each case. Marrow cells from all three patients were trisomic either for the entire chromosome 1 or for its long arm. Patient 1 had a brief period of anemia and thrombocytopenia which preceded a terminal acute leukemia; Patient 2 had polycythemia vera (P.V.) that terminated in acute leukemia; and Patient 3 has P.V. The detection of an abnormal karyotype in Patients 1 and 2 was an important factor in establishing the diagnosis of acute leukemia. Preliminary evidence supports the suggestion that some chromosomal changes are nonrandom in myeloproliferative diseases. Nonrandom abnormalities involving the same chromosome have been observed in several human neoplastic disorders.", "contents": "Abnormalities of chromosome 1 in myeloproliferative disorders. Three patients with myeloproliferative disorders showed a similar chromosome abnormality, accompanied by other abnormalities that were different in each case. Marrow cells from all three patients were trisomic either for the entire chromosome 1 or for its long arm. Patient 1 had a brief period of anemia and thrombocytopenia which preceded a terminal acute leukemia; Patient 2 had polycythemia vera (P.V.) that terminated in acute leukemia; and Patient 3 has P.V. The detection of an abnormal karyotype in Patients 1 and 2 was an important factor in establishing the diagnosis of acute leukemia. Preliminary evidence supports the suggestion that some chromosomal changes are nonrandom in myeloproliferative diseases. Nonrandom abnormalities involving the same chromosome have been observed in several human neoplastic disorders.", "PMID": 1192363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12728", "title": "On the ultrastructure of hibernoma.", "content": "An electron-microscopic study of hibernoma and a review of the histogenesis, development, and post-natal structural composition of brown and white adipose tissue are presented. The ultrastructural features of hibernoma include multivacuolated and univacuolated cells containing variable numbers of lipid vacuoles, abundant moderately pleomorphic mitochondria with transverse cristae, lysosomes, lipofuscin granules, pinocytotic vesicles, well-formed basal lamina, and prominent subplasmalemmal condensations. The latter have not been previously reported in hibernoma, brown adipose tissue or white adipose tissue, although gap junctions have been observed in brown adipose tissue of newborn mice. It is concluded that the ultrastructural observations support the concept proposed decades ago that hibernoma represents the neoplastic counterpart of brown adipose tissue.", "contents": "On the ultrastructure of hibernoma. An electron-microscopic study of hibernoma and a review of the histogenesis, development, and post-natal structural composition of brown and white adipose tissue are presented. The ultrastructural features of hibernoma include multivacuolated and univacuolated cells containing variable numbers of lipid vacuoles, abundant moderately pleomorphic mitochondria with transverse cristae, lysosomes, lipofuscin granules, pinocytotic vesicles, well-formed basal lamina, and prominent subplasmalemmal condensations. The latter have not been previously reported in hibernoma, brown adipose tissue or white adipose tissue, although gap junctions have been observed in brown adipose tissue of newborn mice. It is concluded that the ultrastructural observations support the concept proposed decades ago that hibernoma represents the neoplastic counterpart of brown adipose tissue.", "PMID": 1192364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12729", "title": "Epithelio-reticular cell thymoma with lymphocytic \"emperipolesis.\" An ultrastructural study.", "content": "The ultrastructure of an epithelio-reticular cell thymoma associated with myasthenia gravis is described. The neoplastic cells of an epithelio-reticular nature were dominant in the neoplasm, being closely associated with lymphocytes and scattered non-neoplastic macrophages. The thymic epithelio-reticular cell showed abundant glycogen and some lipid droplets inside the cytoplasm, which was vacuolated and had many elongated processes attached to desmosomes and a very prominent nucleolus. The appearance was similar to that of the immature embryonic epithelial cell of the thymus seen in mammals. Very close contacts existed between the thymic lymphocytes and the epithelio-reticular cells, the appearance being suggestive of the phenomenon of \"emperipolesis.\" Cell death occurred secondarily through nuclear pyknosis and chromatolysis. Lymphocytic debris appeared inside the epithelio-reticular cells and, to some extent, in the cytoplasm of the mesenchymal marcrophages not directly involved in the phenomenon of \"emperipolesis.\"", "contents": "Epithelio-reticular cell thymoma with lymphocytic \"emperipolesis.\" An ultrastructural study. The ultrastructure of an epithelio-reticular cell thymoma associated with myasthenia gravis is described. The neoplastic cells of an epithelio-reticular nature were dominant in the neoplasm, being closely associated with lymphocytes and scattered non-neoplastic macrophages. The thymic epithelio-reticular cell showed abundant glycogen and some lipid droplets inside the cytoplasm, which was vacuolated and had many elongated processes attached to desmosomes and a very prominent nucleolus. The appearance was similar to that of the immature embryonic epithelial cell of the thymus seen in mammals. Very close contacts existed between the thymic lymphocytes and the epithelio-reticular cells, the appearance being suggestive of the phenomenon of \"emperipolesis.\" Cell death occurred secondarily through nuclear pyknosis and chromatolysis. Lymphocytic debris appeared inside the epithelio-reticular cells and, to some extent, in the cytoplasm of the mesenchymal marcrophages not directly involved in the phenomenon of \"emperipolesis.\"", "PMID": 1192365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12730", "title": "Ectopic liver tissue mass in the thoracic cavity.", "content": "A case is reported in which a liver tissue mass, not connected to the liver, was discovered growing in the right thoracic cavity. This mass appeared following trauma sustained to the liver several years earlier, and was noted to increase slightly in size after its initial detection. After removal of the mass, which proved to be benign hyperplastic liver tissue, the patient did well and remained free of symptoms. It is suggested that during the episode of trauma or during the ensuing surgical repair, a fragment of liver tissue was introduced into the thoracic cavity, and that this fragment eventually developed into a hyperplastic nodular liver mass.", "contents": "Ectopic liver tissue mass in the thoracic cavity. A case is reported in which a liver tissue mass, not connected to the liver, was discovered growing in the right thoracic cavity. This mass appeared following trauma sustained to the liver several years earlier, and was noted to increase slightly in size after its initial detection. After removal of the mass, which proved to be benign hyperplastic liver tissue, the patient did well and remained free of symptoms. It is suggested that during the episode of trauma or during the ensuing surgical repair, a fragment of liver tissue was introduced into the thoracic cavity, and that this fragment eventually developed into a hyperplastic nodular liver mass.", "PMID": 1192366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12731", "title": "Pseudomyxoma peritonei-nonoperative management and biochemical findings. A case report.", "content": "The treatment of choice for pseudomyxoma peritoneai is surgical resection and removal of free mucus. Massive intra-abdominal reaccumulation of viscous mucus has usually been managed by repeat celiotomies. We characterized the  mucus of one patient and showed large amounts of immunoglobulins and carcinoembryonic antigens. Intraperitoneal instillation of 5% dextrose and water made the mucus less viscous and easy to remove by paracentesis. The need for repeat celiotomies was obviated.", "contents": "Pseudomyxoma peritonei-nonoperative management and biochemical findings. A case report. The treatment of choice for pseudomyxoma peritoneai is surgical resection and removal of free mucus. Massive intra-abdominal reaccumulation of viscous mucus has usually been managed by repeat celiotomies. We characterized the  mucus of one patient and showed large amounts of immunoglobulins and carcinoembryonic antigens. Intraperitoneal instillation of 5% dextrose and water made the mucus less viscous and easy to remove by paracentesis. The need for repeat celiotomies was obviated.", "PMID": 1192367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12732", "title": "Ataxia-telangiectasia with ovarian gonadoblastoma and contralateral dysgerminoma.", "content": "Although neoplasms are unusually frequent in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia, the occurrence of primary tumors of the ovary in such patients is exceedingly rare. This report describes a 17-year-old phenotypic female with ataxia-telangiectasia, who was found to harbor an ovarian gonadoblastoma and a contralateral dysgerminoma. The latter tumor has occurred in only one other patient with ataxia-telangiectasia, while an association with gonadoblastoma has never been documented previously. Additional unusual features rarely encountered in patients with gonadoblastoma included origin of the tumor within a histologically proven ovary, and a 46,XX karyotype. The possibility that the dysgerminoma also arose from a gonadoblastoma is discussed.", "contents": "Ataxia-telangiectasia with ovarian gonadoblastoma and contralateral dysgerminoma. Although neoplasms are unusually frequent in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia, the occurrence of primary tumors of the ovary in such patients is exceedingly rare. This report describes a 17-year-old phenotypic female with ataxia-telangiectasia, who was found to harbor an ovarian gonadoblastoma and a contralateral dysgerminoma. The latter tumor has occurred in only one other patient with ataxia-telangiectasia, while an association with gonadoblastoma has never been documented previously. Additional unusual features rarely encountered in patients with gonadoblastoma included origin of the tumor within a histologically proven ovary, and a 46,XX karyotype. The possibility that the dysgerminoma also arose from a gonadoblastoma is discussed.", "PMID": 1192368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12733", "title": "Increased incidence of cerebral metastases in sarcoma patients with prolonged survival from chemotherapy. Report of cases of leiomysarcoma and chondrosarcoma.", "content": "Soft tissue and bony sarcomas rarely metastasize to the central nervous system, particularly to the cerebral hemispheres. In 456 patients with metastatic sarcoma, only 6 (1.3%) had cerebral metastases documented by brain scan at the time of referral for chemotherapy. Adriamycin-containing combination chemotherapeutic regimens have led to a significant increase in the median survival of patients from the start of chemotherapy (18 + months for responders compared, to 7 months in nonresponders). Of 14 patients relapsing after a response or stabilization of disease of 6 months or greater, the cause of relapse was the development of cerebral metastases in 5 (36%). Two of these cases, one a patient with leiomyosarcoma and one with chondrosarcoma, were documented by autopsy and are reported in detail because of their rarity in the medical literature. Although the numbers are small, the increased incidence of cerebral metastases in the group relapsing after a lengthy response suggests that improved chemotherapy for sarcomas resulting in improved survival may be chaning the pattern of metastatic disease, and may require new the;apeutic approaches.", "contents": "Increased incidence of cerebral metastases in sarcoma patients with prolonged survival from chemotherapy. Report of cases of leiomysarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Soft tissue and bony sarcomas rarely metastasize to the central nervous system, particularly to the cerebral hemispheres. In 456 patients with metastatic sarcoma, only 6 (1.3%) had cerebral metastases documented by brain scan at the time of referral for chemotherapy. Adriamycin-containing combination chemotherapeutic regimens have led to a significant increase in the median survival of patients from the start of chemotherapy (18 + months for responders compared, to 7 months in nonresponders). Of 14 patients relapsing after a response or stabilization of disease of 6 months or greater, the cause of relapse was the development of cerebral metastases in 5 (36%). Two of these cases, one a patient with leiomyosarcoma and one with chondrosarcoma, were documented by autopsy and are reported in detail because of their rarity in the medical literature. Although the numbers are small, the increased incidence of cerebral metastases in the group relapsing after a lengthy response suggests that improved chemotherapy for sarcomas resulting in improved survival may be chaning the pattern of metastatic disease, and may require new the;apeutic approaches.", "PMID": 1192369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12734", "title": "Spindle cell lipoma.", "content": "Spindle cell lipoma is a specific type of lipoma that is easily mistaken for a liposarcoma. An analysis of 114 cases of this tumor from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology reveals that is occurs chiefly in male patients between 45 and 70 years of age and affects the regions of the shoulder and posterior neck almost exclusively. Microscopically, it consists of an intricate mixture of lipocytes and uniform spindle cells within a matrix of mucinous material traversed by a varying number of birefringent collagen fibers. Ultrastructural studies in one case support the fibroblastic nature of the spindle cells. Followup information obtained in 63 patients with this lesion revealed a uniformly favorable clinical course, indicating that local excision is the treatment of choice, and that there is no need or reason for radical surgical procedures.", "contents": "Spindle cell lipoma. Spindle cell lipoma is a specific type of lipoma that is easily mistaken for a liposarcoma. An analysis of 114 cases of this tumor from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology reveals that is occurs chiefly in male patients between 45 and 70 years of age and affects the regions of the shoulder and posterior neck almost exclusively. Microscopically, it consists of an intricate mixture of lipocytes and uniform spindle cells within a matrix of mucinous material traversed by a varying number of birefringent collagen fibers. Ultrastructural studies in one case support the fibroblastic nature of the spindle cells. Followup information obtained in 63 patients with this lesion revealed a uniformly favorable clinical course, indicating that local excision is the treatment of choice, and that there is no need or reason for radical surgical procedures.", "PMID": 1192370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12735", "title": "Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma of vulva.", "content": "Eleven cases of basal cell carcinoma of the vulvar skin are reported. There was fairly close correlation between the histologic type and the gross appearance of the lesion. The average age of the patients was 59 years, and the presenting complaint was usually that of a nodule with associated irritation or pruritus. All patients were treated surgically and none have had recurrent or metastatic disease; six patients have been followed for 12 to 25 years. The treatment of choice is wide local excision. One tumor was of particular interest in that it represented a carcinomatous change in a pre-existing premalignant fibroepithelial tumor. Basal cell carcinoma of the skin must be distinguished from adenoid cystic (basal cell) carcinoma of vestibular glands, which is a more aggressive neoplasm and which metastasizes by the lymphatic and blood vascular systems.", "contents": "Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma of vulva. Eleven cases of basal cell carcinoma of the vulvar skin are reported. There was fairly close correlation between the histologic type and the gross appearance of the lesion. The average age of the patients was 59 years, and the presenting complaint was usually that of a nodule with associated irritation or pruritus. All patients were treated surgically and none have had recurrent or metastatic disease; six patients have been followed for 12 to 25 years. The treatment of choice is wide local excision. One tumor was of particular interest in that it represented a carcinomatous change in a pre-existing premalignant fibroepithelial tumor. Basal cell carcinoma of the skin must be distinguished from adenoid cystic (basal cell) carcinoma of vestibular glands, which is a more aggressive neoplasm and which metastasizes by the lymphatic and blood vascular systems.", "PMID": 1192371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12736", "title": "Surgical approach for treatment of epidermoid anal carcinoma.", "content": "The incidence of malignancy of the anus is rare when compared to colorectal cancer. At The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center 43 patients with anal cancer were seen since 1932. Five-year survival for patients treated by local excision, abdominal-perineal resecion, and abdominal perineal resection with associated inguinofemoral groin node dissection was 43%, 66%, and 33%, respectively. Therapy should be guided by location, size, and depth of the local lesion, as well as clinical node status. In general, local excision should be reserved for the most minute lesion. Groin dissection should be carried out when nodes are clinically diseased.", "contents": "Surgical approach for treatment of epidermoid anal carcinoma. The incidence of malignancy of the anus is rare when compared to colorectal cancer. At The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center 43 patients with anal cancer were seen since 1932. Five-year survival for patients treated by local excision, abdominal-perineal resecion, and abdominal perineal resection with associated inguinofemoral groin node dissection was 43%, 66%, and 33%, respectively. Therapy should be guided by location, size, and depth of the local lesion, as well as clinical node status. In general, local excision should be reserved for the most minute lesion. Groin dissection should be carried out when nodes are clinically diseased.", "PMID": 1192372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12737", "title": "Abnormalities of taste sensation in cancer patients.", "content": "In fifty patients with cancer, subjective and objective correlates of anorexia of malignancy were studied. Decreased taste was reported by 25 patients, and an aversion for meat was reported by 16 patients. The decreased taste symptom correlated with an elevated taste threshold for sweet (sucrose), and the symptom of meat aversion correlated with a lowered taste threshold for bitter (urea). The likelihood of having a taste abnormality increased with increasing extent of disease, but not with histologic type of neoplasm. Patients with an abnormality of taste had an increased incidence of weight loss compared with patients with normal taste, even though many in the latter group had other causes of  weight loss. These observations suggest that an abnormality of taste may be one determinant of the anorexia of malignancy. Better understanding of the anorexia in the cancer patient may contribute to the care of the patient.", "contents": "Abnormalities of taste sensation in cancer patients. In fifty patients with cancer, subjective and objective correlates of anorexia of malignancy were studied. Decreased taste was reported by 25 patients, and an aversion for meat was reported by 16 patients. The decreased taste symptom correlated with an elevated taste threshold for sweet (sucrose), and the symptom of meat aversion correlated with a lowered taste threshold for bitter (urea). The likelihood of having a taste abnormality increased with increasing extent of disease, but not with histologic type of neoplasm. Patients with an abnormality of taste had an increased incidence of weight loss compared with patients with normal taste, even though many in the latter group had other causes of  weight loss. These observations suggest that an abnormality of taste may be one determinant of the anorexia of malignancy. Better understanding of the anorexia in the cancer patient may contribute to the care of the patient.", "PMID": 1192373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12738", "title": "Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans metastatic to a regional lymph node. Report of a case and review.", "content": "A case of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the lower extremity with metastasis to an inguinal lymph node appearing 5 years after wide excision and skin grafting of the primary lesion is presented. The world literature is reviewed. This case is the 24th instance of metastasis and the 7th case of lymphatic metastasis. The other 17 cases were hematogenous metastases. The clinical and pathologic features of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans are reviewed, and treatment is discussed, with the aim of emphasizing the need for long-term followup examination of the regional lymph nodes following wide and deep local excision.", "contents": "Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans metastatic to a regional lymph node. Report of a case and review. A case of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the lower extremity with metastasis to an inguinal lymph node appearing 5 years after wide excision and skin grafting of the primary lesion is presented. The world literature is reviewed. This case is the 24th instance of metastasis and the 7th case of lymphatic metastasis. The other 17 cases were hematogenous metastases. The clinical and pathologic features of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans are reviewed, and treatment is discussed, with the aim of emphasizing the need for long-term followup examination of the regional lymph nodes following wide and deep local excision.", "PMID": 1192374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12739", "title": "The association of economic status with the occurrence of lung cancer.", "content": "Lung cancer in men was shown to be inversely associated with economic class by analysis of 1959-61 mortality rates from Buffalo, New York. Using five economis strata, white men below and above age 55 in the poorest group had rates 2.6 and 3.8 times higher than those in the richest. For women, the trend was not significant. The question that was investigated was whether, for males, an economic-class trend for smoking existed which paralleled that for lung cancer. Individuals from a Buffalo sample survey were classified according to cigarette smoking habits. Age was found highly associated with both smoking and economic class. In data from white males stratified for age, no significant association was observed between smoking and econimic class. In women, the upper economic groups smoked more, particularly those above age 55. Thus, a strong inverse economic class gradient for lung cancer in men, observed by other investigators among women, cannot be explained by class-related cigarette smoking patterns alone. The possible interaction of cigarette-smoking with other potential etiologic factors that may be associated with economic class is discussed.", "contents": "The association of economic status with the occurrence of lung cancer. Lung cancer in men was shown to be inversely associated with economic class by analysis of 1959-61 mortality rates from Buffalo, New York. Using five economis strata, white men below and above age 55 in the poorest group had rates 2.6 and 3.8 times higher than those in the richest. For women, the trend was not significant. The question that was investigated was whether, for males, an economic-class trend for smoking existed which paralleled that for lung cancer. Individuals from a Buffalo sample survey were classified according to cigarette smoking habits. Age was found highly associated with both smoking and economic class. In data from white males stratified for age, no significant association was observed between smoking and econimic class. In women, the upper economic groups smoked more, particularly those above age 55. Thus, a strong inverse economic class gradient for lung cancer in men, observed by other investigators among women, cannot be explained by class-related cigarette smoking patterns alone. The possible interaction of cigarette-smoking with other potential etiologic factors that may be associated with economic class is discussed.", "PMID": 1192375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12740", "title": "Hematologic and immunologic status in Hodgkin's disease 5 years after radical radiotherapy.", "content": "The hematologic and immunologic status was evaluated after 5 years of continuously disease-free survival for 71 consecutive patients treated for Hodgkin's disease by radiotherapy. There was no evidence of residual hematologic depression, even in those patients treated initially with total nodal irradiation. Similarly, quantitative immunoglobulin levels were within the normal range, and the response to delayed hypersensitivity skin testing was intact in nearly all patients. These immunologic studies were consistent with the observed absence of an unusual incidence of infectious complications in these long-term survivors.", "contents": "Hematologic and immunologic status in Hodgkin's disease 5 years after radical radiotherapy. The hematologic and immunologic status was evaluated after 5 years of continuously disease-free survival for 71 consecutive patients treated for Hodgkin's disease by radiotherapy. There was no evidence of residual hematologic depression, even in those patients treated initially with total nodal irradiation. Similarly, quantitative immunoglobulin levels were within the normal range, and the response to delayed hypersensitivity skin testing was intact in nearly all patients. These immunologic studies were consistent with the observed absence of an unusual incidence of infectious complications in these long-term survivors.", "PMID": 1192376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12741", "title": "Child's play is therapy.", "content": "Play can be a simple, effective way of helping the preschool child to deal with the strange and sometimes painful hospital world and to master situations that might otherwise be overwhelming. This type of play can be incorporated easily into the nursing care plan and can become an essential aspect of the care of the hospitalized preschool child. The results are rewarding in terms of happier, less anxious children, parents, and nursing staff.", "contents": "Child's play is therapy. Play can be a simple, effective way of helping the preschool child to deal with the strange and sometimes painful hospital world and to master situations that might otherwise be overwhelming. This type of play can be incorporated easily into the nursing care plan and can become an essential aspect of the care of the hospitalized preschool child. The results are rewarding in terms of happier, less anxious children, parents, and nursing staff.", "PMID": 1192390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12742", "title": "Is the postpartum period a time of crisis for some mothers?", "content": "This was a small descriptive study designed to discover the problems encountered by 3 primiparas and 3 multiparas during the 6 weeks following the birth of their babies. The size and type of sample allows no generalizations to larger groups. Since many problems surfaced for these few families, nurses should continue to explore this maturational period in the family's growth cycle to develop a greater understanding of their potential nursing intervention role.", "contents": "Is the postpartum period a time of crisis for some mothers? This was a small descriptive study designed to discover the problems encountered by 3 primiparas and 3 multiparas during the 6 weeks following the birth of their babies. The size and type of sample allows no generalizations to larger groups. Since many problems surfaced for these few families, nurses should continue to explore this maturational period in the family's growth cycle to develop a greater understanding of their potential nursing intervention role.", "PMID": 1192398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12743", "title": "Cancer epidemiology in populations of the United States--with emphasis on Hawaii and California--and Japan.", "content": "The population of California and the San Francisco Bay Area has a number of ethnic components that differ in the frequency with which certain cancers occur. Mortality rates of California Janpanese and incidence data from the cancer reporting system of the Bay Area are analyzed for the cancer sites considered related to nutrition. The American Japanese of California are particularly amenable to epidemiological study because of the cancer data available from Japan for comparison with that of the California Japanese. The cancer rates occurring among the successive generations of the Japanese in California are compared to the rates in Japan and the white rates for the Bay Area. Gastric cancer rates undergo a stepwise reduction from the high rates in Japan to the intermediate rates of immigrant Japanese and the lower rates for the American born. Colon cancer rates are increased about equally in both generations of Japanese and are approaching the white rates. Cancers of the breast, uterine corpus, and ovary in women and the prostate for men are rapidly approaching the rates for the white population. Etiologies are continually being identified or indicated for a number of these cancers by epidemiological studies, and more specific identification of carcinogenic mechanisms should be possible by other disciplines.", "contents": "Cancer epidemiology in populations of the United States--with emphasis on Hawaii and California--and Japan. The population of California and the San Francisco Bay Area has a number of ethnic components that differ in the frequency with which certain cancers occur. Mortality rates of California Janpanese and incidence data from the cancer reporting system of the Bay Area are analyzed for the cancer sites considered related to nutrition. The American Japanese of California are particularly amenable to epidemiological study because of the cancer data available from Japan for comparison with that of the California Japanese. The cancer rates occurring among the successive generations of the Japanese in California are compared to the rates in Japan and the white rates for the Bay Area. Gastric cancer rates undergo a stepwise reduction from the high rates in Japan to the intermediate rates of immigrant Japanese and the lower rates for the American born. Colon cancer rates are increased about equally in both generations of Japanese and are approaching the white rates. Cancers of the breast, uterine corpus, and ovary in women and the prostate for men are rapidly approaching the rates for the white population. Etiologies are continually being identified or indicated for a number of these cancers by epidemiological studies, and more specific identification of carcinogenic mechanisms should be possible by other disciplines.", "PMID": 1192400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12744", "title": "Dietary patterns among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii.", "content": "The dietary patters of 6663 men of Japanese ancestry, living in Hawaii and participating in the Honolulu Heart and Japan-Hawaii Cancer Studies, were analyzed according to country of birth and boyhood education. Approximately 80% of the men were born and educated in Hawaii (Nisei); the others were either born in Japan (Issei) or traveled to Japan for 5 or more years of boyhood education (Kibei). Twenty-four-hr diet recalls, obtained at the first cycle of examinations (1965 to 1968), revealed that the Nisei consumed significantly greater intakes of total and animal protein, total and saturated fat, and cholesterol than the Issei and Kibei. Values for weight, height, skinfold thickness, and serum cholesterol were in the same direction, and the differences were statistically significant. Food frequency questionnaires at the 1st and 3rd examinations covered a 6-year interval. At both time periods, the Issei and Kibei ate Japanese foods more frequently and in greater quantities than the Nisei. In general, the Nisei consumed more Western foods. Both food frequency questionnaires included 6 identical items; coffee, milk, green tea, rice, tofu (soybean curd), and tsukudani (preserved seaweed paste). The frequent and infrequent consumers were similarly characterized over the 6-year period. The findings suggest that the country of birth and education has lasting effects on adult eating patterns. The observed heterogeneity for specific food items and nutrients between the Nisei and Issei-Kibei men augers well for attempts to relate such items to chronic diseases such as cancer.", "contents": "Dietary patterns among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. The dietary patters of 6663 men of Japanese ancestry, living in Hawaii and participating in the Honolulu Heart and Japan-Hawaii Cancer Studies, were analyzed according to country of birth and boyhood education. Approximately 80% of the men were born and educated in Hawaii (Nisei); the others were either born in Japan (Issei) or traveled to Japan for 5 or more years of boyhood education (Kibei). Twenty-four-hr diet recalls, obtained at the first cycle of examinations (1965 to 1968), revealed that the Nisei consumed significantly greater intakes of total and animal protein, total and saturated fat, and cholesterol than the Issei and Kibei. Values for weight, height, skinfold thickness, and serum cholesterol were in the same direction, and the differences were statistically significant. Food frequency questionnaires at the 1st and 3rd examinations covered a 6-year interval. At both time periods, the Issei and Kibei ate Japanese foods more frequently and in greater quantities than the Nisei. In general, the Nisei consumed more Western foods. Both food frequency questionnaires included 6 identical items; coffee, milk, green tea, rice, tofu (soybean curd), and tsukudani (preserved seaweed paste). The frequent and infrequent consumers were similarly characterized over the 6-year period. The findings suggest that the country of birth and education has lasting effects on adult eating patterns. The observed heterogeneity for specific food items and nutrients between the Nisei and Issei-Kibei men augers well for attempts to relate such items to chronic diseases such as cancer.", "PMID": 1192401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12745", "title": "Some aspects of the epidemiology of esophageal cancer.", "content": "The worldwide occurence of esophageal cancer is reviewed, together with the epidemiological information on its causation. The data strongly suggest the factors associated with poverty and specific limitations of dietary intake increase susceptibility for this disease.", "contents": "Some aspects of the epidemiology of esophageal cancer. The worldwide occurence of esophageal cancer is reviewed, together with the epidemiological information on its causation. The data strongly suggest the factors associated with poverty and specific limitations of dietary intake increase susceptibility for this disease.", "PMID": 1192403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12746", "title": "Relationship of Plummer-Vinson disease to cancer of the upper alimentary tract in Sweden.", "content": "Sideropenic anemia with epithelial lesions (Plummer-Vinson syndrome) was previously very common among women in northern Sweden. The incidence of this condition is decreasing, however, because of better nutrition and improved health care. Plummer-Vinson syndrome as a sequela of previous sideropenic anemia still influences the pattern of hypopharyngeal and oral cancer in northern Sweden where the female/male ratio in these diseases is remarkably high and where cancer in the postcricoid part of the hypopharynx is relatively common. In Sweden as a whole, a decreasing trend in the incidence of hypopharyngeal cancer in women can be demonstrated, which is probably due to diminished prevalence of Plummer-Vinson syndrome.", "contents": "Relationship of Plummer-Vinson disease to cancer of the upper alimentary tract in Sweden. Sideropenic anemia with epithelial lesions (Plummer-Vinson syndrome) was previously very common among women in northern Sweden. The incidence of this condition is decreasing, however, because of better nutrition and improved health care. Plummer-Vinson syndrome as a sequela of previous sideropenic anemia still influences the pattern of hypopharyngeal and oral cancer in northern Sweden where the female/male ratio in these diseases is remarkably high and where cancer in the postcricoid part of the hypopharynx is relatively common. In Sweden as a whole, a decreasing trend in the incidence of hypopharyngeal cancer in women can be demonstrated, which is probably due to diminished prevalence of Plummer-Vinson syndrome.", "PMID": 1192404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12747", "title": "Alcohol and alcohol-related deficiencies as carcinogens.", "content": "From the available evidence, alsohol ingestion per se does not appear to be carcinogenic. While alcoholism constitutes a major and serious social problem, it is not clear to what extent it constitutes a major health problem. We suggest that excessive alcohol ingestion coupled with a nutritional deficiency or some other insult (e.g., smoking) may be carcinogenic. Alcohol and/or several nutritional deficiencies usually associated with alcoholism have been shown to be immunosuppressive. The relationship between immunoincompetency and neoplasia has long been appreciated, and the exact role that alcohol and/or nutritional insults have in this relationship requires further investigation.", "contents": "Alcohol and alcohol-related deficiencies as carcinogens. From the available evidence, alsohol ingestion per se does not appear to be carcinogenic. While alcoholism constitutes a major and serious social problem, it is not clear to what extent it constitutes a major health problem. We suggest that excessive alcohol ingestion coupled with a nutritional deficiency or some other insult (e.g., smoking) may be carcinogenic. Alcohol and/or several nutritional deficiencies usually associated with alcoholism have been shown to be immunosuppressive. The relationship between immunoincompetency and neoplasia has long been appreciated, and the exact role that alcohol and/or nutritional insults have in this relationship requires further investigation.", "PMID": 1192405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12748", "title": "The epidemiology of large bowel cancer.", "content": "Results from epidemiogical studies have provided clues as to etiological factors involved in the development of large bowel cancer. Overnutrition, especially in terms of dietary fat consumed, appears to be a key etiological variable affecting the rate of colon cancer. Epidemiologists can provide the leads for chemists and bacteriologists to pursue in population groups and for experimentalists to test in laboratory animals. Coordination of and cooperation between many disciplines is necessary in order to contribute to the prevention of this man-made disease.", "contents": "The epidemiology of large bowel cancer. Results from epidemiogical studies have provided clues as to etiological factors involved in the development of large bowel cancer. Overnutrition, especially in terms of dietary fat consumed, appears to be a key etiological variable affecting the rate of colon cancer. Epidemiologists can provide the leads for chemists and bacteriologists to pursue in population groups and for experimentalists to test in laboratory animals. Coordination of and cooperation between many disciplines is necessary in order to contribute to the prevention of this man-made disease.", "PMID": 1192406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12749", "title": "Comments on the epidemiology of large bowel cancer.", "content": "Available evidence strongly suggests that there are at least two epidemiological subentities of large bowel cancer. Tumors of the intermediate portions display a socioeconomic gradient not observed for cancer of the cecum or lower rectum. Dietary factors are the most plausible etiological candidates. High-fat intake may be a prominent factor, but other dietary constituents could be relevant and may be studied in populations in which stomach and large bowel cancer are infrequent. The eqidemiological usefulness of precursor lesions is emphasized.", "contents": "Comments on the epidemiology of large bowel cancer. Available evidence strongly suggests that there are at least two epidemiological subentities of large bowel cancer. Tumors of the intermediate portions display a socioeconomic gradient not observed for cancer of the cecum or lower rectum. Dietary factors are the most plausible etiological candidates. High-fat intake may be a prominent factor, but other dietary constituents could be relevant and may be studied in populations in which stomach and large bowel cancer are infrequent. The eqidemiological usefulness of precursor lesions is emphasized.", "PMID": 1192407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12750", "title": "Fecal bacteriology of colonic polyp patients and control patients.", "content": "Feces from 25 subjects with colonic polyps (multiple adenomatous, large single, or single with atypia) and from 25 matched control subjects were studied by detailed quantitative aerobic and anaerobic techniques, using a large battery of culture media and several atmospheric conditions. Over 55% of organisms detected on microscopic count were recovered anaerobically. In several cases, there were significantly different numbers of organisms of specific types recovered from the two different populations studied. However, these differed from organisms with \"statistical significance\" noted in a previous study from this laboratory involving two different diet groups (Japanese Americans on either a Japanese or a Western diet). Specific differences in bacteriology between groups with different risks of bowel cancer, noted in earlier British studies, were not noted in our present or previous study.", "contents": "Fecal bacteriology of colonic polyp patients and control patients. Feces from 25 subjects with colonic polyps (multiple adenomatous, large single, or single with atypia) and from 25 matched control subjects were studied by detailed quantitative aerobic and anaerobic techniques, using a large battery of culture media and several atmospheric conditions. Over 55% of organisms detected on microscopic count were recovered anaerobically. In several cases, there were significantly different numbers of organisms of specific types recovered from the two different populations studied. However, these differed from organisms with \"statistical significance\" noted in a previous study from this laboratory involving two different diet groups (Japanese Americans on either a Japanese or a Western diet). Specific differences in bacteriology between groups with different risks of bowel cancer, noted in earlier British studies, were not noted in our present or previous study.", "PMID": 1192408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12751", "title": "Animal models for the study of dietary factors and cancer of the large bowel.", "content": "Studies in metabolic epidemiology have shown a strong association between dietary fat intake, level of fecal anaerobic bacteria, fecal acid, and neutral sterols and the risk of colon cancer among different populations. Current concepts visualize that colonic bile acids and cholesterol metabolites play a modifying role in large bowel carcinogenesis, that these compounds are derived from dietary factors (directly or indirectly), and that they subsequently are modified by the intestinal bacteria. In the animal model, 2 bile acids (lithocholic and taurodeoxycholic) acted as colon tumor promoters. Rats fed a high-fat diet were more susceptible to colon tumor induction by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine compared to animals fed a normal-fat diet. The intestinal microflora also played a modifying role in enhancing colon tumor production by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.", "contents": "Animal models for the study of dietary factors and cancer of the large bowel. Studies in metabolic epidemiology have shown a strong association between dietary fat intake, level of fecal anaerobic bacteria, fecal acid, and neutral sterols and the risk of colon cancer among different populations. Current concepts visualize that colonic bile acids and cholesterol metabolites play a modifying role in large bowel carcinogenesis, that these compounds are derived from dietary factors (directly or indirectly), and that they subsequently are modified by the intestinal bacteria. In the animal model, 2 bile acids (lithocholic and taurodeoxycholic) acted as colon tumor promoters. Rats fed a high-fat diet were more susceptible to colon tumor induction by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine compared to animals fed a normal-fat diet. The intestinal microflora also played a modifying role in enhancing colon tumor production by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.", "PMID": 1192409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12752", "title": "The diet, nutrition, and cancer program of the NCI National Cancer Program.", "content": "In November 1974, in response to a mandate in the revised National Cancer Act of 1974, a plan was introduced for the formation of a Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Program. Dr. Frank J. Rauscher, Director of the National Cancer Institute, selected a group of scientists who defined the goals of the program and recommended the appointment of a program director and of an advisory committee. These recommendations were accepted, and an Advisory Committee, reflecting a cross-section of scientific expertise, has been selected. To recommend a well-balanced program, it will be necessary for the Advisory Committee to assess the current state of the art of nutrition in cancer etiology and therapy and to be apprised of current opportunities, needs, and resources. Toward this end, a literature survey project has been initiated and two specialized workshops have been held.", "contents": "The diet, nutrition, and cancer program of the NCI National Cancer Program. In November 1974, in response to a mandate in the revised National Cancer Act of 1974, a plan was introduced for the formation of a Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Program. Dr. Frank J. Rauscher, Director of the National Cancer Institute, selected a group of scientists who defined the goals of the program and recommended the appointment of a program director and of an advisory committee. These recommendations were accepted, and an Advisory Committee, reflecting a cross-section of scientific expertise, has been selected. To recommend a well-balanced program, it will be necessary for the Advisory Committee to assess the current state of the art of nutrition in cancer etiology and therapy and to be apprised of current opportunities, needs, and resources. Toward this end, a literature survey project has been initiated and two specialized workshops have been held.", "PMID": 1192410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12753", "title": "Epidemiology of cancer of the stomach with special reference to its recent decrease in Japan.", "content": "Statistics showing a significant decline in stomach cancer death rate in Japan are presented. The decline was most striking in cancer of the pylorus, compared to other anatomical sites, and in metropolitan areas, compared to rural areas. A striking dietary change, especially of milk and milk products, was considered to be the possible reason for such decline, although some of the decrease must be attributed to the active nationwide program of early detection of stomach cancer.", "contents": "Epidemiology of cancer of the stomach with special reference to its recent decrease in Japan. Statistics showing a significant decline in stomach cancer death rate in Japan are presented. The decline was most striking in cancer of the pylorus, compared to other anatomical sites, and in metropolitan areas, compared to rural areas. A striking dietary change, especially of milk and milk products, was considered to be the possible reason for such decline, although some of the decrease must be attributed to the active nationwide program of early detection of stomach cancer.", "PMID": 1192411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12754", "title": "Future inquiries into the epidemiology of gastric cancer.", "content": "The fact that gastric cancer has been shown in many studies to be strongly related to a large number of social factors, ethnic background, occupation, socioeconomic status, and the like, suggests the importance of exogenous factors in its etiology. Past studies show a variety of relationships that furnish leads requiring elucidation to further understanding of this disease, e.g., higher risks related to exposures to asbestos, metals dusts, purgatives, and poor dental hygiene. Diet inquiries have steadily improved and negative relationships have been discovered with ingestion of vegetables in studies in Wales, Liverpool, Buffalo, Honolulu, Japan, and Norway. Positive relationships with starch have been found in many of these same places as well as in Israel. These leads need further investigation, as do better methods of diet research, studies of diet and histological type of gastric cancer, diet in its relationship to familial aggregation of gastric cancer, and studies of consistencies in relationships among the various sites in the digestive tract. Because diet is so heterogeneous in modern societies, multivariate analysis is needed in addition to simpler traditional modes.", "contents": "Future inquiries into the epidemiology of gastric cancer. The fact that gastric cancer has been shown in many studies to be strongly related to a large number of social factors, ethnic background, occupation, socioeconomic status, and the like, suggests the importance of exogenous factors in its etiology. Past studies show a variety of relationships that furnish leads requiring elucidation to further understanding of this disease, e.g., higher risks related to exposures to asbestos, metals dusts, purgatives, and poor dental hygiene. Diet inquiries have steadily improved and negative relationships have been discovered with ingestion of vegetables in studies in Wales, Liverpool, Buffalo, Honolulu, Japan, and Norway. Positive relationships with starch have been found in many of these same places as well as in Israel. These leads need further investigation, as do better methods of diet research, studies of diet and histological type of gastric cancer, diet in its relationship to familial aggregation of gastric cancer, and studies of consistencies in relationships among the various sites in the digestive tract. Because diet is so heterogeneous in modern societies, multivariate analysis is needed in addition to simpler traditional modes.", "PMID": 1192412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12755", "title": "Dietary factors and the etiology of gastric cancer.", "content": "We have developed the working hypothesis that gastric cancer in man may result from the in vivo nitrosation in the stomach of as yet unknown substrates, with the production of alkylinitrosamides. We have established that a source of the nitrite required for the nitrosation was the reduction of nitrate in foods. Nitrate could be derived from its deliberate addition to food as a preservative, from drinking water, and from foods grown in nitrate-rich soils. The reduction of nitrate does not occur at 2-4 degrees, accounting for the decline in gastric cancer in countries and regions where means of refrigerated food storage have been introduced. Future research includes the search for the substrates, presumably in the form of alkylamides, in some foods typically consumed in high-risk regions.", "contents": "Dietary factors and the etiology of gastric cancer. We have developed the working hypothesis that gastric cancer in man may result from the in vivo nitrosation in the stomach of as yet unknown substrates, with the production of alkylinitrosamides. We have established that a source of the nitrite required for the nitrosation was the reduction of nitrate in foods. Nitrate could be derived from its deliberate addition to food as a preservative, from drinking water, and from foods grown in nitrate-rich soils. The reduction of nitrate does not occur at 2-4 degrees, accounting for the decline in gastric cancer in countries and regions where means of refrigerated food storage have been introduced. Future research includes the search for the substrates, presumably in the form of alkylamides, in some foods typically consumed in high-risk regions.", "PMID": 1192413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12756", "title": "Dietary factors and cancer in Israel.", "content": "The risk of developing cancer is relatively higher in the European-born Israeli population than in those originating from the Middle Eastern or North African countries. The majority of cancer sites with a higher risk in the European groups involve the gastrointestinal and reproductive systems. Certain leads suggest that at least some of these differences may be attributed to diet. Data based on case-control studies are provided; they indicate a high consomption of starches among gastric cancer patients and a lower fiber consumption in patients with cancer of the colon. The latter observations may be extended to cancer of the breast, ovary, and corpus uteri, assuming an interplay between the concentration of bile degradation products and hormone metabolism. Although a low fiber consumption seems a more likely mechanism, a higher fat consumption is also compatible with this model. However, due to the complexity of human nutrition, it seems unwarranted to incriminate any single dietary factor in carcinogenesis. A better understanding of the metabolic pathways, coupled with consistent observations from distinct populations, should be looked for.", "contents": "Dietary factors and cancer in Israel. The risk of developing cancer is relatively higher in the European-born Israeli population than in those originating from the Middle Eastern or North African countries. The majority of cancer sites with a higher risk in the European groups involve the gastrointestinal and reproductive systems. Certain leads suggest that at least some of these differences may be attributed to diet. Data based on case-control studies are provided; they indicate a high consomption of starches among gastric cancer patients and a lower fiber consumption in patients with cancer of the colon. The latter observations may be extended to cancer of the breast, ovary, and corpus uteri, assuming an interplay between the concentration of bile degradation products and hormone metabolism. Although a low fiber consumption seems a more likely mechanism, a higher fat consumption is also compatible with this model. However, due to the complexity of human nutrition, it seems unwarranted to incriminate any single dietary factor in carcinogenesis. A better understanding of the metabolic pathways, coupled with consistent observations from distinct populations, should be looked for.", "PMID": 1192414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12757", "title": "Cancer in United States Jews.", "content": "The published studies of cancer of United States Jews are reviewed. Despite the lack of religious designation on death certificates, case reports, and census returns, a number of indirect methods for measuring the problem have been devised, which produce fairly consistent findings. In general, for American Jews, these show deficits in cancer mortality, among males, for the buccal cavity and pharynx and prostate and, among females, for the breast, uterine cervix and corpus, and bladder. Excesses in mortality, noted for both sexes, are esophagus, stomach, colon, pancreas, lymphomas, and leukemia and, in females, the lung and the ovary. The standardized mortality ratios for cancer of selected sites for Russian-born residents of upstate New York, 1969 through 1971, are presented as an indirect measure of the problem in the United States Jews. Statistically significant excesses were found in males for stomach and colon, with a striking deficit in cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx. Among females, excesses were noted for stomach, pancreas, and lung with a sharp deficit in the uterine cervix. On the basis of the religious affiliation of the cemetery of burial, estimates of the Jewish and non-Jewish components of the 800 deaths in Russian-born residents were determined. Expected deaths in these two subgroups by sex, for each cancer site, were then calculated by use of the site-specific proportionate mortality of upstate New York for these years. This revealed a significant excess among Jewish males for colon cancer, with a deficit in lung cancer, while among the non-Jewish male components stomach cancer mortality was the only site significantly in excess. Among Jewish females, stomach and lung cancers were in excess, with a deficit in cancers of the breast and cervix uteri. In non-Jewish Russian-born females, the only site significantly in excess was stomach, with breast cancer showing a deficit.", "contents": "Cancer in United States Jews. The published studies of cancer of United States Jews are reviewed. Despite the lack of religious designation on death certificates, case reports, and census returns, a number of indirect methods for measuring the problem have been devised, which produce fairly consistent findings. In general, for American Jews, these show deficits in cancer mortality, among males, for the buccal cavity and pharynx and prostate and, among females, for the breast, uterine cervix and corpus, and bladder. Excesses in mortality, noted for both sexes, are esophagus, stomach, colon, pancreas, lymphomas, and leukemia and, in females, the lung and the ovary. The standardized mortality ratios for cancer of selected sites for Russian-born residents of upstate New York, 1969 through 1971, are presented as an indirect measure of the problem in the United States Jews. Statistically significant excesses were found in males for stomach and colon, with a striking deficit in cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx. Among females, excesses were noted for stomach, pancreas, and lung with a sharp deficit in the uterine cervix. On the basis of the religious affiliation of the cemetery of burial, estimates of the Jewish and non-Jewish components of the 800 deaths in Russian-born residents were determined. Expected deaths in these two subgroups by sex, for each cancer site, were then calculated by use of the site-specific proportionate mortality of upstate New York for these years. This revealed a significant excess among Jewish males for colon cancer, with a deficit in lung cancer, while among the non-Jewish male components stomach cancer mortality was the only site significantly in excess. Among Jewish females, stomach and lung cancers were in excess, with a deficit in cancers of the breast and cervix uteri. In non-Jewish Russian-born females, the only site significantly in excess was stomach, with breast cancer showing a deficit.", "PMID": 1192415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12758", "title": "Role of life-style and dietary habits in risk of cancer among seventh-day adventists.", "content": "The Seventh-Day Adventist population abstains from smoking and drinking; about 50% follow a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet; and most avoid the use of coffee, tea, hot condiments, and spices. Existing data on cancer mortality in Seventh-Day Adventists clearly document mortality rates that are 50 to 70% of general population rates for most cancer sites that are unrelated to smoking and drinking. Several approaches to determining whether this reduced risk is due to the unique Seventh-Day Adventist life-style or selective factors related to who choses to become and remain a Seventh-Day Adventist are described. A comparison of the mortality experience of Seventh-Day Adventist and non-Seventh-Day Adventist physicians shows equal cancer mortality, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the apparent reduced risk of cancer death in all Adventists may be due to selective factors. However, the results of a small case-control study of colon and breast cancer among Adventists show statistically significant relative risks for colon cancer of 2.8 for past use of meat. For current food use, the significant relative risks are 2.3 for beef, 2.7 for lamb, and 2.1 for a combined group og highly saturated fat foods. This strongly suggests that the lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet may protect against colon cancer. However, the evidence linking diet to breast cancer is less clear. Because of the marked variability in dietary habits within the Seventh-Day Adventist population, they will be a productive group for further study of diet and cancer.", "contents": "Role of life-style and dietary habits in risk of cancer among seventh-day adventists. The Seventh-Day Adventist population abstains from smoking and drinking; about 50% follow a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet; and most avoid the use of coffee, tea, hot condiments, and spices. Existing data on cancer mortality in Seventh-Day Adventists clearly document mortality rates that are 50 to 70% of general population rates for most cancer sites that are unrelated to smoking and drinking. Several approaches to determining whether this reduced risk is due to the unique Seventh-Day Adventist life-style or selective factors related to who choses to become and remain a Seventh-Day Adventist are described. A comparison of the mortality experience of Seventh-Day Adventist and non-Seventh-Day Adventist physicians shows equal cancer mortality, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the apparent reduced risk of cancer death in all Adventists may be due to selective factors. However, the results of a small case-control study of colon and breast cancer among Adventists show statistically significant relative risks for colon cancer of 2.8 for past use of meat. For current food use, the significant relative risks are 2.3 for beef, 2.7 for lamb, and 2.1 for a combined group og highly saturated fat foods. This strongly suggests that the lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet may protect against colon cancer. However, the evidence linking diet to breast cancer is less clear. Because of the marked variability in dietary habits within the Seventh-Day Adventist population, they will be a productive group for further study of diet and cancer.", "PMID": 1192416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12759", "title": "Incidence of cancer in United States blacks.", "content": "Incidence rates for the black population of six Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States are examined using data collected in the Third National Cancer Survey, 1969 to 1971. For all sites combined, black males had the highest rates among the four major race-sex groups; black females had the lowest rates. For fourteen common sites accounting for 80% of the cancers among blacks, black/white ratios, survival data, trends between 1935 and 1969, and geographic variation are presented. United States black data adjusted to an African Standard are compared with similar data from Nigeria, Rhodesia, and South Africa.", "contents": "Incidence of cancer in United States blacks. Incidence rates for the black population of six Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States are examined using data collected in the Third National Cancer Survey, 1969 to 1971. For all sites combined, black males had the highest rates among the four major race-sex groups; black females had the lowest rates. For fourteen common sites accounting for 80% of the cancers among blacks, black/white ratios, survival data, trends between 1935 and 1969, and geographic variation are presented. United States black data adjusted to an African Standard are compared with similar data from Nigeria, Rhodesia, and South Africa.", "PMID": 1192417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12760", "title": "Relevance of animal studies to human disease.", "content": "Increasing restrictions on the experimental use of human subjects and the difficulties of either evaluating or controlling human subjects over long periods of time suggest the need for increasing use of experimental animals, especially in the study of chronic disease. Experience appears to provide the only guideline for the selection of the most useful species in any particular field. It should be recognized that the species that are most susceptible or those that most nearly approximate the lesion found in man are not necessarily the only useful species. Differences in susceptibility or metabolism provide opportunities for identifying significant parameters in man. We tend to be locked into the use of a few experimental species for no obvious logical reason and have not yet begun to utilize the potential of the diverse species available. Whatever the experiment, diet remains an environmental variable that should be considered in the design and evaluation.", "contents": "Relevance of animal studies to human disease. Increasing restrictions on the experimental use of human subjects and the difficulties of either evaluating or controlling human subjects over long periods of time suggest the need for increasing use of experimental animals, especially in the study of chronic disease. Experience appears to provide the only guideline for the selection of the most useful species in any particular field. It should be recognized that the species that are most susceptible or those that most nearly approximate the lesion found in man are not necessarily the only useful species. Differences in susceptibility or metabolism provide opportunities for identifying significant parameters in man. We tend to be locked into the use of a few experimental species for no obvious logical reason and have not yet begun to utilize the potential of the diverse species available. Whatever the experiment, diet remains an environmental variable that should be considered in the design and evaluation.", "PMID": 1192418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12761", "title": "Metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by human epithelial cells in vitro.", "content": "Primary cell cultures derived from human skin epithelium metabolized benzo(a)pyrene to three classes of compounds: phenols, quinones, and dihydrodiols. The relative proportions of metabolites varied according to the skin donor but differed from the pattern of metabolites in rat liver microsome preparations. While appreciable amounts of 7,8- and 9,10-dihydrodiol; 1,6-, 3,6-, and 6,12-quinone; and 3- and 9-hydroxy derivatives were found in the medium, no 4,5 (K-region)-dihydrodiol or epoxide was detected. Reduced amounts of quinones were produced when the cultures were pretreated with hydrocortisone before exposure to the hydrocarbon. The cultures did not require a period of enzyme induction for efficient metabolism of the hydrocarbon. Cultures of fibroblasts derived from the same skin samples as the epithelial cells metabolized the hydrocarbon but to a much different extent. Preexposure of the epithelial cell cultures to mixtures of polycyclic hydrocarbons resulted in a decrease in the amounts of carcinogen metabolized to phenols and dihydrodiols. These findings suggest that the prevalence of carcinomatous disease in humans is due to the differential capacity of the epithelial cells to metabolize potential carcinogens to active forms, a capacity reduced in fibroblasts or other nonepithelial cells. This suggestion is supported by the observations that supposedly normal prostate cells also efficiently metabolize polycyclic hydrocarbons in a manner similar to that of epidermal cells. No evidence of neoplastic transformation was seen in cytological preparations of cells exfoliated into the medium.", "contents": "Metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by human epithelial cells in vitro. Primary cell cultures derived from human skin epithelium metabolized benzo(a)pyrene to three classes of compounds: phenols, quinones, and dihydrodiols. The relative proportions of metabolites varied according to the skin donor but differed from the pattern of metabolites in rat liver microsome preparations. While appreciable amounts of 7,8- and 9,10-dihydrodiol; 1,6-, 3,6-, and 6,12-quinone; and 3- and 9-hydroxy derivatives were found in the medium, no 4,5 (K-region)-dihydrodiol or epoxide was detected. Reduced amounts of quinones were produced when the cultures were pretreated with hydrocortisone before exposure to the hydrocarbon. The cultures did not require a period of enzyme induction for efficient metabolism of the hydrocarbon. Cultures of fibroblasts derived from the same skin samples as the epithelial cells metabolized the hydrocarbon but to a much different extent. Preexposure of the epithelial cell cultures to mixtures of polycyclic hydrocarbons resulted in a decrease in the amounts of carcinogen metabolized to phenols and dihydrodiols. These findings suggest that the prevalence of carcinomatous disease in humans is due to the differential capacity of the epithelial cells to metabolize potential carcinogens to active forms, a capacity reduced in fibroblasts or other nonepithelial cells. This suggestion is supported by the observations that supposedly normal prostate cells also efficiently metabolize polycyclic hydrocarbons in a manner similar to that of epidermal cells. No evidence of neoplastic transformation was seen in cytological preparations of cells exfoliated into the medium.", "PMID": 1192420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12762", "title": "Microcytotoxicity assays of tumor immunity in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma correlated with clinical status.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with bronchogenic carcinoma were tested in microcytotoxicity assays against cultured bronchogenic cancer cells, other types of tumor cells, and skin fibroblasts. Lymphocytes from patients who were postresection with no clinical evidence of residual or recurrent tumor were more frequently toxic against bronchogenic carcinoma than were lymphocytes from normal donors or from patients with clinically evident disease. Lymphocytes from patients with minimal or no tumor  were more frequently toxic against bronchogenic cancer than against skin fibroblasts. Serum samples from a few patients rendered lymphocytes toxic for bronchogenic cancer cells, but this serum activity could not be correlated with the patient's clinical status.", "contents": "Microcytotoxicity assays of tumor immunity in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma correlated with clinical status. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with bronchogenic carcinoma were tested in microcytotoxicity assays against cultured bronchogenic cancer cells, other types of tumor cells, and skin fibroblasts. Lymphocytes from patients who were postresection with no clinical evidence of residual or recurrent tumor were more frequently toxic against bronchogenic carcinoma than were lymphocytes from normal donors or from patients with clinically evident disease. Lymphocytes from patients with minimal or no tumor  were more frequently toxic against bronchogenic cancer than against skin fibroblasts. Serum samples from a few patients rendered lymphocytes toxic for bronchogenic cancer cells, but this serum activity could not be correlated with the patient's clinical status.", "PMID": 1192421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12763", "title": "Excision of pyrimidine dimers from epidermal DNA and nonsemiconservative epidermal DNA synthesis following ultraviolet irradiation of mouse skin.", "content": "Pyrimidine dimer production and excision in epidermal DNA were studied at five different dose levels of ultraviolet light in the skin of intact mice. Dimer production increased with dose up to 50,400 ergs/sq mm. Approximately 30% of the thymine-containing dimers were excised by 24 hr after irradiation at three lower dose levels of ultraviolet light. Nonsemiconservative DNA replication in ultraviolet-irradiated mouse skin was shown to continue for at least 18 hr. The rate of nonsemiconservative replication decreased with time, but did so slowly. The initial rates of nonsemiconservative replication increased uith ultraviolet light dose level up to about 4,200 ergs/sq mm, after which the initial rates were decreased. Semiconservative epidermal DNA synthesis was shown to be inhibited by hydroxyurea, but hydroxyurea had no effect on ultraviolet light-induced nonsemiconservative DNA replication. The observed pyrimidine dimer excision and nonsemiconservative DNA replication suggest that in the intact mouse the cells of the epidermis are capable of DNA excision repair after ultraviolet irradiation of mouse skin.", "contents": "Excision of pyrimidine dimers from epidermal DNA and nonsemiconservative epidermal DNA synthesis following ultraviolet irradiation of mouse skin. Pyrimidine dimer production and excision in epidermal DNA were studied at five different dose levels of ultraviolet light in the skin of intact mice. Dimer production increased with dose up to 50,400 ergs/sq mm. Approximately 30% of the thymine-containing dimers were excised by 24 hr after irradiation at three lower dose levels of ultraviolet light. Nonsemiconservative DNA replication in ultraviolet-irradiated mouse skin was shown to continue for at least 18 hr. The rate of nonsemiconservative replication decreased with time, but did so slowly. The initial rates of nonsemiconservative replication increased uith ultraviolet light dose level up to about 4,200 ergs/sq mm, after which the initial rates were decreased. Semiconservative epidermal DNA synthesis was shown to be inhibited by hydroxyurea, but hydroxyurea had no effect on ultraviolet light-induced nonsemiconservative DNA replication. The observed pyrimidine dimer excision and nonsemiconservative DNA replication suggest that in the intact mouse the cells of the epidermis are capable of DNA excision repair after ultraviolet irradiation of mouse skin.", "PMID": 1192422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12764", "title": "Replication of an avian myxovirus in tumor cell cultures obtained from effusions of mammary carcinoma patients.", "content": "In view of the possible use of viruses for the immunotherapy of breast cancer, the replication of a strain of fowl plaque virus was studied in the tumor cells of 11 mammary carcinoma patients with malignant effusions. The tumor cells were obtained by centrifugation on iodamide solutions, then cultured in vitro, and infected by a fowl plaque virus previously adapted to grow in a mammary carcinoma cell line. Virus multiplication was observed in all cases, a prerequisite for the use of autologous viral oncolysates for immunotherapy in mammary carcinoma patients.", "contents": "Replication of an avian myxovirus in tumor cell cultures obtained from effusions of mammary carcinoma patients. In view of the possible use of viruses for the immunotherapy of breast cancer, the replication of a strain of fowl plaque virus was studied in the tumor cells of 11 mammary carcinoma patients with malignant effusions. The tumor cells were obtained by centrifugation on iodamide solutions, then cultured in vitro, and infected by a fowl plaque virus previously adapted to grow in a mammary carcinoma cell line. Virus multiplication was observed in all cases, a prerequisite for the use of autologous viral oncolysates for immunotherapy in mammary carcinoma patients.", "PMID": 1192423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12765", "title": "Cytogenetic, cytological, and virological characteristics of a bovine fibrosarcoma.", "content": "The features of a bovine tumor with typical histopathological characteristics of a malignant fibrosarcoma are described. Direct karyotype preparations from the tumor tissue showed two populations of cells with bizarre karyotypes. An in vitro cell culture, designated BS-2, derived from the tumor had a normal diploid karyotype. This culture formed syncytia and produced a virus morphologically indistinguishable from the ubiquitous bovine syncytial virus. BS-2 cells reacted strongly in immunofluorescent tests with both bovine syncytial virus reference serum and serum from the tumorous cow. The virus was also demonstrated by immunofluorescence and mixed culture techniques in the buffy coat cells of the same cow.", "contents": "Cytogenetic, cytological, and virological characteristics of a bovine fibrosarcoma. The features of a bovine tumor with typical histopathological characteristics of a malignant fibrosarcoma are described. Direct karyotype preparations from the tumor tissue showed two populations of cells with bizarre karyotypes. An in vitro cell culture, designated BS-2, derived from the tumor had a normal diploid karyotype. This culture formed syncytia and produced a virus morphologically indistinguishable from the ubiquitous bovine syncytial virus. BS-2 cells reacted strongly in immunofluorescent tests with both bovine syncytial virus reference serum and serum from the tumorous cow. The virus was also demonstrated by immunofluorescence and mixed culture techniques in the buffy coat cells of the same cow.", "PMID": 1192424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12766", "title": "Kinetic analysis of the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene to phenols, dihydrodiols, and quinones by high-pressure chromatography compared to analysis by aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase assay, and the effect of enzyme induction.", "content": "High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to analyze the rate of benzo(a)pyrene metabolite formation by liver microsomes from control and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. The relative amounts of each metabolite formed were determined with several concentrations of microsomal mixed-function oxidases. The specific activity, i.e., amount formed per mg protein per min, was found to be constant for the formation of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene. The specific activity for the formation of 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was higher at high microsomal enzyme concentration. The formation of 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, however, did not increase with greater amounts of microsomes. The data indicate that 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene is a nonenzymatic product derived from a reactive intermediate, probably benzo(a)pyrene-9,10-oxide. The relatively constant specific activity for the formation of 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene with several enzyme concentrations suggests that the K-region epoxide, benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-oxide, is the most stable of the benzo(a)pyrene epoxide intermediates. The relative percentages of each metabolite fraction found are as follows: 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, 36; 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, 3 to 13; 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, 15 to 25; 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, 8; 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, 12 to 14; benzo(a)pyrene quinones, 14 to 17. Induction of the enzyme system by 3-methylcholanthrene increases the amount of each metabolite formed to a different extent. The amount of 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy- and 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene formed are markedly increased relative to the increase in the other metabolites. Thus the induction of the enzyme may specifically alter pathways of metabolism relevant to carcinogenesis. This study also makes a detailed comparison between the results obtained by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis and the standard aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase assay and further develops the chromatographic analysis of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene to phenols, dihydrodiols, and quinones by high-pressure chromatography compared to analysis by aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase assay, and the effect of enzyme induction. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to analyze the rate of benzo(a)pyrene metabolite formation by liver microsomes from control and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. The relative amounts of each metabolite formed were determined with several concentrations of microsomal mixed-function oxidases. The specific activity, i.e., amount formed per mg protein per min, was found to be constant for the formation of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene. The specific activity for the formation of 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was higher at high microsomal enzyme concentration. The formation of 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, however, did not increase with greater amounts of microsomes. The data indicate that 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene is a nonenzymatic product derived from a reactive intermediate, probably benzo(a)pyrene-9,10-oxide. The relatively constant specific activity for the formation of 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene with several enzyme concentrations suggests that the K-region epoxide, benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-oxide, is the most stable of the benzo(a)pyrene epoxide intermediates. The relative percentages of each metabolite fraction found are as follows: 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, 36; 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, 3 to 13; 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, 15 to 25; 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, 8; 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, 12 to 14; benzo(a)pyrene quinones, 14 to 17. Induction of the enzyme system by 3-methylcholanthrene increases the amount of each metabolite formed to a different extent. The amount of 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy- and 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene formed are markedly increased relative to the increase in the other metabolites. Thus the induction of the enzyme may specifically alter pathways of metabolism relevant to carcinogenesis. This study also makes a detailed comparison between the results obtained by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis and the standard aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase assay and further develops the chromatographic analysis of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites.", "PMID": 1192425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12767", "title": "In vitro metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by human liver microsomes and lymphocytes.", "content": "The metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by human liver microsomes and human lymphocytes has been analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Human liver forms seven known metabolites and at least five additional unidentified metabolites that migrate as distinct peaks. Lymphocytes incubated with benzo(a)pyrene for 30 min do not form dihydrodiols. Lymphocytes incubated for 24 hr with benzo(a)pyrene form all of the metabolites produced by liver including dihydrodiols as well as additional metabolites. The ratios of phenols formed by liver and lymphocytes are different, and preparations from humans form a different profile of metabolites than that formed by rat liver.", "contents": "In vitro metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by human liver microsomes and lymphocytes. The metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by human liver microsomes and human lymphocytes has been analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Human liver forms seven known metabolites and at least five additional unidentified metabolites that migrate as distinct peaks. Lymphocytes incubated with benzo(a)pyrene for 30 min do not form dihydrodiols. Lymphocytes incubated for 24 hr with benzo(a)pyrene form all of the metabolites produced by liver including dihydrodiols as well as additional metabolites. The ratios of phenols formed by liver and lymphocytes are different, and preparations from humans form a different profile of metabolites than that formed by rat liver.", "PMID": 1192426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12768", "title": "Dimethylnitrosamine-induced inhibition of hepatic protein synthesis in vitro and the effect of pretreatment with cystamine or pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile.", "content": "Hepatic protein synthesis was investigated using a postmitochondrial supernatant system derived from the livers of rats that were given injections of a single dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), 30 mg/kg. The time course and extent of DMN-induced inhibition in vitro were identical to those reported for the incorporation of amino acids into liver proteins in vivo, maximum inhibition being about 70% at 5 hr. Addition of specific inhibitors of chain initiation (polyinosinic acid and aurin tricarboxylic acid) to the postmitochrondrial supernatant system from DMN-treated rats caused only a slight additional inhibition, indicating that DMN predominantly affects translation by a block of initiation. Treatment with cystamine prior to DMN administration completely abolished the depression of protein synthesis and reduced by more than 90% the methylation by [14C]DMN of purine bases in liver DNA. Pretreatment with pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile stimulated protein synthesis in controls but had no preventive effect in DMN-treated rats and did not reduce the extent of DNA alkylation in vivo.", "contents": "Dimethylnitrosamine-induced inhibition of hepatic protein synthesis in vitro and the effect of pretreatment with cystamine or pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile. Hepatic protein synthesis was investigated using a postmitochondrial supernatant system derived from the livers of rats that were given injections of a single dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), 30 mg/kg. The time course and extent of DMN-induced inhibition in vitro were identical to those reported for the incorporation of amino acids into liver proteins in vivo, maximum inhibition being about 70% at 5 hr. Addition of specific inhibitors of chain initiation (polyinosinic acid and aurin tricarboxylic acid) to the postmitochrondrial supernatant system from DMN-treated rats caused only a slight additional inhibition, indicating that DMN predominantly affects translation by a block of initiation. Treatment with cystamine prior to DMN administration completely abolished the depression of protein synthesis and reduced by more than 90% the methylation by [14C]DMN of purine bases in liver DNA. Pretreatment with pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile stimulated protein synthesis in controls but had no preventive effect in DMN-treated rats and did not reduce the extent of DNA alkylation in vivo.", "PMID": 1192427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12769", "title": "The effect of estrone-progesterone treatment on cell proliferation kinetics of hormone-dependent GR mouse mammary tumors.", "content": "Hormone-dependent mammary tumors were induced in virgin GR mice by treatment with estrone and progesterone. Discontinuation of hormonal treatment was followed by regression of the tumor. This response to hormone treatment was also observed in the first transplant generation in inbred syngeneic hosts, but after several transplantations the tumor growth became hormone independent. The hormone dependence of the primary tumors and tumors after a single transplantation was demonstrated by growth curves. Furthermore, the cell proliferation kinetics has been investigated in a growing as well as in a regressing hormone-dependent tumor after a single transplantation from the same primary tumor. The experimental data consist of growth curves, percentage-labeled mitoses curves, and labeling indices. Since these data do not contain information concerning the localization of the cell loss in the cell cycle, they were analyzed by a computer method based on three mathematical models differing in respect to the mode of cell loss. All three models gave approximately the same estimates of the cell kinetic parameters in the growing as well as the regressing tumor. The results for the growing, hormone-dependent tumor showed a growth fraction of 62%, a cell production rate of 3.4%/hr, and a cell loss rate of 2.3%/hr. Regression of the tumor after hormonal deprivation was accompanied by a decrease in growth fraction to 18% and a decrease in the cell production rate to 0.9%/hr, while the cell loss rate was unchanged at 2.8%/hr. Furthermore, the discontinuation of hormonal treatment introduced an increase in the mean transit time of the cell cycle, particularly in the mean transit time of the G1 phase. The results might indicate that estrone and progesterone treatment stimulated growth of hormone-dependent GR mouse mammary tumors mainly by an increase of growth fraction and cell production rate.", "contents": "The effect of estrone-progesterone treatment on cell proliferation kinetics of hormone-dependent GR mouse mammary tumors. Hormone-dependent mammary tumors were induced in virgin GR mice by treatment with estrone and progesterone. Discontinuation of hormonal treatment was followed by regression of the tumor. This response to hormone treatment was also observed in the first transplant generation in inbred syngeneic hosts, but after several transplantations the tumor growth became hormone independent. The hormone dependence of the primary tumors and tumors after a single transplantation was demonstrated by growth curves. Furthermore, the cell proliferation kinetics has been investigated in a growing as well as in a regressing hormone-dependent tumor after a single transplantation from the same primary tumor. The experimental data consist of growth curves, percentage-labeled mitoses curves, and labeling indices. Since these data do not contain information concerning the localization of the cell loss in the cell cycle, they were analyzed by a computer method based on three mathematical models differing in respect to the mode of cell loss. All three models gave approximately the same estimates of the cell kinetic parameters in the growing as well as the regressing tumor. The results for the growing, hormone-dependent tumor showed a growth fraction of 62%, a cell production rate of 3.4%/hr, and a cell loss rate of 2.3%/hr. Regression of the tumor after hormonal deprivation was accompanied by a decrease in growth fraction to 18% and a decrease in the cell production rate to 0.9%/hr, while the cell loss rate was unchanged at 2.8%/hr. Furthermore, the discontinuation of hormonal treatment introduced an increase in the mean transit time of the cell cycle, particularly in the mean transit time of the G1 phase. The results might indicate that estrone and progesterone treatment stimulated growth of hormone-dependent GR mouse mammary tumors mainly by an increase of growth fraction and cell production rate.", "PMID": 1192428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12770", "title": "Altered glucose metabolism in metastatic carcinoma.", "content": "To evaluate the possible role of altered glucose metabolism in malignant cachexia, metabolic parameters including total glucose turnover, glucose oxidation, and Cori cycle activity were measured in fourteen patients with metastatic carcinoma. Eight patients with progressive weight loss (PWL) were compared to 6 without (controls). Cori cycle activity was significantly increased (p less than 0.02) in PWL patients, 90 mg/kg/hr (range, 22 to 193) compared to 18 mg/kg/hr (range, 13 to 24) in controls. Total glucose turnover was moderately increased in PWL patients, 196 mg/kg/hr compared to 110 mg/kg/hr in controls. Glucose oxidation was 62 mg/kg/hr versus 48 mg/kg/hr, and total caloric expenditure was 36 kcal/sq m/hr compared to 33 Kcal/sq m/hr. PWL patients were metabolically heterogenous and mean values are skewed by four patients with increased glucose turnover, oxidation, and markedly high recycling rates that were equivalent to total endogenous glucose turnover of a normal subject. Total caloric expenditure was greatest in three of the four patients with a marked increase in Cori cycle activity. Energy loss associated with a high rate of gluconeogenesis from lactate has been suggested as an explanation for increased energy expenditure in some cancer patients, thus contributing to mechanisms that promote weight loss.", "contents": "Altered glucose metabolism in metastatic carcinoma. To evaluate the possible role of altered glucose metabolism in malignant cachexia, metabolic parameters including total glucose turnover, glucose oxidation, and Cori cycle activity were measured in fourteen patients with metastatic carcinoma. Eight patients with progressive weight loss (PWL) were compared to 6 without (controls). Cori cycle activity was significantly increased (p less than 0.02) in PWL patients, 90 mg/kg/hr (range, 22 to 193) compared to 18 mg/kg/hr (range, 13 to 24) in controls. Total glucose turnover was moderately increased in PWL patients, 196 mg/kg/hr compared to 110 mg/kg/hr in controls. Glucose oxidation was 62 mg/kg/hr versus 48 mg/kg/hr, and total caloric expenditure was 36 kcal/sq m/hr compared to 33 Kcal/sq m/hr. PWL patients were metabolically heterogenous and mean values are skewed by four patients with increased glucose turnover, oxidation, and markedly high recycling rates that were equivalent to total endogenous glucose turnover of a normal subject. Total caloric expenditure was greatest in three of the four patients with a marked increase in Cori cycle activity. Energy loss associated with a high rate of gluconeogenesis from lactate has been suggested as an explanation for increased energy expenditure in some cancer patients, thus contributing to mechanisms that promote weight loss.", "PMID": 1192429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12771", "title": "Variables and specificity of in vitro lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in human melanoma.", "content": "In vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) assays have been carried out in human melanoma system with blood effector lymphocytes on [3H]proline-labeled target cells in a 48-hr microcytotoxicity technique. Three lymphocyte purification procedures (Ficoll:Hypaque gradient, plasma gel sedimentation followed by nylon column incubation, and plasma gel sedimentation followed by separation with nylon powder and glass beads) are compared in parallel experiments for characteristic effector cell composition and cytotoxic potential against target cells of dissimilar histology. The cytotoxicity is defined by the loss of target cell 3H cpm as measured by residual target cell 3H cpm in individual microwell following incubation with lymphocytes. Target cell 3H cpm loss by test lymphocytes is compared with target cell 3H cpm loss by several age and sex matched control lymphocytes (from normal donors and unrelated cancer patients); further comparison between the various control lymphocytes is also made in each assay. As control for target cells, autologous fibroblasts and homologous tumor cells of dissimilar histology are always included in each assay. Specific cytotoxicity is defined as statistically significant and selective destruction of only melanoma cells by the test lymphocytes as compared to the control lymphocytes. Significant but nonselective destruction of 2 or more target cells of unrelated histology is regarded as nonspecific cytotoxicity, while no destruction of any target cells signifies no cytotoxicity. The Ficoll:Hypaque preparations consistently exhibit the highest nonlymphocytic cell contamination (8 to 16%); the nonlymphocytic cells are, almost exclusively, monocytes. They also produce relatively high percentage of thymus independent (B) cells (8 to 15%). The ultimate cell composition of the 2 plasma gel-nylon preparations is essentially identical. In either plasma gel-nylon preparations, the nonlymphocytic contamination is minimal (0 to 4%) and thymus-dependent (T) cell percentage is considerably higher (92 to 99%) with none or few B cells.", "contents": "Variables and specificity of in vitro lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in human melanoma. In vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) assays have been carried out in human melanoma system with blood effector lymphocytes on [3H]proline-labeled target cells in a 48-hr microcytotoxicity technique. Three lymphocyte purification procedures (Ficoll:Hypaque gradient, plasma gel sedimentation followed by nylon column incubation, and plasma gel sedimentation followed by separation with nylon powder and glass beads) are compared in parallel experiments for characteristic effector cell composition and cytotoxic potential against target cells of dissimilar histology. The cytotoxicity is defined by the loss of target cell 3H cpm as measured by residual target cell 3H cpm in individual microwell following incubation with lymphocytes. Target cell 3H cpm loss by test lymphocytes is compared with target cell 3H cpm loss by several age and sex matched control lymphocytes (from normal donors and unrelated cancer patients); further comparison between the various control lymphocytes is also made in each assay. As control for target cells, autologous fibroblasts and homologous tumor cells of dissimilar histology are always included in each assay. Specific cytotoxicity is defined as statistically significant and selective destruction of only melanoma cells by the test lymphocytes as compared to the control lymphocytes. Significant but nonselective destruction of 2 or more target cells of unrelated histology is regarded as nonspecific cytotoxicity, while no destruction of any target cells signifies no cytotoxicity. The Ficoll:Hypaque preparations consistently exhibit the highest nonlymphocytic cell contamination (8 to 16%); the nonlymphocytic cells are, almost exclusively, monocytes. They also produce relatively high percentage of thymus independent (B) cells (8 to 15%). The ultimate cell composition of the 2 plasma gel-nylon preparations is essentially identical. In either plasma gel-nylon preparations, the nonlymphocytic contamination is minimal (0 to 4%) and thymus-dependent (T) cell percentage is considerably higher (92 to 99%) with none or few B cells.", "PMID": 1192430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12772", "title": "Pyran copolymer as an effective adjuvant to chemotherapy against a murine leukemia and solid tumor.", "content": "Pyran (divinyl ether-maleic anhydride) copolymer (NSC 46015) is a polyanion with interferon-inducing and macrophage-stimulating properties, and therefore it has been studied as a possible antitumor agent. Extensive studies using pyran as an adjuvant to chemotherapy against the LSTRA murine leukemia and the Lewis lung carcinoma were performed. Pyran was effective over a dose range of 0.1 to 100 mg/kg/day. Single and multiple dose schedules were both capable of producing significant numbers of cures or increasing life-span, but pyran was ineffective if used without remission inducing chemotherapy. Various molecular weights of pyran copolymer were compared against NSC 46015 for adjuvant activity as well. In general, NSC 46015 tended to be the most efficacious, but all the pyran sizes that were tested possessed significant activity.", "contents": "Pyran copolymer as an effective adjuvant to chemotherapy against a murine leukemia and solid tumor. Pyran (divinyl ether-maleic anhydride) copolymer (NSC 46015) is a polyanion with interferon-inducing and macrophage-stimulating properties, and therefore it has been studied as a possible antitumor agent. Extensive studies using pyran as an adjuvant to chemotherapy against the LSTRA murine leukemia and the Lewis lung carcinoma were performed. Pyran was effective over a dose range of 0.1 to 100 mg/kg/day. Single and multiple dose schedules were both capable of producing significant numbers of cures or increasing life-span, but pyran was ineffective if used without remission inducing chemotherapy. Various molecular weights of pyran copolymer were compared against NSC 46015 for adjuvant activity as well. In general, NSC 46015 tended to be the most efficacious, but all the pyran sizes that were tested possessed significant activity.", "PMID": 1192431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12773", "title": "Autoradiographic analysis of proliferative activity in rat kidney epithelial and mesenchymal cell subpopulations following a carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "In a system that yields 100% incidence of renal mesenchymal tumors and a 30 to 40% incidence of renal cortical epithelial neoplasms, the proliferative activity of renal epithelial and mesenchymal cell subpopulations following a single dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was traced by autoradiographic analysis of [methyl-3H]thymidine uptake during the 3 weeks immediately posttreatment. The initial response to DMN was a depression in DNA synthesis and mitosis to near 0 levels in all segments of the nephron and in attendant mesenchymal cells for a period of 1 to 3 days. Following the period of inhibition, increased DNA synthetic activity was observed in certain subpopulations of both epithelium and mesenchyme and these patterns were matched by equivalent mitotic activity. A stimulation of DNA synthesis was observed in cells of the proximal and distal tubules of Zones 1 and 2 but in no other epithelial segments. The increased activity was most intense in Zone 1 epithelium reaching a peak at the 10th day after DMN injection 4 days after epithelial cell necrosis had commenced. In renal mesenchyme, the major response involved only the interstitial cells of Zones 1 and 2. At Day 3, there was a wave of increased DNA-synthetic and mitotic activity in the free interstitial cells of the cortex, followed by a 2nd, more intense peak of activity at Day 6. The cells responding at Day 3 appeared to involve the resident population of cortical fibrocytes while the major contribution to the Day 6 peak came from infiltrating mononuclear inflammatory cells, although resident fibrocytes and capillary endothelium also contributed. A significant wave of increased activity involved the intestitial cells of Zone 2, but the peak, although of equivalent intensity to the response in Zone 1, was single and occurred 3 days later at Day 9. Apart from a small, brief, and variable wave of activity in interstitial cells of Zone 3 from Days 8 to 10, no toerh mesenchymal cell populations in the kidney were stimulated by the injection of DMN.", "contents": "Autoradiographic analysis of proliferative activity in rat kidney epithelial and mesenchymal cell subpopulations following a carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine. In a system that yields 100% incidence of renal mesenchymal tumors and a 30 to 40% incidence of renal cortical epithelial neoplasms, the proliferative activity of renal epithelial and mesenchymal cell subpopulations following a single dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was traced by autoradiographic analysis of [methyl-3H]thymidine uptake during the 3 weeks immediately posttreatment. The initial response to DMN was a depression in DNA synthesis and mitosis to near 0 levels in all segments of the nephron and in attendant mesenchymal cells for a period of 1 to 3 days. Following the period of inhibition, increased DNA synthetic activity was observed in certain subpopulations of both epithelium and mesenchyme and these patterns were matched by equivalent mitotic activity. A stimulation of DNA synthesis was observed in cells of the proximal and distal tubules of Zones 1 and 2 but in no other epithelial segments. The increased activity was most intense in Zone 1 epithelium reaching a peak at the 10th day after DMN injection 4 days after epithelial cell necrosis had commenced. In renal mesenchyme, the major response involved only the interstitial cells of Zones 1 and 2. At Day 3, there was a wave of increased DNA-synthetic and mitotic activity in the free interstitial cells of the cortex, followed by a 2nd, more intense peak of activity at Day 6. The cells responding at Day 3 appeared to involve the resident population of cortical fibrocytes while the major contribution to the Day 6 peak came from infiltrating mononuclear inflammatory cells, although resident fibrocytes and capillary endothelium also contributed. A significant wave of increased activity involved the intestitial cells of Zone 2, but the peak, although of equivalent intensity to the response in Zone 1, was single and occurred 3 days later at Day 9. Apart from a small, brief, and variable wave of activity in interstitial cells of Zone 3 from Days 8 to 10, no toerh mesenchymal cell populations in the kidney were stimulated by the injection of DMN.", "PMID": 1192432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12774", "title": "Bladder calculi and urothelial hyperplasia with papillomatosis in the rat following insertion of chalk powder in the bladder cavity with subsequent trauma of the bladder wall.", "content": "A suspension of chalk powder was injected into the cavity of the urinary bladder of Fischer 344 rats. Three weeks later rats were divided into 4 major groups and were given a submucosal injection. One group received a suspension of viable Chapman 4909 tumor cells, the 2nd group received a suspension of frozen-killed 4909 tumor cells, the 3rd group received a suspension of normal rat spleen cells, and the 4th group received cell-free fresh tissue culture medium. After 3 additional weeks urolithiasis was recognized in each experimental group. The incidence of calculi in the groups as listed above was 14 of 17, 6 of 11, 6 of 11, and 2 of 15, respectively. In control studies inocula consisted of tumor alone, i.e., without chalk powder. Inoculation of the 4909 rat bladder cancer cell line into the lumen of urinary bladders of rats did not result in any calculi after 3 weeks but did produce intramural tumor nodules and hyperplastic changes in adjacent host urothelium in 2 of 10 rats. The tumor inoculated in the submucosa of the bladder produced calculi and papillomas in 2 of 7 rats, and it produced intramural tumor nodules with adjacent hyperplasia of urothelium in all 7 rats.", "contents": "Bladder calculi and urothelial hyperplasia with papillomatosis in the rat following insertion of chalk powder in the bladder cavity with subsequent trauma of the bladder wall. A suspension of chalk powder was injected into the cavity of the urinary bladder of Fischer 344 rats. Three weeks later rats were divided into 4 major groups and were given a submucosal injection. One group received a suspension of viable Chapman 4909 tumor cells, the 2nd group received a suspension of frozen-killed 4909 tumor cells, the 3rd group received a suspension of normal rat spleen cells, and the 4th group received cell-free fresh tissue culture medium. After 3 additional weeks urolithiasis was recognized in each experimental group. The incidence of calculi in the groups as listed above was 14 of 17, 6 of 11, 6 of 11, and 2 of 15, respectively. In control studies inocula consisted of tumor alone, i.e., without chalk powder. Inoculation of the 4909 rat bladder cancer cell line into the lumen of urinary bladders of rats did not result in any calculi after 3 weeks but did produce intramural tumor nodules and hyperplastic changes in adjacent host urothelium in 2 of 10 rats. The tumor inoculated in the submucosa of the bladder produced calculi and papillomas in 2 of 7 rats, and it produced intramural tumor nodules with adjacent hyperplasia of urothelium in all 7 rats.", "PMID": 1192433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12775", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in human ovarian neoplasms.", "content": "The presence and location of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was examined in tissue sections of 14 mucinous and 13 serous cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas of the ovary. CEA was demonstrated in the mucinous tumors but was not present in the serous tumors. In the mucinous tumors, CEA was located in the glycocalyx and apical portions of the absorptive-type epithelium, with only trace quantities in goblet cells, a pattern identical to that seen in colonic neoplasms. Endocervical-type epithelium in the mucinous tumors contained little or no CEA.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in human ovarian neoplasms. The presence and location of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was examined in tissue sections of 14 mucinous and 13 serous cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas of the ovary. CEA was demonstrated in the mucinous tumors but was not present in the serous tumors. In the mucinous tumors, CEA was located in the glycocalyx and apical portions of the absorptive-type epithelium, with only trace quantities in goblet cells, a pattern identical to that seen in colonic neoplasms. Endocervical-type epithelium in the mucinous tumors contained little or no CEA.", "PMID": 1192434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12776", "title": "The synthesis of glycopeptide fragments of human plasma alpha1-acid glycoproteins by sequential elongation at the terminal-amino group.", "content": "Glycopeptides corresponding to sequences 27--28, 48--49, and 58--59 of human plasma alpha1-acid glycoproteins have been synthesized by sequential elongation of the peptide chain at the terminal amino group. 2-Acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1-N-(L-aspart-4-oyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine was condensed with the p-nitrophenyl esters of protected amino acids to give the corresponding protected glycodipeptides having the sequences Gly-(GlcNAc-4-)Asn, Pro-(GlcNAc-4-)Asn, Val-(GlcNAc-4-)Asn, Leu-(GlcNAc-4-)Asn, Glu-(GlcNAc-4-)Asn, Tyr-(GlcNAc-4-)Asn, Ser-(GlcNAc-4-)Asn, and Cys-(GlcNAc-4-)Asn. Deprotection of the carbohydrate and of the peptide residues of these compounds was achieved, except for those having N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl protective groups, to give the corresponding free glycopeptides. The glycotripeptide 2-acetamido-1-N-(2-N-[N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-L-glutam-1-oyl-L-tyrosyl]-L-aspart-4-oxy)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine, having the amino acid sequence 10--12 of human plasma alpha1-acid glycoprotein, was prepared by condensation of 2-acetamido 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-1-N-[2-N-(L-tyrosyl)-L-aspart-4-oyl[-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine with 5-benzyl 1-p-nitrophenyl N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-L-glutamate, followed by removal of the ester groups.", "contents": "The synthesis of glycopeptide fragments of human plasma alpha1-acid glycoproteins by sequential elongation at the terminal-amino group. Glycopeptides corresponding to sequences 27--28, 48--49, and 58--59 of human plasma alpha1-acid glycoproteins have been synthesized by sequential elongation of the peptide chain at the terminal amino group. 2-Acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1-N-(L-aspart-4-oyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine was condensed with the p-nitrophenyl esters of protected amino acids to give the corresponding protected glycodipeptides having the sequences Gly-(GlcNAc-4-)Asn, Pro-(GlcNAc-4-)Asn, Val-(GlcNAc-4-)Asn, Leu-(GlcNAc-4-)Asn, Glu-(GlcNAc-4-)Asn, Tyr-(GlcNAc-4-)Asn, Ser-(GlcNAc-4-)Asn, and Cys-(GlcNAc-4-)Asn. Deprotection of the carbohydrate and of the peptide residues of these compounds was achieved, except for those having N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl protective groups, to give the corresponding free glycopeptides. The glycotripeptide 2-acetamido-1-N-(2-N-[N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-L-glutam-1-oyl-L-tyrosyl]-L-aspart-4-oxy)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine, having the amino acid sequence 10--12 of human plasma alpha1-acid glycoprotein, was prepared by condensation of 2-acetamido 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-1-N-[2-N-(L-tyrosyl)-L-aspart-4-oyl[-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine with 5-benzyl 1-p-nitrophenyl N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-L-glutamate, followed by removal of the ester groups.", "PMID": 1192435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12777", "title": "Synthesis of p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosides.", "content": "Reaction of p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4,6-O-(p-methoxybenzylidene)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2) with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide (3) under the usual conditions, followed by removal of the p-methoxybenzylidene group and O-deacylation, produced crystalline p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6). Starting from p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido 3,4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside, the synthesis of p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside was also accomplished.", "contents": "Synthesis of p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosides. Reaction of p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4,6-O-(p-methoxybenzylidene)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2) with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide (3) under the usual conditions, followed by removal of the p-methoxybenzylidene group and O-deacylation, produced crystalline p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6). Starting from p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido 3,4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside, the synthesis of p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside was also accomplished.", "PMID": 1192436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12778", "title": "Isolation, purification, and structure of components from acidic polysaccharides of Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) Qu\u00e9l.", "content": "Isolation of an antitumor component from polysaccharide fraction A5 of some Basidiomyces was achieved by column chromatography on Sephadex G-200. A detection method based on the specific rotatory characteristics of the polysaccharide was applied to estimate components in effluent fractions from the chromatography, and it was confirmed that a series of eluates having similar specific rotation was made up of homogeneous polysaccharide. Three components (H51, H52, and H53) were isolated, in chromatographically pure state, from fraction A5. Component H51 consisted of a skeleton of beta-(1 leads to 3)-linked glucose residues, probably having branches of galactose and mannose residues, and also containing acidic sugars. Component H53 had a main structure similarly consisting of beta-(1 leads to 3)-linked glucose residues and a larger proportion of acidic sugar than H51. Component H52 was a heteropolysaccharide made up of alpha-linked galactose and mannose residues. Components H51 and H53 had a higher and a lower molecular weight, respectively, than H52. The only antitumor-active component was H51.", "contents": "Isolation, purification, and structure of components from acidic polysaccharides of Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) Qu\u00e9l. Isolation of an antitumor component from polysaccharide fraction A5 of some Basidiomyces was achieved by column chromatography on Sephadex G-200. A detection method based on the specific rotatory characteristics of the polysaccharide was applied to estimate components in effluent fractions from the chromatography, and it was confirmed that a series of eluates having similar specific rotation was made up of homogeneous polysaccharide. Three components (H51, H52, and H53) were isolated, in chromatographically pure state, from fraction A5. Component H51 consisted of a skeleton of beta-(1 leads to 3)-linked glucose residues, probably having branches of galactose and mannose residues, and also containing acidic sugars. Component H53 had a main structure similarly consisting of beta-(1 leads to 3)-linked glucose residues and a larger proportion of acidic sugar than H51. Component H52 was a heteropolysaccharide made up of alpha-linked galactose and mannose residues. Components H51 and H53 had a higher and a lower molecular weight, respectively, than H52. The only antitumor-active component was H51.", "PMID": 1192437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12779", "title": "Structures of the oligosaccharides from the enzymic hydrolysis of hemicellulose by a hemicellulase of Ceratocystis paradoxa.", "content": "And endo-hemicellulase (HC-II) of Ceratocystis paradoxa degraded spear-grass hemicellulose B to a series of mixed oligosaccharides. Four neutral oligosaccharides (AraXyl2, AraXyl3, Xyl2, and Xyl3), isolated by preparative paper chromatography, were shown by enzymic and methylation techniques to constitute a series of beta-(1 leats to 4)-D-xylose and O-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-xylose, respectively, the latter being a new compound.", "contents": "Structures of the oligosaccharides from the enzymic hydrolysis of hemicellulose by a hemicellulase of Ceratocystis paradoxa. And endo-hemicellulase (HC-II) of Ceratocystis paradoxa degraded spear-grass hemicellulose B to a series of mixed oligosaccharides. Four neutral oligosaccharides (AraXyl2, AraXyl3, Xyl2, and Xyl3), isolated by preparative paper chromatography, were shown by enzymic and methylation techniques to constitute a series of beta-(1 leats to 4)-D-xylose and O-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-D-xylose, respectively, the latter being a new compound.", "PMID": 1192438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12780", "title": "5,6-unsaturated hexofuranosyl glycosides and 5',6'-unsaturated hexofuranosyl nucleosides.", "content": "Methyl 5,6-dideoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-lyxo-hex-5-enofuranoside, prepared from methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-5,6-di-O-methylsulfonyl-alpha-D-mannofuranoside with sodium iodide in 2-butanone, was acetolyzed and the product coupled with 6-benzamidochloromercuripurine by the titanium tetrachloride method. Removal of the N-benzoyl group with pictic acid afforded 9-(2,3-di-O-acetyl-5,6-dideoxy-beta-D-xylo-hex-5-enofuranosyl)adenine. In a similar manner, methyl 5,6-dideoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-L-lyxo-hex-5-enofuranoside was prepared from L-mannose and converted into 9-(2,3-di-O-acetyl-5,6-dideoxy-beta-L-xylo-hex-5-enofuranosyl)adenine, further de-esterified to give the free nucleoside. 2,3:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-L-mannofuranosyl chloride, prepared from L-mannose, gave 9-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-L-mannofuranosyl)adenine, hydrolyzed into 9-alpha-L-mannofuranosyladenine. Treatment with methanesulfonyl chloride gave the 5',6'-dimethanesulfonate, which gave with sodium iodide in acetone the 5',6'-unsaturated nucleoside, further hydrolyzed into 9-(5,6-dideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hex-5-enofuranosyl)adenine.", "contents": "5,6-unsaturated hexofuranosyl glycosides and 5',6'-unsaturated hexofuranosyl nucleosides. Methyl 5,6-dideoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-lyxo-hex-5-enofuranoside, prepared from methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-5,6-di-O-methylsulfonyl-alpha-D-mannofuranoside with sodium iodide in 2-butanone, was acetolyzed and the product coupled with 6-benzamidochloromercuripurine by the titanium tetrachloride method. Removal of the N-benzoyl group with pictic acid afforded 9-(2,3-di-O-acetyl-5,6-dideoxy-beta-D-xylo-hex-5-enofuranosyl)adenine. In a similar manner, methyl 5,6-dideoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-L-lyxo-hex-5-enofuranoside was prepared from L-mannose and converted into 9-(2,3-di-O-acetyl-5,6-dideoxy-beta-L-xylo-hex-5-enofuranosyl)adenine, further de-esterified to give the free nucleoside. 2,3:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-L-mannofuranosyl chloride, prepared from L-mannose, gave 9-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-L-mannofuranosyl)adenine, hydrolyzed into 9-alpha-L-mannofuranosyladenine. Treatment with methanesulfonyl chloride gave the 5',6'-dimethanesulfonate, which gave with sodium iodide in acetone the 5',6'-unsaturated nucleoside, further hydrolyzed into 9-(5,6-dideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hex-5-enofuranosyl)adenine.", "PMID": 1192444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12781", "title": "[Social status of pathologists].", "content": "The authors discuss basic problems of pathology in district institutes of national health as well as social aspects of the work of pathologtsts. Social activity and correctly conceived health education are an essential part of the activities of pathologists.", "contents": "[Social status of pathologists]. The authors discuss basic problems of pathology in district institutes of national health as well as social aspects of the work of pathologtsts. Social activity and correctly conceived health education are an essential part of the activities of pathologists.", "PMID": 1192539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12782", "title": "[Lambliasis in enterobiopsy].", "content": "The authors describe relations between lamblia and the intestinal mucosa of the host and some rare ultrastructural characteristics of the parasites as revealed in a tissue specimen obtained by enterobiopsy. Lambliae were found in one clinically asymptomatic case, by using an electron microscope and optical microscope, in the intestinal lumen and intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "[Lambliasis in enterobiopsy]. The authors describe relations between lamblia and the intestinal mucosa of the host and some rare ultrastructural characteristics of the parasites as revealed in a tissue specimen obtained by enterobiopsy. Lambliae were found in one clinically asymptomatic case, by using an electron microscope and optical microscope, in the intestinal lumen and intestinal mucosa.", "PMID": 1192540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12783", "title": "[Differentiation of spondylitis ankylopoietica and spondylitis hyperostotica].", "content": "Changes in the bodies of vertebrae in ancylopoetic spondylitis (Bekhterev's disease) and in hyperostotic spondylitis (Forestier's disease) may be very similar, in particular as regards the ancylotic connection of the bodies of the vertebrae and syndesmophytes. In the differential diagnosis the following differences are important: Syndesmophytes in Bekhterev's disease are symetrical and continuous, there is ossification of the intervertebral discs, and ancylosis affects always sacroiliac, intervertebral and costovertebral joints. In hyperostotic spondylosis the sclerotic syndesmophytes bulge in a lateral direction, mainly to the right. The inveretebral discs do not ossify, the sacroilliac and other above mentioned joints are not affected.", "contents": "[Differentiation of spondylitis ankylopoietica and spondylitis hyperostotica]. Changes in the bodies of vertebrae in ancylopoetic spondylitis (Bekhterev's disease) and in hyperostotic spondylitis (Forestier's disease) may be very similar, in particular as regards the ancylotic connection of the bodies of the vertebrae and syndesmophytes. In the differential diagnosis the following differences are important: Syndesmophytes in Bekhterev's disease are symetrical and continuous, there is ossification of the intervertebral discs, and ancylosis affects always sacroiliac, intervertebral and costovertebral joints. In hyperostotic spondylosis the sclerotic syndesmophytes bulge in a lateral direction, mainly to the right. The inveretebral discs do not ossify, the sacroilliac and other above mentioned joints are not affected.", "PMID": 1192541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12784", "title": "[Carcinoma of the thyroid gland].", "content": "A series of 172 surgical cases of thyroid carcinoma accumulated in apprximately 21 years have been classified according to their microscopical patterns as follows: papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma with amyloid and anaplastic carcinoma. The author briefly mentions the significance of scintigraphy and of the so-called cold nodules as well as the interrelationship between thyroiditis and thyroid carcinoma. Attention is drawn to the sequelae of cervical irradiation, particularly in young individuals with respect to the possibility of development of thyroid carcinoma within this region.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the thyroid gland]. A series of 172 surgical cases of thyroid carcinoma accumulated in apprximately 21 years have been classified according to their microscopical patterns as follows: papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma with amyloid and anaplastic carcinoma. The author briefly mentions the significance of scintigraphy and of the so-called cold nodules as well as the interrelationship between thyroiditis and thyroid carcinoma. Attention is drawn to the sequelae of cervical irradiation, particularly in young individuals with respect to the possibility of development of thyroid carcinoma within this region.", "PMID": 1192542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12785", "title": "Inactivation of bacteriophages with cis-platinum(II) diamminedichloride.", "content": "The ability of the cis-plantinum(II) diamminedichloride and its hydrolytic products to inactive DNA bacteriophages was examined on the models T2, T4, T4BO1, T3, and lambda. The inactivation of all bacteriophages under study increases gradually during the first 40-90 min of the action of neutral cis-Pt(II) and later passes into an exponential phase. The extent of the region of slower inactviation is larger for osmotically sensitive strains T2 and T4. Inactivation with the hydrolytic products for cis-Pt(II) proceeds exponentially starting from the very beginning and their inactivating effect is higher by 40-80 times than for a comparable concentration of the original complex. The extent of inactivation is not affected with the HCR marker of the host bacteria. The sensitivity to cis-Pt(II) is higher for bacteriophages with a head permeable to salts. An additional inactivation (\"after-effect\") was observed after dilution of the complex; it can be removed by adding S-aminoisothiuronium dihydrobromide (AET). The results obtained are in good accord with the assumption that inactivation is due to the hydrolytic products arising in the head of bacteriophage.", "contents": "Inactivation of bacteriophages with cis-platinum(II) diamminedichloride. The ability of the cis-plantinum(II) diamminedichloride and its hydrolytic products to inactive DNA bacteriophages was examined on the models T2, T4, T4BO1, T3, and lambda. The inactivation of all bacteriophages under study increases gradually during the first 40-90 min of the action of neutral cis-Pt(II) and later passes into an exponential phase. The extent of the region of slower inactviation is larger for osmotically sensitive strains T2 and T4. Inactivation with the hydrolytic products for cis-Pt(II) proceeds exponentially starting from the very beginning and their inactivating effect is higher by 40-80 times than for a comparable concentration of the original complex. The extent of inactivation is not affected with the HCR marker of the host bacteria. The sensitivity to cis-Pt(II) is higher for bacteriophages with a head permeable to salts. An additional inactivation (\"after-effect\") was observed after dilution of the complex; it can be removed by adding S-aminoisothiuronium dihydrobromide (AET). The results obtained are in good accord with the assumption that inactivation is due to the hydrolytic products arising in the head of bacteriophage.", "PMID": 1192548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12786", "title": "Acute biochemical and morphological effects of N-nitrosomorpholine in comparison to dimethyl- and diethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Some biochemical and ultrastructural changes induced in the livers of rats treated with N-nitrosomorpholine are described and compared with parallel observations in rats given dimethyl- or diethylnitrosamine. Hepatotoxic doses of the nitrosamines caused inhibition of incorporation of [14C]leucine into hepatic proteins, accompanied by progressive disaggregation of polysomes which paralleled the known time course of metabolism of each compound. Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NM) inhibited incorporation of [14C]orotate into liver RNA but diethylnitrosamine (DEN) caused a slight stimulation of orotate incorporation. Electron microscopy revealed similar hepatic cytoplasmic changed induced by each nitrosamine, including dilation and degranulation of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and subsequent increase of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Nuclear changes differed with each compound, N-nitrosomorpholine having more marked effects than either dialkyl compound. The results are discussed with particular reference to the metabolism of N-nitrosomorpholine in the liver.", "contents": "Acute biochemical and morphological effects of N-nitrosomorpholine in comparison to dimethyl- and diethylnitrosamine. Some biochemical and ultrastructural changes induced in the livers of rats treated with N-nitrosomorpholine are described and compared with parallel observations in rats given dimethyl- or diethylnitrosamine. Hepatotoxic doses of the nitrosamines caused inhibition of incorporation of [14C]leucine into hepatic proteins, accompanied by progressive disaggregation of polysomes which paralleled the known time course of metabolism of each compound. Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NM) inhibited incorporation of [14C]orotate into liver RNA but diethylnitrosamine (DEN) caused a slight stimulation of orotate incorporation. Electron microscopy revealed similar hepatic cytoplasmic changed induced by each nitrosamine, including dilation and degranulation of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and subsequent increase of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Nuclear changes differed with each compound, N-nitrosomorpholine having more marked effects than either dialkyl compound. The results are discussed with particular reference to the metabolism of N-nitrosomorpholine in the liver.", "PMID": 1192549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12787", "title": "fMet-tRNA F Met binding and peptidyl transferase function in free and bound ribosomes from normal and puromycin aminonucleoside-treated rats.", "content": "Treatment of rats with the aminonucleoside of puromycin, which increases the incorporation of labelled phenylalanyl-tRNA into polypeptide chains in liver ribosome preparations studied in vitro, did not change the factor-dependent binding of fMet-tRNA f Met to ribosomes nor the peptidyl transferase function of the ribosomes. Peptidyl transferase function, as measured by fMet-tRNA f Met-puromycin formation, was comparable in the free and bound ribosome preparations. Similarly, the factor-dependent binding of fMet-tRNA f Met to ribosomes was the same in free ribosome preparations obtained from rat liver as it was in bound ribosome preparations that had been freed of membranes by puromycin incubation and high salt wash.", "contents": "fMet-tRNA F Met binding and peptidyl transferase function in free and bound ribosomes from normal and puromycin aminonucleoside-treated rats. Treatment of rats with the aminonucleoside of puromycin, which increases the incorporation of labelled phenylalanyl-tRNA into polypeptide chains in liver ribosome preparations studied in vitro, did not change the factor-dependent binding of fMet-tRNA f Met to ribosomes nor the peptidyl transferase function of the ribosomes. Peptidyl transferase function, as measured by fMet-tRNA f Met-puromycin formation, was comparable in the free and bound ribosome preparations. Similarly, the factor-dependent binding of fMet-tRNA f Met to ribosomes was the same in free ribosome preparations obtained from rat liver as it was in bound ribosome preparations that had been freed of membranes by puromycin incubation and high salt wash.", "PMID": 1192550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12788", "title": "The use of high pressure liquid chromatography to study chemically induced alterations in the pattern of benzo[a]pyrene metabolism.", "content": "The metabolism of radiolabeled benzo[a]pyrene (BP) by control, 3-methyl-cholanthrene (3-MC) induced, and 1,1,1-trichloropropene-2,3-oxide (TCPO)-inhibited rat liver microsomes was measured using fluorescence, radiometric, and high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assays. Significant differences in the total measurable metabolism of BP by the three microsomal enzyme incubations resulted from the use of the three assay procedures. Appreciable differences in the concentration of the metabolite fractions after 3-MC induction and TCPO inhibition are clearly demonstrated. NMR analysis revealed that while the 3-hydroxy-BP fraction is greater than 90% pure, the 9-hydroxy fraction contains a number of metabolites having essentially identical retention times.", "contents": "The use of high pressure liquid chromatography to study chemically induced alterations in the pattern of benzo[a]pyrene metabolism. The metabolism of radiolabeled benzo[a]pyrene (BP) by control, 3-methyl-cholanthrene (3-MC) induced, and 1,1,1-trichloropropene-2,3-oxide (TCPO)-inhibited rat liver microsomes was measured using fluorescence, radiometric, and high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assays. Significant differences in the total measurable metabolism of BP by the three microsomal enzyme incubations resulted from the use of the three assay procedures. Appreciable differences in the concentration of the metabolite fractions after 3-MC induction and TCPO inhibition are clearly demonstrated. NMR analysis revealed that while the 3-hydroxy-BP fraction is greater than 90% pure, the 9-hydroxy fraction contains a number of metabolites having essentially identical retention times.", "PMID": 1192551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12789", "title": "Inhibition of hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by 3-methylcholanthrene, 7,8-benzoflavone and other inducers added in vitro.", "content": "A close correlation has been observed between the ability of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons and 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF) to induce hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in vivo and to inhibit the induced enzyme system in vitro. The activity of this mono-oxygenase was measured by the conversion of 14C-labeled dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) or benzo(a)pyrene (BP) to water-soluble products by rat liver preparations (8000 X g supernatant). DMBA as substrate had the advantage over BP in giving a wider range of ethyl acetate-soluble metabolites and allowing the observation of changes in the pattern of these products following injection or addition of the inducing agents. This property was used to detect low concentration (0.1 muM) of polycyclic hydrocarbons which are strong AHH inducers and which may also be carcinogenic. The liver preparation was active for several months when stored at --20 degrees. A possible mechanism of action for the in vitro behaviour of polycyclic hydrocarbons and 7,8-BF towards AHH is proposed.", "contents": "Inhibition of hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by 3-methylcholanthrene, 7,8-benzoflavone and other inducers added in vitro. A close correlation has been observed between the ability of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons and 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF) to induce hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in vivo and to inhibit the induced enzyme system in vitro. The activity of this mono-oxygenase was measured by the conversion of 14C-labeled dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) or benzo(a)pyrene (BP) to water-soluble products by rat liver preparations (8000 X g supernatant). DMBA as substrate had the advantage over BP in giving a wider range of ethyl acetate-soluble metabolites and allowing the observation of changes in the pattern of these products following injection or addition of the inducing agents. This property was used to detect low concentration (0.1 muM) of polycyclic hydrocarbons which are strong AHH inducers and which may also be carcinogenic. The liver preparation was active for several months when stored at --20 degrees. A possible mechanism of action for the in vitro behaviour of polycyclic hydrocarbons and 7,8-BF towards AHH is proposed.", "PMID": 1192552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12790", "title": "Interaction of sequential stimuli applied during the relative refractory period in relation to determination of fibrillation threshold in the canine ventricle.", "content": "An ineffective stimulus applied to cardiac tissue within the relative refractory period can alter the response to an immediately subsequent stimulus. We observed three response patterns that can coexist at different sites of stimulation in the same heart. In the first pattern, a stimulus of two to ten times diastolic threshold, applied too early to elicit a propagated response, becomes effective when a stimulus of equal strength is delivered 10 msec earlier. In the second pattern, a stimulus applied just late enough to evoke a response fails to do so when a stimulus of equal strenght precedes it by as much as 30 msec. Finally, in the third pattern, two stimuli, separated by 10 msec, both of which are late enough to be effective when they are given alone, fail to yield a propagated response when they are applied together. These results have a bearing on the use of trains of stimuli to assess the ventricular fibrillation threshold. Possible interpretations are based on the temporal dispersion of recovery from the refractory state.", "contents": "Interaction of sequential stimuli applied during the relative refractory period in relation to determination of fibrillation threshold in the canine ventricle. An ineffective stimulus applied to cardiac tissue within the relative refractory period can alter the response to an immediately subsequent stimulus. We observed three response patterns that can coexist at different sites of stimulation in the same heart. In the first pattern, a stimulus of two to ten times diastolic threshold, applied too early to elicit a propagated response, becomes effective when a stimulus of equal strength is delivered 10 msec earlier. In the second pattern, a stimulus applied just late enough to evoke a response fails to do so when a stimulus of equal strenght precedes it by as much as 30 msec. Finally, in the third pattern, two stimuli, separated by 10 msec, both of which are late enough to be effective when they are given alone, fail to yield a propagated response when they are applied together. These results have a bearing on the use of trains of stimuli to assess the ventricular fibrillation threshold. Possible interpretations are based on the temporal dispersion of recovery from the refractory state.", "PMID": 1192553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12791", "title": "Acetylcholine-induced reversal of canine and feline atrial myocardial depression during stretch, cardiac failure, and drug toxicity.", "content": "Microelectrode and isometric recording techniques were used to evaluate the effects of acetycholine (ACh) on depressed isolated preparations of dog and cat atrial muscle. Atrial muscles were maintained at 36-37 degrees C with warmed Tyrode's solution and were stimulated at frequencies of 30 or 60/min. Depolarization to resting potentials of approximately -50 mv was noted (1) after excessive stretch was applied, (2) in muscles obtained from cats in overt right heart failure, and (3) during exposure of the muscles to excessive concentrations of acetylstrophanthidin or lidocaine. Depolarized muscles demonstrated action potentials of smaller amplitude and rate of rise. Exposure to ACh (2.7 X 10(-6)M) had a minimal effect on resting potential in normal dog and cat atrial muscle and was accompanied by significant negative inotropic actions. The same concentration of ACh markedly increased resting potential and action potential amplitude and induced positive inotropic effects in depolarized muscles; these effects also occurred during beta-adrenergic blockade. We suggest that the positive inotropic effect of ACh in depressed muscles may result from (1) a more synchronous contraction of cells within each muscle, (2) recruitment of previously quiescent cells in contraction, (3) possibly increased calcium inflow in individual cells during depolarizations of greater magnitude, and (4) an increase in the number of interacting sites between actin and myosin after resting potential is improved.", "contents": "Acetylcholine-induced reversal of canine and feline atrial myocardial depression during stretch, cardiac failure, and drug toxicity. Microelectrode and isometric recording techniques were used to evaluate the effects of acetycholine (ACh) on depressed isolated preparations of dog and cat atrial muscle. Atrial muscles were maintained at 36-37 degrees C with warmed Tyrode's solution and were stimulated at frequencies of 30 or 60/min. Depolarization to resting potentials of approximately -50 mv was noted (1) after excessive stretch was applied, (2) in muscles obtained from cats in overt right heart failure, and (3) during exposure of the muscles to excessive concentrations of acetylstrophanthidin or lidocaine. Depolarized muscles demonstrated action potentials of smaller amplitude and rate of rise. Exposure to ACh (2.7 X 10(-6)M) had a minimal effect on resting potential in normal dog and cat atrial muscle and was accompanied by significant negative inotropic actions. The same concentration of ACh markedly increased resting potential and action potential amplitude and induced positive inotropic effects in depolarized muscles; these effects also occurred during beta-adrenergic blockade. We suggest that the positive inotropic effect of ACh in depressed muscles may result from (1) a more synchronous contraction of cells within each muscle, (2) recruitment of previously quiescent cells in contraction, (3) possibly increased calcium inflow in individual cells during depolarizations of greater magnitude, and (4) an increase in the number of interacting sites between actin and myosin after resting potential is improved.", "PMID": 1192554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12792", "title": "Pathogenesis of acute renal failure following temporary renal ischemia in the rat.", "content": "In this study, we characterized the sequence of several intrarenal events and evaluated their relative importance in the pathogenesis of unilateral oliguric acute renal failure induced experimentally in rats by complete occlusion of a renal artery for 1 hour. Kidneys were studied prior to occlusion and 1-3 hours and 22-26 hours after release of the temporary occlusion. Renal blood flow measured by an electromagnetic flow transducer was reduced to 40-50% of control during both postocclusion periods. Flow of tubular fluid was markedly reduced, and the damaged kidneys were oliguric. Proximal and distal convolutions were filled with fluid and dilated 1-3 hours after occlusion; their pressures were greatly heterogeneous and were elevated, on the average, to 31 and 16 mm Hg, respectively. Glomerular capillary pressure at this time was normal or slightly increased. Histological sections showed extensive tubular obstruction. We conclude that initially the oliguria is primarily due to intraluminal obstruction in the absence of predominant increases in preglomerular vascular resistance. Observations at 22-26 hours after occlusion indicated acute tubular necrosis. Moreover, the combined involvement of preglomerular vasoconstriction, presisting tubular obstruction, and passive backflow of tubular fluid appeared to be important in the maintenance of the oliguria. Glomerular capillary, proximal intratubular, and peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressures were reduced below control values. After acute volume expansion, the reduced pressures and renal blood flow were reversed, yet the experimental kidneys remained oliguric. Thus, it is clear that tubular obstruction is a significant factor responsible for both the genesis and the maintenance of oliguria in this experimental model of ischemia-induced acute renal failure.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of acute renal failure following temporary renal ischemia in the rat. In this study, we characterized the sequence of several intrarenal events and evaluated their relative importance in the pathogenesis of unilateral oliguric acute renal failure induced experimentally in rats by complete occlusion of a renal artery for 1 hour. Kidneys were studied prior to occlusion and 1-3 hours and 22-26 hours after release of the temporary occlusion. Renal blood flow measured by an electromagnetic flow transducer was reduced to 40-50% of control during both postocclusion periods. Flow of tubular fluid was markedly reduced, and the damaged kidneys were oliguric. Proximal and distal convolutions were filled with fluid and dilated 1-3 hours after occlusion; their pressures were greatly heterogeneous and were elevated, on the average, to 31 and 16 mm Hg, respectively. Glomerular capillary pressure at this time was normal or slightly increased. Histological sections showed extensive tubular obstruction. We conclude that initially the oliguria is primarily due to intraluminal obstruction in the absence of predominant increases in preglomerular vascular resistance. Observations at 22-26 hours after occlusion indicated acute tubular necrosis. Moreover, the combined involvement of preglomerular vasoconstriction, presisting tubular obstruction, and passive backflow of tubular fluid appeared to be important in the maintenance of the oliguria. Glomerular capillary, proximal intratubular, and peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressures were reduced below control values. After acute volume expansion, the reduced pressures and renal blood flow were reversed, yet the experimental kidneys remained oliguric. Thus, it is clear that tubular obstruction is a significant factor responsible for both the genesis and the maintenance of oliguria in this experimental model of ischemia-induced acute renal failure.", "PMID": 1192555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12793", "title": "Central and peripheral adrenergic mechanisms in the development of deoxycorticosterone-saline hypertension in rats.", "content": "The role of the sympathetic nervous system in the development of deoxycorticosterone-sodium chloride (DOCA-saline) hypertension was investigated by measuring plasma levels of norepinephrine, total catecholamines, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity at intervals after the initiation of the DOCA-saline regimen. Plasma norepinephrine was significantly higher in DOCA-saline-treated rats at 4 and 7 weeks and in rats treated with saline alone at 4 weeks compared with that in untreated controls. Total plasma catecholamine levels (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity were similar in hypertensive rats, untreated controls, and rats that received either DOCA or saline alone. The increases in plasma norepinephrine levels may have resulted from centrally mediated increases in peripheral sympathetic neuronal activity, since the destruction of central catecholaminergic neurons with intracerebroventricularly administered 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) prevented both the DOCA-saline-induced rise in blood pressure and the increases in plasma norepinephrine. Rats treated with 6-OHDA consistently drank less water or saline than did vehicle-treated controls. The actions of centrally administered 6-OHDA on blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine levels were not secondary to a reduction in salt intake, however, since intact rats given a similar reduced saline intake became hypertensive and demonstrated elevated plasma norepinephrine concentrations. Chronic salt loading may cause a centrally mediated increase in peripheral sympathetic neuronal activity with raised plasma concentrations of norepinephrine. The increased adrenergic activity in the presence of mineralocorticoid-induced sodium retention leads to the development of hypertension.", "contents": "Central and peripheral adrenergic mechanisms in the development of deoxycorticosterone-saline hypertension in rats. The role of the sympathetic nervous system in the development of deoxycorticosterone-sodium chloride (DOCA-saline) hypertension was investigated by measuring plasma levels of norepinephrine, total catecholamines, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity at intervals after the initiation of the DOCA-saline regimen. Plasma norepinephrine was significantly higher in DOCA-saline-treated rats at 4 and 7 weeks and in rats treated with saline alone at 4 weeks compared with that in untreated controls. Total plasma catecholamine levels (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity were similar in hypertensive rats, untreated controls, and rats that received either DOCA or saline alone. The increases in plasma norepinephrine levels may have resulted from centrally mediated increases in peripheral sympathetic neuronal activity, since the destruction of central catecholaminergic neurons with intracerebroventricularly administered 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) prevented both the DOCA-saline-induced rise in blood pressure and the increases in plasma norepinephrine. Rats treated with 6-OHDA consistently drank less water or saline than did vehicle-treated controls. The actions of centrally administered 6-OHDA on blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine levels were not secondary to a reduction in salt intake, however, since intact rats given a similar reduced saline intake became hypertensive and demonstrated elevated plasma norepinephrine concentrations. Chronic salt loading may cause a centrally mediated increase in peripheral sympathetic neuronal activity with raised plasma concentrations of norepinephrine. The increased adrenergic activity in the presence of mineralocorticoid-induced sodium retention leads to the development of hypertension.", "PMID": 1192556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12794", "title": "Active and passive immunization against angiotensin II in the rat and rabbit. Evidence for a normal regulation of the renin-angiotensin system.", "content": "Active or passive immunization has been used repeatedly as a tool in studies on the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the control of blood pressure and kidney function. The results are not consistent among each other, and they are also at variance with other studies using different approaches. To evaluate the possible causes of these discrepancies, the biological characteristics of angiotensin antibodies were studied in rats. Following the intravenous injection of angiotensin II antibodies (purified by affinity chromatography), the plasma concentration of the antibodies declined in a two-exponential curve with half times of 11 hours and 7 days, which probably reflect distribution in the extracellular space and elimination, respectively. Plasma angiotensin II levels rose from preinjection levels of 100 pg/ml to 12,000 pg/ml within 10 minutes and then declined concomitantly with the decline in antibody concentration. We calculated that only a samll fraction of the circulating antibody was occupied by angiotensin II. Plasma renin concentrations were initially elevated both in controls and in antibody-injected rats, but they returned to the control level after 30 minutes and remained at that level throughout the rest of the experiment (10 days). This fact indicates that feedback mechanisms which control renin secretion, such as free plasma angiotensin II concentrations, are in the normal range. We therefore concluded that the renin-angiotensin system in antibody-injected rats was regulated at a normal level. Similar conditions seemed to exist in rabbits actively immunized against angiotensin II; these animals exhibited high concentrations of total immunoreactive angiotensin II (up to 200,000 pg/ml) and a small increase in plasma aldosterone and corticosterone concentrations.", "contents": "Active and passive immunization against angiotensin II in the rat and rabbit. Evidence for a normal regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. Active or passive immunization has been used repeatedly as a tool in studies on the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the control of blood pressure and kidney function. The results are not consistent among each other, and they are also at variance with other studies using different approaches. To evaluate the possible causes of these discrepancies, the biological characteristics of angiotensin antibodies were studied in rats. Following the intravenous injection of angiotensin II antibodies (purified by affinity chromatography), the plasma concentration of the antibodies declined in a two-exponential curve with half times of 11 hours and 7 days, which probably reflect distribution in the extracellular space and elimination, respectively. Plasma angiotensin II levels rose from preinjection levels of 100 pg/ml to 12,000 pg/ml within 10 minutes and then declined concomitantly with the decline in antibody concentration. We calculated that only a samll fraction of the circulating antibody was occupied by angiotensin II. Plasma renin concentrations were initially elevated both in controls and in antibody-injected rats, but they returned to the control level after 30 minutes and remained at that level throughout the rest of the experiment (10 days). This fact indicates that feedback mechanisms which control renin secretion, such as free plasma angiotensin II concentrations, are in the normal range. We therefore concluded that the renin-angiotensin system in antibody-injected rats was regulated at a normal level. Similar conditions seemed to exist in rabbits actively immunized against angiotensin II; these animals exhibited high concentrations of total immunoreactive angiotensin II (up to 200,000 pg/ml) and a small increase in plasma aldosterone and corticosterone concentrations.", "PMID": 1192557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12795", "title": "Abnormalities of renal perfusion and the renal pressor system in dogs with chronic aortic coarctation.", "content": "To clarify the role of the renin-angiotensin system in coarctation hypertension, 2-year-old inbred dogs with chronic neonatally induced thoracic aortic coarctation were subjected to 6 days of rigorous salt restriction. The following parameters were then measured: glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, plasma renin activity, plasma renin concentration, renin reactivity, and renin substrate concentration. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were significantly lower in salt-restricted coarcted dogs: 3.0 +/- 0.2 and 9.0 +/- 1.5 ml/min kg-1, respectively, compared with values of 4.0 +/- 0.2 (P less than 0.005) and 13.2 +/- 0.6 (P less than 0.025) ml/min kg-1 in salt-restricted controls. Plasma renin activity was abnormally high in experimental dogs: 13.5 +/- 2.5 vs. 4.5 +/- 1.5 ng angiotensin I/ml hour-1 in controls (P less than 0.005). In addition, a significant elevation of renin reactivity (indicating a relative increase in circulating accelerators or a relative decrease in inhibitors of the renin reaction) was apparent in the plasma of coarcted dogs. Plasma renin concentration was elevated but to an insignificant degree in coarcted dogs, and renin substrate concentration was comparable with that of controls. The impaired renal perfusion and abnormal elevation of plasma renin activity during salt restriction is analogous to clinical and experimental observations in hypertensive states associated with total renal underperfusion and supports a major role for the renal pressor system in the pathogenesis of coarctation hypertension. The insignificant elevation of plasma renin concentration is not incompatible with this view. The demonstration of increased renin reactivity in coarctation hypertension provides additional evidence that acceleration of the renin reaction is common to all hypertensive states.", "contents": "Abnormalities of renal perfusion and the renal pressor system in dogs with chronic aortic coarctation. To clarify the role of the renin-angiotensin system in coarctation hypertension, 2-year-old inbred dogs with chronic neonatally induced thoracic aortic coarctation were subjected to 6 days of rigorous salt restriction. The following parameters were then measured: glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, plasma renin activity, plasma renin concentration, renin reactivity, and renin substrate concentration. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were significantly lower in salt-restricted coarcted dogs: 3.0 +/- 0.2 and 9.0 +/- 1.5 ml/min kg-1, respectively, compared with values of 4.0 +/- 0.2 (P less than 0.005) and 13.2 +/- 0.6 (P less than 0.025) ml/min kg-1 in salt-restricted controls. Plasma renin activity was abnormally high in experimental dogs: 13.5 +/- 2.5 vs. 4.5 +/- 1.5 ng angiotensin I/ml hour-1 in controls (P less than 0.005). In addition, a significant elevation of renin reactivity (indicating a relative increase in circulating accelerators or a relative decrease in inhibitors of the renin reaction) was apparent in the plasma of coarcted dogs. Plasma renin concentration was elevated but to an insignificant degree in coarcted dogs, and renin substrate concentration was comparable with that of controls. The impaired renal perfusion and abnormal elevation of plasma renin activity during salt restriction is analogous to clinical and experimental observations in hypertensive states associated with total renal underperfusion and supports a major role for the renal pressor system in the pathogenesis of coarctation hypertension. The insignificant elevation of plasma renin concentration is not incompatible with this view. The demonstration of increased renin reactivity in coarctation hypertension provides additional evidence that acceleration of the renin reaction is common to all hypertensive states.", "PMID": 1192558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12796", "title": "Influence of potassium ions and osmolality on the resting membrane potential of rabbit ventricular papillary muscle with estimation of the activity and the activity coefficient of internal potassium.", "content": "Resting membrane potentials of rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles were measured in modified Tyrode's solutions that were isotonic (1.0 X T), hypertonic (1.58 X T), or hypotonic (0.76 X T) at eight different concentrations of external potassium, [K]o, ranging from 0.78 to 100 mM. The amount of hyperpolarization produced by exposure to the hypertonic solutions was relatively constant with an average of 4.6 mv at all levels of [K]o except 0.78 and 1.56 mM. This potential change is much less than the 10.6 mv which would be predicted if the papillary muscles behaved as nearly perfect osmometers and the activity coefficient of intracellular potassium (K) remained constant. The amount of depolarization produced by exposure to the 0.76 X T hypotonic solutions averaged 6.8 mv at all levels of [K]o except 0.78 mM; this value is close to the predicted value of 6.9 mv. Variations in the activity and the activity coefficient of intracellular K were introduced to explain these discrepancies. We estimated that the activity of intracellular K in 1.58 X T hypertonic solution was increased 15-23% compared with that in isotonic solution. This change is much less than the 58% that would be predicted if the papillary muscle behaved as a nearly perfect osmometer. We also estimated that the activity of intracellular K in 0.76 X T hypotonic solution fell 22-26%, which is very close to the predicted value of 24%. The activity coefficient of intracellular K appeared to fall in 1.58 X T hypertonic solution to about 0.76 of its value in isotonic solution. This decline in the estimated activity coefficient of intracellular K could not be attributed to an increase in Coulombic attractive and repulsive forces as predicted by the Debye-H\u00fcckel equation for a univalent electrolyte.", "contents": "Influence of potassium ions and osmolality on the resting membrane potential of rabbit ventricular papillary muscle with estimation of the activity and the activity coefficient of internal potassium. Resting membrane potentials of rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles were measured in modified Tyrode's solutions that were isotonic (1.0 X T), hypertonic (1.58 X T), or hypotonic (0.76 X T) at eight different concentrations of external potassium, [K]o, ranging from 0.78 to 100 mM. The amount of hyperpolarization produced by exposure to the hypertonic solutions was relatively constant with an average of 4.6 mv at all levels of [K]o except 0.78 and 1.56 mM. This potential change is much less than the 10.6 mv which would be predicted if the papillary muscles behaved as nearly perfect osmometers and the activity coefficient of intracellular potassium (K) remained constant. The amount of depolarization produced by exposure to the 0.76 X T hypotonic solutions averaged 6.8 mv at all levels of [K]o except 0.78 mM; this value is close to the predicted value of 6.9 mv. Variations in the activity and the activity coefficient of intracellular K were introduced to explain these discrepancies. We estimated that the activity of intracellular K in 1.58 X T hypertonic solution was increased 15-23% compared with that in isotonic solution. This change is much less than the 58% that would be predicted if the papillary muscle behaved as a nearly perfect osmometer. We also estimated that the activity of intracellular K in 0.76 X T hypotonic solution fell 22-26%, which is very close to the predicted value of 24%. The activity coefficient of intracellular K appeared to fall in 1.58 X T hypertonic solution to about 0.76 of its value in isotonic solution. This decline in the estimated activity coefficient of intracellular K could not be attributed to an increase in Coulombic attractive and repulsive forces as predicted by the Debye-H\u00fcckel equation for a univalent electrolyte.", "PMID": 1192559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12797", "title": "Effect of lidocaine on the early inward transient current in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "We used two experimental techniques to study the effect of lidocaine hydrochloride on the early inward transient (sodium) current as it is reflected by the maximum rate of change of action potential phase 0 (Vmax). We assessed the effect of lidocaine on Vmax as Purkinje fibers were slowly depolarized by increasing the extracellular potassium concentration from 4.0 to 16.0 mM; these voltage-dependent effects were compared with lidocaine's effect on membrane responsiveness (which measures both the time and the voltage dependence of Vmax). We also used a voltage clamp technique to establish the effect of lidocaine on the voltage dependence of Vmax by measuring Vmax 800-1000 msec after transmembrane voltage (Vm) had been changed in small steps. We studied the effect of lidocaine on the time course of early inward transient current reactivation by depolarizing the membrane to -25 +/- 5 mv for 100 msec to inactivate this current, clamping Vm to a repolarized test voltage for various periods, and then measuring phase 0 Vmax of action potentials elicited immediately after termination of the voltage clamp. We showed that lidocaine at 5 mg/liter, but not a 1 mg/liter, shifted the steady-state Vmax- Vm relationship to a more negative position on its voltage axis by about 5 mv and markedly slowed the reactivation of the measure early inward transient current.", "contents": "Effect of lidocaine on the early inward transient current in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers. We used two experimental techniques to study the effect of lidocaine hydrochloride on the early inward transient (sodium) current as it is reflected by the maximum rate of change of action potential phase 0 (Vmax). We assessed the effect of lidocaine on Vmax as Purkinje fibers were slowly depolarized by increasing the extracellular potassium concentration from 4.0 to 16.0 mM; these voltage-dependent effects were compared with lidocaine's effect on membrane responsiveness (which measures both the time and the voltage dependence of Vmax). We also used a voltage clamp technique to establish the effect of lidocaine on the voltage dependence of Vmax by measuring Vmax 800-1000 msec after transmembrane voltage (Vm) had been changed in small steps. We studied the effect of lidocaine on the time course of early inward transient current reactivation by depolarizing the membrane to -25 +/- 5 mv for 100 msec to inactivate this current, clamping Vm to a repolarized test voltage for various periods, and then measuring phase 0 Vmax of action potentials elicited immediately after termination of the voltage clamp. We showed that lidocaine at 5 mg/liter, but not a 1 mg/liter, shifted the steady-state Vmax- Vm relationship to a more negative position on its voltage axis by about 5 mv and markedly slowed the reactivation of the measure early inward transient current.", "PMID": 1192560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12798", "title": "Effect of the angiotensin II blocker 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II on renal artery clip hypertension in the rat.", "content": "Twenty-four conscious male Wistar rats with hypertension induced by left renal artery clipping (two-kidney hypertension) were infused intravenously with 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II a competitive angiotensin II antagonist. The spectrum of responses was wide, ranging from a mild elevation in blood pressure to a marked fall in blood pressure, despite effective and specific angiotensin blockade in all cases. The change in blood pressure during 1-Sar-8-Ala-AII infusion activity showed a significant correlation with the level of plasma renin prevailing immediately before the infusion (r = - 0.78, P less than 0.01) but not with the prevailing blood urea level (r = 0.27, 0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05), the drgree of hypertension (r = 0.42, 0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05), or the time since clipping (r = 0.02, P greater than 0.05). There was no significant correlation between the degree of hypertension and the plasma renin activity (r = 0.42, 0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05). In rats with blood pressure drops greater than 20 mm Hg in response to 1-Sar-8-Ala-AII, the final blood pressure level was still above the normotensive range. Excision of the clipped kidney reduced blood pressure to normal or to near normal within 24 hours in all of the rats tested. It is concluded that the degree of dependence of renal hypertension on the renin-angiotensin system is directly related to the increase in circulating angiotensin itself and not to an increase in sensitivity to angiotensin. Other factors appear to be involved in renal clip hypertension in addition to circulating renin and angiotensin, especially when the measured activity of plasma renin is normal.", "contents": "Effect of the angiotensin II blocker 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II on renal artery clip hypertension in the rat. Twenty-four conscious male Wistar rats with hypertension induced by left renal artery clipping (two-kidney hypertension) were infused intravenously with 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II a competitive angiotensin II antagonist. The spectrum of responses was wide, ranging from a mild elevation in blood pressure to a marked fall in blood pressure, despite effective and specific angiotensin blockade in all cases. The change in blood pressure during 1-Sar-8-Ala-AII infusion activity showed a significant correlation with the level of plasma renin prevailing immediately before the infusion (r = - 0.78, P less than 0.01) but not with the prevailing blood urea level (r = 0.27, 0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05), the drgree of hypertension (r = 0.42, 0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05), or the time since clipping (r = 0.02, P greater than 0.05). There was no significant correlation between the degree of hypertension and the plasma renin activity (r = 0.42, 0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05). In rats with blood pressure drops greater than 20 mm Hg in response to 1-Sar-8-Ala-AII, the final blood pressure level was still above the normotensive range. Excision of the clipped kidney reduced blood pressure to normal or to near normal within 24 hours in all of the rats tested. It is concluded that the degree of dependence of renal hypertension on the renin-angiotensin system is directly related to the increase in circulating angiotensin itself and not to an increase in sensitivity to angiotensin. Other factors appear to be involved in renal clip hypertension in addition to circulating renin and angiotensin, especially when the measured activity of plasma renin is normal.", "PMID": 1192561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12799", "title": "Increased sheep lung vascular permeability caused by histamine.", "content": "To see whether histamine increases lung vascular permeability to protein, we compared the effects of steady-state histamine infusions on lung vascular pressures, lung lymph flow, and lung lymph protein content with the effects of mechanically elevated lung vascular pressures on these variables in the same unanesthetized sheep. We surgically implanted catheters in the pulmonary artery, the left atrium, the superior vena cava, and a main lung lymphatic. After the sheep had recovered from surgery, we carried out steady-state experiments without anesthesia. Histamine induced a dose-related, quickly reversible increase in lung lymph flow without affecting pulmonary artery pressure, and it caused left atrial pressure to fall. During 4-hour intravenous 4-mug/kg min-1 histamine infusions, lymph flow and lymph protein clearance (lymph flow X lymph-plasma protein concentration ratio) increased more than they did with mechanically elevated pressure even though vascular pressures fell. Lymph-plasma protein ratios decreased linearly with increasing lymph flow during increased pressure experiments, but during histamine infusions the ratios did not decrease even though lymph flow increased 2-6-fold. Lymph clearance and permeability-surface area products (PS) for eight protein fractions with molecular radii ranging from 36 to 100 A decreased with increasing molecular size in base-line, increased pressure, and histamine studies. PS values for all eight fractions were significantly higher than base line in histamine experiments but not in increased pressure experiments. Four-hour intravenous histamine infusions caused moderate increases in lung water content. Left atrial infusions had less effect on lymph flow than did intravenous infusions. We conclude that histamine causes pulmonary vascular permeability to protein to increase but that the effects on exchanging vessel porosity are more modest than those suggested for systemic microvessels. Histamine should be considered a possible mediator of increased lung vascular permeability.", "contents": "Increased sheep lung vascular permeability caused by histamine. To see whether histamine increases lung vascular permeability to protein, we compared the effects of steady-state histamine infusions on lung vascular pressures, lung lymph flow, and lung lymph protein content with the effects of mechanically elevated lung vascular pressures on these variables in the same unanesthetized sheep. We surgically implanted catheters in the pulmonary artery, the left atrium, the superior vena cava, and a main lung lymphatic. After the sheep had recovered from surgery, we carried out steady-state experiments without anesthesia. Histamine induced a dose-related, quickly reversible increase in lung lymph flow without affecting pulmonary artery pressure, and it caused left atrial pressure to fall. During 4-hour intravenous 4-mug/kg min-1 histamine infusions, lymph flow and lymph protein clearance (lymph flow X lymph-plasma protein concentration ratio) increased more than they did with mechanically elevated pressure even though vascular pressures fell. Lymph-plasma protein ratios decreased linearly with increasing lymph flow during increased pressure experiments, but during histamine infusions the ratios did not decrease even though lymph flow increased 2-6-fold. Lymph clearance and permeability-surface area products (PS) for eight protein fractions with molecular radii ranging from 36 to 100 A decreased with increasing molecular size in base-line, increased pressure, and histamine studies. PS values for all eight fractions were significantly higher than base line in histamine experiments but not in increased pressure experiments. Four-hour intravenous histamine infusions caused moderate increases in lung water content. Left atrial infusions had less effect on lymph flow than did intravenous infusions. We conclude that histamine causes pulmonary vascular permeability to protein to increase but that the effects on exchanging vessel porosity are more modest than those suggested for systemic microvessels. Histamine should be considered a possible mediator of increased lung vascular permeability.", "PMID": 1192562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12800", "title": "Dissociation constant of the norepinephrine-receptor complex in normotensive and hypertensive rats.", "content": "Previous reports have suggested that smooth muscle obtained from the thoracic aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats is less responsive to vasoconstrictive agents than that obtained from normotensive rats. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the responsiveness of aortic muscles from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats correlates with a difference in the affinity of the adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine and whether antihypertensive therapy alters the affinity of the adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine. The affinity of the adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine was determined by computing the dissociation constant of the norepinephrine-receptor complex (KDR). The values computed for KDR in aortic muscles from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats that had received no antihypertensive therapy were 1.07 X 10(-7)M and 1.17 X 10(-7)M, respectively. The values computed for KDR in aortic muscles from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats that had received antihypertensive therapy were 1.38 X 10(-7)M and 1.29 X 10(-7)M, respectively. The differences in these values for KDR are not significant. These results indicate that the difference in the contractility of aortic muscles from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats is not related to an alteration in the affinity of the adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine and that the affinity of the adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine is not altered by antihypertensive therapy. Thus, it appears that the etiology of hypertension cannot be directly correlated with a difference in the affinity of the adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine.", "contents": "Dissociation constant of the norepinephrine-receptor complex in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Previous reports have suggested that smooth muscle obtained from the thoracic aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats is less responsive to vasoconstrictive agents than that obtained from normotensive rats. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the responsiveness of aortic muscles from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats correlates with a difference in the affinity of the adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine and whether antihypertensive therapy alters the affinity of the adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine. The affinity of the adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine was determined by computing the dissociation constant of the norepinephrine-receptor complex (KDR). The values computed for KDR in aortic muscles from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats that had received no antihypertensive therapy were 1.07 X 10(-7)M and 1.17 X 10(-7)M, respectively. The values computed for KDR in aortic muscles from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats that had received antihypertensive therapy were 1.38 X 10(-7)M and 1.29 X 10(-7)M, respectively. The differences in these values for KDR are not significant. These results indicate that the difference in the contractility of aortic muscles from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats is not related to an alteration in the affinity of the adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine and that the affinity of the adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine is not altered by antihypertensive therapy. Thus, it appears that the etiology of hypertension cannot be directly correlated with a difference in the affinity of the adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine.", "PMID": 1192563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12801", "title": "Membrane currents and tension in cat ventricular muscle treated with cardiac glycosides.", "content": "The effect of cardiac glycosides on membrane currents and tension in cat ventricular muscle was studied using the single sucrose gap voltage clamp method. Complete tension-voltage and current-voltage relations were obtained in five preparations before and during treatment with dihydro-ouabain (DHO, 1.7 X 10(-5)M). After 1-2 minutes of DHO, the developed tension was 15% greater than control, but there was no change in either the slow inward (calcium) current (Ica) or the level of the outward current flowing at the end of a 300-msec depolarization (Iout). After 6-8 minutes of DHO, there was a 60% increase in developed tension, a noticeable increase in resting tension, a 20% decrease in Ica, and a smaller increase in Iout. It seems possible that the reduction of Ica was due to a reduced driving force. In preparations treated with ouabain (5 X 10(-7)M, 3-5 minutes), developed tension was 45-150% greater than control with no change in Ica or Iout between -45 and + 15 mv. We conclude that the inotropic action of these cardiac glycosides is not mediated by an increase in Ica.", "contents": "Membrane currents and tension in cat ventricular muscle treated with cardiac glycosides. The effect of cardiac glycosides on membrane currents and tension in cat ventricular muscle was studied using the single sucrose gap voltage clamp method. Complete tension-voltage and current-voltage relations were obtained in five preparations before and during treatment with dihydro-ouabain (DHO, 1.7 X 10(-5)M). After 1-2 minutes of DHO, the developed tension was 15% greater than control, but there was no change in either the slow inward (calcium) current (Ica) or the level of the outward current flowing at the end of a 300-msec depolarization (Iout). After 6-8 minutes of DHO, there was a 60% increase in developed tension, a noticeable increase in resting tension, a 20% decrease in Ica, and a smaller increase in Iout. It seems possible that the reduction of Ica was due to a reduced driving force. In preparations treated with ouabain (5 X 10(-7)M, 3-5 minutes), developed tension was 45-150% greater than control with no change in Ica or Iout between -45 and + 15 mv. We conclude that the inotropic action of these cardiac glycosides is not mediated by an increase in Ica.", "PMID": 1192564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12802", "title": "Role of prostaglandins in the reversal of one-kidney hypertension in the rabbit.", "content": "Hypertensive rabbits with a clip on the renal artery of their solitary remaining kidney show an abrupt decrease in blood pressure after the arterial constriction is released. Although the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains controversial, some experimental evidence suggests that it could be humorally mediated. The involvement of prostaglandins was investigated by examining the effect of the release of the arterial constriction on blood pressure, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and urinary output in five conscious single-kidney hypertensive rabbits in which prostaglandin synthesis was blocked with indomethacin (priming intravenous injection of 9 mg/kg followed by a constant infusion of 1 mg/kg hour-1). The results were compared with those obtained in another group of five single-kidney hypertensive rabbits submitted to the same protocol but not treated with indomethacin. The blockade of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin prevented the increments in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate seen in the control rabbits after unclipping a significantly retarded the appearance of diuresis and the fall in blood pressure. Despite these observations, the results do not indicate a major participation of prostaglandins in the reversal of single-kidney hypertension, because the decrease in blood pressure 9 hours after the removal of the arterial constriction was similar in both groups.", "contents": "Role of prostaglandins in the reversal of one-kidney hypertension in the rabbit. Hypertensive rabbits with a clip on the renal artery of their solitary remaining kidney show an abrupt decrease in blood pressure after the arterial constriction is released. Although the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains controversial, some experimental evidence suggests that it could be humorally mediated. The involvement of prostaglandins was investigated by examining the effect of the release of the arterial constriction on blood pressure, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and urinary output in five conscious single-kidney hypertensive rabbits in which prostaglandin synthesis was blocked with indomethacin (priming intravenous injection of 9 mg/kg followed by a constant infusion of 1 mg/kg hour-1). The results were compared with those obtained in another group of five single-kidney hypertensive rabbits submitted to the same protocol but not treated with indomethacin. The blockade of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin prevented the increments in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate seen in the control rabbits after unclipping a significantly retarded the appearance of diuresis and the fall in blood pressure. Despite these observations, the results do not indicate a major participation of prostaglandins in the reversal of single-kidney hypertension, because the decrease in blood pressure 9 hours after the removal of the arterial constriction was similar in both groups.", "PMID": 1192565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12803", "title": "Chronic one-kidney hypertension in rabbits. I. Treatment with kidney extracts.", "content": "An investigation into the mechanism that sustains the blood pressure in chronic one-kidney hypertension in rabbits was made using passive and active immunization with hog kidney extracts containing renin and with angiotensin antagonists. Seven hypertensive rabbits were passively immunized for extended periods with antiserum prepared in other rabbits. Antirenin levels were in the range of 1-3 units/ml. Control experiments demonstrated that antirenin concentrations of 1.0 unit/ml or more eliminated more than 99% of the pressor response to renin. There was no lowering of blood pressure that could be attributed to the antibodies. No decrease in blood pressure was observed in 13 experiments in 7 rabbits given the angiotensin II antagonist 1-Sar-8-Ile-angiotensin II; infusion rates of 0.09-87 mug/min kg-1 were used for periods of a few hours up to 3 days. A reduction in blood pressure occurred in 16 of 19 rabbits immunized directly with extracts containing renin with specific activities of 9.6-757 GU/mg. Plasma antirenin titers correlated poorly with reductions in blood pressure. The blood pressure of 22 rabbits given equal amounts of protein without renin was unaffected. It is concluded that the elevation of blood pressure in rabbits with chronic one-kidney hypertension is not dependent on ciculating renin or angiotensin; rather, it results from the presence of renin in an extravascular location or from an unknown pressor substance.", "contents": "Chronic one-kidney hypertension in rabbits. I. Treatment with kidney extracts. An investigation into the mechanism that sustains the blood pressure in chronic one-kidney hypertension in rabbits was made using passive and active immunization with hog kidney extracts containing renin and with angiotensin antagonists. Seven hypertensive rabbits were passively immunized for extended periods with antiserum prepared in other rabbits. Antirenin levels were in the range of 1-3 units/ml. Control experiments demonstrated that antirenin concentrations of 1.0 unit/ml or more eliminated more than 99% of the pressor response to renin. There was no lowering of blood pressure that could be attributed to the antibodies. No decrease in blood pressure was observed in 13 experiments in 7 rabbits given the angiotensin II antagonist 1-Sar-8-Ile-angiotensin II; infusion rates of 0.09-87 mug/min kg-1 were used for periods of a few hours up to 3 days. A reduction in blood pressure occurred in 16 of 19 rabbits immunized directly with extracts containing renin with specific activities of 9.6-757 GU/mg. Plasma antirenin titers correlated poorly with reductions in blood pressure. The blood pressure of 22 rabbits given equal amounts of protein without renin was unaffected. It is concluded that the elevation of blood pressure in rabbits with chronic one-kidney hypertension is not dependent on ciculating renin or angiotensin; rather, it results from the presence of renin in an extravascular location or from an unknown pressor substance.", "PMID": 1192566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12804", "title": "Expansion of extracellular space in the nonischemic zone of the infarcted heart and concomitant changes in tissue electrolyte contents in the rat.", "content": "The alterations in electrolyte content that occur in an infarcted zone of the heart have also been reported to occur in a similar manner, although to a far less degree, in the distant, apparently normal zones of the heart. These alterations in the nonischemic myocardium have usually been tabulated without comment, presumably because their magnitudes approach values of statistical dispersion. Our measurements of electrolyte content in the normal zone of the infarcted rat heart confirmed that all of the electrolyte contents were slightly modified. There was a rise in sodium, calcium, and chloride and a decline in potassium and magnesium. In addition, the extracellular space ([14C]sucrose) in this zone was elevated by nearly 15%. We have postulated a mechanism for this elevation based on an increase in the net filtration rate through myocardial capillaries. The expansion of the extracellular space can account for all of the electrolyte changes in the normal zone with the exception of the alteration in calcium. Therefore, there is no basis for assuming that these myocardial alterations reflect general movements of electrolytes down their electrochemical gradients. We suggest that the increment in the nominal concentration of cellular calcium is related to a compensatory mechanism that allows the reduced mass of functional myocardium to contract more vigorously.", "contents": "Expansion of extracellular space in the nonischemic zone of the infarcted heart and concomitant changes in tissue electrolyte contents in the rat. The alterations in electrolyte content that occur in an infarcted zone of the heart have also been reported to occur in a similar manner, although to a far less degree, in the distant, apparently normal zones of the heart. These alterations in the nonischemic myocardium have usually been tabulated without comment, presumably because their magnitudes approach values of statistical dispersion. Our measurements of electrolyte content in the normal zone of the infarcted rat heart confirmed that all of the electrolyte contents were slightly modified. There was a rise in sodium, calcium, and chloride and a decline in potassium and magnesium. In addition, the extracellular space ([14C]sucrose) in this zone was elevated by nearly 15%. We have postulated a mechanism for this elevation based on an increase in the net filtration rate through myocardial capillaries. The expansion of the extracellular space can account for all of the electrolyte changes in the normal zone with the exception of the alteration in calcium. Therefore, there is no basis for assuming that these myocardial alterations reflect general movements of electrolytes down their electrochemical gradients. We suggest that the increment in the nominal concentration of cellular calcium is related to a compensatory mechanism that allows the reduced mass of functional myocardium to contract more vigorously.", "PMID": 1192567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12805", "title": "Analysis of coronary flow fields in thoracotomized dogs.", "content": "A nonlinear theory of pulsatile flow was used to investigate the detailed flow field in the left circumflex coronary artery of anesthetized open-chest dogs. Studies were carried out under a wide range of blood pressures and flow rates induced by intravenous infusions of dipyridamole. The results indicated that (1) the flow profiles, although less blunt than those in the descending aorta, are still nonparabolic, (2) the wall shear in the coronary arteries maintains a high value through diastole, and (3) during intravenous infusions of dipyridamole both coronary flow and wall shear increase. The peak value of the shear stress during these infusions, which reached 360 dynes/cm2, can approach the yield stress value of 400 dynes/cm2 reported by Fry for endothelial cells.", "contents": "Analysis of coronary flow fields in thoracotomized dogs. A nonlinear theory of pulsatile flow was used to investigate the detailed flow field in the left circumflex coronary artery of anesthetized open-chest dogs. Studies were carried out under a wide range of blood pressures and flow rates induced by intravenous infusions of dipyridamole. The results indicated that (1) the flow profiles, although less blunt than those in the descending aorta, are still nonparabolic, (2) the wall shear in the coronary arteries maintains a high value through diastole, and (3) during intravenous infusions of dipyridamole both coronary flow and wall shear increase. The peak value of the shear stress during these infusions, which reached 360 dynes/cm2, can approach the yield stress value of 400 dynes/cm2 reported by Fry for endothelial cells.", "PMID": 1192568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12806", "title": "Baroreceptor reflex control of arterial hemodynamics in the dog.", "content": "The regional differentiation of carotid sinus control of arterial pressure-flow relationships was studied in chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Simulatneous pressure-flow measurements were made in the ascending aorta, the celiac artery, the cranial mesenteric artery, the renal artery, and the femoral artery. The carotid sinuses were bilaterally isolated and perfused with pulsatile pressure. The open-loop reflex gain was not symmetrical about and was maximum at pressures below the closed loop operating point pressure. Changes in both peripheral resistance and cardiac output contributed significantly to the open-loop gain with the former predominating. Aortic impedance for frequencies above 3 Hz was at a minimum at the closed-loop operating point and increased for both higher and lower values of carotid sinus pressure. For the frequency range from 3 to 9 Hz, regional impedance in all of the beds varied inversely with carotid sinus pressure. The sensitivity of the various beds to changes in carotid sinus pressure around the operating point increased in the order celiac less than mesenteric less than renal less than femoral. Following vagotomy, operating point values of regional resistance and sensitivity were significantly increased. This fact suggests that the aortic arch receptors exert a significant influence on regional vascular impedance at operating point pressures. The fraction of cardiac output in the celiac, mesenteric, and renal beds was nearly independent of carotid sinus pressure before and after vagotomy, but that in the femoral bed increased with carotid sinus pressure. These results demonstrate the nonuniform nature of carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreceptor control of regional blood flow.", "contents": "Baroreceptor reflex control of arterial hemodynamics in the dog. The regional differentiation of carotid sinus control of arterial pressure-flow relationships was studied in chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Simulatneous pressure-flow measurements were made in the ascending aorta, the celiac artery, the cranial mesenteric artery, the renal artery, and the femoral artery. The carotid sinuses were bilaterally isolated and perfused with pulsatile pressure. The open-loop reflex gain was not symmetrical about and was maximum at pressures below the closed loop operating point pressure. Changes in both peripheral resistance and cardiac output contributed significantly to the open-loop gain with the former predominating. Aortic impedance for frequencies above 3 Hz was at a minimum at the closed-loop operating point and increased for both higher and lower values of carotid sinus pressure. For the frequency range from 3 to 9 Hz, regional impedance in all of the beds varied inversely with carotid sinus pressure. The sensitivity of the various beds to changes in carotid sinus pressure around the operating point increased in the order celiac less than mesenteric less than renal less than femoral. Following vagotomy, operating point values of regional resistance and sensitivity were significantly increased. This fact suggests that the aortic arch receptors exert a significant influence on regional vascular impedance at operating point pressures. The fraction of cardiac output in the celiac, mesenteric, and renal beds was nearly independent of carotid sinus pressure before and after vagotomy, but that in the femoral bed increased with carotid sinus pressure. These results demonstrate the nonuniform nature of carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreceptor control of regional blood flow.", "PMID": 1192569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12807", "title": "Muscle stiffness determined from canine left ventricular pressure-volume curves.", "content": "We measured pressure-volume curves in nine excised dog ventricles and stress-strain curves in two to five muscle specimens from each ventricle to verify a derived formula that relates muscle stiffness to the ventricular pressure-volume curve. The assumptions underlying this formula are: (1) the ventricle is a uniform spherical shell, (2) all muscle fibers carry average stress and deform as if they were at the midwall, (3) static equilibrium exists, (4) internal pressure induces the only load, and (5) the muscles exhibit an exponential stress-strain curve given by the equation sigma(epsilon) = alpha(ebeta epsilon - 1), where sigma = stress, epsilon = strain, and alpha and beta are constants. There was no significant difference between the stiffness constant, beta, inferred from the left ventricle pressure-volume curves (14+/-4.3[SD]) and that measured directly from the muscle stress-strain curves (16+/-2.8).", "contents": "Muscle stiffness determined from canine left ventricular pressure-volume curves. We measured pressure-volume curves in nine excised dog ventricles and stress-strain curves in two to five muscle specimens from each ventricle to verify a derived formula that relates muscle stiffness to the ventricular pressure-volume curve. The assumptions underlying this formula are: (1) the ventricle is a uniform spherical shell, (2) all muscle fibers carry average stress and deform as if they were at the midwall, (3) static equilibrium exists, (4) internal pressure induces the only load, and (5) the muscles exhibit an exponential stress-strain curve given by the equation sigma(epsilon) = alpha(ebeta epsilon - 1), where sigma = stress, epsilon = strain, and alpha and beta are constants. There was no significant difference between the stiffness constant, beta, inferred from the left ventricle pressure-volume curves (14+/-4.3[SD]) and that measured directly from the muscle stress-strain curves (16+/-2.8).", "PMID": 1192570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12808", "title": "Hypotensive effect of clonidine during sodium depletion in the rat.", "content": "Clonidine was nonhypotensive in conscious unrestrained rats maintained on a normal sodium intake. In contradistinction, clonidine caused a dose-related hypotension in conscious unrestrained rats subjected to sodium depletion via furosemide. The plasma renin activity of normal and sodium-depleted rats was reduced after the administration of clonidine (100 mug/kg, iv) by 22.8% and 34.4%, respectively. Intravenous infusion of an angiotensin II antagonist, 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II, caused a significant reduction of arterial blood pressure in sodium-depleted rats but not in normal rats. Similarly, bilateral nephrectomy reduced arterial blood pressure and completely abolished the hypotensive effect of clonidine in sodium-depleted rats. Subcutaneous administration of chlorisondamine caused a significantly greater reduction of arterial blood pressure in sodium-depleted rats than it did in normal rats. Treatment of normal and sodium-depleted rats with 6-hydroxydopamine reduced the arterial blood pressure of both groups to approximately 85 mm Hg and completely abolished the hypotensive effect of clonidine in the sodium-depleted rats. The data presented in this paper are consistent with the conclusion that clonidine acts at some site in the sympathetic nervous system of sodium-depleted rats to inhibit renal nerve activity with a resultant suppression of renin secretion and a reduction of the angiotensin II-maintained arterial blood pressure. A similar sequence of events occurring in normal rats would not result in hypotension because their arterial blood pressure is not maintained by angiotensin II.", "contents": "Hypotensive effect of clonidine during sodium depletion in the rat. Clonidine was nonhypotensive in conscious unrestrained rats maintained on a normal sodium intake. In contradistinction, clonidine caused a dose-related hypotension in conscious unrestrained rats subjected to sodium depletion via furosemide. The plasma renin activity of normal and sodium-depleted rats was reduced after the administration of clonidine (100 mug/kg, iv) by 22.8% and 34.4%, respectively. Intravenous infusion of an angiotensin II antagonist, 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II, caused a significant reduction of arterial blood pressure in sodium-depleted rats but not in normal rats. Similarly, bilateral nephrectomy reduced arterial blood pressure and completely abolished the hypotensive effect of clonidine in sodium-depleted rats. Subcutaneous administration of chlorisondamine caused a significantly greater reduction of arterial blood pressure in sodium-depleted rats than it did in normal rats. Treatment of normal and sodium-depleted rats with 6-hydroxydopamine reduced the arterial blood pressure of both groups to approximately 85 mm Hg and completely abolished the hypotensive effect of clonidine in the sodium-depleted rats. The data presented in this paper are consistent with the conclusion that clonidine acts at some site in the sympathetic nervous system of sodium-depleted rats to inhibit renal nerve activity with a resultant suppression of renin secretion and a reduction of the angiotensin II-maintained arterial blood pressure. A similar sequence of events occurring in normal rats would not result in hypotension because their arterial blood pressure is not maintained by angiotensin II.", "PMID": 1192571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12809", "title": "Hormone interactions in the isolated rabbit heart. Synthesis and coronary vasomotor effects of prostaglandins, angiotensin, and bradykinin.", "content": "In the present study, the synthesis and degradation of several potent vasoactive substances influencing coronary resistance were characterized in the isolated perfused rabbit heart. Prostaglandin synthetase activity, angiotensin converting enzyme activity, and bradykininase activity (without angiotensinase) were observed. A prostaglandin E2-like substance appeared to be the ednogenous mediator of the coronary vasodilation produced by bradykinin and angiotensin II (AII). (1) The concentration of this prostaglandinlike substance in the coronary venous effluent was directly proportional to the concentration of the coronary vasocilator stimulus (bradykinin or AII). (2) The prostaglandinlike substance released and the coronary dilation produced by the agonists correlated temporally and quantitatively. (3). Abolition of cardiac biosynthesis of the prostaglandinlike substance by indomethacin also abolished the decrease in coronary resistance produced by the agonists. AII, the most potent naturally occurring vasoconstrictor substance, produced a paradoxical coronary vasodilation because it stimulated cardiac prostaglandin biosynthesis, but the direct coronary vasoconstrictor action of AII could be readily unmasked by indomethacin, which blocks prostaglandin synthesis. The nonapeptide SQ-20881 blocked cardiac biosynthesis of AII (from angiotensin I) and enhanced the coronary vascular effects of bradykinin by interfering with bradykininase activity. Similarly, the AII-receptor antagonist, 1-Sar-8-Ile-AII, blocked the coronary vascular effect of AII.", "contents": "Hormone interactions in the isolated rabbit heart. Synthesis and coronary vasomotor effects of prostaglandins, angiotensin, and bradykinin. In the present study, the synthesis and degradation of several potent vasoactive substances influencing coronary resistance were characterized in the isolated perfused rabbit heart. Prostaglandin synthetase activity, angiotensin converting enzyme activity, and bradykininase activity (without angiotensinase) were observed. A prostaglandin E2-like substance appeared to be the ednogenous mediator of the coronary vasodilation produced by bradykinin and angiotensin II (AII). (1) The concentration of this prostaglandinlike substance in the coronary venous effluent was directly proportional to the concentration of the coronary vasocilator stimulus (bradykinin or AII). (2) The prostaglandinlike substance released and the coronary dilation produced by the agonists correlated temporally and quantitatively. (3). Abolition of cardiac biosynthesis of the prostaglandinlike substance by indomethacin also abolished the decrease in coronary resistance produced by the agonists. AII, the most potent naturally occurring vasoconstrictor substance, produced a paradoxical coronary vasodilation because it stimulated cardiac prostaglandin biosynthesis, but the direct coronary vasoconstrictor action of AII could be readily unmasked by indomethacin, which blocks prostaglandin synthesis. The nonapeptide SQ-20881 blocked cardiac biosynthesis of AII (from angiotensin I) and enhanced the coronary vascular effects of bradykinin by interfering with bradykininase activity. Similarly, the AII-receptor antagonist, 1-Sar-8-Ile-AII, blocked the coronary vascular effect of AII.", "PMID": 1192572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12810", "title": "Pressure-flow and pressure-volume relations in the entire pulmonary vascular bed of the dog determined by two-port analysis.", "content": "To quantify the resistance and particularly the capacitance properties of the entire pulmonary vascular bed, isolated perfused lungs of nine dogs were studied. In each dog, with a fixed endotracheal pressure of 5 mm Hg, the arterial pressure-flow and pressure-volume relations were determined while venous pressure was fixed at constant values of 2, 5, and 8 mm Hg. In the same dogs, the venous pressure-flow and pressure-volume relations were also obtained when arterial pressure was fixed at constant values of 15 and 20 mm Hg. The arterial and venous pressure-flow relations could be regarded as linear around the physiological ranges of arterial and venous pressures; however, at very low pressures, these relations became nonlinear. The arterial and venous pressure-volume relations were also approximately linear within the physiological pressure ranges. The mean arterial compliance was 0.1798 ml/mm Hg kg-1 and was independent of venous pressures. The venous compliance values were 0.1236 and 0.0955 ml/mm Hg kg-1 for arterial pressures of 15 and 20 mm Hg, respectively. The sums of the arterial and venous compliances were 0.3034 and 0.2753 ml/mm Hg kg-1 for arterial pressures of 15 and 20 mm Hg, respectively. These values were nearly identical to the mean total compliance, 0.3265 ml/mm Hg kg-1, measured in a separate series of experiments in the same dogs. Therefore, the data obtained in these experiments using two-port analysis techniques represent the compliances and the resistance of the entire pulmonary vascular bed around the normal operating pressures and flows.", "contents": "Pressure-flow and pressure-volume relations in the entire pulmonary vascular bed of the dog determined by two-port analysis. To quantify the resistance and particularly the capacitance properties of the entire pulmonary vascular bed, isolated perfused lungs of nine dogs were studied. In each dog, with a fixed endotracheal pressure of 5 mm Hg, the arterial pressure-flow and pressure-volume relations were determined while venous pressure was fixed at constant values of 2, 5, and 8 mm Hg. In the same dogs, the venous pressure-flow and pressure-volume relations were also obtained when arterial pressure was fixed at constant values of 15 and 20 mm Hg. The arterial and venous pressure-flow relations could be regarded as linear around the physiological ranges of arterial and venous pressures; however, at very low pressures, these relations became nonlinear. The arterial and venous pressure-volume relations were also approximately linear within the physiological pressure ranges. The mean arterial compliance was 0.1798 ml/mm Hg kg-1 and was independent of venous pressures. The venous compliance values were 0.1236 and 0.0955 ml/mm Hg kg-1 for arterial pressures of 15 and 20 mm Hg, respectively. The sums of the arterial and venous compliances were 0.3034 and 0.2753 ml/mm Hg kg-1 for arterial pressures of 15 and 20 mm Hg, respectively. These values were nearly identical to the mean total compliance, 0.3265 ml/mm Hg kg-1, measured in a separate series of experiments in the same dogs. Therefore, the data obtained in these experiments using two-port analysis techniques represent the compliances and the resistance of the entire pulmonary vascular bed around the normal operating pressures and flows.", "PMID": 1192573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12811", "title": "Glomerular filtration response to elevated ureteral pressure in both the hydropenic and the plasma-expanded rat.", "content": "The factors affecting glomerular ultrafiltration with elevated ureteral pressure were examined in both plasma-expanded (2.5% body weight) and hydropenic Munich-Wistar rats. Elevated ureteral pressure (20 mm Hg) alternated as the initial condition in both groups. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (PG) and Bowman's space pressure (Pt) were measured directly in surface glomeruli with a servonulling device (deltaP = PG - PT), systemic (piA) and efferent (piE) peritubular capillary oncotic pressures were estimated by microprotein methods, and single-nephron glomerular filtration rates (sngfr) were determined by micropuncture techniques under control ureteral pressure and after increased ureteral pressure in both experimental groups. All data were then applied to equations describing the process of glomerular ultrafiltration to define the profile of effective filtration pressure (EFP = deltaP - pi) and the glomerular permeability coefficient (LpA), where sngfr = LpA-EFP. In plasma-expanded rats, sngfr fell from 44.8 +/- 2.2 to 38.5 +/- 1.5 nilters/min g-1 kidney weight (P less than 0.025) with elevated ureteral pressure entirely as a result of a decrease in the hydrostatic pressure gradient (deltaP), since PG did not rise and nephron plasma flow remained constant. In hydropenic rats, sngfr fell from 34.7 +/- 1.6 to 27.3 +/- 1.6 nliters/min g-1 kidney weight with increased ureteral pressure. PG rose 8.7 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) due to an increase in vascular resistance between the peritubular capillaries and the renal vein which prevented the reduction in deltaP. The reduction in sngfr appeared to result from a reduction in LpA resulting in disequilibration of EFP. Nephron plasma flow was not changed. The filtration response to elevated ureteral pressure was modified by the prior state of volume expansion and was not associated with changes in either nephron blood flow or afferent arteriolar resistance.", "contents": "Glomerular filtration response to elevated ureteral pressure in both the hydropenic and the plasma-expanded rat. The factors affecting glomerular ultrafiltration with elevated ureteral pressure were examined in both plasma-expanded (2.5% body weight) and hydropenic Munich-Wistar rats. Elevated ureteral pressure (20 mm Hg) alternated as the initial condition in both groups. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (PG) and Bowman's space pressure (Pt) were measured directly in surface glomeruli with a servonulling device (deltaP = PG - PT), systemic (piA) and efferent (piE) peritubular capillary oncotic pressures were estimated by microprotein methods, and single-nephron glomerular filtration rates (sngfr) were determined by micropuncture techniques under control ureteral pressure and after increased ureteral pressure in both experimental groups. All data were then applied to equations describing the process of glomerular ultrafiltration to define the profile of effective filtration pressure (EFP = deltaP - pi) and the glomerular permeability coefficient (LpA), where sngfr = LpA-EFP. In plasma-expanded rats, sngfr fell from 44.8 +/- 2.2 to 38.5 +/- 1.5 nilters/min g-1 kidney weight (P less than 0.025) with elevated ureteral pressure entirely as a result of a decrease in the hydrostatic pressure gradient (deltaP), since PG did not rise and nephron plasma flow remained constant. In hydropenic rats, sngfr fell from 34.7 +/- 1.6 to 27.3 +/- 1.6 nliters/min g-1 kidney weight with increased ureteral pressure. PG rose 8.7 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) due to an increase in vascular resistance between the peritubular capillaries and the renal vein which prevented the reduction in deltaP. The reduction in sngfr appeared to result from a reduction in LpA resulting in disequilibration of EFP. Nephron plasma flow was not changed. The filtration response to elevated ureteral pressure was modified by the prior state of volume expansion and was not associated with changes in either nephron blood flow or afferent arteriolar resistance.", "PMID": 1192574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12812", "title": "Anaylsis of ventricular activation and repolarization from intramural and epicardial potential distributions for ectopic beats in the intact dog.", "content": "Ventricular activation and repolarization were examined by measuring intramural and epicardial potential distributions during ectopic sequences in intact dogs. Potential distributions were used because they provided a direct measure of all of repolarization. Ectopic sequences produced almost unidirectional excitation across the heart along with repolarization events that were different from normal. During ectopic repolarization, positive potentials occurred over a broad area surrounding the ectopic focus, and negative potentials occurred over a large area on the opposite side of the heart where excitation terminated. The potentials in the walls of both ventricles were more positive in the outer layers and more negative in the inner layers, a gradient similar to normal. A maximum initially was at the ectopic site with a magnitude greater than that of the minimum, but the maximum subsequently decreased in magnitude and shifted toward the minimum while the minimum increased in magnitude. The steepest gradients were initially around the maximum, and they then shifted toward the minimum. The results show that ventricular repolatization potential distributions during ectopic beats are predominantly influenced by gradients from one side of the heart to the other (transventricular gradients) in  contrast to normal repolatization distributions which are predominantly influenced by gradients across the wall (transmural gradients).", "contents": "Anaylsis of ventricular activation and repolarization from intramural and epicardial potential distributions for ectopic beats in the intact dog. Ventricular activation and repolarization were examined by measuring intramural and epicardial potential distributions during ectopic sequences in intact dogs. Potential distributions were used because they provided a direct measure of all of repolarization. Ectopic sequences produced almost unidirectional excitation across the heart along with repolarization events that were different from normal. During ectopic repolarization, positive potentials occurred over a broad area surrounding the ectopic focus, and negative potentials occurred over a large area on the opposite side of the heart where excitation terminated. The potentials in the walls of both ventricles were more positive in the outer layers and more negative in the inner layers, a gradient similar to normal. A maximum initially was at the ectopic site with a magnitude greater than that of the minimum, but the maximum subsequently decreased in magnitude and shifted toward the minimum while the minimum increased in magnitude. The steepest gradients were initially around the maximum, and they then shifted toward the minimum. The results show that ventricular repolatization potential distributions during ectopic beats are predominantly influenced by gradients from one side of the heart to the other (transventricular gradients) in  contrast to normal repolatization distributions which are predominantly influenced by gradients across the wall (transmural gradients).", "PMID": 1192575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12813", "title": "Electrophysiological actions of disopyramide phosphate on canine ventricular muscle and purkinje fibers.", "content": "Disopyramide phosphate is a new antiarrhythmic drug that has been shown to possess significant antiarrhythmic effects in animals and man. In the present investigation, the effects of 2, 5, and 10 mug/ml of disopyramide phosphate were studied on the electrophysiological properties of canine Purkinje fibers and ventricular muscle superfused in vitro. Transmembrane action potentials were recorded from Purkinje fibers in the region of maximum action potential duration (gate), from Purkinje fibers proximal and distal to the gate, and from ventricular muscle. Disopyramide phosphate produced a concentration-dependent decrease in the slope of phase 4 diastolic depolarization of spontaneously beating Purkinje fibers. In all electrically stimulated fibers, the drug decreased the amplitude and the maximum upstroke velocity of the action potential. This depression of phase 0 characteristics was accompanied by a decrease in conduction velocity. In Purkinje fibers located at the gate, a concentration-dependent parallel shift to the right and a depression of the maximum of the membrane responsiveness curve occurred. Effects on action potential duration were variable. Repolarization was altered so that action potentials with dissimilar durations recorded from sites proximal to, at, and distal to the gate became equal. The total action potential duration and the effective refractory period of gate Purkinje fibers were prolonged, but the change in action potential duration was always greater than the change in effective refractory period so that the ratio of the change in duration to the change in refractory period was always greater than one.", "contents": "Electrophysiological actions of disopyramide phosphate on canine ventricular muscle and purkinje fibers. Disopyramide phosphate is a new antiarrhythmic drug that has been shown to possess significant antiarrhythmic effects in animals and man. In the present investigation, the effects of 2, 5, and 10 mug/ml of disopyramide phosphate were studied on the electrophysiological properties of canine Purkinje fibers and ventricular muscle superfused in vitro. Transmembrane action potentials were recorded from Purkinje fibers in the region of maximum action potential duration (gate), from Purkinje fibers proximal and distal to the gate, and from ventricular muscle. Disopyramide phosphate produced a concentration-dependent decrease in the slope of phase 4 diastolic depolarization of spontaneously beating Purkinje fibers. In all electrically stimulated fibers, the drug decreased the amplitude and the maximum upstroke velocity of the action potential. This depression of phase 0 characteristics was accompanied by a decrease in conduction velocity. In Purkinje fibers located at the gate, a concentration-dependent parallel shift to the right and a depression of the maximum of the membrane responsiveness curve occurred. Effects on action potential duration were variable. Repolarization was altered so that action potentials with dissimilar durations recorded from sites proximal to, at, and distal to the gate became equal. The total action potential duration and the effective refractory period of gate Purkinje fibers were prolonged, but the change in action potential duration was always greater than the change in effective refractory period so that the ratio of the change in duration to the change in refractory period was always greater than one.", "PMID": 1192576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12814", "title": "Norepinephrine turnover in the heart and spleen of the cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster.", "content": "Although a reduction in myocardial norepinephrine stores in cardiac hypertrophy and congestive failure is well documented, norepinephrine turnover has been inadequately studied in such hearts. We compared norepinephrine turnover in control and cardiomyopathic hamsters by following the decline in specific activity of myocardial norepinephrine after labelling with an intraperitoneal tracer dose of 3H-norepinephrine. Adult myocardial norepinephrine concentrations were not attained until 4 weeks of age in both strains. There was no difference in the rate of constant (K) for myocardial norepinephrine turnover (0.107+/-0.004 hours-1 vs. 0.100+/-0.005 hours-1) in the two strains of hamsters during the neonatal period. In young control hamsters, K fell to 0.064+/-0.004 hours-1, but that for age-matched hamsters with mild cardiac hypertrophy was 0.102+/-0.001 hours-1 (P less than 0.001). There was little change in K as control hamsters aged. With the development of more severe hypertrophy in cardiomyopathic hamsters, cardiac norepinephrine decreased and resting K rapidly increased to approach the value obtained when hamsters were subjected to immobilization stress (0.302+/-0.013 hours-1). The maximum achievable K remained the same for both control and dystrophic hamsters even during terminal disease. Prolonged immobilization led to a reduction in cardiac norepinephrine in both strains. Ganglionic blockade of failing hamsters completely restored the levels of both cardiac norepinephrine and K to control values. Splenic noradrenergic nerves showed no change in K, norepinephrine content, or maximum K during cardiac decompensation. We conclude that, in the late stages of hamster cardiomyopathy, there is a progressive and possibly specific increase in cardiac sympathetic tone which leads to a concomitant decrease in cardiac norepinephrine. With the loss of sympathetic reserve, congestive failure supervenes.", "contents": "Norepinephrine turnover in the heart and spleen of the cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster. Although a reduction in myocardial norepinephrine stores in cardiac hypertrophy and congestive failure is well documented, norepinephrine turnover has been inadequately studied in such hearts. We compared norepinephrine turnover in control and cardiomyopathic hamsters by following the decline in specific activity of myocardial norepinephrine after labelling with an intraperitoneal tracer dose of 3H-norepinephrine. Adult myocardial norepinephrine concentrations were not attained until 4 weeks of age in both strains. There was no difference in the rate of constant (K) for myocardial norepinephrine turnover (0.107+/-0.004 hours-1 vs. 0.100+/-0.005 hours-1) in the two strains of hamsters during the neonatal period. In young control hamsters, K fell to 0.064+/-0.004 hours-1, but that for age-matched hamsters with mild cardiac hypertrophy was 0.102+/-0.001 hours-1 (P less than 0.001). There was little change in K as control hamsters aged. With the development of more severe hypertrophy in cardiomyopathic hamsters, cardiac norepinephrine decreased and resting K rapidly increased to approach the value obtained when hamsters were subjected to immobilization stress (0.302+/-0.013 hours-1). The maximum achievable K remained the same for both control and dystrophic hamsters even during terminal disease. Prolonged immobilization led to a reduction in cardiac norepinephrine in both strains. Ganglionic blockade of failing hamsters completely restored the levels of both cardiac norepinephrine and K to control values. Splenic noradrenergic nerves showed no change in K, norepinephrine content, or maximum K during cardiac decompensation. We conclude that, in the late stages of hamster cardiomyopathy, there is a progressive and possibly specific increase in cardiac sympathetic tone which leads to a concomitant decrease in cardiac norepinephrine. With the loss of sympathetic reserve, congestive failure supervenes.", "PMID": 1192577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12815", "title": "Current concepts of \"normal values,\" \"reference values,\" and \"discrimination values,\" in clinical chemistry.", "content": "The term \"normal values\" is seriously afflicted by sylleptic ambiguities and conceptual problems, and it is gradually being discarded from the lexicon of clinical chemistry. The neutral term \"reference values\" preferable on semantic and scientific grounds, and its use in clinical chemistry is rapidly gaining acceptance. The term \"discrimination value\" has been added to the lexicon of clinical chemistry. Use of the \"discrimination value\" for the results of a laboratory test in a specified clinical situation provides the optimal discrimination between the \"healthy\" and the \"diseased,\" or between \"those who need not be investigated further\" and \"those who do.\"", "contents": "Current concepts of \"normal values,\" \"reference values,\" and \"discrimination values,\" in clinical chemistry. The term \"normal values\" is seriously afflicted by sylleptic ambiguities and conceptual problems, and it is gradually being discarded from the lexicon of clinical chemistry. The neutral term \"reference values\" preferable on semantic and scientific grounds, and its use in clinical chemistry is rapidly gaining acceptance. The term \"discrimination value\" has been added to the lexicon of clinical chemistry. Use of the \"discrimination value\" for the results of a laboratory test in a specified clinical situation provides the optimal discrimination between the \"healthy\" and the \"diseased,\" or between \"those who need not be investigated further\" and \"those who do.\"", "PMID": 1192578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12816", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of methaqualone and its monohydroxy metabolites in urine.", "content": "A commercial radioimmunoassay kit was evaluated for efficacy in detecting methaqualone or its metabolites in urine of persons receiving this drug. The drug and its unconjugated 3'- and 4'-monohydroxy metabolites could be detected equally well. The unconjugated alpha-monohydroxy metabolite was about 80% as reactive and the unconjugated 6-monohydroxy metabolite reacted only very weakly. Quantitation of the conjugated metabolites was less sensitive than of unconjugated. Nineteen urine specimens which reacted positively to radioimmunoassay and which thin-layer chromatography had shown to contain methaqualone and its metabolites were also examined by gas-liquid chromatography. Those specimens that reacted strongly to radioimmunoassay contained high concentrations of the drug or its metabolites. In the specimens examined by gas-liquid chromatography, the apparent concentrations of the metabolites were generally higher than those of the drug itself. Methaqualone in combination with its unconjugated metabolites reacted additively with the radioimmunoassay, resembling the same concentration of parent drug alone. Detection limits were between 10-200 mug/liter.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of methaqualone and its monohydroxy metabolites in urine. A commercial radioimmunoassay kit was evaluated for efficacy in detecting methaqualone or its metabolites in urine of persons receiving this drug. The drug and its unconjugated 3'- and 4'-monohydroxy metabolites could be detected equally well. The unconjugated alpha-monohydroxy metabolite was about 80% as reactive and the unconjugated 6-monohydroxy metabolite reacted only very weakly. Quantitation of the conjugated metabolites was less sensitive than of unconjugated. Nineteen urine specimens which reacted positively to radioimmunoassay and which thin-layer chromatography had shown to contain methaqualone and its metabolites were also examined by gas-liquid chromatography. Those specimens that reacted strongly to radioimmunoassay contained high concentrations of the drug or its metabolites. In the specimens examined by gas-liquid chromatography, the apparent concentrations of the metabolites were generally higher than those of the drug itself. Methaqualone in combination with its unconjugated metabolites reacted additively with the radioimmunoassay, resembling the same concentration of parent drug alone. Detection limits were between 10-200 mug/liter.", "PMID": 1192579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12817", "title": "Separation of synthetic mixtures of sugars and of sugars in body fluids with a high-resolution carbohydrate analyzer.", "content": "With use of a specially designed gradient-generating system, of anion-exchange resins of 10-20 mum particle diameter, and of an orcinol solution in concentrated sulfuric acid (1 g/liter) as detection reagent, a mixture of 16 carbohydrates can be separated in less than 4 h. The limit of detection for most sugars is in the 0.1--2.0 nanomole range. The detection reagent is stable for months and does not become colored. The reagent mixes with the column effluent in an exothermic reaction and allows use of relatively short mixing coils. The analyzer is appropriate for investigating body fluids rapidly and with high sensitivity.", "contents": "Separation of synthetic mixtures of sugars and of sugars in body fluids with a high-resolution carbohydrate analyzer. With use of a specially designed gradient-generating system, of anion-exchange resins of 10-20 mum particle diameter, and of an orcinol solution in concentrated sulfuric acid (1 g/liter) as detection reagent, a mixture of 16 carbohydrates can be separated in less than 4 h. The limit of detection for most sugars is in the 0.1--2.0 nanomole range. The detection reagent is stable for months and does not become colored. The reagent mixes with the column effluent in an exothermic reaction and allows use of relatively short mixing coils. The analyzer is appropriate for investigating body fluids rapidly and with high sensitivity.", "PMID": 1192580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12818", "title": "Gas-chromatographic/mass-spectrometric identification and quantitation of tetronic and deoxytetronic acids in urine from normal adults and neonates.", "content": "Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric/computer analyses of trimethylsilyl derivatives of urine extracts, prepared by an anion-exchange procedure, reveal the presence of several tetronic and deoxytetronic acids. Identifications were confirmed by comparing gas-chromatographic methylene unit values and mass spectrometric characteristics with those of chemically synthesized samples. In addition, several 1,4-lactones corresponding to the acids were detected in small amounts. The acids were measured in groups of adults and neonates by gas chromatographic/computer determination of peak areas and the use of calculated response factors. In urines from adults, 4-deoxythreonic, threonic, and erythronic acids were present in relatively large amounts. 4-Deoxyerythronic and 2-deoxytetronic acids were present in small to moderate amounts; 3-deoxytetronic and 2-methylglyceric acids were only trace constituents. These latter two acids, in addition to 4-deoxyerythronic, were also trace constituents of several urines from neonates but could not be detected in others. Expressed in terms of creatinine excretion, both groups excreted similar amounts of 4-deoxythreonic acid and neonates excreted significantly more 2-deoxytetronic, erythronic, and threonic acids.", "contents": "Gas-chromatographic/mass-spectrometric identification and quantitation of tetronic and deoxytetronic acids in urine from normal adults and neonates. Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric/computer analyses of trimethylsilyl derivatives of urine extracts, prepared by an anion-exchange procedure, reveal the presence of several tetronic and deoxytetronic acids. Identifications were confirmed by comparing gas-chromatographic methylene unit values and mass spectrometric characteristics with those of chemically synthesized samples. In addition, several 1,4-lactones corresponding to the acids were detected in small amounts. The acids were measured in groups of adults and neonates by gas chromatographic/computer determination of peak areas and the use of calculated response factors. In urines from adults, 4-deoxythreonic, threonic, and erythronic acids were present in relatively large amounts. 4-Deoxyerythronic and 2-deoxytetronic acids were present in small to moderate amounts; 3-deoxytetronic and 2-methylglyceric acids were only trace constituents. These latter two acids, in addition to 4-deoxyerythronic, were also trace constituents of several urines from neonates but could not be detected in others. Expressed in terms of creatinine excretion, both groups excreted similar amounts of 4-deoxythreonic acid and neonates excreted significantly more 2-deoxytetronic, erythronic, and threonic acids.", "PMID": 1192581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12819", "title": "Factors influencing evaporation from sample cups and assessment of their effect on analytical error.", "content": "We studied sample evaporation and its effect on analytical error. Several factors influencing evaporative loss have been identified and measured: environmental, instrumental, and operational factors, and the chemical and physical properties of the sample and its container. Such losses from several different types of sample cups have been measured, either chemically or gravimetrically, and compared with those calculated by using a model that allows evaporative loss from a cup of known geometry to be predicted under various environmental conditions. We discuss some steps that may be taken to minimize evaporative loss and give an example to demonstrate that analytical error from this source can be decreased to a routine 1--2% or less by selecting a  particular cup design.", "contents": "Factors influencing evaporation from sample cups and assessment of their effect on analytical error. We studied sample evaporation and its effect on analytical error. Several factors influencing evaporative loss have been identified and measured: environmental, instrumental, and operational factors, and the chemical and physical properties of the sample and its container. Such losses from several different types of sample cups have been measured, either chemically or gravimetrically, and compared with those calculated by using a model that allows evaporative loss from a cup of known geometry to be predicted under various environmental conditions. We discuss some steps that may be taken to minimize evaporative loss and give an example to demonstrate that analytical error from this source can be decreased to a routine 1--2% or less by selecting a  particular cup design.", "PMID": 1192582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12820", "title": "Gas-chromatographic analysis for cocaine in human plasma, with use of a nitrogen detector.", "content": "We describe a procedure for measuring the concentration of cocaine in plasma by gas chromatography, with use of a nitrogen detector. The procedure was tested on patients receiving intranasal cocaine for topical anesthesia. The propyl ester of benzoylecgonine is used as an internal standard. The lower limit of sensitivity of the procedure is 5--10 mug of cocaine per liter of plasma. The coefficients of variation are 5.3% and 3.0% for concentrations of 50 and 100 mug/liter, respectively.", "contents": "Gas-chromatographic analysis for cocaine in human plasma, with use of a nitrogen detector. We describe a procedure for measuring the concentration of cocaine in plasma by gas chromatography, with use of a nitrogen detector. The procedure was tested on patients receiving intranasal cocaine for topical anesthesia. The propyl ester of benzoylecgonine is used as an internal standard. The lower limit of sensitivity of the procedure is 5--10 mug of cocaine per liter of plasma. The coefficients of variation are 5.3% and 3.0% for concentrations of 50 and 100 mug/liter, respectively.", "PMID": 1192583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12821", "title": "Comparison of commercial kits for radioimmunoassay: III. Radioassay of serum folate.", "content": "We evaluated six commercial radioassay kits in which tritium or iodine tracers are used to measure serum folate. We assessed the adequacy of the literature supplied with the kits, within-run precision, reagent stability, analytical recovery of added pteroylglutamic acid and N-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, results of analysis of patients' samples, and minimum detection limits. There were serious discrepancies among manufacturers' kits in each of these respects. Such discrepancies could affect interpretation of results and of data on like samples derived from different laboratories that are using different kits. Laboratories are urged to assess carefully the materials and method supplied by a manufacturer before putting a kit to clinical use.", "contents": "Comparison of commercial kits for radioimmunoassay: III. Radioassay of serum folate. We evaluated six commercial radioassay kits in which tritium or iodine tracers are used to measure serum folate. We assessed the adequacy of the literature supplied with the kits, within-run precision, reagent stability, analytical recovery of added pteroylglutamic acid and N-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, results of analysis of patients' samples, and minimum detection limits. There were serious discrepancies among manufacturers' kits in each of these respects. Such discrepancies could affect interpretation of results and of data on like samples derived from different laboratories that are using different kits. Laboratories are urged to assess carefully the materials and method supplied by a manufacturer before putting a kit to clinical use.", "PMID": 1192584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12822", "title": "Relative efficacy of separation of \"free\" and \"bound\" (3',5'-3H) pteroylglutamate by charcoal coated with various materials.", "content": "We studied the effectiveness with which various charcoal preparations separate free [3H]pteroylglutamate from that complexed with milk folate binder. We tested, in various concentrations, uncoated charcoals and charcoals coated with dextrans of various molecular weights, or with albumin, hemoglubin, or polyvinylpyrrolidone with an average molecular weight of 40 000. Althouth there was some distinction between the \"bound\" and \"free\" fractions with all charcoals, those treated with dextrans of average molecular weights of 43 500 or 70 000, or with polyvinylpyrrolidone gave the best separation over a greater range of charcoal concentration. Uncoated charcoal and charcoals coated with albumin, hemoglobin, or dextran T10 (average molecular weight, 10 500) were least effective.", "contents": "Relative efficacy of separation of \"free\" and \"bound\" (3',5'-3H) pteroylglutamate by charcoal coated with various materials. We studied the effectiveness with which various charcoal preparations separate free [3H]pteroylglutamate from that complexed with milk folate binder. We tested, in various concentrations, uncoated charcoals and charcoals coated with dextrans of various molecular weights, or with albumin, hemoglubin, or polyvinylpyrrolidone with an average molecular weight of 40 000. Althouth there was some distinction between the \"bound\" and \"free\" fractions with all charcoals, those treated with dextrans of average molecular weights of 43 500 or 70 000, or with polyvinylpyrrolidone gave the best separation over a greater range of charcoal concentration. Uncoated charcoal and charcoals coated with albumin, hemoglobin, or dextran T10 (average molecular weight, 10 500) were least effective.", "PMID": 1192585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12823", "title": "Accurate estimation of standard deviations for quantitative methods used in clinical chemistry.", "content": "Although the standard deviation is the most widely used measure of the precision of quantitative methods, there is a need to re-examine the conditions necessary to obtain a meaningful estimate of this quantity. The importance of the material to be sampled, the sample size, the calculation of confidence intervals, and the segregation of outliers are discussed.", "contents": "Accurate estimation of standard deviations for quantitative methods used in clinical chemistry. Although the standard deviation is the most widely used measure of the precision of quantitative methods, there is a need to re-examine the conditions necessary to obtain a meaningful estimate of this quantity. The importance of the material to be sampled, the sample size, the calculation of confidence intervals, and the segregation of outliers are discussed.", "PMID": 1192586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12824", "title": "A systematic approach to enzyme assay optimization illustrated by aminotransferase assays.", "content": "We have developed a systematic approach to optimization of reagent concentrations for assays of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase: (a) Michaelis constants describing the initial-velocity kinetics of the coupled enzyme reactions were evaluated by a nonlinear least-squares fit of the appropriate equation to measured enzyme activities. Activities of more than 50 normal and pathological sera were measured at 30 degrees C. (b) These kinetic equations are used to calculate the set of reagent amino- and keto-acid concentrations that all yield a selected fraction of the theoretical maximum enzyme velocity. An optimal pair is determined by defining an additional criterion, such as minimal reagent cost or minimal concentration to Km ratio. (c) The optimum amounts of reagent NADH and coupling enzyme, being a function of desired pre-incubation and measurement intervals, maximum aminotransferase activity to be measured, and endogenous keto-acid concentration, are determined by computer simulation. An approximate relationship and an exact method for computing assay lag time are presented, along with experimentally measured endogenous keto-acid concentrations in serum. All procedures may be applied to other enzyme assays if appropriately modified.", "contents": "A systematic approach to enzyme assay optimization illustrated by aminotransferase assays. We have developed a systematic approach to optimization of reagent concentrations for assays of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase: (a) Michaelis constants describing the initial-velocity kinetics of the coupled enzyme reactions were evaluated by a nonlinear least-squares fit of the appropriate equation to measured enzyme activities. Activities of more than 50 normal and pathological sera were measured at 30 degrees C. (b) These kinetic equations are used to calculate the set of reagent amino- and keto-acid concentrations that all yield a selected fraction of the theoretical maximum enzyme velocity. An optimal pair is determined by defining an additional criterion, such as minimal reagent cost or minimal concentration to Km ratio. (c) The optimum amounts of reagent NADH and coupling enzyme, being a function of desired pre-incubation and measurement intervals, maximum aminotransferase activity to be measured, and endogenous keto-acid concentration, are determined by computer simulation. An approximate relationship and an exact method for computing assay lag time are presented, along with experimentally measured endogenous keto-acid concentrations in serum. All procedures may be applied to other enzyme assays if appropriately modified.", "PMID": 1192587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12825", "title": "Identification of human hemoglobins by use of isoelectric focusing in gel.", "content": "Newly-developed gel isoelectric focusing techniques provide for rapid and correct identification of human hemoblobins. With this technique, we examined samples previously identified by the National Hemoglobinopathy Standardization Laboratory of the Center for Disease Control. A wide variety of both normal and abnormal hemoglobins was included in the 134 different specimens examined. The isoelectric points (pl's) were precisely determined; no discrepancies with results by standard techniques of identification were found. The method is accurate and precise. It is proposed as a powerful adjunct to other laboratory methods suitable for use in a hemoglobinopathy reference laboratory or specialized hematology service laboratory.", "contents": "Identification of human hemoglobins by use of isoelectric focusing in gel. Newly-developed gel isoelectric focusing techniques provide for rapid and correct identification of human hemoblobins. With this technique, we examined samples previously identified by the National Hemoglobinopathy Standardization Laboratory of the Center for Disease Control. A wide variety of both normal and abnormal hemoglobins was included in the 134 different specimens examined. The isoelectric points (pl's) were precisely determined; no discrepancies with results by standard techniques of identification were found. The method is accurate and precise. It is proposed as a powerful adjunct to other laboratory methods suitable for use in a hemoglobinopathy reference laboratory or specialized hematology service laboratory.", "PMID": 1192588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12826", "title": "Gas-chromatographic measurement of codeine and norcodeine in human plasma.", "content": "A gas-chromatographic method is described for determination of codeine and norcodeine in human plasma. The method is specific, sensitive, and precise. It was developed for use in bioavailability studies of therapeutic doses of codeine sulfate. After ingestion of a 60-mg codeine sulfate tablet, mean peak codeine concentration in plasma was 107 mug/liter at 1.0 hour. No measurable concentration of norcodeine was found in the plasma by this method.", "contents": "Gas-chromatographic measurement of codeine and norcodeine in human plasma. A gas-chromatographic method is described for determination of codeine and norcodeine in human plasma. The method is specific, sensitive, and precise. It was developed for use in bioavailability studies of therapeutic doses of codeine sulfate. After ingestion of a 60-mg codeine sulfate tablet, mean peak codeine concentration in plasma was 107 mug/liter at 1.0 hour. No measurable concentration of norcodeine was found in the plasma by this method.", "PMID": 1192589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12827", "title": "Temporal intrapersonal physiological variability of cholinesterase activity in human plasma and erythrocytes.", "content": "Erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterase activities were measured biweekly in one group of 22 subjects for a year and daily for three weeks in another group of nine men. The average range [i.e., (range/mean) X 100] of activity of erythrocyte cholinesterase in men during a year was 8% and during three weeks was 5%. For plasma, the corresponding values were 25% and 12%. The average ranges for erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterase activity in women during a year were 12% and 24%. Erythrocyte cholinesterase activity varies less than do hematocrit, hemoglobin, or erythrocyte count.", "contents": "Temporal intrapersonal physiological variability of cholinesterase activity in human plasma and erythrocytes. Erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterase activities were measured biweekly in one group of 22 subjects for a year and daily for three weeks in another group of nine men. The average range [i.e., (range/mean) X 100] of activity of erythrocyte cholinesterase in men during a year was 8% and during three weeks was 5%. For plasma, the corresponding values were 25% and 12%. The average ranges for erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterase activity in women during a year were 12% and 24%. Erythrocyte cholinesterase activity varies less than do hematocrit, hemoglobin, or erythrocyte count.", "PMID": 1192590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12828", "title": "5-Decynedioic acid, an acetylenic compound in human urine.", "content": "An acetylenic dicarboxylic acid, 5-decynedioic acid, has been isolated from human urine. The structure was determined by mass spectrometry of several derivatives, and by infrared spectroscopy. On osmium tetroxide oxidation, a vic-diketone was formed, the mass spectrum of which established the position of the triple bond between carbon atoms 5 and 6. Mass spectrometric evidence for the presence of a small amount of the isomeric 4-decynedioic acid was also obtained. The 24-h excretion of these acids is 0.01-0.1 mmol for healthy adults on a regular diet.", "contents": "5-Decynedioic acid, an acetylenic compound in human urine. An acetylenic dicarboxylic acid, 5-decynedioic acid, has been isolated from human urine. The structure was determined by mass spectrometry of several derivatives, and by infrared spectroscopy. On osmium tetroxide oxidation, a vic-diketone was formed, the mass spectrum of which established the position of the triple bond between carbon atoms 5 and 6. Mass spectrometric evidence for the presence of a small amount of the isomeric 4-decynedioic acid was also obtained. The 24-h excretion of these acids is 0.01-0.1 mmol for healthy adults on a regular diet.", "PMID": 1192591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12829", "title": "Sex-related patterns in the profiles of human urinary amino acids.", "content": "The urinary amino acid profiles of 79 young women and 72 young men were studied with an automated highpressure amino acid analyzer. A nonparametric statistical analysis was applied for detecting profile differences related to sex and other variables. A strong sex-related pattern was confirmed and its power for sex determination was evaluated. For the women, profile differences related to the use of oral contraceptives were also discovered and evaluated. No correlation with the menstrual cycle was detected.", "contents": "Sex-related patterns in the profiles of human urinary amino acids. The urinary amino acid profiles of 79 young women and 72 young men were studied with an automated highpressure amino acid analyzer. A nonparametric statistical analysis was applied for detecting profile differences related to sex and other variables. A strong sex-related pattern was confirmed and its power for sex determination was evaluated. For the women, profile differences related to the use of oral contraceptives were also discovered and evaluated. No correlation with the menstrual cycle was detected.", "PMID": 1192592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12830", "title": "Fluorometric screening method for detecting benzodiazepines in blood and urine.", "content": "We report a fluorometric method for detecting diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, chlorazepate, and (or) their major metabolites in blood, urine, or gastric contents at low therapeutic concentrations. The drugs are first hydrolyzed to their respective benzophenones and converted to highly fluorescent 9-acridanones. Total benzodiazepines (parent plus metabolites) in blood and gastric contents are semiquantitatively evaluated and compared to results of gas-chromatographic determinations.", "contents": "Fluorometric screening method for detecting benzodiazepines in blood and urine. We report a fluorometric method for detecting diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, chlorazepate, and (or) their major metabolites in blood, urine, or gastric contents at low therapeutic concentrations. The drugs are first hydrolyzed to their respective benzophenones and converted to highly fluorescent 9-acridanones. Total benzodiazepines (parent plus metabolites) in blood and gastric contents are semiquantitatively evaluated and compared to results of gas-chromatographic determinations.", "PMID": 1192593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12831", "title": "Faster enzymatic procedure for serum triglycerides.", "content": "We describe a single-reagent, enzymatic procedure for triglycerides in serum, which may be performed in 5 min per sample with use of an Abbott ABA-100 analyzer system. This procedure is compared to the semi-automated enzymatic procedure with the ABA-100, which requires 30 min per sample.", "contents": "Faster enzymatic procedure for serum triglycerides. We describe a single-reagent, enzymatic procedure for triglycerides in serum, which may be performed in 5 min per sample with use of an Abbott ABA-100 analyzer system. This procedure is compared to the semi-automated enzymatic procedure with the ABA-100, which requires 30 min per sample.", "PMID": 1192594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12832", "title": "Use of the carbon rod atomizer for analysis of lead in blood: three methods compared.", "content": "Measurement of lead in whole blood by use of the carbon rod atomizer and atomic absorption spectrophotometry was investigated for three methods: (a) a simple dilution (one volume of whole blood to two volumes of surfactant solution; (b) direct analysis of whole blood (no sample preparation); and (c) a standard chelation extraction procedure in which sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and methyl isobutyl ketone (isopropylacetone) are used. Within-run precision data for normal and above-normal pools favored the Triton dilution method, for which coefficients of variation were less than 5%. Recoveries of added lead ranged from 94-107% for all three methods. We saw no change in the standard curves for any of the procedures on addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetate to samples. The method of additions was necessary to prepare standards of a matrix composition identical to that of the unknowns.", "contents": "Use of the carbon rod atomizer for analysis of lead in blood: three methods compared. Measurement of lead in whole blood by use of the carbon rod atomizer and atomic absorption spectrophotometry was investigated for three methods: (a) a simple dilution (one volume of whole blood to two volumes of surfactant solution; (b) direct analysis of whole blood (no sample preparation); and (c) a standard chelation extraction procedure in which sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and methyl isobutyl ketone (isopropylacetone) are used. Within-run precision data for normal and above-normal pools favored the Triton dilution method, for which coefficients of variation were less than 5%. Recoveries of added lead ranged from 94-107% for all three methods. We saw no change in the standard curves for any of the procedures on addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetate to samples. The method of additions was necessary to prepare standards of a matrix composition identical to that of the unknowns.", "PMID": 1192595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12833", "title": "Rapid, simplified diagnosis of cystinosis in conjunctival biopsies.", "content": "Assessment of the markedly elevated concentration of free cystine in conjunctival tissue from patients with cystinosis permits a rapid, simple, and unequivocal diagnosis of this disorder of amino acid metabolism.", "contents": "Rapid, simplified diagnosis of cystinosis in conjunctival biopsies. Assessment of the markedly elevated concentration of free cystine in conjunctival tissue from patients with cystinosis permits a rapid, simple, and unequivocal diagnosis of this disorder of amino acid metabolism.", "PMID": 1192596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12834", "title": "Distinction between fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products in plasma.", "content": "Polyacrylamide (PA) gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) has been shown to distinguish between the major components in the plasmin induced lysates of purified crosslinked fibrin and fibrinogen. The D dimer fragment from crosslinked fibrin separated on SDS-PA gels from the fibrinogen fragments X, Y, Dg and E. Follwing immuno-absorption of plasmin induced lysates of plasma clots, plasma fibrinogen, and mixtures of both, the major fragments of fibrinogen and fibrin were capable of being discriminated by SDS-PA gel electrophoresis. The presence of D dimer in patient plasma suggested the efficacy of heparin in the management of haemorrhage associated with amniotic fluid embolism.", "contents": "Distinction between fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products in plasma. Polyacrylamide (PA) gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) has been shown to distinguish between the major components in the plasmin induced lysates of purified crosslinked fibrin and fibrinogen. The D dimer fragment from crosslinked fibrin separated on SDS-PA gels from the fibrinogen fragments X, Y, Dg and E. Follwing immuno-absorption of plasmin induced lysates of plasma clots, plasma fibrinogen, and mixtures of both, the major fragments of fibrinogen and fibrin were capable of being discriminated by SDS-PA gel electrophoresis. The presence of D dimer in patient plasma suggested the efficacy of heparin in the management of haemorrhage associated with amniotic fluid embolism.", "PMID": 1192601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12835", "title": "The effect of heparin in vitro on human plasm post-heparin lipolytic activity.", "content": "Human plasma post-heparin lipolytic activity was reduced when collected in tubes containing lithium heparin as compared with samples collected in lithium sequestrene. The addition of heparin in vitro to samples abolished the inhibitory effect of protamine sulphate on plasma post-heparin lipolytic activity. It is suggested that heparin should not be used as an anticoagulant for the collection of samples for assay of post-heparin lipolytic activity.", "contents": "The effect of heparin in vitro on human plasm post-heparin lipolytic activity. Human plasma post-heparin lipolytic activity was reduced when collected in tubes containing lithium heparin as compared with samples collected in lithium sequestrene. The addition of heparin in vitro to samples abolished the inhibitory effect of protamine sulphate on plasma post-heparin lipolytic activity. It is suggested that heparin should not be used as an anticoagulant for the collection of samples for assay of post-heparin lipolytic activity.", "PMID": 1192603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12836", "title": "A new fat-dependent time-modified relationship between basal plasma glucose levels and the early glucose response to oral glucose loading in normal human subjects.", "content": "Plasma glucose responses to 50 g oral glucose loads were measured in 17 young healthy males during the morning and the afternoon after 4-h and 12-h fasts. After 4-h fasts certain glucose response values correlated significantly with the basal glucose values (P less than 0.014) in both the morning and the afternoon tests, and are described as \"fast-dependent\" relationships. No significant correlations were found after 12 -h fasts either in the morning or the afternoon. The \"fast-dependent\" relationships are also \"time-modified\", as demonstrated by markedly different morning and afternoon regression equations.", "contents": "A new fat-dependent time-modified relationship between basal plasma glucose levels and the early glucose response to oral glucose loading in normal human subjects. Plasma glucose responses to 50 g oral glucose loads were measured in 17 young healthy males during the morning and the afternoon after 4-h and 12-h fasts. After 4-h fasts certain glucose response values correlated significantly with the basal glucose values (P less than 0.014) in both the morning and the afternoon tests, and are described as \"fast-dependent\" relationships. No significant correlations were found after 12 -h fasts either in the morning or the afternoon. The \"fast-dependent\" relationships are also \"time-modified\", as demonstrated by markedly different morning and afternoon regression equations.", "PMID": 1192604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12837", "title": "Evaluation of a radioassay for serum folate and the effects of ascorbate and methotrexate.", "content": "In this study a competitive binding assay for serum folate is evaluated with special attention to storage conditions of the serum samples and the effect of methotrexate on the assay results. Average serum folate levels were 31 nmol/1 +/- 8 (S.D.) in 59 nromal sera and 19 nmol/1 +/- 12 (S.D.) in 354 sera from hospitalized patients of which 43 values were lower than 9 nmol/1. Serum folate appeared to be stable at - 20 degrees C for at least 5 weeks. The addition of ascorbate, which is said to stabilize serum folate, caused a non-specific increase of the measured folate. Methotrexate acted competitively with the tracer folate in the assay sytem when added  in vitro and elevated the folate readings. The same occurred in the serum of a patient after intravenous methotrexate.", "contents": "Evaluation of a radioassay for serum folate and the effects of ascorbate and methotrexate. In this study a competitive binding assay for serum folate is evaluated with special attention to storage conditions of the serum samples and the effect of methotrexate on the assay results. Average serum folate levels were 31 nmol/1 +/- 8 (S.D.) in 59 nromal sera and 19 nmol/1 +/- 12 (S.D.) in 354 sera from hospitalized patients of which 43 values were lower than 9 nmol/1. Serum folate appeared to be stable at - 20 degrees C for at least 5 weeks. The addition of ascorbate, which is said to stabilize serum folate, caused a non-specific increase of the measured folate. Methotrexate acted competitively with the tracer folate in the assay sytem when added  in vitro and elevated the folate readings. The same occurred in the serum of a patient after intravenous methotrexate.", "PMID": 1192605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12838", "title": "Glyoxalase enzyme system in human muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II activities were determined in skeletal muscle of control subjects and of patients with Duchenne dystrophy, other major forms of muscular dystrophies and certain neuromuscular disorders. The glyoxalase I activity was normal in all diseases examined except in Duchenne and limb girdle types of muscular dystrophy, where it showed a significant moderate decrease. The glyoxalase II activity in normal human muscle was very low, and the activity was unaltered in muscle of patients with Duchenne and other major forms of muscular dystrophies and spinal muscular atrophy. The selective decrease of glyoxalase I activity in recessively inherited muscular dystrophies may have some relevance to some phases of these disease processes.", "contents": "Glyoxalase enzyme system in human muscular dystrophy. Glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II activities were determined in skeletal muscle of control subjects and of patients with Duchenne dystrophy, other major forms of muscular dystrophies and certain neuromuscular disorders. The glyoxalase I activity was normal in all diseases examined except in Duchenne and limb girdle types of muscular dystrophy, where it showed a significant moderate decrease. The glyoxalase II activity in normal human muscle was very low, and the activity was unaltered in muscle of patients with Duchenne and other major forms of muscular dystrophies and spinal muscular atrophy. The selective decrease of glyoxalase I activity in recessively inherited muscular dystrophies may have some relevance to some phases of these disease processes.", "PMID": 1192606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12839", "title": "An automated, direct method for measuring adipocyte cell size.", "content": "Current methods for direct determination of fat cell size are optical and non-automated. They are thus tedious, but have the advantage of providing estimates of the variance of a cell size distribution, as well as a measure of the mean cell size. An indirect method based on counting the number of osmium-fixed fat cells derived from a known wet weight of adipose tissue is also available. This method is automated and thus rapid, but does not provide information about the variance of the cell size distribution. In the present paper we describe a direct, automated method of fat cell sizing that provides estimates for both mean cell size and the variance of the cell size distribution. The correlation between our method and in indirect method based on counting osmium-fixed cells was 0.96. Transformation of the volume distribution to diameters indicated that cell diameters appeared to be normally distributed, confirming the observations of others.", "contents": "An automated, direct method for measuring adipocyte cell size. Current methods for direct determination of fat cell size are optical and non-automated. They are thus tedious, but have the advantage of providing estimates of the variance of a cell size distribution, as well as a measure of the mean cell size. An indirect method based on counting the number of osmium-fixed fat cells derived from a known wet weight of adipose tissue is also available. This method is automated and thus rapid, but does not provide information about the variance of the cell size distribution. In the present paper we describe a direct, automated method of fat cell sizing that provides estimates for both mean cell size and the variance of the cell size distribution. The correlation between our method and in indirect method based on counting osmium-fixed cells was 0.96. Transformation of the volume distribution to diameters indicated that cell diameters appeared to be normally distributed, confirming the observations of others.", "PMID": 1192607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12840", "title": "Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes linked to immunoglobulin G.", "content": "An unusual isoenzyme pattern of serum alkaline phosphatase was found in a patient with skeletal abnormalities due to multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and it was demonstrated that the abnormal pattern was caused by complex formation between serum alkaline phosphatase and immunoglobulin G of the lambda class. Physicochemical studies of the patient's serum alkaline phosphatase showed the properties of an osseous enzyme. Evidence was obtained indicating that the complexing occurred in vitro and that the patient's immunoglobulin G had the ability to bind the hepatic and osseous isoenzymes selectively but not to bile, placental and intestinal isoenzymes. No abnormality was detected in the leucocyte isoenzyme pattern. The relationship between the occurrence of complex formation and the patient's bone disease was not established.", "contents": "Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes linked to immunoglobulin G. An unusual isoenzyme pattern of serum alkaline phosphatase was found in a patient with skeletal abnormalities due to multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and it was demonstrated that the abnormal pattern was caused by complex formation between serum alkaline phosphatase and immunoglobulin G of the lambda class. Physicochemical studies of the patient's serum alkaline phosphatase showed the properties of an osseous enzyme. Evidence was obtained indicating that the complexing occurred in vitro and that the patient's immunoglobulin G had the ability to bind the hepatic and osseous isoenzymes selectively but not to bile, placental and intestinal isoenzymes. No abnormality was detected in the leucocyte isoenzyme pattern. The relationship between the occurrence of complex formation and the patient's bone disease was not established.", "PMID": 1192608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12841", "title": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase initial fractional rates of esterification in human and rat serum during development.", "content": "The initial fractional rates of cholesterol esterification were measured in human cord serum, in a group of apparently healthy \"young adults\" (mean age +/- S.D. 32 +/- 5 years), in a group of \"middle aged\" adults (51 +/- 8 years) with normal coronary angiograms and in newborn, 10-, 20-, 45-, 180- and 365-day-old rats. The initial fractional rate of esterification was inversely related to serum cholesterol levels in humans and, with the exception of newborns, also in rats. A theory of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase participation in cholesterol metabolism is discussed.", "contents": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase initial fractional rates of esterification in human and rat serum during development. The initial fractional rates of cholesterol esterification were measured in human cord serum, in a group of apparently healthy \"young adults\" (mean age +/- S.D. 32 +/- 5 years), in a group of \"middle aged\" adults (51 +/- 8 years) with normal coronary angiograms and in newborn, 10-, 20-, 45-, 180- and 365-day-old rats. The initial fractional rate of esterification was inversely related to serum cholesterol levels in humans and, with the exception of newborns, also in rats. A theory of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase participation in cholesterol metabolism is discussed.", "PMID": 1192610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12842", "title": "The effect of long-distance running on some biochemical variables.", "content": "Biochemical variables have been measured in a group of volunteers during and after a long-distance run. Plasma glucose levels remained relatively constant and a significant decrease in plasma bicarbonate was noted. Plasma sodium, chloride, total protein, albumin and calcium showed significant increased of an order compatible with water losses occurring during the run. Plasma potassium, urea, creatinine, uric acid, phosphate and bilirubin all show much more marked and variable increases. The plasma enzymes alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase likewise increased significantly throughout the run. Whilst most constituents showed a tendency to return to normal at 20-30 hours after the run, gross increases were observed for aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase.", "contents": "The effect of long-distance running on some biochemical variables. Biochemical variables have been measured in a group of volunteers during and after a long-distance run. Plasma glucose levels remained relatively constant and a significant decrease in plasma bicarbonate was noted. Plasma sodium, chloride, total protein, albumin and calcium showed significant increased of an order compatible with water losses occurring during the run. Plasma potassium, urea, creatinine, uric acid, phosphate and bilirubin all show much more marked and variable increases. The plasma enzymes alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase likewise increased significantly throughout the run. Whilst most constituents showed a tendency to return to normal at 20-30 hours after the run, gross increases were observed for aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase.", "PMID": 1192611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12843", "title": "Fluid balance, renal function, and blood pressure.", "content": "After many detours in the search for the basic mechanism of hypertension, evidence now seems to corroborate the earliest concept that developed in the 1800's, namely, that hypertension almost always results from a tendency of the kidneys to retain water and salt. Animal studies show that the amount of excess body water and salt required to cause hypertension is exceedingly small, and that the hypertensive effect of the excess water and salt may not develop for days or weeks. When vascular constriciton occurs simultaneously, as occurs in the presence of large quantities of angiotensin, the blood volume may be less than normal, but even in these circumstances the fluid volume is relatively increased and is responsible for the hypertension because the vascular constrictont has decreased the capacity of the circulation to a greater extent than the decrease in blood volume.", "contents": "Fluid balance, renal function, and blood pressure. After many detours in the search for the basic mechanism of hypertension, evidence now seems to corroborate the earliest concept that developed in the 1800's, namely, that hypertension almost always results from a tendency of the kidneys to retain water and salt. Animal studies show that the amount of excess body water and salt required to cause hypertension is exceedingly small, and that the hypertensive effect of the excess water and salt may not develop for days or weeks. When vascular constriciton occurs simultaneously, as occurs in the presence of large quantities of angiotensin, the blood volume may be less than normal, but even in these circumstances the fluid volume is relatively increased and is responsible for the hypertension because the vascular constrictont has decreased the capacity of the circulation to a greater extent than the decrease in blood volume.", "PMID": 1192615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12844", "title": "Renal control of interstitial space compliance: a physiological mechanism which may play a part in the etiology of hypertension.", "content": "\"Overloading\" with salt and water, i.e., increasing extracellular fluid, can, if maintained for a period, lead to hypertension in which the main hemodynamic abnormality is increased peripheral resistance. There is evidence that salt and water overload is the chief factor in the hypertension of the majority of patients suffering from chronic renal failure. \"Overloading\" occurs not only when the contents of a container are increased, but also when the capacity of a container is decreased. Reduction of the compliance of the interstitial space would reduce its capacity to hold fluid without increase in pressure. Evidence is presented that the presence of the kidney affects interstitial space compliance; bilateral nephrectomy decreases interstitial space compliance four fold. Hypertension induced by renal artery partial constriction and removal of the other kidney is also associated with reduction of interstitial space compliance; a sudden rise in interstitial space compliance may be the primary factor in the course of events that leads to the rapid fall in blood pressure which occurs when the constriction is removed from the renal artery. It is suggested that the kidney secretes a hormone which increases interstitial space compliance and that this represents a physiological mechanism which enables animals to store water in the interstitial space without undue rise in interstitial tissue pressure. The role of this mechanism in hypertension and in chronic renal failure is discussed.", "contents": "Renal control of interstitial space compliance: a physiological mechanism which may play a part in the etiology of hypertension. \"Overloading\" with salt and water, i.e., increasing extracellular fluid, can, if maintained for a period, lead to hypertension in which the main hemodynamic abnormality is increased peripheral resistance. There is evidence that salt and water overload is the chief factor in the hypertension of the majority of patients suffering from chronic renal failure. \"Overloading\" occurs not only when the contents of a container are increased, but also when the capacity of a container is decreased. Reduction of the compliance of the interstitial space would reduce its capacity to hold fluid without increase in pressure. Evidence is presented that the presence of the kidney affects interstitial space compliance; bilateral nephrectomy decreases interstitial space compliance four fold. Hypertension induced by renal artery partial constriction and removal of the other kidney is also associated with reduction of interstitial space compliance; a sudden rise in interstitial space compliance may be the primary factor in the course of events that leads to the rapid fall in blood pressure which occurs when the constriction is removed from the renal artery. It is suggested that the kidney secretes a hormone which increases interstitial space compliance and that this represents a physiological mechanism which enables animals to store water in the interstitial space without undue rise in interstitial tissue pressure. The role of this mechanism in hypertension and in chronic renal failure is discussed.", "PMID": 1192616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12845", "title": "Management of Candida peritonitis by prolonged peritoneal lavage containing 5-fluorocytosine.", "content": "A 55 year old woman on chronic maintenance peritoneal dialysis developed Candida albicans peritonitis. This was successfully treated by continous five day peritoneal lavage containing 5-fluorocytosine. By this technique stable serum levels of the drug (58 mug/ml +/- 3.2 SEM) could be maintained. The peritoneal clearance of 5-fluorocytosine was found to be 7.5 ml/min (for peritoneal dialysis flow rate 1.2 1/hr) and the serum half-life 34 hours. The use of this drug in renal failure and its kinetics are reviewed.", "contents": "Management of Candida peritonitis by prolonged peritoneal lavage containing 5-fluorocytosine. A 55 year old woman on chronic maintenance peritoneal dialysis developed Candida albicans peritonitis. This was successfully treated by continous five day peritoneal lavage containing 5-fluorocytosine. By this technique stable serum levels of the drug (58 mug/ml +/- 3.2 SEM) could be maintained. The peritoneal clearance of 5-fluorocytosine was found to be 7.5 ml/min (for peritoneal dialysis flow rate 1.2 1/hr) and the serum half-life 34 hours. The use of this drug in renal failure and its kinetics are reviewed.", "PMID": 1192617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12846", "title": "Pathogenesis of malignant hypertension: experimental evidence from the renal hypertensive rat.", "content": "In rats with unilateral renal artery stenosis, the malignant phase of hypertension is characterized by: systolic blood pressure above 180-190 mm Hg; sodium and water loss; polyuria and polydipsia; markedly activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; impairment of renal function and malignant nephrosclerosis in the contralateral kidney; some rats exhibit signs of cerebral hemorrhage, heart failure, acute renal failure, and some rats die. After such a phase of malignant hypertension, a period of remission may occur, which is followed by another malignant phase, etc. When malignant hypertensive rats are offered, in addition to water, saline as drinking fluid, they compulsively drink the saline, BP falls transiently, and all signs of malignant hypertension nearly or completely disappear. These observations indicate that, at a critically high BP level, it is salt and water loss which, by activating the renin-angiotensin system, trigger the vicious circle of malignant renal hypertension in rats.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of malignant hypertension: experimental evidence from the renal hypertensive rat. In rats with unilateral renal artery stenosis, the malignant phase of hypertension is characterized by: systolic blood pressure above 180-190 mm Hg; sodium and water loss; polyuria and polydipsia; markedly activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; impairment of renal function and malignant nephrosclerosis in the contralateral kidney; some rats exhibit signs of cerebral hemorrhage, heart failure, acute renal failure, and some rats die. After such a phase of malignant hypertension, a period of remission may occur, which is followed by another malignant phase, etc. When malignant hypertensive rats are offered, in addition to water, saline as drinking fluid, they compulsively drink the saline, BP falls transiently, and all signs of malignant hypertension nearly or completely disappear. These observations indicate that, at a critically high BP level, it is salt and water loss which, by activating the renin-angiotensin system, trigger the vicious circle of malignant renal hypertension in rats.", "PMID": 1192618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12847", "title": "General and regional hemodynamics in hypertension in chronic renal disease.", "content": "Cardiac output, total peripheral vascular resistance, renal, extrarenal, forearm muscle and skin hemodynamics and an indicator of the splanchic vascular resistance were estimated in 20 subjects with chronic renal disease without signs of chronic renal failure and without anemia. The data were compared with a group of subjects with essential hypertension. The high blood pressure of chronic renal disease of mild or moderate severity was maintained in the first place by a high cardiac output, this being due to a rise of the stroke volume, while the heart rate was only slightly increased. The total peripheral vascular resistance was within the normal range in most of the subjects. The vascular resistance in the skin was slightly raised, that in the splanchnic area and muscle unchanged in renal hypertension. The possible pathogenic mechanisms are considered.", "contents": "General and regional hemodynamics in hypertension in chronic renal disease. Cardiac output, total peripheral vascular resistance, renal, extrarenal, forearm muscle and skin hemodynamics and an indicator of the splanchic vascular resistance were estimated in 20 subjects with chronic renal disease without signs of chronic renal failure and without anemia. The data were compared with a group of subjects with essential hypertension. The high blood pressure of chronic renal disease of mild or moderate severity was maintained in the first place by a high cardiac output, this being due to a rise of the stroke volume, while the heart rate was only slightly increased. The total peripheral vascular resistance was within the normal range in most of the subjects. The vascular resistance in the skin was slightly raised, that in the splanchnic area and muscle unchanged in renal hypertension. The possible pathogenic mechanisms are considered.", "PMID": 1192619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12848", "title": "Overhydratation and renin in hypertensive patients with terminal renal failure: a hemodynamic study.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with terminal renal failure were treated by periodic hemodialysis for 2 to 18 months. Serial determinations of blood pressure, blood volume, cardiac output, exchangeable sodium and plasma renin activity were performed. Bilateral nephrectomy was performed in 17 patients and followed by a fall in blood pressure. Cardiac index was elevated in all patients but the blood pressure changes were mainly related to resistance changes. In non-nephrectomized patients, mean arterial pressure was directly correlated to plasma volume (P less than 0.0001), exchangeable sodium  (P less than 0.01) and plasma renin activity (P less than 0.001). In anephric patients, mean arterial pressure was only directly correlated to plasma volume (P less than o.005). The slope of the curve relating arterial pressure to plasma volume was significantly shallower in nephrectomized than in non-nephrectomized patients, indicating a lower sensitivity of pressure to volume changes. The study provides evidence that, in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure, the positive pressure-volume relationship is the fundamental cause of the high blood pressure and that the renin-angiotensin system acts mainly by changing the sensitivity of this mechanism.", "contents": "Overhydratation and renin in hypertensive patients with terminal renal failure: a hemodynamic study. Twenty-nine patients with terminal renal failure were treated by periodic hemodialysis for 2 to 18 months. Serial determinations of blood pressure, blood volume, cardiac output, exchangeable sodium and plasma renin activity were performed. Bilateral nephrectomy was performed in 17 patients and followed by a fall in blood pressure. Cardiac index was elevated in all patients but the blood pressure changes were mainly related to resistance changes. In non-nephrectomized patients, mean arterial pressure was directly correlated to plasma volume (P less than 0.0001), exchangeable sodium  (P less than 0.01) and plasma renin activity (P less than 0.001). In anephric patients, mean arterial pressure was only directly correlated to plasma volume (P less than o.005). The slope of the curve relating arterial pressure to plasma volume was significantly shallower in nephrectomized than in non-nephrectomized patients, indicating a lower sensitivity of pressure to volume changes. The study provides evidence that, in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure, the positive pressure-volume relationship is the fundamental cause of the high blood pressure and that the renin-angiotensin system acts mainly by changing the sensitivity of this mechanism.", "PMID": 1192620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12849", "title": "The clinical picture of renal hypertension.", "content": "Renal hypertension can usually be recognized only by examining all the features of the hypertensive illness. On the other hand, the investigation of a case of hypertension whose genesis was previously unclear can lead to the diagnosis of a hitherto unrecognized renal disease. The blood pressure values found in patients with renal hypertension are of widely differing degrees of severity. Slight rises in blood pressure (e.g. 140/90 mm Hg), can be a sign of renal disease in adolescent patients. 10-15% of the cases of chronic renal hypertension develop into malignant hypertension. High diastolic values above 120 mm Hg without renal symptomatology and without reduced renal function speak against a primary renal cause of the rise in blood pressure. The finding of hypertension developing during the course of renal disease is, with respect to the hypertensive cardiovascular complications, just as important as in the case of essential hypertension. Complications which can occur during renal hypertension include cardiac insufficiency, hypertensive encephalopathy, retinopathy, hypertensive crises and acceleration of the renal disease.", "contents": "The clinical picture of renal hypertension. Renal hypertension can usually be recognized only by examining all the features of the hypertensive illness. On the other hand, the investigation of a case of hypertension whose genesis was previously unclear can lead to the diagnosis of a hitherto unrecognized renal disease. The blood pressure values found in patients with renal hypertension are of widely differing degrees of severity. Slight rises in blood pressure (e.g. 140/90 mm Hg), can be a sign of renal disease in adolescent patients. 10-15% of the cases of chronic renal hypertension develop into malignant hypertension. High diastolic values above 120 mm Hg without renal symptomatology and without reduced renal function speak against a primary renal cause of the rise in blood pressure. The finding of hypertension developing during the course of renal disease is, with respect to the hypertensive cardiovascular complications, just as important as in the case of essential hypertension. Complications which can occur during renal hypertension include cardiac insufficiency, hypertensive encephalopathy, retinopathy, hypertensive crises and acceleration of the renal disease.", "PMID": 1192621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12850", "title": "Membranous glomerulonephropathy with crescents.", "content": "A case is reported in which typical histological features of idiopathic membranous glomerulonephropathy co-existed with atypical glomeruli showing cellular epithelial crescents in addition to diffuse basement-membrane thickening. These features were seen in a renal biopsy specimen taken during rapidly progressive deterioration of renal function in a patient previously known to have mild ankle edema for four years.", "contents": "Membranous glomerulonephropathy with crescents. A case is reported in which typical histological features of idiopathic membranous glomerulonephropathy co-existed with atypical glomeruli showing cellular epithelial crescents in addition to diffuse basement-membrane thickening. These features were seen in a renal biopsy specimen taken during rapidly progressive deterioration of renal function in a patient previously known to have mild ankle edema for four years.", "PMID": 1192622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12851", "title": "Acute renal failure secondary to ureteral fungus ball obstruction in a patient with reversible deficient cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "A patient with a single functioning kidney and anuria due to ureteropelvic obstruction by a Candida fungus ball is described. During treatment with amphotericin B administered via a nephrostomy tube the drug was not detected in the serum, indicating that absorption from urothelium was not significant. Immunological studies demonstrated a lack of cell-mediated immunity which was probably brought about by a long course of prednisone and later restored when this drug was discontinued. This immunosuppression was evident even with a relatively small dosage of prednisone (5 mg daily). The literature concerning renal candidiasis and predisposing factors is reviewed.", "contents": "Acute renal failure secondary to ureteral fungus ball obstruction in a patient with reversible deficient cell-mediated immunity. A patient with a single functioning kidney and anuria due to ureteropelvic obstruction by a Candida fungus ball is described. During treatment with amphotericin B administered via a nephrostomy tube the drug was not detected in the serum, indicating that absorption from urothelium was not significant. Immunological studies demonstrated a lack of cell-mediated immunity which was probably brought about by a long course of prednisone and later restored when this drug was discontinued. This immunosuppression was evident even with a relatively small dosage of prednisone (5 mg daily). The literature concerning renal candidiasis and predisposing factors is reviewed.", "PMID": 1192623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12852", "title": "Spinal cord injury in children.", "content": "The spinal injured child has speical needs owing to the processes of physical, mental and social growth. Goals of physical treatment programs include prevention of: genitourinary complications; contractures; pressure sores; long bone fractures, hip subluxation and dislocation; spinal deformity. Nonoperative treatment of spinal deformity employing external support should be initiated when the potential for spinal deformity exists. External support delays the development of spinal deformity, improves sitting balance and allows free upper extremity use. The overall treatment programs must consider altered body proportions, immaturity of strength and coordination. Case examples of children with spinal injury are presented above to illustrate specific problems stemming from immaturity of physical, cognitive, and social development. Spinal surgery can be a conservative measure in the growing child when there is radiologic evidence of progressive spinal deformity. Posterior spinal fusion with Harrington instrumentation and external support permits immediate return to vertical activity.", "contents": "Spinal cord injury in children. The spinal injured child has speical needs owing to the processes of physical, mental and social growth. Goals of physical treatment programs include prevention of: genitourinary complications; contractures; pressure sores; long bone fractures, hip subluxation and dislocation; spinal deformity. Nonoperative treatment of spinal deformity employing external support should be initiated when the potential for spinal deformity exists. External support delays the development of spinal deformity, improves sitting balance and allows free upper extremity use. The overall treatment programs must consider altered body proportions, immaturity of strength and coordination. Case examples of children with spinal injury are presented above to illustrate specific problems stemming from immaturity of physical, cognitive, and social development. Spinal surgery can be a conservative measure in the growing child when there is radiologic evidence of progressive spinal deformity. Posterior spinal fusion with Harrington instrumentation and external support permits immediate return to vertical activity.", "PMID": 1192626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12853", "title": "Spinal cord injury as a complication of elective anterior cervical fusion.", "content": "The true incidence of spinal cord injury as a complication of elective anterior discectomy and interbody fusion is not known. It would appear that the risk of encountering this complication increases if the surgical procedure includes instrumentation within the spinal canal. In 5 of the cases reported herein the cause for spinal cord injury was identifiable; in the remaining 5, the mechanism of injury is either obscure or not reported. All 10 patients reported had their surgery performed using the drill and dowel technique. The role of the posterior osteophyte in spondylosis and the rationale for routinely entering the spinal canal in order to decompress the spinal cord and nerve roots are examined. Since the majority of refractory disk problems that require surgery can be satisfactorily managed by discectomy and interbody fusion alone, routine instrumentation within the spinal canal may be an avoidable hazard in the majority of instances. The pathogenesis and prognosis of the anterior cord syndrome is reviewed, a possible etiology is suggested, and the anatomy, the autonomy and the importance of the anterior spinal artery system are noted. Its vulnerability in the treatment of degenerative disk disease and a possible mechanism for its occult impairment is mentioned.", "contents": "Spinal cord injury as a complication of elective anterior cervical fusion. The true incidence of spinal cord injury as a complication of elective anterior discectomy and interbody fusion is not known. It would appear that the risk of encountering this complication increases if the surgical procedure includes instrumentation within the spinal canal. In 5 of the cases reported herein the cause for spinal cord injury was identifiable; in the remaining 5, the mechanism of injury is either obscure or not reported. All 10 patients reported had their surgery performed using the drill and dowel technique. The role of the posterior osteophyte in spondylosis and the rationale for routinely entering the spinal canal in order to decompress the spinal cord and nerve roots are examined. Since the majority of refractory disk problems that require surgery can be satisfactorily managed by discectomy and interbody fusion alone, routine instrumentation within the spinal canal may be an avoidable hazard in the majority of instances. The pathogenesis and prognosis of the anterior cord syndrome is reviewed, a possible etiology is suggested, and the anatomy, the autonomy and the importance of the anterior spinal artery system are noted. Its vulnerability in the treatment of degenerative disk disease and a possible mechanism for its occult impairment is mentioned.", "PMID": 1192627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12854", "title": "Dynamic spine alloplasty (spring-loading corrective devices) after fracture and spinal cord injury.", "content": "Dynamic alloplasty in spine fractures is a method of stabilization of the fracture site of the injured spine by obtaining a steady, gradual correction of the spine in accordance with Guttman's method. Gait training may begin within 2 weeks after surgery. The method shortens the rehabilitation time of paraplegics to approximately 3 months, as compared with the conventionally treated group. Dynamic spine fitting not only enables the patient to accept his disability, take interest in vocational and social rehabilitation sooner than conventional methods, but also prevents the typical psychological and physiological complications, such as depression, neurasthenic status, urological complications and bedsores. There is no need for prolonged muscle reconditioning because the patients are immobilized only for the essential postoperative period. Following our research on \"Amputations with Immediate Prosthetic Fitting,\" we sould like to propose the term \"Immediate Functional Paraplegic Fitting\" for this technique.", "contents": "Dynamic spine alloplasty (spring-loading corrective devices) after fracture and spinal cord injury. Dynamic alloplasty in spine fractures is a method of stabilization of the fracture site of the injured spine by obtaining a steady, gradual correction of the spine in accordance with Guttman's method. Gait training may begin within 2 weeks after surgery. The method shortens the rehabilitation time of paraplegics to approximately 3 months, as compared with the conventionally treated group. Dynamic spine fitting not only enables the patient to accept his disability, take interest in vocational and social rehabilitation sooner than conventional methods, but also prevents the typical psychological and physiological complications, such as depression, neurasthenic status, urological complications and bedsores. There is no need for prolonged muscle reconditioning because the patients are immobilized only for the essential postoperative period. Following our research on \"Amputations with Immediate Prosthetic Fitting,\" we sould like to propose the term \"Immediate Functional Paraplegic Fitting\" for this technique.", "PMID": 1192628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12855", "title": "Biomechanical analysis of structural stability of internal fixation in fractures of the thoracolumbar spine.", "content": "Three different methods of internal fixation for the flexion-rotation thoracolumbar spinal fractures were tested biomechanically in a cadaver model for strength, mode of failure and ease of application. The compression rod system was clearly superior in strength and rotational stability to the spring device, but it was more difficult to apply than springs. The distraction rod system exhibited an intermediate level of strength with adequate rotational stability. Technically, the method is exacting and requires a clear understanding of its principle of 3 point fixation.", "contents": "Biomechanical analysis of structural stability of internal fixation in fractures of the thoracolumbar spine. Three different methods of internal fixation for the flexion-rotation thoracolumbar spinal fractures were tested biomechanically in a cadaver model for strength, mode of failure and ease of application. The compression rod system was clearly superior in strength and rotational stability to the spring device, but it was more difficult to apply than springs. The distraction rod system exhibited an intermediate level of strength with adequate rotational stability. Technically, the method is exacting and requires a clear understanding of its principle of 3 point fixation.", "PMID": 1192629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12856", "title": "Rate of wear in total hip replacement.", "content": "The wear of high molecular weight polyethylene sockets was measured on radiographs, over a period of 9 to 10 years, in a group of patients whose ages averaged 73.3 years at the end of the period. The average rate of wear was 0.15 mm/year and 68 per cent of patients followed this pattern. Wear more than 2.5 mm in 10 years occurred in 15 per cent. There was a diminution in the rate of wear with the passage of time; in the second 5 years the rate of wear was approximately 40 per cent less than in the first 5 years. Body weight and physical activity did not appear to have any relationship to the final amount of wear. In a second series of very disabled subjects under 30 years of age (33 patients, 59 hips, followed only for an average of 38.4 months) the wear was rather more than in the previous series. Most remarkable was the performance of 4 patients, below the age of 50, who were considered completely normal for their age (category A); three of these wore less than the average for the main series.", "contents": "Rate of wear in total hip replacement. The wear of high molecular weight polyethylene sockets was measured on radiographs, over a period of 9 to 10 years, in a group of patients whose ages averaged 73.3 years at the end of the period. The average rate of wear was 0.15 mm/year and 68 per cent of patients followed this pattern. Wear more than 2.5 mm in 10 years occurred in 15 per cent. There was a diminution in the rate of wear with the passage of time; in the second 5 years the rate of wear was approximately 40 per cent less than in the first 5 years. Body weight and physical activity did not appear to have any relationship to the final amount of wear. In a second series of very disabled subjects under 30 years of age (33 patients, 59 hips, followed only for an average of 38.4 months) the wear was rather more than in the previous series. Most remarkable was the performance of 4 patients, below the age of 50, who were considered completely normal for their age (category A); three of these wore less than the average for the main series.", "PMID": 1192630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12857", "title": "Results of low friction arthroplasty in patients thirty years of age or younger.", "content": "The results of total hip replacement in 39 patients 30 years old or younger were evaluated including 67 Charnley low-friction arthroplasties and one McKee total hip arthroplasty. The average age was 25.9 years with an average follow-up of 39 months, the longest being 8 years, 3 months. The diagnoses included rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, CDH, Still's disease, and a miscellaneous group. Over-all function did not improve as greatly as in the 9 to 10 year series, but this was due to a higher proportion of patients with severely disabling rheumatoid polyarthritis, hemiplegia, severe obesity, or cardiovascular disease. Wear did not seem to be any greater in this younger age group as compared to previous studies in older patients.", "contents": "Results of low friction arthroplasty in patients thirty years of age or younger. The results of total hip replacement in 39 patients 30 years old or younger were evaluated including 67 Charnley low-friction arthroplasties and one McKee total hip arthroplasty. The average age was 25.9 years with an average follow-up of 39 months, the longest being 8 years, 3 months. The diagnoses included rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, CDH, Still's disease, and a miscellaneous group. Over-all function did not improve as greatly as in the 9 to 10 year series, but this was due to a higher proportion of patients with severely disabling rheumatoid polyarthritis, hemiplegia, severe obesity, or cardiovascular disease. Wear did not seem to be any greater in this younger age group as compared to previous studies in older patients.", "PMID": 1192631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12858", "title": "Physiologic emboli changes observed during total hip replacement arthroplasty. A clinical prospective study.", "content": "Fat embolism does occur with introduction of femoral components during total hip replacement arthroplasty. If massive, abrupt severe irreversible interruption of pulmonary oxygen exchange or profusion can occur. Adequate intramedullary femoral canal venting can significantly reduce the amount or dosage of fat embolism and thereby reduce and prevent primary or superimposing secondary injury of the capillary-alveolar gas exchange area within the lungs. The occurrence of fat embolism supports the mechanical theory. It also demonstrates that a patient surviving the effects of the acute mechanical pulmonary insult may still have to survive the more common and typical clinical picture of the metabolic pulmonary disease result of fat embolism that likewise can be irreversible. To prevent the occurrence of fat embolism during femoral component insertion with total hip replacement arthroplasty, the following techniques are imperative: (1) adequate femoral intramedullary canal venting; (2) maintenance of pulmonary arterial oxygen tension; (3) maintenance of blood volume.", "contents": "Physiologic emboli changes observed during total hip replacement arthroplasty. A clinical prospective study. Fat embolism does occur with introduction of femoral components during total hip replacement arthroplasty. If massive, abrupt severe irreversible interruption of pulmonary oxygen exchange or profusion can occur. Adequate intramedullary femoral canal venting can significantly reduce the amount or dosage of fat embolism and thereby reduce and prevent primary or superimposing secondary injury of the capillary-alveolar gas exchange area within the lungs. The occurrence of fat embolism supports the mechanical theory. It also demonstrates that a patient surviving the effects of the acute mechanical pulmonary insult may still have to survive the more common and typical clinical picture of the metabolic pulmonary disease result of fat embolism that likewise can be irreversible. To prevent the occurrence of fat embolism during femoral component insertion with total hip replacement arthroplasty, the following techniques are imperative: (1) adequate femoral intramedullary canal venting; (2) maintenance of pulmonary arterial oxygen tension; (3) maintenance of blood volume.", "PMID": 1192632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12859", "title": "Total hip replacement: a comparison between the transtrochanteric and posterior surgical approaches.", "content": "It can be argued with good justification, that the trochanteric complications which stimulated this study could have been avoided by strict adherence to Charnley's technique regarding trochanteric advancement and re-attachment. Should trochanteric reattachment be required, it should be done with strict attention to the details outlined by Charnley, or by use of some other device such as the Volz bolt. Trochanteric removal is usually unnecessary. The transtrochanteric approach to total hip replacement has inherent technical problems that increase the potential for complications. These problems include: painful trochanteric bursitis, displacement of trochanter, non-union of trochanter, broken wires and, an increase in dislocation rate (12% as compared to 4%). The posterior approach reduces operative time, blood loss, hospitalization, and shortens the period of time to unprotected weight bearing. Should certain conditions such as external rotation contracture, acetabular protrusion, or relative lengthening of the operated limb indicate trochanteric osteotomy, it can be accomplished readily by way of the posterior exposure.", "contents": "Total hip replacement: a comparison between the transtrochanteric and posterior surgical approaches. It can be argued with good justification, that the trochanteric complications which stimulated this study could have been avoided by strict adherence to Charnley's technique regarding trochanteric advancement and re-attachment. Should trochanteric reattachment be required, it should be done with strict attention to the details outlined by Charnley, or by use of some other device such as the Volz bolt. Trochanteric removal is usually unnecessary. The transtrochanteric approach to total hip replacement has inherent technical problems that increase the potential for complications. These problems include: painful trochanteric bursitis, displacement of trochanter, non-union of trochanter, broken wires and, an increase in dislocation rate (12% as compared to 4%). The posterior approach reduces operative time, blood loss, hospitalization, and shortens the period of time to unprotected weight bearing. Should certain conditions such as external rotation contracture, acetabular protrusion, or relative lengthening of the operated limb indicate trochanteric osteotomy, it can be accomplished readily by way of the posterior exposure.", "PMID": 1192633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12860", "title": "Unicompartmental polycentric knee arthroplasty: description and preliminary results.", "content": "Unicompartmental polycentric knee arthoplasty is a procedure that we have performed in relatively few patients whose disease has not been suitable for conventional reconstruction or for total knee replacement. Preoperative and postoperative evaluations and operative technique differ little from that previously published for total knee arthroplasty. One-year follow-up of 14 knees (13 patients) reveals no major complications. These early results encourage further trial of the procedure in selected patients. Unicompartmental arthroplasty is reserved for conditions affecting predominantly one side of the joint. More specific indications are clearly defined and pertain to patients who have osteoarthritis unsuitable for valgus upper tibial osteotomy, condylar fracture and necrosis, and failure of osteotomy and tibial plateau prosthesis.", "contents": "Unicompartmental polycentric knee arthroplasty: description and preliminary results. Unicompartmental polycentric knee arthoplasty is a procedure that we have performed in relatively few patients whose disease has not been suitable for conventional reconstruction or for total knee replacement. Preoperative and postoperative evaluations and operative technique differ little from that previously published for total knee arthroplasty. One-year follow-up of 14 knees (13 patients) reveals no major complications. These early results encourage further trial of the procedure in selected patients. Unicompartmental arthroplasty is reserved for conditions affecting predominantly one side of the joint. More specific indications are clearly defined and pertain to patients who have osteoarthritis unsuitable for valgus upper tibial osteotomy, condylar fracture and necrosis, and failure of osteotomy and tibial plateau prosthesis.", "PMID": 1192634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12861", "title": "Displaced fractures of the major pelvis: a method of management.", "content": "Fractures of the bony pelvis occur with such violence that associated non-musculo-skeletal injury is common. The patients require an aggressive team approach if they are to leave the hospital alive. After the visceral injuries are treated, the bony pelvis should be aligned to minimize secondary sacroiliac arthritis. Following initial pelvic sling management, the reduction of these fractures is accomplished by using the Keim-Surcingle table coupled with a pantaloon spica cast to maintain the reduction. The patient is then managed by bedrest at home until 12 weeks post-injury at which time the plaster is removed and ambulation is progressed as tolerated. The pubic diastasis may increase if plaster immobilization is discontinued too early. We hope that an aggressive initial evaluation and team approach coupled with this method of reduction and immobilization will decrease significantly the mortality and morbidity associated with displaces fractures of the major pelvis.", "contents": "Displaced fractures of the major pelvis: a method of management. Fractures of the bony pelvis occur with such violence that associated non-musculo-skeletal injury is common. The patients require an aggressive team approach if they are to leave the hospital alive. After the visceral injuries are treated, the bony pelvis should be aligned to minimize secondary sacroiliac arthritis. Following initial pelvic sling management, the reduction of these fractures is accomplished by using the Keim-Surcingle table coupled with a pantaloon spica cast to maintain the reduction. The patient is then managed by bedrest at home until 12 weeks post-injury at which time the plaster is removed and ambulation is progressed as tolerated. The pubic diastasis may increase if plaster immobilization is discontinued too early. We hope that an aggressive initial evaluation and team approach coupled with this method of reduction and immobilization will decrease significantly the mortality and morbidity associated with displaces fractures of the major pelvis.", "PMID": 1192635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12862", "title": "Iatrogenic subcapital fracture of the hip: a new complication of intertrochanteric fractures.", "content": "A recently recognized complication of intertrochanteric fracture is a subcapital fracture occurring at the tip of the blade of an intertrochanteric fracture fixation blade plate. Histological examination reveals that this is not a fatigue fracture but is the result of stress concentration effects of a stiff metalic device. This fracture may be prevented by using a blade plate with a long blade which is well seated in the head, and by removing the metallic device as soon as it is safe to do so. Ultimate prevention lies in using a more compatible material for the internal fixation of fractures.", "contents": "Iatrogenic subcapital fracture of the hip: a new complication of intertrochanteric fractures. A recently recognized complication of intertrochanteric fracture is a subcapital fracture occurring at the tip of the blade of an intertrochanteric fracture fixation blade plate. Histological examination reveals that this is not a fatigue fracture but is the result of stress concentration effects of a stiff metalic device. This fracture may be prevented by using a blade plate with a long blade which is well seated in the head, and by removing the metallic device as soon as it is safe to do so. Ultimate prevention lies in using a more compatible material for the internal fixation of fractures.", "PMID": 1192636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12863", "title": "Rationale and indications for the \"hanging hip\" procudure: a clinical and experimental study.", "content": "A series of 71 patients treated by \"hanging hip\" procedures was followed for up to 12 years. The procedure provided a satisfactory result in patients even with severe hip joint degeneration as long as the congruity of the joint is preserved and there was no concentration of stress. When these conditions are not fulfilled the results are poor. An experimental study was carried out to try and ascertain the physiological rationale for the \"healing\" seen in patients with good preoperative indications. The articular cartilage of one hip in cats was denuded with a curette. This was accompanied in half the animals with a \"hanging hip\" procedure. The hips of the animals with \"hanging hip\" went onto fibrocartilaginous and chondroid healing of their articular surfaces and clinically did well. The hips of the animals who did not have multiple tenotomies developed osteoarthrosis. Full thickness cartilage defects in weight-bearing areas in adult animals are capable of functional healing if the mechanical stress on the joint is sufficiently decreased. The \"hanging hip\" operation should no longer be considered a salvage procedure. A physiological rationale exists for it in properly selected patients and represents a reasonable alternative to total hip replacement.", "contents": "Rationale and indications for the \"hanging hip\" procudure: a clinical and experimental study. A series of 71 patients treated by \"hanging hip\" procedures was followed for up to 12 years. The procedure provided a satisfactory result in patients even with severe hip joint degeneration as long as the congruity of the joint is preserved and there was no concentration of stress. When these conditions are not fulfilled the results are poor. An experimental study was carried out to try and ascertain the physiological rationale for the \"healing\" seen in patients with good preoperative indications. The articular cartilage of one hip in cats was denuded with a curette. This was accompanied in half the animals with a \"hanging hip\" procedure. The hips of the animals with \"hanging hip\" went onto fibrocartilaginous and chondroid healing of their articular surfaces and clinically did well. The hips of the animals who did not have multiple tenotomies developed osteoarthrosis. Full thickness cartilage defects in weight-bearing areas in adult animals are capable of functional healing if the mechanical stress on the joint is sufficiently decreased. The \"hanging hip\" operation should no longer be considered a salvage procedure. A physiological rationale exists for it in properly selected patients and represents a reasonable alternative to total hip replacement.", "PMID": 1192637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12864", "title": "Knee morphology as a guide to knee replacement.", "content": "The complexity of knee geometry requires correct prosthesis design and size selection for the recipient. This study analyzes the morphological relationships within the knee; 16 linear anatomical parameters were measured on 30 cadaveric knees. The marginal femoral condylar contour was geometrically described by two tangent radii. Standardized radiographic techniques were developed to obtain a modified tunnel and true lateral view of the knee. Subsequently, X-rays were taken from 11 cadaver knees to achieve reproducible magnification factors. From X-rays of 53 normal subjects, 11 comparable linear dimensions were measured. The linear dimensions and condylar contour measurements were analyzed for their interrelationships by computer techniques. The width of the femur was found to be dimensionally related (correlation coefficient significant at the one per cent level) to the measured parameters with the exception of the intercondylar notch and interspinous widths. Using regression analysis, nomograms were developed to predict the linear and marginal femoral contour dimensions from the femur width. The resulting standard deviations were low, ranging from 1.0 mm for ascertaining the tibial width to 3.5 mm for determination of the femoral width at the level of the intercondylar notch. The nomograms we developed will aid the surgeon in a more precise, preoperative, morphological evaluation and may be used as a guide for future knee prosthesis design.", "contents": "Knee morphology as a guide to knee replacement. The complexity of knee geometry requires correct prosthesis design and size selection for the recipient. This study analyzes the morphological relationships within the knee; 16 linear anatomical parameters were measured on 30 cadaveric knees. The marginal femoral condylar contour was geometrically described by two tangent radii. Standardized radiographic techniques were developed to obtain a modified tunnel and true lateral view of the knee. Subsequently, X-rays were taken from 11 cadaver knees to achieve reproducible magnification factors. From X-rays of 53 normal subjects, 11 comparable linear dimensions were measured. The linear dimensions and condylar contour measurements were analyzed for their interrelationships by computer techniques. The width of the femur was found to be dimensionally related (correlation coefficient significant at the one per cent level) to the measured parameters with the exception of the intercondylar notch and interspinous widths. Using regression analysis, nomograms were developed to predict the linear and marginal femoral contour dimensions from the femur width. The resulting standard deviations were low, ranging from 1.0 mm for ascertaining the tibial width to 3.5 mm for determination of the femoral width at the level of the intercondylar notch. The nomograms we developed will aid the surgeon in a more precise, preoperative, morphological evaluation and may be used as a guide for future knee prosthesis design.", "PMID": 1192638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12865", "title": "A jig for pin insertion in the performance of high tibial osteotomy.", "content": "The crucial step in high tibial osteotomy is to translate the computed angle of correction into a bone wedge outlined by 2 Kisrchner wires to guide the surgery. The wedge can be excised with precision in 2 planes. A jig facilitates accurate placement of the pins to correspond exactly to the predetermined angles.", "contents": "A jig for pin insertion in the performance of high tibial osteotomy. The crucial step in high tibial osteotomy is to translate the computed angle of correction into a bone wedge outlined by 2 Kisrchner wires to guide the surgery. The wedge can be excised with precision in 2 planes. A jig facilitates accurate placement of the pins to correspond exactly to the predetermined angles.", "PMID": 1192639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12866", "title": "Keyhole tenodesis of biceps origin at the shoulder.", "content": "A simple but efficient way to secure the biceps tendon after it has been detached at its upper end by either trauma, attrition or surgical interference is the use of the keyhole in the upper humerus. A tied or rolled knot of tendon inserted into a keyhole shaped opening in the bicipital groove permits firm attachment of the tendon to bone permitting immediate shoulder and elbow motion. Immediate postoperative joint motion avoids aggravation of coexisting shoulder disease and permits early return to work or sports. Use of this procedure in 11 patients with good to excellent results in all confirns its merit.", "contents": "Keyhole tenodesis of biceps origin at the shoulder. A simple but efficient way to secure the biceps tendon after it has been detached at its upper end by either trauma, attrition or surgical interference is the use of the keyhole in the upper humerus. A tied or rolled knot of tendon inserted into a keyhole shaped opening in the bicipital groove permits firm attachment of the tendon to bone permitting immediate shoulder and elbow motion. Immediate postoperative joint motion avoids aggravation of coexisting shoulder disease and permits early return to work or sports. Use of this procedure in 11 patients with good to excellent results in all confirns its merit.", "PMID": 1192640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12867", "title": "Epidemiology of fracture of the upper end of the humerus.", "content": "The age and sex specific indicence was calculated in 729 cases of fracture of the upper end of the humerus. The prevalence of other fractures and conditions in these patients was investigated. The age and sex specific incidence is as that of femoral neck fracture with a rapid increase with age, twice as fast in women as in men. Only fractures which include evulsion of the greater tuberosity deviate somewhat from that pattern. The more displaced fractures have a tendency to occur later in life. The prevalence of other fractures is about doubled in patients with fracture of the proximal end of the humerus as compared to age and sex matched controls. This is true for fracture of the distal end of the forearm and fracture of the upper end of the femur but also for other fractures. The prevalence of severe alcoholism was significantly greater than in controls. A history of gastric resection was in these patients about three times as frequent as in a control sample. We conclude that fracture of the upper end of the humerus must be assigned a prominent place in the category of bone fragility fractures.", "contents": "Epidemiology of fracture of the upper end of the humerus. The age and sex specific indicence was calculated in 729 cases of fracture of the upper end of the humerus. The prevalence of other fractures and conditions in these patients was investigated. The age and sex specific incidence is as that of femoral neck fracture with a rapid increase with age, twice as fast in women as in men. Only fractures which include evulsion of the greater tuberosity deviate somewhat from that pattern. The more displaced fractures have a tendency to occur later in life. The prevalence of other fractures is about doubled in patients with fracture of the proximal end of the humerus as compared to age and sex matched controls. This is true for fracture of the distal end of the forearm and fracture of the upper end of the femur but also for other fractures. The prevalence of severe alcoholism was significantly greater than in controls. A history of gastric resection was in these patients about three times as frequent as in a control sample. We conclude that fracture of the upper end of the humerus must be assigned a prominent place in the category of bone fragility fractures.", "PMID": 1192641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12868", "title": "Fractures of the humeral shaft: a retrospective study of 240 adult fractures.", "content": "Of 240 humeral fractures, 60 per cent occurred in patients under 35 years old, 39 per cent of fractures being in the middle third of the shaft, 28 per cent were open with an infection rate of 4 per cent. Radial nerve palsy was present in 18 per cent; midshaft fractures accounting for 69 per cent, with 60 per cent of radial nerves recovering spontaneously; 24 per cent after 12 weeks post injury. One hundred and eleven fractures had documentation greater than 3 months. Closed treatment in 100 patients resulted in 5 non-unions and 15 delayed unions; 11 primary internal fixations resulted in 3 non-unions and 2 delayed unions. Subsequent operative procedures reduced the total non-union rate to 5 per cent with 1 per cent delayed union and 4 per cent unknown. Fractures of the humeral shaft that have not begun to unite at 6 to 10 weeks probably will go on to non-union unless the treatment plan is changed. Closed methods of immobilization, other than the sling and swathe, should be used in chronic brain syndrome patients to avoid compounding their fractures. Sixty-three patients with 64 fractures were evaluated in follow-up using Cave's AEF system (92% excellent and satisfactory results) and a modification of Neer's protocol for proximal humeral fractures, (87% excellent and satisfactory results). A functional evaluation on the Cybex machine, (torque through range of motion) gave a useful graphic end result.", "contents": "Fractures of the humeral shaft: a retrospective study of 240 adult fractures. Of 240 humeral fractures, 60 per cent occurred in patients under 35 years old, 39 per cent of fractures being in the middle third of the shaft, 28 per cent were open with an infection rate of 4 per cent. Radial nerve palsy was present in 18 per cent; midshaft fractures accounting for 69 per cent, with 60 per cent of radial nerves recovering spontaneously; 24 per cent after 12 weeks post injury. One hundred and eleven fractures had documentation greater than 3 months. Closed treatment in 100 patients resulted in 5 non-unions and 15 delayed unions; 11 primary internal fixations resulted in 3 non-unions and 2 delayed unions. Subsequent operative procedures reduced the total non-union rate to 5 per cent with 1 per cent delayed union and 4 per cent unknown. Fractures of the humeral shaft that have not begun to unite at 6 to 10 weeks probably will go on to non-union unless the treatment plan is changed. Closed methods of immobilization, other than the sling and swathe, should be used in chronic brain syndrome patients to avoid compounding their fractures. Sixty-three patients with 64 fractures were evaluated in follow-up using Cave's AEF system (92% excellent and satisfactory results) and a modification of Neer's protocol for proximal humeral fractures, (87% excellent and satisfactory results). A functional evaluation on the Cybex machine, (torque through range of motion) gave a useful graphic end result.", "PMID": 1192642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12869", "title": "Treatment of thoracolumbar dislocation and fractures with paraplegia.", "content": "Ninety per cent of fractures of the dorsal lumbar spine with paraparesis or paraplegia can be best treated and reduced by closed methods when satisfactory alignment can be obtained. The pathology of the corc can thus be allowed to regress and recover if it will do so. Strict posturing techniques are the most important part of medical and nursing care. Approximately 10 per cent of the cases can be treated by gentle, active surgical techniques such as manipulation under general anesthesia or open reduction. The use of spinal rods and clamps is rarely indicated. Surgical techniques may be advisable later for treatment of non-union with spinal stenosis and failure to improve.", "contents": "Treatment of thoracolumbar dislocation and fractures with paraplegia. Ninety per cent of fractures of the dorsal lumbar spine with paraparesis or paraplegia can be best treated and reduced by closed methods when satisfactory alignment can be obtained. The pathology of the corc can thus be allowed to regress and recover if it will do so. Strict posturing techniques are the most important part of medical and nursing care. Approximately 10 per cent of the cases can be treated by gentle, active surgical techniques such as manipulation under general anesthesia or open reduction. The use of spinal rods and clamps is rarely indicated. Surgical techniques may be advisable later for treatment of non-union with spinal stenosis and failure to improve.", "PMID": 1192644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12870", "title": "Lysozyme in calcifying tissues.", "content": "Lysozyme, present in several connective tissues, is synthesized in cartilage by chondrocytes and immediately secreted into the extracellular matrix, where it is bound in the territorial (lacunar) matrix and along collagen fibers. In the epiphyseal growth plate, lysozyme levels increase toward the cartilage-bone junction, but cartilage lysozyme seems to be bound or inactivated by an inhibitor. Parathyroid extract injections decrease bone lysozyme levels. Cartilage lysozyme levels are low in rickets, while vitamin D increases it in both cartilage and aorta, suggesting an association between lysozyme and the calcification process. Although it is cationic and forms salt-like complexes with cartilage proteoglycans and chondroitin sulfate in vitro, lysozyme does not seem to be bound to proteoglycans in the native tissue. Proteoglycans in cartilage exist in a monomeric and aggregated form. Aggregation occurs by an interaction of monomers with hyaluronic acid and spedific link proteins. Aggregated proteoglycans inhibit mineral accretion in vitro. Mammalian cartilage lysozyme but not hen egg white lysozyme seems to inactivate this inhibitory capacity of aggregated proteoglycans, which is probably due to an interaction with hyaluronic acid resulting in a disaggregation. Therefore, we hypothesize that cartilage lysozyme plays an important role in the regulation and initiation of cartilage calcification.", "contents": "Lysozyme in calcifying tissues. Lysozyme, present in several connective tissues, is synthesized in cartilage by chondrocytes and immediately secreted into the extracellular matrix, where it is bound in the territorial (lacunar) matrix and along collagen fibers. In the epiphyseal growth plate, lysozyme levels increase toward the cartilage-bone junction, but cartilage lysozyme seems to be bound or inactivated by an inhibitor. Parathyroid extract injections decrease bone lysozyme levels. Cartilage lysozyme levels are low in rickets, while vitamin D increases it in both cartilage and aorta, suggesting an association between lysozyme and the calcification process. Although it is cationic and forms salt-like complexes with cartilage proteoglycans and chondroitin sulfate in vitro, lysozyme does not seem to be bound to proteoglycans in the native tissue. Proteoglycans in cartilage exist in a monomeric and aggregated form. Aggregation occurs by an interaction of monomers with hyaluronic acid and spedific link proteins. Aggregated proteoglycans inhibit mineral accretion in vitro. Mammalian cartilage lysozyme but not hen egg white lysozyme seems to inactivate this inhibitory capacity of aggregated proteoglycans, which is probably due to an interaction with hyaluronic acid resulting in a disaggregation. Therefore, we hypothesize that cartilage lysozyme plays an important role in the regulation and initiation of cartilage calcification.", "PMID": 1192645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12871", "title": "Laboratory evaluation of a metal-plastic type of metacarpophalangeal joint prosthesis.", "content": "In the normal joint, the conformity of the joint surfaces can provide appreciable dorsal-volar shear stability when a compressive joint force acts. The centers of rotation were within 3 mm of the center of the metacarpal ball. Passive radial-ulna motion at 0 degrees flexion was close to 60 degrees, active motion being half of this; at 90 degrees flexion, there was 37 degrees passive and 23 degrees active motion. Studies of canal shapes and sizes showed that a transverse section deviated from circular by 1-2.5 mm; longitudinal sections were trumpet-shaped but had waves and ripples of about 0.5 mm. This is relevant to cement fixation. A metal-plastic prosthesis was tested in positions and with forces considered applicable to arthritics. It is possible that with plastic components, permanent deformation will progressively occur. The pull-out strength between cement and bone in cadaver bones was about 100 kg; metal stems in cement pulled out at about 50 kg, and plastic stems at 10-20 kg. Slippery stems pulled out at much lower values.", "contents": "Laboratory evaluation of a metal-plastic type of metacarpophalangeal joint prosthesis. In the normal joint, the conformity of the joint surfaces can provide appreciable dorsal-volar shear stability when a compressive joint force acts. The centers of rotation were within 3 mm of the center of the metacarpal ball. Passive radial-ulna motion at 0 degrees flexion was close to 60 degrees, active motion being half of this; at 90 degrees flexion, there was 37 degrees passive and 23 degrees active motion. Studies of canal shapes and sizes showed that a transverse section deviated from circular by 1-2.5 mm; longitudinal sections were trumpet-shaped but had waves and ripples of about 0.5 mm. This is relevant to cement fixation. A metal-plastic prosthesis was tested in positions and with forces considered applicable to arthritics. It is possible that with plastic components, permanent deformation will progressively occur. The pull-out strength between cement and bone in cadaver bones was about 100 kg; metal stems in cement pulled out at about 50 kg, and plastic stems at 10-20 kg. Slippery stems pulled out at much lower values.", "PMID": 1192646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12872", "title": "The ultrastructure and biomechanical significance of the tidemark of articular cartilage.", "content": "Thirty specimens of human articular cartilage obtained at surgery were examined by scanning electron microscopy to determine the ultrastructure of the tidemark, the junction of the non-calcified and calcified portions of mature articular cartilage. Three distinct variations of the collagen framework of the tidemark were observed: (1) A band of randomly oriented compacted fibrils that appeared to be continuous with those of the non-calcified and calcified zones. (2) A band of flattened fibrils paralleling the undulating surface of the calcified cartilage. (3) A band of perpendicularly oriented fibrils having a distinct continuous transition between the non-calcified and calcified zones, the amount of calcified material applied about the fibrils rapidly increasing as the fibrils entered the calcified zone. The tidemark may serve to provide a tethering mechanism for the relatively flexible and perpendicularly oriented collagen fibrils of the deepest portion of the non-calcified articular cartilage and may prevent them from being sheared at their point of anchorage to the calcified zone. The undulating pattern of the tidemark affords a strong geometric pattern in providing resistance to the shearing action of articulation. Small gaps present in the tidemark may provide pathways for the passage of nutrients into the deep non-calcified zone of articular cartilage from the subchondral bone.", "contents": "The ultrastructure and biomechanical significance of the tidemark of articular cartilage. Thirty specimens of human articular cartilage obtained at surgery were examined by scanning electron microscopy to determine the ultrastructure of the tidemark, the junction of the non-calcified and calcified portions of mature articular cartilage. Three distinct variations of the collagen framework of the tidemark were observed: (1) A band of randomly oriented compacted fibrils that appeared to be continuous with those of the non-calcified and calcified zones. (2) A band of flattened fibrils paralleling the undulating surface of the calcified cartilage. (3) A band of perpendicularly oriented fibrils having a distinct continuous transition between the non-calcified and calcified zones, the amount of calcified material applied about the fibrils rapidly increasing as the fibrils entered the calcified zone. The tidemark may serve to provide a tethering mechanism for the relatively flexible and perpendicularly oriented collagen fibrils of the deepest portion of the non-calcified articular cartilage and may prevent them from being sheared at their point of anchorage to the calcified zone. The undulating pattern of the tidemark affords a strong geometric pattern in providing resistance to the shearing action of articulation. Small gaps present in the tidemark may provide pathways for the passage of nutrients into the deep non-calcified zone of articular cartilage from the subchondral bone.", "PMID": 1192647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12873", "title": "The management of long bone fracture in the spinal cord injured patient.", "content": "Principles of management of long bone fractures in patients with spinal cord injuries vary with the type of fracture and duration of quadriplegia. Class I fractures (acute injuries) are managed by existing principles of long bone fracture management with a tendency to open reduction and internal fixation to dispense with the necessity of plaster casts on insensate skin. Class II fractures (pathologic--osteoporotic) heal well, require minimal specific treatment, and open reduction is usually contraindicated. Class III fractures (acute injuries in chronic paraplegia) are treated with methods least likely to disrupt the patient's life style in a wheelchair. Open reduction should be used whenever there are difficulties with circular casts and traction methods.", "contents": "The management of long bone fracture in the spinal cord injured patient. Principles of management of long bone fractures in patients with spinal cord injuries vary with the type of fracture and duration of quadriplegia. Class I fractures (acute injuries) are managed by existing principles of long bone fracture management with a tendency to open reduction and internal fixation to dispense with the necessity of plaster casts on insensate skin. Class II fractures (pathologic--osteoporotic) heal well, require minimal specific treatment, and open reduction is usually contraindicated. Class III fractures (acute injuries in chronic paraplegia) are treated with methods least likely to disrupt the patient's life style in a wheelchair. Open reduction should be used whenever there are difficulties with circular casts and traction methods.", "PMID": 1192649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12874", "title": "Urological management of the traumatic cord bladder.", "content": "Time and patience are the two prerequisites for treatment of the traumatic cord bladder. The experienced physician knows when early intervention is necessary. Intermittent catheterization from onset of injury is as of today the accepted method of treatment in most large centers over the world. \"Lack of personnel\" is the usual answer where this procedure is not being carried out. Administrative people do not realize that with this method the patients can be discharged more quickly and have less complications; complications lead to a great variety of surgery, which is costly to any institution. And above all, what is best for the patient should always be our goal. Medicine travels fast these days; therefore, physicians must keep an \"open mind\" for the newer developments. The ileal conduit and the cutaneous vesicostomy have their place in the armamentarium of the treatment of the traumatic cord bladder: the proponents should make a greater effort to create more spedific indications. It will be interesting to see what the results of suprapubic needling will produce. Electrical stimulation is still in a research stage. The latter two methods have a noble goal, i.e., prevention of infection. Experience with chronic bladder infection over the past 28 years suggests that the majority of our patients possibly may survive because of \"local tissue immunity.\" The ultimate solution is a presently unknown preventative method of treatment of chronic urinary tract infection.", "contents": "Urological management of the traumatic cord bladder. Time and patience are the two prerequisites for treatment of the traumatic cord bladder. The experienced physician knows when early intervention is necessary. Intermittent catheterization from onset of injury is as of today the accepted method of treatment in most large centers over the world. \"Lack of personnel\" is the usual answer where this procedure is not being carried out. Administrative people do not realize that with this method the patients can be discharged more quickly and have less complications; complications lead to a great variety of surgery, which is costly to any institution. And above all, what is best for the patient should always be our goal. Medicine travels fast these days; therefore, physicians must keep an \"open mind\" for the newer developments. The ileal conduit and the cutaneous vesicostomy have their place in the armamentarium of the treatment of the traumatic cord bladder: the proponents should make a greater effort to create more spedific indications. It will be interesting to see what the results of suprapubic needling will produce. Electrical stimulation is still in a research stage. The latter two methods have a noble goal, i.e., prevention of infection. Experience with chronic bladder infection over the past 28 years suggests that the majority of our patients possibly may survive because of \"local tissue immunity.\" The ultimate solution is a presently unknown preventative method of treatment of chronic urinary tract infection.", "PMID": 1192650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12875", "title": "Spasticity following spinal cord injury.", "content": "Spasticity is a hyper-excitable state of the reflex arcs in the spinal cord below the level of injury. Not only is the skeletal motor system affected, but bladder, bowel, blood pressure, and erection reflex mechanisms are also involved. Spasticity gradually emerges from the initial phase of spinal shock one to two months after the injury, and usually reaches a plateau of a mild to moderate degree in 3 to 4 months. Neurophysiological mechanisms indicate an increase in the alpha and gamma reflex systems and that central excitability through the interneurons is also involved in these systems. Excessive spasticity should be recognized as a substitute for pain in the spinal cord injured patient, as infections, calculi, pressure ulcers, and other normally painful conditions set off the hyper-sensitive reflexes causing more spasticity. Education and health maintenance is the best prevention of severe spasticity. Definitive treatment of incapacitating spasticity is to find and treat the underlying disease condition, as well as to introduce medication which will also suppress the spasm (Valium and/or Dantrolene). Muscle motor points and/or nerve blocks with neurolytic agents is perhaps the best technique for quietening excessive spasticity. Intrathecal neurolytic agents, anterior or posterior rhizotomies and cordectomies are not advocated even in severe incapacitating spasticity as they are too destructive. Selective longitudinal myelotomy is by far the best surgical technique for disrupting excessive spasticity, if any such procedure is to be done. Tendonotomies may be necessary in chronic contractures of joints after the muscle spasticity has been reduced. Excessive spasticity is not regarded as a normal state in the spinal cord injured patient. The cause should be sought and treated. Nerve destruction techniques should not be used unless medical and nursing techniques have failed. Prevention is so important and can be achieved by education, health maintenance, and especially motivation.", "contents": "Spasticity following spinal cord injury. Spasticity is a hyper-excitable state of the reflex arcs in the spinal cord below the level of injury. Not only is the skeletal motor system affected, but bladder, bowel, blood pressure, and erection reflex mechanisms are also involved. Spasticity gradually emerges from the initial phase of spinal shock one to two months after the injury, and usually reaches a plateau of a mild to moderate degree in 3 to 4 months. Neurophysiological mechanisms indicate an increase in the alpha and gamma reflex systems and that central excitability through the interneurons is also involved in these systems. Excessive spasticity should be recognized as a substitute for pain in the spinal cord injured patient, as infections, calculi, pressure ulcers, and other normally painful conditions set off the hyper-sensitive reflexes causing more spasticity. Education and health maintenance is the best prevention of severe spasticity. Definitive treatment of incapacitating spasticity is to find and treat the underlying disease condition, as well as to introduce medication which will also suppress the spasm (Valium and/or Dantrolene). Muscle motor points and/or nerve blocks with neurolytic agents is perhaps the best technique for quietening excessive spasticity. Intrathecal neurolytic agents, anterior or posterior rhizotomies and cordectomies are not advocated even in severe incapacitating spasticity as they are too destructive. Selective longitudinal myelotomy is by far the best surgical technique for disrupting excessive spasticity, if any such procedure is to be done. Tendonotomies may be necessary in chronic contractures of joints after the muscle spasticity has been reduced. Excessive spasticity is not regarded as a normal state in the spinal cord injured patient. The cause should be sought and treated. Nerve destruction techniques should not be used unless medical and nursing techniques have failed. Prevention is so important and can be achieved by education, health maintenance, and especially motivation.", "PMID": 1192652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12876", "title": "Pain and suffereing following spinal cord injury.", "content": "It is important to distinguish between the part played by possible pathological processes which can cause pain and those emotional problems which are often somatosized as pain. So much depends upon the patient's own ability to cope with his problem and communicate them effectively. The acceptance of his disability and of the strange feelings where once he felt his body has to take place. There is often a long period of time and experiences that the patient has to go through before he accepts the reality that he is paralyzed permanently and that he has to make a life that is worthwhile.", "contents": "Pain and suffereing following spinal cord injury. It is important to distinguish between the part played by possible pathological processes which can cause pain and those emotional problems which are often somatosized as pain. So much depends upon the patient's own ability to cope with his problem and communicate them effectively. The acceptance of his disability and of the strange feelings where once he felt his body has to take place. There is often a long period of time and experiences that the patient has to go through before he accepts the reality that he is paralyzed permanently and that he has to make a life that is worthwhile.", "PMID": 1192653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12877", "title": "Pressure sores: classification and management.", "content": "Four grades of pressure can be recognized on the basis of pathophysiology of soft tissue breakdown overlying bony prominences. Management is correlated with the extent of the lesion and ranges from local wound care, turning and systemic support for Grade I and II, to local and radical excision with soft tissue flap closure for the more extensive Grades III and IV.", "contents": "Pressure sores: classification and management. Four grades of pressure can be recognized on the basis of pathophysiology of soft tissue breakdown overlying bony prominences. Management is correlated with the extent of the lesion and ranges from local wound care, turning and systemic support for Grade I and II, to local and radical excision with soft tissue flap closure for the more extensive Grades III and IV.", "PMID": 1192654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12878", "title": "Diagnosis and prognosis of acute cervical spinal cord injury.", "content": "The diagnosis of complete or incomplete quadriplegia and designation of functional levels can be accurately determined during the first 24 hours after injury in virtually all cases of severe traumatic quadriplegia. The prognosis for recovery depends upon an understanding of regeneration of nerve roots following injury and the significance of return of involuntary reflex activity. A realistic prognosis and accurate evaluation of various forms of treatment depend upon accurate documentation of the pattern of sensory and motor deficits.", "contents": "Diagnosis and prognosis of acute cervical spinal cord injury. The diagnosis of complete or incomplete quadriplegia and designation of functional levels can be accurately determined during the first 24 hours after injury in virtually all cases of severe traumatic quadriplegia. The prognosis for recovery depends upon an understanding of regeneration of nerve roots following injury and the significance of return of involuntary reflex activity. A realistic prognosis and accurate evaluation of various forms of treatment depend upon accurate documentation of the pattern of sensory and motor deficits.", "PMID": 1192655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12879", "title": "Compartmental syndromes in peripheral vascular surgery.", "content": "The need to relieve muscle swelling and secondary vascular impairment of an extremity may occur following a variety of conditions. Regardless of the type of insult, massive swelling of an extremity can result in ischemic necrosis of muscle as a result of tamponade produced by restrictive circulferential fascia. When intracompartmental pressure approaches or exceeds arterial pressure, a portion or the entire extremity may be in jeopardy. Fasciotomy is one of the most important adjunctive procedures available to assure survival of an extremity with altered distal circulation resulting from massive swelling. Its importance has been stressed infrequently in the literature. The indications for its use are outlined in a variety of clinical situations. The proper techniques have few complications and much to offer with regard to limb salvage and reduction of morbidity. Fasciotomy does not preclude correction of the underlying cause for restrictive muscle tamponade when possible, nor can it be expected to reverse well established ischemia. Early and liberal use of fasciotomy is advocated when the outlined indications prevail.", "contents": "Compartmental syndromes in peripheral vascular surgery. The need to relieve muscle swelling and secondary vascular impairment of an extremity may occur following a variety of conditions. Regardless of the type of insult, massive swelling of an extremity can result in ischemic necrosis of muscle as a result of tamponade produced by restrictive circulferential fascia. When intracompartmental pressure approaches or exceeds arterial pressure, a portion or the entire extremity may be in jeopardy. Fasciotomy is one of the most important adjunctive procedures available to assure survival of an extremity with altered distal circulation resulting from massive swelling. Its importance has been stressed infrequently in the literature. The indications for its use are outlined in a variety of clinical situations. The proper techniques have few complications and much to offer with regard to limb salvage and reduction of morbidity. Fasciotomy does not preclude correction of the underlying cause for restrictive muscle tamponade when possible, nor can it be expected to reverse well established ischemia. Early and liberal use of fasciotomy is advocated when the outlined indications prevail.", "PMID": 1192656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12880", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the hand arising from a pre-existent benign solitary enchondroma.", "content": "Chondrosarcomas of the hand are relatively rare. Chondrosarcomas may arise by malignant transformation of a pre-existing enchondroma, but this causal relationship has been difficult to establish in solitary enchondroma. This is a case report of a chondrosarcoma of the proximal phalanx of the right index finger in a 66-year-old woman demonstrating histologic evidence of malignant transformation of a pre-existent benign solitaary enchondroma. Careful analysis of the preoperative X-ray for punctate endosteal calcification or cortical expansion and ample histologic sampling of the endosteal component of chondrosarcomas arising from within bone may demonstrate a greater incidence of preexistent enchondroma.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the hand arising from a pre-existent benign solitary enchondroma. Chondrosarcomas of the hand are relatively rare. Chondrosarcomas may arise by malignant transformation of a pre-existing enchondroma, but this causal relationship has been difficult to establish in solitary enchondroma. This is a case report of a chondrosarcoma of the proximal phalanx of the right index finger in a 66-year-old woman demonstrating histologic evidence of malignant transformation of a pre-existent benign solitaary enchondroma. Careful analysis of the preoperative X-ray for punctate endosteal calcification or cortical expansion and ample histologic sampling of the endosteal component of chondrosarcomas arising from within bone may demonstrate a greater incidence of preexistent enchondroma.", "PMID": 1192657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12881", "title": "False aneurysm of the left external iliac artery following total hip arthroplasty.", "content": "This is a report of a case of false aneurysm of the external iliac artery associated with pre-existing bone irradiation necrosis and postoperative infection of a total hip replacement arthroplasty in a 77-year-old woman. Vascular injury, when it does occur, requires prompt recognition, proper exposure and adequate treatment while techniques of primary suture should be used for closure of most defects, extensive ligation, resection and grafting procedures may be required in certain instances to control hemorrhage and maintain necessary circulation. The most important factors are an awareness of the likelihood of vascular pathology prior to surgery and the importance of angiographic examination in any patient in whom suspicion of such defects exists.", "contents": "False aneurysm of the left external iliac artery following total hip arthroplasty. This is a report of a case of false aneurysm of the external iliac artery associated with pre-existing bone irradiation necrosis and postoperative infection of a total hip replacement arthroplasty in a 77-year-old woman. Vascular injury, when it does occur, requires prompt recognition, proper exposure and adequate treatment while techniques of primary suture should be used for closure of most defects, extensive ligation, resection and grafting procedures may be required in certain instances to control hemorrhage and maintain necessary circulation. The most important factors are an awareness of the likelihood of vascular pathology prior to surgery and the importance of angiographic examination in any patient in whom suspicion of such defects exists.", "PMID": 1192659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12882", "title": "The effect of increased tissue pressure on blood flow.", "content": "Theoretical consideration of the factors involved in maintaining vascular equilibrium and experimental evidence in animals and man indicate that at high tissue pressures there may be a sharp decline in blood flow and, in certain situations, complete cessation of blood flow even at tissue pressures below mean arterial pressure. At least two mechanisms appear to be involved: active closure of small arterioles under vasomotor tone when transmural pressure is lowered, either by falls in intravascular pressure or rises in tissue pressure, and passive collapse of soft-walled capillaries when tissue pressure rises above intracapillary pressure. These mechanisms are likely to assume particular importance when tissues are surrounded by non-compliant fascia and may thus be involved in compartmental syndromes.", "contents": "The effect of increased tissue pressure on blood flow. Theoretical consideration of the factors involved in maintaining vascular equilibrium and experimental evidence in animals and man indicate that at high tissue pressures there may be a sharp decline in blood flow and, in certain situations, complete cessation of blood flow even at tissue pressures below mean arterial pressure. At least two mechanisms appear to be involved: active closure of small arterioles under vasomotor tone when transmural pressure is lowered, either by falls in intravascular pressure or rises in tissue pressure, and passive collapse of soft-walled capillaries when tissue pressure rises above intracapillary pressure. These mechanisms are likely to assume particular importance when tissues are surrounded by non-compliant fascia and may thus be involved in compartmental syndromes.", "PMID": 1192660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12883", "title": "Osteoid-osteoma of the spine with localization aided by 99 mTc-polyphosphate bone scan. Case report.", "content": "This is a case report of a 13-year-old boy with an osteoid-osteoma located in the pedicle of the third lumbar vertebra. The lesion could not be visualized on routine roentgenograms but with the use of technetium polyphosphate bone scan as a guide a suggestive bone lesion was found with tomograms. Histologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of osteoid-osteoma. This case illustrates the value of skeletal scanning in occult bone lesions.", "contents": "Osteoid-osteoma of the spine with localization aided by 99 mTc-polyphosphate bone scan. Case report. This is a case report of a 13-year-old boy with an osteoid-osteoma located in the pedicle of the third lumbar vertebra. The lesion could not be visualized on routine roentgenograms but with the use of technetium polyphosphate bone scan as a guide a suggestive bone lesion was found with tomograms. Histologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of osteoid-osteoma. This case illustrates the value of skeletal scanning in occult bone lesions.", "PMID": 1192658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12884", "title": "False aneurysm of the brachial artery complicating closed fracture of the humerus. A case report.", "content": "A 66-year-old, obese, mentally retarded man sustained a closed spiral fracture of the humerus accompanied by development of a large false aneurysm arising from a small rent in the distal third of the brachial artery. Because of the patient's body habitus, mental deficiency, and paucity of objective physical findings, the arterial injury was not suspected until expensive pressure necrosis necessitated shoulder disarticulation as a lifesaving measure. Although false aneurysms are known to complicate penetrating trauma and various surgical procedures using metallic implants, the lesion has not been previously reported with closed long bone fractures. The authors wish to alert others to occurrence of the occult arterial injury in association with a relatively common extremity fracture. The need to exercise special awareness and suspicion of subtle injuries in patients whose age, mental status, or associated trauma render communication of symptoms impossible, cannot be overemphasized.", "contents": "False aneurysm of the brachial artery complicating closed fracture of the humerus. A case report. A 66-year-old, obese, mentally retarded man sustained a closed spiral fracture of the humerus accompanied by development of a large false aneurysm arising from a small rent in the distal third of the brachial artery. Because of the patient's body habitus, mental deficiency, and paucity of objective physical findings, the arterial injury was not suspected until expensive pressure necrosis necessitated shoulder disarticulation as a lifesaving measure. Although false aneurysms are known to complicate penetrating trauma and various surgical procedures using metallic implants, the lesion has not been previously reported with closed long bone fractures. The authors wish to alert others to occurrence of the occult arterial injury in association with a relatively common extremity fracture. The need to exercise special awareness and suspicion of subtle injuries in patients whose age, mental status, or associated trauma render communication of symptoms impossible, cannot be overemphasized.", "PMID": 1192661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12885", "title": "Closed rupture of the anterior tibial tendon. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Closed rupture of the anterior tibial tendon is an unusual injury. It occurs in middle-aged to elderly males following forced plantar flexion of the ankle. A case is presented of a 69-year-old man with spondylolisthesis whose tendon ruptured during a physical examination. The injury was thought initially to represent an acute L5 root compression secondary to a herniated intervertebral disc at the level of his spondylolisthesis. The correct diagnosis was made after admission to the hospital. Surgical repair of the tendon resulted in normal ankle motion and strength. A review of the 12 previously reported cases indicates that treatment has been either surgical repair or conservative management. All patients recovered a normal gait but those treated surgically had more motion and dorsiflexion strength. This condition emphasizes the importance of exact history taking and thorough physical examination.", "contents": "Closed rupture of the anterior tibial tendon. A case report and review of the literature. Closed rupture of the anterior tibial tendon is an unusual injury. It occurs in middle-aged to elderly males following forced plantar flexion of the ankle. A case is presented of a 69-year-old man with spondylolisthesis whose tendon ruptured during a physical examination. The injury was thought initially to represent an acute L5 root compression secondary to a herniated intervertebral disc at the level of his spondylolisthesis. The correct diagnosis was made after admission to the hospital. Surgical repair of the tendon resulted in normal ankle motion and strength. A review of the 12 previously reported cases indicates that treatment has been either surgical repair or conservative management. All patients recovered a normal gait but those treated surgically had more motion and dorsiflexion strength. This condition emphasizes the importance of exact history taking and thorough physical examination.", "PMID": 1192662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12886", "title": "Flexor digitorum accessorius longus.", "content": "A supernumerary muscle in the ankle joint, the flexor digitorum accessorius longus, was found in 12 of 100 cadavers (12%). The muscle originated either by 2 heads (a long and a short one) or by a single head, from any of the deep structures of the posterior compartment of the leg. It descended in the tarsal tunnel, superficially and close to the neurovascular bundle and to the tendon of the Flexor hallucis longus muscle, to insert into the tendon of the Flexor digitorus longus in the planta. During this course, the muscle very frequently preserved its fleshy fibers, and could easily be identified by this characteristic. The possibility of such a muscle being a factor of compression in a \"tarsal tunnel syndrome\" should be kept in mind.", "contents": "Flexor digitorum accessorius longus. A supernumerary muscle in the ankle joint, the flexor digitorum accessorius longus, was found in 12 of 100 cadavers (12%). The muscle originated either by 2 heads (a long and a short one) or by a single head, from any of the deep structures of the posterior compartment of the leg. It descended in the tarsal tunnel, superficially and close to the neurovascular bundle and to the tendon of the Flexor hallucis longus muscle, to insert into the tendon of the Flexor digitorus longus in the planta. During this course, the muscle very frequently preserved its fleshy fibers, and could easily be identified by this characteristic. The possibility of such a muscle being a factor of compression in a \"tarsal tunnel syndrome\" should be kept in mind.", "PMID": 1192663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12887", "title": "Good Samaritan cervical traction.", "content": "By means of a unique method, cervical traction can be maintained uninterruptedly and comfortably while the patient is free to choose any position he wishes from flat to upright in bed.", "contents": "Good Samaritan cervical traction. By means of a unique method, cervical traction can be maintained uninterruptedly and comfortably while the patient is free to choose any position he wishes from flat to upright in bed.", "PMID": 1192664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12888", "title": "Differentiation of cartilage from calvarial bone under the influence of bone matrix gelatin in vitro.", "content": "Fetal rat calvarium in an optimum (CMRL-1066) culture medium (with respect to amino acids. Tween 80, DNA precursors and hydrogen acceptors used in oxidative metabolism) produces new lamellar bone. The explanted osteoprogenitor cells survive, proliferate on living membrane bone surfaces and remodel membrane bone into lamellar bone. In the same culture medium, calvarial connective tissue and osteoprogenitor cells grow out of the membrane bone interstices onto a substratum consisting of bone matrix gelatin (BMG) and differentiate not into bone but into hyaline cartilage. Outgrowths from either bone or muscle onto a substratum of BMG prepared from bone autodigested in neutral buffer solutions, produce only fibrous connective tissue. In BGJ, a culture medium containing suboptimal ingredients for cell proliferation, calvarial bone produces neither lamellar bone nor new cartilage but is gradually resorbed and replaced by fibroblasts. In CMRL culture medium, outgrowths of mesenchymal-like cells from muscle onto a substratum of living membrane bone produce an epiphyseal plate-like columnar deposit of new hyaline cartilage. These observations suggest that the function of BMG is to evoke mesenchymal cell differentiation into prechondroblasts during the latent or migratory morphogenetic phase while the effect of the culture medium is to provide the bionutritional requirements for synthesis of hyaline cartilage matrix by chondrocytes during the patent phase of development.", "contents": "Differentiation of cartilage from calvarial bone under the influence of bone matrix gelatin in vitro. Fetal rat calvarium in an optimum (CMRL-1066) culture medium (with respect to amino acids. Tween 80, DNA precursors and hydrogen acceptors used in oxidative metabolism) produces new lamellar bone. The explanted osteoprogenitor cells survive, proliferate on living membrane bone surfaces and remodel membrane bone into lamellar bone. In the same culture medium, calvarial connective tissue and osteoprogenitor cells grow out of the membrane bone interstices onto a substratum consisting of bone matrix gelatin (BMG) and differentiate not into bone but into hyaline cartilage. Outgrowths from either bone or muscle onto a substratum of BMG prepared from bone autodigested in neutral buffer solutions, produce only fibrous connective tissue. In BGJ, a culture medium containing suboptimal ingredients for cell proliferation, calvarial bone produces neither lamellar bone nor new cartilage but is gradually resorbed and replaced by fibroblasts. In CMRL culture medium, outgrowths of mesenchymal-like cells from muscle onto a substratum of living membrane bone produce an epiphyseal plate-like columnar deposit of new hyaline cartilage. These observations suggest that the function of BMG is to evoke mesenchymal cell differentiation into prechondroblasts during the latent or migratory morphogenetic phase while the effect of the culture medium is to provide the bionutritional requirements for synthesis of hyaline cartilage matrix by chondrocytes during the patent phase of development.", "PMID": 1192665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12889", "title": "The etiology of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of bone. A laboratory and clinical study.", "content": "An attempt was made to reproduce in the experimental animal the clinical condition of steroid induced avascular necrosis of bone. There was a decrease in the ability of subchondral osteocytes to metabolize H3 cytidine and an increased amount of cell death as indicated by the number of empty subchondral lacunae. Oil red O stain for intravascular fat demonstrated large accumulations of fat in subchondral vessels. Much of this fat was deformed and was surrounded by reticulin, leading to the conclusion that it was embolic. A study of human material showed intravascular fat and diminished number of osteocytes in patients on systemic steroids who had died without clinical evidence of avascular necrosis. In addition, intravascular fat was demonstrated in avascular femoral heads and humeral heads both from transplant patients and patients receiving steroids for other reasons. The most tenable explanation for this series of events involves steroid-induced fatty liver with subsequent showeres of fatty emboli, which lodge in the subchondral region owing to the microvascular anatomy. Cell death ensues, and the necrotic bone is partially removed by the normal resorptive mechanism, but steroids retard osteogenesis, lead to microfractures, and eventually sequester the involved area.", "contents": "The etiology of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of bone. A laboratory and clinical study. An attempt was made to reproduce in the experimental animal the clinical condition of steroid induced avascular necrosis of bone. There was a decrease in the ability of subchondral osteocytes to metabolize H3 cytidine and an increased amount of cell death as indicated by the number of empty subchondral lacunae. Oil red O stain for intravascular fat demonstrated large accumulations of fat in subchondral vessels. Much of this fat was deformed and was surrounded by reticulin, leading to the conclusion that it was embolic. A study of human material showed intravascular fat and diminished number of osteocytes in patients on systemic steroids who had died without clinical evidence of avascular necrosis. In addition, intravascular fat was demonstrated in avascular femoral heads and humeral heads both from transplant patients and patients receiving steroids for other reasons. The most tenable explanation for this series of events involves steroid-induced fatty liver with subsequent showeres of fatty emboli, which lodge in the subchondral region owing to the microvascular anatomy. Cell death ensues, and the necrotic bone is partially removed by the normal resorptive mechanism, but steroids retard osteogenesis, lead to microfractures, and eventually sequester the involved area.", "PMID": 1192666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12890", "title": "The antimicrobial properties of povidone-iodine methylmethacrylate complex. A preliminary report.", "content": "The incorporation of povidone-iodine into polymethylmethacrylate was found to inhibit the growth of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus in vitro.", "contents": "The antimicrobial properties of povidone-iodine methylmethacrylate complex. A preliminary report. The incorporation of povidone-iodine into polymethylmethacrylate was found to inhibit the growth of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus in vitro.", "PMID": 1192667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12891", "title": "The use of muscle stimulation for inducing scoliotic curves. A preliminary report.", "content": "Based on a clarification of the anatomical mechanisms involved in the lateral stability of the spine, electrical stimulation was applied unilaterally to paraspinal muscles of 20 growing dogs in an attempt to produce thoracic scoliotic curves. These experiments were considered critical in the development of a new procedure for correcting human scoliosis. Various alternating voltages and wave forms were used. The curvature varied with the voltage applied, frequency being maintained at a constant value. Curves can be developed in the spines of normal dogs by unilateral electronic muscle stimulation without clinical discomfort or significant muscle atrophy. Curves always develop in the predicted direction (concave to stimulation). Stimulation of more than 4-6 weeks produced curves with significant wedging and rotational deformation. In one experiment curves created in one direction were reversed by stimulating opposite side musculature. Because of the similarity of human and canine anatomy, the results obtained gave impetus to further experimentation with human application. Electromyographic tests, biopsy studies, direct deformation measurements of post mortem dissections and weekly X-rays substantiate the above observations.", "contents": "The use of muscle stimulation for inducing scoliotic curves. A preliminary report. Based on a clarification of the anatomical mechanisms involved in the lateral stability of the spine, electrical stimulation was applied unilaterally to paraspinal muscles of 20 growing dogs in an attempt to produce thoracic scoliotic curves. These experiments were considered critical in the development of a new procedure for correcting human scoliosis. Various alternating voltages and wave forms were used. The curvature varied with the voltage applied, frequency being maintained at a constant value. Curves can be developed in the spines of normal dogs by unilateral electronic muscle stimulation without clinical discomfort or significant muscle atrophy. Curves always develop in the predicted direction (concave to stimulation). Stimulation of more than 4-6 weeks produced curves with significant wedging and rotational deformation. In one experiment curves created in one direction were reversed by stimulating opposite side musculature. Because of the similarity of human and canine anatomy, the results obtained gave impetus to further experimentation with human application. Electromyographic tests, biopsy studies, direct deformation measurements of post mortem dissections and weekly X-rays substantiate the above observations.", "PMID": 1192668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12892", "title": "Prevention of knee instability. Experimental model for prosthetic anterior cruciate ligament.", "content": "Loss of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the dog results in a predictable type of arthritis. This condition can be prevented by successful prosthetic substitution of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The condition is a practical model, and a sensitive index of success and failure for evaluation of prototype prostheses. Changes in the joint can be differentiated on the basis of cruciate insufficiency and reaction to the synthetic implant. The model was defined by replacing the ACL with a mesh or tape Dacron prosthesis in 16 Beagle dogs. Gait and anterior drawer sign are unreliable parameters of ACL insufficiency in dogs. At sacrifice up to 3 years postoperatively, 8 joints out of 32 joints were without arthritic changes. Arthritis developed in all joints in which the prosthesis elongated or broke. Failure always occurred intra-articularly at the mouth of a bone tunnel. Successes were inconsistent even with a single material and animal breed. The drillhole techniques used in ACL reconstructions are difficult to standardize. Variability in placement of the prosthesis is compounded by cutting action of bone edges. Porous mesh did not provide a lattice for true ligament regeneration through the joint. Fixation was not a problem in this series.", "contents": "Prevention of knee instability. Experimental model for prosthetic anterior cruciate ligament. Loss of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the dog results in a predictable type of arthritis. This condition can be prevented by successful prosthetic substitution of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The condition is a practical model, and a sensitive index of success and failure for evaluation of prototype prostheses. Changes in the joint can be differentiated on the basis of cruciate insufficiency and reaction to the synthetic implant. The model was defined by replacing the ACL with a mesh or tape Dacron prosthesis in 16 Beagle dogs. Gait and anterior drawer sign are unreliable parameters of ACL insufficiency in dogs. At sacrifice up to 3 years postoperatively, 8 joints out of 32 joints were without arthritic changes. Arthritis developed in all joints in which the prosthesis elongated or broke. Failure always occurred intra-articularly at the mouth of a bone tunnel. Successes were inconsistent even with a single material and animal breed. The drillhole techniques used in ACL reconstructions are difficult to standardize. Variability in placement of the prosthesis is compounded by cutting action of bone edges. Porous mesh did not provide a lattice for true ligament regeneration through the joint. Fixation was not a problem in this series.", "PMID": 1192669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12893", "title": "The use of ultraviolet light and fluorescence macrophotography in orthopedic morphology and pathology.", "content": "The efficiency of ultraviolet light and fluorescence macrophotography in screening various tissues of the locomotor system was tested on 46 human and 43 animal specimens from surgical, experimental and autopsy material, examined as living tissues during operation, or as fresh, frozen or fixed specimens. After visual examination under UV light, the material was photographed in reflected UV light, fluorescence, infra-red, and normal white light, and the results compared. Visual examination under UV light and fluorescence photography appeared to give the most satisfactory results. These methods are superior to white light photography in that they give high resolution and increased contrast between individual locomotor system tissues, even after formalin fixation. The UV methods also revealed certain pathological changes in bone and articular cartilage which could be of diagnostic importance and would normally escape attention.", "contents": "The use of ultraviolet light and fluorescence macrophotography in orthopedic morphology and pathology. The efficiency of ultraviolet light and fluorescence macrophotography in screening various tissues of the locomotor system was tested on 46 human and 43 animal specimens from surgical, experimental and autopsy material, examined as living tissues during operation, or as fresh, frozen or fixed specimens. After visual examination under UV light, the material was photographed in reflected UV light, fluorescence, infra-red, and normal white light, and the results compared. Visual examination under UV light and fluorescence photography appeared to give the most satisfactory results. These methods are superior to white light photography in that they give high resolution and increased contrast between individual locomotor system tissues, even after formalin fixation. The UV methods also revealed certain pathological changes in bone and articular cartilage which could be of diagnostic importance and would normally escape attention.", "PMID": 1192670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12894", "title": "Observations on eburnated bone.", "content": "Eburnated bone in osteoarthritic joints has been examined with the Scanning Electron Microscope to investigate the cause of the bone loss which occurs at the joint surface in this condition. In eburnated bone the lamellae surrounding the Haversian canals can readily be seen. After artificial abrasion the surface is flat and featureless. After treatment with agents which leach out some of the ground substance the lamellae can again be seen. These observations indicate both corrosive wear and abrasive wear play a part in producing eburnation.", "contents": "Observations on eburnated bone. Eburnated bone in osteoarthritic joints has been examined with the Scanning Electron Microscope to investigate the cause of the bone loss which occurs at the joint surface in this condition. In eburnated bone the lamellae surrounding the Haversian canals can readily be seen. After artificial abrasion the surface is flat and featureless. After treatment with agents which leach out some of the ground substance the lamellae can again be seen. These observations indicate both corrosive wear and abrasive wear play a part in producing eburnation.", "PMID": 1192671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12895", "title": "Biological apatite vs hydroxyapatite at the atomic level.", "content": "Known differences in chemical content of biological apatites, specifically the dense (sp.g. greater than 2.95) portion of human tooth enamel (TE), and of stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (OHAp) imply atomic-scale crystal-structural differences, via major and minor substitutions, which can impart very different characteristics to the two materials. Further, some substitutions are shown to produce important effects not predictable from study of pure materials alone. A number of crystal-detail differences between TE and OHAp, both at room temperature and in response to heating (which occurs to some degree locally in hard tissue in vivo as a result of grinding, laser action, etc.), are tabulated. They include CO3 content and incorporation, lattice parameters, water content, non OHAp phases formed on heating, structural OH deficiency, and hydrogen-bonding of F and Cl \"impurities\" to OH. The significance of these differences is such that it is clearly misleading to speak of tooth enamel, and by inference other biological apatites, as \"hydroxyapatite\" without considerable qualification of the statement. The differences between biological apatite and OHAp are, in fact, of greater current interest and probable biological significance than are the similarities.", "contents": "Biological apatite vs hydroxyapatite at the atomic level. Known differences in chemical content of biological apatites, specifically the dense (sp.g. greater than 2.95) portion of human tooth enamel (TE), and of stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (OHAp) imply atomic-scale crystal-structural differences, via major and minor substitutions, which can impart very different characteristics to the two materials. Further, some substitutions are shown to produce important effects not predictable from study of pure materials alone. A number of crystal-detail differences between TE and OHAp, both at room temperature and in response to heating (which occurs to some degree locally in hard tissue in vivo as a result of grinding, laser action, etc.), are tabulated. They include CO3 content and incorporation, lattice parameters, water content, non OHAp phases formed on heating, structural OH deficiency, and hydrogen-bonding of F and Cl \"impurities\" to OH. The significance of these differences is such that it is clearly misleading to speak of tooth enamel, and by inference other biological apatites, as \"hydroxyapatite\" without considerable qualification of the statement. The differences between biological apatite and OHAp are, in fact, of greater current interest and probable biological significance than are the similarities.", "PMID": 1192672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12896", "title": "Tissue pressure measurements as a determinant for the need of fasciotomy.", "content": "An experimental and clinical tehcnique of measuring tissue pressures within closed compartments demonstrates a normal tissue pressure is approximately zero mmHg, and increased markedly in compartmental syndromes. There is inadequate perfusion and relative ischemia when the tissue pressure within a closed compartment rises to within 10-30 mm Hg of the patient's diastolic blood pressure. Fasciotomy is usually indicated, therefore, when the tissue pressure rises to 40-45 mm Hg in a patient with a diastolic blood pressure of 70 mm Hg and any of the signs or symptoms of a compartmental syndrome. There is no effective tissue perfusion within a closed compartment when the tissue pressure equals or exceeds the patient's diastolic blood pressure. A fasciotomy is definitely indicated in this circumstance, although distal pulses may be present. The measurement of tissue pressure aids in the early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of compartmental syndromes.", "contents": "Tissue pressure measurements as a determinant for the need of fasciotomy. An experimental and clinical tehcnique of measuring tissue pressures within closed compartments demonstrates a normal tissue pressure is approximately zero mmHg, and increased markedly in compartmental syndromes. There is inadequate perfusion and relative ischemia when the tissue pressure within a closed compartment rises to within 10-30 mm Hg of the patient's diastolic blood pressure. Fasciotomy is usually indicated, therefore, when the tissue pressure rises to 40-45 mm Hg in a patient with a diastolic blood pressure of 70 mm Hg and any of the signs or symptoms of a compartmental syndrome. There is no effective tissue perfusion within a closed compartment when the tissue pressure equals or exceeds the patient's diastolic blood pressure. A fasciotomy is definitely indicated in this circumstance, although distal pulses may be present. The measurement of tissue pressure aids in the early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of compartmental syndromes.", "PMID": 1192674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12897", "title": "An animal model of the compartmental syndrome.", "content": "An animal model of the compartmental syndrome is presented to study the effect of elevated intracompartmental pressure on muscle histology and nutrient blood flow. Latex balloons were inserted into the anterior compartment of rabbits and the pressure within them controlled by an adjustable water column. Nutrient blood flow to the muscles of the compartment was determined by an Rb86 isotope dilution technique and showed a progressive decline with intracompartmental pressures over 50 mm Hg. At 80 mm Hg, flow was but 5 per cent of control values. An inflammatory necrosis was noted when a pressure of 60 mm Hg was exerted for 24 hours. At higher pressures an ischemic necrosis without inflammation was observed.", "contents": "An animal model of the compartmental syndrome. An animal model of the compartmental syndrome is presented to study the effect of elevated intracompartmental pressure on muscle histology and nutrient blood flow. Latex balloons were inserted into the anterior compartment of rabbits and the pressure within them controlled by an adjustable water column. Nutrient blood flow to the muscles of the compartment was determined by an Rb86 isotope dilution technique and showed a progressive decline with intracompartmental pressures over 50 mm Hg. At 80 mm Hg, flow was but 5 per cent of control values. An inflammatory necrosis was noted when a pressure of 60 mm Hg was exerted for 24 hours. At higher pressures an ischemic necrosis without inflammation was observed.", "PMID": 1192673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12898", "title": "Volkmann's ischemia. A volar compartment syndrome of the forearm.", "content": "In a series of 19 patients with Volkmann's iscemia, 63 per cent had suffered skeletal trauma, whereas 38 per cent had received non-skeletal trauma. Non-specific trauma may trigger an ischemia-edema cycle, producing increased intracompartmental pressure. This cycle, if unrelieved, can involve all of the muscles in the compartment, via cyclic propagation and reinforcement of arterial spasm. The volar compartmental syndrome is not an all or none phenomenon. Localized ischemia may trigger a gradually spreading arterial spasm which results in slowly progressive clinical changes as late as 3-4 months after onset. Decompression not only of the compartment but of each individual muscle which shows evidence of vascular compromise, may reverse this destructive cycle even as late as 3-4 months but it should be performed promptly with the onset of symptoms, when its effect is rapid and dramatic. Induration of the compartment is pathognomonic of the compartmental syndrome. As long as it is present, benefit can be expected from decompression procedures. Regeneration of necrotic ischemic muscle is possible following restoration of circulation.", "contents": "Volkmann's ischemia. A volar compartment syndrome of the forearm. In a series of 19 patients with Volkmann's iscemia, 63 per cent had suffered skeletal trauma, whereas 38 per cent had received non-skeletal trauma. Non-specific trauma may trigger an ischemia-edema cycle, producing increased intracompartmental pressure. This cycle, if unrelieved, can involve all of the muscles in the compartment, via cyclic propagation and reinforcement of arterial spasm. The volar compartmental syndrome is not an all or none phenomenon. Localized ischemia may trigger a gradually spreading arterial spasm which results in slowly progressive clinical changes as late as 3-4 months after onset. Decompression not only of the compartment but of each individual muscle which shows evidence of vascular compromise, may reverse this destructive cycle even as late as 3-4 months but it should be performed promptly with the onset of symptoms, when its effect is rapid and dramatic. Induration of the compartment is pathognomonic of the compartmental syndrome. As long as it is present, benefit can be expected from decompression procedures. Regeneration of necrotic ischemic muscle is possible following restoration of circulation.", "PMID": 1192676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12899", "title": "The anterior and the lateral compartmental syndrome of the leg due to intensive use of muscles.", "content": "The anterior and lateral compartmental syndromes of the leg due to intensive use of muscles can be briefly defined as painful circulatory disturbances associated with a pathological increase in total intramuscular pressure. In these syndromes, an acute and a chronic form are distinguished. The acute form takes a progressive course, and the structures within the compartment affected are subject to complete or partial destruction. The chronic form takes an intermittent course. Physical exertion of the lower limbs gives rise to pain in the compartment. Determination of the pressure in the tibialis anteriot muscle and phlebography, both before and after weighted exercise of the muscles of the anterior compartment, were found to be the most valuable diagnostic aids in the chronic syndrome. In the acute syndrome, the compartment affected must be decompressed by fasciotomy as quickly as possible. Since most patients with a chronic syndrome can adequately cope with daily requirements, an operation is not always required. Indications for fasciotomy are presented. The real cause of the increase in total intramuscular pressure is not understood, suggestions concerning the pathogenesis are made, and the mechanism of the circulatory disturbances is discussed.", "contents": "The anterior and the lateral compartmental syndrome of the leg due to intensive use of muscles. The anterior and lateral compartmental syndromes of the leg due to intensive use of muscles can be briefly defined as painful circulatory disturbances associated with a pathological increase in total intramuscular pressure. In these syndromes, an acute and a chronic form are distinguished. The acute form takes a progressive course, and the structures within the compartment affected are subject to complete or partial destruction. The chronic form takes an intermittent course. Physical exertion of the lower limbs gives rise to pain in the compartment. Determination of the pressure in the tibialis anteriot muscle and phlebography, both before and after weighted exercise of the muscles of the anterior compartment, were found to be the most valuable diagnostic aids in the chronic syndrome. In the acute syndrome, the compartment affected must be decompressed by fasciotomy as quickly as possible. Since most patients with a chronic syndrome can adequately cope with daily requirements, an operation is not always required. Indications for fasciotomy are presented. The real cause of the increase in total intramuscular pressure is not understood, suggestions concerning the pathogenesis are made, and the mechanism of the circulatory disturbances is discussed.", "PMID": 1192677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12900", "title": "Sudden infant death syndrome: the role of the emergency room physician.", "content": "Prompt recognition by the emergency room attending physician of the occurrence of SIDS provides the opportunity to deal empathetically with parents, thus ameliorating to some degree their profound psychiatric trauma. Among the responsibilities of the emergency room physician are 1) talking with the parents, 2) obtaining postmortem examination permission and making certain that the results of the autopsy are promptly communicated to the parents and to the family physician, and 3) arranging follow-up psychologic support for the parents. Awareness of the frequency of the sudden infant death syndrome and of the potentially preventable psychiatric morbidity among parents by the emergency health care personnel can do much to reduce the tragic toll of SIDS.", "contents": "Sudden infant death syndrome: the role of the emergency room physician. Prompt recognition by the emergency room attending physician of the occurrence of SIDS provides the opportunity to deal empathetically with parents, thus ameliorating to some degree their profound psychiatric trauma. Among the responsibilities of the emergency room physician are 1) talking with the parents, 2) obtaining postmortem examination permission and making certain that the results of the autopsy are promptly communicated to the parents and to the family physician, and 3) arranging follow-up psychologic support for the parents. Awareness of the frequency of the sudden infant death syndrome and of the potentially preventable psychiatric morbidity among parents by the emergency health care personnel can do much to reduce the tragic toll of SIDS.", "PMID": 1192682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12901", "title": "Compartmental syndrome. An unified concept.", "content": "A compartmental syndrome is defined as a condition in which increased pressure within a space compromises the circulation to the contents of that space. Any cause of increased intracompartmental pressure may result in a compartmental syndrome. The diagnosis should be suspected in any case of pain or neuromuscular deficit in an extremity and may be confirmed by signs of circulatory disturbance of nerve and muscle in association with increased pressure in the compartment. Generous opening of any dressings covering the extremity permits a proper examination and rules out a compartmental syndrome caused by the dressing itself. Immediate decompression is indicated in all cases of compartmental syndrome unless the risk of complications exceeds the possible gains from improvement in circulation. Elevation of an extremity afflicted with a compartmental syndrome is contraindicated. Myoglobinuria and renal failure may complicate severe cases.", "contents": "Compartmental syndrome. An unified concept. A compartmental syndrome is defined as a condition in which increased pressure within a space compromises the circulation to the contents of that space. Any cause of increased intracompartmental pressure may result in a compartmental syndrome. The diagnosis should be suspected in any case of pain or neuromuscular deficit in an extremity and may be confirmed by signs of circulatory disturbance of nerve and muscle in association with increased pressure in the compartment. Generous opening of any dressings covering the extremity permits a proper examination and rules out a compartmental syndrome caused by the dressing itself. Immediate decompression is indicated in all cases of compartmental syndrome unless the risk of complications exceeds the possible gains from improvement in circulation. Elevation of an extremity afflicted with a compartmental syndrome is contraindicated. Myoglobinuria and renal failure may complicate severe cases.", "PMID": 1192678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12902", "title": "The pathophysiology of the anterior tibial compartmental syndrome.", "content": "Based on a clinical review of 45 patients with acute anterior tibial ischemia, four different conditions were identified. Three were related to increased pressure within the compartment and were called anterior compartmental syndromes. They followed exercise, trauma, and ischemia. The fourth entity was anterior tibial ischemia due to anterial occlusion. An experimental investigation demonstrated that increased pressure within the anterior compartment slows blood flow to the enclosed tissues.", "contents": "The pathophysiology of the anterior tibial compartmental syndrome. Based on a clinical review of 45 patients with acute anterior tibial ischemia, four different conditions were identified. Three were related to increased pressure within the compartment and were called anterior compartmental syndromes. They followed exercise, trauma, and ischemia. The fourth entity was anterior tibial ischemia due to anterial occlusion. An experimental investigation demonstrated that increased pressure within the anterior compartment slows blood flow to the enclosed tissues.", "PMID": 1192675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12903", "title": "Compartmental syndromes following trauma.", "content": "When an ischemic contracture develops after injury it appears that the ischemia has pursued a middle course between full recovery and gangrene. The mechanism of such a pathology is difficult to understand. There appear to be two distinct types of injury that precipitate such a contracture; one where a major vessel is occluded and the ischemic tissue lies distal to the injury; and a second where the injury is a direct one and the ischemia develops at the site of the injury. The ischemic changes that develop after both types of injury appear to be remarkably similar and they develop, almost exclusively, where the tissues involved lie within unyielding osteofascial compartment. In both types, compartmental syndrome could have been precipitated; on the one hand by the ischemia of arterial interruption and on the other by direct tissue damage. Early fasciotomy is advocated after both types of injury, quite apart from any necessary arterial repair.", "contents": "Compartmental syndromes following trauma. When an ischemic contracture develops after injury it appears that the ischemia has pursued a middle course between full recovery and gangrene. The mechanism of such a pathology is difficult to understand. There appear to be two distinct types of injury that precipitate such a contracture; one where a major vessel is occluded and the ischemic tissue lies distal to the injury; and a second where the injury is a direct one and the ischemia develops at the site of the injury. The ischemic changes that develop after both types of injury appear to be remarkably similar and they develop, almost exclusively, where the tissues involved lie within unyielding osteofascial compartment. In both types, compartmental syndrome could have been precipitated; on the one hand by the ischemia of arterial interruption and on the other by direct tissue damage. Early fasciotomy is advocated after both types of injury, quite apart from any necessary arterial repair.", "PMID": 1192681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12904", "title": "Compartmental syndrome and its relation to the crush syndrome: A spectrum of disease. A review of 11 cases of prolonged limb compression.", "content": "A review of 11 cases of prolonged limb compression usually following drug overdose, revealed a spectrum of disease from isolated compartmental syndromes to full crush syndromes with renal failure. Residual limb contractures were moderate or severe in 80 per cent of the extremities involved. Five of the 11 patients demonstrated significant, systematic manifestations, Stage II or Stage III crush syndrome by our definition. The severity of the systemic manifestations is related to the amount of muscle tissue being subjected to elevated pressure and the length of time this pressure is maintained. Delay in hospitalization, delay in diagnosis, and delay in treatment prolong this period. The diagnosis should be made on the basis of the histroy of prolonged immobilization and the finding of a swollen extremity. Fasciotomy should be performed immediately, both to minimize residual limb contracture and to prevent the crush syndrome from developing secondary to myonecrosis.", "contents": "Compartmental syndrome and its relation to the crush syndrome: A spectrum of disease. A review of 11 cases of prolonged limb compression. A review of 11 cases of prolonged limb compression usually following drug overdose, revealed a spectrum of disease from isolated compartmental syndromes to full crush syndromes with renal failure. Residual limb contractures were moderate or severe in 80 per cent of the extremities involved. Five of the 11 patients demonstrated significant, systematic manifestations, Stage II or Stage III crush syndrome by our definition. The severity of the systemic manifestations is related to the amount of muscle tissue being subjected to elevated pressure and the length of time this pressure is maintained. Delay in hospitalization, delay in diagnosis, and delay in treatment prolong this period. The diagnosis should be made on the basis of the histroy of prolonged immobilization and the finding of a swollen extremity. Fasciotomy should be performed immediately, both to minimize residual limb contracture and to prevent the crush syndrome from developing secondary to myonecrosis.", "PMID": 1192679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12905", "title": "Paradoxical diuresis after vasopressin administration to patients with neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus treated with chlorpropamide, carbamazepine or clofibrate.", "content": "1. Chlorpropamide, carbamazepine and clofibrate have an antidiuretic action in patients with neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus which is qualitatively similar to that of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 2. An additive antidiuretic effect is produced by combination of chlorpropamide and carbamazepine with small dosages of ADH. 3. After an immediate and transient antidiuresis, a single intravenous bolus injection of lysine vasopressin given during treatment with chlorpropamide, chlorpropamide with a continuous intravenous infusion of lysine vasopressin, carbamazepine or clofibrate, resulted in increased water diuresis for 12-24 h or longer. 4. This paradoxical diuresis was not observed during treatment with chlorothiazide. 5. It is suggested that the antidiuretic action of chlorpropamide, carbamazepine and clofibrate is localized at the receptor site for ADH in the distal renal tubular cell.", "contents": "Paradoxical diuresis after vasopressin administration to patients with neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus treated with chlorpropamide, carbamazepine or clofibrate. 1. Chlorpropamide, carbamazepine and clofibrate have an antidiuretic action in patients with neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus which is qualitatively similar to that of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 2. An additive antidiuretic effect is produced by combination of chlorpropamide and carbamazepine with small dosages of ADH. 3. After an immediate and transient antidiuresis, a single intravenous bolus injection of lysine vasopressin given during treatment with chlorpropamide, chlorpropamide with a continuous intravenous infusion of lysine vasopressin, carbamazepine or clofibrate, resulted in increased water diuresis for 12-24 h or longer. 4. This paradoxical diuresis was not observed during treatment with chlorothiazide. 5. It is suggested that the antidiuretic action of chlorpropamide, carbamazepine and clofibrate is localized at the receptor site for ADH in the distal renal tubular cell.", "PMID": 1192687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12906", "title": "The anterior tibial compartmental syndrome. A complication of the Hauser procedure.", "content": "Six cases with neurovascular complications, previously unreported as a complication of the Hauser procedure, have been presented. The salient features were unrelenting pain during the first 24 hours postoperatively, completely out of proportion to that which might be anticipated, and with concurrent or subsequent numbness. The anatomy involved was presented, and a theory of causation was discussed. A plea is made for early and complete tibial compartment decompression through fasciotomy and/or fibulectomy-fasciotomy.", "contents": "The anterior tibial compartmental syndrome. A complication of the Hauser procedure. Six cases with neurovascular complications, previously unreported as a complication of the Hauser procedure, have been presented. The salient features were unrelenting pain during the first 24 hours postoperatively, completely out of proportion to that which might be anticipated, and with concurrent or subsequent numbness. The anatomy involved was presented, and a theory of causation was discussed. A plea is made for early and complete tibial compartment decompression through fasciotomy and/or fibulectomy-fasciotomy.", "PMID": 1192680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12907", "title": "Plasma catecholamines, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone in tetraplegic man, horizontal and tilted.", "content": "1. Plasma catecholamines, plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone and haematocrit were measured in four subjects with physiologically complete cervical spinal cord transections, before, during and after head-up tilt to 45 degrees for 30 min. Plasma catecholamines were measured in five normal male volunteers in the supine position and after head-up tilt to 45 degrees for 10 min. 2. After 10 min of head-up tilt, the plasma noradrenaline rose 14% in the tetraplegic patients and 115% in the control subjects. These findings indicate a failure of sympathetic activity in response to head-up tilt in the tetraplegic patients, probably caused by interruption of pathways by which the brain normally controls sympathetic outflow. 3. In the tetraplegic patients the resting plasma renin activities were above normal, and rose more quickly and greater on head-up tilt than in published studies of normal subjects. It is likely that the renal baroreceptors are important in the control of renin release. 4. In the tetraplegic patients, there was a late rise in plasma aldosterone which was probably due to the elevation in plasma renin activity.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamines, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone in tetraplegic man, horizontal and tilted. 1. Plasma catecholamines, plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone and haematocrit were measured in four subjects with physiologically complete cervical spinal cord transections, before, during and after head-up tilt to 45 degrees for 30 min. Plasma catecholamines were measured in five normal male volunteers in the supine position and after head-up tilt to 45 degrees for 10 min. 2. After 10 min of head-up tilt, the plasma noradrenaline rose 14% in the tetraplegic patients and 115% in the control subjects. These findings indicate a failure of sympathetic activity in response to head-up tilt in the tetraplegic patients, probably caused by interruption of pathways by which the brain normally controls sympathetic outflow. 3. In the tetraplegic patients the resting plasma renin activities were above normal, and rose more quickly and greater on head-up tilt than in published studies of normal subjects. It is likely that the renal baroreceptors are important in the control of renin release. 4. In the tetraplegic patients, there was a late rise in plasma aldosterone which was probably due to the elevation in plasma renin activity.", "PMID": 1192688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12908", "title": "Increased plasma calcitonin in early acute renal failure.", "content": "1. High plasma immunoreactive calcitonin concentrations were observed in ten of eleven patients with acute renal failure, particularly in the oliguric phase. 2. Immunoreactive calcitonin decreased progressively with time, independently of recovery of renal function. 3. Radioimmunoassay curves obtained with serial dilutions of plasma from these patients were parallel to or superimposed upon those obtained with calcitonin standards.", "contents": "Increased plasma calcitonin in early acute renal failure. 1. High plasma immunoreactive calcitonin concentrations were observed in ten of eleven patients with acute renal failure, particularly in the oliguric phase. 2. Immunoreactive calcitonin decreased progressively with time, independently of recovery of renal function. 3. Radioimmunoassay curves obtained with serial dilutions of plasma from these patients were parallel to or superimposed upon those obtained with calcitonin standards.", "PMID": 1192689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12909", "title": "Evidence for active transport of tripeptides by hamster jejunum in vitro.", "content": "1. This paper describes the uptake by rings of everted hamster jejunum in vitro of three peptides with structural features making them resistant to hydrolysis, glycylsarcosylsarcosine, glycylsarcosylsarcosylsarcosine and beta-alanylglycylglycine. 2. Glycylsarcosylsarcosine was taken up by a saturable mechanism and accumulated intact in the intracellular compartment of the intestinal wall, apparently against an electrochemical gradient. Its uptake was reduced by Na+-replacement, anoxia and metabolic inhibitors. It was concluded that uptake of this peptide was the result of Na+-dependent active transport. 3. Glycylsarcosylsarcosylsarcosine was very poorly taken up and its uptake did not appear to be the result of active transport. 4. Beta-Alanylglycylglycine appeared intact in the intracellular compartment of the intestinal wall on a substantial scale though it was not concentrated. No satisfactory evidence of uptake by a saturable mechanism was obtained. Uptake was, however, inhibited by anoxia, 2,4-dinitrophenol and Na+-replacement. Reasons are given for supposing that uptake of this peptide may be the result of Na+-dependent active transport by the same carrier as that utilized by glycylsarcosylsarcosine. 5. The results suggest that provided that they escape brush-border hydrolysis, tripeptides, like dipeptides, are actively transported into the absorptive cells of the intestinal mucosa, but that the ability of these cells to take up peptides by an active mechanism is unlikely to extend to tetrapeptides.", "contents": "Evidence for active transport of tripeptides by hamster jejunum in vitro. 1. This paper describes the uptake by rings of everted hamster jejunum in vitro of three peptides with structural features making them resistant to hydrolysis, glycylsarcosylsarcosine, glycylsarcosylsarcosylsarcosine and beta-alanylglycylglycine. 2. Glycylsarcosylsarcosine was taken up by a saturable mechanism and accumulated intact in the intracellular compartment of the intestinal wall, apparently against an electrochemical gradient. Its uptake was reduced by Na+-replacement, anoxia and metabolic inhibitors. It was concluded that uptake of this peptide was the result of Na+-dependent active transport. 3. Glycylsarcosylsarcosylsarcosine was very poorly taken up and its uptake did not appear to be the result of active transport. 4. Beta-Alanylglycylglycine appeared intact in the intracellular compartment of the intestinal wall on a substantial scale though it was not concentrated. No satisfactory evidence of uptake by a saturable mechanism was obtained. Uptake was, however, inhibited by anoxia, 2,4-dinitrophenol and Na+-replacement. Reasons are given for supposing that uptake of this peptide may be the result of Na+-dependent active transport by the same carrier as that utilized by glycylsarcosylsarcosine. 5. The results suggest that provided that they escape brush-border hydrolysis, tripeptides, like dipeptides, are actively transported into the absorptive cells of the intestinal mucosa, but that the ability of these cells to take up peptides by an active mechanism is unlikely to extend to tetrapeptides.", "PMID": 1192690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12910", "title": "Body weight and body water in chronic cor pulmonale.", "content": "1. Body weight was measured through forty consecutive illnesses in seventeen patients with oedema in association with chronic bronchitis and hypoxia. All patients were taking diuretic drugs at the time. 2. Body weight increased little as peripheral oedema and a raised jugular venous pressure appeared. The subsequent weight-loss during treatment was usually greater than the pre-treatment weight-gain. Body weight increased slowly in convalescence to equal or exceed hospital admission weight without a deterioration of general health or reappearance of oedema. 3. Total body water, exchangeable sodium and exchangeable potassium were measured in patients after treatment of the acute illness and clearance of oedema and again in six patients of the group 2-3 months later in convalescence. Total exchangeable sodium was normal or slightly reduced after treatment of oedema and in convalescence between recurrent acute illnesses. Even when gross oedema was present exchangeable sodium was substantially increased in only one of three patients studied at this stage. Total exchangeable potassium was invariably severely depressed. 4. Large changes of body tissue weight without comparable change in exchangeable sodium support previous evidence that oedema in hypoxic bronchitis is not simply a further form of congestive cardiac failure. 5. It is suggested that at least some of the tissue loss in acute exacerbations is a direct result of hypoxaemia and similar to that observed at high altitude. Part of the oedema fluid is thought to be derived from intracellular water released during dissolution of tissue matrix.", "contents": "Body weight and body water in chronic cor pulmonale. 1. Body weight was measured through forty consecutive illnesses in seventeen patients with oedema in association with chronic bronchitis and hypoxia. All patients were taking diuretic drugs at the time. 2. Body weight increased little as peripheral oedema and a raised jugular venous pressure appeared. The subsequent weight-loss during treatment was usually greater than the pre-treatment weight-gain. Body weight increased slowly in convalescence to equal or exceed hospital admission weight without a deterioration of general health or reappearance of oedema. 3. Total body water, exchangeable sodium and exchangeable potassium were measured in patients after treatment of the acute illness and clearance of oedema and again in six patients of the group 2-3 months later in convalescence. Total exchangeable sodium was normal or slightly reduced after treatment of oedema and in convalescence between recurrent acute illnesses. Even when gross oedema was present exchangeable sodium was substantially increased in only one of three patients studied at this stage. Total exchangeable potassium was invariably severely depressed. 4. Large changes of body tissue weight without comparable change in exchangeable sodium support previous evidence that oedema in hypoxic bronchitis is not simply a further form of congestive cardiac failure. 5. It is suggested that at least some of the tissue loss in acute exacerbations is a direct result of hypoxaemia and similar to that observed at high altitude. Part of the oedema fluid is thought to be derived from intracellular water released during dissolution of tissue matrix.", "PMID": 1192692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12911", "title": "A common mechanism for transport of di- and tri-peptides by hamster jejunum in vitro.", "content": "1. This paper describes the results of a survey of the effects of peptides and amino acids on uptake by rings of everted hamster jejunum in vitro of glycylsarcosylsarcosine, a tripeptide which is taken up by an active mechanism but is very resistant to hydrolysis, appearing intact in the rings. The results of a small number of similar experiments with beta-alanylglycylglycine, another tripeptide which is taken up with very little hydrolysis, are also described. 2. Uptake of the two tripeptides was inhibited by other di- and tri-peptides, but not by free amino acids. The results suggest that dipeptides and tripeptides share a common uptake mechanism. The tetrapeptide glycylsarcosylsarcosylsarcosine did not inhibit uptake of glycylsarcosylsarcosine, and appears to be unable to utilize the uptake mechanism. 3. The results add to information about the influence of molecular structure on intestinal uptake of peptides by the system used by glycylsarcosylsarcosine, which is shared by a wide range of other di- and tri-peptides. In conjunction with previous results, they suggest that substitution of the N-terminal amino or C-terminal carboxyl groups reduces affinity for transport, that the presence of a beta-amino acid residue in a peptide is tolerated by the transport system, and that the presence of a D-amino acid residue reduces affinity for transport. Some peptides containing or made up of basic or acidic amino acid residues appear to have a low affinity for the transport system used by glycylsarcosylsarcosine. 4. Of two biologically active peptides, one, cephalexin, a peptide antibiotic, inhibited uptake of glycylsarcosylsarcosine and is probably transported by the same system. The other, prolylleucylglycineamide, which has the action of a hypothalamic regulatory factor, did not, and its structural features may make it unsuitable for carrier-mediated transport by the small intestine.", "contents": "A common mechanism for transport of di- and tri-peptides by hamster jejunum in vitro. 1. This paper describes the results of a survey of the effects of peptides and amino acids on uptake by rings of everted hamster jejunum in vitro of glycylsarcosylsarcosine, a tripeptide which is taken up by an active mechanism but is very resistant to hydrolysis, appearing intact in the rings. The results of a small number of similar experiments with beta-alanylglycylglycine, another tripeptide which is taken up with very little hydrolysis, are also described. 2. Uptake of the two tripeptides was inhibited by other di- and tri-peptides, but not by free amino acids. The results suggest that dipeptides and tripeptides share a common uptake mechanism. The tetrapeptide glycylsarcosylsarcosylsarcosine did not inhibit uptake of glycylsarcosylsarcosine, and appears to be unable to utilize the uptake mechanism. 3. The results add to information about the influence of molecular structure on intestinal uptake of peptides by the system used by glycylsarcosylsarcosine, which is shared by a wide range of other di- and tri-peptides. In conjunction with previous results, they suggest that substitution of the N-terminal amino or C-terminal carboxyl groups reduces affinity for transport, that the presence of a beta-amino acid residue in a peptide is tolerated by the transport system, and that the presence of a D-amino acid residue reduces affinity for transport. Some peptides containing or made up of basic or acidic amino acid residues appear to have a low affinity for the transport system used by glycylsarcosylsarcosine. 4. Of two biologically active peptides, one, cephalexin, a peptide antibiotic, inhibited uptake of glycylsarcosylsarcosine and is probably transported by the same system. The other, prolylleucylglycineamide, which has the action of a hypothalamic regulatory factor, did not, and its structural features may make it unsuitable for carrier-mediated transport by the small intestine.", "PMID": 1192691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12912", "title": "Cardiac effects of lead in drinking water of rats.", "content": "1. There is no known cause for the increased mortality due to ischaemic heart disease in soft water areas. Since the lead concentration of soft water is elevated in houses with lead plumbing, studies have been carried out to determine the effects of lead on the heart of rats. 2. Rats were given drinking water containing lead for 1 year at concentrations similar to those found previously in Glasgow, which has a soft water supply. 3. There was increasing deposition of lead in the heart and a fall in the cardiac levels of the enzymes ferrochelatase and delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase. These changes are maximal after 6 months, when there were marked electron-microscopic changes in the myocardium and myocardial mitochondria. 4. Further studies are needed to determine whether lead is a cause of the increased mortality from ischaemic heart disease in soft water areas.", "contents": "Cardiac effects of lead in drinking water of rats. 1. There is no known cause for the increased mortality due to ischaemic heart disease in soft water areas. Since the lead concentration of soft water is elevated in houses with lead plumbing, studies have been carried out to determine the effects of lead on the heart of rats. 2. Rats were given drinking water containing lead for 1 year at concentrations similar to those found previously in Glasgow, which has a soft water supply. 3. There was increasing deposition of lead in the heart and a fall in the cardiac levels of the enzymes ferrochelatase and delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase. These changes are maximal after 6 months, when there were marked electron-microscopic changes in the myocardium and myocardial mitochondria. 4. Further studies are needed to determine whether lead is a cause of the increased mortality from ischaemic heart disease in soft water areas.", "PMID": 1192693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12913", "title": "Effect of intravenous frusemide on plasma renin concentration: suppression of response in hypertension.", "content": "1. Intravenous frusemide produced in normal subjects a prompt rise of plasma renin concentration which correlated with urinary sodium. 2. The renin response to frusemide was suppressed in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. 3. In patients with low-renin hypertension and normal renin essential hypertension, the renin response to frusemide was similarly suppressed. 4. Suppression of the renin response to frusemide is therefore a feature of hypertension not confined to patients with primary hyperaldosteronism and low-renin hypertension. 5. Thus low-renin hypertension does not appear to constitute a distinct diagnostic entity. 6. It is suggested that suppression of the renin response is part of a long-term renal adaptation to high blood pressure.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous frusemide on plasma renin concentration: suppression of response in hypertension. 1. Intravenous frusemide produced in normal subjects a prompt rise of plasma renin concentration which correlated with urinary sodium. 2. The renin response to frusemide was suppressed in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. 3. In patients with low-renin hypertension and normal renin essential hypertension, the renin response to frusemide was similarly suppressed. 4. Suppression of the renin response to frusemide is therefore a feature of hypertension not confined to patients with primary hyperaldosteronism and low-renin hypertension. 5. Thus low-renin hypertension does not appear to constitute a distinct diagnostic entity. 6. It is suggested that suppression of the renin response is part of a long-term renal adaptation to high blood pressure.", "PMID": 1192694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12914", "title": "Epitaxial relationships in urolithiasis: the calcium oxalate monohydrate-hydroxyapatite system.", "content": "Chemical kinetic data, complemented with scanning electron-microscope observations of the crystalline phase, show that seed crystals of hydroxyapatite have the ability to induce the growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals epitaxially from a metastable supersaturated solution of calcium oxalate. The rate of growth of calcium oxalate crystals is dependent on the surface area of the seed material and follows a second-order rate law. It is suggested that there may be a causal relationship between the occurrence of apatite crystals in the urinary tract and the formation of both 'pure' and mixed urinary stones containing calcium oxalate. Under similar experimental conditions, however, seed crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate appeared unable to induce epitaxially the growth of calcium phosphate crystals from a supersaturated calcium phosphate solution, indicating the absence of an epitaxial relationship between calcium oxalate monohydrate and the initially precipitating calcium phosphate phase(s).", "contents": "Epitaxial relationships in urolithiasis: the calcium oxalate monohydrate-hydroxyapatite system. Chemical kinetic data, complemented with scanning electron-microscope observations of the crystalline phase, show that seed crystals of hydroxyapatite have the ability to induce the growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals epitaxially from a metastable supersaturated solution of calcium oxalate. The rate of growth of calcium oxalate crystals is dependent on the surface area of the seed material and follows a second-order rate law. It is suggested that there may be a causal relationship between the occurrence of apatite crystals in the urinary tract and the formation of both 'pure' and mixed urinary stones containing calcium oxalate. Under similar experimental conditions, however, seed crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate appeared unable to induce epitaxially the growth of calcium phosphate crystals from a supersaturated calcium phosphate solution, indicating the absence of an epitaxial relationship between calcium oxalate monohydrate and the initially precipitating calcium phosphate phase(s).", "PMID": 1192695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12915", "title": "The effect of external potassium concentration on leucocyte cation transport in vitro.", "content": "1. Sodium and potassium transport rates in human leucocytes were measured in vitro at different external potassium concentrations. 2. At nominally zero external potassium concentrations, the ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux was reduced to less than 20% of its maximum value. There was evidence that under these conditions a ouabain-sensitive sodium-sodium exchange occurs. 3. Both total and ouabain-insensitive potassium influx increased with increasing external potassium concentration. The ouabain-sensitive potassium influx showed saturation. 4. Ouabain-insensitive potassium efflux was also stimulated by increasing the external potassium concentration, suggesting significant potassium-potassium exchange at physiological external potassium concentrations.", "contents": "The effect of external potassium concentration on leucocyte cation transport in vitro. 1. Sodium and potassium transport rates in human leucocytes were measured in vitro at different external potassium concentrations. 2. At nominally zero external potassium concentrations, the ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux was reduced to less than 20% of its maximum value. There was evidence that under these conditions a ouabain-sensitive sodium-sodium exchange occurs. 3. Both total and ouabain-insensitive potassium influx increased with increasing external potassium concentration. The ouabain-sensitive potassium influx showed saturation. 4. Ouabain-insensitive potassium efflux was also stimulated by increasing the external potassium concentration, suggesting significant potassium-potassium exchange at physiological external potassium concentrations.", "PMID": 1192696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12916", "title": "A study of relations between the absorption of amino acids, dipeptides, water and electrolytes in the normal human jejunum.", "content": "1. A double-lumen perfusion technique was used to study the effect of a wide range of concentrations of the dipeptide glycyl-L-alanine and its constituent amino acids on water and electrolyte absorption from iso-osmotic solutions in the upper jejunum of normal human subjects. 2. There was no significant absorption of water and electrolytes from sodium chloride solution (150 mmol/l) but the presence of the dipeptide or its constituent amino acids stimulated water and electrolyte absorption. 3. Water absorption reached a peak at increasing amino acid and dipeptide concentrations and then tailed off. Our data suggest that the tailing off is not solely due to the diminished sodium content of the solutions. 4. During perfusion of the dipeptide-sodium chloride and amino acid-sodium chloride solutions solute and water were absorbed as an iso-osmotic solution. Analysis of the results indicates that this could occur at high dipeptide concentrations only if the majority of the dipeptide enters the cell intact.", "contents": "A study of relations between the absorption of amino acids, dipeptides, water and electrolytes in the normal human jejunum. 1. A double-lumen perfusion technique was used to study the effect of a wide range of concentrations of the dipeptide glycyl-L-alanine and its constituent amino acids on water and electrolyte absorption from iso-osmotic solutions in the upper jejunum of normal human subjects. 2. There was no significant absorption of water and electrolytes from sodium chloride solution (150 mmol/l) but the presence of the dipeptide or its constituent amino acids stimulated water and electrolyte absorption. 3. Water absorption reached a peak at increasing amino acid and dipeptide concentrations and then tailed off. Our data suggest that the tailing off is not solely due to the diminished sodium content of the solutions. 4. During perfusion of the dipeptide-sodium chloride and amino acid-sodium chloride solutions solute and water were absorbed as an iso-osmotic solution. Analysis of the results indicates that this could occur at high dipeptide concentrations only if the majority of the dipeptide enters the cell intact.", "PMID": 1192697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12917", "title": "Effects of pent-4-enoic acid on renal free water, bicarbonate and phosphate excretion in the dog.", "content": "1. The effects of pent-4-enoic acid, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, were studied in dogs undergoing water diuresis and acetazolamide diuresis. Free water excretion and distal solute delivery were increased when infusion of pent-4-enoic acid was superimposed on an increasing mannitol diuresis. 2. Bicarbonate excretion increased significantly when infusion of pent-4-enoic acid was superimposed on maximum acetazolamide diuresis. 3. Phosphate excretion exceeded 90% of filtered load when pent-4-enoic acid was administered under stable free water conditions and increased significantly when pent-4-enoic acid was superimposed on stable acetazolamide diuresis. 4. The results are interpreted as indicating inhibition of proximal tubular reabsorption by pent-4-enoic acid, emphasizing the importance of fatty acids as a major fuel for proximal tubular metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of pent-4-enoic acid on renal free water, bicarbonate and phosphate excretion in the dog. 1. The effects of pent-4-enoic acid, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, were studied in dogs undergoing water diuresis and acetazolamide diuresis. Free water excretion and distal solute delivery were increased when infusion of pent-4-enoic acid was superimposed on an increasing mannitol diuresis. 2. Bicarbonate excretion increased significantly when infusion of pent-4-enoic acid was superimposed on maximum acetazolamide diuresis. 3. Phosphate excretion exceeded 90% of filtered load when pent-4-enoic acid was administered under stable free water conditions and increased significantly when pent-4-enoic acid was superimposed on stable acetazolamide diuresis. 4. The results are interpreted as indicating inhibition of proximal tubular reabsorption by pent-4-enoic acid, emphasizing the importance of fatty acids as a major fuel for proximal tubular metabolism.", "PMID": 1192698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12918", "title": "Respiratory responses to simultaneous static and rhythmic exercises in humans.", "content": "1. Six male subjects performed simulataneous static (hand-grip) and rhythmic (bicycle ergometer) exercises while their respiratory responses were measured. 2. Oxygen consumption increased with the intensity of rhythmic work load, with a modest additional oxygen consumption accompanying the addition of static effort during the rhythmic exercise. 3. Minute ventilation (VE) increased directly with rhythmic exercise, but increased disproportionately to the metabolic need when static effort was added. The mean increment of VE elicited by the static exercise influence was nearly constant at 20 l/min, regardless of the rhythmic load present. 4. Possible reflex mechanisms which result in disruption of the normally well-matched ventilation and metabolic oxygen demands whenever static effort is present are discussed.", "contents": "Respiratory responses to simultaneous static and rhythmic exercises in humans. 1. Six male subjects performed simulataneous static (hand-grip) and rhythmic (bicycle ergometer) exercises while their respiratory responses were measured. 2. Oxygen consumption increased with the intensity of rhythmic work load, with a modest additional oxygen consumption accompanying the addition of static effort during the rhythmic exercise. 3. Minute ventilation (VE) increased directly with rhythmic exercise, but increased disproportionately to the metabolic need when static effort was added. The mean increment of VE elicited by the static exercise influence was nearly constant at 20 l/min, regardless of the rhythmic load present. 4. Possible reflex mechanisms which result in disruption of the normally well-matched ventilation and metabolic oxygen demands whenever static effort is present are discussed.", "PMID": 1192699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12919", "title": "A comparison on natriuresis after oral and intravenous sodium loading in sodium-depleted rabbits: evidence for a gastrointestinal or portal monitor of sodium intake.", "content": "1. Rabbits in balance on a low sodium diet were given doses of sodium chloride either orally or intravenously. 2. Those receiving oral doses responded with a much greater natriuresis than those receiving intravenous ones. 3. This could be explained by the existence of a sodium input monitor somewhere in the gut or portal circulation.", "contents": "A comparison on natriuresis after oral and intravenous sodium loading in sodium-depleted rabbits: evidence for a gastrointestinal or portal monitor of sodium intake. 1. Rabbits in balance on a low sodium diet were given doses of sodium chloride either orally or intravenously. 2. Those receiving oral doses responded with a much greater natriuresis than those receiving intravenous ones. 3. This could be explained by the existence of a sodium input monitor somewhere in the gut or portal circulation.", "PMID": 1192700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12920", "title": "A comparison of natriuresis after oral and intravenous sodium loading in sodium-depleted man: evidence for a gastrointestinal or portal monitor of sodium intake.", "content": "1. Dietary sodium reduction in man is followed by rapid conservation of sodium by the kidneys. The rapidity of this response suggests that the gastrointestinal tract is involved in early recognition of changes in sodium intake or in mediation of the compensatory response. 2. In order to test the hypothesis, 100 mmol of sodium was given to normal volunteers in balance on a low-sodium diet (5 mmol/24 h): the dose was given either orally or intravenously. 3. Those who received their sodium orally excreted it more rapidly than those who received it intravenously and the difference was most marked in the first 8 h after the dose. 4. This finding is consistent with the presence of an input receptor for sodium in the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "A comparison of natriuresis after oral and intravenous sodium loading in sodium-depleted man: evidence for a gastrointestinal or portal monitor of sodium intake. 1. Dietary sodium reduction in man is followed by rapid conservation of sodium by the kidneys. The rapidity of this response suggests that the gastrointestinal tract is involved in early recognition of changes in sodium intake or in mediation of the compensatory response. 2. In order to test the hypothesis, 100 mmol of sodium was given to normal volunteers in balance on a low-sodium diet (5 mmol/24 h): the dose was given either orally or intravenously. 3. Those who received their sodium orally excreted it more rapidly than those who received it intravenously and the difference was most marked in the first 8 h after the dose. 4. This finding is consistent with the presence of an input receptor for sodium in the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 1192701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12921", "title": "Urinary excretion of 17-oxosteroids in hereditary coproporphyria.", "content": "1. Urinary 17-oxosteroid conjugates were measured by gas-liquid chromatography in five patients with hereditary coproporphyria. 2. Three patients were in an acute attack and showed significantly increased excretion of sulphate or glucuronide conjugates of aetiocholanolone. There was increased excretion of several other related steroids but no consistent pattern was apparent. 3. In the two patients in remission, excretion of urinary 17-oxosteroids was not increased. 4. The ratio of total urinary aetiocholanolone to androsterone (5beta:5alpha) was found to be significantly elevated for the three patients in an acute attack. Serial measurements were made in two of these patients and showed a highly significant linear correaltion between this ratio and the urinary content of delta-aminolaevulic acid and porphobilinogen. 5. These observations suggest the involvement of the 17-oxosteroids, espically aetiocholanolone, in the pathogenesis of hereditary coproporphyria.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of 17-oxosteroids in hereditary coproporphyria. 1. Urinary 17-oxosteroid conjugates were measured by gas-liquid chromatography in five patients with hereditary coproporphyria. 2. Three patients were in an acute attack and showed significantly increased excretion of sulphate or glucuronide conjugates of aetiocholanolone. There was increased excretion of several other related steroids but no consistent pattern was apparent. 3. In the two patients in remission, excretion of urinary 17-oxosteroids was not increased. 4. The ratio of total urinary aetiocholanolone to androsterone (5beta:5alpha) was found to be significantly elevated for the three patients in an acute attack. Serial measurements were made in two of these patients and showed a highly significant linear correaltion between this ratio and the urinary content of delta-aminolaevulic acid and porphobilinogen. 5. These observations suggest the involvement of the 17-oxosteroids, espically aetiocholanolone, in the pathogenesis of hereditary coproporphyria.", "PMID": 1192702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12922", "title": "The release of renal prostaglandins during saline infusion in normal and hypertensive subjects.", "content": "1. Renal venous prostaglandin concentrations (PGA, PGE and PGF) were determined, together with renal plasma flow, urinary output and blood pressure changes, before and after infusion of sodium chloride solution (saline) in four normotensive and three hypertensive subjects. 2. No changes in blood pressure and in glomerular filtration rate were observed. 3. Saline infusion induced a significant increase in renal venous PGA and PGE, and also in total and non-cortical renal plasma flow and urinary output. There was an insignificant increase in renal venous PGF. 4. These findings show that prostaglandin release after saline infusion is associated with changes in renal blood flow and suggest that the natriuretic and diuretic effect of saline could be the result of prostaglandin release.", "contents": "The release of renal prostaglandins during saline infusion in normal and hypertensive subjects. 1. Renal venous prostaglandin concentrations (PGA, PGE and PGF) were determined, together with renal plasma flow, urinary output and blood pressure changes, before and after infusion of sodium chloride solution (saline) in four normotensive and three hypertensive subjects. 2. No changes in blood pressure and in glomerular filtration rate were observed. 3. Saline infusion induced a significant increase in renal venous PGA and PGE, and also in total and non-cortical renal plasma flow and urinary output. There was an insignificant increase in renal venous PGF. 4. These findings show that prostaglandin release after saline infusion is associated with changes in renal blood flow and suggest that the natriuretic and diuretic effect of saline could be the result of prostaglandin release.", "PMID": 1192703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12923", "title": "The role of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in the regulation of the cerebral circulation.", "content": "1. Ten experiments, each using two dogs, were performed to evaluate the effect of chemoreceptor and baroreceptor activity on the cerebral circulation. 2. The carotid bifurcation areas were vascularly isolated bilaterally and perfused with arterial blood from a second animal. 3. Bilateral vagotomy interrupted stimuli from the aortic group of receptors. 4. Administration of 5% carbon dioxide to the donor animal resulted in an increase in cerebral (cortical) blood flow in the recipient. 5. A change in the arterial perfusion pressure from the donor resulted in a reciprocal change in the cerebral blood flow of the recipient. These changes were abolished by sectioning the sinus nerves.", "contents": "The role of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in the regulation of the cerebral circulation. 1. Ten experiments, each using two dogs, were performed to evaluate the effect of chemoreceptor and baroreceptor activity on the cerebral circulation. 2. The carotid bifurcation areas were vascularly isolated bilaterally and perfused with arterial blood from a second animal. 3. Bilateral vagotomy interrupted stimuli from the aortic group of receptors. 4. Administration of 5% carbon dioxide to the donor animal resulted in an increase in cerebral (cortical) blood flow in the recipient. 5. A change in the arterial perfusion pressure from the donor resulted in a reciprocal change in the cerebral blood flow of the recipient. These changes were abolished by sectioning the sinus nerves.", "PMID": 1192704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12924", "title": "Disturbances in glucose metabolism in patients with liver damage due to paracetamol overdose.", "content": "1. Intravenous glucose tolerance test were performed in fourteen patients with mild or moderate liver damage due to paracetamol overdose. 2. In patients managed conservatively there was glucose intolerance associated with a diminished early insulin response to glucose, suggesting inadequate nutrition in the period between the overdose and the glucose tolerance test. 3. Patients given intravenous glucose supplements to maintain nutrition were also glucose intolerant and, in these, insulin responses to glucose were normal. The decreased fractional disappearance rate was partly due to an increase in glucose distribution space and partly due to a decrease in absolute glucose disappearance rate. 4. Impaired gluconeogenesis was suggested by mild fasting hypoglycaemia in four patients and raised fasting blood lactate concentrations. Serum growth hormone concentrations showed a paradoxical increase after glucose. 5. All these variables had returned to normal in four patients re-tested after recovery.", "contents": "Disturbances in glucose metabolism in patients with liver damage due to paracetamol overdose. 1. Intravenous glucose tolerance test were performed in fourteen patients with mild or moderate liver damage due to paracetamol overdose. 2. In patients managed conservatively there was glucose intolerance associated with a diminished early insulin response to glucose, suggesting inadequate nutrition in the period between the overdose and the glucose tolerance test. 3. Patients given intravenous glucose supplements to maintain nutrition were also glucose intolerant and, in these, insulin responses to glucose were normal. The decreased fractional disappearance rate was partly due to an increase in glucose distribution space and partly due to a decrease in absolute glucose disappearance rate. 4. Impaired gluconeogenesis was suggested by mild fasting hypoglycaemia in four patients and raised fasting blood lactate concentrations. Serum growth hormone concentrations showed a paradoxical increase after glucose. 5. All these variables had returned to normal in four patients re-tested after recovery.", "PMID": 1192705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12925", "title": "The direct effect of calcium on the hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure.", "content": "1. The direct effect of calcium on the hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure was studied in rats with induced chronic renal failure, who were fed on a diet low in phosphate and who received supplemental phosphate by injection. They were given a normal (0-8%), or (0-1%) or high (1-7%) calcium diet. 2. The animals on the low calcium diet had larger parathyroids and more severe bone disease at the end of 4 weeks, indicating the importance of calcium intake in directly influencing the degree of hyperparathyroidism. 3. Increasing the calcium content of the diet from 0-8% to 1-7% produced no additional benefits.", "contents": "The direct effect of calcium on the hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure. 1. The direct effect of calcium on the hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure was studied in rats with induced chronic renal failure, who were fed on a diet low in phosphate and who received supplemental phosphate by injection. They were given a normal (0-8%), or (0-1%) or high (1-7%) calcium diet. 2. The animals on the low calcium diet had larger parathyroids and more severe bone disease at the end of 4 weeks, indicating the importance of calcium intake in directly influencing the degree of hyperparathyroidism. 3. Increasing the calcium content of the diet from 0-8% to 1-7% produced no additional benefits.", "PMID": 1192706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12926", "title": "Urinary noradrenaline excretion and renal function in normal and hypertensive 50-year-old men.", "content": "1. Sympathetic nervous system activity, measured by urinary noradrenaline excretion, was determined in a group of untreated hypertensive subjects (n = 35), a reference group (n = 80) and a normotensive group (n = 51), all derived from a random population sample of 50-year-old men. It was compared with casual and resting blood pressure, urinary sodium excretion, urinary cretinine concentration and glomerular filtration rate. Hypertension was defined as systolic pressure greater than 175 or diastolic greater than 115 mmHg on two separate occasions. Normotension was defined as systolic pressure less than 160 and diastolic pressure less than 95 mmHg. 2. There was no difference in the average excretion of noradrenaline during the day or night between the reference, normotensive and hypertensive groups. None of the hypertensive patients had values for urinary noradrenaline excretion during the day above the range found in normotensive subjects, indicating that hypertension with increased sympathetic nervous system activity is uncommon when hypertension in defined as above. 3. No correlation between urinary noradrenaline excretion during the day and blood pressure was found in the reference group or in the normotensive group. In the hypertensive group, there was a negative correlation between urinary noradrenaline excretion and blood pressure after rest. This finding might indicate that factors other than sympathetic nervous system activity determine the level of blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. 4. In the hypertensive group, urinary noradrenaline excretion during the day was positively correlated with both urinary sidium excretion during the day and glomerular filtration rate. Urinary noradrenaline excretion per 24 h was positively correlated with urinary sodium excretion during the same time. High resting blood pressure, low urinary sodium excretion, low glomerular filtration rate and a reversed diurnal rhythm of urinary excretion characterized hypertensive patients with low urinary noradrenaline excretion, indicating more severe hypertension in these hypertensive patients with reduced sympathetic nervous system activity.", "contents": "Urinary noradrenaline excretion and renal function in normal and hypertensive 50-year-old men. 1. Sympathetic nervous system activity, measured by urinary noradrenaline excretion, was determined in a group of untreated hypertensive subjects (n = 35), a reference group (n = 80) and a normotensive group (n = 51), all derived from a random population sample of 50-year-old men. It was compared with casual and resting blood pressure, urinary sodium excretion, urinary cretinine concentration and glomerular filtration rate. Hypertension was defined as systolic pressure greater than 175 or diastolic greater than 115 mmHg on two separate occasions. Normotension was defined as systolic pressure less than 160 and diastolic pressure less than 95 mmHg. 2. There was no difference in the average excretion of noradrenaline during the day or night between the reference, normotensive and hypertensive groups. None of the hypertensive patients had values for urinary noradrenaline excretion during the day above the range found in normotensive subjects, indicating that hypertension with increased sympathetic nervous system activity is uncommon when hypertension in defined as above. 3. No correlation between urinary noradrenaline excretion during the day and blood pressure was found in the reference group or in the normotensive group. In the hypertensive group, there was a negative correlation between urinary noradrenaline excretion and blood pressure after rest. This finding might indicate that factors other than sympathetic nervous system activity determine the level of blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. 4. In the hypertensive group, urinary noradrenaline excretion during the day was positively correlated with both urinary sidium excretion during the day and glomerular filtration rate. Urinary noradrenaline excretion per 24 h was positively correlated with urinary sodium excretion during the same time. High resting blood pressure, low urinary sodium excretion, low glomerular filtration rate and a reversed diurnal rhythm of urinary excretion characterized hypertensive patients with low urinary noradrenaline excretion, indicating more severe hypertension in these hypertensive patients with reduced sympathetic nervous system activity.", "PMID": 1192707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12927", "title": "Hepatic glutathione depletion and impaired bromosulphthalein clearance early after paracetamol overdose in man and the rat.", "content": "1. Plasma clearance of bromosulphthalein was impaired in patients within 8 h, and in rats within 2 h , of paracetamol overdose, before biochemical signs of liver damage had appeared. 2. Paracetamol and bromosulphthalein competed for uptake into the liver and excretion into the bile. Impaired hepatic uptake of bromosulphthalein could also be demonstrated in man at doses of the drug within the therapeutic range. 3. In patients studied a smaller proportion of bromosulphthalein was retained in the plasma as the glutathione conjugate after an overdose than after therapeutic doses. This effect could be reproduced in the rat and shown to be due to depletion of hepatic glutathione and to impairment in the activity of the enzyme glutathione-S-aryl transferase. 4. These studies provide further evidence that depletion of hepatic glutathione occurs after paracetamol overdose in man, as in the experimental animal, allowing the subsequent accumulation and binding of a toxic metabolite of the drug within liver cells. Impaired enzymic conjugation of the toxic metabolite with hepatic reduced glutathione may also be important in this situation.", "contents": "Hepatic glutathione depletion and impaired bromosulphthalein clearance early after paracetamol overdose in man and the rat. 1. Plasma clearance of bromosulphthalein was impaired in patients within 8 h, and in rats within 2 h , of paracetamol overdose, before biochemical signs of liver damage had appeared. 2. Paracetamol and bromosulphthalein competed for uptake into the liver and excretion into the bile. Impaired hepatic uptake of bromosulphthalein could also be demonstrated in man at doses of the drug within the therapeutic range. 3. In patients studied a smaller proportion of bromosulphthalein was retained in the plasma as the glutathione conjugate after an overdose than after therapeutic doses. This effect could be reproduced in the rat and shown to be due to depletion of hepatic glutathione and to impairment in the activity of the enzyme glutathione-S-aryl transferase. 4. These studies provide further evidence that depletion of hepatic glutathione occurs after paracetamol overdose in man, as in the experimental animal, allowing the subsequent accumulation and binding of a toxic metabolite of the drug within liver cells. Impaired enzymic conjugation of the toxic metabolite with hepatic reduced glutathione may also be important in this situation.", "PMID": 1192708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12928", "title": "The effect of indomethacin and prostaglandin (PGE2) on renal failure due to glycerol in saline-loaded rats.", "content": "1. Acute renal failure was induced in conscious rate by subcutaneous injection of glycerol. 2. Expansion of the extracellular space by infusion of 150 mmol/l sodium chloride (saline) partly protected the animals against acute renal failure. 3. This protective effect of saline infusion disappeared when the animals were treated with indomethacin. This effect could be reversed by the addition of prostaglandin (PGE2) to the saline infusion. 4. We suggest that prostaglandins may be involved in mediating the protection afforded by saline infusion against acute renal failure due to glycerol.", "contents": "The effect of indomethacin and prostaglandin (PGE2) on renal failure due to glycerol in saline-loaded rats. 1. Acute renal failure was induced in conscious rate by subcutaneous injection of glycerol. 2. Expansion of the extracellular space by infusion of 150 mmol/l sodium chloride (saline) partly protected the animals against acute renal failure. 3. This protective effect of saline infusion disappeared when the animals were treated with indomethacin. This effect could be reversed by the addition of prostaglandin (PGE2) to the saline infusion. 4. We suggest that prostaglandins may be involved in mediating the protection afforded by saline infusion against acute renal failure due to glycerol.", "PMID": 1192709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12929", "title": "Plasma catecholamines and renin activity in response to exercise in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "1. The effect of physical exercise on blood pressure, plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity was studied in fourteen patients with essential hypertension and in eight healthy subjects. 2. Resting plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline and plasma renin activity of the hypertensive patients did not differ from those of the control subjects. 3. In response to graded exercise producing successive heart rates of 120, 140 and 160 beats/min, significantly greater increases of blood pressure were found in the patients than in the control subjects. 4. Plasma noradrenaline increased significantly in both groups at all levels of exercise, the responses being significantly greater in the hypertensive patients. 5. The mean arterial blood pressure was significantly correlated with plasma noradrenaline concentration in the control subjects but not in the hypertensive patients. 6. In the hypertensive group plasma adrenaline increased significantly after exercise at all work loads whereas, in the control group, significant increase occurred only at the highest work load. The differences in the response of the two groups were significant at each work load. 7. Plasma renin activity increased significantly after exercise at the heart rate of 120 beats/min, both in the hypertensive patients and in the control subjects. The magnitude of the response was similar in the two groups.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamines and renin activity in response to exercise in patients with essential hypertension. 1. The effect of physical exercise on blood pressure, plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity was studied in fourteen patients with essential hypertension and in eight healthy subjects. 2. Resting plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline and plasma renin activity of the hypertensive patients did not differ from those of the control subjects. 3. In response to graded exercise producing successive heart rates of 120, 140 and 160 beats/min, significantly greater increases of blood pressure were found in the patients than in the control subjects. 4. Plasma noradrenaline increased significantly in both groups at all levels of exercise, the responses being significantly greater in the hypertensive patients. 5. The mean arterial blood pressure was significantly correlated with plasma noradrenaline concentration in the control subjects but not in the hypertensive patients. 6. In the hypertensive group plasma adrenaline increased significantly after exercise at all work loads whereas, in the control group, significant increase occurred only at the highest work load. The differences in the response of the two groups were significant at each work load. 7. Plasma renin activity increased significantly after exercise at the heart rate of 120 beats/min, both in the hypertensive patients and in the control subjects. The magnitude of the response was similar in the two groups.", "PMID": 1192710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12930", "title": "The effect of reduction in blood volume on plasma renin activity in man.", "content": "1. The blood volume was reduced by approximately 10% in nine adult humans. 2. Plasma renin activity was measured before and at intervals after the venesection. In seven subjects there was no significant change. In two subjects there was a slight but significant increase in plasma renin activity. 3. It is concluded that reduction in blood volume is not a major short-term factor in regulating renin production in humans.", "contents": "The effect of reduction in blood volume on plasma renin activity in man. 1. The blood volume was reduced by approximately 10% in nine adult humans. 2. Plasma renin activity was measured before and at intervals after the venesection. In seven subjects there was no significant change. In two subjects there was a slight but significant increase in plasma renin activity. 3. It is concluded that reduction in blood volume is not a major short-term factor in regulating renin production in humans.", "PMID": 1192711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12931", "title": "The effect of frusemide on water and electrolyte absorption from the human jejunum.", "content": "1. Frusemide, in a dose of 120 nmol (40 mg) administered intravenously, significantly reduced the absorption of water and electrolytes from the human jejunum, a double-lumen perfusion system with proixmal occluding balloons being used. Net secretion of water and electrolytes occurred in some subjects. 2. No significant change in water and electrolyte absorption was observed with 60 nmol (20 mg) of frusemide. 3. These findings may explain the diarrhoea which may be induced by fursemide in some patients.", "contents": "The effect of frusemide on water and electrolyte absorption from the human jejunum. 1. Frusemide, in a dose of 120 nmol (40 mg) administered intravenously, significantly reduced the absorption of water and electrolytes from the human jejunum, a double-lumen perfusion system with proixmal occluding balloons being used. Net secretion of water and electrolytes occurred in some subjects. 2. No significant change in water and electrolyte absorption was observed with 60 nmol (20 mg) of frusemide. 3. These findings may explain the diarrhoea which may be induced by fursemide in some patients.", "PMID": 1192712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12932", "title": "A study of intraluminal peptide hydrolase activity in the rat.", "content": "1. Uncentrifuged and centrifuged rat intestinal contents were assayed for peptide hydrolase activity with glycyl-L-phenylalanine (Gly-Phe) and L-phenylalanyl-glycine (Phe-Gly) as substrates in the absence and presence of the intestinal cytosol peptide hydrolase inhibitor p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. 2. Jejunal contents hydrolysed Gly-Phe faster than Phe-Gly. Conversely, ileal contents hydrolysed Phe-Gly faster than Gly-Phe. 3. p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate markedly inhibited jejunal peptide hydrolase activity. There was ten times as much PHMB-resistant activity towards both dipeptides in ileal contents as in jejunal contents. 4. Most of the luminal enzyme activity was present in the supernatants after centrifugation, indicating the luminal enzymes exist in the soluble form. Although the presence of soluble bacterial enzymes cannot be excluded, peptide hydrolase enzymes in jejunal contents have the characteristics of mucosal cytosol enzymes whereas enzymes in ileal contents have the characteristics of mucosal bruch border as well as cytosol enzymes.", "contents": "A study of intraluminal peptide hydrolase activity in the rat. 1. Uncentrifuged and centrifuged rat intestinal contents were assayed for peptide hydrolase activity with glycyl-L-phenylalanine (Gly-Phe) and L-phenylalanyl-glycine (Phe-Gly) as substrates in the absence and presence of the intestinal cytosol peptide hydrolase inhibitor p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. 2. Jejunal contents hydrolysed Gly-Phe faster than Phe-Gly. Conversely, ileal contents hydrolysed Phe-Gly faster than Gly-Phe. 3. p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate markedly inhibited jejunal peptide hydrolase activity. There was ten times as much PHMB-resistant activity towards both dipeptides in ileal contents as in jejunal contents. 4. Most of the luminal enzyme activity was present in the supernatants after centrifugation, indicating the luminal enzymes exist in the soluble form. Although the presence of soluble bacterial enzymes cannot be excluded, peptide hydrolase enzymes in jejunal contents have the characteristics of mucosal cytosol enzymes whereas enzymes in ileal contents have the characteristics of mucosal bruch border as well as cytosol enzymes.", "PMID": 1192713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12933", "title": "[Typological studies of psychotics' personality before their illness, with special reference to manic-depressives].", "content": "This article deals with the following problem: to what extent is it possible to draw conclusions about the type of psychosis involved--in a case of endogenous psychosis--when one only has indications about the family background and the development of the personality before the illness, excluding all data about cases in the family, former pathological episodes and the present illness of the patient? Only pure forms of endogenous psychoses have been taken into consideration. Our hypothesis was that schizophrenics show before their illness schizoid features, subjects with an endogenous depression show features of the melancholic type, whilst manic depressives do not correspond to any of these types. After having studied most of the literature on this subject, we have attempted to draw from case histories the most marked features of personality and to obtain an overall picture of the primary personality of schizophrenic, depressive and manic depressive patients. This material was used for a \"blind diagnosis\" from 40 case histories (20 schizophrenics, 10 depressives and 10 manic depressive patients treated at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich). The results of this evaluation were significantly superior to those of a random distribution. Furthermore, we have attempted to outline the principal elements of the personality of future manic depressives from three examples out of the ten case histories studied. We came to the conclusion that although it is impossible to clearly oppose the primary personality of manic depressives to that of depressive patients, we have found a series of differences that prevent us from outlining a real common denominator for patients with \"affective psychoses'.", "contents": "[Typological studies of psychotics' personality before their illness, with special reference to manic-depressives]. This article deals with the following problem: to what extent is it possible to draw conclusions about the type of psychosis involved--in a case of endogenous psychosis--when one only has indications about the family background and the development of the personality before the illness, excluding all data about cases in the family, former pathological episodes and the present illness of the patient? Only pure forms of endogenous psychoses have been taken into consideration. Our hypothesis was that schizophrenics show before their illness schizoid features, subjects with an endogenous depression show features of the melancholic type, whilst manic depressives do not correspond to any of these types. After having studied most of the literature on this subject, we have attempted to draw from case histories the most marked features of personality and to obtain an overall picture of the primary personality of schizophrenic, depressive and manic depressive patients. This material was used for a \"blind diagnosis\" from 40 case histories (20 schizophrenics, 10 depressives and 10 manic depressive patients treated at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich). The results of this evaluation were significantly superior to those of a random distribution. Furthermore, we have attempted to outline the principal elements of the personality of future manic depressives from three examples out of the ten case histories studied. We came to the conclusion that although it is impossible to clearly oppose the primary personality of manic depressives to that of depressive patients, we have found a series of differences that prevent us from outlining a real common denominator for patients with \"affective psychoses'.", "PMID": 1192723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12934", "title": "[The phenomenon of possession. Conception and experiences of possession in youth].", "content": "In the last few years, a trend to the multiplication of experiences of possession has been observed in young people. On the basis of four typical examples, the author examines this phenomenon in the light of the psychiatric, psychoanalytic and theological understanding of possession. It involves mostly young people, who do not have hysterical fits or psychotic episodes during spiritualist practices but who specially tend to take a strong interest in occultism, who very often consume drugs and have contacts with groups in which the interest for demonology plays an important part.", "contents": "[The phenomenon of possession. Conception and experiences of possession in youth]. In the last few years, a trend to the multiplication of experiences of possession has been observed in young people. On the basis of four typical examples, the author examines this phenomenon in the light of the psychiatric, psychoanalytic and theological understanding of possession. It involves mostly young people, who do not have hysterical fits or psychotic episodes during spiritualist practices but who specially tend to take a strong interest in occultism, who very often consume drugs and have contacts with groups in which the interest for demonology plays an important part.", "PMID": 1192724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12935", "title": "[Speech behavior and neurotic personality structure. Is there a neuroses-specific communication behavior in the psychoanalytic situation].", "content": "Speech behaviour of the patient and the analyst is considered with regard to the psychoanalytic situation and its regulating factors such as transference and countertransference. It appears that the scientific viewpoint of the researching analyst determines the conception as well as the interpretation of a possible connection between verbal behaviour and neurotic personality structure. If the psychoanalytic situation is regarded as a means to investigate the patient and his symptoms, his verbal behaviour seems to depend on the unconscious motives forming his neurotic structure of personality. On the contrary, if the psychoanalytic situation is regarded as a communicative situation, the verbal behaviour of the patient as well as of the analyst depends rather on their 'here-and-now' transference relationship in a certain phase of the psychoanalytic process.", "contents": "[Speech behavior and neurotic personality structure. Is there a neuroses-specific communication behavior in the psychoanalytic situation]. Speech behaviour of the patient and the analyst is considered with regard to the psychoanalytic situation and its regulating factors such as transference and countertransference. It appears that the scientific viewpoint of the researching analyst determines the conception as well as the interpretation of a possible connection between verbal behaviour and neurotic personality structure. If the psychoanalytic situation is regarded as a means to investigate the patient and his symptoms, his verbal behaviour seems to depend on the unconscious motives forming his neurotic structure of personality. On the contrary, if the psychoanalytic situation is regarded as a communicative situation, the verbal behaviour of the patient as well as of the analyst depends rather on their 'here-and-now' transference relationship in a certain phase of the psychoanalytic process.", "PMID": 1192725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12936", "title": "[Ritualized suffering as a factor of recovery].", "content": "Ritualised suffering as a possible factor in convalescence is discussed and a phenomenalistic analysis has been carried out. Most of the examples are derived from the religious sciences and social anthropology. The different modes of behaviour, e.g. the individual and collective suffering pattern, are compared. Furthermore the analogous behaviour, i.e. the overcoming of suffering through suffering, is contrasted to the antithetical behaviour, i.e. the overcoming of suffering through cheerfulness.", "contents": "[Ritualized suffering as a factor of recovery]. Ritualised suffering as a possible factor in convalescence is discussed and a phenomenalistic analysis has been carried out. Most of the examples are derived from the religious sciences and social anthropology. The different modes of behaviour, e.g. the individual and collective suffering pattern, are compared. Furthermore the analogous behaviour, i.e. the overcoming of suffering through suffering, is contrasted to the antithetical behaviour, i.e. the overcoming of suffering through cheerfulness.", "PMID": 1192726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12937", "title": "[Hallucinations and experience of fear].", "content": "Hallucinations, which are experienced in fear-evoking situations of helplessness and (external) danger, are attempts of defence and the realisation of elementary needs of self-preservation and security. The reality-denying self-deception is accompanied by the mobilisation of own protective potencies. Hallucinations are experienced fearfully, so that there is a situation of helplessness and danger. They are--as neurotic symptoms--an attempt to realise libidinous and/or aggressive desires with the manifestation of (condemning and punishing) defence in the projective perception. The self-deception here concerns the denial of own internal conflicts.", "contents": "[Hallucinations and experience of fear]. Hallucinations, which are experienced in fear-evoking situations of helplessness and (external) danger, are attempts of defence and the realisation of elementary needs of self-preservation and security. The reality-denying self-deception is accompanied by the mobilisation of own protective potencies. Hallucinations are experienced fearfully, so that there is a situation of helplessness and danger. They are--as neurotic symptoms--an attempt to realise libidinous and/or aggressive desires with the manifestation of (condemning and punishing) defence in the projective perception. The self-deception here concerns the denial of own internal conflicts.", "PMID": 1192727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12938", "title": "A cerebellar abiotrophy of calves.", "content": "A postnatal cerebellar atazia of a type not previously reported in calves is described. Atazia was first noticed in affected animals when they were three to eight months of age, and was often accompanied by loss of the menace response in an animal which was not blind. The disorder was progressive. At postmortem cerebellar size was normal. Microscopic lesions consisted of primarily an apparent degeneration of cerebellar neurons without obvious evidence of inflammation. History, clinical signs, laboratory examination, gross pathology, histopathology, differential diagnosis, search for an etiologic agent and genetic histories are reported. It is concluded that this disorder may represent an hereditary cerebellar abiotrophy in Holstein cattle.", "contents": "A cerebellar abiotrophy of calves. A postnatal cerebellar atazia of a type not previously reported in calves is described. Atazia was first noticed in affected animals when they were three to eight months of age, and was often accompanied by loss of the menace response in an animal which was not blind. The disorder was progressive. At postmortem cerebellar size was normal. Microscopic lesions consisted of primarily an apparent degeneration of cerebellar neurons without obvious evidence of inflammation. History, clinical signs, laboratory examination, gross pathology, histopathology, differential diagnosis, search for an etiologic agent and genetic histories are reported. It is concluded that this disorder may represent an hereditary cerebellar abiotrophy in Holstein cattle.", "PMID": 1192746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12939", "title": "Collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the horse.", "content": "Methods for atlanto-occipital and lumbosacral collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the horse are described in detail, and the techniques and complications discussed.", "contents": "Collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the horse. Methods for atlanto-occipital and lumbosacral collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the horse are described in detail, and the techniques and complications discussed.", "PMID": 1192748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12940", "title": "Radiographic method for anatomic study of the teat canal: characteristics related to resistance to new intramammary infection during lactation and the early dry period.", "content": "An in vivo radiographic method to determine teat canal anatomy has shown that resistant quarters had teat canals with a smaller diameter than that of susceptible quarters. The length of the teat canal did not appear to be related to resistance to new intramammary infections. These findings relate to new infection caused by Aerobacter aerogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Quarters guarded by teat canals with larger diameter were less resistent to new infection during both lactation and the early dry period compared with quarters guarded by teat canals with small diameter.", "contents": "Radiographic method for anatomic study of the teat canal: characteristics related to resistance to new intramammary infection during lactation and the early dry period. An in vivo radiographic method to determine teat canal anatomy has shown that resistant quarters had teat canals with a smaller diameter than that of susceptible quarters. The length of the teat canal did not appear to be related to resistance to new intramammary infections. These findings relate to new infection caused by Aerobacter aerogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Quarters guarded by teat canals with larger diameter were less resistent to new infection during both lactation and the early dry period compared with quarters guarded by teat canals with small diameter.", "PMID": 1192747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12941", "title": "Cestrum diurnum poisoning in Florida cattle.", "content": "Cestrum diurnum poisoning was described in a Florida bull. Clinical signs included chronic wasting and progressive lameness. Plasma calcium was elevated for long periods of time but decreased toward low normal values. There was pronounced C-cell hyperplasia. Osteopetrosis was very severe and reflected retarded osteocytic osteolysis and chondrolysis. Further negative effects on the osteocytes eventually lead to osteonecrosis. Soft tissue calcinosis involved tendons and ligaments, major arteries and veins but kidneys and lungs were spared. Whereas the osteopetrosis could be explained by hypercalcitoninism, the osteonecrosis was believed to result from direct action by the Cestrum diurnum factor, previously shown to have an action similar to that of 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol, which is the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3.", "contents": "Cestrum diurnum poisoning in Florida cattle. Cestrum diurnum poisoning was described in a Florida bull. Clinical signs included chronic wasting and progressive lameness. Plasma calcium was elevated for long periods of time but decreased toward low normal values. There was pronounced C-cell hyperplasia. Osteopetrosis was very severe and reflected retarded osteocytic osteolysis and chondrolysis. Further negative effects on the osteocytes eventually lead to osteonecrosis. Soft tissue calcinosis involved tendons and ligaments, major arteries and veins but kidneys and lungs were spared. Whereas the osteopetrosis could be explained by hypercalcitoninism, the osteonecrosis was believed to result from direct action by the Cestrum diurnum factor, previously shown to have an action similar to that of 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol, which is the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3.", "PMID": 1192749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12942", "title": "Short term abstinence from smoking: its place in preoperative preparation.", "content": "Newer pulmonary function instruments make measurement of small airway function possible as a routine, inexpensive part of preoperative preparation of patients with obstructive lung disease. Patients with early stages of chronic obstructive lung disease have maldistribution of ventilation and perfusion producing an increased A-a oxygen gradient. If the disease is at a reversible stage, early diagnosis and treatment should be helpful in preventing postoperative complications. Five volunteer heavy smokers stopped smoking for one week without any improvement in small airway function. A longer period of abstinence and other therapeutic modalities for these patients is needed prior to surgery to reduce the postoperative impact of this pathology.", "contents": "Short term abstinence from smoking: its place in preoperative preparation. Newer pulmonary function instruments make measurement of small airway function possible as a routine, inexpensive part of preoperative preparation of patients with obstructive lung disease. Patients with early stages of chronic obstructive lung disease have maldistribution of ventilation and perfusion producing an increased A-a oxygen gradient. If the disease is at a reversible stage, early diagnosis and treatment should be helpful in preventing postoperative complications. Five volunteer heavy smokers stopped smoking for one week without any improvement in small airway function. A longer period of abstinence and other therapeutic modalities for these patients is needed prior to surgery to reduce the postoperative impact of this pathology.", "PMID": 1192750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12943", "title": "Studies of temperature balance after open-heart surgery.", "content": "An analysis of postoperative records over a two-year period has shown that a mean rise in central body temperature greater than 2 degrees occurs in patients within 12 hours of return from the operating room following open-heart surgery. In some patients the central body temperature may rise to greater than 41 degrees C. despite an adequately warm peripheral temperature, and this is associated with a high mortality rate. An apparatus has been developed which enables the immediate enviroment of the patient to be controlled. A comparison of two groups of patients, in one of which the apparatus was used, demonstrated that it was possible to attenuate significantly the usual postoperative temperature rise seen in the control group. In a third group further cooling was employed: these patients were successfully held at subnormal temperatures. Using multiple temperature probes and heat balance formulas, it was shown that the rise in central body heat was due mainly to elevation of total body heat rather than the result of redistribution of heat from the surface.", "contents": "Studies of temperature balance after open-heart surgery. An analysis of postoperative records over a two-year period has shown that a mean rise in central body temperature greater than 2 degrees occurs in patients within 12 hours of return from the operating room following open-heart surgery. In some patients the central body temperature may rise to greater than 41 degrees C. despite an adequately warm peripheral temperature, and this is associated with a high mortality rate. An apparatus has been developed which enables the immediate enviroment of the patient to be controlled. A comparison of two groups of patients, in one of which the apparatus was used, demonstrated that it was possible to attenuate significantly the usual postoperative temperature rise seen in the control group. In a third group further cooling was employed: these patients were successfully held at subnormal temperatures. Using multiple temperature probes and heat balance formulas, it was shown that the rise in central body heat was due mainly to elevation of total body heat rather than the result of redistribution of heat from the surface.", "PMID": 1192751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12944", "title": "The Spirostat: comparison with water-sealed spirometer.", "content": "Performance of four Spirostat units in measuring forced expiratory volume, 1 sec (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were examined against that of a Collins spirometer using 10 volunteers. One Spirostat was discarded because of gross inaccuracy. The other three were evaluated for accuracy, repeatability and comparability among Spirostats. For FEV1 it reads high over the low ranges and low over the upper ranges. For the FVC, it reads high for all values up to 5.0 liters where it becomes quite accurate. The repeatability was considered only fair, since one spirostat differed from the other two; the comparability was acceptable.", "contents": "The Spirostat: comparison with water-sealed spirometer. Performance of four Spirostat units in measuring forced expiratory volume, 1 sec (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were examined against that of a Collins spirometer using 10 volunteers. One Spirostat was discarded because of gross inaccuracy. The other three were evaluated for accuracy, repeatability and comparability among Spirostats. For FEV1 it reads high over the low ranges and low over the upper ranges. For the FVC, it reads high for all values up to 5.0 liters where it becomes quite accurate. The repeatability was considered only fair, since one spirostat differed from the other two; the comparability was acceptable.", "PMID": 1192752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12945", "title": "Experience with an intensive care unit in a developing country.", "content": "In September 1963 an intensive care unit was established at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. The incidence of mortality was significantly high (38%). This was attributed to several factors: (1) severity of illnesses, types of illness and antecedent period of neglect; (2) lack of a critical care medicine program; (3) limited numbers of skilled, full-time intensive care unit personnel, including physicians, nurses, inhalation therapists and paramedics, and (4) the high incidence of sepsis in the intensive care unit.", "contents": "Experience with an intensive care unit in a developing country. In September 1963 an intensive care unit was established at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. The incidence of mortality was significantly high (38%). This was attributed to several factors: (1) severity of illnesses, types of illness and antecedent period of neglect; (2) lack of a critical care medicine program; (3) limited numbers of skilled, full-time intensive care unit personnel, including physicians, nurses, inhalation therapists and paramedics, and (4) the high incidence of sepsis in the intensive care unit.", "PMID": 1192753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12946", "title": "Changes in urea clearance after a single dose of diuretics during water diuresis.", "content": "The action of various diuretics on the excretion fraction of urea (Curea/Ccr) was studied in 91 healthy volunteers under conditions of maintained maximal water diuresis. On the basis of previous data on transtubular transport or urea it should be expected that with an increase in the excretion fraction of water (V/Ccr) under the given experimental conditions we should find an increase in Curea/Ccr. After administration of polythiazide, which has a predominantly distal localisation of action in the nephron, Curea/Ccr did not change. After administration of chlorothiazide, furosemide and after i.v. administration of ethacrynic acid there was a marked increase in V/Ccr, ranging from 5.4 to 18%. Despite this there was no significant increase in Curea/Ccr. After i.v. administration of acetazolamide or oral administration of ethacrynic acid Curea/Ccr even showed a statistically significant decrease. These findings suggest that a decrease in proximal tubular reabsorption of water after administration of diuretics during maximal water diuresis is not a decisive factor for the renal excretion of urea. The data suggest that the diuretics affected the permeability of the distal segment of the nephron for urea in the sense of an increase of tubular reabsorption.", "contents": "Changes in urea clearance after a single dose of diuretics during water diuresis. The action of various diuretics on the excretion fraction of urea (Curea/Ccr) was studied in 91 healthy volunteers under conditions of maintained maximal water diuresis. On the basis of previous data on transtubular transport or urea it should be expected that with an increase in the excretion fraction of water (V/Ccr) under the given experimental conditions we should find an increase in Curea/Ccr. After administration of polythiazide, which has a predominantly distal localisation of action in the nephron, Curea/Ccr did not change. After administration of chlorothiazide, furosemide and after i.v. administration of ethacrynic acid there was a marked increase in V/Ccr, ranging from 5.4 to 18%. Despite this there was no significant increase in Curea/Ccr. After i.v. administration of acetazolamide or oral administration of ethacrynic acid Curea/Ccr even showed a statistically significant decrease. These findings suggest that a decrease in proximal tubular reabsorption of water after administration of diuretics during maximal water diuresis is not a decisive factor for the renal excretion of urea. The data suggest that the diuretics affected the permeability of the distal segment of the nephron for urea in the sense of an increase of tubular reabsorption.", "PMID": 1192766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12947", "title": "Reevaluation of micropuncture techniques: some of the factors which affect the rate of fluid absorption by the proximal tubule.", "content": "The present study has shown: (1) Hydrostatic pressure from the lumen is not an effective driving force ofr fluid absorption (Jv). (2) Hydrostatic pressure from the contraluminal side can strongly inhibit Jv. (3) Colloid in the capillary perfusate can effectively minimize the artifact of capillary perfusion. (4) HCO3 free serum as capillary perfusate inhibited Jv approximately to 50% of control. (5) 5 mM NaCN in capillary perfusate (dialyzed serum) inhibited Jv by 90% after two min and almost totally after 4 min. The presence or absence of exogenous substrate in capillary perfusate had no effect on NC-induced inhibition. The data indicate that glycolysis alone can not sustain fluid absorption.", "contents": "Reevaluation of micropuncture techniques: some of the factors which affect the rate of fluid absorption by the proximal tubule. The present study has shown: (1) Hydrostatic pressure from the lumen is not an effective driving force ofr fluid absorption (Jv). (2) Hydrostatic pressure from the contraluminal side can strongly inhibit Jv. (3) Colloid in the capillary perfusate can effectively minimize the artifact of capillary perfusion. (4) HCO3 free serum as capillary perfusate inhibited Jv approximately to 50% of control. (5) 5 mM NaCN in capillary perfusate (dialyzed serum) inhibited Jv by 90% after two min and almost totally after 4 min. The presence or absence of exogenous substrate in capillary perfusate had no effect on NC-induced inhibition. The data indicate that glycolysis alone can not sustain fluid absorption.", "PMID": 1192768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12948", "title": "Error calculation in the study of renal metabolism.", "content": "1) By the aid of error calculation various formula structures of method in the renal metabolism have been investigated in regards to their intermediary information contents. 2) The effects of the formations of the means and the error calculation on correlation and significance test are shown. 3) The calculation was carried out for a mean relative error of the means which were 1 respectively 5% of the determinants. It showed how dangerous it can be to calculate with means without taking into account the errors induced.", "contents": "Error calculation in the study of renal metabolism. 1) By the aid of error calculation various formula structures of method in the renal metabolism have been investigated in regards to their intermediary information contents. 2) The effects of the formations of the means and the error calculation on correlation and significance test are shown. 3) The calculation was carried out for a mean relative error of the means which were 1 respectively 5% of the determinants. It showed how dangerous it can be to calculate with means without taking into account the errors induced.", "PMID": 1192769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12949", "title": "Changes in blood serotonin during hemodialysis.", "content": "Authors studied serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamin) in blood in patients with severe renal failure. Changes of serotonin in platelets and plasma in renal failure possibly play a part in clotting disorders of uremia. The authors found increased levels of serotonin in the patients, who suffered from acute and chronic renal failure. 15 patients were dialysed in regular dialysis treatment. Serotonin increased in blood after each dialysis. Platelets remained unchanged during hemodialysis. The authors discuss these new findings and correlate the above mentioned changes with electrolytes and some other laboratory findings.", "contents": "Changes in blood serotonin during hemodialysis. Authors studied serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamin) in blood in patients with severe renal failure. Changes of serotonin in platelets and plasma in renal failure possibly play a part in clotting disorders of uremia. The authors found increased levels of serotonin in the patients, who suffered from acute and chronic renal failure. 15 patients were dialysed in regular dialysis treatment. Serotonin increased in blood after each dialysis. Platelets remained unchanged during hemodialysis. The authors discuss these new findings and correlate the above mentioned changes with electrolytes and some other laboratory findings.", "PMID": 1192772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12950", "title": "Gluconeogenesis in isolated nephron segments of the rabbit.", "content": "Glucose production rates from lactate and pyruvate in individually isolated segments of the rabbit nephron were measured using the enzymatic cycling method. Glucose production per mm length was uniformly high in the whole proximal tubule including the straight descending portion. Lower values were observed in the thin descending limb and in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. We believe that this study demonstrates two advantages of the approach suggested by Burg and Orloff to study renal metabolism in different parts of the nephron: first, specific differences in the metabolism of indivudual nephron segments can be detected directly, second, metabolic rates are easily to be compared with physiological data obtained by micropuncture and microperfusion since the common point of reference is the length of the nephron segments.", "contents": "Gluconeogenesis in isolated nephron segments of the rabbit. Glucose production rates from lactate and pyruvate in individually isolated segments of the rabbit nephron were measured using the enzymatic cycling method. Glucose production per mm length was uniformly high in the whole proximal tubule including the straight descending portion. Lower values were observed in the thin descending limb and in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. We believe that this study demonstrates two advantages of the approach suggested by Burg and Orloff to study renal metabolism in different parts of the nephron: first, specific differences in the metabolism of indivudual nephron segments can be detected directly, second, metabolic rates are easily to be compared with physiological data obtained by micropuncture and microperfusion since the common point of reference is the length of the nephron segments.", "PMID": 1192776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12951", "title": "Stimulation of renal gluconeogenesis by L-alanine and AIB.", "content": "L-alanine as well as AIB have been shown to stimulate gluconeogenesis in isolated kidney cortex tubules in a catalytic way. The data reported are consistent with the view, that the stimulation of renal gluconeogenesis by L-alanine and AIB is due to an inhibition of glycolysis at the level of the pyruvate kinase reaction. In the light of results of Carminatti et al. [8], showing that in kidney cortex 70-80% of total pyruvate kinase activity is represented by a type which is insensitive to inhibition by ATP but sensitive to inhibition by alanine, it appears conceivable also from our results, that alanine counteracted by FDP might contribute to the regulation of pyruvate kinase acti-ity and consequently thereby gluconeogenesis in kidney cortex.", "contents": "Stimulation of renal gluconeogenesis by L-alanine and AIB. L-alanine as well as AIB have been shown to stimulate gluconeogenesis in isolated kidney cortex tubules in a catalytic way. The data reported are consistent with the view, that the stimulation of renal gluconeogenesis by L-alanine and AIB is due to an inhibition of glycolysis at the level of the pyruvate kinase reaction. In the light of results of Carminatti et al. [8], showing that in kidney cortex 70-80% of total pyruvate kinase activity is represented by a type which is insensitive to inhibition by ATP but sensitive to inhibition by alanine, it appears conceivable also from our results, that alanine counteracted by FDP might contribute to the regulation of pyruvate kinase acti-ity and consequently thereby gluconeogenesis in kidney cortex.", "PMID": 1192781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12952", "title": "Triploidy and haploid-triploid mosaicism among chick embryos (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "Homomorphic, chromosomally abnormal roosters were mated to normal hens. The 23 hens produced 67 embryos, including two triploids and a haploid-triploid mosaic at about 26 hours of incubation. Both of the triploid embryos were conceived within a 5-day period. The presence of a single genome of paternal origin with marker chromosomes in each triploid led to the conclusion that these embryos were derived from diploid, ZW-type ova fertilized by haploid, Z-type spermatozoa. The inheritance pattern of the mosaic embryo was clearly due to a spermatozoal origin for the haploid cell line; and one genome of the three in the triploid cell line was paternal. The sec chromosomes were Z/ZZZ, with one Z of each cell line being a translocation product of paternal derivation.", "contents": "Triploidy and haploid-triploid mosaicism among chick embryos (Gallus domesticus). Homomorphic, chromosomally abnormal roosters were mated to normal hens. The 23 hens produced 67 embryos, including two triploids and a haploid-triploid mosaic at about 26 hours of incubation. Both of the triploid embryos were conceived within a 5-day period. The presence of a single genome of paternal origin with marker chromosomes in each triploid led to the conclusion that these embryos were derived from diploid, ZW-type ova fertilized by haploid, Z-type spermatozoa. The inheritance pattern of the mosaic embryo was clearly due to a spermatozoal origin for the haploid cell line; and one genome of the three in the triploid cell line was paternal. The sec chromosomes were Z/ZZZ, with one Z of each cell line being a translocation product of paternal derivation.", "PMID": 1192842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12953", "title": "A simple statistical analysis of Indian muntjac Giemsa band patterns.", "content": "Indian Muntiacus muntjac G-banded chromosomes were used for computerized analysis for standardized karyotype generation. Individual chromosomes on high-contrast photographic negatives were scanned densitometrically. Alignment of each chromosome for analysis was achieved by locating predominant peaks as well as the centromere. This provided better alignment that the use of the chromosome-end locations. The standardized set was obtained by determing the root-mean-square average density along 10-20 homologous chromosomes. The resulting standard karyotype differs from those published earlier. Prophase chromosomes exhibited greater detail than more condensed metaphase chromosomes. Although Indian muntjac chromosomes were used as a model, the method of analysis should be readily adaptable for examining chromosomes of any origin. The analytic technique should be within the capabilities of the smallest cytogenetic laboratories.", "contents": "A simple statistical analysis of Indian muntjac Giemsa band patterns. Indian Muntiacus muntjac G-banded chromosomes were used for computerized analysis for standardized karyotype generation. Individual chromosomes on high-contrast photographic negatives were scanned densitometrically. Alignment of each chromosome for analysis was achieved by locating predominant peaks as well as the centromere. This provided better alignment that the use of the chromosome-end locations. The standardized set was obtained by determing the root-mean-square average density along 10-20 homologous chromosomes. The resulting standard karyotype differs from those published earlier. Prophase chromosomes exhibited greater detail than more condensed metaphase chromosomes. Although Indian muntjac chromosomes were used as a model, the method of analysis should be readily adaptable for examining chromosomes of any origin. The analytic technique should be within the capabilities of the smallest cytogenetic laboratories.", "PMID": 1192843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12954", "title": "Comparative cytochemical measurements in the diploid-tetraploid species pair of hylid frogs Hyla chrysoscelis and H. versicolor.", "content": "Hyla versicolor (2n = 48) is a tetraploid counterpart to H. chrysoscelis (2n = 24). Cytochemical measurements revealed that no cytological parameter of the two species conformed to the expected 2:1 ratio. Every cytological factor of the tetraploid appeared to have been regulated toward the diploid level. H. veriscolor-to-H. chrysoscelis mean ratios and their standard errors were: DNA 1.90 +/- 0.03; nuclear histone, 1.70 +/- 0.18; nuclear RNA, 1.63 +/- 0.19; total nuclear protein, 1.46 +/- 0.05; nuclear sizes, 1.42 +/- 0.08.", "contents": "Comparative cytochemical measurements in the diploid-tetraploid species pair of hylid frogs Hyla chrysoscelis and H. versicolor. Hyla versicolor (2n = 48) is a tetraploid counterpart to H. chrysoscelis (2n = 24). Cytochemical measurements revealed that no cytological parameter of the two species conformed to the expected 2:1 ratio. Every cytological factor of the tetraploid appeared to have been regulated toward the diploid level. H. veriscolor-to-H. chrysoscelis mean ratios and their standard errors were: DNA 1.90 +/- 0.03; nuclear histone, 1.70 +/- 0.18; nuclear RNA, 1.63 +/- 0.19; total nuclear protein, 1.46 +/- 0.05; nuclear sizes, 1.42 +/- 0.08.", "PMID": 1192844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12955", "title": "Incidence of serum precipitins against organic-dust antigens in different populations by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "The incidence of serum antidust and antifungal precipitins was determined by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in 317 atopic and nonatopic subjects of three geographic areas (north central, southern, and western United States). The selected lyophilized crude antigens employed were from house dust, Micropolyspora faeni, Candida albicans, Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Puccinia coronata, Cantharellus cibarius, and Amborsia trifida. Antidust precipitins were detected with high frequency in atopic and nonatopic subjects of each geographic area (48 to 71 percent of different population subgroups). Precipitin reactions were generally intense and often multiple, in keeping with the marked heterogeneity of the crude dust antigen employed. Antidust precipitins were also present in serum fractions precipitated with ammonium sulfate and in IgG-rich fractions obtained by gel filtration (Sephadex G-200) and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography. Precipitins against crude somatic fungal and actinomycetic antigens were detected with considerably less frequency in all populations surveyed, considerably less frequency in all populations surveyed, and antiragweed precipitins were not detected. Our results suggest that prolonged environmental exposure to diverse, ubiquitous organic dusts results in a \"normal\" serum precipitating-antibody response. They also extend our previous finding of a high precipitin response against organic dusts in residents of the Gulf south area compared to other geographic areas.", "contents": "Incidence of serum precipitins against organic-dust antigens in different populations by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. The incidence of serum antidust and antifungal precipitins was determined by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in 317 atopic and nonatopic subjects of three geographic areas (north central, southern, and western United States). The selected lyophilized crude antigens employed were from house dust, Micropolyspora faeni, Candida albicans, Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Puccinia coronata, Cantharellus cibarius, and Amborsia trifida. Antidust precipitins were detected with high frequency in atopic and nonatopic subjects of each geographic area (48 to 71 percent of different population subgroups). Precipitin reactions were generally intense and often multiple, in keeping with the marked heterogeneity of the crude dust antigen employed. Antidust precipitins were also present in serum fractions precipitated with ammonium sulfate and in IgG-rich fractions obtained by gel filtration (Sephadex G-200) and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography. Precipitins against crude somatic fungal and actinomycetic antigens were detected with considerably less frequency in all populations surveyed, considerably less frequency in all populations surveyed, and antiragweed precipitins were not detected. Our results suggest that prolonged environmental exposure to diverse, ubiquitous organic dusts results in a \"normal\" serum precipitating-antibody response. They also extend our previous finding of a high precipitin response against organic dusts in residents of the Gulf south area compared to other geographic areas.", "PMID": 1192851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12956", "title": "Treatment of asthma with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol.", "content": "Thirty-five steroid-dependent asthmatic patients have been treated with an aerosol of triamcinolone acetonide for periods ranging from 8 to 26 months. Fourteen patients discontinued the oral use of steroids for the first time in from 2 to 19 years and throughout the period of treatment with aerosol, have not required any other steroid medication. Fifteen patients were able to discontinue oral use of steroids but have required one or more short supplemental courses of oral steroid treatment for exacerbations of asthma. Six patients have either continued to require oral steroid therapy, or their symptoms have been incompletely controlled by the aerosol. Steroid aerosols represent an important advance for the treatment of asthma. Small doses which do not suppress adrenal function and do not produce hyperadrenocorticism make it possible for most patients to eliminate or substantially reduce their requirement for oral steroid therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of asthma with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol. Thirty-five steroid-dependent asthmatic patients have been treated with an aerosol of triamcinolone acetonide for periods ranging from 8 to 26 months. Fourteen patients discontinued the oral use of steroids for the first time in from 2 to 19 years and throughout the period of treatment with aerosol, have not required any other steroid medication. Fifteen patients were able to discontinue oral use of steroids but have required one or more short supplemental courses of oral steroid treatment for exacerbations of asthma. Six patients have either continued to require oral steroid therapy, or their symptoms have been incompletely controlled by the aerosol. Steroid aerosols represent an important advance for the treatment of asthma. Small doses which do not suppress adrenal function and do not produce hyperadrenocorticism make it possible for most patients to eliminate or substantially reduce their requirement for oral steroid therapy.", "PMID": 1192852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12957", "title": "Depressant effect of marihuana smoke on antibactericidal activity of pulmonary alveolar macrophages.", "content": "Other than the potentially therapeutic bronchodilatory influences of marihuana, very little is known of its biologic effects on the lung. To evaluate this problem, alveolar macrophages were harvested from rats by bronchopulmonary lavage and incubated in vitro with Staphylococcus albus and marihuana smoke of standardized 2.2-percent tetrahydrocannabinol content in graded amounts. After three hours, control alveolar macrophages inactivated 78.0 +/- 5.0 percent of the staphylococcal challenge. There was a dose-dependent depression of alveolar macrophage bactericidal activity, with 66.7 +/- 7.1 percent, 23.7 +/- 7.0 percent, 20.5 +/- 7.0 percent, and 11.4 +/- 7.6 percent of the bacteria killed following exposures to 2 ml, 4 ml, 6 ml, or 8 ml of marihuana smoke, respectively. Differential filtration of marihuana smoke revealed that the alveolar macrophage cytotoxin was present in the gas phase of the smoke and was water-soluble. Studies on purified tetrahydrocannabinol and on tetrahydrocannoabinol-extracted marihuana revealed that the impairment in alveolar macrophage function was not related to the psychomimetic or bronchodilatory components of marihuana.", "contents": "Depressant effect of marihuana smoke on antibactericidal activity of pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Other than the potentially therapeutic bronchodilatory influences of marihuana, very little is known of its biologic effects on the lung. To evaluate this problem, alveolar macrophages were harvested from rats by bronchopulmonary lavage and incubated in vitro with Staphylococcus albus and marihuana smoke of standardized 2.2-percent tetrahydrocannabinol content in graded amounts. After three hours, control alveolar macrophages inactivated 78.0 +/- 5.0 percent of the staphylococcal challenge. There was a dose-dependent depression of alveolar macrophage bactericidal activity, with 66.7 +/- 7.1 percent, 23.7 +/- 7.0 percent, 20.5 +/- 7.0 percent, and 11.4 +/- 7.6 percent of the bacteria killed following exposures to 2 ml, 4 ml, 6 ml, or 8 ml of marihuana smoke, respectively. Differential filtration of marihuana smoke revealed that the alveolar macrophage cytotoxin was present in the gas phase of the smoke and was water-soluble. Studies on purified tetrahydrocannabinol and on tetrahydrocannoabinol-extracted marihuana revealed that the impairment in alveolar macrophage function was not related to the psychomimetic or bronchodilatory components of marihuana.", "PMID": 1192853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12958", "title": "Effect of cuffed endotracheal tubes on tracheal mucous velocity.", "content": "The inflated cuffed endotracheal tube produces a significant depression of tracheal mucous velocity in anesthetized dogs after one hour. This effect occurs with bot low and high compliance cuffs but is not observed with an uncuffed tube. This phenomenon is another factor that must be considered in establishing criteria for the frequency of cuff deflation in patients supported by mechanical ventilators.", "contents": "Effect of cuffed endotracheal tubes on tracheal mucous velocity. The inflated cuffed endotracheal tube produces a significant depression of tracheal mucous velocity in anesthetized dogs after one hour. This effect occurs with bot low and high compliance cuffs but is not observed with an uncuffed tube. This phenomenon is another factor that must be considered in establishing criteria for the frequency of cuff deflation in patients supported by mechanical ventilators.", "PMID": 1192854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12959", "title": "Echocardiographic manifestations of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture.", "content": "The echocardiographic features of three patients with postinfarction ventricular spectal rupture are described. All patients showed a decreased or paradoxical motion on the ventricular septum, and two of the patients demonstrated an unusual motion of the tricuspid valve. There were no abnormalities in mitral valve motion. The echocardiogram can be helpful in the diagnosis of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture and can assist in distinguishing this condition from acute disruption of the mitral valve complex.", "contents": "Echocardiographic manifestations of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture. The echocardiographic features of three patients with postinfarction ventricular spectal rupture are described. All patients showed a decreased or paradoxical motion on the ventricular septum, and two of the patients demonstrated an unusual motion of the tricuspid valve. There were no abnormalities in mitral valve motion. The echocardiogram can be helpful in the diagnosis of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture and can assist in distinguishing this condition from acute disruption of the mitral valve complex.", "PMID": 1192855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12960", "title": "Varied manifestations of left atrial myxoma and the relationship of echocardiographic patterns of tumor size.", "content": "Four cases of left atrial myxoma with varied clinical manifestations were diagnosed with echocardiographic studies prior to cardiac catheterization and surgery. The unusual clinical features include Raynaud's phenomenon and intermittent claudication. The echocardiographic features of the atrial myxoma appear to be related to tumor size. Systematic echocardiographic evaluation of patients with mitral valvular disease and systemic and cerebral vascular insufficiency will undoubtedly increase the positive diagnostic results in patients with atrial myxomas. Removal of these tumors results in normalization of the echocardiographic pattern.", "contents": "Varied manifestations of left atrial myxoma and the relationship of echocardiographic patterns of tumor size. Four cases of left atrial myxoma with varied clinical manifestations were diagnosed with echocardiographic studies prior to cardiac catheterization and surgery. The unusual clinical features include Raynaud's phenomenon and intermittent claudication. The echocardiographic features of the atrial myxoma appear to be related to tumor size. Systematic echocardiographic evaluation of patients with mitral valvular disease and systemic and cerebral vascular insufficiency will undoubtedly increase the positive diagnostic results in patients with atrial myxomas. Removal of these tumors results in normalization of the echocardiographic pattern.", "PMID": 1192856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12961", "title": "Symptomatic and puomonary response to acute phlebotomy in secondary polycythemia.", "content": "A double-blind study of the effects of phlebotomy was carried out in 18 patients with polycythemia secondary to severe hypoxemic lung disease. Eleven subjects underwent a single phlebotomy of 10 percent of their blood volume, and eight patients serving as controls underwent a sham procedure. Eight of the phlebotomized subjects, but none of the controls, reported subjective clinical improvement (P less than 0.005). Subjects who noted improvement after venesection had higher hematocrit readings than those who did not (P less than 0.02). Symptomatic relief seemed to be most dramatic in those with clinical evidence of congestive heart failure. In contrast to this clear-cut subjective improvement, phlebotomy did not alter objective indices of airway obstruction, lung elastic recoil, pulmonary gas exchange, or exercise tolerance in either the phlebotomized or the control group. Thus, although phlebotomy produced subjective benefit in the majority of patients studied, it was not associated with objective improvement in lung function or exercise tolerance.", "contents": "Symptomatic and puomonary response to acute phlebotomy in secondary polycythemia. A double-blind study of the effects of phlebotomy was carried out in 18 patients with polycythemia secondary to severe hypoxemic lung disease. Eleven subjects underwent a single phlebotomy of 10 percent of their blood volume, and eight patients serving as controls underwent a sham procedure. Eight of the phlebotomized subjects, but none of the controls, reported subjective clinical improvement (P less than 0.005). Subjects who noted improvement after venesection had higher hematocrit readings than those who did not (P less than 0.02). Symptomatic relief seemed to be most dramatic in those with clinical evidence of congestive heart failure. In contrast to this clear-cut subjective improvement, phlebotomy did not alter objective indices of airway obstruction, lung elastic recoil, pulmonary gas exchange, or exercise tolerance in either the phlebotomized or the control group. Thus, although phlebotomy produced subjective benefit in the majority of patients studied, it was not associated with objective improvement in lung function or exercise tolerance.", "PMID": 1192857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12962", "title": "The Chanute histoplasmosis epidemic. New variations of urban histoplasmosis.", "content": "An epidemic of acute histoplasmosis occurred in a long-established residential neighborhood in central Illinois. Ten of the 28 individuals living in the five duplex buildings comprising the housing project had evidence of acute infection. The epidemic was unusual in that the infections apparently occurred as the result of adults tending their gardens and children playing under and about the tress of the area. No specific event, such as a construction project or the demolishing of an old building, was involved as a point source, as has usually been observed in past epidemics. The infections occurred sporadically over a summer and probably resulted from exposure to any one of several sites where the fungal organisms were shown to exist in the housing area.", "contents": "The Chanute histoplasmosis epidemic. New variations of urban histoplasmosis. An epidemic of acute histoplasmosis occurred in a long-established residential neighborhood in central Illinois. Ten of the 28 individuals living in the five duplex buildings comprising the housing project had evidence of acute infection. The epidemic was unusual in that the infections apparently occurred as the result of adults tending their gardens and children playing under and about the tress of the area. No specific event, such as a construction project or the demolishing of an old building, was involved as a point source, as has usually been observed in past epidemics. The infections occurred sporadically over a summer and probably resulted from exposure to any one of several sites where the fungal organisms were shown to exist in the housing area.", "PMID": 1192858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12963", "title": "Diagnosis of upper airway obstruction by pulmonary function testing.", "content": "We compared 11 patients with upper airway obstruction (obstruction at or proximal to the carina) to 22 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and to 15 normal subjects utilizing spirometry, lung volumes, airway resistance, maximal voluntary ventilation, single-breath diffusion capacity, and maximal inspiratory and expiratory flow-volume loops. Four values usually distinguished patients with upper airway obstruction: (1) forced inspiratory flow at 50 percent of the vital capacity (FIF50%) less than or equal to 100 L/min; (2) ratio of forced expiratory flow at 50 percent of the vital capacity of the FIR50% (FEF50%/FIF50%) larger than or equal to 1; (3) ratio of the forced expiratory volume in one second measured in milliliters to the peak expiratory flow rate in liters per minute (FEV1/PEFR) larger than or equal to 10 ml/L/min; and (4) ratio of the forced expired volume in one second to the forced expired volume in 0.5 second (FEV1/FEV0.5) larger than or equal to 1.5. The last ratio can be determined with a simple spirometer.", "contents": "Diagnosis of upper airway obstruction by pulmonary function testing. We compared 11 patients with upper airway obstruction (obstruction at or proximal to the carina) to 22 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and to 15 normal subjects utilizing spirometry, lung volumes, airway resistance, maximal voluntary ventilation, single-breath diffusion capacity, and maximal inspiratory and expiratory flow-volume loops. Four values usually distinguished patients with upper airway obstruction: (1) forced inspiratory flow at 50 percent of the vital capacity (FIF50%) less than or equal to 100 L/min; (2) ratio of forced expiratory flow at 50 percent of the vital capacity of the FIR50% (FEF50%/FIF50%) larger than or equal to 1; (3) ratio of the forced expiratory volume in one second measured in milliliters to the peak expiratory flow rate in liters per minute (FEV1/PEFR) larger than or equal to 10 ml/L/min; and (4) ratio of the forced expired volume in one second to the forced expired volume in 0.5 second (FEV1/FEV0.5) larger than or equal to 1.5. The last ratio can be determined with a simple spirometer.", "PMID": 1192859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12964", "title": "Tuberculosis and pregnancy. Five- to ten-year review of 215 patients in their fertile age.", "content": "This study evaluated the influence of pregnancy as a relapse factor in pulmonary tuberculosis in 215 patients who recieved adequate chemotherapy. A comparison was made between the evolution of patients who had pregnancies and those who did not. On ending the period of observation (details are lacking with respect to only of observation (details are lacking with respect to only seven patients), 203 patients continued to be well without active pulmonary lesions, and no relapses had been seen. Of these patients, 100 had 149 pregnancies, giving birth to 135 children; 108 had no pregnancies. Fifteen pregnancies took place while patients were in the active phase of their tuberculosis, and 134 occurred once chemotherapy had ended; seven patients gave birth to nine children while their postchemotherapy cavity remained inactive. From the extended period of observation, it can be concluded that pregnancy, birth, puerperium, and lactation do not presuppose any risk of relapse of pulmonary tuberculosis when it is adequately treated even in patients in whom an inactive postchemotherapy cavity persisted.", "contents": "Tuberculosis and pregnancy. Five- to ten-year review of 215 patients in their fertile age. This study evaluated the influence of pregnancy as a relapse factor in pulmonary tuberculosis in 215 patients who recieved adequate chemotherapy. A comparison was made between the evolution of patients who had pregnancies and those who did not. On ending the period of observation (details are lacking with respect to only of observation (details are lacking with respect to only seven patients), 203 patients continued to be well without active pulmonary lesions, and no relapses had been seen. Of these patients, 100 had 149 pregnancies, giving birth to 135 children; 108 had no pregnancies. Fifteen pregnancies took place while patients were in the active phase of their tuberculosis, and 134 occurred once chemotherapy had ended; seven patients gave birth to nine children while their postchemotherapy cavity remained inactive. From the extended period of observation, it can be concluded that pregnancy, birth, puerperium, and lactation do not presuppose any risk of relapse of pulmonary tuberculosis when it is adequately treated even in patients in whom an inactive postchemotherapy cavity persisted.", "PMID": 1192860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12965", "title": "Acute pulmonary artery hypertension produced by distention of the main pulmonary artery in the conscious dog.", "content": "In order to delineate further the function of the main pulmonary artery as a receptor site, a specially designed Laks triple-lumen balloon catheter was inserted transvenously and positioned in the main pulmonary artery. In six conscious nonsedated dogs, inflation of a balloon in the main pulmonary artery produced acute reversible pulmonary arterial hypertension; the pressure beyond the balloon increased from a mean of 21/6 mm Hg to 43/14 mm Hg (P less than 0,001). This observed pulmonary hypertension occurred at an amount of balloon inflation which produced an increase in right ventricular systolic pressure (P less than 0.001), but no significant change occurred in cardiac output (P greater than 0.05) or right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P greater than 0.1). Left atrial and pulmonary artery wedge pressures did not change or decreased slightly (P greater than 0.1 and P greater than 0.1, respectively). The calculated pulmonary vascular resistance increased (P less than 0.001), while the calculated systemic vascular resistance did not chang (P greater than 0.04). Therefore, we postulate that distention of the main pulmonary artery in the conscious dog reflexly produces constriction of pulmonary arterioles, and possibly venules, due to excitation of receptors probably located in the wall of the pulmonary artery or possibly the right side of the heart, or both.", "contents": "Acute pulmonary artery hypertension produced by distention of the main pulmonary artery in the conscious dog. In order to delineate further the function of the main pulmonary artery as a receptor site, a specially designed Laks triple-lumen balloon catheter was inserted transvenously and positioned in the main pulmonary artery. In six conscious nonsedated dogs, inflation of a balloon in the main pulmonary artery produced acute reversible pulmonary arterial hypertension; the pressure beyond the balloon increased from a mean of 21/6 mm Hg to 43/14 mm Hg (P less than 0,001). This observed pulmonary hypertension occurred at an amount of balloon inflation which produced an increase in right ventricular systolic pressure (P less than 0.001), but no significant change occurred in cardiac output (P greater than 0.05) or right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P greater than 0.1). Left atrial and pulmonary artery wedge pressures did not change or decreased slightly (P greater than 0.1 and P greater than 0.1, respectively). The calculated pulmonary vascular resistance increased (P less than 0.001), while the calculated systemic vascular resistance did not chang (P greater than 0.04). Therefore, we postulate that distention of the main pulmonary artery in the conscious dog reflexly produces constriction of pulmonary arterioles, and possibly venules, due to excitation of receptors probably located in the wall of the pulmonary artery or possibly the right side of the heart, or both.", "PMID": 1192862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12966", "title": "Pulmonary talc embolization.", "content": "A young woman with a history of drug abuse rapidly developed cor pulmonale, restrictive pulmonary defect, low diffusion capacity, and a suggestion of left ventricular dysfunction. She died from complications after a lung biopsy. Microscopic examination showed talc granulomas and arteritis. Some form of closed biopsy is probably safer, and trial of corticosteroid therapy seems warranted for this diagnosis. Talc ia a dangerous ingredient for any oral preparation that is likely to be used parenterally.", "contents": "Pulmonary talc embolization. A young woman with a history of drug abuse rapidly developed cor pulmonale, restrictive pulmonary defect, low diffusion capacity, and a suggestion of left ventricular dysfunction. She died from complications after a lung biopsy. Microscopic examination showed talc granulomas and arteritis. Some form of closed biopsy is probably safer, and trial of corticosteroid therapy seems warranted for this diagnosis. Talc ia a dangerous ingredient for any oral preparation that is likely to be used parenterally.", "PMID": 1192865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12967", "title": "An unusual precordial pulse and sound assoicated with large pericardial effusion.", "content": "An unusual, high-pitched, early diastolic sound coinciding with a prominent, sharp precordial pulse was observed in a patient with a large chronic pericardial effusion. The pulse and sound coincided exactly with the anterior excursion of the heart within the fluid-filled pericardial sac, suggesting that the sound and pulse result from the ballistic effect of the heart striking the anterior pericardium and chest wall. This finding may be specific for large pericardial effusion with a \"swinging heart.\"", "contents": "An unusual precordial pulse and sound assoicated with large pericardial effusion. An unusual, high-pitched, early diastolic sound coinciding with a prominent, sharp precordial pulse was observed in a patient with a large chronic pericardial effusion. The pulse and sound coincided exactly with the anterior excursion of the heart within the fluid-filled pericardial sac, suggesting that the sound and pulse result from the ballistic effect of the heart striking the anterior pericardium and chest wall. This finding may be specific for large pericardial effusion with a \"swinging heart.\"", "PMID": 1192866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12968", "title": "Intraventricular dissociation due to complete intraventricular block.", "content": "Intraventricular dissociation due to intraventricular block occurred in a patient with cardiac arrest due to massive cerebral hemorrhage. The electrocardiogram showed complete atrioventricular block with three different types of accelerated ventricular rhythm. The ectopic beats did not interfere with each other because of the existence of an area of complete block surrounding the areas in which impulse formation occurred. Hence, the corresponding QRS complexes did not result from depolarization of all the ventricular muscle mass but only of certain regions. The latter were large enough to produce ventricular complexes of enough size to be recorded at the body surface. This phenomenon is the clinical counterpart of the multiple isolated focal contractions which may be seen directly in the ventricules of dying hearts.", "contents": "Intraventricular dissociation due to complete intraventricular block. Intraventricular dissociation due to intraventricular block occurred in a patient with cardiac arrest due to massive cerebral hemorrhage. The electrocardiogram showed complete atrioventricular block with three different types of accelerated ventricular rhythm. The ectopic beats did not interfere with each other because of the existence of an area of complete block surrounding the areas in which impulse formation occurred. Hence, the corresponding QRS complexes did not result from depolarization of all the ventricular muscle mass but only of certain regions. The latter were large enough to produce ventricular complexes of enough size to be recorded at the body surface. This phenomenon is the clinical counterpart of the multiple isolated focal contractions which may be seen directly in the ventricules of dying hearts.", "PMID": 1192867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12969", "title": "Postinfarction ventricular septal defect with posterior ventricular aneurysm. Result of a single distal right coronary artery obstruction.", "content": "A patient with postinfarction ventricular septal defect, posterior aneurysm, severe congestive heart failure, and significant atherosclerosis in the distal right coronary artery only is reported. Closure of the defect resulted in quich recovery of the patient. We demonstrated that a single significant lesion in one coronary artery can cause rupture of the interventricular septum.", "contents": "Postinfarction ventricular septal defect with posterior ventricular aneurysm. Result of a single distal right coronary artery obstruction. A patient with postinfarction ventricular septal defect, posterior aneurysm, severe congestive heart failure, and significant atherosclerosis in the distal right coronary artery only is reported. Closure of the defect resulted in quich recovery of the patient. We demonstrated that a single significant lesion in one coronary artery can cause rupture of the interventricular septum.", "PMID": 1192869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12970", "title": "Myocardial embolus to coronary artery: result of rupture of papillary muscle during acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A patient is described with acute myocardial infarction complicated by rupture of a papillary muscle. A surprise finding at necropsy was a fragment of necrotic myocardium, similar to that at the site of papillary muscle rupture, in one coronary artery. Myocardial embolism to a coronary artery has not been described previously to our knowledge.", "contents": "Myocardial embolus to coronary artery: result of rupture of papillary muscle during acute myocardial infarction. A patient is described with acute myocardial infarction complicated by rupture of a papillary muscle. A surprise finding at necropsy was a fragment of necrotic myocardium, similar to that at the site of papillary muscle rupture, in one coronary artery. Myocardial embolism to a coronary artery has not been described previously to our knowledge.", "PMID": 1192871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12971", "title": "Lung tumor in a patient with congenital unilateral hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery.", "content": "The occurrence of an undifferentiated carcinoma in the affected lung of a cigarette smoker with asymptomatic congenital hypoplasia of the right pulmonary artery is reported.", "contents": "Lung tumor in a patient with congenital unilateral hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery. The occurrence of an undifferentiated carcinoma in the affected lung of a cigarette smoker with asymptomatic congenital hypoplasia of the right pulmonary artery is reported.", "PMID": 1192873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12972", "title": "Psychological factors in maternal grandparents of asthmatic children.", "content": "The presently perceived past family interactions between mothers and maternal grandparents of asthmatic children and nonasthmatic children were compared. All the children included in this study had a common factor in that they suffered from early infantile eczema in the 1st year of life, and in their families there were many cases of asthma, hay fever, and eczema. With the use of two different test instruments for the measurement of family relationships, it was found that maternal grandmothers of asthmatic boys had a highly positive relationship with the mothers of the boys and that the maternal grandfathers were perceived by the mothers as rejecting figures. Even though the correlation between the two tests was rather high, they showed differences in their sensitivity. There was a striking difference between the mothers of asthmatic boys and the mothers of asthmatic girls in both tests. This fact together with the established greater vulnerability of boys to asthma seem to justify studying the sexes separately. It could be assumed that the asthmatic and nonasthmatic children in  this study had a similar constitutional-familial allergic predisposition and that the differences between these groups of children were mainly influenced by environmental factors. The mothers' perception of the family relationship with their parents was considered to be minimally influenced by the asthma of their children.", "contents": "Psychological factors in maternal grandparents of asthmatic children. The presently perceived past family interactions between mothers and maternal grandparents of asthmatic children and nonasthmatic children were compared. All the children included in this study had a common factor in that they suffered from early infantile eczema in the 1st year of life, and in their families there were many cases of asthma, hay fever, and eczema. With the use of two different test instruments for the measurement of family relationships, it was found that maternal grandmothers of asthmatic boys had a highly positive relationship with the mothers of the boys and that the maternal grandfathers were perceived by the mothers as rejecting figures. Even though the correlation between the two tests was rather high, they showed differences in their sensitivity. There was a striking difference between the mothers of asthmatic boys and the mothers of asthmatic girls in both tests. This fact together with the established greater vulnerability of boys to asthma seem to justify studying the sexes separately. It could be assumed that the asthmatic and nonasthmatic children in  this study had a similar constitutional-familial allergic predisposition and that the differences between these groups of children were mainly influenced by environmental factors. The mothers' perception of the family relationship with their parents was considered to be minimally influenced by the asthma of their children.", "PMID": 1192880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12973", "title": "Two cases of children of homosexuals.", "content": "The literautre is reviewed with reference to parental attitudes related to homosexuality, sex role typing, and object choice. Two cases of children of opposite-sexed homosexual parents are presented with projective testing indicating difficulties with gender role identity. It is our impression that the manifestation of sexual conflict in these homosexual parents expressed in attitudes and behavior toward the child is not unique and does not differ significantly from that of the heterosexual parent who has sexual conflicts. More long-term data are necessary to help us to understand the influences of parental homosexuality on the growing child.", "contents": "Two cases of children of homosexuals. The literautre is reviewed with reference to parental attitudes related to homosexuality, sex role typing, and object choice. Two cases of children of opposite-sexed homosexual parents are presented with projective testing indicating difficulties with gender role identity. It is our impression that the manifestation of sexual conflict in these homosexual parents expressed in attitudes and behavior toward the child is not unique and does not differ significantly from that of the heterosexual parent who has sexual conflicts. More long-term data are necessary to help us to understand the influences of parental homosexuality on the growing child.", "PMID": 1192881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12974", "title": "Behavior modification as a therapeutic technique for use with parents of emotionally disturbed children in residential treatment.", "content": "This paper is based on the experience of the author in establishing and directing a program of behavior modification for children and their parents at the New Hampshire Hospital. The focus is on the operant conditioning procedures used with the parents to foster improved relationships with their children and between spouses. Attention was given to the promotion of awareness and praise for productive behaviors and extinction of hostility. Modeling, prompting, shaping, ignoring, and reinforcement principles were followed in parent activities such as TV viewing, individual and group counseling, and controlled visits with children.", "contents": "Behavior modification as a therapeutic technique for use with parents of emotionally disturbed children in residential treatment. This paper is based on the experience of the author in establishing and directing a program of behavior modification for children and their parents at the New Hampshire Hospital. The focus is on the operant conditioning procedures used with the parents to foster improved relationships with their children and between spouses. Attention was given to the promotion of awareness and praise for productive behaviors and extinction of hostility. Modeling, prompting, shaping, ignoring, and reinforcement principles were followed in parent activities such as TV viewing, individual and group counseling, and controlled visits with children.", "PMID": 1192882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12975", "title": "An approach to working with the \"placed child\".", "content": "This paper presents an approach to working with the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by the \"placed child\". A thorough knowledge of child development, combined with awareness of the basic tenets of crisis intervention, offers the child mental health professional guidelines to assist placed children in coping with their uncertain environment. Parents and agencies are guided toward stabilizing the child's environment, while the child is maintained in play therapy to assist him in coping with the confused and frightening emotions that attend the experience of placement separation. Three clinical cases are presented that illustrate an active short-term therapy, a form of primary prevention attempting to forestall the potential damage of unresolved placement separation crises.", "contents": "An approach to working with the \"placed child\". This paper presents an approach to working with the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by the \"placed child\". A thorough knowledge of child development, combined with awareness of the basic tenets of crisis intervention, offers the child mental health professional guidelines to assist placed children in coping with their uncertain environment. Parents and agencies are guided toward stabilizing the child's environment, while the child is maintained in play therapy to assist him in coping with the confused and frightening emotions that attend the experience of placement separation. Three clinical cases are presented that illustrate an active short-term therapy, a form of primary prevention attempting to forestall the potential damage of unresolved placement separation crises.", "PMID": 1192885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12976", "title": "The stress of parenting.", "content": "The ongoing process of parenting is examined with respect to the following: the dyadic versus triadic relationship; change in familial structure; cultural trends; problems of individuation; and other environmental influences.", "contents": "The stress of parenting. The ongoing process of parenting is examined with respect to the following: the dyadic versus triadic relationship; change in familial structure; cultural trends; problems of individuation; and other environmental influences.", "PMID": 1192886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12977", "title": "Autism and attention: theoretical considerations and a pilot study using set reaction time.", "content": "We have presented an attentional model that may have value in the pathophysiology of autism. We have presented data that suggest attentional dysfunction and an attentional hypothesis that may explain autism's multisensory clinical appearance and natural history. Only further studies will be able to evaluate this hypothesis and hopefully provide us with something more promising to offer parent and child in the way of therapy.", "contents": "Autism and attention: theoretical considerations and a pilot study using set reaction time. We have presented an attentional model that may have value in the pathophysiology of autism. We have presented data that suggest attentional dysfunction and an attentional hypothesis that may explain autism's multisensory clinical appearance and natural history. Only further studies will be able to evaluate this hypothesis and hopefully provide us with something more promising to offer parent and child in the way of therapy.", "PMID": 1192887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12978", "title": "Emotionally disturbed children in special schools: an analysis of ratings of disturbed behavior and perceptual handicaps.", "content": "The relationship between perceptual handicaps and adjustment was studied among 573 emotionally disturbed children from Massachusetts. Little relationship was found between perceptual handicaps and overall adjustment. Antisocial behavior was the most prominent factor related to removal from regular classrooms and placement in special residential and day schools.", "contents": "Emotionally disturbed children in special schools: an analysis of ratings of disturbed behavior and perceptual handicaps. The relationship between perceptual handicaps and adjustment was studied among 573 emotionally disturbed children from Massachusetts. Little relationship was found between perceptual handicaps and overall adjustment. Antisocial behavior was the most prominent factor related to removal from regular classrooms and placement in special residential and day schools.", "PMID": 1192888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12979", "title": "A mother instruction program: behavior changes with and without therapeutic intervention.", "content": "Mother-child behavior changes over therapeutic intervention and no-contact periods were compared. Fifteen dyads had 8 weeks of instruction followed by no contact; 15 followed a reversed schedule. Overall change was about the same in both groups, and both changed more during instruction than during no-contact periods. Mothers receiving immediate instruction showed greater and more systematic immediate changes following instruction. Children in the group with later follow-up exhibited a greater proportion of behavior change during that no-contact period than during instruction. Thus, no-contact periods cannot be considered no-change periods, though immediate intervention probably ensures more systematic change than intervention preceded by waiting-list experience.", "contents": "A mother instruction program: behavior changes with and without therapeutic intervention. Mother-child behavior changes over therapeutic intervention and no-contact periods were compared. Fifteen dyads had 8 weeks of instruction followed by no contact; 15 followed a reversed schedule. Overall change was about the same in both groups, and both changed more during instruction than during no-contact periods. Mothers receiving immediate instruction showed greater and more systematic immediate changes following instruction. Children in the group with later follow-up exhibited a greater proportion of behavior change during that no-contact period than during instruction. Thus, no-contact periods cannot be considered no-change periods, though immediate intervention probably ensures more systematic change than intervention preceded by waiting-list experience.", "PMID": 1192889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12980", "title": "Latency-group art therapy: teaching socialization skills through art.", "content": "An art therapy experiment involving 10 weekly sessions for six latency-age emotionally disturbed boys produced marked improvements in peer relationships and socialization skills.", "contents": "Latency-group art therapy: teaching socialization skills through art. An art therapy experiment involving 10 weekly sessions for six latency-age emotionally disturbed boys produced marked improvements in peer relationships and socialization skills.", "PMID": 1192898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12981", "title": "Home visiting with family day care providers.", "content": "The benefits and problems of home visiting with agency-sponsored family day care providers are illuminated in a study of the perceptions of both agency visitors and the providers.", "contents": "Home visiting with family day care providers. The benefits and problems of home visiting with agency-sponsored family day care providers are illuminated in a study of the perceptions of both agency visitors and the providers.", "PMID": 1192899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12982", "title": "Family life education: a treatment modality.", "content": "Family life education is a long-established form of help that continually ramifies into new areas. It aims at healthier family living, and reduction of family breakdown and child placement. Most child welfare personnel know about family life education, and some are practitioners in it. Many, however, may not be familiar with its present extensiveness or method of organization and operation. This personalized account of one agency's program, presented at the CWLA Central Regional Conference in Detroit, 1975, provides useful information.", "contents": "Family life education: a treatment modality. Family life education is a long-established form of help that continually ramifies into new areas. It aims at healthier family living, and reduction of family breakdown and child placement. Most child welfare personnel know about family life education, and some are practitioners in it. Many, however, may not be familiar with its present extensiveness or method of organization and operation. This personalized account of one agency's program, presented at the CWLA Central Regional Conference in Detroit, 1975, provides useful information.", "PMID": 1192900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12983", "title": "Optical studies of the interaction of 33258 Hoechst with DNA, chromatin, and metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "The interaction of the bisbenzimidazole dye 33258 Hoechst with DNA and chromatin is characterized by changes in absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism measurements. At low dye/phosphate ratios, dye binding is accompanied by intense fluorescence and circular dichroism and exhibits little sensitivity to ionic strength. At higher dye/phosphate ratios, additional dye binding can be detected by further changes in absorptivity. This secondary binding is suppressed by increasing the ionic strength. A-T rich DNA sequences enhance both dye binding and fluorescence quantum yield, while chromosomal proteins apparently exclude the dye from approximately half of the sites available with DNA. Fluorescence of the free dye is sensitive to pH and, below pH 8, to quenching by iodide ion. Substitution of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for thymidine in synthetic polynucleotides, DNA, or unfixed chromatin quenches the fluorescence of bound dye. This suppression of dye fluorescence permits optical detection of BrdU incorporation associated with DNA synthesis in cytological chromosome preparations. Quenching of 33258 Hoechst fluorescence by BrdU can be abolished by appropriate alterations in solvent conditions, thereby revealing changes in dye fluorescence of microscopic specimens specifically due to BrdU incorporation.", "contents": "Optical studies of the interaction of 33258 Hoechst with DNA, chromatin, and metaphase chromosomes. The interaction of the bisbenzimidazole dye 33258 Hoechst with DNA and chromatin is characterized by changes in absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism measurements. At low dye/phosphate ratios, dye binding is accompanied by intense fluorescence and circular dichroism and exhibits little sensitivity to ionic strength. At higher dye/phosphate ratios, additional dye binding can be detected by further changes in absorptivity. This secondary binding is suppressed by increasing the ionic strength. A-T rich DNA sequences enhance both dye binding and fluorescence quantum yield, while chromosomal proteins apparently exclude the dye from approximately half of the sites available with DNA. Fluorescence of the free dye is sensitive to pH and, below pH 8, to quenching by iodide ion. Substitution of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for thymidine in synthetic polynucleotides, DNA, or unfixed chromatin quenches the fluorescence of bound dye. This suppression of dye fluorescence permits optical detection of BrdU incorporation associated with DNA synthesis in cytological chromosome preparations. Quenching of 33258 Hoechst fluorescence by BrdU can be abolished by appropriate alterations in solvent conditions, thereby revealing changes in dye fluorescence of microscopic specimens specifically due to BrdU incorporation.", "PMID": 1192901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12984", "title": "Electron microscopy of whole mount metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "Whole mount metaphase chromosomes, from cultured L cells, have been centrifuged onto grids and examined by electron microscopy. Compact and dispersed chromosome forms provide extensive ultrastructural information. Condensed chromosome arms appear as packed fibers with centromeric heterochromatin identifiable because it stains more intensely than the rest of the chromosome. Kinetochores are readily visible in these preparations. Under appropriate isolation conditions, it is possible to obtain mitotic spindles in which bundles of microtubules remain attached to kinetochores, suggesting that the kinetochores retain basic structural integrity throughout the isolation procedure. Dispersal of metaphase chromosomes by treatment with formalin and distilled water shows that these chromosomes are composed of a basic fiber that is normally highly condensed. This fiber is made up of regularly repeating 70-90 A diameter nucleoprotein granules separated from neighboring granules by a 20-40 A diameter fiber whose continuity is maintained by DNA. This structural arrangement is totally analagous to that reported for interphase chromatin from a variety of sources.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of whole mount metaphase chromosomes. Whole mount metaphase chromosomes, from cultured L cells, have been centrifuged onto grids and examined by electron microscopy. Compact and dispersed chromosome forms provide extensive ultrastructural information. Condensed chromosome arms appear as packed fibers with centromeric heterochromatin identifiable because it stains more intensely than the rest of the chromosome. Kinetochores are readily visible in these preparations. Under appropriate isolation conditions, it is possible to obtain mitotic spindles in which bundles of microtubules remain attached to kinetochores, suggesting that the kinetochores retain basic structural integrity throughout the isolation procedure. Dispersal of metaphase chromosomes by treatment with formalin and distilled water shows that these chromosomes are composed of a basic fiber that is normally highly condensed. This fiber is made up of regularly repeating 70-90 A diameter nucleoprotein granules separated from neighboring granules by a 20-40 A diameter fiber whose continuity is maintained by DNA. This structural arrangement is totally analagous to that reported for interphase chromatin from a variety of sources.", "PMID": 1192902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12985", "title": "Biological rhythm experimentation: a longitudinal design and analysis.", "content": "Certain experiments exploring the relationship between biological rhythms and external factors such as pharmacologic agents are typified by the particular importance of interaction and conditional effect parameters. The category of biological rhythm experiments presented here also necessarily involves a deliberate confounding of periodicity rooms and biological rhythm stages (time points). These features, together with the longitudinal nature of the observations, require special precautions in the experimental design and analysis.", "contents": "Biological rhythm experimentation: a longitudinal design and analysis. Certain experiments exploring the relationship between biological rhythms and external factors such as pharmacologic agents are typified by the particular importance of interaction and conditional effect parameters. The category of biological rhythm experiments presented here also necessarily involves a deliberate confounding of periodicity rooms and biological rhythm stages (time points). These features, together with the longitudinal nature of the observations, require special precautions in the experimental design and analysis.", "PMID": 1192903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12986", "title": "Behavior of calf blood flow in normal subjects and in patients with intermittent claudication during a 24-h time span.", "content": "Calf basal resting and reactive hypercemia blood flow were measured at 4-h intervals during a day in fifteen healthy subjects and in fifteen patients with intermittent claudication by means of a venous occlusion plethysmograph. Mathematical-statistical analysis of the data failed to demonstrate circadian periodicity of calf blood flow in healthy subjects, but proved the existence of a 24-h rhythm of calf basal resting and reactive hyperemia blood flow in patients with intermittent claudication. This different behavior of calf blood flow can be understood if one considers that in healthy subjects the voluntary muscles in the extremities have a blood supply which can be instantaneously adjusted over a large area. In patients with peripheral arterial disease, on the other hand, the vascular responses in voluntary muscles of the limbs to various endogenous or exogenous stimuli are impaired and reduced. The circadian rhythm observed in patients with intermittent claudication has early evening peaks and a nocturnal trough with a nadir occurring after midnight and before 0400. This rhythm displays marked similarities with those of all other circulatory values. As to the mechanism of rhythm, it is hard to decide whether or not it has an independent endogenous origin. It is known that many of the circulatory variables are interrelated and that some are clearly related to other circadian rhythms. Perhaps the rhythmic reduction of limb blood flow which occurs during the night is the mechanism underlying the nocturnal pain of subjects with limb ischemia by peripheral arterial disease.", "contents": "Behavior of calf blood flow in normal subjects and in patients with intermittent claudication during a 24-h time span. Calf basal resting and reactive hypercemia blood flow were measured at 4-h intervals during a day in fifteen healthy subjects and in fifteen patients with intermittent claudication by means of a venous occlusion plethysmograph. Mathematical-statistical analysis of the data failed to demonstrate circadian periodicity of calf blood flow in healthy subjects, but proved the existence of a 24-h rhythm of calf basal resting and reactive hyperemia blood flow in patients with intermittent claudication. This different behavior of calf blood flow can be understood if one considers that in healthy subjects the voluntary muscles in the extremities have a blood supply which can be instantaneously adjusted over a large area. In patients with peripheral arterial disease, on the other hand, the vascular responses in voluntary muscles of the limbs to various endogenous or exogenous stimuli are impaired and reduced. The circadian rhythm observed in patients with intermittent claudication has early evening peaks and a nocturnal trough with a nadir occurring after midnight and before 0400. This rhythm displays marked similarities with those of all other circulatory values. As to the mechanism of rhythm, it is hard to decide whether or not it has an independent endogenous origin. It is known that many of the circulatory variables are interrelated and that some are clearly related to other circadian rhythms. Perhaps the rhythmic reduction of limb blood flow which occurs during the night is the mechanism underlying the nocturnal pain of subjects with limb ischemia by peripheral arterial disease.", "PMID": 1192904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12987", "title": "Re-entrainment of circadian rhythms after phase-shifts of the Zeitgeber.", "content": "To describe anabrupt shift of the Zeitgeber sufficiently, it is necessary to indicate whether the phase has been advanced or delayed, for how many hours it has been shifted, and what part of the Zeitgeber has been lengthened or shortened respectively. The entrained circadian system usually follows a shift of the Zeitgeber in the same direction and by an equal amount. However, there can be exceptions to both of these rules: a) an instantaneous 12-h shift of a (symmertric) Zeitgeber always represents a delya (= doubling of one-half of its period). In contrast to this, the gradual re-entrainment of the circadian system can be accompalished by either advances or by delays (Fig. 2), it can occur in both dirctions simultaneously by splitting the rhythmic variable (Fig. 1),or it can represent an apparent advance not distinghushable from a delay ( Fig. 6); b) after complietion of re-entraiment, the phase-angle difference psi between organism and Zeitgeber an differ systematically from the pre-shift psi-value...", "contents": "Re-entrainment of circadian rhythms after phase-shifts of the Zeitgeber. To describe anabrupt shift of the Zeitgeber sufficiently, it is necessary to indicate whether the phase has been advanced or delayed, for how many hours it has been shifted, and what part of the Zeitgeber has been lengthened or shortened respectively. The entrained circadian system usually follows a shift of the Zeitgeber in the same direction and by an equal amount. However, there can be exceptions to both of these rules: a) an instantaneous 12-h shift of a (symmertric) Zeitgeber always represents a delya (= doubling of one-half of its period). In contrast to this, the gradual re-entrainment of the circadian system can be accompalished by either advances or by delays (Fig. 2), it can occur in both dirctions simultaneously by splitting the rhythmic variable (Fig. 1),or it can represent an apparent advance not distinghushable from a delay ( Fig. 6); b) after complietion of re-entraiment, the phase-angle difference psi between organism and Zeitgeber an differ systematically from the pre-shift psi-value...", "PMID": 1192905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12988", "title": "Evaluation of the barium-enema examination and colonoscopy in diagnosis of colonic cancer.", "content": "The diagnostic value of colonoscopy was investigated in 123 patients with certain or questionable cancer of the colon as demonstrated by an ordinary barium-enema examination. The diagnosis was revised by laparotomy or clinical follow-up studies in cases of patients having no operation. The following conclusions were deduced: 1) The number of unnecessary laparotomies may be reduced by doing colonoscopy in patients with certain or questionable cancer of the colon as demonstrated by ordinary barium-enema studies. 2) The gain in diagnostic value of adding a colonoscopy to a barium-enema examination is more pronounced in patients with questionable than in those with certain cancer as visualized by the barium-enema studies. 3) The risk of missing a cancer of the colon during colonoscopy is very small if an experienced examiner looking for cancer performs the colonoscopy. 4) Colonoscopy is of little diagnostic value in cases of patients who have radiologic evidence of stenosis of the sigmoid colon. 5) The number of patients selected for colonoscopy on the basis of radiologic evidence suggesting cancer probably can be reduced by refinement of the barium-enema examination.", "contents": "Evaluation of the barium-enema examination and colonoscopy in diagnosis of colonic cancer. The diagnostic value of colonoscopy was investigated in 123 patients with certain or questionable cancer of the colon as demonstrated by an ordinary barium-enema examination. The diagnosis was revised by laparotomy or clinical follow-up studies in cases of patients having no operation. The following conclusions were deduced: 1) The number of unnecessary laparotomies may be reduced by doing colonoscopy in patients with certain or questionable cancer of the colon as demonstrated by ordinary barium-enema studies. 2) The gain in diagnostic value of adding a colonoscopy to a barium-enema examination is more pronounced in patients with questionable than in those with certain cancer as visualized by the barium-enema studies. 3) The risk of missing a cancer of the colon during colonoscopy is very small if an experienced examiner looking for cancer performs the colonoscopy. 4) Colonoscopy is of little diagnostic value in cases of patients who have radiologic evidence of stenosis of the sigmoid colon. 5) The number of patients selected for colonoscopy on the basis of radiologic evidence suggesting cancer probably can be reduced by refinement of the barium-enema examination.", "PMID": 1192914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12989", "title": "Intestinal and peritoneal tuberculosis: report of two cases.", "content": "One hundred and seven cases of abdominal tuberculosis were analyzed. There were no specific laboratory or x-ray findings pathognomonic of abdominal tuberculosis. Leukopenia was often found, but was nonspecific. An abdominal tumor was often palpable.  A great rarity in our series was profuse hemorrhage from a jejunal tuberculous ulcer; the patient had to be subjected to an emergency operation. In another case tuberculosis appeared in a side-to-side small intestinal anastomosis and in its blind ends, which had developed as a late complication. The diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis must be confirmed by histologic examination of biopsy specimens; if the results are inconclusive, acid-fast bacilli must be seen or culture should be positive. Guinea-pig inoculation is rarely positive, probably owing to the low virulence of the tuberculous bacteria in abdominal tuberculosis. Good results are obtained with chemotherapy in both intestinal and peritoneal tuberculosis. The complications, obstruction being most usual, must be surgically treated. Resection of the affected segment is the best surgical procedure. For ileocecal tuberculosis, right hemicolectomy was performed. According to the authors, roentgenographic evidence of tuberculosis in the abdomen must always be confirmed by operation, because differentiation from carcinoma and other inflammatory lesions is impossible. For good results after operation, anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy is mandatory.", "contents": "Intestinal and peritoneal tuberculosis: report of two cases. One hundred and seven cases of abdominal tuberculosis were analyzed. There were no specific laboratory or x-ray findings pathognomonic of abdominal tuberculosis. Leukopenia was often found, but was nonspecific. An abdominal tumor was often palpable.  A great rarity in our series was profuse hemorrhage from a jejunal tuberculous ulcer; the patient had to be subjected to an emergency operation. In another case tuberculosis appeared in a side-to-side small intestinal anastomosis and in its blind ends, which had developed as a late complication. The diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis must be confirmed by histologic examination of biopsy specimens; if the results are inconclusive, acid-fast bacilli must be seen or culture should be positive. Guinea-pig inoculation is rarely positive, probably owing to the low virulence of the tuberculous bacteria in abdominal tuberculosis. Good results are obtained with chemotherapy in both intestinal and peritoneal tuberculosis. The complications, obstruction being most usual, must be surgically treated. Resection of the affected segment is the best surgical procedure. For ileocecal tuberculosis, right hemicolectomy was performed. According to the authors, roentgenographic evidence of tuberculosis in the abdomen must always be confirmed by operation, because differentiation from carcinoma and other inflammatory lesions is impossible. For good results after operation, anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy is mandatory.", "PMID": 1192916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12990", "title": "Sexual behavior and affective disorders.", "content": "One hundred and fifty four consecutively evaluated new and return psychiatric outpatients were examined by the same interviewer using a detailed, precoded questionaire based on the diagnostic criteria for psychiatric research proposed by Feighner, et al. Sexual behavior manifested as prostitution involvement, promiscuity and extramarital sexual experiences was studied for groups of patients with unipolar and bipolar primary affective disorders, secondary affective disorders and non affective disorders. Results and conclusions are reported.", "contents": "Sexual behavior and affective disorders. One hundred and fifty four consecutively evaluated new and return psychiatric outpatients were examined by the same interviewer using a detailed, precoded questionaire based on the diagnostic criteria for psychiatric research proposed by Feighner, et al. Sexual behavior manifested as prostitution involvement, promiscuity and extramarital sexual experiences was studied for groups of patients with unipolar and bipolar primary affective disorders, secondary affective disorders and non affective disorders. Results and conclusions are reported.", "PMID": 1192921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12991", "title": "The effect of modified ECT on serum creatine phophokinase, I. With intravenous atropine.", "content": "Interpretation of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels is frequently difficult because of complicating circumstances known themselves to raise CPK; for instance, intramuscular injections. One such circumstance among psychiatric patients is said to be administration of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). In a series of 22 patients who received drug modified ECT, four had CPK elevations beyond the normal range. These findings indicate that CPK elevations among patients receiving ECT should be interpreted cautiously.", "contents": "The effect of modified ECT on serum creatine phophokinase, I. With intravenous atropine. Interpretation of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels is frequently difficult because of complicating circumstances known themselves to raise CPK; for instance, intramuscular injections. One such circumstance among psychiatric patients is said to be administration of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). In a series of 22 patients who received drug modified ECT, four had CPK elevations beyond the normal range. These findings indicate that CPK elevations among patients receiving ECT should be interpreted cautiously.", "PMID": 1192923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12992", "title": "The effect of modified ECT on serum creatine phosphokinase. II. With subcutaneous atropine.", "content": "In the previous study, the effect of modified ECT on serum CPK was investigated. In that study, atropine was administered intravenously two minutes prior to ECT being given. In this study, the more usual clinical procedure in which atropine is administered subcutaneously is investigated. In a series of nineteen patients, four had CPK elevations beyond the normal range. These findings resemble the findings of the previous study closely, and indicate again that elevations of CPK in patients receiving ECT should be interpreted with caution.", "contents": "The effect of modified ECT on serum creatine phosphokinase. II. With subcutaneous atropine. In the previous study, the effect of modified ECT on serum CPK was investigated. In that study, atropine was administered intravenously two minutes prior to ECT being given. In this study, the more usual clinical procedure in which atropine is administered subcutaneously is investigated. In a series of nineteen patients, four had CPK elevations beyond the normal range. These findings resemble the findings of the previous study closely, and indicate again that elevations of CPK in patients receiving ECT should be interpreted with caution.", "PMID": 1192924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12993", "title": "Inflammatory colorectal disease and pregnancy: report of a case.", "content": "A retrospective study of women in the child-bearing age with inflammatory disease of the bowel seems to suggest that these women become pregnant as often as other women in the general population. In this small study it was 100 per cent. The incidence of subjective difficulty with conception is likewise small. Patients with Crohn's disease appear to feel better in pregnancy with regard to their intestinal problems, while more than 60 per cent of the patients with ulcerative colitis appear to do poorly. The live-birth rates for both conditions in our series were approximately 80 per cent. An unusual complication in two of our patients with Crohn's disease was a postpartum, postepisiotomy rectovaginal fistula. This may indicate a possible danger of episiotomy in patients who have Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Inflammatory colorectal disease and pregnancy: report of a case. A retrospective study of women in the child-bearing age with inflammatory disease of the bowel seems to suggest that these women become pregnant as often as other women in the general population. In this small study it was 100 per cent. The incidence of subjective difficulty with conception is likewise small. Patients with Crohn's disease appear to feel better in pregnancy with regard to their intestinal problems, while more than 60 per cent of the patients with ulcerative colitis appear to do poorly. The live-birth rates for both conditions in our series were approximately 80 per cent. An unusual complication in two of our patients with Crohn's disease was a postpartum, postepisiotomy rectovaginal fistula. This may indicate a possible danger of episiotomy in patients who have Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 1192920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12994", "title": "Evaluation of the electrosleep machine.", "content": "Seven dogs were intensively studied to determine the clinical, physiological, biochemical, and pathological effects of the electrosleep machine. Both the normal dose and a high dose of current was studied. The most notable finding was an increasing number of histologic findings with increasing current dose. There is some question regarding the true nature of these findings. Other changes which were less definite included: EEG slowing and depression of the amplitude of the B-wave in the ERG. Suggestive changes included a chronic increase in pulse rate. Because of the small number of subjects, further studies are indicated to investigate further the findings of this study.", "contents": "Evaluation of the electrosleep machine. Seven dogs were intensively studied to determine the clinical, physiological, biochemical, and pathological effects of the electrosleep machine. Both the normal dose and a high dose of current was studied. The most notable finding was an increasing number of histologic findings with increasing current dose. There is some question regarding the true nature of these findings. Other changes which were less definite included: EEG slowing and depression of the amplitude of the B-wave in the ERG. Suggestive changes included a chronic increase in pulse rate. Because of the small number of subjects, further studies are indicated to investigate further the findings of this study.", "PMID": 1192925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12995", "title": "The psychoanalyst and the state hospital.", "content": "The experience of a psychoanalyst functioning as a consultant to a state hospital has been reported. Some reference was made to other such projects. The objectives and goals of this affiliation were then delineated. Next a description was given of the setting in which the work took place, of the process, of the reactions of the staff to the consultant, and of the consultant to the staff. Finally there was a description of the results and the conclusions.", "contents": "The psychoanalyst and the state hospital. The experience of a psychoanalyst functioning as a consultant to a state hospital has been reported. Some reference was made to other such projects. The objectives and goals of this affiliation were then delineated. Next a description was given of the setting in which the work took place, of the process, of the reactions of the staff to the consultant, and of the consultant to the staff. Finally there was a description of the results and the conclusions.", "PMID": 1192926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12996", "title": "Socioathy and drug use in a young psychiatric population.", "content": "Recent studies have consistently demonstrated a higher-than-expected proportion of heavy drug users among young psychiatric patients. Careful reading of these reports fails to adduce what might account for this constant finding. In order to examine this question more closely, one hundred young psychiatric inpatients (aged 15 to 25 years) were studied in detail. The following extensive data were obtained for each patient: demography (sex, age, race, marital status occupation), clinical characteristics (prior psychiatric care, presenting complaint, duration of hospitalization, diagnosis, treatment, disposition), prior social problems (truancy, runaway, pregnancy out of wedlock, divorce or separation, vehicular accident while intoxicated, felony), and social resources on admission (employment, friends, family-of-origin). An extensive drug history consisted of types of drugs, duration and frequency of usage, and pattern of use over the previous twelve months. Based on specific criteria patients were divided into abstainers, occasional users, regular users, and heavy users. Forty-nine of the patients were tabulated as heavy users. Compared to the other patients, heavy users were found to have more unemployment, more divorce and separation, more characterological and fewer neurotic diagnoses, more problematic prior social events, and fewer social resources at the time of admission. Unexpectedly, the two groups did not differ significantly for all other demographic and clinical parameters. The implications of these findings for our psychopathologic categorization and for our management of young in-patients are noted.", "contents": "Socioathy and drug use in a young psychiatric population. Recent studies have consistently demonstrated a higher-than-expected proportion of heavy drug users among young psychiatric patients. Careful reading of these reports fails to adduce what might account for this constant finding. In order to examine this question more closely, one hundred young psychiatric inpatients (aged 15 to 25 years) were studied in detail. The following extensive data were obtained for each patient: demography (sex, age, race, marital status occupation), clinical characteristics (prior psychiatric care, presenting complaint, duration of hospitalization, diagnosis, treatment, disposition), prior social problems (truancy, runaway, pregnancy out of wedlock, divorce or separation, vehicular accident while intoxicated, felony), and social resources on admission (employment, friends, family-of-origin). An extensive drug history consisted of types of drugs, duration and frequency of usage, and pattern of use over the previous twelve months. Based on specific criteria patients were divided into abstainers, occasional users, regular users, and heavy users. Forty-nine of the patients were tabulated as heavy users. Compared to the other patients, heavy users were found to have more unemployment, more divorce and separation, more characterological and fewer neurotic diagnoses, more problematic prior social events, and fewer social resources at the time of admission. Unexpectedly, the two groups did not differ significantly for all other demographic and clinical parameters. The implications of these findings for our psychopathologic categorization and for our management of young in-patients are noted.", "PMID": 1192927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12997", "title": "Progressive spinal muscular atrophy in a case of hypokalamic periodic paralysis.", "content": "A 47-year-old man with well-documented hypokalemic periodic paralysis demons-rated permanent myopathy as shown by biopsy. In addition there was clinical and biopsy evidence of progressive spinal muscular atrophy. The feature of the combination of these diseases is reported in a case and discussed.", "contents": "Progressive spinal muscular atrophy in a case of hypokalamic periodic paralysis. A 47-year-old man with well-documented hypokalemic periodic paralysis demons-rated permanent myopathy as shown by biopsy. In addition there was clinical and biopsy evidence of progressive spinal muscular atrophy. The feature of the combination of these diseases is reported in a case and discussed.", "PMID": 1192928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12998", "title": "Hospitalization rates for alcoholism in the Navy and Marine Corps.", "content": "Hospitalization rates for alcoholism were determined for Navy and Marine Corps male enlisted personnel during the period Fiscal Year 1966-Fiscal Year 1969. Overall rates were 74 and 44 per 100,000 for the Navy and Marine Corps, respectively. These rates were high compared with male civilian populations of the same age range; the high incidence may be secondary to such factors as separation from families, a social milieu that encourages drinking and close sjrveillance by superiors and associates. The rate of first hospital admissions is a gross under-estimate of the total alcoholism problem. Alcoholic cases probably are often given other diagnoses early in the course of their illness. Actual prevalence of alcoholism cannot be determined directly at the present time, but reasonable estimates would be in the range of 2-3% of all naval personnell. Admissions for alcoholism show wide seasonal variations, suggesting the importance of administrative factors such as bed space, staff availability, and possibly diagnostic inexperience and inaccuracy.", "contents": "Hospitalization rates for alcoholism in the Navy and Marine Corps. Hospitalization rates for alcoholism were determined for Navy and Marine Corps male enlisted personnel during the period Fiscal Year 1966-Fiscal Year 1969. Overall rates were 74 and 44 per 100,000 for the Navy and Marine Corps, respectively. These rates were high compared with male civilian populations of the same age range; the high incidence may be secondary to such factors as separation from families, a social milieu that encourages drinking and close sjrveillance by superiors and associates. The rate of first hospital admissions is a gross under-estimate of the total alcoholism problem. Alcoholic cases probably are often given other diagnoses early in the course of their illness. Actual prevalence of alcoholism cannot be determined directly at the present time, but reasonable estimates would be in the range of 2-3% of all naval personnell. Admissions for alcoholism show wide seasonal variations, suggesting the importance of administrative factors such as bed space, staff availability, and possibly diagnostic inexperience and inaccuracy.", "PMID": 1192929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_12999", "title": "[The significance of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) in biliary stasis and the postcholecystectomy syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "In a group of 103 patients with biliary tract disease only 27% had findings of ERC which were concordant with the operative observations. False-negative results were present in 20%, while in 55% conventional cholangiography did not provide enough opacification for exact diagnosis. The size of the common bile-duct lumen correlated with the degree of biliary stasis. It can, therefore, be used as a good diagnostic indicator. The normal lumen diameter as measured by ERC was 6.29 +/- 1.29 mm in the suprapancreatic part of the common bile-duct. All cholecystectomised patients had a dilated lumen, the borderline value for biliary stasis being at 13-14 mm.", "contents": "[The significance of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) in biliary stasis and the postcholecystectomy syndrome (author's transl)]. In a group of 103 patients with biliary tract disease only 27% had findings of ERC which were concordant with the operative observations. False-negative results were present in 20%, while in 55% conventional cholangiography did not provide enough opacification for exact diagnosis. The size of the common bile-duct lumen correlated with the degree of biliary stasis. It can, therefore, be used as a good diagnostic indicator. The normal lumen diameter as measured by ERC was 6.29 +/- 1.29 mm in the suprapancreatic part of the common bile-duct. All cholecystectomised patients had a dilated lumen, the borderline value for biliary stasis being at 13-14 mm.", "PMID": 1192951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13000", "title": "[Transcutaneous measurement of partial pressure of oxygen in paediatric intensive care (author's transl)].", "content": "The method of measuring oxygen partial pressure transcutaneously has provided an opportunity for continuous monitoring of patients on long-term resporator treatment. It has been convincingly demonstrated that serial samples obtained by arterial puncture are inadequate for controlling oxygen supply. An ideal correlation between arterial and transcutaneous pO2 was obtained when the control arterial sample was taken via an indwelling arterial catheter and artefacts, e.g. reaction to the needle puncture, had been eliminated. The necessary percentage of oxygen in the inspiratory mixture can be accurately gauged by continously measuring arterial pO2, as can changes brought about by the application of positive end-expiratory pressure in children on long-term ventilation. The transcutaneous measurement makes it possible to improve continuous monitoring of critically ill patients, and to carry out sparingly and safely long-term ventilation in them.", "contents": "[Transcutaneous measurement of partial pressure of oxygen in paediatric intensive care (author's transl)]. The method of measuring oxygen partial pressure transcutaneously has provided an opportunity for continuous monitoring of patients on long-term resporator treatment. It has been convincingly demonstrated that serial samples obtained by arterial puncture are inadequate for controlling oxygen supply. An ideal correlation between arterial and transcutaneous pO2 was obtained when the control arterial sample was taken via an indwelling arterial catheter and artefacts, e.g. reaction to the needle puncture, had been eliminated. The necessary percentage of oxygen in the inspiratory mixture can be accurately gauged by continously measuring arterial pO2, as can changes brought about by the application of positive end-expiratory pressure in children on long-term ventilation. The transcutaneous measurement makes it possible to improve continuous monitoring of critically ill patients, and to carry out sparingly and safely long-term ventilation in them.", "PMID": 1192952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13001", "title": "[Angiographic diagnosis of paraduodenal hernia (author's transl)].", "content": "The case is reported of a 26-year-old man who had several episodes of subileus which responded to spasmolytics. Mesenteric angiography revealed a paraduodenal hernia, with displacement of several jejunal arteries towards the mesenteric root and compression of intestinal vessels at about the level of Treitz' ligament. The angiographic findings were confirmed at operation, which consisted of repositioning the jejunal loop and closing the hernial orifice. The patient has since been free of complaints.", "contents": "[Angiographic diagnosis of paraduodenal hernia (author's transl)]. The case is reported of a 26-year-old man who had several episodes of subileus which responded to spasmolytics. Mesenteric angiography revealed a paraduodenal hernia, with displacement of several jejunal arteries towards the mesenteric root and compression of intestinal vessels at about the level of Treitz' ligament. The angiographic findings were confirmed at operation, which consisted of repositioning the jejunal loop and closing the hernial orifice. The patient has since been free of complaints.", "PMID": 1192953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13002", "title": "[131I-cholesterol scanning of the adrenals: results in various adrenal diseases, especially unilateral adrenal turmours (author's transl)].", "content": "133I-cholesterol scanning of five patients with primary hyperaldosteronism due to adrenocortical adenoma, gave correct lateralization and localization in three, while in two cases lateralization was not definitively determined. In two patients with phaeochromocytoma unilateral localization was clear-cut in the scan. In two patients with hormone-producing adrenal carcinoma the adrenals were localized poorly or not at all on both sides, because of the size of the tumours and suppression of the healthy contralateral adrenal by the autonomous hormone production. In case of retroperitoneal tumour with destruction of the adrenal the scan demonstrated a hyperplastic but healthy adrenal on the other side. Because 133I-cholesterol scanning exposes the steroid-producing gonads to high radioactivity, the method should only be used for diagnosing which side a unilateral adrenal tumour is on. It should not be used to complement a diagnosis of bilateral adrenal disease achieved by other means.", "contents": "[131I-cholesterol scanning of the adrenals: results in various adrenal diseases, especially unilateral adrenal turmours (author's transl)]. 133I-cholesterol scanning of five patients with primary hyperaldosteronism due to adrenocortical adenoma, gave correct lateralization and localization in three, while in two cases lateralization was not definitively determined. In two patients with phaeochromocytoma unilateral localization was clear-cut in the scan. In two patients with hormone-producing adrenal carcinoma the adrenals were localized poorly or not at all on both sides, because of the size of the tumours and suppression of the healthy contralateral adrenal by the autonomous hormone production. In case of retroperitoneal tumour with destruction of the adrenal the scan demonstrated a hyperplastic but healthy adrenal on the other side. Because 133I-cholesterol scanning exposes the steroid-producing gonads to high radioactivity, the method should only be used for diagnosing which side a unilateral adrenal tumour is on. It should not be used to complement a diagnosis of bilateral adrenal disease achieved by other means.", "PMID": 1192963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13003", "title": "[A prognostic index in acute myocardial infarction: discrimination analysis of clinical parameters on admission to hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "In 301 patients admitted to an intensive-care unit because of acute myocardial infarction a prognostic analysis was undertaken, based on 21 parameters (history, condition on admission, laboratory results) and related to ultimate outcome. Although some parameters were singly of prognostic value, discrimination analysis markedly improved predictive value. A prognostic index was constructed from seven easily available parameters: age, pulmonary congestion, leucocytosis, peripheral vasoconstriction, systolic blood pressure, site of infarct and hypertension. For those in a low-risk class (index less than 60, death-rate up to 5%), duration of stay in the intensive-care unit may be shortened and rehabilitation measures accelerated. Those at moderate risk (index 60-90, death-rate up to 25%) require careful monitoring. The highest risk classes (index 90-120, death-rate up to 90%; and index more than 120, death-rate more than 90%) require specially intensive and long-term monitoring, and various procedures for assisted circulation and possible cardiacsurgical intervention should be considered from the outset.", "contents": "[A prognostic index in acute myocardial infarction: discrimination analysis of clinical parameters on admission to hospital (author's transl)]. In 301 patients admitted to an intensive-care unit because of acute myocardial infarction a prognostic analysis was undertaken, based on 21 parameters (history, condition on admission, laboratory results) and related to ultimate outcome. Although some parameters were singly of prognostic value, discrimination analysis markedly improved predictive value. A prognostic index was constructed from seven easily available parameters: age, pulmonary congestion, leucocytosis, peripheral vasoconstriction, systolic blood pressure, site of infarct and hypertension. For those in a low-risk class (index less than 60, death-rate up to 5%), duration of stay in the intensive-care unit may be shortened and rehabilitation measures accelerated. Those at moderate risk (index 60-90, death-rate up to 25%) require careful monitoring. The highest risk classes (index 90-120, death-rate up to 90%; and index more than 120, death-rate more than 90%) require specially intensive and long-term monitoring, and various procedures for assisted circulation and possible cardiacsurgical intervention should be considered from the outset.", "PMID": 1192964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13004", "title": "[Simple method of residual urine determination without bladder catheterization (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple photometric method for determining residual urine by means of a nomogram is described. Suprapubic puncture is employed (if necessary on an out-patient basis), and bladder urine can also be obtained for testing sensitivity to antibiotics. The results obtained correlated well with those achieved by bladder catheterization.", "contents": "[Simple method of residual urine determination without bladder catheterization (author's transl)]. A simple photometric method for determining residual urine by means of a nomogram is described. Suprapubic puncture is employed (if necessary on an out-patient basis), and bladder urine can also be obtained for testing sensitivity to antibiotics. The results obtained correlated well with those achieved by bladder catheterization.", "PMID": 1192973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13005", "title": "Seasonal and sexual variations in the responsiveness of rabbit hearts to prolactin.", "content": "Rabbit hearts perfused by the Langendorff technique were studied. The addition of ovine prolactin (NIH-P-S-10) to the perfusate in a concentration of 50 ng/ml produced rapid increases in both the amplitude and rate of contraction in 33 adult male hearts studied in winter. Prepubertal male animals showed no response, and only 1 out of 12 adult females responded. Pretreatment for 10 days with 2.5 mg/day testosterone propionate led to minimal inotropic but not chronotropic responses in 2 out of 4 prepubertal males and 2 out of 4 adult females to prolactin. Clear responses to prolactin were seen in 5 adult males pretreated with reserpine. Propanolol consistently reversed both the inotropic and chronotropic actions of prolactin. The original experiments were performed in January and February. When tested in May, adult males failed to respond to prolactin and this situation, persisted until October when responsiveness again appeared. The same prolactin preparation and procedures were used throughout indicating that the changes must have been due to seasonal variations in the cardiac responsiveness to the hormone.", "contents": "Seasonal and sexual variations in the responsiveness of rabbit hearts to prolactin. Rabbit hearts perfused by the Langendorff technique were studied. The addition of ovine prolactin (NIH-P-S-10) to the perfusate in a concentration of 50 ng/ml produced rapid increases in both the amplitude and rate of contraction in 33 adult male hearts studied in winter. Prepubertal male animals showed no response, and only 1 out of 12 adult females responded. Pretreatment for 10 days with 2.5 mg/day testosterone propionate led to minimal inotropic but not chronotropic responses in 2 out of 4 prepubertal males and 2 out of 4 adult females to prolactin. Clear responses to prolactin were seen in 5 adult males pretreated with reserpine. Propanolol consistently reversed both the inotropic and chronotropic actions of prolactin. The original experiments were performed in January and February. When tested in May, adult males failed to respond to prolactin and this situation, persisted until October when responsiveness again appeared. The same prolactin preparation and procedures were used throughout indicating that the changes must have been due to seasonal variations in the cardiac responsiveness to the hormone.", "PMID": 1193000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13006", "title": "Interaction of parathyroid hormone with membranes of kidney cortex: degradation of the hormone and activation of adenylate cyclase.", "content": "Plasma membranes prepared from rat renal cortex contain both a parathyroid hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase and a potent proteolytic activity which degrades the hormone into peptide fragments. The degree and pattern of degradation was determined by subjecting incubation mixtures to gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Estimation of the degree of degradation by acid precipitation of the intact hormone was inadequate since metabolism of the hormone apparently generated acid-insoluble fragments. When parathyroid hormone was incubated with membrane fraction, the capacity of its stimulatory effect on adenylate cyclase decreased steadily. This decrease of PTH activitiy could be closely related to the degradation of intact hormone by the same membrane preparation. The adenylate cyclase and degradative activity appeared to exist in similar membrane structures since they could not be separated by centrifugation through sucrose density gradients. The degradation of the hormone could not be inhibited by Trasylol and pancreatic or soybean trypsin inhibitors and was only slightly inhibited by ribonuclease and benzamidine. Histone (1 mg per ml), on the other hand, was able to decrease the degradation of the hormone and prevent the loss of its activity. Radioimmunoassay of the incubation mixtures showed that the rapid degradation of both amino- and carboxy-terminal regions of the hormone was prevented by histone. The oxidized, inactive hormone was also degraded to the same extent by the renal cortical membrane. Furthermore, the degradative activity was also found in plasma membrane preparations of renal medulla and liver. This lack of hormone and tissue specificity suggests that similar degradative activity exists in all tissues and that caution should be exercised in estimating hormonal potency based on activation of adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "Interaction of parathyroid hormone with membranes of kidney cortex: degradation of the hormone and activation of adenylate cyclase. Plasma membranes prepared from rat renal cortex contain both a parathyroid hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase and a potent proteolytic activity which degrades the hormone into peptide fragments. The degree and pattern of degradation was determined by subjecting incubation mixtures to gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Estimation of the degree of degradation by acid precipitation of the intact hormone was inadequate since metabolism of the hormone apparently generated acid-insoluble fragments. When parathyroid hormone was incubated with membrane fraction, the capacity of its stimulatory effect on adenylate cyclase decreased steadily. This decrease of PTH activitiy could be closely related to the degradation of intact hormone by the same membrane preparation. The adenylate cyclase and degradative activity appeared to exist in similar membrane structures since they could not be separated by centrifugation through sucrose density gradients. The degradation of the hormone could not be inhibited by Trasylol and pancreatic or soybean trypsin inhibitors and was only slightly inhibited by ribonuclease and benzamidine. Histone (1 mg per ml), on the other hand, was able to decrease the degradation of the hormone and prevent the loss of its activity. Radioimmunoassay of the incubation mixtures showed that the rapid degradation of both amino- and carboxy-terminal regions of the hormone was prevented by histone. The oxidized, inactive hormone was also degraded to the same extent by the renal cortical membrane. Furthermore, the degradative activity was also found in plasma membrane preparations of renal medulla and liver. This lack of hormone and tissue specificity suggests that similar degradative activity exists in all tissues and that caution should be exercised in estimating hormonal potency based on activation of adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 1193001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13007", "title": "Serum cortisol binding capacity and cortisol concentration in the pregnant baboon and its fetus during gestation.", "content": "The cortisol binding capacity of serum from 11 pregnant baboons (38 samples) and from 7 baboon fetuses delivered prematurely or at term was measured after removal of endogenous steroids. Values for maternal serum collected between 60 and 120 days after mating (59.0 +/- 6.4 mug/100 ml, mean +/- SD) were greater than those for serum collected at term (42.3 +/- 4.9 mug/100 ml). The cortisol-binding capacity of fetal serum collected between 100 and 132 days' gestation was similar to that of the corresponding maternal sample, but at term was only 50% of the maternal value. The rate of clearance of cortisol from both fetal and maternal serum may therefore increase progressively during the last trimester of pregnancy. This effect is likely to be more marked in the fetus. The cortisol binding capacity of 15 serum samples from 9 non-pregnant baboons was 33.4 +/- 5.5 mug/100 ml. Mestranol2 (administered 200 mug/day im for 15 days) significantly increased the serum cortisol binding capacity. The concentration of cortisol in maternal serum from 7 pregnant baboons (10 samples) was 44.0 +/- 8.4 mug/100 ml and was independent of the state of gestation. In fetal serum the cortisol concentration was 4 mug/100 ml before 168 days' gestation and reached 49 mug/100 ml after normal delivery at term. These findings suggest that the mechanisms for production of cortisol by the fetus mature as gestation progresses. The physiological significance of the marked difference between the cortisol concentration and the cortisol binding capacity of fetal serum awaits elucidation.", "contents": "Serum cortisol binding capacity and cortisol concentration in the pregnant baboon and its fetus during gestation. The cortisol binding capacity of serum from 11 pregnant baboons (38 samples) and from 7 baboon fetuses delivered prematurely or at term was measured after removal of endogenous steroids. Values for maternal serum collected between 60 and 120 days after mating (59.0 +/- 6.4 mug/100 ml, mean +/- SD) were greater than those for serum collected at term (42.3 +/- 4.9 mug/100 ml). The cortisol-binding capacity of fetal serum collected between 100 and 132 days' gestation was similar to that of the corresponding maternal sample, but at term was only 50% of the maternal value. The rate of clearance of cortisol from both fetal and maternal serum may therefore increase progressively during the last trimester of pregnancy. This effect is likely to be more marked in the fetus. The cortisol binding capacity of 15 serum samples from 9 non-pregnant baboons was 33.4 +/- 5.5 mug/100 ml. Mestranol2 (administered 200 mug/day im for 15 days) significantly increased the serum cortisol binding capacity. The concentration of cortisol in maternal serum from 7 pregnant baboons (10 samples) was 44.0 +/- 8.4 mug/100 ml and was independent of the state of gestation. In fetal serum the cortisol concentration was 4 mug/100 ml before 168 days' gestation and reached 49 mug/100 ml after normal delivery at term. These findings suggest that the mechanisms for production of cortisol by the fetus mature as gestation progresses. The physiological significance of the marked difference between the cortisol concentration and the cortisol binding capacity of fetal serum awaits elucidation.", "PMID": 1193002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13008", "title": "Volume control of plasma antidiuretic hormone concentration following acute blood volume expansion in the anesthetized dog.", "content": "Acute volume expansion was produced in 9 dogs by infusing a lactated Ringer's solution at 1 ml/kg/min in a volume estimated to increase blood volume by 20%. Volume expansion was maintained by replacing urinary fluid losses with equal volumes of the Ringer's solution. Following volume expansion, the effects of a slow, nonhypotensive hemorrhage on plasma antidiuretic hormone concentration (PADH) were determined and compared to a group of 9 normovolemic dogs subjected to the same hemorrhage procedure, in order to determine if volume receptor control of ADH release would adapt to acute increases in blood volume. Ringer's infusion significantly increased blood volume to 95.2 +/- 3.1 ml/kg (mean +/- SE; P less than 0.01) when compared to a mean normovolemic blood volume of 77.6 +/- 3.4 ml/kg. Volume expansion was associated with a significantly lower PADH (3.2 +/- 1.6 muU/ml) than that in normovolemic dogs (5.7 +/- 1.2 muU/ml; p less than 0.05). Significant increases in PADH (P less than 0.05) occurred in both groups of dogs after 20 and 40 minutes of a continuous, nonhypotensive hemorrhage (0.40 to 0.45 mg/kg/min. Hemmorrhage was also associated with significant decrease in effective left atrial pressure in both groups of dogs after 5, 10, 20, and 40 minutes of hemorrhage (P less than 0.01). There were no significant differences between the two groups of dogs nor were there any significant changes during the experiment within each group for mean arterial blood pressure, arterial pulse pressure, plasma osmolality, plasma sodium concentration and plasma potassium concentration. Effective left atrial pressure and PADH were found to be exponentially correlated with blood volume in bothy hypervolemic and normovolemic dogs. Analysis of covariance of these correlations suggested that the hypervolemic dogs exhibited the same exponential changes in PADH and effective left atrial pressure with decreased blood volume as in the normovolemic dogs. It is concluded that acute volume expansion does not alter volume control of plasma ADH concentration.", "contents": "Volume control of plasma antidiuretic hormone concentration following acute blood volume expansion in the anesthetized dog. Acute volume expansion was produced in 9 dogs by infusing a lactated Ringer's solution at 1 ml/kg/min in a volume estimated to increase blood volume by 20%. Volume expansion was maintained by replacing urinary fluid losses with equal volumes of the Ringer's solution. Following volume expansion, the effects of a slow, nonhypotensive hemorrhage on plasma antidiuretic hormone concentration (PADH) were determined and compared to a group of 9 normovolemic dogs subjected to the same hemorrhage procedure, in order to determine if volume receptor control of ADH release would adapt to acute increases in blood volume. Ringer's infusion significantly increased blood volume to 95.2 +/- 3.1 ml/kg (mean +/- SE; P less than 0.01) when compared to a mean normovolemic blood volume of 77.6 +/- 3.4 ml/kg. Volume expansion was associated with a significantly lower PADH (3.2 +/- 1.6 muU/ml) than that in normovolemic dogs (5.7 +/- 1.2 muU/ml; p less than 0.05). Significant increases in PADH (P less than 0.05) occurred in both groups of dogs after 20 and 40 minutes of a continuous, nonhypotensive hemorrhage (0.40 to 0.45 mg/kg/min. Hemmorrhage was also associated with significant decrease in effective left atrial pressure in both groups of dogs after 5, 10, 20, and 40 minutes of hemorrhage (P less than 0.01). There were no significant differences between the two groups of dogs nor were there any significant changes during the experiment within each group for mean arterial blood pressure, arterial pulse pressure, plasma osmolality, plasma sodium concentration and plasma potassium concentration. Effective left atrial pressure and PADH were found to be exponentially correlated with blood volume in bothy hypervolemic and normovolemic dogs. Analysis of covariance of these correlations suggested that the hypervolemic dogs exhibited the same exponential changes in PADH and effective left atrial pressure with decreased blood volume as in the normovolemic dogs. It is concluded that acute volume expansion does not alter volume control of plasma ADH concentration.", "PMID": 1193003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13009", "title": "Influence of estrogen-progesterone combinations on gonadotropin secretion in castrate female rats(1).", "content": "In order to study the effect of progesterone in modulating the secretion of gonadotropins, various doses of progesterone were administered to castrated immature and mature female rats. Progesterone did not prevent the postcastration rise of FSH and LH in these animals. Various amounts of progesterone were then administered to castrated rats that were treated with a constant low dose of estradiol. In animals given doses of estradiol that were able to decrease serum FSH and LH below castrate levels, but not to prevent the post-castration rise, the effect of progesterone was dose-dependent. A very low dose of progesterone lowered serum gonadotropins, an intermediate dose brought about an increase in secretion, and high doses were suppressive. The modifying action of progesterone appears to be dependent upon the level of estrogen, the dose of progesterone, and the time of administration.", "contents": "Influence of estrogen-progesterone combinations on gonadotropin secretion in castrate female rats(1). In order to study the effect of progesterone in modulating the secretion of gonadotropins, various doses of progesterone were administered to castrated immature and mature female rats. Progesterone did not prevent the postcastration rise of FSH and LH in these animals. Various amounts of progesterone were then administered to castrated rats that were treated with a constant low dose of estradiol. In animals given doses of estradiol that were able to decrease serum FSH and LH below castrate levels, but not to prevent the post-castration rise, the effect of progesterone was dose-dependent. A very low dose of progesterone lowered serum gonadotropins, an intermediate dose brought about an increase in secretion, and high doses were suppressive. The modifying action of progesterone appears to be dependent upon the level of estrogen, the dose of progesterone, and the time of administration.", "PMID": 1193004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13010", "title": "Steroid hormone effects on sonatomedin. I. Somatomedin action in vitro.", "content": "The effects of cortisol, estradiol, and testosterone on somatomedin action on cartilage incubated in vitro have been examined. The addition of hormones in the absence of serum had no effect on the incorporation of sulfate by cartilage from hypophysectomized rats, embryonic chicks, or normal young pigs. Normal human serum provided a source of somatomedin which stimulated the incorporation of sulfate by cartilage in a dose-response relationship; the potency of serum with and without added steroid hormone was determined after formal parallel-line analysis. Moderately supraphysiologic levels of cortisol, 17 beta-estradiol, and testosterone generally had little effect on somatomedin action in the test systems. Very high levels of serum cortisol (100-1000 mug/100 ml) inhibited somatomedin action on pig cartilage, but had little effect on rat or chick cartilage. A 20 ng/100 ml increase in serum estradiol had no effect on somatomedin action on chick cartilage, but appeared to enhance somatomedin action on pig cartilage. A 5 mug/100 ml increase in serum testosterone did not affect somatomedin action on either chick or pig cartilage. These studies suggest that the alteration of somatomedin action is not a major mechanism in the effect of steroid hormones on growth. In addition, since modest increases in serum levels of cortisol, estradiol, and testosterone had little effect on somatomedin action in our assay systems, these systems should be satisfactory for the study of hormone effects on somatomedin generation.", "contents": "Steroid hormone effects on sonatomedin. I. Somatomedin action in vitro. The effects of cortisol, estradiol, and testosterone on somatomedin action on cartilage incubated in vitro have been examined. The addition of hormones in the absence of serum had no effect on the incorporation of sulfate by cartilage from hypophysectomized rats, embryonic chicks, or normal young pigs. Normal human serum provided a source of somatomedin which stimulated the incorporation of sulfate by cartilage in a dose-response relationship; the potency of serum with and without added steroid hormone was determined after formal parallel-line analysis. Moderately supraphysiologic levels of cortisol, 17 beta-estradiol, and testosterone generally had little effect on somatomedin action in the test systems. Very high levels of serum cortisol (100-1000 mug/100 ml) inhibited somatomedin action on pig cartilage, but had little effect on rat or chick cartilage. A 20 ng/100 ml increase in serum estradiol had no effect on somatomedin action on chick cartilage, but appeared to enhance somatomedin action on pig cartilage. A 5 mug/100 ml increase in serum testosterone did not affect somatomedin action on either chick or pig cartilage. These studies suggest that the alteration of somatomedin action is not a major mechanism in the effect of steroid hormones on growth. In addition, since modest increases in serum levels of cortisol, estradiol, and testosterone had little effect on somatomedin action in our assay systems, these systems should be satisfactory for the study of hormone effects on somatomedin generation.", "PMID": 1193005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13011", "title": "Simultaneous determination of testosterone, 5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol in plasma of adult male rabbits by radioimmunoassay(1).", "content": "A simultaneous radioimmunoassay procedure for plasma testosterone (T), 5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one (DHT), 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alphaol), and 5alpha-androstan-3beta,17beta-diol (3betaol) is described in this report. Peripheral plasma concentrations of T, DHT, 3alphaol, and 3betaol were 1.16 +/- 0.26, 0.49 +/- 0.15, 0.17 +/- 0.03, and 0.24 +/- 0.04 ng/ml, respectively, in adult male rabbits. In contrast, T, DHT, 3alphaol, and 3betaol peripheral plasma concentrations in dexamethasone-treated castrate rabbits were 0.07 +/- 0.01, 0.02 +/- 0.01, 0.07 +/- 0.01, and 0.05 +/- 0.01 ng/ml, respectively. These results represent the first simultaneous measurement of T, DHT, 3alphaol, and 3betaol in peripheral plasma of any male vertebrate. Moreover, we suggest that DHT, 3alphaol, and 3betaol represent the unidentified immunoreactive material found in peripheral plasma of male rabbits by Falvo and Nalbandov (1).", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of testosterone, 5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol in plasma of adult male rabbits by radioimmunoassay(1). A simultaneous radioimmunoassay procedure for plasma testosterone (T), 5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one (DHT), 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alphaol), and 5alpha-androstan-3beta,17beta-diol (3betaol) is described in this report. Peripheral plasma concentrations of T, DHT, 3alphaol, and 3betaol were 1.16 +/- 0.26, 0.49 +/- 0.15, 0.17 +/- 0.03, and 0.24 +/- 0.04 ng/ml, respectively, in adult male rabbits. In contrast, T, DHT, 3alphaol, and 3betaol peripheral plasma concentrations in dexamethasone-treated castrate rabbits were 0.07 +/- 0.01, 0.02 +/- 0.01, 0.07 +/- 0.01, and 0.05 +/- 0.01 ng/ml, respectively. These results represent the first simultaneous measurement of T, DHT, 3alphaol, and 3betaol in peripheral plasma of any male vertebrate. Moreover, we suggest that DHT, 3alphaol, and 3betaol represent the unidentified immunoreactive material found in peripheral plasma of male rabbits by Falvo and Nalbandov (1).", "PMID": 1193006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13012", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of plasma relaxin levels throughout pregnancy and at parturition in the pig.", "content": "Relaxin concentrations in peripheral plasma have been measured throughout pregnancy and immediately following parturition in the pig by radioimmunoassay. Gestation ranged from 114-117 days. Relaxin concentrations remained below 2 ng/ml during the first 100 days of pregnancy and then rose gradually to a mean of 11.9 ng/ml by 3 days before parturition. At this time, relaxin levels began to rise more rapidly and over the next 2 days increased to a mean concentration of 44.0 ng/ml by 30 h before parturition. Relaxin concentrations then increased sharply to a mean of 145.6 ng/ml by 14 h before parturition. This maximum was followed be a rapid decrease to a mean of 42.4 ng/ml by 2 h before parturition. At one day following parturition, relaxin levels were less than 1 ng/ml.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of plasma relaxin levels throughout pregnancy and at parturition in the pig. Relaxin concentrations in peripheral plasma have been measured throughout pregnancy and immediately following parturition in the pig by radioimmunoassay. Gestation ranged from 114-117 days. Relaxin concentrations remained below 2 ng/ml during the first 100 days of pregnancy and then rose gradually to a mean of 11.9 ng/ml by 3 days before parturition. At this time, relaxin levels began to rise more rapidly and over the next 2 days increased to a mean concentration of 44.0 ng/ml by 30 h before parturition. Relaxin concentrations then increased sharply to a mean of 145.6 ng/ml by 14 h before parturition. This maximum was followed be a rapid decrease to a mean of 42.4 ng/ml by 2 h before parturition. At one day following parturition, relaxin levels were less than 1 ng/ml.", "PMID": 1193007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13013", "title": "The luteotrophic action of decidual tissue: the stimulating effect of decidualization on the serum progesterone level of pseudopregnant rats.", "content": "On day 5 (4th diestrous day), pseudopregnant rats were arranged in pairs, one member of which was subjected to hysterectomy (H-ect) and the other to uterine scratching to induce formation of decidual tissue (DT). Blood samples were collected from each pair of rats immediately before and at various intervals after operation until day 13, and with very few exceptions were assayed for progesterone by CPB in the same assay. From 21 such pairs, the following findings emerged: During the period from day 7-day 11 inclusive, a DT-bearing rat's serum progesterone level was higher than that of its H-ect paired control in 79% of the paired comparisons; the mean serum progesterone level of the DT-bearing rats was higher than that of the H-ect rats on each day during this period; and the progesterone level group mean for all the DT-bearing rats during this period was at least 25% (P less than 0.05) higher than that of the H-ect rats. On days 6, 12, and 13, however, no significant differences were found between the 2 groups by any basis of comparison. Ordinary pseudopregnant rats (subjected only to 1aparotomy on day 5) and rats subjected to uterine scratching which failed to form DT had progesterone levels below or similar to, respectively, those of the H-ect members in the pairs. The findings were interpreted as evidence that DT increases the rate of progesteron secretion.", "contents": "The luteotrophic action of decidual tissue: the stimulating effect of decidualization on the serum progesterone level of pseudopregnant rats. On day 5 (4th diestrous day), pseudopregnant rats were arranged in pairs, one member of which was subjected to hysterectomy (H-ect) and the other to uterine scratching to induce formation of decidual tissue (DT). Blood samples were collected from each pair of rats immediately before and at various intervals after operation until day 13, and with very few exceptions were assayed for progesterone by CPB in the same assay. From 21 such pairs, the following findings emerged: During the period from day 7-day 11 inclusive, a DT-bearing rat's serum progesterone level was higher than that of its H-ect paired control in 79% of the paired comparisons; the mean serum progesterone level of the DT-bearing rats was higher than that of the H-ect rats on each day during this period; and the progesterone level group mean for all the DT-bearing rats during this period was at least 25% (P less than 0.05) higher than that of the H-ect rats. On days 6, 12, and 13, however, no significant differences were found between the 2 groups by any basis of comparison. Ordinary pseudopregnant rats (subjected only to 1aparotomy on day 5) and rats subjected to uterine scratching which failed to form DT had progesterone levels below or similar to, respectively, those of the H-ect members in the pairs. The findings were interpreted as evidence that DT increases the rate of progesteron secretion.", "PMID": 1193008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13014", "title": "Effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on gonadotropin release in the rat.", "content": "To study the effect of blockade of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on gonadotropin release in the rat, inhibitors of PG synthesis were injected by various routes in various experimental conditions. The injection of 5-, 8-, 11-, 14-eicosatetraynoic acid (TYA) into the third ventricle (3rd V) significantly decreased plasma LH of ovariectomized (OVX) rats 1, 2, and 4 h following its injection; however, TYA failed to alter plasma LH in OVX rats when administered as a single sc injection and also failed to prevent the post-castration rise in plasma LH when administered sc once daily for 4 days to short-term OVX rats. None of these treatments altered plasma FSH concentrations. Indomethacin (Id) injected into the 3rd V or implanted into the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) of OVX rats depressed plasma LH 1--6 h later. This effect was no longer observed 24--72 h following its implantation in the MBH. When different doses of Id were administered as single sc injections to OVX rats, plasma LH titers were depressed 24--32 h later, whereas plasma FSH remained either unaltered or was slightly increased. Similarly, the post-castration rise of plasma LH but not that of FSH in male rats was suppressed by a single sc injection of Id given 6 h before orchidectomy. Id administered acutely iv failed to modify the pulsatile release of LH in OVX rats, but it effectively inhibited this release when injected sc 20--30 h before the initiation of blood collection. Moreover, Id blocked the progesterone-induced LH and FSH release in OVX estrogen-primed rats when given sc 24 h before progesterone, but not when it was injected either sc or iv shortly (2 h) before or shortly after (1--3 h) progesterone treatment. Rats treated with Id showed a decrease in BW 24--32 h afters its sc injection. However, the effects of Id on LH release could not be explained by lack of food intake since fasted controls showed LH titers similar to fed rats. Id did not significantly inhibit the LH release in response to synthetic LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) in OVX rats, but partially blocked the response in OVX estrogen, progesterone-treated (OEP) rats. Surprisingly, in OEP rats, Id appeared to potentiate the FSH release in response to LHRH. The results of this study indicate that inhibitors of PG synthesis administered at high doses can inhibit LH release in the rat and that this effect is mainly due to a direct effect of the drug or drugs on the central nervous systen. Consequently, the results of this study give further support to the hypothesis that PGs play a physiological role in the control of gonadotropin secretion.", "contents": "Effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on gonadotropin release in the rat. To study the effect of blockade of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on gonadotropin release in the rat, inhibitors of PG synthesis were injected by various routes in various experimental conditions. The injection of 5-, 8-, 11-, 14-eicosatetraynoic acid (TYA) into the third ventricle (3rd V) significantly decreased plasma LH of ovariectomized (OVX) rats 1, 2, and 4 h following its injection; however, TYA failed to alter plasma LH in OVX rats when administered as a single sc injection and also failed to prevent the post-castration rise in plasma LH when administered sc once daily for 4 days to short-term OVX rats. None of these treatments altered plasma FSH concentrations. Indomethacin (Id) injected into the 3rd V or implanted into the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) of OVX rats depressed plasma LH 1--6 h later. This effect was no longer observed 24--72 h following its implantation in the MBH. When different doses of Id were administered as single sc injections to OVX rats, plasma LH titers were depressed 24--32 h later, whereas plasma FSH remained either unaltered or was slightly increased. Similarly, the post-castration rise of plasma LH but not that of FSH in male rats was suppressed by a single sc injection of Id given 6 h before orchidectomy. Id administered acutely iv failed to modify the pulsatile release of LH in OVX rats, but it effectively inhibited this release when injected sc 20--30 h before the initiation of blood collection. Moreover, Id blocked the progesterone-induced LH and FSH release in OVX estrogen-primed rats when given sc 24 h before progesterone, but not when it was injected either sc or iv shortly (2 h) before or shortly after (1--3 h) progesterone treatment. Rats treated with Id showed a decrease in BW 24--32 h afters its sc injection. However, the effects of Id on LH release could not be explained by lack of food intake since fasted controls showed LH titers similar to fed rats. Id did not significantly inhibit the LH release in response to synthetic LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) in OVX rats, but partially blocked the response in OVX estrogen, progesterone-treated (OEP) rats. Surprisingly, in OEP rats, Id appeared to potentiate the FSH release in response to LHRH. The results of this study indicate that inhibitors of PG synthesis administered at high doses can inhibit LH release in the rat and that this effect is mainly due to a direct effect of the drug or drugs on the central nervous systen. Consequently, the results of this study give further support to the hypothesis that PGs play a physiological role in the control of gonadotropin secretion.", "PMID": 1193009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13015", "title": "Proestrous hormone surges dissociated from ovulation in the estrogen-treated hamster.", "content": "Hamsters injected sc with 50 mug estradiol cyclopentylpropionate (ECP) at 0900 h on day 1 (metestrus) of the cycle show the normal \"postovulatory\" vaginal discharge 4 days later but do not resume ovulation until 14--18 days later. After ECP injection ovarian histology reveals that the follicles normally destined to ovulate at the end of the cycle (developing follicles) are healthy on the afternoon of day 1, but atretic by day 2. Developing follicles (8--12 granulosal layers) reappear by the afternoon of day 3; follicular development is still retarded by the afternoon of proestrus (day 4). Serum hormone levels were determined by RIA in ECP and oil treated hamsters. ECP fails to affect the normally high levels of FSH present throughout day 1; however, by day 2 both FSH and LH levels are usually undetectable. On day 3, a \"rebound\" phenomenon occurs and FSH and LH are now detectable in the ECP treated groups. The preovulatory increase of LH occurs on day 4 between 1200 and 1400 h in both groups whereas FSH increases at 1400 h in the ECP group but not until 1600 h in the controls. The elevated levels of FSH, usually observed throughout day 1, occur in the oil treated but not in the ECP group. This most likely accounts for the long delay before ovulation is resumed in the ECP group. Luteal function is unaffected by ECP; circulating levels of progesterone (P) are approximately 12 ng/ml on days 1 and 2 in both groups. The normal secretion of P on day 4 occurs in ECP and oil groups and in the absence of large antral follicles in the former animals. In the ECP group estradiol levels on days 1, 2, 3, 4 at 1500 h are 250, 263, 255, and 273 pg/ml respectively, compared to 34, 80, 105, and 297 pg/ml for the controls. These experiments demonstrate a) that the preovulatory release of anterior pituitary hormones on day 4 is normal in the ECP group but there are no follicles competent to respond by ovulating; b) that the continued functional activity of the CL in the face of elevated estrogen levels accounts for the maintenance of the 4 day \"cycle\"; and c) the extreme resistance to exogenous estrogen of the hamster as compared to the rat.", "contents": "Proestrous hormone surges dissociated from ovulation in the estrogen-treated hamster. Hamsters injected sc with 50 mug estradiol cyclopentylpropionate (ECP) at 0900 h on day 1 (metestrus) of the cycle show the normal \"postovulatory\" vaginal discharge 4 days later but do not resume ovulation until 14--18 days later. After ECP injection ovarian histology reveals that the follicles normally destined to ovulate at the end of the cycle (developing follicles) are healthy on the afternoon of day 1, but atretic by day 2. Developing follicles (8--12 granulosal layers) reappear by the afternoon of day 3; follicular development is still retarded by the afternoon of proestrus (day 4). Serum hormone levels were determined by RIA in ECP and oil treated hamsters. ECP fails to affect the normally high levels of FSH present throughout day 1; however, by day 2 both FSH and LH levels are usually undetectable. On day 3, a \"rebound\" phenomenon occurs and FSH and LH are now detectable in the ECP treated groups. The preovulatory increase of LH occurs on day 4 between 1200 and 1400 h in both groups whereas FSH increases at 1400 h in the ECP group but not until 1600 h in the controls. The elevated levels of FSH, usually observed throughout day 1, occur in the oil treated but not in the ECP group. This most likely accounts for the long delay before ovulation is resumed in the ECP group. Luteal function is unaffected by ECP; circulating levels of progesterone (P) are approximately 12 ng/ml on days 1 and 2 in both groups. The normal secretion of P on day 4 occurs in ECP and oil groups and in the absence of large antral follicles in the former animals. In the ECP group estradiol levels on days 1, 2, 3, 4 at 1500 h are 250, 263, 255, and 273 pg/ml respectively, compared to 34, 80, 105, and 297 pg/ml for the controls. These experiments demonstrate a) that the preovulatory release of anterior pituitary hormones on day 4 is normal in the ECP group but there are no follicles competent to respond by ovulating; b) that the continued functional activity of the CL in the face of elevated estrogen levels accounts for the maintenance of the 4 day \"cycle\"; and c) the extreme resistance to exogenous estrogen of the hamster as compared to the rat.", "PMID": 1193010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13016", "title": "Potentiation of suckling-induced release of prolactin by inhibition of brain catecholamine synthesis.", "content": "The effects of a catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT), on the accumulation of newly synthesized brain catecholamines and plasma prolactin concentration were studied in lactating rats. [3H]tyrosine was administered to rats 10 minutes before decapitation, and the rate of its incorporation into [3H]dopamine and [3H]norepinephrine was measured in whole brain. Injection of alpha-MT (3.15--12.50 mg/kg) via a carotid cannula increased plasma prolactin levels and decreased the accumulation of newly synthesized brain catecholamines in nonsuckled, lactating rats compared to rats injected with .9% saline solution. Mother rats pretreated with saline solution were suckled for 20 minutes by pups which previously were separated from the mother rats for 5 hours. This treatment resulted in significantly increased plasma prolactin levels compared to nonsuckled controls. In rats pretreated with alpha-MT for 20 minutes, suckling resulted in a further increase in plasma prolactin levels which was significantly greater than the increase caused by suckling or alpha-MT alone. These results suggest that inhibition or catecholamine synthesis had a facilitatory effect on the brain mechanisms responsible for prolactin release in response to suckling.", "contents": "Potentiation of suckling-induced release of prolactin by inhibition of brain catecholamine synthesis. The effects of a catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT), on the accumulation of newly synthesized brain catecholamines and plasma prolactin concentration were studied in lactating rats. [3H]tyrosine was administered to rats 10 minutes before decapitation, and the rate of its incorporation into [3H]dopamine and [3H]norepinephrine was measured in whole brain. Injection of alpha-MT (3.15--12.50 mg/kg) via a carotid cannula increased plasma prolactin levels and decreased the accumulation of newly synthesized brain catecholamines in nonsuckled, lactating rats compared to rats injected with .9% saline solution. Mother rats pretreated with saline solution were suckled for 20 minutes by pups which previously were separated from the mother rats for 5 hours. This treatment resulted in significantly increased plasma prolactin levels compared to nonsuckled controls. In rats pretreated with alpha-MT for 20 minutes, suckling resulted in a further increase in plasma prolactin levels which was significantly greater than the increase caused by suckling or alpha-MT alone. These results suggest that inhibition or catecholamine synthesis had a facilitatory effect on the brain mechanisms responsible for prolactin release in response to suckling.", "PMID": 1193011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13017", "title": "Changes with age in levels of serum gonadotropins, prolactin and gonadal steroids in prepubertal male and female rats.", "content": "Radioimmunological determination of serum LH, FSH, and estradiol concentrations in prepubertal female rats demonstrates the temporal coincidence of increased serum levels of these hormones between days 9 and 21. Serum FSH and estradiol levels are continuously high during that time, whereas interindividual fluctuations in LH levels were enormous. No high LH, FSH, and estradiol levels were observed between day 21 and puberty, during which time serum prolactin and progesterone gradually increased. Serum testosterone in the female immature rats stayed uniformly low. It is suggested that increased serum estradiol levels in the presence of low prolactin levels (between day 10 and 20) act in a positive feedback fashion on the CNS-pituitary axis. The resulting increased gonadotropin levels are later (between day 20 and puberty) decreased by an inhibitory action of prolactin and/or progesterone on pituitary gonadotropin release. In male rats serum FSH and prolactin, which were low during the first 3 weeks, increased later to reach high levels during puberty. Serum LH was slightly elevated during the 2nd and 3rd week of life at which time serum progesterone also increased to reach the highest levels in the prepubertal period. Serum testosterone was higher in male than in female rats for the first 3 weeks of life; the difference between both sexes was significant but not striking. Between day 21 and the prepubertal period the testosterone levels were relatively low, but they increased again during puberty. Sex differences in androgen levels (measured with a less specific antibody) were more pronounced whereas estradiol levels in males showed the same pattern between birth and puberty as in the female littermates. These results suggest that not only testosterone but also other, not yet identified, androgens may be involved in the masculinzation of the brain.", "contents": "Changes with age in levels of serum gonadotropins, prolactin and gonadal steroids in prepubertal male and female rats. Radioimmunological determination of serum LH, FSH, and estradiol concentrations in prepubertal female rats demonstrates the temporal coincidence of increased serum levels of these hormones between days 9 and 21. Serum FSH and estradiol levels are continuously high during that time, whereas interindividual fluctuations in LH levels were enormous. No high LH, FSH, and estradiol levels were observed between day 21 and puberty, during which time serum prolactin and progesterone gradually increased. Serum testosterone in the female immature rats stayed uniformly low. It is suggested that increased serum estradiol levels in the presence of low prolactin levels (between day 10 and 20) act in a positive feedback fashion on the CNS-pituitary axis. The resulting increased gonadotropin levels are later (between day 20 and puberty) decreased by an inhibitory action of prolactin and/or progesterone on pituitary gonadotropin release. In male rats serum FSH and prolactin, which were low during the first 3 weeks, increased later to reach high levels during puberty. Serum LH was slightly elevated during the 2nd and 3rd week of life at which time serum progesterone also increased to reach the highest levels in the prepubertal period. Serum testosterone was higher in male than in female rats for the first 3 weeks of life; the difference between both sexes was significant but not striking. Between day 21 and the prepubertal period the testosterone levels were relatively low, but they increased again during puberty. Sex differences in androgen levels (measured with a less specific antibody) were more pronounced whereas estradiol levels in males showed the same pattern between birth and puberty as in the female littermates. These results suggest that not only testosterone but also other, not yet identified, androgens may be involved in the masculinzation of the brain.", "PMID": 1193012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13018", "title": "High-affinity binding of tetraiodothyroacetic acid by a prealbumin in normal rabbit serum.", "content": "A protein that binds tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) with high specificity has been detected in normal rabbit serum. Scatchard plots revealed the protein to have a principal binding site with both high capacity and high affinity for tetrac (KA 4.8 X 10(10) M-1. Binding of tetrac by the protein is partially inhibited by barbital. During polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.0, the tetrac binding protein has a mobility characteristic of a prealbumin. As judged from competitive binding studies, the protein also binds tetraiodothyropropionic acid (tetraprop) firmly, but less so than tetrac. The apparent affinity of the protein for the triiodinated analogues of tetrac and tetraprop is only about 1% that for tetrac, and that for thyroxine (T4) only 0.6% that for tetrac; 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine is not bound at all. The protein can be utilized in a competitive protein binding assay for tetrac in human serum, after removal of cross-reacting T4.", "contents": "High-affinity binding of tetraiodothyroacetic acid by a prealbumin in normal rabbit serum. A protein that binds tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) with high specificity has been detected in normal rabbit serum. Scatchard plots revealed the protein to have a principal binding site with both high capacity and high affinity for tetrac (KA 4.8 X 10(10) M-1. Binding of tetrac by the protein is partially inhibited by barbital. During polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.0, the tetrac binding protein has a mobility characteristic of a prealbumin. As judged from competitive binding studies, the protein also binds tetraiodothyropropionic acid (tetraprop) firmly, but less so than tetrac. The apparent affinity of the protein for the triiodinated analogues of tetrac and tetraprop is only about 1% that for tetrac, and that for thyroxine (T4) only 0.6% that for tetrac; 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine is not bound at all. The protein can be utilized in a competitive protein binding assay for tetrac in human serum, after removal of cross-reacting T4.", "PMID": 1193013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13019", "title": "Acute effects of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and iodide on thyrotropin secretion.", "content": "Rats fed a Purina or low-iodine diet (LID) for varying periods were serially sampled before and after a single iv injection of T4, T3, iodide or saline. Suboptimal replacement doses of T4 and T3 were given to rats fed LID for 2 months or 1 year (basal TSH, approximately 1000 and 2000 muU/ml, respectively). Both 1 mug T4 and 0.25 mug T3/100 g BW dropped plasma TSH to 70% of the initial level at 15 min and to 10--20% at 4 h. By 12 h TSH had begun to rise in 2-month LID rats, followed by a secondary decline 3--5 days after injection. Statistical comparison of the slopes of the initial TSH decline indicated there was no significant difference between the effect of T4 and T3. There effect of graded doses of T3 (0.01--0.3 mug/100 g) was also examined. There was a highly significant correlation of the magnitude of TSH suppression with the dose of T3 administered. Saline had no effect but 0.65 mug iodide/100 g BW (equal to that in 1 mug T4) had a delayed effect, depressing TSH to a minimum of 25% of the initial value at 48 h in 2-month LID rats. There was no difference in the effect of these doses of T4, T3, or saline in purina-fed rats (basal TSH, 170 muU/ml). T4 or T3 in physiologically equivalent doses thus produces an identical prompt rate of decrease in plasma TSH, indicating that both hormones possess intrinsic hormonal activity. The delayed effect of iodide is presumably because it must first be incorporated into T4 and T3 and secreted by the thyroid gland. The similarity of depression of plasma TSH by thyroid hormones or saline injection in Purina-fed rats is believed due to a nonspecific stress effect in these animals with a low basal rate of TSH secretion. The non-specific inhibition of TSH secretion is minimal in the iodine-deficient rats with a much higher basal rate of TSH secretion, presumably because of relative vectorial influences.", "contents": "Acute effects of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and iodide on thyrotropin secretion. Rats fed a Purina or low-iodine diet (LID) for varying periods were serially sampled before and after a single iv injection of T4, T3, iodide or saline. Suboptimal replacement doses of T4 and T3 were given to rats fed LID for 2 months or 1 year (basal TSH, approximately 1000 and 2000 muU/ml, respectively). Both 1 mug T4 and 0.25 mug T3/100 g BW dropped plasma TSH to 70% of the initial level at 15 min and to 10--20% at 4 h. By 12 h TSH had begun to rise in 2-month LID rats, followed by a secondary decline 3--5 days after injection. Statistical comparison of the slopes of the initial TSH decline indicated there was no significant difference between the effect of T4 and T3. There effect of graded doses of T3 (0.01--0.3 mug/100 g) was also examined. There was a highly significant correlation of the magnitude of TSH suppression with the dose of T3 administered. Saline had no effect but 0.65 mug iodide/100 g BW (equal to that in 1 mug T4) had a delayed effect, depressing TSH to a minimum of 25% of the initial value at 48 h in 2-month LID rats. There was no difference in the effect of these doses of T4, T3, or saline in purina-fed rats (basal TSH, 170 muU/ml). T4 or T3 in physiologically equivalent doses thus produces an identical prompt rate of decrease in plasma TSH, indicating that both hormones possess intrinsic hormonal activity. The delayed effect of iodide is presumably because it must first be incorporated into T4 and T3 and secreted by the thyroid gland. The similarity of depression of plasma TSH by thyroid hormones or saline injection in Purina-fed rats is believed due to a nonspecific stress effect in these animals with a low basal rate of TSH secretion. The non-specific inhibition of TSH secretion is minimal in the iodine-deficient rats with a much higher basal rate of TSH secretion, presumably because of relative vectorial influences.", "PMID": 1193014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13020", "title": "Sequential stimulation of nuclear RNA polymerase activities in livers from thyroidectomized rats treated with triiodothyronine.", "content": "A single ip injection of triiodothyronine (T3; 30 mug/100 g BW) to thyroidectomized rats markedly stimulates RNA synthesis in isolated liver nuclei. The increased level of RNA synthesized in vitro by isolated nuclei does not depend on a reduced degradation of the nascent RNA molecules, since ribonuclease activities are not affected by the administration of T3. In addition, our results have confirmed previous findings of Tata et al. that the increase in nucleolar alpha-amanitin-resistant RNA polymerase I activity at low ionic strength always preceded the rise of the nucleoplasmic alpha-amanitin-sensitive RNA polymerase II activity at high ionic strength. Moreover, it has been found that a significant increase in an alpha-amanitin-resistant activity at high ionic strength occurs as early as 10 h after hormone injection. This enzyme, which forms RNA with a U to G ratio significantly higher than that of RNA synthesized by the nucleolar alpha-amanitin-resistant enzyme, is probably nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase III which is though to synthesize 5S and transfer RNAs. The possible role and the mechanism(s) of the early and concomitant increase in nucleolar and nucleoplasmic alpha-aminitin-resistant activities, and of the subsequent rise of RNA polymerase II activity following T3 administration are discussed.", "contents": "Sequential stimulation of nuclear RNA polymerase activities in livers from thyroidectomized rats treated with triiodothyronine. A single ip injection of triiodothyronine (T3; 30 mug/100 g BW) to thyroidectomized rats markedly stimulates RNA synthesis in isolated liver nuclei. The increased level of RNA synthesized in vitro by isolated nuclei does not depend on a reduced degradation of the nascent RNA molecules, since ribonuclease activities are not affected by the administration of T3. In addition, our results have confirmed previous findings of Tata et al. that the increase in nucleolar alpha-amanitin-resistant RNA polymerase I activity at low ionic strength always preceded the rise of the nucleoplasmic alpha-amanitin-sensitive RNA polymerase II activity at high ionic strength. Moreover, it has been found that a significant increase in an alpha-amanitin-resistant activity at high ionic strength occurs as early as 10 h after hormone injection. This enzyme, which forms RNA with a U to G ratio significantly higher than that of RNA synthesized by the nucleolar alpha-amanitin-resistant enzyme, is probably nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase III which is though to synthesize 5S and transfer RNAs. The possible role and the mechanism(s) of the early and concomitant increase in nucleolar and nucleoplasmic alpha-aminitin-resistant activities, and of the subsequent rise of RNA polymerase II activity following T3 administration are discussed.", "PMID": 1193015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13021", "title": "Specific, high-affinity binding of 17beta-estradiol in cytosols from several brain regions and pituitary of intact and castrated adult male rats.", "content": "Specific 17beta-estradiol binding capacities of cytosols from several brain regions and pituitary were determined in intact and castrated adult male rats. The binding capacity of the pituitary was approximately 10 times higher than that of any of the 5 brain region studied. Of these brain regions, the highest 17beta-estradiol binding capacities were present in the anterior hypothalamus followed by progressively lower capacities in the posterior hypothalamus, amygdala, midbrain, and cerebral cortex. The specific 17beta-estradiol binding capacity of cytosol from the anterior hypothalamus was significantly higher in castrated males than in intact rats. No such difference was found in any of the other tissues studied. Using sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, an 8S sedimentation coefficient was found for the specific estradiol binding macromolecules present in cytosols from pituitary as well as anterior and posterior hypothalamus of castrated rats. The affinity for estradiol of cytosols from anterior and posterior hypothalamus was very high, with the mean association constants being 2.9 and 2.4 X 10(10) M-1, respectively. In competition experiments the 17beta-estradiol binding molecules present in cytosols from pituitary and anterior hypothalamus showed a higher affinity for 17beta-estradiol than for either estrone or estriol. In both tissues these 17beta-estradiol binding molecules showed a moderate affinity for the anti-estrogens MER-25 and cis-clomiphene citrate as well as for the androgen 3beta-androstranediol, but almost no affinity for 3alpha-androstanediol, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, or corticosterone. These findings suggest that a true cytoplasmic receptor for estradiol exists in the male rat brain and pituitary which may play an important role in regulating reproductive function.", "contents": "Specific, high-affinity binding of 17beta-estradiol in cytosols from several brain regions and pituitary of intact and castrated adult male rats. Specific 17beta-estradiol binding capacities of cytosols from several brain regions and pituitary were determined in intact and castrated adult male rats. The binding capacity of the pituitary was approximately 10 times higher than that of any of the 5 brain region studied. Of these brain regions, the highest 17beta-estradiol binding capacities were present in the anterior hypothalamus followed by progressively lower capacities in the posterior hypothalamus, amygdala, midbrain, and cerebral cortex. The specific 17beta-estradiol binding capacity of cytosol from the anterior hypothalamus was significantly higher in castrated males than in intact rats. No such difference was found in any of the other tissues studied. Using sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, an 8S sedimentation coefficient was found for the specific estradiol binding macromolecules present in cytosols from pituitary as well as anterior and posterior hypothalamus of castrated rats. The affinity for estradiol of cytosols from anterior and posterior hypothalamus was very high, with the mean association constants being 2.9 and 2.4 X 10(10) M-1, respectively. In competition experiments the 17beta-estradiol binding molecules present in cytosols from pituitary and anterior hypothalamus showed a higher affinity for 17beta-estradiol than for either estrone or estriol. In both tissues these 17beta-estradiol binding molecules showed a moderate affinity for the anti-estrogens MER-25 and cis-clomiphene citrate as well as for the androgen 3beta-androstranediol, but almost no affinity for 3alpha-androstanediol, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, or corticosterone. These findings suggest that a true cytoplasmic receptor for estradiol exists in the male rat brain and pituitary which may play an important role in regulating reproductive function.", "PMID": 1193016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13022", "title": "Autoradiographic localization of slow turnover iodocompounds within the follicular cells of the rat thyroid gland.", "content": "In addition to thyroglobulin, several low molecular wt iodinated glycopeptides are present in the thyroid gland. Some of these compounds are considered to be slowly metabolized remnants of intracellular lysis of engulfed colloid droplets. In this paper we present autoradiographic evidence obtained by light microscopy, suggesting that breakdown products of thyroglobulin digestion can indeed be located within the thyroid cells. The thyroid glands of rats were labeled with 125I to approach isotopic equilibrium. The tracer was then withdrawn from the otherwise unchanged high-iodine diet, and thyroidal radioactivity was washed out for 80 days. Autoradiographs of glands containing 10% or less of the tracer present at equilibrium showed the bulk of 125I within the follicular cells while the colloid was only slightly labeled. An additional finding was the presence of dense radioactive inclusions in the lumina of many follicles. They are assumed to represent clusters of thyroglobulin molecules not readily available to pinocytosis. In addition to autoradiographic evidence, the identity of intracellularly located radioactivity with slow-turnover enzyme-resistant iodocompounds is supported by double labeling experiments, using 125I as the \"old\" tracer, accumulating within the cells, and 131I as the \"new\" label representing intraluminal 19 S thyroglobulin. Experimental manipulations which tended to deplete the thyroid of thyroglobulin, increased the 125I/131I ratio in the gland as predicted by the working hypothesis. Thus, this paper describes a new kind of autoradiographic ring reaction due to a hitherto barely considered intracellular organic iodine pool.", "contents": "Autoradiographic localization of slow turnover iodocompounds within the follicular cells of the rat thyroid gland. In addition to thyroglobulin, several low molecular wt iodinated glycopeptides are present in the thyroid gland. Some of these compounds are considered to be slowly metabolized remnants of intracellular lysis of engulfed colloid droplets. In this paper we present autoradiographic evidence obtained by light microscopy, suggesting that breakdown products of thyroglobulin digestion can indeed be located within the thyroid cells. The thyroid glands of rats were labeled with 125I to approach isotopic equilibrium. The tracer was then withdrawn from the otherwise unchanged high-iodine diet, and thyroidal radioactivity was washed out for 80 days. Autoradiographs of glands containing 10% or less of the tracer present at equilibrium showed the bulk of 125I within the follicular cells while the colloid was only slightly labeled. An additional finding was the presence of dense radioactive inclusions in the lumina of many follicles. They are assumed to represent clusters of thyroglobulin molecules not readily available to pinocytosis. In addition to autoradiographic evidence, the identity of intracellularly located radioactivity with slow-turnover enzyme-resistant iodocompounds is supported by double labeling experiments, using 125I as the \"old\" tracer, accumulating within the cells, and 131I as the \"new\" label representing intraluminal 19 S thyroglobulin. Experimental manipulations which tended to deplete the thyroid of thyroglobulin, increased the 125I/131I ratio in the gland as predicted by the working hypothesis. Thus, this paper describes a new kind of autoradiographic ring reaction due to a hitherto barely considered intracellular organic iodine pool.", "PMID": 1193017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13023", "title": "The mobilization of bone mineral by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in hypophosphatemic rats.", "content": "Administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to thyroparathyroidectomized, hypophosphatemic rats on a low-phosphorus diet increases serum inorganic phosphorus and calcium concentrations. Experiments utilizing such rats treated with 45Ca and 32P ten days before use revealed that the rise in serum phosphorus in response in 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 is derived at least in part from bone mineral. This suggests that under conditions of hypophosphatemia, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can mobilize bone in the absence of parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "The mobilization of bone mineral by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in hypophosphatemic rats. Administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to thyroparathyroidectomized, hypophosphatemic rats on a low-phosphorus diet increases serum inorganic phosphorus and calcium concentrations. Experiments utilizing such rats treated with 45Ca and 32P ten days before use revealed that the rise in serum phosphorus in response in 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 is derived at least in part from bone mineral. This suggests that under conditions of hypophosphatemia, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can mobilize bone in the absence of parathyroid hormone.", "PMID": 1193018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13024", "title": "The use of activable tracers in the evaluation of the performance of wastewater treatment plants.", "content": "The use of stable, activable tracers has been studied in applications to establish the performance of waste treatment plants and detect causes of irregular or improper functioning of individual plant processes. Various soluble tracers were evaluated, among them indium, scandium, and bromine. The inert tracers were compared with dye tracers and were found to be superior in turbid liquids and to give more quantitative information. On the other hand dye tracers are more convenient for rapid visible indication of their arrival whereas activable tracers require collection and removal to a neutron source, such as a reactor, for indication. Activable tracers are relatively simple to apply and the cost per test is reasonable.", "contents": "The use of activable tracers in the evaluation of the performance of wastewater treatment plants. The use of stable, activable tracers has been studied in applications to establish the performance of waste treatment plants and detect causes of irregular or improper functioning of individual plant processes. Various soluble tracers were evaluated, among them indium, scandium, and bromine. The inert tracers were compared with dye tracers and were found to be superior in turbid liquids and to give more quantitative information. On the other hand dye tracers are more convenient for rapid visible indication of their arrival whereas activable tracers require collection and removal to a neutron source, such as a reactor, for indication. Activable tracers are relatively simple to apply and the cost per test is reasonable.", "PMID": 1193022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13025", "title": "Locating nuclear power plants underground.", "content": "This paper reviews some of the questions that have been asked by experts and others as to why nuclear power plants are not located or placed underground. While the safeguards and present designs make such installations unnecessary, there are some definite advantages that warrant the additional cost involved. First of all, such an arrangement does satisfy the psychological concern of a number of people and, in so doing, might gain the acceptance of the public so that such plants could be constructed in urban areas of load centers. The results of these studies are presented and some of the requirements necessary for underground installations described, including rock conditions, depth of facilities, and economics.", "contents": "Locating nuclear power plants underground. This paper reviews some of the questions that have been asked by experts and others as to why nuclear power plants are not located or placed underground. While the safeguards and present designs make such installations unnecessary, there are some definite advantages that warrant the additional cost involved. First of all, such an arrangement does satisfy the psychological concern of a number of people and, in so doing, might gain the acceptance of the public so that such plants could be constructed in urban areas of load centers. The results of these studies are presented and some of the requirements necessary for underground installations described, including rock conditions, depth of facilities, and economics.", "PMID": 1193024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13026", "title": "Are nuclear shipments really safe?", "content": "The transportation of nuclear materials is on the increase. Although nuclear shipments are only a very small fraction of the Nation's hazardous materials shipments, they attract a great deal of public attention. Shipments of spent nuclear fuel and nuclear wastes are a particular concern. One of the many fears that people have about nuclear energy is the possibility that a nuclear shipment might somehow go awry and cause a serious public hazard. Primarily, they are worried that a shipment of spent reactor fuel or highly radioactive waste could be involved in serious rail or highway accident and dump its contents all over the countryside. Is that really possible? How safe are those shipments? How many are there? What do they look like? Are the packages tested? These and other questions are answered in this paper. Since public risk is the product of the consequences of an accident and its probability, both aspects are presented so that each of us can make up his own mind whether the risk from nuclear shipments is acceptable.", "contents": "Are nuclear shipments really safe? The transportation of nuclear materials is on the increase. Although nuclear shipments are only a very small fraction of the Nation's hazardous materials shipments, they attract a great deal of public attention. Shipments of spent nuclear fuel and nuclear wastes are a particular concern. One of the many fears that people have about nuclear energy is the possibility that a nuclear shipment might somehow go awry and cause a serious public hazard. Primarily, they are worried that a shipment of spent reactor fuel or highly radioactive waste could be involved in serious rail or highway accident and dump its contents all over the countryside. Is that really possible? How safe are those shipments? How many are there? What do they look like? Are the packages tested? These and other questions are answered in this paper. Since public risk is the product of the consequences of an accident and its probability, both aspects are presented so that each of us can make up his own mind whether the risk from nuclear shipments is acceptable.", "PMID": 1193025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13027", "title": "Development of the solid waste resource.", "content": "This paper describes the waste processing and boiler feed facilities which serve as the prototype for Union Electric Company's proposed Solid Waste Utilization System for recycling essentially all the solid waste generated in the metropolitan St. Louis area. The recently announced system, capable of processing up to 8,000 tons of raw refuse per day and estimated to cost $70 million, will be built and operated without government subsidy. Solid waste will be processed for the recovery of recyclable noncombustibles and use as a supplementary fuel to electric utility boilers.", "contents": "Development of the solid waste resource. This paper describes the waste processing and boiler feed facilities which serve as the prototype for Union Electric Company's proposed Solid Waste Utilization System for recycling essentially all the solid waste generated in the metropolitan St. Louis area. The recently announced system, capable of processing up to 8,000 tons of raw refuse per day and estimated to cost $70 million, will be built and operated without government subsidy. Solid waste will be processed for the recovery of recyclable noncombustibles and use as a supplementary fuel to electric utility boilers.", "PMID": 1193026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13028", "title": "History of SO2 removal system at the Meramec plant of union electric.", "content": "In line with the then emerging air pollution control regulations Union Electric installed a limestone injection wet scrubber sulfur dioxide removal system on an intermediate size coal-fired utility boiler at its Meramec Power Plant on an experimental basis in September, 1968. Approximately 3 years of operation many difficulties were encountered with plugging and scaling of various system components by calcium sulphate. As a result of this experience along with related experiences by other utilities employing similar systems, the experiment was terminated in June, 1971. As a result of the experiences gained, however, second generation experiments in sulfur dioxide removal have been initiated elsewhere with the hope of improved performance. A number of experimental projects are still under tests. Costs in resources, reliability, and disposal of residual by-products are matters of great concern. The ture cost of sulfur dioxide removal systems in dollars and resources is not well known and perhaps a reevaluation of current and future SO2 removal projects is in order at this time before additional resources are committed.", "contents": "History of SO2 removal system at the Meramec plant of union electric. In line with the then emerging air pollution control regulations Union Electric installed a limestone injection wet scrubber sulfur dioxide removal system on an intermediate size coal-fired utility boiler at its Meramec Power Plant on an experimental basis in September, 1968. Approximately 3 years of operation many difficulties were encountered with plugging and scaling of various system components by calcium sulphate. As a result of this experience along with related experiences by other utilities employing similar systems, the experiment was terminated in June, 1971. As a result of the experiences gained, however, second generation experiments in sulfur dioxide removal have been initiated elsewhere with the hope of improved performance. A number of experimental projects are still under tests. Costs in resources, reliability, and disposal of residual by-products are matters of great concern. The ture cost of sulfur dioxide removal systems in dollars and resources is not well known and perhaps a reevaluation of current and future SO2 removal projects is in order at this time before additional resources are committed.", "PMID": 1193027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13029", "title": "An environmental and energy information system.", "content": "The Environmental Information System Office (EISO) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) provides information support for researchers and administrators involved with energy and environmental policy and progress. Multiple EISO activities for various governmental agencies have resulted in establishment of compatible data bases concerned with energy environmental information, methods for effectively developing these, development and computer display of numerical daya summaries, and reports evaluating published information. Direction is provided by continuing dialogue between users and information system staff.", "contents": "An environmental and energy information system. The Environmental Information System Office (EISO) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) provides information support for researchers and administrators involved with energy and environmental policy and progress. Multiple EISO activities for various governmental agencies have resulted in establishment of compatible data bases concerned with energy environmental information, methods for effectively developing these, development and computer display of numerical daya summaries, and reports evaluating published information. Direction is provided by continuing dialogue between users and information system staff.", "PMID": 1193029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13030", "title": "Pituitary hormones and growth retardation in rats raised at simulated high altitude (3800m).", "content": "Growth and the endocrine status of the pituitary and thyroid glands were studied in rats born and raised in a hypobaric chamber at a simulated high altitude of 3800 m (SHA); comparisons were drawn with similar rats at sea level. From birth until 40 days of age, SHA rats weighed significantly less than controls with the most striking growth impairment found in female SHA rats. Relative organ weights of anterior pituitary glands, ovaries and uteri from 40-day-old female SHA rats were significantly less than controls. Pituitary content of growth hormone (GH) was reduced in 40-day-old female SHA rats while the content of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were significantly increased over sea level controls. Plasma levels of GH, LH, FSH and thyrotropin (TSH) and pituitary TSH levels did not differ from control values. However, thyroidal uptake of 131I and plasma protein-bound 131I were significantly reduced in SHA rats as compared with controls. It is suggested that (1) the continuous exposure of developing female rats to hypoxia significantly impairs pituitary function and reproductive maturation, and (2) that despite other environmental factors acting on the developing organism at high altitude, growth retardation in rats born and raised at high altitudes is primarily a consequence of hypoxia.", "contents": "Pituitary hormones and growth retardation in rats raised at simulated high altitude (3800m). Growth and the endocrine status of the pituitary and thyroid glands were studied in rats born and raised in a hypobaric chamber at a simulated high altitude of 3800 m (SHA); comparisons were drawn with similar rats at sea level. From birth until 40 days of age, SHA rats weighed significantly less than controls with the most striking growth impairment found in female SHA rats. Relative organ weights of anterior pituitary glands, ovaries and uteri from 40-day-old female SHA rats were significantly less than controls. Pituitary content of growth hormone (GH) was reduced in 40-day-old female SHA rats while the content of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were significantly increased over sea level controls. Plasma levels of GH, LH, FSH and thyrotropin (TSH) and pituitary TSH levels did not differ from control values. However, thyroidal uptake of 131I and plasma protein-bound 131I were significantly reduced in SHA rats as compared with controls. It is suggested that (1) the continuous exposure of developing female rats to hypoxia significantly impairs pituitary function and reproductive maturation, and (2) that despite other environmental factors acting on the developing organism at high altitude, growth retardation in rats born and raised at high altitudes is primarily a consequence of hypoxia.", "PMID": 1193040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13031", "title": "Distribution of lactic dehydrogenase in X-irradiated tissues.", "content": "Exposure to whole-body X-irradiation in rats causes a marked increase in total lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and decrease in H-LDH/M-LDH ratio in serum and tissues, the maximum effect being observed on the 8th post-irradiation day. While there is an elevation of M-LDH isoenzyme, H-LDH remains relatively constant. Studies on incorporation of DL-leucine-l-14C into heart LDH isoenzymes also revealed increased biosynthesis of M-LDH isoenzyme. This indicates that an adaptive mechanism is operative in the X-irradiated rats, whereby, in order to augment anaerobic glycolysis, synthesis of M-LDH is stimulated. Administration of the radioprotector cystamine does not alter the effects of X-irradiation on serum LDH activity.", "contents": "Distribution of lactic dehydrogenase in X-irradiated tissues. Exposure to whole-body X-irradiation in rats causes a marked increase in total lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and decrease in H-LDH/M-LDH ratio in serum and tissues, the maximum effect being observed on the 8th post-irradiation day. While there is an elevation of M-LDH isoenzyme, H-LDH remains relatively constant. Studies on incorporation of DL-leucine-l-14C into heart LDH isoenzymes also revealed increased biosynthesis of M-LDH isoenzyme. This indicates that an adaptive mechanism is operative in the X-irradiated rats, whereby, in order to augment anaerobic glycolysis, synthesis of M-LDH is stimulated. Administration of the radioprotector cystamine does not alter the effects of X-irradiation on serum LDH activity.", "PMID": 1193041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13032", "title": "Effect of diazinon in male rats. Histopathological and biochemical studies.", "content": "Mild structural and functional changes were observed in liver and testes of rats after a single intraperitoneal administration of diazinon (21.6 mg/kg). Kidney, however, showed no pathological lesion. Attempts are made to correlate the pathological changes in these organs with the activity of succinic dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Effect of diazinon in male rats. Histopathological and biochemical studies. Mild structural and functional changes were observed in liver and testes of rats after a single intraperitoneal administration of diazinon (21.6 mg/kg). Kidney, however, showed no pathological lesion. Attempts are made to correlate the pathological changes in these organs with the activity of succinic dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 1193042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13033", "title": "Changes in the kidney peroxidase activity in fish exposed to some industrial pollutants.", "content": "Fish under abnormal environmental conditions suffer from retarded growth and other physiological dysfunctions related to thyroxine deficiency. In teleosts lacking a definite thyroid gland the kidney plays a very important role in biosynthesis of the thyroidal hormone, in which peroxidase has an indirect action. Effects of some industrial pollutants and factory effluents on fish kidney peroxidase activity were recorded in Ophicephalus punctatus and Clarias batrachus. At concentrations of the pollutants at which 70-100% of the fish survive the exposure, peroxidase activity was greatly inhibited, indicating that even sub-lethal doses of toxicants may cause drastic changes in the physiological systems. The peroxidase activity increased well above the control levels at 5-h and 27-h exposures in some cases, but declined towards the end of the test.", "contents": "Changes in the kidney peroxidase activity in fish exposed to some industrial pollutants. Fish under abnormal environmental conditions suffer from retarded growth and other physiological dysfunctions related to thyroxine deficiency. In teleosts lacking a definite thyroid gland the kidney plays a very important role in biosynthesis of the thyroidal hormone, in which peroxidase has an indirect action. Effects of some industrial pollutants and factory effluents on fish kidney peroxidase activity were recorded in Ophicephalus punctatus and Clarias batrachus. At concentrations of the pollutants at which 70-100% of the fish survive the exposure, peroxidase activity was greatly inhibited, indicating that even sub-lethal doses of toxicants may cause drastic changes in the physiological systems. The peroxidase activity increased well above the control levels at 5-h and 27-h exposures in some cases, but declined towards the end of the test.", "PMID": 1193043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13034", "title": "Cytogenetic investigations on leucocytes of workers from a cadmium plant.", "content": "Chromosome analysis has been performed on workers from a cadmium plant who were exposed to fumes and dust of cadmium and lead. The 35 workers were classified, according to the type and duration of exposure, into a group (cadmium service) exposed to high levels of lead and cadmium in the absence of zinc (23 people) and a group of rolling-mill workers subjected mostly to zinc but also to lower levels of lead and cadmium (12 people). A higher yield of severe chromosome anomalies (chromatid exchange, disturbance of spiralization, chromosome translocation, ring and dicentric chromosomes) together with a total lower number of structural aberrations was observed in the cadmium workers when compared with the rolling-mill group.", "contents": "Cytogenetic investigations on leucocytes of workers from a cadmium plant. Chromosome analysis has been performed on workers from a cadmium plant who were exposed to fumes and dust of cadmium and lead. The 35 workers were classified, according to the type and duration of exposure, into a group (cadmium service) exposed to high levels of lead and cadmium in the absence of zinc (23 people) and a group of rolling-mill workers subjected mostly to zinc but also to lower levels of lead and cadmium (12 people). A higher yield of severe chromosome anomalies (chromatid exchange, disturbance of spiralization, chromosome translocation, ring and dicentric chromosomes) together with a total lower number of structural aberrations was observed in the cadmium workers when compared with the rolling-mill group.", "PMID": 1193044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13035", "title": "Placental transfer of halogenated benzenes (pentachloro-, pentachloronitro-, and hexabromo-) in rats.", "content": "The present study was carried out to provide information on the placental transfer of three organohalogens of environmental concern. Pentachloro-, pentachloronitro-, and hexabromobenzene were administered per os to rats daily on days 6 through 15 of gestation at level of 40, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight. On day 22, the dams were killed and fetuses removed by caesarean section. Maternal brain, heart, kidney, liver, spleen and adipose tissue as well as whole fetus, fetal liver and fetal brain were analyzed for organohalogen residue by GLC. Pentachlorobenzene accumulated in the fetus to a greater extent than hexabromobenzene. In maternal tissues pentachlorobenzene accumulated to the greatest extent in adipose tissue, followed by liver, spleen, brain, heart and kidney. With hexabromobenzene, the greatest accumulation was observed in adipose tissue, followed by spleen, liver, heart, kidney and brain. Pentachloronitrobenzene was not detected (0.05 p.p.m.) in any maternal or fetal tissue.", "contents": "Placental transfer of halogenated benzenes (pentachloro-, pentachloronitro-, and hexabromo-) in rats. The present study was carried out to provide information on the placental transfer of three organohalogens of environmental concern. Pentachloro-, pentachloronitro-, and hexabromobenzene were administered per os to rats daily on days 6 through 15 of gestation at level of 40, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight. On day 22, the dams were killed and fetuses removed by caesarean section. Maternal brain, heart, kidney, liver, spleen and adipose tissue as well as whole fetus, fetal liver and fetal brain were analyzed for organohalogen residue by GLC. Pentachlorobenzene accumulated in the fetus to a greater extent than hexabromobenzene. In maternal tissues pentachlorobenzene accumulated to the greatest extent in adipose tissue, followed by liver, spleen, brain, heart and kidney. With hexabromobenzene, the greatest accumulation was observed in adipose tissue, followed by spleen, liver, heart, kidney and brain. Pentachloronitrobenzene was not detected (0.05 p.p.m.) in any maternal or fetal tissue.", "PMID": 1193045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13036", "title": "A comparative study of the effects of aflatoxin B1, alpha-amanitin and actinomycin-D on RNA synthesis by rat liver.", "content": "The effect of different combinations of aflatoxin B1, alpha-amanitin and actinomycin-D on the incorporation of orotic acid-6-14C into RNA was investigated using rat liver slices. The results support the view that the mode of action of aflatoxin B1 and alpha-amanitin are similar in some respects, and that aflatoxin B1 and actinomycin-D act according to different mechanisms. Evidence was also obtained about the formation of an active metabolite of aflatoxin B1 in this system.", "contents": "A comparative study of the effects of aflatoxin B1, alpha-amanitin and actinomycin-D on RNA synthesis by rat liver. The effect of different combinations of aflatoxin B1, alpha-amanitin and actinomycin-D on the incorporation of orotic acid-6-14C into RNA was investigated using rat liver slices. The results support the view that the mode of action of aflatoxin B1 and alpha-amanitin are similar in some respects, and that aflatoxin B1 and actinomycin-D act according to different mechanisms. Evidence was also obtained about the formation of an active metabolite of aflatoxin B1 in this system.", "PMID": 1193046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13037", "title": "Mercury accumulation in placenta and foetal membranes. A study of dental workers and their babies.", "content": "To investigate the hazards of exposure to levels of elemental mercury lower than the present TLV value (0.05 mg/m3) a group of dental workers and a nonexposed group were studied. The amount of mercury in blood from mothers and babies at the time of delivery was similar. The exposed group had increased mercury content in placenta and foetal membranes. Mercury accumulation in these organs might serve as a protection for the foetus against mercury exposure. Since exposure to sub-TLV concentrations of elemental mercury during pregnancy will not be reflected in blood mercury content at the time of delivery, the amount of mercury in placenta and foetal membranes might serve as a biological indicator of such exposure.", "contents": "Mercury accumulation in placenta and foetal membranes. A study of dental workers and their babies. To investigate the hazards of exposure to levels of elemental mercury lower than the present TLV value (0.05 mg/m3) a group of dental workers and a nonexposed group were studied. The amount of mercury in blood from mothers and babies at the time of delivery was similar. The exposed group had increased mercury content in placenta and foetal membranes. Mercury accumulation in these organs might serve as a protection for the foetus against mercury exposure. Since exposure to sub-TLV concentrations of elemental mercury during pregnancy will not be reflected in blood mercury content at the time of delivery, the amount of mercury in placenta and foetal membranes might serve as a biological indicator of such exposure.", "PMID": 1193047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13038", "title": "Inhibition of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes by thiophaophate insecticides and its toxicological evaluation.", "content": "Thiophosphate insecticides, fenitrothion, diazinon and methylparathion, inhibit hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity which was assayed using aminopyrine and aniline as substrates. About 50% inhibition was observed 4 hrs after the injection of fenitrothion into mice in a dose of 25 mg/kg. The addition in vitro of thiophosphates into a reaction mixture of drug metabolizing enzyme also produced an effective inhibition and IC50 was around 10(-5)M for fenitrothion. DDVP and oxygenated metabolite of fenitrothion did not show any inhibiting effect either in vitro or in vivo. The inhibition of thiophosphates in vitro was competitive while the kinetics of in vivo inhibition was shown as non-competitive. The drug metabolism in the rat liver preparation was also inhibited by thiophosphate in vitro, but in vivo treatment to male rats resulted in only slight inhibition. Female rats exhibited the similar response as mice. The administration of fenitrothion to mice prolonged the hexobarbital sleeping time and, consequently, suppressed the oxidative metabolism of parathion in liver preparation. These effects reveal that the biological half life of thiophosphate insecticides could be altered by the mode of administration or by co-existing thiophosphates.", "contents": "Inhibition of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes by thiophaophate insecticides and its toxicological evaluation. Thiophosphate insecticides, fenitrothion, diazinon and methylparathion, inhibit hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity which was assayed using aminopyrine and aniline as substrates. About 50% inhibition was observed 4 hrs after the injection of fenitrothion into mice in a dose of 25 mg/kg. The addition in vitro of thiophosphates into a reaction mixture of drug metabolizing enzyme also produced an effective inhibition and IC50 was around 10(-5)M for fenitrothion. DDVP and oxygenated metabolite of fenitrothion did not show any inhibiting effect either in vitro or in vivo. The inhibition of thiophosphates in vitro was competitive while the kinetics of in vivo inhibition was shown as non-competitive. The drug metabolism in the rat liver preparation was also inhibited by thiophosphate in vitro, but in vivo treatment to male rats resulted in only slight inhibition. Female rats exhibited the similar response as mice. The administration of fenitrothion to mice prolonged the hexobarbital sleeping time and, consequently, suppressed the oxidative metabolism of parathion in liver preparation. These effects reveal that the biological half life of thiophosphate insecticides could be altered by the mode of administration or by co-existing thiophosphates.", "PMID": 1193049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13039", "title": "Degradation of organophosphorus pesticides in soils with special reference to unaerobic soil conditions.", "content": "Organophosphorus pesticides are generally transformed by the reactions including oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydroxylation, dehydrochlorination, dealkylation, methylation, isomerization, and conjugate formation. Although the degradation process of pesticides in soils is complicated, main factors may be soil constituents, soil microflora, and chemical structures of pesticides. Chemical structures are especially important for soil metabolism of organophosphorus pesticides, because the priority of the reactions mentioned above is decided. Although organophosphorus pesticides are generally hydrolyzable, the order of hydrolysis varies with chemical structures. It might be said that the slower the hydrolysis rate of the molecule, the more the possibility to be attacked by reactions other than hydrolysis. In such cases, oxidation and reduction are primarily important for the degradation of organophosphorus pesticides. Flooded soils in paddy fields give a favourable environment for the reduction of organophosphorus pesticides having labile substituents such as nitro groups. The threshold of reduction in-flooded soil is expressed as redox potential. Eh, the Eh of paddy soil fluctuates to a great extent, depending on seasons and soil types, especially organic matter content. The result of laboratory experiments with fenthion, disulfoton, Kitazin P (0,0-diisopropyl S-benzyl phosphorothiolate), edifenphos (0-ethyl S,S-diphenyl phosphorodithiolate) and amiprophos (0-ethyl 0-(2-nitro-p-tolyl) N-isopropyl phosphoramidothionate) suggested the participation of several factors mentioned above in the degradation of organophosphorus pesticides.", "contents": "Degradation of organophosphorus pesticides in soils with special reference to unaerobic soil conditions. Organophosphorus pesticides are generally transformed by the reactions including oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydroxylation, dehydrochlorination, dealkylation, methylation, isomerization, and conjugate formation. Although the degradation process of pesticides in soils is complicated, main factors may be soil constituents, soil microflora, and chemical structures of pesticides. Chemical structures are especially important for soil metabolism of organophosphorus pesticides, because the priority of the reactions mentioned above is decided. Although organophosphorus pesticides are generally hydrolyzable, the order of hydrolysis varies with chemical structures. It might be said that the slower the hydrolysis rate of the molecule, the more the possibility to be attacked by reactions other than hydrolysis. In such cases, oxidation and reduction are primarily important for the degradation of organophosphorus pesticides. Flooded soils in paddy fields give a favourable environment for the reduction of organophosphorus pesticides having labile substituents such as nitro groups. The threshold of reduction in-flooded soil is expressed as redox potential. Eh, the Eh of paddy soil fluctuates to a great extent, depending on seasons and soil types, especially organic matter content. The result of laboratory experiments with fenthion, disulfoton, Kitazin P (0,0-diisopropyl S-benzyl phosphorothiolate), edifenphos (0-ethyl S,S-diphenyl phosphorodithiolate) and amiprophos (0-ethyl 0-(2-nitro-p-tolyl) N-isopropyl phosphoramidothionate) suggested the participation of several factors mentioned above in the degradation of organophosphorus pesticides.", "PMID": 1193050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13040", "title": "Herbicide metabolism by glutathione conjugation in plants.", "content": "Glutathione conjugation of foreign compounds is the first step in the mercapturic acid pathway for the detoxication and elimination of toxic compounds in mammals. Plants have been found to metabolize and detoxify some organic herbicides by glutathione conjugation, but the terminal products seem to be different from that in mammals. The terminal product in plants appears to be insoluble residue and not the mercapturic acid derivative which is normally excreted in mammals. The insoluble residue very likely remains in the plant body during the life of the plant. The differences in metabolism between plants and animals may have been necessitated by the lack of an excretory system in plants.", "contents": "Herbicide metabolism by glutathione conjugation in plants. Glutathione conjugation of foreign compounds is the first step in the mercapturic acid pathway for the detoxication and elimination of toxic compounds in mammals. Plants have been found to metabolize and detoxify some organic herbicides by glutathione conjugation, but the terminal products seem to be different from that in mammals. The terminal product in plants appears to be insoluble residue and not the mercapturic acid derivative which is normally excreted in mammals. The insoluble residue very likely remains in the plant body during the life of the plant. The differences in metabolism between plants and animals may have been necessitated by the lack of an excretory system in plants.", "PMID": 1193053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13041", "title": "Epidemiological research on cancer risk by aldol and aliphatic aldehydes.", "content": "This report concerns the frequency of cancers in an aldehyde factory. The epidemiological evidence raises the suspicion that acetaldol is a possible carcinogen. There may be also syncarcinogenic effects of some aliphatic aldehydes, probably in combination with some air pollutants.", "contents": "Epidemiological research on cancer risk by aldol and aliphatic aldehydes. This report concerns the frequency of cancers in an aldehyde factory. The epidemiological evidence raises the suspicion that acetaldol is a possible carcinogen. There may be also syncarcinogenic effects of some aliphatic aldehydes, probably in combination with some air pollutants.", "PMID": 1193059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13042", "title": "[Recent information on air pollution impact in North-Rhine-Westphalia (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1963, air quality in the Rhine-Ruhr-area, one of the largest agglomerations of industry, population, and traffic in Europe, is systematically monitored and the levels are documented in the form of on air pollution cataster. The surveilled area comprises about 5000 km2. Within the first years, measurements were made with the air pollutants sulphur dioxide and dust fall out. Later, the following air pollutants were included into the monitoring program: Hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, suspended particles, as well as the determination of total organic substances. In smaller regions within the surveilled area, measurements of the following air polutants were made, too: Nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, carbon disulphide, benzene, phenol, carbon monixide, oxidants, as well as determinations of lead, cadmium, and zinc content in suspended particles and dust fall out. Besides the demonstration of the tasks within the air quality monitoring program, the projection as well as the execution of air pollution measurements are discussed. Definitions of impact characteristics and the adjusted legal air quality standards are given in more detail. Finally, an evaluation of the results of this monitoring program is given for each pollutant. Furthermore, the trends of air pollution and its causes since the beginning of air quality monitoring in 1963 are evaluated.", "contents": "[Recent information on air pollution impact in North-Rhine-Westphalia (author's transl)]. Since 1963, air quality in the Rhine-Ruhr-area, one of the largest agglomerations of industry, population, and traffic in Europe, is systematically monitored and the levels are documented in the form of on air pollution cataster. The surveilled area comprises about 5000 km2. Within the first years, measurements were made with the air pollutants sulphur dioxide and dust fall out. Later, the following air pollutants were included into the monitoring program: Hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, suspended particles, as well as the determination of total organic substances. In smaller regions within the surveilled area, measurements of the following air polutants were made, too: Nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, carbon disulphide, benzene, phenol, carbon monixide, oxidants, as well as determinations of lead, cadmium, and zinc content in suspended particles and dust fall out. Besides the demonstration of the tasks within the air quality monitoring program, the projection as well as the execution of air pollution measurements are discussed. Definitions of impact characteristics and the adjusted legal air quality standards are given in more detail. Finally, an evaluation of the results of this monitoring program is given for each pollutant. Furthermore, the trends of air pollution and its causes since the beginning of air quality monitoring in 1963 are evaluated.", "PMID": 1193065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13043", "title": "Properties of human placental hexokinase.", "content": "Human placental soluble and solubilized mitochondrial hexokinase was partly purified by column chromatography and the kinetic properties were determined. Based on this data, on the chromatographic behaviour and on heat stability experiments, it is concluded that soluble and particle-bound hexokinase are of the same isoenzyme type, presumably type I, in placenta.", "contents": "Properties of human placental hexokinase. Human placental soluble and solubilized mitochondrial hexokinase was partly purified by column chromatography and the kinetic properties were determined. Based on this data, on the chromatographic behaviour and on heat stability experiments, it is concluded that soluble and particle-bound hexokinase are of the same isoenzyme type, presumably type I, in placenta.", "PMID": 1193067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13044", "title": "Types of arginase in rat tissues.", "content": "Significant amounts of arginase activity were found in homogenates of submaxillary salivary gland and epididymis, as well as of liver, kidney, mammary gland, and small intestine. The isoelectric point of arginase solubilized from kidney was at pH 7.0 in contrast to that of pH 9.4 characteristic of hepatic arginase in rat. The isozymic variants of arginase in the different tissues were identified by their electrophoretic migration on polyacrylamide gels and by titration of the enzymes against antibody prepared against purified rat liver arginase. Antibody titrations confirmed the indications obtained by electrophoresis that one type of arginase is limited to hepatic tissues (and possibly submaxillary gland) while the other type is found in all other tissues. The physiological role of arginase in hepatic tissues has been previously associated with the urea cycle; the possible function of arginase in proline synthesis in other tissues remains to substantiated.", "contents": "Types of arginase in rat tissues. Significant amounts of arginase activity were found in homogenates of submaxillary salivary gland and epididymis, as well as of liver, kidney, mammary gland, and small intestine. The isoelectric point of arginase solubilized from kidney was at pH 7.0 in contrast to that of pH 9.4 characteristic of hepatic arginase in rat. The isozymic variants of arginase in the different tissues were identified by their electrophoretic migration on polyacrylamide gels and by titration of the enzymes against antibody prepared against purified rat liver arginase. Antibody titrations confirmed the indications obtained by electrophoresis that one type of arginase is limited to hepatic tissues (and possibly submaxillary gland) while the other type is found in all other tissues. The physiological role of arginase in hepatic tissues has been previously associated with the urea cycle; the possible function of arginase in proline synthesis in other tissues remains to substantiated.", "PMID": 1193068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13045", "title": "Sigmoidal kinetics of glucokinase.", "content": "Glucokinases obtained from the liver of several species of mammals and amphibians exhibit sigmoidal saturation functions for glucose. Hill coefficients (nH) are about 1.5, and half-saturation values (K0.5) lie between 1.5 and 8.5 mmol/l. The nH and K0.5 values are constant throughout the purification steps of rat glucokinase. A dimeric form of rat glucokinase appearing in aged preparations exhibits michaelian kinetics. Sigmoidal kinetics is considered as an adaptive feature of glucokinases to increase the efficiency of the liver uptake of glucose at the changeable concentrations in the blood resulting from variations in the amount of dietary glucose.", "contents": "Sigmoidal kinetics of glucokinase. Glucokinases obtained from the liver of several species of mammals and amphibians exhibit sigmoidal saturation functions for glucose. Hill coefficients (nH) are about 1.5, and half-saturation values (K0.5) lie between 1.5 and 8.5 mmol/l. The nH and K0.5 values are constant throughout the purification steps of rat glucokinase. A dimeric form of rat glucokinase appearing in aged preparations exhibits michaelian kinetics. Sigmoidal kinetics is considered as an adaptive feature of glucokinases to increase the efficiency of the liver uptake of glucose at the changeable concentrations in the blood resulting from variations in the amount of dietary glucose.", "PMID": 1193069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13046", "title": "Rat liver hexokinases during development.", "content": "The four glucose-phosphorylating isozymes from rat liver were separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography at several ages during development. The isozymes exhibited a sequential mode of appearance. The isozymes A, B, and C reached maximal values of activity at days +1, +3, and +7, respectively, decaying afterwards to the low characteristic adult value. Isozyme D activity was detected in very low levels as early as day +3, rising from day +18 to reach constant adult values at day +30. A fraction of the glucose phosphorylating activity was found associated with particulate material in prenatal and newborn rats. From day +15 onwards, no particulate activity could be detected. The particulate activity was found to be composed of three low-Km isozymes as of the corresponding soluble fraction.", "contents": "Rat liver hexokinases during development. The four glucose-phosphorylating isozymes from rat liver were separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography at several ages during development. The isozymes exhibited a sequential mode of appearance. The isozymes A, B, and C reached maximal values of activity at days +1, +3, and +7, respectively, decaying afterwards to the low characteristic adult value. Isozyme D activity was detected in very low levels as early as day +3, rising from day +18 to reach constant adult values at day +30. A fraction of the glucose phosphorylating activity was found associated with particulate material in prenatal and newborn rats. From day +15 onwards, no particulate activity could be detected. The particulate activity was found to be composed of three low-Km isozymes as of the corresponding soluble fraction.", "PMID": 1193070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13047", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of induction of mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase by thyroid hormone. The role of differential gene activation.", "content": "The electrophoretic characteristics of the hepatic mitochondrial cytochrome-linked alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (CGPD) induced by thyroid hormone have been examined. Mitochondria, derived from livers of C57BL/6J or BALB/cAnN mice after 3 days of L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) (0.1 mumole) or saline administration, were extracted with Triton X-100 (5 ml/l), and the extracts subjected to alkaline discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was located on the gel by means of a histochemical stain. The migration of CGPD from T3-treated mice was identical with that from saline-treated mice in both strains, and differed from that of NAD-linked alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. This suggests that the induction does not involve the activation of a new gene for a CGPD isoenzyme that is not expressed in the basal state. In addition, enzyme from both strains of mice exhibited identical rates of migration, indicating that the enzymes from both strains are chemically identical. These conclusions must be considered tentative, pending other studies to disprove the presence of new molecular species with no change in net charge or size.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of induction of mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase by thyroid hormone. The role of differential gene activation. The electrophoretic characteristics of the hepatic mitochondrial cytochrome-linked alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (CGPD) induced by thyroid hormone have been examined. Mitochondria, derived from livers of C57BL/6J or BALB/cAnN mice after 3 days of L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) (0.1 mumole) or saline administration, were extracted with Triton X-100 (5 ml/l), and the extracts subjected to alkaline discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was located on the gel by means of a histochemical stain. The migration of CGPD from T3-treated mice was identical with that from saline-treated mice in both strains, and differed from that of NAD-linked alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. This suggests that the induction does not involve the activation of a new gene for a CGPD isoenzyme that is not expressed in the basal state. In addition, enzyme from both strains of mice exhibited identical rates of migration, indicating that the enzymes from both strains are chemically identical. These conclusions must be considered tentative, pending other studies to disprove the presence of new molecular species with no change in net charge or size.", "PMID": 1193071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13048", "title": "Venous and capillary blood hematocrit at rest and following submaximal exercise.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine if finger tip capillary blood hematocrit is a valid estimate of anticubital venous blood hematocrit at rest and after submaximal exercise. Simultaneous samples of finger tip cpaillary and venous blood were drawn from thirty-one subjects (15 males, 16 females) before and after a 15 min submaximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Venous and capillary blood hcts. were 42.0% +/- 3.9 and 42.0% +/- 3.5 respectively before exercise and 43.3% +/- 3.5 and 42% +/- 3.8 after exercise (X +/- s). The regression equation for predicting venous hct. from finger tip capillary blood after exercise was: Hctv = 0.87 Hctc + 6.44 with r = 0.95 (P less than 0.05). The results indicate that the finger tip capillary microhematocrit method is a valid indicator of venous blood hct. following exercise.", "contents": "Venous and capillary blood hematocrit at rest and following submaximal exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if finger tip capillary blood hematocrit is a valid estimate of anticubital venous blood hematocrit at rest and after submaximal exercise. Simultaneous samples of finger tip cpaillary and venous blood were drawn from thirty-one subjects (15 males, 16 females) before and after a 15 min submaximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Venous and capillary blood hcts. were 42.0% +/- 3.9 and 42.0% +/- 3.5 respectively before exercise and 43.3% +/- 3.5 and 42% +/- 3.8 after exercise (X +/- s). The regression equation for predicting venous hct. from finger tip capillary blood after exercise was: Hctv = 0.87 Hctc + 6.44 with r = 0.95 (P less than 0.05). The results indicate that the finger tip capillary microhematocrit method is a valid indicator of venous blood hct. following exercise.", "PMID": 1193086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13049", "title": "Effects of training on maximal working capacity and haemodynamic response during arm and leg-exercise in a group of paddlers.", "content": "Maximal oxygen uptake and circulatory adaptation to work with legs and arms were studied in a group of 5 paddlers members of the Belgian national squad and a control-group of 9 trained subjects. The results showed that the specific armtraining of paddlers induced changes in the arm-to-leg ration of physiological parameters at submaximal and maximal work. In the group of paddlers maximal oxygen intake and workload during arm-exercise averaged respectively 88.6% and 80.3% of the scores obtained with leg-exercise. In the control group the arm to leg ratio varied between 81.2% and 65.2%. At a submaximal load of 100 W the difference in heartfrequency was 21 beats/min in the canoe group and 35 beats/min in the control group. Oxygen consumption and ventilation during work with the arms was lower in the group of paddlers. The data of our study suggest that the specific training of paddlers do result in a effect on the haemodynamic adaptations to arm work.", "contents": "Effects of training on maximal working capacity and haemodynamic response during arm and leg-exercise in a group of paddlers. Maximal oxygen uptake and circulatory adaptation to work with legs and arms were studied in a group of 5 paddlers members of the Belgian national squad and a control-group of 9 trained subjects. The results showed that the specific armtraining of paddlers induced changes in the arm-to-leg ration of physiological parameters at submaximal and maximal work. In the group of paddlers maximal oxygen intake and workload during arm-exercise averaged respectively 88.6% and 80.3% of the scores obtained with leg-exercise. In the control group the arm to leg ratio varied between 81.2% and 65.2%. At a submaximal load of 100 W the difference in heartfrequency was 21 beats/min in the canoe group and 35 beats/min in the control group. Oxygen consumption and ventilation during work with the arms was lower in the group of paddlers. The data of our study suggest that the specific training of paddlers do result in a effect on the haemodynamic adaptations to arm work.", "PMID": 1193087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13050", "title": "Assessment of aerobic and anaerobic capacity of athletes in treadmill running tests.", "content": "The criteria of max VO2 and max O2D which are traditionally used in studying aerobic and anaerobic work capacity, have the different dimensions. While max VO2 is an index of the power of aerobic energy output, max O2D assesses the capacity of anaerobic sources. For a comprehensive assessment of physical working capacity of athletes, both aerobic and anaerobic capabilities should be represented in three dimensions, i.e. in indexes of power, capacity and efficiency. Experimental procedures have been developed for assessing these three parameters in treadmill running tests. It is proposed to assess anaerobic power by measuring excess CO2, concurrently with determination of max VO2. Maximal aerobic capacity is established as the product of max VO2 by the time of max VO2 maintenance determined in a special test with running at critical speed. The erogmetric criteria derived on the basis of the tests proposed, may be used for systematization of various physical work loads.", "contents": "Assessment of aerobic and anaerobic capacity of athletes in treadmill running tests. The criteria of max VO2 and max O2D which are traditionally used in studying aerobic and anaerobic work capacity, have the different dimensions. While max VO2 is an index of the power of aerobic energy output, max O2D assesses the capacity of anaerobic sources. For a comprehensive assessment of physical working capacity of athletes, both aerobic and anaerobic capabilities should be represented in three dimensions, i.e. in indexes of power, capacity and efficiency. Experimental procedures have been developed for assessing these three parameters in treadmill running tests. It is proposed to assess anaerobic power by measuring excess CO2, concurrently with determination of max VO2. Maximal aerobic capacity is established as the product of max VO2 by the time of max VO2 maintenance determined in a special test with running at critical speed. The erogmetric criteria derived on the basis of the tests proposed, may be used for systematization of various physical work loads.", "PMID": 1193088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13051", "title": "[Potential elastic energy and muscular work (author's transl].", "content": "The relationship between the integrated EMG of the biceps (Qs) and positive work (W) was examined for isolated and to and fro movements of the elbow. The movements were performed against either pure inertias or against load. 1. In all cases, a linear QB--W relationship was found. 2. For isolated movements, the QB--W curve showed the same slope whether the movement was carried out against an inertia or against a load. 3. When the movements were carried out against an inertia, the slope of the QB--W curve was steeper for isolated movements than for to and fro ones. These results show that: a) for the movements against a load, the extra component of the integrated EMG arising from the initial isometric phase is compensated by the mechanical work resulting from the release of potential elastic energy; b) for the to and fro movements, elastic energy is stored in the stretched series elastic component during the negative work and released during the positive work. However, in this case, the biceps cannot escape from performing negative work which is necessary to decelerate the extension movement and so, it appears less energy expenditure relatively to the isolated movement.", "contents": "[Potential elastic energy and muscular work (author's transl]. The relationship between the integrated EMG of the biceps (Qs) and positive work (W) was examined for isolated and to and fro movements of the elbow. The movements were performed against either pure inertias or against load. 1. In all cases, a linear QB--W relationship was found. 2. For isolated movements, the QB--W curve showed the same slope whether the movement was carried out against an inertia or against a load. 3. When the movements were carried out against an inertia, the slope of the QB--W curve was steeper for isolated movements than for to and fro ones. These results show that: a) for the movements against a load, the extra component of the integrated EMG arising from the initial isometric phase is compensated by the mechanical work resulting from the release of potential elastic energy; b) for the to and fro movements, elastic energy is stored in the stretched series elastic component during the negative work and released during the positive work. However, in this case, the biceps cannot escape from performing negative work which is necessary to decelerate the extension movement and so, it appears less energy expenditure relatively to the isolated movement.", "PMID": 1193089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13052", "title": "A new formula for estimating oxygen consumption in man and animal.", "content": "A formula for estimating oxygen consumption in man and animals using outlet volume flow and oxygen fraction of CO2-free outlet air is derived. The formula is simplified and the error induced is evaluated. Two applications are discussed.", "contents": "A new formula for estimating oxygen consumption in man and animal. A formula for estimating oxygen consumption in man and animals using outlet volume flow and oxygen fraction of CO2-free outlet air is derived. The formula is simplified and the error induced is evaluated. Two applications are discussed.", "PMID": 1193090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13053", "title": "Effects of fatiguing isometric exercise upon achilles tendon reflex and plantar flexion reaction time components in man.", "content": "Effects of three different fatiguing local muscular exercises upon plantar flexion reaction time and achilles tendon reflex time have been studied in 24 normal males. The Exercise Conditions, each involving a series of 30 maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) of the plantar flexors, differed by allowing either 5, 10 or 20 sec rest interval between each MVC. Decrements in strength ranged from 15% to 34% MVC. Trend analysis of the fatigue patterns revealed that a cubic orthogonal polynomial equation was sufficient to describe the profile of MVC decrement for all conditions. Following the fatiguing exercise, simple visual reaction time (plantar flexion), and its two components, premotor and motor time, failed to demonstrate any change from Pre Exercise Conditions. Achilles Tendon Reflex Times, however, demonstrated a marked augmentation, as manifest in reduced total reflex times, contraction times and half relaxation times.  These results may suggest the differential fatigue of motor units employed in the three motor tasks, viz. MVC, voluntary reaction and achilles tendon reflex. A plausible explanation for the augmentation of the reflex contraction resides in the known potentiating effect of elevated intramuscular temperature. Alternatively, one might postulate a neurally mediated increase in gain of the stretch servomechanism. The possibility of both mechanisms being operative is not excluded.", "contents": "Effects of fatiguing isometric exercise upon achilles tendon reflex and plantar flexion reaction time components in man. Effects of three different fatiguing local muscular exercises upon plantar flexion reaction time and achilles tendon reflex time have been studied in 24 normal males. The Exercise Conditions, each involving a series of 30 maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) of the plantar flexors, differed by allowing either 5, 10 or 20 sec rest interval between each MVC. Decrements in strength ranged from 15% to 34% MVC. Trend analysis of the fatigue patterns revealed that a cubic orthogonal polynomial equation was sufficient to describe the profile of MVC decrement for all conditions. Following the fatiguing exercise, simple visual reaction time (plantar flexion), and its two components, premotor and motor time, failed to demonstrate any change from Pre Exercise Conditions. Achilles Tendon Reflex Times, however, demonstrated a marked augmentation, as manifest in reduced total reflex times, contraction times and half relaxation times.  These results may suggest the differential fatigue of motor units employed in the three motor tasks, viz. MVC, voluntary reaction and achilles tendon reflex. A plausible explanation for the augmentation of the reflex contraction resides in the known potentiating effect of elevated intramuscular temperature. Alternatively, one might postulate a neurally mediated increase in gain of the stretch servomechanism. The possibility of both mechanisms being operative is not excluded.", "PMID": 1193091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13054", "title": "The effects of intermittent warm-up on 7-9 year-old boys.", "content": "Twelve boys, 7-9 years old, who, by use of questionnaires, were found to be ignorant of the concept of \"warm-up\", performed maximal aerobic and anaerobic tasks 4 min after completing a 15 min intermittent warm-up (WU) (30 sec treadmill run, 30 sec pause). The WU required some 60% of the individual's VO2max, and raised rectal temp. by 0.52 +/- 0.19 degrees C. The aerobic criterion task (CT) was a one-stage bicycle ride at a load predetermined to exhaust the subject after 4 min. The anaerobic CT was a 30 sec all-out ride against resistance of 35 gm/kg BW. Subjects also performed both CT's without any WU. VO2max (aerobic CT), HRmax, as well as total mechanical work output achieved during the aerobic CT, were significantly higher with WU, compared with the non-WU sessions. During the anaerobic CT total revolutions, total power output, as well as peak HR, were significantly higher following WU. It is suggested that the benefits of intermittent WU, as used in this study in young children, can be attributed to physiological rather than psychological mechanisms.", "contents": "The effects of intermittent warm-up on 7-9 year-old boys. Twelve boys, 7-9 years old, who, by use of questionnaires, were found to be ignorant of the concept of \"warm-up\", performed maximal aerobic and anaerobic tasks 4 min after completing a 15 min intermittent warm-up (WU) (30 sec treadmill run, 30 sec pause). The WU required some 60% of the individual's VO2max, and raised rectal temp. by 0.52 +/- 0.19 degrees C. The aerobic criterion task (CT) was a one-stage bicycle ride at a load predetermined to exhaust the subject after 4 min. The anaerobic CT was a 30 sec all-out ride against resistance of 35 gm/kg BW. Subjects also performed both CT's without any WU. VO2max (aerobic CT), HRmax, as well as total mechanical work output achieved during the aerobic CT, were significantly higher with WU, compared with the non-WU sessions. During the anaerobic CT total revolutions, total power output, as well as peak HR, were significantly higher following WU. It is suggested that the benefits of intermittent WU, as used in this study in young children, can be attributed to physiological rather than psychological mechanisms.", "PMID": 1193092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13055", "title": "[The influence of bicycle ergometer work and oral glucose administration on the muscle hexokinase activity in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of orally administered carbohydrates and bicycle work on muscle hexokinase activity, blood glucose, and serum insulin levels were studied in 6 young men. Continuously administered glucose of a total amount of 150 g caused a significant increase in hexokinase activity within 3 hrs. Working at a load of 155 to 195 Watt led to an initial increase of hexokinase activity. At the end of the working period hexokinase activity had fallen to resting values. The possible mechanisms of action are discussed.", "contents": "[The influence of bicycle ergometer work and oral glucose administration on the muscle hexokinase activity in man (author's transl)]. The influence of orally administered carbohydrates and bicycle work on muscle hexokinase activity, blood glucose, and serum insulin levels were studied in 6 young men. Continuously administered glucose of a total amount of 150 g caused a significant increase in hexokinase activity within 3 hrs. Working at a load of 155 to 195 Watt led to an initial increase of hexokinase activity. At the end of the working period hexokinase activity had fallen to resting values. The possible mechanisms of action are discussed.", "PMID": 1193093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13056", "title": "[Experimental determination of coefficient of evaporative heat loss in still air (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have determined the coefficient of evaporative heat loss of the human body (he) by means of humidity steps in low air movement (Va less than or equal to 0,2 m/s). Such a determination requires a fully wetted skin and this implies therefore some loss of dripping sweat. The collection of this dripping sweat allows the determination of the total evaporation: this evaporation exists on the skin surface and around the drops during their fall from the skin to the oil pan where dripping sweat is collected. An estimation of this dripping sweat evaporation allows to assess the skin evaporation and, consequently, the evaporative coefficient he. In these experimental conditions: E = S - SNE - 0,0005 SNE (PsH2O - PaH2O) where E is the skin evaporative rate (g/h);S = total sweat rate (g/h);SNE = the nonevaporative sweat rate (g/h);PaH2O = the partial pressure of saturated water (at Ts) on skin (mb) and PaH2O the partial pressure of water vapor in ambient air (mb). The coefficient of evaporative heat loss in low air movement thus found, is 5,18 +/- 0,22 W/m2-mb.", "contents": "[Experimental determination of coefficient of evaporative heat loss in still air (author's transl)]. The authors have determined the coefficient of evaporative heat loss of the human body (he) by means of humidity steps in low air movement (Va less than or equal to 0,2 m/s). Such a determination requires a fully wetted skin and this implies therefore some loss of dripping sweat. The collection of this dripping sweat allows the determination of the total evaporation: this evaporation exists on the skin surface and around the drops during their fall from the skin to the oil pan where dripping sweat is collected. An estimation of this dripping sweat evaporation allows to assess the skin evaporation and, consequently, the evaporative coefficient he. In these experimental conditions: E = S - SNE - 0,0005 SNE (PsH2O - PaH2O) where E is the skin evaporative rate (g/h);S = total sweat rate (g/h);SNE = the nonevaporative sweat rate (g/h);PaH2O = the partial pressure of saturated water (at Ts) on skin (mb) and PaH2O the partial pressure of water vapor in ambient air (mb). The coefficient of evaporative heat loss in low air movement thus found, is 5,18 +/- 0,22 W/m2-mb.", "PMID": 1193094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13057", "title": "The anatomy of the late radiation encephalopathy.", "content": "The clinico-pathological data and the topography of the lesions were determined in 13 cases of late radiation encephalopathy. In one case the arterial vascularisation was studied by the translucidation technique after filling of the blood vessels with a colloidal barium sulphate solution. The radiation lesions consisted of areas of focal necrosis and of diffuse demyelination and necrosis of the deep cerebral structures and the brain stem. Demyelination was predominantly present in cases of late appearance of the neurological symptoms while necrosis was found in cases with a short latency period. The cerebral cortex and the arcuate fibres were always the most preserved structures. The topography of the focal lesions in the cerebral hemispheres and in the brain stem corresponded well to the vascular supply areas of the deep perforating arteries, while the diffuse lesions always had a predominant distribution in  the periventricular arterial end- and border-zones. These observations were also confirmed by a post mortem angiographic study. The present report argues once more for a vascular aetiology as cause of the late radiation encephalopathy.", "contents": "The anatomy of the late radiation encephalopathy. The clinico-pathological data and the topography of the lesions were determined in 13 cases of late radiation encephalopathy. In one case the arterial vascularisation was studied by the translucidation technique after filling of the blood vessels with a colloidal barium sulphate solution. The radiation lesions consisted of areas of focal necrosis and of diffuse demyelination and necrosis of the deep cerebral structures and the brain stem. Demyelination was predominantly present in cases of late appearance of the neurological symptoms while necrosis was found in cases with a short latency period. The cerebral cortex and the arcuate fibres were always the most preserved structures. The topography of the focal lesions in the cerebral hemispheres and in the brain stem corresponded well to the vascular supply areas of the deep perforating arteries, while the diffuse lesions always had a predominant distribution in  the periventricular arterial end- and border-zones. These observations were also confirmed by a post mortem angiographic study. The present report argues once more for a vascular aetiology as cause of the late radiation encephalopathy.", "PMID": 1193095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13058", "title": "Developmental brain damage after chemically induced epileptic seizures.", "content": "25 Wistar rats were subjected twice daily to epileptic seizures induced by the convulsant gaz Flurothyl. Compared with littermates of the same sex and birth weight, the brain of seizure-treated rats showed a reduction of 6% (5.2 million cells) after 5 days and 17.6% (33.4 million cells) after 10 days of treatment.", "contents": "Developmental brain damage after chemically induced epileptic seizures. 25 Wistar rats were subjected twice daily to epileptic seizures induced by the convulsant gaz Flurothyl. Compared with littermates of the same sex and birth weight, the brain of seizure-treated rats showed a reduction of 6% (5.2 million cells) after 5 days and 17.6% (33.4 million cells) after 10 days of treatment.", "PMID": 1193096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13059", "title": "Facial myokymia.", "content": "43 patients with facial myokymia were examined clinically and electromyographically over periods of up to 13 years. 18 patients were suffering from multiple sclerosis, 6 patients from brain stem tumour or tumours of the posterior cranial fossa, and 19 from other known or unknown neurological disorders. Duration, recurrences, EMG results of myokymia and its accompanying neurological symptoms are discribed.", "contents": "Facial myokymia. 43 patients with facial myokymia were examined clinically and electromyographically over periods of up to 13 years. 18 patients were suffering from multiple sclerosis, 6 patients from brain stem tumour or tumours of the posterior cranial fossa, and 19 from other known or unknown neurological disorders. Duration, recurrences, EMG results of myokymia and its accompanying neurological symptoms are discribed.", "PMID": 1193097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13060", "title": "Electrophysiological evidence for a neurohormonal dependence in the changes of the late glabellar response in man.", "content": "In 19 normal adults reserpine administration induced significant changes in the parameters of the second glabellar response (R2): shortening of the latency and duration; decrease of the excitability threshold and complete blockade of the physiological habituation of R2 to the electrical and mechanical stimulation. No changes in the first response (R1) were observed. All the R2 changes disappeared within about 3 days of drug administration. The Parkinson-like effect of reserpine on the glabellar reflex is discussed in the light of a neurohormonal hypothesis in the control of the polysynaptic pathways biasing R2.", "contents": "Electrophysiological evidence for a neurohormonal dependence in the changes of the late glabellar response in man. In 19 normal adults reserpine administration induced significant changes in the parameters of the second glabellar response (R2): shortening of the latency and duration; decrease of the excitability threshold and complete blockade of the physiological habituation of R2 to the electrical and mechanical stimulation. No changes in the first response (R1) were observed. All the R2 changes disappeared within about 3 days of drug administration. The Parkinson-like effect of reserpine on the glabellar reflex is discussed in the light of a neurohormonal hypothesis in the control of the polysynaptic pathways biasing R2.", "PMID": 1193098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13061", "title": "Contralateral reinnervation in Bell's palsy. A case report.", "content": "Congenital lesion of the left facial nerve trunk has been investigated in a 30-year-old woman. Upon stimulation of the left facial nerve, no response was evoked in any of the mimic muscles. The patient was able to perform voluntary contractions of the left corrugator glabellae muscle and of the left corner of the orbicular oral muscle; these contractions were recorded electromyographically. The stimulation of the right facial nerve elicited responses in the referred left mimic muscles. This circumstance indicated their activity to be due to contralateral reinnervation by the intact facial nerve. The blink reflex examination evoked no response on the left side, while the blinik reflex on the right side was elicited with both its components, both upon ipsi- and contralateral stimulation.", "contents": "Contralateral reinnervation in Bell's palsy. A case report. Congenital lesion of the left facial nerve trunk has been investigated in a 30-year-old woman. Upon stimulation of the left facial nerve, no response was evoked in any of the mimic muscles. The patient was able to perform voluntary contractions of the left corrugator glabellae muscle and of the left corner of the orbicular oral muscle; these contractions were recorded electromyographically. The stimulation of the right facial nerve elicited responses in the referred left mimic muscles. This circumstance indicated their activity to be due to contralateral reinnervation by the intact facial nerve. The blink reflex examination evoked no response on the left side, while the blinik reflex on the right side was elicited with both its components, both upon ipsi- and contralateral stimulation.", "PMID": 1193099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13062", "title": "Homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid in the csf of patients after a severe head injury. I. Lumbar csf concentration in chronic brain post-traumatic syndromes.", "content": "Lumbar CSF concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5HIAA) have been determined in ten patients suffering from chronic brain post-traumatic syndromes, at various length of time after the brain trauma. Lower concentrations of HVA (mean 21 +/- 14 mug/ml) compared to controls (mean 46 +/- 10 mug/ml) was observed in 7 cases; 5HIAA levels were within normal values. The 5HIAA/HVA ratio (1.59 +/- 0.66) was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than the one recorded in controls (0.66 +/- 0.10). Monitoring of lumbar HVA and 5HIAA over time, before, during and after L-dopa treatment, revealed interesting correlations between modification of clinical picture and the levels of monoamines acid metabolites. The data indicate a profound alteration of brain monoamines in chronic syndromes following a severe head injury and suggest that measurements of lumbar HVA and 5HIAA in these patients may be of euristic and diagnostic value.", "contents": "Homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid in the csf of patients after a severe head injury. I. Lumbar csf concentration in chronic brain post-traumatic syndromes. Lumbar CSF concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5HIAA) have been determined in ten patients suffering from chronic brain post-traumatic syndromes, at various length of time after the brain trauma. Lower concentrations of HVA (mean 21 +/- 14 mug/ml) compared to controls (mean 46 +/- 10 mug/ml) was observed in 7 cases; 5HIAA levels were within normal values. The 5HIAA/HVA ratio (1.59 +/- 0.66) was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than the one recorded in controls (0.66 +/- 0.10). Monitoring of lumbar HVA and 5HIAA over time, before, during and after L-dopa treatment, revealed interesting correlations between modification of clinical picture and the levels of monoamines acid metabolites. The data indicate a profound alteration of brain monoamines in chronic syndromes following a severe head injury and suggest that measurements of lumbar HVA and 5HIAA in these patients may be of euristic and diagnostic value.", "PMID": 1193100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13063", "title": "Homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid in the csf of patients after a severe head injury. II. Ventricular csf concentrations in acute brain post-traumatic syndromes.", "content": "Ventricular concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5HIAA) were measured in 7 patients a few days after a severe traumatic brain injury. Both acid metabolites were elevated in respect to control patients values, however, the rise was more consistent for 5HIAA (258 +/- 86 ng/ml) with a 5HIAA/HVA ratio of 0.85 +/- 0.35. The data support previous hypothesis on the profound involvement of serotoninergic structures in the early stages of acute traumatic brain syndromes and on the role of 5HT in maintaining edema and vasospasm.", "contents": "Homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid in the csf of patients after a severe head injury. II. Ventricular csf concentrations in acute brain post-traumatic syndromes. Ventricular concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5HIAA) were measured in 7 patients a few days after a severe traumatic brain injury. Both acid metabolites were elevated in respect to control patients values, however, the rise was more consistent for 5HIAA (258 +/- 86 ng/ml) with a 5HIAA/HVA ratio of 0.85 +/- 0.35. The data support previous hypothesis on the profound involvement of serotoninergic structures in the early stages of acute traumatic brain syndromes and on the role of 5HT in maintaining edema and vasospasm.", "PMID": 1193101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13064", "title": "Acute transverse myelopathy caused by penicillin injection.", "content": "A case of acute transverse myelopathy with anaesthesia and flaccid paralysis of both lower limbs, following intragluteal penicillin injection, is reported. This accident was probably due to a mistaken intra-arterial injection of the drug with retrograde progression through branches of the internal iliac artery up to the spinal cord. The treatment of such events in all the cases reported by the literature has been disappointing. Therefore, particular precautions must be taken in case of intramuscular penicillin injection, according to the present and the previous cases described, in order to avoid such accidents.", "contents": "Acute transverse myelopathy caused by penicillin injection. A case of acute transverse myelopathy with anaesthesia and flaccid paralysis of both lower limbs, following intragluteal penicillin injection, is reported. This accident was probably due to a mistaken intra-arterial injection of the drug with retrograde progression through branches of the internal iliac artery up to the spinal cord. The treatment of such events in all the cases reported by the literature has been disappointing. Therefore, particular precautions must be taken in case of intramuscular penicillin injection, according to the present and the previous cases described, in order to avoid such accidents.", "PMID": 1193102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13065", "title": "The occurrence of phase-4 block in the anomalous bundle of patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Conduction in the Kent bundle was studied in 17 patients with WPW syndrome, before and after administration of ajmaline and amiodarone. Before drug administration, only one patient showed phase-3 block and only one other showed phase-4 block. After administration of ajmaline to 11 patients and amiodarone to 16 patients (each patient received at least one of the drugs and the two drugs were given independently to 10 patients), the occurrence of phase-3 block alone in the Kent bundle was documented in 9 patients of the 17, phase-4 block alone in 1, and phase-3 and phase-4 block together with a typical accodion in 3. In 4 patients conduction in the Kent bundle was not modified. The phase-3 and phase-4 block as well as the accordion effect in the Kent bundle were similar to the same phenomena previously described in patients with diseased or in dogs with injured intraventricular conducting fascicles. The fact that the Kent bundle can show the same physiological and pharmacological behavior as a diseased His bundle or bundle branches is highly significant, first, because it may indicate that the anomalous bundle is also composed of Purkinje or Purkinje-like fibers and, secondly, because it may help to distinguish a normal from a diseased Kent bundle, and this may become essential for determining the prognosis and treatment of patients with WPW syndrome. The Kent bundle can be compared with a normal or diseased extra-His bundle.", "contents": "The occurrence of phase-4 block in the anomalous bundle of patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Conduction in the Kent bundle was studied in 17 patients with WPW syndrome, before and after administration of ajmaline and amiodarone. Before drug administration, only one patient showed phase-3 block and only one other showed phase-4 block. After administration of ajmaline to 11 patients and amiodarone to 16 patients (each patient received at least one of the drugs and the two drugs were given independently to 10 patients), the occurrence of phase-3 block alone in the Kent bundle was documented in 9 patients of the 17, phase-4 block alone in 1, and phase-3 and phase-4 block together with a typical accodion in 3. In 4 patients conduction in the Kent bundle was not modified. The phase-3 and phase-4 block as well as the accordion effect in the Kent bundle were similar to the same phenomena previously described in patients with diseased or in dogs with injured intraventricular conducting fascicles. The fact that the Kent bundle can show the same physiological and pharmacological behavior as a diseased His bundle or bundle branches is highly significant, first, because it may indicate that the anomalous bundle is also composed of Purkinje or Purkinje-like fibers and, secondly, because it may help to distinguish a normal from a diseased Kent bundle, and this may become essential for determining the prognosis and treatment of patients with WPW syndrome. The Kent bundle can be compared with a normal or diseased extra-His bundle.", "PMID": 1193111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13066", "title": "Electrophysiologic and pharmacologic studies in a patient with acute myocardial infarction complicated by intraventricular and atrioventricular block.", "content": "A patient with an acute anterior wall myocardial infarction complicated by bilateral bundle branch block and paroxysmal AV block is presented. The following new, uncommon or unreported phenomena were documented: the simultaneous occurrence of phase-3 block in the right bundle branch and phase-4 block in the left bundle branch; the simultaneous occurrence of phase-4 block in both main bundle branches; phase-4 left posterior hemiblock associated with escape beats arising from the injured posterior division of the left bundle branch; supernormal conduction in the right bundle branck and 2:1 right bundle branch block related to supernormality. Most of these changes were, of course, not simultaneous, and their successive appearance was related to day-to-day and sometimes hour-to-hour variations in the degree and quality of the multifascicular injury caused by the infarct. In addition, the actions of several drugs upon automaticity and conduction were tested. The effects of amiodarone, lidocaine and isoproterenol were similar to those previously reported under comparable circumstances. At a moment when the patient had repeated episodes of paroxysmal AV block with severe Adams-Stokes seizures, the administration of a single i.v. dose of 0.25 mg of strophanthin suppressed totally the Adams-Stokes attacks through a significant enhancement of ventricular automaticity. If rapid implantation of an artifical pacemaker is not at hand, strophanthin may be life-saving in patients with acute paroxysmal AV block.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic and pharmacologic studies in a patient with acute myocardial infarction complicated by intraventricular and atrioventricular block. A patient with an acute anterior wall myocardial infarction complicated by bilateral bundle branch block and paroxysmal AV block is presented. The following new, uncommon or unreported phenomena were documented: the simultaneous occurrence of phase-3 block in the right bundle branch and phase-4 block in the left bundle branch; the simultaneous occurrence of phase-4 block in both main bundle branches; phase-4 left posterior hemiblock associated with escape beats arising from the injured posterior division of the left bundle branch; supernormal conduction in the right bundle branck and 2:1 right bundle branch block related to supernormality. Most of these changes were, of course, not simultaneous, and their successive appearance was related to day-to-day and sometimes hour-to-hour variations in the degree and quality of the multifascicular injury caused by the infarct. In addition, the actions of several drugs upon automaticity and conduction were tested. The effects of amiodarone, lidocaine and isoproterenol were similar to those previously reported under comparable circumstances. At a moment when the patient had repeated episodes of paroxysmal AV block with severe Adams-Stokes seizures, the administration of a single i.v. dose of 0.25 mg of strophanthin suppressed totally the Adams-Stokes attacks through a significant enhancement of ventricular automaticity. If rapid implantation of an artifical pacemaker is not at hand, strophanthin may be life-saving in patients with acute paroxysmal AV block.", "PMID": 1193112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13067", "title": "The clinical features and significance of bifascicular block complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Two series of patients with anterior myocardial infarction complicated by right bundle branch block with either left anterior hemiblock (RBBB+LAH) or left posterior hemiblock (RBBB+LPH), have been studied. The first was a retrospective analysis taken from a time when prophylactic pacing wires were not inserted, and the second was a prospective series in whom pacing wires were inserted as soon as the condition defect was seen. The overall prevalence of RBBB+LAH was 3.3% compared to 1.6% for RBBB+LPH, and complete atrioventricular block was seen in 36% of the former and 66% of the latter. From the retrospective data it was apparent that hospital death was usually associated with massive myocardial infarction, although 3 of the 25 patients in this series died in hospital from sudden development of complete atrioventricular block. If the defect was transitory (1-3 days) then the prognosis was that of acute anterior infarction uncomplicated by fascicular block. The policy of prophylactic pacing failed to show any overall change in hospital mortality, and only 3 patients survived long enough to have permanent pacemakers inserted. This procedure has been of benefit to only one of these cases.", "contents": "The clinical features and significance of bifascicular block complicating acute myocardial infarction. Two series of patients with anterior myocardial infarction complicated by right bundle branch block with either left anterior hemiblock (RBBB+LAH) or left posterior hemiblock (RBBB+LPH), have been studied. The first was a retrospective analysis taken from a time when prophylactic pacing wires were not inserted, and the second was a prospective series in whom pacing wires were inserted as soon as the condition defect was seen. The overall prevalence of RBBB+LAH was 3.3% compared to 1.6% for RBBB+LPH, and complete atrioventricular block was seen in 36% of the former and 66% of the latter. From the retrospective data it was apparent that hospital death was usually associated with massive myocardial infarction, although 3 of the 25 patients in this series died in hospital from sudden development of complete atrioventricular block. If the defect was transitory (1-3 days) then the prognosis was that of acute anterior infarction uncomplicated by fascicular block. The policy of prophylactic pacing failed to show any overall change in hospital mortality, and only 3 patients survived long enough to have permanent pacemakers inserted. This procedure has been of benefit to only one of these cases.", "PMID": 1193113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13068", "title": "Electrolytic phenomena and massive gas generation around pacemaker electrodes. Clinical presentation of an unusual pacing failure.", "content": "An unexpected clinical presentation of an unusual pacing failure has been observed in two patients who had had recent implantation of a pacemaker model whose electrodes were made of an nonnoble metal alloy. An intermittent current leakage from the output capacitor and possibly from the output transistor accounted for electrolytic corrosion at the anode, premature depletion of the battery, heart muscle damage and for massive gas generation around electrodes, leading to right ventricular perforation, pneumopericardium and subcutaneous thoracic emphysema. The occurrence of this syndrome shows that, if nonnoble metals are used for electrodes, more attention should be addressed to those conditions which add to polarization problems, as is current leakage from the output circuit components.", "contents": "Electrolytic phenomena and massive gas generation around pacemaker electrodes. Clinical presentation of an unusual pacing failure. An unexpected clinical presentation of an unusual pacing failure has been observed in two patients who had had recent implantation of a pacemaker model whose electrodes were made of an nonnoble metal alloy. An intermittent current leakage from the output capacitor and possibly from the output transistor accounted for electrolytic corrosion at the anode, premature depletion of the battery, heart muscle damage and for massive gas generation around electrodes, leading to right ventricular perforation, pneumopericardium and subcutaneous thoracic emphysema. The occurrence of this syndrome shows that, if nonnoble metals are used for electrodes, more attention should be addressed to those conditions which add to polarization problems, as is current leakage from the output circuit components.", "PMID": 1193114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13069", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of aprindine, a new antiarrhythmic drug.", "content": "The effects of aprinidine (AC 1802), a new antiarrhythmic drug, were studied in 9 anesthetized pigs. Aprindine was administered intravenously in cumulative doses until serum levels larger than or equal to 8 mug/ml were obtained, which is more than three times the therapeutic level in man (+/- 2.5 mug/ml). Doses less than 1.75 mg/kg (serum levels 3.4 mug/ml) had no effect on the pump function of the heart, as preload, afterload, and the contractile state of the heart were not significantly altered. However, at these levels, electrocardiographic changes were significant as QRS increased to 132 +/- 14% of control (P less than 0.005). At the highest serum levels (8.7 mug/ml), cardiac output had decreased to 78 +/- 15% of control. This appears to be the result of negative inotropic properties of the drug, as preload remained unchanged and afterload actually decreased. Most striking at these levels were the electrocardiographic changes, as P-Q length increased to 281 +/- 93% of control and QRS width to 341 +/- 85%. The changes in the width of the QRS complex, prove to be the earliest indicator of aprindine activity and may serve as a warning of intoxication.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of aprindine, a new antiarrhythmic drug. The effects of aprinidine (AC 1802), a new antiarrhythmic drug, were studied in 9 anesthetized pigs. Aprindine was administered intravenously in cumulative doses until serum levels larger than or equal to 8 mug/ml were obtained, which is more than three times the therapeutic level in man (+/- 2.5 mug/ml). Doses less than 1.75 mg/kg (serum levels 3.4 mug/ml) had no effect on the pump function of the heart, as preload, afterload, and the contractile state of the heart were not significantly altered. However, at these levels, electrocardiographic changes were significant as QRS increased to 132 +/- 14% of control (P less than 0.005). At the highest serum levels (8.7 mug/ml), cardiac output had decreased to 78 +/- 15% of control. This appears to be the result of negative inotropic properties of the drug, as preload remained unchanged and afterload actually decreased. Most striking at these levels were the electrocardiographic changes, as P-Q length increased to 281 +/- 93% of control and QRS width to 341 +/- 85%. The changes in the width of the QRS complex, prove to be the earliest indicator of aprindine activity and may serve as a warning of intoxication.", "PMID": 1193115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13070", "title": "Quantitative estimation of valvular incompetence.", "content": "The regurgitant flow (Qreg) through incompetent valves can be assessed by subtracting effective cardiac output (Qeff) from total left ventricular output (Qtot). Qeff was determined with the thermodilution method. A new correction factor for true injected quantity of indicator was developed and a procedure for rapid estimation of (see article) deltaT(t)dt was tested. Qtot was determined with the aid of quantitative left ventriculography. In 10 patients without incompetent valves no significant difference between Qeff and Qtot could be demonstrated. Qreg in 11 patients with mitral incompetence ranged from 0.5 till 4.7 1-min-1 m-2 and in 12 patients with aortic incompetence from 0.9 till 11.2 1-min-1 m-2. The relation of left ventricular enddiastolic volume (Ved in ml-m-2) and Qreg (in 1-min-m-2) is expressed by the regression equation: Ved = 21.7 Qreg + 59.2 (correlation coefficient 0.91), demonstrating a good relationship of regurgitant flow and volume load fo the left ventricle. Follow-up of these patients is important to detect guidelines for operation indications base on quantitative measurements of Ved and Qreg.", "contents": "Quantitative estimation of valvular incompetence. The regurgitant flow (Qreg) through incompetent valves can be assessed by subtracting effective cardiac output (Qeff) from total left ventricular output (Qtot). Qeff was determined with the thermodilution method. A new correction factor for true injected quantity of indicator was developed and a procedure for rapid estimation of (see article) deltaT(t)dt was tested. Qtot was determined with the aid of quantitative left ventriculography. In 10 patients without incompetent valves no significant difference between Qeff and Qtot could be demonstrated. Qreg in 11 patients with mitral incompetence ranged from 0.5 till 4.7 1-min-1 m-2 and in 12 patients with aortic incompetence from 0.9 till 11.2 1-min-1 m-2. The relation of left ventricular enddiastolic volume (Ved in ml-m-2) and Qreg (in 1-min-m-2) is expressed by the regression equation: Ved = 21.7 Qreg + 59.2 (correlation coefficient 0.91), demonstrating a good relationship of regurgitant flow and volume load fo the left ventricle. Follow-up of these patients is important to detect guidelines for operation indications base on quantitative measurements of Ved and Qreg.", "PMID": 1193116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13071", "title": "Tricuspid atresia. An anatomical study of 17 cases.", "content": "This is a report on the anatomical characteristics of 17 cases of tricuspid atresia. Three of these cases had a discrepancy between the type of bulboventricular loop (dextro) and the position of the great arteries (the aorta being to the left of the pulmonary artery). In these a characteristic type of ventricular septal defect, located just beneath the tissue of the semilunar valves was found. In 3 cases with cardiac dextroversion and juxtaposition of the atrial appendages the great arteries were on the same frontal plane and there was a separation between the semilunar and the anterior mitral leaflet. One case was associated with a double outlet left ventricle, a D-malposition of the great arteries, and a bilateral subaortic and subpulmonary conus. Among the 6 cases with transposition of the great arteries, the ventricular septal defect was large in 2 (34.4%) only. In the analysis of the 13 cases with intact ventricular septa (2 cases) or restrictive (small and medium-sized) ventricular septal defects (11 cases) obstructive anomalies of the vessel arising from the right ventricle were found in 12 (92.3%). These anomalies involved the aorta in 4 cases. (34.4%) and the pulmonary artery in 8 (66.6%). In the study of the 4 cases with a large ventricular septal defect, obstructive anomalies in the vessel arising from the right ventricle were present in 2 cases (50%), and were located in the aorta in 1 case (25%) and in the pulmonary artery in the other case (25%). The 2 cases with intact ventricular septum were associated with a hypertrophy of this septum and an absent pulmonary valve. In 1 of these cases, a third ventricular chamber was disclosed within the ventricular septum. This chamber communicated with the right ventricle through a very small opening. In 82.3% of the cases, the projection of the dimple, the rest of the tricuspid orifice, was located either on the ventricular septum or over the left ventricle. In the 3 cases with juxtaposition of the atrial appendages there was a positive transillumination of the floor of the right atrium, which corresponded, to the rest of the tricuspid valve in one case and to the atrioventricular portion of the membranous septum in the other 2.", "contents": "Tricuspid atresia. An anatomical study of 17 cases. This is a report on the anatomical characteristics of 17 cases of tricuspid atresia. Three of these cases had a discrepancy between the type of bulboventricular loop (dextro) and the position of the great arteries (the aorta being to the left of the pulmonary artery). In these a characteristic type of ventricular septal defect, located just beneath the tissue of the semilunar valves was found. In 3 cases with cardiac dextroversion and juxtaposition of the atrial appendages the great arteries were on the same frontal plane and there was a separation between the semilunar and the anterior mitral leaflet. One case was associated with a double outlet left ventricle, a D-malposition of the great arteries, and a bilateral subaortic and subpulmonary conus. Among the 6 cases with transposition of the great arteries, the ventricular septal defect was large in 2 (34.4%) only. In the analysis of the 13 cases with intact ventricular septa (2 cases) or restrictive (small and medium-sized) ventricular septal defects (11 cases) obstructive anomalies of the vessel arising from the right ventricle were found in 12 (92.3%). These anomalies involved the aorta in 4 cases. (34.4%) and the pulmonary artery in 8 (66.6%). In the study of the 4 cases with a large ventricular septal defect, obstructive anomalies in the vessel arising from the right ventricle were present in 2 cases (50%), and were located in the aorta in 1 case (25%) and in the pulmonary artery in the other case (25%). The 2 cases with intact ventricular septum were associated with a hypertrophy of this septum and an absent pulmonary valve. In 1 of these cases, a third ventricular chamber was disclosed within the ventricular septum. This chamber communicated with the right ventricle through a very small opening. In 82.3% of the cases, the projection of the dimple, the rest of the tricuspid orifice, was located either on the ventricular septum or over the left ventricle. In the 3 cases with juxtaposition of the atrial appendages there was a positive transillumination of the floor of the right atrium, which corresponded, to the rest of the tricuspid valve in one case and to the atrioventricular portion of the membranous septum in the other 2.", "PMID": 1193117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13072", "title": "Cardiac tamponade. A study of 50 hearts.", "content": "Fifty hearts with a rupture of the free wall were studied. From a correlation between gross and microscopic features and the clinical history, several interesting features evolved. Firstly, the gross aspect of the rupture enabled a distinction of three types. Type I, characterized by an abrupt, slit-like tear, which correlated clinically with a recent infarct, mostly of less than 24 hours previously. Type II which showed an 'erosion' of the infarcted myocardium, indicative of a slowly progressing tear. This type correlated with a somewhat larger time interval between onset of symptoms and tamponade. Type III, characterized by early aneurysm formation, which correlated clinically with older infarcts. Furthermore, occasionally, marked discrepancies were found between the histological and clinical dating. This lends support to the concept that in some patients the onset of symptoms may be secondary to the onset of rupture, in the setting of an otherwise silent infarction. Clinically, the acute episode is diagnosed as the onset of infarction. The term 'concealed rupture' is proposed for this phenomenon.", "contents": "Cardiac tamponade. A study of 50 hearts. Fifty hearts with a rupture of the free wall were studied. From a correlation between gross and microscopic features and the clinical history, several interesting features evolved. Firstly, the gross aspect of the rupture enabled a distinction of three types. Type I, characterized by an abrupt, slit-like tear, which correlated clinically with a recent infarct, mostly of less than 24 hours previously. Type II which showed an 'erosion' of the infarcted myocardium, indicative of a slowly progressing tear. This type correlated with a somewhat larger time interval between onset of symptoms and tamponade. Type III, characterized by early aneurysm formation, which correlated clinically with older infarcts. Furthermore, occasionally, marked discrepancies were found between the histological and clinical dating. This lends support to the concept that in some patients the onset of symptoms may be secondary to the onset of rupture, in the setting of an otherwise silent infarction. Clinically, the acute episode is diagnosed as the onset of infarction. The term 'concealed rupture' is proposed for this phenomenon.", "PMID": 1193118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13073", "title": "[Chemical and pharmacological research on derivatives of 1H-naphto/2,1-b/pyran. IV. Substituted 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphto/2,1-b/pyrans].", "content": "Reaction of N,N-dialkylethoxycarbonylacetamides with substituted beta-naphthols in 3 or 6 or 7 positions with halogen, alkyl, methoxycarbonyl, methoxyl, ethoxyl in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride, led to the formation of 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans bearing substituents in 5 or 8 or 9 positions, respectively. Moreover, on account of the chemical nature of such substituents, suitable chemical transformations of these compounds afforded some other 1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran derivatives. Pharmacological tests showed that anticonvulsant activity was improved by introduction of methoxy or ethoxy group in 9 position of several 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans.", "contents": "[Chemical and pharmacological research on derivatives of 1H-naphto/2,1-b/pyran. IV. Substituted 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphto/2,1-b/pyrans]. Reaction of N,N-dialkylethoxycarbonylacetamides with substituted beta-naphthols in 3 or 6 or 7 positions with halogen, alkyl, methoxycarbonyl, methoxyl, ethoxyl in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride, led to the formation of 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans bearing substituents in 5 or 8 or 9 positions, respectively. Moreover, on account of the chemical nature of such substituents, suitable chemical transformations of these compounds afforded some other 1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran derivatives. Pharmacological tests showed that anticonvulsant activity was improved by introduction of methoxy or ethoxy group in 9 position of several 1-oxo-3-dialkylamino-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans.", "PMID": 1193229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13074", "title": "[Some pharmacological actions of furazan hydrazides and of 2 correspondent furoxan derivatives].", "content": "A study has been made of the acute toxicity, action on the guinea pig ileum, on the ventricle edge, on frog spinal reflex, and on the respiratory and cardiac activity and pulse of the following compounds: 3-methyl-4-furazancarbohydrazide (I); 3-methyl-4-furoxancarbohydrazide (II); 4-methyl-3-furoxancarbohydrazide (III). The compounds had no action on guinea pig ileum or ventricle edge. Compound (I) showed depressant activity on frog spinal reflex whereas compound (II) showed excitation and compound (III) had no direct spinal action. The compounds tested affected respiration and ECG only at the highest doses used. The pulse rate was raised by substance (I) in all cases whereas substances (II) and (III) raised pulse rate only at low doses.", "contents": "[Some pharmacological actions of furazan hydrazides and of 2 correspondent furoxan derivatives]. A study has been made of the acute toxicity, action on the guinea pig ileum, on the ventricle edge, on frog spinal reflex, and on the respiratory and cardiac activity and pulse of the following compounds: 3-methyl-4-furazancarbohydrazide (I); 3-methyl-4-furoxancarbohydrazide (II); 4-methyl-3-furoxancarbohydrazide (III). The compounds had no action on guinea pig ileum or ventricle edge. Compound (I) showed depressant activity on frog spinal reflex whereas compound (II) showed excitation and compound (III) had no direct spinal action. The compounds tested affected respiration and ECG only at the highest doses used. The pulse rate was raised by substance (I) in all cases whereas substances (II) and (III) raised pulse rate only at low doses.", "PMID": 1193230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13075", "title": "Mass spectrometric identification of 10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxyprotriptyline in rat urine after administration of protriptyline.", "content": "10,11-Dihydro-10,11-dihydroxyprotriptyline was identified in rat urine following administration of protriptyline 40 mg kg-1 i.p. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric characterization confirmed the structure of this stable metabolite, and its identity with a synthetic sample.", "contents": "Mass spectrometric identification of 10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxyprotriptyline in rat urine after administration of protriptyline. 10,11-Dihydro-10,11-dihydroxyprotriptyline was identified in rat urine following administration of protriptyline 40 mg kg-1 i.p. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric characterization confirmed the structure of this stable metabolite, and its identity with a synthetic sample.", "PMID": 1193231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13076", "title": "The search for new drugs in the group of xanthine derivatives. XXXIX - Reaction of 1,2-epoxycyclohexane with theophylline and 8-halotheophyllines.", "content": "Reaction of 1,2-epoxycyclohexane with theophylline and 8-halotheophyllines in n-butanol n-propanol DMF medium brought up a good yield of the corresponding trans-diequatorial-DL-7-(2'-hydroxycyclohexyl-1')-derivatives (I - III). The products (VII - IX), (XII), (XIII) were formed by nucleophilic displacement of the halogen of (II) or (III) by alkoxides or cyclamines. Acid hydrolysis of the alkoxy derivatives (VII -IX) gave the same compound:  1,3-dimethyl-trans-diequatorial-DL-7-(2'-hydroxycyclohexyl-1')-uric acid (X). The structures of these products were confirmed by U.V., I.R. and N.M.R. spectroscopy.", "contents": "The search for new drugs in the group of xanthine derivatives. XXXIX - Reaction of 1,2-epoxycyclohexane with theophylline and 8-halotheophyllines. Reaction of 1,2-epoxycyclohexane with theophylline and 8-halotheophyllines in n-butanol n-propanol DMF medium brought up a good yield of the corresponding trans-diequatorial-DL-7-(2'-hydroxycyclohexyl-1')-derivatives (I - III). The products (VII - IX), (XII), (XIII) were formed by nucleophilic displacement of the halogen of (II) or (III) by alkoxides or cyclamines. Acid hydrolysis of the alkoxy derivatives (VII -IX) gave the same compound:  1,3-dimethyl-trans-diequatorial-DL-7-(2'-hydroxycyclohexyl-1')-uric acid (X). The structures of these products were confirmed by U.V., I.R. and N.M.R. spectroscopy.", "PMID": 1193233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13077", "title": "[Research on nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. IX. Synthesis of 5-hydroxy-2,4-dicarbethoxypyrroles].", "content": "Reaction between diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate and N-substituted diethylaminomalonates in the presence of sodium ethoxide gives 5-hydroxy-2,4-dicarbethoxypyrroles. By treating these compounds with acetic anhydride we shall get the corresponding 5-acethoxy-2,4-dicarbethoxypyrroles and, by catalytic reduction, the corresponding 2,4-dicarbethoxy-5-pyrrolidinones, which in turn are hydrolyzed to the well known corresponding pyroglutamic acids. The I.R. and N.M.R. spectral data are in agreement with the proposed structures.", "contents": "[Research on nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. IX. Synthesis of 5-hydroxy-2,4-dicarbethoxypyrroles]. Reaction between diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate and N-substituted diethylaminomalonates in the presence of sodium ethoxide gives 5-hydroxy-2,4-dicarbethoxypyrroles. By treating these compounds with acetic anhydride we shall get the corresponding 5-acethoxy-2,4-dicarbethoxypyrroles and, by catalytic reduction, the corresponding 2,4-dicarbethoxy-5-pyrrolidinones, which in turn are hydrolyzed to the well known corresponding pyroglutamic acids. The I.R. and N.M.R. spectral data are in agreement with the proposed structures.", "PMID": 1193232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13078", "title": "Structure-activity relationships for anticholinergic morpholinium derivatives.", "content": "The anticholinergic activity of a series of morpholinium derivatives was studied by means of the Free-Wilson method. The importance of steric and lipophilic effects is pointed out.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships for anticholinergic morpholinium derivatives. The anticholinergic activity of a series of morpholinium derivatives was studied by means of the Free-Wilson method. The importance of steric and lipophilic effects is pointed out.", "PMID": 1193234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13079", "title": "Somatic cell genetic analysis of the interferon system.", "content": "Current advances in the use of somatic cell hybrid systems have enhanced the value of these systems for studying eukaryotic cell functions. We have reviewed the use of somatic cells to investigate the human interferon system. It has been shown that interspecific heterokaryons and hybrid cells can produce interferon(s) of both parental types and may be protected from viral challenge by interferon(s) from either parent. Using mouse-human hybrid cells we have assigned a human gene(s) responsible for regulating interferon to chromosome 21 and genes involved in the production of human interferon to chromosomes 2 and 5. Our data also suggest possible assignment of a locus involved in control of interferon production to chromosome 16. Suggested further uses of the somatic cell system for interferon studies include study of the subunit structure of interferons and the development of hybrid lines that produce human interferon at high levels (interferon/somatic cell hybrids/human gene assignment.", "contents": "Somatic cell genetic analysis of the interferon system. Current advances in the use of somatic cell hybrid systems have enhanced the value of these systems for studying eukaryotic cell functions. We have reviewed the use of somatic cells to investigate the human interferon system. It has been shown that interspecific heterokaryons and hybrid cells can produce interferon(s) of both parental types and may be protected from viral challenge by interferon(s) from either parent. Using mouse-human hybrid cells we have assigned a human gene(s) responsible for regulating interferon to chromosome 21 and genes involved in the production of human interferon to chromosomes 2 and 5. Our data also suggest possible assignment of a locus involved in control of interferon production to chromosome 16. Suggested further uses of the somatic cell system for interferon studies include study of the subunit structure of interferons and the development of hybrid lines that produce human interferon at high levels (interferon/somatic cell hybrids/human gene assignment.", "PMID": 1193239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13080", "title": "Turnover of plasma oleic acid measured by radio-gas chromatography.", "content": "Gas-liquid chromatography with radioactivity detection (Radio-GLC) was investigated as an analytical means of determining the fractional turnover rates of plasma free fatty acids. For this purpose normal dogs were infused with 1.838 muCi/min of [1-14C]oleic acid complexed with albumin and plasma samples were taken at 0 to 110 minutes. The plasma free fatty acids were isolated by a modified Dole extraction and the methyl esters, prepared by diazomethylation, were identified and quantitated by GLC and radio-GLC using radioactive methyl heptadecanoate as internal standard. The study demonstrates that physiologically feasible infusion rates and loads of radioactive acids can be found which permit accurate analyses of plasma free fatty acids by radio-GLC. During a 2-hour infusion no labeled acid other than oleic appeared in plasma indicating that the method could be used to study the turnover of a mixture of fatty acids simultaneously. These results also indicate that conventional methods of determination of radioactivity in purified extracts can be employed without concern for recycling of label among the fatty acids, at least over short periods of time. The radio-GLC technique described yields approximately 20% higher fractional turnover times for oleic acid than do standard methods.", "contents": "Turnover of plasma oleic acid measured by radio-gas chromatography. Gas-liquid chromatography with radioactivity detection (Radio-GLC) was investigated as an analytical means of determining the fractional turnover rates of plasma free fatty acids. For this purpose normal dogs were infused with 1.838 muCi/min of [1-14C]oleic acid complexed with albumin and plasma samples were taken at 0 to 110 minutes. The plasma free fatty acids were isolated by a modified Dole extraction and the methyl esters, prepared by diazomethylation, were identified and quantitated by GLC and radio-GLC using radioactive methyl heptadecanoate as internal standard. The study demonstrates that physiologically feasible infusion rates and loads of radioactive acids can be found which permit accurate analyses of plasma free fatty acids by radio-GLC. During a 2-hour infusion no labeled acid other than oleic appeared in plasma indicating that the method could be used to study the turnover of a mixture of fatty acids simultaneously. These results also indicate that conventional methods of determination of radioactivity in purified extracts can be employed without concern for recycling of label among the fatty acids, at least over short periods of time. The radio-GLC technique described yields approximately 20% higher fractional turnover times for oleic acid than do standard methods.", "PMID": 1193241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13081", "title": "Application of tracers in studying free fatty acid metabolism of various organs in vivo.", "content": "A few selected examples are given of the application of radio-labeled fatty acids in studying substrate utilization under in vivo conditions. The flux of free fatty acids (FFA) may be calculated by the constant infusion technique of Armstrong et al. using either labeled palmitic or oleic acid. Utilization of FFA by the myocardium is conveniently studied by the constant infusion of 14C-labeled palmitate or oleate. The extraction ratio of these two fatty acids is very similar both in the case of myocardium and of several other tissues investigated. Using this technique not only the removal and oxidation of FFA may be calculated but also competition between the major substrates (FFA, lactate, ketone bodies) can be studied. Arterial FFA concentration, rate of coronary blood flow, and myocardial work are mentioned as some of the important factors influencing the rate of myocardial FFA utilization. The study of skeletal muscle metabolism employing labeled fatty acids is of great importance since release as well as uptake of FFA takes place across most muscle beds and thus net arteriovenous differences may be misleading. A somewhat similar situation also exists in the splanchnic region. Labeled fatty acids have also been utilized to investigate both the oxidation of FFA and their incorporation into brain lipids. Both the uptake and release of FFA may be followed in the adipose tissue by the use of labeled palmitate or oleate.", "contents": "Application of tracers in studying free fatty acid metabolism of various organs in vivo. A few selected examples are given of the application of radio-labeled fatty acids in studying substrate utilization under in vivo conditions. The flux of free fatty acids (FFA) may be calculated by the constant infusion technique of Armstrong et al. using either labeled palmitic or oleic acid. Utilization of FFA by the myocardium is conveniently studied by the constant infusion of 14C-labeled palmitate or oleate. The extraction ratio of these two fatty acids is very similar both in the case of myocardium and of several other tissues investigated. Using this technique not only the removal and oxidation of FFA may be calculated but also competition between the major substrates (FFA, lactate, ketone bodies) can be studied. Arterial FFA concentration, rate of coronary blood flow, and myocardial work are mentioned as some of the important factors influencing the rate of myocardial FFA utilization. The study of skeletal muscle metabolism employing labeled fatty acids is of great importance since release as well as uptake of FFA takes place across most muscle beds and thus net arteriovenous differences may be misleading. A somewhat similar situation also exists in the splanchnic region. Labeled fatty acids have also been utilized to investigate both the oxidation of FFA and their incorporation into brain lipids. Both the uptake and release of FFA may be followed in the adipose tissue by the use of labeled palmitate or oleate.", "PMID": 1193242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13082", "title": "Turnover of individual free fatty acids in man.", "content": "The use of tracer fatty acids in the study of free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism in man is reviewed in light of the present knowledge of the metabolism of individual FFA. The fractional turnovers of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids are very similar and close to the values reported for the total plasma FFA. The fractional turnover of the polyunsaturated arachidonic acid is higher and there is also a sex difference, women showing 70% higher values than men. Splanchnic fractional uptake differs considerably among the individual FFA, while muscle uptake is virtually independent of the chemical structure of the fatty acid. It is concluded that labeled oleic or palmitic acid can be used as tracers for the total FFA fraction when studying the whole body turnover in the postabsorptive state. In other situations, conclusions from result  of tracer experiments should be limited to the particular fatty acid studied. For measurements of splanchnic FFA metabolism, no single fatty acid seems to be adequate as a tracer for the total FFA fraction.", "contents": "Turnover of individual free fatty acids in man. The use of tracer fatty acids in the study of free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism in man is reviewed in light of the present knowledge of the metabolism of individual FFA. The fractional turnovers of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids are very similar and close to the values reported for the total plasma FFA. The fractional turnover of the polyunsaturated arachidonic acid is higher and there is also a sex difference, women showing 70% higher values than men. Splanchnic fractional uptake differs considerably among the individual FFA, while muscle uptake is virtually independent of the chemical structure of the fatty acid. It is concluded that labeled oleic or palmitic acid can be used as tracers for the total FFA fraction when studying the whole body turnover in the postabsorptive state. In other situations, conclusions from result  of tracer experiments should be limited to the particular fatty acid studied. For measurements of splanchnic FFA metabolism, no single fatty acid seems to be adequate as a tracer for the total FFA fraction.", "PMID": 1193243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13083", "title": "Induction by PGF2a of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in first generation corpora lutea of the rat.", "content": "20alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20alpha-OH-SDH) activity was determined in the first generation corpora lutea from prepubertal rats injected with 10 I.U. of pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) on day 30. The enzyme was not detectable in 1-9-day-old corpora lutea but a significant activity was seen on day 10. Enzyme activity increased during day 11 and day 12. In vivo administration of prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) induced the enzyme in rats with corpora lutea older than 3 days. When prolactin was given concurrently with PGF2a, the corpus luteum activity of 20alpha-OH-SDH was lower than when PGF2a was given alone. It is concluded that the present \"corpus luteum model\" is suitable for further analysis of the cellular mechanisms of the luteolytic effect of prostaglandins (PGs) as well as of the role of gonadotrophins in the luteolytic process.", "contents": "Induction by PGF2a of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in first generation corpora lutea of the rat. 20alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20alpha-OH-SDH) activity was determined in the first generation corpora lutea from prepubertal rats injected with 10 I.U. of pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) on day 30. The enzyme was not detectable in 1-9-day-old corpora lutea but a significant activity was seen on day 10. Enzyme activity increased during day 11 and day 12. In vivo administration of prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) induced the enzyme in rats with corpora lutea older than 3 days. When prolactin was given concurrently with PGF2a, the corpus luteum activity of 20alpha-OH-SDH was lower than when PGF2a was given alone. It is concluded that the present \"corpus luteum model\" is suitable for further analysis of the cellular mechanisms of the luteolytic effect of prostaglandins (PGs) as well as of the role of gonadotrophins in the luteolytic process.", "PMID": 1193294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13084", "title": "Cataracts in beagle dogs given diazoxide.", "content": "In two studies for toxicity, cataracts occurred in beagle dogs given diazoxide daily in high doses. Two of eighteen dogs given diazoxide intravenously at doses of 30.0 mg. per kilogram twice a day for fourteen days had reversible lenticular changes. These changes were not observed in dogs given 22.5 or 10.0 mg. per kilogram twice a day. By fifty-eight days after the last treatment, the cataracts had regressed or disappeared completely. In a study of diazoxide given orally for a maximum of seventy-eight weeks, cataracts developed in six of forty-two dogs given doses ranging from 50 to 200 mg. per kilogram daily, but none occurred in dogs receiving 15 or 30 mg. per kilogram daily. Hyperglycemia was observed at doses of 50 mg. per kilogram or higher. In five of the six dogs that had cataracts and hyperglycemia, vacuolation or absence of islet cells was seen on histologic examination of pancreatic tissue at necropsy. Ocular changes were attributed to the hyperglycemic effect of high doses of diazoxide given daily for prolonged periods. The daily doses given dogs in which cataracts developed were from ten to forty times that suggested in man (5 mg./kg.).", "contents": "Cataracts in beagle dogs given diazoxide. In two studies for toxicity, cataracts occurred in beagle dogs given diazoxide daily in high doses. Two of eighteen dogs given diazoxide intravenously at doses of 30.0 mg. per kilogram twice a day for fourteen days had reversible lenticular changes. These changes were not observed in dogs given 22.5 or 10.0 mg. per kilogram twice a day. By fifty-eight days after the last treatment, the cataracts had regressed or disappeared completely. In a study of diazoxide given orally for a maximum of seventy-eight weeks, cataracts developed in six of forty-two dogs given doses ranging from 50 to 200 mg. per kilogram daily, but none occurred in dogs receiving 15 or 30 mg. per kilogram daily. Hyperglycemia was observed at doses of 50 mg. per kilogram or higher. In five of the six dogs that had cataracts and hyperglycemia, vacuolation or absence of islet cells was seen on histologic examination of pancreatic tissue at necropsy. Ocular changes were attributed to the hyperglycemic effect of high doses of diazoxide given daily for prolonged periods. The daily doses given dogs in which cataracts developed were from ten to forty times that suggested in man (5 mg./kg.).", "PMID": 1193308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13085", "title": "Gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Its physiologic release and insulinotropic action in the dog.", "content": "Studies were carried out in conscious dogs in which the immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IR-GIP) response to graded doses of oral fat (triglycerides) and glucose was investigated. The IR-GIP response to the doses of triglycerides used was greater and more prolonged than the response to the glucose loads employed. In addition, the relative insulinotropic potencies of exogenous porcine GIP and IR-GIP released by fat as against those released by oral glucose were assessed. When glucose was administered by the oral route, the immunoreactive insulin (IRI) response was magnified above the IRI response to a comparable intravenous glucose load. The serum IRI response to oral glucose was accompanied by a concomitant rise in serum IR-GIP levels, suggesting a causal relationship. IR-GIP released by oral fat was shown to augment the IRI response to an intravenous glucose load, resulting in an improvement of glucose tolerance. Fat-released IR-GIP augmented IRI levels to a lessor degree than either oral glucose or an infusion of porcine GIP.", "contents": "Gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Its physiologic release and insulinotropic action in the dog. Studies were carried out in conscious dogs in which the immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IR-GIP) response to graded doses of oral fat (triglycerides) and glucose was investigated. The IR-GIP response to the doses of triglycerides used was greater and more prolonged than the response to the glucose loads employed. In addition, the relative insulinotropic potencies of exogenous porcine GIP and IR-GIP released by fat as against those released by oral glucose were assessed. When glucose was administered by the oral route, the immunoreactive insulin (IRI) response was magnified above the IRI response to a comparable intravenous glucose load. The serum IRI response to oral glucose was accompanied by a concomitant rise in serum IR-GIP levels, suggesting a causal relationship. IR-GIP released by oral fat was shown to augment the IRI response to an intravenous glucose load, resulting in an improvement of glucose tolerance. Fat-released IR-GIP augmented IRI levels to a lessor degree than either oral glucose or an infusion of porcine GIP.", "PMID": 1193309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13086", "title": "Quantification of collagen in renal glomeruli isolated from human nondiabetic and diabetic kidneys.", "content": "Previous studies of diabetic renovascular complications have measured morphologic changes in relatively few glomerular vessels by electron microscopy. The present study samples 20,000 to 80,000 glomeruli from each of ten nondiabetic and ten diabetic age- and sex-matched subjects. Glomeruli were isolated and fractionated by size with a sieving method. Three samples of glomeruli from each subject were analyzed for size, mass, and hydroxyproline content as an index of basement membrane collagen. Approximately 40 per cent of the glomeruli in each sample were isolated. Glomeruli comprised 94 per cent of the tissue elements present, and 92 per cent of the isolated glomeruli were intact. Diabetic glomeruli are larger than nondiabetic glomeruli (mean diameter +/- S.E.M. = 258 +/- 10 mu versus 196 +/- 6 mu) and heavier (499 +/- 63 ng. versus 232 +/- 16 ng.). Diabetic glomeruli have greater hydroxyproline content than nondiabetic glomeruli when content is expressed per glomerulus (21.9 +/- 3.3 ng. versus 7.1 +/- 0.5 ng.) and when expressed per milligram dry weight of glomeruli (44.0 +/- 2.4 mug. versus 31.6 +/- 1.9 mug.). Glomeruli from diabetics of longest duration show the greatest increases in mass and hydroxyproline values. A pathologist's semiquantitative estimation of diffuse glomerulosclerosis revealed a high correlation between hydroxyproline values and histologic determination  of the extent of the renal lesion. These measurements allow quantification of basement membrane collagen and may be used to follow development of diabetic vascular complications.", "contents": "Quantification of collagen in renal glomeruli isolated from human nondiabetic and diabetic kidneys. Previous studies of diabetic renovascular complications have measured morphologic changes in relatively few glomerular vessels by electron microscopy. The present study samples 20,000 to 80,000 glomeruli from each of ten nondiabetic and ten diabetic age- and sex-matched subjects. Glomeruli were isolated and fractionated by size with a sieving method. Three samples of glomeruli from each subject were analyzed for size, mass, and hydroxyproline content as an index of basement membrane collagen. Approximately 40 per cent of the glomeruli in each sample were isolated. Glomeruli comprised 94 per cent of the tissue elements present, and 92 per cent of the isolated glomeruli were intact. Diabetic glomeruli are larger than nondiabetic glomeruli (mean diameter +/- S.E.M. = 258 +/- 10 mu versus 196 +/- 6 mu) and heavier (499 +/- 63 ng. versus 232 +/- 16 ng.). Diabetic glomeruli have greater hydroxyproline content than nondiabetic glomeruli when content is expressed per glomerulus (21.9 +/- 3.3 ng. versus 7.1 +/- 0.5 ng.) and when expressed per milligram dry weight of glomeruli (44.0 +/- 2.4 mug. versus 31.6 +/- 1.9 mug.). Glomeruli from diabetics of longest duration show the greatest increases in mass and hydroxyproline values. A pathologist's semiquantitative estimation of diffuse glomerulosclerosis revealed a high correlation between hydroxyproline values and histologic determination  of the extent of the renal lesion. These measurements allow quantification of basement membrane collagen and may be used to follow development of diabetic vascular complications.", "PMID": 1193310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13087", "title": "Relationship between insulin response to oral glucose load and creatinine clearance.", "content": "In order to investigate the relationship between insulin response to oral glucose load and renal function, a 100-gm. oral glucose tolerance test was performed in twenty-two patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, whose creatinine clearances ranged form 5 to 96 ml. per minute. Glucose areas during oral glucose load were little affected by the creatinine clearance in this study. Insulin area during oral glucose load increased in proportion to the decrease in creatinine clearance. The ratio of insulin area to glucose area correlated closely with creatinine clearance and a linear relationship was obtained (y = 1.46 - 0.01x, r = -0.82, p less than 0.001). There were also significant correlations with serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and PSP (r = 0.6, 0.63, and -0.62, respectively). These results show that the impaired renal function has a significant influence on the plasma insulin levels, and it seems likely that such influence becomes manifest below approximately 60 ml. per minute of creatinine clearance.", "contents": "Relationship between insulin response to oral glucose load and creatinine clearance. In order to investigate the relationship between insulin response to oral glucose load and renal function, a 100-gm. oral glucose tolerance test was performed in twenty-two patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, whose creatinine clearances ranged form 5 to 96 ml. per minute. Glucose areas during oral glucose load were little affected by the creatinine clearance in this study. Insulin area during oral glucose load increased in proportion to the decrease in creatinine clearance. The ratio of insulin area to glucose area correlated closely with creatinine clearance and a linear relationship was obtained (y = 1.46 - 0.01x, r = -0.82, p less than 0.001). There were also significant correlations with serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and PSP (r = 0.6, 0.63, and -0.62, respectively). These results show that the impaired renal function has a significant influence on the plasma insulin levels, and it seems likely that such influence becomes manifest below approximately 60 ml. per minute of creatinine clearance.", "PMID": 1193311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13088", "title": "Influence of antecedent carbohydrate intake on the biphasic insulin response to intravenous glucose.", "content": "The insulin secretory response to a sudden and sustained intravenous glycemic stimulus was measured in three groups of dogs whose antecedent carbohydrate intake ranged from zero to 300 or more grams daily. Insulin outflow rate from the pancreaticoduodenal vein was measured every minute for ten minutes, then at increasing intervals through sixty minutes. It was found that starvation erased the first phase of the biphasic insulin response shown by dogs on ordinary carbohydrate intake and that high-carbohydrate intake abolished the trough between the two phases. The data suggest that, during truly physiologic stimulation of insulin secretion, the latter represents the final stage of a continuum of hormonal synthesis, storage, and release, rather than emanating from one of two separate pools of fast-versus-slow insulin secretion.", "contents": "Influence of antecedent carbohydrate intake on the biphasic insulin response to intravenous glucose. The insulin secretory response to a sudden and sustained intravenous glycemic stimulus was measured in three groups of dogs whose antecedent carbohydrate intake ranged from zero to 300 or more grams daily. Insulin outflow rate from the pancreaticoduodenal vein was measured every minute for ten minutes, then at increasing intervals through sixty minutes. It was found that starvation erased the first phase of the biphasic insulin response shown by dogs on ordinary carbohydrate intake and that high-carbohydrate intake abolished the trough between the two phases. The data suggest that, during truly physiologic stimulation of insulin secretion, the latter represents the final stage of a continuum of hormonal synthesis, storage, and release, rather than emanating from one of two separate pools of fast-versus-slow insulin secretion.", "PMID": 1193312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13089", "title": "Insulin sensitivity of the large human adipocyte in vitro.", "content": "Adipose tissue from twelve normal-weight and ten obese subjects on weight-maintaining diets and nine obese subjects on hypocaloric diets was removed at surgery and incubated in vitro. Basal glucose oxidation correlated significantly (r = 0.68, p less than 0.005) with fat-cell diameter in subjects on weight-maintaining diets. This relationship was significantly altered (p less than 0.02) in subjects on calorie-restricted diets. In tissue from subjects on weight-maintaining diets, physiologic concentrations of insulin (25 muU./ml.) significantly increased glucose incorporation into carbon dioxide (p less than 0.005) and glycogen (p less than 0.001). Maximum insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation (increase over basal) was significantly enhanced (p less than 0.05) in tissue from obese subjects, whereas insulin-mediated glucose incorporation into glycogen was similar in controls and obese subjects on weight-maintaining diets. Insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation was imparied in tissue from subjects on hypocaloric diets although fat-cell diameter was similar to those of obese subjects on weight-maintaining diets. The effect of insulin on glucose incorporation into glycogen in isolated adipocytes was also studied. There was no correlation between insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis and cell diameter. When cells from the same individual were separated into small and large adipocytes by differential flotation, the insulin effect was similar whether expressed as absolute or per cent increase over basal. These results indicate that in vitro glucose oxidation by adipose tissue, in both the absence and the presence of insulin, is largely determined by dietary factors. This may also be true for insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis. No evidence is provided for the concept that the enlarged human fat cell of obesity is insensitive to insulin in vitro.", "contents": "Insulin sensitivity of the large human adipocyte in vitro. Adipose tissue from twelve normal-weight and ten obese subjects on weight-maintaining diets and nine obese subjects on hypocaloric diets was removed at surgery and incubated in vitro. Basal glucose oxidation correlated significantly (r = 0.68, p less than 0.005) with fat-cell diameter in subjects on weight-maintaining diets. This relationship was significantly altered (p less than 0.02) in subjects on calorie-restricted diets. In tissue from subjects on weight-maintaining diets, physiologic concentrations of insulin (25 muU./ml.) significantly increased glucose incorporation into carbon dioxide (p less than 0.005) and glycogen (p less than 0.001). Maximum insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation (increase over basal) was significantly enhanced (p less than 0.05) in tissue from obese subjects, whereas insulin-mediated glucose incorporation into glycogen was similar in controls and obese subjects on weight-maintaining diets. Insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation was imparied in tissue from subjects on hypocaloric diets although fat-cell diameter was similar to those of obese subjects on weight-maintaining diets. The effect of insulin on glucose incorporation into glycogen in isolated adipocytes was also studied. There was no correlation between insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis and cell diameter. When cells from the same individual were separated into small and large adipocytes by differential flotation, the insulin effect was similar whether expressed as absolute or per cent increase over basal. These results indicate that in vitro glucose oxidation by adipose tissue, in both the absence and the presence of insulin, is largely determined by dietary factors. This may also be true for insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis. No evidence is provided for the concept that the enlarged human fat cell of obesity is insensitive to insulin in vitro.", "PMID": 1193313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13090", "title": "The histological classification of duodenitis in fibreoptic biopsy specimens.", "content": "Recent advances in biopsy techniques using fibreoptic instruments have refocussed attention on the condition on non-specific duodenitis. Investigation of the topography of duodenitis and its relationship to possible aetiological factors and to duodenal ulcer calls for a proper histological classification. Such a classification is proposed based on the subjective appearances and a quantitative examination of 747 fibreoptic biopsy specimens in a wide range of clinical conditions.", "contents": "The histological classification of duodenitis in fibreoptic biopsy specimens. Recent advances in biopsy techniques using fibreoptic instruments have refocussed attention on the condition on non-specific duodenitis. Investigation of the topography of duodenitis and its relationship to possible aetiological factors and to duodenal ulcer calls for a proper histological classification. Such a classification is proposed based on the subjective appearances and a quantitative examination of 747 fibreoptic biopsy specimens in a wide range of clinical conditions.", "PMID": 1193314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13091", "title": "Carcinoma of pancreas, A study based on autopsy data from 1928 to 1972 in Vienna, Austria.", "content": "The analysis of autopsy data from 1928 to 1972 shows that the relative frequency of carcinoma of pancreas has undergone a threefold increase during the past 30 years. During period B (1953--1972) there has been a real increase (twofold) for the middle and higher age groups as compared with that during period A (1928-1952). Further, it seems that the frequency rises non-linearly with age and that the higher age groups are relatively more prone to a malignant change of the pancreas. The pattern of pathological manifestations has been discussed and its practical importance pointed out.", "contents": "Carcinoma of pancreas, A study based on autopsy data from 1928 to 1972 in Vienna, Austria. The analysis of autopsy data from 1928 to 1972 shows that the relative frequency of carcinoma of pancreas has undergone a threefold increase during the past 30 years. During period B (1953--1972) there has been a real increase (twofold) for the middle and higher age groups as compared with that during period A (1928-1952). Further, it seems that the frequency rises non-linearly with age and that the higher age groups are relatively more prone to a malignant change of the pancreas. The pattern of pathological manifestations has been discussed and its practical importance pointed out.", "PMID": 1193315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13092", "title": "Action of intragastric ethanol on the pancreatic secretion of conscious rats.", "content": "A surgical procedure has been disigned which permits injection in the stomach and the duodenum by separate catheters, collection of the pancreatic juice during the experiments, recirculation of the pancreatic juice into the duodenum between experiments, and a normal circulation of bile in rats. Experiments were performed in conscious rats given either 20% ethanol or water. In rats submitted to daily ethanol consumption for 13 months, the intragastric injection of 2 g/kg 20% ethanol considerably increased the pancreatic secretion of protein and, to a lesser extent, of water. In control non-alcoholic rats, a short period of increased secretion is followed by a major inhibition of pancreatic secretion, this reverse reaction to ethanol of pancreatic secretion according to whether or not rats are adapted to regular ethanol consumption is similar to what has been previously observed in dog. In chronic alcoholic rats, the release of secretin is probably not very different from controls.", "contents": "Action of intragastric ethanol on the pancreatic secretion of conscious rats. A surgical procedure has been disigned which permits injection in the stomach and the duodenum by separate catheters, collection of the pancreatic juice during the experiments, recirculation of the pancreatic juice into the duodenum between experiments, and a normal circulation of bile in rats. Experiments were performed in conscious rats given either 20% ethanol or water. In rats submitted to daily ethanol consumption for 13 months, the intragastric injection of 2 g/kg 20% ethanol considerably increased the pancreatic secretion of protein and, to a lesser extent, of water. In control non-alcoholic rats, a short period of increased secretion is followed by a major inhibition of pancreatic secretion, this reverse reaction to ethanol of pancreatic secretion according to whether or not rats are adapted to regular ethanol consumption is similar to what has been previously observed in dog. In chronic alcoholic rats, the release of secretin is probably not very different from controls.", "PMID": 1193316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13093", "title": "Calcium-binding activity of rat intestinal mucosa after massive small bowel resection.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent resection of 50 cm of either proximal or distal small intestine or sham-operation. 6-7 weeks after operation mucosal calcium-binding activity was measured in segments of duodenum ileum and remaining 'midgut'. Similar measurements were obtained from weight and age-matched unoperated rats. There was no difference in calcium-binding activity between unoperated and sham-operated animals. After proximal resection the binding activity increased significantly in duodenum and midgut but did not change in ileum. After distal resection the binding activity decreased in duodenum but was unchanged in midgut and ileum. These studies show that mucosal calcium-binding activity undergoes changes but alteration of the binding activity in remaining gut varies with the location of the small bowel resection.", "contents": "Calcium-binding activity of rat intestinal mucosa after massive small bowel resection. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent resection of 50 cm of either proximal or distal small intestine or sham-operation. 6-7 weeks after operation mucosal calcium-binding activity was measured in segments of duodenum ileum and remaining 'midgut'. Similar measurements were obtained from weight and age-matched unoperated rats. There was no difference in calcium-binding activity between unoperated and sham-operated animals. After proximal resection the binding activity increased significantly in duodenum and midgut but did not change in ileum. After distal resection the binding activity decreased in duodenum but was unchanged in midgut and ileum. These studies show that mucosal calcium-binding activity undergoes changes but alteration of the binding activity in remaining gut varies with the location of the small bowel resection.", "PMID": 1193317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13094", "title": "Endoscopic diagnosis of advanced gastric cancer. Factors influencing yield.", "content": "Factors influencing diagnostic yield by directed endoscopic biopsy and cytology were studied in 50 patients with advanced gastric cancer using a forward-viewing panendoscope. The diagnostic yield was higher for exophytic lesions than for infiltrative tumor, and directed brush cytology alone was more productive than directed biopsy alone. The lesions that provided non-diagnostic tissue were mostly recurrent or infiltrative cancers, and were most often in the cardia, antrum, or were of the linitis plastica type. The combination of infiltrative character and location in antrum or cardia, especially if recurrent, often resulted in non-diagnostic biopsy and cytology specimens.", "contents": "Endoscopic diagnosis of advanced gastric cancer. Factors influencing yield. Factors influencing diagnostic yield by directed endoscopic biopsy and cytology were studied in 50 patients with advanced gastric cancer using a forward-viewing panendoscope. The diagnostic yield was higher for exophytic lesions than for infiltrative tumor, and directed brush cytology alone was more productive than directed biopsy alone. The lesions that provided non-diagnostic tissue were mostly recurrent or infiltrative cancers, and were most often in the cardia, antrum, or were of the linitis plastica type. The combination of infiltrative character and location in antrum or cardia, especially if recurrent, often resulted in non-diagnostic biopsy and cytology specimens.", "PMID": 1193318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13095", "title": "Serial insulin tests over a five-year period after highly selective vagotomy for duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Twenty-one patients underwent serial insulin testing, approximately 1 week, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after highly selective vagotomy (HSV) for duodenal ulcer (DU). They were thought to be representative of the much larger number of patients who have undergone HSV for DU in Leeds. The results obtained were compared with the responses to insulin of 40 other DU patients who were tested before HSV. Before operation, all tests were positive in the 1st hr after insulin (\"early-positive\") by Hollander's criteria and the mean peak acid response to insulin after subtraction of basal acid output (PAO1) was 33 mEq per hr. One week after HSV, all 21 tests were negative and mean PAOI was 0.05 mEq per hr. One year after HSV, 62% OF 21 tests were Hollander-positive and PAOI had increased significantly (P less than or equal to 0.001) to a mean of 2.3 mEq per hr. Three years after HSV, 15 of 17 tests (94%) were Hollander-positive and mean PAOI was 3.1 mEq per hr (0.1 greater than or equal to P greater than or equal 0.05, compared with PAOI at 1 year). Five years after HSV, 65% of 20 tests were positive and mean PAOI was 3.5 mEq per hr, a significant increase (P less than or equal 0.05) compared with PAOI at 1 year. Only 2 patients (10%) had consistently negative insulin tests over the 5-year period and neither of them was tested 3 years after operation. Thus, HSV was found to abolish consistently the acid response to insulin soon after operation, but on serial testing 90% of the patients eventually developed positive responses to insulin by Hollander's criteria. Most of the acid responses to insulin after HSV were small and the mean reduction in PAOI 5 years after compared with PAOI before operation is approximately 90%. The positive responses to insulin in the long term after HSV could be due to vagal nerve regeneration or to other causes. After a mean period of follow-up of 5 years (range 3 1/2 to 6 1/2 years), only 1 of the first 100 patients who were treated by HSV for DU in Leeds has so far developed recurrent ulceration. The findings of a positive response to insulin by Hollander's criteria more than 1 year after HSV appears to have no prognostic significance.", "contents": "Serial insulin tests over a five-year period after highly selective vagotomy for duodenal ulcer. Twenty-one patients underwent serial insulin testing, approximately 1 week, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after highly selective vagotomy (HSV) for duodenal ulcer (DU). They were thought to be representative of the much larger number of patients who have undergone HSV for DU in Leeds. The results obtained were compared with the responses to insulin of 40 other DU patients who were tested before HSV. Before operation, all tests were positive in the 1st hr after insulin (\"early-positive\") by Hollander's criteria and the mean peak acid response to insulin after subtraction of basal acid output (PAO1) was 33 mEq per hr. One week after HSV, all 21 tests were negative and mean PAOI was 0.05 mEq per hr. One year after HSV, 62% OF 21 tests were Hollander-positive and PAOI had increased significantly (P less than or equal to 0.001) to a mean of 2.3 mEq per hr. Three years after HSV, 15 of 17 tests (94%) were Hollander-positive and mean PAOI was 3.1 mEq per hr (0.1 greater than or equal to P greater than or equal 0.05, compared with PAOI at 1 year). Five years after HSV, 65% of 20 tests were positive and mean PAOI was 3.5 mEq per hr, a significant increase (P less than or equal 0.05) compared with PAOI at 1 year. Only 2 patients (10%) had consistently negative insulin tests over the 5-year period and neither of them was tested 3 years after operation. Thus, HSV was found to abolish consistently the acid response to insulin soon after operation, but on serial testing 90% of the patients eventually developed positive responses to insulin by Hollander's criteria. Most of the acid responses to insulin after HSV were small and the mean reduction in PAOI 5 years after compared with PAOI before operation is approximately 90%. The positive responses to insulin in the long term after HSV could be due to vagal nerve regeneration or to other causes. After a mean period of follow-up of 5 years (range 3 1/2 to 6 1/2 years), only 1 of the first 100 patients who were treated by HSV for DU in Leeds has so far developed recurrent ulceration. The findings of a positive response to insulin by Hollander's criteria more than 1 year after HSV appears to have no prognostic significance.", "PMID": 1193319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13096", "title": "A study of the relationship between serum group I pepsinogen levels and gastric acid secretion.", "content": "Serum group I pepsinogen (PG I) levels, basal acid output, and peak acid output (PAO) have been determined in 120 patients, 54 with duodenal ulcer, 14 with prepyloric ulcer, 12 with gastric ulcer, and 40 without ulcer. The correlation between serum PG I and PAO was statistically significant (r = 0.736, P less than 0.001) up to a serum PG I level of 250 ng per ml. Serum PG I levels above 250 ng per ml were associated with a plateau in the PAO. Each of 8 patients with a serum PG I of less than 40 ng per ml had a PAO of less than 10 mEq per hr. Of 34 patients with a serum PG I over 200 ng per ml, 29 (85.3%) had a PAO of greater than 40 mEq per hr and all had a PAO above 34 mEq per hr. Of 51 patients with a serum PG I between 60 and 150 ng per ml, 47 (92.2%) had a PAO of between 10 and 40 mEq per hr. The results indicate that a significant relationship exists between the concentration of PG I in serum and the acid secretory capacity of the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "A study of the relationship between serum group I pepsinogen levels and gastric acid secretion. Serum group I pepsinogen (PG I) levels, basal acid output, and peak acid output (PAO) have been determined in 120 patients, 54 with duodenal ulcer, 14 with prepyloric ulcer, 12 with gastric ulcer, and 40 without ulcer. The correlation between serum PG I and PAO was statistically significant (r = 0.736, P less than 0.001) up to a serum PG I level of 250 ng per ml. Serum PG I levels above 250 ng per ml were associated with a plateau in the PAO. Each of 8 patients with a serum PG I of less than 40 ng per ml had a PAO of less than 10 mEq per hr. Of 34 patients with a serum PG I over 200 ng per ml, 29 (85.3%) had a PAO of greater than 40 mEq per hr and all had a PAO above 34 mEq per hr. Of 51 patients with a serum PG I between 60 and 150 ng per ml, 47 (92.2%) had a PAO of between 10 and 40 mEq per hr. The results indicate that a significant relationship exists between the concentration of PG I in serum and the acid secretory capacity of the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 1193320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13097", "title": "Distribution of parietal cells in the antral mucosa of human stomachs.", "content": "The distribution of parietal cells in the antral mucosa was examined in 118 stomachs obtained at necropsy from persons of both sexes and all ages in whom death resulted from a wide variety of causes, except gastric lesions. The parietal cells appeared in the antrum in 116 out of 118 cases (98.3%). The patterns of distribution of parietal cells were divided into 4 groups. The most frequent pattern (76.3%) was that in which the parietal cells were distributed in all regions of the antrum including just proximal to the gastro-duodenal junction. Parietal cells were found most frequently in the area just proximal to the junction at 20 to 40 years of age and also at 70 years of age. In 18 of the 118 stomachs the focal concentration of the parietal cells near the duodenum was greater than the other part of the antrum, reaching more than 50% of the parietal cells of the average fundic gland. The density increased in slight antral gastric and decreased in cases with moderate to severe antral gastritis. On the other hand, clustered parietal cells were present in the proximal part of the duodenum in 27 of 118 cases. Parietal cells were found also in the antrum of stomachs from newborns and infants, thus this is not metaplasia or dystopia, but is a physiological finding. Therefore the parietal cells in the antrum were considered as a usual cell component of the pyloric gland.", "contents": "Distribution of parietal cells in the antral mucosa of human stomachs. The distribution of parietal cells in the antral mucosa was examined in 118 stomachs obtained at necropsy from persons of both sexes and all ages in whom death resulted from a wide variety of causes, except gastric lesions. The parietal cells appeared in the antrum in 116 out of 118 cases (98.3%). The patterns of distribution of parietal cells were divided into 4 groups. The most frequent pattern (76.3%) was that in which the parietal cells were distributed in all regions of the antrum including just proximal to the gastro-duodenal junction. Parietal cells were found most frequently in the area just proximal to the junction at 20 to 40 years of age and also at 70 years of age. In 18 of the 118 stomachs the focal concentration of the parietal cells near the duodenum was greater than the other part of the antrum, reaching more than 50% of the parietal cells of the average fundic gland. The density increased in slight antral gastric and decreased in cases with moderate to severe antral gastritis. On the other hand, clustered parietal cells were present in the proximal part of the duodenum in 27 of 118 cases. Parietal cells were found also in the antrum of stomachs from newborns and infants, thus this is not metaplasia or dystopia, but is a physiological finding. Therefore the parietal cells in the antrum were considered as a usual cell component of the pyloric gland.", "PMID": 1193321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13098", "title": "Ultrastructural and physiological changes in piglet oxyntic cells during histamine stimulation and metabolic inhibition.", "content": "Neonatal pig gastric mucosa was studied in order to correlate electrophysiological and secretory parameters with ultrastructural changes in membrane components of oxyntic cells. The non-stimulated tissue had a transmucosal resistance of about 130omega - cm2 while the oxyntic cells were characterized by numerous cytoplasmic tubulovesicles and short microvilli extending into patent glandular and canalicular lumina. Upon histamine-stimulation, the average rate of H+ secretion was 8.1 mueq - cm2 - hr-1 and the resistance decreased to 77omega - cm2. The changes were coupled with an immense elaboration of the oxyntic cell apical and canalicular surfaces with a concomitant decrease of  tubulovesicles. Thus, the observed decrease in resistance was correlated to large increases in secretory membrane area. Anoxia inhibited H+ secretion while resistance increased to 211omega - cm2. Anoxic oxyntic cells were characterized by swollen mitochondria and occlusion of the lateral intercellular space and basal infoldings. Little change in the configuration of the secretory surfaces was noted, thereby suggesting that restriction of lateral and basal membranes might be responsible for the observed resistance increase. An electrical analogue of gastric mucosa is proposed on the basis of these morphological observations.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and physiological changes in piglet oxyntic cells during histamine stimulation and metabolic inhibition. Neonatal pig gastric mucosa was studied in order to correlate electrophysiological and secretory parameters with ultrastructural changes in membrane components of oxyntic cells. The non-stimulated tissue had a transmucosal resistance of about 130omega - cm2 while the oxyntic cells were characterized by numerous cytoplasmic tubulovesicles and short microvilli extending into patent glandular and canalicular lumina. Upon histamine-stimulation, the average rate of H+ secretion was 8.1 mueq - cm2 - hr-1 and the resistance decreased to 77omega - cm2. The changes were coupled with an immense elaboration of the oxyntic cell apical and canalicular surfaces with a concomitant decrease of  tubulovesicles. Thus, the observed decrease in resistance was correlated to large increases in secretory membrane area. Anoxia inhibited H+ secretion while resistance increased to 211omega - cm2. Anoxic oxyntic cells were characterized by swollen mitochondria and occlusion of the lateral intercellular space and basal infoldings. Little change in the configuration of the secretory surfaces was noted, thereby suggesting that restriction of lateral and basal membranes might be responsible for the observed resistance increase. An electrical analogue of gastric mucosa is proposed on the basis of these morphological observations.", "PMID": 1193322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13099", "title": "Intestinal uptake of macromolecules. IV.--The effect of pancreatic duct ligation on the breakdown of antigen and antigen-antibody complexes on the intestinal surface.", "content": "We have previously shown a consistent decrease in antigen absorption in vitro by ileal and jejunal gut sacs from orally or parenterally immunized rats in contrast to controls. In immunized rats, antigen appeared to be retained on the surface of the intestine and to be retained on the surface of the intestine and to undergo enhanced degradation by local proteases. This study was concerned with the role of pancreatic enzymes in degradation of antigen and antigen-antibody complexes. The breakdown of [125I]bovine serum albumin (BSA) by jejunal and ileal gut sacs from BSA-immunized, pancreatic duct-ligated rats was significantly decreased in comparison to that of BSA-immunized, sham-operated controls. Treatment of the immunized, pancreatic duct-ligated rats with pancreatic extracts prior to removal of the gut sacs, led to an increase in breakdown of [125I]BSA by the gut sacs in vitro. These findings suggest that pancreatic enzymes adsorbed to the surface of the intestine contribute to the proteolysis of antigens and antigen-antibody complexes at this site.", "contents": "Intestinal uptake of macromolecules. IV.--The effect of pancreatic duct ligation on the breakdown of antigen and antigen-antibody complexes on the intestinal surface. We have previously shown a consistent decrease in antigen absorption in vitro by ileal and jejunal gut sacs from orally or parenterally immunized rats in contrast to controls. In immunized rats, antigen appeared to be retained on the surface of the intestine and to be retained on the surface of the intestine and to undergo enhanced degradation by local proteases. This study was concerned with the role of pancreatic enzymes in degradation of antigen and antigen-antibody complexes. The breakdown of [125I]bovine serum albumin (BSA) by jejunal and ileal gut sacs from BSA-immunized, pancreatic duct-ligated rats was significantly decreased in comparison to that of BSA-immunized, sham-operated controls. Treatment of the immunized, pancreatic duct-ligated rats with pancreatic extracts prior to removal of the gut sacs, led to an increase in breakdown of [125I]BSA by the gut sacs in vitro. These findings suggest that pancreatic enzymes adsorbed to the surface of the intestine contribute to the proteolysis of antigens and antigen-antibody complexes at this site.", "PMID": 1193323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13100", "title": "Gastric emptying and small intestinal mucosal injury in rats.", "content": "A technique was developed to produce small intestinal mucosal injury in vivo by perfusing the mid-small intestine of rats with HCl, NaOH, FeSO4, and AgNO3. Three hours following injury, gastric emptying and small intestinal transit were measured by examining the gastrointestinal distribution of a non-absorbable radioisotope which had been placed in the stomach for 1 hour. There was a strong association between the villus injury produced by various concentrations of the injurious agents and the degree of gastric retention. Necrosis of villus tips, as produced by AgNO3, was sufficient to cause marked gastric retention. Injury to the small intestinal mucosa of one parabiotic rat did not produce gastric retention in the partner. It is concluded that injury to small intestinal villi is sufficient to induce gastric retention and that the effect is most likely nerve-mediated.", "contents": "Gastric emptying and small intestinal mucosal injury in rats. A technique was developed to produce small intestinal mucosal injury in vivo by perfusing the mid-small intestine of rats with HCl, NaOH, FeSO4, and AgNO3. Three hours following injury, gastric emptying and small intestinal transit were measured by examining the gastrointestinal distribution of a non-absorbable radioisotope which had been placed in the stomach for 1 hour. There was a strong association between the villus injury produced by various concentrations of the injurious agents and the degree of gastric retention. Necrosis of villus tips, as produced by AgNO3, was sufficient to cause marked gastric retention. Injury to the small intestinal mucosa of one parabiotic rat did not produce gastric retention in the partner. It is concluded that injury to small intestinal villi is sufficient to induce gastric retention and that the effect is most likely nerve-mediated.", "PMID": 1193324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13101", "title": "Short chain fatty acids in rats with jejunal blind loops. I. Analysis of SCFA in small intestine, cecum, feces, and plasma.", "content": "The luminal and plasma levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), products of bacterial fermentation, were measured in rats with surgically produced, self-filling blind loops located in the proximal small intestine. High levels of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids were detected in the blind loop segment and in the distal small bowel, regions which in normal and sham-operated rats contain no SCFA. Isobutyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids were also present. Feeding or fasting made little difference in the amount or composition of luminal SCFA. Although the amount of SCFA in each animal varied, the ratio of these acids was relatively constant. The ceca of the blind loop rats had relatively less acetic acid (48% of total SCFA) than did normal rats (64%) and proportionately more isobutryic, isovaleric, and valeric acids. The concentrations of SCFA increased in the feces of blind loop rats. The acetic acid concentration was 50% higher in blind loop rat feces; propionic, isobutryic, and isovaleric acids were elevated to a greater extent. The total output of most of the SCFA was also of acetic acid (137 +/- 32 mug per ml), the rest being isovaleric (5.2 +/- 2.6 mug per ml) and isobutyric (1.4 +/- 0.7 mug per ml) acids. Blind loop animals had nearly twice the concentration of acetic acid in the plasma (240 +/- 29 mug per ml) as normal animals, while the other acids were unchanged. The present study suggests that endogenous substances may be important substrates for the production of SCFA in the intestinal lumen. The high levels of SCFA in the small intestine and in feces and the substantial increase in the concentration of acetic acid in thvergrowth syndrome if the same relationships were found in man.", "contents": "Short chain fatty acids in rats with jejunal blind loops. I. Analysis of SCFA in small intestine, cecum, feces, and plasma. The luminal and plasma levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), products of bacterial fermentation, were measured in rats with surgically produced, self-filling blind loops located in the proximal small intestine. High levels of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids were detected in the blind loop segment and in the distal small bowel, regions which in normal and sham-operated rats contain no SCFA. Isobutyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids were also present. Feeding or fasting made little difference in the amount or composition of luminal SCFA. Although the amount of SCFA in each animal varied, the ratio of these acids was relatively constant. The ceca of the blind loop rats had relatively less acetic acid (48% of total SCFA) than did normal rats (64%) and proportionately more isobutryic, isovaleric, and valeric acids. The concentrations of SCFA increased in the feces of blind loop rats. The acetic acid concentration was 50% higher in blind loop rat feces; propionic, isobutryic, and isovaleric acids were elevated to a greater extent. The total output of most of the SCFA was also of acetic acid (137 +/- 32 mug per ml), the rest being isovaleric (5.2 +/- 2.6 mug per ml) and isobutyric (1.4 +/- 0.7 mug per ml) acids. Blind loop animals had nearly twice the concentration of acetic acid in the plasma (240 +/- 29 mug per ml) as normal animals, while the other acids were unchanged. The present study suggests that endogenous substances may be important substrates for the production of SCFA in the intestinal lumen. The high levels of SCFA in the small intestine and in feces and the substantial increase in the concentration of acetic acid in thvergrowth syndrome if the same relationships were found in man.", "PMID": 1193325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13102", "title": "Role of cholinergic mechanisms in the response to secretin of isolated canine pancreas.", "content": "The effects of carbamylcholine (CCH, 100 mug per hr) and of atropine (0.25, 1.0, and 10.0 mg per hr) on the response of the exocrine pancreas to secretin (0.1, 0.5, and 5.0 clinic units per hr) were studied using the isolated canine pancreas perfused with whole heparin-treated blood. CCH induced a sharp decrease in D50 (dose of secretin which elicits half the calculated maximal response) but no increase in maximal response to secretin. Experiments performed under different haemodynamic conditions show that this potentiating effect (synergism) is partly due to vasomotor modifications and chiefly to the action of CCH on the receptor of secretin. Although this work indicates that cholinergic tone is not necessary for secretin-induced hydrelatic response to occur, it evidences that this cholinergic tone plays a major role in modulating the pancreatic response to submaximal doses of secretin. It has also been found that large doses of atropine (10 mg per hr) were necessary to achieve a complete inhibition of enzymatic response to CCH. Even at these high doses, however, enzymatic response to secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin were not significantly inhibited.", "contents": "Role of cholinergic mechanisms in the response to secretin of isolated canine pancreas. The effects of carbamylcholine (CCH, 100 mug per hr) and of atropine (0.25, 1.0, and 10.0 mg per hr) on the response of the exocrine pancreas to secretin (0.1, 0.5, and 5.0 clinic units per hr) were studied using the isolated canine pancreas perfused with whole heparin-treated blood. CCH induced a sharp decrease in D50 (dose of secretin which elicits half the calculated maximal response) but no increase in maximal response to secretin. Experiments performed under different haemodynamic conditions show that this potentiating effect (synergism) is partly due to vasomotor modifications and chiefly to the action of CCH on the receptor of secretin. Although this work indicates that cholinergic tone is not necessary for secretin-induced hydrelatic response to occur, it evidences that this cholinergic tone plays a major role in modulating the pancreatic response to submaximal doses of secretin. It has also been found that large doses of atropine (10 mg per hr) were necessary to achieve a complete inhibition of enzymatic response to CCH. Even at these high doses, however, enzymatic response to secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin were not significantly inhibited.", "PMID": 1193326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13103", "title": "Arthritis associated with chronic active hepatitis: complement activation and characterization of circulating immune complexes.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes were identified in cryoproteins isolated from serial serum samples from 6 to 10 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) with frank arthritis and arthralgias. These immune complexes were not detectable in patients with uncomplicated CAH. Only cryoprecipitates from CAH patients with frank arthritis contained IgG, IgM, IgA, and complement components C3, C4, and C5. Hepatitis B surface antigen was concentrated several-fold in the cryoprotein immune complexes as compared with the serum concentration. The C3 activator fragment of the properdin complex was found in fresh serum in all patients with arthritis but was undetectable in patients with arthralagias and uncomplicated CAH. Thus, the presence of circulating complement-fixing immune complexes in patients with alternate complement pathways, and suggests that they play an important role in the pathogenesis of the arthritis.", "contents": "Arthritis associated with chronic active hepatitis: complement activation and characterization of circulating immune complexes. Circulating immune complexes were identified in cryoproteins isolated from serial serum samples from 6 to 10 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) with frank arthritis and arthralgias. These immune complexes were not detectable in patients with uncomplicated CAH. Only cryoprecipitates from CAH patients with frank arthritis contained IgG, IgM, IgA, and complement components C3, C4, and C5. Hepatitis B surface antigen was concentrated several-fold in the cryoprotein immune complexes as compared with the serum concentration. The C3 activator fragment of the properdin complex was found in fresh serum in all patients with arthritis but was undetectable in patients with arthralagias and uncomplicated CAH. Thus, the presence of circulating complement-fixing immune complexes in patients with alternate complement pathways, and suggests that they play an important role in the pathogenesis of the arthritis.", "PMID": 1193327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13104", "title": "Dynamic studies on the portal hemodynamics of scintiphotosplenoportography. Streamline flow in the human portal vein.", "content": "To demonstrate streamline flow in the human portal vein, the hepatic lobar distribution of splenic flow was studied in 6 patients without liver disease and 4 patients with chronic hepatitis using a new technique, scintiphotosplenoportography, followed by 198Au-colloid liver scintigraphy. In two patients, a 99mTcO4-bolus injected into the spleen drained predominantly into the left lobe of the liver. A repeat examination performed in one patient revealed that the bolus was chiefly directed to the other lobe, the right lobe. In 3 patients, the distribution of 99mTcO4- radioactivity was the same as that observed with 198Au-colloid. In the other 5 patients the predominant distribution of 99mTcO4- was observed in the right lobe. In 8 of 11 studies, splenic flow was distributed either to the right or left lobe instead of diffusely to both lobes. This result suggests that flow in the human portal vein is streamline rather than turbulent.", "contents": "Dynamic studies on the portal hemodynamics of scintiphotosplenoportography. Streamline flow in the human portal vein. To demonstrate streamline flow in the human portal vein, the hepatic lobar distribution of splenic flow was studied in 6 patients without liver disease and 4 patients with chronic hepatitis using a new technique, scintiphotosplenoportography, followed by 198Au-colloid liver scintigraphy. In two patients, a 99mTcO4-bolus injected into the spleen drained predominantly into the left lobe of the liver. A repeat examination performed in one patient revealed that the bolus was chiefly directed to the other lobe, the right lobe. In 3 patients, the distribution of 99mTcO4- radioactivity was the same as that observed with 198Au-colloid. In the other 5 patients the predominant distribution of 99mTcO4- was observed in the right lobe. In 8 of 11 studies, splenic flow was distributed either to the right or left lobe instead of diffusely to both lobes. This result suggests that flow in the human portal vein is streamline rather than turbulent.", "PMID": 1193328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13105", "title": "Effect of primary bile acid ingestion on bile acid metabolism and biliary lipid secretion in gallstone patients.", "content": "Bile acid kinetics were measured by isotope dilution, and hourly outputs of bile acid, cholesterol, and phospholipid were quantified by duodenal perfusion over 24 hr including three liquid meals and an overnight fast in 6 gallstone patients during a pretreatment period and two randomized treatment periods with chenodeoxycholic (chenic) acid or cholic acid. During chenic acid ingestion, bile contained predominantly chenyl conjugates. During cholic acid ingestion, bile was composed of about equal amounts of cholyl and deoxycholyl conjugates; chenyl conjugates decreased markedly due in part to a 50% decrease in chenic acid synthesis. Total bile acid pool size doubled in half the patients receiving either bile acid and was not different during treatment with chenic or cholic acid. Compared to cholic acid, chenic acid caused decreased cholesterol output with no difference in bile acid or phospholipid output. Therefore, bile unsaturated with cholesterol entered the duodenum for more hours per day during chenic acid ingestion than during the cholic or pretreatment periods. There was no relationship among bile acid pool size, bile acid output, and hours per day of supersaturated bile; there was an inverse relationship between total pool size and recycling frequency such that bile acid output remained stable over a wide range of pool sizes. Fasting-state gallbladder bile was supersaturated during the cholic and pretreatment periods, but became unsaturated during chenic acid ingestion. However, hours per day of supersaturated bile could not be reliably predicted from the degree of saturation of fasting-state gallbladder bile (r = 0.62). The efficacy of chenic acid and the lack of efficacy of cholic acid for gallstone dissolution appear related to their different specific effects on biliary cholesterol secretion and not to any effect on bile acid and phospholipid secretion or bile acid pool size.", "contents": "Effect of primary bile acid ingestion on bile acid metabolism and biliary lipid secretion in gallstone patients. Bile acid kinetics were measured by isotope dilution, and hourly outputs of bile acid, cholesterol, and phospholipid were quantified by duodenal perfusion over 24 hr including three liquid meals and an overnight fast in 6 gallstone patients during a pretreatment period and two randomized treatment periods with chenodeoxycholic (chenic) acid or cholic acid. During chenic acid ingestion, bile contained predominantly chenyl conjugates. During cholic acid ingestion, bile was composed of about equal amounts of cholyl and deoxycholyl conjugates; chenyl conjugates decreased markedly due in part to a 50% decrease in chenic acid synthesis. Total bile acid pool size doubled in half the patients receiving either bile acid and was not different during treatment with chenic or cholic acid. Compared to cholic acid, chenic acid caused decreased cholesterol output with no difference in bile acid or phospholipid output. Therefore, bile unsaturated with cholesterol entered the duodenum for more hours per day during chenic acid ingestion than during the cholic or pretreatment periods. There was no relationship among bile acid pool size, bile acid output, and hours per day of supersaturated bile; there was an inverse relationship between total pool size and recycling frequency such that bile acid output remained stable over a wide range of pool sizes. Fasting-state gallbladder bile was supersaturated during the cholic and pretreatment periods, but became unsaturated during chenic acid ingestion. However, hours per day of supersaturated bile could not be reliably predicted from the degree of saturation of fasting-state gallbladder bile (r = 0.62). The efficacy of chenic acid and the lack of efficacy of cholic acid for gallstone dissolution appear related to their different specific effects on biliary cholesterol secretion and not to any effect on bile acid and phospholipid secretion or bile acid pool size.", "PMID": 1193329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13106", "title": "Bile-salt metabolism in the primate fetus.", "content": "Fetal bile salt metabolism was assessed by the intravenous infusion of e114C]cholate into 6 monkey fetuses. The placental transfer, fetal plasma clearance, and fetal hepatic excretion of the administered radiolabeled bile salt were measured. Placental transfer averaged 30% of the injected dose, while biliary excretion averaged 36%. Of the amount excreted by the fetal liver, 78% was in the form of [14C]taurocholate. The findings suggest that bile salt metabolic and excretory mechanisms are undergoing developmental maturation at birth.", "contents": "Bile-salt metabolism in the primate fetus. Fetal bile salt metabolism was assessed by the intravenous infusion of e114C]cholate into 6 monkey fetuses. The placental transfer, fetal plasma clearance, and fetal hepatic excretion of the administered radiolabeled bile salt were measured. Placental transfer averaged 30% of the injected dose, while biliary excretion averaged 36%. Of the amount excreted by the fetal liver, 78% was in the form of [14C]taurocholate. The findings suggest that bile salt metabolic and excretory mechanisms are undergoing developmental maturation at birth.", "PMID": 1193330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13107", "title": "Ischemic colitis after abdominoperineal resection.", "content": "Four cases of ischemic colitis occurring at intervals from 3 months to 7 years after abdominoperineal resection are described. In 3 of the 4 cases patency of the direct arterial supply to the ischemic segment was documented. The lack of collateral circulation provided by the resected colon probably increases the risk of developing ischemic colitis in the remaining colon.", "contents": "Ischemic colitis after abdominoperineal resection. Four cases of ischemic colitis occurring at intervals from 3 months to 7 years after abdominoperineal resection are described. In 3 of the 4 cases patency of the direct arterial supply to the ischemic segment was documented. The lack of collateral circulation provided by the resected colon probably increases the risk of developing ischemic colitis in the remaining colon.", "PMID": 1193331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13108", "title": "Adenosquamous carcinoma of the liver.", "content": "A rare case of adenosquamous carcinoma of the liver is reported. An 85-year-old white man presented with a 6-month history of weight loss and an enlarged liver. A biopsy demonstrated a squamous cell carcinoma which was presumed to be metastatic with an occult primary. At autopsy, the liver was partially replaced by a focally cystic tumor. Histologically, the neoplasm demonstrated both malignant squamous and glandular contradistinctionmponents as well as foci of transition between the two. This is in co to the 5 previous reported cases of primary hepatic squamous cell carcinomas or tumors containing a squamous component. It is suggested that this neoplasm arose from malignant transformation of squamous metaplasia in a pre-existing cholangiocarcinoma.", "contents": "Adenosquamous carcinoma of the liver. A rare case of adenosquamous carcinoma of the liver is reported. An 85-year-old white man presented with a 6-month history of weight loss and an enlarged liver. A biopsy demonstrated a squamous cell carcinoma which was presumed to be metastatic with an occult primary. At autopsy, the liver was partially replaced by a focally cystic tumor. Histologically, the neoplasm demonstrated both malignant squamous and glandular contradistinctionmponents as well as foci of transition between the two. This is in co to the 5 previous reported cases of primary hepatic squamous cell carcinomas or tumors containing a squamous component. It is suggested that this neoplasm arose from malignant transformation of squamous metaplasia in a pre-existing cholangiocarcinoma.", "PMID": 1193332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13109", "title": "Metastatic malignant melanoma of the esophagus: a case report.", "content": "This report documents the 4th case in the world literature of a malignant melanoma metastatic to the esophagus. The value of gallium scanning in the evaluation of known cancer patients is exemplified by this patient.", "contents": "Metastatic malignant melanoma of the esophagus: a case report. This report documents the 4th case in the world literature of a malignant melanoma metastatic to the esophagus. The value of gallium scanning in the evaluation of known cancer patients is exemplified by this patient.", "PMID": 1193333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13110", "title": "Evidence for the existence of definitive hepatic cholesterol precursor compartments for bile acids and biliary cholesterol in man.", "content": "A bile fistula patient was administered intravenously a constant infusion of [3H]mevalonic acid for 4 hrs, and then after 2 weeks he was given a pulse of [3H]mevalonic acid. Bile and blood were collected at frequent intervals. The specific activity-time course curves did not show a precursor-product relationship between biliary cholesterol, plasma free cholesterol and bile acids. Both the constant infusion and pulse labeling data indicated that the bile acid precursor had a more rapid rate of turnover than plasma or biliary cholesterol; the biliary cholesterol precursor turned over more rapidly than plasma cholesterol. The data suggest the presence of multiple hepatic cholesterol precursor compartments. Bile acids may be derived predominantly from newly synthesized cholesterol in man.", "contents": "Evidence for the existence of definitive hepatic cholesterol precursor compartments for bile acids and biliary cholesterol in man. A bile fistula patient was administered intravenously a constant infusion of [3H]mevalonic acid for 4 hrs, and then after 2 weeks he was given a pulse of [3H]mevalonic acid. Bile and blood were collected at frequent intervals. The specific activity-time course curves did not show a precursor-product relationship between biliary cholesterol, plasma free cholesterol and bile acids. Both the constant infusion and pulse labeling data indicated that the bile acid precursor had a more rapid rate of turnover than plasma or biliary cholesterol; the biliary cholesterol precursor turned over more rapidly than plasma cholesterol. The data suggest the presence of multiple hepatic cholesterol precursor compartments. Bile acids may be derived predominantly from newly synthesized cholesterol in man.", "PMID": 1193340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0039_13111", "title": "Effect of pentagastrin and caerulein on intragastric pressure in the dog.", "content": "When gastric acid was not neutralized, doses of pentagastrin as small as 1 mug kg-1 hr-1 decreased intragastric pressure in dogs. When gastric acid was neutralized the smallest effective dose of pentagastrin was 8 mug kg-1 hr-1 which is 16 times the D50 for acid secretion. Thus the decrease in intragastric pressure by small doses of pentagastrin is mediated at least in part by acid secretion. Even with gastric neutralization, a dose of caerulein as small as 63 ng kg-1 hr-1, which is the D50 for pancreatic protein secretion, decreased intragastric pressure. These findings support the view that inhibition of gastric pressure occurs with physiological doses of the cholecystokinin-like peptide caerulein but only with pharmacological doses of pentagastrin.", "contents": "Effect of pentagastrin and caerulein on intragastric pressure in the dog. When gastric acid was not neutralized, doses of pentagastrin as small as 1 mug kg-1 hr-1 decreased intragastric pressure in dogs. When gastric acid was neutralized the smallest effective dose of pentagastrin was 8 mug kg-1 hr-1 which is 16 times the D50 for acid secretion. Thus the decrease in intragastric pressure by small doses of pentagastrin is mediated at least in part by acid secretion. Even with gastric neutralization, a dose of caerulein as small as 63 ng kg-1 hr-1, which is the D50 for pancreatic protein secretion, decreased intragastric pressure. These findings support the view that inhibition of gastric pressure occurs with physiological doses of the cholecystokinin-like peptide caerulein but only with pharmacological doses of pentagastrin.", "PMID": 1193341}